0 2) 'Bang for buck' Bang for buck is a main concept in utility maximization and consists of the consumer wanting to get the best value for their money. If Walras's law has been satisfied, the optimal solution of the consumer lies at the point where the budget line and optimal indifference curve intersect, this is called the tangency condition. To find this point, differentiate the utility function with respect to x and y to find the marginal utilities, then divide by the respective prices of the goods. This can be solved","title":"Utility maximization problem"},{"docid":"25197055","text":"The Cambridge equation formally represents the Cambridge cash-balance theory, an alternative approach to the classical quantity theory of money. Both quantity theories, Cambridge and classical, attempt to express a relationship among the amount of goods produced, the price level, amounts of money, and how money moves. The Cambridge equation focuses on money demand instead of money supply. The theories also differ in explaining the movement of money: In the classical version, associated with Irving Fisher, money moves at a fixed rate and serves only as a medium of exchange while in the Cambridge approach money acts as a store of value and its movement depends on the desirability of holding cash. Economists associated with Cambridge University, including Alfred Marshall, A.C. Pigou, and John Maynard Keynes (before he developed his own, eponymous school of thought) contributed to a quantity theory of money that paid more attention to money demand than the supply-oriented classical version. The Cambridge economists argued that a certain portion of the money supply will not be used for transactions; instead, it will be held for the convenience and security of having cash on hand. This portion of cash is commonly represented as k, a portion of nominal income (the product of the price level and real income), ). The Cambridge economists also thought wealth would play a role, but wealth is often omitted from the equation for simplicity. The Cambridge equation is thus: Assuming that the economy is at equilibrium (), is exogenous, and k is fixed in the short run, the Cambridge equation is equivalent to the equation of exchange with velocity equal to the inverse of k: Monge (2021) showed that the Cambridge equation comes from a Cobb-Douglas utility function, which demonstrates that, in classical quantity theory, money has diminishing marginal utility (then, inflation is a monetary phenomenon). History and significance The Cambridge equation first appeared in print in 1917 in Pigou's \"Value of Money\". Keynes contributed to the theory with his 1923 A Tract on Monetary Reform. The Cambridge version of the quantity theory led to both Keynes's attack on the quantity theory and the Monetarist revival of the theory. Marshall recognized that k would be determined in part by an individual's desire to hold liquid cash. In his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Keynes expanded on this concept to develop the idea of liquidity preference, a central Keynesian concept. References External links Cambridge Cash-Balance Approach – History of Economic Thought Monetary economics","title":"Cambridge equation"},{"docid":"49381120","text":"Patricia Van Pelt Watkins (born November 20, 1957) is an American politician who served in the Illinois Senate, representing the 5th district, from 2013 to 2023. The 5th district is located on the West Side of Chicago. Prior to her service as a member of the Illinois Senate she was a community activist and ran for Mayor of Chicago. Early life and career Van Pelt was born on the Near North Side and raised in the Cabrini–Green public housing. Inspired by her mother's ability to work, raise her children and go to school, she took a job as a steelworker while taking classes at Truman College. She earned a bachelor's in public administration and became a CPA after taking accounting classes at DePaul University. Using her life experience and education, she founded Target Development Corp, which worked to improve communities. This including teaching residents how to peacefully evict drug dealers from their neighborhoods. In 2009, she earned a doctorate in nonprofit management from Capella University. Chicago mayoral election, 2011 In 2010, Van Pelt announced that she was going to run for mayor in order to bring ideas to the forefront that had been forgotten about. During the campaign, she was accused of \"being strung out on crack for twenty years,\" by candidate and former US Senator Carol Moseley Braun, which Watkins credits to her future political success. She finished fifth on election day. After the election, Van Pelt was appointed by the Illinois State Board of Education to the State Charter School Commission for a term ending November 1, 2013. The State Charter School Commission authorizes charter schools throughout the State, particularly schools designed to expand opportunities for at-risk students. Illinois State Senator 2012 Senate election In 2011, Van Pelt announced that she would challenge Annazette Collins for the Illinois Senate's 5th district. During the primary election she was endorsed by several aldermen from the fifth district, and the Chicago Journal. Aldermanic endorsements included Walter Burnett and Bob Fioretti. Fioretti stated that \"Her integrity is beyond reproach. She will roll her sleeves up and research the issues and make the right decisions for all the people. She won't be beholden to the special interests that control Springfield right now.\" She was also endorsed by Illinois Secretary of State Jesse White, who previously supported Collins, after Collins's corruption came to the forefront. Van Pelt beat Collins by a 54%-46% margin. Tenure Van Pelt was sworn in on January 9, 2013. As of July 2022, Senator Van Pelt is a member of the following Illinois Senate committees: Agriculture Committee (SAGR) Appropriations - State Law Enforcement Committee (SAPP-SASL) Appropriations - Health Committee (SAPP-SAHA) Criminal Law Committee (SCCL) Energy and Public Utilities Committee (SENE) (Chairwoman of) Healthcare Access and Availability Committee (SHAA) Redistricting - Chicago West and Western Cook County (SRED-SRWW) State Government Committee (SGOA) Retirement Despite winning election to a four-year term in the 2022 election, Van Pelt announced her retirement on July 26, 2023. Illinois State Representative Lakesia Collins was appointed to","title":"Patricia Van Pelt"},{"docid":"736803","text":"The expected utility hypothesis is a foundational assumption in mathematical economics concerning decision making under uncertainty. It postulates that rational agents maximize utility, meaning the subjective desirability of their actions. Rational choice theory, a cornerstone of microeconomics, builds this postulate to model aggregate social behaviour. The expected utility hypothesis states an agent chooses between risky prospects by comparing expected utility values (i.e. the weighted sum of adding the respective utility values of payoffs multiplied by their probabilities). The summarised formula for expected utility is where is the probability that outcome indexed by with payoff is realized, and function u expresses the utility of each respective payoff. Graphically the curvature of the u function captures the agent's risk attitude. Standard utility functions represent ordinal preferences. The expected utility hypothesis imposes limitations on the utility function and makes utility cardinal (though still not comparable across individuals). Although the expected utility hypothesis is standard in economic modelling, it has been found to be violated in psychological experiments. For many years, psychologists and economic theorists have been developing new theories to explain these deficiencies. These include prospect theory, rank-dependent expected utility and cumulative prospect theory, and bounded rationality. Justification Bernoulli's formulation Nicolaus Bernoulli described the St. Petersburg paradox (involving infinite expected values) in 1713, prompting two Swiss mathematicians to develop expected utility theory as a solution. Bernoulli's paper was the first formalization of marginal utility, which has broad application in economics in addition to expected utility theory. He used this concept to formalize the idea that the same amount of additional money was less useful to an already-wealthy person than it would be to a poor person. The theory can also more accurately describe more realistic scenarios (where expected values are finite) than expected value alone. He proposed that a nonlinear function of utility of an outcome should be used instead of the expected value of an outcome, accounting for risk aversion, where the risk premium is higher for low-probability events than the difference between the payout level of a particular outcome and its expected value. Bernoulli further proposed that it was not the goal of the gambler to maximize his expected gain but to instead maximize the logarithm of his gain. Daniel Bernoulli drew attention to psychological and behavioral behind the individual's decision-making process and proposed that the utility of wealth has a diminishing marginal utility. For example, as someone gets wealthier, an extra dollar or an additional good is perceived as less valuable. In other words, desirability related with a financial gain depends not only on the gain itself but also on the wealth of the person. Bernoulli suggested that people maximize \"moral expectation\" rather than expected monetary value. Bernoulli made a clear distinction between expected value and expected utility. Instead of using the weighted outcomes, he used the weighted utility multiplied by probabilities. He proved that the utility function used in real life means is finite, even when its expected value is infinite. Ramsey-theoretic approach to subjective probability In 1926, Frank","title":"Expected utility hypothesis"},{"docid":"21472509","text":"In economics, a factor market is a market where factors of production are bought and sold. Factor markets allocate factors of production, including land, labour and capital, and distribute income to the owners of productive resources, such as wages, rents, etc. Firms buy productive resources in return for making factor payments at factor prices. The interaction between product and factor markets involves the principle of derived demand. A firm's factors of production are gotten from its economic activities of supplying goods or services to another market. Derived demand refers to the demand for productive resources, which is derived from the demand for final goods and services or output. For example, if consumer demand for new cars rises, producers will respond by increasing their demand for the productive inputs or resources used to produce new cars. Production is the transformation of inputs into final products. Firms obtain the inputs (factors of production) in the factor markets. The goods are sold in the products markets. In most respects these markets work in the same manner as each other. Price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand; firms attempt to maximize profits, and factors can influence and change the equilibrium price and quantities bought and sold, and the laws of supply and demand hold. In the product market, profit or cost is defined as a function of output. The equilibrium condition is that MR=MC, i.e. the marginal equality of benefits and costs. Since the goods produced are made up of factors, output is seen as a function of factor in factor markets. In perfectly competitive markets firms can \"purchase\" as many inputs as they need at the market rate. Because labor is the most important factor of production, this article will focus on the competitive labor market, although the analysis applies to all competitive factor markets. Labour markets are not quite the same as most other markets in the economy since the demand of labour is considered as a derived demand. It is important to note that as the number of workers increases, the marginal product of labour decreases, which implies that the process of output expresses diminishing marginal product. Each additional worker contributes less and less to output as the number of workers employed increases. The existence of factor markets for the allocation of the factors of production, particularly for capital goods, is one of the defining characteristics of a market economy. Traditional models of socialism were characterized by the replacement of factor markets with some kind of economic planning, under the assumption that market exchanges would be made redundant within the production process if capital goods were owned by a single entity representing society. Factor markets play a crucial role in the modern economy, as they enable the allocation of factors of production, such as labor, land, and capital, to their most efficient uses. A well-functioning factor market ensures that resources are allocated efficiently, which leads to higher productivity and economic growth. According to a study by Acemoglu and","title":"Factor market"},{"docid":"1536230","text":"Hermann Heinrich Gossen (7 September 1810 – 13 February 1858) was a German economist who is often regarded as the first to elaborate, in detail, a general theory of marginal utility. Prior to Gossen, a number of economic theorists, including Gabriel Cramer, Daniel Bernoulli, William Forster Lloyd, Nassau William Senior, and Jules Dupuit had employed or asserted the significance of some notion of marginal utility. But Cramer, Bernoulli, and Dupuit had focussed upon specific problems, Lloyd had not presented any applications of theory, and if Senior provided a detailed elaboration of the general theory he had developed, he had done so in language that caused his applications of theory to be missed by most readers. Life and family background Hermann Heinrich Gossen was born in Düren, Roer (department) (Roerdépartement, or Département de la Roer), First French Empire. Today that area is known as North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Hermann died in Cologne (Köln), North Rhine-Westphalia, Prussia. His parents were Georg Joseph Gossen (December 15, 1780 - October 7, 1847) (aka Georg Josef Gossen) and Maria Anna Mechtilde (Mechthildis) Scholl (February 22, 1768 - June 29, 1833). Georg and Maria were married on October 25, 1804 in Aachen. Hermann's paternal grandfather, Arnold Winand Gossen, married Anna Cordula Schmitz on September 3, 1774 in Selgersdorf, Jülich, Prussia. Arnold Winand Gossen - a Kurfürstlicher steuereintreiber (Electoral tax collector) and Wahlrentenmanager (Electoral pension manager) - was one of the most respected officials operating in the city of Düren, the duchy of Jülich, and other parts of the Lower Rhine region of Prussia. However, beginning in the mid-1790s, Arnold gradually lost his position and income, due to the acquisition by France of Prussian territories where Arnold had ongoing business operations. These acquisitions of Prussian territory by France were a consequence of Prussia's involvement in the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802). Hermann studied at the University of Bonn, then worked in the Prussian administration until retiring in 1847, after which he sold insurance until his death. Entwickelung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs (1854) Gossen's book Entwickelung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs, und der daraus fließenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln (Braunschweig: Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1854) (Development of the Laws of Human Intercourse and the Consequent Rules of Human Action) went through two printings in 1854. In this work, Gossen very explicitly develops general theoretical implications from a theory of marginal utility, to the extent that William Stanley Jevons (one of the preceptors of the Marginal Revolution) was later to remark that Entwickelung was poorly received, as economic thought in Germany at the time (1854) was dominated by the Historical School, and Gossen had written Entwickelung in a dense, heavily mathematical style, a manner of exposition which was quite unpopular with adherents of the Historical School. Although Gossen himself declared that his work was comparable in its significance to the innovations of Copernicus, few others agreed. Embittered by the work's poor reception, shortly before his death Gossen ordered the destruction of all copies of the book.","title":"Hermann Heinrich Gossen"},{"docid":"19636313","text":"The economic principle of satiation is the effect whereby the more of a good one possesses, the less one is willing to give up to get more of it. This effect is caused by diminishing marginal utility, the effect whereby the consumer gains less utility per unit of a product the more units consumed. For example, if someone buys a piece of technology or signs up to a social media site, they may enjoy using it; if they then buy more items of technology or sign up to more social media sites, they may enjoy using those items less (and so forth). It can continue to the point where the consumption of an item or group of items becomes a negative experience. See also Bliss point References Economics effects","title":"Economic satiation"},{"docid":"1148564","text":"In economics, marginal concepts are associated with a specific change in the quantity used of a good or service, as opposed to some notion of the over-all significance of that class of good or service, or of some total quantity thereof. Marginality Constraints are conceptualized as a border or margin. The location of the margin for any individual corresponds to his or her endowment, broadly conceived to include opportunities. This endowment is determined by many things including physical laws (which constrain how forms of energy and matter may be transformed), accidents of nature (which determine the presence of natural resources), and the outcomes of past decisions made both by others and by the individual himself or herself. A value that holds true given particular constraints is a marginal value. A change that would be affected as or by a specific loosening or tightening of those constraints is a marginal change, as large as the smallest relevant division of that good or service. For reasons of tractability, it is often assumed in neoclassical analysis that goods and services are continuously divisible. In such context, a marginal change may be an infinitesimal change or a limit. However, strictly speaking, the smallest relevant division may be quite large. Some important marginal concepts The marginal use of a good or service is the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase, or the specific use of the good or service that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. The marginal utility of a good or service is the utility of the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase in that good or service, or of the specific use that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. In other words, marginal utility is the utility of the marginal use. The marginal rate of substitution is the rate of substitution that is the least favorable rate, at the margin, at which an agent is willing to exchange units of one good or service for units of another. A marginal benefit is a benefit (howsoever ranked or measured) associated with a marginal change. The term “marginal cost” may refer to an opportunity cost at the margin, or more narrowly to marginal pecuniary cost — that is to say marginal cost measured by forgone cash flow. Other marginal concepts include (but are not limited to): marginal physical product (sometimes also known as “marginal product”) marginal product of labor marginal product of capital marginal rate of transformation, the rate at which one output or result must be sacrificed in order to increase another output or result marginal revenue product marginal propensity to save and consume marginal tax rate marginal efficiency of capital Marginalism is the use of marginal concepts to explain economic phenomena. The related concept of elasticity is the ratio of the incremental percentage change in one variable with respect to an incremental percentage change in another variable. References","title":"Marginal concepts"},{"docid":"1147374","text":"Nicholas G. Carr (born 1959) is an American journalist and writer who has published books and articles on technology, business, and culture. His book The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains was a finalist for the 2011 Pulitzer Prize in General Nonfiction. Career Nicholas Carr originally came to prominence with the 2003 Harvard Business Review article \"IT Doesn't Matter\" and the 2004 book Does IT Matter? Information Technology and the Corrosion of Competitive Advantage (Harvard Business School Press). In these widely discussed works, he argued that the strategic importance of information technology in business has diminished as IT has become more commonplace, standardized and cheaper. His ideas roiled the information technology industry, spurring heated outcries from executives of Microsoft, Intel, Hewlett-Packard and other leading technology companies, although the ideas got mixed responses from other commentators. In 2005, Carr published the controversial article \"The End of Corporate Computing\" in the MIT Sloan Management Review, in which he argued that in the future companies will purchase information technology as a utility service from outside suppliers. Carr's second book, The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, From Edison to Google, was published in January 2008 by W. W. Norton. It examines the economic and social consequences of the rise of Internet-based cloud computing, comparing the consequences to those that occurred with the rise of electric utilities in the early 20th century. In the summer of 2008, The Atlantic published Carr's article \"Is Google Making Us Stupid?\" as the cover story of its annual Ideas issue. Highly critical of the Internet's effect on cognition, the article has been read and debated widely in both the media and the blogosphere. Carr's main argument is that the Internet may have detrimental effects on cognition that diminish the capacity for concentration and contemplation. Carr's 2010 book, The Shallows, develops this argument further. Discussing various examples ranging from Nietzsche's typewriter to London cab drivers' GPS navigators, Carr shows how newly introduced technologies change the way people think, act and live. The book focuses on the detrimental influence of the Internet—although it does recognize its beneficial aspects—by investigating how hypertext has contributed to the fragmentation of knowledge. When users search the Web, for instance, the context of information can be easily ignored. \"We don't see the trees,\" Carr writes. \"We see twigs and leaves.\" One of Carr's major points is that the change caused by the Internet involves the physical restructuring of the human brain, which he explains using the notion of \"neuroplasticity.\" In addition to being a Pulitzer Prize nominee, the book appeared on the New York Times nonfiction bestseller list and has been translated into 17 languages. In 2014, Carr published his fourth book, The Glass Cage: Automation and Us, which presents a critical examination of the role of computer automation in contemporary life. Spanning historical, technical, economic, and philosophical viewpoints, the book has been widely acclaimed by reviewers, with the New York Times Sunday Book Review terming it \"essential.\" In 2016, Carr published Utopia","title":"Nicholas G. Carr"},{"docid":"1410537","text":"The return on equity (ROE) is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to its equity; where: Thus, ROE is equal to a fiscal year's net income (after preferred stock dividends, before common stock dividends), divided by total equity (excluding preferred shares), expressed as a percentage. Because shareholder's equity can be calculated by taking all assets and subtracting all liabilities, ROE can also be thought of as a return on NAV, or assets less liabilities. Usage ROE measures how many dollars of profit are generated for each dollar of shareholder's equity, and is thus a metric of how well the company utilizes its equity to generate profits. ROE is especially used for comparing the performance of companies in the same industry. As with return on capital, a ROE is a measure of management's ability to generate income from the equity available to it. ROEs of 15–20% are generally considered good. ROE is also a factor in stock valuation, in association with other financial ratios. Note though that, while higher ROE ought intuitively to imply higher stock prices, in reality, predicting the stock value of a company based on its ROE is dependent on too many other factors to be of use by itself. Both of these are expanded below. The DuPont formula The DuPont formula, also known as the strategic profit model, is a framework allowing management to decompose ROE into three actionable components; these \"drivers of value\" being the efficiency of operations, asset usage, and finance. ROE is then the net profit margin multiplied by asset turnover multiplied by accounting leverage: The application, in the main, is either to financial management or to fund management: Splitting return on equity into the three components, makes it easier for financial managers to understand changes in ROE over time. For example, if the net margin increases, every sale brings in more money, resulting in a higher overall ROE. Similarly, if the asset turnover increases, the firm generates more sales for every unit of assets owned, again resulting in a higher overall ROE. Finally, increasing accounting leverage means that the firm uses more debt financing relative to equity financing. Interest payments to creditors are tax-deductible, but dividend payments to shareholders are not. Thus, a higher proportion of debt in the firm's capital structure leads to higher ROE. Financial leverage benefits diminish as the risk of defaulting on interest payments increases. If the firm takes on too much debt, the cost of debt rises as creditors demand a higher risk premium, and ROE decreases. Increased debt will make a positive contribution to a firm's ROE only if the matching return on assets (ROA) of that debt exceeds the interest rate on the debt. Identifying the sources of ROE in this fashion similarly allows investment analysts a better knowledge of the company and how it should be valued. Here, analysts will compare the current sources of ROE against the company's history and its competitors, and thereby better understand the drivers of value.","title":"Return on equity"},{"docid":"1481355","text":"The marginal value theorem (MVT) is an optimality model that usually describes the behavior of an optimally foraging individual in a system where resources (often food) are located in discrete patches separated by areas with no resources. Due to the resource-free space, animals must spend time traveling between patches. The MVT can also be applied to other situations in which organisms face diminishing returns. The MVT was first proposed by Eric Charnov in 1976. In his original formulation: \"The predator should leave the patch it is presently in when the marginal capture rate in the patch drops to the average capture rate for the habitat.\" Definition All animals must forage for food in order to meet their energetic needs, but doing so is energetically costly. It is assumed that evolution by natural selection results in animals utilizing the most economic and efficient strategy to balance energy gain and consumption. The Marginal Value Theorem is an optimality model that describes the strategy that maximizes gain per unit time in systems where resources, and thus rate of returns, decrease with time. The model weighs benefits and costs and is used to predict giving up time and giving up density. Giving up time (GUT) is the interval of time between when the animal last feeds and when it leaves the patch. Giving up density (GUD) is the food density within a patch when the animal will choose to move on to other food patches. When an animal is foraging in a system where food sources are patchily distributed, the MVT can be used to predict how much time an individual will spend searching for a particular patch before moving on to a new one. In general, individuals will stay longer if (1) patches are farther apart or (2) current patches are poor in resources. Both situations increase the ratio of travel cost to foraging benefit. Modeling As animals forage in patchy systems, they balance resource intake, traveling time, and foraging time. Resource intake within a patch diminishes with time, as shown by the solid curve in the graph to the right. The curve follows this pattern because resource intake is initially very fast, but slows as the resource is depleted. Traveling time is shown by the distance from the leftmost vertical dotted line to the y-axis. Optimal foraging time is modeled by connecting this point on the x-axis tangentially to the resource intake curve. Doing so maximizes the ratio between resource intake and time spent foraging and traveling. At the extremes of the loading curve, animals spend too much time traveling for a small payoff, or they search too long in a given patch for an ineffective load. The MVT identifies the best possible intermediate between these extremes. Assumptions The individual is assumed to control when it leaves the patch in order to maximize the ratio between resource intake and time. The consumer depletes the amount of resources in the patch where they are foraging; therefore, the rate of intake of food in","title":"Marginal value theorem"},{"docid":"3312817","text":"In welfare economics, distributive efficiency occurs when goods and services are received by those who have the greatest need for them. Abba Lerner first proposed the idea of distributive efficiency in his 1944 book The Economics of Control. The law of diminishing marginal utility The concept of distributive efficiency is based on the law of diminishing marginal utility. According to this economic law, as a person gets more to spend, things will be bought that give less and less utility. For example, if a person is given a gift certificate for a music download (and has no way to resell the certificate), the gift certificate will be used to purchase the song that will be enjoyed the most. If another certificate is given, the second favorite song will be bought. The process continues as long as the person keeps getting certificates for downloads. Each additional song the person buys is slightly less desirable than the one before. Diminishing utility and society Lerner applied the concept of utility and its associated \"law of marginal utility\" to the distribution of income in society. The law of diminishing marginal utility implies that poorer people will gain more utility from money for additional spending than the wealthy. For instance, if a homeless family is given a gift certificate for a house, they will be able to use it to provide shelter for themselves. If a very rich person is given such a gift, he may spend it on a vacation residence which he will only use a few weeks of the year. As such, aggregated utility would be maximized by taking wealth from the rich and giving it to the poor, and the state of optimized utility would be perfect economic equality. As Lerner puts it, \"If it is desired to maximize the total satisfaction of a society, the rational procedure is to divide income on an equalitarian basis\" (Lerner, 32). In other words, if we are given a fixed amount of wealth and a group of people to distribute it to, we can maximize total happiness by dividing the wealth equally between the members of that group. However, in real situations the total amount of wealth is not fixed, and it has been argued that too much redistribution of income can reduce this total amount by lowering incentives for economic growth and development. Knowing this, Lerner qualified his earlier statement: \"The principle of equality would have to compromise with the principle of providing such incentives as would increase the total of income available to be divided” (Lerner, 36). In this view, a balance must be reached between equality and incentives. Criticisms of utility's relevance Different value systems have different perspectives on the use of utility in making moral judgments. Deontological views of morality focus on factors other than utility. Also, many Marxists, Kantians, and certain libertarians (such as Robert Nozick), all believe utility to be irrelevant as a moral standard or at least not as important as others such as natural rights. References","title":"Distributive efficiency"},{"docid":"188418","text":"Overconsumption describes a situation where a consumer overuses their available goods and services to where they can't, or don't want to, replenish or reuse them. In microeconomics, this may be described as the point where the marginal cost of a consumer is greater than their marginal utility. The term overconsumption is quite controversial in use and does not necessarily have a single unifying definition. When used to refer to natural resources to the point where the environment is negatively affected, it is synonymous with the term overexploitation. However, when used in the broader economic sense, overconsumption can refer to all types of goods and services, including manmade ones, e.g. \"the overconsumption of alcohol can lead to alcohol poisoning\". Overconsumption is driven by several factors of the current global economy, including forces like consumerism, planned obsolescence, economic materialism, and other unsustainable business models and can be contrasted with sustainable consumption. Defining the amount of a natural resource required to be consumed for it to count as \"overconsumption\" is challenging because defining a sustainable capacity of the system requires accounting for many variables. The total capacity of a system occurs at both the regional and worldwide levels, which means that certain regions may have higher consumption levels of certain resources than others due to greater resources without overconsuming a resource. A long-term pattern of overconsumption in any given region or ecological system can cause a reduction in natural resources that often results in environmental degradation. However, this is only when applying the word to human impacts on the environment. When used in an economic sense, this point is defined as when the marginal cost of a consumer is equal to their marginal utility. Gossen's law of diminishing utility states that at this point, the consumer realizes the cost of consuming/purchasing another item/good is not worth the amount of utility (also known as happiness or satisfaction from the good) they'd receive, and therefore is not conducive to the consumer's wellbeing. When used in the environmental sense, the discussion of overconsumption often parallels that of population size and growth, and human development: more people demanding higher qualities of living, currently requires greater extraction of resources, which causes subsequent environmental degradation such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Currently, the inhabitants of high wealth, \"developed\" nations consume resources at a rate almost 32 times greater than those of the developing world, who make up the majority of the human population (7.9 billion people). However, the developing world is a growing consumer market. These nations are quickly gaining more purchasing power and it is expected that the Global South, which includes cities in Asia, America, and Africa, will account for 56% of consumption growth by 2030. This means that if current trends continue relative consumption rates will shift more into these developing countries, whereas developed countries would start to plateau. Sustainable Development Goal 12 \"responsible consumption and production\" is the main international policy tool with goals to abate the impact of overconsumption. Causes Economic growth Economic","title":"Overconsumption (economics)"},{"docid":"28730644","text":"Environmentally sustainable design (also called environmentally conscious design, eco-design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of ecological sustainability and also aimed at improving the health and comfort of occupants in a building. Sustainable design seeks to reduce negative impacts on the environment, the health and well-being of building occupants, thereby improving building performance. The basic objectives of sustainability are to reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources, minimize waste, and create healthy, productive environments. Theory The sustainable design intends to \"eliminate negative environmental impact through skillful sensitive design\". Manifestations of sustainable design require renewable resources and innovation to impact the environment minimally, and connect people with the natural environment. \"Human beings don't have a pollution problem; they have a design problem. If humans were to devise products, tools, furniture, homes, factories, and cities more intelligently from the start, they wouldn't even need to think in terms of waste, contamination, or scarcity. Good design would allow for abundance, endless reuse, and pleasure.\" - The Upcycle by authors Michael Braungart and William McDonough, 2013. Design-related decisions are happening everywhere daily, impacting \"sustainable development\" or provisioning for the needs of future generations of life on earth. Sustainability and design are intimately linked. Quite simply, our future is designed. The term \"design\" is here used to refer to practices applied to the making of products, services, as well as business and innovation strategies — all of which inform sustainability. Sustainability can be thought of as the property of continuance; that is, what is sustainable can be continued. Conceptual problems Diminishing returns The principle that all directions of progress run out, ending with diminishing returns, is evident in the typical 'S' curve of the technology life cycle and in the useful life of any system as discussed in industrial ecology and life cycle assessment. Diminishing returns are the result of reaching natural limits. Common business management practice is to read diminishing returns in any direction of effort as an indication of diminishing opportunity, the potential for accelerating decline, and a signal to seek new opportunities elsewhere. (see also: law of diminishing returns, marginal utility, and Jevons paradox.) Unsustainable investment A problem arises when the limits of a resource are hard to see, so increasing investment in response to diminishing returns may seem profitable as in the Tragedy of the Commons, but may lead to a collapse. This problem of increasing investment in diminishing resources has also been studied as a cause of civilization collapse by Joseph Tainter among others. This natural error in investment policy contributed to the collapse of both the Roman and Mayan, among others. Relieving over-stressed resources requires reducing pressure on them, not continually increasing it whether more efficiently or not. Negative Effects of Waste The designer is responsible for choices that place a demand on natural resources, produce waste, and potentially cause irreversible ecosystem damage. About 80 million tonnes of waste in total are generated in the U.K. alone, for","title":"Sustainable design"},{"docid":"1018783","text":"In microeconomics, a consumer's Marshallian demand function (named after Alfred Marshall) is the quantity they demand of a particular good as a function of its price, their income, and the prices of other goods, a more technical exposition of the standard demand function. It is a solution to the utility maximization problem of how the consumer can maximize their utility for given income and prices. A synonymous term is uncompensated demand function, because when the price rises the consumer is not compensated with higher nominal income for the fall in their real income, unlike in the Hicksian demand function. Thus the change in quantity demanded is a combination of a substitution effect and a wealth effect. Although Marshallian demand is in the context of partial equilibrium theory, it is sometimes called Walrasian demand as used in general equilibrium theory (named after Léon Walras). According to the utility maximization problem, there are commodities with price vector and choosable quantity vector . The consumer has income , and hence a budget set of affordable packages where is the dot product of the price and quantity vectors. The consumer has a utility function The consumer's Marshallian demand correspondence is defined to be Revealed preference Marshall's theory suggests that pursuit of utility is a motivational factor to a consumer which can be attained through the consumption of goods or service. The amount of consumer's utility is dependent on the level of consumption of a certain good, which is subject to the fundamental tendency of human nature and it is described as the law of diminishing marginal utility. As utility maximum always exists, Marshallian demand correspondence must be nonempty at every value that corresponds with the standard budget set. Uniqueness is called a correspondence because in general it may be set-valued - there may be several different bundles that attain the same maximum utility. In some cases, there is a unique utility-maximizing bundle for each price and income situation; then, is a function and it is called the Marshallian demand function. If the consumer has strictly convex preferences and the prices of all goods are strictly positive, then there is a unique utility-maximizing bundle. To prove this, suppose, by contradiction, that there are two different bundles, and , that maximize the utility. Then and are equally preferred. By definition of strict convexity, the mixed bundle is strictly better than . But this contradicts the optimality of . Continuity The maximum theorem implies that if: The utility function is continuous with respect to , The correspondence is non-empty, compact-valued, and continuous with respect to , then is an upper-semicontinuous correspondence. Moreover, if is unique, then it is a continuous function of and . Combining with the previous subsection, if the consumer has strictly convex preferences, then the Marshallian demand is unique and continuous. In contrast, if the preferences are not convex, then the Marshallian demand may be non-unique and non-continuous. Homogeneity The optimal Marshallian demand correspondence of a continuous utility function is a homogeneous function with","title":"Marshallian demand function"},{"docid":"8389168","text":"The Averch–Johnson effect is the tendency of regulated companies to engage in excessive amounts of capital accumulation in order to expand the volume of their profits. If companies' profits to capital ratio is regulated at a certain percentage then there is a strong incentive for companies to over-invest in order to increase profits overall. This investment goes beyond any optimal efficiency point for capital that the company may have calculated as higher profit is almost always desired over and above efficiency. Excessive capital accumulation under rate-of-return regulation is informally known as gold plating. But the so-called Averch-Johnson effect of overcapitalization does not as a general case involve \"gold-plating\". Mathematical derivation Suppose that a regulated firm wishes to maximize its profit:where is the revenue function, is the firm's capital stock, is the firm's labor stock, is the wage rate, and is the cost of capital. The firm's profit is constrained such that:where is the allowable rate of return. Assume that . We may then form a functional to find the firm's optimal action:where is the Lagrange multiplier (also known as the shadow price). The derivatives of this functional are:Taken together, this implies that:The ratio of the marginal product of capital and the marginal product of labor is:Since this new cost of capital is perceived to be less than the market cost of capital, the firm will tend to overinvest in capital. See also Law and economics Public utilities commission Rate-of-return regulation References Further reading Greer, Monica (2012). Electricity Marginal Cost Pricing: Applications in Eliciting Demand Responses. Waltham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Lesser, Jonathan A.; Giacchino, Leonardo R. (2013). Fundamentals of Energy Regulation (2nd ed.). Public Utilities Reports, Inc. Willis, H. Lee; Philipson, Lorrin (2019). Understanding Electric Utilities and De-Regulation. Power Engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. External links Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation: Incentive Features and Other Properties The Averch Johnson Effect Economics of regulation Law and economics Mathematical economics Public utilities","title":"Averch–Johnson effect"},{"docid":"3701635","text":"William Forster Lloyd FRS (1794 – 2 June 1852) was a British writer on economics. He is best known today for one of his 1833 lectures on population control which have influenced writers in modern economic theory. Life Born in 1794 at Bradenham, Buckinghamshire, he was the fourth son of Thomas Lloyd, rector of Aston-sub-Edge, and his wife, Elizabeth Ryder; Charles Lloyd was his elder brother. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating BA in 1815 and MA in 1818. He was Greek Reader in 1823, Mathematical lecturer and Drummond Professor of Political Economy (1832–1837) at Christ Church, Oxford (successor to Nassau Senior). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1834, and died at Prestwood, Missenden, Buckinghamshire in 1852. Influential lectures Lloyd published several of his lectures. In his Two Lectures on the Checks to Population (1833) he introduced the concept of the overuse of a common by its commoners (i.e. those with rights of use and access to it), which was later to be developed by the economist H. Scott Gordon and later still by the ecologist Garrett Hardin and termed by Hardin \"The Tragedy of the Commons\". However, Hardin's use of Lloyd's example has frequently been misunderstood, leading him to later remark that he should have titled his work \"The Tragedy of the Unmanaged Commons\". The key passage in Lloyd's work is: \"If a person puts more cattle into his own field, the amount of the subsistence which they consume is all deducted from that which was at the command, of his original stock; and if, before, there was no more than a sufficiency of pasture, he reaps no benefit from the additional cattle, what is gained in one way being lost in another. But if he puts more cattle on a common, the food which they consume forms a deduction which is shared between all the cattle, as well that of others as his own, in proportion to their number, and only a small part of it is taken from his own cattle. In an inclosed pasture, there is a point of saturation, if I may so call it, (by which, I mean a barrier depending on considerations of interest,) beyond which no prudent man will add to his stock. In a common, also, there is in like manner a point of saturation. But the position of the point in the two cases is obviously different. Were a number of adjoining pastures, already fully stocked, to be at once thrown open, and converted into one vast common, the position of the point of saturation would immediately be changed\". In his Lectures on Population, Value, Poor Laws and Rent (1837) he introduced a concise and complete statement of the concept of diminishing marginal utility, and connected demand to value, but he presents neither derivation nor elaboration. Still this contribution places him clearly in the ranks of the Oxford-Dublin school of proto-Marginalists. Major works of William F. Lloyd Lecture on the Notion","title":"William Forster Lloyd"},{"docid":"64671","text":"The Airline Deregulation Act is a 1978 United States federal law that deregulated the airline industry in the United States, removing federal control over such areas as fares, routes, and market entry of new airlines. The act gradually phased out and disbanded the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), but the regulatory powers of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) were not diminished over all aspects of aviation safety. History Since 1938, the federal CAB had regulated all domestic interstate air transport routes as a public utility, setting fares, routes, and schedules. Airlines that flew only intrastate routes, however, were not regulated by the CAB but were regulated by the governments of the states in which they operated. One way that the CAB promoted air travel was generally attempting to hold fares down in the short-haul market, which would be subsidized by higher fares in the long-haul market. The CAB also had to ensure that the airlines had a reasonable rate of return. The CAB had earned a reputation for bureaucratic complacency; airlines were subject to lengthy delays when they applied for new routes or fare changes, and were often not approved. For example, World Airways applied to begin a low-fare New York City–to–Los Angeles route in 1967; the CAB studied the request for over six years, only to dismiss it because the record was \"stale\". Continental Airlines began service between Denver and San Diego after eight years only because a United States Court of Appeals ordered the CAB to approve the application. This rigid system encountered tremendous pressure in the 1970s. The 1973 oil crisis and stagflation radically changed the economic environment, as did technological advances such as the jumbo jet. Most major airlines, whose profits were virtually guaranteed, favored the rigid system, but passengers who were forced to pay escalating fares were against it and were joined by communities that subsidized air service at ever-higher rates. The United States Congress became concerned that air transport, in the long run, might follow the nation's railroads into trouble. The Penn Central Railroad had collapsed in 1970, which was at that time the largest bankruptcy in history; this resulted in a huge taxpayer-funded bailout and the creation of the government-owned corporations Conrail and Amtrak. Leading economists had argued for several decades that the regulation led to inefficiency and higher costs. The Carter administration argued that the industry and its customers would benefit from new entrants, the abolishing of price regulation, and reduced control over routes and hub cities. In 1970 and 1971, the Council of Economic Advisers in the Nixon administration, along with the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice and other agencies, proposed legislation to diminish price collusion and entry barriers in rail and trucking transportation. While the initiative was in process in the Ford administration, the Senate Judiciary Committee, which had jurisdiction over antitrust law, began hearings on airline deregulation in 1975. Senator Edward \"Ted\" Kennedy took the lead in the hearings. The committee was deemed a friendlier forum","title":"Airline Deregulation Act"},{"docid":"13966180","text":"Consumption smoothing is an economic concept for the practice of optimizing a person's standard of living through an appropriate balance between savings and consumption over time. An optimal consumption rate should be relatively similar at each stage of a person's life rather than fluctuate wildly. Luxurious consumption at an old age does not compensate for an impoverished existence at other stages in one's life. Since income tends to be hump-shaped across an individual's life, economic theory suggests that individuals should on average have low or negative savings rate at early stages in their life, high in middle age, and negative during retirement. Although many popular books on personal finance advocate that individuals should at all stages of their life set aside money in savings, economist James Choi states that this deviates from the advice of economists. Expected utility model The graph below illustrates the expected utility model, in which U(c) is increasing in and concave in c. This shows that there are diminishing marginal returns associated with consumption, as each additional unit of consumption adds less utility. The expected utility model states that individuals want to maximize their expected utility, as defined as the weighted sum of utilities across states of the world. The weights in this model are the probabilities of each state of the world happening. According to the \"more is better\" principle, the first order condition will be positive; however, the second order condition will be negative, due to the principle of diminishing marginal utility. Due to the concave actual utility, marginal utility decreases as consumption increase; as a result, it is favorable to reduce consumption in states of high income to increase consumption in low income states. Expected utility can be modeled as: where: = probability you will lose all your wealth/consumption = wealth The model shows expected utility as the sum of the probability of being in a bad state multiplied by utility of being in a bad state and the probability of being in a good state multiplied by utility of being in a good state. Similarly, actuarially fair insurance can also be modeled: where: = probability you will lose all your wealth/consumption = wealth = damages An actuarially fair premium to pay for insurance would be the insurance premium that is set equal to the insurer's expected payout, so that the insurer will expect to earn zero profit. Some individuals are risk-averse, as shown by the graph above. The blue line, is curved upwards, revealing that this particular individual is risk-averse. If the blue line was curved downwards, this would reveal the preference for a risk-seeking individual. Additionally, a straight line would reveal a risk-neutral individual. Insurance and consumption smoothing To see the model of consumption smoothing in real life, a great example that exemplifies this is insurance. One method that people use to consumption smooth across different periods is by purchasing insurance. Insurance is important because it allows people to translate consumption from periods where their consumption is high (having a low","title":"Consumption smoothing"},{"docid":"11724160","text":"Within economics, margin is a concept used to describe the current level of consumption or production of a good or service. Margin also encompasses various concepts within economics, denoted as marginal concepts, which are used to explain the specific change in the quantity of goods and services produced and consumed. These concepts are central to the economic theory of marginalism. This is a theory that states that economic decisions are made in reference to incremental units at the margin, and it further suggests that the decision on whether an individual or entity will obtain additional units of a good or service depending on the marginal utility of the product. These marginal concepts are used to theorise various market behaviours and form the basis of price theory. It is a central idea within microeconomics and is used to predict the demand and supply of goods and services within an economy. Marginal concepts Marginal cost Marginal cost is the change in monetary cost associated with an increase in the quantity of production of a certain good or service. It is measured in dollars per unit, and includes all the variable costs that alter depending on the level of production. Marginal cost differs from average cost as it solely provides the additional cost of one unit, rather than the average cost of each unit. The marginal cost function is the slope of the total cost function. Thus, given a continuous and differentiable cost function, the marginal cost function is the derivative of the cost function with respect to the quantity produced. Marginal utility Marginal utility describes the added satisfaction or benefits a consumer will obtain by purchasing an additional product or service. The marginal utility can be positive, negative or zero. A negative marginal utility states that the user gains dissatisfaction from an additional unit, whilst a marginal utility of zero states that no satisfaction is gained from the additional unit. Within marginal utility, the law of diminishing marginal utility describes that the benefit to a consumer of an additional unit is inversely related to the number of current units, demonstrating that the added benefit of each new unit is less than the unit prior. An example of this could be demonstrated by a family buying dinner. The 1st plate of food would have a greater marginal utility than the 30th plate of food, as the families hunger would be reduced and they would thus obtain less value from it. Marginal rate of substitution The marginal rate of substitution is the least favourable rate an individual or entity would exchange a good or service for another good or service. The marginal rate of substitution is associated with the value an individual or entity places on each unit, and would only trade if it provides a positive net value, whereby the value of the good or service obtained is greater than the one given away. The marginal rate of substitution is calculated between two goods placed on the indifference curve, displaying the utility of","title":"Margin (economics)"},{"docid":"13671081","text":"In economics, the marginal product of capital (MPK) is the additional production that a firm experiences when it adds an extra unit of input. It is a feature of the production function, alongside the labour input. Definition The marginal product of capital (MPK) is the additional output resulting, ceteris paribus (\"all things being equal\"), from the use of an additional unit of physical capital, such as machines or buildings used by businesses. The marginal product of capital (MPK) is the amount of extra output the firm gets from an extra unit of capital, holding the amount of labor constant: Thus, the marginal product of capital is the difference between the amount of output produced with K + 1 units of capital and that produced with only K units of capital. Determining marginal product of capital is essential when a firm is debating on whether or not to invest on the additional unit of capital. The decision of increasing the production is only beneficial if the MPK is higher than the cost of capital of each additional unit. Otherwise, if the cost of capital is higher, the firm will be losing profit when adding extra units of physical capital. This concept equals the reciprocal of the incremental capital-output ratio. Mathematically, it is the partial derivative of the production function with respect to capital. If production output , then Diminishing marginal returns One of the key assumptions in economics is diminishing returns, that is the marginal product of capital is positive but decreasing in the level of capital stock, or mathematically Graphically, this evidence can be observed by the curve shown on the graphic, which represents the effect of capital, K, on the output, Y. If the quantity of labor input, L, is hold fixed, the slope of the curve at any point resemble the marginal product of capital. In a low quantity of capital, such as point A, the slope is steeper than in point B, due to diminishing returns of capital. By other words, the additional unit of capital has diminishing productivity, once the increase on production becomes less and less significant, as K rises. Example Consider a furniture firm, in which labour input, that is, the number of employees is given as fixed, and capital input is translated in the number of machines of one of its factories. If the firm has no machines, it would produce zero furnitures. If there is one machine in the factory, sixteen furnitures would be produced. When there are two machines, twenty eight furnitures are built. However, as the number of machines available increase, the change in the output turns out to be less significant compared to the previous number. That fact can be observed in the marginal product which begins to decrease: diminishing marginal returns. This is justified by the fact that there is not enough employees to work with the extra machines, so the value that these additional units bring to the company, in terms of output generated, starts to decrease.","title":"Marginal product of capital"},{"docid":"45295325","text":"The Alliance for Solar Choice (TASC) leads rooftop solar power advocacy efforts across the United States. Founded by the largest rooftop solar energy companies in the United States of America, TASC represents the vast majority of the rooftop solar market. Its members include: Demeter Power Group, SunTime Energy, Geostellar, Inc., LGCY Power, Sunrun, and Solar Universe. TASC member companies are responsible for thousands of jobs and hundreds of thousands of rooftop solar installations on homes, schools, businesses, and government buildings across the country. According to recent Center for American Progress (CAP) studies, rooftop solar systems are now seeing overwhelming adoption in middle-class neighborhoods with median incomes ranging from $40,000 to $90,000. Overview EEI Publishes \"Disruptive Challenges\" In January 2013, the utility trade association Edison Electric Institute (EEI) issued a report titled “Disruptive Challenges: Financial Implications and Strategic Responses to a Changing Retail Electric Business”. The report describes the increasing popularity of consumer-driven rooftop solar, energy efficiency, and demand response as a “vicious cycle.” It details how utilities view rooftop solar as a “disruption” to their current business model, which guarantees utilities specific profit margins from large infrastructure projects funded by ratepayers. Peter Kind of Energy Infrastructure Advocates, the author of the report, makes recommendations on how electric utilities can defend against these ‘disruptive challenges.’ TASC and others in the solar industry have been working since 2013 to defend against utility attacks on core rooftop solar policies across the country. Net Energy Metering and Opposition to Solar Net energy metering, or ‘NEM’, provides full retail credit to residents, businesses, schools, and other public agencies when their solar systems export surplus energy to the grid. The utility then ends up selling this surplus energy to other customers nearby. Utility companies typically oppose widespread NEM adoption and have attempted to block the growth of rooftop solar usage, a strategy reported by the press. Another utility strategy in opposition to solar has been to introduce legislation to monopolize the rooftop solar market. In 2014, utilities in South Carolina and Washington pushed legislation with this intention. TASC successfully lead efforts to defeat both attempts. VOSTs, FITs and Their Weaknesses Utilities also advocate for Value of Solar Tariffs (VOSTs) and Feed-in Tariffs (FITs). As revealed by national law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher and Flom LLP, VOSTs create hidden taxes for consumers. In addition, VOSTs create annual market uncertainty that can hurt solar businesses, and they eliminate a customer’s right to actually use the power they generate. This right to use the power produced from solar panels on-site is philosophically important for many solar customers. With VOSTs and FITs, utilities control a homeowner’s solar energy. The homeowner has to sell all of their solar power to the utility as it’s produced. They buy all of the electricity they consume from the utility. The utility determines the price the homeowner receives for the solar power, and the homeowner – as indicated by the Skadden tax memo from – could be required to pay taxes on these payments.","title":"The Alliance for Solar Choice"},{"docid":"15628625","text":"As defined by the Austrian School of economics the marginal use of a good or service is the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase, or the specific use of the good or service that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. The usefulness of the marginal use thus corresponds to the marginal utility of the good or service. On the assumption that an agent is economically rational, each increase would be put to the specific, feasible, previously unrealized use of greatest priority, and each decrease would result in abandonment of the use of lowest priority amongst the uses to which the good or service had been put. And, in the absence of a complementarity across uses, the “law” of diminishing marginal utility will obtain. The Austrian School of economics explicitly arrives at its conception of marginal utility as the utility of the marginal use, and “Grenznutzen” (the Austrian School term from which “marginal utility” was originally derived in translation) literally means border-use; other schools usually do not make an explicit connection. See also Marginalism References Marginal concepts Consumer theory Utility Austrian School","title":"Marginal use"},{"docid":"964465","text":"\"Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den\" is a short narrative poem written in Literary Chinese that is composed of about 94 characters (depending on the specific version) in which every word is pronounced shi () when read in modern Standard Chinese, a dialect based on the Mandarin Chinese spoken in Beijing, with only the tones differing. The poem was written in the 1930s by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao as a linguistic demonstration. The poem is coherent and grammatical in Literary Chinese, but due to the number of Chinese homophones, it becomes difficult to understand in oral speech. In Mandarin, the poem is incomprehensible when read aloud, since only four syllables cover all the words of the poem. The poem is somewhat more comprehensible when read in other varieties such as Cantonese, in which it has 22 different syllables, or Hokkien Chinese, in which it has 15 different syllables. The poem is an example of a one-syllable article, a form of constrained writing possible in tonal languages such as Mandarin Chinese, where tonal contours expand the range of meaning for a single syllable. Explanation The Chinese languages are tonal—meaning that changes in pitch can change the meaning of words. When written using a romanized script, the poem is an example of Chinese antanaclasis. The poem shows the flexibility of the Chinese language in many ways, including wording, syntax, punctuation, and sentence structures, which gives rise to various explanations. The poem can be interpreted as an objection to the romanization of Chinese, demonstrating the author's critique of proposals to replace Chinese characters with Latin letters—a move that could potentially lead to the marginalization or elimination of traditional Chinese script. The 20th-century linguist Yuen Ren Chao utilized this poem to illustrate the complexities and unique attributes of the Chinese language, arguing that simplification and romanization would undermine its rich tonal and logographic system. Utilizing this poem, Yuen Ren Chao aimed to highlight the challenges of translating the nuanced tones and homophones of Classical Chinese into a romanized script, potentially diminishing the language's depth and historical richness. This demonstration contrasts Classical Chinese's literary and formal tradition with the spoken vernacular languages of China, emphasizing the intrinsic value of the written Chinese language over attempts to phoneticize it for everyday use. The written poem is easy to understand for those familiar with Chinese characters, each of which is associated with a distinct core meaning. It remains intelligible in its spoken form in varieties of Chinese other than Mandarin. However, in its romanized form or when spoken in Mandarin, it becomes confusing. Evolution The loss of older sound combinations in Chinese over the centuries has greatly increased the number of Chinese homophones. Many words in the passage had distinct sounds in Middle Chinese, but over time, all of the varieties of Chinese have merged and split different sounds. For example, when the same passage is read in Cantonese (even modern Cantonese) there are seven distinct syllables—ci, sai, sap, sat, sek, si, sik—in six distinct","title":"Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den"},{"docid":"838415","text":"Ideal type (), also known as pure type, is a typological term most closely associated with the sociologist Max Weber (1864–1920). For Weber, the conduct of social science depends upon the construction of abstract, hypothetical concepts. The \"ideal type\" is therefore a subjective element in social theory and research, and one of the subjective elements distinguishing sociology from natural science. Meaning An ideal type is formed from characteristics and elements of the given phenomena, but it is not meant to correspond to all of the characteristics of any one particular case. It is not meant to refer to perfect things, moral ideals nor to statistical averages but rather to stress certain elements common to most cases of the given phenomenon. In using the word \"ideal,\" Max Weber refers to the world of ideas (, \"mental images\") and not to perfection; these \"ideal types\" are idea-constructs that help put the seeming chaos of social reality in order. Weber wrote: \"An ideal type is formed by the one-sided accentuation of one or more points of view and by the synthesis of a great many diffuse, discrete, more or less present and occasionally absent concrete individual phenomena, which are arranged according to those onesidedly emphasized viewpoints into a unified analytical construct...\" Therefore, ideal types are a form of perfect representation. It is a useful tool for comparative sociology in analyzing social or economic phenomena, having advantages over a very general, abstract idea and a specific historical example. It can be used to analyze both a general, suprahistorical phenomenon such as capitalism or historically unique occurrences such as in Weber's Protestant Ethics analysis. To try to understand a particular phenomenon, one must not only describe the actions of its participants but \"interpret\" them by classifying behavior as belonging to some prior \"ideal type.\" Weber described four \"ideal types\" of behavior: zweckrational (goal-rationality), wertrational (value-rationality), affektual (emotional-rationality), and traditional (custom, unconscious habit). Weber states that an \"ideal type\" never seeks to claim its validity in terms of a reproduction of or correspondence with social reality. Its validity can be ascertained only in terms of adequacy, which is too conveniently ignored by the proponents of positivism. This does not mean, however, that objectivity, limited as it is, can be gained by \"weighing the various evaluations against one another and making a 'statesman-like' compromise among them\", which is often proposed as a solution by those propounding methodological perspectivism. Such a practice, which Weber calls \"syncretism\", is not only impossible but also unethical, for it avoids \"the practical duty to stand up for our own ideals\" [Weber 1904/1949, p. 58]. Scholarly reception It is commonly argued that idealization plays a key role in the methodology of other social sciences, especially of economics. For example, homo economicus is the result of a consistent abstraction-idealization process. One of the fundamental axioms of neoclassical economics, the law of diminishing marginal utility, followed from the highlighting of Weber-Fechner's law in psychophysics, which highlights that the growth of subjectively perceived intensity of recurrent","title":"Ideal type"},{"docid":"1030670","text":"This is a list of \"laws\" applied to various disciplines. These are often adages or predictions with the appellation 'Law', although they do not apply in the legal sense, cannot be scientifically tested, or are intended only as rough descriptions (rather than applying in each case). These 'laws' are sometimes called rules of thumb. See List of legal topics for 'laws' in the legal sense. See List of scientific laws for falsifiable laws that are said to apply universally and literally. General Benford's law Hilt's law Stigler's law of eponymy Goodhart's law Astronomy and cosmology Hubble's law Titius–Bode law Dermott's law Technology Amdahl's law (maximum possible speed-up to a parallel program when adding more computing power) Bell's law of computer classes (corollary to Moore's law for computer class formation) Brooks's law Conway's law Dennard scaling Engelbart's law Eroom's law Godwin's law (Prediction of internet debating patterns) Grosch's law Gustafson's law Haitz's law – analog to Moore's law for LEDs Hick's law Kryder's law Koomey's law Landauer's principle Linus's law (software development) Metcalfe's law Moore's law (hardware development) Neven's law Reed's law Swanson's law Wirth's law Wright's law Zimmerman's law Economic Laws of supply and demand Gresham's law Say's law Law of diminishing marginal utility Ricardo's law Okun's law Linguistic Aitken's Law - synchronic rule in Scottish varieties of English Bartholomae's law - regarding historical sound changes in Indo-Iranian Bartsch's law - regarding historical sound changes in French Brugmann's law - regarding historical sound changes in Indo-Iranian Dahl's law - synchronic rule in Bantu languages Dorsey's law - synchronic rule in Winnebago Grassmann's law - regarding historical sound changes in ancient Greek and Sanskrit Grimm's law – regarding historical sound changes in Proto-Germanic Hirt's law - regarding historical sound changes in Balto-Slavic Osthoff's law - regarding historical sound changes in Indo-European Pedersen's law - regarding historical sound changes in Balto-Slavic Philippi's law - regarding historical sound changes in Biblical Hebrew Verner's law - an exception to Grimm's law Wackernagel's law - regarding position of clitics in syntax Whorf's law - regarding historical sound changes in Proto-Uto-Aztecan Winter's law - regarding historical sound changes in Balto-Slavic See also Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages Mathematical Associative Law of Addition Associative Law of Multiplication Commutative law of addition Commutative Law of Multiplication Distributive laws Law of large numbers Science fiction authors Clarke's three laws Niven's laws Sturgeon's law Three Laws of Robotics (Isaac Asimov's fictional set of laws) Wizard's First Rule (law) Biological Bergmann's rule Llinás' law Briffault's law Kleiber's law Rensch's rule Rubner's law Related lists List of eponymous laws List of scientific laws named after people Society-related lists","title":"List of laws"},{"docid":"5399993","text":"Derogation is a legal term of art, which allows for part or all of a provision in a legal measure to be applied differently, or not at all, in certain cases. The term is also used in Catholic canon law, and in this context differs from dispensation in that it applies to the law, whereas dispensation applies to specific people affected by the law. Definitions Black's Law Dictionary defines derogation as \"the partial repeal or abolishing of a law, as by a subsequent act which limits its scope or impairs its utility and force\". It is sometimes used, loosely, to mean abrogation, as in the legal maxim lex posterior derogat priori (\"a subsequent law derogates the previous one\"). According to West's Encyclopedia of American Law, derogation \"implies the taking away of only some part of a law\", or it is a \"partial repeal of a law, usually by a subsequent act that in some way diminishes its original intent or scope\", so distinguished from annulment, defined as the destruction of the law by \"an act of the legislative power, by constitutional authority, or by usage\". Black's also distinguishes from what it calls \"abrogation, which means the entire repeal and annulment of a law\". In the law of treaties, derogation means the setting aside of some provision or requirement of the treaty. The party to the treaty is said to have \"derogated from\" that provision. In human rights law, the term may carry the additional meaning of a national legislature suspending an obligation for a legitimate objective, usually a national security exception or some other extraordinary circumstance relating to the maintenance of public order. History Jura regalia In the conflict between English common law and ecclesiastical courts, both existed as legal systems of equal validity in one geographic space. By the mid 14th century the English Parliament had attempted to limit ecclesiastical jurisdiction with the Statute of Praemunire. Based on the legislation, litigants in ecclesiastical courts argued that canon law, under the authority of Rome, was a derogation of the rights of the English crown, and argued for damages and criminal penalties under that statute. After the Reformation, appealing to the Roman (or \"spiritual\") jurisdiction was considered punishable as an offence in derogation of the king's authority. Edward Coke argued that derogating from the common law was the same as diminishing the authority of the King. According to Coke, the royal power had been undermined by the ecclesiastical jurisdiction: \"the pope had usurped spiritual jurisdiction of this realm in derogation of the imperial crown of the king.\" Coke defended royal supremacy in De Iure Regis Ecclesiastico in a historical commentary of the common law's protection of royal authority against papal subversion. Common law There is a legal maxim: Statutes in derogation of the common law are to be strictly construed. This is also called the \"derogation canon\". After the American Civil War legislation started to become more important, and some people saw common law as a way of expanding and discovering","title":"Derogation"},{"docid":"50231897","text":"Resource monotonicity (RM; aka aggregate monotonicity) is a principle of fair division. It says that, if there are more resources to share, then all agents should be weakly better off; no agent should lose from the increase in resources. The RM principle has been studied in various division problems. Allocating divisible resources Single homogeneous resource, general utilities Suppose society has units of some homogeneous divisible resource, such as water or flour. The resource should be divided among agents with different utilities. The utility of agent is represented by a function ; when agent receives units of resource, he derives from it a utility of . Society has to decide how to divide the resource among the agents, i.e, to find a vector such that: . Two classic allocation rules are the egalitarian rule - aiming to equalize the utilities of all agents (equivalently: maximize the minimum utility), and the utilitarian rule - aiming to maximize the sum of utilities. The egalitarian rule is always RM: when there is more resource to share, the minimum utility that can be guaranteed to all agents increases, and all agents equally share the increase. In contrast, the utilitarian rule might be not RM. For example, suppose there are two agents, Alice and Bob, with the following utilities: The egalitarian allocation is found by solving the equation: , which is equivalent to , so is monotonically increasing with . An equivalent equation is: , which is equivalent to , so too is monotonically increasing with . So in this example (as always) the egalitarian rule is RM. In contrast, the utilitarian rule is not RM. This is because Alice has increasing returns: her marginal utility is small when she has few resources, but it increases fast when she has many resources. Hence, when the total amount of resource is small (specifically, ), the utilitarian sum is maximized when all resources are given to Bob; but when there are many resources (), the maximum is attained when all resources are given to Alice. Mathematically, if is the amount given to Alice, then the utilitarian sum is . This function has only an internal minimum point but not an internal maximum point; its maximum point in the range is attained in one of the endpoints. It is the left endpoint when and the right endpoint when . In general, the utilitarian allocation rule is RM when all agents have diminishing returns, but it may be not RM when some agents have increasing returns (as in the example). Thus, if society uses the utilitarian rule to allocate resources, then Bob loses value when the amount of resources increases. This is bad because it gives Bob an incentive against economic growth: Bob will try to keep the total amount small in order to keep his own share large. Two complementary resources, Leontief utilities Consider a cloud server with some units of RAM and CPU. There are two users with different types of tasks: The tasks of Alice need 1","title":"Resource monotonicity"},{"docid":"59878378","text":"Various cultures throughout Africa utilize insects for many things and have developed unique interactions with insects: as food sources, for sale or trade in markets, or for use in traditional practices and rituals, as ethnomedicine or as part of their traditional ecological knowledge. As food, also known as entomophagy, a variety of insects are collected as part of a protein rich source of nutrition for marginal communities. Entomophagy had been part of traditional culture throughout Africa, though this activity has been diminishing gradually with the influx of Western culture and market economies. Often the collection of insects for food has been the activity of children, both male and female. Within Southern Africa different communities have established practices for regulating and maintaining their insect harvests. Some groups, through taboos, ritual, and hierarchical organizational structures acting as regulating bodies, have maintained their traditional practice for centuries. They monitor the development of certain caterpillar species' life cycles to ensure proper time frame for harvesting and sustainability. Understanding the diversity of relationships to nature is a crucial aspect of fully grasping and contending with the challenges of modernity and ecology. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations report from January 2012, it has been recommended that insects be utilized both for human consumption as well as for animal feed. However, as the climate changes many agencies are reporting on the risk of the decline in insect populations within the larger ongoing phenomenon of biodiversity loss and how it may affect the world's ecology. Southern Africa Blouberg, Limpopo Maize is a staple crop of Blouberg, Limpopo. Yet due to the processing methods of removing the germ and pericarp, maize is a poor source of protein which often requires supplementation. Within the Blouberg Region, Limpopo, there are some 30 species of insect which are considered edible, and of those, the caterpillar Hemijana variegata Rothschild (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae) is considered a delicacy while being nutritionally sound. Depending on how it is prepared, the nutritional values of protein, carbohydrate, fat, and essential vitamins varies. According to B.A. Egan et al. (2014) the fortification of staple cereals with insects would positively affect the protein content of the community's diet, and should be promoted as a healthy alternative to beef. Traditional preparation Hemijana variegata Rothschild are sold in local markets in the village of Ga Manaka. In this market, the caterpillars are collected by locals in the surrounding forests near Blouberg Mountain and transported back for preparation. Local residents report it was important to wash them after collection. They would wash them three times and purge them, before boiling them in salty water for an hour. They are then sun dried until brittle and the hairs are \"shaken off by 'winnowing' in a basket or bucket.\" Nutrition The Hemijana variegata has protein content that exceeds that of more common livestock such as cows or chickens when measured per gram. The energy, and protein content of the caterpillars which had been traditionally dried had been lower than that","title":"Human interactions with insects in southern Africa"},{"docid":"1096607","text":"Feminist legal theory, also known as feminist jurisprudence, is based on the belief that the law has been fundamental in women's historical subordination. Feminist jurisprudence the philosophy of law is based on the political, economic, and social inequality of the sexes and feminist legal theory is the encompassment of law and theory connected.The project of feminist legal theory is twofold. First, feminist jurisprudence seeks to explain ways in which the law played a role in women's former subordinate status. Feminist legal theory was directly created to recognize and combat the legal system built primarily by the and for male intentions, often forgetting important components and experiences women and marginalized communities face. The law perpetuates a male valued system at the expense of female values. Through making sure all people have access to participate in legal systems as professionals to combating cases in constitutional and discriminatory law, feminist legal theory is utilized for it all. Second, feminist legal theory is dedicated to changing women's status through a rework of the law and its approach to gender. It is a critique of American law that was created to change the way women were treated and how judges had applied the law in order to keep women in the same position they had been in for years. The women who worked in this area viewed law as holding women in a lower place in society than men based on gender assumptions, and judges have therefore relied on these assumptions to make their decisions. This movement originated in the 1960s and 1970s with the purpose of achieving equality for women by challenging laws that made distinctions on the basis of sex. One example of this sex-based discrimination during these times was the struggles for equal admission and access to their desired education. The women's experiences and persistence to fight for equal access led to low rates of retention and mental health issues, including anxiety disorders. Through their experiences, they were influenced to create new legal theory that fought for their rights and those that came after them in education and broader marginalized communities which led to the creation of the legal scholarship feminist legal theory in the 1970s and 1980s. It was crucial to allowing women to become their own people through becoming financially independent and having the ability to find real jobs that were not available to them before due to discrimination in employment. The foundation of feminist legal theory reflects these second and third-wave feminist struggles. However, feminist legal theorists today extend their work beyond overt discrimination by employing a variety of approaches to understand and address how the law contributes to gender inequality. History The first known use of the term feminist jurisprudence was in the late 1970s by Ann Scales during the planning process for Celebration 25, a party and conference held in 1978 to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the first women graduating from Harvard Law School. The term was first published in 1978 in the first issue of","title":"Feminist legal theory"},{"docid":"12886649","text":"Principles of Economics is a leading political economy or economics textbook of Alfred Marshall (1842–1924), first published in 1890. It was the standard text for generations of economics students. Called his magnum opus, it ran to eight editions by 1920. A ninth (variorum) edition was published in 1961, edited in 2 volumes by C. W. Guillebaud. Writing Marshall began writing the Principles of Economics in 1881 and he spent much of the next decade at work on the treatise. His plan for the work gradually extended to a two-volume compilation on the whole of economic thought; the first volume was published in 1890 to worldwide acclaim that established him as one of the leading economists of his time. The second volume, which was to address foreign trade, money, trade fluctuations, taxation, and collectivism, was never published at all. Over the next two decades he worked to complete his second volume of the Principles, but his unyielding attention to detail and ambition for completeness prevented him from mastering the work's breadth. Contents Preface Book I. Preliminary Survey. I Introduction. II The Substance of Economics. III Economic Generalizations or Laws. IV The Order and Aims of Economic Studies. Book II. Some Fundamental Notions. I Introductory. II Wealth. III Production. Consumption. Labour. Necessaries. IV Income. Capital. Book III. On Wants and Their Satisfaction. I Introductory. II Wants In Relation To Activities. III Gradations Of Consumers' Demand. IV The Elasticity of Wants. V Choice Between Different Uses of the Same Thing. Immediate and Deferred Uses. VI Value and Utility. Book IV. The Agents of Production. Land, Labour, Capital and Organization. I Introductory. II The Fertility of Land. III The Fertility of Land, Continued. The Tendency To Diminishing Return. IV The Growth of Population. V The Health and Strength of the Population. VI Industrial Training. VII The Growth of Wealth. VIII Industrial Organization. IX Industrial Organization, Continued. Division of Labour. The Influence of Machinery. X Industrial Organization, Continued. The Concentration of Specialized Industries in Particular Localities. XI Industrial Organization, Continued. Production on a Large Scale. XII Industrial Organization, Continued. Business Management. XIII Conclusion. Correlation of the Tendencies To Increasing and To Diminishing Return. Book V. General Relations of Demand, Supply, and Value. I Introductory. On Markets. II Temporary Equilibrium of Demand and Supply. III Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Supply. IV The Investment and Distribution of Resources. V Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Supply, Continued, With Reference To Long and Short Periods. VI Joint and Composite Demand. Joint and Composite Supply. VII Prime and Total Cost in Relation To Joint Products. Cost of Marketing. Insurance Against Risk. Cost of Reproduction. VIII Marginal Costs in Relation To Values. General Principles. IX Marginal Costs in Relation To Values. General Principles, Continued. X Marginal Costs in Relation To Agricultural Values. XI Marginal Costs in Relation To Urban Values. XII Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Supply, Continued, With Reference To the Law of Increasing Return. XIII Theory of Changes of Normal Demand and Supply in Relation To the Doctrine","title":"Principles of Economics (Marshall book)"},{"docid":"19287575","text":"Ricardian economics are the economic theories of David Ricardo, an English political economist born in 1772 who made a fortune as a stockbroker and loan broker. At the age of 27, he read An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith and was energised by the theories of economics. His main economic ideas are contained in On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817). This set out a series of theories which would later become theoretical underpinnings of both Marx's Das Kapital and Marshallian economics, including the theory of economic rent, the labour theory of value and above all the theory of comparative advantage. Ricardo wrote his first economic article ten years after reading Adam Smith and ultimately, the \"bullion controversy\" gave him fame in the economic community for his theory on inflation in 19th-century England. This theory became known as monetarism, the theory that excess currency leads to inflation. He also played a part in the emergence of classical economics, which meant he fought for free trade and free competition without government interference by enforcing laws or restrictions. The law of diminishing returns Another idea Ricardo is known for in his Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock is the Law of Diminishing Returns (Ricardo, Economic Essays, Henderson 826). The law of diminishing returns states that if you add more units to one of the factors of production and keep the rest constant, the quantity or output created by the extra units will eventually get smaller to a point where overall output will not rise (\"diminishing returns\"). For example, consider a simple farm that has two inputs: labor and land. Suppose the farm has 100 hectares of land and one worker (the labor input). This land-labor combination produces some level of output. If the amount of land is increased, and the amount of labor stays the same, the worker will have to give less attention to each acre of land (provided that nothing else changes). So, output may increase, though the additional (marginal) output from adding an acre of land may decrease. If more and more land is added that must be tended by this one worker, there will eventually be so much land that output starts to decrease as the worker becomes overwhelmed (that is, less labor time, on average, is devoted to each acre). This is the typical stylized result of increasing one productive input while holding the others constant (versus increasing all inputs, generating economies of scale). Comparative advantage Ricardo was opposed to tariffs and other restrictions on international trade. Ricardo devised an idea that is well known as the theory of comparative advantage (Henderson 827, Fesfeld 325). According to the Washington Council on International Trade, comparative advantage is the ability to produce a good at a lower cost, relative to other goods, compared to another country. In the Principles of Economics, Ricardo states that comparative advantage is a specialization technique","title":"Ricardian economics"},{"docid":"46241959","text":"Some branches of economics and game theory deal with indivisible goods, discrete items that can be traded only as a whole. For example, in combinatorial auctions there is a finite set of items, and every agent can buy a subset of the items, but an item cannot be divided among two or more agents. It is usually assumed that every agent assigns subjective utility to every subset of the items. This can be represented in one of two ways: An ordinal utility preference relation, usually marked by . The fact that an agent prefers a set to a set is written . If the agent only weakly prefers (i.e. either prefers or is indifferent between and ) then this is written . A cardinal utility function, usually denoted by . The utility an agent gets from a set is written . Cardinal utility functions are often normalized such that , where is the empty set. A cardinal utility function implies a preference relation: implies and implies . Utility functions can have several properties. Monotonicity Monotonicity means that an agent always (weakly) prefers to have extra items. Formally: For a preference relation: implies . For a utility function: implies (i.e. u is a monotone function). Monotonicity is equivalent to the free disposal assumption: if an agent may always discard unwanted items, then extra items can never decrease the utility. Additivity Additivity (also called linearity or modularity) means that \"the whole is equal to the sum of its parts.\" That is, the utility of a set of items is the sum of the utilities of each item separately. This property is relevant only for cardinal utility functions. It says that for every set of items, assuming that . In other words, is an additive function. An equivalent definition is: for any sets of items and , An additive utility function is characteristic of independent goods. For example, an apple and a hat are considered independent: the utility a person receives from having an apple is the same whether or not he has a hat, and vice versa. A typical utility function for this case is given at the right. Submodularity and supermodularity Submodularity means that \"the whole is not more than the sum of its parts (and may be less).\" Formally, for all sets and , In other words, is a submodular set function. An equivalent property is diminishing marginal utility, which means that for any sets and with , and every : . A submodular utility function is characteristic of substitute goods. For example, an apple and a bread loaf can be considered substitutes: the utility a person receives from eating an apple is smaller if he has already ate bread (and vice versa), since he is less hungry in that case. A typical utility function for this case is given at the right. Supermodularity is the opposite of submodularity: it means that \"the whole is not less than the sum of its parts (and may be more)\". Formally, for all","title":"Utility functions on indivisible goods"},{"docid":"18562589","text":"Gossen's Second “Law”, named for Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810–1858), is the assertion that an economic agent will allocate his or her expenditures such that the ratio of the marginal utility of each good or service to its price (the marginal expenditure necessary for its acquisition) is equal to that for every other good or service. Formally, where is utility is quantity of the -th good or service is the price of the -th good or service Informal derivation Imagine that an agent has spent money on various sorts of goods or services. If the last unit of currency spent on goods or services of one sort bought a quantity with less marginal utility than that which would have been associated with the quantity of another sort that could have been bought with the money, then the agent would have been better off instead buying more of that other good or service. Assuming that goods and services are continuously divisible, the only way that it is possible that the marginal expenditure on one good or service should not yield more utility than the marginal expenditure on the other (or vice versa) is if the marginal expenditures yield equal utility. Formal derivation Assume that utility, goods, and services have the requisite properties so that is well defined for each good or service. An agent then optimizes subject to a budget constraint where is the total available sum of money. Using the method of Lagrange multipliers, one constructs the function and finds the first-order conditions for optimization as (which simply implies that all of will be spent) and so that which is algebraically equivalent to Since every such ratio is equal to , the ratios are all equal one to another: (Note that, as with any maximization using first-order conditions, the equations will hold only if the utility function satisfies specific concavity requirements and does not have maxima on the edges of the set over which one is maximizing.) See also Gossen's laws Marginal utility Marginalism References Gossen, Hermann Heinrich; Die Entwicklung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs und der daraus fließenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln (1854). Translated into English as The Laws of Human Relations and the Rules of Human Action Derived Therefrom (1983) MIT Press, . Marginal concepts Utility","title":"Gossen's second law"},{"docid":"1448784","text":"In economics, an ordinal utility function is a function representing the preferences of an agent on an ordinal scale. Ordinal utility theory claims that it is only meaningful to ask which option is better than the other, but it is meaningless to ask how much better it is or how good it is. All of the theory of consumer decision-making under conditions of certainty can be, and typically is, expressed in terms of ordinal utility. For example, suppose George tells us that \"I prefer A to B and B to C\". George's preferences can be represented by a function u such that: But critics of cardinal utility claim the only meaningful message of this function is the order ; the actual numbers are meaningless. Hence, George's preferences can also be represented by the following function v: The functions u and v are ordinally equivalent – they represent George's preferences equally well. Ordinal utility contrasts with cardinal utility theory: the latter assumes that the differences between preferences are also important. In u the difference between A and B is much smaller than between B and C, while in v the opposite is true. Hence, u and v are not cardinally equivalent. The ordinal utility concept was first introduced by Pareto in 1906. Notation Suppose the set of all states of the world is and an agent has a preference relation on . It is common to mark the weak preference relation by , so that reads \"the agent wants B at least as much as A\". The symbol is used as a shorthand to the indifference relation: , which reads \"The agent is indifferent between B and A\". The symbol is used as a shorthand to the strong preference relation: if: Related concepts Indifference curve mappings Instead of defining a numeric function, an agent's preference relation can be represented graphically by indifference curves. This is especially useful when there are two kinds of goods, x and y. Then, each indifference curve shows a set of points such that, if and are on the same curve, then . An example indifference curve is shown below: Each indifference curve is a set of points, each representing a combination of quantities of two goods or services, all of which combinations the consumer is equally satisfied with. The further a curve is from the origin, the greater is the level of utility. The slope of the curve (the negative of the marginal rate of substitution of X for Y) at any point shows the rate at which the individual is willing to trade off good X against good Y maintaining the same level of utility. The curve is convex to the origin as shown assuming the consumer has a diminishing marginal rate of substitution. It can be shown that consumer analysis with indifference curves (an ordinal approach) gives the same results as that based on cardinal utility theory — i.e., consumers will consume at the point where the marginal rate of substitution between any two","title":"Ordinal utility"},{"docid":"58024676","text":"Lelan F. Sillin Jr. (April 19, 1918 – January 3, 1997) was a pioneer in the nuclear power industry, an advocate of nuclear safety, and chairman and chief executive of Northeast Utilities. An early proponent of nuclear power, he was nevertheless critical of some nuclear operators who failed to strive for excellence in their work. Trained as an attorney, he first rose from general counsel to president and chief executive of Central Hudson Gas and Electric before ascending to the top of Northeast, Connecticut's largest public utility, a position he held from 1970 to 1983. He chaired the \"Sillin Report\", a 1986 analysis of the nuclear power industry, in which he chided some utility companies for simply meeting rather than exceeding regulatory requirements. Biography Lelan Sillin was born in Tampa, Florida, on April 19, 1918. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1940 and graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1942. During World War II he served in the United States Marine Corps in the South Pacific until 1945. He started his business career as a corporate attorney with the New York law firm of Gould & Wilkie, where he was general counsel for Central Hudson Gas and Electric in Poughkeepsie, New York. He later rose to become Central Hudson's president, and its chief executive in 1964. Forsaking law, he remained in the utilities industry, joining Northeast Utilities, a utility holding company, as president in 1968. Two years later he was named chairman and chief executive. At the time he took charge of Northeast, the New England region's electricity prices were higher than the national average, and Sillin viewed nuclear power as the least expensive, most efficient, and cleanest energy option. Skyrocketing petroleum prices due to 1970s energy crises just reinforced this view. In addition to four \"Yankee\" nuclear plants already built by the individual firms that joined to become Northeast Utilities in 1966—\"Connecticut\", \"Maine\", \"Vermont\", and \"Rowe\"—the firm added two \"Millstone\" plants to its generation capacity during that decade. Sillin's middle years with the company did not go easily. In addition to the Middle East oil embargoes of 1973 and 1979, escalating inflation, rising construction costs, annual tussles with the regulatory boards of the two most important states Northeast served - Connecticut and Massachusetts, and heavy borrowing, began eroding Northeast Utility's financial viability. Company fortunes did not begin to recover until Sillin recruited and hired his own replacement, William B. Ellis, and retired as chairman and chief executive in 1983. A number of factors, including resetting expectations by downsizing company growth predictions and annual return projections, a more amicable relationship with regulators, improved operating margins, and the third \"Millstone\" plant coming online, all contributed to the turnaround. Legacy Sillin was regarded by friend and foe \"as frank and forthright and someone who held a genuine concern for the customers he served.\" Shortly into his role at the top of Northeast Utilities Sillin was granted the honor of delivering the 1970 installment of the prestigious Charles","title":"Lelan Sillin Jr."}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"16649079\",\n \"text\": \"Ryan Michael Dvorak is an American politician from the state of Indiana. A member of the Democratic Party, Dvorak is a member of the Indiana House of Representatives, representing the 8th District since 2002. Biography After graduating from Penn High School in 1992, Dvorak earned a B.A. in Philosophy from the University of Notre Dame (1996), and a J.D. from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law (2008). Ryan is also a practicing attorney with May Oberfell Lorber, the oldest law firm in northern Indiana. Dvorak served as a senior aide to Congressman Tim Roemer in Indiana and Washington, D.C. from 1996 to 2001. Dvorak ran Roemer's successful 1998 and 2000 congressional campaigns. He was elected to the Indiana House of Representatives in 2002, becoming chairman of the Committee on Courts and Criminal Code in 2003. In 2012 he was named the Assistant Democratic Leader. He lives in South Bend with his wife, Angela, and their dog and three children, Caroline, Charlotte, and Jack Political career While serving as a senior legislative aide to Congressman Tim Roemer, Dvorak took leaves of absence to manage Roemer's successful re-election campaigns in 1998 against Dan Holtz, and in 2000 against Chris Chocola. In 2002, Dvorak filed as a candidate for the open State House seat that had been held since 1986 by his father, Michael A. Dvorak, who had left the Legislature to be elected St. Joseph County Prosecutor. Ryan Dvorak won the 2002 election, defeating Republican Carl Baxmeyer by a 55%-45% margin. Dvorak was unopposed for re-election in 2004. In 2006, he defeated Democrat Dorothy Snyder in the Primary election by a margin of 93%-7% and was unopposed in the general election. In the 2008 general election, Dvorak defeated Republican challenger Dale Devon by a margin of 65%-35%. Republican Dick Pfeil challenged Dvorak the first time in the 2010 general election, which Dvorak won by a margin of 55%-45%. In 2011, Dvorak unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination in the South Bend Mayoral Primary election. Dick Pfeil sought a re-match against Dvorak in the 2012 general election in the re-districted 8th House District, but Dvorak defeated him again by the same margin of 55%-45%. Dvorak was a key leader in a 2012 leadership struggle that ousted longtime Democratic Leader B. Patrick Bauer from power in the House Democratic Caucus. The leadership change resulted in Rep. Linda Lawson being elected interim caucus Leader. After the 2012 elections, Lawson was succeeded by Rep. Scott Pelath, who appointed Dvorak Assistant Democratic Leader. On the Issues Dvorak has been recognized across Indiana as the leading legislative expert on renewable energy policy. He has authored legislation on net metering, renewable energy standards, and enforcing accountability for utility companies. Dvorak has been honored by the Hoosier Chapter of the Sierra Club for Outstanding Achievement, named a Michiana 40 Under 40 honoree, and received Legislator of the Year by both the Indiana Aviation Association, and the Indiana Conservation Alliance. External links State Representative Ryan Dvorak official Indiana State\",\n \"title\": \"Ryan Dvorak\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"432318\",\n \"text\": \"In economics, the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) is the rate at which a consumer can give up some amount of one good in exchange for another good while maintaining the same level of utility. At equilibrium consumption levels (assuming no externalities), marginal rates of substitution are identical. The marginal rate of substitution is one of the three factors from marginal productivity, the others being marginal rates of transformation and marginal productivity of a factor. As the slope of indifference curve Under the standard assumption of neoclassical economics that goods and services are continuously divisible, the marginal rates of substitution will be the same regardless of the direction of exchange, and will correspond to the slope of an indifference curve (more precisely, to the slope multiplied by −1) passing through the consumption bundle in question, at that point: mathematically, it is the implicit derivative. MRS of X for Y is the amount of Y which a consumer can exchange for one unit of X locally. The MRS is different at each point along the indifference curve thus it is important to keep locus in the definition. Further on this assumption, or otherwise on the assumption that utility is quantified, the marginal rate of substitution of good or service X for good or service Y (MRSxy) is also equivalent to the marginal utility of X over the marginal utility of Y. Formally, It is important to note that when comparing bundles of goods X and Y that give a constant utility (points along an indifference curve), the marginal utility of X is measured in terms of units of Y that is being given up. For example, if the MRSxy = 2, the consumer will give up 2 units of Y to obtain 1 additional unit of X. As one moves down a (standardly convex) indifference curve, the marginal rate of substitution decreases (as measured by the absolute value of the slope of the indifference curve, which decreases). This is known as the law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution. Since the indifference curve is convex with respect to the origin and we have defined the MRS as the negative slope of the indifference curve, Simple mathematical analysis Assume the consumer utility function is defined by , where U is consumer utility, x and y are goods. Then the marginal rate of substitution can be computed via partial differentiation, as follows. Also, note that: where is the marginal utility with respect to good x and is the marginal utility with respect to good y. By taking the total differential of the utility function equation, we obtain the following results: , or substituting from above, , or, without loss of generality, the total derivative of the utility function with respect to good x, , that is, . Through any point on the indifference curve, dU/dx = 0, because U = c, where c is a constant. It follows from the above equation that: , or rearranging The marginal rate of substitution is defined\",\n \"title\": \"Marginal rate of substitution\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18562346\",\n \"text\": \"Gossen's laws, named for Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810–1858), are three laws of economics: Gossen's First Law is the \\\"law\\\" of diminishing marginal utility: that marginal utilities are diminishing across the ranges relevant to decision-making. Gossen's Second Law, which presumes that utility is at least weakly quantified, is that in equilibrium an agent will allocate expenditures so that the ratio of marginal utility to price (marginal cost of acquisition) is equal across all goods and services. where is utility is quantity of the -th good or service is the price of the -th good or service Gossen's Third Law is that scarcity is a precondition for economic value. See also Marginalism References Gossen, Hermann Heinrich; Die Entwicklung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs und der daraus fließenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln (1854). Translated into English as The Laws of Human Relations and the Rules of Human Action Derived Therefrom (1983) MIT Press, . Marginal concepts Utility\",\n \"title\": \"Gossen's laws\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17038488\",\n \"text\": \"Weather risk management is a type of risk management done by organizations to address potential financial losses caused by unusual weather. Overview Energy, agriculture, transportation, construction, municipalities, school districts, travel, food processors, retail sales and real estate are all examples of industries whose operations and profits can be significantly affected by the weather. Unexpected weather events can cause significant financial losses. For example, unusually mild winters diminish consumer demand for heating and erode the profit margins for utility companies. Weather information and forecasts utilized in risk management decision making is often referred to as meteorological intelligence and offered by companies such as Metswift. The weather risk market makes it possible to manage the financial impact of weather through risk transfer instruments based on a defined weather element, such as temperature, rain, snow, wind, etc. Weather risk management is a way for organizations to limit their financial exposure to disruptive weather events. By making a payment (a \\\"premium\\\") to a separate company that will assume the financial weather risk for them, an organization essentially is buying a type of insurance - the company assuming the risk will pay the buyer a pre-set amount of money which will correspond to the loss or cost increase caused by the disruptive weather. Catastrophic weather events such as hurricanes are typically managed through traditional insurance contracts that pay based on indemnity loss. Insurance is a heavily regulated industry with specific requirements and qualification criteria. Due to the indemnity nature of insurance, actual loss must be proven to an insurance carrier before the payment can be processed. In contrast, financial loss such as erosion of margin, portfolio loss or increased expenses usually do not qualify for insurance payouts. Financial instruments such as derivative transactions can provide more flexible and customized risk management opportunities than the typical insurance contracts as they are priced and settled on the parameters of measured weather rather than the associated financial loss. Market participants A wide range of capital providers make markets in weather risk. To date the weather risk management trading market is primarily made up of dedicated weather trading operations, such as Nephila Capital Ltd, Galileo Weather Risk Management Advisors LCC, Swiss Re, RenRe, and Coriolis Capital, who execute trade orders in weather or weather-contingent commodity trades, the trading desks of financial institutions and utilities, such as Susquahanna Energy and Aquila who hedge their own risk as well as speculative trades for a merchant portfolio, professional commodity traders, such as RJO and hedge and private equity funds such as Tudor Capital. Transactions can be effected over-the-counter (OTC) or on commodity exchanges such as The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). Still other operations, such as Storm Exchange, Inc(Note: Storm Exchange is now defunct. and WeatherBill (WeatherBill is no longer serving markets outside of Agriculture), privately held eWeatherRisk now provide corporate and municipal clients with the necessary financial context to gauge the impact of the weather on profit and loss before executing trades either OTC or through the CME. Regulation United States In\",\n \"title\": \"Weather risk management\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3211520\",\n \"text\": \"A Nursing Agency (also known as Home Health Agency or Home Care Agency) is a service provider agency which provides nurses and usually health care assistants (such as Certified Nursing Assistants) to people who need the services of home healthcare professionals. Nurses are normally engaged by the agency on temporary contracts and make themselves available for hire by hospitals, nursing homes, eldercare centers, and other providers of care for help during busy periods or to cover for staff absences. Some nurses may be seconded to private clients who choose to receive their nursing care within their own homes. Nature of work As with other staffing agencies, a large amount of capital is necessary to operate, since nurses must be paid by the registry as often as they work, but the hospital or other institution utilizing the services of the registry might not pay the registry until several months after the work has been done. Profit margins for this type of business go between 4% and 70%. Nurse staffing is an on-demand business. During holidays, hospitals often pay their staff overtime pay, and thus the need for external staffing services is diminished. An opposite effect is felt during summertime vacations when staff employees at hospitals take time off and the services of the home nursing agency are in greater need. Nurse staffing is very demanding and requires a high degree of care and responsibility. There are many liability issues that must be kept in mind. Claims of negligence and inappropriate actions by the registry's nurses may result in lawsuits over the bodily injury. Malpractice insurance must be carried by the registry. As a result of these inherent pitfalls and the progress of web technologies, many nurse staffing agencies evolved to online job boards, which would allow them to match registered nurse candidates with employers' nursing jobs. The web has transformed the nurse staffing industry, making it a more real-time process. Also, by offering direct contact between the candidates and employers, online staffing sites eliminate much of the liability involved in traditional nurse staffing. By country United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, there are two sources of supplementary nurses - nurse banks and nursing agencies. The former provides nurses paid on as \\\"hours as required\\\" basis and is often contracted to fill planned or unplanned shortfalls in staffing. Agency nurses, on the other hand, are employed through third-party agencies. Recent studies show that it has become common practice in the United Kingdom to use bank and agency nurses to fill vacant shifts in hospitals that cannot be filled by permanent staff. From 2002 to 2003, it was already reported that the National Health Service has spent £628 million on agency nursing. There are sources that cite how nurses employed through agencies tend to enjoy greater rewards and higher pay than those with institutional contracts. English nursing agencies are regulated by the Commission for Social Care Inspection. United States In the United States, they are also called nurse registries. It is a staffing\",\n \"title\": \"Nursing agency\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6878402\",\n \"text\": \"Lionel Robbins' Essay (1932, 1935, 2nd ed., 158 pp.) sought to define more precisely economics as a science and to derive substantive implications. Analysis is relative to \\\"accepted solutions of particular problems\\\" based on best modern practice as referenced, especially including the works of Philip Wicksteed, Ludwig von Mises, and other Continental European economists. Robbins disclaims originality but expresses hope to have given expository force on a very few points to some principles \\\"not always clearly stated\\\" (1935, pp. xiv-xvi) Major propositions Robbins develops and defends several propositions about the relation of scarcity to economics and of economic theory to science, including the following. \\\"Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.\\\" (1935, p. 15) \\\"Economics is not about certain kinds of behaviour,\\\" but \\\"a certain aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity.\\\" (pp. 16–17) \\\"Economics is entirely neutral between ends; ... in so far as any end is dependent on scarce means, it is germane to the preoccupations of the economist.\\\" (p. 24) \\\"[W]ealth is not wealth because of its substantial properties. It is wealth because it is scarce.\\\" (p. 47) \\\"The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility ..., whether true or false, can never be verified by observation or introspection.\\\" ... [Nor does it] \\\"justify the inference that transferences from rich to poor would increase total satisfaction... Interesting as a development of an ethical postulate, [such an effect] does not at all follow from the positive assumptions of pure theory.\\\" (pp. 137, 141) Economics as science is about \\\"ascertainable facts\\\" of the positive as distinct from normative (ethical) judgments on economic policy. (p. 148). The definition of economics above has been described as \\\"central to the arguments presented\\\" that followed in the Essay and as redefining economics in marginalist terms and thereby \\\"destroy[ing] the view classical economists had of their science.\\\" Robbins argued that, at a certain stage in the development of the subject, an insufficiently restrictive and unifying definition multiplies activities of economists away from filling in explanatory gaps of the theory and solving problems posed by the subject (pp. 3–4). The Essay has been described as different from earlier writings on economic methodology in generating a range of tightly argued, radical implications from a simple definition, for example in admitting an aspect of behaviour (rather than a list of behaviours) but not limiting the subject-matter of economics, provided that the influence of scarcity impinges on these (pp. 16–17). The broad behavioural definition is credited for its consistency with the expanding boundaries of economics decades later. In this Robbins both narrows the definition of economics, thereby demonstrating the usefulness of deduction, and opens up the subject-matter of economics. Influence Robbins's Essay is one of the most-cited works on the methodology and philosophy of economics for the period 1932–1960. Arguments therein have been widely accepted on the demarcation of economics as science from discussion of recommendations on economic policy. In that period, economists\",\n \"title\": \"An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"849015\",\n \"text\": \"An isoquant (derived from quantity and the Greek word iso, meaning equal), in microeconomics, is a contour line drawn through the set of points at which the same quantity of output is produced while changing the quantities of two or more inputs. The x and y axis on an isoquant represent two relevant inputs, which are usually a factor of production such as labour, capital, land, or organisation. An isoquant may also be known as an “Iso-Product Curve”, or an “Equal Product Curve”. Isoquants vs. indifference curves While an indifference curve mapping helps to solve the utility-maximizing problem of consumers, the isoquant mapping deals with the cost-minimization and profit and output maximisation problem of producers. Indifference curves further differ to isoquants, in that they cannot offer a precise measurement of utility, only how it is relevant to a baseline. Whereas, from an isoquant, the product can be measured accurately in physical units, and it is known by exactly how much isoquant 1 exceeds isoquant 2. Nature and practical uses In managerial economics, isoquants are typically drawn along with isocost curves in capital-labor graphs, showing the technological tradeoff between capital and labor in the production function, and the decreasing marginal returns of both inputs. In managerial economics, the unit of isoquant is commonly the net of capital cost. As such, isoquants by nature are downward sloping due to operation of diminishing marginal rates of technical substitution (MRTS). The slope of an isoquant represents the rate at which input x can be substituted for input y. This concept is the MRTS, so MRTS=slope of the isoquant. Thus, the steeper the isoquant, the higher the MRTS. Since MRTS must diminish, isoquants must be convex to their origin. Adding one input while holding the other constant eventually leads to decreasing marginal output. The contour line of an isoquant represents every combination of two inputs which fully maximise a firms’ use of resources (such as budget, or time). Full maximisation of resources is usually considered ‘efficient’. Efficient allocation of factors of production occur only when two isoquants are tangent to one another. If a firm produces to the left of the contour line, then the firm is considered to be operating inefficiently, because they are not maximising use of their available resources. A firm cannot produce to the right of the contour line unless they exceed their constraints. A family of isoquants can be represented by an isoquant map, a graph combining a number of isoquants, each representing a different quantity of output.An isoquant map can indicate decreasing or increasing returns to scale based on increasing or decreasing distances between the isoquant pairs of fixed output increment, as output increases. If the distance between those isoquants increases as output increases, the firm's production function is exhibiting decreasing returns to scale; doubling both inputs will result in placement on an isoquant with less than double the output of the previous isoquant. Conversely, if the distance is decreasing as output increases, the firm is experiencing increasing returns\",\n \"title\": \"Isoquant\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2909379\",\n \"text\": \"Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects against unreasonable search and seizure. This right provides those in Canada with their primary source of constitutionally enforced privacy rights against unreasonable intrusion from the state. Typically, this protects personal information that can be obtained through searching someone in pat-down, entering someone's property or surveillance. Under the heading of legal rights, section 8 states: Any property found or seized by means of a violation of section 8 can be excluded as evidence in a trial under section 24(2). Reasonable expectation of privacy Section 8 does not apply to every search or seizure. Rather, the right focuses on the action being unreasonable on the basis that it violates the expectation of privacy that a reasonable individual would have. Examples The driver of a motor vehicle normally has a reasonable expectation in the contents of that vehicle, although that same expectation does not necessarily extend to the passenger of a vehicle who is not the owner. Likewise, a visitor to a dwelling house does not enjoy the same expectation of privacy as a permanent occupant. A reasonable expectation of privacy generally exists in a hotel room, although the expectation of privacy in a hotel room diminishes in circumstances where the occupant indiscriminately invites members of the public inside. Information which does not \\\"tend to reveal intimate details of the lifestyle and personal choices of the individual\\\" is usually not subject to a reasonable expectation of privacy. For this reason, utility records are generally not subject to an expectation of privacy, nor are heat patterns which can be detected from outside a private building. Garbage placed at the curb for pickup is considered in law to be abandoned, and therefore fails to engage a reasonable privacy interest. In R. v. TELUS Communications Co., the Supreme Court of Canada found that the reasonable expectation of privacy protected by Section 8 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms applies to modern communications technologies such as text messages, even if the data in question is located on a third-party server. Search Not every form of examination constitutes search. A search within the meaning of section eight is determined by whether the investigatory technique used by the state diminishes a person's reasonable expectation of privacy. The focus of analysis is upon the purpose of the examination. A police officer who compels someone to produce their licence would not be invasive enough to constitute a search (R. v. Ladouceur, [1990]). Equally, an inspection of the inside of a car is not a search, but questions about the contents of a bag would be. (R. v. Mellenthin [1992]) It has also been ruled that the use of a police dog as a means to gain probable cause to search is also in itself a violation of section 8, and that other factors must be present before a police dog can be used and a search executed. (R. v. A.M. [2008], R. v. Kang-Brown [2008]) In R. v. Feeney,\",\n \"title\": \"Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1448833\",\n \"text\": \"In economics, a cardinal utility function or scale is a utility index that preserves preference orderings uniquely up to positive affine transformations. Two utility indices are related by an affine transformation if for the value of one index u, occurring at any quantity of the goods bundle being evaluated, the corresponding value of the other index v satisfies a relationship of the form , for fixed constants a and b. Thus the utility functions themselves are related by The two indices differ only with respect to scale and origin. Thus if one is concave, so is the other, in which case there is often said to be diminishing marginal utility. In consumer choice theory, economists originally attempted to replace cardinal utility with the apparently-weaker concept of ordinal utility. Cardinal utility appears to impose the assumption that levels of absolute satisfaction exist, so magnitudes of increments to satisfaction can be compared across different situations. However, economists in the 1950s proved that under mild conditions, ordinal utilities imply cardinal utilities. This result is now known as the von Neumann-Morgenstern utility theorem; many similar utility representation theorems can be proven under different assumptions. History In 1738, Daniel Bernoulli was the first to theorize about the marginal value of money. He assumed that the value of an additional amount is inversely proportional to the pecuniary possessions which a person already owns. Since Bernoulli tacitly assumed that an interpersonal measure for the utility reaction of different persons can be discovered, he was then inadvertently using an early conception of cardinality. Bernoulli's imaginary logarithmic utility function and Gabriel Cramer's function were conceived at the time not for a theory of demand but to solve the St. Petersburg's game. Bernoulli assumed that \\\"a poor man generally obtains more utility than a rich man from an equal gain\\\" an approach that is more profound than the simple mathematical expectation of money as it involves a law of moral expectation. Early theorists of utility considered that it had physically quantifiable attributes. They thought that utility behaved like the magnitudes of distance or time, in which the simple use of a ruler or stopwatch resulted in a distinguishable measure. \\\"Utils\\\" was the name actually given to the units in a utility scale. In the Victorian era many aspects of life were succumbing to quantification. The theory of utility soon began to be applied to moral-philosophy discussions. The essential idea in utilitarianism is to judge people's decisions by looking at their change in utils and measure whether they are better off. The main forerunner of the utilitarian principles since the end of the 18th century was Jeremy Bentham, who believed utility could be measured by some complex introspective examination and that it should guide the design of social policies and laws. For Bentham a scale of pleasure has as a unit of intensity \\\"the degree of intensity possessed by that pleasure which is the faintest of any that can be distinguished to be pleasure\\\"; he also stated that, as these pleasures\",\n \"title\": \"Cardinal utility\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23014670\",\n \"text\": \"In economics, marginal utility describes the change in utility (pleasure or satisfaction resulting from the consumption) of one unit of a good or service. Marginal utility can be positive, negative, or zero. For example, when eating pizza, the second piece may bring more satisfaction than the first, indicating positive marginal utility. However, after the third or fourth piece, the satisfaction level starts to decrease, indicating zero or even negative marginal utility. Negative marginal utility implies that every additional unit consumed causes more harm than good, leading to a decrease in overall utility. In contrast, positive marginal utility indicated that every additional unit consumed increases overall utility. In the context of cardinal utility, economists postulate a law of diminishing marginal utility. This law states that the first units of consumption of a good or service yields more satisfaction or utility than the subsequent units, and there is a continuing reduction in satisfaction or utility for greater amounts. As consumption increases, the additional satisfaction or utility gained from each additional unit consumed falls, a concept known as diminishing marginal utility. This idea is used by economics to determine the optimal quantity of a good or service that a consumer is willing to purchase. Marginality In the study of economics, the term marginal refers to a small change, starting from some baseline level. Philip Wicksteed explained the term as follows: Marginal considerations are considerations which concern a slight increase or diminution of the stock of anything which we possess or are considering. Another way to think of the term marginal is the cost or benefit of the next unit used or consumed, for example the benefit that you might get from consuming a piece of chocolate. The key to understanding marginality is through marginal analysis. Marginal analysis examines the additional benefits of an activity compared to additional costs sustained by that same activity. In practice, companies use marginal analysis to assist them in maximizing their potential profits and often used when making decisions about expanding or reducing production. Utility Utility is an economic concept that refers to the level of satisfaction or benefit that individuals derive from consuming a particular good or service, which is quantified using units known as utils (derived from the Spanish word for useful). However, determining the exact level of utility that a consumer experiences can be a challenging and abstract task. To overcome this challenge, economists rely on the consent of revealed preferences, where they observe the choices made by consumers and use this information to rank consumption options from the least preferred to the most desirable. Initially, the term utility equated usefulness with the production of pleasure and avoidance of pain by moral philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. In line with this philosophy, the concept of utility was defined as \\\"the feelings of pleasure and pain\\\" and further as a \\\"quantity of feeling\\\". Contemporary mainstream economic theory frequently defers metaphysical questions, and merely notes or assumes that preference structures conforming to certain rules can be\",\n \"title\": \"Marginal utility\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"235807\",\n \"text\": \"Arsène Jules Étienne Juvenal Dupuit (18 May 1804 – 5 September 1866) was a French civil engineer and economist. He was born in Fossano, Cisalpine Republic then under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. At the age of ten he went to Versailles with his family where he studied — winning a Physics prize at graduation. He then studied in the École Polytechnique as a civil engineer. He gradually took on more responsibility in various regional posts. He received a Légion d'honneur in 1843 for his work on the French road system, and shortly after moved to Paris. He also studied flood management in 1848 and supervised the construction of the Paris sewer system. He died in Paris. Engineering questions led to his interest in economics, a subject in which he was self-taught. His 1844 article was concerned with deciding the optimum toll for a bridge. It was here that he introduced his curve of diminishing marginal utility. As the quantity of a good consumed rises, the marginal utility of the good declines for the user. So the lower the toll (lower marginal utility), the more people who would use the bridge (higher consumption). Conversely as the quantity rises (people allowed on the bridge), the willingness of a person to pay for that good (the price) declines. Thus, the concept of diminishing marginal utility should translate itself into a downward-sloping demand function. In this way he identified the demand curve as the marginal utility curve. This was the first time an economist had put forward a theory of demand derived from marginal utility. Although not the first time that the demand curve had been drawn, it was the first time that it had been proved rather than asserted. Dupuit, however, did not include a supply curve in his theory. Dupuit went on to define \\\"relative utility\\\" as the area under the demand/marginal utility curve above the price and used it as a measure of the welfare effects of different prices – concluding that public welfare is maximized when the price (or bridge toll) is zero. This was later known as Marshall's \\\"consumer surplus\\\". Dupuit's reputation as an economist does not rest on his advocacy of laissez-faire economics (he wrote \\\"Commercial Freedom\\\" in 1861) but on frequent contributions to periodicals. Wanting to evaluate the net economic benefit of public services, Dupuit analysed capacities for economic development, and attempted to construct a framework for utility theory and measuring the prosperity derived with public works. He also wrote on monopoly and price discrimination. Dupuit also considered the groundwater flow equation, which governs the flow of groundwater. He assumed that the equation could be simplified for analytical solutions by assuming that groundwater is hydrostatic and flows horizontally. This assumption is regularly used today, and is known by hydrogeologists as the Dupuit assumption. Notes See also Robert Ekelund References Hager, W.H. (2004): Jules Dupuit—Eminent Hydraulic Engineer. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Volume 130, Issue 9, pp. 843–848. Dupuit, Arsène Jules Étienne Juvénal (1844): De la mesure de\",\n \"title\": \"Jules Dupuit\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"762043\",\n \"text\": \"In economics and in particular neoclassical economics, the marginal product or marginal physical productivity of an input (factor of production) is the change in output resulting from employing one more unit of a particular input (for instance, the change in output when a firm's labor is increased from five to six units), assuming that the quantities of other inputs are kept constant. The marginal product of a given input can be expressed as: where is the change in the firm's use of the input (conventionally a one-unit change) and is the change in quantity of output produced (resulting from the change in the input). Note that the quantity of the \\\"product\\\" is typically defined ignoring external costs and benefits. If the output and the input are infinitely divisible, so the marginal \\\"units\\\" are infinitesimal, the marginal product is the mathematical derivative of the production function with respect to that input. Suppose a firm's output Y is given by the production function: where K and L are inputs to production (say, capital and labor, respectively). Then the marginal product of capital (MPK) and marginal product of labor (MPL) are given by: In the \\\"law\\\" of diminishing marginal returns, the marginal product initially increases when more of an input (say labor) is employed, keeping the other input (say capital) constant. Here, labor is the variable input and capital is the fixed input (in a hypothetical two-inputs model). As more and more of variable input (labor) is employed, marginal product starts to fall. Finally, after a certain point, the marginal product becomes negative, implying that the additional unit of labor has decreased the output, rather than increasing it. The reason behind this is the diminishing marginal productivity of labor. The marginal product of labor is the slope of the total product curve, which is the production function plotted against labor usage for a fixed level of usage of the capital input. In the neoclassical theory of competitive markets, the marginal product of labor equals the real wage. In aggregate models of perfect competition, in which a single good is produced and that good is used both in consumption and as a capital good, the marginal product of capital equals its rate of return. As was shown in the Cambridge capital controversy, this proposition about the marginal product of capital cannot generally be sustained in multi-commodity models in which capital and consumption goods are distinguished. Relationship of marginal product (MPP) with the total product (TPP) The relationship can be explained in three phases- (1) Initially, as the quantity of variable input is increased, TPP rises at an increasing rate. In this phase, MPP also rises. (2) As more and more quantities of the variable inputs are employed, TPP increases at a diminishing rate. In this phase, MPP starts to fall. (3) When the TPP reaches its maximum, MPP is zero. Beyond this point, TPP starts to fall and MPP becomes negative. See also Marginal product of labor Marginal product of capital Marginal revenue productivity\",\n \"title\": \"Marginal product\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1018347\",\n \"text\": \"Utility maximization was first developed by utilitarian philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. In microeconomics, the utility maximization problem is the problem consumers face: \\\"How should I spend my money in order to maximize my utility?\\\" It is a type of optimal decision problem. It consists of choosing how much of each available good or service to consume, taking into account a constraint on total spending (income), the prices of the goods and their preferences. Utility maximization is an important concept in consumer theory as it shows how consumers decide to allocate their income. Because consumers are rational, they seek to extract the most benefit for themselves. However, due to bounded rationality and other biases, consumers sometimes pick bundles that do not necessarily maximize their utility. The utility maximization bundle of the consumer is also not set and can change over time depending on their individual preferences of goods, price changes and increases or decreases in income. Basic setup For utility maximization there are four basic steps process to derive consumer demand and find the utility maximizing bundle of the consumer given prices, income, and preferences. 1) Check if Walras's law is satisfied 2) 'Bang for buck' 3) the budget constraint 4) Check for negativity 1) Walras's Law Walras's law states that if a consumers preferences are complete, monotone and transitive then the optimal demand will lie on the budget line. Preferences of the consumer For a utility representation to exist the preferences of the consumer must be complete and transitive (necessary conditions). Complete Completeness of preferences indicates that all bundles in the consumption set can be compared by the consumer. For example, if the consumer has 3 bundles A,B and C then; A B, A C, B A, B C, C B, C A, A A, B B, C C. Therefore, the consumer has complete preferences as they can compare every bundle. Transitive Transitivity states that individuals preferences are consistent across the bundles. therefore, if the consumer weakly prefers A over B (A B) and B C this means that A C (A is weakly preferred to C) Monotone For a preference relation to be monotone increasing the quantity of both goods should make the consumer strictly better off (increase their utility), and increasing the quantity of one good holding the other quantity constant should not make the consumer worse off (same utility). The preference is monotone if and only if; 1) 2) 3) where > 0 2) 'Bang for buck' Bang for buck is a main concept in utility maximization and consists of the consumer wanting to get the best value for their money. If Walras's law has been satisfied, the optimal solution of the consumer lies at the point where the budget line and optimal indifference curve intersect, this is called the tangency condition. To find this point, differentiate the utility function with respect to x and y to find the marginal utilities, then divide by the respective prices of the goods. This can be solved\",\n \"title\": \"Utility maximization problem\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25197055\",\n \"text\": \"The Cambridge equation formally represents the Cambridge cash-balance theory, an alternative approach to the classical quantity theory of money. Both quantity theories, Cambridge and classical, attempt to express a relationship among the amount of goods produced, the price level, amounts of money, and how money moves. The Cambridge equation focuses on money demand instead of money supply. The theories also differ in explaining the movement of money: In the classical version, associated with Irving Fisher, money moves at a fixed rate and serves only as a medium of exchange while in the Cambridge approach money acts as a store of value and its movement depends on the desirability of holding cash. Economists associated with Cambridge University, including Alfred Marshall, A.C. Pigou, and John Maynard Keynes (before he developed his own, eponymous school of thought) contributed to a quantity theory of money that paid more attention to money demand than the supply-oriented classical version. The Cambridge economists argued that a certain portion of the money supply will not be used for transactions; instead, it will be held for the convenience and security of having cash on hand. This portion of cash is commonly represented as k, a portion of nominal income (the product of the price level and real income), ). The Cambridge economists also thought wealth would play a role, but wealth is often omitted from the equation for simplicity. The Cambridge equation is thus: Assuming that the economy is at equilibrium (), is exogenous, and k is fixed in the short run, the Cambridge equation is equivalent to the equation of exchange with velocity equal to the inverse of k: Monge (2021) showed that the Cambridge equation comes from a Cobb-Douglas utility function, which demonstrates that, in classical quantity theory, money has diminishing marginal utility (then, inflation is a monetary phenomenon). History and significance The Cambridge equation first appeared in print in 1917 in Pigou's \\\"Value of Money\\\". Keynes contributed to the theory with his 1923 A Tract on Monetary Reform. The Cambridge version of the quantity theory led to both Keynes's attack on the quantity theory and the Monetarist revival of the theory. Marshall recognized that k would be determined in part by an individual's desire to hold liquid cash. In his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Keynes expanded on this concept to develop the idea of liquidity preference, a central Keynesian concept. References External links Cambridge Cash-Balance Approach – History of Economic Thought Monetary economics\",\n \"title\": \"Cambridge equation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49381120\",\n \"text\": \"Patricia Van Pelt Watkins (born November 20, 1957) is an American politician who served in the Illinois Senate, representing the 5th district, from 2013 to 2023. The 5th district is located on the West Side of Chicago. Prior to her service as a member of the Illinois Senate she was a community activist and ran for Mayor of Chicago. Early life and career Van Pelt was born on the Near North Side and raised in the Cabrini–Green public housing. Inspired by her mother's ability to work, raise her children and go to school, she took a job as a steelworker while taking classes at Truman College. She earned a bachelor's in public administration and became a CPA after taking accounting classes at DePaul University. Using her life experience and education, she founded Target Development Corp, which worked to improve communities. This including teaching residents how to peacefully evict drug dealers from their neighborhoods. In 2009, she earned a doctorate in nonprofit management from Capella University. Chicago mayoral election, 2011 In 2010, Van Pelt announced that she was going to run for mayor in order to bring ideas to the forefront that had been forgotten about. During the campaign, she was accused of \\\"being strung out on crack for twenty years,\\\" by candidate and former US Senator Carol Moseley Braun, which Watkins credits to her future political success. She finished fifth on election day. After the election, Van Pelt was appointed by the Illinois State Board of Education to the State Charter School Commission for a term ending November 1, 2013. The State Charter School Commission authorizes charter schools throughout the State, particularly schools designed to expand opportunities for at-risk students. Illinois State Senator 2012 Senate election In 2011, Van Pelt announced that she would challenge Annazette Collins for the Illinois Senate's 5th district. During the primary election she was endorsed by several aldermen from the fifth district, and the Chicago Journal. Aldermanic endorsements included Walter Burnett and Bob Fioretti. Fioretti stated that \\\"Her integrity is beyond reproach. She will roll her sleeves up and research the issues and make the right decisions for all the people. She won't be beholden to the special interests that control Springfield right now.\\\" She was also endorsed by Illinois Secretary of State Jesse White, who previously supported Collins, after Collins's corruption came to the forefront. Van Pelt beat Collins by a 54%-46% margin. Tenure Van Pelt was sworn in on January 9, 2013. As of July 2022, Senator Van Pelt is a member of the following Illinois Senate committees: Agriculture Committee (SAGR) Appropriations - State Law Enforcement Committee (SAPP-SASL) Appropriations - Health Committee (SAPP-SAHA) Criminal Law Committee (SCCL) Energy and Public Utilities Committee (SENE) (Chairwoman of) Healthcare Access and Availability Committee (SHAA) Redistricting - Chicago West and Western Cook County (SRED-SRWW) State Government Committee (SGOA) Retirement Despite winning election to a four-year term in the 2022 election, Van Pelt announced her retirement on July 26, 2023. Illinois State Representative Lakesia Collins was appointed to\",\n \"title\": \"Patricia Van Pelt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"736803\",\n \"text\": \"The expected utility hypothesis is a foundational assumption in mathematical economics concerning decision making under uncertainty. It postulates that rational agents maximize utility, meaning the subjective desirability of their actions. Rational choice theory, a cornerstone of microeconomics, builds this postulate to model aggregate social behaviour. The expected utility hypothesis states an agent chooses between risky prospects by comparing expected utility values (i.e. the weighted sum of adding the respective utility values of payoffs multiplied by their probabilities). The summarised formula for expected utility is where is the probability that outcome indexed by with payoff is realized, and function u expresses the utility of each respective payoff. Graphically the curvature of the u function captures the agent's risk attitude. Standard utility functions represent ordinal preferences. The expected utility hypothesis imposes limitations on the utility function and makes utility cardinal (though still not comparable across individuals). Although the expected utility hypothesis is standard in economic modelling, it has been found to be violated in psychological experiments. For many years, psychologists and economic theorists have been developing new theories to explain these deficiencies. These include prospect theory, rank-dependent expected utility and cumulative prospect theory, and bounded rationality. Justification Bernoulli's formulation Nicolaus Bernoulli described the St. Petersburg paradox (involving infinite expected values) in 1713, prompting two Swiss mathematicians to develop expected utility theory as a solution. Bernoulli's paper was the first formalization of marginal utility, which has broad application in economics in addition to expected utility theory. He used this concept to formalize the idea that the same amount of additional money was less useful to an already-wealthy person than it would be to a poor person. The theory can also more accurately describe more realistic scenarios (where expected values are finite) than expected value alone. He proposed that a nonlinear function of utility of an outcome should be used instead of the expected value of an outcome, accounting for risk aversion, where the risk premium is higher for low-probability events than the difference between the payout level of a particular outcome and its expected value. Bernoulli further proposed that it was not the goal of the gambler to maximize his expected gain but to instead maximize the logarithm of his gain. Daniel Bernoulli drew attention to psychological and behavioral behind the individual's decision-making process and proposed that the utility of wealth has a diminishing marginal utility. For example, as someone gets wealthier, an extra dollar or an additional good is perceived as less valuable. In other words, desirability related with a financial gain depends not only on the gain itself but also on the wealth of the person. Bernoulli suggested that people maximize \\\"moral expectation\\\" rather than expected monetary value. Bernoulli made a clear distinction between expected value and expected utility. Instead of using the weighted outcomes, he used the weighted utility multiplied by probabilities. He proved that the utility function used in real life means is finite, even when its expected value is infinite. Ramsey-theoretic approach to subjective probability In 1926, Frank\",\n \"title\": \"Expected utility hypothesis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21472509\",\n \"text\": \"In economics, a factor market is a market where factors of production are bought and sold. Factor markets allocate factors of production, including land, labour and capital, and distribute income to the owners of productive resources, such as wages, rents, etc. Firms buy productive resources in return for making factor payments at factor prices. The interaction between product and factor markets involves the principle of derived demand. A firm's factors of production are gotten from its economic activities of supplying goods or services to another market. Derived demand refers to the demand for productive resources, which is derived from the demand for final goods and services or output. For example, if consumer demand for new cars rises, producers will respond by increasing their demand for the productive inputs or resources used to produce new cars. Production is the transformation of inputs into final products. Firms obtain the inputs (factors of production) in the factor markets. The goods are sold in the products markets. In most respects these markets work in the same manner as each other. Price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand; firms attempt to maximize profits, and factors can influence and change the equilibrium price and quantities bought and sold, and the laws of supply and demand hold. In the product market, profit or cost is defined as a function of output. The equilibrium condition is that MR=MC, i.e. the marginal equality of benefits and costs. Since the goods produced are made up of factors, output is seen as a function of factor in factor markets. In perfectly competitive markets firms can \\\"purchase\\\" as many inputs as they need at the market rate. Because labor is the most important factor of production, this article will focus on the competitive labor market, although the analysis applies to all competitive factor markets. Labour markets are not quite the same as most other markets in the economy since the demand of labour is considered as a derived demand. It is important to note that as the number of workers increases, the marginal product of labour decreases, which implies that the process of output expresses diminishing marginal product. Each additional worker contributes less and less to output as the number of workers employed increases. The existence of factor markets for the allocation of the factors of production, particularly for capital goods, is one of the defining characteristics of a market economy. Traditional models of socialism were characterized by the replacement of factor markets with some kind of economic planning, under the assumption that market exchanges would be made redundant within the production process if capital goods were owned by a single entity representing society. Factor markets play a crucial role in the modern economy, as they enable the allocation of factors of production, such as labor, land, and capital, to their most efficient uses. A well-functioning factor market ensures that resources are allocated efficiently, which leads to higher productivity and economic growth. According to a study by Acemoglu and\",\n \"title\": \"Factor market\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1536230\",\n \"text\": \"Hermann Heinrich Gossen (7 September 1810 – 13 February 1858) was a German economist who is often regarded as the first to elaborate, in detail, a general theory of marginal utility. Prior to Gossen, a number of economic theorists, including Gabriel Cramer, Daniel Bernoulli, William Forster Lloyd, Nassau William Senior, and Jules Dupuit had employed or asserted the significance of some notion of marginal utility. But Cramer, Bernoulli, and Dupuit had focussed upon specific problems, Lloyd had not presented any applications of theory, and if Senior provided a detailed elaboration of the general theory he had developed, he had done so in language that caused his applications of theory to be missed by most readers. Life and family background Hermann Heinrich Gossen was born in Düren, Roer (department) (Roerdépartement, or Département de la Roer), First French Empire. Today that area is known as North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Hermann died in Cologne (Köln), North Rhine-Westphalia, Prussia. His parents were Georg Joseph Gossen (December 15, 1780 - October 7, 1847) (aka Georg Josef Gossen) and Maria Anna Mechtilde (Mechthildis) Scholl (February 22, 1768 - June 29, 1833). Georg and Maria were married on October 25, 1804 in Aachen. Hermann's paternal grandfather, Arnold Winand Gossen, married Anna Cordula Schmitz on September 3, 1774 in Selgersdorf, Jülich, Prussia. Arnold Winand Gossen - a Kurfürstlicher steuereintreiber (Electoral tax collector) and Wahlrentenmanager (Electoral pension manager) - was one of the most respected officials operating in the city of Düren, the duchy of Jülich, and other parts of the Lower Rhine region of Prussia. However, beginning in the mid-1790s, Arnold gradually lost his position and income, due to the acquisition by France of Prussian territories where Arnold had ongoing business operations. These acquisitions of Prussian territory by France were a consequence of Prussia's involvement in the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802). Hermann studied at the University of Bonn, then worked in the Prussian administration until retiring in 1847, after which he sold insurance until his death. Entwickelung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs (1854) Gossen's book Entwickelung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs, und der daraus fließenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln (Braunschweig: Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1854) (Development of the Laws of Human Intercourse and the Consequent Rules of Human Action) went through two printings in 1854. In this work, Gossen very explicitly develops general theoretical implications from a theory of marginal utility, to the extent that William Stanley Jevons (one of the preceptors of the Marginal Revolution) was later to remark that Entwickelung was poorly received, as economic thought in Germany at the time (1854) was dominated by the Historical School, and Gossen had written Entwickelung in a dense, heavily mathematical style, a manner of exposition which was quite unpopular with adherents of the Historical School. Although Gossen himself declared that his work was comparable in its significance to the innovations of Copernicus, few others agreed. Embittered by the work's poor reception, shortly before his death Gossen ordered the destruction of all copies of the book.\",\n \"title\": \"Hermann Heinrich Gossen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19636313\",\n \"text\": \"The economic principle of satiation is the effect whereby the more of a good one possesses, the less one is willing to give up to get more of it. This effect is caused by diminishing marginal utility, the effect whereby the consumer gains less utility per unit of a product the more units consumed. For example, if someone buys a piece of technology or signs up to a social media site, they may enjoy using it; if they then buy more items of technology or sign up to more social media sites, they may enjoy using those items less (and so forth). It can continue to the point where the consumption of an item or group of items becomes a negative experience. See also Bliss point References Economics effects\",\n \"title\": \"Economic satiation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1148564\",\n \"text\": \"In economics, marginal concepts are associated with a specific change in the quantity used of a good or service, as opposed to some notion of the over-all significance of that class of good or service, or of some total quantity thereof. Marginality Constraints are conceptualized as a border or margin. The location of the margin for any individual corresponds to his or her endowment, broadly conceived to include opportunities. This endowment is determined by many things including physical laws (which constrain how forms of energy and matter may be transformed), accidents of nature (which determine the presence of natural resources), and the outcomes of past decisions made both by others and by the individual himself or herself. A value that holds true given particular constraints is a marginal value. A change that would be affected as or by a specific loosening or tightening of those constraints is a marginal change, as large as the smallest relevant division of that good or service. For reasons of tractability, it is often assumed in neoclassical analysis that goods and services are continuously divisible. In such context, a marginal change may be an infinitesimal change or a limit. However, strictly speaking, the smallest relevant division may be quite large. Some important marginal concepts The marginal use of a good or service is the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase, or the specific use of the good or service that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. The marginal utility of a good or service is the utility of the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase in that good or service, or of the specific use that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. In other words, marginal utility is the utility of the marginal use. The marginal rate of substitution is the rate of substitution that is the least favorable rate, at the margin, at which an agent is willing to exchange units of one good or service for units of another. A marginal benefit is a benefit (howsoever ranked or measured) associated with a marginal change. The term “marginal cost” may refer to an opportunity cost at the margin, or more narrowly to marginal pecuniary cost — that is to say marginal cost measured by forgone cash flow. Other marginal concepts include (but are not limited to): marginal physical product (sometimes also known as “marginal product”) marginal product of labor marginal product of capital marginal rate of transformation, the rate at which one output or result must be sacrificed in order to increase another output or result marginal revenue product marginal propensity to save and consume marginal tax rate marginal efficiency of capital Marginalism is the use of marginal concepts to explain economic phenomena. The related concept of elasticity is the ratio of the incremental percentage change in one variable with respect to an incremental percentage change in another variable. References\",\n \"title\": \"Marginal concepts\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1147374\",\n \"text\": \"Nicholas G. Carr (born 1959) is an American journalist and writer who has published books and articles on technology, business, and culture. His book The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains was a finalist for the 2011 Pulitzer Prize in General Nonfiction. Career Nicholas Carr originally came to prominence with the 2003 Harvard Business Review article \\\"IT Doesn't Matter\\\" and the 2004 book Does IT Matter? Information Technology and the Corrosion of Competitive Advantage (Harvard Business School Press). In these widely discussed works, he argued that the strategic importance of information technology in business has diminished as IT has become more commonplace, standardized and cheaper. His ideas roiled the information technology industry, spurring heated outcries from executives of Microsoft, Intel, Hewlett-Packard and other leading technology companies, although the ideas got mixed responses from other commentators. In 2005, Carr published the controversial article \\\"The End of Corporate Computing\\\" in the MIT Sloan Management Review, in which he argued that in the future companies will purchase information technology as a utility service from outside suppliers. Carr's second book, The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, From Edison to Google, was published in January 2008 by W. W. Norton. It examines the economic and social consequences of the rise of Internet-based cloud computing, comparing the consequences to those that occurred with the rise of electric utilities in the early 20th century. In the summer of 2008, The Atlantic published Carr's article \\\"Is Google Making Us Stupid?\\\" as the cover story of its annual Ideas issue. Highly critical of the Internet's effect on cognition, the article has been read and debated widely in both the media and the blogosphere. Carr's main argument is that the Internet may have detrimental effects on cognition that diminish the capacity for concentration and contemplation. Carr's 2010 book, The Shallows, develops this argument further. Discussing various examples ranging from Nietzsche's typewriter to London cab drivers' GPS navigators, Carr shows how newly introduced technologies change the way people think, act and live. The book focuses on the detrimental influence of the Internet—although it does recognize its beneficial aspects—by investigating how hypertext has contributed to the fragmentation of knowledge. When users search the Web, for instance, the context of information can be easily ignored. \\\"We don't see the trees,\\\" Carr writes. \\\"We see twigs and leaves.\\\" One of Carr's major points is that the change caused by the Internet involves the physical restructuring of the human brain, which he explains using the notion of \\\"neuroplasticity.\\\" In addition to being a Pulitzer Prize nominee, the book appeared on the New York Times nonfiction bestseller list and has been translated into 17 languages. In 2014, Carr published his fourth book, The Glass Cage: Automation and Us, which presents a critical examination of the role of computer automation in contemporary life. Spanning historical, technical, economic, and philosophical viewpoints, the book has been widely acclaimed by reviewers, with the New York Times Sunday Book Review terming it \\\"essential.\\\" In 2016, Carr published Utopia\",\n \"title\": \"Nicholas G. Carr\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1410537\",\n \"text\": \"The return on equity (ROE) is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to its equity; where: Thus, ROE is equal to a fiscal year's net income (after preferred stock dividends, before common stock dividends), divided by total equity (excluding preferred shares), expressed as a percentage. Because shareholder's equity can be calculated by taking all assets and subtracting all liabilities, ROE can also be thought of as a return on NAV, or assets less liabilities. Usage ROE measures how many dollars of profit are generated for each dollar of shareholder's equity, and is thus a metric of how well the company utilizes its equity to generate profits. ROE is especially used for comparing the performance of companies in the same industry. As with return on capital, a ROE is a measure of management's ability to generate income from the equity available to it. ROEs of 15–20% are generally considered good. ROE is also a factor in stock valuation, in association with other financial ratios. Note though that, while higher ROE ought intuitively to imply higher stock prices, in reality, predicting the stock value of a company based on its ROE is dependent on too many other factors to be of use by itself. Both of these are expanded below. The DuPont formula The DuPont formula, also known as the strategic profit model, is a framework allowing management to decompose ROE into three actionable components; these \\\"drivers of value\\\" being the efficiency of operations, asset usage, and finance. ROE is then the net profit margin multiplied by asset turnover multiplied by accounting leverage: The application, in the main, is either to financial management or to fund management: Splitting return on equity into the three components, makes it easier for financial managers to understand changes in ROE over time. For example, if the net margin increases, every sale brings in more money, resulting in a higher overall ROE. Similarly, if the asset turnover increases, the firm generates more sales for every unit of assets owned, again resulting in a higher overall ROE. Finally, increasing accounting leverage means that the firm uses more debt financing relative to equity financing. Interest payments to creditors are tax-deductible, but dividend payments to shareholders are not. Thus, a higher proportion of debt in the firm's capital structure leads to higher ROE. Financial leverage benefits diminish as the risk of defaulting on interest payments increases. If the firm takes on too much debt, the cost of debt rises as creditors demand a higher risk premium, and ROE decreases. Increased debt will make a positive contribution to a firm's ROE only if the matching return on assets (ROA) of that debt exceeds the interest rate on the debt. Identifying the sources of ROE in this fashion similarly allows investment analysts a better knowledge of the company and how it should be valued. Here, analysts will compare the current sources of ROE against the company's history and its competitors, and thereby better understand the drivers of value.\",\n \"title\": \"Return on equity\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1481355\",\n \"text\": \"The marginal value theorem (MVT) is an optimality model that usually describes the behavior of an optimally foraging individual in a system where resources (often food) are located in discrete patches separated by areas with no resources. Due to the resource-free space, animals must spend time traveling between patches. The MVT can also be applied to other situations in which organisms face diminishing returns. The MVT was first proposed by Eric Charnov in 1976. In his original formulation: \\\"The predator should leave the patch it is presently in when the marginal capture rate in the patch drops to the average capture rate for the habitat.\\\" Definition All animals must forage for food in order to meet their energetic needs, but doing so is energetically costly. It is assumed that evolution by natural selection results in animals utilizing the most economic and efficient strategy to balance energy gain and consumption. The Marginal Value Theorem is an optimality model that describes the strategy that maximizes gain per unit time in systems where resources, and thus rate of returns, decrease with time. The model weighs benefits and costs and is used to predict giving up time and giving up density. Giving up time (GUT) is the interval of time between when the animal last feeds and when it leaves the patch. Giving up density (GUD) is the food density within a patch when the animal will choose to move on to other food patches. When an animal is foraging in a system where food sources are patchily distributed, the MVT can be used to predict how much time an individual will spend searching for a particular patch before moving on to a new one. In general, individuals will stay longer if (1) patches are farther apart or (2) current patches are poor in resources. Both situations increase the ratio of travel cost to foraging benefit. Modeling As animals forage in patchy systems, they balance resource intake, traveling time, and foraging time. Resource intake within a patch diminishes with time, as shown by the solid curve in the graph to the right. The curve follows this pattern because resource intake is initially very fast, but slows as the resource is depleted. Traveling time is shown by the distance from the leftmost vertical dotted line to the y-axis. Optimal foraging time is modeled by connecting this point on the x-axis tangentially to the resource intake curve. Doing so maximizes the ratio between resource intake and time spent foraging and traveling. At the extremes of the loading curve, animals spend too much time traveling for a small payoff, or they search too long in a given patch for an ineffective load. The MVT identifies the best possible intermediate between these extremes. Assumptions The individual is assumed to control when it leaves the patch in order to maximize the ratio between resource intake and time. The consumer depletes the amount of resources in the patch where they are foraging; therefore, the rate of intake of food in\",\n \"title\": \"Marginal value theorem\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3312817\",\n \"text\": \"In welfare economics, distributive efficiency occurs when goods and services are received by those who have the greatest need for them. Abba Lerner first proposed the idea of distributive efficiency in his 1944 book The Economics of Control. The law of diminishing marginal utility The concept of distributive efficiency is based on the law of diminishing marginal utility. According to this economic law, as a person gets more to spend, things will be bought that give less and less utility. For example, if a person is given a gift certificate for a music download (and has no way to resell the certificate), the gift certificate will be used to purchase the song that will be enjoyed the most. If another certificate is given, the second favorite song will be bought. The process continues as long as the person keeps getting certificates for downloads. Each additional song the person buys is slightly less desirable than the one before. Diminishing utility and society Lerner applied the concept of utility and its associated \\\"law of marginal utility\\\" to the distribution of income in society. The law of diminishing marginal utility implies that poorer people will gain more utility from money for additional spending than the wealthy. For instance, if a homeless family is given a gift certificate for a house, they will be able to use it to provide shelter for themselves. If a very rich person is given such a gift, he may spend it on a vacation residence which he will only use a few weeks of the year. As such, aggregated utility would be maximized by taking wealth from the rich and giving it to the poor, and the state of optimized utility would be perfect economic equality. As Lerner puts it, \\\"If it is desired to maximize the total satisfaction of a society, the rational procedure is to divide income on an equalitarian basis\\\" (Lerner, 32). In other words, if we are given a fixed amount of wealth and a group of people to distribute it to, we can maximize total happiness by dividing the wealth equally between the members of that group. However, in real situations the total amount of wealth is not fixed, and it has been argued that too much redistribution of income can reduce this total amount by lowering incentives for economic growth and development. Knowing this, Lerner qualified his earlier statement: \\\"The principle of equality would have to compromise with the principle of providing such incentives as would increase the total of income available to be divided” (Lerner, 36). In this view, a balance must be reached between equality and incentives. Criticisms of utility's relevance Different value systems have different perspectives on the use of utility in making moral judgments. Deontological views of morality focus on factors other than utility. Also, many Marxists, Kantians, and certain libertarians (such as Robert Nozick), all believe utility to be irrelevant as a moral standard or at least not as important as others such as natural rights. References\",\n \"title\": \"Distributive efficiency\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"188418\",\n \"text\": \"Overconsumption describes a situation where a consumer overuses their available goods and services to where they can't, or don't want to, replenish or reuse them. In microeconomics, this may be described as the point where the marginal cost of a consumer is greater than their marginal utility. The term overconsumption is quite controversial in use and does not necessarily have a single unifying definition. When used to refer to natural resources to the point where the environment is negatively affected, it is synonymous with the term overexploitation. However, when used in the broader economic sense, overconsumption can refer to all types of goods and services, including manmade ones, e.g. \\\"the overconsumption of alcohol can lead to alcohol poisoning\\\". Overconsumption is driven by several factors of the current global economy, including forces like consumerism, planned obsolescence, economic materialism, and other unsustainable business models and can be contrasted with sustainable consumption. Defining the amount of a natural resource required to be consumed for it to count as \\\"overconsumption\\\" is challenging because defining a sustainable capacity of the system requires accounting for many variables. The total capacity of a system occurs at both the regional and worldwide levels, which means that certain regions may have higher consumption levels of certain resources than others due to greater resources without overconsuming a resource. A long-term pattern of overconsumption in any given region or ecological system can cause a reduction in natural resources that often results in environmental degradation. However, this is only when applying the word to human impacts on the environment. When used in an economic sense, this point is defined as when the marginal cost of a consumer is equal to their marginal utility. Gossen's law of diminishing utility states that at this point, the consumer realizes the cost of consuming/purchasing another item/good is not worth the amount of utility (also known as happiness or satisfaction from the good) they'd receive, and therefore is not conducive to the consumer's wellbeing. When used in the environmental sense, the discussion of overconsumption often parallels that of population size and growth, and human development: more people demanding higher qualities of living, currently requires greater extraction of resources, which causes subsequent environmental degradation such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Currently, the inhabitants of high wealth, \\\"developed\\\" nations consume resources at a rate almost 32 times greater than those of the developing world, who make up the majority of the human population (7.9 billion people). However, the developing world is a growing consumer market. These nations are quickly gaining more purchasing power and it is expected that the Global South, which includes cities in Asia, America, and Africa, will account for 56% of consumption growth by 2030. This means that if current trends continue relative consumption rates will shift more into these developing countries, whereas developed countries would start to plateau. Sustainable Development Goal 12 \\\"responsible consumption and production\\\" is the main international policy tool with goals to abate the impact of overconsumption. Causes Economic growth Economic\",\n \"title\": \"Overconsumption (economics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28730644\",\n \"text\": \"Environmentally sustainable design (also called environmentally conscious design, eco-design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of ecological sustainability and also aimed at improving the health and comfort of occupants in a building. Sustainable design seeks to reduce negative impacts on the environment, the health and well-being of building occupants, thereby improving building performance. The basic objectives of sustainability are to reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources, minimize waste, and create healthy, productive environments. Theory The sustainable design intends to \\\"eliminate negative environmental impact through skillful sensitive design\\\". Manifestations of sustainable design require renewable resources and innovation to impact the environment minimally, and connect people with the natural environment. \\\"Human beings don't have a pollution problem; they have a design problem. If humans were to devise products, tools, furniture, homes, factories, and cities more intelligently from the start, they wouldn't even need to think in terms of waste, contamination, or scarcity. Good design would allow for abundance, endless reuse, and pleasure.\\\" - The Upcycle by authors Michael Braungart and William McDonough, 2013. Design-related decisions are happening everywhere daily, impacting \\\"sustainable development\\\" or provisioning for the needs of future generations of life on earth. Sustainability and design are intimately linked. Quite simply, our future is designed. The term \\\"design\\\" is here used to refer to practices applied to the making of products, services, as well as business and innovation strategies — all of which inform sustainability. Sustainability can be thought of as the property of continuance; that is, what is sustainable can be continued. Conceptual problems Diminishing returns The principle that all directions of progress run out, ending with diminishing returns, is evident in the typical 'S' curve of the technology life cycle and in the useful life of any system as discussed in industrial ecology and life cycle assessment. Diminishing returns are the result of reaching natural limits. Common business management practice is to read diminishing returns in any direction of effort as an indication of diminishing opportunity, the potential for accelerating decline, and a signal to seek new opportunities elsewhere. (see also: law of diminishing returns, marginal utility, and Jevons paradox.) Unsustainable investment A problem arises when the limits of a resource are hard to see, so increasing investment in response to diminishing returns may seem profitable as in the Tragedy of the Commons, but may lead to a collapse. This problem of increasing investment in diminishing resources has also been studied as a cause of civilization collapse by Joseph Tainter among others. This natural error in investment policy contributed to the collapse of both the Roman and Mayan, among others. Relieving over-stressed resources requires reducing pressure on them, not continually increasing it whether more efficiently or not. Negative Effects of Waste The designer is responsible for choices that place a demand on natural resources, produce waste, and potentially cause irreversible ecosystem damage. About 80 million tonnes of waste in total are generated in the U.K. alone, for\",\n \"title\": \"Sustainable design\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1018783\",\n \"text\": \"In microeconomics, a consumer's Marshallian demand function (named after Alfred Marshall) is the quantity they demand of a particular good as a function of its price, their income, and the prices of other goods, a more technical exposition of the standard demand function. It is a solution to the utility maximization problem of how the consumer can maximize their utility for given income and prices. A synonymous term is uncompensated demand function, because when the price rises the consumer is not compensated with higher nominal income for the fall in their real income, unlike in the Hicksian demand function. Thus the change in quantity demanded is a combination of a substitution effect and a wealth effect. Although Marshallian demand is in the context of partial equilibrium theory, it is sometimes called Walrasian demand as used in general equilibrium theory (named after Léon Walras). According to the utility maximization problem, there are commodities with price vector and choosable quantity vector . The consumer has income , and hence a budget set of affordable packages where is the dot product of the price and quantity vectors. The consumer has a utility function The consumer's Marshallian demand correspondence is defined to be Revealed preference Marshall's theory suggests that pursuit of utility is a motivational factor to a consumer which can be attained through the consumption of goods or service. The amount of consumer's utility is dependent on the level of consumption of a certain good, which is subject to the fundamental tendency of human nature and it is described as the law of diminishing marginal utility. As utility maximum always exists, Marshallian demand correspondence must be nonempty at every value that corresponds with the standard budget set. Uniqueness is called a correspondence because in general it may be set-valued - there may be several different bundles that attain the same maximum utility. In some cases, there is a unique utility-maximizing bundle for each price and income situation; then, is a function and it is called the Marshallian demand function. If the consumer has strictly convex preferences and the prices of all goods are strictly positive, then there is a unique utility-maximizing bundle. To prove this, suppose, by contradiction, that there are two different bundles, and , that maximize the utility. Then and are equally preferred. By definition of strict convexity, the mixed bundle is strictly better than . But this contradicts the optimality of . Continuity The maximum theorem implies that if: The utility function is continuous with respect to , The correspondence is non-empty, compact-valued, and continuous with respect to , then is an upper-semicontinuous correspondence. Moreover, if is unique, then it is a continuous function of and . Combining with the previous subsection, if the consumer has strictly convex preferences, then the Marshallian demand is unique and continuous. In contrast, if the preferences are not convex, then the Marshallian demand may be non-unique and non-continuous. Homogeneity The optimal Marshallian demand correspondence of a continuous utility function is a homogeneous function with\",\n \"title\": \"Marshallian demand function\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8389168\",\n \"text\": \"The Averch–Johnson effect is the tendency of regulated companies to engage in excessive amounts of capital accumulation in order to expand the volume of their profits. If companies' profits to capital ratio is regulated at a certain percentage then there is a strong incentive for companies to over-invest in order to increase profits overall. This investment goes beyond any optimal efficiency point for capital that the company may have calculated as higher profit is almost always desired over and above efficiency. Excessive capital accumulation under rate-of-return regulation is informally known as gold plating. But the so-called Averch-Johnson effect of overcapitalization does not as a general case involve \\\"gold-plating\\\". Mathematical derivation Suppose that a regulated firm wishes to maximize its profit:where is the revenue function, is the firm's capital stock, is the firm's labor stock, is the wage rate, and is the cost of capital. The firm's profit is constrained such that:where is the allowable rate of return. Assume that . We may then form a functional to find the firm's optimal action:where is the Lagrange multiplier (also known as the shadow price). The derivatives of this functional are:Taken together, this implies that:The ratio of the marginal product of capital and the marginal product of labor is:Since this new cost of capital is perceived to be less than the market cost of capital, the firm will tend to overinvest in capital. See also Law and economics Public utilities commission Rate-of-return regulation References Further reading Greer, Monica (2012). Electricity Marginal Cost Pricing: Applications in Eliciting Demand Responses. Waltham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Lesser, Jonathan A.; Giacchino, Leonardo R. (2013). Fundamentals of Energy Regulation (2nd ed.). Public Utilities Reports, Inc. Willis, H. Lee; Philipson, Lorrin (2019). Understanding Electric Utilities and De-Regulation. Power Engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. External links Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation: Incentive Features and Other Properties The Averch Johnson Effect Economics of regulation Law and economics Mathematical economics Public utilities\",\n \"title\": \"Averch–Johnson effect\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3701635\",\n \"text\": \"William Forster Lloyd FRS (1794 – 2 June 1852) was a British writer on economics. He is best known today for one of his 1833 lectures on population control which have influenced writers in modern economic theory. Life Born in 1794 at Bradenham, Buckinghamshire, he was the fourth son of Thomas Lloyd, rector of Aston-sub-Edge, and his wife, Elizabeth Ryder; Charles Lloyd was his elder brother. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating BA in 1815 and MA in 1818. He was Greek Reader in 1823, Mathematical lecturer and Drummond Professor of Political Economy (1832–1837) at Christ Church, Oxford (successor to Nassau Senior). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1834, and died at Prestwood, Missenden, Buckinghamshire in 1852. Influential lectures Lloyd published several of his lectures. In his Two Lectures on the Checks to Population (1833) he introduced the concept of the overuse of a common by its commoners (i.e. those with rights of use and access to it), which was later to be developed by the economist H. Scott Gordon and later still by the ecologist Garrett Hardin and termed by Hardin \\\"The Tragedy of the Commons\\\". However, Hardin's use of Lloyd's example has frequently been misunderstood, leading him to later remark that he should have titled his work \\\"The Tragedy of the Unmanaged Commons\\\". The key passage in Lloyd's work is: \\\"If a person puts more cattle into his own field, the amount of the subsistence which they consume is all deducted from that which was at the command, of his original stock; and if, before, there was no more than a sufficiency of pasture, he reaps no benefit from the additional cattle, what is gained in one way being lost in another. But if he puts more cattle on a common, the food which they consume forms a deduction which is shared between all the cattle, as well that of others as his own, in proportion to their number, and only a small part of it is taken from his own cattle. In an inclosed pasture, there is a point of saturation, if I may so call it, (by which, I mean a barrier depending on considerations of interest,) beyond which no prudent man will add to his stock. In a common, also, there is in like manner a point of saturation. But the position of the point in the two cases is obviously different. Were a number of adjoining pastures, already fully stocked, to be at once thrown open, and converted into one vast common, the position of the point of saturation would immediately be changed\\\". In his Lectures on Population, Value, Poor Laws and Rent (1837) he introduced a concise and complete statement of the concept of diminishing marginal utility, and connected demand to value, but he presents neither derivation nor elaboration. Still this contribution places him clearly in the ranks of the Oxford-Dublin school of proto-Marginalists. Major works of William F. Lloyd Lecture on the Notion\",\n \"title\": \"William Forster Lloyd\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64671\",\n \"text\": \"The Airline Deregulation Act is a 1978 United States federal law that deregulated the airline industry in the United States, removing federal control over such areas as fares, routes, and market entry of new airlines. The act gradually phased out and disbanded the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), but the regulatory powers of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) were not diminished over all aspects of aviation safety. History Since 1938, the federal CAB had regulated all domestic interstate air transport routes as a public utility, setting fares, routes, and schedules. Airlines that flew only intrastate routes, however, were not regulated by the CAB but were regulated by the governments of the states in which they operated. One way that the CAB promoted air travel was generally attempting to hold fares down in the short-haul market, which would be subsidized by higher fares in the long-haul market. The CAB also had to ensure that the airlines had a reasonable rate of return. The CAB had earned a reputation for bureaucratic complacency; airlines were subject to lengthy delays when they applied for new routes or fare changes, and were often not approved. For example, World Airways applied to begin a low-fare New York City–to–Los Angeles route in 1967; the CAB studied the request for over six years, only to dismiss it because the record was \\\"stale\\\". Continental Airlines began service between Denver and San Diego after eight years only because a United States Court of Appeals ordered the CAB to approve the application. This rigid system encountered tremendous pressure in the 1970s. The 1973 oil crisis and stagflation radically changed the economic environment, as did technological advances such as the jumbo jet. Most major airlines, whose profits were virtually guaranteed, favored the rigid system, but passengers who were forced to pay escalating fares were against it and were joined by communities that subsidized air service at ever-higher rates. The United States Congress became concerned that air transport, in the long run, might follow the nation's railroads into trouble. The Penn Central Railroad had collapsed in 1970, which was at that time the largest bankruptcy in history; this resulted in a huge taxpayer-funded bailout and the creation of the government-owned corporations Conrail and Amtrak. Leading economists had argued for several decades that the regulation led to inefficiency and higher costs. The Carter administration argued that the industry and its customers would benefit from new entrants, the abolishing of price regulation, and reduced control over routes and hub cities. In 1970 and 1971, the Council of Economic Advisers in the Nixon administration, along with the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice and other agencies, proposed legislation to diminish price collusion and entry barriers in rail and trucking transportation. While the initiative was in process in the Ford administration, the Senate Judiciary Committee, which had jurisdiction over antitrust law, began hearings on airline deregulation in 1975. Senator Edward \\\"Ted\\\" Kennedy took the lead in the hearings. The committee was deemed a friendlier forum\",\n \"title\": \"Airline Deregulation Act\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13966180\",\n \"text\": \"Consumption smoothing is an economic concept for the practice of optimizing a person's standard of living through an appropriate balance between savings and consumption over time. An optimal consumption rate should be relatively similar at each stage of a person's life rather than fluctuate wildly. Luxurious consumption at an old age does not compensate for an impoverished existence at other stages in one's life. Since income tends to be hump-shaped across an individual's life, economic theory suggests that individuals should on average have low or negative savings rate at early stages in their life, high in middle age, and negative during retirement. Although many popular books on personal finance advocate that individuals should at all stages of their life set aside money in savings, economist James Choi states that this deviates from the advice of economists. Expected utility model The graph below illustrates the expected utility model, in which U(c) is increasing in and concave in c. This shows that there are diminishing marginal returns associated with consumption, as each additional unit of consumption adds less utility. The expected utility model states that individuals want to maximize their expected utility, as defined as the weighted sum of utilities across states of the world. The weights in this model are the probabilities of each state of the world happening. According to the \\\"more is better\\\" principle, the first order condition will be positive; however, the second order condition will be negative, due to the principle of diminishing marginal utility. Due to the concave actual utility, marginal utility decreases as consumption increase; as a result, it is favorable to reduce consumption in states of high income to increase consumption in low income states. Expected utility can be modeled as: where: = probability you will lose all your wealth/consumption = wealth The model shows expected utility as the sum of the probability of being in a bad state multiplied by utility of being in a bad state and the probability of being in a good state multiplied by utility of being in a good state. Similarly, actuarially fair insurance can also be modeled: where: = probability you will lose all your wealth/consumption = wealth = damages An actuarially fair premium to pay for insurance would be the insurance premium that is set equal to the insurer's expected payout, so that the insurer will expect to earn zero profit. Some individuals are risk-averse, as shown by the graph above. The blue line, is curved upwards, revealing that this particular individual is risk-averse. If the blue line was curved downwards, this would reveal the preference for a risk-seeking individual. Additionally, a straight line would reveal a risk-neutral individual. Insurance and consumption smoothing To see the model of consumption smoothing in real life, a great example that exemplifies this is insurance. One method that people use to consumption smooth across different periods is by purchasing insurance. Insurance is important because it allows people to translate consumption from periods where their consumption is high (having a low\",\n \"title\": \"Consumption smoothing\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11724160\",\n \"text\": \"Within economics, margin is a concept used to describe the current level of consumption or production of a good or service. Margin also encompasses various concepts within economics, denoted as marginal concepts, which are used to explain the specific change in the quantity of goods and services produced and consumed. These concepts are central to the economic theory of marginalism. This is a theory that states that economic decisions are made in reference to incremental units at the margin, and it further suggests that the decision on whether an individual or entity will obtain additional units of a good or service depending on the marginal utility of the product. These marginal concepts are used to theorise various market behaviours and form the basis of price theory. It is a central idea within microeconomics and is used to predict the demand and supply of goods and services within an economy. Marginal concepts Marginal cost Marginal cost is the change in monetary cost associated with an increase in the quantity of production of a certain good or service. It is measured in dollars per unit, and includes all the variable costs that alter depending on the level of production. Marginal cost differs from average cost as it solely provides the additional cost of one unit, rather than the average cost of each unit. The marginal cost function is the slope of the total cost function. Thus, given a continuous and differentiable cost function, the marginal cost function is the derivative of the cost function with respect to the quantity produced. Marginal utility Marginal utility describes the added satisfaction or benefits a consumer will obtain by purchasing an additional product or service. The marginal utility can be positive, negative or zero. A negative marginal utility states that the user gains dissatisfaction from an additional unit, whilst a marginal utility of zero states that no satisfaction is gained from the additional unit. Within marginal utility, the law of diminishing marginal utility describes that the benefit to a consumer of an additional unit is inversely related to the number of current units, demonstrating that the added benefit of each new unit is less than the unit prior. An example of this could be demonstrated by a family buying dinner. The 1st plate of food would have a greater marginal utility than the 30th plate of food, as the families hunger would be reduced and they would thus obtain less value from it. Marginal rate of substitution The marginal rate of substitution is the least favourable rate an individual or entity would exchange a good or service for another good or service. The marginal rate of substitution is associated with the value an individual or entity places on each unit, and would only trade if it provides a positive net value, whereby the value of the good or service obtained is greater than the one given away. The marginal rate of substitution is calculated between two goods placed on the indifference curve, displaying the utility of\",\n \"title\": \"Margin (economics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13671081\",\n \"text\": \"In economics, the marginal product of capital (MPK) is the additional production that a firm experiences when it adds an extra unit of input. It is a feature of the production function, alongside the labour input. Definition The marginal product of capital (MPK) is the additional output resulting, ceteris paribus (\\\"all things being equal\\\"), from the use of an additional unit of physical capital, such as machines or buildings used by businesses. The marginal product of capital (MPK) is the amount of extra output the firm gets from an extra unit of capital, holding the amount of labor constant: Thus, the marginal product of capital is the difference between the amount of output produced with K + 1 units of capital and that produced with only K units of capital. Determining marginal product of capital is essential when a firm is debating on whether or not to invest on the additional unit of capital. The decision of increasing the production is only beneficial if the MPK is higher than the cost of capital of each additional unit. Otherwise, if the cost of capital is higher, the firm will be losing profit when adding extra units of physical capital. This concept equals the reciprocal of the incremental capital-output ratio. Mathematically, it is the partial derivative of the production function with respect to capital. If production output , then Diminishing marginal returns One of the key assumptions in economics is diminishing returns, that is the marginal product of capital is positive but decreasing in the level of capital stock, or mathematically Graphically, this evidence can be observed by the curve shown on the graphic, which represents the effect of capital, K, on the output, Y. If the quantity of labor input, L, is hold fixed, the slope of the curve at any point resemble the marginal product of capital. In a low quantity of capital, such as point A, the slope is steeper than in point B, due to diminishing returns of capital. By other words, the additional unit of capital has diminishing productivity, once the increase on production becomes less and less significant, as K rises. Example Consider a furniture firm, in which labour input, that is, the number of employees is given as fixed, and capital input is translated in the number of machines of one of its factories. If the firm has no machines, it would produce zero furnitures. If there is one machine in the factory, sixteen furnitures would be produced. When there are two machines, twenty eight furnitures are built. However, as the number of machines available increase, the change in the output turns out to be less significant compared to the previous number. That fact can be observed in the marginal product which begins to decrease: diminishing marginal returns. This is justified by the fact that there is not enough employees to work with the extra machines, so the value that these additional units bring to the company, in terms of output generated, starts to decrease.\",\n \"title\": \"Marginal product of capital\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45295325\",\n \"text\": \"The Alliance for Solar Choice (TASC) leads rooftop solar power advocacy efforts across the United States. Founded by the largest rooftop solar energy companies in the United States of America, TASC represents the vast majority of the rooftop solar market. Its members include: Demeter Power Group, SunTime Energy, Geostellar, Inc., LGCY Power, Sunrun, and Solar Universe. TASC member companies are responsible for thousands of jobs and hundreds of thousands of rooftop solar installations on homes, schools, businesses, and government buildings across the country. According to recent Center for American Progress (CAP) studies, rooftop solar systems are now seeing overwhelming adoption in middle-class neighborhoods with median incomes ranging from $40,000 to $90,000. Overview EEI Publishes \\\"Disruptive Challenges\\\" In January 2013, the utility trade association Edison Electric Institute (EEI) issued a report titled “Disruptive Challenges: Financial Implications and Strategic Responses to a Changing Retail Electric Business”. The report describes the increasing popularity of consumer-driven rooftop solar, energy efficiency, and demand response as a “vicious cycle.” It details how utilities view rooftop solar as a “disruption” to their current business model, which guarantees utilities specific profit margins from large infrastructure projects funded by ratepayers. Peter Kind of Energy Infrastructure Advocates, the author of the report, makes recommendations on how electric utilities can defend against these ‘disruptive challenges.’ TASC and others in the solar industry have been working since 2013 to defend against utility attacks on core rooftop solar policies across the country. Net Energy Metering and Opposition to Solar Net energy metering, or ‘NEM’, provides full retail credit to residents, businesses, schools, and other public agencies when their solar systems export surplus energy to the grid. The utility then ends up selling this surplus energy to other customers nearby. Utility companies typically oppose widespread NEM adoption and have attempted to block the growth of rooftop solar usage, a strategy reported by the press. Another utility strategy in opposition to solar has been to introduce legislation to monopolize the rooftop solar market. In 2014, utilities in South Carolina and Washington pushed legislation with this intention. TASC successfully lead efforts to defeat both attempts. VOSTs, FITs and Their Weaknesses Utilities also advocate for Value of Solar Tariffs (VOSTs) and Feed-in Tariffs (FITs). As revealed by national law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher and Flom LLP, VOSTs create hidden taxes for consumers. In addition, VOSTs create annual market uncertainty that can hurt solar businesses, and they eliminate a customer’s right to actually use the power they generate. This right to use the power produced from solar panels on-site is philosophically important for many solar customers. With VOSTs and FITs, utilities control a homeowner’s solar energy. The homeowner has to sell all of their solar power to the utility as it’s produced. They buy all of the electricity they consume from the utility. The utility determines the price the homeowner receives for the solar power, and the homeowner – as indicated by the Skadden tax memo from – could be required to pay taxes on these payments.\",\n \"title\": \"The Alliance for Solar Choice\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15628625\",\n \"text\": \"As defined by the Austrian School of economics the marginal use of a good or service is the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase, or the specific use of the good or service that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. The usefulness of the marginal use thus corresponds to the marginal utility of the good or service. On the assumption that an agent is economically rational, each increase would be put to the specific, feasible, previously unrealized use of greatest priority, and each decrease would result in abandonment of the use of lowest priority amongst the uses to which the good or service had been put. And, in the absence of a complementarity across uses, the “law” of diminishing marginal utility will obtain. The Austrian School of economics explicitly arrives at its conception of marginal utility as the utility of the marginal use, and “Grenznutzen” (the Austrian School term from which “marginal utility” was originally derived in translation) literally means border-use; other schools usually do not make an explicit connection. See also Marginalism References Marginal concepts Consumer theory Utility Austrian School\",\n \"title\": \"Marginal use\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"964465\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den\\\" is a short narrative poem written in Literary Chinese that is composed of about 94 characters (depending on the specific version) in which every word is pronounced shi () when read in modern Standard Chinese, a dialect based on the Mandarin Chinese spoken in Beijing, with only the tones differing. The poem was written in the 1930s by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao as a linguistic demonstration. The poem is coherent and grammatical in Literary Chinese, but due to the number of Chinese homophones, it becomes difficult to understand in oral speech. In Mandarin, the poem is incomprehensible when read aloud, since only four syllables cover all the words of the poem. The poem is somewhat more comprehensible when read in other varieties such as Cantonese, in which it has 22 different syllables, or Hokkien Chinese, in which it has 15 different syllables. The poem is an example of a one-syllable article, a form of constrained writing possible in tonal languages such as Mandarin Chinese, where tonal contours expand the range of meaning for a single syllable. Explanation The Chinese languages are tonal—meaning that changes in pitch can change the meaning of words. When written using a romanized script, the poem is an example of Chinese antanaclasis. The poem shows the flexibility of the Chinese language in many ways, including wording, syntax, punctuation, and sentence structures, which gives rise to various explanations. The poem can be interpreted as an objection to the romanization of Chinese, demonstrating the author's critique of proposals to replace Chinese characters with Latin letters—a move that could potentially lead to the marginalization or elimination of traditional Chinese script. The 20th-century linguist Yuen Ren Chao utilized this poem to illustrate the complexities and unique attributes of the Chinese language, arguing that simplification and romanization would undermine its rich tonal and logographic system. Utilizing this poem, Yuen Ren Chao aimed to highlight the challenges of translating the nuanced tones and homophones of Classical Chinese into a romanized script, potentially diminishing the language's depth and historical richness. This demonstration contrasts Classical Chinese's literary and formal tradition with the spoken vernacular languages of China, emphasizing the intrinsic value of the written Chinese language over attempts to phoneticize it for everyday use. The written poem is easy to understand for those familiar with Chinese characters, each of which is associated with a distinct core meaning. It remains intelligible in its spoken form in varieties of Chinese other than Mandarin. However, in its romanized form or when spoken in Mandarin, it becomes confusing. Evolution The loss of older sound combinations in Chinese over the centuries has greatly increased the number of Chinese homophones. Many words in the passage had distinct sounds in Middle Chinese, but over time, all of the varieties of Chinese have merged and split different sounds. For example, when the same passage is read in Cantonese (even modern Cantonese) there are seven distinct syllables—ci, sai, sap, sat, sek, si, sik—in six distinct\",\n \"title\": \"Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"838415\",\n \"text\": \"Ideal type (), also known as pure type, is a typological term most closely associated with the sociologist Max Weber (1864–1920). For Weber, the conduct of social science depends upon the construction of abstract, hypothetical concepts. The \\\"ideal type\\\" is therefore a subjective element in social theory and research, and one of the subjective elements distinguishing sociology from natural science. Meaning An ideal type is formed from characteristics and elements of the given phenomena, but it is not meant to correspond to all of the characteristics of any one particular case. It is not meant to refer to perfect things, moral ideals nor to statistical averages but rather to stress certain elements common to most cases of the given phenomenon. In using the word \\\"ideal,\\\" Max Weber refers to the world of ideas (, \\\"mental images\\\") and not to perfection; these \\\"ideal types\\\" are idea-constructs that help put the seeming chaos of social reality in order. Weber wrote: \\\"An ideal type is formed by the one-sided accentuation of one or more points of view and by the synthesis of a great many diffuse, discrete, more or less present and occasionally absent concrete individual phenomena, which are arranged according to those onesidedly emphasized viewpoints into a unified analytical construct...\\\" Therefore, ideal types are a form of perfect representation. It is a useful tool for comparative sociology in analyzing social or economic phenomena, having advantages over a very general, abstract idea and a specific historical example. It can be used to analyze both a general, suprahistorical phenomenon such as capitalism or historically unique occurrences such as in Weber's Protestant Ethics analysis. To try to understand a particular phenomenon, one must not only describe the actions of its participants but \\\"interpret\\\" them by classifying behavior as belonging to some prior \\\"ideal type.\\\" Weber described four \\\"ideal types\\\" of behavior: zweckrational (goal-rationality), wertrational (value-rationality), affektual (emotional-rationality), and traditional (custom, unconscious habit). Weber states that an \\\"ideal type\\\" never seeks to claim its validity in terms of a reproduction of or correspondence with social reality. Its validity can be ascertained only in terms of adequacy, which is too conveniently ignored by the proponents of positivism. This does not mean, however, that objectivity, limited as it is, can be gained by \\\"weighing the various evaluations against one another and making a 'statesman-like' compromise among them\\\", which is often proposed as a solution by those propounding methodological perspectivism. Such a practice, which Weber calls \\\"syncretism\\\", is not only impossible but also unethical, for it avoids \\\"the practical duty to stand up for our own ideals\\\" [Weber 1904/1949, p. 58]. Scholarly reception It is commonly argued that idealization plays a key role in the methodology of other social sciences, especially of economics. For example, homo economicus is the result of a consistent abstraction-idealization process. One of the fundamental axioms of neoclassical economics, the law of diminishing marginal utility, followed from the highlighting of Weber-Fechner's law in psychophysics, which highlights that the growth of subjectively perceived intensity of recurrent\",\n \"title\": \"Ideal type\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1030670\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of \\\"laws\\\" applied to various disciplines. These are often adages or predictions with the appellation 'Law', although they do not apply in the legal sense, cannot be scientifically tested, or are intended only as rough descriptions (rather than applying in each case). These 'laws' are sometimes called rules of thumb. See List of legal topics for 'laws' in the legal sense. See List of scientific laws for falsifiable laws that are said to apply universally and literally. General Benford's law Hilt's law Stigler's law of eponymy Goodhart's law Astronomy and cosmology Hubble's law Titius–Bode law Dermott's law Technology Amdahl's law (maximum possible speed-up to a parallel program when adding more computing power) Bell's law of computer classes (corollary to Moore's law for computer class formation) Brooks's law Conway's law Dennard scaling Engelbart's law Eroom's law Godwin's law (Prediction of internet debating patterns) Grosch's law Gustafson's law Haitz's law – analog to Moore's law for LEDs Hick's law Kryder's law Koomey's law Landauer's principle Linus's law (software development) Metcalfe's law Moore's law (hardware development) Neven's law Reed's law Swanson's law Wirth's law Wright's law Zimmerman's law Economic Laws of supply and demand Gresham's law Say's law Law of diminishing marginal utility Ricardo's law Okun's law Linguistic Aitken's Law - synchronic rule in Scottish varieties of English Bartholomae's law - regarding historical sound changes in Indo-Iranian Bartsch's law - regarding historical sound changes in French Brugmann's law - regarding historical sound changes in Indo-Iranian Dahl's law - synchronic rule in Bantu languages Dorsey's law - synchronic rule in Winnebago Grassmann's law - regarding historical sound changes in ancient Greek and Sanskrit Grimm's law – regarding historical sound changes in Proto-Germanic Hirt's law - regarding historical sound changes in Balto-Slavic Osthoff's law - regarding historical sound changes in Indo-European Pedersen's law - regarding historical sound changes in Balto-Slavic Philippi's law - regarding historical sound changes in Biblical Hebrew Verner's law - an exception to Grimm's law Wackernagel's law - regarding position of clitics in syntax Whorf's law - regarding historical sound changes in Proto-Uto-Aztecan Winter's law - regarding historical sound changes in Balto-Slavic See also Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages Mathematical Associative Law of Addition Associative Law of Multiplication Commutative law of addition Commutative Law of Multiplication Distributive laws Law of large numbers Science fiction authors Clarke's three laws Niven's laws Sturgeon's law Three Laws of Robotics (Isaac Asimov's fictional set of laws) Wizard's First Rule (law) Biological Bergmann's rule Llinás' law Briffault's law Kleiber's law Rensch's rule Rubner's law Related lists List of eponymous laws List of scientific laws named after people Society-related lists\",\n \"title\": \"List of laws\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5399993\",\n \"text\": \"Derogation is a legal term of art, which allows for part or all of a provision in a legal measure to be applied differently, or not at all, in certain cases. The term is also used in Catholic canon law, and in this context differs from dispensation in that it applies to the law, whereas dispensation applies to specific people affected by the law. Definitions Black's Law Dictionary defines derogation as \\\"the partial repeal or abolishing of a law, as by a subsequent act which limits its scope or impairs its utility and force\\\". It is sometimes used, loosely, to mean abrogation, as in the legal maxim lex posterior derogat priori (\\\"a subsequent law derogates the previous one\\\"). According to West's Encyclopedia of American Law, derogation \\\"implies the taking away of only some part of a law\\\", or it is a \\\"partial repeal of a law, usually by a subsequent act that in some way diminishes its original intent or scope\\\", so distinguished from annulment, defined as the destruction of the law by \\\"an act of the legislative power, by constitutional authority, or by usage\\\". Black's also distinguishes from what it calls \\\"abrogation, which means the entire repeal and annulment of a law\\\". In the law of treaties, derogation means the setting aside of some provision or requirement of the treaty. The party to the treaty is said to have \\\"derogated from\\\" that provision. In human rights law, the term may carry the additional meaning of a national legislature suspending an obligation for a legitimate objective, usually a national security exception or some other extraordinary circumstance relating to the maintenance of public order. History Jura regalia In the conflict between English common law and ecclesiastical courts, both existed as legal systems of equal validity in one geographic space. By the mid 14th century the English Parliament had attempted to limit ecclesiastical jurisdiction with the Statute of Praemunire. Based on the legislation, litigants in ecclesiastical courts argued that canon law, under the authority of Rome, was a derogation of the rights of the English crown, and argued for damages and criminal penalties under that statute. After the Reformation, appealing to the Roman (or \\\"spiritual\\\") jurisdiction was considered punishable as an offence in derogation of the king's authority. Edward Coke argued that derogating from the common law was the same as diminishing the authority of the King. According to Coke, the royal power had been undermined by the ecclesiastical jurisdiction: \\\"the pope had usurped spiritual jurisdiction of this realm in derogation of the imperial crown of the king.\\\" Coke defended royal supremacy in De Iure Regis Ecclesiastico in a historical commentary of the common law's protection of royal authority against papal subversion. Common law There is a legal maxim: Statutes in derogation of the common law are to be strictly construed. This is also called the \\\"derogation canon\\\". After the American Civil War legislation started to become more important, and some people saw common law as a way of expanding and discovering\",\n \"title\": \"Derogation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50231897\",\n \"text\": \"Resource monotonicity (RM; aka aggregate monotonicity) is a principle of fair division. It says that, if there are more resources to share, then all agents should be weakly better off; no agent should lose from the increase in resources. The RM principle has been studied in various division problems. Allocating divisible resources Single homogeneous resource, general utilities Suppose society has units of some homogeneous divisible resource, such as water or flour. The resource should be divided among agents with different utilities. The utility of agent is represented by a function ; when agent receives units of resource, he derives from it a utility of . Society has to decide how to divide the resource among the agents, i.e, to find a vector such that: . Two classic allocation rules are the egalitarian rule - aiming to equalize the utilities of all agents (equivalently: maximize the minimum utility), and the utilitarian rule - aiming to maximize the sum of utilities. The egalitarian rule is always RM: when there is more resource to share, the minimum utility that can be guaranteed to all agents increases, and all agents equally share the increase. In contrast, the utilitarian rule might be not RM. For example, suppose there are two agents, Alice and Bob, with the following utilities: The egalitarian allocation is found by solving the equation: , which is equivalent to , so is monotonically increasing with . An equivalent equation is: , which is equivalent to , so too is monotonically increasing with . So in this example (as always) the egalitarian rule is RM. In contrast, the utilitarian rule is not RM. This is because Alice has increasing returns: her marginal utility is small when she has few resources, but it increases fast when she has many resources. Hence, when the total amount of resource is small (specifically, ), the utilitarian sum is maximized when all resources are given to Bob; but when there are many resources (), the maximum is attained when all resources are given to Alice. Mathematically, if is the amount given to Alice, then the utilitarian sum is . This function has only an internal minimum point but not an internal maximum point; its maximum point in the range is attained in one of the endpoints. It is the left endpoint when and the right endpoint when . In general, the utilitarian allocation rule is RM when all agents have diminishing returns, but it may be not RM when some agents have increasing returns (as in the example). Thus, if society uses the utilitarian rule to allocate resources, then Bob loses value when the amount of resources increases. This is bad because it gives Bob an incentive against economic growth: Bob will try to keep the total amount small in order to keep his own share large. Two complementary resources, Leontief utilities Consider a cloud server with some units of RAM and CPU. There are two users with different types of tasks: The tasks of Alice need 1\",\n \"title\": \"Resource monotonicity\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59878378\",\n \"text\": \"Various cultures throughout Africa utilize insects for many things and have developed unique interactions with insects: as food sources, for sale or trade in markets, or for use in traditional practices and rituals, as ethnomedicine or as part of their traditional ecological knowledge. As food, also known as entomophagy, a variety of insects are collected as part of a protein rich source of nutrition for marginal communities. Entomophagy had been part of traditional culture throughout Africa, though this activity has been diminishing gradually with the influx of Western culture and market economies. Often the collection of insects for food has been the activity of children, both male and female. Within Southern Africa different communities have established practices for regulating and maintaining their insect harvests. Some groups, through taboos, ritual, and hierarchical organizational structures acting as regulating bodies, have maintained their traditional practice for centuries. They monitor the development of certain caterpillar species' life cycles to ensure proper time frame for harvesting and sustainability. Understanding the diversity of relationships to nature is a crucial aspect of fully grasping and contending with the challenges of modernity and ecology. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations report from January 2012, it has been recommended that insects be utilized both for human consumption as well as for animal feed. However, as the climate changes many agencies are reporting on the risk of the decline in insect populations within the larger ongoing phenomenon of biodiversity loss and how it may affect the world's ecology. Southern Africa Blouberg, Limpopo Maize is a staple crop of Blouberg, Limpopo. Yet due to the processing methods of removing the germ and pericarp, maize is a poor source of protein which often requires supplementation. Within the Blouberg Region, Limpopo, there are some 30 species of insect which are considered edible, and of those, the caterpillar Hemijana variegata Rothschild (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae) is considered a delicacy while being nutritionally sound. Depending on how it is prepared, the nutritional values of protein, carbohydrate, fat, and essential vitamins varies. According to B.A. Egan et al. (2014) the fortification of staple cereals with insects would positively affect the protein content of the community's diet, and should be promoted as a healthy alternative to beef. Traditional preparation Hemijana variegata Rothschild are sold in local markets in the village of Ga Manaka. In this market, the caterpillars are collected by locals in the surrounding forests near Blouberg Mountain and transported back for preparation. Local residents report it was important to wash them after collection. They would wash them three times and purge them, before boiling them in salty water for an hour. They are then sun dried until brittle and the hairs are \\\"shaken off by 'winnowing' in a basket or bucket.\\\" Nutrition The Hemijana variegata has protein content that exceeds that of more common livestock such as cows or chickens when measured per gram. The energy, and protein content of the caterpillars which had been traditionally dried had been lower than that\",\n \"title\": \"Human interactions with insects in southern Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1096607\",\n \"text\": \"Feminist legal theory, also known as feminist jurisprudence, is based on the belief that the law has been fundamental in women's historical subordination. Feminist jurisprudence the philosophy of law is based on the political, economic, and social inequality of the sexes and feminist legal theory is the encompassment of law and theory connected.The project of feminist legal theory is twofold. First, feminist jurisprudence seeks to explain ways in which the law played a role in women's former subordinate status. Feminist legal theory was directly created to recognize and combat the legal system built primarily by the and for male intentions, often forgetting important components and experiences women and marginalized communities face. The law perpetuates a male valued system at the expense of female values. Through making sure all people have access to participate in legal systems as professionals to combating cases in constitutional and discriminatory law, feminist legal theory is utilized for it all. Second, feminist legal theory is dedicated to changing women's status through a rework of the law and its approach to gender. It is a critique of American law that was created to change the way women were treated and how judges had applied the law in order to keep women in the same position they had been in for years. The women who worked in this area viewed law as holding women in a lower place in society than men based on gender assumptions, and judges have therefore relied on these assumptions to make their decisions. This movement originated in the 1960s and 1970s with the purpose of achieving equality for women by challenging laws that made distinctions on the basis of sex. One example of this sex-based discrimination during these times was the struggles for equal admission and access to their desired education. The women's experiences and persistence to fight for equal access led to low rates of retention and mental health issues, including anxiety disorders. Through their experiences, they were influenced to create new legal theory that fought for their rights and those that came after them in education and broader marginalized communities which led to the creation of the legal scholarship feminist legal theory in the 1970s and 1980s. It was crucial to allowing women to become their own people through becoming financially independent and having the ability to find real jobs that were not available to them before due to discrimination in employment. The foundation of feminist legal theory reflects these second and third-wave feminist struggles. However, feminist legal theorists today extend their work beyond overt discrimination by employing a variety of approaches to understand and address how the law contributes to gender inequality. History The first known use of the term feminist jurisprudence was in the late 1970s by Ann Scales during the planning process for Celebration 25, a party and conference held in 1978 to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the first women graduating from Harvard Law School. The term was first published in 1978 in the first issue of\",\n \"title\": \"Feminist legal theory\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12886649\",\n \"text\": \"Principles of Economics is a leading political economy or economics textbook of Alfred Marshall (1842–1924), first published in 1890. It was the standard text for generations of economics students. Called his magnum opus, it ran to eight editions by 1920. A ninth (variorum) edition was published in 1961, edited in 2 volumes by C. W. Guillebaud. Writing Marshall began writing the Principles of Economics in 1881 and he spent much of the next decade at work on the treatise. His plan for the work gradually extended to a two-volume compilation on the whole of economic thought; the first volume was published in 1890 to worldwide acclaim that established him as one of the leading economists of his time. The second volume, which was to address foreign trade, money, trade fluctuations, taxation, and collectivism, was never published at all. Over the next two decades he worked to complete his second volume of the Principles, but his unyielding attention to detail and ambition for completeness prevented him from mastering the work's breadth. Contents Preface Book I. Preliminary Survey. I Introduction. II The Substance of Economics. III Economic Generalizations or Laws. IV The Order and Aims of Economic Studies. Book II. Some Fundamental Notions. I Introductory. II Wealth. III Production. Consumption. Labour. Necessaries. IV Income. Capital. Book III. On Wants and Their Satisfaction. I Introductory. II Wants In Relation To Activities. III Gradations Of Consumers' Demand. IV The Elasticity of Wants. V Choice Between Different Uses of the Same Thing. Immediate and Deferred Uses. VI Value and Utility. Book IV. The Agents of Production. Land, Labour, Capital and Organization. I Introductory. II The Fertility of Land. III The Fertility of Land, Continued. The Tendency To Diminishing Return. IV The Growth of Population. V The Health and Strength of the Population. VI Industrial Training. VII The Growth of Wealth. VIII Industrial Organization. IX Industrial Organization, Continued. Division of Labour. The Influence of Machinery. X Industrial Organization, Continued. The Concentration of Specialized Industries in Particular Localities. XI Industrial Organization, Continued. Production on a Large Scale. XII Industrial Organization, Continued. Business Management. XIII Conclusion. Correlation of the Tendencies To Increasing and To Diminishing Return. Book V. General Relations of Demand, Supply, and Value. I Introductory. On Markets. II Temporary Equilibrium of Demand and Supply. III Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Supply. IV The Investment and Distribution of Resources. V Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Supply, Continued, With Reference To Long and Short Periods. VI Joint and Composite Demand. Joint and Composite Supply. VII Prime and Total Cost in Relation To Joint Products. Cost of Marketing. Insurance Against Risk. Cost of Reproduction. VIII Marginal Costs in Relation To Values. General Principles. IX Marginal Costs in Relation To Values. General Principles, Continued. X Marginal Costs in Relation To Agricultural Values. XI Marginal Costs in Relation To Urban Values. XII Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Supply, Continued, With Reference To the Law of Increasing Return. XIII Theory of Changes of Normal Demand and Supply in Relation To the Doctrine\",\n \"title\": \"Principles of Economics (Marshall book)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19287575\",\n \"text\": \"Ricardian economics are the economic theories of David Ricardo, an English political economist born in 1772 who made a fortune as a stockbroker and loan broker. At the age of 27, he read An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith and was energised by the theories of economics. His main economic ideas are contained in On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817). This set out a series of theories which would later become theoretical underpinnings of both Marx's Das Kapital and Marshallian economics, including the theory of economic rent, the labour theory of value and above all the theory of comparative advantage. Ricardo wrote his first economic article ten years after reading Adam Smith and ultimately, the \\\"bullion controversy\\\" gave him fame in the economic community for his theory on inflation in 19th-century England. This theory became known as monetarism, the theory that excess currency leads to inflation. He also played a part in the emergence of classical economics, which meant he fought for free trade and free competition without government interference by enforcing laws or restrictions. The law of diminishing returns Another idea Ricardo is known for in his Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock is the Law of Diminishing Returns (Ricardo, Economic Essays, Henderson 826). The law of diminishing returns states that if you add more units to one of the factors of production and keep the rest constant, the quantity or output created by the extra units will eventually get smaller to a point where overall output will not rise (\\\"diminishing returns\\\"). For example, consider a simple farm that has two inputs: labor and land. Suppose the farm has 100 hectares of land and one worker (the labor input). This land-labor combination produces some level of output. If the amount of land is increased, and the amount of labor stays the same, the worker will have to give less attention to each acre of land (provided that nothing else changes). So, output may increase, though the additional (marginal) output from adding an acre of land may decrease. If more and more land is added that must be tended by this one worker, there will eventually be so much land that output starts to decrease as the worker becomes overwhelmed (that is, less labor time, on average, is devoted to each acre). This is the typical stylized result of increasing one productive input while holding the others constant (versus increasing all inputs, generating economies of scale). Comparative advantage Ricardo was opposed to tariffs and other restrictions on international trade. Ricardo devised an idea that is well known as the theory of comparative advantage (Henderson 827, Fesfeld 325). According to the Washington Council on International Trade, comparative advantage is the ability to produce a good at a lower cost, relative to other goods, compared to another country. In the Principles of Economics, Ricardo states that comparative advantage is a specialization technique\",\n \"title\": \"Ricardian economics\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46241959\",\n \"text\": \"Some branches of economics and game theory deal with indivisible goods, discrete items that can be traded only as a whole. For example, in combinatorial auctions there is a finite set of items, and every agent can buy a subset of the items, but an item cannot be divided among two or more agents. It is usually assumed that every agent assigns subjective utility to every subset of the items. This can be represented in one of two ways: An ordinal utility preference relation, usually marked by . The fact that an agent prefers a set to a set is written . If the agent only weakly prefers (i.e. either prefers or is indifferent between and ) then this is written . A cardinal utility function, usually denoted by . The utility an agent gets from a set is written . Cardinal utility functions are often normalized such that , where is the empty set. A cardinal utility function implies a preference relation: implies and implies . Utility functions can have several properties. Monotonicity Monotonicity means that an agent always (weakly) prefers to have extra items. Formally: For a preference relation: implies . For a utility function: implies (i.e. u is a monotone function). Monotonicity is equivalent to the free disposal assumption: if an agent may always discard unwanted items, then extra items can never decrease the utility. Additivity Additivity (also called linearity or modularity) means that \\\"the whole is equal to the sum of its parts.\\\" That is, the utility of a set of items is the sum of the utilities of each item separately. This property is relevant only for cardinal utility functions. It says that for every set of items, assuming that . In other words, is an additive function. An equivalent definition is: for any sets of items and , An additive utility function is characteristic of independent goods. For example, an apple and a hat are considered independent: the utility a person receives from having an apple is the same whether or not he has a hat, and vice versa. A typical utility function for this case is given at the right. Submodularity and supermodularity Submodularity means that \\\"the whole is not more than the sum of its parts (and may be less).\\\" Formally, for all sets and , In other words, is a submodular set function. An equivalent property is diminishing marginal utility, which means that for any sets and with , and every : . A submodular utility function is characteristic of substitute goods. For example, an apple and a bread loaf can be considered substitutes: the utility a person receives from eating an apple is smaller if he has already ate bread (and vice versa), since he is less hungry in that case. A typical utility function for this case is given at the right. Supermodularity is the opposite of submodularity: it means that \\\"the whole is not less than the sum of its parts (and may be more)\\\". Formally, for all\",\n \"title\": \"Utility functions on indivisible goods\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18562589\",\n \"text\": \"Gossen's Second “Law”, named for Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810–1858), is the assertion that an economic agent will allocate his or her expenditures such that the ratio of the marginal utility of each good or service to its price (the marginal expenditure necessary for its acquisition) is equal to that for every other good or service. Formally, where is utility is quantity of the -th good or service is the price of the -th good or service Informal derivation Imagine that an agent has spent money on various sorts of goods or services. If the last unit of currency spent on goods or services of one sort bought a quantity with less marginal utility than that which would have been associated with the quantity of another sort that could have been bought with the money, then the agent would have been better off instead buying more of that other good or service. Assuming that goods and services are continuously divisible, the only way that it is possible that the marginal expenditure on one good or service should not yield more utility than the marginal expenditure on the other (or vice versa) is if the marginal expenditures yield equal utility. Formal derivation Assume that utility, goods, and services have the requisite properties so that is well defined for each good or service. An agent then optimizes subject to a budget constraint where is the total available sum of money. Using the method of Lagrange multipliers, one constructs the function and finds the first-order conditions for optimization as (which simply implies that all of will be spent) and so that which is algebraically equivalent to Since every such ratio is equal to , the ratios are all equal one to another: (Note that, as with any maximization using first-order conditions, the equations will hold only if the utility function satisfies specific concavity requirements and does not have maxima on the edges of the set over which one is maximizing.) See also Gossen's laws Marginal utility Marginalism References Gossen, Hermann Heinrich; Die Entwicklung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs und der daraus fließenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln (1854). Translated into English as The Laws of Human Relations and the Rules of Human Action Derived Therefrom (1983) MIT Press, . Marginal concepts Utility\",\n \"title\": \"Gossen's second law\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1448784\",\n \"text\": \"In economics, an ordinal utility function is a function representing the preferences of an agent on an ordinal scale. Ordinal utility theory claims that it is only meaningful to ask which option is better than the other, but it is meaningless to ask how much better it is or how good it is. All of the theory of consumer decision-making under conditions of certainty can be, and typically is, expressed in terms of ordinal utility. For example, suppose George tells us that \\\"I prefer A to B and B to C\\\". George's preferences can be represented by a function u such that: But critics of cardinal utility claim the only meaningful message of this function is the order ; the actual numbers are meaningless. Hence, George's preferences can also be represented by the following function v: The functions u and v are ordinally equivalent – they represent George's preferences equally well. Ordinal utility contrasts with cardinal utility theory: the latter assumes that the differences between preferences are also important. In u the difference between A and B is much smaller than between B and C, while in v the opposite is true. Hence, u and v are not cardinally equivalent. The ordinal utility concept was first introduced by Pareto in 1906. Notation Suppose the set of all states of the world is and an agent has a preference relation on . It is common to mark the weak preference relation by , so that reads \\\"the agent wants B at least as much as A\\\". The symbol is used as a shorthand to the indifference relation: , which reads \\\"The agent is indifferent between B and A\\\". The symbol is used as a shorthand to the strong preference relation: if: Related concepts Indifference curve mappings Instead of defining a numeric function, an agent's preference relation can be represented graphically by indifference curves. This is especially useful when there are two kinds of goods, x and y. Then, each indifference curve shows a set of points such that, if and are on the same curve, then . An example indifference curve is shown below: Each indifference curve is a set of points, each representing a combination of quantities of two goods or services, all of which combinations the consumer is equally satisfied with. The further a curve is from the origin, the greater is the level of utility. The slope of the curve (the negative of the marginal rate of substitution of X for Y) at any point shows the rate at which the individual is willing to trade off good X against good Y maintaining the same level of utility. The curve is convex to the origin as shown assuming the consumer has a diminishing marginal rate of substitution. It can be shown that consumer analysis with indifference curves (an ordinal approach) gives the same results as that based on cardinal utility theory — i.e., consumers will consume at the point where the marginal rate of substitution between any two\",\n \"title\": \"Ordinal utility\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58024676\",\n \"text\": \"Lelan F. Sillin Jr. (April 19, 1918 – January 3, 1997) was a pioneer in the nuclear power industry, an advocate of nuclear safety, and chairman and chief executive of Northeast Utilities. An early proponent of nuclear power, he was nevertheless critical of some nuclear operators who failed to strive for excellence in their work. Trained as an attorney, he first rose from general counsel to president and chief executive of Central Hudson Gas and Electric before ascending to the top of Northeast, Connecticut's largest public utility, a position he held from 1970 to 1983. He chaired the \\\"Sillin Report\\\", a 1986 analysis of the nuclear power industry, in which he chided some utility companies for simply meeting rather than exceeding regulatory requirements. Biography Lelan Sillin was born in Tampa, Florida, on April 19, 1918. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1940 and graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1942. During World War II he served in the United States Marine Corps in the South Pacific until 1945. He started his business career as a corporate attorney with the New York law firm of Gould & Wilkie, where he was general counsel for Central Hudson Gas and Electric in Poughkeepsie, New York. He later rose to become Central Hudson's president, and its chief executive in 1964. Forsaking law, he remained in the utilities industry, joining Northeast Utilities, a utility holding company, as president in 1968. Two years later he was named chairman and chief executive. At the time he took charge of Northeast, the New England region's electricity prices were higher than the national average, and Sillin viewed nuclear power as the least expensive, most efficient, and cleanest energy option. Skyrocketing petroleum prices due to 1970s energy crises just reinforced this view. In addition to four \\\"Yankee\\\" nuclear plants already built by the individual firms that joined to become Northeast Utilities in 1966—\\\"Connecticut\\\", \\\"Maine\\\", \\\"Vermont\\\", and \\\"Rowe\\\"—the firm added two \\\"Millstone\\\" plants to its generation capacity during that decade. Sillin's middle years with the company did not go easily. In addition to the Middle East oil embargoes of 1973 and 1979, escalating inflation, rising construction costs, annual tussles with the regulatory boards of the two most important states Northeast served - Connecticut and Massachusetts, and heavy borrowing, began eroding Northeast Utility's financial viability. Company fortunes did not begin to recover until Sillin recruited and hired his own replacement, William B. Ellis, and retired as chairman and chief executive in 1983. A number of factors, including resetting expectations by downsizing company growth predictions and annual return projections, a more amicable relationship with regulators, improved operating margins, and the third \\\"Millstone\\\" plant coming online, all contributed to the turnaround. Legacy Sillin was regarded by friend and foe \\\"as frank and forthright and someone who held a genuine concern for the customers he served.\\\" Shortly into his role at the top of Northeast Utilities Sillin was granted the honor of delivering the 1970 installment of the prestigious Charles\",\n \"title\": \"Lelan Sillin Jr.\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Carl Menger"],"string":"[\n \"Carl Menger\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":41,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_40538"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the spitting dinosaur in jurassic park"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"1081139","text":"Nanosaur is a science fiction third-person shooter video game developed by Pangea Software and published by Ideas From the Deep for Mac OS 9 and Microsoft Windows. The player takes on the form of a Nanosaur, a genetically engineered intelligent dinosaur from the future, sent back in time just prior to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Story In the distant year of 4122, a dinosaur species, Nanosaurs, rule the Earth. Their civilization originated from a group of human scientists who experimented with genetic engineering. Their experimentation led them to resurrect the extinct dinosaur species; however, their victory was short-lived, as a disastrous plague brought the end of their civilization itself. The few dinosaurs resurrected were lent an unusual amount of intelligence from their human creators, leaving them to expand on their growing civilization. However, as the Nanosaurs were the only species on Earth, inbreeding was the only possible choice of reproduction. This method largely affected the intelligence of the various offspring, and slowly began to pose a threat to their once-intelligent society. The Nanosaur government offers a quest that involves time traveling into the year 65 million BC, where the five eggs of ancient dinosaur species must be retrieved and placed in a time portal leading to the present year. Their high-ranking agent, a brown Deinonychus Nanosaur, is chosen to participate in this mission. On the day of her mission, she is teleported to the past via a time machine in a Nanosaur laboratory. The Nanosaur arrives in a lush jungle, with twenty minutes given to collect the eggs before the meteor that caused the initial extinction of the dinosaur race hits the Earth. After battling various Tyrannosaurs, the Nanosaur enters a volcanic crater, where she must cross several stone formations in a river of lava in order to retrieve the eggs. After making her way across the river, the Nanosaur detects the final eggs in a canyon oasis, where various dinosaurs, namely Dilophosaurus and Stegosaurus, are attempting to hinder her progress in order to protect their eggs. After evading defeat, the Nanosaur beams the final egg into the time portal, and is carried along with it back to the present. Following the completion of the Nanosaur's mission, the eggs are placed in nationwide laboratories, where the scientists intend on breeding them for their own purposes. Several months following this event, the eggs finally start to hatch. Gameplay The object of the game is to collect the eggs of five dinosaur and flying reptile species and deposit them in time portals to the future in twenty minutes; at the end of the countdown, the asteroid that caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event hits Earth. The Nanosaur is equipped with a \"fusion blaster\" (a basic multi-purpose energy weapon), a jet pack allowing flight, a temporal compass for locating time portals, and a GPS locator for navigation. The native animals will attack the Nanosaur when their eggs are threatened; species encountered include Tyrannosaurus rex, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, Dilophosaurus (who spits venom as in Jurassic Park),","title":"Nanosaur"},{"docid":"2344109","text":"Jurassic Park is a rail shooter arcade game developed and released by Sega in 1994. It is based on the 1993 film of the same name. The game cabinet resembles the rear of the first-gen Ford Explorer XLT tour vehicles used in the film. The player(s), equipped with the joystick(s), must shoot dinosaurs that appear on-screen throughout the game. The game includes a moving seat, also used in Sega's 1991 light gun shooter Rail Chase. The seat is powered by hydraulic pistons to move the seat according to action on the screen. The game's graphics blend two-dimensional sprites and three-dimensional polygons to give the sense of movement. Jurassic Park was the first game of this genre to include 3D environments. The game was followed by two arcade sequels, The Lost World: Jurassic Park in 1997, and Jurassic Park III in 2001. Another arcade game, titled Jurassic Park Arcade, was released in 2015 and is based on the first three films in the Jurassic Park series. Gameplay The game takes place on Isla Nublar a few months after the events of the film. The player(s) fend(s) off a vehicle from dinosaur attacks with infinite automatic weaponry. A joystick is used to play, rather than a light gun. Dinosaurs include Tyrannosaurus, Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, Gallimimus, Brachiosaurus, Ankylosaurus and Triceratops as well as the non-dinosaur creatures such as ichthyosaurs and pterosaurs. Tyrannosaurus is the only boss enemy in the game. Fences and large rocks that block the path of the player(s) must be shot at to avoid running into them. The game ends with the dinosaurs being caged once again. Reception In Japan, Game Machine listed Jurassic Park on their April 1, 1994 issue as being the third most-successful upright/cockpit arcade game of the month. Edge called the game a \"shameful Line of Fire/Rail Chase-style shoot 'em up\". Reviewers for Games World: The Magazine rated it 63 out of 100, and also compared it to Rail Chase. They commended the graphics but found that the gameplay soon becomes repetitive. Shacknews reviewed the game in 2016, and found the graphics outdated compared to other arcade games of the mid-1990s. Shacknews considered the gameplay to be \"pretty mindless\" for an on-rail shooter, stating that the game could have used more time in development. In 2021, Daniel Kurland of Comic Book Resources called it an \"excellent cooperative experience\" and stated \"the Jeep-like arcade cabinet is a simple but effective touch\". See also Jurassic Park List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 1994 video games Arcade video games Arcade-only video games Cooperative video games Video games about dinosaurs Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Rail shooters Sega-AM3 games Sega arcade games Sega System 32 games Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Multiplayer and single-player video games","title":"Jurassic Park (arcade game)"},{"docid":"46420965","text":"Jurassic Park Arcade is a 2015 light gun arcade game developed by Raw Thrills. The game is based on the original trilogy of the Jurassic Park film series. Gameplay Jurassic Park Arcade is played across nine levels, set at the Jurassic Park theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. A security team has been sent to retrieve one dinosaur from each species located on the island, which is becoming unstable due to an erupting volcano. The protagonist's colleagues who are left in the park must be defended as well and shooting them would result with players taking damage. Five weapons are available to the player throughout the game. Three boss enemies must be defeated throughout the game: Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus, and Spinosaurus. Other creatures appear as minor enemies throughout the game: Velociraptor, Utahraptor, Dilophosaurus, Microraptor, Compsognathus, Brachiosaurus, Stegosaurus and Pteranodon. Development Development began in 2011, lasted more than three years, and cost $4 million. The development team studied previous Jurassic Park games and various iconic scenes from the first three films in the series. The developers received an original Jurassic Park arcade cabinet based on the first film, which inspired them to implement that game's fast-moving action into Jurassic Park Arcade. The developers chose to set the game on Isla Nublar, the location of the first film, rather than Isla Sorna, to include iconic locations from the first film. Unlike the films, which primarily involve dinosaurs escaping, the developers wanted to present a story in which the player must capture the free-roaming dinosaurs. John Scott served as the game's lead programmer. Nate Vanderkamp, the game's lead artist and one of the primary game designers, said that many planned locations and creatures did not make it into the game during development: \"I'm pretty sure that by the end we had cut more ideas than actually made it into the game\". Initially, the developers had hoped to include an aquatic reptile, as well as a potential level set in a city. Originally, the developers also planned to include nine dinosaur boss enemies, consisting of the largest and most threatening dinosaurs possible. The developers settled for three dinosaurs instead: the Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus. These animals \"worked out the best\" for the combat style used in the game while providing variety for the player. The development team, most of which had never worked on a shooting game before, had faced various technical challenges, working with a new game engine and new 3D software. Vanderkamp said that the biggest challenge was proper pacing: \"Balancing the enormous action and attack sequences but still giving players time to breathe and regroup took a very deliberate effort and was definitely a learning process for us all\". Raw Thrills worked closely with Universal to ensure that the game's dinosaurs resembled their real-life counterparts, while also maintaining their appearances from the films. To reflect the latest scientific discoveries, some of the game's dinosaurs were animated with feathers and bright skin colors. The game was first unveiled at the","title":"Jurassic Park Arcade"},{"docid":"64554876","text":"Lego Jurassic World (also known as Lego Jurassic Park and stylized as LEGO Jurassic World) is a Lego theme based on the Jurassic World media franchise created by Michael Crichton and centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs. It is licensed from Universal Studios and Amblin Entertainment. The theme was introduced in June 2015, with the release of toy sets and the video game Lego Jurassic World, both to promote the film Jurassic World. Subsequent sets were released in 2018, alongside the next film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Various animated projects have also been made, including the 2018 television special Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit, and the 2019 miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar. Overview Lego Jurassic World is based on the Jurassic World media franchise. The first film, Jurassic World, focuses on a fully functioning dinosaur theme park. It was released in June 2015. As part of the marketing campaign, The Lego Group released toy sets based on the film. Each set featured different dinosaurs, such as Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, Dilophosaurus and the Indominus rex. Human figures were released as well, including one depicting Chris Pratt's character, Owen Grady. It was Pratt's third Lego minifigure, following toys based on The Lego Movie and Guardians of the Galaxy. A 90-second fan video was released shortly after the film, recreating it in Lego form. A separate three-minute fan video based on the first Jurassic Park film was also created by a father and his daughter in 2015. The sequel film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in June 2018. Lego produced various toy sets based on the film ahead of its release. The largest set, with 1,019 Lego bricks, depicted the film's Indoraptor and Lockwood Estate. It also included two velociraptors and six minifigures. The Lego Group also released Duplo sets for younger children. In addition, The Lego Group built a life-sized model of Blue, a Velociraptor who appears in the Jurassic World films. The model included Blue standing on an overturned tour vehicle, representing a scene from Fallen Kingdom. The dinosaur and vehicle contained a total of 703,855 Lego bricks, and weighed 3,560 pounds. They were placed in front of Stage 18 at Universal Studios Hollywood. To commemorate the 25th anniversary of the first Jurassic Park film, Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park Velociraptor Chase set. It came with 360 Lego bricks, and included a Velociraptor and the computer control room seen in the film. It also included four minifigures of characters from the film. Four toy sets, based on the Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar miniseries, were released in 2019. Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park: T. rex Rampage set, based on the original Jurassic Park film. The set came with 3,120 Lego bricks, and included a posable T. rex, six minifigures, and the Jurassic Park gate seen in the film. It was designed by Lego Senior Model Designer Mark Stafford. Four new sets were released in 2020.","title":"Lego Jurassic World (theme)"},{"docid":"1563401","text":"Jurassic Park is a 1993 video game based on the film and novel of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software and released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Ocean also ported the game onto the handheld Game Boy console. The object of the game is to survive in Jurassic Park, a theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped from containment. Plot Much like the film and novel which it is based on, Dr. Alan Grant is trapped at Jurassic Park located on Isla Nublar. The park's power has been cut out because of a computer malfunction, and the dinosaurs are roaming free. Grant must complete a series of missions that will eventually lead to him escaping the island without being killed by the dinosaurs. Grant must also rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. After locating Hammond's grandchildren, Grant must reactivate the park's computers and destroy Velociraptor nests using time bombs. Grant then reaches the park's dock and uses a radio to contact help. Grant then reaches a helipad and is rescued from the island. The game's ending consists of the player walking around a small stage filled with the game developers' names and an exit where the player can end the game. Gameplay The game is a top-down shooter. As Alan Grant, the player must complete six levels with objectives ranging from rescuing Hammond's grandchildren, destroying Velociraptor nests, turning the power back on and so forth. The game includes a two-player option in which players take turns. Each level consists of a varying number of stages where the player must collect a certain amount of dinosaur eggs and access cards to advance further into the level. The player must battle a varying amount of dinosaur foes such as Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, and Compsognathus. Tyrannosaurus rex is also encountered as an end boss in a couple of levels. Dinosaurs such as the T. rex cannot be killed by the player, only avoided. Common dinosaurs can be killed by using guns, which are scattered throughout each level. There are also \"mystery boxes\" scattered throughout the game, which have ranging effects. Some will give the player additional health, temporary invincibility or an extra life. However, some will power down the player's energy or take away a life. The game gives the player three lives and four continues. The Game Boy version is a port of the NES version, but includes the addition of a database, providing information on the game's dinosaurs. Development and release Ocean Software, a British video game development company, paid an undisclosed six-figure sum to secure the rights to the Jurassic Park license to develop a game based on the film. To aid Ocean Software in creating the game, Universal Studios provided the programmers with various materials related to the film, including the script and photos of the sets. In the United States, Jurassic Park was released in June 1993. Limited Run Games re-released the NES and","title":"Jurassic Park (NES video game)"},{"docid":"30648190","text":"Jurassic Park: The Game is an episodic graphic adventure video game based on the 1993 film Jurassic Park and released for the PlayStation 3, Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, and Xbox 360. The game was developed and published by Telltale Games as part of a licensing deal with Universal Partnerships & Licensing. The game is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, the location of a dinosaur theme park known as Jurassic Park. In the game, set during and after the events of the 1993 film, it serves as a miniseries consisting of four episodes, but the plot also focuses on the retrieval of a canister full of dinosaur embryos which had been lost during the film after Dennis Nedry's failed attempt to deliver them to the docks. The game was announced in June 2010, and was initially scheduled for release in April 2011, but was delayed until November. It received mixed reviews from critics on release. Gameplay Jurassic Park: The Game is a point-and-click adventure game in which the player uses a combination of buttons to progress. The player controls various characters throughout the game, which is played across four portions known as \"episodes\". The game has decision-based objectives as well as quick-time events that affect gameplay as well as how the game's events play out. Plot Episode 1: The Intruder Dr. Gerry Harding, Sarah Harding's father, is the chief veterinarian for the Jurassic Park dinosaur theme park, owned by InGen and located on the tropical island of Isla Nublar. The game begins with Gerry showing his teenage daughter Jess, Sarah's younger sister, around the park. At this time, Dennis Nedry puts his plan into motion to shut down the park's security and escape with stolen dinosaur embryos, hidden inside a modified canister of shaving cream. During a tropical storm, Nedry's two contacts, Nima Cruz and Miles Chadwick, head into the park after he fails to meet them at the dock. After getting past the deactivated fences, they find Nedry's Jeep, and his corpse. They find the embryo canister as well, but are attacked by a pack of Dilophosaurus before they can use Nedry's jeep to escape. Chadwick is killed, but before the Dilophosaurs can kill Nima, they suddenly flee in terror at the sound of unknown dinosaurs with glowing eyes, one of which bites Nima, who leaves the now-damaged jeep and Chadwick's corpse behind and flees through the jungle with the canister and Chadwick's gun. On their way to the dock, Gerry and Jess encounter Nima, who is now delirious from the bite and needs medical attention. They drive to the Visitor's Center, but are delayed by a juvenile Triceratops blocking the road. When Gerry and Jess get the dinosaur back into its enclosure, the alpha-female Triceratops appears and mistakes them as a threat, attacking their Jeep. The park's T.rex has escaped its paddock and approaches the Triceratops. While the two dinosaurs fight, the humans hide in a nearby maintenance shed, where they spend the night. Dr. Laura Sorkin,","title":"Jurassic Park: The Game"},{"docid":"45249481","text":"Lego Jurassic World is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by TT Fusion and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It adapts the plots of the first four films in the Jurassic Park franchise, and is part of a series of Lego-themed video games. The game was released for Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Windows, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on 12 June 2015 to coincide with the theatrical release of Jurassic World. An OS X port by Feral Interactive followed shortly thereafter, on 23 July. Lego Jurassic World was later released for Android and iOS on 31 March 2016. A Nintendo Switch version was later released on 17 September 2019. Gameplay Lego Jurassic World'''s gameplay is similar to previous Lego video games. Gameplay consists of the player solving puzzles. The game features 20 levels, with five levels based on each film. The levels are accessed through a free-roaming overworld area. The game incorporates a two-player cooperation mode. The game features more than 100 unlockable characters to play as, including more than 20 dinosaur species, such as Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus, Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus. Mr. DNA, a cartoon character featured in the 1993 Jurassic Park film, is also an unlockable character. Throughout the game, Mr. DNA provides the player with hints; and with dinosaur trivia, as he did in the Jurassic Park video game for the Super NES. Human characters include Dr. Alan Grant, Ian Malcolm, and Owen Grady. Each character has a special ability. The utilization of each character's ability is required to progress through the game. Jurassic World producers Pat Crowley and Frank Marshall appear as unlockable characters, as well as the film's director, Colin Trevorrow. Steven Spielberg, who has acted as director and executive producer for films in the series, is also an unlockable character. The player can also create new human characters by travelling to either the Jurassic Park Visitor Center or the Jurassic World Innovation Center. Hybrid dinosaurs can also be created from various parts of dinosaurs that can be unlocked during the game's progression. Enemies include Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Troodon and Velociraptor. The 3DS version excludes the free-roaming mode for a central hub instead, but is otherwise nearly identical to the home console versions of the game. The Android and iOS versions also use a main hub section to access levels; because of limitations on digital storage space, these versions feature fewer levels and fewer cutscenes than the home console versions, and the levels are also reduced in size. The iOS version supports use of iCloud and Game Center. Plot The game follows the storylines from the Jurassic Park films: Jurassic Park, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, Jurassic Park III and Jurassic World. However, the developers modified the storylines to fit the events into five levels per film. Notable scenes from each film have been recreated in the game, although as the game was intended for a younger audience, the scenes are depicted in a more humorous manner. All death scenes from","title":"Lego Jurassic World"},{"docid":"70855438","text":"Toxungen comprises a secretion or other body fluid of one or more biological toxins that is transferred by one animal to the external surface of another animal via a physical delivery mechanism. Toxungens can be delivered through spitting, spraying, or smearing. As one of three categories of biological toxins, toxungens can be distinguished from poisons, which are passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin, and venoms, which are delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action. Toxungen use offers the evolutionary advantage of delivering toxins into the target's tissues without the need for physical contact. Taxonomic distribution Toxungens have evolved in a variety of animals, including flatworms, insects, arachnids, cephalopods, amphibians, and reptiles. Toxungen use possibly exists in birds, as a number of species deploy defensive secretions from their stomachs, uropygial glands, or cloacas, and some anoint themselves with heterogenously acquired chemicals from millipedes, caterpillars, beetles, plant materials, and even manufactured pesticides. Some of the described substances may be toxic, at least to ectoparasites, which would qualify them as toxungens. Toxungen use might also exist in several mammal groups. Slow lorises (genus Nycticebus), which comprise several species of nocturnal primates in Southeast Asia, produce a secretion in their brachial glands (a scent gland near their armpit) that possesses apparent toxicity. When the secretion is licked and combined with saliva, their bite introduces the secretion into a wound, which can cause sometimes severe tissue injury to conspecifics and other aggressors, thereby functioning as a venom. They can also rub the secretion on their fur or lick their offspring before stashing them in a secure location, thereby functioning potentially as a toxungen. Skunks and several other members of Mephitidae and Mustelidae spray a noxious and potentially injurious secretion from their anal sac when threatened. High concentrations of the spray can be toxic, with rare accounts of spray victims suffering injury and even death. Although the extinct theropod Dilophosaurus was portrayed in the original Jurassic Park and Jurassic World Dominion movies as capable of spitting a toxic secretion, no evidence exists to suggest that any dinosaur possessed either a toxungen or venom. Classification of toxin deployment Animals that deploy toxungens are referred to as toxungenous. Some animals use their toxins in multiple ways, and can be classified as poisonous, toxungenous, and/or venomous. Examples include the scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus, which is both toxungenous (can spray its toxins) and venomous (can inject its toxins), and the snake Rhabdophis tigrinus, which is poisonous (sequesters toad and/or firefly toxins in its nuchal gland tissues that are toxic if consumed by a predator), toxungenous (the nuchal glands are pressurized and can spray the toxins when ruptured), and venomous (toxic oral gland secretions can be injected via the teeth). Even humans can be considered facultatively poisonous, toxungenous, and venomous because they sometimes make use of toxins by all three means for research and development (e.g., biomedical purposes), agriculture (e.g., spraying insecticides), and nefarious reasons (to kill other animals, including humans). Evolution","title":"Toxungen"},{"docid":"3373612","text":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a light gun arcade game from Sega. It was released in 1997, and is based on the film of the same name. It is also a sequel to Sega's 1994 Jurassic Park arcade game. A third Jurassic Park arcade game, based on Jurassic Park III, was made by Konami in 2001. Gameplay Ian Malcolm and Sarah Harding go missing after landing on Isla Sorna to conduct an investigation. A rescue team is sent to the island. The player(s) control(s) one of two rangers, whose goal is to find Dr. Malcolm and Dr. Harding. Player(s) battle dinosaurs by disabling them with tranquilizer darts. The game features five levels based on environments from the film, including a laboratory and a workers' village. Four of the levels feature a boss battle that must be won to advance the game. Boss enemies include 2 large meat-eating dinosaurs which are Tyrannosaurus and Carnotaurus as well as the prehistoric crocodilian Deinosuchus. Velociraptors are also featured as enemies throughout the game. Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, and pterosaurs are also encountered throughout the game. At times, the game presents the player(s) with an opportunity to rescue a human who is being attacked by one or multiple dinosaurs. Saving the human results in the human rewarding the player(s) with either a temporary weapon upgrade or additional health. Like some of Sega's light gun rail shooters such as Virtua Cop and The House of the Dead, The Lost World: Jurrasic Park features a dynamically adjusting difficulty system that will increase difficulty as the player progresses and decrease as they lose lives. As difficulty increases, dinosaurs attack quicker, more dinosaurs will try to attack the player simultaneously, and more target icons need to be shot to cancel a boss dinosaur's attack. Development The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1997 film of the same name. Having developed the original Jurassic Park arcade game, Sega AM3, a division of Sega, became interested in making the game after hearing about the film. Additionally hoping that they could make use of Sega's new relationship with Spielberg's company DreamWorks (the two companies were partnered for the GameWorks chain of entertainment venues), producer Mie Kumagai presented her ideas to AM3 president Hisao Oguchi, who approved. AM3 began developing the game in early 1997, after receiving permission from Universal Studios. Shinichi Ogasawara was the game's director. The development team wanted the sequel to have more tension. Sega AM3 utilized Sega's Model 3 arcade system board, as Model 2 was not advanced enough for certain features. Model 3 allowed the game to operate at 60 frames and 100,000 polygons per second. It was the first shooting game to use Model 3, which Sega AM3 had never used before. The development team had difficulty designing the game due to unfamiliarity with Model 3. The team also faced a tight deadline to get the game finished and released. Early in development, the developers only had access to the film's original script.","title":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game)"},{"docid":"25388853","text":"The East Berlin Formation is an Early Jurassic geological formation in New England, United States. Dinosaur footprints and trackways are abundant in this formation. These tracks include Eubrontes (belonging to medium-sized-theropods similar to Dilophosaurus), Anchisauripus (belonging to small theropods like Coelophysis), and Anomoepus (belonging to indeterminate small ornithischians). Several museums, parks, and tourist attractions are based around the East Berlin Formation's dinosaur tracks, including Dinosaur State Park in Rocky Hill, Connecticut and Powder Hill Dinosaur Park in Middlefield, Connecticut. Although the East Berlin Formation was originally intended to apply to the Hartford Basin of Connecticut and Massachusetts, equivalent strata is found elsewhere in the Newark Supergroup. Equivalent formations include the Waterfall Formation (Culpeper Basin; Virginia, Maryland), Towaco Formation (Newark Basin; New Jersey), White Oaks Formation (Pomperaug Basin, Connecticut), and Turner Falls Sandstone (Deerfield Basin, Massachusetts). See also List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks Indeterminate ornithischian tracks Footnotes References Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. . Jurassic Massachusetts Jurassic Connecticut","title":"East Berlin Formation"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"1081139\",\n \"text\": \"Nanosaur is a science fiction third-person shooter video game developed by Pangea Software and published by Ideas From the Deep for Mac OS 9 and Microsoft Windows. The player takes on the form of a Nanosaur, a genetically engineered intelligent dinosaur from the future, sent back in time just prior to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Story In the distant year of 4122, a dinosaur species, Nanosaurs, rule the Earth. Their civilization originated from a group of human scientists who experimented with genetic engineering. Their experimentation led them to resurrect the extinct dinosaur species; however, their victory was short-lived, as a disastrous plague brought the end of their civilization itself. The few dinosaurs resurrected were lent an unusual amount of intelligence from their human creators, leaving them to expand on their growing civilization. However, as the Nanosaurs were the only species on Earth, inbreeding was the only possible choice of reproduction. This method largely affected the intelligence of the various offspring, and slowly began to pose a threat to their once-intelligent society. The Nanosaur government offers a quest that involves time traveling into the year 65 million BC, where the five eggs of ancient dinosaur species must be retrieved and placed in a time portal leading to the present year. Their high-ranking agent, a brown Deinonychus Nanosaur, is chosen to participate in this mission. On the day of her mission, she is teleported to the past via a time machine in a Nanosaur laboratory. The Nanosaur arrives in a lush jungle, with twenty minutes given to collect the eggs before the meteor that caused the initial extinction of the dinosaur race hits the Earth. After battling various Tyrannosaurs, the Nanosaur enters a volcanic crater, where she must cross several stone formations in a river of lava in order to retrieve the eggs. After making her way across the river, the Nanosaur detects the final eggs in a canyon oasis, where various dinosaurs, namely Dilophosaurus and Stegosaurus, are attempting to hinder her progress in order to protect their eggs. After evading defeat, the Nanosaur beams the final egg into the time portal, and is carried along with it back to the present. Following the completion of the Nanosaur's mission, the eggs are placed in nationwide laboratories, where the scientists intend on breeding them for their own purposes. Several months following this event, the eggs finally start to hatch. Gameplay The object of the game is to collect the eggs of five dinosaur and flying reptile species and deposit them in time portals to the future in twenty minutes; at the end of the countdown, the asteroid that caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event hits Earth. The Nanosaur is equipped with a \\\"fusion blaster\\\" (a basic multi-purpose energy weapon), a jet pack allowing flight, a temporal compass for locating time portals, and a GPS locator for navigation. The native animals will attack the Nanosaur when their eggs are threatened; species encountered include Tyrannosaurus rex, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, Dilophosaurus (who spits venom as in Jurassic Park),\",\n \"title\": \"Nanosaur\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2344109\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park is a rail shooter arcade game developed and released by Sega in 1994. It is based on the 1993 film of the same name. The game cabinet resembles the rear of the first-gen Ford Explorer XLT tour vehicles used in the film. The player(s), equipped with the joystick(s), must shoot dinosaurs that appear on-screen throughout the game. The game includes a moving seat, also used in Sega's 1991 light gun shooter Rail Chase. The seat is powered by hydraulic pistons to move the seat according to action on the screen. The game's graphics blend two-dimensional sprites and three-dimensional polygons to give the sense of movement. Jurassic Park was the first game of this genre to include 3D environments. The game was followed by two arcade sequels, The Lost World: Jurassic Park in 1997, and Jurassic Park III in 2001. Another arcade game, titled Jurassic Park Arcade, was released in 2015 and is based on the first three films in the Jurassic Park series. Gameplay The game takes place on Isla Nublar a few months after the events of the film. The player(s) fend(s) off a vehicle from dinosaur attacks with infinite automatic weaponry. A joystick is used to play, rather than a light gun. Dinosaurs include Tyrannosaurus, Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, Gallimimus, Brachiosaurus, Ankylosaurus and Triceratops as well as the non-dinosaur creatures such as ichthyosaurs and pterosaurs. Tyrannosaurus is the only boss enemy in the game. Fences and large rocks that block the path of the player(s) must be shot at to avoid running into them. The game ends with the dinosaurs being caged once again. Reception In Japan, Game Machine listed Jurassic Park on their April 1, 1994 issue as being the third most-successful upright/cockpit arcade game of the month. Edge called the game a \\\"shameful Line of Fire/Rail Chase-style shoot 'em up\\\". Reviewers for Games World: The Magazine rated it 63 out of 100, and also compared it to Rail Chase. They commended the graphics but found that the gameplay soon becomes repetitive. Shacknews reviewed the game in 2016, and found the graphics outdated compared to other arcade games of the mid-1990s. Shacknews considered the gameplay to be \\\"pretty mindless\\\" for an on-rail shooter, stating that the game could have used more time in development. In 2021, Daniel Kurland of Comic Book Resources called it an \\\"excellent cooperative experience\\\" and stated \\\"the Jeep-like arcade cabinet is a simple but effective touch\\\". See also Jurassic Park List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 1994 video games Arcade video games Arcade-only video games Cooperative video games Video games about dinosaurs Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Rail shooters Sega-AM3 games Sega arcade games Sega System 32 games Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Multiplayer and single-player video games\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (arcade game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46420965\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park Arcade is a 2015 light gun arcade game developed by Raw Thrills. The game is based on the original trilogy of the Jurassic Park film series. Gameplay Jurassic Park Arcade is played across nine levels, set at the Jurassic Park theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. A security team has been sent to retrieve one dinosaur from each species located on the island, which is becoming unstable due to an erupting volcano. The protagonist's colleagues who are left in the park must be defended as well and shooting them would result with players taking damage. Five weapons are available to the player throughout the game. Three boss enemies must be defeated throughout the game: Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus, and Spinosaurus. Other creatures appear as minor enemies throughout the game: Velociraptor, Utahraptor, Dilophosaurus, Microraptor, Compsognathus, Brachiosaurus, Stegosaurus and Pteranodon. Development Development began in 2011, lasted more than three years, and cost $4 million. The development team studied previous Jurassic Park games and various iconic scenes from the first three films in the series. The developers received an original Jurassic Park arcade cabinet based on the first film, which inspired them to implement that game's fast-moving action into Jurassic Park Arcade. The developers chose to set the game on Isla Nublar, the location of the first film, rather than Isla Sorna, to include iconic locations from the first film. Unlike the films, which primarily involve dinosaurs escaping, the developers wanted to present a story in which the player must capture the free-roaming dinosaurs. John Scott served as the game's lead programmer. Nate Vanderkamp, the game's lead artist and one of the primary game designers, said that many planned locations and creatures did not make it into the game during development: \\\"I'm pretty sure that by the end we had cut more ideas than actually made it into the game\\\". Initially, the developers had hoped to include an aquatic reptile, as well as a potential level set in a city. Originally, the developers also planned to include nine dinosaur boss enemies, consisting of the largest and most threatening dinosaurs possible. The developers settled for three dinosaurs instead: the Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus. These animals \\\"worked out the best\\\" for the combat style used in the game while providing variety for the player. The development team, most of which had never worked on a shooting game before, had faced various technical challenges, working with a new game engine and new 3D software. Vanderkamp said that the biggest challenge was proper pacing: \\\"Balancing the enormous action and attack sequences but still giving players time to breathe and regroup took a very deliberate effort and was definitely a learning process for us all\\\". Raw Thrills worked closely with Universal to ensure that the game's dinosaurs resembled their real-life counterparts, while also maintaining their appearances from the films. To reflect the latest scientific discoveries, some of the game's dinosaurs were animated with feathers and bright skin colors. The game was first unveiled at the\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park Arcade\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64554876\",\n \"text\": \"Lego Jurassic World (also known as Lego Jurassic Park and stylized as LEGO Jurassic World) is a Lego theme based on the Jurassic World media franchise created by Michael Crichton and centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs. It is licensed from Universal Studios and Amblin Entertainment. The theme was introduced in June 2015, with the release of toy sets and the video game Lego Jurassic World, both to promote the film Jurassic World. Subsequent sets were released in 2018, alongside the next film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Various animated projects have also been made, including the 2018 television special Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit, and the 2019 miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar. Overview Lego Jurassic World is based on the Jurassic World media franchise. The first film, Jurassic World, focuses on a fully functioning dinosaur theme park. It was released in June 2015. As part of the marketing campaign, The Lego Group released toy sets based on the film. Each set featured different dinosaurs, such as Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, Dilophosaurus and the Indominus rex. Human figures were released as well, including one depicting Chris Pratt's character, Owen Grady. It was Pratt's third Lego minifigure, following toys based on The Lego Movie and Guardians of the Galaxy. A 90-second fan video was released shortly after the film, recreating it in Lego form. A separate three-minute fan video based on the first Jurassic Park film was also created by a father and his daughter in 2015. The sequel film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in June 2018. Lego produced various toy sets based on the film ahead of its release. The largest set, with 1,019 Lego bricks, depicted the film's Indoraptor and Lockwood Estate. It also included two velociraptors and six minifigures. The Lego Group also released Duplo sets for younger children. In addition, The Lego Group built a life-sized model of Blue, a Velociraptor who appears in the Jurassic World films. The model included Blue standing on an overturned tour vehicle, representing a scene from Fallen Kingdom. The dinosaur and vehicle contained a total of 703,855 Lego bricks, and weighed 3,560 pounds. They were placed in front of Stage 18 at Universal Studios Hollywood. To commemorate the 25th anniversary of the first Jurassic Park film, Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park Velociraptor Chase set. It came with 360 Lego bricks, and included a Velociraptor and the computer control room seen in the film. It also included four minifigures of characters from the film. Four toy sets, based on the Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar miniseries, were released in 2019. Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park: T. rex Rampage set, based on the original Jurassic Park film. The set came with 3,120 Lego bricks, and included a posable T. rex, six minifigures, and the Jurassic Park gate seen in the film. It was designed by Lego Senior Model Designer Mark Stafford. Four new sets were released in 2020.\",\n \"title\": \"Lego Jurassic World (theme)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1563401\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park is a 1993 video game based on the film and novel of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software and released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Ocean also ported the game onto the handheld Game Boy console. The object of the game is to survive in Jurassic Park, a theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped from containment. Plot Much like the film and novel which it is based on, Dr. Alan Grant is trapped at Jurassic Park located on Isla Nublar. The park's power has been cut out because of a computer malfunction, and the dinosaurs are roaming free. Grant must complete a series of missions that will eventually lead to him escaping the island without being killed by the dinosaurs. Grant must also rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. After locating Hammond's grandchildren, Grant must reactivate the park's computers and destroy Velociraptor nests using time bombs. Grant then reaches the park's dock and uses a radio to contact help. Grant then reaches a helipad and is rescued from the island. The game's ending consists of the player walking around a small stage filled with the game developers' names and an exit where the player can end the game. Gameplay The game is a top-down shooter. As Alan Grant, the player must complete six levels with objectives ranging from rescuing Hammond's grandchildren, destroying Velociraptor nests, turning the power back on and so forth. The game includes a two-player option in which players take turns. Each level consists of a varying number of stages where the player must collect a certain amount of dinosaur eggs and access cards to advance further into the level. The player must battle a varying amount of dinosaur foes such as Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, and Compsognathus. Tyrannosaurus rex is also encountered as an end boss in a couple of levels. Dinosaurs such as the T. rex cannot be killed by the player, only avoided. Common dinosaurs can be killed by using guns, which are scattered throughout each level. There are also \\\"mystery boxes\\\" scattered throughout the game, which have ranging effects. Some will give the player additional health, temporary invincibility or an extra life. However, some will power down the player's energy or take away a life. The game gives the player three lives and four continues. The Game Boy version is a port of the NES version, but includes the addition of a database, providing information on the game's dinosaurs. Development and release Ocean Software, a British video game development company, paid an undisclosed six-figure sum to secure the rights to the Jurassic Park license to develop a game based on the film. To aid Ocean Software in creating the game, Universal Studios provided the programmers with various materials related to the film, including the script and photos of the sets. In the United States, Jurassic Park was released in June 1993. Limited Run Games re-released the NES and\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (NES video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30648190\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park: The Game is an episodic graphic adventure video game based on the 1993 film Jurassic Park and released for the PlayStation 3, Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, and Xbox 360. The game was developed and published by Telltale Games as part of a licensing deal with Universal Partnerships & Licensing. The game is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, the location of a dinosaur theme park known as Jurassic Park. In the game, set during and after the events of the 1993 film, it serves as a miniseries consisting of four episodes, but the plot also focuses on the retrieval of a canister full of dinosaur embryos which had been lost during the film after Dennis Nedry's failed attempt to deliver them to the docks. The game was announced in June 2010, and was initially scheduled for release in April 2011, but was delayed until November. It received mixed reviews from critics on release. Gameplay Jurassic Park: The Game is a point-and-click adventure game in which the player uses a combination of buttons to progress. The player controls various characters throughout the game, which is played across four portions known as \\\"episodes\\\". The game has decision-based objectives as well as quick-time events that affect gameplay as well as how the game's events play out. Plot Episode 1: The Intruder Dr. Gerry Harding, Sarah Harding's father, is the chief veterinarian for the Jurassic Park dinosaur theme park, owned by InGen and located on the tropical island of Isla Nublar. The game begins with Gerry showing his teenage daughter Jess, Sarah's younger sister, around the park. At this time, Dennis Nedry puts his plan into motion to shut down the park's security and escape with stolen dinosaur embryos, hidden inside a modified canister of shaving cream. During a tropical storm, Nedry's two contacts, Nima Cruz and Miles Chadwick, head into the park after he fails to meet them at the dock. After getting past the deactivated fences, they find Nedry's Jeep, and his corpse. They find the embryo canister as well, but are attacked by a pack of Dilophosaurus before they can use Nedry's jeep to escape. Chadwick is killed, but before the Dilophosaurs can kill Nima, they suddenly flee in terror at the sound of unknown dinosaurs with glowing eyes, one of which bites Nima, who leaves the now-damaged jeep and Chadwick's corpse behind and flees through the jungle with the canister and Chadwick's gun. On their way to the dock, Gerry and Jess encounter Nima, who is now delirious from the bite and needs medical attention. They drive to the Visitor's Center, but are delayed by a juvenile Triceratops blocking the road. When Gerry and Jess get the dinosaur back into its enclosure, the alpha-female Triceratops appears and mistakes them as a threat, attacking their Jeep. The park's T.rex has escaped its paddock and approaches the Triceratops. While the two dinosaurs fight, the humans hide in a nearby maintenance shed, where they spend the night. Dr. Laura Sorkin,\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park: The Game\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45249481\",\n \"text\": \"Lego Jurassic World is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by TT Fusion and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It adapts the plots of the first four films in the Jurassic Park franchise, and is part of a series of Lego-themed video games. The game was released for Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Windows, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on 12 June 2015 to coincide with the theatrical release of Jurassic World. An OS X port by Feral Interactive followed shortly thereafter, on 23 July. Lego Jurassic World was later released for Android and iOS on 31 March 2016. A Nintendo Switch version was later released on 17 September 2019. Gameplay Lego Jurassic World'''s gameplay is similar to previous Lego video games. Gameplay consists of the player solving puzzles. The game features 20 levels, with five levels based on each film. The levels are accessed through a free-roaming overworld area. The game incorporates a two-player cooperation mode. The game features more than 100 unlockable characters to play as, including more than 20 dinosaur species, such as Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus, Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus. Mr. DNA, a cartoon character featured in the 1993 Jurassic Park film, is also an unlockable character. Throughout the game, Mr. DNA provides the player with hints; and with dinosaur trivia, as he did in the Jurassic Park video game for the Super NES. Human characters include Dr. Alan Grant, Ian Malcolm, and Owen Grady. Each character has a special ability. The utilization of each character's ability is required to progress through the game. Jurassic World producers Pat Crowley and Frank Marshall appear as unlockable characters, as well as the film's director, Colin Trevorrow. Steven Spielberg, who has acted as director and executive producer for films in the series, is also an unlockable character. The player can also create new human characters by travelling to either the Jurassic Park Visitor Center or the Jurassic World Innovation Center. Hybrid dinosaurs can also be created from various parts of dinosaurs that can be unlocked during the game's progression. Enemies include Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Troodon and Velociraptor. The 3DS version excludes the free-roaming mode for a central hub instead, but is otherwise nearly identical to the home console versions of the game. The Android and iOS versions also use a main hub section to access levels; because of limitations on digital storage space, these versions feature fewer levels and fewer cutscenes than the home console versions, and the levels are also reduced in size. The iOS version supports use of iCloud and Game Center. Plot The game follows the storylines from the Jurassic Park films: Jurassic Park, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, Jurassic Park III and Jurassic World. However, the developers modified the storylines to fit the events into five levels per film. Notable scenes from each film have been recreated in the game, although as the game was intended for a younger audience, the scenes are depicted in a more humorous manner. All death scenes from\",\n \"title\": \"Lego Jurassic World\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70855438\",\n \"text\": \"Toxungen comprises a secretion or other body fluid of one or more biological toxins that is transferred by one animal to the external surface of another animal via a physical delivery mechanism. Toxungens can be delivered through spitting, spraying, or smearing. As one of three categories of biological toxins, toxungens can be distinguished from poisons, which are passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin, and venoms, which are delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action. Toxungen use offers the evolutionary advantage of delivering toxins into the target's tissues without the need for physical contact. Taxonomic distribution Toxungens have evolved in a variety of animals, including flatworms, insects, arachnids, cephalopods, amphibians, and reptiles. Toxungen use possibly exists in birds, as a number of species deploy defensive secretions from their stomachs, uropygial glands, or cloacas, and some anoint themselves with heterogenously acquired chemicals from millipedes, caterpillars, beetles, plant materials, and even manufactured pesticides. Some of the described substances may be toxic, at least to ectoparasites, which would qualify them as toxungens. Toxungen use might also exist in several mammal groups. Slow lorises (genus Nycticebus), which comprise several species of nocturnal primates in Southeast Asia, produce a secretion in their brachial glands (a scent gland near their armpit) that possesses apparent toxicity. When the secretion is licked and combined with saliva, their bite introduces the secretion into a wound, which can cause sometimes severe tissue injury to conspecifics and other aggressors, thereby functioning as a venom. They can also rub the secretion on their fur or lick their offspring before stashing them in a secure location, thereby functioning potentially as a toxungen. Skunks and several other members of Mephitidae and Mustelidae spray a noxious and potentially injurious secretion from their anal sac when threatened. High concentrations of the spray can be toxic, with rare accounts of spray victims suffering injury and even death. Although the extinct theropod Dilophosaurus was portrayed in the original Jurassic Park and Jurassic World Dominion movies as capable of spitting a toxic secretion, no evidence exists to suggest that any dinosaur possessed either a toxungen or venom. Classification of toxin deployment Animals that deploy toxungens are referred to as toxungenous. Some animals use their toxins in multiple ways, and can be classified as poisonous, toxungenous, and/or venomous. Examples include the scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus, which is both toxungenous (can spray its toxins) and venomous (can inject its toxins), and the snake Rhabdophis tigrinus, which is poisonous (sequesters toad and/or firefly toxins in its nuchal gland tissues that are toxic if consumed by a predator), toxungenous (the nuchal glands are pressurized and can spray the toxins when ruptured), and venomous (toxic oral gland secretions can be injected via the teeth). Even humans can be considered facultatively poisonous, toxungenous, and venomous because they sometimes make use of toxins by all three means for research and development (e.g., biomedical purposes), agriculture (e.g., spraying insecticides), and nefarious reasons (to kill other animals, including humans). Evolution\",\n \"title\": \"Toxungen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3373612\",\n \"text\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a light gun arcade game from Sega. It was released in 1997, and is based on the film of the same name. It is also a sequel to Sega's 1994 Jurassic Park arcade game. A third Jurassic Park arcade game, based on Jurassic Park III, was made by Konami in 2001. Gameplay Ian Malcolm and Sarah Harding go missing after landing on Isla Sorna to conduct an investigation. A rescue team is sent to the island. The player(s) control(s) one of two rangers, whose goal is to find Dr. Malcolm and Dr. Harding. Player(s) battle dinosaurs by disabling them with tranquilizer darts. The game features five levels based on environments from the film, including a laboratory and a workers' village. Four of the levels feature a boss battle that must be won to advance the game. Boss enemies include 2 large meat-eating dinosaurs which are Tyrannosaurus and Carnotaurus as well as the prehistoric crocodilian Deinosuchus. Velociraptors are also featured as enemies throughout the game. Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, and pterosaurs are also encountered throughout the game. At times, the game presents the player(s) with an opportunity to rescue a human who is being attacked by one or multiple dinosaurs. Saving the human results in the human rewarding the player(s) with either a temporary weapon upgrade or additional health. Like some of Sega's light gun rail shooters such as Virtua Cop and The House of the Dead, The Lost World: Jurrasic Park features a dynamically adjusting difficulty system that will increase difficulty as the player progresses and decrease as they lose lives. As difficulty increases, dinosaurs attack quicker, more dinosaurs will try to attack the player simultaneously, and more target icons need to be shot to cancel a boss dinosaur's attack. Development The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1997 film of the same name. Having developed the original Jurassic Park arcade game, Sega AM3, a division of Sega, became interested in making the game after hearing about the film. Additionally hoping that they could make use of Sega's new relationship with Spielberg's company DreamWorks (the two companies were partnered for the GameWorks chain of entertainment venues), producer Mie Kumagai presented her ideas to AM3 president Hisao Oguchi, who approved. AM3 began developing the game in early 1997, after receiving permission from Universal Studios. Shinichi Ogasawara was the game's director. The development team wanted the sequel to have more tension. Sega AM3 utilized Sega's Model 3 arcade system board, as Model 2 was not advanced enough for certain features. Model 3 allowed the game to operate at 60 frames and 100,000 polygons per second. It was the first shooting game to use Model 3, which Sega AM3 had never used before. The development team had difficulty designing the game due to unfamiliarity with Model 3. The team also faced a tight deadline to get the game finished and released. Early in development, the developers only had access to the film's original script.\",\n \"title\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25388853\",\n \"text\": \"The East Berlin Formation is an Early Jurassic geological formation in New England, United States. Dinosaur footprints and trackways are abundant in this formation. These tracks include Eubrontes (belonging to medium-sized-theropods similar to Dilophosaurus), Anchisauripus (belonging to small theropods like Coelophysis), and Anomoepus (belonging to indeterminate small ornithischians). Several museums, parks, and tourist attractions are based around the East Berlin Formation's dinosaur tracks, including Dinosaur State Park in Rocky Hill, Connecticut and Powder Hill Dinosaur Park in Middlefield, Connecticut. Although the East Berlin Formation was originally intended to apply to the Hartford Basin of Connecticut and Massachusetts, equivalent strata is found elsewhere in the Newark Supergroup. Equivalent formations include the Waterfall Formation (Culpeper Basin; Virginia, Maryland), Towaco Formation (Newark Basin; New Jersey), White Oaks Formation (Pomperaug Basin, Connecticut), and Turner Falls Sandstone (Deerfield Basin, Massachusetts). See also List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks Indeterminate ornithischian tracks Footnotes References Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. . Jurassic Massachusetts Jurassic Connecticut\",\n \"title\": \"East Berlin Formation\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"11134473","text":"Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender is a 2001 side-scrolling video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure. It is based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. The player is depicted as a person in a bio-mechanical suit hired by Jurassic Park to bring power back to the electrified fences and capture all the free-roaming dinosaurs. A modified version of the game's first level, as well as some of the game's animation and audio, was re-used for another video game titled Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!, also developed and published by Knowledge Adventure. Plot After a training mission, the player is shown a cutscene of a typhoon raging across Jurassic Park, a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Sorna. Power to the island and its electrified fences is cut off from the storm, allowing the dinosaurs to escape. The player is briefed that all the dinosaurs must be captured \"before they destroy one another\". The player controls a Dino Defender, a person inside a bio-mechanical suit. The character first lands on a beach with a few Compsognathus on it. Soon after, the character runs into some Velociraptors at a small cliff. The character advances and then must swim while avoiding jellyfish and purple seaweed. The character advances to an underwater cavern, where raptors and stegosaurs are encountered and must be captured or avoided. The character then discovers a steep ravine and is knocked over a cliff by a Pteranodon. The character climbs the cliff, jumping over many gaps while avoiding pterosaurs. At the top of the cliff, the character escapes baby pteranodons and a Tyrannosaurus rex. The T. rex then chases the character and falls down a pit after it crosses an unstable bridge, but survives. The character goes into the jungle and avoids additional dinosaurs, before going down a waterfall. The character avoids a T. rex and discovers a construction elevator. A Spinosaurus arrives and the character escapes on vines. The T. rex and Spinosaurus face off, with the Spinosaurus fleeing. The character moves from the Tyrannosaurus pen to tunnels, where more Velociraptors must be captured. The character escapes to the visitor center and encounters the Spinosaurus. The character activates flip switches which cause the visitor center's dinosaur skeletons to crush the Spinosaurus. After leaving the visitor center, multiple helicopters fly off with the dinosaurs the character had tranquilized. Gameplay The six levels of Dino Defender consist of fast-paced quick thinking challenges. The player must move around obstacles and find supply boxes, switch on circuit breakers and avoid dinosaurs. Helicopters drop supply boxes onto the island, which contain gear such as a net, a tranquilizer or a distractor flare which can be used to capture or distract dinosaurs. \"Call boxes\" can be used to lure dinosaurs and various other weapons to tranquilize them. \"Circuit Breakers\" scattered around the island can be switched on to activate the island's electricity. To collect gear to capture/tranquilize a certain dinosaur, the player must find a 'supply box' which contains a","title":"Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender"},{"docid":"71450070","text":"Owen Grady is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in the fourth film Jurassic World (2015), which is also the first installment in the Jurassic World trilogy. Colin Trevorrow directed and co-wrote the film, casting Chris Pratt as Owen. He is one of the three main protagonists in the trilogy, along with his love interest Claire Dearing (portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard), and his adoptive daughter, Maisie Lockwood (portrayed by Isabella Sermon), who made her debut in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran and animal behavioral scientist researching Velociraptor at the dinosaur theme park Jurassic World, located on Isla Nublar. By the end of the first film, he and Claire begin a relationship. Pratt reprised the role in the film's sequels. In Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), he and Claire have broken off their relationship, and she is leading an effort to save the Isla Nublar dinosaurs from a volcanic eruption. Owen agrees to join her rescue mission so he can save Blue, the last survivor of his old raptor group, with whom he has a close connection. Later in the film, he and Claire reconcile and become adoptive parents to Maisie Lockwood, the biogenetic granddaughter of Benjamin Lockwood. In Jurassic World Dominion (2022), Owen and Claire remain in a relationship and are raising Maisie, who is kidnapped by Biosyn for research purposes along with Blue's asexually reproduced baby, Beta. The couple then embark on a rescue mission to retrieve them from Biosyn. The concept of a raptor handler was conceived as early as 2004, by Jurassic World executive producer Steven Spielberg. He was disappointed with early drafts that featured the animals being trained for missions, although he believed the idea still had potential. Trevorrow was hired as the film's director and co-writer in 2013, and incorporated Spielberg's idea while scaling it back. Owen Grady is among Pratt's most popular roles. The character has overall received a mixed to positive reception from critics. While some reviews criticized the films for not fully utilizing Pratt's skill as a comic actor and Owen's minimal characterization garnered mixed reactions, Pratt's overall performance has been well-received, and some consider Owen to be one of the best Jurassic Park characters. Fictional background Jurassic World In the first film, Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran who works as an on-site animal behaviorist at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park located on the island of Isla Nublar. Owen and his friend, Barry, are studying four Velociraptors on the island, on behalf of InGen Security and its chief, Hoskins. Their research is done to test the raptors' intelligence, although they oppose Hoskins's long-term goal to use the animals as military weapons. Owen explains that his relationship with the raptors is a personal one and that they only respond to him under controlled conditions. He was once romantically attracted to Claire Dearing, the park's operations manager, though their conflicting personalities ended a potential relationship after one date. To increase park","title":"Owen Grady"},{"docid":"61217127","text":"Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit is a two-part animated television special that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Inspired by the Lego toyline, it was aired on NBC in the United States on November 29, 2018. It was later released on DVD in North America as a 43-minute film by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment on January 15, 2019. The special was followed by the 13-episode miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar in 2019. Plot Set in 2012, Simon Masrani is planning a secretive new exhibit at his Jurassic World dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Park worker Claire Dearing is responsible for ensuring that three dinosaurs – Baryonyx, Carnotaurus and Stygimoloch – are transported from Isla Sorna to Isla Nublar to become part of the new exhibit. If Claire does well, Simon will make her assistant manager of park operations. Animal behaviorist Owen Grady is hired to transport the dinosaurs to Isla Nublar, along with four Velociraptor eggs. Owen and his helicopter pilot face a thunderstorm while transporting the dinosaurs, but eventually reach Isla Nublar safely. Upon arrival, the eggs hatch and Vic Hoskins is intent on training the velociraptors to obey commands. Owen is disappointed to learn that his job is not over yet, as he still has to transport the three dinosaurs by truck to the other side of Isla Nublar. During the transportation, a boy hijacks a park tour vehicle and takes it for a joyride across the island. Owen, accompanied by his dog Red, follows the boy and stops him. Claire proceeds with transporting the dinosaurs on her own. Meanwhile, Simon wants his scientists, Dr. Henry Wu and Allison Miles, to create a new dinosaur attraction to increase park attendance. Eventually, he decides to have them bake dinosaur-themed cookies to accompany the opening of his new exhibit. In the second half of the special, disgruntled park worker Danny Nedermeyer infiltrates the park's control room and secretly sabotages operations. Owen reunites with Claire and helps her transport the dinosaurs. At Owen's insistence, they take a shortcut, but their truck plummets down a hill and crashes, and the caged dinosaurs escape. In addition, Danny shuts down power to one of the dinosaur enclosures, allowing the park's Tyrannosaurus rex to escape. Owen manages to get the dinosaurs contained, and Vic is impressed with Owen's ability to control the animals. Owen agrees to Vic's job offer to train the four baby raptors. Simon's exhibit, consisting of a three-dinosaur carousel, opens to the public. Danny is revealed to be the nephew of Dennis Nedry as he secretly vows to continue his efforts to bring down Jurassic World. Cast Britt McKillip as Claire Dearing Ian Hanlin as Owen Grady Dhirendra as Simon Masrani Alex Zahara as Vic Hoskins Vincent Tong as Dr. Henry Wu, ACU Team Member, Boy, Captain Bethany Brown as Allison Miles, Mom Adrian Petriw as Danny Nedermeyer Sabrina Pitre as Park Vet Broadcast In Canada, the special debuted on","title":"Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit"},{"docid":"57421235","text":"Jurassic World: The Ride is a dark water ride attraction that is themed to the Jurassic World series at Universal Studios Hollywood. The original Jurassic Park: The Ride, which operated from June 21, 1996, to September 3, 2018, underwent a major refurbishment and reopened as Jurassic World: The Ride. History The ride was announced on May 10, 2018, by Universal Studios Hollywood officials during a 25th anniversary celebration of the 1993 film Jurassic Park, directed by Steven Spielberg. It was stated that Jurassic Park: The Ride, which opened on June 21, 1996, would be closed for retheming based on the 2015 film Jurassic World and its 2018 sequel Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The Jurassic Cafe restaurant and Jurassic Outfitters retail store near the original attraction were also closed temporarily to be rethemed. Universal Creative worked on the new ride, and Jon Corfino was the project director and show producer. He worked closely on the ride with Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall, the director and producer respectively for the 2015 film. Corfino worked to blend elements of the old ride with the new one, and the final idea was presented to Spielberg. The team had to rush to get the ride finished for the busy summer tourist season. Mosasaurus, an aquatic reptile that appeared in the films, is digitally featured on the ride. Industrial Light & Magic collaborated with the design team at Universal Studios Hollywood to create the creature and its environment. The walls of the Mosasaurus tank are depicted across four large, high-definition screens on both sides of the boat. A 3D effect makes objects in the foreground move faster than those in the background, a technique that gives the Mosasaurus a realistic appearance. The attraction also features larger dinosaurs than Jurassic Park: The Ride, and new animatronics allow the dinosaurs to move better than their predecessors. Several actors from the films reprise their roles for the ride: Chris Pratt as Owen Grady, Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing, and BD Wong as Dr. Henry Wu. The attraction officially opened on July 12, 2019, without advanced notice or fanfare. It previously had a soft opening for friends and family of Universal employees. The official opening coincided with a number of other Jurassic World-themed attractions adjacent to the ride entrance. Guests can take part in the Triceratops Encounter, where guests interact with Juliet, a Triceratops, and Dino Play, in which young visitors excavate large dinosaur fossils. Guests can also interact with baby Velociraptors like Sierra or Tango along with their trainer. The Mosasaurus is part of the Aquarium Observatory section, an area that responds to real-world weather, changing between day time and night time depending on the actual time of day. Jurassic Cafe introduced a bar called Isla Nu-bar, named after the series' fictional Isla Nublar island. Following a refurbishment in 2021, the ride's climax was updated with a new Indominus Rex animatronic. Ride description Queue and pre-show Guests enter through the Jurassic World gates and into a series of","title":"Jurassic World: The Ride"},{"docid":"1663525","text":"Jurassic Park is an open-world action-adventure video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), based on the 1990 novel and 1993 film of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software in 1993 in North America and PAL regions, and published by Jaleco in 1994 in Japan. The player controls Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who has become trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. The game's exterior portion is viewed from a top-down perspective, but shifts to a first-person view during interior sections. The game garnered praise for these varied and three-dimensional perspectives, the usage of stereo sound, and the adventure gameplay. In 1994, Ocean released a sequel, Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues, with gameplay which significantly differs from that of the original. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the novel and film of the same name. Following a computer system failure, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped at an island theme park, known as Jurassic Park, that is populated with dinosaurs. The player controls Grant, and begins the game armed with a cattle prod, although the game also features five other weapons: tranquilizer gun, shotgun, bolas, gas grenade launcher, and missile launcher. The game features seven different dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player is given five lives, and two continues when all lives are lost. Grant's health is represented by a red health bar. Food and first-aid kits located throughout the game can replenish the player's health. Motion sensors set up around the island allow characters in the game to communicate advice to the player, although some advice is deliberately malicious. If Grant loses a life, the player is restarted at the last motion sensor with which Grant came into contact. Mr. DNA, a character from the film, provides dinosaur facts to the player if the game is paused or remains idle for too long. The player must open and close multiple gates to travel around the island. The game's music changes depending on the player's location in the park. The player is also required to collect dinosaur eggs throughout the game. The game's world is spacious and non-linear. The exterior portion, played from a top-down perspective, consists of a maze that is made up of jungle trees, along with rock formations, canals, fences, gates, and a number of buildings that can be entered and explored. The game switches to a first-person perspective when the player enters one of these buildings. The player must collect ID cards belonging to characters on the island in order to access certain rooms. Other rooms are completely dark and require night vision goggles to enter. Some buildings contain multiple floors that are accessed via elevators. Jurassic Park supports the Super NES Mouse when playing first-person sequences or operating computer terminals. To win the game, the player must complete several objectives, starting with powering up a computer to re-activate the park's motion sensors. Once activated,","title":"Jurassic Park (SNES video game)"},{"docid":"53681874","text":"John Russell Foster (born November 3, 1966) is an American paleontologist. Foster has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains, Foster is also working on Cambrian age trilobite faunas in the southwest region of the American west. He named the crocodyliform trace fossil Hatcherichnus sanjuanensis in 1997 and identified the first known occurrence of the theropod trace fossil Hispanosauropus in North America in 2015. Career Born November 3, 1966, San Diego, California. High School, Los Gatos High School, Los Gatos, California. 1985 A.B. Geology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California. 1989 M.S. Paleontology, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota. 1993 Ph.D. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 1998 He is adjunct faculty of geology at Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado. From 2014 to 2018 he was the Director of the Museum of Moab. He served for thirteen years as Curator of Paleontology at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2001 to 2014. He is currently a curator at the Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum in Vernal, Utah. Professional work An expert on the Late Jurassic, he has spent more than twenty-five years excavating fossils across the western United States, authoring and coauthoring more than 55 professional papers, ranging from Triassic to Cretaceous, with a few Cambrian and Cenozoic studies appearing as well. In addition to dinosaurs, he has spent over a decade working in the Cambrian shales of the western United States. Triassic In December 2017, he and coauthors Xavier A. Jenkins of Arizona State University and Robert J. Gay of Colorado Canyons Association formally published their study on the oldest known dinosaur from Utah, a neotheropod that is likely an animal similar to Coelophysis. Jurassic His researches in the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains includes the geographic and environmental distributions of microvertebrates and dinosaurs. He served as the lead researcher at the Mygatt-Moore Quarry in western Colorado for 14 years, and continues to work in the Late Jurassic of eastern Utah and western Colorado. His current work includes the excavation of the first known dinosaur from the western United States, \"Dystrophaeus,\" on Bureau of Land Management lands in San Juan County, Utah. Foster had a ceratosaurid ceratosaur theropod dinosaur, Fosterovenator, named after him in 2014 Cambrian His researches in the Cambrian of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau, includes the study of taphonomy and biostratinomy of trilobites, and what this information indicates about the paleoenvironmental conditions on the shallow shelf of western North American during the early Paleozoic. Popular books Foster is the author of Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World, followed by his second book Cambrian Ocean World. References Bibliography Lockley, M. G., Gierlinski, G., Matthews, N. A., Xing, L., Foster, J. R., and Cart, K. 2017. New dinosaur track occurrences from the Upper Jurassic Salt Wash Member (Morrison Formation) of southeastern Utah: Implications for thyreophoran trackmaker distribution and diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","title":"John Foster (paleontologist)"},{"docid":"68464954","text":"Jurassic Park is a 1993 platform game developed and published by Sega for the Game Gear. Another version, with identical gameplay, was also released for the Master System. The game is based on the 1993 film of the same name. It was praised for its graphics, but criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a platform game set at a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. The dinosaurs escape after the failure of the electric fence enclosures, and the player is tasked with rounding up the animals. The game features five areas of Isla Nublar. The player can play the first four areas in any order, but cannot access the final area – Jurassic Park's Visitor Center – until the others are completed. Each area begins with a driving level, played from a side-scrolling perspective, as the player shoots at oncoming dinosaurs. The player then proceeds on foot, and is armed with three weapons. The player can jump and hang from ledges. Medical kits can be collected to refill the player's health bar, while bottles can be collected to expand the health bar. At the end of each area is a boss enemy, such as Brachiosaurus, Pteranodon, Triceratops, and Velociraptor. The final boss enemy is a Tyrannosaurus rex. The Master System version has identical gameplay. In both versions, Jurassic Park is opened to the public upon completion of the game. Reception Jurassic Park received praise for its graphics, but was criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Sega Visions wrote: \"Even without the hot Jurassic Park license, this portable action game would stand on its own with solid graphics and game play\". Richard Longhurst of Sega Power called it \"the most shameful film licence game ever to disgrace the Gear\". Rob Pegley, also writing for Sega Power, reviewed the Master System version and found the gameplay to be unoriginal. The game was generally praised by four critics writing for Electronic Gaming Monthly, although two were unimpressed with the driving portions of the game. Mean Machines opined that the game had a lack of levels and variety. The game's music received praise and criticism. \"Scary Larry\" of GamePro stated that the sound effects \"are stale, but effective\", writing that the game \"tries to emulate the roar of the beasts and the sounds of the jungle, but the dinosaurs end up sounding sickly\". Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games praised the sampled dinosaur roars. Mean Machines found them to be \"awful\", and also criticized the \"instantly forgettable music\". References External links Jurassic Park at MobyGames 1993 video games Jurassic Park video games Game Gear games Master System games Platformers Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Single-player video games","title":"Jurassic Park (Game Gear video game)"},{"docid":"50883740","text":"Scan Command: Jurassic Park (also known as Jurassic Park: Scan Command) is a 2001 fighting strategy video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure for Microsoft Windows. The game is based on the 2001 film, Jurassic Park III, and was considered unique for its use of a barcode scanner accessory known as the Scan Command. Gameplay Scan Command: Jurassic Park involves an evil scientist, Dr. Irene Corts, who has taken over the Jurassic Park theme park with her army of genetically altered dinosaurs and plans to use them to achieve world domination. The player's goal is to stop Corts. The player must also locate five children and help them escape Jurassic Park. The game features eight playable creatures from the first three Jurassic Park films. The player starts out as a Velociraptor, while other dinosaurs such as Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus rex become unlocked as more levels are completed. The game features seven levels, including caves, jungles, swamps, dilapidated InGen laboratories, and steel pyramids. The final level is set inside an active volcano. The game included a portable, battery-powered barcode scanner, known as the Scan Command, capable of storing up to 25 scans at a time. Barcodes are scanned by the player to obtain \"genetic codes\". Barcodes are loaded into the game by connecting the scanner to a computer's serial port. When a barcode is loaded, it is transformed into dinosaur DNA as part of a puzzle minigame. Once completed, the \"genetic codes\" can then be used to enhance the player's defenses and attacks, with customizable traits such as agility and strength. Players can also trade \"genetic codes\". After reaching a certain power level, the player's creature can fight in real-time battles against other creatures controlled by evil scientists at InGen. In addition to solving puzzles, the player must also defeat enemy dinosaurs to advance to each new level. Development and release In March 2001, Knowledge Adventure, a subsidiary of Vivendi Universal Publishing, obtained the rights to develop video games based on Universal Studios' upcoming film, Jurassic Park III. The concept of Scan Command and its barcode-scanning aspect were considered unusual when the game was unveiled at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in May 2001. Richard Wyckoff, one of the game's designers, said: \"We figure that unless you live in a cave you're going to be surrounded by bar codes. That's why we chose them. They're so ubiquitous in our society\". The game was unveiled with the initial title of Scan Command: A Jurassic Park III Game, and was released as Scan Command: Jurassic Park on October 11, 2001. Reception Jason MacIsaac of The Electric Playground gave the game a 79 percent rating out of 100 and praised the scanner accessory: \"It's a unique idea, and as a source of entertainment, nearly limitless. [...] And I'm surprised at how well this idea works into the gameplay\". However, MacIsaac negatively wrote, \"game screens can look like they've locked up when moving data\". Jon Thompson of AllGame rated the game four stars","title":"Scan Command: Jurassic Park"},{"docid":"71416196","text":"Dr. Henry Wu is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. He also appears briefly in the novel's 1993 film adaptation and plays a larger role in the Jurassic World film trilogy. Dr. Wu is the lead geneticist for the dinosaur theme parks Jurassic Park and Jurassic World, overseeing the de-extinction of dinosaurs through genetic engineering. He is killed by a Velociraptor in the novel, but survives throughout the film series, in which he is portrayed by actor BD Wong. Although Wu is a supporting character in the novel, he has a drastically reduced role in the film adaptation, directed by Steven Spielberg. Wong and Wu are both Asian-American, and the actor believed that the role was reduced, to his disappointment, because of \"racial exclusion in Hollywood\". Wong was skeptical that he would ever reprise the role, but eventually did so for the fourth film in the franchise, Jurassic World (2015). It was directed by Colin Trevorrow, who co-wrote the script with Derek Connolly. The writers viewed Wu as a logical character to return, considering his role in recreating dinosaurs. Wong is the only actor from any of the previous films to appear in Jurassic World, and he and Trevorrow were happy to revisit the character after his minor role in the first film. Wong reprised the role again for the sequels, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022), which were also co-written by Trevorrow. In the Jurassic World trilogy, Wu secretly creates weaponized hybrid dinosaurs at the behest of others, although the animals later escape and wreak havoc. In Dominion, he secretly engineers giant locusts for his employer, Biosyn, which unleashes the insects to consume rival crops in a plot to control the world food supply. The character undergoes a redemption when he expresses regret for his actions and eventually stops the locust outbreak. Wu is sometimes considered a villain in the Jurassic World films, although Wong believes the character is misunderstood, stating that his research is well intentioned and driven by the demands of others. Aside from the films, Wong also reprised the role for the video games Jurassic World Evolution (2018) and Jurassic World Aftermath (2020), as well as two theme park attractions, Jurassic World: The Ride and VelociCoaster. Fictional background Dr. Henry Wu is the chief geneticist at Jurassic Park, a theme park featuring genetically engineered dinosaurs on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. Wu was recruited by the park's owner, John Hammond, to bring dinosaurs back from extinction for use as attractions. Novels In the novel, Wu was a student of geneticist Norman Atherton, who was Hammond's partner in the Jurassic Park project. After Atherton died of cancer, Wu was personally recruited by Hammond to join the project. Wu is eager to make his mark in the science world, and Hammond gives him an opportunity to do so, offering him a $50 million budget to create living","title":"Henry Wu (Jurassic Park)"},{"docid":"70560227","text":"Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game, the first to be developed by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall. It is based on the first five films in the Jurassic Park franchise. After years in development, the game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, and quickly achieved its $100,000 fundraising goal. It was released in October 2022. Early reception was generally positive. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game for two to four players, ages 10 and up. The game follows the plots of the first five Jurassic Park films. It is set on Isla Nublar, the fictional island featured in several films. As in the first Jurassic Park film, the players' goal is to build a dinosaur theme park on the island and achieve a lasting legacy. Gameplay takes place across 12 sessions spanning the events of the five films. Players choose from several playable characters, including Dr. Alan Grant, Dr. Ellie Sattler, Dr. Ian Malcolm, John Hammond, Dr. Henry Wu, and Robert Muldoon. The game also introduces several original characters and scenarios not seen in the films. The game initially features four dinosaurs, and eight additional creatures can be encountered as the game progresses. Dinosaurs are represented as mini figures, while humans take the form of cardboard tabs placed into plastic holders. Gameplay generally revolves around the dinosaurs, such as avoiding carnivores or protecting herbivores. Players can also survey areas, enter buildings to play mini-games, and search for items such as tools and weapons. New gameplay mechanics are introduced throughout to alter the experience. Players must work together as a team and agree on what action to take, as their choices in one session can have permanent consequences in future sessions. For instance, stickers are placed on the board as the game progresses, representing locations or other elements that become permanent. Development and release Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar was in development for years. It was created by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall, marking its first legacy game. It is also the first film-based legacy game. Prospero Hall cited the COVID-19 pandemic as its biggest challenge in creating the game. The dinosaur figures are scaled-down replicas based on animations by Industrial Light & Magic, which worked on the CGI dinosaurs in each film. The development team tried to strike a balance with the original films while introducing new characters and story ideas to improve gameplay. In designing the game's look, Prospero Hall referred to old issues of adventure magazines and Scientific American, as well as maps and tourism pamphlets from the 1950s. As a result, the instruction manual and other game documents are designed in a 1950s pulp fiction comic style. The game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, quickly reaching its $100,000 fundraising goal. The game was released in October 2022, selling for $120. It is Prospero","title":"Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar"},{"docid":"2343984","text":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by DreamWorks Interactive and Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Electronic Arts and Sega for the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, respectively, in 1997. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. In 1998, a special edition of the game was released for the Sony PlayStation as a Greatest Hits title and featured several modifications to the gameplay. Gameplay The Saturn and PlayStation versions feature identical gameplay. The game features a side-scroller perspective. There are 5 characters in all throughout the course of the game, each with their own special abilities and attributes: Compsognathus, Human Hunter, Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, and Sarah Harding, who is also known as the \"Human Prey\". During gameplay, the character must complete all levels sequentially to gain access to the next character. For each character, there are \"DNA bonuses\" in each level that can be collected for access to storyboard art for that particular character. Actor Jeff Goldblum briefly reprised his role as Ian Malcolm for a secret ending that the player can access if every DNA bonus is collected. The secret ending is a video of Goldblum congratulating the player for finishing the game, but suggesting to go outside and do other activities instead. The Lost World: Jurassic Park ignores the plot of the film, despite featuring some of its dinosaurs and being set on \"Site B\", an island also known as Isla Sorna and used as InGen's dinosaur breeding site. The plot varies with every character, each one struggling to survive on the island, populated by over 20 species of dinosaurs in an environment of escalating chaos. Item pickups for the dinosaur characters are limited to food needed to maintain their strength, while item pickups for the human characters include gas canisters, automatic weapons, health refills, and rocket launchers. The playable dinosaurs' chapters consist of traversing various parts of the island, defending against other predators as well as InGen hunters. The \"Human Hunter\" chapters are largely based in more urban environments, including an underground complex, a geothermal center and an InGen lab. Although objectives are never elaborated on, the Hunter's goal is to eliminate any dinosaur threat. The final chapters involve Harding escaping the island on a cargo ship. Development DreamWorks Interactive announced that they were working on a video game based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park in the third quarter of 1996. In March 1997, Electronic Arts announced that it had secured the distribution and publishing rights for a PlayStation video game adaptation of the film, as part of a deal with DreamWorks. During the first two months of pre-production, producer Patrick Gilmore held daily meetings with his development team to develop a variety of ideas for the game. The ideas were ultimately put into a concept document that included more than 100 pages, some of which offered storyboards and detailed descriptions of each scene","title":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)"},{"docid":"10718863","text":"Garden Park is a paleontological site in Fremont County, Colorado, known for its Jurassic dinosaurs and the role the specimens played in the infamous Bone Wars of the late 19th century. Located north of Cañon City, the name originates from the area providing vegetables to the miners at nearby Cripple Creek in the 19th century. Garden Park proper is a triangular valley surrounded by cliffs on the southeast and southwest and by mountains to the north; however, the name is also refers to the dinosaur sites on top and along the cliffs. The dinosaur sites now form the Garden Park Paleontological Resource Area, which is overseen by the Bureau of Land Management. Geology Garden Park was formed by erosion of sedimentary rocks that have been distorted by uplift of the Rocky Mountains. The region is bisected by Four Mile Creek (also called Oil Creek), which has carved a canyon through the Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. One of these Mesozoic strata is the Morrison Formation, which is exposed within the canyon. However, because the formation contains high amounts of swelling clays, large faulted blocks or slump-blocks of the formation are slowly moving towards the creek. The result is to make it difficult to correlate the various dinosaur quarries because exposures are limited and not continuous. The formation in Garden Park can be divided informally into a lower and upper unit. The lower unit is composed primarily green and gray mudstones, with numerous lenticular, white to tan to gray sandstones. The upper is composed mostly of red mudstone, with lesser amounts of yellowish, often tabular sandstone. These two units probably correspond to the Tidwell, Saltwash and Brushy Basin members of the Morrison Formation on the Colorado Plateau. Dinosaurs The discovery of dinosaurs in the Garden Park area has been presented numerous times by Schuchert and LeVene, Shur, Ostrom and McIntosh, and Jaffe. Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope both produced major finds here. The lesser known post-Marsh and Cope collecting of dinosaurs has been presented by Monaco. She recounts the expeditions by the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in the early 20th century, the Denver Museum of Natural History in the 1930 and 1990s, and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in the mid-1950s. Dinosaurs from Garden Park on display include Allosaurus fragilis, Diplodocus longus, Ceratosaurus nasicornis, and Stegosaurus stenops at the National Museum of Natural History, Haplocanthosaurus delfsi at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and Othnielosaurus consors (then called Othnielia rex), Stegosaurus stenops and a clutch of Preprismatoolithus coloradensis eggs at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Major vertebrate quarries references (h) = holotype References External links Garden Park Fossil Area - Bureau of Land Management Hands On The Land Jurassic Colorado Jurassic paleontological sites of North America Morrison Formation Paleontology in Colorado Protected areas of Fremont County, Colorado Bureau of Land Management areas in Colorado","title":"Garden Park, Colorado"},{"docid":"72820001","text":"Velociraptor was popularized by its appearance in the Jurassic Park franchise, which features numerous individuals. They first appear in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, followed by a 1993 film adaptation from director Steven Spielberg, which spawned a series of films. Despite their name, Crichton heavily based the Velociraptors on the larger Deinonychus, and this was carried over into the films. The on-screen raptors were created using several production methods, including animatronics by Stan Winston and CGI by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). The 2015 film Jurassic World introduces a group of named raptors who are being trained in a research program. Among these is an individual named Blue, who returns in the sequels Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The concept of trained raptors was conceived by Spielberg, who served as executive producer on the Jurassic World films. Blue is among the most popular Jurassic Park/World dinosaurs and, alongside Rexy the Tyrannosaurus, has become a fan favorite in the franchise. Appearances In Crichton's original novel and the film adaptation, dinosaurs have been genetically engineered by InGen for a theme park on the fictional Isla Nublar. The Velociraptors are portrayed as intelligent pack hunters. They terrorize the main characters and are responsible for several deaths, including that of Ray Arnold. They also stalk Lex and Tim Murphy in a restaurant kitchen at the park's visitor center. The raptors are overseen by park warden Robert Muldoon, who is killed by them as well in the film. Muldoon notes that the raptors possess problem-solving intelligence and fast speeds reaching 60 miles per hour. Raptors are also featured in Crichton's sequel novel The Lost World and its film adaptation The Lost World: Jurassic Park, both taking place at InGen's abandoned site on Isla Sorna. The raptors again terrorize and kill several characters. A different group of raptors are featured in the 2001 film Jurassic Park III, also set on Isla Sorna. In the film, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant states that raptor intelligence was superior to that of primates. If not for the extinction of dinosaurs, Grant believes that raptors may have risen to become the dominant species on Earth. He theorizes that their intelligence came from an ability to communicate with each other, using their resonating chambers, a theory that is later proven when he encounters InGen's raptors on the island. In Jurassic World, Blue is the oldest of the four Velociraptors trained by Owen Grady for a research program on Isla Nublar, the site of a new theme park. She and her three younger sisters, Charlie, Delta, and Echo, are later used to hunt down the escaped hybrid dinosaur Indominus rex, only to turn against their trainer when accepting the Indominus as their new alpha. Later, Blue is the first to change her loyalty back to Owen and fight against the Indominus. After the rest of her pack is killed by the hybrid, Blue joins a battle between a T. rex (Rexy) and the Indominus, who is then","title":"Velociraptors in Jurassic Park"},{"docid":"65407767","text":"Jurassic Park, later also referred to as Jurassic World, is an American science fiction adventure media franchise. It focuses on the cloning of dinosaurs through ancient DNA, extracted from mosquitoes that have been fossilized in amber. The franchise explores the ethics of cloning and genetic engineering, and the morals behind de-extinction. The franchise began in 1990, with the release of Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park. A film adaptation, also titled Jurassic Park, was directed by Steven Spielberg and was released in 1993. Crichton then wrote a sequel novel, The Lost World (1995), and Spielberg directed its film adaptation, The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). Four additional films have been released, including Jurassic Park III in 2001, completing the original trilogy of films. The fourth installment, Jurassic World, was released in 2015, marking the beginning of a new trilogy. Its sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in 2018. The sixth film, Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022, marks the conclusion of the second trilogy. Two Jurassic World short films have also been released: Battle at Big Rock (2019) and a Jurassic World Dominion prologue (2021). Theropod dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor have had major roles throughout the film series. Other species, including Brachiosaurus and Spinosaurus, have also played significant roles. The series has also featured other creatures such as Mosasaurus and members of the pterosaur group, both commonly misidentified by the public as dinosaurs. The various creatures in the films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For the first three films, the animatronics were created by special-effects artist Stan Winston and his team, while Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) handled the CGI for all the films. The first film garnered critical acclaim for its innovations in CGI technology and animatronics. Since Winston's death in 2008, the practical dinosaurs have been created by other artists, including Legacy Effects and Image Engine (Jurassic World), Neal Scanlan (Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom), and John Nolan (Jurassic World Dominion). Paleontologist Jack Horner has served as the longtime scientific advisor on the films, and paleontologist Steve Brusatte was also consulted for Jurassic World Dominion. The original film was praised for its modern portrayal of dinosaurs. Horner said that it still contained many inaccuracies, but noted that it was not meant as a documentary. Later films in the series contain inaccuracies as well, for entertainment purposes. This includes the films' velociraptors, which are depicted as being larger than their real-life counterparts. In addition, the franchise's method for cloning dinosaurs has been deemed scientifically implausible, for a number of reasons. On-screen portrayals The various creatures in the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For each of the films, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) has handled dinosaur scenes that required CGI. Throughout the film series, ILM has studied large animals such as elephants and rhinos, for reference in designing the digital dinosaurs. Jurassic Park trilogy (1993–2001) For the original 1993 film Jurassic Park,","title":"Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park"},{"docid":"1460085","text":"The Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, is a park that houses fossilized remains and petrified eggs of dinosaurs. It is a man-made fossil park and not the actual nesting grounds where the dinosaurs lived. The eggs and fossils on display here are from the world's 3rd-largest dinosaur fossil excavation site and 2nd-largest hatchery at Raiyoli, Balasinor, Gujarat. The Park was set up by the Geological Survey of India and is the only dinosaur museum in the country. History In 1970, the Forest Department of the Gujarat Government began its planting and restoration efforts. The park, also known as India's Jurassic Park, is 428 hectares in size and contains sections such as the dinosaur section, fossil section, etc. Now, the park is managed by the Gujarat Ecological and Research Foundation (GEER). The oldest record of dinosaur bone fossils is of middle Jurassic period, and they are found from Patcham formation of Kutch basin. The fossils which were found in Upper Cretaceous formations in the region date back 66 million years. The eggs are of different sizes, some the size of cannonballs. Fossil trackways of these gargantuan animals are also on display in the park. Dinosaurs that are on display include Tyrannosaurus rex, Megalosaurus, Titanosaurus, Barapasaurus, Brachiosaurus, Antarctosaurus, Stegosaurus and Iguanodon. The park displays life-size models of the dinosaurs along with details of each period in which they existed and the characteristics of the animals. The fossils were found in the Songhir Bagh Basin, the Himatnagar basin of Balasinor, south-eastern parts of Kheda, Panchmahal and Vadodara districts of the state. Gallery References Paleontology in India Protected areas of Gujarat Fossil trackways Fossil parks in India Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad district Cretaceous paleontological sites of Asia Protected areas with year of establishment missing","title":"Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park"},{"docid":"5775130","text":"Jurassic Park III: Park Builder is a construction and management simulation game for the Game Boy Advance that was developed by Konami. The game was released on September 10, 2001. It is the second game, under the title Jurassic Park III, for the Game Boy Advance title games after The DNA Factor, released in the same year, it is followed by Island Attack. Summary Jurassic Park III: Park Builder challenges the player to design and run an island-based Jurassic Park theme park, similar to Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis. The player must first send an excavation team to one of eight worldwide locations to search for fossilized mosquitoes that contain dinosaur DNA, which is then used to create dinosaurs. The player can place structures in the park such as hotels, restaurants and shops. Hurricanes and earthquakes can damage the park's buildings. The player must advertise the park in order to attract more customers. Visitors to the park must view the dinosaurs while riding on tour buses. The player begins with three buses and can purchase more later. The player is given a maximum of eight holding pens for however many dinosaurs the park may have. There are six different environments on the island, including jungles, a beach, plains, and a desert. Dinosaurs can become ill and require medical attention. To keep them healthy, the dinosaurs are placed in environments that closely resemble their natural habitat. The game features 140 creatures, including Brachiosaurus, Mosasaurus, Pteranodon, Spinosaurus, Stegosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. The dinosaurs, depending on their size and aggression, are grouped into six categories: three for carnivores and three for herbivores. Reception The game was met with average to mixed reception, as GameRankings gave it a score of 68.54%, while Metacritic gave it 65 out of 100. AllGame criticized the game for its few sound effects and \"generic background music\", as well as the need to \"constantly switch back and forth\" between different menu screens, \"making it easy to forget what you're doing in relation to what needs to be done.\" IGN wrote a positive review but criticized the game for its lack of a tutorial mode: \"It's a very complex game with tons of little elements to manage...and it's boggling to see that the developers don't offer even the most basic tutorial for beginner park builders. Right from the get-go, you're thrust into the game without knowing what does what, or how you're supposed to do it.\" See also List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Park Builder Konami games Construction and management simulation games Video games with oblique graphics Video games based on films Video games based on adaptations Video games set on fictional islands Video games developed in Japan","title":"Jurassic Park III: Park Builder"},{"docid":"12154291","text":"Jurassic Park III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is a score of the 2001 film of the same name. It was orchestrated, composed and conducted by Don Davis and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. Davis incorporated John Williams' themes from the previous films into the score. Background and composition John Williams had previously composed the film soundtracks Jurassic Park (1993) and The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). As Jurassic Park III was underway, Williams was busy working on the A.I. Artificial Intelligence soundtrack and suggested Don Davis to handle the Jurassic Park III score. According to Davis: \"I suspect he wasn't too interested in doing the third part of a franchise that he said goodbye to sometime before\". Despite a rumor, James Horner was never considered to compose the film's score. After signing on to the project, Davis became unsure if his score could live up to Williams' work. He listened to the previous Jurassic Park scores, hoping for his own to maintain consistency with them. Some of Williams' prior themes, mostly from the first film, were used in Jurassic Park III, but some were shortened or lengthened to fit certain scenes. Williams provided his original handwritten scores to Davis. One of Williams' themes is used for the returning character of Dr. Alan Grant. Davis also composed a new theme which was supposed to recreate the mending relationship between Paul and Amanda Kirby. The score was recorded with a 104-piece orchestra, with Davis orchestrating and conducting. One track, \"Clash of Extinction\", was created for a battle scene between a T. rex and Spinosaurus, although Johnston ultimately removed the track. Aside from Davis' score, Johnston chose to include \"Big Hat, No Cattle\", a song by Randy Newman from his 1999 album Bad Love. Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original cue listing The complete known cue list is as follows (including alternates): \"Isla Sorna Sailing Situation\" - [4:22] \"The Dig Site (Unused)\" - [1:07] \"They Were Smart\" - [1:42] \"A Walk in the Park\" - [1:21] \"Resonating Chamber\" - [1:17] \"Alan Goes (Album Mix Ending)\" - [1:54] \"Dinosaur Fly-By (Album)\" - [2:12] \"What's a Bad Idea (Album)\" - [1:03] \"Coopers Last Stand\" - [1:43] \"We Haven't Landed Yet\" - [0:40] \"Frenzy Fuselage (Album Mix)\" - [3:12] \"Clash of Extinction (Unused)\" - [1:42] \"The Kirby's Story\" - [4:06] \"Bone Man Ben\" - [3:38] \"Raptor Eggs\" - [2:52] \"The Raptor Room\" - [2:34] \"The Raptor Repartee\" - [3:26] \"Eric Saves Alan\" - [1:47] \"Tree People\" - [2:02] \"Nash Calling\" - [3:36] \"Party Crasher\" - [3:17] \"Pteranodon Habitat\" - [3:01] \"Tiny Pecking Pteranodons\" - [3:23] \"Billy Oblivion\" - [2:49] \"Brachiosaurus on the Bank\" - [2:07] \"Reaching for Glory\" - [2:31] \"Underwater Attack\" - [2:11] \"Spinosaurus Confrontation\" - [3:02] \"River Reminiscence\" - [1:08] \"Ambush and Rescue\" - [3:40] \"The Hat Returns - End Credits (Album)\" - [5:22] \"Big Hat, No Cattle (Source)\" - [4:26] \"Alan Goes (Film Mix)\" - [1:50] \"Dinosaur Fly-By (Extended Film Version)\" - [2:21] \"Coopers Last Stand (Film Alternate) \" - [1:23] \"Frenzy Fuselage","title":"Jurassic Park III (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"524169","text":"High concept is a type of artistic work that can be easily pitched with a succinctly stated premise. It can be contrasted with low concept, which is more concerned with character development and other subtleties that are not as easily summarized. The origin of the term is disputed. Terminology High-concept narratives are typically characterised by an overarching \"what if?\" scenario that catalyses the following events. Many summer blockbuster movies are built on a high-concept idea, such as \"what if we could clone dinosaurs?\" as in Jurassic Park. High-concept narratives differ from analogous narratives. In the case of the latter, a high-concept story may be employed to allow commentary on an implicit subtext. A prime example of this might be George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, which asks, \"What if we lived in a future of totalitarian government?\" while simultaneously generating social comment and critique aimed at Orwell's own (real-world) contemporary society. Similarly, the Gene Roddenberry sci-fi series Star Trek went beyond the high concept storytelling of a futurist starship crew, by addressing 20th century social issues in a hypothetical and defamiliarising context. Planet of the Apes (1968) likewise engages in social commentary regarding race relations and other topics from modern human society via the lens of the ape civilization, in part as a response by screenplay co-writer Rod Serling to his experiences of anti-semitism. Characteristics The term is often applied to films that are pitched and developed almost entirely upon an engaging premise with broad appeal, rather than standing upon complex character study, cinematography, or other strengths that relate more to the artistic execution of a production. Extreme examples of high-concept films are Snakes on a Plane and Sharknado, which describe their entire premises in their titles. A movie described as being \"high-concept\" is considered easy to sell to a wide audience because it delivers upon an easy-to-grasp idea. This simple narrative can often be summed up with a single iconic image, such as the theme park logo from Jurassic Park. Along with having well-defined genre and aesthetics, high-concept films have marketing guidelines known as \"the look, the hook and the book\". The look of the film is simply how visually appealing it is to the public, usually before its release. Jurassic Park would show the world dinosaurs as they had never been seen before. The hook is the story the film is trying to sell to its audience. Everyone wanted to know how dinosaurs could walk the Earth again after being extinct for 65 million years and how they would coexist with people. The book can be labeled as all the merchandise made to help promote the film. The merchandise in Jurassic Park was destined to sell well, with people wanting the T-shirts and lunch boxes that were shown for sale within the movie itself, with similar merchandise later to be sold at Universal Studios in the gift shop connected to the Jurassic Park ride. Commercial benefits High-concept television series and movies often rely on pre-sold properties such as movie stars","title":"High concept"},{"docid":"61908847","text":"Jurassic World Live is a live show produced by Feld Entertainment and NBCUniversal based on the Jurassic World franchise. The show started touring arenas around the United States in September 2019, beginning with the Schottenstein Center in Columbus, Ohio. Show Jurassic World Live Tour is a live arena show. Twenty-four dinosaurs are included in the show with seven species in total. These dinosaurs include a 43-foot long T. rex that weighs 8,000 lbs., Blue, the Velociraptor from the Jurassic World franchise, and Pteranodons that will swoop down and pick performers up during the show. The dinosaurs move through animatronics (for the larger dinosaurs) and live acting (for the smaller dinosaurs) in which \"dinoteers\" walk the dinosaurs around the arena while wearing dinosaur costumes. The show also features stunts using props such as a Jurassic World Jeep, motorcycles and a Gyrosphere. The show is canon. The production crew consulted with Steven Spielberg, Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall during the creation of the show, ensuring that there were no continuity errors between the show and the Jurassic World story, as well as ensuring that the dinosaurs, props and tone of the show aligned with that of the Jurassic World franchise. The show features the original score from the movies. Storyline The Jurassic World Live Tour show follows an original storyline that takes place at some point between the first two Jurassic World movies. The story is written by Shawn Thomas and Steve Jarczak and directed by Dan Shipton and Ross Nicholson. The story begins on the day Jurassic World falls and ends before the beginning of the adventures shown in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The story will focus around a team of scientists led by Dr. Kate Walker that have been working on a \"Dino-Decoder,\" a device that allows humans to understand dinosaur emotions. After the Indominus rex escapes on Isla Nublar, the team becomes separated. It is not until later on when the \"Dino-Decoder\" sends out a signal that the team discovers that Jeannie - a Troodon that the team had been testing the device on - is still alive. As the team sets out on a quest to save her, they discover that InGen still intends to weaponize dinosaurs and that they are intrigued by the \"Dino-Decoder\" and Jeannie. The adventure moves to an InGen facility in Chile, where conflict breaks out featuring dinosaur-on-dinosaur and dinosaur-on-human battles. The story then circles back to Isla Nublar. References Works based on Jurassic Park","title":"Jurassic World Live"},{"docid":"9057939","text":"Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite is an assemblage of fossil dinosaur footprints on public land near Shell, in Big Horn County, Wyoming. They were discovered in 1997 by Erik P. Kvale, a research geologist from the Indiana Geological Survey. The site is managed by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the Red Gulch/Alkali National Back Country Byway and is open to the public. Fossils The fossilized tracks are believed to have been made during the Middle Jurassic Period, 160–180 million years b.p., on what was then a shore of the Sundance Sea. Theropod tracks are thought to be among those discovered, but evidence suggests that the tracks were made by a large, diverse group of dinosaurs. Due to a rarity of Middle Jurassic theropods, the species that made the tracks is currently unknown. The majority of the footprints are in the area dubbed \"the ballroom\". Besides the trackways, a variety of fossils can be found, including belemnites, crinoids, and shrimp burrows. Geology The tracksite is in a limestone layer in the lower part of the Sundance Formation. Its discovery was somewhat surprising, since the Sundance was historically considered to be marine in nature. Indeed, the layer just above the tracksite contains abundant marine fossils including numerous Gryphaea nebrascensis, indicating that later in the Jurassic it was once again submerged. See also Sundance Formation Fossil trackway Sundance Sea References External links BLM Wyoming.gov: official Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite website Geo-sciences.com: Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite – Wyoming’s Middle Jurassic Treasure Fossil trackways in the United States Fossil parks in the United States Jurassic geology of Wyoming Jurassic paleontological sites of North America Paleontology in Wyoming 1997 in paleontology Protected areas of Big Horn County, Wyoming Bureau of Land Management areas in Wyoming","title":"Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite"},{"docid":"1770979","text":"Dr. Alan Grant is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is a paleontologist and is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. Crichton based Grant on the paleontologist Jack Horner. Director Steven Spielberg helmed the 1993 film adaptation, and several actors were considered for the role of Grant. It ultimately went to Sam Neill, becoming one of his most popular roles. Spielberg gave the character a dislike of children, and put him in a relationship with Dr. Ellie Sattler, a paleobotanist who is Grant's student in the novel. Sattler, portrayed by Laura Dern, wants to start a family with Grant, who is resistant to the idea. Neill reprised the character in 2001's Jurassic Park III, which also saw a cameo by Dern. In the film, Sattler has married someone else and started a family, although she and Grant remain friends. Director Joe Johnston chose to break-up Grant and Sattler, believing that Dern looked too young to be in such a relationship; Neill is 20 years older than her. Neill was dissatisfied with his performance in the first film, which factored into his return for Jurassic Park III, marking the first time he reprised one of his roles. Neill and Dern would return again for major roles in Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022. In the film, Sattler has divorced her husband; she and Grant eventually rekindle their romantic relationship. Colin Trevorrow, the film's director and co-writer, was in agreement with Neill and Dern on reuniting their characters romantically. Neill and Dern also reprised their roles for the video games Jurassic World Evolution and Jurassic World Evolution 2, lending their voices to downloadable content packs released in 2019 and 2022 respectively. Fictional background Dr. Alan Grant is a paleontologist who is dedicated to his research, which includes a focus on velociraptors. He believes that dinosaurs are closely related to birds, and also theorizes that the vision of a Tyrannosaurus is based on movement. Grant has written several books on dinosaurs, as referenced in the first novel. He has also written at least two in the film series. In Jurassic Park III, Eric Kirby opines that he liked Grant's first book better, as Grant liked dinosaurs when he wrote it, compared to the second written after his time at Jurassic Park. Grant has a dislike of computers, and is portrayed in the film series as easily irritated. Novels In the first novel, Grant is described as \"a barrel-chested, bearded man of forty\". He had a wife who died years prior to the events of the novel. He has a strong affinity for children, especially those interested in dinosaurs. He is one of the world's most renowned paleontologists, partly specializing in hadrosaur and other duck-billed dinosaurs such as Maiasaura. Dr. Ellie Sattler is a graduate student and paleobotanist who is studying under Grant. Before the events of the novel, Grant was approached by Donald Gennaro, chief counsel for InGen, to provide information on the requirements","title":"Alan Grant (Jurassic Park)"},{"docid":"14363937","text":"Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! is a 2001 video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure for Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. Gameplay consists of the player(s) going around on a virtual board game map. Knowledge Adventure also concurrently developed and published Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender. Certain aspects of Dino Defender were re-used for Danger Zone!. Gameplay InGen's supply of dinosaur DNA is nearly destroyed after an earthquake comes to Jurassic Park. As in Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender, the player is again cast as a Dino Defender. The player must go to Jurassic Park to retrieve new DNA samples. The game includes a multiplayer for up to 2 players. The Dino Defender Chief, a character who serves as both an authority figure and narrator, returns from the previous game to guide the player through menus. Danger Zone! also recycles several cutscenes, menu designs, animations, and audio from Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender. In the game the tokens are SUVs. The player goes around Jurassic Park on a board-like version of it. The player's mission is to collect four DNA samples from a dinosaur chosen at the start of the game. Dinosaurs include T. rex, Spinosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Compsognathus, Pteranodon, Velociraptor, and Stegosaurus. The player can buy items, which can be used against dinosaurs. Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! features a variety of diverse mini-games. Many mini-games are side-scrolling games that feature the same armored character used in Dino Defender. Other mini-games such as \"Raging Raptors\" involves the player controlling a raptor and fighting another raptor, or hunting in a field to obtain DNA of dinosaurs using a helicopter. When the player has filled the \"DNA meter\" with the DNA of the chosen dinosaur, the creature is then cloned and the player wins the game. Reception Christy Wasson of GameZone had expected more action from a Jurassic Park game. She praised the graphics, and the sound effects of the game's helicopters and \"somewhat realistic\" dinosaurs, but also felt that the animation and narration \"could use some work\". Wasson also criticized the game's slow loading times, its easy difficulty, and wrote that having to compete against the computer AI is boring. Wasson also believed the game's concept would have worked better with a different theme, rather than as a board game. Jinny Gudmundsen of USA Today recommended the game for children over the age of 10 because of dinosaur violence. Gudmundsen considered the game's multiplayer option superior to its single-player mode, and said that gameplay could become boring once all the minigames have been played. Jason MacIsaac of The Electric Playground enjoyed the large collection of mini-games, but he criticized the game's long sessions, slow loading times, and the difficulty of the \"Raging Raptors\" mini-game. Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! sold an estimated 210,000 copies, totaling $4.6 million in revenue. In August 2006, Next Generation listed the game at number 97 on its list of \"Top 100 PC Games of the 21st Century\", which","title":"Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!"},{"docid":"5788628","text":"Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor is a side scrolling and puzzle game set in the Jurassic Park movie universe. It was developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Hawaii and published by Konami for the Game Boy Advance. It was coincided with the release of the film Jurassic Park III on July 16, 2001. The two other games, Jurassic Park III: Park Builder and Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, are also released by Konami. Summary A cargo plane flying over Isla Sorna is struck by lightning, and upon crashing, the dinosaur DNA it stored is spread across the island. The player then assumes the role of either Mark Hanson (a photographer) or Lori Torres (an ace pilot), and must wander around the island in a side-scrolling format, collecting DNA and avoiding dinosaurs. In each level, the player's character has the ability to switch between a background and a foreground pathway. Switching between the two pathways allows the player to access weapons and DNA samples, or to avoid oncoming dinosaurs. At the end of each level, the player will use the DNA that is collected in a short puzzle game, in order to create more dinosaurs. Completing this minigame will unlock more areas for the player to explore. At the end of the game, the military bombs the island, and the player escapes on a small plane, wondering if dinosaurs should really have a place in their world. Reception The game was met with negative reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 48.94%, while Metacritic gave it 44 out of 100. AllGame praised the game's graphics and sound effects, but criticized its \"awkward\" controls and wrote that the levels \"are poorly designed and seemingly impossible to complete.\" AllGame also criticized the game's ability to switch between background and foreground pathways, writing \"this just adds confusion, since swapping between roads can be tricky and the paths are oftentimes deceiving because of the limited screen size and resolution.\" IGN praised its cutscenes, sound effects and music, but criticized its \"sloppy game design,\" clumsy controls, and bad collision detection, as well as the game's background and foreground pathways: \"Nothing casts a shadow, so you can't even tell if a DNA sample is hovering over the foreground path or lying on the ground on the background path.\" GameSpot criticized the game for \"disappointing\" sound effects and music, and for sharing nothing in common with the film. GameSpot also criticized the game's background and foreground pathways, calling it \"a confusing little gimmick that is mainly used to increase the amount of backtracking you'll have to do to collect the particles you need.\" In 2018, Zack Zwiezen of Kotaku ranked the game among the \"worst\" Jurassic Park games ever released, stating that it \"looked and played awful when it was first released, and it hasn’t aged well at all.\" References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Jurassic Park video games Konami games Video games developed in the United","title":"Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor"},{"docid":"56188730","text":"Dinosaur suits are a type of costumed character or creature suit resembling a dinosaur. Dinosaur suits are also called dinosaur costumes. Such costumes were used in film and television and as mascots for decades, reflecting dinosaurs' prominence in the arts and entertainment. Usually operators use two cable-pulled handle to control the motions. Realistic dinosaur suits also gained popularity for live shows following the success of Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. An experienced performer can make lifelike movements with a dinosaur suit. They are also used in theme parks and in an educational context at various museums. Inflatable dinosaur suits have been used for pranks, gags, and protests. Film and television Dinosaur suits were first used in early monster movies, such as Gorgo (1961), which featured a T-Rex like monster. They continued to be used in films such as Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend (1985) which used animatronic brontosaurus suits with radio-controlled heads, and in television series like Dinosaurs (1991), a sitcom with a family of dinosaurs. The film Jurassic Park (1993) used dinosaur suits for some of the creatures, such as Velociraptor and Deinonychus. In modern-day movies such as Jurassic World (2015), this was instead done using CGI. In children's television, Barney, an anthropomorphic purple dinosaur, was used in the show Barney & Friends alongside other dinosaurs, becoming widely known in pop culture. Live action Some sports teams have dinosaur mascots represented by costumes, such as Arsenal F.C., Toronto Raptors, Colorado Rockies, Calgary Dinos and NC Dinos. For Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular, puppet-suits of dinosaurs such as the baby T-Rex and Utahraptors were created by Creature Technology Co. for use on stage alongside larger remote-controlled animatronics. These suits had the performer's legs visible, to make the leg shape more realistic. Feathers were later added to them due to recent discoveries about dinosaur plumage. Because of the show's ongoing popularity, these types of suits also became popular for live appearances, with and without the performer's visible legs, and including other types of suits such as two-person triceratops and stegosaurus costumes. As part of their Jurassic Park attractions, Universal Studios created several realistic dinosaur suits for their theme parks, including Velociraptors and a life size adult Triceratops that was also used to advertise the movies. The dinosaur suits utilised in Universal studios appear to replicate the method used for the dinosaurs in the classic Jurassic Park films. They are capable of complex behaviours such as roaring, snapping, trying to eat the guests or even showing affection in ways such as rubbing their heads or noses on the guests. Dinosaur suits created by the company Erth are used to teach students about dinosaurs at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in the \"Dinosaur Encounters\" show, including a baby triceratops and baby T-Rex. The vocalizations of the suits are made by the performers themselves through a microphone and speaker. Other museums also began to use dinosaur suits as attractions, such as THEMUSEUM in Ontario. In 2015,","title":"Dinosaur suit"},{"docid":"1282784","text":"Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis is a construction and management simulation video game based on the Jurassic Park series developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by Universal Interactive, with the console versions being co-published with Konami in Japan. It was released for Windows, Xbox, and PlayStation 2. The game's primary goal is to construct a five-star rated dinosaur theme park named Jurassic Park on custom-generated islands by hatching dinosaurs, building attractions, keeping visitors entertained, and ensuring the park's safety. Development began in 2001, and lasted 22 months. The game was announced in February 2002, with its release initially scheduled for late 2002. Ultimately, the game was released in North America and the PAL region in March 2003, followed by a Japanese release later that year. According to Metacritic, the Windows and Xbox versions received \"Mixed or average\" reviews, while the PlayStation 2 version received \"Generally favorable\" reviews. Gameplay The player's main objective is to create an animal theme park featuring dinosaurs, make it popular, and make it safe with a 5-star rating. Gameplay functions are very similar to the SimCity and Zoo Tycoon game models. It is necessary to build feeding stations where herbivores can get bales of plant feed, while carnivores are fed live cows and goats. However, herbivores become unhappy if they don't have enough trees around them or enough nearby dinosaurs to socialize with. Likewise, carnivores have an innate desire to hunt other dinosaurs, so even a constant stream of livestock will not keep them happy. To create a dinosaur, fifty percent (50%) of the particular dinosaur's DNA is needed. The higher the percentage of DNA, the longer that dinosaur will live, unless it dies by means other than natural causes, such as malnutrition or being attacked by another dinosaur. To obtain a dinosaur's DNA, the player must extract it through fossils or amber. Higher quality specimens will yield more DNA. To obtain fossils and amber, the player must send a fossil-hunting team to dig in one of nine dig sites around the world. Additional dig teams can be purchased later in the game. Each dig site contains fossils from three particular dinosaurs. Fossils of some dinosaurs, such as Brachiosaurus, can be found in more than one dig site. The chance of finding fossils depends on the quality of the site. There are 6 classifications on the quality of a dig site, ranging from \"excellent\" to \"exhausted.\" It is still possible to find fossils and amber at sites that have been exhausted, although they are often of low quality with little DNA to provide. Valuable items such as silver, gold, or opal are also discovered infrequently by the dig team(s), and can be sold for profit. Attractions help make the park popular, and increase its rating power and income when correctly configured. Attractions must be researched before they can be constructed, and include the Balloon Tour, Safari Adventure and Viewing Dome. Viewing Vents and Viewing Platforms do not need to be researched. The Safari Tour and Balloon","title":"Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis"},{"docid":"11587850","text":"Walking with... is a palaeontology media franchise produced and broadcast by the BBC Studios Science Unit. The franchise began with the series Walking with Dinosaurs (1999), created by Tim Haines. By far the most watched science programme in British television during the 20th century, Walking with Dinosaurs spawned companion material and four sequel series: Walking with Beasts (2001), Walking with Cavemen (2003), Sea Monsters (2003) and Walking with Monsters (2005). Each series uses a combination of computer-generated imagery and animatronics, incorporated with live action footage shot at various locations, to portray prehistoric animals in the style of a traditional nature documentary. The Walking with... programmes were praised for their special effects and for their science communication. Though largely praised by scientists for the effort to adhere to science and for portraying prehistoric life as animals rather than movie monsters, some academic criticism has been leveled at the series for not making clear through their narration what is speculative and what is based in fact. In addition to the five main series, the success of Walking with... also led to the production of the Walking with Dinosaurs special episodes The Ballad of Big Al, The Giant Claw and Land of Giants. The franchise has also been accompanied by several books, merchandise, video games and the live theatrical show Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. In 2013, a movie based on Walking with Dinosaurs, with the same name, was directed by Neil Nightingale and Barry Cook. Development Walking with Dinosaurs was devised by the then BBC-employed science television producer Tim Haines in 1996. Inspired by the 1993 film Jurassic Park, Haines envisioned a more science-based documentary programme using the same techniques as Jurassic Park to bring dinosaurs to life. Though such a series was initially feared to be far too expensive to produce, particularly considering the production costs of Jurassic Park, Haines managed to bring down the costs through working with the award-winning UK-based graphics company Framestore. It was only after the production of a six-minute pilot episode in 1997 that Haines managed to secure funding for the series; Walking with Dinosaurs was funded by the BBC, BBC Worldwide and the Discovery Channel, alongside major investments from TV Asahi in Japan and ProSieben in Germany. At a cost of £6.1 million ($9.9 million), Walking with Dinosaurs cost over £37,654 ($61,112) per minute to produce, making it the most expensive documentary series per minute ever made. The visual effects of Walking with Dinosaurs were done by Framestore and the puppets and animatronics were done by the special effects company Crawley Creatures. The success of Walking with Dinosaurs led to the rapid creation of Walking with... as a brand of documentary series. In the aftermath of Walking with Dinosaurs, Haines founded the production company Impossible Pictures together with Jasper James, one of the producers on Walking with Dinosaurs. 2000 saw the release of a special episode of Dinosaurs, The Ballad of Big Al, focusing on a single Allosaurus specimen. The first entire sequel","title":"Walking with..."},{"docid":"12674207","text":"Jurassic Park: Survival is a canceled action-adventure video game that was in development by Savage Entertainment and was to be published by Konami. Based upon the Jurassic Park franchise, the game was to be released on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in November 2001. It was also planned for Microsoft Windows and GameCube. Development began in October 2000. Initially, the game was to be based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. However, the film was in production at that time and could not provide visual reference to the game's development teams, who had to devise their own designs and ideas. Vivendi Universal ultimately decided that the game would only be inspired by the film, rather than based on it, and subsequently chose to include elements not featured in the film. In July 2001, Savage ended development due to payment conflicts with Vivendi Universal, which was dissatisfied with the progress of the game. In North America, the game was expected to receive a Teen rating. Gameplay Jurassic Park: Survival was to be played from a third-person perspective with David Vaughn, a member of a security team, as the main character. The game would have taken place on an island of genetically engineered dinosaurs. Gameplay was described as being similar to the Tomb Raider games. Chacko Sonny, a founder of Savage Entertainment, described the company's goal on the gameplay as \"Die-Hard meets Jurassic Park\". In its preview video, gameplay appeared similar to a survival horror game, with additional action-adventure elements such as climbing, crawling, rolling, shoot rolling, jumping and swimming, as well as other platforming strategies to outwit the dinosaurs instead of trying to take them head on. Vaughn's enemies would have included eight dinosaur species and four different types of military officers. A fictionalized version of Troodon with glowing eyes would have been featured in the game, and was later implemented into Jurassic Park: The Game (2011). Dinosaur AI was meant to be an integral part of the game; dinosaurs would be able to lure the main character into traps, hunt in packs, and retreat for reinforcements if needed. Vaughn's weapons would have included a pistol, an electric prod, and a grenade launcher. Vaughn would also carry a PDA with him, which could be used to contact team members for assistance. An item known as the \"phero pack\" could also be carried around and dropped in certain locations to lure dinosaurs to Vaughn's human enemies and attack them. Puzzles would play a major role in the game. Stealth was also a significant part of gameplay, as Vaughn could complete objectives easier by avoiding detection from guards and spotlights while inside enemy encampments. Vaughn could also use computer terminals located throughout the game to access security cameras for a better view of the area and nearby enemies. The game would have featured 12 large levels, located in swamps, dense forests, huge caves and networks of tunnels, military outposts, a marina, a terrorist camp, jungles, a hatchery, and a large aviary used","title":"Jurassic Park: Survival"},{"docid":"61480190","text":"Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar is a 13-episode CG-animated television miniseries that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Set in 2012 and inspired by the Lego toyline, the show is a direct followup to the Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit television special that debuted on NBC in the United States in 2018. The series began airing in Canada on Family Channel on July 6, 2019. Plot The series takes place at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Velociraptor handler Owen Grady and the park's operations manager Claire Dearing work to keep Jurassic World from falling into ruin unaware that Dennis Nedry's nephew Danny Nedermeyer has a secret agenda to ruin it. Cast Episodes Specials Broadcast In Australia, the series debuted on 9Go! on August 15, 2019. In the United States, Nickelodeon picked up the series and began airing it on September 14, with the first episode made available on video-on-demand platforms beginning August 25, 2019. ITV in the United Kingdom premiered the series as part of their CITV block on September 7, 2019. See also Lego Jurassic World (theme) Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit Lego Jurassic World (video game) Lego Dimensions Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park References External links LEGO: Jurassic World – Legend of Isla Nublar at Family.ca Official Jurassic World website Official Jurassic Outpost website Official Nickelodeon website 2019 animated television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series endings 2019 American television series debuts 2019 American television series endings 2010s Canadian animated television series 2010s American animated television series 2020s Canadian animated television series 2020s American animated television series American children's animated action television series American children's animated adventure television series American children's animated comic science fiction television series American children's animated science fantasy television series Canadian children's animated action television series Canadian children's animated adventure television series Canadian children's animated comic science fiction television series Canadian children's animated science fantasy television series Television series set in 2012 Works based on Jurassic Park Nickelodeon original programming Animated television series about dinosaurs J","title":"Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar"},{"docid":"32242633","text":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It was released on September 16, 1997. By this time the Genesis was near the end of its commercial lifespan, and months went by between new software releases for the console. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. Gameplay Unlike the previous Jurassic Park games for the Genesis, the game features a bird's-eye view perspective similar to Jurassic Park on the Super NES. The player assumes the role of an unnamed character who must capture dinosaurs on Isla Sorna, while stopping rival hunters from transporting dinosaurs to the mainland. The game consists of nineteen missions spread across four sections of the island, referred to as Sites One through Four. Boss levels must be played at the end of each Site in order to advance to the next Site. Two players can work together in Cooperative Mode, or work against each other in Competitive Mode. Weapons such as a taser, tranquilizer gun, shotgun and grenades can be used against hunters and dinosaurs. At times, the player can control vehicles such as an SUV and a hovercraft. Development The game was originally scheduled to release in August 1997. This was pushed to September 1997. Reception Game Informer gave the game an 8.25 out of 10 and wrote, \"We can honestly say that this game is more fun than the PlayStation/Saturn version. [...] We'd love to see more titles like The Lost World for Genesis. It's entertaining and pushes the Genesis to its limits.\" Game Informer also praised the game's graphics, but noted \"when there's a lot of on-screen action, the slow down does become frustrating.\" GamePro instead considered the graphics unimpressive by Genesis standards, citing muted colors, simple backgrounds, and small sprites. The reviewer also described the gameplay as boring. See also Jurassic Park video games The Lost World: Jurassic Park (video game), a listing of games based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park References External links 1997 video games Cooperative_video_games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Sega Genesis games Sega Genesis-only games Video games developed in Hungary Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands","title":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Sega Genesis game)"},{"docid":"46961985","text":"Jurassic Park Builder was a 2012 construction and management simulation video game developed and published by Ludia for iOS and Android operating systems, as well as Facebook. The game, based on the Jurassic Park series, allows the player to build a theme park featuring extinct animals. Ludia ended the game's support as of March 30, 2020. In 2015, Ludia released a sequel to the game titled Jurassic World: The Game, to coincide with the release of the film Jurassic World. Gameplay Jurassic Park Builder is a freemium game consisting of two-dimensional landscape renderings and three-dimensional creatures. The player's objective is to build and maintain a Jurassic Park theme park. The player begins the game with a basic home base, while expansion of the park is done by clearing land. To create dinosaurs, the player must clear away trees and rocks to locate prehistoric mosquitos, which are trapped in amber and contain dinosaur DNA. In a laboratory, the player then attempts to unlock the DNA from the mosquito. If the player is successful, then a dinosaur egg is created. Amber is sometimes discovered when the player clears land for park expansion. Basic mission objectives are given to the player by characters from the first two films: Alan Grant, John Hammond, Ian Malcolm, and Kelly Curtis. Dr. Henry Wu, a park scientist, also appears in the game, which features no characters from the film Jurassic Park III. Mission objectives include constructing roads and feeding creatures in the park. Completing missions ultimately gives the player the ability to create new buildings and conduct research for cloning new dinosaurs. Buildings include hotels and theme park attractions, including tour vehicles that travel along a path determined by the player. Revenue is earned through the buildings and dinosaurs that are located in the park. Revenue is collected in regular intervals, and the player can earn more money by feeding the dinosaurs to level them up. Although the dinosaurs do not require food to survive, feeding the animals will level them up, resulting in higher profits for the player. Carnivorous and herbivorous creatures require their own supply of food, which must be managed by the player to avoid running out. The player can choose to pay real money to purchase in-game currency, as well as supplies such as dinosaur food. Various aspects of the game take time to progress, including the hatching of dinosaur eggs, the clearing of forest land, and shipments of food from the mainland. The player can pay real currency to speed up these parts of the game. In a minigame titled \"Red Zone\", the player must tap on a specific dinosaur to prevent it from escaping its enclosure. In addition to breakouts, the player is occasionally given the option to respond to other emergencies such as storms. Responding to emergencies earns the player additional in-game currency. Aside from Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar, the game features two additional parks that the player can create: Aquatic Park, located on Nublar's seabed, featuring extinct aquatic","title":"Jurassic Park Builder"},{"docid":"14222404","text":"Carnosaur (1984) is a horror novel written by Australian author John Brosnan, under the pseudonym of Harry Adam Knight. A film adaptation was made in 1993 by Adam Simon. The novel bears several similarities to Michael Crichton's Jurassic Park, though Carnosaur preceded the latter work by six years. Brosnan feared that the public would have thought that his Gollancz reissue of Carnosaur would have been seen as a plagiarism to Jurassic Park. He admitted he liked the scene in the Crichton novel film adaption involving dinosaurs rampaging through a museum, as it bore direct similarities to an incident featured in Carnosaur. Plot Set in a rural village near Cambridgeshire, England, the novel opens at a chicken farm which is attacked one night by a mysterious creature, leaving both the farmer and his wife dead. A story circulates that the killer was a Siberian tiger that had escaped the private zoo of an eccentric lord named Darren Penward. A reporter named David Pascal investigates the carnage, and notices that the blood-stained room where the attack occurred has been thoroughly cleansed in a seeming attempt at covering the killer's footprints. A few days later, the creature attacks a stable, killing a horse, the keeper, and her daughter, leaving one survivor, an eight-year-old boy. Pascal arrives at the scene, only to find Penward's men already there, towing a concealed animal with a helicopter. Pascal interviews the boy, who reveals that the killer was not a tiger, but in fact a dinosaur. After unsuccessfully trying to interview Penward's men, Pascal moves on and begins a sexual relationship with Penward's nymphomaniac wife, who eventually takes him into her private quarters. From there, Pascal enters the zoo, only to discover that it's filled with dinosaurs. He is captured and given a tour of the establishment. He sees a variety of different species, mostly carnivores, including the dinosaur that had escaped earlier which is identified as a Deinonychus, a sexually-frustrated Megalosaurus, and an adolescent Tarbosaurus. Penward explains that he recreated the dinosaurs by studying the DNA fragments found in fossils, then using them as a basis for restructuring the DNA of chickens. He goes as far as saying that he intends to let his dinosaurs loose in remote areas of the world where they could flourish and eventually spread after what he considers an inevitable Third World War. Pascal is imprisoned, only to be rescued by Lady Penward, but only after promising that he permanently commit to her. As they make their escape, Pascal notices that his ex-girlfriend Jenny Stamper, also a reporter, has been caught in the act of infiltrating Penward's zoo as well. Enraged at his insistence on helping her, Lady Penward releases the dinosaurs and other animals present in the zoo. In the chaos, the Tarbosaurus destroys Penward's helicopter and heavy machine gun before it can get in the air. The Deinonychus pursues Pascal and Jenny through Penward's museum, with the two getting away when it is tricked into attacking its own reflection due","title":"Carnosaur (novel)"},{"docid":"50553794","text":"Jurassic Park is a 1994 point-and-click adventure game developed and published by Sega for the Sega CD. The video game is based on the 1993 film of the same name, and includes elements from Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which the film is based upon. Plot Set after the events of the film, a group of scientists is sent to collect dinosaur eggs at InGen's Jurassic Park. This theme park is populated with genetically engineered dinosaurs and is located on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. After the group's helicopter crashes on the island, a survivor – controlled by the player – receives a video message from Emily Shimura, a computer expert. Shimura states that the crash was the result of sabotage orchestrated by InGen's corporate rival, Biosyn Corporation, which paid to have a bomb attached to the helicopter. A second helicopter is sent to rescue the player, but it is also compromised by Biosyn, which has sent out its own team to steal the dinosaur eggs. When Biosyn's helicopter arrives, the company's agents are tranquilized by the player, who uses the helicopter to escape the island. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a point-and-click adventure game, with a strong emphasis on action sequences which require split-second timing. The player must search Isla Nublar to retrieve eggs from seven different dinosaur species and place them in an incubator at the Jurassic Park visitor center. The eggs must be collected within a real-time 12-hour limit. Jurassic Park is played from a first-person perspective, giving the player a panoramic view of the surroundings as well as various tools to interact with, and a trio of weapons to contend with dinosaurs. Because none of the weapons (a stun gun, tranquilizer darts, and gas grenades) are lethal, each situation is in the form of a puzzle disguised as combat which requires more than just shooting to survive. First-aid kits can be used to replenish the player's health, while night vision goggles allow the player to see in dark environments. Paleontologist Robert T. Bakker makes video appearances throughout the game to provide the player with hints and dinosaur information, via special Dinosaur Field Kiosks that are located near dinosaur paddocks. Shimura also provides the player with information through video messages. Development and release In January 1992, Sega spent an estimated $1 million to purchase the rights to develop a Jurassic Park video game. Sega had the rights to use the Jurassic Park logo and some sounds from the film, but none of the characters. Elements from Michael Crichton's novel, Jurassic Park, were added into the game. It was the first Sega CD video game to be developed entirely in the United States by Sega of America. Initially, the game was to include three different perspectives: top-down, side-scrolling, and first-person. Development began on prototype versions of each perspective. The game's designers later realized that the game was too big, and decided to concentrate on only one perspective instead. The designers chose the first-person perspective which was the","title":"Jurassic Park (Sega CD video game)"},{"docid":"50566202","text":"Jurassic Park is a 1993 action video game developed and published by Ocean Software, for DOS and Amiga computers. The game is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1993 film, Jurassic Park, and also includes elements from author Michael Crichton's 1990 novel of the same name, which the film is based upon. The player controls the character of Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who becomes trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. Grant's initial objective is to search for Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of park owner John Hammond. Upon locating the children, Grant must contact a helicopter so survivors can escape the island. Gameplay consists of a bird's-eye view during the game's large exterior environment, but switches to a first-person perspective whenever Grant enters a building. Development of the game began in November 1992. A development team of 13 people – considered large at that time – worked on the game. Spielberg was also involved in the game during its development to ensure that it would be faithful to his initial vision. Materials related to the film, including its script and photographs of the sets, aided the developers during the game's production. Jurassic Park was released in the United Kingdom in October 1993, and was subsequently released in the United States a year later. Many critics praised the game's indoor environments, but some criticized its large exterior environment, and its boring and repetitive gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the 1993 film of the same name, in which paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped on an island theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped. Playing as Grant, the player must rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. The player begins the game near an overturned vehicle in the Tyrannosaurus paddock. After finding Tim, Grant searches for Lex in a sewer maze. The player then must re-activate the park's power to contact a helicopter so the survivors can escape the island. Jurassic Park features a bird's-eye view in exterior levels, but switches to a first-person shooter perspective when entering buildings. The exterior levels contain eight large areas, each one consisting of a different dinosaur paddock, as well as a Pteranodon dome. Each level requires Grant to complete a series of tasks in order to advance further through the game. Indoor levels are spread throughout the game. The game features 11 building complexes, each one overrun by velociraptors. The game also includes a raft level. A password is given after each level is won. The game includes six dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player begins with a taser weapon; other weapons can be found by the player. First aid kits can be used to restore all of the player's health. Electronic motion sensors are located throughout the game, and can detect all moving objects. Connected to the motion sensors are computer terminals, which can be used to receive messages, maps","title":"Jurassic Park (computer video game)"},{"docid":"4510457","text":"Koparion is a genus of small coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur, from the late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian stage), of Utah. It contains the single named species Koparion douglassi which is known only from a single isolated tooth. Discovery In 1993, Daniel Chure and Brooks Britt reported the discovery of small theropod remains, found by screenwashing large amounts of earth in the Rainbow Park near Dinosaur National Monument in Uintah County, Utah. In 1994, Chure named and described a unique tooth as the type specimen of the new species Koparion douglassi. The generic name Koparion comes from the Ancient Greek κοπάριον, \"small surgical knife\", in reference to the small size of the tooth. The specific name honors Earl Douglass, who, in the early twentieth century, excavated the Dinosaur National Monument quarry. The holotype specimen, DINO 3353, was found in the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation dating from the late Kimmeridgian, about 151 million years old. The taxon is thus present in stratigraphic zone 6 of the Morrison Formation. The specimen consists of a single maxillary (upper cheek) tooth crown (the root is missing). It cannot be determined whether it represents a left or a right tooth. Description The tooth is two millimeters tall and very recurved, with a strongly convex front edge and a nearly vertical back edge. The tooth is stout, with a maximum fore-aft length of 1.9 millimeters. Both edges are serrated, showing low rectangular denticles (individual serrations). The twelve denticles on the rear edge are much higher than the fourteen on the front edge, which cover only the nearly horizontal upper part of the front edge. The tooth base, though very wide, is constricted. The base is asymmetrical, with the right side in front view protruding much further than the left side; because it is not known whether it is a left or right tooth, it cannot be established what is the inner and what the outer side. The denticles are separated by \"blood grooves\", and \"blood pits\" are also present. The back denticles point obliquely upwards but have no hooked upper corners. Classification Chure assigned Koparion to the Troodontidae based on the anatomy of the tooth. At that time, it was the oldest known troodontid, and is the first of that group discovered from the Jurassic. A troodontid presence in the Jurassic was predicted by the standard theory regarding the origin of birds, claiming that birds and troodontids are closely related (Chure suggested that they may even have been sister taxa, though this is not currently supported). Within this context, Koparion could be used to refute the temporal paradox argument, that such a close relationship were unlikely because the then oldest known bird, Archaeopteryx, lived much earlier than the Deinonychosauria, i.e. the Troodontidae and the Dromaeosauridae; later also non-fragmentary Jurassic troodontid material was reported, from China. See also List of dinosaurs Hesperornithoides - Another troodontid reported from the Jurassic. Timeline of troodontid research References Late Jurassic dinosaurs of North America Troodontids Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation Fossil","title":"Koparion"},{"docid":"62688023","text":"{{Infobox character |name = Ian Malcolm |series = Jurassic Park |image = Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum).jpg |caption = Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park (1993) |first = Jurassic Park (1990) |last = Jurassic World Dominion (2022) |creator = Michael Crichton |adapted_by = Steven SpielbergDavid Koepp |portrayer = Jeff Goldblum |voice = Fred Young (Jurassic Park Pinball)Jeff Goldblum ([[The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)|The Lost World: Jurassic Park video game]], Chaos Island: The Lost World, Jurassic World Evolution, Jurassic World Evolution 2)Bradley Duffy (Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar)Maurice LaMarche (Animaniacs) |occupation = Mathematician; Chaotician |family = Dr. Sarah Harding (love interest)Kelly Curtis (daughter in film only) }} Dr. Ian Malcolm is a fictional character from the Jurassic Park franchise created by Michael Crichton and portrayed by Jeff Goldblum. Malcolm is a gifted mathematician who specializes in chaos theory. The character was inspired in part by American historian of science James Gleick and French mathematician Ivar Ekeland. In Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and its 1993 film adaptation, Malcolm is invited by insurance lawyer Donald Gennaro to notice any problems with John Hammond's dinosaur theme park, Jurassic Park. Malcolm was intended by Crichton to fill in the role of the audience in the scenarios he is put through. Malcolm is a secondary protagonist in the original novel and the main protagonist in the sequel, The Lost World, due to positive fan reception from Goldblum's performance as the character in director Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of the original novel. His role as Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park skyrocketed Goldblum's career. Malcolm has become one of Goldblum's most popular characters and has been depicted in many forms of popular culture. The character's signature line, \"Life finds a way\", has become synonymous with Goldblum and the Jurassic Park franchise, and Malcolm has been recognized as the franchise's most enduring character. Fictional character biography In Crichton's novel, Dr. Ian Malcolm, along with paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and paleobotanist Dr. Ellie Sattler, is hired as a consultant by InGen CEO John Hammond to provide opinions on Jurassic Park, a theme park on the remote island of Isla Nublar that features genetically recreated dinosaurs. Malcolm is the most pessimistic about the idea of the park, feeling that Hammond and his scientists have not taken the time or effort to fully understand what they are creating. In particular, he points out that Hammond's assertion that the dinosaurs can be controlled through sterilization and managed breeding is foolish since there are far too many unpredictable variables where biology is concerned. During a tour of the park, disgruntled computer programmer Dennis Nedry shuts down power to the park to gain access to dinosaur embryos to sell to a rival. Nedry's actions cause the electrified fences to shut down as well, allowing the dinosaurs to escape from their paddocks. Malcolm is attacked by a Tyrannosaurus rex, which breaks his leg. Malcolm is found by game warden Robert Muldoon and Dr. Ellie Sattler and taken back to","title":"Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)"},{"docid":"3539669","text":"\"Dino\" Don Lessem (born 1951) is a writer of more than 50 popular science books, specializing in dinosaurs. He was the founder of the Dinosaur Society and the Jurassic Foundation, which collectively have raised millions of dollars for dinosaur research. He is the CEO and founder of Dino Don, Inc., an animatronics company specializing in dinosaurs, dragons, and sea creatures. Career After a bachelor's degree in art history at Brandeis University and a master's in animal behavior from the University of Massachusetts Boston, Lessem began his writing career as a researcher for the Smithsonian Center for Short-Lived Phenomena. For more than a decade he was a science journalist specializing in conservation issues for the Boston Globe and a contributor to Life, The New York Times, and Smithsonian Magazine. Lessem's professional interest in dinosaurs developed while he was a Knight Journalism Fellow at MIT in 1988. He wrote his first book, Kings of Creation, in 1990, as a survey of current worldwide paleontology research. Lessem was an advisor to Jurassic Park, Dinosaur, and Disney's Animal Kingdom, as well as their respective theme park attractions. He has written and hosted Discovery Channel and NOVA documentaries on dinosaurs and is a television and radio commentator on paleontology. The sauropodomorph dinosaur Lessemsaurus is named after him. Lessem directed the excavation and reconstruction of the largest plant-eating dinosaur, the 110-foot long Argentinosaurus, and the largest carnivorous dinosaur, the 45 foot-long Giganotosaurus from Patagonia, in collaboration with Dr. Rodolfo Coria of the Museo Carmen Funes in Plaza Huincul, Argentina. Lessem's first traveling exhibition company, Exhibits Rex, has created several of the largest international travelling museum exhibitions of dinosaurs, including Jurassic Park, The Lost World, and Chinasaurs, in addition to an exhibition of the treasures of Genghis Khan. Lessem's The Real Genghis Khan exhibition has toured major museums in North America and Asia since 2009. Celebrating the neglected civilizing influence of Genghis Khan and curated by Smithsonian archaeologists, the exhibition has been seen by nearly two million visitors. The exhibition blends live musical performance with role-playing activities, and the largest collection of 13th century Mongolian artifacts ever toured. It has been viewed by nearly two million museum-goers. Lessem's company Dino Don, Inc. began constructing the world's most accurate full-sized robotic dinosaurs in 2017 for zoos and museums worldwide. In April 2019 Lessem opened his Dinosaur Safari exhibition at New York's Bronx Zoo with more than 40 dinosaurs up to 60 feet in length, the largest zoo robotic exhibition in North America. In July 2020 at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, the Dinos Everywhere! exhibit featured Lessem's creation of the world's largest anatomically correct dinosaur, a 120-foot Argentinosaurus. Other venues to display Dino Don, Inc. dinosaurs include The Jacksonville Zoo, Philadelphia Zoo, Columbus Zoo, San Antonio Zoo, Copenhagen Zoo, Edinburgh Zoo, and Leipzig Zoo. Lessem has also authored children's books on extinct animals, endangered species, the Amazon rainforest and the \"Iceman\". Via his monthly column in Highlights Magazine for a decade, \"Dino\" Don answered more than 10,000 letters","title":"Don Lessem"},{"docid":"33940799","text":"Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a 1994 side-scrolling video game developed by BlueSky Software and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It is the sequel to Sega's previous Jurassic Park video game, based on the film of the same name and also released for the Genesis. Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a revamped version of its predecessor, featuring similar gameplay with several changes, and a new story that continues from where the previous game ended. Plot After the events of Jurassic Park, Dr. Alan Grant escapes Isla Nublar on a helicopter. While the Costa Rican Army is blowing up parts of the island to destroy the park's dinosaurs, Grant spots a helicopter of armed InGen field agents arriving on the island. Fearing that the agents have plans to collect any remaining dinosaur eggs and DNA samples for a new dinosaur park, Grant attempts to contact the Costa Rican Army. Grant's helicopter crashes on the island after the pilot attempts to stop him. Grant survives the crash and must find a way to stop InGen. Gameplay Gameplay is very similar to Sega's earlier Jurassic Park video game for the Sega Genesis. Like its predecessor, Rampage Edition is an action game with a platform setup that allows the player to choose between Dr. Grant or the Raptor. As Dr. Grant, the player starts out with a dart gun that has infinite ammo. A wide selection of weapons is available for the player to obtain throughout the game, including an assault rifle, shotgun, flame-thrower, grenades, rocket launcher, and shock rifle. As Dr. Grant, the player travels through the island while fighting InGen agents and dinosaurs until Grant can escape by boat. As the Raptor, the player can win battles with physical attacks such as biting and whipping opponents with the Raptor's tail. A bonus for the Raptor is to collect enough Lysine crates, which allows the player to go into \"Raptor Rage\" mode where the screen turns red and the player becomes invincible for a limited amount of time. As the Raptor, the player can play all the same levels as Dr. Grant. The goal of the Raptor is to escape the island on a departing cargo boat to find a safe place to nest its eggs. Candy bars and med kits are collected throughout the game to replenish the player's health, while eggs, embryo containers and DNA samples are collected throughout the game for points. Instead of the linear gameplay of the previous game, Rampage Edition allows players to choose from three levels to complete before they are allowed to proceed to the final levels in order to win the game. Unlike its predecessor, Rampage Edition features a faster pace, and allows Grant to perform additional actions such as riding dinosaurs and using zip-lines. Grant and the raptor are also able to kill their enemies, unlike the previous game. Rampage Edition also features larger levels, and more weapons for Grant to use. Development and release Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a","title":"Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition"},{"docid":"61769736","text":"Battle at Big Rock is a 2019 American short film directed by Colin Trevorrow. It is part of the Jurassic Park franchise and follows the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018). It stars André Holland, Natalie Martinez, Melody Hurd, and Pierson Salvador. The short premiered on FX on September 15, 2019 and was subsequently released online. Plot Set one year after the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, a blended family from Oakland, California goes on a camping trip at the fictional Big Rock National Park in Northern California, approximately from where dinosaurs from Fallen Kingdom were let loose. The film chronicles the first major confrontation between humans and the dinosaurs. The family is enjoying their camping when they are suddenly greeted by a Nasutoceratops and her baby. To their terror, an adult Allosaurus attacks the Nasutoceratops baby and the mother tries to protect her baby. A battle ensues between the two dinosaurs and the family decide to hide inside their RV. Eventually, a third Nasutoceratops appears from the woods, driving back the Allosaurus. The Nasutoceratops escape and the baby of the family starts crying. Hearing the cry, the Allosaurus starts wrecking the RV apart in order to feed on the family hiding inside. After the RV is completely destroyed, the parents and the son begin to fear for the worst. To their relief, their daughter shoots the Allosaurus in its head and eye with a crossbow, which causes the dinosaur to flee. They embrace, though are in complete shock over what just happened. During the closing credits, found footage clips of dinosaurs and other creatures are shown including a pack of Compsognathus chasing after a scared little girl, a Stegosaurus causing a car to swerve and drive off a cliff, fishermen in a boat peacefully passing by a Parasaurolophus on the banks of a river, a Mosasaurus eating a great white shark after the shark eats a seal, and a Pteranodon swooping at a dove that had just been released at a wedding. Cast André Holland as Dennis, the father of the family Natalie Martinez as Mariana, the mother of the family Melody Hurd as Kadasha, Dennis's daughter Pierson Salvador as Mateo, Mariana's son Chris Finlayson as Greg, a friend of the family Noah and Ethan Cole as Dennis and Mariana's baby son and Kadasha and Mateo's half-brother Production Development The idea for the film originated when Universal Studios asked Trevorrow if he would be interested in making a potential Jurassic World short film, and he accepted. Trevorrow wrote the short film with Emily Carmichael, who was already working with him to write Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The short film's story remained the same throughout the project's history, as Trevorrow believed the next logical step for the franchise would be for campers to encounter dinosaurs following the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. To maintain secrecy on the project, no auditions or casting calls were held. A casting director who knew Trevorrow helped lead a secretive search for","title":"Battle at Big Rock"},{"docid":"56601569","text":"ReBecca Hunt-Foster is an American paleontologist. She has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous of the Colorado Plateau, Rocky Mountains, Southcentral, and the Southwestern United States of America. She described the dinosaur Arkansaurus fridayi and identified the first juvenile Torosaurus occurrences from Big Bend National Park in North America in 2008. Career Mulberry High School, Mulberry, Arkansas. 1998 B.S. Earth Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 2003 M.S. Geology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. 2005 Hunt-Foster is the park paleontologist for the National Park Service at Dinosaur National Monument, where she has worked since August 2018. Previously she was the district paleontologist for the Bureau of Land Management–Utah, where she has worked from 2013 to 2018. She was employed for five years as paleontology collections manager at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2007 to 2012 and a research assistant at Augustana College from 2005 to 2008. Professional work Hunt-Foster's current research includes Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaurs from North America, the Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation paleofauna of western Colorado, the ichnofauna of the lower Jurassic to lower Cretaceous rocks of southeastern Utah. ReBecca has worked as a paleontologist in western Colorado and eastern Utah since 2007. Prior to moving to the area, ReBecca was a research assistant at Augustana College where she worked on latest Cretaceous ceratopsian dinosaurs from southern Laramidia and preparing Cryolophosaurus, the first known dinosaur from Antarctica. She has also worked on Precambrian stromatolites and the geology of Glacier National Park. Popular books Hunt-Foster is the coauthor of \"Behavioral interpretations from chasmosaurine ceratopsid bonebeds: a review.\" with Andrew Farke, in the 2010 book New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. References Bibliography Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K. 2016. The Macomb Expedition. Sojourns: Landscapes for the People 11(2): 58-59. Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K., Martin G. Lockley, Andrew R.C. Milner, John R. Foster, Neffra A. Matthews. Brent H. Breithaupt, and Joshua A. Smith. 2016. Tracking dinosaurs in BLM Canyon Country, Utah: Geology of the Intermountain West 3: 67–100 Kirkland, James I., Marina Suarez, Celina Suarez, and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, 2016. The Lower Cretaceous in east-central Utah—the Cedar Mountain Formation and its bounding strata: Geology of the Intermountain West 3: 101–228 Foster, John R. and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster. 2015. First report of a giant neosuchian (Crocodyliformes) in the Williams Fork Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Colorado. Cretaceous Research 55: 66-73. Kirkland, Jim, John Foster, ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, Gregory A. Liggett, and Kelli Trujillo. 2014. Mid-Mesozoic: The Age of Dinosaurs in Transition. Conference Proceedings, 88p. Trujillo, Kelli C., John R. Foster, ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, and Kevin R. Chamberlain. 2014. A U/Pb age for the Mygatt-Moore Quarry, Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Mesa County, Colorado. Volumina Jurassica XII(2): 107-114. Lockley, Martin G., ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, John R. Foster, Ken Cart, and Scott Gerwe. 2014. Early Jurassic track assemblages from the Granite Creek Area of Eastern Utah. In Lockley, M.G. and Lucas, S.G., eds., Fossil footprints of western North America. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 62: 205-210 Lockley, Martin G.,","title":"ReBecca Hunt-Foster"},{"docid":"54555989","text":"Jurassic World: The Game is a simulation video game developed by Ludia and based on the 2015 film Jurassic World. It is a sequel to Ludia's earlier game, Jurassic Park Builder (2012), and features similar gameplay. The Chinese servers for the game shut down on January 4, 2021 making it unplayable there, but is still playable in other parts of the world. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Game is set on the fictional Costa Rican islands of Isla Nublar and Isla Sorna, where the player is put in control of constructing a Jurassic World theme park. The player can add buildings and create dinosaurs to populate the park. The game features creatures like dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles, among other prehistoric animals. The combat, in which the player chooses an animal to fight against a rival's animal, uses a system of action points that will increase with each turn while making use of each animals' weaknesses. By obtaining a collection of creatures, the player maintains the park by completing missions assigned to them by the characters. The player can erect buildings and decorations to increase revenue. Each rank unlocks new Battle Stages and buildings to expand the park. Throughout the game, the players are able to get Card Packs, which can give rare species, new missions or currency. Hybrid animals are available to obtain by fusing two matching dinosaurs with a reached level cap of 40 like combining a Tyrannosaurus and a Velociraptor to form the Indominus rex. Superhybrids can in turn be created by collecting specific DNA and fusing it with an existing hybrid. The park also includes an aquatic and Cenozoic sections, with many species present that are not dinosaurs. The game supports the use of Hasbro's Jurassic World Brawlasaurus toys, which could be scanned by players and incorporated into the game for battles. Development and release Jurassic World: The Game was announced by Universal Pictures in October 2014, as part of its promotional plans for the 2015 film Jurassic World. Ludia released the game for iOS in April 2015, to coincide with the release of the film. It was released shortly after for Android in May 2015. Reception Patrick Klepek of Kotaku criticized the game for its use of in-game advertisements. Nadia Oxford of Gamezebo gave the game three stars out of five. Oxford noted the realistic dinosaur models, but wrote that the game \"combines mediocre park-building with mediocre dino-battling. It's competent and by gosh it (mostly) looks glorious, but there isn't a lot here that differentiates the game from standard park-builders\". Gamezebo considered the game to be \"pretty much Jurassic Park Builder part II, except the parks you create in that three-year-old game seem a lot more colorful and joyful than the washed-out grey fairgrounds you create in Jurassic World\". References External links Official website 2015 video games Amusement park simulation games Business simulation games Android (operating system) games IOS games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Video games developed in Canada Video games","title":"Jurassic World: The Game"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"11134473\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender is a 2001 side-scrolling video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure. It is based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. The player is depicted as a person in a bio-mechanical suit hired by Jurassic Park to bring power back to the electrified fences and capture all the free-roaming dinosaurs. A modified version of the game's first level, as well as some of the game's animation and audio, was re-used for another video game titled Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!, also developed and published by Knowledge Adventure. Plot After a training mission, the player is shown a cutscene of a typhoon raging across Jurassic Park, a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Sorna. Power to the island and its electrified fences is cut off from the storm, allowing the dinosaurs to escape. The player is briefed that all the dinosaurs must be captured \\\"before they destroy one another\\\". The player controls a Dino Defender, a person inside a bio-mechanical suit. The character first lands on a beach with a few Compsognathus on it. Soon after, the character runs into some Velociraptors at a small cliff. The character advances and then must swim while avoiding jellyfish and purple seaweed. The character advances to an underwater cavern, where raptors and stegosaurs are encountered and must be captured or avoided. The character then discovers a steep ravine and is knocked over a cliff by a Pteranodon. The character climbs the cliff, jumping over many gaps while avoiding pterosaurs. At the top of the cliff, the character escapes baby pteranodons and a Tyrannosaurus rex. The T. rex then chases the character and falls down a pit after it crosses an unstable bridge, but survives. The character goes into the jungle and avoids additional dinosaurs, before going down a waterfall. The character avoids a T. rex and discovers a construction elevator. A Spinosaurus arrives and the character escapes on vines. The T. rex and Spinosaurus face off, with the Spinosaurus fleeing. The character moves from the Tyrannosaurus pen to tunnels, where more Velociraptors must be captured. The character escapes to the visitor center and encounters the Spinosaurus. The character activates flip switches which cause the visitor center's dinosaur skeletons to crush the Spinosaurus. After leaving the visitor center, multiple helicopters fly off with the dinosaurs the character had tranquilized. Gameplay The six levels of Dino Defender consist of fast-paced quick thinking challenges. The player must move around obstacles and find supply boxes, switch on circuit breakers and avoid dinosaurs. Helicopters drop supply boxes onto the island, which contain gear such as a net, a tranquilizer or a distractor flare which can be used to capture or distract dinosaurs. \\\"Call boxes\\\" can be used to lure dinosaurs and various other weapons to tranquilize them. \\\"Circuit Breakers\\\" scattered around the island can be switched on to activate the island's electricity. To collect gear to capture/tranquilize a certain dinosaur, the player must find a 'supply box' which contains a\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71450070\",\n \"text\": \"Owen Grady is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in the fourth film Jurassic World (2015), which is also the first installment in the Jurassic World trilogy. Colin Trevorrow directed and co-wrote the film, casting Chris Pratt as Owen. He is one of the three main protagonists in the trilogy, along with his love interest Claire Dearing (portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard), and his adoptive daughter, Maisie Lockwood (portrayed by Isabella Sermon), who made her debut in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran and animal behavioral scientist researching Velociraptor at the dinosaur theme park Jurassic World, located on Isla Nublar. By the end of the first film, he and Claire begin a relationship. Pratt reprised the role in the film's sequels. In Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), he and Claire have broken off their relationship, and she is leading an effort to save the Isla Nublar dinosaurs from a volcanic eruption. Owen agrees to join her rescue mission so he can save Blue, the last survivor of his old raptor group, with whom he has a close connection. Later in the film, he and Claire reconcile and become adoptive parents to Maisie Lockwood, the biogenetic granddaughter of Benjamin Lockwood. In Jurassic World Dominion (2022), Owen and Claire remain in a relationship and are raising Maisie, who is kidnapped by Biosyn for research purposes along with Blue's asexually reproduced baby, Beta. The couple then embark on a rescue mission to retrieve them from Biosyn. The concept of a raptor handler was conceived as early as 2004, by Jurassic World executive producer Steven Spielberg. He was disappointed with early drafts that featured the animals being trained for missions, although he believed the idea still had potential. Trevorrow was hired as the film's director and co-writer in 2013, and incorporated Spielberg's idea while scaling it back. Owen Grady is among Pratt's most popular roles. The character has overall received a mixed to positive reception from critics. While some reviews criticized the films for not fully utilizing Pratt's skill as a comic actor and Owen's minimal characterization garnered mixed reactions, Pratt's overall performance has been well-received, and some consider Owen to be one of the best Jurassic Park characters. Fictional background Jurassic World In the first film, Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran who works as an on-site animal behaviorist at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park located on the island of Isla Nublar. Owen and his friend, Barry, are studying four Velociraptors on the island, on behalf of InGen Security and its chief, Hoskins. Their research is done to test the raptors' intelligence, although they oppose Hoskins's long-term goal to use the animals as military weapons. Owen explains that his relationship with the raptors is a personal one and that they only respond to him under controlled conditions. He was once romantically attracted to Claire Dearing, the park's operations manager, though their conflicting personalities ended a potential relationship after one date. To increase park\",\n \"title\": \"Owen Grady\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61217127\",\n \"text\": \"Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit is a two-part animated television special that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Inspired by the Lego toyline, it was aired on NBC in the United States on November 29, 2018. It was later released on DVD in North America as a 43-minute film by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment on January 15, 2019. The special was followed by the 13-episode miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar in 2019. Plot Set in 2012, Simon Masrani is planning a secretive new exhibit at his Jurassic World dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Park worker Claire Dearing is responsible for ensuring that three dinosaurs – Baryonyx, Carnotaurus and Stygimoloch – are transported from Isla Sorna to Isla Nublar to become part of the new exhibit. If Claire does well, Simon will make her assistant manager of park operations. Animal behaviorist Owen Grady is hired to transport the dinosaurs to Isla Nublar, along with four Velociraptor eggs. Owen and his helicopter pilot face a thunderstorm while transporting the dinosaurs, but eventually reach Isla Nublar safely. Upon arrival, the eggs hatch and Vic Hoskins is intent on training the velociraptors to obey commands. Owen is disappointed to learn that his job is not over yet, as he still has to transport the three dinosaurs by truck to the other side of Isla Nublar. During the transportation, a boy hijacks a park tour vehicle and takes it for a joyride across the island. Owen, accompanied by his dog Red, follows the boy and stops him. Claire proceeds with transporting the dinosaurs on her own. Meanwhile, Simon wants his scientists, Dr. Henry Wu and Allison Miles, to create a new dinosaur attraction to increase park attendance. Eventually, he decides to have them bake dinosaur-themed cookies to accompany the opening of his new exhibit. In the second half of the special, disgruntled park worker Danny Nedermeyer infiltrates the park's control room and secretly sabotages operations. Owen reunites with Claire and helps her transport the dinosaurs. At Owen's insistence, they take a shortcut, but their truck plummets down a hill and crashes, and the caged dinosaurs escape. In addition, Danny shuts down power to one of the dinosaur enclosures, allowing the park's Tyrannosaurus rex to escape. Owen manages to get the dinosaurs contained, and Vic is impressed with Owen's ability to control the animals. Owen agrees to Vic's job offer to train the four baby raptors. Simon's exhibit, consisting of a three-dinosaur carousel, opens to the public. Danny is revealed to be the nephew of Dennis Nedry as he secretly vows to continue his efforts to bring down Jurassic World. Cast Britt McKillip as Claire Dearing Ian Hanlin as Owen Grady Dhirendra as Simon Masrani Alex Zahara as Vic Hoskins Vincent Tong as Dr. Henry Wu, ACU Team Member, Boy, Captain Bethany Brown as Allison Miles, Mom Adrian Petriw as Danny Nedermeyer Sabrina Pitre as Park Vet Broadcast In Canada, the special debuted on\",\n \"title\": \"Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57421235\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic World: The Ride is a dark water ride attraction that is themed to the Jurassic World series at Universal Studios Hollywood. The original Jurassic Park: The Ride, which operated from June 21, 1996, to September 3, 2018, underwent a major refurbishment and reopened as Jurassic World: The Ride. History The ride was announced on May 10, 2018, by Universal Studios Hollywood officials during a 25th anniversary celebration of the 1993 film Jurassic Park, directed by Steven Spielberg. It was stated that Jurassic Park: The Ride, which opened on June 21, 1996, would be closed for retheming based on the 2015 film Jurassic World and its 2018 sequel Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The Jurassic Cafe restaurant and Jurassic Outfitters retail store near the original attraction were also closed temporarily to be rethemed. Universal Creative worked on the new ride, and Jon Corfino was the project director and show producer. He worked closely on the ride with Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall, the director and producer respectively for the 2015 film. Corfino worked to blend elements of the old ride with the new one, and the final idea was presented to Spielberg. The team had to rush to get the ride finished for the busy summer tourist season. Mosasaurus, an aquatic reptile that appeared in the films, is digitally featured on the ride. Industrial Light & Magic collaborated with the design team at Universal Studios Hollywood to create the creature and its environment. The walls of the Mosasaurus tank are depicted across four large, high-definition screens on both sides of the boat. A 3D effect makes objects in the foreground move faster than those in the background, a technique that gives the Mosasaurus a realistic appearance. The attraction also features larger dinosaurs than Jurassic Park: The Ride, and new animatronics allow the dinosaurs to move better than their predecessors. Several actors from the films reprise their roles for the ride: Chris Pratt as Owen Grady, Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing, and BD Wong as Dr. Henry Wu. The attraction officially opened on July 12, 2019, without advanced notice or fanfare. It previously had a soft opening for friends and family of Universal employees. The official opening coincided with a number of other Jurassic World-themed attractions adjacent to the ride entrance. Guests can take part in the Triceratops Encounter, where guests interact with Juliet, a Triceratops, and Dino Play, in which young visitors excavate large dinosaur fossils. Guests can also interact with baby Velociraptors like Sierra or Tango along with their trainer. The Mosasaurus is part of the Aquarium Observatory section, an area that responds to real-world weather, changing between day time and night time depending on the actual time of day. Jurassic Cafe introduced a bar called Isla Nu-bar, named after the series' fictional Isla Nublar island. Following a refurbishment in 2021, the ride's climax was updated with a new Indominus Rex animatronic. Ride description Queue and pre-show Guests enter through the Jurassic World gates and into a series of\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic World: The Ride\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1663525\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park is an open-world action-adventure video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), based on the 1990 novel and 1993 film of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software in 1993 in North America and PAL regions, and published by Jaleco in 1994 in Japan. The player controls Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who has become trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. The game's exterior portion is viewed from a top-down perspective, but shifts to a first-person view during interior sections. The game garnered praise for these varied and three-dimensional perspectives, the usage of stereo sound, and the adventure gameplay. In 1994, Ocean released a sequel, Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues, with gameplay which significantly differs from that of the original. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the novel and film of the same name. Following a computer system failure, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped at an island theme park, known as Jurassic Park, that is populated with dinosaurs. The player controls Grant, and begins the game armed with a cattle prod, although the game also features five other weapons: tranquilizer gun, shotgun, bolas, gas grenade launcher, and missile launcher. The game features seven different dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player is given five lives, and two continues when all lives are lost. Grant's health is represented by a red health bar. Food and first-aid kits located throughout the game can replenish the player's health. Motion sensors set up around the island allow characters in the game to communicate advice to the player, although some advice is deliberately malicious. If Grant loses a life, the player is restarted at the last motion sensor with which Grant came into contact. Mr. DNA, a character from the film, provides dinosaur facts to the player if the game is paused or remains idle for too long. The player must open and close multiple gates to travel around the island. The game's music changes depending on the player's location in the park. The player is also required to collect dinosaur eggs throughout the game. The game's world is spacious and non-linear. The exterior portion, played from a top-down perspective, consists of a maze that is made up of jungle trees, along with rock formations, canals, fences, gates, and a number of buildings that can be entered and explored. The game switches to a first-person perspective when the player enters one of these buildings. The player must collect ID cards belonging to characters on the island in order to access certain rooms. Other rooms are completely dark and require night vision goggles to enter. Some buildings contain multiple floors that are accessed via elevators. Jurassic Park supports the Super NES Mouse when playing first-person sequences or operating computer terminals. To win the game, the player must complete several objectives, starting with powering up a computer to re-activate the park's motion sensors. Once activated,\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (SNES video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53681874\",\n \"text\": \"John Russell Foster (born November 3, 1966) is an American paleontologist. Foster has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains, Foster is also working on Cambrian age trilobite faunas in the southwest region of the American west. He named the crocodyliform trace fossil Hatcherichnus sanjuanensis in 1997 and identified the first known occurrence of the theropod trace fossil Hispanosauropus in North America in 2015. Career Born November 3, 1966, San Diego, California. High School, Los Gatos High School, Los Gatos, California. 1985 A.B. Geology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California. 1989 M.S. Paleontology, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota. 1993 Ph.D. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 1998 He is adjunct faculty of geology at Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado. From 2014 to 2018 he was the Director of the Museum of Moab. He served for thirteen years as Curator of Paleontology at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2001 to 2014. He is currently a curator at the Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum in Vernal, Utah. Professional work An expert on the Late Jurassic, he has spent more than twenty-five years excavating fossils across the western United States, authoring and coauthoring more than 55 professional papers, ranging from Triassic to Cretaceous, with a few Cambrian and Cenozoic studies appearing as well. In addition to dinosaurs, he has spent over a decade working in the Cambrian shales of the western United States. Triassic In December 2017, he and coauthors Xavier A. Jenkins of Arizona State University and Robert J. Gay of Colorado Canyons Association formally published their study on the oldest known dinosaur from Utah, a neotheropod that is likely an animal similar to Coelophysis. Jurassic His researches in the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains includes the geographic and environmental distributions of microvertebrates and dinosaurs. He served as the lead researcher at the Mygatt-Moore Quarry in western Colorado for 14 years, and continues to work in the Late Jurassic of eastern Utah and western Colorado. His current work includes the excavation of the first known dinosaur from the western United States, \\\"Dystrophaeus,\\\" on Bureau of Land Management lands in San Juan County, Utah. Foster had a ceratosaurid ceratosaur theropod dinosaur, Fosterovenator, named after him in 2014 Cambrian His researches in the Cambrian of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau, includes the study of taphonomy and biostratinomy of trilobites, and what this information indicates about the paleoenvironmental conditions on the shallow shelf of western North American during the early Paleozoic. Popular books Foster is the author of Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World, followed by his second book Cambrian Ocean World. References Bibliography Lockley, M. G., Gierlinski, G., Matthews, N. A., Xing, L., Foster, J. R., and Cart, K. 2017. New dinosaur track occurrences from the Upper Jurassic Salt Wash Member (Morrison Formation) of southeastern Utah: Implications for thyreophoran trackmaker distribution and diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology\",\n \"title\": \"John Foster (paleontologist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68464954\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park is a 1993 platform game developed and published by Sega for the Game Gear. Another version, with identical gameplay, was also released for the Master System. The game is based on the 1993 film of the same name. It was praised for its graphics, but criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a platform game set at a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. The dinosaurs escape after the failure of the electric fence enclosures, and the player is tasked with rounding up the animals. The game features five areas of Isla Nublar. The player can play the first four areas in any order, but cannot access the final area – Jurassic Park's Visitor Center – until the others are completed. Each area begins with a driving level, played from a side-scrolling perspective, as the player shoots at oncoming dinosaurs. The player then proceeds on foot, and is armed with three weapons. The player can jump and hang from ledges. Medical kits can be collected to refill the player's health bar, while bottles can be collected to expand the health bar. At the end of each area is a boss enemy, such as Brachiosaurus, Pteranodon, Triceratops, and Velociraptor. The final boss enemy is a Tyrannosaurus rex. The Master System version has identical gameplay. In both versions, Jurassic Park is opened to the public upon completion of the game. Reception Jurassic Park received praise for its graphics, but was criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Sega Visions wrote: \\\"Even without the hot Jurassic Park license, this portable action game would stand on its own with solid graphics and game play\\\". Richard Longhurst of Sega Power called it \\\"the most shameful film licence game ever to disgrace the Gear\\\". Rob Pegley, also writing for Sega Power, reviewed the Master System version and found the gameplay to be unoriginal. The game was generally praised by four critics writing for Electronic Gaming Monthly, although two were unimpressed with the driving portions of the game. Mean Machines opined that the game had a lack of levels and variety. The game's music received praise and criticism. \\\"Scary Larry\\\" of GamePro stated that the sound effects \\\"are stale, but effective\\\", writing that the game \\\"tries to emulate the roar of the beasts and the sounds of the jungle, but the dinosaurs end up sounding sickly\\\". Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games praised the sampled dinosaur roars. Mean Machines found them to be \\\"awful\\\", and also criticized the \\\"instantly forgettable music\\\". References External links Jurassic Park at MobyGames 1993 video games Jurassic Park video games Game Gear games Master System games Platformers Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Single-player video games\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (Game Gear video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50883740\",\n \"text\": \"Scan Command: Jurassic Park (also known as Jurassic Park: Scan Command) is a 2001 fighting strategy video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure for Microsoft Windows. The game is based on the 2001 film, Jurassic Park III, and was considered unique for its use of a barcode scanner accessory known as the Scan Command. Gameplay Scan Command: Jurassic Park involves an evil scientist, Dr. Irene Corts, who has taken over the Jurassic Park theme park with her army of genetically altered dinosaurs and plans to use them to achieve world domination. The player's goal is to stop Corts. The player must also locate five children and help them escape Jurassic Park. The game features eight playable creatures from the first three Jurassic Park films. The player starts out as a Velociraptor, while other dinosaurs such as Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus rex become unlocked as more levels are completed. The game features seven levels, including caves, jungles, swamps, dilapidated InGen laboratories, and steel pyramids. The final level is set inside an active volcano. The game included a portable, battery-powered barcode scanner, known as the Scan Command, capable of storing up to 25 scans at a time. Barcodes are scanned by the player to obtain \\\"genetic codes\\\". Barcodes are loaded into the game by connecting the scanner to a computer's serial port. When a barcode is loaded, it is transformed into dinosaur DNA as part of a puzzle minigame. Once completed, the \\\"genetic codes\\\" can then be used to enhance the player's defenses and attacks, with customizable traits such as agility and strength. Players can also trade \\\"genetic codes\\\". After reaching a certain power level, the player's creature can fight in real-time battles against other creatures controlled by evil scientists at InGen. In addition to solving puzzles, the player must also defeat enemy dinosaurs to advance to each new level. Development and release In March 2001, Knowledge Adventure, a subsidiary of Vivendi Universal Publishing, obtained the rights to develop video games based on Universal Studios' upcoming film, Jurassic Park III. The concept of Scan Command and its barcode-scanning aspect were considered unusual when the game was unveiled at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in May 2001. Richard Wyckoff, one of the game's designers, said: \\\"We figure that unless you live in a cave you're going to be surrounded by bar codes. That's why we chose them. They're so ubiquitous in our society\\\". The game was unveiled with the initial title of Scan Command: A Jurassic Park III Game, and was released as Scan Command: Jurassic Park on October 11, 2001. Reception Jason MacIsaac of The Electric Playground gave the game a 79 percent rating out of 100 and praised the scanner accessory: \\\"It's a unique idea, and as a source of entertainment, nearly limitless. [...] And I'm surprised at how well this idea works into the gameplay\\\". However, MacIsaac negatively wrote, \\\"game screens can look like they've locked up when moving data\\\". Jon Thompson of AllGame rated the game four stars\",\n \"title\": \"Scan Command: Jurassic Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71416196\",\n \"text\": \"Dr. Henry Wu is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. He also appears briefly in the novel's 1993 film adaptation and plays a larger role in the Jurassic World film trilogy. Dr. Wu is the lead geneticist for the dinosaur theme parks Jurassic Park and Jurassic World, overseeing the de-extinction of dinosaurs through genetic engineering. He is killed by a Velociraptor in the novel, but survives throughout the film series, in which he is portrayed by actor BD Wong. Although Wu is a supporting character in the novel, he has a drastically reduced role in the film adaptation, directed by Steven Spielberg. Wong and Wu are both Asian-American, and the actor believed that the role was reduced, to his disappointment, because of \\\"racial exclusion in Hollywood\\\". Wong was skeptical that he would ever reprise the role, but eventually did so for the fourth film in the franchise, Jurassic World (2015). It was directed by Colin Trevorrow, who co-wrote the script with Derek Connolly. The writers viewed Wu as a logical character to return, considering his role in recreating dinosaurs. Wong is the only actor from any of the previous films to appear in Jurassic World, and he and Trevorrow were happy to revisit the character after his minor role in the first film. Wong reprised the role again for the sequels, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022), which were also co-written by Trevorrow. In the Jurassic World trilogy, Wu secretly creates weaponized hybrid dinosaurs at the behest of others, although the animals later escape and wreak havoc. In Dominion, he secretly engineers giant locusts for his employer, Biosyn, which unleashes the insects to consume rival crops in a plot to control the world food supply. The character undergoes a redemption when he expresses regret for his actions and eventually stops the locust outbreak. Wu is sometimes considered a villain in the Jurassic World films, although Wong believes the character is misunderstood, stating that his research is well intentioned and driven by the demands of others. Aside from the films, Wong also reprised the role for the video games Jurassic World Evolution (2018) and Jurassic World Aftermath (2020), as well as two theme park attractions, Jurassic World: The Ride and VelociCoaster. Fictional background Dr. Henry Wu is the chief geneticist at Jurassic Park, a theme park featuring genetically engineered dinosaurs on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. Wu was recruited by the park's owner, John Hammond, to bring dinosaurs back from extinction for use as attractions. Novels In the novel, Wu was a student of geneticist Norman Atherton, who was Hammond's partner in the Jurassic Park project. After Atherton died of cancer, Wu was personally recruited by Hammond to join the project. Wu is eager to make his mark in the science world, and Hammond gives him an opportunity to do so, offering him a $50 million budget to create living\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Wu (Jurassic Park)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70560227\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game, the first to be developed by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall. It is based on the first five films in the Jurassic Park franchise. After years in development, the game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, and quickly achieved its $100,000 fundraising goal. It was released in October 2022. Early reception was generally positive. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game for two to four players, ages 10 and up. The game follows the plots of the first five Jurassic Park films. It is set on Isla Nublar, the fictional island featured in several films. As in the first Jurassic Park film, the players' goal is to build a dinosaur theme park on the island and achieve a lasting legacy. Gameplay takes place across 12 sessions spanning the events of the five films. Players choose from several playable characters, including Dr. Alan Grant, Dr. Ellie Sattler, Dr. Ian Malcolm, John Hammond, Dr. Henry Wu, and Robert Muldoon. The game also introduces several original characters and scenarios not seen in the films. The game initially features four dinosaurs, and eight additional creatures can be encountered as the game progresses. Dinosaurs are represented as mini figures, while humans take the form of cardboard tabs placed into plastic holders. Gameplay generally revolves around the dinosaurs, such as avoiding carnivores or protecting herbivores. Players can also survey areas, enter buildings to play mini-games, and search for items such as tools and weapons. New gameplay mechanics are introduced throughout to alter the experience. Players must work together as a team and agree on what action to take, as their choices in one session can have permanent consequences in future sessions. For instance, stickers are placed on the board as the game progresses, representing locations or other elements that become permanent. Development and release Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar was in development for years. It was created by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall, marking its first legacy game. It is also the first film-based legacy game. Prospero Hall cited the COVID-19 pandemic as its biggest challenge in creating the game. The dinosaur figures are scaled-down replicas based on animations by Industrial Light & Magic, which worked on the CGI dinosaurs in each film. The development team tried to strike a balance with the original films while introducing new characters and story ideas to improve gameplay. In designing the game's look, Prospero Hall referred to old issues of adventure magazines and Scientific American, as well as maps and tourism pamphlets from the 1950s. As a result, the instruction manual and other game documents are designed in a 1950s pulp fiction comic style. The game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, quickly reaching its $100,000 fundraising goal. The game was released in October 2022, selling for $120. It is Prospero\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2343984\",\n \"text\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by DreamWorks Interactive and Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Electronic Arts and Sega for the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, respectively, in 1997. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. In 1998, a special edition of the game was released for the Sony PlayStation as a Greatest Hits title and featured several modifications to the gameplay. Gameplay The Saturn and PlayStation versions feature identical gameplay. The game features a side-scroller perspective. There are 5 characters in all throughout the course of the game, each with their own special abilities and attributes: Compsognathus, Human Hunter, Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, and Sarah Harding, who is also known as the \\\"Human Prey\\\". During gameplay, the character must complete all levels sequentially to gain access to the next character. For each character, there are \\\"DNA bonuses\\\" in each level that can be collected for access to storyboard art for that particular character. Actor Jeff Goldblum briefly reprised his role as Ian Malcolm for a secret ending that the player can access if every DNA bonus is collected. The secret ending is a video of Goldblum congratulating the player for finishing the game, but suggesting to go outside and do other activities instead. The Lost World: Jurassic Park ignores the plot of the film, despite featuring some of its dinosaurs and being set on \\\"Site B\\\", an island also known as Isla Sorna and used as InGen's dinosaur breeding site. The plot varies with every character, each one struggling to survive on the island, populated by over 20 species of dinosaurs in an environment of escalating chaos. Item pickups for the dinosaur characters are limited to food needed to maintain their strength, while item pickups for the human characters include gas canisters, automatic weapons, health refills, and rocket launchers. The playable dinosaurs' chapters consist of traversing various parts of the island, defending against other predators as well as InGen hunters. The \\\"Human Hunter\\\" chapters are largely based in more urban environments, including an underground complex, a geothermal center and an InGen lab. Although objectives are never elaborated on, the Hunter's goal is to eliminate any dinosaur threat. The final chapters involve Harding escaping the island on a cargo ship. Development DreamWorks Interactive announced that they were working on a video game based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park in the third quarter of 1996. In March 1997, Electronic Arts announced that it had secured the distribution and publishing rights for a PlayStation video game adaptation of the film, as part of a deal with DreamWorks. During the first two months of pre-production, producer Patrick Gilmore held daily meetings with his development team to develop a variety of ideas for the game. The ideas were ultimately put into a concept document that included more than 100 pages, some of which offered storyboards and detailed descriptions of each scene\",\n \"title\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10718863\",\n \"text\": \"Garden Park is a paleontological site in Fremont County, Colorado, known for its Jurassic dinosaurs and the role the specimens played in the infamous Bone Wars of the late 19th century. Located north of Cañon City, the name originates from the area providing vegetables to the miners at nearby Cripple Creek in the 19th century. Garden Park proper is a triangular valley surrounded by cliffs on the southeast and southwest and by mountains to the north; however, the name is also refers to the dinosaur sites on top and along the cliffs. The dinosaur sites now form the Garden Park Paleontological Resource Area, which is overseen by the Bureau of Land Management. Geology Garden Park was formed by erosion of sedimentary rocks that have been distorted by uplift of the Rocky Mountains. The region is bisected by Four Mile Creek (also called Oil Creek), which has carved a canyon through the Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. One of these Mesozoic strata is the Morrison Formation, which is exposed within the canyon. However, because the formation contains high amounts of swelling clays, large faulted blocks or slump-blocks of the formation are slowly moving towards the creek. The result is to make it difficult to correlate the various dinosaur quarries because exposures are limited and not continuous. The formation in Garden Park can be divided informally into a lower and upper unit. The lower unit is composed primarily green and gray mudstones, with numerous lenticular, white to tan to gray sandstones. The upper is composed mostly of red mudstone, with lesser amounts of yellowish, often tabular sandstone. These two units probably correspond to the Tidwell, Saltwash and Brushy Basin members of the Morrison Formation on the Colorado Plateau. Dinosaurs The discovery of dinosaurs in the Garden Park area has been presented numerous times by Schuchert and LeVene, Shur, Ostrom and McIntosh, and Jaffe. Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope both produced major finds here. The lesser known post-Marsh and Cope collecting of dinosaurs has been presented by Monaco. She recounts the expeditions by the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in the early 20th century, the Denver Museum of Natural History in the 1930 and 1990s, and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in the mid-1950s. Dinosaurs from Garden Park on display include Allosaurus fragilis, Diplodocus longus, Ceratosaurus nasicornis, and Stegosaurus stenops at the National Museum of Natural History, Haplocanthosaurus delfsi at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and Othnielosaurus consors (then called Othnielia rex), Stegosaurus stenops and a clutch of Preprismatoolithus coloradensis eggs at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Major vertebrate quarries references (h) = holotype References External links Garden Park Fossil Area - Bureau of Land Management Hands On The Land Jurassic Colorado Jurassic paleontological sites of North America Morrison Formation Paleontology in Colorado Protected areas of Fremont County, Colorado Bureau of Land Management areas in Colorado\",\n \"title\": \"Garden Park, Colorado\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72820001\",\n \"text\": \"Velociraptor was popularized by its appearance in the Jurassic Park franchise, which features numerous individuals. They first appear in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, followed by a 1993 film adaptation from director Steven Spielberg, which spawned a series of films. Despite their name, Crichton heavily based the Velociraptors on the larger Deinonychus, and this was carried over into the films. The on-screen raptors were created using several production methods, including animatronics by Stan Winston and CGI by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). The 2015 film Jurassic World introduces a group of named raptors who are being trained in a research program. Among these is an individual named Blue, who returns in the sequels Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The concept of trained raptors was conceived by Spielberg, who served as executive producer on the Jurassic World films. Blue is among the most popular Jurassic Park/World dinosaurs and, alongside Rexy the Tyrannosaurus, has become a fan favorite in the franchise. Appearances In Crichton's original novel and the film adaptation, dinosaurs have been genetically engineered by InGen for a theme park on the fictional Isla Nublar. The Velociraptors are portrayed as intelligent pack hunters. They terrorize the main characters and are responsible for several deaths, including that of Ray Arnold. They also stalk Lex and Tim Murphy in a restaurant kitchen at the park's visitor center. The raptors are overseen by park warden Robert Muldoon, who is killed by them as well in the film. Muldoon notes that the raptors possess problem-solving intelligence and fast speeds reaching 60 miles per hour. Raptors are also featured in Crichton's sequel novel The Lost World and its film adaptation The Lost World: Jurassic Park, both taking place at InGen's abandoned site on Isla Sorna. The raptors again terrorize and kill several characters. A different group of raptors are featured in the 2001 film Jurassic Park III, also set on Isla Sorna. In the film, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant states that raptor intelligence was superior to that of primates. If not for the extinction of dinosaurs, Grant believes that raptors may have risen to become the dominant species on Earth. He theorizes that their intelligence came from an ability to communicate with each other, using their resonating chambers, a theory that is later proven when he encounters InGen's raptors on the island. In Jurassic World, Blue is the oldest of the four Velociraptors trained by Owen Grady for a research program on Isla Nublar, the site of a new theme park. She and her three younger sisters, Charlie, Delta, and Echo, are later used to hunt down the escaped hybrid dinosaur Indominus rex, only to turn against their trainer when accepting the Indominus as their new alpha. Later, Blue is the first to change her loyalty back to Owen and fight against the Indominus. After the rest of her pack is killed by the hybrid, Blue joins a battle between a T. rex (Rexy) and the Indominus, who is then\",\n \"title\": \"Velociraptors in Jurassic Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65407767\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park, later also referred to as Jurassic World, is an American science fiction adventure media franchise. It focuses on the cloning of dinosaurs through ancient DNA, extracted from mosquitoes that have been fossilized in amber. The franchise explores the ethics of cloning and genetic engineering, and the morals behind de-extinction. The franchise began in 1990, with the release of Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park. A film adaptation, also titled Jurassic Park, was directed by Steven Spielberg and was released in 1993. Crichton then wrote a sequel novel, The Lost World (1995), and Spielberg directed its film adaptation, The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). Four additional films have been released, including Jurassic Park III in 2001, completing the original trilogy of films. The fourth installment, Jurassic World, was released in 2015, marking the beginning of a new trilogy. Its sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in 2018. The sixth film, Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022, marks the conclusion of the second trilogy. Two Jurassic World short films have also been released: Battle at Big Rock (2019) and a Jurassic World Dominion prologue (2021). Theropod dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor have had major roles throughout the film series. Other species, including Brachiosaurus and Spinosaurus, have also played significant roles. The series has also featured other creatures such as Mosasaurus and members of the pterosaur group, both commonly misidentified by the public as dinosaurs. The various creatures in the films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For the first three films, the animatronics were created by special-effects artist Stan Winston and his team, while Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) handled the CGI for all the films. The first film garnered critical acclaim for its innovations in CGI technology and animatronics. Since Winston's death in 2008, the practical dinosaurs have been created by other artists, including Legacy Effects and Image Engine (Jurassic World), Neal Scanlan (Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom), and John Nolan (Jurassic World Dominion). Paleontologist Jack Horner has served as the longtime scientific advisor on the films, and paleontologist Steve Brusatte was also consulted for Jurassic World Dominion. The original film was praised for its modern portrayal of dinosaurs. Horner said that it still contained many inaccuracies, but noted that it was not meant as a documentary. Later films in the series contain inaccuracies as well, for entertainment purposes. This includes the films' velociraptors, which are depicted as being larger than their real-life counterparts. In addition, the franchise's method for cloning dinosaurs has been deemed scientifically implausible, for a number of reasons. On-screen portrayals The various creatures in the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For each of the films, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) has handled dinosaur scenes that required CGI. Throughout the film series, ILM has studied large animals such as elephants and rhinos, for reference in designing the digital dinosaurs. Jurassic Park trilogy (1993–2001) For the original 1993 film Jurassic Park,\",\n \"title\": \"Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1460085\",\n \"text\": \"The Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, is a park that houses fossilized remains and petrified eggs of dinosaurs. It is a man-made fossil park and not the actual nesting grounds where the dinosaurs lived. The eggs and fossils on display here are from the world's 3rd-largest dinosaur fossil excavation site and 2nd-largest hatchery at Raiyoli, Balasinor, Gujarat. The Park was set up by the Geological Survey of India and is the only dinosaur museum in the country. History In 1970, the Forest Department of the Gujarat Government began its planting and restoration efforts. The park, also known as India's Jurassic Park, is 428 hectares in size and contains sections such as the dinosaur section, fossil section, etc. Now, the park is managed by the Gujarat Ecological and Research Foundation (GEER). The oldest record of dinosaur bone fossils is of middle Jurassic period, and they are found from Patcham formation of Kutch basin. The fossils which were found in Upper Cretaceous formations in the region date back 66 million years. The eggs are of different sizes, some the size of cannonballs. Fossil trackways of these gargantuan animals are also on display in the park. Dinosaurs that are on display include Tyrannosaurus rex, Megalosaurus, Titanosaurus, Barapasaurus, Brachiosaurus, Antarctosaurus, Stegosaurus and Iguanodon. The park displays life-size models of the dinosaurs along with details of each period in which they existed and the characteristics of the animals. The fossils were found in the Songhir Bagh Basin, the Himatnagar basin of Balasinor, south-eastern parts of Kheda, Panchmahal and Vadodara districts of the state. Gallery References Paleontology in India Protected areas of Gujarat Fossil trackways Fossil parks in India Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad district Cretaceous paleontological sites of Asia Protected areas with year of establishment missing\",\n \"title\": \"Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5775130\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park III: Park Builder is a construction and management simulation game for the Game Boy Advance that was developed by Konami. The game was released on September 10, 2001. It is the second game, under the title Jurassic Park III, for the Game Boy Advance title games after The DNA Factor, released in the same year, it is followed by Island Attack. Summary Jurassic Park III: Park Builder challenges the player to design and run an island-based Jurassic Park theme park, similar to Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis. The player must first send an excavation team to one of eight worldwide locations to search for fossilized mosquitoes that contain dinosaur DNA, which is then used to create dinosaurs. The player can place structures in the park such as hotels, restaurants and shops. Hurricanes and earthquakes can damage the park's buildings. The player must advertise the park in order to attract more customers. Visitors to the park must view the dinosaurs while riding on tour buses. The player begins with three buses and can purchase more later. The player is given a maximum of eight holding pens for however many dinosaurs the park may have. There are six different environments on the island, including jungles, a beach, plains, and a desert. Dinosaurs can become ill and require medical attention. To keep them healthy, the dinosaurs are placed in environments that closely resemble their natural habitat. The game features 140 creatures, including Brachiosaurus, Mosasaurus, Pteranodon, Spinosaurus, Stegosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. The dinosaurs, depending on their size and aggression, are grouped into six categories: three for carnivores and three for herbivores. Reception The game was met with average to mixed reception, as GameRankings gave it a score of 68.54%, while Metacritic gave it 65 out of 100. AllGame criticized the game for its few sound effects and \\\"generic background music\\\", as well as the need to \\\"constantly switch back and forth\\\" between different menu screens, \\\"making it easy to forget what you're doing in relation to what needs to be done.\\\" IGN wrote a positive review but criticized the game for its lack of a tutorial mode: \\\"It's a very complex game with tons of little elements to manage...and it's boggling to see that the developers don't offer even the most basic tutorial for beginner park builders. Right from the get-go, you're thrust into the game without knowing what does what, or how you're supposed to do it.\\\" See also List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Park Builder Konami games Construction and management simulation games Video games with oblique graphics Video games based on films Video games based on adaptations Video games set on fictional islands Video games developed in Japan\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park III: Park Builder\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12154291\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is a score of the 2001 film of the same name. It was orchestrated, composed and conducted by Don Davis and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. Davis incorporated John Williams' themes from the previous films into the score. Background and composition John Williams had previously composed the film soundtracks Jurassic Park (1993) and The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). As Jurassic Park III was underway, Williams was busy working on the A.I. Artificial Intelligence soundtrack and suggested Don Davis to handle the Jurassic Park III score. According to Davis: \\\"I suspect he wasn't too interested in doing the third part of a franchise that he said goodbye to sometime before\\\". Despite a rumor, James Horner was never considered to compose the film's score. After signing on to the project, Davis became unsure if his score could live up to Williams' work. He listened to the previous Jurassic Park scores, hoping for his own to maintain consistency with them. Some of Williams' prior themes, mostly from the first film, were used in Jurassic Park III, but some were shortened or lengthened to fit certain scenes. Williams provided his original handwritten scores to Davis. One of Williams' themes is used for the returning character of Dr. Alan Grant. Davis also composed a new theme which was supposed to recreate the mending relationship between Paul and Amanda Kirby. The score was recorded with a 104-piece orchestra, with Davis orchestrating and conducting. One track, \\\"Clash of Extinction\\\", was created for a battle scene between a T. rex and Spinosaurus, although Johnston ultimately removed the track. Aside from Davis' score, Johnston chose to include \\\"Big Hat, No Cattle\\\", a song by Randy Newman from his 1999 album Bad Love. Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original cue listing The complete known cue list is as follows (including alternates): \\\"Isla Sorna Sailing Situation\\\" - [4:22] \\\"The Dig Site (Unused)\\\" - [1:07] \\\"They Were Smart\\\" - [1:42] \\\"A Walk in the Park\\\" - [1:21] \\\"Resonating Chamber\\\" - [1:17] \\\"Alan Goes (Album Mix Ending)\\\" - [1:54] \\\"Dinosaur Fly-By (Album)\\\" - [2:12] \\\"What's a Bad Idea (Album)\\\" - [1:03] \\\"Coopers Last Stand\\\" - [1:43] \\\"We Haven't Landed Yet\\\" - [0:40] \\\"Frenzy Fuselage (Album Mix)\\\" - [3:12] \\\"Clash of Extinction (Unused)\\\" - [1:42] \\\"The Kirby's Story\\\" - [4:06] \\\"Bone Man Ben\\\" - [3:38] \\\"Raptor Eggs\\\" - [2:52] \\\"The Raptor Room\\\" - [2:34] \\\"The Raptor Repartee\\\" - [3:26] \\\"Eric Saves Alan\\\" - [1:47] \\\"Tree People\\\" - [2:02] \\\"Nash Calling\\\" - [3:36] \\\"Party Crasher\\\" - [3:17] \\\"Pteranodon Habitat\\\" - [3:01] \\\"Tiny Pecking Pteranodons\\\" - [3:23] \\\"Billy Oblivion\\\" - [2:49] \\\"Brachiosaurus on the Bank\\\" - [2:07] \\\"Reaching for Glory\\\" - [2:31] \\\"Underwater Attack\\\" - [2:11] \\\"Spinosaurus Confrontation\\\" - [3:02] \\\"River Reminiscence\\\" - [1:08] \\\"Ambush and Rescue\\\" - [3:40] \\\"The Hat Returns - End Credits (Album)\\\" - [5:22] \\\"Big Hat, No Cattle (Source)\\\" - [4:26] \\\"Alan Goes (Film Mix)\\\" - [1:50] \\\"Dinosaur Fly-By (Extended Film Version)\\\" - [2:21] \\\"Coopers Last Stand (Film Alternate) \\\" - [1:23] \\\"Frenzy Fuselage\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park III (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"524169\",\n \"text\": \"High concept is a type of artistic work that can be easily pitched with a succinctly stated premise. It can be contrasted with low concept, which is more concerned with character development and other subtleties that are not as easily summarized. The origin of the term is disputed. Terminology High-concept narratives are typically characterised by an overarching \\\"what if?\\\" scenario that catalyses the following events. Many summer blockbuster movies are built on a high-concept idea, such as \\\"what if we could clone dinosaurs?\\\" as in Jurassic Park. High-concept narratives differ from analogous narratives. In the case of the latter, a high-concept story may be employed to allow commentary on an implicit subtext. A prime example of this might be George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, which asks, \\\"What if we lived in a future of totalitarian government?\\\" while simultaneously generating social comment and critique aimed at Orwell's own (real-world) contemporary society. Similarly, the Gene Roddenberry sci-fi series Star Trek went beyond the high concept storytelling of a futurist starship crew, by addressing 20th century social issues in a hypothetical and defamiliarising context. Planet of the Apes (1968) likewise engages in social commentary regarding race relations and other topics from modern human society via the lens of the ape civilization, in part as a response by screenplay co-writer Rod Serling to his experiences of anti-semitism. Characteristics The term is often applied to films that are pitched and developed almost entirely upon an engaging premise with broad appeal, rather than standing upon complex character study, cinematography, or other strengths that relate more to the artistic execution of a production. Extreme examples of high-concept films are Snakes on a Plane and Sharknado, which describe their entire premises in their titles. A movie described as being \\\"high-concept\\\" is considered easy to sell to a wide audience because it delivers upon an easy-to-grasp idea. This simple narrative can often be summed up with a single iconic image, such as the theme park logo from Jurassic Park. Along with having well-defined genre and aesthetics, high-concept films have marketing guidelines known as \\\"the look, the hook and the book\\\". The look of the film is simply how visually appealing it is to the public, usually before its release. Jurassic Park would show the world dinosaurs as they had never been seen before. The hook is the story the film is trying to sell to its audience. Everyone wanted to know how dinosaurs could walk the Earth again after being extinct for 65 million years and how they would coexist with people. The book can be labeled as all the merchandise made to help promote the film. The merchandise in Jurassic Park was destined to sell well, with people wanting the T-shirts and lunch boxes that were shown for sale within the movie itself, with similar merchandise later to be sold at Universal Studios in the gift shop connected to the Jurassic Park ride. Commercial benefits High-concept television series and movies often rely on pre-sold properties such as movie stars\",\n \"title\": \"High concept\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61908847\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic World Live is a live show produced by Feld Entertainment and NBCUniversal based on the Jurassic World franchise. The show started touring arenas around the United States in September 2019, beginning with the Schottenstein Center in Columbus, Ohio. Show Jurassic World Live Tour is a live arena show. Twenty-four dinosaurs are included in the show with seven species in total. These dinosaurs include a 43-foot long T. rex that weighs 8,000 lbs., Blue, the Velociraptor from the Jurassic World franchise, and Pteranodons that will swoop down and pick performers up during the show. The dinosaurs move through animatronics (for the larger dinosaurs) and live acting (for the smaller dinosaurs) in which \\\"dinoteers\\\" walk the dinosaurs around the arena while wearing dinosaur costumes. The show also features stunts using props such as a Jurassic World Jeep, motorcycles and a Gyrosphere. The show is canon. The production crew consulted with Steven Spielberg, Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall during the creation of the show, ensuring that there were no continuity errors between the show and the Jurassic World story, as well as ensuring that the dinosaurs, props and tone of the show aligned with that of the Jurassic World franchise. The show features the original score from the movies. Storyline The Jurassic World Live Tour show follows an original storyline that takes place at some point between the first two Jurassic World movies. The story is written by Shawn Thomas and Steve Jarczak and directed by Dan Shipton and Ross Nicholson. The story begins on the day Jurassic World falls and ends before the beginning of the adventures shown in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The story will focus around a team of scientists led by Dr. Kate Walker that have been working on a \\\"Dino-Decoder,\\\" a device that allows humans to understand dinosaur emotions. After the Indominus rex escapes on Isla Nublar, the team becomes separated. It is not until later on when the \\\"Dino-Decoder\\\" sends out a signal that the team discovers that Jeannie - a Troodon that the team had been testing the device on - is still alive. As the team sets out on a quest to save her, they discover that InGen still intends to weaponize dinosaurs and that they are intrigued by the \\\"Dino-Decoder\\\" and Jeannie. The adventure moves to an InGen facility in Chile, where conflict breaks out featuring dinosaur-on-dinosaur and dinosaur-on-human battles. The story then circles back to Isla Nublar. References Works based on Jurassic Park\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic World Live\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9057939\",\n \"text\": \"Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite is an assemblage of fossil dinosaur footprints on public land near Shell, in Big Horn County, Wyoming. They were discovered in 1997 by Erik P. Kvale, a research geologist from the Indiana Geological Survey. The site is managed by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the Red Gulch/Alkali National Back Country Byway and is open to the public. Fossils The fossilized tracks are believed to have been made during the Middle Jurassic Period, 160–180 million years b.p., on what was then a shore of the Sundance Sea. Theropod tracks are thought to be among those discovered, but evidence suggests that the tracks were made by a large, diverse group of dinosaurs. Due to a rarity of Middle Jurassic theropods, the species that made the tracks is currently unknown. The majority of the footprints are in the area dubbed \\\"the ballroom\\\". Besides the trackways, a variety of fossils can be found, including belemnites, crinoids, and shrimp burrows. Geology The tracksite is in a limestone layer in the lower part of the Sundance Formation. Its discovery was somewhat surprising, since the Sundance was historically considered to be marine in nature. Indeed, the layer just above the tracksite contains abundant marine fossils including numerous Gryphaea nebrascensis, indicating that later in the Jurassic it was once again submerged. See also Sundance Formation Fossil trackway Sundance Sea References External links BLM Wyoming.gov: official Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite website Geo-sciences.com: Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite – Wyoming’s Middle Jurassic Treasure Fossil trackways in the United States Fossil parks in the United States Jurassic geology of Wyoming Jurassic paleontological sites of North America Paleontology in Wyoming 1997 in paleontology Protected areas of Big Horn County, Wyoming Bureau of Land Management areas in Wyoming\",\n \"title\": \"Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1770979\",\n \"text\": \"Dr. Alan Grant is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is a paleontologist and is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. Crichton based Grant on the paleontologist Jack Horner. Director Steven Spielberg helmed the 1993 film adaptation, and several actors were considered for the role of Grant. It ultimately went to Sam Neill, becoming one of his most popular roles. Spielberg gave the character a dislike of children, and put him in a relationship with Dr. Ellie Sattler, a paleobotanist who is Grant's student in the novel. Sattler, portrayed by Laura Dern, wants to start a family with Grant, who is resistant to the idea. Neill reprised the character in 2001's Jurassic Park III, which also saw a cameo by Dern. In the film, Sattler has married someone else and started a family, although she and Grant remain friends. Director Joe Johnston chose to break-up Grant and Sattler, believing that Dern looked too young to be in such a relationship; Neill is 20 years older than her. Neill was dissatisfied with his performance in the first film, which factored into his return for Jurassic Park III, marking the first time he reprised one of his roles. Neill and Dern would return again for major roles in Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022. In the film, Sattler has divorced her husband; she and Grant eventually rekindle their romantic relationship. Colin Trevorrow, the film's director and co-writer, was in agreement with Neill and Dern on reuniting their characters romantically. Neill and Dern also reprised their roles for the video games Jurassic World Evolution and Jurassic World Evolution 2, lending their voices to downloadable content packs released in 2019 and 2022 respectively. Fictional background Dr. Alan Grant is a paleontologist who is dedicated to his research, which includes a focus on velociraptors. He believes that dinosaurs are closely related to birds, and also theorizes that the vision of a Tyrannosaurus is based on movement. Grant has written several books on dinosaurs, as referenced in the first novel. He has also written at least two in the film series. In Jurassic Park III, Eric Kirby opines that he liked Grant's first book better, as Grant liked dinosaurs when he wrote it, compared to the second written after his time at Jurassic Park. Grant has a dislike of computers, and is portrayed in the film series as easily irritated. Novels In the first novel, Grant is described as \\\"a barrel-chested, bearded man of forty\\\". He had a wife who died years prior to the events of the novel. He has a strong affinity for children, especially those interested in dinosaurs. He is one of the world's most renowned paleontologists, partly specializing in hadrosaur and other duck-billed dinosaurs such as Maiasaura. Dr. Ellie Sattler is a graduate student and paleobotanist who is studying under Grant. Before the events of the novel, Grant was approached by Donald Gennaro, chief counsel for InGen, to provide information on the requirements\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Grant (Jurassic Park)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14363937\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! is a 2001 video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure for Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. Gameplay consists of the player(s) going around on a virtual board game map. Knowledge Adventure also concurrently developed and published Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender. Certain aspects of Dino Defender were re-used for Danger Zone!. Gameplay InGen's supply of dinosaur DNA is nearly destroyed after an earthquake comes to Jurassic Park. As in Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender, the player is again cast as a Dino Defender. The player must go to Jurassic Park to retrieve new DNA samples. The game includes a multiplayer for up to 2 players. The Dino Defender Chief, a character who serves as both an authority figure and narrator, returns from the previous game to guide the player through menus. Danger Zone! also recycles several cutscenes, menu designs, animations, and audio from Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender. In the game the tokens are SUVs. The player goes around Jurassic Park on a board-like version of it. The player's mission is to collect four DNA samples from a dinosaur chosen at the start of the game. Dinosaurs include T. rex, Spinosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Compsognathus, Pteranodon, Velociraptor, and Stegosaurus. The player can buy items, which can be used against dinosaurs. Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! features a variety of diverse mini-games. Many mini-games are side-scrolling games that feature the same armored character used in Dino Defender. Other mini-games such as \\\"Raging Raptors\\\" involves the player controlling a raptor and fighting another raptor, or hunting in a field to obtain DNA of dinosaurs using a helicopter. When the player has filled the \\\"DNA meter\\\" with the DNA of the chosen dinosaur, the creature is then cloned and the player wins the game. Reception Christy Wasson of GameZone had expected more action from a Jurassic Park game. She praised the graphics, and the sound effects of the game's helicopters and \\\"somewhat realistic\\\" dinosaurs, but also felt that the animation and narration \\\"could use some work\\\". Wasson also criticized the game's slow loading times, its easy difficulty, and wrote that having to compete against the computer AI is boring. Wasson also believed the game's concept would have worked better with a different theme, rather than as a board game. Jinny Gudmundsen of USA Today recommended the game for children over the age of 10 because of dinosaur violence. Gudmundsen considered the game's multiplayer option superior to its single-player mode, and said that gameplay could become boring once all the minigames have been played. Jason MacIsaac of The Electric Playground enjoyed the large collection of mini-games, but he criticized the game's long sessions, slow loading times, and the difficulty of the \\\"Raging Raptors\\\" mini-game. Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! sold an estimated 210,000 copies, totaling $4.6 million in revenue. In August 2006, Next Generation listed the game at number 97 on its list of \\\"Top 100 PC Games of the 21st Century\\\", which\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5788628\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor is a side scrolling and puzzle game set in the Jurassic Park movie universe. It was developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Hawaii and published by Konami for the Game Boy Advance. It was coincided with the release of the film Jurassic Park III on July 16, 2001. The two other games, Jurassic Park III: Park Builder and Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, are also released by Konami. Summary A cargo plane flying over Isla Sorna is struck by lightning, and upon crashing, the dinosaur DNA it stored is spread across the island. The player then assumes the role of either Mark Hanson (a photographer) or Lori Torres (an ace pilot), and must wander around the island in a side-scrolling format, collecting DNA and avoiding dinosaurs. In each level, the player's character has the ability to switch between a background and a foreground pathway. Switching between the two pathways allows the player to access weapons and DNA samples, or to avoid oncoming dinosaurs. At the end of each level, the player will use the DNA that is collected in a short puzzle game, in order to create more dinosaurs. Completing this minigame will unlock more areas for the player to explore. At the end of the game, the military bombs the island, and the player escapes on a small plane, wondering if dinosaurs should really have a place in their world. Reception The game was met with negative reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 48.94%, while Metacritic gave it 44 out of 100. AllGame praised the game's graphics and sound effects, but criticized its \\\"awkward\\\" controls and wrote that the levels \\\"are poorly designed and seemingly impossible to complete.\\\" AllGame also criticized the game's ability to switch between background and foreground pathways, writing \\\"this just adds confusion, since swapping between roads can be tricky and the paths are oftentimes deceiving because of the limited screen size and resolution.\\\" IGN praised its cutscenes, sound effects and music, but criticized its \\\"sloppy game design,\\\" clumsy controls, and bad collision detection, as well as the game's background and foreground pathways: \\\"Nothing casts a shadow, so you can't even tell if a DNA sample is hovering over the foreground path or lying on the ground on the background path.\\\" GameSpot criticized the game for \\\"disappointing\\\" sound effects and music, and for sharing nothing in common with the film. GameSpot also criticized the game's background and foreground pathways, calling it \\\"a confusing little gimmick that is mainly used to increase the amount of backtracking you'll have to do to collect the particles you need.\\\" In 2018, Zack Zwiezen of Kotaku ranked the game among the \\\"worst\\\" Jurassic Park games ever released, stating that it \\\"looked and played awful when it was first released, and it hasn’t aged well at all.\\\" References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Jurassic Park video games Konami games Video games developed in the United\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56188730\",\n \"text\": \"Dinosaur suits are a type of costumed character or creature suit resembling a dinosaur. Dinosaur suits are also called dinosaur costumes. Such costumes were used in film and television and as mascots for decades, reflecting dinosaurs' prominence in the arts and entertainment. Usually operators use two cable-pulled handle to control the motions. Realistic dinosaur suits also gained popularity for live shows following the success of Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. An experienced performer can make lifelike movements with a dinosaur suit. They are also used in theme parks and in an educational context at various museums. Inflatable dinosaur suits have been used for pranks, gags, and protests. Film and television Dinosaur suits were first used in early monster movies, such as Gorgo (1961), which featured a T-Rex like monster. They continued to be used in films such as Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend (1985) which used animatronic brontosaurus suits with radio-controlled heads, and in television series like Dinosaurs (1991), a sitcom with a family of dinosaurs. The film Jurassic Park (1993) used dinosaur suits for some of the creatures, such as Velociraptor and Deinonychus. In modern-day movies such as Jurassic World (2015), this was instead done using CGI. In children's television, Barney, an anthropomorphic purple dinosaur, was used in the show Barney & Friends alongside other dinosaurs, becoming widely known in pop culture. Live action Some sports teams have dinosaur mascots represented by costumes, such as Arsenal F.C., Toronto Raptors, Colorado Rockies, Calgary Dinos and NC Dinos. For Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular, puppet-suits of dinosaurs such as the baby T-Rex and Utahraptors were created by Creature Technology Co. for use on stage alongside larger remote-controlled animatronics. These suits had the performer's legs visible, to make the leg shape more realistic. Feathers were later added to them due to recent discoveries about dinosaur plumage. Because of the show's ongoing popularity, these types of suits also became popular for live appearances, with and without the performer's visible legs, and including other types of suits such as two-person triceratops and stegosaurus costumes. As part of their Jurassic Park attractions, Universal Studios created several realistic dinosaur suits for their theme parks, including Velociraptors and a life size adult Triceratops that was also used to advertise the movies. The dinosaur suits utilised in Universal studios appear to replicate the method used for the dinosaurs in the classic Jurassic Park films. They are capable of complex behaviours such as roaring, snapping, trying to eat the guests or even showing affection in ways such as rubbing their heads or noses on the guests. Dinosaur suits created by the company Erth are used to teach students about dinosaurs at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in the \\\"Dinosaur Encounters\\\" show, including a baby triceratops and baby T-Rex. The vocalizations of the suits are made by the performers themselves through a microphone and speaker. Other museums also began to use dinosaur suits as attractions, such as THEMUSEUM in Ontario. In 2015,\",\n \"title\": \"Dinosaur suit\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1282784\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis is a construction and management simulation video game based on the Jurassic Park series developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by Universal Interactive, with the console versions being co-published with Konami in Japan. It was released for Windows, Xbox, and PlayStation 2. The game's primary goal is to construct a five-star rated dinosaur theme park named Jurassic Park on custom-generated islands by hatching dinosaurs, building attractions, keeping visitors entertained, and ensuring the park's safety. Development began in 2001, and lasted 22 months. The game was announced in February 2002, with its release initially scheduled for late 2002. Ultimately, the game was released in North America and the PAL region in March 2003, followed by a Japanese release later that year. According to Metacritic, the Windows and Xbox versions received \\\"Mixed or average\\\" reviews, while the PlayStation 2 version received \\\"Generally favorable\\\" reviews. Gameplay The player's main objective is to create an animal theme park featuring dinosaurs, make it popular, and make it safe with a 5-star rating. Gameplay functions are very similar to the SimCity and Zoo Tycoon game models. It is necessary to build feeding stations where herbivores can get bales of plant feed, while carnivores are fed live cows and goats. However, herbivores become unhappy if they don't have enough trees around them or enough nearby dinosaurs to socialize with. Likewise, carnivores have an innate desire to hunt other dinosaurs, so even a constant stream of livestock will not keep them happy. To create a dinosaur, fifty percent (50%) of the particular dinosaur's DNA is needed. The higher the percentage of DNA, the longer that dinosaur will live, unless it dies by means other than natural causes, such as malnutrition or being attacked by another dinosaur. To obtain a dinosaur's DNA, the player must extract it through fossils or amber. Higher quality specimens will yield more DNA. To obtain fossils and amber, the player must send a fossil-hunting team to dig in one of nine dig sites around the world. Additional dig teams can be purchased later in the game. Each dig site contains fossils from three particular dinosaurs. Fossils of some dinosaurs, such as Brachiosaurus, can be found in more than one dig site. The chance of finding fossils depends on the quality of the site. There are 6 classifications on the quality of a dig site, ranging from \\\"excellent\\\" to \\\"exhausted.\\\" It is still possible to find fossils and amber at sites that have been exhausted, although they are often of low quality with little DNA to provide. Valuable items such as silver, gold, or opal are also discovered infrequently by the dig team(s), and can be sold for profit. Attractions help make the park popular, and increase its rating power and income when correctly configured. Attractions must be researched before they can be constructed, and include the Balloon Tour, Safari Adventure and Viewing Dome. Viewing Vents and Viewing Platforms do not need to be researched. The Safari Tour and Balloon\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11587850\",\n \"text\": \"Walking with... is a palaeontology media franchise produced and broadcast by the BBC Studios Science Unit. The franchise began with the series Walking with Dinosaurs (1999), created by Tim Haines. By far the most watched science programme in British television during the 20th century, Walking with Dinosaurs spawned companion material and four sequel series: Walking with Beasts (2001), Walking with Cavemen (2003), Sea Monsters (2003) and Walking with Monsters (2005). Each series uses a combination of computer-generated imagery and animatronics, incorporated with live action footage shot at various locations, to portray prehistoric animals in the style of a traditional nature documentary. The Walking with... programmes were praised for their special effects and for their science communication. Though largely praised by scientists for the effort to adhere to science and for portraying prehistoric life as animals rather than movie monsters, some academic criticism has been leveled at the series for not making clear through their narration what is speculative and what is based in fact. In addition to the five main series, the success of Walking with... also led to the production of the Walking with Dinosaurs special episodes The Ballad of Big Al, The Giant Claw and Land of Giants. The franchise has also been accompanied by several books, merchandise, video games and the live theatrical show Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. In 2013, a movie based on Walking with Dinosaurs, with the same name, was directed by Neil Nightingale and Barry Cook. Development Walking with Dinosaurs was devised by the then BBC-employed science television producer Tim Haines in 1996. Inspired by the 1993 film Jurassic Park, Haines envisioned a more science-based documentary programme using the same techniques as Jurassic Park to bring dinosaurs to life. Though such a series was initially feared to be far too expensive to produce, particularly considering the production costs of Jurassic Park, Haines managed to bring down the costs through working with the award-winning UK-based graphics company Framestore. It was only after the production of a six-minute pilot episode in 1997 that Haines managed to secure funding for the series; Walking with Dinosaurs was funded by the BBC, BBC Worldwide and the Discovery Channel, alongside major investments from TV Asahi in Japan and ProSieben in Germany. At a cost of £6.1 million ($9.9 million), Walking with Dinosaurs cost over £37,654 ($61,112) per minute to produce, making it the most expensive documentary series per minute ever made. The visual effects of Walking with Dinosaurs were done by Framestore and the puppets and animatronics were done by the special effects company Crawley Creatures. The success of Walking with Dinosaurs led to the rapid creation of Walking with... as a brand of documentary series. In the aftermath of Walking with Dinosaurs, Haines founded the production company Impossible Pictures together with Jasper James, one of the producers on Walking with Dinosaurs. 2000 saw the release of a special episode of Dinosaurs, The Ballad of Big Al, focusing on a single Allosaurus specimen. The first entire sequel\",\n \"title\": \"Walking with...\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12674207\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park: Survival is a canceled action-adventure video game that was in development by Savage Entertainment and was to be published by Konami. Based upon the Jurassic Park franchise, the game was to be released on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in November 2001. It was also planned for Microsoft Windows and GameCube. Development began in October 2000. Initially, the game was to be based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. However, the film was in production at that time and could not provide visual reference to the game's development teams, who had to devise their own designs and ideas. Vivendi Universal ultimately decided that the game would only be inspired by the film, rather than based on it, and subsequently chose to include elements not featured in the film. In July 2001, Savage ended development due to payment conflicts with Vivendi Universal, which was dissatisfied with the progress of the game. In North America, the game was expected to receive a Teen rating. Gameplay Jurassic Park: Survival was to be played from a third-person perspective with David Vaughn, a member of a security team, as the main character. The game would have taken place on an island of genetically engineered dinosaurs. Gameplay was described as being similar to the Tomb Raider games. Chacko Sonny, a founder of Savage Entertainment, described the company's goal on the gameplay as \\\"Die-Hard meets Jurassic Park\\\". In its preview video, gameplay appeared similar to a survival horror game, with additional action-adventure elements such as climbing, crawling, rolling, shoot rolling, jumping and swimming, as well as other platforming strategies to outwit the dinosaurs instead of trying to take them head on. Vaughn's enemies would have included eight dinosaur species and four different types of military officers. A fictionalized version of Troodon with glowing eyes would have been featured in the game, and was later implemented into Jurassic Park: The Game (2011). Dinosaur AI was meant to be an integral part of the game; dinosaurs would be able to lure the main character into traps, hunt in packs, and retreat for reinforcements if needed. Vaughn's weapons would have included a pistol, an electric prod, and a grenade launcher. Vaughn would also carry a PDA with him, which could be used to contact team members for assistance. An item known as the \\\"phero pack\\\" could also be carried around and dropped in certain locations to lure dinosaurs to Vaughn's human enemies and attack them. Puzzles would play a major role in the game. Stealth was also a significant part of gameplay, as Vaughn could complete objectives easier by avoiding detection from guards and spotlights while inside enemy encampments. Vaughn could also use computer terminals located throughout the game to access security cameras for a better view of the area and nearby enemies. The game would have featured 12 large levels, located in swamps, dense forests, huge caves and networks of tunnels, military outposts, a marina, a terrorist camp, jungles, a hatchery, and a large aviary used\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park: Survival\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61480190\",\n \"text\": \"Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar is a 13-episode CG-animated television miniseries that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Set in 2012 and inspired by the Lego toyline, the show is a direct followup to the Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit television special that debuted on NBC in the United States in 2018. The series began airing in Canada on Family Channel on July 6, 2019. Plot The series takes place at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Velociraptor handler Owen Grady and the park's operations manager Claire Dearing work to keep Jurassic World from falling into ruin unaware that Dennis Nedry's nephew Danny Nedermeyer has a secret agenda to ruin it. Cast Episodes Specials Broadcast In Australia, the series debuted on 9Go! on August 15, 2019. In the United States, Nickelodeon picked up the series and began airing it on September 14, with the first episode made available on video-on-demand platforms beginning August 25, 2019. ITV in the United Kingdom premiered the series as part of their CITV block on September 7, 2019. See also Lego Jurassic World (theme) Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit Lego Jurassic World (video game) Lego Dimensions Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park References External links LEGO: Jurassic World – Legend of Isla Nublar at Family.ca Official Jurassic World website Official Jurassic Outpost website Official Nickelodeon website 2019 animated television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series endings 2019 American television series debuts 2019 American television series endings 2010s Canadian animated television series 2010s American animated television series 2020s Canadian animated television series 2020s American animated television series American children's animated action television series American children's animated adventure television series American children's animated comic science fiction television series American children's animated science fantasy television series Canadian children's animated action television series Canadian children's animated adventure television series Canadian children's animated comic science fiction television series Canadian children's animated science fantasy television series Television series set in 2012 Works based on Jurassic Park Nickelodeon original programming Animated television series about dinosaurs J\",\n \"title\": \"Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32242633\",\n \"text\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It was released on September 16, 1997. By this time the Genesis was near the end of its commercial lifespan, and months went by between new software releases for the console. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. Gameplay Unlike the previous Jurassic Park games for the Genesis, the game features a bird's-eye view perspective similar to Jurassic Park on the Super NES. The player assumes the role of an unnamed character who must capture dinosaurs on Isla Sorna, while stopping rival hunters from transporting dinosaurs to the mainland. The game consists of nineteen missions spread across four sections of the island, referred to as Sites One through Four. Boss levels must be played at the end of each Site in order to advance to the next Site. Two players can work together in Cooperative Mode, or work against each other in Competitive Mode. Weapons such as a taser, tranquilizer gun, shotgun and grenades can be used against hunters and dinosaurs. At times, the player can control vehicles such as an SUV and a hovercraft. Development The game was originally scheduled to release in August 1997. This was pushed to September 1997. Reception Game Informer gave the game an 8.25 out of 10 and wrote, \\\"We can honestly say that this game is more fun than the PlayStation/Saturn version. [...] We'd love to see more titles like The Lost World for Genesis. It's entertaining and pushes the Genesis to its limits.\\\" Game Informer also praised the game's graphics, but noted \\\"when there's a lot of on-screen action, the slow down does become frustrating.\\\" GamePro instead considered the graphics unimpressive by Genesis standards, citing muted colors, simple backgrounds, and small sprites. The reviewer also described the gameplay as boring. See also Jurassic Park video games The Lost World: Jurassic Park (video game), a listing of games based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park References External links 1997 video games Cooperative_video_games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Sega Genesis games Sega Genesis-only games Video games developed in Hungary Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands\",\n \"title\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Sega Genesis game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46961985\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park Builder was a 2012 construction and management simulation video game developed and published by Ludia for iOS and Android operating systems, as well as Facebook. The game, based on the Jurassic Park series, allows the player to build a theme park featuring extinct animals. Ludia ended the game's support as of March 30, 2020. In 2015, Ludia released a sequel to the game titled Jurassic World: The Game, to coincide with the release of the film Jurassic World. Gameplay Jurassic Park Builder is a freemium game consisting of two-dimensional landscape renderings and three-dimensional creatures. The player's objective is to build and maintain a Jurassic Park theme park. The player begins the game with a basic home base, while expansion of the park is done by clearing land. To create dinosaurs, the player must clear away trees and rocks to locate prehistoric mosquitos, which are trapped in amber and contain dinosaur DNA. In a laboratory, the player then attempts to unlock the DNA from the mosquito. If the player is successful, then a dinosaur egg is created. Amber is sometimes discovered when the player clears land for park expansion. Basic mission objectives are given to the player by characters from the first two films: Alan Grant, John Hammond, Ian Malcolm, and Kelly Curtis. Dr. Henry Wu, a park scientist, also appears in the game, which features no characters from the film Jurassic Park III. Mission objectives include constructing roads and feeding creatures in the park. Completing missions ultimately gives the player the ability to create new buildings and conduct research for cloning new dinosaurs. Buildings include hotels and theme park attractions, including tour vehicles that travel along a path determined by the player. Revenue is earned through the buildings and dinosaurs that are located in the park. Revenue is collected in regular intervals, and the player can earn more money by feeding the dinosaurs to level them up. Although the dinosaurs do not require food to survive, feeding the animals will level them up, resulting in higher profits for the player. Carnivorous and herbivorous creatures require their own supply of food, which must be managed by the player to avoid running out. The player can choose to pay real money to purchase in-game currency, as well as supplies such as dinosaur food. Various aspects of the game take time to progress, including the hatching of dinosaur eggs, the clearing of forest land, and shipments of food from the mainland. The player can pay real currency to speed up these parts of the game. In a minigame titled \\\"Red Zone\\\", the player must tap on a specific dinosaur to prevent it from escaping its enclosure. In addition to breakouts, the player is occasionally given the option to respond to other emergencies such as storms. Responding to emergencies earns the player additional in-game currency. Aside from Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar, the game features two additional parks that the player can create: Aquatic Park, located on Nublar's seabed, featuring extinct aquatic\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park Builder\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14222404\",\n \"text\": \"Carnosaur (1984) is a horror novel written by Australian author John Brosnan, under the pseudonym of Harry Adam Knight. A film adaptation was made in 1993 by Adam Simon. The novel bears several similarities to Michael Crichton's Jurassic Park, though Carnosaur preceded the latter work by six years. Brosnan feared that the public would have thought that his Gollancz reissue of Carnosaur would have been seen as a plagiarism to Jurassic Park. He admitted he liked the scene in the Crichton novel film adaption involving dinosaurs rampaging through a museum, as it bore direct similarities to an incident featured in Carnosaur. Plot Set in a rural village near Cambridgeshire, England, the novel opens at a chicken farm which is attacked one night by a mysterious creature, leaving both the farmer and his wife dead. A story circulates that the killer was a Siberian tiger that had escaped the private zoo of an eccentric lord named Darren Penward. A reporter named David Pascal investigates the carnage, and notices that the blood-stained room where the attack occurred has been thoroughly cleansed in a seeming attempt at covering the killer's footprints. A few days later, the creature attacks a stable, killing a horse, the keeper, and her daughter, leaving one survivor, an eight-year-old boy. Pascal arrives at the scene, only to find Penward's men already there, towing a concealed animal with a helicopter. Pascal interviews the boy, who reveals that the killer was not a tiger, but in fact a dinosaur. After unsuccessfully trying to interview Penward's men, Pascal moves on and begins a sexual relationship with Penward's nymphomaniac wife, who eventually takes him into her private quarters. From there, Pascal enters the zoo, only to discover that it's filled with dinosaurs. He is captured and given a tour of the establishment. He sees a variety of different species, mostly carnivores, including the dinosaur that had escaped earlier which is identified as a Deinonychus, a sexually-frustrated Megalosaurus, and an adolescent Tarbosaurus. Penward explains that he recreated the dinosaurs by studying the DNA fragments found in fossils, then using them as a basis for restructuring the DNA of chickens. He goes as far as saying that he intends to let his dinosaurs loose in remote areas of the world where they could flourish and eventually spread after what he considers an inevitable Third World War. Pascal is imprisoned, only to be rescued by Lady Penward, but only after promising that he permanently commit to her. As they make their escape, Pascal notices that his ex-girlfriend Jenny Stamper, also a reporter, has been caught in the act of infiltrating Penward's zoo as well. Enraged at his insistence on helping her, Lady Penward releases the dinosaurs and other animals present in the zoo. In the chaos, the Tarbosaurus destroys Penward's helicopter and heavy machine gun before it can get in the air. The Deinonychus pursues Pascal and Jenny through Penward's museum, with the two getting away when it is tricked into attacking its own reflection due\",\n \"title\": \"Carnosaur (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50553794\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park is a 1994 point-and-click adventure game developed and published by Sega for the Sega CD. The video game is based on the 1993 film of the same name, and includes elements from Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which the film is based upon. Plot Set after the events of the film, a group of scientists is sent to collect dinosaur eggs at InGen's Jurassic Park. This theme park is populated with genetically engineered dinosaurs and is located on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. After the group's helicopter crashes on the island, a survivor – controlled by the player – receives a video message from Emily Shimura, a computer expert. Shimura states that the crash was the result of sabotage orchestrated by InGen's corporate rival, Biosyn Corporation, which paid to have a bomb attached to the helicopter. A second helicopter is sent to rescue the player, but it is also compromised by Biosyn, which has sent out its own team to steal the dinosaur eggs. When Biosyn's helicopter arrives, the company's agents are tranquilized by the player, who uses the helicopter to escape the island. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a point-and-click adventure game, with a strong emphasis on action sequences which require split-second timing. The player must search Isla Nublar to retrieve eggs from seven different dinosaur species and place them in an incubator at the Jurassic Park visitor center. The eggs must be collected within a real-time 12-hour limit. Jurassic Park is played from a first-person perspective, giving the player a panoramic view of the surroundings as well as various tools to interact with, and a trio of weapons to contend with dinosaurs. Because none of the weapons (a stun gun, tranquilizer darts, and gas grenades) are lethal, each situation is in the form of a puzzle disguised as combat which requires more than just shooting to survive. First-aid kits can be used to replenish the player's health, while night vision goggles allow the player to see in dark environments. Paleontologist Robert T. Bakker makes video appearances throughout the game to provide the player with hints and dinosaur information, via special Dinosaur Field Kiosks that are located near dinosaur paddocks. Shimura also provides the player with information through video messages. Development and release In January 1992, Sega spent an estimated $1 million to purchase the rights to develop a Jurassic Park video game. Sega had the rights to use the Jurassic Park logo and some sounds from the film, but none of the characters. Elements from Michael Crichton's novel, Jurassic Park, were added into the game. It was the first Sega CD video game to be developed entirely in the United States by Sega of America. Initially, the game was to include three different perspectives: top-down, side-scrolling, and first-person. Development began on prototype versions of each perspective. The game's designers later realized that the game was too big, and decided to concentrate on only one perspective instead. The designers chose the first-person perspective which was the\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (Sega CD video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50566202\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park is a 1993 action video game developed and published by Ocean Software, for DOS and Amiga computers. The game is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1993 film, Jurassic Park, and also includes elements from author Michael Crichton's 1990 novel of the same name, which the film is based upon. The player controls the character of Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who becomes trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. Grant's initial objective is to search for Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of park owner John Hammond. Upon locating the children, Grant must contact a helicopter so survivors can escape the island. Gameplay consists of a bird's-eye view during the game's large exterior environment, but switches to a first-person perspective whenever Grant enters a building. Development of the game began in November 1992. A development team of 13 people – considered large at that time – worked on the game. Spielberg was also involved in the game during its development to ensure that it would be faithful to his initial vision. Materials related to the film, including its script and photographs of the sets, aided the developers during the game's production. Jurassic Park was released in the United Kingdom in October 1993, and was subsequently released in the United States a year later. Many critics praised the game's indoor environments, but some criticized its large exterior environment, and its boring and repetitive gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the 1993 film of the same name, in which paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped on an island theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped. Playing as Grant, the player must rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. The player begins the game near an overturned vehicle in the Tyrannosaurus paddock. After finding Tim, Grant searches for Lex in a sewer maze. The player then must re-activate the park's power to contact a helicopter so the survivors can escape the island. Jurassic Park features a bird's-eye view in exterior levels, but switches to a first-person shooter perspective when entering buildings. The exterior levels contain eight large areas, each one consisting of a different dinosaur paddock, as well as a Pteranodon dome. Each level requires Grant to complete a series of tasks in order to advance further through the game. Indoor levels are spread throughout the game. The game features 11 building complexes, each one overrun by velociraptors. The game also includes a raft level. A password is given after each level is won. The game includes six dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player begins with a taser weapon; other weapons can be found by the player. First aid kits can be used to restore all of the player's health. Electronic motion sensors are located throughout the game, and can detect all moving objects. Connected to the motion sensors are computer terminals, which can be used to receive messages, maps\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (computer video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4510457\",\n \"text\": \"Koparion is a genus of small coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur, from the late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian stage), of Utah. It contains the single named species Koparion douglassi which is known only from a single isolated tooth. Discovery In 1993, Daniel Chure and Brooks Britt reported the discovery of small theropod remains, found by screenwashing large amounts of earth in the Rainbow Park near Dinosaur National Monument in Uintah County, Utah. In 1994, Chure named and described a unique tooth as the type specimen of the new species Koparion douglassi. The generic name Koparion comes from the Ancient Greek κοπάριον, \\\"small surgical knife\\\", in reference to the small size of the tooth. The specific name honors Earl Douglass, who, in the early twentieth century, excavated the Dinosaur National Monument quarry. The holotype specimen, DINO 3353, was found in the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation dating from the late Kimmeridgian, about 151 million years old. The taxon is thus present in stratigraphic zone 6 of the Morrison Formation. The specimen consists of a single maxillary (upper cheek) tooth crown (the root is missing). It cannot be determined whether it represents a left or a right tooth. Description The tooth is two millimeters tall and very recurved, with a strongly convex front edge and a nearly vertical back edge. The tooth is stout, with a maximum fore-aft length of 1.9 millimeters. Both edges are serrated, showing low rectangular denticles (individual serrations). The twelve denticles on the rear edge are much higher than the fourteen on the front edge, which cover only the nearly horizontal upper part of the front edge. The tooth base, though very wide, is constricted. The base is asymmetrical, with the right side in front view protruding much further than the left side; because it is not known whether it is a left or right tooth, it cannot be established what is the inner and what the outer side. The denticles are separated by \\\"blood grooves\\\", and \\\"blood pits\\\" are also present. The back denticles point obliquely upwards but have no hooked upper corners. Classification Chure assigned Koparion to the Troodontidae based on the anatomy of the tooth. At that time, it was the oldest known troodontid, and is the first of that group discovered from the Jurassic. A troodontid presence in the Jurassic was predicted by the standard theory regarding the origin of birds, claiming that birds and troodontids are closely related (Chure suggested that they may even have been sister taxa, though this is not currently supported). Within this context, Koparion could be used to refute the temporal paradox argument, that such a close relationship were unlikely because the then oldest known bird, Archaeopteryx, lived much earlier than the Deinonychosauria, i.e. the Troodontidae and the Dromaeosauridae; later also non-fragmentary Jurassic troodontid material was reported, from China. See also List of dinosaurs Hesperornithoides - Another troodontid reported from the Jurassic. Timeline of troodontid research References Late Jurassic dinosaurs of North America Troodontids Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation Fossil\",\n \"title\": \"Koparion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62688023\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox character |name = Ian Malcolm |series = Jurassic Park |image = Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum).jpg |caption = Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park (1993) |first = Jurassic Park (1990) |last = Jurassic World Dominion (2022) |creator = Michael Crichton |adapted_by = Steven SpielbergDavid Koepp |portrayer = Jeff Goldblum |voice = Fred Young (Jurassic Park Pinball)Jeff Goldblum ([[The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)|The Lost World: Jurassic Park video game]], Chaos Island: The Lost World, Jurassic World Evolution, Jurassic World Evolution 2)Bradley Duffy (Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar)Maurice LaMarche (Animaniacs) |occupation = Mathematician; Chaotician |family = Dr. Sarah Harding (love interest)Kelly Curtis (daughter in film only) }} Dr. Ian Malcolm is a fictional character from the Jurassic Park franchise created by Michael Crichton and portrayed by Jeff Goldblum. Malcolm is a gifted mathematician who specializes in chaos theory. The character was inspired in part by American historian of science James Gleick and French mathematician Ivar Ekeland. In Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and its 1993 film adaptation, Malcolm is invited by insurance lawyer Donald Gennaro to notice any problems with John Hammond's dinosaur theme park, Jurassic Park. Malcolm was intended by Crichton to fill in the role of the audience in the scenarios he is put through. Malcolm is a secondary protagonist in the original novel and the main protagonist in the sequel, The Lost World, due to positive fan reception from Goldblum's performance as the character in director Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of the original novel. His role as Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park skyrocketed Goldblum's career. Malcolm has become one of Goldblum's most popular characters and has been depicted in many forms of popular culture. The character's signature line, \\\"Life finds a way\\\", has become synonymous with Goldblum and the Jurassic Park franchise, and Malcolm has been recognized as the franchise's most enduring character. Fictional character biography In Crichton's novel, Dr. Ian Malcolm, along with paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and paleobotanist Dr. Ellie Sattler, is hired as a consultant by InGen CEO John Hammond to provide opinions on Jurassic Park, a theme park on the remote island of Isla Nublar that features genetically recreated dinosaurs. Malcolm is the most pessimistic about the idea of the park, feeling that Hammond and his scientists have not taken the time or effort to fully understand what they are creating. In particular, he points out that Hammond's assertion that the dinosaurs can be controlled through sterilization and managed breeding is foolish since there are far too many unpredictable variables where biology is concerned. During a tour of the park, disgruntled computer programmer Dennis Nedry shuts down power to the park to gain access to dinosaur embryos to sell to a rival. Nedry's actions cause the electrified fences to shut down as well, allowing the dinosaurs to escape from their paddocks. Malcolm is attacked by a Tyrannosaurus rex, which breaks his leg. Malcolm is found by game warden Robert Muldoon and Dr. Ellie Sattler and taken back to\",\n \"title\": \"Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3539669\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dino\\\" Don Lessem (born 1951) is a writer of more than 50 popular science books, specializing in dinosaurs. He was the founder of the Dinosaur Society and the Jurassic Foundation, which collectively have raised millions of dollars for dinosaur research. He is the CEO and founder of Dino Don, Inc., an animatronics company specializing in dinosaurs, dragons, and sea creatures. Career After a bachelor's degree in art history at Brandeis University and a master's in animal behavior from the University of Massachusetts Boston, Lessem began his writing career as a researcher for the Smithsonian Center for Short-Lived Phenomena. For more than a decade he was a science journalist specializing in conservation issues for the Boston Globe and a contributor to Life, The New York Times, and Smithsonian Magazine. Lessem's professional interest in dinosaurs developed while he was a Knight Journalism Fellow at MIT in 1988. He wrote his first book, Kings of Creation, in 1990, as a survey of current worldwide paleontology research. Lessem was an advisor to Jurassic Park, Dinosaur, and Disney's Animal Kingdom, as well as their respective theme park attractions. He has written and hosted Discovery Channel and NOVA documentaries on dinosaurs and is a television and radio commentator on paleontology. The sauropodomorph dinosaur Lessemsaurus is named after him. Lessem directed the excavation and reconstruction of the largest plant-eating dinosaur, the 110-foot long Argentinosaurus, and the largest carnivorous dinosaur, the 45 foot-long Giganotosaurus from Patagonia, in collaboration with Dr. Rodolfo Coria of the Museo Carmen Funes in Plaza Huincul, Argentina. Lessem's first traveling exhibition company, Exhibits Rex, has created several of the largest international travelling museum exhibitions of dinosaurs, including Jurassic Park, The Lost World, and Chinasaurs, in addition to an exhibition of the treasures of Genghis Khan. Lessem's The Real Genghis Khan exhibition has toured major museums in North America and Asia since 2009. Celebrating the neglected civilizing influence of Genghis Khan and curated by Smithsonian archaeologists, the exhibition has been seen by nearly two million visitors. The exhibition blends live musical performance with role-playing activities, and the largest collection of 13th century Mongolian artifacts ever toured. It has been viewed by nearly two million museum-goers. Lessem's company Dino Don, Inc. began constructing the world's most accurate full-sized robotic dinosaurs in 2017 for zoos and museums worldwide. In April 2019 Lessem opened his Dinosaur Safari exhibition at New York's Bronx Zoo with more than 40 dinosaurs up to 60 feet in length, the largest zoo robotic exhibition in North America. In July 2020 at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, the Dinos Everywhere! exhibit featured Lessem's creation of the world's largest anatomically correct dinosaur, a 120-foot Argentinosaurus. Other venues to display Dino Don, Inc. dinosaurs include The Jacksonville Zoo, Philadelphia Zoo, Columbus Zoo, San Antonio Zoo, Copenhagen Zoo, Edinburgh Zoo, and Leipzig Zoo. Lessem has also authored children's books on extinct animals, endangered species, the Amazon rainforest and the \\\"Iceman\\\". Via his monthly column in Highlights Magazine for a decade, \\\"Dino\\\" Don answered more than 10,000 letters\",\n \"title\": \"Don Lessem\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33940799\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a 1994 side-scrolling video game developed by BlueSky Software and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It is the sequel to Sega's previous Jurassic Park video game, based on the film of the same name and also released for the Genesis. Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a revamped version of its predecessor, featuring similar gameplay with several changes, and a new story that continues from where the previous game ended. Plot After the events of Jurassic Park, Dr. Alan Grant escapes Isla Nublar on a helicopter. While the Costa Rican Army is blowing up parts of the island to destroy the park's dinosaurs, Grant spots a helicopter of armed InGen field agents arriving on the island. Fearing that the agents have plans to collect any remaining dinosaur eggs and DNA samples for a new dinosaur park, Grant attempts to contact the Costa Rican Army. Grant's helicopter crashes on the island after the pilot attempts to stop him. Grant survives the crash and must find a way to stop InGen. Gameplay Gameplay is very similar to Sega's earlier Jurassic Park video game for the Sega Genesis. Like its predecessor, Rampage Edition is an action game with a platform setup that allows the player to choose between Dr. Grant or the Raptor. As Dr. Grant, the player starts out with a dart gun that has infinite ammo. A wide selection of weapons is available for the player to obtain throughout the game, including an assault rifle, shotgun, flame-thrower, grenades, rocket launcher, and shock rifle. As Dr. Grant, the player travels through the island while fighting InGen agents and dinosaurs until Grant can escape by boat. As the Raptor, the player can win battles with physical attacks such as biting and whipping opponents with the Raptor's tail. A bonus for the Raptor is to collect enough Lysine crates, which allows the player to go into \\\"Raptor Rage\\\" mode where the screen turns red and the player becomes invincible for a limited amount of time. As the Raptor, the player can play all the same levels as Dr. Grant. The goal of the Raptor is to escape the island on a departing cargo boat to find a safe place to nest its eggs. Candy bars and med kits are collected throughout the game to replenish the player's health, while eggs, embryo containers and DNA samples are collected throughout the game for points. Instead of the linear gameplay of the previous game, Rampage Edition allows players to choose from three levels to complete before they are allowed to proceed to the final levels in order to win the game. Unlike its predecessor, Rampage Edition features a faster pace, and allows Grant to perform additional actions such as riding dinosaurs and using zip-lines. Grant and the raptor are also able to kill their enemies, unlike the previous game. Rampage Edition also features larger levels, and more weapons for Grant to use. Development and release Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61769736\",\n \"text\": \"Battle at Big Rock is a 2019 American short film directed by Colin Trevorrow. It is part of the Jurassic Park franchise and follows the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018). It stars André Holland, Natalie Martinez, Melody Hurd, and Pierson Salvador. The short premiered on FX on September 15, 2019 and was subsequently released online. Plot Set one year after the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, a blended family from Oakland, California goes on a camping trip at the fictional Big Rock National Park in Northern California, approximately from where dinosaurs from Fallen Kingdom were let loose. The film chronicles the first major confrontation between humans and the dinosaurs. The family is enjoying their camping when they are suddenly greeted by a Nasutoceratops and her baby. To their terror, an adult Allosaurus attacks the Nasutoceratops baby and the mother tries to protect her baby. A battle ensues between the two dinosaurs and the family decide to hide inside their RV. Eventually, a third Nasutoceratops appears from the woods, driving back the Allosaurus. The Nasutoceratops escape and the baby of the family starts crying. Hearing the cry, the Allosaurus starts wrecking the RV apart in order to feed on the family hiding inside. After the RV is completely destroyed, the parents and the son begin to fear for the worst. To their relief, their daughter shoots the Allosaurus in its head and eye with a crossbow, which causes the dinosaur to flee. They embrace, though are in complete shock over what just happened. During the closing credits, found footage clips of dinosaurs and other creatures are shown including a pack of Compsognathus chasing after a scared little girl, a Stegosaurus causing a car to swerve and drive off a cliff, fishermen in a boat peacefully passing by a Parasaurolophus on the banks of a river, a Mosasaurus eating a great white shark after the shark eats a seal, and a Pteranodon swooping at a dove that had just been released at a wedding. Cast André Holland as Dennis, the father of the family Natalie Martinez as Mariana, the mother of the family Melody Hurd as Kadasha, Dennis's daughter Pierson Salvador as Mateo, Mariana's son Chris Finlayson as Greg, a friend of the family Noah and Ethan Cole as Dennis and Mariana's baby son and Kadasha and Mateo's half-brother Production Development The idea for the film originated when Universal Studios asked Trevorrow if he would be interested in making a potential Jurassic World short film, and he accepted. Trevorrow wrote the short film with Emily Carmichael, who was already working with him to write Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The short film's story remained the same throughout the project's history, as Trevorrow believed the next logical step for the franchise would be for campers to encounter dinosaurs following the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. To maintain secrecy on the project, no auditions or casting calls were held. A casting director who knew Trevorrow helped lead a secretive search for\",\n \"title\": \"Battle at Big Rock\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56601569\",\n \"text\": \"ReBecca Hunt-Foster is an American paleontologist. She has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous of the Colorado Plateau, Rocky Mountains, Southcentral, and the Southwestern United States of America. She described the dinosaur Arkansaurus fridayi and identified the first juvenile Torosaurus occurrences from Big Bend National Park in North America in 2008. Career Mulberry High School, Mulberry, Arkansas. 1998 B.S. Earth Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 2003 M.S. Geology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. 2005 Hunt-Foster is the park paleontologist for the National Park Service at Dinosaur National Monument, where she has worked since August 2018. Previously she was the district paleontologist for the Bureau of Land Management–Utah, where she has worked from 2013 to 2018. She was employed for five years as paleontology collections manager at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2007 to 2012 and a research assistant at Augustana College from 2005 to 2008. Professional work Hunt-Foster's current research includes Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaurs from North America, the Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation paleofauna of western Colorado, the ichnofauna of the lower Jurassic to lower Cretaceous rocks of southeastern Utah. ReBecca has worked as a paleontologist in western Colorado and eastern Utah since 2007. Prior to moving to the area, ReBecca was a research assistant at Augustana College where she worked on latest Cretaceous ceratopsian dinosaurs from southern Laramidia and preparing Cryolophosaurus, the first known dinosaur from Antarctica. She has also worked on Precambrian stromatolites and the geology of Glacier National Park. Popular books Hunt-Foster is the coauthor of \\\"Behavioral interpretations from chasmosaurine ceratopsid bonebeds: a review.\\\" with Andrew Farke, in the 2010 book New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. References Bibliography Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K. 2016. The Macomb Expedition. Sojourns: Landscapes for the People 11(2): 58-59. Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K., Martin G. Lockley, Andrew R.C. Milner, John R. Foster, Neffra A. Matthews. Brent H. Breithaupt, and Joshua A. Smith. 2016. Tracking dinosaurs in BLM Canyon Country, Utah: Geology of the Intermountain West 3: 67–100 Kirkland, James I., Marina Suarez, Celina Suarez, and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, 2016. The Lower Cretaceous in east-central Utah—the Cedar Mountain Formation and its bounding strata: Geology of the Intermountain West 3: 101–228 Foster, John R. and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster. 2015. First report of a giant neosuchian (Crocodyliformes) in the Williams Fork Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Colorado. Cretaceous Research 55: 66-73. Kirkland, Jim, John Foster, ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, Gregory A. Liggett, and Kelli Trujillo. 2014. Mid-Mesozoic: The Age of Dinosaurs in Transition. Conference Proceedings, 88p. Trujillo, Kelli C., John R. Foster, ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, and Kevin R. Chamberlain. 2014. A U/Pb age for the Mygatt-Moore Quarry, Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Mesa County, Colorado. Volumina Jurassica XII(2): 107-114. Lockley, Martin G., ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, John R. Foster, Ken Cart, and Scott Gerwe. 2014. Early Jurassic track assemblages from the Granite Creek Area of Eastern Utah. In Lockley, M.G. and Lucas, S.G., eds., Fossil footprints of western North America. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 62: 205-210 Lockley, Martin G.,\",\n \"title\": \"ReBecca Hunt-Foster\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54555989\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic World: The Game is a simulation video game developed by Ludia and based on the 2015 film Jurassic World. It is a sequel to Ludia's earlier game, Jurassic Park Builder (2012), and features similar gameplay. The Chinese servers for the game shut down on January 4, 2021 making it unplayable there, but is still playable in other parts of the world. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Game is set on the fictional Costa Rican islands of Isla Nublar and Isla Sorna, where the player is put in control of constructing a Jurassic World theme park. The player can add buildings and create dinosaurs to populate the park. The game features creatures like dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles, among other prehistoric animals. The combat, in which the player chooses an animal to fight against a rival's animal, uses a system of action points that will increase with each turn while making use of each animals' weaknesses. By obtaining a collection of creatures, the player maintains the park by completing missions assigned to them by the characters. The player can erect buildings and decorations to increase revenue. Each rank unlocks new Battle Stages and buildings to expand the park. Throughout the game, the players are able to get Card Packs, which can give rare species, new missions or currency. Hybrid animals are available to obtain by fusing two matching dinosaurs with a reached level cap of 40 like combining a Tyrannosaurus and a Velociraptor to form the Indominus rex. Superhybrids can in turn be created by collecting specific DNA and fusing it with an existing hybrid. The park also includes an aquatic and Cenozoic sections, with many species present that are not dinosaurs. The game supports the use of Hasbro's Jurassic World Brawlasaurus toys, which could be scanned by players and incorporated into the game for battles. Development and release Jurassic World: The Game was announced by Universal Pictures in October 2014, as part of its promotional plans for the 2015 film Jurassic World. Ludia released the game for iOS in April 2015, to coincide with the release of the film. It was released shortly after for Android in May 2015. Reception Patrick Klepek of Kotaku criticized the game for its use of in-game advertisements. Nadia Oxford of Gamezebo gave the game three stars out of five. Oxford noted the realistic dinosaur models, but wrote that the game \\\"combines mediocre park-building with mediocre dino-battling. It's competent and by gosh it (mostly) looks glorious, but there isn't a lot here that differentiates the game from standard park-builders\\\". Gamezebo considered the game to be \\\"pretty much Jurassic Park Builder part II, except the parks you create in that three-year-old game seem a lot more colorful and joyful than the washed-out grey fairgrounds you create in Jurassic World\\\". References External links Official website 2015 video games Amusement park simulation games Business simulation games Android (operating system) games IOS games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Video games developed in Canada Video games\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic World: The Game\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Dilophosaurus"],"string":"[\n \"Dilophosaurus\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":42,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_56725"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"the central canal of an osteon contains what"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"1312333","text":"In osteology, the osteon or haversian system (; named for Clopton Havers) is the fundamental functional unit of much compact bone. Osteons are roughly cylindrical structures that are typically between 0.25 mm and 0.35 mm in diameter. Their length is often hard to define, but estimates vary from several millimeters to around 1 centimeter. They are present in many bones of most mammals and some bird, reptile, and amphibian species. Histogenesis The Haversian system forms during the process of endochondral ossification, which starts with a cartilage template that is gradually replaced by bone tissue. \"Osteoblasts\", the bone-forming cells, secrete the organic components of bone matrix [osteoid] and then initiates its mineralization. As osteoblasts become surrounded by the bone matrix, they differentiate into osteocytes, which reside in the lacunae and maintain bone tissue. The osteocytes connect to each other and the Haversian canal via tiny canals called \"canaliculi\". Structure Each osteon consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, the haversian canal. The haversian canal contains the bone's blood supplies. The boundary of an osteon is the cement line. Each haversian canal is surrounded by varying number (5-20) of concentrically arranged lamellae of bone matrix. Near the surface of the compact bone, the lamellae are arranged parallel to the surface; these are called circumferential lamellae. Some of the osteoblasts develop into osteocytes, each living within its own small space, or lacuna. Osteocytes make contact with the cytoplasmic processes of their counterparts via a network of small transverse canals, or canaliculi. This network facilitates the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste. Collagen fibers in a particular lamella run parallel to each other, but the orientation of collagen fibers within other lamellae is oblique. The collagen fiber density is lowest at the seams between lamellae, accounting for the distinctive microscopic appearance of a transverse section of osteons. The space between osteons is occupied by interstitial lamellae, which are the remnants of osteons that were partially resorbed during the process of bone remodeling. Osteons are connected to each other and the periosteum by oblique channels called Volkmann's canals or perforating canals. Drifting osteons Drifting osteons are a phenomenon that is not fully understood. A \"drifting osteon\" is classified as one that runs both longitudinally as well as transversely through the cortex. An osteon can \"drift\" in one direction or change directions several times, leaving a tail of lamella behind the advancing haversian canal. Investigative applications In bioarchaeological research and in forensic investigations, osteons in a bone fragment can be used to determine the sex of an individual and age, as well as aspects of taxonomy, diet, health and motor history. Osteons and their arrangement vary according to taxon, so that genus and sometimes species can be differentiated using a bone fragment not otherwise identifiable. However, there is considerable variability among the different bones of a skeleton, and features of some faunal osteons overlap with those of human osteons; therefore, examination of osteons is not of primary use","title":"Osteon"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"1312333\",\n \"text\": \"In osteology, the osteon or haversian system (; named for Clopton Havers) is the fundamental functional unit of much compact bone. Osteons are roughly cylindrical structures that are typically between 0.25 mm and 0.35 mm in diameter. Their length is often hard to define, but estimates vary from several millimeters to around 1 centimeter. They are present in many bones of most mammals and some bird, reptile, and amphibian species. Histogenesis The Haversian system forms during the process of endochondral ossification, which starts with a cartilage template that is gradually replaced by bone tissue. \\\"Osteoblasts\\\", the bone-forming cells, secrete the organic components of bone matrix [osteoid] and then initiates its mineralization. As osteoblasts become surrounded by the bone matrix, they differentiate into osteocytes, which reside in the lacunae and maintain bone tissue. The osteocytes connect to each other and the Haversian canal via tiny canals called \\\"canaliculi\\\". Structure Each osteon consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, the haversian canal. The haversian canal contains the bone's blood supplies. The boundary of an osteon is the cement line. Each haversian canal is surrounded by varying number (5-20) of concentrically arranged lamellae of bone matrix. Near the surface of the compact bone, the lamellae are arranged parallel to the surface; these are called circumferential lamellae. Some of the osteoblasts develop into osteocytes, each living within its own small space, or lacuna. Osteocytes make contact with the cytoplasmic processes of their counterparts via a network of small transverse canals, or canaliculi. This network facilitates the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste. Collagen fibers in a particular lamella run parallel to each other, but the orientation of collagen fibers within other lamellae is oblique. The collagen fiber density is lowest at the seams between lamellae, accounting for the distinctive microscopic appearance of a transverse section of osteons. The space between osteons is occupied by interstitial lamellae, which are the remnants of osteons that were partially resorbed during the process of bone remodeling. Osteons are connected to each other and the periosteum by oblique channels called Volkmann's canals or perforating canals. Drifting osteons Drifting osteons are a phenomenon that is not fully understood. A \\\"drifting osteon\\\" is classified as one that runs both longitudinally as well as transversely through the cortex. An osteon can \\\"drift\\\" in one direction or change directions several times, leaving a tail of lamella behind the advancing haversian canal. Investigative applications In bioarchaeological research and in forensic investigations, osteons in a bone fragment can be used to determine the sex of an individual and age, as well as aspects of taxonomy, diet, health and motor history. Osteons and their arrangement vary according to taxon, so that genus and sometimes species can be differentiated using a bone fragment not otherwise identifiable. However, there is considerable variability among the different bones of a skeleton, and features of some faunal osteons overlap with those of human osteons; therefore, examination of osteons is not of primary use\",\n \"title\": \"Osteon\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"21294842","text":"The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals. The center of the spinal cord is hollow and contains a structure called the central canal, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal cord is also covered by meninges and enclosed by the neural arches. Together, the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. In humans, the spinal cord is a continuation of the brainstem and anatomically begins at the occipital bone, passing out of the foramen magnum and then enters the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it tapers to become the caudal equina. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. It is around long in adult men and around long in adult women. The diameter of the spinal cord ranges from in the cervical and lumbar regions to in the thoracic area. The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes. It is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits known as central pattern generators. These circuits are responsible for controlling motor instructions for rhythmic movements such as walking. Structure The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. Much shorter than its protecting spinal column, the human spinal cord originates in the brainstem, passes through the foramen magnum, and continues through to the conus medullaris near the second lumbar vertebra before terminating in a fibrous extension known as the filum terminale. It is about long in males and about in females, ovoid-shaped, and is enlarged in the cervical and lumbar regions. The cervical enlargement, stretching from the C5 to T1 vertebrae, is where sensory input comes from and motor output goes to the arms and trunk. The lumbar enlargement, located between L1 and S3, handles sensory input and motor output coming from and going to the legs. The spinal cord is continuous with the caudal portion of the medulla, running from the base of the skull to the body of the first lumbar vertebra. It does not run the full length of the vertebral column in adults. It is made of 31 segments from which branch one pair of sensory nerve roots and one pair of motor nerve roots. The nerve roots then merge into bilaterally symmetrical pairs of spinal nerves. The peripheral nervous system is made up of these spinal roots, nerves, and ganglia. The dorsal roots are afferent fascicles, receiving sensory information from the skin, muscles, and visceral organs to be relayed to","title":"Spinal cord"},{"docid":"3445850","text":"Most rivers in Iran are seasonal and have traditionally not been able to supply the needs of urban settlements. Major rivers like the Arvand, Aras, Zayandeh, Sefid and Atrak were few and far between in Persia. With the growth of urban settlements during the ages, locally dug deep wells (up to 100 meters deep) could no longer keep up with the demand, leading to the systematic digging of a specialized network of canals known as Qanat. Qanat and Kariz Persia's Qanat system is thousands of years old. The city Zarch in central Iran has the oldest and longest Qanat (over 3000 years and 71 km long) and other 3000 years old Qanats have been found in northern Iran. The Qanats mostly came in from higher elevations, and were split into a distributing network of smaller underground canals called kariz when reaching the city. Like Qanats, these smaller canals were below ground (~20 steps), and were built such that they were very difficult to contaminate. These underground aqueducts, built thousands of years ago suffer no evaporation loss and are ideally suited for drinking water since there is no pollution danger. But with the further growth of the city in Persian lands, even the Qanats could not respond to the needs of residents. That is when some wealthy inhabitants started building private reservoirs called ab anbar (Persian آب انبار). In the middle of the twentieth century, it is estimated that approximately 50,000 qanats were in use in Iran, each commissioned and maintained by local users. Of these only 25,000 remain in use as of 1980. One of the oldest and largest known qanats is in the Iranian city of Gonabad which after 2700 years still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people. Its main well is more than 360 meters deep and the qanat is 45 kilometers long. Yazd, Khorasan and Kerman are the known zones for their dependence with an extensive system of qanats. In traditional Persian architecture, a Kariz (کاریز) is a small Qanat, usually within a network inside an urban setting. Kariz is what distributes the Qanat into its final destinations. Kariz in Persia Qanats of Gonabad also is called kariz Kai Khosrow is one of the oldest and largest qanats in the world built between 700 BC to 500 BC. It is located at Gonabad, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. This property contains 427 water wells with total length of 33113 meters. This site were first added to the UNESCO's list of tentative World Heritage Sites in 2007, then officially inscribed in 2016 with several other quants under the World Heritage Site name of \"The Persian Qanet\". According to Callisthenes, the Persians were using Water clock in 328 BCE to ensure a just and exact distribution of water from qanats to their shareholders for agricultural irrigation. The use of water clocks in Iran, especially in Qanats of Gonabad and kariz Zibad, dates back to 500BCE. Later they were also used to determine the exact holy days of","title":"Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity"},{"docid":"239232","text":"Bone healing, or fracture healing, is a proliferative physiological process in which the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture. Generally, bone fracture treatment consists of a doctor reducing (pushing) displaced bones back into place via relocation with or without anaesthetic, stabilizing their position to aid union, and then waiting for the bone's natural healing process to occur. Adequate nutrient intake has been found to significantly affect the integrity of the fracture repair. Age, bone type, drug therapy and pre-existing bone pathology are factors that affect healing. The role of bone healing is to produce new bone without a scar as seen in other tissues which would be a structural weakness or deformity. The process of the entire regeneration of the bone can depend on the angle of dislocation or fracture. While the bone formation usually spans the entire duration of the healing process, in some instances, bone marrow within the fracture has healed two or fewer weeks before the final remodelling phase. While immobilization and surgery may facilitate healing, a fracture ultimately heals through physiological processes. The healing process is mainly determined by the periosteum (the connective tissue membrane covering the bone). The periosteum is one source of precursor cells that develop into chondroblasts and osteoblasts that are essential to the healing of bone. Other sources of precursor cells are the bone marrow (when present), endosteum, small blood vessels, and fibroblasts. Primary healing Primary healing (also known as direct healing) requires a correct anatomical reduction which is stable, without any gap formation. Such healing requires only the remodeling of lamellar bone, the Haversian canals and the blood vessels without callus formation. This process may take a few months to a few years. Contact healing When the gap between the bone ends is less than 0.01 mm, and interfragmentary strain is less than 2%, contact healing can occur. In this case, cutting cones, which consists of osteoclasts, form across the fracture lines, generating cavities at a rate of 50–100 μm/day. Osteoblasts fill up the cavities with the Haversian system. This causes the formation of lamellar bone that orients longitudinally along the long axis of the bone. Blood vessels form that penetrate the Haversian system. Remodelling of lamellar bone results in healing without callus formation. Gap healing If the fracture gap is 800 μm to 1 mm, the fracture is filled by osteoblasts and then by lamellar bone oriented perpendicular to the axis of the bone. This initial process takes three to eight weeks. Perpendicular orientation of lamellar bone is weak, thus a secondary osteonal reconstruction is required to re-orient the lamellar bone longitudinally. Secondary healing Secondary healing (also known as indirect fracture healing) is the most common form of bone healing. It usually consists of only endochondral ossification. Sometimes, intramembranous ossification occurs together with endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification, mediated by the periosteal layer of bone, occurs with the formation of callus. For endochondral ossification, deposition of bone only occurs after the mineralised cartilage. This process of healing occurs when","title":"Bone healing"},{"docid":"3158187","text":"Central Milton Keynes is the central business district of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England and a civil parish in its own right, with a town council. The district is approximately long by wide and occupies some of the highest land in the city. It contains (behind the Central Library) the historic site of the moot hill for Secklow (or Sigelai) Hundred. It is the site of the central retail, business, law enforcement and governmental districts, Milton Keynes Central railway station and around 2,000 residential dwellings. Topology Occupying , the district lies between Portway (H5, A509) to the north, the West Coast Main Line and A5 to the west, Childs Way (H6) to the south and the Grand Union Canal to the east. It is crossed from north to south by (in west to east order, major roads only) Grafton Gate (V6), Witan Gate, Saxon Gate (V7) and Secklow Gate, and Marlborough Street. It is crossed from west to east (in north to south order, major roads only) by Silbury Boulevard, Midsummer Boulevard and Avebury Boulevard. Midsummer Boulevard is the primary spine. The district rests like a saddle across a long north-south ridge with its highest point here at a little over , falling east to 75 metres near the Grand Union Canal and 85 metres near the Central railway station. This area is almost the highest point of Milton Keynes and includes the site of Secklow Mound, the moot mound (meeting place) for the Secklow Hundred and a scheduled ancient monument, just behind the central library. Astronomical alignment While still on the drawing board, planners noticed that the planned main streets in the proposed city centre would almost frame the rising sun on Midsummer's Day. This story has become embellished over time and, according to subsequent reports, they consulted Greenwich Observatory to obtain the exact angle required at the latitude of CMK, and persuaded the engineers to shift the grid of roads a few degrees in response. Physical reality does not match this report. From the highest point on Midsummer Boulevard, where the eastward horizon is unobstructed, the sunrise at 'first flash' is not aligned with the Boulevard. In reality, the sun is somewhat elevated before alignment occurs, 40 minutes later. East of Marlborough Street: Campbell Park The park, with housing either side, takes up the larger part of the district. It was named in honour of the first chairman of Milton Keynes Development Corporation, Lord Campbell of Eskan. It stretches just east of the shops and theatre down to the Grand Union Canal. Among the features of the park is a belvedere with extensive views over Bedfordshire to the east and a cricket ground with pavilion. The Milton Keynes Parks Trust, which manages the park, grazes sheep on it to keep the vegetation under control. Marlborough Street (V8, B4034) runs in a cutting through the ridge, bridged by a redway (shared path) between the main centre and the park. West of Marlborough Street, east of Saxon Gate: the main retail/service/entertainment","title":"Central Milton Keynes"},{"docid":"26981243","text":"Osteochondroprogenitor cells are progenitor cells that arise from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the bone marrow. They have the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts or chondrocytes depending on the signalling molecules they are exposed to, giving rise to either bone or cartilage respectively. Osteochondroprogenitor cells are important for bone formation and maintenance. Discovery Alexander Friedenstein and his colleagues first identified osteoprogenitor cells in multiple mammalian tissues, before any genetic or morphological criteria were put in place for bone marrow or connective tissues. Osteoprogenitor cells can be identified by their associations with existing bone or cartilage structures, or their placement in the embryo, as the sites for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis are now known. Cell signalling and differentiation Osteochondroprogenitor can be found between MSCs and the terminally differentiated osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Via different signalling molecules and combinations the osteochondroprogenitor will differentiate into either osteoblasts or chondrocytes. Differentiation into chondrocytes Chondrocytes are only present in cartilage where they will produce cartilaginous matrix to maintain the structure. Sox9, L-Sox5 and Sox6 are needed for the osteochondroprogenitor to undergo chondrocytic differentiation. The transcription factor Sox9 can be found in multiple sites in the body (pancreas, central nervous system, intestines) and it is also found in all chondrocyte progenitor cells, suggesting that they are important in chondrogenesis. Differentiation into osteoblasts Osteoblasts are cells that group together to form units, called osteons, to produce bone. Runx2 (which may also be known as Cbfa1), and Osx (a zinc finger containing transcription factor) are necessary for osteochondroprogenitor cells to differentiate into the osteoblast cell lineage. These factors also have a role in hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation. B-catenin β-catenin of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway plays a role in cell fate determination, as it is critical for osteoblastogenesis, and the differentiation of chondrocytes into osteoblasts. Knock out of the entire pathway results in early embryonic death, therefore most research of this nature utilised conditional knockouts of the pathway. TGF-β During mandible development, most of it is formed through intramembranous ossification, where endochondral ossification will occur in the proximal region. TGF-β is important for cell proliferation and differentiation during skeletogenesis. During this process, TGF-β can stimulate differentiation into either chondrocytes or osteoblasts via FGF, Msx1, and Ctgf signalling pathways. General gene knock out of the TGF-β resulted in death. Conditional inactivation of TGF-βr2 of osteochondroprogenitor cells in the cranial neural crest resulted in faster osteoprogenitor differentiation and disorganised chondrogenesis. TGF-β determines and regulates cell lineages during endochondral ossification through Sox9 and Runx2 signalling pathways. TGF-β will act as a stimulator of chondrogenesis, and an inhibitor of osteoblastic differentiation, by blocking the Runx2 factor through Smad3 activation. Sox9 stimulates differentiation into chondrocytes. Sox9 blocked osteochondroprogenitor cells were found to express osteoblast marker genes, reprogramming the cells into the osteoblastic lineage. Loss of TGF-β signalling will lead to reduced Sox9 activity, but not prevent it completely, suggesting that there must be other factors and signalling pathways regulating Sox9 activity. Once Sox9 activity is lost, differentiation into the osteoblastic lineage dominates. Embryonic development It is","title":"Osteochondroprogenitor cell"},{"docid":"53302801","text":"Ezekiel 3 is the third chapter of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet/priest Ezekiel, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter contains the call to Ezekiel to speak to the people of Israel and to act as a sentry for them. Text The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 27 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century). The responsibility of the prophet (3:1–15) Verse 1 He said to me, \"Son of man, eat what you find; eat this scroll, and go, speak to the house of Israel\". \"Son of man\" is sometimes translated \"O mortal\", as in the New Revised Standard Version. Ezekiel is called 'son of man' here and throughout the remainder of the book, not as an honorific title, but as a mark of the distance between this 'mere mortal' and his divine interlocutor\". Similarly, the prophet Jeremiah records that he \"found\" and \"ate\" the words of God. Verse 3 And He said to me, \"Son of man, feed your belly, and fill your stomach with this scroll that I give you.\" So I ate, and it was in my mouth like honey in sweetness. \"Like honey in sweetness\": Although the scroll contains \"lamentations and mourning and woe\" (Ezekiel 2:10), when eaten it tastes \"as sweet as honey\" in the mouth (). The phrase affirms the saying that 'God's word was sweet' (; ). Verse 15 Then I came to the captives at Tel Abib, who dwelt by the River Chebar; and I sat where they sat, and remained there astonished among them seven days. \"Tel Abib\" (, Tel Aviv; lit. \"Spring Mound\", where \"Spring (Aviv) is the season\") is an unidentified place on the Kebar Canal, near Nippur in what is now Iraq. The Kebar or Chebar river was part of a complex network of irrigation and transport canals that also included the Shatt el-Nil, a silted up canal toward the east of Babylon. \"Astonished\" is read as \"astonied\" in the Revised Version, i.e. dumb and motionless. The seven-day long \"period of motionless silence\" seems to express \"the strength of the prophet’s emotions\" on his arrival at Tel Abib. Ezekiel as a watchman for Israel (3:16–27) Verse 16 And it came to pass at the end of seven days, that the word of the Lord came unto me, saying, \"At the end of seven days\": During these days,","title":"Ezekiel 3"},{"docid":"90581","text":"Loiret (; ) is a department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of north-central France. It takes its name from the river Loiret, which is contained wholly within the department. In 2019, Loiret had a population of 680,434. Its prefecture is Orléans, which is about southwest of Paris. As well as being the regional prefecture, it is a historic city on the banks of the Loire. It has a large central area with many historic buildings and mansions. Orléans Cathedral, dating back to the 13th century, was rebuilt after Protestant forces destroyed it in 1568. Loiret has two subprefectures, in Montargis and Pithiviers. It is famous for its several châteaux. History Loiret is one of the original 83 departments that was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790, by order of the National Constituent Assembly. The new departments were to be uniformly administered and approximately equal to one another in size and population. It was created from the former province of Orléanais which was too large to continue in its previous form. The Loire Valley was occupied in Palaeolithic times as attested by numerous archaeological sites in the department. The Celts were here, bringing crafts and trades, and the Romans occupied the area after the Gallic Wars. They built roads and founded cities such as Cenabum, on the site of present-day Orléans, and Sceaux-du-Gâtinais. Around 451, the Huns invaded the region but were repelled before reaching Cenabum. The Franks reached the Loire and Clovis I reigned in the area. A time of peace and prosperity ensued during the reign of Charlemagne. Geography The department of Loiret was historically in the province of Orléans in north central France, and along with the departments of Loir-et-Cher and Eure-et-Loir now forms the region Centre-Val de Loire. To the north of Loiret lie the departments of Eure-et-Loir, Essonne and Seine-et-Marne, to the east lies Yonne, to the southeast Nièvre, to the south Cher, and to the west Loir-et-Cher. The department consists of mostly flat low-lying land through which flows the river Loire. This river enters the department near Châtillon-sur-Loire in the southeast, flows northwestwards to Orleans where it turns to flow south west, leaving the department near Beaugency. The Canal d'Orléans connects the Loire at Orléans to a junction with the Canal du Loing and the Canal de Briare in the village of Buges near Montargis. The Loire and these canals formed important trading routes before the arrival of the railways. The river Loiret, after which the department is named, is long and joins the Loire southwest of Orléans. Its source is at Orléans-la-Source, and its mouth at Saint-Hilaire-Saint-Mesmin. Other rivers in the department, are the Loing, a right-bank tributary of the Loire, and the Ouanne which flows into the Loing. The department has a total area of and is from west to east and from north to south. Large parts of the land are used for agriculture, and these are separated by low wooded hills and some forested areas. The northwestern","title":"Loiret"},{"docid":"3230147","text":"Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood. The osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes. These are the cells responsible for the resorption of bone. Osteoblasts are generally present on the outer layer of bone, just beneath the periosteum. Attachment of the osteoclast to the osteon begins the process. The osteoclast then induces an infolding of its cell membrane and secretes collagenase and other enzymes important in the resorption process. High levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphate and products of collagen will be released into the extracellular fluid as the osteoclasts tunnel into the mineralized bone. Osteoclasts are prominent in the tissue destruction found in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatological disorders. The human body is in a constant state of bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is a process which maintains bone strength and ion homeostasis by replacing discrete parts of old bone with newly synthesized packets of proteinaceous matrix. Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts, and is deposited by osteoblasts in a process called ossification. Osteocyte activity plays a key role in this process. Conditions that result in a decrease in bone mass can either be caused by an increase in resorption or by a decrease in ossification. During childhood, bone formation exceeds resorption. As the aging process occurs, resorption exceeds formation. Bone resorption rates are much higher in post-menopausal older women due to estrogen deficiency related with menopause. Common treatments include drugs that increase bone mineral density. Bisphosphonates, RANKL inhibitors, SERMs—selective oestrogen receptor modulators, hormone replacement therapy and calcitonin are some of the common treatments. Light weight bearing exercise tends to eliminate the negative effects of bone resorption. Regulation Bone resorption is highly stimulated or inhibited by signals from other parts of the body, depending on the demand for calcium. Calcium-sensing membrane receptors in the parathyroid gland monitor calcium levels in the extracellular fluid. Low levels of calcium stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from chief cells of the parathyroid gland. In addition to its effects on kidney and intestine, PTH increases the number and activity of osteoclasts. The increase in activity of already existing osteoclasts is the initial effect of PTH, and begins in minutes and increases over a few hours. Continued elevation of PTH levels increases the abundance of osteoclasts. This leads to a greater resorption of calcium and phosphate ions. High levels of calcium in the blood, on the other hand, leads to decreased PTH release from the parathyroid gland, decreasing the number and activity of osteoclasts, resulting in less bone resorption. Vitamin D increases absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestinal tract, leading to elevated levels of plasma calcium, and thus lower bone resorption. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is the active form of vitamin D3. It has numerous functions involved in blood calcium levels. Recent research indicates that calcitriol leads to a reduction in osteoclast formation, and","title":"Bone resorption"},{"docid":"1099547","text":"An osteocyte, an oblate shaped type of bone cell with dendritic processes, is the most commonly found cell in mature bone. It can live as long as the organism itself. The adult human body has about 42 billion of them. Osteocytes do not divide and have an average half life of 25 years. They are derived from osteoprogenitor cells, some of which differentiate into active osteoblasts (which may further differentiate to osteocytes). Osteoblasts/osteocytes develop in mesenchyme. In mature bones, osteocytes and their processes reside inside spaces called lacunae (Latin for a pit) and canaliculi, respectively. Osteocytes are simply osteoblasts trapped in the matrix that they secrete. They are networked to each other via long cytoplasmic extensions that occupy tiny canals called canaliculi, which are used for exchange of nutrients and waste through gap junctions. Although osteocytes have reduced synthetic activity and (like osteoblasts) are not capable of mitotic division, they are actively involved in the routine turnover of bony matrix, through various mechanosensory mechanisms. They destroy bone through a rapid, transient (relative to osteoclasts) mechanism called osteocytic osteolysis. Hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate is deposited around the cell. Structure Osteocytes have a stellate shape, approximately 7 micrometers deep and wide by 15 micrometers in length. The cell body varies in size from 5–20 micrometers in diameter and contain 40–60 cell processes per cell, with a cell to cell distance between 20–30 micrometers. A mature osteocyte contains a single nucleus that is located toward the vascular side and has one or two nucleoli and a membrane. The cell also exhibits a reduced size endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and cell processes that radiate largely towards the bone surfaces in circumferential lamellae, or towards a haversian canal and outer cement line typical of osteons in concentric lamellar bone. Osteocytes form an extensive lacunocanalicular network within the mineralized collagen type I matrix, with cell bodies residing within lacunae, and cell/dendritic processes within channels called canaliculi. Development The fossil record shows that osteocytes were present in bones of jawless fish 400 to 250 million years ago. Osteocyte size has been shown to covary with genome size; and this relationship has been used in paleogenomic research. During bone formation, an osteoblast is left behind and buried in the bone matrix as an \"osteoid osteocyte\", which maintains contact with other osteoblasts through extended cellular processes. The process of osteocytogenesis is largely unknown, but the following molecules have been shown to play a crucial role in the production of healthy osteocytes, either in correct numbers or specific distributions: matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1), osteoblast/osteocyte factor 45 (OF45), Klotho, TGF-beta inducible factor (TIEG), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), E11 antigen, and oxygen. 10–20% of osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes. Those osteoblasts on the bone surface that are destined for burial as osteocytes slow down matrix production, and are buried by neighboring osteoblasts that continue to produce matrix actively. Palumbo et al. (1990) distinguish three cell types from osteoblast to mature osteocyte: type I preosteocyte (osteoblastic osteocyte),","title":"Osteocyte"},{"docid":"2268172","text":"The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to supply nutrients to the developing lens in the growing fetus. During the tenth week of development in humans (time varies depending on species), the lens grows independent of a blood supply and the hyaloid artery usually regresses. Its proximal portion remains as the central artery of the retina. Regression of the hyaloid artery leaves a clear central zone through the vitreous humor, called the hyaloid canal or Cloquet's canal. Cloquet's canal is named after the French physician Jules Germain Cloquet (1790–1883) who first described it. Occasionally the artery may not fully regress, resulting in the condition persistent hyaloid artery. More commonly, small remnants of the artery may remain. Free remnants can sometimes be seen as \"floaters\". An anterior remnant of the hyaloid artery can be seen in some people as Mittendorf's dot, a small pinpoint-like scar on the posterior surface of the lens. A posterior remnant may be seen where the artery left the optic disc, and is known as Bergmeister's papilla. See also Hyaline Notes External links The Vitreous Humor at TedMontgomery.com \"What are those threads that float in your field of vision?\" at Straight Dope Arteries","title":"Hyaloid artery"},{"docid":"32653975","text":"Cadwalader Park is a city park located in Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. The nearly green space is Trenton's oldest park. It is named for Thomas Cadwalader, who lived for a while near Trenton where he became the chief burgess in 1746. Trenton's \"central park\" was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. Work on the park was begun in 1887, following the purchase of Ellarslie Mansion from George Farlee. a committee of the Common Council for the city of Trenton sought a location for what would become the City Park, and contacted Olmsted. Though perhaps best known for his design of Central Park in New York, Olmsted applied the same approach in the design of Cadwalader Park. The Mansion, which houses the Trenton City Museum, is at the center of the park. At one time the park had a train stop along the long gone Belvidere-Delaware Railroad. The park has a deer paddock, a stream, a small lake and hundreds of trees, including some that are rare at this latitude. An arm of the Delaware & Raritan Canal flows through the park. Neighborhoods bordering the park include Cadwalader Heights, Hiltonia, Hillcrest and Parkside. The park contains a memorial to the fallen of the Civil War and the column of the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Monument, erected in 1903. At one time this included a number of artillery pieces, now reduced to the plinthed barrel of the 'Swamp Angel', an 8 inch breech-loading Parrott rifle used to bombard Charleston in 1863. The gun burst on the 36th shell to be fired, which can still be seen today. References External links Cadwalader Park Trenton City Parks Cadwalader family Trenton, New Jersey Parks in Mercer County, New Jersey Urban public parks Frederick Law Olmsted works Tourist attractions in Trenton, New Jersey","title":"Cadwalader Park"},{"docid":"3612149","text":"The central canal (also known as spinal foramen or ependymal canal) is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs through the spinal cord. The central canal lies below and is connected to the ventricular system of the brain, from which it receives cerebrospinal fluid, and shares the same ependymal lining. The central canal helps to transport nutrients to the spinal cord as well as protect it by cushioning the impact of a force when the spine is affected. The central canal represents the adult remainder of the central cavity of the neural tube. It generally occludes (closes off) with age. Structure The central canal below at the ventricular system of the brain, beginning at a region called the obex where the fourth ventricle, a cavity present in the brainstem, narrows. The central canal is located in the third of the spinal cord in the cervical and thoracic regions. In the lumbar spine it enlarges and is located more centrally. At the conus medullaris, where the spinal cord tapers, it is located more . Terminal ventricle The terminal ventricle (ventriculus terminalis, fifth ventricle or ampulla caudalis) is the widest part of the central canal of the spinal cord that is located at or near the conus medullaris. It was described by Stilling in 1859 and Krause in 1875. Krause introduced the term fifth ventricle after observation of normal ependymal cells. The central canal expands as a fusiform terminal ventricle, and approximately 8–10 mm in length in the conus medullaris (or conus terminalis). Although the terminal ventricle is visible in the fetus and children, it is usually absent in adults. Sometimes, the terminal ventricle is observed by MRI or ultrasound in children less than 5 years old. Microanatomy The central canal shares the same ependymal lining as the ventricular system of the brain. The canal is lined by ciliated, column-shaped cells, outside of which is a band of gelatinous substance, called the substantia gelatinosa centralis (or central gelatinous substance of spinal cord). This gelatinous substance consists mainly of neuroglia, but contains a few nerve cells and fibers; it is traversed by processes from the deep ends of the columnar ciliated cells which line the central canal. The substantia gelatinosa of Rolando is located more dorsally. Development The central canal represents the adult remainder of the central cavity of the neural tube. It generally occludes (closes off) with age. Function The central canal carries cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which it receives from the ventricular system of the brain. The central canal helps to transport nutrients to the spinal cord as well as protect it by cushioning the impact of a force when the spine is affected. Clinical significance Syringomyelia is a disease caused by the blockage of the central canal. Blockage of the central canal usually occurs at the lower cervical and upper thoracic levels. This typically damages white matter fibers that cross in anterior white commissure, leading to the loss of temperature, pain, and motor function at the affected levels on side opposite to","title":"Central canal"},{"docid":"1347314","text":"The Arizona Canal is a major canal in central Maricopa County that led to the founding of several communities, now among the wealthier neighborhoods of suburban Phoenix, constructed in the late 1880s. Flood irrigation of residential yards is still common in these neighborhoods, using a system of lateral waterways connected via gates to the canal itself. Like most Valley canals, its banks are popular with joggers and bicyclists. The canal, nearly long, is the northernmost canal in the Salt River Project's water distribution system. Beginning at Granite Reef Diversion Dam, northeast of Mesa, it flows west across the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, downtown Scottsdale, Phoenix's Arcadia and Sunnyslope neighborhoods, Glendale, and Peoria before ending at New River near Arrowhead Towne Center. History William John Murphy was hired in 1883 to spearhead its construction, which was completed in May 1885. He then founded Glendale; its downtown Murphy Park is named for him. Nearby Peoria was also founded within the decade. Several miles upstream (east), on the canal's south side were purchased in 1888 by a former Civil War chaplain, Major Winfield Scott, establishing what is now Scottsdale. Murphy later built the Ingleside Club hotel near Scottsdale (in what is now Arcadia), laying the foundation for the area's vital tourism economy. Several resorts – The Phoenician, Biltmore, Royal Palms, a Pointe Hilton and a Ritz-Carlton – were all built close to the canal between 1929 and 1988. Also, five shopping malls of varying size and affluence – Borgata, Scottsdale Fashion Square, Biltmore Fashion Park, Metrocenter Mall and Arrowhead Towne Center – now reside along the canal's route. Five miles were added to the canal's western end in 1894, completing its length. A 750-kilowatt restored hydroelectric plant and art display opened in June 2003 in Arcadia, at a natural drop called Arizona Falls. Scottsdale's Waterfront Project is aimed at revitalizing an area along the Arizona Canal just west of Scottsdale Road. The City of Scottsdale and the Scottsdale Public Art board engaged the architect Paolo Soleri who designed a bridge over the Arizona Canal in Downtown Scottsdale. The suspension bridge has two steel-clad, 64-foot pylons create a light beam on the walking surface to mark solar events. The bridge will direct pedestrians, bicyclists, and horse riders moving north and south along the Arizona Canal system. See also List of rivers of Arizona References External links History of the Arizona Canal and other canals in the system, on the site of the Salt River Project The Waterfront Project, along the Arizona Canal in Scottsdale, on the site of Scottsdale Public Art Buildings and structures in Maricopa County, Arizona Canals in Arizona Canals opened in 1885 Historic American Engineering Record in Arizona Transportation in Maricopa County, Arizona 1885 establishments in Arizona Territory","title":"Arizona Canal"},{"docid":"26948982","text":"Buzzards Bay station is a train station located on Main Street in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The site also contains an interlocking tower. The Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge is adjacent. Buzzards Bay is an intermediate stop on the Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority's CapeFLYER summer weekend passenger service. It is also the westernmost stop of Cape Cod Central Railroad tourist service. Extension of MBTA Commuter Rail service on the Middleborough/Lakeville Line to the station has been proposed on several occasions, but never enacted. History Originally known as Cohasset Narrows, the station was built as part of the Cape Cod Branch Railroad in 1848. Its name was changed to Buzzards Bay on August 1, 1879 by the Old Colony Railroad who had acquired the line in 1872 with a merger of the Cape Cod Railroad. The Woods Hole Branch opened on July 17, 1872. The present station building was constructed by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1912. Prior to the opening of the Cape Cod Canal in 1916, Buzzards Bay was located on what was then the north bank of the Monument River at a junction of the main railroad line between Middleborough and Cape Cod and the branch to Woods Hole. The Woods Hole Branch crossed the river slightly west of what is now the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge, while the Cape Cod main line continued along the north side of the river before crossing where the river narrowed at Bourne. The Monument River was converted into the Cape Cod Canal, which opened in 1916. The Cape Cod Main Line and junction were moved to the south side of the canal, which was later widened in the 1930s. Into the 1960s the New Haven Railroad operated daily passenger service to Boston and seasonal day and night Cape Codder service to New York City. Originally located near the tracks, the station building is now set back from the train line because of the removal of excess trackage. The station also houses year-round offices and a seasonal visitor's center for the Cape Cod Canal Region Chamber of Commerce. It was a stop for Amtrak's Cape Codder which ran from 1986 to 1996 (again, New York to the Cape), and for the Cape Cod and Hyannis Railroad which ran from 1984 to 1988. In 1988, the state refurbished the station building and added an accessible platform in preparation for never-realized commuter rail service. Cape Cod Central Railroad Buzzards Bay serves as the western terminus for Cape Cod Central Railroad, which runs tourist excursion trains along the track between Buzzards Bay and Hyannis. In the summer, Buzzards Bay serves as a station of departure for excursion trains running to West Barnstable, select dinner trains running along the length of the Canal, and a special excursion in mid-September to celebrate Cape Cod Canal Day, which includes a stop at the Pairpoint Glass facility in Sagamore. In the winter, Buzzards Bay is the point of departure for several Polar Express-esque holiday","title":"Buzzards Bay station"},{"docid":"1129764","text":"Gladstone Dock is a dock on the River Mersey, England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. It is situated in the northern dock system in Bootle. The dock is connected to Seaforth Dock to the north and what remains of Hornby Dock to the south. Part of Liverpool Freeport, Gladstone Dock is operated by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company. History The dock is named after Robert Gladstone, a merchant from Liverpool and second cousin of Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone. Designed in the first decade of the twentieth century, construction was eventually completed in 1927 and consisted of of quays and extensive warehouse space. The graving dock was completed in 1913, before the rest of the dock became operational. At long and wide it was designed to take the largest trans-Atlantic steamers. The graving dock has since been converted into a wet dock (Gladstone Number Three Branch Dock). Gladstone Dock lock entrance is one of the two remaining operational river entrances in the northern dock system. Measuring long, wide and deep; was wider, longer and deeper than the Panama Canal locks at the time of opening. The Panama Canal and Gladstone locks could accommodate a maximum size of container ship of 4,500-5,000 twenty-foot-equivalent units (TEUs). The lock provided maritime access to the container terminal of the adjacent Royal Seaforth Dock, which opened in 1972. However in 2016 the Panama Canal locks will were enlarged to a size larger than the Gladstone locks: long, wide and deep, accommodating vessels with capacities of up to 14,000 TEUs, depending on the vessel design. Rather than enlarge the Gladstone locks to match the size of the Panama locks, the Port of Liverpool built an in-river berth, in the tidal river, serving a new container terminal called Liverpool2. Container ships unable to enter the Gladstone lock will need to use the adjacent in-river berthing at Liverpool2. Liverpool2 solved the problem of the disruption of enlarging the Gladstone locks, and also giving container handling expansion. Simultaneously the NY-NJ port in the USA deepened its access channel and raised the Bayonne Bridge to accommodate the large vessels transiting the Panama Canal. The expansions at Liverpool and New York means larger ships can operate between the two ports. At the outbreak of the First World War, the liner RMS Aquitania was undergoing repairs in Gladstone Graving Dock. As a result, she was converted in situ for war service. During the Second World War, ASW ships, Atlantic convoy escorts and minesweepers were based in the dock. In 1942 the National Fire Service opened a fire station on Fort Road having a berth for some of its fireboats adjoining the NW Wall of the Dock, this remained open until 1946. On 25 January 1953, the liner RMS Empress of Canada caught fire and capsized in Gladstone Number One Branch Dock. She was refloated the following year and towed to Gladstone Graving Dock to be made watertight, in preparation for being scrapped in Italy. Transatlantic passenger services continued to","title":"Gladstone Dock"},{"docid":"126897","text":"Salina is a town in Onondaga County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 33,223. The name of the town is derived from the Latin word for \"salt.\" Salina is a northern suburb of Syracuse. History The region was in the domain of the Onondaga tribe and later was within the Central New York Military Tract, although it was reserved for members of the Onondaga. Salina received its name in 1797, when the Surveyor General received authority to set aside a portion of the Salt Reservation for use in salt manufacture. The Salt Reservation had been created by a treaty with the Native Americans. It extended one mile around Onondaga Lake. In 1798, the Village of Salina was chartered. It was located in what is now the Washington Square neighborhood or \"First Ward\" of the current City of Syracuse and contained sixteen blocks. Each block was divided into four house lots, selling according to law, for no less than forty dollars. The area now known as the Town of Salina was still part of the Townships of Manlius and Marcellus. In March 1809, the Town of Salina was organized. It included the areas now known as the Town of Geddes (formed 1848), part of Manlius and the City of Syracuse. Salina's location on the Erie Canal stimulated its industrial development. The middle section of the canal, from Salina to Utica was the first to open, in 1820, and elaborate celebrations were held. It was not until the late 1840s that Salina was reduced to its present size. The original Town of Salina stretched around Onondaga Lake, incorporating part of what is now the Town of Geddes and much of what today is the City of Syracuse. The early history of Salina is actually the history of the area around Onondaga Lake and the salt industry. By 1846, it was apparent that Syracuse would soon become a city. The residents of Salina and Syracuse began discussing a proposed charter, which would unify the two villages. In December 1847, the act of incorporation was passed, which defined the area as \"constituting a part of the Town of Salina and incorporation the Village of Salina and Syracuse.\" This act reduced the Town of Salina to its present boundaries. Today, Salina consists of five small suburban communities which are known as Liverpool, Mattydale, Lyncourt, Galeville and a portion of North Syracuse. The Alvord House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (8.74%) is water. The town is on the northern shore of Onondaga Lake. Interstate 81 and Interstate 90 (New York State Thruway) intersect in Salina. New York State Route 370 borders Onondaga Lake. U.S. Route 11 passes through the eastern part of the town. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 33,290 people, 14,401 households, and 8,871 families residing in the","title":"Salina, New York"},{"docid":"26818077","text":"Mill Creek is a linear park located in Bakersfield, California. It runs along the Kern Island Canal between Golden State Avenue and California Avenue in downtown, although there is a gap between 19th Street and the BNSF railroad yard. The center of the park is Central Park, the only park in downtown. The park contains a lake with spray fountains and the “Mill Creek” bridge. It is also home to the Bakersfield Museum of Art and the Bakersfield Community House. The park is named after a flour mill which was located on 17th Street. History Central Park was created August 21, 1921. The same day, a bid was accepted from MacRori and McLaren Company for its construction. Originally called Stark Park (for about one month), the name was changed to Central Park since the park was located between Bakersfield and East Bakersfield. In 1938 the first foot bridge was constructed over the canal. In 1956, part of the land was used for the Cunningham Memorial Art Gallery (later the Bakersfield Museum of Art). A camellia garden was added in 1956 in memory of Aram Adams (who was a local automobile dealer). In 1964, another section of the park was used for the establishment of the Community House. In 2001, city planners started to consider how to redevelop the area. After years of planning, and raising funds, the Mill Creek project was born. The plan was to create a linear park which would run along the Kern Island Canal. The canal would be altered to look like a natural stream. A path would be created next to the canal, on the old access roads. The plan also called for the redevelopment of Central Park (which the canal ran through). This included constructing winding paths, replace lighting, and expanding the canal to a lake. The bridge across the canal was replaced with the covered “Mill Creek” bridge. The park reopened in 2009. The rest of the linear park opened in 2010. Park description The length of the park is approximately 1.5 miles (including the gap segments). The path runs along both sides of the canal, except between Golden State Avenue and 21st Street, where it only runs on the west side. That segment is also lined with an iron fence (with pedestrian gates), since it primarily runs next to a residential neighborhood. Central Park has public restrooms, as well as a playground. It is also equipped with Wi-Fi service (for a fee). There is a gap in the park, between 19th Street and the BNSF railroad yard. Access across the yard is provided by the Q Street underpass. The section between the yard and Truxtun Avenue was not changed since it was already improved when the Beale Memorial Library was built in 1988. The section between Truxtun Avenue and 19th Street could not be improved because the parking lots and buildings of the Hill House (a Best Western Plus hotel) were constructed too close to the canal to allow for improvements at","title":"Mill Creek (Bakersfield)"},{"docid":"8422168","text":"The Nimbus Dam is a base load hydroelectric dam on the American River near Folsom, California. Approximately of water is retained by the dam. It is responsible for the impoundment of water from the American River to create the Lake Natoma reservoir. The dam stands 87 feet and spans 1,093 feet. The Nimbus powerplant consists of two generators. Each generator produces enough electrical power to power over 200,000 100-watt light bulbs, about 15,500 kilowatts of electrical power. Nimbus Dam consists of 18 radial gates, each with their own gate bays. These 18 gates today are the ones that were completed in 1955 along with the rest of the dam. Of the eighteen gates, four of them have had their coating system replaced. This protects the gates from a faster rate of corrosion. The other fourteen gates have the original coating. As part of the Central Valley Project (CVP), a federal water project that provides irrigation and municipal water to much of California's Central Valley, it was authorized in 1949 as a regulating reservoir for Folsom Dam, and a diversion pool for the Folsom South Canal. Construction began in 1952, and it opened in 1955. The Nimbus Powerplant The Nimbus Powerplant is located on the north side of the American River and on the left side of Nimbus Dam via looking east. The powerplant provides backup to the main powerplant that is located upstream at Folsom Dam. Each of the two generators contain approximately 7,700 kilowatts of electrical power. What drives the two generators through six penstocks, each about 47 feet long, are the two turbines with 9,400 horsepower. Water is supplied through these turbines. The Western Area Power Administration markets the power that is generated by the powerplants at Nimbus Dam and Folsom Dam. The dam serves as a diversion to direct water into the Folsom South Canal, which carries water to an area approximately 10 miles northeast of the city of Lodi. The canal once provided cooling water for the SMUD nuclear power plant, Rancho Seco. Today, it continues to provide water for irrigation, water supply, and industrial purposes to its surrounding area. The Nimbus Dam Radial Gates Project The United States Bureau of Reclamation released a final environmental assessment for the Nimbus Dam Radial Gates Maintenance Project in May 2015. This report laid out the purpose and need for the project, the details of what the construction would consist of, and the environmental impact of the project on existing federal wildlife protection acts. The report argues that over half the radial gates of Nimbus Dam need a new coating system, along with other repairs that fall outside of normal maintenance. No major work has been done to the gates since the construction of the dam in the 1950s. In 2014, the Bureau of Reclamation contributed an $11,141,820 contract for the construction. The project is expected to be completed by the end of 2019 and will focus on replacing the coating on the fourteen gates that have the original","title":"Nimbus Dam"},{"docid":"76186497","text":"The Khalij ( or al-khalīg in Egyptian pronunciation), also known as the Khalij al-Misri or Khalij al-Masri (), was a canal in Cairo, Egypt. It began in the 7th century when the new Arab conquerors rebuilt an ancient canal that linked the Nile with the Red Sea in Pharaonic and Roman times. The connection to the Red Sea was closed in the 8th century, but the canal remained an important feature of Cairo's geography and its water supply. It was traditionally closed for part of the year and then reopened during the Nile floods. The yearly opening of the canal was celebrated as a major festival. In the 14th century, the Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad created a second canal further west, the Khalij al-Nasiri, which was linked to the main canal. In the 1890s, as its function became less essential, the Khalij was filled in and converted into what is now Port Said Street in central Cairo. History Origins An ancient canal linking the Nile with the Red Sea had previously existed in the region since the Pharaonic period, probably begun in the reign of Necho II ( BC). The canal was re-dug by the Persian king Darius ( BC). It was last restored by Roman emperor Trajan, who moved its mouth on the Nile further south, to what is now Old Cairo, and named it or () after himself. Remains of the massive stone walls that made up the entrance to Trajan's canal have been found under the present-day Coptic Church of Saint Sergius and the Coptic Church of Saint George. Where the canal joined the Nile, Trajan constructed a harbor and fortifications. In the third century AD, Diocletian expanded the fortifications and constructed the Babylon Fortress at the mouth of the canal. The canal was difficult to maintain and by the time of the Arab conquest in 641 AD, it had fallen out of use and into disrepair. Shortly after the conquest, the commander of the Muslim force, Amr ibn al-As, ordered that the canal, which had silted up in the meantime, be re-excavated, perhaps at the request of the Caliph Umar ( AD), in order to more efficiently transport grain from Egypt to Medina (the capital of the new Islamic caliphate). The new canal dug by Amr was excavated further north, joining the Nile close to what is now the Sayyida Zaynab neighbourhood of Cairo. The mouth of Trajan's canal was instead covered by the new Islamic city of Fustat, where the Arabs had perhaps already settled by the time the canal project was initiated. In honour of Umar, the new canal became known as (\"Canal of the Leader of the Faithful\"). A bridge was built over the canal in 688 for one of the two main north–south roads of Fustat, (\"the Way\"). In medieval Cairo The new canal was not successful in the long term. It was eventually closed, either around 750 during the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyads, or in 767–768 on the orders","title":"Khalij (Cairo)"},{"docid":"23873694","text":"The Great Port of St. Petersburg () or Port of St. Petersburg is a major seaport serving the city of St. Petersburg in northwest Russia. The port's water area is 164.6 km2 (630,000 square meters). The mooring line is 31 km long and the water is deep at the port's deepest anchorages. Since 2011, the port has been under the authority of a state-owned enterprise (federal government agency), the Port Authority of the Great Port of St. Petersburg. This agency oversees commercial navigation in the seaport of St. Petersburg and beyond in the designated areas of responsibility of the Russian Federation. History In 1869, Nikolay Putilov (1820–1880)—a Russian naval officer, mathematician, engineer, metallurgist, entrepreneur, co-founder of the Obukhov factory, and founder of the Putilov factory—began preparations for the Sea Port of St. Petersburg with a sea canal from Kronstadt to St. Petersburg. On June 13, 1874, Tsar Alexander II approved a provision \"On the Temporary Administration of the St. Petersburg Sea.\" The general direction of the channel was approved by Alexander on August 21 of the same year. On October 26, a contract for the production of works and supplies on the St. Petersburg Canal was signed. N. I. Putilov \"with his comrades\" received a contract order for the works. After Putilov's sudden death, the project was completed by his companions and S. P. Maksimovich, assisted by the Finland Swedish engineer . On May 15, 1885, the channel was opened to the passage of ships, and a new Maritime Trade Port was opened. Putilov was buried, at his request, on the bank of the Ekateringofka River on Gladky Island, commanding a view over his factory, his port, and the Morskoy Canal. A chapel by architect F. S. Kharlamov was erected on his grave. His remains were re-buried in the crypt of St. Nicholas Church in 1907, which was built by architect V. A. Kosyakov in 1901–06 on what is today Stachek Avenue. His grave was destroyed in 1951. General information The central unit of the Great Port of St. Petersburg is located on and around the islands of the Neva River Delta, in the Nevsky Lip of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The port includes the berths for maritime trade; forest, fish and river ports; an oil terminal; shipbuilding, ship repair and other industries; a sea passenger terminal; a river passenger terminal; piers at Kronstadt and Lomonosov; and the Gorskaya and Bronka facilities. They are connected by an extensive system of channels and fairways. The sea trade port includes about 200 berths with depths of up to . It is divided into four districts. The container terminal includes berths 82–87, and both container ships and roll-on/roll-off vessels are accepted for processing. The first and second areas of the seaport are served by the New Port railway station, the third and fourth by the Avtovo railway station. The port fleet includes service and support vessels belonging to various organizations, including more than","title":"Great Port of Saint Petersburg"},{"docid":"15651800","text":"The Central Avenue Corridor is a significant stretch of north–south Central Avenue in Phoenix, Arizona. Roughly bounded by Camelback Road to its north, and McDowell Road to its south, this is one of Phoenix's most vital and heavily trafficked stretches of roads. It is also one of the region's largest centers of employment, with nearly 60,000 people being employed within a three-mile (5 km) radius of this swath of Central Avenue. Major employers here include major banks and financial institutions, hi-tech companies, and several significant law firms and government agencies. This corridor bisects a larger area known as Midtown, Phoenix—the collection of neighborhoods north of downtown, and south of the North-Central and Sunnyslope areas. Block numbers or addresses for Central Avenue landmarks are indicated in parentheses where available. Central Avenue Corridor today Located halfway between the major arterial roads 7th Street and 7th Avenue, Central Avenue is the east–west dividing line for Phoenix as well as other Maricopa County cities that do not have their own addressing system. Central Avenue crosses every economic stratum in Phoenix, rather abruptly in places. Downtown Phoenix land values are on par with other major cities. North of Midtown and Uptown Phoenix, the large, old homes in the tony North Central neighborhoods hark back to lower North Central Avenue's past. On the other side of the canal from North Central, at Central Avenue's dead-end, is the Sunnyslope District, founded in 1907. South of downtown, approaching South Mountain, the South Central area contains some of the most blighted neighborhoods in the city. Central Avenue represents almost every architectural use and style found in Phoenix. Dilapidated and thriving strip centers, small old brick warehouses, industrial and commercial properties, single family homes and estates, and many of the city's high-rises all have Central Avenue addresses. On Central or in the immediate vicinity lie officially recognized and protected historic neighborhoods and a variety of cultural, performance, and sporting venues. History Pre–World War II Central Avenue was originally named Center Street upon Phoenix's founding with the surrounding north–south roads named after Indian tribes. The original Churchill Addition of 1877, covering a small area north of Van Buren Street to what is presently Roosevelt Street, was the first recorded plat showing Central Avenue with its present name. Despite this, there is evidence of it being called Center Street into the 1930s. A replat of Phoenix's original townsite in 1895 was the first to officially show numbered streets and avenues starting from the east and west sides of Central. Phoenix's first school was built on Center Street and Monroe in 1874 as a one-room adobe. A new four-room schoolhouse replaced it in 1879 as the fourth brick building in the city, and the school was expanded again in 1893. By 1919, the school had deteriorated considerably and was condemned and sold. The luxurious Hotel San Carlos, the first downtown hotel to feature air conditioning and elevators, opened on that spot in 1928 after a long delay. The Phoenix Indian School was established","title":"Central Avenue Corridor"},{"docid":"126109","text":"Caneadea is a township in Allegany County, New York, United States. It includes the hamlets Caneadea, Houghton, and Oramel. History The name Caneadea reportedly originates from a Seneca phrase meaning \"where the heavens rest upon the earth\". Following the American war for independence in which the Seneca aligned with the British, the majority of Seneca territory in western New York was ceded to the new American government with the exception of some small areas of land. One such area was a strip eight miles long and two miles wide in the Genesee River Valley that became known as the Caneadea Reservation. The land of the reservation included much of the modern day township. Within the reservation was a small native village located on a bluff above the river. The village contained what is known as the Council House, which many years later was transported to what is now Letchworth State Park and renovated. Moses van Campen reportedly ran the \"gauntlet\" outside the Council House in 1782 while a captive of the Senecas during the American war for independence. The Caneadea Reservation's existence ended in 1826 after the Seneca sold the land to speculators. The Caneadea township was officially formed in 1806, but included large portions of land that are no longer part of it. During the 1800s, much of the forested land was converted to farmland, including highly fertile land near the river. Caneadea contained a route of the underground railroad, helping individuals escape slavery from the south. The Civil War's need for soldiers took a heavy human toll on the town. Starting in 1851, the Genesee Valley Canal passed through Caneadea. While overall the canal was massively unprofitable for the state of New York, it did contribute significantly to the culture and economy of Caneadea and its hamlets Houghton and Oramel. Many businesses sprung up catering to canal traffic. Oramel became especially prosperous. Houghton was popular for horse racing and reportedly quite rowdy. New York finally decommissioned the boondoggle canal in 1878. In 1882 railroad tracks replaced much of the canal's old towpath. Trains stopped traveling through Caneadea in 1969, and the tracks removed in 1977. Today, much of the old railroad bed pathway is part of a recreational pathway. In 1883, a seminary that was to eventually become today's Houghton University was founded by a farmer. The seminary eventually formed into a college that became accredited in 1923. Houghton changed dramatically from a wild canal port commonly known as Jockey Street (due to popular horse racing) into a more tranquil community strongly associated with the college and its sponsoring Wesleyan denomination. In the late 1980s, a New York State committee was formed to find potential nuclear waste disposal sites. Caneadea, along with some other towns in Allegany County, was proposed as a potential site.There was significant disapproval by many area residents over this, and organizers committed to fight the state legally, politically and with civil disobedience. In 1990, protestors prevented the proposed site in Caneadea from being accessed","title":"Caneadea, New York"},{"docid":"62259763","text":"The Little Cut, also known as the Rain Hall Rock Branch or the Rain Hall Rock Canal, was a short canal connecting the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Barnoldswick to the nearby Rain Hall Rock limestone quarry. The canal ran north-east for through farmland and a deep cutting—including two tunnels—before terminating in a small basin. Canal The cut was constructed in 1796, around the time of the second phase of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. Built to serve a limestone quarry known as Rain Hall Rock, the cut left the main canal beneath a small bridge carrying the towing path, approximately south of Long Ing Bridge. The short length of the canal led to it being named locally as the \"Little Cut\", although it was formally known as the Rain Hall Rock Canal or Rain Hall Rock Branch. A tunnel was bored through the limestone near Higher Barnsay Farm, before a northwards bend took the canal through a deep cutting; this was the start of the quarry and the original canal terminus, from its junction with the main line. This tunnel was the only tunnel on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal to carry the towpath as well as the waterway. From the canal's junction with the main line, the towpath ran along the south side of the channel. Upon reaching the second tunnel, a turnover bridge moved the towpath to the north side of the canal. Permission to extend the quarry was granted in 1826 and the canal was extended through a second tunnel. A further extension had been made by 1862, when a viaduct was built (as an accommodation bridge) across the cut. Rather than building a large wharf or dock, limestone was loaded directly from the quarry into waiting barges in a widened basin. The quarry closed around the end of the First World War, and later the cut was used by Lancashire County Council for landfill. Only the central cutting—between the two tunnels—as well as parts of the tunnels are extant. Quarry Rock from the quarry has been classified by the British Geological Survey as nodular micaceous sandy limestone, with some specimens containing forams. References 1796 establishments in England Canals in Lancashire Canals opened in 1796 Conservation areas in England Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Lancashire Transport in Liverpool","title":"Little Cut"},{"docid":"11708373","text":"The historic center of Mexico City (), also known as the Centro or Centro Histórico, is the central neighborhood in Mexico City, Mexico, focused on the Zócalo (or main plaza) and extending in all directions for a number of blocks, with its farthest extent being west to the Alameda Central. The Zocalo is the largest plaza in Latin America. It can hold up to nearly 100,000 people. This section of the capital lies in the municipal borough of Cuauhtémoc, has just over nine square km and occupies 668 blocks. It contains 9,000 buildings, 1,550 of which have been declared of historical importance. Most of these historic buildings were constructed between the 16th and 20th centuries. It is divided into two zones for preservation purposes. Zone A encompasses the pre-Hispanic city and its expansion from the Viceroy period until Independence. Zone B covers the areas all other constructions to the end of the 19th century that are considered indispensable to the preservation of the area's architectural and cultural heritage. This is where the Spaniards began to build what is now modern Mexico City in the 16th century on the ruins of the conquered Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire. As the centre of the ancient Aztec Empire and the seat of power for the Spanish colony of New Spain, the Centro Historico contains most of the city's historic sites from both eras as well as a large number of museums. This has made it a World Heritage Site. History What is now the historic downtown of Mexico City roughly correlates with the ancient Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, which was founded around 1325. During the prehispanic era, the city developed in a planned fashion, with streets and canals aligned with the cardinal directions, leading to orderly square blocks. The island that the city was founded on was divided into four calpullis or neighborhoods that were divided by the main north-south roads leading to Tepeyac and Iztapalapa respectively and the west-east road that lead to Tacuba and to a dike into the lake, respectively. The calpullis were named Cuepopan, Atzacualco, Moyotla and Zoquipan, which had subdivisions and a \"tecpan\" or district council each. The intersection of these roads was the center of the city and of the Aztec world. Here were the Templo Mayor, the palaces of the tlatoani or emperors, palaces of nobles such as the \"House of the Demons\" and the \"House of the Flowers\". Also located here were the two most renowned Aztec schools: the Telpuchcalli for secular studies and the Calmecac for priestly training. When the Spaniards arrived, the city had aqueducts built by Moctezuma Ilhuicamina and Ahuizotl as well as a large dike constructed to the east of the city. After the Spanish conquest, this design remained largely intact, mostly due to the efforts of Alonso Garcia Bravo, who supervised much of the rebuilding of the city. This reconstruction conserved many of the main thoroughfares such as Tenayuca, renamed Vallejo; Tlacopan, renamed México Tacuba, and Tepeyac, now called","title":"Historic center of Mexico City"},{"docid":"437103","text":"A root canal is the naturally occurring anatomic space within the root of a tooth. It consists of the pulp chamber (within the coronal part of the tooth), the main canal(s), and more intricate anatomical branches that may connect the root canals to each other or to the surface of the root. Structure At the center of every tooth is a hollow area that houses soft tissues, such as the nerve, blood vessels, and connective tissue. This hollow area contains a relatively wide space in the coronal portion of the tooth called the pulp chamber. These canals run through the center of the roots, similar to the way graphite runs through a pencil. The pulp receives nutrition through the blood vessels, and sensory nerves carry signals back to the brain. A tooth can be relieved from pain if there is irreversible damage to the pulp, via root canal treatment. Root canal anatomy consists of the pulp chamber and root canals. Both contain the dental pulp. The smaller branches, referred to as accessory canals, are most frequently found near the root end (apex), but may be encountered anywhere along the root length. The total number of root canals per tooth depends on the number of the tooth roots ranging from one to four, five or more in some cases. Sometimes there are more than one root canal per root. Some teeth have a more variable internal anatomy than others. An unusual root canal shape, complex branching (especially the existence of horizontal branches), and multiple root canals are considered as the main causes of root canal treatment failures. (e.g. If a secondary root canal goes unnoticed by the dentist and is not cleaned and sealed, it will remain infected, causing the root canal therapy to fail). Root canal system The specific features and complexity of the internal anatomy of the teeth have been thoroughly studied. Using a replica technique on thousands of teeth, Walter Hess made clear as early as 1917 that the internal space of dental roots is often a complex system composed of a central area (root canals with round, oval or irregular cross-sectional shape) and lateral parts (fins, anastomoses and accessory canals). In fact, this lateral component may represent a relatively large volume, which challenges the cleaning phase of the instrumentation procedure in that tissue remnants of the vital or necrotic pulp as well as infectious elements are not easily removed in these areas. Thus, the image of root canals having a smooth, conical shape is generally too idealistic and underestimates the reach of root canal instrumentation. Contents The space inside the root canals is filled with a highly vascularized, loose connective tissue, called dental pulp. The dental pulp is the tissue of which the dentin portion of the tooth is composed. The dental pulp helps complete formation of the secondary teeth (adult teeth) one to two years after eruption into the mouth. The dental pulp also nourishes and hydrates the tooth structure, making the tooth more resilient, less","title":"Root canal"},{"docid":"49427091","text":"Red Bluff Diversion Dam is a disused irrigation diversion dam on the Sacramento River in Tehama County, California, United States, southeast of the city of Red Bluff. Until 2013, the dam provided irrigation water for two canals that serve of farmland on the west side of the Sacramento Valley. The dam and canals are part of the Sacramento Canals Unit of the Central Valley Project, operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. In 2013, the dam was decommissioned and the river allowed to flow freely through the site in order to protect migrating fish. A pumping plant constructed a short distance upstream now supplies water to the canal system. Specifications The dam is a concrete gated weir design, long, with a structural height of . Eleven fixed wheel gates, each wide and high, control the outflow of water to the Sacramento River. The concrete piers between the gates are in width. The entire structure contains about of concrete. Lake Red Bluff, formed by the dam when the gates are lowered, had a maximum depth of , a normal storage of , and a maximum storage of . The original design of the dam included two fish ladders, one on each end of the dam; a third was added in 1984 in the middle of the dam. A diversion headworks and settling basin on the south bank of the Sacramento River originally provided a gravity flow of water to two aqueducts, the Tehama-Colusa Canal and Corning Canal. The headworks consist of six radial gates with a capacity of . This water is now lifted directly from the Sacramento River via a pumping plant constructed as part of the Red Bluff Fish Passage Improvement Project. The pumping plant has a capacity of , with potential future expansion to . The Tehama Colusa Canal, larger of the two canals, is long, with a capacity of . The Corning Canal is long and can carry . Together, the canals irrigate in Tehama, Glenn, Colusa and Yolo Counties, of which lacked sufficient water before the project was built. Six additional pumping plants are required at various points to maintain water flow in the two canals. Water is also provided to of wildlife preserves in the Sacramento Valley. The total crop value is $250 million, with total benefits of $1 billion per year to the regional economy. Construction history Although the Central Valley Project was initially authorized in 1935, the Sacramento Canals Division was not authorized until September 29, 1950 by President Harry Truman. The contract for construction of Red Bluff Diversion Dam was awarded in 1962 to Vinnell Corporation, for a total of $3,465,155. Work on the dam began in 1962 and was completed on August 9, 1964, more than 4 months ahead of schedule. The Corning Canal had been completed by 1959, but the much larger Tehama Colusa Canal was not completed until 1980. Environmental impact While the dam is relatively small, it has historically blocked passage of salmon, steelhead and sturgeon runs on","title":"Red Bluff Diversion Dam"},{"docid":"247016","text":"Welland is a city in the Regional Municipality of Niagara in Southern Ontario, Canada. As of 2021, it had a population of 55,750. The city is in the centre of Niagara and located within a half-hour driving distance to Niagara Falls, Niagara-on-the-Lake, St. Catharines, and Port Colborne. It has been traditionally known as the place where rails and water meet, referring to the railways from Buffalo to Toronto and Southwestern Ontario, and the waterways of Welland Canal and Welland River, which played a great role in the city's development. The city has developed on both sides of the Welland River and Welland Canal, which connect Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. History The area was settled in 1788 by United Empire Loyalists who had been granted land by the Crown to compensate for losses due to property they left in the British Thirteen Colonies during and after the American Revolutionary War. Tensions continued between Great Britain and the newly independent United States, and the War of 1812 broke out. On 19 October 1814, Canadian forces led by George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale, met an American raiding party, numbering approximately nine hundred, near the eastern edge of the present community during the Battle of Cook's Mills. After an intense skirmish, the Americans retreated to Buffalo, New York. Cook's Mills was the second to last engagement of the War of 1812 on Canadian soil. The First Welland Canal was extended in 1833 to reach Lake Erie and has influenced development of this city ever since. A wooden aqueduct was built to carry the Welland Canal over the Welland River at what is now downtown Welland, and the area became known as simply Aqueduct. A lock to cross from the canal to the river and vice versa was also built. A small shantytown soon developed around the facility, providing essential services in what was a convenient stop-over location for travellers and workers on the canal. The growing town was later named Merrittsville, after William Hamilton Merritt, the initiator of the Welland Canal project. This name is reflected in the name of the Merrittville Highway (Niagara Road 50), which served as the primary north–south route in central Niagara before the construction of Highway 406. Welland gained its present name when it was incorporated on 25 July 1858. It became a city in 1917. One of the few railway crossings across the canal was near Welland. Together with the canal, these two factors attracted the development of heavy industry in Welland. In 1906 the Plymouth Cordage Company was the first major industrial company to open a plant in Welland. By the 1930s, Welland was an important industrial city in the region and was developing rapidly. In the 1960s, the city was starting to outgrow the canal passing through its core. The Welland By-Pass project, started in 1967 and finished in 1973, provided a new, shorter alignment for the Welland Canal by moving it from downtown Welland to the city's outskirts. With the completion of the","title":"Welland"},{"docid":"3755694","text":"David du Bose Gaillard (September 4, 1859 – December 5, 1913) was a U.S. Army engineer instrumental in the construction of the Panama Canal. During the years of the US Canal Zone (c. 1915–2000), the Culebra Cut in the Panama Canal bore his name in his memory. Biography Lieutenant Colonel David DuBose Gaillard was born in Fulton Crossroads, South Carolina, which is located in what is now the Manchester State Forest near Sumter. Gaillard graduated from West Point in 1884. After promotion to first lieutenant in 1887, he married Katherine Ross Davis. The couple had one child, David St. Pierre Gaillard. By 1903 he was a Captain in the Army Corps of Engineers. In 1908 Gaillard was placed in charge of construction of the central portion of the Panama Canal, crossing the continental divide. He was in charge of the notorious Culebra Cut through the backbone of the isthmus. Men who worked with him said he gave 12 hours every day to the Culebra Cut, besides which, he took his share in the labor of general administration of the Canal Zone. He checked up expenses, even on small things, and once it was computed he had saved the government $17,000,000. Gaillard died nine months before the Panama Canal opened. He returned to the US suffering from what was thought to be nervous exhaustion brought on by overwork and died of a brain tumor on December 5, 1913 at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, aged 54. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Family Gaillard married Katherine Ross Davis at Winnsboro on October 6, 1887. She accompanied him to Panama and while there collected plant specimens for the United States National Herbarium. While in Panama she was also an orchid collector. References External links Picture of historical marker, from Historical Marker Database 1859 births 1913 deaths United States Military Academy alumni Panama Canal American canal engineers","title":"David du Bose Gaillard"},{"docid":"8168431","text":"Volkmann's canals, also known as perforating holes or channels, are anatomic arrangements in cortical bones that allow blood vessels to enter the bones from periosteum. They interconnect the haversian canals (running inside osteons) with each other and the periosteum. They usually run at obtuse angles to the haversian canals (which run the length of the bone) and contain anastomosing vessels between haversian capillaries. They were named after German physiologist Alfred Volkmann (1800-1878). The perforating canals, with the blood vessels, provide energy and nourishing elements for osteons. Additional images References Skeletal system","title":"Volkmann's canals"},{"docid":"11732932","text":"The hyaloid canal (Cloquet's canal and Stilling's canal) is a small transparent canal running through the vitreous body from the optic nerve disc (at the punctum caecum) to the lens. It is formed by an invagination of the hyaloid membrane, which encloses the vitreous body. In the fetus, the hyaloid canal contains a prolongation of the central artery of the retina, the hyaloid artery, which supplies blood to the developing lens. Once the lens is fully developed the hyaloid artery retracts and the hyaloid canal contains lymph. The hyaloid canal appears to have no function in the adult eye, though its remnant structure can be seen. Contrary to initial belief, the hyaloid canal does not facilitate changes in the volume of the lens. The lens volume changes by less than 1% over its range of accommodation. Furthermore, lymph, being liquid, is incompressible, so even if the volume of the lens did change, the hyaloid canal could not compensate for it. See also Hyaloid artery References Human eye anatomy de:Arteria hyaloidea","title":"Hyaloid canal"},{"docid":"684793","text":"The periosteum is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the articular surfaces (i.e. the parts within a joint space) of long bones. (At the joints of long bones the bone's outer surface is lined with \"articular cartilage\", a type of hyaline cartilage.) Endosteum lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of all long bones. Structure The periosteum consists of an outer fibrous layer, and an inner cambium layer (or osteogenic layer). The fibrous layer is of dense irregular connective tissue, containing fibroblasts, while the cambium layer is highly cellular containing progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone (the length of a long bone is controlled by the epiphyseal plate) and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture, the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which are essential to the healing process. The outer fibrous layer and the inner cambium layer are differentiated under electron micrography. As opposed to osseous tissue, the periosteum has nociceptors, sensory neurons that make it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply to the body from the marrow. The periosteum is attached to the bone by strong collagen fibres called \"Sharpey's fibres\", which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae. It also provides an attachment for muscles and tendons. The periosteum that covers the outer surface of the bones of the skull is known as the pericranium, except when in reference to the layers of the scalp. Etymology The word periosteum is derived from the Greek peri-, meaning \"surrounding\", and -osteon, meaning \"bone\". The peri refers to the fact that the periosteum is the outermost layer of long bones, surrounding other inner layers. Additional images See also Periosteal reaction Periostitis Endochondral ossification Intramembranous ossification References Further reading External links Skeletal system","title":"Periosteum"},{"docid":"1115536","text":"The Central Business District (CBD) is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. A subdistrict of the French Quarter/CBD area, its boundaries, as defined by the City Planning Commission, are Iberville, Decatur and Canal Streets to the north; the Mississippi River to the east; the New Orleans Morial Convention Center, Julia and Magazine Streets, and the Pontchartrain Expressway to the south; and South Claiborne Avenue, Cleveland Street, and South and North Derbigny Streets to the west. It is the equivalent of what many cities call their downtown, although in New Orleans \"downtown\" or \"down town\" was historically used to mean all portions of the city downriver from Canal Street (in the direction of flow of the Mississippi River). In recent decades, however, use of the catch-all \"downtown\" adjective to describe neighborhoods downriver from Canal Street has largely ceased, having been replaced in usage by individual neighborhood names (such as Bywater). Originally developed as the largely-residential Faubourg Ste. Marie (English: St. Mary Suburb) in the late 18th century, the modern Central Business District is today a dynamic, mixed-use neighborhood, the home of professional offices in skyscrapers, specialty and neighborhood retail stores, numerous restaurants and clubs, and thousands of residents inhabiting restored, historic commercial and industrial buildings. A part of the area is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the New Orleans Lower Central Business District. History Streets in the Central Business District (originally Faubourg Ste. Marie) were initially platted in the late 18th century, representing the first expansion of New Orleans beyond its original French Quarter footprint. Significant investment began in earnest following the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, as people from other parts of the United States flocked to the city. Consequently, the district began to be referred to as the American Sector. While traditionally Canal Street was viewed as the dividing line between the French Quarter and the American Sector, legally both sides of Canal Street are today considered part of the Central Business District for zoning and regulatory purposes. Through the 19th and into the 20th century, the Central Business District continued developing almost without pause. By the mid-20th century, most professional offices in the region were located downtown, the hub of a well-developed public transit system. Canal Street was the primary retail destination for New Orleanians, as well as for residents of the surrounding region. Local and regional department stores Maison Blanche, D.H. Holmes, Godchaux's, Gus Mayer, Labiche's, Kreeger's, and Krauss anchored numerous well-known specialty retailers, such as Rubenstein Bros., Adler's Jewelry, Koslow's, Rapp's, and Werlein's Music. National retailers, like Kress, Woolworth, and Walgreens were present alongside local drugstore K&B. Sears operated a large store one block off Canal, on Baronne Street. Bookstores, theaters, and movie palaces also abounded, with the neon marquees of the Saenger, Loews State, RKO Orpheum, Joy, and Civic theaters nightly casting multi-colored lights onto surrounding sidewalks. In the 1950s, six-lane Loyola Avenue was constructed as an extension of Elk Place, cutting a swath through a low-income","title":"New Orleans Central Business District"},{"docid":"62781816","text":"The Port of Kiel () is a port for passenger and cargo shipping located in Kiel, Germany. It occupies the inner part of the Baltic Sea inlet Kieler Förde and includes the approach to the locks at the eastern end of Kiel Canal. Harbours The port offers sheltered harbours, large turning basins, and deep water berths. Inner Harbour At the southern end of Kieler Förde lies the Inner Harbour () with passenger terminals Ostseekai and Schwedenkai in the west and Norwegenkai on the eastern side. Ferries of the liner services to Scandinavia are based here and cruise ships call during summer. Ostuferhafen Located on the east bank of Kieler Förde, Ostuferhafen () is the largest coherent part of the port with a total area of 500,000 m² and a quay length of 1,700 m. It is primarily a cargo harbour with ro-ro and container terminals for the liner traffic to Northern Sweden, Russia and the Baltic states. Since June 2014 it also hosts one cruise berth. Canal Harbours The Canal Harbours () are located on the Kiel Canal. Nordhafen is situated on the southern side of the canal and has facilities for timber, bulk cargo, ro-ro, and container vessels. The bulk terminal Scheerhafen is situated immediately south of the canal locks and is formed by two moles. Passenger and cargo traffic Kiel’s main passenger shipping business are regularly scheduled cruiseferries to Norway, Sweden, and Lithuania which served 1.6 million passengers in 2018. Behind Puttgarden on Fehmarn and Rostock, Kiel is Germany's third busiest port for international passenger traffic. The two Color Line cruiseferries Color Magic and Color Fantasy offer a daily 20-hour connection from Norwegenkai to Oslo in Norway. Stena Line operates the two cruiseferries Stena Germanica and Stena Scandinavica on a daily 14.5-hour connection from Schwedenkai to Gothenburg in Sweden. DFDS Seaways runs a daily 21-hour connection from Ostuferhafen to Klaipėda in Lithuania with the two RoPax ferries Athena Seaways and Regina Seaways. The Port of Kiel is a central part of the Baltic Sea routes of MSC Cruises ships. The port's season for cruise ships runs from early-April through late-October, and 169 vessels called at the port in 2018. During the season, Kiel acts as home port for several vessels from the AIDA Cruises and TUI Cruises fleet. Almost 600.000 cruise passengers were handled in 2018. The Swedish paper company SCA operates two ro-ro vessels between Kiel and Sundsvall in Sweden once a week, exporting paper products to Germany. The port is owned by the city of Kiel and operated by Seehafen Kiel GmbH & Co. KG. For the year 2018, the port reported over 7.1 million tons of cargo and 2.2 million passengers (ferry and cruise) handled. See also Ports of the Baltic Sea References External links Official website Transport in Kiel Buildings and structures in Kiel Kiel Kiel","title":"Port of Kiel"},{"docid":"40566653","text":"The Irtysh–Karaganda Canal (, Ertıs-Qarağandy kanaly; ) is an irrigation canal in Kazakhstan. It connects the Irtysh River with Karaganda (Qaraghandy), a major industrial center in north-central Kazakhstan. After Kazakhstan's independence, the canal was officially renamed as the Kanysh Satpayev Canal () after the Kazakh geologist Kanysh Satpayev. Description The canal starts at , just south of the city of Aksu (formerly Yermak), where it takes water from one of the branches of the Irtysh River. It runs for 451 km in the general western, south-western, and southern direction. It reaches an industrial area on the north-eastern outskirts of Karaganda at (Kokpekti District), at which point its water apparently goes into an underground pipeline. On its route, the canal passes through numerous reservoirs (the Ekibastuz Reservoir (, about 10 km north of Ekibastuz), as well as other reservoirs at , , etc.). The canal crosses the Nura River at , in what appears to be a tunnel. Some of the canal's water is directed into the Nura (a chute below the dam at ), replenishing this river. As Karaganda is located at a higher elevation than the Irtysh, the canal is furnished with 22 pumping stations, raising the water by 475 m in total. History The construction of the canal started in 1962. It was put to use by 1968, and fully completed by 1974. In the early 21st century, a pipeline was built from the canal to the Ishim River, to supply Kazakhstan's capital Astana with water. As of 2013, proposals are floated in Kazakhstan about either extending the Irtysh–Karaganda Canal all the way to the Ishim River upstream of Astana, or building a new canal between the Irtysh and Astana. According to a report published in 2013, the canal presently operates at only about one-half of its full capacity. Notes External links CIrtysh-Karaganda Canals in Kazakhstan Irrigation canals Canals opened in 1968 Canals opened in 1974","title":"Irtysh–Karaganda Canal"},{"docid":"8744272","text":"A large number of canals were built in Cheshire, England, during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution to transport goods and raw materials. This resulted in a significant canal network which is now enjoyed by holiday-makers, anglers, walkers, and others. Routes of navigable canals Bridgewater Canal The Bridgewater Canal runs from Preston Brook, near Runcorn, to Leigh in Greater Manchester. The original section of the canal starts at Castlefield Basin in Manchester city centre where it joins the Rochdale Canal. The canal runs west from Manchester for about , where it splits into two parts at \"Waters Meeting\" junction. It then passes Hulme Lock, an unused connection to the River Irwell and the Manchester Ship Canal, and a new lock at Pomona which accesses the Ship Canal. From Waters Meeting, the original part of the canal passes over the Manchester Ship Canal on the Barton Swing Aqueduct at Salford and travels about to Leigh, where it makes an end-on connection with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The other part of the canal travels about south-west to Runcorn, passing through the towns of Sale and Lymm, and to the south of central Warrington. At Preston Brook, the canal connects with the Trent and Mersey Canal. Trent and Mersey Canal The Trent and Mersey Canal links the River Trent at Derwent Mouth (in Derbyshire) to the River Mersey. The second connection is made via the Bridgewater Canal, which it joins at Preston Brook in Cheshire. Although mileposts measure the distance to Preston Brook and Shardlow, Derwent Mouth is a mile or so beyond Shardlow. Peak Forest Canal The Peak Forest Canal runs from a junction with the Ashton Canal at the southern end of the Tame Aqueduct at Dukinfield through Newton, Hyde, Woodley, Bredbury, Romiley, Marple, Strines, Disley, New Mills, Furness Vale, and Bridgemont. It terminates at Bugsworth Basin, and there is a short branch at Bridgemont to Whaley Bridge. This canal is just over long. At Marple, the canal crosses Marple Aqueduct and then rises through 16 locks and makes a junction at Top Lock with the Macclesfield Canal. Wardle Canal The Wardle Canal is located in Middlewich, Cheshire, and connects the Trent and Mersey Canal to the Shropshire Union Canal (Middlewich branch). It is the shortest canal in the UK, at approximately long, and terminates with a single lock (known as Wardle lock). Macclesfield Canal The Macclesfield Canal runs from Marple Junction where it joins the Peak Forest Canal, southwards (through Bollington, Macclesfield, and Congleton), to a junction with the Trent and Mersey Canal near Kidsgrove. Shropshire Union Canal The Shropshire Union Canal links Wolverhampton (and the Birmingham Canal Navigations) with the River Mersey. History The Bridgewater Canal is often considered to be the first true canal in Britain. However, the Sankey Canal also has good claim to that title. Although the Sankey Canal was originally contained within the old county of Lancashire, the transfer of Warrington and Widnes to Cheshire means that it now lies partly in the","title":"Canals in Cheshire"},{"docid":"33617937","text":"Pueblo Culhuacán () is an officially designated neighborhood of the Iztapalapa borough of Mexico City, which used to be a major pre-Hispanic city. Ancient Culhuacán was founded around 600 CE and the site has been continuously occupied since. The city was conquered by the Aztecs in the 15th century, but the Aztecs considered the city to have status with early rulers marrying into Culhua nobility to legitimize themselves. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Franciscans and later the Augustinians made Culhuacán a major evangelization center, with the latter building the monastery complex which remains to this day. Today, Culhucan is fully integrated into Mexico City physically and politically. This area was designated as a \"Barrio Mágico\" by the city in 2011. Modern Pueblo Culhuacán Culhuacan is one of the subdivisions of the borough of Iztapalapa, bordering the borough of Coyoacán. Geographically, it is located at the base of the Cerro de la Estrella mountain. Today, the area known as Culhuacan is politically divided into eleven units, called “colonias,” “barrios” or “pueblos” with the historic center designated as Pueblo (village) Culhuacán, due its earlier independent status as an altepetl and then as a recognized pueblo by the Spanish colonial government. The area was separate and rural as late as early 20th century, made up of chinampas separated by a series of canals. The Culhuacan area is now physically, economically and politically integrated into Mexico City, covered in modern cinderblock and cement structures that continue uninterrupted into neighboring areas. Line 12 of the Mexico City Metro passes through the Pueblo with the elevated station Pueblo Culhuacán only a couple of blocks from the central 16th century monastery complex. What is now Avenida Tláhuac was a canal in the colonial period. This canal was a main waterway connecting Mexico City with the agricultural areas of Chalco and Xochimilco with flat bottomed canoes called trajineras carrying produce to the city. In the mid 20th century, this canal was closed, filled in and paved over to create the current road. Line 12 of the Metro here is elevated following this same road. To this day, the residents of this area maintain a kind of rivalry with those from the historic center of Iztapalapa on the other side of the Cerro de la Estrella. Both host passion plays during Holy Week and each has a small natural cave that contains an image of the buried Christ as a local pilgrimage site. Culhuacan's cave site is marked by a chapel called the Capilla del Señor del Calvario. It refers to the image was is said to have been found over 200 years ago by quarry workers in this cave. The pre-Hispanic City-State (altepetl) The name comes from Nahuatl and means “place of the culhuas.” The term “culhua” means “ancient or venerable” but it can also mean “hunched” which might refer to the Cerro de la Estrella. However, the area was considered by the Mexica to be an ancient religious and mythical place as a","title":"Pueblo Culhuacán"},{"docid":"9715960","text":"One Canal Place, located at 365 Canal Street in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is a 32-story, -tall skyscraper. The building contains The Shops at Canal Place and is attached to the Westin New Orleans Canal Place hotel, with which it shares a parking garage. During the colonial era before levees were constructed, the land now occupied by the Canal Place complex was commonly covered by the waters of the Mississippi River. In the 1720s, a windmill was constructed near what is now Canal Street and North Peters Street. By the 20th century, the land was occupied by the American Sugar Refinery facilities. The 19th-century warehouses as well as Crossman Street (parallel to Canal Street) were removed to allow the construction of One Canal Place. Phase 1 of the Canal Place project resulted in the construction of the office tower in 1979. The Saks Fifth Avenue retail store and Westin hotel were constructed in 1982-83 as Phase 2. Plans are currently in the works for Canal Place Phase 3, a $220 million project which will feature a new mixed-use high-rise tower. The office building with more than 650,000 leaseable square feet is managed by Corporate Realty. One Canal Place Office Tower One Canal Place Office Tower is a Class A commercial office building managed by Corporate Realty. It is adjacent to the Westin New Orleans Hotel and The Shops at Canal Place. The office space is made up of more than 650,000 customizable square feet and includes a parking garage and health club facilities. The Shops at Canal Place The lower 3 levels of the One Canal Place are occupied by The Shops at Canal Place, one of two shopping malls in downtown New Orleans (the other is The Outlet Collection at Riverwalk). The mall contains a Saks Fifth Avenue, The Theatres at Canal Place, food court and approximately 45 high-end retailers including Anthropologie, Brooks Brothers, Tory Burch, Michael Kors, Tiffany & Co, and Morton's The Steakhouse. Louis Vuitton opened in 2019. The Shops at Canal Place is leased and managed by O'Connor Management, LLC. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, a fire inflicted heavy damage to the Saks Fifth Avenue. The mall reopened in February 2006, and a completely remodeled Saks reopened in November. The Westin New Orleans at Canal Place The Westin New Orleans Canal Place is along the Mississippi River and adjacent to the historical French Quarter. It is right across the street from Harrah's Casino, upscale shopping, museums, art galleries, and the central business district. There is a 29th floor rooftop pool, with a gym, and the River 127' Restaurant which is above the river. See also List of tallest buildings in New Orleans List of tallest buildings in Louisiana References External links The Shops at Canal Place One Canal Place, Official Website The Westin New Orleans Canal Place Skyscraper office buildings in New Orleans Skyscraper hotels in New Orleans Hotels in New Orleans Shopping malls in Louisiana Buildings and structures completed in","title":"One Canal Place"},{"docid":"418916","text":"Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the serum calcium concentration through its effects on bone, kidney, and intestine. PTH influences bone remodeling, which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately resorbed and rebuilt over time. PTH is secreted in response to low blood serum calcium (Ca2+) levels. PTH indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity within the bone matrix (osteon), in an effort to release more ionic calcium (Ca2+) into the blood to elevate a low serum calcium level. The bones act as a (metaphorical) \"bank of calcium\" from which the body can make \"withdrawals\" as needed to keep the amount of calcium in the blood at appropriate levels despite the ever-present challenges of metabolism, stress, and nutritional variations. PTH is \"a key that unlocks the bank vault\" to remove the calcium. PTH is secreted primarily by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands. The gene for PTH is located on chromosome 11. It is a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids, which is a prohormone. It has a molecular mass around 9500 Da. Its action is opposed by the hormone calcitonin. There are two types of PTH receptors. Parathyroid hormone 1 receptors, activated by the 34 N-terminal amino acids of PTH, are present at high levels on the cells of bone and kidney. Parathyroid hormone 2 receptors are present at high levels on the cells of central nervous system, pancreas, testes, and placenta. The half-life of PTH is about 4 minutes. Disorders that yield too little or too much PTH, such as hypoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and paraneoplastic syndromes can cause bone disease, hypocalcemia, and hypercalcemia. Structure hPTH-(1-84) crystallizes as a slightly bent, long, helical dimer. The extended helical conformation of hPTH-(1-84) is the likely bioactive conformation. The N-terminal fragment 1-34 of parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been crystallized and the structure has been refined to 0.9 Å resolution. Function Regulation of serum calcium Parathyroid hormone regulates serum calcium through its effects on bone, kidney, and the intestine: In bone, PTH enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir contained in the bones. Bone resorption is the normal destruction of bone by osteoclasts, which are indirectly stimulated by PTH. Stimulation is indirect since osteoclasts do not have a receptor for PTH; rather, PTH binds to osteoblasts, the cells responsible for creating bone. Binding stimulates osteoblasts to increase their expression of RANKL and inhibits their secretion of osteoprotegerin (OPG). Free OPG competitively binds to RANKL as a decoy receptor, preventing RANKL from interacting with RANK, a receptor for RANKL. The binding of RANKL to RANK (facilitated by the decreased amount of OPG available for binding the excess RANKL) stimulates osteoclast precursors, which are of a monocyte lineage, to fuse. The resulting multinucleated cells are osteoclasts, which ultimately mediate bone resorption. Estrogen also regulates this pathway through its effects on PTH. Estrogen suppresses T cell TNF production by regulating T cell differentiation and activity in the bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral","title":"Parathyroid hormone"},{"docid":"65328386","text":"Colne Valley is an unparished area in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. Colne Valley ward contains over 480 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, twelve are listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. This list contains the listed buildings in the western part of the ward, in which the biggest settlement is the large village of Marsden, and it includes the smaller settlements and districts of Bradshaw, Lingards Wood, Scammonden, and Wilberlee. Apart from Marsden, this part of the ward is almost completely rural, consisting of countryside and moorland. A high proportion of the listed buildings are farmhouses and farm buildings, almost all constructed in stone with roofs of stone slate, and containing mullioned windows. During the 19th century, the ward was involved in the textile industry, and the listed buildings associated with this are former weavers' houses and mills. The River Colne and the Huddersfield Narrow Canal pass through this part of the ward, and the listed buildings associated with these include bridges, canal milestones, former keepers' cottages, and a former warehouse. In the western part of the ward are the entrances to the Standedge Tunnels which carry the canal and the railway under the Pennines, and the portals leading to these are listed. The other listed buildings include houses and cottages and associated structures, churches and chapels and associated structures, guide posts and milestones, bridges, including three packhorse bridges, a set of water troughs, a former engine house serving the canal tunnel, a pinfold, a set of tenter posts, public houses, structures associated with Butterley Reservoir, a former mechanics' institute, an aqueduct and weir, and three memorials, two of them war memorials. The listed buildings in the other parts of the ward can be found at Listed buildings in Colne Valley (central area) and Listed buildings in Colne Valley (eastern area) Key Buildings References Citations Sources Lists of listed buildings in West Yorkshire Listed","title":"Listed buildings in Colne Valley (western area)"},{"docid":"27732555","text":"The Birmingham West Suburban Railway was a suburban railway built by the Midland Railway company. Opened in stages between 1876 and 1885, it allowed both the opening of development of central southwest suburban Birmingham south into Worcestershire and the by-passing of railway traffic via the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway into central Birmingham. Today, it forms a major section of the Cross-City Line, running from Lichfield to Redditch. It also forms an important part of the Cross Country Route. History Origins As early as 1840, the Worcester and Birmingham Canal attempted to stem the decline in its income, by promoting a scheme to build a railway alongside its canal from the existing Birmingham and Gloucester Railway at into central Birmingham, with a branch to Harborne. The company intended that the railway would pay rent to the canal company for use of their land, thus providing an extra income, but it was unable to raise the funds for the scheme and it was dropped. A group of local businessmen revived the scheme in 1870, noticing the potential of a railway to spur suburban development of the under developed areas of south Birmingham and the villages of northern Worcestershire. They proposed that the line would run alongside the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, and pay an annual rent to the canal company for the use of their land, and that the line would be worked by the Midland Railway. The branch to Harborne was dropped from the revived scheme. In this form the scheme succeeded and an Act authorising it was passed by Parliament in 1871. In the original plans, the line would have crossed over the Worcester and Birmingham Canal on a viaduct from the south to reach its intended Birmingham terminus at Suffolk Street station at Albion Wharf. Surviving plans for this station show it would have been built at the end of the viaduct 36 feet (11 metres) above street level; passengers would have reached the station by means of either a steep ramp or a staircase. As the promoters were unable to raise the funds to build the viaduct, the terminus was cut back to Granville Street station on the southern side of the canal, further away from the centre of Birmingham. The later Central Goods station was at roughly the location of the proposed Suffolk Street terminus, but was reached by a tunnel under the canal. The line was opened on 3 April 1876. The Midland Railway had obtained powers to take the company over, and these were exercised as soon as the line was opened. Original route As originally built, the BWSR was a single track line with one passing loop at station. The line originally took a winding route which closely followed the contours of the canal. It exited from Granville Street, then proceeded through Church Road, Somerset Road and Selly Oak, before reaching what was originally called Stirchley Street. The original line then followed the route of the canal east under the Pershore Road to what","title":"Birmingham West Suburban Railway"},{"docid":"752391","text":"In biology, matrix (: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in between a eukaryotic organism's cells. The structure of connective tissues is an extracellular matrix. Fingernails and toenails grow from matrices. It is found in various connective tissues. It serves as a jelly-like structure instead of cytoplasm in connective tissue. Tissue matrices Extracellular matrix (ECM) The main ingredients of the extracellular matrix are glycoproteins secreted by the cells. The most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cells is collagen, which forms strong fibers outside the cells. In fact, collagen accounts for about 40% of the total protein in the human body. The collagen fibers are embedded in a network woven from proteoglycans. A proteoglycan molecule consists of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached, so that it may be up to 95% carbohydrate. Large proteoglycan complexes can form when hundreds of proteoglycans become noncovalently attached to a single long polysaccharide molecule. Some cells are attached to the ECM by still other ECM glycoproteins such as fibronectin. Fibronectin and other ECM proteins bind to cell surface receptor proteins called integrins that are built into the plasma membrane. Integrins span the membrane and bind on the cytoplasmic side to associated proteins attached to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. The name integrin is based on the word integrate, integrins are in a position to transmit signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus to integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell. Current research on fibronectin, other ECM molecules, and integrins is revealing the influential role of the ECM in the lives of cells. By communicating with a cell through integrins, the ECM can regulate a cell's behavior. For example, some cells in a developing embryo migrate along specific pathways by matching the orientation of their microfilaments to the \"grain\" of fibers in the ECM. Researchers are also learning that the ECM around a cell can influence the activity of genes in the nucleus. Information about the ECM probably reaches the nucleus by a combination of mechanical and chemical signaling pathways. Mechanical signaling involves fibronectin, integrins, and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Changes in the cytoskeleton may in turn trigger chemical signaling pathways inside the cell, leading to changes in the set of proteins being made by the cell and therefore changes in the cells function. In this way, the ECM of a particular tissue may help coordinate the behavior of all the cells within that tissue. Direct connections between cells also function in this coordination. Bone matrix Bone is a form of connective tissue found in the body, composed largely of hardened hydroxyapatite-containing collagen. In larger mammals, it is arranged in osteon regions. Bone matrix allows mineral salts such as calcium to be stored and provides protection for internal organs and support for locomotion. Cartilage matrix Cartilage is another form of connective tissue found in the body, providing a smooth surface for joints and a mechanism for growth of bones during development. Subcellular matrices Mitochondrial matrix In the","title":"Matrix (biology)"},{"docid":"2135175","text":"Marple Aqueduct (also known as Goyt Aqueduct) at Marple, Greater Manchester, in north-west England was built to carry the lower level of the Peak Forest Canal across the River Goyt (treated as part of the River Mersey until 1896). The company's engineer, Benjamin Outram, was responsible for the design and Thomas Brown, the resident engineer, for its construction. The construction contract was placed with William Broadhead, Bethel Furness and William Anderson in 1795. Furness died later in 1795, so the aqueduct was completed by the remaining partners in 1799, but not brought into use until 1800. Seven men lost their lives during its construction. It is the highest canal aqueduct in England and the highest masonry-arch aqueduct in Britain. The difference in water levels in the river and canal is some (exceeded only by the Pontcysyllte aqueduct, an iron trough carried on stone columns, where the difference is ). It contains some 8,000 cubic yards (6,000 m3) of masonry. The three semi-circular arches are about above water level, with spans of approximately at centres. The lower parts are of red sandstone from the nearby Hyde Bank quarry. The upper parts are of white stone from a quarry at Chapel Milton. The abutments widen in well-proportioned curves and batter or diminish upwards in the same manner. The skilful use of architectural features, such as the circular piercing of the spandrels, string courses, arch rings and pilasters of ashlar stone, oval piers and stone of different type and colour have created a graceful structure, which is superlative in its class. In 1860, damage caused by repeated frost heave after water leaked through the puddling of the trough had to be urgently repaired by Charles Sacré, chief engineer of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, which then owned the canal. He tied together the two faces above the central arch by 2-inch bolts through the structure, secured by the plates that can still be seen. A hundred years later, a similar problem was ignored by British Waterways (BW) and on the night of 9 January 1962 the outer face of the north-east arch collapsed. BW, supported by the Ministry of Transport, thought that it would be \"a complete waste of money\" to do anything other than demolish the aqueduct and formally close the lower Peak Forest and Ashton Canals. However, it was saved by the intervention of Geoffrey Rippon, the Minister of Public Buildings and Works, who facilitated an agreement whereby a sympathetic Cheshire County Council funded the extra cost of full restoration, over and above what it would have cost BW to demolish it, under the terms of the Local Authorities (Historic Buildings) Act 1962, which Rippon himself had steered through Parliament. The main contractor for the restoration was Harry Fairclough Ltd of Warrington, with Rendel, Palmer & Tritton as the consulting engineers. The aqueduct was scheduled as an ancient monument soon afterwards and was Grade I listed in 1966. For many years, its picturesque setting in the Goyt valley was obscured","title":"Marple Aqueduct"},{"docid":"4510828","text":"The stoplight loosejaws are small, deep-sea dragonfishes of the genus Malacosteus, classified either within the subfamily Malacosteinae of the family Stomiidae, or in the separate family Malacosteidae. They are found worldwide, outside of the Arctic and Subantarctic, in the mesopelagic zone below a depth of . This genus once contained three nominal species: M. niger (the type), M. choristodactylus, and M. danae, with the validity of the latter two species being challenged by different authors at various times. In 2007, Kenaley examined over 450 stoplight loosejaw specimens and revised the genus to contain two species, M. niger and the new M. australis. Malacosteus and the related genera Aristostomias, Chirostomias and Pachystomias are the only fishes that produce red bioluminescence. As most of their prey organisms are not capable of perceiving light at those wavelengths, this allows Malacosteus to hunt with an essentially invisible beam of light. Furthermore, Malacosteus is unique amongst animals in using a chlorophyll derivative to perceive red light. The name Malacosteus is derived from the Greek malakos meaning \"soft\" and osteon meaning \"bone\". Another common name for these fishes is \"rat-trap fish\", from the unusual open structure of their jaws. Species There are currently two recognized species in this genus: Malacosteus australis Kenaley, 2007 (Southern stoplight loosejaw) Malacosteus niger Ayres, 1848 (Stoplight loosejaw) Distribution and habitat These fishes have a wide distribution in all oceans: M. niger is found between 66° N and 33° S, except for the Mediterranean Sea, while M. australis is found in the southern transition zone between 25° and 45° S, where it is bound by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. M. niger appears to be replaced by M. australis south of 30° S, while M. australis does not occur north of that latitude outside of the Indian Ocean and the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Both species are usually found below a depth of in midwater. They are the only known stomiids that do not seem to conduct significant diel vertical migrations. Description Malacosteus has an elongated body with short, blunt snouts and large eyes that face forward, granting binocular vision. Unlike other stomiids, it has a single round nostril on each side in front of the eye. Relative to its size, Malacosteus has one of the widest gapes of any fish, with a lower jaw measuring one-quarter of the fish's length. The lower jaw has no ethmoid membrane (floor) and is attached only by the hinge and a modified tongue bone. There are several large, fang-like teeth in the front of the jaws, followed by many small barbed teeth. There are several groups of pharyngeal teeth that serve to direct food down the esophagus. The pectoral and pelvic fins are moderately long, containing 3–4 and 6 fin rays respectively. The dorsal and anal fins are placed far back on the body and contain 18–20 and 19–22 rays respectively. The caudal fin is small, with the lower lobe larger than the upper. There are three bioluminescent photophores near the eyes: beneath the eye is a large,","title":"Stoplight loosejaw"},{"docid":"65726105","text":"Newsome is a ward of Huddersfield in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. It contains over 430 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, 16 are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The ward is large, and contains the centre of the town of Huddersfield, and areas to the west and south. This list contains the listed buildings outside the centre of the town, namely those outside the ring road, and include the areas of Almondbury, Armitage Bridge, Aspley, Highfields, Lockwood, Longley, Lowerhouses, Moldgreen, Newsome, Rashcliffe, Springwood, and Taylor Hill. The listed buildings in the central area within the ring road are at Listed buildings in Huddersfield (Newsome Ward - central area) To the south of the town the Huddersfield Broad Canal joins the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, and the listed buildings associated with them are a canal basin, a warehouse, locks, and a bridge. The area to the west of the town is mainly residential, immediately to the south of the town is an area involved with the textile industry, and further to the south are villages and smaller settlements, and the surrounding countryside. Most of the listed buildings in the area to the west of the town centre are houses and associated structures, and the others include churches and related items, and a former infirmary with a statue in the forecourt. The textile area includes mills, shops, public houses, and portals to railway tunnels. Further to the south, most of the listed buildings are houses and cottages, farmhouses and farm buildings, former textile mills, churches and associated structures, a road bridge, a railway viaduct, a former spa baths and an associated hotel. Key Buildings References Citations Sources Lists of listed buildings in West Yorkshire Buildings and structures in Huddersfield","title":"Listed buildings in Huddersfield (Newsome Ward - outer areas)"},{"docid":"276465","text":"In neuroanatomy, the ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities known as cerebral ventricles in the brain. Within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus which produces the circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ventricular system is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord from the fourth ventricle, allowing for the flow of CSF to circulate. All of the ventricular system and the central canal of the spinal cord are lined with ependyma, a specialised form of epithelium connected by tight junctions that make up the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Structure The system comprises four ventricles: lateral ventricles right and left (one for each hemisphere) third ventricle fourth ventricle There are several foramina, openings acting as channels, that connect the ventricles. The interventricular foramina (also called the foramina of Monro) connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through which the cerebrospinal fluid can flow. Ventricles The four cavities of the human brain are called ventricles. The two largest are the lateral ventricles in the cerebrum, the third ventricle is in the diencephalon of the forebrain between the right and left thalamus, and the fourth ventricle is located at the back of the pons and upper half of the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain. The ventricles are concerned with the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Development The structures of the ventricular system are embryologically derived from the neural canal, the centre of the neural tube. As the part of the primitive neural tube that will develop into the brainstem, the neural canal expands dorsally and laterally, creating the fourth ventricle, whereas the neural canal that does not expand and remains the same at the level of the midbrain superior to the fourth ventricle forms the cerebral aqueduct. The fourth ventricle narrows at the obex (in the caudal medulla), to become the central canal of the spinal cord. In more detail, around the third week of development, the embryo is a three-layered disc. The embryo is covered on the dorsal surface by a layer of cells called ectoderm. In the middle of the dorsal surface of the embryo is a linear structure called the notochord. As the ectoderm proliferates, the notochord is dragged into the middle of the developing embryo. As the brain develops, by the fourth week of embryological development three swellings known as brain vesicles have formed within the embryo around the canal, near where the head will develop. The three primary brain vesicles represent different components of the central nervous system: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. These in turn divide into five secondary vesicles. As these sections develop around the neural canal, the inner neural canal becomes known as primitive ventricles. These form the ventricular system of the brain: The neural stem cells of the developing brain, principally radial glial cells, line the developing ventricular system in a transient zone called the ventricular zone. The prosencephalon divides into the telencephalon, which forms the cortex of the developed brain, and the diencephalon. The ventricles contained","title":"Ventricular system"},{"docid":"144849","text":"The River Ant is a tributary river of the River Bure in the county of Norfolk, England. It is long (of which 8.75 miles are now navigable), and has an overall drop of 27 metres from source to mouth. It is said that the Ant was formerly known as the River Smale and that this is the origin of the name of the village of Smallburgh. The Ant Broads & Marshes NNR is a national nature reserve. From source to Honing The river's source is just east of the village of Antingham in North Norfolk at Antingham Ponds. Just below the pools the river's route has been used as a canal in the past, starting at what was Antingham bone mill. An Act of Parliament established the North Walsham & Dilham Canal in 1812, as a wide gauge canal able to take a Norfolk wherry. It was built at a cost of £30,000 and opened on 25 July 1826, making the river navigable as far as Dilham, where the river widens and deepens. It carried manure, offal, flour, coal, and farm produce. In 1885, the canal was sold for £600, but the canal company's solicitor disappeared with the money. The flood of 1912 washed away several staithes. The wherry \"Ella\" made the final trading journey on the canal from Bacton staithe in 1934. The canal was never nationalised and still belongs to the North Walsham Canal Company. The river, now in its canal form, curves around the north east of the town of North Walsham passing Bacton Wood Mill. Below Bacton Mill the canal reaches a lock at Ebridge mill. The lock is in poor condition but it is hoped that this section of canal will one day be restored and made navigable again. Further on at Briggate Bridge there is another mill and another disused lock. Norfolk Broads (The Broads Authority) At Honing Bridge the course enters The Broads, administered by The Broads Authority. Here the canal cuts through a marshy wooded area called Dilham Broad and again curves to the east before resuming its southerly course to pass under Tonnage Bridge. Below the bridge, it passes through Broad Fen, an area containing many drainage channels, and meets Tyler's Cut or Dilham Dyke, which runs off to the west. It served the villages of Dilham and Smallburgh, and was the furthest north that the River Ant could be navigated prior to the construction of the North Walsham and Dilham Canal. Below the junction, the course reverts to the river, although it is no longer obvious where the original course of the river was above this point. At Wayford Bridge the river passes the Wayford Bridge Hotel and a row of chalets on pontoons, moored against the east bank of the river. The bridge is a modern concrete slab which carries the A149 road, with around of headroom, making it only passable by small pleasure craft. During excavations for a new road in 1976, the remains of what was probably","title":"River Ant"},{"docid":"151884","text":"The Portsmouth and Arundel Canal was a canal in the south of England that ran between Portsmouth and Ford in the Arundel district, it was built in 1823 but was never a financial success and was abandoned in 1855; the company was wound up in 1888. The canal was part of a larger scheme for the construction of a secure inland canal route from London to Portsmouth, which allowed craft to move between the two without having to venture into the English Channel and possibly encounter enemy ships or natural disaster. It was built by the Portsmouth & Arundel Navigation company. The canal was made up of three sections: a pair of ship canals, one on Portsea Island and one to Chichester, and a barge canal that ran from Ford on the River Arun to Hunston where it joined the Chichester section of the canal Ford to Hunston Section This section of the canal connected the river Arun at Ford to the junction with the Chichester arm of the canal. It had two locks at Ford to allow the canal to drop 12 feet down to the river. Hunston to Birdham Section This section (technically the Ship Canal) links Chichester Harbour at Birdham with the junction at Hunston. It contains two locks Casher's or Manhood End Lock and Saltern's sea lock. The canal was built to ship canal standards and was built 8 feet deep and 46 feet 8 inches wide. Chichester Ship Canal The Chichester ship (or Barge) canal ran from the sea lock at Birdham to the junction of the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal at Hunston and then North to a basin in the south of the city of Chichester. The Portsea Canal section This section of the canal ran from Langstone Harbour, across the east and central areas of Portsea Island through Milton, Fratton and Landport ending at a canal basin on what is now Arundel Street, which was named after the canal. This section of the canal was built to what were then small ship canal standards and could take ships of up to 150 tons. There were 2 locks at Milton (a sea lock and an upper lock) The tidal channels The Portsea section was connected to the rest via a 13-mile channel dredged through Chichester Harbour, past the southern side of Thorney Island (original plan was to go around the northern side) and to the north of Hayling Island, and finally across Langstone Harbour. To ease passage between the Chichester and the Portsea sections a steam vessel, the Egremont, was made to tow 40-ton barges in trains of six. For a while the company also made Portsbridge Creek navigable. History Planning and construction The plan for the canal was completed in 1815 and the Act of Parliament passed in 1817. At this stage costs were estimated at £119,000 rising to £125,452 in 1818. Construction started in 1818 and the canal was finished in 1823, at a cost of £170,000. The resident engineer was James","title":"Portsmouth and Arundel Canal"},{"docid":"4911291","text":"The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord is a deep midline groove of the anterior/ventral spinal cord. It divides the white matter of the anterior spinal cord nearly in two. The spinal pia mater extends into the fissure to line the surfaces of the spinal cord. Anatomy It has an average depth of about 3 mm, but this is increased in the lower part of the spinal cord. It contains a double fold of pia mater. Its floor is formed by a transverse band of white matter - the anterior white commissure - which is perforated by blood vessels on their way to or from the central part of the spinal cord. Relations The anterior median fissure provides a groove in which the anterior spinal artery sits. Clinical significance Imaging The anterior median fissure may be identified on computerized tomography (CT) myelograms, but more commonly on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The AMF has a characteristic appearance on MRI scans that differs from the MRI appearance of the central canal. Additional images References Tomsick T, Peak E, Wang L: Fluid-Signal Structures in the Cervical Spinal Cord on MRI: Anterior Median Fissure vs. Central Canal. AJNR 2017; 38:840–45 Oichi Y, Hanakita J, Takahashi T, Minami M, Kawakoa T, et al.: Morphological patterns of the anterior median fissure in the cervical spinal cord evaluated by computed tomography after myelography. Neurospine 2018; 15:388-393 Tomsick T, Wang L, Zuccarello M, Ringer AJ. Fluid-signal structures in the cervical spinal cord on MRI in Chiari patients: Central canal or anterior median fissure? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2021 Apr;42(4):801-806. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A7046. Epub 2021 Mar 11.PMID 33707286 References External links - \"Medulla Oblongata, Anterior View\" Spinal cord","title":"Anterior median fissure of spinal cord"},{"docid":"1157673","text":"The pulp is the connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, and odontoblasts that comprise the innermost layer of a tooth. The pulp's activity and signalling processes regulate its behaviour. Anatomy The pulp is the neurovascular bundle central to each tooth, permanent or primary. It is composed of a central pulp chamber, pulp horns, and radicular canals. The large mass of the pulp is contained within the pulp chamber, which is contained in and mimics the overall shape of the crown of the tooth. Because of the continuous deposition of the dentine, the pulp chamber becomes smaller with the age. This is not uniform throughout the coronal pulp but progresses faster on the floor than on the roof or sidewalls. Radicular pulp canals extend down from the cervical region of the crown to the root apex. They are not always straight but vary in shape, size, and number. They are continuous with the periapical tissues through the apical foramen or foramina. The total volume of all the permanent teeth organs is 0.38cc, and the mean volume of a single adult human pulp is 0.02cc. Accessory canals are pathways from the radicular pulp. These canals, which extend laterally through the dentin to the periodontal tissue, are seen especially in the apical third of the root. Accessory canals are also called lateral canals because they are usually located on the lateral surface of the roots of the teeth. Development The pulp has a background similar to that of dentin because both are derived from the dental papilla of the tooth germ. During odontogenesis, when the dentin forms around the dental papilla, the innermost tissue is considered pulp. There are 4 main stages of tooth development: Bud stage Cap stage Bell stage Crown stage The first sign of tooth development is known to be as early as the 6th week of intrauterine life. The oral epithelium begins to multiply and invaginates into ectomesenchyme cells, which gives rise to dental lamina. The dental lamina is the origin of the tooth bud. The bud stage progresses to the cap stage when the epithelium forms the enamel organ. The ectomesenchyme cells condense further and become dental papilla. Together the epithelial enamel organ and ectomesenchymal dental papilla and follicle form the tooth germ. The dental papilla is the origin of dental pulp. Cells at the periphery of the dental papilla undergo cell division and differentiation to become odontoblasts. Pulpoblasts form in the middle of the pulp. This completes the formation of the pulp. The dental pulp is essentially a mature dental papilla. The development of dental pulp can also be split into two stages: coronal pulp development (near the crown of the tooth) and root pulp development (apex of the tooth). The pulp develops in four regions from the periphery to the central pulp: Odontoblast layer Cell-free zone – likely to be an artefact Cell-rich zone Pulp core Internal structure The central region of the coronal and radicular pulp contains large nerve trunks and blood vessels. This area is","title":"Pulp (tooth)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"21294842\",\n \"text\": \"The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals. The center of the spinal cord is hollow and contains a structure called the central canal, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal cord is also covered by meninges and enclosed by the neural arches. Together, the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. In humans, the spinal cord is a continuation of the brainstem and anatomically begins at the occipital bone, passing out of the foramen magnum and then enters the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it tapers to become the caudal equina. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. It is around long in adult men and around long in adult women. The diameter of the spinal cord ranges from in the cervical and lumbar regions to in the thoracic area. The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes. It is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits known as central pattern generators. These circuits are responsible for controlling motor instructions for rhythmic movements such as walking. Structure The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. Much shorter than its protecting spinal column, the human spinal cord originates in the brainstem, passes through the foramen magnum, and continues through to the conus medullaris near the second lumbar vertebra before terminating in a fibrous extension known as the filum terminale. It is about long in males and about in females, ovoid-shaped, and is enlarged in the cervical and lumbar regions. The cervical enlargement, stretching from the C5 to T1 vertebrae, is where sensory input comes from and motor output goes to the arms and trunk. The lumbar enlargement, located between L1 and S3, handles sensory input and motor output coming from and going to the legs. The spinal cord is continuous with the caudal portion of the medulla, running from the base of the skull to the body of the first lumbar vertebra. It does not run the full length of the vertebral column in adults. It is made of 31 segments from which branch one pair of sensory nerve roots and one pair of motor nerve roots. The nerve roots then merge into bilaterally symmetrical pairs of spinal nerves. The peripheral nervous system is made up of these spinal roots, nerves, and ganglia. The dorsal roots are afferent fascicles, receiving sensory information from the skin, muscles, and visceral organs to be relayed to\",\n \"title\": \"Spinal cord\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3445850\",\n \"text\": \"Most rivers in Iran are seasonal and have traditionally not been able to supply the needs of urban settlements. Major rivers like the Arvand, Aras, Zayandeh, Sefid and Atrak were few and far between in Persia. With the growth of urban settlements during the ages, locally dug deep wells (up to 100 meters deep) could no longer keep up with the demand, leading to the systematic digging of a specialized network of canals known as Qanat. Qanat and Kariz Persia's Qanat system is thousands of years old. The city Zarch in central Iran has the oldest and longest Qanat (over 3000 years and 71 km long) and other 3000 years old Qanats have been found in northern Iran. The Qanats mostly came in from higher elevations, and were split into a distributing network of smaller underground canals called kariz when reaching the city. Like Qanats, these smaller canals were below ground (~20 steps), and were built such that they were very difficult to contaminate. These underground aqueducts, built thousands of years ago suffer no evaporation loss and are ideally suited for drinking water since there is no pollution danger. But with the further growth of the city in Persian lands, even the Qanats could not respond to the needs of residents. That is when some wealthy inhabitants started building private reservoirs called ab anbar (Persian آب انبار). In the middle of the twentieth century, it is estimated that approximately 50,000 qanats were in use in Iran, each commissioned and maintained by local users. Of these only 25,000 remain in use as of 1980. One of the oldest and largest known qanats is in the Iranian city of Gonabad which after 2700 years still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people. Its main well is more than 360 meters deep and the qanat is 45 kilometers long. Yazd, Khorasan and Kerman are the known zones for their dependence with an extensive system of qanats. In traditional Persian architecture, a Kariz (کاریز) is a small Qanat, usually within a network inside an urban setting. Kariz is what distributes the Qanat into its final destinations. Kariz in Persia Qanats of Gonabad also is called kariz Kai Khosrow is one of the oldest and largest qanats in the world built between 700 BC to 500 BC. It is located at Gonabad, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. This property contains 427 water wells with total length of 33113 meters. This site were first added to the UNESCO's list of tentative World Heritage Sites in 2007, then officially inscribed in 2016 with several other quants under the World Heritage Site name of \\\"The Persian Qanet\\\". According to Callisthenes, the Persians were using Water clock in 328 BCE to ensure a just and exact distribution of water from qanats to their shareholders for agricultural irrigation. The use of water clocks in Iran, especially in Qanats of Gonabad and kariz Zibad, dates back to 500BCE. Later they were also used to determine the exact holy days of\",\n \"title\": \"Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"239232\",\n \"text\": \"Bone healing, or fracture healing, is a proliferative physiological process in which the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture. Generally, bone fracture treatment consists of a doctor reducing (pushing) displaced bones back into place via relocation with or without anaesthetic, stabilizing their position to aid union, and then waiting for the bone's natural healing process to occur. Adequate nutrient intake has been found to significantly affect the integrity of the fracture repair. Age, bone type, drug therapy and pre-existing bone pathology are factors that affect healing. The role of bone healing is to produce new bone without a scar as seen in other tissues which would be a structural weakness or deformity. The process of the entire regeneration of the bone can depend on the angle of dislocation or fracture. While the bone formation usually spans the entire duration of the healing process, in some instances, bone marrow within the fracture has healed two or fewer weeks before the final remodelling phase. While immobilization and surgery may facilitate healing, a fracture ultimately heals through physiological processes. The healing process is mainly determined by the periosteum (the connective tissue membrane covering the bone). The periosteum is one source of precursor cells that develop into chondroblasts and osteoblasts that are essential to the healing of bone. Other sources of precursor cells are the bone marrow (when present), endosteum, small blood vessels, and fibroblasts. Primary healing Primary healing (also known as direct healing) requires a correct anatomical reduction which is stable, without any gap formation. Such healing requires only the remodeling of lamellar bone, the Haversian canals and the blood vessels without callus formation. This process may take a few months to a few years. Contact healing When the gap between the bone ends is less than 0.01 mm, and interfragmentary strain is less than 2%, contact healing can occur. In this case, cutting cones, which consists of osteoclasts, form across the fracture lines, generating cavities at a rate of 50–100 μm/day. Osteoblasts fill up the cavities with the Haversian system. This causes the formation of lamellar bone that orients longitudinally along the long axis of the bone. Blood vessels form that penetrate the Haversian system. Remodelling of lamellar bone results in healing without callus formation. Gap healing If the fracture gap is 800 μm to 1 mm, the fracture is filled by osteoblasts and then by lamellar bone oriented perpendicular to the axis of the bone. This initial process takes three to eight weeks. Perpendicular orientation of lamellar bone is weak, thus a secondary osteonal reconstruction is required to re-orient the lamellar bone longitudinally. Secondary healing Secondary healing (also known as indirect fracture healing) is the most common form of bone healing. It usually consists of only endochondral ossification. Sometimes, intramembranous ossification occurs together with endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification, mediated by the periosteal layer of bone, occurs with the formation of callus. For endochondral ossification, deposition of bone only occurs after the mineralised cartilage. This process of healing occurs when\",\n \"title\": \"Bone healing\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3158187\",\n \"text\": \"Central Milton Keynes is the central business district of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England and a civil parish in its own right, with a town council. The district is approximately long by wide and occupies some of the highest land in the city. It contains (behind the Central Library) the historic site of the moot hill for Secklow (or Sigelai) Hundred. It is the site of the central retail, business, law enforcement and governmental districts, Milton Keynes Central railway station and around 2,000 residential dwellings. Topology Occupying , the district lies between Portway (H5, A509) to the north, the West Coast Main Line and A5 to the west, Childs Way (H6) to the south and the Grand Union Canal to the east. It is crossed from north to south by (in west to east order, major roads only) Grafton Gate (V6), Witan Gate, Saxon Gate (V7) and Secklow Gate, and Marlborough Street. It is crossed from west to east (in north to south order, major roads only) by Silbury Boulevard, Midsummer Boulevard and Avebury Boulevard. Midsummer Boulevard is the primary spine. The district rests like a saddle across a long north-south ridge with its highest point here at a little over , falling east to 75 metres near the Grand Union Canal and 85 metres near the Central railway station. This area is almost the highest point of Milton Keynes and includes the site of Secklow Mound, the moot mound (meeting place) for the Secklow Hundred and a scheduled ancient monument, just behind the central library. Astronomical alignment While still on the drawing board, planners noticed that the planned main streets in the proposed city centre would almost frame the rising sun on Midsummer's Day. This story has become embellished over time and, according to subsequent reports, they consulted Greenwich Observatory to obtain the exact angle required at the latitude of CMK, and persuaded the engineers to shift the grid of roads a few degrees in response. Physical reality does not match this report. From the highest point on Midsummer Boulevard, where the eastward horizon is unobstructed, the sunrise at 'first flash' is not aligned with the Boulevard. In reality, the sun is somewhat elevated before alignment occurs, 40 minutes later. East of Marlborough Street: Campbell Park The park, with housing either side, takes up the larger part of the district. It was named in honour of the first chairman of Milton Keynes Development Corporation, Lord Campbell of Eskan. It stretches just east of the shops and theatre down to the Grand Union Canal. Among the features of the park is a belvedere with extensive views over Bedfordshire to the east and a cricket ground with pavilion. The Milton Keynes Parks Trust, which manages the park, grazes sheep on it to keep the vegetation under control. Marlborough Street (V8, B4034) runs in a cutting through the ridge, bridged by a redway (shared path) between the main centre and the park. West of Marlborough Street, east of Saxon Gate: the main retail/service/entertainment\",\n \"title\": \"Central Milton Keynes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26981243\",\n \"text\": \"Osteochondroprogenitor cells are progenitor cells that arise from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the bone marrow. They have the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts or chondrocytes depending on the signalling molecules they are exposed to, giving rise to either bone or cartilage respectively. Osteochondroprogenitor cells are important for bone formation and maintenance. Discovery Alexander Friedenstein and his colleagues first identified osteoprogenitor cells in multiple mammalian tissues, before any genetic or morphological criteria were put in place for bone marrow or connective tissues. Osteoprogenitor cells can be identified by their associations with existing bone or cartilage structures, or their placement in the embryo, as the sites for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis are now known. Cell signalling and differentiation Osteochondroprogenitor can be found between MSCs and the terminally differentiated osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Via different signalling molecules and combinations the osteochondroprogenitor will differentiate into either osteoblasts or chondrocytes. Differentiation into chondrocytes Chondrocytes are only present in cartilage where they will produce cartilaginous matrix to maintain the structure. Sox9, L-Sox5 and Sox6 are needed for the osteochondroprogenitor to undergo chondrocytic differentiation. The transcription factor Sox9 can be found in multiple sites in the body (pancreas, central nervous system, intestines) and it is also found in all chondrocyte progenitor cells, suggesting that they are important in chondrogenesis. Differentiation into osteoblasts Osteoblasts are cells that group together to form units, called osteons, to produce bone. Runx2 (which may also be known as Cbfa1), and Osx (a zinc finger containing transcription factor) are necessary for osteochondroprogenitor cells to differentiate into the osteoblast cell lineage. These factors also have a role in hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation. B-catenin β-catenin of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway plays a role in cell fate determination, as it is critical for osteoblastogenesis, and the differentiation of chondrocytes into osteoblasts. Knock out of the entire pathway results in early embryonic death, therefore most research of this nature utilised conditional knockouts of the pathway. TGF-β During mandible development, most of it is formed through intramembranous ossification, where endochondral ossification will occur in the proximal region. TGF-β is important for cell proliferation and differentiation during skeletogenesis. During this process, TGF-β can stimulate differentiation into either chondrocytes or osteoblasts via FGF, Msx1, and Ctgf signalling pathways. General gene knock out of the TGF-β resulted in death. Conditional inactivation of TGF-βr2 of osteochondroprogenitor cells in the cranial neural crest resulted in faster osteoprogenitor differentiation and disorganised chondrogenesis. TGF-β determines and regulates cell lineages during endochondral ossification through Sox9 and Runx2 signalling pathways. TGF-β will act as a stimulator of chondrogenesis, and an inhibitor of osteoblastic differentiation, by blocking the Runx2 factor through Smad3 activation. Sox9 stimulates differentiation into chondrocytes. Sox9 blocked osteochondroprogenitor cells were found to express osteoblast marker genes, reprogramming the cells into the osteoblastic lineage. Loss of TGF-β signalling will lead to reduced Sox9 activity, but not prevent it completely, suggesting that there must be other factors and signalling pathways regulating Sox9 activity. Once Sox9 activity is lost, differentiation into the osteoblastic lineage dominates. Embryonic development It is\",\n \"title\": \"Osteochondroprogenitor cell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53302801\",\n \"text\": \"Ezekiel 3 is the third chapter of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet/priest Ezekiel, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter contains the call to Ezekiel to speak to the people of Israel and to act as a sentry for them. Text The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 27 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century). The responsibility of the prophet (3:1–15) Verse 1 He said to me, \\\"Son of man, eat what you find; eat this scroll, and go, speak to the house of Israel\\\". \\\"Son of man\\\" is sometimes translated \\\"O mortal\\\", as in the New Revised Standard Version. Ezekiel is called 'son of man' here and throughout the remainder of the book, not as an honorific title, but as a mark of the distance between this 'mere mortal' and his divine interlocutor\\\". Similarly, the prophet Jeremiah records that he \\\"found\\\" and \\\"ate\\\" the words of God. Verse 3 And He said to me, \\\"Son of man, feed your belly, and fill your stomach with this scroll that I give you.\\\" So I ate, and it was in my mouth like honey in sweetness. \\\"Like honey in sweetness\\\": Although the scroll contains \\\"lamentations and mourning and woe\\\" (Ezekiel 2:10), when eaten it tastes \\\"as sweet as honey\\\" in the mouth (). The phrase affirms the saying that 'God's word was sweet' (; ). Verse 15 Then I came to the captives at Tel Abib, who dwelt by the River Chebar; and I sat where they sat, and remained there astonished among them seven days. \\\"Tel Abib\\\" (, Tel Aviv; lit. \\\"Spring Mound\\\", where \\\"Spring (Aviv) is the season\\\") is an unidentified place on the Kebar Canal, near Nippur in what is now Iraq. The Kebar or Chebar river was part of a complex network of irrigation and transport canals that also included the Shatt el-Nil, a silted up canal toward the east of Babylon. \\\"Astonished\\\" is read as \\\"astonied\\\" in the Revised Version, i.e. dumb and motionless. The seven-day long \\\"period of motionless silence\\\" seems to express \\\"the strength of the prophet’s emotions\\\" on his arrival at Tel Abib. Ezekiel as a watchman for Israel (3:16–27) Verse 16 And it came to pass at the end of seven days, that the word of the Lord came unto me, saying, \\\"At the end of seven days\\\": During these days,\",\n \"title\": \"Ezekiel 3\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"90581\",\n \"text\": \"Loiret (; ) is a department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of north-central France. It takes its name from the river Loiret, which is contained wholly within the department. In 2019, Loiret had a population of 680,434. Its prefecture is Orléans, which is about southwest of Paris. As well as being the regional prefecture, it is a historic city on the banks of the Loire. It has a large central area with many historic buildings and mansions. Orléans Cathedral, dating back to the 13th century, was rebuilt after Protestant forces destroyed it in 1568. Loiret has two subprefectures, in Montargis and Pithiviers. It is famous for its several châteaux. History Loiret is one of the original 83 departments that was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790, by order of the National Constituent Assembly. The new departments were to be uniformly administered and approximately equal to one another in size and population. It was created from the former province of Orléanais which was too large to continue in its previous form. The Loire Valley was occupied in Palaeolithic times as attested by numerous archaeological sites in the department. The Celts were here, bringing crafts and trades, and the Romans occupied the area after the Gallic Wars. They built roads and founded cities such as Cenabum, on the site of present-day Orléans, and Sceaux-du-Gâtinais. Around 451, the Huns invaded the region but were repelled before reaching Cenabum. The Franks reached the Loire and Clovis I reigned in the area. A time of peace and prosperity ensued during the reign of Charlemagne. Geography The department of Loiret was historically in the province of Orléans in north central France, and along with the departments of Loir-et-Cher and Eure-et-Loir now forms the region Centre-Val de Loire. To the north of Loiret lie the departments of Eure-et-Loir, Essonne and Seine-et-Marne, to the east lies Yonne, to the southeast Nièvre, to the south Cher, and to the west Loir-et-Cher. The department consists of mostly flat low-lying land through which flows the river Loire. This river enters the department near Châtillon-sur-Loire in the southeast, flows northwestwards to Orleans where it turns to flow south west, leaving the department near Beaugency. The Canal d'Orléans connects the Loire at Orléans to a junction with the Canal du Loing and the Canal de Briare in the village of Buges near Montargis. The Loire and these canals formed important trading routes before the arrival of the railways. The river Loiret, after which the department is named, is long and joins the Loire southwest of Orléans. Its source is at Orléans-la-Source, and its mouth at Saint-Hilaire-Saint-Mesmin. Other rivers in the department, are the Loing, a right-bank tributary of the Loire, and the Ouanne which flows into the Loing. The department has a total area of and is from west to east and from north to south. Large parts of the land are used for agriculture, and these are separated by low wooded hills and some forested areas. The northwestern\",\n \"title\": \"Loiret\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3230147\",\n \"text\": \"Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood. The osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes. These are the cells responsible for the resorption of bone. Osteoblasts are generally present on the outer layer of bone, just beneath the periosteum. Attachment of the osteoclast to the osteon begins the process. The osteoclast then induces an infolding of its cell membrane and secretes collagenase and other enzymes important in the resorption process. High levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphate and products of collagen will be released into the extracellular fluid as the osteoclasts tunnel into the mineralized bone. Osteoclasts are prominent in the tissue destruction found in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatological disorders. The human body is in a constant state of bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is a process which maintains bone strength and ion homeostasis by replacing discrete parts of old bone with newly synthesized packets of proteinaceous matrix. Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts, and is deposited by osteoblasts in a process called ossification. Osteocyte activity plays a key role in this process. Conditions that result in a decrease in bone mass can either be caused by an increase in resorption or by a decrease in ossification. During childhood, bone formation exceeds resorption. As the aging process occurs, resorption exceeds formation. Bone resorption rates are much higher in post-menopausal older women due to estrogen deficiency related with menopause. Common treatments include drugs that increase bone mineral density. Bisphosphonates, RANKL inhibitors, SERMs—selective oestrogen receptor modulators, hormone replacement therapy and calcitonin are some of the common treatments. Light weight bearing exercise tends to eliminate the negative effects of bone resorption. Regulation Bone resorption is highly stimulated or inhibited by signals from other parts of the body, depending on the demand for calcium. Calcium-sensing membrane receptors in the parathyroid gland monitor calcium levels in the extracellular fluid. Low levels of calcium stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from chief cells of the parathyroid gland. In addition to its effects on kidney and intestine, PTH increases the number and activity of osteoclasts. The increase in activity of already existing osteoclasts is the initial effect of PTH, and begins in minutes and increases over a few hours. Continued elevation of PTH levels increases the abundance of osteoclasts. This leads to a greater resorption of calcium and phosphate ions. High levels of calcium in the blood, on the other hand, leads to decreased PTH release from the parathyroid gland, decreasing the number and activity of osteoclasts, resulting in less bone resorption. Vitamin D increases absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestinal tract, leading to elevated levels of plasma calcium, and thus lower bone resorption. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is the active form of vitamin D3. It has numerous functions involved in blood calcium levels. Recent research indicates that calcitriol leads to a reduction in osteoclast formation, and\",\n \"title\": \"Bone resorption\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1099547\",\n \"text\": \"An osteocyte, an oblate shaped type of bone cell with dendritic processes, is the most commonly found cell in mature bone. It can live as long as the organism itself. The adult human body has about 42 billion of them. Osteocytes do not divide and have an average half life of 25 years. They are derived from osteoprogenitor cells, some of which differentiate into active osteoblasts (which may further differentiate to osteocytes). Osteoblasts/osteocytes develop in mesenchyme. In mature bones, osteocytes and their processes reside inside spaces called lacunae (Latin for a pit) and canaliculi, respectively. Osteocytes are simply osteoblasts trapped in the matrix that they secrete. They are networked to each other via long cytoplasmic extensions that occupy tiny canals called canaliculi, which are used for exchange of nutrients and waste through gap junctions. Although osteocytes have reduced synthetic activity and (like osteoblasts) are not capable of mitotic division, they are actively involved in the routine turnover of bony matrix, through various mechanosensory mechanisms. They destroy bone through a rapid, transient (relative to osteoclasts) mechanism called osteocytic osteolysis. Hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate is deposited around the cell. Structure Osteocytes have a stellate shape, approximately 7 micrometers deep and wide by 15 micrometers in length. The cell body varies in size from 5–20 micrometers in diameter and contain 40–60 cell processes per cell, with a cell to cell distance between 20–30 micrometers. A mature osteocyte contains a single nucleus that is located toward the vascular side and has one or two nucleoli and a membrane. The cell also exhibits a reduced size endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and cell processes that radiate largely towards the bone surfaces in circumferential lamellae, or towards a haversian canal and outer cement line typical of osteons in concentric lamellar bone. Osteocytes form an extensive lacunocanalicular network within the mineralized collagen type I matrix, with cell bodies residing within lacunae, and cell/dendritic processes within channels called canaliculi. Development The fossil record shows that osteocytes were present in bones of jawless fish 400 to 250 million years ago. Osteocyte size has been shown to covary with genome size; and this relationship has been used in paleogenomic research. During bone formation, an osteoblast is left behind and buried in the bone matrix as an \\\"osteoid osteocyte\\\", which maintains contact with other osteoblasts through extended cellular processes. The process of osteocytogenesis is largely unknown, but the following molecules have been shown to play a crucial role in the production of healthy osteocytes, either in correct numbers or specific distributions: matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1), osteoblast/osteocyte factor 45 (OF45), Klotho, TGF-beta inducible factor (TIEG), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), E11 antigen, and oxygen. 10–20% of osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes. Those osteoblasts on the bone surface that are destined for burial as osteocytes slow down matrix production, and are buried by neighboring osteoblasts that continue to produce matrix actively. Palumbo et al. (1990) distinguish three cell types from osteoblast to mature osteocyte: type I preosteocyte (osteoblastic osteocyte),\",\n \"title\": \"Osteocyte\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2268172\",\n \"text\": \"The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to supply nutrients to the developing lens in the growing fetus. During the tenth week of development in humans (time varies depending on species), the lens grows independent of a blood supply and the hyaloid artery usually regresses. Its proximal portion remains as the central artery of the retina. Regression of the hyaloid artery leaves a clear central zone through the vitreous humor, called the hyaloid canal or Cloquet's canal. Cloquet's canal is named after the French physician Jules Germain Cloquet (1790–1883) who first described it. Occasionally the artery may not fully regress, resulting in the condition persistent hyaloid artery. More commonly, small remnants of the artery may remain. Free remnants can sometimes be seen as \\\"floaters\\\". An anterior remnant of the hyaloid artery can be seen in some people as Mittendorf's dot, a small pinpoint-like scar on the posterior surface of the lens. A posterior remnant may be seen where the artery left the optic disc, and is known as Bergmeister's papilla. See also Hyaline Notes External links The Vitreous Humor at TedMontgomery.com \\\"What are those threads that float in your field of vision?\\\" at Straight Dope Arteries\",\n \"title\": \"Hyaloid artery\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32653975\",\n \"text\": \"Cadwalader Park is a city park located in Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. The nearly green space is Trenton's oldest park. It is named for Thomas Cadwalader, who lived for a while near Trenton where he became the chief burgess in 1746. Trenton's \\\"central park\\\" was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. Work on the park was begun in 1887, following the purchase of Ellarslie Mansion from George Farlee. a committee of the Common Council for the city of Trenton sought a location for what would become the City Park, and contacted Olmsted. Though perhaps best known for his design of Central Park in New York, Olmsted applied the same approach in the design of Cadwalader Park. The Mansion, which houses the Trenton City Museum, is at the center of the park. At one time the park had a train stop along the long gone Belvidere-Delaware Railroad. The park has a deer paddock, a stream, a small lake and hundreds of trees, including some that are rare at this latitude. An arm of the Delaware & Raritan Canal flows through the park. Neighborhoods bordering the park include Cadwalader Heights, Hiltonia, Hillcrest and Parkside. The park contains a memorial to the fallen of the Civil War and the column of the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Monument, erected in 1903. At one time this included a number of artillery pieces, now reduced to the plinthed barrel of the 'Swamp Angel', an 8 inch breech-loading Parrott rifle used to bombard Charleston in 1863. The gun burst on the 36th shell to be fired, which can still be seen today. References External links Cadwalader Park Trenton City Parks Cadwalader family Trenton, New Jersey Parks in Mercer County, New Jersey Urban public parks Frederick Law Olmsted works Tourist attractions in Trenton, New Jersey\",\n \"title\": \"Cadwalader Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3612149\",\n \"text\": \"The central canal (also known as spinal foramen or ependymal canal) is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs through the spinal cord. The central canal lies below and is connected to the ventricular system of the brain, from which it receives cerebrospinal fluid, and shares the same ependymal lining. The central canal helps to transport nutrients to the spinal cord as well as protect it by cushioning the impact of a force when the spine is affected. The central canal represents the adult remainder of the central cavity of the neural tube. It generally occludes (closes off) with age. Structure The central canal below at the ventricular system of the brain, beginning at a region called the obex where the fourth ventricle, a cavity present in the brainstem, narrows. The central canal is located in the third of the spinal cord in the cervical and thoracic regions. In the lumbar spine it enlarges and is located more centrally. At the conus medullaris, where the spinal cord tapers, it is located more . Terminal ventricle The terminal ventricle (ventriculus terminalis, fifth ventricle or ampulla caudalis) is the widest part of the central canal of the spinal cord that is located at or near the conus medullaris. It was described by Stilling in 1859 and Krause in 1875. Krause introduced the term fifth ventricle after observation of normal ependymal cells. The central canal expands as a fusiform terminal ventricle, and approximately 8–10 mm in length in the conus medullaris (or conus terminalis). Although the terminal ventricle is visible in the fetus and children, it is usually absent in adults. Sometimes, the terminal ventricle is observed by MRI or ultrasound in children less than 5 years old. Microanatomy The central canal shares the same ependymal lining as the ventricular system of the brain. The canal is lined by ciliated, column-shaped cells, outside of which is a band of gelatinous substance, called the substantia gelatinosa centralis (or central gelatinous substance of spinal cord). This gelatinous substance consists mainly of neuroglia, but contains a few nerve cells and fibers; it is traversed by processes from the deep ends of the columnar ciliated cells which line the central canal. The substantia gelatinosa of Rolando is located more dorsally. Development The central canal represents the adult remainder of the central cavity of the neural tube. It generally occludes (closes off) with age. Function The central canal carries cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which it receives from the ventricular system of the brain. The central canal helps to transport nutrients to the spinal cord as well as protect it by cushioning the impact of a force when the spine is affected. Clinical significance Syringomyelia is a disease caused by the blockage of the central canal. Blockage of the central canal usually occurs at the lower cervical and upper thoracic levels. This typically damages white matter fibers that cross in anterior white commissure, leading to the loss of temperature, pain, and motor function at the affected levels on side opposite to\",\n \"title\": \"Central canal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1347314\",\n \"text\": \"The Arizona Canal is a major canal in central Maricopa County that led to the founding of several communities, now among the wealthier neighborhoods of suburban Phoenix, constructed in the late 1880s. Flood irrigation of residential yards is still common in these neighborhoods, using a system of lateral waterways connected via gates to the canal itself. Like most Valley canals, its banks are popular with joggers and bicyclists. The canal, nearly long, is the northernmost canal in the Salt River Project's water distribution system. Beginning at Granite Reef Diversion Dam, northeast of Mesa, it flows west across the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, downtown Scottsdale, Phoenix's Arcadia and Sunnyslope neighborhoods, Glendale, and Peoria before ending at New River near Arrowhead Towne Center. History William John Murphy was hired in 1883 to spearhead its construction, which was completed in May 1885. He then founded Glendale; its downtown Murphy Park is named for him. Nearby Peoria was also founded within the decade. Several miles upstream (east), on the canal's south side were purchased in 1888 by a former Civil War chaplain, Major Winfield Scott, establishing what is now Scottsdale. Murphy later built the Ingleside Club hotel near Scottsdale (in what is now Arcadia), laying the foundation for the area's vital tourism economy. Several resorts – The Phoenician, Biltmore, Royal Palms, a Pointe Hilton and a Ritz-Carlton – were all built close to the canal between 1929 and 1988. Also, five shopping malls of varying size and affluence – Borgata, Scottsdale Fashion Square, Biltmore Fashion Park, Metrocenter Mall and Arrowhead Towne Center – now reside along the canal's route. Five miles were added to the canal's western end in 1894, completing its length. A 750-kilowatt restored hydroelectric plant and art display opened in June 2003 in Arcadia, at a natural drop called Arizona Falls. Scottsdale's Waterfront Project is aimed at revitalizing an area along the Arizona Canal just west of Scottsdale Road. The City of Scottsdale and the Scottsdale Public Art board engaged the architect Paolo Soleri who designed a bridge over the Arizona Canal in Downtown Scottsdale. The suspension bridge has two steel-clad, 64-foot pylons create a light beam on the walking surface to mark solar events. The bridge will direct pedestrians, bicyclists, and horse riders moving north and south along the Arizona Canal system. See also List of rivers of Arizona References External links History of the Arizona Canal and other canals in the system, on the site of the Salt River Project The Waterfront Project, along the Arizona Canal in Scottsdale, on the site of Scottsdale Public Art Buildings and structures in Maricopa County, Arizona Canals in Arizona Canals opened in 1885 Historic American Engineering Record in Arizona Transportation in Maricopa County, Arizona 1885 establishments in Arizona Territory\",\n \"title\": \"Arizona Canal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26948982\",\n \"text\": \"Buzzards Bay station is a train station located on Main Street in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The site also contains an interlocking tower. The Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge is adjacent. Buzzards Bay is an intermediate stop on the Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority's CapeFLYER summer weekend passenger service. It is also the westernmost stop of Cape Cod Central Railroad tourist service. Extension of MBTA Commuter Rail service on the Middleborough/Lakeville Line to the station has been proposed on several occasions, but never enacted. History Originally known as Cohasset Narrows, the station was built as part of the Cape Cod Branch Railroad in 1848. Its name was changed to Buzzards Bay on August 1, 1879 by the Old Colony Railroad who had acquired the line in 1872 with a merger of the Cape Cod Railroad. The Woods Hole Branch opened on July 17, 1872. The present station building was constructed by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1912. Prior to the opening of the Cape Cod Canal in 1916, Buzzards Bay was located on what was then the north bank of the Monument River at a junction of the main railroad line between Middleborough and Cape Cod and the branch to Woods Hole. The Woods Hole Branch crossed the river slightly west of what is now the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge, while the Cape Cod main line continued along the north side of the river before crossing where the river narrowed at Bourne. The Monument River was converted into the Cape Cod Canal, which opened in 1916. The Cape Cod Main Line and junction were moved to the south side of the canal, which was later widened in the 1930s. Into the 1960s the New Haven Railroad operated daily passenger service to Boston and seasonal day and night Cape Codder service to New York City. Originally located near the tracks, the station building is now set back from the train line because of the removal of excess trackage. The station also houses year-round offices and a seasonal visitor's center for the Cape Cod Canal Region Chamber of Commerce. It was a stop for Amtrak's Cape Codder which ran from 1986 to 1996 (again, New York to the Cape), and for the Cape Cod and Hyannis Railroad which ran from 1984 to 1988. In 1988, the state refurbished the station building and added an accessible platform in preparation for never-realized commuter rail service. Cape Cod Central Railroad Buzzards Bay serves as the western terminus for Cape Cod Central Railroad, which runs tourist excursion trains along the track between Buzzards Bay and Hyannis. In the summer, Buzzards Bay serves as a station of departure for excursion trains running to West Barnstable, select dinner trains running along the length of the Canal, and a special excursion in mid-September to celebrate Cape Cod Canal Day, which includes a stop at the Pairpoint Glass facility in Sagamore. In the winter, Buzzards Bay is the point of departure for several Polar Express-esque holiday\",\n \"title\": \"Buzzards Bay station\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1129764\",\n \"text\": \"Gladstone Dock is a dock on the River Mersey, England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. It is situated in the northern dock system in Bootle. The dock is connected to Seaforth Dock to the north and what remains of Hornby Dock to the south. Part of Liverpool Freeport, Gladstone Dock is operated by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company. History The dock is named after Robert Gladstone, a merchant from Liverpool and second cousin of Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone. Designed in the first decade of the twentieth century, construction was eventually completed in 1927 and consisted of of quays and extensive warehouse space. The graving dock was completed in 1913, before the rest of the dock became operational. At long and wide it was designed to take the largest trans-Atlantic steamers. The graving dock has since been converted into a wet dock (Gladstone Number Three Branch Dock). Gladstone Dock lock entrance is one of the two remaining operational river entrances in the northern dock system. Measuring long, wide and deep; was wider, longer and deeper than the Panama Canal locks at the time of opening. The Panama Canal and Gladstone locks could accommodate a maximum size of container ship of 4,500-5,000 twenty-foot-equivalent units (TEUs). The lock provided maritime access to the container terminal of the adjacent Royal Seaforth Dock, which opened in 1972. However in 2016 the Panama Canal locks will were enlarged to a size larger than the Gladstone locks: long, wide and deep, accommodating vessels with capacities of up to 14,000 TEUs, depending on the vessel design. Rather than enlarge the Gladstone locks to match the size of the Panama locks, the Port of Liverpool built an in-river berth, in the tidal river, serving a new container terminal called Liverpool2. Container ships unable to enter the Gladstone lock will need to use the adjacent in-river berthing at Liverpool2. Liverpool2 solved the problem of the disruption of enlarging the Gladstone locks, and also giving container handling expansion. Simultaneously the NY-NJ port in the USA deepened its access channel and raised the Bayonne Bridge to accommodate the large vessels transiting the Panama Canal. The expansions at Liverpool and New York means larger ships can operate between the two ports. At the outbreak of the First World War, the liner RMS Aquitania was undergoing repairs in Gladstone Graving Dock. As a result, she was converted in situ for war service. During the Second World War, ASW ships, Atlantic convoy escorts and minesweepers were based in the dock. In 1942 the National Fire Service opened a fire station on Fort Road having a berth for some of its fireboats adjoining the NW Wall of the Dock, this remained open until 1946. On 25 January 1953, the liner RMS Empress of Canada caught fire and capsized in Gladstone Number One Branch Dock. She was refloated the following year and towed to Gladstone Graving Dock to be made watertight, in preparation for being scrapped in Italy. Transatlantic passenger services continued to\",\n \"title\": \"Gladstone Dock\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"126897\",\n \"text\": \"Salina is a town in Onondaga County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 33,223. The name of the town is derived from the Latin word for \\\"salt.\\\" Salina is a northern suburb of Syracuse. History The region was in the domain of the Onondaga tribe and later was within the Central New York Military Tract, although it was reserved for members of the Onondaga. Salina received its name in 1797, when the Surveyor General received authority to set aside a portion of the Salt Reservation for use in salt manufacture. The Salt Reservation had been created by a treaty with the Native Americans. It extended one mile around Onondaga Lake. In 1798, the Village of Salina was chartered. It was located in what is now the Washington Square neighborhood or \\\"First Ward\\\" of the current City of Syracuse and contained sixteen blocks. Each block was divided into four house lots, selling according to law, for no less than forty dollars. The area now known as the Town of Salina was still part of the Townships of Manlius and Marcellus. In March 1809, the Town of Salina was organized. It included the areas now known as the Town of Geddes (formed 1848), part of Manlius and the City of Syracuse. Salina's location on the Erie Canal stimulated its industrial development. The middle section of the canal, from Salina to Utica was the first to open, in 1820, and elaborate celebrations were held. It was not until the late 1840s that Salina was reduced to its present size. The original Town of Salina stretched around Onondaga Lake, incorporating part of what is now the Town of Geddes and much of what today is the City of Syracuse. The early history of Salina is actually the history of the area around Onondaga Lake and the salt industry. By 1846, it was apparent that Syracuse would soon become a city. The residents of Salina and Syracuse began discussing a proposed charter, which would unify the two villages. In December 1847, the act of incorporation was passed, which defined the area as \\\"constituting a part of the Town of Salina and incorporation the Village of Salina and Syracuse.\\\" This act reduced the Town of Salina to its present boundaries. Today, Salina consists of five small suburban communities which are known as Liverpool, Mattydale, Lyncourt, Galeville and a portion of North Syracuse. The Alvord House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (8.74%) is water. The town is on the northern shore of Onondaga Lake. Interstate 81 and Interstate 90 (New York State Thruway) intersect in Salina. New York State Route 370 borders Onondaga Lake. U.S. Route 11 passes through the eastern part of the town. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 33,290 people, 14,401 households, and 8,871 families residing in the\",\n \"title\": \"Salina, New York\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26818077\",\n \"text\": \"Mill Creek is a linear park located in Bakersfield, California. It runs along the Kern Island Canal between Golden State Avenue and California Avenue in downtown, although there is a gap between 19th Street and the BNSF railroad yard. The center of the park is Central Park, the only park in downtown. The park contains a lake with spray fountains and the “Mill Creek” bridge. It is also home to the Bakersfield Museum of Art and the Bakersfield Community House. The park is named after a flour mill which was located on 17th Street. History Central Park was created August 21, 1921. The same day, a bid was accepted from MacRori and McLaren Company for its construction. Originally called Stark Park (for about one month), the name was changed to Central Park since the park was located between Bakersfield and East Bakersfield. In 1938 the first foot bridge was constructed over the canal. In 1956, part of the land was used for the Cunningham Memorial Art Gallery (later the Bakersfield Museum of Art). A camellia garden was added in 1956 in memory of Aram Adams (who was a local automobile dealer). In 1964, another section of the park was used for the establishment of the Community House. In 2001, city planners started to consider how to redevelop the area. After years of planning, and raising funds, the Mill Creek project was born. The plan was to create a linear park which would run along the Kern Island Canal. The canal would be altered to look like a natural stream. A path would be created next to the canal, on the old access roads. The plan also called for the redevelopment of Central Park (which the canal ran through). This included constructing winding paths, replace lighting, and expanding the canal to a lake. The bridge across the canal was replaced with the covered “Mill Creek” bridge. The park reopened in 2009. The rest of the linear park opened in 2010. Park description The length of the park is approximately 1.5 miles (including the gap segments). The path runs along both sides of the canal, except between Golden State Avenue and 21st Street, where it only runs on the west side. That segment is also lined with an iron fence (with pedestrian gates), since it primarily runs next to a residential neighborhood. Central Park has public restrooms, as well as a playground. It is also equipped with Wi-Fi service (for a fee). There is a gap in the park, between 19th Street and the BNSF railroad yard. Access across the yard is provided by the Q Street underpass. The section between the yard and Truxtun Avenue was not changed since it was already improved when the Beale Memorial Library was built in 1988. The section between Truxtun Avenue and 19th Street could not be improved because the parking lots and buildings of the Hill House (a Best Western Plus hotel) were constructed too close to the canal to allow for improvements at\",\n \"title\": \"Mill Creek (Bakersfield)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8422168\",\n \"text\": \"The Nimbus Dam is a base load hydroelectric dam on the American River near Folsom, California. Approximately of water is retained by the dam. It is responsible for the impoundment of water from the American River to create the Lake Natoma reservoir. The dam stands 87 feet and spans 1,093 feet. The Nimbus powerplant consists of two generators. Each generator produces enough electrical power to power over 200,000 100-watt light bulbs, about 15,500 kilowatts of electrical power. Nimbus Dam consists of 18 radial gates, each with their own gate bays. These 18 gates today are the ones that were completed in 1955 along with the rest of the dam. Of the eighteen gates, four of them have had their coating system replaced. This protects the gates from a faster rate of corrosion. The other fourteen gates have the original coating. As part of the Central Valley Project (CVP), a federal water project that provides irrigation and municipal water to much of California's Central Valley, it was authorized in 1949 as a regulating reservoir for Folsom Dam, and a diversion pool for the Folsom South Canal. Construction began in 1952, and it opened in 1955. The Nimbus Powerplant The Nimbus Powerplant is located on the north side of the American River and on the left side of Nimbus Dam via looking east. The powerplant provides backup to the main powerplant that is located upstream at Folsom Dam. Each of the two generators contain approximately 7,700 kilowatts of electrical power. What drives the two generators through six penstocks, each about 47 feet long, are the two turbines with 9,400 horsepower. Water is supplied through these turbines. The Western Area Power Administration markets the power that is generated by the powerplants at Nimbus Dam and Folsom Dam. The dam serves as a diversion to direct water into the Folsom South Canal, which carries water to an area approximately 10 miles northeast of the city of Lodi. The canal once provided cooling water for the SMUD nuclear power plant, Rancho Seco. Today, it continues to provide water for irrigation, water supply, and industrial purposes to its surrounding area. The Nimbus Dam Radial Gates Project The United States Bureau of Reclamation released a final environmental assessment for the Nimbus Dam Radial Gates Maintenance Project in May 2015. This report laid out the purpose and need for the project, the details of what the construction would consist of, and the environmental impact of the project on existing federal wildlife protection acts. The report argues that over half the radial gates of Nimbus Dam need a new coating system, along with other repairs that fall outside of normal maintenance. No major work has been done to the gates since the construction of the dam in the 1950s. In 2014, the Bureau of Reclamation contributed an $11,141,820 contract for the construction. The project is expected to be completed by the end of 2019 and will focus on replacing the coating on the fourteen gates that have the original\",\n \"title\": \"Nimbus Dam\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76186497\",\n \"text\": \"The Khalij ( or al-khalīg in Egyptian pronunciation), also known as the Khalij al-Misri or Khalij al-Masri (), was a canal in Cairo, Egypt. It began in the 7th century when the new Arab conquerors rebuilt an ancient canal that linked the Nile with the Red Sea in Pharaonic and Roman times. The connection to the Red Sea was closed in the 8th century, but the canal remained an important feature of Cairo's geography and its water supply. It was traditionally closed for part of the year and then reopened during the Nile floods. The yearly opening of the canal was celebrated as a major festival. In the 14th century, the Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad created a second canal further west, the Khalij al-Nasiri, which was linked to the main canal. In the 1890s, as its function became less essential, the Khalij was filled in and converted into what is now Port Said Street in central Cairo. History Origins An ancient canal linking the Nile with the Red Sea had previously existed in the region since the Pharaonic period, probably begun in the reign of Necho II ( BC). The canal was re-dug by the Persian king Darius ( BC). It was last restored by Roman emperor Trajan, who moved its mouth on the Nile further south, to what is now Old Cairo, and named it or () after himself. Remains of the massive stone walls that made up the entrance to Trajan's canal have been found under the present-day Coptic Church of Saint Sergius and the Coptic Church of Saint George. Where the canal joined the Nile, Trajan constructed a harbor and fortifications. In the third century AD, Diocletian expanded the fortifications and constructed the Babylon Fortress at the mouth of the canal. The canal was difficult to maintain and by the time of the Arab conquest in 641 AD, it had fallen out of use and into disrepair. Shortly after the conquest, the commander of the Muslim force, Amr ibn al-As, ordered that the canal, which had silted up in the meantime, be re-excavated, perhaps at the request of the Caliph Umar ( AD), in order to more efficiently transport grain from Egypt to Medina (the capital of the new Islamic caliphate). The new canal dug by Amr was excavated further north, joining the Nile close to what is now the Sayyida Zaynab neighbourhood of Cairo. The mouth of Trajan's canal was instead covered by the new Islamic city of Fustat, where the Arabs had perhaps already settled by the time the canal project was initiated. In honour of Umar, the new canal became known as (\\\"Canal of the Leader of the Faithful\\\"). A bridge was built over the canal in 688 for one of the two main north–south roads of Fustat, (\\\"the Way\\\"). In medieval Cairo The new canal was not successful in the long term. It was eventually closed, either around 750 during the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyads, or in 767–768 on the orders\",\n \"title\": \"Khalij (Cairo)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23873694\",\n \"text\": \"The Great Port of St. Petersburg () or Port of St. Petersburg is a major seaport serving the city of St. Petersburg in northwest Russia. The port's water area is 164.6 km2 (630,000 square meters). The mooring line is 31 km long and the water is deep at the port's deepest anchorages. Since 2011, the port has been under the authority of a state-owned enterprise (federal government agency), the Port Authority of the Great Port of St. Petersburg. This agency oversees commercial navigation in the seaport of St. Petersburg and beyond in the designated areas of responsibility of the Russian Federation. History In 1869, Nikolay Putilov (1820–1880)—a Russian naval officer, mathematician, engineer, metallurgist, entrepreneur, co-founder of the Obukhov factory, and founder of the Putilov factory—began preparations for the Sea Port of St. Petersburg with a sea canal from Kronstadt to St. Petersburg. On June 13, 1874, Tsar Alexander II approved a provision \\\"On the Temporary Administration of the St. Petersburg Sea.\\\" The general direction of the channel was approved by Alexander on August 21 of the same year. On October 26, a contract for the production of works and supplies on the St. Petersburg Canal was signed. N. I. Putilov \\\"with his comrades\\\" received a contract order for the works. After Putilov's sudden death, the project was completed by his companions and S. P. Maksimovich, assisted by the Finland Swedish engineer . On May 15, 1885, the channel was opened to the passage of ships, and a new Maritime Trade Port was opened. Putilov was buried, at his request, on the bank of the Ekateringofka River on Gladky Island, commanding a view over his factory, his port, and the Morskoy Canal. A chapel by architect F. S. Kharlamov was erected on his grave. His remains were re-buried in the crypt of St. Nicholas Church in 1907, which was built by architect V. A. Kosyakov in 1901–06 on what is today Stachek Avenue. His grave was destroyed in 1951. General information The central unit of the Great Port of St. Petersburg is located on and around the islands of the Neva River Delta, in the Nevsky Lip of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The port includes the berths for maritime trade; forest, fish and river ports; an oil terminal; shipbuilding, ship repair and other industries; a sea passenger terminal; a river passenger terminal; piers at Kronstadt and Lomonosov; and the Gorskaya and Bronka facilities. They are connected by an extensive system of channels and fairways. The sea trade port includes about 200 berths with depths of up to . It is divided into four districts. The container terminal includes berths 82–87, and both container ships and roll-on/roll-off vessels are accepted for processing. The first and second areas of the seaport are served by the New Port railway station, the third and fourth by the Avtovo railway station. The port fleet includes service and support vessels belonging to various organizations, including more than\",\n \"title\": \"Great Port of Saint Petersburg\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15651800\",\n \"text\": \"The Central Avenue Corridor is a significant stretch of north–south Central Avenue in Phoenix, Arizona. Roughly bounded by Camelback Road to its north, and McDowell Road to its south, this is one of Phoenix's most vital and heavily trafficked stretches of roads. It is also one of the region's largest centers of employment, with nearly 60,000 people being employed within a three-mile (5 km) radius of this swath of Central Avenue. Major employers here include major banks and financial institutions, hi-tech companies, and several significant law firms and government agencies. This corridor bisects a larger area known as Midtown, Phoenix—the collection of neighborhoods north of downtown, and south of the North-Central and Sunnyslope areas. Block numbers or addresses for Central Avenue landmarks are indicated in parentheses where available. Central Avenue Corridor today Located halfway between the major arterial roads 7th Street and 7th Avenue, Central Avenue is the east–west dividing line for Phoenix as well as other Maricopa County cities that do not have their own addressing system. Central Avenue crosses every economic stratum in Phoenix, rather abruptly in places. Downtown Phoenix land values are on par with other major cities. North of Midtown and Uptown Phoenix, the large, old homes in the tony North Central neighborhoods hark back to lower North Central Avenue's past. On the other side of the canal from North Central, at Central Avenue's dead-end, is the Sunnyslope District, founded in 1907. South of downtown, approaching South Mountain, the South Central area contains some of the most blighted neighborhoods in the city. Central Avenue represents almost every architectural use and style found in Phoenix. Dilapidated and thriving strip centers, small old brick warehouses, industrial and commercial properties, single family homes and estates, and many of the city's high-rises all have Central Avenue addresses. On Central or in the immediate vicinity lie officially recognized and protected historic neighborhoods and a variety of cultural, performance, and sporting venues. History Pre–World War II Central Avenue was originally named Center Street upon Phoenix's founding with the surrounding north–south roads named after Indian tribes. The original Churchill Addition of 1877, covering a small area north of Van Buren Street to what is presently Roosevelt Street, was the first recorded plat showing Central Avenue with its present name. Despite this, there is evidence of it being called Center Street into the 1930s. A replat of Phoenix's original townsite in 1895 was the first to officially show numbered streets and avenues starting from the east and west sides of Central. Phoenix's first school was built on Center Street and Monroe in 1874 as a one-room adobe. A new four-room schoolhouse replaced it in 1879 as the fourth brick building in the city, and the school was expanded again in 1893. By 1919, the school had deteriorated considerably and was condemned and sold. The luxurious Hotel San Carlos, the first downtown hotel to feature air conditioning and elevators, opened on that spot in 1928 after a long delay. The Phoenix Indian School was established\",\n \"title\": \"Central Avenue Corridor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"126109\",\n \"text\": \"Caneadea is a township in Allegany County, New York, United States. It includes the hamlets Caneadea, Houghton, and Oramel. History The name Caneadea reportedly originates from a Seneca phrase meaning \\\"where the heavens rest upon the earth\\\". Following the American war for independence in which the Seneca aligned with the British, the majority of Seneca territory in western New York was ceded to the new American government with the exception of some small areas of land. One such area was a strip eight miles long and two miles wide in the Genesee River Valley that became known as the Caneadea Reservation. The land of the reservation included much of the modern day township. Within the reservation was a small native village located on a bluff above the river. The village contained what is known as the Council House, which many years later was transported to what is now Letchworth State Park and renovated. Moses van Campen reportedly ran the \\\"gauntlet\\\" outside the Council House in 1782 while a captive of the Senecas during the American war for independence. The Caneadea Reservation's existence ended in 1826 after the Seneca sold the land to speculators. The Caneadea township was officially formed in 1806, but included large portions of land that are no longer part of it. During the 1800s, much of the forested land was converted to farmland, including highly fertile land near the river. Caneadea contained a route of the underground railroad, helping individuals escape slavery from the south. The Civil War's need for soldiers took a heavy human toll on the town. Starting in 1851, the Genesee Valley Canal passed through Caneadea. While overall the canal was massively unprofitable for the state of New York, it did contribute significantly to the culture and economy of Caneadea and its hamlets Houghton and Oramel. Many businesses sprung up catering to canal traffic. Oramel became especially prosperous. Houghton was popular for horse racing and reportedly quite rowdy. New York finally decommissioned the boondoggle canal in 1878. In 1882 railroad tracks replaced much of the canal's old towpath. Trains stopped traveling through Caneadea in 1969, and the tracks removed in 1977. Today, much of the old railroad bed pathway is part of a recreational pathway. In 1883, a seminary that was to eventually become today's Houghton University was founded by a farmer. The seminary eventually formed into a college that became accredited in 1923. Houghton changed dramatically from a wild canal port commonly known as Jockey Street (due to popular horse racing) into a more tranquil community strongly associated with the college and its sponsoring Wesleyan denomination. In the late 1980s, a New York State committee was formed to find potential nuclear waste disposal sites. Caneadea, along with some other towns in Allegany County, was proposed as a potential site.There was significant disapproval by many area residents over this, and organizers committed to fight the state legally, politically and with civil disobedience. In 1990, protestors prevented the proposed site in Caneadea from being accessed\",\n \"title\": \"Caneadea, New York\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62259763\",\n \"text\": \"The Little Cut, also known as the Rain Hall Rock Branch or the Rain Hall Rock Canal, was a short canal connecting the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Barnoldswick to the nearby Rain Hall Rock limestone quarry. The canal ran north-east for through farmland and a deep cutting—including two tunnels—before terminating in a small basin. Canal The cut was constructed in 1796, around the time of the second phase of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. Built to serve a limestone quarry known as Rain Hall Rock, the cut left the main canal beneath a small bridge carrying the towing path, approximately south of Long Ing Bridge. The short length of the canal led to it being named locally as the \\\"Little Cut\\\", although it was formally known as the Rain Hall Rock Canal or Rain Hall Rock Branch. A tunnel was bored through the limestone near Higher Barnsay Farm, before a northwards bend took the canal through a deep cutting; this was the start of the quarry and the original canal terminus, from its junction with the main line. This tunnel was the only tunnel on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal to carry the towpath as well as the waterway. From the canal's junction with the main line, the towpath ran along the south side of the channel. Upon reaching the second tunnel, a turnover bridge moved the towpath to the north side of the canal. Permission to extend the quarry was granted in 1826 and the canal was extended through a second tunnel. A further extension had been made by 1862, when a viaduct was built (as an accommodation bridge) across the cut. Rather than building a large wharf or dock, limestone was loaded directly from the quarry into waiting barges in a widened basin. The quarry closed around the end of the First World War, and later the cut was used by Lancashire County Council for landfill. Only the central cutting—between the two tunnels—as well as parts of the tunnels are extant. Quarry Rock from the quarry has been classified by the British Geological Survey as nodular micaceous sandy limestone, with some specimens containing forams. References 1796 establishments in England Canals in Lancashire Canals opened in 1796 Conservation areas in England Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Lancashire Transport in Liverpool\",\n \"title\": \"Little Cut\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11708373\",\n \"text\": \"The historic center of Mexico City (), also known as the Centro or Centro Histórico, is the central neighborhood in Mexico City, Mexico, focused on the Zócalo (or main plaza) and extending in all directions for a number of blocks, with its farthest extent being west to the Alameda Central. The Zocalo is the largest plaza in Latin America. It can hold up to nearly 100,000 people. This section of the capital lies in the municipal borough of Cuauhtémoc, has just over nine square km and occupies 668 blocks. It contains 9,000 buildings, 1,550 of which have been declared of historical importance. Most of these historic buildings were constructed between the 16th and 20th centuries. It is divided into two zones for preservation purposes. Zone A encompasses the pre-Hispanic city and its expansion from the Viceroy period until Independence. Zone B covers the areas all other constructions to the end of the 19th century that are considered indispensable to the preservation of the area's architectural and cultural heritage. This is where the Spaniards began to build what is now modern Mexico City in the 16th century on the ruins of the conquered Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire. As the centre of the ancient Aztec Empire and the seat of power for the Spanish colony of New Spain, the Centro Historico contains most of the city's historic sites from both eras as well as a large number of museums. This has made it a World Heritage Site. History What is now the historic downtown of Mexico City roughly correlates with the ancient Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, which was founded around 1325. During the prehispanic era, the city developed in a planned fashion, with streets and canals aligned with the cardinal directions, leading to orderly square blocks. The island that the city was founded on was divided into four calpullis or neighborhoods that were divided by the main north-south roads leading to Tepeyac and Iztapalapa respectively and the west-east road that lead to Tacuba and to a dike into the lake, respectively. The calpullis were named Cuepopan, Atzacualco, Moyotla and Zoquipan, which had subdivisions and a \\\"tecpan\\\" or district council each. The intersection of these roads was the center of the city and of the Aztec world. Here were the Templo Mayor, the palaces of the tlatoani or emperors, palaces of nobles such as the \\\"House of the Demons\\\" and the \\\"House of the Flowers\\\". Also located here were the two most renowned Aztec schools: the Telpuchcalli for secular studies and the Calmecac for priestly training. When the Spaniards arrived, the city had aqueducts built by Moctezuma Ilhuicamina and Ahuizotl as well as a large dike constructed to the east of the city. After the Spanish conquest, this design remained largely intact, mostly due to the efforts of Alonso Garcia Bravo, who supervised much of the rebuilding of the city. This reconstruction conserved many of the main thoroughfares such as Tenayuca, renamed Vallejo; Tlacopan, renamed México Tacuba, and Tepeyac, now called\",\n \"title\": \"Historic center of Mexico City\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"437103\",\n \"text\": \"A root canal is the naturally occurring anatomic space within the root of a tooth. It consists of the pulp chamber (within the coronal part of the tooth), the main canal(s), and more intricate anatomical branches that may connect the root canals to each other or to the surface of the root. Structure At the center of every tooth is a hollow area that houses soft tissues, such as the nerve, blood vessels, and connective tissue. This hollow area contains a relatively wide space in the coronal portion of the tooth called the pulp chamber. These canals run through the center of the roots, similar to the way graphite runs through a pencil. The pulp receives nutrition through the blood vessels, and sensory nerves carry signals back to the brain. A tooth can be relieved from pain if there is irreversible damage to the pulp, via root canal treatment. Root canal anatomy consists of the pulp chamber and root canals. Both contain the dental pulp. The smaller branches, referred to as accessory canals, are most frequently found near the root end (apex), but may be encountered anywhere along the root length. The total number of root canals per tooth depends on the number of the tooth roots ranging from one to four, five or more in some cases. Sometimes there are more than one root canal per root. Some teeth have a more variable internal anatomy than others. An unusual root canal shape, complex branching (especially the existence of horizontal branches), and multiple root canals are considered as the main causes of root canal treatment failures. (e.g. If a secondary root canal goes unnoticed by the dentist and is not cleaned and sealed, it will remain infected, causing the root canal therapy to fail). Root canal system The specific features and complexity of the internal anatomy of the teeth have been thoroughly studied. Using a replica technique on thousands of teeth, Walter Hess made clear as early as 1917 that the internal space of dental roots is often a complex system composed of a central area (root canals with round, oval or irregular cross-sectional shape) and lateral parts (fins, anastomoses and accessory canals). In fact, this lateral component may represent a relatively large volume, which challenges the cleaning phase of the instrumentation procedure in that tissue remnants of the vital or necrotic pulp as well as infectious elements are not easily removed in these areas. Thus, the image of root canals having a smooth, conical shape is generally too idealistic and underestimates the reach of root canal instrumentation. Contents The space inside the root canals is filled with a highly vascularized, loose connective tissue, called dental pulp. The dental pulp is the tissue of which the dentin portion of the tooth is composed. The dental pulp helps complete formation of the secondary teeth (adult teeth) one to two years after eruption into the mouth. The dental pulp also nourishes and hydrates the tooth structure, making the tooth more resilient, less\",\n \"title\": \"Root canal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49427091\",\n \"text\": \"Red Bluff Diversion Dam is a disused irrigation diversion dam on the Sacramento River in Tehama County, California, United States, southeast of the city of Red Bluff. Until 2013, the dam provided irrigation water for two canals that serve of farmland on the west side of the Sacramento Valley. The dam and canals are part of the Sacramento Canals Unit of the Central Valley Project, operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. In 2013, the dam was decommissioned and the river allowed to flow freely through the site in order to protect migrating fish. A pumping plant constructed a short distance upstream now supplies water to the canal system. Specifications The dam is a concrete gated weir design, long, with a structural height of . Eleven fixed wheel gates, each wide and high, control the outflow of water to the Sacramento River. The concrete piers between the gates are in width. The entire structure contains about of concrete. Lake Red Bluff, formed by the dam when the gates are lowered, had a maximum depth of , a normal storage of , and a maximum storage of . The original design of the dam included two fish ladders, one on each end of the dam; a third was added in 1984 in the middle of the dam. A diversion headworks and settling basin on the south bank of the Sacramento River originally provided a gravity flow of water to two aqueducts, the Tehama-Colusa Canal and Corning Canal. The headworks consist of six radial gates with a capacity of . This water is now lifted directly from the Sacramento River via a pumping plant constructed as part of the Red Bluff Fish Passage Improvement Project. The pumping plant has a capacity of , with potential future expansion to . The Tehama Colusa Canal, larger of the two canals, is long, with a capacity of . The Corning Canal is long and can carry . Together, the canals irrigate in Tehama, Glenn, Colusa and Yolo Counties, of which lacked sufficient water before the project was built. Six additional pumping plants are required at various points to maintain water flow in the two canals. Water is also provided to of wildlife preserves in the Sacramento Valley. The total crop value is $250 million, with total benefits of $1 billion per year to the regional economy. Construction history Although the Central Valley Project was initially authorized in 1935, the Sacramento Canals Division was not authorized until September 29, 1950 by President Harry Truman. The contract for construction of Red Bluff Diversion Dam was awarded in 1962 to Vinnell Corporation, for a total of $3,465,155. Work on the dam began in 1962 and was completed on August 9, 1964, more than 4 months ahead of schedule. The Corning Canal had been completed by 1959, but the much larger Tehama Colusa Canal was not completed until 1980. Environmental impact While the dam is relatively small, it has historically blocked passage of salmon, steelhead and sturgeon runs on\",\n \"title\": \"Red Bluff Diversion Dam\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"247016\",\n \"text\": \"Welland is a city in the Regional Municipality of Niagara in Southern Ontario, Canada. As of 2021, it had a population of 55,750. The city is in the centre of Niagara and located within a half-hour driving distance to Niagara Falls, Niagara-on-the-Lake, St. Catharines, and Port Colborne. It has been traditionally known as the place where rails and water meet, referring to the railways from Buffalo to Toronto and Southwestern Ontario, and the waterways of Welland Canal and Welland River, which played a great role in the city's development. The city has developed on both sides of the Welland River and Welland Canal, which connect Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. History The area was settled in 1788 by United Empire Loyalists who had been granted land by the Crown to compensate for losses due to property they left in the British Thirteen Colonies during and after the American Revolutionary War. Tensions continued between Great Britain and the newly independent United States, and the War of 1812 broke out. On 19 October 1814, Canadian forces led by George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale, met an American raiding party, numbering approximately nine hundred, near the eastern edge of the present community during the Battle of Cook's Mills. After an intense skirmish, the Americans retreated to Buffalo, New York. Cook's Mills was the second to last engagement of the War of 1812 on Canadian soil. The First Welland Canal was extended in 1833 to reach Lake Erie and has influenced development of this city ever since. A wooden aqueduct was built to carry the Welland Canal over the Welland River at what is now downtown Welland, and the area became known as simply Aqueduct. A lock to cross from the canal to the river and vice versa was also built. A small shantytown soon developed around the facility, providing essential services in what was a convenient stop-over location for travellers and workers on the canal. The growing town was later named Merrittsville, after William Hamilton Merritt, the initiator of the Welland Canal project. This name is reflected in the name of the Merrittville Highway (Niagara Road 50), which served as the primary north–south route in central Niagara before the construction of Highway 406. Welland gained its present name when it was incorporated on 25 July 1858. It became a city in 1917. One of the few railway crossings across the canal was near Welland. Together with the canal, these two factors attracted the development of heavy industry in Welland. In 1906 the Plymouth Cordage Company was the first major industrial company to open a plant in Welland. By the 1930s, Welland was an important industrial city in the region and was developing rapidly. In the 1960s, the city was starting to outgrow the canal passing through its core. The Welland By-Pass project, started in 1967 and finished in 1973, provided a new, shorter alignment for the Welland Canal by moving it from downtown Welland to the city's outskirts. With the completion of the\",\n \"title\": \"Welland\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3755694\",\n \"text\": \"David du Bose Gaillard (September 4, 1859 – December 5, 1913) was a U.S. Army engineer instrumental in the construction of the Panama Canal. During the years of the US Canal Zone (c. 1915–2000), the Culebra Cut in the Panama Canal bore his name in his memory. Biography Lieutenant Colonel David DuBose Gaillard was born in Fulton Crossroads, South Carolina, which is located in what is now the Manchester State Forest near Sumter. Gaillard graduated from West Point in 1884. After promotion to first lieutenant in 1887, he married Katherine Ross Davis. The couple had one child, David St. Pierre Gaillard. By 1903 he was a Captain in the Army Corps of Engineers. In 1908 Gaillard was placed in charge of construction of the central portion of the Panama Canal, crossing the continental divide. He was in charge of the notorious Culebra Cut through the backbone of the isthmus. Men who worked with him said he gave 12 hours every day to the Culebra Cut, besides which, he took his share in the labor of general administration of the Canal Zone. He checked up expenses, even on small things, and once it was computed he had saved the government $17,000,000. Gaillard died nine months before the Panama Canal opened. He returned to the US suffering from what was thought to be nervous exhaustion brought on by overwork and died of a brain tumor on December 5, 1913 at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, aged 54. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Family Gaillard married Katherine Ross Davis at Winnsboro on October 6, 1887. She accompanied him to Panama and while there collected plant specimens for the United States National Herbarium. While in Panama she was also an orchid collector. References External links Picture of historical marker, from Historical Marker Database 1859 births 1913 deaths United States Military Academy alumni Panama Canal American canal engineers\",\n \"title\": \"David du Bose Gaillard\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8168431\",\n \"text\": \"Volkmann's canals, also known as perforating holes or channels, are anatomic arrangements in cortical bones that allow blood vessels to enter the bones from periosteum. They interconnect the haversian canals (running inside osteons) with each other and the periosteum. They usually run at obtuse angles to the haversian canals (which run the length of the bone) and contain anastomosing vessels between haversian capillaries. They were named after German physiologist Alfred Volkmann (1800-1878). The perforating canals, with the blood vessels, provide energy and nourishing elements for osteons. Additional images References Skeletal system\",\n \"title\": \"Volkmann's canals\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11732932\",\n \"text\": \"The hyaloid canal (Cloquet's canal and Stilling's canal) is a small transparent canal running through the vitreous body from the optic nerve disc (at the punctum caecum) to the lens. It is formed by an invagination of the hyaloid membrane, which encloses the vitreous body. In the fetus, the hyaloid canal contains a prolongation of the central artery of the retina, the hyaloid artery, which supplies blood to the developing lens. Once the lens is fully developed the hyaloid artery retracts and the hyaloid canal contains lymph. The hyaloid canal appears to have no function in the adult eye, though its remnant structure can be seen. Contrary to initial belief, the hyaloid canal does not facilitate changes in the volume of the lens. The lens volume changes by less than 1% over its range of accommodation. Furthermore, lymph, being liquid, is incompressible, so even if the volume of the lens did change, the hyaloid canal could not compensate for it. See also Hyaloid artery References Human eye anatomy de:Arteria hyaloidea\",\n \"title\": \"Hyaloid canal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"684793\",\n \"text\": \"The periosteum is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the articular surfaces (i.e. the parts within a joint space) of long bones. (At the joints of long bones the bone's outer surface is lined with \\\"articular cartilage\\\", a type of hyaline cartilage.) Endosteum lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of all long bones. Structure The periosteum consists of an outer fibrous layer, and an inner cambium layer (or osteogenic layer). The fibrous layer is of dense irregular connective tissue, containing fibroblasts, while the cambium layer is highly cellular containing progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone (the length of a long bone is controlled by the epiphyseal plate) and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture, the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which are essential to the healing process. The outer fibrous layer and the inner cambium layer are differentiated under electron micrography. As opposed to osseous tissue, the periosteum has nociceptors, sensory neurons that make it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply to the body from the marrow. The periosteum is attached to the bone by strong collagen fibres called \\\"Sharpey's fibres\\\", which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae. It also provides an attachment for muscles and tendons. The periosteum that covers the outer surface of the bones of the skull is known as the pericranium, except when in reference to the layers of the scalp. Etymology The word periosteum is derived from the Greek peri-, meaning \\\"surrounding\\\", and -osteon, meaning \\\"bone\\\". The peri refers to the fact that the periosteum is the outermost layer of long bones, surrounding other inner layers. Additional images See also Periosteal reaction Periostitis Endochondral ossification Intramembranous ossification References Further reading External links Skeletal system\",\n \"title\": \"Periosteum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1115536\",\n \"text\": \"The Central Business District (CBD) is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. A subdistrict of the French Quarter/CBD area, its boundaries, as defined by the City Planning Commission, are Iberville, Decatur and Canal Streets to the north; the Mississippi River to the east; the New Orleans Morial Convention Center, Julia and Magazine Streets, and the Pontchartrain Expressway to the south; and South Claiborne Avenue, Cleveland Street, and South and North Derbigny Streets to the west. It is the equivalent of what many cities call their downtown, although in New Orleans \\\"downtown\\\" or \\\"down town\\\" was historically used to mean all portions of the city downriver from Canal Street (in the direction of flow of the Mississippi River). In recent decades, however, use of the catch-all \\\"downtown\\\" adjective to describe neighborhoods downriver from Canal Street has largely ceased, having been replaced in usage by individual neighborhood names (such as Bywater). Originally developed as the largely-residential Faubourg Ste. Marie (English: St. Mary Suburb) in the late 18th century, the modern Central Business District is today a dynamic, mixed-use neighborhood, the home of professional offices in skyscrapers, specialty and neighborhood retail stores, numerous restaurants and clubs, and thousands of residents inhabiting restored, historic commercial and industrial buildings. A part of the area is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the New Orleans Lower Central Business District. History Streets in the Central Business District (originally Faubourg Ste. Marie) were initially platted in the late 18th century, representing the first expansion of New Orleans beyond its original French Quarter footprint. Significant investment began in earnest following the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, as people from other parts of the United States flocked to the city. Consequently, the district began to be referred to as the American Sector. While traditionally Canal Street was viewed as the dividing line between the French Quarter and the American Sector, legally both sides of Canal Street are today considered part of the Central Business District for zoning and regulatory purposes. Through the 19th and into the 20th century, the Central Business District continued developing almost without pause. By the mid-20th century, most professional offices in the region were located downtown, the hub of a well-developed public transit system. Canal Street was the primary retail destination for New Orleanians, as well as for residents of the surrounding region. Local and regional department stores Maison Blanche, D.H. Holmes, Godchaux's, Gus Mayer, Labiche's, Kreeger's, and Krauss anchored numerous well-known specialty retailers, such as Rubenstein Bros., Adler's Jewelry, Koslow's, Rapp's, and Werlein's Music. National retailers, like Kress, Woolworth, and Walgreens were present alongside local drugstore K&B. Sears operated a large store one block off Canal, on Baronne Street. Bookstores, theaters, and movie palaces also abounded, with the neon marquees of the Saenger, Loews State, RKO Orpheum, Joy, and Civic theaters nightly casting multi-colored lights onto surrounding sidewalks. In the 1950s, six-lane Loyola Avenue was constructed as an extension of Elk Place, cutting a swath through a low-income\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans Central Business District\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62781816\",\n \"text\": \"The Port of Kiel () is a port for passenger and cargo shipping located in Kiel, Germany. It occupies the inner part of the Baltic Sea inlet Kieler Förde and includes the approach to the locks at the eastern end of Kiel Canal. Harbours The port offers sheltered harbours, large turning basins, and deep water berths. Inner Harbour At the southern end of Kieler Förde lies the Inner Harbour () with passenger terminals Ostseekai and Schwedenkai in the west and Norwegenkai on the eastern side. Ferries of the liner services to Scandinavia are based here and cruise ships call during summer. Ostuferhafen Located on the east bank of Kieler Förde, Ostuferhafen () is the largest coherent part of the port with a total area of 500,000 m² and a quay length of 1,700 m. It is primarily a cargo harbour with ro-ro and container terminals for the liner traffic to Northern Sweden, Russia and the Baltic states. Since June 2014 it also hosts one cruise berth. Canal Harbours The Canal Harbours () are located on the Kiel Canal. Nordhafen is situated on the southern side of the canal and has facilities for timber, bulk cargo, ro-ro, and container vessels. The bulk terminal Scheerhafen is situated immediately south of the canal locks and is formed by two moles. Passenger and cargo traffic Kiel’s main passenger shipping business are regularly scheduled cruiseferries to Norway, Sweden, and Lithuania which served 1.6 million passengers in 2018. Behind Puttgarden on Fehmarn and Rostock, Kiel is Germany's third busiest port for international passenger traffic. The two Color Line cruiseferries Color Magic and Color Fantasy offer a daily 20-hour connection from Norwegenkai to Oslo in Norway. Stena Line operates the two cruiseferries Stena Germanica and Stena Scandinavica on a daily 14.5-hour connection from Schwedenkai to Gothenburg in Sweden. DFDS Seaways runs a daily 21-hour connection from Ostuferhafen to Klaipėda in Lithuania with the two RoPax ferries Athena Seaways and Regina Seaways. The Port of Kiel is a central part of the Baltic Sea routes of MSC Cruises ships. The port's season for cruise ships runs from early-April through late-October, and 169 vessels called at the port in 2018. During the season, Kiel acts as home port for several vessels from the AIDA Cruises and TUI Cruises fleet. Almost 600.000 cruise passengers were handled in 2018. The Swedish paper company SCA operates two ro-ro vessels between Kiel and Sundsvall in Sweden once a week, exporting paper products to Germany. The port is owned by the city of Kiel and operated by Seehafen Kiel GmbH & Co. KG. For the year 2018, the port reported over 7.1 million tons of cargo and 2.2 million passengers (ferry and cruise) handled. See also Ports of the Baltic Sea References External links Official website Transport in Kiel Buildings and structures in Kiel Kiel Kiel\",\n \"title\": \"Port of Kiel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40566653\",\n \"text\": \"The Irtysh–Karaganda Canal (, Ertıs-Qarağandy kanaly; ) is an irrigation canal in Kazakhstan. It connects the Irtysh River with Karaganda (Qaraghandy), a major industrial center in north-central Kazakhstan. After Kazakhstan's independence, the canal was officially renamed as the Kanysh Satpayev Canal () after the Kazakh geologist Kanysh Satpayev. Description The canal starts at , just south of the city of Aksu (formerly Yermak), where it takes water from one of the branches of the Irtysh River. It runs for 451 km in the general western, south-western, and southern direction. It reaches an industrial area on the north-eastern outskirts of Karaganda at (Kokpekti District), at which point its water apparently goes into an underground pipeline. On its route, the canal passes through numerous reservoirs (the Ekibastuz Reservoir (, about 10 km north of Ekibastuz), as well as other reservoirs at , , etc.). The canal crosses the Nura River at , in what appears to be a tunnel. Some of the canal's water is directed into the Nura (a chute below the dam at ), replenishing this river. As Karaganda is located at a higher elevation than the Irtysh, the canal is furnished with 22 pumping stations, raising the water by 475 m in total. History The construction of the canal started in 1962. It was put to use by 1968, and fully completed by 1974. In the early 21st century, a pipeline was built from the canal to the Ishim River, to supply Kazakhstan's capital Astana with water. As of 2013, proposals are floated in Kazakhstan about either extending the Irtysh–Karaganda Canal all the way to the Ishim River upstream of Astana, or building a new canal between the Irtysh and Astana. According to a report published in 2013, the canal presently operates at only about one-half of its full capacity. Notes External links CIrtysh-Karaganda Canals in Kazakhstan Irrigation canals Canals opened in 1968 Canals opened in 1974\",\n \"title\": \"Irtysh–Karaganda Canal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8744272\",\n \"text\": \"A large number of canals were built in Cheshire, England, during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution to transport goods and raw materials. This resulted in a significant canal network which is now enjoyed by holiday-makers, anglers, walkers, and others. Routes of navigable canals Bridgewater Canal The Bridgewater Canal runs from Preston Brook, near Runcorn, to Leigh in Greater Manchester. The original section of the canal starts at Castlefield Basin in Manchester city centre where it joins the Rochdale Canal. The canal runs west from Manchester for about , where it splits into two parts at \\\"Waters Meeting\\\" junction. It then passes Hulme Lock, an unused connection to the River Irwell and the Manchester Ship Canal, and a new lock at Pomona which accesses the Ship Canal. From Waters Meeting, the original part of the canal passes over the Manchester Ship Canal on the Barton Swing Aqueduct at Salford and travels about to Leigh, where it makes an end-on connection with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The other part of the canal travels about south-west to Runcorn, passing through the towns of Sale and Lymm, and to the south of central Warrington. At Preston Brook, the canal connects with the Trent and Mersey Canal. Trent and Mersey Canal The Trent and Mersey Canal links the River Trent at Derwent Mouth (in Derbyshire) to the River Mersey. The second connection is made via the Bridgewater Canal, which it joins at Preston Brook in Cheshire. Although mileposts measure the distance to Preston Brook and Shardlow, Derwent Mouth is a mile or so beyond Shardlow. Peak Forest Canal The Peak Forest Canal runs from a junction with the Ashton Canal at the southern end of the Tame Aqueduct at Dukinfield through Newton, Hyde, Woodley, Bredbury, Romiley, Marple, Strines, Disley, New Mills, Furness Vale, and Bridgemont. It terminates at Bugsworth Basin, and there is a short branch at Bridgemont to Whaley Bridge. This canal is just over long. At Marple, the canal crosses Marple Aqueduct and then rises through 16 locks and makes a junction at Top Lock with the Macclesfield Canal. Wardle Canal The Wardle Canal is located in Middlewich, Cheshire, and connects the Trent and Mersey Canal to the Shropshire Union Canal (Middlewich branch). It is the shortest canal in the UK, at approximately long, and terminates with a single lock (known as Wardle lock). Macclesfield Canal The Macclesfield Canal runs from Marple Junction where it joins the Peak Forest Canal, southwards (through Bollington, Macclesfield, and Congleton), to a junction with the Trent and Mersey Canal near Kidsgrove. Shropshire Union Canal The Shropshire Union Canal links Wolverhampton (and the Birmingham Canal Navigations) with the River Mersey. History The Bridgewater Canal is often considered to be the first true canal in Britain. However, the Sankey Canal also has good claim to that title. Although the Sankey Canal was originally contained within the old county of Lancashire, the transfer of Warrington and Widnes to Cheshire means that it now lies partly in the\",\n \"title\": \"Canals in Cheshire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33617937\",\n \"text\": \"Pueblo Culhuacán () is an officially designated neighborhood of the Iztapalapa borough of Mexico City, which used to be a major pre-Hispanic city. Ancient Culhuacán was founded around 600 CE and the site has been continuously occupied since. The city was conquered by the Aztecs in the 15th century, but the Aztecs considered the city to have status with early rulers marrying into Culhua nobility to legitimize themselves. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Franciscans and later the Augustinians made Culhuacán a major evangelization center, with the latter building the monastery complex which remains to this day. Today, Culhucan is fully integrated into Mexico City physically and politically. This area was designated as a \\\"Barrio Mágico\\\" by the city in 2011. Modern Pueblo Culhuacán Culhuacan is one of the subdivisions of the borough of Iztapalapa, bordering the borough of Coyoacán. Geographically, it is located at the base of the Cerro de la Estrella mountain. Today, the area known as Culhuacan is politically divided into eleven units, called “colonias,” “barrios” or “pueblos” with the historic center designated as Pueblo (village) Culhuacán, due its earlier independent status as an altepetl and then as a recognized pueblo by the Spanish colonial government. The area was separate and rural as late as early 20th century, made up of chinampas separated by a series of canals. The Culhuacan area is now physically, economically and politically integrated into Mexico City, covered in modern cinderblock and cement structures that continue uninterrupted into neighboring areas. Line 12 of the Mexico City Metro passes through the Pueblo with the elevated station Pueblo Culhuacán only a couple of blocks from the central 16th century monastery complex. What is now Avenida Tláhuac was a canal in the colonial period. This canal was a main waterway connecting Mexico City with the agricultural areas of Chalco and Xochimilco with flat bottomed canoes called trajineras carrying produce to the city. In the mid 20th century, this canal was closed, filled in and paved over to create the current road. Line 12 of the Metro here is elevated following this same road. To this day, the residents of this area maintain a kind of rivalry with those from the historic center of Iztapalapa on the other side of the Cerro de la Estrella. Both host passion plays during Holy Week and each has a small natural cave that contains an image of the buried Christ as a local pilgrimage site. Culhuacan's cave site is marked by a chapel called the Capilla del Señor del Calvario. It refers to the image was is said to have been found over 200 years ago by quarry workers in this cave. The pre-Hispanic City-State (altepetl) The name comes from Nahuatl and means “place of the culhuas.” The term “culhua” means “ancient or venerable” but it can also mean “hunched” which might refer to the Cerro de la Estrella. However, the area was considered by the Mexica to be an ancient religious and mythical place as a\",\n \"title\": \"Pueblo Culhuacán\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9715960\",\n \"text\": \"One Canal Place, located at 365 Canal Street in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is a 32-story, -tall skyscraper. The building contains The Shops at Canal Place and is attached to the Westin New Orleans Canal Place hotel, with which it shares a parking garage. During the colonial era before levees were constructed, the land now occupied by the Canal Place complex was commonly covered by the waters of the Mississippi River. In the 1720s, a windmill was constructed near what is now Canal Street and North Peters Street. By the 20th century, the land was occupied by the American Sugar Refinery facilities. The 19th-century warehouses as well as Crossman Street (parallel to Canal Street) were removed to allow the construction of One Canal Place. Phase 1 of the Canal Place project resulted in the construction of the office tower in 1979. The Saks Fifth Avenue retail store and Westin hotel were constructed in 1982-83 as Phase 2. Plans are currently in the works for Canal Place Phase 3, a $220 million project which will feature a new mixed-use high-rise tower. The office building with more than 650,000 leaseable square feet is managed by Corporate Realty. One Canal Place Office Tower One Canal Place Office Tower is a Class A commercial office building managed by Corporate Realty. It is adjacent to the Westin New Orleans Hotel and The Shops at Canal Place. The office space is made up of more than 650,000 customizable square feet and includes a parking garage and health club facilities. The Shops at Canal Place The lower 3 levels of the One Canal Place are occupied by The Shops at Canal Place, one of two shopping malls in downtown New Orleans (the other is The Outlet Collection at Riverwalk). The mall contains a Saks Fifth Avenue, The Theatres at Canal Place, food court and approximately 45 high-end retailers including Anthropologie, Brooks Brothers, Tory Burch, Michael Kors, Tiffany & Co, and Morton's The Steakhouse. Louis Vuitton opened in 2019. The Shops at Canal Place is leased and managed by O'Connor Management, LLC. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, a fire inflicted heavy damage to the Saks Fifth Avenue. The mall reopened in February 2006, and a completely remodeled Saks reopened in November. The Westin New Orleans at Canal Place The Westin New Orleans Canal Place is along the Mississippi River and adjacent to the historical French Quarter. It is right across the street from Harrah's Casino, upscale shopping, museums, art galleries, and the central business district. There is a 29th floor rooftop pool, with a gym, and the River 127' Restaurant which is above the river. See also List of tallest buildings in New Orleans List of tallest buildings in Louisiana References External links The Shops at Canal Place One Canal Place, Official Website The Westin New Orleans Canal Place Skyscraper office buildings in New Orleans Skyscraper hotels in New Orleans Hotels in New Orleans Shopping malls in Louisiana Buildings and structures completed in\",\n \"title\": \"One Canal Place\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"418916\",\n \"text\": \"Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the serum calcium concentration through its effects on bone, kidney, and intestine. PTH influences bone remodeling, which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately resorbed and rebuilt over time. PTH is secreted in response to low blood serum calcium (Ca2+) levels. PTH indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity within the bone matrix (osteon), in an effort to release more ionic calcium (Ca2+) into the blood to elevate a low serum calcium level. The bones act as a (metaphorical) \\\"bank of calcium\\\" from which the body can make \\\"withdrawals\\\" as needed to keep the amount of calcium in the blood at appropriate levels despite the ever-present challenges of metabolism, stress, and nutritional variations. PTH is \\\"a key that unlocks the bank vault\\\" to remove the calcium. PTH is secreted primarily by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands. The gene for PTH is located on chromosome 11. It is a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids, which is a prohormone. It has a molecular mass around 9500 Da. Its action is opposed by the hormone calcitonin. There are two types of PTH receptors. Parathyroid hormone 1 receptors, activated by the 34 N-terminal amino acids of PTH, are present at high levels on the cells of bone and kidney. Parathyroid hormone 2 receptors are present at high levels on the cells of central nervous system, pancreas, testes, and placenta. The half-life of PTH is about 4 minutes. Disorders that yield too little or too much PTH, such as hypoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and paraneoplastic syndromes can cause bone disease, hypocalcemia, and hypercalcemia. Structure hPTH-(1-84) crystallizes as a slightly bent, long, helical dimer. The extended helical conformation of hPTH-(1-84) is the likely bioactive conformation. The N-terminal fragment 1-34 of parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been crystallized and the structure has been refined to 0.9 Å resolution. Function Regulation of serum calcium Parathyroid hormone regulates serum calcium through its effects on bone, kidney, and the intestine: In bone, PTH enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir contained in the bones. Bone resorption is the normal destruction of bone by osteoclasts, which are indirectly stimulated by PTH. Stimulation is indirect since osteoclasts do not have a receptor for PTH; rather, PTH binds to osteoblasts, the cells responsible for creating bone. Binding stimulates osteoblasts to increase their expression of RANKL and inhibits their secretion of osteoprotegerin (OPG). Free OPG competitively binds to RANKL as a decoy receptor, preventing RANKL from interacting with RANK, a receptor for RANKL. The binding of RANKL to RANK (facilitated by the decreased amount of OPG available for binding the excess RANKL) stimulates osteoclast precursors, which are of a monocyte lineage, to fuse. The resulting multinucleated cells are osteoclasts, which ultimately mediate bone resorption. Estrogen also regulates this pathway through its effects on PTH. Estrogen suppresses T cell TNF production by regulating T cell differentiation and activity in the bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral\",\n \"title\": \"Parathyroid hormone\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65328386\",\n \"text\": \"Colne Valley is an unparished area in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. Colne Valley ward contains over 480 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, twelve are listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. This list contains the listed buildings in the western part of the ward, in which the biggest settlement is the large village of Marsden, and it includes the smaller settlements and districts of Bradshaw, Lingards Wood, Scammonden, and Wilberlee. Apart from Marsden, this part of the ward is almost completely rural, consisting of countryside and moorland. A high proportion of the listed buildings are farmhouses and farm buildings, almost all constructed in stone with roofs of stone slate, and containing mullioned windows. During the 19th century, the ward was involved in the textile industry, and the listed buildings associated with this are former weavers' houses and mills. The River Colne and the Huddersfield Narrow Canal pass through this part of the ward, and the listed buildings associated with these include bridges, canal milestones, former keepers' cottages, and a former warehouse. In the western part of the ward are the entrances to the Standedge Tunnels which carry the canal and the railway under the Pennines, and the portals leading to these are listed. The other listed buildings include houses and cottages and associated structures, churches and chapels and associated structures, guide posts and milestones, bridges, including three packhorse bridges, a set of water troughs, a former engine house serving the canal tunnel, a pinfold, a set of tenter posts, public houses, structures associated with Butterley Reservoir, a former mechanics' institute, an aqueduct and weir, and three memorials, two of them war memorials. The listed buildings in the other parts of the ward can be found at Listed buildings in Colne Valley (central area) and Listed buildings in Colne Valley (eastern area) Key Buildings References Citations Sources Lists of listed buildings in West Yorkshire Listed\",\n \"title\": \"Listed buildings in Colne Valley (western area)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27732555\",\n \"text\": \"The Birmingham West Suburban Railway was a suburban railway built by the Midland Railway company. Opened in stages between 1876 and 1885, it allowed both the opening of development of central southwest suburban Birmingham south into Worcestershire and the by-passing of railway traffic via the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway into central Birmingham. Today, it forms a major section of the Cross-City Line, running from Lichfield to Redditch. It also forms an important part of the Cross Country Route. History Origins As early as 1840, the Worcester and Birmingham Canal attempted to stem the decline in its income, by promoting a scheme to build a railway alongside its canal from the existing Birmingham and Gloucester Railway at into central Birmingham, with a branch to Harborne. The company intended that the railway would pay rent to the canal company for use of their land, thus providing an extra income, but it was unable to raise the funds for the scheme and it was dropped. A group of local businessmen revived the scheme in 1870, noticing the potential of a railway to spur suburban development of the under developed areas of south Birmingham and the villages of northern Worcestershire. They proposed that the line would run alongside the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, and pay an annual rent to the canal company for the use of their land, and that the line would be worked by the Midland Railway. The branch to Harborne was dropped from the revived scheme. In this form the scheme succeeded and an Act authorising it was passed by Parliament in 1871. In the original plans, the line would have crossed over the Worcester and Birmingham Canal on a viaduct from the south to reach its intended Birmingham terminus at Suffolk Street station at Albion Wharf. Surviving plans for this station show it would have been built at the end of the viaduct 36 feet (11 metres) above street level; passengers would have reached the station by means of either a steep ramp or a staircase. As the promoters were unable to raise the funds to build the viaduct, the terminus was cut back to Granville Street station on the southern side of the canal, further away from the centre of Birmingham. The later Central Goods station was at roughly the location of the proposed Suffolk Street terminus, but was reached by a tunnel under the canal. The line was opened on 3 April 1876. The Midland Railway had obtained powers to take the company over, and these were exercised as soon as the line was opened. Original route As originally built, the BWSR was a single track line with one passing loop at station. The line originally took a winding route which closely followed the contours of the canal. It exited from Granville Street, then proceeded through Church Road, Somerset Road and Selly Oak, before reaching what was originally called Stirchley Street. The original line then followed the route of the canal east under the Pershore Road to what\",\n \"title\": \"Birmingham West Suburban Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"752391\",\n \"text\": \"In biology, matrix (: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in between a eukaryotic organism's cells. The structure of connective tissues is an extracellular matrix. Fingernails and toenails grow from matrices. It is found in various connective tissues. It serves as a jelly-like structure instead of cytoplasm in connective tissue. Tissue matrices Extracellular matrix (ECM) The main ingredients of the extracellular matrix are glycoproteins secreted by the cells. The most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cells is collagen, which forms strong fibers outside the cells. In fact, collagen accounts for about 40% of the total protein in the human body. The collagen fibers are embedded in a network woven from proteoglycans. A proteoglycan molecule consists of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached, so that it may be up to 95% carbohydrate. Large proteoglycan complexes can form when hundreds of proteoglycans become noncovalently attached to a single long polysaccharide molecule. Some cells are attached to the ECM by still other ECM glycoproteins such as fibronectin. Fibronectin and other ECM proteins bind to cell surface receptor proteins called integrins that are built into the plasma membrane. Integrins span the membrane and bind on the cytoplasmic side to associated proteins attached to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. The name integrin is based on the word integrate, integrins are in a position to transmit signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus to integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell. Current research on fibronectin, other ECM molecules, and integrins is revealing the influential role of the ECM in the lives of cells. By communicating with a cell through integrins, the ECM can regulate a cell's behavior. For example, some cells in a developing embryo migrate along specific pathways by matching the orientation of their microfilaments to the \\\"grain\\\" of fibers in the ECM. Researchers are also learning that the ECM around a cell can influence the activity of genes in the nucleus. Information about the ECM probably reaches the nucleus by a combination of mechanical and chemical signaling pathways. Mechanical signaling involves fibronectin, integrins, and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Changes in the cytoskeleton may in turn trigger chemical signaling pathways inside the cell, leading to changes in the set of proteins being made by the cell and therefore changes in the cells function. In this way, the ECM of a particular tissue may help coordinate the behavior of all the cells within that tissue. Direct connections between cells also function in this coordination. Bone matrix Bone is a form of connective tissue found in the body, composed largely of hardened hydroxyapatite-containing collagen. In larger mammals, it is arranged in osteon regions. Bone matrix allows mineral salts such as calcium to be stored and provides protection for internal organs and support for locomotion. Cartilage matrix Cartilage is another form of connective tissue found in the body, providing a smooth surface for joints and a mechanism for growth of bones during development. Subcellular matrices Mitochondrial matrix In the\",\n \"title\": \"Matrix (biology)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2135175\",\n \"text\": \"Marple Aqueduct (also known as Goyt Aqueduct) at Marple, Greater Manchester, in north-west England was built to carry the lower level of the Peak Forest Canal across the River Goyt (treated as part of the River Mersey until 1896). The company's engineer, Benjamin Outram, was responsible for the design and Thomas Brown, the resident engineer, for its construction. The construction contract was placed with William Broadhead, Bethel Furness and William Anderson in 1795. Furness died later in 1795, so the aqueduct was completed by the remaining partners in 1799, but not brought into use until 1800. Seven men lost their lives during its construction. It is the highest canal aqueduct in England and the highest masonry-arch aqueduct in Britain. The difference in water levels in the river and canal is some (exceeded only by the Pontcysyllte aqueduct, an iron trough carried on stone columns, where the difference is ). It contains some 8,000 cubic yards (6,000 m3) of masonry. The three semi-circular arches are about above water level, with spans of approximately at centres. The lower parts are of red sandstone from the nearby Hyde Bank quarry. The upper parts are of white stone from a quarry at Chapel Milton. The abutments widen in well-proportioned curves and batter or diminish upwards in the same manner. The skilful use of architectural features, such as the circular piercing of the spandrels, string courses, arch rings and pilasters of ashlar stone, oval piers and stone of different type and colour have created a graceful structure, which is superlative in its class. In 1860, damage caused by repeated frost heave after water leaked through the puddling of the trough had to be urgently repaired by Charles Sacré, chief engineer of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, which then owned the canal. He tied together the two faces above the central arch by 2-inch bolts through the structure, secured by the plates that can still be seen. A hundred years later, a similar problem was ignored by British Waterways (BW) and on the night of 9 January 1962 the outer face of the north-east arch collapsed. BW, supported by the Ministry of Transport, thought that it would be \\\"a complete waste of money\\\" to do anything other than demolish the aqueduct and formally close the lower Peak Forest and Ashton Canals. However, it was saved by the intervention of Geoffrey Rippon, the Minister of Public Buildings and Works, who facilitated an agreement whereby a sympathetic Cheshire County Council funded the extra cost of full restoration, over and above what it would have cost BW to demolish it, under the terms of the Local Authorities (Historic Buildings) Act 1962, which Rippon himself had steered through Parliament. The main contractor for the restoration was Harry Fairclough Ltd of Warrington, with Rendel, Palmer & Tritton as the consulting engineers. The aqueduct was scheduled as an ancient monument soon afterwards and was Grade I listed in 1966. For many years, its picturesque setting in the Goyt valley was obscured\",\n \"title\": \"Marple Aqueduct\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4510828\",\n \"text\": \"The stoplight loosejaws are small, deep-sea dragonfishes of the genus Malacosteus, classified either within the subfamily Malacosteinae of the family Stomiidae, or in the separate family Malacosteidae. They are found worldwide, outside of the Arctic and Subantarctic, in the mesopelagic zone below a depth of . This genus once contained three nominal species: M. niger (the type), M. choristodactylus, and M. danae, with the validity of the latter two species being challenged by different authors at various times. In 2007, Kenaley examined over 450 stoplight loosejaw specimens and revised the genus to contain two species, M. niger and the new M. australis. Malacosteus and the related genera Aristostomias, Chirostomias and Pachystomias are the only fishes that produce red bioluminescence. As most of their prey organisms are not capable of perceiving light at those wavelengths, this allows Malacosteus to hunt with an essentially invisible beam of light. Furthermore, Malacosteus is unique amongst animals in using a chlorophyll derivative to perceive red light. The name Malacosteus is derived from the Greek malakos meaning \\\"soft\\\" and osteon meaning \\\"bone\\\". Another common name for these fishes is \\\"rat-trap fish\\\", from the unusual open structure of their jaws. Species There are currently two recognized species in this genus: Malacosteus australis Kenaley, 2007 (Southern stoplight loosejaw) Malacosteus niger Ayres, 1848 (Stoplight loosejaw) Distribution and habitat These fishes have a wide distribution in all oceans: M. niger is found between 66° N and 33° S, except for the Mediterranean Sea, while M. australis is found in the southern transition zone between 25° and 45° S, where it is bound by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. M. niger appears to be replaced by M. australis south of 30° S, while M. australis does not occur north of that latitude outside of the Indian Ocean and the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Both species are usually found below a depth of in midwater. They are the only known stomiids that do not seem to conduct significant diel vertical migrations. Description Malacosteus has an elongated body with short, blunt snouts and large eyes that face forward, granting binocular vision. Unlike other stomiids, it has a single round nostril on each side in front of the eye. Relative to its size, Malacosteus has one of the widest gapes of any fish, with a lower jaw measuring one-quarter of the fish's length. The lower jaw has no ethmoid membrane (floor) and is attached only by the hinge and a modified tongue bone. There are several large, fang-like teeth in the front of the jaws, followed by many small barbed teeth. There are several groups of pharyngeal teeth that serve to direct food down the esophagus. The pectoral and pelvic fins are moderately long, containing 3–4 and 6 fin rays respectively. The dorsal and anal fins are placed far back on the body and contain 18–20 and 19–22 rays respectively. The caudal fin is small, with the lower lobe larger than the upper. There are three bioluminescent photophores near the eyes: beneath the eye is a large,\",\n \"title\": \"Stoplight loosejaw\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65726105\",\n \"text\": \"Newsome is a ward of Huddersfield in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. It contains over 430 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, 16 are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The ward is large, and contains the centre of the town of Huddersfield, and areas to the west and south. This list contains the listed buildings outside the centre of the town, namely those outside the ring road, and include the areas of Almondbury, Armitage Bridge, Aspley, Highfields, Lockwood, Longley, Lowerhouses, Moldgreen, Newsome, Rashcliffe, Springwood, and Taylor Hill. The listed buildings in the central area within the ring road are at Listed buildings in Huddersfield (Newsome Ward - central area) To the south of the town the Huddersfield Broad Canal joins the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, and the listed buildings associated with them are a canal basin, a warehouse, locks, and a bridge. The area to the west of the town is mainly residential, immediately to the south of the town is an area involved with the textile industry, and further to the south are villages and smaller settlements, and the surrounding countryside. Most of the listed buildings in the area to the west of the town centre are houses and associated structures, and the others include churches and related items, and a former infirmary with a statue in the forecourt. The textile area includes mills, shops, public houses, and portals to railway tunnels. Further to the south, most of the listed buildings are houses and cottages, farmhouses and farm buildings, former textile mills, churches and associated structures, a road bridge, a railway viaduct, a former spa baths and an associated hotel. Key Buildings References Citations Sources Lists of listed buildings in West Yorkshire Buildings and structures in Huddersfield\",\n \"title\": \"Listed buildings in Huddersfield (Newsome Ward - outer areas)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"276465\",\n \"text\": \"In neuroanatomy, the ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities known as cerebral ventricles in the brain. Within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus which produces the circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ventricular system is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord from the fourth ventricle, allowing for the flow of CSF to circulate. All of the ventricular system and the central canal of the spinal cord are lined with ependyma, a specialised form of epithelium connected by tight junctions that make up the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Structure The system comprises four ventricles: lateral ventricles right and left (one for each hemisphere) third ventricle fourth ventricle There are several foramina, openings acting as channels, that connect the ventricles. The interventricular foramina (also called the foramina of Monro) connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through which the cerebrospinal fluid can flow. Ventricles The four cavities of the human brain are called ventricles. The two largest are the lateral ventricles in the cerebrum, the third ventricle is in the diencephalon of the forebrain between the right and left thalamus, and the fourth ventricle is located at the back of the pons and upper half of the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain. The ventricles are concerned with the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Development The structures of the ventricular system are embryologically derived from the neural canal, the centre of the neural tube. As the part of the primitive neural tube that will develop into the brainstem, the neural canal expands dorsally and laterally, creating the fourth ventricle, whereas the neural canal that does not expand and remains the same at the level of the midbrain superior to the fourth ventricle forms the cerebral aqueduct. The fourth ventricle narrows at the obex (in the caudal medulla), to become the central canal of the spinal cord. In more detail, around the third week of development, the embryo is a three-layered disc. The embryo is covered on the dorsal surface by a layer of cells called ectoderm. In the middle of the dorsal surface of the embryo is a linear structure called the notochord. As the ectoderm proliferates, the notochord is dragged into the middle of the developing embryo. As the brain develops, by the fourth week of embryological development three swellings known as brain vesicles have formed within the embryo around the canal, near where the head will develop. The three primary brain vesicles represent different components of the central nervous system: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. These in turn divide into five secondary vesicles. As these sections develop around the neural canal, the inner neural canal becomes known as primitive ventricles. These form the ventricular system of the brain: The neural stem cells of the developing brain, principally radial glial cells, line the developing ventricular system in a transient zone called the ventricular zone. The prosencephalon divides into the telencephalon, which forms the cortex of the developed brain, and the diencephalon. The ventricles contained\",\n \"title\": \"Ventricular system\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"144849\",\n \"text\": \"The River Ant is a tributary river of the River Bure in the county of Norfolk, England. It is long (of which 8.75 miles are now navigable), and has an overall drop of 27 metres from source to mouth. It is said that the Ant was formerly known as the River Smale and that this is the origin of the name of the village of Smallburgh. The Ant Broads & Marshes NNR is a national nature reserve. From source to Honing The river's source is just east of the village of Antingham in North Norfolk at Antingham Ponds. Just below the pools the river's route has been used as a canal in the past, starting at what was Antingham bone mill. An Act of Parliament established the North Walsham & Dilham Canal in 1812, as a wide gauge canal able to take a Norfolk wherry. It was built at a cost of £30,000 and opened on 25 July 1826, making the river navigable as far as Dilham, where the river widens and deepens. It carried manure, offal, flour, coal, and farm produce. In 1885, the canal was sold for £600, but the canal company's solicitor disappeared with the money. The flood of 1912 washed away several staithes. The wherry \\\"Ella\\\" made the final trading journey on the canal from Bacton staithe in 1934. The canal was never nationalised and still belongs to the North Walsham Canal Company. The river, now in its canal form, curves around the north east of the town of North Walsham passing Bacton Wood Mill. Below Bacton Mill the canal reaches a lock at Ebridge mill. The lock is in poor condition but it is hoped that this section of canal will one day be restored and made navigable again. Further on at Briggate Bridge there is another mill and another disused lock. Norfolk Broads (The Broads Authority) At Honing Bridge the course enters The Broads, administered by The Broads Authority. Here the canal cuts through a marshy wooded area called Dilham Broad and again curves to the east before resuming its southerly course to pass under Tonnage Bridge. Below the bridge, it passes through Broad Fen, an area containing many drainage channels, and meets Tyler's Cut or Dilham Dyke, which runs off to the west. It served the villages of Dilham and Smallburgh, and was the furthest north that the River Ant could be navigated prior to the construction of the North Walsham and Dilham Canal. Below the junction, the course reverts to the river, although it is no longer obvious where the original course of the river was above this point. At Wayford Bridge the river passes the Wayford Bridge Hotel and a row of chalets on pontoons, moored against the east bank of the river. The bridge is a modern concrete slab which carries the A149 road, with around of headroom, making it only passable by small pleasure craft. During excavations for a new road in 1976, the remains of what was probably\",\n \"title\": \"River Ant\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"151884\",\n \"text\": \"The Portsmouth and Arundel Canal was a canal in the south of England that ran between Portsmouth and Ford in the Arundel district, it was built in 1823 but was never a financial success and was abandoned in 1855; the company was wound up in 1888. The canal was part of a larger scheme for the construction of a secure inland canal route from London to Portsmouth, which allowed craft to move between the two without having to venture into the English Channel and possibly encounter enemy ships or natural disaster. It was built by the Portsmouth & Arundel Navigation company. The canal was made up of three sections: a pair of ship canals, one on Portsea Island and one to Chichester, and a barge canal that ran from Ford on the River Arun to Hunston where it joined the Chichester section of the canal Ford to Hunston Section This section of the canal connected the river Arun at Ford to the junction with the Chichester arm of the canal. It had two locks at Ford to allow the canal to drop 12 feet down to the river. Hunston to Birdham Section This section (technically the Ship Canal) links Chichester Harbour at Birdham with the junction at Hunston. It contains two locks Casher's or Manhood End Lock and Saltern's sea lock. The canal was built to ship canal standards and was built 8 feet deep and 46 feet 8 inches wide. Chichester Ship Canal The Chichester ship (or Barge) canal ran from the sea lock at Birdham to the junction of the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal at Hunston and then North to a basin in the south of the city of Chichester. The Portsea Canal section This section of the canal ran from Langstone Harbour, across the east and central areas of Portsea Island through Milton, Fratton and Landport ending at a canal basin on what is now Arundel Street, which was named after the canal. This section of the canal was built to what were then small ship canal standards and could take ships of up to 150 tons. There were 2 locks at Milton (a sea lock and an upper lock) The tidal channels The Portsea section was connected to the rest via a 13-mile channel dredged through Chichester Harbour, past the southern side of Thorney Island (original plan was to go around the northern side) and to the north of Hayling Island, and finally across Langstone Harbour. To ease passage between the Chichester and the Portsea sections a steam vessel, the Egremont, was made to tow 40-ton barges in trains of six. For a while the company also made Portsbridge Creek navigable. History Planning and construction The plan for the canal was completed in 1815 and the Act of Parliament passed in 1817. At this stage costs were estimated at £119,000 rising to £125,452 in 1818. Construction started in 1818 and the canal was finished in 1823, at a cost of £170,000. The resident engineer was James\",\n \"title\": \"Portsmouth and Arundel Canal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4911291\",\n \"text\": \"The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord is a deep midline groove of the anterior/ventral spinal cord. It divides the white matter of the anterior spinal cord nearly in two. The spinal pia mater extends into the fissure to line the surfaces of the spinal cord. Anatomy It has an average depth of about 3 mm, but this is increased in the lower part of the spinal cord. It contains a double fold of pia mater. Its floor is formed by a transverse band of white matter - the anterior white commissure - which is perforated by blood vessels on their way to or from the central part of the spinal cord. Relations The anterior median fissure provides a groove in which the anterior spinal artery sits. Clinical significance Imaging The anterior median fissure may be identified on computerized tomography (CT) myelograms, but more commonly on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The AMF has a characteristic appearance on MRI scans that differs from the MRI appearance of the central canal. Additional images References Tomsick T, Peak E, Wang L: Fluid-Signal Structures in the Cervical Spinal Cord on MRI: Anterior Median Fissure vs. Central Canal. AJNR 2017; 38:840–45 Oichi Y, Hanakita J, Takahashi T, Minami M, Kawakoa T, et al.: Morphological patterns of the anterior median fissure in the cervical spinal cord evaluated by computed tomography after myelography. Neurospine 2018; 15:388-393 Tomsick T, Wang L, Zuccarello M, Ringer AJ. Fluid-signal structures in the cervical spinal cord on MRI in Chiari patients: Central canal or anterior median fissure? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2021 Apr;42(4):801-806. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A7046. Epub 2021 Mar 11.PMID 33707286 References External links - \\\"Medulla Oblongata, Anterior View\\\" Spinal cord\",\n \"title\": \"Anterior median fissure of spinal cord\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1157673\",\n \"text\": \"The pulp is the connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, and odontoblasts that comprise the innermost layer of a tooth. The pulp's activity and signalling processes regulate its behaviour. Anatomy The pulp is the neurovascular bundle central to each tooth, permanent or primary. It is composed of a central pulp chamber, pulp horns, and radicular canals. The large mass of the pulp is contained within the pulp chamber, which is contained in and mimics the overall shape of the crown of the tooth. Because of the continuous deposition of the dentine, the pulp chamber becomes smaller with the age. This is not uniform throughout the coronal pulp but progresses faster on the floor than on the roof or sidewalls. Radicular pulp canals extend down from the cervical region of the crown to the root apex. They are not always straight but vary in shape, size, and number. They are continuous with the periapical tissues through the apical foramen or foramina. The total volume of all the permanent teeth organs is 0.38cc, and the mean volume of a single adult human pulp is 0.02cc. Accessory canals are pathways from the radicular pulp. These canals, which extend laterally through the dentin to the periodontal tissue, are seen especially in the apical third of the root. Accessory canals are also called lateral canals because they are usually located on the lateral surface of the roots of the teeth. Development The pulp has a background similar to that of dentin because both are derived from the dental papilla of the tooth germ. During odontogenesis, when the dentin forms around the dental papilla, the innermost tissue is considered pulp. There are 4 main stages of tooth development: Bud stage Cap stage Bell stage Crown stage The first sign of tooth development is known to be as early as the 6th week of intrauterine life. The oral epithelium begins to multiply and invaginates into ectomesenchyme cells, which gives rise to dental lamina. The dental lamina is the origin of the tooth bud. The bud stage progresses to the cap stage when the epithelium forms the enamel organ. The ectomesenchyme cells condense further and become dental papilla. Together the epithelial enamel organ and ectomesenchymal dental papilla and follicle form the tooth germ. The dental papilla is the origin of dental pulp. Cells at the periphery of the dental papilla undergo cell division and differentiation to become odontoblasts. Pulpoblasts form in the middle of the pulp. This completes the formation of the pulp. The dental pulp is essentially a mature dental papilla. The development of dental pulp can also be split into two stages: coronal pulp development (near the crown of the tooth) and root pulp development (apex of the tooth). The pulp develops in four regions from the periphery to the central pulp: Odontoblast layer Cell-free zone – likely to be an artefact Cell-rich zone Pulp core Internal structure The central region of the coronal and radicular pulp contains large nerve trunks and blood vessels. This area is\",\n \"title\": \"Pulp (tooth)\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["the bone 's blood supplies"],"string":"[\n \"the bone 's blood supplies\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":43,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_32515"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"where did the name fighting illini come from"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"1730396","text":"The Illinois Fighting Illini () are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The university offers 10 men's and 11 women's varsity sports. The university operates a number of athletic facilities, including Memorial Stadium for football, the State Farm Center for both men's and women's basketball, Illinois Field for baseball, the ARC Pool for women's swimming and diving, the Atkins Tennis Center for men's and women's tennis, Eichelberger Field for softball, Huff Hall for men's and women's gymnastics, women's volleyball and men's wrestling, Demirjian Park for women's soccer and for men's and women's outdoor track and field, the Atkins Golf Club at the University of Illinois for men's and women's golf, the University of Illinois Arboretum for cross country and the University of Illinois Armory for men's and women's indoor track and field. The Fighting Illini lay claim to over 25 National Championships dating back to 1900. Etymology The University of Illinois official team name is the Fighting Illini. The Illiniwek, Illinois Confederation, or Illini, were made up of 12 to 13 tribes who lived in the Mississippi River Valley. The term \"Illini\", in relation to campus activities, appears to be first mentioned in January 1874, when the weekly newspaper changed its name from The Student to The Illini. An editorial in the first edition of the renamed newspaper indicated that Illini was a new term. During the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, it was used to refer to the students, faculty, staff, and alumni of the university, as well as to the campus as a whole. Many NCAA and High School mascots bearing reference to first nation people have changed their names. However, the University of Illinois maintains its position that the Illini nickname does not refer to the first nation inhabitants of the same land. The term Illini referring to the university's athletic teams seems to come from secondhand accounts of the athletic teams. The earliest reference in the Illio yearbook appears to be one mention in the summary of the 1907 football season. The term was more widely used in the 1910s especially during the 1914, 1915, and 1916 football seasons. The Daily Illini and football programs prior to these dates do not extensively cite the term and also used the terms \"Indians\", \"our men\", \"Orange and Blue\", and the \"homecomers\". The Illinois Confederation, also referred to as the Illiniwek or Illini, lived in the Mississippi River Valley and expanded their tribes in an area that stretched from Lake Michigan to Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas. The term Fighting Illini first appeared in a January 29, 1911, newspaper article describing the basketball team's effort during a game versus Purdue. By March 3, 1911, the athletic teams appeared to have earned the Fighting Illini nickname as a formal appellation evidenced in a newspaper report. In 2005, evidence suggested Fighting Illini was first used in 1921 as part of a fundraising campaign for construction of Memorial Stadium, but articles discovered in","title":"Illinois Fighting Illini"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"1730396\",\n \"text\": \"The Illinois Fighting Illini () are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The university offers 10 men's and 11 women's varsity sports. The university operates a number of athletic facilities, including Memorial Stadium for football, the State Farm Center for both men's and women's basketball, Illinois Field for baseball, the ARC Pool for women's swimming and diving, the Atkins Tennis Center for men's and women's tennis, Eichelberger Field for softball, Huff Hall for men's and women's gymnastics, women's volleyball and men's wrestling, Demirjian Park for women's soccer and for men's and women's outdoor track and field, the Atkins Golf Club at the University of Illinois for men's and women's golf, the University of Illinois Arboretum for cross country and the University of Illinois Armory for men's and women's indoor track and field. The Fighting Illini lay claim to over 25 National Championships dating back to 1900. Etymology The University of Illinois official team name is the Fighting Illini. The Illiniwek, Illinois Confederation, or Illini, were made up of 12 to 13 tribes who lived in the Mississippi River Valley. The term \\\"Illini\\\", in relation to campus activities, appears to be first mentioned in January 1874, when the weekly newspaper changed its name from The Student to The Illini. An editorial in the first edition of the renamed newspaper indicated that Illini was a new term. During the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, it was used to refer to the students, faculty, staff, and alumni of the university, as well as to the campus as a whole. Many NCAA and High School mascots bearing reference to first nation people have changed their names. However, the University of Illinois maintains its position that the Illini nickname does not refer to the first nation inhabitants of the same land. The term Illini referring to the university's athletic teams seems to come from secondhand accounts of the athletic teams. The earliest reference in the Illio yearbook appears to be one mention in the summary of the 1907 football season. The term was more widely used in the 1910s especially during the 1914, 1915, and 1916 football seasons. The Daily Illini and football programs prior to these dates do not extensively cite the term and also used the terms \\\"Indians\\\", \\\"our men\\\", \\\"Orange and Blue\\\", and the \\\"homecomers\\\". The Illinois Confederation, also referred to as the Illiniwek or Illini, lived in the Mississippi River Valley and expanded their tribes in an area that stretched from Lake Michigan to Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas. The term Fighting Illini first appeared in a January 29, 1911, newspaper article describing the basketball team's effort during a game versus Purdue. By March 3, 1911, the athletic teams appeared to have earned the Fighting Illini nickname as a formal appellation evidenced in a newspaper report. In 2005, evidence suggested Fighting Illini was first used in 1921 as part of a fundraising campaign for construction of Memorial Stadium, but articles discovered in\",\n \"title\": \"Illinois Fighting Illini\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"45084845","text":"Cory Bradford (born December 4, 1978) is an American professional basketball player for Zhuhai Wolf Warriors. Bradford, a dominant high school guard, led Memphis's Raleigh-Egypt High School to a 1997 District 2A Championship while averaging 24 points, seven rebounds and six assists per game in his senior season. Bradford, an all-state, all-conference selection, was listed as the 72nd best high school prospect in 1997. He also averaged 22 points and nearly eight rebounds per game as a junior. Bradford went on to play for the University of Illinois for four years, 1998–2002. He was part of the 2000–01 and 2001–02 back-to-back Big Ten championship teams coached by Bill Self. Each team qualified for the NCAA men's basketball tournament with the 2000–01 team advancing to the Elite Eight. Bradford scored 1,735 career points with 275 assists, 108 steals while having a .389 field goal percentage for the Fighting Illini. Bradford's most prominent claim to fame was his NCAA record for consecutive games with a three-point field goal at 88 games before the streak was snapped on Feb. 13, 2001 against Wisconsin. College career 1997–98 season Bradford played in one regular season game before making the transition to \"redshirt\" status. 1998–99 season As a freshman, Bradford appeared in all 32 of the Illini's games. He totaled a record-setting 494 points with 25 steals, 62 assists and hauled in 84 rebounds. Bradford led all Illini players in many scoring categories including total points (494), field goals made (174), field goal attempts (450) and making 85 three-point field goals after attempting 205. Bradford connected on a three-point field goal in each game of the season. Bradford was honored at the end of the season by being named Big Ten Freshman of the Year as well as making the Third-team All-Big Ten by the coaches and the Basketball News All-Freshman second team. 1999–2000 season During Bradford's sophomore season, he again started in all 32 games. He finished the season as the team leader in points (490), three-point field goals (96 of 255) while averaging 15.3 points per game. Bradford continued his streak of consecutive games with a three-point field goal by making one in each game in this season. Under the direction of Lon Kruger, the combination of Bradford and freshmen Frank Williams, Brian Cook and junior Marcus Griffin helped to create a resurgent Illini by finishing the season nationally ranked at 21 by the Associated Press. Bradford would be named to the Second Team All-Big Ten selection by both coaches and media following the season. 2000–01 season The Fighting Illini experienced a new head coach and a change in philosophy led by the play of sophomores Frank Williams and Brian Cook along with senior forward Marcus Griffin, Bradford's role became more focused on what he did best, making three-point baskets. This new direction benefited the Illini by pushing them into a first place tie in the conference as well as a berth in the Elite Eight of the 2001 NCAA tournament and an Associated","title":"Cory Bradford"},{"docid":"43048752","text":"Paul B. Judson (April 10, 1934 – June 5, 2023) was an American basketball player. He was selected as the twelfth pick in the 1956 NBA draft, but did not play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Basketball In high school, he helped lead Alden-Hebron High School to the 1952 Illinois high school basketball state championship. Judson served as the team captain for the 1955–56 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team and helped guide them to an 18–4 record. He was named an honorable mention All-American by the Associated Press in his final college season. Personal life His brother, Howie Judson, played for the Chicago White Sox from 1948 to 1952 and the Cincinnati Redlegs from 1953 to 1954. Twin brother Phil Judson was also teammate on the same Fighting Illini basketball teams. Uncle to former Northern Illinois University head coach, Rob Judson. Rob is the son of Phil. Paul Judson died on June 5, 2023, at the age of 89. Honors 1955 – Team MVP 1955 – 1st Team All-Big Ten 1955 – Honorable Mention All American 1955 – University of Illinois Athlete of the Year 1956 – Team Captain 1956 – Consensus 1st Team All-Big Ten 1956 – 3rd Team All American 1973 – Inducted into the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association's Hall of Fame as a player. College statistics University of Illinois Notes Further reading 1934 births 2023 deaths All-American college men's basketball players Basketball players from Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players People from Hebron, Illinois Sportspeople from McHenry County, Illinois Syracuse Nationals draft picks American men's basketball players Guards (basketball)","title":"Paul Judson"},{"docid":"41629844","text":"Ron Dunlap (December 2, 1946 – October 28, 2019) was an American professional basketball player from Illinois. Dunlap, a high school center from Farragut Academy, went on to play for the Illinois Fighting Illini for one year (1965–66). He was a member of the freshman squad during the 1964–65 season and played a key role on the 1965–66 varsity squad, additionally, he started the 1966–67 season with the team and was subsequently dismissed as part of the \"slush fund\" investigation. Dunlap scored 161 career points with 169 rebounds while only playing 28 games for the Fighting Illini. Career Dunlap attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, playing two seasons for the Fighting Illini. He was forced to skip his last two seasons of basketball (1967–1968) due to a scandal involving illicit \"slush funds\" and funding paid to University of Illinois players on its basketball and football teams. During this era, the NCAA allowed $15 a month in stipends; however, the Big Ten Conference did not. Dunlap, married and the father of a daughter at the time, had received a total of $410 in monthly increments. Three Illini coaches resigned under pressure, and the athletes receiving the payments lost their remaining eligibility to play in the Big Ten. Based on the incident, the NCAA suspended the Fighting Illini for two seasons. Dunlap played with the Chicago Bombers of the North American Basketball League in 1967–1968. Despite the enforced break from the game, Dunlap was selected in the second round of 1968 NBA draft by Chicago Bulls. He continued his career in the Continental Basketball Association with the Rockford Royals, and later in Israel with Maccabi Tel Aviv. Later life After his basketball career ended, Dunlap earned a Master’s degree from Roosevelt University in 1978. He spent the next thirty six years as an educator. He was a principal for twenty three years, with sixteen of those with the Appleton Area School District, in Appleton, Wisconsin. During those years he also served as adjunct professor at Triton Community College in River Grove, Illinois and Viterbo University in La Crosse. When Dunlap became principal of Lincoln Elementary School, he was among only a few black school administrators in northeastern Wisconsin. Following his time as principal at Lincoln, Dunlap served as the District’s first Coordinator of Minority Services. The Wisconsin PTA sponsors the Ron Dunlap Administrator of the Year Award in recognition of his service to the organization. In 2022, the Appleton Area Public Schools renamed the school where he served as principal after him in recognition of his many contributions to the community. References 1946 births 2019 deaths American expatriate basketball people in Israel American men's basketball players Basketball players from Chicago Centers (basketball) Chicago Bulls draft picks Farragut Career Academy alumni Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players 20th-century African-American sportspeople 21st-century African-American people","title":"Ron Dunlap"},{"docid":"65335473","text":"Del'Shawn Phillips (born October 9, 1996) is an American football linebacker for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Illinois. College career Phillips had committed to play college football at Western Michigan, but was ruled academically ineligible. He spent a year away from football and took online courses at Mott Community College before enrolling at Garden City Community College in Garden City, Kansas. As a freshman, he recorded 72 tackles, 12.5 tackles for loss and 7.0 sacks. Phillips finished his sophomore season with 95 tackles as the Broncbusters won the 2016 NJCAA National Football Championship. He initially committed to transfer to Arizona for the final two seasons of his eligibility, but changed his commitment to Illinois. Phillips was named a starter at linebacker going into his first season at Illinois and finished the season as the Fighting Illini's leading tackler with 85. He was voted a team captain as a senior and again led the team with 95 tackles and also interceptions with four and was named honorable mention All-Big Ten Conference. Professional career Atlanta Falcons Phillips was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent on April 29, 2019. He was waived during final roster cuts on August 31. Buffalo Bills Phillips was signed by the Buffalo Bills to their practice squad on October 30, 2019. He spent the remainder of the season on the practice squad and signed a futures contract with the team on January 6, 2020. Phillips made his NFL debut in the Bills' season opener against the New York Jets on September 13 and suffered a quadriceps injury. He was placed on injured reserve on October 12, activated on November 7, and placed back on injured reserve on November 13. On January 19, 2021, Phillips was waived by the Bills. He played in only two games with the Bills, all 14 of his snaps coming on special teams. New York Jets On March 23, 2021, Phillips signed with the Jets. He was waived on August 31 and re-signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on September 21. Phillips was waived by the Jets on August 30, 2022. Baltimore Ravens On August 31, 2022, Phillips was claimed off waivers by the Baltimore Ravens. On March 19, 2023, Phillips re–signed with the Ravens. Houston Texans On March 15, 2024, Phillips signed a one-year contract with the Houston Texans. References External links Houston Texans bio Illinois Fighting Illini bio 1996 births Living people 21st-century African-American sportspeople Garden City Broncbusters football players Cass Technical High School alumni Players of American football from Detroit American football linebackers Illinois Fighting Illini football players Buffalo Bills players New York Jets players Baltimore Ravens players Houston Texans players","title":"Del'Shawn Phillips"},{"docid":"1854655","text":"The State Farm Center is a large dome-shaped 15,544-seat indoor arena located in Champaign, Illinois, owned and operated by the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The arena hosts games for the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball, women's basketball, and wrestling teams. It also doubles as a performance and event center, and is one of the largest venues between Chicago and St. Louis. It opened in 1963 and was known until 2013 as Assembly Hall until State Farm Insurance acquired naming rights as part of a major renovation project. Size The third largest Illinois arena after the United Center in Chicago and the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, State Farm Center has 15,544 permanent seats but, when portable chairs are placed on the floor for an in-the-round performance, there is a potential for an additional 1,000 depending on the stage configuration. Opening State Farm Center opened as Assembly Hall on March 2, 1963, and continues to attract attention for its design and construction. From 1963 to 1965 Assembly Hall was the largest dome structure in North America until the opening of the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. The roof is supported by of one-quarter inch steel wire wrapped at the base of the dome under intensive pressure. The architect was Max Abramovitz, a University of Illinois alumnus. The contractor was Felmley-Dickerson Co of Urbana, led by Ray Dickerson, who built a number of buildings for the university. Main uses Fighting Illini basketball State Farm Center hosts home games of Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball and Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball and is also home to the student cheering section, the \"Orange Krush,\" which occupies the floor around the court as well as some seats. At the annual \"Paint the Hall Orange\" game, everyone in attendance would wear an orange shirt. In recent years, however, it has become customary for Illini fans to wear orange at all home games and so the official \"PTHO\" game was discontinued after the 2007–08 season. In August 2015, prior to the reopening of the newly renovated State Farm Center, the hardwood floor was dedicated and named Lou Henson Court in honor of the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball all-time leader in victories Lou Henson. IHSA State Farm Center has hosted a variety of Illinois High School Association events. It has been the home of the state individual wrestling tournament since 1967. From 1963 to 1995, State Farm Center played host to the state finals of the boys' basketball tournament. From 1978 to 1991, it also hosted the IHSA girls' basketball tournament. The IHSA announced on June 15, 2020, that the boys' basketball tournament would return after a 25-year absence. Broadway Series State Farm Center is also the venue for the annual WCIA 3 Broadway Series, which features popular musicals such as Les Misérables, Miss Saigon, Rent, and Fiddler on the Roof. Concerts The largest concerts by attendance thus far are: \"Illinois Renaissance\" renovation In the autumn of 2008, school officials, led by Athletics Director Ron Guenther, conducted a study","title":"State Farm Center"},{"docid":"32913196","text":"The 1946 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois in the 1946 Big Nine Conference football season. Led by fifth-year head coach Ray Eliot, the Illini compiled an 8–2 record (6–1 against Big Nine opponents) and won the Big Nine championship. They finished the season ranked No. 5 in the final AP Poll and were invited to play in the 1947 Rose Bowl where they defeated No. 4 UCLA, 45–14. Center Mac Wenskunas was the team captain. Guard Alex Agase was a consensus first-team selection on the 1946 All-America college football team. Agase also received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Big Nine's most valuable player. Four Illinois players received honors from the Associated Press (AP) or United Press (UP) on the 1946 All-Big Nine Conference football team: Agase (AP-1, UP-1); ends Ike Owens (UP-1) and Sam Zatkoff (UP-2); and halfback Jules Rykovich (UP-2). The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Schedule Rankings Roster Head coach: Ray Eliot (5th year at Illinois) Awards and honors Alex Agase Chicago Tribune Silver Football Consensus All-American (guard) References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Big Ten Conference football champion seasons Rose Bowl champion seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football","title":"1946 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"},{"docid":"1925956","text":"The Kenney Gym and the Kenney Gym Annex are two buildings located at 1402-06 Springfield Avenue in Urbana, Illinois, on the campus on the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Although the two buildings have been physically connected since 1914, they were built separately. They were jointly added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 under the name Military Drill Hall and Men's Gymnasium. History The one-story building now known as the Kenney Gym Annex, the easternmost of the two structures, was built in 1889-90 as the Military Drill Hall and was designed by Nathan Clifford Ricker. The interior was converted for use as a gymnasium in 1914, at which time it became known as the Annex to the Men's Gym building next to it. The conversion preserved the building's large column-free open space, which had been a necessity for military drilling. An eastern addition was made to the building in 1918. The Kenney Gym, the two-story building to the west, was built in 1902 and was designed by Nelson Strong Spencer in the Renaissance Revival style, strongly influenced by Ricker's design for the drill hall. It was originally called the Men's Gymnasium but was renamed the Men's Old Gym when Huff Hall opened in 1925. In 1974, it was named after Harold Eugene \"Hek\" Kenney, a former UIUC wrestler, coach, and administrator in the early 20th century. Prior to the opening of Huff Hall in 1925, Kenney Gym housed the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team. It was also home to the women's volleyball program from 1974 until 1989 and the men's wrestling team until those teams moved to Huff Hall. From 1919 to 1925, Kenney Gym played host to the state finals of the Illinois High School Association boys' basketball tournament. Current use Kenney Gym Annex is a 5,000-seat multi-purpose arena. Kenney Gym is the practice facility for the Fighting Illini men's and women's gymnastics teams. The buildings are also used by University Laboratory High School in Urbana, located two blocks east of Kenney Gym on Springfield Avenue, as their gym for high school volleyball and basketball, along with their physical education program. References Notes External links UIUC Dep't of Campus Recreation Kenney Gym National Register nomination Indoor arenas in Illinois College gymnastics venues in the United States Defunct college basketball venues in the United States Basketball venues in Illinois Gymnastics venues in Illinois Swimming venues in Illinois Volleyball venues in Illinois Wrestling venues in Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball venues Illinois Fighting Illini men's gymnastics venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's gymnastics venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball venues Illinois Fighting Illini wrestling venues National Register of Historic Places in Champaign County, Illinois Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois Sports venues in Champaign–Urbana, Illinois Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois Buildings and structures of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Event venues established in","title":"Kenney Gym and Kenney Gym Annex"},{"docid":"63717024","text":"The 2020–21 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois in the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by fourth-year head coach Brad Underwood, the Illini played their home games at the State Farm Center in Champaign, Illinois as members of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 24–7, 16–4 in Big Ten play to finish in second place. They defeated Rutgers, Iowa, and Ohio State to win the Big Ten tournament and receive the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. As the No. 1 seed in the Midwest region, they defeated Drexel in the First Round before being upset by No. 8-seeded Loyola–Chicago in the Second Round. Previous season The Illini finished the 2019–20 season 21–10, 13–7 in Big Ten play to finish in fourth place. Their season ended when the Big Ten tournament and the NCAA tournament were canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic. Offseason On April 7, 2020, freshman big man Kofi Cockburn declared for the NBA draft, but did not hire an agent, leaving open the chance that he would return to school for his sophomore season. On April 16, sophomore guard Ayo Dosunmu also declared for the draft. Dosunmu did not hire an agent, but stated that he intended to stay in the draft. On July 31, Cockburn and Dosunmu announced they had withdrawn from the NBA draft and would return to Illinois for the season. Departures 2020 Recruiting Class Roster Schedule and results |- !colspan=12 style=\"background:#DF4E38; color:white;\"| Non-Conference regular season |- !colspan=9 style=\"background:#DF4E38; color:#FFFFFF;\"|Big Ten regular season |- !colspan=12 style=\"background:#DF4E38; color:white;\"| Big Ten tournament |- !colspan=9 style=\"text-align: center; background:#DF4E38\"|NCAA tournament Source Rankings *AP does not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings^Coaches did not release a Week 1 poll. References 2020–21 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season 2020-21 2020 in sports in Illinois 2021 in sports in Illinois 2021 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament participants 2020-21","title":"2020–21 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team"},{"docid":"21267446","text":"The 1991 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a member of the Big Ten Conference the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Fighting Illini were led by fourth-year head coach John Mackovic during the regular season before he resigned and was replaced by Lou Tepper as interim head coach for the team's bowl game. Illinois compiled an overall record of 6–6 with a mark of 4–4 in conference play, placing fifth in the Big Ten. The Fighting Illini were invited to the John Hancock Bowl, where they lost to UCLA. The team's offense scored 264 points while the defense allowed 188 points. Illinois played home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Schedule Roster After the season NFL Draft The following Fighting Illini were selected in the 1992 NFL Draft after the season. References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football","title":"1991 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"},{"docid":"76135641","text":"Julian Pearl (born October 6, 1999) is an American football offensive tackle for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Illinois. Early life and high school Pearl attended high school at Danville. Coming out of high school, Pearl initially committed to play for the Northern Illinois Huskies. However, Pearl flipped his commitment to play for the Illinois Fighting Illini. College career In Pearl's first season in 2018, he decided to redshirt and did not appear in any games. During the 2019 season, Pearl played in just two games. In the 2020 Covid-shortened season, Pearl played in seven games where he made four starts. During the 2021 season, Pearl played in 12 games with 11 starts at left guard. During the 2022 season, Pearl was a part of a Fighting Illini offensive line that where semifinalists for the Joe Moore Award. During the 2022 season, Pearl started 12 games for the Fighting Illini, where he was named a honorable mention all Big-Ten selection. Heading into the 2023 season, Peral was named preseason second-team all Big-Ten. In 2023, Pearl would play in and start all 12 games for the Fighting Illini. Professional career Pearl signed with the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent on May 3, 2024. References External links Illinois Fighting Illini bio 1999 births Living people Players of American football from Illinois Sportspeople from Danville, Illinois American football offensive tackles Illinois Fighting Illini football players Baltimore Ravens players","title":"Julian Pearl"},{"docid":"12607912","text":"Charles Roslyn Carney (August 25, 1900 – September 5, 1984) was an American football and basketball player. Carney was born in Chicago in 1900. He enrolled at the University of Illinois where he excelled in both football and basketball. He played at the end position for the Fighting Illini football team from 1918 to 1921. He was selected as a consensus first-team All-American in 1920. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1966. Carney was a member of the Illini men's basketball team from 1920 to 1922. He established the single-season, Big Ten Conference record with 60 field goals (188 points) during the 1921 Big Ten season, a record that stood for 22 years. He was selected as an All-American basketball player in both 1920 and 1922, becoming the first Big Ten athlete to receive All-American honors in both football and basketball. He was named Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year in 1922. He is the only Fighting Illini athlete to earn consensus All-America honors in both football and basketball. He is a member of the Helms Foundation College Basketball Hall of Fame as well as the IBCA Hall of Fame. A three-time first-team all-conference selection as a basketball player, Carney is also a member of Illinois All-Century Teams for both football and basketball. After completing his studies at the University of Illinois, Carney played one season in the APFA for the Columbus Panhandles, starting only one game. He followed his playing years by serving as an assistant football coach for several years. He held posts as the ends coach for the Northwestern Wildcats, Wisconsin Badgers, and Harvard Crimson. He later worked as a New York Stock Exchange representative for the investment banking and financial services firm of Dominick & Dominick. Honors Basketball 1922 – Helms National Player of the Year 1920, 1922 – First Team All-American 1920, 1921, 1922 – First-team All-Big Ten 1975 – Inducted into the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association's Hall of Fame as a player. 2004 – Elected to the \"Illini Men's Basketball All-Century Team\". September 13, 2008 – Honored as one of the thirty-three honored jerseys which hang in the State Farm Center to show regard for being the most decorated basketball players in the University of Illinois' history. September 22, 2018 – Inducted into the Illinois Athletics Hall of Fame Football 1920 – Consensus All-American [ 1966] – College Football Hall of Fame November 2, 1990 – Elected to Illinois Football All-Century Team Statistics Basketball Football References External links 1900 births 1984 deaths All-American college football players All-American college men's basketball players American football ends Basketball players from Chicago College Football Hall of Fame inductees Forwards (basketball) Harvard Crimson football coaches Illinois Fighting Illini football players Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Northwestern Wildcats football coaches Players of American football from Chicago Wisconsin Badgers football coaches American men's basketball players Psi Upsilon","title":"Chuck Carney"},{"docid":"45141278","text":"The 2015 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They were led by interim head coach Bill Cubit, and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. They were members of the West Division of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 5–7, 2–6 in Big Ten play to finish in a tie for fifth place in the West Division. On November 28, interim head coach Bill Cubit was signed to a two-year contract and named head coach. However, on March 5, Cubit was fired by new athletic director Josh Whitman. Head coach On August 28, 2015—one week before the start of the regular season—head coach Tim Beckman was fired after an internal investigation found that he had made efforts \"to deter injury reporting and influence medical decisions that pressured players to avoid or postpone medical treatment and continue playing despite injuries.\" He was replaced by offensive coordinator Bill Cubit on an interim basis for the season. A few hours before the final game of the season, Cubit had the \"Interim\" removed from his title and was named permanent head coach. It was an appointment that would last only one game, as Cubit was removed during the following off-season by new Illinois Athletic Director Josh Whitman, on the day Whitman officially assumed the role, in favor of former Chicago Bears and Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coach Lovie Smith. Schedule Illinois announced their 2015 football schedule on June 3, 2013. The 2015 schedule consist of 7 home and 5 away games in the regular season. The Fighting Illini will host Big Ten foes Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, and Wisconsin and will travel to Iowa, Minnesota, Penn State, and Purdue. The Fighting Illini hosted three of their four non conference games against Kent State, Middle Tennessee and Western Illinois. Illinois traveled to Chapel Hill, North Carolina and faced the North Carolina of the Atlantic Coast Conference on September 19. Schedule Source: Roster References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football","title":"2015 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"},{"docid":"41366257","text":"The Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball is the NCAA Division I intercollegiate volleyball program of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, often referred to as \"Illinois\", located in Champaign, Illinois. The Illinois volleyball team competes in the Big Ten Conference and has played their home games in Huff Hall since 1990. Since moving into Huff Hall from the Kenney Gym, Illinois Volleyball has remained in the top 10 in the nation for average home attendance. In 2013, the program broke its previous home attendance record, averaging 3,117 per match. History Since the founding of the volleyball program in 1974, the Fighting Illini have had 39 winning seasons. Head coaching history Big Ten Conference volleyball did not begin play until 1982. Attendance records Season results See also List of NCAA Division I women's volleyball programs References External links","title":"Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball"},{"docid":"38178537","text":"The 1983 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Mike White, the Fighting Illini compiled an overall record of 10–2 with a mark of 9–0, winning the Big Ten title. Illinois was invited to the Rose Bowl, where the Illini lost to UCLA. The team played home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Jack Trudeau with 2,446 passing yards, running back Thomas Rooks with 842 rushing yards, and wide receiver David Williams with 870 receiving yards. Defensive end Don Thorp was selected as the team's most valuable player and also received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the most valuable player in the Big Ten Conference. The 1983 Illini were the first team in Big Ten history to go 9–0 in regular season conference play, and the only team to do so until the 2017 Wisconsin Badgers football team repeated the feat. Schedule Awards and honors Don Thorp (Defensive end) Chicago Tribune Silver Football All-American, (defensive end) Jim Juriga, (Tackle) All-American, (tackle) Craig Swoope, (Defensive back) All-American, (defensive back) References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Big Ten Conference football champion seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football","title":"1983 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"},{"docid":"5507166","text":"Deon La velle Thomas (born February 24, 1971) is an American-Israeli former basketball player. As a high school player, he led his team to the Chicago Public League title, and was named Illinois Mr. Basketball. As a college player at the University of Illinois, he finished his career as the all-time leading scorer in Fighting Illini history. Selected by the Dallas Mavericks with the 28th selection of the 1994 NBA draft, he opted to play professional basketball in Europe and Israel. High school career Thomas was a star basketball player at Chicago's Neal F. Simeon Vocational High School, graduating in 1989. As a junior in 1988, he led the Wolverines to the Chicago Public League title. As a senior, he was named Illinois Mr. Basketball and played in the McDonald's All-American Game, which also featured future NBA star Shaquille O'Neal. College career Thomas played college basketball at the University of Illinois. Thomas finished his career as the all-time leading scorer in Fighting Illini history, with 2,129 career points scored and an 18.0 points per game scoring average. Thomas is the only men's basketball player in Illinois history to score at least 2,000 career points. Thomas was elected to the \"Illini Men's Basketball All-Century Team\" in 2004. Professional career Thomas was selected by the Dallas Mavericks with the 28th selection of the 1994 NBA draft. Thomas attended mini camp but never played in the NBA, having opted to play professional basketball in Europe and Israel. Thomas played two years in Israel for Maccabi Tel Aviv, winning the Israeli championship, the Israeli cup, and the Euroleague championship twice. Thomas didn't play in the 2005 Final Four due to a broken leg. This injury forced him to leave Maccabi Tel Aviv. He then joined the Greek team Gymnastikos S. Larissas, the Bulgarian team CSKA Sofia, and then returned to Israel where he played for Givat Shmuel. He then played for Maccabi Haifa, also in Israel. He is one of the most successful American pros of all time in the European leagues. Thomas has passed on several opportunities to play in the NBA. On 13 November 2006, in an interview for Bulgarian newspaper Tema Sport and Bulgarian television \"Channel 3\", Deon Thomas denied any wrongdoing and swore that he didn't receive anything from University of Illinois, as Bruce Pearl had claimed. He said the decision to play for Illinois was made by his grandmother. Coaching/Announcing Career In 2009, Thomas became the men's basketball head coach at Lewis and Clark Community College in Godfrey, Illinois. In April 2014, Thomas was named as an assistant basketball coach at the University of Illinois-Chicago. In 2016, he was hired by Fighting Illini Sports Network to call men's basketball games with Doug Altenberger. Personal life Thomas is now an Israeli citizen, and is married to an Israeli. Honors High school 1988 - IHSA 1st Team All-State 1988 - IHSA State Tournament All-Tournament Team 1989 - IHSA 1st Team All-State 1989 - Parade Magazine 1st Team All-American 1989 - McDonald's","title":"Deon Thomas"},{"docid":"75940300","text":"Tahveon Nicholson (born January 31, 2000) is an American football cornerback for the Louisville Cardinals. He previously played for the Illinois Fighting Illini. Early life and high school Nicholson attended high school at Riverside. Coming out of high school, Nicholson was rated as a three-star recruit where he decided to commit to play college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini. College career Illinois In the 2021 season, Nicholson had two starts on the year where he made 11 tackles and two pass deflections. Nicholson entered the 2022 season as a starter for the Fighting Illini. In the 2022 season, Nicholson recorded his first career interception against Wisconsin. Nicholson's 2022 season was shortened to just ten games after suffering a wrist injury versus Michigan State. In the 2022 season, Nicholson started ten games where he had 19 tackles with one being for a loss, six pass deflections, an interception, and a forced fumble. During the 2023 season, Nicholson totaled 36 tackles with two going for a loss, six pass deflections, a fumble recovery, and two forced fumbles. After the conclusion of the 2023 season, Nicholson decided to enter the NCAA transfer portal. Nicholson finished his career with the Fighting Illini with 66 tackles 14 pass deflections, an interception, and three forced fumbles. Louisville On December 9, 2023, Nicholson originally decided to transfer to play for the Ole Miss Rebels. However, he flipped his commitment to play for the Louisville Cardinals. References External links Illinois Fighting Illini bio Louisville Cardinals bio 2000 births Living people Players of American football from Jacksonville, Florida American football cornerbacks Illinois Fighting Illini football players Louisville Cardinals football players","title":"Tahveon Nicholson"},{"docid":"35608992","text":"The 2012 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They were led by first-year head coach Tim Beckman, and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. They were a member of the Leaders Division of the Big Ten Conference. Illinois finished the 2012 season with 2–10, 0–8 in Big 10 Leaders play, where they placed last and failed to become bowl eligible for first time since 2009. Schedule Roster References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football","title":"2012 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"},{"docid":"6852723","text":"Harry Combes (March 3, 1915 – November 13, 1977), a native of Monticello, Illinois, served as head men's basketball coach at University of Illinois between 1947 and 1967. Biography Combes played high school basketball for Monticello High School, where he led his teams to an overall combined record of 72–9. A three-year letterwinner, Combes was also a star player for the Illini from 1935 to 1937 and helped lead Illinois to both its Big Ten titles in the 1930s. Combes began coaching basketball at Champaign High School, where he posted an astounding 254–46 record, including winning the state title in 1946. Beyond the single championship, Combes led Champaign Central to seven state tournament appearances in nine years from 1939 to 1947. During that time the Maroons captured fourth place in 1940 and 1944 before starting three years of amazing runs to the championship game where they finished second in 1945, first in 1946, and second in 1947. In 2007, the Illinois High School Association named Combes one of the 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament. Combes also served as boys baseball coach at Champaign High School, where he compiled an impressive 70–26–2 (.724) record over a five-year period (1937–1942). Once at Illinois he won three Big Ten titles in his first five seasons (1949, 1951, and 1952). Combes led Illinois to three third-place finishes in the NCAA tournament in the four-year period from 1949 to 1952. The squad won 79 of the 100 games during those four years. Illinois' 1952 Final Four appearance was the first officially recognized Final Four, and the three third-place finishes would be the Illini's deepest runs in the tournament until the 1989 team made the Final Four. Until Lou Henson broke the record in 1990, Combes' 316 wins were the most wins ever by an Illinois head basketball coach. Combes, along with his assistant coach Howie Braun and head football coach Pete Elliott, were pressured into resigning on March 19, 1967 by the university which was threatened with expulsion by the Big Ten Conference over a slush fund scandal. He was succeeded by Harv Schmidt ten days later on March 29. He died in Champaign on November 13, 1977. Head coaching record High school College See also List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach References 1915 births 1977 deaths All-American college men's basketball players Basketball coaches from Illinois Basketball players from Illinois High school basketball coaches in Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball coaches Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players People from Monticello, Illinois American men's basketball players","title":"Harry Combes"},{"docid":"67621986","text":"The 1942–43 Illinois Fighting Illini men's ice hockey season was the 6th season of play for the program. Season There were high hopes for the team entering the season, but the Illini had several hurdles to yet overcome. The primary concern was the lack of players available for the squad; both academic ineligibility and the draft board had cut Illinois' roster down and the team only had a few alternates left. There was hope that, due to the war, the Big Ten would alter its rules and permit freshman to play varsity sports. Illinois would be well placed to take advantage as the freshman team looked as good, if not better, than the initial varsity lineup. A positive sign for the team was Minnesota agreeing to play Illinois once more and they were included on the program's 15-game schedule. Unfortunately, the Big ten punted on ruling for or against freshman, which left the team with few players. Illinois began its season against the Chicago Hornets, an amateur club, with just 7 players on the team. Lou Ferronti was missing due to his draft status but the team had received a boon with team captain Amo Bessone obtaining a deferment and being able to finish out his college career. Despite firing more than 50 shots on goal, Illinois lost the first game of the season but the team did demonstrate that they had enough conditioning to last for an entire contest. Entering the series against Minnesota, the team got another player as Bill Prentiss returned from a broken collarbone. So anticipated was the meeting that all 2,700 seats for both games were sold out in advance. Disaster stuck the team after the Gophers had arrived; Rolle was out with a mild concussion, Austin had come down with the flu and Prentiss' injury, which hadn't completely healed, was acting up. The two games were cancelled and the following series with Michigan Tech was in jeopardy. After a meeting between coach Vic Heyliger and AD Doug Mills, it was decided to cancel all games for the remainder of the semester but to resume after examinations. The plan came into place with the knowledge that several players could become eligible for the team in the spring session. Heyliger sent word of his program's decision to Minnesota's coach Larry Armstrong, offering to forfeit the two matches. When the team finally got to play their next game, they received good news as Bessone and Henry Coupe passed special examinations to remain eligible. The squad, which were tabbed 'Friday's Children' (in the nursery rhyme Monday's Child, the descriptors for Wednesday and Friday had been swapped), had already gone through a tumultuous season and had played just one game so far. The team sent 9 men to Minneapolis, having added Coupe and Wes Tregoning in the interim while losing Prentiss to academic ineligibility. In their first game in two months, Illinois played well, limiting the Gophers to two goals, but the Illini were limited offensively and lost the","title":"1942–43 Illinois Fighting Illini men's ice hockey season"},{"docid":"1357193","text":"Derek Ricardo Harper (born October 13, 1961) is an American former professional basketball player. A second-team All-American at the University of Illinois, he was the 11th overall pick of the 1983 NBA draft and spent 16 seasons as a point guard in the National Basketball Association with the Dallas Mavericks, New York Knicks, Orlando Magic, and Los Angeles Lakers. Harper is widely regarded as one of the best players to never have been selected to an All-Star game. College After graduating from Roosevelt Junior High School and then North Shore High School in West Palm Beach, Harper played three seasons for the Fighting Illini and coach Lou Henson having his best season in 1982–1983, when he led the Fighting Illini in scoring with 15.4 points per game. Harper was named First-Team All-Big Ten and Second-Team All-American in 1983, and was Honorable Mention All-Big Ten in both 1981 and 1982. Harper averaged 4.7 assists per game for his collegiate career, and led the Big Ten in assists in the 1981–1982 season. Harper was elected to the \"Illini Men's Basketball All-Century Team\" in 2004. Professional career Dallas Mavericks (1983–1993) At 6 ft 4 in, Harper was drafted by the Dallas Mavericks with the 11th overall pick of the 1983 NBA draft. He spent his first ten seasons with them, averaging 15 points and 6.1 assists. For almost the entire time in his first stint with the team, he was part of the starting backcourt tandem with All-Star shooting guard Rolando Blackman. The Mavericks made the playoffs 6 out of the 10 years of Harper's tenure with the team, and they made it to the Western Conference Finals in the 1987–1988 season, but they were never able to replicate that success for any other season of Harper's time in Dallas. He had multiple seasons of averaging well over 10 PPG, and became known for being both a great scorer and defender. His best season came in 1990–1991 where he averaged 19.7 PPG. But he still wasn't selected to be an all star and the Mavericks finished that year with an unpleasant 28–54 record. Harper still played well for the rest of his time in Dallas, but the team was atrocious. In the 1992–1993 season especially, the Mavericks finished 11–71 which is one of the worst records of all time. Harper spent 2 more seasons with the Mavericks before leaving the team during the 1993–1994 season. Harper, J.J. Redick, and DeAndre Jordan are currently the only players in NBA history to increase their season scoring average for eight consecutive seasons. Harper did it with the Mavericks from 1983-84 to 1990-91. New York Knicks (1993–1996) Harper was traded to the New York Knicks (where he was reunited with Blackman) 28 games into the 1993–94 season. The Knicks were looking for a defensive point guard to replace the injured Doc Rivers, who was sidelined for the rest of the season. The shift sent him from a team that finished 13–69 to being an integral part of","title":"Derek Harper"},{"docid":"29170357","text":"Rodney Adams Fletcher was an American basketball player for the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign who was named a consensus first-team All-American as a senior in 1951–52. A guard, Fletcher led the Fighting Illini to two straight Big Ten Conference championships as well as two consecutive NCAA tournament Final Four appearances in 1951 and 1952 alongside teammate John \"Red\" Kerr. He was a two-time All-Big Ten selection in his three varsity seasons, and at the end of his collegiate career Fletcher was selected by the Minneapolis Lakers in the 1952 NBA draft, although he never played professionally. Fletcher grew up in Champaign, Illinois and attended Champaign Central High School, where he was named second team all-state as a senior in 1948 by the Champaign News Gazette. See also 1950–51 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team 1951–52 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team References 1930 births 2017 deaths All-American college men's basketball players American men's basketball players Basketball players from Illinois Guards (basketball) Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Minneapolis Lakers draft picks Sportspeople from Champaign, Illinois Champaign Central High School alumni","title":"Rod Fletcher (basketball)"},{"docid":"70768205","text":"The 2021–22 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2021–22 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Fighting Illini, led by fifth-year head coach Nancy Fahey, played their home games at State Farm Center as members of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 7–20, 1–13 in Big Ten play to finish in fourteenth place. As the fourteenth seed in the Big Ten women's tournament, they defeated eleventh seed Wisconsin in the First Round before losing to sixth seed Nebraska in the Second Round. They were not invited to the NCAA tournament or the WNIT. Previous season Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, the Illini played fewer non-conference games than in previous seasons; three games were originally postponed and later canceled due to the pandemic. They finished the season 5–18, 2–16 in Big Ten play to finish in thirteenth place. They lost in the second round of the Big Ten women's tournament to Northwestern. Their first round win against Wisconsin was the first Big Ten tournament victory in coach Fahey's tenure at Illinois. Roster Schedule Source: |- !colspan=\"6\" style=| Regular season |- !colspan=\"6\" style=| Big Ten Women's Tournament Rankings The Coaches Poll did not release a Week 2 poll and the AP Poll did not release a poll after the NCAA Tournament. References Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball seasons Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball","title":"2021–22 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team"},{"docid":"39422041","text":"The Illinois Fighting Illini men's golf team represents the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the sport of golf. The Fighting Illini compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Big Ten Conference (Big Ten). They play their home matches at the Atkins Golf Club, which is located five miles from the university's campus. The Fighting Illini are currently led by head coach Mike Small. The Fighting Illini men's golf program has won 20 Big Ten championships, including the last eight consecutively, and in 2013 finished as national runner-up at the NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships, which was the highest finish in the program's history. The Fighting Illini have qualified for the match play portion of the NCAA Championship 8 times since the stroke play/match play format was introduced in 2009, and reached the Final Four in 2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017. The Fighting Illini have won 13 of the last 14 Big Ten Golf Championships. Illinois golfers won the Big Ten Individual Conference Title for nine consecutive seasons (2011−2019). Individual honors National champions Scott Langley − 2010 Thomas Pieters − 2012 All-Americans Joe Burden – 1972 (HM) Marty Schiene – 1979 (HM) Mike Chadwick – 1983 (HM) Steve Stricker – 1987 (HM), 1988 (1st), 1989 (1st) D. A. Points – 1999 (3rd) James Lepp – 2002 (HM), 2003 (2nd) Patrick Nagle – 2003 (3rd) Scott Langley – 2009 (2nd), 2010 (1st), 2011 (HM) Chris DeForest – 2011 (HM) Luke Guthrie – 2011 (1st), 2012 (2nd) Thomas Pieters – 2012 (1st), 2013 (HM) Charlie Danielson – 2013 (HM), 2014 (HM), 2015 (2nd), 2016 (1st) Thomas Detry – 2014 (HM), 2015 (2nd), 2016 (2nd) Brian Campbell – 2014 (2nd), 2015 (2nd) Dylan Meyer – 2016 (HM), 2017 (1st), 2018 (2nd) Nick Hardy – 2017 (2nd), 2018 (1st) Michael Feagles – 2019 (HM), 2021 (2nd) Jerry Ji – 2021 (HM) Adrien Dumont de Chassart – 2021 (2nd), 2022 (2nd), 2023 (1st) Tommy Kuhl - 2023 (1st) Jackson Buchanan - 2023 (1st) Note: 1st = first team, 2nd = second team, 3rd = third team, HM = honorable mention Other Since 1923, sixteen Fighting Illini golfers have won twenty-one Big Ten individual titles. Thirty-nine Fighting Illini golfers have received All-Big Ten honors. Coaching staff Mike Small is the head coach of the Illinois Fighting Illini men's golf team, and 2022-2023 will be his 22nd season with the Fighting Illini. He has been named Big Ten Conference Coach of the Year a record thirteen times and is also an eleven time NCAA Regional Coach of the Year as named by the Golf Coaches Association of America. As a professional, Small is a record-tying three time PGA Professional National Champion and has won the Illinois PGA Championship a record-setting twelve times. Notable alumni Adrien Dumont de Chassart Luke Guthrie Nick Hardy Scott Langley Dylan Meyer Thomas Pieters D. A. Points Steve Stricker Facilities Demirjian Indoor Golf Practice Facility Opened in 2007, the university's $5.2 million, 14,150-square-foot Demirjian Indoor Golf","title":"Illinois Fighting Illini men's golf"},{"docid":"32796264","text":"The 2011 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl, the 10th edition of the game, was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on December 31, 2011 at AT&T Park in San Francisco, California as part of the 2011–12 NCAA Bowl season. The game, which was telecast at 12:30 p.m. Pacific Time (3:30 p.m. Eastern Time) on ESPN, featured the UCLA Bruins (6–7) versus the Illinois Fighting Illini (6–6). The Bruins, with a losing record, were granted a waiver to play in a bowl game by the NCAA after the Pac-12 conference did not have enough eligible teams to fill its bowl commitments. Both teams fired their head coach this season after .500 records. Mike Johnson, who replaced Rick Neuheisel, is the interim coach for UCLA. The Fighting Illini were led by interim coach Vic Koenning while their newly hired head coach Tim Beckman, who replaced Ron Zook, was on the sidelines. UCLA lost the matchup and subsequently finished the season with a losing record (6–8). Teams Since 1946, the two universities had met 11 times with three previous meetings in a bowl game (1947 Rose Bowl, 1984 Rose Bowl and 1991 Hancock Bowl). UCLA held a 6–5 edge over Illinois, including winning the last four games. The last game prior to this one was in 2004, when UCLA defeated Illinois 35–17. Illinois Illinois featured a pro style offense and a multiple defense. Jason Ford (155-600 yards, 7 TDs) and Nathan Scheelhaase (169-514 yards, 6 TDs) were the top rushers. Quarterback Nathan Scheelhaase had completed 166 of 261 passes for 1,971 yards, and 12 TDs coming into this game with receiver A.J. Jenkins (84-1, 196 yards, 7 TDs) as his target. Defensively, the team was led by Jonathan Brown (102 tackles), Whitney Mercilus (14.5 sacks, -95 yards) and Trulon Henry (2 interceptions, 27 yards, 1 TD) and Terry Hawthorne (2 interceptions). UCLA UCLA came into the game with its Pistol offense which allowed Johnathan Franklin to run for 947 yards, 5 TDs; quarterback Kevin Prince to pass 112 times for 1,627 yards and 10 TDs; Nelson Rasario to catch for 61 passes for 1,106 yards, 4 TDs. The Bruins' 4-3 defense was led by Pat Larimore (81 tackles), Datone Jones (3.0 sacks, 7 yards) and Andrew Abbott (4 interceptions, 37 yards). Scoring summary First quarter scoring: No score Second quarter scoring: UCLA – Taylor Embree 16-yard pass from Kevin Prince (Tyler Gonzalez kick); ILL – Derek Dimke 36-yard field goal Third quarter scoring: ILL – T. Hawthorne 39-yard interception return (Dimke kick) Fourth quarter scoring: ILL – Dimke 37-yard field goal; ILL – A. J. Jenkins 60-yard pass from N. Scheelhaase (Dimke kick); UCLA – Nelson Rosario 38-yard pass from Prince (Gonzalez kick), Notes References External links Game summary at ESPN Box score at ESPN 2011–12 NCAA football bowl games Redbox Bowl Illinois Fighting Illini football bowl games UCLA Bruins football bowl games Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl 2011 in San Francisco December 2011 sports events in the United States","title":"2011 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl (December)"},{"docid":"61309992","text":"The 2019–20 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the 2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by third-year head coach Brad Underwood, the Illini played their home games at State Farm Center in Champaign, Illinois as members of the Big Ten Conference. The Illini finished the season 21–10, 13–7 in Big Ten play to finish in fourth place. Their season ended following the cancellation of postseason tournaments due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous season The Illini finished the 2018–19 season 12–21, 7–13 in Big Ten play and finished in a three-way tie for 10th place. Due to the tie-breaking rules, they received the No. 11 seed in the Big Ten tournament where they defeated Northwestern in the first round before losing to Iowa in the second round. Offseason The Illini took a trip to Italy and compiled a 3-1 record, beating the three Italian teams they faced and losing to the Dutch team. Cockburn and Feliz did not come on the trip due to visa issues. Departures 2019 recruiting class Roster Schedule and results |- !colspan=9 style=\"background:#; color:#;\"|Exhibition |- !colspan=9 style=\"background:#; color:#;\"|Regular season |- !colspan=9 style=\"background:#; color:#;\"|Big Ten tournament |- !colspan=9 style=|Canceled |- !colspan=9 style=\"background:#; color:#;\"| |- !colspan=9 style=|Canceled |- Source Rankings *AP does not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings References 2019–20 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season 2018-19 2020 in sports in Illinois 2019 in sports in Illinois","title":"2019–20 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team"},{"docid":"38170178","text":"James A. Bredar (October 22, 1931 – August 28, 1997) was an NCAA All-American basketball player at the University of Illinois during a career that spanned from 1949 to 1953, and then was drafted by the Ft. Wayne Pistons of the National Basketball Association in the 1953 draft High school A native of Salem, Illinois, Bredar attended Salem Community High School from 1945–46 to 1948–49. He was a guard who led the Wildcats in scoring with 422 points as a senior, averaging 15.6 points per game and was named to the all-conference basketball team. College Bredar chose to play basketball at Illinois after high school. He spent his first season on the freshman team, moving to the varsity squad as a sophomore. Bredar played in 68 of the 75 games during the next three years as an Illini, starting at guard for the final two seasons. 1950–51 season In his sophomore season of 1950–51, the Fighting Illini won the Big Ten Conference title and advanced to the NCAA Tournament. Illinois would defeat Columbia (ranked #3) and North Carolina State (ranked #8) to earn a berth in the Final Four (only 16 teams played in the tournament back then), but would lose to eventual national champion Kentucky (ranked #1) 74–76 in the national semifinals. They would defeat Oklahoma A&M (ranked #14), 61–46 in the third place game held at Williams Arena in Minneapolis, Minnesota. 1951–52 season The following season, Bredar's Fighting Illini team would win the Big Ten Conference Championship and advance to the NCAA Tournament. Illinois would defeat Dayton (ranked #11) and Duquesne (ranked #4) to earn back-to-back Final Four appearances. The Illini would not have to meet Kentucky this season due to the fact that St. Johns (ranked #10) would defeat them in the second round. Unfortunately for Bredar and the Illini, they too would be defeated by St. John's in the national semifinals by a score of 59–61. They would finish the season in third place for the second straight year, defeating Santa Clara, 67–64 at Hec Edmundson Pavilion in Seattle. Bredar and teammate Johnny Kerr would be named to the NCAA Final Four All-Tournament Team following the completion of the tournament. Only two other Illini players have ever been named to this team, Luther Head and Deron Williams in 2005. 1952–53 season As a senior, Bredar was honored by being named the team captain for the season. After the season, he was dubbed an All-American and was also named to the All-Big Ten 2nd team. During his career as a Fighting Illini, every team had both winning conference and overall records, finishing with a combined conference record of 39–7 and an unbelievable overall record of 62–13. If it weren't for the national champion Indiana Hoosiers, Bredar would most likely have been on an Illini team that would have won three consecutive Big Ten championships. College honors Converse Honorable Mention All-American (1952) United Press Honorable Mention All-American (1952) Converse 2nd team All-American (1953) International News Service 2nd team","title":"Jim Bredar"},{"docid":"60089427","text":"John William Drish (October 3, 1920 – February 24, 1977) was an American basketball and baseball player. A forward from Chicago, Illinois, Drish played collegiately at the University of Illinois, earning the University of Illinois Athlete of the Year award in 1941. From 1941 to 1942, he played in the National Basketball League as a member of the Chicago Bruins. He averaged 2.9 points per game in his career that was cut short by World War II when Drish was called to active service. High school A native of Chicago, Illinois, Drish attended Morton High School in Cicero, Illinois from 1933–34 to 1936–37. College In the fall of 1937, Drish enrolled at the University of Illinois and was a member of the freshman basketball team. In his sophomore year he was the starting forward of the 1938–39 Fighting Illini team that finished third in the Big Ten with an overall record of 14–5 and a conference record of 8–4. Drish joined his high school teammate Bill Hapac on an Illini team that also included All-American Pick Dehner. The 1939–40 season saw the Illini with a fourth place finish in the conference at 7 wins and 5 losses while finishing the regular season with an overall record of 14 wins and 6 losses. After the season, Drish would be named captain for the following season on a team that would be adding Art Mathisen, who would become a member of \"The Whiz Kids\". Drish would play in 18 of the team's 20 games during his junior season, scoring 47 points and average 2.35 points per game. The 1940–41 campaign was the best of Drish's time at Illinois. Drish would play in all of the team's 20 games during the season, scoring 94 points and average 4.7 points per game. The team compiled an overall record of 13 wins and 7 losses with a conference record of 7 wins and 5 losses, finishing third in the Big Ten. Head coach Doug Mills was one season away from his second Big Ten championship on a team that would add Andy Phillip, Ken Menke and Jack Smiley, the remaining \"Whiz Kids\". In his three years of varsity basketball, Drish played in 57 of the team's 59 games where his teams would win 41 while losing only 18 (win pct=69.5%). On May 15, 1941, Drish earned the University of Illinois Athlete of the Year award. He was a six-time Varsity letter winner (3 basketball and 3 baseball). As a baseball player, Drish was a pitcher, second baseman and played right field. Ironically, this was the second year in a row for an athlete coming from Morton High School to be named Athlete of the Year, Bill Hapac was the previous winner. Professional basketball After leaving the University of Illinois, Drish played professionally for one season in the National Basketball League, where he played for the Chicago Bruins. He only played for a portion of the 1941–42 season as the military drafted him into the United","title":"John Drish"},{"docid":"39787719","text":"The 1994 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by third-year head coach Lou Tepper, the Fighting Illini compiled an overall record of 7–5 with a mark of 4–4 in conference play, placing fifth in the Big Ten. Illinois was invited to the Liberty Bowl, where the Illini defeated East Carolina. The team played home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Schedule Roster Team players in the NFL References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Liberty Bowl champion seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football","title":"1994 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"},{"docid":"75203085","text":"The 2023–24 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Fighting Illini were led by second-year head coach Shauna Green, and they played their home games at State Farm Center. This season marked the program's 42nd season as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Previous season The Illini finished the 2022–23 season 22–10 overall, with a 11–7 record in Big Ten play to finish in sixth place. As the sixth seed in the Big Ten women's tournament, they defeated eleventh seed Rutgers in the first round before losing to third seed Maryland in the second round. The team was invited to the 2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament as one of the First Four teams to play, losing to Mississippi State. This marked their first appearance in the NCAA tournament since 2003. The Illini's turnaround in 2022–23 was considered \"remarkable\" given the program's history since 2003. The 2022–23 team broke multiple records and streaks, including their first 6–0 start to a season since 1986–87, and their first six game winning streak since 2009. They finished the non-conference portion of their schedule with a 10–1 record. The team won four straight conference games from December 7, 2022, through January 1, 2023, including a dramatic victory over eventual national champion runner-up Iowa; this conference winning streak tied the fourth best streak in program history. On January 8, 2023, the Illini earned a spot in the AP Top-25 poll for the first time since 2000. Their 11–7 conference record was its most in league play since 1999–2000, and their 10-win improvement in conference games matched the largest turnaround in Big Ten history. On December 19, 2022, coach Green was named the ESPN Women's Basketball Coach of the Week. In the post-season, transfer player Makira Cook earned First-team All-Big Ten honors, the first Illini to be named to that team since 2010. Cook was also named to the Associated Press' All-American Honorable Mention list, the first Illini to make that list since 2013. Players Kendall Bostic and Genesis Bryant were named to the All-Big Ten second team, and Adalia McKenzie received an All-Big Ten honorable mention; these conference honors marked the first time since the 1986–87 season that four Illinois players earned all-conference accolades. Offseason Assistant coach Ryan Gensler left the Illinois program on March 29, 2023, to become the head women's basketball coach at the University of Akron. On April 20, 2023, Green announced that former Stanford University assistant coach Britney Anderson had been hired as an assistant coach at Illinois. Two non-starting players from the 2022–23 Illinois team, Jayla Oden and Liisa Taponen, entered the NCAA transfer portal after the end of the season and moved on to other programs, and Geovana Lopes exhausted her collegiate eligibility. The Illini added two players from the transfer portal, center Camille Hobby from North Carolina State University and forward Shay Bollin from Duke University. They also added freshmen guards Cori","title":"2023–24 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team"},{"docid":"27208623","text":"Douglas Raymond \"Gaga\" Mills (April 9, 1907 – August 12, 1993), a native of Elgin, Illinois, was a high school and college basketball player and coach in the state of Illinois. During high school, Mills was the first player in the state to lead his team to back-to-back titles in 1924 and 1925. He totaled 32 points in four state tournament games for Elgin High School during an era of low-scoring play. Mills played for the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team from 1927 to 1930 followed by a five-year coaching stint at Joliet Township High School. He led his Joliet team to the state tournament in 1935. He returned to the U of I as head men's basketball coach from 1936 to 1947. He coached the famous \"Whiz Kids\" and also served as the Fighting Illini's athletic director. Mills died in 1993. While coaching at Illinois, Mills compiled a record of 151 wins and 66 losses, winning three conference titles during his tenure. He added the athletic director's post in 1941. In 1947, he stepped down as head coach to concentrate on his duties as athletic director, naming Champaign High coach Harry Combes as his successor. He was also responsible for hiring football coaches Ray Eliot and Pete Elliott. When Mills resigned his position as AD in 1966, it triggered the slush fund scandal. In 2007, the Illinois High School Association named Mills one of the 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament. He and his wife, Lorene Muntz, had a daughter, Sally, who died from a ruptured appendix. The two later adopted two children, Peter G. Mills and the late Molly M. Mills. Doug and Lorene divorced in the early 1960s. Neither ever remarried. Head coaching record High school College References 1907 births 1983 deaths American football quarterbacks American men's basketball coaches American men's basketball players Basketball coaches from Illinois Basketball players from Illinois High school basketball coaches in the United States Illinois Fighting Illini athletic directors Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches Illinois Fighting Illini football players Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball coaches Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Players of American football from Illinois Sportspeople from Elgin, Illinois","title":"Douglas R. Mills"},{"docid":"15627131","text":"Mike Martin (born November 18, 1960) is a former American football wide receiver who played professionally for seven seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals in the National Football League (NFL). Early life Martin grew up in Washington, D.C., and attended Eastern High School. College career Martin played football at the University of Illinois, where during his senior year he caught a record 77 receptions for 1,068 yards. In four years for the Fighting Illini, he caught 143 passes for 2,300 yards (a 16.1 average) with 15 touchdowns. He also returned punts and kicoffs. As of the beginning of the Fighting Illini's 2022 season, Martin ranks fourth all-time in single-season receptions (77), ninth in career receptions (143), fifth in career receiving yardage (2,300), and tied for fourth in single-game receptions with 12 against Ohio State in 1982. NFL Martin was chosen by the Bengals in the eighth round of the 1983 NFL Draft. In his seven seasons, he caught 67 passes for 1,017 yards (a 15.1 average) with 6 receiving touchdowns, with his most productive receiving year 1987 with 20 receptions for 394 yards. He returned 140 punts for 1,381 yards (a 9.9 average), including a league-leading 15.7 yards per return in 1983. He also returned 75 kicks for 1,643 yards, a 21.9 average. He was a member of the Bengals' team which went to the 1989 Super Bowl, won by the San Francisco 49ers, 20–16. Martin did not play, as his season ended with an injury in the season's 6th game. Coaching After his playing career ended, Martin operated several night clubs in the Cincinnati area. In 2002, Martin was named coach of Taft High School in Cincinnati, tapped to revive a program which had been disbanded due to lack of student participation. He coached the Senators for eight years, compiling a record of 44–28. Personal life Martin met his wife, Michelle, at Illinois where she was cheerleader. They married in 1986. They currently live in Chicago, where his family including daughter Morgan owns several smoothie bars and a fitness facility. Martin is vice president of the Marcus Martin Foundation, named for his late son, who died at from a pulmonary embolism at age 25 in 2014. The foundation provides financial support for college-bound high school students, conducts free youth football camps, and educates about the dangers of pulmonary embolism. References 1960 births Living people American football return specialists American football wide receivers Cincinnati Bengals players Illinois Fighting Illini football players High school football coaches in Ohio Eastern High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni Coaches of American football from Washington, D.C. Players of American football from Washington, D.C.","title":"Mike Martin (wide receiver)"},{"docid":"41573337","text":"James C. Dawson (born April 18, 1945) is an American former professional basketball point guard who played one season in the American Basketball Association (ABA) as a member of the Indiana Pacers during the 1967–68 season. He attended University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign where he was drafted by the Chicago Bulls during the 16 round of the 1967 NBA draft, but he did not play for them. High school A native of Oak Park, Illinois, Dawson attended York Community High School from 1959–60 to 1962–63 and led the Dukes to the \"Elite 8\" of the Illinois High School Association state basketball tournament, losing to Jim Burns and the McLeansboro Foxes in the IHSA quarterfinals of the 1962 tournament. In his two state tournament games, Dawson scored 36 points, 18 in the victory versus Harvey (Thornton) and an additional 18 in the loss to McLeansboro. Dawson led York to consecutive regional championships in 1962 and 1963. As a junior Dawson's team would finish the season with an overall record of 25 wins and four losses, and finished in second place in the West Suburban Conference behind Lyons Township High School. As a senior, in 1963, Dawson's team would win the conference as well as win the IHSA regional, with an overall record of 19 wins and seven losses. College career Dawson chose to play college basketball at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and was a member of the freshman basketball team for the 1963–64 season. He played in 70 of the team's 72 games during his three-years on the varsity team and was the starting point guard for all three, replacing Jim Vopicka. As a sophomore during the 1964–65 season, Dawson joined All-American seniors, Tal Brody and future Illini All-Century team member, Skip Thoren, on an Illini team that finished the season with an 18 and 6 record and a third-place finish in the Big Ten with a 10 and four record, losing twice to top-ranked Michigan. During the season the team would win the Kentucky Invitational Tournament and finish the year with a Coaches ranking of number 16. The loss of 999 offensive points occurred with the graduation of Brody and Thoren, leaving Dawson's junior season of 1965–66, needing to find a new identity. The Fighting Illini would struggle all season, losing games by less than three points to Princeton, Providence, Northwestern, Indiana, Michigan State and Minnesota, leaving the team with an overall record of 12 wins and 12 losses and a conference record of 8 wins and 6 losses, placing them tied for third in the conference. This season marked only the second time in Harry Combes tenure that the Illini finished with a .500 record. For Dawson, his best asset was delivering the ball to Donnie Freeman, who would set the all-time single season scoring record of 668 points during the course of the year. After the season, Dawson was named as captain for the following year. A dark cloud loomed over Dawson's 1966–67 senior season as","title":"Jimmy Dawson (basketball, born 1945)"},{"docid":"30862744","text":"Andy Kaufmann (born c. 1967) is a former basketball 6'5 or 6'6 swingman/small forward who starred at the University of Illinois during the late 1980s and early 1990s. High school Kaufmann began his career at Routt Catholic High School in Jacksonville, Illinois. After playing alongside his brother Kevin for one year, he transferred where he starred at Jacksonville High School in Jacksonville, where his 3160 career points ranks him second all-time in the state. He is one of only five players to score over 3,000 points in his career. He scored 50 points in a game three times. Illinois career Kaufmann started his Fighting Illini career as a freshman in 1988–89, averaging 4.3 points per game in 12 games for the Illini's Final Four team. As a sophomore in 1989–90, Kaufmann averaged 9.8 points in 29 games. Kaufmann averaged 21.3 ppg as a junior in 1990–91, leading the team. His 660-point scored that season rank as the second highest single season point total in Fighting Illini history. On December 3, 1990, Kaufmann scored 46 points against Wisconsin-Milwaukee, the second highest single game point total in Fighting Illini men's basketball history. Kaufmann did not play in the 1991–92 season, due to academic suspension. In the 1992–93 season, Kaufmann averaged 17.3 points as a senior. Kaufmann is perhaps best remembered for his 3-point buzzer beater on February 4, 1993, gave the Illini a one-point victory over the ninth-ranked Iowa Hawkeyes. IlliniHQ.com rates this the 4th greatest moment in Illini basketball history. As of 2013, Kaufmann is the Fighting Illini's 10th all-time leading scorer with 1,533 points, a total which ranked fourth on the all-time list at the completion of his playing eligibility. As of 1999, he was the 8th all-time Illini player for made 3-point field goals with 105 in (276 attempts). Pro basketball Kaufmann was drafted in the 7th (and final) round, 107 overall, of the 1993 CBA amateur draft by Wichita Falls Texans. He was also drafted in the Open Phase 5th round (38th overall) of the 1993 USBL draft, by Daytona Beach Hooters. Although he received offers to play overseas, Kaufmann was burnt out of basketball after his senior year and decided to give it up. He made his first trip back to the University of Illinois during the 25th anniversary of the Flying Illini celebration. He currently works at the Blind and Deaf School in Jacksonville. References 1960s births Living people American men's basketball players Basketball players from Illinois Place of birth missing (living people) Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Small forwards Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Illinois","title":"Andy Kaufmann"},{"docid":"40871303","text":"Govoner Vaughn (born March 1, 1937) was a former high school, college and professional basketball player during the 1950s & 60s. Vaughn led Edwardsville High School to a fourth-place finish in the I.H.S.A. 1954 high school playoffs, as well as a second-place finish in 1956 to defending champion, Rockford West. Vaughn played in eight career state playoff games over two seasons, and his 92 points were all scored during the 1956 tournament. He, along with his teammate, Mannie Jackson, were named first-team all-tournament. Vaughn went on to play for the University of Illinois for three years, 1957–1960, where he and his fellow high school teammate, Jackson, were the first African-American letter winners for the University of Illinois. Vaughn scored 1,001 career points, the 46th highest total in Illini history. He also holds the second highest single season free-throw percentage at .865, making 83 of 96 during the 1959–60 season. After graduating from Illinois in 1960, Vaughn joined the Harlem Globetrotters. During his time with the Globetrotters, he was named MVP of the 1961 World Series of Basketball. This event was a 20-game series against the nation's top college seniors. Vaughn rejoined the Globetrotters in 2010 and served as the team's director of alumni relations after spending 24 years at Detroit Edison. College career 1956-57 season Vaughn played on the freshman squad, records for this season could not be added to his varsity totals. 1957-58 season During Vaughn's sophomore season, he started all 22 games as the team's center. He finished the season with the second highest point total (327) averaging 14.9 points per game. Only Don Ohl scored more points at 431. Vaughn, however, finished with the highest field goal average at .426 and the second highest free-throw percentage at .773, making 51 of his 66 attempts. 1958-59 season Even with the graduation of leading scorer Don Ohl, the Fighting Illini experienced a surge in performance sparked by the play of junior center John Wessels and Edwardsville High School teammate Mannie Jackson along with senior guard Roger Taylor. These changes, however, limited Vaughn's production and reduced his point total to 263 for the season. Even with a reduced role, Vaughn finished the season with the fourth highest point total averaging 12.5 points per game. 1959-60 season Vaughn was the instrumental force in the 1959–60 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team. He started all 23 games during that season and dominated all offensive categories after an injury sidelined previous team-leader John Wessels. Vaughn was first on the Fighting Illini in scoring with 411 points (17.9 per game), first on the team in rebounding with 189 (8.2 per game) and first on the team in free-throw percentage at .865 (83 of 96); second on the all-time Illini record list. Vaughn was named team MVP as well as All-American for this season. Honors Basketball 1958 - Honorable Mention All-American 1959 - Honorable Mention All-Big Ten 1960 - 2nd Team All-Big Ten 1960 - Team MVP 1960 - Honorable Mention All-American 1973 - Inducted","title":"Govoner Vaughn"},{"docid":"48842430","text":"The 1985 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign during the 1985 Big Ten Conference football season. In their sixth year under head coach Mike White, the Illini compiled a 6–5–1 record and finished in third place in the Big Ten Conference. Illinois was invited to the Peach Bowl, where the Illini lost to Army. The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Jack Trudeau with 2,938 passing yards, running back Thomas Rooks with 718 rushing yards, and wide receiver David Williams with 1,047 receiving yards. Schedule Game summaries No. 6 USC In a game that some considered a possible Rose Bowl preview, the Illini were doomed by 6 turnovers and found themselves in a 14–0 very early in the game. Illinois pulled to within 20–10 on a Chris White field goal early in the fourth quarter, but USC used ball control to grind out the clock – including 22 minutes of possession in the second half – and gain a big road win in the season opener for both teams. At No. 18 Nebraska No. 5 Ohio State At Michigan State Wisconsin No. 4 Michigan On November 2, 1985, Illinois played Michigan to a 3–3 tie at Memorial Stadium. Each team kicked a field goal in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, Michigan drove the length of the field, but fullback Gerald White fumbled at the Illinois 12-yard line, with the Illini recovering at the nine-yard line. Illinois then drove the length of the field and, with time running out, Chris White lined up for what would have been a game-winning 37-yard field goal. Dieter Heren tipped the ball, which hit the cross-bar and bounced back, and the game ended in a tie. After the game, head coach White said, \"I don't remember feeling worse after a game. . . . I'm devastated.\" At No. 6 Iowa Vs. Army (Peach Bowl) References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football","title":"1985 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"},{"docid":"73913855","text":"The 2023–24 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Illini were led by seventh-year head coach Brad Underwood. The Illini played their home games at the State Farm Center in Champaign, Illinois as members of the Big Ten Conference. They defeated Wisconsin to win the Big Ten Tournament. The team was then awarded the #3 seed in the East region of the NCAA Tournament, in which they advanced their first Elite Eight since 2005. There they lost to the eventual champion, UConn. Previous season The Illini finished the 2022–23 season 20–13, 11–9 in Big Ten play to finish in a four-way tie for fifth place. As the No. 7 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they lost to Penn State in the second round. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 9 seed in the West Region where they lost to Arkansas in the First Round. Offseason Niccolo Moretti joined the Illini for the second semester of the 2022-2023 academic year and took part in practice and officially joined the team this season. After declaring for the 2023 NBA draft, both Terrence Shannon Jr. and Coleman Hawkins withdrew and returned to the Illini. Jeremiah Williams committed to transfer to Illinois on June 1, 2023, but later withdrew that commitment and rejoined the transfer portal later that month on June 23. In August, the Illini took a ten-day trip to Spain where they played and won three games against Spanish teams. None of the games were televised but the Illini provided a link to stream the second game for free on Vimeo. Departures Incoming transfers Source: 2023 recruiting class Roster Note: While listed above as a graduate student for NCAA eligibility purposes, Shannon is a fifth-year senior working towards his bachelor's degree. Roster movement Shannon was suspended prior to the December 29 game against FDU and became eligible to play again January 19. Moretti suffered a foot injury during the November 19 game against Southern and suited up for the January 14 game against Maryland, but did not play until the following game against Michigan. Hansberry began sitting out games with back spasms starting with the game against Purdue on January 5 and returned to action against Ohio State on January 30. Schedule and results |- !colspan=9 style=|Spain trip |- !colspan=12 style=\"| Exhibition |- !colspan=12 style=\"| Regular season |- !colspan=9 style=|Big Ten Tournament |- !colspan=9 style=|NCAA Tournament |- Source: Rankings References External links 2023–24 Illinois MBB record book Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball seasons Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini Men's Basketball Team Illinois Fighting Illini Men's Basketball Team","title":"2023–24 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team"},{"docid":"72665268","text":"The 2022–23 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Fighting Illini were led by first-year head coach Shauna Green, and they played their home games at State Farm Center. This season marked the program's 41st season as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Previous season The Illini finished the 2021–22 season 7–20 overall, with a 1–13 record in Big Ten play to finish in last place. As the fourteenth seed in the Big Ten women's tournament, they defeated eleventh seed Wisconsin in the first round before losing to sixth seed Nebraska in the second round. They were not invited to participate in any post-season tournaments. Offseason After five seasons as Illinois head coach, Nancy Fahey announced her retirement on March 4, 2022. On March 21, 2022, Green was named as the program's tenth head coach, having had six successful seasons as the head coach at Dayton. All three of Green's assistant coaching hires at Illinois (Calamity McEntire, DeAntoine Beasley and Ryan Gensler) had previously worked for her at Dayton. The roster included five players from Fahey's final Illinois team, four freshmen, and four transfers, including two from Dayton (Makira Cook and Brynn Shoup-Hill). Genesis Bryant transferred from North Carolina State, but she had been recruited by Green for Dayton before committing to the Wolfpack. Roster Schedule and results |- !colspan=\"6\" style=| Exhibition |- !colspan=\"9\" style=| Regular season |- !colspan=\"6\" style=| Big Ten Women's Tournament |- !colspan=9 style=| NCAA Tournament Rankings See also 2022–23 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team References External links Official website 2022–23 media guide Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball seasons Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball Illinois","title":"2022–23 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team"},{"docid":"39340066","text":"Jacqueline Manny (; born December 29, 1987) is an American former professional soccer defender who last played for the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League. Early life Santacaterina was raised in Geneva, Illinois, where she attended Geneva High School and finished her high school career with 49 goals and 47 assists in 70 games, all as midfielder for the Lady Vikings. In 2005, she helped lead Geneva to a third-place finish in Illinois class AA and was named Kane County Player of the Year. She earned Suburban Prairie North Conference MVP honors in 2004 and 2005 and was listed as a Top 150 recruit by Soccer Buzz. Santacaterina helped lead the club soccer team, Eclipse Select, to consecutive United States Youth Soccer Association (USYSA) national championships in 2004 and 2005 followed by a Region II title in 2006. As a member of the Illinois state Olympic Development Program (ODP) team from 2000 to 2005, she helped guide the squad to a second-place national finish in 2005. Santacaterina also earned All-State honors in 2004 and 2005. University of Illinois Santacaterina attended the University of Illinois where she played for the Fighting Illini from 2006 to 2009. During her freshman year, she was named to the Big Ten All-Freshman team, Top Drawer Soccer's All-Rookie first team, Soccer Buzz's Great Lakes Region All-Freshman team and the All-Illini Tournament team. In 2007, she started in all 21 matches and was named to the Soccer Buzz All-Great Lakes Region second team and All-Big Ten second team. During her junior season, she started all 23 matches and was named to the All-Big Ten second team. During her final season, she was named team Co-MVP and was one of 11 Illini to register at least 1,000 minutes of play. Playing career In 2013, Santacaterina was selected in the fourth round (28th overall) of the 2013 NWSL Supplemental Draft by the Chicago Red Stars for the inaugural season of the National Women's Soccer League. Following the 2014 NWSL season, Santacaterina announced her retirement, citing inability to recover from a soccer injury. References External links Chicago Red Stars player profile 1987 births Living people American women's soccer players Chicago Red Stars players Illinois Fighting Illini women's soccer players Women's association football defenders Soccer players from Illinois National Women's Soccer League players Women's Premier Soccer League players Women's Premier Soccer League Elite players","title":"Jackie Santacaterina"},{"docid":"75971594","text":"Seth Coleman (born December 7, 2000) is an American football defensive end for the Illinois Fighting Illini. Early life and high school Coleman attended high school at Holy Trinity Episcopal Academy. Coming out of high school, Coleman was rated as a three-star recruit where he decided to commit to play college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini. College career In Coleman's first career season in 2020, he recorded 13 tackles with three and a half going for a loss. In week three of the 2021 season, Coleman had his breakout game notching six tackles, with one being for a loss, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, and a pass deflection. In the 2021 season, Coleman played in ten games where he recorded 22 tackles with three going for a loss, two sacks, two pass deflections, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery. Heading into the 2022 season, Coleman won a starting job on the Fighting Illini defense. In week six of the 2022 season, Coleman logged five tackles with two being for a loss, two sacks, and a pass deflection, in a win over the Iowa Hawkeyes. In week nine, Coleman forced an errant throw as he hit quarterback Casey Washington which resulted in a game-changing interception, as the Illini went on to win. During the 2022 season, Coleman tallied 45 tackles with five being for a loss, four and a half sacks, ten quarterback hurries, and six pass deflections, as for his performance he was named an honorable mention all Big-Ten selection. During the 2023 season, Coleman totaled 50 tackles with nine being for a loss, along with six sacks. For his performance on the year, Coleman was named a Big-Ten honorable mention. Coleman decided to return to the Fighting Illni for his sixth season in 2024. References External links Illinois Fighting Illini bio 2000 births Living people Players of American football from Florida American football defensive ends Holy Trinity Episcopal Academy alumni Illinois Fighting Illini football players","title":"Seth Coleman"},{"docid":"41566932","text":"The Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team, representing the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, has had 68 players drafted into the National Basketball Association (NBA) since the league began holding the yearly event in 1947. Each NBA franchise seeks to add new players through an annual draft. The NBA uses a draft lottery to determine the first three picks of the NBA draft; the 14 teams that did not make the playoffs the previous year are eligible to participate. After the first three picks are decided, the rest of the teams pick in reverse order of their win–loss record. To be eligible for the NBA draft, a player in the United States must be at least 19 years old during the calendar year of the draft and must be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class. The drafts held between 1947 and 1949 were held by the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The BAA became the National Basketball Association after absorbing teams from the National Basketball League in the fall of 1949. Official NBA publications include the BAA Drafts as part of the NBA's draft history. From 1967 until the ABA–NBA merger in 1976, the American Basketball Association (ABA) held its own draft. Through the 2018 NBA draft, a Fighting Illini has been chosen first round of the draft 15 times in the history of the event with Meyers Leonard being the latest in 2012. Key Players selected in the BAA and NBA drafts References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini NBA draft","title":"List of Illinois Fighting Illini in the NBA draft"},{"docid":"28239540","text":"The 2010 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Fighting Illini, led by sixth-year head coach Ron Zook, are members of the Big Ten Conference and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. They finished the season 7–6, 4–4 in Big Ten play and were invited to the Texas Bowl where they defeated Baylor 38–14. Schedule References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Texas Bowl champion seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football","title":"2010 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"},{"docid":"47416424","text":"The 1927 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois in the 1927 Big Ten Conference football season. The Fighting Illini compiled a 7–0–1 record (5–0 against Western Conference opponents) and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 152 to 24. Illinois was also ranked No. 1 in the nation in the Dickinson System ratings released in December 1927. Illinois was also retroactively named as the national champion for 1927 by the Billingsley Report, Helms Athletic Foundation, National Championship Foundation, and Parke H. Davis. Center Robert Reitsch and guard Russ Crane were selected as first-team players on the 1927 All-America college football team: Reitsch by the North American Newspaper Alliance and Lawrence Perry; and Crane by Grantland Rice for Collier's Weekly. Reitsch was also the team captain. Other notable players included halfback Jud Timm; end Garland Grange; and tackle Butch Nowack. Schedule Roster Head coach: Robert Zuppke (15th year at Illinois) References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons College football national champions Big Ten Conference football champion seasons College football undefeated seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football","title":"1927 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"},{"docid":"59434338","text":"Clyde Gobel Alwood (January 1, 1895 – August 14, 1954) was an American college basketball standout for Illinois in the 1910s. A forward, Alwood played for the Fighting Illini from 1913 to 1917, scoring 242 points in 41 games during his three years of varsity play earning a varsity letter each year. Graduating from Clinton High School, Alwood was the son of Henry Alwood and Minnie (Rundle) Alwood. He married twice in his life, his first marriage was to Martha Amy Hargitt and his second was to Doris Jean Keifer. University of Illinois Alwood enrolled at the University of Illinois in the fall of 1913 and join the varsity basketball team. His sophomore year placed him as a starting forward for the 1914–15 Fighting Illini team that finished as the only team in Illinois history with a perfect record, 16 wins and 0 losses. This team was not only Big Ten Conference Champions, but was also named Helms National Champions as well as Premo-Poretta National Champions. This was the University of Illinois's first national championship. As a junior, Alwood maintained his starting role with an Illini team that finished in second place in the conference with an overall record of 13 and 3. Alwoods' senior season, while playing for hall-of-fame coach Ralph Jones, brought the Fighting Illini an additional Big Ten Conference championship. Alwood was named the team captain for the 1916–17 season and the Illini finished their schedule with an overall record of 13 wins and 3 losses and a conference record of 10 wins and 2 losses. The season brought two prestigious awards to Alwood, the Big Ten Medal of Honor, given to the one student-athlete from the graduating class of each university who had “attained the greatest proficiency in athletics and scholastic work”, while also being named a consensus All-American. This team was extremely special in the history of Illinois basketball due to the fact that it included the university's first Helms National Player of the Year, Ray Woods, as well as the National Football League's co-founder George Halas. References 1895 births 1954 deaths All-American college men's basketball players American men's basketball players Basketball players from Ohio Forwards (basketball) Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Sportspeople from Zanesville, Ohio","title":"Clyde Alwood"},{"docid":"31571774","text":"Milton Martin Olander (January 25, 1899 – December 30, 1961) was an American college football player and coach. Olander was born in 1899 at Rockford, Illinois. His father, Frank Olander, emigrated from Sweden in 1881 and became a saloon keeper in Rockford. His mother, Selma Olander, emigrated from Sweden in 1888. He had two older brothers, Carl (born May 1895) and Clarence (born April 1897). Olander graduated from Rockford High School, where he played on the football, basketball and track teams and was captain of the football team for two years. He next enrolled at the University of Illinois where he played at the tackle position for Robert Zuppke's Fighting Illini football teams from 1918 to 1921. The University of Illinois yearbook noted: \"'Milt' was the leading factor in the Illini line. His steadiness characterized him as Zup's most heady player. This was his fourth season.\" At the time of the 1920 United States Census, Olander was working as a laborer in a warehouse and living in Rockford with his mother, his older brother Clarence, and his younger sister Alice. After graduating from Illinois, Olander served as the head football coach at the Western State Normal School (now known as Western Michigan University) in 1922 and 1923. In his first year as a head coach, he led Western State to a perfect 6–0 record as his team outscored its opponents 160 to 0. In April 1924, Olander signed a contract to return to the University of Illinois as the freshman football coach. He served as an assistant football coach at Illinois through the 1934 season. At the time of the 1930 United States Census, Olander was living in Champaign, Illinois with his wife Mary S. Olander, daughter Suzanne Olander, and son Milton M. Olander, Jr. His occupation at that time was listed as an assistant coach for a university. In 1940, Olander was appointed as the head of the Athletic Board of Control at the University of Illinois. Olander lived in Sylvania, Ohio in his later years. He worked as the director of industrial relations for Owens-Illinois Glass Co. at Toledo, Ohio. In 1953, he was offered a position as an Assistant Secretary of Labor in the administration of President Dwight Eisenhower. Olander died in December 1961 at Toledo at the age of 62. Olander was one of the original members of the parks commission in Sylvania, Ohio. In recognition of his efforts, the city's park system is known as The Olander Park System. The city's largest park, Olander Park, and its lake, Lake Olander, are also named after him. Head coaching record References External links 1899 births 1961 deaths American football tackles Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches Illinois Fighting Illini football players Western Michigan Broncos football coaches Players of American football from Rockford, Illinois People from Sylvania, Ohio Coaches of American football from Illinois","title":"Milton Olander"},{"docid":"5567312","text":"Huff Hall is a 4,050-seat multi-purpose arena in Champaign, Illinois, United States. The arena opened in 1925 and was known as Huff Gymnasium until the 1990s. It is named after George Huff, who was the school's athletic director from 1895 to 1935. Huff Hall is home to the University of Illinois Fighting Illini volleyball and wrestling teams. Prior to the opening of Assembly Hall in 1963, it was home to the basketball team as well. Currently Huff Hall is used for a variety of sporting events, including men's and women's gymnastics, men's wrestling, and women's volleyball. At each athletic event banners are hung of past Illini heroes to remind the crowd of the rich tradition that Illini athletics have had. Every March from 1926 to 1962, Huff Gymnasium played host to the state finals of the Illinois High School Association boys' basketball tournament. Huff Hall also served as the home of the women's basketball team. Beginning in the 1970s and continuing through the mid-1990s, the team once again used Huff Hall for home games, as it struggled to fill up the Assembly Hall. Since 1997 the team has used the Assembly Hall exclusively, although it struggles with a losing record and to fill up the Assembly Hall. From 1927 to 2002 Huff Hall was also home to a 25-yard swimming pool which served as the home of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Underwater Hockey club and the University of Illinois Water Polo Club. The pool had a consistent depth of 8 ft. which made it ideal for these activities. In addition to hosting athletic events, Huff Hall is also the home of the College of Applied Health Sciences. History Originally called the \"New Gymnasium\", Huff Hall was designed in the Georgian-Revival Style by Charles A. Platt and university architect James M. White. The building's architecture matches that of the Armory, Main Library, the Union, and other campus buildings. At the conclusion of its $772,000 construction in 1925, Huff Hall replaced the Military Drill Hall (now known as Kenney Gym Annex) as the home for Fighting Illini basketball. The \"New Gymnasium\" was renamed Huff Gymnasium in 1937 following the longtime athletic director's passing. Men's basketball records at Huff Hall Notes: *denotes incomplete or partial records. **denotes played 9 games at Huff Hall but finished season at Assembly Hall. (N/R) denotes no records References Indoor arenas in Illinois Defunct college basketball venues in the United States College gymnastics venues in the United States College volleyball venues in the United States College wrestling venues in the United States Gymnastics venues in Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball venues Illinois Fighting Illini men's gymnastics venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's gymnastics venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball venues Illinois Fighting Illini wrestling venues Swimming venues in Illinois Volleyball venues in Illinois Wrestling venues in Illinois Sports venues in Champaign–Urbana, Illinois Tourist attractions in Champaign County, Illinois Buildings and structures of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 1925 establishments in","title":"Huff Hall"},{"docid":"54343579","text":"Mac Paul Wenskunas (June 8, 1922 – August 3, 1957) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Quincy College from 1947 to 1949 and at North Dakota Agricultural College—now known as North Dakota State University—from 1950 to 1953, compiling a career head coaching record of 30–27–1. A native of Georgetown, Illinois, Wenskunas played college football as a center at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He lettered for the Illinois Fighting Illini in 1942, 1945, and 1946. He was captain of the 1946 Illinois Fighting Illini football team, which won the Big Ten Conference and the 1947 Rose Bowl. He was a member of the 1947 All-Star team. His college playing years were interrupted by his service in the Marines during World War II. He was drafted by the Chicago Cardinals in the second round of the 1946 NFL draft with the 11th overall pick, but he was just a junior at the time and did not go to the NFL that year. The following year, he was drafted by the Chicago Rockets with the 136th pick in the 18th round of the 1947 AAFC Draft. Instead of playing football, he went into coaching. He spent three years as the head football coach at Quincy College, where his teams went 19–6 over three seasons and won the Pioneer Conference every year. He then became head coach of North Dakota Agricultural College. After leaving coaching he moved to Athens, Ohio and then Decatur, Illinois working as a salesman for the Jostin Classroom Jewlery Company. Wenskunas died with his wife in a two car crash on August 3, 1957, near Boody, Illinois that also killed three other people. Head coaching record References External links 1922 births 1957 deaths American football centers Illinois Fighting Illini football players Quincy Hawks football coaches North Dakota State Bison football coaches People from Georgetown, Illinois Coaches of American football from Illinois Players of American football from Illinois Road incident deaths in Illinois","title":"Mac Wenskunas"},{"docid":"2127805","text":"Deron Michael Williams ( ; born June 26, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Illinois Fighting Illini before being drafted third overall in the 2005 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz. A three-time NBA All-Star with the Jazz and Brooklyn Nets, Williams also played for Beşiktaş of the Turkish Basketball League during the 2011 NBA lockout, and was a gold medal winner on the United States national team at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics. Early life and high school career Williams was born in Parkersburg, West Virginia. In elementary school and middle school, Williams won two state wrestling championships. In 1993, as an eight-year-old, he won the 67 lb. weight class Texas State championship. Four years later in 1997, he won the twelve-year-old 116 lb. weight class championship. Williams attended The Colony High School in The Colony, Texas and averaged 17 points, 9.4 assists, and 2 steals per game as a junior in 2001. That year he led his team, the Cougars, to a 32–2 record and the Class 5A state semifinals against Bryan High. In 2002, as a senior, he averaged 17.6 points, 8.5 assists, 6.1 rebounds, and 2.6 steals per game. His team, the Cougars, went 29–2 that season, losing the 5A Texas State semifinals. Williams was a teammate of Bracey Wright who went on to play for Big Ten rival Indiana University. College career Williams was recruited to play college basketball at the University of Illinois for the 2002–03 NCAA season by Bill Self. In his freshman year, he started 30 of 32 games and ranked third in the Big Ten Conference in assists with 4.53 per game. Bruce Weber assumed the head coach position for the Illini in April 2003 and helped develop Williams throughout his remaining collegiate career. As a sophomore, Williams improved his scoring average from 6.3 to 14.0 points per game and improved his assists per game from the prior year to 6.17. Williams was a First-Team All-Big Ten selection by both the coaches and media. In 2005, as a junior starting point guard, Williams led the Fighting Illini to the NCAA championship game where they lost to the University of North Carolina. That season saw the Illini go undefeated until the final game of the regular season when they lost to Ohio State by one point. Illinois's road to the Final Four was marked by a comeback win over the Arizona Wildcats, where the Illini, led by Williams, came back from fifteen points down in the final minutes to win the game. Williams made the game-tying three-point shot with just 38.5 seconds left in regulation. He then hit the go-ahead three-pointer in overtime, and the Illini never looked back in that game. Williams received many awards after the 2004–05 season. Those honors include being named a consensus Second Team All American, as well as being named First Team All-Big Ten, Big Ten All-Tournament Team, and All-Final Four team and at the conclusion of","title":"Deron Williams"},{"docid":"47379667","text":"The 1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1923 Big Ten Conference football season. In their 11th season under head coach Robert Zuppke, the Fighting Illini compiled an 8–0 record (5–0 against Big Ten Conference opponents), tied with Michigan for the Big Ten championship, shut out five of eight opponents, and outscored their opponents by a total of 136 to 20. There was no contemporaneous system in 1923 for determining a national champion. However, Illinois was retroactively named as the national champion by the Boand System, College Football Researchers Association, Helms Athletic Foundation, and Parke H. Davis, and as a co-national champion by the Berryman QPRS system, National Championship Foundation, and Jeff Sagarin (using the ELO-Chess methodology). Halfback Red Grange, known as \"The Galloping Ghost\", tallied 723 rushing yards and scored 12 touchdowns in seven games. In 2008, Grange was named by ESPN as the best college football player of all time. He was also a charter member of both the College and Pro Football Halls of Fame. Grange and Guard Jim McMillen were consensus first-team picks on the 1923 All-America college football team. McMillen was also the team captain. This was the first season for the Fighting Illini at Memorial Stadium, where the team plays their home games to this day. Schedule Roster Head coach: Robert Zuppke (11th year at Illinois) Awards and honors The following Illinois players received honors on the 1923 All-America college football team and/or the 1923 All-Big Ten Conference football team: Halfback Red Grange Consensus first-team All-American First-team All-Big Ten selection by Norman E. Brown and Walter Eckersall Guard Jim McMillen Consensus first-team All-American First-team All-Big Ten selection by Brown and Eckersall End Frank Rokusek Second-team All-American selected by Lawrence Perry Second-team All-Big Ten selection by Brown and Eckersall Quarterback Harry A. Hall Second-team All-Big Ten selection by Eckersall Fullback Earl Britton Second-team All-Big Ten selection by Brown and third-team selection by Eckersall References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons College football national champions Big Ten Conference football champion seasons 1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football","title":"1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"},{"docid":"53224570","text":"The 2017 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign during the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Fighting Illini played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois, and competed in the West Division of the Big Ten Conference. They were led by second-year head coach Lovie Smith. They finished the season 2–10, 0–9 in Big Ten play to finish in last place in the West Division. Recruiting Position key Recruits The Fighting Illini signed a total of 25 recruits. Schedule Illinois announced its 2017 football schedule on July 11, 2013. The 2017 schedule consisted of 7 home and 5 away games in the regular season. The Fighting Illini hosted Big Ten foes Indiana, Nebraska, Northwestern, Rutgers, Wisconsin, and traveled to Iowa, Minnesota, Ohio State, and Purdue. The Fighting Illini hosted two of the three non-conference opponents, Ball State from the Mid-American Conference and Western Kentucky (WKU) from Conference USA, and traveled to South Florida from the American Athletic Conference. Schedule Source: Game summaries Ball State WKU At South Florida Nebraska At Iowa Rutgers At Minnesota Wisconsin At Purdue Indiana At Ohio State Northwestern Roster References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football","title":"2017 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"45084845\",\n \"text\": \"Cory Bradford (born December 4, 1978) is an American professional basketball player for Zhuhai Wolf Warriors. Bradford, a dominant high school guard, led Memphis's Raleigh-Egypt High School to a 1997 District 2A Championship while averaging 24 points, seven rebounds and six assists per game in his senior season. Bradford, an all-state, all-conference selection, was listed as the 72nd best high school prospect in 1997. He also averaged 22 points and nearly eight rebounds per game as a junior. Bradford went on to play for the University of Illinois for four years, 1998–2002. He was part of the 2000–01 and 2001–02 back-to-back Big Ten championship teams coached by Bill Self. Each team qualified for the NCAA men's basketball tournament with the 2000–01 team advancing to the Elite Eight. Bradford scored 1,735 career points with 275 assists, 108 steals while having a .389 field goal percentage for the Fighting Illini. Bradford's most prominent claim to fame was his NCAA record for consecutive games with a three-point field goal at 88 games before the streak was snapped on Feb. 13, 2001 against Wisconsin. College career 1997–98 season Bradford played in one regular season game before making the transition to \\\"redshirt\\\" status. 1998–99 season As a freshman, Bradford appeared in all 32 of the Illini's games. He totaled a record-setting 494 points with 25 steals, 62 assists and hauled in 84 rebounds. Bradford led all Illini players in many scoring categories including total points (494), field goals made (174), field goal attempts (450) and making 85 three-point field goals after attempting 205. Bradford connected on a three-point field goal in each game of the season. Bradford was honored at the end of the season by being named Big Ten Freshman of the Year as well as making the Third-team All-Big Ten by the coaches and the Basketball News All-Freshman second team. 1999–2000 season During Bradford's sophomore season, he again started in all 32 games. He finished the season as the team leader in points (490), three-point field goals (96 of 255) while averaging 15.3 points per game. Bradford continued his streak of consecutive games with a three-point field goal by making one in each game in this season. Under the direction of Lon Kruger, the combination of Bradford and freshmen Frank Williams, Brian Cook and junior Marcus Griffin helped to create a resurgent Illini by finishing the season nationally ranked at 21 by the Associated Press. Bradford would be named to the Second Team All-Big Ten selection by both coaches and media following the season. 2000–01 season The Fighting Illini experienced a new head coach and a change in philosophy led by the play of sophomores Frank Williams and Brian Cook along with senior forward Marcus Griffin, Bradford's role became more focused on what he did best, making three-point baskets. This new direction benefited the Illini by pushing them into a first place tie in the conference as well as a berth in the Elite Eight of the 2001 NCAA tournament and an Associated\",\n \"title\": \"Cory Bradford\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43048752\",\n \"text\": \"Paul B. Judson (April 10, 1934 – June 5, 2023) was an American basketball player. He was selected as the twelfth pick in the 1956 NBA draft, but did not play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Basketball In high school, he helped lead Alden-Hebron High School to the 1952 Illinois high school basketball state championship. Judson served as the team captain for the 1955–56 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team and helped guide them to an 18–4 record. He was named an honorable mention All-American by the Associated Press in his final college season. Personal life His brother, Howie Judson, played for the Chicago White Sox from 1948 to 1952 and the Cincinnati Redlegs from 1953 to 1954. Twin brother Phil Judson was also teammate on the same Fighting Illini basketball teams. Uncle to former Northern Illinois University head coach, Rob Judson. Rob is the son of Phil. Paul Judson died on June 5, 2023, at the age of 89. Honors 1955 – Team MVP 1955 – 1st Team All-Big Ten 1955 – Honorable Mention All American 1955 – University of Illinois Athlete of the Year 1956 – Team Captain 1956 – Consensus 1st Team All-Big Ten 1956 – 3rd Team All American 1973 – Inducted into the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association's Hall of Fame as a player. College statistics University of Illinois Notes Further reading 1934 births 2023 deaths All-American college men's basketball players Basketball players from Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players People from Hebron, Illinois Sportspeople from McHenry County, Illinois Syracuse Nationals draft picks American men's basketball players Guards (basketball)\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Judson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41629844\",\n \"text\": \"Ron Dunlap (December 2, 1946 – October 28, 2019) was an American professional basketball player from Illinois. Dunlap, a high school center from Farragut Academy, went on to play for the Illinois Fighting Illini for one year (1965–66). He was a member of the freshman squad during the 1964–65 season and played a key role on the 1965–66 varsity squad, additionally, he started the 1966–67 season with the team and was subsequently dismissed as part of the \\\"slush fund\\\" investigation. Dunlap scored 161 career points with 169 rebounds while only playing 28 games for the Fighting Illini. Career Dunlap attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, playing two seasons for the Fighting Illini. He was forced to skip his last two seasons of basketball (1967–1968) due to a scandal involving illicit \\\"slush funds\\\" and funding paid to University of Illinois players on its basketball and football teams. During this era, the NCAA allowed $15 a month in stipends; however, the Big Ten Conference did not. Dunlap, married and the father of a daughter at the time, had received a total of $410 in monthly increments. Three Illini coaches resigned under pressure, and the athletes receiving the payments lost their remaining eligibility to play in the Big Ten. Based on the incident, the NCAA suspended the Fighting Illini for two seasons. Dunlap played with the Chicago Bombers of the North American Basketball League in 1967–1968. Despite the enforced break from the game, Dunlap was selected in the second round of 1968 NBA draft by Chicago Bulls. He continued his career in the Continental Basketball Association with the Rockford Royals, and later in Israel with Maccabi Tel Aviv. Later life After his basketball career ended, Dunlap earned a Master’s degree from Roosevelt University in 1978. He spent the next thirty six years as an educator. He was a principal for twenty three years, with sixteen of those with the Appleton Area School District, in Appleton, Wisconsin. During those years he also served as adjunct professor at Triton Community College in River Grove, Illinois and Viterbo University in La Crosse. When Dunlap became principal of Lincoln Elementary School, he was among only a few black school administrators in northeastern Wisconsin. Following his time as principal at Lincoln, Dunlap served as the District’s first Coordinator of Minority Services. The Wisconsin PTA sponsors the Ron Dunlap Administrator of the Year Award in recognition of his service to the organization. In 2022, the Appleton Area Public Schools renamed the school where he served as principal after him in recognition of his many contributions to the community. References 1946 births 2019 deaths American expatriate basketball people in Israel American men's basketball players Basketball players from Chicago Centers (basketball) Chicago Bulls draft picks Farragut Career Academy alumni Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players 20th-century African-American sportspeople 21st-century African-American people\",\n \"title\": \"Ron Dunlap\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65335473\",\n \"text\": \"Del'Shawn Phillips (born October 9, 1996) is an American football linebacker for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Illinois. College career Phillips had committed to play college football at Western Michigan, but was ruled academically ineligible. He spent a year away from football and took online courses at Mott Community College before enrolling at Garden City Community College in Garden City, Kansas. As a freshman, he recorded 72 tackles, 12.5 tackles for loss and 7.0 sacks. Phillips finished his sophomore season with 95 tackles as the Broncbusters won the 2016 NJCAA National Football Championship. He initially committed to transfer to Arizona for the final two seasons of his eligibility, but changed his commitment to Illinois. Phillips was named a starter at linebacker going into his first season at Illinois and finished the season as the Fighting Illini's leading tackler with 85. He was voted a team captain as a senior and again led the team with 95 tackles and also interceptions with four and was named honorable mention All-Big Ten Conference. Professional career Atlanta Falcons Phillips was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent on April 29, 2019. He was waived during final roster cuts on August 31. Buffalo Bills Phillips was signed by the Buffalo Bills to their practice squad on October 30, 2019. He spent the remainder of the season on the practice squad and signed a futures contract with the team on January 6, 2020. Phillips made his NFL debut in the Bills' season opener against the New York Jets on September 13 and suffered a quadriceps injury. He was placed on injured reserve on October 12, activated on November 7, and placed back on injured reserve on November 13. On January 19, 2021, Phillips was waived by the Bills. He played in only two games with the Bills, all 14 of his snaps coming on special teams. New York Jets On March 23, 2021, Phillips signed with the Jets. He was waived on August 31 and re-signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on September 21. Phillips was waived by the Jets on August 30, 2022. Baltimore Ravens On August 31, 2022, Phillips was claimed off waivers by the Baltimore Ravens. On March 19, 2023, Phillips re–signed with the Ravens. Houston Texans On March 15, 2024, Phillips signed a one-year contract with the Houston Texans. References External links Houston Texans bio Illinois Fighting Illini bio 1996 births Living people 21st-century African-American sportspeople Garden City Broncbusters football players Cass Technical High School alumni Players of American football from Detroit American football linebackers Illinois Fighting Illini football players Buffalo Bills players New York Jets players Baltimore Ravens players Houston Texans players\",\n \"title\": \"Del'Shawn Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1854655\",\n \"text\": \"The State Farm Center is a large dome-shaped 15,544-seat indoor arena located in Champaign, Illinois, owned and operated by the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The arena hosts games for the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball, women's basketball, and wrestling teams. It also doubles as a performance and event center, and is one of the largest venues between Chicago and St. Louis. It opened in 1963 and was known until 2013 as Assembly Hall until State Farm Insurance acquired naming rights as part of a major renovation project. Size The third largest Illinois arena after the United Center in Chicago and the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, State Farm Center has 15,544 permanent seats but, when portable chairs are placed on the floor for an in-the-round performance, there is a potential for an additional 1,000 depending on the stage configuration. Opening State Farm Center opened as Assembly Hall on March 2, 1963, and continues to attract attention for its design and construction. From 1963 to 1965 Assembly Hall was the largest dome structure in North America until the opening of the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. The roof is supported by of one-quarter inch steel wire wrapped at the base of the dome under intensive pressure. The architect was Max Abramovitz, a University of Illinois alumnus. The contractor was Felmley-Dickerson Co of Urbana, led by Ray Dickerson, who built a number of buildings for the university. Main uses Fighting Illini basketball State Farm Center hosts home games of Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball and Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball and is also home to the student cheering section, the \\\"Orange Krush,\\\" which occupies the floor around the court as well as some seats. At the annual \\\"Paint the Hall Orange\\\" game, everyone in attendance would wear an orange shirt. In recent years, however, it has become customary for Illini fans to wear orange at all home games and so the official \\\"PTHO\\\" game was discontinued after the 2007–08 season. In August 2015, prior to the reopening of the newly renovated State Farm Center, the hardwood floor was dedicated and named Lou Henson Court in honor of the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball all-time leader in victories Lou Henson. IHSA State Farm Center has hosted a variety of Illinois High School Association events. It has been the home of the state individual wrestling tournament since 1967. From 1963 to 1995, State Farm Center played host to the state finals of the boys' basketball tournament. From 1978 to 1991, it also hosted the IHSA girls' basketball tournament. The IHSA announced on June 15, 2020, that the boys' basketball tournament would return after a 25-year absence. Broadway Series State Farm Center is also the venue for the annual WCIA 3 Broadway Series, which features popular musicals such as Les Misérables, Miss Saigon, Rent, and Fiddler on the Roof. Concerts The largest concerts by attendance thus far are: \\\"Illinois Renaissance\\\" renovation In the autumn of 2008, school officials, led by Athletics Director Ron Guenther, conducted a study\",\n \"title\": \"State Farm Center\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32913196\",\n \"text\": \"The 1946 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois in the 1946 Big Nine Conference football season. Led by fifth-year head coach Ray Eliot, the Illini compiled an 8–2 record (6–1 against Big Nine opponents) and won the Big Nine championship. They finished the season ranked No. 5 in the final AP Poll and were invited to play in the 1947 Rose Bowl where they defeated No. 4 UCLA, 45–14. Center Mac Wenskunas was the team captain. Guard Alex Agase was a consensus first-team selection on the 1946 All-America college football team. Agase also received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Big Nine's most valuable player. Four Illinois players received honors from the Associated Press (AP) or United Press (UP) on the 1946 All-Big Nine Conference football team: Agase (AP-1, UP-1); ends Ike Owens (UP-1) and Sam Zatkoff (UP-2); and halfback Jules Rykovich (UP-2). The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Schedule Rankings Roster Head coach: Ray Eliot (5th year at Illinois) Awards and honors Alex Agase Chicago Tribune Silver Football Consensus All-American (guard) References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Big Ten Conference football champion seasons Rose Bowl champion seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football\",\n \"title\": \"1946 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1925956\",\n \"text\": \"The Kenney Gym and the Kenney Gym Annex are two buildings located at 1402-06 Springfield Avenue in Urbana, Illinois, on the campus on the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Although the two buildings have been physically connected since 1914, they were built separately. They were jointly added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 under the name Military Drill Hall and Men's Gymnasium. History The one-story building now known as the Kenney Gym Annex, the easternmost of the two structures, was built in 1889-90 as the Military Drill Hall and was designed by Nathan Clifford Ricker. The interior was converted for use as a gymnasium in 1914, at which time it became known as the Annex to the Men's Gym building next to it. The conversion preserved the building's large column-free open space, which had been a necessity for military drilling. An eastern addition was made to the building in 1918. The Kenney Gym, the two-story building to the west, was built in 1902 and was designed by Nelson Strong Spencer in the Renaissance Revival style, strongly influenced by Ricker's design for the drill hall. It was originally called the Men's Gymnasium but was renamed the Men's Old Gym when Huff Hall opened in 1925. In 1974, it was named after Harold Eugene \\\"Hek\\\" Kenney, a former UIUC wrestler, coach, and administrator in the early 20th century. Prior to the opening of Huff Hall in 1925, Kenney Gym housed the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team. It was also home to the women's volleyball program from 1974 until 1989 and the men's wrestling team until those teams moved to Huff Hall. From 1919 to 1925, Kenney Gym played host to the state finals of the Illinois High School Association boys' basketball tournament. Current use Kenney Gym Annex is a 5,000-seat multi-purpose arena. Kenney Gym is the practice facility for the Fighting Illini men's and women's gymnastics teams. The buildings are also used by University Laboratory High School in Urbana, located two blocks east of Kenney Gym on Springfield Avenue, as their gym for high school volleyball and basketball, along with their physical education program. References Notes External links UIUC Dep't of Campus Recreation Kenney Gym National Register nomination Indoor arenas in Illinois College gymnastics venues in the United States Defunct college basketball venues in the United States Basketball venues in Illinois Gymnastics venues in Illinois Swimming venues in Illinois Volleyball venues in Illinois Wrestling venues in Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball venues Illinois Fighting Illini men's gymnastics venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's gymnastics venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball venues Illinois Fighting Illini wrestling venues National Register of Historic Places in Champaign County, Illinois Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois Sports venues in Champaign–Urbana, Illinois Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois Buildings and structures of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Event venues established in\",\n \"title\": \"Kenney Gym and Kenney Gym Annex\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63717024\",\n \"text\": \"The 2020–21 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois in the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by fourth-year head coach Brad Underwood, the Illini played their home games at the State Farm Center in Champaign, Illinois as members of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 24–7, 16–4 in Big Ten play to finish in second place. They defeated Rutgers, Iowa, and Ohio State to win the Big Ten tournament and receive the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. As the No. 1 seed in the Midwest region, they defeated Drexel in the First Round before being upset by No. 8-seeded Loyola–Chicago in the Second Round. Previous season The Illini finished the 2019–20 season 21–10, 13–7 in Big Ten play to finish in fourth place. Their season ended when the Big Ten tournament and the NCAA tournament were canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic. Offseason On April 7, 2020, freshman big man Kofi Cockburn declared for the NBA draft, but did not hire an agent, leaving open the chance that he would return to school for his sophomore season. On April 16, sophomore guard Ayo Dosunmu also declared for the draft. Dosunmu did not hire an agent, but stated that he intended to stay in the draft. On July 31, Cockburn and Dosunmu announced they had withdrawn from the NBA draft and would return to Illinois for the season. Departures 2020 Recruiting Class Roster Schedule and results |- !colspan=12 style=\\\"background:#DF4E38; color:white;\\\"| Non-Conference regular season |- !colspan=9 style=\\\"background:#DF4E38; color:#FFFFFF;\\\"|Big Ten regular season |- !colspan=12 style=\\\"background:#DF4E38; color:white;\\\"| Big Ten tournament |- !colspan=9 style=\\\"text-align: center; background:#DF4E38\\\"|NCAA tournament Source Rankings *AP does not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings^Coaches did not release a Week 1 poll. References 2020–21 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season 2020-21 2020 in sports in Illinois 2021 in sports in Illinois 2021 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament participants 2020-21\",\n \"title\": \"2020–21 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21267446\",\n \"text\": \"The 1991 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a member of the Big Ten Conference the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Fighting Illini were led by fourth-year head coach John Mackovic during the regular season before he resigned and was replaced by Lou Tepper as interim head coach for the team's bowl game. Illinois compiled an overall record of 6–6 with a mark of 4–4 in conference play, placing fifth in the Big Ten. The Fighting Illini were invited to the John Hancock Bowl, where they lost to UCLA. The team's offense scored 264 points while the defense allowed 188 points. Illinois played home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Schedule Roster After the season NFL Draft The following Fighting Illini were selected in the 1992 NFL Draft after the season. References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football\",\n \"title\": \"1991 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76135641\",\n \"text\": \"Julian Pearl (born October 6, 1999) is an American football offensive tackle for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Illinois. Early life and high school Pearl attended high school at Danville. Coming out of high school, Pearl initially committed to play for the Northern Illinois Huskies. However, Pearl flipped his commitment to play for the Illinois Fighting Illini. College career In Pearl's first season in 2018, he decided to redshirt and did not appear in any games. During the 2019 season, Pearl played in just two games. In the 2020 Covid-shortened season, Pearl played in seven games where he made four starts. During the 2021 season, Pearl played in 12 games with 11 starts at left guard. During the 2022 season, Pearl was a part of a Fighting Illini offensive line that where semifinalists for the Joe Moore Award. During the 2022 season, Pearl started 12 games for the Fighting Illini, where he was named a honorable mention all Big-Ten selection. Heading into the 2023 season, Peral was named preseason second-team all Big-Ten. In 2023, Pearl would play in and start all 12 games for the Fighting Illini. Professional career Pearl signed with the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent on May 3, 2024. References External links Illinois Fighting Illini bio 1999 births Living people Players of American football from Illinois Sportspeople from Danville, Illinois American football offensive tackles Illinois Fighting Illini football players Baltimore Ravens players\",\n \"title\": \"Julian Pearl\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12607912\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Roslyn Carney (August 25, 1900 – September 5, 1984) was an American football and basketball player. Carney was born in Chicago in 1900. He enrolled at the University of Illinois where he excelled in both football and basketball. He played at the end position for the Fighting Illini football team from 1918 to 1921. He was selected as a consensus first-team All-American in 1920. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1966. Carney was a member of the Illini men's basketball team from 1920 to 1922. He established the single-season, Big Ten Conference record with 60 field goals (188 points) during the 1921 Big Ten season, a record that stood for 22 years. He was selected as an All-American basketball player in both 1920 and 1922, becoming the first Big Ten athlete to receive All-American honors in both football and basketball. He was named Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year in 1922. He is the only Fighting Illini athlete to earn consensus All-America honors in both football and basketball. He is a member of the Helms Foundation College Basketball Hall of Fame as well as the IBCA Hall of Fame. A three-time first-team all-conference selection as a basketball player, Carney is also a member of Illinois All-Century Teams for both football and basketball. After completing his studies at the University of Illinois, Carney played one season in the APFA for the Columbus Panhandles, starting only one game. He followed his playing years by serving as an assistant football coach for several years. He held posts as the ends coach for the Northwestern Wildcats, Wisconsin Badgers, and Harvard Crimson. He later worked as a New York Stock Exchange representative for the investment banking and financial services firm of Dominick & Dominick. Honors Basketball 1922 – Helms National Player of the Year 1920, 1922 – First Team All-American 1920, 1921, 1922 – First-team All-Big Ten 1975 – Inducted into the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association's Hall of Fame as a player. 2004 – Elected to the \\\"Illini Men's Basketball All-Century Team\\\". September 13, 2008 – Honored as one of the thirty-three honored jerseys which hang in the State Farm Center to show regard for being the most decorated basketball players in the University of Illinois' history. September 22, 2018 – Inducted into the Illinois Athletics Hall of Fame Football 1920 – Consensus All-American [ 1966] – College Football Hall of Fame November 2, 1990 – Elected to Illinois Football All-Century Team Statistics Basketball Football References External links 1900 births 1984 deaths All-American college football players All-American college men's basketball players American football ends Basketball players from Chicago College Football Hall of Fame inductees Forwards (basketball) Harvard Crimson football coaches Illinois Fighting Illini football players Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Northwestern Wildcats football coaches Players of American football from Chicago Wisconsin Badgers football coaches American men's basketball players Psi Upsilon\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Carney\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45141278\",\n \"text\": \"The 2015 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They were led by interim head coach Bill Cubit, and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. They were members of the West Division of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 5–7, 2–6 in Big Ten play to finish in a tie for fifth place in the West Division. On November 28, interim head coach Bill Cubit was signed to a two-year contract and named head coach. However, on March 5, Cubit was fired by new athletic director Josh Whitman. Head coach On August 28, 2015—one week before the start of the regular season—head coach Tim Beckman was fired after an internal investigation found that he had made efforts \\\"to deter injury reporting and influence medical decisions that pressured players to avoid or postpone medical treatment and continue playing despite injuries.\\\" He was replaced by offensive coordinator Bill Cubit on an interim basis for the season. A few hours before the final game of the season, Cubit had the \\\"Interim\\\" removed from his title and was named permanent head coach. It was an appointment that would last only one game, as Cubit was removed during the following off-season by new Illinois Athletic Director Josh Whitman, on the day Whitman officially assumed the role, in favor of former Chicago Bears and Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coach Lovie Smith. Schedule Illinois announced their 2015 football schedule on June 3, 2013. The 2015 schedule consist of 7 home and 5 away games in the regular season. The Fighting Illini will host Big Ten foes Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, and Wisconsin and will travel to Iowa, Minnesota, Penn State, and Purdue. The Fighting Illini hosted three of their four non conference games against Kent State, Middle Tennessee and Western Illinois. Illinois traveled to Chapel Hill, North Carolina and faced the North Carolina of the Atlantic Coast Conference on September 19. Schedule Source: Roster References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football\",\n \"title\": \"2015 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41366257\",\n \"text\": \"The Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball is the NCAA Division I intercollegiate volleyball program of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, often referred to as \\\"Illinois\\\", located in Champaign, Illinois. The Illinois volleyball team competes in the Big Ten Conference and has played their home games in Huff Hall since 1990. Since moving into Huff Hall from the Kenney Gym, Illinois Volleyball has remained in the top 10 in the nation for average home attendance. In 2013, the program broke its previous home attendance record, averaging 3,117 per match. History Since the founding of the volleyball program in 1974, the Fighting Illini have had 39 winning seasons. Head coaching history Big Ten Conference volleyball did not begin play until 1982. Attendance records Season results See also List of NCAA Division I women's volleyball programs References External links\",\n \"title\": \"Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38178537\",\n \"text\": \"The 1983 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Mike White, the Fighting Illini compiled an overall record of 10–2 with a mark of 9–0, winning the Big Ten title. Illinois was invited to the Rose Bowl, where the Illini lost to UCLA. The team played home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Jack Trudeau with 2,446 passing yards, running back Thomas Rooks with 842 rushing yards, and wide receiver David Williams with 870 receiving yards. Defensive end Don Thorp was selected as the team's most valuable player and also received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the most valuable player in the Big Ten Conference. The 1983 Illini were the first team in Big Ten history to go 9–0 in regular season conference play, and the only team to do so until the 2017 Wisconsin Badgers football team repeated the feat. Schedule Awards and honors Don Thorp (Defensive end) Chicago Tribune Silver Football All-American, (defensive end) Jim Juriga, (Tackle) All-American, (tackle) Craig Swoope, (Defensive back) All-American, (defensive back) References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Big Ten Conference football champion seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football\",\n \"title\": \"1983 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5507166\",\n \"text\": \"Deon La velle Thomas (born February 24, 1971) is an American-Israeli former basketball player. As a high school player, he led his team to the Chicago Public League title, and was named Illinois Mr. Basketball. As a college player at the University of Illinois, he finished his career as the all-time leading scorer in Fighting Illini history. Selected by the Dallas Mavericks with the 28th selection of the 1994 NBA draft, he opted to play professional basketball in Europe and Israel. High school career Thomas was a star basketball player at Chicago's Neal F. Simeon Vocational High School, graduating in 1989. As a junior in 1988, he led the Wolverines to the Chicago Public League title. As a senior, he was named Illinois Mr. Basketball and played in the McDonald's All-American Game, which also featured future NBA star Shaquille O'Neal. College career Thomas played college basketball at the University of Illinois. Thomas finished his career as the all-time leading scorer in Fighting Illini history, with 2,129 career points scored and an 18.0 points per game scoring average. Thomas is the only men's basketball player in Illinois history to score at least 2,000 career points. Thomas was elected to the \\\"Illini Men's Basketball All-Century Team\\\" in 2004. Professional career Thomas was selected by the Dallas Mavericks with the 28th selection of the 1994 NBA draft. Thomas attended mini camp but never played in the NBA, having opted to play professional basketball in Europe and Israel. Thomas played two years in Israel for Maccabi Tel Aviv, winning the Israeli championship, the Israeli cup, and the Euroleague championship twice. Thomas didn't play in the 2005 Final Four due to a broken leg. This injury forced him to leave Maccabi Tel Aviv. He then joined the Greek team Gymnastikos S. Larissas, the Bulgarian team CSKA Sofia, and then returned to Israel where he played for Givat Shmuel. He then played for Maccabi Haifa, also in Israel. He is one of the most successful American pros of all time in the European leagues. Thomas has passed on several opportunities to play in the NBA. On 13 November 2006, in an interview for Bulgarian newspaper Tema Sport and Bulgarian television \\\"Channel 3\\\", Deon Thomas denied any wrongdoing and swore that he didn't receive anything from University of Illinois, as Bruce Pearl had claimed. He said the decision to play for Illinois was made by his grandmother. Coaching/Announcing Career In 2009, Thomas became the men's basketball head coach at Lewis and Clark Community College in Godfrey, Illinois. In April 2014, Thomas was named as an assistant basketball coach at the University of Illinois-Chicago. In 2016, he was hired by Fighting Illini Sports Network to call men's basketball games with Doug Altenberger. Personal life Thomas is now an Israeli citizen, and is married to an Israeli. Honors High school 1988 - IHSA 1st Team All-State 1988 - IHSA State Tournament All-Tournament Team 1989 - IHSA 1st Team All-State 1989 - Parade Magazine 1st Team All-American 1989 - McDonald's\",\n \"title\": \"Deon Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75940300\",\n \"text\": \"Tahveon Nicholson (born January 31, 2000) is an American football cornerback for the Louisville Cardinals. He previously played for the Illinois Fighting Illini. Early life and high school Nicholson attended high school at Riverside. Coming out of high school, Nicholson was rated as a three-star recruit where he decided to commit to play college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini. College career Illinois In the 2021 season, Nicholson had two starts on the year where he made 11 tackles and two pass deflections. Nicholson entered the 2022 season as a starter for the Fighting Illini. In the 2022 season, Nicholson recorded his first career interception against Wisconsin. Nicholson's 2022 season was shortened to just ten games after suffering a wrist injury versus Michigan State. In the 2022 season, Nicholson started ten games where he had 19 tackles with one being for a loss, six pass deflections, an interception, and a forced fumble. During the 2023 season, Nicholson totaled 36 tackles with two going for a loss, six pass deflections, a fumble recovery, and two forced fumbles. After the conclusion of the 2023 season, Nicholson decided to enter the NCAA transfer portal. Nicholson finished his career with the Fighting Illini with 66 tackles 14 pass deflections, an interception, and three forced fumbles. Louisville On December 9, 2023, Nicholson originally decided to transfer to play for the Ole Miss Rebels. However, he flipped his commitment to play for the Louisville Cardinals. References External links Illinois Fighting Illini bio Louisville Cardinals bio 2000 births Living people Players of American football from Jacksonville, Florida American football cornerbacks Illinois Fighting Illini football players Louisville Cardinals football players\",\n \"title\": \"Tahveon Nicholson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35608992\",\n \"text\": \"The 2012 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They were led by first-year head coach Tim Beckman, and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. They were a member of the Leaders Division of the Big Ten Conference. Illinois finished the 2012 season with 2–10, 0–8 in Big 10 Leaders play, where they placed last and failed to become bowl eligible for first time since 2009. Schedule Roster References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football\",\n \"title\": \"2012 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6852723\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Combes (March 3, 1915 – November 13, 1977), a native of Monticello, Illinois, served as head men's basketball coach at University of Illinois between 1947 and 1967. Biography Combes played high school basketball for Monticello High School, where he led his teams to an overall combined record of 72–9. A three-year letterwinner, Combes was also a star player for the Illini from 1935 to 1937 and helped lead Illinois to both its Big Ten titles in the 1930s. Combes began coaching basketball at Champaign High School, where he posted an astounding 254–46 record, including winning the state title in 1946. Beyond the single championship, Combes led Champaign Central to seven state tournament appearances in nine years from 1939 to 1947. During that time the Maroons captured fourth place in 1940 and 1944 before starting three years of amazing runs to the championship game where they finished second in 1945, first in 1946, and second in 1947. In 2007, the Illinois High School Association named Combes one of the 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament. Combes also served as boys baseball coach at Champaign High School, where he compiled an impressive 70–26–2 (.724) record over a five-year period (1937–1942). Once at Illinois he won three Big Ten titles in his first five seasons (1949, 1951, and 1952). Combes led Illinois to three third-place finishes in the NCAA tournament in the four-year period from 1949 to 1952. The squad won 79 of the 100 games during those four years. Illinois' 1952 Final Four appearance was the first officially recognized Final Four, and the three third-place finishes would be the Illini's deepest runs in the tournament until the 1989 team made the Final Four. Until Lou Henson broke the record in 1990, Combes' 316 wins were the most wins ever by an Illinois head basketball coach. Combes, along with his assistant coach Howie Braun and head football coach Pete Elliott, were pressured into resigning on March 19, 1967 by the university which was threatened with expulsion by the Big Ten Conference over a slush fund scandal. He was succeeded by Harv Schmidt ten days later on March 29. He died in Champaign on November 13, 1977. Head coaching record High school College See also List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach References 1915 births 1977 deaths All-American college men's basketball players Basketball coaches from Illinois Basketball players from Illinois High school basketball coaches in Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball coaches Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players People from Monticello, Illinois American men's basketball players\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Combes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67621986\",\n \"text\": \"The 1942–43 Illinois Fighting Illini men's ice hockey season was the 6th season of play for the program. Season There were high hopes for the team entering the season, but the Illini had several hurdles to yet overcome. The primary concern was the lack of players available for the squad; both academic ineligibility and the draft board had cut Illinois' roster down and the team only had a few alternates left. There was hope that, due to the war, the Big Ten would alter its rules and permit freshman to play varsity sports. Illinois would be well placed to take advantage as the freshman team looked as good, if not better, than the initial varsity lineup. A positive sign for the team was Minnesota agreeing to play Illinois once more and they were included on the program's 15-game schedule. Unfortunately, the Big ten punted on ruling for or against freshman, which left the team with few players. Illinois began its season against the Chicago Hornets, an amateur club, with just 7 players on the team. Lou Ferronti was missing due to his draft status but the team had received a boon with team captain Amo Bessone obtaining a deferment and being able to finish out his college career. Despite firing more than 50 shots on goal, Illinois lost the first game of the season but the team did demonstrate that they had enough conditioning to last for an entire contest. Entering the series against Minnesota, the team got another player as Bill Prentiss returned from a broken collarbone. So anticipated was the meeting that all 2,700 seats for both games were sold out in advance. Disaster stuck the team after the Gophers had arrived; Rolle was out with a mild concussion, Austin had come down with the flu and Prentiss' injury, which hadn't completely healed, was acting up. The two games were cancelled and the following series with Michigan Tech was in jeopardy. After a meeting between coach Vic Heyliger and AD Doug Mills, it was decided to cancel all games for the remainder of the semester but to resume after examinations. The plan came into place with the knowledge that several players could become eligible for the team in the spring session. Heyliger sent word of his program's decision to Minnesota's coach Larry Armstrong, offering to forfeit the two matches. When the team finally got to play their next game, they received good news as Bessone and Henry Coupe passed special examinations to remain eligible. The squad, which were tabbed 'Friday's Children' (in the nursery rhyme Monday's Child, the descriptors for Wednesday and Friday had been swapped), had already gone through a tumultuous season and had played just one game so far. The team sent 9 men to Minneapolis, having added Coupe and Wes Tregoning in the interim while losing Prentiss to academic ineligibility. In their first game in two months, Illinois played well, limiting the Gophers to two goals, but the Illini were limited offensively and lost the\",\n \"title\": \"1942–43 Illinois Fighting Illini men's ice hockey season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1357193\",\n \"text\": \"Derek Ricardo Harper (born October 13, 1961) is an American former professional basketball player. A second-team All-American at the University of Illinois, he was the 11th overall pick of the 1983 NBA draft and spent 16 seasons as a point guard in the National Basketball Association with the Dallas Mavericks, New York Knicks, Orlando Magic, and Los Angeles Lakers. Harper is widely regarded as one of the best players to never have been selected to an All-Star game. College After graduating from Roosevelt Junior High School and then North Shore High School in West Palm Beach, Harper played three seasons for the Fighting Illini and coach Lou Henson having his best season in 1982–1983, when he led the Fighting Illini in scoring with 15.4 points per game. Harper was named First-Team All-Big Ten and Second-Team All-American in 1983, and was Honorable Mention All-Big Ten in both 1981 and 1982. Harper averaged 4.7 assists per game for his collegiate career, and led the Big Ten in assists in the 1981–1982 season. Harper was elected to the \\\"Illini Men's Basketball All-Century Team\\\" in 2004. Professional career Dallas Mavericks (1983–1993) At 6 ft 4 in, Harper was drafted by the Dallas Mavericks with the 11th overall pick of the 1983 NBA draft. He spent his first ten seasons with them, averaging 15 points and 6.1 assists. For almost the entire time in his first stint with the team, he was part of the starting backcourt tandem with All-Star shooting guard Rolando Blackman. The Mavericks made the playoffs 6 out of the 10 years of Harper's tenure with the team, and they made it to the Western Conference Finals in the 1987–1988 season, but they were never able to replicate that success for any other season of Harper's time in Dallas. He had multiple seasons of averaging well over 10 PPG, and became known for being both a great scorer and defender. His best season came in 1990–1991 where he averaged 19.7 PPG. But he still wasn't selected to be an all star and the Mavericks finished that year with an unpleasant 28–54 record. Harper still played well for the rest of his time in Dallas, but the team was atrocious. In the 1992–1993 season especially, the Mavericks finished 11–71 which is one of the worst records of all time. Harper spent 2 more seasons with the Mavericks before leaving the team during the 1993–1994 season. Harper, J.J. Redick, and DeAndre Jordan are currently the only players in NBA history to increase their season scoring average for eight consecutive seasons. Harper did it with the Mavericks from 1983-84 to 1990-91. New York Knicks (1993–1996) Harper was traded to the New York Knicks (where he was reunited with Blackman) 28 games into the 1993–94 season. The Knicks were looking for a defensive point guard to replace the injured Doc Rivers, who was sidelined for the rest of the season. The shift sent him from a team that finished 13–69 to being an integral part of\",\n \"title\": \"Derek Harper\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29170357\",\n \"text\": \"Rodney Adams Fletcher was an American basketball player for the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign who was named a consensus first-team All-American as a senior in 1951–52. A guard, Fletcher led the Fighting Illini to two straight Big Ten Conference championships as well as two consecutive NCAA tournament Final Four appearances in 1951 and 1952 alongside teammate John \\\"Red\\\" Kerr. He was a two-time All-Big Ten selection in his three varsity seasons, and at the end of his collegiate career Fletcher was selected by the Minneapolis Lakers in the 1952 NBA draft, although he never played professionally. Fletcher grew up in Champaign, Illinois and attended Champaign Central High School, where he was named second team all-state as a senior in 1948 by the Champaign News Gazette. See also 1950–51 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team 1951–52 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team References 1930 births 2017 deaths All-American college men's basketball players American men's basketball players Basketball players from Illinois Guards (basketball) Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Minneapolis Lakers draft picks Sportspeople from Champaign, Illinois Champaign Central High School alumni\",\n \"title\": \"Rod Fletcher (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70768205\",\n \"text\": \"The 2021–22 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2021–22 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Fighting Illini, led by fifth-year head coach Nancy Fahey, played their home games at State Farm Center as members of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 7–20, 1–13 in Big Ten play to finish in fourteenth place. As the fourteenth seed in the Big Ten women's tournament, they defeated eleventh seed Wisconsin in the First Round before losing to sixth seed Nebraska in the Second Round. They were not invited to the NCAA tournament or the WNIT. Previous season Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, the Illini played fewer non-conference games than in previous seasons; three games were originally postponed and later canceled due to the pandemic. They finished the season 5–18, 2–16 in Big Ten play to finish in thirteenth place. They lost in the second round of the Big Ten women's tournament to Northwestern. Their first round win against Wisconsin was the first Big Ten tournament victory in coach Fahey's tenure at Illinois. Roster Schedule Source: |- !colspan=\\\"6\\\" style=| Regular season |- !colspan=\\\"6\\\" style=| Big Ten Women's Tournament Rankings The Coaches Poll did not release a Week 2 poll and the AP Poll did not release a poll after the NCAA Tournament. References Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball seasons Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball\",\n \"title\": \"2021–22 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39422041\",\n \"text\": \"The Illinois Fighting Illini men's golf team represents the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the sport of golf. The Fighting Illini compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Big Ten Conference (Big Ten). They play their home matches at the Atkins Golf Club, which is located five miles from the university's campus. The Fighting Illini are currently led by head coach Mike Small. The Fighting Illini men's golf program has won 20 Big Ten championships, including the last eight consecutively, and in 2013 finished as national runner-up at the NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships, which was the highest finish in the program's history. The Fighting Illini have qualified for the match play portion of the NCAA Championship 8 times since the stroke play/match play format was introduced in 2009, and reached the Final Four in 2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017. The Fighting Illini have won 13 of the last 14 Big Ten Golf Championships. Illinois golfers won the Big Ten Individual Conference Title for nine consecutive seasons (2011−2019). Individual honors National champions Scott Langley − 2010 Thomas Pieters − 2012 All-Americans Joe Burden – 1972 (HM) Marty Schiene – 1979 (HM) Mike Chadwick – 1983 (HM) Steve Stricker – 1987 (HM), 1988 (1st), 1989 (1st) D. A. Points – 1999 (3rd) James Lepp – 2002 (HM), 2003 (2nd) Patrick Nagle – 2003 (3rd) Scott Langley – 2009 (2nd), 2010 (1st), 2011 (HM) Chris DeForest – 2011 (HM) Luke Guthrie – 2011 (1st), 2012 (2nd) Thomas Pieters – 2012 (1st), 2013 (HM) Charlie Danielson – 2013 (HM), 2014 (HM), 2015 (2nd), 2016 (1st) Thomas Detry – 2014 (HM), 2015 (2nd), 2016 (2nd) Brian Campbell – 2014 (2nd), 2015 (2nd) Dylan Meyer – 2016 (HM), 2017 (1st), 2018 (2nd) Nick Hardy – 2017 (2nd), 2018 (1st) Michael Feagles – 2019 (HM), 2021 (2nd) Jerry Ji – 2021 (HM) Adrien Dumont de Chassart – 2021 (2nd), 2022 (2nd), 2023 (1st) Tommy Kuhl - 2023 (1st) Jackson Buchanan - 2023 (1st) Note: 1st = first team, 2nd = second team, 3rd = third team, HM = honorable mention Other Since 1923, sixteen Fighting Illini golfers have won twenty-one Big Ten individual titles. Thirty-nine Fighting Illini golfers have received All-Big Ten honors. Coaching staff Mike Small is the head coach of the Illinois Fighting Illini men's golf team, and 2022-2023 will be his 22nd season with the Fighting Illini. He has been named Big Ten Conference Coach of the Year a record thirteen times and is also an eleven time NCAA Regional Coach of the Year as named by the Golf Coaches Association of America. As a professional, Small is a record-tying three time PGA Professional National Champion and has won the Illinois PGA Championship a record-setting twelve times. Notable alumni Adrien Dumont de Chassart Luke Guthrie Nick Hardy Scott Langley Dylan Meyer Thomas Pieters D. A. Points Steve Stricker Facilities Demirjian Indoor Golf Practice Facility Opened in 2007, the university's $5.2 million, 14,150-square-foot Demirjian Indoor Golf\",\n \"title\": \"Illinois Fighting Illini men's golf\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32796264\",\n \"text\": \"The 2011 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl, the 10th edition of the game, was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on December 31, 2011 at AT&T Park in San Francisco, California as part of the 2011–12 NCAA Bowl season. The game, which was telecast at 12:30 p.m. Pacific Time (3:30 p.m. Eastern Time) on ESPN, featured the UCLA Bruins (6–7) versus the Illinois Fighting Illini (6–6). The Bruins, with a losing record, were granted a waiver to play in a bowl game by the NCAA after the Pac-12 conference did not have enough eligible teams to fill its bowl commitments. Both teams fired their head coach this season after .500 records. Mike Johnson, who replaced Rick Neuheisel, is the interim coach for UCLA. The Fighting Illini were led by interim coach Vic Koenning while their newly hired head coach Tim Beckman, who replaced Ron Zook, was on the sidelines. UCLA lost the matchup and subsequently finished the season with a losing record (6–8). Teams Since 1946, the two universities had met 11 times with three previous meetings in a bowl game (1947 Rose Bowl, 1984 Rose Bowl and 1991 Hancock Bowl). UCLA held a 6–5 edge over Illinois, including winning the last four games. The last game prior to this one was in 2004, when UCLA defeated Illinois 35–17. Illinois Illinois featured a pro style offense and a multiple defense. Jason Ford (155-600 yards, 7 TDs) and Nathan Scheelhaase (169-514 yards, 6 TDs) were the top rushers. Quarterback Nathan Scheelhaase had completed 166 of 261 passes for 1,971 yards, and 12 TDs coming into this game with receiver A.J. Jenkins (84-1, 196 yards, 7 TDs) as his target. Defensively, the team was led by Jonathan Brown (102 tackles), Whitney Mercilus (14.5 sacks, -95 yards) and Trulon Henry (2 interceptions, 27 yards, 1 TD) and Terry Hawthorne (2 interceptions). UCLA UCLA came into the game with its Pistol offense which allowed Johnathan Franklin to run for 947 yards, 5 TDs; quarterback Kevin Prince to pass 112 times for 1,627 yards and 10 TDs; Nelson Rasario to catch for 61 passes for 1,106 yards, 4 TDs. The Bruins' 4-3 defense was led by Pat Larimore (81 tackles), Datone Jones (3.0 sacks, 7 yards) and Andrew Abbott (4 interceptions, 37 yards). Scoring summary First quarter scoring: No score Second quarter scoring: UCLA – Taylor Embree 16-yard pass from Kevin Prince (Tyler Gonzalez kick); ILL – Derek Dimke 36-yard field goal Third quarter scoring: ILL – T. Hawthorne 39-yard interception return (Dimke kick) Fourth quarter scoring: ILL – Dimke 37-yard field goal; ILL – A. J. Jenkins 60-yard pass from N. Scheelhaase (Dimke kick); UCLA – Nelson Rosario 38-yard pass from Prince (Gonzalez kick), Notes References External links Game summary at ESPN Box score at ESPN 2011–12 NCAA football bowl games Redbox Bowl Illinois Fighting Illini football bowl games UCLA Bruins football bowl games Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl 2011 in San Francisco December 2011 sports events in the United States\",\n \"title\": \"2011 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl (December)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61309992\",\n \"text\": \"The 2019–20 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the 2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by third-year head coach Brad Underwood, the Illini played their home games at State Farm Center in Champaign, Illinois as members of the Big Ten Conference. The Illini finished the season 21–10, 13–7 in Big Ten play to finish in fourth place. Their season ended following the cancellation of postseason tournaments due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous season The Illini finished the 2018–19 season 12–21, 7–13 in Big Ten play and finished in a three-way tie for 10th place. Due to the tie-breaking rules, they received the No. 11 seed in the Big Ten tournament where they defeated Northwestern in the first round before losing to Iowa in the second round. Offseason The Illini took a trip to Italy and compiled a 3-1 record, beating the three Italian teams they faced and losing to the Dutch team. Cockburn and Feliz did not come on the trip due to visa issues. Departures 2019 recruiting class Roster Schedule and results |- !colspan=9 style=\\\"background:#; color:#;\\\"|Exhibition |- !colspan=9 style=\\\"background:#; color:#;\\\"|Regular season |- !colspan=9 style=\\\"background:#; color:#;\\\"|Big Ten tournament |- !colspan=9 style=|Canceled |- !colspan=9 style=\\\"background:#; color:#;\\\"| |- !colspan=9 style=|Canceled |- Source Rankings *AP does not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings References 2019–20 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season 2018-19 2020 in sports in Illinois 2019 in sports in Illinois\",\n \"title\": \"2019–20 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38170178\",\n \"text\": \"James A. Bredar (October 22, 1931 – August 28, 1997) was an NCAA All-American basketball player at the University of Illinois during a career that spanned from 1949 to 1953, and then was drafted by the Ft. Wayne Pistons of the National Basketball Association in the 1953 draft High school A native of Salem, Illinois, Bredar attended Salem Community High School from 1945–46 to 1948–49. He was a guard who led the Wildcats in scoring with 422 points as a senior, averaging 15.6 points per game and was named to the all-conference basketball team. College Bredar chose to play basketball at Illinois after high school. He spent his first season on the freshman team, moving to the varsity squad as a sophomore. Bredar played in 68 of the 75 games during the next three years as an Illini, starting at guard for the final two seasons. 1950–51 season In his sophomore season of 1950–51, the Fighting Illini won the Big Ten Conference title and advanced to the NCAA Tournament. Illinois would defeat Columbia (ranked #3) and North Carolina State (ranked #8) to earn a berth in the Final Four (only 16 teams played in the tournament back then), but would lose to eventual national champion Kentucky (ranked #1) 74–76 in the national semifinals. They would defeat Oklahoma A&M (ranked #14), 61–46 in the third place game held at Williams Arena in Minneapolis, Minnesota. 1951–52 season The following season, Bredar's Fighting Illini team would win the Big Ten Conference Championship and advance to the NCAA Tournament. Illinois would defeat Dayton (ranked #11) and Duquesne (ranked #4) to earn back-to-back Final Four appearances. The Illini would not have to meet Kentucky this season due to the fact that St. Johns (ranked #10) would defeat them in the second round. Unfortunately for Bredar and the Illini, they too would be defeated by St. John's in the national semifinals by a score of 59–61. They would finish the season in third place for the second straight year, defeating Santa Clara, 67–64 at Hec Edmundson Pavilion in Seattle. Bredar and teammate Johnny Kerr would be named to the NCAA Final Four All-Tournament Team following the completion of the tournament. Only two other Illini players have ever been named to this team, Luther Head and Deron Williams in 2005. 1952–53 season As a senior, Bredar was honored by being named the team captain for the season. After the season, he was dubbed an All-American and was also named to the All-Big Ten 2nd team. During his career as a Fighting Illini, every team had both winning conference and overall records, finishing with a combined conference record of 39–7 and an unbelievable overall record of 62–13. If it weren't for the national champion Indiana Hoosiers, Bredar would most likely have been on an Illini team that would have won three consecutive Big Ten championships. College honors Converse Honorable Mention All-American (1952) United Press Honorable Mention All-American (1952) Converse 2nd team All-American (1953) International News Service 2nd team\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Bredar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60089427\",\n \"text\": \"John William Drish (October 3, 1920 – February 24, 1977) was an American basketball and baseball player. A forward from Chicago, Illinois, Drish played collegiately at the University of Illinois, earning the University of Illinois Athlete of the Year award in 1941. From 1941 to 1942, he played in the National Basketball League as a member of the Chicago Bruins. He averaged 2.9 points per game in his career that was cut short by World War II when Drish was called to active service. High school A native of Chicago, Illinois, Drish attended Morton High School in Cicero, Illinois from 1933–34 to 1936–37. College In the fall of 1937, Drish enrolled at the University of Illinois and was a member of the freshman basketball team. In his sophomore year he was the starting forward of the 1938–39 Fighting Illini team that finished third in the Big Ten with an overall record of 14–5 and a conference record of 8–4. Drish joined his high school teammate Bill Hapac on an Illini team that also included All-American Pick Dehner. The 1939–40 season saw the Illini with a fourth place finish in the conference at 7 wins and 5 losses while finishing the regular season with an overall record of 14 wins and 6 losses. After the season, Drish would be named captain for the following season on a team that would be adding Art Mathisen, who would become a member of \\\"The Whiz Kids\\\". Drish would play in 18 of the team's 20 games during his junior season, scoring 47 points and average 2.35 points per game. The 1940–41 campaign was the best of Drish's time at Illinois. Drish would play in all of the team's 20 games during the season, scoring 94 points and average 4.7 points per game. The team compiled an overall record of 13 wins and 7 losses with a conference record of 7 wins and 5 losses, finishing third in the Big Ten. Head coach Doug Mills was one season away from his second Big Ten championship on a team that would add Andy Phillip, Ken Menke and Jack Smiley, the remaining \\\"Whiz Kids\\\". In his three years of varsity basketball, Drish played in 57 of the team's 59 games where his teams would win 41 while losing only 18 (win pct=69.5%). On May 15, 1941, Drish earned the University of Illinois Athlete of the Year award. He was a six-time Varsity letter winner (3 basketball and 3 baseball). As a baseball player, Drish was a pitcher, second baseman and played right field. Ironically, this was the second year in a row for an athlete coming from Morton High School to be named Athlete of the Year, Bill Hapac was the previous winner. Professional basketball After leaving the University of Illinois, Drish played professionally for one season in the National Basketball League, where he played for the Chicago Bruins. He only played for a portion of the 1941–42 season as the military drafted him into the United\",\n \"title\": \"John Drish\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39787719\",\n \"text\": \"The 1994 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by third-year head coach Lou Tepper, the Fighting Illini compiled an overall record of 7–5 with a mark of 4–4 in conference play, placing fifth in the Big Ten. Illinois was invited to the Liberty Bowl, where the Illini defeated East Carolina. The team played home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Schedule Roster Team players in the NFL References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Liberty Bowl champion seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football\",\n \"title\": \"1994 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75203085\",\n \"text\": \"The 2023–24 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Fighting Illini were led by second-year head coach Shauna Green, and they played their home games at State Farm Center. This season marked the program's 42nd season as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Previous season The Illini finished the 2022–23 season 22–10 overall, with a 11–7 record in Big Ten play to finish in sixth place. As the sixth seed in the Big Ten women's tournament, they defeated eleventh seed Rutgers in the first round before losing to third seed Maryland in the second round. The team was invited to the 2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament as one of the First Four teams to play, losing to Mississippi State. This marked their first appearance in the NCAA tournament since 2003. The Illini's turnaround in 2022–23 was considered \\\"remarkable\\\" given the program's history since 2003. The 2022–23 team broke multiple records and streaks, including their first 6–0 start to a season since 1986–87, and their first six game winning streak since 2009. They finished the non-conference portion of their schedule with a 10–1 record. The team won four straight conference games from December 7, 2022, through January 1, 2023, including a dramatic victory over eventual national champion runner-up Iowa; this conference winning streak tied the fourth best streak in program history. On January 8, 2023, the Illini earned a spot in the AP Top-25 poll for the first time since 2000. Their 11–7 conference record was its most in league play since 1999–2000, and their 10-win improvement in conference games matched the largest turnaround in Big Ten history. On December 19, 2022, coach Green was named the ESPN Women's Basketball Coach of the Week. In the post-season, transfer player Makira Cook earned First-team All-Big Ten honors, the first Illini to be named to that team since 2010. Cook was also named to the Associated Press' All-American Honorable Mention list, the first Illini to make that list since 2013. Players Kendall Bostic and Genesis Bryant were named to the All-Big Ten second team, and Adalia McKenzie received an All-Big Ten honorable mention; these conference honors marked the first time since the 1986–87 season that four Illinois players earned all-conference accolades. Offseason Assistant coach Ryan Gensler left the Illinois program on March 29, 2023, to become the head women's basketball coach at the University of Akron. On April 20, 2023, Green announced that former Stanford University assistant coach Britney Anderson had been hired as an assistant coach at Illinois. Two non-starting players from the 2022–23 Illinois team, Jayla Oden and Liisa Taponen, entered the NCAA transfer portal after the end of the season and moved on to other programs, and Geovana Lopes exhausted her collegiate eligibility. The Illini added two players from the transfer portal, center Camille Hobby from North Carolina State University and forward Shay Bollin from Duke University. They also added freshmen guards Cori\",\n \"title\": \"2023–24 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27208623\",\n \"text\": \"Douglas Raymond \\\"Gaga\\\" Mills (April 9, 1907 – August 12, 1993), a native of Elgin, Illinois, was a high school and college basketball player and coach in the state of Illinois. During high school, Mills was the first player in the state to lead his team to back-to-back titles in 1924 and 1925. He totaled 32 points in four state tournament games for Elgin High School during an era of low-scoring play. Mills played for the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team from 1927 to 1930 followed by a five-year coaching stint at Joliet Township High School. He led his Joliet team to the state tournament in 1935. He returned to the U of I as head men's basketball coach from 1936 to 1947. He coached the famous \\\"Whiz Kids\\\" and also served as the Fighting Illini's athletic director. Mills died in 1993. While coaching at Illinois, Mills compiled a record of 151 wins and 66 losses, winning three conference titles during his tenure. He added the athletic director's post in 1941. In 1947, he stepped down as head coach to concentrate on his duties as athletic director, naming Champaign High coach Harry Combes as his successor. He was also responsible for hiring football coaches Ray Eliot and Pete Elliott. When Mills resigned his position as AD in 1966, it triggered the slush fund scandal. In 2007, the Illinois High School Association named Mills one of the 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament. He and his wife, Lorene Muntz, had a daughter, Sally, who died from a ruptured appendix. The two later adopted two children, Peter G. Mills and the late Molly M. Mills. Doug and Lorene divorced in the early 1960s. Neither ever remarried. Head coaching record High school College References 1907 births 1983 deaths American football quarterbacks American men's basketball coaches American men's basketball players Basketball coaches from Illinois Basketball players from Illinois High school basketball coaches in the United States Illinois Fighting Illini athletic directors Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches Illinois Fighting Illini football players Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball coaches Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Players of American football from Illinois Sportspeople from Elgin, Illinois\",\n \"title\": \"Douglas R. Mills\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15627131\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Martin (born November 18, 1960) is a former American football wide receiver who played professionally for seven seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals in the National Football League (NFL). Early life Martin grew up in Washington, D.C., and attended Eastern High School. College career Martin played football at the University of Illinois, where during his senior year he caught a record 77 receptions for 1,068 yards. In four years for the Fighting Illini, he caught 143 passes for 2,300 yards (a 16.1 average) with 15 touchdowns. He also returned punts and kicoffs. As of the beginning of the Fighting Illini's 2022 season, Martin ranks fourth all-time in single-season receptions (77), ninth in career receptions (143), fifth in career receiving yardage (2,300), and tied for fourth in single-game receptions with 12 against Ohio State in 1982. NFL Martin was chosen by the Bengals in the eighth round of the 1983 NFL Draft. In his seven seasons, he caught 67 passes for 1,017 yards (a 15.1 average) with 6 receiving touchdowns, with his most productive receiving year 1987 with 20 receptions for 394 yards. He returned 140 punts for 1,381 yards (a 9.9 average), including a league-leading 15.7 yards per return in 1983. He also returned 75 kicks for 1,643 yards, a 21.9 average. He was a member of the Bengals' team which went to the 1989 Super Bowl, won by the San Francisco 49ers, 20–16. Martin did not play, as his season ended with an injury in the season's 6th game. Coaching After his playing career ended, Martin operated several night clubs in the Cincinnati area. In 2002, Martin was named coach of Taft High School in Cincinnati, tapped to revive a program which had been disbanded due to lack of student participation. He coached the Senators for eight years, compiling a record of 44–28. Personal life Martin met his wife, Michelle, at Illinois where she was cheerleader. They married in 1986. They currently live in Chicago, where his family including daughter Morgan owns several smoothie bars and a fitness facility. Martin is vice president of the Marcus Martin Foundation, named for his late son, who died at from a pulmonary embolism at age 25 in 2014. The foundation provides financial support for college-bound high school students, conducts free youth football camps, and educates about the dangers of pulmonary embolism. References 1960 births Living people American football return specialists American football wide receivers Cincinnati Bengals players Illinois Fighting Illini football players High school football coaches in Ohio Eastern High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni Coaches of American football from Washington, D.C. Players of American football from Washington, D.C.\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Martin (wide receiver)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41573337\",\n \"text\": \"James C. Dawson (born April 18, 1945) is an American former professional basketball point guard who played one season in the American Basketball Association (ABA) as a member of the Indiana Pacers during the 1967–68 season. He attended University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign where he was drafted by the Chicago Bulls during the 16 round of the 1967 NBA draft, but he did not play for them. High school A native of Oak Park, Illinois, Dawson attended York Community High School from 1959–60 to 1962–63 and led the Dukes to the \\\"Elite 8\\\" of the Illinois High School Association state basketball tournament, losing to Jim Burns and the McLeansboro Foxes in the IHSA quarterfinals of the 1962 tournament. In his two state tournament games, Dawson scored 36 points, 18 in the victory versus Harvey (Thornton) and an additional 18 in the loss to McLeansboro. Dawson led York to consecutive regional championships in 1962 and 1963. As a junior Dawson's team would finish the season with an overall record of 25 wins and four losses, and finished in second place in the West Suburban Conference behind Lyons Township High School. As a senior, in 1963, Dawson's team would win the conference as well as win the IHSA regional, with an overall record of 19 wins and seven losses. College career Dawson chose to play college basketball at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and was a member of the freshman basketball team for the 1963–64 season. He played in 70 of the team's 72 games during his three-years on the varsity team and was the starting point guard for all three, replacing Jim Vopicka. As a sophomore during the 1964–65 season, Dawson joined All-American seniors, Tal Brody and future Illini All-Century team member, Skip Thoren, on an Illini team that finished the season with an 18 and 6 record and a third-place finish in the Big Ten with a 10 and four record, losing twice to top-ranked Michigan. During the season the team would win the Kentucky Invitational Tournament and finish the year with a Coaches ranking of number 16. The loss of 999 offensive points occurred with the graduation of Brody and Thoren, leaving Dawson's junior season of 1965–66, needing to find a new identity. The Fighting Illini would struggle all season, losing games by less than three points to Princeton, Providence, Northwestern, Indiana, Michigan State and Minnesota, leaving the team with an overall record of 12 wins and 12 losses and a conference record of 8 wins and 6 losses, placing them tied for third in the conference. This season marked only the second time in Harry Combes tenure that the Illini finished with a .500 record. For Dawson, his best asset was delivering the ball to Donnie Freeman, who would set the all-time single season scoring record of 668 points during the course of the year. After the season, Dawson was named as captain for the following year. A dark cloud loomed over Dawson's 1966–67 senior season as\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Dawson (basketball, born 1945)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30862744\",\n \"text\": \"Andy Kaufmann (born c. 1967) is a former basketball 6'5 or 6'6 swingman/small forward who starred at the University of Illinois during the late 1980s and early 1990s. High school Kaufmann began his career at Routt Catholic High School in Jacksonville, Illinois. After playing alongside his brother Kevin for one year, he transferred where he starred at Jacksonville High School in Jacksonville, where his 3160 career points ranks him second all-time in the state. He is one of only five players to score over 3,000 points in his career. He scored 50 points in a game three times. Illinois career Kaufmann started his Fighting Illini career as a freshman in 1988–89, averaging 4.3 points per game in 12 games for the Illini's Final Four team. As a sophomore in 1989–90, Kaufmann averaged 9.8 points in 29 games. Kaufmann averaged 21.3 ppg as a junior in 1990–91, leading the team. His 660-point scored that season rank as the second highest single season point total in Fighting Illini history. On December 3, 1990, Kaufmann scored 46 points against Wisconsin-Milwaukee, the second highest single game point total in Fighting Illini men's basketball history. Kaufmann did not play in the 1991–92 season, due to academic suspension. In the 1992–93 season, Kaufmann averaged 17.3 points as a senior. Kaufmann is perhaps best remembered for his 3-point buzzer beater on February 4, 1993, gave the Illini a one-point victory over the ninth-ranked Iowa Hawkeyes. IlliniHQ.com rates this the 4th greatest moment in Illini basketball history. As of 2013, Kaufmann is the Fighting Illini's 10th all-time leading scorer with 1,533 points, a total which ranked fourth on the all-time list at the completion of his playing eligibility. As of 1999, he was the 8th all-time Illini player for made 3-point field goals with 105 in (276 attempts). Pro basketball Kaufmann was drafted in the 7th (and final) round, 107 overall, of the 1993 CBA amateur draft by Wichita Falls Texans. He was also drafted in the Open Phase 5th round (38th overall) of the 1993 USBL draft, by Daytona Beach Hooters. Although he received offers to play overseas, Kaufmann was burnt out of basketball after his senior year and decided to give it up. He made his first trip back to the University of Illinois during the 25th anniversary of the Flying Illini celebration. He currently works at the Blind and Deaf School in Jacksonville. References 1960s births Living people American men's basketball players Basketball players from Illinois Place of birth missing (living people) Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Small forwards Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Illinois\",\n \"title\": \"Andy Kaufmann\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40871303\",\n \"text\": \"Govoner Vaughn (born March 1, 1937) was a former high school, college and professional basketball player during the 1950s & 60s. Vaughn led Edwardsville High School to a fourth-place finish in the I.H.S.A. 1954 high school playoffs, as well as a second-place finish in 1956 to defending champion, Rockford West. Vaughn played in eight career state playoff games over two seasons, and his 92 points were all scored during the 1956 tournament. He, along with his teammate, Mannie Jackson, were named first-team all-tournament. Vaughn went on to play for the University of Illinois for three years, 1957–1960, where he and his fellow high school teammate, Jackson, were the first African-American letter winners for the University of Illinois. Vaughn scored 1,001 career points, the 46th highest total in Illini history. He also holds the second highest single season free-throw percentage at .865, making 83 of 96 during the 1959–60 season. After graduating from Illinois in 1960, Vaughn joined the Harlem Globetrotters. During his time with the Globetrotters, he was named MVP of the 1961 World Series of Basketball. This event was a 20-game series against the nation's top college seniors. Vaughn rejoined the Globetrotters in 2010 and served as the team's director of alumni relations after spending 24 years at Detroit Edison. College career 1956-57 season Vaughn played on the freshman squad, records for this season could not be added to his varsity totals. 1957-58 season During Vaughn's sophomore season, he started all 22 games as the team's center. He finished the season with the second highest point total (327) averaging 14.9 points per game. Only Don Ohl scored more points at 431. Vaughn, however, finished with the highest field goal average at .426 and the second highest free-throw percentage at .773, making 51 of his 66 attempts. 1958-59 season Even with the graduation of leading scorer Don Ohl, the Fighting Illini experienced a surge in performance sparked by the play of junior center John Wessels and Edwardsville High School teammate Mannie Jackson along with senior guard Roger Taylor. These changes, however, limited Vaughn's production and reduced his point total to 263 for the season. Even with a reduced role, Vaughn finished the season with the fourth highest point total averaging 12.5 points per game. 1959-60 season Vaughn was the instrumental force in the 1959–60 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team. He started all 23 games during that season and dominated all offensive categories after an injury sidelined previous team-leader John Wessels. Vaughn was first on the Fighting Illini in scoring with 411 points (17.9 per game), first on the team in rebounding with 189 (8.2 per game) and first on the team in free-throw percentage at .865 (83 of 96); second on the all-time Illini record list. Vaughn was named team MVP as well as All-American for this season. Honors Basketball 1958 - Honorable Mention All-American 1959 - Honorable Mention All-Big Ten 1960 - 2nd Team All-Big Ten 1960 - Team MVP 1960 - Honorable Mention All-American 1973 - Inducted\",\n \"title\": \"Govoner Vaughn\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48842430\",\n \"text\": \"The 1985 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign during the 1985 Big Ten Conference football season. In their sixth year under head coach Mike White, the Illini compiled a 6–5–1 record and finished in third place in the Big Ten Conference. Illinois was invited to the Peach Bowl, where the Illini lost to Army. The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Jack Trudeau with 2,938 passing yards, running back Thomas Rooks with 718 rushing yards, and wide receiver David Williams with 1,047 receiving yards. Schedule Game summaries No. 6 USC In a game that some considered a possible Rose Bowl preview, the Illini were doomed by 6 turnovers and found themselves in a 14–0 very early in the game. Illinois pulled to within 20–10 on a Chris White field goal early in the fourth quarter, but USC used ball control to grind out the clock – including 22 minutes of possession in the second half – and gain a big road win in the season opener for both teams. At No. 18 Nebraska No. 5 Ohio State At Michigan State Wisconsin No. 4 Michigan On November 2, 1985, Illinois played Michigan to a 3–3 tie at Memorial Stadium. Each team kicked a field goal in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, Michigan drove the length of the field, but fullback Gerald White fumbled at the Illinois 12-yard line, with the Illini recovering at the nine-yard line. Illinois then drove the length of the field and, with time running out, Chris White lined up for what would have been a game-winning 37-yard field goal. Dieter Heren tipped the ball, which hit the cross-bar and bounced back, and the game ended in a tie. After the game, head coach White said, \\\"I don't remember feeling worse after a game. . . . I'm devastated.\\\" At No. 6 Iowa Vs. Army (Peach Bowl) References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football\",\n \"title\": \"1985 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73913855\",\n \"text\": \"The 2023–24 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Illini were led by seventh-year head coach Brad Underwood. The Illini played their home games at the State Farm Center in Champaign, Illinois as members of the Big Ten Conference. They defeated Wisconsin to win the Big Ten Tournament. The team was then awarded the #3 seed in the East region of the NCAA Tournament, in which they advanced their first Elite Eight since 2005. There they lost to the eventual champion, UConn. Previous season The Illini finished the 2022–23 season 20–13, 11–9 in Big Ten play to finish in a four-way tie for fifth place. As the No. 7 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they lost to Penn State in the second round. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 9 seed in the West Region where they lost to Arkansas in the First Round. Offseason Niccolo Moretti joined the Illini for the second semester of the 2022-2023 academic year and took part in practice and officially joined the team this season. After declaring for the 2023 NBA draft, both Terrence Shannon Jr. and Coleman Hawkins withdrew and returned to the Illini. Jeremiah Williams committed to transfer to Illinois on June 1, 2023, but later withdrew that commitment and rejoined the transfer portal later that month on June 23. In August, the Illini took a ten-day trip to Spain where they played and won three games against Spanish teams. None of the games were televised but the Illini provided a link to stream the second game for free on Vimeo. Departures Incoming transfers Source: 2023 recruiting class Roster Note: While listed above as a graduate student for NCAA eligibility purposes, Shannon is a fifth-year senior working towards his bachelor's degree. Roster movement Shannon was suspended prior to the December 29 game against FDU and became eligible to play again January 19. Moretti suffered a foot injury during the November 19 game against Southern and suited up for the January 14 game against Maryland, but did not play until the following game against Michigan. Hansberry began sitting out games with back spasms starting with the game against Purdue on January 5 and returned to action against Ohio State on January 30. Schedule and results |- !colspan=9 style=|Spain trip |- !colspan=12 style=\\\"| Exhibition |- !colspan=12 style=\\\"| Regular season |- !colspan=9 style=|Big Ten Tournament |- !colspan=9 style=|NCAA Tournament |- Source: Rankings References External links 2023–24 Illinois MBB record book Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball seasons Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini Men's Basketball Team Illinois Fighting Illini Men's Basketball Team\",\n \"title\": \"2023–24 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72665268\",\n \"text\": \"The 2022–23 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Fighting Illini were led by first-year head coach Shauna Green, and they played their home games at State Farm Center. This season marked the program's 41st season as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Previous season The Illini finished the 2021–22 season 7–20 overall, with a 1–13 record in Big Ten play to finish in last place. As the fourteenth seed in the Big Ten women's tournament, they defeated eleventh seed Wisconsin in the first round before losing to sixth seed Nebraska in the second round. They were not invited to participate in any post-season tournaments. Offseason After five seasons as Illinois head coach, Nancy Fahey announced her retirement on March 4, 2022. On March 21, 2022, Green was named as the program's tenth head coach, having had six successful seasons as the head coach at Dayton. All three of Green's assistant coaching hires at Illinois (Calamity McEntire, DeAntoine Beasley and Ryan Gensler) had previously worked for her at Dayton. The roster included five players from Fahey's final Illinois team, four freshmen, and four transfers, including two from Dayton (Makira Cook and Brynn Shoup-Hill). Genesis Bryant transferred from North Carolina State, but she had been recruited by Green for Dayton before committing to the Wolfpack. Roster Schedule and results |- !colspan=\\\"6\\\" style=| Exhibition |- !colspan=\\\"9\\\" style=| Regular season |- !colspan=\\\"6\\\" style=| Big Ten Women's Tournament |- !colspan=9 style=| NCAA Tournament Rankings See also 2022–23 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team References External links Official website 2022–23 media guide Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball seasons Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball Illinois\",\n \"title\": \"2022–23 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39340066\",\n \"text\": \"Jacqueline Manny (; born December 29, 1987) is an American former professional soccer defender who last played for the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League. Early life Santacaterina was raised in Geneva, Illinois, where she attended Geneva High School and finished her high school career with 49 goals and 47 assists in 70 games, all as midfielder for the Lady Vikings. In 2005, she helped lead Geneva to a third-place finish in Illinois class AA and was named Kane County Player of the Year. She earned Suburban Prairie North Conference MVP honors in 2004 and 2005 and was listed as a Top 150 recruit by Soccer Buzz. Santacaterina helped lead the club soccer team, Eclipse Select, to consecutive United States Youth Soccer Association (USYSA) national championships in 2004 and 2005 followed by a Region II title in 2006. As a member of the Illinois state Olympic Development Program (ODP) team from 2000 to 2005, she helped guide the squad to a second-place national finish in 2005. Santacaterina also earned All-State honors in 2004 and 2005. University of Illinois Santacaterina attended the University of Illinois where she played for the Fighting Illini from 2006 to 2009. During her freshman year, she was named to the Big Ten All-Freshman team, Top Drawer Soccer's All-Rookie first team, Soccer Buzz's Great Lakes Region All-Freshman team and the All-Illini Tournament team. In 2007, she started in all 21 matches and was named to the Soccer Buzz All-Great Lakes Region second team and All-Big Ten second team. During her junior season, she started all 23 matches and was named to the All-Big Ten second team. During her final season, she was named team Co-MVP and was one of 11 Illini to register at least 1,000 minutes of play. Playing career In 2013, Santacaterina was selected in the fourth round (28th overall) of the 2013 NWSL Supplemental Draft by the Chicago Red Stars for the inaugural season of the National Women's Soccer League. Following the 2014 NWSL season, Santacaterina announced her retirement, citing inability to recover from a soccer injury. References External links Chicago Red Stars player profile 1987 births Living people American women's soccer players Chicago Red Stars players Illinois Fighting Illini women's soccer players Women's association football defenders Soccer players from Illinois National Women's Soccer League players Women's Premier Soccer League players Women's Premier Soccer League Elite players\",\n \"title\": \"Jackie Santacaterina\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75971594\",\n \"text\": \"Seth Coleman (born December 7, 2000) is an American football defensive end for the Illinois Fighting Illini. Early life and high school Coleman attended high school at Holy Trinity Episcopal Academy. Coming out of high school, Coleman was rated as a three-star recruit where he decided to commit to play college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini. College career In Coleman's first career season in 2020, he recorded 13 tackles with three and a half going for a loss. In week three of the 2021 season, Coleman had his breakout game notching six tackles, with one being for a loss, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, and a pass deflection. In the 2021 season, Coleman played in ten games where he recorded 22 tackles with three going for a loss, two sacks, two pass deflections, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery. Heading into the 2022 season, Coleman won a starting job on the Fighting Illini defense. In week six of the 2022 season, Coleman logged five tackles with two being for a loss, two sacks, and a pass deflection, in a win over the Iowa Hawkeyes. In week nine, Coleman forced an errant throw as he hit quarterback Casey Washington which resulted in a game-changing interception, as the Illini went on to win. During the 2022 season, Coleman tallied 45 tackles with five being for a loss, four and a half sacks, ten quarterback hurries, and six pass deflections, as for his performance he was named an honorable mention all Big-Ten selection. During the 2023 season, Coleman totaled 50 tackles with nine being for a loss, along with six sacks. For his performance on the year, Coleman was named a Big-Ten honorable mention. Coleman decided to return to the Fighting Illni for his sixth season in 2024. References External links Illinois Fighting Illini bio 2000 births Living people Players of American football from Florida American football defensive ends Holy Trinity Episcopal Academy alumni Illinois Fighting Illini football players\",\n \"title\": \"Seth Coleman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41566932\",\n \"text\": \"The Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team, representing the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, has had 68 players drafted into the National Basketball Association (NBA) since the league began holding the yearly event in 1947. Each NBA franchise seeks to add new players through an annual draft. The NBA uses a draft lottery to determine the first three picks of the NBA draft; the 14 teams that did not make the playoffs the previous year are eligible to participate. After the first three picks are decided, the rest of the teams pick in reverse order of their win–loss record. To be eligible for the NBA draft, a player in the United States must be at least 19 years old during the calendar year of the draft and must be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class. The drafts held between 1947 and 1949 were held by the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The BAA became the National Basketball Association after absorbing teams from the National Basketball League in the fall of 1949. Official NBA publications include the BAA Drafts as part of the NBA's draft history. From 1967 until the ABA–NBA merger in 1976, the American Basketball Association (ABA) held its own draft. Through the 2018 NBA draft, a Fighting Illini has been chosen first round of the draft 15 times in the history of the event with Meyers Leonard being the latest in 2012. Key Players selected in the BAA and NBA drafts References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini NBA draft\",\n \"title\": \"List of Illinois Fighting Illini in the NBA draft\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28239540\",\n \"text\": \"The 2010 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Fighting Illini, led by sixth-year head coach Ron Zook, are members of the Big Ten Conference and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. They finished the season 7–6, 4–4 in Big Ten play and were invited to the Texas Bowl where they defeated Baylor 38–14. Schedule References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Texas Bowl champion seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football\",\n \"title\": \"2010 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47416424\",\n \"text\": \"The 1927 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois in the 1927 Big Ten Conference football season. The Fighting Illini compiled a 7–0–1 record (5–0 against Western Conference opponents) and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 152 to 24. Illinois was also ranked No. 1 in the nation in the Dickinson System ratings released in December 1927. Illinois was also retroactively named as the national champion for 1927 by the Billingsley Report, Helms Athletic Foundation, National Championship Foundation, and Parke H. Davis. Center Robert Reitsch and guard Russ Crane were selected as first-team players on the 1927 All-America college football team: Reitsch by the North American Newspaper Alliance and Lawrence Perry; and Crane by Grantland Rice for Collier's Weekly. Reitsch was also the team captain. Other notable players included halfback Jud Timm; end Garland Grange; and tackle Butch Nowack. Schedule Roster Head coach: Robert Zuppke (15th year at Illinois) References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons College football national champions Big Ten Conference football champion seasons College football undefeated seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football\",\n \"title\": \"1927 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59434338\",\n \"text\": \"Clyde Gobel Alwood (January 1, 1895 – August 14, 1954) was an American college basketball standout for Illinois in the 1910s. A forward, Alwood played for the Fighting Illini from 1913 to 1917, scoring 242 points in 41 games during his three years of varsity play earning a varsity letter each year. Graduating from Clinton High School, Alwood was the son of Henry Alwood and Minnie (Rundle) Alwood. He married twice in his life, his first marriage was to Martha Amy Hargitt and his second was to Doris Jean Keifer. University of Illinois Alwood enrolled at the University of Illinois in the fall of 1913 and join the varsity basketball team. His sophomore year placed him as a starting forward for the 1914–15 Fighting Illini team that finished as the only team in Illinois history with a perfect record, 16 wins and 0 losses. This team was not only Big Ten Conference Champions, but was also named Helms National Champions as well as Premo-Poretta National Champions. This was the University of Illinois's first national championship. As a junior, Alwood maintained his starting role with an Illini team that finished in second place in the conference with an overall record of 13 and 3. Alwoods' senior season, while playing for hall-of-fame coach Ralph Jones, brought the Fighting Illini an additional Big Ten Conference championship. Alwood was named the team captain for the 1916–17 season and the Illini finished their schedule with an overall record of 13 wins and 3 losses and a conference record of 10 wins and 2 losses. The season brought two prestigious awards to Alwood, the Big Ten Medal of Honor, given to the one student-athlete from the graduating class of each university who had “attained the greatest proficiency in athletics and scholastic work”, while also being named a consensus All-American. This team was extremely special in the history of Illinois basketball due to the fact that it included the university's first Helms National Player of the Year, Ray Woods, as well as the National Football League's co-founder George Halas. References 1895 births 1954 deaths All-American college men's basketball players American men's basketball players Basketball players from Ohio Forwards (basketball) Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Sportspeople from Zanesville, Ohio\",\n \"title\": \"Clyde Alwood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31571774\",\n \"text\": \"Milton Martin Olander (January 25, 1899 – December 30, 1961) was an American college football player and coach. Olander was born in 1899 at Rockford, Illinois. His father, Frank Olander, emigrated from Sweden in 1881 and became a saloon keeper in Rockford. His mother, Selma Olander, emigrated from Sweden in 1888. He had two older brothers, Carl (born May 1895) and Clarence (born April 1897). Olander graduated from Rockford High School, where he played on the football, basketball and track teams and was captain of the football team for two years. He next enrolled at the University of Illinois where he played at the tackle position for Robert Zuppke's Fighting Illini football teams from 1918 to 1921. The University of Illinois yearbook noted: \\\"'Milt' was the leading factor in the Illini line. His steadiness characterized him as Zup's most heady player. This was his fourth season.\\\" At the time of the 1920 United States Census, Olander was working as a laborer in a warehouse and living in Rockford with his mother, his older brother Clarence, and his younger sister Alice. After graduating from Illinois, Olander served as the head football coach at the Western State Normal School (now known as Western Michigan University) in 1922 and 1923. In his first year as a head coach, he led Western State to a perfect 6–0 record as his team outscored its opponents 160 to 0. In April 1924, Olander signed a contract to return to the University of Illinois as the freshman football coach. He served as an assistant football coach at Illinois through the 1934 season. At the time of the 1930 United States Census, Olander was living in Champaign, Illinois with his wife Mary S. Olander, daughter Suzanne Olander, and son Milton M. Olander, Jr. His occupation at that time was listed as an assistant coach for a university. In 1940, Olander was appointed as the head of the Athletic Board of Control at the University of Illinois. Olander lived in Sylvania, Ohio in his later years. He worked as the director of industrial relations for Owens-Illinois Glass Co. at Toledo, Ohio. In 1953, he was offered a position as an Assistant Secretary of Labor in the administration of President Dwight Eisenhower. Olander died in December 1961 at Toledo at the age of 62. Olander was one of the original members of the parks commission in Sylvania, Ohio. In recognition of his efforts, the city's park system is known as The Olander Park System. The city's largest park, Olander Park, and its lake, Lake Olander, are also named after him. Head coaching record References External links 1899 births 1961 deaths American football tackles Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches Illinois Fighting Illini football players Western Michigan Broncos football coaches Players of American football from Rockford, Illinois People from Sylvania, Ohio Coaches of American football from Illinois\",\n \"title\": \"Milton Olander\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5567312\",\n \"text\": \"Huff Hall is a 4,050-seat multi-purpose arena in Champaign, Illinois, United States. The arena opened in 1925 and was known as Huff Gymnasium until the 1990s. It is named after George Huff, who was the school's athletic director from 1895 to 1935. Huff Hall is home to the University of Illinois Fighting Illini volleyball and wrestling teams. Prior to the opening of Assembly Hall in 1963, it was home to the basketball team as well. Currently Huff Hall is used for a variety of sporting events, including men's and women's gymnastics, men's wrestling, and women's volleyball. At each athletic event banners are hung of past Illini heroes to remind the crowd of the rich tradition that Illini athletics have had. Every March from 1926 to 1962, Huff Gymnasium played host to the state finals of the Illinois High School Association boys' basketball tournament. Huff Hall also served as the home of the women's basketball team. Beginning in the 1970s and continuing through the mid-1990s, the team once again used Huff Hall for home games, as it struggled to fill up the Assembly Hall. Since 1997 the team has used the Assembly Hall exclusively, although it struggles with a losing record and to fill up the Assembly Hall. From 1927 to 2002 Huff Hall was also home to a 25-yard swimming pool which served as the home of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Underwater Hockey club and the University of Illinois Water Polo Club. The pool had a consistent depth of 8 ft. which made it ideal for these activities. In addition to hosting athletic events, Huff Hall is also the home of the College of Applied Health Sciences. History Originally called the \\\"New Gymnasium\\\", Huff Hall was designed in the Georgian-Revival Style by Charles A. Platt and university architect James M. White. The building's architecture matches that of the Armory, Main Library, the Union, and other campus buildings. At the conclusion of its $772,000 construction in 1925, Huff Hall replaced the Military Drill Hall (now known as Kenney Gym Annex) as the home for Fighting Illini basketball. The \\\"New Gymnasium\\\" was renamed Huff Gymnasium in 1937 following the longtime athletic director's passing. Men's basketball records at Huff Hall Notes: *denotes incomplete or partial records. **denotes played 9 games at Huff Hall but finished season at Assembly Hall. (N/R) denotes no records References Indoor arenas in Illinois Defunct college basketball venues in the United States College gymnastics venues in the United States College volleyball venues in the United States College wrestling venues in the United States Gymnastics venues in Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball venues Illinois Fighting Illini men's gymnastics venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's gymnastics venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball venues Illinois Fighting Illini wrestling venues Swimming venues in Illinois Volleyball venues in Illinois Wrestling venues in Illinois Sports venues in Champaign–Urbana, Illinois Tourist attractions in Champaign County, Illinois Buildings and structures of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 1925 establishments in\",\n \"title\": \"Huff Hall\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54343579\",\n \"text\": \"Mac Paul Wenskunas (June 8, 1922 – August 3, 1957) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Quincy College from 1947 to 1949 and at North Dakota Agricultural College—now known as North Dakota State University—from 1950 to 1953, compiling a career head coaching record of 30–27–1. A native of Georgetown, Illinois, Wenskunas played college football as a center at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He lettered for the Illinois Fighting Illini in 1942, 1945, and 1946. He was captain of the 1946 Illinois Fighting Illini football team, which won the Big Ten Conference and the 1947 Rose Bowl. He was a member of the 1947 All-Star team. His college playing years were interrupted by his service in the Marines during World War II. He was drafted by the Chicago Cardinals in the second round of the 1946 NFL draft with the 11th overall pick, but he was just a junior at the time and did not go to the NFL that year. The following year, he was drafted by the Chicago Rockets with the 136th pick in the 18th round of the 1947 AAFC Draft. Instead of playing football, he went into coaching. He spent three years as the head football coach at Quincy College, where his teams went 19–6 over three seasons and won the Pioneer Conference every year. He then became head coach of North Dakota Agricultural College. After leaving coaching he moved to Athens, Ohio and then Decatur, Illinois working as a salesman for the Jostin Classroom Jewlery Company. Wenskunas died with his wife in a two car crash on August 3, 1957, near Boody, Illinois that also killed three other people. Head coaching record References External links 1922 births 1957 deaths American football centers Illinois Fighting Illini football players Quincy Hawks football coaches North Dakota State Bison football coaches People from Georgetown, Illinois Coaches of American football from Illinois Players of American football from Illinois Road incident deaths in Illinois\",\n \"title\": \"Mac Wenskunas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2127805\",\n \"text\": \"Deron Michael Williams ( ; born June 26, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Illinois Fighting Illini before being drafted third overall in the 2005 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz. A three-time NBA All-Star with the Jazz and Brooklyn Nets, Williams also played for Beşiktaş of the Turkish Basketball League during the 2011 NBA lockout, and was a gold medal winner on the United States national team at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics. Early life and high school career Williams was born in Parkersburg, West Virginia. In elementary school and middle school, Williams won two state wrestling championships. In 1993, as an eight-year-old, he won the 67 lb. weight class Texas State championship. Four years later in 1997, he won the twelve-year-old 116 lb. weight class championship. Williams attended The Colony High School in The Colony, Texas and averaged 17 points, 9.4 assists, and 2 steals per game as a junior in 2001. That year he led his team, the Cougars, to a 32–2 record and the Class 5A state semifinals against Bryan High. In 2002, as a senior, he averaged 17.6 points, 8.5 assists, 6.1 rebounds, and 2.6 steals per game. His team, the Cougars, went 29–2 that season, losing the 5A Texas State semifinals. Williams was a teammate of Bracey Wright who went on to play for Big Ten rival Indiana University. College career Williams was recruited to play college basketball at the University of Illinois for the 2002–03 NCAA season by Bill Self. In his freshman year, he started 30 of 32 games and ranked third in the Big Ten Conference in assists with 4.53 per game. Bruce Weber assumed the head coach position for the Illini in April 2003 and helped develop Williams throughout his remaining collegiate career. As a sophomore, Williams improved his scoring average from 6.3 to 14.0 points per game and improved his assists per game from the prior year to 6.17. Williams was a First-Team All-Big Ten selection by both the coaches and media. In 2005, as a junior starting point guard, Williams led the Fighting Illini to the NCAA championship game where they lost to the University of North Carolina. That season saw the Illini go undefeated until the final game of the regular season when they lost to Ohio State by one point. Illinois's road to the Final Four was marked by a comeback win over the Arizona Wildcats, where the Illini, led by Williams, came back from fifteen points down in the final minutes to win the game. Williams made the game-tying three-point shot with just 38.5 seconds left in regulation. He then hit the go-ahead three-pointer in overtime, and the Illini never looked back in that game. Williams received many awards after the 2004–05 season. Those honors include being named a consensus Second Team All American, as well as being named First Team All-Big Ten, Big Ten All-Tournament Team, and All-Final Four team and at the conclusion of\",\n \"title\": \"Deron Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47379667\",\n \"text\": \"The 1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1923 Big Ten Conference football season. In their 11th season under head coach Robert Zuppke, the Fighting Illini compiled an 8–0 record (5–0 against Big Ten Conference opponents), tied with Michigan for the Big Ten championship, shut out five of eight opponents, and outscored their opponents by a total of 136 to 20. There was no contemporaneous system in 1923 for determining a national champion. However, Illinois was retroactively named as the national champion by the Boand System, College Football Researchers Association, Helms Athletic Foundation, and Parke H. Davis, and as a co-national champion by the Berryman QPRS system, National Championship Foundation, and Jeff Sagarin (using the ELO-Chess methodology). Halfback Red Grange, known as \\\"The Galloping Ghost\\\", tallied 723 rushing yards and scored 12 touchdowns in seven games. In 2008, Grange was named by ESPN as the best college football player of all time. He was also a charter member of both the College and Pro Football Halls of Fame. Grange and Guard Jim McMillen were consensus first-team picks on the 1923 All-America college football team. McMillen was also the team captain. This was the first season for the Fighting Illini at Memorial Stadium, where the team plays their home games to this day. Schedule Roster Head coach: Robert Zuppke (11th year at Illinois) Awards and honors The following Illinois players received honors on the 1923 All-America college football team and/or the 1923 All-Big Ten Conference football team: Halfback Red Grange Consensus first-team All-American First-team All-Big Ten selection by Norman E. Brown and Walter Eckersall Guard Jim McMillen Consensus first-team All-American First-team All-Big Ten selection by Brown and Eckersall End Frank Rokusek Second-team All-American selected by Lawrence Perry Second-team All-Big Ten selection by Brown and Eckersall Quarterback Harry A. Hall Second-team All-Big Ten selection by Eckersall Fullback Earl Britton Second-team All-Big Ten selection by Brown and third-team selection by Eckersall References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons College football national champions Big Ten Conference football champion seasons 1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football\",\n \"title\": \"1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53224570\",\n \"text\": \"The 2017 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign during the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Fighting Illini played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois, and competed in the West Division of the Big Ten Conference. They were led by second-year head coach Lovie Smith. They finished the season 2–10, 0–9 in Big Ten play to finish in last place in the West Division. Recruiting Position key Recruits The Fighting Illini signed a total of 25 recruits. Schedule Illinois announced its 2017 football schedule on July 11, 2013. The 2017 schedule consisted of 7 home and 5 away games in the regular season. The Fighting Illini hosted Big Ten foes Indiana, Nebraska, Northwestern, Rutgers, Wisconsin, and traveled to Iowa, Minnesota, Ohio State, and Purdue. The Fighting Illini hosted two of the three non-conference opponents, Ball State from the Mid-American Conference and Western Kentucky (WKU) from Conference USA, and traveled to South Florida from the American Athletic Conference. Schedule Source: Game summaries Ball State WKU At South Florida Nebraska At Iowa Rutgers At Minnesota Wisconsin At Purdue Indiana At Ohio State Northwestern Roster References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["newspaper changed its name"],"string":"[\n \"newspaper changed its name\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":44,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_42441"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who was president of united states in april 1975"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"24560657","text":"Anti-communist forces South Vietnam Political Ngô Đình Diệm was the President of South Vietnam from 1955 until his assassination in 1963. Dương Văn Minh led the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) under President Diệm and was briefly leader of South Vietnam in 1963 and 1975. He was the last president of South Vietnam. Nguyễn Khánh was an ARVN general who was in power from early 1964 to 1965. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu was an ARVN general who became the President of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1975. Nguyễn Cao Kỳ was air vice-marshal and commander of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) until 1967 who became the Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1967 and the Vice President from 1967 to 1971. Trần Văn Hương was the second to last President of South Vietnam before its surrender in 1975. Military Cao Văn Viên was an ARVN general who served as chairman of the Joint General Staff from October 1965 to April 1975. Hoàng Xuân Lãm was an ARVN general, commander of I Corps (1967–1972). Ngô Quang Trưởng was an ARVN general and commander of I Corps (1972–1975). Trần Văn Minh was an RVNAF general and RNVAF commander from November 1967 to April 1975. Trần Văn Chơn was a Republic of Vietnam Navy rear admiral and navy commander from 1966 to 1974. Lê Nguyên Khang was the commander of the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps. Nguyễn Ngọc Loan was commander of the Republic of Vietnam National Police from April 1966 to May 1968. United States Political Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Richard Nixon was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until he resigned in 1974 Gerald Ford was the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Robert McNamara was the 8th Secretary of Defense, serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968. Clark Clifford was the 9th Secretary of Defense, serving under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1968 to 1969. Melvin R. Laird was the 10th Secretary of Defense, serving under President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973. James R. Schlesinger was the 12th Secretary of Defense, serving under President Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford from 1973 to 1975. Henry Kissinger was the 8th National Security Advisor and the 56th Secretary of State, serving under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford from 1969 to 1977 Military Earle Wheeler was a United States Army General who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1964 to 1970. Thomas Hinman Moorer was a United States Navy admiral who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 to 1974. William Westmoreland was a U.S. Army General who commanded American military","title":"Leaders of the Vietnam War"},{"docid":"681127","text":"The 94th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from January 3, 1975, to January 3, 1977, during the last two years of Gerald Ford's presidency. This is the most recent Congress with a Republican senator from Hawaii, Hiram Fong, and Democratic senators from Utah and Wyoming, Frank Moss and Gale W. McGee. Fong retired and the other two lost re-election at the end of the 94th Congress. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1970 United States census. The Democrats not only maintained their majorities in the House and Senate, but would increase their numbers to supermajority status in both chambers. Major events January 15, 1975: 1975 State of the Union Address April 30, 1975: Fall of Saigon June 10, 1975: The Rockefeller Commission issued its report on CIA abuses, recommending a joint congressional oversight committee on intelligence. September 5, 1975: Failed assassination attempt against President Ford by Lynette Fromme September 22, 1975: Another failed assassination attempt against President Ford by Sara Jane Moore July 4, 1976: United States Bicentennial November 2, 1976: 1976 United States House of Representatives elections and 1976 United States Senate elections: Democrats retain congress 1976 United States presidential election: Jimmy Carter (D) elected President December 12, 1976: Congressional Hispanic Caucus formed Major legislation March 29, 1975: Tax Reduction Act of 1975, , May 23, 1975: Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, , November 29, 1975: Education for All Handicapped Children Act, , December 22, 1975: Energy Policy and Conservation Act, , December 23, 1975: Metric Conversion Act, December 23, 1975: Revenue Adjustment Act (Earned Income Tax Credit), , December 31, 1975: Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, , February 5, 1976: Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act, , April 13, 1976: Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, , May 11, 1976: Federal Election Campaign Act, , June 30, 1976: Arms Export Control Act, , September 13, 1976: Government in the Sunshine Act, , September 14, 1976: National Emergencies Act, , September 30, 1976: Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act, , October 11, 1976: Toxic Substances Control Act, , October 12, 1976: Overhaul of vocational education programs , October 19, 1976: Copyright Act of 1976, , October 21, 1976: Federal Land Policy and Management Act, , October 21, 1976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, , October 21, 1976: Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, , October 22, 1976: National Forest Management Act, , Party summary Senate House of Representatives Leadership Senate President: Nelson Rockefeller (R) President pro tempore: James Eastland (D) Permanent Acting President pro tempore: Lee Metcalf (D) Majority (Democratic) leadership Majority Leader: Mike Mansfield Majority Whip: Robert Byrd Democratic Caucus Secretary: Frank Moss Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: J. Bennett Johnston Minority (Republican) leadership Minority Leader: Hugh Scott Minority Whip: Robert P. Griffin Republican Conference Chairman: Carl Curtis Republican Conference Secretary: Robert Stafford National Senatorial Committee Chair:","title":"94th United States Congress"},{"docid":"61267036","text":"The following is a timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford from January 1, 1975, to December 31, 1975. January January 1 – Ford signs the Privacy Act of 1974. January 4 – Ford signs the Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974. Among other changes, the law permanently implements a national 55-mph speed limit (which had already been a temporary limit) for the Interstate Highway System. January 4 – Ford names a Blue Ribbon panel, chaired by Vice President Rockefeller, to review CIA Activities within the United States in response to allegations made in a December New York Times article by Seymour Hersh. January 13 – Ford delivers a \"fireside chat\" to the nation, outlining his proposals to fight inflation, the economic recession, and energy dependence. January 15 – In his first State of the Union Address, Ford announces bluntly that \"the state of the Union is not good. Millions of Americans are out of work. Recession and inflation are eroding the money of millions more. Prices are too high, and sales are too slow.\" To remedy these problems, Ford proposes tax cuts for American families and businesses, and strongly advocates for the reduction of government spending. February February 7 – Edward H. Levi is sworn in as the new Attorney General of the United States replacing William B. Saxbe, whom Ford appoints as U.S. Ambassador to India. March March 10 – Carla Hills becomes United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the first woman to serve in this position. March 29 – Ford signs the Tax Reduction Act of 1975. April April 3 – President Ford announces Operation Babylift, which would evacuate about 2,000 orphans from south Vietnam. April 8 – President Ford signs Executive Order 11850, a renunciation of certain uses in war of chemical herbicides and riot control agents. The executive order restricts the use of herbicides, and riot control agents, including tear gas. Each and every use would require explicit approval. April 10 – As divisions of the North Vietnamese Army approach Saigon; Ford addresses a joint session of Congress to request, unsuccessfully, financial assistance for South Vietnam and Cambodia. (Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act of 1975) During the speech two freshman Democrats, Toby Moffett of Connecticut and George Miller of California walk out in protest. April 12 – Ford orders the evacuation of U.S. personnel (military and civilian) and allied Cambodians from Cambodia as the Khmer Rouge advance on the capital Phnom Penh. The Khmer Rouge take over the country on April 17, 1975. April 23 – In a speech at Tulane University, President Ford declares that the Vietnam War \"is finished as far as America is concerned.\" April 28 – With the fall of Saigon to the North Vietnamese Army immanent, President Ford orders the emergency evacuation of all remaining American military personnel and civilians and at-risk South Vietnamese nationals from the city. April 29–30 – Operation Frequent Wind, the final phase in the American evacuation from South Vietnam, is carried out. More","title":"Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency (1975)"},{"docid":"50306627","text":"The Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act of 1975 (H.R. 6096) was U.S. congressional legislation that proposed to designate financial resources for the evacuation and humanitarian aid of South Vietnam preceding the Fall of Saigon. The Act was not passed, however, it began the debate in Congress over how best to evacuate Vietnam and the extent of the President's power to use military troops in order to safely evacuate refugees. These conversations led to the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act which was introduced shortly after H.R. 6096 failed to pass. Legislative Plea for Indochina Evacuation Programs In his address on U.S. foreign policy on April 10, 1975, President Ford requested $722 million for emergency military assistance and an initial sum of $250 million for economic and humanitarian aid for South Vietnam. Ford also stated in his address that the situation in Vietnam had reached a \"critical phase requiring immediate and positive decisions by this government\" and that in his judgement, \"a stabilization of the military situation offers the best opportunity for a political solution.\" He also asked Congress for clarification of his authority to use troops in the evacuation of Vietnamese who aided the United States and would possibly be in danger. The request for the use of military troops by the President was met with pushback by some Democratic Congressional members. Senator Robert Byrd stated his opposition to American troops aiding evacuations efforts, saying it would be \"impractical and dangerous.\" Byrd, along with Senator Thomas F. Eagleton, also cited a “dangerous precedent” in letting the President use his inherent powers as Commander in Chief to introduce more troops into South Vietnam for an evacuation. The White House reported some of the feedback they heard via telegrams and telephone calls. They received 1,125 telegrams expressing opposition and 443 supporting the President's speech and of telephone calls reported, 342 were opposed, and 290 in favor. Just a week later, the Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act was introduced in the House and sought to authorize $150 million, much lower than the $722 million Ford had proposed. The Act The Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act was introduced in the House on April 17, 1975. It sought to authorize $150 million for the President to use as deemed necessary and appropriate, for humanitarian assistance in, and evacuation programs from, South Vietnam. This bill would also permit funds already authorized for Indochina Postwar Reconstruction that were not directly allocated to humanitarian relief during evacuation. Section 3 of the bill waived specific provisions of law that might otherwise limit the President's authority to use appropriated funds to carry out the evacuation safely with troops. The bill also defined those eligible for evacuation assistance as: (a) American citizens; (b) dependents of American citizens and of permanent residents of the United States; (c) Vietnamese nationals eligible for immigration to the United States by reason of their relationships to American citizens; and (d) such other foreign nationals to whose lives a direct and imminent threat exists.","title":"Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act of 1975"},{"docid":"37766998","text":"On September5, 1975, Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, a member of the Manson Family cult, attempted to assassinate United States president Gerald Ford in Sacramento, California. Fromme, who was standing a little more than an arm's length from Ford, pointed a M1911 pistol at him in the public grounds of the California State Capitol building and without chambering a round in the gun, unsuccessfully attempted to fire. After the assassination attempt, Ford continued to walk to the California state house, where he met with Governor Jerry Brown. For her crime, Fromme spent 34 years in prison and was released on August14, two years and seven months after Ford's death. The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan, later received the M1911 pistol used in the assassination attempt as a gift, and the gun was put on display. History Lynette Fromme, who was nicknamed \"Squeaky\" by George Spahn, was a follower of cultist Charles Manson, leader of the group convicted of murdering actress Sharon Tate and eight others in Los Angeles, California, in 1969. Fromme was one of the earliest followers of Manson, and had a reputation as being one of the most devoted. Through the years, Fromme assumed a leadership role in keeping Manson cult members in communication with each other after most of them had been imprisoned. In April 1971, Fromme served 90 days in jail for attempting to feed a hamburger laced with the psychedelic drug LSD to Barbara Hoyt, a witness to the Tate murder, to keep Hoyt from testifying in the murder trial. Fromme lived at 1725 P Street in Sacramento () in an attic apartment with Sandra Good, a close friend who also was a long-time member of the Manson Family. Four years later in 1975, Fromme wanted to confront President Ford on the environmental pollution his campaign brought forth and its effects on ATWA (air, trees, water, animals). Events leading towards the assassination attempt In July 1975, California's relatively new governor, Democrat Jerry Brown, refused to commit to speak at the 49th annual Sacramento \"Host Breakfast,\" an annual gathering of wealthy California business leaders to be held in the Sacramento Convention Center on the morning of September 5, 1975. To teach Brown a political lesson, for what he would describe more than 30 years later as a \"dilatory response\" to the invitation, the politically powerful group invited U.S. President Ford, a Republican, to make the September 5, 1975, morning speech instead. Ford saw California's electoral votes as critical to his success in the 1976 United States presidential election and accepted the invitation to speak at the Host Breakfast. In early August 1975, The New York Times reported that the United States Environmental Protection Agency had released a study entitled \"A Spectroscopic Study of California Smog,\" showing that smog was widespread in rural areas. The New York Times article also noted how President Ford had just asked the United States Congress to relax provisions of the 1963 Clean Air Act beyond the 1970 Clean Air","title":"Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento"},{"docid":"11146929","text":"Operation New Life (23 April – 1 November 1975) was the care and processing on Guam of Vietnamese refugees evacuated before and after the Fall of Saigon, the closing day of the Vietnam War. More than 111,000 of the evacuated 130,000 Vietnamese refugees were transported to Guam, where they were housed in tent cities for a few weeks while being processed for resettlement. The great majority of the refugees were resettled in the United States. A few thousand were resettled in other countries or chose to return to Vietnam on the vessel Thuong Tin. Background In April 1975, as the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) advanced on Saigon, the United States carried out evacuations from South Vietnam, such as Operation Babylift and Operation Frequent Wind for Americans, nationals of allied countries, Vietnamese children or adults who had worked for or been closely associated with the U.S. during the Vietnam War. To deal with the refugees, President Gerald Ford created the Interagency Task Force (IATF) for Indochina on 18 April 1975. It tasked a dozen government agencies with the responsibility to transport, process, receive and resettle Indochinese refugees, nearly all Vietnamese, in the United States. Ford appointed L. Dean Brown of the Department of State to head Operation New Life. Later he was replaced by Julia V. Taft of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW). To finance Operation New Life the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act was adopted on 23 May 1975. This act allocated funding of $305 million for the State Department and $100 million for HEW. Nearby countries in Southeast Asia declined to accept the Vietnamese evacuees, fearing that they would have them on their soil permanently. However, Governor Ricardo Bordallo, agreed to grant the Vietnamese temporary asylum on Guam, some from Saigon. On April 23, Rear Admiral George Stephen Morrison, commander of U.S. Naval forces on Guam, was ordered to \"accept, shelter, process and care for refugees as they were removed from South Vietnam.\" More than 130,000 Vietnamese were evacuated from South Vietnam by air and sea during the last few days of April. A few went to other locations, such as Wake Island, but most were transported to Guam by U.S. and South Vietnamese naval ships, commercial vessels and military and commercial aircraft. A total of 111,919 Vietnamese would be housed temporarily and processed for entry into the United States on Guam. That total included 2,600 orphans and abandoned children evacuated from South Vietnam under Operation Babylift who transited Guam on 3 and 4 April en route to the United States. Guam had a substantial U.S. military presence to care for the Vietnamese refugees. Andersen Air Force Base on the northern end of the island was the U.S.'s biggest B-52 base and Naval Base Guam was a large deep-water port for naval vessels. Typhoons frequently impact Guam and the military and civilian personnel involved in Operation New Life feared that a typhoon would strike Guam while the Vietnamese were living in tents","title":"Operation New Life"},{"docid":"19792916","text":"The Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, passed on May 23, 1975, under President Gerald Ford, was a response to the Fall of Saigon and the end of the Vietnam War. Under this act, approximately 130,000 refugees from South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia were allowed to enter the United States under a special status, and the act allotted special relocation aid and financial assistance. Historical context The end of the Vietnam War left millions of Southeast Asians displaced. In South Vietnam alone, the war had created over 6 million refugees from 1965 to 1971. Preceding May 1975, the United States policy for Southeast Asian refugees had been to assist by resettling them in safer areas of their home nations. As the war began to come to a close in early 1975, the State Department prepared an evacuation plan for U.S. forces as well as 18,000 Vietnamese refugees, but it quickly became apparent that this evacuation plan did not meet the massive need of the refugees. When the South Vietnam government rapidly deteriorated in April 1975, President Ford authorized an evacuation of up to 200,000 refugees. Enactment and provisions The Indochina Migration and Refugee Act was signed on May 23, 1975, and allocated funding of $305 million for the Department of State and $100 million for the Department of Health, Education and Welfare for the resettlement of Vietnamese and Cambodian refugees in the United States. This act financed the transportation, processing, reception, and resettlement costs of more than 130,000 Vietnamese who had been evacuated from Vietnam during Operation Frequent Wind and who were granted parole by the Attorney General to enter the United States. Most of the refugees were initially transported to Guam for processing (See Operation New Life) and then transported onward to temporary immigration centers set up at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida; Camp Pendleton, California; Fort Chaffee, Arkansas; and Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania. Each refugee underwent a security check and could theoretically be denied admittance if he or she \"violated a social norm, had a criminal record, or had offenses that were political in nature.\" However, involuntary repatriation to Vietnam was not an option. A team effort of dozens of immigration agencies aided in the resettlement process, including the United States Catholic Conference, Church World Service, International Rescue Committee, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, the Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service, the Tolstoy Foundation, the American Council for Nationalities Service, the American Fund for Czechoslovak Refugees, the Travelers Aid International Social Service of America, as well as several state and city service centers. In 1975, almost 130,000 refugees were paroled through this system, which finished its initial operations at Fort Chaffee in December of that same year. While the first year of the Act had come to a close, it opened the doors for years of mass refugee acceptance. Opposition Although many politicians thought it appropriate and necessary for the United States to provide a safe haven for those denied their human rights, some questioned the fairness of the Indochina","title":"Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act"},{"docid":"35257060","text":"The following events occurred in April 1975: April 1, 1975 (Tuesday) Neak Leung fell to Khmer Rouge insurgency, cutting off a critical supply line to the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh. Cambodia's President Lon Nol left that nation forever, eventually settling in Hawaii. Senate President Saukam Khoy took over from Lon Nol as President of Cambodia, serving until April 12, when he was able to escape the approaching Khmer Rouge on the same helicopter as the American ambassador. The American \"Freedom Train\" began its tour of the United States in celebration of the United States Bicentennial, starting with a display in Wilmington, Delaware, and then proceeding westward. After reaching San Diego on January 14, the train began its return trip, stopping in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1976, and finishing its tour on December 31 in Miami. In all, 7,000,000 visitors would see the train and its exhibits. Died: George Parr, 74, Texas politician known as \"The Duke of Duval\", by suicide. His manipulation of election results in Duval County, Texas, helped future U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson become a U.S. Senator for Texas in 1948. April 2, 1975 (Wednesday) The CN Tower was topped off at 1,185.4 feet or 553.33 meters in height, as the last section was put into place by a helicopter, making the building the largest free-standing structure in the world. The Tower would open on June 26, 1976. A bus, carrying French pilgrims on its way back from Notre Dame de la Salette to Loiret, lost its brakes, then plunged 80 feet into a ravine near Vizille, killing 27 people. Born: Pedro Pascal, Chilean-American actor, in Santiago, Chile Adam Rodríguez, American TV actor (Eric Delko on CSI: Miami) in Yonkers, New York Died: Dong Biwu, 89 Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China since 1959 April 3, 1975 (Thursday) Bobby Fischer refused to play in a chess match against Anatoly Karpov in Manila, turning down a chance to receive at least $1,500,000 and becoming the first world chess champion to voluntarily give up his title. At Amsterdam, the FIDE voted to award Karpov the world chess championship title. Fischer had not defended the title since winning it in 1972, and Karpov became the new champ \"without moving a pawn\". At the request of John Gunther Dean, the American ambassador to Cambodia, U.S. President Ford ordered the evacuation of all Americans from Phnom Penh. Israel and South Africa signed SECMENT, a secret mutual defense agreement, following a meeting in Jerusalem between the defense ministers, P. W. Botha of South Africa and Shimon Peres of Israel. Born: Koji Uehara, Japanese star baseball pitcher, Central League Rookie of the Year 1999; later a relief pitcher for MLB Orioles and Rangers, in Neyagawa; and Yoshinobu Takahashi, Japanese baseball outfielder, in Chiba. Both Uehara and Takahashi won the Mitsui Golden Glove Award multiple times while playing for the Yomiuri Giants. Died: Mary Ure, 42, Scottish film actress and wife of actor Robert Shaw, died of an overdose of alcohol","title":"April 1975"},{"docid":"2390001","text":"Nathaniel Davis (April 12, 1925 – May 16, 2011) was a career diplomat who served in the United States Foreign Service for 36 years. His final years were spent teaching at Harvey Mudd College, one of the Claremont Colleges. Early years Davis was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on April 12, 1925. His father, Harvey Nathaniel Davis, taught at Harvard University and his mother, Alice Rohde Davis, was a research medical doctor. In 1928, the family moved to the campus of Stevens Institute of Technology, in Hoboken, New Jersey, upon the appointment of Harvey Davis as the college's president. Nathaniel Davis attended the Stevens Hoboken Academy and graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy, in Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1942. He attended Brown University, where he served in the Navy Reserve. He graduated from Brown and obtained a commission as an ensign in the U.S. Navy in September 1944, but as a member of the Class of 1946. He served aboard the aircraft carrier until 1946. He earned a master's degree and ultimately a doctorate from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy of Tufts University in 1960. Diplomatic career Davis began his Foreign Service career with an assignment in Prague in 1947, followed by postings in Florence, Rome and Moscow, before returning to the U.S. in 1956 to work at the Soviet Desk at the State Department in Washington, D.C. His next foreign assignment was in Caracas, Venezuela, from 1960 to 1962. From 1962 to 1965, he served in the Peace Corps, first as Special Assistant to the Director, R. Sargent Shriver, and later deputy director for Program Development and Operations. He left the Peace Corps in 1965 to serve as the United States Envoy to Bulgaria (1965–1966). After his ambassadorship in Bulgaria, he served on the staff of the National Security Council in the White House, as President Lyndon B. Johnson's senior advisor on Soviet and Eastern European affairs, as well as the United Nations. In 1968, he went to Guatemala to serve as Ambassador to Guatemala (1968–1971), followed by service as Ambassador to Chile (1971–1973). He was ambassador in Chile during the presidency of Salvador Allende and through the coup that deposed him. Davis wrote a history of that period called The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende. Upon his return from Chile, he held two positions at the assistant secretary level: as Director General of the Foreign Service (1973–1975) and as the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs in the Ford administration from 1975 to 1976. Davis resigned from the latter post over a policy difference with then-Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, regarding covert action in Angola. Resignation Operation IA Feature, a covert Central Intelligence Agency operation, authorized U.S. government support for Jonas Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and Holden Roberto's National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) militants in Angola. President Gerald Ford approved the program on July 18, 1975, despite strong opposition from officials in the State Department, including Davis, and the","title":"Nathaniel Davis"},{"docid":"75344878","text":"The Eighty-Second Wisconsin Legislature convened from to in regular session, and also convened in four special sessions. This was the first legislative term since 1893, when the Democratic Party of Wisconsin held the Governor's office and majorities in both chambers of the Legislature. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first two years of a four-year term. Assembly members were elected to a two-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 5, 1974. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the third and fourth year of a four-year term, having been elected in the general election of November 7, 1972. Major events January 1, 1975: Former Attorney General of the United States John N. Mitchell was convicted of perjury for his part in the Watergate scandal. Former White House chief of staff H. R. Haldeman and former White House domestic affairs advisor John Ehrlichman were convicted on perjury, conspiracy, and obstruction charges. January 6, 1975: Second inauguration of Patrick Lucey as Governor of Wisconsin. April 1, 1975: 1975 Wisconsin Spring election: Voters ratified two amendments to the state constitution: Allowing the state to take on debt to make veterans' housing loans. Repealing the section of the constitution which removed voting rights from any person found to have engaged in or facilitated a duel. Voters also rejected two other amendments to the state constitution: Would have allowed municipalities to bypass normal debt limits to pay for revenue-generating infrastructure. Would have allowed the state to take on debt to fund transportation infrastructure (beyond the existing allowances for highways and port facilities). This referendum was later ruled invalid and ordered to be rerun. April 30, 1975: Saigon was captured by forces of the People's Army of Vietnam, effectively ending the Vietnam War. November 15, 1975: The 1st G6 summit was held at Rambouillet, France. April 6, 1976: 1976 Wisconsin Spring election: Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter won the 1976 Wisconsin Democratic presidential primary. Wisconsin voters rejected an amendment to the state constitution which would have raised the limit on municipal indebtedness. May 11, 1976: U.S. President Gerald Ford signed the Federal Election Campaign Act into law. May 23, 1976: Wisconsin Supreme Court chief justice Horace W. Wilkie died. Justice Bruce F. Beilfuss became the 22nd chief justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court due to the rule of seniority. September 7, 1976: Wisconsin Governor Patrick Lucey appointed Shirley Abrahamson to the Wisconsin Supreme Court, to succeed Horace W. Wilkie. She was the first female justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court. November 2, 1976: 1976 United States general election: Jimmy Carter (D) elected President of the United States. William Proxmire (D) re-elected United States senator from Wisconsin. Wisconsin voters again rejected the amendment to the state constitution which would have allowed state to take on debt to fund transportation infrastructure. Major legislation July 30, 1975: An Act ... relating to state finances and appropriations constituting the executive budget bill of the' 1975 legislature,","title":"82nd Wisconsin Legislature"},{"docid":"41668504","text":"John Palmer Gaillard Jr. (April 4, 1920 – July 28, 2006) was an American politician who was mayor of Charleston, South Carolina from 1959 to 1975. The Gaillard Center is named after him. During his tenure, Gaillard significantly expanded the size of Charleston by annexing nearby neighborhoods. Early life and mayorship John Gaillard was born on Easter Sunday, April 4, 1920, in Charleston to J. Palmer Gaillard and Eleanor Lucas Gaillard. After his education, he enlisted in the United States Navy, two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor. He served as a pilot for four years and was later discharged as a lieutenant in November 1945. Upon his return to Charleston, he founded the Seaboard Lumber & Supply Co. in 1946 and In 1951 he was elected to the Charleston City Council. He was re-elected in 1955 and served until 1959 when he was elected the Mayor of Charleston. Gaillard was re-elected three times and served until 1975. During his administration, the city expanded its boundaries for the first time since 1849, more than doubling in size during his time in office by taking control of land in West Ashley. In 1962, Gaillard took part in local efforts to change I-95's planned route further away from Florence and closer to Charleston. Gaillard also endorsed St. Julian Devine for a seat on the city council which Devine won, making him the first African American to hold a seat on the council since Reconstruction. Later life In 1975, he was named Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Reserve Affairs by President Gerald Ford. He announced his resignation as mayor on April 24, 1975, upon his nomination to the federal post by Sen. Strom Thurmond; at his final City Council meeting, the civic auditorium was renamed in his honor as the Gaillard Municipal Auditorium. In 1977, Gaillard returned to Charleston and assumed the vice presidency of contracting firm Ruscon Corporation, a position he retained until his retirement in 1985. He died on July 28, 2006, in Charleston, South Carolina, when he accidentally pulled his car out in front of an on-coming truck; the truck driver was not charged. He is buried at St. Philips Episcopal Church in Charleston. References 1920 births 2006 deaths 20th-century American politicians Mayors of Charleston, South Carolina Road incident deaths in South Carolina South Carolina city council members South Carolina Democrats United States Navy pilots of World War II","title":"J. Palmer Gaillard Jr."},{"docid":"58485679","text":"Wiley Thomas Buchanan, Jr. (January 4, 1913 – February 16, 1986) was an American diplomat and author who served as the Chief of Protocol of the United States and the U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg and Austria. Early life Buchanan was born on January 4, 1913 in Grand Saline in Van Zandt County, Texas. He was the son of Wiley Thomas Buchanan (1880–1953) and Lilla (née Youngblood) Buchanan (1885–1975). Along with his siblings, which included Ava Nell Buchanan Inglish, Kathleen Millie Buchanan Tennison, and Avon Arnold Buchanan, he was a \"Texas cotton, lumber and oil heir.\" His paternal grandparents were James Richard Buchanan, a relative of President James Buchanan, and Mary Cordelia (née Bohanan) Buchanan, who married William Pittman Sides after his grandfather's death in 1883. Buchanan attended the Terrill School in Dallas, then Southern Methodist University, also in Texas, and George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Career Mr. Buchanan began his government career with a World War II agency called the War Production Board. He later became an official with the National Production Authority in the early 1950s. Diplomatic career On September 12, 1953, he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Luxembourg by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to replace fellow Texan and outsize personality and steel heiress Perle Mesta. He presented his credentials on December 1, 1953, and, two years later, when the two countries agreed to raise their respective missions to embassy level, he was promoted, appointed on September 9, 1956, and confirmed (during a recess of the U.S. Senate), as the U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg. Buchanan left his post in Luxembourg on December 20, 1956. Shortly after returning from Luxembourg, Eisenhower appointed Buchanan became Chief of Protocol, a role designed to assist the international diplomats stationed in the United States. He was protocol chief until January 1961 when John F. Kennedy was inaugurated as President and he was succeeded by Angier Biddle Duke, the former Ambassador to El Salvador and a close friend of Kennedy. In 1959, The Washington Post described Buchanan as follows: \"What kind of a man is Wiley Buchanan? ... He is of medium height--five feet, eight and a half inches of shrewd determination... Buchanan has the same firm lines around his jaw and the same love of hospitality which characterized his ancestor, the fifteenth President of the United States, James Buchanan... His formidable fortune, flowing originally from Texas lumber, cotton, and oil, keeps multiplying through his Washington real estate foresight.\" After leaving the government, he wrote an amusing memoir in which he candidly discussed his work as head of protocol. The book, Red Carpet at the White House: Four Years as Chief of Protocol in the Eisenhower Administration, was published in 1964. Buchanan was a close friend of Richard Nixon, and contributed to his campaign for president. On March 25, 1975, then President Gerald Ford appointed Buchanan as the U.S. Ambassador to Austria. He presented his credentials on April 2, 1975, and served throughout the rest of the Ford administration, leaving","title":"Wiley T. Buchanan Jr."},{"docid":"27482204","text":"William Garton Bowdler (March 27, 1924 – January 19, 2016) was an American diplomat. Biography William G. Bowdler was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina on March 27, 1924. He later immigrated to Florida, and served in the U.S. Army from 1944 to 1946. He became a U.S. citizen in 1945. He was educated at the University of Richmond, receiving a B.A. in history in 1948. He then attended The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, receiving an M.A. in 1949. In 1950, Bowdler joined the United States Department of State as a research assistant. In 1951, he became an international administration officer, and from 1952 to 1956, he was an international relations officer in the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs. He spent 1956 through 1961 as a political and consular officer in Havana. Bowdler then served as an international relations officer from 1961 to 1963. He spent 1963-64 as the State Department's Deputy Coordinator of Cuban Affairs, and then served as executive liaison officer for Latin American affairs with the White House from 1964 through 1968. In 1968, President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson chose Bowdler as United States Ambassador to El Salvador, and Bowdler held this post from November 15, 1968, until September 2, 1971. In 1971, President Richard Nixon appointed him United States Ambassador to Guatemala, and he filled this post from October 19, 1971, through August 26, 1973. Bowdler returned to the United States in 1973, becoming Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs; he served as Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs in 1974. President Gerald Ford appointed Bowdler as United States Ambassador to South Africa in 1975, with Bowdler filling this post from May 14, 1975, until April 19, 1978. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter nominated Bowdler as Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research and Bowdler held this office from April 24, 1978, to December 17, 1979. Carter then named Bowdler Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, and Bowdler held that office from January 4, 1980, until January 16, 1981. References President Carter's Nomination of Bowdler as Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs William Bowdler 1924 births United States Assistant Secretaries of State The Stony Brook School alumni University of Richmond alumni Ambassadors of the United States to El Salvador Ambassadors of the United States to Guatemala Ambassadors of the United States to South Africa Diplomats from Buenos Aires Argentine emigrants to the United States 2016 deaths American expatriates in Cuba","title":"William G. Bowdler"},{"docid":"54926516","text":"The Bartley-Fox Law (also known as the Bartley-Fox Amendment) is a Massachusetts law that sets a one-year mandatory minimum sentence for anyone found to be illegally carrying a firearm. It was passed by the Massachusetts General Court in 1974 and took effect in April 1975. Studies on its effectiveness have been mixed, and its strict provisions have been subject to criticism. Background and passage The Bartley-Fox Law was co-sponsored by, and named after, Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives David M. Bartley and retired judge J. John Fox. The text mandates a one-year prison sentence for anyone convicted of possession of a firearm without a license in the state of Massachusetts, and added two years to the sentence of anyone convicted of committing a crime with a gun. Bartley-Fox passed the Massachusetts General Court without any significant opposition, becoming the first such law ever to be enacted in the United States. The law was originally intended to come into effect in January 1975, but Bartley led an effort to delay it until April 1 to ensure that the state's citizens were fully aware of the significant penalties. To accomplish this, Bartley-Fox was accompanied by extensive publicity of the fact that the ban on unlicensed possession of handguns would now be strictly enforced. As part of the campaign, TV spots aired beginning in February 1975 with the slogan \"If you are caught with a gun, you will go to prison for a year and nobody can get you out.\" Despite these efforts, newspapers reported in April that authorities were \"swamped\" with individuals trying to obtain the legally required gun licenses and firearm identification cards. In July 1975, Bartley and Fox authored an op-ed in The New York Times, where they stated that the law was \"designed to remove the temptation to carry guns and thereby reduce the chance that they will be used ... Only the person who insists on carrying a weapon without legal authority need fear this law.\" Two months later, they wrote a letter to the editor of the same paper after the two attempted assassinations of US President Gerald Ford: Effects Politically, the Bartley-Fox Law was criticized by both sides of the United States' gun debate. Pro-gun advocates like the National Rifle Association (NRA) opposed it for placing restrictions on a person's ability to carry a gun, with one NRA spokesperson stating that \"it only affects the lawful gun owner, who is turned into a criminal.\" Gun control advocates, on the other hand, opposed the law's one year mandatory minimum sentence. Still, a 1981 Gallup opinion poll indicated that 62% of Americans would support state-level legislation like Bartley-Fox, although 58% would oppose any law that would ban handguns—including Massachusetts, which in the same year rejected such a measure for the seventh straight time. Also in 1981, the administration of Governor Edward J. King removed what they called \"unfriendly\" signs on Massachusetts state borders that advertised the Bartley-Fox Law, in an effort to increase tourism. Early research","title":"Bartley-Fox Law"},{"docid":"795364","text":"The Humanitarian Service Medal (HSM) is a military service medal of the United States Armed Forces which was created on January 19, 1977 by President Gerald Ford under . The medal may be awarded to members of the United States military (including Reserve and National Guard members) who distinguish themselves by meritorious participation in specified military acts or operations of a humanitarian nature. Creation Julia V. Taft, the director of the Interagency Task Force (IATF) for Indochinese resettlement proposed the establishment of a Humanitarian Service Medal for U.S. military personnel and submitted the request to President Gerald R. Ford on November 10, 1975. The medal was to be awarded to those personnel that participated in the evacuation of Vietnamese and Cambodian refugees after the Vietnam War. The proposal was met with dissent by Army Lieutenant General Harold G. Moore, who was concerned that the military was over-decorating its personnel with awards of participation rather than those of extraordinary achievement. He proposed a certificate of achievement as a more appropriate recognition. Army Lieutenant General John W. Vessey supported the creation of the medal as a precedent to recognize military participation in major humanitarian actions. Vessey's view prevailed and President Ford established the medal in 1977 as one of the last acts of his presidency. Criteria This medal is presented as an individual service medal. The activities in which the Humanitarian Service Medal may be authorized are designated by the United States Department of Defense. Such activities include natural disaster relief, evacuation of non-combatants from a hostile area, or humanitarian support to refugees. This medal may not be awarded for services rendered in domestic disturbances involving law enforcement, riots, or protection of property. This medal may also not be presented if either the Armed Forces Service Medal or Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal was presented for the same period of service. The Humanitarian Service Medal is retroactive to April 2, 1975. The Department of the Army awards the Civilian Award for Humanitarian Service for similar service by Army civilian employees, as well as private U.S. and foreign citizens. Appearance Centered on the obverse of the medal within a circle, is a right hand pointing diagonally upward with open palm, (to symbolize a giving or helping hand). At the top of the reverse of the medal is the inscription, For Humanitarian Service in three lines. Below this is an oak branch, with three leaves and three acorns, and below this, around the outside edge of the medal, is the inscription, United States Armed Forces. Additional awards and devices Subsequent awards of the Humanitarian Service Medal are denoted by wearing a bronze service star on the HSM suspension and service ribbon. A silver service star is worn in lieu of five bronze service stars. Approved operations Below is a list of approved operations in accordance with the Department of Defense. References 1977 establishments in the United States Awards established in 1977 Humanitarian and service awards United States service medals","title":"Humanitarian Service Medal"},{"docid":"61223889","text":"The United States foreign policy during the 1974–1977 presidency of Gerald Ford was marked by efforts to de-escalate the Cold War. Ford focused on maintaining stability and promoting détente with the Soviet Union. One of Ford's key foreign policy achievements was the signing of the Helsinki Accords in 1975. The accords were a series of agreements between the US, Soviet Union, and other European countries that aimed to promote human rights, economic cooperation, and peaceful relations between East and West. Ford met with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev several times, and the two countries signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) in 1979, which aimed to limit the number of nuclear weapons held by the two superpowers. However, Ford's foreign policy was also marked by setbacks. The fall of South Vietnam in 1975 was a blow to US credibility and influence in the world. He presided over the final stages of the Vietnam War, announcing in April 1975 that U.S. participation in the war had ended. In the aftermath of the war, his administration responded forcefully to both the Mayaguez incident and an incident with North Korea in Panmunjom. The US also faced challenges in the Middle East, with the 1973 oil crisis and the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict. In the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War, the Ford administration facilitated completion of the Sinai Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt. Leadership Appointments Upon assuming office, Ford inherited Nixon's cabinet. Ford quickly replaced Chief of Staff Alexander Haig with Donald Rumsfeld, who had served as a counselor to the president under Nixon. Rumsfeld and Deputy Chief of Staff Dick Cheney rapidly became among the most influential people in the Ford administration. Secretary of State and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger and Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger remained highly influential officials early in Ford's tenure. Ford retaines Kissinger as Secretary of State throughout his presidency, but Brent Scowcroft replaced Kissinger as National Security Advisor in 1975. Cold War Ford continued Nixon's détente policy with both the Soviet Union and China, easing the tensions of the Cold War. In doing so, he overcame opposition from members of Congress, an institution which became increasingly assertive in foreign affairs in the early 1970s. This opposition was led by Senator Henry M. Jackson, who scuttled a U.S.–Soviet trade agreement by winning passage of the Jackson–Vanik amendment. The thawing relationship with China brought about by Nixon's 1972 visit to China was reinforced with another presidential visit in December 1975. Despite the collapse of the trade agreement with the Soviet Union, Ford and Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev continued the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, which had begun under Nixon. In 1972, the U.S. and the Soviet Union had reached the SALT I treaty, which placed upper limits on each power's nuclear arsenal. Ford met Brezhnev at the November 1974 Vladivostok Summit, at which point the two leaders agreed to a framework for another SALT treaty. Opponents of détente, led by Jackson, delayed Senate consideration of the treaty until","title":"Foreign policy of the Gerald Ford administration"},{"docid":"6766669","text":"Jerry Lyle Pettis (July 18, 1916 – February 14, 1975) was an American politician and a four-term Congressman from California from 1967 to 1975. He was also a rancher, teacher, aviator, religious leader, and businessman. Pettis was the first Seventh Day Adventist elected to Congress. Political career In 1966, he was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives, and he was re-elected in 1968, 1970, 1972 and 1974. He represented California's 33rd Congressional District until January 1975 and its 37th Congressional District thereafter. Background and personal life Educated in Arizona and California, he graduated from Pacific Union College in Angwin, California in 1938. He did graduate work at the University of Southern California and the University of Denver in 1939-1941 before becoming a businessman. He served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and was a pilot for United Airlines. He was a Seventh-day Adventist. Death and legacy Pettis was killed on February 14, 1975, when the Beechcraft Model V35B Bonanza he was piloting crashed near Cherry Valley, California, after he encountered adverse weather conditions. He is buried at Montecito Memorial Park in Colton, California. Pettis's wife, Shirley Neil Pettis, replaced him in the House when she won a special election on April 29, 1975. The Jerry Pettis Memorial Veterans Administration Hospital in Loma Linda, California, was so named in his honor. His congressional papers are located in the Archives & Special Collections at Loma Linda University. During the 1970s, the Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Scholarship was established and is awarded by the American Medical Association Foundation to \"students pursuing careers in science communications\". See also List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99) References External links Entry in the Biographical Directory of Congress President Ford's statement on the occasion of his death University of Denver alumni Pacific Union College alumni 1916 births 1975 deaths 20th-century American legislators Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States University of Southern California alumni Accidental deaths in California American Seventh-day Adventists Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1975","title":"Jerry Pettis"},{"docid":"163484","text":"Give 'em Hell, Harry! is a biographical play and 1975 film, written by playwright Samuel Gallu. Both the play and film are a one-man show about former President of the United States Harry S. Truman. Give 'em Hell, Harry! stars James Whitmore, and was directed by Steve Binder and Peter H. Hunt. Title origin The title comes from an incident that took place during the 1948 presidential election campaign. In Bremerton, Washington, Truman delivered a speech attacking the Republicans. During the speech, a supporter yelled out, \"Give 'em Hell, Harry!\" Truman replied, \"I don't give them Hell. I just tell the truth about them, and they think it's Hell.\" Subsequently, \"Give 'em Hell, Harry!\" became a lifetime slogan for Truman supporters. History The play previewed in Hershey, Pennsylvania, followed by its official opening at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D. C. Its April 17, 1975, premiere was hosted by Truman's daughter Margaret, and attended by President Gerald Ford. The play then went on to a six-city tour, during which it was videotaped for film on the stage of the Moore Theatre in Seattle, using a live editing process called Theatrovision. It was also recorded and released by United Artists Records. Although the play has been regularly revived, it did not make its New York debut until July 2008 at St. Luke's Theatre. Clifton Truman Daniel portrayed his grandfather in the title role in several performances in 2023. Accolades Give 'em Hell, Harry! is only the third film to have its entire credited cast (Whitmore) nominated for an Oscar, the first two being Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? in 1966, for which almost all members excluding the extras were nominated, and Sleuth in 1972. References External links Department Of The Interior National Register of Historic Places and B.P.O.E. #1181 / City of Bremerton plaques commemorating location of Truman's \"Give Em Hell Harry\" speech. 1975 films Cultural depictions of Harry S. Truman Filmed stage productions Films about presidents of the United States Films directed by Peter H. Hunt Films directed by Steve Binder Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album Monodrama One-character films Plays based on real people Plays for one performer 1970s English-language films","title":"Give 'em Hell, Harry!"},{"docid":"21811361","text":"Robert J. O'Conor Jr. (June 22, 1934 – June 5, 2023) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas and an attorney in private practice. Education and career O'Conor was born in Los Angeles, California. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Texas at Austin in 1956. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Texas School of Law in 1957. He was in the United States Army Reserve as a Captain in the JAG Corps from 1957 to 1964. He was in private practice of law in Laredo, Texas from 1958 to 1975. Federal judicial service O'Conor was nominated by President Gerald Ford on March 17, 1975, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas vacated by Judge Ben Clarkson Connally. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 24, 1975, and received his commission on April 25, 1975. O'Conor's service was terminated on September 30, 1984, due to his resignation. Post judicial service After his resignation from the federal bench, O'Conor returned to the private practice of law in Houston, Texas. He remained active with law firm FedArb, which provides alternative dispute resolution in complex commercial cases. In addition to his service with FedArb, he also maintained a private law practice with his wife, Helen D. O'Conor. References Sources 1934 births 2023 deaths Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas United States district court judges appointed by Gerald Ford 20th-century American judges United States Army officers University of Texas School of Law alumni Lawyers from Los Angeles","title":"Robert J. O'Conor Jr."},{"docid":"29449713","text":"Vietnamese boat people () were refugees who fled Vietnam by boat and ship following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. This migration and humanitarian crisis was at its highest in the late 70s and early 80s, but continued well into the early 1990s. The term is also often used generically to refer to the Vietnamese people who left their country in a mass exodus between 1975 and 1995 (see Indochina refugee crisis). This article uses the term \"boat people\" to apply only to those who fled Vietnam by sea. The number of boat people leaving Vietnam and arriving safely in another country totaled almost 800,000 between 1975 and 1995. Many of the refugees failed to survive the passage, facing danger from pirates, over-crowded boats, and storms. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, between 200,000 and 400,000 boat people died at sea. The boat people's first destinations were Hong Kong and the Southeast Asian locations of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Tensions stemming from Vietnam's disputes with Cambodia and China in 1978 and 1979 caused an exodus of the majority of the Hoa people from Vietnam, many of whom fled by boat to China. The combination of economic sanctions, the legacy of destruction left by the Vietnam War, policies of the Vietnamese government, and further conflicts with neighboring countries caused an international humanitarian crisis, with Southeast Asian countries increasingly unwilling to accept more boat people on their shores. After negotiations and an international conference in 1979, Vietnam agreed to limit the flow of people leaving the country. The Southeast Asian countries agreed to admit the boat people temporarily, and the rest of the world, especially more developed countries, agreed to assume most of the costs of caring for the boat people and resettle them in their countries. From refugee camps in Southeast Asia, the great majority of boat people were resettled in more developed countries. Significant numbers resettled in the United States, Canada, Italy, Australia, France, West Germany, and the United Kingdom. Several tens of thousands were repatriated to Vietnam, either voluntarily or involuntarily. Programs and facilities to carry out resettlement included the Orderly Departure Program, the Philippine Refugee Processing Center, and the Comprehensive Plan of Action. Background The Vietnam War ended on April 30, 1975, with the fall of Saigon to the People's Army of Vietnam and the subsequent evacuation of more than 130,000 Vietnamese closely associated with the United States or the former government of South Vietnam. Most of the evacuees were resettled in the United States in Operation New Life and Operation New Arrivals. The U.S. government transported refugees from Vietnam via aircraft and ships to temporarily settle down in Guam before moving them to designated homes in the contiguous United States. Within the same year, communist forces gained control of Cambodia and Laos, thus engendering a steady flow of refugees fleeing all three countries. In 1975, President Gerald Ford signed the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, budgeting roughly 415","title":"Vietnamese boat people"},{"docid":"20804226","text":"Dick Yin Wong (September 13, 1920 – December 26, 1978) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii. Education and career Wong was born on September 13, 1920, in Honolulu, Hawaii. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Hawaiʻi in 1942. He received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Hawaiʻi in 1944. He received a Juris Doctor from Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law in 1950. He was in the United States Army as a staff sergeant from 1945 to 1947. He was an accountant in Chicago, Illinois, from 1947 to 1949. He was in private practice of law in Honolulu, from 1950 to 1951, from 1960 to 1961, from 1962 to 1968 and from 1973 to 1975. He was an accountant in Honolulu, from 1951 to 1961 and from 1962 to 1968. He was a Judge of the Hawaii Tax Appeal Court, from 1960 to 1968. He was a Judge of the First Circuit Court of Hawaii, from 1968 to 1973. Federal judicial service Wong was nominated by President Gerald Ford on March 17, 1975, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii vacated by Judge Martin Pence. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 24, 1975, and received his commission on April 25, 1975. His service was terminated on December 26, 1978, due to his death. See also List of Asian American jurists List of first minority male lawyers and judges in the United States List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Hawaii References Sources 1920 births 1978 deaths Lawyers from Honolulu Hawaii state court judges Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii United States district court judges appointed by Gerald Ford 20th-century American judges University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni 20th-century American lawyers United States Army non-commissioned officers Hawaii people of Chinese descent United States Army personnel of World War II","title":"Dick Yin Wong"},{"docid":"20552672","text":"During his time in office, President Gerald Ford made one appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States. Ford nominated John Paul Stevens to replace Associate Justice William O. Douglas, whom Ford had unsuccessfully attempted to initiate impeachment proceedings against as a congressman. In December 1974, the 76-year-old Douglas suffered a stroke while vacationing in Nassau, Bahamas that paralyzed his left arm and leg. Douglas was discharged from Walter Reed Army Medical Center in March 1975, and was in and out of the hospital for the remainder of the 1974-1975 term. Although Chief Justice Warren E. Burger urged Douglas to retire, Douglas showed no intention of doing so. However, Douglas’ condition continued to deteriorate, and on October 28, 1975, his doctors told him his condition would never improve and that he would be paralyzed and in near-constant pain for the rest of his life. On November 12, 1975, Douglas announced that he would immediately retire and assume senior status. On November 28, 1975, Ford nominated John Paul Stevens to replace Douglas. Stevens was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1975. Politics Ford, who had been appointed to the Vice Presidency after Nixon’s second term began, and who assumed the Presidency without having sought the office, did not articulate a philosophy for the kind of justices he would like to appoint to the Supreme Court, the way subsequent presidents did. It is significant that Ford involved himself less in the earlier stages of the process of identifying candidates for the court than some later presidents did; when the Douglas vacancy arose, he essentially left the decision up to his attorney general, Edward H. Levi. At the same time, one of Ford’s reasons for attempting as a congressman to impeach Douglas in 1970 involved what Ford called Douglas’ “liberal opinions.” John Paul Stevens nomination After Douglas announced his retirement on November 12, 1975, Ford asked attorney general Edward Levi to draw up a list of potential candidates. Ford was under pressure from Democrats in Congress to replace Douglas with another liberal, but at the same time, he was under similar pressure from Republicans to name a conservative. Ford handed Levi the task of narrowing down the list of candidates to a manageable number, and Levi then gave Ford a list of eighteen candidates, grouped into four categories based on Levi’s impressions of them. Ford annotated the list and ranked the contenders, narrowing the list to “five or six names,” Ford later wrote. The list included United States Solicitor General Robert Bork, United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit judge John Paul Stevens, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit judge Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy, United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Carla Anderson Hills, and United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit judge Arlin Adams. Bork wound up being disqualified because of his close ties to Nixon, while Adams was considered to be a solid conservative without Bork’s associations, but flashy and","title":"Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"24560657\",\n \"text\": \"Anti-communist forces South Vietnam Political Ngô Đình Diệm was the President of South Vietnam from 1955 until his assassination in 1963. Dương Văn Minh led the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) under President Diệm and was briefly leader of South Vietnam in 1963 and 1975. He was the last president of South Vietnam. Nguyễn Khánh was an ARVN general who was in power from early 1964 to 1965. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu was an ARVN general who became the President of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1975. Nguyễn Cao Kỳ was air vice-marshal and commander of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) until 1967 who became the Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1967 and the Vice President from 1967 to 1971. Trần Văn Hương was the second to last President of South Vietnam before its surrender in 1975. Military Cao Văn Viên was an ARVN general who served as chairman of the Joint General Staff from October 1965 to April 1975. Hoàng Xuân Lãm was an ARVN general, commander of I Corps (1967–1972). Ngô Quang Trưởng was an ARVN general and commander of I Corps (1972–1975). Trần Văn Minh was an RVNAF general and RNVAF commander from November 1967 to April 1975. Trần Văn Chơn was a Republic of Vietnam Navy rear admiral and navy commander from 1966 to 1974. Lê Nguyên Khang was the commander of the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps. Nguyễn Ngọc Loan was commander of the Republic of Vietnam National Police from April 1966 to May 1968. United States Political Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Richard Nixon was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until he resigned in 1974 Gerald Ford was the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Robert McNamara was the 8th Secretary of Defense, serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968. Clark Clifford was the 9th Secretary of Defense, serving under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1968 to 1969. Melvin R. Laird was the 10th Secretary of Defense, serving under President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973. James R. Schlesinger was the 12th Secretary of Defense, serving under President Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford from 1973 to 1975. Henry Kissinger was the 8th National Security Advisor and the 56th Secretary of State, serving under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford from 1969 to 1977 Military Earle Wheeler was a United States Army General who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1964 to 1970. Thomas Hinman Moorer was a United States Navy admiral who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 to 1974. William Westmoreland was a U.S. Army General who commanded American military\",\n \"title\": \"Leaders of the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"681127\",\n \"text\": \"The 94th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from January 3, 1975, to January 3, 1977, during the last two years of Gerald Ford's presidency. This is the most recent Congress with a Republican senator from Hawaii, Hiram Fong, and Democratic senators from Utah and Wyoming, Frank Moss and Gale W. McGee. Fong retired and the other two lost re-election at the end of the 94th Congress. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1970 United States census. The Democrats not only maintained their majorities in the House and Senate, but would increase their numbers to supermajority status in both chambers. Major events January 15, 1975: 1975 State of the Union Address April 30, 1975: Fall of Saigon June 10, 1975: The Rockefeller Commission issued its report on CIA abuses, recommending a joint congressional oversight committee on intelligence. September 5, 1975: Failed assassination attempt against President Ford by Lynette Fromme September 22, 1975: Another failed assassination attempt against President Ford by Sara Jane Moore July 4, 1976: United States Bicentennial November 2, 1976: 1976 United States House of Representatives elections and 1976 United States Senate elections: Democrats retain congress 1976 United States presidential election: Jimmy Carter (D) elected President December 12, 1976: Congressional Hispanic Caucus formed Major legislation March 29, 1975: Tax Reduction Act of 1975, , May 23, 1975: Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, , November 29, 1975: Education for All Handicapped Children Act, , December 22, 1975: Energy Policy and Conservation Act, , December 23, 1975: Metric Conversion Act, December 23, 1975: Revenue Adjustment Act (Earned Income Tax Credit), , December 31, 1975: Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, , February 5, 1976: Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act, , April 13, 1976: Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, , May 11, 1976: Federal Election Campaign Act, , June 30, 1976: Arms Export Control Act, , September 13, 1976: Government in the Sunshine Act, , September 14, 1976: National Emergencies Act, , September 30, 1976: Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act, , October 11, 1976: Toxic Substances Control Act, , October 12, 1976: Overhaul of vocational education programs , October 19, 1976: Copyright Act of 1976, , October 21, 1976: Federal Land Policy and Management Act, , October 21, 1976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, , October 21, 1976: Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, , October 22, 1976: National Forest Management Act, , Party summary Senate House of Representatives Leadership Senate President: Nelson Rockefeller (R) President pro tempore: James Eastland (D) Permanent Acting President pro tempore: Lee Metcalf (D) Majority (Democratic) leadership Majority Leader: Mike Mansfield Majority Whip: Robert Byrd Democratic Caucus Secretary: Frank Moss Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: J. Bennett Johnston Minority (Republican) leadership Minority Leader: Hugh Scott Minority Whip: Robert P. Griffin Republican Conference Chairman: Carl Curtis Republican Conference Secretary: Robert Stafford National Senatorial Committee Chair:\",\n \"title\": \"94th United States Congress\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61267036\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford from January 1, 1975, to December 31, 1975. January January 1 – Ford signs the Privacy Act of 1974. January 4 – Ford signs the Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974. Among other changes, the law permanently implements a national 55-mph speed limit (which had already been a temporary limit) for the Interstate Highway System. January 4 – Ford names a Blue Ribbon panel, chaired by Vice President Rockefeller, to review CIA Activities within the United States in response to allegations made in a December New York Times article by Seymour Hersh. January 13 – Ford delivers a \\\"fireside chat\\\" to the nation, outlining his proposals to fight inflation, the economic recession, and energy dependence. January 15 – In his first State of the Union Address, Ford announces bluntly that \\\"the state of the Union is not good. Millions of Americans are out of work. Recession and inflation are eroding the money of millions more. Prices are too high, and sales are too slow.\\\" To remedy these problems, Ford proposes tax cuts for American families and businesses, and strongly advocates for the reduction of government spending. February February 7 – Edward H. Levi is sworn in as the new Attorney General of the United States replacing William B. Saxbe, whom Ford appoints as U.S. Ambassador to India. March March 10 – Carla Hills becomes United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the first woman to serve in this position. March 29 – Ford signs the Tax Reduction Act of 1975. April April 3 – President Ford announces Operation Babylift, which would evacuate about 2,000 orphans from south Vietnam. April 8 – President Ford signs Executive Order 11850, a renunciation of certain uses in war of chemical herbicides and riot control agents. The executive order restricts the use of herbicides, and riot control agents, including tear gas. Each and every use would require explicit approval. April 10 – As divisions of the North Vietnamese Army approach Saigon; Ford addresses a joint session of Congress to request, unsuccessfully, financial assistance for South Vietnam and Cambodia. (Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act of 1975) During the speech two freshman Democrats, Toby Moffett of Connecticut and George Miller of California walk out in protest. April 12 – Ford orders the evacuation of U.S. personnel (military and civilian) and allied Cambodians from Cambodia as the Khmer Rouge advance on the capital Phnom Penh. The Khmer Rouge take over the country on April 17, 1975. April 23 – In a speech at Tulane University, President Ford declares that the Vietnam War \\\"is finished as far as America is concerned.\\\" April 28 – With the fall of Saigon to the North Vietnamese Army immanent, President Ford orders the emergency evacuation of all remaining American military personnel and civilians and at-risk South Vietnamese nationals from the city. April 29–30 – Operation Frequent Wind, the final phase in the American evacuation from South Vietnam, is carried out. More\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency (1975)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50306627\",\n \"text\": \"The Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act of 1975 (H.R. 6096) was U.S. congressional legislation that proposed to designate financial resources for the evacuation and humanitarian aid of South Vietnam preceding the Fall of Saigon. The Act was not passed, however, it began the debate in Congress over how best to evacuate Vietnam and the extent of the President's power to use military troops in order to safely evacuate refugees. These conversations led to the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act which was introduced shortly after H.R. 6096 failed to pass. Legislative Plea for Indochina Evacuation Programs In his address on U.S. foreign policy on April 10, 1975, President Ford requested $722 million for emergency military assistance and an initial sum of $250 million for economic and humanitarian aid for South Vietnam. Ford also stated in his address that the situation in Vietnam had reached a \\\"critical phase requiring immediate and positive decisions by this government\\\" and that in his judgement, \\\"a stabilization of the military situation offers the best opportunity for a political solution.\\\" He also asked Congress for clarification of his authority to use troops in the evacuation of Vietnamese who aided the United States and would possibly be in danger. The request for the use of military troops by the President was met with pushback by some Democratic Congressional members. Senator Robert Byrd stated his opposition to American troops aiding evacuations efforts, saying it would be \\\"impractical and dangerous.\\\" Byrd, along with Senator Thomas F. Eagleton, also cited a “dangerous precedent” in letting the President use his inherent powers as Commander in Chief to introduce more troops into South Vietnam for an evacuation. The White House reported some of the feedback they heard via telegrams and telephone calls. They received 1,125 telegrams expressing opposition and 443 supporting the President's speech and of telephone calls reported, 342 were opposed, and 290 in favor. Just a week later, the Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act was introduced in the House and sought to authorize $150 million, much lower than the $722 million Ford had proposed. The Act The Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act was introduced in the House on April 17, 1975. It sought to authorize $150 million for the President to use as deemed necessary and appropriate, for humanitarian assistance in, and evacuation programs from, South Vietnam. This bill would also permit funds already authorized for Indochina Postwar Reconstruction that were not directly allocated to humanitarian relief during evacuation. Section 3 of the bill waived specific provisions of law that might otherwise limit the President's authority to use appropriated funds to carry out the evacuation safely with troops. The bill also defined those eligible for evacuation assistance as: (a) American citizens; (b) dependents of American citizens and of permanent residents of the United States; (c) Vietnamese nationals eligible for immigration to the United States by reason of their relationships to American citizens; and (d) such other foreign nationals to whose lives a direct and imminent threat exists.\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act of 1975\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37766998\",\n \"text\": \"On September5, 1975, Lynette \\\"Squeaky\\\" Fromme, a member of the Manson Family cult, attempted to assassinate United States president Gerald Ford in Sacramento, California. Fromme, who was standing a little more than an arm's length from Ford, pointed a M1911 pistol at him in the public grounds of the California State Capitol building and without chambering a round in the gun, unsuccessfully attempted to fire. After the assassination attempt, Ford continued to walk to the California state house, where he met with Governor Jerry Brown. For her crime, Fromme spent 34 years in prison and was released on August14, two years and seven months after Ford's death. The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan, later received the M1911 pistol used in the assassination attempt as a gift, and the gun was put on display. History Lynette Fromme, who was nicknamed \\\"Squeaky\\\" by George Spahn, was a follower of cultist Charles Manson, leader of the group convicted of murdering actress Sharon Tate and eight others in Los Angeles, California, in 1969. Fromme was one of the earliest followers of Manson, and had a reputation as being one of the most devoted. Through the years, Fromme assumed a leadership role in keeping Manson cult members in communication with each other after most of them had been imprisoned. In April 1971, Fromme served 90 days in jail for attempting to feed a hamburger laced with the psychedelic drug LSD to Barbara Hoyt, a witness to the Tate murder, to keep Hoyt from testifying in the murder trial. Fromme lived at 1725 P Street in Sacramento () in an attic apartment with Sandra Good, a close friend who also was a long-time member of the Manson Family. Four years later in 1975, Fromme wanted to confront President Ford on the environmental pollution his campaign brought forth and its effects on ATWA (air, trees, water, animals). Events leading towards the assassination attempt In July 1975, California's relatively new governor, Democrat Jerry Brown, refused to commit to speak at the 49th annual Sacramento \\\"Host Breakfast,\\\" an annual gathering of wealthy California business leaders to be held in the Sacramento Convention Center on the morning of September 5, 1975. To teach Brown a political lesson, for what he would describe more than 30 years later as a \\\"dilatory response\\\" to the invitation, the politically powerful group invited U.S. President Ford, a Republican, to make the September 5, 1975, morning speech instead. Ford saw California's electoral votes as critical to his success in the 1976 United States presidential election and accepted the invitation to speak at the Host Breakfast. In early August 1975, The New York Times reported that the United States Environmental Protection Agency had released a study entitled \\\"A Spectroscopic Study of California Smog,\\\" showing that smog was widespread in rural areas. The New York Times article also noted how President Ford had just asked the United States Congress to relax provisions of the 1963 Clean Air Act beyond the 1970 Clean Air\",\n \"title\": \"Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11146929\",\n \"text\": \"Operation New Life (23 April – 1 November 1975) was the care and processing on Guam of Vietnamese refugees evacuated before and after the Fall of Saigon, the closing day of the Vietnam War. More than 111,000 of the evacuated 130,000 Vietnamese refugees were transported to Guam, where they were housed in tent cities for a few weeks while being processed for resettlement. The great majority of the refugees were resettled in the United States. A few thousand were resettled in other countries or chose to return to Vietnam on the vessel Thuong Tin. Background In April 1975, as the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) advanced on Saigon, the United States carried out evacuations from South Vietnam, such as Operation Babylift and Operation Frequent Wind for Americans, nationals of allied countries, Vietnamese children or adults who had worked for or been closely associated with the U.S. during the Vietnam War. To deal with the refugees, President Gerald Ford created the Interagency Task Force (IATF) for Indochina on 18 April 1975. It tasked a dozen government agencies with the responsibility to transport, process, receive and resettle Indochinese refugees, nearly all Vietnamese, in the United States. Ford appointed L. Dean Brown of the Department of State to head Operation New Life. Later he was replaced by Julia V. Taft of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW). To finance Operation New Life the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act was adopted on 23 May 1975. This act allocated funding of $305 million for the State Department and $100 million for HEW. Nearby countries in Southeast Asia declined to accept the Vietnamese evacuees, fearing that they would have them on their soil permanently. However, Governor Ricardo Bordallo, agreed to grant the Vietnamese temporary asylum on Guam, some from Saigon. On April 23, Rear Admiral George Stephen Morrison, commander of U.S. Naval forces on Guam, was ordered to \\\"accept, shelter, process and care for refugees as they were removed from South Vietnam.\\\" More than 130,000 Vietnamese were evacuated from South Vietnam by air and sea during the last few days of April. A few went to other locations, such as Wake Island, but most were transported to Guam by U.S. and South Vietnamese naval ships, commercial vessels and military and commercial aircraft. A total of 111,919 Vietnamese would be housed temporarily and processed for entry into the United States on Guam. That total included 2,600 orphans and abandoned children evacuated from South Vietnam under Operation Babylift who transited Guam on 3 and 4 April en route to the United States. Guam had a substantial U.S. military presence to care for the Vietnamese refugees. Andersen Air Force Base on the northern end of the island was the U.S.'s biggest B-52 base and Naval Base Guam was a large deep-water port for naval vessels. Typhoons frequently impact Guam and the military and civilian personnel involved in Operation New Life feared that a typhoon would strike Guam while the Vietnamese were living in tents\",\n \"title\": \"Operation New Life\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19792916\",\n \"text\": \"The Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, passed on May 23, 1975, under President Gerald Ford, was a response to the Fall of Saigon and the end of the Vietnam War. Under this act, approximately 130,000 refugees from South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia were allowed to enter the United States under a special status, and the act allotted special relocation aid and financial assistance. Historical context The end of the Vietnam War left millions of Southeast Asians displaced. In South Vietnam alone, the war had created over 6 million refugees from 1965 to 1971. Preceding May 1975, the United States policy for Southeast Asian refugees had been to assist by resettling them in safer areas of their home nations. As the war began to come to a close in early 1975, the State Department prepared an evacuation plan for U.S. forces as well as 18,000 Vietnamese refugees, but it quickly became apparent that this evacuation plan did not meet the massive need of the refugees. When the South Vietnam government rapidly deteriorated in April 1975, President Ford authorized an evacuation of up to 200,000 refugees. Enactment and provisions The Indochina Migration and Refugee Act was signed on May 23, 1975, and allocated funding of $305 million for the Department of State and $100 million for the Department of Health, Education and Welfare for the resettlement of Vietnamese and Cambodian refugees in the United States. This act financed the transportation, processing, reception, and resettlement costs of more than 130,000 Vietnamese who had been evacuated from Vietnam during Operation Frequent Wind and who were granted parole by the Attorney General to enter the United States. Most of the refugees were initially transported to Guam for processing (See Operation New Life) and then transported onward to temporary immigration centers set up at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida; Camp Pendleton, California; Fort Chaffee, Arkansas; and Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania. Each refugee underwent a security check and could theoretically be denied admittance if he or she \\\"violated a social norm, had a criminal record, or had offenses that were political in nature.\\\" However, involuntary repatriation to Vietnam was not an option. A team effort of dozens of immigration agencies aided in the resettlement process, including the United States Catholic Conference, Church World Service, International Rescue Committee, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, the Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service, the Tolstoy Foundation, the American Council for Nationalities Service, the American Fund for Czechoslovak Refugees, the Travelers Aid International Social Service of America, as well as several state and city service centers. In 1975, almost 130,000 refugees were paroled through this system, which finished its initial operations at Fort Chaffee in December of that same year. While the first year of the Act had come to a close, it opened the doors for years of mass refugee acceptance. Opposition Although many politicians thought it appropriate and necessary for the United States to provide a safe haven for those denied their human rights, some questioned the fairness of the Indochina\",\n \"title\": \"Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35257060\",\n \"text\": \"The following events occurred in April 1975: April 1, 1975 (Tuesday) Neak Leung fell to Khmer Rouge insurgency, cutting off a critical supply line to the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh. Cambodia's President Lon Nol left that nation forever, eventually settling in Hawaii. Senate President Saukam Khoy took over from Lon Nol as President of Cambodia, serving until April 12, when he was able to escape the approaching Khmer Rouge on the same helicopter as the American ambassador. The American \\\"Freedom Train\\\" began its tour of the United States in celebration of the United States Bicentennial, starting with a display in Wilmington, Delaware, and then proceeding westward. After reaching San Diego on January 14, the train began its return trip, stopping in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1976, and finishing its tour on December 31 in Miami. In all, 7,000,000 visitors would see the train and its exhibits. Died: George Parr, 74, Texas politician known as \\\"The Duke of Duval\\\", by suicide. His manipulation of election results in Duval County, Texas, helped future U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson become a U.S. Senator for Texas in 1948. April 2, 1975 (Wednesday) The CN Tower was topped off at 1,185.4 feet or 553.33 meters in height, as the last section was put into place by a helicopter, making the building the largest free-standing structure in the world. The Tower would open on June 26, 1976. A bus, carrying French pilgrims on its way back from Notre Dame de la Salette to Loiret, lost its brakes, then plunged 80 feet into a ravine near Vizille, killing 27 people. Born: Pedro Pascal, Chilean-American actor, in Santiago, Chile Adam Rodríguez, American TV actor (Eric Delko on CSI: Miami) in Yonkers, New York Died: Dong Biwu, 89 Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China since 1959 April 3, 1975 (Thursday) Bobby Fischer refused to play in a chess match against Anatoly Karpov in Manila, turning down a chance to receive at least $1,500,000 and becoming the first world chess champion to voluntarily give up his title. At Amsterdam, the FIDE voted to award Karpov the world chess championship title. Fischer had not defended the title since winning it in 1972, and Karpov became the new champ \\\"without moving a pawn\\\". At the request of John Gunther Dean, the American ambassador to Cambodia, U.S. President Ford ordered the evacuation of all Americans from Phnom Penh. Israel and South Africa signed SECMENT, a secret mutual defense agreement, following a meeting in Jerusalem between the defense ministers, P. W. Botha of South Africa and Shimon Peres of Israel. Born: Koji Uehara, Japanese star baseball pitcher, Central League Rookie of the Year 1999; later a relief pitcher for MLB Orioles and Rangers, in Neyagawa; and Yoshinobu Takahashi, Japanese baseball outfielder, in Chiba. Both Uehara and Takahashi won the Mitsui Golden Glove Award multiple times while playing for the Yomiuri Giants. Died: Mary Ure, 42, Scottish film actress and wife of actor Robert Shaw, died of an overdose of alcohol\",\n \"title\": \"April 1975\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2390001\",\n \"text\": \"Nathaniel Davis (April 12, 1925 – May 16, 2011) was a career diplomat who served in the United States Foreign Service for 36 years. His final years were spent teaching at Harvey Mudd College, one of the Claremont Colleges. Early years Davis was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on April 12, 1925. His father, Harvey Nathaniel Davis, taught at Harvard University and his mother, Alice Rohde Davis, was a research medical doctor. In 1928, the family moved to the campus of Stevens Institute of Technology, in Hoboken, New Jersey, upon the appointment of Harvey Davis as the college's president. Nathaniel Davis attended the Stevens Hoboken Academy and graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy, in Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1942. He attended Brown University, where he served in the Navy Reserve. He graduated from Brown and obtained a commission as an ensign in the U.S. Navy in September 1944, but as a member of the Class of 1946. He served aboard the aircraft carrier until 1946. He earned a master's degree and ultimately a doctorate from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy of Tufts University in 1960. Diplomatic career Davis began his Foreign Service career with an assignment in Prague in 1947, followed by postings in Florence, Rome and Moscow, before returning to the U.S. in 1956 to work at the Soviet Desk at the State Department in Washington, D.C. His next foreign assignment was in Caracas, Venezuela, from 1960 to 1962. From 1962 to 1965, he served in the Peace Corps, first as Special Assistant to the Director, R. Sargent Shriver, and later deputy director for Program Development and Operations. He left the Peace Corps in 1965 to serve as the United States Envoy to Bulgaria (1965–1966). After his ambassadorship in Bulgaria, he served on the staff of the National Security Council in the White House, as President Lyndon B. Johnson's senior advisor on Soviet and Eastern European affairs, as well as the United Nations. In 1968, he went to Guatemala to serve as Ambassador to Guatemala (1968–1971), followed by service as Ambassador to Chile (1971–1973). He was ambassador in Chile during the presidency of Salvador Allende and through the coup that deposed him. Davis wrote a history of that period called The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende. Upon his return from Chile, he held two positions at the assistant secretary level: as Director General of the Foreign Service (1973–1975) and as the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs in the Ford administration from 1975 to 1976. Davis resigned from the latter post over a policy difference with then-Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, regarding covert action in Angola. Resignation Operation IA Feature, a covert Central Intelligence Agency operation, authorized U.S. government support for Jonas Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and Holden Roberto's National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) militants in Angola. President Gerald Ford approved the program on July 18, 1975, despite strong opposition from officials in the State Department, including Davis, and the\",\n \"title\": \"Nathaniel Davis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75344878\",\n \"text\": \"The Eighty-Second Wisconsin Legislature convened from to in regular session, and also convened in four special sessions. This was the first legislative term since 1893, when the Democratic Party of Wisconsin held the Governor's office and majorities in both chambers of the Legislature. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first two years of a four-year term. Assembly members were elected to a two-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 5, 1974. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the third and fourth year of a four-year term, having been elected in the general election of November 7, 1972. Major events January 1, 1975: Former Attorney General of the United States John N. Mitchell was convicted of perjury for his part in the Watergate scandal. Former White House chief of staff H. R. Haldeman and former White House domestic affairs advisor John Ehrlichman were convicted on perjury, conspiracy, and obstruction charges. January 6, 1975: Second inauguration of Patrick Lucey as Governor of Wisconsin. April 1, 1975: 1975 Wisconsin Spring election: Voters ratified two amendments to the state constitution: Allowing the state to take on debt to make veterans' housing loans. Repealing the section of the constitution which removed voting rights from any person found to have engaged in or facilitated a duel. Voters also rejected two other amendments to the state constitution: Would have allowed municipalities to bypass normal debt limits to pay for revenue-generating infrastructure. Would have allowed the state to take on debt to fund transportation infrastructure (beyond the existing allowances for highways and port facilities). This referendum was later ruled invalid and ordered to be rerun. April 30, 1975: Saigon was captured by forces of the People's Army of Vietnam, effectively ending the Vietnam War. November 15, 1975: The 1st G6 summit was held at Rambouillet, France. April 6, 1976: 1976 Wisconsin Spring election: Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter won the 1976 Wisconsin Democratic presidential primary. Wisconsin voters rejected an amendment to the state constitution which would have raised the limit on municipal indebtedness. May 11, 1976: U.S. President Gerald Ford signed the Federal Election Campaign Act into law. May 23, 1976: Wisconsin Supreme Court chief justice Horace W. Wilkie died. Justice Bruce F. Beilfuss became the 22nd chief justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court due to the rule of seniority. September 7, 1976: Wisconsin Governor Patrick Lucey appointed Shirley Abrahamson to the Wisconsin Supreme Court, to succeed Horace W. Wilkie. She was the first female justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court. November 2, 1976: 1976 United States general election: Jimmy Carter (D) elected President of the United States. William Proxmire (D) re-elected United States senator from Wisconsin. Wisconsin voters again rejected the amendment to the state constitution which would have allowed state to take on debt to fund transportation infrastructure. Major legislation July 30, 1975: An Act ... relating to state finances and appropriations constituting the executive budget bill of the' 1975 legislature,\",\n \"title\": \"82nd Wisconsin Legislature\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41668504\",\n \"text\": \"John Palmer Gaillard Jr. (April 4, 1920 – July 28, 2006) was an American politician who was mayor of Charleston, South Carolina from 1959 to 1975. The Gaillard Center is named after him. During his tenure, Gaillard significantly expanded the size of Charleston by annexing nearby neighborhoods. Early life and mayorship John Gaillard was born on Easter Sunday, April 4, 1920, in Charleston to J. Palmer Gaillard and Eleanor Lucas Gaillard. After his education, he enlisted in the United States Navy, two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor. He served as a pilot for four years and was later discharged as a lieutenant in November 1945. Upon his return to Charleston, he founded the Seaboard Lumber & Supply Co. in 1946 and In 1951 he was elected to the Charleston City Council. He was re-elected in 1955 and served until 1959 when he was elected the Mayor of Charleston. Gaillard was re-elected three times and served until 1975. During his administration, the city expanded its boundaries for the first time since 1849, more than doubling in size during his time in office by taking control of land in West Ashley. In 1962, Gaillard took part in local efforts to change I-95's planned route further away from Florence and closer to Charleston. Gaillard also endorsed St. Julian Devine for a seat on the city council which Devine won, making him the first African American to hold a seat on the council since Reconstruction. Later life In 1975, he was named Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Reserve Affairs by President Gerald Ford. He announced his resignation as mayor on April 24, 1975, upon his nomination to the federal post by Sen. Strom Thurmond; at his final City Council meeting, the civic auditorium was renamed in his honor as the Gaillard Municipal Auditorium. In 1977, Gaillard returned to Charleston and assumed the vice presidency of contracting firm Ruscon Corporation, a position he retained until his retirement in 1985. He died on July 28, 2006, in Charleston, South Carolina, when he accidentally pulled his car out in front of an on-coming truck; the truck driver was not charged. He is buried at St. Philips Episcopal Church in Charleston. References 1920 births 2006 deaths 20th-century American politicians Mayors of Charleston, South Carolina Road incident deaths in South Carolina South Carolina city council members South Carolina Democrats United States Navy pilots of World War II\",\n \"title\": \"J. Palmer Gaillard Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58485679\",\n \"text\": \"Wiley Thomas Buchanan, Jr. (January 4, 1913 – February 16, 1986) was an American diplomat and author who served as the Chief of Protocol of the United States and the U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg and Austria. Early life Buchanan was born on January 4, 1913 in Grand Saline in Van Zandt County, Texas. He was the son of Wiley Thomas Buchanan (1880–1953) and Lilla (née Youngblood) Buchanan (1885–1975). Along with his siblings, which included Ava Nell Buchanan Inglish, Kathleen Millie Buchanan Tennison, and Avon Arnold Buchanan, he was a \\\"Texas cotton, lumber and oil heir.\\\" His paternal grandparents were James Richard Buchanan, a relative of President James Buchanan, and Mary Cordelia (née Bohanan) Buchanan, who married William Pittman Sides after his grandfather's death in 1883. Buchanan attended the Terrill School in Dallas, then Southern Methodist University, also in Texas, and George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Career Mr. Buchanan began his government career with a World War II agency called the War Production Board. He later became an official with the National Production Authority in the early 1950s. Diplomatic career On September 12, 1953, he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Luxembourg by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to replace fellow Texan and outsize personality and steel heiress Perle Mesta. He presented his credentials on December 1, 1953, and, two years later, when the two countries agreed to raise their respective missions to embassy level, he was promoted, appointed on September 9, 1956, and confirmed (during a recess of the U.S. Senate), as the U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg. Buchanan left his post in Luxembourg on December 20, 1956. Shortly after returning from Luxembourg, Eisenhower appointed Buchanan became Chief of Protocol, a role designed to assist the international diplomats stationed in the United States. He was protocol chief until January 1961 when John F. Kennedy was inaugurated as President and he was succeeded by Angier Biddle Duke, the former Ambassador to El Salvador and a close friend of Kennedy. In 1959, The Washington Post described Buchanan as follows: \\\"What kind of a man is Wiley Buchanan? ... He is of medium height--five feet, eight and a half inches of shrewd determination... Buchanan has the same firm lines around his jaw and the same love of hospitality which characterized his ancestor, the fifteenth President of the United States, James Buchanan... His formidable fortune, flowing originally from Texas lumber, cotton, and oil, keeps multiplying through his Washington real estate foresight.\\\" After leaving the government, he wrote an amusing memoir in which he candidly discussed his work as head of protocol. The book, Red Carpet at the White House: Four Years as Chief of Protocol in the Eisenhower Administration, was published in 1964. Buchanan was a close friend of Richard Nixon, and contributed to his campaign for president. On March 25, 1975, then President Gerald Ford appointed Buchanan as the U.S. Ambassador to Austria. He presented his credentials on April 2, 1975, and served throughout the rest of the Ford administration, leaving\",\n \"title\": \"Wiley T. Buchanan Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27482204\",\n \"text\": \"William Garton Bowdler (March 27, 1924 – January 19, 2016) was an American diplomat. Biography William G. Bowdler was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina on March 27, 1924. He later immigrated to Florida, and served in the U.S. Army from 1944 to 1946. He became a U.S. citizen in 1945. He was educated at the University of Richmond, receiving a B.A. in history in 1948. He then attended The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, receiving an M.A. in 1949. In 1950, Bowdler joined the United States Department of State as a research assistant. In 1951, he became an international administration officer, and from 1952 to 1956, he was an international relations officer in the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs. He spent 1956 through 1961 as a political and consular officer in Havana. Bowdler then served as an international relations officer from 1961 to 1963. He spent 1963-64 as the State Department's Deputy Coordinator of Cuban Affairs, and then served as executive liaison officer for Latin American affairs with the White House from 1964 through 1968. In 1968, President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson chose Bowdler as United States Ambassador to El Salvador, and Bowdler held this post from November 15, 1968, until September 2, 1971. In 1971, President Richard Nixon appointed him United States Ambassador to Guatemala, and he filled this post from October 19, 1971, through August 26, 1973. Bowdler returned to the United States in 1973, becoming Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs; he served as Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs in 1974. President Gerald Ford appointed Bowdler as United States Ambassador to South Africa in 1975, with Bowdler filling this post from May 14, 1975, until April 19, 1978. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter nominated Bowdler as Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research and Bowdler held this office from April 24, 1978, to December 17, 1979. Carter then named Bowdler Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, and Bowdler held that office from January 4, 1980, until January 16, 1981. References President Carter's Nomination of Bowdler as Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs William Bowdler 1924 births United States Assistant Secretaries of State The Stony Brook School alumni University of Richmond alumni Ambassadors of the United States to El Salvador Ambassadors of the United States to Guatemala Ambassadors of the United States to South Africa Diplomats from Buenos Aires Argentine emigrants to the United States 2016 deaths American expatriates in Cuba\",\n \"title\": \"William G. Bowdler\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54926516\",\n \"text\": \"The Bartley-Fox Law (also known as the Bartley-Fox Amendment) is a Massachusetts law that sets a one-year mandatory minimum sentence for anyone found to be illegally carrying a firearm. It was passed by the Massachusetts General Court in 1974 and took effect in April 1975. Studies on its effectiveness have been mixed, and its strict provisions have been subject to criticism. Background and passage The Bartley-Fox Law was co-sponsored by, and named after, Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives David M. Bartley and retired judge J. John Fox. The text mandates a one-year prison sentence for anyone convicted of possession of a firearm without a license in the state of Massachusetts, and added two years to the sentence of anyone convicted of committing a crime with a gun. Bartley-Fox passed the Massachusetts General Court without any significant opposition, becoming the first such law ever to be enacted in the United States. The law was originally intended to come into effect in January 1975, but Bartley led an effort to delay it until April 1 to ensure that the state's citizens were fully aware of the significant penalties. To accomplish this, Bartley-Fox was accompanied by extensive publicity of the fact that the ban on unlicensed possession of handguns would now be strictly enforced. As part of the campaign, TV spots aired beginning in February 1975 with the slogan \\\"If you are caught with a gun, you will go to prison for a year and nobody can get you out.\\\" Despite these efforts, newspapers reported in April that authorities were \\\"swamped\\\" with individuals trying to obtain the legally required gun licenses and firearm identification cards. In July 1975, Bartley and Fox authored an op-ed in The New York Times, where they stated that the law was \\\"designed to remove the temptation to carry guns and thereby reduce the chance that they will be used ... Only the person who insists on carrying a weapon without legal authority need fear this law.\\\" Two months later, they wrote a letter to the editor of the same paper after the two attempted assassinations of US President Gerald Ford: Effects Politically, the Bartley-Fox Law was criticized by both sides of the United States' gun debate. Pro-gun advocates like the National Rifle Association (NRA) opposed it for placing restrictions on a person's ability to carry a gun, with one NRA spokesperson stating that \\\"it only affects the lawful gun owner, who is turned into a criminal.\\\" Gun control advocates, on the other hand, opposed the law's one year mandatory minimum sentence. Still, a 1981 Gallup opinion poll indicated that 62% of Americans would support state-level legislation like Bartley-Fox, although 58% would oppose any law that would ban handguns—including Massachusetts, which in the same year rejected such a measure for the seventh straight time. Also in 1981, the administration of Governor Edward J. King removed what they called \\\"unfriendly\\\" signs on Massachusetts state borders that advertised the Bartley-Fox Law, in an effort to increase tourism. Early research\",\n \"title\": \"Bartley-Fox Law\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"795364\",\n \"text\": \"The Humanitarian Service Medal (HSM) is a military service medal of the United States Armed Forces which was created on January 19, 1977 by President Gerald Ford under . The medal may be awarded to members of the United States military (including Reserve and National Guard members) who distinguish themselves by meritorious participation in specified military acts or operations of a humanitarian nature. Creation Julia V. Taft, the director of the Interagency Task Force (IATF) for Indochinese resettlement proposed the establishment of a Humanitarian Service Medal for U.S. military personnel and submitted the request to President Gerald R. Ford on November 10, 1975. The medal was to be awarded to those personnel that participated in the evacuation of Vietnamese and Cambodian refugees after the Vietnam War. The proposal was met with dissent by Army Lieutenant General Harold G. Moore, who was concerned that the military was over-decorating its personnel with awards of participation rather than those of extraordinary achievement. He proposed a certificate of achievement as a more appropriate recognition. Army Lieutenant General John W. Vessey supported the creation of the medal as a precedent to recognize military participation in major humanitarian actions. Vessey's view prevailed and President Ford established the medal in 1977 as one of the last acts of his presidency. Criteria This medal is presented as an individual service medal. The activities in which the Humanitarian Service Medal may be authorized are designated by the United States Department of Defense. Such activities include natural disaster relief, evacuation of non-combatants from a hostile area, or humanitarian support to refugees. This medal may not be awarded for services rendered in domestic disturbances involving law enforcement, riots, or protection of property. This medal may also not be presented if either the Armed Forces Service Medal or Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal was presented for the same period of service. The Humanitarian Service Medal is retroactive to April 2, 1975. The Department of the Army awards the Civilian Award for Humanitarian Service for similar service by Army civilian employees, as well as private U.S. and foreign citizens. Appearance Centered on the obverse of the medal within a circle, is a right hand pointing diagonally upward with open palm, (to symbolize a giving or helping hand). At the top of the reverse of the medal is the inscription, For Humanitarian Service in three lines. Below this is an oak branch, with three leaves and three acorns, and below this, around the outside edge of the medal, is the inscription, United States Armed Forces. Additional awards and devices Subsequent awards of the Humanitarian Service Medal are denoted by wearing a bronze service star on the HSM suspension and service ribbon. A silver service star is worn in lieu of five bronze service stars. Approved operations Below is a list of approved operations in accordance with the Department of Defense. References 1977 establishments in the United States Awards established in 1977 Humanitarian and service awards United States service medals\",\n \"title\": \"Humanitarian Service Medal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61223889\",\n \"text\": \"The United States foreign policy during the 1974–1977 presidency of Gerald Ford was marked by efforts to de-escalate the Cold War. Ford focused on maintaining stability and promoting détente with the Soviet Union. One of Ford's key foreign policy achievements was the signing of the Helsinki Accords in 1975. The accords were a series of agreements between the US, Soviet Union, and other European countries that aimed to promote human rights, economic cooperation, and peaceful relations between East and West. Ford met with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev several times, and the two countries signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) in 1979, which aimed to limit the number of nuclear weapons held by the two superpowers. However, Ford's foreign policy was also marked by setbacks. The fall of South Vietnam in 1975 was a blow to US credibility and influence in the world. He presided over the final stages of the Vietnam War, announcing in April 1975 that U.S. participation in the war had ended. In the aftermath of the war, his administration responded forcefully to both the Mayaguez incident and an incident with North Korea in Panmunjom. The US also faced challenges in the Middle East, with the 1973 oil crisis and the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict. In the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War, the Ford administration facilitated completion of the Sinai Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt. Leadership Appointments Upon assuming office, Ford inherited Nixon's cabinet. Ford quickly replaced Chief of Staff Alexander Haig with Donald Rumsfeld, who had served as a counselor to the president under Nixon. Rumsfeld and Deputy Chief of Staff Dick Cheney rapidly became among the most influential people in the Ford administration. Secretary of State and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger and Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger remained highly influential officials early in Ford's tenure. Ford retaines Kissinger as Secretary of State throughout his presidency, but Brent Scowcroft replaced Kissinger as National Security Advisor in 1975. Cold War Ford continued Nixon's détente policy with both the Soviet Union and China, easing the tensions of the Cold War. In doing so, he overcame opposition from members of Congress, an institution which became increasingly assertive in foreign affairs in the early 1970s. This opposition was led by Senator Henry M. Jackson, who scuttled a U.S.–Soviet trade agreement by winning passage of the Jackson–Vanik amendment. The thawing relationship with China brought about by Nixon's 1972 visit to China was reinforced with another presidential visit in December 1975. Despite the collapse of the trade agreement with the Soviet Union, Ford and Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev continued the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, which had begun under Nixon. In 1972, the U.S. and the Soviet Union had reached the SALT I treaty, which placed upper limits on each power's nuclear arsenal. Ford met Brezhnev at the November 1974 Vladivostok Summit, at which point the two leaders agreed to a framework for another SALT treaty. Opponents of détente, led by Jackson, delayed Senate consideration of the treaty until\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the Gerald Ford administration\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6766669\",\n \"text\": \"Jerry Lyle Pettis (July 18, 1916 – February 14, 1975) was an American politician and a four-term Congressman from California from 1967 to 1975. He was also a rancher, teacher, aviator, religious leader, and businessman. Pettis was the first Seventh Day Adventist elected to Congress. Political career In 1966, he was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives, and he was re-elected in 1968, 1970, 1972 and 1974. He represented California's 33rd Congressional District until January 1975 and its 37th Congressional District thereafter. Background and personal life Educated in Arizona and California, he graduated from Pacific Union College in Angwin, California in 1938. He did graduate work at the University of Southern California and the University of Denver in 1939-1941 before becoming a businessman. He served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and was a pilot for United Airlines. He was a Seventh-day Adventist. Death and legacy Pettis was killed on February 14, 1975, when the Beechcraft Model V35B Bonanza he was piloting crashed near Cherry Valley, California, after he encountered adverse weather conditions. He is buried at Montecito Memorial Park in Colton, California. Pettis's wife, Shirley Neil Pettis, replaced him in the House when she won a special election on April 29, 1975. The Jerry Pettis Memorial Veterans Administration Hospital in Loma Linda, California, was so named in his honor. His congressional papers are located in the Archives & Special Collections at Loma Linda University. During the 1970s, the Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Scholarship was established and is awarded by the American Medical Association Foundation to \\\"students pursuing careers in science communications\\\". See also List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99) References External links Entry in the Biographical Directory of Congress President Ford's statement on the occasion of his death University of Denver alumni Pacific Union College alumni 1916 births 1975 deaths 20th-century American legislators Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States University of Southern California alumni Accidental deaths in California American Seventh-day Adventists Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1975\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Pettis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"163484\",\n \"text\": \"Give 'em Hell, Harry! is a biographical play and 1975 film, written by playwright Samuel Gallu. Both the play and film are a one-man show about former President of the United States Harry S. Truman. Give 'em Hell, Harry! stars James Whitmore, and was directed by Steve Binder and Peter H. Hunt. Title origin The title comes from an incident that took place during the 1948 presidential election campaign. In Bremerton, Washington, Truman delivered a speech attacking the Republicans. During the speech, a supporter yelled out, \\\"Give 'em Hell, Harry!\\\" Truman replied, \\\"I don't give them Hell. I just tell the truth about them, and they think it's Hell.\\\" Subsequently, \\\"Give 'em Hell, Harry!\\\" became a lifetime slogan for Truman supporters. History The play previewed in Hershey, Pennsylvania, followed by its official opening at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D. C. Its April 17, 1975, premiere was hosted by Truman's daughter Margaret, and attended by President Gerald Ford. The play then went on to a six-city tour, during which it was videotaped for film on the stage of the Moore Theatre in Seattle, using a live editing process called Theatrovision. It was also recorded and released by United Artists Records. Although the play has been regularly revived, it did not make its New York debut until July 2008 at St. Luke's Theatre. Clifton Truman Daniel portrayed his grandfather in the title role in several performances in 2023. Accolades Give 'em Hell, Harry! is only the third film to have its entire credited cast (Whitmore) nominated for an Oscar, the first two being Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? in 1966, for which almost all members excluding the extras were nominated, and Sleuth in 1972. References External links Department Of The Interior National Register of Historic Places and B.P.O.E. #1181 / City of Bremerton plaques commemorating location of Truman's \\\"Give Em Hell Harry\\\" speech. 1975 films Cultural depictions of Harry S. Truman Filmed stage productions Films about presidents of the United States Films directed by Peter H. Hunt Films directed by Steve Binder Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album Monodrama One-character films Plays based on real people Plays for one performer 1970s English-language films\",\n \"title\": \"Give 'em Hell, Harry!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21811361\",\n \"text\": \"Robert J. O'Conor Jr. (June 22, 1934 – June 5, 2023) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas and an attorney in private practice. Education and career O'Conor was born in Los Angeles, California. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Texas at Austin in 1956. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Texas School of Law in 1957. He was in the United States Army Reserve as a Captain in the JAG Corps from 1957 to 1964. He was in private practice of law in Laredo, Texas from 1958 to 1975. Federal judicial service O'Conor was nominated by President Gerald Ford on March 17, 1975, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas vacated by Judge Ben Clarkson Connally. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 24, 1975, and received his commission on April 25, 1975. O'Conor's service was terminated on September 30, 1984, due to his resignation. Post judicial service After his resignation from the federal bench, O'Conor returned to the private practice of law in Houston, Texas. He remained active with law firm FedArb, which provides alternative dispute resolution in complex commercial cases. In addition to his service with FedArb, he also maintained a private law practice with his wife, Helen D. O'Conor. References Sources 1934 births 2023 deaths Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas United States district court judges appointed by Gerald Ford 20th-century American judges United States Army officers University of Texas School of Law alumni Lawyers from Los Angeles\",\n \"title\": \"Robert J. O'Conor Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29449713\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnamese boat people () were refugees who fled Vietnam by boat and ship following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. This migration and humanitarian crisis was at its highest in the late 70s and early 80s, but continued well into the early 1990s. The term is also often used generically to refer to the Vietnamese people who left their country in a mass exodus between 1975 and 1995 (see Indochina refugee crisis). This article uses the term \\\"boat people\\\" to apply only to those who fled Vietnam by sea. The number of boat people leaving Vietnam and arriving safely in another country totaled almost 800,000 between 1975 and 1995. Many of the refugees failed to survive the passage, facing danger from pirates, over-crowded boats, and storms. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, between 200,000 and 400,000 boat people died at sea. The boat people's first destinations were Hong Kong and the Southeast Asian locations of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Tensions stemming from Vietnam's disputes with Cambodia and China in 1978 and 1979 caused an exodus of the majority of the Hoa people from Vietnam, many of whom fled by boat to China. The combination of economic sanctions, the legacy of destruction left by the Vietnam War, policies of the Vietnamese government, and further conflicts with neighboring countries caused an international humanitarian crisis, with Southeast Asian countries increasingly unwilling to accept more boat people on their shores. After negotiations and an international conference in 1979, Vietnam agreed to limit the flow of people leaving the country. The Southeast Asian countries agreed to admit the boat people temporarily, and the rest of the world, especially more developed countries, agreed to assume most of the costs of caring for the boat people and resettle them in their countries. From refugee camps in Southeast Asia, the great majority of boat people were resettled in more developed countries. Significant numbers resettled in the United States, Canada, Italy, Australia, France, West Germany, and the United Kingdom. Several tens of thousands were repatriated to Vietnam, either voluntarily or involuntarily. Programs and facilities to carry out resettlement included the Orderly Departure Program, the Philippine Refugee Processing Center, and the Comprehensive Plan of Action. Background The Vietnam War ended on April 30, 1975, with the fall of Saigon to the People's Army of Vietnam and the subsequent evacuation of more than 130,000 Vietnamese closely associated with the United States or the former government of South Vietnam. Most of the evacuees were resettled in the United States in Operation New Life and Operation New Arrivals. The U.S. government transported refugees from Vietnam via aircraft and ships to temporarily settle down in Guam before moving them to designated homes in the contiguous United States. Within the same year, communist forces gained control of Cambodia and Laos, thus engendering a steady flow of refugees fleeing all three countries. In 1975, President Gerald Ford signed the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, budgeting roughly 415\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnamese boat people\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20804226\",\n \"text\": \"Dick Yin Wong (September 13, 1920 – December 26, 1978) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii. Education and career Wong was born on September 13, 1920, in Honolulu, Hawaii. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Hawaiʻi in 1942. He received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Hawaiʻi in 1944. He received a Juris Doctor from Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law in 1950. He was in the United States Army as a staff sergeant from 1945 to 1947. He was an accountant in Chicago, Illinois, from 1947 to 1949. He was in private practice of law in Honolulu, from 1950 to 1951, from 1960 to 1961, from 1962 to 1968 and from 1973 to 1975. He was an accountant in Honolulu, from 1951 to 1961 and from 1962 to 1968. He was a Judge of the Hawaii Tax Appeal Court, from 1960 to 1968. He was a Judge of the First Circuit Court of Hawaii, from 1968 to 1973. Federal judicial service Wong was nominated by President Gerald Ford on March 17, 1975, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii vacated by Judge Martin Pence. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 24, 1975, and received his commission on April 25, 1975. His service was terminated on December 26, 1978, due to his death. See also List of Asian American jurists List of first minority male lawyers and judges in the United States List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Hawaii References Sources 1920 births 1978 deaths Lawyers from Honolulu Hawaii state court judges Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii United States district court judges appointed by Gerald Ford 20th-century American judges University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni 20th-century American lawyers United States Army non-commissioned officers Hawaii people of Chinese descent United States Army personnel of World War II\",\n \"title\": \"Dick Yin Wong\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20552672\",\n \"text\": \"During his time in office, President Gerald Ford made one appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States. Ford nominated John Paul Stevens to replace Associate Justice William O. Douglas, whom Ford had unsuccessfully attempted to initiate impeachment proceedings against as a congressman. In December 1974, the 76-year-old Douglas suffered a stroke while vacationing in Nassau, Bahamas that paralyzed his left arm and leg. Douglas was discharged from Walter Reed Army Medical Center in March 1975, and was in and out of the hospital for the remainder of the 1974-1975 term. Although Chief Justice Warren E. Burger urged Douglas to retire, Douglas showed no intention of doing so. However, Douglas’ condition continued to deteriorate, and on October 28, 1975, his doctors told him his condition would never improve and that he would be paralyzed and in near-constant pain for the rest of his life. On November 12, 1975, Douglas announced that he would immediately retire and assume senior status. On November 28, 1975, Ford nominated John Paul Stevens to replace Douglas. Stevens was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1975. Politics Ford, who had been appointed to the Vice Presidency after Nixon’s second term began, and who assumed the Presidency without having sought the office, did not articulate a philosophy for the kind of justices he would like to appoint to the Supreme Court, the way subsequent presidents did. It is significant that Ford involved himself less in the earlier stages of the process of identifying candidates for the court than some later presidents did; when the Douglas vacancy arose, he essentially left the decision up to his attorney general, Edward H. Levi. At the same time, one of Ford’s reasons for attempting as a congressman to impeach Douglas in 1970 involved what Ford called Douglas’ “liberal opinions.” John Paul Stevens nomination After Douglas announced his retirement on November 12, 1975, Ford asked attorney general Edward Levi to draw up a list of potential candidates. Ford was under pressure from Democrats in Congress to replace Douglas with another liberal, but at the same time, he was under similar pressure from Republicans to name a conservative. Ford handed Levi the task of narrowing down the list of candidates to a manageable number, and Levi then gave Ford a list of eighteen candidates, grouped into four categories based on Levi’s impressions of them. Ford annotated the list and ranked the contenders, narrowing the list to “five or six names,” Ford later wrote. The list included United States Solicitor General Robert Bork, United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit judge John Paul Stevens, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit judge Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy, United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Carla Anderson Hills, and United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit judge Arlin Adams. Bork wound up being disqualified because of his close ties to Nixon, while Adams was considered to be a solid conservative without Bork’s associations, but flashy and\",\n \"title\": \"Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"1469018","text":"John Moran Bailey (November 23, 1904 – April 10, 1975) was an American politician who played a major role in promoting the New Deal coalition of the Democratic Party and its liberal policy positions. Bailey dominated Connecticut Democratic politics as a party chairman, from 1946 to his death in 1975. He typically had a decisive voice in selecting the party's candidates for top offices and in coordinating Democrats in the state legislature. He was even more powerful as the chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1961 until 1968 and was one of the main behind-the-scenes backers of John F. Kennedy. An Irish Catholic, Bailey was educated at The Catholic University of America and Harvard Law School. State politics John M Bailey, was one of the proud founders of the Young Democrats of America, serving as a national officer in 1935 from Connecticut, an organization which was crafted from the Presidential Candidacy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1933. Bailey was the dominant figure in Connecticut politics between 1950 and his death in 1975. From his office in Hartford two blocks from the State Capitol, he coordinated and controlled statewide election campaigns and the activities of the Connecticut General Assembly. Bailey's tenure as head of the Connecticut Democratic party was credited with turning the state from one politically dominated by WASP Yankee Republicans to one dominated by Democratic candidates of Roman Catholic and Jewish background, such as Abraham Ribicoff, Thomas Dodd, John Dempsey, and Ella T. Grasso. His Republican rival was Meade Alcorn, who also happened to serve as national chairman of his party. Prior to his statewide activities, Bailey had served in local roles in his home city of Hartford. Federal politics Bailey's term as DNC chairman was a roller-coaster ride, as he oversaw the party's moment of greatest political strength (following the 1964 electoral landslide) and greatest political weakness (the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago). He was also the first Chairman to oversee the loss of the South. Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, Bailey and the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, oversaw the greatest electoral landslide in United States history, with the party winning 486 electoral votes as well as supermajorities in both houses of the US Congress. The 1966 elections to the House of Representatives and the Senate saw Republican gains but Democrats retaining control of both houses of Congress as well as the majority of governorships. In 1968, the Republican Party again nominated Richard Nixon as the presidential nominee and quickly rallied around him. However, the Democrats were more divided, particularly over the controversial Vietnam War. Senator Eugene McCarthy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, Senator George McGovern, Vice President Hubert Humphrey were only some of those who sought the nomination, with Bailey co-presiding over the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. In the end, Nixon was elected, but the Democrats retained their majority in both houses of Congress. Death Bailey died in 1975 and was interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Connecticut.","title":"John Moran Bailey"},{"docid":"358683","text":"Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (; born 28 November 1941) is a Mauritanian military officer who served as the President of Mauritania from 1984 to 2005. During his presidency, he pursued policies of Arab nationalism while deepening ties with the United States. Having come to power through a bloodless military coup, he was ousted by a military coup himself in 2005. Prior to his presidency, he was the 5th Prime minister of Mauritania between 1981 and 1992 (except for a brief period in 1984). Early years Born in the town of Atar (Adrar Region), Ould Taya attended a Franco-Arabic Primary School from 1949 to 1955. He then attended Rosso High School in southern Mauritania. After graduation, he attended a French military school in 1960 and graduated as an officer the next year. In 1975, he received strategic training at the French War Academy. In 1978, the Mauritanian Army seized power and ousted long-time President Moktar Ould Daddah, in an attempt to forestall government collapse in the war over Western Sahara against the Polisario Front (1975–79). Ould Taya was among the conspirators, and quickly gained influence within the government. President of Mauritania (1984–2005) After holding various positions in the military, Ould Taya was appointed Chief of Staff of the Army in January 1981, during the rule of military head of state Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla. In the aftermath of a failed coup against Ould Haidalla in March 1981, Ould Taya was appointed Prime Minister on 25 April 1981, replacing civilian Prime minister Sid'Ahmed Ould Bneijara. He held this office until 8 March 1984, when Ould Haidalla, who was still head of state, took over the post. On 12 December 1984, while Ould Haidalla was out of the country, Ould Taya seized power and declared himself Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation (CMSN). In October 1987, Ould Taya's military government allegedly uncovered a tentative coup d'état by a group of black army officers, backed, according to the authorities, by Senegal. Several officers were arrested, interrogated, and possibly tortured, leading to the acquittal of only seven. Senegal-Mauritania War The discord between conflicting visions of Mauritanian society as either black or Arab again rose to the surface during the intercommunal violence that broke out in April 1989. This tension grew when the Mauritania-Senegal border dispute escalated into violence between the two nations. Even before the war, Ould Taya and Abdou Diouf, president of Senegal at the time, had been engaged in a dispute after the completion of dams on the Senegal River. Ould Taya argued that Senegalese representatives in the OMVS had refused to create river harbors during construction, diminishing Mauritania's ability to exploit phosphate deposits. Heightened ethnic tensions created an additional catalyst for the Mauritania–Senegal Border War, which started as a result of a conflict in Diawara between Moorish Mauritanian herders and Senegalese farmers over grazing rights. The border between Senegal and Mauritania was then closed, and the two nations ended diplomatic ties with each other. As the war continued, some Fula","title":"Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya"},{"docid":"72176914","text":"With the exception of temporary recess appointments, in order for a Justice to be appointed to the United States Supreme Court, they must be approved by a vote of the United States Senate after being nominated by the president of the United States Senate. Not all nominees put forward by presidents have advanced to confirmation votes. General overview of the history of Supreme Court confirmation votes Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, known as the Appointments Clause, empowers the President of the United States to nominate and, with the confirmation (advice and consent) of the United States Senate, appoint public officials, including justices of the Supreme Court. The president has the plenary power to nominate and to appoint, while the Senate possesses the plenary power to reject or confirm the nominee prior to their appointment. Of the 163 nominations that presidents have submitted for the court, 137 have progressed to a full-Senate vote. 126 were confirmed by the Senate, while 11 were rejected. Of the 126 nominees that were confirmed, 119 served (seven of those who were confirmed declined to serve, while one died before taking office). The last nomination confirmed by a voice vote was that of Abe Fortas on August 11, 1965. The last time a roll call vote on a nomination was unanimous was that of Anthony Kennedy on February 3, 1988. The first of the eleven roll call votes to result in a rejection of a nomination was the December 15, 1795 vote on the nomination of John Rutledge for chief justice, and the most recent time was the October 23, 1987 vote on the nomination of Robert Bork. In March 1917, the procedure of a cloture vote was introduced to the Standing Rules of the United States Senate as a means of ending debate and proceeding to a vote. Until 1975, cloture required the support threshold of two-thirds of senators present and voting. From 1975 until 2017, the threshold needed to invoke cloture for Supreme Court confirmation was three-fifths of all senators duly chosen and sworn-in (60 senators, if there was no more than one seat left vacant). On April 6, 2017, when considering the nomination of Neil Gorsuch, in a party-line vote the Republican Senate majority invoked the so-called \"nuclear option\", voting to reinterpret Senate Rule XXII and change the cloture vote threshold for Supreme Court nominations to a simple majority of senators present and voting. List of confirmation votes Votes before and during the First Party System: 1789–1823 Votes during the Jacksonian–National Republican era: 1826–1836 Votes during the Second Party System: 1836–1853 Votes during the Third Party System: 1857–present List of cloture votes On occasion, a cloture vote has been taken in an effort to end Senate debate and allow a confirmation vote to take place. Between the 1917 (when cloture was introduced to the Senate) and year 1975, cloture required the support threshold of two-thirds of senators present and voting. From 1975 until 2017, the threshold needed","title":"List of confirmation votes for the Supreme Court of the United States"},{"docid":"69687194","text":"William Maurice Ellinghaus (April 19, 1922 – January 4, 2022) was an American business executive who had served as the president and chief operating officer of the American multinational company AT&T. He was the president of the company during its breakup in the 1980s as a settlement to a United States Department of Justice led antitrust case United States v. AT&T. He also served in New York's Emergency Financial Control Board in the 1970s helping the city through a fiscal crisis and preventing a default. Early life Ellinghaus was born on April 19, 1922, in Baltimore, Maryland to Medora (née Watkins) and N. Andrew Ellinghaus. He was the second of three siblings. His father worked with the Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company. Ellinghaus grew up in Baltimore and studied at the Forest Park High School and graduated from the school in 1940. He served in the United States Navy as a reserve sonarman between 1943 and 1945. Career Ellinghaus started his career with the Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland as a phone-installer. He went on to become the company's vice president in 1960 before joining AT&T as a vice president of the New York Telephone Company. He became president of New York Telephone in 1970 and a vice chairman of AT&T in 1976. He became AT&T's president and chief operating officer in February 1979. As a president of the company he oversaw the company's breakup in the early 1980s when AT&T's regional Bell System was disinvested into independent telephone companies as a settlement for United States Department of Justice led antitrust case United States v. AT&T. After a career spanning 44 years, he retired in 1984. During his time at the company he was known as a 'trouble-shooter' resolving among other events, a New York telephone workers' strike in 1971 that brought installation works to a standstill for many weeks, restoration of service after a major fire at the company's switching center in Manhattan, and various rate negotiations with the state of New York. Earlier, in 1975, he was made the chairman of the New York Municipal Assistance Corporation, and later a member of the Emergency Financial Control Board. Along with others including American investment banker Felix Rohatyn, he was drafted by the then governor Hugh Carey to help rescue New York through a fiscal crisis. The city was running a huge budget deficit with reduced tax earnings resulting in low cash supply for driving its operating expenses. When a federal bailout plea was rejected, the group took over the city's fiscal management. The group imposed cuts in city services spending and eventually led the city out of the fiscal crisis and from default. Ellinghaus also served as the executive vice-president of the New York Stock Exchange between 1984 and 1986, and the chairman of the New York area PBS station WNET (also referred to as Channel Thirteen) between 1984 and 1990. He was also appointed the United States' chairman for the United Nations Day in 1983 by","title":"William M. Ellinghaus"},{"docid":"21483621","text":"Michael K. Randolph (born 1946) is the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi, serving in the position since 2019. Before that, he was appointed to the Supreme Court in 2004. He represents District 2 Place 3. Early years Born in 1946, Randolph is a native of Dayton, Ohio. He is the son of a construction worker who had a third-grade education. He served as an air traffic controller during the Vietnam War with the U.S. Army 1st Infantry Division and was honorably discharged in 1967. He attended Ohio State University before graduating from Rollins College with a bachelor of science in business administration in 1972; two years later, he earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Mississippi School of Law. While in law school, he joined the U.S. Naval Reserve, graduated from the Naval Justice School, and serving as an attorney with the Judge Advocate General Corps. He was honorably discharged in 1975. Career From 1975 until 2004, Randolph practiced law in Biloxi, Mississippi and Hattiesburg, Mississippi, working for several firms before starting his own practice with two others. On April 23, 2004, Gov. Haley Barbour appointed Randolph to the Mississippi Supreme Court to serve the unexpired term of former Chief Justice Edwin L. Pittman. In November 2004, Randolph was elected to the Supreme Court for an eight-year term that began January 1, 2005. He was reelected in 2012 and 2020. He became a Presiding Justice of the Supreme Court on January 1, 2013. He became Chief Justice on February 1, 2019. President Ronald Reagan appointed Randolph to serve on the National Coal Council. Randolph has also served on the board of directors for William Carey College, and was past president of the South Central Mississippi Bar Association. He is the former chairman of the Forrest County Republican Executive Committee. Personal life Randolph is married to Kathy Webb Randolph. He has three children and five grandchildren. He is a member of Temple Baptist Church. References |- 1946 births Living people 20th-century American lawyers 21st-century American judges 21st-century American lawyers Chief Justices of the Mississippi Supreme Court Justices of the Mississippi Supreme Court Rollins College alumni University of Mississippi alumni Air traffic controllers United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War United States Army soldiers United States Navy sailors United States Navy reservists","title":"Michael K. Randolph"},{"docid":"21347294","text":"James Block Zagel (March 4, 1941 – July 15, 2023) was an American judge and attorney. After a stint as a prosecutor, he became a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois in 1987, assuming senior status in 2016. He presided over numerous high-profile trials, including those of several members of the Chicago Outfit and the corruption trial of former Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich. Zagel also sat on the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court from 2008 to 2015. Early life and education Zagel was born to Jewish parents in Chicago on March 4, 1941. He was the son of Samuel S. Zagel, a native of Warsaw, Poland who had immigrated to Chicago in 1915, and Ethel Samuels Zagel. Zagel earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Chicago in 1962 and a Master of Arts degree from the University of Chicago in the same year. He then earned a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1965. Professional career Zagel began his career as an assistant state's attorney in Cook County, Illinois, from 1965 until 1969, where he helped compile the case against mass murderer Richard Speck. He then served as an assistant attorney general for the State of Illinois from 1969 until 1977. Concurrent to the job as assistant attorney general, Zagel ran the Criminal Justice Division in the attorney general's office from 1970 until 1977, and he also served as chief prosecuting attorney for the Illinois Judicial Inquiry Board from 1973 until 1975. In 1977, Zagel became executive director of the Illinois Law Enforcement Commission, a post he held until 1979. From 1979 until 1980, Zagel was the director of the Illinois Department of Revenue. From 1980 until joining the federal bench in 1987, Zagel was the director of the Illinois State Police. Federal judicial service Zagel was a finalist for a federal judgeship in 1985, but was not chosen. On February 2, 1987, President Reagan nominated Zagel to be a judge on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. The United States Senate confirmed Zagel on April 21, 1987, and he received his commission on April 22, 1987. He took senior status on October 21, 2016. From 2008 to 2015, Zagel served a seven-year term on the FISA Court. Trial history Zagel presided over many notable and high-profile trials, including the Jesse Webster case and the \"Family Secrets\" trial that ended in 2007, where he convicted numerous mobsters, such as Joseph Lombardo and Frank Calabrese Sr. In April 2009, it was announced that Zagel would preside over the federal corruption trial of former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and his brother, Robert Blagojevich. The judge refused to let Blagojevich go to Costa Rica to participate in the show, I'm A Celebrity, Get Me Out Of Here, saying Blagojevich needed to prepare a good defense for his upcoming trial and focus on the reality of the current situation. The former governor's wife","title":"James Zagel"},{"docid":"21825956","text":"Michael Patrick McCuskey (born June 30, 1948) is the Illinois Legislative Inspector General since his appointment on February 17, 2022. He has served as a state circuit and appellate judge, and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. Education and legal career In 1966, McCuskey graduated in a class of 16 students at Sparland High School, Sparland, Illinois. He was recruited to Illinois State University in 1966 by baseball coach Duffy Bass, who told McCuskey about the new Political Science department starting at ISU that autumn. While at ISU, he was a member of the 1969 baseball team that played in the NCAA College Division championships; a sore arm ended his pitching career. McCuskey received a Bachelor of Science degree from Illinois State University in 1970 as part the first class to graduate from ISU's Political Science department. Following graduation, he was a baseball coach and history teacher at Ottawa Township High School, Ottawa, Illinois for two years, then entered the Saint Louis University School of Law, where he received his Juris Doctor in 1975. He was in private practice as a partner in the law firm of Pace, McCuskey and Galley in Lacon, Illinois from 1975 to 1988, and was also the chief public defender of Marshall County, Illinois, from 1976 to 1988. Judicial career State judicial service He was elected an Illinois state circuit court judge on the Tenth Judicial Circuit from 1988 to 1990, where he sat in felony court at Peoria. When two new seats were created on the Illinois Appellate Court, he chose to run for one of the newly created seats. In the 1990 general election, McCuskey defeated Republican candidate William Holdridge. Robert A. Barnes Jr. was appointed by the Illinois Supreme Court to succeed him in the 10th circuit effective January 3, 1991. McCuskey served as a judge on the Illinois Appellate Court from 1990 to 1998. In 1993, he was selected its presiding judge. In 1991, he received the Illinois Public Defender Association's Award of Excellence and Meritorious Service. While an appellate court judge, McCuskey was appointed to the Administrative Committee, replacing Tobias Barry, who had served as committee chairman. After his confirmation to the federal bench by the U.S. Senate, the Illinois Supreme Court appointed former state legislator Judy Koehler to the vacancy. Federal judicial service He was nominated for the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois by President Bill Clinton on July 31, 1997, to a seat vacated by Harold Baker. McCuskey and G. Patrick Murphy's respective nominations were held by Phil Gramm in retaliation for Carol Moseley Braun blocking Gramm's preferred nominee to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission until the intervention of George Ryan. McCuskey was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 2, 1998, and received his commission on April 3, 1998. He served as chief judge of the district from December 14, 2004Chakrabarty, R. (2008). The Asiatic Society:1784-2008, An Overview in Time Past and Time Present: Two Hundred and Twenty-five Years of the Asiatic Society''' Kolkata: The Asiatic Society, pp.2-24 The bounds of investigations will be the geographical limits of Asia, and within these limits its enquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by man or produced by nature.Notable early members were Charles Wilkins and Alexander Hamilton (the cousin of the American statesman). Initially, the Grand Jury Room of the Supreme Court was used for the meetings of the members, who had to pay a quarterly fee of two mohurs. The members were elected through ballot-voting. On 29 September 1796, the Society decided to have its own building. J.H. Harrington, then vice-president, selected the corner of Park Street and Chowringhee Road (present location) for the Society's house. The site was granted to the Society on 15 May 1805. The original plan for the new building was prepared by Captain Thomas Preston. The French architect Jean-Jacques Pichou made certain modifications to it and constructed a two-storeyed building at the site. This 15,071 ft² building was built at a cost of Rs. 30,000. The first quarterly meeting of the Society for 1808 was held at its new building on 3 February 1808. From 1784 to 1828, only Europeans were elected members of the Society. In 1829, at the initiative of H.H. Wilson, a number of Indians were elected","title":"The Asiatic Society"},{"docid":"62862929","text":"The Department of Urban Development & Municipal Affairs is a West Bengal government department. It is an interior ministry mainly responsible for the administration of the urban development and municipal affairs in West Bengal. List of Municipal Corporation Kolkata Municipal Corporation Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Howrah Municipal Corporation Chandannagar Municipal Corporation Durgapur Municipal Corporation Asansol Municipal Corporation Siliguri Municipal Corporation List of Development Authority Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority Newtown - Kolkata Development Authority Gangasagar - Bakkhali Development Authority Tarkeswar Development Authority Furfura Sharif Development Authority Burdwan Development Authority Asansol - Durgapur Development Authority Mukutmanipur Development Authority Haldia Development Authority Midnapore - Kharagpur Development Authority Digha - Sankarpur Development Authority Birsingha Development Authority Mohabani Development Authority Sriniketan - Santiniketan Development Authority Tarapith - Rampurhat Development Authority Bakreswar Development Authority Patharchapuri Development Authority Siliguri - Jalpaiguri Development Authority Gazoldoba Development Authority Changrabandha Development Authority Jaigaon Development Authority History The urban governance through the ‘Urban Local Bodies' (ULBs) i.e. Municipal Corporations, Municipalities and Notified Area Authorities , in the state of West Bengal dates back to British regime in 18th.century. The first municipal mechanism created during British rule was the Municipal Corporation, set up in the former presidency town of Madras (today Chennai) in 1688 with a view to transfer the financial responsibility of local administration to the newly created corporation. The Mayor's Courts were established in each of the three Presidency towns, Madras, Bombay and Calcutta through the Royal Charter of 1720. In 1882, the then Victory of India, Lord Ripon's resolution of local self-government laid the democratic forms of municipal governance in India. The current form and the structure of municipal bodies are based on Lord Ripon's Resolutions, which was adopted in 1882 as local self-government. The Government of India Act, 1919 incorporated the need for conferment of power to a democratically elected government. This act has another development towards the evolution of urban local bodies in India. In 1935, another Government of India Act brought the local government under the purview of the state of the provincial government and specific powers were given, to those local self-governments. As a matter of fact, Kolkata Municipal Corporation or “KMC” (earlier known as Calcutta Municipal Corporation) is one of the oldest municipal bodies of the country. In 1726, a Mayor's court was established by a Royal Charter. With the expansion of British Government by making Calcutta as a capital of British India in 1773, the municipal services grow up. In 1847 the electoral system was introduced for the first time and the idea of Calcutta Corporation begins to start. In 1876 a new Corporation was created with 72 Commissioners. In 1923, Corporation stands its existence by important changes by Rashtraguru Surendranath Bannerjee, the 1st minister for local self government. The Calcutta Corporation act, 1980 changed the existing system of the corporation. This alteration was more effective and more systematic so far municipal service is concerned, which came into force in 1984. References Government departments of West Bengal West Bengal","title":"Department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs"},{"docid":"1970747","text":"Tangra is a region in East Kolkata that traditionally housed many tanneries owned by people of Hakka Chinese origin. Overview \"47 South Tangra Road\", may be the most confusing postal address, as it used to cover the whole of Chinatown Tangra with over 350 tanneries. Most of the standing structures have been built, over many years, by the industrious Hakka Chinese, upon marshy and reclaimed low-lying land. Over the past several decades, it has served as the location of Calcutta's Chinatown. This is not a coincidence; the Hakka Chinese of Calcutta have gradually turned this part of the Kolkata into an important destination for sourcing finished and semi-finished leather. The Hakka Chinese specialized in the manufacture of leather and turned it into one of the major industries of West Bengal, providing employment to tens of thousands of local inhabitants. In addition to the huge volume of exports to the developing and developed countries, finished leather is supplied to the major shoe and leather goods manufacturers all over the country. Many made-to-order shoe shops in Kolkata are also run by entrepreneurs from this community. Amidst the Chinese establishments and restaurants, there is a very old and auspicious 'Kali Mondir'. The temple is situated near Kim Fa restaurant and Relax Foreign Liquor Shop. This temple is visited by both Chinese and Hindu devotees. One needs to be there to experience the spectacle of two cultures harmoniously doing business generation after generation. Food from Tangra is a distinct variety of traditional Hakka Chinese cuisine adapted to Indian ingredients and the Bengali palate. This has spread to the rest of India, along with the recipes earlier unique to Tangra. Tangra is now the most popular destination for Chinese food. Chinese food sold in Tangra restaurants are now known all over the world as \"Hakka Style\" Chinese food. Kolkata Chinatown is changing rapidly. The population is no longer renewed by waves of migration and many traditional professions such as dentistry, laundry and tannery are no longer the preserve of the Chinese. The West Bengal government, under direction from the Supreme Court, recently moved all tanneries to Bantala, a suburb in the east of Kolkata. However, Tangra has been an integral part of the culture of the Chinese community in India. The success of \"Hakka style\" Chinese food in the rest of India encouraged a migration of many Chinese families to other cities as the economic fortunes of Tangra decayed. Many landmark Chinese eateries, including Nanking, Waldorf, Peiping and Fat Mama have closed or changed hands and fortunes. The once prosperous Calcutta Chinese community is now clearly in decline. However, a boom in Tangra's unique Indian-Chinese food is attracting a lot of attention these days and the cuisine will probably live on in Kolkata and in the global Indian Diaspora. The Cha Project, is designed to preserve Tiretti Bazaar and develop Tangra. History The East India Company obtained from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar, in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of","title":"Tangra, Kolkata"},{"docid":"56600913","text":"The Bengal Hurkaru and Chronicle (often abbreviated Bengal Hurkaru) was an English-language newspaper published in Calcutta, British India, from 1795 to 1866. The paper was originally named The Bengal Hurkaru, but after its absorption of another Calcuttan paper, The Bengal Chronicle, in 1827, the named was changed. The paper's name uses the Bengali word hurkaru, which derives from the Persian harkara (messenger). The newspaper started out as a weekly, but became a daily on 29 April 1819. Most of the circulation was among the British military, merchants, and civil workforce, but a few subscribers came from the Bengali community as well. The paper absorbed Scotsman in the East in 1825, The Bengal Chronicle in 1827, and, finally, The India Gazette in 1834. See also Early phase of printing in Calcutta References External links Bengal Hukaru editions from 1805 to 1834 digitized by the Library of Congress Defunct newspapers published in India Publications established in 1795 Publications disestablished in 1866 Defunct daily newspapers English-language newspapers published in India Culture of Kolkata 18th century in Kolkata","title":"The Bengal Hurkaru and Chronicle"},{"docid":"5563288","text":"Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (18 April 1809 – 26 December 1831) was an Indian poet and assistant headmaster of Hindu College, Kolkata. He was a radical thinker of his time and one of the first Indian educators to disseminate Western learning and science among the young men of Bengal. Long after his early death, his legacy lived on among his former students, who came to be known as Young Bengals and many of whom became prominent in social reform, law, and journalism. Biography Early life Henry Louis Vivian Derozio was born on 18 April 1809 at Entally-Padmapukur in Kolkata. His parents were Francis Derozio, a Christian Indo-Portuguese office worker, and Sophia Johnson Derozio, an Englishwoman. His original family name was \"do Rozário\". Derozio attended David Drummond Dharmatala Academy school from age 6 to 14. He later praised his early schooling for its liberal approach to education, particularly its unusual choice to teach Indian, Eurasian and European children from different social classes together as peers. Derozio's later religious skepticism is sometimes attributed to David Drummond, who was known as a freethinker. Derozio was a successful student: notices in the India Gazette and the Calcutta Journal at the time mentioned Derozio's academic excellence (including several academic prizes) and successful performances in student plays. While a student, he read the poetry of his contemporaries, John Keats, Percy Shelley, and Lord Byron. At age 14, Derozio left school to work. He initially joined his father's office in Kolkata, then shifted to his uncle's indigo factory in Bhagalpur. Inspired by the scenic beauty of the banks of the River Ganges, he started writing poetry, which he submitted to the India Gazette. His poetic career began to flourish, with poems published in multiple newspapers and periodicals, in 1825. In 1827, when Derozio was 18, the editor John Grant took notice of his poetry, offering to publish a book of his work and inviting him to return to Kolkata. He soon became an assistant editor for Grant, as well as publishing in several other periodicals, and founding his own newspaper, the Calcutta Gazette. Hindu College and Young Bengal In May 1826, at age 17, he was appointed teacher in English literature and history at the new Hindu College. Derozio's intense zeal for teaching and his interactions with students created a sensation at Hindu College. He organized debates where ideas and social norms were freely debated. In 1828, he motivated students to form a literary and debating club called the Academic Association. This was a time when Hindu society in Bengal was undergoing considerable turmoil. In 1828, Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj, which kept Hindu ideals but denied idolatry. This resulted in a backlash within orthodox Hindu society. Derozio helped discuss the ideas for social change already in the air. Despite his youth, he was considered a great scholar and a thinker. Within a short period, he drew around him a group of intelligent boys in college. He constantly encouraged them to think freely, to","title":"Henry Louis Vivian Derozio"},{"docid":"38129665","text":"Salik Lucknawi (16 December 1913 – 4 January 2013) was the nom de plume of Shaukat Riaz Kapoor, an Indian Urdu poet and journalist. He was a recipient of the civilian honour of the Padma Shri. Early life Salik Lucknawi was born on 16 December 1913 in Lucknow. His father Tulsi Ram Kapoor converted to Islam and changed his name to Tareq Riaz Kapoor, four years before his birth. Lucknawi received a BA from St. Xavier's College, Kolkata and a BCom from City College, Kolkata and studied Persian at Lucknow University. In 1938, he was one of the founder members of the Progressive Writers Movement in West Bengal. His first collection of stories, Azra Aur Deegar Afsane came out in 1941. He was drawn to the vortex of the Quit India Movement in 1942 and spent 13 months in jail. In 1956 he started Abshaar and he was its chief editor till his death. Lucknawi also headed the Calcutta Muslim Orphanage for children and women. He founded the CMO High School and steered the Anjuman Taraqqui-e-Urdu. He served Kolkata Municipal Corporation as Alderman (1985-1990). Poetry Mere thakaan ko kyon maut kehte ho yaaron / Ek zara angrai li, kasmasai, aur so gaye. (Friends, why do you call my fatigue death / I tossed, turned and fell asleep). Published collection of Urdu poetry Azra Aur Deegar Afsane Be-Sar-O-Pa (Preposterous) References 1913 births 2013 deaths Urdu-language poets from India Writers from Lucknow City College, Kolkata alumni University of Calcutta alumni University of Lucknow alumni 20th-century Indian poets Indian male poets Poets from Uttar Pradesh Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education 20th-century Indian male writers Writers from Kolkata","title":"Salik Lucknawi"},{"docid":"39869148","text":"The Kolkata Mail (via Chheoki) also known as Imperial Indian Mail during the pre-independence era, is a daily train running between two metro cities Kolkata, (Howrah station) in West Bengal and Mumbai, (Mumbai CSMT) in Maharashtra. Numbered 12321/22, the train belongs to the Mail category and is operated by Eastern Railways. Route This train travels through Barddhaman Junction, Asansol Junction, Dhanbad Junction, Gomoh Junction, Gaya Junction, Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction, Prayagraj Chheoki Junction, Katni Junction, Gadarwara, Itarsi Junction, Bhusaval Junction, Manmad Junction, and Kalyan Junction, to reach Mumbai CSMT, and vice versa. Traction A Howrah-based WAP-7 hauls the train end-to-end from Howrah to Mumbai CSMT and vice versa, via Gaya. Before 6 June 2015, this train was hauled by a Kalyan-based WCAM-3 locomotive from Mumbai CSMT to Igatpuri. History Kolkata Mail as it is known now is one of the oldest train of Indian Railways with service of 150 years. This train was started by the British Indian Government on 1 June 1867 and was operated by the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. At that time this train was known as the Imperial Indian Mail and use to carry British officers, civil servants, diplomats and their family members from the then Bombay to Calcutta. At that time it was one of the most luxurious train of British India and the world. Later on after independence the name was changed to Bombay Mail, which then subsequently changed to Mumbai Mail after rechristening Bombay to Mumbai. Being a very popular train, Indian Railways has to start another train by the same name but via Nagpur. Later on to avoid confusion, Indian Railways changed its name to Kolkata Mail. See also Dedicated Intercity trains of India External links Timetable Named passenger trains of India Rail transport in West Bengal Mail trains in India","title":"Kolkata Mail"},{"docid":"908031","text":"Fort William is a fort in Hastings, Calcutta (Kolkata). It was built during the early years of Britain's administration of Bengal. It sits on the eastern banks of the River Hooghly, the major distributary of the River Ganga. One of Kolkata's most enduring British-era military fortifications, other than those in Bombay (Mumbai) and Madras (Chennai), it extends over an area of seventy hectares. The fort was named after King William III. In front of the Fort is the Maidan, the largest park in the country. An internal guard room became the Black Hole of Calcutta. Today the fort is the headquarters of Eastern Command of the Indian Army. History There are two Fort Williams. The original fort was built in the year 1696 by the British East India Company under the orders of Sir John Goldsborough which took a decade to complete. The permission was granted by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Sir Charles Eyre started construction near the bank of the Hooghly River with the South-East Bastion and the adjacent walls. It was named after King William III in 1700. John Beard, Eyre's successor, added the North-East Bastion in 1701, and in 1702 started the construction of the Government House (Factory, see Factory (trading post)) at the centre of the fort. Construction ended in 1706. The original building had two stories and projecting wings. In 1756, the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj Ud Daulah, attacked the Fort, temporarily conquered the city, and changed its name to Alinagar. This led the British to build a new fort in the Maidan. Robert Clive started rebuilding the fort in 1758, after the Battle of Plassey (1757); construction was completed in 1781 at a cost of approximately two million pounds. The area around the Fort was cleared, and the Maidan became \"the Lungs of Kolkata\". It stretches for around 3 km in the north–south direction and is around 1 km wide. The headquarters of the Indian Ordnance Factories was established in 1775 at Fort William. Today, Fort William is the property of the Indian Army. The headquarters of Eastern Command is based there, with provisions for accommodating 10,000 army personnel. The Army guards it heavily, and civilian entry is restricted. Much of Fort William is unchanged, but St Peter's Church, which used to serve as a chaplaincy centre for the British citizens of Kolkata, is now a library for the troops of HQ Eastern Command. A war memorial has been created at the entrance of the fort, and the fort also houses a museum which displays artifacts from the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, especially those related to the battles in the Eastern sector and the Bangladesh Liberation War. First Indian Masonic lodge In 1730, Ralph Farrwinter and other members of the East India Company opened the first Indian Masonic lodge, a short time after the creation of the Grand Lodge of England in 1717. Presidency of Fort William Structure The Fort is built of brick and mortar in the shape of an irregular octagon with an","title":"Fort William, India"},{"docid":"10076790","text":"Gurusaday Dutt Road (or Gurusaday Road) is one of the areas of Kolkata. Its old name was Ballygunge Store Road. It was named after Gurusaday Dutt, an ICS officer and a Bengali patriot. Localities Gurusaday Dutt Road falls under the upscale locality of Ballygunge in South Kolkata. The Tagore Estate used to have large holdings in the area. Satyendra Nath Tagore, ICS's house on Gurusaday Dutt Road was later bought by the Birlas, and the house has now become The Birla Industrial & Technological Museum. Others like Sir K G Gupta ICS, Gurusaday Dutt ICS (founder of the Bratachari Movement – after whom the road was later named) also lived on Gurusaday Dutt Road. Birla Industrial and Technological Museum, on Gurusaday Dutt Road, was inaugurated in 1959 as the first popular science museum in Asia. Modelled on the Deutsches Museum, it has interactive popular science exhibits and a significant collection of historical industrial holdings in India. Its collection of old gramophones, sound recorders, telephones, steam engines, road rollers and other industrial machinery of the period 1880–1950 is very significant. The museum sports a vintage model of the Rolls-Royce Phantom make. It also actively organizes summer camps, awareness programs and astronomy observations for school children. The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club (originally the Calcutta Cricket Club) is the second oldest cricket club in the world, after the Marylebone Cricket Club. Founded in 1792 as the Calcutta Cricket Club, it merged later with the Calcutta Football Club (founded 1872) to become the Calcutta Cricket and Football Club, and is located on 19/1 Gurusaday Dutt Road. It has arguably the most picturesque cricket ground in Kolkata. Recent evidence in the form of an article in Hicky's Bengal Gazette, suggests the club existed in 1780 – which would make it the oldest cricket club in the world. It also has a set of fine restaurants, perhaps the most notable of them is one of Kolkata's well-known Chinese restaurant, Mainland China. Also nearby are Birla Temple and Gandhara Art Gallery. The Indo-German Chamber of Commerce is based at Uniworth House. Landmarks Birla Industrial & Technological Museum Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Birla Park (residential estate of The Birlas) 'The Empire' Complex Tagore Hall Kusum Apartments Uniworth House (houses Mainland China restaurant) Astral Apartments & Atria Shopping Plaza Isckon House References Roads in Kolkata","title":"Gurusaday Dutt Road"},{"docid":"3556854","text":"Park Street, is a famous thoroughfare in downtown Kolkata, India. In Bengali, it is often referred as Shaheb -er Para or the “neighbourhood of Englishmen”.The street runs through what was a deer park of Sir Elijah Impey, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Calcutta from 1773 to 1789, hence the earlier name. It's located in central part of Calcutta. History Documented records of the throughfare can be traced back to 1760, when Kolkata (then Calcutta) was the capital of the British Empire in India. Since 1760, the street has been through several name changes. Previous names include 'Ghorustan ka Rasta', Vansittart Avenue and Burial Ground Road. Some 250 years ago, Park Street was known as Burial Ground Road and was not a preferred choice of residence, as there were a number of cemeteries in this area, the South Park Street Cemetery, opposite to it was the North Park Street Cemetery (now replaced by a school). Further west, there were two smaller cemeteries, one French and one Italian (now replaced by offices and schools). Park Street has been the main evening recreation zone for Kolkata people since the British era. In the 1970s and 1980s much of Kolkata's night life took place in Park Street, with many clubs and restaurants situated there. Many noted musicians had played at various popular night spots, such as Trinca's, Peter Cat, Oly Pub, Blue Fox, Mocambo and Moulin Rouge. Even before that, from the 1940s through to the late 1960s, Kolkata's prolific night life was centred on fashionable Park Street. The Park Hotel chain started with the opening of its first hotel, the 150 room The Park Hotel on 1 November 1967. The park street name coinage is assumed to be having association with such a history. Location and importance Park Street originates from Chowringhee Road (J L Nehru Road) and connects to Park Circus 7 point crossing in a south eastern direction. The portion of Park Street between Chowringhee Road and Mullick Bazar has been one of the city's attractions for years. Several important roads originate from/intersect at Park Street in the northward and southward directions, namely Russell Street, Middleton Row, Camac Street, Wood Street, Loudon Street and Rawdon Street towards the South and Free School Street, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road towards the North. Park Street also intersects AJC Bose Road at Mullick Bazar crossing and eventually goes to Park Circus from where other major roads such as Syed Amir Ali Avenue, Darga Road, Park Circus Connector starts and connects to important areas such as Ballygunge, EM Bypass and CIT Road. Park Street remains Kolkata's foremost dining district, with many restaurants and pubs. It is often known as \"Food Street\" and \"The Street that Never Sleeps\". In the last 15 years, many new restaurants, shopping malls, 5-star hotels and nightclubs have opened in other areas of the city and hence Park Street has lost much of its earlier attraction as being the numero uno entertainment hub of Kolkata. However, it is still one","title":"Park Street, Kolkata"},{"docid":"4554505","text":"Khidirpur or Kidderpore is a neighbourhood of South West Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Etymology Most plausibly, the name is a corruption of Khidrpur or Khizarpur, Khizr/Khidr being the guardian saint of the seas to the fishing communities of Bengal. Another theory points out that the port probably got its name from James Kyd, a 19th-century engineer who designed and supervised the building of the lock gate that connects the nearby port to the Hooghly River. History Even after the British had set up their settlements in Kalikata, Sutanuti and Gobindapur, many independent zamindars survived till 1757. They held large landed properties in Gobindapur and elsewhere. When the Gobindapur area was cleared for the construction of the new Fort William, they had to be given alternative land elsewhere: Debs in Shobhabazar, the Thakurs in Pathuriaghata and Jorasanko, and the Ghosals in Bhukailas (Kidderpore). Gokul Ghoshal, the founder of the Bhukailas zemindar family, who was dewan of Harry Verest, left Gobindapur and built a palatial rajbati in Kidderpore and named it Bhukailas. In earlier days, thanas (police stations) also looked after the civic needs of the people. The earliest list of thanas in old Kolkata was prepared in 1785 and in 1888. These thanas were regrouped under 25 Police Section Houses. The 25 wards created under the Calcutta Municipal Act of 1889, precisely matched these divisions. In this area there were two Police Section Houses – at Watgunge and Ekbalpur. Writing in 1909, H.E.A. Cotton mentions, \"Kidderpore, which lies to the west of Alipore, is extensively populated principally by natives.\" In the early years of British rule, Kolkata port was a river anchorage where sailing ships would load and unload in mid-stream. The shore-based Calcutta jetties, with cranes and sheds, came into operation in 1869. In 1884, Kidderpore was selected as the site for the wet docks of the Port of Kolkata, and it was ready in 1892. King George (later renamed Netaji Subhas) Dock was added in 1928. Haldia Dock System is part of Kolkata port. Its first unit, Haldia oil jetty, was commissioned in 1969. Kolkata port was the premier port of India till the early 1950s. In 1950–51, out of the total traffic of 19.3 MT at all the major ports of the country, Kolkata handled 7.6 MT. In 1988–89, Kolkata handled 14.22 MT against 142 MT of all ports taken together. Calcutta Jetties were closed down in 1965–66. Garden Reach jetties have also been closed down. The total labour force of the port declined from 42,946 in 1967 to 25,761 in 1990. A red-light district has grown up near the port. In the field of Indian literature, this part of Kolkata produced three noted poets: Rongolal Bandhopadhyay, Hemchandra Bandopadhyay, and Michael Madhushudan Dutta. Michael Madhusudan Dutt (1824–1873) was born at Sagordari in Jessore District (now in Bangladesh), and came to Kolkata at the age of 7. After studying initially at Kidderpore School, he joined Hindu College in 1933. However, after converting","title":"Kidderpore"},{"docid":"12112157","text":"Deba Prasad Mitra (29 December 1902 – 8 February 1978), son of Jyotirindraprasad Mitra (1869–1918), was a renowned clinical pathologist and religious and social worker connected with the Brahmo Samaj. His life and work were greatly inspired and stimulated by the lives of his grandfather Braja Sundar Mitra (1820–1875), the founder of the East Bengal Brahmo Samaj at Dhaka (now in Bangladesh) and an inaugurator of the New Age in Dhaka and Eastern Bengal as a whole, and also his mother's grandfather Sib Chandra Deb (1811–1890), a pupil of Henry Louis Vivian Derozio at the Hindu College, the Founder-Secretary of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, Kolkata, and pioneer of the modernization of his native village Konnagar, a few kilometers from Kolkata. Devaprasad's father Jyotirindraprasad was a qualified advocate and practiced law for some time, but when he found that one had to resort to falsehood for success in the legal profession, he gave it up and joined the service of the estate of the Tripura Native State at Comilla (now in Bangladesh). Early life He spent his boyhood at Comilla and moved to Kolkata when he lost his father. A brilliant student he passed his Matriculation from Hare School and I.Sc. from Presidency College, Calcutta with flying colours. He studied in Calcutta Medical College from 1921 to 1927, where he won many prizes including gold and silver medals as well as the Abdul Ghani Scholarship for being the best all-round student of his class. He passed M.B. in 1927. During the period Students' Club was established in Calcutta Medical College and he was its president. Professional life On completion of his medical education in India, he could have gone abroad to obtain foreign qualifications and on return establish a large practice in Kolkata or join Government service, and earn much money. A patriot at heart, he had vowed at the beginning of his working life not to go for a foreign qualification or serve under a foreign Government. He, along with three close friends, established the Calcutta Bacteriological Institute in 1928, where many poor patients used to get their investigations done free of cost. He chose pathology instead of private practice as physician in order to have more time for social work. The laboratory was one of the first in Kolkata and created a very good name for it in the city. The Brahmo Samaj His heart was with the Brahmo Samaj. From the mid-1930s till his death in 1978, he was intimately connected with all activities of the Samaj, including conducting services as a minister of the Samaj, work as assistant secretary, secretary, treasurer and finally president of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, and work in the different social welfare organizations of the Samaj. His untiring services on behalf of the Samaj during the Midnapore floods of 1942, the great Bengal famine of 1943 and influx of refugees from East Pakistan prior to and after the partition of India, along with the establishment of the Brahmo Samaj Relief Mission, the Brahmo","title":"Deba Prasad Mitra"},{"docid":"1724664","text":"Calcutta is the former anglicised name of the city of Kolkata in the state of West Bengal in India. Calcutta may also refer to: Places Kolkata district, an administrative district in West Bengal, India Calcutta, Indiana, U.S. Calcutta, Ohio, United States Calcutta, West Virginia, United States Calcutta, Suriname Calcutta, Belize Black Hole of Calcutta, an 18th-century dungeon in Fort William, Calcutta Film Calcutta (1947 film), a film noir starring Alan Ladd Calcutta (1969 film), a documentary film by Louis Malle Calcutta 71 (1971 film), a film by Mrinal Sen Calcutta trilogy (disambiguation) Calcutta, a Tamil film dubbed from Telugu film Choodalani Vundi Schools University of Calcutta Calcutta Boys' School Calcutta Girls' High School Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management Calcutta International School Calcutta National Medical College Calcutta Public School Calcutta School of Music Calcutta Technical School Music Calcutta (band), American alternative rock band \"Calcutta\" (song)\", 1961 instrumental by Lawrence Welk \"Calcutta (Taxi Taxi Taxi)\", 1998 song by Dr. Bombay (Jonny Jakobsen) Calcutta, Italian singer-songwriter, born Edoardo D'Erme Military topics , five ships of the Royal Navy Siege of Calcutta, battle between the armies Britain and the Nawab of Bengal in the 18th century Other uses Calcutta Club Calcutta auction, a method of allocating gambling bets by auction The Calcutta Cup, an annual rugby match between England and Scotland Short S.8 Calcutta, flying boat See also Oh! Calcutta!, a theatrical revue Kolkata (disambiguation)","title":"Calcutta (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"9830536","text":"Pasupati Bose (1 November 1907 in Berhampore, West Bengal – 1979, in Kolkata) was an Indian physician and professor of anatomy. Information Bose passed his Matriculation Exam in 1923 from Murshidabad Zilla School and ranked first. He never stood second in his school or college. He went to Kolkata (Calcutta) to study medicine. He received his MBBS and DM from the University of Calcutta in 1932. He not only received first rank, but also scored 968 out of 1000 which is a record which still (2007) stands. He was awarded several gold medals as a student. Bose joined the Kolkata Medical College as a professor of anatomy and gradually became the most famous and respected professor from his college. He married in 1938 and became a father of a son and a daughter. In 1952, he went to the United States at the invitation of the Rockefeller Foundation. There he spent one year giving lectures in different American Universities. Subsequently he was awarded the title of Fellow of the Royal Society, UK. During the last five years of his service at the Kolkata Medical College, he became the Vice-Principal as per the request from his close associate and the Chief Minister of West Bengal of that time Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy. He died in 1979 at the age of 72. He will remain the ever remembered Professor of Anatomy of the Kolkata Medical College. Pasupati Bose Lane, a street in Kolkata, is named after him. Notes External links \"Personalities\" Kolkata Medical College 20th-century Indian medical doctors Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 1907 births 1979 deaths University of Calcutta alumni Academic staff of the University of Calcutta Scientists from West Bengal","title":"Pasupati Bose"},{"docid":"34198257","text":"Surendranath Law College (Bengali :সুরেন্দ্রনাথ আইন কলেজ) formerly known as Ripon College) is an postgraduate law college affiliated with the University of Calcutta. It was established in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal in 1885 by a trust formed by the nationalist leader, scholar and educationist Surendranath Banerjee, a year after he founded Surendranath College. This is now regarded one of the oldest Law college of British India. History The first name of the college was Presidency School in 1882, when it was handed over to Sri Banerjee on 1 January 1884. That same year the Post-Graduate Department of Law was extended, and it was affiliated to the Calcutta University as an independent professional college in 1885. Banerjee renamed the school the Presidency Institution and brought it to the status of a college affiliated to the F.A. standard. The name was later changed to Ripon College, named after the British Viceroy George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon. The name was changed again in 1949 to honour its founder Sri Surendranath Banerjee. The women's section of the college was founded in 1931 by Mira Datta Gupta, its first principal. Swami Vivekananda delivered his first address in Calcutta from the rostrum of this college on his return from Chicago after his famous deliverance at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893. In 1911, Rabindranath Tagore read out at this college one of his essays dealing with the twin subjects of separatism to be found among many of countrymen and national integration. This college was recognised by the University Grants Commission in 1972. The college now offers LLM courses. Notable alumni Dr. Rajendra Prasad - The first President of India. Harendra Coomar Mookerjee - The first Governor of West Bengal. Sir Bijan Kumar Mukherjea - The first Bengali Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India. Birendranath Sasmal - Nationalist barrister and politician. Manmatha Nath Mukherjee - Judge, Calcutta High Court and Bengali jurist Mohammad Mohammadullah - President of Bangladesh Panchanan Barma - Social reformer Dhirendranath Datta - Indian Freedom fighter and Bangladeshi activist. Khondakar Abu Taleb - Bangladeshi journalist and Martyr Shahidullah Kaiser - Bengali intellectual and Martyr Phani Bhushan Majumder - Former minister of Bangladesh Rabin Deb - Bengali politician Golam Rahman (writer) - Bengali writer Aniruddha Bose - Judge of the Supreme Court of India Abdul Matin Chaudhury (1895-1948) - Muslim league politician Mosharraf Hossain - Member of Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh, founding vice-president of JASAD. See also Surendranath College Surendranath Evening College Surendranath College for Women List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta Education in West Bengal References External links Surendranath Law College University of Calcutta affiliates Universities and colleges established in 1885 Law schools in West Bengal 1885 establishments in India Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance","title":"Surendranath Law College"},{"docid":"46841703","text":"Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 10, covering parts of Tollygunge (Royal Calcutta Golf Club-Rajendra Prasad Colony-Madartala Colony-Jubilee Park) neighbourhood in South Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal. History The establishment and evolution of Kolkata Municipal Corporation followed a long process starting from around the middle of the 19th century. The Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 and certain steps taken thereafter saw the addition of peripheral areas in the eastern and southern parts of the city to the corporation area. In 1888, there were 75 commissioners, 50 of whom were elected, 15 appointed by the government and 10 nominated from bodies like Chambers of Commerce, Trades Associations and the Port Commissioners. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpore, Manicktola and Garden Reach were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out. Post-independence developments saw the introduction of adult franchise in municipal elections in 1962. The number of wards increased from 75 to 100. Tollygunge was merged with Kolkata in 1953. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation Act 1980, which came into effect in 1984, extended the boundaries of Kolkata by including South Suburban, Garden Reach and Jadavpur municipalities in Kolkata. With the addition of Joka to Kolkata, the number of wards rose to 144. Geography Ward No. 94 is bordered on the north by Prince Anwar Shah Road; on the east by Prince Gulam Md. Shah Road and Uday Shankar Sarani; on the south Netaji Subhas Road and Graham Road; and on the west by Deshapran Sashmal Road. The ward is served by Golf Green police station of Kolkata Police. Patuli Women police station has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of South Suburban Division i.e. Netaji Nagar, Jadavpur, Kasba, Regent Park, Bansdroni, Garfa and Patuli. Demographics As per the 2011 Census of India, Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 27,469, of which 13,918 (51%) were males and 13,551 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,847. The total number of literates in Ward No. 94 was 22,831 (89.11% of the population over 6 years). Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district. According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later). Election highlights The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of Tollyganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency). External links References Municipal wards of Kolkata","title":"Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation"},{"docid":"46920845","text":"Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 12, covering parts of VIP Nagar, Jagorani colony (Gouranga Pally-Matongini Colony), Uttar Panchanna Gram (Martin Para-Gulshan Colony), Paschim Chowbaga, Sardarhat, Chowbaga, Bantala, Adarsha Nagar, Nonadanga, Mundapara and East Calcutta Township (Ruby-Anandapur-Nazirabad-Urbana-Hussainpur-Madurdaha) neighbourhoods in South Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal. History The establishment and evolution of Kolkata Municipal Corporation followed a long process starting from around the middle of the 19th century. The Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 and certain steps taken thereafter saw the addition of peripheral areas in the eastern and southern parts of the city to the corporation area. In 1888, there were 75 commissioners, 50 of whom were elected, 15 appointed by the government and 10 nominated from bodies like Chambers of Commerce, Trades Associations and the Port Commissioners. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpore, Manicktola and Garden Reach, as well as the New Dock Extension area, were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out. Post-independence developments saw the introduction of adult franchise in municipal elections in 1962. The number of wards increased from 75 to 100. Tollygunge was merged with Kolkata in 1953. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation Act 1980, which came into effect in 1984, extended the boundaries of Kolkata by including South Suburban, Garden Reach and Jadavpur municipalities in Kolkata. With the addition of Joka to Kolkata, the number of wards rose to 144. Geography Ward No. 108 is bordered on the north by the northern boundary of Nonadanga mauza, storm water outlet and northern boundary of Dhapa mauza; on the east by the eastern boundaries of Madurdaha, Nonadanga and Dhapa mauzas; on the south by the northern boundary of Kalikapur mauza and southern boundaries of Chowbhaga and Dhapa mauzas; and on the west by Eastern Metropolitan Bypass. The ward is served by Tiljala, Anandapur, Pragati Maidan and Kolkata Leather Complex police stations of Kolkata Police. Karaya Women police station, has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of the South East Division, i.e. Topsia, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Gariahat, Lake, Karaya, Rabindra Sarobar and Tiljala. Demographics As per the 2011 Census of India, Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 64,777, of which 33,428 (52%) were males and 31,349 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 7,204. The total number of literates in Ward No. 108 was 46,487 (80.74% of the population over 6 years). Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district. According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).","title":"Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation"},{"docid":"22355920","text":"Santosh Bhattacharyya (1 November 1924 – 10 March 2011) was a Bengali Indian scholar, who served as a Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta, in Kolkata, India. Early life He was born in Calcutta on 1 November 1924 in a Brahmin family. He studied economics at the renowned Scottish Church College and earned his master's degree from the University of Calcutta. Later he would earn a doctorate in economics from the London School of Economics . Career After earning his master's degree, he worked as a technical assistant at the Indian Statistical Institute. He taught economics at the University of Calcutta in two phases: 1952–60, and later from 1968 to 1983. He chaired the department (1970–80), and became dean of the faculty of arts (1973–77). He was Senior Economic Affairs Officer at the Development Planning Centre in the United Nations at New York (1966–68), member of the Tariff Commission, Government of India (1974–75), Chairman of several Pay Committees under West Bengal government during 1977–80. He was a general secretary of Patha Bhavan, Calcutta in the 1980s. Political beliefs As a student, Bhattacharyya was a full member of the erstwhile Communist Party of India, and later continued as an active sympathizer of the parent party till he parted ways as a believer in market economy following the changes in China. As a vice chancellor of the University of Calcutta (1983–1987), he was victimized for his apolitical stance and public criticism of the policies and practices of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led Left Front regime (1977–2011) that interfered with the autonomy of the university. Works Red Hammer Over Calcutta University (1984–1987)https://archive.org/details/red-hammer-over-calcutta-university-1984-1987-sa-230502-191950 Management Control Systems : a Framework for Resolution of Problems of Implementation Land Reforms in West Bengal. A Study on Implementation Capital Longevity and Economic Growth References 20th-century Indian economists Scottish Church College alumni University of Calcutta alumni Alumni of the London School of Economics Vice Chancellors of the University of Calcutta Scientists from Kolkata 2011 deaths 1924 births Place of death missing Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom Scholars from Kolkata","title":"Santosh Bhattacharyya"},{"docid":"66146822","text":"The Currency Building is an early 19th-century building in the B. B. D. Bagh (Dalhousie Square) central business district of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. The building was originally built in 1833 to house the Calcutta branch of the Agra Bank. In 1868, it was converted for use by the Office of the Issue and Exchange of Government Currency, an office of the Controller of the Currency under the British Raj. From 1935 until 1937, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) used the building as its first central office. The building remained in use, and was used at one time by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) as a storehouse. Authorities decided to demolish it in 1994. From 1996 to 1998, the CPWD undertook demolition; but the building was saved from being completely demolished by the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) and the Kolkata Municipal Corporation. In 2003, custodianship passed to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), which renovated the building from 2005 to 2019. On 11 January 2020, Prime Minister Narendra Modi formally dedicated and reopened it as a museum. The Currency Building is a three-story Italianate structure, consisting of floors covered by marble and Chunar sandstone. Its main entrance features a three-part gate made of wrought iron and Venetian windows. The building's central hall, now an open-air courtyard, was formerly topped by three large domes with skylights. During its use as a currency office, the central hall contained the exchange counters for banknotes, gold, silver, and small change. During the building's renovation, the central hall was reorganized into a space for open-air programmes. Geography and setting The Currency Building is located at 11B on B. B. D. Bagh (which is Kolkata's central business district, formerly known as Dalhousie Square), at the intersection of Old Court House Road and Surendra Mohan Ghosh Sarani. The building's main façade faces west toward B. B. D. Bagh. The Lal Dighi water tank is located approximately northwest of the building, the Mahakaran metro station on Kolkata Metro Line 2 and the B. B. D. Bagh Tram Station are immediately west, and the Hooghly River is approximately west. History Bank headquarters and currency office Calcutta served as the capital of the British Raj from the 18th century until 1911, when New Delhi became the capital. During Calcutta's tenure as capital, Dalhousie Square was the city’s financial, social, and political center. The plot in Dalhousie Square, on which the Currency Building now stands, was originally the site of the Calcutta Auction Company's office building. In 1825, the Agra Bank acquired the plot, constructing, in 1833, during William Bentinck's tenure as governor general, the present-day building to house its Calcutta branch. The Agra Bank ceased operation in 1866. In 1868, the imperial Controller of the Currency converted a large portion of the Currency Building for use by the Office of the Issue and Exchange of Government Currency, after which it became known as the Currency Building. The Calcutta Mint sent silver coins","title":"Currency Building"},{"docid":"13144593","text":"David Wilson (1808–1880) worked as a confectioner in Calcutta and on 18 November 1840 he opened the Auckland Hotel at 1-3 Old Court House Road in Calcutta. The hotel was also known as Wilson's Hotel and changed its name to the Great Eastern Hotel. It became the most famous hotel in India and is still functioning today as the Great Eastern Kolkata and is part of the Bharat Hotels Group. David Wilson came from Herefordshire and started a bakery at No. 1 Old Court House Street. The bakery was successful as it served the need of the Britishers from the East India Company who missed their breads and muffins in India. He subsequently bought the No. 2 and then No. 3 in Old Court House Road in 1840 to convert it into a hotel, which he had named after George Eden, the first Earl of Auckland. Early and personal life Wilson was born in Brilley, Herefordshire in 1808. He married Mary Mandy (née Rose) in Calcutta in 1838. One of their grandchildren was Lieut Boyd Alexander the famous African explorer. David's sister Anne was in Calcutta and married one of David's friends, also a confectioner, Frederick William Browne in 1840 in Calcutta. Frederick died on 5 October 1864 on board the steamer Persia when it was lost at Sandheads in the great cyclone of 1864. David moved back to England in the 1860s but continued to manage the hotel. Over the ensuing years the hotel moved from strength to strength. In 1863 it became the first hotel in India to be fully electrified. Over the years famous guests have included Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Nikita Khruskhev and Queen Elizabeth II. When David died in 1880 his net worth was over £60,000. References Thacker's Bengal Directories 1864-1884 David Wilson - Last Will and Testament - Principal Probate Registry Office High Holborn London External links https://web.archive.org/web/20071011104747/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2217/stories/20050826001608400.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20070929055657/http://www.thegrandhotels.net/NewGrandGroup.aspx 1808 births 1880 deaths Indian hoteliers Confectioners Businesspeople from Kolkata Businesspeople from British India People from the Bengal Presidency","title":"David Wilson (hotelier)"},{"docid":"17094253","text":"Mahatma Gandhi Road or M.G. Road, formerly known as Harrison Road, is a principal East-West thoroughfare in Kolkata (Previously known as Calcutta), the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. M.G. Road makes the boundary of North and Central Kolkata. In 1889 this was the first street of the city to be lit by electricity. History Mahatma Gandhi road was initially known as Harrison Road. After the independence of India in 1947 the Harrison Road in Kolkata was renamed Mahatma Gandhi Road (M.G. Road) and the name of Chowringhee Road was changed to Jawaharlal Nehru road. In 1889 when Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC) started promoting electricity in the city, this Harrison road was the first street in the city to be lit by the authority. Calcutta Improvement Trust (CIT) decided to build the Central Avenue in 1911. By 1926, Harrison Road was stretched to Beadon Street in the north and to Bowbazar in the south. Charu Guha, a pioneer of the city's studio photography, started her first studio in the Harrison Road in 1920. During India's independence movement, this street was previously considered as \"communally sensitive\" neighbourhood of the city. On 1 April 1930, The Vancouver Sun newspaper reported— \"four more were killed in rioting this afternoon in Harrison Road, which is the usual storm quarter in this region.\" Location and operation The road is arterial in maintaining east–west connection in Kolkata. It is of the shortest distance between two major rail stations in Kolkata Metropolitan Area — Sealdah Station and Howrah Station. Several important places are on this road, such as Sealdah Station, Surya Sen Street crossing, Amherst Street crossing, College Street/Bidhan Sarani crossing, Chittaranjan Avenue crossing, Rabindra Sarani (Chitpur Road) crossing, Netaji Subhas Road crossing, Burrabazar and Strand Road crossing/Howrah Bridge. M.G. Road runs from Sealdah Flyover (Vidyapati Setu) in the eastern limit to the threshold of Howrah Bridge in the west. The road is bi-directional throughout the day. Certain crossings are, however, unidirectional, that is, in certain crossings, vehicles can turn only in a specific direction. Culture Education institutions Several educational institutions are located on or near Mahatma Gandhi Road, such as Anglo Arabic Secondary School, Gyan Bharati Vidyapith, St. Paul's School, Hindu School, Lawrence Day School, Shri Jain Vidyalaya and St. Pauls' Mission School. Restaurants Some popular restaurants in or near Mahatma Gandhi Roadare Shreeram Dhaba, Aahar Restaurant, Madhuri Restaurant, Basanta Cabin. Cinema halls Several cinema halls are located on or near the road, such as Aruna, Chhabighar, Naaz, Purabi, Prabhat. In popular culture Rabindranath Tagore in this poem Ekdin Rate mentioned this street. The lines of the poem were— Howrah-r bridge chole mosto she bichhe, Harrison road chole tar pichhe, pichhe (the approximate English translation: The Howrah Bridge is moving as if a large centipede and the Harrison Road moves behind it). Saradindu Bandopadhyay's famous fictional character, Byomkesh Bakshi - India's putative foremost detective, lived on Harrison Road in the second floor of a three-storied building along with his friend and associate Ajit","title":"Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kolkata)"},{"docid":"56991401","text":"Beniapukur is a neighbourhood of Central Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is adjacent to Park Circus. Etymology The name of the neighbourhood is derived from two words, benia and pukur. Influential benias or merchants, particularly gandhabaniks, perfume and spice traders, settled here. They had dug a tank or pukur in the area. History The East India Company obtained from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar, in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of these 5 lay across the Hooghly in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, it purchased these villages in 1758 from Mir Jafar and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as Dihi Panchannagram and Beniapukur was one of them. The Maratha Ditch was dug in 1742 and it was partly filled up in 1799 to create the Circular Road (now Acharya Jagaidsh Chandra Bose Road). Entally, Maniktala, Beliaghata, Ultadanga, Chitpur, Cossipore, parts of Beniapukur, Ballyganj, Watganj and Ekbalpur, and parts of Garden Reach and Tollygunj were added to Kolkata Municipal Corporation in 1888. Garden Reach was later taken out. In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Beniapukur, which is mentioned from the mid-eighteenth century, but the thana dates from the early 19th century. Geography Police district Beniapukur police station is part of the South East division of Kolkata Police. It is located at 48A, Gorachand Road, Kolkata-700014. Karaya Women police station, has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of the South East Division, i.e. Topsia, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Gariahat, Lake, Karaya, Rabindra Sarobar and Tiljala. Education Pratt Memorial School at Beniapukur is an English-medium girls only school. The school prepares its students for the Indian School Certificate (ISC) and the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) examinations. The school was founded in 1876 in memory of Archdeacon John Henry Pratt primarily for the education of Anglo-Indian and Christian children. It is under the Diocese of Kolkata, the Church of North India, and is an unaided minority institution. The Frank Anthony Public School, Kolkata at Beniapukur is an English-medium co-educational school. The foundation stone of the school was laid by social activist Frank Anthony in 1965. The school prepares its students for the Indian School Certificate (ISC) and the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) examinations. Healthcare Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital (Chittaranjan Hospital) at Beniapukur offers MBBS, Post graduate (MD, MS, Diploma) and Post Doctoral (DM, Mch) courses and is affiliated to the West Bengal University of Health Sciences. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons was set up in 1911 at Bow Bazar. The name was later changed to National Medical College of India and still later became Calcutta Medical College on land donated by Maharaja Sir Manindra Chandra Nandy on Upper Circular Road. Another medical institute at Bow Bazar started as Calcutta Free Hospital in 1910, became","title":"Beniapukur"},{"docid":"1763992","text":"Sealdah Railway Station (Bengali: শিয়ালদহ রেলওয়ে স্টেশন; Station Code:SDAH) is one of India's major railway terminals serving the city of Kolkata. The other main railway stations in the Kolkata metropolitan area are , , and Santragachi. Over 1.5 million passengers use the station daily. It is an important suburban rail terminal. Kolkata Metro Line 2 passes through Sealdah with the new underground Sealdah metro station. History The origins of Sealdah Station can be traced back to the mid-19th century when the British colonial administration initiated the construction of railways in India. The station was named after Frederick William Stevens, the then Governor-General of British India, who held the title of Lord Sealdah. Sealdah Station was officially opened to the public on December 2, 1862, as part of the Eastern Bengal Railway network from Calcutta to Kushtia. At the Calcutta end there was a tin-roofed station room. Sealdah railway station had a proper Station Building in 1869, designed by Mr Walter Glanville. The present Sealdah-Ranaghat line was a part of the Sealdah-Kushtia line and was subsequently extended to Goalundo Ghat. Eastern Bengal Railway Company was registered in 1857 to establish railroad connection between Calcutta and Eastern part of undivided Bengal beyond Ganges(Padma). The first section was completed in January 1862 from Calcutta to Champahati. By May 1862 this extended to Port Canning. Ranaghat was connected in September 1862. Initially, the company was known as Eastern Bengal Guaranteed Railway and ran its trains on guaranteed lines. The guaranteed lines were constructed by companies formed in England. In 1862, the station was well established with 4 platforms The tram terminus was located at Sealdah Station before the year 1978 from where the concept of horse tram carriage started. There was a tram terminus at Sealdah station. Trams departed from here towards Rajabazar, Howrah Station, Calcutta High Court, Dalhousie Square, Park Circus and Dharmatala. The first horse tram service of Kolkata was also started from Sealdah to Armenian Ghat, following the current route 14 & 16 between Lebutala & Dalhousie Square. The Sealdah–Lebutala & Dalhousie Square–Armenian Ghat (later extended to High Court) stretch is now closed. That terminus was demolished in 1978 also with the Sealdah–Lebutala tram track stretched through Boubazar Street for construction of the Sealdah flyover. Now tram services between Rajabazar–Esplanade, Park Circus–Burrabazar and other services pass through Sealdah. Currently, a car parking exists in place of the old tram terminus. Operations There are three station terminals at Sealdah: Sealdah North, Sealdah Main and Sealdah South. The North section consists of Sealdah North and Sealdah Main buildings. It has five platforms in North and 9 platforms in the main section. The platforms of North sections are 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5. Sealdah main consists of platform no 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 & 14. One more platform is present beside platform no 14 which is used only by goods trains and high capacity parcel vans. The South section consists of Sealdah South terminal, with seven platforms: 15, 16,","title":"Sealdah railway station"},{"docid":"5695542","text":"Calcutta State Transport Corporation (CSTC) was a West Bengal state government undertaken transport corporation. Headquartered in Kolkata, it was set up on 31 July 1948. Currently it operates under the name WBTC. It plied buses in Kolkata and nearby districts of West Bengal, along with some long-distance services. CSTC owned 11 depots in Kolkata and the districts to station its fleet of busses. History Calcutta State Transport Corporation started its journey on 31 July 1948 as State Transport Services with an objective to provide efficient, adequate, economical and properly coordinated passenger bus service particularly in and around the city of Kolkata and in the state of West Bengal in general. On 15 June 1960 the name of State Transport Service has changed to Calcutta State Transport Corporation (CSTC) under the Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950. By 1966, it had upgraded its services and was connected to 90 percent of the national highways. To fulfill the demand of rural passengers, CSTC introduced one of the earliest Long Distance Bus Services (LDS) from Calcutta to Digha in April 1968. Merger with WBTC In 2017, the Department of Transport (West Bengal), under Transport Minister Protik Bhattacharya merged CSTC with other transport providers such as CTC and WBSTC and to form WBTC. Operations Fleet With a fleet of 782 buses, CSTC was able to set up a number of bus routes in the southern part of West Bengal which were till then not connected to any other means of transport. CSTC also pioneered the running of air-conditioned Volvo buses in Kolkata, replacing the aging fleet. Air conditioned buses were launched in July 2014 on 40 routes across the city and suburbs. They were in blue and white livery, the buses included a complete fleet of Volvo 8400 units as well as JanBus models from Ashok Leyland, the first low floor front entry public buses in the country. These were bought under the central JNNURM scheme. In 2019, the West Bengal state government made a decision to transition the city's bus fleet, along with its ferry fleet, to be entirely electric by 2030, to reduce the levels of air pollution in the city. Routes S10A S11 S12 S12D S12E Depots Former CSTC Depots used for parking and repairing buses. 1 Belghoria Depot (Head Office) (BD) 2 Garia Depot (GD) 3 Howrah Depot (HD) 4 Kasba Depot (KD) 5 Lake Depot (LD) 6 Maniktala Depot (MD) 7 Nilgunge Depot (ND) 8 Paikpara Depot (PD) 9 Salt Lake Depot (SLD) 10 Taratala Depot (TD) 11 Thakurpukur Depot (TPD) 12 Pride Plaza Depot (PRD) References External links Official website State agencies of West Bengal Transport in Kolkata Bus companies of India Organizations established in 1948 State road transport corporations of India Metropolitan transport agencies of India Indian companies established in 1948 1948 establishments in West Bengal","title":"Calcutta State Transport Corporation"},{"docid":"2526340","text":"The systems of secondary and post-secondary education in Kolkata are listed as follows: Schooling Kolkata has several parallel systems of school education, and K-12 schools are usually affiliated with either of the following: In addition to these, private candidates can appear for examinations of either the CBSE, West Bengal boards and other state boards which conduct their courses in the city. Non-privileged children mainly attend government primary schools, if they attend school at all. The quality of education available in these schools is not, by world standards, good. There have been recent initiatives, such as Shikhshalaya Prakalpa, to bring more children into the school system and improve the quality of teaching. Universities Kolkata has twenty public universities or autonomous institutions that award their own degrees or diplomas. The following list contains the names of the degree or diploma awarding institutions that have their main campuses in or around Kolkata: Engineering colleges Three of India's oldest engineering institutions are located in Kolkata namely IIEST, Shibpur, Marine Engineering and Research Institute and Jadavpur University. The University of Calcutta and Jadavpur University have been declared as \"university with potential for excellence (UPE)\" by the University Grants Commission. Self-aided engineering colleges started to function in the late 1990s. All self-aided engineering colleges of the city are affiliated to the West Bengal University of Technology. Some engineering colleges are funded by the World Bank under the \"Technical Education Quality Improvement Program\". The University of Calcutta, Aliah University and Techno India University also offer engineering courses. The Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, the Birla Institute of Technology, and Jnan Chandra Ghosh Polytechnic also offer technology and related courses in their city based campuses. Vocational Schools The Department of Technical Education and Skill Development, Govt of West Bengal leads in providing vocational training. other institutes like JIS University, IHM Kolkata, ISHM provide courses. Medical and Dental colleges All colleges are affiliated with the West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Kolkata. Calcutta Medical College Calcutta National Medical College Nil Ratan Sarkar Medical College and Hospital R.G.Kar Medical College IPGMER and SSKM Hospital College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital KPC Medical College and Hospital Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Science and Research Institutions of national importance Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur Asiatic Society Bose Institute Indian Statistical Institute Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Marine Engineering and Research Institute Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences References","title":"Education in Kolkata"},{"docid":"38665520","text":"Sealdah is a neighbourhood of Central Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Etymology Jackals (sheal in Bengali) howled around Sealdah. Antiquarians identify it as Shrigaldwipa (Jackal Island). Nearby Beliaghata was a port in the Salt Lakes. History The East India Company obtained from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar, in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of these 5 lay across the Hooghly in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, it purchased these villages in 1758 from Mir Jafar and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as Dihi Panchannagram and Shealdah was one of them. Sealdah was described in 1757 as a \"narrow causeway, several feet above the level of the country, leading from the east\". In 1756, when Siraj-ud-daulah attacked the English at Calcutta, a major part of his troops and artillery crossed the Maratha Ditch in Sealdah. There was hard fighting here with 39 English soldiers and 18 Indian sepoys killed on the spot. The English dragged their guns through the rice fields. Baithakkana was a resting place, where merchants formed and dispersed their caravans, sheltered by an old banyan tree (called a peepul tree by Cotton). Job Charnock is said to have chosen the site of Kolkata for a city, in consequence of the pleasure he found in sitting and smoking under the shade of a large tree. A present-day road stretching from Bepin Behari Ganguly Street to MG Road is called Baithakkhana Road, as well as the market along the road at the southern (Bowbazar/ B.B. Ganguly Street) end is called Baithakkhana Bazar. The Maratha Ditch was dug in 1742 and it was partly filled up in 1799 to create the Circular Road (now Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road). The eighty-foot-wide Harrison Road (now MG Road), was built in from 1889 to 1892. The first list of thanas (police stations) in Calcutta was made in 1765 and Muchipara was not there in the list. Muchipara, named after muchis (cobblers and leather workers), possibly shot in to prominence in the early 19th century. In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Muchipara. The East Bengal Railway opened its track from Calcutta to Kushtia in 1862. At the Calcutta end there was a tin-roofed station room. Sealdah railway station had a proper station building in 1869. The present Sealdah-Ranaghat line was a part of the Sealdah-Kushtia line and was subsequently extended to Goalundo Ghat. Geography Police district Muchipara police station is part of the Central division of Kolkata Police. Economy Sealdah market, along with Hatibagan, Maniktala, Lake Market and Gariahat markets, is amongst the largest markets in Kolkata. Very similar to village weekly hats, Kolkata's markets thrive in a sprawling and makeshift environment. Sealdah market is an agglomeration of various markets in the area. There is the Sealdah Area market spread for about a kilometre","title":"Sealdah"},{"docid":"64141000","text":"Ariadaha is a locality in Kamarhati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is close to Kolkata and also a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). History Ariadaha-Dakshineswar situated close to North Kolkata carries a glorious past in the Bengal Renaissance that still remains largely unacknowledged in the mainstream historical accounts. Once it was under the jurisdiction of Calcutta (Kolkata) District. Within 24 Parganas, Kolkata was one of the Parganas and Ariadaha-Dakshineswar was under it. Like other ancient parts of Rarh Banga (adivision of ancient South Bengal) this place was full of the ancient inhabitants of Bengal like the Hanri, Dome, Nishad, Kahar who originated from the Proto-Australoids according to Anthropology. Other casts like the Brahmans, Kayesthas and the Vaidyas etc. entered later. However, with the tide of time a mixed culture grows and inherited by the peoples of this region though there were two groups of people were in the frontline of the cultural scenario. One was liberal and other was certainly conservative. The conservatives constituted the most powerful sections of society with the liberals lagging behind as their opposition could hardly cause flutter in the orthodox socio-cultural matrix. The scenario did not show any significant change even after the introduction of colonial British education and culture in this region as happened in the other parts of old Calcutta. During the last half of 15th century, from almost about 1690 A.D., Kolkata began to reorient itself towards colonial culture under the leadership and colonial tutelage of Job Charnak. But little did change in the region of Ariadaha-Dakshineswar—the old society beset with inhuman superstitious practices. Ariadaha-Dakshineswar as a part of old Calcutta as it witnessed a cultural interface between both conservative and liberal forces. From the medieval period, highly educated and economically enriched families began to enter this region (Ariadaha-Dakshineswar), effecting significant changes in the socio-economic patterns. Ariadaha-Dakshineswar was primarily the motherland of highly educated middle class. One of the janapadas (a big unit of 20 or more villages in ancient India) of Calcutta could not become a big city and that was Dakshineswar (Sen: 2004). Famous Historian Martin mentioned Dakshineswar as the Capital of Bengal (Mullick: 1403, Bengali Year). The cultural sphere of Ariadaha-Dakshineswar was patronized and encouraged by the Maharajas the regional rulers of Krishnanagar of Nadia. The educated liberals were in the leading part of the protest movement by the Vaishnavas, Shaivas and Shaktas against the Brahmanism. Thus a new line of thought spread across this area. One of the opinions regarding the origin of the name of Calcutta was the word Kalikhetra and it denotes the place from Kalighat to Dakshineswar (Dey: 1989). Education Schools Ariadaha Girls High School Ariahada Kalachand High School Ariadaha Ramanand Charity Vidyalaya Ariahada Sarbamangala Balika Vidyalaya Ariadaha Sree Vidyaniketan high school Dakshineswar bharati bhawan girls high school Dakshineswar High School Dakshineswar Sri Sri Sarada Devi Balika Vidyamandir Sri Satyananda Sikhyamandir (Nursery & Primary School) Colleges Adyapeath Annada BEd College","title":"Ariadaha"},{"docid":"15230088","text":"Mosques in Kolkata refers to mosques in the city of Kolkata (earlier known as Calcutta), in India. Kolkata is the capital city of West Bengal, a state in the eastern part of India. The city is more than 300 years old (as Kolkata) and was the capital of British India till early 1911. Kolkata hosts many churches, temples and mosques, along with other religious places. Muslims have been settling in Calcutta since the early 19th century, but the pace was accelerated from the 1860s onwards, mainly due to the harsh economic conditions in Bihar and the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. There are nearly 450 mosques (known as masjid in Urdu and Bengali) in Kolkata (from Ward 1 to Ward 141). Density is highest in the wards in the central part of the city, where the density of the Muslim population is higher. The most famous is the:: Basri Shah Mosque, on 8 Sett Pukur Road, which was built in 1804. It is the oldest mosque of Kolkata. Nakhoda Masjid, on Zakariya Street and Rabindra Sarani crossing near Burrabazar, which was built in 1926. There are many beautiful and old mosques. Other famous and large mosques in Kolkata include the Tipu Sultan Mosque; the Rajabazar Barri Masjid; the Colootolla Chhoti Masjid; the Ahl-e-Hadees Masjid on Marquis Lane near Alimuddin Street; the Habib-ul-Masaajid on Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, the Masjid-e-Mohammadi in Park Circus; the Jumma Masjid in Mullickbazar, the Lal Masjid in Colootolla; and the Karbala Masjid in Metiabruz, which is Shia in orientation, while the rest all follow the Sunni faith. Two Haqqani Masjid of Haqqani Anjuman(established by Murshid Maulana Sufi Mufti Azangachhi Shaheb) is also available in Kolkata. One is at Bagmari and the second is at Near Maniktala where after every Namaz Haqqani Wazifa is being read together with in community of all Namajee. Ahmadiyya Masjid on New Park Street in Park Circus. Like all growing cities, space is a problem in Kolkata. To accommodate the growing population, most of the mosques are expanding vertically. The structures are also getting changed from old style to new style, and the way of construction is changing. In 1942, the last mosque was built in Kolkata (in Entally). References Lists of mosques in India","title":"Mosques in Kolkata"},{"docid":"57852730","text":"Palta is a locality in North Barrackpur Municipality of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Geography Post Office Bengal Enamel Post Office at Palta is a delivery sub post office, with PIN 743122 in the North Presidency Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region. No other post office has the same PIN. Economy Indira Gandhi Water Works Palta Water Works, rechristened Indira Gandhi Water Treatment Plant, was the first intake point of water for Kolkata, established in 1864-1870 and spread over 480 acres. It was expanded in 1888–1893, 1905, 1920, 1936, 1952 and 1968. The total daily potable water supply is 1,350 million litres or 96 million gallons. It feeds 212,000 domestic connections plus commercial connections in Kolkata. The distance between Indira Gandhi Water Treatment Plant and the pumping station at Tala is 22 km. Industry The Bengal Enamel Works Ltd, established in 1921, closed down by 2004 and the land is now used by housing promoters. The modern use of vitreous enamel on metals was introduced to India only during the early 20th century, when a young engineer, Debendra Nath Bhattacharya sailed to Japan and worked as an apprentice in a Japanese enamel factory. On returning to India, he started a factory in 1921, called Bengal Enamel Works Limited, with his elder brother Dwijendra Nath Bhattacharjee as the financier, and himself as the chief technician. Other enamel factories started up within a few years, but Bengal Enamel kept growing and maintained a monopolistic control of the market up until the late '80s. Just before the 2nd world war, a Jewish engineer from Germany, Adams, took up employment with Bengal Enamel and greatly improved its technology. They began supplying enamelled mugs, water bottles and dinner plates to the Indian army, and later on, to many middle eastern armies. Control of Bengal Enamel was handed over from Dwijendra Nath Bhattacharya to his son-in-law, Dr. Umapati Ganguli, who greatly expanded the company from domestic enamelware (plates, mugs, glasses, bowls, spoons, etc.) and water bottles for the army, to domestic and industrial sign boards, glass lined chemical reaction equipment and enamelled outdoor furniture. in 1962, when the Standard Vacuum Oil Company changed its name to ESSO, Bengal Enamel provided the sign boards for the entire South East Asian region. Up to 1980, Bengal Enamel controlled more than 50% of the Indian enamel market, and when it went into liquidation, in 2004, 10 years after the death of Dr. Umapati Ganguli, the entire domestic enamelware and army supplies in India collapsed. Today, the enamelware industry in India is mostly glass lined chemical equipment and enamelled tank and silo manufacture. Though there are several cottage scale enamellers near Calcutta, mostly run by former employees of Sur Enamel, one of the larger former enamel factories in India. Mahaluxmi Cotton Mill is also closed and the land is used by housing promoters. Transport Palta is on","title":"Palta, North 24 Parganas"},{"docid":"59158351","text":"Mohammedan Literary Society was a literary society of Muslims in British India. Based in Calcutta, it was established in 1863 and was succeeded by the Muslim Institute of Calcutta in 1930. History Mohammedan Literary Society was founded by Nawab Abdul Latif in 1863 in Calcutta. The society was located at Latif's residence in 16 Taltala, Kolkata. Latif was the secretary of the society while Prince Mahomed Ruheemoodin of Mysore was the president. The society had two vice-presidents, Prince Mahomed Nusseroodin Hyder of Mysore and Prince Mirza Jahan Kader Bahadur, the son-in-law of the Prince of Oudh. Notable members in the governing committee included Nawab Asman Jah Bahadur and Prince Mahomed Bakhtyar Shah. The patron of the society was the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. The society used Arabic, English, Persian, and Urdu languages. The goal of the society was the education of Muslim youth in English medium schools that would allow them to compete with their English and Hindu peers. The society held gathering annually in Kolkata Town Hall. In the meeting in 1865 was attended by over 2000 people including Christians, Hindus, Jews, and Muslims. The society was a gathering place Indian royals such as the Maharaja of Indore, Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal, the rajas of Jaipur State, Maharaja of Patiala, and the Raja of Cooch Behar State. The society campaigned for the utilization of the Mohsin Fund and drew attention of the British government to the educational needs of the Muslim community of India. It survived till 1930, at which point its name changed to Muslim Institute of Calcutta. References 1863 establishments in India 1930 disestablishments in India Organisations based in Kolkata Literary societies","title":"Mohammedan Literary Society"},{"docid":"62437867","text":"Dhrubajyoti Ghosh (1947 – 16 February 2018) was a UN Global 500 laureate, special advisor on agricultural ecosystems, part of the Commission on Ecosystem Management, and regional chair for South Asia of the IUCN. He is most credited for devoting his life for the survival of the East Kolkata Wetlands, naming it, and creating the world's only fully functioning organic sewage management system. Early life He attended the University of Calcutta in West Bengal, India, and was the first engineer of the university to graduate with a PhD in ecology. He went on to become a sanitation engineer for the West Bengal government, which brought the issues of the Kolkata Wetlands to his sites. Work Advocating nature-based solutions, Ghosh's work in the East Kolkata Wetlands showed it could be used for free-of-charge sewage work, fertile aquatic gardens and fisheries, and flood defences with minimal harm to the environment. Using his position in Ramsar, he secured the protection of the wetlands under the Ramsar Convention. This land soon became the world's only fully functional organic sewage management system, treating 750 million litres/day, using solar UV radiation to purify canals leading into the wetlands. The wetlands are now under threat by developers, which Ghosh constantly resisted during his life. His main complaint on the upkeep of this project is that there is no large scale management or municipal ownership of the system to keep quality control, and there is currently no plans to change that. His work included being chief of the Department of Environment of the Government of West Bengal, member of the board of trustees of the India World Wide Fund for Nature, fellow of the National Institute of Sciences within the Government of India, member of the management board of the Ramsar Convention, and a member of the National Wetland Committee. He died in Kolkata on February 16, 2018. Other accomplishments 2005 - Published the book Ecology and Traditional Wetland Practice: Lessons from Wastewater Utilisation in the East Calcutta Wetlands. In it he coined the term \"cognitive apartheid\", meaning the systematic exclusion of the knowledge of the poor by the elite. August 2016 - First Indian to earn the Luc Hoffmann Award, credited for his work on East Kolkata Wetland. 2017 - Published the book The Trash Diggers, exploring the lives of individuals living in a dump site on the fringes of eastern Kolkata. Recognized as an Ashoka Fellow. References 1947 births 2018 deaths People from Kolkata University of Calcutta alumni Indian environmentalists Indian ecologists Ashoka India Fellows","title":"Dhrubajyoti Ghosh"},{"docid":"36785482","text":"Metro Cinema or Metro Cinemas is a uniplex cinema hall and a heritage building located in Jawahar Lal Nehru Road (Esplanade), Kolkata, West Bengal, India. This theatre was opened by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1935. It is currently owned by a Mumbai-based firm and is undergoing a renovation to be converted into a multiplex theatre. The building is located in the posh Esplanade area of Kolkata, right at the heart of the city. It is a heritage structure and a very famous landmark of the city of Kolkata. And one of the many famous cinema halls in the Esplanade area of Central Kolkata. History This cinema hall was built by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, an American Production Company, based in Beverly Hills, United States in 1934 to promote their films in Kolkata (then Calcutta), which was among the most important cities throughout the British Empire and had a large English-speaking population of Britishers,. Famous as an elite British city, Calcutta had a large market for Hollywood films. The theatre was designed by Thomas W. Lamb, a New York-based (Scottish born) theatre architect(who also designed the Metro Cinema, Mumbai for MGM later in 1938 and many other famous theatres around the world). It was inaugurated in 1935. The first film shown in this cinema was Way Out West. The Metro was the most modern of the cinemas in Calcutta till the Lighthouse Cinema came up in the early 1940s. Right since its opening, the Metro cinema had become a favourite among the cinema goers in Calcutta, especially the European elite, consisting of Britishers, Jews and Armenians, who lived in Calcutta in sizeable numbers during the British Raj. Western movies were very popular during the early 20th century among urban elite of the city. Soon the theater became a popular landmark of the city, with shows going housefull. This theater became a significant part of the popular culture of the city of Calcutta (then often dubbed as The City of Joy) during the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s up to the 1970s. The Metro cinema was a favourite among filmgoers during the Golden Ages of the 1940s to 1970s. It was the time when Calcutta was considered the most elite city in the entire Subcontinent. The popularity of Western movies among the Europeans, presence of large number of Europeans and Americans in Calcutta, popularity of Tollywood films during that time and its presence in the posh Esplanade area, all contributed to its popularity. Post independence, the popularity of Hollywood movies decreased gradually as European population left for their homeland, and popularity of Tollywood and Bollywood movies increased since the 1960s so Bollywood and Tollywood films were screened and were very popular. The entire Esplanade area used to be the 'Entertainment Capital' of the city with a number of movie theaters and being a thriving commercial district right at the heart of the city. Business prospered until the 1990s and the early 2000s however much efforts were not put on modernisation and the early charm of the building was lost","title":"Metro Cinema (Kolkata)"},{"docid":"44103555","text":"A. Kanan / Arkut Kannabhiran (18 June 1920 – 12 September 2004), more popularly known as A. Kanan, was an Indian vocalist in the Hindustani classical tradition and one of the legendary vocalist from Kirana Gharana. He is known for the khayal form of singing to which he lent his individuality. Early life Arkut Kannabhiran was born in Madras (present-day Chennai), in 1920. As he grew up he was interested in cricket as well as singing. He began his professional career joining the railways at the age of 18. In his 20s, while in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) for a cricket match, he auditioned for the All India Radio station there. The auditioners were so impressed by his singing voice that they offered him a slot of air time. His job saw him posted at Hyderabad and here he began taking lessons in Hindustani classical music from Pandit Lahanu Babu Rao. Shortly after, he got transferred to Calcutta (now Kolkata) where he studied music with Girija Shankar Chakraborty. Subsequently, when his job required his transfer from Kolkata, he left the job and stayed on in the city. He later came in contact with the musician Amir Khan. Career Arkut Kannabhiran made his formal debut in the world of Hindustani style of classical vocal music in 1943, when he performed at the All Bengal Music Conference in Kolkata. It was during his stay at Calcutta that he earned a name for himself by his melodious voice and a very personal style of gayaki that he developed. With his enormous acclaim he came to be better known as Pandit A.T. Kanan. Today few will remember Kanan by his original name. Kanan went on to become a regular on the All India Radio and was counted among top graded artists. His khayal renditions in Raga Jog, Rageshri, Bihag and Hansadhwani were popular all across the country. The acclaimed Bengali filmmaker Ritwik Ghatak used his fast khayal \"Laagi Lagan Pati Sakhi Sang\" set in Raga Hansadhwani in his classic film Meghe Dhaka Tara. Today not many of Kanan's recordings survive. But he will be always remembered for the master performance he gave for the film. In the 1950s, along with other musicians, Kanan founded the Calcutta Music Circle. Several young students had the opportunity of learning Hindustani classical music from him and went on to make names for themselves in later lives. He was a Guru at ITC Sangeet Research Academy. Personal life He was married to Malabika Kanan, another acclaimed Hindustani vocalist of the time. Death Arkut Kannabhiran died in 2004, aged 84, at Kolkata. References Hindustani singers Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Indian classical musicians of Bengal 1920 births 2004 deaths 20th-century Khyal singers 20th-century Indian male singers 20th-century Indian singers Musicians from Kolkata Musicians from Chennai","title":"Arkut Kannabhiran"},{"docid":"15634347","text":"Sir Gooroodas Banerjee (also Gurudas Bandyopadhyay, 26 January 1844 – 2 December 1918) was an Indian judge of the Calcutta High Court. In 1890, he also became the first Indian Vice-Chancellor of University of Calcutta. Education He received his early education at the Oriental Seminary, and the Hare School at the Presidency College in Kolkata. the General Assembly's Institution (now Scottish Church College), the University of Calcutta. He obtained an M.A. with a focus on Mathematics in 1865, winning a University medal for attaining first place in his examinations, and passed the B.L. examination in 1866. in 1877, he obtained a Doctorate in Law. Career Banerjee briefly taught as an Assistant Lecturer in Mathematics, before joining the General Assembly's Institution, now known as the Scottish Church College, as a Professor of Mathematics. Banerjee began his legal practice in Berhampore, simultaneously teaching law and mathematics on a part-time basis at Berhmapore College. In 1872, he moved his legal practice to Kolkata, representing clients such as the erstwhile Nawab of Murshidabad at the Calcutta High Court. In 1878, he was appointed to the Tagore Professorship of Law, and delivered the Tagore Law Lectures in the same year, on 'The Hindu Laws of Marriage and Stridhan'. The Tagore Law Lectures were later published as a legal text on Hindu marriage laws. In 1888, Banerjee was appointed as a judge of the Calcutta High Court, retiring in 1904 from the Bench. In addition to serving as a judge, he was the first Indian to be appointed as the vice-chancellor of the University of Calcutta, serving in that capacity from 1 January 1890 to 31 December 1892. He was knighted by the British government on 22 July 1904. He was also the President of the Board of Mathematics and Sanskrit during this time. He also became one of the teachers of Bengal National College of which the great freedom fighter, Aurobindo Ghosh, was the principal. He made notable contributions to the spread of education by making sure that Narkeldanga High School got raised to secondary standard. Legacy There is a prestigious post in the Department of English of the University of Calcutta named after Sir Gooroodas Banerjee. The professor who holds this post comes to be known as Sir Gooroodas Banerjee Professor. There are two undergraduate colleges in Kolkata that commemorate his name, the Gurudas College and the Sir Gurudas Mahavidyalaya. In memoirs of him, Sir Gurudas Banerjee Halt railway station was established in sub urban railway of Kolkata. Banerjee was quite well known for his devotion to his mother who was very orthodox in her ways of life. Every day, he would bring the sacred Ganges water for her mother. She, on her deathbed, ordered her son Sir Gurudas to invite Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar to her obsequies. Vidyasagar had by this time become an object of attack by the orthodox Brahmins owing to his introduction of widow remarriage. Defying all social obstacles, Sir Gurudas invited Vidyasagar to her mother's funeral to fulfill her last","title":"Gooroodas Banerjee"},{"docid":"64527524","text":"{{Infobox person | name = Sripantha | native_name = শ্রীপান্থ | honorific suffix = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Nikhil Sarkar | birth_date = 1 May 1932 | birth_place = Gouripur, Mymensingh District, Bengal Presidency, British India (Now in Bangladesh | death_date = 17 August 2004 (aged 72) | death_place = Calcutta, West Bengal, India | other_names = Sripantha (শ্রীপান্থ) | alma_mater = University of Calcutta | nationality = Indian | occupation = Journalist, author, historian | organization = Jugantar Patrika, Ananda Bazar Patrika | years_active = | known_for = Kolkata Karchra (Notebooks of Kolkata) | notable_works = Ajob Nagori, Sripanther Kolkata, Elokeshi Mohanta Sammand' | awards = Ananda Puraskar (1978) }} Nikhil Sarkar (1 May 1932 – 17 August 2004) popularly known as Sripantha was a Bengali social historian, writer and journalist. Early life Sarkar was born at Gouripur village of Mymensingh district in 1932 in British India. After competed primary education in Mymensingh, he graduated in history from the University of Calcutta. Literary career He started his journalist career with Bengali daily Jugantar and thereafter joined in Anandabazar Patrika in the 1960s. Sarkar became associate editor of Anandabazar Patrika. He was in charge of the editorial page and Monday column named Kalkatar Karcha (Notebook of Kolkata). His numerous books were published under the pseudonym Sripantha. Sarkar worked on sub-altern history of Kolkata as well as Bengali culture. He was awarded the Ananda Puraskar in 1978. List of major works Ajob Nagari Sripanther Kolkata Jokhon Chapakhana Elo Mohanto Elokeshi Sambad Keyabat Meye Thagi Metiyaburujer Nabab Dai Bat Tala Harem and Debdashi Kolkata'' References 1932 births 2004 deaths Indian male journalists Bengali-language writers Indian columnists Bengali historians Indian newspaper editors Writers from Kolkata 20th-century Indian journalists People from Mymensingh District University of Calcutta alumni","title":"Nikhil Sarkar"},{"docid":"4159036","text":"Maniktala is a residential area of North Kolkata, in Kolkata district, West Bengal, India. Etymology The tomb of Manik Pir is located in lane near Maniktala crossing, therefore some locals suggest the neighbourhood is named after him. Others argue that Manik Pir (erst: Syed Husen Ud din shah) came from North India on early eighteenth century, while the name Maniktala can also be seen mentioned in a map as early as of 1784. Instead, they believe, the bodyguard of Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan, Manikchand Bose (erst : Manikram Bose) lived in this place as the caretaker of Calcutta (Ali Nagar) from/around 1756. Since he was very popular among the locals because of his wise and compassionate nature, the place came to be known as Maniktala. History In 1889, the suburbs of old Calcutta were grouped in four municipalities. Maniktala formed the East Suburban Municipality. In the same year, Maniktala, Ultadanga and Beliaghata became 'fringe area wards' of Kolkata Municipal Corporation. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpur, Maniktala and Garden Reach were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out. Geography Location Today's Maniktala crossing is the intersection of Vivekananda Road (Maniktala Main Road) and Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road (Upper Circular Road) — two main thoroughfares in North Kolkata. Beadon Street (Dani Ghosh Sarani/Abhedananda Road), one of the important streets of North Kolkata originates from Maniktala, ending in Nimtala Ghat. Amherst Street also starts nearby (Chaltabagan). Aurobindo Sarani crosses APC Road at Khanna crossing, Maniktala. Maniktala crossing connects Shyambazar, Kankurgachi, Rajabazar and Girish Park to Maniktala. Police district Manicktala police station is part of the Eastern Suburban division of Kolkata Police. It is located at 20, Canal West Road, Kolkata-700006. Ultadanga Women police station covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Suburban division i.e. Beliaghata, Entally, Maniktala, Narkeldanga, Ultadanga, Tangra and Phoolbagan. Landmarks The Central Blood Bank of West Bengal Government is located at the Maniktala crossing. So is one of oldest markets of Kolkata, the Maniktala Bazar, easily identified by the clock tower. Gouribari Badridas Jain Temple is also located nearby. Economy Daily markets Maniktala market, along with Hatibagan, Sealdah, Lake Market and Gariahat markets, is amongst the largest markets in Kolkata. It is owned by SC Nan and family. \"The vintage landmark of the clock tower in Maniktala helps to spot the interiors of this market well.\" Maniktala is famous for its fish market but is also popular for groceries and fresh vegetables. It is one of the best farmer's markets in Kolkata. Maniktala Market at 187, Vivekananda Road is a private market spread over 3 acres. Vegetables, fruits, betel leaf, flowers, fish, meat, egg etc.are available. Maniktala Municipal Market is located at P-187, C.I.T. Road, Kankurgachi. In Kolkata, every para (neighbourhood) has a machher bazar (fish market), but there are some big fish markets in different areas of the city: Howrah wholesale fish market, Gariahat, Sealdah and Maniktala. These markets \"are famous not","title":"Maniktala"},{"docid":"61170442","text":"Gobinda Chandra Khatick Road (formerly Hughes Road) is a famous thoroughfare in the city of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), India. The road runs past Grace Ling Liang Church, Tangra Police Station, and largely through the China Town areas of Tangra in East Kolkata and crosses Pulin Khatik Road and Christopher Road at separate intersections. Gobinda Chandra Khatik road is 2.1 kilometers in length from the Tangra Slaughterhouse to the Topsia Junction. It demarcated the Eastern Fringes of the city at a time when Chinese operated Tanneries and Leatherworks dominated the area. Nowadays, China Town is a haven of Indo Chinese Fusion food and has crafted a legacy in its own right. Initially called Hughes Road until 1985, the name was renamed to recognise the contribution of Late Gobinda Khatik. Recent Urbanization and rapid growth has rapidly changed the landscape of Tangra and traffic snarls on the once empty road are common. The road is long and narrow and caters to Bi-Directional traffic. Dhangars, a community of Untouchable sanitary workers established their colony along this road. The road falls under Ward no. 56, 59, and 66 of the KMC. Gallery See also Streets in Kolkata References Streets in Kolkata Tourist attractions in Kolkata Shopping districts and streets in India","title":"Gobinda Chandra Khatik Road"},{"docid":"70812248","text":"Chandni Chowk is a neighbourhood of North Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is famous for its old and cheap market of computer software products and hardwares, and had been listed as a notorious market in 2009 and 2010 by the USTR for selling counterfeit software, media and goods. History Chandni Chowk which is an economical hub and marketplace in North Kolkata, existed as early as 1784. A. Upjohn's map of 1784 of Calcutta describes it as \"Chandney Choke Bazar\", \"Chandney Bazaar ka rastah\", \"Chandnee Choke\" or \"Goreeamar Lane\". Kolkata Municipal Corporation records show that before 1937, that one of the lanes were called Guriama Lane in local. In February 1937, the name was officially changed to Chandney Approach. In 1938, again it was renamed aas Chandni Chowk Street. It was speculated the name was given after Delhi’s Chandni Chowk as a symbol of acknowledgement for the Mughals whose capital was at Delhi at that time. W.H. Carey speculates that the name came from the canopies or the semi-permanent roofs (chadna, in Bengali) above shops that had sprung up over the years. The market existed in 19th century. R.J. Minney's \"Round about Calcutta\" (1922) says that Chandni Chowk contained garment markets, cycle shops, camera shops, pigeon stalls for cigarettes and sherbet. Hawkers and shopkeepers with semi-permanent structures continue to occupy every square inch of the space. In 1907, KMC bought land to widen Chandney Chowk Streets, but that did not help passersby. In October 1994, Chandni Chowk came under metro corridor as the stretch from Esplanade to Chandni Chowk was authorised for construction. Market Chandni Chowk is known for it being the oldest and biggest software and hardware market in West Bengal. Multiple technology companies had their main offices and service centres in Chandni Chowk due to its cheap and nearest facilities. Transport Central Ave, which is one the main road connectors between South and North Calcutta, passes through Chandni Chowk. Also Lenin Sarani of Kolkata road passes through Chandni Chowk which connects it directly to Sealdah. Chandni Chowk metro station and Esplanade metro station are nearest metro stations of the North South metro corridor. Esplanade serves also as metro station of the East West metro corridor of Kolkata. See also Bidhan Sarani Boubazar College Street Dharmatala References Neighbourhoods in Kolkata Notorious markets High-technology business districts in India Information technology places Information technology in India Electronics districts Electronics industry in India","title":"Chandni Chowk (Kolkata)"},{"docid":"9017268","text":"There are several theories about the origin of Kolkata, erstwhile Calcutta in English, the name of the capital of the eastern Indian state of West Bengal. Ain-i- Akbari, the rent-roll of Akbar, the sixteenth-century Mughal emperor, and Manasa-mangal, the work of a Bengali poet, Bipradas Pipilai, of the late fifteenth century, both make mention of the city's early name's being Kolikata, from which Kolkata/Calcutta have been derived There is lot of discussion on how the city got its name. There are different views on the issue. The most popular and likely one is that the city got its name from its connection to the Hindu goddess Adyashakti paramba Kali with the original name's being either Kalikshetra (in Sanskrit), meaning the place of Adyashakti Kāli, or Kalikkhetrô (the Bengali pronunciation of Kalikshetra), meaning \"area of Goddess Kali\", with Kolikata being thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô. This theory is the most possible one as in the rural Bengali pronunciation the 'kh' consonant is replaced by 'k' and the 'tro' joined consonant is replaced by 'to', resulting in Kalikhetrô being Kaliketô which is very close to Kolikata. Other more or less plausible theories abound, like: The name derived from the location of the original settlement beside a khal (which means canal in English) According to a folk etymology, Britishers, when they visited the city, saw the goddess with a skull garland. This reminded them of the place Golgotha, which later became Kolkotha. According to another theory, the place was known for the manufacture of shell-lime. And the name derived from lime (kali) and burnt shell (kata). An interesting, but very possibly casually fabricated, anecdote exists on the nomenclature of Kolkata. According to it, a British merchant was travelling through the village, when he came upon a peasant stacking hay into the barn. Not knowing where he was, the merchant asked the peasant about that place. The peasant, unfortunately, did not understand English, and he guessed that the sahib must be inquiring about the date the crop was harvested. In his own language, he replied \"kāl kāʈa hoyechilo\" which in Bengali language means \"harvested yesterday\" (kal – yesterday, kāʈa – cut, harvested). The merchant was happy in the knowledge that he had learned about the name of the place, and left the place. Following English transcription, \"Kāl Kāʈa\" became \"Calcutta\" . The name may have its origin in the words khal meaning \"canal\", followed by kaṭa, which may mean \"dug\". The name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila (\"flat area\"). Another theory is that the name derives from Kalighat. According to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun and coir or kata; hence, it was called Kolikata. The area where the city is now located was originally inhabited by the people of three villages— Kalikata, Sutanuti and Gobindapur. However, the boundaries of the three villages gradually became less distinct, and before the battle of Plassey, the city could be divided into four different","title":"Etymology of Kolkata"},{"docid":"58673680","text":"The Mrs Bistow's Theatre also known as Chowringhee Theatre, was an historic theatre in Calcutta (now named Kolkata) in India, founded in 1787. It was the third theatre in the city of Calcutta. It is known as the first theatre in India to employ actresses. History The theatre was founded in 1787 by Emma Bistow, married to an English merchant. It was situated in Bistow's residence at the junction at Chowringhee and Theatre Road. Formally named Chowringhee Theatre, it was normally referred to as Mrs Bistow's Theatre after its founder and managing director. Bistow as considered a competent manager and also as a good actress on her own stage, particularly noted within \"comedy and humorous singing\". The Mrs Bistow's Theatre was the third theater in Calcutta after the Calcutta Theatre and its predecessor, and became one of the two leading stages of Calcutta and a prominent rival stage to Calcutta Theatre. It was the first theatre in India to employ women on stage, which caused its rival stage Calcutta Theatre to employ actresses. In 1789, Emma Bristow introduced actresses brought from England. The theater was closed in 1790 when Emma bristow returned to England. The foundation of this theatre was followed by the foundation of a number of more temporary theatres such as the theatres of Chandernagore (1808), The Athenaeum Lower (1812), Kidderpore (1815) and Dum Dum (1817), but it was not truly replaced as a prominent theatre until the foundation of the second theatre known as the Chowringhee Theatre, also known as the \"Private Subscription Theatre\" on Chowringhee Road (1813–1839). References Sources P. Guha-Thakurta, Bengali Drama: Its Origin and Development Poonam Trivedi, Dennis Bartholomeusz, India's Shakespeare: Translation, Interpretation, and Performance Former theatres Theatres in Kolkata 1787 in India 18th century in Kolkata","title":"Mrs Bistow's Theatre"},{"docid":"17719095","text":"Sri Anirvan (8 July 1896 – 31 May 1978), born Narendra Chandra Dhar, was an Indian Hindu monk, writer and philosopher. Widely known as a scholar, his principal works were a Bengali translation of Sri Aurobindo's The Life Divine and the three-volume treatise Veda Mimamsa. Early life and sannyas Sri Anirvan was born on 8 July 1896 in the town of Mymensingh, then a part of British India and now in Bangladesh. His birth name was Narendrachandra Dhar. He was the son of Rajchandra Dhar, a doctor, and Sushila Devi. He was a spiritually and intellectually inclined child, who by age 11 had memorised the Astadhyayi of Pāṇini and the Bhagavad Gita. He was named Baroda Brahmachari after going through the sacred thread ceremony. He also won a state scholarship as a teen and completed university IA and BA degrees at the University of Dhaka and an MA from the Sanskrit College of the University of Calcutta. At 16, he joined the Assam Bangiya Saraswata Math (the ashram), located in the village of Kokilamukh near Jorhat in Assam. He was a disciple of the ashram's founder, Paramahansa Srimat Swami Nigamananda Saraswati Dev, who initiated him into sannyas. Anirvan's new monastic name was Nirvanananda Saraswati. He taught at the ashram school and edited its monthly magazine Aryyadarpan. Scholar and writer Some time after 1930, Nirvanananda changed his name to Anirvan and ceased to wear the ochre swami's robes. He travelled widely in North India, eventually returning to Assam and establishing an ashram in Kamakhya near Guwahati. However, he continued to travel. In the 1940s, he lived in Lohaghat and Almora. Madame Lizelle Reymond documented some of this period in My Life with a Brahmin Family (1958) and To Live Within (1971). During this time, Sri Anirvan translated Sri Aurobindo's The Life Divine into Bengali (as Divya Jeevan Prasanga); this book, his first, was published in two volumes between 1948 and 1951. In 1953, Sri Anirvan moved to Shillong in Assam. His reputation as a Vedic scholar grew; and he wrote both in Bengali (chiefly) and in English (he was also fluent in French) on various aspects of Hindu philosophy (particularly Samkhya, the Upanishads, the Gita and Vedanta) and the parallels between Rigvedic, Puranic, Tantric and Buddhist thought. His magnum opus, Veda Mimamsa, was published in three volumes in 1961, 1965 and 1970. This work won him the Rabindra award. Though Sri Anirvan was a saint, he studied subjects such as Marxism and gardening; yet he called himself a simple baul . Sri Anirvan made his final move, to Calcutta, in 1965. He died on 31 May 1978, after a six-year illness. Works Aditi (Bengali: অন্তর্যোগ). Kolkata: Sri Gautam Dharmapal, Haimavati Prakashani Trust. Anirvan Aloya Patanjala Yoga-Prasanga; Edited & Translated by Sudipta Munsi; Calcutta: Prachi Publications. (Bengali). Published 2006. Antaryoga (Bengali: অন্তর্যোগ). Kolkata: Haimavati Prakashani Trust, 1997 (Bengali year 1404), 3rd edition. Aranyak (Bengali: অারণ্যক). Writings as Editor of Nagamananda Ashram magazine. Halishar: Assam Bangyiya Saraswat Math. Bichitra (Bengali: বিচিত্রা). Kolkata: Smt","title":"Anirvan"},{"docid":"54808083","text":"Nizam Palace is a tier A heritage building on AJC Bose Road in Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta), the capital ofIndian state of West Bengal. It was constructed in 1933. Mir Osman Ali Khan, the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad, acquired it as his Kolkata residence from a businessman of Armenian descent, Johannes Carapie, also known as J. C. Galstaun (1859–1947). Its former guests included King Edward VIII. The palace was used as a hospital during World War I. History Galstaun constructed this mansion as a labor of love for his wife and named it Galstaun Park. Later in 1933 it was sold to the Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan. The Nizam initially named it Saba Palace. Its name was later changed to Nizam Palace. References Further reading Nizam Palace and the Legend of J.C. Galstaun Galstaun Park Buildings and structures in Kolkata Palaces of Nizams of Hyderabad","title":"Nizam Palace (Kolkata)"},{"docid":"9231958","text":"Sanjib Chattopadhyay (; born 24 October 1936 in Kolkata, India) is an Indian Bengali novelist and writer of short stories. His style is characterized by use of short satirical sentences mixed with very lively language. Childhood and education Sanjib Chattopadhyay spent his childhood in the hilly terrain of Chota Nagpur PlateauBlurb of Dashti Kishore Upanyas, collection of novels by Sanjib Chattopadhyay, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, 2012 under the care of his father after his mother died when he was five. They relocated to Calcutta and he was admitted to Victoria Institution school which he joined at grade seven. He later graduated from the Scottish Church College where he studied chemistry. Work The subjects of his fiction are mostly families living in Calcutta city. Within the confines of these homes, he challenges the moral values of the fast-changing middle class of the city. Chattopadhyay frequently uses old men as his protagonists. These aged characters create the spiritual and philosophical edge found in his novels Lotakambal (The Vessel and Quilt) and Shakha Prasakha (Branches). Arguably the most famous of his creations is Lotakambal. His most famous novella Swet Patharer Table (The Ivory Table) is an example of his characteristic style of story-telling which mixes tension, dilemma, curiosity, pity, humor, and satire. He has written fiction for children and continues to write for magazines and newspapers. Chattopdhyay's current writing is related to Ramkrishna Paramhansa Sarada Devi and Swami Vivekananda. Some of his major works apart from the above-mentioned are: Parampadokamale (At His Divine Feet) Cancer Duti Chair (Two Chairs) Roshe Boshe Rakish Maa Roshe Boshe Besh Achhi Roshe Boshe Tumi Aar Aami (You And I) Eke Eke (One By One) Kolkata Achhe Kolkatatei (Calcutta Is In Calcutta) Sheuli - A novel about a family consisting of grandfather, grandmother, father, mother and their son and daughter with many aspirations nestled inside satire. Mapa Hashi Chapa Kanna (a book on satire) Halka Hashi Chokher Jol (a book on satire) [Light Smile Tears] Ujan Beye Jai Mojar Foara Bhagabaner Kaane Dilen Bhagabaner Naam by Dey's Publishing Nirbane Anirban Buddha Bhagaban by Dey's Publishing BHOR HOLO by Patra Bharati Ka Tobo Kanta by Dey's Publishing Porokiya by Patra Bharati BRAMHADATYIR BACCHA by Patra Bharati Apart from these, his notable juvenile literature includes the Ruku-Suku and Badomama-Mejomama series (recompiled & published as Mama Samagra by KGB Prakashani) which are fun-filled and analyse various philosophical aspects of life through the eyes of children. Awards Chattopadhyay is the recipient of the Ananda Puraskar in 1981. He received the Banga Bibhushan award from the Govt. of West Bengal in May, 2012. He received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2018 for his novel Sri Krishner Sesh Kota Din at an age of 82 years. References Bengali writers Bengali-language writers Bengali male poets Bengali-language poets Indian children's writers Indian male novelists Scottish Church College alumni University of Calcutta alumni 1936 births Living people 20th-century Indian novelists Poets from West Bengal 20th-century Indian poets Indian male poets Novelists from West Bengal 20th-century Indian male","title":"Sanjib Chattopadhyay"},{"docid":"9027327","text":"Sir Rajendra Nath Mookerjee Viswakarma of Bengal (or Rajen Mookerjee; 23 June 1854 – 15 May 1936) was a pioneering Bengali Indian industrialist. Early life Rajendra Nath Mookerjee was raised by his mother after his father died when he was six. He studied engineering for three years at present day Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur then located at Presidency College, Calcutta. He started as a contractor and later earned fame as an engineer and businessman. Achievements Along with Sir Thomas Acquin Martin, he founded Martin & Co. and contributed to the success of Bengal Iron at Kulti. Undertaken Burn & Company , and Jessop after his company's huge success. Later he joined G.H.Fairhurst in founding the iron works of The Indian Iron and Steel Company at Burnpur. Present Day's Garden Reach Ship Builders and Hooghly Dock are also his contributions. Among his achievements were the construction of Palta water works and the Victoria Memorial and Howrah Bridge(Old) at Kolkata, Later His Company developed the Bridge in 1945 to a Cantilever Bridge which is now called as Rabindra Setu. He pioneered the laying down and operations of Martin's Light Railways. He visited England for the first time in 1901 and later several times more in connection with his business. Beside Business he Also Founded Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) with inspiration of Prasanta Chandra Mohalanobis Honours and awards In 1908, Mookerjee was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE). In 1911, he became sheriff of Kolkata. Also in 1911, he was knighted with the KCIE. In 1922, Mookerjee was further honoured with the dignity of a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO). In 1931, the University of Calcutta honoured him with an honorary D.Sc. (Engineering). He presided over the 8th session of Indian Science Congress held at Kolkata in 1921. Personal life Mookerjee was married when he was still in his early teens to eleven-year-old Jadumati Devi, a girl of his own caste and similar background, in a match arranged by their families. They had three sons: Jitendra Nath Mookerjee was his eldest son Sir Biren Mookerjee, the second son Mahendra Nath Mookerjee was his youngest son His grandsons, Ramen Mookerjee and Robin Mookerjee, took over the reins of Martin Burn & Co. after the death of his sons. Monuments A main thoroughfare in Kolkata is named after him as Rajendra Nath Mukherjee Road abbreviated as R. N. Mukherjee Road, earlier known as Mission Row. A statue of Sir R.N. Mukherjee was situated in Victoria Memorial premises. References External links 1854 births 1936 deaths Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order Presidency University, Kolkata alumni University of Calcutta alumni People from North 24 Parganas district Businesspeople in steel 20th-century Indian engineers Businesspeople in construction Indian people in rail transport Indian industrialists Presidents of The Asiatic Society 19th-century Indian engineers Businesspeople from Kolkata 19th-century Indian businesspeople 20th-century Indian businesspeople Rajendra Sheriffs of Kolkata Indian Knights","title":"Rajendra Nath Mookerjee"},{"docid":"42922600","text":"The Calcutta Chord link line, also known as the C.C. link line, is a long branch line of the Kolkata Suburban Railway which comes under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway's Sealdah Division & Howrah Division. The line directly connects the Sealdah railway station (erstwhile Calcutta railway station) on the east bank of the Hooghly River with the Howrah–Bardhaman chord line at the Dankuni Junction on the west bank of the Hooghly River via the Vivekananda Setu. The Andul Calcutta Chord link branch line (known as the A.C.C.L. branch line) is a long branch line from Dankuni Junction which connects C.C. link line with the Santragachi–Amta branch line and Andul on the Howrah–Kharagpur line. Services The C.C link line serves as a vital link for the city of Kolkata to the rest of the country providing a shorter route through the Howrah–Bardhaman chord line rather than the longer route through the Howrah-Bardhaman main line via the Naihati–Bandel branch line. The line is used by major long distance express services such as the Sealdah Rajdhani Express, Darjeeling Mail, Padatik Express, and Ananya Express amongst many others, originating from the Sealdah and Kolkata railway stations, to the rest of India. The line is also a part of the Kolkata Suburban Railway and is served by 46 Daily and 40 Sunday EMU services running between Sealdah and Dankuni and 2 EMU services between Sealdah and Baruipara. These suburban services are provided by 9-car EMU rakes from the Narkeldanga EMU Carshed. The line also acts as an important link for freight commodities coming in and out of the Kolkata Port connecting it with the rest of the country. The A.C.C.L branch line was primarily built and used for diverting freight trains of the South Eastern Railway from the Howrah–Kharagpur line towards Chitpur and Kolkata docks. With increasing public demand, some long-distance passenger trains were started in this section directly from Sealdah to connect to the Howrah–Kharagpur line, like the Sealdah–Puri Duronto Express. More recently the line has been used by many long distance passenger trains such as the Kaziranga Express, Aronai Express and others from the Howrah–Kharagpur line to completely bypass the congested sections near Howrah while using Dankuni or Bhattanagar stations as commercial stoppages instead. History The Howrah-Bardhaman Chord, a shorter link to Bardhaman from Howrah than the Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line, was constructed in 1917. In 1932, the Calcutta Chord Link Line was built over the Willingdon Bridge (now known as Vivekananda Setu) joining Dum Dum with Dankuni and opened for freight traffic, thus forming a direct link from Calcutta (now known as Sealdah railway station) to Dankuni on the Howrah-Bardhaman Chord, thus earning the line its name. By 1950–51, Santragachi was heavily congested causing delays in arrival for trains bound to Howrah. Two major reasons identified for the congestion were its railway yard outstripping its capacity and passing of freight trains of the South Eastern Railway from Kharagpur towards Chitpur and Kolkata docks taking the circuitous route via Tikiapara, Liluah, Belanagar and then","title":"Calcutta Chord link line"},{"docid":"16929458","text":"The East Bengal Mail was one of three trains operated between India and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The rail link was suspended at the outbreak of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Overview Prior to 1965, when armed conflict broke out between India and Pakistan, rail links existed between India and East Pakistan. Three trains ran between the two countries carrying goods and passengers: (1) East Bengal Express between Sealdah and Goalundo Ghat via Gede–Darshana, (2) East Bengal Mail between Sealdah and Parbatipur Junction via Gede–Darshana, and (3) Barisal Express between Sealdah and Khulna via Petrapole–Benapole. History From 1878, the railway route from Kolkata, then called Calcutta, to Siliguri was in two legs through the eastern part of Bengal. The first leg was a 185 km journey along the Eastern Bengal State Railway from Calcutta Station (later renamed Sealdah) to Damookdeah Ghat on the southern bank of the Padma River, then across the river in a ferry and the second leg of the journey. A 336 km metre-gauge line of the North Bengal Railway linked Saraghat on the northern bank of the Padma to Siliguri. The 1.8 km long Hardinge Bridge across the Padma opened for trains in 1915. Presently, it is between the Paksey and Bheramara stations on the broad-gauge line between Khulna and Parbatipur in Bangladesh. In 1926 the metre-gauge section north of the bridge was converted to broad gauge, and so the entire Calcutta – Siliguri route became broad-gauge. In the pre-independence days, two legendary mail trains used the Sealdah–Parbatipur line. The Darjeeling Mail linked Kolkata, then known as Calcutta, and Siliguri. The Assam Mail originally ran from Sealdah to Santahar by broad gauge, and onwards by metre gauge from Santahar to Guwahati (then spelt Gauhati). Branch lines Not only was the mainline an important one but a cursory glance at the route map shows important links. The Maitree Express uses a part of the route from Iswardi. Abdulpur is an important junction with links to Rajshahi and the India–Bangladesh border at Rahanpur-Singhabad. In olden days, it was the route for travel between Malda and Kolkata. Santahar is another important junction, with a metre-gauge connection to many places in the northern part of Bangladesh. In pre-independence days, there was a metre-gauge line: Katihar–Radhikapur–Biral–Parbatipur–Tista–Geetaldaha–Golakganj–Fakiragram. References Named passenger trains of India Named passenger trains of Bangladesh International named passenger trains Defunct trains in India History of rail transport in West Bengal Railway services discontinued in 1965 Transport in Kolkata","title":"East Bengal Mail"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"4388523\",\n \"text\": \"The Tipu Sultan Shahi Mosque (also known as Tipu Sultan Masjid) is a famous mosque in Kolkata, India named after Tipu Sultan the ruler of Mysore. Located at 185 Dharamtalla Street, the mosque is a relic of architectural and cultural heritage. Construction This building was built in 1842 by Prince Ghulam Mohammed, the youngest son of Tipu Sultan. An identical mosque, which was earlier built in 1835 by him is at Tollygunge. The Ghulam Mohammed Wakf Estate manages the two mosques now. At first, Ghulam Mohammed used his own money to purchase a land in the central area of Calcutta and Built this mosque in 1842, in memory of his father Tipu Sultan. A news was also published on the occasion of the purchase. This mosque is a relic of the architectural and cultural heritage of Kolkata. In early 80's Tipu Sultan Masjid was damaged due to constructions works of Kolkata Metro Railway in the Esplanade area. The move was regarded as a highly communal stand of the state govt. Nonetheless, after that, fearing backlash, a committee was formed to repair the mosque. Afterwards, the Mosque was restored with the joint effort of Tipu Sultan Shahi Masjid Protection & Welfare Committee and the Metro Railway. Background Tipu Sultan (20 November 1750 – 4 May 1799) was the ruler of Mysore and well known as a scholar and poet. Tipu Sultan Mosque was built here in Calcutta (now Kolkata) by his 11th son Prince Gholam Mohammed. He was the ruler of Mysore but why his youngest son built this mosque in memory of his father, far away from Mysore here in Calcutta. There is a history behind this. Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the South Indian Deccani Kingdom of Mysore, was engaged in a series of wars with the British East India Company, which had sought trade favours from Tipu at first, and later tried to annex his kingdom by military force. After the last war, with Tipu's death on the battlefield and six years after Tipu's death, the entire family was exiled to Calcutta by the British Government. During that period the capital of Mysore Srirangapatnam was captured by British Army. Son of Tipu Sultan, Gholam Mohammed was a child when arrived in Calcutta. He was a man of varied qualities. He was also involved in many public works and associated with a committee formed for maintenance of roadways and buildings. Restoration efforts The Tipu Sultan Shahi Masjid Protection & Welfare Committee was founded in the late 1980s by Seraj Mubarki, Mohammad Sharfuddin, to inform people about the damage caused to the mosque by the Metro railway. This committee is headed by Sami Mubarki as its chairman. The committee was established to negotiate with the Kolkata Metro authorities to repair the damage caused by the construction underneath the building. The authorities agreed to demolish the damaged part of the mosque and rebuild it. Community relations The Tipu Sultan Shahi Masjid Protection & Welfare Committee, under the guidance of Janab Sami\",\n \"title\": \"Tipu Sultan Mosque\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4464731\",\n \"text\": \"The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC) is the Kolkata-based flagship company of the RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group, born from the erstwhile RPG Group, under the chairmanship of businessman Sanjiv Goenka. It is an Indian electricity generation and the sole distribution company serving of area administered by the Kolkata municipal corporation, in the city of Kolkata, as well as parts of Howrah, Hooghly, 24 Parganas (North) and 24 Parganas (South) districts in the state of West Bengal. It also serves power distribution in Kota, Bikaner and Bharatpur in Rajasthan under the name CESC RAJASTHAN. It serves 3.0 million consumers approximately, which includes domestic, industrial and commercial users. History The first demonstration of electric light in Calcutta was conducted on 24 July 1879 by P W Fleury & Co. In 1881, 36 electric lights lit up a Cotton Mill of Mackinnon & Mackenzie. The Government of Bengal passed the Calcutta Electric Lighting Act in 1895. The first license covered an area of . On 7 January 1897 Kilburn & Co. secured the Calcutta electric lighting license as agents of The Indian Electric Company Limited. The company soon changed its name to the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Limited and in 1897, The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Limited was registered in London. On 17 April 1899, the first thermal power plant of The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Limited was commissioned at Emambagh Lane near Prinsep Ghat, heralding the beginning of thermal power generation in India. The Calcutta Tramways Company switched to electricity from horse-drawn carriages in 1902. Three new power generating stations were started by 1906. In 1931, CESC Tunnel was made under Hooghly River for electric power transmission from Kolkata to Howrah. The company was shifted to the Victoria House in Dharmatala, Kolkata in 1933, and still operates from this address. In 1970, the control of the Company was transferred from London to Calcutta. In 1978 it was named \\\"The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (India) Ltd.\\\" The RPG Group was associated with The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (India) Limited from 1989, and the name was changed from The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (India) Limited to CESC Limited. In 2011, CESC became a part of the RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group, which was formed on 13 July 2011 by Sanjiv Goenka, the youngest son of Dr RP Goenka, the late founder of RPG Enterprises. Operations Load-shedding (interruption of power supply due to shortage of electricity) was common in Kolkata during the 1970s and 1980s. But from 1990s, the situation had improved and the Calcutta power grid has progressively given better performance and fewer outages. CESC owns and operates 4 thermal power plants generating a total of 1,225 MW of power. It also operates two 20 MW gas turbine units as a Peak Load Power Plant to compensate the need for additional power demand during the peak hours. The company has also established its footprint in unconventional energy with a 9 MW solar project in Gujarat and a 50 MW wind project in Rajasthan. It is also developing\",\n \"title\": \"CESC Limited\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1089964\",\n \"text\": \"The Asiatic Society is a Government of India organisation founded during the Company rule in India to enhance and further the cause of \\\"Oriental research\\\" (in this case, research into India and the surrounding regions). It was founded by the philologist William Jones on 15 January 1784 in a meeting presided over by Justice Robert Chambers in Calcutta, the then-capital of the Presidency of Fort William. At the time of its foundation, this Society was named as \\\"Asiatick Society\\\". In 1825, the society was renamed as \\\"The Asiatic Society\\\". In 1832 the name was changed to \\\"The Asiatic Society of Bengal\\\" and again in 1936 it was renamed as \\\"The Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal\\\". Finally, on 1 July 1951, the name of the society was changed to its present one. The Society is housed in a building at Park Street in Kolkata (Calcutta). The Society moved into this building during 1808. In 1823, the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta was formed and all the meetings of this society were held in the Asiatic Society. History In January 1784, Sir William Jones sent out a circular-letter to a selected number of British residents of Calcutta with a view to establish a society for the Asiatic studies. At his invitation, 30 British residents met in the Grand Jury Room of the Supreme Court (in Calcutta's Fort William) on 15 January 1784. The meeting was presided over by Sir Robert Chambers. At this meeting, Jones explained the aims of the Society he would establish. The Memorandum of Articles of the Asiatic Society, prepared by Jones said:Chakrabarty, R. (2008). The Asiatic Society:1784-2008, An Overview in Time Past and Time Present: Two Hundred and Twenty-five Years of the Asiatic Society''' Kolkata: The Asiatic Society, pp.2-24 The bounds of investigations will be the geographical limits of Asia, and within these limits its enquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by man or produced by nature.Notable early members were Charles Wilkins and Alexander Hamilton (the cousin of the American statesman). Initially, the Grand Jury Room of the Supreme Court was used for the meetings of the members, who had to pay a quarterly fee of two mohurs. The members were elected through ballot-voting. On 29 September 1796, the Society decided to have its own building. J.H. Harrington, then vice-president, selected the corner of Park Street and Chowringhee Road (present location) for the Society's house. The site was granted to the Society on 15 May 1805. The original plan for the new building was prepared by Captain Thomas Preston. The French architect Jean-Jacques Pichou made certain modifications to it and constructed a two-storeyed building at the site. This 15,071 ft² building was built at a cost of Rs. 30,000. The first quarterly meeting of the Society for 1808 was held at its new building on 3 February 1808. From 1784 to 1828, only Europeans were elected members of the Society. In 1829, at the initiative of H.H. Wilson, a number of Indians were elected\",\n \"title\": \"The Asiatic Society\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62862929\",\n \"text\": \"The Department of Urban Development & Municipal Affairs is a West Bengal government department. It is an interior ministry mainly responsible for the administration of the urban development and municipal affairs in West Bengal. List of Municipal Corporation Kolkata Municipal Corporation Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Howrah Municipal Corporation Chandannagar Municipal Corporation Durgapur Municipal Corporation Asansol Municipal Corporation Siliguri Municipal Corporation List of Development Authority Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority Newtown - Kolkata Development Authority Gangasagar - Bakkhali Development Authority Tarkeswar Development Authority Furfura Sharif Development Authority Burdwan Development Authority Asansol - Durgapur Development Authority Mukutmanipur Development Authority Haldia Development Authority Midnapore - Kharagpur Development Authority Digha - Sankarpur Development Authority Birsingha Development Authority Mohabani Development Authority Sriniketan - Santiniketan Development Authority Tarapith - Rampurhat Development Authority Bakreswar Development Authority Patharchapuri Development Authority Siliguri - Jalpaiguri Development Authority Gazoldoba Development Authority Changrabandha Development Authority Jaigaon Development Authority History The urban governance through the ‘Urban Local Bodies' (ULBs) i.e. Municipal Corporations, Municipalities and Notified Area Authorities , in the state of West Bengal dates back to British regime in 18th.century. The first municipal mechanism created during British rule was the Municipal Corporation, set up in the former presidency town of Madras (today Chennai) in 1688 with a view to transfer the financial responsibility of local administration to the newly created corporation. The Mayor's Courts were established in each of the three Presidency towns, Madras, Bombay and Calcutta through the Royal Charter of 1720. In 1882, the then Victory of India, Lord Ripon's resolution of local self-government laid the democratic forms of municipal governance in India. The current form and the structure of municipal bodies are based on Lord Ripon's Resolutions, which was adopted in 1882 as local self-government. The Government of India Act, 1919 incorporated the need for conferment of power to a democratically elected government. This act has another development towards the evolution of urban local bodies in India. In 1935, another Government of India Act brought the local government under the purview of the state of the provincial government and specific powers were given, to those local self-governments. As a matter of fact, Kolkata Municipal Corporation or “KMC” (earlier known as Calcutta Municipal Corporation) is one of the oldest municipal bodies of the country. In 1726, a Mayor's court was established by a Royal Charter. With the expansion of British Government by making Calcutta as a capital of British India in 1773, the municipal services grow up. In 1847 the electoral system was introduced for the first time and the idea of Calcutta Corporation begins to start. In 1876 a new Corporation was created with 72 Commissioners. In 1923, Corporation stands its existence by important changes by Rashtraguru Surendranath Bannerjee, the 1st minister for local self government. The Calcutta Corporation act, 1980 changed the existing system of the corporation. This alteration was more effective and more systematic so far municipal service is concerned, which came into force in 1984. References Government departments of West Bengal West Bengal\",\n \"title\": \"Department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1970747\",\n \"text\": \"Tangra is a region in East Kolkata that traditionally housed many tanneries owned by people of Hakka Chinese origin. Overview \\\"47 South Tangra Road\\\", may be the most confusing postal address, as it used to cover the whole of Chinatown Tangra with over 350 tanneries. Most of the standing structures have been built, over many years, by the industrious Hakka Chinese, upon marshy and reclaimed low-lying land. Over the past several decades, it has served as the location of Calcutta's Chinatown. This is not a coincidence; the Hakka Chinese of Calcutta have gradually turned this part of the Kolkata into an important destination for sourcing finished and semi-finished leather. The Hakka Chinese specialized in the manufacture of leather and turned it into one of the major industries of West Bengal, providing employment to tens of thousands of local inhabitants. In addition to the huge volume of exports to the developing and developed countries, finished leather is supplied to the major shoe and leather goods manufacturers all over the country. Many made-to-order shoe shops in Kolkata are also run by entrepreneurs from this community. Amidst the Chinese establishments and restaurants, there is a very old and auspicious 'Kali Mondir'. The temple is situated near Kim Fa restaurant and Relax Foreign Liquor Shop. This temple is visited by both Chinese and Hindu devotees. One needs to be there to experience the spectacle of two cultures harmoniously doing business generation after generation. Food from Tangra is a distinct variety of traditional Hakka Chinese cuisine adapted to Indian ingredients and the Bengali palate. This has spread to the rest of India, along with the recipes earlier unique to Tangra. Tangra is now the most popular destination for Chinese food. Chinese food sold in Tangra restaurants are now known all over the world as \\\"Hakka Style\\\" Chinese food. Kolkata Chinatown is changing rapidly. The population is no longer renewed by waves of migration and many traditional professions such as dentistry, laundry and tannery are no longer the preserve of the Chinese. The West Bengal government, under direction from the Supreme Court, recently moved all tanneries to Bantala, a suburb in the east of Kolkata. However, Tangra has been an integral part of the culture of the Chinese community in India. The success of \\\"Hakka style\\\" Chinese food in the rest of India encouraged a migration of many Chinese families to other cities as the economic fortunes of Tangra decayed. Many landmark Chinese eateries, including Nanking, Waldorf, Peiping and Fat Mama have closed or changed hands and fortunes. The once prosperous Calcutta Chinese community is now clearly in decline. However, a boom in Tangra's unique Indian-Chinese food is attracting a lot of attention these days and the cuisine will probably live on in Kolkata and in the global Indian Diaspora. The Cha Project, is designed to preserve Tiretti Bazaar and develop Tangra. History The East India Company obtained from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar, in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of\",\n \"title\": \"Tangra, Kolkata\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56600913\",\n \"text\": \"The Bengal Hurkaru and Chronicle (often abbreviated Bengal Hurkaru) was an English-language newspaper published in Calcutta, British India, from 1795 to 1866. The paper was originally named The Bengal Hurkaru, but after its absorption of another Calcuttan paper, The Bengal Chronicle, in 1827, the named was changed. The paper's name uses the Bengali word hurkaru, which derives from the Persian harkara (messenger). The newspaper started out as a weekly, but became a daily on 29 April 1819. Most of the circulation was among the British military, merchants, and civil workforce, but a few subscribers came from the Bengali community as well. The paper absorbed Scotsman in the East in 1825, The Bengal Chronicle in 1827, and, finally, The India Gazette in 1834. See also Early phase of printing in Calcutta References External links Bengal Hukaru editions from 1805 to 1834 digitized by the Library of Congress Defunct newspapers published in India Publications established in 1795 Publications disestablished in 1866 Defunct daily newspapers English-language newspapers published in India Culture of Kolkata 18th century in Kolkata\",\n \"title\": \"The Bengal Hurkaru and Chronicle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5563288\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (18 April 1809 – 26 December 1831) was an Indian poet and assistant headmaster of Hindu College, Kolkata. He was a radical thinker of his time and one of the first Indian educators to disseminate Western learning and science among the young men of Bengal. Long after his early death, his legacy lived on among his former students, who came to be known as Young Bengals and many of whom became prominent in social reform, law, and journalism. Biography Early life Henry Louis Vivian Derozio was born on 18 April 1809 at Entally-Padmapukur in Kolkata. His parents were Francis Derozio, a Christian Indo-Portuguese office worker, and Sophia Johnson Derozio, an Englishwoman. His original family name was \\\"do Rozário\\\". Derozio attended David Drummond Dharmatala Academy school from age 6 to 14. He later praised his early schooling for its liberal approach to education, particularly its unusual choice to teach Indian, Eurasian and European children from different social classes together as peers. Derozio's later religious skepticism is sometimes attributed to David Drummond, who was known as a freethinker. Derozio was a successful student: notices in the India Gazette and the Calcutta Journal at the time mentioned Derozio's academic excellence (including several academic prizes) and successful performances in student plays. While a student, he read the poetry of his contemporaries, John Keats, Percy Shelley, and Lord Byron. At age 14, Derozio left school to work. He initially joined his father's office in Kolkata, then shifted to his uncle's indigo factory in Bhagalpur. Inspired by the scenic beauty of the banks of the River Ganges, he started writing poetry, which he submitted to the India Gazette. His poetic career began to flourish, with poems published in multiple newspapers and periodicals, in 1825. In 1827, when Derozio was 18, the editor John Grant took notice of his poetry, offering to publish a book of his work and inviting him to return to Kolkata. He soon became an assistant editor for Grant, as well as publishing in several other periodicals, and founding his own newspaper, the Calcutta Gazette. Hindu College and Young Bengal In May 1826, at age 17, he was appointed teacher in English literature and history at the new Hindu College. Derozio's intense zeal for teaching and his interactions with students created a sensation at Hindu College. He organized debates where ideas and social norms were freely debated. In 1828, he motivated students to form a literary and debating club called the Academic Association. This was a time when Hindu society in Bengal was undergoing considerable turmoil. In 1828, Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj, which kept Hindu ideals but denied idolatry. This resulted in a backlash within orthodox Hindu society. Derozio helped discuss the ideas for social change already in the air. Despite his youth, he was considered a great scholar and a thinker. Within a short period, he drew around him a group of intelligent boys in college. He constantly encouraged them to think freely, to\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Louis Vivian Derozio\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38129665\",\n \"text\": \"Salik Lucknawi (16 December 1913 – 4 January 2013) was the nom de plume of Shaukat Riaz Kapoor, an Indian Urdu poet and journalist. He was a recipient of the civilian honour of the Padma Shri. Early life Salik Lucknawi was born on 16 December 1913 in Lucknow. His father Tulsi Ram Kapoor converted to Islam and changed his name to Tareq Riaz Kapoor, four years before his birth. Lucknawi received a BA from St. Xavier's College, Kolkata and a BCom from City College, Kolkata and studied Persian at Lucknow University. In 1938, he was one of the founder members of the Progressive Writers Movement in West Bengal. His first collection of stories, Azra Aur Deegar Afsane came out in 1941. He was drawn to the vortex of the Quit India Movement in 1942 and spent 13 months in jail. In 1956 he started Abshaar and he was its chief editor till his death. Lucknawi also headed the Calcutta Muslim Orphanage for children and women. He founded the CMO High School and steered the Anjuman Taraqqui-e-Urdu. He served Kolkata Municipal Corporation as Alderman (1985-1990). Poetry Mere thakaan ko kyon maut kehte ho yaaron / Ek zara angrai li, kasmasai, aur so gaye. (Friends, why do you call my fatigue death / I tossed, turned and fell asleep). Published collection of Urdu poetry Azra Aur Deegar Afsane Be-Sar-O-Pa (Preposterous) References 1913 births 2013 deaths Urdu-language poets from India Writers from Lucknow City College, Kolkata alumni University of Calcutta alumni University of Lucknow alumni 20th-century Indian poets Indian male poets Poets from Uttar Pradesh Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education 20th-century Indian male writers Writers from Kolkata\",\n \"title\": \"Salik Lucknawi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39869148\",\n \"text\": \"The Kolkata Mail (via Chheoki) also known as Imperial Indian Mail during the pre-independence era, is a daily train running between two metro cities Kolkata, (Howrah station) in West Bengal and Mumbai, (Mumbai CSMT) in Maharashtra. Numbered 12321/22, the train belongs to the Mail category and is operated by Eastern Railways. Route This train travels through Barddhaman Junction, Asansol Junction, Dhanbad Junction, Gomoh Junction, Gaya Junction, Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction, Prayagraj Chheoki Junction, Katni Junction, Gadarwara, Itarsi Junction, Bhusaval Junction, Manmad Junction, and Kalyan Junction, to reach Mumbai CSMT, and vice versa. Traction A Howrah-based WAP-7 hauls the train end-to-end from Howrah to Mumbai CSMT and vice versa, via Gaya. Before 6 June 2015, this train was hauled by a Kalyan-based WCAM-3 locomotive from Mumbai CSMT to Igatpuri. History Kolkata Mail as it is known now is one of the oldest train of Indian Railways with service of 150 years. This train was started by the British Indian Government on 1 June 1867 and was operated by the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. At that time this train was known as the Imperial Indian Mail and use to carry British officers, civil servants, diplomats and their family members from the then Bombay to Calcutta. At that time it was one of the most luxurious train of British India and the world. Later on after independence the name was changed to Bombay Mail, which then subsequently changed to Mumbai Mail after rechristening Bombay to Mumbai. Being a very popular train, Indian Railways has to start another train by the same name but via Nagpur. Later on to avoid confusion, Indian Railways changed its name to Kolkata Mail. See also Dedicated Intercity trains of India External links Timetable Named passenger trains of India Rail transport in West Bengal Mail trains in India\",\n \"title\": \"Kolkata Mail\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"908031\",\n \"text\": \"Fort William is a fort in Hastings, Calcutta (Kolkata). It was built during the early years of Britain's administration of Bengal. It sits on the eastern banks of the River Hooghly, the major distributary of the River Ganga. One of Kolkata's most enduring British-era military fortifications, other than those in Bombay (Mumbai) and Madras (Chennai), it extends over an area of seventy hectares. The fort was named after King William III. In front of the Fort is the Maidan, the largest park in the country. An internal guard room became the Black Hole of Calcutta. Today the fort is the headquarters of Eastern Command of the Indian Army. History There are two Fort Williams. The original fort was built in the year 1696 by the British East India Company under the orders of Sir John Goldsborough which took a decade to complete. The permission was granted by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Sir Charles Eyre started construction near the bank of the Hooghly River with the South-East Bastion and the adjacent walls. It was named after King William III in 1700. John Beard, Eyre's successor, added the North-East Bastion in 1701, and in 1702 started the construction of the Government House (Factory, see Factory (trading post)) at the centre of the fort. Construction ended in 1706. The original building had two stories and projecting wings. In 1756, the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj Ud Daulah, attacked the Fort, temporarily conquered the city, and changed its name to Alinagar. This led the British to build a new fort in the Maidan. Robert Clive started rebuilding the fort in 1758, after the Battle of Plassey (1757); construction was completed in 1781 at a cost of approximately two million pounds. The area around the Fort was cleared, and the Maidan became \\\"the Lungs of Kolkata\\\". It stretches for around 3 km in the north–south direction and is around 1 km wide. The headquarters of the Indian Ordnance Factories was established in 1775 at Fort William. Today, Fort William is the property of the Indian Army. The headquarters of Eastern Command is based there, with provisions for accommodating 10,000 army personnel. The Army guards it heavily, and civilian entry is restricted. Much of Fort William is unchanged, but St Peter's Church, which used to serve as a chaplaincy centre for the British citizens of Kolkata, is now a library for the troops of HQ Eastern Command. A war memorial has been created at the entrance of the fort, and the fort also houses a museum which displays artifacts from the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, especially those related to the battles in the Eastern sector and the Bangladesh Liberation War. First Indian Masonic lodge In 1730, Ralph Farrwinter and other members of the East India Company opened the first Indian Masonic lodge, a short time after the creation of the Grand Lodge of England in 1717. Presidency of Fort William Structure The Fort is built of brick and mortar in the shape of an irregular octagon with an\",\n \"title\": \"Fort William, India\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10076790\",\n \"text\": \"Gurusaday Dutt Road (or Gurusaday Road) is one of the areas of Kolkata. Its old name was Ballygunge Store Road. It was named after Gurusaday Dutt, an ICS officer and a Bengali patriot. Localities Gurusaday Dutt Road falls under the upscale locality of Ballygunge in South Kolkata. The Tagore Estate used to have large holdings in the area. Satyendra Nath Tagore, ICS's house on Gurusaday Dutt Road was later bought by the Birlas, and the house has now become The Birla Industrial & Technological Museum. Others like Sir K G Gupta ICS, Gurusaday Dutt ICS (founder of the Bratachari Movement – after whom the road was later named) also lived on Gurusaday Dutt Road. Birla Industrial and Technological Museum, on Gurusaday Dutt Road, was inaugurated in 1959 as the first popular science museum in Asia. Modelled on the Deutsches Museum, it has interactive popular science exhibits and a significant collection of historical industrial holdings in India. Its collection of old gramophones, sound recorders, telephones, steam engines, road rollers and other industrial machinery of the period 1880–1950 is very significant. The museum sports a vintage model of the Rolls-Royce Phantom make. It also actively organizes summer camps, awareness programs and astronomy observations for school children. The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club (originally the Calcutta Cricket Club) is the second oldest cricket club in the world, after the Marylebone Cricket Club. Founded in 1792 as the Calcutta Cricket Club, it merged later with the Calcutta Football Club (founded 1872) to become the Calcutta Cricket and Football Club, and is located on 19/1 Gurusaday Dutt Road. It has arguably the most picturesque cricket ground in Kolkata. Recent evidence in the form of an article in Hicky's Bengal Gazette, suggests the club existed in 1780 – which would make it the oldest cricket club in the world. It also has a set of fine restaurants, perhaps the most notable of them is one of Kolkata's well-known Chinese restaurant, Mainland China. Also nearby are Birla Temple and Gandhara Art Gallery. The Indo-German Chamber of Commerce is based at Uniworth House. Landmarks Birla Industrial & Technological Museum Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Birla Park (residential estate of The Birlas) 'The Empire' Complex Tagore Hall Kusum Apartments Uniworth House (houses Mainland China restaurant) Astral Apartments & Atria Shopping Plaza Isckon House References Roads in Kolkata\",\n \"title\": \"Gurusaday Dutt Road\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3556854\",\n \"text\": \"Park Street, is a famous thoroughfare in downtown Kolkata, India. In Bengali, it is often referred as Shaheb -er Para or the “neighbourhood of Englishmen”.The street runs through what was a deer park of Sir Elijah Impey, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Calcutta from 1773 to 1789, hence the earlier name. It's located in central part of Calcutta. History Documented records of the throughfare can be traced back to 1760, when Kolkata (then Calcutta) was the capital of the British Empire in India. Since 1760, the street has been through several name changes. Previous names include 'Ghorustan ka Rasta', Vansittart Avenue and Burial Ground Road. Some 250 years ago, Park Street was known as Burial Ground Road and was not a preferred choice of residence, as there were a number of cemeteries in this area, the South Park Street Cemetery, opposite to it was the North Park Street Cemetery (now replaced by a school). Further west, there were two smaller cemeteries, one French and one Italian (now replaced by offices and schools). Park Street has been the main evening recreation zone for Kolkata people since the British era. In the 1970s and 1980s much of Kolkata's night life took place in Park Street, with many clubs and restaurants situated there. Many noted musicians had played at various popular night spots, such as Trinca's, Peter Cat, Oly Pub, Blue Fox, Mocambo and Moulin Rouge. Even before that, from the 1940s through to the late 1960s, Kolkata's prolific night life was centred on fashionable Park Street. The Park Hotel chain started with the opening of its first hotel, the 150 room The Park Hotel on 1 November 1967. The park street name coinage is assumed to be having association with such a history. Location and importance Park Street originates from Chowringhee Road (J L Nehru Road) and connects to Park Circus 7 point crossing in a south eastern direction. The portion of Park Street between Chowringhee Road and Mullick Bazar has been one of the city's attractions for years. Several important roads originate from/intersect at Park Street in the northward and southward directions, namely Russell Street, Middleton Row, Camac Street, Wood Street, Loudon Street and Rawdon Street towards the South and Free School Street, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road towards the North. Park Street also intersects AJC Bose Road at Mullick Bazar crossing and eventually goes to Park Circus from where other major roads such as Syed Amir Ali Avenue, Darga Road, Park Circus Connector starts and connects to important areas such as Ballygunge, EM Bypass and CIT Road. Park Street remains Kolkata's foremost dining district, with many restaurants and pubs. It is often known as \\\"Food Street\\\" and \\\"The Street that Never Sleeps\\\". In the last 15 years, many new restaurants, shopping malls, 5-star hotels and nightclubs have opened in other areas of the city and hence Park Street has lost much of its earlier attraction as being the numero uno entertainment hub of Kolkata. However, it is still one\",\n \"title\": \"Park Street, Kolkata\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4554505\",\n \"text\": \"Khidirpur or Kidderpore is a neighbourhood of South West Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Etymology Most plausibly, the name is a corruption of Khidrpur or Khizarpur, Khizr/Khidr being the guardian saint of the seas to the fishing communities of Bengal. Another theory points out that the port probably got its name from James Kyd, a 19th-century engineer who designed and supervised the building of the lock gate that connects the nearby port to the Hooghly River. History Even after the British had set up their settlements in Kalikata, Sutanuti and Gobindapur, many independent zamindars survived till 1757. They held large landed properties in Gobindapur and elsewhere. When the Gobindapur area was cleared for the construction of the new Fort William, they had to be given alternative land elsewhere: Debs in Shobhabazar, the Thakurs in Pathuriaghata and Jorasanko, and the Ghosals in Bhukailas (Kidderpore). Gokul Ghoshal, the founder of the Bhukailas zemindar family, who was dewan of Harry Verest, left Gobindapur and built a palatial rajbati in Kidderpore and named it Bhukailas. In earlier days, thanas (police stations) also looked after the civic needs of the people. The earliest list of thanas in old Kolkata was prepared in 1785 and in 1888. These thanas were regrouped under 25 Police Section Houses. The 25 wards created under the Calcutta Municipal Act of 1889, precisely matched these divisions. In this area there were two Police Section Houses – at Watgunge and Ekbalpur. Writing in 1909, H.E.A. Cotton mentions, \\\"Kidderpore, which lies to the west of Alipore, is extensively populated principally by natives.\\\" In the early years of British rule, Kolkata port was a river anchorage where sailing ships would load and unload in mid-stream. The shore-based Calcutta jetties, with cranes and sheds, came into operation in 1869. In 1884, Kidderpore was selected as the site for the wet docks of the Port of Kolkata, and it was ready in 1892. King George (later renamed Netaji Subhas) Dock was added in 1928. Haldia Dock System is part of Kolkata port. Its first unit, Haldia oil jetty, was commissioned in 1969. Kolkata port was the premier port of India till the early 1950s. In 1950–51, out of the total traffic of 19.3 MT at all the major ports of the country, Kolkata handled 7.6 MT. In 1988–89, Kolkata handled 14.22 MT against 142 MT of all ports taken together. Calcutta Jetties were closed down in 1965–66. Garden Reach jetties have also been closed down. The total labour force of the port declined from 42,946 in 1967 to 25,761 in 1990. A red-light district has grown up near the port. In the field of Indian literature, this part of Kolkata produced three noted poets: Rongolal Bandhopadhyay, Hemchandra Bandopadhyay, and Michael Madhushudan Dutta. Michael Madhusudan Dutt (1824–1873) was born at Sagordari in Jessore District (now in Bangladesh), and came to Kolkata at the age of 7. After studying initially at Kidderpore School, he joined Hindu College in 1933. However, after converting\",\n \"title\": \"Kidderpore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12112157\",\n \"text\": \"Deba Prasad Mitra (29 December 1902 – 8 February 1978), son of Jyotirindraprasad Mitra (1869–1918), was a renowned clinical pathologist and religious and social worker connected with the Brahmo Samaj. His life and work were greatly inspired and stimulated by the lives of his grandfather Braja Sundar Mitra (1820–1875), the founder of the East Bengal Brahmo Samaj at Dhaka (now in Bangladesh) and an inaugurator of the New Age in Dhaka and Eastern Bengal as a whole, and also his mother's grandfather Sib Chandra Deb (1811–1890), a pupil of Henry Louis Vivian Derozio at the Hindu College, the Founder-Secretary of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, Kolkata, and pioneer of the modernization of his native village Konnagar, a few kilometers from Kolkata. Devaprasad's father Jyotirindraprasad was a qualified advocate and practiced law for some time, but when he found that one had to resort to falsehood for success in the legal profession, he gave it up and joined the service of the estate of the Tripura Native State at Comilla (now in Bangladesh). Early life He spent his boyhood at Comilla and moved to Kolkata when he lost his father. A brilliant student he passed his Matriculation from Hare School and I.Sc. from Presidency College, Calcutta with flying colours. He studied in Calcutta Medical College from 1921 to 1927, where he won many prizes including gold and silver medals as well as the Abdul Ghani Scholarship for being the best all-round student of his class. He passed M.B. in 1927. During the period Students' Club was established in Calcutta Medical College and he was its president. Professional life On completion of his medical education in India, he could have gone abroad to obtain foreign qualifications and on return establish a large practice in Kolkata or join Government service, and earn much money. A patriot at heart, he had vowed at the beginning of his working life not to go for a foreign qualification or serve under a foreign Government. He, along with three close friends, established the Calcutta Bacteriological Institute in 1928, where many poor patients used to get their investigations done free of cost. He chose pathology instead of private practice as physician in order to have more time for social work. The laboratory was one of the first in Kolkata and created a very good name for it in the city. The Brahmo Samaj His heart was with the Brahmo Samaj. From the mid-1930s till his death in 1978, he was intimately connected with all activities of the Samaj, including conducting services as a minister of the Samaj, work as assistant secretary, secretary, treasurer and finally president of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, and work in the different social welfare organizations of the Samaj. His untiring services on behalf of the Samaj during the Midnapore floods of 1942, the great Bengal famine of 1943 and influx of refugees from East Pakistan prior to and after the partition of India, along with the establishment of the Brahmo Samaj Relief Mission, the Brahmo\",\n \"title\": \"Deba Prasad Mitra\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1724664\",\n \"text\": \"Calcutta is the former anglicised name of the city of Kolkata in the state of West Bengal in India. Calcutta may also refer to: Places Kolkata district, an administrative district in West Bengal, India Calcutta, Indiana, U.S. Calcutta, Ohio, United States Calcutta, West Virginia, United States Calcutta, Suriname Calcutta, Belize Black Hole of Calcutta, an 18th-century dungeon in Fort William, Calcutta Film Calcutta (1947 film), a film noir starring Alan Ladd Calcutta (1969 film), a documentary film by Louis Malle Calcutta 71 (1971 film), a film by Mrinal Sen Calcutta trilogy (disambiguation) Calcutta, a Tamil film dubbed from Telugu film Choodalani Vundi Schools University of Calcutta Calcutta Boys' School Calcutta Girls' High School Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management Calcutta International School Calcutta National Medical College Calcutta Public School Calcutta School of Music Calcutta Technical School Music Calcutta (band), American alternative rock band \\\"Calcutta\\\" (song)\\\", 1961 instrumental by Lawrence Welk \\\"Calcutta (Taxi Taxi Taxi)\\\", 1998 song by Dr. Bombay (Jonny Jakobsen) Calcutta, Italian singer-songwriter, born Edoardo D'Erme Military topics , five ships of the Royal Navy Siege of Calcutta, battle between the armies Britain and the Nawab of Bengal in the 18th century Other uses Calcutta Club Calcutta auction, a method of allocating gambling bets by auction The Calcutta Cup, an annual rugby match between England and Scotland Short S.8 Calcutta, flying boat See also Oh! Calcutta!, a theatrical revue Kolkata (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Calcutta (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9830536\",\n \"text\": \"Pasupati Bose (1 November 1907 in Berhampore, West Bengal – 1979, in Kolkata) was an Indian physician and professor of anatomy. Information Bose passed his Matriculation Exam in 1923 from Murshidabad Zilla School and ranked first. He never stood second in his school or college. He went to Kolkata (Calcutta) to study medicine. He received his MBBS and DM from the University of Calcutta in 1932. He not only received first rank, but also scored 968 out of 1000 which is a record which still (2007) stands. He was awarded several gold medals as a student. Bose joined the Kolkata Medical College as a professor of anatomy and gradually became the most famous and respected professor from his college. He married in 1938 and became a father of a son and a daughter. In 1952, he went to the United States at the invitation of the Rockefeller Foundation. There he spent one year giving lectures in different American Universities. Subsequently he was awarded the title of Fellow of the Royal Society, UK. During the last five years of his service at the Kolkata Medical College, he became the Vice-Principal as per the request from his close associate and the Chief Minister of West Bengal of that time Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy. He died in 1979 at the age of 72. He will remain the ever remembered Professor of Anatomy of the Kolkata Medical College. Pasupati Bose Lane, a street in Kolkata, is named after him. Notes External links \\\"Personalities\\\" Kolkata Medical College 20th-century Indian medical doctors Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 1907 births 1979 deaths University of Calcutta alumni Academic staff of the University of Calcutta Scientists from West Bengal\",\n \"title\": \"Pasupati Bose\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34198257\",\n \"text\": \"Surendranath Law College (Bengali :সুরেন্দ্রনাথ আইন কলেজ) formerly known as Ripon College) is an postgraduate law college affiliated with the University of Calcutta. It was established in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal in 1885 by a trust formed by the nationalist leader, scholar and educationist Surendranath Banerjee, a year after he founded Surendranath College. This is now regarded one of the oldest Law college of British India. History The first name of the college was Presidency School in 1882, when it was handed over to Sri Banerjee on 1 January 1884. That same year the Post-Graduate Department of Law was extended, and it was affiliated to the Calcutta University as an independent professional college in 1885. Banerjee renamed the school the Presidency Institution and brought it to the status of a college affiliated to the F.A. standard. The name was later changed to Ripon College, named after the British Viceroy George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon. The name was changed again in 1949 to honour its founder Sri Surendranath Banerjee. The women's section of the college was founded in 1931 by Mira Datta Gupta, its first principal. Swami Vivekananda delivered his first address in Calcutta from the rostrum of this college on his return from Chicago after his famous deliverance at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893. In 1911, Rabindranath Tagore read out at this college one of his essays dealing with the twin subjects of separatism to be found among many of countrymen and national integration. This college was recognised by the University Grants Commission in 1972. The college now offers LLM courses. Notable alumni Dr. Rajendra Prasad - The first President of India. Harendra Coomar Mookerjee - The first Governor of West Bengal. Sir Bijan Kumar Mukherjea - The first Bengali Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India. Birendranath Sasmal - Nationalist barrister and politician. Manmatha Nath Mukherjee - Judge, Calcutta High Court and Bengali jurist Mohammad Mohammadullah - President of Bangladesh Panchanan Barma - Social reformer Dhirendranath Datta - Indian Freedom fighter and Bangladeshi activist. Khondakar Abu Taleb - Bangladeshi journalist and Martyr Shahidullah Kaiser - Bengali intellectual and Martyr Phani Bhushan Majumder - Former minister of Bangladesh Rabin Deb - Bengali politician Golam Rahman (writer) - Bengali writer Aniruddha Bose - Judge of the Supreme Court of India Abdul Matin Chaudhury (1895-1948) - Muslim league politician Mosharraf Hossain - Member of Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh, founding vice-president of JASAD. See also Surendranath College Surendranath Evening College Surendranath College for Women List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta Education in West Bengal References External links Surendranath Law College University of Calcutta affiliates Universities and colleges established in 1885 Law schools in West Bengal 1885 establishments in India Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance\",\n \"title\": \"Surendranath Law College\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46841703\",\n \"text\": \"Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 10, covering parts of Tollygunge (Royal Calcutta Golf Club-Rajendra Prasad Colony-Madartala Colony-Jubilee Park) neighbourhood in South Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal. History The establishment and evolution of Kolkata Municipal Corporation followed a long process starting from around the middle of the 19th century. The Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 and certain steps taken thereafter saw the addition of peripheral areas in the eastern and southern parts of the city to the corporation area. In 1888, there were 75 commissioners, 50 of whom were elected, 15 appointed by the government and 10 nominated from bodies like Chambers of Commerce, Trades Associations and the Port Commissioners. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpore, Manicktola and Garden Reach were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out. Post-independence developments saw the introduction of adult franchise in municipal elections in 1962. The number of wards increased from 75 to 100. Tollygunge was merged with Kolkata in 1953. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation Act 1980, which came into effect in 1984, extended the boundaries of Kolkata by including South Suburban, Garden Reach and Jadavpur municipalities in Kolkata. With the addition of Joka to Kolkata, the number of wards rose to 144. Geography Ward No. 94 is bordered on the north by Prince Anwar Shah Road; on the east by Prince Gulam Md. Shah Road and Uday Shankar Sarani; on the south Netaji Subhas Road and Graham Road; and on the west by Deshapran Sashmal Road. The ward is served by Golf Green police station of Kolkata Police. Patuli Women police station has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of South Suburban Division i.e. Netaji Nagar, Jadavpur, Kasba, Regent Park, Bansdroni, Garfa and Patuli. Demographics As per the 2011 Census of India, Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 27,469, of which 13,918 (51%) were males and 13,551 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,847. The total number of literates in Ward No. 94 was 22,831 (89.11% of the population over 6 years). Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district. According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later). Election highlights The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of Tollyganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency). External links References Municipal wards of Kolkata\",\n \"title\": \"Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46920845\",\n \"text\": \"Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 12, covering parts of VIP Nagar, Jagorani colony (Gouranga Pally-Matongini Colony), Uttar Panchanna Gram (Martin Para-Gulshan Colony), Paschim Chowbaga, Sardarhat, Chowbaga, Bantala, Adarsha Nagar, Nonadanga, Mundapara and East Calcutta Township (Ruby-Anandapur-Nazirabad-Urbana-Hussainpur-Madurdaha) neighbourhoods in South Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal. History The establishment and evolution of Kolkata Municipal Corporation followed a long process starting from around the middle of the 19th century. The Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 and certain steps taken thereafter saw the addition of peripheral areas in the eastern and southern parts of the city to the corporation area. In 1888, there were 75 commissioners, 50 of whom were elected, 15 appointed by the government and 10 nominated from bodies like Chambers of Commerce, Trades Associations and the Port Commissioners. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpore, Manicktola and Garden Reach, as well as the New Dock Extension area, were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out. Post-independence developments saw the introduction of adult franchise in municipal elections in 1962. The number of wards increased from 75 to 100. Tollygunge was merged with Kolkata in 1953. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation Act 1980, which came into effect in 1984, extended the boundaries of Kolkata by including South Suburban, Garden Reach and Jadavpur municipalities in Kolkata. With the addition of Joka to Kolkata, the number of wards rose to 144. Geography Ward No. 108 is bordered on the north by the northern boundary of Nonadanga mauza, storm water outlet and northern boundary of Dhapa mauza; on the east by the eastern boundaries of Madurdaha, Nonadanga and Dhapa mauzas; on the south by the northern boundary of Kalikapur mauza and southern boundaries of Chowbhaga and Dhapa mauzas; and on the west by Eastern Metropolitan Bypass. The ward is served by Tiljala, Anandapur, Pragati Maidan and Kolkata Leather Complex police stations of Kolkata Police. Karaya Women police station, has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of the South East Division, i.e. Topsia, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Gariahat, Lake, Karaya, Rabindra Sarobar and Tiljala. Demographics As per the 2011 Census of India, Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 64,777, of which 33,428 (52%) were males and 31,349 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 7,204. The total number of literates in Ward No. 108 was 46,487 (80.74% of the population over 6 years). Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district. According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).\",\n \"title\": \"Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22355920\",\n \"text\": \"Santosh Bhattacharyya (1 November 1924 – 10 March 2011) was a Bengali Indian scholar, who served as a Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta, in Kolkata, India. Early life He was born in Calcutta on 1 November 1924 in a Brahmin family. He studied economics at the renowned Scottish Church College and earned his master's degree from the University of Calcutta. Later he would earn a doctorate in economics from the London School of Economics . Career After earning his master's degree, he worked as a technical assistant at the Indian Statistical Institute. He taught economics at the University of Calcutta in two phases: 1952–60, and later from 1968 to 1983. He chaired the department (1970–80), and became dean of the faculty of arts (1973–77). He was Senior Economic Affairs Officer at the Development Planning Centre in the United Nations at New York (1966–68), member of the Tariff Commission, Government of India (1974–75), Chairman of several Pay Committees under West Bengal government during 1977–80. He was a general secretary of Patha Bhavan, Calcutta in the 1980s. Political beliefs As a student, Bhattacharyya was a full member of the erstwhile Communist Party of India, and later continued as an active sympathizer of the parent party till he parted ways as a believer in market economy following the changes in China. As a vice chancellor of the University of Calcutta (1983–1987), he was victimized for his apolitical stance and public criticism of the policies and practices of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led Left Front regime (1977–2011) that interfered with the autonomy of the university. Works Red Hammer Over Calcutta University (1984–1987)https://archive.org/details/red-hammer-over-calcutta-university-1984-1987-sa-230502-191950 Management Control Systems : a Framework for Resolution of Problems of Implementation Land Reforms in West Bengal. A Study on Implementation Capital Longevity and Economic Growth References 20th-century Indian economists Scottish Church College alumni University of Calcutta alumni Alumni of the London School of Economics Vice Chancellors of the University of Calcutta Scientists from Kolkata 2011 deaths 1924 births Place of death missing Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom Scholars from Kolkata\",\n \"title\": \"Santosh Bhattacharyya\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66146822\",\n \"text\": \"The Currency Building is an early 19th-century building in the B. B. D. Bagh (Dalhousie Square) central business district of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. The building was originally built in 1833 to house the Calcutta branch of the Agra Bank. In 1868, it was converted for use by the Office of the Issue and Exchange of Government Currency, an office of the Controller of the Currency under the British Raj. From 1935 until 1937, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) used the building as its first central office. The building remained in use, and was used at one time by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) as a storehouse. Authorities decided to demolish it in 1994. From 1996 to 1998, the CPWD undertook demolition; but the building was saved from being completely demolished by the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) and the Kolkata Municipal Corporation. In 2003, custodianship passed to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), which renovated the building from 2005 to 2019. On 11 January 2020, Prime Minister Narendra Modi formally dedicated and reopened it as a museum. The Currency Building is a three-story Italianate structure, consisting of floors covered by marble and Chunar sandstone. Its main entrance features a three-part gate made of wrought iron and Venetian windows. The building's central hall, now an open-air courtyard, was formerly topped by three large domes with skylights. During its use as a currency office, the central hall contained the exchange counters for banknotes, gold, silver, and small change. During the building's renovation, the central hall was reorganized into a space for open-air programmes. Geography and setting The Currency Building is located at 11B on B. B. D. Bagh (which is Kolkata's central business district, formerly known as Dalhousie Square), at the intersection of Old Court House Road and Surendra Mohan Ghosh Sarani. The building's main façade faces west toward B. B. D. Bagh. The Lal Dighi water tank is located approximately northwest of the building, the Mahakaran metro station on Kolkata Metro Line 2 and the B. B. D. Bagh Tram Station are immediately west, and the Hooghly River is approximately west. History Bank headquarters and currency office Calcutta served as the capital of the British Raj from the 18th century until 1911, when New Delhi became the capital. During Calcutta's tenure as capital, Dalhousie Square was the city’s financial, social, and political center. The plot in Dalhousie Square, on which the Currency Building now stands, was originally the site of the Calcutta Auction Company's office building. In 1825, the Agra Bank acquired the plot, constructing, in 1833, during William Bentinck's tenure as governor general, the present-day building to house its Calcutta branch. The Agra Bank ceased operation in 1866. In 1868, the imperial Controller of the Currency converted a large portion of the Currency Building for use by the Office of the Issue and Exchange of Government Currency, after which it became known as the Currency Building. The Calcutta Mint sent silver coins\",\n \"title\": \"Currency Building\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13144593\",\n \"text\": \"David Wilson (1808–1880) worked as a confectioner in Calcutta and on 18 November 1840 he opened the Auckland Hotel at 1-3 Old Court House Road in Calcutta. The hotel was also known as Wilson's Hotel and changed its name to the Great Eastern Hotel. It became the most famous hotel in India and is still functioning today as the Great Eastern Kolkata and is part of the Bharat Hotels Group. David Wilson came from Herefordshire and started a bakery at No. 1 Old Court House Street. The bakery was successful as it served the need of the Britishers from the East India Company who missed their breads and muffins in India. He subsequently bought the No. 2 and then No. 3 in Old Court House Road in 1840 to convert it into a hotel, which he had named after George Eden, the first Earl of Auckland. Early and personal life Wilson was born in Brilley, Herefordshire in 1808. He married Mary Mandy (née Rose) in Calcutta in 1838. One of their grandchildren was Lieut Boyd Alexander the famous African explorer. David's sister Anne was in Calcutta and married one of David's friends, also a confectioner, Frederick William Browne in 1840 in Calcutta. Frederick died on 5 October 1864 on board the steamer Persia when it was lost at Sandheads in the great cyclone of 1864. David moved back to England in the 1860s but continued to manage the hotel. Over the ensuing years the hotel moved from strength to strength. In 1863 it became the first hotel in India to be fully electrified. Over the years famous guests have included Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Nikita Khruskhev and Queen Elizabeth II. When David died in 1880 his net worth was over £60,000. References Thacker's Bengal Directories 1864-1884 David Wilson - Last Will and Testament - Principal Probate Registry Office High Holborn London External links https://web.archive.org/web/20071011104747/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2217/stories/20050826001608400.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20070929055657/http://www.thegrandhotels.net/NewGrandGroup.aspx 1808 births 1880 deaths Indian hoteliers Confectioners Businesspeople from Kolkata Businesspeople from British India People from the Bengal Presidency\",\n \"title\": \"David Wilson (hotelier)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17094253\",\n \"text\": \"Mahatma Gandhi Road or M.G. Road, formerly known as Harrison Road, is a principal East-West thoroughfare in Kolkata (Previously known as Calcutta), the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. M.G. Road makes the boundary of North and Central Kolkata. In 1889 this was the first street of the city to be lit by electricity. History Mahatma Gandhi road was initially known as Harrison Road. After the independence of India in 1947 the Harrison Road in Kolkata was renamed Mahatma Gandhi Road (M.G. Road) and the name of Chowringhee Road was changed to Jawaharlal Nehru road. In 1889 when Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC) started promoting electricity in the city, this Harrison road was the first street in the city to be lit by the authority. Calcutta Improvement Trust (CIT) decided to build the Central Avenue in 1911. By 1926, Harrison Road was stretched to Beadon Street in the north and to Bowbazar in the south. Charu Guha, a pioneer of the city's studio photography, started her first studio in the Harrison Road in 1920. During India's independence movement, this street was previously considered as \\\"communally sensitive\\\" neighbourhood of the city. On 1 April 1930, The Vancouver Sun newspaper reported— \\\"four more were killed in rioting this afternoon in Harrison Road, which is the usual storm quarter in this region.\\\" Location and operation The road is arterial in maintaining east–west connection in Kolkata. It is of the shortest distance between two major rail stations in Kolkata Metropolitan Area — Sealdah Station and Howrah Station. Several important places are on this road, such as Sealdah Station, Surya Sen Street crossing, Amherst Street crossing, College Street/Bidhan Sarani crossing, Chittaranjan Avenue crossing, Rabindra Sarani (Chitpur Road) crossing, Netaji Subhas Road crossing, Burrabazar and Strand Road crossing/Howrah Bridge. M.G. Road runs from Sealdah Flyover (Vidyapati Setu) in the eastern limit to the threshold of Howrah Bridge in the west. The road is bi-directional throughout the day. Certain crossings are, however, unidirectional, that is, in certain crossings, vehicles can turn only in a specific direction. Culture Education institutions Several educational institutions are located on or near Mahatma Gandhi Road, such as Anglo Arabic Secondary School, Gyan Bharati Vidyapith, St. Paul's School, Hindu School, Lawrence Day School, Shri Jain Vidyalaya and St. Pauls' Mission School. Restaurants Some popular restaurants in or near Mahatma Gandhi Roadare Shreeram Dhaba, Aahar Restaurant, Madhuri Restaurant, Basanta Cabin. Cinema halls Several cinema halls are located on or near the road, such as Aruna, Chhabighar, Naaz, Purabi, Prabhat. In popular culture Rabindranath Tagore in this poem Ekdin Rate mentioned this street. The lines of the poem were— Howrah-r bridge chole mosto she bichhe, Harrison road chole tar pichhe, pichhe (the approximate English translation: The Howrah Bridge is moving as if a large centipede and the Harrison Road moves behind it). Saradindu Bandopadhyay's famous fictional character, Byomkesh Bakshi - India's putative foremost detective, lived on Harrison Road in the second floor of a three-storied building along with his friend and associate Ajit\",\n \"title\": \"Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kolkata)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56991401\",\n \"text\": \"Beniapukur is a neighbourhood of Central Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is adjacent to Park Circus. Etymology The name of the neighbourhood is derived from two words, benia and pukur. Influential benias or merchants, particularly gandhabaniks, perfume and spice traders, settled here. They had dug a tank or pukur in the area. History The East India Company obtained from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar, in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of these 5 lay across the Hooghly in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, it purchased these villages in 1758 from Mir Jafar and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as Dihi Panchannagram and Beniapukur was one of them. The Maratha Ditch was dug in 1742 and it was partly filled up in 1799 to create the Circular Road (now Acharya Jagaidsh Chandra Bose Road). Entally, Maniktala, Beliaghata, Ultadanga, Chitpur, Cossipore, parts of Beniapukur, Ballyganj, Watganj and Ekbalpur, and parts of Garden Reach and Tollygunj were added to Kolkata Municipal Corporation in 1888. Garden Reach was later taken out. In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Beniapukur, which is mentioned from the mid-eighteenth century, but the thana dates from the early 19th century. Geography Police district Beniapukur police station is part of the South East division of Kolkata Police. It is located at 48A, Gorachand Road, Kolkata-700014. Karaya Women police station, has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of the South East Division, i.e. Topsia, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Gariahat, Lake, Karaya, Rabindra Sarobar and Tiljala. Education Pratt Memorial School at Beniapukur is an English-medium girls only school. The school prepares its students for the Indian School Certificate (ISC) and the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) examinations. The school was founded in 1876 in memory of Archdeacon John Henry Pratt primarily for the education of Anglo-Indian and Christian children. It is under the Diocese of Kolkata, the Church of North India, and is an unaided minority institution. The Frank Anthony Public School, Kolkata at Beniapukur is an English-medium co-educational school. The foundation stone of the school was laid by social activist Frank Anthony in 1965. The school prepares its students for the Indian School Certificate (ISC) and the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) examinations. Healthcare Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital (Chittaranjan Hospital) at Beniapukur offers MBBS, Post graduate (MD, MS, Diploma) and Post Doctoral (DM, Mch) courses and is affiliated to the West Bengal University of Health Sciences. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons was set up in 1911 at Bow Bazar. The name was later changed to National Medical College of India and still later became Calcutta Medical College on land donated by Maharaja Sir Manindra Chandra Nandy on Upper Circular Road. Another medical institute at Bow Bazar started as Calcutta Free Hospital in 1910, became\",\n \"title\": \"Beniapukur\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1763992\",\n \"text\": \"Sealdah Railway Station (Bengali: শিয়ালদহ রেলওয়ে স্টেশন; Station Code:SDAH) is one of India's major railway terminals serving the city of Kolkata. The other main railway stations in the Kolkata metropolitan area are , , and Santragachi. Over 1.5 million passengers use the station daily. It is an important suburban rail terminal. Kolkata Metro Line 2 passes through Sealdah with the new underground Sealdah metro station. History The origins of Sealdah Station can be traced back to the mid-19th century when the British colonial administration initiated the construction of railways in India. The station was named after Frederick William Stevens, the then Governor-General of British India, who held the title of Lord Sealdah. Sealdah Station was officially opened to the public on December 2, 1862, as part of the Eastern Bengal Railway network from Calcutta to Kushtia. At the Calcutta end there was a tin-roofed station room. Sealdah railway station had a proper Station Building in 1869, designed by Mr Walter Glanville. The present Sealdah-Ranaghat line was a part of the Sealdah-Kushtia line and was subsequently extended to Goalundo Ghat. Eastern Bengal Railway Company was registered in 1857 to establish railroad connection between Calcutta and Eastern part of undivided Bengal beyond Ganges(Padma). The first section was completed in January 1862 from Calcutta to Champahati. By May 1862 this extended to Port Canning. Ranaghat was connected in September 1862. Initially, the company was known as Eastern Bengal Guaranteed Railway and ran its trains on guaranteed lines. The guaranteed lines were constructed by companies formed in England. In 1862, the station was well established with 4 platforms The tram terminus was located at Sealdah Station before the year 1978 from where the concept of horse tram carriage started. There was a tram terminus at Sealdah station. Trams departed from here towards Rajabazar, Howrah Station, Calcutta High Court, Dalhousie Square, Park Circus and Dharmatala. The first horse tram service of Kolkata was also started from Sealdah to Armenian Ghat, following the current route 14 & 16 between Lebutala & Dalhousie Square. The Sealdah–Lebutala & Dalhousie Square–Armenian Ghat (later extended to High Court) stretch is now closed. That terminus was demolished in 1978 also with the Sealdah–Lebutala tram track stretched through Boubazar Street for construction of the Sealdah flyover. Now tram services between Rajabazar–Esplanade, Park Circus–Burrabazar and other services pass through Sealdah. Currently, a car parking exists in place of the old tram terminus. Operations There are three station terminals at Sealdah: Sealdah North, Sealdah Main and Sealdah South. The North section consists of Sealdah North and Sealdah Main buildings. It has five platforms in North and 9 platforms in the main section. The platforms of North sections are 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5. Sealdah main consists of platform no 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 & 14. One more platform is present beside platform no 14 which is used only by goods trains and high capacity parcel vans. The South section consists of Sealdah South terminal, with seven platforms: 15, 16,\",\n \"title\": \"Sealdah railway station\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5695542\",\n \"text\": \"Calcutta State Transport Corporation (CSTC) was a West Bengal state government undertaken transport corporation. Headquartered in Kolkata, it was set up on 31 July 1948. Currently it operates under the name WBTC. It plied buses in Kolkata and nearby districts of West Bengal, along with some long-distance services. CSTC owned 11 depots in Kolkata and the districts to station its fleet of busses. History Calcutta State Transport Corporation started its journey on 31 July 1948 as State Transport Services with an objective to provide efficient, adequate, economical and properly coordinated passenger bus service particularly in and around the city of Kolkata and in the state of West Bengal in general. On 15 June 1960 the name of State Transport Service has changed to Calcutta State Transport Corporation (CSTC) under the Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950. By 1966, it had upgraded its services and was connected to 90 percent of the national highways. To fulfill the demand of rural passengers, CSTC introduced one of the earliest Long Distance Bus Services (LDS) from Calcutta to Digha in April 1968. Merger with WBTC In 2017, the Department of Transport (West Bengal), under Transport Minister Protik Bhattacharya merged CSTC with other transport providers such as CTC and WBSTC and to form WBTC. Operations Fleet With a fleet of 782 buses, CSTC was able to set up a number of bus routes in the southern part of West Bengal which were till then not connected to any other means of transport. CSTC also pioneered the running of air-conditioned Volvo buses in Kolkata, replacing the aging fleet. Air conditioned buses were launched in July 2014 on 40 routes across the city and suburbs. They were in blue and white livery, the buses included a complete fleet of Volvo 8400 units as well as JanBus models from Ashok Leyland, the first low floor front entry public buses in the country. These were bought under the central JNNURM scheme. In 2019, the West Bengal state government made a decision to transition the city's bus fleet, along with its ferry fleet, to be entirely electric by 2030, to reduce the levels of air pollution in the city. Routes S10A S11 S12 S12D S12E Depots Former CSTC Depots used for parking and repairing buses. 1 Belghoria Depot (Head Office) (BD) 2 Garia Depot (GD) 3 Howrah Depot (HD) 4 Kasba Depot (KD) 5 Lake Depot (LD) 6 Maniktala Depot (MD) 7 Nilgunge Depot (ND) 8 Paikpara Depot (PD) 9 Salt Lake Depot (SLD) 10 Taratala Depot (TD) 11 Thakurpukur Depot (TPD) 12 Pride Plaza Depot (PRD) References External links Official website State agencies of West Bengal Transport in Kolkata Bus companies of India Organizations established in 1948 State road transport corporations of India Metropolitan transport agencies of India Indian companies established in 1948 1948 establishments in West Bengal\",\n \"title\": \"Calcutta State Transport Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2526340\",\n \"text\": \"The systems of secondary and post-secondary education in Kolkata are listed as follows: Schooling Kolkata has several parallel systems of school education, and K-12 schools are usually affiliated with either of the following: In addition to these, private candidates can appear for examinations of either the CBSE, West Bengal boards and other state boards which conduct their courses in the city. Non-privileged children mainly attend government primary schools, if they attend school at all. The quality of education available in these schools is not, by world standards, good. There have been recent initiatives, such as Shikhshalaya Prakalpa, to bring more children into the school system and improve the quality of teaching. Universities Kolkata has twenty public universities or autonomous institutions that award their own degrees or diplomas. The following list contains the names of the degree or diploma awarding institutions that have their main campuses in or around Kolkata: Engineering colleges Three of India's oldest engineering institutions are located in Kolkata namely IIEST, Shibpur, Marine Engineering and Research Institute and Jadavpur University. The University of Calcutta and Jadavpur University have been declared as \\\"university with potential for excellence (UPE)\\\" by the University Grants Commission. Self-aided engineering colleges started to function in the late 1990s. All self-aided engineering colleges of the city are affiliated to the West Bengal University of Technology. Some engineering colleges are funded by the World Bank under the \\\"Technical Education Quality Improvement Program\\\". The University of Calcutta, Aliah University and Techno India University also offer engineering courses. The Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, the Birla Institute of Technology, and Jnan Chandra Ghosh Polytechnic also offer technology and related courses in their city based campuses. Vocational Schools The Department of Technical Education and Skill Development, Govt of West Bengal leads in providing vocational training. other institutes like JIS University, IHM Kolkata, ISHM provide courses. Medical and Dental colleges All colleges are affiliated with the West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Kolkata. Calcutta Medical College Calcutta National Medical College Nil Ratan Sarkar Medical College and Hospital R.G.Kar Medical College IPGMER and SSKM Hospital College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital KPC Medical College and Hospital Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Science and Research Institutions of national importance Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur Asiatic Society Bose Institute Indian Statistical Institute Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Marine Engineering and Research Institute Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences References\",\n \"title\": \"Education in Kolkata\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38665520\",\n \"text\": \"Sealdah is a neighbourhood of Central Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Etymology Jackals (sheal in Bengali) howled around Sealdah. Antiquarians identify it as Shrigaldwipa (Jackal Island). Nearby Beliaghata was a port in the Salt Lakes. History The East India Company obtained from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar, in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of these 5 lay across the Hooghly in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, it purchased these villages in 1758 from Mir Jafar and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as Dihi Panchannagram and Shealdah was one of them. Sealdah was described in 1757 as a \\\"narrow causeway, several feet above the level of the country, leading from the east\\\". In 1756, when Siraj-ud-daulah attacked the English at Calcutta, a major part of his troops and artillery crossed the Maratha Ditch in Sealdah. There was hard fighting here with 39 English soldiers and 18 Indian sepoys killed on the spot. The English dragged their guns through the rice fields. Baithakkana was a resting place, where merchants formed and dispersed their caravans, sheltered by an old banyan tree (called a peepul tree by Cotton). Job Charnock is said to have chosen the site of Kolkata for a city, in consequence of the pleasure he found in sitting and smoking under the shade of a large tree. A present-day road stretching from Bepin Behari Ganguly Street to MG Road is called Baithakkhana Road, as well as the market along the road at the southern (Bowbazar/ B.B. Ganguly Street) end is called Baithakkhana Bazar. The Maratha Ditch was dug in 1742 and it was partly filled up in 1799 to create the Circular Road (now Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road). The eighty-foot-wide Harrison Road (now MG Road), was built in from 1889 to 1892. The first list of thanas (police stations) in Calcutta was made in 1765 and Muchipara was not there in the list. Muchipara, named after muchis (cobblers and leather workers), possibly shot in to prominence in the early 19th century. In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Muchipara. The East Bengal Railway opened its track from Calcutta to Kushtia in 1862. At the Calcutta end there was a tin-roofed station room. Sealdah railway station had a proper station building in 1869. The present Sealdah-Ranaghat line was a part of the Sealdah-Kushtia line and was subsequently extended to Goalundo Ghat. Geography Police district Muchipara police station is part of the Central division of Kolkata Police. Economy Sealdah market, along with Hatibagan, Maniktala, Lake Market and Gariahat markets, is amongst the largest markets in Kolkata. Very similar to village weekly hats, Kolkata's markets thrive in a sprawling and makeshift environment. Sealdah market is an agglomeration of various markets in the area. There is the Sealdah Area market spread for about a kilometre\",\n \"title\": \"Sealdah\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64141000\",\n \"text\": \"Ariadaha is a locality in Kamarhati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is close to Kolkata and also a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). History Ariadaha-Dakshineswar situated close to North Kolkata carries a glorious past in the Bengal Renaissance that still remains largely unacknowledged in the mainstream historical accounts. Once it was under the jurisdiction of Calcutta (Kolkata) District. Within 24 Parganas, Kolkata was one of the Parganas and Ariadaha-Dakshineswar was under it. Like other ancient parts of Rarh Banga (adivision of ancient South Bengal) this place was full of the ancient inhabitants of Bengal like the Hanri, Dome, Nishad, Kahar who originated from the Proto-Australoids according to Anthropology. Other casts like the Brahmans, Kayesthas and the Vaidyas etc. entered later. However, with the tide of time a mixed culture grows and inherited by the peoples of this region though there were two groups of people were in the frontline of the cultural scenario. One was liberal and other was certainly conservative. The conservatives constituted the most powerful sections of society with the liberals lagging behind as their opposition could hardly cause flutter in the orthodox socio-cultural matrix. The scenario did not show any significant change even after the introduction of colonial British education and culture in this region as happened in the other parts of old Calcutta. During the last half of 15th century, from almost about 1690 A.D., Kolkata began to reorient itself towards colonial culture under the leadership and colonial tutelage of Job Charnak. But little did change in the region of Ariadaha-Dakshineswar—the old society beset with inhuman superstitious practices. Ariadaha-Dakshineswar as a part of old Calcutta as it witnessed a cultural interface between both conservative and liberal forces. From the medieval period, highly educated and economically enriched families began to enter this region (Ariadaha-Dakshineswar), effecting significant changes in the socio-economic patterns. Ariadaha-Dakshineswar was primarily the motherland of highly educated middle class. One of the janapadas (a big unit of 20 or more villages in ancient India) of Calcutta could not become a big city and that was Dakshineswar (Sen: 2004). Famous Historian Martin mentioned Dakshineswar as the Capital of Bengal (Mullick: 1403, Bengali Year). The cultural sphere of Ariadaha-Dakshineswar was patronized and encouraged by the Maharajas the regional rulers of Krishnanagar of Nadia. The educated liberals were in the leading part of the protest movement by the Vaishnavas, Shaivas and Shaktas against the Brahmanism. Thus a new line of thought spread across this area. One of the opinions regarding the origin of the name of Calcutta was the word Kalikhetra and it denotes the place from Kalighat to Dakshineswar (Dey: 1989). Education Schools Ariadaha Girls High School Ariahada Kalachand High School Ariadaha Ramanand Charity Vidyalaya Ariahada Sarbamangala Balika Vidyalaya Ariadaha Sree Vidyaniketan high school Dakshineswar bharati bhawan girls high school Dakshineswar High School Dakshineswar Sri Sri Sarada Devi Balika Vidyamandir Sri Satyananda Sikhyamandir (Nursery & Primary School) Colleges Adyapeath Annada BEd College\",\n \"title\": \"Ariadaha\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15230088\",\n \"text\": \"Mosques in Kolkata refers to mosques in the city of Kolkata (earlier known as Calcutta), in India. Kolkata is the capital city of West Bengal, a state in the eastern part of India. The city is more than 300 years old (as Kolkata) and was the capital of British India till early 1911. Kolkata hosts many churches, temples and mosques, along with other religious places. Muslims have been settling in Calcutta since the early 19th century, but the pace was accelerated from the 1860s onwards, mainly due to the harsh economic conditions in Bihar and the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. There are nearly 450 mosques (known as masjid in Urdu and Bengali) in Kolkata (from Ward 1 to Ward 141). Density is highest in the wards in the central part of the city, where the density of the Muslim population is higher. The most famous is the:: Basri Shah Mosque, on 8 Sett Pukur Road, which was built in 1804. It is the oldest mosque of Kolkata. Nakhoda Masjid, on Zakariya Street and Rabindra Sarani crossing near Burrabazar, which was built in 1926. There are many beautiful and old mosques. Other famous and large mosques in Kolkata include the Tipu Sultan Mosque; the Rajabazar Barri Masjid; the Colootolla Chhoti Masjid; the Ahl-e-Hadees Masjid on Marquis Lane near Alimuddin Street; the Habib-ul-Masaajid on Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, the Masjid-e-Mohammadi in Park Circus; the Jumma Masjid in Mullickbazar, the Lal Masjid in Colootolla; and the Karbala Masjid in Metiabruz, which is Shia in orientation, while the rest all follow the Sunni faith. Two Haqqani Masjid of Haqqani Anjuman(established by Murshid Maulana Sufi Mufti Azangachhi Shaheb) is also available in Kolkata. One is at Bagmari and the second is at Near Maniktala where after every Namaz Haqqani Wazifa is being read together with in community of all Namajee. Ahmadiyya Masjid on New Park Street in Park Circus. Like all growing cities, space is a problem in Kolkata. To accommodate the growing population, most of the mosques are expanding vertically. The structures are also getting changed from old style to new style, and the way of construction is changing. In 1942, the last mosque was built in Kolkata (in Entally). References Lists of mosques in India\",\n \"title\": \"Mosques in Kolkata\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57852730\",\n \"text\": \"Palta is a locality in North Barrackpur Municipality of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Geography Post Office Bengal Enamel Post Office at Palta is a delivery sub post office, with PIN 743122 in the North Presidency Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region. No other post office has the same PIN. Economy Indira Gandhi Water Works Palta Water Works, rechristened Indira Gandhi Water Treatment Plant, was the first intake point of water for Kolkata, established in 1864-1870 and spread over 480 acres. It was expanded in 1888–1893, 1905, 1920, 1936, 1952 and 1968. The total daily potable water supply is 1,350 million litres or 96 million gallons. It feeds 212,000 domestic connections plus commercial connections in Kolkata. The distance between Indira Gandhi Water Treatment Plant and the pumping station at Tala is 22 km. Industry The Bengal Enamel Works Ltd, established in 1921, closed down by 2004 and the land is now used by housing promoters. The modern use of vitreous enamel on metals was introduced to India only during the early 20th century, when a young engineer, Debendra Nath Bhattacharya sailed to Japan and worked as an apprentice in a Japanese enamel factory. On returning to India, he started a factory in 1921, called Bengal Enamel Works Limited, with his elder brother Dwijendra Nath Bhattacharjee as the financier, and himself as the chief technician. Other enamel factories started up within a few years, but Bengal Enamel kept growing and maintained a monopolistic control of the market up until the late '80s. Just before the 2nd world war, a Jewish engineer from Germany, Adams, took up employment with Bengal Enamel and greatly improved its technology. They began supplying enamelled mugs, water bottles and dinner plates to the Indian army, and later on, to many middle eastern armies. Control of Bengal Enamel was handed over from Dwijendra Nath Bhattacharya to his son-in-law, Dr. Umapati Ganguli, who greatly expanded the company from domestic enamelware (plates, mugs, glasses, bowls, spoons, etc.) and water bottles for the army, to domestic and industrial sign boards, glass lined chemical reaction equipment and enamelled outdoor furniture. in 1962, when the Standard Vacuum Oil Company changed its name to ESSO, Bengal Enamel provided the sign boards for the entire South East Asian region. Up to 1980, Bengal Enamel controlled more than 50% of the Indian enamel market, and when it went into liquidation, in 2004, 10 years after the death of Dr. Umapati Ganguli, the entire domestic enamelware and army supplies in India collapsed. Today, the enamelware industry in India is mostly glass lined chemical equipment and enamelled tank and silo manufacture. Though there are several cottage scale enamellers near Calcutta, mostly run by former employees of Sur Enamel, one of the larger former enamel factories in India. Mahaluxmi Cotton Mill is also closed and the land is used by housing promoters. Transport Palta is on\",\n \"title\": \"Palta, North 24 Parganas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59158351\",\n \"text\": \"Mohammedan Literary Society was a literary society of Muslims in British India. Based in Calcutta, it was established in 1863 and was succeeded by the Muslim Institute of Calcutta in 1930. History Mohammedan Literary Society was founded by Nawab Abdul Latif in 1863 in Calcutta. The society was located at Latif's residence in 16 Taltala, Kolkata. Latif was the secretary of the society while Prince Mahomed Ruheemoodin of Mysore was the president. The society had two vice-presidents, Prince Mahomed Nusseroodin Hyder of Mysore and Prince Mirza Jahan Kader Bahadur, the son-in-law of the Prince of Oudh. Notable members in the governing committee included Nawab Asman Jah Bahadur and Prince Mahomed Bakhtyar Shah. The patron of the society was the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. The society used Arabic, English, Persian, and Urdu languages. The goal of the society was the education of Muslim youth in English medium schools that would allow them to compete with their English and Hindu peers. The society held gathering annually in Kolkata Town Hall. In the meeting in 1865 was attended by over 2000 people including Christians, Hindus, Jews, and Muslims. The society was a gathering place Indian royals such as the Maharaja of Indore, Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal, the rajas of Jaipur State, Maharaja of Patiala, and the Raja of Cooch Behar State. The society campaigned for the utilization of the Mohsin Fund and drew attention of the British government to the educational needs of the Muslim community of India. It survived till 1930, at which point its name changed to Muslim Institute of Calcutta. References 1863 establishments in India 1930 disestablishments in India Organisations based in Kolkata Literary societies\",\n \"title\": \"Mohammedan Literary Society\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62437867\",\n \"text\": \"Dhrubajyoti Ghosh (1947 – 16 February 2018) was a UN Global 500 laureate, special advisor on agricultural ecosystems, part of the Commission on Ecosystem Management, and regional chair for South Asia of the IUCN. He is most credited for devoting his life for the survival of the East Kolkata Wetlands, naming it, and creating the world's only fully functioning organic sewage management system. Early life He attended the University of Calcutta in West Bengal, India, and was the first engineer of the university to graduate with a PhD in ecology. He went on to become a sanitation engineer for the West Bengal government, which brought the issues of the Kolkata Wetlands to his sites. Work Advocating nature-based solutions, Ghosh's work in the East Kolkata Wetlands showed it could be used for free-of-charge sewage work, fertile aquatic gardens and fisheries, and flood defences with minimal harm to the environment. Using his position in Ramsar, he secured the protection of the wetlands under the Ramsar Convention. This land soon became the world's only fully functional organic sewage management system, treating 750 million litres/day, using solar UV radiation to purify canals leading into the wetlands. The wetlands are now under threat by developers, which Ghosh constantly resisted during his life. His main complaint on the upkeep of this project is that there is no large scale management or municipal ownership of the system to keep quality control, and there is currently no plans to change that. His work included being chief of the Department of Environment of the Government of West Bengal, member of the board of trustees of the India World Wide Fund for Nature, fellow of the National Institute of Sciences within the Government of India, member of the management board of the Ramsar Convention, and a member of the National Wetland Committee. He died in Kolkata on February 16, 2018. Other accomplishments 2005 - Published the book Ecology and Traditional Wetland Practice: Lessons from Wastewater Utilisation in the East Calcutta Wetlands. In it he coined the term \\\"cognitive apartheid\\\", meaning the systematic exclusion of the knowledge of the poor by the elite. August 2016 - First Indian to earn the Luc Hoffmann Award, credited for his work on East Kolkata Wetland. 2017 - Published the book The Trash Diggers, exploring the lives of individuals living in a dump site on the fringes of eastern Kolkata. Recognized as an Ashoka Fellow. References 1947 births 2018 deaths People from Kolkata University of Calcutta alumni Indian environmentalists Indian ecologists Ashoka India Fellows\",\n \"title\": \"Dhrubajyoti Ghosh\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36785482\",\n \"text\": \"Metro Cinema or Metro Cinemas is a uniplex cinema hall and a heritage building located in Jawahar Lal Nehru Road (Esplanade), Kolkata, West Bengal, India. This theatre was opened by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1935. It is currently owned by a Mumbai-based firm and is undergoing a renovation to be converted into a multiplex theatre. The building is located in the posh Esplanade area of Kolkata, right at the heart of the city. It is a heritage structure and a very famous landmark of the city of Kolkata. And one of the many famous cinema halls in the Esplanade area of Central Kolkata. History This cinema hall was built by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, an American Production Company, based in Beverly Hills, United States in 1934 to promote their films in Kolkata (then Calcutta), which was among the most important cities throughout the British Empire and had a large English-speaking population of Britishers,. Famous as an elite British city, Calcutta had a large market for Hollywood films. The theatre was designed by Thomas W. Lamb, a New York-based (Scottish born) theatre architect(who also designed the Metro Cinema, Mumbai for MGM later in 1938 and many other famous theatres around the world). It was inaugurated in 1935. The first film shown in this cinema was Way Out West. The Metro was the most modern of the cinemas in Calcutta till the Lighthouse Cinema came up in the early 1940s. Right since its opening, the Metro cinema had become a favourite among the cinema goers in Calcutta, especially the European elite, consisting of Britishers, Jews and Armenians, who lived in Calcutta in sizeable numbers during the British Raj. Western movies were very popular during the early 20th century among urban elite of the city. Soon the theater became a popular landmark of the city, with shows going housefull. This theater became a significant part of the popular culture of the city of Calcutta (then often dubbed as The City of Joy) during the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s up to the 1970s. The Metro cinema was a favourite among filmgoers during the Golden Ages of the 1940s to 1970s. It was the time when Calcutta was considered the most elite city in the entire Subcontinent. The popularity of Western movies among the Europeans, presence of large number of Europeans and Americans in Calcutta, popularity of Tollywood films during that time and its presence in the posh Esplanade area, all contributed to its popularity. Post independence, the popularity of Hollywood movies decreased gradually as European population left for their homeland, and popularity of Tollywood and Bollywood movies increased since the 1960s so Bollywood and Tollywood films were screened and were very popular. The entire Esplanade area used to be the 'Entertainment Capital' of the city with a number of movie theaters and being a thriving commercial district right at the heart of the city. Business prospered until the 1990s and the early 2000s however much efforts were not put on modernisation and the early charm of the building was lost\",\n \"title\": \"Metro Cinema (Kolkata)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44103555\",\n \"text\": \"A. Kanan / Arkut Kannabhiran (18 June 1920 – 12 September 2004), more popularly known as A. Kanan, was an Indian vocalist in the Hindustani classical tradition and one of the legendary vocalist from Kirana Gharana. He is known for the khayal form of singing to which he lent his individuality. Early life Arkut Kannabhiran was born in Madras (present-day Chennai), in 1920. As he grew up he was interested in cricket as well as singing. He began his professional career joining the railways at the age of 18. In his 20s, while in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) for a cricket match, he auditioned for the All India Radio station there. The auditioners were so impressed by his singing voice that they offered him a slot of air time. His job saw him posted at Hyderabad and here he began taking lessons in Hindustani classical music from Pandit Lahanu Babu Rao. Shortly after, he got transferred to Calcutta (now Kolkata) where he studied music with Girija Shankar Chakraborty. Subsequently, when his job required his transfer from Kolkata, he left the job and stayed on in the city. He later came in contact with the musician Amir Khan. Career Arkut Kannabhiran made his formal debut in the world of Hindustani style of classical vocal music in 1943, when he performed at the All Bengal Music Conference in Kolkata. It was during his stay at Calcutta that he earned a name for himself by his melodious voice and a very personal style of gayaki that he developed. With his enormous acclaim he came to be better known as Pandit A.T. Kanan. Today few will remember Kanan by his original name. Kanan went on to become a regular on the All India Radio and was counted among top graded artists. His khayal renditions in Raga Jog, Rageshri, Bihag and Hansadhwani were popular all across the country. The acclaimed Bengali filmmaker Ritwik Ghatak used his fast khayal \\\"Laagi Lagan Pati Sakhi Sang\\\" set in Raga Hansadhwani in his classic film Meghe Dhaka Tara. Today not many of Kanan's recordings survive. But he will be always remembered for the master performance he gave for the film. In the 1950s, along with other musicians, Kanan founded the Calcutta Music Circle. Several young students had the opportunity of learning Hindustani classical music from him and went on to make names for themselves in later lives. He was a Guru at ITC Sangeet Research Academy. Personal life He was married to Malabika Kanan, another acclaimed Hindustani vocalist of the time. Death Arkut Kannabhiran died in 2004, aged 84, at Kolkata. References Hindustani singers Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Indian classical musicians of Bengal 1920 births 2004 deaths 20th-century Khyal singers 20th-century Indian male singers 20th-century Indian singers Musicians from Kolkata Musicians from Chennai\",\n \"title\": \"Arkut Kannabhiran\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15634347\",\n \"text\": \"Sir Gooroodas Banerjee (also Gurudas Bandyopadhyay, 26 January 1844 – 2 December 1918) was an Indian judge of the Calcutta High Court. In 1890, he also became the first Indian Vice-Chancellor of University of Calcutta. Education He received his early education at the Oriental Seminary, and the Hare School at the Presidency College in Kolkata. the General Assembly's Institution (now Scottish Church College), the University of Calcutta. He obtained an M.A. with a focus on Mathematics in 1865, winning a University medal for attaining first place in his examinations, and passed the B.L. examination in 1866. in 1877, he obtained a Doctorate in Law. Career Banerjee briefly taught as an Assistant Lecturer in Mathematics, before joining the General Assembly's Institution, now known as the Scottish Church College, as a Professor of Mathematics. Banerjee began his legal practice in Berhampore, simultaneously teaching law and mathematics on a part-time basis at Berhmapore College. In 1872, he moved his legal practice to Kolkata, representing clients such as the erstwhile Nawab of Murshidabad at the Calcutta High Court. In 1878, he was appointed to the Tagore Professorship of Law, and delivered the Tagore Law Lectures in the same year, on 'The Hindu Laws of Marriage and Stridhan'. The Tagore Law Lectures were later published as a legal text on Hindu marriage laws. In 1888, Banerjee was appointed as a judge of the Calcutta High Court, retiring in 1904 from the Bench. In addition to serving as a judge, he was the first Indian to be appointed as the vice-chancellor of the University of Calcutta, serving in that capacity from 1 January 1890 to 31 December 1892. He was knighted by the British government on 22 July 1904. He was also the President of the Board of Mathematics and Sanskrit during this time. He also became one of the teachers of Bengal National College of which the great freedom fighter, Aurobindo Ghosh, was the principal. He made notable contributions to the spread of education by making sure that Narkeldanga High School got raised to secondary standard. Legacy There is a prestigious post in the Department of English of the University of Calcutta named after Sir Gooroodas Banerjee. The professor who holds this post comes to be known as Sir Gooroodas Banerjee Professor. There are two undergraduate colleges in Kolkata that commemorate his name, the Gurudas College and the Sir Gurudas Mahavidyalaya. In memoirs of him, Sir Gurudas Banerjee Halt railway station was established in sub urban railway of Kolkata. Banerjee was quite well known for his devotion to his mother who was very orthodox in her ways of life. Every day, he would bring the sacred Ganges water for her mother. She, on her deathbed, ordered her son Sir Gurudas to invite Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar to her obsequies. Vidyasagar had by this time become an object of attack by the orthodox Brahmins owing to his introduction of widow remarriage. Defying all social obstacles, Sir Gurudas invited Vidyasagar to her mother's funeral to fulfill her last\",\n \"title\": \"Gooroodas Banerjee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64527524\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox person | name = Sripantha | native_name = শ্রীপান্থ | honorific suffix = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Nikhil Sarkar | birth_date = 1 May 1932 | birth_place = Gouripur, Mymensingh District, Bengal Presidency, British India (Now in Bangladesh | death_date = 17 August 2004 (aged 72) | death_place = Calcutta, West Bengal, India | other_names = Sripantha (শ্রীপান্থ) | alma_mater = University of Calcutta | nationality = Indian | occupation = Journalist, author, historian | organization = Jugantar Patrika, Ananda Bazar Patrika | years_active = | known_for = Kolkata Karchra (Notebooks of Kolkata) | notable_works = Ajob Nagori, Sripanther Kolkata, Elokeshi Mohanta Sammand' | awards = Ananda Puraskar (1978) }} Nikhil Sarkar (1 May 1932 – 17 August 2004) popularly known as Sripantha was a Bengali social historian, writer and journalist. Early life Sarkar was born at Gouripur village of Mymensingh district in 1932 in British India. After competed primary education in Mymensingh, he graduated in history from the University of Calcutta. Literary career He started his journalist career with Bengali daily Jugantar and thereafter joined in Anandabazar Patrika in the 1960s. Sarkar became associate editor of Anandabazar Patrika. He was in charge of the editorial page and Monday column named Kalkatar Karcha (Notebook of Kolkata). His numerous books were published under the pseudonym Sripantha. Sarkar worked on sub-altern history of Kolkata as well as Bengali culture. He was awarded the Ananda Puraskar in 1978. List of major works Ajob Nagari Sripanther Kolkata Jokhon Chapakhana Elo Mohanto Elokeshi Sambad Keyabat Meye Thagi Metiyaburujer Nabab Dai Bat Tala Harem and Debdashi Kolkata'' References 1932 births 2004 deaths Indian male journalists Bengali-language writers Indian columnists Bengali historians Indian newspaper editors Writers from Kolkata 20th-century Indian journalists People from Mymensingh District University of Calcutta alumni\",\n \"title\": \"Nikhil Sarkar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4159036\",\n \"text\": \"Maniktala is a residential area of North Kolkata, in Kolkata district, West Bengal, India. Etymology The tomb of Manik Pir is located in lane near Maniktala crossing, therefore some locals suggest the neighbourhood is named after him. Others argue that Manik Pir (erst: Syed Husen Ud din shah) came from North India on early eighteenth century, while the name Maniktala can also be seen mentioned in a map as early as of 1784. Instead, they believe, the bodyguard of Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan, Manikchand Bose (erst : Manikram Bose) lived in this place as the caretaker of Calcutta (Ali Nagar) from/around 1756. Since he was very popular among the locals because of his wise and compassionate nature, the place came to be known as Maniktala. History In 1889, the suburbs of old Calcutta were grouped in four municipalities. Maniktala formed the East Suburban Municipality. In the same year, Maniktala, Ultadanga and Beliaghata became 'fringe area wards' of Kolkata Municipal Corporation. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpur, Maniktala and Garden Reach were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out. Geography Location Today's Maniktala crossing is the intersection of Vivekananda Road (Maniktala Main Road) and Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road (Upper Circular Road) — two main thoroughfares in North Kolkata. Beadon Street (Dani Ghosh Sarani/Abhedananda Road), one of the important streets of North Kolkata originates from Maniktala, ending in Nimtala Ghat. Amherst Street also starts nearby (Chaltabagan). Aurobindo Sarani crosses APC Road at Khanna crossing, Maniktala. Maniktala crossing connects Shyambazar, Kankurgachi, Rajabazar and Girish Park to Maniktala. Police district Manicktala police station is part of the Eastern Suburban division of Kolkata Police. It is located at 20, Canal West Road, Kolkata-700006. Ultadanga Women police station covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Suburban division i.e. Beliaghata, Entally, Maniktala, Narkeldanga, Ultadanga, Tangra and Phoolbagan. Landmarks The Central Blood Bank of West Bengal Government is located at the Maniktala crossing. So is one of oldest markets of Kolkata, the Maniktala Bazar, easily identified by the clock tower. Gouribari Badridas Jain Temple is also located nearby. Economy Daily markets Maniktala market, along with Hatibagan, Sealdah, Lake Market and Gariahat markets, is amongst the largest markets in Kolkata. It is owned by SC Nan and family. \\\"The vintage landmark of the clock tower in Maniktala helps to spot the interiors of this market well.\\\" Maniktala is famous for its fish market but is also popular for groceries and fresh vegetables. It is one of the best farmer's markets in Kolkata. Maniktala Market at 187, Vivekananda Road is a private market spread over 3 acres. Vegetables, fruits, betel leaf, flowers, fish, meat, egg etc.are available. Maniktala Municipal Market is located at P-187, C.I.T. Road, Kankurgachi. In Kolkata, every para (neighbourhood) has a machher bazar (fish market), but there are some big fish markets in different areas of the city: Howrah wholesale fish market, Gariahat, Sealdah and Maniktala. These markets \\\"are famous not\",\n \"title\": \"Maniktala\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61170442\",\n \"text\": \"Gobinda Chandra Khatick Road (formerly Hughes Road) is a famous thoroughfare in the city of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), India. The road runs past Grace Ling Liang Church, Tangra Police Station, and largely through the China Town areas of Tangra in East Kolkata and crosses Pulin Khatik Road and Christopher Road at separate intersections. Gobinda Chandra Khatik road is 2.1 kilometers in length from the Tangra Slaughterhouse to the Topsia Junction. It demarcated the Eastern Fringes of the city at a time when Chinese operated Tanneries and Leatherworks dominated the area. Nowadays, China Town is a haven of Indo Chinese Fusion food and has crafted a legacy in its own right. Initially called Hughes Road until 1985, the name was renamed to recognise the contribution of Late Gobinda Khatik. Recent Urbanization and rapid growth has rapidly changed the landscape of Tangra and traffic snarls on the once empty road are common. The road is long and narrow and caters to Bi-Directional traffic. Dhangars, a community of Untouchable sanitary workers established their colony along this road. The road falls under Ward no. 56, 59, and 66 of the KMC. Gallery See also Streets in Kolkata References Streets in Kolkata Tourist attractions in Kolkata Shopping districts and streets in India\",\n \"title\": \"Gobinda Chandra Khatik Road\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70812248\",\n \"text\": \"Chandni Chowk is a neighbourhood of North Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is famous for its old and cheap market of computer software products and hardwares, and had been listed as a notorious market in 2009 and 2010 by the USTR for selling counterfeit software, media and goods. History Chandni Chowk which is an economical hub and marketplace in North Kolkata, existed as early as 1784. A. Upjohn's map of 1784 of Calcutta describes it as \\\"Chandney Choke Bazar\\\", \\\"Chandney Bazaar ka rastah\\\", \\\"Chandnee Choke\\\" or \\\"Goreeamar Lane\\\". Kolkata Municipal Corporation records show that before 1937, that one of the lanes were called Guriama Lane in local. In February 1937, the name was officially changed to Chandney Approach. In 1938, again it was renamed aas Chandni Chowk Street. It was speculated the name was given after Delhi’s Chandni Chowk as a symbol of acknowledgement for the Mughals whose capital was at Delhi at that time. W.H. Carey speculates that the name came from the canopies or the semi-permanent roofs (chadna, in Bengali) above shops that had sprung up over the years. The market existed in 19th century. R.J. Minney's \\\"Round about Calcutta\\\" (1922) says that Chandni Chowk contained garment markets, cycle shops, camera shops, pigeon stalls for cigarettes and sherbet. Hawkers and shopkeepers with semi-permanent structures continue to occupy every square inch of the space. In 1907, KMC bought land to widen Chandney Chowk Streets, but that did not help passersby. In October 1994, Chandni Chowk came under metro corridor as the stretch from Esplanade to Chandni Chowk was authorised for construction. Market Chandni Chowk is known for it being the oldest and biggest software and hardware market in West Bengal. Multiple technology companies had their main offices and service centres in Chandni Chowk due to its cheap and nearest facilities. Transport Central Ave, which is one the main road connectors between South and North Calcutta, passes through Chandni Chowk. Also Lenin Sarani of Kolkata road passes through Chandni Chowk which connects it directly to Sealdah. Chandni Chowk metro station and Esplanade metro station are nearest metro stations of the North South metro corridor. Esplanade serves also as metro station of the East West metro corridor of Kolkata. See also Bidhan Sarani Boubazar College Street Dharmatala References Neighbourhoods in Kolkata Notorious markets High-technology business districts in India Information technology places Information technology in India Electronics districts Electronics industry in India\",\n \"title\": \"Chandni Chowk (Kolkata)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9017268\",\n \"text\": \"There are several theories about the origin of Kolkata, erstwhile Calcutta in English, the name of the capital of the eastern Indian state of West Bengal. Ain-i- Akbari, the rent-roll of Akbar, the sixteenth-century Mughal emperor, and Manasa-mangal, the work of a Bengali poet, Bipradas Pipilai, of the late fifteenth century, both make mention of the city's early name's being Kolikata, from which Kolkata/Calcutta have been derived There is lot of discussion on how the city got its name. There are different views on the issue. The most popular and likely one is that the city got its name from its connection to the Hindu goddess Adyashakti paramba Kali with the original name's being either Kalikshetra (in Sanskrit), meaning the place of Adyashakti Kāli, or Kalikkhetrô (the Bengali pronunciation of Kalikshetra), meaning \\\"area of Goddess Kali\\\", with Kolikata being thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô. This theory is the most possible one as in the rural Bengali pronunciation the 'kh' consonant is replaced by 'k' and the 'tro' joined consonant is replaced by 'to', resulting in Kalikhetrô being Kaliketô which is very close to Kolikata. Other more or less plausible theories abound, like: The name derived from the location of the original settlement beside a khal (which means canal in English) According to a folk etymology, Britishers, when they visited the city, saw the goddess with a skull garland. This reminded them of the place Golgotha, which later became Kolkotha. According to another theory, the place was known for the manufacture of shell-lime. And the name derived from lime (kali) and burnt shell (kata). An interesting, but very possibly casually fabricated, anecdote exists on the nomenclature of Kolkata. According to it, a British merchant was travelling through the village, when he came upon a peasant stacking hay into the barn. Not knowing where he was, the merchant asked the peasant about that place. The peasant, unfortunately, did not understand English, and he guessed that the sahib must be inquiring about the date the crop was harvested. In his own language, he replied \\\"kāl kāʈa hoyechilo\\\" which in Bengali language means \\\"harvested yesterday\\\" (kal – yesterday, kāʈa – cut, harvested). The merchant was happy in the knowledge that he had learned about the name of the place, and left the place. Following English transcription, \\\"Kāl Kāʈa\\\" became \\\"Calcutta\\\" . The name may have its origin in the words khal meaning \\\"canal\\\", followed by kaṭa, which may mean \\\"dug\\\". The name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila (\\\"flat area\\\"). Another theory is that the name derives from Kalighat. According to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun and coir or kata; hence, it was called Kolikata. The area where the city is now located was originally inhabited by the people of three villages— Kalikata, Sutanuti and Gobindapur. However, the boundaries of the three villages gradually became less distinct, and before the battle of Plassey, the city could be divided into four different\",\n \"title\": \"Etymology of Kolkata\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58673680\",\n \"text\": \"The Mrs Bistow's Theatre also known as Chowringhee Theatre, was an historic theatre in Calcutta (now named Kolkata) in India, founded in 1787. It was the third theatre in the city of Calcutta. It is known as the first theatre in India to employ actresses. History The theatre was founded in 1787 by Emma Bistow, married to an English merchant. It was situated in Bistow's residence at the junction at Chowringhee and Theatre Road. Formally named Chowringhee Theatre, it was normally referred to as Mrs Bistow's Theatre after its founder and managing director. Bistow as considered a competent manager and also as a good actress on her own stage, particularly noted within \\\"comedy and humorous singing\\\". The Mrs Bistow's Theatre was the third theater in Calcutta after the Calcutta Theatre and its predecessor, and became one of the two leading stages of Calcutta and a prominent rival stage to Calcutta Theatre. It was the first theatre in India to employ women on stage, which caused its rival stage Calcutta Theatre to employ actresses. In 1789, Emma Bristow introduced actresses brought from England. The theater was closed in 1790 when Emma bristow returned to England. The foundation of this theatre was followed by the foundation of a number of more temporary theatres such as the theatres of Chandernagore (1808), The Athenaeum Lower (1812), Kidderpore (1815) and Dum Dum (1817), but it was not truly replaced as a prominent theatre until the foundation of the second theatre known as the Chowringhee Theatre, also known as the \\\"Private Subscription Theatre\\\" on Chowringhee Road (1813–1839). References Sources P. Guha-Thakurta, Bengali Drama: Its Origin and Development Poonam Trivedi, Dennis Bartholomeusz, India's Shakespeare: Translation, Interpretation, and Performance Former theatres Theatres in Kolkata 1787 in India 18th century in Kolkata\",\n \"title\": \"Mrs Bistow's Theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17719095\",\n \"text\": \"Sri Anirvan (8 July 1896 – 31 May 1978), born Narendra Chandra Dhar, was an Indian Hindu monk, writer and philosopher. Widely known as a scholar, his principal works were a Bengali translation of Sri Aurobindo's The Life Divine and the three-volume treatise Veda Mimamsa. Early life and sannyas Sri Anirvan was born on 8 July 1896 in the town of Mymensingh, then a part of British India and now in Bangladesh. His birth name was Narendrachandra Dhar. He was the son of Rajchandra Dhar, a doctor, and Sushila Devi. He was a spiritually and intellectually inclined child, who by age 11 had memorised the Astadhyayi of Pāṇini and the Bhagavad Gita. He was named Baroda Brahmachari after going through the sacred thread ceremony. He also won a state scholarship as a teen and completed university IA and BA degrees at the University of Dhaka and an MA from the Sanskrit College of the University of Calcutta. At 16, he joined the Assam Bangiya Saraswata Math (the ashram), located in the village of Kokilamukh near Jorhat in Assam. He was a disciple of the ashram's founder, Paramahansa Srimat Swami Nigamananda Saraswati Dev, who initiated him into sannyas. Anirvan's new monastic name was Nirvanananda Saraswati. He taught at the ashram school and edited its monthly magazine Aryyadarpan. Scholar and writer Some time after 1930, Nirvanananda changed his name to Anirvan and ceased to wear the ochre swami's robes. He travelled widely in North India, eventually returning to Assam and establishing an ashram in Kamakhya near Guwahati. However, he continued to travel. In the 1940s, he lived in Lohaghat and Almora. Madame Lizelle Reymond documented some of this period in My Life with a Brahmin Family (1958) and To Live Within (1971). During this time, Sri Anirvan translated Sri Aurobindo's The Life Divine into Bengali (as Divya Jeevan Prasanga); this book, his first, was published in two volumes between 1948 and 1951. In 1953, Sri Anirvan moved to Shillong in Assam. His reputation as a Vedic scholar grew; and he wrote both in Bengali (chiefly) and in English (he was also fluent in French) on various aspects of Hindu philosophy (particularly Samkhya, the Upanishads, the Gita and Vedanta) and the parallels between Rigvedic, Puranic, Tantric and Buddhist thought. His magnum opus, Veda Mimamsa, was published in three volumes in 1961, 1965 and 1970. This work won him the Rabindra award. Though Sri Anirvan was a saint, he studied subjects such as Marxism and gardening; yet he called himself a simple baul . Sri Anirvan made his final move, to Calcutta, in 1965. He died on 31 May 1978, after a six-year illness. Works Aditi (Bengali: অন্তর্যোগ). Kolkata: Sri Gautam Dharmapal, Haimavati Prakashani Trust. Anirvan Aloya Patanjala Yoga-Prasanga; Edited & Translated by Sudipta Munsi; Calcutta: Prachi Publications. (Bengali). Published 2006. Antaryoga (Bengali: অন্তর্যোগ). Kolkata: Haimavati Prakashani Trust, 1997 (Bengali year 1404), 3rd edition. Aranyak (Bengali: অারণ্যক). Writings as Editor of Nagamananda Ashram magazine. Halishar: Assam Bangyiya Saraswat Math. Bichitra (Bengali: বিচিত্রা). Kolkata: Smt\",\n \"title\": \"Anirvan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54808083\",\n \"text\": \"Nizam Palace is a tier A heritage building on AJC Bose Road in Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta), the capital ofIndian state of West Bengal. It was constructed in 1933. Mir Osman Ali Khan, the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad, acquired it as his Kolkata residence from a businessman of Armenian descent, Johannes Carapie, also known as J. C. Galstaun (1859–1947). Its former guests included King Edward VIII. The palace was used as a hospital during World War I. History Galstaun constructed this mansion as a labor of love for his wife and named it Galstaun Park. Later in 1933 it was sold to the Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan. The Nizam initially named it Saba Palace. Its name was later changed to Nizam Palace. References Further reading Nizam Palace and the Legend of J.C. Galstaun Galstaun Park Buildings and structures in Kolkata Palaces of Nizams of Hyderabad\",\n \"title\": \"Nizam Palace (Kolkata)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9231958\",\n \"text\": \"Sanjib Chattopadhyay (; born 24 October 1936 in Kolkata, India) is an Indian Bengali novelist and writer of short stories. His style is characterized by use of short satirical sentences mixed with very lively language. Childhood and education Sanjib Chattopadhyay spent his childhood in the hilly terrain of Chota Nagpur PlateauBlurb of Dashti Kishore Upanyas, collection of novels by Sanjib Chattopadhyay, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, 2012 under the care of his father after his mother died when he was five. They relocated to Calcutta and he was admitted to Victoria Institution school which he joined at grade seven. He later graduated from the Scottish Church College where he studied chemistry. Work The subjects of his fiction are mostly families living in Calcutta city. Within the confines of these homes, he challenges the moral values of the fast-changing middle class of the city. Chattopadhyay frequently uses old men as his protagonists. These aged characters create the spiritual and philosophical edge found in his novels Lotakambal (The Vessel and Quilt) and Shakha Prasakha (Branches). Arguably the most famous of his creations is Lotakambal. His most famous novella Swet Patharer Table (The Ivory Table) is an example of his characteristic style of story-telling which mixes tension, dilemma, curiosity, pity, humor, and satire. He has written fiction for children and continues to write for magazines and newspapers. Chattopdhyay's current writing is related to Ramkrishna Paramhansa Sarada Devi and Swami Vivekananda. Some of his major works apart from the above-mentioned are: Parampadokamale (At His Divine Feet) Cancer Duti Chair (Two Chairs) Roshe Boshe Rakish Maa Roshe Boshe Besh Achhi Roshe Boshe Tumi Aar Aami (You And I) Eke Eke (One By One) Kolkata Achhe Kolkatatei (Calcutta Is In Calcutta) Sheuli - A novel about a family consisting of grandfather, grandmother, father, mother and their son and daughter with many aspirations nestled inside satire. Mapa Hashi Chapa Kanna (a book on satire) Halka Hashi Chokher Jol (a book on satire) [Light Smile Tears] Ujan Beye Jai Mojar Foara Bhagabaner Kaane Dilen Bhagabaner Naam by Dey's Publishing Nirbane Anirban Buddha Bhagaban by Dey's Publishing BHOR HOLO by Patra Bharati Ka Tobo Kanta by Dey's Publishing Porokiya by Patra Bharati BRAMHADATYIR BACCHA by Patra Bharati Apart from these, his notable juvenile literature includes the Ruku-Suku and Badomama-Mejomama series (recompiled & published as Mama Samagra by KGB Prakashani) which are fun-filled and analyse various philosophical aspects of life through the eyes of children. Awards Chattopadhyay is the recipient of the Ananda Puraskar in 1981. He received the Banga Bibhushan award from the Govt. of West Bengal in May, 2012. He received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2018 for his novel Sri Krishner Sesh Kota Din at an age of 82 years. References Bengali writers Bengali-language writers Bengali male poets Bengali-language poets Indian children's writers Indian male novelists Scottish Church College alumni University of Calcutta alumni 1936 births Living people 20th-century Indian novelists Poets from West Bengal 20th-century Indian poets Indian male poets Novelists from West Bengal 20th-century Indian male\",\n \"title\": \"Sanjib Chattopadhyay\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9027327\",\n \"text\": \"Sir Rajendra Nath Mookerjee Viswakarma of Bengal (or Rajen Mookerjee; 23 June 1854 – 15 May 1936) was a pioneering Bengali Indian industrialist. Early life Rajendra Nath Mookerjee was raised by his mother after his father died when he was six. He studied engineering for three years at present day Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur then located at Presidency College, Calcutta. He started as a contractor and later earned fame as an engineer and businessman. Achievements Along with Sir Thomas Acquin Martin, he founded Martin & Co. and contributed to the success of Bengal Iron at Kulti. Undertaken Burn & Company , and Jessop after his company's huge success. Later he joined G.H.Fairhurst in founding the iron works of The Indian Iron and Steel Company at Burnpur. Present Day's Garden Reach Ship Builders and Hooghly Dock are also his contributions. Among his achievements were the construction of Palta water works and the Victoria Memorial and Howrah Bridge(Old) at Kolkata, Later His Company developed the Bridge in 1945 to a Cantilever Bridge which is now called as Rabindra Setu. He pioneered the laying down and operations of Martin's Light Railways. He visited England for the first time in 1901 and later several times more in connection with his business. Beside Business he Also Founded Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) with inspiration of Prasanta Chandra Mohalanobis Honours and awards In 1908, Mookerjee was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE). In 1911, he became sheriff of Kolkata. Also in 1911, he was knighted with the KCIE. In 1922, Mookerjee was further honoured with the dignity of a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO). In 1931, the University of Calcutta honoured him with an honorary D.Sc. (Engineering). He presided over the 8th session of Indian Science Congress held at Kolkata in 1921. Personal life Mookerjee was married when he was still in his early teens to eleven-year-old Jadumati Devi, a girl of his own caste and similar background, in a match arranged by their families. They had three sons: Jitendra Nath Mookerjee was his eldest son Sir Biren Mookerjee, the second son Mahendra Nath Mookerjee was his youngest son His grandsons, Ramen Mookerjee and Robin Mookerjee, took over the reins of Martin Burn & Co. after the death of his sons. Monuments A main thoroughfare in Kolkata is named after him as Rajendra Nath Mukherjee Road abbreviated as R. N. Mukherjee Road, earlier known as Mission Row. A statue of Sir R.N. Mukherjee was situated in Victoria Memorial premises. References External links 1854 births 1936 deaths Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order Presidency University, Kolkata alumni University of Calcutta alumni People from North 24 Parganas district Businesspeople in steel 20th-century Indian engineers Businesspeople in construction Indian people in rail transport Indian industrialists Presidents of The Asiatic Society 19th-century Indian engineers Businesspeople from Kolkata 19th-century Indian businesspeople 20th-century Indian businesspeople Rajendra Sheriffs of Kolkata Indian Knights\",\n \"title\": \"Rajendra Nath Mookerjee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42922600\",\n \"text\": \"The Calcutta Chord link line, also known as the C.C. link line, is a long branch line of the Kolkata Suburban Railway which comes under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway's Sealdah Division & Howrah Division. The line directly connects the Sealdah railway station (erstwhile Calcutta railway station) on the east bank of the Hooghly River with the Howrah–Bardhaman chord line at the Dankuni Junction on the west bank of the Hooghly River via the Vivekananda Setu. The Andul Calcutta Chord link branch line (known as the A.C.C.L. branch line) is a long branch line from Dankuni Junction which connects C.C. link line with the Santragachi–Amta branch line and Andul on the Howrah–Kharagpur line. Services The C.C link line serves as a vital link for the city of Kolkata to the rest of the country providing a shorter route through the Howrah–Bardhaman chord line rather than the longer route through the Howrah-Bardhaman main line via the Naihati–Bandel branch line. The line is used by major long distance express services such as the Sealdah Rajdhani Express, Darjeeling Mail, Padatik Express, and Ananya Express amongst many others, originating from the Sealdah and Kolkata railway stations, to the rest of India. The line is also a part of the Kolkata Suburban Railway and is served by 46 Daily and 40 Sunday EMU services running between Sealdah and Dankuni and 2 EMU services between Sealdah and Baruipara. These suburban services are provided by 9-car EMU rakes from the Narkeldanga EMU Carshed. The line also acts as an important link for freight commodities coming in and out of the Kolkata Port connecting it with the rest of the country. The A.C.C.L branch line was primarily built and used for diverting freight trains of the South Eastern Railway from the Howrah–Kharagpur line towards Chitpur and Kolkata docks. With increasing public demand, some long-distance passenger trains were started in this section directly from Sealdah to connect to the Howrah–Kharagpur line, like the Sealdah–Puri Duronto Express. More recently the line has been used by many long distance passenger trains such as the Kaziranga Express, Aronai Express and others from the Howrah–Kharagpur line to completely bypass the congested sections near Howrah while using Dankuni or Bhattanagar stations as commercial stoppages instead. History The Howrah-Bardhaman Chord, a shorter link to Bardhaman from Howrah than the Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line, was constructed in 1917. In 1932, the Calcutta Chord Link Line was built over the Willingdon Bridge (now known as Vivekananda Setu) joining Dum Dum with Dankuni and opened for freight traffic, thus forming a direct link from Calcutta (now known as Sealdah railway station) to Dankuni on the Howrah-Bardhaman Chord, thus earning the line its name. By 1950–51, Santragachi was heavily congested causing delays in arrival for trains bound to Howrah. Two major reasons identified for the congestion were its railway yard outstripping its capacity and passing of freight trains of the South Eastern Railway from Kharagpur towards Chitpur and Kolkata docks taking the circuitous route via Tikiapara, Liluah, Belanagar and then\",\n \"title\": \"Calcutta Chord link line\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16929458\",\n \"text\": \"The East Bengal Mail was one of three trains operated between India and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The rail link was suspended at the outbreak of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Overview Prior to 1965, when armed conflict broke out between India and Pakistan, rail links existed between India and East Pakistan. Three trains ran between the two countries carrying goods and passengers: (1) East Bengal Express between Sealdah and Goalundo Ghat via Gede–Darshana, (2) East Bengal Mail between Sealdah and Parbatipur Junction via Gede–Darshana, and (3) Barisal Express between Sealdah and Khulna via Petrapole–Benapole. History From 1878, the railway route from Kolkata, then called Calcutta, to Siliguri was in two legs through the eastern part of Bengal. The first leg was a 185 km journey along the Eastern Bengal State Railway from Calcutta Station (later renamed Sealdah) to Damookdeah Ghat on the southern bank of the Padma River, then across the river in a ferry and the second leg of the journey. A 336 km metre-gauge line of the North Bengal Railway linked Saraghat on the northern bank of the Padma to Siliguri. The 1.8 km long Hardinge Bridge across the Padma opened for trains in 1915. Presently, it is between the Paksey and Bheramara stations on the broad-gauge line between Khulna and Parbatipur in Bangladesh. In 1926 the metre-gauge section north of the bridge was converted to broad gauge, and so the entire Calcutta – Siliguri route became broad-gauge. In the pre-independence days, two legendary mail trains used the Sealdah–Parbatipur line. The Darjeeling Mail linked Kolkata, then known as Calcutta, and Siliguri. The Assam Mail originally ran from Sealdah to Santahar by broad gauge, and onwards by metre gauge from Santahar to Guwahati (then spelt Gauhati). Branch lines Not only was the mainline an important one but a cursory glance at the route map shows important links. The Maitree Express uses a part of the route from Iswardi. Abdulpur is an important junction with links to Rajshahi and the India–Bangladesh border at Rahanpur-Singhabad. In olden days, it was the route for travel between Malda and Kolkata. Santahar is another important junction, with a metre-gauge connection to many places in the northern part of Bangladesh. In pre-independence days, there was a metre-gauge line: Katihar–Radhikapur–Biral–Parbatipur–Tista–Geetaldaha–Golakganj–Fakiragram. References Named passenger trains of India Named passenger trains of Bangladesh International named passenger trains Defunct trains in India History of rail transport in West Bengal Railway services discontinued in 1965 Transport in Kolkata\",\n \"title\": \"East Bengal Mail\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["2001"],"string":"[\n \"2001\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":49,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_42303"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"where did the songs from mamma mia come from"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"656355","text":"ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"SOS\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Mamma Mia\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \"Tropical Loveland\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \"Intermezzo No. 1\" (early working title: \"Mama\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \"Man in the Middle\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \"The ABBA Remasters\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \"Deluxe Edition\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \"Baby\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \"Rock Me\". \"Baby\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Crazy World\" \"Crazy World\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \"Money, Money, Money\" single in November 1976. \"Crazy World\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\" Recording began on 6 May 1975","title":"ABBA (album)"},{"docid":"2556660","text":"Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \"my mom\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \"Mamma Mia\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \"Mamma Mia\" (Darin song), 2014 \"Mama Mia\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \"Mamma Mia\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \"Mama Mia\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \"Mammamia\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \"Mamma Mia\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \"Mamma Mia\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \"Mamma Mia\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon","title":"Mamma Mia"},{"docid":"58104687","text":"Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \"Dancing Queen\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \"Fernando\" and \"Super Trouper\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\" —Cher Cher also said that \"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \"SOS\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song","title":"Dancing Queen (album)"},{"docid":"75128298","text":"Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream was a British television talent competition that began airing on 22 October 2023 on ITV. The show documented the search for two new, unknown musical theatre performers to play the roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!. The series was presented by Zoe Ball, and features Samantha Barks, Alan Carr, Amber Riley and Jessie Ware as judges. The series was won by Stevie Doc and Tobias Turley to play Sophie and Sky respectively. Format The series documented the search to find two unknown musical theatre stars to play the central roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the 2024 West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!, based on the film of the same name for the musical's 25th anniversary. The format was similar to that of the BBC competitions How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, Any Dream Will Do, I'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow which aired on BBC One in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 respectively. ITV later aired a similar programme in 2012, Superstar. The series featured fourteen contestants, seven men and seven women, who took part in masterclasses, challenges and workshops focused on singing, dancing and acting which led to a finale set which took place in a West End theatre where a public vote decided the winners. Production In September 2022, it was reported that ITV were planning to revive the musical theatre talent search format with a new series based on Mamma Mia. In December 2022, ITV confirmed the commissioning of Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream. The series was produced by Thames, the production company behind the reality television formats Britain's Got Talent and I Can See Your Voice. The series is filmed in Corfu, Greece and is presented by Zoe Ball. The judges included Samantha Barks, who was a finalist on I'd Do Anything in 2008, comedian Alan Carr, Glee actress Amber Riley and singer Jessie Ware. Contestants The fourteen contestants competing for the roles of Sophie and Sky were announced on the day of the show's broadcast. Sophie Sky Weekly summary Results summary Colour key Week 1 (22 October) For the show's the first episode, the fourteen contestants were placed in either duos or trios and performed a song by ABBA. Group performances: \"Mamma Mia\" \"I Have a Dream\" Week 2 (29 October) In the show's second episode, the Sophies had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Dancing Queen\" Week 3 (5 November) In the show's third episode, the Skys had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" Week 4 (12 November) For the show's the fourth episode, the Sophies and Skys were paired up and had to recreate a scene","title":"Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream"},{"docid":"34081868","text":"Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \"the greatest showbiz impresario\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \"The Winner Takes It All\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\") and \"highly savvy writer\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to","title":"Judy Craymer"},{"docid":"1195313","text":"The ABBA Generation is the debut studio album by Swedish pop group A-Teens. It was released on 25 August 1999 by Stockholm Records. The album is composed of cover versions of well-known ABBA songs. The album spawned four singles, \"Mamma Mia\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\", \"Super Trouper\", and \"Dancing Queen\". The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. Background In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \"Mamma Mia\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \"Mamma Mia\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \"Super Trouper\" peaked at number two and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \"Happy New Year\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \"Dancing Queen\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. Critical reception Despite its commercial success around the world, the album received generally negative reviews from music critics. Alex Henderson of AllMusic said that the group's \"versions of ABBA gems like \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Dancing Queen\", and \"Voulez-Vous\" aren't brilliant, but they're enjoyable—and they show just how well the songs have held up over time.\" He concluded his review by saying, “All things considered, The ABBA Generation is a pleasing, if unremarkable, testament to the durability of ABBA's songs.\" In an average review for The A.V. Club, Steven Thompson wrote, \"Pop music doesn't get more marginal than a collection of overdriven dance-pop covers, but The ABBA Generation succeeds on its own modest terms.\" David Hiltbrand of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+, saying that the group \"look and sound better than their supergroup heroes; even the music is spruced up, thanks to a cast of savvy Swedish producers.\" Writing for Rolling Stone, Arion Berger gave the album one and a half out of five stars, saying that \"all the keyboard doodling and note-for-note diligence in Scandinavia wouldn't help these poseurs bring the pure-pop greatness of the real ABBA to life.\" Track listing All tracks written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, except as noted. Personnel Adapted from the album liner notes. Musicians Anneli Axon Anders Barrén Tee","title":"The ABBA Generation"},{"docid":"40705751","text":"\"I Wonder (Departure)\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \"The Name of the Game\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \"I wonder ... it scares me\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \"maximum emotional leverage\", making it \"the most intimate personal portrait\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \"translate beautifully to the stage\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus","title":"I Wonder (Departure)"},{"docid":"43934954","text":"\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" has been called a \"Fats Domino flavoured\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \"Why Did It Have To Be Me\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \"Happy Hawaii\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \"Happy Hawaii\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \"for the guys\" and praises it as an example of the \"professional songwriting\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs","title":"Why Did It Have to Be Me?"},{"docid":"798902","text":"A-Teens are a Swedish pop music group from Stockholm. The group was formed by Niklas Berg in 1998 as an ABBA tribute group called ABBA-Teens, which was later renamed A-Teens. The band members were Marie Serneholt, Amit Paul, Dhani Lennevald, and Sara Lumholdt. The group is best known for the singles \"Mamma Mia\" (1999) and \"Upside Down\" (2000), both of which were hits worldwide. The group was particularly successful in their home country where they amassed ten top 10 hit singles on the Swedish charts. After six years together, the group disbanded following the release of their Greatest Hits album in May 2004. History 1998–2000: The ABBA Generation In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \"Mamma Mia\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \"Mamma Mia\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. In August 1999, the group released their debut album The ABBA Generation, consisting entirely of ABBA covers reinterpreted with a modern pop and electronic sound. The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. The album sold more than 2 million copies worldwide and was certified Gold or Platinum in over 22 countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \"Super Trouper\" peaked at number two and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \"Happy New Year\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \"Dancing Queen\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. The group made several appearances on Disney and Nickelodeon. In September 2000, the A-Teens won a Viva Music Award for Best International Newcomer. 2001: Teen Spirit On 26 February 2001, the group released their second studio album Teen Spirit, which consists entirely of original tracks. It debuted at number two in the Swedish Charts. The album peaked at number thirteen on the European Albums Chart. In the United States, the album peaked at number fifty and was certified gold. The album was preceded by the single \"Upside Down\" in October 2000; this was their first single that was not an ABBA cover song. It peaked at number two in Sweden and was certified 2× Platinum. The song reached the top ten in several countries.","title":"A-Teens"},{"docid":"30864425","text":"Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released in Scandinavia on 17 November 1975 and in other parts of the world in 1976, notably the UK on 10 April, and on 18 September in the US and Canada. The 1976 version of the album included the band's most recent single \"Fernando\". The album was released in response to similar ABBA compilation albums being issued at the time by record labels in other countries who had licensed ABBA's music for release in their own territories, and the threat of import sales of those compilations impacting upon ABBA's home market. This meant that the success of Greatest Hits was largely confined to Scandinavia and the UK, although the size of the latter market and the scale of its success there has ensured that Greatest Hits is one of ABBA's best-selling albums worldwide. The album was the best-selling album of 1976 in the UK, and the country's second-best selling album of the decade. Background ABBA had won the Eurovision Song Contest in April 1974 with the song \"Waterloo\", which went on to be a major hit across Europe and in Australia and New Zealand. However, the immediate follow-up singles did not meet with the same success, and it wasn't until over a year later that \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\", \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became worldwide hits and reignited interest in the band. To capitalise on this resurgence of interest, several labels around the world released their own licensed compilations of ABBA's singles up to and including \"Mamma Mia\" – these included a similarly-titled Greatest Hits by France's Disques Vogue, and The Best of ABBA, released by West Germany's division of Polydor Records and by RCA Victor in Australia and New Zealand. To counteract the possibility of import sales from these records in Scandinavia, ABBA's record label Polar Music rush-released their own version of Greatest Hits. Release The tracks were taken from ABBA's first three studio albums, Ring Ring, Waterloo and ABBA, and with the exception of \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" had all been released as singles somewhere in the world. Despite the title of the compilation, only half of the tracks had actually charted as hit singles in major territories. \"Waterloo\", \"SOS\", \"Mamma Mia\" and (later) \"Fernando\" were top 10 hits in the UK and several other countries, though only the first of these was a top 10 hit in the US. Other hits in multiple territories included \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" (a top 10 hit in several countries, a number one in Australia, and a top 20 hit in the US, though barely cracking the top 40 in the UK), \"Honey, Honey\" (a top 20 hit in several countries and a top 30 hit in the US), \"Hasta Mañana\" (a top 10 hit in South Africa and New Zealand and a top 20 hit in Australia), and \"So Long\"","title":"Greatest Hits (ABBA album)"},{"docid":"5432353","text":"\"Upside Down\" (titled \"Bouncing off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" outside Europe) is a song by Swedish pop music group A-Teens, released as first single from their second album, Teen Spirit (2001). A DVD single of the song was released in the United States in February 2001 to coincide with both the single's release and Teen Spirits release, and contains the music videos for both the title track and Mamma Mia from The ABBA Generation. Production and release After the intense promotion in the United States in August 2000, the band went back to the studio to start working on their second album. The song was first announced at the Viva Music Awards in September 2000. The song was the first time the band released an original song instead of a cover, and the song was produced by the hit makers Grizzly and Tysper. Commercial reception The single reached platinum on its 3rd week of release in their homeland, and by early 2001, \"Upside Down\" had peaked at number two and sold over 120,000 copies in Sweden, earning a 2× platinum certification. The song became the band's biggest hit in the United Kingdom, selling 3,711 copies on its first day and peaking at number 10 by the end of the week. The song received 8/10 Stars on UK Yahoo Music Reviews. \"Upside Down\" had a name change in the United States and Canada to \"Bouncing Off The Ceiling (Upside Down)\". The song reached number 93 on the US Billboard Hot 100 while the physical single reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales Chart. Music video Directed by Patrick Kiely, the video was filmed in Universal Studios in Los Angeles from United States on 13–15 October 2000. It shows the band in an alternative world where everything is \"upside down,\" and tells the story of one student who is in love with another student so much that they can't focus on their school studies; thus turning their lives \"upside down.\" The dancing routine was choreographed by Wade Robson. The video reached number-one on several countdowns around the world. It was 2001's 25th most played video of MTV Mexico. Track listings Swedish and European CD single \"Upside Down\" (radio version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (sing-along version) – 3:14 European maxi-CD single \"Upside Down\" – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (Grizzly/Tysper radio remix) – 3:50 \"Upside Down\" (Grizzly/Tysper extended remix) – 4:46 \"Upside Down\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 UK CD single \"Upside Down\" (radio version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (Almighty 7-inch edit) – 4:18 \"Upside Down\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 \"Upside Down\" (karaoke version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (CD-ROM video) UK cassette single \"Upside Down\" – 3:14 \"Mamma Mia\" (radio version) – 3:14 US CD single \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" – 3:14 \"Super Trouper\" – 3:50 \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" (video) US DVD single \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling\" (video) \"Mamma Mia\" (video) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Release history References External links 2000 singles 2000 songs","title":"Upside Down (A-Teens song)"},{"docid":"3735183","text":"Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an","title":"Catherine Johnson (playwright)"},{"docid":"54535911","text":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\"One of Us\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\"Waterloo\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\"Why Did It","title":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again"},{"docid":"38660223","text":"\"Guilty Pleasures\" is the seventeenth episode of the fourth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the eighty-third episode overall. Written by Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz, it aired on Fox in the United States on March 21, 2013. Kelley Mitchell, Jennifer Greenberg, Melissa Buell, Tym Shutchai Buacharern, Paula Jane Hamilton and Darla Albright were nominated at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series for this episode. Plot Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) take over the glee club while Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) is out sick, and have New Directions perform their musical guilty pleasures in order to strengthen the bond between its members. Blaine and Sam perform \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" as a demonstration, and Sam later performs \"Copacabana\", followed by Blaine, who performs \"Against All Odds\". Sam notices that Blaine directs the song at him, and Blaine admits he had a crush on him. Sam reveals that he's known for a while and respects Blaine's feelings as they reaffirm their friendship. Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) and Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell) perform \"Wannabe\", and Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) notes how Kitty became closer to New Directions. The girls later confront Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist) over performing a Chris Brown song, and although he claims that they should differentiate an artist's personal life from their work, he agrees to change the song and performs \"My Prerogative\". In New York, Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) returns to the loft, and Brody Weston (Dean Geyer) moves out after his fight with Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith). Santana reveals to Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) that Brody was a gigolo, and Rachel later confronts him at NYADA, where they decide that their relationship has definitely come to an end. Rachel thanks Santana for not giving up on trying to make her see the truth. Santana and Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) later comfort Rachel, and they sing \"Mamma Mia\" together, simultaneously with New Directions, who perform it to celebrate the success of the assignment. Production The episode was written by Glee executive producers Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz. Shooting continued as late as February 25, 2013. Recurring characters in this episode include glee club members Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell), Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin) and Ryder Lynn (Blake Jenner), and NYADA junior Brody Weston (Dean Geyer). Seven songs from the episode are being released as singles: Barry Manilow's \"Copacabana\" performed by Overstreet, Radiohead's \"Creep\" performed by Michele and Geyer, Bobby Brown's \"My Prerogative\" performed by Artist, Phil Collins's \"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)\" sung by Criss, Wham!'s \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" performed by Criss and Overstreet, Spice Girls' \"Wannabe\" performed by Newell, Benoist, Tobin, Ushkowitz and Morris, and ABBA's \"Mamma Mia\" performed by Michele, Rivera, Colfer and","title":"Guilty Pleasures (Glee)"},{"docid":"20312130","text":"Amén is the tenth studio album by Spanish duo Azúcar Moreno, released on Sony International in 2000. Amén, entirely recorded in Miami, was coproduced by Estéfano, with whom the duo had collaborated on the 1994 album El Amor, and Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez who had produced their two preceding albums Esclava de tu piel and Olé and also the track “Muévete salvaje” on their 1997 greatest hits compilation Mucho Azúcar - Grandes Éxitos. Six of the album's thirteen titles, “Amén”, “Abracadabra”, “Mamma mia”, “Tururú”, “40 kilos de besos”, “Amigo mío” and “Viva la vida”, were written or co-written by Spanish singer and composer Miguel Gallardo, who previously had penned hits like “Hazme el amor”, “Desnúdate, desnúdame”, “A galope”, “Solo se vive una vez”, “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” and “Esclava de tu piel” for the Salazar sisters. The lead single from the album was “Mamma mia” —not to be confused with the ABBA song with the same title— followed by the title track “Amén”, “Ay amor”, “Dale que dale” and the ballad “Piel de seda”, the latter written by prolific Spanish composer José Luis Perales. The track “San José” was co-produced by Spanish remix team Pumpin’ Dolls, who previously had remixed worldwide hits like Cher’s “Strong Enough”, TLC’s “Unpretty” and Carlos Santana’s “María María”. The track “Abracadabra”, the third single from the album, was along with “Juramento” featured in Spanish movie Gitano, starring famous flamenco dancer Joaquín Cortés. “Mamma Mia”, “Amén” and “Abracadabra” were all released in a wide variety of extended dance mixes, mixed by among others Pedro del Moral, David Ferrero and Pablo Flores. Amén continued the Salazar sisters’ series of successful albums, selling some 300.000 copies in Spain alone and achieving triple platinum status. Amén was the first Azúcar Moreno album to be accompanied by a DVD release, entitled Amén Tour. The documentary captures the Salazar sisters touring Spain, Portugal, The Azores, Bulgaria, South America and it also features behind the scenes footage from the making of the videos “Mamma mia”, “Amén”, “Abracadabra” and “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” from their previous album Esclava de tu piel, the latter filmed in New York. Track listing “Amén” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:36 “Abracadabra” (Gallardo) – 3:50 “Mamma mia” (Fano) – 4:17 “El amor se echa de menos” (Fano) – 4:48 “Tururú” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:44 “Piel de seda” (Perales) – 4:33 “Juramento” (Rilo) – 3:33 “Dale que dale” (Alonso, Castro, Flores, Salazar) – 3:59 “Ay amor” (Donato, Fano) – 4:28 “40 kilos de besos” (Caba, Gallardo) – 4:14 “San José” (Gypsy Dance version) (Arana, Belmonte) – 3:51 “Amigo mío” (Gallardo) – 3:14 “Viva la vida” (Gallardo) – 3:47 Personnel Azúcar Moreno – vocals Production Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez – record producer Estéfano – producer Pumpin’ Dolls – co-producers \"San José\" (Gypsy Dance Version) Certifications and sales Sources and external links [ Allmusic discography] Discogs.com discography Rateyourmusic.com discography Specific 2000 albums Azúcar Moreno albums","title":"Amén"},{"docid":"40748214","text":"\"Hey, Hey Helen\" is a song by ABBA, featured on their 1975 self-titled album. It was used as the B-side to Mamma Mia in Australia and Fernando in the UK. Composition The song is in the Glam rock genre. Analysis George Starostin Reviews says the song has \"perfectly tolerable lyrics about a family breakup\" from an anti-feminist perspective. PopDose says \"'Helen' took an adult look at divorce and single motherhood in a time when the divorce rate was up and the traditional family unit was taking a beating. At first, the lyrics seem a bit judgmental, until you get to that last bit in the chorus where the girls assure the newly single mother that she can, in fact, make it alone\". Covers Lush covered the song for an abandoned anti-poll tax compilation, the cover version was released on their 1990 album Gala. Critical reception The Trouser Press record guide described the song as \"obscure\". OneWeekOneBand said \"The best bit of this - OK maybe apart from the riff - is where the lyrics go “Can you make it alone?” and the backing vox reply “Yes you can” and to prove it the song goes into a FUNK BREAKDOWN, the only one in ABBA's catalogue.\" George Starostin Reviews says the song is \"quite memorable\", and adds it is \"what all those 'heavy metal tunes' off Waterloo would have sounded like\" if they had been given more of the 'ABBA' sound. It adds \"the heavy guitar riffs on that one don't bother me in the least, as they never try to sound dreary or 'mock-ominous': they just emphasize the power of the tune, which is, in my opinion, a highly underrated ABBA classic, with all those riffs, a catchy, rhythmic synth solo, a groovy drum pattern\". PopDose describes the song as \"one of the earliest glimmers that ABBA were more than just your standard bubblegum pop group\". It wondered why the song wasn't featured in the Mamma Mia musical considering its subject matter, and theorises that it was because the song wasn't popular enough. It notes, however, that the group mimed it for quite a few TV appearances at the time, citing “Don Kirshner’s Rock Concert” in 1975. References 1975 songs ABBA songs Songs with feminist themes Songs about divorce","title":"Hey, Hey Helen"},{"docid":"2864185","text":"Jersey Boys is a jukebox musical with a book by Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice. It is presented in a documentary-style format that dramatizes the formation, success and breakup of the 1960s rock 'n' roll group The Four Seasons. The musical is structured as four \"seasons\", each narrated by a different member of the band who gives his own perspective on its history and music. Songs include \"Big Girls Don't Cry\", \"Sherry\", \"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\", \"My Eyes Adored You\", \"Stay\", \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\", \"Walk Like A Man\", \"Who Loves You\", \"Working My Way Back to You\" and \"Rag Doll\". The musical premiered at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2004 and ran on Broadway from 2005 to 2017. Since its debut it has been on two North American national tours and two national tours of the UK and Ireland. The show has been produced in London's West End, Las Vegas, Chicago, Toronto, Melbourne and other Australian cities, Singapore, South Africa, the Netherlands, Japan, Dubai, and China. Jersey Boys won four 2006 Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and the 2009 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical. Development In the early 2000s, Bob Gaudio, an original Four Seasons member, sought to make a musical from the band's discography; he noted in a 2008 interview that he was inspired by the success of Smokey Joe's Cafe and Mamma Mia! into believing that a rock-and-roll musical with existing songs could work. He hired book writers Rick Elice and Marshall Brickman, who had difficulty finding a willing director until Michael David of Dodger Theatricals recommended them to Des McAnuff. Brickman suggested creating a show about the band's history, instead of repurposing their songs for an independent story the way ABBA did with Mamma Mia!; Gaudio liked the idea, noting that although biopics were a common format in film, such a story format was still relatively rare on stage and that, to his knowledge, none had been tried at the time. Brickman was drawn to the project because \"it's a classic American story. It's rags to riches, and back to rags.\" McAnuff was initially lukewarm to the project and did not like the idea of naming the project after a Four Seasons song, fearing it would look like a cash grab instead of a legitimate artistic work; Gaudio came up with the title on a plane ride, reasoning that the band members were all just a bunch of Jersey boys, and the name stuck. Little was known to the public about the Four Seasons' history before the musical, because magazines of the era did not write much about them. In their research, Brickman and Elice were surprised to find that the members had prison records, which might have prevented their music from being played if it had been publicized when they were active. According to Gaudio, \"Back then, things were a little clean-cut, don't forget, so the idea of our story getting out was horrifying to us.\" Other bands of","title":"Jersey Boys"},{"docid":"5722841","text":"\"Intermezzo No. 1\" is an instrumental track from Swedish pop group ABBA's self-titled third album, released in April 1975. It was the first of only two tracks by the group not to contain lyrics; the other was the title track of their 1976 release, Arrival. It is the only purely instrumental ABBA song however, as Arrival includes \"a static layer of rich harmony vocals\". On the cover, the song was credited as \"Intermezzo No.1 featuring Benny Andersson\". Production Written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, the orchestral rock tune was recorded on October 16, 1974, in Stockholm's Glen and Metronome Studios under the working title \"Mama\". Another working title for the song was Bach-låten (The Bach Tune). In September 1975, it was released as the B-side to ABBA's single, \"Mamma Mia\". Carl Magnus Palm describes it as a \"showcase of Benny's classical music influences\", which first began to appear in his work with The Hep Stars songs “Sunny Girl” and “Wedding”. Carl Magnus Palm explains the song was a \"popular feature on every subsequent ABBA tour\" after the ABBA album was released. For example, the song is shown being performed in the 1977 concert tours in the film ABBA: The Movie. Composition The song has a \"piano and guitar-led instrumental\". Many of ABBA's pieces are full of \"thematic throwaways of the rich folk music culture [of Sweden]\". This song is a \"solo vehicle\" in which to indulge in classical music. The grand piano is the central instrument, layered by a \"flamboyant network of synth textures and brass punches\". ABBA: Let The Music Speak explains \"the main theme is inviting and uncomplicated, constantly giving way to a rapid-fire succession of mood-swinging secondary themes\". Critical reception Music News lists the song as one of ABBA's \"ambitious tracks...that showcase Andersson and Ulvaeus' classical leanings while demonstrating their abilities as proficient songwriters\". Der Tagesspiegel says the song, \"in contrast to the catchy masterpiece [Mamma Mia]\" that it was coupled with on the single, \"has a rather psychedelic-disturbing character\". Abba's Abba Gold notes that ABBA Gold doesn't include any of the \"lackadaisical instrumentals ABBA threw about\" like \"Arrival\" or \"Intermezzo No.1\". It adds though \"fans like the albums precisely for these oddities\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record describes the song as an \"impressive instrumental\". Bright Lights Dark Shadows: The Real Story of Abba explains that while \"experiments in applying classical music to a pop format were very much in vogue at the time [Intermezzo No.1] ha[s] come to seem a little dated\". It nevertheless describes the song as \"show[ing] a sense of musical ambition\" and an \"opus\". Carl Magnus Palm says for fans of ambitious music, the song \"probably remains a highlight in the ABBA oeuvre\", while to those who prefer more straightforward pop hits, the song \"has aged less well\". ABBA: Let The Music Speak says the song is \"whimsical and melodramatic\" and \"a sophisticated pastiche of all that is great and wondrous in the world of classical music, injected with a shot","title":"Intermezzo No. 1"},{"docid":"11143164","text":"\"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \"Rio de Janeiro\". Eventually, the track was renamed \"When I Kissed the Teacher\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \"schoolgirl imagery\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \"bouncy\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \"Waterloo\". It says the song \"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \"When I Kissed the Teacher\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is listed alongside \"Dancing Queen\" as an example of the group's \"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\" The Los Angeles Times said \"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \"expected of ABBA\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" with the Van Halen song \"Hot for Teacher\" and the Jethro Tull song \"Teacher\" as examples of \"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.","title":"When I Kissed the Teacher"},{"docid":"68620154","text":"Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \"Just a Notion\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \"Little Things\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \"ABBAtar\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \"Just a Notion\", was","title":"Voyage (ABBA album)"},{"docid":"18529345","text":"Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording is the original cast album for the ABBA-inspired stage musical of the same name. The album was released in 1999 and it reached No.56 in the UK album chart, with 2 weeks on the chart. Re-interest in this 1999 Original London Cast album caused it to reach #12 in the UK Album Chart, having charted at #16 a week earlier. It features performances by the original London cast of the musical including Lisa Stokke, Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae. The album was produced by the two male members of ABBA, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The album featured a number of ABBA's best known songs, including the title track, \"Dancing Queen\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" and \"Thank You for the Music\". Track listing Original release \"Overture / Prologue\" - Lisa Stokke—2:56 \"Honey, Honey\" - Lisa Stokke, Eliza Lumley, and Melissa Gibson—2:02 \"Money, Money, Money\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, Neal Wright, and Company—3:01 \"Mamma Mia\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Company-3:21 \"Thank You for the Music\" - Lisa Stokke, Hilton McRae, Paul Clarkson, and Nicolas Colicos-3:03 \"Chiquitita\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—2:27 \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—3:44 \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" - Andrew Langtree, Lisa Stokke, and Company—3:34 \"Super Trouper\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Jenny Galloway, Louise Plowright, and Female Company—3:56 \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" - Female Company—3:34 \"The Name of the Game\" - Lisa Stokke and Nicolas Colicos—3:22 \"Voulez-Vous\" - Company—3:29 \"Entr'acte\" - Musical cast—2:17 \"Under Attack\" - Lisa Stokke and Company—3:11 \"One of Us\" - Siobhán McCarthy—2:20 \"SOS\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae—2:44 \"Does Your Mother Know\" - Louise Plowright, Neal Wright, and Company—3:21 \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" - Hilton McRae—2:42 \"Our Last Summer\" - Paul Clarkson and Siobhán McCarthy—2:42 \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Lisa Stokke—3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" - Siobhán McCarthy—4:08 \"Take a Chance on Me\" - Jenny Galloway and Nicolas Colicos—3:33 \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" - Hilton McRae, Siobhán McCarthy, and Company—2:29 \"I Have a Dream\" - Lisa Stokke—2:58 5th anniversary edition The album was re-released in 2004, five years after its initial release to commemorate the musical's 5th anniversary. The new edition contained the original 24 tracks as well as three bonus tracks: the encore versions of \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Waterloo\". Another 5th anniversary release, which debuted in 2006, commemorates the Broadway production, which debuted in 2001. Also included is a deluxe souvenir booklet complete with lyrics and glimpses of Donna Sheridan in international productions, and a bonus DVD that basically gives a behind-the-scenes look at the musical as well as glimpses of international productions of the musical. An additional bonus feature includes clips of the West End cast singing \"Money, Money, Money\" and \"Dancing Queen\", as well as fond memories from original Broadway cast members Joe Machota and Tina Maddigan, who play the roles of Sky and Sophie,","title":"Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording"},{"docid":"15642908","text":"\"My Love, My Life\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \"My Love, My Life\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \"Monsieur, Monsieur\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \"My Love, My Life\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson","title":"My Love, My Life"},{"docid":"29435379","text":"\"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" (working title: \"Pandemonium\") is a song recorded in 1978 by the Swedish pop group ABBA for their sixth studio album, Voulez-Vous. History The song was a reflection of Björn Ulvaeus's state of mind during his divorce, an uptempo song with despairing lyrics where the narrator dreads the end of the working day, when they will be all alone to deal with their own thoughts. Ulvaeus later stated: \"There were times that last autumn I was with Agnetha that I had those nights myself. My lyrics were often based around fiction, but that must have been where that one came from.\" Appearances \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" was considered by the band members to be one of the strongest songs recorded during the Voulez-Vous sessions, and was originally intended to be the lead single from the album. ABBA performed the song in Japan in November 1978, upon their promotional visit to the country (known as ABBA in Japan). Although ABBA did not film an official video for \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\", their filmed performance on the Mike Yarwood Christmas Show in December 1978 serves as an \"unofficial\" music video. These filmed performances of the song differ from the original 5:11 version (lasting 3:42 and 3:50). In December 1978, a new song entitled \"Chiquitita\" was recorded, and it was ultimately decided that this would be released as the lead single from the Voulez-Vous album instead. As a result of this decision, \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" remained an album track. Cover versions Singer Hazell Dean included a dance cover of the song for her 1996 album The Winner Takes It All: Hazell Dean Sings ABBA. A hi-NRG/eurodance cover by Abbacadabra can be found on the 2008 compilation We Love ABBA: The Mamma Mia Dance Compilation, released through Almighty Records. An audio sample can be heard on the official Almighty Records website. References 1979 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus","title":"If It Wasn't for the Nights"},{"docid":"9191968","text":"\"Thank ABBA for the Music\" is a medley of songs originally released by pop group ABBA, performed by Steps, Tina Cousins, Cleopatra, B*Witched and Billie. The medley consists of \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Thank You for the Music\". It was originally performed during the 1999 Brit Awards, which occurred on 16 February, and its release coincided with the debut of the ABBA musical Mamma Mia!. The medley peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in April 1999 and reached the top 10 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and Sweden. Track listings Personnel Tina Cousins – lead and backing vocals Billie Piper – lead and backing vocals Cleopatra Cleo Higgins – lead vocals Yonah Higgins – backing vocals Zainam Higgins – backing vocals B*Witched Lindsay Armaou – backing vocals Edele Lynch – lead vocals Keavy Lynch – backing vocals Sinead O'Carroll – backing vocals Steps Lee Latchford-Evans – lead and backing vocals Claire Richards – lead and backing vocals Lisa Scott-Lee – lead and backing vocals Faye Tozer – lead and backing vocals Ian \"H\" Watkins – lead and backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References External links Songs about musicians 1999 singles B*Witched songs Billie Piper songs Epic Records singles Music medleys Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson Steps (group) songs Tina Cousins songs","title":"Thank ABBA for the Music"},{"docid":"57917036","text":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums","title":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack"},{"docid":"8377793","text":"Number Ones is a compilation album of recordings by Swedish pop group ABBA, released by Polar Music in 2006. Whereas ABBA Gold pulls together 19 of the group's biggest hits and most familiar songs, Number Ones is a variation on this concept, collecting 18 tracks that were #1 hits in many of the countries where ABBA were successful. In the end, only three tracks from ABBA Gold do not make the cut: \"Does Your Mother Know\", \"Lay All Your Love on Me\", and \"Thank You for the Music\". In the UK, the track list includes the full length version of \"Summer Night City\" (originally released on the Thank You for the Music box set) and an additional track \"Ring Ring\", which, oddly enough, was never a big hit in that territory. A limited edition, also released in the UK, includes a bonus disc with 12 tracks from ABBA's #1 albums. In Taiwan, a hidden track follows \"I Have a Dream\". This hidden track, titled \"ABBA Remix\" and running for 3:31, is a medley of the choruses of the 18 songs on the CD. Track listing International track listing \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Super Trouper\" \"SOS\" \"Summer Night City\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Chiquitita\" \"One of Us\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"Fernando\" \"Waterloo\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"I Have a Dream\" UK track listing \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Super Trouper\" \"SOS\" \"Summer Night City (Extended version)\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Chiquitita\" \"One of Us\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"Fernando\" \"Waterloo\" \"Ring Ring\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"I Have a Dream\" Limited Edition Bonus Disc: Classic Tracks from Number Ones albums \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" \"Hole in Your Soul\" \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" \"Me and I\" \"The King Has Lost His Crown\" \"Rock Me\" \"Tiger\" \"I Wonder (Departure)\" \"Another Town, Another Train\" \"Our Last Summer\" \"Kisses of Fire\" \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" Personnel Agnetha Fältskog - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Anni-Frid Lyngstad - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Björn Ulvaeus - lead vocals , co-lead vocals acoustic guitar, backing vocals Benny Andersson – synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2006 greatest hits albums ABBA compilation albums Compilation albums of number-one songs Polar Music compilation albums Albums produced by Björn Ulvaeus Albums produced by Benny Andersson Albums recorded at Polar Studios","title":"Number Ones (ABBA album)"},{"docid":"52199703","text":"Gazosa are an Italian teen band, best known for the song \"www.mipiacitu\". Career The band formed in 1998 as Eta Beta and then Zeta Beta, and originally consisted of Jessica Morlacchi (b. 1987, vocalist and bass guitar), Vincenzo Siani (b. 1986, drums), and the brothers Federico Paciotti (b. 1987, guitar) and Valentina Paciotti (b. 1985, keyboards). Put under contract by Caterina Caselli, they made their official debut in 1999, with the Abba's cover \"Mamma Mia\". Their self-titled debut album was released in 2000 and it mixed new songs and covers. In 2001 the band entered the 51st edition of the Sanremo Music Festival and won the newcomers' competition with the song \"Stai con me (Forever)\". In the summer they got a large commercial success with \"www.mipiacitu\", which became theme song of a series of Omnitel commercials and peaked at the fourth place on the Italian hit parade. In 2002 the group returned to the Sanremo Festival, this time competing in the Big Artists section, and placed tenth with the song \"Ogni giorno di più\". After releasing a cover version of \"Nessuno mi può giudicare\", the group disbanded in 2003, with Jessica Morlacchi and Federico Paciotti starting their solo career. In 2009 the musical project was restarted; active only in live events, it has a different line-up except for the drummer Vincenzo Siani. Discography Albums 2000 - Gazosa 2001 - www.mipiacitu 2002 - Inseparabili Singles 1999 - \"Mamma Mia\" 2001 - \"Stai con me (Forever)\" 2001 - \"www.mipiacitu\" 2002 - \"Ogni giorno di più\" 2003 - \"Nessuno mi può giudicare\" (ft. Tormento) References External links Italian pop music groups Living people Musical groups established in 1998 Sanremo Music Festival winners of the newcomers section Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Gazosa"},{"docid":"2583339","text":"Jacqueline Clune (born 13 December 1965) is a British actress and writer. She became established through her Edinburgh Fringe one-woman cabaret shows and her 1995 Karen Carpenter tribute act before graduating to mainstream acting. Early life Jackie Clune is the third of four children born in Harlow, Essex, to Irish Roman Catholic parents: her father, Don Clune (died August 2010), was a buyer for a computer firm, and her mother (who survived him by eight years) a nurse. The writer Maggie Clune is her sister. Jackie Clune graduated with a degree in drama from the University of Kent. Career On graduation from university, she became a full-time drama lecturer at the Royal Holloway College for at least six years, was the presenter of the Weekend Breakfast Show on BBC GLR 94.9fm, and a BBC London radio journalist. She started singing in bands part-time, but between sets as a DJ she developed a facility in chatting to the audience. This led a friend to suggest that she could create a Karen Carpenter tribute performance, with singing; this she worked on and took to the Edinburgh Festival in 1995, where she was spotted by a West End producer. Giving up her lecturing career, she co-founded the Red Rag Women's Theatre Company, and fell into stand-up comedy while working at the Hackney Empire. Her credits include the BBC soap drama EastEnders and ITV's The Bill. Since hosting the Stonewall Society equality shows at the Royal Albert Hall, she has developed a multi-media career. She has been on TV (terrestrial and Sky) and a radio panellist on Front Row, QI, Never Mind the Buzzcocks, What the Dickens?, Woman's Hour and The Staying-in Show and Loose Women. She had a part in Showstopper (1997), Bryony Lavery's play A Wedding Story (1999) and portrayed Julie Burchill, at the time a columnist for The Guardian, in the one-woman play Julie Burchill Is Away by Tim Fountain at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and in the West End (2003) which launched her to the global press. In 2006–7, she played the lead female role of Donna in the Abba songs-based musical Mamma Mia! international tour until 17 March 2007. On 4 June 2007, she took over the role of the dance teacher Mrs. Wilkinson in Billy Elliot the Musical in London. She gave her final performance on 22 November 2008 prior to rejoining the Mamma Mia! International Tour (2009–2011) again as leading role Donna, the role interpreted by Meryl Streep in the film. She sang the theme tune of, and contributed material to, the TV comedy Smack the Pony. After becoming involved in the revival of the Andrew Lloyd Webber and Don Black musical Tell Me On A Sunday, she met Denise van Outen with whom she co-wrote the show Blondes, which van Outen performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in August 2009 and in six preview performances at the New End Theatre in Hampstead. She promoted the album Love Songs (Dress Circle) courtesy of a show at the","title":"Jackie Clune"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"656355\",\n \"text\": \"ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \\\"SOS\\\", \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" and \\\"Mamma Mia\\\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \\\"Waterloo\\\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" shortly after. \\\"SOS\\\" and \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \\\"Tropical Loveland\\\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \\\"Intermezzo No. 1\\\" (early working title: \\\"Mama\\\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \\\"Man in the Middle\\\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \\\"The ABBA Remasters\\\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \\\"Deluxe Edition\\\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \\\"Bang-A-Boomerang\\\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \\\"Baby\\\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \\\"Rock Me\\\". \\\"Baby\\\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \\\"Crazy World\\\" \\\"Crazy World\\\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" single in November 1976. \\\"Crazy World\\\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \\\"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\\\" \\\"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\\\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \\\"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\\\" Recording began on 6 May 1975\",\n \"title\": \"ABBA (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2556660\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \\\"my mom\\\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Darin song), 2014 \\\"Mama Mia\\\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \\\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\\\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \\\"Mama Mia\\\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \\\"Mammamia\\\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58104687\",\n \"text\": \"Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \\\"Dancing Queen\\\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \\\"Fernando\\\" and \\\"Super Trouper\\\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \\\"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\\\" —Cher Cher also said that \\\"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\\\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \\\"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\\\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \\\"SOS\\\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing Queen (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75128298\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream was a British television talent competition that began airing on 22 October 2023 on ITV. The show documented the search for two new, unknown musical theatre performers to play the roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!. The series was presented by Zoe Ball, and features Samantha Barks, Alan Carr, Amber Riley and Jessie Ware as judges. The series was won by Stevie Doc and Tobias Turley to play Sophie and Sky respectively. Format The series documented the search to find two unknown musical theatre stars to play the central roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the 2024 West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!, based on the film of the same name for the musical's 25th anniversary. The format was similar to that of the BBC competitions How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, Any Dream Will Do, I'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow which aired on BBC One in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 respectively. ITV later aired a similar programme in 2012, Superstar. The series featured fourteen contestants, seven men and seven women, who took part in masterclasses, challenges and workshops focused on singing, dancing and acting which led to a finale set which took place in a West End theatre where a public vote decided the winners. Production In September 2022, it was reported that ITV were planning to revive the musical theatre talent search format with a new series based on Mamma Mia. In December 2022, ITV confirmed the commissioning of Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream. The series was produced by Thames, the production company behind the reality television formats Britain's Got Talent and I Can See Your Voice. The series is filmed in Corfu, Greece and is presented by Zoe Ball. The judges included Samantha Barks, who was a finalist on I'd Do Anything in 2008, comedian Alan Carr, Glee actress Amber Riley and singer Jessie Ware. Contestants The fourteen contestants competing for the roles of Sophie and Sky were announced on the day of the show's broadcast. Sophie Sky Weekly summary Results summary Colour key Week 1 (22 October) For the show's the first episode, the fourteen contestants were placed in either duos or trios and performed a song by ABBA. Group performances: \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" Week 2 (29 October) In the show's second episode, the Sophies had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" Week 3 (5 November) In the show's third episode, the Skys had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" Week 4 (12 November) For the show's the fourth episode, the Sophies and Skys were paired up and had to recreate a scene\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34081868\",\n \"text\": \"Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \\\"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\\\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \\\"the greatest showbiz impresario\\\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \\\"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\\\") and \\\"highly savvy writer\\\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to\",\n \"title\": \"Judy Craymer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1195313\",\n \"text\": \"The ABBA Generation is the debut studio album by Swedish pop group A-Teens. It was released on 25 August 1999 by Stockholm Records. The album is composed of cover versions of well-known ABBA songs. The album spawned four singles, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\", \\\"Super Trouper\\\", and \\\"Dancing Queen\\\". The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. Background In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \\\"Super Trouper\\\" peaked at number two and \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \\\"Happy New Year\\\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \\\"Dancing Queen\\\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. Critical reception Despite its commercial success around the world, the album received generally negative reviews from music critics. Alex Henderson of AllMusic said that the group's \\\"versions of ABBA gems like \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", and \\\"Voulez-Vous\\\" aren't brilliant, but they're enjoyable—and they show just how well the songs have held up over time.\\\" He concluded his review by saying, “All things considered, The ABBA Generation is a pleasing, if unremarkable, testament to the durability of ABBA's songs.\\\" In an average review for The A.V. Club, Steven Thompson wrote, \\\"Pop music doesn't get more marginal than a collection of overdriven dance-pop covers, but The ABBA Generation succeeds on its own modest terms.\\\" David Hiltbrand of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+, saying that the group \\\"look and sound better than their supergroup heroes; even the music is spruced up, thanks to a cast of savvy Swedish producers.\\\" Writing for Rolling Stone, Arion Berger gave the album one and a half out of five stars, saying that \\\"all the keyboard doodling and note-for-note diligence in Scandinavia wouldn't help these poseurs bring the pure-pop greatness of the real ABBA to life.\\\" Track listing All tracks written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, except as noted. Personnel Adapted from the album liner notes. Musicians Anneli Axon Anders Barrén Tee\",\n \"title\": \"The ABBA Generation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40705751\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Wonder (Departure)\\\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \\\"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\\\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \\\"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\\\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \\\"The Name of the Game\\\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \\\"I wonder ... it scares me\\\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \\\"maximum emotional leverage\\\", making it \\\"the most intimate personal portrait\\\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \\\"translate beautifully to the stage\\\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \\\"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\\\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus\",\n \"title\": \"I Wonder (Departure)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43934954\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\\\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \\\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\\\" has been called a \\\"Fats Domino flavoured\\\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \\\"Why Did It Have To Be Me\\\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \\\"Happy Hawaii\\\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \\\"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\\\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \\\"Happy Hawaii\\\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \\\"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\\\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \\\"for the guys\\\" and praises it as an example of the \\\"professional songwriting\\\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \\\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\\\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs\",\n \"title\": \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"798902\",\n \"text\": \"A-Teens are a Swedish pop music group from Stockholm. The group was formed by Niklas Berg in 1998 as an ABBA tribute group called ABBA-Teens, which was later renamed A-Teens. The band members were Marie Serneholt, Amit Paul, Dhani Lennevald, and Sara Lumholdt. The group is best known for the singles \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (1999) and \\\"Upside Down\\\" (2000), both of which were hits worldwide. The group was particularly successful in their home country where they amassed ten top 10 hit singles on the Swedish charts. After six years together, the group disbanded following the release of their Greatest Hits album in May 2004. History 1998–2000: The ABBA Generation In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. In August 1999, the group released their debut album The ABBA Generation, consisting entirely of ABBA covers reinterpreted with a modern pop and electronic sound. The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. The album sold more than 2 million copies worldwide and was certified Gold or Platinum in over 22 countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \\\"Super Trouper\\\" peaked at number two and \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \\\"Happy New Year\\\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \\\"Dancing Queen\\\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. The group made several appearances on Disney and Nickelodeon. In September 2000, the A-Teens won a Viva Music Award for Best International Newcomer. 2001: Teen Spirit On 26 February 2001, the group released their second studio album Teen Spirit, which consists entirely of original tracks. It debuted at number two in the Swedish Charts. The album peaked at number thirteen on the European Albums Chart. In the United States, the album peaked at number fifty and was certified gold. The album was preceded by the single \\\"Upside Down\\\" in October 2000; this was their first single that was not an ABBA cover song. It peaked at number two in Sweden and was certified 2× Platinum. The song reached the top ten in several countries.\",\n \"title\": \"A-Teens\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30864425\",\n \"text\": \"Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released in Scandinavia on 17 November 1975 and in other parts of the world in 1976, notably the UK on 10 April, and on 18 September in the US and Canada. The 1976 version of the album included the band's most recent single \\\"Fernando\\\". The album was released in response to similar ABBA compilation albums being issued at the time by record labels in other countries who had licensed ABBA's music for release in their own territories, and the threat of import sales of those compilations impacting upon ABBA's home market. This meant that the success of Greatest Hits was largely confined to Scandinavia and the UK, although the size of the latter market and the scale of its success there has ensured that Greatest Hits is one of ABBA's best-selling albums worldwide. The album was the best-selling album of 1976 in the UK, and the country's second-best selling album of the decade. Background ABBA had won the Eurovision Song Contest in April 1974 with the song \\\"Waterloo\\\", which went on to be a major hit across Europe and in Australia and New Zealand. However, the immediate follow-up singles did not meet with the same success, and it wasn't until over a year later that \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\", \\\"SOS\\\" and \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" became worldwide hits and reignited interest in the band. To capitalise on this resurgence of interest, several labels around the world released their own licensed compilations of ABBA's singles up to and including \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" – these included a similarly-titled Greatest Hits by France's Disques Vogue, and The Best of ABBA, released by West Germany's division of Polydor Records and by RCA Victor in Australia and New Zealand. To counteract the possibility of import sales from these records in Scandinavia, ABBA's record label Polar Music rush-released their own version of Greatest Hits. Release The tracks were taken from ABBA's first three studio albums, Ring Ring, Waterloo and ABBA, and with the exception of \\\"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\\\" had all been released as singles somewhere in the world. Despite the title of the compilation, only half of the tracks had actually charted as hit singles in major territories. \\\"Waterloo\\\", \\\"SOS\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" and (later) \\\"Fernando\\\" were top 10 hits in the UK and several other countries, though only the first of these was a top 10 hit in the US. Other hits in multiple territories included \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" (a top 10 hit in several countries, a number one in Australia, and a top 20 hit in the US, though barely cracking the top 40 in the UK), \\\"Honey, Honey\\\" (a top 20 hit in several countries and a top 30 hit in the US), \\\"Hasta Mañana\\\" (a top 10 hit in South Africa and New Zealand and a top 20 hit in Australia), and \\\"So Long\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Greatest Hits (ABBA album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5432353\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Upside Down\\\" (titled \\\"Bouncing off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\\\" outside Europe) is a song by Swedish pop music group A-Teens, released as first single from their second album, Teen Spirit (2001). A DVD single of the song was released in the United States in February 2001 to coincide with both the single's release and Teen Spirits release, and contains the music videos for both the title track and Mamma Mia from The ABBA Generation. Production and release After the intense promotion in the United States in August 2000, the band went back to the studio to start working on their second album. The song was first announced at the Viva Music Awards in September 2000. The song was the first time the band released an original song instead of a cover, and the song was produced by the hit makers Grizzly and Tysper. Commercial reception The single reached platinum on its 3rd week of release in their homeland, and by early 2001, \\\"Upside Down\\\" had peaked at number two and sold over 120,000 copies in Sweden, earning a 2× platinum certification. The song became the band's biggest hit in the United Kingdom, selling 3,711 copies on its first day and peaking at number 10 by the end of the week. The song received 8/10 Stars on UK Yahoo Music Reviews. \\\"Upside Down\\\" had a name change in the United States and Canada to \\\"Bouncing Off The Ceiling (Upside Down)\\\". The song reached number 93 on the US Billboard Hot 100 while the physical single reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales Chart. Music video Directed by Patrick Kiely, the video was filmed in Universal Studios in Los Angeles from United States on 13–15 October 2000. It shows the band in an alternative world where everything is \\\"upside down,\\\" and tells the story of one student who is in love with another student so much that they can't focus on their school studies; thus turning their lives \\\"upside down.\\\" The dancing routine was choreographed by Wade Robson. The video reached number-one on several countdowns around the world. It was 2001's 25th most played video of MTV Mexico. Track listings Swedish and European CD single \\\"Upside Down\\\" (radio version) – 3:14 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (sing-along version) – 3:14 European maxi-CD single \\\"Upside Down\\\" – 3:14 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (Grizzly/Tysper radio remix) – 3:50 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (Grizzly/Tysper extended remix) – 4:46 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 UK CD single \\\"Upside Down\\\" (radio version) – 3:14 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (Almighty 7-inch edit) – 4:18 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (karaoke version) – 3:14 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (CD-ROM video) UK cassette single \\\"Upside Down\\\" – 3:14 \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (radio version) – 3:14 US CD single \\\"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\\\" – 3:14 \\\"Super Trouper\\\" – 3:50 \\\"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\\\" (video) US DVD single \\\"Bouncing Off the Ceiling\\\" (video) \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (video) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Release history References External links 2000 singles 2000 songs\",\n \"title\": \"Upside Down (A-Teens song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3735183\",\n \"text\": \"Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine Johnson (playwright)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54535911\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\\\"One of Us\\\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\\\"Waterloo\\\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\\\"Why Did It\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38660223\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Guilty Pleasures\\\" is the seventeenth episode of the fourth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the eighty-third episode overall. Written by Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz, it aired on Fox in the United States on March 21, 2013. Kelley Mitchell, Jennifer Greenberg, Melissa Buell, Tym Shutchai Buacharern, Paula Jane Hamilton and Darla Albright were nominated at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series for this episode. Plot Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) take over the glee club while Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) is out sick, and have New Directions perform their musical guilty pleasures in order to strengthen the bond between its members. Blaine and Sam perform \\\"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\\\" as a demonstration, and Sam later performs \\\"Copacabana\\\", followed by Blaine, who performs \\\"Against All Odds\\\". Sam notices that Blaine directs the song at him, and Blaine admits he had a crush on him. Sam reveals that he's known for a while and respects Blaine's feelings as they reaffirm their friendship. Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) and Wade \\\"Unique\\\" Adams (Alex Newell) perform \\\"Wannabe\\\", and Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) notes how Kitty became closer to New Directions. The girls later confront Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist) over performing a Chris Brown song, and although he claims that they should differentiate an artist's personal life from their work, he agrees to change the song and performs \\\"My Prerogative\\\". In New York, Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) returns to the loft, and Brody Weston (Dean Geyer) moves out after his fight with Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith). Santana reveals to Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) that Brody was a gigolo, and Rachel later confronts him at NYADA, where they decide that their relationship has definitely come to an end. Rachel thanks Santana for not giving up on trying to make her see the truth. Santana and Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) later comfort Rachel, and they sing \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" together, simultaneously with New Directions, who perform it to celebrate the success of the assignment. Production The episode was written by Glee executive producers Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz. Shooting continued as late as February 25, 2013. Recurring characters in this episode include glee club members Wade \\\"Unique\\\" Adams (Alex Newell), Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin) and Ryder Lynn (Blake Jenner), and NYADA junior Brody Weston (Dean Geyer). Seven songs from the episode are being released as singles: Barry Manilow's \\\"Copacabana\\\" performed by Overstreet, Radiohead's \\\"Creep\\\" performed by Michele and Geyer, Bobby Brown's \\\"My Prerogative\\\" performed by Artist, Phil Collins's \\\"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)\\\" sung by Criss, Wham!'s \\\"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\\\" performed by Criss and Overstreet, Spice Girls' \\\"Wannabe\\\" performed by Newell, Benoist, Tobin, Ushkowitz and Morris, and ABBA's \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" performed by Michele, Rivera, Colfer and\",\n \"title\": \"Guilty Pleasures (Glee)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20312130\",\n \"text\": \"Amén is the tenth studio album by Spanish duo Azúcar Moreno, released on Sony International in 2000. Amén, entirely recorded in Miami, was coproduced by Estéfano, with whom the duo had collaborated on the 1994 album El Amor, and Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez who had produced their two preceding albums Esclava de tu piel and Olé and also the track “Muévete salvaje” on their 1997 greatest hits compilation Mucho Azúcar - Grandes Éxitos. Six of the album's thirteen titles, “Amén”, “Abracadabra”, “Mamma mia”, “Tururú”, “40 kilos de besos”, “Amigo mío” and “Viva la vida”, were written or co-written by Spanish singer and composer Miguel Gallardo, who previously had penned hits like “Hazme el amor”, “Desnúdate, desnúdame”, “A galope”, “Solo se vive una vez”, “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” and “Esclava de tu piel” for the Salazar sisters. The lead single from the album was “Mamma mia” —not to be confused with the ABBA song with the same title— followed by the title track “Amén”, “Ay amor”, “Dale que dale” and the ballad “Piel de seda”, the latter written by prolific Spanish composer José Luis Perales. The track “San José” was co-produced by Spanish remix team Pumpin’ Dolls, who previously had remixed worldwide hits like Cher’s “Strong Enough”, TLC’s “Unpretty” and Carlos Santana’s “María María”. The track “Abracadabra”, the third single from the album, was along with “Juramento” featured in Spanish movie Gitano, starring famous flamenco dancer Joaquín Cortés. “Mamma Mia”, “Amén” and “Abracadabra” were all released in a wide variety of extended dance mixes, mixed by among others Pedro del Moral, David Ferrero and Pablo Flores. Amén continued the Salazar sisters’ series of successful albums, selling some 300.000 copies in Spain alone and achieving triple platinum status. Amén was the first Azúcar Moreno album to be accompanied by a DVD release, entitled Amén Tour. The documentary captures the Salazar sisters touring Spain, Portugal, The Azores, Bulgaria, South America and it also features behind the scenes footage from the making of the videos “Mamma mia”, “Amén”, “Abracadabra” and “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” from their previous album Esclava de tu piel, the latter filmed in New York. Track listing “Amén” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:36 “Abracadabra” (Gallardo) – 3:50 “Mamma mia” (Fano) – 4:17 “El amor se echa de menos” (Fano) – 4:48 “Tururú” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:44 “Piel de seda” (Perales) – 4:33 “Juramento” (Rilo) – 3:33 “Dale que dale” (Alonso, Castro, Flores, Salazar) – 3:59 “Ay amor” (Donato, Fano) – 4:28 “40 kilos de besos” (Caba, Gallardo) – 4:14 “San José” (Gypsy Dance version) (Arana, Belmonte) – 3:51 “Amigo mío” (Gallardo) – 3:14 “Viva la vida” (Gallardo) – 3:47 Personnel Azúcar Moreno – vocals Production Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez – record producer Estéfano – producer Pumpin’ Dolls – co-producers \\\"San José\\\" (Gypsy Dance Version) Certifications and sales Sources and external links [ Allmusic discography] Discogs.com discography Rateyourmusic.com discography Specific 2000 albums Azúcar Moreno albums\",\n \"title\": \"Amén\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40748214\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hey, Hey Helen\\\" is a song by ABBA, featured on their 1975 self-titled album. It was used as the B-side to Mamma Mia in Australia and Fernando in the UK. Composition The song is in the Glam rock genre. Analysis George Starostin Reviews says the song has \\\"perfectly tolerable lyrics about a family breakup\\\" from an anti-feminist perspective. PopDose says \\\"'Helen' took an adult look at divorce and single motherhood in a time when the divorce rate was up and the traditional family unit was taking a beating. At first, the lyrics seem a bit judgmental, until you get to that last bit in the chorus where the girls assure the newly single mother that she can, in fact, make it alone\\\". Covers Lush covered the song for an abandoned anti-poll tax compilation, the cover version was released on their 1990 album Gala. Critical reception The Trouser Press record guide described the song as \\\"obscure\\\". OneWeekOneBand said \\\"The best bit of this - OK maybe apart from the riff - is where the lyrics go “Can you make it alone?” and the backing vox reply “Yes you can” and to prove it the song goes into a FUNK BREAKDOWN, the only one in ABBA's catalogue.\\\" George Starostin Reviews says the song is \\\"quite memorable\\\", and adds it is \\\"what all those 'heavy metal tunes' off Waterloo would have sounded like\\\" if they had been given more of the 'ABBA' sound. It adds \\\"the heavy guitar riffs on that one don't bother me in the least, as they never try to sound dreary or 'mock-ominous': they just emphasize the power of the tune, which is, in my opinion, a highly underrated ABBA classic, with all those riffs, a catchy, rhythmic synth solo, a groovy drum pattern\\\". PopDose describes the song as \\\"one of the earliest glimmers that ABBA were more than just your standard bubblegum pop group\\\". It wondered why the song wasn't featured in the Mamma Mia musical considering its subject matter, and theorises that it was because the song wasn't popular enough. It notes, however, that the group mimed it for quite a few TV appearances at the time, citing “Don Kirshner’s Rock Concert” in 1975. References 1975 songs ABBA songs Songs with feminist themes Songs about divorce\",\n \"title\": \"Hey, Hey Helen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2864185\",\n \"text\": \"Jersey Boys is a jukebox musical with a book by Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice. It is presented in a documentary-style format that dramatizes the formation, success and breakup of the 1960s rock 'n' roll group The Four Seasons. The musical is structured as four \\\"seasons\\\", each narrated by a different member of the band who gives his own perspective on its history and music. Songs include \\\"Big Girls Don't Cry\\\", \\\"Sherry\\\", \\\"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\\\", \\\"My Eyes Adored You\\\", \\\"Stay\\\", \\\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\\\", \\\"Walk Like A Man\\\", \\\"Who Loves You\\\", \\\"Working My Way Back to You\\\" and \\\"Rag Doll\\\". The musical premiered at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2004 and ran on Broadway from 2005 to 2017. Since its debut it has been on two North American national tours and two national tours of the UK and Ireland. The show has been produced in London's West End, Las Vegas, Chicago, Toronto, Melbourne and other Australian cities, Singapore, South Africa, the Netherlands, Japan, Dubai, and China. Jersey Boys won four 2006 Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and the 2009 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical. Development In the early 2000s, Bob Gaudio, an original Four Seasons member, sought to make a musical from the band's discography; he noted in a 2008 interview that he was inspired by the success of Smokey Joe's Cafe and Mamma Mia! into believing that a rock-and-roll musical with existing songs could work. He hired book writers Rick Elice and Marshall Brickman, who had difficulty finding a willing director until Michael David of Dodger Theatricals recommended them to Des McAnuff. Brickman suggested creating a show about the band's history, instead of repurposing their songs for an independent story the way ABBA did with Mamma Mia!; Gaudio liked the idea, noting that although biopics were a common format in film, such a story format was still relatively rare on stage and that, to his knowledge, none had been tried at the time. Brickman was drawn to the project because \\\"it's a classic American story. It's rags to riches, and back to rags.\\\" McAnuff was initially lukewarm to the project and did not like the idea of naming the project after a Four Seasons song, fearing it would look like a cash grab instead of a legitimate artistic work; Gaudio came up with the title on a plane ride, reasoning that the band members were all just a bunch of Jersey boys, and the name stuck. Little was known to the public about the Four Seasons' history before the musical, because magazines of the era did not write much about them. In their research, Brickman and Elice were surprised to find that the members had prison records, which might have prevented their music from being played if it had been publicized when they were active. According to Gaudio, \\\"Back then, things were a little clean-cut, don't forget, so the idea of our story getting out was horrifying to us.\\\" Other bands of\",\n \"title\": \"Jersey Boys\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5722841\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Intermezzo No. 1\\\" is an instrumental track from Swedish pop group ABBA's self-titled third album, released in April 1975. It was the first of only two tracks by the group not to contain lyrics; the other was the title track of their 1976 release, Arrival. It is the only purely instrumental ABBA song however, as Arrival includes \\\"a static layer of rich harmony vocals\\\". On the cover, the song was credited as \\\"Intermezzo No.1 featuring Benny Andersson\\\". Production Written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, the orchestral rock tune was recorded on October 16, 1974, in Stockholm's Glen and Metronome Studios under the working title \\\"Mama\\\". Another working title for the song was Bach-låten (The Bach Tune). In September 1975, it was released as the B-side to ABBA's single, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\". Carl Magnus Palm describes it as a \\\"showcase of Benny's classical music influences\\\", which first began to appear in his work with The Hep Stars songs “Sunny Girl” and “Wedding”. Carl Magnus Palm explains the song was a \\\"popular feature on every subsequent ABBA tour\\\" after the ABBA album was released. For example, the song is shown being performed in the 1977 concert tours in the film ABBA: The Movie. Composition The song has a \\\"piano and guitar-led instrumental\\\". Many of ABBA's pieces are full of \\\"thematic throwaways of the rich folk music culture [of Sweden]\\\". This song is a \\\"solo vehicle\\\" in which to indulge in classical music. The grand piano is the central instrument, layered by a \\\"flamboyant network of synth textures and brass punches\\\". ABBA: Let The Music Speak explains \\\"the main theme is inviting and uncomplicated, constantly giving way to a rapid-fire succession of mood-swinging secondary themes\\\". Critical reception Music News lists the song as one of ABBA's \\\"ambitious tracks...that showcase Andersson and Ulvaeus' classical leanings while demonstrating their abilities as proficient songwriters\\\". Der Tagesspiegel says the song, \\\"in contrast to the catchy masterpiece [Mamma Mia]\\\" that it was coupled with on the single, \\\"has a rather psychedelic-disturbing character\\\". Abba's Abba Gold notes that ABBA Gold doesn't include any of the \\\"lackadaisical instrumentals ABBA threw about\\\" like \\\"Arrival\\\" or \\\"Intermezzo No.1\\\". It adds though \\\"fans like the albums precisely for these oddities\\\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record describes the song as an \\\"impressive instrumental\\\". Bright Lights Dark Shadows: The Real Story of Abba explains that while \\\"experiments in applying classical music to a pop format were very much in vogue at the time [Intermezzo No.1] ha[s] come to seem a little dated\\\". It nevertheless describes the song as \\\"show[ing] a sense of musical ambition\\\" and an \\\"opus\\\". Carl Magnus Palm says for fans of ambitious music, the song \\\"probably remains a highlight in the ABBA oeuvre\\\", while to those who prefer more straightforward pop hits, the song \\\"has aged less well\\\". ABBA: Let The Music Speak says the song is \\\"whimsical and melodramatic\\\" and \\\"a sophisticated pastiche of all that is great and wondrous in the world of classical music, injected with a shot\",\n \"title\": \"Intermezzo No. 1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11143164\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \\\"Rio de Janeiro\\\". Eventually, the track was renamed \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \\\"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\\\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \\\"schoolgirl imagery\\\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \\\"bouncy\\\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \\\"Waterloo\\\". It says the song \\\"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\\\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \\\"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\\\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" is listed alongside \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" as an example of the group's \\\"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\\\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \\\"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\\\" The Los Angeles Times said \\\"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\\\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \\\"expected of ABBA\\\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" with the Van Halen song \\\"Hot for Teacher\\\" and the Jethro Tull song \\\"Teacher\\\" as examples of \\\"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.\",\n \"title\": \"When I Kissed the Teacher\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68620154\",\n \"text\": \"Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \\\"I Still Have Faith in You\\\" and \\\"Don't Shut Me Down\\\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \\\"Just a Notion\\\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \\\"Little Things\\\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \\\"I Still Have Faith in You\\\" and \\\"Don't Shut Me Down\\\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \\\"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\\\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \\\"I Still Have Faith in You\\\" and \\\"Don't Shut Me Down\\\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \\\"ABBAtar\\\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \\\"Just a Notion\\\", was\",\n \"title\": \"Voyage (ABBA album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18529345\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording is the original cast album for the ABBA-inspired stage musical of the same name. The album was released in 1999 and it reached No.56 in the UK album chart, with 2 weeks on the chart. Re-interest in this 1999 Original London Cast album caused it to reach #12 in the UK Album Chart, having charted at #16 a week earlier. It features performances by the original London cast of the musical including Lisa Stokke, Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae. The album was produced by the two male members of ABBA, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The album featured a number of ABBA's best known songs, including the title track, \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" and \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\". Track listing Original release \\\"Overture / Prologue\\\" - Lisa Stokke—2:56 \\\"Honey, Honey\\\" - Lisa Stokke, Eliza Lumley, and Melissa Gibson—2:02 \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, Neal Wright, and Company—3:01 \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Company-3:21 \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\" - Lisa Stokke, Hilton McRae, Paul Clarkson, and Nicolas Colicos-3:03 \\\"Chiquitita\\\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—2:27 \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—3:44 \\\"Lay All Your Love on Me\\\" - Andrew Langtree, Lisa Stokke, and Company—3:34 \\\"Super Trouper\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Jenny Galloway, Louise Plowright, and Female Company—3:56 \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" - Female Company—3:34 \\\"The Name of the Game\\\" - Lisa Stokke and Nicolas Colicos—3:22 \\\"Voulez-Vous\\\" - Company—3:29 \\\"Entr'acte\\\" - Musical cast—2:17 \\\"Under Attack\\\" - Lisa Stokke and Company—3:11 \\\"One of Us\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy—2:20 \\\"SOS\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae—2:44 \\\"Does Your Mother Know\\\" - Louise Plowright, Neal Wright, and Company—3:21 \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\" - Hilton McRae—2:42 \\\"Our Last Summer\\\" - Paul Clarkson and Siobhán McCarthy—2:42 \\\"Slipping Through My Fingers\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Lisa Stokke—3:36 \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy—4:08 \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\" - Jenny Galloway and Nicolas Colicos—3:33 \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" - Hilton McRae, Siobhán McCarthy, and Company—2:29 \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" - Lisa Stokke—2:58 5th anniversary edition The album was re-released in 2004, five years after its initial release to commemorate the musical's 5th anniversary. The new edition contained the original 24 tracks as well as three bonus tracks: the encore versions of \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", and \\\"Waterloo\\\". Another 5th anniversary release, which debuted in 2006, commemorates the Broadway production, which debuted in 2001. Also included is a deluxe souvenir booklet complete with lyrics and glimpses of Donna Sheridan in international productions, and a bonus DVD that basically gives a behind-the-scenes look at the musical as well as glimpses of international productions of the musical. An additional bonus feature includes clips of the West End cast singing \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" and \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", as well as fond memories from original Broadway cast members Joe Machota and Tina Maddigan, who play the roles of Sky and Sophie,\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15642908\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"My Love, My Life\\\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \\\"My Love, My Life\\\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \\\"Monsieur, Monsieur\\\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \\\"My Love, My Life\\\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \\\"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\\\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson\",\n \"title\": \"My Love, My Life\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29435379\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"If It Wasn't for the Nights\\\" (working title: \\\"Pandemonium\\\") is a song recorded in 1978 by the Swedish pop group ABBA for their sixth studio album, Voulez-Vous. History The song was a reflection of Björn Ulvaeus's state of mind during his divorce, an uptempo song with despairing lyrics where the narrator dreads the end of the working day, when they will be all alone to deal with their own thoughts. Ulvaeus later stated: \\\"There were times that last autumn I was with Agnetha that I had those nights myself. My lyrics were often based around fiction, but that must have been where that one came from.\\\" Appearances \\\"If It Wasn't for the Nights\\\" was considered by the band members to be one of the strongest songs recorded during the Voulez-Vous sessions, and was originally intended to be the lead single from the album. ABBA performed the song in Japan in November 1978, upon their promotional visit to the country (known as ABBA in Japan). Although ABBA did not film an official video for \\\"If It Wasn't for the Nights\\\", their filmed performance on the Mike Yarwood Christmas Show in December 1978 serves as an \\\"unofficial\\\" music video. These filmed performances of the song differ from the original 5:11 version (lasting 3:42 and 3:50). In December 1978, a new song entitled \\\"Chiquitita\\\" was recorded, and it was ultimately decided that this would be released as the lead single from the Voulez-Vous album instead. As a result of this decision, \\\"If It Wasn't for the Nights\\\" remained an album track. Cover versions Singer Hazell Dean included a dance cover of the song for her 1996 album The Winner Takes It All: Hazell Dean Sings ABBA. A hi-NRG/eurodance cover by Abbacadabra can be found on the 2008 compilation We Love ABBA: The Mamma Mia Dance Compilation, released through Almighty Records. An audio sample can be heard on the official Almighty Records website. References 1979 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus\",\n \"title\": \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9191968\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Thank ABBA for the Music\\\" is a medley of songs originally released by pop group ABBA, performed by Steps, Tina Cousins, Cleopatra, B*Witched and Billie. The medley consists of \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\", \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", and \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\". It was originally performed during the 1999 Brit Awards, which occurred on 16 February, and its release coincided with the debut of the ABBA musical Mamma Mia!. The medley peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in April 1999 and reached the top 10 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and Sweden. Track listings Personnel Tina Cousins – lead and backing vocals Billie Piper – lead and backing vocals Cleopatra Cleo Higgins – lead vocals Yonah Higgins – backing vocals Zainam Higgins – backing vocals B*Witched Lindsay Armaou – backing vocals Edele Lynch – lead vocals Keavy Lynch – backing vocals Sinead O'Carroll – backing vocals Steps Lee Latchford-Evans – lead and backing vocals Claire Richards – lead and backing vocals Lisa Scott-Lee – lead and backing vocals Faye Tozer – lead and backing vocals Ian \\\"H\\\" Watkins – lead and backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References External links Songs about musicians 1999 singles B*Witched songs Billie Piper songs Epic Records singles Music medleys Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson Steps (group) songs Tina Cousins songs\",\n \"title\": \"Thank ABBA for the Music\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57917036\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8377793\",\n \"text\": \"Number Ones is a compilation album of recordings by Swedish pop group ABBA, released by Polar Music in 2006. Whereas ABBA Gold pulls together 19 of the group's biggest hits and most familiar songs, Number Ones is a variation on this concept, collecting 18 tracks that were #1 hits in many of the countries where ABBA were successful. In the end, only three tracks from ABBA Gold do not make the cut: \\\"Does Your Mother Know\\\", \\\"Lay All Your Love on Me\\\", and \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\". In the UK, the track list includes the full length version of \\\"Summer Night City\\\" (originally released on the Thank You for the Music box set) and an additional track \\\"Ring Ring\\\", which, oddly enough, was never a big hit in that territory. A limited edition, also released in the UK, includes a bonus disc with 12 tracks from ABBA's #1 albums. In Taiwan, a hidden track follows \\\"I Have a Dream\\\". This hidden track, titled \\\"ABBA Remix\\\" and running for 3:31, is a medley of the choruses of the 18 songs on the CD. Track listing International track listing \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" \\\"Super Trouper\\\" \\\"SOS\\\" \\\"Summer Night City\\\" \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" \\\"Chiquitita\\\" \\\"One of Us\\\" \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\" \\\"Voulez-Vous\\\" \\\"Fernando\\\" \\\"Waterloo\\\" \\\"The Name of the Game\\\" \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\" \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" UK track listing \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" \\\"Super Trouper\\\" \\\"SOS\\\" \\\"Summer Night City (Extended version)\\\" \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" \\\"Chiquitita\\\" \\\"One of Us\\\" \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\" \\\"Voulez-Vous\\\" \\\"Fernando\\\" \\\"Waterloo\\\" \\\"Ring Ring\\\" \\\"The Name of the Game\\\" \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\" \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" Limited Edition Bonus Disc: Classic Tracks from Number Ones albums \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" \\\"Hole in Your Soul\\\" \\\"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\\\" \\\"Me and I\\\" \\\"The King Has Lost His Crown\\\" \\\"Rock Me\\\" \\\"Tiger\\\" \\\"I Wonder (Departure)\\\" \\\"Another Town, Another Train\\\" \\\"Our Last Summer\\\" \\\"Kisses of Fire\\\" \\\"Slipping Through My Fingers\\\" Personnel Agnetha Fältskog - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Anni-Frid Lyngstad - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Björn Ulvaeus - lead vocals , co-lead vocals acoustic guitar, backing vocals Benny Andersson – synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2006 greatest hits albums ABBA compilation albums Compilation albums of number-one songs Polar Music compilation albums Albums produced by Björn Ulvaeus Albums produced by Benny Andersson Albums recorded at Polar Studios\",\n \"title\": \"Number Ones (ABBA album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52199703\",\n \"text\": \"Gazosa are an Italian teen band, best known for the song \\\"www.mipiacitu\\\". Career The band formed in 1998 as Eta Beta and then Zeta Beta, and originally consisted of Jessica Morlacchi (b. 1987, vocalist and bass guitar), Vincenzo Siani (b. 1986, drums), and the brothers Federico Paciotti (b. 1987, guitar) and Valentina Paciotti (b. 1985, keyboards). Put under contract by Caterina Caselli, they made their official debut in 1999, with the Abba's cover \\\"Mamma Mia\\\". Their self-titled debut album was released in 2000 and it mixed new songs and covers. In 2001 the band entered the 51st edition of the Sanremo Music Festival and won the newcomers' competition with the song \\\"Stai con me (Forever)\\\". In the summer they got a large commercial success with \\\"www.mipiacitu\\\", which became theme song of a series of Omnitel commercials and peaked at the fourth place on the Italian hit parade. In 2002 the group returned to the Sanremo Festival, this time competing in the Big Artists section, and placed tenth with the song \\\"Ogni giorno di più\\\". After releasing a cover version of \\\"Nessuno mi può giudicare\\\", the group disbanded in 2003, with Jessica Morlacchi and Federico Paciotti starting their solo career. In 2009 the musical project was restarted; active only in live events, it has a different line-up except for the drummer Vincenzo Siani. Discography Albums 2000 - Gazosa 2001 - www.mipiacitu 2002 - Inseparabili Singles 1999 - \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" 2001 - \\\"Stai con me (Forever)\\\" 2001 - \\\"www.mipiacitu\\\" 2002 - \\\"Ogni giorno di più\\\" 2003 - \\\"Nessuno mi può giudicare\\\" (ft. Tormento) References External links Italian pop music groups Living people Musical groups established in 1998 Sanremo Music Festival winners of the newcomers section Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Gazosa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2583339\",\n \"text\": \"Jacqueline Clune (born 13 December 1965) is a British actress and writer. She became established through her Edinburgh Fringe one-woman cabaret shows and her 1995 Karen Carpenter tribute act before graduating to mainstream acting. Early life Jackie Clune is the third of four children born in Harlow, Essex, to Irish Roman Catholic parents: her father, Don Clune (died August 2010), was a buyer for a computer firm, and her mother (who survived him by eight years) a nurse. The writer Maggie Clune is her sister. Jackie Clune graduated with a degree in drama from the University of Kent. Career On graduation from university, she became a full-time drama lecturer at the Royal Holloway College for at least six years, was the presenter of the Weekend Breakfast Show on BBC GLR 94.9fm, and a BBC London radio journalist. She started singing in bands part-time, but between sets as a DJ she developed a facility in chatting to the audience. This led a friend to suggest that she could create a Karen Carpenter tribute performance, with singing; this she worked on and took to the Edinburgh Festival in 1995, where she was spotted by a West End producer. Giving up her lecturing career, she co-founded the Red Rag Women's Theatre Company, and fell into stand-up comedy while working at the Hackney Empire. Her credits include the BBC soap drama EastEnders and ITV's The Bill. Since hosting the Stonewall Society equality shows at the Royal Albert Hall, she has developed a multi-media career. She has been on TV (terrestrial and Sky) and a radio panellist on Front Row, QI, Never Mind the Buzzcocks, What the Dickens?, Woman's Hour and The Staying-in Show and Loose Women. She had a part in Showstopper (1997), Bryony Lavery's play A Wedding Story (1999) and portrayed Julie Burchill, at the time a columnist for The Guardian, in the one-woman play Julie Burchill Is Away by Tim Fountain at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and in the West End (2003) which launched her to the global press. In 2006–7, she played the lead female role of Donna in the Abba songs-based musical Mamma Mia! international tour until 17 March 2007. On 4 June 2007, she took over the role of the dance teacher Mrs. Wilkinson in Billy Elliot the Musical in London. She gave her final performance on 22 November 2008 prior to rejoining the Mamma Mia! International Tour (2009–2011) again as leading role Donna, the role interpreted by Meryl Streep in the film. She sang the theme tune of, and contributed material to, the TV comedy Smack the Pony. After becoming involved in the revival of the Andrew Lloyd Webber and Don Black musical Tell Me On A Sunday, she met Denise van Outen with whom she co-wrote the show Blondes, which van Outen performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in August 2009 and in six preview performances at the New End Theatre in Hampstead. She promoted the album Love Songs (Dress Circle) courtesy of a show at the\",\n \"title\": \"Jackie Clune\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"7491727","text":"Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.","title":"Dominic Cooper"},{"docid":"59057076","text":"Mamma Mia is a Ghanaian film directed by and starring Bob Smith Jnr in 1995. Set in Verona as well as Accra, it was one of the earlier films to focus on the lives of Ghanaians living in Europe. The film was the first of three films in a series sharing that name the others being Double Trouble (Mamma Mia Part 2) (1998) and Black is Black (Mamma Mia 3) (2000). Cast Bob Smith Jnr References English-language Ghanaian films 1990s English-language films","title":"Mamma Mia (1995 film)"},{"docid":"70096150","text":"Croatia Songs is a record chart in Croatia for songs, compiled by Billboard since February 2022. The chart is updated every Tuesday on Billboards website. The chart was announced on 14 February 2022 as part of Billboards Hits of the World chart collection. The first number-one song on the chart was \"Behute\" by Senidah on the issue dated 19 February 2022. The longest charting number-one song is currently \"Mamma mia\" by Grše. The current number-one song on the chart is \"Fantazija\" by Grše featuring Miach. Methodology The chart tracks songs' performance from Friday to Thursday. Chart rankings are based on a weighted formula incorporating official-only streams on both subscription and ad-supported tiers of leading audio and video music services, plus download sales from top music retailers within the territory. All data are provided by MRC Data. List of number-one songs Reception All the songs that appeared on the first issue of the chart were released by the former Yugoslav non-Croatian musicians, apart from \"Trebaš li me\" by Eni Jurišić and Matija Cvek, \"Debili\" by 30zona and Kuku$ Klan, \"Ti i ja\" by Jelena Rozga (in collaboration with Serbian singer Saša Matić), and \"Highlife\" by Grše, alongside \"Heat Waves\" by Glass Animals and \"Black Summer\" by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Hrvoje Marjanović of Index.hr criticized the Croatian media for trying to censor mainstream music from other former Yugoslav republics due to its alleged lack of quality, and praised the chart for showcasing what people of Croatia actually listen to. He further praised the death of genre boundaries, claiming that, \"on the same IG story of the same person, probably in the same day, you will come across songs by Arctic Monkeys, Drake and Senidah\", as well as the death of the \"cajka problem\". However, in the meantime, multiple other Croatian artists appeared on the chart, such as Hiljson Mandela who debuted with three songs in 2022, Baks, Let 3, and the most frequent Billboard dweller, Grše, whose song \"Sip\" is one of the longest charting songs on the chart, surpassing the majority of his former Yugoslav non-Croatian colleagues. Grše would go on to become the first Croatian artist to top the chart, doing so with his single \"Mamma Mia\" in the week of 29 May 2023, and stay at the number one spot for 17 weeks, becoming the longest charting number-one song since the release of the list. Croatian music journalists generally reacted positively to the introduction of such a music chart but criticized the local music industry managers for trying to cover up the popularity of trap music. Tena Šarčević of Jutarnji list explained how the lack of Croatian artists might shock some people, but that the Balkan trap genre has dominated the on-demand streaming for quite some time. She further noted how there's a big difference between the Croatian airplay-based HR Top 40 chart, and the Billboard chart. Ravno Do Dnas Zoran Stajčić commented how the newly introduced Billboard chart is \"real\" and how it gives real insight into","title":"Croatia Songs"},{"docid":"10708687","text":"The 56th Annual Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall on June 2, 2002 and broadcast by CBS. \"The First Ten\" awards ceremony was telecast on PBS television. The event was co-hosted by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. With her win as a producer of Thoroughly Modern Millie, Whoopi Goldberg became the 10th person to become an EGOT winner. The ceremony The show opened with a tribute to Richard Rodgers, featuring a medley of his songs performed by Marvin Hamlisch, Harry Connick Jr., Michele Lee, Mos Def, Lea Salonga, Peter Gallagher, John Raitt, Bernadette Peters, Gregory Hines, and the company of Oklahoma! A Broadway/New York song medley was performed by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. Presentations from nominated musicals: Into the Woods: \"Children Will Listen\", \"Ever After\" and \"Into the Woods\" - Vanessa Williams, John McMartin, Company Mamma Mia!: \"I Have a Dream\", \"Money, Money, Money\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Chiquitita\" and \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Pitre, Judy Kaye, Karen Mason, Tina Maddigan, Company Thoroughly Modern Millie: \"Forget About the Boy\"/\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" - Sutton Foster, Anne L. Nathan, Casey Nicholaw, Noah Racey, Company Sweet Smell of Success: \"Dirt\" - John Lithgow, Company Urinetown: \"Run, Freedom, Run\" - Hunter Foster, Spencer Kayden, Jeff McCarthy, Company Oklahoma!: \"The Farmer and the Cowman\" - Company The First Ten awards were presented prior to the full ceremony and broadcast on PBS. The awards presented were: Best Direction of a Play, Direction of a Musical, Book of a Musical, Original Score, Choreography, Costume Design, Lighting Design and Scenic Design. There were also interviews and \"rehearsal and performance clips from the nominated shows.\" The broadcast won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program; the director was Glenn Weiss. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 2001–02 season before May 2, 2002 are eligible. Original plays An Almost Holy Picture Fortune’s Fool 45 Seconds from Broadway The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? The Graduate If you ever leave me...I'm going with you! Metamorphoses The Mystery of Charles Dickens QED The Smell of the Kill Topdog/Underdog Original musicals By Jeeves Mamma Mia! One Mo' Time Sweet Smell of Success Thoroughly Modern Millie Thou Shalt Not Urinetown Play revivals A Christmas Carol The Crucible The Dance of Death The Elephant Man Hedda Gabler Major Barbara The Man Who Had All the Luck Morning's at Seven Noises Off Private Lives A Thousand Clowns The Women Musical revivals Into the Woods Oklahoma! Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Source: TheaterMania Regional Theatre Tony Award Williamstown Theatre Festival Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Robert Whitehead Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Julie Harris Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: 11 nominations: Thoroughly Modern Millie 10 nominations: Into the Woods and Urinetown 9 nominations: Morning's at Seven 7 nominations: Oklahoma! and Sweet Smell of Success 6 nominations: The Crucible and Private Lives 5 nominations: Mamma Mia! 3 nominations: Fortune's Fool and","title":"56th Tony Awards"},{"docid":"46265080","text":"Narsha (stylized as NARSHA) is the eponymous debut extended play by South Korean singer Narsha, a member from girl group Brown Eyed Girls. Lee Min-soo, her group's long-time producer served as the album's executive producer. Featuring a dark and edgy sound, it was released on July 8, 2010, and distributed by Nega Network. The EP features seven tracks in total, including one preview and one instrumental version of the album's title track. Upon its release, the album became a success by debuting at number three on Gaon Weekly Albums Chart with an approximate sale of 5,000+. It also received positive reviews from music critics, praising its dark theme along with the electronic influence. Three singles were released from the album, with the first and pre-release single \"I'm In Love\", a remake of Ra.D's original song. The second and title track, titled \"삐리빠빠 (Bbi Ri Bba Bba)\", became another solo hit for Narsha as well as her signature solo song. \"Mamma Mia\" was released as the last digital single on August 20, 2010, one month after the album's release. Background and composition In 2010, it was announced that all Brown Eyed Girls' members would start their own solo careers beside their group activities, starting first with Narsha. Its original title was \"Narshism\", but later changed to just plain \"NARSHA\". The album was produced executively by Lee Min-soo, while frequent lyricist Kim Eana participated in writing the majority of the album's lyrics. It also featured productions from producer DJ Jinu aka Hitchhiker, whom is responsible for her home group's most well-known hit \"Abracadabra\" and had previously remixed their single \"How Come?\". Musically, the album is a K-pop record with a \"dark and edgy\" electronic sound, while also including R&B and bossa nova elements. Singles \"I'm In Love\" Originally a Ra.D song, \"I'm In Love\" was selected as the album's first single, It was released on July 2, 2010, reaching number six on Gaon Singles Chart (Weekly) and number four on Gaon Download Chart (Weekly). \"Bbi Ri Bba Bba\" The song was announced as the album's title track upon its track list announcement. It peaked at number six on Gaon Singles Chart during the second week while reaching number three on the download chart. An accompanying music video was released online, receiving mixed to positive reacts due to its dark and gothic theme. Upon its release, the song became her most successful solo hit to date \"Mamma Mia\" Previously included as a 27-second preview on the album, the full version was released as the last digital single on August 20, 2010, featuring Sunny Hill. The song also peaked at number six and number four on Gaon Singles Chart and Gaon Download Chart, respectively. An accompanying music video was also released online, receiving an R-19 rating. Release and promotion The album was originally intended to be released in May, 2010, but was pushed back to June, then July, 2010, due to schedule conflicts. Prior to the release of the album, two teasers for both","title":"Narsha (EP)"},{"docid":"3608711","text":"London School of Musical Theatre (LSMT) is a training academy of performing arts, that was founded by Glenn Lee in 1995. The school is located on Borough Road, central London. It was originally housed at The Old Vic and then His Majesty's Theatre, before moving to premises on Borough Road, where it currently operates. The school offers a one-year, full-time, vocational training for adults wishing to pursue a career in musical theatre. The ethos of LSMT is to create the environment of a professional company in rehearsal rather than that of an educational institution. The emphasis of the course is on the development of the singing voice as the tool for acting through song alongside a thorough training in dance and drama. Classes are taught by professionals and practitioners working in the industry, with direct experience of the requirements of musical theatre. Since its inception in 1995, the organisation has commissioned new musical theatre productions, many of which have now been published and performed around the world. The school employs Charles Miller as composer-in-residence. Notable Alumni Emma Hatton - actress (Wicked, Evita) Melissa Jacques - actress (Everybody's Talking about Jamie, Mamma Mia) Sophie Isaacs - actress (Six, Heathers, Made In Dagenham, Legally Blonde) Jacqui Tate - actress (Les Miserables, Avenue Q, South Pacific, The Phantom of The Opera) Adam Bayjou - actor/singer (Les Miserables, Assassins, Opera Boys) Richard Meek - actor (Annie, The Producers, Rocky Horror Show, Hairspray) Hollie O'Donoghue - actress (Les Miserables, The Commitments) Nancy Sullivan- actress (Les Miserables, Little Voice, Beautiful Thing) Jodie Jacobs - actress (We Will Rock You, Evita, Fame, Footloose, The Wedding Singer) Rosa O'Reilly - actress (Wicked, Jesus Christ Superstar, Les Miserables, Dirty Dancing) Michael Auger - singer (Collabro) Katie Rough - Legend Natalie Law - actress (Leopaldstadt, The Lady Vanishes, Exit The King, Ink) Soophia Foroughi - actress (Prince of Egypt, Broken Wings, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels) Marcus Ayton - actor (Shrek, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dream Coat) Devon Elise Johnson - actress (Half a Sixpence, Mamma Mia, Titanic) Holly-Anne Hull (Phantom of The Opera, Les Miserables, Copacobana) Kelly Agbowu - actress (Waitress, Book of Mormon, Lion King, Les Miserables) Adam Strong - actor (We Will Rock You, Rock of Ages, Jesus Christ Superstar) Robbie Scotcher - actor (Blood Brothers, Mamma Mia, Miss Saigon) Louise Willoughby - TV/Film actress (Time, Coronation Street, Doctors) Luke Newton - TV/Film actor (Bridgerton, Lake Placid, The Lodge) Danny Walters - TV/Film actor (EastEnders, Benidorm, Call The Midwife) Olivia Chenery - TV/Film actress (Endeavour, Silent Witness, Virgin and Martyr, Penny Dreadful, My Friends Best Wedding, The One) External Sources External links London School of Musical Theatre website Performing arts education in London Schools of the performing arts in the United Kingdom Music schools in London Drama schools in London Educational institutions established in 1995 Musical theatre organizations","title":"London School of Musical Theatre"},{"docid":"65136975","text":"\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" is a song recorded and released as a single by Romanian singer Elena Gheorghe, featuring rapper Glance. This marks their second collaboration, the first one being the native number one single \"Ecou\" (2013). \"Mamma Mia\" was initially released for digital download and streaming in the United States on 5 August 2014 under Robbins Entertainment, and worldwide the following year in July under Cat Music. An English language track, it was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă. Music critics gave the song mostly positive reviews, complimenting its catchy instrumentals, but doubted the role of the featured artist by calling it \"not convincing\". An accompanying music video for \"Mamma Mia\", directed by Dan Petcan and Bogdan Filip, premiered on the Cat Music YouTube channel on 21 May 2014 and was supported by a giveaway. The clip depicted Elena at wedding playing the role of the bride, and Italian male as the groomsman. Commercially, the song was modernly successful, peaking at number 33 on the singer's native Romanian Airplay 100. The song was also sent to radio stations across Italy, Poland and Spain, where it had managed to enter several charts. Background and composition In February 2014, Elena went on local radio station Kiss FM for an interview, where she would announce an international single coming up. At the time of the interview, Laurențiu Duță was producing the song in Los Angeles. \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă himself. It was initially sent to radio stations across Italy in July, before being released on streaming devices in the United States by Robbins Entertainment the following month. +Mas Music distributed the song's release on 23 January 2015, while Cat Music handled its worldwide release on 13 July. \"Mamma Mia\" marks Elena and Glance's second collaboration, the first one being \"Ecou\" (2013), which achieved huge chart success in the singer's native country. An English language love song, \"Mamma Mia\" was described as a catchy dance-pop tune. Lyrically, the song is about Elena questing whether she should date a romantic Italian man, knowing well that she will be played on by him. Some lyrics of the song are: \"I just can't getting off my mind he's so amazing / My heart says Yes, my mind says No / Just let him go, go, go.\" Reception and Promotion Upon its release, \"Mamma Mia\" was met positively by music critics. Jonathan Currinn gave the song five stars, calling it a \"lost treasure that we'll forever love\". He went on to compliment the music video, which he called \"completely epic\" and \"full-on amazingness in every way\". He called out the clip's director Dan Petcan for his \"terrific job at directing [it]\", and Elena for her acting skills which were described as \"brilliant\". Zuletzt Aktualisiert from HitFire described the song as a \"catchy dance pop track\". He found the song rather amusing, and","title":"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)"},{"docid":"25989073","text":"\"Mamma Mia\" is the 21st episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 57th overall episode of the series. It was written by co-executive producer Ron Weiner and directed by series producer Don Scardino. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 7, 2009. Guest stars in this episode include Alan Alda, Steve Buscemi, Stuart Margolin, Keith Olbermann, Clayton Dean Smith, and Michael Benjamin Washington. In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) begins to search for his biological father with help from Liz Lemon (Tina Fey). Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his supposedly illegitimate son (Washington) to the cast and crew of the fictitious show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS), but some question his intentions. At the same time, Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) and Liz fight for attention when Jenna gets public recognition for a comedic sketch Liz wrote. \"Mamma Mia\" has received generally positive reception from television critics. According to the Nielsen Media Research, the episode was watched by 6.2 million households during its original broadcast. Ron Weiner and Alan Alda received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, respectively, both for this episode. Plot Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) decides not to search for his biological father, after it was revealed in the previous episode that the man he believed was his father was not. Liz Lemon (Tina Fey), however, convinces him to find out who his real father is, so Jack contacts Lenny Wosniak (Steve Buscemi)—a private investigator—to search for his biological father. Lenny gives him an envelope containing the names of three individuals who could be his father. Jack tells Liz about the envelope, and she suggests they Mamma Mia! this and bring the three men to New York under false pretenses, to which Jack agrees. Jack meets the men, George Park, Fred O'Dwyer (Stuart Margolin), and Professor Milton Greene (Alan Alda). At meeting the three men, Jack comes to the realization that Milton is his father, as George Park is Korean and Fred O'Dwyer lost his genitals in a grenade explosion during World War II. He tells Milton that he is his son, after Milton admitted to sleeping with his mother, Colleen Donaghy (Elaine Stritch), around the time Jack was conceived. Milton is happy to have him as his son, and reveals to Jack that he is in need of a kidney transplant. Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his illegitimate son, Donald (Michael Benjamin Washington), to the TGS with Tracy Jordan staff. Liz and Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit) suspect that Donald is embezzling from Tracy as they do not believe that Donald is twenty-one years old, which Donald claims to be. Cerie Xerox (Katrina Bowden), Liz's assistant, obtains Donald's birth certificate and gives it to Liz and Pete; the two learn that Donald is forty years of age, thus confirming their suspicions about him. Liz tells Tracy about this,","title":"Mamma Mia (30 Rock)"},{"docid":"42872635","text":"Suzie Mathers is a Scottish-Australian actress and theatre performer best known for her role as Glinda the Good Witch in the Australian, Asian tour, and London productions of Wicked as well Sophie in the 10th Anniversary Australian tour of Mamma Mia! the Musical. Spouse: Laura Francis (7/3/2019) Biography Born in Aberdeen, Scotland and raised in Perth, Western Australia, Suzie received a Bachelor of Arts (Music Theatre) from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) in 2007. In the few short years since graduating, Suzie has fast made her mark in the Australian and International music theatre industry. Career Her career in musical theater started with a spot in an amateur production of Jesus Christ Superstar. In 2007, she graduated with a degree in music theater from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. While in college, she performed in various productions such as \"The Good Fight\" and \"Annie Get Your Gun.\" Originally an offstage vocal swing for the 2008 Melbourne production, Mathers was cast in Wicked straight out of drama school, and remained with the company as an ensemble member until the beginning of the Sydney season in 2009. Suzie left to play the leading role of Sophie in the 10th Anniversary Australian tour of Mamma Mia!, which toured nationally in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth & Brisbane. After the national tour of Mamma Mia! Suzie returned to the cast of Wicked for the first Australian tour performing in Brisbane, Adelaide & Perth, in the role of the Midwife, and was also the understudy for Glinda. Suzie officially took over the role of lead Glinda from Lucy Durack in 2015, performing in Singapore, South Korea, New Zealand and Manila to much critical acclaim. A highlight was performing to the shows composer Stephen Schwartz, twice. She has co-starred alongside various Australian theatre performers including Jemma Rix, Maggie Kirkpatrick, David Harris, Anne Wood and Gretel Scarlett as well as New Zealand actor Jay Laga'aia. Suzie stepped down from the role of Glinda when it returned to Australia at the end of Wicked's Manila run on 9 March 2014. Though Suzie did briefly reprise the role in Melbourne while Lucy Durack took leave due to injury in May 2014. Mathers then again reprised the role of Glinda for the Brisbane and Perth seasons of Wicked, taking over once again from Lucy Durack, who left at the end of the Sydney season due to her pregnancy. During the Brisbane season Suzie reached her 500th performance as Glinda, and is expected have performed the role over 580 times when the show closes in Perth mid 2015. Mathers made her West End debut reprising the role of Glinda this time in the London production of Wicked at the Apollo Victoria Theatre. She performed the role at the 10th anniversary performance on 27 September 2016. Rachel Tucker and Willemijn Verkaik performed as Elphaba alongside her. She left the production on 22 July 2017. Stage credits Other performances Suzie's other appearances include An Afternoon with Stephen Sondheim at Her","title":"Suzie Mathers"},{"docid":"5533680","text":"Sunny Hill (Hangul: ) is a South Korean girl group (formerly a co-ed group) formed in 2007 by For Everyone Media. The group consists of Bitna and Kota. Janghyun left the group in 2014 and Jubi and Misung left the group in 2019. History 2007–2009: Debut with Love Letter and 2008 My Summer Sunny Hill debuted in September 2007 as a co-ed group consisting of members Janghyun, Jubi, and Seung Ah. Their first release was the single album Love Letter, which later won the Excellent Newcomer Album award. Following this success, the group released their second single album, 2008 My Summer. The group then had a musical hiatus, and only released various songs for film and drama soundtracks. 2010–2011: Label and line-up changes and Midnight Circus Following their musical hiatus, Sunny Hill unexpectedly changed labels to Nega Network, home of girl group Brown Eyed Girls. Nega Network later introduced a new member Kota for the group. Sunny Hill was quickly thrown into their first project under Nega Network by featuring on Narsha's digital single \"Mamma Mia\". Janghyun did not vocally participate in the track, but was featured in the music video. The group quickly became known as \"Narsha's Group\", due to lack of popularity amongst fans of K-pop. Following promotions of \"Mamma Mia\", Nega Network introduced a new member for the group, Misung. The quintet released single \"Pit-A-Pat\" for the Korean drama The Greatest Love. The song attracted much attention and charted high. Sunny Hill made another unexpected label change to LOEN Entertainment. On June 3, 2011, Sunny Hill's first extended play, Midnight Circus with the lead single being the title track. On August 4, 2011, Sunny Hill released their follow-up ballad, \"Pray\". The song continued the group's growing popularity and charted on the Top 10 of the Gaon Chart, despite there being no live promotions. 2012–2013: Antique Romance and Young Folk On January 13, 2012, Sunny Hill made their comeback with their first maxi-single \"The Grasshoppers\". On January 20, it was announced that Janghyun would be entering his mandatory military service on January 31. The single peaked at the Top 3 of the Gaon Chart. On April 14, it was announced that Sunny Hill would be making comeback as four-member girl group with digital single, \"Is the White Horse Coming?\". Sunny Hill released their digital single Is The White Horse Coming? on April 19. The next day, it was reported that the song had topped in the several music site such as Soribada, Melon, Mnet, and Bugs. On December 6, Sunny Hill's second extended play, Antique Romance with the lead single \"Goodbye to Romance\". The track was said to be about the members' first love story. The album was successful and both songs of the album reached the Top 10 songs in Gaon Chart. On April 5, Sunny Hill released collaboration single Love Actually with South Korean modern rock group called Daybreak, as a part of project album Re:code - Episode III. Misung also participated as co-produced and co-wrote","title":"Sunny Hill"},{"docid":"57088167","text":"Mamma Mia! is the fourth extended play from South Korean boy band SF9. It was released on February 26, 2018, by FNC Entertainment. The album consists of six tracks, including the title track, \"Mamma Mia\". Commercial performance The EP sold 11,060+ copies in South Korea. It peaked at number 3 on the Korean Gaon Chart. Track listing References 2018 EPs SF9 (band) EPs FNC Entertainment EPs Kakao M EPs","title":"Mamma Mia! (EP)"},{"docid":"20477930","text":"Kaire Vilgats (born 11 January 1976) is an Estonian vocalist and actress, known for numerous roles in stage musicals. Over the years, she has repeatedly participated in the Eurovision Song Contest as a backing vocalist for Estonian entries. Early life Kaire Vilgats was born and spent her childhood in Pärnu, a resort town in the south-west of Estonia, where she also went to school. She learnt the accordion in a music school before taking classes in singing. Career Vilgats has later been trained in pop-jazz singing at the Georg Ots Music School in Tallinn, with Silvi Vrait as her vocal coach. In 1999, Vilgats was awarded third place in the Kaks takti ette contest for young singers, organized by Estonian Television. The winner of that season was an Estonian rock star, Tanel Padar, with Eda-Ines Etti in second position. The same year, she was cast in the company of the Estonian production of the musical La Cage aux Folles which was her theatre début. A series of supporting roles in musicals were to follow. Kaire Vilgats has been the musical director of the Estonian Puppet Theatre in Tallinn, where she composed music for children's musicals and plays, like, The Little Witch by Otfried Preußler. In 2006, she was nominated for an Estonian theatre prize for the supporting role of Amps in the musical but did not win. Roles 2000: Tanz der Vampire (Magda) 2000: Little Shop of Horrors (Crystal) 2000: Zorba (Storyteller) 2001: No, No, Nanette (Betty from Boston) 2001: Les Misérables (Mme Thenardier, understudy) 2002: Miss Saigon (Gigi) 2003: Fiddler on the Roof (Golde) 2004: Crazy for You (Irene Roth) 2006: Fame (Esther Sherman) 2006: (Amps) 2006: Lumekuninganna (Snow Queen) (Grandmother/Snow Queen) 2007: Phantom (Carlotta) 2008: Anything Goes (Reno Sweeney) 2008: Buratino senitundmatud seiklused (\"Buratino`s Yet Unknown Adventures\") (Malviina) 2011: Libahunt (\"The Warewolf\") (Grandmother) 2011: The Beauty and the Beast (Teapot) 2011: Karlsson katuselt (\"Karlsson on the Roof\") (Hildur Sokk), drama 2012: Seljatas sada meest (\"Overcame a Hundred Men\") (Maria Loorberg), drama 2013: Shrek (Dragon) 2014: Koerhaldjas Mia (Dog-Fairy Mia) (Christmas Mom) 2015: Billy Elliiot (Mrs Wilkinson) 2015: Karlsson katuselt (\"Karlsson on the Roof\"), (Hildur Sokk) 2016: Mamma Mia (Rosie Mulligan / Tanya Chesham-Leigh) 2017: Les Misérables (Mme Thenardier) As a chorist, Vilgats has appeared in Evita, La Cage aux Folles, Georg and Mort. She is also a voice actress and vocal coach. Other credits Kaire Vilgats is a backing vocalist for different Estonian pop acts, such as Anne Veski, Ivo Linna or Maarja. With 7 appearances, she is holding the record of biggest number of participations in the Eurovision Song Contest for Estonia. In 2000 and 2002, she sang backing vocals for the Estonian and Maltese songs, and did the same for Estonia at 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2019 contests. The 2020 contest in Rotterdam she was to attend as a backing singer got cancelled due to the pandemic spread of coronavirus. Vilgats provided her vocals for the album Family. We are Family, released in 2003 as a","title":"Kaire Vilgats"},{"docid":"35568430","text":"Carrie Manolakos (pronounced \"men-uh-LAH-kiss\"; born February 16, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and musical theatre actress. As an actress, she is perhaps best known for her stage work, on Broadway in Mamma Mia! as Sophie Sheridan, and in the original 2nd national tour cast of Wicked as the Elphaba standby. She became an internet sensation after her cover of the Radiohead song \"Creep\" went viral after it was picked up by Gawker Media, under the title \"Eargasm\". The cover was performed at her album release party at Le Poisson Rouge in Greenwich Village. Early life and education Manolakos grew up in Syracuse, New York and attended Manlius Pebble Hill School. At age 10, she began participating in the community theater at Syracuse Stage. Manolakos attended the Tisch School of the Arts at NYU. Career 2008–2011: Mamma Mia!, Wicked, and other stage work Manolakos performed in the ensemble of the Mamma Mia! tour for six months before being promoted to the role of Sophie. Shortly after that, she was invited to join the Broadway company, replacing Carey Anderson. She gave her first performance on June 4, 2008. It was announced on February 9, 2009, that Manolakos would be joining the second national tour of Wicked as the standby for Elphaba. On June 25, 2010, Manolakos performed at the Yale Institute for Music Theatre Workshops as Athena in The Daughters, a musical which follows the three daughters of Zeus as they embark on separate and intersecting journeys of self-discovery. Manolakos performed in a concert celebrating Alanis Morissette on September 1, 2010. On November 1, 2010, Manolakos joined Peter Lerman for his debut concert at the Laurie Beechman Theatre, featuring tunes from his original songbook. It was announced on December 3, 2010, that Manolakos would be involved in a concert featuring the music from the musical Jawbreaker. The concert took place on December 12, 2010. Manolakos took part in a concert at Joe's Pub on March 27, 2011, celebrating the release of Joey Contreras debut album, Love Me, Love Me Not. Manolakos appeared as Night Terrors in at the La Jolla Playhouse production of Sleeping Beauty Wakes from July 19 through August 21, 2011. On September 7, 2011, it was announced that Manolakos would be starring as Katie in the rock musical Chix 6 at the Queens Theatre from September 27 to October 30, 2011. 2012–2014: Echo, viral video, and Hit List Manolakos starred as Marianne Reilly in the first run of Seth Rudetsky's Disaster! at Triad Theatre, now renamed Stage 72, on January 22 through March 25, 2012. On February 27, 2012, Manolakos took part in Broadway Remembers Whitney Houston at Joe's Pub, a tribute concert for the late singer. Manolakos performed at Broadway Rhythm and Booze alongside Uzo Aduba on March 26, 2012. Manolakos released her debut album, Echo, on April 2, 2012, produced by Dominick Amendum and Justin Goldner. The album debuted in the top 100 of the iTunes pop charts. On April 23, 2012, Manolakos became an internet sensation","title":"Carrie Manolakos"},{"docid":"4265347","text":"Hairspray is a 2007 musical romantic comedy film based on the 2002 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was based on John Waters's 1988 comedy film of the same name. Produced by Ingenious Media and Zadan/Meron Productions, and adapted from both Waters's 1988 script and Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell's book for the stage musical by screenwriter Leslie Dixon, the film was directed and choreographed by Adam Shankman and has an ensemble cast including John Travolta, Michelle Pfeiffer, Christopher Walken, Amanda Bynes, James Marsden, Queen Latifah, Brittany Snow, Zac Efron, Elijah Kelley, Allison Janney, and Nikki Blonsky in her feature film debut. Set in 1962 Baltimore, Maryland, the film follows the \"pleasantly plump\" teenager Tracy Turnblad (Blonsky) as she pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television dance show and rallies against racial segregation. The film began development in 2004, and Dixon reworked Meehan and O'Donnell's first draft of the screenplay to tone down the musical's campiness. In 2005, Shankman agreed to direct the film. Composer/lyricist Marc Shaiman and lyricist Scott Wittman reworked their songs from the Broadway musical for the film's soundtrack, and also wrote four new songs for the film. Principal photography commenced in September 2006 with a budget of $75 million, and ended in December of that year; filming took place on locations in Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and on sound-stages at Toronto's Showline Studios. Recording sessions for the film's songs and soundtrack took place in San Diego, California in the United States. Hairspray premiered on July 10, 2007, at the Mann Village Theater and was released on July 20, 2007, in the United Kingdom and the United States. The film was critically and financially successful, breaking the record for the highest-grossing opening weekend for a movie musical, which the film held until July 2008 when it was surpassed by Mamma Mia! and later High School Musical 3: Senior Year in October. Hairspray went on to become the tenth highest-grossing musical film in US cinema history, behind the film adaptations of Grease, Chicago, and Mamma Mia!, and stands as one of the most critically and commercially successful musical films of the 2000s. Available in a variety of formats, Hairsprays Region 1 home video release took place on November 20, 2007. USA Network purchased the broadcast rights to Hairspray and was scheduled to debut the film on cable television in February 2010, but in the end it did not broadcast that month. Instead the film was pushed back and premiered on USA on July 24, 2010, with sister channel Bravo also showing it multiple times, and in February 2011 aired on ABC for over-the-air broadcasts. Since its release, it has been cited as one of the best musical films of the 21st century and of all time. Plot In May 1962, 16-year-old overweight high school student Tracy Turnblad lives in Baltimore along with her shy best friend Penny Pingleton. Both frequently watch The Corny Collins Show, a local teen dance television show broadcast","title":"Hairspray (2007 film)"},{"docid":"6232351","text":"Jenny Galloway is a British actress and singer best known for her stage career, which includes Madame Thénardier in Les Misérables. She has received numerous awards and nominations, winning the 1999 Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for her performance in Mamma Mia!. She had previously won the award seven years earlier for her portrayal of the character Luce in George Abbott's The Boys from Syracuse. Galloway can be heard on the cast recordings of Les Misérables 10th Anniversary Concert, Les Misérables 25th Anniversary Concert, Oliver!, Mamma Mia! and Mary Poppins. In the 2001 ITV children's series Weirdsister College, Galloway portrayed the college porter known as the Beetle. Her film credits include In Transit, About a Boy, Fierce Creatures and the role of the Foreign Secretary in Johnny English. She appeared in Madame de Sade alongside Judi Dench and Deborah Findlay as Charlotte in 2008. Galloway had a principal role in a fifth series episode of Marple, The Pale Horse, alongside Julia McKenzie. Her role was Bella Ellis – the town's local witch and cook to Thyrza Grey (played by Pauline Collins) – who are considered prime suspects at many points during the episode. The episode aired as the first part of the fifth series in the UK in August 2010, before the fourth series had finished airing. She reprised her role as Madame Thénardier in the 25th Anniversary Concert of Les Misérables at the O2 Arena in October 2010. She was briefly reunited with her former co-star Alun Armstrong at the end of the performance, when he appeared alongside the rest of the original cast of the musical for the finale. She and Armstrong had appeared as the Thénardiers in the 10th Anniversary Concert at the Royal Albert Hall. Galloway also played the character in the 2006 Broadway revival of the show. Galloway worked at the Watermill Theatre, Newbury, Berkshire in 1982, returning periodically, to assist stage management, drive the van, and lead sing-alongs. In 2013, she appeared as Sister Thomas in the Father Brown episode \"The Bride of Christ\". In 2017, she featured as the Nanny in the film adaptation of Agatha Christie's Crooked House, alongside Glenn Close, Max Irons and Terence Stamp. In March 2023, she appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors as Mrs Garton-Hill. Theatre credits Sandra – Zigger Zagger (1967) – National Youth Theatre Madame Thénardier – Les Misérables (1992–1994, 1995, 2006–2008 and 2010) Widow Corney – Oliver! (1994; revival cast) Rosie – Mamma Mia! (1999; original cast) Mickey - My One and Only 2002; Original West End Cast Mrs. Lovett – Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Mrs. Brill – Mary Poppins (2004; original cast, 2009) Mrs. Pearce – My Fair Lady (Paris production, 2010) Selected filmography Come Away (2020) Johnny English (2003) The Clandestine Marriage (1999) Doctors (2023) References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) British film actresses British musical theatre actresses Living people British television","title":"Jenny Galloway"},{"docid":"21194236","text":"The 29th Golden Raspberry Awards, or Razzies, ceremony was held by the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation to identify the worst films the film industry had to offer in 2008, according to votes from members of the Golden Raspberry Foundation. Razzies co-founder John J. B. Wilson has stated that the intent of the awards is \"to be funny.\" The ceremony was held at the Barnsdall Gallery Theatre in Hollywood, California on February 21, 2009. Nominations were announced on January 21, 2009. The Love Guru was the most nominated film of 2008, with seven. Award results were based on votes from approximately 650 journalists, cinema fans and film professionals from 20 countries. Awards were presented by John Wilson, the ceremony's founder. The Love Guru received the most awards, winning Worst Picture, Worst Actor, and Worst Screenplay. Paris Hilton received three awards, including Worst Actress for her work in The Hottie & the Nottie and Worst Supporting Actress for Repo! The Genetic Opera. Hilton matched the record number of awards received by an actor in a single year, set by Eddie Murphy the previous year at the 28th Golden Raspberry Awards for his roles in Norbit. Pierce Brosnan received Worst Supporting Actor for his role in Mamma Mia!, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull received the award for Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel. Uwe Boll received the Worst Director award for the films 1968 Tunnel Rats, In the Name of the King and Postal, and also received a special award for Worst Career Achievement. Nominations were announced on January 21, 2009, one day before the 81st Academy Awards nominations, and according to Razzies tradition the ceremony itself also preceded the corresponding Academy Award function by one day. The most nominated film of 2008 was the box office bomb The Love Guru, with seven nominations. Paid members of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation voted to determine the winners; individuals may become members of the foundation by visiting the organization's website at www.razzies.com. Award results were based on votes from approximately 650 journalists, cinema fans and professionals from the film industry. Voters were from 45 states in the United States and 19 other countries. Ceremony The ceremony opened with a musical number which parodied the song \"Dancing Queen\" from Mamma Mia! The Movie. Awards were presented by John Wilson, the ceremony's founder. Awardees received a gold spray-painted raspberry worth $4.97. The Love Guru received three awards: Worst Picture, Worst Actor and Worst Screenplay. Worst Picture was the last award given out at the ceremony. John Wilson did not agree with the voters' determination on The Love Guru, and after viewing the film again in preparation for the ceremony, said to the Associated Press: \"A couple of things he did got me to laugh, and these days, two laughs in a comedy is a high ratio.\" \"The main thing wrong with it is no one said to Myers that it wasn't funny. He managed to offend the entire Indian population and","title":"29th Golden Raspberry Awards"},{"docid":"62333832","text":"Bob Smith Junior, also known as Diabolo Man, is a Ghanaian veteran actor, producer director and writer. He was known for various roles he played in movies like Diabolo and Mamma Mia. Filmography Diabolo Mamma Mia Coming To Ghana Sika Mu Sakawa See also Eddie Coffie References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Ghanaian male film actors 21st-century Ghanaian male actors","title":"Bob Smith Junior"},{"docid":"16800234","text":"Karen Mason is an American musical theatre actress and singer. She has appeared on stage in Broadway theatre, notably as Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard, and is a multiple award-winning cabaret performer. Career Mason was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, and grew up in St. Louis and Chicago. She majored in theater at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, graduating in 1999. Mason started as a \"singing hostess at Lawrence of Oregano in Chicago\" in 1976 after leaving college, where she met the late pianist and composer Brian Lasser, with whom she worked until his death in 1992. Mason has performed in cabaret and with symphonies for many years. She was one of the featured cabaret vocalists at Duplex Cabaret Theatre, New York City, in the early 1980s, and in 2005 presented a program \"Better Days\" with songs by her late musical director Brian Lasser. She appeared at the Bay Area Cabaret, Empire Ballroom, San Francisco in 2010. She continues to perform her cabaret act at such venues as Davenport's (Chicago) and The Iridium (New York City). She taught at the Theatre Arts Center's Summer Workshops & Camp in Bayside, Queens, New York in 2010. She first appeared on Broadway in Play Me a Country Song in 1982. She took the role of standby to Glenn Close as Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard in the Los Angeles production in 1993, and went on to play almost 300 performances over two years both in Los Angeles and on Broadway. She originated the role of Tanya in Mamma Mia!, playing the role from October 5, 2001 to October 6, 2002. She took over the role of Velma Von Tussle in Hairspray on April 6, 2008. She was the Queen of Hearts in Wonderland in 2011 on Broadway and in the Tampa and Houston productions in 2009–2010. Mason appears in the US tour of A Christmas Story, The Musical! starting in November 2011. In 2011, Mason was scheduled to play Mrs. Danvers in the musical Rebecca on Broadway. In 2017, she sang, \"It's About Time\", written by her husband, Paul Rolnick (in 2011), to call for marriage equality. Mason appeared on tour in Andrew Lloyd Webber's Love Never Dies as Madame Giry. The tour ended on December 2, 2018. In December 2020, Mason appeared in The Doris Dear Christmas Special on Broadway on Demand, where her performance received a 5-star rating. Work Broadway Play Me a Country Song (1982) Jerome Robbins' Broadway (1989) Sunset Boulevard (1994) Mamma Mia! (Drama Desk Award nomination) (2001) Hairspray (2008) Wonderland (2011) Off Broadway Karen Mason Sings Broadway, Beatles, and Brian, 1986, Minetta Lane Theater And the World Goes 'Round (Outer Critics Circle Award) - 1991 Carnival! - Rosalie, 1993, York Theatre Regional Heartbeats by Amanda McBroom at Goodspeed Opera House, 1993 Gypsy at the Westchester Broadway Theatre in May through August 2007; The Muny in St. Louis, Missouri in July 2006;Bucks County Playhouse in New Hope, Pennsylvania; and the Sundance Theatre Touring Production Love Never Dies","title":"Karen Mason"},{"docid":"44001649","text":"\"Mamma Mia\" is a song by Swedish singer and songwriter Darin featuring vocals by rapper Prophet of 7Lions. It was released on April 14, 2014 in the Nordic countries in occasion of his 10-year anniversary as an artist. It's Darin's first single with Warner Music Sweden. The song was originally written for Darin's sixth studio album Exit, but it didn't make the final cut. Background and release On March 14, 2014 Darin announced via his Instagram account the release of a new single called Mamma Mia, along with a competition which consisted of sharing a picture on the social network in order to win an exclusive ticket for the premiere of the music video of the song which would take place in a secret venue in Stockholm two days before the single release. A trailer of the music video was also posted on Darin's official YouTube channel the same day. Winners were contacted by Darin himself on April 2 and the event took place in a cinema in Stockholm called Rigoletto on April 12. A seven track EP called Mamma Mia - Remixes was released on June 18, 2014. Music video The music video of the single was released on 21 April on Darin's YouTube channel. It was directed by Alex Herron and filmed in Palmdale, California. As stated by the director himself, \"the video feels as if it's a love story in the beginning but then it starts to escalate and she's a Mamma Mia, she's the ultimate crazy woman. They rob a bank, she strips for him. It's pretty dirty, it's pretty good\". The production of the video costed 500,000 Swedish crowns. Charts Release history References 2014 songs 2014 singles Darin (singer) songs Songs written by Darin (singer) Warner Music Group singles","title":"Mamma Mia (Darin song)"},{"docid":"33848187","text":"The following is a discography of original albums and singles released by American singer Mario Lanza. Singles (45rpm) RCA Victor 1950: \"Be My Love\" / \"I’ll Never Love You\" (RCA Victor, 10-1561) ????: \"Vesti la giubba\" / \"Ave Maria\" (RCA Victor, 10-3228) 1951: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 12-1192) 1962: \"O Holy Night\" / \"The Virgin's Slumber Song\" (RCA Victor, 12-1285) Red Seal 1950: \"'O sole mio\" / \"Mattinata\" (RCA Victor, 49-0902) ????: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 49-1169) ????: \"O Holy Night\" / \"The Virgin's Slumber Song\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, 49-1338) 1951: \"Because\" / \"For You Alone\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, 49-3207) 1953: \"Song of India\" / \"If You Were Mine\" (RCA Victor, 49-4209) 1954: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 49-4213) 1954: \"I'll Walk With God\" / \"Beloved\" (RCA Victor, 49-4210) 1954: \"Serenade\" / \"Deep in My Heart, Dear\" (RCA Victor, 49-4218) 1955: \"Ave Maria\" / \"I'll Walk With God\" (RCA Victor, 47-6330) 1957: \"Be My Love\" / \"The Loveliest Night Of The Year\" (RCA Victor, 47-6334) 1957: \"Never till Now\" / \"Come Dance with Me\" (RCA Victor, 47-7119) 1957: \"A Night to Remember\" / \"Behold!\" (RCA Victor, 47-6915) 1959: \"'O sole mio\" / \"For the First Time\" (RCA, 47-7439) ????: \"I'll Walk With God\" / \"Guardian Angels\" (RCA, 47-7622) ????: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 47-9126) 1957: \"Granada\" / \"Mamma mia che vo' sape?\" (RCA Italiana, N 0618) 1957: \"Arrivederci Roma\" / \"The Loveliest Night of the Year\" (RCA Italiana, N 0633) 1958: \"Silent Night\" / \" The First Noel\" (RCA Italiana, N 0698) 1958: \"Come prima\" / \"'O sole mio\" (RCA Italiana, N 0732) 1958: \"There's Gonna Be a Party Tonight\" / \"Imitation Sequence\" (RCA, ERA 115) 1957: \"Behold!\" / \"A Night to Remember\" (RCA, 45RCA 1026) 1958: \"Seven Hills Of Rome\" / \"Come Dance with Me\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1045) 1958: \"Arrivederci Roma\" / \"Never Till Now\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1052) 1958: \"On The Street Where You Live\" / \"Younger Than Springtime\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1059) 1958: \"Love In a Home\" / \"Do You Wonder?\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1080) 1958: \"Drinking Song\" / \"Serenade\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1090) 1958: \"I'll Walk With God\" / \"The Lord's Prayer\" (RCA, RCA 1094) 1959: \"Because\" / \"Ave Maria\" (RCA, RCA 1123) 1959: \"'O Sole Mio\" / \"I Love Thee (Ich Liebe Dich)\" (RCA, RCA 1128) 1959: \"O Come All Ye Faithful\" / \"Silent Night, Holy Night\" (RCA, 45-RCA) 1155 1960: \"Because You're Mine\" / \"The Donkey Serenade\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1166) 1960: \"Only A Rose\" / \"Be My Love\" (RCA, RCA 1210) ????: \"Mamma mia che vo' sape'?\" / \"Core 'ngrato\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, DM 1330) 1951: \"Begin the Beguine\" / \"Night and Day\" (RCA, 447-0772) ????: \"Ave Maria\" / \"The Lord's Prayer\" (RCA, 447-0774) ????: \"Drink, Drink, Drink\" / \"Giannina mia\" (RCA, 447-0775) ????: \"O Holy Night\" / \"I'll Walk With God\" (RCA, 447-0777) ????: \"Arrivederci Roma\" / \"Come prima\" (RCA, 447-0853) His Master's Voice 1950: \"Che gelida manina\" / \"Core 'ngrato\" (HMV, D.B. 21017) 1950: \"Mattinata\" / \"Cielo e mar\" (HMV,","title":"Mario Lanza discography"},{"docid":"22559166","text":"Musicality is the third solo album from English actress-singer Martine McCutcheon. The album features covers of songs from McCutcheon's favourite musicals, including Mamma Mia! and Les Misérables. Released in December 2002, Musicality was a commercial failure; it debuted and peaked only at #55 on the UK Albums Chart, spending just two weeks in the Top 100. It is McCutcheon's lowest-charting and lowest-selling album to date. Track listing \"Maybe This Time\" – from Cabaret \"Zing Went the Strings of My Heart\" – from Listen Darling \"White Christmas\" – from Holiday Inn \"I Dreamed a Dream\" – from Les Misérables \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" – from Babes in Arms \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" – from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" – from Funny Girl \"Out Here on My Own\" – from Fame \"What I Did for Love\" – from A Chorus Line \"There Are Worse Things I Could Do\" – from Grease \"The Winner Takes It All\" – from Mamma Mia! \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" – from The Lion King \"Wouldn't It Be Luverely\" – from My Fair Lady \"Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again\" – from The Phantom of the Opera \"The Man That Got Away\" – from A Star Is Born \"Nobody Does It Like Me\" – from See-Saw Charts References 2002 albums Martine McCutcheon albums","title":"Musicality (album)"},{"docid":"41259403","text":"Gretel Scarlett Jahnke (), known as Gretel Scarlett (born 9 November 1987) is an Australian actress and performer. Having appeared in theatre productions including Wicked and Mamma Mia!, she is best known for starring as Sandy in the 2013–2015 Australian production of Grease and Kathy Selden in the 2016/2017 Australian production of Singin' in the Rain which opened at Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne. She most recently appeared in Disney's Frozen as the Elsa understudy. Early life Born in Rockhampton, Scarlett's parents enrolled her in singing and dancing lessons at the age of four. She later took speech and drama lessons and went on to complete her Trinity and AMEB Classical Voice and Speech/Drama Examinations as well as her RAD and Cecchetti Classical Ballet Examinations. Growing up in central Queensland with her five brothers, Scarlett's family moved to Sydney when she was 15 to attend Newtown High School of the Performing Arts. After attending NSHPA for five weeks, she was offered a scholarship to study full-time classical ballet. She went on to complete her ballet scholarship, but after suffering stress fractures, realised she did not want to concentrate on classical ballet alone, but wanted to sing and act as well. After finishing her senior schooling, Scarlett began studying a Bachelor of Medical Radiation Science in Nuclear Medicine at the University of Sydney. However, during her first year, she chose to audition for the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA). She graduated from WAAPA in 2008 with a Bachelor of Arts (Music Theatre). She received the Finley Award in 2007, and the Leslie Anderson Award for the best overall Showcase Performance and the Hal Leonard Award in 2008. Whilst at WAAPA, Scarlett appeared in several shows and played the leading role of Mrs Johnstone in its 2008 production of Blood Brothers. Career Breast Wishes, Mamma Mia! and Wicked Scarlett was cast in the 2009 Australian Tour of Breast Wishes, making her professional debut in the role of Sal. Scarlett was then cast in the ensemble in the 10th Anniversary Tour of Mamma Mia!, and understudied the lead roles of Sophie, Ali, and Lisa. She then joined the ensemble cast for the 2010-2012 Australian and international tours, performing the role of the witches' mother and understudying the lead roles of Elphaba and Nessarose. Scarlett felt as though she had become \"a professional understudy\". Grease In 2013, after a series of auditions, Scarlett was cast in the lead role of Sandy Dumbrowski in the Australian production of Grease opposite Rob Mills as Danny Zuko. Producer John Frost noted that Scarlett \"came in and auditioned and she just knocked us away, so this is a great opportunity for her\". The production opened on 25 August 2013 at the Lyric Theatre, Brisbane, to strong reviews. In December 2013, Australian producer John Frost announced that Grease would extend its Australian tour to include Singapore, Perth and Adelaide in 2014. Grease continued its Australian tour to Hobart in September 2014 and returned to Melbourne at The Regent","title":"Gretel Scarlett"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"7491727\",\n \"text\": \"Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.\",\n \"title\": \"Dominic Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59057076\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia is a Ghanaian film directed by and starring Bob Smith Jnr in 1995. Set in Verona as well as Accra, it was one of the earlier films to focus on the lives of Ghanaians living in Europe. The film was the first of three films in a series sharing that name the others being Double Trouble (Mamma Mia Part 2) (1998) and Black is Black (Mamma Mia 3) (2000). Cast Bob Smith Jnr References English-language Ghanaian films 1990s English-language films\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia (1995 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70096150\",\n \"text\": \"Croatia Songs is a record chart in Croatia for songs, compiled by Billboard since February 2022. The chart is updated every Tuesday on Billboards website. The chart was announced on 14 February 2022 as part of Billboards Hits of the World chart collection. The first number-one song on the chart was \\\"Behute\\\" by Senidah on the issue dated 19 February 2022. The longest charting number-one song is currently \\\"Mamma mia\\\" by Grše. The current number-one song on the chart is \\\"Fantazija\\\" by Grše featuring Miach. Methodology The chart tracks songs' performance from Friday to Thursday. Chart rankings are based on a weighted formula incorporating official-only streams on both subscription and ad-supported tiers of leading audio and video music services, plus download sales from top music retailers within the territory. All data are provided by MRC Data. List of number-one songs Reception All the songs that appeared on the first issue of the chart were released by the former Yugoslav non-Croatian musicians, apart from \\\"Trebaš li me\\\" by Eni Jurišić and Matija Cvek, \\\"Debili\\\" by 30zona and Kuku$ Klan, \\\"Ti i ja\\\" by Jelena Rozga (in collaboration with Serbian singer Saša Matić), and \\\"Highlife\\\" by Grše, alongside \\\"Heat Waves\\\" by Glass Animals and \\\"Black Summer\\\" by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Hrvoje Marjanović of Index.hr criticized the Croatian media for trying to censor mainstream music from other former Yugoslav republics due to its alleged lack of quality, and praised the chart for showcasing what people of Croatia actually listen to. He further praised the death of genre boundaries, claiming that, \\\"on the same IG story of the same person, probably in the same day, you will come across songs by Arctic Monkeys, Drake and Senidah\\\", as well as the death of the \\\"cajka problem\\\". However, in the meantime, multiple other Croatian artists appeared on the chart, such as Hiljson Mandela who debuted with three songs in 2022, Baks, Let 3, and the most frequent Billboard dweller, Grše, whose song \\\"Sip\\\" is one of the longest charting songs on the chart, surpassing the majority of his former Yugoslav non-Croatian colleagues. Grše would go on to become the first Croatian artist to top the chart, doing so with his single \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" in the week of 29 May 2023, and stay at the number one spot for 17 weeks, becoming the longest charting number-one song since the release of the list. Croatian music journalists generally reacted positively to the introduction of such a music chart but criticized the local music industry managers for trying to cover up the popularity of trap music. Tena Šarčević of Jutarnji list explained how the lack of Croatian artists might shock some people, but that the Balkan trap genre has dominated the on-demand streaming for quite some time. She further noted how there's a big difference between the Croatian airplay-based HR Top 40 chart, and the Billboard chart. Ravno Do Dnas Zoran Stajčić commented how the newly introduced Billboard chart is \\\"real\\\" and how it gives real insight into\",\n \"title\": \"Croatia Songs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10708687\",\n \"text\": \"The 56th Annual Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall on June 2, 2002 and broadcast by CBS. \\\"The First Ten\\\" awards ceremony was telecast on PBS television. The event was co-hosted by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. With her win as a producer of Thoroughly Modern Millie, Whoopi Goldberg became the 10th person to become an EGOT winner. The ceremony The show opened with a tribute to Richard Rodgers, featuring a medley of his songs performed by Marvin Hamlisch, Harry Connick Jr., Michele Lee, Mos Def, Lea Salonga, Peter Gallagher, John Raitt, Bernadette Peters, Gregory Hines, and the company of Oklahoma! A Broadway/New York song medley was performed by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. Presentations from nominated musicals: Into the Woods: \\\"Children Will Listen\\\", \\\"Ever After\\\" and \\\"Into the Woods\\\" - Vanessa Williams, John McMartin, Company Mamma Mia!: \\\"I Have a Dream\\\", \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", \\\"Chiquitita\\\" and \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" - Louise Pitre, Judy Kaye, Karen Mason, Tina Maddigan, Company Thoroughly Modern Millie: \\\"Forget About the Boy\\\"/\\\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\\\" - Sutton Foster, Anne L. Nathan, Casey Nicholaw, Noah Racey, Company Sweet Smell of Success: \\\"Dirt\\\" - John Lithgow, Company Urinetown: \\\"Run, Freedom, Run\\\" - Hunter Foster, Spencer Kayden, Jeff McCarthy, Company Oklahoma!: \\\"The Farmer and the Cowman\\\" - Company The First Ten awards were presented prior to the full ceremony and broadcast on PBS. The awards presented were: Best Direction of a Play, Direction of a Musical, Book of a Musical, Original Score, Choreography, Costume Design, Lighting Design and Scenic Design. There were also interviews and \\\"rehearsal and performance clips from the nominated shows.\\\" The broadcast won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program; the director was Glenn Weiss. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 2001–02 season before May 2, 2002 are eligible. Original plays An Almost Holy Picture Fortune’s Fool 45 Seconds from Broadway The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? The Graduate If you ever leave me...I'm going with you! Metamorphoses The Mystery of Charles Dickens QED The Smell of the Kill Topdog/Underdog Original musicals By Jeeves Mamma Mia! One Mo' Time Sweet Smell of Success Thoroughly Modern Millie Thou Shalt Not Urinetown Play revivals A Christmas Carol The Crucible The Dance of Death The Elephant Man Hedda Gabler Major Barbara The Man Who Had All the Luck Morning's at Seven Noises Off Private Lives A Thousand Clowns The Women Musical revivals Into the Woods Oklahoma! Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Source: TheaterMania Regional Theatre Tony Award Williamstown Theatre Festival Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Robert Whitehead Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Julie Harris Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: 11 nominations: Thoroughly Modern Millie 10 nominations: Into the Woods and Urinetown 9 nominations: Morning's at Seven 7 nominations: Oklahoma! and Sweet Smell of Success 6 nominations: The Crucible and Private Lives 5 nominations: Mamma Mia! 3 nominations: Fortune's Fool and\",\n \"title\": \"56th Tony Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46265080\",\n \"text\": \"Narsha (stylized as NARSHA) is the eponymous debut extended play by South Korean singer Narsha, a member from girl group Brown Eyed Girls. Lee Min-soo, her group's long-time producer served as the album's executive producer. Featuring a dark and edgy sound, it was released on July 8, 2010, and distributed by Nega Network. The EP features seven tracks in total, including one preview and one instrumental version of the album's title track. Upon its release, the album became a success by debuting at number three on Gaon Weekly Albums Chart with an approximate sale of 5,000+. It also received positive reviews from music critics, praising its dark theme along with the electronic influence. Three singles were released from the album, with the first and pre-release single \\\"I'm In Love\\\", a remake of Ra.D's original song. The second and title track, titled \\\"삐리빠빠 (Bbi Ri Bba Bba)\\\", became another solo hit for Narsha as well as her signature solo song. \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was released as the last digital single on August 20, 2010, one month after the album's release. Background and composition In 2010, it was announced that all Brown Eyed Girls' members would start their own solo careers beside their group activities, starting first with Narsha. Its original title was \\\"Narshism\\\", but later changed to just plain \\\"NARSHA\\\". The album was produced executively by Lee Min-soo, while frequent lyricist Kim Eana participated in writing the majority of the album's lyrics. It also featured productions from producer DJ Jinu aka Hitchhiker, whom is responsible for her home group's most well-known hit \\\"Abracadabra\\\" and had previously remixed their single \\\"How Come?\\\". Musically, the album is a K-pop record with a \\\"dark and edgy\\\" electronic sound, while also including R&B and bossa nova elements. Singles \\\"I'm In Love\\\" Originally a Ra.D song, \\\"I'm In Love\\\" was selected as the album's first single, It was released on July 2, 2010, reaching number six on Gaon Singles Chart (Weekly) and number four on Gaon Download Chart (Weekly). \\\"Bbi Ri Bba Bba\\\" The song was announced as the album's title track upon its track list announcement. It peaked at number six on Gaon Singles Chart during the second week while reaching number three on the download chart. An accompanying music video was released online, receiving mixed to positive reacts due to its dark and gothic theme. Upon its release, the song became her most successful solo hit to date \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" Previously included as a 27-second preview on the album, the full version was released as the last digital single on August 20, 2010, featuring Sunny Hill. The song also peaked at number six and number four on Gaon Singles Chart and Gaon Download Chart, respectively. An accompanying music video was also released online, receiving an R-19 rating. Release and promotion The album was originally intended to be released in May, 2010, but was pushed back to June, then July, 2010, due to schedule conflicts. Prior to the release of the album, two teasers for both\",\n \"title\": \"Narsha (EP)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3608711\",\n \"text\": \"London School of Musical Theatre (LSMT) is a training academy of performing arts, that was founded by Glenn Lee in 1995. The school is located on Borough Road, central London. It was originally housed at The Old Vic and then His Majesty's Theatre, before moving to premises on Borough Road, where it currently operates. The school offers a one-year, full-time, vocational training for adults wishing to pursue a career in musical theatre. The ethos of LSMT is to create the environment of a professional company in rehearsal rather than that of an educational institution. The emphasis of the course is on the development of the singing voice as the tool for acting through song alongside a thorough training in dance and drama. Classes are taught by professionals and practitioners working in the industry, with direct experience of the requirements of musical theatre. Since its inception in 1995, the organisation has commissioned new musical theatre productions, many of which have now been published and performed around the world. The school employs Charles Miller as composer-in-residence. Notable Alumni Emma Hatton - actress (Wicked, Evita) Melissa Jacques - actress (Everybody's Talking about Jamie, Mamma Mia) Sophie Isaacs - actress (Six, Heathers, Made In Dagenham, Legally Blonde) Jacqui Tate - actress (Les Miserables, Avenue Q, South Pacific, The Phantom of The Opera) Adam Bayjou - actor/singer (Les Miserables, Assassins, Opera Boys) Richard Meek - actor (Annie, The Producers, Rocky Horror Show, Hairspray) Hollie O'Donoghue - actress (Les Miserables, The Commitments) Nancy Sullivan- actress (Les Miserables, Little Voice, Beautiful Thing) Jodie Jacobs - actress (We Will Rock You, Evita, Fame, Footloose, The Wedding Singer) Rosa O'Reilly - actress (Wicked, Jesus Christ Superstar, Les Miserables, Dirty Dancing) Michael Auger - singer (Collabro) Katie Rough - Legend Natalie Law - actress (Leopaldstadt, The Lady Vanishes, Exit The King, Ink) Soophia Foroughi - actress (Prince of Egypt, Broken Wings, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels) Marcus Ayton - actor (Shrek, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dream Coat) Devon Elise Johnson - actress (Half a Sixpence, Mamma Mia, Titanic) Holly-Anne Hull (Phantom of The Opera, Les Miserables, Copacobana) Kelly Agbowu - actress (Waitress, Book of Mormon, Lion King, Les Miserables) Adam Strong - actor (We Will Rock You, Rock of Ages, Jesus Christ Superstar) Robbie Scotcher - actor (Blood Brothers, Mamma Mia, Miss Saigon) Louise Willoughby - TV/Film actress (Time, Coronation Street, Doctors) Luke Newton - TV/Film actor (Bridgerton, Lake Placid, The Lodge) Danny Walters - TV/Film actor (EastEnders, Benidorm, Call The Midwife) Olivia Chenery - TV/Film actress (Endeavour, Silent Witness, Virgin and Martyr, Penny Dreadful, My Friends Best Wedding, The One) External Sources External links London School of Musical Theatre website Performing arts education in London Schools of the performing arts in the United Kingdom Music schools in London Drama schools in London Educational institutions established in 1995 Musical theatre organizations\",\n \"title\": \"London School of Musical Theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65136975\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\\\" is a song recorded and released as a single by Romanian singer Elena Gheorghe, featuring rapper Glance. This marks their second collaboration, the first one being the native number one single \\\"Ecou\\\" (2013). \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was initially released for digital download and streaming in the United States on 5 August 2014 under Robbins Entertainment, and worldwide the following year in July under Cat Music. An English language track, it was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă. Music critics gave the song mostly positive reviews, complimenting its catchy instrumentals, but doubted the role of the featured artist by calling it \\\"not convincing\\\". An accompanying music video for \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", directed by Dan Petcan and Bogdan Filip, premiered on the Cat Music YouTube channel on 21 May 2014 and was supported by a giveaway. The clip depicted Elena at wedding playing the role of the bride, and Italian male as the groomsman. Commercially, the song was modernly successful, peaking at number 33 on the singer's native Romanian Airplay 100. The song was also sent to radio stations across Italy, Poland and Spain, where it had managed to enter several charts. Background and composition In February 2014, Elena went on local radio station Kiss FM for an interview, where she would announce an international single coming up. At the time of the interview, Laurențiu Duță was producing the song in Los Angeles. \\\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\\\" was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă himself. It was initially sent to radio stations across Italy in July, before being released on streaming devices in the United States by Robbins Entertainment the following month. +Mas Music distributed the song's release on 23 January 2015, while Cat Music handled its worldwide release on 13 July. \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" marks Elena and Glance's second collaboration, the first one being \\\"Ecou\\\" (2013), which achieved huge chart success in the singer's native country. An English language love song, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was described as a catchy dance-pop tune. Lyrically, the song is about Elena questing whether she should date a romantic Italian man, knowing well that she will be played on by him. Some lyrics of the song are: \\\"I just can't getting off my mind he's so amazing / My heart says Yes, my mind says No / Just let him go, go, go.\\\" Reception and Promotion Upon its release, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was met positively by music critics. Jonathan Currinn gave the song five stars, calling it a \\\"lost treasure that we'll forever love\\\". He went on to compliment the music video, which he called \\\"completely epic\\\" and \\\"full-on amazingness in every way\\\". He called out the clip's director Dan Petcan for his \\\"terrific job at directing [it]\\\", and Elena for her acting skills which were described as \\\"brilliant\\\". Zuletzt Aktualisiert from HitFire described the song as a \\\"catchy dance pop track\\\". He found the song rather amusing, and\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25989073\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mamma Mia\\\" is the 21st episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 57th overall episode of the series. It was written by co-executive producer Ron Weiner and directed by series producer Don Scardino. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 7, 2009. Guest stars in this episode include Alan Alda, Steve Buscemi, Stuart Margolin, Keith Olbermann, Clayton Dean Smith, and Michael Benjamin Washington. In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) begins to search for his biological father with help from Liz Lemon (Tina Fey). Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his supposedly illegitimate son (Washington) to the cast and crew of the fictitious show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS), but some question his intentions. At the same time, Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) and Liz fight for attention when Jenna gets public recognition for a comedic sketch Liz wrote. \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" has received generally positive reception from television critics. According to the Nielsen Media Research, the episode was watched by 6.2 million households during its original broadcast. Ron Weiner and Alan Alda received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, respectively, both for this episode. Plot Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) decides not to search for his biological father, after it was revealed in the previous episode that the man he believed was his father was not. Liz Lemon (Tina Fey), however, convinces him to find out who his real father is, so Jack contacts Lenny Wosniak (Steve Buscemi)—a private investigator—to search for his biological father. Lenny gives him an envelope containing the names of three individuals who could be his father. Jack tells Liz about the envelope, and she suggests they Mamma Mia! this and bring the three men to New York under false pretenses, to which Jack agrees. Jack meets the men, George Park, Fred O'Dwyer (Stuart Margolin), and Professor Milton Greene (Alan Alda). At meeting the three men, Jack comes to the realization that Milton is his father, as George Park is Korean and Fred O'Dwyer lost his genitals in a grenade explosion during World War II. He tells Milton that he is his son, after Milton admitted to sleeping with his mother, Colleen Donaghy (Elaine Stritch), around the time Jack was conceived. Milton is happy to have him as his son, and reveals to Jack that he is in need of a kidney transplant. Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his illegitimate son, Donald (Michael Benjamin Washington), to the TGS with Tracy Jordan staff. Liz and Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit) suspect that Donald is embezzling from Tracy as they do not believe that Donald is twenty-one years old, which Donald claims to be. Cerie Xerox (Katrina Bowden), Liz's assistant, obtains Donald's birth certificate and gives it to Liz and Pete; the two learn that Donald is forty years of age, thus confirming their suspicions about him. Liz tells Tracy about this,\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia (30 Rock)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42872635\",\n \"text\": \"Suzie Mathers is a Scottish-Australian actress and theatre performer best known for her role as Glinda the Good Witch in the Australian, Asian tour, and London productions of Wicked as well Sophie in the 10th Anniversary Australian tour of Mamma Mia! the Musical. Spouse: Laura Francis (7/3/2019) Biography Born in Aberdeen, Scotland and raised in Perth, Western Australia, Suzie received a Bachelor of Arts (Music Theatre) from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) in 2007. In the few short years since graduating, Suzie has fast made her mark in the Australian and International music theatre industry. Career Her career in musical theater started with a spot in an amateur production of Jesus Christ Superstar. In 2007, she graduated with a degree in music theater from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. While in college, she performed in various productions such as \\\"The Good Fight\\\" and \\\"Annie Get Your Gun.\\\" Originally an offstage vocal swing for the 2008 Melbourne production, Mathers was cast in Wicked straight out of drama school, and remained with the company as an ensemble member until the beginning of the Sydney season in 2009. Suzie left to play the leading role of Sophie in the 10th Anniversary Australian tour of Mamma Mia!, which toured nationally in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth & Brisbane. After the national tour of Mamma Mia! Suzie returned to the cast of Wicked for the first Australian tour performing in Brisbane, Adelaide & Perth, in the role of the Midwife, and was also the understudy for Glinda. Suzie officially took over the role of lead Glinda from Lucy Durack in 2015, performing in Singapore, South Korea, New Zealand and Manila to much critical acclaim. A highlight was performing to the shows composer Stephen Schwartz, twice. She has co-starred alongside various Australian theatre performers including Jemma Rix, Maggie Kirkpatrick, David Harris, Anne Wood and Gretel Scarlett as well as New Zealand actor Jay Laga'aia. Suzie stepped down from the role of Glinda when it returned to Australia at the end of Wicked's Manila run on 9 March 2014. Though Suzie did briefly reprise the role in Melbourne while Lucy Durack took leave due to injury in May 2014. Mathers then again reprised the role of Glinda for the Brisbane and Perth seasons of Wicked, taking over once again from Lucy Durack, who left at the end of the Sydney season due to her pregnancy. During the Brisbane season Suzie reached her 500th performance as Glinda, and is expected have performed the role over 580 times when the show closes in Perth mid 2015. Mathers made her West End debut reprising the role of Glinda this time in the London production of Wicked at the Apollo Victoria Theatre. She performed the role at the 10th anniversary performance on 27 September 2016. Rachel Tucker and Willemijn Verkaik performed as Elphaba alongside her. She left the production on 22 July 2017. Stage credits Other performances Suzie's other appearances include An Afternoon with Stephen Sondheim at Her\",\n \"title\": \"Suzie Mathers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5533680\",\n \"text\": \"Sunny Hill (Hangul: ) is a South Korean girl group (formerly a co-ed group) formed in 2007 by For Everyone Media. The group consists of Bitna and Kota. Janghyun left the group in 2014 and Jubi and Misung left the group in 2019. History 2007–2009: Debut with Love Letter and 2008 My Summer Sunny Hill debuted in September 2007 as a co-ed group consisting of members Janghyun, Jubi, and Seung Ah. Their first release was the single album Love Letter, which later won the Excellent Newcomer Album award. Following this success, the group released their second single album, 2008 My Summer. The group then had a musical hiatus, and only released various songs for film and drama soundtracks. 2010–2011: Label and line-up changes and Midnight Circus Following their musical hiatus, Sunny Hill unexpectedly changed labels to Nega Network, home of girl group Brown Eyed Girls. Nega Network later introduced a new member Kota for the group. Sunny Hill was quickly thrown into their first project under Nega Network by featuring on Narsha's digital single \\\"Mamma Mia\\\". Janghyun did not vocally participate in the track, but was featured in the music video. The group quickly became known as \\\"Narsha's Group\\\", due to lack of popularity amongst fans of K-pop. Following promotions of \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", Nega Network introduced a new member for the group, Misung. The quintet released single \\\"Pit-A-Pat\\\" for the Korean drama The Greatest Love. The song attracted much attention and charted high. Sunny Hill made another unexpected label change to LOEN Entertainment. On June 3, 2011, Sunny Hill's first extended play, Midnight Circus with the lead single being the title track. On August 4, 2011, Sunny Hill released their follow-up ballad, \\\"Pray\\\". The song continued the group's growing popularity and charted on the Top 10 of the Gaon Chart, despite there being no live promotions. 2012–2013: Antique Romance and Young Folk On January 13, 2012, Sunny Hill made their comeback with their first maxi-single \\\"The Grasshoppers\\\". On January 20, it was announced that Janghyun would be entering his mandatory military service on January 31. The single peaked at the Top 3 of the Gaon Chart. On April 14, it was announced that Sunny Hill would be making comeback as four-member girl group with digital single, \\\"Is the White Horse Coming?\\\". Sunny Hill released their digital single Is The White Horse Coming? on April 19. The next day, it was reported that the song had topped in the several music site such as Soribada, Melon, Mnet, and Bugs. On December 6, Sunny Hill's second extended play, Antique Romance with the lead single \\\"Goodbye to Romance\\\". The track was said to be about the members' first love story. The album was successful and both songs of the album reached the Top 10 songs in Gaon Chart. On April 5, Sunny Hill released collaboration single Love Actually with South Korean modern rock group called Daybreak, as a part of project album Re:code - Episode III. Misung also participated as co-produced and co-wrote\",\n \"title\": \"Sunny Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57088167\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! is the fourth extended play from South Korean boy band SF9. It was released on February 26, 2018, by FNC Entertainment. The album consists of six tracks, including the title track, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\". Commercial performance The EP sold 11,060+ copies in South Korea. It peaked at number 3 on the Korean Gaon Chart. Track listing References 2018 EPs SF9 (band) EPs FNC Entertainment EPs Kakao M EPs\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! (EP)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20477930\",\n \"text\": \"Kaire Vilgats (born 11 January 1976) is an Estonian vocalist and actress, known for numerous roles in stage musicals. Over the years, she has repeatedly participated in the Eurovision Song Contest as a backing vocalist for Estonian entries. Early life Kaire Vilgats was born and spent her childhood in Pärnu, a resort town in the south-west of Estonia, where she also went to school. She learnt the accordion in a music school before taking classes in singing. Career Vilgats has later been trained in pop-jazz singing at the Georg Ots Music School in Tallinn, with Silvi Vrait as her vocal coach. In 1999, Vilgats was awarded third place in the Kaks takti ette contest for young singers, organized by Estonian Television. The winner of that season was an Estonian rock star, Tanel Padar, with Eda-Ines Etti in second position. The same year, she was cast in the company of the Estonian production of the musical La Cage aux Folles which was her theatre début. A series of supporting roles in musicals were to follow. Kaire Vilgats has been the musical director of the Estonian Puppet Theatre in Tallinn, where she composed music for children's musicals and plays, like, The Little Witch by Otfried Preußler. In 2006, she was nominated for an Estonian theatre prize for the supporting role of Amps in the musical but did not win. Roles 2000: Tanz der Vampire (Magda) 2000: Little Shop of Horrors (Crystal) 2000: Zorba (Storyteller) 2001: No, No, Nanette (Betty from Boston) 2001: Les Misérables (Mme Thenardier, understudy) 2002: Miss Saigon (Gigi) 2003: Fiddler on the Roof (Golde) 2004: Crazy for You (Irene Roth) 2006: Fame (Esther Sherman) 2006: (Amps) 2006: Lumekuninganna (Snow Queen) (Grandmother/Snow Queen) 2007: Phantom (Carlotta) 2008: Anything Goes (Reno Sweeney) 2008: Buratino senitundmatud seiklused (\\\"Buratino`s Yet Unknown Adventures\\\") (Malviina) 2011: Libahunt (\\\"The Warewolf\\\") (Grandmother) 2011: The Beauty and the Beast (Teapot) 2011: Karlsson katuselt (\\\"Karlsson on the Roof\\\") (Hildur Sokk), drama 2012: Seljatas sada meest (\\\"Overcame a Hundred Men\\\") (Maria Loorberg), drama 2013: Shrek (Dragon) 2014: Koerhaldjas Mia (Dog-Fairy Mia) (Christmas Mom) 2015: Billy Elliiot (Mrs Wilkinson) 2015: Karlsson katuselt (\\\"Karlsson on the Roof\\\"), (Hildur Sokk) 2016: Mamma Mia (Rosie Mulligan / Tanya Chesham-Leigh) 2017: Les Misérables (Mme Thenardier) As a chorist, Vilgats has appeared in Evita, La Cage aux Folles, Georg and Mort. She is also a voice actress and vocal coach. Other credits Kaire Vilgats is a backing vocalist for different Estonian pop acts, such as Anne Veski, Ivo Linna or Maarja. With 7 appearances, she is holding the record of biggest number of participations in the Eurovision Song Contest for Estonia. In 2000 and 2002, she sang backing vocals for the Estonian and Maltese songs, and did the same for Estonia at 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2019 contests. The 2020 contest in Rotterdam she was to attend as a backing singer got cancelled due to the pandemic spread of coronavirus. Vilgats provided her vocals for the album Family. We are Family, released in 2003 as a\",\n \"title\": \"Kaire Vilgats\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35568430\",\n \"text\": \"Carrie Manolakos (pronounced \\\"men-uh-LAH-kiss\\\"; born February 16, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and musical theatre actress. As an actress, she is perhaps best known for her stage work, on Broadway in Mamma Mia! as Sophie Sheridan, and in the original 2nd national tour cast of Wicked as the Elphaba standby. She became an internet sensation after her cover of the Radiohead song \\\"Creep\\\" went viral after it was picked up by Gawker Media, under the title \\\"Eargasm\\\". The cover was performed at her album release party at Le Poisson Rouge in Greenwich Village. Early life and education Manolakos grew up in Syracuse, New York and attended Manlius Pebble Hill School. At age 10, she began participating in the community theater at Syracuse Stage. Manolakos attended the Tisch School of the Arts at NYU. Career 2008–2011: Mamma Mia!, Wicked, and other stage work Manolakos performed in the ensemble of the Mamma Mia! tour for six months before being promoted to the role of Sophie. Shortly after that, she was invited to join the Broadway company, replacing Carey Anderson. She gave her first performance on June 4, 2008. It was announced on February 9, 2009, that Manolakos would be joining the second national tour of Wicked as the standby for Elphaba. On June 25, 2010, Manolakos performed at the Yale Institute for Music Theatre Workshops as Athena in The Daughters, a musical which follows the three daughters of Zeus as they embark on separate and intersecting journeys of self-discovery. Manolakos performed in a concert celebrating Alanis Morissette on September 1, 2010. On November 1, 2010, Manolakos joined Peter Lerman for his debut concert at the Laurie Beechman Theatre, featuring tunes from his original songbook. It was announced on December 3, 2010, that Manolakos would be involved in a concert featuring the music from the musical Jawbreaker. The concert took place on December 12, 2010. Manolakos took part in a concert at Joe's Pub on March 27, 2011, celebrating the release of Joey Contreras debut album, Love Me, Love Me Not. Manolakos appeared as Night Terrors in at the La Jolla Playhouse production of Sleeping Beauty Wakes from July 19 through August 21, 2011. On September 7, 2011, it was announced that Manolakos would be starring as Katie in the rock musical Chix 6 at the Queens Theatre from September 27 to October 30, 2011. 2012–2014: Echo, viral video, and Hit List Manolakos starred as Marianne Reilly in the first run of Seth Rudetsky's Disaster! at Triad Theatre, now renamed Stage 72, on January 22 through March 25, 2012. On February 27, 2012, Manolakos took part in Broadway Remembers Whitney Houston at Joe's Pub, a tribute concert for the late singer. Manolakos performed at Broadway Rhythm and Booze alongside Uzo Aduba on March 26, 2012. Manolakos released her debut album, Echo, on April 2, 2012, produced by Dominick Amendum and Justin Goldner. The album debuted in the top 100 of the iTunes pop charts. On April 23, 2012, Manolakos became an internet sensation\",\n \"title\": \"Carrie Manolakos\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4265347\",\n \"text\": \"Hairspray is a 2007 musical romantic comedy film based on the 2002 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was based on John Waters's 1988 comedy film of the same name. Produced by Ingenious Media and Zadan/Meron Productions, and adapted from both Waters's 1988 script and Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell's book for the stage musical by screenwriter Leslie Dixon, the film was directed and choreographed by Adam Shankman and has an ensemble cast including John Travolta, Michelle Pfeiffer, Christopher Walken, Amanda Bynes, James Marsden, Queen Latifah, Brittany Snow, Zac Efron, Elijah Kelley, Allison Janney, and Nikki Blonsky in her feature film debut. Set in 1962 Baltimore, Maryland, the film follows the \\\"pleasantly plump\\\" teenager Tracy Turnblad (Blonsky) as she pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television dance show and rallies against racial segregation. The film began development in 2004, and Dixon reworked Meehan and O'Donnell's first draft of the screenplay to tone down the musical's campiness. In 2005, Shankman agreed to direct the film. Composer/lyricist Marc Shaiman and lyricist Scott Wittman reworked their songs from the Broadway musical for the film's soundtrack, and also wrote four new songs for the film. Principal photography commenced in September 2006 with a budget of $75 million, and ended in December of that year; filming took place on locations in Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and on sound-stages at Toronto's Showline Studios. Recording sessions for the film's songs and soundtrack took place in San Diego, California in the United States. Hairspray premiered on July 10, 2007, at the Mann Village Theater and was released on July 20, 2007, in the United Kingdom and the United States. The film was critically and financially successful, breaking the record for the highest-grossing opening weekend for a movie musical, which the film held until July 2008 when it was surpassed by Mamma Mia! and later High School Musical 3: Senior Year in October. Hairspray went on to become the tenth highest-grossing musical film in US cinema history, behind the film adaptations of Grease, Chicago, and Mamma Mia!, and stands as one of the most critically and commercially successful musical films of the 2000s. Available in a variety of formats, Hairsprays Region 1 home video release took place on November 20, 2007. USA Network purchased the broadcast rights to Hairspray and was scheduled to debut the film on cable television in February 2010, but in the end it did not broadcast that month. Instead the film was pushed back and premiered on USA on July 24, 2010, with sister channel Bravo also showing it multiple times, and in February 2011 aired on ABC for over-the-air broadcasts. Since its release, it has been cited as one of the best musical films of the 21st century and of all time. Plot In May 1962, 16-year-old overweight high school student Tracy Turnblad lives in Baltimore along with her shy best friend Penny Pingleton. Both frequently watch The Corny Collins Show, a local teen dance television show broadcast\",\n \"title\": \"Hairspray (2007 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6232351\",\n \"text\": \"Jenny Galloway is a British actress and singer best known for her stage career, which includes Madame Thénardier in Les Misérables. She has received numerous awards and nominations, winning the 1999 Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for her performance in Mamma Mia!. She had previously won the award seven years earlier for her portrayal of the character Luce in George Abbott's The Boys from Syracuse. Galloway can be heard on the cast recordings of Les Misérables 10th Anniversary Concert, Les Misérables 25th Anniversary Concert, Oliver!, Mamma Mia! and Mary Poppins. In the 2001 ITV children's series Weirdsister College, Galloway portrayed the college porter known as the Beetle. Her film credits include In Transit, About a Boy, Fierce Creatures and the role of the Foreign Secretary in Johnny English. She appeared in Madame de Sade alongside Judi Dench and Deborah Findlay as Charlotte in 2008. Galloway had a principal role in a fifth series episode of Marple, The Pale Horse, alongside Julia McKenzie. Her role was Bella Ellis – the town's local witch and cook to Thyrza Grey (played by Pauline Collins) – who are considered prime suspects at many points during the episode. The episode aired as the first part of the fifth series in the UK in August 2010, before the fourth series had finished airing. She reprised her role as Madame Thénardier in the 25th Anniversary Concert of Les Misérables at the O2 Arena in October 2010. She was briefly reunited with her former co-star Alun Armstrong at the end of the performance, when he appeared alongside the rest of the original cast of the musical for the finale. She and Armstrong had appeared as the Thénardiers in the 10th Anniversary Concert at the Royal Albert Hall. Galloway also played the character in the 2006 Broadway revival of the show. Galloway worked at the Watermill Theatre, Newbury, Berkshire in 1982, returning periodically, to assist stage management, drive the van, and lead sing-alongs. In 2013, she appeared as Sister Thomas in the Father Brown episode \\\"The Bride of Christ\\\". In 2017, she featured as the Nanny in the film adaptation of Agatha Christie's Crooked House, alongside Glenn Close, Max Irons and Terence Stamp. In March 2023, she appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors as Mrs Garton-Hill. Theatre credits Sandra – Zigger Zagger (1967) – National Youth Theatre Madame Thénardier – Les Misérables (1992–1994, 1995, 2006–2008 and 2010) Widow Corney – Oliver! (1994; revival cast) Rosie – Mamma Mia! (1999; original cast) Mickey - My One and Only 2002; Original West End Cast Mrs. Lovett – Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Mrs. Brill – Mary Poppins (2004; original cast, 2009) Mrs. Pearce – My Fair Lady (Paris production, 2010) Selected filmography Come Away (2020) Johnny English (2003) The Clandestine Marriage (1999) Doctors (2023) References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) British film actresses British musical theatre actresses Living people British television\",\n \"title\": \"Jenny Galloway\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21194236\",\n \"text\": \"The 29th Golden Raspberry Awards, or Razzies, ceremony was held by the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation to identify the worst films the film industry had to offer in 2008, according to votes from members of the Golden Raspberry Foundation. Razzies co-founder John J. B. Wilson has stated that the intent of the awards is \\\"to be funny.\\\" The ceremony was held at the Barnsdall Gallery Theatre in Hollywood, California on February 21, 2009. Nominations were announced on January 21, 2009. The Love Guru was the most nominated film of 2008, with seven. Award results were based on votes from approximately 650 journalists, cinema fans and film professionals from 20 countries. Awards were presented by John Wilson, the ceremony's founder. The Love Guru received the most awards, winning Worst Picture, Worst Actor, and Worst Screenplay. Paris Hilton received three awards, including Worst Actress for her work in The Hottie & the Nottie and Worst Supporting Actress for Repo! The Genetic Opera. Hilton matched the record number of awards received by an actor in a single year, set by Eddie Murphy the previous year at the 28th Golden Raspberry Awards for his roles in Norbit. Pierce Brosnan received Worst Supporting Actor for his role in Mamma Mia!, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull received the award for Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel. Uwe Boll received the Worst Director award for the films 1968 Tunnel Rats, In the Name of the King and Postal, and also received a special award for Worst Career Achievement. Nominations were announced on January 21, 2009, one day before the 81st Academy Awards nominations, and according to Razzies tradition the ceremony itself also preceded the corresponding Academy Award function by one day. The most nominated film of 2008 was the box office bomb The Love Guru, with seven nominations. Paid members of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation voted to determine the winners; individuals may become members of the foundation by visiting the organization's website at www.razzies.com. Award results were based on votes from approximately 650 journalists, cinema fans and professionals from the film industry. Voters were from 45 states in the United States and 19 other countries. Ceremony The ceremony opened with a musical number which parodied the song \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" from Mamma Mia! The Movie. Awards were presented by John Wilson, the ceremony's founder. Awardees received a gold spray-painted raspberry worth $4.97. The Love Guru received three awards: Worst Picture, Worst Actor and Worst Screenplay. Worst Picture was the last award given out at the ceremony. John Wilson did not agree with the voters' determination on The Love Guru, and after viewing the film again in preparation for the ceremony, said to the Associated Press: \\\"A couple of things he did got me to laugh, and these days, two laughs in a comedy is a high ratio.\\\" \\\"The main thing wrong with it is no one said to Myers that it wasn't funny. He managed to offend the entire Indian population and\",\n \"title\": \"29th Golden Raspberry Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62333832\",\n \"text\": \"Bob Smith Junior, also known as Diabolo Man, is a Ghanaian veteran actor, producer director and writer. He was known for various roles he played in movies like Diabolo and Mamma Mia. Filmography Diabolo Mamma Mia Coming To Ghana Sika Mu Sakawa See also Eddie Coffie References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Ghanaian male film actors 21st-century Ghanaian male actors\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Smith Junior\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16800234\",\n \"text\": \"Karen Mason is an American musical theatre actress and singer. She has appeared on stage in Broadway theatre, notably as Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard, and is a multiple award-winning cabaret performer. Career Mason was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, and grew up in St. Louis and Chicago. She majored in theater at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, graduating in 1999. Mason started as a \\\"singing hostess at Lawrence of Oregano in Chicago\\\" in 1976 after leaving college, where she met the late pianist and composer Brian Lasser, with whom she worked until his death in 1992. Mason has performed in cabaret and with symphonies for many years. She was one of the featured cabaret vocalists at Duplex Cabaret Theatre, New York City, in the early 1980s, and in 2005 presented a program \\\"Better Days\\\" with songs by her late musical director Brian Lasser. She appeared at the Bay Area Cabaret, Empire Ballroom, San Francisco in 2010. She continues to perform her cabaret act at such venues as Davenport's (Chicago) and The Iridium (New York City). She taught at the Theatre Arts Center's Summer Workshops & Camp in Bayside, Queens, New York in 2010. She first appeared on Broadway in Play Me a Country Song in 1982. She took the role of standby to Glenn Close as Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard in the Los Angeles production in 1993, and went on to play almost 300 performances over two years both in Los Angeles and on Broadway. She originated the role of Tanya in Mamma Mia!, playing the role from October 5, 2001 to October 6, 2002. She took over the role of Velma Von Tussle in Hairspray on April 6, 2008. She was the Queen of Hearts in Wonderland in 2011 on Broadway and in the Tampa and Houston productions in 2009–2010. Mason appears in the US tour of A Christmas Story, The Musical! starting in November 2011. In 2011, Mason was scheduled to play Mrs. Danvers in the musical Rebecca on Broadway. In 2017, she sang, \\\"It's About Time\\\", written by her husband, Paul Rolnick (in 2011), to call for marriage equality. Mason appeared on tour in Andrew Lloyd Webber's Love Never Dies as Madame Giry. The tour ended on December 2, 2018. In December 2020, Mason appeared in The Doris Dear Christmas Special on Broadway on Demand, where her performance received a 5-star rating. Work Broadway Play Me a Country Song (1982) Jerome Robbins' Broadway (1989) Sunset Boulevard (1994) Mamma Mia! (Drama Desk Award nomination) (2001) Hairspray (2008) Wonderland (2011) Off Broadway Karen Mason Sings Broadway, Beatles, and Brian, 1986, Minetta Lane Theater And the World Goes 'Round (Outer Critics Circle Award) - 1991 Carnival! - Rosalie, 1993, York Theatre Regional Heartbeats by Amanda McBroom at Goodspeed Opera House, 1993 Gypsy at the Westchester Broadway Theatre in May through August 2007; The Muny in St. Louis, Missouri in July 2006;Bucks County Playhouse in New Hope, Pennsylvania; and the Sundance Theatre Touring Production Love Never Dies\",\n \"title\": \"Karen Mason\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44001649\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mamma Mia\\\" is a song by Swedish singer and songwriter Darin featuring vocals by rapper Prophet of 7Lions. It was released on April 14, 2014 in the Nordic countries in occasion of his 10-year anniversary as an artist. It's Darin's first single with Warner Music Sweden. The song was originally written for Darin's sixth studio album Exit, but it didn't make the final cut. Background and release On March 14, 2014 Darin announced via his Instagram account the release of a new single called Mamma Mia, along with a competition which consisted of sharing a picture on the social network in order to win an exclusive ticket for the premiere of the music video of the song which would take place in a secret venue in Stockholm two days before the single release. A trailer of the music video was also posted on Darin's official YouTube channel the same day. Winners were contacted by Darin himself on April 2 and the event took place in a cinema in Stockholm called Rigoletto on April 12. A seven track EP called Mamma Mia - Remixes was released on June 18, 2014. Music video The music video of the single was released on 21 April on Darin's YouTube channel. It was directed by Alex Herron and filmed in Palmdale, California. As stated by the director himself, \\\"the video feels as if it's a love story in the beginning but then it starts to escalate and she's a Mamma Mia, she's the ultimate crazy woman. They rob a bank, she strips for him. It's pretty dirty, it's pretty good\\\". The production of the video costed 500,000 Swedish crowns. Charts Release history References 2014 songs 2014 singles Darin (singer) songs Songs written by Darin (singer) Warner Music Group singles\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia (Darin song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33848187\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a discography of original albums and singles released by American singer Mario Lanza. Singles (45rpm) RCA Victor 1950: \\\"Be My Love\\\" / \\\"I’ll Never Love You\\\" (RCA Victor, 10-1561) ????: \\\"Vesti la giubba\\\" / \\\"Ave Maria\\\" (RCA Victor, 10-3228) 1951: \\\"Granada\\\" / \\\"Lolita\\\" (RCA Victor, 12-1192) 1962: \\\"O Holy Night\\\" / \\\"The Virgin's Slumber Song\\\" (RCA Victor, 12-1285) Red Seal 1950: \\\"'O sole mio\\\" / \\\"Mattinata\\\" (RCA Victor, 49-0902) ????: \\\"Granada\\\" / \\\"Lolita\\\" (RCA Victor, 49-1169) ????: \\\"O Holy Night\\\" / \\\"The Virgin's Slumber Song\\\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, 49-1338) 1951: \\\"Because\\\" / \\\"For You Alone\\\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, 49-3207) 1953: \\\"Song of India\\\" / \\\"If You Were Mine\\\" (RCA Victor, 49-4209) 1954: \\\"Granada\\\" / \\\"Lolita\\\" (RCA Victor, 49-4213) 1954: \\\"I'll Walk With God\\\" / \\\"Beloved\\\" (RCA Victor, 49-4210) 1954: \\\"Serenade\\\" / \\\"Deep in My Heart, Dear\\\" (RCA Victor, 49-4218) 1955: \\\"Ave Maria\\\" / \\\"I'll Walk With God\\\" (RCA Victor, 47-6330) 1957: \\\"Be My Love\\\" / \\\"The Loveliest Night Of The Year\\\" (RCA Victor, 47-6334) 1957: \\\"Never till Now\\\" / \\\"Come Dance with Me\\\" (RCA Victor, 47-7119) 1957: \\\"A Night to Remember\\\" / \\\"Behold!\\\" (RCA Victor, 47-6915) 1959: \\\"'O sole mio\\\" / \\\"For the First Time\\\" (RCA, 47-7439) ????: \\\"I'll Walk With God\\\" / \\\"Guardian Angels\\\" (RCA, 47-7622) ????: \\\"Granada\\\" / \\\"Lolita\\\" (RCA Victor, 47-9126) 1957: \\\"Granada\\\" / \\\"Mamma mia che vo' sape?\\\" (RCA Italiana, N 0618) 1957: \\\"Arrivederci Roma\\\" / \\\"The Loveliest Night of the Year\\\" (RCA Italiana, N 0633) 1958: \\\"Silent Night\\\" / \\\" The First Noel\\\" (RCA Italiana, N 0698) 1958: \\\"Come prima\\\" / \\\"'O sole mio\\\" (RCA Italiana, N 0732) 1958: \\\"There's Gonna Be a Party Tonight\\\" / \\\"Imitation Sequence\\\" (RCA, ERA 115) 1957: \\\"Behold!\\\" / \\\"A Night to Remember\\\" (RCA, 45RCA 1026) 1958: \\\"Seven Hills Of Rome\\\" / \\\"Come Dance with Me\\\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1045) 1958: \\\"Arrivederci Roma\\\" / \\\"Never Till Now\\\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1052) 1958: \\\"On The Street Where You Live\\\" / \\\"Younger Than Springtime\\\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1059) 1958: \\\"Love In a Home\\\" / \\\"Do You Wonder?\\\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1080) 1958: \\\"Drinking Song\\\" / \\\"Serenade\\\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1090) 1958: \\\"I'll Walk With God\\\" / \\\"The Lord's Prayer\\\" (RCA, RCA 1094) 1959: \\\"Because\\\" / \\\"Ave Maria\\\" (RCA, RCA 1123) 1959: \\\"'O Sole Mio\\\" / \\\"I Love Thee (Ich Liebe Dich)\\\" (RCA, RCA 1128) 1959: \\\"O Come All Ye Faithful\\\" / \\\"Silent Night, Holy Night\\\" (RCA, 45-RCA) 1155 1960: \\\"Because You're Mine\\\" / \\\"The Donkey Serenade\\\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1166) 1960: \\\"Only A Rose\\\" / \\\"Be My Love\\\" (RCA, RCA 1210) ????: \\\"Mamma mia che vo' sape'?\\\" / \\\"Core 'ngrato\\\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, DM 1330) 1951: \\\"Begin the Beguine\\\" / \\\"Night and Day\\\" (RCA, 447-0772) ????: \\\"Ave Maria\\\" / \\\"The Lord's Prayer\\\" (RCA, 447-0774) ????: \\\"Drink, Drink, Drink\\\" / \\\"Giannina mia\\\" (RCA, 447-0775) ????: \\\"O Holy Night\\\" / \\\"I'll Walk With God\\\" (RCA, 447-0777) ????: \\\"Arrivederci Roma\\\" / \\\"Come prima\\\" (RCA, 447-0853) His Master's Voice 1950: \\\"Che gelida manina\\\" / \\\"Core 'ngrato\\\" (HMV, D.B. 21017) 1950: \\\"Mattinata\\\" / \\\"Cielo e mar\\\" (HMV,\",\n \"title\": \"Mario Lanza discography\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22559166\",\n \"text\": \"Musicality is the third solo album from English actress-singer Martine McCutcheon. The album features covers of songs from McCutcheon's favourite musicals, including Mamma Mia! and Les Misérables. Released in December 2002, Musicality was a commercial failure; it debuted and peaked only at #55 on the UK Albums Chart, spending just two weeks in the Top 100. It is McCutcheon's lowest-charting and lowest-selling album to date. Track listing \\\"Maybe This Time\\\" – from Cabaret \\\"Zing Went the Strings of My Heart\\\" – from Listen Darling \\\"White Christmas\\\" – from Holiday Inn \\\"I Dreamed a Dream\\\" – from Les Misérables \\\"The Lady Is a Tramp\\\" – from Babes in Arms \\\"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\\\" – from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes \\\"Don't Rain on My Parade\\\" – from Funny Girl \\\"Out Here on My Own\\\" – from Fame \\\"What I Did for Love\\\" – from A Chorus Line \\\"There Are Worse Things I Could Do\\\" – from Grease \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" – from Mamma Mia! \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\" – from The Lion King \\\"Wouldn't It Be Luverely\\\" – from My Fair Lady \\\"Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again\\\" – from The Phantom of the Opera \\\"The Man That Got Away\\\" – from A Star Is Born \\\"Nobody Does It Like Me\\\" – from See-Saw Charts References 2002 albums Martine McCutcheon albums\",\n \"title\": \"Musicality (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41259403\",\n \"text\": \"Gretel Scarlett Jahnke (), known as Gretel Scarlett (born 9 November 1987) is an Australian actress and performer. Having appeared in theatre productions including Wicked and Mamma Mia!, she is best known for starring as Sandy in the 2013–2015 Australian production of Grease and Kathy Selden in the 2016/2017 Australian production of Singin' in the Rain which opened at Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne. She most recently appeared in Disney's Frozen as the Elsa understudy. Early life Born in Rockhampton, Scarlett's parents enrolled her in singing and dancing lessons at the age of four. She later took speech and drama lessons and went on to complete her Trinity and AMEB Classical Voice and Speech/Drama Examinations as well as her RAD and Cecchetti Classical Ballet Examinations. Growing up in central Queensland with her five brothers, Scarlett's family moved to Sydney when she was 15 to attend Newtown High School of the Performing Arts. After attending NSHPA for five weeks, she was offered a scholarship to study full-time classical ballet. She went on to complete her ballet scholarship, but after suffering stress fractures, realised she did not want to concentrate on classical ballet alone, but wanted to sing and act as well. After finishing her senior schooling, Scarlett began studying a Bachelor of Medical Radiation Science in Nuclear Medicine at the University of Sydney. However, during her first year, she chose to audition for the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA). She graduated from WAAPA in 2008 with a Bachelor of Arts (Music Theatre). She received the Finley Award in 2007, and the Leslie Anderson Award for the best overall Showcase Performance and the Hal Leonard Award in 2008. Whilst at WAAPA, Scarlett appeared in several shows and played the leading role of Mrs Johnstone in its 2008 production of Blood Brothers. Career Breast Wishes, Mamma Mia! and Wicked Scarlett was cast in the 2009 Australian Tour of Breast Wishes, making her professional debut in the role of Sal. Scarlett was then cast in the ensemble in the 10th Anniversary Tour of Mamma Mia!, and understudied the lead roles of Sophie, Ali, and Lisa. She then joined the ensemble cast for the 2010-2012 Australian and international tours, performing the role of the witches' mother and understudying the lead roles of Elphaba and Nessarose. Scarlett felt as though she had become \\\"a professional understudy\\\". Grease In 2013, after a series of auditions, Scarlett was cast in the lead role of Sandy Dumbrowski in the Australian production of Grease opposite Rob Mills as Danny Zuko. Producer John Frost noted that Scarlett \\\"came in and auditioned and she just knocked us away, so this is a great opportunity for her\\\". The production opened on 25 August 2013 at the Lyric Theatre, Brisbane, to strong reviews. In December 2013, Australian producer John Frost announced that Grease would extend its Australian tour to include Singapore, Perth and Adelaide in 2014. Grease continued its Australian tour to Hobart in September 2014 and returned to Melbourne at The Regent\",\n \"title\": \"Gretel Scarlett\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["ABBA"],"string":"[\n \"ABBA\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":50,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_32940"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"where does pancreatic juice enters the digestive tract"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"44825470","text":"Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) is a congenital malformation where the pancreatic and bile ducts meet outside of the duodenum. There are two varieties of PBM: one with biliary dilatation and the other without. When an abnormally long common channel is visible on direct cholangiography, such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, PBM is diagnosed. Signs and symptoms The sphincter of Oddi does not control the pancreaticobiliary junction in patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM). Because the pressure in the pancreatic duct is typically higher than in the bile duct, pancreatic juice often refluxes into the biliary tract. Patients with PBM experience continuous regurgitation, but this does not always result in symptoms. Increased pressure in the pancreatic and bile ducts as a result of a primary stricture of the distal bile duct or blockage of the common channel can cause symptoms like jaundice, vomiting, and abdominal pain. This is frequently transient and may be brought on by impaction from a protein plug. Complications In patients with PBM, regardless of the presence of biliary dilatation, acute pancreatitis is more common in children (30% of patients) than in adults (9%). Although pancreatitis is often mild with subtle imaging findings, it can also be recurrent. One possible cause of acute pancreatitis linked to PBM is protein plugs. Chronic pancreatitis affects about 3% of PBM patients. Causes There is disagreement over PBM's pathophysiology. Nonetheless, a number of studies have indicated that it may be related to abnormal ventral pancreatic development. It is thought that the ventral pancreatic duct is connected to the origin of the common channel because small pancreatic branch ducts have been observed emerging from the common channel in certain PBM patients. Rarely, PBM is linked to additional congenital pancreatic abnormalities like pancreas divisum or annular pancreas. Diagnosis The JSPBM committee on PBM diagnostic criteria states that anatomical examination findings or imaging characteristics are used to diagnose PBM. The diagnosis is confirmed by the existence of an abnormally long common channel, an abnormal union between the pancreatic and bile ducts, or a pancreatic-biliary junction outside the duodenal wall. Treatment Regardless of whether symptoms are present, risk-reducing surgery is advised for patients with PBM because it is a risk factor for biliary cancer. References Further reading External links Congenital disorders of digestive system","title":"Pancreaticobiliary maljunction"},{"docid":"29506574","text":"Ductal cells refer to the epithelial cell lining of the pancreatic duct that deliver enzymes from the acinar cells to the duodenum. They have the essential function of producing bicarbonate-rich (HCO3-) secretion to neutralize stomach acidity. The hormone secretin stimulates ductal cells and is responsible for maintaining the duodenal pH and preventing duodenal injury from acidic chyme. Ductal cells mix their production with acinar cells to make up the pancreatic juice. Ductal cells comprise about 10% of the pancreas by number and about 4% in volume. Its function is to secrete bicarbonate and mucins and to form the tubule network that transfers enzymes made by acinar cells to the duodenum. Ductal cells have a proliferation rate of about 0.5% in normal adults, but mitotic activity goes up when the pancreas is damaged. Ductal network The ductal pancreas network originates from the central pancreatic duct—this main duct with the bile duct opens into the duodenum. The ductal cells of the main pancreatic duct are bound by connective tissue and produce a columnar epithelium. Interlobular ducts originate from the main pancreatic duct and connect the various pancreatic lobes. In these lobes, the intercalated ducts expel acini. Meanwhile, the ductal cells of these intercalated ducts create a simple squamous epithelium that rapidly converts into simple cuboidal, and connective tissue also surrounds them. As the ducts grow larger, the epithelium becomes cuboidal or columnar (when large in diameter, the ducts become stratified cuboidal), and connective tissue surrounds them. Pancreatic ductal cells are very similar to ductal cells of other exocrine glands (liver, bile duct, salivary glands). Because of this, a common diagnosis affects these cells: cystic fibrosis. Ductal cell physiology While ductal cells are a minor type of cell in the adult pancreas, they have a critical function besides making the network that transfers enzymes from acini to the digestive tract. The primary function of pancreas ductal cells is to secrete a bicarbonate-rich, isotonic fluid. This fluid washes away the inactive form of digestive enzymes in the ductal system, neutralizes stomach acidity and mucins, and creates a pH environment necessary for the pancreas's normal function. Multiple factors affect the rate of bicarbonate secretion: species, cell location in the ductal system, secretory rate, etc. When stimulated, bicarbonate levels can get to 140mM. Due to this, there is a contrast in concentration between the outside and inside environment of ductal cells. The channels and ion transporters on ductal cells vary on the luminal and basolateral membrane, meaning there is functional polarization of the ductal cell. The largest network branches in this system contain goblet cells that interact with ductal cells, making up about 2% of this structure—these cells aid mucin assembly. Furthermore, unlike other exocrine glands, the pancreas does not have myoepithelial cells around the ducts. Ductal cells have a single cilium that is made up of nine peripheral doublets but does not have a central microtubule. This cilium is considered vital for perceiving flow in ducts. Exocrine cell type Morphology is what identifies ductal cells.","title":"Ductal cells"},{"docid":"3239937","text":"Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a number of digestive enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase. The pancreas is located in the visceral region, and is a major part of the digestive system required for proper digestion and subsequent assimilation of macronutrient substances required for living. Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature due to the high concentration of bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate is useful in neutralizing the acidic gastric acid, allowing for effective enzymic changes. Pancreatic juice secretion is principally regulated by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin, which are produced by the walls of the duodenum, and by the action of autonomic innervation. The release of these hormones into the blood is stimulated by the entry of the acidic chyme into the duodenum. Their coordinated action results in the secretion of a large volume of pancreatic juice, which is alkaline and enzyme-rich, into the duodenum. The pancreas also receives autonomic innervation. The blood flow into pancreas is regulated by sympathetic nerve fibers, while parasympathetic neurons stimulate the activity of acinar and centroacinar cells. Pancreatic secretion is an aqueous solution of bicarbonate originating from the duct cells and enzymes originating from the acinar cells. The bicarbonate assists in neutralising the low pH of the chyme coming from the stomach, while the enzymes assist in the breakdown of the proteins, lipids and carbohydrates for further processing and absorption in the intestines. Secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice can be collected during endoscopy and provides an important source for diagnostic biomarkers, allowing detection of pancreatic pathology, especially cancer not yet visible on medical imaging.. Pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum through duodenal papillae. Some individuals have also an accessory duct, named accessory pancreatic duct, which may be functional (that is, it also empties the contents of the exocrine pancreas into the duodenum) or non-functional. External links References Pancreas Endocrine system","title":"Pancreatic juice"},{"docid":"47053582","text":"The sphincter of Oddi (also hepatopancreatic sphincter or Glisson's sphincter), abbreviated as SO, is a muscular valve that in some animals, including humans, controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice out of the gallbladder and pancreas respectively through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum. It is named after Ruggero Oddi. Structure The sphincter of Oddi is a circular muscle band (sphincter) that surrounds the major duodenal papilla. Function The sphincter regulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile into the duodenum. It also prevents reflux of duodenal contents into the ampulla of Vater. By preventing reflux of the contents of the duodenum, the sphincter of Oddi prevents the accumulation of particulate matter and sludge in the bile ducts, reducing the risk of cholangitis. The sphincter of Oddi also allows retrograde filling of the gallbladder. The sphincter of Oddi is relaxed by the hormone cholecystokinin via vasoactive intestinal peptide. Clinical significance Pancreatitis can result from a failure of pancreatic secretions to drain properly. One possible cause of impaired drainage of pancreatic juice is blockage of the sphincter of Oddi. A common cause of blockage is a gallstone in the common bile duct. Opiates may cause spasms of the sphincter of Oddi, leading to increased serum amylase levels. History The sphincter was described for the first time by Ruggero Oddi when he was a young student in 1887. This description followed extensive research into the physiology of dogs and detailed histological examinations of humans and many other species. Other animals In many mammals (including mice, guinea pigs, dogs, and opossums), the smooth muscle around the ampulla of Vater does not form a sphincter. References Further reading Digestive system Gallbladder","title":"Sphincter of Oddi"},{"docid":"3902553","text":"Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) or echo-endoscopy is a medical procedure in which endoscopy (insertion of a probe into a hollow organ) is combined with ultrasound to obtain images of the internal organs in the chest, abdomen and colon. It can be used to visualize the walls of these organs, or to look at adjacent structures. Combined with Doppler imaging, nearby blood vessels can also be evaluated. Endoscopic ultrasonography is most commonly used in the upper digestive tract and in the respiratory system. The procedure is performed by gastroenterologists or pulmonologists who have had extensive training. For the patient, the procedure feels almost identical to the endoscopic procedure without the ultrasound part, unless ultrasound-guided biopsy of deeper structures is performed. Digestive tract Upper digestive tract For endoscopic ultrasound of the upper digestive tract, a probe is inserted into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum during a procedure called esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Among other uses, it allows for screening for pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, and gastric cancer, as well as benign tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract. It also allows for characterization and biopsy of any focal lesions found in the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as esophageal tuberculosis. This is done by inserting a needle through the stomach lining into the target. Less commonly this procedure is used to identify malformations and masses in the bile ducts and pancreatic ducts. Endoscopic ultrasound is performed with the patient sedated. The endoscope is passed through the mouth and advanced through the esophagus to the suspicious area. From various positions between the esophagus and duodenum, organs within and outside the gastrointestinal tract can be imaged to see if they are abnormal, and they can be biopsied by a process called fine needle aspiration. Organs such as the liver, pancreas, and adrenal glands are easily biopsied, as are any abnormal lymph nodes. In addition, the gastrointestinal wall itself can be imaged to see if it is abnormally thick, suggesting inflammation or malignancy. The technique is highly sensitive for detection of pancreatic cancer (90–95% sensitivity), particularly in patients who are suspected to have a mass or present with jaundice. Its role in staging patients with pancreatic cancer is limited to local metastases; however, in combination with CT scan which provides information on regional metastases, it provides an excellent imaging modality for diagnosis and staging of pancreatic carcinoma. Endoscopic ultrasound can also be used in conjunction with endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP). The ultrasound probe is used to locate gall stones which may have migrated into the common bile duct. This occurrence may cause obstruction of the drain shared by the liver and pancreas, which may lead to lower back pain, jaundice, and pancreatitis. Lower digestive tract Echo-endoscopy can also be used for imaging of the rectum and colon, although these applications are lesser known. It is used primarily to stage newly diagnosed rectal or anal cancer. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration may be used to sample lymph nodes during this procedure. Evaluation of the integrity of the anal sphincters may also be","title":"Endoscopic ultrasound"},{"docid":"1110702","text":"Trypsinogen () is the precursor form (or zymogen) of trypsin, a digestive enzyme. It is produced by the pancreas and found in pancreatic juice, along with amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsinogen. It is cleaved to its active form, trypsin, by enteropeptidase, which is found in the intestinal mucosa. Once activated, the trypsin can cleave more trypsinogen into trypsin, a process called autoactivation. Trypsin cleaves the peptide bond on the carboxyl side of basic amino acids such as arginine and lysine. Function Trypsinogen is the proenzyme precursor of trypsin. Trypsinogen (the inactive form) is stored in the pancreas so that it may be released when required for protein digestion. The pancreas stores the inactive form trypsinogen because the active trypsin would cause severe damage to the tissue of the pancreas. Trypsinogen is released by the pancreas into the second part of the duodenum, via the pancreatic duct, along with other digestive enzymes. Activation of trypsinogen Trypsinogen is activated by enteropeptidase (also known as enterokinase). Enteropeptidase is produced by the mucosa of duodenum and it cleaves the peptide bond of trypsinogen after residue 15, which is a lysine. The N-terminal peptide is discarded, and a slight rearrangement of the folded protein occurs. The newly formed N-terminal residue (residue 16) inserts into a cleft, where its α-amino group forms an ion pair with the aspartate near the active site serine, and results in the conformational rearrangement of other residues. The amino group of Gly 193 orientates itself into the correct position, which completes the oxyanion hole in active site, thereby activating the protein. Since trypsin also cleaves the peptide bond after an arginine or a lysine, it can cleave other trypsinogen, and the activation process therefore becomes autocatalytic. Safeguards against trypsinogen activation Trypsin is produced, stored and released as the inactive trypsinogen to ensure that the protein is only activated in the appropriate location. Premature trypsin activation can be destructive and may trigger a series of events that lead to pancreatic self-digestion. In normal pancreas, around 5% of trypsinogens are thought to get activated, therefore there are a number of defenses against such inappropriate activation. Trypsinogen is stored in intracellular vesicles in the pancreas called zymogen granules whose membranous walls are thought to be resistant to enzymatic degradation. A further safeguard against inappropriate trypsin activation is the presence of inhibitors such as bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1 (SPINK1), which binds to any trypsin formed. Trypsin autocatalytic activation of trypsinogen is also a slow process due to the presence of a large negative charge on the conserved N-terminal hexapeptide of trypsinogen, which repels the aspartate on the back of trypsin's specificity pocket. Trypsin may also inactivate other trypsin by cleavage. Serum trypsinogen Serum trypsinogen is measured using a blood test. High levels are seen in acute pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. Trypsinogen isoforms Three isoforms of trypsinogens may be found in human pancreatic juice. These are the cationic, anionic, and meso trypsinogen, and they account for 23.1%, 16%, and 0.5%","title":"Trypsinogen"},{"docid":"760918","text":"The bile duct (formerly known as the common bile duct) is a part of the biliary tract. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct. It ends by uniting with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla. It possesses its own sphincter to enable regulation of bile flow. Anatomy The bile duct is some 6–8 cm long, and normally up to 8 mm in diameter. Its proximal supraduodenal part is situated within the free edge of the lesser omentum. Its middle retroduodenal part is oriented inferiorly and right-ward, and is situated posterior to the first part of the duodenum, and anterior to the inferior vena cava. Its distal paraduodenal part is oriented still more right-ward, is accommodated by a groove upon (sometimes a channel within) the posterior aspect of the head of the pancreas, and is situated anterior to the right renal vein. The bile duct terminates by uniting with the pancreatic duct (at an angle of about 60°) to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla. The distal extremity of the bile duct invariably features its own sphincteric muscle (the pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic ampulla usually possess sphincters of their own to allow the flow of pancreatic juice to be regulated independently, however, these two can be absent). Clinical significance Several problems can arise within the common bile duct, usually related to its obstruction. Opinions vary slightly on the maximum calibre of a normal CBD, but 6mm is one accepted upper limit of normal with a further 1mm diameter allowed for each decade over 60 years. It normally gets slightly dilated after cholecystectomy, with upper limit (95% prediction interval) being about 10 mm after a few months. On abdominal ultrasonography, the common bile duct is most readily seen in the porta hepatis (where the CBD lies anterior to the portal vein and hepatic artery). The absence of Doppler signal distinguishes it from the portal vein and hepatic artery. Obstruction Tumours in the head of the pancreas may come to obstruct the distal bile duct. If obstructed by a gallstone, a condition called choledocholithiasis can result. In this obstructed state, the duct is especially vulnerable to an infection called ascending cholangitis. One form of treatment is a cholecystenterostomy. Rare deformities of the common bile duct are cystic dilations (4 cm), choledochoceles (cystic dilation of the ampula of Vater (3–8 cm)), and biliary atresia. History Obstruction of the common bile duct and related jaundice has been documented since at least since the time of Erasistratus. Additional images See also Choledochoduodenostomy - a surgical procedure to create a connection between the common bile duct (CBD) and an alternative portion of the duodenum. References External links —\"The gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts.\" () Digestive system Gallbladder Hepatology","title":"Common bile duct"},{"docid":"44164320","text":"Cystogastrostomy is a surgery to create an opening between a pancreatic pseudocyst and the stomach when the cyst is in a suitable position to be drained into the stomach. This conserves pancreatic juices that would otherwise be lost. This surgery is performed by a pancreatic surgeon to avoid a life-threatening rupture of the pancreatic pseudocyst. Indications Symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts are an indication a cystogastrostomy needs to be performed. Pancreatic pseudocysts are chronic collections of pancreatic fluid encased by a wall of nonepithelialized granulation tissue and fibrosis. They can be caused by leakage of the pancreatic duct, or as a result of inflammatory pancreatitis. Symptoms of this include abdominal bloating, difficulty eating and digesting food, and constant pain or deep ache in the abdomen. A lump can be felt in the middle or left upper abdomen if a pseudocyst is present. To further diagnose a pancreatic pseudocyst an abdominal CT scan, MRI or ultrasound can be used. Emergency surgery may need to be performed if there is a rupture of the pseudocyst. This can be detected from symptoms of bleeding, shock, fainting, fever and chills, rapid heartbeat, or severe abdominal pain. Technique Surgical cystogastrostomy Surgical repair is carried out through an incision in the abdomen. After locating the pseudocyst, it is attached to the wall of the stomach and the cystogastrostomy is created. Although it has a high success rate, it is infrequently used because of the recovery period. Endoscopic cystogastrostomy A relatively new and less-invasive method involving endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance and fluoroscopy. A large bore needle is used to access the identified pseudocyst, creating a fistula between the cystic cavity and either the stomach or the duodenum. Plastic stents may be placed to facilitate drainage from the pseudocyst. The success rate of endoscopic treatment of pseudocysts may be greater than 70%. Laparoscopic cystogastrostomy This method is the second of two less invasive surgeries used to drain pseudocysts and can be performed by a single surgeon because of the advanced tools. The pseudocyst is identified and accessed using laparoscopic techniques. Once the pseudocyst cavity is located, it is entered and aspirated, and an opening is created into the stomach for drainage. Laparoscopic drainage may result in better cosmetic appearance and decreased pain following surgery. Complications Cystogastrostomy can lead to pancreatic abscess and pancreatic duct leak. Stents can become blocked, leading to infection of the pseudocyst. Other complications include those normally associated with surgery and anesthesia, including bleeding. History Jedlicka first described the procedure. References Abdominal surgical procedures Digestive system surgery Endoscopy","title":"Cystogastrostomy"},{"docid":"15071539","text":"Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 7 (E-NPP 7) also known as alkaline sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (Alk-SMase) or intestinal alkaline sphingomyelinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ENPP7 gene. History ENPP7 is a new name for an old enzyme whose activity was originally identified in 1969 by Nilsson as a type of sphingomyelinase that hydrolyses sphingomyelin to ceramide in the intestinal tract. The enzyme was then purified and characterized by Duan et al. and named alkaline sphingomyelinase (alk-SMase), as the optimal pH of the enzyme was 9.0 and its main substrate is sphingomyelin. Most previous studies used the name of alk-SMase for this protein. The name of ENPP7 was created based on the results of cloning studies which show that alk-SMase shares no structural similarities with either acid or neutral SMase but belongs to the family of ecto nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP). As a new addition to the family it is therefore called ENPP7 or NPP7. A 3D homology model of ENPP7 was recently constructed using the crystal structural of an NPP member in bacteria as a template. Tissue distribution Differing from other ENPP members, ENPP7 seems only expressed in the intestinal mucosa in many species and additionally in human liver. In the intestinal tract, ENPP7 activity is low in the duodenum and colon but high in the middle of the jejunum. As an ecto enzyme, ENPP7 is located on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and is released in the lumen by bile salt and pancreatic trypsin. The enzyme expressed in human liver is released in the bile and delivered to the intestine. The activity of ENPP7 depends specifically on two types of primary bile salts, taurocholate (TC) and taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC) at critical micelle concentrations. Other detergents, such as CHAPS and Triton X-100 have no stimulatory effects rather inhibitory effects, indicating a biologic interaction between bile salts and the enzyme. Unlike acid and neutral SMases in the intestinal tract that are rapidly inactivated by pancreatic trypsin, alk-SMase is resistant to trypsin digestion. Thus ENPP7 is active in the intestinal lumen and is transported along the intestinal tract. Significant activity can be detected in the faeces. The substrates of ENPP family vary greatly. Some have activity against nucleotides, some have activity against phospholipid and lysophospholipids. ENPP7 is the only enzyme that has a type of phospholipase C activity against sphingomyelin. Physiological functions and clinical implications ENPP7 is the key enzyme in the gut that digests sphingomyelin. Sphingomyelin is a lipid constituent of cell membrane, and a dietary component being particularly abundant in milk, cheese, egg, and meat. Digestion of sphingomyelin mainly occurs in the middle part of the small intestine, where ENPP7 is abundant, indicating a role of the enzyme in sphingomyelin digestion. Recent studies on ENPP7 knockout mice clearly showed that digestion of sphingomyelin and generation of ceramide is severely affected in ENPP7 deficiency mice. ENPP7 is fully developed in the intestine before birth, which gives the infant ability to digest sphingomyelin in the milk. The daily intake of","title":"ENPP7"},{"docid":"2166035","text":"The pancreatic duct or duct of Wirsung (also, the major pancreatic duct due to the existence of an accessory pancreatic duct) is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct. This supplies it with pancreatic juice from the exocrine pancreas, which aids in digestion. Structure The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. There are many anatomical variants reported, but these are quite rare. Accessory pancreatic duct Most people have just one pancreatic duct. However, some have an additional accessory pancreatic duct, also called the Duct of Santorini. An accessory pancreatic duct can be functional or non-functional. It may open separately into the second part of the duodenum, which is dorsal, and usually (in 70% of people) drains into the duodenum via the minor duodenal papilla. In the other 30% of people, it drains into the main pancreatic duct, which drains into the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla. The main pancreatic duct and the accessory duct both eventually—either directly or indirectly—connect to the second part ('D2', the vertical segment) of the duodenum. It is named for Giovanni Domenico Santorini. Clinical significance Compression, obstruction or inflammation of the pancreatic duct may lead to acute pancreatitis. The most common cause for obstruction is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct, a condition called choledocholithiasis. Obstruction can also be due to duodenal inflammation in Crohn's disease. A gallstone may get lodged in the constricted distal end of the ampulla of Vater, where it blocks the flow of both bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum. Bile backing up into the pancreatic duct may initiate pancreatitis. The pancreatic duct is generally regarded as abnormally enlarged if being over 3 mm in the head and 2 mm in the body or tail on CT scan. Pancreatic duct or parts of pancreatic duct can be demonstrated on ultrasound in 75 to 85% of people. Pancreatic ductal carcinoma is a common form of pancreatic cancer. History The pancreatic duct is also called the duct of Wirsung. This is named after its discoverer, the German anatomist Johann Georg Wirsung (1589–1643). Additional images References Pancreas anatomy","title":"Pancreatic duct"},{"docid":"3174610","text":"Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a medical imaging technique. It uses magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts non-invasively. This procedure can be used to determine whether gallstones are lodged in any of the ducts surrounding the gallbladder. Uses MRCP has been slowly replacing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as investigation of choice. MRCP is highly accurate in diagnosing the biliary system, pancreatic duct and accessing surrounding solid organs. Several advantages offered by MRCP is its non-invasive nature, less costly, requires less examination time when compared to ERCP (30 minutes), fewer staff required, and does not require any ionising radiation. MRCP is used to diagnose gallstones. It can also diagnose choledochal cysts very reliably. Besides providing information regarding the biliary system, MRCP also provides information regarding surrounding solid organs and blood vessels, thus useful for planning the resection of pancreatic cancer and look for complications of primary sclerosing cholangitis such as liver cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma. Technique Subject is needed to fast for at least four hours to ensure the biliary system is maximally distended with fluid while keeping the fluid in the gastrointestinal system at a minimum. However, clear fluid and routine medication is allowed before the scan. Negative oral contrast such as pineapple juice, date syrup, ferumoxsil, Açaí juice and water are useful in decreasing T2 signal intensity, thus minimising signals from stomach and duodenum from interfering with signals from the biliary system. MRCP makes use of heavily T2-weighted MRI pulse sequences. These sequences show high signal in static or slow moving fluids within the gallbladder, biliary ducts and pancreatic duct, with low signal of surrounding tissue. Secretin is also given to a patient to increase ductal compliance, making imaging easier. History It was introduced by Wallner in 1991. Additional images See also Magnetic resonance myelography References Magnetic resonance imaging Digestive system imaging","title":"Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography"},{"docid":"73377843","text":"Monitor peptide, also known as pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor I (PSTI-I) or pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor 61 (PSTI-61), is a peptide that plays an important role in the regulation of the digestive system, specifically the release of cholecystokinin (CCK). Function One of the primary functions of monitor peptide is to stimulate the release of CCK from the enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine. CCK then acts on the gallbladder to release bile and on the pancreas to release digestive enzymes, which help to further break down the food. This coordinated response helps to ensure efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients. Another function is to act as a competitive inhibitor of trypsin, which is a protease that can activate other proteases. It has been shown to prevent premature activation of pancreatic enzymes. Its role as a feedback regulator has been well-described for decades. Monitor peptide binds to intestinal epithelial cells and induces CCK-release, which enhances pancreatic secretion in the presence of nutritional protein in the duodenum. When all nutritional protein is digested, monitor peptide is bound by trypsin and subsequently degraded, resulting in decreasing CCK-release and a reduction of pancreatic secretion. History Monitor peptide was first discovered in 1984 by Fushiki et al. It was purified from rat bile-pancreatic juice and the peptide sequence was elucidated. Description Monitor peptide is composed of 61 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 6500 daltons and is basic (PI = 9.0), acid stable, and heat resistant. It is only found in the zymogen granules of pancreatic acinar cells. Similar to CCK-releasing peptide (CCK-RP), it is trypsin sensitive and stimulates CCK release. It is possible that it also stimulates the growth of intestinal epithelial cells. References Peptides Cholecystokinin","title":"Monitor peptide"},{"docid":"20758684","text":"One of the most common locations for a foreign body is the alimentary tract. It is possible for foreign bodies to enter the tract either from the mouth, or from the rectum. The objects most commonly swallowed by children are coins. Meat impaction, resulting in esophageal food bolus obstruction is more common in adults. Swallowed objects are more likely to lodge in the esophagus or stomach than in the pharynx or duodenum. Diagnosis If the person who swallowed the foreign body is doing well, usually an x-ray image will be taken which will show any metal objects, and this will be repeated a few days later to confirm that the object has passed all the way through the digestive system. Also it needs to be confirmed that the object is not stuck in the airways, in the bronchial tree. Treatment Most objects that are swallowed will, if they have passed the pharynx, pass all the way through the gastrointestinal tract unaided. However, sometimes an object becomes arrested (usually in the terminal ileum or the rectum) or a sharp object penetrates the bowel wall. If the foreign body causes problems like pain, vomiting or bleeding it must be removed. Swallowed batteries can be associated with additional damage, with mercury poisoning (from mercury batteries) and lead poisoning (from lead batteries) presenting important risks. While swallowed coins typically traverse the alimentary tract without further incident, care must be taken to monitor patients, as reaction of the metals in the coin with gastric acid and other digestive juices may produce various toxic compounds if the coin remains within the alimentary tract for a prolonged period of time. Endoscopic foreign body retrieval is the first-line treatment for removal of a foreign body from the alimentary tract. Glucagon has been used to treat esophageal foreign bodies, with the intent that it relaxes the smooth muscle of the lower esophageal spincter to allow the foreign body to pass into the stomach. However, evidence does not support a benefit of treatment with glucagon, and its use may result in side effects. Objective testing of passing small objects In 2018, an international team of six paediatric health-care professionals undertook a self-administered test, by swallowing a Lego piece (specifically, a Lego minifigure head) and checking when the pieces appeared. They developed a Stool Hardness and Transit (SHAT) score to normalise stool consistency over time, and resulted in a Found and Retrieved Time (FART) score. The principal finding of this study, the FART score (n = 5), ranged from 1.14 days (27 h 20 min) to 3.04 days (72 h 35 min), with an average retrieval time of 1.71 days. Their conclusion: \"This international, multicentre trial identified that small objects, such as those swallowed by children, are likely to pass in 1–3 days without complication. This should offer reassurance for parents.\" See also 101 Things Removed from the Human Body, 2003 British documentary detailing unusual foreign objects located and removed from patients, including examples found within the alimentary tract. Bezoar Rectal","title":"Foreign body in alimentary tract"},{"docid":"593400","text":"In medicine, the fecal fat test is a diagnostic test for fat malabsorption conditions, which lead to excess fat in the feces (steatorrhea). Background In the duodenum, dietary fat (primarily triglycerides) is digested by enzymes such as pancreatic lipase into smaller molecules of 1,2-Diacylglycerols and free fatty acids, which can be absorbed through the wall of the jejenum of the small intestine and enter circulation for metabolism and storage. Since fat is a valuable nutrient, human feces normally contains very little undigested fat. However, a number of diseases of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract are characterized by fat malabsorption. Examples of such diseases are: disorders of exocrine pancreatic function, such as chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (these are characterized by deficiency of pancreatic digestive enzymes) celiac disease (in which the fat malabsorption in severe cases is due to inflammatory damage to the integrity of the intestinal lining) short bowel syndrome (in which much of the small intestine has had to be surgically removed and the remaining portion cannot completely absorb all of the fat). small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome Microscopy In the simplest form of the fecal fat test, a random fecal specimen is submitted to the hospital laboratory and examined under a microscope after staining with a Sudan III or Sudan IV dye (\"Sudan staining\"). Visible amounts of fat indicate some degree of fat malabsorption. Quantitative Quantitative fecal fat tests measure and report an amount of fat. This is usually done over a period of three days, the patient collecting all of their feces into a container. The container is thoroughly mixed to homogenize the feces, without using specific mixer equipment. A small sample from the feces is collected. The fat content is extracted with solvents and measured by saponification (turning the fat into soap). Normally, up to 7 grams of fat can be malabsorbed in people consuming 100 grams of fat per day. In patients with diarrhea, up to 12 grams of fat may be malabsorbed since the presence of diarrhea interferes with fat absorption, even when the diarrhea is not due to fat malabsorption. References Gastroenterology Feces Stool tests","title":"Fecal fat test"},{"docid":"18292835","text":"Biliary dyskinesia is a disorder of some component of biliary part of the digestive system in which bile cannot physically move in the proper direction through the tubular biliary tract. It most commonly involves abnormal biliary tract peristalsis muscular coordination within the gallbladder in response to dietary stimulation of that organ to squirt the liquid bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum. Ineffective peristaltic contraction of that structure produces postprandial (after meals) right upper abdominal pain (cholecystodynia) and almost no other problem. When the dyskinesia is localized at the biliary outlet into the duodenum just as increased tonus of that outlet sphincter of Oddi, the backed-up bile can cause pancreatic injury with abdominal pain more toward the upper left side. In general, biliary dyskinesia is the disturbance in the coordination of peristaltic contraction of the biliary ducts, and/or reduction in the speed of emptying of the biliary tree into the duodenum. Mechanism Normally, the downstream gallbladder stores and concentrates the bile which originates in liver hepatocyte cells and is released into the microscopic component of the biliary system by the liver. Through aggregating tubules of increasing diameter, the bile leaves the liver and reaches the upstream (proximal) component of the common bile duct. Apparently, the common bile duct beyond (distal to) the gallbladder tends to normally have a greater tone so that the bile backs up into the gallbladder. When bile enters the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), it aids in digesting the fat within food leaving the stomach. When the bile can not be properly propelled from the not-mechanically-obstructed gallbladder or can not flow out of the end of the common bile duct properly, there is a state of biliary dyskinesia. So, biliary dyskinesia is a dynamically (functional...not fixed mechanical) obstructive, pain-producing disorder. Obstruction by a stone or tumor is a static, mechanical obstruction and tends to produce a more intense pain known as biliary colic. Failure of the biliary sphincter of Oddi can be distinguished from failure of the pancreatic sphincter. Diagnosis Diagnosis may or may not be determined by an ultrasound, but most likely the disease and other biliary diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and bile duct are found by what is most commonly referred to as a hepatobiliary or HIDA scan. This type of imaging is known as cholescintigraphy. Cholescintigraphy Cholescintigraphy or hepatobiliary scintigraphy is scintigraphy of the hepatobiliary tract, including the gallbladder and bile ducts. The image produced by this type of medical imaging, called a cholescintigram, is also known by other names depending on which radiotracer is used, such as HIDA scan, PIPIDA scan, DISIDA scan, or BrIDA scan. Cholescintigraphic scanning is a nuclear medicine procedure to evaluate the health and function of the gallbladder and biliary system. A radioactive tracer is injected through any accessible vein and then allowed to circulate to the liver and starts accumulating in the gall bladder which can take up to an hour. A standard fatty meal (usually a high fat milk shake)","title":"Biliary dyskinesia"},{"docid":"71862633","text":"John Richardson Young (1782 – June 8, 1804) was an American physician and considered one of the earliest pioneers of experimental physiology and biochemistry in the United States. Young was born in Hagerstown, Maryland to Ann and Samuel Richardson Young, a physician. His father came from County Down, Ireland and had been educated at Trinity College Dublin and the University of Edinburgh. His mother died in 1791 and Young went to Princeton where he graduated in 1799. He then practiced with his father at Hagerstown before joining Pennsylvania University where he graduated in 1803 with a thesis titled \"An Experimental Inquiry into the Principles of Nutrition and the Digestive Processes.\" Young's teachers included the physician Benjamin Rush and the chemist James Woodhouse. In his thesis, Young documented his experiments conducted on bull frogs and he rejected the contemporary idea that digestion involved fermentation or putrefaction and demonstrated that food was dissolved in the stomach by an acidic juice and that the mass then went to the duodenum where it mixed with bile and pancreatic juice. He however identified the gastric acid incorrectly as phosphoric acid and it was only ten years later that William Prout identified it as hydrochloric acid. Since he had used a frog as an experimental model, he was able to show that neither mastication nor heat had a major role in digestion. He died just a year later and it is believed that he and his sisters succumbed to tuberculosis. Dr Samuel Young, their father, lived to the age of 108. Young had been a founder of the American Linnean Society. References 1782 births 1804 deaths American physiologists University of Pennsylvania alumni","title":"John Richardson Young"},{"docid":"3249926","text":"Accessory pancreas is a rare condition in which small groups of pancreatic cells are separate from the pancreas. They may occur in the mesentery of the small intestine, the wall of the duodenum, the upper part of the jejunum, or more rarely, in the wall of the stomach, ileum, gallbladder or spleen. The condition was first described by Klob in 1859. Accessory pancreas is a small cluster of pancreas cells detached from the pancreas and sometimes found in the wall of the stomach or intestines. Diagnosis Pancreatic disorders are often accompanied by weakness and fatigue. The past Medical history may reveal previous disorders of the biliary tract or duodenum, abdominal trauma or surgery, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus. The medication history should be detailed and specifically include the use of thiazides, furosemide, estrogens, corticosteroids, sulfonamides, and opiates. Note a family history of pancreatic disorders. In the review of systems, obtain a complete description of any pain in the upper abdomen or epigastric area. Symptoms that may be important in relation to pancreatic disorders are pruritus, abdominal pain, dyspnea, nausea, and vomiting. The functional assessment includes data about the patient's dietary habits and use of alcohol. Note any restlessness, flushing, or diaphoresis during the examination. Vital signs may disclose low-grade fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, and hypotension. Inspect the skin for jaundice. Assess the abdomen for distention, tenderness, discoloration, and diminished bowel sounds. Tests and procedures used to diagnose pancreatic disorders include laboratory analyses of blood, urine, stool, and pancreatic fluid, and imaging studies. Specific blood studies used to assess pancreatic function include measurements of serum amylase, lipase, glucose, calcium, and triglyceride levels. Urine amylase and renal amylase clearance tests may also be ordered. Stool specimens may be analyzed for fat content. The secretin stimulation test measures the bicarbonate concentration of pancreatic fluid after secretin is given intravenously to stimulate the production of pancreatic fluid. Treatment Treatment of accessory pancreas depends on the location and extent of the injured tissue. Surgery may be an option, or some physicians order prophylactic antibiotics. References External links Digestive system Conditions diagnosed by stool test Congenital disorders of digestive system","title":"Accessory pancreas"},{"docid":"6999823","text":"Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare cause of hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract. It is caused by a bleeding source in the pancreas, pancreatic duct, or structures adjacent to the pancreas, such as the splenic artery, that bleed into the pancreatic duct, which is connected with the bowel at the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. Patients with hemosuccus may develop symptoms of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, such as blood in the stools, maroon stools, or melena, which is a dark, tarry stool caused by digestion of red blood cells. They may also develop abdominal pain. It is associated with pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and aneurysms of the splenic artery. Hemosuccus may be identified with endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy), where fresh blood may be seen from the pancreatic duct. Alternatively, angiography may be used to inject the celiac axis to determine the blood vessel that is bleeding. This may also be used to treat hemosuccus, as embolization of the end vessel may terminate the hemorrhage. However, a distal pancreatectomy—surgery to remove of the tail of the pancreas—may be required to stop the hemorrhage. Signs and symptoms Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare entity, and estimates of its rate are based on small case series. It is the least frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (1/1500) and is most often caused by chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocysts, or pancreatic tumors. As a result, the diagnosis may easily be overlooked. The usual presentation of hemosuccus is the development of symptoms of upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding, such as melena (or dark, black tarry stools), maroon stools, or hematochezia, which is frank rectal bleeding. The source of hemorrhage is usually not determined by standard endoscopic techniques, and the symptoms of the condition are usually grouped as a cause of obscure overt gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Over one-half of patients with hemosuccus also develop abdominal pain, usually located in the epigastrium, or uppermost part of the abdomen. The pain is described as being \"crescendo-decrescendo\" in nature, meaning that it increases and decreases in intensity slowly with time. This is thought to be due to transient blockage of the pancreatic duct from the source of bleeding, or from clots. If the source of the bleeding also involves obstruction of the common bile duct (such as with some tumours of the head of the pancreas), the patient may develop jaundice, or \"silver stools\", an uncommon finding of acholic stools mixed with blood. Causes The causes of hemosuccus pancreaticus can be grouped into diseases of the pancreas and diseases of the vascular structures around the pancreas. Diseases of the pancreas include acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic duct stones, ruptured aneurysms of the splenic artery, and pseudoaneurysms of the splenic artery and hepatic artery. Pseudoaneurysms are complications of pancreatitis where a pseudocyst is formed, with one wall abutting an artery, usually the splenic artery. Should the arterial wall rupture, the pseudoaneurysm will hemorrhage into the pancreatic duct. Rarely the bleeding is not channeled into the bowel from the main pancreatic duct (or duct of","title":"Hemosuccus pancreaticus"},{"docid":"306244","text":"Intrinsic factor (IF), cobalamin binding intrinsic factor, also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells (in humans) or chief cells (in rodents) of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the distal ileum of the small intestine. In humans, the gastric intrinsic factor protein is encoded by the CBLIF gene. Haptocorrin (transcobalamin I) is another glycoprotein secreted by the salivary glands which binds to vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is acid-sensitive and in binding to haptocorrin it can safely pass through the acidic stomach to the duodenum. In the less acidic environment of the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes digest the glycoprotein carrier and vitamin B12 can then bind to intrinsic factor. This new complex is then absorbed by the epithelial cells (enterocytes) of the ileum. Inside the cells, vitamin B12 dissociates once again and binds to another protein, transcobalamin II; the new complex can then exit the epithelial cells to be carried to the liver. Site of secretion Intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells within the stomach, and so is present in the gastric juice as well as in the gastric mucous membrane. The optimum pH for its action is approximately 7. Its concentration does not correlate with the amount of HCl or pepsin in the gastric juice, e.g., intrinsic factor may be present even when pepsin is largely absent. The site of formation of the intrinsic factor varies in different species. In pigs it is obtained from the pylorus and beginning of the duodenum; in human beings it is present in the fundus and body of the stomach. The limited amount of normal human gastric intrinsic factor limits normal efficient absorption of B12 to about 2 μg per meal, a nominally adequate intake of B12. Insufficiency In pernicious anemia, which is usually an autoimmune disease, autoantibodies directed against intrinsic factor or parietal cells themselves lead to an intrinsic factor deficiency, malabsorption of vitamin B12, and subsequent megaloblastic anemia. Atrophic gastritis can also cause intrinsic factor deficiency and anemia through damage to the parietal cells of the stomach wall. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency can interfere with normal dissociation of vitamin B12 from its binding proteins in the small intestine, preventing its absorption via the intrinsic factor complex. Other risk factors contributing to pernicious anemia are anything that damages or removes a portion of the stomach's parietal cells, including bariatric surgery, gastric tumors, gastric ulcers, and excessive consumption of alcohol. Mutations in the GIF gene are responsible for a rare inheritable disease called intrinsic factor deficiency which results in malabsorption of vitamin B12. Treatment In most countries, intramuscular injections of vitamin B12 are used to treat pernicious anemia. Orally administered vitamin B12 is absorbed without intrinsic factor, but at levels of less than one percent than if intrinsic factor is present. Despite the low amounts absorbed, oral vitamin B12 therapy is effective at reducing symptoms of pernicious anemia. Vitamin B12 can also be given sublingually, but there is","title":"Intrinsic factor"},{"docid":"13880720","text":"Biliary reflux, bile reflux (gastritis), duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER) or duodenogastric reflux is a condition that occurs when bile and/or other contents like bicarbonate, and pancreatic enzymes flow upward (refluxes) from the duodenum into the stomach and esophagus. Biliary reflux can be confused with acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). While bile reflux involves fluid from the small intestine flowing into the stomach and esophagus, acid reflux is backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus. These conditions are often related, and differentiating between the two can be difficult. Bile is a digestive fluid made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into duodenum after food is ingested to aid in the digestion of fat. Normally, the pyloric sphincter prevents bile from entering the stomach. When the pyloric sphincter is damaged or fails to work correctly, bile can enter the stomach and then be transported into the esophagus as in gastric reflux. The presence of small amounts of bile in the stomach is relatively common and usually asymptomatic, but excessive refluxed bile causes irritation and inflammation. Bile reflux has been associated with gastric cancer, chemical gastritis and the development of ulcers. Symptoms and signs Frequent heartburn Pain in the upper part of the abdomen Vomiting and/or regurgitating bile Hypersalivation Bile reflux can be asymptomatic when lying down or after eating, as bile reflux occurs physiologically. Diagnosis Bile reflux is usually associated with: Erosive esophagitis Barrett's esophagus Management Ursodeoxycholic acid is an adequate treatment of bile reflux gastritis. The dosage is usually of /day and for a 4 weeks treatment. Medications used in managing biliary reflux include bile acid sequestrants, particularly cholestyramine, which disrupt the circulation of bile in the digestive tract and sequester bile that would otherwise cause symptoms when refluxed; and prokinetic agents, to move material from the stomach to the small bowel more rapidly and prevent reflux. Surgery Biliary reflux may also be treated surgically, if medications are ineffective or if precancerous tissue is present in the esophagus. Epidemiology Obesity is an independent risk factor for development of bile reflux. Bile reflux is very infrequent in healthy individuals. References External links The damage of reflux Bile Reflux page at CNN Health:symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, prevention Diseases of oesophagus, stomach and duodenum","title":"Biliary reflux"},{"docid":"165423","text":"Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food compounds into small water-soluble components so that they can be absorbed into the blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. Mechanical digestion takes place in the mouth through mastication and in the small intestine through segmentation contractions. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small compounds that the body can use. In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food. The saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food; the electrolyte hydrogencarbonate (), which provides the ideal conditions of pH for amylase to work; and other electrolytes (, , ). About 30% of starch is hydrolyzed into disaccharide in the oral cavity (mouth). After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. In infants and toddlers, gastric juice also contains rennin to digest milk proteins. As the first two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus and bicarbonates are secreted by the stomach. They provide a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of chemicals like concentrated hydrochloric acid while also aiding lubrication. Hydrochloric acid provides acidic pH for pepsin. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. Pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides or proteoses, which is further broken down into dipeptides and amino acids by enzymes in the small intestine. Studies suggest that increasing the number of chews per bite increases relevant gut hormones and may decrease self-reported hunger and food intake. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, partially digested food (chyme) enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic (about","title":"Digestion"},{"docid":"481852","text":"Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by the alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one consisting of 14 amino acids (shown in infobox to right), the other consisting of 28 amino acids. Among the vertebrates, there exist six different somatostatin genes that have been named: SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4, SS5 and SS6. Zebrafish have all six. The six different genes, along with the five different somatostatin receptors, allow somatostatin to possess a large range of functions. Humans have only one somatostatin gene, SST. Nomenclature Synonyms of \"somatostatin\" include: growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH) growth hormone release–inhibiting hormone (GHRIH) somatotropin release–inhibiting factor (SRIF) somatotropin release–inhibiting hormone (SRIH) Production Digestive system Somatostatin is secreted by delta cells at several locations in the digestive system, namely the pyloric antrum, the duodenum and the pancreatic islets. Somatostatin released in the pyloric antrum travels via the portal venous system to the heart, then enters the systemic circulation to reach the locations where it will exert its inhibitory effects. In addition, somatostatin release from delta cells can act in a paracrine manner. In the stomach, somatostatin acts directly on the acid-producing parietal cells via a G-protein coupled receptor (which inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus effectively antagonising the stimulatory effect of histamine) to reduce acid secretion. Somatostatin can also indirectly decrease stomach acid production by preventing the release of other hormones, including gastrin and histamine which effectively slows down the digestive process. Brain Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons project to the median eminence, where somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve endings into the hypothalamohypophysial system through neuron axons. Somatostatin is then carried to the anterior pituitary gland, where it inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from somatotrope cells. The somatostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus mediate negative feedback effects of growth hormone on its own release; the somatostatin neurons respond to high circulating concentrations of growth hormone and somatomedins by increasing the release of somatostatin, so reducing the rate of secretion of growth hormone. Somatostatin is also produced by several other populations that project centrally, i.e., to other areas of the brain, and somatostatin receptors are expressed at many different sites in the brain. In particular, populations of somatostatin neurons occur in the arcuate nucleus, the hippocampus, and the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract. Functions Somatostatin is classified as an inhibitory hormone, and is induced by low pH. Its actions are spread to different parts of the body. Somatostatin release is inhibited by the vagus nerve. Anterior pituitary In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are: Inhibiting the release of growth hormone (GH) (thus opposing the effects of growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH)) Inhibiting the release of","title":"Somatostatin"},{"docid":"1551570","text":"Pancreatic enzymes, also known as pancreases or pancrelipase and pancreatin, are commercial mixtures of amylase, lipase, protease and lactase. They are used to treat malabsorption syndrome due to certain pancreatic problems. These pancreatic problems may be due to cystic fibrosis, surgical removal of the pancreas, long term pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or MODY 5, among others. The preparation is taken by mouth. Common side effects include vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea. Other side effects include perianal irritation and high blood uric acid. The enzymes are from pigs. Use is believed to be safe during pregnancy. The components are digestive enzymes similar to those normally produced by the human pancreas. They help the person digest fats, starches, and proteins. Pancreatic enzymes have been used as medications since at least the 1800s. They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2021, it was the 243rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions. Medical uses Pancrelipases are generally a first line approach in treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and other digestive disorders, accompanying cystic fibrosis, complicating surgical pancreatectomy, or resulting from chronic pancreatitis. The formulations are generally hard capsules filled with gastro-resistant granules. Pancrelipases and pancreatins are similar, except pancrelipases has an increased lipase component. Pancreatin is a mixture of several digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas. It is composed of amylase, lipase and protease. This mixture is used to treat conditions in which pancreatic secretions are deficient, such as surgical pancreatectomy, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. It has been claimed to help with food allergies, celiac disease, autoimmune disease, cancer and weight loss. Pancreatin is sometimes called \"pancreatic acid\", although it is neither a single chemical substance nor an acid. Pancreatin contains the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, amylase and lipase. A similar mixture of enzymes is sold as pancrelipase, which contains more active lipase enzyme than does pancreatin. The trypsin found in pancreatin works to hydrolyze proteins into oligopeptides; amylase hydrolyzes starches into oligosaccharides and the disaccharide maltose; and lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerols. Pancreatin is an effective enzyme supplement for replacing missing pancreatic enzymes, and aids in the digestion of foods in cases of pancreatic insufficiency. Pancreatin reduces the absorption of iron from food in the duodenum during digestion. Some contact lens-cleaning solutions contain porcine pancreatin extractives to assist in the intended protein-removal process. Side effects High doses over a long period of time are associated with fibrosing colonopathy. Due to this association a maximum dose of 10,000 IU of lipase per kilogram per day is recommended. Though never reported there is a theoretical risk of a viral infection as they are from pigs. Society and culture Brand names Brand names include Creon, Pancreaze, Pertzye, Sollpura (Liprotamase), Ultresa, and Zenpep. Legal status United States Longstanding pancreatic enzyme replacement products (PERPs)—some in use for a century or more—fell under a 2006 FDA requirement that pharmaceutical companies with porcine-derived PERP products submit a New Drug Application (NDA) for","title":"Pancreatic enzymes (medication)"},{"docid":"13986377","text":"Gastric lipase, also known as LIPF, is an enzymatic protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LIPF gene. Function Gastric lipase is an acidic lipase secreted by the gastric chief cells in the fundic mucosa in the stomach. It has a pH optimum of 3–6. Gastric lipase, together with lingual lipase, comprise the two acidic lipases. These lipases, unlike alkaline lipases (such as pancreatic lipase), do not require bile acid or colipase for optimal enzymatic activity. Acidic lipases make up 30% of lipid hydrolysis occurring during digestion in the human adult, with gastric lipase contributing the most of the two acidic lipases. In neonates, acidic lipases are much more important, providing up to 50% of total lipolytic activity. Gastric lipase hydrolyzes the ester bonds of triglycerides in the stomach. Fatty acids and diacylglycerols are produced from this reaction. The long chain free fatty acids have the ability to prevent gastric lipase from hydrolyzing more triglycerides. In this case, gastric acid will be responsible for less than 30% of lipid hydrolysis. These enzymes are found in the cytoplasm and cell membranes of gastric cells. Gastric lipase is not the primary lipase needed for the majority of triglyceride hydrolysis. Outside of the stomach, gastric lipase can hydrolyze triacylglycerol in the duodenum with the help of other lipases and bile secretion. It is an essential enzyme for hydrolyzing milk fat globule membranes. For a newborn with an underdeveloped pancreas, LIPF plays a more important role in lipid digestion compared to an adult with a fully functioning pancreas. There is typically an increase in production of LIPF when the pancreas is unable to operate at its optimal potential. Low levels of LIPF are typically seen in the tumors of gastric cancer patients. Clinical significance Gastric lipase can partially compensate for the decrease in production of pancreatic lipase associated with pancreatic dysfunction, giving some means for the body to digest lipids. A limitation of acidic lipases is that they remove only one fatty acid from each triacylglycerol. The free fatty acid can readily cross the epithelial membrane lining the gastrointestinal tract, but the diacylglycerol cannot be transported across. This leaves the acidic lipases less efficient than alkaline lipases. Structure Gastric lipase is a polypeptide of 371 residues in length. The structure of gastric lipase was determined using X-ray diffraction with a resolution of 3.00 Å, and is composed of 41% helices and 14% beta sheets. Gastric lipase belongs to the α/β-hydrolase-fold family. It possesses a classical catalytic triad (Ser-153, His-353, Asp-324) and an oxyanion hole (backbone NH groups of Gln-154 and Leu-67) analogous to serine proteases. References External links","title":"Gastric lipase"},{"docid":"50990100","text":"Lundh's test is a test of function of the exocrine function of the pancreas gland. The exocrine role of the pancreas involves release of various digestive enzymes, including lipase and proteases, such as trypsin, in response to hormonal stimulation after eating. Disorders of the pancreas including chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and pancreatic cancer can lead to decreased pancreatic exocrine activity. Lundh's test involves placing a tube with multiple channels in to the duodenum. This tube has holes in the stomach and in the duodenum. A meal consisting of proteins, carbohydrates and fats is injected into the stomach. Typically a prokinetic medication such as metoclopramide is administered to accelerate passage of the food into the duodenum. A sample of the duodenal juice is taken at the 30 minute mark, and then every 30 minutes until the two hour mark. The activity of trypsin is measured and averaged among the 4 collections. A positive test is defined by low trypsin activity on the average of the samples, and is suggestive of decreased exocrine function of the pancreas. A positive Lundh's test is indicative of decreased exocrine function of the pancreas, but theoretically may be positive if there is lack of release of cholecystokinin. References Endocrinology Medical procedures","title":"Lundh's test"},{"docid":"5114949","text":"The following is a partial list of the \"A\" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (A02). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (A04). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes. The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM. – digestive system – biliary tract – bile ducts – extrahepatic bile ducts – common bile duct – Ampulla of Vater – Sphincter of Oddi – cystic duct – common hepatic duct – intrahepatic bile ducts – bile canaliculi – gallbladder – gastrointestinal tract – intestines – intestinal mucosa – enterocytes – goblet cells – paneth cells – large intestine – anal canal – cecum – appendix – colon – ascending colon – descending colon – sigmoid colon – transverse colon – rectum – small intestine – duodenum – Ampulla of Vater – Sphincter of Oddi – Brunner Glands – ileum – ileocecal valve – Meckel Diverticulum – jejunum – lower gastrointestinal tract – ileum – ileocecal valve – Meckel Diverticulum – large intestine – anal canal – cecum – appendix – colon – ascending colon – descending colon – sigmoid colon – transverse colon – rectum – jejunum – mouth – dentition – salivary glands – parotid gland – salivary ducts – minor salivary glands – sublingual gland – submandibular gland – von Ebner glands – tongue – lingual frenum – taste buds – pharynx – upper gastrointestinal tract – duodenum – Ampulla of Vater – Sphincter of Oddi – Brunner Glands – esophagus – esophageal mucosa – upper esophageal sphincter – esophagogastric junction – lower esophageal sphincter – stomach – cardia – esophagogastric junction – lower esophageal sphincter – gastric fundus – gastric mucosa – gastric chief cells – enterochromaffin cells – gastrin-secreting cells – gastric parietal cells – somatostatin-secreting cells – gastric stump – pyloric antrum – pylorus – liver – intrahepatic bile ducts – bile canaliculi – round ligament of liver – pancreas – islets of langerhans – glucagon-secreting cells – insulin-secreting cells – pancreatic polypeptide-secreting cells – somatostatin-secreting cells – exocrine pancreas – pancreatic ducts – Ampulla of Vater The list continues at List of MeSH codes (A04). A03","title":"List of MeSH codes (A03)"},{"docid":"23310498","text":"Haptocorrin (HC) also known as transcobalamin-1 (TC-1) or cobalophilin is a transcobalamin protein that in humans is encoded by the gene. One essential function of haptocorrin is protection of the acid-sensitive vitamin B12 while it moves through the stomach. A second function is serum HC binding of the great majority of circulating vitamin B12, rendering it unavailable for take-up by cells. This is conjectured to be a circulating storage function. Functions Haptocorrin (HC), also commonly known as the R-protein, or the R-factor, or previously referred to as transcobalamin I, is a unique glycoprotein produced by the salivary glands of the oral cavity, in response to ingestion of food. This protein binds strongly to vitamin B12 in what is an intricate and necessary mechanism to protect this vitamin from the acidic environment of the stomach. Vitamin B12 is an essential water-soluble vitamin, the deficiency of which creates anemia (macrocytic anemia), decreased bone marrow cell production (anemia, pancytopenia), neurological problems, as well as metabolic issues (methylmalonyl-CoA acidosis). Vitamin B12 is therefore an important vitamin for the body to absorb. Despite its vital role however, vitamin B12 is structurally very sensitive to the hydrochloric acid found in the stomach secretions, and easily denatures in that environment before it has a chance to be absorbed by the small intestine. Found in fresh animal products (such as liver), vitamin B12 attaches haptocorrin, which has a high affinity for its molecular structure. Coupled together vitamin B12 and haptocorrin create a complex. This haptocorrin–B12 complex is impervious to the insult of the stomach acid, and passes on via the pylorus to the duodenum. In the duodenum pancreatic proteases (a component of pancreatic juice) cleave haptocorrin, releasing vitamin B12 in its free form. The same cells in the stomach that produce gastric hydrochloric acid, the parietal cells, also produce a molecule called the intrinsic factor (IF), which binds the B12 after its release from haptocorrin by digestion, and without which only 1% of vitamin B12 is absorbed. Intrinsic factor (IF) is a glycoprotein, with a molecular weight of 45 kDa. In the duodenum, the free vitamin B12 attaches to the intrinsic factor (IF) to create a vitamin B12–IF complex. This complex then travels through the small bowel and reaches the terminal tertiary portion of the small intestine, called the ileum. The ileum is the longest of all portions of the small intestine, and has on its surface specialized receptors called cubilin receptors, that identify the B12–IF complexes and take them up into the circulation via endocytosis-mediated absorption. Separate from the digestive absorption function, serum HC binds 80-90% of circulating B12, rendering it unavailable for cellular delivery by transcobalamin II. This is conjectured to be a circulating storage function. Several serious, even life-threatening diseases cause elevated serum HC, measured as abnormally high serum vitamin B12 while at the same time manifesting as a vitamin deficiency because of insufficent vitamin bound to transcobalamin II. References Further reading Digestive system","title":"Haptocorrin"},{"docid":"7643455","text":"Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses. Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body. They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system. In a sense they are known to act as chemoreceptors, initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses. Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product (short chain fatty acid), acetate. Intestinal enteroendocrine cells Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract. Hormones secreted include somatostatin, motilin, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and enteroglucagon. The enteroendocrine cells sense the metabolites from intestinal commensal microbiota and, in turn, coordinate antibacterial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota. K cell K cells secrete gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage. K cells are mostly found in the duodenum. L cell L cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-2. L cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine (colon), but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum. I cell I cells secrete cholecystokinin (CCK), and have the highest mucosal density in the duodenum with a decreasing amount throughout the small intestine. They modulate bile secretion, exocrine pancreas secretion, and satiety. G cell Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, and stimulate gastric acid secretion. Enterochromaffin cell Enterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin. Enterochromaffin-like cell Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting histamine. N cell Located in a increasing manner throughout the small intestine, with the highest levels found in the in ileum, N cells release neurotensin, and control smooth muscle contraction. S cell S cells secrete secretin mostly from the duodenum, but also in decreasing amounts throughout the rest of the small intestine, and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion. D cell Also called Delta cells, D cells secrete somatostatin. Mo cell (or M cell) found in crypts of the small intestine, especially in the duodenum and jejunum. Different from the Microfold cells (M cells) that are in Peyer's patches. Secrete motilin Gastric enteroendocrine cells Gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the gastric glands, mostly at their base. The G cells secrete gastrin, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin-releasing peptide during parasympathetic stimulation to stimulate secretion. Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin","title":"Enteroendocrine cell"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"44825470\",\n \"text\": \"Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) is a congenital malformation where the pancreatic and bile ducts meet outside of the duodenum. There are two varieties of PBM: one with biliary dilatation and the other without. When an abnormally long common channel is visible on direct cholangiography, such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, PBM is diagnosed. Signs and symptoms The sphincter of Oddi does not control the pancreaticobiliary junction in patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM). Because the pressure in the pancreatic duct is typically higher than in the bile duct, pancreatic juice often refluxes into the biliary tract. Patients with PBM experience continuous regurgitation, but this does not always result in symptoms. Increased pressure in the pancreatic and bile ducts as a result of a primary stricture of the distal bile duct or blockage of the common channel can cause symptoms like jaundice, vomiting, and abdominal pain. This is frequently transient and may be brought on by impaction from a protein plug. Complications In patients with PBM, regardless of the presence of biliary dilatation, acute pancreatitis is more common in children (30% of patients) than in adults (9%). Although pancreatitis is often mild with subtle imaging findings, it can also be recurrent. One possible cause of acute pancreatitis linked to PBM is protein plugs. Chronic pancreatitis affects about 3% of PBM patients. Causes There is disagreement over PBM's pathophysiology. Nonetheless, a number of studies have indicated that it may be related to abnormal ventral pancreatic development. It is thought that the ventral pancreatic duct is connected to the origin of the common channel because small pancreatic branch ducts have been observed emerging from the common channel in certain PBM patients. Rarely, PBM is linked to additional congenital pancreatic abnormalities like pancreas divisum or annular pancreas. Diagnosis The JSPBM committee on PBM diagnostic criteria states that anatomical examination findings or imaging characteristics are used to diagnose PBM. The diagnosis is confirmed by the existence of an abnormally long common channel, an abnormal union between the pancreatic and bile ducts, or a pancreatic-biliary junction outside the duodenal wall. Treatment Regardless of whether symptoms are present, risk-reducing surgery is advised for patients with PBM because it is a risk factor for biliary cancer. References Further reading External links Congenital disorders of digestive system\",\n \"title\": \"Pancreaticobiliary maljunction\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29506574\",\n \"text\": \"Ductal cells refer to the epithelial cell lining of the pancreatic duct that deliver enzymes from the acinar cells to the duodenum. They have the essential function of producing bicarbonate-rich (HCO3-) secretion to neutralize stomach acidity. The hormone secretin stimulates ductal cells and is responsible for maintaining the duodenal pH and preventing duodenal injury from acidic chyme. Ductal cells mix their production with acinar cells to make up the pancreatic juice. Ductal cells comprise about 10% of the pancreas by number and about 4% in volume. Its function is to secrete bicarbonate and mucins and to form the tubule network that transfers enzymes made by acinar cells to the duodenum. Ductal cells have a proliferation rate of about 0.5% in normal adults, but mitotic activity goes up when the pancreas is damaged. Ductal network The ductal pancreas network originates from the central pancreatic duct—this main duct with the bile duct opens into the duodenum. The ductal cells of the main pancreatic duct are bound by connective tissue and produce a columnar epithelium. Interlobular ducts originate from the main pancreatic duct and connect the various pancreatic lobes. In these lobes, the intercalated ducts expel acini. Meanwhile, the ductal cells of these intercalated ducts create a simple squamous epithelium that rapidly converts into simple cuboidal, and connective tissue also surrounds them. As the ducts grow larger, the epithelium becomes cuboidal or columnar (when large in diameter, the ducts become stratified cuboidal), and connective tissue surrounds them. Pancreatic ductal cells are very similar to ductal cells of other exocrine glands (liver, bile duct, salivary glands). Because of this, a common diagnosis affects these cells: cystic fibrosis. Ductal cell physiology While ductal cells are a minor type of cell in the adult pancreas, they have a critical function besides making the network that transfers enzymes from acini to the digestive tract. The primary function of pancreas ductal cells is to secrete a bicarbonate-rich, isotonic fluid. This fluid washes away the inactive form of digestive enzymes in the ductal system, neutralizes stomach acidity and mucins, and creates a pH environment necessary for the pancreas's normal function. Multiple factors affect the rate of bicarbonate secretion: species, cell location in the ductal system, secretory rate, etc. When stimulated, bicarbonate levels can get to 140mM. Due to this, there is a contrast in concentration between the outside and inside environment of ductal cells. The channels and ion transporters on ductal cells vary on the luminal and basolateral membrane, meaning there is functional polarization of the ductal cell. The largest network branches in this system contain goblet cells that interact with ductal cells, making up about 2% of this structure—these cells aid mucin assembly. Furthermore, unlike other exocrine glands, the pancreas does not have myoepithelial cells around the ducts. Ductal cells have a single cilium that is made up of nine peripheral doublets but does not have a central microtubule. This cilium is considered vital for perceiving flow in ducts. Exocrine cell type Morphology is what identifies ductal cells.\",\n \"title\": \"Ductal cells\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3239937\",\n \"text\": \"Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a number of digestive enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase. The pancreas is located in the visceral region, and is a major part of the digestive system required for proper digestion and subsequent assimilation of macronutrient substances required for living. Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature due to the high concentration of bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate is useful in neutralizing the acidic gastric acid, allowing for effective enzymic changes. Pancreatic juice secretion is principally regulated by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin, which are produced by the walls of the duodenum, and by the action of autonomic innervation. The release of these hormones into the blood is stimulated by the entry of the acidic chyme into the duodenum. Their coordinated action results in the secretion of a large volume of pancreatic juice, which is alkaline and enzyme-rich, into the duodenum. The pancreas also receives autonomic innervation. The blood flow into pancreas is regulated by sympathetic nerve fibers, while parasympathetic neurons stimulate the activity of acinar and centroacinar cells. Pancreatic secretion is an aqueous solution of bicarbonate originating from the duct cells and enzymes originating from the acinar cells. The bicarbonate assists in neutralising the low pH of the chyme coming from the stomach, while the enzymes assist in the breakdown of the proteins, lipids and carbohydrates for further processing and absorption in the intestines. Secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice can be collected during endoscopy and provides an important source for diagnostic biomarkers, allowing detection of pancreatic pathology, especially cancer not yet visible on medical imaging.. Pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum through duodenal papillae. Some individuals have also an accessory duct, named accessory pancreatic duct, which may be functional (that is, it also empties the contents of the exocrine pancreas into the duodenum) or non-functional. External links References Pancreas Endocrine system\",\n \"title\": \"Pancreatic juice\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47053582\",\n \"text\": \"The sphincter of Oddi (also hepatopancreatic sphincter or Glisson's sphincter), abbreviated as SO, is a muscular valve that in some animals, including humans, controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice out of the gallbladder and pancreas respectively through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum. It is named after Ruggero Oddi. Structure The sphincter of Oddi is a circular muscle band (sphincter) that surrounds the major duodenal papilla. Function The sphincter regulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile into the duodenum. It also prevents reflux of duodenal contents into the ampulla of Vater. By preventing reflux of the contents of the duodenum, the sphincter of Oddi prevents the accumulation of particulate matter and sludge in the bile ducts, reducing the risk of cholangitis. The sphincter of Oddi also allows retrograde filling of the gallbladder. The sphincter of Oddi is relaxed by the hormone cholecystokinin via vasoactive intestinal peptide. Clinical significance Pancreatitis can result from a failure of pancreatic secretions to drain properly. One possible cause of impaired drainage of pancreatic juice is blockage of the sphincter of Oddi. A common cause of blockage is a gallstone in the common bile duct. Opiates may cause spasms of the sphincter of Oddi, leading to increased serum amylase levels. History The sphincter was described for the first time by Ruggero Oddi when he was a young student in 1887. This description followed extensive research into the physiology of dogs and detailed histological examinations of humans and many other species. Other animals In many mammals (including mice, guinea pigs, dogs, and opossums), the smooth muscle around the ampulla of Vater does not form a sphincter. References Further reading Digestive system Gallbladder\",\n \"title\": \"Sphincter of Oddi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3902553\",\n \"text\": \"Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) or echo-endoscopy is a medical procedure in which endoscopy (insertion of a probe into a hollow organ) is combined with ultrasound to obtain images of the internal organs in the chest, abdomen and colon. It can be used to visualize the walls of these organs, or to look at adjacent structures. Combined with Doppler imaging, nearby blood vessels can also be evaluated. Endoscopic ultrasonography is most commonly used in the upper digestive tract and in the respiratory system. The procedure is performed by gastroenterologists or pulmonologists who have had extensive training. For the patient, the procedure feels almost identical to the endoscopic procedure without the ultrasound part, unless ultrasound-guided biopsy of deeper structures is performed. Digestive tract Upper digestive tract For endoscopic ultrasound of the upper digestive tract, a probe is inserted into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum during a procedure called esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Among other uses, it allows for screening for pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, and gastric cancer, as well as benign tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract. It also allows for characterization and biopsy of any focal lesions found in the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as esophageal tuberculosis. This is done by inserting a needle through the stomach lining into the target. Less commonly this procedure is used to identify malformations and masses in the bile ducts and pancreatic ducts. Endoscopic ultrasound is performed with the patient sedated. The endoscope is passed through the mouth and advanced through the esophagus to the suspicious area. From various positions between the esophagus and duodenum, organs within and outside the gastrointestinal tract can be imaged to see if they are abnormal, and they can be biopsied by a process called fine needle aspiration. Organs such as the liver, pancreas, and adrenal glands are easily biopsied, as are any abnormal lymph nodes. In addition, the gastrointestinal wall itself can be imaged to see if it is abnormally thick, suggesting inflammation or malignancy. The technique is highly sensitive for detection of pancreatic cancer (90–95% sensitivity), particularly in patients who are suspected to have a mass or present with jaundice. Its role in staging patients with pancreatic cancer is limited to local metastases; however, in combination with CT scan which provides information on regional metastases, it provides an excellent imaging modality for diagnosis and staging of pancreatic carcinoma. Endoscopic ultrasound can also be used in conjunction with endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP). The ultrasound probe is used to locate gall stones which may have migrated into the common bile duct. This occurrence may cause obstruction of the drain shared by the liver and pancreas, which may lead to lower back pain, jaundice, and pancreatitis. Lower digestive tract Echo-endoscopy can also be used for imaging of the rectum and colon, although these applications are lesser known. It is used primarily to stage newly diagnosed rectal or anal cancer. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration may be used to sample lymph nodes during this procedure. Evaluation of the integrity of the anal sphincters may also be\",\n \"title\": \"Endoscopic ultrasound\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1110702\",\n \"text\": \"Trypsinogen () is the precursor form (or zymogen) of trypsin, a digestive enzyme. It is produced by the pancreas and found in pancreatic juice, along with amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsinogen. It is cleaved to its active form, trypsin, by enteropeptidase, which is found in the intestinal mucosa. Once activated, the trypsin can cleave more trypsinogen into trypsin, a process called autoactivation. Trypsin cleaves the peptide bond on the carboxyl side of basic amino acids such as arginine and lysine. Function Trypsinogen is the proenzyme precursor of trypsin. Trypsinogen (the inactive form) is stored in the pancreas so that it may be released when required for protein digestion. The pancreas stores the inactive form trypsinogen because the active trypsin would cause severe damage to the tissue of the pancreas. Trypsinogen is released by the pancreas into the second part of the duodenum, via the pancreatic duct, along with other digestive enzymes. Activation of trypsinogen Trypsinogen is activated by enteropeptidase (also known as enterokinase). Enteropeptidase is produced by the mucosa of duodenum and it cleaves the peptide bond of trypsinogen after residue 15, which is a lysine. The N-terminal peptide is discarded, and a slight rearrangement of the folded protein occurs. The newly formed N-terminal residue (residue 16) inserts into a cleft, where its α-amino group forms an ion pair with the aspartate near the active site serine, and results in the conformational rearrangement of other residues. The amino group of Gly 193 orientates itself into the correct position, which completes the oxyanion hole in active site, thereby activating the protein. Since trypsin also cleaves the peptide bond after an arginine or a lysine, it can cleave other trypsinogen, and the activation process therefore becomes autocatalytic. Safeguards against trypsinogen activation Trypsin is produced, stored and released as the inactive trypsinogen to ensure that the protein is only activated in the appropriate location. Premature trypsin activation can be destructive and may trigger a series of events that lead to pancreatic self-digestion. In normal pancreas, around 5% of trypsinogens are thought to get activated, therefore there are a number of defenses against such inappropriate activation. Trypsinogen is stored in intracellular vesicles in the pancreas called zymogen granules whose membranous walls are thought to be resistant to enzymatic degradation. A further safeguard against inappropriate trypsin activation is the presence of inhibitors such as bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1 (SPINK1), which binds to any trypsin formed. Trypsin autocatalytic activation of trypsinogen is also a slow process due to the presence of a large negative charge on the conserved N-terminal hexapeptide of trypsinogen, which repels the aspartate on the back of trypsin's specificity pocket. Trypsin may also inactivate other trypsin by cleavage. Serum trypsinogen Serum trypsinogen is measured using a blood test. High levels are seen in acute pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. Trypsinogen isoforms Three isoforms of trypsinogens may be found in human pancreatic juice. These are the cationic, anionic, and meso trypsinogen, and they account for 23.1%, 16%, and 0.5%\",\n \"title\": \"Trypsinogen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"760918\",\n \"text\": \"The bile duct (formerly known as the common bile duct) is a part of the biliary tract. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct. It ends by uniting with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla. It possesses its own sphincter to enable regulation of bile flow. Anatomy The bile duct is some 6–8 cm long, and normally up to 8 mm in diameter. Its proximal supraduodenal part is situated within the free edge of the lesser omentum. Its middle retroduodenal part is oriented inferiorly and right-ward, and is situated posterior to the first part of the duodenum, and anterior to the inferior vena cava. Its distal paraduodenal part is oriented still more right-ward, is accommodated by a groove upon (sometimes a channel within) the posterior aspect of the head of the pancreas, and is situated anterior to the right renal vein. The bile duct terminates by uniting with the pancreatic duct (at an angle of about 60°) to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla. The distal extremity of the bile duct invariably features its own sphincteric muscle (the pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic ampulla usually possess sphincters of their own to allow the flow of pancreatic juice to be regulated independently, however, these two can be absent). Clinical significance Several problems can arise within the common bile duct, usually related to its obstruction. Opinions vary slightly on the maximum calibre of a normal CBD, but 6mm is one accepted upper limit of normal with a further 1mm diameter allowed for each decade over 60 years. It normally gets slightly dilated after cholecystectomy, with upper limit (95% prediction interval) being about 10 mm after a few months. On abdominal ultrasonography, the common bile duct is most readily seen in the porta hepatis (where the CBD lies anterior to the portal vein and hepatic artery). The absence of Doppler signal distinguishes it from the portal vein and hepatic artery. Obstruction Tumours in the head of the pancreas may come to obstruct the distal bile duct. If obstructed by a gallstone, a condition called choledocholithiasis can result. In this obstructed state, the duct is especially vulnerable to an infection called ascending cholangitis. One form of treatment is a cholecystenterostomy. Rare deformities of the common bile duct are cystic dilations (4 cm), choledochoceles (cystic dilation of the ampula of Vater (3–8 cm)), and biliary atresia. History Obstruction of the common bile duct and related jaundice has been documented since at least since the time of Erasistratus. Additional images See also Choledochoduodenostomy - a surgical procedure to create a connection between the common bile duct (CBD) and an alternative portion of the duodenum. References External links —\\\"The gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts.\\\" () Digestive system Gallbladder Hepatology\",\n \"title\": \"Common bile duct\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44164320\",\n \"text\": \"Cystogastrostomy is a surgery to create an opening between a pancreatic pseudocyst and the stomach when the cyst is in a suitable position to be drained into the stomach. This conserves pancreatic juices that would otherwise be lost. This surgery is performed by a pancreatic surgeon to avoid a life-threatening rupture of the pancreatic pseudocyst. Indications Symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts are an indication a cystogastrostomy needs to be performed. Pancreatic pseudocysts are chronic collections of pancreatic fluid encased by a wall of nonepithelialized granulation tissue and fibrosis. They can be caused by leakage of the pancreatic duct, or as a result of inflammatory pancreatitis. Symptoms of this include abdominal bloating, difficulty eating and digesting food, and constant pain or deep ache in the abdomen. A lump can be felt in the middle or left upper abdomen if a pseudocyst is present. To further diagnose a pancreatic pseudocyst an abdominal CT scan, MRI or ultrasound can be used. Emergency surgery may need to be performed if there is a rupture of the pseudocyst. This can be detected from symptoms of bleeding, shock, fainting, fever and chills, rapid heartbeat, or severe abdominal pain. Technique Surgical cystogastrostomy Surgical repair is carried out through an incision in the abdomen. After locating the pseudocyst, it is attached to the wall of the stomach and the cystogastrostomy is created. Although it has a high success rate, it is infrequently used because of the recovery period. Endoscopic cystogastrostomy A relatively new and less-invasive method involving endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance and fluoroscopy. A large bore needle is used to access the identified pseudocyst, creating a fistula between the cystic cavity and either the stomach or the duodenum. Plastic stents may be placed to facilitate drainage from the pseudocyst. The success rate of endoscopic treatment of pseudocysts may be greater than 70%. Laparoscopic cystogastrostomy This method is the second of two less invasive surgeries used to drain pseudocysts and can be performed by a single surgeon because of the advanced tools. The pseudocyst is identified and accessed using laparoscopic techniques. Once the pseudocyst cavity is located, it is entered and aspirated, and an opening is created into the stomach for drainage. Laparoscopic drainage may result in better cosmetic appearance and decreased pain following surgery. Complications Cystogastrostomy can lead to pancreatic abscess and pancreatic duct leak. Stents can become blocked, leading to infection of the pseudocyst. Other complications include those normally associated with surgery and anesthesia, including bleeding. History Jedlicka first described the procedure. References Abdominal surgical procedures Digestive system surgery Endoscopy\",\n \"title\": \"Cystogastrostomy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15071539\",\n \"text\": \"Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 7 (E-NPP 7) also known as alkaline sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (Alk-SMase) or intestinal alkaline sphingomyelinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ENPP7 gene. History ENPP7 is a new name for an old enzyme whose activity was originally identified in 1969 by Nilsson as a type of sphingomyelinase that hydrolyses sphingomyelin to ceramide in the intestinal tract. The enzyme was then purified and characterized by Duan et al. and named alkaline sphingomyelinase (alk-SMase), as the optimal pH of the enzyme was 9.0 and its main substrate is sphingomyelin. Most previous studies used the name of alk-SMase for this protein. The name of ENPP7 was created based on the results of cloning studies which show that alk-SMase shares no structural similarities with either acid or neutral SMase but belongs to the family of ecto nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP). As a new addition to the family it is therefore called ENPP7 or NPP7. A 3D homology model of ENPP7 was recently constructed using the crystal structural of an NPP member in bacteria as a template. Tissue distribution Differing from other ENPP members, ENPP7 seems only expressed in the intestinal mucosa in many species and additionally in human liver. In the intestinal tract, ENPP7 activity is low in the duodenum and colon but high in the middle of the jejunum. As an ecto enzyme, ENPP7 is located on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and is released in the lumen by bile salt and pancreatic trypsin. The enzyme expressed in human liver is released in the bile and delivered to the intestine. The activity of ENPP7 depends specifically on two types of primary bile salts, taurocholate (TC) and taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC) at critical micelle concentrations. Other detergents, such as CHAPS and Triton X-100 have no stimulatory effects rather inhibitory effects, indicating a biologic interaction between bile salts and the enzyme. Unlike acid and neutral SMases in the intestinal tract that are rapidly inactivated by pancreatic trypsin, alk-SMase is resistant to trypsin digestion. Thus ENPP7 is active in the intestinal lumen and is transported along the intestinal tract. Significant activity can be detected in the faeces. The substrates of ENPP family vary greatly. Some have activity against nucleotides, some have activity against phospholipid and lysophospholipids. ENPP7 is the only enzyme that has a type of phospholipase C activity against sphingomyelin. Physiological functions and clinical implications ENPP7 is the key enzyme in the gut that digests sphingomyelin. Sphingomyelin is a lipid constituent of cell membrane, and a dietary component being particularly abundant in milk, cheese, egg, and meat. Digestion of sphingomyelin mainly occurs in the middle part of the small intestine, where ENPP7 is abundant, indicating a role of the enzyme in sphingomyelin digestion. Recent studies on ENPP7 knockout mice clearly showed that digestion of sphingomyelin and generation of ceramide is severely affected in ENPP7 deficiency mice. ENPP7 is fully developed in the intestine before birth, which gives the infant ability to digest sphingomyelin in the milk. The daily intake of\",\n \"title\": \"ENPP7\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2166035\",\n \"text\": \"The pancreatic duct or duct of Wirsung (also, the major pancreatic duct due to the existence of an accessory pancreatic duct) is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct. This supplies it with pancreatic juice from the exocrine pancreas, which aids in digestion. Structure The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. There are many anatomical variants reported, but these are quite rare. Accessory pancreatic duct Most people have just one pancreatic duct. However, some have an additional accessory pancreatic duct, also called the Duct of Santorini. An accessory pancreatic duct can be functional or non-functional. It may open separately into the second part of the duodenum, which is dorsal, and usually (in 70% of people) drains into the duodenum via the minor duodenal papilla. In the other 30% of people, it drains into the main pancreatic duct, which drains into the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla. The main pancreatic duct and the accessory duct both eventually—either directly or indirectly—connect to the second part ('D2', the vertical segment) of the duodenum. It is named for Giovanni Domenico Santorini. Clinical significance Compression, obstruction or inflammation of the pancreatic duct may lead to acute pancreatitis. The most common cause for obstruction is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct, a condition called choledocholithiasis. Obstruction can also be due to duodenal inflammation in Crohn's disease. A gallstone may get lodged in the constricted distal end of the ampulla of Vater, where it blocks the flow of both bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum. Bile backing up into the pancreatic duct may initiate pancreatitis. The pancreatic duct is generally regarded as abnormally enlarged if being over 3 mm in the head and 2 mm in the body or tail on CT scan. Pancreatic duct or parts of pancreatic duct can be demonstrated on ultrasound in 75 to 85% of people. Pancreatic ductal carcinoma is a common form of pancreatic cancer. History The pancreatic duct is also called the duct of Wirsung. This is named after its discoverer, the German anatomist Johann Georg Wirsung (1589–1643). Additional images References Pancreas anatomy\",\n \"title\": \"Pancreatic duct\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3174610\",\n \"text\": \"Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a medical imaging technique. It uses magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts non-invasively. This procedure can be used to determine whether gallstones are lodged in any of the ducts surrounding the gallbladder. Uses MRCP has been slowly replacing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as investigation of choice. MRCP is highly accurate in diagnosing the biliary system, pancreatic duct and accessing surrounding solid organs. Several advantages offered by MRCP is its non-invasive nature, less costly, requires less examination time when compared to ERCP (30 minutes), fewer staff required, and does not require any ionising radiation. MRCP is used to diagnose gallstones. It can also diagnose choledochal cysts very reliably. Besides providing information regarding the biliary system, MRCP also provides information regarding surrounding solid organs and blood vessels, thus useful for planning the resection of pancreatic cancer and look for complications of primary sclerosing cholangitis such as liver cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma. Technique Subject is needed to fast for at least four hours to ensure the biliary system is maximally distended with fluid while keeping the fluid in the gastrointestinal system at a minimum. However, clear fluid and routine medication is allowed before the scan. Negative oral contrast such as pineapple juice, date syrup, ferumoxsil, Açaí juice and water are useful in decreasing T2 signal intensity, thus minimising signals from stomach and duodenum from interfering with signals from the biliary system. MRCP makes use of heavily T2-weighted MRI pulse sequences. These sequences show high signal in static or slow moving fluids within the gallbladder, biliary ducts and pancreatic duct, with low signal of surrounding tissue. Secretin is also given to a patient to increase ductal compliance, making imaging easier. History It was introduced by Wallner in 1991. Additional images See also Magnetic resonance myelography References Magnetic resonance imaging Digestive system imaging\",\n \"title\": \"Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73377843\",\n \"text\": \"Monitor peptide, also known as pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor I (PSTI-I) or pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor 61 (PSTI-61), is a peptide that plays an important role in the regulation of the digestive system, specifically the release of cholecystokinin (CCK). Function One of the primary functions of monitor peptide is to stimulate the release of CCK from the enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine. CCK then acts on the gallbladder to release bile and on the pancreas to release digestive enzymes, which help to further break down the food. This coordinated response helps to ensure efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients. Another function is to act as a competitive inhibitor of trypsin, which is a protease that can activate other proteases. It has been shown to prevent premature activation of pancreatic enzymes. Its role as a feedback regulator has been well-described for decades. Monitor peptide binds to intestinal epithelial cells and induces CCK-release, which enhances pancreatic secretion in the presence of nutritional protein in the duodenum. When all nutritional protein is digested, monitor peptide is bound by trypsin and subsequently degraded, resulting in decreasing CCK-release and a reduction of pancreatic secretion. History Monitor peptide was first discovered in 1984 by Fushiki et al. It was purified from rat bile-pancreatic juice and the peptide sequence was elucidated. Description Monitor peptide is composed of 61 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 6500 daltons and is basic (PI = 9.0), acid stable, and heat resistant. It is only found in the zymogen granules of pancreatic acinar cells. Similar to CCK-releasing peptide (CCK-RP), it is trypsin sensitive and stimulates CCK release. It is possible that it also stimulates the growth of intestinal epithelial cells. References Peptides Cholecystokinin\",\n \"title\": \"Monitor peptide\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20758684\",\n \"text\": \"One of the most common locations for a foreign body is the alimentary tract. It is possible for foreign bodies to enter the tract either from the mouth, or from the rectum. The objects most commonly swallowed by children are coins. Meat impaction, resulting in esophageal food bolus obstruction is more common in adults. Swallowed objects are more likely to lodge in the esophagus or stomach than in the pharynx or duodenum. Diagnosis If the person who swallowed the foreign body is doing well, usually an x-ray image will be taken which will show any metal objects, and this will be repeated a few days later to confirm that the object has passed all the way through the digestive system. Also it needs to be confirmed that the object is not stuck in the airways, in the bronchial tree. Treatment Most objects that are swallowed will, if they have passed the pharynx, pass all the way through the gastrointestinal tract unaided. However, sometimes an object becomes arrested (usually in the terminal ileum or the rectum) or a sharp object penetrates the bowel wall. If the foreign body causes problems like pain, vomiting or bleeding it must be removed. Swallowed batteries can be associated with additional damage, with mercury poisoning (from mercury batteries) and lead poisoning (from lead batteries) presenting important risks. While swallowed coins typically traverse the alimentary tract without further incident, care must be taken to monitor patients, as reaction of the metals in the coin with gastric acid and other digestive juices may produce various toxic compounds if the coin remains within the alimentary tract for a prolonged period of time. Endoscopic foreign body retrieval is the first-line treatment for removal of a foreign body from the alimentary tract. Glucagon has been used to treat esophageal foreign bodies, with the intent that it relaxes the smooth muscle of the lower esophageal spincter to allow the foreign body to pass into the stomach. However, evidence does not support a benefit of treatment with glucagon, and its use may result in side effects. Objective testing of passing small objects In 2018, an international team of six paediatric health-care professionals undertook a self-administered test, by swallowing a Lego piece (specifically, a Lego minifigure head) and checking when the pieces appeared. They developed a Stool Hardness and Transit (SHAT) score to normalise stool consistency over time, and resulted in a Found and Retrieved Time (FART) score. The principal finding of this study, the FART score (n = 5), ranged from 1.14 days (27 h 20 min) to 3.04 days (72 h 35 min), with an average retrieval time of 1.71 days. Their conclusion: \\\"This international, multicentre trial identified that small objects, such as those swallowed by children, are likely to pass in 1–3 days without complication. This should offer reassurance for parents.\\\" See also 101 Things Removed from the Human Body, 2003 British documentary detailing unusual foreign objects located and removed from patients, including examples found within the alimentary tract. Bezoar Rectal\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign body in alimentary tract\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"593400\",\n \"text\": \"In medicine, the fecal fat test is a diagnostic test for fat malabsorption conditions, which lead to excess fat in the feces (steatorrhea). Background In the duodenum, dietary fat (primarily triglycerides) is digested by enzymes such as pancreatic lipase into smaller molecules of 1,2-Diacylglycerols and free fatty acids, which can be absorbed through the wall of the jejenum of the small intestine and enter circulation for metabolism and storage. Since fat is a valuable nutrient, human feces normally contains very little undigested fat. However, a number of diseases of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract are characterized by fat malabsorption. Examples of such diseases are: disorders of exocrine pancreatic function, such as chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (these are characterized by deficiency of pancreatic digestive enzymes) celiac disease (in which the fat malabsorption in severe cases is due to inflammatory damage to the integrity of the intestinal lining) short bowel syndrome (in which much of the small intestine has had to be surgically removed and the remaining portion cannot completely absorb all of the fat). small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome Microscopy In the simplest form of the fecal fat test, a random fecal specimen is submitted to the hospital laboratory and examined under a microscope after staining with a Sudan III or Sudan IV dye (\\\"Sudan staining\\\"). Visible amounts of fat indicate some degree of fat malabsorption. Quantitative Quantitative fecal fat tests measure and report an amount of fat. This is usually done over a period of three days, the patient collecting all of their feces into a container. The container is thoroughly mixed to homogenize the feces, without using specific mixer equipment. A small sample from the feces is collected. The fat content is extracted with solvents and measured by saponification (turning the fat into soap). Normally, up to 7 grams of fat can be malabsorbed in people consuming 100 grams of fat per day. In patients with diarrhea, up to 12 grams of fat may be malabsorbed since the presence of diarrhea interferes with fat absorption, even when the diarrhea is not due to fat malabsorption. References Gastroenterology Feces Stool tests\",\n \"title\": \"Fecal fat test\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18292835\",\n \"text\": \"Biliary dyskinesia is a disorder of some component of biliary part of the digestive system in which bile cannot physically move in the proper direction through the tubular biliary tract. It most commonly involves abnormal biliary tract peristalsis muscular coordination within the gallbladder in response to dietary stimulation of that organ to squirt the liquid bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum. Ineffective peristaltic contraction of that structure produces postprandial (after meals) right upper abdominal pain (cholecystodynia) and almost no other problem. When the dyskinesia is localized at the biliary outlet into the duodenum just as increased tonus of that outlet sphincter of Oddi, the backed-up bile can cause pancreatic injury with abdominal pain more toward the upper left side. In general, biliary dyskinesia is the disturbance in the coordination of peristaltic contraction of the biliary ducts, and/or reduction in the speed of emptying of the biliary tree into the duodenum. Mechanism Normally, the downstream gallbladder stores and concentrates the bile which originates in liver hepatocyte cells and is released into the microscopic component of the biliary system by the liver. Through aggregating tubules of increasing diameter, the bile leaves the liver and reaches the upstream (proximal) component of the common bile duct. Apparently, the common bile duct beyond (distal to) the gallbladder tends to normally have a greater tone so that the bile backs up into the gallbladder. When bile enters the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), it aids in digesting the fat within food leaving the stomach. When the bile can not be properly propelled from the not-mechanically-obstructed gallbladder or can not flow out of the end of the common bile duct properly, there is a state of biliary dyskinesia. So, biliary dyskinesia is a dynamically (functional...not fixed mechanical) obstructive, pain-producing disorder. Obstruction by a stone or tumor is a static, mechanical obstruction and tends to produce a more intense pain known as biliary colic. Failure of the biliary sphincter of Oddi can be distinguished from failure of the pancreatic sphincter. Diagnosis Diagnosis may or may not be determined by an ultrasound, but most likely the disease and other biliary diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and bile duct are found by what is most commonly referred to as a hepatobiliary or HIDA scan. This type of imaging is known as cholescintigraphy. Cholescintigraphy Cholescintigraphy or hepatobiliary scintigraphy is scintigraphy of the hepatobiliary tract, including the gallbladder and bile ducts. The image produced by this type of medical imaging, called a cholescintigram, is also known by other names depending on which radiotracer is used, such as HIDA scan, PIPIDA scan, DISIDA scan, or BrIDA scan. Cholescintigraphic scanning is a nuclear medicine procedure to evaluate the health and function of the gallbladder and biliary system. A radioactive tracer is injected through any accessible vein and then allowed to circulate to the liver and starts accumulating in the gall bladder which can take up to an hour. A standard fatty meal (usually a high fat milk shake)\",\n \"title\": \"Biliary dyskinesia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71862633\",\n \"text\": \"John Richardson Young (1782 – June 8, 1804) was an American physician and considered one of the earliest pioneers of experimental physiology and biochemistry in the United States. Young was born in Hagerstown, Maryland to Ann and Samuel Richardson Young, a physician. His father came from County Down, Ireland and had been educated at Trinity College Dublin and the University of Edinburgh. His mother died in 1791 and Young went to Princeton where he graduated in 1799. He then practiced with his father at Hagerstown before joining Pennsylvania University where he graduated in 1803 with a thesis titled \\\"An Experimental Inquiry into the Principles of Nutrition and the Digestive Processes.\\\" Young's teachers included the physician Benjamin Rush and the chemist James Woodhouse. In his thesis, Young documented his experiments conducted on bull frogs and he rejected the contemporary idea that digestion involved fermentation or putrefaction and demonstrated that food was dissolved in the stomach by an acidic juice and that the mass then went to the duodenum where it mixed with bile and pancreatic juice. He however identified the gastric acid incorrectly as phosphoric acid and it was only ten years later that William Prout identified it as hydrochloric acid. Since he had used a frog as an experimental model, he was able to show that neither mastication nor heat had a major role in digestion. He died just a year later and it is believed that he and his sisters succumbed to tuberculosis. Dr Samuel Young, their father, lived to the age of 108. Young had been a founder of the American Linnean Society. References 1782 births 1804 deaths American physiologists University of Pennsylvania alumni\",\n \"title\": \"John Richardson Young\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3249926\",\n \"text\": \"Accessory pancreas is a rare condition in which small groups of pancreatic cells are separate from the pancreas. They may occur in the mesentery of the small intestine, the wall of the duodenum, the upper part of the jejunum, or more rarely, in the wall of the stomach, ileum, gallbladder or spleen. The condition was first described by Klob in 1859. Accessory pancreas is a small cluster of pancreas cells detached from the pancreas and sometimes found in the wall of the stomach or intestines. Diagnosis Pancreatic disorders are often accompanied by weakness and fatigue. The past Medical history may reveal previous disorders of the biliary tract or duodenum, abdominal trauma or surgery, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus. The medication history should be detailed and specifically include the use of thiazides, furosemide, estrogens, corticosteroids, sulfonamides, and opiates. Note a family history of pancreatic disorders. In the review of systems, obtain a complete description of any pain in the upper abdomen or epigastric area. Symptoms that may be important in relation to pancreatic disorders are pruritus, abdominal pain, dyspnea, nausea, and vomiting. The functional assessment includes data about the patient's dietary habits and use of alcohol. Note any restlessness, flushing, or diaphoresis during the examination. Vital signs may disclose low-grade fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, and hypotension. Inspect the skin for jaundice. Assess the abdomen for distention, tenderness, discoloration, and diminished bowel sounds. Tests and procedures used to diagnose pancreatic disorders include laboratory analyses of blood, urine, stool, and pancreatic fluid, and imaging studies. Specific blood studies used to assess pancreatic function include measurements of serum amylase, lipase, glucose, calcium, and triglyceride levels. Urine amylase and renal amylase clearance tests may also be ordered. Stool specimens may be analyzed for fat content. The secretin stimulation test measures the bicarbonate concentration of pancreatic fluid after secretin is given intravenously to stimulate the production of pancreatic fluid. Treatment Treatment of accessory pancreas depends on the location and extent of the injured tissue. Surgery may be an option, or some physicians order prophylactic antibiotics. References External links Digestive system Conditions diagnosed by stool test Congenital disorders of digestive system\",\n \"title\": \"Accessory pancreas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6999823\",\n \"text\": \"Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare cause of hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract. It is caused by a bleeding source in the pancreas, pancreatic duct, or structures adjacent to the pancreas, such as the splenic artery, that bleed into the pancreatic duct, which is connected with the bowel at the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. Patients with hemosuccus may develop symptoms of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, such as blood in the stools, maroon stools, or melena, which is a dark, tarry stool caused by digestion of red blood cells. They may also develop abdominal pain. It is associated with pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and aneurysms of the splenic artery. Hemosuccus may be identified with endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy), where fresh blood may be seen from the pancreatic duct. Alternatively, angiography may be used to inject the celiac axis to determine the blood vessel that is bleeding. This may also be used to treat hemosuccus, as embolization of the end vessel may terminate the hemorrhage. However, a distal pancreatectomy—surgery to remove of the tail of the pancreas—may be required to stop the hemorrhage. Signs and symptoms Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare entity, and estimates of its rate are based on small case series. It is the least frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (1/1500) and is most often caused by chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocysts, or pancreatic tumors. As a result, the diagnosis may easily be overlooked. The usual presentation of hemosuccus is the development of symptoms of upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding, such as melena (or dark, black tarry stools), maroon stools, or hematochezia, which is frank rectal bleeding. The source of hemorrhage is usually not determined by standard endoscopic techniques, and the symptoms of the condition are usually grouped as a cause of obscure overt gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Over one-half of patients with hemosuccus also develop abdominal pain, usually located in the epigastrium, or uppermost part of the abdomen. The pain is described as being \\\"crescendo-decrescendo\\\" in nature, meaning that it increases and decreases in intensity slowly with time. This is thought to be due to transient blockage of the pancreatic duct from the source of bleeding, or from clots. If the source of the bleeding also involves obstruction of the common bile duct (such as with some tumours of the head of the pancreas), the patient may develop jaundice, or \\\"silver stools\\\", an uncommon finding of acholic stools mixed with blood. Causes The causes of hemosuccus pancreaticus can be grouped into diseases of the pancreas and diseases of the vascular structures around the pancreas. Diseases of the pancreas include acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic duct stones, ruptured aneurysms of the splenic artery, and pseudoaneurysms of the splenic artery and hepatic artery. Pseudoaneurysms are complications of pancreatitis where a pseudocyst is formed, with one wall abutting an artery, usually the splenic artery. Should the arterial wall rupture, the pseudoaneurysm will hemorrhage into the pancreatic duct. Rarely the bleeding is not channeled into the bowel from the main pancreatic duct (or duct of\",\n \"title\": \"Hemosuccus pancreaticus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"306244\",\n \"text\": \"Intrinsic factor (IF), cobalamin binding intrinsic factor, also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells (in humans) or chief cells (in rodents) of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the distal ileum of the small intestine. In humans, the gastric intrinsic factor protein is encoded by the CBLIF gene. Haptocorrin (transcobalamin I) is another glycoprotein secreted by the salivary glands which binds to vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is acid-sensitive and in binding to haptocorrin it can safely pass through the acidic stomach to the duodenum. In the less acidic environment of the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes digest the glycoprotein carrier and vitamin B12 can then bind to intrinsic factor. This new complex is then absorbed by the epithelial cells (enterocytes) of the ileum. Inside the cells, vitamin B12 dissociates once again and binds to another protein, transcobalamin II; the new complex can then exit the epithelial cells to be carried to the liver. Site of secretion Intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells within the stomach, and so is present in the gastric juice as well as in the gastric mucous membrane. The optimum pH for its action is approximately 7. Its concentration does not correlate with the amount of HCl or pepsin in the gastric juice, e.g., intrinsic factor may be present even when pepsin is largely absent. The site of formation of the intrinsic factor varies in different species. In pigs it is obtained from the pylorus and beginning of the duodenum; in human beings it is present in the fundus and body of the stomach. The limited amount of normal human gastric intrinsic factor limits normal efficient absorption of B12 to about 2 μg per meal, a nominally adequate intake of B12. Insufficiency In pernicious anemia, which is usually an autoimmune disease, autoantibodies directed against intrinsic factor or parietal cells themselves lead to an intrinsic factor deficiency, malabsorption of vitamin B12, and subsequent megaloblastic anemia. Atrophic gastritis can also cause intrinsic factor deficiency and anemia through damage to the parietal cells of the stomach wall. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency can interfere with normal dissociation of vitamin B12 from its binding proteins in the small intestine, preventing its absorption via the intrinsic factor complex. Other risk factors contributing to pernicious anemia are anything that damages or removes a portion of the stomach's parietal cells, including bariatric surgery, gastric tumors, gastric ulcers, and excessive consumption of alcohol. Mutations in the GIF gene are responsible for a rare inheritable disease called intrinsic factor deficiency which results in malabsorption of vitamin B12. Treatment In most countries, intramuscular injections of vitamin B12 are used to treat pernicious anemia. Orally administered vitamin B12 is absorbed without intrinsic factor, but at levels of less than one percent than if intrinsic factor is present. Despite the low amounts absorbed, oral vitamin B12 therapy is effective at reducing symptoms of pernicious anemia. Vitamin B12 can also be given sublingually, but there is\",\n \"title\": \"Intrinsic factor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13880720\",\n \"text\": \"Biliary reflux, bile reflux (gastritis), duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER) or duodenogastric reflux is a condition that occurs when bile and/or other contents like bicarbonate, and pancreatic enzymes flow upward (refluxes) from the duodenum into the stomach and esophagus. Biliary reflux can be confused with acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). While bile reflux involves fluid from the small intestine flowing into the stomach and esophagus, acid reflux is backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus. These conditions are often related, and differentiating between the two can be difficult. Bile is a digestive fluid made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into duodenum after food is ingested to aid in the digestion of fat. Normally, the pyloric sphincter prevents bile from entering the stomach. When the pyloric sphincter is damaged or fails to work correctly, bile can enter the stomach and then be transported into the esophagus as in gastric reflux. The presence of small amounts of bile in the stomach is relatively common and usually asymptomatic, but excessive refluxed bile causes irritation and inflammation. Bile reflux has been associated with gastric cancer, chemical gastritis and the development of ulcers. Symptoms and signs Frequent heartburn Pain in the upper part of the abdomen Vomiting and/or regurgitating bile Hypersalivation Bile reflux can be asymptomatic when lying down or after eating, as bile reflux occurs physiologically. Diagnosis Bile reflux is usually associated with: Erosive esophagitis Barrett's esophagus Management Ursodeoxycholic acid is an adequate treatment of bile reflux gastritis. The dosage is usually of /day and for a 4 weeks treatment. Medications used in managing biliary reflux include bile acid sequestrants, particularly cholestyramine, which disrupt the circulation of bile in the digestive tract and sequester bile that would otherwise cause symptoms when refluxed; and prokinetic agents, to move material from the stomach to the small bowel more rapidly and prevent reflux. Surgery Biliary reflux may also be treated surgically, if medications are ineffective or if precancerous tissue is present in the esophagus. Epidemiology Obesity is an independent risk factor for development of bile reflux. Bile reflux is very infrequent in healthy individuals. References External links The damage of reflux Bile Reflux page at CNN Health:symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, prevention Diseases of oesophagus, stomach and duodenum\",\n \"title\": \"Biliary reflux\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"165423\",\n \"text\": \"Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food compounds into small water-soluble components so that they can be absorbed into the blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. Mechanical digestion takes place in the mouth through mastication and in the small intestine through segmentation contractions. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small compounds that the body can use. In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food. The saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food; the electrolyte hydrogencarbonate (), which provides the ideal conditions of pH for amylase to work; and other electrolytes (, , ). About 30% of starch is hydrolyzed into disaccharide in the oral cavity (mouth). After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. In infants and toddlers, gastric juice also contains rennin to digest milk proteins. As the first two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus and bicarbonates are secreted by the stomach. They provide a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of chemicals like concentrated hydrochloric acid while also aiding lubrication. Hydrochloric acid provides acidic pH for pepsin. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. Pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides or proteoses, which is further broken down into dipeptides and amino acids by enzymes in the small intestine. Studies suggest that increasing the number of chews per bite increases relevant gut hormones and may decrease self-reported hunger and food intake. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, partially digested food (chyme) enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic (about\",\n \"title\": \"Digestion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"481852\",\n \"text\": \"Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by the alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one consisting of 14 amino acids (shown in infobox to right), the other consisting of 28 amino acids. Among the vertebrates, there exist six different somatostatin genes that have been named: SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4, SS5 and SS6. Zebrafish have all six. The six different genes, along with the five different somatostatin receptors, allow somatostatin to possess a large range of functions. Humans have only one somatostatin gene, SST. Nomenclature Synonyms of \\\"somatostatin\\\" include: growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH) growth hormone release–inhibiting hormone (GHRIH) somatotropin release–inhibiting factor (SRIF) somatotropin release–inhibiting hormone (SRIH) Production Digestive system Somatostatin is secreted by delta cells at several locations in the digestive system, namely the pyloric antrum, the duodenum and the pancreatic islets. Somatostatin released in the pyloric antrum travels via the portal venous system to the heart, then enters the systemic circulation to reach the locations where it will exert its inhibitory effects. In addition, somatostatin release from delta cells can act in a paracrine manner. In the stomach, somatostatin acts directly on the acid-producing parietal cells via a G-protein coupled receptor (which inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus effectively antagonising the stimulatory effect of histamine) to reduce acid secretion. Somatostatin can also indirectly decrease stomach acid production by preventing the release of other hormones, including gastrin and histamine which effectively slows down the digestive process. Brain Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons project to the median eminence, where somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve endings into the hypothalamohypophysial system through neuron axons. Somatostatin is then carried to the anterior pituitary gland, where it inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from somatotrope cells. The somatostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus mediate negative feedback effects of growth hormone on its own release; the somatostatin neurons respond to high circulating concentrations of growth hormone and somatomedins by increasing the release of somatostatin, so reducing the rate of secretion of growth hormone. Somatostatin is also produced by several other populations that project centrally, i.e., to other areas of the brain, and somatostatin receptors are expressed at many different sites in the brain. In particular, populations of somatostatin neurons occur in the arcuate nucleus, the hippocampus, and the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract. Functions Somatostatin is classified as an inhibitory hormone, and is induced by low pH. Its actions are spread to different parts of the body. Somatostatin release is inhibited by the vagus nerve. Anterior pituitary In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are: Inhibiting the release of growth hormone (GH) (thus opposing the effects of growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH)) Inhibiting the release of\",\n \"title\": \"Somatostatin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1551570\",\n \"text\": \"Pancreatic enzymes, also known as pancreases or pancrelipase and pancreatin, are commercial mixtures of amylase, lipase, protease and lactase. They are used to treat malabsorption syndrome due to certain pancreatic problems. These pancreatic problems may be due to cystic fibrosis, surgical removal of the pancreas, long term pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or MODY 5, among others. The preparation is taken by mouth. Common side effects include vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea. Other side effects include perianal irritation and high blood uric acid. The enzymes are from pigs. Use is believed to be safe during pregnancy. The components are digestive enzymes similar to those normally produced by the human pancreas. They help the person digest fats, starches, and proteins. Pancreatic enzymes have been used as medications since at least the 1800s. They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2021, it was the 243rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions. Medical uses Pancrelipases are generally a first line approach in treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and other digestive disorders, accompanying cystic fibrosis, complicating surgical pancreatectomy, or resulting from chronic pancreatitis. The formulations are generally hard capsules filled with gastro-resistant granules. Pancrelipases and pancreatins are similar, except pancrelipases has an increased lipase component. Pancreatin is a mixture of several digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas. It is composed of amylase, lipase and protease. This mixture is used to treat conditions in which pancreatic secretions are deficient, such as surgical pancreatectomy, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. It has been claimed to help with food allergies, celiac disease, autoimmune disease, cancer and weight loss. Pancreatin is sometimes called \\\"pancreatic acid\\\", although it is neither a single chemical substance nor an acid. Pancreatin contains the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, amylase and lipase. A similar mixture of enzymes is sold as pancrelipase, which contains more active lipase enzyme than does pancreatin. The trypsin found in pancreatin works to hydrolyze proteins into oligopeptides; amylase hydrolyzes starches into oligosaccharides and the disaccharide maltose; and lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerols. Pancreatin is an effective enzyme supplement for replacing missing pancreatic enzymes, and aids in the digestion of foods in cases of pancreatic insufficiency. Pancreatin reduces the absorption of iron from food in the duodenum during digestion. Some contact lens-cleaning solutions contain porcine pancreatin extractives to assist in the intended protein-removal process. Side effects High doses over a long period of time are associated with fibrosing colonopathy. Due to this association a maximum dose of 10,000 IU of lipase per kilogram per day is recommended. Though never reported there is a theoretical risk of a viral infection as they are from pigs. Society and culture Brand names Brand names include Creon, Pancreaze, Pertzye, Sollpura (Liprotamase), Ultresa, and Zenpep. Legal status United States Longstanding pancreatic enzyme replacement products (PERPs)—some in use for a century or more—fell under a 2006 FDA requirement that pharmaceutical companies with porcine-derived PERP products submit a New Drug Application (NDA) for\",\n \"title\": \"Pancreatic enzymes (medication)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13986377\",\n \"text\": \"Gastric lipase, also known as LIPF, is an enzymatic protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LIPF gene. Function Gastric lipase is an acidic lipase secreted by the gastric chief cells in the fundic mucosa in the stomach. It has a pH optimum of 3–6. Gastric lipase, together with lingual lipase, comprise the two acidic lipases. These lipases, unlike alkaline lipases (such as pancreatic lipase), do not require bile acid or colipase for optimal enzymatic activity. Acidic lipases make up 30% of lipid hydrolysis occurring during digestion in the human adult, with gastric lipase contributing the most of the two acidic lipases. In neonates, acidic lipases are much more important, providing up to 50% of total lipolytic activity. Gastric lipase hydrolyzes the ester bonds of triglycerides in the stomach. Fatty acids and diacylglycerols are produced from this reaction. The long chain free fatty acids have the ability to prevent gastric lipase from hydrolyzing more triglycerides. In this case, gastric acid will be responsible for less than 30% of lipid hydrolysis. These enzymes are found in the cytoplasm and cell membranes of gastric cells. Gastric lipase is not the primary lipase needed for the majority of triglyceride hydrolysis. Outside of the stomach, gastric lipase can hydrolyze triacylglycerol in the duodenum with the help of other lipases and bile secretion. It is an essential enzyme for hydrolyzing milk fat globule membranes. For a newborn with an underdeveloped pancreas, LIPF plays a more important role in lipid digestion compared to an adult with a fully functioning pancreas. There is typically an increase in production of LIPF when the pancreas is unable to operate at its optimal potential. Low levels of LIPF are typically seen in the tumors of gastric cancer patients. Clinical significance Gastric lipase can partially compensate for the decrease in production of pancreatic lipase associated with pancreatic dysfunction, giving some means for the body to digest lipids. A limitation of acidic lipases is that they remove only one fatty acid from each triacylglycerol. The free fatty acid can readily cross the epithelial membrane lining the gastrointestinal tract, but the diacylglycerol cannot be transported across. This leaves the acidic lipases less efficient than alkaline lipases. Structure Gastric lipase is a polypeptide of 371 residues in length. The structure of gastric lipase was determined using X-ray diffraction with a resolution of 3.00 Å, and is composed of 41% helices and 14% beta sheets. Gastric lipase belongs to the α/β-hydrolase-fold family. It possesses a classical catalytic triad (Ser-153, His-353, Asp-324) and an oxyanion hole (backbone NH groups of Gln-154 and Leu-67) analogous to serine proteases. References External links\",\n \"title\": \"Gastric lipase\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50990100\",\n \"text\": \"Lundh's test is a test of function of the exocrine function of the pancreas gland. The exocrine role of the pancreas involves release of various digestive enzymes, including lipase and proteases, such as trypsin, in response to hormonal stimulation after eating. Disorders of the pancreas including chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and pancreatic cancer can lead to decreased pancreatic exocrine activity. Lundh's test involves placing a tube with multiple channels in to the duodenum. This tube has holes in the stomach and in the duodenum. A meal consisting of proteins, carbohydrates and fats is injected into the stomach. Typically a prokinetic medication such as metoclopramide is administered to accelerate passage of the food into the duodenum. A sample of the duodenal juice is taken at the 30 minute mark, and then every 30 minutes until the two hour mark. The activity of trypsin is measured and averaged among the 4 collections. A positive test is defined by low trypsin activity on the average of the samples, and is suggestive of decreased exocrine function of the pancreas. A positive Lundh's test is indicative of decreased exocrine function of the pancreas, but theoretically may be positive if there is lack of release of cholecystokinin. References Endocrinology Medical procedures\",\n \"title\": \"Lundh's test\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5114949\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a partial list of the \\\"A\\\" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (A02). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (A04). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes. The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM. – digestive system – biliary tract – bile ducts – extrahepatic bile ducts – common bile duct – Ampulla of Vater – Sphincter of Oddi – cystic duct – common hepatic duct – intrahepatic bile ducts – bile canaliculi – gallbladder – gastrointestinal tract – intestines – intestinal mucosa – enterocytes – goblet cells – paneth cells – large intestine – anal canal – cecum – appendix – colon – ascending colon – descending colon – sigmoid colon – transverse colon – rectum – small intestine – duodenum – Ampulla of Vater – Sphincter of Oddi – Brunner Glands – ileum – ileocecal valve – Meckel Diverticulum – jejunum – lower gastrointestinal tract – ileum – ileocecal valve – Meckel Diverticulum – large intestine – anal canal – cecum – appendix – colon – ascending colon – descending colon – sigmoid colon – transverse colon – rectum – jejunum – mouth – dentition – salivary glands – parotid gland – salivary ducts – minor salivary glands – sublingual gland – submandibular gland – von Ebner glands – tongue – lingual frenum – taste buds – pharynx – upper gastrointestinal tract – duodenum – Ampulla of Vater – Sphincter of Oddi – Brunner Glands – esophagus – esophageal mucosa – upper esophageal sphincter – esophagogastric junction – lower esophageal sphincter – stomach – cardia – esophagogastric junction – lower esophageal sphincter – gastric fundus – gastric mucosa – gastric chief cells – enterochromaffin cells – gastrin-secreting cells – gastric parietal cells – somatostatin-secreting cells – gastric stump – pyloric antrum – pylorus – liver – intrahepatic bile ducts – bile canaliculi – round ligament of liver – pancreas – islets of langerhans – glucagon-secreting cells – insulin-secreting cells – pancreatic polypeptide-secreting cells – somatostatin-secreting cells – exocrine pancreas – pancreatic ducts – Ampulla of Vater The list continues at List of MeSH codes (A04). A03\",\n \"title\": \"List of MeSH codes (A03)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23310498\",\n \"text\": \"Haptocorrin (HC) also known as transcobalamin-1 (TC-1) or cobalophilin is a transcobalamin protein that in humans is encoded by the gene. One essential function of haptocorrin is protection of the acid-sensitive vitamin B12 while it moves through the stomach. A second function is serum HC binding of the great majority of circulating vitamin B12, rendering it unavailable for take-up by cells. This is conjectured to be a circulating storage function. Functions Haptocorrin (HC), also commonly known as the R-protein, or the R-factor, or previously referred to as transcobalamin I, is a unique glycoprotein produced by the salivary glands of the oral cavity, in response to ingestion of food. This protein binds strongly to vitamin B12 in what is an intricate and necessary mechanism to protect this vitamin from the acidic environment of the stomach. Vitamin B12 is an essential water-soluble vitamin, the deficiency of which creates anemia (macrocytic anemia), decreased bone marrow cell production (anemia, pancytopenia), neurological problems, as well as metabolic issues (methylmalonyl-CoA acidosis). Vitamin B12 is therefore an important vitamin for the body to absorb. Despite its vital role however, vitamin B12 is structurally very sensitive to the hydrochloric acid found in the stomach secretions, and easily denatures in that environment before it has a chance to be absorbed by the small intestine. Found in fresh animal products (such as liver), vitamin B12 attaches haptocorrin, which has a high affinity for its molecular structure. Coupled together vitamin B12 and haptocorrin create a complex. This haptocorrin–B12 complex is impervious to the insult of the stomach acid, and passes on via the pylorus to the duodenum. In the duodenum pancreatic proteases (a component of pancreatic juice) cleave haptocorrin, releasing vitamin B12 in its free form. The same cells in the stomach that produce gastric hydrochloric acid, the parietal cells, also produce a molecule called the intrinsic factor (IF), which binds the B12 after its release from haptocorrin by digestion, and without which only 1% of vitamin B12 is absorbed. Intrinsic factor (IF) is a glycoprotein, with a molecular weight of 45 kDa. In the duodenum, the free vitamin B12 attaches to the intrinsic factor (IF) to create a vitamin B12–IF complex. This complex then travels through the small bowel and reaches the terminal tertiary portion of the small intestine, called the ileum. The ileum is the longest of all portions of the small intestine, and has on its surface specialized receptors called cubilin receptors, that identify the B12–IF complexes and take them up into the circulation via endocytosis-mediated absorption. Separate from the digestive absorption function, serum HC binds 80-90% of circulating B12, rendering it unavailable for cellular delivery by transcobalamin II. This is conjectured to be a circulating storage function. Several serious, even life-threatening diseases cause elevated serum HC, measured as abnormally high serum vitamin B12 while at the same time manifesting as a vitamin deficiency because of insufficent vitamin bound to transcobalamin II. References Further reading Digestive system\",\n \"title\": \"Haptocorrin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7643455\",\n \"text\": \"Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses. Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body. They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system. In a sense they are known to act as chemoreceptors, initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses. Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product (short chain fatty acid), acetate. Intestinal enteroendocrine cells Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract. Hormones secreted include somatostatin, motilin, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and enteroglucagon. The enteroendocrine cells sense the metabolites from intestinal commensal microbiota and, in turn, coordinate antibacterial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota. K cell K cells secrete gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage. K cells are mostly found in the duodenum. L cell L cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-2. L cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine (colon), but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum. I cell I cells secrete cholecystokinin (CCK), and have the highest mucosal density in the duodenum with a decreasing amount throughout the small intestine. They modulate bile secretion, exocrine pancreas secretion, and satiety. G cell Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, and stimulate gastric acid secretion. Enterochromaffin cell Enterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin. Enterochromaffin-like cell Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting histamine. N cell Located in a increasing manner throughout the small intestine, with the highest levels found in the in ileum, N cells release neurotensin, and control smooth muscle contraction. S cell S cells secrete secretin mostly from the duodenum, but also in decreasing amounts throughout the rest of the small intestine, and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion. D cell Also called Delta cells, D cells secrete somatostatin. Mo cell (or M cell) found in crypts of the small intestine, especially in the duodenum and jejunum. Different from the Microfold cells (M cells) that are in Peyer's patches. Secrete motilin Gastric enteroendocrine cells Gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the gastric glands, mostly at their base. The G cells secrete gastrin, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin-releasing peptide during parasympathetic stimulation to stimulate secretion. Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin\",\n \"title\": \"Enteroendocrine cell\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"5348207","text":"Synergistic enhancers of antiretrovirals usually do not possess any antiretroviral properties alone, but when they are taken concurrently with antiretroviral drugs they enhance the effect of that drug. Types One of these is an over-the-counter nutritional supplement and another two of these have been FDA approved (for other indications). The effects of these drugs, however, will require further evaluation before being clinically exploited. Chloroquine/quinoline antimalarials Chloroquine is being investigated as a synergistic enhancer of protease inhibitors. The mechanism underlying the effects of chloroquine on response to protease inhibitorsis inhibition of cellular drug efflux pumps. The effects of the antimalarial drugs, however, will require further evaluation before being clinically exploited. Grapefruit juice Grapefruit juice is a common natural plant extract. The enzyme CYP3A4, a member of the Cytochrome P450 enzyme family, is present mostly in the liver but also in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. One of the functions of CYP3A4 is to metabolise, or break down, foreign chemicals including many drugs used to treat HIV. Such enzymes present in the GI tract are a first line defense against toxic substances; this allows the body to metabolize away many chemicals before they enter the bloodstream. Grapefruit juice can neutralize CYP3A4 in the GI tract but not significantly in the liver. By pre-treating with grapefruit juice prior to taking protease inhibitors the GI intake and therefore the bioavailabity is increased. The effect, however, is unreliable and results may vary greatly, therefore it is not a standard recommended practice. Hydroxyurea Hydroxyurea (HU) is an older medication (an antimetabolite) used for sickle-cell anemia and some other hematologic disorders. It enhances ddI, and to a lesser extent AZT and ddC. One possible explanation is that HU causes cells to spend more time in the \"S\" phase checkpoint of cellular growth which allows ddI, AZT and ddC into the cell more. In addition HU inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme used to break down certain proteins to form the building blocks of DNA called dNTPs. When dNTPs are depleted the cell tries to absorb more but if ddI, AZT or ddC is present it absorbs that due to the similarity, the net effect is more ddI, AZT or ddC enters the cell. HU can result in bone marrow suppression, and there are warnings that using HU with ddI can increase the risk of pancreatitis. The Health and Human Services (HHS) panel in the US is recommending against the use of Hydroxyurea although some doctors are still using it for various reasons. Leflunomide Leflunomide has the trade name Arava. It enhances AZT through depleting a dNTP analogous to HU, RV and mycophenolic acid. Mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic acid is an inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)-inhibitor. It enhances abacavir but reduces the effect of AZT and d4T. Works analogous to HU and RV only the enzyme inhibited is IMPDH which leads to depletion of the dNTP named dGTP which causes cells to take up more abacavir. Mycophenolic acid is currently approved for used in organ transplantation as mycophenolate mofetil, trade","title":"Synergistic enhancer (antiretroviral)"},{"docid":"22346099","text":"Stool osmotic gap is a measurement of the difference in solute types between serum and feces, used to distinguish among different causes of diarrhea. Feces is normally in osmotic equilibrium with blood serum, which the human body maintains between 290–300 mOsm/kg. However, the solutes contributing to this total differ. Serum is mostly sodium and potassium salts (as reflected in the formulas for serum osmol gap and anion gap), while the digestive tract contains significant amounts of other compounds. Stool osmotic gap is a measure of the concentration of those other compounds. Stool osmotic gap is calculated as 290 mOsm/kg − 2 × (stool Na + stool K). 290 mOsm/kg is the presumed stool osmolality, and the measured concentration of sodium and potassium cations is doubled to account for the corresponding anions which must be present. A normal gap is between 50 and 100 mOsm/kg, corresponding to the concentration of other solutes such as magnesium salts and sugars. A low stool osmotic gap suggests secretory diarrhea, wherein the digestive tract is hyperpermeable and losing electrolytes, while a high gap suggests osmotic diarrhea, wherein the digestive tract is unable to absorb solutes from the chyme, either because the digestive tract is hypopermeable (e.g. due to inflammation), or non-absorbable compounds (e.g. Epsom salt) are present. The reason for this is that secreted sodium and potassium ions make up a greater percentage of the stool osmolality in secretory diarrhea, whereas in osmotic diarrhea, other molecules such as unabsorbed carbohydrates are more significant contributors to stool osmolality. High osmotic gap (>100 mOsm/kg) causes of osmotic diarrhea include celiac sprue, chronic pancreatitis, lactase deficiency, lactulose, osmotic laxative use/abuse, and Whipple's disease. Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg) causes of secretory diarrhea include toxin-mediated causes (cholera, enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli) and secretagogues such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (from a VIPoma, for example). Uncommon causes include gastrinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma (which produces excess calcitonin), factitious diarrhea from non-osmotic laxative abuse and villous adenoma. References Further reading Diseases of intestines","title":"Stool osmotic gap"},{"docid":"29358768","text":"The oxygen cocktail is a foamy substance containing a beverage drink (juice, milk, etc.) enriched in gaseous oxygen. The drink is used as part of oxygen therapy by a number of Soviet medical institutions; their research suggest that the drink, by supplying oxygen, allegedly reduces chronic fatigue syndrome and hypoxia and activates metabolism. History The oxygen cocktail was developed in the 1960s by the Russian academician N. N. Sirotinin. While researching the respiratory function of the stomach and the possibility of filling the body with oxygen through the digestive tract, Soviet doctors put probes into the patients' stomachs, through which the body could be filled with up to 2 liters of oxygen. Although the condition of the patients improved considerably, this method had to be abandoned because of discomfort caused by the probes. In an alternative treatment, a foam-forming liquid was filled with oxygen and transferred to the patient's mouth via a tube. Later, researches suggested adding the oxygen foam into food or drink. Such oxygen-enriched drinks received the name “oxygen cocktail” and were produced in sanatoriums and clinics. Since the 1970s, the method of making such drinks has undergone almost no changes, but the foam-forming ingredients and the ways of filling the cocktails with oxygen have been improved. Ingredients Juices (grape, cherry, raspberry, etc.), syrups, water, milk and fruit-drinks are often used as the base of the cocktail. Oily and sparkling liquids result in poor homogeneity of the foam. The base liquid might contain extracts of plants and herbs such as hawthorn, strawflower, motherwort and rose hip, which themselves are used in the clinical practices. An essential element of the oxygen cocktail is the foaming agent, such as gelatin egg white or liquorice. Initially, oxygen cocktails were made with egg white. However clinical trials proved that this ingredient resulted in allergenicity and unpleasant taste and could promote infectious diseases; thus it was replaced by liquorice, which is a foaming agent, tonic and sedative. Mechanism of action After entering the intestines, the oxygen from the cocktail allegedly absorbs into the blood, where it stimulates metabolism, blood circulation, redox and the immune system. The activated metabolism also stimulates the digesting of other cocktail's ingredients, thereby enhancing their medical action. Clinical research in Russia The use of oxygen cocktail for medical rehabilitation was allegedly studied at the gynecological department of medical rehabilitation of the \"Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology\". It was demonstrated that using the oxygen cocktails as a part of the complex therapy of adults, children and teenagers with inflammations of uterine appendages, optimized metabolism and activated antioxidants in the blood plasma, thereby improving the general condition of the patients. This result was confirmed in other Russian clinics. In 2005 the Research Center of Children's Health (Russian Academy of Medical Sciences) studied the efficiency of the oxygen cocktails as a part of the complex therapy of children and teenagers with chronic diseases of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Patients took 200 mL of the oxygen cocktail per day. It","title":"Oxygen cocktail"},{"docid":"12976","text":"Gastroenterology (from the Greek gastḗr- \"belly\", -énteron \"intestine\", and -logía \"study of\") is the branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders. The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract, sometimes referred to as the GI tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine as well as the accessory organs of digestion which include the pancreas, gallbladder, and liver. The digestive system functions to move material through the GI tract via peristalsis, break down that material via digestion, absorb nutrients for use throughout the body, and remove waste from the body via defecation. Physicians who specialize in the medical specialty of gastroenterology are called gastroenterologists or sometimes GI doctors. Some of the most common conditions managed by gastroenterologists include gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcer disease, gallbladder and biliary tract disease, hepatitis, pancreatitis, colitis, colon polyps and cancer, nutritional problems, and many more. History Citing from Egyptian papyri, John F. Nunn identified significant knowledge of gastrointestinal diseases among practicing physicians during the periods of the pharaohs. Irynakhty, of the tenth dynasty, 2125 B.C., was a court physician specializing in gastroenterology, sleeping, and proctology. Among ancient Greeks, Hippocrates attributed digestion to concoction. Galen's concept of the stomach having four faculties was widely accepted up to modernity in the seventeenth century. 18th century Italian Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–99) was among early physicians to disregard Galen's theories, and in 1780 he gave experimental proof on the action of gastric juice on foodstuffs. In 1767, German Johann von Zimmermann wrote an important work on dysentery. In 1777, Maximilian Stoll of Vienna described cancer of the gallbladder. 19th century In 1805, Philipp Bozzini made the first attempt to observe inside the living human body using a tube he named Lichtleiter (light-guiding instrument) to examine the urinary tract, the rectum, and the pharynx. This is the earliest description of endoscopy. Charles Emile Troisier described enlargement of lymph nodes in abdominal cancer. In 1823, William Prout discovered that stomach juices contain hydrochloric acid. In 1833, William Beaumont published Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion following years of experimenting on test subject Alexis St. Martin. In 1868, Adolf Kussmaul, a well-known German physician, developed the gastroscope. He perfected the technique on a sword swallower. In 1871, at the society of physicians in Vienna, Carl Stoerk demonstrated an esophagoscope made of two telescopic metal tubes, initially devised by Waldenburg in 1870. In 1876, Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer described the properties of some liver cells now called Kupffer cells. In 1883, Hugo Kronecker and Samuel James Meltzer studied oesophageal manometry in humans. 20th century In 1915, Jesse McClendon tested acidity of human stomach in situ. In 1921–22, Walter Alvarez did the first electrogastrography research. Rudolf Schindler described many important diseases involving the human digestive system during World War I in his illustrated textbook and is portrayed by some as the \"father of gastroscopy\". He","title":"Gastroenterology"},{"docid":"2332327","text":"Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs of digestion, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires endoscopy, followed by biopsy of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere. These factors also determine the prognosis. Overall, the GI tract and the accessory organs of digestion (pancreas, liver, gall bladder) are responsible for more cancers and more deaths from cancer than any other system in the body. There is significant geographic variation in the rates of different gastrointestinal cancers. Upper digestive tract Esophageal cancer Esophageal cancer is the sixth-most-common cancer in the world, and its incidence is increasing. Some three to five males are affected for each female. An \"esophageal cancer belt\", in which the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is more than a hundred times that of adjacent areas, extends from northeastern China through central Asia to northern Iran. Ethiopia also has a notably high incidence. There are two main types of esophageal cancer—adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Worldwide, the incidence of each type is about the same, but in developed countries like North America and Europe adenocarcinoma is the more common. Cancer of the esophagus is often detected late inasmuch as there are typically no early symptoms. Nevertheless, if the cancer is caught soon enough, patients can have a five-year survival rate of 90% or above. By the time esophageal cancer is usually detected, though, it might have spread beyond the esophageal wall, and the survival rate drops significantly. In China, the overall five-year survival rate for advanced esophageal cancer is about 20%, and in the United States it is about 15%. Stomach cancer Cancer of the stomach, also called gastric cancer, is the fourth-most-common type of cancer and the second-highest cause of cancer death globally. Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia) is a high-risk area for gastric cancer, and North America, Australia, New Zealand and western and northern Africa are areas with low risk. The most common type of gastric cancer is adenocarcinoma, which causes about 750,000 deaths each year. Important factors that may contribute to the development of gastric cancer include diet, smoking and alcohol consumption, genetic aspects (including a number of heritable syndromes) and infections (for example, Helicobacter pylori or Epstein-Barr virus) and pernicious anemia. Chemotherapy improves survival compared to best supportive care, however the optimal regimen is unclear. Pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cancer is the fifth most-common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, and the seventh most-common in Europe. In 2008, globally there were 280,000 new cases of pancreatic cancer reported and 265,000 deaths. These cancers are classified as endocrine or nonendocrine tumors. The most common is ductal adenocarcinoma.","title":"Gastrointestinal cancer"},{"docid":"752895","text":"A Meckel's diverticulum, a true congenital diverticulum, is a slight bulge in the small intestine present at birth and a vestigial remnant of the vitelline duct. It is the most common malformation of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in approximately 2% of the population, with males more frequently experiencing symptoms. Meckel's diverticulum was first explained by Fabricius Hildanus in the sixteenth century and later named after Johann Friedrich Meckel, who described the embryological origin of this type of diverticulum in 1809. Signs and symptoms The majority of people with a Meckel's diverticulum are asymptomatic. An asymptomatic Meckel's diverticulum is called a silent Meckel's diverticulum. If symptoms do occur, they typically appear before the age of two years. The most common presenting symptom is painless rectal bleeding such as melaena-like black offensive stools, followed by intestinal obstruction, volvulus and intussusception. Occasionally, Meckel's diverticulitis may present with all the features of acute appendicitis. Also, severe pain in the epigastric region is experienced by the person along with bloating in the epigastric and umbilical regions. At times, the symptoms are so painful that they may cause sleepless nights with acute pain felt in the foregut region, specifically in the epigastric and umbilical regions. In some cases, bleeding occurs without warning and may stop spontaneously. The symptoms can be extremely painful, often mistaken as just stomach pain resulting from not eating or constipation. Rarely, a Meckel's diverticulum containing ectopic pancreatic tissue can present with abdominal pain and increased serum amylase levels, mimicking acute pancreatitis. Complications The lifetime risk for a person with Meckel's diverticulum to develop certain complications is about 4–6%. Gastrointestinal bleeding, peritonitis or intestinal obstruction may occur in 15–30% of symptomatic people (Table 1). On rare occasions the diverticulum can herniate through the abdominal wall also known as a Littre hernia. Only 6.4% of all complications require surgical treatment, and untreated Meckel's diverticulum has a mortality rate of 2.5–15%. Table 1 – Complications of Meckel's Diverticulum: Bleeding Bleeding of the diverticulum is most common in young children, especially in males who are less than 2 years of age. Symptoms may include bright red blood in stools (hematochezia), weakness, abdominal tenderness or pain, and even anaemia in some cases. Bleeding may be caused by: Ectopic gastric or pancreatic mucosa: Where diverticulum contains embryonic remnants of mucosa of other tissue types. Secretion of gastric acid or alkaline pancreatic juice from the ectopic mucosa leads to ulceration in the adjacent ileal mucosa i.e. peptic or pancreatic ulcer. Pain, bleeding or perforation of the bowel at the diverticulum may result. Mechanical stimulation may also cause erosion and ulceration. Gastrointestinal bleeding may be self-limiting but chronic bleeding may lead to iron deficiency anaemia. The appearance of stools may indicate the nature of the bleeding: Tarry stools: Alteration of blood produced by slow bowel transit due to minor bleeding in upper gastrointestinal tract Bright red blood stools: Brisk bleeding Stools with blood streak: Anal fissure \"Currant jelly\" stools: Ischaemia of the intestine leads to copious mucus production","title":"Meckel's diverticulum"},{"docid":"4510252","text":"Digestive system surgery, or gastrointestinal surgery, can be divided into upper GI surgery and lower GI surgery. Subtypes Upper gastrointestinal Upper gastrointestinal surgery, often referred to as upper GI surgery, refers to a practice of surgery that focuses on the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. There are many operations relevant to the upper gastrointestinal tract that are best done only by those who keep constant practice, owing to their complexity. Consequently, a general surgeon may specialise in 'upper GI' by attempting to maintain currency in those skills. Upper GI surgeons would have an interest in, and may exclusively perform, the following operations: Pancreaticoduodenectomy Esophagectomy Liver resection Surgery on the digestive system's organs is referred to as digestive system surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, or gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. Nutrients from the food we eat are processed and absorbed by the digestive system. Surgery could be required to remedy or treat certain problems or diseases that affect the digestive tract. There are many different types of digestive system operations, some of the more popular ones being: 1. Appendectomy: The surgical removal of the appendix, typically as a result of acute appendicitis, an appendix inflammation. 2. Gastric bypass: A weight-loss procedure that includes separating the stomach into an upper pouch that is smaller and a lower pouch that is bigger. Then, a section of the stomach and small intestine are skipped in favor of rearranging the small intestine to link to both pouches. As a result, the stomach can contain less food and nutrients are not as well absorbed, which causes weight loss. 3. Cholecystectomy: Surgically removing the gallbladder, frequently as a result of painful gallstones or other problems. 4. Colectomy: The removal of the colon (large intestine) whole or in part. This procedure is typically done to address problems including colorectal cancer, diverticular disease, or inflammatory bowel disease. 5. Resection of the liver in part: This procedure is frequently carried out to treat liver tumors or to remove damaged liver tissue. 6. Esophagectomy: Removal of the esophagus in whole or in part, usually to treat esophageal cancer. 7. Pancreatic Surgery: procedures involving the pancreas, such as the Whipple surgery (pancreaticoduodenectomy), which is used to treat some forms of pancreatic cancer and other serious pancreatic diseases. 8. Hernia Repair: A hernia, which is the protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, is treated surgically. These operations can be carried out using conventional open surgical procedures or minimally invasive techniques like laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery, which require smaller incisions and result in quicker recoveries. Surgery of the digestive system is a complicated topic that calls for specialized education and experience. To make educated decisions regarding their healthcare, individuals must speak with a trained surgeon about their unique situation, treatment options, and potential hazards. References General surgery","title":"Digestive system surgery"},{"docid":"5115087","text":"The following is a partial list of the \"C\" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (C05). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (C07). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes. The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM. – digestive system diseases – biliary tract diseases – bile duct diseases – bile duct neoplasms – common bile duct neoplasms – biliary atresia – choledochal cyst – caroli disease – cholestasis – cholestasis, extrahepatic – cholestasis, intrahepatic – alagille syndrome – liver cirrhosis, biliary – cholangitis – cholangitis, sclerosing – common bile duct diseases – biliary dyskinesia – sphincter of oddi dysfunction – choledocholithiasis – common bile duct neoplasms – bile reflux – biliary tract neoplasms – bile duct neoplasms – common bile duct neoplasms – gallbladder neoplasms – cholelithiasis – cholecystolithiasis – choledocholithiasis – gallbladder diseases – cholecystitis – acalculous cholecystitis – cholecystitis, acute – emphysematous cholecystitis – cholecystolithiasis – gallbladder neoplasms – postcholecystectomy syndrome – digestive system abnormalities – anus, imperforate – barrett esophagus – biliary atresia – choledochal cyst – caroli disease – diaphragmatic eventration – esophageal atresia – hirschsprung disease – intestinal atresia – meckel diverticulum – digestive system fistula – biliary fistula – esophageal fistula – tracheoesophageal fistula – gastric fistula – intestinal fistula – rectal fistula – rectovaginal fistula – pancreatic fistula – digestive system neoplasms – biliary tract neoplasms – bile duct neoplasms – common bile duct neoplasms – gallbladder neoplasms – gastrointestinal neoplasms – esophageal neoplasms – gastrointestinal stromal tumors – intestinal neoplasms – cecal neoplasms – appendiceal neoplasms – colorectal neoplasms – colonic neoplasms – adenomatous polyposis coli – gardner syndrome – sigmoid neoplasms – colorectal neoplasms, hereditary nonpolyposis – rectal neoplasms – anus neoplasms – anal gland neoplasms – duodenal neoplasms – ileal neoplasms – immunoproliferative small intestinal disease – jejunal neoplasms – stomach neoplasms – zollinger-ellison syndrome – liver neoplasms – adenoma, liver cell – carcinoma, hepatocellular – liver neoplasms, experimental – pancreatic neoplasms – adenoma, islet cell – insulinoma – carcinoma, islet cell – gastrinoma – glucagonoma – somatostatinoma – vipoma – carcinoma, pancreatic ductal – peritoneal neoplasms – gastrointestinal diseases – esophageal diseases – barrett esophagus – deglutition disorders – esophageal motility disorders – crest syndrome – esophageal achalasia – esophageal spasm, diffuse – gastroesophageal reflux – plummer-vinson syndrome – diverticulosis, esophageal – esophageal and gastric varices – esophageal atresia – esophageal cyst – esophageal fistula – tracheoesophageal fistula – esophageal neoplasms – esophageal perforation – mallory-weiss syndrome – esophageal stenosis – esophagitis – esophagitis, peptic – gastroenteritis – appendicitis – cholera morbus – colitis – colitis, ischemic – colitis, microscopic – colitis, collagenous – colitis, lymphocytic – colitis, ulcerative – proctocolitis – dysentery – dysentery, amebic – dysentery, bacillary – enteritis – duodenitis – ileitis – pouchitis – enterocolitis – enterocolitis, necrotizing –","title":"List of MeSH codes (C06)"},{"docid":"5323147","text":"Pancreatic diseases are diseases that affect the pancreas, an organ in most vertebrates and in humans and other mammals located in the abdomen. The pancreas plays a role in the digestive and endocrine system, producing enzymes which aid the digestion process and the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. The most common pancreatic disease is pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas which could come in acute or chronic form. Other pancreatic diseases include diabetes mellitus, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, cystic fibrosis, pseudocysts, cysts, congenital malformations, tumors including pancreatic cancer, and hemosuccus pancreaticus. Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. There are two forms of pancreatitis, which are different in causes and symptoms, and require different treatment: Acute pancreatitis is a rapid-onset inflammation of the pancreas, most frequently caused by alcoholism or gallstones. Less frequent but important causes are hypertriglyceridemia, drugs, infections. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus The pancreas is central in the pathophysiology of both major types of diabetes mellitus. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, there is direct damage to the endocrine pancreas that results in insufficient insulin synthesis and secretion. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which begins with insulin resistance, is characterized by the ultimate failure of pancreatic β cells to match insulin production with insulin demand. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the inability to properly digest food due to a lack of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. EPI is found in humans affected by cystic fibrosis and Shwachman–Diamond syndrome. It is caused by a progressive loss of the pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. Chronic pancreatitis is the most common cause of EPI in humans. Loss of digestive enzymes leads to maldigestion and malabsorption of nutrients. Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis, is a hereditary disease that affects the entire body, causing progressive disability and early death. It is caused by a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The product of this gene helps create sweat, digestive juices, and mucus. The name cystic fibrosis refers to the characteristic 'fibrosis' (tissue scarring) and cyst formation within the pancreas, causing irreversible damage, and often resulting in painful inflammation (pancreatitis). Pseudocysts A pancreatic pseudocyst is a circumscribed collection of fluid rich in amylase and other pancreatic enzymes, blood and necrotic tissue, typically located in the lesser sac. Cysts A pancreatic cyst is a fluid filled sac within the pancreas. They can be benign or malignant. X-ray computed tomography (CT scan) findings of cysts in the pancreas are common, and often are benign. In a study of 2,832 patients without pancreatic disease, 73 patients (2.6%) had cysts in the pancreas. About 85% of these patients had a single cyst. Cysts ranged in size from 2 to 38 mm (mean, 8.9 mm). There was a strong correlation between the presence of cysts and age. No cysts were identified among patients less than 40 years of age, while 8.7 percent of the patients aged 80 to 89 years had a pancreatic cyst. Cysts","title":"Pancreatic disease"},{"docid":"3640445","text":"Blind loop syndrome, also known as stagnant loop syndrome, is a state that occurs when the normal bacterial flora of the small intestine proliferates to numbers that cause significant derangement to the normal physiological processes of digestion and absorption. In some cases of blind loop syndrome, overgrowth of pathogenic non-commensal bacteria has also been noted. It has long been understood that from birth, and throughout life, large amounts of bacteria reside symbiotically within animal gastrointestinal tracts such as the human gastrointestinal tract. The understanding of this gut flora has even led to novel treatments for bowel irregularity that utilize so called \"probiotics\" or good bacteria that aid in normal digestion. The problem of blind loop syndrome arises when the bacterial colonies residing in the upper gastrointestinal tract begin to grow out of control or are altered in their makeup thereby creating a burden on the normal physiological processes occurring in the small intestine. This results in problems, among others, of: vitamin B12 deficiency, fat malabsorption and steatorrhea, fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies and intestinal wall injury. Symptoms and signs Most of the symptoms of blind loop syndrome are non specific but nevertheless warrant the utmost attention. These include: Loss of appetite Nausea Flatulence Diarrhea Fullness after a meal Fatty stools (steatorrhea) Unintentional weight loss Generalised weakness As a result of the concomitant vitamin and mineral deficiencies that occur as a result of the malabsorption associated with blind loop syndrome patients with advanced cases should be investigated for: Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency Iron deficiency Vitamin E deficiency Causes Blind loop syndrome is a complication of surgical operations of the abdomen, as well as inflammatory bowel disease or scleroderma. Another cause is jejunoileal diverticula. Pathophysiology The overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine is prevented by various mechanical and chemical factors which include the constant peristaltic movement of contents along the length of the gastrointestinal tract and the antibacterial properties of gastric secretions, pancreatic secretions and bile. It follows that a disruption of any of these factors could lead to bacterial overgrowth and indeed blind loop syndrome has been found to occur in persons with anatomical anomalies that result in stagnation. Blind loop syndrome has also been associated with achlorhydria, dysmotility, fistulae, and strictures. Chronic or high dose opioid therapy may contribute to blind loop syndrome by reducing gastric motility. Due to the disruption of digestive processes by the overgrowth of intestinal bacteria; malabsorption of bile salts, fat and fat-soluble vitamins, protein and carbohydrates results in damage to the mucosal lining of the intestine by bacteria or via the production of toxic metabolites. Diagnosis A physical examination may reveal a mass or distention of the abdomen. Tests which may be useful for diagnosis include: Abdominal X-ray Abdominal CT scan Contrast enema study Treatment The treatment of blind loop syndrome follows two basic principles. When a patient presents with symptoms of blind loop syndrome, the treating physician basically has two recognized options for management: Test-and-treat Treat empirically Test-and-treat method Although it would seem to","title":"Blind loop syndrome"},{"docid":"20007653","text":"Trepibutone is a drug used for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Trepibutone promotes secretion of the bile and pancreatic juice, and accelerates flaccidity of the smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract to lower internal pressure of the gallbladder and bile duct. It improves the symptoms of the bile duct and pancreatic disease. It is usually used for improvement of cramp and bile secretion associated with cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, dyskinesia of the biliary tract or postcholecystectomy syndrome, or pain and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with chronic pancreatitis. References Hydroxyquinol ethers Piceol ethers Keto acids","title":"Trepibutone"},{"docid":"15636680","text":"In general surgery, a Roux-en-Y anastomosis, or Roux-en-Y, is an end-to-side surgical anastomosis of bowel used to reconstruct the gastrointestinal tract. Typically, it is between stomach and small bowel that is distal (or further down the gastrointestinal tract) from the cut end. Overview The name is derived from the surgeon who first described it (César Roux) and the stick-figure representation. Diagrammatically, the Roux-en-Y anastomosis looks a little like the letter Y. Typically, the two upper limbs of the Y represent (1) the proximal segment of stomach and the distal small bowel it joins with and (2) the blind end that is surgically divided off, and the lower part of the Y is formed by the distal small bowel beyond the anastomosis. Roux-en-Ys are used in several operations and collectively called Roux operations. When describing the surgery, the Roux limb is the efferent or antegrade limb that serves as the primary recipient of food after the surgery, while the hepatobiliary or afferent limb that anastomoses with the biliary system serves as the recipient for biliary secretions, which then travel through the excluded small bowel to the distal anastomosis at the mid jejunum to aid digestion. The altered anatomy can contribute to indigestion following surgery. The procedure has also been associated with an increased incidence of iron-deficiency anemia. Iron-deficiency anemia develops in up to 45% of people who have had a Roux-en-Y anastomosis. Operations that make use of a Roux-en-Y Some gastric bypasses for obesity. Multiple failed nissen fundoplication surgeries. Roux-en-Y reconstruction following partial or complete gastrectomy for stomach cancer. Roux-en-Y hepatico jejuno stomy used to treat (macroscopic) bile duct obstruction which may arise due to: a common bile duct tumour or hepatic duct tumour (e.g. resection of cholangiocarcinoma) a bile duct injury (e.g. cholecystectomy, iatrogenic, trauma) an infection/inflammation (e.g. pancreatic pseudocyst) Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy – indications same as Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Roux-en-Y pancreas transplant Roux-en-Y pancreas reconstruction after blunt abdominal trauma. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy or choledochojejunostomy with gastrojejunostomy as palliation for irresectable pancreatic head cancer. References External links Anastomoses – thefreedictionary.com. Digestive system surgery General surgery Stomach","title":"Roux-en-Y anastomosis"},{"docid":"9107326","text":"Gallbladder diseases are diseases involving the gallbladder and is closely linked to biliary disease, with the most common cause being gallstones (cholelithiasis). The gallbladder is designed to aid in the digestion of fats by concentrating and storing the bile made in the liver and transferring it through the biliary tract to the digestive system through bile ducts that connect the liver, gallbladder, and the Sphincter of Oddi. The gallbladder is controlled on a neurohormonal basis, with Cholecystokinin (CCK) leading to the contraction and release of bile into the bile ducts. Other hormones allow for the relaxation and further storing of bile. A disruption in the hormones, ducts, or gallbladder can lead to disease. Gallstones are the most common disease and can lead to other diseases, including Cholecystitis, inflammation of the gallbladder, and gallstone pancreatitis when the gallstone blocks the pancreatic duct. Treatment is considered for symptomatic disease and can vary from surgical to non-surgical treatment. About 104 million new cases of gallbladder and biliary disease occurred in 2013. Signs and symptoms Gallbladder disease presents chiefly with abdominal pain located in the right upper abdomen. This pain is described as biliary colic. Pain typically occurs suddenly and radiates to the right shoulder and back, depending on several factors, including specific diseases. It can either be constant or episodic and last from minutes to hours. This pain is described as biliary colic pain. Other common symptoms with gallbladder disease and biliary colic are nausea and vomiting. With conditions such as cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis, fever may be present. During the physical examination, the patient will present with Murphy's sign. This maneuver requires the physician to grab the lower part of the right ribs and curl their fingers under them. A positive test elicits pain with deep inspiration and is indicative of inflammation of the gallbladder, cholecystitis. With positive Murphy's sign, deep palpation of the abdomen also elicits pain. In these cases, physicians will need to rule out peritonitis, inflammation of the abdominal cavity. A negative Murphy's sign does not rule out all gallbladder diseases as ascending cholangitis. Using an ultrasound transducer supplanting a physician's hands during an abdominal ultrasound can detect a positive Murphy's sign. The sign also has over a 90% positive and negative predictive value for acute cholecystitis Gallstones Gallstones may develop in the gallbladder as well as elsewhere in the biliary tract. If gallstones in the gallbladder are symptomatic, surgical removal of the gallbladder, known as cholecystectomy may be indicated. Gallstones form when the tenuous balance of solubility of biliary lipids tips in favor of precipitation of cholesterol, unconjugated bilirubin, or bacterial degradation products of biliary lipids. For cholesterol gallstones, metabolic alterations in hepatic cholesterol secretion combine with changes in gallbladder motility and intestinal bacterial degradation of bile salts to destabilize cholesterol carriers in bile and produce cholesterol crystals. For black pigment gallstones, changes in heme metabolism or bilirubin absorption lead to increased bilirubin concentrations and precipitation of calcium bilirubinate. In contrast, mechanical obstruction of the biliary tract is the","title":"Gallbladder disease"},{"docid":"5988464","text":"Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown and storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. In animals, these fats are obtained from food and are synthesized by the liver. Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing these fats. The majority of lipids found in the human body from ingesting food are triglycerides and cholesterol. Other types of lipids found in the body are fatty acids and membrane lipids. Lipid metabolism is often considered the digestion and absorption process of dietary fat; however, there are two sources of fats that organisms can use to obtain energy: from consumed dietary fats and from stored fat. Vertebrates (including humans) use both sources of fat to produce energy for organs such as the heart to function. Since lipids are hydrophobic molecules, they need to be solubilized before their metabolism can begin. Lipid metabolism often begins with hydrolysis, which occurs with the help of various enzymes in the digestive system. Lipid metabolism also occurs in plants, though the processes differ in some ways when compared to animals. The second step after the hydrolysis is the absorption of the fatty acids into the epithelial cells of the intestinal wall. In the epithelial cells, fatty acids are packaged and transported to the rest of the body. Metabolic processes include lipid digestion, lipid absorption, lipid transportation, lipid storage, lipid catabolism, and lipid biosynthesis. Lipid catabolism is accomplished by a process known as beta oxidation which takes place in the mitochondria and peroxisome cell organelles. Lipid digestion Digestion is the first step to lipid metabolism, and it is the process of breaking the triglycerides down into smaller monoglyceride units with the help of lipase enzymes. Digestion of fats begin in the mouth through chemical digestion by lingual lipase. Ingested cholesterol is not broken down by the lipases and stays intact until it enters the epithelium cells of the small intestine. Lipids then continue to the stomach where chemical digestion continues by gastric lipase and mechanical digestion begins (peristalsis). The majority of lipid digestion and absorption, however, occurs once the fats reach the small intestines. Chemicals from the pancreas (pancreatic lipase family and bile salt-dependent lipase) are secreted into the small intestines to help breakdown the triglycerides, along with further mechanical digestion, until they are individual fatty acid units able to be absorbed into the small intestine's epithelial cells. It is the pancreatic lipase that is responsible for signalling for the hydrolysis of the triglycerides into separate free fatty acids and glycerol units. Lipid absorption The second step in lipid metabolism is absorption of fats. Short chain fatty acids can be absorbed in the stomach, while most absorption of fats occurs only in the small intestines. Once the triglycerides are broken down into individual fatty acids and glycerols, along with cholesterol, they will aggregate into structures called micelles. Fatty acids and monoglycerides leave the micelles and diffuse across","title":"Lipid metabolism"},{"docid":"64991255","text":"Nervous system CNS Encephalitis Myelitis Meningitis Arachnoiditis PNS Neuritis eye Dacryoadenitis Scleritis Episcleritis Keratitis Retinitis Chorioretinitis Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Uveitis ear Otitis externa Otitis media Labyrinthitis Mastoiditis Cardiovascular system Carditis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Vasculitis Arteritis Phlebitis Capillaritis Respiratory system upper Sinusitis Rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis lower Tracheitis Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonitis Pleuritis Mediastinitis Digestion system Mouth Stomatitis Gingivitis Gingivostomatitis Glossitis Tonsillitis Sialadenitis/Parotitis Cheilitis Pulpitis Gnathitis Gastrointestinal tract Esophagitis Gastritis Gastroenteritis Enteritis Colitis Enterocolitis Duodenitis Ileitis Caecitis Appendicitis Proctitis Accessory digestive organs Hepatitis Ascending cholangitis Cholecystitis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Integumentary system Dermatitis Folliculitis Cellulitis Hidradenitis Musculoskeletal system Arthritis Dermatomyositis soft tissue Myositis Synovitis/Tenosynovitis Bursitis Enthesitis Fasciitis Capsulitis Epicondylitis Tendinitis Panniculitis Osteochondritis: Osteitis/Osteomyelitis Spondylitis Periostitis Chondritis Urinary system Nephritis Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Reproductive system Female Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Parametritis Cervicitis Vaginitis Vulvitis Mastitis Male Orchitis Epididymitis Prostatitis Seminal vesiculitis Balanitis Posthitis Balanoposthitis Pregnancy/newborn Chorioamnionitis Funisitis Omphalitis Endocrine system Insulitis Hypophysitis Thyroiditis Parathyroiditis Adrenalitis Lymphatic system Lymphangitis Lymphadenitis Physiology Inflammations","title":"List of inflammatory disorders"},{"docid":"6405285","text":"Dietary indiscretion is the tendency for certain animals to feed on unusual items, or undergo drastic changes in feeding behaviour. The unusual items can include non-foodstuffs, such as garbage or foreign objects, or foodstuffs that are not normally consumed by the animal. The changes in feeding behaviour can include the ingestion of spoiled or raw food, or consuming abnormally large quantities of food. Dietary indiscretion is relatively uncommon in humans, but is especially prevalent in domesticated animals, such as dogs, as a result of their close contact with their human owners. In humans Dietary indiscretion is relatively uncommon in humans, except for people with certain psychological disorders. Eating disorders Certain eating disorders, such as binge-eating disorder and bulimia nervosa, involve compulsions to engage in episodes of binge eating. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a binge involves an episode of dietary indiscretion, where an abnormally large amount of food is consumed in a short period, and the individual feels that they do not have control over the amount they are eating. Dietary indiscretion is also characteristic of another eating disorder known as pica, which is characterized by an appetite for non-nutritive substances, such as paper, cloth, and soil. Diabetes The phrase \"dietary indiscretion\" is sometimes used by endocrinologists when discussing patients with diabetes mellitus. In particular, individuals with type 2 diabetes should avoid certain dietary items, including sugar-sweetened beverages, saturated and trans fats, and starches, such as white rice. When doctors are treating patients with diabetes, dietary indiscretion refers to the patient not following the dietary recommendations, and consuming foods that can potentially exacerbate the effects of their diabetes. For example, in a case study by J.S. Baird of Columbia University, when a patient presents to the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis, the first step for physicians is to determine whether or not the patient had performed dietary indiscretion, which could be a potential cause of the ketoacidosis. Other animals Dietary indiscretion frequently occurs in domesticated animals, especially in dogs. Dietary indiscretion involving the consumption of human food by domesticated dogs can be harmful and can result in conditions including acute inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) and acute gastritis. In addition to these conditions, dietary indiscretion can be harmful to animals if non-digestible items, such as bones, are consumed. These items cannot be digested, and as such they often become lodged in the intestinal tract, causing severe, often life-threatening, digestive distress. If the animal consumes a substance that is contaminated with bacteria or other toxic substances, garbage toxicosis, or \"garbage gut\", can result. Garbage toxicosis involves the bacteria (or other toxic substances) entering the digestive system, resulting in the production of toxins by the bloodstream. In dogs, garbage toxicosis results in symptoms similar to those in humans with gastroenteritis. These can include: bloody or watery diarrhea projectile vomiting abdominal pain and swelling fever lack of energy dehydration Garbage toxicosis can generally be diagnosed by veterinarians based on symptoms and physical examination. Occasionally, further tests, such as blood","title":"Dietary indiscretion"},{"docid":"41080840","text":"The gut–brain axis is the two-way biochemical signaling that takes place between the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the central nervous system (CNS). The \"microbiota–gut–brain axis\" includes the role of gut microbiota in the biochemical signaling events that take place between the GI tract and the CNS. Broadly defined, the gut–brain axis includes the central nervous system, neuroendocrine system, neuroimmune systems, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis), sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, vagus nerve, and the gut microbiota. Chemicals released in the gut by the microbiome can vastly influence the development of the brain, starting from birth. A review from 2015 states that the microbiome influences the central nervous system by \"regulating brain chemistry and influencing neuro-endocrine systems associated with stress response, anxiety and memory function\". The gut, sometimes referred to as the \"second brain\", may use the same type of neural network as the central nervous system, suggesting why it could have a role in brain function and mental health. The bidirectional communication is done by immune, endocrine, humoral and neural connections between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. More research suggests that the gut microorganisms influence the function of the brain by releasing the following chemicals: cytokines, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, chemokines, endocrine messengers and microbial metabolites such as \"short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans\". The intestinal microbiome can then divert these products to the brain via the blood, neuropod cells, nerves, endocrine cells and more to be determined. The products then arrive in the brain, putatively impacting different metabolic processes. Studies have confirmed communication between the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala (responsible for emotions and motivation), which acts as a key node in the gut-brain behavioral axis. While Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the only disease confirmed to be directly influenced by the gut microbiome, many disorders (such as anxiety, autism, depression and schizophrenia) have been linked to the gut-brain axis as well. The impact of the axis, and the various ways in which one can influence it, remains a promising research field which could result in future treatments for psychiatric, age-related, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. For example, according to a study from 2017, \"probiotics have the ability to restore normal microbial balance, and therefore have a potential role in the treatment and prevention of anxiety and depression\". The first of the brain–gut interactions shown, was the cephalic phase of digestion, in the release of gastric and pancreatic secretions in response to sensory signals, such as the smell and sight of food. This was first demonstrated by Pavlov through Nobel prize winning research in 1904. As of October 2016, most of the work done on the role of gut microbiota in the gut–brain axis had been conducted in animals, or on characterizing the various neuroactive compounds that gut microbiota can produce. Studies with humans – measuring variations in gut microbiota between people with various psychiatric and neurological conditions or when stressed, or measuring effects of","title":"Gut–brain axis"},{"docid":"51623631","text":"Lipase inhibitors belong to a drug class that is used as an antiobesity agent. Their mode of action is to inhibit gastric and pancreatic lipases, enzymes that play an important role in the digestion of dietary fat. Lipase inhibitors are classified in the ATC-classification system as A08AB (peripherally acting antiobesity products). Numerous compounds have been either isolated from nature, semi-synthesized, or fully synthesized and then screened for their lipase inhibitory activity but the only lipase inhibitor on the market (October 2016) is orlistat (Xenical, Alli). Lipase inhibitors have also shown anticancer activity, by inhibiting fatty acid synthase. Discovery of lipase inhibitors and their development Pancreatic lipase inhibitor was originally discovered and isolated from fermented broth of the Streptomyces toxytricini bacterium in 1981 and named lipstatin. It is a selective and potent irreversible inhibitor of human gastric and pancreatic lipases. Tetrahydrolipstatin, more commonly known as orlistat, is a saturated derivative produced by hydrogenation. It was developed in 1983 by Hoffmann-La Roche and is a more simple and stable compound than lipstatin. For that reason orlistat was chosen over lipstatin for development as an anti-obesity drug. It is the only available FDA-approved oral lipase inhibitor and is known on the market as Xenical and Alli. Initially orlistat was developed as a treatment for dyslipidemia, not as an anti-obesity agent. When researchers found out that it promotes less energy uptake, the focus was switched to obesity. Orlistat has a few adverse effects. Most reported side effects are gastrointestinal; including liquid stools, steatorrhea and abdominal pain. More severe and serious are interactions between orlistat and anticoagulants when given in combination. It can increase INR which can lead to insufficient anticoagulant treatment and bleeding. These adverse effects of orlistat are more common early in the therapy but usually decrease with time. Pancreatic lipases do not only affect the hydrolysis of triglycerides but are also necessary for hydrolysis of fat soluble vitamins. Due to this, the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins may decrease. Therefore, it is recommended to take a multiple-vitamin supplement during orlistat therapy. Cetilistat, a new lipase inhibitor, is an experimental drug for obesity. In October 2016 the drug was still in clinical trials. Cetilistat was developed to overcome the adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract of orlistat. It has a different structure but similar inhibition activity to the gastrointestinal lipase. However cetilistat interacts differently with the fat micelles from digested food, therefore it has less side effects and better tolerability. Mechanism of action The lipase inhibitors lipstatin and orlistat act locally in the intestinal tract. They are minimally absorbed in the circulation because of their lipophilicity. Hence, they do not affect systemic lipases. The mechanism of lipase inhibitors in fat digestion is shown in figure 1. These inhibitors bind covalently as an ester to the serine hydroxyl group at the active site on pancreatic- and gastric lipases and form a stable complex. This results in a conformational change in the enzyme which causes exposing of the catalytic active site. When the active site is","title":"Discovery and development of gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors"},{"docid":"1593643","text":"Hyperlipidemia is abnormally high levels of any or all lipids (e.g. fats, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids) or lipoproteins in the blood. The term hyperlipidemia refers to the laboratory finding itself and is also used as an umbrella term covering any of various acquired or genetic disorders that result in that finding. Hyperlipidemia represents a subset of dyslipidemia and a superset of hypercholesterolemia. Hyperlipidemia is usually chronic and requires ongoing medication to control blood lipid levels. Lipids (water-insoluble molecules) are transported in a protein capsule. The size of that capsule, or lipoprotein, determines its density. The lipoprotein density and type of apolipoproteins it contains determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism. Hyperlipidemias are divided into primary and secondary subtypes. Primary hyperlipidemia is usually due to genetic causes (such as a mutation in a receptor protein), while secondary hyperlipidemia arises due to other underlying causes such as diabetes. Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are common in the general population and are regarded as modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease due to their influence on atherosclerosis. In addition, some forms may predispose to acute pancreatitis. Classification Hyperlipidemias may basically be classified as either familial (also called primary) when caused by specific genetic abnormalities or acquired (also called secondary) when resulting from another underlying disorder that leads to alterations in plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Also, hyperlipidemia may be idiopathic, that is, without a known cause. Hyperlipidemias are also classified according to which types of lipids are elevated, that is hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia or both in combined hyperlipidemia. Elevated levels of Lipoprotein(a) may also be classified as a form of hyperlipidemia. Familial (primary) Familial hyperlipidemias are classified according to the Fredrickson classification, which is based on the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation. It was later adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO). It does not directly account for HDL, and it does not distinguish among the different genes that may be partially responsible for some of these conditions. Type I Type I hyperlipoproteinemia exists in several forms: Lipoprotein lipase deficiency (type Ia), due to a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or altered apolipoprotein C2, resulting in elevated chylomicrons, the particles that transfer fatty acids from the digestive tract to the liver Familial apoprotein CII deficiency (type Ib), a condition caused by a lack of lipoprotein lipase activator. Chylomicronemia due to circulating inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (type Ic) Type I hyperlipoproteinemia usually presents in childhood with eruptive xanthomata and abdominal colic. Complications include retinal vein occlusion, acute pancreatitis, steatosis, and organomegaly, and lipemia retinalis. Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia type II is further classified into types IIa and IIb, depending mainly on whether elevation in the triglyceride level occurs in addition to LDL cholesterol. Type IIa This may be sporadic (due to dietary factors), polygenic, or truly familial as a result of a mutation either in the LDL receptor gene on chromosome 19 (0.2% of the population) or the ApoB gene (0.2%). The familial form is characterized by tendon xanthoma, xanthelasma, and premature cardiovascular","title":"Hyperlipidemia"},{"docid":"6342648","text":"Enterostatin is a pentapeptide derived from a proenzyme in the gastrointestinal tract called procolipase. It reduces food intake, in particular fat intake, when given peripherally or into the brain. Function Enterostatin is created in the intestine by pancreatic procolipase, the other colipase serving as an obligatory cofactor for pancreatic lipase during fat digestion. Enterostatin can be created in the gastric mucosa and the mucosal epithelia in the small intestine. An increased high fat diets will cause the procolipase gene transcription and enterostatin to release into the gastrointestinal lumen. Enterostatin appears in the lymph and circulation after a meal. Enterostatin has been shown to selectively reduce fat intake during a normal meal. The testing has been successful with different species. Signaling pathway The signaling pathway of the peripheral mechanism uses afferent vagal to hypothalamic centers. The central responses are mediated through a pathway including serotonergic and opioidergic components. Inveterately, enterostatin cuts fat intake, bodyweight, and body fat. This reaction may involve multiple metabolic effects of enterostatin, which include a decrease of insulin secretion, a growth in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion. A possible pathophysiological role is indicated by studies that have associated low enterostatin output and/or responsiveness to breeds of rat that become obese and prefer dietary fat. Humans with obesity also exhibit a lower secretion from pancreatic procolipase after a test meal, compared with persons of normal weight. Effects Its effects include a reduction of insulin secretion, an increase in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion. At the end level, it initiates a sensation of fullness of stomach which could be the reason for its role in regulation of fat intake and reduction of body weight. For enterostatin to be utilized it needs the presence of CCK A receptors. Studies based on rats who lack these receptors have found them to be un-responsive to enterostatin. When rats have been injected with high doses of enterostatin into the brain the rats ate progressively less food as the dose was increased. In rats, examination of experiments involving the effects of peripheral or intracerebroventricular administration of enterostatin show this selectively slows down fat consumption. Medical trials Although enterostatin-like immunoreactivities exist in blood, brain, and gut, and exogenous enterostatins decrease fat appetite and insulin secretion in rats, the roles of these peptides in human obesity remain to be examined., References Digestive system Pentapeptides","title":"Enterostatin"},{"docid":"588652","text":"Chylomicrons (from the Greek χυλός, chylos, meaning juice (of plants or animals), and micron, meaning small), also known as ultra low-density lipoproteins (ULDL), are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides (85–92%), phospholipids (6–12%), cholesterol (1–3%), and proteins (1–2%). They transport dietary lipids, such as fats and cholesterol, from the intestines to other locations in the body, within the water-based solution of the bloodstream. ULDLs are one of the five major groups lipoproteins are divided into based on their density. A protein specific to chylomicrons is ApoB48. There is an inverse relationship in the density and size of lipoprotein particles: fats have a lower density than water or smaller protein molecules, and the larger particles have a higher ratio of internal fat molecules with respect to the outer emulsifying protein molecules in the shell. ULDLs, if in the region of 1,000 nm or more, are the only lipoprotein particles that can be seen using a light microscope, at maximum magnification. All the other classes are submicroscopic. Function Chylomicrons transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues. When a large portion of the triglyceride core has been hydrolyzed, chylomicron remnants are formed and are taken up by the liver, thereby also transferring dietary fat to the liver. Origin Pancreatic lipases digest dietary triglycerides in the lumen of the small intestine, forming monoglycerides and fatty acids. These lipids are absorbed into enterocytes via passive diffusion. Inside these cells, monoglycerides and fatty acids are transported to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER), where they are re-esterified to form triglycerides. These triglycerides, along with phospholipids and cholesterol, are added to apolipoprotein B48 to form immature chylomicrons. Immature chylomicrons are transported from the smooth ER to the Golgi apparatus via SAR1B proteins, where they are processed, resulting in mature chylomicrons. Mature chylomicrons are secreted through the basolateral membrane into the lacteals, where they join lymph to become chyle. The lymphatic vessels carry the chyle to the lymphatic ducts before they join the venous return of the systemic circulation via subclavian veins. From there, the chylomicrons supply the tissue with fat absorbed from the diet. It is important to note that, unlike digested carbohydrates (in the form of monosaccharides) and proteins (in the form of amino acids), digested lipids (in the form of chylomicrons) bypass the hepatic portal system, avoiding first pass metabolism. Stages The three stages of the chylomicron are nascent, mature, and remnant. Nascent chylomicrons Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase, resulting in a mixture of fatty acids and monoglycerides. These then pass from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte, where they are re-esterified to form triglycerides. The triglycerides are then combined with phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, and apolipoprotein B48 (ApoB48) to form a nascent chylomicron. These are then released by exocytosis from the enterocytes into the lacteals, lymphatic vessels originating","title":"Chylomicron"},{"docid":"730370","text":"The myenteric plexus (or Auerbach's plexus) provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input (although present ganglion cell bodies belong to parasympathetic innervation, fibers from sympathetic innervation also reach the plexus), whereas the submucous plexus provides secretomotor innervation to the mucosa nearest the lumen of the gut. It arises from cells in the vagal trigone also known as the nucleus ala cinerea, the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the tenth cranial nerve (vagus nerve), located in the medulla oblongata. The fibers are carried by both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves. The myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility. According to preclinical studies, 30% of myenteric plexus' neurons are enteric sensory neurons, thus Auerbach's plexus has also a sensory component. Structure A part of the enteric nervous system, the myenteric plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine. The ganglia have properties similar to the central nervous system (CNS). These properties include presence of glia, interneurons, a small extracellular space, dense synaptic neuropil, isolation from blood vessels, multiple synaptic mechanisms and multiple neurotransmitters. The myenteric plexus originates in the medulla oblongata as a collection of neurons from the ventral part of the brain stem. The vagus nerve then carries the axons to their destination in the gastrointestinal tract. They contain Dogiel cells. Function The myenteric plexus functions as a part of the enteric nervous system (digestive system). The enteric nervous system can and does function autonomously, but normal digestive function requires communication links between this intrinsic system and the central nervous system. The ENS contains sensory receptors, primary afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. The events that are controlled, at least in part, by the ENS are multiple and include motor activity, secretion, absorption, blood flow, and interaction with other organs such as the gallbladder or pancreas. These links take the form of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that connect either the central and enteric nervous systems or connect the central nervous system directly with the digestive tract. Through these cross connections, the gut can provide sensory information to the CNS, and the CNS can affect gastrointestinal function. Connection to the central nervous system also means that signals from outside of the digestive system can be relayed to the digestive system: for instance, the sight of appealing food stimulates secretion in the stomach. Neurotransmitters The enteric nervous system makes use of over 30 different neurotransmitters, most similar to those of the CNS such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. More than 90% of the body's serotonin lies in the gut; as well as about 50% of the body's dopamine, which is currently being studied to further our understanding of its utility in the brain. The heavily studied neuropeptide known as substance P is present in significant levels and may help facilitate the production","title":"Myenteric plexus"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"5348207\",\n \"text\": \"Synergistic enhancers of antiretrovirals usually do not possess any antiretroviral properties alone, but when they are taken concurrently with antiretroviral drugs they enhance the effect of that drug. Types One of these is an over-the-counter nutritional supplement and another two of these have been FDA approved (for other indications). The effects of these drugs, however, will require further evaluation before being clinically exploited. Chloroquine/quinoline antimalarials Chloroquine is being investigated as a synergistic enhancer of protease inhibitors. The mechanism underlying the effects of chloroquine on response to protease inhibitorsis inhibition of cellular drug efflux pumps. The effects of the antimalarial drugs, however, will require further evaluation before being clinically exploited. Grapefruit juice Grapefruit juice is a common natural plant extract. The enzyme CYP3A4, a member of the Cytochrome P450 enzyme family, is present mostly in the liver but also in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. One of the functions of CYP3A4 is to metabolise, or break down, foreign chemicals including many drugs used to treat HIV. Such enzymes present in the GI tract are a first line defense against toxic substances; this allows the body to metabolize away many chemicals before they enter the bloodstream. Grapefruit juice can neutralize CYP3A4 in the GI tract but not significantly in the liver. By pre-treating with grapefruit juice prior to taking protease inhibitors the GI intake and therefore the bioavailabity is increased. The effect, however, is unreliable and results may vary greatly, therefore it is not a standard recommended practice. Hydroxyurea Hydroxyurea (HU) is an older medication (an antimetabolite) used for sickle-cell anemia and some other hematologic disorders. It enhances ddI, and to a lesser extent AZT and ddC. One possible explanation is that HU causes cells to spend more time in the \\\"S\\\" phase checkpoint of cellular growth which allows ddI, AZT and ddC into the cell more. In addition HU inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme used to break down certain proteins to form the building blocks of DNA called dNTPs. When dNTPs are depleted the cell tries to absorb more but if ddI, AZT or ddC is present it absorbs that due to the similarity, the net effect is more ddI, AZT or ddC enters the cell. HU can result in bone marrow suppression, and there are warnings that using HU with ddI can increase the risk of pancreatitis. The Health and Human Services (HHS) panel in the US is recommending against the use of Hydroxyurea although some doctors are still using it for various reasons. Leflunomide Leflunomide has the trade name Arava. It enhances AZT through depleting a dNTP analogous to HU, RV and mycophenolic acid. Mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic acid is an inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)-inhibitor. It enhances abacavir but reduces the effect of AZT and d4T. Works analogous to HU and RV only the enzyme inhibited is IMPDH which leads to depletion of the dNTP named dGTP which causes cells to take up more abacavir. Mycophenolic acid is currently approved for used in organ transplantation as mycophenolate mofetil, trade\",\n \"title\": \"Synergistic enhancer (antiretroviral)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22346099\",\n \"text\": \"Stool osmotic gap is a measurement of the difference in solute types between serum and feces, used to distinguish among different causes of diarrhea. Feces is normally in osmotic equilibrium with blood serum, which the human body maintains between 290–300 mOsm/kg. However, the solutes contributing to this total differ. Serum is mostly sodium and potassium salts (as reflected in the formulas for serum osmol gap and anion gap), while the digestive tract contains significant amounts of other compounds. Stool osmotic gap is a measure of the concentration of those other compounds. Stool osmotic gap is calculated as 290 mOsm/kg − 2 × (stool Na + stool K). 290 mOsm/kg is the presumed stool osmolality, and the measured concentration of sodium and potassium cations is doubled to account for the corresponding anions which must be present. A normal gap is between 50 and 100 mOsm/kg, corresponding to the concentration of other solutes such as magnesium salts and sugars. A low stool osmotic gap suggests secretory diarrhea, wherein the digestive tract is hyperpermeable and losing electrolytes, while a high gap suggests osmotic diarrhea, wherein the digestive tract is unable to absorb solutes from the chyme, either because the digestive tract is hypopermeable (e.g. due to inflammation), or non-absorbable compounds (e.g. Epsom salt) are present. The reason for this is that secreted sodium and potassium ions make up a greater percentage of the stool osmolality in secretory diarrhea, whereas in osmotic diarrhea, other molecules such as unabsorbed carbohydrates are more significant contributors to stool osmolality. High osmotic gap (>100 mOsm/kg) causes of osmotic diarrhea include celiac sprue, chronic pancreatitis, lactase deficiency, lactulose, osmotic laxative use/abuse, and Whipple's disease. Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg) causes of secretory diarrhea include toxin-mediated causes (cholera, enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli) and secretagogues such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (from a VIPoma, for example). Uncommon causes include gastrinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma (which produces excess calcitonin), factitious diarrhea from non-osmotic laxative abuse and villous adenoma. References Further reading Diseases of intestines\",\n \"title\": \"Stool osmotic gap\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29358768\",\n \"text\": \"The oxygen cocktail is a foamy substance containing a beverage drink (juice, milk, etc.) enriched in gaseous oxygen. The drink is used as part of oxygen therapy by a number of Soviet medical institutions; their research suggest that the drink, by supplying oxygen, allegedly reduces chronic fatigue syndrome and hypoxia and activates metabolism. History The oxygen cocktail was developed in the 1960s by the Russian academician N. N. Sirotinin. While researching the respiratory function of the stomach and the possibility of filling the body with oxygen through the digestive tract, Soviet doctors put probes into the patients' stomachs, through which the body could be filled with up to 2 liters of oxygen. Although the condition of the patients improved considerably, this method had to be abandoned because of discomfort caused by the probes. In an alternative treatment, a foam-forming liquid was filled with oxygen and transferred to the patient's mouth via a tube. Later, researches suggested adding the oxygen foam into food or drink. Such oxygen-enriched drinks received the name “oxygen cocktail” and were produced in sanatoriums and clinics. Since the 1970s, the method of making such drinks has undergone almost no changes, but the foam-forming ingredients and the ways of filling the cocktails with oxygen have been improved. Ingredients Juices (grape, cherry, raspberry, etc.), syrups, water, milk and fruit-drinks are often used as the base of the cocktail. Oily and sparkling liquids result in poor homogeneity of the foam. The base liquid might contain extracts of plants and herbs such as hawthorn, strawflower, motherwort and rose hip, which themselves are used in the clinical practices. An essential element of the oxygen cocktail is the foaming agent, such as gelatin egg white or liquorice. Initially, oxygen cocktails were made with egg white. However clinical trials proved that this ingredient resulted in allergenicity and unpleasant taste and could promote infectious diseases; thus it was replaced by liquorice, which is a foaming agent, tonic and sedative. Mechanism of action After entering the intestines, the oxygen from the cocktail allegedly absorbs into the blood, where it stimulates metabolism, blood circulation, redox and the immune system. The activated metabolism also stimulates the digesting of other cocktail's ingredients, thereby enhancing their medical action. Clinical research in Russia The use of oxygen cocktail for medical rehabilitation was allegedly studied at the gynecological department of medical rehabilitation of the \\\"Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology\\\". It was demonstrated that using the oxygen cocktails as a part of the complex therapy of adults, children and teenagers with inflammations of uterine appendages, optimized metabolism and activated antioxidants in the blood plasma, thereby improving the general condition of the patients. This result was confirmed in other Russian clinics. In 2005 the Research Center of Children's Health (Russian Academy of Medical Sciences) studied the efficiency of the oxygen cocktails as a part of the complex therapy of children and teenagers with chronic diseases of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Patients took 200 mL of the oxygen cocktail per day. It\",\n \"title\": \"Oxygen cocktail\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12976\",\n \"text\": \"Gastroenterology (from the Greek gastḗr- \\\"belly\\\", -énteron \\\"intestine\\\", and -logía \\\"study of\\\") is the branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders. The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract, sometimes referred to as the GI tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine as well as the accessory organs of digestion which include the pancreas, gallbladder, and liver. The digestive system functions to move material through the GI tract via peristalsis, break down that material via digestion, absorb nutrients for use throughout the body, and remove waste from the body via defecation. Physicians who specialize in the medical specialty of gastroenterology are called gastroenterologists or sometimes GI doctors. Some of the most common conditions managed by gastroenterologists include gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcer disease, gallbladder and biliary tract disease, hepatitis, pancreatitis, colitis, colon polyps and cancer, nutritional problems, and many more. History Citing from Egyptian papyri, John F. Nunn identified significant knowledge of gastrointestinal diseases among practicing physicians during the periods of the pharaohs. Irynakhty, of the tenth dynasty, 2125 B.C., was a court physician specializing in gastroenterology, sleeping, and proctology. Among ancient Greeks, Hippocrates attributed digestion to concoction. Galen's concept of the stomach having four faculties was widely accepted up to modernity in the seventeenth century. 18th century Italian Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–99) was among early physicians to disregard Galen's theories, and in 1780 he gave experimental proof on the action of gastric juice on foodstuffs. In 1767, German Johann von Zimmermann wrote an important work on dysentery. In 1777, Maximilian Stoll of Vienna described cancer of the gallbladder. 19th century In 1805, Philipp Bozzini made the first attempt to observe inside the living human body using a tube he named Lichtleiter (light-guiding instrument) to examine the urinary tract, the rectum, and the pharynx. This is the earliest description of endoscopy. Charles Emile Troisier described enlargement of lymph nodes in abdominal cancer. In 1823, William Prout discovered that stomach juices contain hydrochloric acid. In 1833, William Beaumont published Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion following years of experimenting on test subject Alexis St. Martin. In 1868, Adolf Kussmaul, a well-known German physician, developed the gastroscope. He perfected the technique on a sword swallower. In 1871, at the society of physicians in Vienna, Carl Stoerk demonstrated an esophagoscope made of two telescopic metal tubes, initially devised by Waldenburg in 1870. In 1876, Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer described the properties of some liver cells now called Kupffer cells. In 1883, Hugo Kronecker and Samuel James Meltzer studied oesophageal manometry in humans. 20th century In 1915, Jesse McClendon tested acidity of human stomach in situ. In 1921–22, Walter Alvarez did the first electrogastrography research. Rudolf Schindler described many important diseases involving the human digestive system during World War I in his illustrated textbook and is portrayed by some as the \\\"father of gastroscopy\\\". He\",\n \"title\": \"Gastroenterology\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2332327\",\n \"text\": \"Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs of digestion, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires endoscopy, followed by biopsy of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere. These factors also determine the prognosis. Overall, the GI tract and the accessory organs of digestion (pancreas, liver, gall bladder) are responsible for more cancers and more deaths from cancer than any other system in the body. There is significant geographic variation in the rates of different gastrointestinal cancers. Upper digestive tract Esophageal cancer Esophageal cancer is the sixth-most-common cancer in the world, and its incidence is increasing. Some three to five males are affected for each female. An \\\"esophageal cancer belt\\\", in which the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is more than a hundred times that of adjacent areas, extends from northeastern China through central Asia to northern Iran. Ethiopia also has a notably high incidence. There are two main types of esophageal cancer—adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Worldwide, the incidence of each type is about the same, but in developed countries like North America and Europe adenocarcinoma is the more common. Cancer of the esophagus is often detected late inasmuch as there are typically no early symptoms. Nevertheless, if the cancer is caught soon enough, patients can have a five-year survival rate of 90% or above. By the time esophageal cancer is usually detected, though, it might have spread beyond the esophageal wall, and the survival rate drops significantly. In China, the overall five-year survival rate for advanced esophageal cancer is about 20%, and in the United States it is about 15%. Stomach cancer Cancer of the stomach, also called gastric cancer, is the fourth-most-common type of cancer and the second-highest cause of cancer death globally. Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia) is a high-risk area for gastric cancer, and North America, Australia, New Zealand and western and northern Africa are areas with low risk. The most common type of gastric cancer is adenocarcinoma, which causes about 750,000 deaths each year. Important factors that may contribute to the development of gastric cancer include diet, smoking and alcohol consumption, genetic aspects (including a number of heritable syndromes) and infections (for example, Helicobacter pylori or Epstein-Barr virus) and pernicious anemia. Chemotherapy improves survival compared to best supportive care, however the optimal regimen is unclear. Pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cancer is the fifth most-common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, and the seventh most-common in Europe. In 2008, globally there were 280,000 new cases of pancreatic cancer reported and 265,000 deaths. These cancers are classified as endocrine or nonendocrine tumors. The most common is ductal adenocarcinoma.\",\n \"title\": \"Gastrointestinal cancer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"752895\",\n \"text\": \"A Meckel's diverticulum, a true congenital diverticulum, is a slight bulge in the small intestine present at birth and a vestigial remnant of the vitelline duct. It is the most common malformation of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in approximately 2% of the population, with males more frequently experiencing symptoms. Meckel's diverticulum was first explained by Fabricius Hildanus in the sixteenth century and later named after Johann Friedrich Meckel, who described the embryological origin of this type of diverticulum in 1809. Signs and symptoms The majority of people with a Meckel's diverticulum are asymptomatic. An asymptomatic Meckel's diverticulum is called a silent Meckel's diverticulum. If symptoms do occur, they typically appear before the age of two years. The most common presenting symptom is painless rectal bleeding such as melaena-like black offensive stools, followed by intestinal obstruction, volvulus and intussusception. Occasionally, Meckel's diverticulitis may present with all the features of acute appendicitis. Also, severe pain in the epigastric region is experienced by the person along with bloating in the epigastric and umbilical regions. At times, the symptoms are so painful that they may cause sleepless nights with acute pain felt in the foregut region, specifically in the epigastric and umbilical regions. In some cases, bleeding occurs without warning and may stop spontaneously. The symptoms can be extremely painful, often mistaken as just stomach pain resulting from not eating or constipation. Rarely, a Meckel's diverticulum containing ectopic pancreatic tissue can present with abdominal pain and increased serum amylase levels, mimicking acute pancreatitis. Complications The lifetime risk for a person with Meckel's diverticulum to develop certain complications is about 4–6%. Gastrointestinal bleeding, peritonitis or intestinal obstruction may occur in 15–30% of symptomatic people (Table 1). On rare occasions the diverticulum can herniate through the abdominal wall also known as a Littre hernia. Only 6.4% of all complications require surgical treatment, and untreated Meckel's diverticulum has a mortality rate of 2.5–15%. Table 1 – Complications of Meckel's Diverticulum: Bleeding Bleeding of the diverticulum is most common in young children, especially in males who are less than 2 years of age. Symptoms may include bright red blood in stools (hematochezia), weakness, abdominal tenderness or pain, and even anaemia in some cases. Bleeding may be caused by: Ectopic gastric or pancreatic mucosa: Where diverticulum contains embryonic remnants of mucosa of other tissue types. Secretion of gastric acid or alkaline pancreatic juice from the ectopic mucosa leads to ulceration in the adjacent ileal mucosa i.e. peptic or pancreatic ulcer. Pain, bleeding or perforation of the bowel at the diverticulum may result. Mechanical stimulation may also cause erosion and ulceration. Gastrointestinal bleeding may be self-limiting but chronic bleeding may lead to iron deficiency anaemia. The appearance of stools may indicate the nature of the bleeding: Tarry stools: Alteration of blood produced by slow bowel transit due to minor bleeding in upper gastrointestinal tract Bright red blood stools: Brisk bleeding Stools with blood streak: Anal fissure \\\"Currant jelly\\\" stools: Ischaemia of the intestine leads to copious mucus production\",\n \"title\": \"Meckel's diverticulum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4510252\",\n \"text\": \"Digestive system surgery, or gastrointestinal surgery, can be divided into upper GI surgery and lower GI surgery. Subtypes Upper gastrointestinal Upper gastrointestinal surgery, often referred to as upper GI surgery, refers to a practice of surgery that focuses on the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. There are many operations relevant to the upper gastrointestinal tract that are best done only by those who keep constant practice, owing to their complexity. Consequently, a general surgeon may specialise in 'upper GI' by attempting to maintain currency in those skills. Upper GI surgeons would have an interest in, and may exclusively perform, the following operations: Pancreaticoduodenectomy Esophagectomy Liver resection Surgery on the digestive system's organs is referred to as digestive system surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, or gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. Nutrients from the food we eat are processed and absorbed by the digestive system. Surgery could be required to remedy or treat certain problems or diseases that affect the digestive tract. There are many different types of digestive system operations, some of the more popular ones being: 1. Appendectomy: The surgical removal of the appendix, typically as a result of acute appendicitis, an appendix inflammation. 2. Gastric bypass: A weight-loss procedure that includes separating the stomach into an upper pouch that is smaller and a lower pouch that is bigger. Then, a section of the stomach and small intestine are skipped in favor of rearranging the small intestine to link to both pouches. As a result, the stomach can contain less food and nutrients are not as well absorbed, which causes weight loss. 3. Cholecystectomy: Surgically removing the gallbladder, frequently as a result of painful gallstones or other problems. 4. Colectomy: The removal of the colon (large intestine) whole or in part. This procedure is typically done to address problems including colorectal cancer, diverticular disease, or inflammatory bowel disease. 5. Resection of the liver in part: This procedure is frequently carried out to treat liver tumors or to remove damaged liver tissue. 6. Esophagectomy: Removal of the esophagus in whole or in part, usually to treat esophageal cancer. 7. Pancreatic Surgery: procedures involving the pancreas, such as the Whipple surgery (pancreaticoduodenectomy), which is used to treat some forms of pancreatic cancer and other serious pancreatic diseases. 8. Hernia Repair: A hernia, which is the protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, is treated surgically. These operations can be carried out using conventional open surgical procedures or minimally invasive techniques like laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery, which require smaller incisions and result in quicker recoveries. Surgery of the digestive system is a complicated topic that calls for specialized education and experience. To make educated decisions regarding their healthcare, individuals must speak with a trained surgeon about their unique situation, treatment options, and potential hazards. References General surgery\",\n \"title\": \"Digestive system surgery\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5115087\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a partial list of the \\\"C\\\" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (C05). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (C07). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes. The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM. – digestive system diseases – biliary tract diseases – bile duct diseases – bile duct neoplasms – common bile duct neoplasms – biliary atresia – choledochal cyst – caroli disease – cholestasis – cholestasis, extrahepatic – cholestasis, intrahepatic – alagille syndrome – liver cirrhosis, biliary – cholangitis – cholangitis, sclerosing – common bile duct diseases – biliary dyskinesia – sphincter of oddi dysfunction – choledocholithiasis – common bile duct neoplasms – bile reflux – biliary tract neoplasms – bile duct neoplasms – common bile duct neoplasms – gallbladder neoplasms – cholelithiasis – cholecystolithiasis – choledocholithiasis – gallbladder diseases – cholecystitis – acalculous cholecystitis – cholecystitis, acute – emphysematous cholecystitis – cholecystolithiasis – gallbladder neoplasms – postcholecystectomy syndrome – digestive system abnormalities – anus, imperforate – barrett esophagus – biliary atresia – choledochal cyst – caroli disease – diaphragmatic eventration – esophageal atresia – hirschsprung disease – intestinal atresia – meckel diverticulum – digestive system fistula – biliary fistula – esophageal fistula – tracheoesophageal fistula – gastric fistula – intestinal fistula – rectal fistula – rectovaginal fistula – pancreatic fistula – digestive system neoplasms – biliary tract neoplasms – bile duct neoplasms – common bile duct neoplasms – gallbladder neoplasms – gastrointestinal neoplasms – esophageal neoplasms – gastrointestinal stromal tumors – intestinal neoplasms – cecal neoplasms – appendiceal neoplasms – colorectal neoplasms – colonic neoplasms – adenomatous polyposis coli – gardner syndrome – sigmoid neoplasms – colorectal neoplasms, hereditary nonpolyposis – rectal neoplasms – anus neoplasms – anal gland neoplasms – duodenal neoplasms – ileal neoplasms – immunoproliferative small intestinal disease – jejunal neoplasms – stomach neoplasms – zollinger-ellison syndrome – liver neoplasms – adenoma, liver cell – carcinoma, hepatocellular – liver neoplasms, experimental – pancreatic neoplasms – adenoma, islet cell – insulinoma – carcinoma, islet cell – gastrinoma – glucagonoma – somatostatinoma – vipoma – carcinoma, pancreatic ductal – peritoneal neoplasms – gastrointestinal diseases – esophageal diseases – barrett esophagus – deglutition disorders – esophageal motility disorders – crest syndrome – esophageal achalasia – esophageal spasm, diffuse – gastroesophageal reflux – plummer-vinson syndrome – diverticulosis, esophageal – esophageal and gastric varices – esophageal atresia – esophageal cyst – esophageal fistula – tracheoesophageal fistula – esophageal neoplasms – esophageal perforation – mallory-weiss syndrome – esophageal stenosis – esophagitis – esophagitis, peptic – gastroenteritis – appendicitis – cholera morbus – colitis – colitis, ischemic – colitis, microscopic – colitis, collagenous – colitis, lymphocytic – colitis, ulcerative – proctocolitis – dysentery – dysentery, amebic – dysentery, bacillary – enteritis – duodenitis – ileitis – pouchitis – enterocolitis – enterocolitis, necrotizing –\",\n \"title\": \"List of MeSH codes (C06)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5323147\",\n \"text\": \"Pancreatic diseases are diseases that affect the pancreas, an organ in most vertebrates and in humans and other mammals located in the abdomen. The pancreas plays a role in the digestive and endocrine system, producing enzymes which aid the digestion process and the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. The most common pancreatic disease is pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas which could come in acute or chronic form. Other pancreatic diseases include diabetes mellitus, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, cystic fibrosis, pseudocysts, cysts, congenital malformations, tumors including pancreatic cancer, and hemosuccus pancreaticus. Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. There are two forms of pancreatitis, which are different in causes and symptoms, and require different treatment: Acute pancreatitis is a rapid-onset inflammation of the pancreas, most frequently caused by alcoholism or gallstones. Less frequent but important causes are hypertriglyceridemia, drugs, infections. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus The pancreas is central in the pathophysiology of both major types of diabetes mellitus. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, there is direct damage to the endocrine pancreas that results in insufficient insulin synthesis and secretion. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which begins with insulin resistance, is characterized by the ultimate failure of pancreatic β cells to match insulin production with insulin demand. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the inability to properly digest food due to a lack of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. EPI is found in humans affected by cystic fibrosis and Shwachman–Diamond syndrome. It is caused by a progressive loss of the pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. Chronic pancreatitis is the most common cause of EPI in humans. Loss of digestive enzymes leads to maldigestion and malabsorption of nutrients. Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis, is a hereditary disease that affects the entire body, causing progressive disability and early death. It is caused by a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The product of this gene helps create sweat, digestive juices, and mucus. The name cystic fibrosis refers to the characteristic 'fibrosis' (tissue scarring) and cyst formation within the pancreas, causing irreversible damage, and often resulting in painful inflammation (pancreatitis). Pseudocysts A pancreatic pseudocyst is a circumscribed collection of fluid rich in amylase and other pancreatic enzymes, blood and necrotic tissue, typically located in the lesser sac. Cysts A pancreatic cyst is a fluid filled sac within the pancreas. They can be benign or malignant. X-ray computed tomography (CT scan) findings of cysts in the pancreas are common, and often are benign. In a study of 2,832 patients without pancreatic disease, 73 patients (2.6%) had cysts in the pancreas. About 85% of these patients had a single cyst. Cysts ranged in size from 2 to 38 mm (mean, 8.9 mm). There was a strong correlation between the presence of cysts and age. No cysts were identified among patients less than 40 years of age, while 8.7 percent of the patients aged 80 to 89 years had a pancreatic cyst. Cysts\",\n \"title\": \"Pancreatic disease\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3640445\",\n \"text\": \"Blind loop syndrome, also known as stagnant loop syndrome, is a state that occurs when the normal bacterial flora of the small intestine proliferates to numbers that cause significant derangement to the normal physiological processes of digestion and absorption. In some cases of blind loop syndrome, overgrowth of pathogenic non-commensal bacteria has also been noted. It has long been understood that from birth, and throughout life, large amounts of bacteria reside symbiotically within animal gastrointestinal tracts such as the human gastrointestinal tract. The understanding of this gut flora has even led to novel treatments for bowel irregularity that utilize so called \\\"probiotics\\\" or good bacteria that aid in normal digestion. The problem of blind loop syndrome arises when the bacterial colonies residing in the upper gastrointestinal tract begin to grow out of control or are altered in their makeup thereby creating a burden on the normal physiological processes occurring in the small intestine. This results in problems, among others, of: vitamin B12 deficiency, fat malabsorption and steatorrhea, fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies and intestinal wall injury. Symptoms and signs Most of the symptoms of blind loop syndrome are non specific but nevertheless warrant the utmost attention. These include: Loss of appetite Nausea Flatulence Diarrhea Fullness after a meal Fatty stools (steatorrhea) Unintentional weight loss Generalised weakness As a result of the concomitant vitamin and mineral deficiencies that occur as a result of the malabsorption associated with blind loop syndrome patients with advanced cases should be investigated for: Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency Iron deficiency Vitamin E deficiency Causes Blind loop syndrome is a complication of surgical operations of the abdomen, as well as inflammatory bowel disease or scleroderma. Another cause is jejunoileal diverticula. Pathophysiology The overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine is prevented by various mechanical and chemical factors which include the constant peristaltic movement of contents along the length of the gastrointestinal tract and the antibacterial properties of gastric secretions, pancreatic secretions and bile. It follows that a disruption of any of these factors could lead to bacterial overgrowth and indeed blind loop syndrome has been found to occur in persons with anatomical anomalies that result in stagnation. Blind loop syndrome has also been associated with achlorhydria, dysmotility, fistulae, and strictures. Chronic or high dose opioid therapy may contribute to blind loop syndrome by reducing gastric motility. Due to the disruption of digestive processes by the overgrowth of intestinal bacteria; malabsorption of bile salts, fat and fat-soluble vitamins, protein and carbohydrates results in damage to the mucosal lining of the intestine by bacteria or via the production of toxic metabolites. Diagnosis A physical examination may reveal a mass or distention of the abdomen. Tests which may be useful for diagnosis include: Abdominal X-ray Abdominal CT scan Contrast enema study Treatment The treatment of blind loop syndrome follows two basic principles. When a patient presents with symptoms of blind loop syndrome, the treating physician basically has two recognized options for management: Test-and-treat Treat empirically Test-and-treat method Although it would seem to\",\n \"title\": \"Blind loop syndrome\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20007653\",\n \"text\": \"Trepibutone is a drug used for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Trepibutone promotes secretion of the bile and pancreatic juice, and accelerates flaccidity of the smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract to lower internal pressure of the gallbladder and bile duct. It improves the symptoms of the bile duct and pancreatic disease. It is usually used for improvement of cramp and bile secretion associated with cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, dyskinesia of the biliary tract or postcholecystectomy syndrome, or pain and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with chronic pancreatitis. References Hydroxyquinol ethers Piceol ethers Keto acids\",\n \"title\": \"Trepibutone\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15636680\",\n \"text\": \"In general surgery, a Roux-en-Y anastomosis, or Roux-en-Y, is an end-to-side surgical anastomosis of bowel used to reconstruct the gastrointestinal tract. Typically, it is between stomach and small bowel that is distal (or further down the gastrointestinal tract) from the cut end. Overview The name is derived from the surgeon who first described it (César Roux) and the stick-figure representation. Diagrammatically, the Roux-en-Y anastomosis looks a little like the letter Y. Typically, the two upper limbs of the Y represent (1) the proximal segment of stomach and the distal small bowel it joins with and (2) the blind end that is surgically divided off, and the lower part of the Y is formed by the distal small bowel beyond the anastomosis. Roux-en-Ys are used in several operations and collectively called Roux operations. When describing the surgery, the Roux limb is the efferent or antegrade limb that serves as the primary recipient of food after the surgery, while the hepatobiliary or afferent limb that anastomoses with the biliary system serves as the recipient for biliary secretions, which then travel through the excluded small bowel to the distal anastomosis at the mid jejunum to aid digestion. The altered anatomy can contribute to indigestion following surgery. The procedure has also been associated with an increased incidence of iron-deficiency anemia. Iron-deficiency anemia develops in up to 45% of people who have had a Roux-en-Y anastomosis. Operations that make use of a Roux-en-Y Some gastric bypasses for obesity. Multiple failed nissen fundoplication surgeries. Roux-en-Y reconstruction following partial or complete gastrectomy for stomach cancer. Roux-en-Y hepatico jejuno stomy used to treat (macroscopic) bile duct obstruction which may arise due to: a common bile duct tumour or hepatic duct tumour (e.g. resection of cholangiocarcinoma) a bile duct injury (e.g. cholecystectomy, iatrogenic, trauma) an infection/inflammation (e.g. pancreatic pseudocyst) Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy – indications same as Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Roux-en-Y pancreas transplant Roux-en-Y pancreas reconstruction after blunt abdominal trauma. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy or choledochojejunostomy with gastrojejunostomy as palliation for irresectable pancreatic head cancer. References External links Anastomoses – thefreedictionary.com. Digestive system surgery General surgery Stomach\",\n \"title\": \"Roux-en-Y anastomosis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9107326\",\n \"text\": \"Gallbladder diseases are diseases involving the gallbladder and is closely linked to biliary disease, with the most common cause being gallstones (cholelithiasis). The gallbladder is designed to aid in the digestion of fats by concentrating and storing the bile made in the liver and transferring it through the biliary tract to the digestive system through bile ducts that connect the liver, gallbladder, and the Sphincter of Oddi. The gallbladder is controlled on a neurohormonal basis, with Cholecystokinin (CCK) leading to the contraction and release of bile into the bile ducts. Other hormones allow for the relaxation and further storing of bile. A disruption in the hormones, ducts, or gallbladder can lead to disease. Gallstones are the most common disease and can lead to other diseases, including Cholecystitis, inflammation of the gallbladder, and gallstone pancreatitis when the gallstone blocks the pancreatic duct. Treatment is considered for symptomatic disease and can vary from surgical to non-surgical treatment. About 104 million new cases of gallbladder and biliary disease occurred in 2013. Signs and symptoms Gallbladder disease presents chiefly with abdominal pain located in the right upper abdomen. This pain is described as biliary colic. Pain typically occurs suddenly and radiates to the right shoulder and back, depending on several factors, including specific diseases. It can either be constant or episodic and last from minutes to hours. This pain is described as biliary colic pain. Other common symptoms with gallbladder disease and biliary colic are nausea and vomiting. With conditions such as cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis, fever may be present. During the physical examination, the patient will present with Murphy's sign. This maneuver requires the physician to grab the lower part of the right ribs and curl their fingers under them. A positive test elicits pain with deep inspiration and is indicative of inflammation of the gallbladder, cholecystitis. With positive Murphy's sign, deep palpation of the abdomen also elicits pain. In these cases, physicians will need to rule out peritonitis, inflammation of the abdominal cavity. A negative Murphy's sign does not rule out all gallbladder diseases as ascending cholangitis. Using an ultrasound transducer supplanting a physician's hands during an abdominal ultrasound can detect a positive Murphy's sign. The sign also has over a 90% positive and negative predictive value for acute cholecystitis Gallstones Gallstones may develop in the gallbladder as well as elsewhere in the biliary tract. If gallstones in the gallbladder are symptomatic, surgical removal of the gallbladder, known as cholecystectomy may be indicated. Gallstones form when the tenuous balance of solubility of biliary lipids tips in favor of precipitation of cholesterol, unconjugated bilirubin, or bacterial degradation products of biliary lipids. For cholesterol gallstones, metabolic alterations in hepatic cholesterol secretion combine with changes in gallbladder motility and intestinal bacterial degradation of bile salts to destabilize cholesterol carriers in bile and produce cholesterol crystals. For black pigment gallstones, changes in heme metabolism or bilirubin absorption lead to increased bilirubin concentrations and precipitation of calcium bilirubinate. In contrast, mechanical obstruction of the biliary tract is the\",\n \"title\": \"Gallbladder disease\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5988464\",\n \"text\": \"Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown and storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. In animals, these fats are obtained from food and are synthesized by the liver. Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing these fats. The majority of lipids found in the human body from ingesting food are triglycerides and cholesterol. Other types of lipids found in the body are fatty acids and membrane lipids. Lipid metabolism is often considered the digestion and absorption process of dietary fat; however, there are two sources of fats that organisms can use to obtain energy: from consumed dietary fats and from stored fat. Vertebrates (including humans) use both sources of fat to produce energy for organs such as the heart to function. Since lipids are hydrophobic molecules, they need to be solubilized before their metabolism can begin. Lipid metabolism often begins with hydrolysis, which occurs with the help of various enzymes in the digestive system. Lipid metabolism also occurs in plants, though the processes differ in some ways when compared to animals. The second step after the hydrolysis is the absorption of the fatty acids into the epithelial cells of the intestinal wall. In the epithelial cells, fatty acids are packaged and transported to the rest of the body. Metabolic processes include lipid digestion, lipid absorption, lipid transportation, lipid storage, lipid catabolism, and lipid biosynthesis. Lipid catabolism is accomplished by a process known as beta oxidation which takes place in the mitochondria and peroxisome cell organelles. Lipid digestion Digestion is the first step to lipid metabolism, and it is the process of breaking the triglycerides down into smaller monoglyceride units with the help of lipase enzymes. Digestion of fats begin in the mouth through chemical digestion by lingual lipase. Ingested cholesterol is not broken down by the lipases and stays intact until it enters the epithelium cells of the small intestine. Lipids then continue to the stomach where chemical digestion continues by gastric lipase and mechanical digestion begins (peristalsis). The majority of lipid digestion and absorption, however, occurs once the fats reach the small intestines. Chemicals from the pancreas (pancreatic lipase family and bile salt-dependent lipase) are secreted into the small intestines to help breakdown the triglycerides, along with further mechanical digestion, until they are individual fatty acid units able to be absorbed into the small intestine's epithelial cells. It is the pancreatic lipase that is responsible for signalling for the hydrolysis of the triglycerides into separate free fatty acids and glycerol units. Lipid absorption The second step in lipid metabolism is absorption of fats. Short chain fatty acids can be absorbed in the stomach, while most absorption of fats occurs only in the small intestines. Once the triglycerides are broken down into individual fatty acids and glycerols, along with cholesterol, they will aggregate into structures called micelles. Fatty acids and monoglycerides leave the micelles and diffuse across\",\n \"title\": \"Lipid metabolism\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64991255\",\n \"text\": \"Nervous system CNS Encephalitis Myelitis Meningitis Arachnoiditis PNS Neuritis eye Dacryoadenitis Scleritis Episcleritis Keratitis Retinitis Chorioretinitis Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Uveitis ear Otitis externa Otitis media Labyrinthitis Mastoiditis Cardiovascular system Carditis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Vasculitis Arteritis Phlebitis Capillaritis Respiratory system upper Sinusitis Rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis lower Tracheitis Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonitis Pleuritis Mediastinitis Digestion system Mouth Stomatitis Gingivitis Gingivostomatitis Glossitis Tonsillitis Sialadenitis/Parotitis Cheilitis Pulpitis Gnathitis Gastrointestinal tract Esophagitis Gastritis Gastroenteritis Enteritis Colitis Enterocolitis Duodenitis Ileitis Caecitis Appendicitis Proctitis Accessory digestive organs Hepatitis Ascending cholangitis Cholecystitis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Integumentary system Dermatitis Folliculitis Cellulitis Hidradenitis Musculoskeletal system Arthritis Dermatomyositis soft tissue Myositis Synovitis/Tenosynovitis Bursitis Enthesitis Fasciitis Capsulitis Epicondylitis Tendinitis Panniculitis Osteochondritis: Osteitis/Osteomyelitis Spondylitis Periostitis Chondritis Urinary system Nephritis Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Reproductive system Female Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Parametritis Cervicitis Vaginitis Vulvitis Mastitis Male Orchitis Epididymitis Prostatitis Seminal vesiculitis Balanitis Posthitis Balanoposthitis Pregnancy/newborn Chorioamnionitis Funisitis Omphalitis Endocrine system Insulitis Hypophysitis Thyroiditis Parathyroiditis Adrenalitis Lymphatic system Lymphangitis Lymphadenitis Physiology Inflammations\",\n \"title\": \"List of inflammatory disorders\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6405285\",\n \"text\": \"Dietary indiscretion is the tendency for certain animals to feed on unusual items, or undergo drastic changes in feeding behaviour. The unusual items can include non-foodstuffs, such as garbage or foreign objects, or foodstuffs that are not normally consumed by the animal. The changes in feeding behaviour can include the ingestion of spoiled or raw food, or consuming abnormally large quantities of food. Dietary indiscretion is relatively uncommon in humans, but is especially prevalent in domesticated animals, such as dogs, as a result of their close contact with their human owners. In humans Dietary indiscretion is relatively uncommon in humans, except for people with certain psychological disorders. Eating disorders Certain eating disorders, such as binge-eating disorder and bulimia nervosa, involve compulsions to engage in episodes of binge eating. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a binge involves an episode of dietary indiscretion, where an abnormally large amount of food is consumed in a short period, and the individual feels that they do not have control over the amount they are eating. Dietary indiscretion is also characteristic of another eating disorder known as pica, which is characterized by an appetite for non-nutritive substances, such as paper, cloth, and soil. Diabetes The phrase \\\"dietary indiscretion\\\" is sometimes used by endocrinologists when discussing patients with diabetes mellitus. In particular, individuals with type 2 diabetes should avoid certain dietary items, including sugar-sweetened beverages, saturated and trans fats, and starches, such as white rice. When doctors are treating patients with diabetes, dietary indiscretion refers to the patient not following the dietary recommendations, and consuming foods that can potentially exacerbate the effects of their diabetes. For example, in a case study by J.S. Baird of Columbia University, when a patient presents to the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis, the first step for physicians is to determine whether or not the patient had performed dietary indiscretion, which could be a potential cause of the ketoacidosis. Other animals Dietary indiscretion frequently occurs in domesticated animals, especially in dogs. Dietary indiscretion involving the consumption of human food by domesticated dogs can be harmful and can result in conditions including acute inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) and acute gastritis. In addition to these conditions, dietary indiscretion can be harmful to animals if non-digestible items, such as bones, are consumed. These items cannot be digested, and as such they often become lodged in the intestinal tract, causing severe, often life-threatening, digestive distress. If the animal consumes a substance that is contaminated with bacteria or other toxic substances, garbage toxicosis, or \\\"garbage gut\\\", can result. Garbage toxicosis involves the bacteria (or other toxic substances) entering the digestive system, resulting in the production of toxins by the bloodstream. In dogs, garbage toxicosis results in symptoms similar to those in humans with gastroenteritis. These can include: bloody or watery diarrhea projectile vomiting abdominal pain and swelling fever lack of energy dehydration Garbage toxicosis can generally be diagnosed by veterinarians based on symptoms and physical examination. Occasionally, further tests, such as blood\",\n \"title\": \"Dietary indiscretion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41080840\",\n \"text\": \"The gut–brain axis is the two-way biochemical signaling that takes place between the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the central nervous system (CNS). The \\\"microbiota–gut–brain axis\\\" includes the role of gut microbiota in the biochemical signaling events that take place between the GI tract and the CNS. Broadly defined, the gut–brain axis includes the central nervous system, neuroendocrine system, neuroimmune systems, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis), sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, vagus nerve, and the gut microbiota. Chemicals released in the gut by the microbiome can vastly influence the development of the brain, starting from birth. A review from 2015 states that the microbiome influences the central nervous system by \\\"regulating brain chemistry and influencing neuro-endocrine systems associated with stress response, anxiety and memory function\\\". The gut, sometimes referred to as the \\\"second brain\\\", may use the same type of neural network as the central nervous system, suggesting why it could have a role in brain function and mental health. The bidirectional communication is done by immune, endocrine, humoral and neural connections between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. More research suggests that the gut microorganisms influence the function of the brain by releasing the following chemicals: cytokines, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, chemokines, endocrine messengers and microbial metabolites such as \\\"short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans\\\". The intestinal microbiome can then divert these products to the brain via the blood, neuropod cells, nerves, endocrine cells and more to be determined. The products then arrive in the brain, putatively impacting different metabolic processes. Studies have confirmed communication between the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala (responsible for emotions and motivation), which acts as a key node in the gut-brain behavioral axis. While Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the only disease confirmed to be directly influenced by the gut microbiome, many disorders (such as anxiety, autism, depression and schizophrenia) have been linked to the gut-brain axis as well. The impact of the axis, and the various ways in which one can influence it, remains a promising research field which could result in future treatments for psychiatric, age-related, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. For example, according to a study from 2017, \\\"probiotics have the ability to restore normal microbial balance, and therefore have a potential role in the treatment and prevention of anxiety and depression\\\". The first of the brain–gut interactions shown, was the cephalic phase of digestion, in the release of gastric and pancreatic secretions in response to sensory signals, such as the smell and sight of food. This was first demonstrated by Pavlov through Nobel prize winning research in 1904. As of October 2016, most of the work done on the role of gut microbiota in the gut–brain axis had been conducted in animals, or on characterizing the various neuroactive compounds that gut microbiota can produce. Studies with humans – measuring variations in gut microbiota between people with various psychiatric and neurological conditions or when stressed, or measuring effects of\",\n \"title\": \"Gut–brain axis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51623631\",\n \"text\": \"Lipase inhibitors belong to a drug class that is used as an antiobesity agent. Their mode of action is to inhibit gastric and pancreatic lipases, enzymes that play an important role in the digestion of dietary fat. Lipase inhibitors are classified in the ATC-classification system as A08AB (peripherally acting antiobesity products). Numerous compounds have been either isolated from nature, semi-synthesized, or fully synthesized and then screened for their lipase inhibitory activity but the only lipase inhibitor on the market (October 2016) is orlistat (Xenical, Alli). Lipase inhibitors have also shown anticancer activity, by inhibiting fatty acid synthase. Discovery of lipase inhibitors and their development Pancreatic lipase inhibitor was originally discovered and isolated from fermented broth of the Streptomyces toxytricini bacterium in 1981 and named lipstatin. It is a selective and potent irreversible inhibitor of human gastric and pancreatic lipases. Tetrahydrolipstatin, more commonly known as orlistat, is a saturated derivative produced by hydrogenation. It was developed in 1983 by Hoffmann-La Roche and is a more simple and stable compound than lipstatin. For that reason orlistat was chosen over lipstatin for development as an anti-obesity drug. It is the only available FDA-approved oral lipase inhibitor and is known on the market as Xenical and Alli. Initially orlistat was developed as a treatment for dyslipidemia, not as an anti-obesity agent. When researchers found out that it promotes less energy uptake, the focus was switched to obesity. Orlistat has a few adverse effects. Most reported side effects are gastrointestinal; including liquid stools, steatorrhea and abdominal pain. More severe and serious are interactions between orlistat and anticoagulants when given in combination. It can increase INR which can lead to insufficient anticoagulant treatment and bleeding. These adverse effects of orlistat are more common early in the therapy but usually decrease with time. Pancreatic lipases do not only affect the hydrolysis of triglycerides but are also necessary for hydrolysis of fat soluble vitamins. Due to this, the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins may decrease. Therefore, it is recommended to take a multiple-vitamin supplement during orlistat therapy. Cetilistat, a new lipase inhibitor, is an experimental drug for obesity. In October 2016 the drug was still in clinical trials. Cetilistat was developed to overcome the adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract of orlistat. It has a different structure but similar inhibition activity to the gastrointestinal lipase. However cetilistat interacts differently with the fat micelles from digested food, therefore it has less side effects and better tolerability. Mechanism of action The lipase inhibitors lipstatin and orlistat act locally in the intestinal tract. They are minimally absorbed in the circulation because of their lipophilicity. Hence, they do not affect systemic lipases. The mechanism of lipase inhibitors in fat digestion is shown in figure 1. These inhibitors bind covalently as an ester to the serine hydroxyl group at the active site on pancreatic- and gastric lipases and form a stable complex. This results in a conformational change in the enzyme which causes exposing of the catalytic active site. When the active site is\",\n \"title\": \"Discovery and development of gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1593643\",\n \"text\": \"Hyperlipidemia is abnormally high levels of any or all lipids (e.g. fats, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids) or lipoproteins in the blood. The term hyperlipidemia refers to the laboratory finding itself and is also used as an umbrella term covering any of various acquired or genetic disorders that result in that finding. Hyperlipidemia represents a subset of dyslipidemia and a superset of hypercholesterolemia. Hyperlipidemia is usually chronic and requires ongoing medication to control blood lipid levels. Lipids (water-insoluble molecules) are transported in a protein capsule. The size of that capsule, or lipoprotein, determines its density. The lipoprotein density and type of apolipoproteins it contains determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism. Hyperlipidemias are divided into primary and secondary subtypes. Primary hyperlipidemia is usually due to genetic causes (such as a mutation in a receptor protein), while secondary hyperlipidemia arises due to other underlying causes such as diabetes. Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are common in the general population and are regarded as modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease due to their influence on atherosclerosis. In addition, some forms may predispose to acute pancreatitis. Classification Hyperlipidemias may basically be classified as either familial (also called primary) when caused by specific genetic abnormalities or acquired (also called secondary) when resulting from another underlying disorder that leads to alterations in plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Also, hyperlipidemia may be idiopathic, that is, without a known cause. Hyperlipidemias are also classified according to which types of lipids are elevated, that is hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia or both in combined hyperlipidemia. Elevated levels of Lipoprotein(a) may also be classified as a form of hyperlipidemia. Familial (primary) Familial hyperlipidemias are classified according to the Fredrickson classification, which is based on the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation. It was later adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO). It does not directly account for HDL, and it does not distinguish among the different genes that may be partially responsible for some of these conditions. Type I Type I hyperlipoproteinemia exists in several forms: Lipoprotein lipase deficiency (type Ia), due to a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or altered apolipoprotein C2, resulting in elevated chylomicrons, the particles that transfer fatty acids from the digestive tract to the liver Familial apoprotein CII deficiency (type Ib), a condition caused by a lack of lipoprotein lipase activator. Chylomicronemia due to circulating inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (type Ic) Type I hyperlipoproteinemia usually presents in childhood with eruptive xanthomata and abdominal colic. Complications include retinal vein occlusion, acute pancreatitis, steatosis, and organomegaly, and lipemia retinalis. Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia type II is further classified into types IIa and IIb, depending mainly on whether elevation in the triglyceride level occurs in addition to LDL cholesterol. Type IIa This may be sporadic (due to dietary factors), polygenic, or truly familial as a result of a mutation either in the LDL receptor gene on chromosome 19 (0.2% of the population) or the ApoB gene (0.2%). The familial form is characterized by tendon xanthoma, xanthelasma, and premature cardiovascular\",\n \"title\": \"Hyperlipidemia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6342648\",\n \"text\": \"Enterostatin is a pentapeptide derived from a proenzyme in the gastrointestinal tract called procolipase. It reduces food intake, in particular fat intake, when given peripherally or into the brain. Function Enterostatin is created in the intestine by pancreatic procolipase, the other colipase serving as an obligatory cofactor for pancreatic lipase during fat digestion. Enterostatin can be created in the gastric mucosa and the mucosal epithelia in the small intestine. An increased high fat diets will cause the procolipase gene transcription and enterostatin to release into the gastrointestinal lumen. Enterostatin appears in the lymph and circulation after a meal. Enterostatin has been shown to selectively reduce fat intake during a normal meal. The testing has been successful with different species. Signaling pathway The signaling pathway of the peripheral mechanism uses afferent vagal to hypothalamic centers. The central responses are mediated through a pathway including serotonergic and opioidergic components. Inveterately, enterostatin cuts fat intake, bodyweight, and body fat. This reaction may involve multiple metabolic effects of enterostatin, which include a decrease of insulin secretion, a growth in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion. A possible pathophysiological role is indicated by studies that have associated low enterostatin output and/or responsiveness to breeds of rat that become obese and prefer dietary fat. Humans with obesity also exhibit a lower secretion from pancreatic procolipase after a test meal, compared with persons of normal weight. Effects Its effects include a reduction of insulin secretion, an increase in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion. At the end level, it initiates a sensation of fullness of stomach which could be the reason for its role in regulation of fat intake and reduction of body weight. For enterostatin to be utilized it needs the presence of CCK A receptors. Studies based on rats who lack these receptors have found them to be un-responsive to enterostatin. When rats have been injected with high doses of enterostatin into the brain the rats ate progressively less food as the dose was increased. In rats, examination of experiments involving the effects of peripheral or intracerebroventricular administration of enterostatin show this selectively slows down fat consumption. Medical trials Although enterostatin-like immunoreactivities exist in blood, brain, and gut, and exogenous enterostatins decrease fat appetite and insulin secretion in rats, the roles of these peptides in human obesity remain to be examined., References Digestive system Pentapeptides\",\n \"title\": \"Enterostatin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"588652\",\n \"text\": \"Chylomicrons (from the Greek χυλός, chylos, meaning juice (of plants or animals), and micron, meaning small), also known as ultra low-density lipoproteins (ULDL), are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides (85–92%), phospholipids (6–12%), cholesterol (1–3%), and proteins (1–2%). They transport dietary lipids, such as fats and cholesterol, from the intestines to other locations in the body, within the water-based solution of the bloodstream. ULDLs are one of the five major groups lipoproteins are divided into based on their density. A protein specific to chylomicrons is ApoB48. There is an inverse relationship in the density and size of lipoprotein particles: fats have a lower density than water or smaller protein molecules, and the larger particles have a higher ratio of internal fat molecules with respect to the outer emulsifying protein molecules in the shell. ULDLs, if in the region of 1,000 nm or more, are the only lipoprotein particles that can be seen using a light microscope, at maximum magnification. All the other classes are submicroscopic. Function Chylomicrons transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues. When a large portion of the triglyceride core has been hydrolyzed, chylomicron remnants are formed and are taken up by the liver, thereby also transferring dietary fat to the liver. Origin Pancreatic lipases digest dietary triglycerides in the lumen of the small intestine, forming monoglycerides and fatty acids. These lipids are absorbed into enterocytes via passive diffusion. Inside these cells, monoglycerides and fatty acids are transported to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER), where they are re-esterified to form triglycerides. These triglycerides, along with phospholipids and cholesterol, are added to apolipoprotein B48 to form immature chylomicrons. Immature chylomicrons are transported from the smooth ER to the Golgi apparatus via SAR1B proteins, where they are processed, resulting in mature chylomicrons. Mature chylomicrons are secreted through the basolateral membrane into the lacteals, where they join lymph to become chyle. The lymphatic vessels carry the chyle to the lymphatic ducts before they join the venous return of the systemic circulation via subclavian veins. From there, the chylomicrons supply the tissue with fat absorbed from the diet. It is important to note that, unlike digested carbohydrates (in the form of monosaccharides) and proteins (in the form of amino acids), digested lipids (in the form of chylomicrons) bypass the hepatic portal system, avoiding first pass metabolism. Stages The three stages of the chylomicron are nascent, mature, and remnant. Nascent chylomicrons Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase, resulting in a mixture of fatty acids and monoglycerides. These then pass from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte, where they are re-esterified to form triglycerides. The triglycerides are then combined with phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, and apolipoprotein B48 (ApoB48) to form a nascent chylomicron. These are then released by exocytosis from the enterocytes into the lacteals, lymphatic vessels originating\",\n \"title\": \"Chylomicron\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"730370\",\n \"text\": \"The myenteric plexus (or Auerbach's plexus) provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input (although present ganglion cell bodies belong to parasympathetic innervation, fibers from sympathetic innervation also reach the plexus), whereas the submucous plexus provides secretomotor innervation to the mucosa nearest the lumen of the gut. It arises from cells in the vagal trigone also known as the nucleus ala cinerea, the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the tenth cranial nerve (vagus nerve), located in the medulla oblongata. The fibers are carried by both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves. The myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility. According to preclinical studies, 30% of myenteric plexus' neurons are enteric sensory neurons, thus Auerbach's plexus has also a sensory component. Structure A part of the enteric nervous system, the myenteric plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine. The ganglia have properties similar to the central nervous system (CNS). These properties include presence of glia, interneurons, a small extracellular space, dense synaptic neuropil, isolation from blood vessels, multiple synaptic mechanisms and multiple neurotransmitters. The myenteric plexus originates in the medulla oblongata as a collection of neurons from the ventral part of the brain stem. The vagus nerve then carries the axons to their destination in the gastrointestinal tract. They contain Dogiel cells. Function The myenteric plexus functions as a part of the enteric nervous system (digestive system). The enteric nervous system can and does function autonomously, but normal digestive function requires communication links between this intrinsic system and the central nervous system. The ENS contains sensory receptors, primary afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. The events that are controlled, at least in part, by the ENS are multiple and include motor activity, secretion, absorption, blood flow, and interaction with other organs such as the gallbladder or pancreas. These links take the form of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that connect either the central and enteric nervous systems or connect the central nervous system directly with the digestive tract. Through these cross connections, the gut can provide sensory information to the CNS, and the CNS can affect gastrointestinal function. Connection to the central nervous system also means that signals from outside of the digestive system can be relayed to the digestive system: for instance, the sight of appealing food stimulates secretion in the stomach. Neurotransmitters The enteric nervous system makes use of over 30 different neurotransmitters, most similar to those of the CNS such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. More than 90% of the body's serotonin lies in the gut; as well as about 50% of the body's dopamine, which is currently being studied to further our understanding of its utility in the brain. The heavily studied neuropeptide known as substance P is present in significant levels and may help facilitate the production\",\n \"title\": \"Myenteric plexus\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["duodenum"],"string":"[\n \"duodenum\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":51,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_6472"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"the process of dna profiling has recently been dubbed"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"44290","text":"DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding. DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspects' profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime. It is also used in paternity testing, to establish immigration eligibility, and in genealogical and medical research. DNA profiling has also been used in the study of animal and plant populations in the fields of zoology, botany, and agriculture. Background Starting in the 1980s, scientific advances allowed the use of DNA as a material for the identification of an individual. The first patent covering the direct use of DNA variation for forensics (US5593832A) was filed by Jeffrey Glassberg in 1983, based upon work he had done while at Rockefeller University in the United States in 1981. British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys independently developed a process for DNA profiling in 1985 while working in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester. Jeffreys discovered that a DNA examiner could establish patterns in unknown DNA. These patterns were a part of inherited traits that could be used to advance the field of relationship analysis. These discoveries lead to the first use of DNA profiling in a criminal case. The process, developed by Jeffreys in conjunction with Peter Gill and Dave Werrett of the Forensic Science Service (FSS), was first used forensically in the solving of the murder of two teenagers who had been raped and murdered in Narborough, Leicestershire in 1983 and 1986. In the murder inquiry, led by Detective David Baker, the DNA contained within blood samples obtained voluntarily from around 5,000 local men who willingly assisted Leicestershire Constabulary with the investigation, resulted in the exoneration of Richard Buckland, an initial suspect who had confessed to one of the crimes, and the subsequent conviction of Colin Pitchfork on January 2, 1988. Pitchfork, a local bakery employee, had coerced his coworker Ian Kelly to stand in for him when providing a blood sample—Kelly then used a forged passport to impersonate Pitchfork. Another coworker reported the deception to the police. Pitchfork was arrested, and his blood was sent to Jeffreys' lab for processing and profile development. Pitchfork's profile matched that of DNA left by the murderer which confirmed Pitchfork's presence at both crime scenes; he pleaded guilty to both murders. After some years, a chemical company named Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) introduced the first ever commercially available kit to the world. Despite being a relatively recent field, it had a significant global influence on both criminal justice system and society. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different that it is possible to distinguish one individual from another, unless they are monozygotic (identical) twins. DNA profiling uses repetitive sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs),","title":"DNA profiling"},{"docid":"3163350","text":"Mencía, known as Jaen in Portugal, is a grape variety native to the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. In Spain, it is planted on over , with another in neighboring Portugal. It is primarily found in the Bierzo, Ribeira Sacra, Valdeorras, Monterrei and Dão wine regions. Most wines produced from Mencía have traditionally been light, pale, relatively fragrant red wines for early consumption. This style of wine was the result of post-Phylloxera plantations on fertile plains, which tended to give high yields but diluted wine. In recent years, much more concentrated and complex wines have been produced by a new generation of winemakers, primarily from old vines growing on hillsides, often on schist soils, in combination with careful vineyard management. This has led to a renewed interest in Mencía and the denominaciones de origens using it, such as Bierzo, Valdeorras, Ribeira Sacra, Monterrei and the little-known Liébana. Since the 1990s, the grape is increasing in popularity, and an increasing number of noted Spanish winemakers are now working with it. Relationship to other grapes It was once thought to be an ancient clone of Cabernet Franc, with which it shares some of its aromas, an impression which has been dispelled with DNA profiling. Instead, DNA profiling carried out by the Department of Vegetal Biology of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid has concluded that Mencía is identical to Portugal's Jaen do Dão (or Jaen for short) grape variety. However, just recently it has been determined via microsatellite DNA fingerprinting analysis (a.k.a. DNA profiling) that, contrary to what was previously believed, Mencía (Jaén do Dão) likely originated in Portugal since it was the result of a crossing between Alfrocheiro and Patorra, two Portuguese red grape cultivars from the Dão and the Douro regions respectively. Synonyms Over the years, Mencía has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Fernao Pires Tinta, Giao, Jaen, Loureiro Tinto, Mencin, Negra, Negro, Mencia Roble, Tinto Mencia and Tinto Mollar. It is known as Jaén colorado in León, not to be confused with Jaén blanco or Jaén rosado (both of which are variants of Cayetana) and Jaén tinto from Huelva. References Red wine grape varieties Grape varieties of Spain Spanish wine Galicia (Spain)","title":"Mencía (grape)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"44290\",\n \"text\": \"DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding. DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspects' profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime. It is also used in paternity testing, to establish immigration eligibility, and in genealogical and medical research. DNA profiling has also been used in the study of animal and plant populations in the fields of zoology, botany, and agriculture. Background Starting in the 1980s, scientific advances allowed the use of DNA as a material for the identification of an individual. The first patent covering the direct use of DNA variation for forensics (US5593832A) was filed by Jeffrey Glassberg in 1983, based upon work he had done while at Rockefeller University in the United States in 1981. British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys independently developed a process for DNA profiling in 1985 while working in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester. Jeffreys discovered that a DNA examiner could establish patterns in unknown DNA. These patterns were a part of inherited traits that could be used to advance the field of relationship analysis. These discoveries lead to the first use of DNA profiling in a criminal case. The process, developed by Jeffreys in conjunction with Peter Gill and Dave Werrett of the Forensic Science Service (FSS), was first used forensically in the solving of the murder of two teenagers who had been raped and murdered in Narborough, Leicestershire in 1983 and 1986. In the murder inquiry, led by Detective David Baker, the DNA contained within blood samples obtained voluntarily from around 5,000 local men who willingly assisted Leicestershire Constabulary with the investigation, resulted in the exoneration of Richard Buckland, an initial suspect who had confessed to one of the crimes, and the subsequent conviction of Colin Pitchfork on January 2, 1988. Pitchfork, a local bakery employee, had coerced his coworker Ian Kelly to stand in for him when providing a blood sample—Kelly then used a forged passport to impersonate Pitchfork. Another coworker reported the deception to the police. Pitchfork was arrested, and his blood was sent to Jeffreys' lab for processing and profile development. Pitchfork's profile matched that of DNA left by the murderer which confirmed Pitchfork's presence at both crime scenes; he pleaded guilty to both murders. After some years, a chemical company named Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) introduced the first ever commercially available kit to the world. Despite being a relatively recent field, it had a significant global influence on both criminal justice system and society. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different that it is possible to distinguish one individual from another, unless they are monozygotic (identical) twins. DNA profiling uses repetitive sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs),\",\n \"title\": \"DNA profiling\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3163350\",\n \"text\": \"Mencía, known as Jaen in Portugal, is a grape variety native to the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. In Spain, it is planted on over , with another in neighboring Portugal. It is primarily found in the Bierzo, Ribeira Sacra, Valdeorras, Monterrei and Dão wine regions. Most wines produced from Mencía have traditionally been light, pale, relatively fragrant red wines for early consumption. This style of wine was the result of post-Phylloxera plantations on fertile plains, which tended to give high yields but diluted wine. In recent years, much more concentrated and complex wines have been produced by a new generation of winemakers, primarily from old vines growing on hillsides, often on schist soils, in combination with careful vineyard management. This has led to a renewed interest in Mencía and the denominaciones de origens using it, such as Bierzo, Valdeorras, Ribeira Sacra, Monterrei and the little-known Liébana. Since the 1990s, the grape is increasing in popularity, and an increasing number of noted Spanish winemakers are now working with it. Relationship to other grapes It was once thought to be an ancient clone of Cabernet Franc, with which it shares some of its aromas, an impression which has been dispelled with DNA profiling. Instead, DNA profiling carried out by the Department of Vegetal Biology of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid has concluded that Mencía is identical to Portugal's Jaen do Dão (or Jaen for short) grape variety. However, just recently it has been determined via microsatellite DNA fingerprinting analysis (a.k.a. DNA profiling) that, contrary to what was previously believed, Mencía (Jaén do Dão) likely originated in Portugal since it was the result of a crossing between Alfrocheiro and Patorra, two Portuguese red grape cultivars from the Dão and the Douro regions respectively. Synonyms Over the years, Mencía has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Fernao Pires Tinta, Giao, Jaen, Loureiro Tinto, Mencin, Negra, Negro, Mencia Roble, Tinto Mencia and Tinto Mollar. It is known as Jaén colorado in León, not to be confused with Jaén blanco or Jaén rosado (both of which are variants of Cayetana) and Jaén tinto from Huelva. References Red wine grape varieties Grape varieties of Spain Spanish wine Galicia (Spain)\",\n \"title\": \"Mencía (grape)\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"70168863","text":"Ribose-seq is a mapping technique used in genetics research to determine the full profile of embedded ribonucleotides, specifically ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs), in genomic DNA. Embedded ribonucleotides are thought to be the most common alteration to DNA in cells, and their presence in genomic DNA can affect genome stability. As recent studies have suggested that ribonucleotides in mouse DNA may affect disease pathology, ribonucleotide incorporation in genomic DNA has become an important target of medical genetics research. Ribose-seq allows scientists to determine the precise location and type of ribonucleotides that have been incorporated into eukaryotic or prokaryotic DNA. The technique exploits the presence of the extra hydroxyl groups (OH) found in the 2’ end of ribonucleotides, which can distort and destabilize DNA. The technique was developed through a collaboration with a group of researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology including Francesca Storici and Kyung Duk Koh (now at the University of California San Francisco), and Jay Hesselberth at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical School. History Nucleic acids are the essential macromolecules that carry genetic information in all life forms. These biopolymers consist of nucleotide monomers, which are organic molecules that consist of a phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar (ribose in ribonucleotides and deoxyribose in deoxyribonucleotides). While ribonucleotides are typically located in ribonucleic acid (RNA), they can also be found in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The first discovery of ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) embedded into DNA was in mitochondrial DNA from mouse and human cells in 1973 by Lawrence Grossman, Robert Watson, and Jerome Vinograd. In 2006, the presence of rNMPs were confirmed in nuclear DNA of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (\"fission yeast\"), and exploration in other species has continued since. Incorporation of ribonucleotides into DNA Multiple studies have identified mechanisms by which ribonucleotides can be added to, removed from, or generated from DNA. Primarily, ribonucleotides are incorporated into DNA during the DNA synthesis process. To initiate DNA replication, short RNA primers synthesized on complementary DNA to allow for the subsequent binding and replication action of the primary replication enzymes, DNA polymerases. Typically, these primers are then removed by nuclease enzymes, RNases H or Flap Structure-specific Endonuclease 1 (FEN1). As such, there is a fairly substantial volume of transient rNMPs that are present in DNA in the form of RNA primers and then later removed. After DNA replication is initiated, rNMPs can be fully incorporated into DNA by DNA polymerases and this represents the major mechanism of ribonucleotide incorporation in DNA with over 1 ribonucleotide per 1,000 deoxyribonucleotides incorporated. The embedded rNMPs are often targeted for removal by the Ribonucleotide Excision Repair (RER) mechanism. However, if RER is not working properly, this can become a more persistent source of embedded rNMPs in DNA. Another mechanism by which rNMPs may arise in DNA is through oxidative stress, which alters the deoxyribose unit in DNA to a ribose. While the RER pathway is the most efficient process for removing rNMPs from DNA, ribonucleotides can also be removed through the 3’-5’ exonuclease activity","title":"Ribose-seq"},{"docid":"17704946","text":"Epigenomics is the study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell, known as the epigenome. The field is analogous to genomics and proteomics, which are the study of the genome and proteome of a cell. Epigenetic modifications are reversible modifications on a cell's DNA or histones that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenomic maintenance is a continuous process and plays an important role in stability of eukaryotic genomes by taking part in crucial biological mechanisms like DNA repair. Plant flavones are said to be inhibiting epigenomic marks that cause cancers. Two of the most characterized epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation and histone modification. Epigenetic modifications play an important role in gene expression and regulation, and are involved in numerous cellular processes such as in differentiation/development and tumorigenesis. The study of epigenetics on a global level has been made possible only recently through the adaptation of genomic high-throughput assays. Introduction to epigenetics The mechanisms governing phenotypic plasticity, or the capacity of a cell to change its state in response to stimuli, have long been the subject of research (Phenotypic plasticity 1). The traditional central dogma of biology states that the DNA of a cell is transcribed to RNA, which is translated to proteins, which perform cellular processes and functions. A paradox exists, however, in that cells exhibit diverse responses to varying stimuli and that cells sharing identical sets of DNA such as in multicellular organisms can have a variety of distinct functions and phenotypes. Classical views have attributed phenotypic variation to differences in primary DNA structure, be it through aberrant mutation or an inherited sequence allele. However, while this did explain some aspects of variation, it does not explain how tightly coordinated and regulated cellular responses, such as differentiation, are carried out. A more likely source of cellular plasticity is through the regulation of gene expression, such that while two cells may have near identical DNA, the differential expression of certain genes results in variation. Research has shown that cells are capable of regulating gene expression at several stages: mRNA transcription, processing and transportation as well as in protein translation, post-translational processing and degradation. Regulatory proteins that bind to DNA, RNA, and/or proteins are key effectors in these processes and function by positively or negatively regulating specific protein level and function in a cell. And, while DNA binding transcription factors provide a mechanism for specific control of cellular responses, a model where DNA binding transcription factors are the sole regulators of gene activity is also unlikely. For example, in a study of Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, it was demonstrated that stable features of differentiation remain after the nucleus is transferred to a new cellular environment, suggesting that a stable and heritable mechanism of gene regulation was involved in the maintenance of the differentiated state in the absence of the DNA binding transcription factors. With the finding that DNA methylation and histone modifications are stable, heritable, and also reversible processes that influence gene","title":"Epigenomics"},{"docid":"8513572","text":"Antoni Imiela (1954 – 8 March 2018) was a German-born convicted serial rapist who grew up in County Durham, England. He was found guilty of the rape of nine women and girls, and the indecent assault, and attempted rape, of a 10-year-old girl whom he repeatedly punched and throttled. The crimes took place in Surrey, Kent, Berkshire, London, Hertfordshire and Birmingham, and the press dubbed the offender the M25 Rapist after the M25 motorway that passes in the vicinity of all those areas except Birmingham. He died in HM Prison Wakefield on 8 March 2018. Early life Imiela was born in Lübeck, West Germany, to a Polish father and German mother. He grew up in displaced people camps until the age of 7 when the family emigrated to the United Kingdom, settling in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham. His mother abandoned the family in 1968, and shortly after that Imiela began committing crimes and was sent to youth detention centres. In 1987, he robbed a post office at gunpoint, demanding £10,000. After having committed further robberies, he was sentenced to 14 years in prison. He was released in 1996. Attacks By September 2002, police had identified the existence of an extremely dangerous serial rapist who, an hour after one attack, had used the victim's mobile phone to taunt her mother. Often he approached his victims at speed from behind. If a victim resisted they were punched in the face; he also carried a knife. He was also dubbed the \"summer rapist\" and the \"trophy rapist\" as he sometimes stole items of clothing having forced the victim to undress. Kent Police and Surrey Police launched a joint investigation code-named Operation Orb, and Imiela was finally caught with the use of DNA profiling. Once police had his DNA they launched a public appeal for information which resulted in a woman coming forward who expressed suspicion about her neighbour. A DNA swab test was carried out on the individual, Antoni Imiela, which enabled police to link him to the attacks. He was subsequently arrested. On 4 March 2004, he was sentenced to seven life sentences (with eight years minimum) at Maidstone Crown Court for the crimes. He was subsequently imprisoned at Wakefield Prison in Yorkshire. On 18 October 2010, Imiela was charged with the rape, indecent assault and buggery of a 29-year-old woman, Sheila Jankowitz, on 25 December 1987 in Forest Hill, south east London, following a case review using new forensic techniques. The victim's interview with police had been recorded and although she died in 2006, Imiela appeared at City of Westminster Magistrates' Court on 1 November 2010 and subsequently at Southwark Crown Court on 7 January 2011 to answer the charges. On 12 March 2012, court proceedings against Imiela for the Christmas Day rape in 1987 began at the Old Bailey. A statement by the late Sheila Jankowitz, who was murdered in her native South Africa in 2006 in an unrelated crime, was read to the court by the prosecuting barrister, Richard","title":"Antoni Imiela"},{"docid":"25323092","text":"Rape investigation is the procedure to gather facts about a suspected rape, including forensic identification of a perpetrator, type of rape and other details. The vast majority of rapes are committed by persons known to the victim: only between five and 15 percent of assaults are perpetrated by a stranger. Therefore, the identity of the perpetrator is frequently reported. Biological evidence such as semen, blood, vaginal secretions, saliva, vaginal epithelial cells may be identified and genetically typed by a crime lab. The information derived from the analysis can often help determine whether sexual contact occurred, provide information regarding the circumstances of the incident, and be compared to reference samples collected from patients and suspects. Medical personnel in many countries collect evidence for potential rape cases by using rape kits. The time it takes to have rape kits processed has been criticized. Forensic evidence Victim injuries A forensic medical examination is conducted head to toe to record all injuries from minor to severe for the purpose of recovering evidence to support the victim's assertion that a rape took place without consent. Swabbing for bodily fluid samples (saliva, semen, blood) reveals evidence that may identify or eliminate a suspect as well as the nature of the sexual activity that took place. Toxicology report Establishing the victim's levels of alcohol, prescription or recreational drugs by taking urine and blood samples can support an assertion that there was a lack of capacity to consent to sexual activity. Passage of time Where an alleged victim of rape comes forward days, weeks, months or even years after an alleged assault took place it is not always appropriate to conduct a physical forensic examination. Such a passing of time degrades any useful physical forensic evidence. Where allegations of rape or childhood sexual abuse are the subject of an investigation which relies on memory as the only evidence, a form of forensic interviewing may be used to assist with the investigation. Documentary evidence Documentary evidence will also be collected during a thorough rape investigation. This type of evidence can include paper records and digital records categorized as either public, judicial or private documents such as: police records court documents business records personal papers (letters, diary, journal) time logs phone records medical records social service records psychiatric records tape recordings video tapes CCTV or surveillance video footage computer records microfiche emails, texts, social media posts, instant messaging records Perpetrator identification DNA profiling DNA profiling is used by crime laboratories for testing biological evidence, most commonly by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which allows analysis of samples of limited quality and quantity by making millions of copies. An advanced form of PCR testing called short tandem repeats (STR) generates a DNA profile that can be compared to DNA from a suspect or a crime scene. Blood, buccal (inner cheek) swabbings or saliva should also be collected from victims to distinguish their DNA from that of suspects. Criminals may plant fake DNA samples at crime scenes. In one case","title":"Rape investigation"},{"docid":"4020995","text":"Laser capture microdissection (LCM), also called microdissection, laser microdissection (LMD), or laser-assisted microdissection (LMD or LAM), is a method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue/cells/organisms (dissection on a microscopic scale with the help of a laser). Principle Laser-capture microdissection (LCM) is a method to procure subpopulations of tissue cells under direct microscopic visualization. LCM technology can harvest the cells of interest directly or can isolate specific cells by cutting away unwanted cells to give histologically pure enriched cell populations. A variety of downstream applications exist: DNA genotyping and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, RNA transcript profiling, cDNA library generation, proteomics discovery and signal-pathway profiling. The total time required to carry out this protocol is typically 1–1.5 h. Extraction A laser is coupled into a microscope and focuses onto the tissue on the slide. By movement of the laser by optics or the stage the focus follows a trajectory which is predefined by the user. This trajectory, also called element, is then cut out and separated from the adjacent tissue. After the cutting process, an extraction process has to follow if an extraction process is desired. More recent technologies utilize non-contact microdissection. There are several ways to extract tissue from a microscope slide with a histopathology sample on it. Press a sticky surface onto the sample and tear out. This extracts the desired region, but can also remove particles or unwanted tissue on the surface, because the surface is not selective. Melt a plastic membrane onto the sample and tear out. The heat is introduced, for example, by a red or infrared (IR) laser onto a membrane stained with an absorbing dye. As this adheres the desired sample onto the membrane, as with any membrane that is put close to the histopathology sample surface, there might be some debris extracted. Another danger is the introduced heat: Some molecules like DNA, RNA, or protein don't allow to be heated too much or at all for the goal of being isolated as purely as possible. For transport without contact. There are three different approaches. Transport by gravity using an upright microscope (called GAM, gravity-assisted microdissection) or transport by laser pressure catapult; the most recent generation utilizes a technology based on laser induced forward transfer (LIFT). With cut-and-capture, a cap coated with an adhesive is positioned directly on the thinly cut (5-8 μm) tissue section, the section itself resting on a thin membrane (polyethylene naphthalene). An IR laser gently heats the adhesive on the cap fusing it to the underlying tissue and an UV laser cuts through tissue and underlying membrane. The membrane-tissue entity now adheres to the cap and the cells on the cap can be used in downstream applications (DNA, RNA, protein analysis). Procedure Under a microscope using a software interface, a tissue section (typically 5-50 micrometres thick) is viewed and individual cells or clusters of cells are identified either manually or in semi-automated or more fully automated ways allowing the imaging and then automatic selection of","title":"Laser capture microdissection"},{"docid":"967212","text":"As with all utility patents in the United States, a biological patent provides the patent holder with the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing the claimed invention or discovery in biology for a limited period of time - for patents filed after 1998, 20 years from the filing date. Until recently, natural biological substances themselves could be patented (apart from any associated process or usage) in the United States if they were sufficiently \"isolated\" from their naturally occurring states. Prominent historical examples of such patents on isolated products of nature include adrenaline, insulin, vitamin B12, and gene patents. However, the US Supreme Court ruled in 2013 that mere isolation by itself is not sufficient for something to be deemed inventive subject matter. History The United States has been patenting chemical compositions based upon human products for over 100 years. The first patent for a human product was granted on March 20, 1906, for a purified form of adrenaline. It was challenged and upheld in Parke-Davis v. Mulford. Judge Hand argued that natural substances when they are purified are more useful than the original natural substances. The 1970s marked the first time when scientists patented methods on their biotechnological inventions with recombinant DNA. It was not until 1980 that patents for whole-scale living organisms were permitted. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Diamond v. Chakrabarty, upheld the first patent on a newly created living organism, a bacterium for digesting crude oil in oil spills. The patent examiner for the United States Patent and Trademark Office had rejected the patent of a living organism, but Chakrabarty appealed. As a rule, raw natural material is generally rejected for patent approval by the USPTO. The Court ruled that as long as the organism is truly \"man-made\", such as through genetic engineering, then it is patentable. Because the DNA of Chakrabarty's organism was modified, it was patentable. Since that 1980 court case, there have been many patents of genetically modified organisms. This includes bacteria (as just mentioned), viruses, seeds, plants, cells, and even non-human animals. Isolated and manipulated cells - even human cells - can also be patented. In 1998, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) issued a broad patent claiming primate (including human) embryonic stem cells, entitled \"Primate Embryonic Stem Cells\" (). On 13 March 2001, a second patent () was issued with the same title but focused on human embryonic stem cells. In another example, a genetically modified mouse, dubbed the Oncomouse, that is useful for studying cancer, was patented by Harvard University as . Companies and organizations, like the University of California, have patented entire genomes. Food patents An early example of a food patent is the patent granted to RiceTec for basmati rice in 1997. In 1999, a patent was filed for a peanut butter and jelly sandwich that was without crust. Agriculture giant Monsanto filed for a patent on certain pig genes in 2004. Gene patents A gene patent is a patent on a","title":"Biological patents in the United States"},{"docid":"54472601","text":"Recent human evolution refers to evolutionary adaptation, sexual and natural selection, and genetic drift within Homo sapiens populations, since their separation and dispersal in the Middle Paleolithic about 50,000 years ago. Contrary to popular belief, not only are humans still evolving, their evolution since the dawn of agriculture is faster than ever before. It has been proposed that human culture acts as a selective force in human evolution and has accelerated it; however, this is disputed. With a sufficiently large data set and modern research methods, scientists can study the changes in the frequency of an allele occurring in a tiny subset of the population over a single lifetime, the shortest meaningful time scale in evolution. Comparing a given gene with that of other species enables geneticists to determine whether it is rapidly evolving in humans alone. For example, while human DNA is on average 98% identical to chimp DNA, the so-called Human Accelerated Region 1 (HAR1), involved in the development of the brain, is only 85% similar. Following the peopling of Africa some 130,000 years ago, and the recent Out-of-Africa expansion some 70,000 to 50,000 years ago, some sub-populations of Homo sapiens have been geographically isolated for tens of thousands of years prior to the early modern Age of Discovery. Combined with archaic admixture, this has resulted in relatively significant genetic variation. Selection pressures were especially severe for populations affected by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Eurasia, and for sedentary farming populations since the Neolithic, or New Stone Age. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP, pronounced 'snip'), or mutations of a single genetic code \"letter\" in an allele that spread across a population, in functional parts of the genome can potentially modify virtually any conceivable trait, from height and eye color to susceptibility to diabetes and schizophrenia. Approximately 2% of the human genome codes for proteins and a slightly larger fraction is involved in gene regulation. But most of the rest of the genome has no known function. If the environment remains stable, the beneficial mutations will spread throughout the local population over many generations until it becomes a dominant trait. An extremely beneficial allele could become ubiquitous in a population in as little as a few centuries whereas those that are less advantageous typically take millennia. Human traits that emerged recently include the ability to free-dive for long periods of time, adaptations for living in high altitudes where oxygen concentrations are low, resistance to contagious diseases (such as malaria), light skin, blue eyes, lactase persistence (or the ability to digest milk after weaning), lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, retention of the median artery, reduced prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, lower susceptibility to diabetes, genetic longevity, shrinking brain sizes, and changes in the timing of menarche and menopause. Archaic admixture Genetic evidence suggests that a species dubbed Homo heidelbergensis is the last common ancestor of Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Homo sapiens. This common ancestor lived between 600,000 and 750,000 years ago, likely in either Europe or Africa. Members of this species","title":"Recent human evolution"},{"docid":"27962727","text":"Restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers are a type of genetic marker which are useful for association mapping, QTL-mapping, population genetics, ecological genetics and evolutionary genetics. The use of RAD markers for genetic mapping is often called RAD mapping. An important aspect of RAD markers and mapping is the process of isolating RAD tags, which are the DNA sequences that immediately flank each instance of a particular restriction site of a restriction enzyme throughout the genome. Once RAD tags have been isolated, they can be used to identify and genotype DNA sequence polymorphisms mainly in form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Polymorphisms that are identified and genotyped by isolating and analyzing RAD tags are referred to as RAD markers. Although genotyping by sequencing presents an approach similar to the RAD-seq method, they differ in some substantial ways. Isolation of RAD tags The use of the flanking DNA sequences around each restriction site is an important aspect of RAD tags. The density of RAD tags in a genome depends on the restriction enzyme used during the isolation process. There are other restriction site marker techniques, like RFLP or amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), which use fragment length polymorphism caused by different restriction sites, for the distinction of genetic polymorphism. The use of the flanking DNA-sequences in RAD tag techniques is referred as reduced-representation method. The initial procedure to isolate RAD tags involved digesting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme, ligating biotinylated adapters to the overhangs, randomly shearing the DNA into fragments much smaller than the average distance between restriction sites, and isolating the biotinylated fragments using streptavidin beads. This procedure was used initially to isolate RAD tags for microarray analysis. More recently, the RAD tag isolation procedure has been modified for use with high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina platform, which has the benefit of greatly reduced raw error rates and high throughput. The new procedure involves digesting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme (for example: SbfI, NsiI,…), ligating the first adapter, called P1, to the overhangs, randomly shearing the DNA into fragments much smaller than the average distance between restriction sites, preparing the sheared ends into blunt ends and ligating the second adapter (P2), and using PCR to specifically amplify fragments that contain both adapters. Importantly, the first adapter contains a short DNA sequence barcode, called MID (molecular identifier) that is used as a marker to identify different DNA samples that are pooled together and sequenced in the same reaction. The use of high-throughput sequencing to analyze RAD tags can be classified as reduced-representation sequencing, which includes, among other things, RADSeq (RAD-Sequencing). Detection and genotyping of RAD markers Once RAD tags have been isolated, they can be used to identify and genotype DNA sequence polymorphisms such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These polymorphic sites are referred to as RAD markers. The most efficient way to find RAD tags is by high-throughput DNA sequencing, called RAD tag sequencing, RAD sequencing, RAD-Seq, or RADSeq. Prior to the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, RAD","title":"Restriction site associated DNA markers"},{"docid":"11887815","text":"Postreplication repair is the repair of damage to the DNA that takes place after replication. Some example genes in humans include: BRCA2 and BRCA1 BLM NBS1 Accurate and efficient DNA replication is crucial for the health and survival of all living organisms. Under optimal conditions, the replicative DNA polymerases ε, δ, and α can work in concert to ensure that the genome is replicated efficiently with high accuracy in every cell cycle. However, DNA is constantly challenged by exogenous and endogenous genotoxic threats, including solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated as a byproduct of cellular metabolism. Damaged DNA can act as a steric block to replicative polymerases, thereby leading to incomplete DNA replication or the formation of secondary DNA strand breaks at the sites of replication stalling. Incomplete DNA synthesis and DNA strand breaks are both potential sources of genomic instability. An arsenal of DNA repair mechanisms exists to repair various forms of damaged DNA and minimize genomic instability. Most DNA repair mechanisms require an intact DNA strand as template to fix the damaged strand. DNA damage prevents the normal enzymatic synthesis of DNA by the replication fork. At damaged sites in the genome, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells utilize a number of postreplication repair (PRR) mechanisms to complete DNA replication. Chemically modified bases can be bypassed by either error-prone or error-free translesion polymerases, or through genetic exchange with the sister chromatid. The replication of DNA with a broken sugar-phosphate backbone is most likely facilitated by the homologous recombination proteins that confer resistance to ionizing radiation. The activity of PRR enzymes is regulated by the SOS response in bacteria and may be controlled by the postreplication checkpoint response in eukaryotes. The elucidation of PRR mechanisms is an active area of molecular biology research, and the terminology is currently in flux. For instance, PRR has recently been referred to as \"DNA damage tolerance\" to emphasize the instances in which postreplication DNA damage is repaired without removing the original chemical modification to the DNA. While the term PRR has most frequently been used to describe the repair of single-stranded postreplication gaps opposite damaged bases, a more broad usage has been suggested. In this case, the term PRR would encompasses all processes that facilitate the replication of damaged DNA, including those that repair replication-induced double-strand breaks. Melanoma cells are commonly defective in postreplication repair of DNA damages that are in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, a type of damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. A particular repair process that appears to be defective in melanoma cells is homologous recombinational repair. Defective postreplication repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers can lead to mutations that are the primary driver of melanoma. References DNA repair","title":"Postreplication repair"},{"docid":"15354795","text":"Cellular senescence is a phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division. In their experiments during the early 1960s, Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead found that normal human fetal fibroblasts in culture reach a maximum of approximately 50 cell population doublings before becoming senescent. This process is known as \"replicative senescence\", or the Hayflick limit. Hayflick's discovery of mortal cells paved the path for the discovery and understanding of cellular aging molecular pathways. Cellular senescence can be initiated by a wide variety of stress inducing factors. These stress factors include both environmental and internal damaging events, abnormal cellular growth, oxidative stress, autophagy factors, among many other things. The physiological importance for cell senescence has been attributed to prevention of carcinogenesis, and more recently, aging, development, and tissue repair. Senescent cells contribute to the aging phenotype, including frailty syndrome, sarcopenia, and aging-associated diseases. Senescent astrocytes and microglia contribute to neurodegeneration. Cellular mechanisms Stress response and DNA damage Mechanistically, replicative senescence can be triggered by a DNA damage response due to the shortening of telomeres. Cells can also be induced to senesce by DNA damage in response to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of oncogenes, and cell-cell fusion. Normally, cell senescence is reached through a combination of a variety of factors (i.e., both telomere shortening and oxidative stress). The DNA damage response (DDR) arrests cell cycle progression until DNA damage, such as double-strand breaks (DSBs), are repaired. Senescent cells display persistent DDR that appears to be resistant to endogenous DNA repair activities. The prolonged DDR activates both ATM and ATR DNA damage kinases. The phosphorylation cascade initiated by these two kinases causes the eventual arrest of the cell cycle. Depending on the severity of the DNA damage, the cells may no longer be able to undergo repair and either go through apoptosis or cell senescence. Such senescent cells in mammalian culture and tissues retain DSBs and DDR markers. It has been proposed that retained DSBs are major drivers of the aging process. Mutations in genes relating to genome maintenance has been linked with premature aging diseases, supporting the role of cell senescence in aging (see DNA damage theory of aging). Depletion of NAD+ can lead to DNA damage and cellular senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells. Although senescent cells can no longer replicate, they remain metabolically active and commonly adopt an immunogenic phenotype consisting of a pro-inflammatory secretome, the up-regulation of immune ligands, a pro-survival response, promiscuous gene expression (pGE), and stain positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. Two proteins, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase and p16Ink4A, are regarded as biomarkers of cellular senescence. However, this results in a false positive for cells that naturally have these two proteins such as maturing tissue macrophages with senescence-associated beta-galactosidase and T-cells with p16Ink4A. Senescent cells can undergo conversion to an immunogenic phenotype that enables them to be eliminated by the immune system. This phenotype consists of a pro-inflammatory secretome, the up-regulation of immune ligands, a pro-survival response, promiscuous gene expression (pGE) and stain positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase","title":"Cellular senescence"},{"docid":"29573659","text":"Replication timing refers to the order in which segments of DNA along the length of a chromosome are duplicated. DNA replication In eukaryotic cells (cells that package their DNA within a nucleus), chromosomes consist of very long linear double-stranded DNA molecules. During the S-phase of each cell cycle (Figure 1), all of the DNA in a cell is duplicated in order to provide one copy to each of the daughter cells after the next cell division. The process of duplicating DNA is called DNA replication, and it takes place by first unwinding the duplex DNA molecule, starting at many locations called DNA replication origins, followed by an unzipping process that unwinds the DNA as it is being copied. However, replication does not start at all the different origins at once. Rather, there is a defined temporal order in which these origins fire. Frequently a few adjacent origins open up to duplicate a segment of a chromosome, followed some time later by another group of origins opening up in an adjacent segment. Replication does not necessarily start at exactly the same origin sites every time, but the segments appear to replicate in the same temporal sequence regardless of exactly where within each segment replication starts. Figure 2 shows a cartoon of how this is generally envisioned to occur, while Figure 3 shows an animation of when different segments replicate in one type of human cell. Replication timing profiles The temporal order of replication of all the segments in the genome, called its replication-timing program, can now be easily measured in two different ways. One way simply measures the amount of the different DNA sequences along the length of the chromosome per cell. Sequences that duplicate first, long before cell division, will be more abundant in each cell than the sequences that replicate last just prior to cell division. The other way is to label newly synthesized DNA with chemically tagged nucleotides that become incorporated into the strands as they are synthesized, and then catch cells at different times during the duplication process and purify the DNA synthesized at each of these times using the chemical tag. In either case, we can measure the amount of the different DNA sequences along the length of the chromosome either directly using a machine that reads how much of each sequence is present or indirectly using a process called microarray hybridization. In any case, the temporal order of replication along the length of each chromosome can be plotted in graphical form to produce a \"replication timing profile\". Figure 4 shows an example of such a profile across 70,000,000 base pairs of human Chromosome 2. Replication timing and chromosome structure At present, very little is known about either the mechanisms orchestrating the timing program or its biological significance. However, it is an intriguing cellular mechanism with links to many poorly understood features of the folding of chromosomes inside the cell nucleus. All eukaryotes have a timing program, and this program is similar in related species. This","title":"Replication timing"},{"docid":"34831933","text":"Rapid DNA (UK:Rapid DNA profiling) describes the fully automated (hands free) process of developing a CODIS Core STR profile or other STR profile from a reference sample buccal swab. The “swab in – profile out” process consists of automated extraction, amplification, separation, detection and allele calling without human intervention. A machine designed to perform such rapid DNA analysis is called a DNA \"magic box\" by enforcement authorities. The FBI established a Rapid DNA Program Office in 2010 to direct the development and integration of Rapid DNA technology for use by law enforcement. The Program Office works with the Department of Defense, the Department of Homeland Security, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Institute of Justice, and other federal agencies to ensure the coordinated development of this new technology among federal agencies. The Program Office also works with state and local law enforcement agencies and state bureaus of identification through the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services Division Advisory Policy Board to facilitate the effective and efficient integration of Rapid DNA in the police booking environment. Several manufacturers have developed instruments for Rapid DNA analysis such as IntegenX, now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific based in Waltham, MA, and ANDE based in Waltham, MA. Following commercial availability, the FBI works with federal, state, and local CODIS laboratories and the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods to test, evaluate, and validate the hands-free instruments for law enforcement use. RapidHIT systems include instruments and RapidLINK software which will enable use for law enforcement. As of March 18 2016 one Rapid DNA instrument was approved by the FBI for submission of samples to NDIS/CODIS without manual review: the DNAScan manufactured by NetBio in Waltham, MA. Effective January 1, 2017, the DNAScan lost its approved status as CODIS-participating labs are required to include the 20 CODIS Core Loci. Law Enforcement Use of Rapid DNA The goal of the FBI's Rapid DNA initiative was to develop commercial instruments capable of producing a CODIS-compatible DNA profile within two hours and to integrate those instruments effectively within the existing CODIS structure to search unsolved crimes while an arrestee is in police custody during the booking process. In 2012 the Palm Bay, Florida, Police Department received the first commercially produced Rapid DNA unit placed in a police agency; an IntegenX RapidHIT 200 system. In January 2014, after a year of testing and validation, the Palm Bay Police began generating leads on real-world criminal cases, including producing a DNA profile in 90 minutes that linked a suspect to a burglary of a U.S. soldier's home that occurred while he was in Afghanistan. The Palm Bay Police department is known for applying various innovation technologies in real-life situations and is the pioneer of the use of private lab services to create an effective DNA database. On August 18, 2017, President Donald Trump signed into law the Rapid DNA Act of 2017 which amended the DNA Identification Act of 1994 (42 U.S.C. §14132) to allow CODIS upload of DNA","title":"Rapid DNA"},{"docid":"33560980","text":"Bruce William Stillman (born 16 October 1953) is a biochemist and cancer researcher who has served as the Director of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) since 1994 and President since 2003. He also served as the Director of its NCI-designated Cancer Center for 25 years from 1992 to 2016. During his leadership, CSHL has been ranked as the No. 1 institution in molecular biology and genetics research by Thomson Reuters. Stillman's research focuses on how chromosomes are duplicated in human cells and in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; the mechanisms that ensure accurate inheritance of genetic material from one generation to the next; and how missteps in this process lead to cancer. For his accomplishments, Stillman has received numerous awards, including the Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize in 2004 and the 2010 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, both of which he shared with Thomas J. Kelly of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, as well as the 2019 Canada Gairdner International Award for biomedical research, which he shared with John Diffley. Life and career Stillman was educated at Glen Waverley High School (1966-1969) and Sydney Boys High School (1970–71), then graduated with First Class honours from the University of Sydney, and earned his PhD from the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University. He began his career at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in 1979 with investigations into how DNA is copied, starting with studying DNA replication of human adenovirus as a model. He then began to study how the genome of simian virus 40 (SV40) is duplicated in cells. Eventually his research focused on how cellular chromosomes are duplicated and how the entire process is regulated in cells, studying the process primarily in the yeast S. cerevisiae and in human cells. This work provided key insights into how both virus and cellular oncoproteins manipulate cellular physiology to bring about oncogenic transformation. One of his most significant achievements was the biochemical reconstitution with purified proteins of the complete replication of the SV40 DNA genome. This system utilized the virus-encoded T antigen that binds to the SV40 virus origin of DNA replication, the start site for DNA synthesis, coupled with purified human proteins, many of them discovered by Stillman and his colleagues. These proteins include RPA, RFC, PCNA, and the discovery that multiple DNA polymerases participate in the process of copying DNA, often switching from one polymerase to the other. Another major accomplishment was the discovery of the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC), a key protein made up of six subunits that binds to cellular origins of DNA replication and coordinates the entire process of initiating a complete cycle of DNA replication throughout the entire cell genome. Soon after the discovery of ORC, Stillman's group identified other initiation proteins that together form the pre-replication complex (pre-RC), which makes chromosomes competent for the subsequent initiation of DNA replication during the S phase of the cell cycle. His group's recent studies have revealed the intricate details of the mechanism of the initiation of DNA replication and","title":"Bruce William Stillman"},{"docid":"8156765","text":"Geobacillus stearothermophilus (previously Bacillus stearothermophilus) is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium and a member of the phylum Bacillota. The bacterium is a thermophile and is widely distributed in soil, hot springs, ocean sediment, and is a cause of spoilage in food products. It will grow within a temperature range of 30 to 75 °C. Some strains are capable of oxidizing carbon monoxide aerobically. It is commonly used as a challenge organism for sterilization validation studies and periodic check of sterilization cycles. The biological indicator contains spores of the organism on filter paper inside a vial. After sterilizing, the cap is closed, an ampule of growth medium inside of the vial is crushed and the whole vial is incubated. A color and/or turbidity change indicates the results of the sterilization process; no change indicates that the sterilization conditions were achieved, otherwise the growth of the spores indicates that the sterilization process has not been met. Recently a fluorescent-tagged strain, Rapid Readout(tm), is being used for verifying sterilization, since the visible blue fluorescence appears in about one-tenth the time needed for pH-indicator color change, and an inexpensive light sensor can detect the growing colonies. Biological indicators are used in conjunction with chemical indicators and process indicators to validate sterilization processes. It was first described in 1920 as Bacillus stearothermophilus, but, together with Bacillus thermoglucosidasius, it was reclassified as a member of the genus Geobacillus in 2001. Applications in molecular biology DNA polymerase Recently, a DNA polymerase derived from these bacteria, Bst polymerase, has become important in molecular biology applications. Bst polymerase has a helicase-like activity, making it able to unwind DNA strands. Its optimum functional temperature is between 60 and 65 °C and it is denatured at temperatures above 70 °C. These features make it useful in loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). LAMP is similar to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but does not require the high temperature (96 °C) step required to denature DNA. Reverse transcriptase In 2013, a thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase (TGIRT), GsI-IIC-MRF, from G. stearothermophilus was found to retain activity up to 70 °C and to exhibit high processivity and a low error rate. These properties make this enzyme useful for reverse transcribing long and/or highly structured RNA molecules. A method for determining RNA secondary structure, DMS-MaPseq, uses this enzyme because it converts normal RNA to DNA accurately but introduces mutations at unpaired bases that have been methylated by dimethyl sulfate, and the mutations can be identified via sequencing. References External links Type strain of Geobacillus stearothermophilus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Bacillaceae","title":"Geobacillus stearothermophilus"},{"docid":"44948015","text":"The DNA Based Technology (Use and Regulation) Bill, 2017 or the Human DNA Profiling Bill is a proposed legislation in India. The bill will allow the government to establish a National DNA Data Bank and a DNA Profiling Board, and use the data for various specified forensic purposes. The bill has raised concerns of privacy among citizen rights groups. The bill was expected to be presented in the parliament in the monsoon session of 2015. History The bill was originally proposed in 2007 and in 2012 drafting of the bill began. The draft bill was prepared by the Department of Biotechnology. The bill proposes to form a National DNA Data Bank and a DNA Profiling Board, and use the data for various specified purposes. The proposed DNA Profiling Board will consist of molecular biology, human genetics, population biology, bioethics, social sciences, law and criminal justice experts. The Board will define standards and controls for DNA profiling. It will also certify labs and handle access of the data by law enforcement agencies. There will be similar bodies at state levels. The bill will also create a National DNA Data Bank, which will collect data from offenders, suspects, missing persons, unidentified dead bodies and volunteers. It will profile and store DNA data in criminal cases like homicide, sexual assault, and other crimes. The data will be restricted and will be available only to the accused or the suspect. A person facing imprisonment or death sentence can send a request for DNA profiling of related evidence to the court that convicted him. The bill has the provision that any misuse of data will carry a punishment of up to three years imprisonment and also fine. Criticism and support The bill has been criticised for not addressing the concerns of privacy. The Citizens Forum for Civil Liberties has opposed the bill on privacy concerns and sent a complaint to the National Human Rights Commission of India in 2012. A. P. Shah committee report In October 2012, an expert committee headed by Ajit Prakash Shah presented its report. It said that there should be safeguards to prevent illegal collection and use of DNA data. There should be also safeguards to prevent the proposed body from misusing them. The report also suggested that there should a mechanism using which citizens can appeal against the retention of data. There should also be a mechanism of appeal under which citizens under trial can request a second sample to be taken. The samples must be taken after consent in case of victims and suspects. However, samples can also be taken from crime scenes. The committee noted that although the bill allows volunteers to submit samples, there is no proper procedure to obtain consent and there is no mechanism under which volunteer can withdraw their data. The committee proposed that before giving the data to a third party, the person must be notified and consent must be sought, if the third party is not an authorised agency. The report said","title":"Human DNA Profiling Bill"},{"docid":"56627034","text":"Mutational signatures are characteristic combinations of mutation types arising from specific mutagenesis processes such as DNA replication infidelity, exogenous and endogenous genotoxin exposures, defective DNA repair pathways, and DNA enzymatic editing. The term is used for two distinct concepts, often conflated: mutagen signatures and tumor signatures. Its original use, mutagen signature, referred to a pattern of mutations made in the laboratory by a known mutagen and not made by other mutagens – unique to the mutagen as a human signature is unique to the signer. Uniqueness allows the mutagen to be deduced from a cell's mutations Later, the phrase referred to a pattern of mutations characteristic of a tumor type, although usually not unique to the tumor type nor to a mutagen. If a tumor mutational signature matches a unique mutagen mutational signature, it is valid to deduce the carcinogen exposure or mutagenesis process that occurred in the patient's distant past. Increasingly refined tumor signatures are becoming assignable to mutagen signatures. Deciphering mutational signatures in cancer provides insight into the biological mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and normal somatic mutagenesis. Mutational signatures have shown their applicability in cancer treatment and cancer prevention. Advances in the fields of oncogenomics have enabled the development and use of molecularly targeted therapy, but such therapies historically focused on inhibition of oncogenic drivers (e.g. EGFR gain-of-function mutation and EGFR inhibitor treatment in colorectal cancer). More recently, mutational signatures profiling has proven successful in guiding oncological management and use of targeted therapies (e.g. immunotherapy in mismatch repair deficient of diverse cancer types, platinum and PARP inhibitor to exploit synthetic lethality in homologous recombination deficient breast cancer). General concepts Mechanisms – overview DNA replication infidelity DNA proofreading is the process by which DNA polymerase excises an incorrectly incorporated nucleotide via exonuclease enzymatic reaction. Inability of DNA polymerase to correct these replication errors leads to progressive accumulation of mutations through successive cell mitosis. Genotoxins Endogenous cellular (e.g. spontaneous 5-methylcytosine deamination leads to C>T transition (genetics)) mutations (see DNA damage (naturally occurring)) Exogenous/carcinogens Ultraviolet radiation: UVB radiation causes direct DNA damage and is a known risk factor for skin cancer (e.g. melanoma) Alkylating antineoplastic agents: This group of chemotherapy agents adds alkyl group to DNA, which causes crosslinking of DNA and interferes with DNA replication and DNA repair. Cancer cells are most impacted because of their high mitosis rate. Tobacco: Tobacco contains several carcinogens which are harmful to DNA, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acrolein, nitrosamines, cyanide and others (see health effects of tobacco) DNA repair deficiency Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD): DNA double-strand break requires homologous recombination mechanism for accurate repair of breakpoints. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency: The mismatch repair machinery recognizes and repairs erroneous base pair insertion, deletion or mis-incorporation. Enzymatic DNA editing Cytidine deaminase enzymes: This family of enzymes are part of the innate immune system and are involved in the control of retroviruses and transposons elements (including endogenous retroviruses). These enzymes (cytidine deaminase/CDA, activation-induced cytidine deaminase and APOBEC protein family) actively cause cytidine deamination and therefore introduce","title":"Mutational signatures"},{"docid":"44746274","text":"DNA phenotyping is the process of predicting an organism's phenotype using only genetic information collected from genotyping or DNA sequencing. This term, also known as molecular photofitting, is primarily used to refer to the prediction of a person's physical appearance and/or biogeographic ancestry for forensic purposes. DNA phenotyping uses many of the same scientific methods as those being used for genetically informed personalized medicine, in which drug responsiveness (pharmacogenomics) and medical outcomes are predicted from a patient's genetic information. Significant genetic variants associated with a particular trait are discovered using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach, in which hundreds of thousands or millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are tested for their association with each trait of interest. Predictive modeling is then used to build a mathematical model for making trait predictions about new subjects. Predicted phenotypes Human phenotypes are predicted from DNA using direct or indirect methods. With direct methods, genetic variants mechanistically linked with variable expression of the relevant phenotypes are measured and used with appropriate statistical methodologies to infer trait value. With indirect methods, variants associated with genetic component(s) of ancestry that correlate with the phenotype of interest, such as Ancestry Informative Markers, are measured and used with appropriate statistical methodologies to infer trait value. The direct method is always preferable, for obvious reasons, but depending on the genetic architecture of the phenotype, is not always possible. Biogeographic ancestry determination methods have been highly developed within the genetics community, as it is a key GWAS quality control step. These approaches typically use genome-wide human genetic clustering and/or principal component analysis to compare new subjects to curated individuals with known ancestry, such as the International HapMap Project or the 1000 Genomes Project. Another approach is to assay ancestry informative markers (AIMs), SNPs that vary in frequency between the major human populations. As early as 2004, evidence was compiled showing that the bulk of phenotypic variation in human iris color could be attributed to polymorphisms in the OCA2 gene. This paper, and the work it cited, laid the foundation for the inference of human iris color from DNA, first carried out on basic level by DNAPrint Genomics Beginning in 2009, academic groups developed and reported on more accurate predictive models for eye color and, more recently, hair color in the European population. More recently, companies such as Parabon NanoLabs and Identitas have begun offering forensic DNA phenotyping services for U.S. and international law enforcement. However, the science behind the commercial services offered by Parabon NanoLabs has been criticized as it has not been subjected to scrutiny in peer-reviewed scientific publications. It has been suggested that it is not known \"whether their ability to estimate a face’s appearance is better than chance, or if it’s an approximation based on what we know about ancestry”. DNA phenotyping is often referred to as a \"biologic witness,\" a play on the term eye-witness. Just as an eye-witness may describe the appearance of a person of interest, the DNA left at a crime scene can","title":"DNA phenotyping"},{"docid":"39346603","text":"Xeno nucleic acids (XNA) are synthetic nucleic acid analogues that have a different backbone from the ribose and deoxyribose found in the nucleic acids of naturally occurring RNA and DNA. The same nucleobases can be used to store genetic information and interact with DNA, RNA, or other XNA bases, but the different backbone gives the structure different stability, and it cannot be processed by naturally occurring cellular processes. For example, natural DNA polymerases cannot read and duplicate this information, thus the genetic information stored in XNA is invisible to DNA-based organisms. , at least six types of synthetic sugars have been shown to form nucleic acid backbones that can store and retrieve genetic information. Research is now being done to create synthetic polymerases to transform XNA. The study of its production and application has created a field known as xenobiology. Background The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953. Around the early 2000s, researchers created a number of exotic DNA-like structures, XNA. These are synthetic polymers that can carry the same information as DNA, but with different molecular constituents. The \"X\" in XNA stands for \"xeno-\", meaning strange or alien, indicating the difference in the molecular structure as compared to DNA or RNA. Not much was done with XNA until the development of special polymerase enzyme, capable of copying XNA from a DNA template as well as copying XNA back into DNA. Pinheiro et al. (2012), for example, has demonstrated such an XNA-capable polymerase that works on sequences of around 100 base pairs in length. More recently, synthetic biologists Philipp Holliger and Alexander Taylor succeeded in creating XNAzymes, the XNA equivalent of a ribozyme, enzymes made of RNA. This demonstrates that XNAs not only store hereditary information, but can also serve as enzymes, raising the possibility that life elsewhere could have begun with something other than RNA or DNA. Structure Strands of DNA and RNA are formed by stringing together long chains of molecules called nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of three chemical components: a phosphate, a five-carbon sugar group (this can be either a deoxyribose sugar—which gives us the \"D\" in DNA—or a ribose sugar—the \"R\" in RNA), and one of five standard bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil). The molecules that piece together to form the xeno nucleic acids are almost identical to those of DNA and RNA, with one exception: in XNA nucleotides, the deoxyribose and ribose sugar groups of DNA and RNA have been replaced with other chemical structures. These substitutions make XNAs functionally and structurally analogous to DNA and RNA despite being unnatural and artificial. XNA exhibits a variety of structural chemical changes relative to its natural counterparts. Types of synthetic XNA created so far include: 1,5-Anhydrohexitol nucleic acid (HNA) Cyclohexene nucleic acid (CeNA) Threose nucleic acid (TNA) Glycol nucleic acid (GNA) Locked nucleic acid Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) Fluoroarabino nucleic acid (FANA) HNA could potentially be used as a drug that can recognize and bind to specified sequences. Scientists have been able","title":"Xeno nucleic acid"},{"docid":"30870527","text":"The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) is the United States national DNA database created and maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. CODIS consists of three levels of information; Local DNA Index Systems (LDIS) where DNA profiles originate, State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) which allows for laboratories within states to share information, and the National DNA Index System (NDIS) which allows states to compare DNA information with one another. The CODIS software contains multiple different databases depending on the type of information being searched against. Examples of these databases include, missing persons, convicted offenders, and forensic samples collected from crime scenes. Each state, and the federal system, has different laws for collection, upload, and analysis of information contained within their database. However, for privacy reasons, the CODIS database does not contain any personal identifying information, such as the name associated with the DNA profile. The uploading agency is notified of any hits to their samples and are tasked with the dissemination of personal information pursuant to their laws. Establishment The creation of a national DNA database within the U.S. was first mentioned by the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM) in 1989. The FBI's strategic goal was to maximize the voluntary participation of states and avoid what happened several years early, when eight western states frustrated with the progress creating a national Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) network formed the Western Identification Network (WIN). The FBI's strategy to discourage states from creating systems that competed with CODIS was to develop DNA databasing software and provide it free of charge to state and local crime laboratories.This strategic decision--to provide software free of charge for the purpose of gaining market share--was innovative at that time and predated the browser wars. In 1990, the FBI began a pilot DNA databasing program with 14 state and local laboratories. In 1994, Congress passed the DNA Identification Act which authorized the FBI to create a national DNA database of convicted offenders as well as separate databases for missing persons and forensic samples collected from crime scenes. (Some in the Bureau believed the Act was not required to establish a national DNA database because the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services Division was already using similar authorities to provide data-sharing solutions to federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies.) The DNA Identification Act also required that laboratories participating in the CODIS program maintain accreditation from an independent nonprofit organization that is actively involved in the forensic fields and that scientists processing DNA samples for submission into CODIS maintain proficiency and are routinely tested to ensure the quality of the profiles being uploaded into the database. The national level of CODIS (NDIS) was implemented in October 1998. Today, all 50 states, the District of Columbia, federal law enforcement, the Army Laboratory, and Puerto Rico participate in the national sharing of DNA profiles. Database structure The CODIS database contains several different indexes for the storage of DNA profile information. For assistance in criminal investigations three indexes exist:","title":"Combined DNA Index System"},{"docid":"383876","text":"The Thermoproteota (also known as Crenarchaea) are prokaryotes that have been classified as a phylum of the Archaea domain. Initially, the Thermoproteota were thought to be sulfur-dependent extremophiles but recent studies have identified characteristic Thermoproteota environmental rRNA indicating the organisms may be the most abundant archaea in the marine environment. Originally, they were separated from the other archaea based on rRNA sequences; other physiological features, such as lack of histones, have supported this division, although some crenarchaea were found to have histones. Until recently all cultured Thermoproteota had been thermophilic or hyperthermophilic organisms, some of which have the ability to grow at up to 113 °C. These organisms stain Gram negative and are morphologically diverse, having rod, cocci, filamentous and oddly-shaped cells. Thermoproteota were initially classified as a part of Regnum Eocyta in 1984, but this classification has been discarded. The term \"eocyte\" now applies to either TACK (formerly Crenarchaeota) or to Thermoproteota. Sulfolobus One of the best characterized members of the Crenarchaeota is Sulfolobus solfataricus. This organism was originally isolated from geothermally heated sulfuric springs in Italy, and grows at 80 °C and pH of 2–4. Since its initial characterization by Wolfram Zillig, a pioneer in thermophile and archaean research, similar species in the same genus have been found around the world. Unlike the vast majority of cultured thermophiles, Sulfolobus grows aerobically and chemoorganotrophically (gaining its energy from organic sources such as sugars). These factors allow a much easier growth under laboratory conditions than anaerobic organisms and have led to Sulfolobus becoming a model organism for the study of hyperthermophiles and a large group of diverse viruses that replicate within them. Recombinational repair of DNA damage Irradiation of S. solfataricus cells with ultraviolet light strongly induces formation of type IV pili that can then promote cellular aggregation. Ultraviolet light-induced cellular aggregation was shown by Ajon et al. to mediate high frequency inter-cellular chromosome marker exchange. Cultures that were ultraviolet light-induced had recombination rates exceeding those of uninduced cultures by as much as three orders of magnitude. S. solfataricus cells are only able to aggregate with other members of their own species. Frols et al. and Ajon et al. considered that the ultraviolet light-inducible DNA transfer process, followed by homologous recombinational repair of damaged DNA, is an important mechanism for promoting chromosome integrity. This DNA transfer process can be regarded as a primitive form of sexual interaction. Marine species Beginning in 1992, data were published that reported sequences of genes belonging to the Thermoproteota in marine environments., Since then, analysis of the abundant lipids from the membranes of Thermoproteota taken from the open ocean have been used to determine the concentration of these “low temperature Crenarchaea” (See TEX-86). Based on these measurements of their signature lipids, Thermoproteota are thought to be very abundant and one of the main contributors to the fixation of carbon . DNA sequences from Thermoproteota have also been found in soil and freshwater environments, suggesting that this phylum is ubiquitous to most environments. In 2005, evidence","title":"Thermoproteota"},{"docid":"26285","text":"In molecular biology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences, known as polymorphisms, populations, or species or to pinpoint the locations of genes within a sequence. The term may refer to a polymorphism itself, as detected through the differing locations of restriction enzyme sites, or to a related laboratory technique by which such differences can be illustrated. In RFLP analysis, a DNA sample is digested into fragments by one or more restriction enzymes, and the resulting restriction fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis according to their size. RFLP analysis is now largely obsolete due to the emergence of inexpensive DNA sequencing technologies, but it was the first DNA profiling technique inexpensive enough to see widespread application. RFLP analysis was an important early tool in genome mapping, localization of genes for genetic disorders, determination of risk for disease, and paternity testing. RFLP analysis The basic technique for the detection of RFLPs involves fragmenting a sample of DNA with the application of a restriction enzyme, which can selectively cleave a DNA molecule wherever a short, specific sequence is recognized in a process known as a restriction digest. The DNA fragments produced by the digest are then separated by length through a process known as agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane via the Southern blot procedure. Hybridization of the membrane to a labeled DNA probe then determines the length of the fragments which are complementary to the probe. A restriction fragment length polymorphism is said to occur when the length of a detected fragment varies between individuals, indicating non-identical sequence homologies. Each fragment length is considered an allele, whether it actually contains a coding region or not, and can be used in subsequent genetic analysis. Examples There are two common mechanisms by which the size of a particular restriction fragment can vary. In the first schematic, a small segment of the genome is being detected by a DNA probe (thicker line). In allele A, the genome is cleaved by a restriction enzyme at three nearby sites (triangles), but only the rightmost fragment will be detected by the probe. In allele a, restriction site 2 has been lost by a mutation, so the probe now detects the larger fused fragment running from sites 1 to 3. The second diagram shows how this fragment size variation would look on a Southern blot, and how each allele (two per individual) might be inherited in members of a family. In the third schematic, the probe and restriction enzyme are chosen to detect a region of the genome that includes a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) segment (boxes in schematic diagram). In allele c, there are five repeats in the VNTR, and the probe detects a longer fragment between the two restriction sites. In allele d, there are only two repeats in the VNTR, so the probe detects a shorter fragment between the same two restriction sites. Other genetic processes, such as insertions, deletions, translocations, and inversions,","title":"Restriction fragment length polymorphism"},{"docid":"50445785","text":"Maurice Stroun (September 3, 1926 – August 2017) was a Swiss researcher and professor at the University of Geneva in the Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology. He is known for first hypothesizing and demonstrating the existence of disease-specific circulating nucleic acids as well as first developing techniques for the detection of tumor-related characteristics of circulating DNA and RNA in plasma and serum, or liquid biopsies as this field is now known. Early work In the mid 1960s, Stroun along with colleague, Philip Anker, (also in the Department of Plant Physiology at the University of Geneva) began to study the phenomenon of neoplasms in plants. Building on early grafting studies in plants as well as work by other researchers that demonstrated the transfer of genetic material between bacteria, they hypothesized that a similar phenomenon might occur between bacterial cells and plants. Their research in the late 1960s demonstrated that this process did indeed exist and led them to study whether a similar mechanism occurred in higher-order species, where Stroun published further research showing transfer of genetic material from bacteria to frogs. In an article published in Science, November 10, 1972, bacterial RNA was demonstrated in frog brain cells after a bacterial peritoneal infection. In the April 1973 issue of the Journal of Bacteriology, Stroun showed transcription of spontaneously released bacterial DNA was found to be incorporated into cellular nuclei of frog auricles. In one particular experiment published in the same article, Stroun and his group extracted the auricles of frog hearts and dipped them for several hours in a suspension of bacteria. Afterward, they found a high percentage of RNA-DNA hybridization between bacterial DNA extracted from bacteria of the same species as that used in the experiment and titrated DNA extracted from the auricles which had been dipped in the bacterial suspension. The experiment demonstrated that bacterial DNA had been absorbed by the animal cells. Stroun dubbed this phenomenon has trancession. Professor Straun died in Geneva in 2017. Extension to humans and cancer Building on their work and taking notice of the work of Henry G. Kunkel, whose group made the association of higher levels of circulating DNA and lupus, Stroun started studying whether circulating DNA could be associated with malignancies such as cancers in humans. In a 1977 issue of International Review of Cytology, Volume 51, Anker and Stroun wrote that when foreign DNA is transcribed into a cell of a different organism, \"this general biological event is related to the uptake by cells of spontaneously released bacterial DNA, thus suggesting the existence of circulating DNA. In view of the malignant transformations obtained with DNA, the oncogenic (cancer-causing) role of circulating DNA is postulated.\" In the late 1970s, building on the discovery of circulating DNA in human blood by Mandel and Metais, Leon and his collaborators developed a radioimmunoassay for measuring nanogram quantities of nucleic acids in serum. This technique enabled them to observe that cancer patients tended to possess a greater quantity of circulating DNA in serum (on","title":"Maurice Stroun"},{"docid":"3778551","text":"petite (ρ–) is a mutant first discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Due to the defect in the respiratory chain, 'petite' yeast are unable to grow on media containing only non-fermentable carbon sources (such as glycerol or ethanol) and form small colonies when grown in the presence of fermentable carbon sources (such as glucose). The petite phenotype can be caused by the absence of, or mutations in, mitochondrial DNA (termed \"cytoplasmic Petites\"), or by mutations in nuclear-encoded genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. A neutral petite produces all wild type progeny when crossed with wild type. petite mutations can be induced using a variety of mutagens, including DNA intercalating agents, as well as chemicals that can interfere with DNA synthesis in growing cells. Mutagens that create Petites are implicated in increased rates of degenerative diseases and in the aging process. Overview A mutation that produces small (petite\" > petite) anaerobic-like colonies had shown first in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and described by Boris Ephrussi and his co-workers in 1949 in Gif-sur-Yvette, France. The cells of petite colonies were smaller than those of wild-type colonies, but the term “petite” refers only to colony size and not the individual cell size. History Over 50 years ago, in a lab in France, Ephrussi, et al. discovered a non-Mendelian inherited factor that is essential to respiration in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae without this factor, known as the ρ-factor, is described by the development of small colonies when compared to the wild-type yeast. These smaller colonies were dubbed petite colonies. These petite mutants were observed to be spontaneously produced naturally at a rate of 0.1%-1.0% every generation. They also found that treatment of wild-type S. cerevisiae with DNA-intercalating agents would more rapidly produce this mutation. Schatz identified a region of the yeast's nuclear DNA that was associated with the mitochondria in 1964. Later, it was discovered that mutants without the ρ-factor had no mitochondrial DNA (called ρ0 isolates), or that they possessed a difference in density or amount of the mitochondrial DNA (called ρ− isolates). The use of electron microscopy to view the DNA in the mitochondrial matrix helped to verify the actuality of the mitochondrial genome. S. cerevisiae has since become a useful model for aging. It has been shown that as yeast ages, it loses functional mitochondrial DNA, which leads to replicative senescence, or the inability to further replicate. It has been suggested that there is a link between mitochondrial DNA loss and replicative life span (RLS), or the number of times a cell can reproduce before it dies, as it has been found that an increase in RLS is established with the same changes in the genome that enhance the propagation of cells that do not contain mitochondrial DNA. Genetic screens for replicative life span associated genes and pathways could be made easier and quicker by selecting genetic suppressors of the petite negative mutants. Causes The petite is characterized by a deficiency in cytochromes (a, a3 + b) and a lack of","title":"Petite mutation"},{"docid":"16856653","text":"Z-DNA-binding protein 1, also known as DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors (DAI) and DLM-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZBP1 gene. ZBP1 is also an abbreviation for chicken or rat β-actin zipcode-binding protein 1, a homolog of the human insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IMP-1) and murine CRD-BP, the proteins involved in mRNA transport (RNA-binding proteins, RBPs). Function DLM1 encodes a Z-DNA binding protein. Z-DNA formation is a dynamic process, largely controlled by the amount of supercoiling. ZBP1 recognizes DNA in the cytoplasm as an antiviral mechanism. Viral life cycles often include steps where DNA is exposed in the cytoplasm. DNA is normally contained in the nucleus of a cell, and therefore cells use proteins like ZBP1 as an indicator of a viral infection. Once ZBP1 is activated, it increases the production of antiviral cytokines such as interferon beta. DLM1 then binds to cytosolic Viral DNA using two Z-DNA-binding domains (Zα and Zβ) at its N-terminus along with a DNA binding domain (D3). The role of ZBP1 in DNA sensing has been questioned. It has been found to sense Influenza A Virus (IAV) infection and induce cell death. Since DNA is not synthesized in any stage of IAV life cycle, DNA sensing playing a role in this context is unlikely. However, recent investigation has found that ZBP1 is capable of sensing Z-form RNAs produced during IAV infection, cumulating in a form of caspase independent, inflammatory cell death called necroptosis. A follow-up study identified that ZBP1 senses the IAV ribonucleoprotein complex to induce cell death. A more recent study has identified transcription factor IRF1 as the upstream regulator of ZBP1 expression. References Further reading","title":"ZBP1"},{"docid":"67011367","text":"The evolution of the human oral microbiome is the study of microorganisms in the oral cavity and how they have adapted over time. There are recent advancements in ancient dental research that have given insight to the evolution of the human oral microbiome. Using these techniques it is now known what metabolite classes have been preserved and the difference in genetic diversity that exists from ancient to modern microbiota. The relationship between oral microbiota and its human host has changed and this transition can directly be linked to common diseases in human evolutionary past. Evolutionary medicine provides a framework for reevaluating oral health and disease and biological anthropology provides the context to identify the ancestral human microbiome. These disciplines together give insights into the oral microbiome and can potentially help contribute to restoring and maintaining oral health in the future. Technique advancements Since the 1980s, it has been well known that archeological dental calculus preserves cellular structures and oral bacteria, but a new discovery in the last decade has revealed that dental calculus is a long-term reservoir of DNA and proteins. Human DNA in dental calculus was initially targeted by PCR amplification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), followed by either haplogroup inference or conventional cloning and Sanger sequencing. Shotgun metagenomics paired with next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology further confirmed dental calculus contains mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Dental calculus typically contains 10–1,000-fold more DNA than bone or dentine, making it the richest known source of aDNA, one of the possible double helical structures of DNA, in the archaeological record. Archaeological dental calculus is an alternative source of high quality mitochondrial DNA sufficient for full mitogenome reconstruction. This reconstruction can then be applied to maternal lineage ancestry analysis to determine the haplogroup, thus identifying which geographical regions maternal ancestors settled. Protein sequencing has also been applied revealing bacterial functions such as virulence factors and their interactions with the host are viable from ancient dental calculus. Proteomics has revealed over 60 human proteins with origins in dental calculus such as follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein, alpha amylase I, hemoglobin, etc. Metabolomics and lipidomic studies are used to determine what metabolic categories (amino acids, carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, energy, lipids, nucleic acids, peptides, xenobiotics) and the source of metabolites (host, microbial, diet) are found within dental calculus samples. Many of these newly developed techniques used to study ancient dental calculus are still in their early stages and need to overcome several limitations to offer a more accurate understanding on the evolution of the oral microbiome. Some examples of these limitations are isolation of contaminant DNA, correct identification of ancient microbial species, identification and isolation of non-bacterial DNA as well as better statistical techniques. Genetic diversity Microbial profiles differ significantly between dental plaque and dental calculus although calculus forms from plaque. The protein and metabolic profiles also have distinct taxonomic and metabolic functions between dental plaque and dental calculus. As the oral biofilm develops, taxonomic shifts take place due to the structural and resource changes in the biofilm","title":"Evolution of the human oral microbiome"},{"docid":"1564401","text":"Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to at least one antimicrobial drug in three or more antimicrobial categories. Antimicrobial categories are classifications of antimicrobial agents based on their mode of action and specific to target organisms. The MDR types most threatening to public health are MDR bacteria that resist multiple antibiotics; other types include MDR viruses, parasites (resistant to multiple antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic drugs of a wide chemical variety). Recognizing different degrees of MDR in bacteria, the terms extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) have been introduced. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) is the non-susceptibility of one bacteria species to all antimicrobial agents except in two or less antimicrobial categories. Within XDR, pandrug-resistant (PDR) is the non-susceptibility of bacteria to all antimicrobial agents in all antimicrobial categories. The definitions were published in 2011 in the journal Clinical Microbiology and Infection and are openly accessible. Common multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) Common multidrug-resistant organisms, typically bacteria, include: Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) producing Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producing Gram-negatives Multidrug-resistant Gram negative rods (MDR GNR) MDRGN bacteria such as Enterobacter species, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis Overlapping with MDRGN, a group of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of particular recent importance have been dubbed as the ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species). Bacterial resistance to antibiotics Various microorganisms have survived for thousands of years by their ability to adapt to antimicrobial agents. They do so via spontaneous mutation or by DNA transfer. This process enables some bacteria to oppose the action of certain antibiotics, rendering the antibiotics ineffective. These microorganisms employ several mechanisms in attaining multi-drug resistance: No longer relying on a glycoprotein cell wall Enzymatic deactivation of antibiotics Decreased cell wall permeability to antibiotics Altered target sites of antibiotic Efflux mechanisms to remove antibiotics Increased mutation rate as a stress response Many different bacteria now exhibit multi-drug resistance, including staphylococci, enterococci, gonococci, streptococci, salmonella, as well as numerous other Gram-negative bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are able to transfer copies of DNA that code for a mechanism of resistance to other bacteria even distantly related to them, which then are also able to pass on the resistance genes, resulting in generations of antibiotics resistant bacteria. This initial transfer of DNA is called horizontal gene transfer. Bacterial resistance to bacteriophages Phage-resistant bacteria variants have been observed in human studies. As for antibiotics, horizontal transfer of phage resistance can be acquired by plasmid acquisition. Antifungal resistance Yeasts such as Candida species can become resistant under long-term treatment with azole preparations, requiring treatment with a different drug class. Lomentospora prolificans infections are often fatal because of their resistance to multiple antifungal agents. Antiviral resistance HIV is the prime example of MDR against antivirals, as it mutates rapidly under monotherapy. Influenza virus has become increasingly MDR; first to amantadines, then to neuraminidase inhibitors such as","title":"Multiple drug resistance"},{"docid":"14058535","text":"Checkpoint kinase 1, commonly referred to as Chk1, is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that, in humans, is encoded by the CHEK1 gene. Chk1 coordinates the DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoint response. Activation of Chk1 results in the initiation of cell cycle checkpoints, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and cell death to prevent damaged cells from progressing through the cell cycle. Discovery In 1993, Beach and associates initially identified Chk1 as a serine/threonine kinase which regulates the G2/M phase transition in fission yeast. Constitutive expression of Chk1 in fission yeast was shown to induce cell cycle arrest. The same gene called Rad27 was identified in budding yeast by Carr and associates. In 1997, homologs were identified in more complex organisms including the fruit fly, human and mouse. Through these findings, it is apparent Chk1 is highly conserved from yeast to humans. Structure Human Chk1 is located on chromosome 11 on the cytogenic band 11q22-23. Chk1 has a N-terminal kinase domain, a linker region, a regulatory SQ/TQ domain and a C-terminal domain. Chk1 contains four Ser/Gln residues. Chk 1 activation occurs primarily through the phosphorylation of the conserved sites, Ser-317, Ser-345 and less often at Ser-366. Function Checkpoint kinases (Chks) are protein kinases that are involved in cell cycle control. Two checkpoint kinase subtypes have been identified, Chk1 and Chk2. Chk1 is a central component of genome surveillance pathways and is a key regulator of the cell cycle and cell survival. Chk1 is required for the initiation of DNA damage checkpoints and has recently been shown to play a role in the normal (unperturbed) cell cycle. Chk1 impacts various stages of the cell cycle including the S phase, G2/M transition and M phase. In addition to mediating cell cycle checkpoints, Chk1 also contributes to DNA repair processes, gene transcription, egg production, embryo development, cellular responses to HIV infection and somatic cell viability. S phase Chk1 is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Chk1 monitors DNA replication in unperturbed cell cycles and responds to genotoxic stress if present. Chk1 recognizes DNA strand instability during replication and can stall DNA replication in order to allow time for DNA repair mechanisms to restore the genome. Recently, Chk1 has shown to mediate DNA repair mechanisms and does so by activating various repair factors. Furthermore, Chk1 has been associated with three particular aspects of the S-phase, which includes the regulation of late origin firing, controlling the elongation process and maintenance of DNA replication fork stability. G2/M transition In response to DNA damage, Chk1 is an important signal transducer for G2/M checkpoint activation. Activation of Chk1 holds the cell in the G2 phase until ready to enter the mitotic phase. This delay allows time for DNA to repair or cell death to occur if DNA damage is irreversible. Chk1 must inactivate in order for the cell to transition from the G2 phase into mitosis, Chk1 expression levels are mediated by regulatory proteins. M phase Chk1 has a regulatory role in the spindle checkpoint however","title":"CHEK1"},{"docid":"2488614","text":"DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage. Mismatch repair is strand-specific. During DNA synthesis the newly synthesised (daughter) strand will commonly include errors. In order to begin repair, the mismatch repair machinery distinguishes the newly synthesised strand from the template (parental). In gram-negative bacteria, transient hemimethylation distinguishes the strands (the parental is methylated and daughter is not). However, in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the exact mechanism is not clear. It is suspected that, in eukaryotes, newly synthesized lagging-strand DNA transiently contains nicks (before being sealed by DNA ligase) and provides a signal that directs mismatch proofreading systems to the appropriate strand. This implies that these nicks must be present in the leading strand, and evidence for this has recently been found. Recent work has shown that nicks are sites for RFC-dependent loading of the replication sliding clamp, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), in an orientation-specific manner, such that one face of the donut-shape protein is juxtaposed toward the 3'-OH end at the nick. Loaded PCNA then directs the action of the MutLalpha endonuclease to the daughter strand in the presence of a mismatch and MutSalpha or MutSbeta. Any mutational event that disrupts the superhelical structure of DNA carries with it the potential to compromise the genetic stability of a cell. The fact that the damage detection and repair systems are as complex as the replication machinery itself highlights the importance evolution has attached to DNA fidelity. Examples of mismatched bases include a G/T or A/C pairing (see DNA repair). Mismatches are commonly due to tautomerization of bases during DNA replication. The damage is repaired by recognition of the deformity caused by the mismatch, determining the template and non-template strand, and excising the wrongly incorporated base and replacing it with the correct nucleotide. The removal process involves more than just the mismatched nucleotide itself. A few or up to thousands of base pairs of the newly synthesized DNA strand can be removed. Mismatch repair proteins Mismatch repair is a highly conserved process from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The first evidence for mismatch repair was obtained from S. pneumoniae (the hexA and hexB genes). Subsequent work on E. coli has identified a number of genes that, when mutationally inactivated, cause hypermutable strains. The gene products are, therefore, called the \"Mut\" proteins, and are the major active components of the mismatch repair system. Three of these proteins are essential in detecting the mismatch and directing repair machinery to it: MutS, MutH and MutL (MutS is a homologue of HexA and MutL of HexB). MutS forms a dimer (MutS2) that recognises the mismatched base on the daughter strand and binds the mutated DNA. MutH binds at hemimethylated sites along the daughter DNA, but its action is latent, being activated only upon contact by a MutL dimer (MutL2), which binds the MutS-DNA complex and acts as a mediator","title":"DNA mismatch repair"},{"docid":"45461558","text":"DRIP-seq (DRIP-sequencing) is a technology for genome-wide profiling of a type of DNA-RNA hybrid called an \"R-loop\". DRIP-seq utilizes a sequence-independent but structure-specific antibody for DNA-RNA immunoprecipitation (DRIP) to capture R-loops for massively parallel DNA sequencing. Introduction An R-loop is a three-stranded nucleic acid structure, which consists of a DNA-RNA hybrid duplex and a displaced single stranded DNA (ssDNA). R-loops are predominantly formed in cytosine-rich genomic regions during transcription and are known to be involved with gene expression and immunoglobulin class switching. They have been found in a variety of species, ranging from bacteria to mammals. They are preferentially localized at CpG island promoters in human cells and highly transcribed regions in yeast. Under abnormal conditions, namely elevated production of DNA-RNA hybrids, R-loops can cause genome instability by exposing single-stranded DNA to endogenous damages exerted by the action of enzymes such as AID and APOBEC, or overexposure to chemically reactive species. Therefore, understanding where and in what circumstances R-loops are formed across the genome is crucial for the better understanding of genome instability. R-loop characterization was initially limited to locus specific approaches. However, upon the arrival of massive parallel sequencing technologies and thereafter derivatives like DRIP-seq, the possibility to investigate entire genomes for R-loops has opened up. DRIP-seq relies on the high specificity and affinity of the S9.6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) towards DNA-RNA hybrids of various lengths. S9.6 mAb was first created and characterized in 1986 and is currently used for the selective immunoprecipitation of R-loops. Since then, it was used in diverse immunoprecipitation methods for R-loop characterization. The concept behind DRIP-seq is similar to ChIP-sequencing; R-loop fragments are the main immunoprecipitated material in DRIP-seq. Uses and Current Research DRIP-seq is mainly used for genome-wide mapping of R-loops. Identifying R-loop formation sites allows the study of diverse cellular events, such as the function of R-loop formation at specific regions, the characterization of these regions, and the impact on gene expression. It can also be used to study the influence of R-loops in other processes like DNA replication and synthesis. Indirectly, DRIP-seq can be performed on mutant cell lines deficient in genes involved in R-loop resolution. These types of studies provide information about the roles of the mutated gene in suppressing DNA-RNA formation and potentially about the significance of R-loops in genome instability. DRIP-seq was first used for genome-wide profiling of R-loops in humans, which showed widespread R-loop formation at CpG island promoters. Particularly, the researchers found that R-loop formation is associated with the unmethylated state of CpG islands. DRIP-seq was later used to profile R-loop formation at transcription start and termination sites in human pluripotent Ntera2 cells. In this study, the researchers revealed that R-loops on 3' ends of genes may be correlated with transcription termination. Workflow of DRIP-seq Genomic DNA extraction First, genomic DNA (gDNA) is extracted from cells of interest by proteinase K treatment followed by phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation. Additional zymolyase digestion is necessary for yeast cells to remove the cell wall prior to proteinase K","title":"DRIP-seq"},{"docid":"149544","text":"Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical frameworks for molecular systematics were laid in the 1960s in the works of Emile Zuckerkandl, Emanuel Margoliash, Linus Pauling, and Walter M. Fitch. Applications of molecular systematics were pioneered by Charles G. Sibley (birds), Herbert C. Dessauer (herpetology), and Morris Goodman (primates), followed by Allan C. Wilson, Robert K. Selander, and John C. Avise (who studied various groups). Work with protein electrophoresis began around 1956. Although the results were not quantitative and did not initially improve on morphological classification, they provided tantalizing hints that long-held notions of the classifications of birds, for example, needed substantial revision. In the period of 1974–1986, DNA-DNA hybridization was the dominant technique used to measure genetic difference. Theoretical background Early attempts at molecular systematics were also termed chemotaxonomy and made use of proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and other molecules that were separated and characterized using techniques such as chromatography. These have been replaced in recent times largely by DNA sequencing, which produces the exact sequences of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA segments extracted using different techniques. In general, these are considered superior for evolutionary studies, since the actions of evolution are ultimately reflected in the genetic sequences. At present, it is still a long and expensive process to sequence the entire DNA of an organism (its genome). However, it is quite feasible to determine the sequence of a defined area of a particular chromosome. Typical molecular systematic analyses require the sequencing of around 1000 base pairs. At any location within such a sequence, the bases found in a given position may vary between organisms. The particular sequence found in a given organism is referred to as its haplotype. In principle, since there are four base types, with 1000 base pairs, we could have 41000 distinct haplotypes. However, for organisms within a particular species or in a group of related species, it has been found empirically that only a minority of sites show any variation at all, and most of the variations that are found are correlated, so that the number of distinct haplotypes that are found is relatively small. In a molecular systematic analysis, the haplotypes are determined for a defined area of genetic material; a","title":"Molecular phylogenetics"},{"docid":"60505164","text":"Paul Holes (born March 15, 1968) is an American former cold-case investigator for the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office. Holes is known for his contributions to solving the Golden State Killer case using advanced methods of identifying the killer with DNA and genealogy technology. Since retiring in March 2018, Holes has contributed to books, television, and podcasts about the Golden State Killer and true crime. Early life Holes was born to devoutly Catholic parents. His family moved several times in his childhood due to his father working in the United States Air Force. He studied at the University of California, Davis, from 1986 to 1990. There he received his Bachelor of Science in biochemistry. His interest in scientific investigation of crimes was sparked during childhood by the television series Quincy, M.E. (1976-1983). Career Investigative work Holes was sworn in as an investigator for the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office in Martinez, California, in 1994. In the same year, Holes first discovered the cold case files of the East Area Rapist (EAR). His interest in the case was ignited and he remained close to the files, reviewing them any chance he had between active cases in Contra Costa County until a DNA break in 2001 expanded the case even further. When DNA from the EAR matched a string of unsolved California murders committed by a killer dubbed the \"Original Night Stalker\" (ONS) the case again gained traction. Holes struck up a friendship with journalist Michelle McNamara, who coined the term Golden State Killer (GSK) to publicize the connection between the EAR-ONS cases. In the meantime, Holes helped investigate dozens of cases including those of convicted murderers Philip Joseph Hughes Jr. and Roger Kibbe, and looking into if Phillip Garrido was connected to other unsolved crimes after he was identified as the kidnapper of Jaycee Dugard. After years of gathering evidence for the GSK cases and using as many DNA samples as he could without depleting the evidence, Holes made contact with genealogist and scientist Barbara Rae-Venter. Rae-Venter used DNA from the GSK cases to construct a genetic profile of the suspect and create a family tree that was detailed enough to narrow down the suspects to Joseph James DeAngelo. In March 2018, Holes visited the Citrus Heights home of DeAngelo on his final day as an investigator before his retirement. Holes watched the home for the activity of DeAngelo, who at the time was only a leading suspect tied to the Golden State Killer rapes and murders. Holes decided not to approach the home for fear of causing a disturbance or tipping off DeAngelo of any suspicion of his involvement as a suspect in the case. Using discarded DNA samples from DeAngelo's home, detectives were able to match his DNA to that known to be from the Golden State Killer. DeAngelo was later taken into custody by the Sacramento Police on April 24, 2018. While researching the EAR case, it began to be strongly suspected by some that another high profile","title":"Paul Holes"},{"docid":"3737740","text":"Differential extraction (also known as differential lysis) refers to the process by which the DNA from two different types of cells can be extracted without mixing their contents. The most common application of this method is the extraction of DNA from vaginal epithelial cells and sperm cells from sexual assault cases in order to determine the DNA profiles of the victim and the perpetrator. Its success is based on the fact that sperm cells pack their DNA using protamines (rather than histones) which are held together by disulfide bonds. The protamines sequester DNA from spermatozoa, making it more resilient to DNA extraction than DNA from epithelial cells. After determining that sperm cells are present (typically through staining and light microscopy) in a vaginal/rectal sample, the subject's epithelial cells are lysed by a standard DNA extraction method, like a phenol/chloroform extraction and their DNA extracted through normal means. The epithelial DNA in solution is removed and saved, while the sperm cell's DNA precipitates with the attached protamines. Differential extraction uses a chemical called dithiothreitol (DTT) to disrupt the sulfur bonds in the protamines in order to release its DNA. Once the DNA is detached from the protamines, it is prone to standard DNA extraction methods. This creates two different DNA fractions from one sample, that of the victim and that of the perpetrator. However, the described method is difficult to carry out because it is both very labor-intensive and time-consuming, leading to a build-up of untested rape kits. An estimated 500.000 rape kits alone in the US. Greenspoon et al. reported improvements in sample processing efficiency and throughput using robotic automation. However, associated costs for implementation in conjunction with low-throughput quantities of samples may be impractical for forensic laboratories and cannot be justified. Recently a multistep nucleic acid extraction procedure was introduced to provide DNA lysates of highest quality. A self-sealing membrane allows a stepwise release and separation of DNA from mixed specimens. Implemented in a spin-column system, it is ideally suitable for DNA extraction procedures involving differential extraction of forensic samples such as epithelium, saliva or blood vs. sperms. Simple and reliable extraction protocols for both, stained samples as well as gynecological swabs, respectively, overcome the often claimed difficulties in differential extraction (e.g. losing a sperm pellet through several washing steps). Furthermore, an early qualified decision whether the process of a differential extraction is worth the time and efforts is possible due to gradual buffer separation. As an immunological pre-test for semen in a sample of sexual assault can be carried out using the identical sample. Workflow First of all human proteins, e.g. human semenogelin antigen, can be optional isolated and immunologically analyzed to quick-check for the presence of human seminal fluid. If this test shows a positive result, the same casework sample will be processed further. The first part of the differential lysis is carried out under mild conditions to gain the female DNA. Lysate of the epithelia cells is retained within the column even during heat incubation and","title":"Differential extraction"},{"docid":"55655295","text":"DNA profiling is the determination of a DNA profile for legal and investigative purposes. DNA analysis methods have changed countless times over the years as technology changes and allows for more information to be determined with less starting material. Modern DNA analysis is based on the statistical calculation of the rarity of the produced profile within a population. While most well known as a tool in forensic investigations, DNA profiling can also be used for non-forensic purposes such as paternity testing and human genealogy research. History The methods for producing a DNA profile were developed by Alec Jeffreys and his team in 1985. Jefferys discovered that an unknown sample of DNA such as blood, hair, saliva, or semen could be analyzed and a unique DNA pattern/profile could be developed. A year after his discovery, Jefferys was asked to use his new found DNA analysis to convict a man that police believed was responsible for 2 rape murders. Jefferys proved that the man was innocent using DNA from the crime scene. When DNA analysis was first discovered, a process called Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to analyze DNA. However, RFLP was an inefficient process due to the fact that it used up large amounts of DNA which could not always be obtained from a crime scene. Modern day technology has evolved beyond RFLP. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis is the modern day equivalent of RFLP. Not only does STR analysis use less of a sample to analyze DNA, but it also is a part of a larger process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR is a process that can be used to quickly reproduce up to a billion copies of a singular segment of DNA. Methods Retired methods RFLP analysis The first true method of DNA profiling was restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The first use of RFLP analysis in forensic casework was in 1985 in the United Kingdom. This type of analysis used variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) to distinguish between individuals. VNTRs are common throughout the genome and consist of the same DNA sequence repeated again and again. Different individuals can have a different number of repeats at a specific location in the genome. For example, person A could have 4 while person B could have 5 repeats. The differences were visualized through a process called gel electrophoresis. Smaller fragments would travel farther through the gel than larger fragments separating them out. These differences were used to distinguish between individuals and when multiple VNTR sites were run together, RFLP analysis has a high degree of individualizing power. The process of RFLP analysis was extremely time consuming and due to the length of the repeats used, between 9 and 100 base pairs, amplification methods such as the polymerase chain reaction could not be used. This limited RFLP to samples that already had a larger quantity of DNA available to start with and did not perform well with degraded samples. RFLP analysis was the primary type of analysis performed","title":"Forensic DNA analysis"},{"docid":"1882227","text":"Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that exist as plankton. They are known for nitrogen-fixing abilities, and they form symbiotic relationships with certain plants, such as the mosquito fern. They are one of four genera of cyanobacteria that produce neurotoxins, which are harmful to local wildlife, as well as farm animals and pets. Production of these neurotoxins is assumed to be an input into its symbiotic relationships, protecting the plant from grazing pressure. A DNA sequencing project was undertaken in 1999, which mapped the complete genome of Anabaena, which is 7.2 million base pairs long. The study focused on heterocysts, which convert nitrogen into ammonia. Certain species of Anabaena have been used on rice paddy fields, proving to be an effective natural fertilizer. Nitrogen fixation by Anabaena Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, vegetative cells differentiate into heterocysts at semiregular intervals along the filaments. Heterocyst cells are terminally specialized for nitrogen fixation. The interior of these cells is micro-oxic as a result of increased respiration, inactivation of O2-producing photosystem (PS) II, and formation of a thickened envelope outside of the cell wall. Nitrogenase, sequestered within these cells, transforms dinitrogen into ammonia at the expense of ATP and reductant—both generated by carbohydrate metabolism, a process supplemented, in the light, by the activity of PS I. Carbohydrate, probably in the form of glucose, is synthesized in vegetative cells and moves into heterocysts. In return, nitrogen fixed in heterocysts moves into the vegetative cells, at least in part in the form of amino acids. The fern Azolla, forms a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to this essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a \"super-plant\", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass in as little as 1.9 days. The typical limiting factor on its growth is phosphorus, abundance of which, due to chemical runoff, often leads to Azolla blooms. Unlike other known plants, the symbiotic microorganism is transferred directly from one generation to the next. This has made Anabaena azollae completely dependent on its host, as several of its genes are either lost or have been transferred to the nucleus in Azolla's cells. Primitive vision pigments studied in Anabaena Anabaena is used as a model organism to study simple vision. The process in which light changes the shape of molecules in the retina, thereby driving the cellular reactions and signals that cause vision in vertebrates, is studied in Anabaena. Anabaena sensory rhodopsin, a specific light-sensitive membrane protein, is central to this research. DNA repair Double strand breaks (DSBs) are a type of DNA damage that can be repaired by homologous recombination. This enzymatic repair process occurs in several enzymatic steps including an early step catalyzed by RecN protein. A study of the dynamics of RecN in DSB repair in Anabaena indicated differential regulation of DSB repair so that it is active in vegetative cells but absent in mature heterocysts that are terminal","title":"Anabaena"},{"docid":"42071445","text":"Denaturation Mapping is a form of optical mapping, first described in 1966. It is used to characterize DNA molecules without the need for amplification or sequencing. It is based on the differences between the melting temperatures of AT-rich and GC-rich regions. Even though modern sequencing methods reduced the need for denaturation mapping, it is still being used for specific purposes, such as detection of large scale structural variants. Methodology When subjected to denaturing factors like increased heat or chemicals like formamide in low levels, DNA is partially denatured in a predictable pattern based on its nucleotide content in different regions. This allows unique fingerprints or ‘barcodes' to be generated for molecules with different sequences not unlike restriction mapping. In the earliest forms of denaturation mapping, DNA was denatured by heating in presence of formaldehyde or glyoxal and visualized using electron microscopy. Dyes that selectively bind to double stranded DNA like ethidium bromide could be used to monitor the extent of denaturation. But it was not possible to observe locations of denaturation based on this information. And requirement of electron microscopy made this method more strenuous to perform. More recently microfluidics were used for denaturation mapping of single molecules. In this method a reservoir that contains individual stained DNA molecules is placed next to nanochannels. Under pressure the molecules are pushed towards the nanochannels, and stretch out. With the application of heat in the presence of formamide the molecules denature and while in these channels, denaturation profile of these molecules can be observed by fluorescence microscopy. Computational Prediction Because of the predictable nature of a denaturation map, given a sequence it is possible to computationally generate a candidate map with relatively high confidence based on the Poland-Sherga model. This algorithm can predict the melting probability of a region for a certain temperature and salt concentration. Based on this probability, potential intensity of a region can be calculated as where and are fluorescence intensities of double and single stranded regions respectively and is the probability of DNA remaining double stranded. Uses Historically, this method was used to compare and analyze properties of a single sequence or a group of sequences such as heterogeneity in the absence of sequencing. It was not uncommon to ribosomal DNA and compare the resulting maps of related organisms not unlike 16s rRNA identification method that is often used today. But development of DNA sequencing techniques rendered this use of the method mostly obsolete. Main advantage of denaturation mapping is that large-scale organization of the genome is left intact during the process. That means long-range structural variants can be detected easily. For detection of large structural variants, it is possible to use this technique to make alignments on these barcodes that will enable one to determine the origins of fragments. For instance it was possible to demonstrate this on T4GT7 DNA that circularly permutates in individual viruses. This was also shown fragments of human chromosomes. Furthermore, as it is possible to profile and locate extremely long sequences (more","title":"Denaturation mapping"},{"docid":"1635294","text":"Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a technique in molecular biology for the typing of multiple loci, using DNA sequences of internal fragments of multiple housekeeping genes to characterize isolates of microbial species. The first MLST scheme to be developed was for Neisseria meningitidis, the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Since its introduction for the research of evolutionary history, MLST has been used not only for human pathogens but also for plant pathogens. Principle MLST directly measures the DNA sequence variations in a set of housekeeping genes and characterizes strains by their unique allelic profiles. The principle of MLST is simple: the technique involves PCR amplification followed by DNA sequencing. Nucleotide differences between strains can be checked at a variable number of genes depending on the degree of discrimination desired. The workflow of MLST involves: 1) data collection, 2) data analysis and 3) multilocus sequence analysis. In the data collection step, definitive identification of variation is obtained by nucleotide sequence determination of gene fragments. In the data analysis step, all unique sequences are assigned allele numbers and combined into an allelic profile and assigned a sequence type (ST). If new alleles and STs are found, they are stored in the database after verification. In the final analysis step of MLST, the relatedness of isolates are made by comparing allelic profiles. Researchers do epidemiological and phylogenetical studies by comparing STs of different clonal complexes. A huge set of data is produced during the sequencing and identification process so bioinformatic techniques are used to arrange, manage, analyze and merge all of the biological data. To strike the balance between the acceptable identification power, time and cost for the strain typing, about seven to eight house-keeping genes are commonly used in the laboratories. Quoting Staphylococcus aureus as an example, seven housekeeping genes are used in MLST typing. These genes include carbamate kinase (arcC), shikimate dehydrogenase (aroE), glycerol kinase (glpF), guanylate kinase (gmk), phosphate acetyltransferase (pta), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) and acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase (yqiL) as specified by the MLST website. However, it is not uncommon for up to ten housekeeping genes to be used. For Vibrio vulnificus, the housekeeping genes used are glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (glp), DNA gyrase, subunit B (gyrB), malate-lactate dehydrogenase (mdh), methionyl-tRNA synthetase (metG), phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase (purM), threonine dehydrogenase (dtdS), diaminopimelate decarboxylase (lysA), transhydrogenase alpha subunit (pntA), dihydroorotase (pyrC) and tryptophanase (tnaA). Thus both the number and type of housekeeping genes interrogated by MLST may differ from species to species. For each of these housekeeping genes, the different sequences are assigned as alleles and the alleles at the loci provide an allelic profile. A series of profiles can then be the identification marker for strain typing. Sequences that differ at even a single nucleotide are assigned as different alleles and no weighting is given to take into account the number of nucleotide differences between alleles, as we cannot distinguish whether differences at multiple nucleotide sites are a result of multiple point mutations or a single recombinational exchange. The large number","title":"Multilocus sequence typing"},{"docid":"1812008","text":"Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), pronounced \"rapid\", is a type of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but the segments of DNA that are amplified are random. The scientist performing RAPD creates several arbitrary, short primers (10–12 nucleotides), then proceeds with the PCR using a large template of genomic DNA, hoping that fragments will amplify. By resolving the resulting patterns, a semi-unique profile can be gleaned from an RAPD reaction. No knowledge of the DNA sequence of the targeted genome is required, as the primers will bind somewhere in the sequence, but it is not certain exactly where. This makes the method popular for comparing the DNA of biological systems that have not had the attention of the scientific community, or in a system in which relatively few DNA sequences are compared (it is not suitable for forming a cDNA databank). Because it relies on a large, intact DNA template sequence, it has some limitations in the use of degraded DNA samples. Its resolving power is much lower than targeted, species-specific DNA comparison methods, such as short tandem repeats. In recent years, RAPD has been used to characterize, and trace, the phylogeny of diverse plant and animal species. Introduction RAPD markers are decamer (10 nucleotides long) DNA fragments from PCR amplification of random segments of genomic DNA with a single primer of arbitrary nucleotide sequence and which are able to differentiate between genetically distinct individuals, although not necessarily in a reproducible way. It is used to analyze the genetic diversity of an individual by using random primers. Due to problems in experiment reproducibility, many scientific journals do not accept experiments merely based on RAPDs anymore. RAPD requires only one primer for amplification. How it works After amplification with PCR, samples are loaded into a gel (either agarose or polyacrylamide) for gel electrophoresis. The differing sizes created through random amplification will separate along the gel in a repeatable manner depending on the sample source. This creates a distinct DNA fingerprint. Unlike traditional PCR analysis, RAPD does not require any specific knowledge of the DNA sequence of the target organism: the identical 10-mer primers will or will not amplify a segment of DNA, depending on positions that are complementary to the primers' sequence. For example, no fragment is produced if primers annealed too far apart or 3' ends of the primers are not facing each other. Therefore, if a mutation has occurred in the template DNA at the site that was previously complementary to the primer, a PCR product will not be produced, resulting in a different pattern of amplified DNA segments on the gel. Limitations Nearly all RAPD markers are dominant, i.e. it is not possible to distinguish whether a DNA segment is amplified from a locus that is heterozygous (1 copy) or homozygous (2 copies). Codominant RAPD markers, observed as different-sized DNA segments amplified from the same locus, are detected only rarely. PCR is an enzymatic reaction, therefore, the quality and concentration of template DNA, concentrations of PCR components, and the PCR","title":"Random amplification of polymorphic DNA"},{"docid":"31054510","text":"Justin Elgen Long, \"The Dub\", is an American businessman and skier who currently resides in British Columbia, Canada. He is known for being the youngest person to ski Mount Stanley in Africa as well as for founding the Amelia Earhart DNA Project. Long currently dedicates himself to the technology industry in Vancouver and is the grandson of aviator and author Elgen Long. Early life and education Long was born in San Diego and was a resident of the Reno-Lake Tahoe area. He graduated with honors from Galena High School in Reno, Nevada and spent his early years skiing in Lake Tahoe. Long received a degree in Health Sciences and Business from Simon Fraser University. Defining work The Amelia Earhart DNA Project In February 2011, Long approached Dr. Dongya Yang at Simon Fraser University with letters written by Amelia Earhart. His actions started the Amelia Earhart DNA Project, where Long currently provides support through logistics and funding. The letters were obtained through his grandfather Elgen Long when he realized that the seals on the envelopes were very likely to contain cells left over after Amelia licked them. The Amelia Earhart DNA project will create the first full genetic profile of the disappeared aviator and be used to examine many of the claimed theories of her disappearance. Automation of Tinder Dating App In early February 2015, an Internet bot that Long developed to intelligently automate the Tinder dating app went viral worldwide. The project, named Tinderbox, was more intelligent than previous attempts to build automated bots on Tinder since it used the Eigenfaces algorithm and machine learning techniques to learn who Long found attractive. Additionally, the bot automated chats to help filter conversations of interest and determine which Tinder matches were truly interested. Snow4Innocents Africa To bring awareness to children's health in southern Uganda in 2010, Long created the Snow4Innocents campaign and became the youngest person to simultaneously climb and ski Mount Stanley, Africa. He was the first skier to use the new southern Rwenzori route from Kilembe trekking over 80 km on foot. Long successfully completed the climb and was acknowledged by figures including the Vice President of Uganda at the opening of Holy Innocents Children's Hospital. In the process he also planted an NHL Canucks flag on the mountain in an idea voted by contestants in an online contest. The campaign was a collaboration between Long and Holy Innocents Children's Hospital and received support from Children's Hospital Oakland, Newschoolers.com, IonEarth, and Oakley. Other work From 2007 to January 2011, Long was known as the Executive Director of ACG Corp., a small PR and design agency in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. After four years servicing clients internationally, Long sold the agency to Blue Lotus Creative, another Vancouver agency. References External links Canadian male ski mountaineers Living people 1988 births","title":"Justin Long (businessman)"},{"docid":"46880460","text":"ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing) is a technique used in molecular biology to assess genome-wide chromatin accessibility. In 2013, the technique was first described as an alternative advanced method for MNase-seq, FAIRE-Seq and DNase-Seq. ATAC-seq is a faster analysis of the epigenome than DNase-seq or MNase-seq. Description ATAC-seq identifies accessible DNA regions by probing open chromatin with hyperactive mutant Tn5 Transposase that inserts sequencing adapters into open regions of the genome. While naturally occurring transposases have a low level of activity, ATAC-seq employs the mutated hyperactive transposase. In a process called \"tagmentation\", Tn5 transposase cleaves and tags double-stranded DNA with sequencing adaptors. The tagged DNA fragments are then purified, PCR-amplified, and sequenced using next-generation sequencing. Sequencing reads can then be used to infer regions of increased accessibility as well as to map regions of transcription factor binding sites and nucleosome positions. The number of reads for a region correlate with how open that chromatin is, at single nucleotide resolution. ATAC-seq requires no sonication or phenol-chloroform extraction like FAIRE-seq; no antibodies like ChIP-seq; and no sensitive enzymatic digestion like MNase-seq or DNase-seq. ATAC-seq preparation can be completed in under three hours. Applications ATAC-Seq analysis is used to investigate a number of chromatin-accessibility signatures. The most common use is nucleosome mapping experiments, but it can be applied to mapping transcription factor binding sites, adapted to map DNA methylation sites, or combined with sequencing techniques. The utility of high-resolution enhancer mapping ranges from studying the evolutionary divergence of enhancer usage (e.g. between chimps and humans) during development and uncovering a lineage-specific enhancer map used during blood cell differentiation. ATAC-Seq has also been applied to defining the genome-wide chromatin accessibility landscape in human cancers, and revealing an overall decrease in chromatin accessibility in macular degeneration. Computational footprinting methods can be performed on ATAC-seq to find cell specific binding sites and transcription factors with cell specific activity. Single-cell ATAC-seq Modifications to the ATAC-seq protocol have been made to accommodate single-cell analysis. Microfluidics can be used to separate single nuclei and perform ATAC-seq reactions individually. With this approach, single cells are captured by either a microfluidic device or a liquid deposition system before tagmentation. An alternative technique that does not require single cell isolation is combinatorial cellular indexing. This technique uses barcoding to measure chromatin accessibility in thousands of individual cells; it can generate epigenomic profiles from 10,000-100,000 cells per experiment. But combinatorial cellular indexing requires additional, custom-engineered equipment or a large quantity of custom, modified Tn5. Recently, a pooled barcode method called sci-CAR was developed, allowing joint profiling of chromatin accessibility and gene expression of single cells. Computational analysis of scATAC-seq is based on construction of a count matrix with number of reads per open chromatin regions. Open chromatin regions can be defined, for example, by standard peak calling of pseudo bulk ATAC-seq data. Further steps include data reduction with PCA and clustering of cells. scATAC-seq matrices can be extremely large (hundreds of thousands of regions) and is extremely sparse, i.e. less than","title":"ATAC-seq"},{"docid":"17269927","text":"The MRN complex (MRX complex in yeast) is a protein complex consisting of Mre11, Rad50 and Nbs1 (also known as Nibrin in humans and as Xrs2 in yeast). In eukaryotes, the MRN/X complex plays an important role in the initial processing of double-strand DNA breaks prior to repair by homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining. The MRN complex binds avidly to double-strand breaks both in vitro and in vivo and may serve to tether broken ends prior to repair by non-homologous end joining or to initiate DNA end resection prior to repair by homologous recombination. The MRN complex also participates in activating the checkpoint kinase ATM in response to DNA damage. Production of short single-strand oligonucleotides by Mre11 endonuclease activity has been implicated in ATM activation by the MRN complex. Evolutionary ancestry and biologic function The MRN complex has been mainly studied in eukaryotes. However, recent work shows that two of the three protein components of this complex, Mre11 and Rad50, are also conserved in extant prokaryotic archaea. This finding suggests that key components of the eukaryotic MRN complex are derived by evolutionary descent from the archaea. In the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, the Mre11 protein interacts with the Rad50 protein and appears to have an active role in the repair of DNA damages experimentally introduced by gamma radiation. Similarly, during meiosis in the eukaryotic protist Tetrahymena Mre11 is required for repair of DNA damages, in this case double-strand breaks, by a process that likely involves homologous recombination. Biological function Repair of double-strand DNA breaks In eukaryotes, the MRN complex (through cooperation of its subunits) has been identified as a crucial player in many stages of the repair process of double-strand DNA breaks: initial detection of a lesion, halting of the cell cycle to allow for repair, selection of a specific repair pathway (i.e., via homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining) and providing mechanisms for initiating reconstruction of the DNA molecule (primarily via spatial juxtaposition of the ends of broken chromosomes). Initial detection is thought to be controlled by both Nbs1 and MRE11. Likewise, cell cycle checkpoint regulation is ultimately controlled by phosphorylation activity of the ATM kinase, which is pathway dependent on both Nbs1 and MRE11. MRE11 alone is known to contribute to repair pathway selection, while MRE11 and Rad50 work together to spatially align DNA molecules: Rad50 tethers two linear DNA molecules together while MRE11 fine-tunes the alignment by binding to the ends of the broken chromosomes. Telomere maintenance Telomeres maintain the integrity of the ends of linear chromosomes during replication and protect them from being recognized as double-strand breaks by the DNA repair machinery. MRN participates in telomere maintenance primarily via association with the TERF2 protein of the shelterin complex. Additional studies have suggested that Nbs1 is a necessary component protein for telomere elongation by telomerase. Additionally, knockdown of MRN has been shown to significantly reduce the length of the G-overhang at human telomere ends, which could inhibit the proper formation of the so-called T-loop, destabilizing the telomere","title":"MRN complex"},{"docid":"42177410","text":"DNA base flipping, or nucleotide flipping, is a mechanism in which a single nucleotide base, or nucleobase, is rotated outside the nucleic acid double helix. This occurs when a nucleic acid-processing enzyme needs access to the base to perform work on it, such as its excision for replacement with another base during DNA repair. It was first observed in 1994 using X-ray crystallography in a methyltransferase enzyme catalyzing methylation of a cytosine base in DNA. Since then, it has been shown to be used by different enzymes in many biological processes such as DNA methylation, various DNA repair mechanisms, and DNA replication. It can also occur in RNA double helices or in the DNA:RNA intermediates formed during RNA transcription. DNA base flipping occurs by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases and unstacking the base from its neighbors. This could occur through an active process, where an enzyme binds to the DNA and then facilitates rotation of the base, or a passive process, where the base rotates out spontaneously, and this state is recognized and bound by an enzyme. It can be detected using X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, or hybridization probes. Discovery Base flipping was first observed in 1994 when researchers Klimasauskas, Kumar, Roberts, and Cheng used X-ray crystallography to view an intermediate step in the chemical reaction of a methyltransferase bound to DNA. The methyltransferase they used was the C5-cytosine methyltransferase from Haemophilus haemolyticus (M. HhaI). This enzyme recognizes a specific sequence of the DNA (5'-GCGC-3') and methylates the first cytosine base of the sequence at its C5 location. Upon crystallization of the M. HhaI-DNA complex, they saw the target cytosine base was rotated completely out of the double helix and was positioned in the active site of the M. HhaI. It was held in place by numerous interactions between the M. HhaI and DNA. The authors theorized that base flipping was a mechanism used by many other enzymes, such as helicases, recombination enzymes, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, and Type II topoisomerases. Much research has been done in the years subsequent to this discovery and it has been found that base flipping is a mechanism used in many of the biological processes the authors suggest. Mechanism DNA nucleotides are held together with hydrogen bonds, which are relatively weak and can be easily broken. Base flipping occurs on a millisecond timescale by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases and unstacking the base from its neighbors. The base is rotated out of the double helix by 180 degrees., typically via the major groove, and into the active site of an enzyme. This opening leads to small conformational changes in the DNA backbone which are quickly stabilized by the increased enzyme-DNA interactions. Studies looking at the free-energy profiles of base flipping have shown that the free-energy barrier to flipping can be lowered by 17 kcal/mol for M.HhaI in the closed conformation. There are two mechanisms of DNA base flipping: active and passive. In the active mechanism, an enzyme binds to","title":"DNA base flipping"},{"docid":"2769664","text":"Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, also known as AICDA, AID and single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase, is a 24 kDa enzyme which in humans is encoded by the AICDA gene. It creates mutations in DNA by deamination of cytosine base, which turns it into uracil (which is recognized as a thymine). In other words, it changes a C:G base pair into a U:G mismatch. The cell's DNA replication machinery recognizes the U as a T, and hence C:G is converted to a T:A base pair. During germinal center development of B lymphocytes, error-prone DNA repair following AID action also generates other types of mutations, such as C:G to A:T. AID is a member of the APOBEC family. In B cells in the lymph nodes, AID causes mutations that produce antibody diversity, but that same mutation process leads to B cell lymphoma. Function This gene encodes a DNA-editing deaminase that is a member of the cytidine deaminase family. The protein is involved in somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class-switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes in B cells of the immune system. AID is currently thought to be the master regulator of secondary antibody diversification. It is involved in the initiation of three separate immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification processes: Somatic hypermutation (SHM), in which the antibody genes are minimally mutated to generate a library of antibody variants, some of which with higher affinity for a particular antigen than any of its close variants Class switch recombination (CSR), in which B cells change their expression from IgM to IgG or other immune types Gene conversion (GC) a process that causes mutations in antibody genes of chickens, pigs and some other vertebrates. AID has been shown in vitro to be active on single-strand DNA, and has been shown to require active transcription in order to exert its deaminating activity. The involvement of Cis-regulatory factors is suspected as AID activity is several orders of magnitude higher in the immunoglobulin \"variable\" region than other regions of the genome that are known to be subject to AID activity. This is also true of artificial reporter constructs and transgenes that have been integrated into the genome. A recent publication suggests that high AID activity at a few non-immunoglobulin targets is achieved when transcription on opposite DNA strands converges due to super-enhancer activity. Recently, AICDA has been implicated in active DNA demethylation. AICDA can deaminate 5-methylcytosine, which can then be replaced with cytosine by base excision repair. Mechanism AID is believed to initiate SHM in a multi-step mechanism. AID deaminates cytosine in the target DNA. Cytosines located within hotspot motifs are preferentially deaminated (WRCY motifs W=adenine or thymine, R=purine, C=cytosine, Y=pyrimidine, or the inverse RGYW G=guanine). The resultant U:G (U= uracil) mismatch is then subject to one of a number of fates. The U:G mismatch is replicated across creating two daughter species, one that remains unmutated and one that undergoes a C => T transition mutation. (U is analogous to T in DNA and is treated as such when replicated). The uracil may be","title":"Activation-induced cytidine deaminase"},{"docid":"6476735","text":"Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain to a DNA-cleavage domain. Zinc finger domains can be engineered to target specific desired DNA sequences and this enables zinc-finger nucleases to target unique sequences within complex genomes. By taking advantage of endogenous DNA repair machinery, these reagents can be used to precisely alter the genomes of higher organisms. Alongside CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN, ZFN is a prominent tool in the field of genome editing. Domains DNA-binding domain The DNA-binding domains of individual ZFNs typically contain between three and six individual zinc finger repeats and can each recognize between 9 and 18 basepairs. If the zinc finger domains perfectly recognize a 3 basepair DNA sequence, they can generate a 3-finger array that can recognize a 9 basepair target site. Other procedures can utilize either 1-finger or 2-finger modules to generate zinc-finger arrays with six or more individual zinc fingers. The main drawback with this procedure is the specificities of individual zinc fingers can overlap and can depend on the context of the surrounding zinc fingers and DNA. Without methods to account for this \"context dependence\", the standard modular assembly procedure often fails. Numerous selection methods have been used to generate zinc-finger arrays capable of targeting desired sequences. Initial selection efforts utilized phage display to select proteins that bound a given DNA target from a large pool of partially randomized zinc-finger arrays. More recent efforts have utilized yeast one-hybrid systems, bacterial one-hybrid and two-hybrid systems, and mammalian cells. A promising new method to select novel zinc-finger arrays utilizes a bacterial two-hybrid system and has been dubbed \"OPEN\" by its creators. This system combines pre-selected pools of individual zinc fingers that were each selected to bind a given triplet and then utilizes a second round of selection to obtain 3-finger arrays capable of binding a desired 9-bp sequence. This system was developed by the Zinc-Finger Consortium as an alternative to commercial sources of engineered zinc-finger arrays. (see: Zinc finger chimera for more info on zinc finger selection techniques) DNA-cleavage domain The non-specific cleavage domain from the type IIs restriction endonuclease FokI is typically used as the cleavage domain in ZFNs. This cleavage domain must dimerize in order to cleave DNA and thus a pair of ZFNs are required to target non-palindromic DNA sites. Standard ZFNs fuse the cleavage domain to the C-terminus of each zinc finger domain. To let the two cleavage domains dimerize and cleave DNA, the two individual ZFNs must bind opposite strands of DNA with their C-termini a certain distance apart. The most commonly used linker sequences between the zinc finger domain and the cleavage domain requires the 5′ edge of each binding site to be separated by 5 to 7 bp. Several different protein engineering techniques have been employed to improve both the activity and specificity of the nuclease domain used in ZFNs. Directed evolution has been employed to generate a FokI variant with enhanced cleavage activity that the authors dubbed \"Sharkey\". Structure-based design","title":"Zinc-finger nuclease"},{"docid":"15872993","text":"Thermococcus litoralis (T. litoralis) is a species of Archaea that is found around deep-sea hydrothermal vents as well as shallow submarine thermal springs and oil wells. It is an anaerobic organotroph hyperthermophile that is between in diameter. Like the other species in the order thermococcales, T. litoralis is an irregular hyperthermophile coccus that grows between . Unlike many other thermococci, T. litoralis is non-motile. Its cell wall consists only of a single S-layer that does not form hexagonal lattices. Additionally, while many thermococcales obligately use sulfur as an electron acceptor in metabolism, T. litoralis only needs sulfur to help stimulate growth, and can live without it. T. litoralis has recently been popularized by the scientific community for its ability to produce an alternative DNA polymerase to the commonly used Taq polymerase. The T. litoralis polymerase, dubbed the vent polymerase, has been shown to have a lower error rate than Taq but due to its proofreading 3’–5’ exonuclease abilities. DNA polymerase The DNA polymerase of Thermococcus litoralis is stable at high temperatures, with a half-life of eight hours at and two hours at . It also has a proofreading activity that is able to reduce mutation frequencies to a level 2–4 times lower than most non-proofreading DNA polymerases. Habitat and ecology T. litoralis grows near shallow and deep sea hydrothermal vents in extremely hot water. The optimal growth temperature for T. litoralis is 85–88 °C. It also prefers slightly acidic waters, growing between pH 4.0 to 8.0 with the optimal pH between 6.0–6.4. Unlike many other hyperthermophiles, T. litoralis is only facultatively dependent on sulfur as a final electron acceptor in fermentation, producing hydrogen gas in its absence and hydrogen sulfide when present. Additionally, T. litoralis has been shown to produce an exopolysaccharide (EPS) that could possibly help it form a biofilm. It is made of mannose, sulfites, and phosphorus. Physiology T. litoralis can utilize pyruvate, maltose, and amino acids as energy sources. In a laboratory setting, T. litoralis must be supplied with amino acids in order to grow at non-reduced rates. The only amino acids it does not require are asparagine, glutamine, alanine, and glutamate. These amino acids may not be vital for T. litoralis because asparagine and glutamine tend to deaminate at high temperatures found around hydrothermic vents and alanine and glutamate can usually be produced by other hyperthermophilic archaea. The main carbon source for T. litoralis seems to be maltose, which can be brought into the cell via a maltose-trehalose ABC transporter. T. litoralis has a specialized glycolytic pathway called the modified Embden–Meyerhoff (EM) pathway. One way the modified EM pathway in T. litoralis deviates from the common EM pathway is that the modified version contains an ADP dependent hexose kinase and PFK instead of an ATP dependent versions of the enzymes. Novel strains New DNA analysis has shown several isolates of T. litoralis, MW and Z-1614, which are most likely new strains. MW and Z-1614 were confirmed to be strains of T. litoralis through DNA-DNA hybridization, C–G","title":"Thermococcus litoralis"},{"docid":"241191","text":"In genomics, DNA–DNA hybridization is a molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between DNA sequences. It is used to determine the genetic distance between two organisms and has been used extensively in phylogeny and taxonomy. Method The DNA of one organism is labelled, then mixed with the unlabelled DNA to be compared against. The mixture is incubated to allow DNA strands to dissociate and then cooled to form renewed hybrid double-stranded DNA. Hybridized sequences with a high degree of similarity will bind more firmly, and require more energy to separate them: i.e. they separate when heated at a higher temperature than dissimilar sequences, a process known as \"DNA melting\". To assess the melting profile of the hybridized DNA, the double-stranded DNA is bound to a column or filter and the mixture is heated in small steps. At each step, the column or filter is washed; sequences that melt become single-stranded and wash off. The temperatures at which labelled DNA comes off reflects the amount of similarity between sequences (and the self-hybridization sample serves as a control). These results are combined to determine the degree of genetic similarity between organisms. One method was introduced for hybridizing large numbers of DNA samples against large numbers of DNA probes on a single membrane. These samples would have to be separated in their own lanes inside the membranes and then the membrane would have to be rotated to a different angle where it would result in simultaneous hybridization with many different DNA probes. Uses When several species are compared, similarity values allow organisms to be arranged in a phylogenetic tree; it is therefore one possible approach to carrying out molecular systematics. In microbiology DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) is used as a primary method to distinguish bacterial species as it is difficult to visually classify them accurately. This technique is not widely used on larger organisms where differences in species are easier to identify. In the late 1900s, strains were considered to belong to the same species if they had a DNA–DNA similarity value greater than 70% and their melting temperatures were within 5 °C of each other. In 2014, a threshold of 79% similarity has been suggested to separate bacterial subspecies. DDH is a common technique for bacteria, but it is labor intensive, error-prone, and technically challenging. In 2004, a new DDH technique was described. This technique utilized microplates and colorimetrically labelled DNA to decrease the time needed and increase the amount of samples that can be processed. This new DDH technique became the standard for bacterial taxonomy. In zoology Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist, pioneers of the technique, used DNA–DNA hybridization to examine the phylogenetic relationships of avians (the Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy) and primates. In radioactivity In 1969, one such method was performed by Mary Lou Pardue and Joseph G. Gall at the Yale University through radioactivity where it involved the hybridization of a radioactive test DNA in solution to the stationary DNA of a cytological preparation, which is identified as","title":"DNA–DNA hybridization"},{"docid":"53368771","text":"Pharmacomicrobiomics, proposed by Prof. Marco Candela for the ERC-2009-StG project call (proposal n. 242860, titled \"PharmacoMICROBIOMICS, study of the microbiome determinants of the different drug responses between individuals\"), and publicly coined for the first time in 2010 by Rizkallah et al. (from Ramy K. Aziz research group), is defined as the effect of microbiome variations on drug disposition, action, and toxicity. Pharmacomicrobiomics is concerned with the interaction between xenobiotics, or foreign compounds, and the gut microbiome. It is estimated that over 100 trillion prokaryotes representing more than 1000 species reside in the gut. Within the gut, microbes help modulate developmental, immunological and nutrition host functions. The aggregate genome of microbes extends the metabolic capabilities of humans, allowing them to capture nutrients from diverse sources. Namely, through the secretion of enzymes that assist in the metabolism of chemicals foreign to the body, modification of liver and intestinal enzymes, and modulation of the expression of human metabolic genes, microbes can significantly impact the ingestion of xenobiotics. Efforts to understand the interaction between specific xenobiotics and the microbiome have traditionally involved the use of in vivo as well as in vitro models. Recently, next generation sequencing of genomic DNA obtained from a community of microbes has been used to identify organisms within microbial communities, allowing for accurate profiles of the composition of microbes within an environment. Initiatives such as the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) have aimed to characterize the microbial composition of the oral, gut, vaginal, skin and nasal environments. This and other microbiome characterization projects have accelerated the study of pharmacomicrobiomics. An extensive understanding of the microbiome in the human body can lead to the development of novel therapeutics and personalized drug treatments that are not potentiated or activated by processes carried out by the microbiome. History In a 1973 paper, Ronald Scheline stated that the gastrointestinal microbiome has the ability to act as an organ with metabolic potential at least equal to the liver. Since then, the importance of the human microbiome in mediating health and disease has been acknowledged, and specific interactions between xenobiotics and microbes have been characterized using in vitro or in vivo methods. However, few studies have taken into account the complete metabolic profile, leading some to say that the microbiome's cumulative role in xenobiotic metabolism and toxicology has largely remained unexplored. It is reported that 84% of the top-selling pharmaceuticals in the US and Europe are administered orally, making it the most common mode of drug administration. The implication of this is that a large proportion of drugs, especially those that are lowly soluble and permeable ones, encounter the microbiome and are subject to reductive and hydrolytic reactions. The view of the human microbiome as an organ is quite common in scientific literature; however, it is more biologically correct to view it as a cloud, since a 'microbiome cloud model' better reflects the uncertainty associated with the dynamic composition of the microbiome. Understanding the microbiome variability is key to understanding and modulating pharmacomicrobiomic interactions. The same","title":"Pharmacomicrobiomics"},{"docid":"29155762","text":"Katie's Law, also known as the Katie Sepich Enhanced DNA Collection Act of 2010, is a federal law to provide funding to states to implement minimum and enhanced DNA collection processes for felony arrests. The bill is named after Katie Sepich, who was brutally attacked outside of her New Mexico home in August 2003. She was raped, strangled, her body set on fire, and abandoned at an old dump site. Summary Katie's attacker's skin and blood were found under her fingernails. This DNA profile was sent to the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) where officials hoped a match would be made. A DNA match identified Gabriel Adrian Avila, who had been arrested in November 2003 for aggravated burglary and was serving time in the New Mexico Corrections System since November 2004. After being confronted with his DNA evidence, Avila subsequently confessed to the murder of Sepich. The experience of Katie's parents, Jayann and Dave Sepich, in bringing Katie's killer to justice motivated them to advocate for legislation that would expand the use of DNA to arrest and convict criminals: Jayann and Dave Sepich, Katie's parents, began researching the role of DNA in solving crimes. At first they just wanted to find and punish the person who had murdered their daughter; but as they learned more about how DNA can solve crimes, they also learned it could do so much more–it can prevent crimes and save lives. The proposed legislation encourages states to collect a sample through DNA profiling from individuals who are: arrested for, charged with or indicted for crimes involving murder, manslaughter, sexual assaults, and kidnapping or abduction. The collected samples are included in CODIS which contains more than 5 million records and used by law enforcement agencies. DNA profiling is not the same as full genome sequencing and contains no genetic information. There are over 3 billion markers in the DNA molecule and only 13 of these markers go into CODIS. Law's expansion Susana Martinez was the attorney who prosecuted and convicted the killer. While she was District Attorney, Martinez worked to pass legislation that would expand Katie's Law, requiring a DNA sample for all felony arrests. While Governor of New Mexico, Martinez signed the expansion bill into law in April 2011. National growth On February 4, 2010 Congressman Harry Teague (D-NM) introduced H.R. 4614. The bill had 11 co-sponsors: Rep. Gerry Connolly (D-VA) Rep. Martin Heinrich (D-NM) Rep. Tim Holden (D-PA) Rep. Steve Kagen (D-WI) Rep. Suzanne Kosmas (D-FL) Rep. Ben Ray Lujan (D-NM) Rep. Betsy Markey (D-CO) Rep. David Reichert (R-WA) Rep. Thomas J. Rooney (R-FL) Rep. Adam B. Schiff (D-CA) Rep. Anthony Weiner (D-NY) On May 18, the bill was passed in the House by a vote of 357 to 32. In the Senate side, S. 3805 was introduced by Sen. Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) on September 20, 2010 and co-sponsored by Sen. Michael Bennet (D-CO), Sen. Charles Schumer (D-NY), Sen. Tom Udall (D-NM). As of 2018, no action has been taken on the bill. 25","title":"Katie's Law"},{"docid":"27341280","text":"5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) is a thymidine analogue which is incorporated into the DNA of dividing cells. EdU is used to assay DNA synthesis in cell culture and detect cells in embryonic, neonatal and adult animals which have undergone DNA synthesis. Whilst at high doses it can be cytotoxic, this molecule is now widely used to track proliferating cells in multiple biological systems. EdU-labelling allows cells to be isolated without denaturing DNA, allowing researchers to determine the transcriptional profile of cells. This approach has been used to assess transcription in neuronal cells and tissues that have recently divided either in vitro or in vivo. Detection EdU is labeled and detected with an azide molecule (most commonly fluorescent azides) through Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry. Unlike the commonly used bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), EdU detection requires no heat or acid treatment. Toxicity EdU incorporated into DNA induces DNA damage through the formation of interstrand crosslinks. These are detected by the cell during DNA replication, which is reflected by phosphorylation of histone H2AX, arrest in the cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. References External links Nucleosides Staining dyes Pyrimidinediones Ethynyl compounds","title":"5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"70168863\",\n \"text\": \"Ribose-seq is a mapping technique used in genetics research to determine the full profile of embedded ribonucleotides, specifically ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs), in genomic DNA. Embedded ribonucleotides are thought to be the most common alteration to DNA in cells, and their presence in genomic DNA can affect genome stability. As recent studies have suggested that ribonucleotides in mouse DNA may affect disease pathology, ribonucleotide incorporation in genomic DNA has become an important target of medical genetics research. Ribose-seq allows scientists to determine the precise location and type of ribonucleotides that have been incorporated into eukaryotic or prokaryotic DNA. The technique exploits the presence of the extra hydroxyl groups (OH) found in the 2’ end of ribonucleotides, which can distort and destabilize DNA. The technique was developed through a collaboration with a group of researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology including Francesca Storici and Kyung Duk Koh (now at the University of California San Francisco), and Jay Hesselberth at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical School. History Nucleic acids are the essential macromolecules that carry genetic information in all life forms. These biopolymers consist of nucleotide monomers, which are organic molecules that consist of a phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar (ribose in ribonucleotides and deoxyribose in deoxyribonucleotides). While ribonucleotides are typically located in ribonucleic acid (RNA), they can also be found in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The first discovery of ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) embedded into DNA was in mitochondrial DNA from mouse and human cells in 1973 by Lawrence Grossman, Robert Watson, and Jerome Vinograd. In 2006, the presence of rNMPs were confirmed in nuclear DNA of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (\\\"fission yeast\\\"), and exploration in other species has continued since. Incorporation of ribonucleotides into DNA Multiple studies have identified mechanisms by which ribonucleotides can be added to, removed from, or generated from DNA. Primarily, ribonucleotides are incorporated into DNA during the DNA synthesis process. To initiate DNA replication, short RNA primers synthesized on complementary DNA to allow for the subsequent binding and replication action of the primary replication enzymes, DNA polymerases. Typically, these primers are then removed by nuclease enzymes, RNases H or Flap Structure-specific Endonuclease 1 (FEN1). As such, there is a fairly substantial volume of transient rNMPs that are present in DNA in the form of RNA primers and then later removed. After DNA replication is initiated, rNMPs can be fully incorporated into DNA by DNA polymerases and this represents the major mechanism of ribonucleotide incorporation in DNA with over 1 ribonucleotide per 1,000 deoxyribonucleotides incorporated. The embedded rNMPs are often targeted for removal by the Ribonucleotide Excision Repair (RER) mechanism. However, if RER is not working properly, this can become a more persistent source of embedded rNMPs in DNA. Another mechanism by which rNMPs may arise in DNA is through oxidative stress, which alters the deoxyribose unit in DNA to a ribose. While the RER pathway is the most efficient process for removing rNMPs from DNA, ribonucleotides can also be removed through the 3’-5’ exonuclease activity\",\n \"title\": \"Ribose-seq\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17704946\",\n \"text\": \"Epigenomics is the study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell, known as the epigenome. The field is analogous to genomics and proteomics, which are the study of the genome and proteome of a cell. Epigenetic modifications are reversible modifications on a cell's DNA or histones that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenomic maintenance is a continuous process and plays an important role in stability of eukaryotic genomes by taking part in crucial biological mechanisms like DNA repair. Plant flavones are said to be inhibiting epigenomic marks that cause cancers. Two of the most characterized epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation and histone modification. Epigenetic modifications play an important role in gene expression and regulation, and are involved in numerous cellular processes such as in differentiation/development and tumorigenesis. The study of epigenetics on a global level has been made possible only recently through the adaptation of genomic high-throughput assays. Introduction to epigenetics The mechanisms governing phenotypic plasticity, or the capacity of a cell to change its state in response to stimuli, have long been the subject of research (Phenotypic plasticity 1). The traditional central dogma of biology states that the DNA of a cell is transcribed to RNA, which is translated to proteins, which perform cellular processes and functions. A paradox exists, however, in that cells exhibit diverse responses to varying stimuli and that cells sharing identical sets of DNA such as in multicellular organisms can have a variety of distinct functions and phenotypes. Classical views have attributed phenotypic variation to differences in primary DNA structure, be it through aberrant mutation or an inherited sequence allele. However, while this did explain some aspects of variation, it does not explain how tightly coordinated and regulated cellular responses, such as differentiation, are carried out. A more likely source of cellular plasticity is through the regulation of gene expression, such that while two cells may have near identical DNA, the differential expression of certain genes results in variation. Research has shown that cells are capable of regulating gene expression at several stages: mRNA transcription, processing and transportation as well as in protein translation, post-translational processing and degradation. Regulatory proteins that bind to DNA, RNA, and/or proteins are key effectors in these processes and function by positively or negatively regulating specific protein level and function in a cell. And, while DNA binding transcription factors provide a mechanism for specific control of cellular responses, a model where DNA binding transcription factors are the sole regulators of gene activity is also unlikely. For example, in a study of Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, it was demonstrated that stable features of differentiation remain after the nucleus is transferred to a new cellular environment, suggesting that a stable and heritable mechanism of gene regulation was involved in the maintenance of the differentiated state in the absence of the DNA binding transcription factors. With the finding that DNA methylation and histone modifications are stable, heritable, and also reversible processes that influence gene\",\n \"title\": \"Epigenomics\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8513572\",\n \"text\": \"Antoni Imiela (1954 – 8 March 2018) was a German-born convicted serial rapist who grew up in County Durham, England. He was found guilty of the rape of nine women and girls, and the indecent assault, and attempted rape, of a 10-year-old girl whom he repeatedly punched and throttled. The crimes took place in Surrey, Kent, Berkshire, London, Hertfordshire and Birmingham, and the press dubbed the offender the M25 Rapist after the M25 motorway that passes in the vicinity of all those areas except Birmingham. He died in HM Prison Wakefield on 8 March 2018. Early life Imiela was born in Lübeck, West Germany, to a Polish father and German mother. He grew up in displaced people camps until the age of 7 when the family emigrated to the United Kingdom, settling in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham. His mother abandoned the family in 1968, and shortly after that Imiela began committing crimes and was sent to youth detention centres. In 1987, he robbed a post office at gunpoint, demanding £10,000. After having committed further robberies, he was sentenced to 14 years in prison. He was released in 1996. Attacks By September 2002, police had identified the existence of an extremely dangerous serial rapist who, an hour after one attack, had used the victim's mobile phone to taunt her mother. Often he approached his victims at speed from behind. If a victim resisted they were punched in the face; he also carried a knife. He was also dubbed the \\\"summer rapist\\\" and the \\\"trophy rapist\\\" as he sometimes stole items of clothing having forced the victim to undress. Kent Police and Surrey Police launched a joint investigation code-named Operation Orb, and Imiela was finally caught with the use of DNA profiling. Once police had his DNA they launched a public appeal for information which resulted in a woman coming forward who expressed suspicion about her neighbour. A DNA swab test was carried out on the individual, Antoni Imiela, which enabled police to link him to the attacks. He was subsequently arrested. On 4 March 2004, he was sentenced to seven life sentences (with eight years minimum) at Maidstone Crown Court for the crimes. He was subsequently imprisoned at Wakefield Prison in Yorkshire. On 18 October 2010, Imiela was charged with the rape, indecent assault and buggery of a 29-year-old woman, Sheila Jankowitz, on 25 December 1987 in Forest Hill, south east London, following a case review using new forensic techniques. The victim's interview with police had been recorded and although she died in 2006, Imiela appeared at City of Westminster Magistrates' Court on 1 November 2010 and subsequently at Southwark Crown Court on 7 January 2011 to answer the charges. On 12 March 2012, court proceedings against Imiela for the Christmas Day rape in 1987 began at the Old Bailey. A statement by the late Sheila Jankowitz, who was murdered in her native South Africa in 2006 in an unrelated crime, was read to the court by the prosecuting barrister, Richard\",\n \"title\": \"Antoni Imiela\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25323092\",\n \"text\": \"Rape investigation is the procedure to gather facts about a suspected rape, including forensic identification of a perpetrator, type of rape and other details. The vast majority of rapes are committed by persons known to the victim: only between five and 15 percent of assaults are perpetrated by a stranger. Therefore, the identity of the perpetrator is frequently reported. Biological evidence such as semen, blood, vaginal secretions, saliva, vaginal epithelial cells may be identified and genetically typed by a crime lab. The information derived from the analysis can often help determine whether sexual contact occurred, provide information regarding the circumstances of the incident, and be compared to reference samples collected from patients and suspects. Medical personnel in many countries collect evidence for potential rape cases by using rape kits. The time it takes to have rape kits processed has been criticized. Forensic evidence Victim injuries A forensic medical examination is conducted head to toe to record all injuries from minor to severe for the purpose of recovering evidence to support the victim's assertion that a rape took place without consent. Swabbing for bodily fluid samples (saliva, semen, blood) reveals evidence that may identify or eliminate a suspect as well as the nature of the sexual activity that took place. Toxicology report Establishing the victim's levels of alcohol, prescription or recreational drugs by taking urine and blood samples can support an assertion that there was a lack of capacity to consent to sexual activity. Passage of time Where an alleged victim of rape comes forward days, weeks, months or even years after an alleged assault took place it is not always appropriate to conduct a physical forensic examination. Such a passing of time degrades any useful physical forensic evidence. Where allegations of rape or childhood sexual abuse are the subject of an investigation which relies on memory as the only evidence, a form of forensic interviewing may be used to assist with the investigation. Documentary evidence Documentary evidence will also be collected during a thorough rape investigation. This type of evidence can include paper records and digital records categorized as either public, judicial or private documents such as: police records court documents business records personal papers (letters, diary, journal) time logs phone records medical records social service records psychiatric records tape recordings video tapes CCTV or surveillance video footage computer records microfiche emails, texts, social media posts, instant messaging records Perpetrator identification DNA profiling DNA profiling is used by crime laboratories for testing biological evidence, most commonly by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which allows analysis of samples of limited quality and quantity by making millions of copies. An advanced form of PCR testing called short tandem repeats (STR) generates a DNA profile that can be compared to DNA from a suspect or a crime scene. Blood, buccal (inner cheek) swabbings or saliva should also be collected from victims to distinguish their DNA from that of suspects. Criminals may plant fake DNA samples at crime scenes. In one case\",\n \"title\": \"Rape investigation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4020995\",\n \"text\": \"Laser capture microdissection (LCM), also called microdissection, laser microdissection (LMD), or laser-assisted microdissection (LMD or LAM), is a method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue/cells/organisms (dissection on a microscopic scale with the help of a laser). Principle Laser-capture microdissection (LCM) is a method to procure subpopulations of tissue cells under direct microscopic visualization. LCM technology can harvest the cells of interest directly or can isolate specific cells by cutting away unwanted cells to give histologically pure enriched cell populations. A variety of downstream applications exist: DNA genotyping and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, RNA transcript profiling, cDNA library generation, proteomics discovery and signal-pathway profiling. The total time required to carry out this protocol is typically 1–1.5 h. Extraction A laser is coupled into a microscope and focuses onto the tissue on the slide. By movement of the laser by optics or the stage the focus follows a trajectory which is predefined by the user. This trajectory, also called element, is then cut out and separated from the adjacent tissue. After the cutting process, an extraction process has to follow if an extraction process is desired. More recent technologies utilize non-contact microdissection. There are several ways to extract tissue from a microscope slide with a histopathology sample on it. Press a sticky surface onto the sample and tear out. This extracts the desired region, but can also remove particles or unwanted tissue on the surface, because the surface is not selective. Melt a plastic membrane onto the sample and tear out. The heat is introduced, for example, by a red or infrared (IR) laser onto a membrane stained with an absorbing dye. As this adheres the desired sample onto the membrane, as with any membrane that is put close to the histopathology sample surface, there might be some debris extracted. Another danger is the introduced heat: Some molecules like DNA, RNA, or protein don't allow to be heated too much or at all for the goal of being isolated as purely as possible. For transport without contact. There are three different approaches. Transport by gravity using an upright microscope (called GAM, gravity-assisted microdissection) or transport by laser pressure catapult; the most recent generation utilizes a technology based on laser induced forward transfer (LIFT). With cut-and-capture, a cap coated with an adhesive is positioned directly on the thinly cut (5-8 μm) tissue section, the section itself resting on a thin membrane (polyethylene naphthalene). An IR laser gently heats the adhesive on the cap fusing it to the underlying tissue and an UV laser cuts through tissue and underlying membrane. The membrane-tissue entity now adheres to the cap and the cells on the cap can be used in downstream applications (DNA, RNA, protein analysis). Procedure Under a microscope using a software interface, a tissue section (typically 5-50 micrometres thick) is viewed and individual cells or clusters of cells are identified either manually or in semi-automated or more fully automated ways allowing the imaging and then automatic selection of\",\n \"title\": \"Laser capture microdissection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"967212\",\n \"text\": \"As with all utility patents in the United States, a biological patent provides the patent holder with the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing the claimed invention or discovery in biology for a limited period of time - for patents filed after 1998, 20 years from the filing date. Until recently, natural biological substances themselves could be patented (apart from any associated process or usage) in the United States if they were sufficiently \\\"isolated\\\" from their naturally occurring states. Prominent historical examples of such patents on isolated products of nature include adrenaline, insulin, vitamin B12, and gene patents. However, the US Supreme Court ruled in 2013 that mere isolation by itself is not sufficient for something to be deemed inventive subject matter. History The United States has been patenting chemical compositions based upon human products for over 100 years. The first patent for a human product was granted on March 20, 1906, for a purified form of adrenaline. It was challenged and upheld in Parke-Davis v. Mulford. Judge Hand argued that natural substances when they are purified are more useful than the original natural substances. The 1970s marked the first time when scientists patented methods on their biotechnological inventions with recombinant DNA. It was not until 1980 that patents for whole-scale living organisms were permitted. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Diamond v. Chakrabarty, upheld the first patent on a newly created living organism, a bacterium for digesting crude oil in oil spills. The patent examiner for the United States Patent and Trademark Office had rejected the patent of a living organism, but Chakrabarty appealed. As a rule, raw natural material is generally rejected for patent approval by the USPTO. The Court ruled that as long as the organism is truly \\\"man-made\\\", such as through genetic engineering, then it is patentable. Because the DNA of Chakrabarty's organism was modified, it was patentable. Since that 1980 court case, there have been many patents of genetically modified organisms. This includes bacteria (as just mentioned), viruses, seeds, plants, cells, and even non-human animals. Isolated and manipulated cells - even human cells - can also be patented. In 1998, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) issued a broad patent claiming primate (including human) embryonic stem cells, entitled \\\"Primate Embryonic Stem Cells\\\" (). On 13 March 2001, a second patent () was issued with the same title but focused on human embryonic stem cells. In another example, a genetically modified mouse, dubbed the Oncomouse, that is useful for studying cancer, was patented by Harvard University as . Companies and organizations, like the University of California, have patented entire genomes. Food patents An early example of a food patent is the patent granted to RiceTec for basmati rice in 1997. In 1999, a patent was filed for a peanut butter and jelly sandwich that was without crust. Agriculture giant Monsanto filed for a patent on certain pig genes in 2004. Gene patents A gene patent is a patent on a\",\n \"title\": \"Biological patents in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54472601\",\n \"text\": \"Recent human evolution refers to evolutionary adaptation, sexual and natural selection, and genetic drift within Homo sapiens populations, since their separation and dispersal in the Middle Paleolithic about 50,000 years ago. Contrary to popular belief, not only are humans still evolving, their evolution since the dawn of agriculture is faster than ever before. It has been proposed that human culture acts as a selective force in human evolution and has accelerated it; however, this is disputed. With a sufficiently large data set and modern research methods, scientists can study the changes in the frequency of an allele occurring in a tiny subset of the population over a single lifetime, the shortest meaningful time scale in evolution. Comparing a given gene with that of other species enables geneticists to determine whether it is rapidly evolving in humans alone. For example, while human DNA is on average 98% identical to chimp DNA, the so-called Human Accelerated Region 1 (HAR1), involved in the development of the brain, is only 85% similar. Following the peopling of Africa some 130,000 years ago, and the recent Out-of-Africa expansion some 70,000 to 50,000 years ago, some sub-populations of Homo sapiens have been geographically isolated for tens of thousands of years prior to the early modern Age of Discovery. Combined with archaic admixture, this has resulted in relatively significant genetic variation. Selection pressures were especially severe for populations affected by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Eurasia, and for sedentary farming populations since the Neolithic, or New Stone Age. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP, pronounced 'snip'), or mutations of a single genetic code \\\"letter\\\" in an allele that spread across a population, in functional parts of the genome can potentially modify virtually any conceivable trait, from height and eye color to susceptibility to diabetes and schizophrenia. Approximately 2% of the human genome codes for proteins and a slightly larger fraction is involved in gene regulation. But most of the rest of the genome has no known function. If the environment remains stable, the beneficial mutations will spread throughout the local population over many generations until it becomes a dominant trait. An extremely beneficial allele could become ubiquitous in a population in as little as a few centuries whereas those that are less advantageous typically take millennia. Human traits that emerged recently include the ability to free-dive for long periods of time, adaptations for living in high altitudes where oxygen concentrations are low, resistance to contagious diseases (such as malaria), light skin, blue eyes, lactase persistence (or the ability to digest milk after weaning), lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, retention of the median artery, reduced prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, lower susceptibility to diabetes, genetic longevity, shrinking brain sizes, and changes in the timing of menarche and menopause. Archaic admixture Genetic evidence suggests that a species dubbed Homo heidelbergensis is the last common ancestor of Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Homo sapiens. This common ancestor lived between 600,000 and 750,000 years ago, likely in either Europe or Africa. Members of this species\",\n \"title\": \"Recent human evolution\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27962727\",\n \"text\": \"Restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers are a type of genetic marker which are useful for association mapping, QTL-mapping, population genetics, ecological genetics and evolutionary genetics. The use of RAD markers for genetic mapping is often called RAD mapping. An important aspect of RAD markers and mapping is the process of isolating RAD tags, which are the DNA sequences that immediately flank each instance of a particular restriction site of a restriction enzyme throughout the genome. Once RAD tags have been isolated, they can be used to identify and genotype DNA sequence polymorphisms mainly in form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Polymorphisms that are identified and genotyped by isolating and analyzing RAD tags are referred to as RAD markers. Although genotyping by sequencing presents an approach similar to the RAD-seq method, they differ in some substantial ways. Isolation of RAD tags The use of the flanking DNA sequences around each restriction site is an important aspect of RAD tags. The density of RAD tags in a genome depends on the restriction enzyme used during the isolation process. There are other restriction site marker techniques, like RFLP or amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), which use fragment length polymorphism caused by different restriction sites, for the distinction of genetic polymorphism. The use of the flanking DNA-sequences in RAD tag techniques is referred as reduced-representation method. The initial procedure to isolate RAD tags involved digesting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme, ligating biotinylated adapters to the overhangs, randomly shearing the DNA into fragments much smaller than the average distance between restriction sites, and isolating the biotinylated fragments using streptavidin beads. This procedure was used initially to isolate RAD tags for microarray analysis. More recently, the RAD tag isolation procedure has been modified for use with high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina platform, which has the benefit of greatly reduced raw error rates and high throughput. The new procedure involves digesting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme (for example: SbfI, NsiI,…), ligating the first adapter, called P1, to the overhangs, randomly shearing the DNA into fragments much smaller than the average distance between restriction sites, preparing the sheared ends into blunt ends and ligating the second adapter (P2), and using PCR to specifically amplify fragments that contain both adapters. Importantly, the first adapter contains a short DNA sequence barcode, called MID (molecular identifier) that is used as a marker to identify different DNA samples that are pooled together and sequenced in the same reaction. The use of high-throughput sequencing to analyze RAD tags can be classified as reduced-representation sequencing, which includes, among other things, RADSeq (RAD-Sequencing). Detection and genotyping of RAD markers Once RAD tags have been isolated, they can be used to identify and genotype DNA sequence polymorphisms such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These polymorphic sites are referred to as RAD markers. The most efficient way to find RAD tags is by high-throughput DNA sequencing, called RAD tag sequencing, RAD sequencing, RAD-Seq, or RADSeq. Prior to the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, RAD\",\n \"title\": \"Restriction site associated DNA markers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11887815\",\n \"text\": \"Postreplication repair is the repair of damage to the DNA that takes place after replication. Some example genes in humans include: BRCA2 and BRCA1 BLM NBS1 Accurate and efficient DNA replication is crucial for the health and survival of all living organisms. Under optimal conditions, the replicative DNA polymerases ε, δ, and α can work in concert to ensure that the genome is replicated efficiently with high accuracy in every cell cycle. However, DNA is constantly challenged by exogenous and endogenous genotoxic threats, including solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated as a byproduct of cellular metabolism. Damaged DNA can act as a steric block to replicative polymerases, thereby leading to incomplete DNA replication or the formation of secondary DNA strand breaks at the sites of replication stalling. Incomplete DNA synthesis and DNA strand breaks are both potential sources of genomic instability. An arsenal of DNA repair mechanisms exists to repair various forms of damaged DNA and minimize genomic instability. Most DNA repair mechanisms require an intact DNA strand as template to fix the damaged strand. DNA damage prevents the normal enzymatic synthesis of DNA by the replication fork. At damaged sites in the genome, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells utilize a number of postreplication repair (PRR) mechanisms to complete DNA replication. Chemically modified bases can be bypassed by either error-prone or error-free translesion polymerases, or through genetic exchange with the sister chromatid. The replication of DNA with a broken sugar-phosphate backbone is most likely facilitated by the homologous recombination proteins that confer resistance to ionizing radiation. The activity of PRR enzymes is regulated by the SOS response in bacteria and may be controlled by the postreplication checkpoint response in eukaryotes. The elucidation of PRR mechanisms is an active area of molecular biology research, and the terminology is currently in flux. For instance, PRR has recently been referred to as \\\"DNA damage tolerance\\\" to emphasize the instances in which postreplication DNA damage is repaired without removing the original chemical modification to the DNA. While the term PRR has most frequently been used to describe the repair of single-stranded postreplication gaps opposite damaged bases, a more broad usage has been suggested. In this case, the term PRR would encompasses all processes that facilitate the replication of damaged DNA, including those that repair replication-induced double-strand breaks. Melanoma cells are commonly defective in postreplication repair of DNA damages that are in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, a type of damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. A particular repair process that appears to be defective in melanoma cells is homologous recombinational repair. Defective postreplication repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers can lead to mutations that are the primary driver of melanoma. References DNA repair\",\n \"title\": \"Postreplication repair\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15354795\",\n \"text\": \"Cellular senescence is a phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division. In their experiments during the early 1960s, Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead found that normal human fetal fibroblasts in culture reach a maximum of approximately 50 cell population doublings before becoming senescent. This process is known as \\\"replicative senescence\\\", or the Hayflick limit. Hayflick's discovery of mortal cells paved the path for the discovery and understanding of cellular aging molecular pathways. Cellular senescence can be initiated by a wide variety of stress inducing factors. These stress factors include both environmental and internal damaging events, abnormal cellular growth, oxidative stress, autophagy factors, among many other things. The physiological importance for cell senescence has been attributed to prevention of carcinogenesis, and more recently, aging, development, and tissue repair. Senescent cells contribute to the aging phenotype, including frailty syndrome, sarcopenia, and aging-associated diseases. Senescent astrocytes and microglia contribute to neurodegeneration. Cellular mechanisms Stress response and DNA damage Mechanistically, replicative senescence can be triggered by a DNA damage response due to the shortening of telomeres. Cells can also be induced to senesce by DNA damage in response to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of oncogenes, and cell-cell fusion. Normally, cell senescence is reached through a combination of a variety of factors (i.e., both telomere shortening and oxidative stress). The DNA damage response (DDR) arrests cell cycle progression until DNA damage, such as double-strand breaks (DSBs), are repaired. Senescent cells display persistent DDR that appears to be resistant to endogenous DNA repair activities. The prolonged DDR activates both ATM and ATR DNA damage kinases. The phosphorylation cascade initiated by these two kinases causes the eventual arrest of the cell cycle. Depending on the severity of the DNA damage, the cells may no longer be able to undergo repair and either go through apoptosis or cell senescence. Such senescent cells in mammalian culture and tissues retain DSBs and DDR markers. It has been proposed that retained DSBs are major drivers of the aging process. Mutations in genes relating to genome maintenance has been linked with premature aging diseases, supporting the role of cell senescence in aging (see DNA damage theory of aging). Depletion of NAD+ can lead to DNA damage and cellular senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells. Although senescent cells can no longer replicate, they remain metabolically active and commonly adopt an immunogenic phenotype consisting of a pro-inflammatory secretome, the up-regulation of immune ligands, a pro-survival response, promiscuous gene expression (pGE), and stain positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. Two proteins, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase and p16Ink4A, are regarded as biomarkers of cellular senescence. However, this results in a false positive for cells that naturally have these two proteins such as maturing tissue macrophages with senescence-associated beta-galactosidase and T-cells with p16Ink4A. Senescent cells can undergo conversion to an immunogenic phenotype that enables them to be eliminated by the immune system. This phenotype consists of a pro-inflammatory secretome, the up-regulation of immune ligands, a pro-survival response, promiscuous gene expression (pGE) and stain positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase\",\n \"title\": \"Cellular senescence\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29573659\",\n \"text\": \"Replication timing refers to the order in which segments of DNA along the length of a chromosome are duplicated. DNA replication In eukaryotic cells (cells that package their DNA within a nucleus), chromosomes consist of very long linear double-stranded DNA molecules. During the S-phase of each cell cycle (Figure 1), all of the DNA in a cell is duplicated in order to provide one copy to each of the daughter cells after the next cell division. The process of duplicating DNA is called DNA replication, and it takes place by first unwinding the duplex DNA molecule, starting at many locations called DNA replication origins, followed by an unzipping process that unwinds the DNA as it is being copied. However, replication does not start at all the different origins at once. Rather, there is a defined temporal order in which these origins fire. Frequently a few adjacent origins open up to duplicate a segment of a chromosome, followed some time later by another group of origins opening up in an adjacent segment. Replication does not necessarily start at exactly the same origin sites every time, but the segments appear to replicate in the same temporal sequence regardless of exactly where within each segment replication starts. Figure 2 shows a cartoon of how this is generally envisioned to occur, while Figure 3 shows an animation of when different segments replicate in one type of human cell. Replication timing profiles The temporal order of replication of all the segments in the genome, called its replication-timing program, can now be easily measured in two different ways. One way simply measures the amount of the different DNA sequences along the length of the chromosome per cell. Sequences that duplicate first, long before cell division, will be more abundant in each cell than the sequences that replicate last just prior to cell division. The other way is to label newly synthesized DNA with chemically tagged nucleotides that become incorporated into the strands as they are synthesized, and then catch cells at different times during the duplication process and purify the DNA synthesized at each of these times using the chemical tag. In either case, we can measure the amount of the different DNA sequences along the length of the chromosome either directly using a machine that reads how much of each sequence is present or indirectly using a process called microarray hybridization. In any case, the temporal order of replication along the length of each chromosome can be plotted in graphical form to produce a \\\"replication timing profile\\\". Figure 4 shows an example of such a profile across 70,000,000 base pairs of human Chromosome 2. Replication timing and chromosome structure At present, very little is known about either the mechanisms orchestrating the timing program or its biological significance. However, it is an intriguing cellular mechanism with links to many poorly understood features of the folding of chromosomes inside the cell nucleus. All eukaryotes have a timing program, and this program is similar in related species. This\",\n \"title\": \"Replication timing\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34831933\",\n \"text\": \"Rapid DNA (UK:Rapid DNA profiling) describes the fully automated (hands free) process of developing a CODIS Core STR profile or other STR profile from a reference sample buccal swab. The “swab in – profile out” process consists of automated extraction, amplification, separation, detection and allele calling without human intervention. A machine designed to perform such rapid DNA analysis is called a DNA \\\"magic box\\\" by enforcement authorities. The FBI established a Rapid DNA Program Office in 2010 to direct the development and integration of Rapid DNA technology for use by law enforcement. The Program Office works with the Department of Defense, the Department of Homeland Security, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Institute of Justice, and other federal agencies to ensure the coordinated development of this new technology among federal agencies. The Program Office also works with state and local law enforcement agencies and state bureaus of identification through the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services Division Advisory Policy Board to facilitate the effective and efficient integration of Rapid DNA in the police booking environment. Several manufacturers have developed instruments for Rapid DNA analysis such as IntegenX, now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific based in Waltham, MA, and ANDE based in Waltham, MA. Following commercial availability, the FBI works with federal, state, and local CODIS laboratories and the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods to test, evaluate, and validate the hands-free instruments for law enforcement use. RapidHIT systems include instruments and RapidLINK software which will enable use for law enforcement. As of March 18 2016 one Rapid DNA instrument was approved by the FBI for submission of samples to NDIS/CODIS without manual review: the DNAScan manufactured by NetBio in Waltham, MA. Effective January 1, 2017, the DNAScan lost its approved status as CODIS-participating labs are required to include the 20 CODIS Core Loci. Law Enforcement Use of Rapid DNA The goal of the FBI's Rapid DNA initiative was to develop commercial instruments capable of producing a CODIS-compatible DNA profile within two hours and to integrate those instruments effectively within the existing CODIS structure to search unsolved crimes while an arrestee is in police custody during the booking process. In 2012 the Palm Bay, Florida, Police Department received the first commercially produced Rapid DNA unit placed in a police agency; an IntegenX RapidHIT 200 system. In January 2014, after a year of testing and validation, the Palm Bay Police began generating leads on real-world criminal cases, including producing a DNA profile in 90 minutes that linked a suspect to a burglary of a U.S. soldier's home that occurred while he was in Afghanistan. The Palm Bay Police department is known for applying various innovation technologies in real-life situations and is the pioneer of the use of private lab services to create an effective DNA database. On August 18, 2017, President Donald Trump signed into law the Rapid DNA Act of 2017 which amended the DNA Identification Act of 1994 (42 U.S.C. §14132) to allow CODIS upload of DNA\",\n \"title\": \"Rapid DNA\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33560980\",\n \"text\": \"Bruce William Stillman (born 16 October 1953) is a biochemist and cancer researcher who has served as the Director of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) since 1994 and President since 2003. He also served as the Director of its NCI-designated Cancer Center for 25 years from 1992 to 2016. During his leadership, CSHL has been ranked as the No. 1 institution in molecular biology and genetics research by Thomson Reuters. Stillman's research focuses on how chromosomes are duplicated in human cells and in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; the mechanisms that ensure accurate inheritance of genetic material from one generation to the next; and how missteps in this process lead to cancer. For his accomplishments, Stillman has received numerous awards, including the Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize in 2004 and the 2010 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, both of which he shared with Thomas J. Kelly of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, as well as the 2019 Canada Gairdner International Award for biomedical research, which he shared with John Diffley. Life and career Stillman was educated at Glen Waverley High School (1966-1969) and Sydney Boys High School (1970–71), then graduated with First Class honours from the University of Sydney, and earned his PhD from the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University. He began his career at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in 1979 with investigations into how DNA is copied, starting with studying DNA replication of human adenovirus as a model. He then began to study how the genome of simian virus 40 (SV40) is duplicated in cells. Eventually his research focused on how cellular chromosomes are duplicated and how the entire process is regulated in cells, studying the process primarily in the yeast S. cerevisiae and in human cells. This work provided key insights into how both virus and cellular oncoproteins manipulate cellular physiology to bring about oncogenic transformation. One of his most significant achievements was the biochemical reconstitution with purified proteins of the complete replication of the SV40 DNA genome. This system utilized the virus-encoded T antigen that binds to the SV40 virus origin of DNA replication, the start site for DNA synthesis, coupled with purified human proteins, many of them discovered by Stillman and his colleagues. These proteins include RPA, RFC, PCNA, and the discovery that multiple DNA polymerases participate in the process of copying DNA, often switching from one polymerase to the other. Another major accomplishment was the discovery of the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC), a key protein made up of six subunits that binds to cellular origins of DNA replication and coordinates the entire process of initiating a complete cycle of DNA replication throughout the entire cell genome. Soon after the discovery of ORC, Stillman's group identified other initiation proteins that together form the pre-replication complex (pre-RC), which makes chromosomes competent for the subsequent initiation of DNA replication during the S phase of the cell cycle. His group's recent studies have revealed the intricate details of the mechanism of the initiation of DNA replication and\",\n \"title\": \"Bruce William Stillman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8156765\",\n \"text\": \"Geobacillus stearothermophilus (previously Bacillus stearothermophilus) is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium and a member of the phylum Bacillota. The bacterium is a thermophile and is widely distributed in soil, hot springs, ocean sediment, and is a cause of spoilage in food products. It will grow within a temperature range of 30 to 75 °C. Some strains are capable of oxidizing carbon monoxide aerobically. It is commonly used as a challenge organism for sterilization validation studies and periodic check of sterilization cycles. The biological indicator contains spores of the organism on filter paper inside a vial. After sterilizing, the cap is closed, an ampule of growth medium inside of the vial is crushed and the whole vial is incubated. A color and/or turbidity change indicates the results of the sterilization process; no change indicates that the sterilization conditions were achieved, otherwise the growth of the spores indicates that the sterilization process has not been met. Recently a fluorescent-tagged strain, Rapid Readout(tm), is being used for verifying sterilization, since the visible blue fluorescence appears in about one-tenth the time needed for pH-indicator color change, and an inexpensive light sensor can detect the growing colonies. Biological indicators are used in conjunction with chemical indicators and process indicators to validate sterilization processes. It was first described in 1920 as Bacillus stearothermophilus, but, together with Bacillus thermoglucosidasius, it was reclassified as a member of the genus Geobacillus in 2001. Applications in molecular biology DNA polymerase Recently, a DNA polymerase derived from these bacteria, Bst polymerase, has become important in molecular biology applications. Bst polymerase has a helicase-like activity, making it able to unwind DNA strands. Its optimum functional temperature is between 60 and 65 °C and it is denatured at temperatures above 70 °C. These features make it useful in loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). LAMP is similar to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but does not require the high temperature (96 °C) step required to denature DNA. Reverse transcriptase In 2013, a thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase (TGIRT), GsI-IIC-MRF, from G. stearothermophilus was found to retain activity up to 70 °C and to exhibit high processivity and a low error rate. These properties make this enzyme useful for reverse transcribing long and/or highly structured RNA molecules. A method for determining RNA secondary structure, DMS-MaPseq, uses this enzyme because it converts normal RNA to DNA accurately but introduces mutations at unpaired bases that have been methylated by dimethyl sulfate, and the mutations can be identified via sequencing. References External links Type strain of Geobacillus stearothermophilus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Bacillaceae\",\n \"title\": \"Geobacillus stearothermophilus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44948015\",\n \"text\": \"The DNA Based Technology (Use and Regulation) Bill, 2017 or the Human DNA Profiling Bill is a proposed legislation in India. The bill will allow the government to establish a National DNA Data Bank and a DNA Profiling Board, and use the data for various specified forensic purposes. The bill has raised concerns of privacy among citizen rights groups. The bill was expected to be presented in the parliament in the monsoon session of 2015. History The bill was originally proposed in 2007 and in 2012 drafting of the bill began. The draft bill was prepared by the Department of Biotechnology. The bill proposes to form a National DNA Data Bank and a DNA Profiling Board, and use the data for various specified purposes. The proposed DNA Profiling Board will consist of molecular biology, human genetics, population biology, bioethics, social sciences, law and criminal justice experts. The Board will define standards and controls for DNA profiling. It will also certify labs and handle access of the data by law enforcement agencies. There will be similar bodies at state levels. The bill will also create a National DNA Data Bank, which will collect data from offenders, suspects, missing persons, unidentified dead bodies and volunteers. It will profile and store DNA data in criminal cases like homicide, sexual assault, and other crimes. The data will be restricted and will be available only to the accused or the suspect. A person facing imprisonment or death sentence can send a request for DNA profiling of related evidence to the court that convicted him. The bill has the provision that any misuse of data will carry a punishment of up to three years imprisonment and also fine. Criticism and support The bill has been criticised for not addressing the concerns of privacy. The Citizens Forum for Civil Liberties has opposed the bill on privacy concerns and sent a complaint to the National Human Rights Commission of India in 2012. A. P. Shah committee report In October 2012, an expert committee headed by Ajit Prakash Shah presented its report. It said that there should be safeguards to prevent illegal collection and use of DNA data. There should be also safeguards to prevent the proposed body from misusing them. The report also suggested that there should a mechanism using which citizens can appeal against the retention of data. There should also be a mechanism of appeal under which citizens under trial can request a second sample to be taken. The samples must be taken after consent in case of victims and suspects. However, samples can also be taken from crime scenes. The committee noted that although the bill allows volunteers to submit samples, there is no proper procedure to obtain consent and there is no mechanism under which volunteer can withdraw their data. The committee proposed that before giving the data to a third party, the person must be notified and consent must be sought, if the third party is not an authorised agency. The report said\",\n \"title\": \"Human DNA Profiling Bill\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56627034\",\n \"text\": \"Mutational signatures are characteristic combinations of mutation types arising from specific mutagenesis processes such as DNA replication infidelity, exogenous and endogenous genotoxin exposures, defective DNA repair pathways, and DNA enzymatic editing. The term is used for two distinct concepts, often conflated: mutagen signatures and tumor signatures. Its original use, mutagen signature, referred to a pattern of mutations made in the laboratory by a known mutagen and not made by other mutagens – unique to the mutagen as a human signature is unique to the signer. Uniqueness allows the mutagen to be deduced from a cell's mutations Later, the phrase referred to a pattern of mutations characteristic of a tumor type, although usually not unique to the tumor type nor to a mutagen. If a tumor mutational signature matches a unique mutagen mutational signature, it is valid to deduce the carcinogen exposure or mutagenesis process that occurred in the patient's distant past. Increasingly refined tumor signatures are becoming assignable to mutagen signatures. Deciphering mutational signatures in cancer provides insight into the biological mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and normal somatic mutagenesis. Mutational signatures have shown their applicability in cancer treatment and cancer prevention. Advances in the fields of oncogenomics have enabled the development and use of molecularly targeted therapy, but such therapies historically focused on inhibition of oncogenic drivers (e.g. EGFR gain-of-function mutation and EGFR inhibitor treatment in colorectal cancer). More recently, mutational signatures profiling has proven successful in guiding oncological management and use of targeted therapies (e.g. immunotherapy in mismatch repair deficient of diverse cancer types, platinum and PARP inhibitor to exploit synthetic lethality in homologous recombination deficient breast cancer). General concepts Mechanisms – overview DNA replication infidelity DNA proofreading is the process by which DNA polymerase excises an incorrectly incorporated nucleotide via exonuclease enzymatic reaction. Inability of DNA polymerase to correct these replication errors leads to progressive accumulation of mutations through successive cell mitosis. Genotoxins Endogenous cellular (e.g. spontaneous 5-methylcytosine deamination leads to C>T transition (genetics)) mutations (see DNA damage (naturally occurring)) Exogenous/carcinogens Ultraviolet radiation: UVB radiation causes direct DNA damage and is a known risk factor for skin cancer (e.g. melanoma) Alkylating antineoplastic agents: This group of chemotherapy agents adds alkyl group to DNA, which causes crosslinking of DNA and interferes with DNA replication and DNA repair. Cancer cells are most impacted because of their high mitosis rate. Tobacco: Tobacco contains several carcinogens which are harmful to DNA, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acrolein, nitrosamines, cyanide and others (see health effects of tobacco) DNA repair deficiency Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD): DNA double-strand break requires homologous recombination mechanism for accurate repair of breakpoints. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency: The mismatch repair machinery recognizes and repairs erroneous base pair insertion, deletion or mis-incorporation. Enzymatic DNA editing Cytidine deaminase enzymes: This family of enzymes are part of the innate immune system and are involved in the control of retroviruses and transposons elements (including endogenous retroviruses). These enzymes (cytidine deaminase/CDA, activation-induced cytidine deaminase and APOBEC protein family) actively cause cytidine deamination and therefore introduce\",\n \"title\": \"Mutational signatures\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44746274\",\n \"text\": \"DNA phenotyping is the process of predicting an organism's phenotype using only genetic information collected from genotyping or DNA sequencing. This term, also known as molecular photofitting, is primarily used to refer to the prediction of a person's physical appearance and/or biogeographic ancestry for forensic purposes. DNA phenotyping uses many of the same scientific methods as those being used for genetically informed personalized medicine, in which drug responsiveness (pharmacogenomics) and medical outcomes are predicted from a patient's genetic information. Significant genetic variants associated with a particular trait are discovered using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach, in which hundreds of thousands or millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are tested for their association with each trait of interest. Predictive modeling is then used to build a mathematical model for making trait predictions about new subjects. Predicted phenotypes Human phenotypes are predicted from DNA using direct or indirect methods. With direct methods, genetic variants mechanistically linked with variable expression of the relevant phenotypes are measured and used with appropriate statistical methodologies to infer trait value. With indirect methods, variants associated with genetic component(s) of ancestry that correlate with the phenotype of interest, such as Ancestry Informative Markers, are measured and used with appropriate statistical methodologies to infer trait value. The direct method is always preferable, for obvious reasons, but depending on the genetic architecture of the phenotype, is not always possible. Biogeographic ancestry determination methods have been highly developed within the genetics community, as it is a key GWAS quality control step. These approaches typically use genome-wide human genetic clustering and/or principal component analysis to compare new subjects to curated individuals with known ancestry, such as the International HapMap Project or the 1000 Genomes Project. Another approach is to assay ancestry informative markers (AIMs), SNPs that vary in frequency between the major human populations. As early as 2004, evidence was compiled showing that the bulk of phenotypic variation in human iris color could be attributed to polymorphisms in the OCA2 gene. This paper, and the work it cited, laid the foundation for the inference of human iris color from DNA, first carried out on basic level by DNAPrint Genomics Beginning in 2009, academic groups developed and reported on more accurate predictive models for eye color and, more recently, hair color in the European population. More recently, companies such as Parabon NanoLabs and Identitas have begun offering forensic DNA phenotyping services for U.S. and international law enforcement. However, the science behind the commercial services offered by Parabon NanoLabs has been criticized as it has not been subjected to scrutiny in peer-reviewed scientific publications. It has been suggested that it is not known \\\"whether their ability to estimate a face’s appearance is better than chance, or if it’s an approximation based on what we know about ancestry”. DNA phenotyping is often referred to as a \\\"biologic witness,\\\" a play on the term eye-witness. Just as an eye-witness may describe the appearance of a person of interest, the DNA left at a crime scene can\",\n \"title\": \"DNA phenotyping\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39346603\",\n \"text\": \"Xeno nucleic acids (XNA) are synthetic nucleic acid analogues that have a different backbone from the ribose and deoxyribose found in the nucleic acids of naturally occurring RNA and DNA. The same nucleobases can be used to store genetic information and interact with DNA, RNA, or other XNA bases, but the different backbone gives the structure different stability, and it cannot be processed by naturally occurring cellular processes. For example, natural DNA polymerases cannot read and duplicate this information, thus the genetic information stored in XNA is invisible to DNA-based organisms. , at least six types of synthetic sugars have been shown to form nucleic acid backbones that can store and retrieve genetic information. Research is now being done to create synthetic polymerases to transform XNA. The study of its production and application has created a field known as xenobiology. Background The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953. Around the early 2000s, researchers created a number of exotic DNA-like structures, XNA. These are synthetic polymers that can carry the same information as DNA, but with different molecular constituents. The \\\"X\\\" in XNA stands for \\\"xeno-\\\", meaning strange or alien, indicating the difference in the molecular structure as compared to DNA or RNA. Not much was done with XNA until the development of special polymerase enzyme, capable of copying XNA from a DNA template as well as copying XNA back into DNA. Pinheiro et al. (2012), for example, has demonstrated such an XNA-capable polymerase that works on sequences of around 100 base pairs in length. More recently, synthetic biologists Philipp Holliger and Alexander Taylor succeeded in creating XNAzymes, the XNA equivalent of a ribozyme, enzymes made of RNA. This demonstrates that XNAs not only store hereditary information, but can also serve as enzymes, raising the possibility that life elsewhere could have begun with something other than RNA or DNA. Structure Strands of DNA and RNA are formed by stringing together long chains of molecules called nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of three chemical components: a phosphate, a five-carbon sugar group (this can be either a deoxyribose sugar—which gives us the \\\"D\\\" in DNA—or a ribose sugar—the \\\"R\\\" in RNA), and one of five standard bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil). The molecules that piece together to form the xeno nucleic acids are almost identical to those of DNA and RNA, with one exception: in XNA nucleotides, the deoxyribose and ribose sugar groups of DNA and RNA have been replaced with other chemical structures. These substitutions make XNAs functionally and structurally analogous to DNA and RNA despite being unnatural and artificial. XNA exhibits a variety of structural chemical changes relative to its natural counterparts. Types of synthetic XNA created so far include: 1,5-Anhydrohexitol nucleic acid (HNA) Cyclohexene nucleic acid (CeNA) Threose nucleic acid (TNA) Glycol nucleic acid (GNA) Locked nucleic acid Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) Fluoroarabino nucleic acid (FANA) HNA could potentially be used as a drug that can recognize and bind to specified sequences. Scientists have been able\",\n \"title\": \"Xeno nucleic acid\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30870527\",\n \"text\": \"The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) is the United States national DNA database created and maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. CODIS consists of three levels of information; Local DNA Index Systems (LDIS) where DNA profiles originate, State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) which allows for laboratories within states to share information, and the National DNA Index System (NDIS) which allows states to compare DNA information with one another. The CODIS software contains multiple different databases depending on the type of information being searched against. Examples of these databases include, missing persons, convicted offenders, and forensic samples collected from crime scenes. Each state, and the federal system, has different laws for collection, upload, and analysis of information contained within their database. However, for privacy reasons, the CODIS database does not contain any personal identifying information, such as the name associated with the DNA profile. The uploading agency is notified of any hits to their samples and are tasked with the dissemination of personal information pursuant to their laws. Establishment The creation of a national DNA database within the U.S. was first mentioned by the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM) in 1989. The FBI's strategic goal was to maximize the voluntary participation of states and avoid what happened several years early, when eight western states frustrated with the progress creating a national Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) network formed the Western Identification Network (WIN). The FBI's strategy to discourage states from creating systems that competed with CODIS was to develop DNA databasing software and provide it free of charge to state and local crime laboratories.This strategic decision--to provide software free of charge for the purpose of gaining market share--was innovative at that time and predated the browser wars. In 1990, the FBI began a pilot DNA databasing program with 14 state and local laboratories. In 1994, Congress passed the DNA Identification Act which authorized the FBI to create a national DNA database of convicted offenders as well as separate databases for missing persons and forensic samples collected from crime scenes. (Some in the Bureau believed the Act was not required to establish a national DNA database because the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services Division was already using similar authorities to provide data-sharing solutions to federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies.) The DNA Identification Act also required that laboratories participating in the CODIS program maintain accreditation from an independent nonprofit organization that is actively involved in the forensic fields and that scientists processing DNA samples for submission into CODIS maintain proficiency and are routinely tested to ensure the quality of the profiles being uploaded into the database. The national level of CODIS (NDIS) was implemented in October 1998. Today, all 50 states, the District of Columbia, federal law enforcement, the Army Laboratory, and Puerto Rico participate in the national sharing of DNA profiles. Database structure The CODIS database contains several different indexes for the storage of DNA profile information. For assistance in criminal investigations three indexes exist:\",\n \"title\": \"Combined DNA Index System\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"383876\",\n \"text\": \"The Thermoproteota (also known as Crenarchaea) are prokaryotes that have been classified as a phylum of the Archaea domain. Initially, the Thermoproteota were thought to be sulfur-dependent extremophiles but recent studies have identified characteristic Thermoproteota environmental rRNA indicating the organisms may be the most abundant archaea in the marine environment. Originally, they were separated from the other archaea based on rRNA sequences; other physiological features, such as lack of histones, have supported this division, although some crenarchaea were found to have histones. Until recently all cultured Thermoproteota had been thermophilic or hyperthermophilic organisms, some of which have the ability to grow at up to 113 °C. These organisms stain Gram negative and are morphologically diverse, having rod, cocci, filamentous and oddly-shaped cells. Thermoproteota were initially classified as a part of Regnum Eocyta in 1984, but this classification has been discarded. The term \\\"eocyte\\\" now applies to either TACK (formerly Crenarchaeota) or to Thermoproteota. Sulfolobus One of the best characterized members of the Crenarchaeota is Sulfolobus solfataricus. This organism was originally isolated from geothermally heated sulfuric springs in Italy, and grows at 80 °C and pH of 2–4. Since its initial characterization by Wolfram Zillig, a pioneer in thermophile and archaean research, similar species in the same genus have been found around the world. Unlike the vast majority of cultured thermophiles, Sulfolobus grows aerobically and chemoorganotrophically (gaining its energy from organic sources such as sugars). These factors allow a much easier growth under laboratory conditions than anaerobic organisms and have led to Sulfolobus becoming a model organism for the study of hyperthermophiles and a large group of diverse viruses that replicate within them. Recombinational repair of DNA damage Irradiation of S. solfataricus cells with ultraviolet light strongly induces formation of type IV pili that can then promote cellular aggregation. Ultraviolet light-induced cellular aggregation was shown by Ajon et al. to mediate high frequency inter-cellular chromosome marker exchange. Cultures that were ultraviolet light-induced had recombination rates exceeding those of uninduced cultures by as much as three orders of magnitude. S. solfataricus cells are only able to aggregate with other members of their own species. Frols et al. and Ajon et al. considered that the ultraviolet light-inducible DNA transfer process, followed by homologous recombinational repair of damaged DNA, is an important mechanism for promoting chromosome integrity. This DNA transfer process can be regarded as a primitive form of sexual interaction. Marine species Beginning in 1992, data were published that reported sequences of genes belonging to the Thermoproteota in marine environments., Since then, analysis of the abundant lipids from the membranes of Thermoproteota taken from the open ocean have been used to determine the concentration of these “low temperature Crenarchaea” (See TEX-86). Based on these measurements of their signature lipids, Thermoproteota are thought to be very abundant and one of the main contributors to the fixation of carbon . DNA sequences from Thermoproteota have also been found in soil and freshwater environments, suggesting that this phylum is ubiquitous to most environments. In 2005, evidence\",\n \"title\": \"Thermoproteota\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26285\",\n \"text\": \"In molecular biology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences, known as polymorphisms, populations, or species or to pinpoint the locations of genes within a sequence. The term may refer to a polymorphism itself, as detected through the differing locations of restriction enzyme sites, or to a related laboratory technique by which such differences can be illustrated. In RFLP analysis, a DNA sample is digested into fragments by one or more restriction enzymes, and the resulting restriction fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis according to their size. RFLP analysis is now largely obsolete due to the emergence of inexpensive DNA sequencing technologies, but it was the first DNA profiling technique inexpensive enough to see widespread application. RFLP analysis was an important early tool in genome mapping, localization of genes for genetic disorders, determination of risk for disease, and paternity testing. RFLP analysis The basic technique for the detection of RFLPs involves fragmenting a sample of DNA with the application of a restriction enzyme, which can selectively cleave a DNA molecule wherever a short, specific sequence is recognized in a process known as a restriction digest. The DNA fragments produced by the digest are then separated by length through a process known as agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane via the Southern blot procedure. Hybridization of the membrane to a labeled DNA probe then determines the length of the fragments which are complementary to the probe. A restriction fragment length polymorphism is said to occur when the length of a detected fragment varies between individuals, indicating non-identical sequence homologies. Each fragment length is considered an allele, whether it actually contains a coding region or not, and can be used in subsequent genetic analysis. Examples There are two common mechanisms by which the size of a particular restriction fragment can vary. In the first schematic, a small segment of the genome is being detected by a DNA probe (thicker line). In allele A, the genome is cleaved by a restriction enzyme at three nearby sites (triangles), but only the rightmost fragment will be detected by the probe. In allele a, restriction site 2 has been lost by a mutation, so the probe now detects the larger fused fragment running from sites 1 to 3. The second diagram shows how this fragment size variation would look on a Southern blot, and how each allele (two per individual) might be inherited in members of a family. In the third schematic, the probe and restriction enzyme are chosen to detect a region of the genome that includes a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) segment (boxes in schematic diagram). In allele c, there are five repeats in the VNTR, and the probe detects a longer fragment between the two restriction sites. In allele d, there are only two repeats in the VNTR, so the probe detects a shorter fragment between the same two restriction sites. Other genetic processes, such as insertions, deletions, translocations, and inversions,\",\n \"title\": \"Restriction fragment length polymorphism\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50445785\",\n \"text\": \"Maurice Stroun (September 3, 1926 – August 2017) was a Swiss researcher and professor at the University of Geneva in the Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology. He is known for first hypothesizing and demonstrating the existence of disease-specific circulating nucleic acids as well as first developing techniques for the detection of tumor-related characteristics of circulating DNA and RNA in plasma and serum, or liquid biopsies as this field is now known. Early work In the mid 1960s, Stroun along with colleague, Philip Anker, (also in the Department of Plant Physiology at the University of Geneva) began to study the phenomenon of neoplasms in plants. Building on early grafting studies in plants as well as work by other researchers that demonstrated the transfer of genetic material between bacteria, they hypothesized that a similar phenomenon might occur between bacterial cells and plants. Their research in the late 1960s demonstrated that this process did indeed exist and led them to study whether a similar mechanism occurred in higher-order species, where Stroun published further research showing transfer of genetic material from bacteria to frogs. In an article published in Science, November 10, 1972, bacterial RNA was demonstrated in frog brain cells after a bacterial peritoneal infection. In the April 1973 issue of the Journal of Bacteriology, Stroun showed transcription of spontaneously released bacterial DNA was found to be incorporated into cellular nuclei of frog auricles. In one particular experiment published in the same article, Stroun and his group extracted the auricles of frog hearts and dipped them for several hours in a suspension of bacteria. Afterward, they found a high percentage of RNA-DNA hybridization between bacterial DNA extracted from bacteria of the same species as that used in the experiment and titrated DNA extracted from the auricles which had been dipped in the bacterial suspension. The experiment demonstrated that bacterial DNA had been absorbed by the animal cells. Stroun dubbed this phenomenon has trancession. Professor Straun died in Geneva in 2017. Extension to humans and cancer Building on their work and taking notice of the work of Henry G. Kunkel, whose group made the association of higher levels of circulating DNA and lupus, Stroun started studying whether circulating DNA could be associated with malignancies such as cancers in humans. In a 1977 issue of International Review of Cytology, Volume 51, Anker and Stroun wrote that when foreign DNA is transcribed into a cell of a different organism, \\\"this general biological event is related to the uptake by cells of spontaneously released bacterial DNA, thus suggesting the existence of circulating DNA. In view of the malignant transformations obtained with DNA, the oncogenic (cancer-causing) role of circulating DNA is postulated.\\\" In the late 1970s, building on the discovery of circulating DNA in human blood by Mandel and Metais, Leon and his collaborators developed a radioimmunoassay for measuring nanogram quantities of nucleic acids in serum. This technique enabled them to observe that cancer patients tended to possess a greater quantity of circulating DNA in serum (on\",\n \"title\": \"Maurice Stroun\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3778551\",\n \"text\": \"petite (ρ–) is a mutant first discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Due to the defect in the respiratory chain, 'petite' yeast are unable to grow on media containing only non-fermentable carbon sources (such as glycerol or ethanol) and form small colonies when grown in the presence of fermentable carbon sources (such as glucose). The petite phenotype can be caused by the absence of, or mutations in, mitochondrial DNA (termed \\\"cytoplasmic Petites\\\"), or by mutations in nuclear-encoded genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. A neutral petite produces all wild type progeny when crossed with wild type. petite mutations can be induced using a variety of mutagens, including DNA intercalating agents, as well as chemicals that can interfere with DNA synthesis in growing cells. Mutagens that create Petites are implicated in increased rates of degenerative diseases and in the aging process. Overview A mutation that produces small (petite\\\" > petite) anaerobic-like colonies had shown first in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and described by Boris Ephrussi and his co-workers in 1949 in Gif-sur-Yvette, France. The cells of petite colonies were smaller than those of wild-type colonies, but the term “petite” refers only to colony size and not the individual cell size. History Over 50 years ago, in a lab in France, Ephrussi, et al. discovered a non-Mendelian inherited factor that is essential to respiration in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae without this factor, known as the ρ-factor, is described by the development of small colonies when compared to the wild-type yeast. These smaller colonies were dubbed petite colonies. These petite mutants were observed to be spontaneously produced naturally at a rate of 0.1%-1.0% every generation. They also found that treatment of wild-type S. cerevisiae with DNA-intercalating agents would more rapidly produce this mutation. Schatz identified a region of the yeast's nuclear DNA that was associated with the mitochondria in 1964. Later, it was discovered that mutants without the ρ-factor had no mitochondrial DNA (called ρ0 isolates), or that they possessed a difference in density or amount of the mitochondrial DNA (called ρ− isolates). The use of electron microscopy to view the DNA in the mitochondrial matrix helped to verify the actuality of the mitochondrial genome. S. cerevisiae has since become a useful model for aging. It has been shown that as yeast ages, it loses functional mitochondrial DNA, which leads to replicative senescence, or the inability to further replicate. It has been suggested that there is a link between mitochondrial DNA loss and replicative life span (RLS), or the number of times a cell can reproduce before it dies, as it has been found that an increase in RLS is established with the same changes in the genome that enhance the propagation of cells that do not contain mitochondrial DNA. Genetic screens for replicative life span associated genes and pathways could be made easier and quicker by selecting genetic suppressors of the petite negative mutants. Causes The petite is characterized by a deficiency in cytochromes (a, a3 + b) and a lack of\",\n \"title\": \"Petite mutation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16856653\",\n \"text\": \"Z-DNA-binding protein 1, also known as DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors (DAI) and DLM-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZBP1 gene. ZBP1 is also an abbreviation for chicken or rat β-actin zipcode-binding protein 1, a homolog of the human insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IMP-1) and murine CRD-BP, the proteins involved in mRNA transport (RNA-binding proteins, RBPs). Function DLM1 encodes a Z-DNA binding protein. Z-DNA formation is a dynamic process, largely controlled by the amount of supercoiling. ZBP1 recognizes DNA in the cytoplasm as an antiviral mechanism. Viral life cycles often include steps where DNA is exposed in the cytoplasm. DNA is normally contained in the nucleus of a cell, and therefore cells use proteins like ZBP1 as an indicator of a viral infection. Once ZBP1 is activated, it increases the production of antiviral cytokines such as interferon beta. DLM1 then binds to cytosolic Viral DNA using two Z-DNA-binding domains (Zα and Zβ) at its N-terminus along with a DNA binding domain (D3). The role of ZBP1 in DNA sensing has been questioned. It has been found to sense Influenza A Virus (IAV) infection and induce cell death. Since DNA is not synthesized in any stage of IAV life cycle, DNA sensing playing a role in this context is unlikely. However, recent investigation has found that ZBP1 is capable of sensing Z-form RNAs produced during IAV infection, cumulating in a form of caspase independent, inflammatory cell death called necroptosis. A follow-up study identified that ZBP1 senses the IAV ribonucleoprotein complex to induce cell death. A more recent study has identified transcription factor IRF1 as the upstream regulator of ZBP1 expression. References Further reading\",\n \"title\": \"ZBP1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67011367\",\n \"text\": \"The evolution of the human oral microbiome is the study of microorganisms in the oral cavity and how they have adapted over time. There are recent advancements in ancient dental research that have given insight to the evolution of the human oral microbiome. Using these techniques it is now known what metabolite classes have been preserved and the difference in genetic diversity that exists from ancient to modern microbiota. The relationship between oral microbiota and its human host has changed and this transition can directly be linked to common diseases in human evolutionary past. Evolutionary medicine provides a framework for reevaluating oral health and disease and biological anthropology provides the context to identify the ancestral human microbiome. These disciplines together give insights into the oral microbiome and can potentially help contribute to restoring and maintaining oral health in the future. Technique advancements Since the 1980s, it has been well known that archeological dental calculus preserves cellular structures and oral bacteria, but a new discovery in the last decade has revealed that dental calculus is a long-term reservoir of DNA and proteins. Human DNA in dental calculus was initially targeted by PCR amplification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), followed by either haplogroup inference or conventional cloning and Sanger sequencing. Shotgun metagenomics paired with next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology further confirmed dental calculus contains mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Dental calculus typically contains 10–1,000-fold more DNA than bone or dentine, making it the richest known source of aDNA, one of the possible double helical structures of DNA, in the archaeological record. Archaeological dental calculus is an alternative source of high quality mitochondrial DNA sufficient for full mitogenome reconstruction. This reconstruction can then be applied to maternal lineage ancestry analysis to determine the haplogroup, thus identifying which geographical regions maternal ancestors settled. Protein sequencing has also been applied revealing bacterial functions such as virulence factors and their interactions with the host are viable from ancient dental calculus. Proteomics has revealed over 60 human proteins with origins in dental calculus such as follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein, alpha amylase I, hemoglobin, etc. Metabolomics and lipidomic studies are used to determine what metabolic categories (amino acids, carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, energy, lipids, nucleic acids, peptides, xenobiotics) and the source of metabolites (host, microbial, diet) are found within dental calculus samples. Many of these newly developed techniques used to study ancient dental calculus are still in their early stages and need to overcome several limitations to offer a more accurate understanding on the evolution of the oral microbiome. Some examples of these limitations are isolation of contaminant DNA, correct identification of ancient microbial species, identification and isolation of non-bacterial DNA as well as better statistical techniques. Genetic diversity Microbial profiles differ significantly between dental plaque and dental calculus although calculus forms from plaque. The protein and metabolic profiles also have distinct taxonomic and metabolic functions between dental plaque and dental calculus. As the oral biofilm develops, taxonomic shifts take place due to the structural and resource changes in the biofilm\",\n \"title\": \"Evolution of the human oral microbiome\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1564401\",\n \"text\": \"Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to at least one antimicrobial drug in three or more antimicrobial categories. Antimicrobial categories are classifications of antimicrobial agents based on their mode of action and specific to target organisms. The MDR types most threatening to public health are MDR bacteria that resist multiple antibiotics; other types include MDR viruses, parasites (resistant to multiple antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic drugs of a wide chemical variety). Recognizing different degrees of MDR in bacteria, the terms extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) have been introduced. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) is the non-susceptibility of one bacteria species to all antimicrobial agents except in two or less antimicrobial categories. Within XDR, pandrug-resistant (PDR) is the non-susceptibility of bacteria to all antimicrobial agents in all antimicrobial categories. The definitions were published in 2011 in the journal Clinical Microbiology and Infection and are openly accessible. Common multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) Common multidrug-resistant organisms, typically bacteria, include: Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) producing Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producing Gram-negatives Multidrug-resistant Gram negative rods (MDR GNR) MDRGN bacteria such as Enterobacter species, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis Overlapping with MDRGN, a group of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of particular recent importance have been dubbed as the ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species). Bacterial resistance to antibiotics Various microorganisms have survived for thousands of years by their ability to adapt to antimicrobial agents. They do so via spontaneous mutation or by DNA transfer. This process enables some bacteria to oppose the action of certain antibiotics, rendering the antibiotics ineffective. These microorganisms employ several mechanisms in attaining multi-drug resistance: No longer relying on a glycoprotein cell wall Enzymatic deactivation of antibiotics Decreased cell wall permeability to antibiotics Altered target sites of antibiotic Efflux mechanisms to remove antibiotics Increased mutation rate as a stress response Many different bacteria now exhibit multi-drug resistance, including staphylococci, enterococci, gonococci, streptococci, salmonella, as well as numerous other Gram-negative bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are able to transfer copies of DNA that code for a mechanism of resistance to other bacteria even distantly related to them, which then are also able to pass on the resistance genes, resulting in generations of antibiotics resistant bacteria. This initial transfer of DNA is called horizontal gene transfer. Bacterial resistance to bacteriophages Phage-resistant bacteria variants have been observed in human studies. As for antibiotics, horizontal transfer of phage resistance can be acquired by plasmid acquisition. Antifungal resistance Yeasts such as Candida species can become resistant under long-term treatment with azole preparations, requiring treatment with a different drug class. Lomentospora prolificans infections are often fatal because of their resistance to multiple antifungal agents. Antiviral resistance HIV is the prime example of MDR against antivirals, as it mutates rapidly under monotherapy. Influenza virus has become increasingly MDR; first to amantadines, then to neuraminidase inhibitors such as\",\n \"title\": \"Multiple drug resistance\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14058535\",\n \"text\": \"Checkpoint kinase 1, commonly referred to as Chk1, is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that, in humans, is encoded by the CHEK1 gene. Chk1 coordinates the DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoint response. Activation of Chk1 results in the initiation of cell cycle checkpoints, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and cell death to prevent damaged cells from progressing through the cell cycle. Discovery In 1993, Beach and associates initially identified Chk1 as a serine/threonine kinase which regulates the G2/M phase transition in fission yeast. Constitutive expression of Chk1 in fission yeast was shown to induce cell cycle arrest. The same gene called Rad27 was identified in budding yeast by Carr and associates. In 1997, homologs were identified in more complex organisms including the fruit fly, human and mouse. Through these findings, it is apparent Chk1 is highly conserved from yeast to humans. Structure Human Chk1 is located on chromosome 11 on the cytogenic band 11q22-23. Chk1 has a N-terminal kinase domain, a linker region, a regulatory SQ/TQ domain and a C-terminal domain. Chk1 contains four Ser/Gln residues. Chk 1 activation occurs primarily through the phosphorylation of the conserved sites, Ser-317, Ser-345 and less often at Ser-366. Function Checkpoint kinases (Chks) are protein kinases that are involved in cell cycle control. Two checkpoint kinase subtypes have been identified, Chk1 and Chk2. Chk1 is a central component of genome surveillance pathways and is a key regulator of the cell cycle and cell survival. Chk1 is required for the initiation of DNA damage checkpoints and has recently been shown to play a role in the normal (unperturbed) cell cycle. Chk1 impacts various stages of the cell cycle including the S phase, G2/M transition and M phase. In addition to mediating cell cycle checkpoints, Chk1 also contributes to DNA repair processes, gene transcription, egg production, embryo development, cellular responses to HIV infection and somatic cell viability. S phase Chk1 is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Chk1 monitors DNA replication in unperturbed cell cycles and responds to genotoxic stress if present. Chk1 recognizes DNA strand instability during replication and can stall DNA replication in order to allow time for DNA repair mechanisms to restore the genome. Recently, Chk1 has shown to mediate DNA repair mechanisms and does so by activating various repair factors. Furthermore, Chk1 has been associated with three particular aspects of the S-phase, which includes the regulation of late origin firing, controlling the elongation process and maintenance of DNA replication fork stability. G2/M transition In response to DNA damage, Chk1 is an important signal transducer for G2/M checkpoint activation. Activation of Chk1 holds the cell in the G2 phase until ready to enter the mitotic phase. This delay allows time for DNA to repair or cell death to occur if DNA damage is irreversible. Chk1 must inactivate in order for the cell to transition from the G2 phase into mitosis, Chk1 expression levels are mediated by regulatory proteins. M phase Chk1 has a regulatory role in the spindle checkpoint however\",\n \"title\": \"CHEK1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2488614\",\n \"text\": \"DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage. Mismatch repair is strand-specific. During DNA synthesis the newly synthesised (daughter) strand will commonly include errors. In order to begin repair, the mismatch repair machinery distinguishes the newly synthesised strand from the template (parental). In gram-negative bacteria, transient hemimethylation distinguishes the strands (the parental is methylated and daughter is not). However, in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the exact mechanism is not clear. It is suspected that, in eukaryotes, newly synthesized lagging-strand DNA transiently contains nicks (before being sealed by DNA ligase) and provides a signal that directs mismatch proofreading systems to the appropriate strand. This implies that these nicks must be present in the leading strand, and evidence for this has recently been found. Recent work has shown that nicks are sites for RFC-dependent loading of the replication sliding clamp, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), in an orientation-specific manner, such that one face of the donut-shape protein is juxtaposed toward the 3'-OH end at the nick. Loaded PCNA then directs the action of the MutLalpha endonuclease to the daughter strand in the presence of a mismatch and MutSalpha or MutSbeta. Any mutational event that disrupts the superhelical structure of DNA carries with it the potential to compromise the genetic stability of a cell. The fact that the damage detection and repair systems are as complex as the replication machinery itself highlights the importance evolution has attached to DNA fidelity. Examples of mismatched bases include a G/T or A/C pairing (see DNA repair). Mismatches are commonly due to tautomerization of bases during DNA replication. The damage is repaired by recognition of the deformity caused by the mismatch, determining the template and non-template strand, and excising the wrongly incorporated base and replacing it with the correct nucleotide. The removal process involves more than just the mismatched nucleotide itself. A few or up to thousands of base pairs of the newly synthesized DNA strand can be removed. Mismatch repair proteins Mismatch repair is a highly conserved process from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The first evidence for mismatch repair was obtained from S. pneumoniae (the hexA and hexB genes). Subsequent work on E. coli has identified a number of genes that, when mutationally inactivated, cause hypermutable strains. The gene products are, therefore, called the \\\"Mut\\\" proteins, and are the major active components of the mismatch repair system. Three of these proteins are essential in detecting the mismatch and directing repair machinery to it: MutS, MutH and MutL (MutS is a homologue of HexA and MutL of HexB). MutS forms a dimer (MutS2) that recognises the mismatched base on the daughter strand and binds the mutated DNA. MutH binds at hemimethylated sites along the daughter DNA, but its action is latent, being activated only upon contact by a MutL dimer (MutL2), which binds the MutS-DNA complex and acts as a mediator\",\n \"title\": \"DNA mismatch repair\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45461558\",\n \"text\": \"DRIP-seq (DRIP-sequencing) is a technology for genome-wide profiling of a type of DNA-RNA hybrid called an \\\"R-loop\\\". DRIP-seq utilizes a sequence-independent but structure-specific antibody for DNA-RNA immunoprecipitation (DRIP) to capture R-loops for massively parallel DNA sequencing. Introduction An R-loop is a three-stranded nucleic acid structure, which consists of a DNA-RNA hybrid duplex and a displaced single stranded DNA (ssDNA). R-loops are predominantly formed in cytosine-rich genomic regions during transcription and are known to be involved with gene expression and immunoglobulin class switching. They have been found in a variety of species, ranging from bacteria to mammals. They are preferentially localized at CpG island promoters in human cells and highly transcribed regions in yeast. Under abnormal conditions, namely elevated production of DNA-RNA hybrids, R-loops can cause genome instability by exposing single-stranded DNA to endogenous damages exerted by the action of enzymes such as AID and APOBEC, or overexposure to chemically reactive species. Therefore, understanding where and in what circumstances R-loops are formed across the genome is crucial for the better understanding of genome instability. R-loop characterization was initially limited to locus specific approaches. However, upon the arrival of massive parallel sequencing technologies and thereafter derivatives like DRIP-seq, the possibility to investigate entire genomes for R-loops has opened up. DRIP-seq relies on the high specificity and affinity of the S9.6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) towards DNA-RNA hybrids of various lengths. S9.6 mAb was first created and characterized in 1986 and is currently used for the selective immunoprecipitation of R-loops. Since then, it was used in diverse immunoprecipitation methods for R-loop characterization. The concept behind DRIP-seq is similar to ChIP-sequencing; R-loop fragments are the main immunoprecipitated material in DRIP-seq. Uses and Current Research DRIP-seq is mainly used for genome-wide mapping of R-loops. Identifying R-loop formation sites allows the study of diverse cellular events, such as the function of R-loop formation at specific regions, the characterization of these regions, and the impact on gene expression. It can also be used to study the influence of R-loops in other processes like DNA replication and synthesis. Indirectly, DRIP-seq can be performed on mutant cell lines deficient in genes involved in R-loop resolution. These types of studies provide information about the roles of the mutated gene in suppressing DNA-RNA formation and potentially about the significance of R-loops in genome instability. DRIP-seq was first used for genome-wide profiling of R-loops in humans, which showed widespread R-loop formation at CpG island promoters. Particularly, the researchers found that R-loop formation is associated with the unmethylated state of CpG islands. DRIP-seq was later used to profile R-loop formation at transcription start and termination sites in human pluripotent Ntera2 cells. In this study, the researchers revealed that R-loops on 3' ends of genes may be correlated with transcription termination. Workflow of DRIP-seq Genomic DNA extraction First, genomic DNA (gDNA) is extracted from cells of interest by proteinase K treatment followed by phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation. Additional zymolyase digestion is necessary for yeast cells to remove the cell wall prior to proteinase K\",\n \"title\": \"DRIP-seq\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"149544\",\n \"text\": \"Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical frameworks for molecular systematics were laid in the 1960s in the works of Emile Zuckerkandl, Emanuel Margoliash, Linus Pauling, and Walter M. Fitch. Applications of molecular systematics were pioneered by Charles G. Sibley (birds), Herbert C. Dessauer (herpetology), and Morris Goodman (primates), followed by Allan C. Wilson, Robert K. Selander, and John C. Avise (who studied various groups). Work with protein electrophoresis began around 1956. Although the results were not quantitative and did not initially improve on morphological classification, they provided tantalizing hints that long-held notions of the classifications of birds, for example, needed substantial revision. In the period of 1974–1986, DNA-DNA hybridization was the dominant technique used to measure genetic difference. Theoretical background Early attempts at molecular systematics were also termed chemotaxonomy and made use of proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and other molecules that were separated and characterized using techniques such as chromatography. These have been replaced in recent times largely by DNA sequencing, which produces the exact sequences of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA segments extracted using different techniques. In general, these are considered superior for evolutionary studies, since the actions of evolution are ultimately reflected in the genetic sequences. At present, it is still a long and expensive process to sequence the entire DNA of an organism (its genome). However, it is quite feasible to determine the sequence of a defined area of a particular chromosome. Typical molecular systematic analyses require the sequencing of around 1000 base pairs. At any location within such a sequence, the bases found in a given position may vary between organisms. The particular sequence found in a given organism is referred to as its haplotype. In principle, since there are four base types, with 1000 base pairs, we could have 41000 distinct haplotypes. However, for organisms within a particular species or in a group of related species, it has been found empirically that only a minority of sites show any variation at all, and most of the variations that are found are correlated, so that the number of distinct haplotypes that are found is relatively small. In a molecular systematic analysis, the haplotypes are determined for a defined area of genetic material; a\",\n \"title\": \"Molecular phylogenetics\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60505164\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Holes (born March 15, 1968) is an American former cold-case investigator for the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office. Holes is known for his contributions to solving the Golden State Killer case using advanced methods of identifying the killer with DNA and genealogy technology. Since retiring in March 2018, Holes has contributed to books, television, and podcasts about the Golden State Killer and true crime. Early life Holes was born to devoutly Catholic parents. His family moved several times in his childhood due to his father working in the United States Air Force. He studied at the University of California, Davis, from 1986 to 1990. There he received his Bachelor of Science in biochemistry. His interest in scientific investigation of crimes was sparked during childhood by the television series Quincy, M.E. (1976-1983). Career Investigative work Holes was sworn in as an investigator for the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office in Martinez, California, in 1994. In the same year, Holes first discovered the cold case files of the East Area Rapist (EAR). His interest in the case was ignited and he remained close to the files, reviewing them any chance he had between active cases in Contra Costa County until a DNA break in 2001 expanded the case even further. When DNA from the EAR matched a string of unsolved California murders committed by a killer dubbed the \\\"Original Night Stalker\\\" (ONS) the case again gained traction. Holes struck up a friendship with journalist Michelle McNamara, who coined the term Golden State Killer (GSK) to publicize the connection between the EAR-ONS cases. In the meantime, Holes helped investigate dozens of cases including those of convicted murderers Philip Joseph Hughes Jr. and Roger Kibbe, and looking into if Phillip Garrido was connected to other unsolved crimes after he was identified as the kidnapper of Jaycee Dugard. After years of gathering evidence for the GSK cases and using as many DNA samples as he could without depleting the evidence, Holes made contact with genealogist and scientist Barbara Rae-Venter. Rae-Venter used DNA from the GSK cases to construct a genetic profile of the suspect and create a family tree that was detailed enough to narrow down the suspects to Joseph James DeAngelo. In March 2018, Holes visited the Citrus Heights home of DeAngelo on his final day as an investigator before his retirement. Holes watched the home for the activity of DeAngelo, who at the time was only a leading suspect tied to the Golden State Killer rapes and murders. Holes decided not to approach the home for fear of causing a disturbance or tipping off DeAngelo of any suspicion of his involvement as a suspect in the case. Using discarded DNA samples from DeAngelo's home, detectives were able to match his DNA to that known to be from the Golden State Killer. DeAngelo was later taken into custody by the Sacramento Police on April 24, 2018. While researching the EAR case, it began to be strongly suspected by some that another high profile\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Holes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3737740\",\n \"text\": \"Differential extraction (also known as differential lysis) refers to the process by which the DNA from two different types of cells can be extracted without mixing their contents. The most common application of this method is the extraction of DNA from vaginal epithelial cells and sperm cells from sexual assault cases in order to determine the DNA profiles of the victim and the perpetrator. Its success is based on the fact that sperm cells pack their DNA using protamines (rather than histones) which are held together by disulfide bonds. The protamines sequester DNA from spermatozoa, making it more resilient to DNA extraction than DNA from epithelial cells. After determining that sperm cells are present (typically through staining and light microscopy) in a vaginal/rectal sample, the subject's epithelial cells are lysed by a standard DNA extraction method, like a phenol/chloroform extraction and their DNA extracted through normal means. The epithelial DNA in solution is removed and saved, while the sperm cell's DNA precipitates with the attached protamines. Differential extraction uses a chemical called dithiothreitol (DTT) to disrupt the sulfur bonds in the protamines in order to release its DNA. Once the DNA is detached from the protamines, it is prone to standard DNA extraction methods. This creates two different DNA fractions from one sample, that of the victim and that of the perpetrator. However, the described method is difficult to carry out because it is both very labor-intensive and time-consuming, leading to a build-up of untested rape kits. An estimated 500.000 rape kits alone in the US. Greenspoon et al. reported improvements in sample processing efficiency and throughput using robotic automation. However, associated costs for implementation in conjunction with low-throughput quantities of samples may be impractical for forensic laboratories and cannot be justified. Recently a multistep nucleic acid extraction procedure was introduced to provide DNA lysates of highest quality. A self-sealing membrane allows a stepwise release and separation of DNA from mixed specimens. Implemented in a spin-column system, it is ideally suitable for DNA extraction procedures involving differential extraction of forensic samples such as epithelium, saliva or blood vs. sperms. Simple and reliable extraction protocols for both, stained samples as well as gynecological swabs, respectively, overcome the often claimed difficulties in differential extraction (e.g. losing a sperm pellet through several washing steps). Furthermore, an early qualified decision whether the process of a differential extraction is worth the time and efforts is possible due to gradual buffer separation. As an immunological pre-test for semen in a sample of sexual assault can be carried out using the identical sample. Workflow First of all human proteins, e.g. human semenogelin antigen, can be optional isolated and immunologically analyzed to quick-check for the presence of human seminal fluid. If this test shows a positive result, the same casework sample will be processed further. The first part of the differential lysis is carried out under mild conditions to gain the female DNA. Lysate of the epithelia cells is retained within the column even during heat incubation and\",\n \"title\": \"Differential extraction\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55655295\",\n \"text\": \"DNA profiling is the determination of a DNA profile for legal and investigative purposes. DNA analysis methods have changed countless times over the years as technology changes and allows for more information to be determined with less starting material. Modern DNA analysis is based on the statistical calculation of the rarity of the produced profile within a population. While most well known as a tool in forensic investigations, DNA profiling can also be used for non-forensic purposes such as paternity testing and human genealogy research. History The methods for producing a DNA profile were developed by Alec Jeffreys and his team in 1985. Jefferys discovered that an unknown sample of DNA such as blood, hair, saliva, or semen could be analyzed and a unique DNA pattern/profile could be developed. A year after his discovery, Jefferys was asked to use his new found DNA analysis to convict a man that police believed was responsible for 2 rape murders. Jefferys proved that the man was innocent using DNA from the crime scene. When DNA analysis was first discovered, a process called Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to analyze DNA. However, RFLP was an inefficient process due to the fact that it used up large amounts of DNA which could not always be obtained from a crime scene. Modern day technology has evolved beyond RFLP. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis is the modern day equivalent of RFLP. Not only does STR analysis use less of a sample to analyze DNA, but it also is a part of a larger process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR is a process that can be used to quickly reproduce up to a billion copies of a singular segment of DNA. Methods Retired methods RFLP analysis The first true method of DNA profiling was restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The first use of RFLP analysis in forensic casework was in 1985 in the United Kingdom. This type of analysis used variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) to distinguish between individuals. VNTRs are common throughout the genome and consist of the same DNA sequence repeated again and again. Different individuals can have a different number of repeats at a specific location in the genome. For example, person A could have 4 while person B could have 5 repeats. The differences were visualized through a process called gel electrophoresis. Smaller fragments would travel farther through the gel than larger fragments separating them out. These differences were used to distinguish between individuals and when multiple VNTR sites were run together, RFLP analysis has a high degree of individualizing power. The process of RFLP analysis was extremely time consuming and due to the length of the repeats used, between 9 and 100 base pairs, amplification methods such as the polymerase chain reaction could not be used. This limited RFLP to samples that already had a larger quantity of DNA available to start with and did not perform well with degraded samples. RFLP analysis was the primary type of analysis performed\",\n \"title\": \"Forensic DNA analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1882227\",\n \"text\": \"Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that exist as plankton. They are known for nitrogen-fixing abilities, and they form symbiotic relationships with certain plants, such as the mosquito fern. They are one of four genera of cyanobacteria that produce neurotoxins, which are harmful to local wildlife, as well as farm animals and pets. Production of these neurotoxins is assumed to be an input into its symbiotic relationships, protecting the plant from grazing pressure. A DNA sequencing project was undertaken in 1999, which mapped the complete genome of Anabaena, which is 7.2 million base pairs long. The study focused on heterocysts, which convert nitrogen into ammonia. Certain species of Anabaena have been used on rice paddy fields, proving to be an effective natural fertilizer. Nitrogen fixation by Anabaena Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, vegetative cells differentiate into heterocysts at semiregular intervals along the filaments. Heterocyst cells are terminally specialized for nitrogen fixation. The interior of these cells is micro-oxic as a result of increased respiration, inactivation of O2-producing photosystem (PS) II, and formation of a thickened envelope outside of the cell wall. Nitrogenase, sequestered within these cells, transforms dinitrogen into ammonia at the expense of ATP and reductant—both generated by carbohydrate metabolism, a process supplemented, in the light, by the activity of PS I. Carbohydrate, probably in the form of glucose, is synthesized in vegetative cells and moves into heterocysts. In return, nitrogen fixed in heterocysts moves into the vegetative cells, at least in part in the form of amino acids. The fern Azolla, forms a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to this essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a \\\"super-plant\\\", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass in as little as 1.9 days. The typical limiting factor on its growth is phosphorus, abundance of which, due to chemical runoff, often leads to Azolla blooms. Unlike other known plants, the symbiotic microorganism is transferred directly from one generation to the next. This has made Anabaena azollae completely dependent on its host, as several of its genes are either lost or have been transferred to the nucleus in Azolla's cells. Primitive vision pigments studied in Anabaena Anabaena is used as a model organism to study simple vision. The process in which light changes the shape of molecules in the retina, thereby driving the cellular reactions and signals that cause vision in vertebrates, is studied in Anabaena. Anabaena sensory rhodopsin, a specific light-sensitive membrane protein, is central to this research. DNA repair Double strand breaks (DSBs) are a type of DNA damage that can be repaired by homologous recombination. This enzymatic repair process occurs in several enzymatic steps including an early step catalyzed by RecN protein. A study of the dynamics of RecN in DSB repair in Anabaena indicated differential regulation of DSB repair so that it is active in vegetative cells but absent in mature heterocysts that are terminal\",\n \"title\": \"Anabaena\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42071445\",\n \"text\": \"Denaturation Mapping is a form of optical mapping, first described in 1966. It is used to characterize DNA molecules without the need for amplification or sequencing. It is based on the differences between the melting temperatures of AT-rich and GC-rich regions. Even though modern sequencing methods reduced the need for denaturation mapping, it is still being used for specific purposes, such as detection of large scale structural variants. Methodology When subjected to denaturing factors like increased heat or chemicals like formamide in low levels, DNA is partially denatured in a predictable pattern based on its nucleotide content in different regions. This allows unique fingerprints or ‘barcodes' to be generated for molecules with different sequences not unlike restriction mapping. In the earliest forms of denaturation mapping, DNA was denatured by heating in presence of formaldehyde or glyoxal and visualized using electron microscopy. Dyes that selectively bind to double stranded DNA like ethidium bromide could be used to monitor the extent of denaturation. But it was not possible to observe locations of denaturation based on this information. And requirement of electron microscopy made this method more strenuous to perform. More recently microfluidics were used for denaturation mapping of single molecules. In this method a reservoir that contains individual stained DNA molecules is placed next to nanochannels. Under pressure the molecules are pushed towards the nanochannels, and stretch out. With the application of heat in the presence of formamide the molecules denature and while in these channels, denaturation profile of these molecules can be observed by fluorescence microscopy. Computational Prediction Because of the predictable nature of a denaturation map, given a sequence it is possible to computationally generate a candidate map with relatively high confidence based on the Poland-Sherga model. This algorithm can predict the melting probability of a region for a certain temperature and salt concentration. Based on this probability, potential intensity of a region can be calculated as where and are fluorescence intensities of double and single stranded regions respectively and is the probability of DNA remaining double stranded. Uses Historically, this method was used to compare and analyze properties of a single sequence or a group of sequences such as heterogeneity in the absence of sequencing. It was not uncommon to ribosomal DNA and compare the resulting maps of related organisms not unlike 16s rRNA identification method that is often used today. But development of DNA sequencing techniques rendered this use of the method mostly obsolete. Main advantage of denaturation mapping is that large-scale organization of the genome is left intact during the process. That means long-range structural variants can be detected easily. For detection of large structural variants, it is possible to use this technique to make alignments on these barcodes that will enable one to determine the origins of fragments. For instance it was possible to demonstrate this on T4GT7 DNA that circularly permutates in individual viruses. This was also shown fragments of human chromosomes. Furthermore, as it is possible to profile and locate extremely long sequences (more\",\n \"title\": \"Denaturation mapping\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1635294\",\n \"text\": \"Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a technique in molecular biology for the typing of multiple loci, using DNA sequences of internal fragments of multiple housekeeping genes to characterize isolates of microbial species. The first MLST scheme to be developed was for Neisseria meningitidis, the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Since its introduction for the research of evolutionary history, MLST has been used not only for human pathogens but also for plant pathogens. Principle MLST directly measures the DNA sequence variations in a set of housekeeping genes and characterizes strains by their unique allelic profiles. The principle of MLST is simple: the technique involves PCR amplification followed by DNA sequencing. Nucleotide differences between strains can be checked at a variable number of genes depending on the degree of discrimination desired. The workflow of MLST involves: 1) data collection, 2) data analysis and 3) multilocus sequence analysis. In the data collection step, definitive identification of variation is obtained by nucleotide sequence determination of gene fragments. In the data analysis step, all unique sequences are assigned allele numbers and combined into an allelic profile and assigned a sequence type (ST). If new alleles and STs are found, they are stored in the database after verification. In the final analysis step of MLST, the relatedness of isolates are made by comparing allelic profiles. Researchers do epidemiological and phylogenetical studies by comparing STs of different clonal complexes. A huge set of data is produced during the sequencing and identification process so bioinformatic techniques are used to arrange, manage, analyze and merge all of the biological data. To strike the balance between the acceptable identification power, time and cost for the strain typing, about seven to eight house-keeping genes are commonly used in the laboratories. Quoting Staphylococcus aureus as an example, seven housekeeping genes are used in MLST typing. These genes include carbamate kinase (arcC), shikimate dehydrogenase (aroE), glycerol kinase (glpF), guanylate kinase (gmk), phosphate acetyltransferase (pta), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) and acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase (yqiL) as specified by the MLST website. However, it is not uncommon for up to ten housekeeping genes to be used. For Vibrio vulnificus, the housekeeping genes used are glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (glp), DNA gyrase, subunit B (gyrB), malate-lactate dehydrogenase (mdh), methionyl-tRNA synthetase (metG), phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase (purM), threonine dehydrogenase (dtdS), diaminopimelate decarboxylase (lysA), transhydrogenase alpha subunit (pntA), dihydroorotase (pyrC) and tryptophanase (tnaA). Thus both the number and type of housekeeping genes interrogated by MLST may differ from species to species. For each of these housekeeping genes, the different sequences are assigned as alleles and the alleles at the loci provide an allelic profile. A series of profiles can then be the identification marker for strain typing. Sequences that differ at even a single nucleotide are assigned as different alleles and no weighting is given to take into account the number of nucleotide differences between alleles, as we cannot distinguish whether differences at multiple nucleotide sites are a result of multiple point mutations or a single recombinational exchange. The large number\",\n \"title\": \"Multilocus sequence typing\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1812008\",\n \"text\": \"Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), pronounced \\\"rapid\\\", is a type of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but the segments of DNA that are amplified are random. The scientist performing RAPD creates several arbitrary, short primers (10–12 nucleotides), then proceeds with the PCR using a large template of genomic DNA, hoping that fragments will amplify. By resolving the resulting patterns, a semi-unique profile can be gleaned from an RAPD reaction. No knowledge of the DNA sequence of the targeted genome is required, as the primers will bind somewhere in the sequence, but it is not certain exactly where. This makes the method popular for comparing the DNA of biological systems that have not had the attention of the scientific community, or in a system in which relatively few DNA sequences are compared (it is not suitable for forming a cDNA databank). Because it relies on a large, intact DNA template sequence, it has some limitations in the use of degraded DNA samples. Its resolving power is much lower than targeted, species-specific DNA comparison methods, such as short tandem repeats. In recent years, RAPD has been used to characterize, and trace, the phylogeny of diverse plant and animal species. Introduction RAPD markers are decamer (10 nucleotides long) DNA fragments from PCR amplification of random segments of genomic DNA with a single primer of arbitrary nucleotide sequence and which are able to differentiate between genetically distinct individuals, although not necessarily in a reproducible way. It is used to analyze the genetic diversity of an individual by using random primers. Due to problems in experiment reproducibility, many scientific journals do not accept experiments merely based on RAPDs anymore. RAPD requires only one primer for amplification. How it works After amplification with PCR, samples are loaded into a gel (either agarose or polyacrylamide) for gel electrophoresis. The differing sizes created through random amplification will separate along the gel in a repeatable manner depending on the sample source. This creates a distinct DNA fingerprint. Unlike traditional PCR analysis, RAPD does not require any specific knowledge of the DNA sequence of the target organism: the identical 10-mer primers will or will not amplify a segment of DNA, depending on positions that are complementary to the primers' sequence. For example, no fragment is produced if primers annealed too far apart or 3' ends of the primers are not facing each other. Therefore, if a mutation has occurred in the template DNA at the site that was previously complementary to the primer, a PCR product will not be produced, resulting in a different pattern of amplified DNA segments on the gel. Limitations Nearly all RAPD markers are dominant, i.e. it is not possible to distinguish whether a DNA segment is amplified from a locus that is heterozygous (1 copy) or homozygous (2 copies). Codominant RAPD markers, observed as different-sized DNA segments amplified from the same locus, are detected only rarely. PCR is an enzymatic reaction, therefore, the quality and concentration of template DNA, concentrations of PCR components, and the PCR\",\n \"title\": \"Random amplification of polymorphic DNA\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31054510\",\n \"text\": \"Justin Elgen Long, \\\"The Dub\\\", is an American businessman and skier who currently resides in British Columbia, Canada. He is known for being the youngest person to ski Mount Stanley in Africa as well as for founding the Amelia Earhart DNA Project. Long currently dedicates himself to the technology industry in Vancouver and is the grandson of aviator and author Elgen Long. Early life and education Long was born in San Diego and was a resident of the Reno-Lake Tahoe area. He graduated with honors from Galena High School in Reno, Nevada and spent his early years skiing in Lake Tahoe. Long received a degree in Health Sciences and Business from Simon Fraser University. Defining work The Amelia Earhart DNA Project In February 2011, Long approached Dr. Dongya Yang at Simon Fraser University with letters written by Amelia Earhart. His actions started the Amelia Earhart DNA Project, where Long currently provides support through logistics and funding. The letters were obtained through his grandfather Elgen Long when he realized that the seals on the envelopes were very likely to contain cells left over after Amelia licked them. The Amelia Earhart DNA project will create the first full genetic profile of the disappeared aviator and be used to examine many of the claimed theories of her disappearance. Automation of Tinder Dating App In early February 2015, an Internet bot that Long developed to intelligently automate the Tinder dating app went viral worldwide. The project, named Tinderbox, was more intelligent than previous attempts to build automated bots on Tinder since it used the Eigenfaces algorithm and machine learning techniques to learn who Long found attractive. Additionally, the bot automated chats to help filter conversations of interest and determine which Tinder matches were truly interested. Snow4Innocents Africa To bring awareness to children's health in southern Uganda in 2010, Long created the Snow4Innocents campaign and became the youngest person to simultaneously climb and ski Mount Stanley, Africa. He was the first skier to use the new southern Rwenzori route from Kilembe trekking over 80 km on foot. Long successfully completed the climb and was acknowledged by figures including the Vice President of Uganda at the opening of Holy Innocents Children's Hospital. In the process he also planted an NHL Canucks flag on the mountain in an idea voted by contestants in an online contest. The campaign was a collaboration between Long and Holy Innocents Children's Hospital and received support from Children's Hospital Oakland, Newschoolers.com, IonEarth, and Oakley. Other work From 2007 to January 2011, Long was known as the Executive Director of ACG Corp., a small PR and design agency in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. After four years servicing clients internationally, Long sold the agency to Blue Lotus Creative, another Vancouver agency. References External links Canadian male ski mountaineers Living people 1988 births\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Long (businessman)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46880460\",\n \"text\": \"ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing) is a technique used in molecular biology to assess genome-wide chromatin accessibility. In 2013, the technique was first described as an alternative advanced method for MNase-seq, FAIRE-Seq and DNase-Seq. ATAC-seq is a faster analysis of the epigenome than DNase-seq or MNase-seq. Description ATAC-seq identifies accessible DNA regions by probing open chromatin with hyperactive mutant Tn5 Transposase that inserts sequencing adapters into open regions of the genome. While naturally occurring transposases have a low level of activity, ATAC-seq employs the mutated hyperactive transposase. In a process called \\\"tagmentation\\\", Tn5 transposase cleaves and tags double-stranded DNA with sequencing adaptors. The tagged DNA fragments are then purified, PCR-amplified, and sequenced using next-generation sequencing. Sequencing reads can then be used to infer regions of increased accessibility as well as to map regions of transcription factor binding sites and nucleosome positions. The number of reads for a region correlate with how open that chromatin is, at single nucleotide resolution. ATAC-seq requires no sonication or phenol-chloroform extraction like FAIRE-seq; no antibodies like ChIP-seq; and no sensitive enzymatic digestion like MNase-seq or DNase-seq. ATAC-seq preparation can be completed in under three hours. Applications ATAC-Seq analysis is used to investigate a number of chromatin-accessibility signatures. The most common use is nucleosome mapping experiments, but it can be applied to mapping transcription factor binding sites, adapted to map DNA methylation sites, or combined with sequencing techniques. The utility of high-resolution enhancer mapping ranges from studying the evolutionary divergence of enhancer usage (e.g. between chimps and humans) during development and uncovering a lineage-specific enhancer map used during blood cell differentiation. ATAC-Seq has also been applied to defining the genome-wide chromatin accessibility landscape in human cancers, and revealing an overall decrease in chromatin accessibility in macular degeneration. Computational footprinting methods can be performed on ATAC-seq to find cell specific binding sites and transcription factors with cell specific activity. Single-cell ATAC-seq Modifications to the ATAC-seq protocol have been made to accommodate single-cell analysis. Microfluidics can be used to separate single nuclei and perform ATAC-seq reactions individually. With this approach, single cells are captured by either a microfluidic device or a liquid deposition system before tagmentation. An alternative technique that does not require single cell isolation is combinatorial cellular indexing. This technique uses barcoding to measure chromatin accessibility in thousands of individual cells; it can generate epigenomic profiles from 10,000-100,000 cells per experiment. But combinatorial cellular indexing requires additional, custom-engineered equipment or a large quantity of custom, modified Tn5. Recently, a pooled barcode method called sci-CAR was developed, allowing joint profiling of chromatin accessibility and gene expression of single cells. Computational analysis of scATAC-seq is based on construction of a count matrix with number of reads per open chromatin regions. Open chromatin regions can be defined, for example, by standard peak calling of pseudo bulk ATAC-seq data. Further steps include data reduction with PCA and clustering of cells. scATAC-seq matrices can be extremely large (hundreds of thousands of regions) and is extremely sparse, i.e. less than\",\n \"title\": \"ATAC-seq\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17269927\",\n \"text\": \"The MRN complex (MRX complex in yeast) is a protein complex consisting of Mre11, Rad50 and Nbs1 (also known as Nibrin in humans and as Xrs2 in yeast). In eukaryotes, the MRN/X complex plays an important role in the initial processing of double-strand DNA breaks prior to repair by homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining. The MRN complex binds avidly to double-strand breaks both in vitro and in vivo and may serve to tether broken ends prior to repair by non-homologous end joining or to initiate DNA end resection prior to repair by homologous recombination. The MRN complex also participates in activating the checkpoint kinase ATM in response to DNA damage. Production of short single-strand oligonucleotides by Mre11 endonuclease activity has been implicated in ATM activation by the MRN complex. Evolutionary ancestry and biologic function The MRN complex has been mainly studied in eukaryotes. However, recent work shows that two of the three protein components of this complex, Mre11 and Rad50, are also conserved in extant prokaryotic archaea. This finding suggests that key components of the eukaryotic MRN complex are derived by evolutionary descent from the archaea. In the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, the Mre11 protein interacts with the Rad50 protein and appears to have an active role in the repair of DNA damages experimentally introduced by gamma radiation. Similarly, during meiosis in the eukaryotic protist Tetrahymena Mre11 is required for repair of DNA damages, in this case double-strand breaks, by a process that likely involves homologous recombination. Biological function Repair of double-strand DNA breaks In eukaryotes, the MRN complex (through cooperation of its subunits) has been identified as a crucial player in many stages of the repair process of double-strand DNA breaks: initial detection of a lesion, halting of the cell cycle to allow for repair, selection of a specific repair pathway (i.e., via homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining) and providing mechanisms for initiating reconstruction of the DNA molecule (primarily via spatial juxtaposition of the ends of broken chromosomes). Initial detection is thought to be controlled by both Nbs1 and MRE11. Likewise, cell cycle checkpoint regulation is ultimately controlled by phosphorylation activity of the ATM kinase, which is pathway dependent on both Nbs1 and MRE11. MRE11 alone is known to contribute to repair pathway selection, while MRE11 and Rad50 work together to spatially align DNA molecules: Rad50 tethers two linear DNA molecules together while MRE11 fine-tunes the alignment by binding to the ends of the broken chromosomes. Telomere maintenance Telomeres maintain the integrity of the ends of linear chromosomes during replication and protect them from being recognized as double-strand breaks by the DNA repair machinery. MRN participates in telomere maintenance primarily via association with the TERF2 protein of the shelterin complex. Additional studies have suggested that Nbs1 is a necessary component protein for telomere elongation by telomerase. Additionally, knockdown of MRN has been shown to significantly reduce the length of the G-overhang at human telomere ends, which could inhibit the proper formation of the so-called T-loop, destabilizing the telomere\",\n \"title\": \"MRN complex\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42177410\",\n \"text\": \"DNA base flipping, or nucleotide flipping, is a mechanism in which a single nucleotide base, or nucleobase, is rotated outside the nucleic acid double helix. This occurs when a nucleic acid-processing enzyme needs access to the base to perform work on it, such as its excision for replacement with another base during DNA repair. It was first observed in 1994 using X-ray crystallography in a methyltransferase enzyme catalyzing methylation of a cytosine base in DNA. Since then, it has been shown to be used by different enzymes in many biological processes such as DNA methylation, various DNA repair mechanisms, and DNA replication. It can also occur in RNA double helices or in the DNA:RNA intermediates formed during RNA transcription. DNA base flipping occurs by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases and unstacking the base from its neighbors. This could occur through an active process, where an enzyme binds to the DNA and then facilitates rotation of the base, or a passive process, where the base rotates out spontaneously, and this state is recognized and bound by an enzyme. It can be detected using X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, or hybridization probes. Discovery Base flipping was first observed in 1994 when researchers Klimasauskas, Kumar, Roberts, and Cheng used X-ray crystallography to view an intermediate step in the chemical reaction of a methyltransferase bound to DNA. The methyltransferase they used was the C5-cytosine methyltransferase from Haemophilus haemolyticus (M. HhaI). This enzyme recognizes a specific sequence of the DNA (5'-GCGC-3') and methylates the first cytosine base of the sequence at its C5 location. Upon crystallization of the M. HhaI-DNA complex, they saw the target cytosine base was rotated completely out of the double helix and was positioned in the active site of the M. HhaI. It was held in place by numerous interactions between the M. HhaI and DNA. The authors theorized that base flipping was a mechanism used by many other enzymes, such as helicases, recombination enzymes, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, and Type II topoisomerases. Much research has been done in the years subsequent to this discovery and it has been found that base flipping is a mechanism used in many of the biological processes the authors suggest. Mechanism DNA nucleotides are held together with hydrogen bonds, which are relatively weak and can be easily broken. Base flipping occurs on a millisecond timescale by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases and unstacking the base from its neighbors. The base is rotated out of the double helix by 180 degrees., typically via the major groove, and into the active site of an enzyme. This opening leads to small conformational changes in the DNA backbone which are quickly stabilized by the increased enzyme-DNA interactions. Studies looking at the free-energy profiles of base flipping have shown that the free-energy barrier to flipping can be lowered by 17 kcal/mol for M.HhaI in the closed conformation. There are two mechanisms of DNA base flipping: active and passive. In the active mechanism, an enzyme binds to\",\n \"title\": \"DNA base flipping\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2769664\",\n \"text\": \"Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, also known as AICDA, AID and single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase, is a 24 kDa enzyme which in humans is encoded by the AICDA gene. It creates mutations in DNA by deamination of cytosine base, which turns it into uracil (which is recognized as a thymine). In other words, it changes a C:G base pair into a U:G mismatch. The cell's DNA replication machinery recognizes the U as a T, and hence C:G is converted to a T:A base pair. During germinal center development of B lymphocytes, error-prone DNA repair following AID action also generates other types of mutations, such as C:G to A:T. AID is a member of the APOBEC family. In B cells in the lymph nodes, AID causes mutations that produce antibody diversity, but that same mutation process leads to B cell lymphoma. Function This gene encodes a DNA-editing deaminase that is a member of the cytidine deaminase family. The protein is involved in somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class-switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes in B cells of the immune system. AID is currently thought to be the master regulator of secondary antibody diversification. It is involved in the initiation of three separate immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification processes: Somatic hypermutation (SHM), in which the antibody genes are minimally mutated to generate a library of antibody variants, some of which with higher affinity for a particular antigen than any of its close variants Class switch recombination (CSR), in which B cells change their expression from IgM to IgG or other immune types Gene conversion (GC) a process that causes mutations in antibody genes of chickens, pigs and some other vertebrates. AID has been shown in vitro to be active on single-strand DNA, and has been shown to require active transcription in order to exert its deaminating activity. The involvement of Cis-regulatory factors is suspected as AID activity is several orders of magnitude higher in the immunoglobulin \\\"variable\\\" region than other regions of the genome that are known to be subject to AID activity. This is also true of artificial reporter constructs and transgenes that have been integrated into the genome. A recent publication suggests that high AID activity at a few non-immunoglobulin targets is achieved when transcription on opposite DNA strands converges due to super-enhancer activity. Recently, AICDA has been implicated in active DNA demethylation. AICDA can deaminate 5-methylcytosine, which can then be replaced with cytosine by base excision repair. Mechanism AID is believed to initiate SHM in a multi-step mechanism. AID deaminates cytosine in the target DNA. Cytosines located within hotspot motifs are preferentially deaminated (WRCY motifs W=adenine or thymine, R=purine, C=cytosine, Y=pyrimidine, or the inverse RGYW G=guanine). The resultant U:G (U= uracil) mismatch is then subject to one of a number of fates. The U:G mismatch is replicated across creating two daughter species, one that remains unmutated and one that undergoes a C => T transition mutation. (U is analogous to T in DNA and is treated as such when replicated). The uracil may be\",\n \"title\": \"Activation-induced cytidine deaminase\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6476735\",\n \"text\": \"Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain to a DNA-cleavage domain. Zinc finger domains can be engineered to target specific desired DNA sequences and this enables zinc-finger nucleases to target unique sequences within complex genomes. By taking advantage of endogenous DNA repair machinery, these reagents can be used to precisely alter the genomes of higher organisms. Alongside CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN, ZFN is a prominent tool in the field of genome editing. Domains DNA-binding domain The DNA-binding domains of individual ZFNs typically contain between three and six individual zinc finger repeats and can each recognize between 9 and 18 basepairs. If the zinc finger domains perfectly recognize a 3 basepair DNA sequence, they can generate a 3-finger array that can recognize a 9 basepair target site. Other procedures can utilize either 1-finger or 2-finger modules to generate zinc-finger arrays with six or more individual zinc fingers. The main drawback with this procedure is the specificities of individual zinc fingers can overlap and can depend on the context of the surrounding zinc fingers and DNA. Without methods to account for this \\\"context dependence\\\", the standard modular assembly procedure often fails. Numerous selection methods have been used to generate zinc-finger arrays capable of targeting desired sequences. Initial selection efforts utilized phage display to select proteins that bound a given DNA target from a large pool of partially randomized zinc-finger arrays. More recent efforts have utilized yeast one-hybrid systems, bacterial one-hybrid and two-hybrid systems, and mammalian cells. A promising new method to select novel zinc-finger arrays utilizes a bacterial two-hybrid system and has been dubbed \\\"OPEN\\\" by its creators. This system combines pre-selected pools of individual zinc fingers that were each selected to bind a given triplet and then utilizes a second round of selection to obtain 3-finger arrays capable of binding a desired 9-bp sequence. This system was developed by the Zinc-Finger Consortium as an alternative to commercial sources of engineered zinc-finger arrays. (see: Zinc finger chimera for more info on zinc finger selection techniques) DNA-cleavage domain The non-specific cleavage domain from the type IIs restriction endonuclease FokI is typically used as the cleavage domain in ZFNs. This cleavage domain must dimerize in order to cleave DNA and thus a pair of ZFNs are required to target non-palindromic DNA sites. Standard ZFNs fuse the cleavage domain to the C-terminus of each zinc finger domain. To let the two cleavage domains dimerize and cleave DNA, the two individual ZFNs must bind opposite strands of DNA with their C-termini a certain distance apart. The most commonly used linker sequences between the zinc finger domain and the cleavage domain requires the 5′ edge of each binding site to be separated by 5 to 7 bp. Several different protein engineering techniques have been employed to improve both the activity and specificity of the nuclease domain used in ZFNs. Directed evolution has been employed to generate a FokI variant with enhanced cleavage activity that the authors dubbed \\\"Sharkey\\\". Structure-based design\",\n \"title\": \"Zinc-finger nuclease\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15872993\",\n \"text\": \"Thermococcus litoralis (T. litoralis) is a species of Archaea that is found around deep-sea hydrothermal vents as well as shallow submarine thermal springs and oil wells. It is an anaerobic organotroph hyperthermophile that is between in diameter. Like the other species in the order thermococcales, T. litoralis is an irregular hyperthermophile coccus that grows between . Unlike many other thermococci, T. litoralis is non-motile. Its cell wall consists only of a single S-layer that does not form hexagonal lattices. Additionally, while many thermococcales obligately use sulfur as an electron acceptor in metabolism, T. litoralis only needs sulfur to help stimulate growth, and can live without it. T. litoralis has recently been popularized by the scientific community for its ability to produce an alternative DNA polymerase to the commonly used Taq polymerase. The T. litoralis polymerase, dubbed the vent polymerase, has been shown to have a lower error rate than Taq but due to its proofreading 3’–5’ exonuclease abilities. DNA polymerase The DNA polymerase of Thermococcus litoralis is stable at high temperatures, with a half-life of eight hours at and two hours at . It also has a proofreading activity that is able to reduce mutation frequencies to a level 2–4 times lower than most non-proofreading DNA polymerases. Habitat and ecology T. litoralis grows near shallow and deep sea hydrothermal vents in extremely hot water. The optimal growth temperature for T. litoralis is 85–88 °C. It also prefers slightly acidic waters, growing between pH 4.0 to 8.0 with the optimal pH between 6.0–6.4. Unlike many other hyperthermophiles, T. litoralis is only facultatively dependent on sulfur as a final electron acceptor in fermentation, producing hydrogen gas in its absence and hydrogen sulfide when present. Additionally, T. litoralis has been shown to produce an exopolysaccharide (EPS) that could possibly help it form a biofilm. It is made of mannose, sulfites, and phosphorus. Physiology T. litoralis can utilize pyruvate, maltose, and amino acids as energy sources. In a laboratory setting, T. litoralis must be supplied with amino acids in order to grow at non-reduced rates. The only amino acids it does not require are asparagine, glutamine, alanine, and glutamate. These amino acids may not be vital for T. litoralis because asparagine and glutamine tend to deaminate at high temperatures found around hydrothermic vents and alanine and glutamate can usually be produced by other hyperthermophilic archaea. The main carbon source for T. litoralis seems to be maltose, which can be brought into the cell via a maltose-trehalose ABC transporter. T. litoralis has a specialized glycolytic pathway called the modified Embden–Meyerhoff (EM) pathway. One way the modified EM pathway in T. litoralis deviates from the common EM pathway is that the modified version contains an ADP dependent hexose kinase and PFK instead of an ATP dependent versions of the enzymes. Novel strains New DNA analysis has shown several isolates of T. litoralis, MW and Z-1614, which are most likely new strains. MW and Z-1614 were confirmed to be strains of T. litoralis through DNA-DNA hybridization, C–G\",\n \"title\": \"Thermococcus litoralis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"241191\",\n \"text\": \"In genomics, DNA–DNA hybridization is a molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between DNA sequences. It is used to determine the genetic distance between two organisms and has been used extensively in phylogeny and taxonomy. Method The DNA of one organism is labelled, then mixed with the unlabelled DNA to be compared against. The mixture is incubated to allow DNA strands to dissociate and then cooled to form renewed hybrid double-stranded DNA. Hybridized sequences with a high degree of similarity will bind more firmly, and require more energy to separate them: i.e. they separate when heated at a higher temperature than dissimilar sequences, a process known as \\\"DNA melting\\\". To assess the melting profile of the hybridized DNA, the double-stranded DNA is bound to a column or filter and the mixture is heated in small steps. At each step, the column or filter is washed; sequences that melt become single-stranded and wash off. The temperatures at which labelled DNA comes off reflects the amount of similarity between sequences (and the self-hybridization sample serves as a control). These results are combined to determine the degree of genetic similarity between organisms. One method was introduced for hybridizing large numbers of DNA samples against large numbers of DNA probes on a single membrane. These samples would have to be separated in their own lanes inside the membranes and then the membrane would have to be rotated to a different angle where it would result in simultaneous hybridization with many different DNA probes. Uses When several species are compared, similarity values allow organisms to be arranged in a phylogenetic tree; it is therefore one possible approach to carrying out molecular systematics. In microbiology DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) is used as a primary method to distinguish bacterial species as it is difficult to visually classify them accurately. This technique is not widely used on larger organisms where differences in species are easier to identify. In the late 1900s, strains were considered to belong to the same species if they had a DNA–DNA similarity value greater than 70% and their melting temperatures were within 5 °C of each other. In 2014, a threshold of 79% similarity has been suggested to separate bacterial subspecies. DDH is a common technique for bacteria, but it is labor intensive, error-prone, and technically challenging. In 2004, a new DDH technique was described. This technique utilized microplates and colorimetrically labelled DNA to decrease the time needed and increase the amount of samples that can be processed. This new DDH technique became the standard for bacterial taxonomy. In zoology Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist, pioneers of the technique, used DNA–DNA hybridization to examine the phylogenetic relationships of avians (the Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy) and primates. In radioactivity In 1969, one such method was performed by Mary Lou Pardue and Joseph G. Gall at the Yale University through radioactivity where it involved the hybridization of a radioactive test DNA in solution to the stationary DNA of a cytological preparation, which is identified as\",\n \"title\": \"DNA–DNA hybridization\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53368771\",\n \"text\": \"Pharmacomicrobiomics, proposed by Prof. Marco Candela for the ERC-2009-StG project call (proposal n. 242860, titled \\\"PharmacoMICROBIOMICS, study of the microbiome determinants of the different drug responses between individuals\\\"), and publicly coined for the first time in 2010 by Rizkallah et al. (from Ramy K. Aziz research group), is defined as the effect of microbiome variations on drug disposition, action, and toxicity. Pharmacomicrobiomics is concerned with the interaction between xenobiotics, or foreign compounds, and the gut microbiome. It is estimated that over 100 trillion prokaryotes representing more than 1000 species reside in the gut. Within the gut, microbes help modulate developmental, immunological and nutrition host functions. The aggregate genome of microbes extends the metabolic capabilities of humans, allowing them to capture nutrients from diverse sources. Namely, through the secretion of enzymes that assist in the metabolism of chemicals foreign to the body, modification of liver and intestinal enzymes, and modulation of the expression of human metabolic genes, microbes can significantly impact the ingestion of xenobiotics. Efforts to understand the interaction between specific xenobiotics and the microbiome have traditionally involved the use of in vivo as well as in vitro models. Recently, next generation sequencing of genomic DNA obtained from a community of microbes has been used to identify organisms within microbial communities, allowing for accurate profiles of the composition of microbes within an environment. Initiatives such as the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) have aimed to characterize the microbial composition of the oral, gut, vaginal, skin and nasal environments. This and other microbiome characterization projects have accelerated the study of pharmacomicrobiomics. An extensive understanding of the microbiome in the human body can lead to the development of novel therapeutics and personalized drug treatments that are not potentiated or activated by processes carried out by the microbiome. History In a 1973 paper, Ronald Scheline stated that the gastrointestinal microbiome has the ability to act as an organ with metabolic potential at least equal to the liver. Since then, the importance of the human microbiome in mediating health and disease has been acknowledged, and specific interactions between xenobiotics and microbes have been characterized using in vitro or in vivo methods. However, few studies have taken into account the complete metabolic profile, leading some to say that the microbiome's cumulative role in xenobiotic metabolism and toxicology has largely remained unexplored. It is reported that 84% of the top-selling pharmaceuticals in the US and Europe are administered orally, making it the most common mode of drug administration. The implication of this is that a large proportion of drugs, especially those that are lowly soluble and permeable ones, encounter the microbiome and are subject to reductive and hydrolytic reactions. The view of the human microbiome as an organ is quite common in scientific literature; however, it is more biologically correct to view it as a cloud, since a 'microbiome cloud model' better reflects the uncertainty associated with the dynamic composition of the microbiome. Understanding the microbiome variability is key to understanding and modulating pharmacomicrobiomic interactions. The same\",\n \"title\": \"Pharmacomicrobiomics\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29155762\",\n \"text\": \"Katie's Law, also known as the Katie Sepich Enhanced DNA Collection Act of 2010, is a federal law to provide funding to states to implement minimum and enhanced DNA collection processes for felony arrests. The bill is named after Katie Sepich, who was brutally attacked outside of her New Mexico home in August 2003. She was raped, strangled, her body set on fire, and abandoned at an old dump site. Summary Katie's attacker's skin and blood were found under her fingernails. This DNA profile was sent to the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) where officials hoped a match would be made. A DNA match identified Gabriel Adrian Avila, who had been arrested in November 2003 for aggravated burglary and was serving time in the New Mexico Corrections System since November 2004. After being confronted with his DNA evidence, Avila subsequently confessed to the murder of Sepich. The experience of Katie's parents, Jayann and Dave Sepich, in bringing Katie's killer to justice motivated them to advocate for legislation that would expand the use of DNA to arrest and convict criminals: Jayann and Dave Sepich, Katie's parents, began researching the role of DNA in solving crimes. At first they just wanted to find and punish the person who had murdered their daughter; but as they learned more about how DNA can solve crimes, they also learned it could do so much more–it can prevent crimes and save lives. The proposed legislation encourages states to collect a sample through DNA profiling from individuals who are: arrested for, charged with or indicted for crimes involving murder, manslaughter, sexual assaults, and kidnapping or abduction. The collected samples are included in CODIS which contains more than 5 million records and used by law enforcement agencies. DNA profiling is not the same as full genome sequencing and contains no genetic information. There are over 3 billion markers in the DNA molecule and only 13 of these markers go into CODIS. Law's expansion Susana Martinez was the attorney who prosecuted and convicted the killer. While she was District Attorney, Martinez worked to pass legislation that would expand Katie's Law, requiring a DNA sample for all felony arrests. While Governor of New Mexico, Martinez signed the expansion bill into law in April 2011. National growth On February 4, 2010 Congressman Harry Teague (D-NM) introduced H.R. 4614. The bill had 11 co-sponsors: Rep. Gerry Connolly (D-VA) Rep. Martin Heinrich (D-NM) Rep. Tim Holden (D-PA) Rep. Steve Kagen (D-WI) Rep. Suzanne Kosmas (D-FL) Rep. Ben Ray Lujan (D-NM) Rep. Betsy Markey (D-CO) Rep. David Reichert (R-WA) Rep. Thomas J. Rooney (R-FL) Rep. Adam B. Schiff (D-CA) Rep. Anthony Weiner (D-NY) On May 18, the bill was passed in the House by a vote of 357 to 32. In the Senate side, S. 3805 was introduced by Sen. Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) on September 20, 2010 and co-sponsored by Sen. Michael Bennet (D-CO), Sen. Charles Schumer (D-NY), Sen. Tom Udall (D-NM). As of 2018, no action has been taken on the bill. 25\",\n \"title\": \"Katie's Law\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27341280\",\n \"text\": \"5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) is a thymidine analogue which is incorporated into the DNA of dividing cells. EdU is used to assay DNA synthesis in cell culture and detect cells in embryonic, neonatal and adult animals which have undergone DNA synthesis. Whilst at high doses it can be cytotoxic, this molecule is now widely used to track proliferating cells in multiple biological systems. EdU-labelling allows cells to be isolated without denaturing DNA, allowing researchers to determine the transcriptional profile of cells. This approach has been used to assess transcription in neuronal cells and tissues that have recently divided either in vitro or in vivo. Detection EdU is labeled and detected with an azide molecule (most commonly fluorescent azides) through Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry. Unlike the commonly used bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), EdU detection requires no heat or acid treatment. Toxicity EdU incorporated into DNA induces DNA damage through the formation of interstrand crosslinks. These are detected by the cell during DNA replication, which is reflected by phosphorylation of histone H2AX, arrest in the cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. References External links Nucleosides Staining dyes Pyrimidinediones Ethynyl compounds\",\n \"title\": \"5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["DNA fingerprinting","DNA typing","DNA testing"],"string":"[\n \"DNA fingerprinting\",\n \"DNA typing\",\n \"DNA testing\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":52,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_22575"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who wrote the magna carta and when was it written"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"19769447","text":"The phrase law of the land is a legal term, equivalent to the Latin lex terrae, or legem terrae in the accusative case. It refers to all of the laws in force within a country or region, including statute law and case-made law. Use in Magna Carta In the year 1215, this term was used in Magna Carta. Perhaps the most famous clause (number 39 in the 1215 charter, clause 29 in the 1297 statute) of Magna Carta states: No Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or be disseised of his Freehold, or Liberties, or free Customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any other wise destroyed; nor will We not pass upon him, nor condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land. This is sometimes called the \"law of the land clause\". Magna Carta was originally written in Latin, and the Latin term is lex terrae, or legem terrae in the accusative case (i.e. when the term is being used as the object in a sentence). Emulation of Magna Carta Over 500 years later, following the American Revolution, legislators looked to Magna Carta for inspiration, and emulated its \"law of the land\" language. Versions of it can be found in the Virginia Constitution of 1776, the Constitution of North Carolina of 1776, the Delaware Constitution of 1776, the Maryland Constitution of 1776, the New York Constitution of 1777, the South Carolina Constitution of 1778, the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780, and the New Hampshire Constitution of 1784. In 1787, the Continental Congress adopted the Northwest Ordinance for governance of areas in the United States outside of the individual states. Congress wrote: \"No man shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land.\" Following adoption of the United States Constitution, Congress re-adopted the Northwest Ordinance in 1789. Use in the United States Constitution This term was used in 1787 to write the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which states: \"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the land....\" The Supremacy Clause is the only place in the Constitution where this exact term was used. Meaning and interpretation This term has been the subject of numerous scholarly works and judicial decisions over the years. Usually the English term is used, but sometimes the Latin: lex terrae, or legem terrae in the accusative case (i.e. when the term is being used as the object in a sentence). What it includes Judges and barristers have said for many centuries that the words \"law of the land\" refer to particular legal requirements. For example, William Bereford, Justice of the Common Pleas, said in 1308 that the then-existing \"law of the land requires\" a tenant to be summoned by two summoners. In 1550, it","title":"Law of the land"},{"docid":"33773392","text":"1215: The Year of Magna Carta is a historical documentation of life in Medieval England written by author and journalist Danny Danziger and emeritus professor of history at the London School of Economics John Gillingham. It was originally published in 2003 by Hodder & Stoughton, a division of Hodder Headline. In 2004, it was published in the United States by Touchstone. This book is a sequel to Danziger's previous work, The Year 1000, which he co-authored with author Robert Lacey. Content Overview 1215: The Year of Magna Carta is a work of creative non-fiction, a method of writing which is rarely used in writing a historical text. The book goes into detail about life in the Middle Ages, specifically in the year 1215. The book begins by explaining the everyday life of someone of royalty, then of the average peasant. It explains school, the countryside, hunting, tournaments, battles and the church. Throughout the book, several references to Magna Carta are intertwined with everyday events. For example, the chapter entitled \"Family Strife\" begins with the quotation from clause 62 of Magna Carta: \"We have completely remitted and pardoned to all any ill will, grudge and rancor that have arisen between us and our subjects.\" 1215: The Year of Magna Carta continues to describe the life of a common scholar, where studies in the medical field were greatly encouraged to students who had failed at studying philosophy. While Oxford and Cambridge were the ideal universities to study, smaller schools became established in Salerno and Montpellier. This section goes on to explain women's education, which ended for them at age fifteen. After Danziger and Gillingham go at length explaining life in the Middle Ages, they begin to speak of how Magna Carta came to be, starting with King John. King John and Magna Carta The story of King John is told from his birth to his death, in between being his struggle in accepting to sign Magna Carta. Danziger and Gilingham go at length to explain the reasons that caused him to be spoiled as a child, that is, being neglected as a child. This led to his tyrannous rule as King of England after the death of his brother, Richard I. He had several mistresses, was unfaithful to his wife, and raised the taxes in England which made it impossible for the peasants to live. Thus, Magna Carta was written by the Barons of England to give the country a guideline. The book ends with the reasons for the writing of Magna Carta. This includes the problems faced by the women and children of Medieval England who had hardly any rights, and how knights were duty-bound to protect them. There is an entire section that explains the myths regarding the writing and signing of Magna Carta. Some of the myths include: Magna Carta having no meaning after Prince Louis was crowned king and that it would not be an influential document for the rest of the world. Critical reception 1215: The Year","title":"1215: The Year of Magna Carta"},{"docid":"23536034","text":"William Walwyn (bap. 1600–1681) was an English pamphleteer, a Leveller and a medical practitioner. Life Walwyn was a silkman in London who took the parliamentary side in the English Civil War. He advocated religious toleration and emerged as a leader of the Levellers in 1647, which led to his imprisonment in 1649. In October 1645 Walwyn published England's Lamentable Slaverie, his famous rebuke to John Lilburne, in which he criticised his fellow Leveller for a misguided reliance on Magna Carta of 1215 as the foundation for citizens' rights. He argued that Magna Carta was \"more precious in your [Lilburne's] esteem than it deserveth\", dismissing it as a small set of concessions \"wrestled out of the pawes\" of Norman conquerors and describing it as, \"a messe of pottage\" and, (in the following year), \"but a beggerly thing containing many marks of intollerable bondage\". Walwyn's critique of the appeal to Magna Carta was compelling and fundamentally accurate, and he proposed instead a fresh charter, a proto-social contract founded on equity and right reason, rather than on compromised accretions of the law. During 1646 he wrote five pamphlets in response to Thomas Edwards' Gangraena, in which Walwyn was described as \"a Seeker, a dangerous man, a strong head\". In 1649, while held in the Tower of London on a charge of Treason, he published \"The Fountain of Slaunder Discovered\" and \"Walwyns Just Defence\" to defend his character against the publication of \"Walwyn's Wiles\". The pamphlet had seven authors who were the leading Baptist and Independent preachers in London at the time Arnald, Burnet, Foster, Kiffin, Lordall, Price, and Rosier, but was mainly drafted by John Price who had previously attacked Walwyn in print after four of the Leveller petitions were burnt by the common hangman in June 1647 (see \"Gold Tried in the Fire\"). In Price's opinion it was Walwyn, not Lilburne, who was the most dangerous of the Leveller leaders. In 1653, when Lilburne was arrested having returned from exile in Bruges, Overton and Prince rallied support, Walwyn however was arrested and held in the tower until Lilburne's trial was concluded. William Walwyn died in 1681 and was buried in the New Churchyard, Bethlem, where John Lilburne and other members of the Walwyn family were also buried. Walwyn's Wiles This pamphlet was written by seven of the leading London Independent and Baptist preachers and published whilst Walwyn and the other Leveller leaders were held in the tower. The full title was \"Walwyn's Wiles, or the Manifestators manifested, ... declaring the subtle and crafy wiles, the atheistical, blasphemous soul-murdering principles and practices of Mr William Walwyn\". Walwyn's Wiles was a response to the jointly signed Leveller pamphlet \"A Manifestation\" (April 14, 1649) which whilst it denied that they intended to level men's estates also stood firm on the principles outlined in The Agreement of the People. In the ten pages of Wiles Walwyn is variously described as a Jesuit, a bigamist, of having persuaded a woman to commit suicide, and that he would","title":"William Walwyn"},{"docid":"46991599","text":"Magna Carta of Chester, or Cheshire, was a charter of rights issued in 1215 in the style of Magna Carta. The charter is primarily concerned with the relationship between the Earl of Chester and his barons, though the final clause states that the barons must allow similar concessions to their own tenants. Background The Runnymede Charter of Liberties did not apply to the shire of Chester, which at the time was a separate feudal domain. At the petitions of his barons, the Earl of Chester, Ranulf III set out his own charter. The similarities between many of the clauses in the Magna Carta of Chester and those in Magna Carta indicates that it was written after King John issued the latter on 19 June 1215. In the early 1200s, the Earldom of Chester was the only county palatine on the Welsh Marches; Ranulf III ruled Chester as a separate feudal domain. His barons living outside of Cheshire are referred to as his 'knights from England'. In the late 12th century manuscript De laude Cestrie, Lucian of Chester describes the county as obedient, 'more to the sword of its prince than to the crown of the king.' Ranulf III had been loyal to the king during the First Barons' War and had supported Magna Carta. Ranulf III, William Marshal, the Earl of Derby and Earl of Warwick were the most powerful supporters of the king. In 1215, Ranulf was one of the few magnates to serve as a witness for Magna Carta. Before John's death in 1216, rebel barons offered the throne of England to Prince Louis of France. Louis arrived in England unopposed in the summer of 1216 and took Winchester. Ranulf was an outspoken supporter for the re-issuing of Magna Carta after Louis' retreat in 1217. He also witnessed the 1225 re-issue of the Runnymead Magna Carta. His general support for John's Magna Carta, makes the issuing of his own no surprise. Content The charter is recorded as having been issued, 'at the petition of the barons of Cheshire,' suggesting that they were sufficiently discontented that Ranulf III attempted to pacify them before taking the cross. The charter has 13 clauses, in contrast to the 60 of Magna Carta. Clauses 1 & 4 Several clauses approach issues found in the Runnymede charter, but in a different way. Clauses 1 and 4 deal with the rival claims of the earl's court and barons' courts to jurisdiction over tenants living on baronial estates. Clause 1 acknowledges the earl's right to judge the most serious offences, but Clause 4 allows defendants of his court to plea 'thwetnic' (total denial), on which the defendant would be released to the jurisdiction of their baron. Clauses 2 & 3 Clauses 2 and 3 refer to the system whereby fugitive villeins from outside the county, including those fleeing justice, could take refuge on the estates of the earl or his barons. This was accompanied by an obligation on the part of male fugitives to provide labour","title":"Magna Carta of Chester"},{"docid":"3007312","text":"Magna Carta is the first of a series of constitutional charters in English law. Magna Carta may also refer to: Music Magna Carta (band), an English folk rock band Magna Carta... Holy Grail, a 2013 album by Jay-Z Magna Carta Records, a music label Places Magna Carta Island, in the River Thames in England Magna Carta Place, in Canberra, Australia Magna Carta Memorial, at Runnymede, England Video games Magna Carta (series) Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche, a 2001 Korean RPG video game Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata, a 2004 Korean RPG video game MagnaCarta 2, a 2009 Korean RPG videogame Other uses Magna Carta (barge), a hotel barge Magna Carta (Italy), a think tank within The People of Freedom political party Magna Carta (An Embroidery), an artwork by Cornelia Parker Magna Carta revolt of 1213-1215 The Magna Carta School, a school in Surrey, England The Magna Carta of Aragon of 1287, see Union of Aragon See also Magna Carta Hiberniae, an issue of the English Magna Carta, or Great Charter of Liberties in Ireland","title":"Magna Carta (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"24708749","text":"Ironclad is a 2011 British action historical drama film directed by Jonathan English. Written by English and Erick Kastel, based on a screenplay by Stephen McDool, the cast includes James Purefoy, Brian Cox, Kate Mara, Paul Giamatti, Vladimir Kulich, Mackenzie Crook, Jason Flemyng, Derek Jacobi, and Charles Dance. The film chronicles the siege of Rochester Castle by King John in 1215. The film was shot entirely in Wales in 2009 and produced on a budget of $25 million. Plot A prologue describes how the barons of England, aided by the Knights Templar, fought against the tyrannical King John in a war that lasted more than three years. The war ended with King John signing Magna Carta, a document granting rights to all English freemen. John regrets signing the Magna Carta. In retaliation, John hires an army of pagan Danish mercenaries under the leadership of warlord Tiberius to restore his absolute authority over the kingdom. The Abbot Marcus leads three Templar knights on a pilgrimage to Canterbury and they take shelter from the rain at Darnay Castle. One of the knights, Thomas Marshall, is assured by the abbot that Marshall's release from the Templar Order will be sought at Canterbury. By morning, King John arrives at the castle with his army and mercenaries. Baron Darnay signed Magna Carta and in retribution John orders him hanged. The Abbot attempts to intervene and the King orders that the abbot's tongue be cut off. Marshall and the two other knights fight the Danes, during which Marshall escapes the castle on horseback carrying the abbot; the two knights left behind are slain. The abbot dies before night of his wound, and Marshall breaks his vow of silence to swear that his sacrifice will not be in vain. Once he has reached Canterbury, Marshall meets with Archbishop Langton, the author of Magna Carta, and Baron William d'Aubigny, a former soldier turned wool merchant. Langton reveals that the Pope has sided with King John and that he himself is to be excommunicated for writing Magna Carta. The three men agree that John must be stopped, and that the place to do so is Rochester Castle, the seat of Baron Cornhill and a strategic stronghold that controls southern England and allows access to London and the rest of the country. d'Aubigny persuades three of his men to join him, including his squire, Guy, and a petty criminal named Jedediah, but a fourth turns down the baron's call to arms. A party of seven finally leaves for Rochester where, on arriving, they discover several Danish mercenaries have already claimed the castle; the fourth man had betrayed them to the king. Aubigny's party fights and kills the Danes, and then claim Rochester Castle in the name of the rebellion, much to the displeasure of Cornhill. When John's army finally arrives and lays siege to Rochester, the garrison holds fast and manages to beat the initial Danish assault. In the aftermath, Aubigny offers his men leave if they wish; none accept.","title":"Ironclad (film)"},{"docid":"63497669","text":"Henry Summerson is an English historian. He is the author of a number of books. Summerson worked for the Carlisle Archaeological Unit and wrote a history of medieval Carlisle (1993). He was then employed by English Heritage writing a number of guidebooks on English castles. He is an editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, for which he has written 165 articles. He was Research Edition for the Dictionary'''s medieval and Tudor articles, and is now an associate research editor. He has taken part in the Oxford Holinshed Project. A participant in the Magna Carta Project, Summerson has written commentaries chapter by chapter of the original Magna Carta of 1215, and its sequel of 1225. Summerson is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. WorksThe maintenance of law and order in England, 1227-63. Ph.D. dissertation 1975, University of Cambridge, supervisor D. J. V. FisherCrown Pleas of the Devon Eyre of 1238 (1985), court records, editorMedieval Carlisle: The City and the Borders from the Late Eleventh to the Mid-Sixteenth Century (1993, 2 vols.)Crown Pleas of the Wiltshire Eyre, 1268 (2012), court records, editor with Brenda Farr and Christopher Robin ElringtonCarlisle Castle'' (2013), with M. R. McCarthy, and R. G. Annis References External links Henry Summerson at GoodReads Year of birth unknown Living people British male writers Fellows of the Royal Historical Society Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Henry Summerson"},{"docid":"585250","text":"In the 1760s William Blackstone described the Fundamental Laws of England in Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book the First – Chapter the First : Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals as \"the absolute rights of every Englishman\" and traced their basis and evolution as follows: Magna Carta between King John and his barons in 1215 confirmation of Magna Carta by King Henry III to Parliament in 1216, 1217, and 1225 Confirmatio Cartarum (Confirmation of Charters) 1253 a multitude of subsequent corroborating statutes, from King Edward I to King Henry IV the Petition of Right, a parliamentary declaration in 1628 of the liberties of the people, assented to by King Charles I more concessions made by King Charles I to his Parliament many laws, particularly the Habeas Corpus Act 1679, passed under King Charles II the Bill of Rights 1689 assented to by King William III and Queen Mary II the Act of Settlement 1701 Blackstone's list was an 18th-century constitutional view, and the Union of the Crowns had occurred in 1603 between Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland, and the 1628 Petition of Right had already referred to the fundamental laws being violated. Recorded usage The phrase Fundamental Laws of England has often been used by those opposing particular legislative, royal or religious initiatives. For example, in 1641 the House of Commons of England protested that the Roman Catholic Church was \"subverting the fundamental laws of England and Ireland\", part of a campaign ending in 1649 with the beheading of King Charles I. Subsequently, the phrase was used by the Leveller Lt. Col. John Lilburne (later to become a Quaker) accusing the House of Lords and House of Commons of tyranny in The Just Defence of John Lilburne, Against Such as charge him with Turbulency of Spirit. Lilburne also wrote a 1646 book called The Legal Fundamental Liberties of the People of England, asserted, revived and vindicated. Also in 1646, the General Court of Massachusetts referred to the Fundamental Laws of England in regard to Magna Carta, while defending their representative and legislative autonomy in their address to the Long Parliament. In his 1670 trial, William Penn called upon the phrase many times, including \"However, this I leave upon your Consciences, who are of the Jury (and my sole Judges) that if these Ancient Fundamental Laws, which relate to Liberty and Property, and (are not limited to particular Persuasions in Matters of Religion) must not be indispensably maintained and observed, Who can say he hath Right to the Coat upon his Back?\" The aftermath of the trial established Bushell's Case, preventing a jury from being fined for its verdict. In the 1774 pamphlet American Claim of Rights, South Carolina's Chief Justice William Drayton wrote Other famous subscribers to the phrase include Lord Coke (1522–1634), Emerich de Vattel (1714–1767), and Samuel Adams (1722–1803). Unwritten history Locke's view in Two Treatises of Government (1690) was \"that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his","title":"Fundamental Laws of England"},{"docid":"65750526","text":"Magna Carta: The True Story Behind the Charter is a book by historian David Starkey. It was published in 2015 by Hodder & Stoughton. The book tells the story of the writing of the royal charter of rights Magna Carta. Starkey writes about its background, its history and what he believes is so great and important about it. Background 2015 was the 800th anniversary of the first issuing of Magna Carta. To coincide with this, new academic works on the subject were published and events held to mark the anniversary. Starkey presented a one-hour BBC documentary on Magna Carta, and it was accompanied by a book published by Hodder and Stoughton. In the documentary, Starkey argues that Magna Carta is a foundational stone of the rule of law and a basis constitutions because he believes states tends towards being \"arrogance, corruption and conflict with its people\", while the citizens tend towards being “disorderly, irrational and bloody-minded”. Starkey writes that Magna Carta is essential in keeping peace and constraints on the state and the citizen population and says that it is this rather shaky 800 year old document that has led to a \"constitutional edifice\" developing in the UK. Synopsis Starkey starts by describing the origins of Magna Carta. He tells the story of the warring parties and the fight involved in the creation and writing of the charter. He argues that the story of the birth of English constitutional government is much murkier and more complicated than the general view that it had been born at Runnymede on 15 June 1215. Nevertheless, Starkey writes that this symbolised a great English capacity to find peaceful compromise in politics. The book mostly focuses on telling the story behind the charter, how the barons forced King John to seal the charter. The story follows the differences between the original Magna Carta of 1215 and the subsequent Magna Carta of November 1216 which followed the death of King John a month before. Starkey concludes the book by writing about his views on the political implications of Magna Carta in present-day politics. He believes that the modern UK state appears to be fragmenting and would be helped by the core principles of the charter with a new charter of liberties or a new William Marshal figure. Reception The book received positive and negative feedback. Gerard DeGroot of The Times reviewed the book favourably, saying that Starkey is \"a perceptive historian with a populist's ability to communicate... admirable for its lucidity and brevity; this book is all that most people will need to know about the epochal charter and its legacy. Starkey also has the courage and imagination to interpret Magna Carta in a manner that has profound meaning for the world of today.\" Frank MacGabhann of The Irish Times was very positive about the book, saying that it was \"scholarly yet accessible. Analytical yet clear, it is a pleasure to read.\" In Speculum, medieval historian James Masschaele took a more critical review. He noted that","title":"Magna Carta: The True Story Behind the Charter"},{"docid":"40359","text":"Due process of law is application by the state of all legal rules and principles pertaining to a case so all legal rights that are owed to a person are respected. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this constitutes a due process violation, which offends the rule of law. Due process has also been frequently interpreted as limiting laws and legal proceedings (see substantive due process) so that judges, instead of legislators, may define and guarantee fundamental fairness, justice, and liberty. That interpretation has proven controversial. Analogous to the concepts of natural justice and procedural justice used in various other jurisdictions, the interpretation of due process is sometimes expressed as a command that the government must not be unfair to the people or abuse them physically or mentally. The term is not used in contemporary English law, but two similar concepts are natural justice, which generally applies only to decisions of administrative agencies and some types of private bodies like trade unions, and the British constitutional concept of the rule of law as articulated by A. V. Dicey and others. However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American theory of due process, which, as explained below, presently contains many implied rights not found in either ancient or modern concepts of due process in England. Due process developed from clause 39 of Magna Carta in England. Reference to due process first appeared in a statutory rendition of clause 39 in 1354 thus: \"No man of what state or condition he be, shall be put out of his lands or tenements nor taken, nor disinherited, nor put to death, without he be brought to answer by due process of law.\" When English and American law gradually diverged, due process was not upheld in England but became incorporated in the US Constitution. By jurisdiction Magna Carta In clause 39 of Magna Carta, issued in 1215, John of England promised: \"No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land.\" Magna Carta itself immediately became part of the \"law of the land\", and Clause 61 of that charter authorized an elected body of 25 barons to determine by majority vote what redress the King must provide when the King offends \"in any respect against any man\". Thus, Magna Carta established the rule of law in England by not only requiring the monarchy to obey the law of the land but also limiting how the monarchy could change the law of the land. However, in the 13th century, the provisions may have been referring only to the rights of landowners, and not","title":"Due process"},{"docid":"17998985","text":"Gérard De Athée written in Magna Carta 1215 as Gerardi de Athyes. He was a Principal military commander and Lord from Athee Sur Cher in now France. He possessed his own Castle, Arms and badge of \"A Lion contrapasssant qui retourne ca tete\" of Guyenne Aquitaine and that as used by King Richard Coer De Leon under whom he is first referenced. He later seamlessly transferred to King John of England from 1211 to 1215 following the death of King Richard in 1199 at the siege of Chalus. He served King John in France as commander of Loches castle, one of the last castles to resist Philip Augustus in Normandy. D'Athée was captured by the French and, being so highly valued by King John, ransomed back to England in return for 2,000 marks. He and his extended families and kinsmen were granted estates in England, and De Athee was appointed High Sheriff of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire (1208-1210) and High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests in 1209. His rapid rise in the English court caused resentment amongst the English barons. He is mentioned critically in clause 50 of Magna Carta: References BBC History Magna Carta and two Sheriffs of Gloucestershire ~ By Russell Howes 12th-century births Year of death unknown French mercenaries High Sheriffs of Derbyshire High Sheriffs of Gloucestershire High Sheriffs of Herefordshire High Sheriffs of Nottinghamshire","title":"Gérard d'Athée"},{"docid":"11853779","text":"William Hardell was a Mayor of London and a Magna Carta surety. He was appointed Sheriff of the City of London in 1207 and elected Mayor of London (a century later known as Lord Mayor of London) in 1215. After the sealing of Magna Carta by King John in 1215, he was appointed to be one of the Enforcers, sometimes called Sureties, of Magna Carta. The list of enforcers does not appear on Magna Carta itself and the first surviving list of these was by Matthew Paris the chronicler of St Albans. References Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 12th-century births 13th-century deaths 13th-century mayors of London Sheriffs of the City of London Magna Carta barons English feudal barons","title":"William Hardell"},{"docid":"2048381","text":"The Golden Bull of 1222 was a golden bull, or edict, issued by Andrew II of Hungary. King Andrew II was forced by his nobles to accept the Golden Bull (Aranybulla), which was one of the first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch. The Golden Bull was issued at the year 1222 diet of Fehérvár. The law established the rights of the Hungarian nobility, including the right to disobey the King when he acted contrary to law (jus resistendi). The nobles and the church were freed from all taxes and could not be forced to go to war outside of Hungary and were not obligated to finance it. This was also a historically important document because it set down the principles of equality for all of the nation's nobility. Seven copies of the edict were created, one for each of the following institutions: to the Pope, to the Knights Templar, to the Knights Hospitaller, to the Hungarian king itself, to the chapters of Esztergom and Kalocsa and to the palatine. The charter's creation was influenced by the emergence of a nobility middle class, unusual in the nation's feudal system. As a regular gesture of generosity, King Andrew often donated property to particularly faithful servants, who thereafter gained new economic and class power. With the nation's class system and economic state changing, King Andrew found himself coerced into decreeing the Golden Bull of 1222 to relax tensions between hereditary nobles and the budding middle class nobility. The Golden Bull is often compared to Magna Carta; the Bull was the first constitutional document of the nation of Hungary, while Magna Carta was the first constitutional charter of the nation of England. Background Grants of liberties The Golden Bull that Andrew II of Hungary issued in the spring of 1222 is \"one of a number of charters published in thirteenth-century Christendom that sought to constrain the royal power.\" Peter II of Aragon had already in 1205 planned to make concessions to his subjects. Simon de Montfort, supreme commander of the Albigensian Crusade, issued the Statute of Pamiers in 1212, confirming the privileges of the clergymen and limiting the authority of the future rulers of Toulouse and Carcassonne. The statute influenced the Magna Carta of John, King of England, which also secured the liberties of the Church and regulated feudal relationships in 1215. The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, strengthened the authority of the imperial prelates in 1220. Contacts between Hungary and these countries can be demonstrated during this period. Aragonese nobles settled in Hungary in the early 13th century. Hungarian participants of the Fifth Crusade could meet Robert Fitzwalter and other leaders of the movement which had achieved the issue of the Magna Carta. Two Hungarian prelates visited Canterbury in 1220. However, no direct connection between the texts of the Golden Bull and other early 13th-century grants of liberties can be demonstrated. Historian James Clarke Holt says, there is no need to assume that the authors","title":"Golden Bull of 1222"},{"docid":"29193776","text":"Robert de Gresle (1174–1230) was a Lord of the manor of Manchester, the first of his family to take up residence in Manchester. Initially the Gresle family, were absentee landlords, living elsewhere, with Stewards to represent them locally. Whilst Robert de Gresle took up residence his leadership led to an influx of skilled workers. In the early 13th century. Gresle was one of the landowners who made King John sign Magna Carta. Gresle was excommunicated for his role in the rebellion, and when King John later ignored the terms of Magna Carta, Gresle forfeited his lands. King John died in 1216 and the land was returned to Robert Gresle on behalf of King Henry III. In this period medieval Manchester was centered on the manor house and the church of St Mary mentioned in the Domesday Book. The castle in Manchester overlooked the rivers Irk and Irwell where the Chethams School of Music stands today. The Gresle family directly leased land to tenants and created burgage tenements for indirect rent. Career In June 1215, Robert de Gresle was amongst the landowners who demanded King John sign Magna Carta in Runnymede. Gresle was amongst the barons who eventually rose against the king during the First Barons War, resulting in his castle estates being seized by the King. The same year, Pope Innocent III excommunicated Gresle due to his role in the rebellion. Following the death of King John, Gresle's lands were eventually returned on behalf of King Henry III. He would go on to witness the confirmation of the charter by Henry III in 1225. In 1222, Gresle received a charter to hold a yearly fair in Manchester to be held on the eve and feast day of Saint Matthew, which was renewed when the King came of age in 1227. This was held in Acres Fields (now St Ann's Square), and continued to be held there until it was moved to Knot Mill in 1823. Marriage and issue Robert married Margaret, daughter and heir of Henry de Longchamp. They had a son, who would go on to inherit the barony. Thomas de Gresle (died 1262) References Bibliography Lords of the manor of Manchester 1174 births 1230 deaths","title":"Robert de Gresle"},{"docid":"4994864","text":"William Malet (born before 1175–1215), feudal baron of Curry Mallet in Somerset, was one of the guarantors of Magna Carta. In 1190, he accompanied King Richard the Lionheart on third crusade. While still on crusade in 1191, he took part in the Siege of Acre. Upon returning to England, he served as Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset in 1209. The precise nature of his relationship to an earlier William Malet is unknown. William Malet was one of the rebel barons who were heavily indebted to King John. It is believed that by 1214 he owed the king as much as £1333. In 1214 he entered into an agreement to serve with the king along with 10 knights and 20 other soldiers in exchange for the cancellation of his debts. However, the agreement broke down for an unknown reason and by 1215 he joined the rebellion. William Malet seems to have died just a few months after Magna Carta was signed by King John. Landholdings Amongst the manors comprising his feudal barony were his caput of Curry Mallet, where stood his castle, and Shepton Mallet in Somerset. Marriages and progeny He married twice but left no male progeny, only three daughters and co-heiresses, who divided their father's estate. By his first wife, whose name is unknown, Malet had a daughter. Mabel Malet, married firstly Nicholas Avenel and secondly, before November 1223, Hugh de Vivonia (d.1249) (alias de Forz) of Chewton, Somerset. By his second wife, Alice Basset, who was a daughter of Thomas Basset, Sheriff of Oxfordshire and Berkshire, William Malet had a daughter: Bertha Malet (d.pre-1221), who died unmarried. Hawise Malet, who at some time before 23 March 1217 married Hugh I Poyntz (d.1220). She married secondly Robert de Mucegros (d.1254) of Brewham, Somerset. References Year of birth uncertain Year of death unknown Magna Carta barons High Sheriffs of Somerset High Sheriffs of Dorset 12th-century English landowners 13th-century English landowners English feudal barons Christians of the Third Crusade","title":"William Malet (Magna Carta baron)"},{"docid":"10707089","text":"Richard de Montfichet (or Richard de Munfichet) (died 1267) was a Magna Carta surety. He was a landowner in Essex. Life He was the son of another Richard de Montfichet, whom Henry II made forester of Essex. Richard the elder was the son of Gilbert, who married Avelina de Lucy, daughter of Richard de Luci. Richard the elder was the grandson of William de Montfichet, founder of the abbey of Stratford-Langton Essex; he was with Richard I in Normandy in 1195, was sheriff of Essex and Hertfordshire in 1202, and died the next year, leaving one son by his wife Milisent. William de Warenne offered King John 500 marks for a licence to marry the widow Melisent. The young Richard was then about ten years old, and was at first a ward of Roger de Lacy (1170-1211). He appears as witnessing several charters in 1214, and on 21 June 1215 received charge of the forests of Essex as his by hereditary right. He had nevertheless acted previously with the baronial party, and been present at the meeting at Stamford in March. He was one of the twenty-five barons appointed to enforce the observance of Magna Carta, and as a prominent member of the party was excommunicated by the pope in 1216. He supported Louis VIII of France both before and after John's death, and fighting at Lincoln against William Marshal on 20 May 1217 was then taken prisoner. He returned to loyalty, and recovered his lands in the following October. In 1223, his lands were again for a time seized by the king in consequence of his presence at a prohibited tournament at Blyth. In 1225, he was a justice-itinerant for Essex and Hertfordshire, and in the same year was a witness to the confirmation of Magna Carta. In 1234, he was admitted to sit as a baron of the exchequer, and in 1236 again witnessed the confirmation of the charter. He was justice of the forest for nineteen counties in 1237, and from 1242 to 1246 sheriff of Essex and Hertfordshire, the counties in which his estates lay. Montfichet was one of the baronial representatives on the committee to consider the king's demand for a subsidy in 1244, and probably, therefore. had a share in drafting the remarkable scheme of reform of that year. Family He married first Alice (fl. 1217), and then. Jousa or Joyce. He died in 1267 without issue, and his estates passed to the children of his three sisters. Montfichet is of chief note for his share in the struggle for the charter. He was the last survivor of the twenty-five; his age probably prevented his taking any part in the later barons' war, which he outlived. Notes Attribution References Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1894). \"Montfichet, Richard de\". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co. External links http://magnacarta800th.com/schools/biographies/the-25-barons-of-magna-carta/richard-de-montfichet/ Anglo-Normans 1267 deaths 13th-century English landowners Magna Carta barons People from Essex Year of birth unknown English feudal barons","title":"Richard de Montfichet"},{"docid":"1312148","text":"Magna Carta Island is an ait in the River Thames in England, on the reach above Bell Weir Lock. It is in Berkshire facing water-meadows forming Runnymede. Its civil and ecclesiastical parish is Wraysbury so it was transferred from Buckinghamshire to Berkshire in 1974. History The island is a contender for being the place where, in 1215, King John sealed Magna Carta. Whilst the charter itself indicates Runnymede by name, it is possible the island may have been considered part of Runnymede at the time. It is known that in 1217 the island was the meeting-place of Henry III and Louis (later Louis VIII) of France. In the early 1920s it was owned by a stockbroker, J. F. MacGregor, and his wife, the music hall performer Maidie Scott. In August 2014 Forbes reported that the island would be sold by Sotheby's International Realty. See also Islands in the River Thames References Islands of Berkshire History of Buckinghamshire Islands of the River Thames Magna Carta Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead","title":"Magna Carta Island"},{"docid":"12482319","text":"Robert de Vere (after c. 1165 – before 25 October 1221), hereditary Master Chamberlain of England, was the son of Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, and Agnes of Essex. He succeeded his brother as the third Earl of Oxford, and was one of the twenty-five guarantors of Magna Carta. Robert de Vere was the second surviving son of Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, and his third wife, Agnes of Essex. The date of his birth is not known, but he was likely born after 1164. Almost nothing is known of his life until 1207, when he married Isabel de Bolebec, the widow of Henry de Nonant (d. 1206) of Totnes, Devon. In 1206-07, Isabel and her sister Constance were co-heiresses of their niece, another Isabel de Bolebec, the countess of Oxford by her marriage to Robert's brother, Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford. They divided the barony of Whitchurch. The fact that aunt and niece had identical names, Isabel de Bolbec, and were successively countesses of Oxford and heiresses of Whitchurch has led to confusion between the two women. When Robert's brother, Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford, died in the latter half of 1214, Robert succeeded to his title and estates and the hereditary office of Master Chamberlain of England. The dower of Earl Aubrey's second wife, Alice (possibly his cousin, a daughter of Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk), had not been formalized. In 1215, Robert settled his sister-in-law's dower by lot, the earl drawing two knights' fees for every one drawn by Alice. This is the only known instance of dower being settled in this manner. Robert joined the disaffected barons who met at Stamford and forced King John to issue Magna Carta at Runnymede on 15 June 1215. The earl was elected one of the barons who were to guarantee the King's adherence to its terms. Together with other Magna Carta barons, he was excommunicated as a rebel by Pope Innocent III on 16 December 1215, and joined them in offering the crown to Prince Louis of France. Robert took up arms against King John, but pledged loyalty to him after the King had taken Castle Hedingham in March 1216. Later in the same year, however, he did homage to Prince Louis at Rochester. Louis entered London and was proclaimed King. On 14 June 1216, he captured Winchester and soon controlled over half of England. In the midst of this crisis, King John died, prompting many of the barons to desert Louis in favour of John's nine-year-old son, Henry III. In 1217, Prince Louis retook Castle Hedingham and restored it to Robert, but despite this Robert transferred his allegiance to the new King in October 1217. Although he did homage to Henry, he was not fully restored in his offices and lands until February 1218. Earl Robert served as a king's justice in 1220-21, and died shortly before 25 October 1221. He was buried at Hatfield Regis Priory, where either","title":"Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford"},{"docid":"433122","text":"Reginald de Braose (19 September 1182 – June 1228) was one of the sons of William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber and Matilda, also known as Maud de St. Valery and Lady de la Haie. Her other children included William and Giles. The de Braoses were loyal to King Richard I but grew in power under King John of England. The dynasty was in conflict with King John towards the end of his reign and almost lost everything. Reginald de Braose was a scion of the powerful Marcher family of de Braose, helped manage its survival and was also related by marriage to the Welsh Princes of Wales. Magna Carta He supported his brother Giles de Braose in his rebellions against King John. Both brothers were active against the King in the Barons' War. Neither was present at the signing of Magna Carta in June 1215 because at this time they were still rebels who refused to compromise. Restoration of royal favour King John acquiesced to Reginald's claims to the de Braose estates in Wales in May 1216. Reginald became Lord of Brecon, Abergavenny, Builth and held other Marcher Lordships but was also very much a vassal of the Welsh leader Llewelyn Fawr, Prince of Gwynedd who had become his father-in-law in 1215 when Reginald married Llywelyn's daughter, Gwladus Ddu. King Henry III restored Reginald to favour and the Bramber estates (confiscated by King John) in 1217. Welsh wars At this seeming betrayal, Rhys and Owain, Reginald's Welsh nephews who were princes of Deheubarth, were incensed and took Builth, except the castle. Llywelyn Fawr also became angry and his forces besieged Brecon. Reginald eventually surrendered to Llewelyn and gave up Seinhenydd (Swansea). By 1221 they were at war again, with Llewelyn again laying siege to Builth. The siege was relieved by King Henry III's forces. From this time on Llewelyn tended to support the claims of Reginald's nephew John de Braose concerning the de Braose lands in Wales. Reginald was a witness to the re-issue of Magna Carta by King Henry III in 1225. He died two or three years later in 1227 or 1228 in Brecon and was succeeded by his son by his first wife, Graecia Briwere (or Brewer), daughter of William Brewer. He was buried in Brecon Priory Church (now Brecon Cathedral). Reginald and Graecia had a son, William de Braose, who was executed by Llewellyn Fawr, King of Gwynedd, upon being caught in the bedchamber of Joan, Lady of Wales. It may be that the Matilda de Braose who was the wife of Rhys Mechyll, Prince of Deheubarth was the daughter of Reginald. See also House of Braose References Related Source Complete Peerage, G. E. Cokayne, Vol 1 pp 21–22 for the family of Reginald 1228 deaths Anglo-Normans Norman warriors Anglo-Normans in Wales History of Swansea Year of birth unknown Feudal barons of Abergavenny Feudal barons of Bramber 1182 births People from Bramber","title":"Reginald de Braose"},{"docid":"2327564","text":"Robert Fitzwalter (died 9 December 1235) was one of the leaders of the baronial opposition against King John, and one of the twenty-five sureties of Magna Carta. He was feudal baron of Little Dunmow, Essex and constable of Baynard's Castle, in London, to which was annexed the hereditary office of castellan and chief knight banneret of the City of London. Part of the official aristocracy created by Henry I and Henry II, he served John in the wars in Normandy, in which he was taken prisoner by King Philip II of France and forced to pay a heavy ransom. Fitzwalter was implicated in the baronial conspiracy of 1212. According to his own statement the king had attempted to seduce his eldest daughter, but Robert's account of his grievances varied from time to time. The truth seems to be that he was irritated by the suspicion with which John regarded the new baronage. Fitzwalter escaped a trial by fleeing to France. He was outlawed, but returned under a special amnesty after John's reconciliation with the pope. Fitzwalter continued, however, to take the lead in the baronial agitation against the king, and upon the outbreak of hostilities in 1215 was elected \"Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church\". It was due to his influence in London that his party obtained the support of the city and used it as their base of operations. The clause in Magna Carta prohibiting sentences of exile, except as the result of a lawful trial, refers more particularly to his case. He was one of the twenty-five barons appointed to enforce the promises of Magna Carta, and his aggressive attitude was one of the causes which contributed to the revival of civil war later in 1215. He was one of the envoys who invited Prince Louis to England, and was the first of the barons to do homage when Louis entered London. Slighted by the French as a traitor to his natural lord, he served Louis with fidelity until he was captured at the Battle of Lincoln in May 1217. Released on the conclusion of peace, he joined the Fifth Crusade, but returned at an early date to make his peace with the regency. The remainder of his life was uneventful, and he died peacefully in 1235. He was the father of three children: Matilda, Robert, and Christina (who married William FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex). He is remembered as a champion of English liberty, and has also become associated with various legends, including that of Robin Hood. Family Robert Fitzwalter was the son of Walter Fitz Robert of Woodham Walter and his wife Maud (or Mathilde), the daughter of Richard de Lucy of Diss (a member of the de Lucy family). Robert was a feudal baron of the fourth generation after the Norman conquest, great-grandson of Richard fitz Gilbert (d. c. 1090). His paternal grandfather was Richard fitz Gilbert's son Robert Fitz Richard, steward of Henry I, to whom the king had","title":"Robert Fitzwalter"},{"docid":"17417094","text":"John FitzRobert (ca. 1190–1240) (de Clavering) is listed as one of the Surety Barons for Magna Carta (1215), although it seems not previously noted as a rebel. He was the son of Robert fitzRoger and Margaret Chesney. Life History relates that with the renewal of hostilities in the autumn of 1215, he joined the barons in waging war against King John of England. Notwithstanding that, he is listed as sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk for the year 1215–16. After the baronial defeat at Lincoln in May, he submitted to King Henry III of England's minority government. He served as sheriff of Northumberland from 1224 to 1227. Marriage and issue He married Ada, ca. 1218, a daughter of Hugh de Balliol and Cecily de Fontaines. His son Roger FitzJohn, married Isabel de Dunbar daughter of Patrick II, Earl of Dunbar. His daughter Cecily married Patrick III, Earl of Dunbar. He was also the father of a son Hugh de Eure from whom the Lords Eure descend; as well as the father of a son Robert FitzJohn de Stokkes, who may have been Sheriff of London. References External links Magna Carta Barons Association: John FitzRobert Magna Carta barons English feudal barons","title":"John FitzRobert"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"19769447\",\n \"text\": \"The phrase law of the land is a legal term, equivalent to the Latin lex terrae, or legem terrae in the accusative case. It refers to all of the laws in force within a country or region, including statute law and case-made law. Use in Magna Carta In the year 1215, this term was used in Magna Carta. Perhaps the most famous clause (number 39 in the 1215 charter, clause 29 in the 1297 statute) of Magna Carta states: No Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or be disseised of his Freehold, or Liberties, or free Customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any other wise destroyed; nor will We not pass upon him, nor condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land. This is sometimes called the \\\"law of the land clause\\\". Magna Carta was originally written in Latin, and the Latin term is lex terrae, or legem terrae in the accusative case (i.e. when the term is being used as the object in a sentence). Emulation of Magna Carta Over 500 years later, following the American Revolution, legislators looked to Magna Carta for inspiration, and emulated its \\\"law of the land\\\" language. Versions of it can be found in the Virginia Constitution of 1776, the Constitution of North Carolina of 1776, the Delaware Constitution of 1776, the Maryland Constitution of 1776, the New York Constitution of 1777, the South Carolina Constitution of 1778, the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780, and the New Hampshire Constitution of 1784. In 1787, the Continental Congress adopted the Northwest Ordinance for governance of areas in the United States outside of the individual states. Congress wrote: \\\"No man shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land.\\\" Following adoption of the United States Constitution, Congress re-adopted the Northwest Ordinance in 1789. Use in the United States Constitution This term was used in 1787 to write the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which states: \\\"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the land....\\\" The Supremacy Clause is the only place in the Constitution where this exact term was used. Meaning and interpretation This term has been the subject of numerous scholarly works and judicial decisions over the years. Usually the English term is used, but sometimes the Latin: lex terrae, or legem terrae in the accusative case (i.e. when the term is being used as the object in a sentence). What it includes Judges and barristers have said for many centuries that the words \\\"law of the land\\\" refer to particular legal requirements. For example, William Bereford, Justice of the Common Pleas, said in 1308 that the then-existing \\\"law of the land requires\\\" a tenant to be summoned by two summoners. In 1550, it\",\n \"title\": \"Law of the land\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33773392\",\n \"text\": \"1215: The Year of Magna Carta is a historical documentation of life in Medieval England written by author and journalist Danny Danziger and emeritus professor of history at the London School of Economics John Gillingham. It was originally published in 2003 by Hodder & Stoughton, a division of Hodder Headline. In 2004, it was published in the United States by Touchstone. This book is a sequel to Danziger's previous work, The Year 1000, which he co-authored with author Robert Lacey. Content Overview 1215: The Year of Magna Carta is a work of creative non-fiction, a method of writing which is rarely used in writing a historical text. The book goes into detail about life in the Middle Ages, specifically in the year 1215. The book begins by explaining the everyday life of someone of royalty, then of the average peasant. It explains school, the countryside, hunting, tournaments, battles and the church. Throughout the book, several references to Magna Carta are intertwined with everyday events. For example, the chapter entitled \\\"Family Strife\\\" begins with the quotation from clause 62 of Magna Carta: \\\"We have completely remitted and pardoned to all any ill will, grudge and rancor that have arisen between us and our subjects.\\\" 1215: The Year of Magna Carta continues to describe the life of a common scholar, where studies in the medical field were greatly encouraged to students who had failed at studying philosophy. While Oxford and Cambridge were the ideal universities to study, smaller schools became established in Salerno and Montpellier. This section goes on to explain women's education, which ended for them at age fifteen. After Danziger and Gillingham go at length explaining life in the Middle Ages, they begin to speak of how Magna Carta came to be, starting with King John. King John and Magna Carta The story of King John is told from his birth to his death, in between being his struggle in accepting to sign Magna Carta. Danziger and Gilingham go at length to explain the reasons that caused him to be spoiled as a child, that is, being neglected as a child. This led to his tyrannous rule as King of England after the death of his brother, Richard I. He had several mistresses, was unfaithful to his wife, and raised the taxes in England which made it impossible for the peasants to live. Thus, Magna Carta was written by the Barons of England to give the country a guideline. The book ends with the reasons for the writing of Magna Carta. This includes the problems faced by the women and children of Medieval England who had hardly any rights, and how knights were duty-bound to protect them. There is an entire section that explains the myths regarding the writing and signing of Magna Carta. Some of the myths include: Magna Carta having no meaning after Prince Louis was crowned king and that it would not be an influential document for the rest of the world. Critical reception 1215: The Year\",\n \"title\": \"1215: The Year of Magna Carta\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23536034\",\n \"text\": \"William Walwyn (bap. 1600–1681) was an English pamphleteer, a Leveller and a medical practitioner. Life Walwyn was a silkman in London who took the parliamentary side in the English Civil War. He advocated religious toleration and emerged as a leader of the Levellers in 1647, which led to his imprisonment in 1649. In October 1645 Walwyn published England's Lamentable Slaverie, his famous rebuke to John Lilburne, in which he criticised his fellow Leveller for a misguided reliance on Magna Carta of 1215 as the foundation for citizens' rights. He argued that Magna Carta was \\\"more precious in your [Lilburne's] esteem than it deserveth\\\", dismissing it as a small set of concessions \\\"wrestled out of the pawes\\\" of Norman conquerors and describing it as, \\\"a messe of pottage\\\" and, (in the following year), \\\"but a beggerly thing containing many marks of intollerable bondage\\\". Walwyn's critique of the appeal to Magna Carta was compelling and fundamentally accurate, and he proposed instead a fresh charter, a proto-social contract founded on equity and right reason, rather than on compromised accretions of the law. During 1646 he wrote five pamphlets in response to Thomas Edwards' Gangraena, in which Walwyn was described as \\\"a Seeker, a dangerous man, a strong head\\\". In 1649, while held in the Tower of London on a charge of Treason, he published \\\"The Fountain of Slaunder Discovered\\\" and \\\"Walwyns Just Defence\\\" to defend his character against the publication of \\\"Walwyn's Wiles\\\". The pamphlet had seven authors who were the leading Baptist and Independent preachers in London at the time Arnald, Burnet, Foster, Kiffin, Lordall, Price, and Rosier, but was mainly drafted by John Price who had previously attacked Walwyn in print after four of the Leveller petitions were burnt by the common hangman in June 1647 (see \\\"Gold Tried in the Fire\\\"). In Price's opinion it was Walwyn, not Lilburne, who was the most dangerous of the Leveller leaders. In 1653, when Lilburne was arrested having returned from exile in Bruges, Overton and Prince rallied support, Walwyn however was arrested and held in the tower until Lilburne's trial was concluded. William Walwyn died in 1681 and was buried in the New Churchyard, Bethlem, where John Lilburne and other members of the Walwyn family were also buried. Walwyn's Wiles This pamphlet was written by seven of the leading London Independent and Baptist preachers and published whilst Walwyn and the other Leveller leaders were held in the tower. The full title was \\\"Walwyn's Wiles, or the Manifestators manifested, ... declaring the subtle and crafy wiles, the atheistical, blasphemous soul-murdering principles and practices of Mr William Walwyn\\\". Walwyn's Wiles was a response to the jointly signed Leveller pamphlet \\\"A Manifestation\\\" (April 14, 1649) which whilst it denied that they intended to level men's estates also stood firm on the principles outlined in The Agreement of the People. In the ten pages of Wiles Walwyn is variously described as a Jesuit, a bigamist, of having persuaded a woman to commit suicide, and that he would\",\n \"title\": \"William Walwyn\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46991599\",\n \"text\": \"Magna Carta of Chester, or Cheshire, was a charter of rights issued in 1215 in the style of Magna Carta. The charter is primarily concerned with the relationship between the Earl of Chester and his barons, though the final clause states that the barons must allow similar concessions to their own tenants. Background The Runnymede Charter of Liberties did not apply to the shire of Chester, which at the time was a separate feudal domain. At the petitions of his barons, the Earl of Chester, Ranulf III set out his own charter. The similarities between many of the clauses in the Magna Carta of Chester and those in Magna Carta indicates that it was written after King John issued the latter on 19 June 1215. In the early 1200s, the Earldom of Chester was the only county palatine on the Welsh Marches; Ranulf III ruled Chester as a separate feudal domain. His barons living outside of Cheshire are referred to as his 'knights from England'. In the late 12th century manuscript De laude Cestrie, Lucian of Chester describes the county as obedient, 'more to the sword of its prince than to the crown of the king.' Ranulf III had been loyal to the king during the First Barons' War and had supported Magna Carta. Ranulf III, William Marshal, the Earl of Derby and Earl of Warwick were the most powerful supporters of the king. In 1215, Ranulf was one of the few magnates to serve as a witness for Magna Carta. Before John's death in 1216, rebel barons offered the throne of England to Prince Louis of France. Louis arrived in England unopposed in the summer of 1216 and took Winchester. Ranulf was an outspoken supporter for the re-issuing of Magna Carta after Louis' retreat in 1217. He also witnessed the 1225 re-issue of the Runnymead Magna Carta. His general support for John's Magna Carta, makes the issuing of his own no surprise. Content The charter is recorded as having been issued, 'at the petition of the barons of Cheshire,' suggesting that they were sufficiently discontented that Ranulf III attempted to pacify them before taking the cross. The charter has 13 clauses, in contrast to the 60 of Magna Carta. Clauses 1 & 4 Several clauses approach issues found in the Runnymede charter, but in a different way. Clauses 1 and 4 deal with the rival claims of the earl's court and barons' courts to jurisdiction over tenants living on baronial estates. Clause 1 acknowledges the earl's right to judge the most serious offences, but Clause 4 allows defendants of his court to plea 'thwetnic' (total denial), on which the defendant would be released to the jurisdiction of their baron. Clauses 2 & 3 Clauses 2 and 3 refer to the system whereby fugitive villeins from outside the county, including those fleeing justice, could take refuge on the estates of the earl or his barons. This was accompanied by an obligation on the part of male fugitives to provide labour\",\n \"title\": \"Magna Carta of Chester\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3007312\",\n \"text\": \"Magna Carta is the first of a series of constitutional charters in English law. Magna Carta may also refer to: Music Magna Carta (band), an English folk rock band Magna Carta... Holy Grail, a 2013 album by Jay-Z Magna Carta Records, a music label Places Magna Carta Island, in the River Thames in England Magna Carta Place, in Canberra, Australia Magna Carta Memorial, at Runnymede, England Video games Magna Carta (series) Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche, a 2001 Korean RPG video game Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata, a 2004 Korean RPG video game MagnaCarta 2, a 2009 Korean RPG videogame Other uses Magna Carta (barge), a hotel barge Magna Carta (Italy), a think tank within The People of Freedom political party Magna Carta (An Embroidery), an artwork by Cornelia Parker Magna Carta revolt of 1213-1215 The Magna Carta School, a school in Surrey, England The Magna Carta of Aragon of 1287, see Union of Aragon See also Magna Carta Hiberniae, an issue of the English Magna Carta, or Great Charter of Liberties in Ireland\",\n \"title\": \"Magna Carta (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24708749\",\n \"text\": \"Ironclad is a 2011 British action historical drama film directed by Jonathan English. Written by English and Erick Kastel, based on a screenplay by Stephen McDool, the cast includes James Purefoy, Brian Cox, Kate Mara, Paul Giamatti, Vladimir Kulich, Mackenzie Crook, Jason Flemyng, Derek Jacobi, and Charles Dance. The film chronicles the siege of Rochester Castle by King John in 1215. The film was shot entirely in Wales in 2009 and produced on a budget of $25 million. Plot A prologue describes how the barons of England, aided by the Knights Templar, fought against the tyrannical King John in a war that lasted more than three years. The war ended with King John signing Magna Carta, a document granting rights to all English freemen. John regrets signing the Magna Carta. In retaliation, John hires an army of pagan Danish mercenaries under the leadership of warlord Tiberius to restore his absolute authority over the kingdom. The Abbot Marcus leads three Templar knights on a pilgrimage to Canterbury and they take shelter from the rain at Darnay Castle. One of the knights, Thomas Marshall, is assured by the abbot that Marshall's release from the Templar Order will be sought at Canterbury. By morning, King John arrives at the castle with his army and mercenaries. Baron Darnay signed Magna Carta and in retribution John orders him hanged. The Abbot attempts to intervene and the King orders that the abbot's tongue be cut off. Marshall and the two other knights fight the Danes, during which Marshall escapes the castle on horseback carrying the abbot; the two knights left behind are slain. The abbot dies before night of his wound, and Marshall breaks his vow of silence to swear that his sacrifice will not be in vain. Once he has reached Canterbury, Marshall meets with Archbishop Langton, the author of Magna Carta, and Baron William d'Aubigny, a former soldier turned wool merchant. Langton reveals that the Pope has sided with King John and that he himself is to be excommunicated for writing Magna Carta. The three men agree that John must be stopped, and that the place to do so is Rochester Castle, the seat of Baron Cornhill and a strategic stronghold that controls southern England and allows access to London and the rest of the country. d'Aubigny persuades three of his men to join him, including his squire, Guy, and a petty criminal named Jedediah, but a fourth turns down the baron's call to arms. A party of seven finally leaves for Rochester where, on arriving, they discover several Danish mercenaries have already claimed the castle; the fourth man had betrayed them to the king. Aubigny's party fights and kills the Danes, and then claim Rochester Castle in the name of the rebellion, much to the displeasure of Cornhill. When John's army finally arrives and lays siege to Rochester, the garrison holds fast and manages to beat the initial Danish assault. In the aftermath, Aubigny offers his men leave if they wish; none accept.\",\n \"title\": \"Ironclad (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63497669\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Summerson is an English historian. He is the author of a number of books. Summerson worked for the Carlisle Archaeological Unit and wrote a history of medieval Carlisle (1993). He was then employed by English Heritage writing a number of guidebooks on English castles. He is an editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, for which he has written 165 articles. He was Research Edition for the Dictionary'''s medieval and Tudor articles, and is now an associate research editor. He has taken part in the Oxford Holinshed Project. A participant in the Magna Carta Project, Summerson has written commentaries chapter by chapter of the original Magna Carta of 1215, and its sequel of 1225. Summerson is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. WorksThe maintenance of law and order in England, 1227-63. Ph.D. dissertation 1975, University of Cambridge, supervisor D. J. V. FisherCrown Pleas of the Devon Eyre of 1238 (1985), court records, editorMedieval Carlisle: The City and the Borders from the Late Eleventh to the Mid-Sixteenth Century (1993, 2 vols.)Crown Pleas of the Wiltshire Eyre, 1268 (2012), court records, editor with Brenda Farr and Christopher Robin ElringtonCarlisle Castle'' (2013), with M. R. McCarthy, and R. G. Annis References External links Henry Summerson at GoodReads Year of birth unknown Living people British male writers Fellows of the Royal Historical Society Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Summerson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"585250\",\n \"text\": \"In the 1760s William Blackstone described the Fundamental Laws of England in Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book the First – Chapter the First : Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals as \\\"the absolute rights of every Englishman\\\" and traced their basis and evolution as follows: Magna Carta between King John and his barons in 1215 confirmation of Magna Carta by King Henry III to Parliament in 1216, 1217, and 1225 Confirmatio Cartarum (Confirmation of Charters) 1253 a multitude of subsequent corroborating statutes, from King Edward I to King Henry IV the Petition of Right, a parliamentary declaration in 1628 of the liberties of the people, assented to by King Charles I more concessions made by King Charles I to his Parliament many laws, particularly the Habeas Corpus Act 1679, passed under King Charles II the Bill of Rights 1689 assented to by King William III and Queen Mary II the Act of Settlement 1701 Blackstone's list was an 18th-century constitutional view, and the Union of the Crowns had occurred in 1603 between Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland, and the 1628 Petition of Right had already referred to the fundamental laws being violated. Recorded usage The phrase Fundamental Laws of England has often been used by those opposing particular legislative, royal or religious initiatives. For example, in 1641 the House of Commons of England protested that the Roman Catholic Church was \\\"subverting the fundamental laws of England and Ireland\\\", part of a campaign ending in 1649 with the beheading of King Charles I. Subsequently, the phrase was used by the Leveller Lt. Col. John Lilburne (later to become a Quaker) accusing the House of Lords and House of Commons of tyranny in The Just Defence of John Lilburne, Against Such as charge him with Turbulency of Spirit. Lilburne also wrote a 1646 book called The Legal Fundamental Liberties of the People of England, asserted, revived and vindicated. Also in 1646, the General Court of Massachusetts referred to the Fundamental Laws of England in regard to Magna Carta, while defending their representative and legislative autonomy in their address to the Long Parliament. In his 1670 trial, William Penn called upon the phrase many times, including \\\"However, this I leave upon your Consciences, who are of the Jury (and my sole Judges) that if these Ancient Fundamental Laws, which relate to Liberty and Property, and (are not limited to particular Persuasions in Matters of Religion) must not be indispensably maintained and observed, Who can say he hath Right to the Coat upon his Back?\\\" The aftermath of the trial established Bushell's Case, preventing a jury from being fined for its verdict. In the 1774 pamphlet American Claim of Rights, South Carolina's Chief Justice William Drayton wrote Other famous subscribers to the phrase include Lord Coke (1522–1634), Emerich de Vattel (1714–1767), and Samuel Adams (1722–1803). Unwritten history Locke's view in Two Treatises of Government (1690) was \\\"that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his\",\n \"title\": \"Fundamental Laws of England\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65750526\",\n \"text\": \"Magna Carta: The True Story Behind the Charter is a book by historian David Starkey. It was published in 2015 by Hodder & Stoughton. The book tells the story of the writing of the royal charter of rights Magna Carta. Starkey writes about its background, its history and what he believes is so great and important about it. Background 2015 was the 800th anniversary of the first issuing of Magna Carta. To coincide with this, new academic works on the subject were published and events held to mark the anniversary. Starkey presented a one-hour BBC documentary on Magna Carta, and it was accompanied by a book published by Hodder and Stoughton. In the documentary, Starkey argues that Magna Carta is a foundational stone of the rule of law and a basis constitutions because he believes states tends towards being \\\"arrogance, corruption and conflict with its people\\\", while the citizens tend towards being “disorderly, irrational and bloody-minded”. Starkey writes that Magna Carta is essential in keeping peace and constraints on the state and the citizen population and says that it is this rather shaky 800 year old document that has led to a \\\"constitutional edifice\\\" developing in the UK. Synopsis Starkey starts by describing the origins of Magna Carta. He tells the story of the warring parties and the fight involved in the creation and writing of the charter. He argues that the story of the birth of English constitutional government is much murkier and more complicated than the general view that it had been born at Runnymede on 15 June 1215. Nevertheless, Starkey writes that this symbolised a great English capacity to find peaceful compromise in politics. The book mostly focuses on telling the story behind the charter, how the barons forced King John to seal the charter. The story follows the differences between the original Magna Carta of 1215 and the subsequent Magna Carta of November 1216 which followed the death of King John a month before. Starkey concludes the book by writing about his views on the political implications of Magna Carta in present-day politics. He believes that the modern UK state appears to be fragmenting and would be helped by the core principles of the charter with a new charter of liberties or a new William Marshal figure. Reception The book received positive and negative feedback. Gerard DeGroot of The Times reviewed the book favourably, saying that Starkey is \\\"a perceptive historian with a populist's ability to communicate... admirable for its lucidity and brevity; this book is all that most people will need to know about the epochal charter and its legacy. Starkey also has the courage and imagination to interpret Magna Carta in a manner that has profound meaning for the world of today.\\\" Frank MacGabhann of The Irish Times was very positive about the book, saying that it was \\\"scholarly yet accessible. Analytical yet clear, it is a pleasure to read.\\\" In Speculum, medieval historian James Masschaele took a more critical review. He noted that\",\n \"title\": \"Magna Carta: The True Story Behind the Charter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40359\",\n \"text\": \"Due process of law is application by the state of all legal rules and principles pertaining to a case so all legal rights that are owed to a person are respected. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this constitutes a due process violation, which offends the rule of law. Due process has also been frequently interpreted as limiting laws and legal proceedings (see substantive due process) so that judges, instead of legislators, may define and guarantee fundamental fairness, justice, and liberty. That interpretation has proven controversial. Analogous to the concepts of natural justice and procedural justice used in various other jurisdictions, the interpretation of due process is sometimes expressed as a command that the government must not be unfair to the people or abuse them physically or mentally. The term is not used in contemporary English law, but two similar concepts are natural justice, which generally applies only to decisions of administrative agencies and some types of private bodies like trade unions, and the British constitutional concept of the rule of law as articulated by A. V. Dicey and others. However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American theory of due process, which, as explained below, presently contains many implied rights not found in either ancient or modern concepts of due process in England. Due process developed from clause 39 of Magna Carta in England. Reference to due process first appeared in a statutory rendition of clause 39 in 1354 thus: \\\"No man of what state or condition he be, shall be put out of his lands or tenements nor taken, nor disinherited, nor put to death, without he be brought to answer by due process of law.\\\" When English and American law gradually diverged, due process was not upheld in England but became incorporated in the US Constitution. By jurisdiction Magna Carta In clause 39 of Magna Carta, issued in 1215, John of England promised: \\\"No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land.\\\" Magna Carta itself immediately became part of the \\\"law of the land\\\", and Clause 61 of that charter authorized an elected body of 25 barons to determine by majority vote what redress the King must provide when the King offends \\\"in any respect against any man\\\". Thus, Magna Carta established the rule of law in England by not only requiring the monarchy to obey the law of the land but also limiting how the monarchy could change the law of the land. However, in the 13th century, the provisions may have been referring only to the rights of landowners, and not\",\n \"title\": \"Due process\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17998985\",\n \"text\": \"Gérard De Athée written in Magna Carta 1215 as Gerardi de Athyes. He was a Principal military commander and Lord from Athee Sur Cher in now France. He possessed his own Castle, Arms and badge of \\\"A Lion contrapasssant qui retourne ca tete\\\" of Guyenne Aquitaine and that as used by King Richard Coer De Leon under whom he is first referenced. He later seamlessly transferred to King John of England from 1211 to 1215 following the death of King Richard in 1199 at the siege of Chalus. He served King John in France as commander of Loches castle, one of the last castles to resist Philip Augustus in Normandy. D'Athée was captured by the French and, being so highly valued by King John, ransomed back to England in return for 2,000 marks. He and his extended families and kinsmen were granted estates in England, and De Athee was appointed High Sheriff of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire (1208-1210) and High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests in 1209. His rapid rise in the English court caused resentment amongst the English barons. He is mentioned critically in clause 50 of Magna Carta: References BBC History Magna Carta and two Sheriffs of Gloucestershire ~ By Russell Howes 12th-century births Year of death unknown French mercenaries High Sheriffs of Derbyshire High Sheriffs of Gloucestershire High Sheriffs of Herefordshire High Sheriffs of Nottinghamshire\",\n \"title\": \"Gérard d'Athée\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11853779\",\n \"text\": \"William Hardell was a Mayor of London and a Magna Carta surety. He was appointed Sheriff of the City of London in 1207 and elected Mayor of London (a century later known as Lord Mayor of London) in 1215. After the sealing of Magna Carta by King John in 1215, he was appointed to be one of the Enforcers, sometimes called Sureties, of Magna Carta. The list of enforcers does not appear on Magna Carta itself and the first surviving list of these was by Matthew Paris the chronicler of St Albans. References Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 12th-century births 13th-century deaths 13th-century mayors of London Sheriffs of the City of London Magna Carta barons English feudal barons\",\n \"title\": \"William Hardell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2048381\",\n \"text\": \"The Golden Bull of 1222 was a golden bull, or edict, issued by Andrew II of Hungary. King Andrew II was forced by his nobles to accept the Golden Bull (Aranybulla), which was one of the first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch. The Golden Bull was issued at the year 1222 diet of Fehérvár. The law established the rights of the Hungarian nobility, including the right to disobey the King when he acted contrary to law (jus resistendi). The nobles and the church were freed from all taxes and could not be forced to go to war outside of Hungary and were not obligated to finance it. This was also a historically important document because it set down the principles of equality for all of the nation's nobility. Seven copies of the edict were created, one for each of the following institutions: to the Pope, to the Knights Templar, to the Knights Hospitaller, to the Hungarian king itself, to the chapters of Esztergom and Kalocsa and to the palatine. The charter's creation was influenced by the emergence of a nobility middle class, unusual in the nation's feudal system. As a regular gesture of generosity, King Andrew often donated property to particularly faithful servants, who thereafter gained new economic and class power. With the nation's class system and economic state changing, King Andrew found himself coerced into decreeing the Golden Bull of 1222 to relax tensions between hereditary nobles and the budding middle class nobility. The Golden Bull is often compared to Magna Carta; the Bull was the first constitutional document of the nation of Hungary, while Magna Carta was the first constitutional charter of the nation of England. Background Grants of liberties The Golden Bull that Andrew II of Hungary issued in the spring of 1222 is \\\"one of a number of charters published in thirteenth-century Christendom that sought to constrain the royal power.\\\" Peter II of Aragon had already in 1205 planned to make concessions to his subjects. Simon de Montfort, supreme commander of the Albigensian Crusade, issued the Statute of Pamiers in 1212, confirming the privileges of the clergymen and limiting the authority of the future rulers of Toulouse and Carcassonne. The statute influenced the Magna Carta of John, King of England, which also secured the liberties of the Church and regulated feudal relationships in 1215. The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, strengthened the authority of the imperial prelates in 1220. Contacts between Hungary and these countries can be demonstrated during this period. Aragonese nobles settled in Hungary in the early 13th century. Hungarian participants of the Fifth Crusade could meet Robert Fitzwalter and other leaders of the movement which had achieved the issue of the Magna Carta. Two Hungarian prelates visited Canterbury in 1220. However, no direct connection between the texts of the Golden Bull and other early 13th-century grants of liberties can be demonstrated. Historian James Clarke Holt says, there is no need to assume that the authors\",\n \"title\": \"Golden Bull of 1222\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29193776\",\n \"text\": \"Robert de Gresle (1174–1230) was a Lord of the manor of Manchester, the first of his family to take up residence in Manchester. Initially the Gresle family, were absentee landlords, living elsewhere, with Stewards to represent them locally. Whilst Robert de Gresle took up residence his leadership led to an influx of skilled workers. In the early 13th century. Gresle was one of the landowners who made King John sign Magna Carta. Gresle was excommunicated for his role in the rebellion, and when King John later ignored the terms of Magna Carta, Gresle forfeited his lands. King John died in 1216 and the land was returned to Robert Gresle on behalf of King Henry III. In this period medieval Manchester was centered on the manor house and the church of St Mary mentioned in the Domesday Book. The castle in Manchester overlooked the rivers Irk and Irwell where the Chethams School of Music stands today. The Gresle family directly leased land to tenants and created burgage tenements for indirect rent. Career In June 1215, Robert de Gresle was amongst the landowners who demanded King John sign Magna Carta in Runnymede. Gresle was amongst the barons who eventually rose against the king during the First Barons War, resulting in his castle estates being seized by the King. The same year, Pope Innocent III excommunicated Gresle due to his role in the rebellion. Following the death of King John, Gresle's lands were eventually returned on behalf of King Henry III. He would go on to witness the confirmation of the charter by Henry III in 1225. In 1222, Gresle received a charter to hold a yearly fair in Manchester to be held on the eve and feast day of Saint Matthew, which was renewed when the King came of age in 1227. This was held in Acres Fields (now St Ann's Square), and continued to be held there until it was moved to Knot Mill in 1823. Marriage and issue Robert married Margaret, daughter and heir of Henry de Longchamp. They had a son, who would go on to inherit the barony. Thomas de Gresle (died 1262) References Bibliography Lords of the manor of Manchester 1174 births 1230 deaths\",\n \"title\": \"Robert de Gresle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4994864\",\n \"text\": \"William Malet (born before 1175–1215), feudal baron of Curry Mallet in Somerset, was one of the guarantors of Magna Carta. In 1190, he accompanied King Richard the Lionheart on third crusade. While still on crusade in 1191, he took part in the Siege of Acre. Upon returning to England, he served as Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset in 1209. The precise nature of his relationship to an earlier William Malet is unknown. William Malet was one of the rebel barons who were heavily indebted to King John. It is believed that by 1214 he owed the king as much as £1333. In 1214 he entered into an agreement to serve with the king along with 10 knights and 20 other soldiers in exchange for the cancellation of his debts. However, the agreement broke down for an unknown reason and by 1215 he joined the rebellion. William Malet seems to have died just a few months after Magna Carta was signed by King John. Landholdings Amongst the manors comprising his feudal barony were his caput of Curry Mallet, where stood his castle, and Shepton Mallet in Somerset. Marriages and progeny He married twice but left no male progeny, only three daughters and co-heiresses, who divided their father's estate. By his first wife, whose name is unknown, Malet had a daughter. Mabel Malet, married firstly Nicholas Avenel and secondly, before November 1223, Hugh de Vivonia (d.1249) (alias de Forz) of Chewton, Somerset. By his second wife, Alice Basset, who was a daughter of Thomas Basset, Sheriff of Oxfordshire and Berkshire, William Malet had a daughter: Bertha Malet (d.pre-1221), who died unmarried. Hawise Malet, who at some time before 23 March 1217 married Hugh I Poyntz (d.1220). She married secondly Robert de Mucegros (d.1254) of Brewham, Somerset. References Year of birth uncertain Year of death unknown Magna Carta barons High Sheriffs of Somerset High Sheriffs of Dorset 12th-century English landowners 13th-century English landowners English feudal barons Christians of the Third Crusade\",\n \"title\": \"William Malet (Magna Carta baron)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10707089\",\n \"text\": \"Richard de Montfichet (or Richard de Munfichet) (died 1267) was a Magna Carta surety. He was a landowner in Essex. Life He was the son of another Richard de Montfichet, whom Henry II made forester of Essex. Richard the elder was the son of Gilbert, who married Avelina de Lucy, daughter of Richard de Luci. Richard the elder was the grandson of William de Montfichet, founder of the abbey of Stratford-Langton Essex; he was with Richard I in Normandy in 1195, was sheriff of Essex and Hertfordshire in 1202, and died the next year, leaving one son by his wife Milisent. William de Warenne offered King John 500 marks for a licence to marry the widow Melisent. The young Richard was then about ten years old, and was at first a ward of Roger de Lacy (1170-1211). He appears as witnessing several charters in 1214, and on 21 June 1215 received charge of the forests of Essex as his by hereditary right. He had nevertheless acted previously with the baronial party, and been present at the meeting at Stamford in March. He was one of the twenty-five barons appointed to enforce the observance of Magna Carta, and as a prominent member of the party was excommunicated by the pope in 1216. He supported Louis VIII of France both before and after John's death, and fighting at Lincoln against William Marshal on 20 May 1217 was then taken prisoner. He returned to loyalty, and recovered his lands in the following October. In 1223, his lands were again for a time seized by the king in consequence of his presence at a prohibited tournament at Blyth. In 1225, he was a justice-itinerant for Essex and Hertfordshire, and in the same year was a witness to the confirmation of Magna Carta. In 1234, he was admitted to sit as a baron of the exchequer, and in 1236 again witnessed the confirmation of the charter. He was justice of the forest for nineteen counties in 1237, and from 1242 to 1246 sheriff of Essex and Hertfordshire, the counties in which his estates lay. Montfichet was one of the baronial representatives on the committee to consider the king's demand for a subsidy in 1244, and probably, therefore. had a share in drafting the remarkable scheme of reform of that year. Family He married first Alice (fl. 1217), and then. Jousa or Joyce. He died in 1267 without issue, and his estates passed to the children of his three sisters. Montfichet is of chief note for his share in the struggle for the charter. He was the last survivor of the twenty-five; his age probably prevented his taking any part in the later barons' war, which he outlived. Notes Attribution References Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1894). \\\"Montfichet, Richard de\\\". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co. External links http://magnacarta800th.com/schools/biographies/the-25-barons-of-magna-carta/richard-de-montfichet/ Anglo-Normans 1267 deaths 13th-century English landowners Magna Carta barons People from Essex Year of birth unknown English feudal barons\",\n \"title\": \"Richard de Montfichet\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1312148\",\n \"text\": \"Magna Carta Island is an ait in the River Thames in England, on the reach above Bell Weir Lock. It is in Berkshire facing water-meadows forming Runnymede. Its civil and ecclesiastical parish is Wraysbury so it was transferred from Buckinghamshire to Berkshire in 1974. History The island is a contender for being the place where, in 1215, King John sealed Magna Carta. Whilst the charter itself indicates Runnymede by name, it is possible the island may have been considered part of Runnymede at the time. It is known that in 1217 the island was the meeting-place of Henry III and Louis (later Louis VIII) of France. In the early 1920s it was owned by a stockbroker, J. F. MacGregor, and his wife, the music hall performer Maidie Scott. In August 2014 Forbes reported that the island would be sold by Sotheby's International Realty. See also Islands in the River Thames References Islands of Berkshire History of Buckinghamshire Islands of the River Thames Magna Carta Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead\",\n \"title\": \"Magna Carta Island\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12482319\",\n \"text\": \"Robert de Vere (after c. 1165 – before 25 October 1221), hereditary Master Chamberlain of England, was the son of Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, and Agnes of Essex. He succeeded his brother as the third Earl of Oxford, and was one of the twenty-five guarantors of Magna Carta. Robert de Vere was the second surviving son of Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, and his third wife, Agnes of Essex. The date of his birth is not known, but he was likely born after 1164. Almost nothing is known of his life until 1207, when he married Isabel de Bolebec, the widow of Henry de Nonant (d. 1206) of Totnes, Devon. In 1206-07, Isabel and her sister Constance were co-heiresses of their niece, another Isabel de Bolebec, the countess of Oxford by her marriage to Robert's brother, Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford. They divided the barony of Whitchurch. The fact that aunt and niece had identical names, Isabel de Bolbec, and were successively countesses of Oxford and heiresses of Whitchurch has led to confusion between the two women. When Robert's brother, Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford, died in the latter half of 1214, Robert succeeded to his title and estates and the hereditary office of Master Chamberlain of England. The dower of Earl Aubrey's second wife, Alice (possibly his cousin, a daughter of Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk), had not been formalized. In 1215, Robert settled his sister-in-law's dower by lot, the earl drawing two knights' fees for every one drawn by Alice. This is the only known instance of dower being settled in this manner. Robert joined the disaffected barons who met at Stamford and forced King John to issue Magna Carta at Runnymede on 15 June 1215. The earl was elected one of the barons who were to guarantee the King's adherence to its terms. Together with other Magna Carta barons, he was excommunicated as a rebel by Pope Innocent III on 16 December 1215, and joined them in offering the crown to Prince Louis of France. Robert took up arms against King John, but pledged loyalty to him after the King had taken Castle Hedingham in March 1216. Later in the same year, however, he did homage to Prince Louis at Rochester. Louis entered London and was proclaimed King. On 14 June 1216, he captured Winchester and soon controlled over half of England. In the midst of this crisis, King John died, prompting many of the barons to desert Louis in favour of John's nine-year-old son, Henry III. In 1217, Prince Louis retook Castle Hedingham and restored it to Robert, but despite this Robert transferred his allegiance to the new King in October 1217. Although he did homage to Henry, he was not fully restored in his offices and lands until February 1218. Earl Robert served as a king's justice in 1220-21, and died shortly before 25 October 1221. He was buried at Hatfield Regis Priory, where either\",\n \"title\": \"Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"433122\",\n \"text\": \"Reginald de Braose (19 September 1182 – June 1228) was one of the sons of William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber and Matilda, also known as Maud de St. Valery and Lady de la Haie. Her other children included William and Giles. The de Braoses were loyal to King Richard I but grew in power under King John of England. The dynasty was in conflict with King John towards the end of his reign and almost lost everything. Reginald de Braose was a scion of the powerful Marcher family of de Braose, helped manage its survival and was also related by marriage to the Welsh Princes of Wales. Magna Carta He supported his brother Giles de Braose in his rebellions against King John. Both brothers were active against the King in the Barons' War. Neither was present at the signing of Magna Carta in June 1215 because at this time they were still rebels who refused to compromise. Restoration of royal favour King John acquiesced to Reginald's claims to the de Braose estates in Wales in May 1216. Reginald became Lord of Brecon, Abergavenny, Builth and held other Marcher Lordships but was also very much a vassal of the Welsh leader Llewelyn Fawr, Prince of Gwynedd who had become his father-in-law in 1215 when Reginald married Llywelyn's daughter, Gwladus Ddu. King Henry III restored Reginald to favour and the Bramber estates (confiscated by King John) in 1217. Welsh wars At this seeming betrayal, Rhys and Owain, Reginald's Welsh nephews who were princes of Deheubarth, were incensed and took Builth, except the castle. Llywelyn Fawr also became angry and his forces besieged Brecon. Reginald eventually surrendered to Llewelyn and gave up Seinhenydd (Swansea). By 1221 they were at war again, with Llewelyn again laying siege to Builth. The siege was relieved by King Henry III's forces. From this time on Llewelyn tended to support the claims of Reginald's nephew John de Braose concerning the de Braose lands in Wales. Reginald was a witness to the re-issue of Magna Carta by King Henry III in 1225. He died two or three years later in 1227 or 1228 in Brecon and was succeeded by his son by his first wife, Graecia Briwere (or Brewer), daughter of William Brewer. He was buried in Brecon Priory Church (now Brecon Cathedral). Reginald and Graecia had a son, William de Braose, who was executed by Llewellyn Fawr, King of Gwynedd, upon being caught in the bedchamber of Joan, Lady of Wales. It may be that the Matilda de Braose who was the wife of Rhys Mechyll, Prince of Deheubarth was the daughter of Reginald. See also House of Braose References Related Source Complete Peerage, G. E. Cokayne, Vol 1 pp 21–22 for the family of Reginald 1228 deaths Anglo-Normans Norman warriors Anglo-Normans in Wales History of Swansea Year of birth unknown Feudal barons of Abergavenny Feudal barons of Bramber 1182 births People from Bramber\",\n \"title\": \"Reginald de Braose\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2327564\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Fitzwalter (died 9 December 1235) was one of the leaders of the baronial opposition against King John, and one of the twenty-five sureties of Magna Carta. He was feudal baron of Little Dunmow, Essex and constable of Baynard's Castle, in London, to which was annexed the hereditary office of castellan and chief knight banneret of the City of London. Part of the official aristocracy created by Henry I and Henry II, he served John in the wars in Normandy, in which he was taken prisoner by King Philip II of France and forced to pay a heavy ransom. Fitzwalter was implicated in the baronial conspiracy of 1212. According to his own statement the king had attempted to seduce his eldest daughter, but Robert's account of his grievances varied from time to time. The truth seems to be that he was irritated by the suspicion with which John regarded the new baronage. Fitzwalter escaped a trial by fleeing to France. He was outlawed, but returned under a special amnesty after John's reconciliation with the pope. Fitzwalter continued, however, to take the lead in the baronial agitation against the king, and upon the outbreak of hostilities in 1215 was elected \\\"Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church\\\". It was due to his influence in London that his party obtained the support of the city and used it as their base of operations. The clause in Magna Carta prohibiting sentences of exile, except as the result of a lawful trial, refers more particularly to his case. He was one of the twenty-five barons appointed to enforce the promises of Magna Carta, and his aggressive attitude was one of the causes which contributed to the revival of civil war later in 1215. He was one of the envoys who invited Prince Louis to England, and was the first of the barons to do homage when Louis entered London. Slighted by the French as a traitor to his natural lord, he served Louis with fidelity until he was captured at the Battle of Lincoln in May 1217. Released on the conclusion of peace, he joined the Fifth Crusade, but returned at an early date to make his peace with the regency. The remainder of his life was uneventful, and he died peacefully in 1235. He was the father of three children: Matilda, Robert, and Christina (who married William FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex). He is remembered as a champion of English liberty, and has also become associated with various legends, including that of Robin Hood. Family Robert Fitzwalter was the son of Walter Fitz Robert of Woodham Walter and his wife Maud (or Mathilde), the daughter of Richard de Lucy of Diss (a member of the de Lucy family). Robert was a feudal baron of the fourth generation after the Norman conquest, great-grandson of Richard fitz Gilbert (d. c. 1090). His paternal grandfather was Richard fitz Gilbert's son Robert Fitz Richard, steward of Henry I, to whom the king had\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Fitzwalter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17417094\",\n \"text\": \"John FitzRobert (ca. 1190–1240) (de Clavering) is listed as one of the Surety Barons for Magna Carta (1215), although it seems not previously noted as a rebel. He was the son of Robert fitzRoger and Margaret Chesney. Life History relates that with the renewal of hostilities in the autumn of 1215, he joined the barons in waging war against King John of England. Notwithstanding that, he is listed as sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk for the year 1215–16. After the baronial defeat at Lincoln in May, he submitted to King Henry III of England's minority government. He served as sheriff of Northumberland from 1224 to 1227. Marriage and issue He married Ada, ca. 1218, a daughter of Hugh de Balliol and Cecily de Fontaines. His son Roger FitzJohn, married Isabel de Dunbar daughter of Patrick II, Earl of Dunbar. His daughter Cecily married Patrick III, Earl of Dunbar. He was also the father of a son Hugh de Eure from whom the Lords Eure descend; as well as the father of a son Robert FitzJohn de Stokkes, who may have been Sheriff of London. References External links Magna Carta Barons Association: John FitzRobert Magna Carta barons English feudal barons\",\n \"title\": \"John FitzRobert\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"26219667","text":"The Ankerwycke Yew is an ancient yew tree close to the ruins of St Mary's Priory, the site of a Benedictine nunnery built in the 12th century, near Wraysbury in Berkshire, England. It is a male tree with a girth of at 0.3 metres. The tree is at least 1,400 years old, and could be as old as 2,500 years. On the opposite bank of the River Thames are the meadows of Runnymede and this tree is said to have been witness to the sealing of Magna Carta. The tree is one of the places where Henry VIII may have courted Anne Boleyn. There is some justification for the hypothesis that the Ankerwycke Yew could be \"the last surviving witness to the sealing of Magna Carta 800 years ago\". \"In the 13th century, the landscape would have been different as the area was probably rather marshy as it was within the flood plain of the Thames. The Ankerwycke Yew is on a slightly raised area of land (therefore dry) and with the proximity of the Priory perhaps both lend some credibility to this claim.\" The Ankerwycke Yew is situated on lands managed by the National Trust. In 2002 it was designated one of fifty Great British Trees by The Tree Council. See also Fortingall Yew List of oldest trees References External links Magna Carta and the Ankerwycke Yew Photos of a trek to the Ankerwyke Yew Ancient yews under threat in Churchyards and sacred groves Individual yew trees Individual trees in England History of Berkshire History of the River Thames Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Magna Carta","title":"Ankerwycke Yew"},{"docid":"75929","text":"The Charter of Kortenberg (Dutch: Keure van Kortenberg) is an agreement signed and sealed on September 27, 1312, in the abbey of Kortenberg by John II, Duke of Brabant and representatives of the cities of Brussels, Antwerp, 's-Hertogenbosch, Tienen and Zoutleeuw. Creation of the document is of historical and political importance because it retains agreements between inhabitants of a territory with a ruler who had absolute power. This reflected the start of a current that would later be labeled by historians as Brabant's Constitutionalism because residents without control had claimed rights and powers, and had them recorded in writing, which are somewhat comparable to what have come to be called civil and political rights centuries later. In this process, the first simple rules were created for what would develop into a legal order that is now called democratic rule of law. The charter was valid for the entire duchy of Brabant, for the rich and the poor. From this charter originated an early kind of parliament, the \"Council of Kortenberg\" an assembly of lords. The control organ, a precursor of the later \"Estate assembly\" (namely, the first estate was the clergy, the second estate was the nobility, and the third estate was the municipalities) gathered in the Kortenberg Abbey and elsewhere with ups and downs until 1375. From 1332 on the council was extended by two more members, so that there were 16 Lords; Antwerp got a second member and the Walloon Brabant town of Nivelles () also got a member. In 1340 documents were sealed with a special seal on which a tree was planted on a small hill. The seal bore the words \"SIGILUM COMMUNE : CONSILII DE CORTENBERGHE\" which was the common seal of the Council of Kortenberg. Charter of Kortenberg and Magna Carta Although Magna Carta is commonly regarded as the very first charter giving rise to medieval European constitutionalism, the Charter of Kortenberg appears to have been more democratic in nature. This mainly because the beneficiaries of Magna Carta were only the barons while the beneficiaries of the Charter of Kortenberg included all citizens, expressly 'the rich and the poor' (riken ende armen). Reinforcing this view, the composition of the Council of Kortenberg marks a clear difference with the more 'elitist' Magna Carta. Whilst Magna Carta was to be implemented by a council of 25 barons, the Council of Kortenberg counted four knights and ten townsmen. In the financial commission of August 1314 the nobility were only two with 12 civil representatives of eight towns. Follow up A historical line of continuity can be drawn from the Charter of Kortenberg via the Joyous Entries of new Dukes into Flemish and Brabantian towns, the migration of educated citizens in the 16th & 17th century from these towns to the Seven United Provinces as a result of the Eighty Years' War and the stay of some of the Mayflower Pilgrim Fathers in those Provinces, who had fled religious persecution in England for the tolerance of 17th-century Holland","title":"Charter of Kortenberg"},{"docid":"359007","text":"The Norman yoke is a term denoting the oppressive aspects of feudalism in England, attributed to the impositions of William the Conqueror, the first Norman king of England, his retainers and their descendants. The term was used in English nationalist and democratic discourse from the mid-17th century. History The medieval chronicler Orderic Vitalis wrote in his Ecclesiastical History that the Normans had imposed a yoke on the English: \"And so the English groaned aloud for their lost liberty and plotted ceaselessly to find some way of shaking off a yoke that was so intolerable and unaccustomed.\" His later work, written in light of Henry I's reign and fifty years after the Conquest, took a more positive view of the situation of England, writing, \"King Henry governed the realm ... prudently and well through prosperity and adversity. ... He treated the magnates with honour and generosity. He helped his humbler subjects by giving just laws, and protecting them from unjust extortions and robbers.\" The culturally freighted term of a \"Norman yoke\" first appears in an apocryphal work published in 1642 during the English Civil War, under the title The Mirror of Justices; the book was a translation of , a collection of 13th century political, legal, and moral fables, written in Anglo-Norman French, thought to have been compiled and edited in the early 14th century by renowned legal scholar Andrew Horn. Even though it would have been obvious to anyone living in the fourteenth century that the book was a work of fiction, at the time of its publication in 1642, The Mirror of Justices was presented and accepted as historical fact. Frequently, critics following the Norman yoke model would claim Alfred the Great or Edward the Confessor as models of justice. In this context, Magna Carta is seen as an attempt to restore pre-Conquest English rights, if only for the gentry. When Sir Edward Coke reorganised the English legal system, he was keen to claim that the grounds of English common law were beyond the memory or register of any beginning and pre-existed the Norman conquest, although he did not use the phrase \"Norman yoke\". The idea of the Norman yoke characterized the nobility and gentry of England as the descendants of foreign usurpers who had destroyed an Anglo-Saxon golden age. Such a reading was extremely powerful for the poorer classes of England. Whereas Coke, John Pym, Lucy Hutchinson, and Sir Henry Vane saw Magna Carta rights as being primarily those of the propertied classes, during the prolonged 17th-century constitutional crisis in England and Scotland, the arguments were also taken up in a more radical way. Those espousing the more radical arguments include the likes of Francis Trigge, John Hare, John Lilburne, John Warr, and Gerrard Winstanley of the radical Diggers, the latter of whom even called for an end to primogeniture and for the cultivation of the soil in common. \"Seeing the common people of England by joynt consent of person and purse have caste out Charles our Norman","title":"Norman yoke"},{"docid":"51225254","text":"Thomas North Whitehead (31 December 1891, Cambridge, England – 22 November 1969, Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an early human relations theorist and researcher, best known for The Industrial Worker, a two-volume statistical analysis of the Hawthorne experiments. He worked as a professor at Harvard University and Radcliffe College, and in the British Foreign Office during World War II. Early life and education Whitehead was the son of the prominent English philosopher Alfred North Whitehead, and was known as \"North\" to his family. He read economics at Trinity College, Cambridge, earning a B.A. in 1913. He then did graduate studies in mechanical engineering at University College London. Government service Whitehead served as an army officer in France and East Africa during World War I, taking a leave from his graduate studies to do so. On the completion of his studies in 1920 after the war, he began working for the Admiralty, and remained there until his 1931 move to Harvard. During World War II, he again took a leave, this time from his professorship at Harvard, to work as an expert on American relations in the British Foreign Office. In 1940, before America entered the war, he advised Winston Churchill that American isolationism would not be a permanent obstacle, and after the Pearl Harbor attacks he communicated a message of solidarity to Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was also Whitehead's suggestion that Churchill compare America's proposed Lend-Lease policy to Magna Carta, and that one of the original copies of Magna Carta then on display in America be made into a more permanent gift to seal the deal. However, this proposal fell through because the British government did not own any of the four surviving copies of Magna Carta. Academia Whitehead joined the Harvard Business School in 1931, following his father who had moved to Harvard in 1924. He stayed at Harvard for the rest of his career except for a leave of absence during World War II. After the war, Whitehead ran the Harvard-Radcliffe Program in Business Administration, a business program for women at Radcliffe College, keeping also his appointment at Harvard. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1952. When Harvard's business school began admitting women in 1955, he returned to a full-time position at Harvard. He remained at Harvard until his retirement. Contributions Whitehead's work The design and use of instruments, published in 1934, was primarily written while he was still at the Admiralty. It prefigures the care in accurate measurement that Whitehead put into his work on the Hawthorne experiments. In this, Whitehead's \"golden rule\" was to \"never measure more than is absolutely necessary\". The Hawthorne experiments studied worker productivity at a Western Electric factory. They were originally intended to study the effects of lighting on productivity, but instead determined that workers reacted positively to the changing conditions of the experiment, and that their productivity decreased again when the experiment ended. Whitehead, following the lead of Jean Piaget, took the approach of carefully documenting the behavior of a small sample","title":"Thomas North Whitehead"},{"docid":"4792980","text":"The Magna Carta School is an 11–16 academy school in Staines, England, which has been awarded specialisms in Technology and ICT. It is named after Magna Carta due to its proximity to Runnymede, where the document was signed. The school contains over 1200 pupils including over 60 prefects. At an OfSTED inspection in 2022, the school received an Inspection Grade of 3 (Requires Improvement). Achievements The school was awarded Artsmark Gold status in June 2010 and several student representatives attended an Arts Council England ceremony in Brighton. The school became the first Apple RTC (Regional Training Centre) in Surrey in 2010; this included a new Apple suite with the introduction of high definition video conferencing for national/international interactive learning. Notable alumni Billy Reeves, songwriter and BBC journalist, who wrote hits for Sophie Ellis-Bextor in her first band theaudience. Harvey Elliott (attended Magna Carta 2014–2016), is a Footballer for Liverpool FC. He broke a Premier League record for the youngest player in the Premier League when he came on for Fulham FC against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the 88th minute. Matt Lapinskas, a former pupil, was an actor in EastEnders, playing the part of Anthony Moon. He judges the yearly competition \"Magna's Got Talent\" at the school Mykola Pawluk, television video editor and two-times BAFTA nominee. Alice Upcott and Edward Upcott and their team from Spelbound, won Britain's Got Talent on UK TV in 2010. Solar Panels The school has a MaidEnergy Co-op Community-owned solar panel installation, producing lower carbon power to the school, at a discount price compared to power from the network. References Academies in Surrey Secondary schools in Surrey","title":"The Magna Carta School"},{"docid":"26337370","text":"Magna Carta was built in the Netherlands in 1936. She was converted from a sand carrying cargo vessel to a hotel barge in 2001-2002 after 65 years carrying cargo for the same family. The barge conversion was designed and managed by Dominic Read, one of the new owners. Magna Carta has 4 double cabins allowing her to carry up to 8 passengers. She also has separate crew quarters which house the crew of four. The crew consists of the captain, two hostesses, chef, and tour guide. References External links Magna Carta Official site Hotel barges Barges 1936 ships","title":"Magna Carta (barge)"},{"docid":"11316177","text":"Magna Carta Place is located in Canberra, Australia to the north-west of Old Parliament House. Centrally located in the place is a Magna Carta Monument which was provided as a gift to the people of Australia from the British Government to commemorate the centenary of Federation of Australia. The site was dedicated in 1997 which was the 700th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta by King Edward I of England. A 1297 copy of Magna Carta, purchased by the Australian government in 1952, is on display in nearby Parliament House, Canberra. The monument was unveiled by the Prime Minister of Australia John Howard in 2000 prior to the centenary of federation in 2001. Magna Carta Place is located on a semicircular network of roads consisting of King George Terrace, Queen Victoria Terrace and Langton Crescent. References External links Information about Magna Carta Place from the National Capital Authority Magna Carta Parks in Canberra","title":"Magna Carta Place"},{"docid":"58937563","text":"Stephen Church is a writer and professor of medieval history at the University of East Anglia and is regarded as an expert on King John. In 2015 his book King John: England, Magna Carta, and the Making of a Tyrant was one of the Financial Times best books of the year. Career Church is an expert in Medieval History, specifically the 12th Century and works at the University of East Anglia School of History department which he joined in 1995 after completing his postgraduate work in London. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and the Society of Antiquaries of London. He is also a trustee of the Allen Brown Memorial Trust, where he organises the R. Allen Brown Memorial Lecture that is given at the opening of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies. The Trust also gives conference bursaries for postgraduate students and sponsors sessions at other conferences and a postgraduate reading group. Since 1994 he has written several articles (including for the journal History) and books on Medieval History, and is a regular conference organiser and speaker on the subject of King John. Church has been regularly acknowledged as strong support to fellow Historians in their writing and has lectured in Europe on the subject of the Plantagenet Empire. In 2010 he co-lead with Professor Elisabeth Tyler (University of York) two reading groups which aimed to read Orderic Vitalis's Historica ecclesiastica from start to finish and reflect on its content. In 2015 he appeared on Saturday Extra on Australian station ABC Radio with Nicholas Cowdery to discuss why does Magna Carta still matter, and co-presented the BBC programme The Last Journey of the Magna Carta King, part of the BBC Taking Liberties season, with archaeologist Dr Ben Robinson. Publications Books 2017 – Henry III: A Simple and God-Fearing King 2015 – King John: England, Magna Carta, and the Making of a Tyrant 2015 – King John and the Road to Magna Carta 2007 – King John: New Interpretations 2007 – Dialogus de Scaccario, and Constitutio Domus Regis The Dialogue of the Exchequer, and The Disposition of the Royal Household (Oxford Medieval Texts) 2001 – The Pakenham Cartulary for the Manor of Ixworth Thorpe, Suffolk, c.1250-c.1320 (17) (Suffolk Charters) 1999 – The Household Knights of King John 1994 – Medieval Knighthood V (with Ruth Harvey) Selected published articles 2017 – Political Discourse at the Court of Henry II and the Making of the New Kingdom of Ireland: The Evidence of John’s Title dominus Hibernie – History pg.808–823 ISSN 0018-2648 2016 – Stephen: The Reign of Anarchy. By Carl Watkins. Penguin Monarchs Series. Allen Lane – History pg.772–773 ISSN 0018-2648 2010 – King John’s Testament and the Last Days of his Reign – English Historical Review pg.505–528 ISSN 1477-4534 2009 – The care of the royal tombs in English cathedrals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: the case of the effigy of King John at Worcester – The Antiquaries Journal ISSN 1758-5309 2008 – Paganism in conversion age","title":"Stephen Church"},{"docid":"40033983","text":"\"Heaven\" is a song recorded by American rapper Jay-Z for his twelfth studio album Magna Carta Holy Grail (2013), featuring American recording artist Justin Timberlake. The song was written by Jay-Z, Timberlake, The-Dream, R.E.M., Adrian Younge, Timbaland, and J-Roc, while the production was handled by the latter two. During the song, Jay-Z touches on subjects of religious allegory and an interrogation of organized religion. The song has since peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. Background On \"Heaven\", Jay-Z questions the meaning of religion and once again shoots down rumors that he is part of the secret organization Illuminati. He explained the song in a promotional video for Samsung, saying, \"No matter what religion you are, accept the other people's idea. Because, have you ever been to heaven? This song is toying with the idea of it being on Heaven or Hell on earth. My idea of being on Heaven is in your daughter's laughter. Hell could be if your child missing's for three minutes; you in three minutes of Hell.\" The song indulges in religious allegory, and is one of the few songs on Magna Carta Holy Grail that touches upon existential and spiritual themes. Throughout the song he ponders faith, superstition and free thinking. The songs features Jay-Z rapping a lyric of rock band R.E.M.'s 1991 single \"Losing My Religion\". Following the album's release, former frontman of R.E.M. Michael Stipe told NME that he was \"thrilled\" and that it was a \"great honor\" that Jay-Z included the lyrics in one of his songs. Release and promotion On June 25, 2013, \"Heaven\" became the second song from Magna Carta Holy Grail (after the lead single \"Holy Grail\") to have its partial lyrics revealed by the JAY Z MAGNA CARTA App via Samsung. On June 27, 2013, Jay-Z released a video via the same app of him discussing the song in depth with superproducer Rick Rubin. Critical reception \"Heaven\" was met with generally positive reviews, with most critics praising it over the hit lead single, another Jay-Z/Justin Timberlake collaboration, \"Holy Grail\". Ian Cohen of Pitchfork praised the song as one of the album's strong points, stating, \"Heaven\" is the most thought-provoking spiritual meditation [Jay-Z's] written, and the willful misreading of \"Losing My Religion\" is used to powerful effect. David Weiss of Paste credited \"Heaven\" for setting off the most interesting section of the album, ending at the Beyoncé-featuring \"Part II (On the Run)\". Del F. Cowie of Exclaim! said the song's production \"sounded like a long-lost Wu-Tang instrumental somehow bereft of an Inspectah Deck verse.\" Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times praised the song's production by Timbaland, saying: \"The producer and rapper move with the coordination of expert magicians juggling Champagne bottles and knives.\" Louis Pattison of NME gave a more mixed review, related to Jay-Z not taking full advantage of the subject matter. Grant Jones of RapReviews said of the song: \"The piercing \"Heaven\" starts off well, with an intriguing defense of Illuminati","title":"Heaven (Jay-Z song)"},{"docid":"6780007","text":"Magellan were a progressive metal/rock band formed in San Francisco, California, United States by brothers Trent and Joel Wayne Gardner in 1985. The band's albums featured a number of well-known guest musicians, such as Ian Anderson, drummer Joey Franco, and bassist Tony Levin. The group co-wrote songs with Chicago frontman Robert Lamm on his album, Living Proof (2012). In February 2014, Wayne Gardner committed suicide. On June 11, 2016, Trent Gardner also died of undisclosed reasons. Members Trent Gardner - lead vocals, keyboards, trombone (1985 - 2016) Wayne Gardner - guitars, bass, keyboards, backing vocals (1985 - 2014) Guest members Joey Franco (Twisted Sister, Van Helsing's Curse)- drums and orchestral percussion (Hundred Year Flood) Jason Gianni - drums (on Impossible Figures) Alan Sweeney - keytar (on Impossible Figures) Tony Levin (John Lennon, King Crimson, Peter Gabriel) - bass (Hundred Year Flood) Ian Anderson (Jethro Tull) - Flute (Hundred Year Flood) George Bellas - guitar (Hundred Year Flood) Robert Berry (Alliance, 3) - guitar and bass (Hundred Year Flood) Brad Kaiser - drums (Test of Wills) Hal Stringfellow Imbrie - bass, Backing vocals (Hour of Restoration, Impending Ascension) Doane Perry (Jethro Tull)- drums (Impending Ascension) Discography Albums Hour of Restoration (Magna Carta, 1991) Impending Ascension (Magna Carta, 1994) Test of Wills (Magna Carta, 1997) Hundred Year Flood (Magna Carta, 2002) Impossible Figures (Inside Out, 2003) Symphony for a Misanthrope (Inside Out, 2005) Innocent God (Muse-Wrapped Records, 2007) Singles \"Dust in the Wind\" (featuring Rob Lopez) (2012) \"Hello,Goodbye\" (2012) \"Keep It\" (2012) \"Good to Go?\" (2012) \"The Better Suite\" (2013) \"Cynic's Anthem\" (2013) \"25 or 6 to 4\" (2014) \"Icons\" (2015) References External links Heavy metal musical groups from California American progressive metal musical groups Progressive rock musical groups from California Musical groups established in 1985 Musical groups from San Francisco Magna Carta Records artists Inside Out Music artists 1985 establishments in California","title":"Magellan (band)"},{"docid":"2598745","text":"Roger's Profanisaurus is a humorous book (and for a short period commencing 2011; mobile app), published in the United Kingdom by Dennis Publishing which is written in the style of a lexicon of profane words and expressions. The book is marketed as \"the foulest-mouthed book ever to stalk the face of the earth\". It is a spin-off publication from the popular British adult comic Viz, and features one of the comic's characters, the foul-mouthed Roger Mellie \"the Man on the Telly who says 'Bollocks!\". The title of the book is a word play on Roget's Thesaurus, Profanisaurus being a portmanteau of profanity and Thesaurus. Publication history The Profanisaurus was originally published as a supplement stapled into the middle of the December 1997 edition of the Viz comic (Viz 87), with 'over 700 rude words and phrases'. It was labelled \"Sweary Mary's Dictionary\", after a foul-mouthed character from Viz. The 2013 edition of the Profanisaurus is titled \"Hail Sweary\", a possible a nod to her heritage. Contributions from readers were originally published in the comic, and then edited into later editions. The first actual book was released less than a year later, in 1998 (), but the content had tripled with now 2,250 definitions; this was followed in the second edition in 2002 with the number of terms covered growing to 4,000 (). An updated version, the Profanisaurus Rex, containing over 8,000 words and phrases, was released in 2005, and a further-expanded version, the \"Magna Farta\" (a play on Magna Carta) at the end of 2007. (Perhaps coincidentally, Oliver Cromwell is said to have referred to Magna Carta as \"Magna Farta\".) Subsequent versions have been Das Krapital (2010, a play on Karl Marx's Das Kapital), Hail Sweary (2013, featuring on the cover Roger in a monk's outfit kneeling as if in prayer, and the title in Olde Englishe above; an obvious and obscene reference to the Catholic 'Hail Mary'), and War and Piss (2018, a play on Tolstoy's War and Peace, with \"over 20,000\" definitions). Content Unlike a traditional dictionary or thesaurus, the content is enlivened by often pungent or politically incorrect observations and asides, intended to provide further comic effect. Those familiar with Ambrose Bierce's Devil's Dictionary might recognise some parallels with Bierce's style, though his lacked the overt obscenity. The authors often take delight in lampooning political or media figures of the day, or illustrating terms with fictional dialogue between notionally respectable historical figures. A much-used technique for sexual phrases is to include them in a quoted passage from a non-existent Barbara Cartland novel. Reception David Stubbs wrote that Profanisaurus \"represents what you might call the maximalist tendency in obscenity\". Becky Barrow wrote that Profanisaurus \"became a bestseller. It contained more swear words than the most devoted practitioner would ever remember.\" See also The Meaning of Liff References External links Roger's Profanisaurus online at Viz's website Comedy books Linguistics books English dictionaries Works about profanity","title":"Roger's Profanisaurus"},{"docid":"3098998","text":"MagnaCarta: Tears of Blood, also known as MagnaCarta: Crimson Stigmata is a role-playing video game developed by Softmax and originally released for the PlayStation 2 in South Korea by Sony Computer Entertainment as MagnaCarta: Crimson Stigmata (마그나카르타: 진홍의 성흔, Mageuna Kaleuta: Jinhong-ui Seongheun) and in Japan as simply (a title later used in the PAL version) by Banpresto in 2004. It is the second installment of the Magna Carta series and a sequel to the 2001 game Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche. The game was later released as MagnaCarta: Tears of Blood in the United States. A PlayStation Portable version was released in May 2006 as . Gameplay The game's battle elements borrowed from Shadow Hearts and the Star Ocean series. Up to three characters may move around the battlefield in real time. The player can only control one character at a time and can only attack after the character fills its \"leadership meter\" by remaining still. Once filled, the character can initiate an attack by performing a series of three timed button presses (known as the \"trinity ring\"). If the attack is unsuccessful, the leadership meter empties, and the player must wait for it to refill again. The three modes of combat that are uniquely embedded are \"standard\", \"combo\" and \"counter\". The standard mode is excellent for offensive and defensive attacks. By perfecting the timing of the buttons, characters will learn stronger attacks. Combo attacks lack defense but are generally used to create powerful offensive attacks by combining all attacks in one turn. The counter mode does what its name implies; not only is the user able to block, but also attack by predicting their enemies' attacks. Players using this mode do not exhaust their leadership meter. Characters may attack with various combat \"styles\" learned in the game, which use different chi (energy) types to increase their utility. There are eight different types of chi present in all areas, but in different exhaustible quantities. Plot The game takes place in the land of Efferia, where a seemingly endless war has raged between the continent's two species: Humans and Yason. Humans and Yason are similar in appearance, but Yason have lighter skin and differently shaped ears. The protagonist of the game, Calintz, is a high-ranking leader of the Tears of Blood, a mercenary squad hired out by the Human Alliance to deal with problems they cannot, or will not, touch. Since the group is not part of the official army, the mercs are disliked by the Alliance soldiers. The core group also consists of Azel, a youthful sword wielder who looks up to Calintz, Eonis, a powerful mage, and Haren, a martial artist. Save for Azel, all group members have a heavy grudge against the Yason for the deaths of friends and family. The Blast Worms, highly skilled Yason soldiers, are led by the Four Warriors, an elite group who wields great power and magic. When the Alliance's use of the \"forbidden magic\" fails, Calintz stops an assault by","title":"Magna Carta: Tears of Blood"},{"docid":"8578845","text":"The Charter of the Forest of 1217 ( or ) is a charter that re-established for free men rights of access to the royal forest that had been eroded by King William the Conqueror and his heirs. Many of its provisions were in force for centuries afterwards. It was originally sealed in England by the young King Henry III, acting under the regency of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. It was in many ways a companion document to the Magna Carta. The charter redressed some applications of the Anglo-Norman Forest Law that had been extended and abused by King William Rufus. History \"Forest\" to the Normans meant an enclosed area where the monarch, or sometimes another aristocrat, had exclusive rights to animals of the chase and the greenery (\"vert\") on which they fed. It did not consist only of trees, but included large areas of commons such as heathland, grassland and wetlands, productive of food, grazing and other resources. Lands became more restricted as King Richard and King John designated increasing areas as royal forest, off-limits to commoners. At its widest extent, royal forest covered about one-third of the land of southern England. Thus it became an increasing hardship on the common people to try to farm, forage, and otherwise use the land they lived on. The Charter of the Forest was first issued on 6 November 1217 at Old St Paul's Cathedral, London as a complementary charter to the Magna Carta from which it had evolved. It was reissued in 1225 with a number of minor changes to wording, but cancelled in 1227 when Henry III declared his adulthood. It was joined with the Magna Carta in the Confirmation of Charters in 1297. At a time when royal forests were the most important potential source of fuel for cooking, heating and industries such as charcoal burning, and of such hotly defended rights as pannage (pasture for their pigs), estover (collecting firewood), agistment (grazing), or turbary (cutting of turf for fuel), this charter was almost unique in providing a degree of economic protection for free men who used the forest to forage for food and to graze their animals. In contrast to the Magna Carta, which dealt with the rights of barons, it restored to the common man some real rights, privileges and protections against the abuses of an encroaching aristocracy. For many years it was regarded as a development of great significance in England's constitutional history, with the great seventeenth-century jurist Sir Edward Coke referring to it along with Magna Carta as the Charters of England's Liberties, and Sir William Blackstone remarking in the eighteenth century that: Contents The first chapter of the charter protected common pasture in the forest for all those \"accustomed to it\", and chapter nine provided for \"every man to agist his wood in the forest as he wishes\". It added \"Henceforth every freeman, in his wood or on his land that he has in the forest, may with impunity make a mill, fish-preserve,","title":"Charter of the Forest"},{"docid":"5913830","text":"Paul Burgess (born 28 September 1950) is an English rock drummer, notable for his association with a wide range of British rock and folk-rock bands. In addition to extensive session work, he has been a member of 10cc, Jethro Tull, Camel, Magna Carta, and The Icicle Works. Career Burgess was born in Manchester, England. He started playing drums in 1965 and played in 60s Stockport four piece band Axis, which he left in July 1971. He then joined 10cc on their 1973 UK tour and subsequently played with the band on most of their tours until 1983. He played on the 10cc Live: King Biscuit Flower Hour album recorded in 1975 and officially joined 10cc as drummer, percussionist and occasional keyboardist in 1976 after the departure of Kevin Godley and Lol Creme. His first studio album with the band was Deceptive Bends, which featured the hits \"The Things We Do for Love\", \"Good Morning Judge\" and \"People in Love\". During the 1977 10cc tour Burgess was joined on drums by Stuart Tosh. Burgess continued his association with 10cc on their albums Bloody Tourists (1978), Look Hear? (1980) and Ten Out of 10 (1981). Paul also played drums on Graham Gouldman's Animalympics (1980) soundtrack and Eric Stewart's first two solo albums; the soundtrack to the French film Girls (1980) and Frooty Rooties (1982). Burgess subsequently became a member of The Invisible Girls, a band that backed punk-influenced performance poet John Cooper Clarke on several of his late 70s/early 80s recordings. Burgess temporarily left the band in 1980 and was replaced by Buzzcocks drummer John Maher for the album Pauline Murray and The Invisible Girls, on which the band backed ex-punk singer Pauline Murray. He was also a member of folk-rock outfit Magna Carta for one album, 1981's Midnight Blue. After the release of this album, Magna Carta broke up for several years. The following year 1982, Burgess was briefly a member of Jethro Tull, replacing Gerry Conway, and touring throughout Europe and North America with the band. He was the drummer on the London Symphony Orchestra's album A Classic Case, which also included the rest of the current Jethro Tull members. Burgess was replaced by Doane Perry in 1984. Burgess rejoined 10cc for their 1983 tour, after which 10cc broke up. In 1984, Burgess became a member of progressive rock unit Camel, replacing Stuart Tosh, who had also been a member of 10cc. He stayed for one studio album (Stationary Traveller), and one live album (Pressure Points: Live in Concert) before the band dissolved in 1985. Around the same time, Burgess was the session drummer (though not an official band member) for pop band The Colourfield, playing drums on virtually all the tracks on their 1985 debut LP, Virgins & Philistines. In 1986, he toured with Joan Armatrading and returned as a member of the reformed Magna Carta. During the late 1980s, Burgess also did extensive live work with a range of artists including glam-rocker/rockabilly revivalist Alvin Stardust and disco singer","title":"Paul Burgess (musician)"},{"docid":"39933290","text":"\"Part II (On the Run)\" is a song recorded by American rapper Jay-Z from his twelfth studio album Magna Carta Holy Grail (2013) featuring American singer and wife Beyoncé. The song was written by Jay-Z, James Fauntleroy, Timbaland, and J-Roc while the production was handled by the latter two. It is viewed as a sequel to Beyoncé and Jay-Z's 2002 collaboration \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\", a song which was rumored to be about their relationship. \"Part II (On the Run)\" is a slow-tempo Electro-R&B ballad instrumentally complete with synths and drums, and its lyrics refer to a rebellious couple in love and describe their dangerous relationship. The song charted at numbers 93 and 81 on the UK Singles Chart and US Billboard Hot 100 respectively based on downloads alone, following the release of Magna Carta Holy Grail. It was sent to U.S. contemporary hit radio stations as the third single to be released from the album on February 18, 2014. Background \"Part II (On the Run)\" was written by Jay-Z, James Fauntleroy, Timbaland and J-Roc, while the production was handled by the latter two. It contains a sample of \"Believe in Me\" by American band One Way and Jay-Z uses Juvenile's \"Back That Azz Up\" flow when he rhymes \"Push your ma'fucka wig back, I did that/I been wilding since a Juve.\" \"Part II (On the Run)\" is viewed as a sequel to Beyoncé and Jay-Z's collaboration \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" (2002), when rumors about the pair dating started, as before that neither artist had never talked about it. The lyrics of the song were revealed by Jay-Z prior to its official release on June 27, 2013 thru a Samsung smartphone application. However, on July 4, 2013, the song leaked on the Internet prior to its official premiere. \"Part II (On the Run)\" was sent to U.S. contemporary hit radio stations on February 18, 2014 as the third single to be released from Magna Carta Holy Grail. Composition \"Part II (On the Run)\" is a smooth slow-tempo electro-R&B love ballad which is equipped with a steamy, retro and retro-futuristic groove that creates an acute level of moody texture. It is instrumentally complete with keyboards and drums. Jon Pareles, a writer of The New York Times noted that it was the closest song to pop music on Magna Carta Holy Grail. Pareles further noted that Timbaland's production sets aside his usual brittle tones to hint at the keyboard confections of 1980's Lionel Richie and Don Henley. Lyrically, the song speaks about a rebellious couple that is desperately in love. The song opens with an airy prelude during which Beyoncé sings the lines, \"Who wants that perfect love story anyway anyway / Cliché cliché cliché. Who wants that hero love that saves the day anyway, cliché cliché cliché\" in dreamy lead vocals along with breathy harmonies. Jay-Z and Beyoncé further trade verses about fugitives finding romance, with Beyoncé singing, \"I hear sirens while we make love\" and slowly exhaling in the song,","title":"Part II (On the Run)"},{"docid":"32188384","text":"MoeTar is an American, Bay Area, California-based rock group, founded by singer Moorea Dickason (\"Moe\") and bassist Tarik Ragab (\"Tar\"). Moorea and Tarik previously worked together in the more politically charged funk/pop band No Origin. History Moorea and Tarik formed the band in 2008 with Matthew Heulitt (Narada Michael Walden, Zigaboo Modeliste) on guitar, David Flores (Lauryn Hill, John Santos, Carne Cruda) on drums, and Bob Crawford on keyboards. Early on Bob left the band, and was replaced by Matt Lebofsky (miRthkon, Faun Fables, Secret Chiefs 3). With the lineup in place, the band entered a period of intense rehearsals and shows. Their first gig (May 17, 2009) was performing near the finish line at the annual Bay to Breakers race in San Francisco. They also performed at the annual Burning Man Decompression Festival, and played the opening slot at the final show of Sleepytime Gorilla Museum. In 2010, they recorded their debut CD From These Small Seeds with engineer Dan Rathbun (of Sleepytime Gorilla Museum, Idiot Flesh). The album was self-released in July, 2010. Papa J of CalProg ranked it the number 4 best album of 2010. In 2011, they signed to Magna Carta Records who re-released From These Small Seeds on CD in early 2012 with different artwork. In 2013, they started recording their second CD Entropy of the Century which was released in August 2014. Jonathan Herrera (Zigaboo Modeliste, Miguel Migs, Cathedrals) helped contribute to the recording process of this record and then officially joined the band, also on keyboards. Band members Moorea Dickason – vocals Tarik Ragab – bass, backing vocals Matthew Heulitt – guitar, backing vocals Matt Lebofsky – keyboards, backing vocals David M. Flores – drums Jonathan Herrera – keyboards (since 2014) Discography Albums From These Small Seeds (2012, Magna Carta Records #MA-9111) Entropy of the Century (2014, Magna Carta Records #MA-9118-2) The Final Four (EP) (2018, self-release on Bandcamp) References External links MoeTar – official website Papa J's Top 10 albums of 2010 American experimental musical groups Musical groups from Oakland, California Magna Carta Records artists","title":"MoeTar"},{"docid":"64569566","text":"The Jurors is an artwork by Hew Locke, installed at Runnymede in Surrey in 2015 to commemorate the 800th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta. Commissioned in 2014 by Surrey County Council and the National Trust, it comprises 12 high-backed bronze chairs placed in a grassy meadow, arranged in a rectangular formation to face inwards as if around a table, with one chair at each end and five along each side. Each chair measures , and the installation covers an area of . The surfaces of each chair are decorated with images and symbols representing freedom, the rule of law, and human rights, clockwise from one end: The decorations cast into the chairs also include garlands of flowers, as a reference to the Victorian language of flowers, including coltsfoot, black-eyed Susan and horse chestnut for aspects of justice, and hops for injustice; images of ermine as a reference to the traditional robes of English judges; and keys to prison cells, including a key to the Bastille which was given to George Washington by the Marquis de Lafayette in 1790. Locke deliberately avoided representing a \"collection of heroes\", and intended his 24 selected scenes to provoke reflection and debate. Locke considers that the artwork is only completed when each chair is occupied by people discussing the issues depicted. It was dedicated on 15 June 2015, at a ceremony attended by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. The ceremony included a dramatised performance of the poem \"Or In Any Other Way\" by Owen Sheers, in which twelve actors emerged from the crowds to recite a stanza each, and then took a place on one of the chairs. References The Jurors by Hew Locke, at Runnymede and Ankerwycke, National Trust What does The Jurors represent?, National Trust The dedication of The Jurors at Runnymede, National Trust The Jurors artwork at Runnymede, Exploring Surrey's Past The Jurors, an artwork by Hew Locke for Runnymede - Lillie Lenton, Exploring Surrey's Past The Jurors, an artwork by Hew Locke for Runnymede - Clause 39 of Magna Carta, Exploring Surrey's Past The Jurors, an artwork by Hew Locke for Runnymede - freedom of speech, Exploring Surrey's Past Hew Locke, Exploring Surrey's Past The Jurors, hewlocke.net Magna Carta: Prince William unveils Hew Locke's new artwork The Jurors at Runnymede, SurreyLive, 16 June 2015 The Jurors and the Queen: Memorialising Magna Carta at Runnymede, Steven Franklin, 18 October 2017 Hew Locke, The Jurors, situations.org.uk 2015 sculptures Buildings and structures in Surrey","title":"The Jurors"},{"docid":"46723566","text":"Magna Carta (An Embroidery) is a 2015 work by English installation artist Cornelia Parker. The artwork is an embroidered representation of the complete text and images of an online encyclopedia article for Magna Carta, as it appeared in English Wikipedia on 15 June 2014, the 799th anniversary of the document. Execution The hand-stitched embroidery is 1.5 metres (5') wide and nearly 13 metres (42') long. It is a response to the legacy of Magna Carta in the digital era and Parker has referred to it as \"a snapshot of where the debate is right now\", the result of all open edits by English Wikipedians up to that date. It was commissioned by the Ruskin School of Art at the University of Oxford in partnership with the British Library, after being chosen from proposals from a shortlist of artists in February 2014. Parker used a screenshot from the 15 June 2014 English Wikipedia article for Magna Carta and printed it onto fabric. Like English Wikipedia, the embroidery was created through the collaboration of many individuals. It was divided in 87 sections and sent to 200 individuals who each hand-stitched portions of the artwork. She sought the collaboration of people and groups that have been affected by and associated with Magna Carta. The majority of the text was sewn by prisoners. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild stitched the images, with at least one embroiderer selected from each region of the UK. Many celebrities and public figures also contributed, stitching phrases or words of special significance to them. Parker has represented the work as \"Echoing the communal activity that resulted in the Bayeux Tapestry, but on this occasion placing more emphasis on the word rather than the image, I wanted to create an artwork that is a contemporary interpretation of Magna Carta.\" The work includes a tea stain from a prisoner and a spot of blood from Guardian editor Alan Rusbridger, who accidentally pricked his finger while sewing. Embroiderers Parker invited some 200 people to hand-stitch portions of the work including prison inmates, civil rights campaigners, MPs, lawyers, barons and artists. Much of the work was done by 36 prisoners from 13 different prisons in England, under the supervision of the social enterprise Fine Cell Work. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild contributed the images as did students from the Royal School of Needlework and the London embroidery company Hand & Lock. Six students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School, London were the youngest contributors to the work. Parker invited royalty to contribute to the work, but they declined. She said that right-wing people were more likely to decline; both Gordon Brown and Alex Salmond also declined to contribute. List of contributors Julian Assange – \"freedom\" Mary Beard Shami Chakrabarti – \"Charter of Liberties\" Kenneth Clarke Jarvis Cocker – \"common people\" for the song of the same name Brian Eno – \"in perpetuity\" Anthea Godfrey (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of Pope Innocent III Antony Gormley Germaine Greer Igor Judge, Baron Judge and Lady","title":"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)"},{"docid":"76368886","text":"Magna Carta Cartel (MCC) is a Swedish alternative rock band, formed in Linköping in 2006. History The band's first EP Valiant Visions Dawn was released in 2008. In the fall of 2009 Magna Carta Cartel released their debut album Goodmorning Restrained. In March 2017, Martin Persner revealed that for seven years he has participated in the band Ghost (who's primary songwriter was Mary Goore, a former member of MCC) under the name \"Omega\" and will now instead shake up his former band, Magna Carta Cartel. In May 2017, the band made a comeback with the release of the EP The Demon King. In September 2018, they released the single \"The Sun & The Rain\". Band members Members Martin Persner – lead vocals, guitars Pär Glendor – guitars, keyboards Arvid Persner – drums, guitars Niels Nielsen – guitars, keyboards Former members Simon Söderberg – guitars, vocals Tobias Forge – guitars, bass Discography Albums Goodmorning Restrained (2009) THE DYING OPTION (2022) EPs Valiant Visions Dawn EP (2008) The Demon King EP (2017) References External links Official website Swedish alternative rock groups Culture in Linköping","title":"Magna Carta Cartel"},{"docid":"69809271","text":"In 1816, the London bookbinder John Whittaker (also described as a bookseller or associated with other book-related occupations) produced a luxury edition of Magna Carta on its 600th anniversary. It was officially styled Magna Carta Regis Johannis XV. Die Junii Anno Regni XVII. The text of Whittaker's Magna Carta was in gold. Copies in the small edition were intended for the king and other nobles; George III and either John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, or his son, were known to have copies. Different copies use different materials: some are printed on vellum, others on satin or paper. About 40 were auctioned in the 20th century. Thomas Frognall Dibdin described Whittaker's Magna Carta as \"gorgeous and truly unrivalled\" in Bibliographical Decameron. Citations Works cited 1816 books Magna Carta","title":"Whittaker Magna Carta"},{"docid":"2089508","text":"The Walls Came Tumbling Down is a film script written by author Robert Anton Wilson, first published in book form in 1997. Plot summary The introduction of the book includes Wilson's thoughts abouts many things, including UFOs, Magna Carta, the IRA and Nelson Mandela. It also includes Wilson's explanation of how he wrote the screenplay after a film deal had collapsed and he was trying to get another deal together. The book deals with the sometimes frightening experiences that happen to those who stumble into an expanded consciousness without any intent to go there and without any preparation or Operating Manual to tell them how to navigate when the walls tumble and the doors of perception fly open, leaving the brain suddenly free of the limits of \"mind\". Title references The title refers not only to the walls of Jericho in the Bible story but also to the tunnel-walls of the labyrinth of Minos in the Greek myth, which hid Theseus and the Minotaur from each other before their final confrontation. It also refers to the Leary-Wilson reality-tunnels. The plot revolves around three characters, Michael, Simon, and Cathy. See also Mystical experiences Ego death Higher consciousness Religious ecstasy External links Excerpt from The Walls Came Tumbling Down 1997 books Books by Robert Anton Wilson","title":"The Walls Came Tumbling Down (Wilson book)"},{"docid":"15621393","text":"John of England has been portrayed many times in fiction, generally reflecting the overwhelmingly negative view of his reputation. Art The North Wall Frieze in the courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States depicts King John granting Magna Carta. Literature King John is the protagonist of John Bale's sixteenth-century Protestant play King Johan, in which he is depicted positively as a bulwark against the papacy. John was the subject of an anonymous Elizabethan play, The Troublesome Reign of King John, in 1591. The play reflects the sympathetic view of King John during the English Reformation; it depicts John as \"a fearless resister of the Papacy\". This play is believed by many Shakespeare scholars to have been a source for Shakespeare's play. King John appears in the plays The Downfall of Robert Earl of Huntington and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (1598) by Anthony Munday. Munday's two plays feature the exploits of Robin Hood, and John is depicted as Robin's enemy in these plays. Munday's work thus incorporated King John into the Robin Hood legends. As a result of this, John and one of his Justices in Eyre, the Sheriff of Nottingham, are frequently portrayed as villain and henchman in later versions Robin Hood legends. These usually place the Robin Hood stories in the latter part of Richard I's reign, when Richard was in captivity and John was acting as unofficial regent. John was the subject of a Shakespearean play, King John (written c. 1595, and published in 1623). Prince John is a central figure in the 1819 historical romance Ivanhoe, by Sir Walter Scott, and is depicted in subsequent adaptations. Ivanhoe helped popularize the image of King John as cruel and villainous. The novel also calls John a \"Norman\", although contemporary documents from the period of John's reign do not refer to the monarch as a Norman. King John features in the three-decker novel Forest Days (1843) by G. P. R. James, about the First Barons' War. The children's novel The Constable's Tower: or the Times of Magna Charta (1891) by Charlotte Mary Yonge, revolves around John signing Magna Carta, and also features the Siege of Dover during the First Barons' War. The novel Uncanonized (1900) by Margaret Horton Potter features King John. King John is the subject of A. A. Milne's poem for children, King John's Christmas (1927), which begins \"King John was not a good man\", but slowly builds sympathy for him as he fears not getting anything for Christmas, when all he really wants is a rubber ball. In the comic parody 1066 and All That (1930) John is depicted as \"an Awful King\". The Devil and King John by Philip Lindsay (1943) is a highly speculative but relatively sympathetic account. Philip José Farmer, a science fiction author, featured King John as one of several historical figures in his Riverworld saga. Below the Salt (1957) by Thomas B. Costain depicts the First Baron's War and John's signing of Magna Carta. John is a","title":"Cultural depictions of John, King of England"},{"docid":"34691325","text":"Daniel Gwynne Jones (born 27 July 1981) is a British popular historian, TV presenter, and journalist. He was educated at The Royal Latin School, a state grammar school in Buckingham, before attending Pembroke College, Cambridge. Early life and education Jones was born in Reading, England, in 1981 to Welsh parents. He was educated at The Royal Latin School, a state grammar school in Buckingham, before attending Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he achieved a first-class degree in history in 2002. Career Historian Dan Jones' first history book was a popular narrative history of the English Peasants' Revolt of 1381, titled Summer of Blood: The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, which was published in 2009. His second book, The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England, was published in 2012 in the United Kingdom and a year later in the United States, where it became a New York Times bestseller. The book, which covers the history of the Plantagenet dynasty from Henry II to Richard II, received positive reviews from critics. Jones' third book, The Hollow Crown: The Wars of the Roses and the Rise of the Tudors published in 2014, picks up where The Plantagenets leaves off and covers the period 1420–1541, from the death of Henry V to the execution of Henry VIII's cousin, Margaret Pole. His fourth book, also published in 2014 is about Magna Carta and is titled Magna Carta: The Making and Legacy of the Great Charter. Jones' next book, The Templars, The Rise and the Spectacular Fall of God's Holy Warriors, was published in September 2017 about the Knights Templar. Jones also worked as a historical consultant on the 2018 History historical drama Knightfall, presenting the official podcast. In August 2018, he published The Colour of Time: A New History of the World, 1850–1960 illustrated by Marina Amaral. He collaborated with Amaral again in 2020 for the book The World Aflame. Crusaders: The Epic History of the Wars for the Holy Land was published on 5 September 2019. It deals with the Crusades from 1096 onwards. Powers and Thrones: A New History of the Middle Ages was published by Head of Zeus in 2021. His first historical fiction debut began with his 2022 book Essex Dogs which is part of a planned trilogy. It details the life of a platoon of archers and men-at-arms during the Hundred Years' War. In 2022, Jones started his own podcast through Somethin' Else and Sony Music Entertainment called This Is History: A Dynasty to Die For, recounting much of the content of his 2012 book, The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England. TV presenter In 2014, Jones' book The Plantagenets was adapted for television as a four-part series on Channel 5 entitled Britain's Bloodiest Dynasty: The Plantagenets. Jones has also made a twelve-part series for Channel 5, Secrets of Great British Castles. In April 2016 he co-wrote and co-presented, with Suzannah Lipscomb, Henry VIII and His Six Wives, shown on Channel 5. In May 2017 he co-wrote and co-presented a three-part docu-drama,","title":"Dan Jones (writer)"},{"docid":"3098984","text":"MagnaCarta: The Phantom of Avalanche (마그나카르타 ~눈사태의 망령~), also known as just MagnaCarta (마그나카르타), is a Korean role-playing video game developed and published by Softmax for Windows in 2001. It is the predecessor to the PlayStation 2 title, Magna Carta: Tears of Blood, and was the first installment in the Magna Carta series. It was never released outside of Korea. Gameplay The game's Carta (眞名) system, which takes on a similar method as Final Fantasy VIIIs junction system, relies on the usage of hanja (Han characters) to represent various energy patterns as every living thing carries a distinct energy pattern and may rely upon the use of Carta to manipulate this energy for various purposes. In application, these patterns are individually assigned to each character attribute to directly affect character growth. Some Carta may be more effective when assigned to a specific attribute due to the compatibility between the character's own personal energies in compliance with the Carta's unique energies. The available stock of the particular Carta also plays a role in determining its effectiveness. Magna Carta employs a turn-based battle system based on the conditional usage of TP (Turn Points). When a character achieves his or her turn, the player is given the options of moving the character around and / or executing a skill. (The turn automatically ends upon executing a skill, regardless of any other conditions present.) Both the movement range of the character, as well as any skills she or he executes, costs a specific number of Turn Points to be accomplished. While moving, free roaming is allowed around the battle field during one's turn, but within a limited range which is indicated by an aura. The size of the aura, like many elements of battle, may be affected by the turn range, so characters who have TP left over from previous rounds may find a slight range advantage in the next. Plot Calintz, once having been a high-ranking royal guard, has left his home of Shudelmir many years ago to seek adventure elsewhere. Though having left his home in a peaceful state, Calintz decided to return home years later only to find Shudelmir in chaos. The sheer growth of monsters, as well as the rise of two important factions, have left Calintz with no choice but to join the Schwarz Strum as the 7th Squad Leader. Rumors have surfaced about the origin of the monsters. Particularly, the monster growth has been attributed to the enthroning of the new Emperor, Shulenlord. Many people believe that Vermillion, one of the two rising factions, is releasing the creatures in hopes of dethroning the new Emperor, and that the Emperor is retaliating against Vermillion in this same fashion. Amidst this conflict, political struggles between the fallen Princess, Juclecia, and the new Empress, Leona, have contributed a fair share to the chaos of Shudelmir. Having lost her mother to a senseless crime of murder, Juclecia was stripped of her royal authority and cast out into the rural district to conscribe","title":"Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche"},{"docid":"39696085","text":"Magna Carta Holy Grail (alternatively written and stylized as Magna Carta... Holy Grail) is the twelfth studio album by American rapper Jay-Z. It was made available at first for free digital download for Samsung customers via the Jay-Z Magna Carta app on July 4, 2013. It was released for retail sale on July 8, 2013 by Roc Nation, Roc-A-Fella, and Universal Music Distribution, as well as the final release by Roc-A-Fella before the label was shuttered. The album features guest appearances by Justin Timberlake, Nas, Rick Ross, Frank Ocean and Beyoncé. Most of the album was produced by Timbaland and Jerome \"J-Roc\" Harmon, while other producers included Boi-1da, Mike Will Made It, Hit-Boy, Mike Dean, No I.D., The-Dream, Swizz Beatz, and Pharrell Williams among others. The album was promoted through various commercials presented by Samsung and was not preceded by any retail singles. The album spawned three successful singles, \"Holy Grail\", \"Tom Ford\" and \"Part II (On the Run)\" featuring Beyoncé. Multiple other songs on the album achieved chart success including, \"FuckWithMeYouKnowIGotIt\", \"Oceans\", \"Heaven\" and \"Picasso Baby\". Additionally, the album was supported by three concert tours: Legends of the Summer (co-headlined with Justin Timberlake), Magna Carter World Tour and On the Run Tour (co-headlined with his wife Beyoncé). Upon its release, Magna Carta... Holy Grail was met with mixed reviews from music critics. Some complimented the album's production and composition, while others were disappointed with its overall theme and found many songs repetitive. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, selling 528,000 copies in its first week, making it Jay-Z's 13th consecutive studio album to top the chart. On September 2, 2013, it was announced that the album was certified double platinum by the RIAA, for shipments of two million copies. At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, the album was nominated in six categories, winning the award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Holy Grail\" featuring Justin Timberlake. Background On September 23, 2010, rapper Q-Tip confirmed working on Jay-Z's twelfth studio album, with a tentative release in 2011. By May 2012, reports arose that he was working on new music with Roc Nation producer Jahlil Beats. In an interview with XXL, Beats stated: \"Me and Jay-Z been going back and forth. He picked a couple of my joints that he's working on. I don't even wanna say too much about Jay, but we definitely working on some stuff. I haven't even sent him a bunch of beats. I sent him my favorite stuff. He hit me right back like, 'Yo, I'ma go in on this,' or, 'I like this.'\" The album development was kept a secret, but The-Dream hinted about a new Jay-Z album in an April 2013 interview with Hot 97. Leading up to the album's announcement, Jay-Z served as an executive producer for both the film The Great Gatsby and its soundtrack, The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film, which he and film director Baz Luhrmann worked together for two years . The opening song,","title":"Magna Carta Holy Grail"},{"docid":"41713649","text":"Magna Carta College (also known as Magna Carta College, Oxford and formerly as GBSO) is an independent business school in Oxford, United Kingdom. Accreditation Magna Carta College programmes were, until April 2015, accredited through the University of Buckingham and were previously accredited through the University of Wales until 2011, when the University of Wales announced that it would cease to act as an accrediting body for other universities. Students who had registered for accredited courses at the time of the announcement could remain on their University of Wales course until graduation. Between 2013 and 2016 the college was acquired and run by a team of investors, ceasing all involvement or association with Magna Carta College in Nov 2016. In 2017 the founder and the original academic faculty reacquired the name, and relaunched the school, to coincide with the partnership with London Metropolitan University to deliver an online (blended learning) MBA programme, leading to a degree award by London Met. Associated organisations Magna Carta College has affiliations or partnerships with the following organisations Buckinghamshire New University London Metropolitan University Pearson References Universities and colleges in England Business schools in England Education in Oxford","title":"Magna Carta College"},{"docid":"30333410","text":"Henry Care (1646–1688) was an English political writer and journalist, or \"Whig propagandist\", whose speciality was anti-Catholicism. Life Care edited a paper called the Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome. It began as a serial publication covering the history of the Protestant Reformation. After the publicity for the alleged Popish Plot of 1678, he wrote against the Church of England and its members, then supposed by some to be deeply inclined towards popery. He was tried at Guildhall, 2 July 1680, on an information against him as the author of this journal, and more particularly for a clause against the lord chief justice, William Scroggs, who himself sat as judge at the trial. The jury found him guilty, and Care was prohibited from printing his journal. These proceedings then constituted one of the charges brought against Scroggs, who was removed from the bench some months later, and Care continued to publish. Care's last number of the Weekly Pacquet, which extended to five volumes, is dated 13 July 1683, at which time he fell ill. In 1682 Care fell out with Langley Curtis, the original publisher; Care, who lived at the time in the Great Old Bailey, continued to work on his own account. But at the start of the quarrel, Curtis, employed William Salmon, another writer, to publish a continuation of the Pacquets, and he did so from 25 August 1682, the same day as Care's fifth volume also began, until 4 May 1683. The English Liberties (1680, in later versions often British Liberties) was a cheap polemical book that was influential and much-reprinted, in the American colonies as well as Britain, and made Magna Carta central to the history and the contemporary legitimacy of its subject. The Excellent Priviledge of Liberty (1687), an American book generally attributed to William Penn, reprinted the text of both Magna Carta (its first American printing) and (without attributing it) English Liberties. Legacy The English Liberties continued to be reprinted until the late 18th century. A two-volume adaptation of the Weekly Pacquet, under the title The History of Popery, appeared anonymously in 1735–6. Notes References Breay, Claire, Harrison, Julian (eds.), Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy, 2015, The British Library, Attribution 1646 births 1688 deaths English male journalists English male non-fiction writers","title":"Henry Care"},{"docid":"10682044","text":"William de Lanvallei III (died 1217) was an English landowner, governor of Colchester Castle. He was lord of Walkern, Hertfordshire. Relationship with King John William III accompanied King John of England on his expedition to Poitou in 1214 and was present at the truce. William III was an enforcer of Magna Carta and was related to several of the Magna Carta barons (see \"family\" section below). Family William was the grandson of the founder of the family fortune, William de Lanvallai I, a Breton. William I (1125-1180), was an administrator for Henry II of England after his takeover of the duchy of Brittany in 1166. William served in the office for five years, crossing to England in 1171 or 1172. to become the king's castellan of Winchester. William I married Gunnora, the daughter of Hubert de Saint Clair (1120-1155). William II (c.1161-1204), son of William I, married Hawise, great-granddaughter of Hugh de Bocland (Buckland, Oxfordshire). William III, son of William II, married Maud, daughter of Gilbert (Hamon) Peche. Maud was niece of Robert Fitzwalter, a leader of the Magna Carta barons. Hawise, daughter of William III, was placed as ward with Hubert de Burgh. Hubert married Hawise to his son, John. References External links website for Walkern History Society website for the Magna Carta Barons Association 12th-century births 1217 deaths 12th-century English landowners 13th-century English landowners Anglo-Normans Magna Carta barons People from Colchester People from Hertfordshire English feudal barons","title":"William de Lanvallei"},{"docid":"8268876","text":"(or the Great Charter of Ireland) is an issue of the English Magna Carta (or Great Charter of Liberties) in Ireland. King Henry III of England's charter of 1216 was issued for Ireland on 12 November 1216 but not transmitted to Ireland until February 1217; it secured rights for the Anglo-Norman magnates in Ireland. The charter was reissued in 1217 as in England. It was in effect the application of Magna Carta to Ireland, with appropriate substitutions (such as \"Dublin\" for \"London\", and \"Irish Church\" for \"Church of England\"). The only known copy of the charter was once to be found in the Red Book of the Dublin Court of Exchequer, a manuscript volume compiled in the fourteenth century. The Red Book was destroyed in the explosion at the Four Courts in Dublin, in 1922, but the charter had been recorded by H. F. Berry in Early Statutes of Ireland (1907). Magna Carta Hiberniae 1216 (1 Hen. 3) is now a retained statute in the Republic of Ireland under the Statute Law Revision Act 2007, s.2(2)(a), Schedule 1. Further reading Early Statutes of Ireland H. F. Berry, 1907 Magna Charta Hiberniae, pp. 31–33, H.G. Richardson, Irish Historical Studies References External links Magna Charta Hiberniae 1216 (Great Charter of Ireland) Statute Law Revision Act 2007 1210s in law Irish laws Law of Northern Ireland Legal history of Ireland 1216 in Europe 13th century in Ireland Medieval charters and cartularies","title":"Great Charter of Ireland"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"26219667\",\n \"text\": \"The Ankerwycke Yew is an ancient yew tree close to the ruins of St Mary's Priory, the site of a Benedictine nunnery built in the 12th century, near Wraysbury in Berkshire, England. It is a male tree with a girth of at 0.3 metres. The tree is at least 1,400 years old, and could be as old as 2,500 years. On the opposite bank of the River Thames are the meadows of Runnymede and this tree is said to have been witness to the sealing of Magna Carta. The tree is one of the places where Henry VIII may have courted Anne Boleyn. There is some justification for the hypothesis that the Ankerwycke Yew could be \\\"the last surviving witness to the sealing of Magna Carta 800 years ago\\\". \\\"In the 13th century, the landscape would have been different as the area was probably rather marshy as it was within the flood plain of the Thames. The Ankerwycke Yew is on a slightly raised area of land (therefore dry) and with the proximity of the Priory perhaps both lend some credibility to this claim.\\\" The Ankerwycke Yew is situated on lands managed by the National Trust. In 2002 it was designated one of fifty Great British Trees by The Tree Council. See also Fortingall Yew List of oldest trees References External links Magna Carta and the Ankerwycke Yew Photos of a trek to the Ankerwyke Yew Ancient yews under threat in Churchyards and sacred groves Individual yew trees Individual trees in England History of Berkshire History of the River Thames Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Magna Carta\",\n \"title\": \"Ankerwycke Yew\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75929\",\n \"text\": \"The Charter of Kortenberg (Dutch: Keure van Kortenberg) is an agreement signed and sealed on September 27, 1312, in the abbey of Kortenberg by John II, Duke of Brabant and representatives of the cities of Brussels, Antwerp, 's-Hertogenbosch, Tienen and Zoutleeuw. Creation of the document is of historical and political importance because it retains agreements between inhabitants of a territory with a ruler who had absolute power. This reflected the start of a current that would later be labeled by historians as Brabant's Constitutionalism because residents without control had claimed rights and powers, and had them recorded in writing, which are somewhat comparable to what have come to be called civil and political rights centuries later. In this process, the first simple rules were created for what would develop into a legal order that is now called democratic rule of law. The charter was valid for the entire duchy of Brabant, for the rich and the poor. From this charter originated an early kind of parliament, the \\\"Council of Kortenberg\\\" an assembly of lords. The control organ, a precursor of the later \\\"Estate assembly\\\" (namely, the first estate was the clergy, the second estate was the nobility, and the third estate was the municipalities) gathered in the Kortenberg Abbey and elsewhere with ups and downs until 1375. From 1332 on the council was extended by two more members, so that there were 16 Lords; Antwerp got a second member and the Walloon Brabant town of Nivelles () also got a member. In 1340 documents were sealed with a special seal on which a tree was planted on a small hill. The seal bore the words \\\"SIGILUM COMMUNE : CONSILII DE CORTENBERGHE\\\" which was the common seal of the Council of Kortenberg. Charter of Kortenberg and Magna Carta Although Magna Carta is commonly regarded as the very first charter giving rise to medieval European constitutionalism, the Charter of Kortenberg appears to have been more democratic in nature. This mainly because the beneficiaries of Magna Carta were only the barons while the beneficiaries of the Charter of Kortenberg included all citizens, expressly 'the rich and the poor' (riken ende armen). Reinforcing this view, the composition of the Council of Kortenberg marks a clear difference with the more 'elitist' Magna Carta. Whilst Magna Carta was to be implemented by a council of 25 barons, the Council of Kortenberg counted four knights and ten townsmen. In the financial commission of August 1314 the nobility were only two with 12 civil representatives of eight towns. Follow up A historical line of continuity can be drawn from the Charter of Kortenberg via the Joyous Entries of new Dukes into Flemish and Brabantian towns, the migration of educated citizens in the 16th & 17th century from these towns to the Seven United Provinces as a result of the Eighty Years' War and the stay of some of the Mayflower Pilgrim Fathers in those Provinces, who had fled religious persecution in England for the tolerance of 17th-century Holland\",\n \"title\": \"Charter of Kortenberg\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"359007\",\n \"text\": \"The Norman yoke is a term denoting the oppressive aspects of feudalism in England, attributed to the impositions of William the Conqueror, the first Norman king of England, his retainers and their descendants. The term was used in English nationalist and democratic discourse from the mid-17th century. History The medieval chronicler Orderic Vitalis wrote in his Ecclesiastical History that the Normans had imposed a yoke on the English: \\\"And so the English groaned aloud for their lost liberty and plotted ceaselessly to find some way of shaking off a yoke that was so intolerable and unaccustomed.\\\" His later work, written in light of Henry I's reign and fifty years after the Conquest, took a more positive view of the situation of England, writing, \\\"King Henry governed the realm ... prudently and well through prosperity and adversity. ... He treated the magnates with honour and generosity. He helped his humbler subjects by giving just laws, and protecting them from unjust extortions and robbers.\\\" The culturally freighted term of a \\\"Norman yoke\\\" first appears in an apocryphal work published in 1642 during the English Civil War, under the title The Mirror of Justices; the book was a translation of , a collection of 13th century political, legal, and moral fables, written in Anglo-Norman French, thought to have been compiled and edited in the early 14th century by renowned legal scholar Andrew Horn. Even though it would have been obvious to anyone living in the fourteenth century that the book was a work of fiction, at the time of its publication in 1642, The Mirror of Justices was presented and accepted as historical fact. Frequently, critics following the Norman yoke model would claim Alfred the Great or Edward the Confessor as models of justice. In this context, Magna Carta is seen as an attempt to restore pre-Conquest English rights, if only for the gentry. When Sir Edward Coke reorganised the English legal system, he was keen to claim that the grounds of English common law were beyond the memory or register of any beginning and pre-existed the Norman conquest, although he did not use the phrase \\\"Norman yoke\\\". The idea of the Norman yoke characterized the nobility and gentry of England as the descendants of foreign usurpers who had destroyed an Anglo-Saxon golden age. Such a reading was extremely powerful for the poorer classes of England. Whereas Coke, John Pym, Lucy Hutchinson, and Sir Henry Vane saw Magna Carta rights as being primarily those of the propertied classes, during the prolonged 17th-century constitutional crisis in England and Scotland, the arguments were also taken up in a more radical way. Those espousing the more radical arguments include the likes of Francis Trigge, John Hare, John Lilburne, John Warr, and Gerrard Winstanley of the radical Diggers, the latter of whom even called for an end to primogeniture and for the cultivation of the soil in common. \\\"Seeing the common people of England by joynt consent of person and purse have caste out Charles our Norman\",\n \"title\": \"Norman yoke\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51225254\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas North Whitehead (31 December 1891, Cambridge, England – 22 November 1969, Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an early human relations theorist and researcher, best known for The Industrial Worker, a two-volume statistical analysis of the Hawthorne experiments. He worked as a professor at Harvard University and Radcliffe College, and in the British Foreign Office during World War II. Early life and education Whitehead was the son of the prominent English philosopher Alfred North Whitehead, and was known as \\\"North\\\" to his family. He read economics at Trinity College, Cambridge, earning a B.A. in 1913. He then did graduate studies in mechanical engineering at University College London. Government service Whitehead served as an army officer in France and East Africa during World War I, taking a leave from his graduate studies to do so. On the completion of his studies in 1920 after the war, he began working for the Admiralty, and remained there until his 1931 move to Harvard. During World War II, he again took a leave, this time from his professorship at Harvard, to work as an expert on American relations in the British Foreign Office. In 1940, before America entered the war, he advised Winston Churchill that American isolationism would not be a permanent obstacle, and after the Pearl Harbor attacks he communicated a message of solidarity to Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was also Whitehead's suggestion that Churchill compare America's proposed Lend-Lease policy to Magna Carta, and that one of the original copies of Magna Carta then on display in America be made into a more permanent gift to seal the deal. However, this proposal fell through because the British government did not own any of the four surviving copies of Magna Carta. Academia Whitehead joined the Harvard Business School in 1931, following his father who had moved to Harvard in 1924. He stayed at Harvard for the rest of his career except for a leave of absence during World War II. After the war, Whitehead ran the Harvard-Radcliffe Program in Business Administration, a business program for women at Radcliffe College, keeping also his appointment at Harvard. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1952. When Harvard's business school began admitting women in 1955, he returned to a full-time position at Harvard. He remained at Harvard until his retirement. Contributions Whitehead's work The design and use of instruments, published in 1934, was primarily written while he was still at the Admiralty. It prefigures the care in accurate measurement that Whitehead put into his work on the Hawthorne experiments. In this, Whitehead's \\\"golden rule\\\" was to \\\"never measure more than is absolutely necessary\\\". The Hawthorne experiments studied worker productivity at a Western Electric factory. They were originally intended to study the effects of lighting on productivity, but instead determined that workers reacted positively to the changing conditions of the experiment, and that their productivity decreased again when the experiment ended. Whitehead, following the lead of Jean Piaget, took the approach of carefully documenting the behavior of a small sample\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas North Whitehead\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4792980\",\n \"text\": \"The Magna Carta School is an 11–16 academy school in Staines, England, which has been awarded specialisms in Technology and ICT. It is named after Magna Carta due to its proximity to Runnymede, where the document was signed. The school contains over 1200 pupils including over 60 prefects. At an OfSTED inspection in 2022, the school received an Inspection Grade of 3 (Requires Improvement). Achievements The school was awarded Artsmark Gold status in June 2010 and several student representatives attended an Arts Council England ceremony in Brighton. The school became the first Apple RTC (Regional Training Centre) in Surrey in 2010; this included a new Apple suite with the introduction of high definition video conferencing for national/international interactive learning. Notable alumni Billy Reeves, songwriter and BBC journalist, who wrote hits for Sophie Ellis-Bextor in her first band theaudience. Harvey Elliott (attended Magna Carta 2014–2016), is a Footballer for Liverpool FC. He broke a Premier League record for the youngest player in the Premier League when he came on for Fulham FC against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the 88th minute. Matt Lapinskas, a former pupil, was an actor in EastEnders, playing the part of Anthony Moon. He judges the yearly competition \\\"Magna's Got Talent\\\" at the school Mykola Pawluk, television video editor and two-times BAFTA nominee. Alice Upcott and Edward Upcott and their team from Spelbound, won Britain's Got Talent on UK TV in 2010. Solar Panels The school has a MaidEnergy Co-op Community-owned solar panel installation, producing lower carbon power to the school, at a discount price compared to power from the network. References Academies in Surrey Secondary schools in Surrey\",\n \"title\": \"The Magna Carta School\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26337370\",\n \"text\": \"Magna Carta was built in the Netherlands in 1936. She was converted from a sand carrying cargo vessel to a hotel barge in 2001-2002 after 65 years carrying cargo for the same family. The barge conversion was designed and managed by Dominic Read, one of the new owners. Magna Carta has 4 double cabins allowing her to carry up to 8 passengers. She also has separate crew quarters which house the crew of four. The crew consists of the captain, two hostesses, chef, and tour guide. References External links Magna Carta Official site Hotel barges Barges 1936 ships\",\n \"title\": \"Magna Carta (barge)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11316177\",\n \"text\": \"Magna Carta Place is located in Canberra, Australia to the north-west of Old Parliament House. Centrally located in the place is a Magna Carta Monument which was provided as a gift to the people of Australia from the British Government to commemorate the centenary of Federation of Australia. The site was dedicated in 1997 which was the 700th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta by King Edward I of England. A 1297 copy of Magna Carta, purchased by the Australian government in 1952, is on display in nearby Parliament House, Canberra. The monument was unveiled by the Prime Minister of Australia John Howard in 2000 prior to the centenary of federation in 2001. Magna Carta Place is located on a semicircular network of roads consisting of King George Terrace, Queen Victoria Terrace and Langton Crescent. References External links Information about Magna Carta Place from the National Capital Authority Magna Carta Parks in Canberra\",\n \"title\": \"Magna Carta Place\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58937563\",\n \"text\": \"Stephen Church is a writer and professor of medieval history at the University of East Anglia and is regarded as an expert on King John. In 2015 his book King John: England, Magna Carta, and the Making of a Tyrant was one of the Financial Times best books of the year. Career Church is an expert in Medieval History, specifically the 12th Century and works at the University of East Anglia School of History department which he joined in 1995 after completing his postgraduate work in London. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and the Society of Antiquaries of London. He is also a trustee of the Allen Brown Memorial Trust, where he organises the R. Allen Brown Memorial Lecture that is given at the opening of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies. The Trust also gives conference bursaries for postgraduate students and sponsors sessions at other conferences and a postgraduate reading group. Since 1994 he has written several articles (including for the journal History) and books on Medieval History, and is a regular conference organiser and speaker on the subject of King John. Church has been regularly acknowledged as strong support to fellow Historians in their writing and has lectured in Europe on the subject of the Plantagenet Empire. In 2010 he co-lead with Professor Elisabeth Tyler (University of York) two reading groups which aimed to read Orderic Vitalis's Historica ecclesiastica from start to finish and reflect on its content. In 2015 he appeared on Saturday Extra on Australian station ABC Radio with Nicholas Cowdery to discuss why does Magna Carta still matter, and co-presented the BBC programme The Last Journey of the Magna Carta King, part of the BBC Taking Liberties season, with archaeologist Dr Ben Robinson. Publications Books 2017 – Henry III: A Simple and God-Fearing King 2015 – King John: England, Magna Carta, and the Making of a Tyrant 2015 – King John and the Road to Magna Carta 2007 – King John: New Interpretations 2007 – Dialogus de Scaccario, and Constitutio Domus Regis The Dialogue of the Exchequer, and The Disposition of the Royal Household (Oxford Medieval Texts) 2001 – The Pakenham Cartulary for the Manor of Ixworth Thorpe, Suffolk, c.1250-c.1320 (17) (Suffolk Charters) 1999 – The Household Knights of King John 1994 – Medieval Knighthood V (with Ruth Harvey) Selected published articles 2017 – Political Discourse at the Court of Henry II and the Making of the New Kingdom of Ireland: The Evidence of John’s Title dominus Hibernie – History pg.808–823 ISSN 0018-2648 2016 – Stephen: The Reign of Anarchy. By Carl Watkins. Penguin Monarchs Series. Allen Lane – History pg.772–773 ISSN 0018-2648 2010 – King John’s Testament and the Last Days of his Reign – English Historical Review pg.505–528 ISSN 1477-4534 2009 – The care of the royal tombs in English cathedrals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: the case of the effigy of King John at Worcester – The Antiquaries Journal ISSN 1758-5309 2008 – Paganism in conversion age\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen Church\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40033983\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Heaven\\\" is a song recorded by American rapper Jay-Z for his twelfth studio album Magna Carta Holy Grail (2013), featuring American recording artist Justin Timberlake. The song was written by Jay-Z, Timberlake, The-Dream, R.E.M., Adrian Younge, Timbaland, and J-Roc, while the production was handled by the latter two. During the song, Jay-Z touches on subjects of religious allegory and an interrogation of organized religion. The song has since peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. Background On \\\"Heaven\\\", Jay-Z questions the meaning of religion and once again shoots down rumors that he is part of the secret organization Illuminati. He explained the song in a promotional video for Samsung, saying, \\\"No matter what religion you are, accept the other people's idea. Because, have you ever been to heaven? This song is toying with the idea of it being on Heaven or Hell on earth. My idea of being on Heaven is in your daughter's laughter. Hell could be if your child missing's for three minutes; you in three minutes of Hell.\\\" The song indulges in religious allegory, and is one of the few songs on Magna Carta Holy Grail that touches upon existential and spiritual themes. Throughout the song he ponders faith, superstition and free thinking. The songs features Jay-Z rapping a lyric of rock band R.E.M.'s 1991 single \\\"Losing My Religion\\\". Following the album's release, former frontman of R.E.M. Michael Stipe told NME that he was \\\"thrilled\\\" and that it was a \\\"great honor\\\" that Jay-Z included the lyrics in one of his songs. Release and promotion On June 25, 2013, \\\"Heaven\\\" became the second song from Magna Carta Holy Grail (after the lead single \\\"Holy Grail\\\") to have its partial lyrics revealed by the JAY Z MAGNA CARTA App via Samsung. On June 27, 2013, Jay-Z released a video via the same app of him discussing the song in depth with superproducer Rick Rubin. Critical reception \\\"Heaven\\\" was met with generally positive reviews, with most critics praising it over the hit lead single, another Jay-Z/Justin Timberlake collaboration, \\\"Holy Grail\\\". Ian Cohen of Pitchfork praised the song as one of the album's strong points, stating, \\\"Heaven\\\" is the most thought-provoking spiritual meditation [Jay-Z's] written, and the willful misreading of \\\"Losing My Religion\\\" is used to powerful effect. David Weiss of Paste credited \\\"Heaven\\\" for setting off the most interesting section of the album, ending at the Beyoncé-featuring \\\"Part II (On the Run)\\\". Del F. Cowie of Exclaim! said the song's production \\\"sounded like a long-lost Wu-Tang instrumental somehow bereft of an Inspectah Deck verse.\\\" Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times praised the song's production by Timbaland, saying: \\\"The producer and rapper move with the coordination of expert magicians juggling Champagne bottles and knives.\\\" Louis Pattison of NME gave a more mixed review, related to Jay-Z not taking full advantage of the subject matter. Grant Jones of RapReviews said of the song: \\\"The piercing \\\"Heaven\\\" starts off well, with an intriguing defense of Illuminati\",\n \"title\": \"Heaven (Jay-Z song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6780007\",\n \"text\": \"Magellan were a progressive metal/rock band formed in San Francisco, California, United States by brothers Trent and Joel Wayne Gardner in 1985. The band's albums featured a number of well-known guest musicians, such as Ian Anderson, drummer Joey Franco, and bassist Tony Levin. The group co-wrote songs with Chicago frontman Robert Lamm on his album, Living Proof (2012). In February 2014, Wayne Gardner committed suicide. On June 11, 2016, Trent Gardner also died of undisclosed reasons. Members Trent Gardner - lead vocals, keyboards, trombone (1985 - 2016) Wayne Gardner - guitars, bass, keyboards, backing vocals (1985 - 2014) Guest members Joey Franco (Twisted Sister, Van Helsing's Curse)- drums and orchestral percussion (Hundred Year Flood) Jason Gianni - drums (on Impossible Figures) Alan Sweeney - keytar (on Impossible Figures) Tony Levin (John Lennon, King Crimson, Peter Gabriel) - bass (Hundred Year Flood) Ian Anderson (Jethro Tull) - Flute (Hundred Year Flood) George Bellas - guitar (Hundred Year Flood) Robert Berry (Alliance, 3) - guitar and bass (Hundred Year Flood) Brad Kaiser - drums (Test of Wills) Hal Stringfellow Imbrie - bass, Backing vocals (Hour of Restoration, Impending Ascension) Doane Perry (Jethro Tull)- drums (Impending Ascension) Discography Albums Hour of Restoration (Magna Carta, 1991) Impending Ascension (Magna Carta, 1994) Test of Wills (Magna Carta, 1997) Hundred Year Flood (Magna Carta, 2002) Impossible Figures (Inside Out, 2003) Symphony for a Misanthrope (Inside Out, 2005) Innocent God (Muse-Wrapped Records, 2007) Singles \\\"Dust in the Wind\\\" (featuring Rob Lopez) (2012) \\\"Hello,Goodbye\\\" (2012) \\\"Keep It\\\" (2012) \\\"Good to Go?\\\" (2012) \\\"The Better Suite\\\" (2013) \\\"Cynic's Anthem\\\" (2013) \\\"25 or 6 to 4\\\" (2014) \\\"Icons\\\" (2015) References External links Heavy metal musical groups from California American progressive metal musical groups Progressive rock musical groups from California Musical groups established in 1985 Musical groups from San Francisco Magna Carta Records artists Inside Out Music artists 1985 establishments in California\",\n \"title\": \"Magellan (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2598745\",\n \"text\": \"Roger's Profanisaurus is a humorous book (and for a short period commencing 2011; mobile app), published in the United Kingdom by Dennis Publishing which is written in the style of a lexicon of profane words and expressions. The book is marketed as \\\"the foulest-mouthed book ever to stalk the face of the earth\\\". It is a spin-off publication from the popular British adult comic Viz, and features one of the comic's characters, the foul-mouthed Roger Mellie \\\"the Man on the Telly who says 'Bollocks!\\\". The title of the book is a word play on Roget's Thesaurus, Profanisaurus being a portmanteau of profanity and Thesaurus. Publication history The Profanisaurus was originally published as a supplement stapled into the middle of the December 1997 edition of the Viz comic (Viz 87), with 'over 700 rude words and phrases'. It was labelled \\\"Sweary Mary's Dictionary\\\", after a foul-mouthed character from Viz. The 2013 edition of the Profanisaurus is titled \\\"Hail Sweary\\\", a possible a nod to her heritage. Contributions from readers were originally published in the comic, and then edited into later editions. The first actual book was released less than a year later, in 1998 (), but the content had tripled with now 2,250 definitions; this was followed in the second edition in 2002 with the number of terms covered growing to 4,000 (). An updated version, the Profanisaurus Rex, containing over 8,000 words and phrases, was released in 2005, and a further-expanded version, the \\\"Magna Farta\\\" (a play on Magna Carta) at the end of 2007. (Perhaps coincidentally, Oliver Cromwell is said to have referred to Magna Carta as \\\"Magna Farta\\\".) Subsequent versions have been Das Krapital (2010, a play on Karl Marx's Das Kapital), Hail Sweary (2013, featuring on the cover Roger in a monk's outfit kneeling as if in prayer, and the title in Olde Englishe above; an obvious and obscene reference to the Catholic 'Hail Mary'), and War and Piss (2018, a play on Tolstoy's War and Peace, with \\\"over 20,000\\\" definitions). Content Unlike a traditional dictionary or thesaurus, the content is enlivened by often pungent or politically incorrect observations and asides, intended to provide further comic effect. Those familiar with Ambrose Bierce's Devil's Dictionary might recognise some parallels with Bierce's style, though his lacked the overt obscenity. The authors often take delight in lampooning political or media figures of the day, or illustrating terms with fictional dialogue between notionally respectable historical figures. A much-used technique for sexual phrases is to include them in a quoted passage from a non-existent Barbara Cartland novel. Reception David Stubbs wrote that Profanisaurus \\\"represents what you might call the maximalist tendency in obscenity\\\". Becky Barrow wrote that Profanisaurus \\\"became a bestseller. It contained more swear words than the most devoted practitioner would ever remember.\\\" See also The Meaning of Liff References External links Roger's Profanisaurus online at Viz's website Comedy books Linguistics books English dictionaries Works about profanity\",\n \"title\": \"Roger's Profanisaurus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3098998\",\n \"text\": \"MagnaCarta: Tears of Blood, also known as MagnaCarta: Crimson Stigmata is a role-playing video game developed by Softmax and originally released for the PlayStation 2 in South Korea by Sony Computer Entertainment as MagnaCarta: Crimson Stigmata (마그나카르타: 진홍의 성흔, Mageuna Kaleuta: Jinhong-ui Seongheun) and in Japan as simply (a title later used in the PAL version) by Banpresto in 2004. It is the second installment of the Magna Carta series and a sequel to the 2001 game Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche. The game was later released as MagnaCarta: Tears of Blood in the United States. A PlayStation Portable version was released in May 2006 as . Gameplay The game's battle elements borrowed from Shadow Hearts and the Star Ocean series. Up to three characters may move around the battlefield in real time. The player can only control one character at a time and can only attack after the character fills its \\\"leadership meter\\\" by remaining still. Once filled, the character can initiate an attack by performing a series of three timed button presses (known as the \\\"trinity ring\\\"). If the attack is unsuccessful, the leadership meter empties, and the player must wait for it to refill again. The three modes of combat that are uniquely embedded are \\\"standard\\\", \\\"combo\\\" and \\\"counter\\\". The standard mode is excellent for offensive and defensive attacks. By perfecting the timing of the buttons, characters will learn stronger attacks. Combo attacks lack defense but are generally used to create powerful offensive attacks by combining all attacks in one turn. The counter mode does what its name implies; not only is the user able to block, but also attack by predicting their enemies' attacks. Players using this mode do not exhaust their leadership meter. Characters may attack with various combat \\\"styles\\\" learned in the game, which use different chi (energy) types to increase their utility. There are eight different types of chi present in all areas, but in different exhaustible quantities. Plot The game takes place in the land of Efferia, where a seemingly endless war has raged between the continent's two species: Humans and Yason. Humans and Yason are similar in appearance, but Yason have lighter skin and differently shaped ears. The protagonist of the game, Calintz, is a high-ranking leader of the Tears of Blood, a mercenary squad hired out by the Human Alliance to deal with problems they cannot, or will not, touch. Since the group is not part of the official army, the mercs are disliked by the Alliance soldiers. The core group also consists of Azel, a youthful sword wielder who looks up to Calintz, Eonis, a powerful mage, and Haren, a martial artist. Save for Azel, all group members have a heavy grudge against the Yason for the deaths of friends and family. The Blast Worms, highly skilled Yason soldiers, are led by the Four Warriors, an elite group who wields great power and magic. When the Alliance's use of the \\\"forbidden magic\\\" fails, Calintz stops an assault by\",\n \"title\": \"Magna Carta: Tears of Blood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8578845\",\n \"text\": \"The Charter of the Forest of 1217 ( or ) is a charter that re-established for free men rights of access to the royal forest that had been eroded by King William the Conqueror and his heirs. Many of its provisions were in force for centuries afterwards. It was originally sealed in England by the young King Henry III, acting under the regency of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. It was in many ways a companion document to the Magna Carta. The charter redressed some applications of the Anglo-Norman Forest Law that had been extended and abused by King William Rufus. History \\\"Forest\\\" to the Normans meant an enclosed area where the monarch, or sometimes another aristocrat, had exclusive rights to animals of the chase and the greenery (\\\"vert\\\") on which they fed. It did not consist only of trees, but included large areas of commons such as heathland, grassland and wetlands, productive of food, grazing and other resources. Lands became more restricted as King Richard and King John designated increasing areas as royal forest, off-limits to commoners. At its widest extent, royal forest covered about one-third of the land of southern England. Thus it became an increasing hardship on the common people to try to farm, forage, and otherwise use the land they lived on. The Charter of the Forest was first issued on 6 November 1217 at Old St Paul's Cathedral, London as a complementary charter to the Magna Carta from which it had evolved. It was reissued in 1225 with a number of minor changes to wording, but cancelled in 1227 when Henry III declared his adulthood. It was joined with the Magna Carta in the Confirmation of Charters in 1297. At a time when royal forests were the most important potential source of fuel for cooking, heating and industries such as charcoal burning, and of such hotly defended rights as pannage (pasture for their pigs), estover (collecting firewood), agistment (grazing), or turbary (cutting of turf for fuel), this charter was almost unique in providing a degree of economic protection for free men who used the forest to forage for food and to graze their animals. In contrast to the Magna Carta, which dealt with the rights of barons, it restored to the common man some real rights, privileges and protections against the abuses of an encroaching aristocracy. For many years it was regarded as a development of great significance in England's constitutional history, with the great seventeenth-century jurist Sir Edward Coke referring to it along with Magna Carta as the Charters of England's Liberties, and Sir William Blackstone remarking in the eighteenth century that: Contents The first chapter of the charter protected common pasture in the forest for all those \\\"accustomed to it\\\", and chapter nine provided for \\\"every man to agist his wood in the forest as he wishes\\\". It added \\\"Henceforth every freeman, in his wood or on his land that he has in the forest, may with impunity make a mill, fish-preserve,\",\n \"title\": \"Charter of the Forest\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5913830\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Burgess (born 28 September 1950) is an English rock drummer, notable for his association with a wide range of British rock and folk-rock bands. In addition to extensive session work, he has been a member of 10cc, Jethro Tull, Camel, Magna Carta, and The Icicle Works. Career Burgess was born in Manchester, England. He started playing drums in 1965 and played in 60s Stockport four piece band Axis, which he left in July 1971. He then joined 10cc on their 1973 UK tour and subsequently played with the band on most of their tours until 1983. He played on the 10cc Live: King Biscuit Flower Hour album recorded in 1975 and officially joined 10cc as drummer, percussionist and occasional keyboardist in 1976 after the departure of Kevin Godley and Lol Creme. His first studio album with the band was Deceptive Bends, which featured the hits \\\"The Things We Do for Love\\\", \\\"Good Morning Judge\\\" and \\\"People in Love\\\". During the 1977 10cc tour Burgess was joined on drums by Stuart Tosh. Burgess continued his association with 10cc on their albums Bloody Tourists (1978), Look Hear? (1980) and Ten Out of 10 (1981). Paul also played drums on Graham Gouldman's Animalympics (1980) soundtrack and Eric Stewart's first two solo albums; the soundtrack to the French film Girls (1980) and Frooty Rooties (1982). Burgess subsequently became a member of The Invisible Girls, a band that backed punk-influenced performance poet John Cooper Clarke on several of his late 70s/early 80s recordings. Burgess temporarily left the band in 1980 and was replaced by Buzzcocks drummer John Maher for the album Pauline Murray and The Invisible Girls, on which the band backed ex-punk singer Pauline Murray. He was also a member of folk-rock outfit Magna Carta for one album, 1981's Midnight Blue. After the release of this album, Magna Carta broke up for several years. The following year 1982, Burgess was briefly a member of Jethro Tull, replacing Gerry Conway, and touring throughout Europe and North America with the band. He was the drummer on the London Symphony Orchestra's album A Classic Case, which also included the rest of the current Jethro Tull members. Burgess was replaced by Doane Perry in 1984. Burgess rejoined 10cc for their 1983 tour, after which 10cc broke up. In 1984, Burgess became a member of progressive rock unit Camel, replacing Stuart Tosh, who had also been a member of 10cc. He stayed for one studio album (Stationary Traveller), and one live album (Pressure Points: Live in Concert) before the band dissolved in 1985. Around the same time, Burgess was the session drummer (though not an official band member) for pop band The Colourfield, playing drums on virtually all the tracks on their 1985 debut LP, Virgins & Philistines. In 1986, he toured with Joan Armatrading and returned as a member of the reformed Magna Carta. During the late 1980s, Burgess also did extensive live work with a range of artists including glam-rocker/rockabilly revivalist Alvin Stardust and disco singer\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Burgess (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39933290\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Part II (On the Run)\\\" is a song recorded by American rapper Jay-Z from his twelfth studio album Magna Carta Holy Grail (2013) featuring American singer and wife Beyoncé. The song was written by Jay-Z, James Fauntleroy, Timbaland, and J-Roc while the production was handled by the latter two. It is viewed as a sequel to Beyoncé and Jay-Z's 2002 collaboration \\\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\\\", a song which was rumored to be about their relationship. \\\"Part II (On the Run)\\\" is a slow-tempo Electro-R&B ballad instrumentally complete with synths and drums, and its lyrics refer to a rebellious couple in love and describe their dangerous relationship. The song charted at numbers 93 and 81 on the UK Singles Chart and US Billboard Hot 100 respectively based on downloads alone, following the release of Magna Carta Holy Grail. It was sent to U.S. contemporary hit radio stations as the third single to be released from the album on February 18, 2014. Background \\\"Part II (On the Run)\\\" was written by Jay-Z, James Fauntleroy, Timbaland and J-Roc, while the production was handled by the latter two. It contains a sample of \\\"Believe in Me\\\" by American band One Way and Jay-Z uses Juvenile's \\\"Back That Azz Up\\\" flow when he rhymes \\\"Push your ma'fucka wig back, I did that/I been wilding since a Juve.\\\" \\\"Part II (On the Run)\\\" is viewed as a sequel to Beyoncé and Jay-Z's collaboration \\\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\\\" (2002), when rumors about the pair dating started, as before that neither artist had never talked about it. The lyrics of the song were revealed by Jay-Z prior to its official release on June 27, 2013 thru a Samsung smartphone application. However, on July 4, 2013, the song leaked on the Internet prior to its official premiere. \\\"Part II (On the Run)\\\" was sent to U.S. contemporary hit radio stations on February 18, 2014 as the third single to be released from Magna Carta Holy Grail. Composition \\\"Part II (On the Run)\\\" is a smooth slow-tempo electro-R&B love ballad which is equipped with a steamy, retro and retro-futuristic groove that creates an acute level of moody texture. It is instrumentally complete with keyboards and drums. Jon Pareles, a writer of The New York Times noted that it was the closest song to pop music on Magna Carta Holy Grail. Pareles further noted that Timbaland's production sets aside his usual brittle tones to hint at the keyboard confections of 1980's Lionel Richie and Don Henley. Lyrically, the song speaks about a rebellious couple that is desperately in love. The song opens with an airy prelude during which Beyoncé sings the lines, \\\"Who wants that perfect love story anyway anyway / Cliché cliché cliché. Who wants that hero love that saves the day anyway, cliché cliché cliché\\\" in dreamy lead vocals along with breathy harmonies. Jay-Z and Beyoncé further trade verses about fugitives finding romance, with Beyoncé singing, \\\"I hear sirens while we make love\\\" and slowly exhaling in the song,\",\n \"title\": \"Part II (On the Run)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32188384\",\n \"text\": \"MoeTar is an American, Bay Area, California-based rock group, founded by singer Moorea Dickason (\\\"Moe\\\") and bassist Tarik Ragab (\\\"Tar\\\"). Moorea and Tarik previously worked together in the more politically charged funk/pop band No Origin. History Moorea and Tarik formed the band in 2008 with Matthew Heulitt (Narada Michael Walden, Zigaboo Modeliste) on guitar, David Flores (Lauryn Hill, John Santos, Carne Cruda) on drums, and Bob Crawford on keyboards. Early on Bob left the band, and was replaced by Matt Lebofsky (miRthkon, Faun Fables, Secret Chiefs 3). With the lineup in place, the band entered a period of intense rehearsals and shows. Their first gig (May 17, 2009) was performing near the finish line at the annual Bay to Breakers race in San Francisco. They also performed at the annual Burning Man Decompression Festival, and played the opening slot at the final show of Sleepytime Gorilla Museum. In 2010, they recorded their debut CD From These Small Seeds with engineer Dan Rathbun (of Sleepytime Gorilla Museum, Idiot Flesh). The album was self-released in July, 2010. Papa J of CalProg ranked it the number 4 best album of 2010. In 2011, they signed to Magna Carta Records who re-released From These Small Seeds on CD in early 2012 with different artwork. In 2013, they started recording their second CD Entropy of the Century which was released in August 2014. Jonathan Herrera (Zigaboo Modeliste, Miguel Migs, Cathedrals) helped contribute to the recording process of this record and then officially joined the band, also on keyboards. Band members Moorea Dickason – vocals Tarik Ragab – bass, backing vocals Matthew Heulitt – guitar, backing vocals Matt Lebofsky – keyboards, backing vocals David M. Flores – drums Jonathan Herrera – keyboards (since 2014) Discography Albums From These Small Seeds (2012, Magna Carta Records #MA-9111) Entropy of the Century (2014, Magna Carta Records #MA-9118-2) The Final Four (EP) (2018, self-release on Bandcamp) References External links MoeTar – official website Papa J's Top 10 albums of 2010 American experimental musical groups Musical groups from Oakland, California Magna Carta Records artists\",\n \"title\": \"MoeTar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64569566\",\n \"text\": \"The Jurors is an artwork by Hew Locke, installed at Runnymede in Surrey in 2015 to commemorate the 800th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta. Commissioned in 2014 by Surrey County Council and the National Trust, it comprises 12 high-backed bronze chairs placed in a grassy meadow, arranged in a rectangular formation to face inwards as if around a table, with one chair at each end and five along each side. Each chair measures , and the installation covers an area of . The surfaces of each chair are decorated with images and symbols representing freedom, the rule of law, and human rights, clockwise from one end: The decorations cast into the chairs also include garlands of flowers, as a reference to the Victorian language of flowers, including coltsfoot, black-eyed Susan and horse chestnut for aspects of justice, and hops for injustice; images of ermine as a reference to the traditional robes of English judges; and keys to prison cells, including a key to the Bastille which was given to George Washington by the Marquis de Lafayette in 1790. Locke deliberately avoided representing a \\\"collection of heroes\\\", and intended his 24 selected scenes to provoke reflection and debate. Locke considers that the artwork is only completed when each chair is occupied by people discussing the issues depicted. It was dedicated on 15 June 2015, at a ceremony attended by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. The ceremony included a dramatised performance of the poem \\\"Or In Any Other Way\\\" by Owen Sheers, in which twelve actors emerged from the crowds to recite a stanza each, and then took a place on one of the chairs. References The Jurors by Hew Locke, at Runnymede and Ankerwycke, National Trust What does The Jurors represent?, National Trust The dedication of The Jurors at Runnymede, National Trust The Jurors artwork at Runnymede, Exploring Surrey's Past The Jurors, an artwork by Hew Locke for Runnymede - Lillie Lenton, Exploring Surrey's Past The Jurors, an artwork by Hew Locke for Runnymede - Clause 39 of Magna Carta, Exploring Surrey's Past The Jurors, an artwork by Hew Locke for Runnymede - freedom of speech, Exploring Surrey's Past Hew Locke, Exploring Surrey's Past The Jurors, hewlocke.net Magna Carta: Prince William unveils Hew Locke's new artwork The Jurors at Runnymede, SurreyLive, 16 June 2015 The Jurors and the Queen: Memorialising Magna Carta at Runnymede, Steven Franklin, 18 October 2017 Hew Locke, The Jurors, situations.org.uk 2015 sculptures Buildings and structures in Surrey\",\n \"title\": \"The Jurors\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46723566\",\n \"text\": \"Magna Carta (An Embroidery) is a 2015 work by English installation artist Cornelia Parker. The artwork is an embroidered representation of the complete text and images of an online encyclopedia article for Magna Carta, as it appeared in English Wikipedia on 15 June 2014, the 799th anniversary of the document. Execution The hand-stitched embroidery is 1.5 metres (5') wide and nearly 13 metres (42') long. It is a response to the legacy of Magna Carta in the digital era and Parker has referred to it as \\\"a snapshot of where the debate is right now\\\", the result of all open edits by English Wikipedians up to that date. It was commissioned by the Ruskin School of Art at the University of Oxford in partnership with the British Library, after being chosen from proposals from a shortlist of artists in February 2014. Parker used a screenshot from the 15 June 2014 English Wikipedia article for Magna Carta and printed it onto fabric. Like English Wikipedia, the embroidery was created through the collaboration of many individuals. It was divided in 87 sections and sent to 200 individuals who each hand-stitched portions of the artwork. She sought the collaboration of people and groups that have been affected by and associated with Magna Carta. The majority of the text was sewn by prisoners. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild stitched the images, with at least one embroiderer selected from each region of the UK. Many celebrities and public figures also contributed, stitching phrases or words of special significance to them. Parker has represented the work as \\\"Echoing the communal activity that resulted in the Bayeux Tapestry, but on this occasion placing more emphasis on the word rather than the image, I wanted to create an artwork that is a contemporary interpretation of Magna Carta.\\\" The work includes a tea stain from a prisoner and a spot of blood from Guardian editor Alan Rusbridger, who accidentally pricked his finger while sewing. Embroiderers Parker invited some 200 people to hand-stitch portions of the work including prison inmates, civil rights campaigners, MPs, lawyers, barons and artists. Much of the work was done by 36 prisoners from 13 different prisons in England, under the supervision of the social enterprise Fine Cell Work. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild contributed the images as did students from the Royal School of Needlework and the London embroidery company Hand & Lock. Six students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School, London were the youngest contributors to the work. Parker invited royalty to contribute to the work, but they declined. She said that right-wing people were more likely to decline; both Gordon Brown and Alex Salmond also declined to contribute. List of contributors Julian Assange – \\\"freedom\\\" Mary Beard Shami Chakrabarti – \\\"Charter of Liberties\\\" Kenneth Clarke Jarvis Cocker – \\\"common people\\\" for the song of the same name Brian Eno – \\\"in perpetuity\\\" Anthea Godfrey (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of Pope Innocent III Antony Gormley Germaine Greer Igor Judge, Baron Judge and Lady\",\n \"title\": \"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76368886\",\n \"text\": \"Magna Carta Cartel (MCC) is a Swedish alternative rock band, formed in Linköping in 2006. History The band's first EP Valiant Visions Dawn was released in 2008. In the fall of 2009 Magna Carta Cartel released their debut album Goodmorning Restrained. In March 2017, Martin Persner revealed that for seven years he has participated in the band Ghost (who's primary songwriter was Mary Goore, a former member of MCC) under the name \\\"Omega\\\" and will now instead shake up his former band, Magna Carta Cartel. In May 2017, the band made a comeback with the release of the EP The Demon King. In September 2018, they released the single \\\"The Sun & The Rain\\\". Band members Members Martin Persner – lead vocals, guitars Pär Glendor – guitars, keyboards Arvid Persner – drums, guitars Niels Nielsen – guitars, keyboards Former members Simon Söderberg – guitars, vocals Tobias Forge – guitars, bass Discography Albums Goodmorning Restrained (2009) THE DYING OPTION (2022) EPs Valiant Visions Dawn EP (2008) The Demon King EP (2017) References External links Official website Swedish alternative rock groups Culture in Linköping\",\n \"title\": \"Magna Carta Cartel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69809271\",\n \"text\": \"In 1816, the London bookbinder John Whittaker (also described as a bookseller or associated with other book-related occupations) produced a luxury edition of Magna Carta on its 600th anniversary. It was officially styled Magna Carta Regis Johannis XV. Die Junii Anno Regni XVII. The text of Whittaker's Magna Carta was in gold. Copies in the small edition were intended for the king and other nobles; George III and either John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, or his son, were known to have copies. Different copies use different materials: some are printed on vellum, others on satin or paper. About 40 were auctioned in the 20th century. Thomas Frognall Dibdin described Whittaker's Magna Carta as \\\"gorgeous and truly unrivalled\\\" in Bibliographical Decameron. Citations Works cited 1816 books Magna Carta\",\n \"title\": \"Whittaker Magna Carta\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2089508\",\n \"text\": \"The Walls Came Tumbling Down is a film script written by author Robert Anton Wilson, first published in book form in 1997. Plot summary The introduction of the book includes Wilson's thoughts abouts many things, including UFOs, Magna Carta, the IRA and Nelson Mandela. It also includes Wilson's explanation of how he wrote the screenplay after a film deal had collapsed and he was trying to get another deal together. The book deals with the sometimes frightening experiences that happen to those who stumble into an expanded consciousness without any intent to go there and without any preparation or Operating Manual to tell them how to navigate when the walls tumble and the doors of perception fly open, leaving the brain suddenly free of the limits of \\\"mind\\\". Title references The title refers not only to the walls of Jericho in the Bible story but also to the tunnel-walls of the labyrinth of Minos in the Greek myth, which hid Theseus and the Minotaur from each other before their final confrontation. It also refers to the Leary-Wilson reality-tunnels. The plot revolves around three characters, Michael, Simon, and Cathy. See also Mystical experiences Ego death Higher consciousness Religious ecstasy External links Excerpt from The Walls Came Tumbling Down 1997 books Books by Robert Anton Wilson\",\n \"title\": \"The Walls Came Tumbling Down (Wilson book)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15621393\",\n \"text\": \"John of England has been portrayed many times in fiction, generally reflecting the overwhelmingly negative view of his reputation. Art The North Wall Frieze in the courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States depicts King John granting Magna Carta. Literature King John is the protagonist of John Bale's sixteenth-century Protestant play King Johan, in which he is depicted positively as a bulwark against the papacy. John was the subject of an anonymous Elizabethan play, The Troublesome Reign of King John, in 1591. The play reflects the sympathetic view of King John during the English Reformation; it depicts John as \\\"a fearless resister of the Papacy\\\". This play is believed by many Shakespeare scholars to have been a source for Shakespeare's play. King John appears in the plays The Downfall of Robert Earl of Huntington and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (1598) by Anthony Munday. Munday's two plays feature the exploits of Robin Hood, and John is depicted as Robin's enemy in these plays. Munday's work thus incorporated King John into the Robin Hood legends. As a result of this, John and one of his Justices in Eyre, the Sheriff of Nottingham, are frequently portrayed as villain and henchman in later versions Robin Hood legends. These usually place the Robin Hood stories in the latter part of Richard I's reign, when Richard was in captivity and John was acting as unofficial regent. John was the subject of a Shakespearean play, King John (written c. 1595, and published in 1623). Prince John is a central figure in the 1819 historical romance Ivanhoe, by Sir Walter Scott, and is depicted in subsequent adaptations. Ivanhoe helped popularize the image of King John as cruel and villainous. The novel also calls John a \\\"Norman\\\", although contemporary documents from the period of John's reign do not refer to the monarch as a Norman. King John features in the three-decker novel Forest Days (1843) by G. P. R. James, about the First Barons' War. The children's novel The Constable's Tower: or the Times of Magna Charta (1891) by Charlotte Mary Yonge, revolves around John signing Magna Carta, and also features the Siege of Dover during the First Barons' War. The novel Uncanonized (1900) by Margaret Horton Potter features King John. King John is the subject of A. A. Milne's poem for children, King John's Christmas (1927), which begins \\\"King John was not a good man\\\", but slowly builds sympathy for him as he fears not getting anything for Christmas, when all he really wants is a rubber ball. In the comic parody 1066 and All That (1930) John is depicted as \\\"an Awful King\\\". The Devil and King John by Philip Lindsay (1943) is a highly speculative but relatively sympathetic account. Philip José Farmer, a science fiction author, featured King John as one of several historical figures in his Riverworld saga. Below the Salt (1957) by Thomas B. Costain depicts the First Baron's War and John's signing of Magna Carta. John is a\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of John, King of England\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34691325\",\n \"text\": \"Daniel Gwynne Jones (born 27 July 1981) is a British popular historian, TV presenter, and journalist. He was educated at The Royal Latin School, a state grammar school in Buckingham, before attending Pembroke College, Cambridge. Early life and education Jones was born in Reading, England, in 1981 to Welsh parents. He was educated at The Royal Latin School, a state grammar school in Buckingham, before attending Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he achieved a first-class degree in history in 2002. Career Historian Dan Jones' first history book was a popular narrative history of the English Peasants' Revolt of 1381, titled Summer of Blood: The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, which was published in 2009. His second book, The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England, was published in 2012 in the United Kingdom and a year later in the United States, where it became a New York Times bestseller. The book, which covers the history of the Plantagenet dynasty from Henry II to Richard II, received positive reviews from critics. Jones' third book, The Hollow Crown: The Wars of the Roses and the Rise of the Tudors published in 2014, picks up where The Plantagenets leaves off and covers the period 1420–1541, from the death of Henry V to the execution of Henry VIII's cousin, Margaret Pole. His fourth book, also published in 2014 is about Magna Carta and is titled Magna Carta: The Making and Legacy of the Great Charter. Jones' next book, The Templars, The Rise and the Spectacular Fall of God's Holy Warriors, was published in September 2017 about the Knights Templar. Jones also worked as a historical consultant on the 2018 History historical drama Knightfall, presenting the official podcast. In August 2018, he published The Colour of Time: A New History of the World, 1850–1960 illustrated by Marina Amaral. He collaborated with Amaral again in 2020 for the book The World Aflame. Crusaders: The Epic History of the Wars for the Holy Land was published on 5 September 2019. It deals with the Crusades from 1096 onwards. Powers and Thrones: A New History of the Middle Ages was published by Head of Zeus in 2021. His first historical fiction debut began with his 2022 book Essex Dogs which is part of a planned trilogy. It details the life of a platoon of archers and men-at-arms during the Hundred Years' War. In 2022, Jones started his own podcast through Somethin' Else and Sony Music Entertainment called This Is History: A Dynasty to Die For, recounting much of the content of his 2012 book, The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England. TV presenter In 2014, Jones' book The Plantagenets was adapted for television as a four-part series on Channel 5 entitled Britain's Bloodiest Dynasty: The Plantagenets. Jones has also made a twelve-part series for Channel 5, Secrets of Great British Castles. In April 2016 he co-wrote and co-presented, with Suzannah Lipscomb, Henry VIII and His Six Wives, shown on Channel 5. In May 2017 he co-wrote and co-presented a three-part docu-drama,\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Jones (writer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3098984\",\n \"text\": \"MagnaCarta: The Phantom of Avalanche (마그나카르타 ~눈사태의 망령~), also known as just MagnaCarta (마그나카르타), is a Korean role-playing video game developed and published by Softmax for Windows in 2001. It is the predecessor to the PlayStation 2 title, Magna Carta: Tears of Blood, and was the first installment in the Magna Carta series. It was never released outside of Korea. Gameplay The game's Carta (眞名) system, which takes on a similar method as Final Fantasy VIIIs junction system, relies on the usage of hanja (Han characters) to represent various energy patterns as every living thing carries a distinct energy pattern and may rely upon the use of Carta to manipulate this energy for various purposes. In application, these patterns are individually assigned to each character attribute to directly affect character growth. Some Carta may be more effective when assigned to a specific attribute due to the compatibility between the character's own personal energies in compliance with the Carta's unique energies. The available stock of the particular Carta also plays a role in determining its effectiveness. Magna Carta employs a turn-based battle system based on the conditional usage of TP (Turn Points). When a character achieves his or her turn, the player is given the options of moving the character around and / or executing a skill. (The turn automatically ends upon executing a skill, regardless of any other conditions present.) Both the movement range of the character, as well as any skills she or he executes, costs a specific number of Turn Points to be accomplished. While moving, free roaming is allowed around the battle field during one's turn, but within a limited range which is indicated by an aura. The size of the aura, like many elements of battle, may be affected by the turn range, so characters who have TP left over from previous rounds may find a slight range advantage in the next. Plot Calintz, once having been a high-ranking royal guard, has left his home of Shudelmir many years ago to seek adventure elsewhere. Though having left his home in a peaceful state, Calintz decided to return home years later only to find Shudelmir in chaos. The sheer growth of monsters, as well as the rise of two important factions, have left Calintz with no choice but to join the Schwarz Strum as the 7th Squad Leader. Rumors have surfaced about the origin of the monsters. Particularly, the monster growth has been attributed to the enthroning of the new Emperor, Shulenlord. Many people believe that Vermillion, one of the two rising factions, is releasing the creatures in hopes of dethroning the new Emperor, and that the Emperor is retaliating against Vermillion in this same fashion. Amidst this conflict, political struggles between the fallen Princess, Juclecia, and the new Empress, Leona, have contributed a fair share to the chaos of Shudelmir. Having lost her mother to a senseless crime of murder, Juclecia was stripped of her royal authority and cast out into the rural district to conscribe\",\n \"title\": \"Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39696085\",\n \"text\": \"Magna Carta Holy Grail (alternatively written and stylized as Magna Carta... Holy Grail) is the twelfth studio album by American rapper Jay-Z. It was made available at first for free digital download for Samsung customers via the Jay-Z Magna Carta app on July 4, 2013. It was released for retail sale on July 8, 2013 by Roc Nation, Roc-A-Fella, and Universal Music Distribution, as well as the final release by Roc-A-Fella before the label was shuttered. The album features guest appearances by Justin Timberlake, Nas, Rick Ross, Frank Ocean and Beyoncé. Most of the album was produced by Timbaland and Jerome \\\"J-Roc\\\" Harmon, while other producers included Boi-1da, Mike Will Made It, Hit-Boy, Mike Dean, No I.D., The-Dream, Swizz Beatz, and Pharrell Williams among others. The album was promoted through various commercials presented by Samsung and was not preceded by any retail singles. The album spawned three successful singles, \\\"Holy Grail\\\", \\\"Tom Ford\\\" and \\\"Part II (On the Run)\\\" featuring Beyoncé. Multiple other songs on the album achieved chart success including, \\\"FuckWithMeYouKnowIGotIt\\\", \\\"Oceans\\\", \\\"Heaven\\\" and \\\"Picasso Baby\\\". Additionally, the album was supported by three concert tours: Legends of the Summer (co-headlined with Justin Timberlake), Magna Carter World Tour and On the Run Tour (co-headlined with his wife Beyoncé). Upon its release, Magna Carta... Holy Grail was met with mixed reviews from music critics. Some complimented the album's production and composition, while others were disappointed with its overall theme and found many songs repetitive. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, selling 528,000 copies in its first week, making it Jay-Z's 13th consecutive studio album to top the chart. On September 2, 2013, it was announced that the album was certified double platinum by the RIAA, for shipments of two million copies. At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, the album was nominated in six categories, winning the award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \\\"Holy Grail\\\" featuring Justin Timberlake. Background On September 23, 2010, rapper Q-Tip confirmed working on Jay-Z's twelfth studio album, with a tentative release in 2011. By May 2012, reports arose that he was working on new music with Roc Nation producer Jahlil Beats. In an interview with XXL, Beats stated: \\\"Me and Jay-Z been going back and forth. He picked a couple of my joints that he's working on. I don't even wanna say too much about Jay, but we definitely working on some stuff. I haven't even sent him a bunch of beats. I sent him my favorite stuff. He hit me right back like, 'Yo, I'ma go in on this,' or, 'I like this.'\\\" The album development was kept a secret, but The-Dream hinted about a new Jay-Z album in an April 2013 interview with Hot 97. Leading up to the album's announcement, Jay-Z served as an executive producer for both the film The Great Gatsby and its soundtrack, The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film, which he and film director Baz Luhrmann worked together for two years . The opening song,\",\n \"title\": \"Magna Carta Holy Grail\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41713649\",\n \"text\": \"Magna Carta College (also known as Magna Carta College, Oxford and formerly as GBSO) is an independent business school in Oxford, United Kingdom. Accreditation Magna Carta College programmes were, until April 2015, accredited through the University of Buckingham and were previously accredited through the University of Wales until 2011, when the University of Wales announced that it would cease to act as an accrediting body for other universities. Students who had registered for accredited courses at the time of the announcement could remain on their University of Wales course until graduation. Between 2013 and 2016 the college was acquired and run by a team of investors, ceasing all involvement or association with Magna Carta College in Nov 2016. In 2017 the founder and the original academic faculty reacquired the name, and relaunched the school, to coincide with the partnership with London Metropolitan University to deliver an online (blended learning) MBA programme, leading to a degree award by London Met. Associated organisations Magna Carta College has affiliations or partnerships with the following organisations Buckinghamshire New University London Metropolitan University Pearson References Universities and colleges in England Business schools in England Education in Oxford\",\n \"title\": \"Magna Carta College\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30333410\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Care (1646–1688) was an English political writer and journalist, or \\\"Whig propagandist\\\", whose speciality was anti-Catholicism. Life Care edited a paper called the Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome. It began as a serial publication covering the history of the Protestant Reformation. After the publicity for the alleged Popish Plot of 1678, he wrote against the Church of England and its members, then supposed by some to be deeply inclined towards popery. He was tried at Guildhall, 2 July 1680, on an information against him as the author of this journal, and more particularly for a clause against the lord chief justice, William Scroggs, who himself sat as judge at the trial. The jury found him guilty, and Care was prohibited from printing his journal. These proceedings then constituted one of the charges brought against Scroggs, who was removed from the bench some months later, and Care continued to publish. Care's last number of the Weekly Pacquet, which extended to five volumes, is dated 13 July 1683, at which time he fell ill. In 1682 Care fell out with Langley Curtis, the original publisher; Care, who lived at the time in the Great Old Bailey, continued to work on his own account. But at the start of the quarrel, Curtis, employed William Salmon, another writer, to publish a continuation of the Pacquets, and he did so from 25 August 1682, the same day as Care's fifth volume also began, until 4 May 1683. The English Liberties (1680, in later versions often British Liberties) was a cheap polemical book that was influential and much-reprinted, in the American colonies as well as Britain, and made Magna Carta central to the history and the contemporary legitimacy of its subject. The Excellent Priviledge of Liberty (1687), an American book generally attributed to William Penn, reprinted the text of both Magna Carta (its first American printing) and (without attributing it) English Liberties. Legacy The English Liberties continued to be reprinted until the late 18th century. A two-volume adaptation of the Weekly Pacquet, under the title The History of Popery, appeared anonymously in 1735–6. Notes References Breay, Claire, Harrison, Julian (eds.), Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy, 2015, The British Library, Attribution 1646 births 1688 deaths English male journalists English male non-fiction writers\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Care\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10682044\",\n \"text\": \"William de Lanvallei III (died 1217) was an English landowner, governor of Colchester Castle. He was lord of Walkern, Hertfordshire. Relationship with King John William III accompanied King John of England on his expedition to Poitou in 1214 and was present at the truce. William III was an enforcer of Magna Carta and was related to several of the Magna Carta barons (see \\\"family\\\" section below). Family William was the grandson of the founder of the family fortune, William de Lanvallai I, a Breton. William I (1125-1180), was an administrator for Henry II of England after his takeover of the duchy of Brittany in 1166. William served in the office for five years, crossing to England in 1171 or 1172. to become the king's castellan of Winchester. William I married Gunnora, the daughter of Hubert de Saint Clair (1120-1155). William II (c.1161-1204), son of William I, married Hawise, great-granddaughter of Hugh de Bocland (Buckland, Oxfordshire). William III, son of William II, married Maud, daughter of Gilbert (Hamon) Peche. Maud was niece of Robert Fitzwalter, a leader of the Magna Carta barons. Hawise, daughter of William III, was placed as ward with Hubert de Burgh. Hubert married Hawise to his son, John. References External links website for Walkern History Society website for the Magna Carta Barons Association 12th-century births 1217 deaths 12th-century English landowners 13th-century English landowners Anglo-Normans Magna Carta barons People from Colchester People from Hertfordshire English feudal barons\",\n \"title\": \"William de Lanvallei\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8268876\",\n \"text\": \"(or the Great Charter of Ireland) is an issue of the English Magna Carta (or Great Charter of Liberties) in Ireland. King Henry III of England's charter of 1216 was issued for Ireland on 12 November 1216 but not transmitted to Ireland until February 1217; it secured rights for the Anglo-Norman magnates in Ireland. The charter was reissued in 1217 as in England. It was in effect the application of Magna Carta to Ireland, with appropriate substitutions (such as \\\"Dublin\\\" for \\\"London\\\", and \\\"Irish Church\\\" for \\\"Church of England\\\"). The only known copy of the charter was once to be found in the Red Book of the Dublin Court of Exchequer, a manuscript volume compiled in the fourteenth century. The Red Book was destroyed in the explosion at the Four Courts in Dublin, in 1922, but the charter had been recorded by H. F. Berry in Early Statutes of Ireland (1907). Magna Carta Hiberniae 1216 (1 Hen. 3) is now a retained statute in the Republic of Ireland under the Statute Law Revision Act 2007, s.2(2)(a), Schedule 1. Further reading Early Statutes of Ireland H. F. Berry, 1907 Magna Charta Hiberniae, pp. 31–33, H.G. Richardson, Irish Historical Studies References External links Magna Charta Hiberniae 1216 (Great Charter of Ireland) Statute Law Revision Act 2007 1210s in law Irish laws Law of Northern Ireland Legal history of Ireland 1216 in Europe 13th century in Ireland Medieval charters and cartularies\",\n \"title\": \"Great Charter of Ireland\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1215"],"string":"[\n \"1215\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":53,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_22579"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what kind of change happens to water when it is boiled"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"1262296","text":"In thermodynamics, Trouton's rule states that the (molar) entropy of vaporization is almost the same value, about 85–88 J/(K·mol), for various kinds of liquids at their boiling points. The entropy of vaporization is defined as the ratio between the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling temperature. It is named after Frederick Thomas Trouton. It is expressed as a function of the gas constant : A similar way of stating this (Trouton's ratio) is that the latent heat is connected to boiling point roughly as Trouton’s rule can be explained by using Boltzmann's definition of entropy to the relative change in free volume (that is, space available for movement) between the liquid and vapour phases. It is valid for many liquids; for instance, the entropy of vaporization of toluene is 87.30 J/(K·mol), that of benzene is 89.45 J/(K·mol), and that of chloroform is 87.92 J/(K·mol). Because of its convenience, the rule is used to estimate the enthalpy of vaporization of liquids whose boiling points are known. The rule, however, has some exceptions. For example, the entropies of vaporization of water, ethanol, formic acid and hydrogen fluoride are far from the predicted values. The entropy of vaporization of at its boiling point has the extraordinarily high value of 136.9 J/(K·mol). The characteristic of those liquids to which Trouton’s rule cannot be applied is their special interaction between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding. The entropy of vaporization of water and ethanol shows positive deviance from the rule; this is because the hydrogen bonding in the liquid phase lessens the entropy of the phase. In contrast, the entropy of vaporization of formic acid has negative deviance. This fact indicates the existence of an orderly structure in the gas phase; it is known that formic acid forms a dimer structure even in the gas phase. Negative deviance can also occur as a result of a small gas-phase entropy owing to a low population of excited rotational states in the gas phase, particularly in small molecules such as methane a small moment of inertia giving rise to a large rotational constant , with correspondingly widely separated rotational energy levels and, according to Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, a small population of excited rotational states, and hence a low rotational entropy. The validity of Trouton's rule can be increased by considering Here, if , the right hand side of the equation equals , and we find the original formulation for Trouton's rule. References Further reading - Publication of Trouton's rule Atkins, Peter (1978). Physical Chemistry Oxford University Press Chemistry theories Thermodynamic properties","title":"Trouton's rule"},{"docid":"58091424","text":"A pool fire is a type of diffusion flame where a layer of volatile liquid fuel is evaporating and burning. The fuel layer can be either on a horizontal solid substrate or floating on a higher-density liquid, usually water. Pool fires are an important scenario in fire process safety and combustion science, as large amounts of liquid fuels are stored and transported by different industries. Physical properties The most important physical parameter describing a pool fire is the heat release rate, which determines the minimum safe distance needed to avoid burns from thermal radiation. The heat release rate is limited by the rate of evaporation of the fuel, as the combustion reaction takes place in the gas phase. The evaporation rate, in turn, is determined by other physical parameters, such as the depth, surface area and shape of the pool, as well as the fuel boiling point, heat of vaporization, heat of combustion, thermal conductivity and others. A feedback loop exists between the heat release rate and evaporation rate, as a significant part of the energy released in the combustion reaction will be transmitted from the gas phase to the liquid fuel, and can supply the needed heat of vaporization. In the case of large pool fires, most of the heat transfer happens in the form of thermal radiation. Typical fuels in accidental pool fires, or experiments simulating them, include aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-heptane, liquefied propane gas), aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene), alcohols (methanol, ethanol) or mixtures thereof (kerosene). It is important that a pool fire involving a water-insoluble fuel is not attempted to be extinguished with water, as this can trigger explosive boiling and spattering of the burning material. Open-top tank fires are pool fires of industrial scale that occur when the roof of an atmospheric tank fails due to internal tank blast, followed by the contents of the tank catching fire. If a layer of water is present underneath the fuel and the fuel is a mixture of chemical species with several different boiling points, a boilover may eventually occur, greatly aggravating the fire. The boilover onset occurs as soon as a hot zone propagates down through the fuel, reaching the water and making it boil. See also Radiative transfer Fire safety References Types of fire Process safety","title":"Pool fire"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"1262296\",\n \"text\": \"In thermodynamics, Trouton's rule states that the (molar) entropy of vaporization is almost the same value, about 85–88 J/(K·mol), for various kinds of liquids at their boiling points. The entropy of vaporization is defined as the ratio between the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling temperature. It is named after Frederick Thomas Trouton. It is expressed as a function of the gas constant : A similar way of stating this (Trouton's ratio) is that the latent heat is connected to boiling point roughly as Trouton’s rule can be explained by using Boltzmann's definition of entropy to the relative change in free volume (that is, space available for movement) between the liquid and vapour phases. It is valid for many liquids; for instance, the entropy of vaporization of toluene is 87.30 J/(K·mol), that of benzene is 89.45 J/(K·mol), and that of chloroform is 87.92 J/(K·mol). Because of its convenience, the rule is used to estimate the enthalpy of vaporization of liquids whose boiling points are known. The rule, however, has some exceptions. For example, the entropies of vaporization of water, ethanol, formic acid and hydrogen fluoride are far from the predicted values. The entropy of vaporization of at its boiling point has the extraordinarily high value of 136.9 J/(K·mol). The characteristic of those liquids to which Trouton’s rule cannot be applied is their special interaction between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding. The entropy of vaporization of water and ethanol shows positive deviance from the rule; this is because the hydrogen bonding in the liquid phase lessens the entropy of the phase. In contrast, the entropy of vaporization of formic acid has negative deviance. This fact indicates the existence of an orderly structure in the gas phase; it is known that formic acid forms a dimer structure even in the gas phase. Negative deviance can also occur as a result of a small gas-phase entropy owing to a low population of excited rotational states in the gas phase, particularly in small molecules such as methane a small moment of inertia giving rise to a large rotational constant , with correspondingly widely separated rotational energy levels and, according to Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, a small population of excited rotational states, and hence a low rotational entropy. The validity of Trouton's rule can be increased by considering Here, if , the right hand side of the equation equals , and we find the original formulation for Trouton's rule. References Further reading - Publication of Trouton's rule Atkins, Peter (1978). Physical Chemistry Oxford University Press Chemistry theories Thermodynamic properties\",\n \"title\": \"Trouton's rule\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58091424\",\n \"text\": \"A pool fire is a type of diffusion flame where a layer of volatile liquid fuel is evaporating and burning. The fuel layer can be either on a horizontal solid substrate or floating on a higher-density liquid, usually water. Pool fires are an important scenario in fire process safety and combustion science, as large amounts of liquid fuels are stored and transported by different industries. Physical properties The most important physical parameter describing a pool fire is the heat release rate, which determines the minimum safe distance needed to avoid burns from thermal radiation. The heat release rate is limited by the rate of evaporation of the fuel, as the combustion reaction takes place in the gas phase. The evaporation rate, in turn, is determined by other physical parameters, such as the depth, surface area and shape of the pool, as well as the fuel boiling point, heat of vaporization, heat of combustion, thermal conductivity and others. A feedback loop exists between the heat release rate and evaporation rate, as a significant part of the energy released in the combustion reaction will be transmitted from the gas phase to the liquid fuel, and can supply the needed heat of vaporization. In the case of large pool fires, most of the heat transfer happens in the form of thermal radiation. Typical fuels in accidental pool fires, or experiments simulating them, include aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-heptane, liquefied propane gas), aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene), alcohols (methanol, ethanol) or mixtures thereof (kerosene). It is important that a pool fire involving a water-insoluble fuel is not attempted to be extinguished with water, as this can trigger explosive boiling and spattering of the burning material. Open-top tank fires are pool fires of industrial scale that occur when the roof of an atmospheric tank fails due to internal tank blast, followed by the contents of the tank catching fire. If a layer of water is present underneath the fuel and the fuel is a mixture of chemical species with several different boiling points, a boilover may eventually occur, greatly aggravating the fire. The boilover onset occurs as soon as a hot zone propagates down through the fuel, reaching the water and making it boil. See also Radiative transfer Fire safety References Types of fire Process safety\",\n \"title\": \"Pool fire\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"36193547","text":"2-Chlorobutane is a compound with formula . It is also called sec-butyl chloride. It is a colorless, volatile liquid at room temperature that is not miscible in water. Physical properties It is a colorless, volatile liquid at room temperature that is not miscible in water. Being an alkyl chloride, its boiling point varies depending on what kind of halide is attached and where it is attached. The boiling points of chlorides are lower than bromides or iodides due to the small size of chlorine relative to other halogens, and its weaker intermolecular forces. Despite its polarity, 2-chlorobutane is only slightly soluble in water due to the hydrocarbon chain its attached to, this makes it soluble in nonpolar-organic solvents. Like many alkyl halides, it is relativity reactive, although not as reactive as iodides and bromides (I>Br>Cl>F), because of this reactivity, alkyl fluorides are more stable than others, and are not readily reactive. Synthesis 2-Chlorobutane can be synthesized through the addition of hydrochloric acid to 2-butene in the following reaction: The reaction is two-step, with the pi electrons attacking the chloride hydrogen, which forms a chloride nucleophile. In the second step, the nucleophile attacks the carbocation generated in the first step. Although addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene is stereoselective, the symmetrical structure of 2-butene prevents an anti-Marknikov product from forming due to both sides of the double bond having the same stability. In addition, 2-chlorobutane can be synthesized in a substitution reaction by reacting 2-butanol with hydrochloric acid. In this case, the reaction is SN1 because 2-butanol generates a carbocation in a 2-step reaction. Because a hydroxyl group is not a good leaving group, it first attacks the chloride hydrogen, creating water, which is a good leaving group, this generates the carbocation. In the second step, the chloride nucleophile attacks the carbocation to form the product. Uses 2-Chlorobutane, along with other alkyl halides, is a useful intermediate in many different organic reactions. The halogen group is an effective leaving group, leading to its use in both elimination and substitution reactions. In addition, the compound is also a candidate for coupling reactions via a Grignard reagent. Substitution reactions In an Sn2 reaction, a nucleophile (iodine) attacks the partially positive carbon, which eliminates the chlorine. This occurs in one step. A less favorable but still possible reaction is an Sn1 reaction, where a secondary carbocation is formed once the leaving group is removed. The nucleophile then attacks the carbocation, forming the product. Elimination reactions Additionally, because 2-chlorobutane is antiperiplanar, it can undergo E2 elimination reactions with strong bases. In it, the chlorine leaving group is removed, and the double bond is restored to yield different constitutional isomers. This is because 2-chlorobutane possesses two different sets of β-hydrogens at the first and third carbons respectively, resulting in 1-butene or 2-butene. It is important to note that as a secondary alkyl halide, both E2 and Sn2 reactions are equally likely when reacting with a substance that can act as both a base and","title":"2-Chlorobutane"},{"docid":"1515874","text":"The history of tea in China is long and complex, for the Chinese have enjoyed tea for millennia. Scholars hailed the brew as a cure for a variety of ailments; the nobility considered the consumption of good tea as a mark of their status, and the common people simply enjoyed its flavour. In 2016, the discovery of the earliest known physical evidence of tea from the mausoleum of Emperor Jing of Han (d. 141 BCE) in Xi'an was announced, indicating that tea from the genus Camellia was drunk by Han dynasty emperors as early as the 2nd century BCE. Tea then became a popular drink in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties. Historical background According to legend, tea was first discovered by the legendary Chinese emperor and herbalist, Shennong, in 2737 BCE. It is said that the emperor liked his drinking water boiled before he drank it so it would be clean, so that is what his servants did. One day, on a trip to a distant region, he and his army stopped to rest. A servant began boiling water for him to drink, and a dead leaf from the wild tea bush fell into the water. It turned a brownish color, but it was unnoticed and presented to the emperor anyway. The emperor drank it and found it very refreshing, and cha (tea) came into being. The Erya, a Chinese dictionary dated to the 3rd century BCE, records that an infusion of some kind of leaf was used as early as the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE). While historically the origin of tea as a medicinal herb useful for staying awake is unclear, China is considered to have the earliest records of tea drinking, with recorded tea use in its history dating back to the first millennium BCE. The Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) used tea as medicine. The use of tea as a beverage drunk for pleasure on social occasions dates from the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) or earlier. The Classic of Tea (茶經) by the Tang dynasty writer Lu Yu (陸羽; 729–804) is an early work on the subject. (See also Tea Classics) According to Cha Jing writing, around CE 760, tea drinking was widespread. The book describes how tea plants were grown, the leaves processed, and tea prepared as a beverage. It also describes how tea was evaluated. The book also discusses where the best tea leaves were produced. At this time in tea's history, the nature of the beverage and style of tea preparation were quite different from the way westerners consume it today. Tea leaves were processed into compressed cakes form. The dried teacake, generally called brick tea was ground in a stone mortar. Hot water was added to the powdered teacake, or the powdered teacake was boiled in earthenware kettles then consumed as a hot beverage. See matcha for the Japanese version of using powdered green tea, which is derived from older Chinese customs. A form of compressed tea referred to as white","title":"History of tea in China"},{"docid":"2807557","text":"Czech cuisine has both influenced and been influenced by the cuisines of surrounding countries and nations. Many of the cakes and pastries that are popular in Central Europe originated within the Czech lands. Contemporary Czech cuisine is more meat-based than in previous periods; the current abundance of farmable meat has enriched its presence in regional cuisine. Traditionally, meat has been reserved for once-weekly consumption, typically on weekends. The body of Czech meals typically consists of two, or sometimes more, courses; the first course is traditionally soup, and the second course is the main dish. If a third course is eaten, which mainly happens at more festive occasions, it is usually a sweet dessert or compote (). In the Czech cuisine, thick soups and many kinds of sauces, both based on stewed or cooked vegetables and meats, often with cream, as well as baked meats with natural sauces (gravies), are popular dishes usually accompanied with beer, especially Pilsner, that Czechs consume the most in the world. Czech cuisine is also very strong in sweet main courses, a unique feature in European cuisines. History The 19th-century Czech language cookbook by Karolína Vávrová shows influences of French cuisine in the order of multi-course meals common throughout the Habsburg monarchy, beginning with soup, followed by fish entrees, meat and sweets. Vávrová deviates from this standard order for the sweets of type. These flour-based sweets, including baked puddings, strudels, doughnuts and souffles could be served either before or after the roast meats, but stewed fruits, creamy desserts, cakes, ice cream, and cookies were to always be served after the roast and for multiple dessert courses would follow this stated order. Side dishes Dumplings () (steamed and sliced like bread) are one of the mainstays of Czech cuisine and are typically served with meals. They can be either wheat or potato-based and are sometimes made from a combination of wheat flour and dices made of stale bread or rolls. Puffed rice can be found in store-prepared mixtures. Smaller Czech dumplings are usually potato-based. When served as leftovers, sliced dumplings are sometimes pan-fried with eggs. Czech potato dumplings are often filled with smoked meat and served with spinach or sauerkraut. Fried onion and braised cabbage can be included as a side dish. There are many other side dishes, including noodles and boiled rice. Potatoes are served boiled with salt, often with caraway seed and butter. Peeled and boiled potatoes are mixed into mashed potatoes. New potatoes are sometimes boiled in their skins, not peeled, from harvest time to new year. Because of the influence of foreign countries, potatoes are also fried, so French fries and croquettes are common in restaurants. Buckwheat, pearl barley and millet grains are rarely served in restaurants. These are more commonly a home-cooked, healthier alternative. Pasta is common, either baked, boiled, cooked with other ingredients, or served as a salad. Pasta is available in different shapes and flavors. This is an influence of Italian and Asian cuisine. Rice and buckwheat noodles are not","title":"Czech cuisine"},{"docid":"17402595","text":"Instant-boiled mutton () is a Chinese hot pot dish. Introduction Instant-boiled mutton, also known as Mongolian Fire Pot or dip-boil mutton, is a Chinese hot pot dish. Traditionally, Chinese people have eaten it inside the home during cold winter weather, but in recent times, instant-boiled mutton has been eaten year-round. It is also eaten in restaurants. Mutton slice often uses different cut from the back (e.g. shangnao, sancha, etc.) and rear legs (e.g. modang). The tail of the lamb is used to prepare the soup base. History Instant-boiled mutton dates back to the Yuan Dynasty. At one point during a battle, the Khagan of the Mongol Empire, Kublai Khan, had a sudden craving for stewed mutton. However, the enemy's troops were approaching. To satisfy Kublai Khan's desire, a chef quickly cut off a dozen thin mutton slices and put them in boiling water. He removed them as soon as the lamb changed color and put them into a bowl with salt. Kublai Khan finished the mutton quickly and returned to the battle, which he won. At the victory banquet, Kublai Khan requested that the chef make this lamb dish again and named it instant-boiled mutton. Cooking and eating method When instant-boiled mutton is eaten in China, a hot-pot of boiling water is placed in the middle of the table. Tofu, Chinese cabbage, bean sprouts, and vermicelli are normally included in the hot-pot. Lamb is pre-sliced paper-thin into unbroken pieces and served on the table. Eaters pick up some pre-sliced raw lamb using chopsticks, put it in the boiling hot-pot, and remove it as soon as the lamb changes color. Each person has a small bowl to hold sauce for the cooked lamb; the sauce is normally a mixture of sesame sauce, chili oil, leeks, and more. See also List of lamb dishes References Zhongli, Tumei. (2007). Food in China. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. . External links www.china.org.cn www.chinesefoodrecipes.org Lamb:Good for you China Eating Out Guide Beijing cuisine Lamb dishes Chinese soups and stews","title":"Instant-boiled mutton"},{"docid":"54305952","text":"Pentamethylantimony or pentamethylstiborane is an organometalllic compound containing five methyl groups bound to an antimony atom with formula Sb(CH3)5. It is an example of a hypervalent compound. The molecular shape is trigonal bipyramid. Some other antimony(V) organometallic compounds include pentapropynylantimony (Sb(CCCH3)5) and pentaphenyl antimony (Sb(C6H5)5). Other known pentamethyl-pnictides include pentamethylbismuth and pentamethylarsenic. Production Pentamethylantimony can be made by reacting Sb(CH3)3Br2 with two equivalents of methyl lithium. Another production route is to convert trimethylstibine to the trimethyl antimony dichloride, and then replace the chlorine with methyl groups with methyl lithium. Sb(CH3)3 + Cl2 → Sb(CH3)3Cl2 Sb(CH3)3Cl2 + 2LiCH3 → Sb(CH3)5 + 2LiCl Properties Pentamethylantimony is colourless. At -143 °C it crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with space group Ccmm. Unit cell dimensions are a=6.630 Å b=11.004 Å c=11.090 Å. There are four formula per unit cell. Unit cell volume is 809.1 Å3. The trigonal bipyramid shape has three equatorial positions for carbon, and two axial positions at the peaks of the pyramids. The length of the antimony-carbon bond is around 214 pm for equatorial methyl groups and 222 pm for the axial positions. The bond angles are 120° for ∠C-Sb-C across the equator, and 90° for ∠C-Sb-C between equator and axis. The molecules rapidly change carbon atom position, so that in NMR spectrum as low as −100 °C, there is only one kind of hydrogen position. Pentamethylantimony is more stable than pentamethylbismuth, because in lower energy trimethylbismuth, the non-bonding pair of electrons is more shielded due to the f-electrons and the lanthanoid contraction. Trimethylantimony is higher in energy, and thus less is released in a decomposition of pentamethylantimony. Pentamethylantimony can be stored as a liquid in clean glass at room temperature. Pentamethylantimony melts at -19 °C. Although it decomposes when boiling is attempted and can explode, it has a high vapour pressure at 8 mmHg at 25 °C. There are two absorption bands in the ultraviolet at 2380 and 2500 Å. Reactions Pentamethylantimony reacts with methyl lithium to yield a colourless lithium hexamethylantimonate in tetrahydrofuran. Sb(CH3)5 + LiCH3 → Li(thf)Sb(CH3)6 Pentamethylantimony reacts with silsesquioxanes to yield tetramethylstibonium silsesquioxanes. eg (cyclo-C6H11)7Si7O9(OH)3 yields (cyclo-C6H11)7Si7O9(OSb(CH3)4)3. The reaction happens quickly when there are more than two OH groups. Phosphonic acids and phosphinic acids combine with pentamethylantimony to yield compounds like (CH3)4SbOP(O)Ph2, (CH3)4SbOP(O)(OH)Ph and (CH3)4SbOP(O)(OH)3, eliminating methane. Stannocene Sn(C5H5)2 combines with pentamethylantimony to produce bis(tetramethylstibonium)tetracyclopentadienylstannate ([(CH3)4Sb]2Sn(C5H5)4). Pentamethylantimony reacts with many very weak acids to form a tetramethylstibonium salt or tetramethylstibonium derivative with the acid. Such acids include water (H2O), alcohols, thiols, phenol, carboxylic acids, hydrogen fluoride, thiocyanic acid, hydrazoic acid, difluorophosphoric acid, thiophosphinic acids, and alkylsilols. With halogens, pentamethylantimony has one or two methyl groups replaced by the halogen atoms. Lewis acids also react to form tetramethyl stibonium salts, including [(CH3)4Sb]TlBr4, [(CH3)4Sb][CH3SbCl5], Pentamethylantimony reacts with the surface of silica to coat it with Si-O-Sb(CH3)4 groups. Over 250 °C this decomposes to Sb(CH3) and leaves methyl groups attached to the silica surface. References Organoantimony compounds Hypervalent molecules Methyl complexes","title":"Pentamethylantimony"},{"docid":"46318","text":"Portable soup was a kind of dehydrated food of English origin used in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was a precursor of meat extract and bouillon cubes, and of industrially dehydrated and instant food. It is also known as pocket soup or veal glue. It is essentially a partially dehydrated broth and a solid counterpart of the glace de viande (meat glaze) used in French cuisine. It was long a staple of British seamen, military and explorers, as it would keep for many months or even a year. In this context, it was considered a filling and nutritious dish. Process Portable soup was made from a slow-cooked beef or veal broth (often 6 to 8 hours), reduced, degreased to remove the fat (which may spoil and become rancid over time) and then reduced repeatedly until it solidified into a jelly. Once it was sufficiently gelatinous to hold its form, it was placed on pieces of flannel or unglazed earthenware dishes and rotated regularly to dry it further. Historically, this was a seasonal process attempted only in the winter when humidity was low. Once dry, it was wrapped in paper and stored in boxes. History Hugh Plat In the late sixteenth century, Sir Hugh Plat wrote, in his unpublished notes, of portable soup as a potential military rations for the army and navy, describing it as meat broth boiled down to a thick and dry paste which he called \"gelly\". Plat's basic recipe was to boil the feet or legs of beef cattle for a long time to make \"a good broath\" which was then strained and boiled down to \"a strong & stiff gelly\". This in turn was dried on clean cloths in a windy place out of the sun, cut with wire into pieces, powdered with flour to stop the pieces from sticking, and stored in wooden boxes. Made in March, it would \"keepe all the yeere\". Alternatively, the dry jelly could be \"stamped\" into shape with a wooden die, like the \"Genoa Paste\" of quinces familiar to Plat and other cooks of the time. He instructed that no sugar or salt should be added to the jelly because such taste would be concentrated by the boiling process, although he speculated that saffron might add colour, and that rosewater could also be added at this stage. He wondered whether baked flour or grated bread could be incorporated to make the jelly \"serve as bread and meate the better\", and whether the addition of isinglass would make it stiffer. The jelly was variously described by Plat as a \"Victual for Warr\", \"dry gelly carried to the sea\", and a food for soldiers on the march. Plat envisaged using this jelly either as the base for soup, or \"neat\" as a concentrated food. Reconstitution as soup simply involved dissolving a piece of the jelly in hot water to make \"good broath\", and, because jelly and water alone would be rather bland, adding such flavourings as were available or to taste","title":"Portable soup"},{"docid":"11763521","text":"In fluid thermodynamics, nucleate boiling is a type of boiling that takes place when the surface temperature is hotter than the saturated fluid temperature by a certain amount but where the heat flux is below the critical heat flux. For water, as shown in the graph below, nucleate boiling occurs when the surface temperature is higher than the saturation temperature () by between . The critical heat flux is the peak on the curve between nucleate boiling and transition boiling. The heat transfer from surface to liquid is greater than that in film boiling. Nucleate boiling is common in electric kettles and is responsible for the noise that occurs before boiling occurs. It also occurs in water boilers where water is rapidly heated. Mechanism Two different regimes may be distinguished in the nucleate boiling range. When the temperature difference is between approximately above TS, isolated bubbles form at nucleation sites and separate from the surface. This separation induces considerable fluid mixing near the surface, substantially increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux. In this regime, most of the heat transfer is through direct transfer from the surface to the liquid in motion at the surface and not through the vapor bubbles rising from the surface. Between above TS, a second flow regime may be observed. As more nucleation sites become active, increased bubble formation causes bubble interference and coalescence. In this region the vapor escapes as jets or columns which subsequently merge into plugs of vapor. Interference between the densely populated bubbles inhibits the motion of liquid near the surface. This is observed on the graph as a change in the direction of the gradient of the curve or an inflection in the boiling curve. After this point, the heat transfer coefficient starts to reduce as the surface temperature is further increased although the product of the heat transfer coefficient and the temperature difference (the heat flux) is still increasing. When the relative increase in the temperature difference is balanced by the relative reduction in the heat transfer coefficient, a maximum heat flux is achieved as observed by the peak in the graph. This is the critical heat flux. At this point in the maximum, considerable vapor is being formed, making it difficult for the liquid to continuously wet the surface to receive heat from the surface. This causes the heat flux to reduce after this point. At extremes, film boiling commonly known as the Leidenfrost effect is observed. The process of forming steam bubbles within liquid in micro cavities adjacent to the wall if the wall temperature at the heat transfer surface rises above the saturation temperature while the bulk of the liquid (heat exchanger) is subcooled. The bubbles grow until they reach some critical size, at which point they separate from the wall and are carried into the main fluid stream. There the bubbles collapse because the temperature of bulk fluid is not as high as at the heat transfer surface, where the bubbles were","title":"Nucleate boiling"},{"docid":"1277505","text":"A steam explosion is an explosion caused by violent boiling or flashing of water or ice into steam, occurring when water or ice is either superheated, rapidly heated by fine hot debris produced within it, or heated by the interaction of molten metals (as in a fuel–coolant interaction, or FCI, of molten nuclear-reactor fuel rods with water in a nuclear reactor core following a core-meltdown). Steam explosions are instances of explosive boiling. Pressure vessels, such as pressurized water (nuclear) reactors, that operate above atmospheric pressure can also provide the conditions for a steam explosion. The water changes from a solid or liquid to a gas with extreme speed, increasing dramatically in volume. A steam explosion sprays steam and boiling-hot water and the hot medium that heated it in all directions (if not otherwise confined, e.g. by the walls of a container), creating a danger of scalding and burning. Steam explosions are not normally chemical explosions, although a number of substances react chemically with steam (for example, zirconium and superheated graphite (inpure carbon, C) react with steam and air respectively to give off hydrogen (H2), which may explode violently in air (O2) to form water or H2O) so that chemical explosions and fires may follow. Some steam explosions appear to be special kinds of boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE), and rely on the release of stored superheat. But many large-scale events, including foundry accidents, show evidence of an energy-release front propagating through the material (see description of FCI below), where the forces create fragments and mix the hot phase into the cold volatile one; and the rapid heat transfer at the front sustains the propagation. If a steam explosion occurs in a confined tank of water due to rapid heating of the water, the pressure wave and rapidly expanding steam can cause severe water hammer. This was the mechanism that, in Idaho, USA, in 1961, caused the SL-1 nuclear reactor vessel to jump over in the air when it was destroyed by a criticality accident. In the case of SL-1, the fuel and fuel elements vaporized from instantaneous overheating. Events of this general type are also possible if the fuel and fuel elements of a water-cooled nuclear reactor gradually melt. The mixture of molten core structures and fuel is often referred to as \"Corium\". If such corium comes into contact with water, vapour explosions may occur from the violent interaction between molten fuel (corium) and water as coolant. Such explosions are seen to be fuel–coolant interactions (FCI). The severity of a steam explosion based on fuel-coolant interaction (FCI) depends strongly on the so-called premixing process, which describes the mixing of the melt with the surrounding water-steam mixture. In general, water-rich premixtures are considered more favorable than steam-rich environments in terms of steam explosion initiation and strength. The theoretical maximum for the strength of a steam explosion from a given mass of molten corium, which can never be achieved in practice, is due to its optimal distribution in the form of","title":"Steam explosion"},{"docid":"167082","text":"is a family of stocks used in Japanese cuisine. Dashi forms the base for miso soup, clear broth soup, noodle broth soup, and many simmering liquids to accentuate the savory flavor known as umami. Dashi is also mixed into the flour base of some grilled foods like okonomiyaki and takoyaki. Preparation The most common form of dashi is a simple broth made by heating water containing kombu (edible kelp) and kezurikatsuo (shavings of katsuobushi – preserved, fermented skipjack tuna or bonito) to near-boiling, then straining the resultant liquid; dried anchovies or sardines may be substituted. Katsuobushi is especially high in sodium inosinate and kombu is especially high in glutamic acids; both combined create a synergy of umami. Granulated or liquid instant dashi largely replaced the homemade product in the second half of the 20th century. Homemade dashi is less popular today, even in Japan. Compared to the taste of homemade dashi, instant dashi tends to have a stronger, less subtle flavor, due to the use of chemical flavor enhancers—glutamates and ribonucleotides. Variations Other kinds of dashi are made by soaking kelp, niboshi, or shiitake in water for many hours or by heating them in near-boiling water and straining the resulting broth. Kombu dashi is made by soaking or gently simmering kelp in water; soaking is traditional and fit for making baby food while simmering is a more modern practice. Kombu dashi becomes bitter and unpalatable when boiled. Niboshi dashi is made by pinching off the heads and entrails of small dried sardines, to prevent bitterness, and soaking the rest in water. Sometimes the heads are used as not everyone finds them to be bitter, and the fish are occasionally toasted to evaporate any volatile unpleasant fishy odors. Shiitake dashi is made by soaking dried shiitake mushrooms in water. Dried shiitake is preferred over fresh due to a stronger presence of savory or umami flavors. See also List of soups References Further reading Fish and seafood soups Japanese condiments Umami enhancers Stock (food)","title":"Dashi"},{"docid":"71235224","text":"Kanuchi (Cherokee: Ku-nu-che (ᎦᎾᏥ ga-na-tsi)) is a hickory nut soup eaten originally by the Cherokee people and which consists primarily of ground hickory nuts boiled in water. Hickory was the nut of choice (probably the species Carya ovata, known for its natural sweetness), since it is a nut tree endemic to North America, and is known to grow plentifully in those forested areas settled by the Cherokee. Nutritional value and historical use Dried hickory nutmeat is high in both fat and protein, containing 3% water, 18% carbohydrates, 13% protein, and 64% fats. The nut was generally rendered into oil or made into a kind of nutmeal ball that could be used to make stock for stews and soups. Traditionally, kanuchi was eaten by adding the soup broth to hominy (Cherokee: A-ma-ge-i (ᎠᎹᎨᎢ)) that had been prepared from the flint corn (Cherokee: Se-lu(ᏎᎷ)). Hickory King corn is now principally used for making hominy. Traditional manner of preparation Kanuchi is made by gathering hickory nuts (Cherokee: So-hi (ᏐᎯ)) in the wild, usually in October. The outer hulls are removed, while the nuts, complete with their inner-shells, are then dried on a rack in front of a fire. Since hickory nuts are rarely commercially exported, the hickory nut can be substituted by making use of pecans or walnuts, or by using an equal mixture of both walnuts and pecans. The dried hickory nuts with their shells are placed over a large flat rock that has been inserted within a flat basket lined temporarily with a cloth, and are then cracked open by pounding with a smaller rock. After breaking the outer shells and crushing the nut meat, the resulting nutmeat is sifted through a sieve basket (Today, modern sieves and strainers are used). The kernels and small hulls that passed through the sieve are taken up and put into a large wooden corn mortar and there pounded with a large wooden pestle (Cherokee: Ka-no-na (ᎧᏃᎾ)) until the substance can be made into balls. The crushed nuts were formed by hand into balls, to be stored in this way for several days until ready for use. When soup was desired, an earthenware pot partly filled with water was traditionally used. The water was brought to a boil and the balls inserted into the pot of boiling water. Boiling water can also be poured over the balls while they are laid up in the pot, while stirring constantly. Once the soup reaches the right consistency, usually after cooking for 10 minutes, the soup can be ladled out and served. A thick soup is typically served with any type of bread or dumpling, whereas a thin soup may be used as a drink. Today, most food connoisseurs prefer eating kanuchi soup with rice, as its main viand, or else with sweet potatoes. Some recipes call for a dash of maple syrup to sweeten the soup. See also Indigenous cuisine of the Americas References External links Kanuchi and the Search for a Native American Soup Osiyo TV,","title":"Kanuchi"},{"docid":"1492870","text":"The Marrying Kind is a 1952 American comedy drama film directed by George Cukor and starring Judy Holliday and Aldo Ray. Other cast members include John Alexander, Charles Bronson, Peggy Cass, Barry Curtis, Tom Farrell, Frank Ferguson, Ruth Gordon (who co-wrote the screenplay with Garson Kanin), Gordon Jones, Madge Kennedy, Nancy Kulp, Mickey Shaughnessy, and Joan Shawlee. Plot summary The ups and downs of marriage and commitment are realized as Florence and Chet Keefer recount their marriage to the divorce judge. As the judge attempts to decipher whether or not their love for one another is gone, key moments of their lives together are recalled. Florence and Chet came close to making it big at various times, and suffered when those opportunities were lost. But the biggest stressor on their marriage occurred when their son drowned in a lake. They recover from his death as well as they can, and Florrie returns to work while Chet is recuperating from an injury. When Florrie's former boss leaves her a lot of money in his will, Chet is concerned about what the context might have been. They fight over the money, and though their daughter tries to stop their arguments, things boil to a head. When they go to their family for advice, it seems divorce makes the most sense. After talking it all through with the judge, they realize that they never really wanted to get divorced in the first place. After the judge leaves, Florrie and Chet resolve to try again and not blame each other when things go wrong. Cast Judy Holliday as Florence \"Florrie\" Keefer Aldo Ray as Chet Keefer Madge Kennedy as Judge Anne B. Carroll Sheila Bond as Joan Shipley John Alexander as Howard Shipley Rex Williams as George Bastian Phyllis Povah as Mrs. Derringer Mickey Shaughnessy as Pat Bundy Griff Barnett as Charley Peggy Cass as Emily Bundy Nancy Kulp as Edie Shooting locations Several exteriors were shot on location in New York City, including in Central Park and in Stuyvesant Town-Peter Cooper Village. Narration The main way the action in this film happens is by narration, as Florence or Chet describe for the Judge different situations. However, as the viewer sees those scenes portrayed in the film, what they are seeing is different from what the narrator is describing. In the case of the story of how they met, what Chet describes is completely different from what is shown happening. '\"It so happens I remember it different\", Miss Holliday primly says.' Creative process Garson Kanin told the Los Angeles Times that he and Ruth Gordon had a different writing process for The Marrying Kind than usual - they worked on it little by little over a period of months. They'd sketch out this or that scene to make a certain point. Then on a train ride they started compiling all their ideas, and found out they had 'far too much' material. '\"Sometimes we rewrite each other's stuff,\" Miss Gordon said, expressionlessly. \"Every time I","title":"The Marrying Kind"},{"docid":"2774201","text":"A boiler explosion is a catastrophic failure of a boiler. There are two types of boiler explosions. One type is a failure of the pressure parts of the steam and water sides. There can be many different causes, such as failure of the safety valve, corrosion of critical parts of the boiler, or low water level. Corrosion along the edges of lap joints was a common cause of early boiler explosions. In steam locomotive boilers, as knowledge was gained by trial and error in early days, the explosive situations and consequent damage due to explosions were inevitable. However, improved design and maintenance markedly reduced the number of boiler explosions by the end of the 19th century. Further improvements continued in the 20th century. On land-based boilers, explosions of the pressure systems happened regularly in stationary steam boilers in the Victorian era, but are now very rare because of the various protections provided, and because of regular inspections compelled by governmental and industry requirements. The second kind is a fuel/air explosion in the furnace, which would more properly be termed a firebox explosion. Firebox explosions in solid-fuel-fired boilers are rare, but firebox explosions in gas or oil-fired boilers are still a potential hazard. Principle Boiler steam explosions Many shell-type boilers carry a large bath of liquid water which is heated to a higher temperature and pressure (enthalpy) than boiling water would be at atmospheric pressure. During normal operation, the liquid water remains in the bottom of the boiler due to gravity, steam bubbles rise through the liquid water and collect at the top for use until saturation pressure is reached, then the boiling stops. If some pressure is released, boiling begins again, and so on. If steam is released normally, say by opening a throttle valve, the bubbling action of the water remains moderate and relatively dry steam can be drawn from the highest point in the vessel. If steam is released more quickly, the more vigorous boiling action that results can throw a fine spray of droplets up as \"wet steam\" which can cause damage to piping, engines, turbines and other equipment downstream. If a large crack or other opening in the boiler vessel allows the internal pressure to drop very suddenly, the heat energy remaining in the water will cause even more of the liquid to flash into steam bubbles, which then rapidly displace the remaining liquid. The potential energy of the escaping steam and water are now transformed into work, just as they would have done in an engine; with enough force to peel back the material around the break, severely distorting the shape of the plate which was formerly held in place by stays, or self-supported by its original cylindrical shape. The rapid release of steam and water can provide a very potent blast, and cause great damage to surrounding property or personnel. A failure of this type qualifies as a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). The rapidly expanding steam bubbles can also perform work by","title":"Boiler explosion"},{"docid":"1240278","text":"A billycan is an Australian term for a lightweight cooking pot in the form of a metal bucket commonly used for boiling water, making tea/coffee or cooking over a campfire or to carry water. These utensils are more commonly known simply as a billy or occasionally as a billy can (billy tin or billy pot in Canada). Usage The term billy or billycan is particularly associated with Australian usage, but is also used in New Zealand, and to a lesser extent Britain and Ireland. In Australia, the billy has come to symbolise the spirit of exploration of the outback and is a widespread symbol of bush life, although now regarded mostly as a symbol of an age that has long passed. To boil the billy most often means to make tea. This expression dates from the Australian gold rushes and probably earlier. \"Billy Tea\" was the name of a popular brand of tea long sold by Australian grocers and supermarkets. Billies feature in many of Henry Lawson's stories and poems. Banjo Paterson's most famous of many references to the billy is surely in the first verse and chorus of Waltzing Matilda: \"Waltzing Matilda and leading a waterbag\", which was later changed by the Billy Tea Company to \"And he sang as he watched and waited 'til his billy boiled ...\". Etymology Although there is a suggestion that the word may be associated with the Aboriginal billa (meaning water; cf. Billabong), it is widely accepted that the term billycan is derived from bouilli can, the name given to the empty canisters used for preserving Soup and bouilli and other foods. With the addition of a handle, these tins were repurposed for boiling water. Letters to newspapers in the early 20th century support this view and David George Stead quoting his father, who emigrated in 1862 aged 16, wrote \"the term \"billy can\" was commonly used in south coastal England, to describe a \"bouilli\" can or tin. The preservation of foods in tin canisters began in 1812 at the firm of Donkin, Hall and Gamble in Bermondsey, England. The reuse of the empty cans probably began at the same time but it is not until 1835 that there is a record of \"an empty preserved-meat-canister serving the double purpose of tea-kettle and tea-pot\". By the 1840s, soup and bouilli tin or bouilli tin was increasingly being used as a generic term for any empty preserved food can. The earliest known use of billy for kettle is in an 1848 Tasmanian newspaper report of a criminal trial. A defendant is reported as saying \"he put some bread on the table and the \"billy\" on the fire.\" Reminiscences by Heberley and Davenport place billy or billies at earlier events but these accounts were written much later. Another early example from 1849 shows that use of the term was possibly widespread in Australia. It occurs in idyllic description of a shepherd's life in South Australia: \"near the wooden fire, is what is called the billy","title":"Billycan"},{"docid":"43822185","text":"Giovanni Marliani was an Italian physicist, doctor, philosopher and astrologer who was born and lived during the Late Medieval period in northern Italy. Marliani specialised in many mathematical fields and lectured on the phenomenon of natural body heat. He was known for experiments attempting to empirically prove that hot water freezes faster than cold water. (The phenomenon known today as the Mpemba effect.) Biography Born in Milan, Lombardy, in 1420, Giovanni Marliani was the son of a Milanese noble, Cantello Marliani. Marliani studied medicine in Pavia under the tutelage of Biagio Pelacani of Parma. Giovanni Marliani became a doctor in 1440 and went on to the Milanese College of Physics where he taught medicine, philosophy, astrology and physics for most of his life. In 1452, Marliani returned to Pavia after some time in the Milanese Studio. He was paid 425 florins every three months by the Duke of Milan, Francesco Sforza. With a change in the ruling class of Milan, Marliani's family, who were traditionally Ghibellines (against Papal rule) gained more prestige under the Sforza dynasty. In 1450, he was given a title by the Milanese administration. After the death of F. Sforza, Galeazzo Maria took over his dealings. Giovanni Marliani was in debt because of his large family. Castello Marliani, his father, was nominated for an award in 1450; the 'Razionale della Camera delle entrate Straordinarie ad Laborerios'. However, his father died a year later. Giovanni Marliani was invited by King Ferdinand of Naples to teach in 1467. His pay rose to 1,000 florins a year, which was the highest known salary of its kind. Marliani specialised in Mathematics (de Minutiis), Fractions (scienta de ponderibus) Velocity, Statistics, and disseminated physics and Medieval logic. 1482 was the height of Marliani's career, during which he attended to the needs of high-profile dignitaries who were associates and allies of the Sforza family. Giovanni Marliani died in 1483 and was buried in Santa Maria delle Grazie church in Milan during the reign of Ludovico il Moro. Leonardo da Vinci is known to have studied Marliani's science publications thoroughly, although he did not always agree with his findings. All of Marliani's assets were passed down to his son Daniele. In 1457, his son was given enough land by the Duke to conduct falconry. Work In the scientific community, there was a debate about how objects cooled and in 1461 Marliani confirmed that he had experimentally observed hot water freezing faster than cold water. In his experiment he stated that he had used four ounces of unheated water and four ounces of boiled water, which he placed in similar containers outside on a cold winter's day. He eventually observed that the boiled water froze first; although he was unable to explain the mechanics of how it happened. Marliani also lectured on the quantities and production of natural body heat. He partly accepted the theory of Giovanni da Sermoneta, who stated that the temperature of the human body stayed constant throughout the seasons. However, Marliani maintained","title":"Giovanni Marliani"},{"docid":"8494097","text":"Milton Malek-Yonan (1904–2002) was an Assyrian entrepreneur and inventor. Biography Milton Malek-Yonan was born to Assyrian parents in Urmia, Iran in 1904. He was a descendant of one of the oldest and most prominent Assyrian families, the Malek family or tribe that came from Assyrian village of Geogtapah, Urmi, a region in Northwestern Iran. The family dates back nearly eleven centuries. Malek-Yonan grew up in Richmond, Virginia and later moved to Oak Park, Illinois, and finally retired and settled in Carmel, California with his wife, Dr. Ingmar Malek-Yonan, a professor of German Studies at University of California at Berkeley and Stanford University who died in 2007. Malek-Yonan died at his home in Carmel at the age of 98. His father, Rev. Isaac Malek-Yonan was a published author. Malek-Yonan had five siblings including a twin sister, Ann. His relative is a famous actress, author, director, public figure and activist Rosie Malek-Yonan. Malekized Rice In 1938 Malek-Yonan discovered that millions of pounds of rice was being wasted in California's Sacramento Valley because the United States was no longer exporting rice to Japan due to the embargo on Japan for attacking China. The U.S. rice trade was in serious trouble. Being from the Middle East, Malek-Yonan wondered why more Americans didn't use rice instead of allowing it to go to waste. Malek-Yonan discovered that the problem was that the average American was not accustomed to cooking rice in those days. When they did, it would come out sticky and messy. This gave Malek-Yonan the idea of canning the rice which proved to be quite a challenge. Working with a canning factory, Malek-Yonan began numerous experiments. But his efforts failed. Refusing to accept failure, he continued his research and soon discovered that there were about 2,000 varieties of rice. Malek-Yonan soon discovered that the natives of Assam in India grew a particular kind of rice called Patna. Before milling it while still in its hulls, the Patna rice was boiled and spread to dry. What made this rice also distinct from rice of other regions was that it was virtually disease free. The combination of the boiling of the rice and the absence of disease intrigued Malek-Yonan enough to continue with his experiments. Malek-Yonan contacted the Rice Experimental Station of the State Agriculture College at Biggs in California's Sacramento Valley for paddies of rice with the husks intact. Then he persuaded a local hospital to allow him to use a sterilization vat to steam the rice in. The rice was then spread for several hours outdoors to dry before it was ready for milling. He borrowed a hand mill from a scientist who happened to own one from his Asian travels. The final step was to take the rice to the laboratory of a canning company to be canned. When he opened the cans several days later, he discovered that each kernel separated beautifully. Malek-Yonan had discovered the secret of canning rice but after meeting with a patent attorney, he realized he didn't have","title":"Milton Malek-Yonan"},{"docid":"135275","text":"Red Boiling Springs is a city in Macon County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 1,205 at the 2020 census. History Founding The area was originally known as Salt Lick Creek due to a salt lick that was located approximately four miles northwest of current day Red Boiling Springs. The salt lick attracted animals, American Indians, and other people. Among the people who came to hunt the animal trails was Daniel Boone, who reportedly carved his name and the year 1775 into a beech tree in a nearby community. The area was first surveyed, and land grants were first awarded in the mid-1780s. The first post office was established in 1829 and named the Salt Lick Creek post office. In 1847, the post office was renamed \"Red Boiling Springs.\" Sometime in the 1830s, a farmer named Jesse Jones noticed red-colored sulphur water bubbling up from springs on his farm. In 1844, a businessman named Samuel Hare, realizing the springs' commercial potential, purchased a plot of the Jones farm surrounding the springs, and constructed an inn. The inn's remote location and the region's poor roads likely doomed the venture, and the inn was gone by the 1870s. Aunt Sooky's Salve was a widely distributed product that was manufactured in Red Boiling Springs under the supervision of 'Aunt' Sooky Goad, who also claimed to be the original discoverer of the benefits of the Red Boiling Springs water. Early in life, she had dropsy and claimed to be cured by drinking the sulphur water. In 1914, a Nashville man wrote an article stating that Shepherd Kiby (Kirby), the brother of Goad, discovered that washing his eyes with the spring water reduced eye irritation, but Goad's use of the water seems to have preceded that of Kirby. Tourist attraction In 1873, a stagecoach line was established between Red Boiling Springs and Gallatin, where there was a railroad stop. This likely led to renewed commercial interest in the springs, and by 1876, a general store owner named James Bennett had purchased the springs tract and had built a hotel. Bennett's hotel consisted of a row of log cabins flanking a central frame dining hall. In the late 1870s, Nashville newspapers first started mentioning Bennett's hotel and its guests' activities, as it was vogue during the Gilded Age for newspapers to report on daily happenings at upper class and upper-middle class resorts. The 1880s saw a boom in the development of mineral springs resorts as \"summer getaways,\" due in part to the publicity received by places such as Saratoga Springs in New York. During this decade, New York businessman James F. O. Shaugnesy purchased the Red Boiling Springs tract and began development of the area as a resort. In 1889, the town first made the Nashville newspapers' front pages when former Tennessee Governor John C. Brown died of a hemorrhage at one of the hotels. The papers emphasized that due to the isolation of the town and a lack of a telephone or telegraph, there was","title":"Red Boiling Springs, Tennessee"},{"docid":"56778","text":"An azeotrope () or a constant heating point mixture is a mixture of two or more components in fluidic states whose proportions cannot be altered or changed by simple distillation. This happens because when an azeotrope is boiled, the vapour has the same proportions of constituents as the unboiled mixture. Azeotropic mixture behavior is important for fluid separation processes. Each azeotrope has a characteristic boiling point. The boiling point of an azeotrope is either less than the boiling point temperatures of any of its constituents (a positive azeotrope), or greater than the boiling point of any of its constituents (a negative azeotrope). For both positive and negative azeotropes, it is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation and azeotropic distillation is usually used instead. For technical applications, the pressure-temperature-composition behavior of a mixture is the most important, but other important thermophysical properties are also strongly influenced by azeotropy, including the surface tension and transport properties. Some azeotropic mixtures of pairs of compounds are known, and many azeotropes of three or more compounds are also known. Etymology The term azeotrope is derived from the Greek words ζέειν (boil) and τρόπος (turning) with the prefix α- (no) to give the overall meaning, \"no change on boiling\". The term was coined in 1911 by English chemist John Wade and Richard William Merriman. Because their composition is unchanged by distillation, azeotropes are also called (especially in older texts) constant boiling point mixtures. Types Positive azeotropes A solution that shows greater positive deviation from Raoult's law forms a minimum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition. In general, a positive azeotrope boils at a lower temperature than any other ratio of its constituents. Positive azeotropes are also called minimum boiling mixtures or pressure maximum azeotropes. A well-known example of a positive azeotrope is an ethanol–water mixture (obtained by fermentation of sugars) consisting of 95.63% ethanol and 4.37% water (by mass), which boils at 78.2 °C. Ethanol boils at 78.4 °C, water boils at 100 °C, but the azeotrope boils at 78.2 °C, which is lower than either of its constituents. Indeed, 78.2 °C is the minimum temperature at which any ethanol/water solution can boil at atmospheric pressure. Once this composition has been achieved, the liquid and vapour have the same composition, and no further separation occurs. The boiling and recondensation of a mixture of two solvents are changes of chemical state; as such, they are best illustrated with a phase diagram. If the pressure is held constant, the two variable parameters are the temperature and the composition. The adjacent diagram shows a positive azeotrope of hypothetical constituents, X and Y. The bottom trace illustrates the boiling temperature of various compositions. Below the bottom trace, only the liquid phase is in equilibrium. The top trace illustrates the vapor composition above the liquid at a given temperature. Above the top trace, only the vapor is in equilibrium. Between the two traces, liquid and vapor phases exist simultaneously in equilibrium: for example, heating a 25% X :","title":"Azeotrope"},{"docid":"3626738","text":"Off on a Comet () is an 1877 science fiction novel by French writer Jules Verne. It recounts the journey of several people carried away by a comet contacting the Earth. The comet passes by various bodies in the Solar System before returning the travelers to the Earth. Plot The story starts with a comet called Gallia, that touches the Earth in its flight and collects a few small chunks of it. The disaster occurs on January 1 of the year 188x in the area around Gibraltar. On the territory that is carried away by the comet there remain a total of thirty-six people of French, English, Spanish and Russian nationality. These people do not realize at first what has happened, and consider the collision an earthquake. They first notice weight loss: Captain Servadac's adjutant Ben Zoof, to his amazement, jumps high. Zoof with Servadac also soon notice that the alternation of day and night is shortened to six hours, that east and west have changed sides, and that water begins to boil at , from which they rightly deduce that the atmosphere became thinner and pressure dropped. At the beginning of their stay in Gallia they notice the Earth with the Moon, but think it is an unknown planet. Other important information is obtained through their research expedition with a ship, which the comet also took. During the voyage they discover a mountain chain blocking the sea, which they initially consider to be the Mediterranean Sea and then they find the island of Formentera (before the catastrophe a part of the Balearic Islands), where they find French astronomer Palmyrin Rosette, who helps them to solve all the mysterious phenomena. They are all on a comet which Rosette discovered a year ago and predicted to be on a collision course with Earth, but no one believed the astronomer, because a layer of thick fog at the time prevented astronomical observations in other places. A new research expedition determines the circumference of Gallia to be . The mass of the comet is calculated by Rosette. He determines it at 209,346 billion tonnes. For the calculation he uses spring scales and forty 5-franc silver coins, the weight of which on earth equaled exactly . However, the owner of the scales, Isaac Hakkabut, has rigged the instrument, so the results have to be cut by a quarter. The involuntary travelers through the Solar system do not have any hope for long-term colonization of their new world, because it is lacking arable land. They feed themselves mainly with the animals that were left on the chunk carried away by Gallia. One strange phenomenon they meet is that the sea on the comet does not freeze, even though the temperature drops below the freezing point (believed to be due to the theory that a stagnant water surface resists freezing longer than when rippled by wind). Once a stone is thrown into the sea, the sea freezes in a few moments. The ice is completely smooth","title":"Off on a Comet"},{"docid":"106269","text":"A test tube, also known as a culture tube or sample tube, is a common piece of laboratory glassware consisting of a finger-like length of glass or clear plastic tubing, open at the top and closed at the bottom. Test tubes are usually placed in special-purpose racks. Types and usage Chemistry Test tubes intended for general chemical work are usually made of glass, for its relative resistance to heat. Tubes made from expansion-resistant glasses, mostly borosilicate glass or fused quartz, can withstand high temperatures up to several hundred degrees Celsius. Chemistry tubes are available in a multitude of lengths and widths, typically from 10 to 20 mm wide and 50 to 200 mm long. The top often features a flared lip to aid pouring out the contents. A chemistry test tube typically has a flat bottom, a round bottom, or a conical bottom. Some test tubes are made to accept a ground glass stopper or a screw cap. They are often provided with a small ground glass or white glaze area near the top for labelling with a pencil. Test tubes are widely used by chemists to handle chemicals, especially for qualitative experiments and assays. Their spherical bottom and vertical sides reduce mass loss when pouring, make them easier to wash out, and allow convenient monitoring of the contents. The long, narrow neck of test tube slows down the spreading of gases to the environment. Test tubes are convenient containers for heating small amounts of liquids or solids with a Bunsen burner or alcohol burner. The tube is usually held by its neck with a clamp or tongs. By tilting the tube, the bottom can be heated to hundreds of degrees in the flame, while the neck remains relatively cool, possibly allowing vapours to condense on its walls. A boiling tube is a large test tube intended specifically for boiling liquids. A test tube filled with water and upturned into a water-filled beaker is often used to capture gases, e.g. in electrolysis demonstrations. A test tube with a stopper is often used for temporary storage of chemical or biological samples. Biosciences Culture tubes are test tubes used in biology and related sciences for handling and culturing all kinds of live organisms, such as molds, bacteria, seedlings, plant cuttings, etc.. Some racks for culture tubes are designed to hold the tubes in a nearly horizontal position, so as to maximize the surface of the culture medium inside. Culture tubes for biology are usually made of clear plastic (such as polystyrene or polypropylene) by injection molding and are often discarded after use. Plastic test tubes with a screwtop cap are often called \"Falcon tubes\" after a line manufactured by Becton Dickinson. Some sources consider that the presence of a lip is what distinguishes a test tube from a culture tube. Clinical medicine In clinical medicine, sterile test tubes with air removed, called vacutainers, are used to collect and hold samples of physiological fluids such as blood, urine, pus, and synovial fluid. These","title":"Test tube"},{"docid":"3323237","text":"Pão de queijo (, \"cheese buns\" in Portuguese) or Brazilian cheese buns is a small, baked cheese roll or cheese bun, a popular snack and breakfast food in Brazil. It is a traditional Brazilian recipe, originating in the state of Minas Gerais. In Brazil, it is inexpensive and often sold from streetside stands by vendors carrying a heat-preserving container. It is also commonly found in groceries, supermarkets and bakeries, industrialized or freshly made. The cassava flour is what gives the snack its distinct texture, which is chewy and elastic, being crunchy on the outside. Most countries in South America have their own versions of this snack; the main difference between them in general is the ingredients used in the recipe, which can change slightly giving different results. In Brazil traditionally both sour and sweet cassava flour are used; the Brazilian recipe also excludes some ingredients used in other countries such as corn starch, all-purpose flour, black pepper, sugar, fennel, and baker's yeast. History With the discovery of mines near Ouro Preto in around 1700, some 20% of the Brazilian population at that time, mainly slaves, occupied a vast territory in southeast Brazil. Since wheat was not available, local cooks created a kind of bread from starch derived from the cassava tubes shown to them by Tupiniquins indigenous groups. In the late 19th century, grated hard cheese was added. Main ingredients In Brazil the most traditional recipe uses both sweet and sour cassava flour, oil, eggs, milk, salt, cheese (Minas, Canastra, Parmesan), and water. Small amounts of margarine or butter can also be included. The fat in the recipe acts as a molecular lubricant. The egg gives colour and flavour to the recipe, contributing to the elastic texture of the dough. The type of cheese varies according to preference or availability. The most used are mozzarella, parmesan, and minas or canastra cheese (either in its \"ripened\" or \"standard\" version). The cheese gives the typical flavor of the cheese bread, hence its name. There is also the boiled cheese bread with a preparation technique that requires boiling water while preparing, sometimes mixed with vegetable oil in flour. The boiled cheese bread has the closest taste of natural, as in the boiling process the dough is pre-cooked. Some recipes use potato. Preparation Pães de queijo are formed into small balls, around 3–5 centimeters in diameter (though they may be larger) and about 50 calories in each roll. The cassava flour is a powerful starch which is key to the texture of the pão de queijo; unlike other types of bread, pão de queijo is not leavened. Small pockets of air within the dough expand during baking and are contained by the elasticity of the starch paste. Because it is made of cassava flour (as opposed to wheat flour), pão de queijo contains no gluten. Varieties of stuffed pães de queijo with catupiry, hot and melted goiabada, doce de leite and other variations can be found in Brazil. Availability and variations Brazil In Brazil,","title":"Pão de queijo"},{"docid":"54433476","text":"He Sees You When You're Sleeping is a 2002 Canadian made-for-TV Christmas drama film, starring Cameron Bancroft and Erika Eleniak. It was written by Carl Binder, based on a story by Mary Higgins Clark and directed by David Winning. The film was first aired at PAX Television on December 22, 2002. Plot Sterling Brooks (Cameron Bancroft) is a selfish stock-broker, who happens to die in a freak accident. Now, to get an eternal place in heaven he has to reunite a family. Cast Cameron Bancroft as Sterling Brooks Erika Eleniak as Annie Campbell Nickol Tschenscher as Marissa Campbell Eli Gabay as Junior Badgett Pam Hyatt as Nor Campbell Craig March as Eddie Badgett Udo Kier as Hans Kramer Greg Evigan as Joe Reception Andy Webb from \"The Movie Scene\" gave it two out of five stars and stated: \"What this all boils down to is that \"He Sees You When You're Sleeping\" is entertaining in a sort of its so corny it is amusing kind of way. But for me it was certainly not what I expected from a movie which is part of \"The Mary Higgins Clark Collection\" and the mix of humour and drama in this doesn't really work.\" He Sees You When You're Sleeping won four awards. Two in the Chicago International Film Festival, for \"Best Feature Length Telefilm: Drama\" and \"Special Achievement in Direction\" for David Winning. One Columbus International Film & Video Festival for \"Entertainment\". And one \"WorldFest Houston\" for \"Television and Cable Production - Feature Made for Television/Cable\". References External links Canadian Christmas drama films Christmas television films English-language Canadian films Canadian drama television films 2000s English-language films 2000s Canadian films","title":"He Sees You When You're Sleeping"},{"docid":"56389461","text":"Joshpara is a kind of dumpling popular in Central Asia, South Caucasus and the Middle East. They are made of unleavened wheat dough squares filled with ground meat and condiments. In observance of the Islamic dietary rules, the meat filling is usually without pork. Etymology Josh means \"to boil\" while para is a term for \"bit\" in early Persian. This word was commonly used prior to the 10th century, when it was replaced by the modern Persian name gosh e-barreh, meaning \"lamb's ear\". There are several variations of the name in other languages including Azerbaijani (düşbərə, dushbara), Bashkir (сөсбәрә, süsbərə) Kazakh (тұшпара, tushpara), Kyrgyz (чүчпара, chuchpara), Tajik (тушбера, tushbera), Uzbek (chuchvara) and Uyghur (چۆچۈرە, chöchürä). The Arabic word shishbarak () or shushbarak () is thought to be derived from joshpara in pre-Islamic times. Another theory about the words' etymology is that the word comes from the Turkic word düşbərə. The words tosh and dash mean \"filled up\" and \"spill out\", and berek means \"food\" (dishes made from dough). This alludes to the fact that düşbərə should be added in when the water is boiling and spilling out of the saucepan. A common Azerbaijani joke suggests that the word comes from “düş bəri”, which means \"fall here\": in other words, asking to fill the spoon with as many dumplings as possible. Regional variations Turkic and Persian cuisines The dish is found in Azerbaijani, Iranian, Tajik, Uzbek, Uyghur, and other Central Asian cuisines. The dough for Central Asian chuchvara or tushbera is made with flour, eggs, water, and salt. It is rolled into a thin layer, and cut into squares. A dollop of meat filling, seasoned with chopped onions, black pepper, salt and thyme, is placed at the center of each square, and the corners of the dumpling are pinched and folded. The dumplings are boiled in meat broth until they rise to the surface. Chuchvara can be served in a clear soup or on their own, with either vinegar or sauce based on finely chopped greens, tomatoes and hot peppers. Another popular way of serving chuchvara is to top the dumplings with syuzma (strained qatiq) or with smetana (sour cream). The latter is known as Russian-style. In Azerbaijan, the dumplings are smaller and the dough is thicker. are typically made from dough (wheat flour, egg, water), mutton (boneless), onions, vinegar, dried mint, pepper, and salt. The dish is prepared either with water or meat broth. Mutton can be substituted with beef, or even with chicken. The broth is made from mutton bones, and the ground meat is prepared with onions and spices. The dough is then rolled, cut into small squares, and stuffed with ground meat. The squares are wrapped like triangles and the edges are pasted together, making shell-shaped figures. The dumplings are added into the boiling salty water and cooked until the dumplings come to the surface. are served with sprinkled dried mint. Vinegar mixed with shredded garlic is added or served separately to taste. 5-8 düşbərəs typically fit","title":"Joshpara"},{"docid":"2079074","text":"Whale oil is oil obtained from the blubber of whales. Oil from the bowhead whale was sometimes known as train-oil, which comes from the Dutch word traan (\"tear drop\"). Sperm oil, a special kind of oil obtained from the head cavities of sperm whales, differs chemically from ordinary whale oil: it is composed mostly of liquid wax. Its properties and applications differ from those of regular whale oil, and it was sold for a higher price. Source and use Emerging industrial societies used whale oil in oil lamps and to make soap. In the 20th century it was made into margarine. With the commercial development of the petroleum industry and vegetable oils, the use of whale oils declined considerably from its peak in the 19th century into the 20th century. This is said to have saved whales from extinction. In the 21st century, with most countries having banned whaling, the sale and use of whale oil has practically ceased. Whale oil was obtained by boiling strips of blubber harvested from whales. The removal is known as flensing and the boiling process was called trying out. The boiling was carried out on land in the case of whales caught close to shore or beached. On longer deep-sea whaling expeditions, the trying-out was done aboard the ship in a furnace known as a trywork and the carcass was then discarded into the water. Baleen whales were a major source of whale oil. Their oil is exclusively composed of triglycerides, whereas that of toothed whales contains wax esters. The bowhead whale and right whale were considered the ideal whaling targets. They are slow and docile, and they float when killed. They yield plenty of high-quality oil and baleen, and as a result, they were hunted nearly to extinction. Chemistry Whale oil has low viscosity (lower than olive oil), is clear, and varies in color from a bright honey yellow to a dark brown, according to the condition of the blubber from which it has been extracted and the refinement through which it went. It has a strong fishy odor. When hydrogenated, it turns solid and white and its taste and odor change. Its composition varies with the species from which it was sourced and the method by which it was harvested and processed. It is composed mainly of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). Oil sourced from toothed whales, especially the oil of sperm whales, contains a substantial amount of wax esters. Most of the fatty acids are unsaturated. The most common fatty acids are oleic acid and its isomers (18:1 carbon chains). Whale oil is exceptionally stable. Applications The main use of whale oil was for illumination and machine lubrication. Cheaper alternatives to whale oil existed, but were inferior in performance and cleanliness of burn. As a result, whale oil dominated the world for both uses. This in turn further fueled the Industrial Revolution, in the United States, in Britain, and continental Europe. As demand for whale oil","title":"Whale oil"},{"docid":"3639992","text":"Infusion is the process of extracting chemical compounds or flavors from plant material in a solvent such as water, oil or alcohol, by allowing the material to remain suspended in the solvent over time (a process often called steeping). An infusion is also the name for the resultant liquid. The process of infusion is distinct from both decoction—a method of extraction involving boiling the plant material—and percolation, in which water is passed through the material (as in a coffeemaker). History The first recorded use of essential oils was in the 10th or 11th century by the Persian polymath Avicenna, possibly in The Canon of Medicine. Tea is far older than this, dating back to the 10th century BC as the earliest recorded reference. Preparation techniques Infusion is a chemical process that uses botanicals (typically dried herbs, flowers or berries) that are volatile and release their active ingredients readily in water, oil, or alcohol. In this process, a liquid is typically boiled (or brought to another appropriate temperature) and poured over the herb. After the herb has been allowed to steep in the liquid for an appropriate period of time, it is removed (possibly by straining) leaving an infusion. Unless the infusion is to be consumed immediately, it is bottled and refrigerated for future use. The amount of time the herbs are left in the liquid depends on the kind of infusion. Infusion times can range from seconds (for some kinds of Chinese tea) to hours, days, or months (for liqueurs like sloe gin). There are several accessories and techniques for removing the steeped or leftover botanicals that were used to infuse liquids, including metal steepers (which look like clamps), tea infusers (which act as strainers), and french presses (which are commonly used to infuse water with various teas and coffee). The most commonly used technique is the teabag, which is made with filter paper and filled with various tea flavors. Examples Tea is a common example of an infusion; most varieties of tea call for steeping the leaves in hot water, although some variants (e.g. Moroccan mint tea) call for decoction instead. Many herbal teas are prepared by infusion, as well; lemon, chamomile, senna, apple, ginger, rooibos, and many other plants are used individually or in combination. Coffee can also be made through infusion (as in a French press), but is more often made through percolation. Herbal remedies are commonly produced through infusions in water or oil. Flavored oils: Plants with desirable flavors may be steeped in an edible oil or vinegar for an extended period; the infused oil or vinegar is often sold still containing the plant and is then used as flavoring. Chilis, lemon, garlic, and many other plants may be used. There can be ambiguity in the labeling of these oils: for example, what is described as sesame oil may be oil extracted from sesame seeds or another vegetable oil infused with sesame. Cucumber water, a mix of sliced cucumber with citrus slices and herbs such as","title":"Infusion"},{"docid":"2184383","text":"Boiling-point elevation is the phenomenon whereby the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water. The boiling point can be measured accurately using an ebullioscope. Explanation The boiling point elevation is a colligative property, which means that it is dependent on the presence of dissolved particles and their number, but not their identity. It is an effect of the dilution of the solvent in the presence of a solute. It is a phenomenon that happens for all solutes in all solutions, even in ideal solutions, and does not depend on any specific solute–solvent interactions. The boiling point elevation happens both when the solute is an electrolyte, such as various salts, and a nonelectrolyte. In thermodynamic terms, the origin of the boiling point elevation is entropic and can be explained in terms of the vapor pressure or chemical potential of the solvent. In both cases, the explanation depends on the fact that many solutes are only present in the liquid phase and do not enter into the gas phase (except at extremely high temperatures). Put in vapor pressure terms, a liquid boils at the temperature when its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure. For the solvent, the presence of the solute decreases its vapor pressure by dilution. A nonvolatile solute has a vapor pressure of zero, so the vapor pressure of the solution is less than the vapor pressure of the solvent. Thus, a higher temperature is needed for the vapor pressure to reach the surrounding pressure, and the boiling point is elevated. Put in chemical potential terms, at the boiling point, the liquid phase and the gas (or vapor) phase have the same chemical potential (or vapor pressure) meaning that they are energetically equivalent. The chemical potential is dependent on the temperature, and at other temperatures either the liquid or the gas phase has a lower chemical potential and is more energetically favorable than the other phase. This means that when a nonvolatile solute is added, the chemical potential of the solvent in the liquid phase is decreased by dilution, but the chemical potential of the solvent in the gas phase is not affected. This means in turn that the equilibrium between the liquid and gas phase is established at another temperature for a solution than a pure liquid, i.e., the boiling point is elevated. The phenomenon of freezing-point depression is analogous to boiling point elevation. However, the magnitude of the freezing point depression is larger than the boiling point elevation for the same solvent and the same concentration of a solute. Because of these two phenomena, the liquid range of a solvent is increased in the presence of a solute. The equation for calculations at dilute concentration The extent of boiling-point elevation can be calculated by applying Clausius–Clapeyron relation and","title":"Boiling-point elevation"},{"docid":"1134713","text":"Kroppkaka (plural \"kroppkakor\") is a traditional Swedish boiled potato dumpling, most commonly filled with onions and meat. Potatoes, wheat flour, onion, salt and minced meat/pork are common ingredients in kroppkaka. They are very similar to the Norwegian raspeball, Lithuanian cepelinai and German klöße. And quite similar to the Swedish palt. Kroppkakor are served with butter (melted), lingonberry jam or heavy cream. There are some regional variations of the recipe with different proportions of boiled and raw potatoes. Spices are heavily featured in some variations. Kroppkakor are mainly eaten in the southern Swedish landskap (provinces) of Öland, Småland, Gotland and Blekinge. The dish is very different between regions. In Blekinge, the kroppkakor are called \"grey kroppkakor\" and are made from almost only raw potatoes and only a tiny bit boiled potatoes are used. In Öland, kroppkakor are made from mostly raw potatoes and a small amount of boiled potato. In Småland, kroppkakor are made of mostly boiled potatoes and a small amount of raw potato, and in Gotland, kroppkakor are made of only boiled potatoes. In Blekinge and Öland, there are kroppkakor with different fillings such as eel and seabirds which were historically eaten mostly by the poor. However, the most common filling is pork. Kroppkakor comes from the southeastern area of Sweden, but in northern Sweden, there is a similar dish called palt. Palt is made in a similar way, but the ingredients differ a little and it is made from uncooked potatoes only, such as what kind of flour and what kind of potatoes are used, which makes a difference in taste from kroppkakor. Similar dishes Palt Kartoffelklösse Kumle – Norwegian potato-dumpling Knodel – potato-dumplings commonly found in Central European and Eastern European cuisine. Poutine râpée – Acadian boiled potato-dumpling References External links Öland Kroppkaka Recipe Debatable if this recipe is for Öländska kroppkakor or normal kroppkakor. Potato dishes Dumplings Swedish cuisine","title":"Kroppkaka"},{"docid":"23345729","text":"A frost boil, also known as mud boils, a stony earth circles, frost scars, or mud circles, are small circular mounds of fresh soil material formed by frost action and cryoturbation. They are found typically found in periglacial or alpine environments where permafrost is present, and may damage roads and other man-made structures. They are typically 1 to 3 metres in diameter. Frost boils are amongst the most common features of patterned ground, the pervasive process shaping the topology of soils in periglacial regions. They generally form regular patterns of polygons. Frost boils are a type of nonsorted circle, and are characterized from other circles by barren centres of mineral soil and intercircle regions filled with vegetation and peat. It is named after skin boils due to similarities in their formation processes, although subsequent research has shown other methods of formation. Frost boils have been observed on Mars, indicating the presence of periglacial processes similar to those on Earth. Formation The most accepted theory involves cryoturbation caused by differences in moisture conditions and ground temperature. Other recent research posits that frost boils are formed by several interacting mechanisms, including differential frost heaving, load casting, convection, frost cracking, mass displacement, and soil sorting. The traditional model of injection, however, may still apply for some frost boils. Models generally presume soil is predominately silt or clay, for the reasons listed under the injection subsection. Injection Frost boils occur in soils of poorly-sorted sediments with significant silt and/or clay content. These soils include perennially frozen till, marine clay, colluvium, and other muds. These soils have low liquid limits, low plasticity limits, and high natural moisture contents. These soils liquefy and flow readily in response to slight changes to either internal or external stress, or a change in water content. Localized stresses are often the result of moisture being confined in the active layer by the underlying permafrost and a semi-rigid carapace of dried surface mud, created by desiccation during the late summer. The moisture content of soils may increase during summer due to rain. Other stresses include the volumetric change of water during the freezing and thawing, and the flow of groundwater. The subsequent increase of hydrostatic, artesian, and/or pore water pressure pressures on slopes. When internal stresses cannot be contained, the semi-rigid surface layer ruptures. The saturated mud bursts above the surface, creating a mud boil. Soil Liquefaction This process is analogous to the formation of sand boils. Where soils are badly drained, soil temperatures are more sensitive to changes in the atmospheric temperature. Soil aggregates are less stable near the surface as freezing occurs more rapidly. Deeper soils experience longer periods of stability due to freeze drying, or cryodesiccation. Deeper soils also experience greater stresses due to the secondary refreezing of soil in late autumn. As a result, the introduction of additional water due to thaw or groundwater flows is likely to cause deeper soil to liquefy and deform like plastic. The high viscosity of water close to 0 °C promotes","title":"Frost boil"},{"docid":"2885032","text":"Tavče gravče () is a traditional Macedonian dish. It is prepared with fresh beans and can be found in many restaurants in North Macedonia. It is also commonly eaten by the Macedonian diaspora. This meal is baked and served in a traditional unglazed earthenware pot. The name of the dish may be translated as \"beans on a tava\". Tavče gravče is considered the national dish of North Macedonia. \"Tavče gravče Tetovo style\" is a popular regional variation. Ingredients The basic ingredients in tavče gravče are: butter beans onion oil dry red pepper red and black pepper salt parsley Preparation The beans are cleaned and then soaked in cold water – preferably overnight, but, if time is an issue, they may be soaked for several hours or until the beans have become soft. The water in which the beans have been soaked must be discarded and fresh water added, before the beans are brought slowly to the boil and then simmered in a covered pot on a very low flame for one hour. After the first boiling, the water is again discarded, the beans washed and yet more fresh water added before they are boiled for a second time. This changing of the water at several points in the cooking process makes the beans more digestible by leaching out of them some of the indigestible sugars that can often cause flatulence. A whole onion is then added to the boiling water with the beans. When the beans are boiled, the boiled onion is removed from the water, fried separately with a scoop of flour and a teaspoon of ground red paprika, and then returned to the boiled beans. Salt, black pepper, and/or the ubiquitous regional seasoning salt Vegeta may be added to the soup. Some cooks may also add dried meats such as smoked pork, bacon or suho meso to the mix. When the beans are boiled and when all the ingredients have been added, they are put in an earthenware pot covered with a lid and baked in an oven at 220 °C. During the baking, the beans must be checked carefully from time to time to ensure that they do not become dry. The traditional earthenware pot not only gives the dish a pleasingly rustic appearance when it is served, piping hot, from the oven, but also keeps it hot and, if used regularly and kept in good condition, can even impart a special flavour to the dish – in much the same way that the traditional unglazed earthenware cazuela can do. See also List of legume dishes References Balkan cuisine Macedonian cuisine Baked beans National dishes","title":"Tavče gravče"},{"docid":"40769990","text":"Illite crystallinity is a technique used to classify low-grade metamorphic activity in pelitic rocks. Determining the \"illite crystallinity index\" allows geologists to designate what metamorphic facies and metamorphic zone the rock was formed in and to infer what temperature the rock was formed. Several crystallinity indices have been proposed in recent years, but currently the Kübler index is being used due to its reproducibility and simplicity. The Kübler index is experimentally determined by measuring the full width at half maximum for the X-ray diffraction reflection peak along the (001) crystallographic axis of the rock sample. This value is an indirect measurement of the thickness of illite/muscovite packets which denote a change in metamorphic grade. The method can be used throughout the field of geology in areas such as the petroleum industry, plate tectonics. Progression As stated above, the Kübler index was not always the preferred index for illite crystallinity studies in the past. Prior to the introduction of the Kübler index, there were several other indices used to classify low grade metamorphic rocks. Two of the more popular methods of the past are the Weaver index and the Weber index, introduced in 1960 and 1972 respectively. These studies consist of mainly the same types of methods but vary in their expression of ratio measurements. The Kübler index, introduced by Bernard Kübler in 1964 for petroleum exploration and improved on in later years, has come to be the go-to index for illite crystallinity based on its reproducibility and simplicity. Applications Illite crystallinity is useful when trying to determine what type of metamorphic conditions a rock was subjected to during its formation. Illite crystallinity can be used to trace the low grade metamorphic transition from zeolite facies to greenschist facies (diagenetic zone to epizone). This change is flagged by the change of thin illite grains to thicker illite/muscovite grains. This low grade metamorphic technique can also be put into use when there is an absence in change of mineral structure which applies to higher grade metamorphism. Early use of illite crystallinity was in the petroleum industry to determine the transition from a dry gas phase to an unproductive rock. Recently, this technique has expanded in the field and now is used in areas such as palaeotectonics and geodynamic reconstructions. Rock preparation and methods Rock sample preparation for illite crystallinity can vary slightly, but boils down to basically the same steps. Although for accurate returns in testing, consistency of sample preparation is a must. General sample preparation for illite crystallinity is as follows: Rinse and dry the field sample Crush the sample Stir sample into deionized water and let settle overnight to isolate clay sized particles (<2 μm) Dry supernatant containing <2 μm particles Mix with deionized water and centrifuge Collect supernatant containing <2 μm particles Centrifuge <2 μm particle solution and dry Mix with water and deposit on a glass slide The sample is first broken down, using the steps above, and prepared for XRD analysis. Results from the XRD are then","title":"Illite crystallinity"},{"docid":"48553837","text":"Vacuum cooling is a rapid cooling technique for any porous product that has free water and uses the principle of evaporative cooling. Vacuum cooling is generally used for cooling food products that have a high water content and large porosities, due to its efficacy in losing water from both within and outside the products. This is the most widely used technique for rapid cooling of food products which has been proven to be one of the most efficient and economical methods of cooling and storage of vegetables, fruits, flowers, and more. This cooling technology not only largely improves the product quality, but also increases the shelf life of the product and, at the same time, it reduces the cooling costs compared to the conventional cooling methods available. Principle The technology is based on the phenomenon that as the vapor pressure on a liquid reduces, its boiling point reduces. The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the external pressure. When the pressure put onto a liquid is reduced, the vapor pressure needed to induce boiling is also reduced, and therefore the boiling point of the liquid decreases. By reducing pressure, boiling water is possible at lower temperatures. This rapid evaporation of moisture from the surface and within the products due to the low surrounding pressure absorbs the necessary latent heat for phase change from the product itself. This latent heat required for evaporation is obtained mostly from the sensible heat of the product and as a consequence of this evaporation the temperature of the product falls and the product can be cooled down to its desired storage temperature. Process An airtight chamber is maintained by removing air from the inside of the chamber using a vacuum pump. The products to be cooled are kept in that airtight chamber. As the pressure is reduced the boiling point of water reduces and water starts to evaporate, taking heat from the product. As a consequence of this evaporation, the product temperature begins to decrease. This cooling process of the products continues until it reaches the desired product temperature. For maintaining a steady cooling process, it is necessary to evacuate the chamber continuously. Other factors that determine the cooling process are the surface area of the product that is available for heat transfer as well as the product's sensitivity to losing water. Advantages As the product is cooled uniformly throughout the body without any temperature gradient in the body, the shelf life of the product increases. Cooling the product through vacuum cooling takes roughly a quarter of the energy of other traditional cooling methods. Disadvantage Sometimes excess moisture loss during the cooling process will deteriorate the product's quality and therefore there is a limit to the cooling process. This problem is to be taken care of by maintaining the required pressure, temperature, and time of cooling. References H.M. Ozturk, H.K. Ozturk, Effect of pressure on the vacuum cooling of iceberg","title":"Vacuum cooling"},{"docid":"395046","text":"The boiling frog is an apologue describing a frog being slowly boiled alive. The premise is that if a frog is put suddenly into boiling water, it will jump out, but if the frog is put in tepid water which is then brought to a boil slowly, it will not perceive the danger and will be cooked to death. The story is often used as a metaphor for the inability or unwillingness of people to react to or be aware of sinister threats that arise gradually rather than suddenly. While some 19th-century experiments suggested that the underlying premise is true if the heating is sufficiently gradual, according to modern biologists the premise is false: changing location is a natural thermoregulation strategy for frogs and other ectotherms, and is necessary for survival in the wild. A frog that is gradually heated will jump out. Furthermore, a frog placed into already boiling water will die immediately, not jump out. As metaphor The boiling frog story is generally offered as a metaphor cautioning people to be aware of even gradual change lest they suffer eventual undesirable consequences. It may be invoked in support of a slippery slope argument as a caution against creeping normality. It is also used in business to reinforce that change needs to be gradual to be accepted. The term \"boiling frog syndrome\" is a metaphor used to describe the failure to act against a problematic situation which will increase in severity until reaching catastrophic proportions. It thereby encapsulates the barely noticeable impact of slow environmental degradation that has been described by Daniel Pauly as shifting baselines. The story has been retold many times and used to illustrate widely varying viewpoints: in 1960 about warning against those who wished for detente during the Cold War; in 1980 about the impending collapse of civilization anticipated by survivalists; in the 1990s about inaction in response to climate change and staying in abusive relationships. It has also been used by libertarians to warn about the slow erosion of civil liberties. In the 1996 novel The Story of B, environmentalist author Daniel Quinn spends a chapter on the metaphor of the boiling frog, using it to describe human history, population growth and food surplus. Pierce Brosnan's character Harry Dalton mentioned it in the 1997 disaster movie Dante's Peak in reference to the accumulating warning signs of the volcano's reawakening. Al Gore used a version of the story in a New York Times op-ed, in his presentations and the 2006 movie An Inconvenient Truth to describe ignorance about global warming. In the movie version the frog is rescued before it is harmed. This use of the story was referenced by writer/director Jon Cooksey in the title of his 2010 comedic documentary How to Boil a Frog. Law professor and legal commentator Eugene Volokh commented in 2003 that regardless of the behavior of real frogs, the boiling frog story is useful as a metaphor, comparing it to the metaphor of an ostrich with its head in","title":"Boiling frog"},{"docid":"6417588","text":"Kelly Kettle, Storm Kettle, Ghillie Kettle, Thermette, Survival Kettle and Volcano Kettle are trade names for portable devices for boiling water outdoors using twigs and other small combustible materials; these devices consist of a water jacket surrounding a fire chamber which creates an upward chimney draft ensuring efficient and rapid boiling even in windy or wet weather. Kelly Kettle and Volcano Kettle are registered trademarks of the Kelly Kettle company which first produced the product in Ireland in the early 1900s. George Marris & Co of Birmingham first produced the \"Sirram Volcano Kettle\" in England in the 1920s. The Thermette was first manufactured in New Zealand in 1929 and was standard issue for the New Zealand Army during World War II where it was known as a Benghazi boiler or Benghazi burner. Other companies, including the Eydon Kettle Company started manufacture at later dates. Earlier examples of water heaters using a water jacket include heavier samovar tea urns from Eastern, Central, and Southeastern Europe, as well as the Middle East. History Early examples (estimated at 3,600 years) of devices that heat water surrounding a fire include samovar tea urns from Eastern, Central, and Southeastern Europe, as well as the Middle East. The Kelly Kettle Company first manufactured portable devices of this type in the early 1900s. George Marris & Co of Birmingham (Brass Founders, Stampers and Piercers) first come to light in the 1800s making iron bedsteads and brass/copper fern pots. They diversified into picnic sets, picnic water-boiling sets and high-end shaving/toiletry sets in the 1880s (The Sirram Spirit Set Registered Design 247422 of Dec 1884) and Camping Stoves with their brand name \"Sirram\" (Marris backwards). There was a meeting between one of the Marris family and a New Zealander (almost certainly John Ashley Hart who started the Thermette Co in New Zealand in 1929 - see below) to discuss products and ideas. The original concept of the volcano kettle appears to have been Harts, but he may have been inspired by traditional Mongolian and Chinese hot-pots which had a central chimney. The first Sirram Volcano Kettle was manufactured out of spun copper with brass handles/fittings, it appeared in the late 1920s and was eventually covered by Registered Design No. 731794 of 1928. Subsequently, the design changed from copper/brass to spun aluminium; there is no record of when this change occurred. The Volcano Kettles were still in production in the late 1960s as the book 'Modern Camping 1968: by Jack Cox' quotes a UK Consumers Association ('Which? Magazine') test of 21 camp stoves which concluded \"For boiling water quickly or washing up there is nothing to beat a Sirram Volcano, either at home or abroad\". Production of the Volcano Kettles and picnic boiling sets appear to have ceased in 1970 when Desmo Ltd purchased Hawker Marris Saled Ltd and discontinued the kettle range in favour of focussing on their picnic hamper range. Following the demise of the Sirram Volcano Kettle in 1970, modern versions are now in production by a","title":"Kelly Kettle"},{"docid":"16757401","text":"Home canning or bottling, also known colloquially as putting up or processing, is the process of preserving foods, in particular, fruits, vegetables, and meats, by packing them into glass jars and then heating the jars to create a vacuum seal and kill the organisms that would create spoilage. Though ceramic and glass containers had been used for storage for thousands of years, the technique of canning, which involves applying heat for preservation, was only invented in the first decade of the 1800s. Before that, food storage containers were used for non-perishable foods, or with preservatives such as salt, sugar, vinegar, or alcohol. Techniques The two methods of home canning are water bath canning and pressure canning. Both involve placing the food inside special glass canning jars and then heating the contents. Home canning glass jars are annealed during manufacture to increase their ability to withstand temperature changes and mechanical shocks. There are several regional variations on jar design, such as Mason jars (North America), Fowler's Vacola jars (Australia), Kilner jars (England), and Weck jars (Germany). Water bath canning Water bath canning is appropriate for high-acid foods only, such as jam, jelly, most fruit, pickles, and tomato products with acid added. It is not appropriate for meats and low-acid foods such as vegetables. This method uses a pot large enough to hold and submerge the glass canning jars. Food is placed in glass canning jars and placed in the pot. Hot water is added to cover the jars. Water is brought to a boil () and held there for at least 10 minutes. Different foods require a different length of time under boil; larger jars require longer times. Pressure canning Pressure canning is the only safe home canning method for meats and low-acid foods. This method uses a pressure canner — similar to, but heavier than, a pressure cooker. A small amount of water is placed in the pressure canner and it is turned to steam, which without pressure would be , but under pressure is raised to . Based on the recipe, the canner is heated until the correct pressure is reached, and the jars left for the appropriate amount of time (charts have been published with times and pressures). The heat is turned off, pressure reduced, canner opened, and hot jars carefully lifted out and placed on an insulated surface (towels, wood cutting board, etc.) and out of drafts to cool. Safety While it is possible to safely preserve many kinds of foodstuffs, home canning can expose consumers to botulism and other kinds of food poisoning if done incorrectly. The most common source of food-borne botulism is home-canned foods prepared in an unsafe manner. Safety measures must be taken when performing home canning, since ingestion of toxin in food produced by Clostridium botulinum can cause death. Because of the high risk of illness or death associated with improper canning techniques, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) considers it critical that consumers who intend to can at home obtain","title":"Home canning"},{"docid":"103194","text":"The Leidenfrost effect is a physical phenomenon in which a liquid, close to a solid surface of another body that is significantly hotter than the liquid's boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer that keeps the liquid from boiling rapidly. Because of this repulsive force, a droplet hovers over the surface, rather than making physical contact with it. The effect is named after the German doctor Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost, who described it in A Tract About Some Qualities of Common Water. This is most commonly seen when cooking, when drops of water are sprinkled onto a hot pan. If the pan's temperature is at or above the Leidenfrost point, which is approximately for water, the water skitters across the pan and takes longer to evaporate than it would take if the water droplets had been sprinkled onto a cooler pan. Details The effect can be seen as drops of water are sprinkled onto a pan at various times as it heats up. Initially, as the temperature of the pan is just below , the water flattens out and slowly evaporates, or if the temperature of the pan is well below , the water stays liquid. As the temperature of the pan rises above , the water droplets hiss when touching the pan, and these droplets evaporate quickly. When the temperature exceeds the Leidenfrost point, the Leidenfrost effect appears. On contact with the pan, the water droplets bunch up into small balls of water and skitter around, lasting much longer than when the temperature of the pan was lower. This effect works until a much higher temperature causes any further drops of water to evaporate too quickly to cause this effect. The effect happens because, at temperatures at or above the Leidenfrost point, the bottom part of the water droplet vaporizes immediately on contact with the hot pan. The resulting gas suspends the rest of the water droplet just above it, preventing any further direct contact between the liquid water and the hot pan. As steam has much poorer thermal conductivity than the metal pan, further heat transfer between the pan and the droplet is slowed down dramatically. This also results in the drop being able to skid around the pan on the layer of gas just under it. The temperature at which the Leidenfrost effect appears is difficult to predict. Even if the volume of the drop of liquid stays the same, the Leidenfrost point may be quite different, with a complicated dependence on the properties of the surface, as well as any impurities in the liquid. Some research has been conducted into a theoretical model of the system, but it is quite complicated. The effect was also described by the Victorian steam boiler designer, William Fairbairn, in reference to its effect on massively reducing heat transfer from a hot iron surface to water, such as within a boiler. In a pair of lectures on boiler design, he cited the work of Pierre Hippolyte Boutigny (1798–1884) and Professor Bowman of","title":"Leidenfrost effect"},{"docid":"7493966","text":"A loss-of-pressure-control accident (LOPA) is a mode of failure for a nuclear reactor that involves the pressure of the confined coolant falling below specification. Most commercial types of nuclear reactor use a pressure vessel to maintain pressure in the reactor plant. This is necessary in a pressurized water reactor to prevent boiling in the core, which could lead to a nuclear meltdown. This is also necessary in other types of reactor plants to prevent moderators from having uncontrolled properties. Pressure is controlled in a pressurized water reactor to ensure that the core itself does not reach its boiling point in which the water will turn into steam and rapidly decrease the heat being transferred from the fuel to the moderator. By a combination of heaters and spray valves, pressure is controlled in the pressurizer vessel which is connected to the reactor plant. Because the pressurizer vessel and the reactor plant are connected, the pressure of the steam space pressurizes the entire reactor plant to ensure the pressure is above that which would allow boiling in the reactor core. The pressurizer vessel itself may be maintained much hotter than the rest of the reactor plant to ensure pressure control, because in the liquid throughout the reactor plant, pressure applied at any point has an effect on the entire system, whereas the heat transfer is limited by ambient and other losses. Causes of a loss of pressure control Many failures in a reactor plant or its supporting auxiliaries could cause a loss of pressure control, including: Inadvertent isolation of the pressurizing vessel from the reactor plant, via the closing of an isolation valve or mechanically clogged piping. Because of this possibility, no commercial nuclear power plant has any kind of valve in the connection between the pressuriser and the reactor coolant circuit. To avoid clogging anywhere in the primary circuit, the coolant is kept very clean, and the connecting pipe between the pressuriser and the reactor coolant circuit is short and large diameter. A rupture in the pressurizer vessel, which would also be a loss-of-coolant accident. In most reactor plant designs, however, this would not limit flowrate through the core and therefore would behave like a loss-of-pressure-control-accident rather than a loss-of-coolant accident. Failure of either the spray nozzles (failing open would inhibit raising pressure as the relatively cool spray collapses the pressurizer vessel bubble) or the heaters of the pressurizing system. Thermal Stratification of the liquid portion of the pressurizer. When the liquid portion of the pressurizer becomes stratified, the lower layers of water (furthest from the steam bubble) are subcooled and as the steam bubble slowly condenses, pressurizer pressure will appear relatively constant but actually will be slowly lowering. When the operator energizes pressurizer heaters to maintain or raise pressure, pressure will continue to drop until the subcooled water is heated up by the pressurizer heaters to the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure of the steam (bubble) portion of the pressurizer. During this reheating period, pressure control will be lost,","title":"Loss-of-pressure-control accident"},{"docid":"1730629","text":"Parboiling (or leaching) is the partial or semi boiling of food as the first step in cooking. The word is from the Old French parbouillir, 'to boil thoroughly' but by mistaken association with \"part\", it has acquired its current meaning. The word is often used when referring to parboiled rice. Parboiling can also be used for removing poisonous or foul-tasting substances from foods, and to soften vegetables before roasting them. Basic technique The food items are added to boiling water and cooked until they start to soften, then removed before they are fully cooked. Parboiling is usually used to partially cook an item which will then be cooked another way such as braising, grilling, or stir-frying. Parboiling differs from blanching in that one does not cool the items using cold water or ice after removing them from the boiling water. Parboiled rice Sometimes raw rice or paddy is dehusked by using steam. This steam also partially boils the rice while dehusking. This process generally changes the colour of rice from white to a bit reddish. This type of rice is eaten in the districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada of Karnataka state, in the state of Kerala, and in most parts of Tamil Nadu, Bihar, and West Bengal in India. West Africa and the Afro-Caribbean diaspora are also accustomed to parboiling rice. See also Blanching Parbaking Parcooking References Cooking techniques Culinary terminology","title":"Parboiling"},{"docid":"1564176","text":"An egg timer or kitchen timer is a device whose primary function is to assist in timing during cooking; the name comes from the first timers initially being used for the timing of cooking eggs. Early designs simply counted down for a specific period of time. Some modern designs can time more accurately by depending on water temperature rather than an absolute time. Technology Traditionally egg timers were small hourglasses and the name has come to be synonymous with this form. As technology progressed mechanical countdown timers were developed which had an adjustable dial and could be applied to a wide range of timed cooking tasks. Most recently digital timers have also been manufactured and a wide selection of software is available to perform this task on a computer or mobile phone. The task is simple to perform on most microwaves and oven timers. New products have been developed which potentially allow for better egg timing; these use the temperature of the water in which the eggs are being cooked to indicate the cooking state of the eggs. This kind of timer has the potential to more accurately indicate the state of the egg while it is being cooked as they do not rely on certain conditions (water hardness, hob temperature, atmospheric pressure). One such product is made of translucent plastic with a heat-sensitive coloured disc in the middle which changes colour at . The plastic around the disc changes temperature relatively steadily and gradually from the outside to the inside of the plastic mimicking how an egg heats up while cooking. This allows an observer to see the colour creep inwards through the disc and stop the boiling at the stage required. As it mimics the boiling of an egg, it will be accurate even if the boiling process is disrupted, a lower temperature is used and regardless of the quantity of eggs being cooked. Other similar products use electronics to sense the water temperature and play a certain tune or series of beeps to indicate the state of the eggs. Egg boiling Eggs consist of proteins which denature when heat is applied. They lose their shape and become long strands rather than tight masses. They then tangle with each other causing the liquid of the egg to become more and more viscous. Most traditional egg timers have a set time of about three minutes, that being the approximate time it takes to cook an average sized hen's egg in water. Hard-boiled eggs take longer to cook. The three minute egg timer is for soft-boiled eggs. The egg changes rapidly during the first few minutes of cooking. The changes cannot be seen through the eggshell, so timing is important. Other timers Countdown timers not specifically for eggs are also available for general kitchen and timing use. For example, the clockwork Memo Park Timer had a countdown of up to sixty minutes and was sold attached to a keyring, its original purpose being to remind motorists when their parking meter","title":"Egg timer"},{"docid":"285522","text":"In thermodynamics, superheating (sometimes referred to as boiling retardation, or boiling delay) is the phenomenon in which a liquid is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point, without boiling. This is a so-called metastable state or metastate, where boiling might occur at any time, induced by external or internal effects. Superheating is achieved by heating a homogeneous substance in a clean container, free of nucleation sites, while taking care not to disturb the liquid. This may occur by microwaving water in a very smooth container. Disturbing the water may cause an unsafe eruption of hot water and result in burns. Cause Water is said to \"boil\" when bubbles of water vapor grow without bound, bursting at the surface. For a vapor bubble to expand, the temperature must be high enough that the vapor pressure exceeds the ambient pressure (the atmospheric pressure, primarily). Below that temperature, a water vapor bubble will shrink and vanish. Superheating is an exception to this simple rule; a liquid is sometimes observed not to boil even though its vapor pressure does exceed the ambient pressure. The cause is an additional force, the surface tension, which suppresses the growth of bubbles. Surface tension makes the bubble act like an elastic balloon. The pressure inside is raised slightly by the \"skin\" attempting to contract. For the bubble to expand, the temperature must be raised slightly above the boiling point to generate enough vapor pressure to overcome both surface tension and ambient pressure. What makes superheating so explosive is that a larger bubble is easier to inflate than a small one; just as when blowing up a balloon, the hardest part is getting started. It turns out the excess pressure due to surface tension is inversely proportional to the diameter of the bubble. That is, . This can be derived by imagining a plane cutting a bubble into two halves. Each half is pulled towards the middle with a surface tension force , which must be balanced by the force from excess pressure . So we obtain , which simplifies to . This means if the largest bubbles in a container are small, only a few micrometres in diameter, overcoming the surface tension may require a large , requiring exceeding the boiling point by several degrees Celsius. Once a bubble does begin to grow, the surface tension pressure decreases, so it expands explosively in a positive feedback loop. In practice, most containers have scratches or other imperfections which trap pockets of air that provide starting bubbles, and impure water containing small particles can also trap air pockets. Only a smooth container of purified liquid can reliably superheat. Occurrence via microwave oven Superheating can occur when an undisturbed container of water is heated in a microwave oven. At the time the container is removed, the lack of nucleation sites prevents boiling, leaving the surface calm. However, once the water is disturbed, some of it violently flashes to steam, potentially spraying boiling water out of the container. The boiling","title":"Superheating"},{"docid":"50054690","text":"Vacuum drying is the mass transfer operation in which the moisture present in a substance, usually a wet solid, is removed by means of creating a vacuum. In chemical processing industries like food processing, pharmacology, agriculture, and textiles, drying is an essential unit operation to remove moisture. Vacuum drying is generally used for the drying of substances that are hygroscopic and heat-sensitive, and is based on the principle of creating a vacuum to decrease the chamber pressure below the vapor pressure of the water, causing it to boil. With the help of vacuum pumps, the pressure is reduced around the substance to be dried. This decreases the boiling point of water inside that product and thereby increases the rate of evaporation significantly. The result is a significantly increased drying rate of the product. The vacuum drying process is a batch operation performed at reduced pressures and lower relative humidity compared to ambient pressure, enabling faster drying. Vacuum dryer Vacuum dryer is the equipment with the help of which vacuum drying is carried out. Vacuum dryers are sometimes made up of cast iron, but most are made of stainless steel, so that they can bear the high vacuum pressure without any kind of deformation. The oven is divided into hollow trays which increases the surface area for heat conduction. The oven door is locked air tight and is connected to vacuum pump to reduce the pressure. The materials to be dried are kept on the trays inside the vacuum dryer and pressure is reduced by means of a vacuum pump. The dryer door is tightly shut and steam is passed through the space between trays and jacket so that the heat transfer occurs by conduction. Water vapors from the feed is sent into the condenser and after the drying vacuum pump is disconnected and the dried product is collected from the trays. Microwave vacuum drying Because conventional drying approaches (e.g., convective drying) may cause great nutritional and textural changes (like a darker color due to Maillard reaction), microwave vacuum drying is an alternative for pharmaceuticals and food drying, a method known since 1989. The microwaves speed up the drying process and lower temperature in vacuum system, reducing overall drying cycle time and temperature-induced effects of the food product. Microwave vacuum drying may be used for production of dried pharmaceuticals and food. Industrialized equipment, however, may require pre-treating samples before processing in the industrial vacuum system; pre-drying is used by conventional methods to reduce bulk water content. Applications Vacuum dryer can be used to dry heat sensitive hygroscopic and toxic materials. If the feed for drying is a solution, it can be dried using vacuum dryer as the solvent can be recovered by condensation. To improve the quality of products, such as for fruit preservation, hybrid drying combining osmotic dehydration followed by heat pump drying and microwave-vacuum drying proved effective. References Drying","title":"Vacuum drying"},{"docid":"59017628","text":"Zalewajka is a traditional rustic soup made of diced and boiled potatoes and overflowed with sour rye made from sourdough bread. It also often contains Polish sausage and dried mushrooms. Origin The soup comes from central part of Poland. The first mentions of it appeared in 19th century in Łódź and Radomsko. The basic component of diet for people from those areas were potatoes and mushrooms. Potatoes constituted the base of the majority of the dishes people from Łódź and Radomsko prepared. They were served in different ways like boiled, mashed or fried. Thanks to its simplicity in the 19th and 20th century zalewajka become popular around the country to places like Kielce and Zagłębię Dąbrowskie. Zalewajka recipes There are a lot of recipes for this kind of soup which are different because of the region of Poland they were prepared. Łódź Main ingredients of the soup is bread sourdough, water, sausages and onion slices. Also added are wheat flour, sour cream and potatoes. The potatoes are peeled, cut into small cubes, then put into water and boiled. Sliced sausages and chopped onion are fried on the pan. When the potatoes are almost boiled, sausage and bread sourdough are added. After careful mixing, flour with the sour cream and the pinch of salt is added. Świętokrzyska This recipe originated in the Świętokrzyskie region. It's quite similar to Łódź recipe, but garlic and bacon added and less of sour cream used. The cooking process itself is almost the same except putting bacon into the soup. Radomsko Zalewajka from Radomsko is similar, but with more spices like marjoram and dried mushrooms. Cooked the same way as in the recipes from Łódź and Świętokrzyskie but without meat. See also List of soups References Polish cuisine Polish soups","title":"Zalewajka"},{"docid":"72171954","text":"Rice forms an important part of Korean economy and culture. Koreans have been eating rice for a long time, and it is one of the ingredients that should not be missed at meals. Therefore, there are many kinds of rice dishes, there are many local festivals related to rice, and there are many proverbs related to rice. Korean rice products Tteokbokki Tteokbokki is a Korean dish made by frying or boiling rice cakes and ingredients in seasoning. Rice cake, the main ingredient, is made of rice or wheat. It is one of Korea's representative national snacks and representative street food. It ranked 10th on the Korean food list and is the most popular Korean snack. Injeolmi Injeolmi is a rice cake in which rice flour is steamed with a steamer, pounded with a mortar, cut into appropriate sizes, and coated with bean powder. It is a popular rice cake that is served without omission from the table of ancestral rites and feasts, and it is digestible and high in calories. Surprisingly, it is one of the most popular rice cakes among foreigners. In general, while foreigners perceive the texture of rice cake as a strange food that is tough and doesn't taste much, injeolmi is less burdensome to chew just the size of finger food, and there is an image that it is healthy thanks to its unique savory and subtle sweetness. Nurungji Nurungji is grilled rice stuck to the bottom of the cauldron. Nurungji can be intentionally baked in a frying pan. In the days when electric rice pots were used before, they were distributed, nurungji was always created every time rice was cooked, so it was used for various purposes. Usually, it is common to make Sungnyung by boiling water in scorched rice in a cauldron, and there were cases where it was used in dishes such as scorched rice soup, dried, stored, and eaten like snacks. When there were no snacks, nurungji was the main snack for children. Juk Juk is a food that boiled rice. In Korea, people usually eat it as a substitute for meals when they have dental-related diseases or have a cold. A dead dish made only of rice is incredibly simple. Just soak the rice in water or grind it into a pot and it's done. Vegetables, seafood, and meat are chopped little by little and eaten. Sikhye Sikhye is one of Korea's traditional drinks, and it is a grain drink made by marinating malt and rice together. In Korea, it is mainly drunk on holidays such as Chuseok and New Year's Day, and it is widely loved as a beverage in everyday life, so it is easy to find it made at home or sold in cans or plastic bottles. It is a popular drink that can be enjoyed by men and women of all ages due to the combination of the savory aroma and sweetness of grain, and it is also a delicacy to scoop up rice that has sunk","title":"Rice in Korean culture"},{"docid":"482034","text":"Hot dry noodles (), known in Chinese as reganmian, also transliterated as dried and spicy noodles, is a traditional dish of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province in central China. Hot dry noodles have an 80-year history in Chinese food culture; they are unique because the noodles are not in a broth like most other Asian-style hot noodle dishes. They are the most significant, famous and popular breakfast food in Wuhan, often sold by street carts and restaurants in residential and business areas. Breakfasts such as hot dry noodles are available from about 5 am, and usually appear at Wuhan's night markets as a late-night snack. These noodles can be prepared within minutes and are affordable, so they are a popular breakfast. There are hot dry noodle restaurants all over the city. Typical hot dry noodle dishes contain soy sauce, sesame paste, pickled vegetables (carrots and beans), chopped garlic chives and chili oil. Hot dry noodles, along with Shanxi's knife-cut noodles (刀削面; 刀削麵; dāoxiāomiàn), Liangguang's yifumian, Sichuan's dandanmian, and northern China's zhajiangmian, are collectively referred to as the \"top five noodles of China\" by People's Daily, and in a 2013 article titled \"China's Top 10 famous noodles\" Business Insider reported that CNTV rated reganmian the top Chinese noodle dish. The specifics of the preparation of hot dry noodles is discussed in Wuhan author Chi Li's novel Cold or Hot, It's Good to Live (冷也好热也好活着就好). Cooking method The recipe for hot dry noodles differs from cold noodles and soup noodles, as the dish is served hot without broth. The fresh noodles are mixed with sesame oil and cooked in boiling water. The cooked and cooled noodles become pliable. Before eating, the noodles will be cooked again the same way, and dressings including spring onion and sauce are added. While preparing hot dry noodles, the noodles are placed into a cone-shaped strainer, dipped briefly into boiling water, and then swirled and drained. The noodles are poured into a paper bowl, sesame paste, salt, pepper, sugar, vinegar, soy sauce, chive and pickled radish are added, poured on top and stirred. Origin Summer in Wuhan is extremely long, and the high temperature causes food to deteriorate rapidly. Consequently, in the past people added dietary alkali into noodles to slow deterioration; this evolved into reganmian. According to a widely circulated rumor, in the early 1930s there was a small food stand operated by Bao Li, a hawker who made a living by selling bean noodles and noodle soups near a temple in Hankou. One day, Li poured sesame oil onto his noodles accidentally; he boiled them and added shallot and other condiments the next day, and sold them the next morning. His noodles became very popular because of their unique taste, and customers asked Bao Li what kind of noodle it was; Bao Li answered \"hot dry noodles\". From then on, Bao Li specialized in hot dry noodles, which caused a sensation in Wuhan with many customers. Many cooks learned from him and specialized in","title":"Hot dry noodles"},{"docid":"870352","text":"In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\" In traditional grammar, it is typically defined as a string of words that expresses a complete thought, or as a unit consisting of a subject and predicate. In non-functional linguistics it is typically defined as a maximal unit of syntactic structure such as a constituent. In functional linguistics, it is defined as a unit of written texts delimited by graphological features such as upper-case letters and markers such as periods, question marks, and exclamation marks. This notion contrasts with a curve, which is delimited by phonologic features such as pitch and loudness and markers such as pauses; and with a clause, which is a sequence of words that represents some process going on throughout time. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command, or suggestion. Typical associates Clauses A sentence is typically associated with a clause. A clause can either be a clause simplex or a clause complex. A clause simplex represents a single process going on through time. A clause complex represents a logical relation between two or more processes and is thus composed of two or more clause simplexes. A clause (simplex) typically contains a predication structure with a subject noun phrase and a finite verb. Although the subject is usually a noun phrase, other kinds of phrases (such as gerund phrases) work as well, and some languages allow subjects to be omitted. In the examples below, the subject of the outmost clause simplex is in italics and the subject of boiling is in square brackets. There is clause embedding in the second and third examples. [Water] boils at 100 degrees Celsius. It is quite interesting that [water] boils at 100 degrees Celsius. The fact that [water] boils at 100 degrees Celsius is quite interesting. There are two types of clauses: independent and non-independent/interdependent. An independent clause realises a speech act such as a statement, a question, a command or an offer. A non-independent clause does not realise any act. A non-independent clause (simplex or complex) is usually logically related to other non-independent clauses. Together, they usually constitute a single independent clause (complex). For that reason, non-independent clauses are also called interdependent. For instance, the non-independent clause because I have no friends is related to the non-independent clause I don't go out in I don't go out, because I have no friends. The whole clause complex is independent because it realises a statement. What is stated is the causal nexus between having no friend and not going out. When such a statement is acted out, the fact that the speaker doesn't go out is already established, therefore it cannot be stated. What is still open and under negotiation is the reason for that fact. The causal nexus is represented by the independent clause complex and not by the two interdependent clause simplexes. See also copula for the","title":"Sentence (linguistics)"},{"docid":"3672150","text":"Vacuum evaporation is the process of causing the pressure in a liquid-filled container to be reduced below the vapor pressure of the liquid, causing the liquid to evaporate at a lower temperature than normal. Although the process can be applied to any type of liquid at any vapor pressure, it is generally used to describe the boiling of water by lowering the container's internal pressure below standard atmospheric pressure and causing the water to boil at room temperature. The vacuum evaporation treatment process consists of reducing the interior pressure of the evaporation chamber below atmospheric pressure. This reduces the boiling point of the liquid to be evaporated, thereby reducing or eliminating the need for heat in both the boiling and condensation processes. There are other advantages, such as the ability to distill liquids with high boiling points and avoiding decomposition of substances that are heat sensitive. Application Food When the process is applied to food and the water is evaporated and removed, the food can be stored for long periods without spoiling. It is also used when boiling a substance at normal temperatures would chemically change the consistency of the product, such as egg whites coagulating when attempting to dehydrate the albumen into a powder. This process was invented by Henri Nestlé in 1866, of Nestlé Chocolate fame, although the Shakers were already using a vacuum pan before that (see condensed milk). This process is used industrially to make such food products as evaporated milk for milk chocolate and tomato paste for ketchup. In the sugar industry vacuum evaporation is used in the crystallization of sucrose solutions. Traditionally this process was performed in batch mode, but nowadays continuous vacuum pans are available. Wastewater treatment Vacuum evaporators are used in a wide range of industrial sectors to treat industrial wastewater. It represents a clean, safe and very versatile technology with low management costs, which in most cases serves as a zero-discharge treatment system. Thin film deposition Vacuum evaporation is also a form of physical vapor deposition used in the semiconductor, microelectronics, and optical industries and in this context is a process of depositing thin films of material onto surfaces. Such a technique consists of pumping a vacuum chamber to pressures of less than 10−5 torr and heating a material to produce a flux of vapor to deposit the material onto a surface. The material to be vaporized is typically heated until its vapor pressure is high enough to produce a flux of several Angstroms per second by using an electrically resistive heater or bombardment by a high voltage beam. See also Freeze drying List of waste-water treatment technologies Vacuum deposition References External links Vacuum evaporation manufacturer Evaporators Food preservation Food processing Vacuum Water pollution Thin film deposition","title":"Vacuum evaporation"},{"docid":"2061993","text":"In chemistry and materials science, impurities are chemical substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid. They differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound. Firstly, a pure chemical should appear in at least one chemical phase and can also be characterized by its phase diagram. Secondly, a pure chemical should prove to be homogeneous (i.e., a uniform substance that has the same composition throughout the material). The perfect pure chemical will pass all attempts to separate and purify it further. Thirdly, and here we focus on the common chemical definition, it should not contain any trace of any other kind of chemical species. In reality, there are no absolutely 100% pure chemical compounds, as there is always some small amount of contamination. The levels of impurities in a material are generally defined in relative terms. Standards have been established by various organizations that attempt to define the permitted levels of various impurities in a manufactured product. Strictly speaking, a material's level of purity can only be stated as being more or less pure than some other material. Impurities are either naturally occurring or added during synthesis of a chemical or commercial product. During production, impurities may be purposely or accidentally added to the substance. The removal of unwanted impurities may require the use of separation or purification techniques such as distillation or zone refining. In other cases, impurities might be added to acquire certain properties of a material such as the color in gemstones or conductivity in semiconductors. Impurities may also affect crystallization as they can act as nucleation sites that start crystal growth. Impurities can also play a role in nucleation of other phase transitions in the form of defects. Unwanted impurities Impurities can become unwanted when they prevent the working nature of the material. Examples include ash and debris in metals and leaf pieces in blank white papers. The removal of impurities is usually done chemically. For example, in the manufacturing of iron, calcium carbonate is added to the blast furnaces to remove silicon dioxide from the iron ore. Zone refining, another purification method, is an economically important method for the purification of semiconductors. However, some kinds of impurities can be removed by physical means. A mixture of water and salt can be separated by distillation, with water as the distillate and salt as the solid residue. This is done by heating the water so it boils and leaves behind the salt. The water is cooled and the gas turns back to a pure liquid. Impurities are usually physically removed from liquids and gases. Removal of sand particles from metal ore is one example with solids. No matter what method is used, it is usually impossible to separate an impurity completely from a material. The reason that it is impossible to remove impurities completely is of thermodynamic nature and is predicted by the second law of thermodynamics. Removing impurities completely means reducing their concentration to zero. This would require an infinite amount of","title":"Chemical impurity"},{"docid":"18526084","text":"Team 5P () is the animation production team, which established in 2002. The first members were composed of Hongsuk Kim (Kee-mong), Sangsik Min (Sickman), Donghyuk Jang (Seedrock), Sukjo Jang (Devil), Jihyuk Jung (Guy Hyuk), and Junghoon Ji (Back-gun). They used to draw many kinds of Animations; especially the series of \"The Hell of Selfish and Immoral Entertainers ()\", \"The Middle-aged Detective Kim Jung Il\", \"The Banana Girl (unsuitable for under 19-years-old)\" are very famous masterpieces. ==Private Kim Chang-who'''s Desertion== The Story is separated of two stories. One is the story which describes the time Kim Chang-who joined a party; He couldn't stand on much reproaches from his superiors - He deserted remaining his diary and ran away stealing a duck from a farm, the other is the story which describes the time after Kim deserted his party; but he was captured by his captain Kim Hong-suk just before he take a traffic to his home, he was imprisoned with his superiors into the guardhouse. The Hell of Entertainers The flash animation series is the most popular animation of the team. Many kinds of military service problems were dealt in this animation. Series of Moonoejoong In 2002, Team 5P made the first series of \"The Hell of Entertainers\" which Heejun Moon (in this series, he is featured as \"Moonoejoong; literally, A No-brained Bug\") who is due to join the 666 party is featuring. In this first series, Moonoejoong is scolded by many superiors, including a foolish and fault maker, Kim Chang-who. One day night, He dreamt of what he sings rock'n roll, when he sings shouting, making most of his fans wild with enthusiasm. At that time, his superior, Jung Ji-hyuk wakes him up, and scolded while he was still sleeping. This day, Moonoejoong couldn't have any supper because he waste his breakfast into the trash box after Kim Chang-who told him about a patty on a Military Hamburger, while he miss twice in a football game; one is his own goal, the other is speaking what Jung Ji-hyuk missed a penalty kick. He couldn't have any supper until his sleeping time. Series of Stivoong Yoo Another entertainer, Steve Yoo (Korean name; Seungjun YOO) featured as \"Stivoong YOO(No literal meaning but similar to his name).\" Steve is a naturalized American to avoid the military duty in South Korea on February, 2002. At first of the series, he told his party supervisor that he was due to join the American Army. However, the supervisor scold and strike him even Stivoong cried that he is about to join the American Army. Likewise Moonoejoong, he is scolded by his superiors. From joined day on, he is defeated seriously. After a while, Jung Ji-hyuk told Kim Chang-who, \"boil my noodle pack.\" Kim Chang-who spit into the pack boiling noodle, Moonoejoong found his situation and reported to Jung Ji-hyuk. Thus, in the evening, Kim was beat seriously by Jung for the reason. The next day, in the morning roll call, everybody sing the South Korean national","title":"Team 5P"},{"docid":"896894","text":"Castle Geyser is a cone geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. It is noted for the particularly large geyserite sinter deposits, which form its cone. These deposits have been likened in appearance to a castle. When the geyser was given this name in 1870, the top edges of the structure resembled the typical profile associated with the modern concept of a castle, having the appearance of a large keep, multiple turrets, and especially because of the crenellation along the top edges of what resembled its towers. As the drawing below shows the cone had distinctive appearance at the time. Over time the cone's shape changes because of the layers of mineral deposited in successive eruptions. History On September 18, 1870, the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition entered the Upper Geyser Basin. Eventually, members of the expedition named seven geysers they observed in the basin. The appearance of this geyser led Lieutenant Gustavus Cheyney Doane to name it Castle Geyser. Nathaniel P. Langford gave this account in his 1871 Scribner's article: \"The Castle,\" situated on the summit of an incrusted mound, has a turreted crater through which a large volume of water is expelled at intervals of two or three hours to the height of , from a discharging orifice about in diameter. The architectural features of the silicious sinter surrounding it, which is very massive and compact, indicating that at some former period the flow of water must have been much greater than at present, suggested its name. A vent near it is constantly discharging a large stream of boiling water, and when the geyser is in action the water in this vent boils and bubbles with great fierceness. Eruption The Castle Geyser has a 10- to 12-hour eruption cycle. The geyser erupts hot water for about 20 minutes in a vertical column that reaches a height of before changing to a noisy steam phase that issues for 30 to 40 minutes. The sinter cone for Castle Geyser has been dated to around 1022 using carbon-14 dating. This date is much younger than the originally-presumed age of 5,000 to 15,000 years. A 3-D laser scan made of the cone reveals evidence that this geyser has evolved through four to five distinct stages to reach its current configuration. In November 2002, the Denali earthquake in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska caused Castle Geyser, as well as other geysers in Yellowstone, to decrease in eruption frequency. The affected geysers have returned to their previous pattern since that time, however. Gallery References External links Geysers of Wyoming Geothermal features of Teton County, Wyoming Geothermal features of Yellowstone National Park Geysers of Teton County, Wyoming Articles containing video clips","title":"Castle Geyser"},{"docid":"52996","text":"Steaming is a method of cooking using steam. This is often done with a food steamer, a kitchen appliance made specifically to cook food with steam, but food can also be steamed in a wok. In the American southwest, steam pits used for cooking have been found dating back about 5,000 years. Steaming is considered a healthy cooking technique that can be used for many kinds of foods. Because steaming can be achieved by heating less water or liquid, and because of the excellent thermodynamic heat transfer properties of steam, steaming can be as fast, or faster, than cooking in boiling water, as well as being more energy efficient. History Some of the world's earliest examples of steam cooking were found in China's Yellow River Valley; early steam cookers made of stoneware have been found dating back as far as 5,000 BCE. And also in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, created during the Stone Age. Some of the second earliest examples of steam cooking have been found in Italy and Sardinia, created during the Bronze Age, and in Cochise County, Arizona, where steam pits were used for cooking about 10,000 years ago. From the eighth century CE, thin cypress strips were used to make steamers; today their slatted bases are constructed from bamboo. The classic steamer has a chimney in the center, which distributes the steam among the tiers. While steaming has not caught up in the west for assorted dishes, the technique was heavily popularized worldwide by Chinese and East Asian cuisine. The two main classic steamers feature the ancient bamboo steamer as well as the modern metal (aluminum or stainless steel) steamer, with the difference being that the bamboo lid takes longer to heat up but absorbs excess moisture and allows heat to condense again over the delicate food. Other developments were the creations of microwaveable silicone steamers and plastic-hybrid steamers. Method Steaming works by boiling water continuously, causing it to vaporize into steam; the steam then carries heat to the nearby food, thus cooking the food. The food is kept separate from the boiling water but has direct contact with the steam, resulting in a moist texture to the food. This differs from double boiling, in which food is not directly exposed to steam, or pressure cooking, which uses a sealed vessel, but which is capable of pressure steaming or submerging. Such cooking is most often done by placing the food into a food steamer, typically a circular container made of metal or wood and bamboo. The steamer usually has a lid that is placed on the top of the container during cooking to allow the steam to cook through the food. When a steamer is unavailable, food can be steamed inside a wok, supported over boiling water in the bottom of the wok by a metal frame. Some modern home microwave ovens include a structure to cook food by steam vapor produced in a separate water container, providing a similar result to being cooked on stove. There are","title":"Steaming"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"36193547\",\n \"text\": \"2-Chlorobutane is a compound with formula . It is also called sec-butyl chloride. It is a colorless, volatile liquid at room temperature that is not miscible in water. Physical properties It is a colorless, volatile liquid at room temperature that is not miscible in water. Being an alkyl chloride, its boiling point varies depending on what kind of halide is attached and where it is attached. The boiling points of chlorides are lower than bromides or iodides due to the small size of chlorine relative to other halogens, and its weaker intermolecular forces. Despite its polarity, 2-chlorobutane is only slightly soluble in water due to the hydrocarbon chain its attached to, this makes it soluble in nonpolar-organic solvents. Like many alkyl halides, it is relativity reactive, although not as reactive as iodides and bromides (I>Br>Cl>F), because of this reactivity, alkyl fluorides are more stable than others, and are not readily reactive. Synthesis 2-Chlorobutane can be synthesized through the addition of hydrochloric acid to 2-butene in the following reaction: The reaction is two-step, with the pi electrons attacking the chloride hydrogen, which forms a chloride nucleophile. In the second step, the nucleophile attacks the carbocation generated in the first step. Although addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene is stereoselective, the symmetrical structure of 2-butene prevents an anti-Marknikov product from forming due to both sides of the double bond having the same stability. In addition, 2-chlorobutane can be synthesized in a substitution reaction by reacting 2-butanol with hydrochloric acid. In this case, the reaction is SN1 because 2-butanol generates a carbocation in a 2-step reaction. Because a hydroxyl group is not a good leaving group, it first attacks the chloride hydrogen, creating water, which is a good leaving group, this generates the carbocation. In the second step, the chloride nucleophile attacks the carbocation to form the product. Uses 2-Chlorobutane, along with other alkyl halides, is a useful intermediate in many different organic reactions. The halogen group is an effective leaving group, leading to its use in both elimination and substitution reactions. In addition, the compound is also a candidate for coupling reactions via a Grignard reagent. Substitution reactions In an Sn2 reaction, a nucleophile (iodine) attacks the partially positive carbon, which eliminates the chlorine. This occurs in one step. A less favorable but still possible reaction is an Sn1 reaction, where a secondary carbocation is formed once the leaving group is removed. The nucleophile then attacks the carbocation, forming the product. Elimination reactions Additionally, because 2-chlorobutane is antiperiplanar, it can undergo E2 elimination reactions with strong bases. In it, the chlorine leaving group is removed, and the double bond is restored to yield different constitutional isomers. This is because 2-chlorobutane possesses two different sets of β-hydrogens at the first and third carbons respectively, resulting in 1-butene or 2-butene. It is important to note that as a secondary alkyl halide, both E2 and Sn2 reactions are equally likely when reacting with a substance that can act as both a base and\",\n \"title\": \"2-Chlorobutane\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1515874\",\n \"text\": \"The history of tea in China is long and complex, for the Chinese have enjoyed tea for millennia. Scholars hailed the brew as a cure for a variety of ailments; the nobility considered the consumption of good tea as a mark of their status, and the common people simply enjoyed its flavour. In 2016, the discovery of the earliest known physical evidence of tea from the mausoleum of Emperor Jing of Han (d. 141 BCE) in Xi'an was announced, indicating that tea from the genus Camellia was drunk by Han dynasty emperors as early as the 2nd century BCE. Tea then became a popular drink in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties. Historical background According to legend, tea was first discovered by the legendary Chinese emperor and herbalist, Shennong, in 2737 BCE. It is said that the emperor liked his drinking water boiled before he drank it so it would be clean, so that is what his servants did. One day, on a trip to a distant region, he and his army stopped to rest. A servant began boiling water for him to drink, and a dead leaf from the wild tea bush fell into the water. It turned a brownish color, but it was unnoticed and presented to the emperor anyway. The emperor drank it and found it very refreshing, and cha (tea) came into being. The Erya, a Chinese dictionary dated to the 3rd century BCE, records that an infusion of some kind of leaf was used as early as the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE). While historically the origin of tea as a medicinal herb useful for staying awake is unclear, China is considered to have the earliest records of tea drinking, with recorded tea use in its history dating back to the first millennium BCE. The Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) used tea as medicine. The use of tea as a beverage drunk for pleasure on social occasions dates from the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) or earlier. The Classic of Tea (茶經) by the Tang dynasty writer Lu Yu (陸羽; 729–804) is an early work on the subject. (See also Tea Classics) According to Cha Jing writing, around CE 760, tea drinking was widespread. The book describes how tea plants were grown, the leaves processed, and tea prepared as a beverage. It also describes how tea was evaluated. The book also discusses where the best tea leaves were produced. At this time in tea's history, the nature of the beverage and style of tea preparation were quite different from the way westerners consume it today. Tea leaves were processed into compressed cakes form. The dried teacake, generally called brick tea was ground in a stone mortar. Hot water was added to the powdered teacake, or the powdered teacake was boiled in earthenware kettles then consumed as a hot beverage. See matcha for the Japanese version of using powdered green tea, which is derived from older Chinese customs. A form of compressed tea referred to as white\",\n \"title\": \"History of tea in China\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2807557\",\n \"text\": \"Czech cuisine has both influenced and been influenced by the cuisines of surrounding countries and nations. Many of the cakes and pastries that are popular in Central Europe originated within the Czech lands. Contemporary Czech cuisine is more meat-based than in previous periods; the current abundance of farmable meat has enriched its presence in regional cuisine. Traditionally, meat has been reserved for once-weekly consumption, typically on weekends. The body of Czech meals typically consists of two, or sometimes more, courses; the first course is traditionally soup, and the second course is the main dish. If a third course is eaten, which mainly happens at more festive occasions, it is usually a sweet dessert or compote (). In the Czech cuisine, thick soups and many kinds of sauces, both based on stewed or cooked vegetables and meats, often with cream, as well as baked meats with natural sauces (gravies), are popular dishes usually accompanied with beer, especially Pilsner, that Czechs consume the most in the world. Czech cuisine is also very strong in sweet main courses, a unique feature in European cuisines. History The 19th-century Czech language cookbook by Karolína Vávrová shows influences of French cuisine in the order of multi-course meals common throughout the Habsburg monarchy, beginning with soup, followed by fish entrees, meat and sweets. Vávrová deviates from this standard order for the sweets of type. These flour-based sweets, including baked puddings, strudels, doughnuts and souffles could be served either before or after the roast meats, but stewed fruits, creamy desserts, cakes, ice cream, and cookies were to always be served after the roast and for multiple dessert courses would follow this stated order. Side dishes Dumplings () (steamed and sliced like bread) are one of the mainstays of Czech cuisine and are typically served with meals. They can be either wheat or potato-based and are sometimes made from a combination of wheat flour and dices made of stale bread or rolls. Puffed rice can be found in store-prepared mixtures. Smaller Czech dumplings are usually potato-based. When served as leftovers, sliced dumplings are sometimes pan-fried with eggs. Czech potato dumplings are often filled with smoked meat and served with spinach or sauerkraut. Fried onion and braised cabbage can be included as a side dish. There are many other side dishes, including noodles and boiled rice. Potatoes are served boiled with salt, often with caraway seed and butter. Peeled and boiled potatoes are mixed into mashed potatoes. New potatoes are sometimes boiled in their skins, not peeled, from harvest time to new year. Because of the influence of foreign countries, potatoes are also fried, so French fries and croquettes are common in restaurants. Buckwheat, pearl barley and millet grains are rarely served in restaurants. These are more commonly a home-cooked, healthier alternative. Pasta is common, either baked, boiled, cooked with other ingredients, or served as a salad. Pasta is available in different shapes and flavors. This is an influence of Italian and Asian cuisine. Rice and buckwheat noodles are not\",\n \"title\": \"Czech cuisine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17402595\",\n \"text\": \"Instant-boiled mutton () is a Chinese hot pot dish. Introduction Instant-boiled mutton, also known as Mongolian Fire Pot or dip-boil mutton, is a Chinese hot pot dish. Traditionally, Chinese people have eaten it inside the home during cold winter weather, but in recent times, instant-boiled mutton has been eaten year-round. It is also eaten in restaurants. Mutton slice often uses different cut from the back (e.g. shangnao, sancha, etc.) and rear legs (e.g. modang). The tail of the lamb is used to prepare the soup base. History Instant-boiled mutton dates back to the Yuan Dynasty. At one point during a battle, the Khagan of the Mongol Empire, Kublai Khan, had a sudden craving for stewed mutton. However, the enemy's troops were approaching. To satisfy Kublai Khan's desire, a chef quickly cut off a dozen thin mutton slices and put them in boiling water. He removed them as soon as the lamb changed color and put them into a bowl with salt. Kublai Khan finished the mutton quickly and returned to the battle, which he won. At the victory banquet, Kublai Khan requested that the chef make this lamb dish again and named it instant-boiled mutton. Cooking and eating method When instant-boiled mutton is eaten in China, a hot-pot of boiling water is placed in the middle of the table. Tofu, Chinese cabbage, bean sprouts, and vermicelli are normally included in the hot-pot. Lamb is pre-sliced paper-thin into unbroken pieces and served on the table. Eaters pick up some pre-sliced raw lamb using chopsticks, put it in the boiling hot-pot, and remove it as soon as the lamb changes color. Each person has a small bowl to hold sauce for the cooked lamb; the sauce is normally a mixture of sesame sauce, chili oil, leeks, and more. See also List of lamb dishes References Zhongli, Tumei. (2007). Food in China. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. . External links www.china.org.cn www.chinesefoodrecipes.org Lamb:Good for you China Eating Out Guide Beijing cuisine Lamb dishes Chinese soups and stews\",\n \"title\": \"Instant-boiled mutton\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54305952\",\n \"text\": \"Pentamethylantimony or pentamethylstiborane is an organometalllic compound containing five methyl groups bound to an antimony atom with formula Sb(CH3)5. It is an example of a hypervalent compound. The molecular shape is trigonal bipyramid. Some other antimony(V) organometallic compounds include pentapropynylantimony (Sb(CCCH3)5) and pentaphenyl antimony (Sb(C6H5)5). Other known pentamethyl-pnictides include pentamethylbismuth and pentamethylarsenic. Production Pentamethylantimony can be made by reacting Sb(CH3)3Br2 with two equivalents of methyl lithium. Another production route is to convert trimethylstibine to the trimethyl antimony dichloride, and then replace the chlorine with methyl groups with methyl lithium. Sb(CH3)3 + Cl2 → Sb(CH3)3Cl2 Sb(CH3)3Cl2 + 2LiCH3 → Sb(CH3)5 + 2LiCl Properties Pentamethylantimony is colourless. At -143 °C it crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with space group Ccmm. Unit cell dimensions are a=6.630 Å b=11.004 Å c=11.090 Å. There are four formula per unit cell. Unit cell volume is 809.1 Å3. The trigonal bipyramid shape has three equatorial positions for carbon, and two axial positions at the peaks of the pyramids. The length of the antimony-carbon bond is around 214 pm for equatorial methyl groups and 222 pm for the axial positions. The bond angles are 120° for ∠C-Sb-C across the equator, and 90° for ∠C-Sb-C between equator and axis. The molecules rapidly change carbon atom position, so that in NMR spectrum as low as −100 °C, there is only one kind of hydrogen position. Pentamethylantimony is more stable than pentamethylbismuth, because in lower energy trimethylbismuth, the non-bonding pair of electrons is more shielded due to the f-electrons and the lanthanoid contraction. Trimethylantimony is higher in energy, and thus less is released in a decomposition of pentamethylantimony. Pentamethylantimony can be stored as a liquid in clean glass at room temperature. Pentamethylantimony melts at -19 °C. Although it decomposes when boiling is attempted and can explode, it has a high vapour pressure at 8 mmHg at 25 °C. There are two absorption bands in the ultraviolet at 2380 and 2500 Å. Reactions Pentamethylantimony reacts with methyl lithium to yield a colourless lithium hexamethylantimonate in tetrahydrofuran. Sb(CH3)5 + LiCH3 → Li(thf)Sb(CH3)6 Pentamethylantimony reacts with silsesquioxanes to yield tetramethylstibonium silsesquioxanes. eg (cyclo-C6H11)7Si7O9(OH)3 yields (cyclo-C6H11)7Si7O9(OSb(CH3)4)3. The reaction happens quickly when there are more than two OH groups. Phosphonic acids and phosphinic acids combine with pentamethylantimony to yield compounds like (CH3)4SbOP(O)Ph2, (CH3)4SbOP(O)(OH)Ph and (CH3)4SbOP(O)(OH)3, eliminating methane. Stannocene Sn(C5H5)2 combines with pentamethylantimony to produce bis(tetramethylstibonium)tetracyclopentadienylstannate ([(CH3)4Sb]2Sn(C5H5)4). Pentamethylantimony reacts with many very weak acids to form a tetramethylstibonium salt or tetramethylstibonium derivative with the acid. Such acids include water (H2O), alcohols, thiols, phenol, carboxylic acids, hydrogen fluoride, thiocyanic acid, hydrazoic acid, difluorophosphoric acid, thiophosphinic acids, and alkylsilols. With halogens, pentamethylantimony has one or two methyl groups replaced by the halogen atoms. Lewis acids also react to form tetramethyl stibonium salts, including [(CH3)4Sb]TlBr4, [(CH3)4Sb][CH3SbCl5], Pentamethylantimony reacts with the surface of silica to coat it with Si-O-Sb(CH3)4 groups. Over 250 °C this decomposes to Sb(CH3) and leaves methyl groups attached to the silica surface. References Organoantimony compounds Hypervalent molecules Methyl complexes\",\n \"title\": \"Pentamethylantimony\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46318\",\n \"text\": \"Portable soup was a kind of dehydrated food of English origin used in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was a precursor of meat extract and bouillon cubes, and of industrially dehydrated and instant food. It is also known as pocket soup or veal glue. It is essentially a partially dehydrated broth and a solid counterpart of the glace de viande (meat glaze) used in French cuisine. It was long a staple of British seamen, military and explorers, as it would keep for many months or even a year. In this context, it was considered a filling and nutritious dish. Process Portable soup was made from a slow-cooked beef or veal broth (often 6 to 8 hours), reduced, degreased to remove the fat (which may spoil and become rancid over time) and then reduced repeatedly until it solidified into a jelly. Once it was sufficiently gelatinous to hold its form, it was placed on pieces of flannel or unglazed earthenware dishes and rotated regularly to dry it further. Historically, this was a seasonal process attempted only in the winter when humidity was low. Once dry, it was wrapped in paper and stored in boxes. History Hugh Plat In the late sixteenth century, Sir Hugh Plat wrote, in his unpublished notes, of portable soup as a potential military rations for the army and navy, describing it as meat broth boiled down to a thick and dry paste which he called \\\"gelly\\\". Plat's basic recipe was to boil the feet or legs of beef cattle for a long time to make \\\"a good broath\\\" which was then strained and boiled down to \\\"a strong & stiff gelly\\\". This in turn was dried on clean cloths in a windy place out of the sun, cut with wire into pieces, powdered with flour to stop the pieces from sticking, and stored in wooden boxes. Made in March, it would \\\"keepe all the yeere\\\". Alternatively, the dry jelly could be \\\"stamped\\\" into shape with a wooden die, like the \\\"Genoa Paste\\\" of quinces familiar to Plat and other cooks of the time. He instructed that no sugar or salt should be added to the jelly because such taste would be concentrated by the boiling process, although he speculated that saffron might add colour, and that rosewater could also be added at this stage. He wondered whether baked flour or grated bread could be incorporated to make the jelly \\\"serve as bread and meate the better\\\", and whether the addition of isinglass would make it stiffer. The jelly was variously described by Plat as a \\\"Victual for Warr\\\", \\\"dry gelly carried to the sea\\\", and a food for soldiers on the march. Plat envisaged using this jelly either as the base for soup, or \\\"neat\\\" as a concentrated food. Reconstitution as soup simply involved dissolving a piece of the jelly in hot water to make \\\"good broath\\\", and, because jelly and water alone would be rather bland, adding such flavourings as were available or to taste\",\n \"title\": \"Portable soup\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11763521\",\n \"text\": \"In fluid thermodynamics, nucleate boiling is a type of boiling that takes place when the surface temperature is hotter than the saturated fluid temperature by a certain amount but where the heat flux is below the critical heat flux. For water, as shown in the graph below, nucleate boiling occurs when the surface temperature is higher than the saturation temperature () by between . The critical heat flux is the peak on the curve between nucleate boiling and transition boiling. The heat transfer from surface to liquid is greater than that in film boiling. Nucleate boiling is common in electric kettles and is responsible for the noise that occurs before boiling occurs. It also occurs in water boilers where water is rapidly heated. Mechanism Two different regimes may be distinguished in the nucleate boiling range. When the temperature difference is between approximately above TS, isolated bubbles form at nucleation sites and separate from the surface. This separation induces considerable fluid mixing near the surface, substantially increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux. In this regime, most of the heat transfer is through direct transfer from the surface to the liquid in motion at the surface and not through the vapor bubbles rising from the surface. Between above TS, a second flow regime may be observed. As more nucleation sites become active, increased bubble formation causes bubble interference and coalescence. In this region the vapor escapes as jets or columns which subsequently merge into plugs of vapor. Interference between the densely populated bubbles inhibits the motion of liquid near the surface. This is observed on the graph as a change in the direction of the gradient of the curve or an inflection in the boiling curve. After this point, the heat transfer coefficient starts to reduce as the surface temperature is further increased although the product of the heat transfer coefficient and the temperature difference (the heat flux) is still increasing. When the relative increase in the temperature difference is balanced by the relative reduction in the heat transfer coefficient, a maximum heat flux is achieved as observed by the peak in the graph. This is the critical heat flux. At this point in the maximum, considerable vapor is being formed, making it difficult for the liquid to continuously wet the surface to receive heat from the surface. This causes the heat flux to reduce after this point. At extremes, film boiling commonly known as the Leidenfrost effect is observed. The process of forming steam bubbles within liquid in micro cavities adjacent to the wall if the wall temperature at the heat transfer surface rises above the saturation temperature while the bulk of the liquid (heat exchanger) is subcooled. The bubbles grow until they reach some critical size, at which point they separate from the wall and are carried into the main fluid stream. There the bubbles collapse because the temperature of bulk fluid is not as high as at the heat transfer surface, where the bubbles were\",\n \"title\": \"Nucleate boiling\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1277505\",\n \"text\": \"A steam explosion is an explosion caused by violent boiling or flashing of water or ice into steam, occurring when water or ice is either superheated, rapidly heated by fine hot debris produced within it, or heated by the interaction of molten metals (as in a fuel–coolant interaction, or FCI, of molten nuclear-reactor fuel rods with water in a nuclear reactor core following a core-meltdown). Steam explosions are instances of explosive boiling. Pressure vessels, such as pressurized water (nuclear) reactors, that operate above atmospheric pressure can also provide the conditions for a steam explosion. The water changes from a solid or liquid to a gas with extreme speed, increasing dramatically in volume. A steam explosion sprays steam and boiling-hot water and the hot medium that heated it in all directions (if not otherwise confined, e.g. by the walls of a container), creating a danger of scalding and burning. Steam explosions are not normally chemical explosions, although a number of substances react chemically with steam (for example, zirconium and superheated graphite (inpure carbon, C) react with steam and air respectively to give off hydrogen (H2), which may explode violently in air (O2) to form water or H2O) so that chemical explosions and fires may follow. Some steam explosions appear to be special kinds of boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE), and rely on the release of stored superheat. But many large-scale events, including foundry accidents, show evidence of an energy-release front propagating through the material (see description of FCI below), where the forces create fragments and mix the hot phase into the cold volatile one; and the rapid heat transfer at the front sustains the propagation. If a steam explosion occurs in a confined tank of water due to rapid heating of the water, the pressure wave and rapidly expanding steam can cause severe water hammer. This was the mechanism that, in Idaho, USA, in 1961, caused the SL-1 nuclear reactor vessel to jump over in the air when it was destroyed by a criticality accident. In the case of SL-1, the fuel and fuel elements vaporized from instantaneous overheating. Events of this general type are also possible if the fuel and fuel elements of a water-cooled nuclear reactor gradually melt. The mixture of molten core structures and fuel is often referred to as \\\"Corium\\\". If such corium comes into contact with water, vapour explosions may occur from the violent interaction between molten fuel (corium) and water as coolant. Such explosions are seen to be fuel–coolant interactions (FCI). The severity of a steam explosion based on fuel-coolant interaction (FCI) depends strongly on the so-called premixing process, which describes the mixing of the melt with the surrounding water-steam mixture. In general, water-rich premixtures are considered more favorable than steam-rich environments in terms of steam explosion initiation and strength. The theoretical maximum for the strength of a steam explosion from a given mass of molten corium, which can never be achieved in practice, is due to its optimal distribution in the form of\",\n \"title\": \"Steam explosion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"167082\",\n \"text\": \"is a family of stocks used in Japanese cuisine. Dashi forms the base for miso soup, clear broth soup, noodle broth soup, and many simmering liquids to accentuate the savory flavor known as umami. Dashi is also mixed into the flour base of some grilled foods like okonomiyaki and takoyaki. Preparation The most common form of dashi is a simple broth made by heating water containing kombu (edible kelp) and kezurikatsuo (shavings of katsuobushi – preserved, fermented skipjack tuna or bonito) to near-boiling, then straining the resultant liquid; dried anchovies or sardines may be substituted. Katsuobushi is especially high in sodium inosinate and kombu is especially high in glutamic acids; both combined create a synergy of umami. Granulated or liquid instant dashi largely replaced the homemade product in the second half of the 20th century. Homemade dashi is less popular today, even in Japan. Compared to the taste of homemade dashi, instant dashi tends to have a stronger, less subtle flavor, due to the use of chemical flavor enhancers—glutamates and ribonucleotides. Variations Other kinds of dashi are made by soaking kelp, niboshi, or shiitake in water for many hours or by heating them in near-boiling water and straining the resulting broth. Kombu dashi is made by soaking or gently simmering kelp in water; soaking is traditional and fit for making baby food while simmering is a more modern practice. Kombu dashi becomes bitter and unpalatable when boiled. Niboshi dashi is made by pinching off the heads and entrails of small dried sardines, to prevent bitterness, and soaking the rest in water. Sometimes the heads are used as not everyone finds them to be bitter, and the fish are occasionally toasted to evaporate any volatile unpleasant fishy odors. Shiitake dashi is made by soaking dried shiitake mushrooms in water. Dried shiitake is preferred over fresh due to a stronger presence of savory or umami flavors. See also List of soups References Further reading Fish and seafood soups Japanese condiments Umami enhancers Stock (food)\",\n \"title\": \"Dashi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71235224\",\n \"text\": \"Kanuchi (Cherokee: Ku-nu-che (ᎦᎾᏥ ga-na-tsi)) is a hickory nut soup eaten originally by the Cherokee people and which consists primarily of ground hickory nuts boiled in water. Hickory was the nut of choice (probably the species Carya ovata, known for its natural sweetness), since it is a nut tree endemic to North America, and is known to grow plentifully in those forested areas settled by the Cherokee. Nutritional value and historical use Dried hickory nutmeat is high in both fat and protein, containing 3% water, 18% carbohydrates, 13% protein, and 64% fats. The nut was generally rendered into oil or made into a kind of nutmeal ball that could be used to make stock for stews and soups. Traditionally, kanuchi was eaten by adding the soup broth to hominy (Cherokee: A-ma-ge-i (ᎠᎹᎨᎢ)) that had been prepared from the flint corn (Cherokee: Se-lu(ᏎᎷ)). Hickory King corn is now principally used for making hominy. Traditional manner of preparation Kanuchi is made by gathering hickory nuts (Cherokee: So-hi (ᏐᎯ)) in the wild, usually in October. The outer hulls are removed, while the nuts, complete with their inner-shells, are then dried on a rack in front of a fire. Since hickory nuts are rarely commercially exported, the hickory nut can be substituted by making use of pecans or walnuts, or by using an equal mixture of both walnuts and pecans. The dried hickory nuts with their shells are placed over a large flat rock that has been inserted within a flat basket lined temporarily with a cloth, and are then cracked open by pounding with a smaller rock. After breaking the outer shells and crushing the nut meat, the resulting nutmeat is sifted through a sieve basket (Today, modern sieves and strainers are used). The kernels and small hulls that passed through the sieve are taken up and put into a large wooden corn mortar and there pounded with a large wooden pestle (Cherokee: Ka-no-na (ᎧᏃᎾ)) until the substance can be made into balls. The crushed nuts were formed by hand into balls, to be stored in this way for several days until ready for use. When soup was desired, an earthenware pot partly filled with water was traditionally used. The water was brought to a boil and the balls inserted into the pot of boiling water. Boiling water can also be poured over the balls while they are laid up in the pot, while stirring constantly. Once the soup reaches the right consistency, usually after cooking for 10 minutes, the soup can be ladled out and served. A thick soup is typically served with any type of bread or dumpling, whereas a thin soup may be used as a drink. Today, most food connoisseurs prefer eating kanuchi soup with rice, as its main viand, or else with sweet potatoes. Some recipes call for a dash of maple syrup to sweeten the soup. See also Indigenous cuisine of the Americas References External links Kanuchi and the Search for a Native American Soup Osiyo TV,\",\n \"title\": \"Kanuchi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1492870\",\n \"text\": \"The Marrying Kind is a 1952 American comedy drama film directed by George Cukor and starring Judy Holliday and Aldo Ray. Other cast members include John Alexander, Charles Bronson, Peggy Cass, Barry Curtis, Tom Farrell, Frank Ferguson, Ruth Gordon (who co-wrote the screenplay with Garson Kanin), Gordon Jones, Madge Kennedy, Nancy Kulp, Mickey Shaughnessy, and Joan Shawlee. Plot summary The ups and downs of marriage and commitment are realized as Florence and Chet Keefer recount their marriage to the divorce judge. As the judge attempts to decipher whether or not their love for one another is gone, key moments of their lives together are recalled. Florence and Chet came close to making it big at various times, and suffered when those opportunities were lost. But the biggest stressor on their marriage occurred when their son drowned in a lake. They recover from his death as well as they can, and Florrie returns to work while Chet is recuperating from an injury. When Florrie's former boss leaves her a lot of money in his will, Chet is concerned about what the context might have been. They fight over the money, and though their daughter tries to stop their arguments, things boil to a head. When they go to their family for advice, it seems divorce makes the most sense. After talking it all through with the judge, they realize that they never really wanted to get divorced in the first place. After the judge leaves, Florrie and Chet resolve to try again and not blame each other when things go wrong. Cast Judy Holliday as Florence \\\"Florrie\\\" Keefer Aldo Ray as Chet Keefer Madge Kennedy as Judge Anne B. Carroll Sheila Bond as Joan Shipley John Alexander as Howard Shipley Rex Williams as George Bastian Phyllis Povah as Mrs. Derringer Mickey Shaughnessy as Pat Bundy Griff Barnett as Charley Peggy Cass as Emily Bundy Nancy Kulp as Edie Shooting locations Several exteriors were shot on location in New York City, including in Central Park and in Stuyvesant Town-Peter Cooper Village. Narration The main way the action in this film happens is by narration, as Florence or Chet describe for the Judge different situations. However, as the viewer sees those scenes portrayed in the film, what they are seeing is different from what the narrator is describing. In the case of the story of how they met, what Chet describes is completely different from what is shown happening. '\\\"It so happens I remember it different\\\", Miss Holliday primly says.' Creative process Garson Kanin told the Los Angeles Times that he and Ruth Gordon had a different writing process for The Marrying Kind than usual - they worked on it little by little over a period of months. They'd sketch out this or that scene to make a certain point. Then on a train ride they started compiling all their ideas, and found out they had 'far too much' material. '\\\"Sometimes we rewrite each other's stuff,\\\" Miss Gordon said, expressionlessly. \\\"Every time I\",\n \"title\": \"The Marrying Kind\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2774201\",\n \"text\": \"A boiler explosion is a catastrophic failure of a boiler. There are two types of boiler explosions. One type is a failure of the pressure parts of the steam and water sides. There can be many different causes, such as failure of the safety valve, corrosion of critical parts of the boiler, or low water level. Corrosion along the edges of lap joints was a common cause of early boiler explosions. In steam locomotive boilers, as knowledge was gained by trial and error in early days, the explosive situations and consequent damage due to explosions were inevitable. However, improved design and maintenance markedly reduced the number of boiler explosions by the end of the 19th century. Further improvements continued in the 20th century. On land-based boilers, explosions of the pressure systems happened regularly in stationary steam boilers in the Victorian era, but are now very rare because of the various protections provided, and because of regular inspections compelled by governmental and industry requirements. The second kind is a fuel/air explosion in the furnace, which would more properly be termed a firebox explosion. Firebox explosions in solid-fuel-fired boilers are rare, but firebox explosions in gas or oil-fired boilers are still a potential hazard. Principle Boiler steam explosions Many shell-type boilers carry a large bath of liquid water which is heated to a higher temperature and pressure (enthalpy) than boiling water would be at atmospheric pressure. During normal operation, the liquid water remains in the bottom of the boiler due to gravity, steam bubbles rise through the liquid water and collect at the top for use until saturation pressure is reached, then the boiling stops. If some pressure is released, boiling begins again, and so on. If steam is released normally, say by opening a throttle valve, the bubbling action of the water remains moderate and relatively dry steam can be drawn from the highest point in the vessel. If steam is released more quickly, the more vigorous boiling action that results can throw a fine spray of droplets up as \\\"wet steam\\\" which can cause damage to piping, engines, turbines and other equipment downstream. If a large crack or other opening in the boiler vessel allows the internal pressure to drop very suddenly, the heat energy remaining in the water will cause even more of the liquid to flash into steam bubbles, which then rapidly displace the remaining liquid. The potential energy of the escaping steam and water are now transformed into work, just as they would have done in an engine; with enough force to peel back the material around the break, severely distorting the shape of the plate which was formerly held in place by stays, or self-supported by its original cylindrical shape. The rapid release of steam and water can provide a very potent blast, and cause great damage to surrounding property or personnel. A failure of this type qualifies as a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). The rapidly expanding steam bubbles can also perform work by\",\n \"title\": \"Boiler explosion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1240278\",\n \"text\": \"A billycan is an Australian term for a lightweight cooking pot in the form of a metal bucket commonly used for boiling water, making tea/coffee or cooking over a campfire or to carry water. These utensils are more commonly known simply as a billy or occasionally as a billy can (billy tin or billy pot in Canada). Usage The term billy or billycan is particularly associated with Australian usage, but is also used in New Zealand, and to a lesser extent Britain and Ireland. In Australia, the billy has come to symbolise the spirit of exploration of the outback and is a widespread symbol of bush life, although now regarded mostly as a symbol of an age that has long passed. To boil the billy most often means to make tea. This expression dates from the Australian gold rushes and probably earlier. \\\"Billy Tea\\\" was the name of a popular brand of tea long sold by Australian grocers and supermarkets. Billies feature in many of Henry Lawson's stories and poems. Banjo Paterson's most famous of many references to the billy is surely in the first verse and chorus of Waltzing Matilda: \\\"Waltzing Matilda and leading a waterbag\\\", which was later changed by the Billy Tea Company to \\\"And he sang as he watched and waited 'til his billy boiled ...\\\". Etymology Although there is a suggestion that the word may be associated with the Aboriginal billa (meaning water; cf. Billabong), it is widely accepted that the term billycan is derived from bouilli can, the name given to the empty canisters used for preserving Soup and bouilli and other foods. With the addition of a handle, these tins were repurposed for boiling water. Letters to newspapers in the early 20th century support this view and David George Stead quoting his father, who emigrated in 1862 aged 16, wrote \\\"the term \\\"billy can\\\" was commonly used in south coastal England, to describe a \\\"bouilli\\\" can or tin. The preservation of foods in tin canisters began in 1812 at the firm of Donkin, Hall and Gamble in Bermondsey, England. The reuse of the empty cans probably began at the same time but it is not until 1835 that there is a record of \\\"an empty preserved-meat-canister serving the double purpose of tea-kettle and tea-pot\\\". By the 1840s, soup and bouilli tin or bouilli tin was increasingly being used as a generic term for any empty preserved food can. The earliest known use of billy for kettle is in an 1848 Tasmanian newspaper report of a criminal trial. A defendant is reported as saying \\\"he put some bread on the table and the \\\"billy\\\" on the fire.\\\" Reminiscences by Heberley and Davenport place billy or billies at earlier events but these accounts were written much later. Another early example from 1849 shows that use of the term was possibly widespread in Australia. It occurs in idyllic description of a shepherd's life in South Australia: \\\"near the wooden fire, is what is called the billy\",\n \"title\": \"Billycan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43822185\",\n \"text\": \"Giovanni Marliani was an Italian physicist, doctor, philosopher and astrologer who was born and lived during the Late Medieval period in northern Italy. Marliani specialised in many mathematical fields and lectured on the phenomenon of natural body heat. He was known for experiments attempting to empirically prove that hot water freezes faster than cold water. (The phenomenon known today as the Mpemba effect.) Biography Born in Milan, Lombardy, in 1420, Giovanni Marliani was the son of a Milanese noble, Cantello Marliani. Marliani studied medicine in Pavia under the tutelage of Biagio Pelacani of Parma. Giovanni Marliani became a doctor in 1440 and went on to the Milanese College of Physics where he taught medicine, philosophy, astrology and physics for most of his life. In 1452, Marliani returned to Pavia after some time in the Milanese Studio. He was paid 425 florins every three months by the Duke of Milan, Francesco Sforza. With a change in the ruling class of Milan, Marliani's family, who were traditionally Ghibellines (against Papal rule) gained more prestige under the Sforza dynasty. In 1450, he was given a title by the Milanese administration. After the death of F. Sforza, Galeazzo Maria took over his dealings. Giovanni Marliani was in debt because of his large family. Castello Marliani, his father, was nominated for an award in 1450; the 'Razionale della Camera delle entrate Straordinarie ad Laborerios'. However, his father died a year later. Giovanni Marliani was invited by King Ferdinand of Naples to teach in 1467. His pay rose to 1,000 florins a year, which was the highest known salary of its kind. Marliani specialised in Mathematics (de Minutiis), Fractions (scienta de ponderibus) Velocity, Statistics, and disseminated physics and Medieval logic. 1482 was the height of Marliani's career, during which he attended to the needs of high-profile dignitaries who were associates and allies of the Sforza family. Giovanni Marliani died in 1483 and was buried in Santa Maria delle Grazie church in Milan during the reign of Ludovico il Moro. Leonardo da Vinci is known to have studied Marliani's science publications thoroughly, although he did not always agree with his findings. All of Marliani's assets were passed down to his son Daniele. In 1457, his son was given enough land by the Duke to conduct falconry. Work In the scientific community, there was a debate about how objects cooled and in 1461 Marliani confirmed that he had experimentally observed hot water freezing faster than cold water. In his experiment he stated that he had used four ounces of unheated water and four ounces of boiled water, which he placed in similar containers outside on a cold winter's day. He eventually observed that the boiled water froze first; although he was unable to explain the mechanics of how it happened. Marliani also lectured on the quantities and production of natural body heat. He partly accepted the theory of Giovanni da Sermoneta, who stated that the temperature of the human body stayed constant throughout the seasons. However, Marliani maintained\",\n \"title\": \"Giovanni Marliani\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8494097\",\n \"text\": \"Milton Malek-Yonan (1904–2002) was an Assyrian entrepreneur and inventor. Biography Milton Malek-Yonan was born to Assyrian parents in Urmia, Iran in 1904. He was a descendant of one of the oldest and most prominent Assyrian families, the Malek family or tribe that came from Assyrian village of Geogtapah, Urmi, a region in Northwestern Iran. The family dates back nearly eleven centuries. Malek-Yonan grew up in Richmond, Virginia and later moved to Oak Park, Illinois, and finally retired and settled in Carmel, California with his wife, Dr. Ingmar Malek-Yonan, a professor of German Studies at University of California at Berkeley and Stanford University who died in 2007. Malek-Yonan died at his home in Carmel at the age of 98. His father, Rev. Isaac Malek-Yonan was a published author. Malek-Yonan had five siblings including a twin sister, Ann. His relative is a famous actress, author, director, public figure and activist Rosie Malek-Yonan. Malekized Rice In 1938 Malek-Yonan discovered that millions of pounds of rice was being wasted in California's Sacramento Valley because the United States was no longer exporting rice to Japan due to the embargo on Japan for attacking China. The U.S. rice trade was in serious trouble. Being from the Middle East, Malek-Yonan wondered why more Americans didn't use rice instead of allowing it to go to waste. Malek-Yonan discovered that the problem was that the average American was not accustomed to cooking rice in those days. When they did, it would come out sticky and messy. This gave Malek-Yonan the idea of canning the rice which proved to be quite a challenge. Working with a canning factory, Malek-Yonan began numerous experiments. But his efforts failed. Refusing to accept failure, he continued his research and soon discovered that there were about 2,000 varieties of rice. Malek-Yonan soon discovered that the natives of Assam in India grew a particular kind of rice called Patna. Before milling it while still in its hulls, the Patna rice was boiled and spread to dry. What made this rice also distinct from rice of other regions was that it was virtually disease free. The combination of the boiling of the rice and the absence of disease intrigued Malek-Yonan enough to continue with his experiments. Malek-Yonan contacted the Rice Experimental Station of the State Agriculture College at Biggs in California's Sacramento Valley for paddies of rice with the husks intact. Then he persuaded a local hospital to allow him to use a sterilization vat to steam the rice in. The rice was then spread for several hours outdoors to dry before it was ready for milling. He borrowed a hand mill from a scientist who happened to own one from his Asian travels. The final step was to take the rice to the laboratory of a canning company to be canned. When he opened the cans several days later, he discovered that each kernel separated beautifully. Malek-Yonan had discovered the secret of canning rice but after meeting with a patent attorney, he realized he didn't have\",\n \"title\": \"Milton Malek-Yonan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"135275\",\n \"text\": \"Red Boiling Springs is a city in Macon County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 1,205 at the 2020 census. History Founding The area was originally known as Salt Lick Creek due to a salt lick that was located approximately four miles northwest of current day Red Boiling Springs. The salt lick attracted animals, American Indians, and other people. Among the people who came to hunt the animal trails was Daniel Boone, who reportedly carved his name and the year 1775 into a beech tree in a nearby community. The area was first surveyed, and land grants were first awarded in the mid-1780s. The first post office was established in 1829 and named the Salt Lick Creek post office. In 1847, the post office was renamed \\\"Red Boiling Springs.\\\" Sometime in the 1830s, a farmer named Jesse Jones noticed red-colored sulphur water bubbling up from springs on his farm. In 1844, a businessman named Samuel Hare, realizing the springs' commercial potential, purchased a plot of the Jones farm surrounding the springs, and constructed an inn. The inn's remote location and the region's poor roads likely doomed the venture, and the inn was gone by the 1870s. Aunt Sooky's Salve was a widely distributed product that was manufactured in Red Boiling Springs under the supervision of 'Aunt' Sooky Goad, who also claimed to be the original discoverer of the benefits of the Red Boiling Springs water. Early in life, she had dropsy and claimed to be cured by drinking the sulphur water. In 1914, a Nashville man wrote an article stating that Shepherd Kiby (Kirby), the brother of Goad, discovered that washing his eyes with the spring water reduced eye irritation, but Goad's use of the water seems to have preceded that of Kirby. Tourist attraction In 1873, a stagecoach line was established between Red Boiling Springs and Gallatin, where there was a railroad stop. This likely led to renewed commercial interest in the springs, and by 1876, a general store owner named James Bennett had purchased the springs tract and had built a hotel. Bennett's hotel consisted of a row of log cabins flanking a central frame dining hall. In the late 1870s, Nashville newspapers first started mentioning Bennett's hotel and its guests' activities, as it was vogue during the Gilded Age for newspapers to report on daily happenings at upper class and upper-middle class resorts. The 1880s saw a boom in the development of mineral springs resorts as \\\"summer getaways,\\\" due in part to the publicity received by places such as Saratoga Springs in New York. During this decade, New York businessman James F. O. Shaugnesy purchased the Red Boiling Springs tract and began development of the area as a resort. In 1889, the town first made the Nashville newspapers' front pages when former Tennessee Governor John C. Brown died of a hemorrhage at one of the hotels. The papers emphasized that due to the isolation of the town and a lack of a telephone or telegraph, there was\",\n \"title\": \"Red Boiling Springs, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56778\",\n \"text\": \"An azeotrope () or a constant heating point mixture is a mixture of two or more components in fluidic states whose proportions cannot be altered or changed by simple distillation. This happens because when an azeotrope is boiled, the vapour has the same proportions of constituents as the unboiled mixture. Azeotropic mixture behavior is important for fluid separation processes. Each azeotrope has a characteristic boiling point. The boiling point of an azeotrope is either less than the boiling point temperatures of any of its constituents (a positive azeotrope), or greater than the boiling point of any of its constituents (a negative azeotrope). For both positive and negative azeotropes, it is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation and azeotropic distillation is usually used instead. For technical applications, the pressure-temperature-composition behavior of a mixture is the most important, but other important thermophysical properties are also strongly influenced by azeotropy, including the surface tension and transport properties. Some azeotropic mixtures of pairs of compounds are known, and many azeotropes of three or more compounds are also known. Etymology The term azeotrope is derived from the Greek words ζέειν (boil) and τρόπος (turning) with the prefix α- (no) to give the overall meaning, \\\"no change on boiling\\\". The term was coined in 1911 by English chemist John Wade and Richard William Merriman. Because their composition is unchanged by distillation, azeotropes are also called (especially in older texts) constant boiling point mixtures. Types Positive azeotropes A solution that shows greater positive deviation from Raoult's law forms a minimum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition. In general, a positive azeotrope boils at a lower temperature than any other ratio of its constituents. Positive azeotropes are also called minimum boiling mixtures or pressure maximum azeotropes. A well-known example of a positive azeotrope is an ethanol–water mixture (obtained by fermentation of sugars) consisting of 95.63% ethanol and 4.37% water (by mass), which boils at 78.2 °C. Ethanol boils at 78.4 °C, water boils at 100 °C, but the azeotrope boils at 78.2 °C, which is lower than either of its constituents. Indeed, 78.2 °C is the minimum temperature at which any ethanol/water solution can boil at atmospheric pressure. Once this composition has been achieved, the liquid and vapour have the same composition, and no further separation occurs. The boiling and recondensation of a mixture of two solvents are changes of chemical state; as such, they are best illustrated with a phase diagram. If the pressure is held constant, the two variable parameters are the temperature and the composition. The adjacent diagram shows a positive azeotrope of hypothetical constituents, X and Y. The bottom trace illustrates the boiling temperature of various compositions. Below the bottom trace, only the liquid phase is in equilibrium. The top trace illustrates the vapor composition above the liquid at a given temperature. Above the top trace, only the vapor is in equilibrium. Between the two traces, liquid and vapor phases exist simultaneously in equilibrium: for example, heating a 25% X :\",\n \"title\": \"Azeotrope\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3626738\",\n \"text\": \"Off on a Comet () is an 1877 science fiction novel by French writer Jules Verne. It recounts the journey of several people carried away by a comet contacting the Earth. The comet passes by various bodies in the Solar System before returning the travelers to the Earth. Plot The story starts with a comet called Gallia, that touches the Earth in its flight and collects a few small chunks of it. The disaster occurs on January 1 of the year 188x in the area around Gibraltar. On the territory that is carried away by the comet there remain a total of thirty-six people of French, English, Spanish and Russian nationality. These people do not realize at first what has happened, and consider the collision an earthquake. They first notice weight loss: Captain Servadac's adjutant Ben Zoof, to his amazement, jumps high. Zoof with Servadac also soon notice that the alternation of day and night is shortened to six hours, that east and west have changed sides, and that water begins to boil at , from which they rightly deduce that the atmosphere became thinner and pressure dropped. At the beginning of their stay in Gallia they notice the Earth with the Moon, but think it is an unknown planet. Other important information is obtained through their research expedition with a ship, which the comet also took. During the voyage they discover a mountain chain blocking the sea, which they initially consider to be the Mediterranean Sea and then they find the island of Formentera (before the catastrophe a part of the Balearic Islands), where they find French astronomer Palmyrin Rosette, who helps them to solve all the mysterious phenomena. They are all on a comet which Rosette discovered a year ago and predicted to be on a collision course with Earth, but no one believed the astronomer, because a layer of thick fog at the time prevented astronomical observations in other places. A new research expedition determines the circumference of Gallia to be . The mass of the comet is calculated by Rosette. He determines it at 209,346 billion tonnes. For the calculation he uses spring scales and forty 5-franc silver coins, the weight of which on earth equaled exactly . However, the owner of the scales, Isaac Hakkabut, has rigged the instrument, so the results have to be cut by a quarter. The involuntary travelers through the Solar system do not have any hope for long-term colonization of their new world, because it is lacking arable land. They feed themselves mainly with the animals that were left on the chunk carried away by Gallia. One strange phenomenon they meet is that the sea on the comet does not freeze, even though the temperature drops below the freezing point (believed to be due to the theory that a stagnant water surface resists freezing longer than when rippled by wind). Once a stone is thrown into the sea, the sea freezes in a few moments. The ice is completely smooth\",\n \"title\": \"Off on a Comet\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"106269\",\n \"text\": \"A test tube, also known as a culture tube or sample tube, is a common piece of laboratory glassware consisting of a finger-like length of glass or clear plastic tubing, open at the top and closed at the bottom. Test tubes are usually placed in special-purpose racks. Types and usage Chemistry Test tubes intended for general chemical work are usually made of glass, for its relative resistance to heat. Tubes made from expansion-resistant glasses, mostly borosilicate glass or fused quartz, can withstand high temperatures up to several hundred degrees Celsius. Chemistry tubes are available in a multitude of lengths and widths, typically from 10 to 20 mm wide and 50 to 200 mm long. The top often features a flared lip to aid pouring out the contents. A chemistry test tube typically has a flat bottom, a round bottom, or a conical bottom. Some test tubes are made to accept a ground glass stopper or a screw cap. They are often provided with a small ground glass or white glaze area near the top for labelling with a pencil. Test tubes are widely used by chemists to handle chemicals, especially for qualitative experiments and assays. Their spherical bottom and vertical sides reduce mass loss when pouring, make them easier to wash out, and allow convenient monitoring of the contents. The long, narrow neck of test tube slows down the spreading of gases to the environment. Test tubes are convenient containers for heating small amounts of liquids or solids with a Bunsen burner or alcohol burner. The tube is usually held by its neck with a clamp or tongs. By tilting the tube, the bottom can be heated to hundreds of degrees in the flame, while the neck remains relatively cool, possibly allowing vapours to condense on its walls. A boiling tube is a large test tube intended specifically for boiling liquids. A test tube filled with water and upturned into a water-filled beaker is often used to capture gases, e.g. in electrolysis demonstrations. A test tube with a stopper is often used for temporary storage of chemical or biological samples. Biosciences Culture tubes are test tubes used in biology and related sciences for handling and culturing all kinds of live organisms, such as molds, bacteria, seedlings, plant cuttings, etc.. Some racks for culture tubes are designed to hold the tubes in a nearly horizontal position, so as to maximize the surface of the culture medium inside. Culture tubes for biology are usually made of clear plastic (such as polystyrene or polypropylene) by injection molding and are often discarded after use. Plastic test tubes with a screwtop cap are often called \\\"Falcon tubes\\\" after a line manufactured by Becton Dickinson. Some sources consider that the presence of a lip is what distinguishes a test tube from a culture tube. Clinical medicine In clinical medicine, sterile test tubes with air removed, called vacutainers, are used to collect and hold samples of physiological fluids such as blood, urine, pus, and synovial fluid. These\",\n \"title\": \"Test tube\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3323237\",\n \"text\": \"Pão de queijo (, \\\"cheese buns\\\" in Portuguese) or Brazilian cheese buns is a small, baked cheese roll or cheese bun, a popular snack and breakfast food in Brazil. It is a traditional Brazilian recipe, originating in the state of Minas Gerais. In Brazil, it is inexpensive and often sold from streetside stands by vendors carrying a heat-preserving container. It is also commonly found in groceries, supermarkets and bakeries, industrialized or freshly made. The cassava flour is what gives the snack its distinct texture, which is chewy and elastic, being crunchy on the outside. Most countries in South America have their own versions of this snack; the main difference between them in general is the ingredients used in the recipe, which can change slightly giving different results. In Brazil traditionally both sour and sweet cassava flour are used; the Brazilian recipe also excludes some ingredients used in other countries such as corn starch, all-purpose flour, black pepper, sugar, fennel, and baker's yeast. History With the discovery of mines near Ouro Preto in around 1700, some 20% of the Brazilian population at that time, mainly slaves, occupied a vast territory in southeast Brazil. Since wheat was not available, local cooks created a kind of bread from starch derived from the cassava tubes shown to them by Tupiniquins indigenous groups. In the late 19th century, grated hard cheese was added. Main ingredients In Brazil the most traditional recipe uses both sweet and sour cassava flour, oil, eggs, milk, salt, cheese (Minas, Canastra, Parmesan), and water. Small amounts of margarine or butter can also be included. The fat in the recipe acts as a molecular lubricant. The egg gives colour and flavour to the recipe, contributing to the elastic texture of the dough. The type of cheese varies according to preference or availability. The most used are mozzarella, parmesan, and minas or canastra cheese (either in its \\\"ripened\\\" or \\\"standard\\\" version). The cheese gives the typical flavor of the cheese bread, hence its name. There is also the boiled cheese bread with a preparation technique that requires boiling water while preparing, sometimes mixed with vegetable oil in flour. The boiled cheese bread has the closest taste of natural, as in the boiling process the dough is pre-cooked. Some recipes use potato. Preparation Pães de queijo are formed into small balls, around 3–5 centimeters in diameter (though they may be larger) and about 50 calories in each roll. The cassava flour is a powerful starch which is key to the texture of the pão de queijo; unlike other types of bread, pão de queijo is not leavened. Small pockets of air within the dough expand during baking and are contained by the elasticity of the starch paste. Because it is made of cassava flour (as opposed to wheat flour), pão de queijo contains no gluten. Varieties of stuffed pães de queijo with catupiry, hot and melted goiabada, doce de leite and other variations can be found in Brazil. Availability and variations Brazil In Brazil,\",\n \"title\": \"Pão de queijo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54433476\",\n \"text\": \"He Sees You When You're Sleeping is a 2002 Canadian made-for-TV Christmas drama film, starring Cameron Bancroft and Erika Eleniak. It was written by Carl Binder, based on a story by Mary Higgins Clark and directed by David Winning. The film was first aired at PAX Television on December 22, 2002. Plot Sterling Brooks (Cameron Bancroft) is a selfish stock-broker, who happens to die in a freak accident. Now, to get an eternal place in heaven he has to reunite a family. Cast Cameron Bancroft as Sterling Brooks Erika Eleniak as Annie Campbell Nickol Tschenscher as Marissa Campbell Eli Gabay as Junior Badgett Pam Hyatt as Nor Campbell Craig March as Eddie Badgett Udo Kier as Hans Kramer Greg Evigan as Joe Reception Andy Webb from \\\"The Movie Scene\\\" gave it two out of five stars and stated: \\\"What this all boils down to is that \\\"He Sees You When You're Sleeping\\\" is entertaining in a sort of its so corny it is amusing kind of way. But for me it was certainly not what I expected from a movie which is part of \\\"The Mary Higgins Clark Collection\\\" and the mix of humour and drama in this doesn't really work.\\\" He Sees You When You're Sleeping won four awards. Two in the Chicago International Film Festival, for \\\"Best Feature Length Telefilm: Drama\\\" and \\\"Special Achievement in Direction\\\" for David Winning. One Columbus International Film & Video Festival for \\\"Entertainment\\\". And one \\\"WorldFest Houston\\\" for \\\"Television and Cable Production - Feature Made for Television/Cable\\\". References External links Canadian Christmas drama films Christmas television films English-language Canadian films Canadian drama television films 2000s English-language films 2000s Canadian films\",\n \"title\": \"He Sees You When You're Sleeping\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56389461\",\n \"text\": \"Joshpara is a kind of dumpling popular in Central Asia, South Caucasus and the Middle East. They are made of unleavened wheat dough squares filled with ground meat and condiments. In observance of the Islamic dietary rules, the meat filling is usually without pork. Etymology Josh means \\\"to boil\\\" while para is a term for \\\"bit\\\" in early Persian. This word was commonly used prior to the 10th century, when it was replaced by the modern Persian name gosh e-barreh, meaning \\\"lamb's ear\\\". There are several variations of the name in other languages including Azerbaijani (düşbərə, dushbara), Bashkir (сөсбәрә, süsbərə) Kazakh (тұшпара, tushpara), Kyrgyz (чүчпара, chuchpara), Tajik (тушбера, tushbera), Uzbek (chuchvara) and Uyghur (چۆچۈرە, chöchürä). The Arabic word shishbarak () or shushbarak () is thought to be derived from joshpara in pre-Islamic times. Another theory about the words' etymology is that the word comes from the Turkic word düşbərə. The words tosh and dash mean \\\"filled up\\\" and \\\"spill out\\\", and berek means \\\"food\\\" (dishes made from dough). This alludes to the fact that düşbərə should be added in when the water is boiling and spilling out of the saucepan. A common Azerbaijani joke suggests that the word comes from “düş bəri”, which means \\\"fall here\\\": in other words, asking to fill the spoon with as many dumplings as possible. Regional variations Turkic and Persian cuisines The dish is found in Azerbaijani, Iranian, Tajik, Uzbek, Uyghur, and other Central Asian cuisines. The dough for Central Asian chuchvara or tushbera is made with flour, eggs, water, and salt. It is rolled into a thin layer, and cut into squares. A dollop of meat filling, seasoned with chopped onions, black pepper, salt and thyme, is placed at the center of each square, and the corners of the dumpling are pinched and folded. The dumplings are boiled in meat broth until they rise to the surface. Chuchvara can be served in a clear soup or on their own, with either vinegar or sauce based on finely chopped greens, tomatoes and hot peppers. Another popular way of serving chuchvara is to top the dumplings with syuzma (strained qatiq) or with smetana (sour cream). The latter is known as Russian-style. In Azerbaijan, the dumplings are smaller and the dough is thicker. are typically made from dough (wheat flour, egg, water), mutton (boneless), onions, vinegar, dried mint, pepper, and salt. The dish is prepared either with water or meat broth. Mutton can be substituted with beef, or even with chicken. The broth is made from mutton bones, and the ground meat is prepared with onions and spices. The dough is then rolled, cut into small squares, and stuffed with ground meat. The squares are wrapped like triangles and the edges are pasted together, making shell-shaped figures. The dumplings are added into the boiling salty water and cooked until the dumplings come to the surface. are served with sprinkled dried mint. Vinegar mixed with shredded garlic is added or served separately to taste. 5-8 düşbərəs typically fit\",\n \"title\": \"Joshpara\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2079074\",\n \"text\": \"Whale oil is oil obtained from the blubber of whales. Oil from the bowhead whale was sometimes known as train-oil, which comes from the Dutch word traan (\\\"tear drop\\\"). Sperm oil, a special kind of oil obtained from the head cavities of sperm whales, differs chemically from ordinary whale oil: it is composed mostly of liquid wax. Its properties and applications differ from those of regular whale oil, and it was sold for a higher price. Source and use Emerging industrial societies used whale oil in oil lamps and to make soap. In the 20th century it was made into margarine. With the commercial development of the petroleum industry and vegetable oils, the use of whale oils declined considerably from its peak in the 19th century into the 20th century. This is said to have saved whales from extinction. In the 21st century, with most countries having banned whaling, the sale and use of whale oil has practically ceased. Whale oil was obtained by boiling strips of blubber harvested from whales. The removal is known as flensing and the boiling process was called trying out. The boiling was carried out on land in the case of whales caught close to shore or beached. On longer deep-sea whaling expeditions, the trying-out was done aboard the ship in a furnace known as a trywork and the carcass was then discarded into the water. Baleen whales were a major source of whale oil. Their oil is exclusively composed of triglycerides, whereas that of toothed whales contains wax esters. The bowhead whale and right whale were considered the ideal whaling targets. They are slow and docile, and they float when killed. They yield plenty of high-quality oil and baleen, and as a result, they were hunted nearly to extinction. Chemistry Whale oil has low viscosity (lower than olive oil), is clear, and varies in color from a bright honey yellow to a dark brown, according to the condition of the blubber from which it has been extracted and the refinement through which it went. It has a strong fishy odor. When hydrogenated, it turns solid and white and its taste and odor change. Its composition varies with the species from which it was sourced and the method by which it was harvested and processed. It is composed mainly of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). Oil sourced from toothed whales, especially the oil of sperm whales, contains a substantial amount of wax esters. Most of the fatty acids are unsaturated. The most common fatty acids are oleic acid and its isomers (18:1 carbon chains). Whale oil is exceptionally stable. Applications The main use of whale oil was for illumination and machine lubrication. Cheaper alternatives to whale oil existed, but were inferior in performance and cleanliness of burn. As a result, whale oil dominated the world for both uses. This in turn further fueled the Industrial Revolution, in the United States, in Britain, and continental Europe. As demand for whale oil\",\n \"title\": \"Whale oil\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3639992\",\n \"text\": \"Infusion is the process of extracting chemical compounds or flavors from plant material in a solvent such as water, oil or alcohol, by allowing the material to remain suspended in the solvent over time (a process often called steeping). An infusion is also the name for the resultant liquid. The process of infusion is distinct from both decoction—a method of extraction involving boiling the plant material—and percolation, in which water is passed through the material (as in a coffeemaker). History The first recorded use of essential oils was in the 10th or 11th century by the Persian polymath Avicenna, possibly in The Canon of Medicine. Tea is far older than this, dating back to the 10th century BC as the earliest recorded reference. Preparation techniques Infusion is a chemical process that uses botanicals (typically dried herbs, flowers or berries) that are volatile and release their active ingredients readily in water, oil, or alcohol. In this process, a liquid is typically boiled (or brought to another appropriate temperature) and poured over the herb. After the herb has been allowed to steep in the liquid for an appropriate period of time, it is removed (possibly by straining) leaving an infusion. Unless the infusion is to be consumed immediately, it is bottled and refrigerated for future use. The amount of time the herbs are left in the liquid depends on the kind of infusion. Infusion times can range from seconds (for some kinds of Chinese tea) to hours, days, or months (for liqueurs like sloe gin). There are several accessories and techniques for removing the steeped or leftover botanicals that were used to infuse liquids, including metal steepers (which look like clamps), tea infusers (which act as strainers), and french presses (which are commonly used to infuse water with various teas and coffee). The most commonly used technique is the teabag, which is made with filter paper and filled with various tea flavors. Examples Tea is a common example of an infusion; most varieties of tea call for steeping the leaves in hot water, although some variants (e.g. Moroccan mint tea) call for decoction instead. Many herbal teas are prepared by infusion, as well; lemon, chamomile, senna, apple, ginger, rooibos, and many other plants are used individually or in combination. Coffee can also be made through infusion (as in a French press), but is more often made through percolation. Herbal remedies are commonly produced through infusions in water or oil. Flavored oils: Plants with desirable flavors may be steeped in an edible oil or vinegar for an extended period; the infused oil or vinegar is often sold still containing the plant and is then used as flavoring. Chilis, lemon, garlic, and many other plants may be used. There can be ambiguity in the labeling of these oils: for example, what is described as sesame oil may be oil extracted from sesame seeds or another vegetable oil infused with sesame. Cucumber water, a mix of sliced cucumber with citrus slices and herbs such as\",\n \"title\": \"Infusion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2184383\",\n \"text\": \"Boiling-point elevation is the phenomenon whereby the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water. The boiling point can be measured accurately using an ebullioscope. Explanation The boiling point elevation is a colligative property, which means that it is dependent on the presence of dissolved particles and their number, but not their identity. It is an effect of the dilution of the solvent in the presence of a solute. It is a phenomenon that happens for all solutes in all solutions, even in ideal solutions, and does not depend on any specific solute–solvent interactions. The boiling point elevation happens both when the solute is an electrolyte, such as various salts, and a nonelectrolyte. In thermodynamic terms, the origin of the boiling point elevation is entropic and can be explained in terms of the vapor pressure or chemical potential of the solvent. In both cases, the explanation depends on the fact that many solutes are only present in the liquid phase and do not enter into the gas phase (except at extremely high temperatures). Put in vapor pressure terms, a liquid boils at the temperature when its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure. For the solvent, the presence of the solute decreases its vapor pressure by dilution. A nonvolatile solute has a vapor pressure of zero, so the vapor pressure of the solution is less than the vapor pressure of the solvent. Thus, a higher temperature is needed for the vapor pressure to reach the surrounding pressure, and the boiling point is elevated. Put in chemical potential terms, at the boiling point, the liquid phase and the gas (or vapor) phase have the same chemical potential (or vapor pressure) meaning that they are energetically equivalent. The chemical potential is dependent on the temperature, and at other temperatures either the liquid or the gas phase has a lower chemical potential and is more energetically favorable than the other phase. This means that when a nonvolatile solute is added, the chemical potential of the solvent in the liquid phase is decreased by dilution, but the chemical potential of the solvent in the gas phase is not affected. This means in turn that the equilibrium between the liquid and gas phase is established at another temperature for a solution than a pure liquid, i.e., the boiling point is elevated. The phenomenon of freezing-point depression is analogous to boiling point elevation. However, the magnitude of the freezing point depression is larger than the boiling point elevation for the same solvent and the same concentration of a solute. Because of these two phenomena, the liquid range of a solvent is increased in the presence of a solute. The equation for calculations at dilute concentration The extent of boiling-point elevation can be calculated by applying Clausius–Clapeyron relation and\",\n \"title\": \"Boiling-point elevation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1134713\",\n \"text\": \"Kroppkaka (plural \\\"kroppkakor\\\") is a traditional Swedish boiled potato dumpling, most commonly filled with onions and meat. Potatoes, wheat flour, onion, salt and minced meat/pork are common ingredients in kroppkaka. They are very similar to the Norwegian raspeball, Lithuanian cepelinai and German klöße. And quite similar to the Swedish palt. Kroppkakor are served with butter (melted), lingonberry jam or heavy cream. There are some regional variations of the recipe with different proportions of boiled and raw potatoes. Spices are heavily featured in some variations. Kroppkakor are mainly eaten in the southern Swedish landskap (provinces) of Öland, Småland, Gotland and Blekinge. The dish is very different between regions. In Blekinge, the kroppkakor are called \\\"grey kroppkakor\\\" and are made from almost only raw potatoes and only a tiny bit boiled potatoes are used. In Öland, kroppkakor are made from mostly raw potatoes and a small amount of boiled potato. In Småland, kroppkakor are made of mostly boiled potatoes and a small amount of raw potato, and in Gotland, kroppkakor are made of only boiled potatoes. In Blekinge and Öland, there are kroppkakor with different fillings such as eel and seabirds which were historically eaten mostly by the poor. However, the most common filling is pork. Kroppkakor comes from the southeastern area of Sweden, but in northern Sweden, there is a similar dish called palt. Palt is made in a similar way, but the ingredients differ a little and it is made from uncooked potatoes only, such as what kind of flour and what kind of potatoes are used, which makes a difference in taste from kroppkakor. Similar dishes Palt Kartoffelklösse Kumle – Norwegian potato-dumpling Knodel – potato-dumplings commonly found in Central European and Eastern European cuisine. Poutine râpée – Acadian boiled potato-dumpling References External links Öland Kroppkaka Recipe Debatable if this recipe is for Öländska kroppkakor or normal kroppkakor. Potato dishes Dumplings Swedish cuisine\",\n \"title\": \"Kroppkaka\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23345729\",\n \"text\": \"A frost boil, also known as mud boils, a stony earth circles, frost scars, or mud circles, are small circular mounds of fresh soil material formed by frost action and cryoturbation. They are found typically found in periglacial or alpine environments where permafrost is present, and may damage roads and other man-made structures. They are typically 1 to 3 metres in diameter. Frost boils are amongst the most common features of patterned ground, the pervasive process shaping the topology of soils in periglacial regions. They generally form regular patterns of polygons. Frost boils are a type of nonsorted circle, and are characterized from other circles by barren centres of mineral soil and intercircle regions filled with vegetation and peat. It is named after skin boils due to similarities in their formation processes, although subsequent research has shown other methods of formation. Frost boils have been observed on Mars, indicating the presence of periglacial processes similar to those on Earth. Formation The most accepted theory involves cryoturbation caused by differences in moisture conditions and ground temperature. Other recent research posits that frost boils are formed by several interacting mechanisms, including differential frost heaving, load casting, convection, frost cracking, mass displacement, and soil sorting. The traditional model of injection, however, may still apply for some frost boils. Models generally presume soil is predominately silt or clay, for the reasons listed under the injection subsection. Injection Frost boils occur in soils of poorly-sorted sediments with significant silt and/or clay content. These soils include perennially frozen till, marine clay, colluvium, and other muds. These soils have low liquid limits, low plasticity limits, and high natural moisture contents. These soils liquefy and flow readily in response to slight changes to either internal or external stress, or a change in water content. Localized stresses are often the result of moisture being confined in the active layer by the underlying permafrost and a semi-rigid carapace of dried surface mud, created by desiccation during the late summer. The moisture content of soils may increase during summer due to rain. Other stresses include the volumetric change of water during the freezing and thawing, and the flow of groundwater. The subsequent increase of hydrostatic, artesian, and/or pore water pressure pressures on slopes. When internal stresses cannot be contained, the semi-rigid surface layer ruptures. The saturated mud bursts above the surface, creating a mud boil. Soil Liquefaction This process is analogous to the formation of sand boils. Where soils are badly drained, soil temperatures are more sensitive to changes in the atmospheric temperature. Soil aggregates are less stable near the surface as freezing occurs more rapidly. Deeper soils experience longer periods of stability due to freeze drying, or cryodesiccation. Deeper soils also experience greater stresses due to the secondary refreezing of soil in late autumn. As a result, the introduction of additional water due to thaw or groundwater flows is likely to cause deeper soil to liquefy and deform like plastic. The high viscosity of water close to 0 °C promotes\",\n \"title\": \"Frost boil\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2885032\",\n \"text\": \"Tavče gravče () is a traditional Macedonian dish. It is prepared with fresh beans and can be found in many restaurants in North Macedonia. It is also commonly eaten by the Macedonian diaspora. This meal is baked and served in a traditional unglazed earthenware pot. The name of the dish may be translated as \\\"beans on a tava\\\". Tavče gravče is considered the national dish of North Macedonia. \\\"Tavče gravče Tetovo style\\\" is a popular regional variation. Ingredients The basic ingredients in tavče gravče are: butter beans onion oil dry red pepper red and black pepper salt parsley Preparation The beans are cleaned and then soaked in cold water – preferably overnight, but, if time is an issue, they may be soaked for several hours or until the beans have become soft. The water in which the beans have been soaked must be discarded and fresh water added, before the beans are brought slowly to the boil and then simmered in a covered pot on a very low flame for one hour. After the first boiling, the water is again discarded, the beans washed and yet more fresh water added before they are boiled for a second time. This changing of the water at several points in the cooking process makes the beans more digestible by leaching out of them some of the indigestible sugars that can often cause flatulence. A whole onion is then added to the boiling water with the beans. When the beans are boiled, the boiled onion is removed from the water, fried separately with a scoop of flour and a teaspoon of ground red paprika, and then returned to the boiled beans. Salt, black pepper, and/or the ubiquitous regional seasoning salt Vegeta may be added to the soup. Some cooks may also add dried meats such as smoked pork, bacon or suho meso to the mix. When the beans are boiled and when all the ingredients have been added, they are put in an earthenware pot covered with a lid and baked in an oven at 220 °C. During the baking, the beans must be checked carefully from time to time to ensure that they do not become dry. The traditional earthenware pot not only gives the dish a pleasingly rustic appearance when it is served, piping hot, from the oven, but also keeps it hot and, if used regularly and kept in good condition, can even impart a special flavour to the dish – in much the same way that the traditional unglazed earthenware cazuela can do. See also List of legume dishes References Balkan cuisine Macedonian cuisine Baked beans National dishes\",\n \"title\": \"Tavče gravče\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40769990\",\n \"text\": \"Illite crystallinity is a technique used to classify low-grade metamorphic activity in pelitic rocks. Determining the \\\"illite crystallinity index\\\" allows geologists to designate what metamorphic facies and metamorphic zone the rock was formed in and to infer what temperature the rock was formed. Several crystallinity indices have been proposed in recent years, but currently the Kübler index is being used due to its reproducibility and simplicity. The Kübler index is experimentally determined by measuring the full width at half maximum for the X-ray diffraction reflection peak along the (001) crystallographic axis of the rock sample. This value is an indirect measurement of the thickness of illite/muscovite packets which denote a change in metamorphic grade. The method can be used throughout the field of geology in areas such as the petroleum industry, plate tectonics. Progression As stated above, the Kübler index was not always the preferred index for illite crystallinity studies in the past. Prior to the introduction of the Kübler index, there were several other indices used to classify low grade metamorphic rocks. Two of the more popular methods of the past are the Weaver index and the Weber index, introduced in 1960 and 1972 respectively. These studies consist of mainly the same types of methods but vary in their expression of ratio measurements. The Kübler index, introduced by Bernard Kübler in 1964 for petroleum exploration and improved on in later years, has come to be the go-to index for illite crystallinity based on its reproducibility and simplicity. Applications Illite crystallinity is useful when trying to determine what type of metamorphic conditions a rock was subjected to during its formation. Illite crystallinity can be used to trace the low grade metamorphic transition from zeolite facies to greenschist facies (diagenetic zone to epizone). This change is flagged by the change of thin illite grains to thicker illite/muscovite grains. This low grade metamorphic technique can also be put into use when there is an absence in change of mineral structure which applies to higher grade metamorphism. Early use of illite crystallinity was in the petroleum industry to determine the transition from a dry gas phase to an unproductive rock. Recently, this technique has expanded in the field and now is used in areas such as palaeotectonics and geodynamic reconstructions. Rock preparation and methods Rock sample preparation for illite crystallinity can vary slightly, but boils down to basically the same steps. Although for accurate returns in testing, consistency of sample preparation is a must. General sample preparation for illite crystallinity is as follows: Rinse and dry the field sample Crush the sample Stir sample into deionized water and let settle overnight to isolate clay sized particles (<2 μm) Dry supernatant containing <2 μm particles Mix with deionized water and centrifuge Collect supernatant containing <2 μm particles Centrifuge <2 μm particle solution and dry Mix with water and deposit on a glass slide The sample is first broken down, using the steps above, and prepared for XRD analysis. Results from the XRD are then\",\n \"title\": \"Illite crystallinity\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48553837\",\n \"text\": \"Vacuum cooling is a rapid cooling technique for any porous product that has free water and uses the principle of evaporative cooling. Vacuum cooling is generally used for cooling food products that have a high water content and large porosities, due to its efficacy in losing water from both within and outside the products. This is the most widely used technique for rapid cooling of food products which has been proven to be one of the most efficient and economical methods of cooling and storage of vegetables, fruits, flowers, and more. This cooling technology not only largely improves the product quality, but also increases the shelf life of the product and, at the same time, it reduces the cooling costs compared to the conventional cooling methods available. Principle The technology is based on the phenomenon that as the vapor pressure on a liquid reduces, its boiling point reduces. The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the external pressure. When the pressure put onto a liquid is reduced, the vapor pressure needed to induce boiling is also reduced, and therefore the boiling point of the liquid decreases. By reducing pressure, boiling water is possible at lower temperatures. This rapid evaporation of moisture from the surface and within the products due to the low surrounding pressure absorbs the necessary latent heat for phase change from the product itself. This latent heat required for evaporation is obtained mostly from the sensible heat of the product and as a consequence of this evaporation the temperature of the product falls and the product can be cooled down to its desired storage temperature. Process An airtight chamber is maintained by removing air from the inside of the chamber using a vacuum pump. The products to be cooled are kept in that airtight chamber. As the pressure is reduced the boiling point of water reduces and water starts to evaporate, taking heat from the product. As a consequence of this evaporation, the product temperature begins to decrease. This cooling process of the products continues until it reaches the desired product temperature. For maintaining a steady cooling process, it is necessary to evacuate the chamber continuously. Other factors that determine the cooling process are the surface area of the product that is available for heat transfer as well as the product's sensitivity to losing water. Advantages As the product is cooled uniformly throughout the body without any temperature gradient in the body, the shelf life of the product increases. Cooling the product through vacuum cooling takes roughly a quarter of the energy of other traditional cooling methods. Disadvantage Sometimes excess moisture loss during the cooling process will deteriorate the product's quality and therefore there is a limit to the cooling process. This problem is to be taken care of by maintaining the required pressure, temperature, and time of cooling. References H.M. Ozturk, H.K. Ozturk, Effect of pressure on the vacuum cooling of iceberg\",\n \"title\": \"Vacuum cooling\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"395046\",\n \"text\": \"The boiling frog is an apologue describing a frog being slowly boiled alive. The premise is that if a frog is put suddenly into boiling water, it will jump out, but if the frog is put in tepid water which is then brought to a boil slowly, it will not perceive the danger and will be cooked to death. The story is often used as a metaphor for the inability or unwillingness of people to react to or be aware of sinister threats that arise gradually rather than suddenly. While some 19th-century experiments suggested that the underlying premise is true if the heating is sufficiently gradual, according to modern biologists the premise is false: changing location is a natural thermoregulation strategy for frogs and other ectotherms, and is necessary for survival in the wild. A frog that is gradually heated will jump out. Furthermore, a frog placed into already boiling water will die immediately, not jump out. As metaphor The boiling frog story is generally offered as a metaphor cautioning people to be aware of even gradual change lest they suffer eventual undesirable consequences. It may be invoked in support of a slippery slope argument as a caution against creeping normality. It is also used in business to reinforce that change needs to be gradual to be accepted. The term \\\"boiling frog syndrome\\\" is a metaphor used to describe the failure to act against a problematic situation which will increase in severity until reaching catastrophic proportions. It thereby encapsulates the barely noticeable impact of slow environmental degradation that has been described by Daniel Pauly as shifting baselines. The story has been retold many times and used to illustrate widely varying viewpoints: in 1960 about warning against those who wished for detente during the Cold War; in 1980 about the impending collapse of civilization anticipated by survivalists; in the 1990s about inaction in response to climate change and staying in abusive relationships. It has also been used by libertarians to warn about the slow erosion of civil liberties. In the 1996 novel The Story of B, environmentalist author Daniel Quinn spends a chapter on the metaphor of the boiling frog, using it to describe human history, population growth and food surplus. Pierce Brosnan's character Harry Dalton mentioned it in the 1997 disaster movie Dante's Peak in reference to the accumulating warning signs of the volcano's reawakening. Al Gore used a version of the story in a New York Times op-ed, in his presentations and the 2006 movie An Inconvenient Truth to describe ignorance about global warming. In the movie version the frog is rescued before it is harmed. This use of the story was referenced by writer/director Jon Cooksey in the title of his 2010 comedic documentary How to Boil a Frog. Law professor and legal commentator Eugene Volokh commented in 2003 that regardless of the behavior of real frogs, the boiling frog story is useful as a metaphor, comparing it to the metaphor of an ostrich with its head in\",\n \"title\": \"Boiling frog\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6417588\",\n \"text\": \"Kelly Kettle, Storm Kettle, Ghillie Kettle, Thermette, Survival Kettle and Volcano Kettle are trade names for portable devices for boiling water outdoors using twigs and other small combustible materials; these devices consist of a water jacket surrounding a fire chamber which creates an upward chimney draft ensuring efficient and rapid boiling even in windy or wet weather. Kelly Kettle and Volcano Kettle are registered trademarks of the Kelly Kettle company which first produced the product in Ireland in the early 1900s. George Marris & Co of Birmingham first produced the \\\"Sirram Volcano Kettle\\\" in England in the 1920s. The Thermette was first manufactured in New Zealand in 1929 and was standard issue for the New Zealand Army during World War II where it was known as a Benghazi boiler or Benghazi burner. Other companies, including the Eydon Kettle Company started manufacture at later dates. Earlier examples of water heaters using a water jacket include heavier samovar tea urns from Eastern, Central, and Southeastern Europe, as well as the Middle East. History Early examples (estimated at 3,600 years) of devices that heat water surrounding a fire include samovar tea urns from Eastern, Central, and Southeastern Europe, as well as the Middle East. The Kelly Kettle Company first manufactured portable devices of this type in the early 1900s. George Marris & Co of Birmingham (Brass Founders, Stampers and Piercers) first come to light in the 1800s making iron bedsteads and brass/copper fern pots. They diversified into picnic sets, picnic water-boiling sets and high-end shaving/toiletry sets in the 1880s (The Sirram Spirit Set Registered Design 247422 of Dec 1884) and Camping Stoves with their brand name \\\"Sirram\\\" (Marris backwards). There was a meeting between one of the Marris family and a New Zealander (almost certainly John Ashley Hart who started the Thermette Co in New Zealand in 1929 - see below) to discuss products and ideas. The original concept of the volcano kettle appears to have been Harts, but he may have been inspired by traditional Mongolian and Chinese hot-pots which had a central chimney. The first Sirram Volcano Kettle was manufactured out of spun copper with brass handles/fittings, it appeared in the late 1920s and was eventually covered by Registered Design No. 731794 of 1928. Subsequently, the design changed from copper/brass to spun aluminium; there is no record of when this change occurred. The Volcano Kettles were still in production in the late 1960s as the book 'Modern Camping 1968: by Jack Cox' quotes a UK Consumers Association ('Which? Magazine') test of 21 camp stoves which concluded \\\"For boiling water quickly or washing up there is nothing to beat a Sirram Volcano, either at home or abroad\\\". Production of the Volcano Kettles and picnic boiling sets appear to have ceased in 1970 when Desmo Ltd purchased Hawker Marris Saled Ltd and discontinued the kettle range in favour of focussing on their picnic hamper range. Following the demise of the Sirram Volcano Kettle in 1970, modern versions are now in production by a\",\n \"title\": \"Kelly Kettle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16757401\",\n \"text\": \"Home canning or bottling, also known colloquially as putting up or processing, is the process of preserving foods, in particular, fruits, vegetables, and meats, by packing them into glass jars and then heating the jars to create a vacuum seal and kill the organisms that would create spoilage. Though ceramic and glass containers had been used for storage for thousands of years, the technique of canning, which involves applying heat for preservation, was only invented in the first decade of the 1800s. Before that, food storage containers were used for non-perishable foods, or with preservatives such as salt, sugar, vinegar, or alcohol. Techniques The two methods of home canning are water bath canning and pressure canning. Both involve placing the food inside special glass canning jars and then heating the contents. Home canning glass jars are annealed during manufacture to increase their ability to withstand temperature changes and mechanical shocks. There are several regional variations on jar design, such as Mason jars (North America), Fowler's Vacola jars (Australia), Kilner jars (England), and Weck jars (Germany). Water bath canning Water bath canning is appropriate for high-acid foods only, such as jam, jelly, most fruit, pickles, and tomato products with acid added. It is not appropriate for meats and low-acid foods such as vegetables. This method uses a pot large enough to hold and submerge the glass canning jars. Food is placed in glass canning jars and placed in the pot. Hot water is added to cover the jars. Water is brought to a boil () and held there for at least 10 minutes. Different foods require a different length of time under boil; larger jars require longer times. Pressure canning Pressure canning is the only safe home canning method for meats and low-acid foods. This method uses a pressure canner — similar to, but heavier than, a pressure cooker. A small amount of water is placed in the pressure canner and it is turned to steam, which without pressure would be , but under pressure is raised to . Based on the recipe, the canner is heated until the correct pressure is reached, and the jars left for the appropriate amount of time (charts have been published with times and pressures). The heat is turned off, pressure reduced, canner opened, and hot jars carefully lifted out and placed on an insulated surface (towels, wood cutting board, etc.) and out of drafts to cool. Safety While it is possible to safely preserve many kinds of foodstuffs, home canning can expose consumers to botulism and other kinds of food poisoning if done incorrectly. The most common source of food-borne botulism is home-canned foods prepared in an unsafe manner. Safety measures must be taken when performing home canning, since ingestion of toxin in food produced by Clostridium botulinum can cause death. Because of the high risk of illness or death associated with improper canning techniques, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) considers it critical that consumers who intend to can at home obtain\",\n \"title\": \"Home canning\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"103194\",\n \"text\": \"The Leidenfrost effect is a physical phenomenon in which a liquid, close to a solid surface of another body that is significantly hotter than the liquid's boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer that keeps the liquid from boiling rapidly. Because of this repulsive force, a droplet hovers over the surface, rather than making physical contact with it. The effect is named after the German doctor Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost, who described it in A Tract About Some Qualities of Common Water. This is most commonly seen when cooking, when drops of water are sprinkled onto a hot pan. If the pan's temperature is at or above the Leidenfrost point, which is approximately for water, the water skitters across the pan and takes longer to evaporate than it would take if the water droplets had been sprinkled onto a cooler pan. Details The effect can be seen as drops of water are sprinkled onto a pan at various times as it heats up. Initially, as the temperature of the pan is just below , the water flattens out and slowly evaporates, or if the temperature of the pan is well below , the water stays liquid. As the temperature of the pan rises above , the water droplets hiss when touching the pan, and these droplets evaporate quickly. When the temperature exceeds the Leidenfrost point, the Leidenfrost effect appears. On contact with the pan, the water droplets bunch up into small balls of water and skitter around, lasting much longer than when the temperature of the pan was lower. This effect works until a much higher temperature causes any further drops of water to evaporate too quickly to cause this effect. The effect happens because, at temperatures at or above the Leidenfrost point, the bottom part of the water droplet vaporizes immediately on contact with the hot pan. The resulting gas suspends the rest of the water droplet just above it, preventing any further direct contact between the liquid water and the hot pan. As steam has much poorer thermal conductivity than the metal pan, further heat transfer between the pan and the droplet is slowed down dramatically. This also results in the drop being able to skid around the pan on the layer of gas just under it. The temperature at which the Leidenfrost effect appears is difficult to predict. Even if the volume of the drop of liquid stays the same, the Leidenfrost point may be quite different, with a complicated dependence on the properties of the surface, as well as any impurities in the liquid. Some research has been conducted into a theoretical model of the system, but it is quite complicated. The effect was also described by the Victorian steam boiler designer, William Fairbairn, in reference to its effect on massively reducing heat transfer from a hot iron surface to water, such as within a boiler. In a pair of lectures on boiler design, he cited the work of Pierre Hippolyte Boutigny (1798–1884) and Professor Bowman of\",\n \"title\": \"Leidenfrost effect\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7493966\",\n \"text\": \"A loss-of-pressure-control accident (LOPA) is a mode of failure for a nuclear reactor that involves the pressure of the confined coolant falling below specification. Most commercial types of nuclear reactor use a pressure vessel to maintain pressure in the reactor plant. This is necessary in a pressurized water reactor to prevent boiling in the core, which could lead to a nuclear meltdown. This is also necessary in other types of reactor plants to prevent moderators from having uncontrolled properties. Pressure is controlled in a pressurized water reactor to ensure that the core itself does not reach its boiling point in which the water will turn into steam and rapidly decrease the heat being transferred from the fuel to the moderator. By a combination of heaters and spray valves, pressure is controlled in the pressurizer vessel which is connected to the reactor plant. Because the pressurizer vessel and the reactor plant are connected, the pressure of the steam space pressurizes the entire reactor plant to ensure the pressure is above that which would allow boiling in the reactor core. The pressurizer vessel itself may be maintained much hotter than the rest of the reactor plant to ensure pressure control, because in the liquid throughout the reactor plant, pressure applied at any point has an effect on the entire system, whereas the heat transfer is limited by ambient and other losses. Causes of a loss of pressure control Many failures in a reactor plant or its supporting auxiliaries could cause a loss of pressure control, including: Inadvertent isolation of the pressurizing vessel from the reactor plant, via the closing of an isolation valve or mechanically clogged piping. Because of this possibility, no commercial nuclear power plant has any kind of valve in the connection between the pressuriser and the reactor coolant circuit. To avoid clogging anywhere in the primary circuit, the coolant is kept very clean, and the connecting pipe between the pressuriser and the reactor coolant circuit is short and large diameter. A rupture in the pressurizer vessel, which would also be a loss-of-coolant accident. In most reactor plant designs, however, this would not limit flowrate through the core and therefore would behave like a loss-of-pressure-control-accident rather than a loss-of-coolant accident. Failure of either the spray nozzles (failing open would inhibit raising pressure as the relatively cool spray collapses the pressurizer vessel bubble) or the heaters of the pressurizing system. Thermal Stratification of the liquid portion of the pressurizer. When the liquid portion of the pressurizer becomes stratified, the lower layers of water (furthest from the steam bubble) are subcooled and as the steam bubble slowly condenses, pressurizer pressure will appear relatively constant but actually will be slowly lowering. When the operator energizes pressurizer heaters to maintain or raise pressure, pressure will continue to drop until the subcooled water is heated up by the pressurizer heaters to the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure of the steam (bubble) portion of the pressurizer. During this reheating period, pressure control will be lost,\",\n \"title\": \"Loss-of-pressure-control accident\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1730629\",\n \"text\": \"Parboiling (or leaching) is the partial or semi boiling of food as the first step in cooking. The word is from the Old French parbouillir, 'to boil thoroughly' but by mistaken association with \\\"part\\\", it has acquired its current meaning. The word is often used when referring to parboiled rice. Parboiling can also be used for removing poisonous or foul-tasting substances from foods, and to soften vegetables before roasting them. Basic technique The food items are added to boiling water and cooked until they start to soften, then removed before they are fully cooked. Parboiling is usually used to partially cook an item which will then be cooked another way such as braising, grilling, or stir-frying. Parboiling differs from blanching in that one does not cool the items using cold water or ice after removing them from the boiling water. Parboiled rice Sometimes raw rice or paddy is dehusked by using steam. This steam also partially boils the rice while dehusking. This process generally changes the colour of rice from white to a bit reddish. This type of rice is eaten in the districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada of Karnataka state, in the state of Kerala, and in most parts of Tamil Nadu, Bihar, and West Bengal in India. West Africa and the Afro-Caribbean diaspora are also accustomed to parboiling rice. See also Blanching Parbaking Parcooking References Cooking techniques Culinary terminology\",\n \"title\": \"Parboiling\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1564176\",\n \"text\": \"An egg timer or kitchen timer is a device whose primary function is to assist in timing during cooking; the name comes from the first timers initially being used for the timing of cooking eggs. Early designs simply counted down for a specific period of time. Some modern designs can time more accurately by depending on water temperature rather than an absolute time. Technology Traditionally egg timers were small hourglasses and the name has come to be synonymous with this form. As technology progressed mechanical countdown timers were developed which had an adjustable dial and could be applied to a wide range of timed cooking tasks. Most recently digital timers have also been manufactured and a wide selection of software is available to perform this task on a computer or mobile phone. The task is simple to perform on most microwaves and oven timers. New products have been developed which potentially allow for better egg timing; these use the temperature of the water in which the eggs are being cooked to indicate the cooking state of the eggs. This kind of timer has the potential to more accurately indicate the state of the egg while it is being cooked as they do not rely on certain conditions (water hardness, hob temperature, atmospheric pressure). One such product is made of translucent plastic with a heat-sensitive coloured disc in the middle which changes colour at . The plastic around the disc changes temperature relatively steadily and gradually from the outside to the inside of the plastic mimicking how an egg heats up while cooking. This allows an observer to see the colour creep inwards through the disc and stop the boiling at the stage required. As it mimics the boiling of an egg, it will be accurate even if the boiling process is disrupted, a lower temperature is used and regardless of the quantity of eggs being cooked. Other similar products use electronics to sense the water temperature and play a certain tune or series of beeps to indicate the state of the eggs. Egg boiling Eggs consist of proteins which denature when heat is applied. They lose their shape and become long strands rather than tight masses. They then tangle with each other causing the liquid of the egg to become more and more viscous. Most traditional egg timers have a set time of about three minutes, that being the approximate time it takes to cook an average sized hen's egg in water. Hard-boiled eggs take longer to cook. The three minute egg timer is for soft-boiled eggs. The egg changes rapidly during the first few minutes of cooking. The changes cannot be seen through the eggshell, so timing is important. Other timers Countdown timers not specifically for eggs are also available for general kitchen and timing use. For example, the clockwork Memo Park Timer had a countdown of up to sixty minutes and was sold attached to a keyring, its original purpose being to remind motorists when their parking meter\",\n \"title\": \"Egg timer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"285522\",\n \"text\": \"In thermodynamics, superheating (sometimes referred to as boiling retardation, or boiling delay) is the phenomenon in which a liquid is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point, without boiling. This is a so-called metastable state or metastate, where boiling might occur at any time, induced by external or internal effects. Superheating is achieved by heating a homogeneous substance in a clean container, free of nucleation sites, while taking care not to disturb the liquid. This may occur by microwaving water in a very smooth container. Disturbing the water may cause an unsafe eruption of hot water and result in burns. Cause Water is said to \\\"boil\\\" when bubbles of water vapor grow without bound, bursting at the surface. For a vapor bubble to expand, the temperature must be high enough that the vapor pressure exceeds the ambient pressure (the atmospheric pressure, primarily). Below that temperature, a water vapor bubble will shrink and vanish. Superheating is an exception to this simple rule; a liquid is sometimes observed not to boil even though its vapor pressure does exceed the ambient pressure. The cause is an additional force, the surface tension, which suppresses the growth of bubbles. Surface tension makes the bubble act like an elastic balloon. The pressure inside is raised slightly by the \\\"skin\\\" attempting to contract. For the bubble to expand, the temperature must be raised slightly above the boiling point to generate enough vapor pressure to overcome both surface tension and ambient pressure. What makes superheating so explosive is that a larger bubble is easier to inflate than a small one; just as when blowing up a balloon, the hardest part is getting started. It turns out the excess pressure due to surface tension is inversely proportional to the diameter of the bubble. That is, . This can be derived by imagining a plane cutting a bubble into two halves. Each half is pulled towards the middle with a surface tension force , which must be balanced by the force from excess pressure . So we obtain , which simplifies to . This means if the largest bubbles in a container are small, only a few micrometres in diameter, overcoming the surface tension may require a large , requiring exceeding the boiling point by several degrees Celsius. Once a bubble does begin to grow, the surface tension pressure decreases, so it expands explosively in a positive feedback loop. In practice, most containers have scratches or other imperfections which trap pockets of air that provide starting bubbles, and impure water containing small particles can also trap air pockets. Only a smooth container of purified liquid can reliably superheat. Occurrence via microwave oven Superheating can occur when an undisturbed container of water is heated in a microwave oven. At the time the container is removed, the lack of nucleation sites prevents boiling, leaving the surface calm. However, once the water is disturbed, some of it violently flashes to steam, potentially spraying boiling water out of the container. The boiling\",\n \"title\": \"Superheating\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50054690\",\n \"text\": \"Vacuum drying is the mass transfer operation in which the moisture present in a substance, usually a wet solid, is removed by means of creating a vacuum. In chemical processing industries like food processing, pharmacology, agriculture, and textiles, drying is an essential unit operation to remove moisture. Vacuum drying is generally used for the drying of substances that are hygroscopic and heat-sensitive, and is based on the principle of creating a vacuum to decrease the chamber pressure below the vapor pressure of the water, causing it to boil. With the help of vacuum pumps, the pressure is reduced around the substance to be dried. This decreases the boiling point of water inside that product and thereby increases the rate of evaporation significantly. The result is a significantly increased drying rate of the product. The vacuum drying process is a batch operation performed at reduced pressures and lower relative humidity compared to ambient pressure, enabling faster drying. Vacuum dryer Vacuum dryer is the equipment with the help of which vacuum drying is carried out. Vacuum dryers are sometimes made up of cast iron, but most are made of stainless steel, so that they can bear the high vacuum pressure without any kind of deformation. The oven is divided into hollow trays which increases the surface area for heat conduction. The oven door is locked air tight and is connected to vacuum pump to reduce the pressure. The materials to be dried are kept on the trays inside the vacuum dryer and pressure is reduced by means of a vacuum pump. The dryer door is tightly shut and steam is passed through the space between trays and jacket so that the heat transfer occurs by conduction. Water vapors from the feed is sent into the condenser and after the drying vacuum pump is disconnected and the dried product is collected from the trays. Microwave vacuum drying Because conventional drying approaches (e.g., convective drying) may cause great nutritional and textural changes (like a darker color due to Maillard reaction), microwave vacuum drying is an alternative for pharmaceuticals and food drying, a method known since 1989. The microwaves speed up the drying process and lower temperature in vacuum system, reducing overall drying cycle time and temperature-induced effects of the food product. Microwave vacuum drying may be used for production of dried pharmaceuticals and food. Industrialized equipment, however, may require pre-treating samples before processing in the industrial vacuum system; pre-drying is used by conventional methods to reduce bulk water content. Applications Vacuum dryer can be used to dry heat sensitive hygroscopic and toxic materials. If the feed for drying is a solution, it can be dried using vacuum dryer as the solvent can be recovered by condensation. To improve the quality of products, such as for fruit preservation, hybrid drying combining osmotic dehydration followed by heat pump drying and microwave-vacuum drying proved effective. References Drying\",\n \"title\": \"Vacuum drying\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59017628\",\n \"text\": \"Zalewajka is a traditional rustic soup made of diced and boiled potatoes and overflowed with sour rye made from sourdough bread. It also often contains Polish sausage and dried mushrooms. Origin The soup comes from central part of Poland. The first mentions of it appeared in 19th century in Łódź and Radomsko. The basic component of diet for people from those areas were potatoes and mushrooms. Potatoes constituted the base of the majority of the dishes people from Łódź and Radomsko prepared. They were served in different ways like boiled, mashed or fried. Thanks to its simplicity in the 19th and 20th century zalewajka become popular around the country to places like Kielce and Zagłębię Dąbrowskie. Zalewajka recipes There are a lot of recipes for this kind of soup which are different because of the region of Poland they were prepared. Łódź Main ingredients of the soup is bread sourdough, water, sausages and onion slices. Also added are wheat flour, sour cream and potatoes. The potatoes are peeled, cut into small cubes, then put into water and boiled. Sliced sausages and chopped onion are fried on the pan. When the potatoes are almost boiled, sausage and bread sourdough are added. After careful mixing, flour with the sour cream and the pinch of salt is added. Świętokrzyska This recipe originated in the Świętokrzyskie region. It's quite similar to Łódź recipe, but garlic and bacon added and less of sour cream used. The cooking process itself is almost the same except putting bacon into the soup. Radomsko Zalewajka from Radomsko is similar, but with more spices like marjoram and dried mushrooms. Cooked the same way as in the recipes from Łódź and Świętokrzyskie but without meat. See also List of soups References Polish cuisine Polish soups\",\n \"title\": \"Zalewajka\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72171954\",\n \"text\": \"Rice forms an important part of Korean economy and culture. Koreans have been eating rice for a long time, and it is one of the ingredients that should not be missed at meals. Therefore, there are many kinds of rice dishes, there are many local festivals related to rice, and there are many proverbs related to rice. Korean rice products Tteokbokki Tteokbokki is a Korean dish made by frying or boiling rice cakes and ingredients in seasoning. Rice cake, the main ingredient, is made of rice or wheat. It is one of Korea's representative national snacks and representative street food. It ranked 10th on the Korean food list and is the most popular Korean snack. Injeolmi Injeolmi is a rice cake in which rice flour is steamed with a steamer, pounded with a mortar, cut into appropriate sizes, and coated with bean powder. It is a popular rice cake that is served without omission from the table of ancestral rites and feasts, and it is digestible and high in calories. Surprisingly, it is one of the most popular rice cakes among foreigners. In general, while foreigners perceive the texture of rice cake as a strange food that is tough and doesn't taste much, injeolmi is less burdensome to chew just the size of finger food, and there is an image that it is healthy thanks to its unique savory and subtle sweetness. Nurungji Nurungji is grilled rice stuck to the bottom of the cauldron. Nurungji can be intentionally baked in a frying pan. In the days when electric rice pots were used before, they were distributed, nurungji was always created every time rice was cooked, so it was used for various purposes. Usually, it is common to make Sungnyung by boiling water in scorched rice in a cauldron, and there were cases where it was used in dishes such as scorched rice soup, dried, stored, and eaten like snacks. When there were no snacks, nurungji was the main snack for children. Juk Juk is a food that boiled rice. In Korea, people usually eat it as a substitute for meals when they have dental-related diseases or have a cold. A dead dish made only of rice is incredibly simple. Just soak the rice in water or grind it into a pot and it's done. Vegetables, seafood, and meat are chopped little by little and eaten. Sikhye Sikhye is one of Korea's traditional drinks, and it is a grain drink made by marinating malt and rice together. In Korea, it is mainly drunk on holidays such as Chuseok and New Year's Day, and it is widely loved as a beverage in everyday life, so it is easy to find it made at home or sold in cans or plastic bottles. It is a popular drink that can be enjoyed by men and women of all ages due to the combination of the savory aroma and sweetness of grain, and it is also a delicacy to scoop up rice that has sunk\",\n \"title\": \"Rice in Korean culture\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"482034\",\n \"text\": \"Hot dry noodles (), known in Chinese as reganmian, also transliterated as dried and spicy noodles, is a traditional dish of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province in central China. Hot dry noodles have an 80-year history in Chinese food culture; they are unique because the noodles are not in a broth like most other Asian-style hot noodle dishes. They are the most significant, famous and popular breakfast food in Wuhan, often sold by street carts and restaurants in residential and business areas. Breakfasts such as hot dry noodles are available from about 5 am, and usually appear at Wuhan's night markets as a late-night snack. These noodles can be prepared within minutes and are affordable, so they are a popular breakfast. There are hot dry noodle restaurants all over the city. Typical hot dry noodle dishes contain soy sauce, sesame paste, pickled vegetables (carrots and beans), chopped garlic chives and chili oil. Hot dry noodles, along with Shanxi's knife-cut noodles (刀削面; 刀削麵; dāoxiāomiàn), Liangguang's yifumian, Sichuan's dandanmian, and northern China's zhajiangmian, are collectively referred to as the \\\"top five noodles of China\\\" by People's Daily, and in a 2013 article titled \\\"China's Top 10 famous noodles\\\" Business Insider reported that CNTV rated reganmian the top Chinese noodle dish. The specifics of the preparation of hot dry noodles is discussed in Wuhan author Chi Li's novel Cold or Hot, It's Good to Live (冷也好热也好活着就好). Cooking method The recipe for hot dry noodles differs from cold noodles and soup noodles, as the dish is served hot without broth. The fresh noodles are mixed with sesame oil and cooked in boiling water. The cooked and cooled noodles become pliable. Before eating, the noodles will be cooked again the same way, and dressings including spring onion and sauce are added. While preparing hot dry noodles, the noodles are placed into a cone-shaped strainer, dipped briefly into boiling water, and then swirled and drained. The noodles are poured into a paper bowl, sesame paste, salt, pepper, sugar, vinegar, soy sauce, chive and pickled radish are added, poured on top and stirred. Origin Summer in Wuhan is extremely long, and the high temperature causes food to deteriorate rapidly. Consequently, in the past people added dietary alkali into noodles to slow deterioration; this evolved into reganmian. According to a widely circulated rumor, in the early 1930s there was a small food stand operated by Bao Li, a hawker who made a living by selling bean noodles and noodle soups near a temple in Hankou. One day, Li poured sesame oil onto his noodles accidentally; he boiled them and added shallot and other condiments the next day, and sold them the next morning. His noodles became very popular because of their unique taste, and customers asked Bao Li what kind of noodle it was; Bao Li answered \\\"hot dry noodles\\\". From then on, Bao Li specialized in hot dry noodles, which caused a sensation in Wuhan with many customers. Many cooks learned from him and specialized in\",\n \"title\": \"Hot dry noodles\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"870352\",\n \"text\": \"In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example \\\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\\\" In traditional grammar, it is typically defined as a string of words that expresses a complete thought, or as a unit consisting of a subject and predicate. In non-functional linguistics it is typically defined as a maximal unit of syntactic structure such as a constituent. In functional linguistics, it is defined as a unit of written texts delimited by graphological features such as upper-case letters and markers such as periods, question marks, and exclamation marks. This notion contrasts with a curve, which is delimited by phonologic features such as pitch and loudness and markers such as pauses; and with a clause, which is a sequence of words that represents some process going on throughout time. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command, or suggestion. Typical associates Clauses A sentence is typically associated with a clause. A clause can either be a clause simplex or a clause complex. A clause simplex represents a single process going on through time. A clause complex represents a logical relation between two or more processes and is thus composed of two or more clause simplexes. A clause (simplex) typically contains a predication structure with a subject noun phrase and a finite verb. Although the subject is usually a noun phrase, other kinds of phrases (such as gerund phrases) work as well, and some languages allow subjects to be omitted. In the examples below, the subject of the outmost clause simplex is in italics and the subject of boiling is in square brackets. There is clause embedding in the second and third examples. [Water] boils at 100 degrees Celsius. It is quite interesting that [water] boils at 100 degrees Celsius. The fact that [water] boils at 100 degrees Celsius is quite interesting. There are two types of clauses: independent and non-independent/interdependent. An independent clause realises a speech act such as a statement, a question, a command or an offer. A non-independent clause does not realise any act. A non-independent clause (simplex or complex) is usually logically related to other non-independent clauses. Together, they usually constitute a single independent clause (complex). For that reason, non-independent clauses are also called interdependent. For instance, the non-independent clause because I have no friends is related to the non-independent clause I don't go out in I don't go out, because I have no friends. The whole clause complex is independent because it realises a statement. What is stated is the causal nexus between having no friend and not going out. When such a statement is acted out, the fact that the speaker doesn't go out is already established, therefore it cannot be stated. What is still open and under negotiation is the reason for that fact. The causal nexus is represented by the independent clause complex and not by the two interdependent clause simplexes. See also copula for the\",\n \"title\": \"Sentence (linguistics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3672150\",\n \"text\": \"Vacuum evaporation is the process of causing the pressure in a liquid-filled container to be reduced below the vapor pressure of the liquid, causing the liquid to evaporate at a lower temperature than normal. Although the process can be applied to any type of liquid at any vapor pressure, it is generally used to describe the boiling of water by lowering the container's internal pressure below standard atmospheric pressure and causing the water to boil at room temperature. The vacuum evaporation treatment process consists of reducing the interior pressure of the evaporation chamber below atmospheric pressure. This reduces the boiling point of the liquid to be evaporated, thereby reducing or eliminating the need for heat in both the boiling and condensation processes. There are other advantages, such as the ability to distill liquids with high boiling points and avoiding decomposition of substances that are heat sensitive. Application Food When the process is applied to food and the water is evaporated and removed, the food can be stored for long periods without spoiling. It is also used when boiling a substance at normal temperatures would chemically change the consistency of the product, such as egg whites coagulating when attempting to dehydrate the albumen into a powder. This process was invented by Henri Nestlé in 1866, of Nestlé Chocolate fame, although the Shakers were already using a vacuum pan before that (see condensed milk). This process is used industrially to make such food products as evaporated milk for milk chocolate and tomato paste for ketchup. In the sugar industry vacuum evaporation is used in the crystallization of sucrose solutions. Traditionally this process was performed in batch mode, but nowadays continuous vacuum pans are available. Wastewater treatment Vacuum evaporators are used in a wide range of industrial sectors to treat industrial wastewater. It represents a clean, safe and very versatile technology with low management costs, which in most cases serves as a zero-discharge treatment system. Thin film deposition Vacuum evaporation is also a form of physical vapor deposition used in the semiconductor, microelectronics, and optical industries and in this context is a process of depositing thin films of material onto surfaces. Such a technique consists of pumping a vacuum chamber to pressures of less than 10−5 torr and heating a material to produce a flux of vapor to deposit the material onto a surface. The material to be vaporized is typically heated until its vapor pressure is high enough to produce a flux of several Angstroms per second by using an electrically resistive heater or bombardment by a high voltage beam. See also Freeze drying List of waste-water treatment technologies Vacuum deposition References External links Vacuum evaporation manufacturer Evaporators Food preservation Food processing Vacuum Water pollution Thin film deposition\",\n \"title\": \"Vacuum evaporation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2061993\",\n \"text\": \"In chemistry and materials science, impurities are chemical substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid. They differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound. Firstly, a pure chemical should appear in at least one chemical phase and can also be characterized by its phase diagram. Secondly, a pure chemical should prove to be homogeneous (i.e., a uniform substance that has the same composition throughout the material). The perfect pure chemical will pass all attempts to separate and purify it further. Thirdly, and here we focus on the common chemical definition, it should not contain any trace of any other kind of chemical species. In reality, there are no absolutely 100% pure chemical compounds, as there is always some small amount of contamination. The levels of impurities in a material are generally defined in relative terms. Standards have been established by various organizations that attempt to define the permitted levels of various impurities in a manufactured product. Strictly speaking, a material's level of purity can only be stated as being more or less pure than some other material. Impurities are either naturally occurring or added during synthesis of a chemical or commercial product. During production, impurities may be purposely or accidentally added to the substance. The removal of unwanted impurities may require the use of separation or purification techniques such as distillation or zone refining. In other cases, impurities might be added to acquire certain properties of a material such as the color in gemstones or conductivity in semiconductors. Impurities may also affect crystallization as they can act as nucleation sites that start crystal growth. Impurities can also play a role in nucleation of other phase transitions in the form of defects. Unwanted impurities Impurities can become unwanted when they prevent the working nature of the material. Examples include ash and debris in metals and leaf pieces in blank white papers. The removal of impurities is usually done chemically. For example, in the manufacturing of iron, calcium carbonate is added to the blast furnaces to remove silicon dioxide from the iron ore. Zone refining, another purification method, is an economically important method for the purification of semiconductors. However, some kinds of impurities can be removed by physical means. A mixture of water and salt can be separated by distillation, with water as the distillate and salt as the solid residue. This is done by heating the water so it boils and leaves behind the salt. The water is cooled and the gas turns back to a pure liquid. Impurities are usually physically removed from liquids and gases. Removal of sand particles from metal ore is one example with solids. No matter what method is used, it is usually impossible to separate an impurity completely from a material. The reason that it is impossible to remove impurities completely is of thermodynamic nature and is predicted by the second law of thermodynamics. Removing impurities completely means reducing their concentration to zero. This would require an infinite amount of\",\n \"title\": \"Chemical impurity\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18526084\",\n \"text\": \"Team 5P () is the animation production team, which established in 2002. The first members were composed of Hongsuk Kim (Kee-mong), Sangsik Min (Sickman), Donghyuk Jang (Seedrock), Sukjo Jang (Devil), Jihyuk Jung (Guy Hyuk), and Junghoon Ji (Back-gun). They used to draw many kinds of Animations; especially the series of \\\"The Hell of Selfish and Immoral Entertainers ()\\\", \\\"The Middle-aged Detective Kim Jung Il\\\", \\\"The Banana Girl (unsuitable for under 19-years-old)\\\" are very famous masterpieces. ==Private Kim Chang-who'''s Desertion== The Story is separated of two stories. One is the story which describes the time Kim Chang-who joined a party; He couldn't stand on much reproaches from his superiors - He deserted remaining his diary and ran away stealing a duck from a farm, the other is the story which describes the time after Kim deserted his party; but he was captured by his captain Kim Hong-suk just before he take a traffic to his home, he was imprisoned with his superiors into the guardhouse. The Hell of Entertainers The flash animation series is the most popular animation of the team. Many kinds of military service problems were dealt in this animation. Series of Moonoejoong In 2002, Team 5P made the first series of \\\"The Hell of Entertainers\\\" which Heejun Moon (in this series, he is featured as \\\"Moonoejoong; literally, A No-brained Bug\\\") who is due to join the 666 party is featuring. In this first series, Moonoejoong is scolded by many superiors, including a foolish and fault maker, Kim Chang-who. One day night, He dreamt of what he sings rock'n roll, when he sings shouting, making most of his fans wild with enthusiasm. At that time, his superior, Jung Ji-hyuk wakes him up, and scolded while he was still sleeping. This day, Moonoejoong couldn't have any supper because he waste his breakfast into the trash box after Kim Chang-who told him about a patty on a Military Hamburger, while he miss twice in a football game; one is his own goal, the other is speaking what Jung Ji-hyuk missed a penalty kick. He couldn't have any supper until his sleeping time. Series of Stivoong Yoo Another entertainer, Steve Yoo (Korean name; Seungjun YOO) featured as \\\"Stivoong YOO(No literal meaning but similar to his name).\\\" Steve is a naturalized American to avoid the military duty in South Korea on February, 2002. At first of the series, he told his party supervisor that he was due to join the American Army. However, the supervisor scold and strike him even Stivoong cried that he is about to join the American Army. Likewise Moonoejoong, he is scolded by his superiors. From joined day on, he is defeated seriously. After a while, Jung Ji-hyuk told Kim Chang-who, \\\"boil my noodle pack.\\\" Kim Chang-who spit into the pack boiling noodle, Moonoejoong found his situation and reported to Jung Ji-hyuk. Thus, in the evening, Kim was beat seriously by Jung for the reason. The next day, in the morning roll call, everybody sing the South Korean national\",\n \"title\": \"Team 5P\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"896894\",\n \"text\": \"Castle Geyser is a cone geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. It is noted for the particularly large geyserite sinter deposits, which form its cone. These deposits have been likened in appearance to a castle. When the geyser was given this name in 1870, the top edges of the structure resembled the typical profile associated with the modern concept of a castle, having the appearance of a large keep, multiple turrets, and especially because of the crenellation along the top edges of what resembled its towers. As the drawing below shows the cone had distinctive appearance at the time. Over time the cone's shape changes because of the layers of mineral deposited in successive eruptions. History On September 18, 1870, the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition entered the Upper Geyser Basin. Eventually, members of the expedition named seven geysers they observed in the basin. The appearance of this geyser led Lieutenant Gustavus Cheyney Doane to name it Castle Geyser. Nathaniel P. Langford gave this account in his 1871 Scribner's article: \\\"The Castle,\\\" situated on the summit of an incrusted mound, has a turreted crater through which a large volume of water is expelled at intervals of two or three hours to the height of , from a discharging orifice about in diameter. The architectural features of the silicious sinter surrounding it, which is very massive and compact, indicating that at some former period the flow of water must have been much greater than at present, suggested its name. A vent near it is constantly discharging a large stream of boiling water, and when the geyser is in action the water in this vent boils and bubbles with great fierceness. Eruption The Castle Geyser has a 10- to 12-hour eruption cycle. The geyser erupts hot water for about 20 minutes in a vertical column that reaches a height of before changing to a noisy steam phase that issues for 30 to 40 minutes. The sinter cone for Castle Geyser has been dated to around 1022 using carbon-14 dating. This date is much younger than the originally-presumed age of 5,000 to 15,000 years. A 3-D laser scan made of the cone reveals evidence that this geyser has evolved through four to five distinct stages to reach its current configuration. In November 2002, the Denali earthquake in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska caused Castle Geyser, as well as other geysers in Yellowstone, to decrease in eruption frequency. The affected geysers have returned to their previous pattern since that time, however. Gallery References External links Geysers of Wyoming Geothermal features of Teton County, Wyoming Geothermal features of Yellowstone National Park Geysers of Teton County, Wyoming Articles containing video clips\",\n \"title\": \"Castle Geyser\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52996\",\n \"text\": \"Steaming is a method of cooking using steam. This is often done with a food steamer, a kitchen appliance made specifically to cook food with steam, but food can also be steamed in a wok. In the American southwest, steam pits used for cooking have been found dating back about 5,000 years. Steaming is considered a healthy cooking technique that can be used for many kinds of foods. Because steaming can be achieved by heating less water or liquid, and because of the excellent thermodynamic heat transfer properties of steam, steaming can be as fast, or faster, than cooking in boiling water, as well as being more energy efficient. History Some of the world's earliest examples of steam cooking were found in China's Yellow River Valley; early steam cookers made of stoneware have been found dating back as far as 5,000 BCE. And also in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, created during the Stone Age. Some of the second earliest examples of steam cooking have been found in Italy and Sardinia, created during the Bronze Age, and in Cochise County, Arizona, where steam pits were used for cooking about 10,000 years ago. From the eighth century CE, thin cypress strips were used to make steamers; today their slatted bases are constructed from bamboo. The classic steamer has a chimney in the center, which distributes the steam among the tiers. While steaming has not caught up in the west for assorted dishes, the technique was heavily popularized worldwide by Chinese and East Asian cuisine. The two main classic steamers feature the ancient bamboo steamer as well as the modern metal (aluminum or stainless steel) steamer, with the difference being that the bamboo lid takes longer to heat up but absorbs excess moisture and allows heat to condense again over the delicate food. Other developments were the creations of microwaveable silicone steamers and plastic-hybrid steamers. Method Steaming works by boiling water continuously, causing it to vaporize into steam; the steam then carries heat to the nearby food, thus cooking the food. The food is kept separate from the boiling water but has direct contact with the steam, resulting in a moist texture to the food. This differs from double boiling, in which food is not directly exposed to steam, or pressure cooking, which uses a sealed vessel, but which is capable of pressure steaming or submerging. Such cooking is most often done by placing the food into a food steamer, typically a circular container made of metal or wood and bamboo. The steamer usually has a lid that is placed on the top of the container during cooking to allow the steam to cook through the food. When a steamer is unavailable, food can be steamed inside a wok, supported over boiling water in the bottom of the wok by a metal frame. Some modern home microwave ovens include a structure to cook food by steam vapor produced in a separate water container, providing a similar result to being cooked on stove. There are\",\n \"title\": \"Steaming\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["vaporization"],"string":"[\n \"vaporization\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":54,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_46340"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when did they change the australian national anthem"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"1374481","text":"As an additional question in the 1977 referendum, voters were polled on which song they would prefer to be the national anthem (in place of \"God Save the Queen\"). Voting on this question was not compulsory. This was the third plebiscite to be held in Australia, following two regarding military service in 1916 and 1917. The winner, \"Advance Australia Fair\", was later formally declared the Australian anthem in 1984. Background Prior to 1974, \"God Save the Queen\" was Australia's national anthem. In 1974, the Whitlam government performed a nationwide opinion survey, conducted through the Australian Bureau of Statistics, to determine the song to be sung on occasions of national significance. \"Advance Australia Fair\" was chosen and was enshrined as the national song, to be used on all occasions excepting those of a specifically regal nature. In January 1976, the Fraser government reinstated \"God Save the Queen\" for royal, vice-regal, defence and loyal toast occasions, and made plans to conduct a national poll to find a song for use on ceremonial occasions when it was desired to mark a separate Australian identity. Results Voters were presented with the following choice: ''Against the background that 'GOD SAVE THE QUEEN' is the NATIONAL ANTHEM to be played on Regal and Vice Regal occasions, electors may indicate their preferences as to which of the tunes of the songs listed below they would prefer to be played on other occasions. See also Referendums in Australia References Plebiscite Plebiscite 1977 referendums 1977 (National Song) Song Multiple-choice referendums","title":"1977 Australian plebiscite (National Song)"},{"docid":"13225968","text":"Majestic Fanfare is a short orchestral piece of music written by the British composer Charles Williams in 1935. It is well recognized as the theme to ABC news broadcasts in Australia. Currently, it is being used on ABC NewsRadio, usually at the top of every hour. 1943 version Majestic Fanfare was first recorded in 1943 by the Queen's Hall Light Orchestra conducted by the composer. In an abridged form, it came to prominence in Australia, initially as the signature tune for radio broadcasts of proceedings from the Parliament of Australia, and subsequently as the signature tune for radio and television news broadcasts by the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC). It was first used for this purpose on 1 January 1952 until 1982, when it was replaced with a different version. Majestic Fanfare replaced a short version of Advance Australia Fair that had been in use throughout World War II. Further shortening of what was already regarded as a significant national song (it would become Australia's official national anthem in 1984) was regarded as somewhat sacrilegious, while shortening the apolitical Majestic Fanfare was deemed less contentious. 1982 version On television, Majestic Fanfare was updated in 1982 to celebrate the ABC's 50th anniversary, using synthesizers. This version was used as the ABC News theme. It was tuned a semitone higher, to E major. 1988 version In 1988, in accordance with the recommendation, and also to help celebrate the Australian Bicentenary, the ABC commissioned the Australian composer Richard Mills to re-orchestrate the tune in a more modern, Australian idiom. His arrangement was recorded by the Sydney Symphony Orchestra under Stuart Challender, at the Sydney Opera House. In the early 2000s, Mills' original pencil-written manuscript for the full and two abridged versions of the theme was donated to the music library of the University of Melbourne. The theme is still used for ABC Radio news bulletins. Originally it was planned that Armiger's 2005 theme (below) would replace Majestic Fanfare on radio bulletins as well, but the plan did not proceed. A radio news inquiry later that year recommended that Majestic Fanfare should be either replaced or updated. The piece, as used by the ABC, exists in two formats: an 18-second version that was used for many years, and a 9-second abridged version that was usually used thereafter (although the 18-second version is still played on regional radio and on extended bulletins, such as the daily 7.00am Local Radio bulletins). Other ABC News themes In 1985, when ABC's evening news bulletin was replaced by The National, Majestic Fanfare was replaced by Alan Hawkshaw's Best Endeavours, then also used by Britain's Channel 4 News bulletins. In 1985, when ABC News was relaunched, Majestic Fanfare did not return. Since then, two Australian-composed tunes have been used. The first titled ABC News theme was written in 1985 by Sydney composers Tony Ansell and Peter Wall. It was used for 19 years. The original version of the current ABC News theme, composed by Martin Armiger and introduced on Australia Day","title":"Majestic Fanfare"},{"docid":"30531423","text":"The Urban Guerillas are an Australian pub rock band. Originally formed in Adelaide, the band is currently based in Sydney. Beginnings 1981 A tough, punk-influenced band with a fiercely independent streak, The Urban Guerillas was formed in Adelaide in 1980 as a trio with Ken Stewart (guitar/vocals), Terry Burgan (bass/vocals) and John Martin (drums). Terry and John had recently moved to Adelaide from Whyalla. After playing their relentless, driving brand of original pop / punk rock music around Adelaide for a little over two years and releasing two independent cassettes, the band moved to Sydney and seamlessly slotted into the live pub circuit. Sydney 1983–1987 In 1983 they went into Studios 301 to record and released the song 1984 on their own label, The single sold in enough quantities to attract the attention of George Wayne from Triple J who invited the band into the Australian Broadcasting Corporation studios to play live to air. In 1984 they recorded a more pop-oriented single, She's Probably, produced by Adelaide guitarist Mal Eastick from Stars (Australian band) and producer of the Andy Durant Memorial Concert. This single won numerous favourable reviews around the country and gave the band a boost around Sydney before a membership reshuffle took some time to consolidate the new four-piece line up. The band resurfaced nationally in 1986 with their Borrowed Time EP and an appearance on a nationally televised talent quest Star Search (Australia). During this time the Urban Guerillas played regularly at the Sandringham (Sando) and until Roaring Jack entered the scene, had held the over-the-bar record of takings at the famous inner west hotel. (The Roaring Jack crowd consistently managed to out-drink the Urban Guerillas punters). The band toured nationally in 1986 mostly headlining but also playing some notable supports with The Saints, The Hitmen, the New Christs and Spy vs Spy. In 1987 the band released their signature tune Here Come the Americans. An anthem against the Americanisation of Australian culture. Using a war analogy for the cultural invasion gave the song a literal interpretation that resonated with the peace movement. The song gave the Urban Guerillas a provocative edge and the renewed attention from the media delivered access to the suburban venues. Through various line-up changes the band experimented and consistently fronted up as an energetic and formidable live performance unit until the end of 1987, when after much touring and having all their gear stolen, the Guerillas had imploded. Another View 1988–1990 In 1988 Stewart played solo in addition to supporting Roaring Jack whilst putting together another three piece. This outfit toured to Melbourne, Canberra and Adelaide frequently and the suburban bars in Sydney but their regular work became to an abrupt end when Stewart fell off the drum-kit while playing guitar during a gig in Oatley, breaking his wrist. However, before the accident the Urban Guerillas had managed to record their first album, Another View, in 1989 with Phil Punch at Electric Avenue studio and released it in 1990 to critical acclaim.","title":"The Urban Guerillas"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"1374481\",\n \"text\": \"As an additional question in the 1977 referendum, voters were polled on which song they would prefer to be the national anthem (in place of \\\"God Save the Queen\\\"). Voting on this question was not compulsory. This was the third plebiscite to be held in Australia, following two regarding military service in 1916 and 1917. The winner, \\\"Advance Australia Fair\\\", was later formally declared the Australian anthem in 1984. Background Prior to 1974, \\\"God Save the Queen\\\" was Australia's national anthem. In 1974, the Whitlam government performed a nationwide opinion survey, conducted through the Australian Bureau of Statistics, to determine the song to be sung on occasions of national significance. \\\"Advance Australia Fair\\\" was chosen and was enshrined as the national song, to be used on all occasions excepting those of a specifically regal nature. In January 1976, the Fraser government reinstated \\\"God Save the Queen\\\" for royal, vice-regal, defence and loyal toast occasions, and made plans to conduct a national poll to find a song for use on ceremonial occasions when it was desired to mark a separate Australian identity. Results Voters were presented with the following choice: ''Against the background that 'GOD SAVE THE QUEEN' is the NATIONAL ANTHEM to be played on Regal and Vice Regal occasions, electors may indicate their preferences as to which of the tunes of the songs listed below they would prefer to be played on other occasions. See also Referendums in Australia References Plebiscite Plebiscite 1977 referendums 1977 (National Song) Song Multiple-choice referendums\",\n \"title\": \"1977 Australian plebiscite (National Song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13225968\",\n \"text\": \"Majestic Fanfare is a short orchestral piece of music written by the British composer Charles Williams in 1935. It is well recognized as the theme to ABC news broadcasts in Australia. Currently, it is being used on ABC NewsRadio, usually at the top of every hour. 1943 version Majestic Fanfare was first recorded in 1943 by the Queen's Hall Light Orchestra conducted by the composer. In an abridged form, it came to prominence in Australia, initially as the signature tune for radio broadcasts of proceedings from the Parliament of Australia, and subsequently as the signature tune for radio and television news broadcasts by the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC). It was first used for this purpose on 1 January 1952 until 1982, when it was replaced with a different version. Majestic Fanfare replaced a short version of Advance Australia Fair that had been in use throughout World War II. Further shortening of what was already regarded as a significant national song (it would become Australia's official national anthem in 1984) was regarded as somewhat sacrilegious, while shortening the apolitical Majestic Fanfare was deemed less contentious. 1982 version On television, Majestic Fanfare was updated in 1982 to celebrate the ABC's 50th anniversary, using synthesizers. This version was used as the ABC News theme. It was tuned a semitone higher, to E major. 1988 version In 1988, in accordance with the recommendation, and also to help celebrate the Australian Bicentenary, the ABC commissioned the Australian composer Richard Mills to re-orchestrate the tune in a more modern, Australian idiom. His arrangement was recorded by the Sydney Symphony Orchestra under Stuart Challender, at the Sydney Opera House. In the early 2000s, Mills' original pencil-written manuscript for the full and two abridged versions of the theme was donated to the music library of the University of Melbourne. The theme is still used for ABC Radio news bulletins. Originally it was planned that Armiger's 2005 theme (below) would replace Majestic Fanfare on radio bulletins as well, but the plan did not proceed. A radio news inquiry later that year recommended that Majestic Fanfare should be either replaced or updated. The piece, as used by the ABC, exists in two formats: an 18-second version that was used for many years, and a 9-second abridged version that was usually used thereafter (although the 18-second version is still played on regional radio and on extended bulletins, such as the daily 7.00am Local Radio bulletins). Other ABC News themes In 1985, when ABC's evening news bulletin was replaced by The National, Majestic Fanfare was replaced by Alan Hawkshaw's Best Endeavours, then also used by Britain's Channel 4 News bulletins. In 1985, when ABC News was relaunched, Majestic Fanfare did not return. Since then, two Australian-composed tunes have been used. The first titled ABC News theme was written in 1985 by Sydney composers Tony Ansell and Peter Wall. It was used for 19 years. The original version of the current ABC News theme, composed by Martin Armiger and introduced on Australia Day\",\n \"title\": \"Majestic Fanfare\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30531423\",\n \"text\": \"The Urban Guerillas are an Australian pub rock band. Originally formed in Adelaide, the band is currently based in Sydney. Beginnings 1981 A tough, punk-influenced band with a fiercely independent streak, The Urban Guerillas was formed in Adelaide in 1980 as a trio with Ken Stewart (guitar/vocals), Terry Burgan (bass/vocals) and John Martin (drums). Terry and John had recently moved to Adelaide from Whyalla. After playing their relentless, driving brand of original pop / punk rock music around Adelaide for a little over two years and releasing two independent cassettes, the band moved to Sydney and seamlessly slotted into the live pub circuit. Sydney 1983–1987 In 1983 they went into Studios 301 to record and released the song 1984 on their own label, The single sold in enough quantities to attract the attention of George Wayne from Triple J who invited the band into the Australian Broadcasting Corporation studios to play live to air. In 1984 they recorded a more pop-oriented single, She's Probably, produced by Adelaide guitarist Mal Eastick from Stars (Australian band) and producer of the Andy Durant Memorial Concert. This single won numerous favourable reviews around the country and gave the band a boost around Sydney before a membership reshuffle took some time to consolidate the new four-piece line up. The band resurfaced nationally in 1986 with their Borrowed Time EP and an appearance on a nationally televised talent quest Star Search (Australia). During this time the Urban Guerillas played regularly at the Sandringham (Sando) and until Roaring Jack entered the scene, had held the over-the-bar record of takings at the famous inner west hotel. (The Roaring Jack crowd consistently managed to out-drink the Urban Guerillas punters). The band toured nationally in 1986 mostly headlining but also playing some notable supports with The Saints, The Hitmen, the New Christs and Spy vs Spy. In 1987 the band released their signature tune Here Come the Americans. An anthem against the Americanisation of Australian culture. Using a war analogy for the cultural invasion gave the song a literal interpretation that resonated with the peace movement. The song gave the Urban Guerillas a provocative edge and the renewed attention from the media delivered access to the suburban venues. Through various line-up changes the band experimented and consistently fronted up as an energetic and formidable live performance unit until the end of 1987, when after much touring and having all their gear stolen, the Guerillas had imploded. Another View 1988–1990 In 1988 Stewart played solo in addition to supporting Roaring Jack whilst putting together another three piece. This outfit toured to Melbourne, Canberra and Adelaide frequently and the suburban bars in Sydney but their regular work became to an abrupt end when Stewart fell off the drum-kit while playing guitar during a gig in Oatley, breaking his wrist. However, before the accident the Urban Guerillas had managed to record their first album, Another View, in 1989 with Phil Punch at Electric Avenue studio and released it in 1990 to critical acclaim.\",\n \"title\": \"The Urban Guerillas\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"326167","text":"\"\" (, , \"God of Justice\") is the national anthem of Serbia, as defined by the Article 7 of the Constitution of Serbia. \"Bože pravde\" was adopted in 1882 and had been the national anthem of the Kingdom of Serbia until 1919 when Serbia became a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was re-adopted as the national anthem at first by the parliamentary recommendation in 2004 and then constitutionally sanctioned in 2006, after Serbia restored its independence. History After the assassination of Prince Mihailo, Milan Obrenović came to the throne in 1872, celebrating his coming of age. Then he ordered a play from the manager of the National Theater in Belgrade, Jovan Đorđević, who quickly wrote and presented the play \"Marko names the Emperor\" (Marko kazuje na kome je carstvo), with the aim of glorifying Serbian history and the Obrenović dynasty, and song \"God of justice\" (Bože pravde), composed by Davorin Jenko. Song gained more popularity among the people than the piece itself, and in 1882, on the occasion of Milan's enthronement as Serbian king, Đorđević reworked the text and so his new version became the first official anthem of Serbia. In 1903, after the May Coup, the Obrenović dynasty died out and the Karađorđevićs came to the helm of Serbia. The new Serbian king Peter I wanted to change the state symbols, even the anthem. The Austrian composer from Vienna, August Stol, composed a song for the Serbian king. Peter did not like the composition. Various competitions in which many Serbian poets (Aleksa Šantić among others) participated were also unsuccessful. In the end, in 1909, it was decided to make the anthem Bože pravde official again, with minor changes to the text. Various rulers of Serbia changed the words of the anthem to suit them. During the rule of Prince Milan I of Serbia, the words were \"God, save Prince Milan\" (knez Milana Bože spasi), which changed to God, save King Milan (kralj Milana Bože spasi) when Serbia became a kingdom. Later it was tailored to Alexander I (\"God, save King Alexander\"; kralja Aleksandra Bože spasi) and Peter I (\"God, save King Peter\"; kralja Petra Bože spasi) as well. During the World War I, in the territories of Serbia occupied by Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, the performance of the national anthem, as well as the display of the symbols of the Kingdom of Serbia, was prohibited. During the time of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which later became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), \"Bože pravde\" was part of its national anthem. On the eve of the World War II, at the great international gathering of the Music Confederation, held in Paris, this anthem was declared one of the three most beautiful in the world. \"Bože pravde\" anthem was officially abandoned and banned after the World War II in 1945, in favour of \"Hey, Slavs\" (under its Serbo-Croatian title Hej, Sloveni), which was the national anthem of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for 47 years, from","title":"Bože pravde"},{"docid":"27274193","text":"The 2010 ANZAC Test was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand on 7 May 2010. The match coincided with the official opening of AAMI Park in Melbourne. The match was won by Australia with a score of 12–8. The teams The squads for each side were announced on 2 May 2010. The selectors for the Australian team made only five changes to the squad that won the final of the 2009 Four Nations. Three of those changes were due to injuries. Notable among the selections was the omission of Brisbane Broncos centre Israel Folau. There had been rumours that Folau was considering moving to the Australian Football League or rugby union; however, the selectors insisted he had been dropped for form reasons. Manly centre Jamie Lyon was called up in Folau's place, and to act as goal-kicker due to Johnathan Thurston's injury-enforced absence. Thurston, the incumbent Australian half back, missed the match with a shoulder injury. He was replaced in the position by Cooper Cronk. Michael Weyman, a prop forward from the St. George Illawarra Dragons was the only member of the squad representing Australia for the first time. The New Zealand team included two debutants: Aaron Heremaia and Zeb Taia. Alex Glenn was named in the 18-man squad but was left out of the 17-man team. One of the notable selections was 19-year-old Kieran Foran being named as half back for the first time: Commentators predicted he would be the long-term incumbent in the position, with former Australian halfback Andrew Johns suggesting he could become the best player in the world. Opening of AAMI Park The match was the first event to be held at Melbourne's AAMI Park, a rectangular stadium built for rugby league, rugby union and soccer in a city known for its preference for Australian rules football. Despite having been officially sold out wet conditions on the night meant an attendance of 29,442, which nearly satisfied the stadium's 30,050 capacity. The opening ceremony featured the NRL's all-time highest point-scorer, Hazem El Masri kicking a goal. The National anthem of New Zealand was performed by Elizabeth Marvelly and the National anthem of Australia was performed by Katie Noonan. Match details The first half of the match was low-scoring, as wet conditions caused numerous ball-handling errors. Australia took a 6–0 lead at half-time, after Brett Morris scored a try to add to an earlier penalty goal from Jamie Lyon. Morris' try was scored in the 39th minute of the first half and was the result of a grubber kick from Darren Lockyer. Morris scored a second try shortly into the second half to make the score 12–0. Sam Thaiday set up the try with a flick pass as he was being pushed out of the field of play by New Zealand defenders. New Zealand pulled back two unconverted tries through Jason Nightingale and Junior Sa'u; however, they were not able to make up the 12-point deficit, and Australia won the match 12–8. The","title":"2010 Anzac Test"},{"docid":"250523","text":"(; \"Our Bahrain\"; also known as , \"the national anthem of Bahrain\") is the national anthem of Bahrain. Originally composed as an instrumental in 1942, lyrics were added in 1985, which were changed in 2002 following the country's transformation from an emirate into a kingdom. History The anthem was originally composed in 1942 to be played at official events such as receptions, making Bahrain one of the first Arab countries to adopt a national anthem. The leaders of the police band made many modifications and additions to the music over the following years, most significantly in 1972, a year after Bahrain's independence from the United Kingdom, when it was extended by playing it twice. In 1985, former leader of the police band Colonel Mohamed Sudqi Ayyash wrote lyrics for the anthem, which were used until 2002. That year, with the emergence of the National Action Charter and a constitutional amendments referendum that declared the country's ruler Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah a king and the country a kingdom, the lyrics were changed by Minister of the Royal Court Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa. Bahraini composer and singer Ahmed Aljumairi was directed by the government to re-arrange the national anthem with an inclusion of a fanfare that was recorded with the London Philharmonic Orchestra in London. Mr. Ahmed Aljumairi sang the national anthem with the chorus in that recording that became the official anthem of the country. Band leader Major General Mubarak Najm Al-Najm made a military band version arrangement that is used by the police. Lyrics Current lyrics Former lyrics (1985–2002) Notes References External links Bahrain: Bahrainona - Audio of the national anthem of Bahrain, with information and lyrics (archive link) Himnuszok - A vocal version of the Anthem, featured in the Himnuszok website. Asian anthems Music of Bahrain National symbols of Bahrain Compositions in D major","title":"Bahrainona"},{"docid":"49216229","text":"The 2016 Anzac Test (known as the Downer Anzac Test due to sponsorship) was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand at Hunter Stadium in Newcastle. It was the 17th Anzac Test played between the two nations since the first was played under the Super League banner in 1997. The game marked the international coaching debut of Mal Meninga for Australia since taking over the position from Tim Sheens in late 2015. Meninga, a 4 time Kangaroo Tourist (the only player ever to do so), a World Cup winning captain and a veteran of 46 tests for Australia between 1982–94, has previously coached Queensland to 9 State of Origin series wins in 10 years (including a record 8 series wins in succession from 2006-2013) in the years prior to taking over as Kangaroos coach. This was the first of two matches between Australia and New Zealand before the 2016 Rugby League Four Nations in late October and November. The second match will be played at the nib Stadium in Perth, Western Australia on 15 October. Meninga broke tradition and named the Australian team a few days early, which included 4 debutants; Blake Ferguson, Josh McGuire, Michael Morgan and Fijian-born Semi Radradra. The New Zealand team was named on 1 May. Pre-game National anthems Russ Walker - New Zealand National Anthem Adrian Li Donni - Australian National Anthem Squads 1 - Peta Hiku was originally selected to play but withdrew due to injury. He was replaced by Gerard Beale. 2 - Shaun Kenny-Dowall and Brad Takairangi were originally selected to play but both players withdrew. Tohu Harris was shifted from five-eighth to centre and Kodi Nikorima was shifted from the bench to five-eighth as a result. Aidan Guerra and Michael Jennings were a part of the Kangaroos squad but did not play in the match. Alex Glenn and Danny Levi were a part of the Kiwis squad but did not play in the match. Match summary Notes: This was the annual 2016 Anzac Test. Australia's win ended a 3-match losing streak against New Zealand. This was the first time New Zealand were held scoreless in a test-match since 2007. With the victory, Australia reclaim the Bill Kelly Memorial Trophy. Martin Taupau and Sam Moa made their 10th test appearance for New Zealand. Blake Ferguson, Josh McGuire, Michael Morgan and Fijian-born Semi Radradra made their international debuts for Australia while Dallin Watene-Zelezniak, Kenny Bromwich and Manu Maʻu made their international debuts for New Zealand. Women's Test A Women's rugby league match between the Australian Jillaroos and New Zealand Kiwi Ferns will serve as the curtain-raiser for the main game. New Zealand coach Alan Jackson named an 18-strong squad in preparation for the Trans-Tasman Test. A few days later, Australian coach Steve Folkes announced his 18-strong squad for the Trans-Tasman Test. Women's squads The 18th woman is a cover for a possible injury or suspension and unless called up to the starting line-up or the bench, does not actually","title":"2016 Anzac Test"},{"docid":"15031260","text":"\"Tanzania Nakupenda Kwa Moyo Wote\" is a Swahili-language patriotic song about Tanzania in East Africa. The song's history and authorship is uncertain, but stretches back to the colonial days, when then it was sung as thus \".\" It cannot be ruled out that it was part of an attempt to develop a national anthem towards the end of colonial rule before the South African lyrics version that was introduced and popularized by South African freedom fighters became adopted as anthem. The composition effort could have been coordinated by colonial officials in the last days of British colonialism in Tanganyika. It was changed to Tanzania, Tanzania after the formation of the Tanzanian union in 1964. In Tanzania it is frequently sung alongside the national anthem \"Mungu Ibariki Afrika\". The song appears in the 2004 documentary Darwin's Nightmare in which a female sex worker sings the song to seemingly uninterested Russian pilots. Her name was Eliza and she was killed a few days after by an Australian client. The song was performed in Australia for the fourth President of Tanzania, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, when he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Newcastle. Lyrics References Tanzanian songs Patriotic songs Songwriter unknown Year of song unknown 2. Bernadette Matthias singing 20 July 2015","title":"Tanzania Nakupenda Kwa Moyo Wote"},{"docid":"1265870","text":"The South African Rugby Union (SARU) is the governing body for rugby union in South Africa and is affiliated to World Rugby. It was established in 1992 as the South African Rugby Football Union, from the merger of the South African Rugby Board and the non-racial South African Rugby Union (SACOS), and took up its current name in 2005. SARU organises several national teams, most notably the senior national side, the Springboks. History The South African Rugby Board was the rugby union governing body of white South Africans between 1889 and 1992. The governing of white and coloured rugby union was handled separately during South Africa under Apartheid. In 1992 the non-racial South African Rugby Union and the South African Rugby Board were merged to form the South African Rugby Football Union. The unified body changed its name in 2005 to the current South African Rugby Union. Kamp Staaldraad The debacle of the 2003 World Cup saw the Springboks exit in the quarterfinals. Further, SARU experienced the scandal of Kamp Staaldraad, the training camp run by then-Boks coach Rudolf Straeuli. Reportedly, \"naked players were crammed into foxholes and doused repeatedly with ice-cold water while the English national anthem and New Zealand's haka were played over and over again ... [and] were also forced into a freezing lake in the early hours of the morning to pump up rugby balls under water and ... when some players tried to get out they were ordered back into the water at gunpoint.\" Straeuli resigned, as did Rian Oberholzer, the managing director of South Africa Rugby (Pty) Ltd, the commercial arm of SARFU. Soon afterwards, SARFU president Silas Nkununu, facing a strong reelection challenge, withdrew from consideration for election. van Rooyen Brian van Rooyen was elected president of SARU in 2004. He soon became a highly polarising figure in South African sport, with detractors accusing him of financial shenanigans, favouritism, and general mismanagement. His management style was also widely perceived as autocratic. One of the major gripes against the Van Rooyen administration was the allocation of venues for the Springboks home test matches. The KwaZulu-Natal Union and the Free State Union did not receive a Tri Nations Test in 2005 or 2006. Both unions, vocal opponents of Van Rooyen, accused him of punishing them for their opposition. SANZAR However, the biggest bone of contention surrounded the expansion of the Super Rugby competition. SANZAR, a consortium of the South African, Australian, and New Zealand governing bodies, expanded their Super 12 competition to 14 teams, a change that took effect in 2006. South Africa was entitled to add one franchise to the four from the Super 12 era. In a controversial move, the Southern Spears franchise was assured a place in the 2007 and 2008 competitions, with an increasingly unpopular promotion/relegation system established to keep the total of South African Super 14 teams at its allotted five. Van Rooyen was widely viewed as being responsible for this arrangement, which was generally opposed by the existing Super","title":"South African Rugby Union"},{"docid":"40429","text":"\"Waltzing Matilda\" is a song developed in the Australian style of poetry and folk music called a bush ballad. It has been described as the country's \"unofficial national anthem\". The title was Australian slang for travelling on foot (waltzing) with one's belongings in a \"matilda\" (swag) slung over one's back. The song narrates the story of an itinerant worker, or \"swagman\", making a drink of billy tea at a bush camp and capturing a stray jumbuck (sheep) to eat. When the jumbuck's owner, a squatter (grazier), and three troopers (mounted policemen) pursue the swagman for theft, he declares \"You'll never catch me alive!\" and commits suicide by drowning himself in a nearby billabong (watering hole), after which his ghost haunts the site. The original lyrics were composed in 1895 by Australian poet Banjo Paterson, to a tune played by Christina MacPherson. The first published setting of \"Waltzing Matilda\" was Harry Nathan's on 20 December 1902. Nathan wrote a new variation of Christina MacPherson's melody and changed some of the words. Sydney tea merchant, James Inglis, wanted to use \"Waltzing Matilda\" as an advertising jingle for Billy Tea. In early 1903, Inglis purchased the rights to 'Waltzing Matilda' and asked Marie Cowan, the wife of one of his managers, to try her hand at turning it into an advertising jingle. Cowan made some more changes to the words and some very minor changes to Nathan's melody and gave the song a simple, brisk, harmonious accompaniment which made it very catchy. Her song, published in 1903, grew in popularity, and Cowan's arrangement remains the best-known version of \"Waltzing Matilda\". Extensive folklore surrounds the song and the process of its creation, to the extent that it has its own museum, the Waltzing Matilda Centre in Winton, in the Queensland outback, where Paterson wrote the lyrics. In 2012, to remind Australians of the song's significance, Winton organised the inaugural Waltzing Matilda Day to be held on 6 April, wrongly thought at the time to be the anniversary of its first performance. The song was first recorded in 1926 as performed by John Collinson and Russell Callow. In 2008, this recording of \"Waltzing Matilda\" was added to the Sounds of Australia registry in the National Film and Sound Archive, which says that there are more recordings of \"Waltzing Matilda\" than any other Australian song. History Writing of the song In 1895, Andrew Barton Paterson was living in Sydney, NSW. By day, he was a solicitor. By night he wrote his much-loved poetry and moonlighted as a freelance journalist under the pen name of \"The Banjo\". Banjo was the name of his favourite horse on his father's farm. Paterson took a holiday from his day job, probably in early August. He made a journey of at least 5 days to visit Sarah Riley, his fiancée of 7 years, in Winton, central-western Queensland and to see how people lived on the enormous, remote sheep stations in the district. On arriving in Winton, Banjo attended a gathering where","title":"Waltzing Matilda"},{"docid":"23656853","text":"\"\" (German for \"German Austria, you wonderful country\") was the national anthem of Austria from 1920 to 1929. Although it was used as the national anthem, it did not enjoy any official status. The text was written by Chancellor Karl Renner in 1920, while the melody was composed by Wilhelm Kienzl. The Republic of German-Austria was formed in 1918 as the successor to the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire in its predominantly German speaking part. The government and population was much in favour of a unification with Germany, the German nation-state that had been formed in 1871 but had excluded Austria. However, the victors of World War I demanded that Austria remained a separate country. In the Treaty of Versailles, there was a prohibition of unification. Under the provisions of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), German Austria had to change its name to simply Austria. Lyrics See also \"\" \"\" References Music of Austria Historical national anthems National symbols of Austria Republic of German-Austria European anthems German patriotic songs German military marches Austrian military marches Compositions in F major","title":"Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land"},{"docid":"8970586","text":"The National anthem of Manchukuo was one of the many national symbols of independence and sovereignty created to foster a sense of legitimacy for Manchukuo in both an effort to secure international diplomatic recognition and to foster a sense of nationalism among its inhabitants. During Manchukuo's 13-year existence, two national anthems were used. The National anthem of Manchukuo was widely taught in schools and used in ceremonies in Manchukuo. 1932 proposed version It is unclear when Manchuria began its first national anthem production, but it seems that preparations had already begun around the Manchuria National Declaration on March 1, 1932. On May 21, 1932, the Manchuria Sports Association formally applied to the Organizing Committee of the Olympics to dispatch players to the Los Angeles Olympics (held in July 1932). The Organizing Committee urges the Manchuria country to apply to the International Olympic Committee as “participation is approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)” and informs the Organizing Committee to send the national flag and national anthem, they have done it. On the other hand, there is still a record that the Manchuria Sports Association sent a document stating that “the national flag and national anthem were sent to the organizing committee” to the secretary general of the Olympic organizing committee. Before May, the song was completed. However, the line \"a country good at defense uses humaneness, a country bad at defense uses military force.\" upset the Kwantung Army, and the lyrics written in Classical Chinese were too difficult to be understood by the ordinary citizens, the drafted anthem was not favored. 1933 version The first national anthem was declared by State Council Decree No.4, dated 24 February Dàtóng 2 (1933) but publicized on March 1. The lyrics were written by Manchukuo's first Prime Minister Zheng Xiaoxu, who was a devout Confucianist and Qing loyalist in addition to being an accomplished poet and calligrapher. 1942 version The national anthem was changed on 5 September Kāngdé 9 (1942), by State Council Order No. 201. Prime Minister of Manchukuo Zhang Jinghui cited the 1933 version of the anthem was unsuitable for the current situations of the Empire as the reason for the change. The new anthem, with Manchurian (i.e. Mandarin Chinese) and Japanese lyrics, was written by a committee, according to Zhang. The 1933 anthem was renamed the Manchukuo Independence Song (滿洲國建國歌, pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguó jiàn guógē, Japanese Hepburn romanization: Manshukoku-kenkoku uta). Lyrics Official Interpretation According to the official interpretation of the anthem issued on the same day of its adoption, the \"God\" in the first line of the Chinese version refers to Amaterasu, the sun goddess in Shinto, referring to Manchukuo's adoption of State Shinto as its state religion in 1940. Also, God's Light is interpreted as Arahitogami, i.e. Emperor of Japan. The whole of the first line is interpreted as \"The Divine Work\" in the fourth line came from Kangde's Imperial Rescript on the Tenth Anniversary of the Nation on 1 March 1942, in which he mentioned, and hence interpreted as: References","title":"National anthem of Manchukuo"},{"docid":"63607046","text":"Chom Rat Chong Charoen (, lit: Long live the great king) was the royal and national anthem of Rattanakosin Kingdom. History In 1855, there were two captains, Thomas George Knox and Captain Impey. They both arrived in Rattanakosin and both brought the song \"God Save the King\", which is a song in honour of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom to Siam. New lyrics were written in English in honour of the King Rama V, which has shown significant evidence in the Siam Recorder. Later, Phraya Sisunthonwohan changed the lyrics in Siamese to the poetics of the poem, Quite by naming the new song \"Chom Rat Chong Charoen\". Relinquishment When King Rama V visited British Singapore in 1871, 'God Save the King' was played and it was realised that the song is both the national anthem of Britain and Siam. After he returned back to Siam, he invited to discuss about changing the royal and national anthem. Khru Mi Khaek decided to bring \"Bulan Loi Luean\", a piece composed by a former King, Rama II and decided to add a part to the song. Lyrics See also Sansoen Phra Narai, a former royal anthem of Thailand Bulan Loi Luean, another former royal anthem of Thailand References Thai songs Historical national anthems Royal anthems Songs about kings God Save the King","title":"Chom Rat Chong Charoen"},{"docid":"51985527","text":"Girt by Sea is a documentary film about the Australian coast which combines archive and crowd-sourced footage with an original soundtrack by The Panics. The film was made using footage from the National Film and Sound Archive and ABC Archives along with crowd-sourced home movies contributed through social media. Its content spans 100 years of moving images. The film Girt by Sea follows the format of From the Sea to the Land Beyond, also produced by Heather Croall. It explores the role the coast has played in Australia's national identity. It depicts surf lifesavers on Bondi Beach, shipbuilding in Whyalla, the Great Ocean Road, coral reefs off Queensland, the indigenous fishermen of Groote Eylandt, and Tasmania's sentinel lighthouses. It also shows darker moments such as whaling, the impact of colonisation, and changing views on immigration. The film was commissioned by ABC TV Arts, Perth International Arts Festival, ScreenWest, Screen Australia and the National Film and Sound Archive. The title comes from a line in the Australian national anthem, Advance Australia Fair, \"Our home is girt by sea\" with \"girt\" meaning surrounded by water. Screenings The sold-out world premiere was at Perth International Arts Festival on 9 February 2014, with live accompaniment by The Panics. It was broadcast on ABC 1 on 16 February 2014. It was also screened as part of the Great Southern Festival and the Adelaide Guitar Festival. References External links 2014 in Australian television Australian documentary television films 2014 documentary films 2014 films Documentary films about Australia Documentary films about nature 2010s English-language films 2010s Australian films","title":"Girt by Sea"},{"docid":"68682374","text":"Umara Sinhawansa (born 14 March 1989), is a Sri Lankan singer, songwriter, producer, and audio engineer. She is known for her contributions to the country's pop, R&B and jazz genres. Sinhawansa gained prominence working with Bathiya and Santhush's musical group, and later transitioned to solo-singing. Early life Umara Sinhawansa was born into a family of professional musicians, father Tony Sinhawansa and mother Ayesha Sinhawansa, who allowed her to be exposed to all genres of music from jazz and hip hop to classic and R&B. She has one sister, (Umaria Sinhawansa), and two brothers. Umara was educated at Muslim Ladies’ College and represented Sri Lanka in three international singing competitions. She and her sister Umaria won third place at the 2011 Crimea Music Fest, competing against singers from all around the world, and won first prize at the All-Island Singing Competition of Sri Lanka. Career She did her first professional recording at the age of 10 along with her sister Umaria and made her first public performance at the age of 13. Later on Umara teamed up with the popular singing duo Bathiya and Santhush, and was the designated audio engineer when they toured. She has a vocal range of four and a half octaves. Some of her chart toppers are \"Wassanayata\", \"Shaheena\", \"Sihina Ko\" and \"Malak Thibuna\" with Chithral Somapla and Kasthuri. After her marriage to Risky Fahmi, she moved to Hong Kong, where she mastered the art of jazz under Dylan Lye. During a 6-year stint in Hong Kong, she performed in the Chinese market and established herself as a Sri Lankan vocalist while performing with her band Proteus. After returning from Hong Kong in 2017, Umara launched her academy, Umara Music Studio (UMS) which provides music and vocal training for students of all ages. National Anthem controversy On 30 July 2023, Sinhawansa performed for the opening ceremony of the Lanka Premier League cricket tournament held at R. Premadasa Stadium, along with singers Yohani and Chitral Somapala. Sinhawansa came under scrutiny for her rendition of \"Sri Lanka Matha\", the national anthem of Sri Lanka. Critics accused her of allegedly distorting the lyrics, changing the word \"matha\" (mother) to \"mahatha\" (mister). Others criticized her style of singing as operatic and Westernized, deviating too much from the style of the original. Public opinion was divided on social media. While many heavily criticized Sinhawansa for \"tarnishing\" the national anthem, others including public figures such as singer Ashanthi De Alwis and Samagi Jana Balawegaya MP Chamathka Ratnayake came to her defense. Politicians from the country's Buddha Sasana and Ministry of Public Administration condemned the event as unconstitutional, sighting the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka's protections of the national anthem. On 31 July 2023, the Ministry of Public Administration, Home Affairs, Provincial Councils and Local Government issued a gazette written by ministry secretary Ranjith Asoka, stating that a probe will be launched to investigate the alleged distortion of the national anthem. On 2 August 2023, Sinhawansa issued an apology on social media, stating, \"I","title":"Umara Sinhawansa"},{"docid":"1889044","text":"\"I Am Australian\" (or \"We Are Australian\") is a popular Australian song written in 1987 by Bruce Woodley of the Seekers and Dobe Newton of the Bushwackers. Its lyrics are filled with many historic and cultural references, such as to the \"digger\", Albert Namatjira and Ned Kelly, among others. Its popularity has made it one of a number of Australian patriotic songs considered as alternatives to the current national anthem, \"Advance Australia Fair\". It is commonly taught in primary schools. In the years since the song's release, there have been calls for it to become Australia's national anthem, notably in 2011 by former Victorian Premier Jeff Kennett. First release The song was first released as the final track on Bruce Woodley's 1987 double album Roaring Days/I Am Australian, with vocals by Woodley and his daughter Claire. Festivities \"I Am Australian\" is popular at celebrations such as Australia Day and New Year's Day. It is often sung by Australian fans at sporting events. It was sung by the Seekers at the 1994 AFL Grand Final. It was often played at citizenship ceremonies from 2008 until 2012 when the Copyright Tribunal ruled that this was an infringement and ordered the Federal Government to pay Bruce Woodley $149,743.34 in compensation. It was one of the final numbers performed at the 2016 Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo hosted at Marvel Stadium (previously Etihad Stadium at the time) in Melbourne. It was sung primarily by Australian military personnel with backing vocals and musical accompaniment by the combined acts of the Tattoo. Spectators seated in the public gallery of the Australian House of Representatives erupted into applause and sang part of \"I am Australian\" when Parliament voted on and legalised same-sex marriage on 7 December 2017. Appeals In 1996, the Salvation Army used the song in TV advertisements for its Red Shield Appeal. The song was used by the Australian Republican Movement in radio and television advertisements during the 1999 Australian republic referendum. In October 2003, in conjunction with the sponsorship of the 2003 Rugby World Cup, Australian telecommunications giant Telstra launched a new campaign centred on the song remixed and performed by Rai Thistlethwayte. The campaign was produced by advertising company Young and Rubicam. In aid of the Farmhand Foundation's Drought Relief Appeal, Telstra released a CD of the Rai Thistlethwayte rework that sold for $6. A total of $100,000 was raised from the profits ($4.05 per CD) generated from the sale of the CD. The actual published copy of the CD credits \"Performed by: Rai Thistlewayte & other artists\" and \"Music re-arranged by: Rai Thistlewayte\". In 2008, Telstra used a different version of the song recorded by the Sydney band, Botanics, for advertising their mobile coverage of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. In 2009, two additional verses were added to show remembrance during the official National Day of Mourning for the victims of the Black Saturday bushfires. Woodley performed the song along with his daughter Clare and Kinglake fire survivors Merelyn and David Carter during","title":"I Am Australian"},{"docid":"380312","text":"The State Anthem of the Armenian SSR was the national anthem of Armenia when it was a republic of the Soviet Union and known as the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. It was used between 1944 and 1991. Its music was composed by Armenian composer Aram Khachaturian, and the lyrics were written by Sarmen. Along with the Anthem of the Estonian SSR, it is one of the only two SSR anthems without an intro. Upon independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia adopted the anthem \"Mer Hayrenik\" in its place, though there has been occasional debate about restoring the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR with different lyrics as the national anthem. Lyrics 1956–1991 version 1944–1956 version Restoration attempts The anthem has always maintained simultaneous public support and displeasure in Armenia, and there have been attempts to restore the anthem's melody with new lyrics as the national anthem of the Republic of Armenia, similar to the case with Russia's in 2000 during the early years of Vladimir Putin's presidency. Some Armenian composers and artists have long disliked the uncomplicated theme of the current national anthem, \"Mer Hayrenik\", and have expressed a desire for a more solemn tune, while others have stated that singing \"Mer Hayrenik\" itself has carried too much sorrow throughout the 20th and 21st centuries and that a more joyous alternative should be chosen. In 2019, National Assembly vice-speaker Alen Simonyan claimed that most Armenians do not like the current anthem. Eurasianet reported in 2019 that the current anthem remains unpopular with many Armenians, mainly for aesthetic reasons. In 2005, the issue of changing the national anthem was discussed in government, which culminated in a constitutional referendum on adopting new state symbols within one year (by 6 December 2006). In early 2006, a competition for a new anthem was held by Minister of Culture Hasmik Poghosyan. The competition received 85 entries, and in August the commission shortlisted five, which did not include \"Mer Hayrenik\" but included a proposal with the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR and lyrics by Armen Soghomonyan. This proposal won the competition, but the commission members rejected the submitted lyrics, urging local authors to submit better ones. While several Armenian music and arts figures were indifferent to or supportive of the change to the music, the results of the competition were eventually scrapped in October, after strong opposition from the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (or \"Dashnaks\"), then a member of the ruling coalition, throughout over the selection of a Soviet-era song. The government instead adopted a draft law that would keep \"Mer Hayrenik\" as the anthem for at least one more year. The adoption of the law was after the 6 December 2006 date set late the year prior as the constitutional deadline for reaffirming the existing state symbol. In 2012, actor Sos Sargsyan, writer Levon Ananyan and publicist Zori Balayan sent an open letter with 2,208 signatures to the president petitioning to restore the Soviet-era coat of arms designed by","title":"Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic"},{"docid":"6163391","text":"\"The Anthem\" is a song by American rock band Good Charlotte from their studio album, The Young and the Hopeless (2002). Members Joel Madden and Benji Madden originally wrote the song for a film soundtrack alongside John Feldmann, but it did not appear in the film. According to Joel Madden, the song is about \"not living the way that you're supposed to live\", and Benji Madden added that the song is about achieving one's goals. \"The Anthem\" was released on January 13, 2003, as the second single from The Young and the Hopeless and charted in several countries, peaking at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number 43 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song has received gold certifications in Australia and the United States, and platinum in the United Kingdom. The second disc of the UK CD single features a live cover of the song \"Acquiesce\" by Britpop band Oasis. Background and composition When lead vocalist Joel Madden was 19, he went out to Los Angeles for the first time and met up with producer John Feldmann, and they went surfing together. Feldmann told Joel that a movie was looking for a soundtrack song, and Joel wrote an appropriate one with his brother Benji Madden and Feldmann that turned into \"The Anthem\". The movie ended up not wanting the song, but it became a charting hit for the band in several countries when they released it. Despite the title, Joel said, \"I honestly didn't think 'The Anthem' would even be a big song.\" In 2003, Joel described the lyrics: \"To us,\" added guitarist Billy Martin in the same interview, \"it's a song saying that whatever goal you have, try and reach it.\" Composed in the key of D major, \"The Anthem\" is written in common time with a driving rock tempo. Release and reception \"The Anthem\" was serviced to American alternative radio on January 13, 2003, and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in late March 2003. The song then crossed over to contemporary hit radio, to which the song was released on March 3, 2003. Appearing as the Billboard Hot 100's \"Hot Shot Debut\" at number 56 later the same month, \"The Anthem\" took three more weeks to peak at number 43 on the listing, becoming Good Charlotte's second top-50 hit in the US. The song also charted on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40, where it reached number 11 in May 2003. On December 12, 2005, the song received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over 500,000 digital copies in the US. \"The Anthem\" was released in Australia as a CD single on March 3, 2003. The following week, the song debuted at number 14, its peak, on the ARIA Singles Chart and spent a second week at number 14 in April 2003 before descending the chart, totaling 18 weeks in the top 50. The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) awarded the song","title":"The Anthem (Good Charlotte song)"},{"docid":"32847870","text":"The 2006 Checker Auto Parts 500 Presented by Pennzoil was a NASCAR Nextel Cup Series racing event that took place on November 12, 2006, at Phoenix International Raceway in Avondale, Arizona. The traditional pre-race ceremonies were held with the showing of the national colors along with the invocation service from a local minister. One of country music's top ten recording artists of 2006, Taylor Swift, sang the national anthem prior to the racing event. The green flag was officially waved at 2:35 p.m. and the checked flag was waved at approximately 5:49 p.m. After this race, Colombian native Juan Pablo Montoya and Australian driver Marcos Ambrose would temporarily become the foreigners that would consistently make the racing grid for all the future NASCAR Cup Series races along with limited degrees of success by Scottish IndyCar driver Dario Franchitti. Events held alongside the 2006 Checker Auto Parts 500 on the same weekend include the Casino Arizona 150 (NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series) and the Arizona Travel 200 (NASCAR Busch Series). Entry list Qualifying *Qualified by owner's points. **Qualified by champion's provisional. Race recap For pre-race ceremonies, the Luke Air Force Base Honor Guard presented the nation's colors. Phoenix International Raceway chaplain Ken Bowers gave the invocation. Rising country music artist at the time Taylor Swift performed the national anthem. Doug Bowens, on behalf of Pennzoil would give out the starting command. Brandon Whitt would \"earn\" the last-place finish in his only NASCAR Nextel Cup Series start due to a rear end issue on lap 123 of 312. Kevin Harvick defeated Jimmie Johnson by a ¼ of a second in front of 106,000 people after three hours and fourteen minutes of racing action. Harvick dominated this race, leading exactly 80.7% of the race. There were 12 lead changes in addition to ten caution flag waved by NASCAR for 58 laps. There was at least one red flag in the race; it was waved due to a multi-car accident on lap 305. Jeff Gordon qualified for the pole position with a speed of while the average speed of the race was . This was the final career race for team owner Doug Bawel. It was also the last DNF for Clint Bowyer until the 2009 race in Darlington. Brandon Whitt did a great job making this race, considering the team and his limited experience. His only other start that year was an ARCA race, and he had a DNQ to go with each of them. The other finishers in the top ten were: Denny Hamlin, Jeff Gordon, Carl Edwards, Mark Martin, Kasey Kahne, Kurt Busch, Dale Earnhardt Jr., and Jeff Burton. Now-retired drivers Kyle Petty and Dale Jarrett also participated in this race during their twilight years. Seven drivers failed to make the race while Robby Gordon was sent to the back of the grid due to an engine replacement. Kyle Busch failed to finish in the top ten in his Hendrick Motorsports #5 Chevrolet Monte Carlo machine. Drivers were racing for a prize","title":"2006 Checker Auto Parts 500"},{"docid":"247886","text":"\"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\" is the national anthem of Zambia. The tune is taken from the hymn \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\" (), which was composed by Xhosa composer Enoch Sontonga, in 1897. The lyrics were composed after Zambian independence to specifically reflect Zambia, as opposed to Sontonga's lyrics, which refer to Africa as a whole. History \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\" started to become popular in South Africa in 1923 as a Christian hymn. It became a closing hymn for African National Congress (ANC) meetings and later became a symbolic song for black struggle against the Apartheid regime. Its popularity spread across Africa through churches, and the tune became associated with African nationalism movements across the continent, particularly in East and Southern Africa. Following the passing of the Zambia Independence Act 1964 in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, enacting Zambia's independence from the United Kingdom, \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\" was adopted as the national anthem of Zambia, replacing \"God Save the Queen\", the anthem of Northern Rhodesia. In 1973, having used \"Nkosi Sikeleli Africa\" for over 9 years, it was decided that new lyrics set to the tune of \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\" would be needed for Zambia's national anthem. A national competition was held for the new words. However, none of the entries were deemed good enough to be used in full for the anthem. As a result, six of the entries were merged to create \"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\", and the entrants selected were awarded prizes. The authors credited for the composition were G. Ellis, E.S. Musonda, J.M.S. Lichilana, I. Lowe, J. Sajiwandani and R.J. Seal. In September 1973, the National Assembly passed the National Anthem Act, which legally defined the English lyrics of \"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\" as the national anthem of Zambia. The Act also made it an offence to \"insult or bring into contempt or ridicule\" the anthem and granted the President of Zambia the rights to prescribe how the anthem is sung and to restrict its use. Lyrics On occasions requiring brevity, usually the first verse and chorus are sung. Criticism In 2005, Zambian women's groups petitioned for a number of the lyrics in \"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\" to be changed, because they felt that they were too male orientated. In response, it was decreed that the current lyrics did include women in context, and it was stated that \"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\" was \"composed of historical lyrics that reflect the country's heritage.\" In 2012, Professor Michelo Hansungule repeated the concerns that the Zambian national anthem was too masculine. He also argued that because it had the same tune as the national anthem of South Africa, it might have intellectual property implications and suggested that Zambia's sovereignty could be questioned. See also National anthem of South Africa References 3. https://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/acts/National%20Anthem%20Act.pdf External links Zambia: \"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\" - Audio of the national anthem of","title":"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free"},{"docid":"19949133","text":"The Song to the Auspicious Cloud () was the title of two historical national anthems of the Republic of China. The first version was composed in 1896 by Jean Hautstont, a Belgian composer and esperantist, and was in use from 1913 to 1915 as a provisional anthem. The second version, composed by Xiao Youmei, was in use from 1921 to 1928 as an official national anthem. The lyrics of both songs were based on Commentary of Shang Shu () written by Fu Sheng in 200–100 BCE. Auspicious Cloud represents heaven and good luck in Chinese culture. History The lyrics of the two versions of the Song to the Auspicious Cloud were based on a song written in Commentary of Shang Shu, which was said to have been sung by the ancient Chinese Emperor Shun, when he passed on the throne to Yu the Great. Its original lyrics in classical Chinese were: \"How bright is the Auspicious Cloud, How broad is its brilliancy. The light is spectacular with sun or moon, How it revives dawn after dawn.\" The image of the song symbolized transfer and changing, which referred to the noble demise system of Chinese emperor relinquishing seats to others in Yao and Shun's era before the hereditary system of monarchy in ancient Chinese legends. After the end of the monarchy and the establishment of the republic, the lyrics of the classical song was favored by many to become the national anthem by the new government. First version (1913–15) A national anthem committee was established in July 1912 by Cai Yuanpei, the Minister of Education of the Republic of China. Representative Wang Rongbao (汪榮寶), added another quotation from Emperor Shun: \"時哉夫，天下非一人之天下也\" (Time has changed, the whole nation is no longer owned by one person.) in the last line of \"Song to the Auspicious Cloud\" and invited Jean Hautstont, a Belgian composer and esperantist, to compose an anthem. On April 8, 1913, the national anthem was used in opening ceremony of the first regular council. It was a provisional anthem until \"China Heroically Stands in the Universe\" became the national anthem of the Republic of China on May 23, 1915. Second version (1921–28) In November 1919, Duan Qirui established the National Anthem Research Committee (國歌研究會), which adopted the second version of the \"Song to the Auspicious Cloud\". Lyrics (1920) by Zhang Taiyan from the classic \"the Song to the Auspicious Cloud\" (卿雲歌) from the Commentary of Shangshu. Music (1921) by Xiao Youmei. It was selected to be the official anthem on March 31, 1921, by No.759 presidential decree, and was released in July 1921 by the Department of National Affairs (國務院). ¹糺 (jiū \"collaborate\") is sometimes written as 糾 (jiū \"investigate\") or 織 (zhī \"to web\") It was replaced by the current national anthem of the Republic of China, which is also the Kuomintang party anthem, in 1928, as a result of the Northern Expedition from 1926 to 1928 and the overthrow of the government. However, during the Second Sino-Japanese war, several","title":"Song to the Auspicious Cloud"},{"docid":"164326","text":"\"\" (; ) is the national anthem of Nauru. The lyrics were written by Margaret Hendrie, with music composed by Laurence Henry Hicks. It was adopted in 1968, upon attaining independence from the mostly Australian-administered UN Trusteeship. History The anthem was composed by Anglo-Australian composer and military bandmaster Laurence Henry Hicks, who was leader of the Black Watch Band. It was adopted upon independence from the UN Trust Territory of Nauru, which was mostly administered by Australia, in January 1968. The anthem did not have official lyrics at the time, but lyrics by Nauruan composer Margaret Griffith Hendrie (1935–1990) were later adopted. Lyrics See also Flag of Nauru Notes References External links Midi version of the Nauru national anthem Streaming audio, lyrics and information for the Nauru national anthem (archive link) Sheet music Nauru National symbols of Nauru Music of Nauru 1968 songs National anthems 1968 establishments in Nauru","title":"Nauru Bwiema"},{"docid":"1990778","text":"\"The Power of Four\" is a joint anthem composed for the British & Irish Lions rugby union team. It was written by Neil Myers in 2005. It was commissioned by the Lions head coach, Sir Clive Woodward for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand as the official song. It was intended to be a universal anthem for the British & Irish Lions to be sung before every game. However it was criticised as being uninspiring as members of the Lions squad did not engage with it and it was also noted that the fans did not like it. It was dropped as the Lions anthem after the 2005 tour and led to changes in the way music would be chosen in future Lions tours. Background The Lions were originally a representative team of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, but players from the Irish Free State remained eligible after it left the U.K. in 1922. Donal Lenihan recalled his dissatisfaction that the U.K. anthem \"God Save the Queen\" was played during the 1989 tour to Australia. Later Lions teams lacked any anthem. There was similar discontent among Northern Ireland players about the use by the Ireland national team of \"Amhrán na bhFiann\", anthem of the Republic of Ireland. This led the Irish Rugby Football Union to commission \"Ireland's Call\" in 1995 as an alternative. 2005 Lions Tour The Power of Four was commissioned by Sir Clive Woodward for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand and was written by Neil Myers. It was recorded by the Melody Music Lions Choir. The song is a classical composition played in a high key. It was first performed live by Welsh singer Katherine Jenkins before the British & Irish Lions rugby union match against Argentina at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales in 2005. it was performed despite suggestions of either God Save the Queen, the Welsh national anthem Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau or a combination of the anthems of the Home Nations of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland being played instead of The Power of Four. It is always sung in English. Before the British & Irish Lions squad was selected, Woodward sent out bracelets with \"The Power of Four\" printed on them to potential British & Irish Lions players to try and create a sense of unity and to make them think about the upcoming tour to New Zealand. This was criticised as being \"crazy\". The Power of Four was also used as a motivational slogan in some of the Lions' team building activities. The lyrics of The Power of Four were circulated to all of the members of the British & Irish Lions tour squad and the song was pre-added to the playlists on their tour iPods. The song was not released as a single however it was permitted to be broadcast by radio stations and it was made available to download on the Internet. The British & Irish Lions players","title":"The Power of Four"},{"docid":"1325694","text":"The National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic () is the title of the current national anthem of Kyrgyzstan, adopted on 18 December 1992 by a resolution of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan (known as the \"Jogorku Kenesh\"). The music was composed by and , and the words were written by and . Initially, the anthem consisted of three verses and a chorus; however, by the resolution of the Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic N 2648-V of 27 December 2012, the second verse was excluded. History Written by Jalil Sadykov and Shabdanbek Kuluyev and composed by Nasyr Davlesov and Kalyy Moldobasanov, the anthem was adopted on 18 December 1992 by a resolution of the Jogorku Kenesh. In the 2000s, several public figures began initiatives to change the lyrics of the anthem. They considered the meaning of the word бейкуттук (beyquttuq, \"serenity\", \"calmness\"), which was in the second verse, to be contradictory, with the negative prefix бей- (bey-) giving the word кут (kut, \"happiness\", \"luck\", \"grace\") the opposite meaning. In 2011, the Jogorku Kenesh set up a commission to change the lyrics of the national anthem and the flag, which had also been under dispute over the use of red and the flaming sun. The flag would not be changed, but after considering many proposals for changes to the lyrics or a new second verse, the commission, headed by Abdyrakhman Mamataliev, concluded to remove the verse entirely, stating there were generally contradictions in it. The Jogorku Kenesh voted in favour of the commission's proposal on 27 December 2012 with resolution N 2648-V. Lyrics Current lyrics Lyrics from 1992 to 2012 The anthem with the additional verse between verses one and two (official until 27 December 2012): Anthem protocol When the anthem is being performed at official ceremonies and social functions, the protocol is to put the hands over their heart if one is a civilian, which follows the American example for the playing of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". When in formation, officers of the Armed Forces of Kyrgyzstan perform a Russian-style salute while enlisted personnel present arms with whatever weapon they might have in hand, outside of formation, all personnel salute. See also Anthem of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, the previous anthem Notes References External links Audio of the national anthem of Kyrgyzstan, with information and lyrics Himnuszok - A vocal recording of the anthem hosted on Szbszig's Himnuszok website Version of the national anthem on the audio page of the President of Kyrgyzstan National anthem of Kyrgyzstan from official website of President of Kyrgyz Republic State Symbols of Kyrgyzstan Music of Kyrgyzstan National symbols of Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz anthems Compositions in A major","title":"National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic"},{"docid":"31423695","text":"Afghanistan has had a number of different national anthems throughout its history. History The Royal Salute (1926–1943) Afghanistan's first national anthem was adopted during its period as a monarchy. It was instrumental and had no lyrics. Grand Salute (Our Brave and Noble King) (1943–1973) This was Afghanistan's second national anthem during its monarchical period. National anthem of the Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) Be ardent, be more ardent (1978–1991) Another national anthem was adopted after the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was set up in 1978. Its lyrics were written by Sulaiman Layeq on behalf of the government of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) headed by Nur Muhammad Taraki, who decided to change the national symbols after the Marxist coup d'état of 1978. The music was composed by Jalīl Ghahlānd and was arranged by Ustad Salim Sarmad. It is known alternatively by the title of \"Garam shah lā garam shah\" (), which is also the song's incipit. Like many national anthems, it was sometimes sung abbreviated, with only the chorus and the first stanza. In 1986, Afghanistan officially abandoned communism, but this song was kept as the national anthem until 1991, when it was discontinued. Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia (1991–1996, 2001–2006) From 1991 to 2006, Afghanistan used a mujahideen battle song composed in 1919 by Ustad Qasim as its national anthem. It is also known alternatively by the title \"Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia\" (), which is also the song's incipit. The song was reintroduced by the new transitional government of Afghanistan in 2002; it remained such when the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was established in 2004 and was used by the latter until 2006. This Is the Home of the Brave (1996–2001, 2021-) During the late 1990s, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under the Taliban took control over most of Afghanistan from the UN-recognized government and ruled most of the country until late 2001. The Taliban did not have formal laws specifying its symbols, including the flag and the anthem. An a capella nasheed song named This Is the Home of the Brave () was used in its media and official ceremonies, serving as a de facto national anthem. National anthem of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2006–2021) A new National Anthem (, ; ) was adopted and officially announced as such by a Loya Jirga in May 2006. According to Article 20 of the Afghan constitution, the national anthem shall be in Pashto with the mention of \"God is Greatest\" as well as the names of the ethnicities in Afghanistan. The lyrics were written by Abdul Bari Jahani, and the music was written by German–Afghan composer . See also List of former national anthems Music of Afghanistan National symbols of Afghanistan References External links 1992 to 2006 Afghan national anthem 1992 to 2006 Afghan national anthem Afghan songs National symbols of Afghanistan National Anthem of Afghanistan Asian anthems","title":"National anthems of Afghanistan"},{"docid":"23582883","text":"\"\" (; English translation: Be Blessed Without End), also known as the \"Kernstock-Hymne\", is a German language song that was the national anthem of Austria from 1929 until 1938. Written by Ottokar Kernstock, it was sung to the famous tune of the imperial Austrian anthem, \"\" by Joseph Haydn, later known as the tune of the \"\", which since 1922 has been the national anthem of Germany. History The first but unofficial anthem of the First Austrian Republic was Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land (\"German-Austria, you Glorious Land\"). Written in 1920 by Karl Renner and set to music by Wilhelm Kienzl, the patriotic song was not able to successfully compete against the former imperial anthem and especially the latter's famous tune by Joseph Haydn. In 1929, a new anthem was introduced that was sung to this popular tune and whose text stemmed from Ottokar Kernstock, who had written it in 1920. The third verse of the poem was, however, excluded from the official status as national anthem. The song remained in use in both the First Republic and the Federal State of Austria but became obsolete in 1938, when Austria joined the German Reich. It was not the only proposal for a new Austrian national anthem. Anton Wildgans asked Richard Strauss to set one of his poems, Österreichisches Lied (\"Austrian Song\"), to music. Although Strauss did so, the music to the poem did not become popular. Here are excerpts of the poem: The introduction of the Kernstockhymne actually led to chaos, as everyone sang different lyrics to the same tune, depending on their political standpoints. The school council of Vienna decreed that people should sing Deutschland über alles, the Ministry of Education demanded for everyone to sing the Kernstockhymne. Consequently, people sang the anthem that fitted their personal political views: the former imperial anthem, the Kernstockhymne, or the , which often led to dissonance when the national anthem was sung publicly. Since 1936, it had become customary to also sing the Lied der Jugend as part of the national anthem, thus honouring the murdered chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß. As the Kernstockhymne had never gained popularity, no attempt was made to reinstate it as the national anthem after World War II. See also List of historical national anthems Land der Berge, Land am Strome Dem Vaterland Deutschlandlied Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land References External links Audio sample Official audio recording Peter Diem: Die Symbole Österreichs (in German) Historical national anthems German patriotic songs National symbols of Austria European anthems Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser","title":"Sei gesegnet ohne Ende"},{"docid":"42026516","text":"The Closing Ceremony of the 1964 Summer Olympics took place on October 24, 1964, at the National Olympic Stadium in Tokyo, Japan. The athletes from each country entered informally, despite plans to have a formal entrance. There did not appear to be any backup plan to sort athletes into their respective countries, and as a result the athletes rushed the field, sometimes arm in arm or riding piggyback, in a disorganized and chaotic spectacle. Zambia had just declared independence from Northern Rhodesia on that day and proudly marched under a newly made placard, but other placards were nowhere to be seen. The Japanese television networks were praised for covering the event live without losing their professional demeanor. When order was restored, the officially regulated ceremony was held, overseen by IOC president Avery Brundage. The athletes stood in a circle holding lights, and the large display above the field changed to read \"SAYONARA\". The national anthems of Greece, Japan, and Mexico as the next Olympic host country were played. As the closing ceremony completed with fireworks, the audience sang Hotaru no Hikari (the tune of Auld Lang Syne). The Showa Emperor was in attendance. Anthems Japanese national anthem Greek national anthem Olympic Hymn Mexican national anthem References External links Official video of excerpts from closing ceremony Ceremony Closing Olympics closing ceremonies Ceremonies in Japan","title":"1964 Summer Olympics closing ceremony"},{"docid":"42561918","text":"The Lied von der blauen Fahne (Song of the Blue Flag) was an East German patriotic song written by Johannes R. Becher and set to music by Hanns Eisler. Both Becher and Eisler were also the creators of Auferstanden aus Ruinen, which became the national anthem of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). History In 1949, the GDR was founded in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, which was in place since 1945 after Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II. German communists sought to boost the picture of the GDR as being the first anti-Fascist state on German soil. Unlike West Germany (FRG), the GDR refused to recognize its responsibility for the atrocities committed by the Nazis as it regarded itself as a new socialist national entity that had defeated Nazism. This official state myth thus enabled the growth of a strong patriotism with socialist ideals in East Germany whereas West Germany still has a difficult relationship to its own national identity, particularly with many former Nazis running the government. As the GDR still wanted to reunify Germany in its early years, patriotic and propaganda songs constantly mentioned the country as a whole. Especially in the 1950s, patriotic songs praising Germany, German unity and the future of a new, democratic nation were produced and promoted by the GDR government, the socialist party and its sub-organizations. One of these songs was the Song of the Blue Flag which referred to the flag of the party's youth organisation, the Freie Deutsche Jugend. Its authors, Hanns Eisler and Johannes R. Becher, had also written East Germany's national anthem and other patriotic songs. The official attitude of the socialist government towards Germany changed in 1974 when the constitution was modified and all passages referring to the country as a whole or the GDR as a \"socialist state of the German nation\" were effaced. Hence, the lyrics of the national anthem exalting \"Germany, our united fatherland\" fell out of use, too, as did all songs about a united Germany thad had hitherto been sung. Lyrics See also Auferstanden aus Ruinen Children's Hymn References External links Lied von der blauen Fahne on YouTube. German patriotic songs East Germany","title":"Lied von der blauen Fahne"},{"docid":"30876661","text":"\"\" (; ) is the national anthem of Malaysia. It was adopted as the national anthem at the time of the Federation of Malaya's independence from the United Kingdom in 1957. The tune was originally used as the regional anthem of the state of Perak, \"Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan\". History Competition and invited composers At the time of independence, each of the eleven states that made up the Federation of Malaya had their own regional anthem, but there was no national anthem for the Federation as a whole(though before independence, it was God Save the Queen that was the colonial anthem). Tunku Abdul Rahman, at the time the Chief Minister and Minister for Home Affairs, organised and presided over a committee for the purpose of choosing a suitable national anthem. At his suggestion, a worldwide competition was launched. 514 entries were received, but none were deemed suitable. Next, the committee decided to invite selected composers of international repute to submit compositions for consideration. The composers chosen were Benjamin Britten (who later described his submission to be a \"curious and I'm afraid rather unsuccessful job\"), Sir William Walton, who had recently composed the march for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953, and the U.S. opera composer Gian Carlo Menotti and Zubir Said, who later composed \"Majulah Singapura\", the national anthem of Singapore. Their works were also turned down. Use of Perak State Anthem melody Tunku Abdul Rahman then suggested that the state anthem of Perak be used as a basis for the new national anthem, the committee agreed to his suggestion. On 5 August 1957, the Committee chose the Perak State Anthem, citing the \"traditional flavour\" of its melody. New lyrics for the national anthem were written jointly by the Panel of Judges, led by the Tunku himself. At the time this melody was, while still the State Anthem of Perak, \"Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan\", also the melody of a popular song called \"Terang Bulan\". The song had been very popular on Mahé, the largest island in the Seychelles, where the Sultan of Perak had formerly been living in exile. When Sultan Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah, who ruled Perak from 1887 to 1916, represented the Rulers of the Federated Malay States at the Coronation of King Edward VII in 1901, his protocol officer was asked what his state anthem was. Realising that his state did not have one, he proceeded to hum the aforementioned tune so as not to appear backward in front of his hosts. 1992 rearrangement The anthem was given a new, faster march beat in 1992, which proved unpopular and was the subject of much derision, with some Malaysians commenting that the altered tempo resembled circus music. 2003 rearrangement and proposed renaming In July 2003, it was reported in the Malaysian press that the anthem would be rearranged for the second time and the title and incipit would be changed from Negaraku to Malaysiaku (meaning \"My Malaysia\"). There was a public outcry of dismay and the","title":"Negaraku"},{"docid":"68719436","text":"\"We Are the Youth\" is a song by Australian singer songwriter, Jack River. It was released in September 2021. In November 2021, Rankin performed the song on The Sound. In December 2021, River partnered with Sydney's The Artist Studio to launch We Are the Youth Day where the song was reinterpreted by 14 up-and-coming artists. At the 2022 Rolling Stone Australia Awards, the song was nominated for Best Single. The song was also nominated for the inaugural Environmental Music Prize in 2022. Background Holly Rankin (Jack River) said she was inspired to write the track after performing at the 2019 School Strike for Climate rally calling gate song \"a protest anthem that forefronts a new generation of advocates and activists fighting for change\". Rankin said \"I played to 80,000 young people, and I realised that I didn’t have an anthem for them, and myself – to express how we felt about the times.\" Rankin told Broadsheet, \"I had the concept for a really long time, over six or seven years, but being at that march made me realise I didn't have the song to give to these students and to my generation about how I'm feeling and how they're feeling.\" Rankin was empowered by this moment and inspired by multiple global social movements and Rankin's own experiences as well as forebears of the 'political pop' style of music such as Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell and Neil Young. Rankin said she began writing the song about \"climate action\", but released \"...it needed to be about everything that everyone is feeling, which is, I think, a really persistent frustration with our leader and global leaders on climate action, on First Nations' rights and respects, on women's rights and respects. It feels like we’re at a cultural turning point. A lot of us feel like it can be tipped, but we're exhausted and the change needs to be urgent – especially with impending climate doom.\" Music video The music video was directed by Rankin and Nyikina Warrwa and Wangkumara-Barkindji filmmaker Marlikka Perdrisat. It begins with a card dedicating the track to \"the billions of young people driving urgent political and social change. We are living in the anthropocene. The actions of this generation will define the destiny of humanity and the planet for the rest of time.\" It is assembled from archival footage and focuses on global change-makers such as Jean Hinchcliffe, Grace Tame and Brittany Higgins, in addition to global advocates like Amanda Gorman, Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim and Autumn Peltier. Reception Tyler Jenke from Rolling Stone Australia called it \"likely one of the most important songs of her career, unveiling the uplifting and powerful protest anthem.\" Sose Fuamoli from Australian Broadcasting Corporation said \"The new Jack River single comes at us hard, but in the unique way only her music can. On the surface, it lands like a hazy folk-pop dream, yet stripping away those layers, we find some propulsive and honest songwriting from Jack River that can really strike a chord.\"","title":"We Are the Youth"},{"docid":"17605271","text":"\"Australia\" is a song by Australian rock band Gyroscope, from the album Breed Obsession. It was released as the third single from their highly successful album, which peaked at number one on the Australian Albums Chart. The song was released to radio in May 2008, and was released as a CD single and digital download on 14 June 2008, along with two acoustic pieces. One of those being a live acoustic version of \"Australia\", the other a live acoustic cover of Chris Isaak's \"Wicked Game\". Meaning The song lyrically covers a range of issues surrounding the band's home country, Australia. It notably \"pays tribute to Indigenous Australians, first settlers, Diggers and recent reconciliation efforts.\" \"Australia\" is said to have risen Gyroscope's \"songwriting to new heights\", it's a track that confirms the Australian rock band \"are equally capable of creating softer numbers as well as the harder hitting ones\". Lead vocalist and songwriter Daniel Sanders speaking about the story behind the song, said \"It was essentially written about myself leaving England as a tot and coming to Australia, and then growing up here, appreciating and embracing our culture and heritage and falling in love with it all. I wanted to express it for my own sake... So I could rejoice in what I love about this country\". Access All Areas said an \"intimate delivery\" adds to the song's \"inspiring\" message, which \"is set to spark feelings of national pride\" amongst Australians. Style \"Australia\" uses a combination of \"subtle drumbeats\", acoustic guitar and stringed instruments to create its sound. The use of the violin and cello are said to give the \"song some extra depth\". The \"strong marching-band beat\" of Rob Nassif's drum kit, along with the contribution of Sanders' \"intimate delivery\" on vocals are a main feature of the song, which is credited for its \"lush melodic arrangement with perfectly placed orchestral flourishes\". Reception \"Australia\" was still a month from its release as a single when it received its first national coverage from Australian television and radio programs. The music video debuted on the Australian music program Rage on 23 May 2008. It also played a second time the next morning, and then again the next night, closing the show. Upon release of Breed Obsession, \"Australia\" was already heralded as an \"unofficial anthem\" of the country. It had been earmarked by commercial stations who were \"already calling it a hit\". The song even took an impressive compliment from Mushroom Records chief executive officer Michael Parisi, who said \"this is a new anthem. Massive, massive, massive.\" Gyroscope's third single off their third – and most successful to date – album, has been compared to Australian classics as \"Solid Rock\" by Goanna, \"Sounds of Then\" by Ganggajang and the anthemic \"I Am Australian\" from The Seekers. This comparison was made by rock historian Glenn A. Baker, who said \"these are songs that invoke in us feeling of who we are and where we are,\" and notably that \"the Gyroscope track would have the","title":"Australia (Gyroscope song)"},{"docid":"316531","text":"\"The Song of Australia\" was composed as the result of 1859 competition to create a \"patriotic song\", sponsored by the Gawler Institute in Adelaide. The winning lyrics were written by an English-born poet, Caroline Carleton, and the music chosen by the judges was composed by the German-born Carl Linger (1810-1862), a prominent member of the Australian Forty-Eighters. It was one of the options in the 1977 plebiscite to choose a new Australian National Anthem, in which it was preferred by South Australians, but lost in the other states to \"Advance Australia Fair\". Contest On 1 October 1859, the South Australian Register announced: A few weeks later, the judges announced the winner, and the second stage of the competition: The winner was announced in early November: Lyrics This is the poem as published in The South Australian Register on 21 October 1859: Criticism Publication of Caroline Carleton's poem caused immediate controversy, generally along the lines that it was nice poetry, but \"too tame\". One person regretted that nothing more inspiring than the colour of the sky and the prettiness of the scenery could be found for the poem. Another wondered \"how hidden wealth could gleam in the darkness\". Someone else complained that the poem could equally refer to, say, California, while another commentator longed for a time when such a peaceful song accorded with international politics, and regretted that the contest was restricted to South Australians, that the prize was so paltry, and there was no mention of sheep. The Advertiser of 24 October, gave a spirited defence of the judges, and of Mrs. Carleton's poem, culminating in several parodies purporting to be the \"real Song of Australia\". Performances and public reaction One of its first public performances was by the Adelaide Liedertafel, conducted by Herr Linger, for a South Australian Institute soirée at White's Rooms, King William Street, Adelaide, on 14 December 1859. The song, played by orchestra and chorus under Professor Joshua Ives, was a feature of the opening ceremony of the Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition in 1887. \"Song of Australia\" was a particular favourite of the Australian baritone Peter Dawson. who called it \"the finest national anthem ever written\". His notable performances included: Recital in London as a duet with Richard Nitschke in 1905. Duet with Clara Serena at Wembley on (the then) Australia Day 24 July 1924. A gramophone recording HMV EA1003 of Dawson and vocal quartet singing \"Song of Australia\" was released in 1932. Proposed national anthem In 1924, George Edwin Yates, the federal member for Adelaide, proposed in parliament that the song be adopted as the national anthem. He proceeded to sing the first verse, despite the objections of his fellow members. The song was one of four included in a national plebiscite to choose Australia's national song in 1977. Nationwide it was the least popular of the four choices, but it had the distinction of being the most popular choice in South Australia. This result can be attributed to the fact of \"Advance Australia","title":"The Song of Australia"},{"docid":"30962394","text":"\"Libya, Libya, Libya\" ( ), also known as \"\" (), has been the national anthem of Libya since 2011; it was previously the national anthem of the Kingdom of Libya from 1955 to 1969. It was composed by Mohammed Abdel Wahab, in 1951, with the lyrics being written by . History Kingdom of Libya \"Libya, Libya, Libya\" was composed by Mohammed Abdel Wahab in 1951 and was originally the national anthem of the Kingdom of Libya, from its independence in 1951 until 1969 when King Idris I was overthrown by a bloodless coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi. The lyrics were written by Al Bashir Al Arebi. Libyan Arab Republic In 1969, Muammar Gaddafi adopted the Egyptian anthem \"Walla Zaman Ya Selahy\" as the national anthem of the newly proclaimed Libyan Arab Republic. It was later changed to the Egyptian military marching song \"Allahu Akbar\", which remained the anthem of republic, and later, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, until 2011. Libyan civil war In 2011, \"Libya, Libya, Libya\" was declared as the new national anthem of Libya by the National Transitional Council. \"Libya, Libya, Libya\" ultimately did become the national anthem of Libya once again, following the Libyan Civil War and the death of Muammar Gaddafi. The verse that glorifies King Idris (shown in italics) has since been discontinued and rewritten to glorify Libyan national hero Omar al-Mukhtar, who spearheaded native Libyan resistance against Italian colonization during the Second Italo-Senussi War. Lyrics Current lyrics The rewritten third verse is not always sung. Original third verse (1951–1969) Tune See also Music of Libya Notes References External links MP3 version Music of Libya Libyan monarchy National symbols of Libya African anthems Royal anthems Compositions in A-flat major","title":"Libya, Libya, Libya"},{"docid":"18154467","text":"God Bless Australia was a proposed 1961 Australian national anthem by Australian songwriter Jack O'Hagan who provided patriotic lyrics to the traditional tune of Waltzing Matilda. Lyrics Credits: Music by Marie Cowan, Lyrics by Jack O'Hagan. Here in this God given land of ours, Australia This proud possession, our own piece of earth That was built by our fathers, who pioneered our heritage, Here in Australia, the land of our birth. REFRAIN God bless Australia, Our land Australia, Home of the Anzac, the strong and the free It's our homeland, our own land, To cherish for eternity, God bless Australia, The land of the free. Here in Australia, we treasure love and liberty, Our way of life, all for one, one for all We're a peace loving race, but should danger ever threaten us, Let the world know we will answer the call REFRAIN (×2) Corporate sponsorship The song was given airplay in cinema advertisements in Australia by Ampol, an Australian Petrol Company, with a 45rpm record sold by the company. \"God Bless Australia\" was broadcast in honour of Australia Day (26 January) in 1968 via various television channels. This version was sung by Neil Williams, backed by an orchestra and chorus, which were recorded at Melbourne's GTV-9 studios. At that time, O'Hagan dismissed \"Advance Australia Fair\" as a possilbe national anthem, \"[it] never developed into a national song. You can't make a national song overnight. It just evolves. That's why holding competitions to find one are not successful.\" O'Hagan also felt the original words to \"Waltzing Matilda\" were not suitable for an anthem as being undignified. STW-9 in Perth used this for their sign offs from 1977 until they went 24/7 in 1983. References 1961 songs Australian songs Australian patriotic songs Songs written by Jack O'Hagan","title":"God Bless Australia"},{"docid":"21345377","text":"Anthems 1991–2008 is a compilation album released by Ministry of Sound in Australia and the UK and the first in a series. The three CD set features dance singles from the period of 1991–2007 (despite the \"2008\" in the title). UK Series Anthems 1991–2008 is the first in a series of albums released by the Ministry of Sound. The series is split into three mini-series, these are \"Anthems\", \"Chilled\" and \"Ibiza\". There is not an official name for the series, but is often called 'Anthems' after four albums in the series and the first mini-series. Currently, there are eight different albums in the series. The artwork scheme follows the Fifteen Years release of 2006, which is sometimes seen as the pre-runner to Anthems 1991–2008. The Ibiza 1991–2009 album notably comes in a 3-CD digipack, rather than the larger fold-away digipacks (which are contained in slipcases) used for the other seven albums. The same album is overlooked when the series is being listed in the booklet for Anthems R&B. All copies of Chilled Acoustic feature a mistake in the artwork, where the top half of the Ministry of Sound logo used on the reverse side of the digipack; is upside-down. 2011 saw the year with the most releases in the series, with seven being released, four of these featuring 'Anthems' in the name. The last two Anthems albums of 2010, Anthems Disco and Anthems Electronic 80s, were released only a week between each other (8 November and 15 November respectively). List of albums in the series Anthems 1991–2008 (2007) Chilled 1991–2008 (2008) Anthems II 1991–2009 (2008) Chilled II 1991–2009 (2009) Ibiza 1991–2009 (2009) One (2009) Anthems Electronic 80s (2009) Chilled Acoustic (2010) Anthems R&B (2010) Anthems Disco (2010) Anthems Electronic 80s 2 (2010) Anthems Hip-Hop (2011) Anthems Indie (2011) Chilled Afterhours (2011) 20 Years (2011) Anthems R&B II (2011) Anthems Alternative 80s (2011) Anthems Collection (2011) Anthems Hip-Hop 2 (2012) Big Beat Anthems (2012) Anthems 90s (2012) Anthems Electronic 80s 3 (2012) Anthems Hip-Hop 3 (2013) Anthems Trance (2013) Anthems Hip-Hop 4 (2014) Anthems 90s 2 (2014) Anthems House (2014) Anthems Drum & Bass (2015) Anthems Soul Classics (2016) Anthems Acoustic (2016) Anthems Electronic 90s (2019) List of download exclusives in the series Chilled Sessions (2008) iDrum Minsistry of Sound Anthems (2008)—iPod game iDrum Trance Anthems (2008)—iPod game Australian Series Like in the UK, Ministry of Sound Australia's Anthems series started with Anthems 1991–2008, but the series in Australia is considerably smaller and less popular compared to MoSA's Sessions and Annual series. Anthems 1991–2008 and Anthems Electronic 80's being the same version as what was released in the UK, however Anthems II in Australia did not include the 1991–2009 subtitle and focused more on Australian dance and dance tracks that were on the ARIA charts for overall and club songs. Rave Anthems 1990–1996 was released exclusively in Australia and focused on Rave, House and Hi-NRG dance subgenres. List of albums in Australian Anthems series Anthems: 1991–2008 (2008) Rave Anthems: 1990-1996 (2009)","title":"Ministry of Sound Anthems"},{"docid":"4928900","text":"\"\" (Spanish for \"Our Anthem\") is a Spanish-language version of the United States national anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". The debut of the translation came amid a growing controversy over immigration in the United States (see 2006 U.S. immigration reform protests). Background The idea for the song came from British music executive Adam Kidron, as a show of support to Hispanic immigrants in the United States. The song is included on the album ; a portion of the profits of which go to the National Capital Immigration Coalition, a Washington, D.C.-based group. Many other artist including Tito El Bambino and Frank Reyes are also originally to be feature on the song, originating from an album which is a \"collection of the latino experience in America\" according to Barry Jeckell of Billboard. Reporter Stephen Dinan wrote: \"The song 'Nuestro Himno,' which means 'Our Anthem,' is not a faithful and literal Spanish translation of the words to 'The Star-Spangled Banner,' but is a hip-hop-style remix with new raps and chants.\" The song's first verse is apparently based on a 1919 translation prepared by Francis Haffkine Snow for the United States Bureau of Education. The only changes to the first verse from this version are a replacement of \"\" (\"don't you see?\") with \"\" (\"do you see it?\"); \"\" (\"bars\") with \"\" (\"stripes\"); and \"\" (\"the brilliance of rockets, the roar of bombs\") with \"\" (\"the brilliance of struggle, in step with freedom\"). However, subsequent verses diverge significantly between the 1919 and 2006 versions. The song features Latin American artists such as Haitian native Wyclef Jean, Cuban-American hip hop star Pitbull and Puerto Rican singers Carlos Ponce and Olga Tañón. It debuted at 7:00 pm. ET on 28 April 2006 on more than 500 Spanish language radio stations. A remix was planned to be released in June. It will contain several lines in English that condemn U.S. immigration laws. Among them: \"These kids have no parents, cause all of these mean laws... let's not start a war with all these hard workers, they can't help where they were born.\" This is not the first time that the National Anthem has been translated into another language by ethnic and immigrant groups in the United States. In 1861, it was translated into German. It has also been translated into Yiddish by Jewish immigrants and into French by Cajuns. Controversy Although the song's creators did not claim that it was a verbatim translation, Nuestro Himno has nonetheless provoked controversy for favoring style over precision and de-emphasizing the original anthem's bellicose aspects. It has also received criticism for its political use by supporters of immigrants and more liberalized immigration policies. Others criticize the rendition, believing that any variation from the official version demeans a near-sacred symbol to some Americans. According to Victor Martinez of LaLey and Radio Mex in Atlanta, Georgia, \"The flag, and the country's national anthem are sacred. You shouldn't touch them. You shouldn't change them.\" Another critic of the new version is Charles Key, great-great-grandson","title":"Nuestro Himno"},{"docid":"27205034","text":"The is the regional anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal subject of Russia. It was composed by Arkady Mandzhiev and written by Vera Shugrayeva. History The Supreme Council of the Republic of Kalmykia announced the proclamation of the sovereignty of the republic in October 1990. On the 18th, the Supreme Council of the Kalmyk Autonomous SSR adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty, according to which the Kalmyk ASSR became the Kalmyk SSR. Reflections on the coat of arms and the flag did not find this change. By resolution of the Supreme Council of 20 February 1992, No. 336-IX, the Kalmyk SSR was renamed the Republic of Kalmykia (). In Russian, the new name of the republic was Республика Калмыкия (Хальмг Тангч) (Respublika Kalmykia [Khalmg Tangch]), incorporating the Kalmyk name - the words \"Khalmg Tangch\" were removed in 1994. In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kalmyk SSR from 7 June 1991, No. 243-P -1X, a competition was announced in the republic to create new state symbols of the Kalmyk SSR. As a result, the Supreme Council of Kalmykia approved the anthem on 30 October 1992, along with its music and lyrics. The anthem was also approved by the separate Law of the Republic of Kalmykia of 4 November 1992 \"On the Supplement of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Kalmyk SSR Article 158-1\". Lyrics Regulations The order, place and time of execution of the anthem are defined by the Law of the Republic of Kalmykia of 11 June 1996 No. 44-I-3 \"On State Symbols of the Republic of Kalmykia\". According to Art. 16 of said Law, the anthem is performed during solemn ceremonies and other events held by state bodies when raising the national flag. After a newly appointed Head takes oath, the anthem is played right after. The anthem can also be played during openings of ceremonial meetings of the Parliament (e.g. People's Khural of Kalmykia) and during openings of memorials and monuments. It can be played during visits by highest officials of Russia (or its federal subjects), the CIS, and other countries (after their anthems have been played). \"Khalmg Tanghchin chastr\" is also played while state awards are being presented, and played during the openings and closings of solemn rallies, meetings, in honour of sports teams, and official celebrations. Additionally, the anthem can be played while laying wreaths to the graves of victims of political repression and those killed in the defense of their ethnic homeland. See also Anthem of the Republic of Buryatia National anthem of Mongolia List of national anthems External links National Anthems Forum Instrumental rendition with photos Vocal recording in Kalmyk Notes References Regional songs Kalmykia Kalmyk language Russian anthems European anthems","title":"State Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia"},{"docid":"47888708","text":"\"Lost\" was a 2015 single from Australian rock band Cold Chisel. The single was released weeks before the album, The Perfect Crime, that it featured on. A mid-tempo ballad, it reached number 92 in the Australian charts. The song was shortlisted for Song of the Year at the APRA Music Awards of 2016. Details \"Lost\" was written by regular Cold Chisel songwriter Don Walker and former Australian Idol contestant Wes Carr in 2012. The pair had a number of writing sessions together. Walker said, \"After putting out an album of the normal stuff that Idol people have to record, he wanted to do an album of real songs and wanted to see if I could get involved in some co-writing.\" Carr, who had played the song live for two years before Cold Chisel recorded it, said, \"\"Lost\" is very close to my heart. For me, at that time, I was pretty lost in life. I've always felt like i never really truly have found my place in life.\" Barnes said, \"The song was classic Cold Chisel. Don's chord changes were as tricky to sing over as ever, but once I found the way they moved, the melodies were perfect. We hadn't been on the singles chart for a long time.\" The song did not initially make the short list for the album, before strings and backing vocals were suggested by producer Kevin Shirley. Subsequently, put out as the single, a video was also released. Reception The Australian called the song, \"an honest crack at a stadium-worthy anthem that can be sung at full tilt by the audience, hitting its straps quickly by introducing what becomes the chorus after a mere four-line intro. Barnes’s voice soars, the bridge takes everything up a notch but only so that when it returns to the chorus everything can be stripped right back — and then built right up again.\" Rolling Stone Australia said, \"\"Lost\" kicks in with the heart-stopping melody of some vintage Chisel single. Hey that's right, they do radio songs too.\" Personnel Jimmy Barnes - vocals Ian Moss - guitar Don Walker - keyboards Phil Small - bass Charley Drayton - drums Charts References Cold Chisel songs 2015 songs Songs written by Don Walker (musician) Songs written by Wes Carr","title":"Lost (Cold Chisel song)"},{"docid":"18933208","text":"\"God Defend New Zealand\" (, meaning 'New Zealand') is one of two national anthems of New Zealand, the other being \"God Save the King\". Legally the two have equal status, but \"God Defend New Zealand\" is more commonly used. Originally written as a poem, it was set to music as part of a competition in 1876. Over the years its popularity increased, and it was eventually named the second national anthem in 1977. It has English and Māori lyrics, with slightly different meanings. Since the late 1990s, the usual practice when performed in public is to perform the first verse of the national anthem twice, first in Māori and then in English. History and performance \"God Defend New Zealand\" was written as a poem in the 1870s by Irish-born, Victorian-raised immigrant Thomas Bracken of Dunedin. A competition to compose music for the poem was held in 1876 by The Saturday Advertiser and judged by three prominent Melbourne musicians, with a prize of ten guineas. The winner of the competition was the Vandemonian-born John Joseph Woods of Lawrence, Otago, who composed the melody in a single sitting the evening after finding out about the competition. The song was first performed at the Queen's Theatre, Princes Street in Dunedin, on Christmas Day, 1876. In February 1878, sheet music was published. A Māori version of the song was produced in 1878 by Thomas Henry Smith of Auckland, a judge in the Native Land Court, on request of Premier George Edward Grey. A copy of the Māori lyrics, using Aotearoa for its title, was printed in Otago newspapers in October 1878. In Smith's original text the word \"whakarangona\" was used to translate 'hear', rather than the modern \"whakarongona\". In 1897, Premier Richard Seddon presented a copy of words and music to Queen Victoria. The song became increasingly popular during the early 20th century, and in 1940 the New Zealand government bought the copyright and made it New Zealand's 'national hymn' in time for that year's centennial celebrations. It was used at the British Empire Games from 1950 onwards, and first used at the Olympics during the 1952 Summer Olympics, when both it and God Save the King was played following Yvette Williams' victory in the 1952 long jump. It next played during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Following the performance at the Munich games, a campaign began to have the song adopted as the national anthem. \"God Save the Queen\" was New Zealand's sole national anthem until the 1970s. In May 1973 a remit to change the New Zealand flag, declare a New Zealand republic and change the national anthem was voted down by the Labour Party at their national conference. In 1976 Garth Henry Latta from Dunedin presented a petition to Parliament asking \"God Defend New Zealand\" to be made the national anthem. With the consent of Queen Elizabeth II, the government of Robert Muldoon gazetted the song as the country's second national anthem on 21 November 1977, on equal standing with","title":"God Defend New Zealand"},{"docid":"197048","text":"\"Pheng Xat Lao\" ( , \"Song of the Lao People\") is the national anthem of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. It was written and composed in 1941 by Thongdy Sounthonevichit. It was adopted as the national anthem of the Kingdom of Laos in 1945. The original lyrics were revised after the Communists triumphed in the Laotian Civil War and established the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 1975, with the new lyrics written by Sisana Sisane. History Long a tributary state of Siam, in 1893 Laos became a protectorate of France within its colonial empire. The French claimed their annexation was to protect Laos from \"hostile neighbors\" such as China and especially Siam, which had been militarily forced to cede Laos to the European colonial power. In reality, France simply ruled Laos as a colony, even bringing in many Vietnamese to work in its governing. The transferring of control from one master to another meant that nationalist sentiment did not develop as it did in formerly independent Vietnam. However, the outbreak of the Second World War soon saw the fall of France to Nazi Germany. The new right-wing government in Siam saw this as a possible opportunity to regain formerly Thai territory lost to France, especially the land located on the Thai side of the Mekong River. To counteract this, the French colonial government began promoting Lao nationalism. Because of this liberalization, many patriotic songs were now composed, each one emphasizing Lao \"uniqueness\". \"Pheng Xat Lao\" was one of them, having been composed by Thongdy Sounthonevichit in 1941 with lyrics written by Maha Phoumi under the name \"Lao Hak Xat\" (the patriotic Laos). It was chosen as the national anthem in 1945, when the king was forced by the Japanese occupiers to declare Laos independent from French rule. This new freedom was short-lived, since France quickly regained control of French Indochina after Japan's surrender in 1945. In 1947, France granted limited autonomy to Laos within the French Union, and \"Pheng Xat Lao\" again became the national anthem. When the Pathet Lao emerged victorious in the Laotian Civil War in 1975, thanks to major North Vietnamese assistance, the new Communist government abolished the monarchy and changed the lyrics to reflect the ideology of the Marxist government. As a result, the anthem became all-encompassing, mentioning all ethnic groups in Laos, instead of focussing on the Lao race and Buddhism. However, the melody was retained. Lyrics Current lyrics Original lyrics (1947–1975) Notes References External links Michael Sauser and Gilbert Greeve - Sauser and Greeve sing the anthem on their CD \"Hymnen der Welt: Asien\" \"Pheng Xat Lao\" at empas.com Dookola Swiata - This travel website has an instrumental version of the Anthem, as an .asx file. Music of Laos National anthems National symbols of Laos 1941 songs Asian anthems Compositions in F major Communist songs","title":"Pheng Xat Lao"},{"docid":"1306778","text":"The State Anthem of the Tajik SSR was the regional anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, adopted in 1946. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, this anthem was still in use until 1994 when Tajikistan adopted a new anthem with different lyrics but retained the same melody. Background The anthem was used between 1946 and 1994. The music was composed by Suleiman Yudakov, and the lyrics were written by Abolqasem Lahouti. The melody is preserved in \"Surudi Milli\", the current national anthem of Tajikistan, with different lyrics. In 1977, the lyrics were changed to remove mentions of Joseph Stalin. This is the version presented here for the Tajik stanzas, but the Russian version given here is the old one. Unlike other former Soviet states like Belarus, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan that appropriated their old Soviet-era regional anthems as national ones but did so without the Soviet lyrics, Tajikistan retained the Soviet lyrics for a time before replacing them in 1994. It is also one of the nine countries to continuously use their Soviet-era anthems; the other eight being Uzbekistan, Russia (since 2000), Kazakhstan (until 2006), Turkmenistan (until 1996), Belarus, Kyrgyzstan (until 1992), Azerbaijan (until 1992), Ukraine (until 1992). Lyrics 1977 version 1946 version Notes References External links Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Full version) Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Short version) MIDI file Vocal recording in MP3 format Lyrics - nationalanthems.info (1946-1953 version) Tajik SSR National symbols of Tajikistan Music of Tajikistan Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Compositions in A minor","title":"Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic"},{"docid":"243548","text":"The \"State Anthem of Turkmenistan\", also known as the \"National Anthem of Independent Neutral Turkmenistan\" (), was adopted as the national anthem of Turkmenistan in 1996, then again with modified lyrics in 2008. The music was composed by Turkmenistani composer Veli Mukhatov, who also composed the music of the Turkmen SSR's regional anthem. The lyrics were originally written by the first president of Turkmenistan, Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Turkmenbashi), who died on 21 December 2006. Less than two years after his death, the reference to Turkmenbashi in the chorus was replaced with \"the people\", and both the third and final verse and the chorus at the start of the piece were removed. The national anthem is played at the start of radio and television broadcasts at 6:55 a.m. local time and played again when radio and television stations sign off. History Until 1996, Turkmenistan, which received independence a few years earlier, used the Turkmen SSR anthem without words as the state anthem. The new anthem was adopted on 27 September 1996 by the People's Council of Turkmenistan in Bayramali. The anthem, known by the first sentence of the chorus, \"The great creation of Turkmenbashi\", in reference to the first leader, Saparmurat Niyazov, was used from 1997 to 2008, when it was given minor changes when his successor, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, ordered to do so following Niyazov's death in 2006. Lyrics Current Version 1997–2008 Version Notes References External links Turkmenistan: Garaşsyz, Bitarap Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Gimni - Audio of the national anthem of Turkmenistan, with information and lyrics (archive link) Instrumental version of \"Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem\" in RealAudio Ruhnama - Songs and Video Clips (archive link) - This website dedicated to the Ruhnama features a page with a vocal version of the National Anthem, as well as other songs and video clips. Turkmenistan Music of Turkmenistan National symbols of Turkmenistan Compositions in F major","title":"State Anthem of Turkmenistan"},{"docid":"1699882","text":"\"Terang Bulan\" () is a traditional Indonesian song. This song is an adaptation based on the song named \"La Rosalie\". History The song was a traditional folk song adapted from the popular French melody of La Rosalie. Following the popularity of the French melody, it became a popular Indonesian folk song as well as for Malays at parties and cabarets in the Malay Peninsula from the 1920s to the 1930s. Since the independence of the Federation of Malaya in 1957, public performances of the song and its melody have been outlawed, as any such use is proscribed by statute. Lyrics Other versions Several lyrics set to the tune exist, with their meanings being very similar, as the exact original lyrics are generally considered to be unknown. Felix Mendelssohn & His Hawaiian Serenaders used the tune of Terang Bulan in their song Mamula Moon, on their 1947 album Paradise Isle. Dutch version Dutch singer Zangeres Zonder Naam recorded a Dutch version of \"Terang Bulan\" (spelt \"Terang Boelan\"). The meaning in the Dutch version is entirely different from the original lyrics, although the Dutch version mentions the island of Java. Other adaptation from the similar French melody Perak State Anthem Sultan Idris Murshidul’adzam Shah, the ruler of Perak, was aware of the song's popularity during his exile in the Seychelles for abetting murder. When the Sultan represented the other rulers of the Federated Malay States at the coronation of King Edward VII in 1901, his protocol officer was asked what his state anthem was. The Sultan realised that his state did not possess an anthem, proceeded to hum the aforementioned tune in order not to appear backwards to his hosts, thus 'creating' the state anthem of Perak. Malaysian National Anthem Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Chief Minister and Minister for Home Affairs of the Federation of Malaya, selected Perak's state anthem as the Federation's national hymn, on account of its \"traditional flavour\". The tune was rechristened \"Negaraku\" and the lyrics were changed, with popular performances in cabarets and parties halting as it became proscribed by statute. When Malaysia was formed in 1963, the song remained the national anthem. References External links Web.archive.org 19th-century songs Songwriter unknown Year of song unknown","title":"Terang Bulan"},{"docid":"364904","text":"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika (, ), also known as \"The Call of South Africa\" or simply \"Die Stem\" (), was the national anthem of South Africa during the apartheid era. There are two versions of the song, one in English and the other in Afrikaans, which were in use early on in the Union of South Africa alongside God Save the Queen and as the sole anthem after South Africa became a republic. It was the sole national anthem from 1957 to 1994, and shared co-national anthem status with \"God Save the King/Queen\" from 1938 to 1957. After the end of apartheid, it was retained as a co-national anthem along with \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\" until 1997, when a new hybrid song incorporating elements of both songs was adopted as the country's new national anthem, which is still in use. History Background and inception In May 1918, C.J. Langenhoven wrote an Afrikaans poem called \"Die Stem\", for which music was composed in 1921 by , a reverend. The music composed that ended up being accepted was actually a second version; the first did not satisfy Langenhoven. It was widely used by the South African Broadcasting Corporation in the 1920s, which played it at the close of daily broadcasts, along with \"God Save The King\". It was recorded for the first time in 1926 when its first and third verses were performed by Betty Steyn in England for the Zonophone record label; it was sung publicly for the first time on 31 May 1928 at a raising of the new South African national flag. In 1938, South Africa proclaimed it to be one of the two co-national anthems of the country, along with \"God Save the King\". It was sung in English as well as Afrikaans from 1952 onward, with both versions having official status in the eyes of the state, while \"God Save the Queen\" did not cease to be a co-national anthem until May 1957, when it was dropped from that role. However, it remained the country's royal anthem until 1961, as it was a Commonwealth realm until that point. The poem originally had only three verses, but the government asked the author to add a fourth verse with a religious theme. The English version is for the most part a faithful translation of the Afrikaans version with a few minor changes. Composition It is uplifting in tone, addressing throughout of commitment to the Vaderland () and to God. However, it was generally disliked by black South Africans, who saw it as triumphalist and strongly associated it with the apartheid regime where one verse shows dedication to Afrikaners (though the specific mention of Afrikaners is omitted in the English version to avoid alienating the British-descent Anglophone whites living in South Africa as they are not considered Afrikaners) and another to the Great Trek of the Voortrekkers. P. W. Botha, who was the state president of South Africa during the 1980s, was fond of the song and made his entourage sing","title":"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika"},{"docid":"46404939","text":"Hizb ut-Tahrir ( Ḥizb at-Taḥrīr; Party of Liberation) is an international pan-Islamist and fundamentalist political organisation. The organisation is considered a \"radical Islamic group\" and has come under scrutiny from the Australian government. They are commonly associated with the goal of all Muslim countries unifying as an Islamic state or caliphate ruled by Islamic law (sharia) and with a head of state (caliph) elected by Muslims. Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia) has prepared a structure, constitution and an anthem for its proposed Khilafah State. It has more than 300 members in Australia. The Hizb ut-Tahrir constitution contains contentious issues such as (Article 7c), \"Those who are guilty of apostasy (murtadd) from Islam are to be executed\". The proposed state would enforce Islamic Sharia law. According to Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia), \"Europe and the U.S are the enemy\", Jews \"are the most evil creatures\", women should be segregated for \"cultural reasons\", and Muslim children should not be forced to sing the Australian national anthem. 2005–2009 In Australia in 2005, the party survived a proposed ban after clearance from the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. The party planned its first Khilafah conference in Sydney for 27 January 2007. The planned conference led to allegations in newspaper reports that the party was linked to the July 2005 London bombings. Opposition politicians called on the local and federal governments not to grant visas to foreign speakers attending, and to re-consider proscribing Hizb ut-Tahrir. The demands for a ban were rejected by Attorney General Philip Ruddock, on the grounds there was insufficient evidence to warrant banning the group. Radical clerics from the group demanded the establishment of a Muslim superstate, and warned Muslims they must be prepared to kill anyone who threatened its existence. Hizb ut-Tahrir members originally planned to hold the conference in the town hall of Bankstown, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney with adjacent Lakemba as Australia's biggest Muslim electorate, but the Sydney council cancelled it. Hizb ut-Tahrir secured another location the next day on 28 January. According to the Herald Sun, he also stated, \"if you people are united and a third person comes along and tries to incite disunity ... kill him..., Muslims are not unique in doing so, as most nations kill those charged with treason....\" Conference spokesman Wassim Doureihi said the work of Hizb ut-Tahrir was not to change the political landscape in Australia. He added, \"It is because of Islam and my allegiance to Islam that I am responsible for ensuring to do what I can to protect the safety and security of all peoples in this country and beyond.\" Morris Iemma, Premier of New South Wales and MP for Lakemba, which with adjacent Bankstown has Australia's largest Muslim community, stated around the time of the conference that Hizb ut-Tahrir \"is an organisation that is basically saying that it desires to declare war on Australia, our values and our people.\" even though according to Sydney Morning Herald, the speakers at the Khilafah Conference \"made it clear they did not see","title":"Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia)"},{"docid":"1102176","text":"The state anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was the national anthem of Kazakhstan when it was a republic of the Soviet Union and known as the Kazakh SSR. Background The music was composed by Mukan Tölebaev, Russian composer Yevgeny Brusilovsky and Tatar composer Latıf Hamıdı, with lyrics written by Kazakh authors Äbdilda Täjibaev, Qaiym Muhamedhanov and Ğabıt Müsirepov. The Soviet-era lyrics were removed after the Kazakh SSR was renamed the Republic of Kazakhstan on 10 December 1991, In 1992, new lyrics were adopted with the same melody as the anthem of independent Kazakhstan, until 7 January 2006. From 1991 to 1997, it was one of the five remaining republics that appreciated its old anthem, then from 1997 to 2000, it became one of four (when Turkmenistan changed its anthem). From 2000 to 2006, it is one of the five remaining again (when Russia changed its anthem). It is the only SSR anthem played in ; all the others use . Lyrics Original words which were removed during the post-Stalinist era are indicated with parenthesis. Notes References Sources Қазақ совет энциклопедиясы (the Kazakh Soviet Encyclopedia) (1972–1978) External links Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Full version) Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Short version) MIDI file Vocal recording in MP3 format Lyrics - nationalanthems.info Original version (1946-1953) Kazakh SSR Music of Kazakhstan National symbols of Kazakhstan Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Year of song missing","title":"Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic"},{"docid":"156381","text":"\"Zdravljica\" (; ) is a carmen figuratum poem by the 19th-century Romantic Slovene poet France Prešeren, inspired by the ideals of Liberté, égalité, fraternité. It was written in 1844 and published with some changes in 1848. Four years after it was written, Slovenes living within Habsburg Empire interpreted the poem in spirit of the 1848 March Revolution as political promotion of the idea of a united Slovenia. In it, the poet also declares his belief in a free-thinking Slovene and Slavic political awareness. In 1989, it was adopted as the regional anthem of Slovenia, becoming the national anthem upon independence in 1991. History The integral version of the poem was first published only after the March Revolution when Austrian censorship was abolished, since the censorship did not allow for the poem to be printed earlier because of its political message. On 26 April 1848, it was published by the Slovene newspaper Kmetijske in rokodelske novice, that was edited by the Slovene conservative political leader Janez Bleiweis. Before the censorship was abolished, Prešeren omitted the third stanza (\"V sovražnike 'z oblakov / rodú naj naš'ga treši gróm\") because he intended to include the poem in his Poezije collection (Poems), however the censor (fellow-Slovene Franz Miklosich in Austrian service) saw in the fourth stanza (\"Edinost, sreča, sprava / k nam naj nazaj se vrnejo\") an expression of pan-Slavic sentiment and therefore did not allow its publication either. Prešeren believed the poem would be mutilated without both the third and the fourth stanza and decided against including it in the Poezije. \"Zdravljica\" was first set to music in the 1860s by Benjamin Ipavec and Davorin Jenko, but their versions didn't go well with the public, probably because the stanzas that they chose were not enough nationally awakening. In 1905, the Slovene composer Stanko Premrl wrote a choral composition. It was first performed only on 18 November 1917 by the Music Society () in the Grand Hotel Union, Ljubljana. It became an immediate success. Notes References External links 1844 poems Poetry by France Prešeren Anthems of Slovenia European anthems","title":"Zdravljica"},{"docid":"46423852","text":"The 2015 Anzac Test was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane. It was the 16th Anzac Test played between the two nations since the first was played under the Super League banner in 1997. Both sides were announced on 26 April. The game was originally scheduled to take place on 1 May, but it was postponed due to bad weather. The Test instead took place on May 3, along with a Women's rugby league match between the Australian Jillaroos and New Zealand Kiwi Ferns which served as the curtain-raiser for the main game, won 22-14 by the Jillaroos. New Zealand's win was their first Anzac Test win in 17 years, and the first time New Zealand had won three consecutive test matches over Australia since 1953. As man of the match, Manu Vatuvei was awarded the Charles Savory medal. Pre-game National anthems Russ Walker - New Zealand National Anthem Adrian Li Donni - Australian National Anthem Squads 1 - Shifted to Fullback taking the place of originally selected Billy Slater who withdrew due to injury. Michael Jennings was promoted from originally 19th Man to Centre. 2 - Replaced originally selected Dallin Watene-Zelezniak who was withdrawn due to suspension. Daly Cherry-Evans and Josh Papalii were a part of the Kangaroos squad but did not play in the match. Lewis Brown and Kodi Nikorima were a part of the Kiwis squad but did not play in the match. Match summary Women's Test A Women's rugby league match between the Australian Jillaroos and New Zealand Kiwi Ferns which served as the curtain-raiser for the main game, won 22-14 by the Jillaroos. Women's squads Match summary See also References External links 2015 in Australian rugby league 2015 in New Zealand rugby league Anzac Test Rugby league in Brisbane International rugby league competitions hosted by Australia","title":"2015 Anzac Test"},{"docid":"28243323","text":"An Australian Football League team song is traditionally sung by members of the winning team after an AFL game. It is played when each team runs out onto the field prior to the beginning of the match, and played for the winning team at the end of the match. The first team song was the Collingwood song \"Good Old Collingwood Forever\", written by player Tom Nelson in 1906 to the tune of \"Goodbye, Dolly Gray\", an American music hall song. Other clubs have continued to rewrite other songs' lyrics to suit their team, with four of the 18 team songs having both original lyrics and music. Notes The Brisbane Bears' previous team song was to the tune of \"Battle Hymn of the Republic/Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory/Glory, Glory Hallelujah\" The Fitzroy Lions' team song was compiled by Bill Stephen in 1952 on a train to Perth during a football trip. Bill Stephen wrote the first line of the song after which each other player wrote a line. It is to the tune of the French National Anthem, \"La Marseillaise\" and was adopted by Brisbane in 1997. The Western Bulldogs team song was originally called \"Sons of the 'Scray\" before Footscray changed their name to the Western Bulldogs in 1997, with the song's lyrics being altered to \"Sons of the West\". At that same time, other lyrics changes were made to the last few lines of the song. The South Melbourne Swans' club song was identical to the current Sydney Swans club song, with the lyric \"South will go in and win over all\" being changed to \"Swans will go in...\" when the club moved to Sydney. Until 2021 Sydney Swans used the same 1972 recording by The Fable Singers, with \"South\" being re-dubbed as \"Swans\". In 2021, the club adopted a previously unused recording of the song dating from 2018. The lyric \"While our loyal Swans are marching\" was re-dubbed over the new recording - replacing the previously used \"While her loyal sons are marching\" and making the song more gender inclusive. Prior to their relocation to Moorabbin, St Kilda's team song was a variation on I Do Like to Be Beside the Seaside, referring to the Saints' original home ground the Junction Oval. The Fremantle Dockers' club song used from 1995 until 2011 contained a section based on \"The Song of the Volga Boatmen\", a Russian folk song, but most of the song was an original composition by Ken Walther. After the 2011 season, the \"Volga Boatmen\" section was dropped, leaving only the part written by Walther. The West Coast Eagles' song was rerecorded by Birds of Tokyo in February 2020. The song sticks with the chorus most fans will recognise, sticking with We're Flying High, but it now contains a couple of verses as well as a didgeridoo intro performed by indigenous musician Matthew Doyle, the first AFL song to contain the didgeridoo. References Team songs Australian rules football-related lists Lists of sport-related songs","title":"List of Australian Football League team songs"},{"docid":"1083645","text":"The \"Himno de Riego\" (\"Anthem of Riego\") is a song dating from the Trienio Liberal (1820–1823) of Spain and named in honour of Colonel Rafael del Riego, a figure in the respective uprising, which restored the liberal constitution of 1812. The lyrics were written by Evaristo Fernández de San Miguel, while the music is typically attributed to José Melchor Gomis. It was declared the national anthem of Spain in 1822, remaining so until the overthrow of the liberal government the next year in 1823, and was also one of the popular anthems used in the First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) and, with much more prominence, the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939). It continued to be used by the Second Republican government in exile until it was dissolved in 1977 upon the end of the Francoist Spanish State in 1975. History The \"Himno de Riego\" was written between 31 January and 6 February 1820 in the town of Algeciras by Evaristo Fernández de San Miguel, lieutenant colonel of the flying column headed by Rafael del Riego, who had previously rejected another text by Antonio Alcalá Galiano. It was declared the official national anthem of Spain on 7 April 1822 when the Cortes Generales approved the corresponding decree, which was signed by King Fernando VII in Aranjuez two days later and finally published in the Gaceta de Madrid on 14 April. However, the liberal government was overthrown and the constitution repealed by Fernando VII in October 1823, with the Marcha Real resuming its role as the national anthem. In the First Republic of 1873 to 1874, part of the greater 1868–1874 Sexenio Democrático achieved by the overthrow of Isabella II in the Glorious Revolution, the anthem occupied a discreet position; the most popular anthems used at this time were \"La Marseillaise\" and the \"Himno de Garibaldi\". However, by the time of the Second Republic of 1931 to 1939, the anthem had once again gained popularity to the point of becoming the primary institutional representative of the government during this period. Contrary to popular belief, the \"Himno de Riego\" was never declared the official anthem of the Second Republic. According to one opinion, it can be deduced that the republicans did not consider the 1822 declaration of the song as the national anthem superseded or repealed. Lyrics Original lyrics (1820–1823) The following is the original version used during the Trienio Liberal (1820–1823). First short version (1931–1939) The following is the version used during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939). It consisted of verses one, three and seven of the original version, with a few minor lyrical changes. Second short version The following version consists of the first and last verses of the original, with a few minor lyrical changes. Satirical lyrics This alternative version was extremely popular amongst Spaniards, particularly in Catalonia, during the Spanish Civil War. The rudeness of the lyrics reflects the dislike of Republican Spain for the church and the monarchy. After the war, these lyrics continued to be sung by Franco's detractors","title":"Himno de Riego"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"326167\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\" (, , \\\"God of Justice\\\") is the national anthem of Serbia, as defined by the Article 7 of the Constitution of Serbia. \\\"Bože pravde\\\" was adopted in 1882 and had been the national anthem of the Kingdom of Serbia until 1919 when Serbia became a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was re-adopted as the national anthem at first by the parliamentary recommendation in 2004 and then constitutionally sanctioned in 2006, after Serbia restored its independence. History After the assassination of Prince Mihailo, Milan Obrenović came to the throne in 1872, celebrating his coming of age. Then he ordered a play from the manager of the National Theater in Belgrade, Jovan Đorđević, who quickly wrote and presented the play \\\"Marko names the Emperor\\\" (Marko kazuje na kome je carstvo), with the aim of glorifying Serbian history and the Obrenović dynasty, and song \\\"God of justice\\\" (Bože pravde), composed by Davorin Jenko. Song gained more popularity among the people than the piece itself, and in 1882, on the occasion of Milan's enthronement as Serbian king, Đorđević reworked the text and so his new version became the first official anthem of Serbia. In 1903, after the May Coup, the Obrenović dynasty died out and the Karađorđevićs came to the helm of Serbia. The new Serbian king Peter I wanted to change the state symbols, even the anthem. The Austrian composer from Vienna, August Stol, composed a song for the Serbian king. Peter did not like the composition. Various competitions in which many Serbian poets (Aleksa Šantić among others) participated were also unsuccessful. In the end, in 1909, it was decided to make the anthem Bože pravde official again, with minor changes to the text. Various rulers of Serbia changed the words of the anthem to suit them. During the rule of Prince Milan I of Serbia, the words were \\\"God, save Prince Milan\\\" (knez Milana Bože spasi), which changed to God, save King Milan (kralj Milana Bože spasi) when Serbia became a kingdom. Later it was tailored to Alexander I (\\\"God, save King Alexander\\\"; kralja Aleksandra Bože spasi) and Peter I (\\\"God, save King Peter\\\"; kralja Petra Bože spasi) as well. During the World War I, in the territories of Serbia occupied by Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, the performance of the national anthem, as well as the display of the symbols of the Kingdom of Serbia, was prohibited. During the time of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which later became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), \\\"Bože pravde\\\" was part of its national anthem. On the eve of the World War II, at the great international gathering of the Music Confederation, held in Paris, this anthem was declared one of the three most beautiful in the world. \\\"Bože pravde\\\" anthem was officially abandoned and banned after the World War II in 1945, in favour of \\\"Hey, Slavs\\\" (under its Serbo-Croatian title Hej, Sloveni), which was the national anthem of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for 47 years, from\",\n \"title\": \"Bože pravde\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27274193\",\n \"text\": \"The 2010 ANZAC Test was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand on 7 May 2010. The match coincided with the official opening of AAMI Park in Melbourne. The match was won by Australia with a score of 12–8. The teams The squads for each side were announced on 2 May 2010. The selectors for the Australian team made only five changes to the squad that won the final of the 2009 Four Nations. Three of those changes were due to injuries. Notable among the selections was the omission of Brisbane Broncos centre Israel Folau. There had been rumours that Folau was considering moving to the Australian Football League or rugby union; however, the selectors insisted he had been dropped for form reasons. Manly centre Jamie Lyon was called up in Folau's place, and to act as goal-kicker due to Johnathan Thurston's injury-enforced absence. Thurston, the incumbent Australian half back, missed the match with a shoulder injury. He was replaced in the position by Cooper Cronk. Michael Weyman, a prop forward from the St. George Illawarra Dragons was the only member of the squad representing Australia for the first time. The New Zealand team included two debutants: Aaron Heremaia and Zeb Taia. Alex Glenn was named in the 18-man squad but was left out of the 17-man team. One of the notable selections was 19-year-old Kieran Foran being named as half back for the first time: Commentators predicted he would be the long-term incumbent in the position, with former Australian halfback Andrew Johns suggesting he could become the best player in the world. Opening of AAMI Park The match was the first event to be held at Melbourne's AAMI Park, a rectangular stadium built for rugby league, rugby union and soccer in a city known for its preference for Australian rules football. Despite having been officially sold out wet conditions on the night meant an attendance of 29,442, which nearly satisfied the stadium's 30,050 capacity. The opening ceremony featured the NRL's all-time highest point-scorer, Hazem El Masri kicking a goal. The National anthem of New Zealand was performed by Elizabeth Marvelly and the National anthem of Australia was performed by Katie Noonan. Match details The first half of the match was low-scoring, as wet conditions caused numerous ball-handling errors. Australia took a 6–0 lead at half-time, after Brett Morris scored a try to add to an earlier penalty goal from Jamie Lyon. Morris' try was scored in the 39th minute of the first half and was the result of a grubber kick from Darren Lockyer. Morris scored a second try shortly into the second half to make the score 12–0. Sam Thaiday set up the try with a flick pass as he was being pushed out of the field of play by New Zealand defenders. New Zealand pulled back two unconverted tries through Jason Nightingale and Junior Sa'u; however, they were not able to make up the 12-point deficit, and Australia won the match 12–8. The\",\n \"title\": \"2010 Anzac Test\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"250523\",\n \"text\": \"(; \\\"Our Bahrain\\\"; also known as , \\\"the national anthem of Bahrain\\\") is the national anthem of Bahrain. Originally composed as an instrumental in 1942, lyrics were added in 1985, which were changed in 2002 following the country's transformation from an emirate into a kingdom. History The anthem was originally composed in 1942 to be played at official events such as receptions, making Bahrain one of the first Arab countries to adopt a national anthem. The leaders of the police band made many modifications and additions to the music over the following years, most significantly in 1972, a year after Bahrain's independence from the United Kingdom, when it was extended by playing it twice. In 1985, former leader of the police band Colonel Mohamed Sudqi Ayyash wrote lyrics for the anthem, which were used until 2002. That year, with the emergence of the National Action Charter and a constitutional amendments referendum that declared the country's ruler Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah a king and the country a kingdom, the lyrics were changed by Minister of the Royal Court Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa. Bahraini composer and singer Ahmed Aljumairi was directed by the government to re-arrange the national anthem with an inclusion of a fanfare that was recorded with the London Philharmonic Orchestra in London. Mr. Ahmed Aljumairi sang the national anthem with the chorus in that recording that became the official anthem of the country. Band leader Major General Mubarak Najm Al-Najm made a military band version arrangement that is used by the police. Lyrics Current lyrics Former lyrics (1985–2002) Notes References External links Bahrain: Bahrainona - Audio of the national anthem of Bahrain, with information and lyrics (archive link) Himnuszok - A vocal version of the Anthem, featured in the Himnuszok website. Asian anthems Music of Bahrain National symbols of Bahrain Compositions in D major\",\n \"title\": \"Bahrainona\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49216229\",\n \"text\": \"The 2016 Anzac Test (known as the Downer Anzac Test due to sponsorship) was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand at Hunter Stadium in Newcastle. It was the 17th Anzac Test played between the two nations since the first was played under the Super League banner in 1997. The game marked the international coaching debut of Mal Meninga for Australia since taking over the position from Tim Sheens in late 2015. Meninga, a 4 time Kangaroo Tourist (the only player ever to do so), a World Cup winning captain and a veteran of 46 tests for Australia between 1982–94, has previously coached Queensland to 9 State of Origin series wins in 10 years (including a record 8 series wins in succession from 2006-2013) in the years prior to taking over as Kangaroos coach. This was the first of two matches between Australia and New Zealand before the 2016 Rugby League Four Nations in late October and November. The second match will be played at the nib Stadium in Perth, Western Australia on 15 October. Meninga broke tradition and named the Australian team a few days early, which included 4 debutants; Blake Ferguson, Josh McGuire, Michael Morgan and Fijian-born Semi Radradra. The New Zealand team was named on 1 May. Pre-game National anthems Russ Walker - New Zealand National Anthem Adrian Li Donni - Australian National Anthem Squads 1 - Peta Hiku was originally selected to play but withdrew due to injury. He was replaced by Gerard Beale. 2 - Shaun Kenny-Dowall and Brad Takairangi were originally selected to play but both players withdrew. Tohu Harris was shifted from five-eighth to centre and Kodi Nikorima was shifted from the bench to five-eighth as a result. Aidan Guerra and Michael Jennings were a part of the Kangaroos squad but did not play in the match. Alex Glenn and Danny Levi were a part of the Kiwis squad but did not play in the match. Match summary Notes: This was the annual 2016 Anzac Test. Australia's win ended a 3-match losing streak against New Zealand. This was the first time New Zealand were held scoreless in a test-match since 2007. With the victory, Australia reclaim the Bill Kelly Memorial Trophy. Martin Taupau and Sam Moa made their 10th test appearance for New Zealand. Blake Ferguson, Josh McGuire, Michael Morgan and Fijian-born Semi Radradra made their international debuts for Australia while Dallin Watene-Zelezniak, Kenny Bromwich and Manu Maʻu made their international debuts for New Zealand. Women's Test A Women's rugby league match between the Australian Jillaroos and New Zealand Kiwi Ferns will serve as the curtain-raiser for the main game. New Zealand coach Alan Jackson named an 18-strong squad in preparation for the Trans-Tasman Test. A few days later, Australian coach Steve Folkes announced his 18-strong squad for the Trans-Tasman Test. Women's squads The 18th woman is a cover for a possible injury or suspension and unless called up to the starting line-up or the bench, does not actually\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Anzac Test\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15031260\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Tanzania Nakupenda Kwa Moyo Wote\\\" is a Swahili-language patriotic song about Tanzania in East Africa. The song's history and authorship is uncertain, but stretches back to the colonial days, when then it was sung as thus \\\".\\\" It cannot be ruled out that it was part of an attempt to develop a national anthem towards the end of colonial rule before the South African lyrics version that was introduced and popularized by South African freedom fighters became adopted as anthem. The composition effort could have been coordinated by colonial officials in the last days of British colonialism in Tanganyika. It was changed to Tanzania, Tanzania after the formation of the Tanzanian union in 1964. In Tanzania it is frequently sung alongside the national anthem \\\"Mungu Ibariki Afrika\\\". The song appears in the 2004 documentary Darwin's Nightmare in which a female sex worker sings the song to seemingly uninterested Russian pilots. Her name was Eliza and she was killed a few days after by an Australian client. The song was performed in Australia for the fourth President of Tanzania, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, when he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Newcastle. Lyrics References Tanzanian songs Patriotic songs Songwriter unknown Year of song unknown 2. Bernadette Matthias singing 20 July 2015\",\n \"title\": \"Tanzania Nakupenda Kwa Moyo Wote\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1265870\",\n \"text\": \"The South African Rugby Union (SARU) is the governing body for rugby union in South Africa and is affiliated to World Rugby. It was established in 1992 as the South African Rugby Football Union, from the merger of the South African Rugby Board and the non-racial South African Rugby Union (SACOS), and took up its current name in 2005. SARU organises several national teams, most notably the senior national side, the Springboks. History The South African Rugby Board was the rugby union governing body of white South Africans between 1889 and 1992. The governing of white and coloured rugby union was handled separately during South Africa under Apartheid. In 1992 the non-racial South African Rugby Union and the South African Rugby Board were merged to form the South African Rugby Football Union. The unified body changed its name in 2005 to the current South African Rugby Union. Kamp Staaldraad The debacle of the 2003 World Cup saw the Springboks exit in the quarterfinals. Further, SARU experienced the scandal of Kamp Staaldraad, the training camp run by then-Boks coach Rudolf Straeuli. Reportedly, \\\"naked players were crammed into foxholes and doused repeatedly with ice-cold water while the English national anthem and New Zealand's haka were played over and over again ... [and] were also forced into a freezing lake in the early hours of the morning to pump up rugby balls under water and ... when some players tried to get out they were ordered back into the water at gunpoint.\\\" Straeuli resigned, as did Rian Oberholzer, the managing director of South Africa Rugby (Pty) Ltd, the commercial arm of SARFU. Soon afterwards, SARFU president Silas Nkununu, facing a strong reelection challenge, withdrew from consideration for election. van Rooyen Brian van Rooyen was elected president of SARU in 2004. He soon became a highly polarising figure in South African sport, with detractors accusing him of financial shenanigans, favouritism, and general mismanagement. His management style was also widely perceived as autocratic. One of the major gripes against the Van Rooyen administration was the allocation of venues for the Springboks home test matches. The KwaZulu-Natal Union and the Free State Union did not receive a Tri Nations Test in 2005 or 2006. Both unions, vocal opponents of Van Rooyen, accused him of punishing them for their opposition. SANZAR However, the biggest bone of contention surrounded the expansion of the Super Rugby competition. SANZAR, a consortium of the South African, Australian, and New Zealand governing bodies, expanded their Super 12 competition to 14 teams, a change that took effect in 2006. South Africa was entitled to add one franchise to the four from the Super 12 era. In a controversial move, the Southern Spears franchise was assured a place in the 2007 and 2008 competitions, with an increasingly unpopular promotion/relegation system established to keep the total of South African Super 14 teams at its allotted five. Van Rooyen was widely viewed as being responsible for this arrangement, which was generally opposed by the existing Super\",\n \"title\": \"South African Rugby Union\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40429\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Waltzing Matilda\\\" is a song developed in the Australian style of poetry and folk music called a bush ballad. It has been described as the country's \\\"unofficial national anthem\\\". The title was Australian slang for travelling on foot (waltzing) with one's belongings in a \\\"matilda\\\" (swag) slung over one's back. The song narrates the story of an itinerant worker, or \\\"swagman\\\", making a drink of billy tea at a bush camp and capturing a stray jumbuck (sheep) to eat. When the jumbuck's owner, a squatter (grazier), and three troopers (mounted policemen) pursue the swagman for theft, he declares \\\"You'll never catch me alive!\\\" and commits suicide by drowning himself in a nearby billabong (watering hole), after which his ghost haunts the site. The original lyrics were composed in 1895 by Australian poet Banjo Paterson, to a tune played by Christina MacPherson. The first published setting of \\\"Waltzing Matilda\\\" was Harry Nathan's on 20 December 1902. Nathan wrote a new variation of Christina MacPherson's melody and changed some of the words. Sydney tea merchant, James Inglis, wanted to use \\\"Waltzing Matilda\\\" as an advertising jingle for Billy Tea. In early 1903, Inglis purchased the rights to 'Waltzing Matilda' and asked Marie Cowan, the wife of one of his managers, to try her hand at turning it into an advertising jingle. Cowan made some more changes to the words and some very minor changes to Nathan's melody and gave the song a simple, brisk, harmonious accompaniment which made it very catchy. Her song, published in 1903, grew in popularity, and Cowan's arrangement remains the best-known version of \\\"Waltzing Matilda\\\". Extensive folklore surrounds the song and the process of its creation, to the extent that it has its own museum, the Waltzing Matilda Centre in Winton, in the Queensland outback, where Paterson wrote the lyrics. In 2012, to remind Australians of the song's significance, Winton organised the inaugural Waltzing Matilda Day to be held on 6 April, wrongly thought at the time to be the anniversary of its first performance. The song was first recorded in 1926 as performed by John Collinson and Russell Callow. In 2008, this recording of \\\"Waltzing Matilda\\\" was added to the Sounds of Australia registry in the National Film and Sound Archive, which says that there are more recordings of \\\"Waltzing Matilda\\\" than any other Australian song. History Writing of the song In 1895, Andrew Barton Paterson was living in Sydney, NSW. By day, he was a solicitor. By night he wrote his much-loved poetry and moonlighted as a freelance journalist under the pen name of \\\"The Banjo\\\". Banjo was the name of his favourite horse on his father's farm. Paterson took a holiday from his day job, probably in early August. He made a journey of at least 5 days to visit Sarah Riley, his fiancée of 7 years, in Winton, central-western Queensland and to see how people lived on the enormous, remote sheep stations in the district. On arriving in Winton, Banjo attended a gathering where\",\n \"title\": \"Waltzing Matilda\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23656853\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\" (German for \\\"German Austria, you wonderful country\\\") was the national anthem of Austria from 1920 to 1929. Although it was used as the national anthem, it did not enjoy any official status. The text was written by Chancellor Karl Renner in 1920, while the melody was composed by Wilhelm Kienzl. The Republic of German-Austria was formed in 1918 as the successor to the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire in its predominantly German speaking part. The government and population was much in favour of a unification with Germany, the German nation-state that had been formed in 1871 but had excluded Austria. However, the victors of World War I demanded that Austria remained a separate country. In the Treaty of Versailles, there was a prohibition of unification. Under the provisions of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), German Austria had to change its name to simply Austria. Lyrics See also \\\"\\\" \\\"\\\" References Music of Austria Historical national anthems National symbols of Austria Republic of German-Austria European anthems German patriotic songs German military marches Austrian military marches Compositions in F major\",\n \"title\": \"Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8970586\",\n \"text\": \"The National anthem of Manchukuo was one of the many national symbols of independence and sovereignty created to foster a sense of legitimacy for Manchukuo in both an effort to secure international diplomatic recognition and to foster a sense of nationalism among its inhabitants. During Manchukuo's 13-year existence, two national anthems were used. The National anthem of Manchukuo was widely taught in schools and used in ceremonies in Manchukuo. 1932 proposed version It is unclear when Manchuria began its first national anthem production, but it seems that preparations had already begun around the Manchuria National Declaration on March 1, 1932. On May 21, 1932, the Manchuria Sports Association formally applied to the Organizing Committee of the Olympics to dispatch players to the Los Angeles Olympics (held in July 1932). The Organizing Committee urges the Manchuria country to apply to the International Olympic Committee as “participation is approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)” and informs the Organizing Committee to send the national flag and national anthem, they have done it. On the other hand, there is still a record that the Manchuria Sports Association sent a document stating that “the national flag and national anthem were sent to the organizing committee” to the secretary general of the Olympic organizing committee. Before May, the song was completed. However, the line \\\"a country good at defense uses humaneness, a country bad at defense uses military force.\\\" upset the Kwantung Army, and the lyrics written in Classical Chinese were too difficult to be understood by the ordinary citizens, the drafted anthem was not favored. 1933 version The first national anthem was declared by State Council Decree No.4, dated 24 February Dàtóng 2 (1933) but publicized on March 1. The lyrics were written by Manchukuo's first Prime Minister Zheng Xiaoxu, who was a devout Confucianist and Qing loyalist in addition to being an accomplished poet and calligrapher. 1942 version The national anthem was changed on 5 September Kāngdé 9 (1942), by State Council Order No. 201. Prime Minister of Manchukuo Zhang Jinghui cited the 1933 version of the anthem was unsuitable for the current situations of the Empire as the reason for the change. The new anthem, with Manchurian (i.e. Mandarin Chinese) and Japanese lyrics, was written by a committee, according to Zhang. The 1933 anthem was renamed the Manchukuo Independence Song (滿洲國建國歌, pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguó jiàn guógē, Japanese Hepburn romanization: Manshukoku-kenkoku uta). Lyrics Official Interpretation According to the official interpretation of the anthem issued on the same day of its adoption, the \\\"God\\\" in the first line of the Chinese version refers to Amaterasu, the sun goddess in Shinto, referring to Manchukuo's adoption of State Shinto as its state religion in 1940. Also, God's Light is interpreted as Arahitogami, i.e. Emperor of Japan. The whole of the first line is interpreted as \\\"The Divine Work\\\" in the fourth line came from Kangde's Imperial Rescript on the Tenth Anniversary of the Nation on 1 March 1942, in which he mentioned, and hence interpreted as: References\",\n \"title\": \"National anthem of Manchukuo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63607046\",\n \"text\": \"Chom Rat Chong Charoen (, lit: Long live the great king) was the royal and national anthem of Rattanakosin Kingdom. History In 1855, there were two captains, Thomas George Knox and Captain Impey. They both arrived in Rattanakosin and both brought the song \\\"God Save the King\\\", which is a song in honour of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom to Siam. New lyrics were written in English in honour of the King Rama V, which has shown significant evidence in the Siam Recorder. Later, Phraya Sisunthonwohan changed the lyrics in Siamese to the poetics of the poem, Quite by naming the new song \\\"Chom Rat Chong Charoen\\\". Relinquishment When King Rama V visited British Singapore in 1871, 'God Save the King' was played and it was realised that the song is both the national anthem of Britain and Siam. After he returned back to Siam, he invited to discuss about changing the royal and national anthem. Khru Mi Khaek decided to bring \\\"Bulan Loi Luean\\\", a piece composed by a former King, Rama II and decided to add a part to the song. Lyrics See also Sansoen Phra Narai, a former royal anthem of Thailand Bulan Loi Luean, another former royal anthem of Thailand References Thai songs Historical national anthems Royal anthems Songs about kings God Save the King\",\n \"title\": \"Chom Rat Chong Charoen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51985527\",\n \"text\": \"Girt by Sea is a documentary film about the Australian coast which combines archive and crowd-sourced footage with an original soundtrack by The Panics. The film was made using footage from the National Film and Sound Archive and ABC Archives along with crowd-sourced home movies contributed through social media. Its content spans 100 years of moving images. The film Girt by Sea follows the format of From the Sea to the Land Beyond, also produced by Heather Croall. It explores the role the coast has played in Australia's national identity. It depicts surf lifesavers on Bondi Beach, shipbuilding in Whyalla, the Great Ocean Road, coral reefs off Queensland, the indigenous fishermen of Groote Eylandt, and Tasmania's sentinel lighthouses. It also shows darker moments such as whaling, the impact of colonisation, and changing views on immigration. The film was commissioned by ABC TV Arts, Perth International Arts Festival, ScreenWest, Screen Australia and the National Film and Sound Archive. The title comes from a line in the Australian national anthem, Advance Australia Fair, \\\"Our home is girt by sea\\\" with \\\"girt\\\" meaning surrounded by water. Screenings The sold-out world premiere was at Perth International Arts Festival on 9 February 2014, with live accompaniment by The Panics. It was broadcast on ABC 1 on 16 February 2014. It was also screened as part of the Great Southern Festival and the Adelaide Guitar Festival. References External links 2014 in Australian television Australian documentary television films 2014 documentary films 2014 films Documentary films about Australia Documentary films about nature 2010s English-language films 2010s Australian films\",\n \"title\": \"Girt by Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68682374\",\n \"text\": \"Umara Sinhawansa (born 14 March 1989), is a Sri Lankan singer, songwriter, producer, and audio engineer. She is known for her contributions to the country's pop, R&B and jazz genres. Sinhawansa gained prominence working with Bathiya and Santhush's musical group, and later transitioned to solo-singing. Early life Umara Sinhawansa was born into a family of professional musicians, father Tony Sinhawansa and mother Ayesha Sinhawansa, who allowed her to be exposed to all genres of music from jazz and hip hop to classic and R&B. She has one sister, (Umaria Sinhawansa), and two brothers. Umara was educated at Muslim Ladies’ College and represented Sri Lanka in three international singing competitions. She and her sister Umaria won third place at the 2011 Crimea Music Fest, competing against singers from all around the world, and won first prize at the All-Island Singing Competition of Sri Lanka. Career She did her first professional recording at the age of 10 along with her sister Umaria and made her first public performance at the age of 13. Later on Umara teamed up with the popular singing duo Bathiya and Santhush, and was the designated audio engineer when they toured. She has a vocal range of four and a half octaves. Some of her chart toppers are \\\"Wassanayata\\\", \\\"Shaheena\\\", \\\"Sihina Ko\\\" and \\\"Malak Thibuna\\\" with Chithral Somapla and Kasthuri. After her marriage to Risky Fahmi, she moved to Hong Kong, where she mastered the art of jazz under Dylan Lye. During a 6-year stint in Hong Kong, she performed in the Chinese market and established herself as a Sri Lankan vocalist while performing with her band Proteus. After returning from Hong Kong in 2017, Umara launched her academy, Umara Music Studio (UMS) which provides music and vocal training for students of all ages. National Anthem controversy On 30 July 2023, Sinhawansa performed for the opening ceremony of the Lanka Premier League cricket tournament held at R. Premadasa Stadium, along with singers Yohani and Chitral Somapala. Sinhawansa came under scrutiny for her rendition of \\\"Sri Lanka Matha\\\", the national anthem of Sri Lanka. Critics accused her of allegedly distorting the lyrics, changing the word \\\"matha\\\" (mother) to \\\"mahatha\\\" (mister). Others criticized her style of singing as operatic and Westernized, deviating too much from the style of the original. Public opinion was divided on social media. While many heavily criticized Sinhawansa for \\\"tarnishing\\\" the national anthem, others including public figures such as singer Ashanthi De Alwis and Samagi Jana Balawegaya MP Chamathka Ratnayake came to her defense. Politicians from the country's Buddha Sasana and Ministry of Public Administration condemned the event as unconstitutional, sighting the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka's protections of the national anthem. On 31 July 2023, the Ministry of Public Administration, Home Affairs, Provincial Councils and Local Government issued a gazette written by ministry secretary Ranjith Asoka, stating that a probe will be launched to investigate the alleged distortion of the national anthem. On 2 August 2023, Sinhawansa issued an apology on social media, stating, \\\"I\",\n \"title\": \"Umara Sinhawansa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1889044\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Am Australian\\\" (or \\\"We Are Australian\\\") is a popular Australian song written in 1987 by Bruce Woodley of the Seekers and Dobe Newton of the Bushwackers. Its lyrics are filled with many historic and cultural references, such as to the \\\"digger\\\", Albert Namatjira and Ned Kelly, among others. Its popularity has made it one of a number of Australian patriotic songs considered as alternatives to the current national anthem, \\\"Advance Australia Fair\\\". It is commonly taught in primary schools. In the years since the song's release, there have been calls for it to become Australia's national anthem, notably in 2011 by former Victorian Premier Jeff Kennett. First release The song was first released as the final track on Bruce Woodley's 1987 double album Roaring Days/I Am Australian, with vocals by Woodley and his daughter Claire. Festivities \\\"I Am Australian\\\" is popular at celebrations such as Australia Day and New Year's Day. It is often sung by Australian fans at sporting events. It was sung by the Seekers at the 1994 AFL Grand Final. It was often played at citizenship ceremonies from 2008 until 2012 when the Copyright Tribunal ruled that this was an infringement and ordered the Federal Government to pay Bruce Woodley $149,743.34 in compensation. It was one of the final numbers performed at the 2016 Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo hosted at Marvel Stadium (previously Etihad Stadium at the time) in Melbourne. It was sung primarily by Australian military personnel with backing vocals and musical accompaniment by the combined acts of the Tattoo. Spectators seated in the public gallery of the Australian House of Representatives erupted into applause and sang part of \\\"I am Australian\\\" when Parliament voted on and legalised same-sex marriage on 7 December 2017. Appeals In 1996, the Salvation Army used the song in TV advertisements for its Red Shield Appeal. The song was used by the Australian Republican Movement in radio and television advertisements during the 1999 Australian republic referendum. In October 2003, in conjunction with the sponsorship of the 2003 Rugby World Cup, Australian telecommunications giant Telstra launched a new campaign centred on the song remixed and performed by Rai Thistlethwayte. The campaign was produced by advertising company Young and Rubicam. In aid of the Farmhand Foundation's Drought Relief Appeal, Telstra released a CD of the Rai Thistlethwayte rework that sold for $6. A total of $100,000 was raised from the profits ($4.05 per CD) generated from the sale of the CD. The actual published copy of the CD credits \\\"Performed by: Rai Thistlewayte & other artists\\\" and \\\"Music re-arranged by: Rai Thistlewayte\\\". In 2008, Telstra used a different version of the song recorded by the Sydney band, Botanics, for advertising their mobile coverage of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. In 2009, two additional verses were added to show remembrance during the official National Day of Mourning for the victims of the Black Saturday bushfires. Woodley performed the song along with his daughter Clare and Kinglake fire survivors Merelyn and David Carter during\",\n \"title\": \"I Am Australian\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"380312\",\n \"text\": \"The State Anthem of the Armenian SSR was the national anthem of Armenia when it was a republic of the Soviet Union and known as the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. It was used between 1944 and 1991. Its music was composed by Armenian composer Aram Khachaturian, and the lyrics were written by Sarmen. Along with the Anthem of the Estonian SSR, it is one of the only two SSR anthems without an intro. Upon independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia adopted the anthem \\\"Mer Hayrenik\\\" in its place, though there has been occasional debate about restoring the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR with different lyrics as the national anthem. Lyrics 1956–1991 version 1944–1956 version Restoration attempts The anthem has always maintained simultaneous public support and displeasure in Armenia, and there have been attempts to restore the anthem's melody with new lyrics as the national anthem of the Republic of Armenia, similar to the case with Russia's in 2000 during the early years of Vladimir Putin's presidency. Some Armenian composers and artists have long disliked the uncomplicated theme of the current national anthem, \\\"Mer Hayrenik\\\", and have expressed a desire for a more solemn tune, while others have stated that singing \\\"Mer Hayrenik\\\" itself has carried too much sorrow throughout the 20th and 21st centuries and that a more joyous alternative should be chosen. In 2019, National Assembly vice-speaker Alen Simonyan claimed that most Armenians do not like the current anthem. Eurasianet reported in 2019 that the current anthem remains unpopular with many Armenians, mainly for aesthetic reasons. In 2005, the issue of changing the national anthem was discussed in government, which culminated in a constitutional referendum on adopting new state symbols within one year (by 6 December 2006). In early 2006, a competition for a new anthem was held by Minister of Culture Hasmik Poghosyan. The competition received 85 entries, and in August the commission shortlisted five, which did not include \\\"Mer Hayrenik\\\" but included a proposal with the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR and lyrics by Armen Soghomonyan. This proposal won the competition, but the commission members rejected the submitted lyrics, urging local authors to submit better ones. While several Armenian music and arts figures were indifferent to or supportive of the change to the music, the results of the competition were eventually scrapped in October, after strong opposition from the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (or \\\"Dashnaks\\\"), then a member of the ruling coalition, throughout over the selection of a Soviet-era song. The government instead adopted a draft law that would keep \\\"Mer Hayrenik\\\" as the anthem for at least one more year. The adoption of the law was after the 6 December 2006 date set late the year prior as the constitutional deadline for reaffirming the existing state symbol. In 2012, actor Sos Sargsyan, writer Levon Ananyan and publicist Zori Balayan sent an open letter with 2,208 signatures to the president petitioning to restore the Soviet-era coat of arms designed by\",\n \"title\": \"Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6163391\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Anthem\\\" is a song by American rock band Good Charlotte from their studio album, The Young and the Hopeless (2002). Members Joel Madden and Benji Madden originally wrote the song for a film soundtrack alongside John Feldmann, but it did not appear in the film. According to Joel Madden, the song is about \\\"not living the way that you're supposed to live\\\", and Benji Madden added that the song is about achieving one's goals. \\\"The Anthem\\\" was released on January 13, 2003, as the second single from The Young and the Hopeless and charted in several countries, peaking at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number 43 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song has received gold certifications in Australia and the United States, and platinum in the United Kingdom. The second disc of the UK CD single features a live cover of the song \\\"Acquiesce\\\" by Britpop band Oasis. Background and composition When lead vocalist Joel Madden was 19, he went out to Los Angeles for the first time and met up with producer John Feldmann, and they went surfing together. Feldmann told Joel that a movie was looking for a soundtrack song, and Joel wrote an appropriate one with his brother Benji Madden and Feldmann that turned into \\\"The Anthem\\\". The movie ended up not wanting the song, but it became a charting hit for the band in several countries when they released it. Despite the title, Joel said, \\\"I honestly didn't think 'The Anthem' would even be a big song.\\\" In 2003, Joel described the lyrics: \\\"To us,\\\" added guitarist Billy Martin in the same interview, \\\"it's a song saying that whatever goal you have, try and reach it.\\\" Composed in the key of D major, \\\"The Anthem\\\" is written in common time with a driving rock tempo. Release and reception \\\"The Anthem\\\" was serviced to American alternative radio on January 13, 2003, and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in late March 2003. The song then crossed over to contemporary hit radio, to which the song was released on March 3, 2003. Appearing as the Billboard Hot 100's \\\"Hot Shot Debut\\\" at number 56 later the same month, \\\"The Anthem\\\" took three more weeks to peak at number 43 on the listing, becoming Good Charlotte's second top-50 hit in the US. The song also charted on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40, where it reached number 11 in May 2003. On December 12, 2005, the song received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over 500,000 digital copies in the US. \\\"The Anthem\\\" was released in Australia as a CD single on March 3, 2003. The following week, the song debuted at number 14, its peak, on the ARIA Singles Chart and spent a second week at number 14 in April 2003 before descending the chart, totaling 18 weeks in the top 50. The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) awarded the song\",\n \"title\": \"The Anthem (Good Charlotte song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32847870\",\n \"text\": \"The 2006 Checker Auto Parts 500 Presented by Pennzoil was a NASCAR Nextel Cup Series racing event that took place on November 12, 2006, at Phoenix International Raceway in Avondale, Arizona. The traditional pre-race ceremonies were held with the showing of the national colors along with the invocation service from a local minister. One of country music's top ten recording artists of 2006, Taylor Swift, sang the national anthem prior to the racing event. The green flag was officially waved at 2:35 p.m. and the checked flag was waved at approximately 5:49 p.m. After this race, Colombian native Juan Pablo Montoya and Australian driver Marcos Ambrose would temporarily become the foreigners that would consistently make the racing grid for all the future NASCAR Cup Series races along with limited degrees of success by Scottish IndyCar driver Dario Franchitti. Events held alongside the 2006 Checker Auto Parts 500 on the same weekend include the Casino Arizona 150 (NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series) and the Arizona Travel 200 (NASCAR Busch Series). Entry list Qualifying *Qualified by owner's points. **Qualified by champion's provisional. Race recap For pre-race ceremonies, the Luke Air Force Base Honor Guard presented the nation's colors. Phoenix International Raceway chaplain Ken Bowers gave the invocation. Rising country music artist at the time Taylor Swift performed the national anthem. Doug Bowens, on behalf of Pennzoil would give out the starting command. Brandon Whitt would \\\"earn\\\" the last-place finish in his only NASCAR Nextel Cup Series start due to a rear end issue on lap 123 of 312. Kevin Harvick defeated Jimmie Johnson by a ¼ of a second in front of 106,000 people after three hours and fourteen minutes of racing action. Harvick dominated this race, leading exactly 80.7% of the race. There were 12 lead changes in addition to ten caution flag waved by NASCAR for 58 laps. There was at least one red flag in the race; it was waved due to a multi-car accident on lap 305. Jeff Gordon qualified for the pole position with a speed of while the average speed of the race was . This was the final career race for team owner Doug Bawel. It was also the last DNF for Clint Bowyer until the 2009 race in Darlington. Brandon Whitt did a great job making this race, considering the team and his limited experience. His only other start that year was an ARCA race, and he had a DNQ to go with each of them. The other finishers in the top ten were: Denny Hamlin, Jeff Gordon, Carl Edwards, Mark Martin, Kasey Kahne, Kurt Busch, Dale Earnhardt Jr., and Jeff Burton. Now-retired drivers Kyle Petty and Dale Jarrett also participated in this race during their twilight years. Seven drivers failed to make the race while Robby Gordon was sent to the back of the grid due to an engine replacement. Kyle Busch failed to finish in the top ten in his Hendrick Motorsports #5 Chevrolet Monte Carlo machine. Drivers were racing for a prize\",\n \"title\": \"2006 Checker Auto Parts 500\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"247886\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\\\" is the national anthem of Zambia. The tune is taken from the hymn \\\"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\\\" (), which was composed by Xhosa composer Enoch Sontonga, in 1897. The lyrics were composed after Zambian independence to specifically reflect Zambia, as opposed to Sontonga's lyrics, which refer to Africa as a whole. History \\\"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\\\" started to become popular in South Africa in 1923 as a Christian hymn. It became a closing hymn for African National Congress (ANC) meetings and later became a symbolic song for black struggle against the Apartheid regime. Its popularity spread across Africa through churches, and the tune became associated with African nationalism movements across the continent, particularly in East and Southern Africa. Following the passing of the Zambia Independence Act 1964 in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, enacting Zambia's independence from the United Kingdom, \\\"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\\\" was adopted as the national anthem of Zambia, replacing \\\"God Save the Queen\\\", the anthem of Northern Rhodesia. In 1973, having used \\\"Nkosi Sikeleli Africa\\\" for over 9 years, it was decided that new lyrics set to the tune of \\\"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\\\" would be needed for Zambia's national anthem. A national competition was held for the new words. However, none of the entries were deemed good enough to be used in full for the anthem. As a result, six of the entries were merged to create \\\"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\\\", and the entrants selected were awarded prizes. The authors credited for the composition were G. Ellis, E.S. Musonda, J.M.S. Lichilana, I. Lowe, J. Sajiwandani and R.J. Seal. In September 1973, the National Assembly passed the National Anthem Act, which legally defined the English lyrics of \\\"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\\\" as the national anthem of Zambia. The Act also made it an offence to \\\"insult or bring into contempt or ridicule\\\" the anthem and granted the President of Zambia the rights to prescribe how the anthem is sung and to restrict its use. Lyrics On occasions requiring brevity, usually the first verse and chorus are sung. Criticism In 2005, Zambian women's groups petitioned for a number of the lyrics in \\\"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\\\" to be changed, because they felt that they were too male orientated. In response, it was decreed that the current lyrics did include women in context, and it was stated that \\\"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\\\" was \\\"composed of historical lyrics that reflect the country's heritage.\\\" In 2012, Professor Michelo Hansungule repeated the concerns that the Zambian national anthem was too masculine. He also argued that because it had the same tune as the national anthem of South Africa, it might have intellectual property implications and suggested that Zambia's sovereignty could be questioned. See also National anthem of South Africa References 3. https://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/acts/National%20Anthem%20Act.pdf External links Zambia: \\\"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\\\" - Audio of the national anthem of\",\n \"title\": \"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19949133\",\n \"text\": \"The Song to the Auspicious Cloud () was the title of two historical national anthems of the Republic of China. The first version was composed in 1896 by Jean Hautstont, a Belgian composer and esperantist, and was in use from 1913 to 1915 as a provisional anthem. The second version, composed by Xiao Youmei, was in use from 1921 to 1928 as an official national anthem. The lyrics of both songs were based on Commentary of Shang Shu () written by Fu Sheng in 200–100 BCE. Auspicious Cloud represents heaven and good luck in Chinese culture. History The lyrics of the two versions of the Song to the Auspicious Cloud were based on a song written in Commentary of Shang Shu, which was said to have been sung by the ancient Chinese Emperor Shun, when he passed on the throne to Yu the Great. Its original lyrics in classical Chinese were: \\\"How bright is the Auspicious Cloud, How broad is its brilliancy. The light is spectacular with sun or moon, How it revives dawn after dawn.\\\" The image of the song symbolized transfer and changing, which referred to the noble demise system of Chinese emperor relinquishing seats to others in Yao and Shun's era before the hereditary system of monarchy in ancient Chinese legends. After the end of the monarchy and the establishment of the republic, the lyrics of the classical song was favored by many to become the national anthem by the new government. First version (1913–15) A national anthem committee was established in July 1912 by Cai Yuanpei, the Minister of Education of the Republic of China. Representative Wang Rongbao (汪榮寶), added another quotation from Emperor Shun: \\\"時哉夫，天下非一人之天下也\\\" (Time has changed, the whole nation is no longer owned by one person.) in the last line of \\\"Song to the Auspicious Cloud\\\" and invited Jean Hautstont, a Belgian composer and esperantist, to compose an anthem. On April 8, 1913, the national anthem was used in opening ceremony of the first regular council. It was a provisional anthem until \\\"China Heroically Stands in the Universe\\\" became the national anthem of the Republic of China on May 23, 1915. Second version (1921–28) In November 1919, Duan Qirui established the National Anthem Research Committee (國歌研究會), which adopted the second version of the \\\"Song to the Auspicious Cloud\\\". Lyrics (1920) by Zhang Taiyan from the classic \\\"the Song to the Auspicious Cloud\\\" (卿雲歌) from the Commentary of Shangshu. Music (1921) by Xiao Youmei. It was selected to be the official anthem on March 31, 1921, by No.759 presidential decree, and was released in July 1921 by the Department of National Affairs (國務院). ¹糺 (jiū \\\"collaborate\\\") is sometimes written as 糾 (jiū \\\"investigate\\\") or 織 (zhī \\\"to web\\\") It was replaced by the current national anthem of the Republic of China, which is also the Kuomintang party anthem, in 1928, as a result of the Northern Expedition from 1926 to 1928 and the overthrow of the government. However, during the Second Sino-Japanese war, several\",\n \"title\": \"Song to the Auspicious Cloud\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"164326\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\" (; ) is the national anthem of Nauru. The lyrics were written by Margaret Hendrie, with music composed by Laurence Henry Hicks. It was adopted in 1968, upon attaining independence from the mostly Australian-administered UN Trusteeship. History The anthem was composed by Anglo-Australian composer and military bandmaster Laurence Henry Hicks, who was leader of the Black Watch Band. It was adopted upon independence from the UN Trust Territory of Nauru, which was mostly administered by Australia, in January 1968. The anthem did not have official lyrics at the time, but lyrics by Nauruan composer Margaret Griffith Hendrie (1935–1990) were later adopted. Lyrics See also Flag of Nauru Notes References External links Midi version of the Nauru national anthem Streaming audio, lyrics and information for the Nauru national anthem (archive link) Sheet music Nauru National symbols of Nauru Music of Nauru 1968 songs National anthems 1968 establishments in Nauru\",\n \"title\": \"Nauru Bwiema\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1990778\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Power of Four\\\" is a joint anthem composed for the British & Irish Lions rugby union team. It was written by Neil Myers in 2005. It was commissioned by the Lions head coach, Sir Clive Woodward for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand as the official song. It was intended to be a universal anthem for the British & Irish Lions to be sung before every game. However it was criticised as being uninspiring as members of the Lions squad did not engage with it and it was also noted that the fans did not like it. It was dropped as the Lions anthem after the 2005 tour and led to changes in the way music would be chosen in future Lions tours. Background The Lions were originally a representative team of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, but players from the Irish Free State remained eligible after it left the U.K. in 1922. Donal Lenihan recalled his dissatisfaction that the U.K. anthem \\\"God Save the Queen\\\" was played during the 1989 tour to Australia. Later Lions teams lacked any anthem. There was similar discontent among Northern Ireland players about the use by the Ireland national team of \\\"Amhrán na bhFiann\\\", anthem of the Republic of Ireland. This led the Irish Rugby Football Union to commission \\\"Ireland's Call\\\" in 1995 as an alternative. 2005 Lions Tour The Power of Four was commissioned by Sir Clive Woodward for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand and was written by Neil Myers. It was recorded by the Melody Music Lions Choir. The song is a classical composition played in a high key. It was first performed live by Welsh singer Katherine Jenkins before the British & Irish Lions rugby union match against Argentina at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales in 2005. it was performed despite suggestions of either God Save the Queen, the Welsh national anthem Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau or a combination of the anthems of the Home Nations of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland being played instead of The Power of Four. It is always sung in English. Before the British & Irish Lions squad was selected, Woodward sent out bracelets with \\\"The Power of Four\\\" printed on them to potential British & Irish Lions players to try and create a sense of unity and to make them think about the upcoming tour to New Zealand. This was criticised as being \\\"crazy\\\". The Power of Four was also used as a motivational slogan in some of the Lions' team building activities. The lyrics of The Power of Four were circulated to all of the members of the British & Irish Lions tour squad and the song was pre-added to the playlists on their tour iPods. The song was not released as a single however it was permitted to be broadcast by radio stations and it was made available to download on the Internet. The British & Irish Lions players\",\n \"title\": \"The Power of Four\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1325694\",\n \"text\": \"The National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic () is the title of the current national anthem of Kyrgyzstan, adopted on 18 December 1992 by a resolution of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan (known as the \\\"Jogorku Kenesh\\\"). The music was composed by and , and the words were written by and . Initially, the anthem consisted of three verses and a chorus; however, by the resolution of the Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic N 2648-V of 27 December 2012, the second verse was excluded. History Written by Jalil Sadykov and Shabdanbek Kuluyev and composed by Nasyr Davlesov and Kalyy Moldobasanov, the anthem was adopted on 18 December 1992 by a resolution of the Jogorku Kenesh. In the 2000s, several public figures began initiatives to change the lyrics of the anthem. They considered the meaning of the word бейкуттук (beyquttuq, \\\"serenity\\\", \\\"calmness\\\"), which was in the second verse, to be contradictory, with the negative prefix бей- (bey-) giving the word кут (kut, \\\"happiness\\\", \\\"luck\\\", \\\"grace\\\") the opposite meaning. In 2011, the Jogorku Kenesh set up a commission to change the lyrics of the national anthem and the flag, which had also been under dispute over the use of red and the flaming sun. The flag would not be changed, but after considering many proposals for changes to the lyrics or a new second verse, the commission, headed by Abdyrakhman Mamataliev, concluded to remove the verse entirely, stating there were generally contradictions in it. The Jogorku Kenesh voted in favour of the commission's proposal on 27 December 2012 with resolution N 2648-V. Lyrics Current lyrics Lyrics from 1992 to 2012 The anthem with the additional verse between verses one and two (official until 27 December 2012): Anthem protocol When the anthem is being performed at official ceremonies and social functions, the protocol is to put the hands over their heart if one is a civilian, which follows the American example for the playing of \\\"The Star-Spangled Banner\\\". When in formation, officers of the Armed Forces of Kyrgyzstan perform a Russian-style salute while enlisted personnel present arms with whatever weapon they might have in hand, outside of formation, all personnel salute. See also Anthem of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, the previous anthem Notes References External links Audio of the national anthem of Kyrgyzstan, with information and lyrics Himnuszok - A vocal recording of the anthem hosted on Szbszig's Himnuszok website Version of the national anthem on the audio page of the President of Kyrgyzstan National anthem of Kyrgyzstan from official website of President of Kyrgyz Republic State Symbols of Kyrgyzstan Music of Kyrgyzstan National symbols of Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz anthems Compositions in A major\",\n \"title\": \"National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31423695\",\n \"text\": \"Afghanistan has had a number of different national anthems throughout its history. History The Royal Salute (1926–1943) Afghanistan's first national anthem was adopted during its period as a monarchy. It was instrumental and had no lyrics. Grand Salute (Our Brave and Noble King) (1943–1973) This was Afghanistan's second national anthem during its monarchical period. National anthem of the Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) Be ardent, be more ardent (1978–1991) Another national anthem was adopted after the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was set up in 1978. Its lyrics were written by Sulaiman Layeq on behalf of the government of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) headed by Nur Muhammad Taraki, who decided to change the national symbols after the Marxist coup d'état of 1978. The music was composed by Jalīl Ghahlānd and was arranged by Ustad Salim Sarmad. It is known alternatively by the title of \\\"Garam shah lā garam shah\\\" (), which is also the song's incipit. Like many national anthems, it was sometimes sung abbreviated, with only the chorus and the first stanza. In 1986, Afghanistan officially abandoned communism, but this song was kept as the national anthem until 1991, when it was discontinued. Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia (1991–1996, 2001–2006) From 1991 to 2006, Afghanistan used a mujahideen battle song composed in 1919 by Ustad Qasim as its national anthem. It is also known alternatively by the title \\\"Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia\\\" (), which is also the song's incipit. The song was reintroduced by the new transitional government of Afghanistan in 2002; it remained such when the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was established in 2004 and was used by the latter until 2006. This Is the Home of the Brave (1996–2001, 2021-) During the late 1990s, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under the Taliban took control over most of Afghanistan from the UN-recognized government and ruled most of the country until late 2001. The Taliban did not have formal laws specifying its symbols, including the flag and the anthem. An a capella nasheed song named This Is the Home of the Brave () was used in its media and official ceremonies, serving as a de facto national anthem. National anthem of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2006–2021) A new National Anthem (, ; ) was adopted and officially announced as such by a Loya Jirga in May 2006. According to Article 20 of the Afghan constitution, the national anthem shall be in Pashto with the mention of \\\"God is Greatest\\\" as well as the names of the ethnicities in Afghanistan. The lyrics were written by Abdul Bari Jahani, and the music was written by German–Afghan composer . See also List of former national anthems Music of Afghanistan National symbols of Afghanistan References External links 1992 to 2006 Afghan national anthem 1992 to 2006 Afghan national anthem Afghan songs National symbols of Afghanistan National Anthem of Afghanistan Asian anthems\",\n \"title\": \"National anthems of Afghanistan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23582883\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\" (; English translation: Be Blessed Without End), also known as the \\\"Kernstock-Hymne\\\", is a German language song that was the national anthem of Austria from 1929 until 1938. Written by Ottokar Kernstock, it was sung to the famous tune of the imperial Austrian anthem, \\\"\\\" by Joseph Haydn, later known as the tune of the \\\"\\\", which since 1922 has been the national anthem of Germany. History The first but unofficial anthem of the First Austrian Republic was Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land (\\\"German-Austria, you Glorious Land\\\"). Written in 1920 by Karl Renner and set to music by Wilhelm Kienzl, the patriotic song was not able to successfully compete against the former imperial anthem and especially the latter's famous tune by Joseph Haydn. In 1929, a new anthem was introduced that was sung to this popular tune and whose text stemmed from Ottokar Kernstock, who had written it in 1920. The third verse of the poem was, however, excluded from the official status as national anthem. The song remained in use in both the First Republic and the Federal State of Austria but became obsolete in 1938, when Austria joined the German Reich. It was not the only proposal for a new Austrian national anthem. Anton Wildgans asked Richard Strauss to set one of his poems, Österreichisches Lied (\\\"Austrian Song\\\"), to music. Although Strauss did so, the music to the poem did not become popular. Here are excerpts of the poem: The introduction of the Kernstockhymne actually led to chaos, as everyone sang different lyrics to the same tune, depending on their political standpoints. The school council of Vienna decreed that people should sing Deutschland über alles, the Ministry of Education demanded for everyone to sing the Kernstockhymne. Consequently, people sang the anthem that fitted their personal political views: the former imperial anthem, the Kernstockhymne, or the , which often led to dissonance when the national anthem was sung publicly. Since 1936, it had become customary to also sing the Lied der Jugend as part of the national anthem, thus honouring the murdered chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß. As the Kernstockhymne had never gained popularity, no attempt was made to reinstate it as the national anthem after World War II. See also List of historical national anthems Land der Berge, Land am Strome Dem Vaterland Deutschlandlied Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land References External links Audio sample Official audio recording Peter Diem: Die Symbole Österreichs (in German) Historical national anthems German patriotic songs National symbols of Austria European anthems Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser\",\n \"title\": \"Sei gesegnet ohne Ende\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42026516\",\n \"text\": \"The Closing Ceremony of the 1964 Summer Olympics took place on October 24, 1964, at the National Olympic Stadium in Tokyo, Japan. The athletes from each country entered informally, despite plans to have a formal entrance. There did not appear to be any backup plan to sort athletes into their respective countries, and as a result the athletes rushed the field, sometimes arm in arm or riding piggyback, in a disorganized and chaotic spectacle. Zambia had just declared independence from Northern Rhodesia on that day and proudly marched under a newly made placard, but other placards were nowhere to be seen. The Japanese television networks were praised for covering the event live without losing their professional demeanor. When order was restored, the officially regulated ceremony was held, overseen by IOC president Avery Brundage. The athletes stood in a circle holding lights, and the large display above the field changed to read \\\"SAYONARA\\\". The national anthems of Greece, Japan, and Mexico as the next Olympic host country were played. As the closing ceremony completed with fireworks, the audience sang Hotaru no Hikari (the tune of Auld Lang Syne). The Showa Emperor was in attendance. Anthems Japanese national anthem Greek national anthem Olympic Hymn Mexican national anthem References External links Official video of excerpts from closing ceremony Ceremony Closing Olympics closing ceremonies Ceremonies in Japan\",\n \"title\": \"1964 Summer Olympics closing ceremony\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42561918\",\n \"text\": \"The Lied von der blauen Fahne (Song of the Blue Flag) was an East German patriotic song written by Johannes R. Becher and set to music by Hanns Eisler. Both Becher and Eisler were also the creators of Auferstanden aus Ruinen, which became the national anthem of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). History In 1949, the GDR was founded in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, which was in place since 1945 after Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II. German communists sought to boost the picture of the GDR as being the first anti-Fascist state on German soil. Unlike West Germany (FRG), the GDR refused to recognize its responsibility for the atrocities committed by the Nazis as it regarded itself as a new socialist national entity that had defeated Nazism. This official state myth thus enabled the growth of a strong patriotism with socialist ideals in East Germany whereas West Germany still has a difficult relationship to its own national identity, particularly with many former Nazis running the government. As the GDR still wanted to reunify Germany in its early years, patriotic and propaganda songs constantly mentioned the country as a whole. Especially in the 1950s, patriotic songs praising Germany, German unity and the future of a new, democratic nation were produced and promoted by the GDR government, the socialist party and its sub-organizations. One of these songs was the Song of the Blue Flag which referred to the flag of the party's youth organisation, the Freie Deutsche Jugend. Its authors, Hanns Eisler and Johannes R. Becher, had also written East Germany's national anthem and other patriotic songs. The official attitude of the socialist government towards Germany changed in 1974 when the constitution was modified and all passages referring to the country as a whole or the GDR as a \\\"socialist state of the German nation\\\" were effaced. Hence, the lyrics of the national anthem exalting \\\"Germany, our united fatherland\\\" fell out of use, too, as did all songs about a united Germany thad had hitherto been sung. Lyrics See also Auferstanden aus Ruinen Children's Hymn References External links Lied von der blauen Fahne on YouTube. German patriotic songs East Germany\",\n \"title\": \"Lied von der blauen Fahne\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30876661\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\" (; ) is the national anthem of Malaysia. It was adopted as the national anthem at the time of the Federation of Malaya's independence from the United Kingdom in 1957. The tune was originally used as the regional anthem of the state of Perak, \\\"Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan\\\". History Competition and invited composers At the time of independence, each of the eleven states that made up the Federation of Malaya had their own regional anthem, but there was no national anthem for the Federation as a whole(though before independence, it was God Save the Queen that was the colonial anthem). Tunku Abdul Rahman, at the time the Chief Minister and Minister for Home Affairs, organised and presided over a committee for the purpose of choosing a suitable national anthem. At his suggestion, a worldwide competition was launched. 514 entries were received, but none were deemed suitable. Next, the committee decided to invite selected composers of international repute to submit compositions for consideration. The composers chosen were Benjamin Britten (who later described his submission to be a \\\"curious and I'm afraid rather unsuccessful job\\\"), Sir William Walton, who had recently composed the march for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953, and the U.S. opera composer Gian Carlo Menotti and Zubir Said, who later composed \\\"Majulah Singapura\\\", the national anthem of Singapore. Their works were also turned down. Use of Perak State Anthem melody Tunku Abdul Rahman then suggested that the state anthem of Perak be used as a basis for the new national anthem, the committee agreed to his suggestion. On 5 August 1957, the Committee chose the Perak State Anthem, citing the \\\"traditional flavour\\\" of its melody. New lyrics for the national anthem were written jointly by the Panel of Judges, led by the Tunku himself. At the time this melody was, while still the State Anthem of Perak, \\\"Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan\\\", also the melody of a popular song called \\\"Terang Bulan\\\". The song had been very popular on Mahé, the largest island in the Seychelles, where the Sultan of Perak had formerly been living in exile. When Sultan Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah, who ruled Perak from 1887 to 1916, represented the Rulers of the Federated Malay States at the Coronation of King Edward VII in 1901, his protocol officer was asked what his state anthem was. Realising that his state did not have one, he proceeded to hum the aforementioned tune so as not to appear backward in front of his hosts. 1992 rearrangement The anthem was given a new, faster march beat in 1992, which proved unpopular and was the subject of much derision, with some Malaysians commenting that the altered tempo resembled circus music. 2003 rearrangement and proposed renaming In July 2003, it was reported in the Malaysian press that the anthem would be rearranged for the second time and the title and incipit would be changed from Negaraku to Malaysiaku (meaning \\\"My Malaysia\\\"). There was a public outcry of dismay and the\",\n \"title\": \"Negaraku\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68719436\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"We Are the Youth\\\" is a song by Australian singer songwriter, Jack River. It was released in September 2021. In November 2021, Rankin performed the song on The Sound. In December 2021, River partnered with Sydney's The Artist Studio to launch We Are the Youth Day where the song was reinterpreted by 14 up-and-coming artists. At the 2022 Rolling Stone Australia Awards, the song was nominated for Best Single. The song was also nominated for the inaugural Environmental Music Prize in 2022. Background Holly Rankin (Jack River) said she was inspired to write the track after performing at the 2019 School Strike for Climate rally calling gate song \\\"a protest anthem that forefronts a new generation of advocates and activists fighting for change\\\". Rankin said \\\"I played to 80,000 young people, and I realised that I didn’t have an anthem for them, and myself – to express how we felt about the times.\\\" Rankin told Broadsheet, \\\"I had the concept for a really long time, over six or seven years, but being at that march made me realise I didn't have the song to give to these students and to my generation about how I'm feeling and how they're feeling.\\\" Rankin was empowered by this moment and inspired by multiple global social movements and Rankin's own experiences as well as forebears of the 'political pop' style of music such as Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell and Neil Young. Rankin said she began writing the song about \\\"climate action\\\", but released \\\"...it needed to be about everything that everyone is feeling, which is, I think, a really persistent frustration with our leader and global leaders on climate action, on First Nations' rights and respects, on women's rights and respects. It feels like we’re at a cultural turning point. A lot of us feel like it can be tipped, but we're exhausted and the change needs to be urgent – especially with impending climate doom.\\\" Music video The music video was directed by Rankin and Nyikina Warrwa and Wangkumara-Barkindji filmmaker Marlikka Perdrisat. It begins with a card dedicating the track to \\\"the billions of young people driving urgent political and social change. We are living in the anthropocene. The actions of this generation will define the destiny of humanity and the planet for the rest of time.\\\" It is assembled from archival footage and focuses on global change-makers such as Jean Hinchcliffe, Grace Tame and Brittany Higgins, in addition to global advocates like Amanda Gorman, Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim and Autumn Peltier. Reception Tyler Jenke from Rolling Stone Australia called it \\\"likely one of the most important songs of her career, unveiling the uplifting and powerful protest anthem.\\\" Sose Fuamoli from Australian Broadcasting Corporation said \\\"The new Jack River single comes at us hard, but in the unique way only her music can. On the surface, it lands like a hazy folk-pop dream, yet stripping away those layers, we find some propulsive and honest songwriting from Jack River that can really strike a chord.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"We Are the Youth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17605271\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Australia\\\" is a song by Australian rock band Gyroscope, from the album Breed Obsession. It was released as the third single from their highly successful album, which peaked at number one on the Australian Albums Chart. The song was released to radio in May 2008, and was released as a CD single and digital download on 14 June 2008, along with two acoustic pieces. One of those being a live acoustic version of \\\"Australia\\\", the other a live acoustic cover of Chris Isaak's \\\"Wicked Game\\\". Meaning The song lyrically covers a range of issues surrounding the band's home country, Australia. It notably \\\"pays tribute to Indigenous Australians, first settlers, Diggers and recent reconciliation efforts.\\\" \\\"Australia\\\" is said to have risen Gyroscope's \\\"songwriting to new heights\\\", it's a track that confirms the Australian rock band \\\"are equally capable of creating softer numbers as well as the harder hitting ones\\\". Lead vocalist and songwriter Daniel Sanders speaking about the story behind the song, said \\\"It was essentially written about myself leaving England as a tot and coming to Australia, and then growing up here, appreciating and embracing our culture and heritage and falling in love with it all. I wanted to express it for my own sake... So I could rejoice in what I love about this country\\\". Access All Areas said an \\\"intimate delivery\\\" adds to the song's \\\"inspiring\\\" message, which \\\"is set to spark feelings of national pride\\\" amongst Australians. Style \\\"Australia\\\" uses a combination of \\\"subtle drumbeats\\\", acoustic guitar and stringed instruments to create its sound. The use of the violin and cello are said to give the \\\"song some extra depth\\\". The \\\"strong marching-band beat\\\" of Rob Nassif's drum kit, along with the contribution of Sanders' \\\"intimate delivery\\\" on vocals are a main feature of the song, which is credited for its \\\"lush melodic arrangement with perfectly placed orchestral flourishes\\\". Reception \\\"Australia\\\" was still a month from its release as a single when it received its first national coverage from Australian television and radio programs. The music video debuted on the Australian music program Rage on 23 May 2008. It also played a second time the next morning, and then again the next night, closing the show. Upon release of Breed Obsession, \\\"Australia\\\" was already heralded as an \\\"unofficial anthem\\\" of the country. It had been earmarked by commercial stations who were \\\"already calling it a hit\\\". The song even took an impressive compliment from Mushroom Records chief executive officer Michael Parisi, who said \\\"this is a new anthem. Massive, massive, massive.\\\" Gyroscope's third single off their third – and most successful to date – album, has been compared to Australian classics as \\\"Solid Rock\\\" by Goanna, \\\"Sounds of Then\\\" by Ganggajang and the anthemic \\\"I Am Australian\\\" from The Seekers. This comparison was made by rock historian Glenn A. Baker, who said \\\"these are songs that invoke in us feeling of who we are and where we are,\\\" and notably that \\\"the Gyroscope track would have the\",\n \"title\": \"Australia (Gyroscope song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"316531\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Song of Australia\\\" was composed as the result of 1859 competition to create a \\\"patriotic song\\\", sponsored by the Gawler Institute in Adelaide. The winning lyrics were written by an English-born poet, Caroline Carleton, and the music chosen by the judges was composed by the German-born Carl Linger (1810-1862), a prominent member of the Australian Forty-Eighters. It was one of the options in the 1977 plebiscite to choose a new Australian National Anthem, in which it was preferred by South Australians, but lost in the other states to \\\"Advance Australia Fair\\\". Contest On 1 October 1859, the South Australian Register announced: A few weeks later, the judges announced the winner, and the second stage of the competition: The winner was announced in early November: Lyrics This is the poem as published in The South Australian Register on 21 October 1859: Criticism Publication of Caroline Carleton's poem caused immediate controversy, generally along the lines that it was nice poetry, but \\\"too tame\\\". One person regretted that nothing more inspiring than the colour of the sky and the prettiness of the scenery could be found for the poem. Another wondered \\\"how hidden wealth could gleam in the darkness\\\". Someone else complained that the poem could equally refer to, say, California, while another commentator longed for a time when such a peaceful song accorded with international politics, and regretted that the contest was restricted to South Australians, that the prize was so paltry, and there was no mention of sheep. The Advertiser of 24 October, gave a spirited defence of the judges, and of Mrs. Carleton's poem, culminating in several parodies purporting to be the \\\"real Song of Australia\\\". Performances and public reaction One of its first public performances was by the Adelaide Liedertafel, conducted by Herr Linger, for a South Australian Institute soirée at White's Rooms, King William Street, Adelaide, on 14 December 1859. The song, played by orchestra and chorus under Professor Joshua Ives, was a feature of the opening ceremony of the Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition in 1887. \\\"Song of Australia\\\" was a particular favourite of the Australian baritone Peter Dawson. who called it \\\"the finest national anthem ever written\\\". His notable performances included: Recital in London as a duet with Richard Nitschke in 1905. Duet with Clara Serena at Wembley on (the then) Australia Day 24 July 1924. A gramophone recording HMV EA1003 of Dawson and vocal quartet singing \\\"Song of Australia\\\" was released in 1932. Proposed national anthem In 1924, George Edwin Yates, the federal member for Adelaide, proposed in parliament that the song be adopted as the national anthem. He proceeded to sing the first verse, despite the objections of his fellow members. The song was one of four included in a national plebiscite to choose Australia's national song in 1977. Nationwide it was the least popular of the four choices, but it had the distinction of being the most popular choice in South Australia. This result can be attributed to the fact of \\\"Advance Australia\",\n \"title\": \"The Song of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30962394\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Libya, Libya, Libya\\\" ( ), also known as \\\"\\\" (), has been the national anthem of Libya since 2011; it was previously the national anthem of the Kingdom of Libya from 1955 to 1969. It was composed by Mohammed Abdel Wahab, in 1951, with the lyrics being written by . History Kingdom of Libya \\\"Libya, Libya, Libya\\\" was composed by Mohammed Abdel Wahab in 1951 and was originally the national anthem of the Kingdom of Libya, from its independence in 1951 until 1969 when King Idris I was overthrown by a bloodless coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi. The lyrics were written by Al Bashir Al Arebi. Libyan Arab Republic In 1969, Muammar Gaddafi adopted the Egyptian anthem \\\"Walla Zaman Ya Selahy\\\" as the national anthem of the newly proclaimed Libyan Arab Republic. It was later changed to the Egyptian military marching song \\\"Allahu Akbar\\\", which remained the anthem of republic, and later, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, until 2011. Libyan civil war In 2011, \\\"Libya, Libya, Libya\\\" was declared as the new national anthem of Libya by the National Transitional Council. \\\"Libya, Libya, Libya\\\" ultimately did become the national anthem of Libya once again, following the Libyan Civil War and the death of Muammar Gaddafi. The verse that glorifies King Idris (shown in italics) has since been discontinued and rewritten to glorify Libyan national hero Omar al-Mukhtar, who spearheaded native Libyan resistance against Italian colonization during the Second Italo-Senussi War. Lyrics Current lyrics The rewritten third verse is not always sung. Original third verse (1951–1969) Tune See also Music of Libya Notes References External links MP3 version Music of Libya Libyan monarchy National symbols of Libya African anthems Royal anthems Compositions in A-flat major\",\n \"title\": \"Libya, Libya, Libya\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18154467\",\n \"text\": \"God Bless Australia was a proposed 1961 Australian national anthem by Australian songwriter Jack O'Hagan who provided patriotic lyrics to the traditional tune of Waltzing Matilda. Lyrics Credits: Music by Marie Cowan, Lyrics by Jack O'Hagan. Here in this God given land of ours, Australia This proud possession, our own piece of earth That was built by our fathers, who pioneered our heritage, Here in Australia, the land of our birth. REFRAIN God bless Australia, Our land Australia, Home of the Anzac, the strong and the free It's our homeland, our own land, To cherish for eternity, God bless Australia, The land of the free. Here in Australia, we treasure love and liberty, Our way of life, all for one, one for all We're a peace loving race, but should danger ever threaten us, Let the world know we will answer the call REFRAIN (×2) Corporate sponsorship The song was given airplay in cinema advertisements in Australia by Ampol, an Australian Petrol Company, with a 45rpm record sold by the company. \\\"God Bless Australia\\\" was broadcast in honour of Australia Day (26 January) in 1968 via various television channels. This version was sung by Neil Williams, backed by an orchestra and chorus, which were recorded at Melbourne's GTV-9 studios. At that time, O'Hagan dismissed \\\"Advance Australia Fair\\\" as a possilbe national anthem, \\\"[it] never developed into a national song. You can't make a national song overnight. It just evolves. That's why holding competitions to find one are not successful.\\\" O'Hagan also felt the original words to \\\"Waltzing Matilda\\\" were not suitable for an anthem as being undignified. STW-9 in Perth used this for their sign offs from 1977 until they went 24/7 in 1983. References 1961 songs Australian songs Australian patriotic songs Songs written by Jack O'Hagan\",\n \"title\": \"God Bless Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21345377\",\n \"text\": \"Anthems 1991–2008 is a compilation album released by Ministry of Sound in Australia and the UK and the first in a series. The three CD set features dance singles from the period of 1991–2007 (despite the \\\"2008\\\" in the title). UK Series Anthems 1991–2008 is the first in a series of albums released by the Ministry of Sound. The series is split into three mini-series, these are \\\"Anthems\\\", \\\"Chilled\\\" and \\\"Ibiza\\\". There is not an official name for the series, but is often called 'Anthems' after four albums in the series and the first mini-series. Currently, there are eight different albums in the series. The artwork scheme follows the Fifteen Years release of 2006, which is sometimes seen as the pre-runner to Anthems 1991–2008. The Ibiza 1991–2009 album notably comes in a 3-CD digipack, rather than the larger fold-away digipacks (which are contained in slipcases) used for the other seven albums. The same album is overlooked when the series is being listed in the booklet for Anthems R&B. All copies of Chilled Acoustic feature a mistake in the artwork, where the top half of the Ministry of Sound logo used on the reverse side of the digipack; is upside-down. 2011 saw the year with the most releases in the series, with seven being released, four of these featuring 'Anthems' in the name. The last two Anthems albums of 2010, Anthems Disco and Anthems Electronic 80s, were released only a week between each other (8 November and 15 November respectively). List of albums in the series Anthems 1991–2008 (2007) Chilled 1991–2008 (2008) Anthems II 1991–2009 (2008) Chilled II 1991–2009 (2009) Ibiza 1991–2009 (2009) One (2009) Anthems Electronic 80s (2009) Chilled Acoustic (2010) Anthems R&B (2010) Anthems Disco (2010) Anthems Electronic 80s 2 (2010) Anthems Hip-Hop (2011) Anthems Indie (2011) Chilled Afterhours (2011) 20 Years (2011) Anthems R&B II (2011) Anthems Alternative 80s (2011) Anthems Collection (2011) Anthems Hip-Hop 2 (2012) Big Beat Anthems (2012) Anthems 90s (2012) Anthems Electronic 80s 3 (2012) Anthems Hip-Hop 3 (2013) Anthems Trance (2013) Anthems Hip-Hop 4 (2014) Anthems 90s 2 (2014) Anthems House (2014) Anthems Drum & Bass (2015) Anthems Soul Classics (2016) Anthems Acoustic (2016) Anthems Electronic 90s (2019) List of download exclusives in the series Chilled Sessions (2008) iDrum Minsistry of Sound Anthems (2008)—iPod game iDrum Trance Anthems (2008)—iPod game Australian Series Like in the UK, Ministry of Sound Australia's Anthems series started with Anthems 1991–2008, but the series in Australia is considerably smaller and less popular compared to MoSA's Sessions and Annual series. Anthems 1991–2008 and Anthems Electronic 80's being the same version as what was released in the UK, however Anthems II in Australia did not include the 1991–2009 subtitle and focused more on Australian dance and dance tracks that were on the ARIA charts for overall and club songs. Rave Anthems 1990–1996 was released exclusively in Australia and focused on Rave, House and Hi-NRG dance subgenres. List of albums in Australian Anthems series Anthems: 1991–2008 (2008) Rave Anthems: 1990-1996 (2009)\",\n \"title\": \"Ministry of Sound Anthems\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4928900\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\" (Spanish for \\\"Our Anthem\\\") is a Spanish-language version of the United States national anthem, \\\"The Star-Spangled Banner\\\". The debut of the translation came amid a growing controversy over immigration in the United States (see 2006 U.S. immigration reform protests). Background The idea for the song came from British music executive Adam Kidron, as a show of support to Hispanic immigrants in the United States. The song is included on the album ; a portion of the profits of which go to the National Capital Immigration Coalition, a Washington, D.C.-based group. Many other artist including Tito El Bambino and Frank Reyes are also originally to be feature on the song, originating from an album which is a \\\"collection of the latino experience in America\\\" according to Barry Jeckell of Billboard. Reporter Stephen Dinan wrote: \\\"The song 'Nuestro Himno,' which means 'Our Anthem,' is not a faithful and literal Spanish translation of the words to 'The Star-Spangled Banner,' but is a hip-hop-style remix with new raps and chants.\\\" The song's first verse is apparently based on a 1919 translation prepared by Francis Haffkine Snow for the United States Bureau of Education. The only changes to the first verse from this version are a replacement of \\\"\\\" (\\\"don't you see?\\\") with \\\"\\\" (\\\"do you see it?\\\"); \\\"\\\" (\\\"bars\\\") with \\\"\\\" (\\\"stripes\\\"); and \\\"\\\" (\\\"the brilliance of rockets, the roar of bombs\\\") with \\\"\\\" (\\\"the brilliance of struggle, in step with freedom\\\"). However, subsequent verses diverge significantly between the 1919 and 2006 versions. The song features Latin American artists such as Haitian native Wyclef Jean, Cuban-American hip hop star Pitbull and Puerto Rican singers Carlos Ponce and Olga Tañón. It debuted at 7:00 pm. ET on 28 April 2006 on more than 500 Spanish language radio stations. A remix was planned to be released in June. It will contain several lines in English that condemn U.S. immigration laws. Among them: \\\"These kids have no parents, cause all of these mean laws... let's not start a war with all these hard workers, they can't help where they were born.\\\" This is not the first time that the National Anthem has been translated into another language by ethnic and immigrant groups in the United States. In 1861, it was translated into German. It has also been translated into Yiddish by Jewish immigrants and into French by Cajuns. Controversy Although the song's creators did not claim that it was a verbatim translation, Nuestro Himno has nonetheless provoked controversy for favoring style over precision and de-emphasizing the original anthem's bellicose aspects. It has also received criticism for its political use by supporters of immigrants and more liberalized immigration policies. Others criticize the rendition, believing that any variation from the official version demeans a near-sacred symbol to some Americans. According to Victor Martinez of LaLey and Radio Mex in Atlanta, Georgia, \\\"The flag, and the country's national anthem are sacred. You shouldn't touch them. You shouldn't change them.\\\" Another critic of the new version is Charles Key, great-great-grandson\",\n \"title\": \"Nuestro Himno\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27205034\",\n \"text\": \"The is the regional anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal subject of Russia. It was composed by Arkady Mandzhiev and written by Vera Shugrayeva. History The Supreme Council of the Republic of Kalmykia announced the proclamation of the sovereignty of the republic in October 1990. On the 18th, the Supreme Council of the Kalmyk Autonomous SSR adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty, according to which the Kalmyk ASSR became the Kalmyk SSR. Reflections on the coat of arms and the flag did not find this change. By resolution of the Supreme Council of 20 February 1992, No. 336-IX, the Kalmyk SSR was renamed the Republic of Kalmykia (). In Russian, the new name of the republic was Республика Калмыкия (Хальмг Тангч) (Respublika Kalmykia [Khalmg Tangch]), incorporating the Kalmyk name - the words \\\"Khalmg Tangch\\\" were removed in 1994. In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kalmyk SSR from 7 June 1991, No. 243-P -1X, a competition was announced in the republic to create new state symbols of the Kalmyk SSR. As a result, the Supreme Council of Kalmykia approved the anthem on 30 October 1992, along with its music and lyrics. The anthem was also approved by the separate Law of the Republic of Kalmykia of 4 November 1992 \\\"On the Supplement of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Kalmyk SSR Article 158-1\\\". Lyrics Regulations The order, place and time of execution of the anthem are defined by the Law of the Republic of Kalmykia of 11 June 1996 No. 44-I-3 \\\"On State Symbols of the Republic of Kalmykia\\\". According to Art. 16 of said Law, the anthem is performed during solemn ceremonies and other events held by state bodies when raising the national flag. After a newly appointed Head takes oath, the anthem is played right after. The anthem can also be played during openings of ceremonial meetings of the Parliament (e.g. People's Khural of Kalmykia) and during openings of memorials and monuments. It can be played during visits by highest officials of Russia (or its federal subjects), the CIS, and other countries (after their anthems have been played). \\\"Khalmg Tanghchin chastr\\\" is also played while state awards are being presented, and played during the openings and closings of solemn rallies, meetings, in honour of sports teams, and official celebrations. Additionally, the anthem can be played while laying wreaths to the graves of victims of political repression and those killed in the defense of their ethnic homeland. See also Anthem of the Republic of Buryatia National anthem of Mongolia List of national anthems External links National Anthems Forum Instrumental rendition with photos Vocal recording in Kalmyk Notes References Regional songs Kalmykia Kalmyk language Russian anthems European anthems\",\n \"title\": \"State Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47888708\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Lost\\\" was a 2015 single from Australian rock band Cold Chisel. The single was released weeks before the album, The Perfect Crime, that it featured on. A mid-tempo ballad, it reached number 92 in the Australian charts. The song was shortlisted for Song of the Year at the APRA Music Awards of 2016. Details \\\"Lost\\\" was written by regular Cold Chisel songwriter Don Walker and former Australian Idol contestant Wes Carr in 2012. The pair had a number of writing sessions together. Walker said, \\\"After putting out an album of the normal stuff that Idol people have to record, he wanted to do an album of real songs and wanted to see if I could get involved in some co-writing.\\\" Carr, who had played the song live for two years before Cold Chisel recorded it, said, \\\"\\\"Lost\\\" is very close to my heart. For me, at that time, I was pretty lost in life. I've always felt like i never really truly have found my place in life.\\\" Barnes said, \\\"The song was classic Cold Chisel. Don's chord changes were as tricky to sing over as ever, but once I found the way they moved, the melodies were perfect. We hadn't been on the singles chart for a long time.\\\" The song did not initially make the short list for the album, before strings and backing vocals were suggested by producer Kevin Shirley. Subsequently, put out as the single, a video was also released. Reception The Australian called the song, \\\"an honest crack at a stadium-worthy anthem that can be sung at full tilt by the audience, hitting its straps quickly by introducing what becomes the chorus after a mere four-line intro. Barnes’s voice soars, the bridge takes everything up a notch but only so that when it returns to the chorus everything can be stripped right back — and then built right up again.\\\" Rolling Stone Australia said, \\\"\\\"Lost\\\" kicks in with the heart-stopping melody of some vintage Chisel single. Hey that's right, they do radio songs too.\\\" Personnel Jimmy Barnes - vocals Ian Moss - guitar Don Walker - keyboards Phil Small - bass Charley Drayton - drums Charts References Cold Chisel songs 2015 songs Songs written by Don Walker (musician) Songs written by Wes Carr\",\n \"title\": \"Lost (Cold Chisel song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18933208\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"God Defend New Zealand\\\" (, meaning 'New Zealand') is one of two national anthems of New Zealand, the other being \\\"God Save the King\\\". Legally the two have equal status, but \\\"God Defend New Zealand\\\" is more commonly used. Originally written as a poem, it was set to music as part of a competition in 1876. Over the years its popularity increased, and it was eventually named the second national anthem in 1977. It has English and Māori lyrics, with slightly different meanings. Since the late 1990s, the usual practice when performed in public is to perform the first verse of the national anthem twice, first in Māori and then in English. History and performance \\\"God Defend New Zealand\\\" was written as a poem in the 1870s by Irish-born, Victorian-raised immigrant Thomas Bracken of Dunedin. A competition to compose music for the poem was held in 1876 by The Saturday Advertiser and judged by three prominent Melbourne musicians, with a prize of ten guineas. The winner of the competition was the Vandemonian-born John Joseph Woods of Lawrence, Otago, who composed the melody in a single sitting the evening after finding out about the competition. The song was first performed at the Queen's Theatre, Princes Street in Dunedin, on Christmas Day, 1876. In February 1878, sheet music was published. A Māori version of the song was produced in 1878 by Thomas Henry Smith of Auckland, a judge in the Native Land Court, on request of Premier George Edward Grey. A copy of the Māori lyrics, using Aotearoa for its title, was printed in Otago newspapers in October 1878. In Smith's original text the word \\\"whakarangona\\\" was used to translate 'hear', rather than the modern \\\"whakarongona\\\". In 1897, Premier Richard Seddon presented a copy of words and music to Queen Victoria. The song became increasingly popular during the early 20th century, and in 1940 the New Zealand government bought the copyright and made it New Zealand's 'national hymn' in time for that year's centennial celebrations. It was used at the British Empire Games from 1950 onwards, and first used at the Olympics during the 1952 Summer Olympics, when both it and God Save the King was played following Yvette Williams' victory in the 1952 long jump. It next played during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Following the performance at the Munich games, a campaign began to have the song adopted as the national anthem. \\\"God Save the Queen\\\" was New Zealand's sole national anthem until the 1970s. In May 1973 a remit to change the New Zealand flag, declare a New Zealand republic and change the national anthem was voted down by the Labour Party at their national conference. In 1976 Garth Henry Latta from Dunedin presented a petition to Parliament asking \\\"God Defend New Zealand\\\" to be made the national anthem. With the consent of Queen Elizabeth II, the government of Robert Muldoon gazetted the song as the country's second national anthem on 21 November 1977, on equal standing with\",\n \"title\": \"God Defend New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"197048\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Pheng Xat Lao\\\" ( , \\\"Song of the Lao People\\\") is the national anthem of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. It was written and composed in 1941 by Thongdy Sounthonevichit. It was adopted as the national anthem of the Kingdom of Laos in 1945. The original lyrics were revised after the Communists triumphed in the Laotian Civil War and established the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 1975, with the new lyrics written by Sisana Sisane. History Long a tributary state of Siam, in 1893 Laos became a protectorate of France within its colonial empire. The French claimed their annexation was to protect Laos from \\\"hostile neighbors\\\" such as China and especially Siam, which had been militarily forced to cede Laos to the European colonial power. In reality, France simply ruled Laos as a colony, even bringing in many Vietnamese to work in its governing. The transferring of control from one master to another meant that nationalist sentiment did not develop as it did in formerly independent Vietnam. However, the outbreak of the Second World War soon saw the fall of France to Nazi Germany. The new right-wing government in Siam saw this as a possible opportunity to regain formerly Thai territory lost to France, especially the land located on the Thai side of the Mekong River. To counteract this, the French colonial government began promoting Lao nationalism. Because of this liberalization, many patriotic songs were now composed, each one emphasizing Lao \\\"uniqueness\\\". \\\"Pheng Xat Lao\\\" was one of them, having been composed by Thongdy Sounthonevichit in 1941 with lyrics written by Maha Phoumi under the name \\\"Lao Hak Xat\\\" (the patriotic Laos). It was chosen as the national anthem in 1945, when the king was forced by the Japanese occupiers to declare Laos independent from French rule. This new freedom was short-lived, since France quickly regained control of French Indochina after Japan's surrender in 1945. In 1947, France granted limited autonomy to Laos within the French Union, and \\\"Pheng Xat Lao\\\" again became the national anthem. When the Pathet Lao emerged victorious in the Laotian Civil War in 1975, thanks to major North Vietnamese assistance, the new Communist government abolished the monarchy and changed the lyrics to reflect the ideology of the Marxist government. As a result, the anthem became all-encompassing, mentioning all ethnic groups in Laos, instead of focussing on the Lao race and Buddhism. However, the melody was retained. Lyrics Current lyrics Original lyrics (1947–1975) Notes References External links Michael Sauser and Gilbert Greeve - Sauser and Greeve sing the anthem on their CD \\\"Hymnen der Welt: Asien\\\" \\\"Pheng Xat Lao\\\" at empas.com Dookola Swiata - This travel website has an instrumental version of the Anthem, as an .asx file. Music of Laos National anthems National symbols of Laos 1941 songs Asian anthems Compositions in F major Communist songs\",\n \"title\": \"Pheng Xat Lao\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1306778\",\n \"text\": \"The State Anthem of the Tajik SSR was the regional anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, adopted in 1946. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, this anthem was still in use until 1994 when Tajikistan adopted a new anthem with different lyrics but retained the same melody. Background The anthem was used between 1946 and 1994. The music was composed by Suleiman Yudakov, and the lyrics were written by Abolqasem Lahouti. The melody is preserved in \\\"Surudi Milli\\\", the current national anthem of Tajikistan, with different lyrics. In 1977, the lyrics were changed to remove mentions of Joseph Stalin. This is the version presented here for the Tajik stanzas, but the Russian version given here is the old one. Unlike other former Soviet states like Belarus, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan that appropriated their old Soviet-era regional anthems as national ones but did so without the Soviet lyrics, Tajikistan retained the Soviet lyrics for a time before replacing them in 1994. It is also one of the nine countries to continuously use their Soviet-era anthems; the other eight being Uzbekistan, Russia (since 2000), Kazakhstan (until 2006), Turkmenistan (until 1996), Belarus, Kyrgyzstan (until 1992), Azerbaijan (until 1992), Ukraine (until 1992). Lyrics 1977 version 1946 version Notes References External links Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Full version) Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Short version) MIDI file Vocal recording in MP3 format Lyrics - nationalanthems.info (1946-1953 version) Tajik SSR National symbols of Tajikistan Music of Tajikistan Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Compositions in A minor\",\n \"title\": \"Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"243548\",\n \"text\": \"The \\\"State Anthem of Turkmenistan\\\", also known as the \\\"National Anthem of Independent Neutral Turkmenistan\\\" (), was adopted as the national anthem of Turkmenistan in 1996, then again with modified lyrics in 2008. The music was composed by Turkmenistani composer Veli Mukhatov, who also composed the music of the Turkmen SSR's regional anthem. The lyrics were originally written by the first president of Turkmenistan, Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Turkmenbashi), who died on 21 December 2006. Less than two years after his death, the reference to Turkmenbashi in the chorus was replaced with \\\"the people\\\", and both the third and final verse and the chorus at the start of the piece were removed. The national anthem is played at the start of radio and television broadcasts at 6:55 a.m. local time and played again when radio and television stations sign off. History Until 1996, Turkmenistan, which received independence a few years earlier, used the Turkmen SSR anthem without words as the state anthem. The new anthem was adopted on 27 September 1996 by the People's Council of Turkmenistan in Bayramali. The anthem, known by the first sentence of the chorus, \\\"The great creation of Turkmenbashi\\\", in reference to the first leader, Saparmurat Niyazov, was used from 1997 to 2008, when it was given minor changes when his successor, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, ordered to do so following Niyazov's death in 2006. Lyrics Current Version 1997–2008 Version Notes References External links Turkmenistan: Garaşsyz, Bitarap Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Gimni - Audio of the national anthem of Turkmenistan, with information and lyrics (archive link) Instrumental version of \\\"Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem\\\" in RealAudio Ruhnama - Songs and Video Clips (archive link) - This website dedicated to the Ruhnama features a page with a vocal version of the National Anthem, as well as other songs and video clips. Turkmenistan Music of Turkmenistan National symbols of Turkmenistan Compositions in F major\",\n \"title\": \"State Anthem of Turkmenistan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1699882\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Terang Bulan\\\" () is a traditional Indonesian song. This song is an adaptation based on the song named \\\"La Rosalie\\\". History The song was a traditional folk song adapted from the popular French melody of La Rosalie. Following the popularity of the French melody, it became a popular Indonesian folk song as well as for Malays at parties and cabarets in the Malay Peninsula from the 1920s to the 1930s. Since the independence of the Federation of Malaya in 1957, public performances of the song and its melody have been outlawed, as any such use is proscribed by statute. Lyrics Other versions Several lyrics set to the tune exist, with their meanings being very similar, as the exact original lyrics are generally considered to be unknown. Felix Mendelssohn & His Hawaiian Serenaders used the tune of Terang Bulan in their song Mamula Moon, on their 1947 album Paradise Isle. Dutch version Dutch singer Zangeres Zonder Naam recorded a Dutch version of \\\"Terang Bulan\\\" (spelt \\\"Terang Boelan\\\"). The meaning in the Dutch version is entirely different from the original lyrics, although the Dutch version mentions the island of Java. Other adaptation from the similar French melody Perak State Anthem Sultan Idris Murshidul’adzam Shah, the ruler of Perak, was aware of the song's popularity during his exile in the Seychelles for abetting murder. When the Sultan represented the other rulers of the Federated Malay States at the coronation of King Edward VII in 1901, his protocol officer was asked what his state anthem was. The Sultan realised that his state did not possess an anthem, proceeded to hum the aforementioned tune in order not to appear backwards to his hosts, thus 'creating' the state anthem of Perak. Malaysian National Anthem Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Chief Minister and Minister for Home Affairs of the Federation of Malaya, selected Perak's state anthem as the Federation's national hymn, on account of its \\\"traditional flavour\\\". The tune was rechristened \\\"Negaraku\\\" and the lyrics were changed, with popular performances in cabarets and parties halting as it became proscribed by statute. When Malaysia was formed in 1963, the song remained the national anthem. References External links Web.archive.org 19th-century songs Songwriter unknown Year of song unknown\",\n \"title\": \"Terang Bulan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"364904\",\n \"text\": \"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika (, ), also known as \\\"The Call of South Africa\\\" or simply \\\"Die Stem\\\" (), was the national anthem of South Africa during the apartheid era. There are two versions of the song, one in English and the other in Afrikaans, which were in use early on in the Union of South Africa alongside God Save the Queen and as the sole anthem after South Africa became a republic. It was the sole national anthem from 1957 to 1994, and shared co-national anthem status with \\\"God Save the King/Queen\\\" from 1938 to 1957. After the end of apartheid, it was retained as a co-national anthem along with \\\"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\\\" until 1997, when a new hybrid song incorporating elements of both songs was adopted as the country's new national anthem, which is still in use. History Background and inception In May 1918, C.J. Langenhoven wrote an Afrikaans poem called \\\"Die Stem\\\", for which music was composed in 1921 by , a reverend. The music composed that ended up being accepted was actually a second version; the first did not satisfy Langenhoven. It was widely used by the South African Broadcasting Corporation in the 1920s, which played it at the close of daily broadcasts, along with \\\"God Save The King\\\". It was recorded for the first time in 1926 when its first and third verses were performed by Betty Steyn in England for the Zonophone record label; it was sung publicly for the first time on 31 May 1928 at a raising of the new South African national flag. In 1938, South Africa proclaimed it to be one of the two co-national anthems of the country, along with \\\"God Save the King\\\". It was sung in English as well as Afrikaans from 1952 onward, with both versions having official status in the eyes of the state, while \\\"God Save the Queen\\\" did not cease to be a co-national anthem until May 1957, when it was dropped from that role. However, it remained the country's royal anthem until 1961, as it was a Commonwealth realm until that point. The poem originally had only three verses, but the government asked the author to add a fourth verse with a religious theme. The English version is for the most part a faithful translation of the Afrikaans version with a few minor changes. Composition It is uplifting in tone, addressing throughout of commitment to the Vaderland () and to God. However, it was generally disliked by black South Africans, who saw it as triumphalist and strongly associated it with the apartheid regime where one verse shows dedication to Afrikaners (though the specific mention of Afrikaners is omitted in the English version to avoid alienating the British-descent Anglophone whites living in South Africa as they are not considered Afrikaners) and another to the Great Trek of the Voortrekkers. P. W. Botha, who was the state president of South Africa during the 1980s, was fond of the song and made his entourage sing\",\n \"title\": \"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46404939\",\n \"text\": \"Hizb ut-Tahrir ( Ḥizb at-Taḥrīr; Party of Liberation) is an international pan-Islamist and fundamentalist political organisation. The organisation is considered a \\\"radical Islamic group\\\" and has come under scrutiny from the Australian government. They are commonly associated with the goal of all Muslim countries unifying as an Islamic state or caliphate ruled by Islamic law (sharia) and with a head of state (caliph) elected by Muslims. Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia) has prepared a structure, constitution and an anthem for its proposed Khilafah State. It has more than 300 members in Australia. The Hizb ut-Tahrir constitution contains contentious issues such as (Article 7c), \\\"Those who are guilty of apostasy (murtadd) from Islam are to be executed\\\". The proposed state would enforce Islamic Sharia law. According to Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia), \\\"Europe and the U.S are the enemy\\\", Jews \\\"are the most evil creatures\\\", women should be segregated for \\\"cultural reasons\\\", and Muslim children should not be forced to sing the Australian national anthem. 2005–2009 In Australia in 2005, the party survived a proposed ban after clearance from the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. The party planned its first Khilafah conference in Sydney for 27 January 2007. The planned conference led to allegations in newspaper reports that the party was linked to the July 2005 London bombings. Opposition politicians called on the local and federal governments not to grant visas to foreign speakers attending, and to re-consider proscribing Hizb ut-Tahrir. The demands for a ban were rejected by Attorney General Philip Ruddock, on the grounds there was insufficient evidence to warrant banning the group. Radical clerics from the group demanded the establishment of a Muslim superstate, and warned Muslims they must be prepared to kill anyone who threatened its existence. Hizb ut-Tahrir members originally planned to hold the conference in the town hall of Bankstown, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney with adjacent Lakemba as Australia's biggest Muslim electorate, but the Sydney council cancelled it. Hizb ut-Tahrir secured another location the next day on 28 January. According to the Herald Sun, he also stated, \\\"if you people are united and a third person comes along and tries to incite disunity ... kill him..., Muslims are not unique in doing so, as most nations kill those charged with treason....\\\" Conference spokesman Wassim Doureihi said the work of Hizb ut-Tahrir was not to change the political landscape in Australia. He added, \\\"It is because of Islam and my allegiance to Islam that I am responsible for ensuring to do what I can to protect the safety and security of all peoples in this country and beyond.\\\" Morris Iemma, Premier of New South Wales and MP for Lakemba, which with adjacent Bankstown has Australia's largest Muslim community, stated around the time of the conference that Hizb ut-Tahrir \\\"is an organisation that is basically saying that it desires to declare war on Australia, our values and our people.\\\" even though according to Sydney Morning Herald, the speakers at the Khilafah Conference \\\"made it clear they did not see\",\n \"title\": \"Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1102176\",\n \"text\": \"The state anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was the national anthem of Kazakhstan when it was a republic of the Soviet Union and known as the Kazakh SSR. Background The music was composed by Mukan Tölebaev, Russian composer Yevgeny Brusilovsky and Tatar composer Latıf Hamıdı, with lyrics written by Kazakh authors Äbdilda Täjibaev, Qaiym Muhamedhanov and Ğabıt Müsirepov. The Soviet-era lyrics were removed after the Kazakh SSR was renamed the Republic of Kazakhstan on 10 December 1991, In 1992, new lyrics were adopted with the same melody as the anthem of independent Kazakhstan, until 7 January 2006. From 1991 to 1997, it was one of the five remaining republics that appreciated its old anthem, then from 1997 to 2000, it became one of four (when Turkmenistan changed its anthem). From 2000 to 2006, it is one of the five remaining again (when Russia changed its anthem). It is the only SSR anthem played in ; all the others use . Lyrics Original words which were removed during the post-Stalinist era are indicated with parenthesis. Notes References Sources Қазақ совет энциклопедиясы (the Kazakh Soviet Encyclopedia) (1972–1978) External links Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Full version) Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Short version) MIDI file Vocal recording in MP3 format Lyrics - nationalanthems.info Original version (1946-1953) Kazakh SSR Music of Kazakhstan National symbols of Kazakhstan Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Year of song missing\",\n \"title\": \"Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"156381\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Zdravljica\\\" (; ) is a carmen figuratum poem by the 19th-century Romantic Slovene poet France Prešeren, inspired by the ideals of Liberté, égalité, fraternité. It was written in 1844 and published with some changes in 1848. Four years after it was written, Slovenes living within Habsburg Empire interpreted the poem in spirit of the 1848 March Revolution as political promotion of the idea of a united Slovenia. In it, the poet also declares his belief in a free-thinking Slovene and Slavic political awareness. In 1989, it was adopted as the regional anthem of Slovenia, becoming the national anthem upon independence in 1991. History The integral version of the poem was first published only after the March Revolution when Austrian censorship was abolished, since the censorship did not allow for the poem to be printed earlier because of its political message. On 26 April 1848, it was published by the Slovene newspaper Kmetijske in rokodelske novice, that was edited by the Slovene conservative political leader Janez Bleiweis. Before the censorship was abolished, Prešeren omitted the third stanza (\\\"V sovražnike 'z oblakov / rodú naj naš'ga treši gróm\\\") because he intended to include the poem in his Poezije collection (Poems), however the censor (fellow-Slovene Franz Miklosich in Austrian service) saw in the fourth stanza (\\\"Edinost, sreča, sprava / k nam naj nazaj se vrnejo\\\") an expression of pan-Slavic sentiment and therefore did not allow its publication either. Prešeren believed the poem would be mutilated without both the third and the fourth stanza and decided against including it in the Poezije. \\\"Zdravljica\\\" was first set to music in the 1860s by Benjamin Ipavec and Davorin Jenko, but their versions didn't go well with the public, probably because the stanzas that they chose were not enough nationally awakening. In 1905, the Slovene composer Stanko Premrl wrote a choral composition. It was first performed only on 18 November 1917 by the Music Society () in the Grand Hotel Union, Ljubljana. It became an immediate success. Notes References External links 1844 poems Poetry by France Prešeren Anthems of Slovenia European anthems\",\n \"title\": \"Zdravljica\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46423852\",\n \"text\": \"The 2015 Anzac Test was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane. It was the 16th Anzac Test played between the two nations since the first was played under the Super League banner in 1997. Both sides were announced on 26 April. The game was originally scheduled to take place on 1 May, but it was postponed due to bad weather. The Test instead took place on May 3, along with a Women's rugby league match between the Australian Jillaroos and New Zealand Kiwi Ferns which served as the curtain-raiser for the main game, won 22-14 by the Jillaroos. New Zealand's win was their first Anzac Test win in 17 years, and the first time New Zealand had won three consecutive test matches over Australia since 1953. As man of the match, Manu Vatuvei was awarded the Charles Savory medal. Pre-game National anthems Russ Walker - New Zealand National Anthem Adrian Li Donni - Australian National Anthem Squads 1 - Shifted to Fullback taking the place of originally selected Billy Slater who withdrew due to injury. Michael Jennings was promoted from originally 19th Man to Centre. 2 - Replaced originally selected Dallin Watene-Zelezniak who was withdrawn due to suspension. Daly Cherry-Evans and Josh Papalii were a part of the Kangaroos squad but did not play in the match. Lewis Brown and Kodi Nikorima were a part of the Kiwis squad but did not play in the match. Match summary Women's Test A Women's rugby league match between the Australian Jillaroos and New Zealand Kiwi Ferns which served as the curtain-raiser for the main game, won 22-14 by the Jillaroos. Women's squads Match summary See also References External links 2015 in Australian rugby league 2015 in New Zealand rugby league Anzac Test Rugby league in Brisbane International rugby league competitions hosted by Australia\",\n \"title\": \"2015 Anzac Test\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28243323\",\n \"text\": \"An Australian Football League team song is traditionally sung by members of the winning team after an AFL game. It is played when each team runs out onto the field prior to the beginning of the match, and played for the winning team at the end of the match. The first team song was the Collingwood song \\\"Good Old Collingwood Forever\\\", written by player Tom Nelson in 1906 to the tune of \\\"Goodbye, Dolly Gray\\\", an American music hall song. Other clubs have continued to rewrite other songs' lyrics to suit their team, with four of the 18 team songs having both original lyrics and music. Notes The Brisbane Bears' previous team song was to the tune of \\\"Battle Hymn of the Republic/Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory/Glory, Glory Hallelujah\\\" The Fitzroy Lions' team song was compiled by Bill Stephen in 1952 on a train to Perth during a football trip. Bill Stephen wrote the first line of the song after which each other player wrote a line. It is to the tune of the French National Anthem, \\\"La Marseillaise\\\" and was adopted by Brisbane in 1997. The Western Bulldogs team song was originally called \\\"Sons of the 'Scray\\\" before Footscray changed their name to the Western Bulldogs in 1997, with the song's lyrics being altered to \\\"Sons of the West\\\". At that same time, other lyrics changes were made to the last few lines of the song. The South Melbourne Swans' club song was identical to the current Sydney Swans club song, with the lyric \\\"South will go in and win over all\\\" being changed to \\\"Swans will go in...\\\" when the club moved to Sydney. Until 2021 Sydney Swans used the same 1972 recording by The Fable Singers, with \\\"South\\\" being re-dubbed as \\\"Swans\\\". In 2021, the club adopted a previously unused recording of the song dating from 2018. The lyric \\\"While our loyal Swans are marching\\\" was re-dubbed over the new recording - replacing the previously used \\\"While her loyal sons are marching\\\" and making the song more gender inclusive. Prior to their relocation to Moorabbin, St Kilda's team song was a variation on I Do Like to Be Beside the Seaside, referring to the Saints' original home ground the Junction Oval. The Fremantle Dockers' club song used from 1995 until 2011 contained a section based on \\\"The Song of the Volga Boatmen\\\", a Russian folk song, but most of the song was an original composition by Ken Walther. After the 2011 season, the \\\"Volga Boatmen\\\" section was dropped, leaving only the part written by Walther. The West Coast Eagles' song was rerecorded by Birds of Tokyo in February 2020. The song sticks with the chorus most fans will recognise, sticking with We're Flying High, but it now contains a couple of verses as well as a didgeridoo intro performed by indigenous musician Matthew Doyle, the first AFL song to contain the didgeridoo. References Team songs Australian rules football-related lists Lists of sport-related songs\",\n \"title\": \"List of Australian Football League team songs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1083645\",\n \"text\": \"The \\\"Himno de Riego\\\" (\\\"Anthem of Riego\\\") is a song dating from the Trienio Liberal (1820–1823) of Spain and named in honour of Colonel Rafael del Riego, a figure in the respective uprising, which restored the liberal constitution of 1812. The lyrics were written by Evaristo Fernández de San Miguel, while the music is typically attributed to José Melchor Gomis. It was declared the national anthem of Spain in 1822, remaining so until the overthrow of the liberal government the next year in 1823, and was also one of the popular anthems used in the First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) and, with much more prominence, the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939). It continued to be used by the Second Republican government in exile until it was dissolved in 1977 upon the end of the Francoist Spanish State in 1975. History The \\\"Himno de Riego\\\" was written between 31 January and 6 February 1820 in the town of Algeciras by Evaristo Fernández de San Miguel, lieutenant colonel of the flying column headed by Rafael del Riego, who had previously rejected another text by Antonio Alcalá Galiano. It was declared the official national anthem of Spain on 7 April 1822 when the Cortes Generales approved the corresponding decree, which was signed by King Fernando VII in Aranjuez two days later and finally published in the Gaceta de Madrid on 14 April. However, the liberal government was overthrown and the constitution repealed by Fernando VII in October 1823, with the Marcha Real resuming its role as the national anthem. In the First Republic of 1873 to 1874, part of the greater 1868–1874 Sexenio Democrático achieved by the overthrow of Isabella II in the Glorious Revolution, the anthem occupied a discreet position; the most popular anthems used at this time were \\\"La Marseillaise\\\" and the \\\"Himno de Garibaldi\\\". However, by the time of the Second Republic of 1931 to 1939, the anthem had once again gained popularity to the point of becoming the primary institutional representative of the government during this period. Contrary to popular belief, the \\\"Himno de Riego\\\" was never declared the official anthem of the Second Republic. According to one opinion, it can be deduced that the republicans did not consider the 1822 declaration of the song as the national anthem superseded or repealed. Lyrics Original lyrics (1820–1823) The following is the original version used during the Trienio Liberal (1820–1823). First short version (1931–1939) The following is the version used during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939). It consisted of verses one, three and seven of the original version, with a few minor lyrical changes. Second short version The following version consists of the first and last verses of the original, with a few minor lyrical changes. Satirical lyrics This alternative version was extremely popular amongst Spaniards, particularly in Catalonia, during the Spanish Civil War. The rudeness of the lyrics reflects the dislike of Republican Spain for the church and the monarchy. After the war, these lyrics continued to be sung by Franco's detractors\",\n \"title\": \"Himno de Riego\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1984"],"string":"[\n \"1984\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":55,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_32328"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when was the last touch of frost made"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"651924","text":"A Touch of Frost is a television detective series produced by Yorkshire Television (later ITV Studios) for ITV from 6 December 1992 until 5 April 2010, initially based on the Frost novels by R. D. Wingfield. Writing credit for the three episodes in the first 1992 series went to Richard Harris. The series stars David Jason as Detective Inspector William Edward \"Jack\" Frost, an experienced and dedicated detective who frequently clashes with his superiors. In his cases, Frost is usually assisted by a variety of detective sergeants or constables, with each bringing a different slant to the particular case. Comic relief is provided by Frost's interactions with the bureaucratically-minded Superintendent Norman \"Horn-rimmed Harry\" Mullett, played by Bruce Alexander. A number of young actors had their major debut as supporting cast in the show, including: Matt Bardock, Ben Daniels, Neil Stuke, Mark Letheren, Colin Buchanan, Jason Maza, Jim Sturgess, Damian Lewis and Marc Warren. Background The series is set in the fictional southern England town of Denton. Denton may be in Berkshire, Oxfordshire or Wiltshire. There are many references to Reading, Oxford, and Swindon. In SE1E1 a character mentions going to Bishop's Stortford, implying it is a short journey away and thus in the Hertfordshire or Essex area. In SE2E3 a suspect talks about \"Driving over to Chelmsford\", implying reasonable proximity to Denton, again placing the action in the Herts/Essex area. Frost drives a blue Ford Sierra - D843 MPP. This is a Luton registration (ending 'PP'), a very common registration in Hertfordshire, consistent with Bishop's Stortford. In the earlier episodes, the M4 and A417 were often seen, and the map of Swindon was seen in the control room, although a map of Reading was used occasionally. Paperwork given to Frost and other characters refers to Denton station as being part of the Thames Valley Police. In SE2E4 Frost hurries to Denton station and Network SouthEast branding is visible on the station signs. This is broadly consistent with most of the putative locations listed, though not with the actual Yorkshire locations. In SE4E1 Frost and Toolan observe a train passing, consisting of a British Rail Class 141 Pacer in West Yorkshire Metro red and cream livery coupled with a British Rail Class 142 Pacer in BR Provincial Sector blue livery. Both units in those liveries are quite inconsistent with Network SouthEast but very much with the Yorkshire locations. In some episodes ambiguous references to 'County' are made. This is inconsistent with Denton being part of Thames Valley since this is not part of a County force. One reference implies 'County' has jurisdiction beyond that of Denton. Either 'County' is the HQ of the county force Denton belongs to, or Denton is a small city force, surrounded by a larger county force. A situation analogous to that of Oxford City Police and Oxfordshire Constabulary pre-1968. The programme was produced by ITV in Leeds, and most of the outdoor locations were shot in West Yorkshire. Several scenes were filmed in and around the","title":"A Touch of Frost"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"651924\",\n \"text\": \"A Touch of Frost is a television detective series produced by Yorkshire Television (later ITV Studios) for ITV from 6 December 1992 until 5 April 2010, initially based on the Frost novels by R. D. Wingfield. Writing credit for the three episodes in the first 1992 series went to Richard Harris. The series stars David Jason as Detective Inspector William Edward \\\"Jack\\\" Frost, an experienced and dedicated detective who frequently clashes with his superiors. In his cases, Frost is usually assisted by a variety of detective sergeants or constables, with each bringing a different slant to the particular case. Comic relief is provided by Frost's interactions with the bureaucratically-minded Superintendent Norman \\\"Horn-rimmed Harry\\\" Mullett, played by Bruce Alexander. A number of young actors had their major debut as supporting cast in the show, including: Matt Bardock, Ben Daniels, Neil Stuke, Mark Letheren, Colin Buchanan, Jason Maza, Jim Sturgess, Damian Lewis and Marc Warren. Background The series is set in the fictional southern England town of Denton. Denton may be in Berkshire, Oxfordshire or Wiltshire. There are many references to Reading, Oxford, and Swindon. In SE1E1 a character mentions going to Bishop's Stortford, implying it is a short journey away and thus in the Hertfordshire or Essex area. In SE2E3 a suspect talks about \\\"Driving over to Chelmsford\\\", implying reasonable proximity to Denton, again placing the action in the Herts/Essex area. Frost drives a blue Ford Sierra - D843 MPP. This is a Luton registration (ending 'PP'), a very common registration in Hertfordshire, consistent with Bishop's Stortford. In the earlier episodes, the M4 and A417 were often seen, and the map of Swindon was seen in the control room, although a map of Reading was used occasionally. Paperwork given to Frost and other characters refers to Denton station as being part of the Thames Valley Police. In SE2E4 Frost hurries to Denton station and Network SouthEast branding is visible on the station signs. This is broadly consistent with most of the putative locations listed, though not with the actual Yorkshire locations. In SE4E1 Frost and Toolan observe a train passing, consisting of a British Rail Class 141 Pacer in West Yorkshire Metro red and cream livery coupled with a British Rail Class 142 Pacer in BR Provincial Sector blue livery. Both units in those liveries are quite inconsistent with Network SouthEast but very much with the Yorkshire locations. In some episodes ambiguous references to 'County' are made. This is inconsistent with Denton being part of Thames Valley since this is not part of a County force. One reference implies 'County' has jurisdiction beyond that of Denton. Either 'County' is the HQ of the county force Denton belongs to, or Denton is a small city force, surrounded by a larger county force. A situation analogous to that of Oxford City Police and Oxfordshire Constabulary pre-1968. The programme was produced by ITV in Leeds, and most of the outdoor locations were shot in West Yorkshire. Several scenes were filmed in and around the\",\n \"title\": \"A Touch of Frost\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"11768519","text":"George J. Costigan (born 8 August 1947) is an English actor who is best known for portraying Bob in the 1987 film Rita, Sue and Bob Too and for roles in TV series such as Happy Valley and So Haunt Me. Early life Born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, Costigan grew up in Salford, Greater Manchester. After attending St Augustine's C of E Primary School on Bolton Road in Pendlebury, he went to Wardley Grammar School on Mardale Avenue in Wardley near Swinton. Career Costigan has appeared regularly on television since 1978. He played Tom Towers in the 1982 series of The Barchester Chronicles, an adaption of the novels by Anthony Trollope, and in the same year starred as Tom Hannaway in a BBC adaptation of Fame is the Spur. In 1984, he appeared as lead guest actor playing Wilson Kemp in \"The Greek Interpreter\", an episode of the successful Granada TV series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, and, in the same year, also played Philip the Bastard in the BBC Television Shakespeare production of The Life and Death of King John (alongside Leonard Rossiter in the title role). In 1986, he played the lead role of Bob, an adulterous businessman in the small independent comedy film Rita, Sue and Bob Too, which has since achieved cult status. He has since starred or featured in many television productions, including The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (channelling Peter Lorre) Kavanagh QC, Coogan's Run, Connie, A Touch of Frost, Inspector Morse, Murder Most Horrid, London's Burning, The Bill, Holby City, The Long Firm, City Central, Vera, Dalziel and Pascoe, The Ruth Rendell Mysteries, The Inspector Lynley Mysteries, The Beiderbecke Connection, New Tricks, Linda Green and Casualty. His film work includes Calendar Girls and Shirley Valentine. He appeared in the role of Max Capricorn in the 2007 Doctor Who Christmas special, \"Voyage of the Damned\". In 1974, he joined the Liverpool Everyman Theatre Company, where he met his second wife, Jooles, remaining with the company for eight years. Whilst at the Everyman he appeared as Bert in the Willy Russell musical John, Paul, George, Ringo and Bert alongside Trevor Eve, Anthony Sher, and Bernard Hill. In the theatre, he created the role of Mickey Johnstone in Willy Russell's musical Blood Brothers, originally at the Liverpool Playhouse, and later at the Lyric Theatre, London. He then played the role of Estragon in Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot at the Manchester Library Theatre for three weeks from 16 February to 8 March 2008, and played Willy Loman in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman at York Theatre Royal in November 2008. In December 2009, it was announced that he is to join Emmerdale as a friend of Rodney Blackstock. He made his debut in the soap in March 2010 and his last appearance was shown on 23 July 2010. In April 2010, he starred as Alan, the ex-husband of Christine, Inspector Frost's new love interest in A Touch of Frost. In 2012, he appeared in William Shakespeare's","title":"George Costigan"},{"docid":"18033","text":"Little Nemo is a fictional character created by American cartoonist Winsor McCay. He originated in an early comic strip by McCay, Dream of the Rarebit Fiend, before receiving his own spin-off series, Little Nemo in Slumberland. The full-page weekly strip depicted Nemo having fantastic dreams that were interrupted by his awakening in the final panel. The strip is considered McCay's masterpiece for its experiments with the form of the comics page, its use of color and perspective, its timing and pacing, the size and shape of its panels, and its architectural and other details. Little Nemo in Slumberland ran in the New York Herald from October 15, 1905, until July 23, 1911. The strip was renamed In the Land of Wonderful Dreams when McCay brought it to William Randolph Hearst's New York American, where it ran from September 3, 1911, until July 26, 1914. When McCay returned to the Herald in 1924, he revived the strip, and it ran under its original title from August 3, 1924, until January 9, 1927, when McCay returned to Hearst. Concept A weekly fantasy adventure, Little Nemo in Slumberland featured the young Nemo (\"No one\" in Latin) who dreamed himself into wondrous predicaments from which he awoke in bed in the last panel. The first episode begins with a command from King Morpheus of Slumberland to a minion to collect Nemo. Nemo was to be the playmate of Slumberland's Princess, but it took months of adventures before Nemo finally arrived; a green, cigar-chewing clown named Flip was determined to disturb Nemo's sleep with a top hat emblazoned with the words \"Wake Up\". Nemo and Flip eventually become companions, and are joined by an African Imp whom Flip finds in the Candy Islands. The group travels far and wide, from shanty towns to Mars, to Jack Frost's palace, to the bizarre architecture and distorted funhouse-mirror illusions of Befuddle Hall. The strip shows McCay's understanding of dream psychology, particularly of dream fears—falling, drowning, impalement. This dream world has its own moral code, perhaps difficult to understand. Breaking it has terrible consequences, as when Nemo ignores instructions not to touch Queen Crystalette, who inhabits a cave of glass. Overcome with his infatuation, he causes her and her followers to shatter, and awakens with \"the groans of the dying guardsmen still ringing in his ears\". Although the strip began October 15, 1905, with Morpheus, ruler of Slumberland, making his first attempt to bring Little Nemo to his realm, Nemo did not get into Slumberland until March 4, 1906, and, due to Flip's interfering, did not get to see the Princess until July 8. His dream quest is always interrupted, either by his falling out of bed, or by his parents forcing him to wake up. On July 12, 1908, McCay made a major change of direction: Flip visits Nemo and tells him that he has had his uncle destroy Slumberland (it had been dissolved before, into day, but this time it appeared to be permanent). After this, Nemo's","title":"Little Nemo"},{"docid":"4502358","text":"Wade Hampton Frost (March 3, 1880 – May 1, 1938) was born in Marshall, Virginia. He was the son of a country doctor. Before college, he was first homeschooled by his mother, and then spent the final two years in boarding school. He received his B.A. in 1901 and his M.D. in 1903, both from the University of Virginia. He was the first resident lecturer at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health and was later professor of epidemiology. Frost served as Chair of the Department of Epidemiology from 1919 until 1938 and served as Dean of the School from 1931 until 1934. His work included studies of the epidemiology of poliomyelitis, influenza, diphtheria, and tuberculosis. In 1906, Frost assisted in the first successful arrest of a yellow fever epidemic in the United States. He also helped field investigations regarding typhoid outbreaks and water pollution by applying his knowledge of microbiology laboratory techniques. Frost's personal life is rarely touched on, but one of the presumed reasons that he focused on tuberculosis was because he was diagnosed with incipient pulmonary tuberculosis when he was in his thirties. He had to spend several months in a sanatorium when diagnosed. He is often considered the father of modern epidemiology. Frost's bibliography consists of 57 scientific publications.He died in Baltimore, Maryland on May 1, 1938, of esophageal cancer. References External links \"A Guide to the Wade Hampton Frost Collection.\" Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia 1880 births 1938 deaths University of Virginia alumni Johns Hopkins University faculty People from Marshall, Virginia American public health doctors University of Virginia School of Medicine alumni Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Members of the American Epidemiological Society","title":"Wade Hampton Frost"},{"docid":"3166104","text":"David Spinx (born 25 April 1951) is an English actor, probably best known for playing Keith Miller in the BBC television soap opera EastEnders from 2004 to 2008. He had previously appeared in EastEnders as a guest character in an episode in 1999 as the cellmate of Steve Owen and provided the voices on the radios in Barry Evans' cab firm. He made guest appearances in many other television series such as A Touch of Frost, The Bill and Hustle. David made his last appearance on EastEnders on 1 July 2008; his character was axed having 'run out of steam'. Filmography Big Boys Don't Cry (2020 film) Casualty (2014) Snow in Paradise (2014 Come Dine with Me (2010) – Himself EastEnders (1999) – Sharkey, (2004–2008) – Keith Miller Hustle (2004) – Security Guard New Tricks (2003) – File Sergeant Falling Apart (2002) – Men's Group Member Tipping the Velvet (2002) – Rough Man Jack of Diamonds (2001) – Kelly Conspiracy (TV) (2001) – Cook Holby City (2000) – Len Palmer Fifteen to One (2000) – Himself A Touch of Frost (1999–2000) – Dick Rycroft The Bill (1999) – Porter, (2003) – Trevor Saunders Grafters (1998) – Bailiff If Only.../The Man with Rain in His Shoes/Twice Upon a Yesterday (1998) – Vendor England, My England (1995) – Smith References English male soap opera actors 1951 births Living people Actors from the London Borough of Ealing People from Ealing","title":"David Spinx"},{"docid":"71401659","text":"Samuel Frost (January 14, 1765 – October 31, 1793) was an American murderer who was acquitted of murdering his father, and later convicted of murdering a man named Captain Elisha Allen. He was then hanged at his highly publicized execution on October 31, 1793. Early life Samuel Frost was born on January 14, 1765, in Princeton, a town in Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1779, when Frost, one of three children, was 14 years old, his mother died after falling ill. Frost thought that his father's abuse towards his mother was what caused her death. Murders On September 23, 1783, at the age of 18, Frost murdered his father. While they were digging a ditch, Frost knocked his father over, and repeatedly stabbed him in the head with a handspike until his brains were exposed. Frost did this in retaliation for the death of his mother four years earlier. Frost was quickly apprehended and charged with murder. However, he was acquitted by reason of insanity during his trial in April of the same year. After his acquittal, Frost was homeless. He would frequently do work for people in exchange for a temporary place to live. When he couldn't find anywhere to stay, Frost would live in the woods, surviving on apples and berries he found. One person he worked for was a man named Captain Elisha Allen. Allen would reportedly treat Frost like a slave. Frost ran away from Allen's estate several times, and was flogged by Allen as punishment. On July 16, 1793, Samuel Frost murdered Elisha Allen. That afternoon, Allen ordered Frost to help him with his cabbage patch. While Allen kneeled to fix a plant in the garden, Frost hit him in the head with a hoe. After Frost hit him with the hoe two more times, Allen said \"Forbear Sam, you done enough.\" Frost ignored Allen's pleas, and hit him at least thirteen more times, killing him. At his second trial, Samuel Frost pleaded guilty to the murder of Captain Elisha Allen and was sentenced to death. Execution Before his execution, Frost frequently read the bible. He also banged his head against the walls of his prison cell to feel how his victims felt. When asked what he would do if he was free, Frost responded that there was one more person that he wanted to kill. Samuel Frost's execution happened on October 31, 1793, on a hill in Worcester, Massachusetts. After confessing to his murders in front of an audience of 2,000 people he was blind-folded and his hands were tied behind his back. He was then hanged. His last words were \"I declare that I ever had a great aversion to stealing and telling lies, and think them to be great crimes. I always meant to tell the truth, and never stole, except taking a few apples from orchards may be called so.\" The hill that Frost was executed on became known as \"Frost Hill\" after his death. References 1765 births 1793 deaths American male criminals","title":"Samuel Frost (murderer)"},{"docid":"6596809","text":"Benedict Sandiford is a British actor who is best known for his role as son Neil on the British sitcom Barbara and for 'Harry Enfield & Chums' in 1997. He also made guest appearances on Heartbeat, Peak Practice, A Touch of Frost, Touching Evil, At Home with the Braithwaites, Pie in the Sky, Cadfael, This Life, Foyle's War, Midsomer Murders and Coronation Street. He played rent boy Alfred Wood in the 1997 film Wilde, alongside Stephen Fry and Jude Law, and starred in the TV drama \"Eskimo Day\" and its sequel \"Cold Enough For Snow\", both penned by Jack Rosenthal and also starring Maureen Lipman, Tom Wilkinson, Anna Carteret and David Ross. His theatre credits include: Falling Over England (Greenwich Theatre), The Schoolmistress (Chichester Festival Theatre), Spring and Port Wine, The Grouch, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (West Yorkshire Playhouse), Kafka's Dick (Watford Palace Theatre), Restoration (Salisbury Playhouse), Lady in the Van (Hull Truck and UK Tour). Sandiford is now an Artist in Residence at South Street Arts Centre in Reading, where he has made 8 original pieces of theatre: Jacksons Corner, Kaspar, The Final Whistle, The Great British Bump Off, Being Gordon Greenidge, In Ruins, Amelia, and Behind Closed Doors. He now works at Reading School as Head of Drama, where he teaches GCSE drama and A-level Theatre Studies. External links British male television actors Living people 1973 births","title":"Benedict Sandiford"},{"docid":"21356185","text":"The following is a list of episodes detailing the long-running ITV drama series A Touch of Frost, starring David Jason, John Lyons and Bruce Alexander. Series overview Episodes Series 1 (1992) Series 2 (1994) Series 3 (1995) Series 4 (1996) Series 5 (1997) Series 6 (1999) Series 7 (1999–2000) Series 8 (2001) Series 9 (2002) Series 10 (2003) Series 11 (2003–04) Series 12 (2005) Series 13 (2006) Series 14 (2008) Series 15 (2010) References Lists of British crime television series episodes Lists of British drama television series episodes","title":"List of A Touch of Frost episodes"},{"docid":"13494992","text":"The Leeds Studios (also known as the ITV Television Centre, Yorkshire Television Studios or YTV Studios) is a television production complex on Kirkstall Road in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. ITV plc had proposed to close the studios in 2009, however later in the year had a change of mind and instead decided to refit them as high-definition studios. Background The Leeds Studios have been the home of Yorkshire Television, and its successor, ITV Yorkshire, since 1968 and are owned by ITV Yorkshire's parent company ITV plc. The complex houses the main studios and administrative headquarters of ITV Yorkshire, which also has smaller offices in Sheffield and Kingston upon Hull. ITV programmes which have been produced there include: 3-2-1, My Parents Are Aliens, Where the Heart Is, The Royal, Heartbeat, Wire in the Blood, Bruce's Price is Right, Bad Influence! and A Touch of Frost. Countdown was regularly made for Channel 4 here until April 2009 (when it moved to The Manchester Studios and then to MediaCityUK in Salford) as was Win My Wage, a new gameshow for Channel 4 made by independent company Hotbed Media in 2007. The studios were also home to Through the Keyhole, (which began as a YTV production on ITV, but was later made by David Frost's company Paradine Productions for Sky1 and the BBC) and were used for the interior shots on hit comedy The League of Gentlemen and medical drama Bodies (both for the BBC). The revived Bullseye on Challenge was also recorded at the Leeds Studios as was the 2006 series of Mastermind, due to the closure of Granada Studios for the removal of asbestos at the time. The front of the main studio buildings have, in the past, acted as the main entrance to Hotten General in the serial drama, Emmerdale. History The studios were built on slum clearance land on Kirkstall Road, purchased from the former Leeds Corporation. Construction commenced in early 1967: A mild winter aided building work and by mid-1968 studios one and two were equipped for transmission (studios three and four being completed by early 1969). The studio was officially opened by the Duchess of Kent on 29 July 1968. It was the first purpose-built colour television production centre in Europe and cost over £4 million to build and equip (at 1968 prices). Colour cameras were initially Marconi Mk7s and EMI 2001s. Both of these cameras were in use until the mid-1980s. Some studios in The Leeds Studios used Marconi cameras, the others used EMI cameras. In 1976 the cameras in Studio 3 were replaced with the Philips LDK 25 models. During the 1970s, one set was used as a synthetic ice rink when not in use for filming. The regional news show Calendar was produced at the centre for many years but in 1989 was moved to a dedicated newsroom and broadcast facility based in a converted roller rink next to the main studios. The programme moved back to the main studio building in October 2012. Proposed","title":"The Leeds Studios"},{"docid":"7160486","text":"Be with Us (A Year With...) is a 2003 DVD by English girl group Atomic Kitten. The DVD mainly consists of behind the scenes footage of a year in the life of the band. DVD information Filmed over the course of 12 months, Liz McClarnon, Natasha Hamilton and Jenny Frost give an inside look how the music videos were recorded, give a glimpse into their private lives, and take a bike ride through Singapore. The DVD also contains footage of various major and minor performances across the globe. The timeframe coincides with the release of the Ladies Night album. The video features the music videos for \"Ladies Night\", \"If You Come to Me\", \"Be with You\", \"The Last Goodbye\", and \"The Tide Is High\". The DVD also contains a photo gallery. The DVD was certified Gold on 25 February 2005. Track listing Music Videos: \"Ladies Night\" \"If You Come to Me\" \"Be With You\" \"The Last Goodbye\" \"The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling)\" Plus the girls singing: \"Never Gonna Give You Up\" in the lift \"Cheeky Song (Touch My Bum)\" in a radio interview \"I'll Be There for You\" seen in the behind the scenes of The Last Goodbye \"It's Raining Men\" \"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)\" \"Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer\" \"Live and Let Die\" \"Insomnia from the movie \"Faithless\" \"Round Round\" \"Here With Me\" and much more References and notes External links Official site Atomic Kitten video albums 2003 video albums Documentary films about pop music and musicians","title":"Be with Us (A Year With...)"},{"docid":"9723113","text":"Noel Frank Johnson (28 December 1916 – 1 October 1999) was an English actor. He was the voice of special agent Dick Barton on BBC Radio and Dan Dare on Radio Luxembourg. Life Johnson was born 28 December 1916 in West Bromwich, England and attended Bromsgrove School, where his fictional character Dick Barton was listed on the honours boards. He married Leonora Peacock in 1942: they had one son Gareth Johnson. He died 1 October 1999. Career After wartime service in the Royal Army Service Corps, including evacuation from Dunkirk, he was invalided out, and joined the BBC Repertory Company in 1945. He was the original voice of Dick Barton from 7 October 1946, performing over 300 episodes before quitting in 1949 to pursue a stage career. He was paid £18 per week but felt that he deserved much more for such a popular character. He returned to play Dick Barton once more in a special series in 1972. In 1969 he appeared in a BBC seven-part David Ellis radio thriller called Find The Lady. He later played Dan Dare on the Radio Luxembourg serial, but his name was kept secret. His assured upper class voice cadence made him ideal for certain characters, notably in the BBC Radio 4 dramatic adaptation of A Dance to the Music of Time by Anthony Powell. This was broadcast as 26 one-hour episodes between 1978 and 1981; Johnson played the novel sequence's narrator Nicholas Jenkins, while the younger Nicholas was played by Gareth Johnson in the first 18 episodes. In the last quarter of the series – in which Jenkins is in late middle-age – Johnson plays Jenkins alone. His movie career included roles in Frenzy, The First Great Train Robbery, For Your Eyes Only and his last film Withnail & I in 1987, where he played a militaristic and drunken bar owner. Johnson also appeared in numerous television dramas until the mid-1990s, including Dixon of Dock Green, Coronation Street, Out of the Unknown, Doomwatch, Death of an Expert Witness, Colditz, Rumpole of the Bailey, Doctor Who (in the serials The Underwater Menace and Invasion of the Dinosaurs), Inspector Morse and A Touch of Frost, amongst many others. Filmography References External links Noel Johnson obituary 1916 births 1999 deaths English male radio actors Male actors from Birmingham, West Midlands People educated at Bromsgrove School 20th-century English male actors British Army personnel of World War II Royal Army Service Corps soldiers Military personnel from the West Midlands (county)","title":"Noel Johnson"},{"docid":"10534697","text":"Raymond Russell is an English session musician and experimental jazz rock guitarist. He is also a record producer and composer. Russell made his professional debut as Vic Flick's replacement as lead guitarist in the John Barry Seven. Session guitarist In 1973 he was a member of the band Mouse, which released a progressive rock album entitled Lady Killer for the Sovereign record label. Composition in TV/film In 1963, Russell assumed Vik Flick's position as lead guitarist of the John Barry Seven. He played on the soundtracks for James Bond films - Moonraker, You only live twice, Octopussy, Thunderball, Live and let die, The man with the Golden Gun, and The spy who loved me. Russell was later employed by George Harrison's company HandMade Films and played for the film scores of Monty Python's Life of Brian, Water and Time Bandits. Russell's TV compositions have included A Touch of Frost, for which he won a Royal society Television Award, Bergerac, Plain Jane, A Bit of a Do, Rich Tea and Sympathy, The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries, Dangerfield and Grafters, as well as The Murder of Meredith Kercher and BBC's Hooded Men. He also played in the DVD Simon Phillips Returns with Simon Phillips and Anthony Jackson. Russell was composer for British TV Detective series A Touch of Frost - series 6-15 between 1999-2010.6 He released an album A Touch of FrostT in 2003 which featured David Jason as Frost on the cover. In 2008 Russell, drummer Ralph Salmins, and sound engineer Rik Walton created Made Up Music, a music library that distributes music on its web site and by sending portable hard drives to music editors. In March 2020, Russell featured on an episode of the BBC Television programme Antiques Roadshow, in which his fretless six-string electric guitar, made by Bartell and gifted to him by George Harrison, having originally belonged to John Lennon, was valued at £300,000-£400,000. Discography Turn Circle (CBS, 1968) Dragon Hill (CBS, 1969) June 11, 1971: Live at the ICA (RCA Victor, 1971) Rites & Rituals (CBS, 1971) Secret Asylum (Black Lion, 1973) Ready or Not (DJM, 1977) This Side Up (B&W, 1989) A Table Near the Band (Angel Air, 1990) Guitars from Mars (Virgin, 1990) Why Not Now (1988) Childscape (1990) with Gil Evans and Mark Isham June 11th 1971: Live at the ICA / Retrospective (Mokai, 2000) A Touch of Frost (Universal, 2003) The Composer's Cut (Angel Air, 2005) Goodbye Svengali (Cuneiform, 2006) Myths & Legends (Strip Sounds, 2007) Now, More Than Ever (Abstract Logix, 2013) The Celestial Squid with Henry Kaiser (Cuneiform, 2015) Fluid Architecture (Cuneiform, 2020) References External links 1947 births Living people Military personnel from London People from Islington (district) Cuneiform Records artists English television composers English male composers English jazz guitarists English male guitarists English session musicians Nucleus (band) members British male jazz musicians RMS (band) members Black Lion Records artists","title":"Ray Russell (musician)"},{"docid":"25385789","text":"Charles Marshall Pratt (March 5, 1939 – December 16, 2000) was an American rock climber known for big wall climbing first ascents in Yosemite Valley. He was also a long-time climbing instructor and mountain guide with Exum Mountain Guides in the Grand Tetons. Climbing career In August, 1958, Pratt completed the first ascent of the north face of Fairview Dome in Tuolumne Meadows in Yosemite National Park with Wally Reed, This climb, completed when Pratt was 19, is described as \"marvelously direct\" and a \"memorable climb\" in Fifty Classic Climbs of North America. In 1959, he completed the first ascent of the East Face of Washington Column (later called 'Astroman') in Yosemite Valley with Warren Harding and Glen Denny. In 1960, he made the second ascent of The Nose on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley, a route pioneered by Warren Harding in 1958. He climbed with Royal Robbins, Tom Frost and Joe Fitschen, and they made the climb in one continuous push lasting seven days. Robbins said it was \"the most magnificent and complete adventure of our lives.\" The first ascent had taken Harding's team 45 days of climbing spread over an 18-month period. On September 12, 1961, Tom Frost and Royal Robbins began the first ascent of the Salathé Wall on El Capitan, named for pioneer Yosemite climber John Salathé. Pratt was purchasing additional climbing equipment for the ascent during those first few days. Frost and Robbins spent two days establishing the first of the route, and then retreated to the valley floor, where they met up with Pratt, with whom they spent several more days pushing the route to above the valley floor. Once again, the climbers descended and resupplied. On September 19, they resumed the climb, and after days of intense vertical aid climbing they reached and surpassed \"The Roof\", a overhang. On September 24, the trio reached the summit. It had taken them a total of 11 days and 36 pitches of vertical climbing to finish the route, which is rated YDS VI, 5.10, A3. In October, 1963, he made the first free ascent of the Kor-Ingalls Route on Castleton Tower near Moab, Utah, with Steve Roper. In the summer of 1964, Pratt, Harding and Yvon Chouinard spent five days in an alpine-style ascent of the South Face of Mount Watkins, located up Tenaya Canyon, a side canyon of Yosemite Valley. The climb was completed in extreme heat with limited water supplies, leading to dehydration of the three climbers. Pratt wrote in the 1965 American Alpine Journal: \"By the fourth day, Yvon had lost so much weight from dehydration that he could lower his climbing knickers without undoing a single button. For the first time in seven years, I was able to remove a ring from my finger, and Harding, whose resemblance to the classical conception of Satan is legendary, took on an even more gaunt and sinister appearance.\" From October 22–31, 1964, with Robbins, Frost and Chouinard, Pratt made the first ascent of the North","title":"Chuck Pratt"},{"docid":"7255193","text":"Beatrice Edney (born 23 October 1962) is an English television actress. Born in London, she is the daughter of actress Sylvia Syms and her husband Alan Edney. Her brother is Benjamin Edney and her cousin was musician Nick Webb. Edney first came to audiences' attention as Heather MacLeod in the 1986 film Highlander, the first entry in the Highlander series. She returned to the role again in the 2000 film Highlander: Endgame. In 1987, Edney performed the title role in the television production of The Dark Angel with Peter O'Toole. In 1990, she appeared in the Bruce Beresford film Mister Johnson, alongside Pierce Brosnan and Edward Woodward. Her many television appearances include a leading role in the 1986 television series Lost Empires, based on the novel by J. B. Priestley, in which she acted alongside Colin Firth. She has also appeared in episodes of a host of successful British television dramas such as Rosemary & Thyme, A Touch of Frost, Prime Suspect, Inspector Morse (and its spin-off, Lewis), Agatha Christie's Poirot (in the episode \"The Mysterious Affair at Styles\") and Wallander. In 1994, Edney played the role of Louisa Gradgrind in the television adaptation of Charles Dickens' Hard Times. In 1995, she had a starring role in the Channel 4 sitcom Dressing for Breakfast. In 2012, she played Queen Charlotte in The Madness of King George III at the Apollo Theatre, London. Other stage appearances have included The Girlfriend Experience at the Royal Court. Film and television appearances A Day at the Beach (1970) - Winnie Lost Empires (1986, TV series) - Nancy Ellis Highlander (1986) - Heather MacLeod Diary of a Mad Old Man (1987) - Simone (Marcel's daughter-in-law) A Handful of Dust (1988) - Marjorie Inspector Morse (1989, TV series, Episode: \"The Last Enemy\") - Deborah Burns The Dark Angel (1989, TV mini-series) - Maud Ruthyn Trouble in Paradise (1989) - Ann Kusters Frederick Forsyth Presents: Just Another Secret (1989, TV film) - Anneliese The Lilac Bus (1990, TV film) - Dee Mister Johnson (1990) - Celia Rudbeck Agatha Christie's Poirot (1990, TV series, Episode: \"The Mysterious Affair at Styles\" - Mary Cavendish In the Name of the Father (1993) - Carole Richardson Hard Times (1994, TV mini-series) - Louisa Gradgrind Mesmer (1994) - Marie Antoinette MacGyver: Trail to Doomsday (1994, TV film) - Natalia Prime Suspect (1995, TV series, Episode: \"The Lost Child\") - Susan Covington The Affair (1995, TV film) - Esther Thief Takers (1995–1996, TV series) - Cathy Worsley Dressing for Breakfast (1995–1998, TV series) - Louise The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1996, TV mini-series) - Annabella Bloodlines: Legacy of a Lord (1998) - Kate Manning Highlander: Endgame (2000) - Heather MacLeod Murder Rooms: Mysteries of the Real Sherlock Holmes (2001, TV series, Episode: \"The White Knight Stratagem\") - Lyla Milburn Animated Tales of the World (2002, TV series, Episode: \"King Solomon & the Bee\") - Queen of Sheba (voice) A Touch of Frost (2003, TV series, Episode: \"Hidden Truth\") - Sheila Hadley My Uncle","title":"Beatie Edney"},{"docid":"2091618","text":"Max Frost and the Troopers were a fictional rock music group created for the exploitation film Wild in the Streets, released in 1968. The film featured Christopher Jones as the highly influential singer Max Frost. The songs performed by Frost and his band, a group that was never formally named in the film, were credited to Max Frost and the Troopers in the subsequent singles and album. The band name \"Troopers\" is based on the term \"troops,\" the designation Frost used in the film to refer to his friends and followers. A studio group appeared on the soundtrack album for the film, along with incidental music penned by Cynthia Weil and Barry Mann and composed by Les Baxter; however, the songs were not originally credited to Max Frost and the Troopers, but rather to The 13th Power (see following paragraph). Owing to the success of the song \"Shape of Things to Come\" as a single, an accompanying album by Max Frost and The Troopers, Shape of Things to Come, was issued on the Tower record label in 1968. Musicians playing on the album were at first believed to include members of Davie Allan and The Arrows (who also released the \"Shapes of Things to Come\" without lyrics) with lead vocals by Paul Wibier (who also wrote a majority of the songs on the album), however, it is now thought that the album was actually the work of Wibier's own group, the 13th Power, who had previously recorded for Curb under the name The Moms. The music is high-energy rock with some psychedelic touches. The group was produced by Harley Hatcher and Eddie Beram for Mike Curb Productions. Their first single was recorded with Curb's Tower subsidiary Sidewalk Records. Subsequent singles were taken from their album. Their final single, \"Sittin' in Circles,\" was performed in the film Three in the Attic by Davie Allan and the Arrows. The B-side of that single, \"Paxton Quigley's Had The Course,\" was a Chad & Jeremy composition. The soundtrack album for the 1968 film The Glory Stompers, starring Dennis Hopper, contains two additional songs credited to Max Frost and the Troopers: \"There's A Party Going On\" (which was released as their first single) and \"You Might Want Me Baby.\" Later, \"Wild In The Streets: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\" was released, which included the singles from the original \"Shape of Things to Come\" LP and an additional four songs: \"Wild in the Streets,\" \"Listen to Music,\" \"Love to Be Your Man,\" and \"Fourteen or Fight!\" A European release of the Shape of Things to Come album, released in 2014 on the Captain High label, includes the entirety of the Wild in the Streets soundtrack album as bonus tracks. Cultural historian Greil Marcus borrowed the Troopers' song title for his 2006 book \"The Shape of Things to Come: Prophecy & The American Voice.\" Discography Albums Shape of Things to Come Tower ST-5147 (1968) Singles \"There Is a Party Going On\" / \"Stomper's Ride\" Sidewalk 938 (1968) \"Shape","title":"Max Frost and the Troopers"},{"docid":"1946330","text":"Jack Frost is the character from English folklore who personifies winter. Jack Frost may also refer to: People Jack Frost (footballer, born 1870) (1870–1935), Australian footballer Jack Frost (footballer, born 1920) (1920–1988), English professional footballer Jack Frost (footballer, born 1992), Australian footballer Jack Frost (musician) (born 1968), American guitarist Jack Frost (politician) (1911–1995), Australian politician John Frost (SAAF officer) (1918–1942), South African fighter ace John Carver Meadows Frost (1915–1979), aka Jack Frost, British aircraft designer for Avro Canada John W. Frost (born 1934), American academic and former tennis player Jack Frost, pseudonym of Bob Dylan (born 1941) as producer starting in the 1990s Bands Jack Frost (Australian band), Australian rock band Jack Frost (Austrian band), Austrian gothic band Arts and entertainment Jack Frost (1934 film), an animated short film produced by Ub Iwerks Jack Frost (1964 film), Russian film Jack Frost (TV special), a 1979 Rankin-Bass television special Jack Frost (1997 film), a 1997 horror film Jack Frost 2: Revenge of the Mutant Killer Snowman, the 2000 sequel to the above horror film Jack Frost (1998 film), a 1998 family film starring Michael Keaton Jack Frost (manhwa), a 2009 manhwa series by Go Jin Ho Jack Frost, an album from Australian band Jack Frost Fictional characters Jack Frost (comics) Jack Frost (Marvel Comics), pair of characters Jack Frost, a character in the Vertigo Comics series The Invisibles Jack Frost (Fables), a character in Jack of Fables Jack Frost, an Avon Comics character based on the folkloric figure Jack Frost (detective), central character in radio plays and novels by R.D. Wingfield and TV series A Touch of Frost Jack Frost (mascot), the unofficial mascot of Atlus, a Japanese computer and video game company Jack Frost, a minor character in the StarCraft expansion Insurrection Jack Frost, a character played by Martin Short in The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause Jack Frost, a character from the film Rise of the Guardians and the William Joyce book series on which it was based Jack Frost, the antagonist in Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book Jack Frost, antagonist of the Rainbow Magic book series Other uses Jack Frost Ski Resort, in the Poconos region of Pennsylvania, United States See also Frost (surname) John Frost (disambiguation)","title":"Jack Frost (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"2522239","text":"Rodney David Wingfield (6 June 1928 – 31 July 2007) was an English author and radio dramatist. He is best remembered for creating the character of Detective Inspector Jack Frost, who was later played by Sir David Jason in A Touch of Frost. Early life Rodney David Wingfield was born in Hackney, east London in 1928. He was educated at the Coopers' Company School and during the Second World War was evacuated to Frome, Somerset. Wingfield was exempted from National Service due to poor eyesight and had various office jobs in the East End before joining the Petrofina oil company. His first radio play, Our West Ladyton Branch was accepted by the BBC in 1968 and two more were then commissioned, at which point Wingfield resigned from his job. Inspector Frost In 1972, Macmillan Publishers invited him to write a book, and he wrote Frost at Christmas. This was rejected and not published until the early 1980s in Canada. Wingfield had originally planned to kill Frost in the first book, but he was persuaded instead to leave it as an open ending. Following this, two more Frost books were written: A Touch of Frost and Night Frost. In 1977 Frost appeared in a radio play called Three Days of Frost, in which Frost was played by Leslie Sands, a friend of Wingfield's. The books were first published in the United Kingdom in early 1989, and in 1992 Frost first appeared on television in A Touch of Frost, played by David Jason. Wingfield was never enthusiastic about the TV adaptation of his detective, once saying he had nothing against David Jason but \"he just isn't my Frost\". Hard Frost was published in 1995, followed by Winter Frost in 1999. Wingfield did not enjoy writing books, and much preferred writing radio scripts. In 20 years he wrote over 40 radio mystery plays, but stopped in 1988, with Hate Mail, due to the decline of radio and the success of his Frost books. As well as the many mystery plays, Wingfield also penned a comedy radio series, The Secret Life of Kenneth Williams, starring Kenneth Williams as a secret agent. Wingfield was a very private man, always avoiding book launches and publishing parties, and being rarely photographed. Other In 1982, Leslie Sands played Sergeant Fowler in Wingfield's BBC radio thriller Outbreak of Fear, a murder mystery set in the West Country. In 1987, Bob Peck starred in the Wingfield BBC radio drama Deadfall, about a demolition man whose past catches up with him. The 'winkle' postcard (sent by Inspector Frost) is most probably based on a Donald McGill seaside postcard. After a dispute with the BBC in 1984 he submitted a number of radio plays under the pseudonym \"Arthur Jefferson\", (the real name of Stan Laurel) one such play being The Killing Season broadcast in six-parts that same year and starring Sean Barrett, Michael Jenner, John Hollis, and Allan Cuthbertson; the serial was essentially a palimpsest of his earlier serial Outbreak of Fear.","title":"R. D. Wingfield"},{"docid":"38923229","text":"Paul Moriarty (born 19 May 1946) is a British actor. He is best known for playing Det. Sgt. Jake Barrett in the ITV police series The Gentle Touch (1980–1984) and George Palmer in the BBC soap opera EastEnders (1996–1998). Known for having a strong cockney accent, Moriarty has often been cast in police or criminal roles and has played police officers in ten different television shows throughout his career. Life and career Moriarty was born and raised in London, England. His acting career began in the early-1970s when he had recurring roles in the drama serial Seven Days In The Life of Andrew Pelham (1971, part of the BBC's Thirty-Minute Theatre series), and in the 1972 ITV series Holly. He also made guest appearances in several popular television shows including Coronation Street, Z Cars and The Sweeney. He also appeared in Milk-O, a sitcom pilot written by Bob Grant in 1975. In 1980, Moriarty landed the role of Detective Sargeant Jake Barrett in the groundbreaking ITV police series The Gentle Touch, a role he played until 1984. After this he continued to play guest roles on established British television series such as Casualty, The Bill, Maigret and Wycliffe. Again playing a police officer, he had a recurring role as Sgt. Bill Wells in the ITV series A Touch of Frost. In 1995, he played Col. Forster in the BBC's acclaimed adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. The following year, he had a recurring role in the ITV crime drama series The Knock, before landing one of his best known roles as gangster George Palmer in the popular long-running BBC soap opera EastEnders. Moriarty's character appeared from 1 July 1996 until 8 December 1998, when his character was one of many axed by executive producer Matthew Robinson, following a dip in ratings. Since leaving EastEnders, Moriarty has continued to appear in television shows, including Doctors as Leonard Beaumont and George Grant, Holby City and Ashes To Ashes. Moriarty has often been cast in police or criminal roles, and has played a police officer in at least ten different British television series; Z Cars, The Gentle Touch, Between The Lines, A Touch of Frost, Maigret, Peak Practice, Expert Witness, Murder Most Horrid, Doctors and Ashes To Ashes. References External links English male film actors English male soap opera actors 1946 births Living people Male actors from London","title":"Paul Moriarty (actor)"},{"docid":"32788562","text":"William Frost was a Welsh aviator. William Frost may also refer to: William Frost (MP) (died c.1408), MP for City of York William Edward Frost, English painter William Goodell Frost, Greek scholar and president of Berea College Jack Frost (detective) (William Edward Frost), fictional character in A Touch of Frost","title":"William Frost (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"1562935","text":"Mika Sue Boorem (; born August 18, 1987) is an American actress and filmmaker. She began her career as a child actress, appearing on television in small guest roles on Touched by an Angel and Ally McBeal, before earning critical acclaim for her performance in The Education of Little Tree (1997). After being cast in supporting roles in Jack Frost and Mighty Joe Young (both 1998), Boorem had a lead role in the drama Hearts in Atlantis (2001), opposite Anton Yelchin and Anthony Hopkins, which garnered her further critical acclaim. Boorem also had prominent supporting roles in the war drama The Patriot (2000) and the thriller Along Came a Spider (2001). She went on to star in numerous teen films in the early-to-mid 2000s, including the surf film Blue Crush (2002), the comedy Sleepover (2004), and the drama Augusta, Gone (2006). Boorem was a recurring guest star on the network series Dawson's Creek in 2002 and 2003. She had a central role in John Carpenter's horror film The Ward (2010), followed by roles in several independent films. Boorem made her feature film directorial debut with Hollywood.Con (2021), starring Tom Arnold and Brian Krause. Life and career Early life Boorem was born on August 18, 1987, at Carondelet St. Joseph's Hospital in Tucson, Arizona, to Holly (née Thomas) and Benjamin Boorem. She has one older brother, Benjamin Jr. Her father is a gemologist. She began acting in local theater in Arizona, and subsequently moved to Los Angeles with her family, where she attended Le Lycée Français de Los Angeles, a French-English bilingual school. Work as a child actress After appearing as herself in the direct-to-video of Disney Sing-Along Songs called Beach Party at Walt Disney World in 1995, Boorem had her first televised role in 1996 as a guest on the series Touched by an Angel. That was followed by a supporting part in The Education of Little Tree (1997), based on the controversial memoir of the same name by Forrest Carter. David Noh of Film Journal International deemed her performance as a young friend of the titular Cherokee character \"delightful.\" For her performance, she was nominated for a Young Artist Award. The same year, Boorem had a guest role playing the young Ally McBeal in the 1997 pilot episode. She also had a supporting role in A Walton Easter, a television film spin-off from The Waltons, which aired in the spring of 1997. She subsequently had a supporting role in the Christmas film Jack Frost (1998) starring Michael Keaton, for which she was nominated for a YoungStar Award for Best Actress in a Drama Film. She then had a part in Disney's live-action film Mighty Joe Young (1998), playing the young counterpart of Charlize Theron's character. She appeared on television again as a main cast member of the comedy series The Tom Show, which aired for one season between 1997 and 1998; in the series, she portrayed the daughter of a television producer, played by Tom Arnold. Also in 1998,","title":"Mika Boorem"},{"docid":"42505385","text":"Henry Edward Sutton (born 8 September 1963) is a crime novelist. The author of nine works of fiction including My Criminal World (2013) and Get Me Out of Here (2011), he teaches Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia, where he is a Senior Lecturer and the co-director of the Master of Arts in Prose Fiction UEA Creative Writing Course. In 2004, he won the J.B.Priestley Award. Early life Sutton was born in Gorleston-on-Sea, Norfolk, to writer Belinda Brett and furniture maker Toby Sutton. Career In 1983, Sutton began a career in journalism with Eastern Counties Newspapers as a feature writer and reporter. In 1987, he joined Haymarket Publishing as desk editor, and by 1991 he was working at The European where he performed a number of roles: travel editor, deputy arts editor, feature writer. He has served as Books Editor at the Daily Mirror, and as Literary Editor at Esquire magazine UK. By 2008, Sutton was appointed as an Associate Creative Writing Tutor at the UEA, and in 2011, he was made a Senior Lecturer. He is also the director of the new Creative Writing MA Crime Fiction at UEA, and the founder of the Noirwich Crime Writing Festival. In 2009, he was writer-in-residence at the university's British Centre of Literary Translation. Sutton's first published work was Gorleston (1995), a novel about pensioner Percy Lanchester, a pensioner, struggling to come to terms with the death of his wife. Percy's life is turned upside down when he meets a notorious widow named Queenie. The Independent said this debut \"pulls off the stunning feat of humanizing an out-of-season seaside resort\". His second novel, Bank Holiday Monday (1997) was also set in Norfolk, in a rented windmill on the coast where five adults and a child gather to spend the long weekend. The Guardian has said the tale \"should be required reading for any middle-class couples considering renting a holiday home in Norfolk this summer\". The Househunter (1999) was described as \"gloriously original\" and \"unashamedly honest\" by British author and critic Julie Myerson. Flying (2001) focuses on seven characters crewing an airliner on a long-haul return flight between London and New York, and the repercussions of a wild crew party in the down route hotel. Writing in The Guardian, he said he decided to set the novel on a plane, \"thinking that an object capable of inspiring such powerful feelings in me would provide great source material\". Sutton's protagonist in Kids' Stuff (2005), his fifth book, is Mark – a practical man who is reunited with a long lost daughter, and is set in Norwich. His next book, First Frost (2011) was a collaborative effort with James Gurbutt. They co-authored the novel, which is set in Denton, Greater Manchester, in 1981, and illuminates Detective Sergeant Jack Frost's backstory. Actor David Jason, who played Jack Frost (detective) in A Touch of Frost, \"not only a gripping mystery, but an exclusive look at Jack Frost's early years.\" His eighth novel, Get Me Out","title":"Henry Sutton (novelist)"},{"docid":"38236350","text":"Ripples of Desire (花漾, Hua Yang) is a 2012 Taiwanese film directed by Zero Chou. Plot The story is set on a floating island populated by pirates and lepers off the shores of 17th century Taiwan. There are two beautiful courtesans, White Snow and White Frost, who are the top attraction for at the establishment of businesswoman Moon. The sisters, known as the Rippling Sisters of Flower Street, are known for their flirtatious love duets. Men from everywhere vie for their hearts, ready to deflower them. Though they are twins, the sisters have very different personalities. While Snow is reserved and unyielding, Frost is wild and rebellious. Both guard a terrible secret. Affected by leprosy, the sisters must inflict a man with the illness to regain their own health. Meanwhile, a naive young music teacher named Wen arrives at Flower House to teach the girls new opera songs. Snow is told by Moon to inflict Wen, but the kind-hearted Snow, touched by his gentleness and talent, chose to sacrifice herself. Moon then had Frost replace Snow as the stage star and sure enough, Frost became the top courtesan in place of Snow. The ever practical Frost chides and ridicules Snow for jeopardizing everything they've sacrificed so much for. Meanwhile, even though Frost is in love with her platonic childhood friend (Scarface), she chose the rich and lustful merchant, Sir Li. In order to make her sister give up on her love, Frost plans a grand dynastic scheme to convince Snow that love is a fools game. The scheme entangles them with unscrupulous pirates, a philandering husband, a vindictive wife and kidnappings and murders. Cast Jerry Yan as Scarface Ivy Chen as White Frost Michelle Chen as White Snow Joe Cheng as Wen Simon Yam as Master Hai Sandra Ng as Madame Moon Li Xiaoran as Jen Mao Zijun as Sir Li Aviis Zhong as Maid Reception The film received mixed reviews. It flopped at the box office, merely grossing NT$3.8 million nationwide. References External links Ripples of Desire at Hong Kong Cinemagic Films directed by Zero Chou Taiwanese historical romance films Chinese historical romance films 2010s historical romance films 2010s Mandarin-language films","title":"Ripples of Desire"},{"docid":"58506851","text":"Touching the Void is a play written by David Greig, based on the book of the same name by Joe Simpson. It made its world premiere at the Bristol Old Vic in September 2018, before embarking on a short UK and international tour. The play centres on the true story of Joe Simpson and Simon Yates, climb of the 6,344-metre west face of the Siula Grande in the Peruvian Andes in 1985. Production history Touching the Void has been adapted for the stage by David Greig, based on the 1988 book of the same name by Joe Simpson. The book was previously adapted into a docudrama survival film in 2003. On 8 November 2017, it was announced the play would receive its world premiere the following year and would begin previews at the Bristol Old Vic on 8 September 2018, with an official opening night on 18 September, booking for a limited period until 6 October. The production marked the reopening of the venue following refurbishment. The play is directed by the Artistic Director of Bristol Old Vic Tom Morris, with movement direction by Sasha Milavic Davies, design by Ti Green, lighting design by Chris Davey and composition and sound design by Jon Nicholls. Following its premiere production Touching the Void embarked on a tour to the Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh and Royal & Derngate, Northampton with whom it was a coproduction. Following its opening night in Bristol it was announced the play would also tour to Hong Kong City Hall, Hong Kong, Perth Theatre, Perth and Eden Court Theatre, Inverness. A typical performance runs two hours and forty minutes, including one interval of 30 mins. Following completion of the tour Touching the Void transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre in London's West End for a limited run, running from 9 November 2019 until 29 February 2020. The script of Touching the Void was published by Faber and Faber on 6 September 2018. Following the closure of the theatre due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the play will be revived at the Bristol Old Vic from 26 to 29 May 2021, where performances will be presented live to both a socially distanced audience as well as broadcast online. Synopsis The play is set in 1985, on Siula Grande in the Peruvian Andes. It follows Joe Simpson and Simon Yates as they climb the west face of the Siula Grande, becoming the first climbers to reach the summit using the west face. Descending down the north ridge tragedy struck as Simpson slipped down an ice cliff, breaking his right leg. With Simpson incapacitated Yates lowered Simpson off the North Ridge by tying two 150-foot lengths of rope together to make one rope. With worsening conditions, frost bite and complications with the knots Yates inadvertently lowered Simpson off a cliff and Simpson accidentally dropped one of the cords required to ascend the rope. Simpson could not climb up the rope, Yates could not pull him back up, the cliff was too high","title":"Touching the Void (play)"},{"docid":"36443385","text":"A Touch of Cloth is a British television comedy series created and written by Charlie Brooker and Daniel Maier, shown on Sky One. A parody of British police procedural dramas, it stars John Hannah as Jack Cloth, a police detective with personal problems, and Suranne Jones as Anne Oldman, his colleague. The title is a play on the title of the detective series A Touch of Frost and the British euphemism \"touching cloth\". The DVD of the first series was released in the UK on 3 September 2012, and the second and third series were released on 1 September 2014. Cast John Hannah as D.I. Jack Cloth Suranne Jones as D.C/D.I. Anne Oldman Julian Rhind-Tutt as A.C.C. Tom Boss Navin Chowdhry as D.C. Asap Qureshi Adrian Bower as D.S. Des Hairihan Daisy Beaumont as Dr. Natasha Sachet Todd Carty as D.C. Todd Carty (Series 1–2) Karen Gillan as D.C. Kerry Newblood (Series 3) Series overview Episodes Series 1 (2012) Guest stars in this series include Raquel Cassidy as Claire Hawkchurch; Theo Barklem-Biggs as Darren Crossway; Brian Cox as Bill Ball and Kate Fleetwood as Kate Cloth. Series 2 (2013) Guest stars in this series include Anna Chancellor as Hope Goodgirl; Stephen Dillane as Macratty; Gwyneth Powell as Mrs McClusky; and guest appearances from Graham Cole, Peter Dean, Konnie Huq, Rufus Hound and Richard Osman. Series 3 (2014) Guest stars in this series include Jessie Morell as Ivy Branch and Adrian Dunbar as Damien Vull. Series 4 A joke trailer for the fourth series ended the last episode of series three. John Hannah claimed, in 2015, that the series has been cancelled. \"I imagine that's dead. I think it's been too long. I loved that show. Charlie wanted to do more, everyone did. It was Sky I guess. There might have been something to do with the negotiations, I don't know. We did the first one, then they wanted a lot more and Charlie wasn't sure he could sustain it over twelve episodes. So we did two more and then by the third one, they had figured out what they were doing. I think it's dead, it's a couple of years since we did that now. Normally when these things go, they go pretty quickly because people have other commitments, and Charlie is busy. It's a real shame. I doubt I'll be playing DI McDoodah for the next few years!\" Critical reception A Touch of Cloth received mixed reviews. In its review of the first series, The Guardian wrote that the show is \"stuffed to the rafters with jokes\", noting the variety of both good and bad jokes. Radio Times also commented on the hit-and-miss nature of the show: \"while a lot of [the jokes] don’t stick ... when it’s funny, it’s deliriously so.\" Series 2 received a similar critical response, with Time Out giving 3 out of 5 stars to the first episode and 2 out of 5 stars to the second episode. Again the show was both criticised and","title":"A Touch of Cloth"},{"docid":"2489779","text":"Frost may refer to two distinct weather phenomena: Frost (temperature), a value of air temperature less or equal than the freezing point of water (0 °C, 32 °F) Frost, a solid deposition of ice on surfaces and objects Frost may also refer to: People Frost (surname) David Frost (1939–2013), British broadcaster and presenter Nick Frost, English comedian and actor Robert Frost, an American poet Places United States Frost, Louisiana, an unincorporated community Frost, Minnesota, a town Frost, Ohio, an unincorporated community Frost, Texas, a city Frost, West Virginia, an unincorporated community Frost Township, Michigan, United States Elsewhere Frost (crater), a lunar crater Entertainment Music Performers Frost (Australian band), a pop rock band Frost (Norwegian band), an electronica band Frost (musician), Kjetil-Vidar Haraldstad, Norwegian drummer for Satyricon Frost (rapper), American rapper Frost*, an English neo-progressive rock supergroup The Frost, a late-1960s American psychedelic rock band Albums Frost (album), an album by Enslaved Frost (Monofader album) Other media Frost (collection), stories by Donald Wandrei featuring detective I.V. Frost Frost (comics), a character from the Noble Causes series published by Image Comics Frost (Mortal Kombat), a character in the Mortal Kombat fighting game series Frost, a 6th Universe counterpart of Frieza in the Dragon Ball Super manga and anime Mary Elizabeth Bartowski, code named \"Frost\" in the U.S. TV series Chuck Emma Frost or simply Frost, a character from Marvel Comics Frost (Bernhard novel), a novel by Thomas Bernhard Frost (Bailey novel), a novel by Robin Wayne Bailey Frost (2017 film), a Lithuanian film Frost (2012 film), a Canadian short drama film Killer Frost, the name of 2 fictional villains in DC Comics Tina \"Frost\" Lin Tsang, a playable Operator in Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege Frost, a playable character in Warframe A Touch of Frost, a British television show about a police detective A Touch of Frost (novel), a 1987 crime novel Other uses Frost House (disambiguation), any of several places Frost Art Museum at Florida International University Frost heaving, the process by which the freezing of water-saturated soil causes the deformation and upward thrust of the ground surface Frost National Bank, a bank based in San Antonio, Texas, USA Frostenden, Suffolk, England See also Frosting (disambiguation) Frosty (disambiguation) Jack Frost (disambiguation)","title":"Frost (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"1014383","text":"Susannah Doyle (born 5 July 1966) is an English actress, notable for her roles as Joy Merryweather in Drop The Dead Donkey (1991–1998), and as Avril Burke in Ballykissangel (2001). Her other credits include Scandal (1989), The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993), A Touch of Frost (1997), Midsomer Murders, Don't Go Breaking My Heart (1999), About a Boy (2002), episode \"The Fisher King\" (2004), The Revenge Files of Alistair Fury (2008), \"Shut Up and Dance\", from Black Mirror (2016), Josh (TV series) (2016), and The Last Vermeer (2020). Early life The daughter of the Irish actor Tony Doyle, she realised that she wished to follow in his footsteps when, aged about five or six, she was taken to see him work, often in tiny theatres with audience and actors close together. She trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Career Her big TV break came in 1991 with the role of Joy, the intelligent, acid-tongued secretary and foil to her corporate-speak boss, in the Channel 4 comedy Drop The Dead Donkey. Other TV roles followed, including Minder in 1994, two episodes of Soldier, Soldier in 1996 and A Touch of Frost in 1997. When her father died in 2000, the producers of Ballykissangel asked whether she would join the cast. She had reservations over her ability to cope emotionally but took on the part of Avril Burke in 2001. In 2001, she also appeared in an episode of Cold Feet and one of Pie in the Sky. In 2004, she guest starred as Vanessa Stone in Midsomer Murders, episode \"The Fisher King\" (2004). In 2008, she starred as Celia Fury in the CBBC television series The Revenge Files of Alistair Fury, which won won the BAFTA for Best Children's Drama Award. In 2010 she appeared in \"Your Sudden Death Question\", S4:E3 of Lewis. In 2012 she appeared in an episode of police comedy Vexed. In October 2013, she appeared in Sarah Rutherford's Adult Supervision at Park Theatre (London). In 2016, she appeared in \"Shut Up and Dance\", an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror. Director Doyle started as a film director in 2005, writing and directing the short film New Religion. Filmography Scandal (1989) ... Jackie Drop The Dead Donkey (1991–1998) ... Joy Merryweather The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993) ... Maggie Lemass Don't Go Breaking My Heart (1999) ... Diane Ballykissangel (2001) ... Avril Burke About a Boy (2002) ... Bitter Ex-Girlfriend Midsomer Murders - The Fisher King (2004) ... Vanessa Stone The Revenge Files of Alistair Fury ... Celia Fury A Congregation of Ghosts (2009) .... Barbara Baxter Black Mirror: \"Shut Up and Dance\" (2016) .... Blackmailed Woman Josh (TV series) (2016) The Last Vermeer (2020)... Johana References External links 1966 births Living people Actors from the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Actresses from London Alumni of Richmond upon Thames College Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art English film actresses English film directors English film producers English people of","title":"Susannah Doyle"},{"docid":"4771728","text":"Night Frost is a novel by R. D. Wingfield in the popular series featuring Detective Inspector Jack Frost, coarse, crude, slapdash – and holder of the George Cross. The novel was filmed for the ITV detective series A Touch of Frost. Plot introduction A serial killer is terrorizing the senior citizens of Denton, and the local police are succumbing to a flu epidemic. Tired and demoralized, the force has to contend with a seemingly perfect young couple suffering arson attacks and death threats, a suspicious suicide, burglaries, pornographic videos, poison-pen letters... In uncertain charge of the investigations is Detective Inspector Jack Frost, crumpled, slapdash and foul-mouthed as ever. He tries to cope despite inadequate back-up, but there is never enough time; the unsolved crimes pile up and the vicious killings go on. So Frost has to cut corners and take risks, knowing that his divisional commander will throw him to the wolves if anything goes wrong. And for Frost, things always go wrong... Release details 1992, UK, Constable (), Pub date ? March 1992, hardback (First edition) 1992, UK, Corgi Books (), Pub date ? December 1992, paperback 1993, UK, Magna Large Print Books (), Pub date ? December 1993, hardback 1995, USA, Crimeline, Bantam Books (), Pub date ? May 1995, paperback 1997, UK, Corgi Adult (), Pub date ? January 1997, paperback 1998, UK, ISIS Audio Books (), Pub date ? March 1998, audio book (Complete & Unabridged) 2000, UK, ISIS Audio Books (), Pub date ? August 2000, audio book 2005, UK, Corgi Books (), Pub date ? July 2005, audio book 1992 British novels British crime novels Constable & Robinson books British novels adapted into television shows","title":"Night Frost"},{"docid":"2365356","text":"James Evander Munro Yuill (born 13 February 1956) is a Scottish actor. He is a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and later joined the Renaissance Theatre Company. He has appeared in many of Kenneth Branagh's films, most recently as Edward Woolmer in the 2018 film All Is True. Yuill was also the music composer for A Midwinter's Tale and Swan Song. He is best known for the character Detective Inspector Doug Kersey in the popular British television series Wycliffe. He was in every episode except the last two in Season 5. The series was cancelled after that because Jack Shepherd refused to continue in the title role when the producers had sacked Yuill \"for insurance reasons\" after he contracted life-threatening meningitis during filming, and then would not reinstate him even though he made a full recovery. In June 2006, Yuill made his first appearance in EastEnders as the recurring character Victor Brown. In October 2007, he took the lead in Sophocles' Antigone as Creon, King of Thebes at The Tron Theatre, Glasgow. In 2010, he was nominated for the award of Best Male Performance for his role in a play adaption of the Testament of Cresseid by the Critics Award for Theatre in Scotland. Yuill has worked as a performance consultant on a number of productions, and also as a producer. Selected roles The Mackinnons (1977, TV series) as Tom Stewart A Sense of Freedom (1977, film) as Dunkie Death Watch (1978, film) Square Mile of Murder (1980, TV series) Play for Today: The Good Time Girls (1981, TV play) as Finlayson Andrina (1981, TV play) as Stanley Mindrape (1982, play at the Sheffield Crucible and Greenwich Theatres) People V Scott (1982, TV movie) as Kevin Gourlay The World Cup: A Captain's Tale (1982, TV movie) (uncredited) Objects of Affection (1982, TV series) as Charles Local Hero (1983, film) as Iain, the man who asks Mac for his autograph near the end of the film Boon (1987–1992, TV series) as Eric Eurocops (1988, TV series) as McCulloch Henry V (1989, film) as Jamy Paper Mask (1990, film) as Alec Moran Much Ado About Nothing (1993, film) as the Friar Grushko (1994, TV series) as Chazov Alleyn Mysteries (1994–1995, TV series) as Angus Findlay Frankenstein (1994, film) Hamish Macbeth (1994, TV series) as Lachlan McRae (Series 1) A Mugs Game (1995, TV series) as Alan Wycliffe (1994–1998, TV series) as DI Doug Kersey Casualty (1998, TV series) as Donald Mallett Psychos (1999, TV miniseries) Monsignor Renard (2000, TV series) as Malo Gagnepain Strictly Sinatra (2000, film) Brotherly Love (2000, TV series) as Callum Schneider's 2nd Stage (2001, film short) as Detective Chief Inspector A Touch of Frost (2003, TV) as Charles Lightfoot in \"Close Encounters\" Murphy's Law (2004, TV series) as Miller Davidson, arms smuggler Ladies in Lavender (2004, film) as Constable Timmins The Inspector Lynley Mysteries (2005, TV series) as PC Garrett in In Divine Proportion Dalziel and Pascoe (2006, TV series) as Robert MacAlpine in \"Guardian Angel\" As","title":"Jimmy Yuill"},{"docid":"49370424","text":"The Robert Frost Farm, also known as \"The Gully\", is a historic farm property on Buck Hill Road in South Shaftsbury, Vermont. The 1790 farmstead was purchased in 1929 by poet Robert Frost, and served as his primary residence until 1938. During this period of residency, Frost was awarded two Pulitzer Prizes for his poetry. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1968; its landmark designation was withdrawn in 1986 after its private owners made alterations that destroyed important historic elements of the property. Description and history The former Frost Farm is located in southern Shaftsbury, a rural community in southwestern Vermont, on the south side of Buck Hill Road, roughly midway between United States Route 7 and Vermont Route 7A. It consists of with a mix of fields and woods, with the main farm complex set on a drumlin with views to the north. The main house is a 1-1/2 story Cape, built about 1790, but altered somewhat by Frost after his purchase, and further altered by later owners. Also on the property are a barn and two smaller frame structures, the latter both used by Frost as writing studios. The farm was purchased by Robert Frost in 1929, and was probably occupied by the family in 1930. Although it was the Frosts primary residence, it was generally only occupied by them on weekends and summers, when Frost's academic duties made it possible. Frost did a significant amount of writing while living here, and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1931 and 1937. After Frost's wife died in 1938, he spent much less time here. The property remained in the family until 1963, when it was sold to artist Kenneth Noland, who maintained it in sympathy to the Frost history. During his ownership period, the property was designated a National Historic Landmark, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A subsequent owner made incompatible alterations to the property in 1984, and the Park Service withdrew its landmark designation two years later. It remains listed on the National Register. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Bennington County, Vermont List of National Historic Landmarks in Vermont References Commercial buildings completed in 1790 Buildings and structures in Shaftsbury, Vermont Former National Historic Landmarks of the United States Robert Frost National Register of Historic Places in Bennington County, Vermont","title":"Robert Frost Farm (South Shaftsbury, Vermont)"},{"docid":"17678624","text":"Richard Calabro (born 14 April 1979) is a Yorkshire born actor who began his career in the children's TV drama The Ward, playing 'prankster' Digger Reily, until the character was eventually written out of the series in 1992. More recently, Calabro starred with Angela Griffiths in award-winning hospital drama Holby City. Some other television credits include: Woof!, Mike & Angelo, Press Gang, Rosemary and Thyme, The Bill, Band of Gold, Mother Love, Casualty, My Hero, Emmerdale, Doctors, Seven Sisters, Seven Brothers, Macbeth (BBC 2001), Taggart, Caitlin's Way (HBO), A Touch of Frost, Little Boy Lost and Lear's Children. Calabro made his stage debut in Boy George's hit musical Taboo in 2002 and also starred in the same show on the U.K No 1 tour in 2003. Selected Appearances Holby City Taggart The Bill Caitlin's Way Life Support A Touch of Frost Band of Gold Casualty Woof! Press Gang Children's Ward Mother Love References 1979 births Living people Male actors from Yorkshire English male child actors English male television actors English people of Italian descent","title":"Richard Calabro"},{"docid":"49283097","text":"Jo Frost: Nanny On Tour is an American short-lived reality television series, themed around parenting skills, hosted by British nanny Jo Frost. The series ran for 10 1-hour long episodes from January to March 2016 on Up TV. Jo Frost also serves as a producer on the show. Background The series uses a similar theme that was used in Supernanny, which has Frost traveling to a new city each week and work with one family that desperately needs her expertise. Prior to her arrival, Frost monitors the family's behavior from her mobile RV office through the use of surveillance cameras through the consent of the family after they agree to have it placed throughout their home. Once she sees their weaknesses and errors, Frost helps the families come up with tools and techniques in order to improve their parenting skills, maintain their discipline and relationship with their children, and to keep in touch through progress reports. In addition, Frost also travels to communities where she seeks out help from people looking for advice from family issues to becoming better parents. Production The series' format was based on a Dutch version that Frost did for RTL 4 in 2015. The concept was later picked up by Up TV in September 2015. Frost also wanted to move away from the Supernanny image by adopting a contemporary look: \"It was really important to be able to think what kind of format I can develop to allow me to be the staple in a family's home,\" Frost said, \"and be able to look at a wider spectrum of issues we see in 21st century modern parenting.\" Episodes (This section is unfinished, you can help finish it by finding more details about these Episodes and edit their descriptions) International broadcast In the United Kingdom, the series aired on Quest Red in March 2017. References External links (UPtv) 2010s American reality television series 2016 American television series debuts 2016 American television series endings American English-language television shows American television series based on Dutch television series Parenting television series Works about child care occupations","title":"Jo Frost: Nanny On Tour"},{"docid":"12227576","text":"Die Another Day is the soundtrack for the 20th James Bond film of the same name, and was released by Warner Bros. Records on November 12, 2002. Arnold made use of electronic rhythm elements in his score, and included two of the new themes he created for The World Is Not Enough. The first, originally used as Renard's theme for the previous film, is heard during the mammoth \"Antonov\" cue on the recording, and is written for piano. The second new theme, most easily described as Bond's romance theme, is heard here on the \"Going Down Together\" track. There is also a second romance theme in \"Die Another Day\" which was previously used on The World Is Not Enough soundtrack titled \"Christmas in Turkey\", and can be heard during the Moneypenny/Bond virtual sequence. In November 2017, La La Land Records released a limited expanded edition containing previously unreleased music. The album received mixed to negative reviews. Track listing \"Die Another Day\" – Performed by Madonna \"James Bond Theme (Bond vs. Oakenfold)\" – David Arnold featuring Paul Oakenfold \"On the Beach\" \"Hovercraft Chase\" \"Some Kind of Hero?\" \"Welcome to Cuba\" \"Jinx Jordan\" \"Jinx and James\" \"A Touch of Frost\" \"Icarus\" \"Laser Fight\" \"Whiteout\" \"Iced Inc.\" \"Antonov\" \"Going Down Together\" Expanded edition Disc 1 On the Beach (extended version)** 3:56 Bond Meets Moon*/Hovercrafts* 2:16 How Do You Intend to Kill Me Now, Mr. Bond?* 2:02 Hovercraft Chase 3:48 Bond to Jail* 0:49 Some Kind of Hero? 4:32 Kiss of Life* 4:46 Peaceful Fountains of Desire* 1:05 What's In it For You?*/Cuba* 1:21 Cuban Car* 0:50 Jinx Jordan 1:28 Jinx & James 2:03 Wheelchair Access* 2:22 Jinx, James and Genes* 5:14 Gustav Graves’ Grand Entrance* 1:34 Blades* 3:12 Bond Gets the Key*/Virtual Reality* 2:01 The Vanish*/Bond Goes to Iceland* 2:10 The Explanation* 1:36 Icarus 1:23 Ice Spy* 3:00 A Touch of Frost 1:50 Laser Fight 4:36 It Belongs to His Boss*/Double Agent* 2:34 Whiteout 4:55 Bond Kidnaps Skidoo* 2:29 Iced Inc. 3:08 Ice Palace Car Chase* 4:57 Disc 2 Switchblades* 3:23 Antonov 11:51 Antonov Gets It* 3:20 Moneypenny Gets It* 1:11 Going Down Together 1:32 Additional Music On the Beach 2:50 Hovercraft Chase (film version)** 3:47 Some Kind of Hero? (film version)** 4:32 Peaceful Fountains of Desire (alternate ending)* 1:06 What's In it For You? (orchestra only)* 0:41 Welcome to Cuba 2:07 Jinx Jordan (orchestra only)** 1:28 Jinx & James (film version)** 2:07 Wheelchair Access (original version)* 2:22 Party Trick (source)* 1:37 A Touch of Frost (film version)** 1:50 Laser Fight (film version)** 4:38 Whiteout (full mix)** 4:55 Antonov (film version)** 11:51 James Bond Will Return* 3:54 (*) Previously unreleased (**) Contains previously unreleased material In popular culture South Korean figure skater Kim Yuna used the track \"Going Down Together\" as part of her James Bond Medley short program for the 2009–2010 season. The James Bond Medley program was also used at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada, where Kim went on to win a gold medal. See also James Bond music","title":"Die Another Day (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"67550332","text":"The Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts at the Presidential Convocation and Groundbreaking for the Robert Frost Library is a speech delivered by United States President John F. Kennedy about the arts and liberal education in honor of the American poet Robert Frost to the students and faculty of Amherst College, a liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts, on October 26, 1963. Kennedy was assassinated 27 days after delivering the speech. The speech marked the dedication of the Robert Frost Memorial Library at Amherst College, Frost had died in January 1963. Background Kennedy and his military escorts arrived at Amherst's Memorial Field in three helicopters at 11:30 am. Kennedy and the poet Archibald MacLeish were awarded honorary Doctor of Law degrees by Plimpton at the convocation ceremony. Kennedy and MacLeish both gave speeches. at the ceremony. Following the ceremony Kennedy rode to the groundbreaking event for the new Robert Frost Memorial Library in an open-topped motorcade with the President of Amherst College, Calvin Plimpton. MacLeish said in his speech that \"The people of this countryside may forget in ordinary human course what anyone says on this occasion, but they will remember, for many, many years that a young and gallant President of the United States, with the weight of history heavy upon his shoulders, somehow found time to come to our small corner of the world to talk of books and men and learning\". Supporters of Kennedy's position on civil rights held a silent vigil in front of the Kirby Theatre. The event attracted wide media coverage. 130 members of the media were in attendance with 40 members of the White House Press staff and 70 technicians. A documentary film, JFK: The Last Speech, was made in 2018 about the speech and Kennedy's visit to Amherst. The speech Kennedy's speech was 15 minutes in length. The JFK Library wrote that Kennedy spoke of the \"role of the artist in society\" the \"nature of strength and power\" and the \"importance of public service from educated citizens\". Kennedy spoke of Robert Frost's life in American poetry and his contributions to American culture. Kennedy said that \"When power leads men towards arrogance, poetry reminds him of his limitations. When power narrows the areas of man's concern, poetry reminds him of the richness and diversity of existence. When power corrupts, poetry cleanses\". References External links JFK Library - Audio of Kennedy's remarks National Endowment for the Arts - President John F. Kennedy: Remarks at Amherst College, October 26, 1963 - Transcript 1963 in Massachusetts 1963 in the United States 1963 in the arts 1963 speeches Amherst College October 1963 events in the United States Presidency of John F. Kennedy Robert Frost Speeches by John F. Kennedy","title":"Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts"},{"docid":"31458329","text":"The 1989 Grand National (officially known as the Seagram Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 143rd renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 8 April 1989. The race was won in a time of 10 minutes 6.9 seconds and by a distance of 7 lengths by Irish 12-year-old Little Polveir, ridden by jockey Jimmy Frost. West Tip was second and The Thinker finished third. Fourteen of the 40 runners completed the course. The winner had been sold by a four-way partnership six weeks before the race to Edward Harvey. It was Little Polveir's fourth attempt at the Grand National; he was sent off at odds of 28/1. Jockey Frost's son, Hadden, attempted to emulate his father's victory 22 years later by riding Calgary Bay in the 2011 Grand National; he fell at the fourth fence. Jimmy Frost's daughter, Bryony, then rode in the 2018 Grand National on Milansbar; she came in fifth place. There were two equine fatalities during the race, both at Becher's Brook. The deaths came two years after the dramatic fatal fall of the popular grey Dark Ivy at Becher's in 1987. Following an outcry, Aintree took significant measures to reduce the severity of the fence. The main race was seen by a record Grand National crowd at Aintree, with 74,189 people in attendance, over 8,500 more than the previous year, and it would not be until the Monday race of 1997 that a larger crowd would attend the main race day. Leading contenders Dixton House was backed down from 33/1 to 7/1 favourite after he won the National Hunt Handicap Chase at Cheltenham a few weeks before Aintree, helping his rider, Tom Morgan, to the leading rider's trophy at the festival in the process. Morgan, having his fifth ride in the Grand National, took the favourite to the front going to Becher's Brook for the first time, only to crumple on landing and exit the contest. Dixton House only ever returned to a racecourse once more, in January 1990, when he pulled up lame and was subsequently retired while Morgan also never raced in the National again. Durham Edition had been prepared by trainer Arthur Stephenson specifically with the Grand National in mind after his second-place finish the previous year. A proven ability to be at the business end of the National ensured plenty of public support to be sent off at 15/2. In addition, he was to be partnered, as last year, by Chris Grant, jointly the most experienced rider in the race, weighing out for his ninth National. The pair ran what was considered at the time by many in racing to be a textbook Grand National: hunting around the first circuit in mid-division before gradually moving through the field on the second; always in touch, they moved into the rear of a leading group of seven at the Canal Turn on the second circuit, tracking the group until moving up onto the","title":"1989 Grand National"},{"docid":"41147481","text":"Jennifer Estep is an American author of urban fantasy and paranormal romance novels under Pocket Books. She is most known for the Mythos Academy and Elemental Assassin series. In 2018 she began publication of her new Crown of Shards epic fantasy series with Harper Voyager. Book List Black Blade Cold Burn of Magic (Book 1) (Apr 28, 2015) Dark Heart of Magic (Book 2) (Oct 27, 2015) Bright Blaze of Magic (Book 3) (Apr 26, 2016) Elemental Assassin Spider's Bite (Book 1) (Jan 26, 2010) Web of Lies (Book 2) (May 25, 2010) Venom (Book 3) (Sep 28, 2010) Tangled Threads (Book 4) (Apr 26, 2011) Spider's Revenge (Book 5) (Sep 27, 2011) Thread of Death (E-Novella 5.5) (Jan 31, 2012) By a Thread (Book 6) (Feb 28, 2012) Widow's Web (Book 7) (Aug 21, 2012) Deadly Sting (Book 8) (Mar 26, 2013) Kiss of Venom (E-Novella 8.5) (Jul 22, 2013) Heart of Venom (Book 9) (Aug 27, 2013) The Spider (Book 10) (Dec 24, 2013) Poison Promise (Book 11) (July 22, 2014) Black Widow (Book 12) (2014) Spider's Trap (Book 13) (2015) Bitter Bite (Book 14) (2016) Unwanted (Novella 14.5) (2016) Unraveled (Book 15) (2016) Nice Guys Bite (Novella 15.5) (2016) Snared (Book 16) (2017) Venom in the Veins (Book 17) (2018) Winters Web (Novella 17.5) (2019) Sharpest Sting (Book 18) (2020) Last Strand (Book 19) (2021) Bigtime Karma Girl (Book 1) by Estep, Jennifer (Jul 1, 2008) Hot Mama (Book 2) by Estep, Jennifer (Nov 6, 2007) Jinx (Book 3) by Estep, Jennifer (Jul 11, 2011) A Karma Girl Christmas (E-Novella 3.5) (Sep 24, 2011) Nightingale (Book 4) (Jul 12, 2012) Fandemic (Book 5) (Jun 2015) Mythos Academy First Frost (0.5 Prequel E-Story) (Jul 1, 2011) Touch of Frost (Book 1) (Jul 26, 2011) Kiss of Frost (Book 2) (Nov 29, 2011) Dark Frost (Book 3) (Jun 1, 2012) Crimson Frost (Book 4) (Dec 24, 2012) Spartan Frost (E-Novella 4.5) (Jun 25, 2013) Midnight Frost (Book 5) (Jul 30, 2013) Killer Frost (Book 6) (Feb 25, 2014) Spartan Heart (Colorado 1) (Dec 5, 2017) Spartan Promise (Colorado 2) (Jan 15, 2019) Spartan Destiny (Colorado 3) (forthcoming) Crown of Shards Kill the Queen (2018) Protect the Prince (2019) Crush the King (2020) Section 47 a Sense of Danger (Jul 20, 2021) Sugar Plum Spies (upcoming 2022) Other Carniepunk anthology, by Rachel Caine, Jennifer Estep, Kevin Hearne, Seanan McGuire, and Rob Thurman Carniepunk: Parlor Tricks by Jennifer Estep (Jun 3, 2013) External links http://www.jenniferestep.com/ References Urban fantasy writers Living people Year of birth missing (living people) American women novelists American fantasy writers American women science fiction and fantasy writers 21st-century American women","title":"Jennifer Estep"},{"docid":"19034476","text":"Jean Heywood (born Jean Murray; 15 July 1921 – 14 September 2019) was a British actress. Born in Blyth, Northumberland, in July 1921, Heywood appeared in films such as Billy Elliot and Our Day Out. Her TV work included roles in When the Boat Comes In, All Creatures Great and Small, Boys from the Blackstuff, Family Affairs, The Bill and Casualty. In 2005, she starred alongside Richard Briers and Kevin Whately in a drama called Dad on BBC One as part of Comic Relief's Elder Abuse campaign. In 2010 Heywood made a guest appearance in the ITV series Married Single Other. Career Heywood appeared in many roles, mainly in television but also in films such as Billy Elliot. Personal life At age six, Heywood moved with her parents, Jack and Elsie, to New Zealand. Her mother died less than six months later, and the family returned to the UK. Heywood died in September 2019 at the age of 98. Her husband, Roland, had predeceased her (in 1996). They had two children together, and Heywood had another from an earlier relationship. Filmography When the Boat Comes In (1976–77) as Bella Seaton Our Day Out (1977) as Mrs Kay Emmerdale Farm (1978) as Phyllis Acaster Boys from the Blackstuff (1982) E5 \"George’s Last Ride\" as Mary Malone. No Place Like Home (1984) as Lillian (Beryl's mother) Dalgliesh (TV series) Cover Her Face (1985) as Martha A Very Peculiar Practice (1986) as Lillian Hubbard Miss Marple: Sleeping Murder (1987) as Edie Pagett All Creatures Great and Small (1990) as Mrs Alton The Glass Virgin as Amy A Touch of Frost (1997) Episode: No Other Love, as Olive Walters Hetty Wainthropp Investigates (1998) S4:E3 \"Digging for Dirt\" as Enid Weston Billy Elliot (2000) as Grandma Brookside (2000) as Kitty Hilton Heartbeat (1995) S5 Episode 6 as Hilda Openshaw. We're All Allies Really. References External links 1921 births 2019 deaths 20th-century English actresses 21st-century English actresses Actresses from Northumberland English television actresses People from Blyth, Northumberland","title":"Jean Heywood"},{"docid":"8301408","text":"Matthew Arthur Bardock was born in 1969 in Croydon. He is an English actor who is known for playing Jeff Collier in Casualty, DS Clive Barnard in A Touch of Frost, DS Davey Higgins in The Coroner, Albie in The Lakes, Mark Craig in New Blood and DS Simon Morgan in Manhunt: The Nightstalker. Career Bardock made his television debut in 1992, when he appeared in Prime Suspect and the following year, he appeared in Casualty as a leading gang member who set fire to the ED. In 1995, Bardock appeared in the stage production of Mojo by Jez Butterworth at the Royal Court Theatre. Bardock came to notice for his role as DC Clive Barnard in the British television series A Touch of Frost. His character was the nephew of the Chief Constable. While many believe he had only got into CID through his family connections, Frost sees beyond that and takes Barnard under his wing. He was later promoted to Detective Sergeant, but was killed in the 1997 episode \"No Other Love\". July and August 2000 saw Bardock play the role of Danny Weir in the short-lived TV comedy Pay and Display. Bardock also appeared as murder suspect Scott Burnett in The Bill in 2004. His character was developed and he began a relationship with PC Honey Harman and later married her, though the marriage was short-lived after it was discovered that he had murdered his first wife. His character later died in prison having hanged himself. He also appeared in Prime Suspect as the sadistic pornographer Jason Reynolds as well as the Channel 4 series No Angels, in which he played registrar Peter Compton. Bardock had a small part in ITV's Midsomer Murders and in May 2005, he played DI Tom Wilson in New Tricks. Bardock re-joined the BBC television series Casualty as paramedic Jeff Collier in February 2007 for three months, before returning to the programme in September of that year. On 30 June 2014, it was announced that Bardock would be leaving his role as Jeff – a role he played for seven years – and he was killed off in October that year. Between 31 July and 27 September 2014, he appeared in comedy play My Night With Reg at the Donmar Warehouse theatre in the West End. As of 2016 he played Mark Craig in BBC Drama New Blood. Notable roles Film All or Nothing (2002) ... Man at Bar (director: Mike Leigh) Bollywood Queen (2001) ... Facer (director: Jeremy Wooding) Television \"Manhunt\" Series 2 - 2021 New Blood Mark Craig; 2016–present The Coroner Detective Sergeant Davey Higgins; 2015–2016 Doctor Who ... Al; 2014 (director: Douglas Mackinnon) New Street Law ... Dennis Longwell; 2006 (director: David Skynner) The Street ... Alex; 2006 (director: David Blair) No Angels ... Peter; 2005 The Bill ... Scott Burnett; 2005 Judge John Deed ... Alan Ferns; 2004 (director: Tristram Powell) Midsomer Murders ... Harry Rose; 2005 (director: Peter Smith) New Tricks ... DI Tom Wilson; 2004 (director:","title":"Matt Bardock"},{"docid":"5860462","text":"Martyn Auty (born July 1951 in Yorkshire) is an English film and television producer. He attended the University of Hull and graduated in 1972. He began his career as a film critic for Time Out and The Monthly Film Bulletin. Auty is most famous for his series producing, having worked on Heartbeat and A Touch of Frost during the 1990s, however, he has also worked on a variety of other styles of programme. These include Lenny Live and Unleashed, Soul Survivors, and A Gentleman's Relish. The latter, which starred Billy Connolly, was made for the BBC in 2001. Auty returned to shooting a new series of A Touch of Frost in 2009. Auty has also ventured into making motion pictures, having produced A Foreign Field (1993), Heidi (2005), and most recently Ways to Live Forever (2010). References External links 1951 births Living people Alumni of the University of Hull English television producers English film critics Film people from Yorkshire English film producers","title":"Martyn Auty"},{"docid":"73238803","text":"Wildcat is a 2022 American documentary film about animal rescue efforts in Peru, directed by the photojournalist Trevor Frost and Melissa Lesh. It was premiered at the 2022 Telluride Film Festival and was released in theaters on December 21, 2022, by Amazon Studios. Summary The film follows Harry Turner, a British war veteran suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder after tours of duty in Afghanistan. After his time in the army, he traveled to a remote Amazon rainforest in Peru, where he met an American wildlife biologist, Samantha Zwicker, who was involved in the rescue of wild animals threatened by poachers. The film tracks their relationship as they work together to rescue an abandoned baby ocelot named Khan, who was accidentally shot and died and baby ocelot Keanu, raising the wildcat and training it to return to the jungle and survive on its own. The film also touches upon Zwicker's own traumatic personal history. Cast Harry Turner Samantha Zwicker Production In 2019, Frost met Turner in Peru. Initially there to work on a photo project on anacondas, he decided to instead make a documentary about Turner's animal rescue efforts and relationship with Zwicker. Approximately half of the film is made up of footage shot by Turner and Zwicker. The film drew inspiration from conservation-themed documentaries such as Virunga, Grizzly Man and Jane. On October 19, 2021, it was reported that Amazon Studios had acquired the then-untitled documentary from 30WEST and directors Frost and Lesh for approximately $20 million. The film was produced by Joshua Altman and Alysa Nahmias. Music The film includes the original song \"A Sky Like I've Never Seen\" by Fleet Foxes featuring Tim Bernardes. Patrick Jonsson composed the score. Release The film was premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2022. It opened with a limited theatrical release on December 21, 2022, and was released on Prime Video on December 30, 2022. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92% based on 49 reviews, with the consensus reading, \"Although it raises some uncomfortable ethical quandaries, Wildcat is an affecting testament to the healing power of interspecies bonds.\" Stephen Farber of The Hollywood Reporter called it \"a riveting journey into the wild\", writing that although it leaves the viewer with unanswered questions about the relationship of Turner and Zwicker, \"there is no arguing with the film's remarkable animal footage and the potent emotion that accompanies the inevitable moment when they must separate from the animal they have raised\". Cath Clarke of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, calling it \"genuinely heartfelt, made with incredible sensitivity and emotional intelligence by Melissa Lesh and Trevor Frost\". Michael Rechtshaffen of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it \"poignantly delivers its life-affirming, coming-of-age message with no cloying strings attached\". The film was named one of the Top 5 Documentaries of 2022 by the National Board of Review. At the IDA Documentary Awards, it was nominated for Best Editing (for editors Joshua Altman, Ben","title":"Wildcat (2022 film)"},{"docid":"9109539","text":"Simone Bendix (born 26 September 1967) is a Danish actress. Bendix trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. In addition to the 1994 Gerry Anderson science-fiction drama Space Precinct, in which she played the regular role of Officer Jane Castle, her television appearances include The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993), Between the Lines (1993), The Tomorrow People (1994), Lie Down with Lions (1994) The Crow Road (1996) and A Many Splintered Thing (2000). She has also appeared in Bugs, The Inspector Lynley Mysteries, The Last Detective, Taggart and A Touch of Frost. Bendix featured in a 1998 TV advertisement for Nescafé Gold Blend opposite Neil Roberts (the last of the Gold Blend couple adverts). She is married to Kasper Winding. They have a son, Pablo, and a daughter, Polly. References External links 1967 births 20th-century Danish actresses 21st-century Danish actresses Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School Danish expatriates in England Danish film actresses Danish television actresses Living people Place of birth missing (living people)","title":"Simone Bendix"},{"docid":"4515048","text":"Anthony Bate (31 August 1927 – 19 June 2012) was an English actor. He is possibly best known for his role as Oliver Lacon in the BBC television adaptations of the John le Carré novels Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and Smiley's People and his role as Bret Renssalaer in Len Deighton's trilogy Game, Set and Match. Bate's other credits include: Dixon of Dock Green, The Saint, The Avengers, Prime Suspect, Inspector Morse, A Touch of Frost and Midsomer Murders. Early life Bate was born the third son of Isle of Wight hoteliers Hubert George Cookson Bate (son of George Harry Bate, a hairdresser and trichologist, of Stourbridge; died 1986) and Cecile Marjorie Canadine (died 1973). Bate was educated at King Edward VI School, Stourbridge, and trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama (gold medal). During his National Service he served with the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve from 1945 to 1947. Theatre From his professional theatre debut in 1953, Bate's theatre roles included: his first West End appearance in Inherit the Wind (St Martin's) 1960, Treasure Island (Mermaid) 1960, Happy Family (Hampstead) 1966, Much Ado About Nothing and Silence (RSC Aldwych) 1969. Find Your Way Home (Open Space Theatre) 1970, Eden End (tour) 1972, Economic Necessity (Haymarket Leicester) 1973, Getting Away with Murder (Comedy) 1976, Shadow Box (Cambridge) 1979, The Old Jest (tour) 1980, and A Flea in her Ear (Plymouth Theatre Co) 1980. Little Lies (Wyndhams) 1983, Master Class (tour) 1984, The Deep Blue Sea (Theatre Royal Haymarket) 1988, Relative Values (Chichester Festival Theatre and Savoy) 1993–94. Television Bate's first television appearance was in 1955 and from then on he appeared as: James in Pinter's The Collection, Rogojin in The Idiot, MacDuff in Macbeth, Javert in Les Misérables, the title role in Grady (a trilogy), T H Huxley in Darwin’s Bulldog, Nikolai in Fathers and Sons, Creon in King Oedipus, Victor Hugo in Ego Hugo, Harry Paynter in Intimate Strangers, The Dutch Train Hijack 1976, Dr Dorn in The Seagull 1977, Kim Philby in Philby, Burgess and Maclean 1977 (nominated Best Actor Monte Carlo Festival 1978), An Englishman's Castle (1978), the title role in The Trial of Uri Urlov 1978, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy 1978, Crime and Punishment 1979, Tis Pity She's A Whore 1980, The Human Crocodile 1980, “Fanny by Gaslight” 1981, Smiley's People 1982, A Woman Called Golda (with Ingrid Bergman) 1982, J A D Ingres in Artists and Models 1983, Shackleton, Game, Set and Match (TV mini series 1988), War and Remembrance 1988, Inspector Morse (Dr Crowther in Last Bus to Woodstock) 1988, Countdown to War 1989, Agatha Christie's Poirot 1990, Medics 1991 and 1992, Prime Suspect 1994, Rebecca 1996, A Touch of Frost 1996, Bodyguards 1996, Silent Witness 1997, Midsomer Murders 2000. He also appeared in Spindoe and Beasts. Films Bate's film credits include Dentist in the Chair (1960), Dentist on the Job (1961), Payroll (1961), A Prize of Arms (1962), Act of Murder (1964), Ghost Story (1974), Give My Regards to Broad Street","title":"Anthony Bate"},{"docid":"6173096","text":"Detective Inspector William Edward \"Jack\" Frost, GC QPM, is a fictional detective created by R. D. Wingfield—characterised as sloppy, untidy, hopeless with paperwork—but unmatched at solving mysteries. The character has appeared in two radio plays, ten published novels, and a TV series spanning 42 episodes between 1992 and 2010. \"Jack\" is a nickname, alluding to Jack Frost. Radio plays The character first appeared in a radio play entitled Three Days of Frost first transmitted on BBC Radio 4 on 12 February 1977, which is a re-telling of Wingfield's \"Frost at Christmas\" (the novel had yet to be published). He was portrayed by Leslie Sands. The character's second appearance was also on BBC Radio 4, in a play entitled A Touch of Frost, also based on Wingfield's second novel of the same name, transmitted on 6 February 1982. In the second radio play the character was portrayed by Derek Martin. Novels Wingfield published six novels about DI Frost, starting with Frost at Christmas in 1984. Between 2011 and 2017, four Frost books were published under the name James Henry, with the approval of the Estate of R.D. Wingfield. In the case of First Frost, this pseudonym refers to James Gurbutt and Henry Sutton, but in Fatal Frost, Morning Frost and Frost at Midnight it refers to Gurbutt only. These are all prequels to the Wingfield novels. The first three books are set between 1981 and November 1982 when Frost was a Detective Sergeant, and Frost at Midnight is set in August 1983, when Frost is a Detective Inspector. The two latest—and so far last—Frost books are by Danny Miller. Frost at Christmas (1984 / 1995, Bantam Crimeline, New York), (U.S. mass market paperback edition) A Touch of Frost (1987 / 1995 Bantam Crimeline, New York), (U.S. mass market paperback edition) Night Frost (1992, Constable, London / 1995, Bantam Crimeline, New York), (U.S. mass market paperback edition) Hard Frost (1995 UK & U.S.) (U.S. mass market paperback edition) Winter Frost (1999, Constable, London / 2000 Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) A Killing Frost (2008, Bantam Press / Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) First Frost (2011, Transworld Publishers Ltd / Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) Fatal Frost (2012, Bantam Press / Corgi Books, London) (Bantam Press hardback) (Corgi Books paperback) Morning Frost (2013, Bantam Press / 2014, Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) Frost At Midnight (2017, Bantam Press / 2018 Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) A Lethal Frost (2018, Bantam Press / 2018 Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) The Murder Map (2019, Corgi Books, London) (paperback original) Television series Beginning in 1992, television adaptations of the novels, and further stories based on the characters were transmitted on ITV in the UK. The series starred David Jason as Frost. This series was broadcast under the umbrella title A Touch of Frost. There were thirty-eight stories broadcast (forty-two episodes, if counted individually). These have been released on VHS and DVD internationally. Three endings were filmed for the final episode.","title":"Jack Frost (detective)"},{"docid":"14978763","text":"Bernard John Holley (9 August 1940 – 22 November 2021) was a British actor whose career spanned more than six decades. Life and career Holley was born in Eastcote, Middlesex. He attended Kilburn Grammar School and the Rose Bruford Drama School, and made his first professional stage appearance at the Theatre Royal, Lincoln, in 1963. Holley came to notice in the long-running UK police drama series Z-Cars as PC Newcombe, a character he played for four years. He also appeared in Doctor Who, first as Peter Haydon in The Tomb of the Cybermen (1967), starring Patrick Troughton as the Doctor, and later as the Axon Man in The Claws of Axos (1971), starring Jon Pertwee. Holley reprised his role as Axos in a new Doctor Who audio drama, The Feast of Axos, opposite Colin Baker, which was released on CD in February 2011. Holley played Mr Hurst in eight episodes of the popular ITV sitcom \"Please Sir\" (1971-2). Other regular roles included Detective Inspector Mike Turnbull in The Gentle Touch (1982–84), a character he also played in the follow-up series C.A.T.S. Eyes in 1985. He later played Richard in two seasons of Birds of a Feather in 1998. He also appeared as the Chief Constable in the popular drama series A Touch of Frost, in 1999 and returned to play the role in 2003. His later television appearances included roles in Hollyoaks, EastEnders, Doctors and Holby City. Holley also voiced hundreds of television commercials, including the campaign for the PlayStation 3 game LittleBigPlanet, and presented many corporate videos. His film roles included appearances in Travels with My Aunt (1972) and the film The Deadly Females (1976). Holley also worked consistently on the stage in theatres across the UK, including Farnham, Brighton, Manchester, Edinburgh, Derby and Norwich. One of his last stage roles was in Allan Monkhouse's Mary Broome at the Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond, in 2011. Holley died after a long illness on 22 November 2021, at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife, Jean and their son, Michael. References External links Bernard Holley's Showreel - - YouTube 1940 births 2021 deaths English male stage actors English male television actors People educated at Kilburn Grammar School People from Eastcote 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors Actors from the London Borough of Hillingdon","title":"Bernard Holley"},{"docid":"6018439","text":"Neil Dudgeon (born 2 January 1961) is an English actor who, since 2010, has played DCI John Barnaby in the ITV drama series Midsomer Murders. He replaced John Nettles in the lead role in 2011. Early life and education Dudgeon is the son of James C Dudgeon and June M Weeks. He has an older sister, Lynne W Dudgeon. He was born in Doncaster in 1961, where he was raised. At that time, it was a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, but is now in South Yorkshire. He attended Intake Secondary Modern school in Doncaster, among other schools. He acted in several school plays, (including Rosencrantz and Guildernstern are Dead), then went on to study drama at the University of Bristol (1979–82). Career Dudgeon made his first screen appearance in 1987. The following year he appeared as a Second World War pilot in Piece of Cake, alongside Tim Woodward, Jeremy Northam and Nathaniel Parker. As well as occasional appearances in series such as Casualty, London's Burning and Lovejoy, he appeared in 1994 as Detective Constable Costello, a one-episode subordinate to Detective Inspector William Edward \"Jack\" Frost (played by David Jason), in the TV series A Touch of Frost, in 1998-99 as George the Chauffeur in The Mrs Bradley Mysteries (alongside Dame Diana Rigg), in Inspector Morse (episode \"The Way Through the Woods\"), Between The Lines, Common As Muck (in 1994 & 1997), Out of the Blue, Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking, The Street and four series of Messiah with Ken Stott. He also appeared in the romantic comedy film Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, playing the taxi driver who takes the title character to meet Mark Darcy (played by Colin Firth), towards the end of the film. In 2007 Dudgeon appeared in the eponymous role of self-made millionaire Roman Pretty in the BBC2 sitcom Roman's Empire. In 2009 he played a main character in BBC's Life of Riley, a series recommissioned and aired in April 2011, the same month that Dudgeon played the role of one time Football League secretary Alan Hardaker in the TV drama United, which was centred on the events of the 1958 Munich air disaster involving Manchester United. In 2010 Dudgeon appeared in an episode of the ITV crime drama Midsomer Murders, called \"The Sword of Guillaume\". He was introduced in the episode as the cousin of Detective Chief Inspector Tom Barnaby, played by John Nettles, who retired from the role. Dudgeon, also cast as a senior detective, took over as the lead character in Midsomer Murders after the last episodes featuring John Nettles were screened in 2011. Dudgeon's character name is DCI John Barnaby, which has been suggested may be a vehicle for continued sales to territories where the show is known as \"Inspector Barnaby\". Dudgeon had first appeared in Midsomer Murders in the opening episode of the fourth series (\"Garden of Death\"), playing a secondary character. In 2012 Dudgeon starred as Norman Birkett on BBC Radio 4's","title":"Neil Dudgeon"},{"docid":"1067803","text":"The Lincoln Imp is a grotesque on a wall inside Lincoln Cathedral, England, and it has become the symbol of the city of Lincoln. The carving is situated high on the north side of the Angel Choir and is not conspicuous. The Angel Choir was built between 1250 and 1280, so the carving must date from then. It became well known in the late nineteenth century, and its associated folk tales are an elaboration of earlier traditions involving the devil hiding from wind inside the cathedral, the devil looking at Lincoln with malicious envy, and stone sculptures (at Lincoln Cathedral or Lincoln College, Oxford) said to represent either theme. History A 1780 guide to early English sculpture by John Carter had a section on “Antiquities from Lincoln”. It made no mention of the imp but had an illustration of “A Sculpture projecting over the angle of a Turret of the South Porch of the Cathedral. ’Tis called by the inhabitants, the ‘Devil on the Witch’s back, looking over Lincoln’.\" Guides to the cathedral published in 1837 and 1856 also mentioned this exterior sculpture, and made no mention of the imp. An 1869 book by Richard John King did mention the imp carving, though not by nickname. “The grotesque below the second corbel on the north side (counting from the east — it is in the retro-choir) represents an elf with large ears, and may perhaps be regarded as illustrating the mediaeval folk-lore.” The nickname “Lincoln Imp” arose some time before 1897, when it featured in a pamphlet by Arnold Frost (real name G.T. Hemsley,) containing his poem “The Ballad of the Wind, the Devil and Lincoln Minster”. Frost claimed it was based on an “old Lincolnshire legend” that had “not hitherto appeared in print”. He said it had been told to him “some five or six years ago by a North Lincolnshire man, sixty years of age, who, as a boy, had heard his father relate it.” Frost summarised the legend: “The coming of Bishop Remigius to Lincoln made the devil very angry, for up to that time he had had it all his own way in the town and district. The devil tried his utmost to turn him from his purpose of building a Cathedral, but without success. At last in desperation — the Minster then nearing its completion — the devil waylaid the bishop at the south-western corner of the building and tried to kill him. But the good prelate in his extremity called for aid upon the Blessed Virgin Mary — to whom the Church was to be dedicated — whereupon, the Blessed Virgin sent a mighty rushing wind, which, catching the devil, so hustled and buffeted him, that he slipped inside the Church for safety, where he has been ever since, nor dare he come out, knowing that the wind awaits his return in order to make an end of him.” The legend made no mention of a stone carving. That was Frost’s own addition, in","title":"Lincoln Imp"},{"docid":"6041904","text":"Emma Amos (born 18 August 1964 in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire) is an English actress. She played Yvonne Sparrow in the last three series and 2016 special of time travel sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart alongside Nicholas Lyndhurst, replacing original actress Michelle Holmes who held the role from 1993-96. In 1992, she played Sherbet Gravel in Philip Ridley's controversial stage play The Fastest Clock in the Universe. Life Emma Amos trained at the Royal College of Music from 1982 to 1989, and in 1991 she landed a part in the British film Buddy's Song. Designed as a vehicle for the rising pop-singer Chesney Hawkes, the film also starred Roger Daltrey of rock band the Who as Terry, Buddy's dad. Amos was cast as Dawn, Terry's girlfriend, but only featured in a few brief scenes. Amos's first television role was playing 'Phoebe' the talking phone in the children's series Wizadora. She starred in 8 episodes in 1991 for Oxford Press before the series was picked up by ITV and Phoebe was re-introduced as a model phone. She started in an episode of long-running sit-com Men Behaving Badly, playing the part of Mandy, the annoying girlfriend of Tony's brother, in the episode \"People Behaving Irritatingly\". Following a variety of supporting-part roles, Amos eventually landed a starring role alongside Nicholas Lyndhurst in the time-travel sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart. Replacing Michelle Holmes midway through the show's 6 series run, Emma took on the role of time-travelling bigamist Gary Sparrow's 1990s wife, Yvonne. It was in the final three series that the character developed considerably, Emma's performance focusing on Yvonne's increasing success as a high-powered business woman. The show's creators also made the character a far sexier proposition than previously. She was often dressed in smart business suits with short skirts or seen exercising in tight-fitting lycra. In one episode, \"The 'Ouses in Between\", Amos took on the additional role of Marie Lloyd, a music hall singer in Victorian times who nearly meets Jack the Ripper, when her husband's time-travelling takes him further back in time than usual. Since then, Amos has appeared in a range of British television series, including Casualty, A Touch of Frost, Peak Practice, Midsomer Murders, The Bill, My Family and Doctors. She has also appeared in Heartbeat, in which she played Anita Hudson in the episode \"Little White Lies,\" as well as having been seen in the feature films Vera Drake and Bridget Jones's Diary. Amos played Julie Davies in The Last Detective. In January 2009, she appeared in a Churchill Insurance TV commercial. In 2016 it was announced that Amos, as well as her daughter Esme Coy, would appear in a one-off special return of Goodnight Sweetheart. On 26 April 2017, it was announced that Amos would be appearing in the Chichester Festival Theatre production of Sweet Bird of Youth by Tennessee Williams from 2–24 June 2017. Amos, who during her run on Goodnight Sweetheart, was voted as having TV's best legs by readers of British magazine The Economist, is married to the actor","title":"Emma Amos (actress)"},{"docid":"12187226","text":"USS Snowden (DE-246) was an Edsall-class destroyer escort built for the U.S. Navy during World War II. She served in the Atlantic Ocean the Pacific Ocean and provided destroyer escort protection against submarine and air attack for Navy vessels and convoys. She was named in honor of Admiral Thomas Snowden (1857-1930) who was awarded the Navy Cross during World War I. She was laid down on 7 December 1942 by Brown Shipbuilding Co., Inc., Houston, Texas; launched on 19 February 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Edith M. Greenlee, wife of Captain Halford R. Greenlee (Retired); and commissioned on 23 August 1943. At war's end, she returned home with three battle stars. World War II North Atlantic operations Snowden sailed for New Orleans, Louisiana, on 3 September en route to Bermuda for her shakedown cruise which lasted until 14 October. She was then ordered to Charleston, South Carolina. Late in the month, she escorted to Panama, and, in November, to New York City. The ship was assigned to convoy UGS-24 there, on 11 November, and escorted it to Norfolk, Virginia, and Casablanca, arriving on 1 December. She picked up another convoy there and returned to New York on 24 December 1943. Snowden got underway for a short training cruise to Norfolk on 5 January 1944 and then escorted to New York. In January, she escorted convoy UGS-31 to Gibraltar, via Norfolk, and in February returned to New York with convoy UGS-30 which arrived on 8 March. The escort then moved to Norfolk and joined Task Group (TG) 21.15, a hunter-killer group, which sailed on 24 March. That evening, a sound contact was made by Snowden, but she was ordered out of the area so that aircraft from could drop sonar buoys, which produced negative results. Sinking of German Submarine U-488 On 28 April, Snowden, , and left their screening positions to make fathometer readings at the head of an oil slick. Snowden made a reading at 560 feet. The trio dropped two depth charge patterns of 39 charges each. Two undersea explosions followed as U-488 was destroyed. Sinking of German Submarines U-154 and U-490 The task group was forced to return to port for a resupply of depth charges on 5 May before continuing operations in June and July. On 12 June, Snowden, Frost, and made a surface radar contact. Inch illuminated the target with star shells, and it was identified as a submarine. Frost commenced firing as Snowden was out of range. An SOS was received by Frost which was followed by a loud explosion from the submarine. The three escorts picked up 60 survivors from the sunken U-490. On 3 July, Frost and Inch destroyed U-154 Snowden put a boat in the water, and it collected such debris as paper with German writing, German cigarettes, and human flesh. The submarine was definitely sunk. Sinking of German Submarine U-1235 On 22 August, Snowden joined task group TG 22.5 and operated in the Caribbean until 30 December 1944 when it returned to","title":"USS Snowden"},{"docid":"2065692","text":"Adrienne Frost is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jay Faerber and Terry Dodson. Adrienne frost first appeared in Generation X #48 (February 1999). The character appeared in stories set in the Marvel Universe, commonly in association with the X-Men. She is the older sister of Emma Frost, Christian Frost, and Cordelia Frost. Publication history Adrienne Frost made her debut in Generation X Vol 1 #48 (Feb. 1999). The issue was the scripts written by Jay Faerber and comics drawn by Terry Dodson. Fictional character biography Early years Adrienne was the first-born child to Hazel and Winston Frost. Followed Christian, Emma, and Cordelia who was the last. The Frost family was one of the homes that did not have love and kindness, but rather manipulative and controlling. Adrienne established herself as the \"perfect child\" and was the favorite of their father, hoping to gain his favor and inherit the Frost family fortune. Adrienne was a power monger and showed little remorse or emotion when hurting her siblings both emotionally and physically. At an early age, Adrienne discovered her mutant ability of psychometry: the ability to touch an object and instantly know the object's history in terms of events surrounding its past, present, and future owners. Her power revealed to her what she had always known. Winston, her father had little intention of dividing his fortune between all of his children. Instead, he planned to pick the child whom he perceived as being able to guide his company into a state of growth and prosperity. This simply reinforced her original beliefs, and she became cold and distant from the world. Those who were worth anything were the ones she could manipulate in her chess game of power. Her power allowed her to become a top 'A' student and excel in all her endeavors, and continuing to earn her father's favor. However, Emma's rebellion against their father leads to Winston developing a profound new interest in her. To demoralize her, Adrienne outed Christian, to whom Emma was closest, and set in motion of the events that led to his attempted suicide. She also exposed Emma's kiss with her teacher Ian Kendall, which resulted in him being fired. In retaliation, Emma shocked her sister by exposing Adrienne's secret modeling career, of which their father disapproved. Despite her plans, Adrienne had no control over the fact that her father saw Emma as akin to him when he was young. Confident, Adrienne gathered with her siblings for her father to reveal who would guide his finances into the next millennium. She thought it was her who was going to be the prime candidate, Adrienne was left in shocked when their father chose Emma as his heir. However she was sick of her father's manipulations, and chose to leave succeed on her own. Leaving Adrienne as the second choice. Adrienne continued living under her father, at times even suffering his physical abuse. She continued to resent Emma and","title":"Adrienne Frost"},{"docid":"108569","text":"Limon is a statutory town that is the most populous municipality in Lincoln County, Colorado, United States. The population was 2,043 at the 2020 United States Census. Limon lies at the intersection of Interstate 70, U.S. Highways 24, 40, 287, and Colorado Highway 71. The Limon Correctional Facility is part of the Colorado Department of Corrections system and is a major employer in the area with employment of roughly 350. Limon is the western terminus of the Kyle Railroad and it is here the regional interchanges with the Union Pacific Railroad. Trains previously stopped at Limon Railroad Depot. History Railroads were the major factor for Limon's original founding and location. The Kansas Pacific Railroad made its way across the plains from southern Kansas following the Smoky Hill Trail in 1870. In 1888, the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad (now the Kyle Railroad) made its way west to east from Colorado Springs, entering Lincoln County and intersecting the Kansas Pacific (now Union Pacific) at the present day location of Limon. This union of the two railroads was the earliest founding of the \"Hub City\". Porter lynching Limon was the site of a lynching on November 16, 1900. Preston Porter Jr, a sixteen-year-old African-American male, had confessed under duress to the murder of eleven-year-old Louise Frost who was Caucasian. Porter was apparently being held some 90 miles away in Denver, but was sent back to Limon by request of unspecified people and against the wishes of Sheriff Freeman. When the train carrying Porter stopped in Limon, sixteen men selected from a mob of 300 \"marked by calmness and determination\" took Porter from Freeman's custody despite the sheriff's protestations \"in the name of law.\" Originally it was announced that Porter would be hanged but many in the crowd including R. W. Frost, the girl's father, objected \"that such a death would be too easy.\" The method was left to Frost who decided upon burning at the stake. Frost also refused to allow mutilation of Porter's body before burning. While waiting for his execution, Porter sat next to a bonfire reading the Gospel of Luke from the Bible. Porter was chained to an iron railroad rail set in the ground on the exact spot where the murder had taken place and burned to death, the match to start the fire being set by the girl's father. Lynchings of this type were apparently rare, as reporters on the scene wrote: \"The general sentiment expressed approves the execution of the negro, but deprecates the method adopted.\" 1990 tornado On June 6, 1990, an F3 tornado touched down near Matheson (about 16 miles west of Limon), tearing roughly east-northeast through fields. Minutes later, the then rain-wrapped tornado arrived, devastating the city. The storm injured 14 people, but remarkably no one was killed. Most of Limon's business district had been laid to ruins in just moments. Governor Roy Romer declared Limon a disaster area the next day. Limon successfully rebuilt its business district adding streetscaping, a new","title":"Limon, Colorado"},{"docid":"20408364","text":"Jill Baker (born 1952) is a British actress who has worked extensively in theatre and television for 50 years. Personal life Baker is a graduate of the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. She and actor Bob Peck were married for 17 years, from 1982 until his death, in 1999. They had three children. Career She made her debut in the TV movie Savages in 1975 and has worked steadily on television and theatre since. Her theatre work includes Sufficient Carbohydrate by Denis Potter, Goosepimples, Mike Leigh, All My Sons, all in the West End and the premiere of The Secret Rapture in 1988. She has also been working as an actress in British television since 1975. Along with playing a recurring lead character in Rides, Screaming and Fish, she has made cameo appearances in individual episodes of Blore M.P, The Professionals (1980), Only Fools and Horses (1981), Me and My Girl (1983), \"Last Bus to Woodstock\" (An Inspector Morse TV-Mystery) (1988), Tales of Sherwood Forest (1989), Prime Suspect (1995), The Girl (1996) as Anne Thornton, The Broker's Man (1997–98) as Claudette Monro-Foster, The Vanishing Man (1998) as Dr. Jeffries, , Perfect Strangers (2001), New Tricks (2003), A Touch of Frost (2004), Secret Smile (2005), Waking the Dead, Holby City, (2007), Spooks (2008) and Wallander, Episode 1 in 2008. She has also appeared as Lady de Lesseps in Shakespeare in Love. In 2009 she appeared in the ITV Drama Whatever It Takes, In 2011 she appeared in the ITV Drama Midsomer Murders \"Not in My Back Yard\" as Eleanor Swanscombe. In 2014, she appeared in Happy Valley as Helen Gallagher. Baker appeared in Only Fools and Horses in the episode \"The Second Time Around\", as Del Boy (David Jason)'s ex-fiancée, Pauline Harris. Filmography Film Television References External links 1952 births Living people English stage actresses English film actresses English television actresses","title":"Jill Baker"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"11768519\",\n \"text\": \"George J. Costigan (born 8 August 1947) is an English actor who is best known for portraying Bob in the 1987 film Rita, Sue and Bob Too and for roles in TV series such as Happy Valley and So Haunt Me. Early life Born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, Costigan grew up in Salford, Greater Manchester. After attending St Augustine's C of E Primary School on Bolton Road in Pendlebury, he went to Wardley Grammar School on Mardale Avenue in Wardley near Swinton. Career Costigan has appeared regularly on television since 1978. He played Tom Towers in the 1982 series of The Barchester Chronicles, an adaption of the novels by Anthony Trollope, and in the same year starred as Tom Hannaway in a BBC adaptation of Fame is the Spur. In 1984, he appeared as lead guest actor playing Wilson Kemp in \\\"The Greek Interpreter\\\", an episode of the successful Granada TV series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, and, in the same year, also played Philip the Bastard in the BBC Television Shakespeare production of The Life and Death of King John (alongside Leonard Rossiter in the title role). In 1986, he played the lead role of Bob, an adulterous businessman in the small independent comedy film Rita, Sue and Bob Too, which has since achieved cult status. He has since starred or featured in many television productions, including The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (channelling Peter Lorre) Kavanagh QC, Coogan's Run, Connie, A Touch of Frost, Inspector Morse, Murder Most Horrid, London's Burning, The Bill, Holby City, The Long Firm, City Central, Vera, Dalziel and Pascoe, The Ruth Rendell Mysteries, The Inspector Lynley Mysteries, The Beiderbecke Connection, New Tricks, Linda Green and Casualty. His film work includes Calendar Girls and Shirley Valentine. He appeared in the role of Max Capricorn in the 2007 Doctor Who Christmas special, \\\"Voyage of the Damned\\\". In 1974, he joined the Liverpool Everyman Theatre Company, where he met his second wife, Jooles, remaining with the company for eight years. Whilst at the Everyman he appeared as Bert in the Willy Russell musical John, Paul, George, Ringo and Bert alongside Trevor Eve, Anthony Sher, and Bernard Hill. In the theatre, he created the role of Mickey Johnstone in Willy Russell's musical Blood Brothers, originally at the Liverpool Playhouse, and later at the Lyric Theatre, London. He then played the role of Estragon in Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot at the Manchester Library Theatre for three weeks from 16 February to 8 March 2008, and played Willy Loman in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman at York Theatre Royal in November 2008. In December 2009, it was announced that he is to join Emmerdale as a friend of Rodney Blackstock. He made his debut in the soap in March 2010 and his last appearance was shown on 23 July 2010. In April 2010, he starred as Alan, the ex-husband of Christine, Inspector Frost's new love interest in A Touch of Frost. In 2012, he appeared in William Shakespeare's\",\n \"title\": \"George Costigan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18033\",\n \"text\": \"Little Nemo is a fictional character created by American cartoonist Winsor McCay. He originated in an early comic strip by McCay, Dream of the Rarebit Fiend, before receiving his own spin-off series, Little Nemo in Slumberland. The full-page weekly strip depicted Nemo having fantastic dreams that were interrupted by his awakening in the final panel. The strip is considered McCay's masterpiece for its experiments with the form of the comics page, its use of color and perspective, its timing and pacing, the size and shape of its panels, and its architectural and other details. Little Nemo in Slumberland ran in the New York Herald from October 15, 1905, until July 23, 1911. The strip was renamed In the Land of Wonderful Dreams when McCay brought it to William Randolph Hearst's New York American, where it ran from September 3, 1911, until July 26, 1914. When McCay returned to the Herald in 1924, he revived the strip, and it ran under its original title from August 3, 1924, until January 9, 1927, when McCay returned to Hearst. Concept A weekly fantasy adventure, Little Nemo in Slumberland featured the young Nemo (\\\"No one\\\" in Latin) who dreamed himself into wondrous predicaments from which he awoke in bed in the last panel. The first episode begins with a command from King Morpheus of Slumberland to a minion to collect Nemo. Nemo was to be the playmate of Slumberland's Princess, but it took months of adventures before Nemo finally arrived; a green, cigar-chewing clown named Flip was determined to disturb Nemo's sleep with a top hat emblazoned with the words \\\"Wake Up\\\". Nemo and Flip eventually become companions, and are joined by an African Imp whom Flip finds in the Candy Islands. The group travels far and wide, from shanty towns to Mars, to Jack Frost's palace, to the bizarre architecture and distorted funhouse-mirror illusions of Befuddle Hall. The strip shows McCay's understanding of dream psychology, particularly of dream fears—falling, drowning, impalement. This dream world has its own moral code, perhaps difficult to understand. Breaking it has terrible consequences, as when Nemo ignores instructions not to touch Queen Crystalette, who inhabits a cave of glass. Overcome with his infatuation, he causes her and her followers to shatter, and awakens with \\\"the groans of the dying guardsmen still ringing in his ears\\\". Although the strip began October 15, 1905, with Morpheus, ruler of Slumberland, making his first attempt to bring Little Nemo to his realm, Nemo did not get into Slumberland until March 4, 1906, and, due to Flip's interfering, did not get to see the Princess until July 8. His dream quest is always interrupted, either by his falling out of bed, or by his parents forcing him to wake up. On July 12, 1908, McCay made a major change of direction: Flip visits Nemo and tells him that he has had his uncle destroy Slumberland (it had been dissolved before, into day, but this time it appeared to be permanent). After this, Nemo's\",\n \"title\": \"Little Nemo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4502358\",\n \"text\": \"Wade Hampton Frost (March 3, 1880 – May 1, 1938) was born in Marshall, Virginia. He was the son of a country doctor. Before college, he was first homeschooled by his mother, and then spent the final two years in boarding school. He received his B.A. in 1901 and his M.D. in 1903, both from the University of Virginia. He was the first resident lecturer at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health and was later professor of epidemiology. Frost served as Chair of the Department of Epidemiology from 1919 until 1938 and served as Dean of the School from 1931 until 1934. His work included studies of the epidemiology of poliomyelitis, influenza, diphtheria, and tuberculosis. In 1906, Frost assisted in the first successful arrest of a yellow fever epidemic in the United States. He also helped field investigations regarding typhoid outbreaks and water pollution by applying his knowledge of microbiology laboratory techniques. Frost's personal life is rarely touched on, but one of the presumed reasons that he focused on tuberculosis was because he was diagnosed with incipient pulmonary tuberculosis when he was in his thirties. He had to spend several months in a sanatorium when diagnosed. He is often considered the father of modern epidemiology. Frost's bibliography consists of 57 scientific publications.He died in Baltimore, Maryland on May 1, 1938, of esophageal cancer. References External links \\\"A Guide to the Wade Hampton Frost Collection.\\\" Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia 1880 births 1938 deaths University of Virginia alumni Johns Hopkins University faculty People from Marshall, Virginia American public health doctors University of Virginia School of Medicine alumni Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Members of the American Epidemiological Society\",\n \"title\": \"Wade Hampton Frost\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3166104\",\n \"text\": \"David Spinx (born 25 April 1951) is an English actor, probably best known for playing Keith Miller in the BBC television soap opera EastEnders from 2004 to 2008. He had previously appeared in EastEnders as a guest character in an episode in 1999 as the cellmate of Steve Owen and provided the voices on the radios in Barry Evans' cab firm. He made guest appearances in many other television series such as A Touch of Frost, The Bill and Hustle. David made his last appearance on EastEnders on 1 July 2008; his character was axed having 'run out of steam'. Filmography Big Boys Don't Cry (2020 film) Casualty (2014) Snow in Paradise (2014 Come Dine with Me (2010) – Himself EastEnders (1999) – Sharkey, (2004–2008) – Keith Miller Hustle (2004) – Security Guard New Tricks (2003) – File Sergeant Falling Apart (2002) – Men's Group Member Tipping the Velvet (2002) – Rough Man Jack of Diamonds (2001) – Kelly Conspiracy (TV) (2001) – Cook Holby City (2000) – Len Palmer Fifteen to One (2000) – Himself A Touch of Frost (1999–2000) – Dick Rycroft The Bill (1999) – Porter, (2003) – Trevor Saunders Grafters (1998) – Bailiff If Only.../The Man with Rain in His Shoes/Twice Upon a Yesterday (1998) – Vendor England, My England (1995) – Smith References English male soap opera actors 1951 births Living people Actors from the London Borough of Ealing People from Ealing\",\n \"title\": \"David Spinx\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71401659\",\n \"text\": \"Samuel Frost (January 14, 1765 – October 31, 1793) was an American murderer who was acquitted of murdering his father, and later convicted of murdering a man named Captain Elisha Allen. He was then hanged at his highly publicized execution on October 31, 1793. Early life Samuel Frost was born on January 14, 1765, in Princeton, a town in Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1779, when Frost, one of three children, was 14 years old, his mother died after falling ill. Frost thought that his father's abuse towards his mother was what caused her death. Murders On September 23, 1783, at the age of 18, Frost murdered his father. While they were digging a ditch, Frost knocked his father over, and repeatedly stabbed him in the head with a handspike until his brains were exposed. Frost did this in retaliation for the death of his mother four years earlier. Frost was quickly apprehended and charged with murder. However, he was acquitted by reason of insanity during his trial in April of the same year. After his acquittal, Frost was homeless. He would frequently do work for people in exchange for a temporary place to live. When he couldn't find anywhere to stay, Frost would live in the woods, surviving on apples and berries he found. One person he worked for was a man named Captain Elisha Allen. Allen would reportedly treat Frost like a slave. Frost ran away from Allen's estate several times, and was flogged by Allen as punishment. On July 16, 1793, Samuel Frost murdered Elisha Allen. That afternoon, Allen ordered Frost to help him with his cabbage patch. While Allen kneeled to fix a plant in the garden, Frost hit him in the head with a hoe. After Frost hit him with the hoe two more times, Allen said \\\"Forbear Sam, you done enough.\\\" Frost ignored Allen's pleas, and hit him at least thirteen more times, killing him. At his second trial, Samuel Frost pleaded guilty to the murder of Captain Elisha Allen and was sentenced to death. Execution Before his execution, Frost frequently read the bible. He also banged his head against the walls of his prison cell to feel how his victims felt. When asked what he would do if he was free, Frost responded that there was one more person that he wanted to kill. Samuel Frost's execution happened on October 31, 1793, on a hill in Worcester, Massachusetts. After confessing to his murders in front of an audience of 2,000 people he was blind-folded and his hands were tied behind his back. He was then hanged. His last words were \\\"I declare that I ever had a great aversion to stealing and telling lies, and think them to be great crimes. I always meant to tell the truth, and never stole, except taking a few apples from orchards may be called so.\\\" The hill that Frost was executed on became known as \\\"Frost Hill\\\" after his death. References 1765 births 1793 deaths American male criminals\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel Frost (murderer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6596809\",\n \"text\": \"Benedict Sandiford is a British actor who is best known for his role as son Neil on the British sitcom Barbara and for 'Harry Enfield & Chums' in 1997. He also made guest appearances on Heartbeat, Peak Practice, A Touch of Frost, Touching Evil, At Home with the Braithwaites, Pie in the Sky, Cadfael, This Life, Foyle's War, Midsomer Murders and Coronation Street. He played rent boy Alfred Wood in the 1997 film Wilde, alongside Stephen Fry and Jude Law, and starred in the TV drama \\\"Eskimo Day\\\" and its sequel \\\"Cold Enough For Snow\\\", both penned by Jack Rosenthal and also starring Maureen Lipman, Tom Wilkinson, Anna Carteret and David Ross. His theatre credits include: Falling Over England (Greenwich Theatre), The Schoolmistress (Chichester Festival Theatre), Spring and Port Wine, The Grouch, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (West Yorkshire Playhouse), Kafka's Dick (Watford Palace Theatre), Restoration (Salisbury Playhouse), Lady in the Van (Hull Truck and UK Tour). Sandiford is now an Artist in Residence at South Street Arts Centre in Reading, where he has made 8 original pieces of theatre: Jacksons Corner, Kaspar, The Final Whistle, The Great British Bump Off, Being Gordon Greenidge, In Ruins, Amelia, and Behind Closed Doors. He now works at Reading School as Head of Drama, where he teaches GCSE drama and A-level Theatre Studies. External links British male television actors Living people 1973 births\",\n \"title\": \"Benedict Sandiford\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21356185\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of episodes detailing the long-running ITV drama series A Touch of Frost, starring David Jason, John Lyons and Bruce Alexander. Series overview Episodes Series 1 (1992) Series 2 (1994) Series 3 (1995) Series 4 (1996) Series 5 (1997) Series 6 (1999) Series 7 (1999–2000) Series 8 (2001) Series 9 (2002) Series 10 (2003) Series 11 (2003–04) Series 12 (2005) Series 13 (2006) Series 14 (2008) Series 15 (2010) References Lists of British crime television series episodes Lists of British drama television series episodes\",\n \"title\": \"List of A Touch of Frost episodes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13494992\",\n \"text\": \"The Leeds Studios (also known as the ITV Television Centre, Yorkshire Television Studios or YTV Studios) is a television production complex on Kirkstall Road in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. ITV plc had proposed to close the studios in 2009, however later in the year had a change of mind and instead decided to refit them as high-definition studios. Background The Leeds Studios have been the home of Yorkshire Television, and its successor, ITV Yorkshire, since 1968 and are owned by ITV Yorkshire's parent company ITV plc. The complex houses the main studios and administrative headquarters of ITV Yorkshire, which also has smaller offices in Sheffield and Kingston upon Hull. ITV programmes which have been produced there include: 3-2-1, My Parents Are Aliens, Where the Heart Is, The Royal, Heartbeat, Wire in the Blood, Bruce's Price is Right, Bad Influence! and A Touch of Frost. Countdown was regularly made for Channel 4 here until April 2009 (when it moved to The Manchester Studios and then to MediaCityUK in Salford) as was Win My Wage, a new gameshow for Channel 4 made by independent company Hotbed Media in 2007. The studios were also home to Through the Keyhole, (which began as a YTV production on ITV, but was later made by David Frost's company Paradine Productions for Sky1 and the BBC) and were used for the interior shots on hit comedy The League of Gentlemen and medical drama Bodies (both for the BBC). The revived Bullseye on Challenge was also recorded at the Leeds Studios as was the 2006 series of Mastermind, due to the closure of Granada Studios for the removal of asbestos at the time. The front of the main studio buildings have, in the past, acted as the main entrance to Hotten General in the serial drama, Emmerdale. History The studios were built on slum clearance land on Kirkstall Road, purchased from the former Leeds Corporation. Construction commenced in early 1967: A mild winter aided building work and by mid-1968 studios one and two were equipped for transmission (studios three and four being completed by early 1969). The studio was officially opened by the Duchess of Kent on 29 July 1968. It was the first purpose-built colour television production centre in Europe and cost over £4 million to build and equip (at 1968 prices). Colour cameras were initially Marconi Mk7s and EMI 2001s. Both of these cameras were in use until the mid-1980s. Some studios in The Leeds Studios used Marconi cameras, the others used EMI cameras. In 1976 the cameras in Studio 3 were replaced with the Philips LDK 25 models. During the 1970s, one set was used as a synthetic ice rink when not in use for filming. The regional news show Calendar was produced at the centre for many years but in 1989 was moved to a dedicated newsroom and broadcast facility based in a converted roller rink next to the main studios. The programme moved back to the main studio building in October 2012. Proposed\",\n \"title\": \"The Leeds Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7160486\",\n \"text\": \"Be with Us (A Year With...) is a 2003 DVD by English girl group Atomic Kitten. The DVD mainly consists of behind the scenes footage of a year in the life of the band. DVD information Filmed over the course of 12 months, Liz McClarnon, Natasha Hamilton and Jenny Frost give an inside look how the music videos were recorded, give a glimpse into their private lives, and take a bike ride through Singapore. The DVD also contains footage of various major and minor performances across the globe. The timeframe coincides with the release of the Ladies Night album. The video features the music videos for \\\"Ladies Night\\\", \\\"If You Come to Me\\\", \\\"Be with You\\\", \\\"The Last Goodbye\\\", and \\\"The Tide Is High\\\". The DVD also contains a photo gallery. The DVD was certified Gold on 25 February 2005. Track listing Music Videos: \\\"Ladies Night\\\" \\\"If You Come to Me\\\" \\\"Be With You\\\" \\\"The Last Goodbye\\\" \\\"The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling)\\\" Plus the girls singing: \\\"Never Gonna Give You Up\\\" in the lift \\\"Cheeky Song (Touch My Bum)\\\" in a radio interview \\\"I'll Be There for You\\\" seen in the behind the scenes of The Last Goodbye \\\"It's Raining Men\\\" \\\"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)\\\" \\\"Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer\\\" \\\"Live and Let Die\\\" \\\"Insomnia from the movie \\\"Faithless\\\" \\\"Round Round\\\" \\\"Here With Me\\\" and much more References and notes External links Official site Atomic Kitten video albums 2003 video albums Documentary films about pop music and musicians\",\n \"title\": \"Be with Us (A Year With...)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9723113\",\n \"text\": \"Noel Frank Johnson (28 December 1916 – 1 October 1999) was an English actor. He was the voice of special agent Dick Barton on BBC Radio and Dan Dare on Radio Luxembourg. Life Johnson was born 28 December 1916 in West Bromwich, England and attended Bromsgrove School, where his fictional character Dick Barton was listed on the honours boards. He married Leonora Peacock in 1942: they had one son Gareth Johnson. He died 1 October 1999. Career After wartime service in the Royal Army Service Corps, including evacuation from Dunkirk, he was invalided out, and joined the BBC Repertory Company in 1945. He was the original voice of Dick Barton from 7 October 1946, performing over 300 episodes before quitting in 1949 to pursue a stage career. He was paid £18 per week but felt that he deserved much more for such a popular character. He returned to play Dick Barton once more in a special series in 1972. In 1969 he appeared in a BBC seven-part David Ellis radio thriller called Find The Lady. He later played Dan Dare on the Radio Luxembourg serial, but his name was kept secret. His assured upper class voice cadence made him ideal for certain characters, notably in the BBC Radio 4 dramatic adaptation of A Dance to the Music of Time by Anthony Powell. This was broadcast as 26 one-hour episodes between 1978 and 1981; Johnson played the novel sequence's narrator Nicholas Jenkins, while the younger Nicholas was played by Gareth Johnson in the first 18 episodes. In the last quarter of the series – in which Jenkins is in late middle-age – Johnson plays Jenkins alone. His movie career included roles in Frenzy, The First Great Train Robbery, For Your Eyes Only and his last film Withnail & I in 1987, where he played a militaristic and drunken bar owner. Johnson also appeared in numerous television dramas until the mid-1990s, including Dixon of Dock Green, Coronation Street, Out of the Unknown, Doomwatch, Death of an Expert Witness, Colditz, Rumpole of the Bailey, Doctor Who (in the serials The Underwater Menace and Invasion of the Dinosaurs), Inspector Morse and A Touch of Frost, amongst many others. Filmography References External links Noel Johnson obituary 1916 births 1999 deaths English male radio actors Male actors from Birmingham, West Midlands People educated at Bromsgrove School 20th-century English male actors British Army personnel of World War II Royal Army Service Corps soldiers Military personnel from the West Midlands (county)\",\n \"title\": \"Noel Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10534697\",\n \"text\": \"Raymond Russell is an English session musician and experimental jazz rock guitarist. He is also a record producer and composer. Russell made his professional debut as Vic Flick's replacement as lead guitarist in the John Barry Seven. Session guitarist In 1973 he was a member of the band Mouse, which released a progressive rock album entitled Lady Killer for the Sovereign record label. Composition in TV/film In 1963, Russell assumed Vik Flick's position as lead guitarist of the John Barry Seven. He played on the soundtracks for James Bond films - Moonraker, You only live twice, Octopussy, Thunderball, Live and let die, The man with the Golden Gun, and The spy who loved me. Russell was later employed by George Harrison's company HandMade Films and played for the film scores of Monty Python's Life of Brian, Water and Time Bandits. Russell's TV compositions have included A Touch of Frost, for which he won a Royal society Television Award, Bergerac, Plain Jane, A Bit of a Do, Rich Tea and Sympathy, The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries, Dangerfield and Grafters, as well as The Murder of Meredith Kercher and BBC's Hooded Men. He also played in the DVD Simon Phillips Returns with Simon Phillips and Anthony Jackson. Russell was composer for British TV Detective series A Touch of Frost - series 6-15 between 1999-2010.6 He released an album A Touch of FrostT in 2003 which featured David Jason as Frost on the cover. In 2008 Russell, drummer Ralph Salmins, and sound engineer Rik Walton created Made Up Music, a music library that distributes music on its web site and by sending portable hard drives to music editors. In March 2020, Russell featured on an episode of the BBC Television programme Antiques Roadshow, in which his fretless six-string electric guitar, made by Bartell and gifted to him by George Harrison, having originally belonged to John Lennon, was valued at £300,000-£400,000. Discography Turn Circle (CBS, 1968) Dragon Hill (CBS, 1969) June 11, 1971: Live at the ICA (RCA Victor, 1971) Rites & Rituals (CBS, 1971) Secret Asylum (Black Lion, 1973) Ready or Not (DJM, 1977) This Side Up (B&W, 1989) A Table Near the Band (Angel Air, 1990) Guitars from Mars (Virgin, 1990) Why Not Now (1988) Childscape (1990) with Gil Evans and Mark Isham June 11th 1971: Live at the ICA / Retrospective (Mokai, 2000) A Touch of Frost (Universal, 2003) The Composer's Cut (Angel Air, 2005) Goodbye Svengali (Cuneiform, 2006) Myths & Legends (Strip Sounds, 2007) Now, More Than Ever (Abstract Logix, 2013) The Celestial Squid with Henry Kaiser (Cuneiform, 2015) Fluid Architecture (Cuneiform, 2020) References External links 1947 births Living people Military personnel from London People from Islington (district) Cuneiform Records artists English television composers English male composers English jazz guitarists English male guitarists English session musicians Nucleus (band) members British male jazz musicians RMS (band) members Black Lion Records artists\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Russell (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25385789\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Marshall Pratt (March 5, 1939 – December 16, 2000) was an American rock climber known for big wall climbing first ascents in Yosemite Valley. He was also a long-time climbing instructor and mountain guide with Exum Mountain Guides in the Grand Tetons. Climbing career In August, 1958, Pratt completed the first ascent of the north face of Fairview Dome in Tuolumne Meadows in Yosemite National Park with Wally Reed, This climb, completed when Pratt was 19, is described as \\\"marvelously direct\\\" and a \\\"memorable climb\\\" in Fifty Classic Climbs of North America. In 1959, he completed the first ascent of the East Face of Washington Column (later called 'Astroman') in Yosemite Valley with Warren Harding and Glen Denny. In 1960, he made the second ascent of The Nose on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley, a route pioneered by Warren Harding in 1958. He climbed with Royal Robbins, Tom Frost and Joe Fitschen, and they made the climb in one continuous push lasting seven days. Robbins said it was \\\"the most magnificent and complete adventure of our lives.\\\" The first ascent had taken Harding's team 45 days of climbing spread over an 18-month period. On September 12, 1961, Tom Frost and Royal Robbins began the first ascent of the Salathé Wall on El Capitan, named for pioneer Yosemite climber John Salathé. Pratt was purchasing additional climbing equipment for the ascent during those first few days. Frost and Robbins spent two days establishing the first of the route, and then retreated to the valley floor, where they met up with Pratt, with whom they spent several more days pushing the route to above the valley floor. Once again, the climbers descended and resupplied. On September 19, they resumed the climb, and after days of intense vertical aid climbing they reached and surpassed \\\"The Roof\\\", a overhang. On September 24, the trio reached the summit. It had taken them a total of 11 days and 36 pitches of vertical climbing to finish the route, which is rated YDS VI, 5.10, A3. In October, 1963, he made the first free ascent of the Kor-Ingalls Route on Castleton Tower near Moab, Utah, with Steve Roper. In the summer of 1964, Pratt, Harding and Yvon Chouinard spent five days in an alpine-style ascent of the South Face of Mount Watkins, located up Tenaya Canyon, a side canyon of Yosemite Valley. The climb was completed in extreme heat with limited water supplies, leading to dehydration of the three climbers. Pratt wrote in the 1965 American Alpine Journal: \\\"By the fourth day, Yvon had lost so much weight from dehydration that he could lower his climbing knickers without undoing a single button. For the first time in seven years, I was able to remove a ring from my finger, and Harding, whose resemblance to the classical conception of Satan is legendary, took on an even more gaunt and sinister appearance.\\\" From October 22–31, 1964, with Robbins, Frost and Chouinard, Pratt made the first ascent of the North\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Pratt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7255193\",\n \"text\": \"Beatrice Edney (born 23 October 1962) is an English television actress. Born in London, she is the daughter of actress Sylvia Syms and her husband Alan Edney. Her brother is Benjamin Edney and her cousin was musician Nick Webb. Edney first came to audiences' attention as Heather MacLeod in the 1986 film Highlander, the first entry in the Highlander series. She returned to the role again in the 2000 film Highlander: Endgame. In 1987, Edney performed the title role in the television production of The Dark Angel with Peter O'Toole. In 1990, she appeared in the Bruce Beresford film Mister Johnson, alongside Pierce Brosnan and Edward Woodward. Her many television appearances include a leading role in the 1986 television series Lost Empires, based on the novel by J. B. Priestley, in which she acted alongside Colin Firth. She has also appeared in episodes of a host of successful British television dramas such as Rosemary & Thyme, A Touch of Frost, Prime Suspect, Inspector Morse (and its spin-off, Lewis), Agatha Christie's Poirot (in the episode \\\"The Mysterious Affair at Styles\\\") and Wallander. In 1994, Edney played the role of Louisa Gradgrind in the television adaptation of Charles Dickens' Hard Times. In 1995, she had a starring role in the Channel 4 sitcom Dressing for Breakfast. In 2012, she played Queen Charlotte in The Madness of King George III at the Apollo Theatre, London. Other stage appearances have included The Girlfriend Experience at the Royal Court. Film and television appearances A Day at the Beach (1970) - Winnie Lost Empires (1986, TV series) - Nancy Ellis Highlander (1986) - Heather MacLeod Diary of a Mad Old Man (1987) - Simone (Marcel's daughter-in-law) A Handful of Dust (1988) - Marjorie Inspector Morse (1989, TV series, Episode: \\\"The Last Enemy\\\") - Deborah Burns The Dark Angel (1989, TV mini-series) - Maud Ruthyn Trouble in Paradise (1989) - Ann Kusters Frederick Forsyth Presents: Just Another Secret (1989, TV film) - Anneliese The Lilac Bus (1990, TV film) - Dee Mister Johnson (1990) - Celia Rudbeck Agatha Christie's Poirot (1990, TV series, Episode: \\\"The Mysterious Affair at Styles\\\" - Mary Cavendish In the Name of the Father (1993) - Carole Richardson Hard Times (1994, TV mini-series) - Louisa Gradgrind Mesmer (1994) - Marie Antoinette MacGyver: Trail to Doomsday (1994, TV film) - Natalia Prime Suspect (1995, TV series, Episode: \\\"The Lost Child\\\") - Susan Covington The Affair (1995, TV film) - Esther Thief Takers (1995–1996, TV series) - Cathy Worsley Dressing for Breakfast (1995–1998, TV series) - Louise The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1996, TV mini-series) - Annabella Bloodlines: Legacy of a Lord (1998) - Kate Manning Highlander: Endgame (2000) - Heather MacLeod Murder Rooms: Mysteries of the Real Sherlock Holmes (2001, TV series, Episode: \\\"The White Knight Stratagem\\\") - Lyla Milburn Animated Tales of the World (2002, TV series, Episode: \\\"King Solomon & the Bee\\\") - Queen of Sheba (voice) A Touch of Frost (2003, TV series, Episode: \\\"Hidden Truth\\\") - Sheila Hadley My Uncle\",\n \"title\": \"Beatie Edney\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2091618\",\n \"text\": \"Max Frost and the Troopers were a fictional rock music group created for the exploitation film Wild in the Streets, released in 1968. The film featured Christopher Jones as the highly influential singer Max Frost. The songs performed by Frost and his band, a group that was never formally named in the film, were credited to Max Frost and the Troopers in the subsequent singles and album. The band name \\\"Troopers\\\" is based on the term \\\"troops,\\\" the designation Frost used in the film to refer to his friends and followers. A studio group appeared on the soundtrack album for the film, along with incidental music penned by Cynthia Weil and Barry Mann and composed by Les Baxter; however, the songs were not originally credited to Max Frost and the Troopers, but rather to The 13th Power (see following paragraph). Owing to the success of the song \\\"Shape of Things to Come\\\" as a single, an accompanying album by Max Frost and The Troopers, Shape of Things to Come, was issued on the Tower record label in 1968. Musicians playing on the album were at first believed to include members of Davie Allan and The Arrows (who also released the \\\"Shapes of Things to Come\\\" without lyrics) with lead vocals by Paul Wibier (who also wrote a majority of the songs on the album), however, it is now thought that the album was actually the work of Wibier's own group, the 13th Power, who had previously recorded for Curb under the name The Moms. The music is high-energy rock with some psychedelic touches. The group was produced by Harley Hatcher and Eddie Beram for Mike Curb Productions. Their first single was recorded with Curb's Tower subsidiary Sidewalk Records. Subsequent singles were taken from their album. Their final single, \\\"Sittin' in Circles,\\\" was performed in the film Three in the Attic by Davie Allan and the Arrows. The B-side of that single, \\\"Paxton Quigley's Had The Course,\\\" was a Chad & Jeremy composition. The soundtrack album for the 1968 film The Glory Stompers, starring Dennis Hopper, contains two additional songs credited to Max Frost and the Troopers: \\\"There's A Party Going On\\\" (which was released as their first single) and \\\"You Might Want Me Baby.\\\" Later, \\\"Wild In The Streets: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\\\" was released, which included the singles from the original \\\"Shape of Things to Come\\\" LP and an additional four songs: \\\"Wild in the Streets,\\\" \\\"Listen to Music,\\\" \\\"Love to Be Your Man,\\\" and \\\"Fourteen or Fight!\\\" A European release of the Shape of Things to Come album, released in 2014 on the Captain High label, includes the entirety of the Wild in the Streets soundtrack album as bonus tracks. Cultural historian Greil Marcus borrowed the Troopers' song title for his 2006 book \\\"The Shape of Things to Come: Prophecy & The American Voice.\\\" Discography Albums Shape of Things to Come Tower ST-5147 (1968) Singles \\\"There Is a Party Going On\\\" / \\\"Stomper's Ride\\\" Sidewalk 938 (1968) \\\"Shape\",\n \"title\": \"Max Frost and the Troopers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1946330\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Frost is the character from English folklore who personifies winter. Jack Frost may also refer to: People Jack Frost (footballer, born 1870) (1870–1935), Australian footballer Jack Frost (footballer, born 1920) (1920–1988), English professional footballer Jack Frost (footballer, born 1992), Australian footballer Jack Frost (musician) (born 1968), American guitarist Jack Frost (politician) (1911–1995), Australian politician John Frost (SAAF officer) (1918–1942), South African fighter ace John Carver Meadows Frost (1915–1979), aka Jack Frost, British aircraft designer for Avro Canada John W. Frost (born 1934), American academic and former tennis player Jack Frost, pseudonym of Bob Dylan (born 1941) as producer starting in the 1990s Bands Jack Frost (Australian band), Australian rock band Jack Frost (Austrian band), Austrian gothic band Arts and entertainment Jack Frost (1934 film), an animated short film produced by Ub Iwerks Jack Frost (1964 film), Russian film Jack Frost (TV special), a 1979 Rankin-Bass television special Jack Frost (1997 film), a 1997 horror film Jack Frost 2: Revenge of the Mutant Killer Snowman, the 2000 sequel to the above horror film Jack Frost (1998 film), a 1998 family film starring Michael Keaton Jack Frost (manhwa), a 2009 manhwa series by Go Jin Ho Jack Frost, an album from Australian band Jack Frost Fictional characters Jack Frost (comics) Jack Frost (Marvel Comics), pair of characters Jack Frost, a character in the Vertigo Comics series The Invisibles Jack Frost (Fables), a character in Jack of Fables Jack Frost, an Avon Comics character based on the folkloric figure Jack Frost (detective), central character in radio plays and novels by R.D. Wingfield and TV series A Touch of Frost Jack Frost (mascot), the unofficial mascot of Atlus, a Japanese computer and video game company Jack Frost, a minor character in the StarCraft expansion Insurrection Jack Frost, a character played by Martin Short in The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause Jack Frost, a character from the film Rise of the Guardians and the William Joyce book series on which it was based Jack Frost, the antagonist in Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book Jack Frost, antagonist of the Rainbow Magic book series Other uses Jack Frost Ski Resort, in the Poconos region of Pennsylvania, United States See also Frost (surname) John Frost (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Frost (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2522239\",\n \"text\": \"Rodney David Wingfield (6 June 1928 – 31 July 2007) was an English author and radio dramatist. He is best remembered for creating the character of Detective Inspector Jack Frost, who was later played by Sir David Jason in A Touch of Frost. Early life Rodney David Wingfield was born in Hackney, east London in 1928. He was educated at the Coopers' Company School and during the Second World War was evacuated to Frome, Somerset. Wingfield was exempted from National Service due to poor eyesight and had various office jobs in the East End before joining the Petrofina oil company. His first radio play, Our West Ladyton Branch was accepted by the BBC in 1968 and two more were then commissioned, at which point Wingfield resigned from his job. Inspector Frost In 1972, Macmillan Publishers invited him to write a book, and he wrote Frost at Christmas. This was rejected and not published until the early 1980s in Canada. Wingfield had originally planned to kill Frost in the first book, but he was persuaded instead to leave it as an open ending. Following this, two more Frost books were written: A Touch of Frost and Night Frost. In 1977 Frost appeared in a radio play called Three Days of Frost, in which Frost was played by Leslie Sands, a friend of Wingfield's. The books were first published in the United Kingdom in early 1989, and in 1992 Frost first appeared on television in A Touch of Frost, played by David Jason. Wingfield was never enthusiastic about the TV adaptation of his detective, once saying he had nothing against David Jason but \\\"he just isn't my Frost\\\". Hard Frost was published in 1995, followed by Winter Frost in 1999. Wingfield did not enjoy writing books, and much preferred writing radio scripts. In 20 years he wrote over 40 radio mystery plays, but stopped in 1988, with Hate Mail, due to the decline of radio and the success of his Frost books. As well as the many mystery plays, Wingfield also penned a comedy radio series, The Secret Life of Kenneth Williams, starring Kenneth Williams as a secret agent. Wingfield was a very private man, always avoiding book launches and publishing parties, and being rarely photographed. Other In 1982, Leslie Sands played Sergeant Fowler in Wingfield's BBC radio thriller Outbreak of Fear, a murder mystery set in the West Country. In 1987, Bob Peck starred in the Wingfield BBC radio drama Deadfall, about a demolition man whose past catches up with him. The 'winkle' postcard (sent by Inspector Frost) is most probably based on a Donald McGill seaside postcard. After a dispute with the BBC in 1984 he submitted a number of radio plays under the pseudonym \\\"Arthur Jefferson\\\", (the real name of Stan Laurel) one such play being The Killing Season broadcast in six-parts that same year and starring Sean Barrett, Michael Jenner, John Hollis, and Allan Cuthbertson; the serial was essentially a palimpsest of his earlier serial Outbreak of Fear.\",\n \"title\": \"R. D. Wingfield\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38923229\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Moriarty (born 19 May 1946) is a British actor. He is best known for playing Det. Sgt. Jake Barrett in the ITV police series The Gentle Touch (1980–1984) and George Palmer in the BBC soap opera EastEnders (1996–1998). Known for having a strong cockney accent, Moriarty has often been cast in police or criminal roles and has played police officers in ten different television shows throughout his career. Life and career Moriarty was born and raised in London, England. His acting career began in the early-1970s when he had recurring roles in the drama serial Seven Days In The Life of Andrew Pelham (1971, part of the BBC's Thirty-Minute Theatre series), and in the 1972 ITV series Holly. He also made guest appearances in several popular television shows including Coronation Street, Z Cars and The Sweeney. He also appeared in Milk-O, a sitcom pilot written by Bob Grant in 1975. In 1980, Moriarty landed the role of Detective Sargeant Jake Barrett in the groundbreaking ITV police series The Gentle Touch, a role he played until 1984. After this he continued to play guest roles on established British television series such as Casualty, The Bill, Maigret and Wycliffe. Again playing a police officer, he had a recurring role as Sgt. Bill Wells in the ITV series A Touch of Frost. In 1995, he played Col. Forster in the BBC's acclaimed adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. The following year, he had a recurring role in the ITV crime drama series The Knock, before landing one of his best known roles as gangster George Palmer in the popular long-running BBC soap opera EastEnders. Moriarty's character appeared from 1 July 1996 until 8 December 1998, when his character was one of many axed by executive producer Matthew Robinson, following a dip in ratings. Since leaving EastEnders, Moriarty has continued to appear in television shows, including Doctors as Leonard Beaumont and George Grant, Holby City and Ashes To Ashes. Moriarty has often been cast in police or criminal roles, and has played a police officer in at least ten different British television series; Z Cars, The Gentle Touch, Between The Lines, A Touch of Frost, Maigret, Peak Practice, Expert Witness, Murder Most Horrid, Doctors and Ashes To Ashes. References External links English male film actors English male soap opera actors 1946 births Living people Male actors from London\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Moriarty (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32788562\",\n \"text\": \"William Frost was a Welsh aviator. William Frost may also refer to: William Frost (MP) (died c.1408), MP for City of York William Edward Frost, English painter William Goodell Frost, Greek scholar and president of Berea College Jack Frost (detective) (William Edward Frost), fictional character in A Touch of Frost\",\n \"title\": \"William Frost (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1562935\",\n \"text\": \"Mika Sue Boorem (; born August 18, 1987) is an American actress and filmmaker. She began her career as a child actress, appearing on television in small guest roles on Touched by an Angel and Ally McBeal, before earning critical acclaim for her performance in The Education of Little Tree (1997). After being cast in supporting roles in Jack Frost and Mighty Joe Young (both 1998), Boorem had a lead role in the drama Hearts in Atlantis (2001), opposite Anton Yelchin and Anthony Hopkins, which garnered her further critical acclaim. Boorem also had prominent supporting roles in the war drama The Patriot (2000) and the thriller Along Came a Spider (2001). She went on to star in numerous teen films in the early-to-mid 2000s, including the surf film Blue Crush (2002), the comedy Sleepover (2004), and the drama Augusta, Gone (2006). Boorem was a recurring guest star on the network series Dawson's Creek in 2002 and 2003. She had a central role in John Carpenter's horror film The Ward (2010), followed by roles in several independent films. Boorem made her feature film directorial debut with Hollywood.Con (2021), starring Tom Arnold and Brian Krause. Life and career Early life Boorem was born on August 18, 1987, at Carondelet St. Joseph's Hospital in Tucson, Arizona, to Holly (née Thomas) and Benjamin Boorem. She has one older brother, Benjamin Jr. Her father is a gemologist. She began acting in local theater in Arizona, and subsequently moved to Los Angeles with her family, where she attended Le Lycée Français de Los Angeles, a French-English bilingual school. Work as a child actress After appearing as herself in the direct-to-video of Disney Sing-Along Songs called Beach Party at Walt Disney World in 1995, Boorem had her first televised role in 1996 as a guest on the series Touched by an Angel. That was followed by a supporting part in The Education of Little Tree (1997), based on the controversial memoir of the same name by Forrest Carter. David Noh of Film Journal International deemed her performance as a young friend of the titular Cherokee character \\\"delightful.\\\" For her performance, she was nominated for a Young Artist Award. The same year, Boorem had a guest role playing the young Ally McBeal in the 1997 pilot episode. She also had a supporting role in A Walton Easter, a television film spin-off from The Waltons, which aired in the spring of 1997. She subsequently had a supporting role in the Christmas film Jack Frost (1998) starring Michael Keaton, for which she was nominated for a YoungStar Award for Best Actress in a Drama Film. She then had a part in Disney's live-action film Mighty Joe Young (1998), playing the young counterpart of Charlize Theron's character. She appeared on television again as a main cast member of the comedy series The Tom Show, which aired for one season between 1997 and 1998; in the series, she portrayed the daughter of a television producer, played by Tom Arnold. Also in 1998,\",\n \"title\": \"Mika Boorem\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42505385\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Edward Sutton (born 8 September 1963) is a crime novelist. The author of nine works of fiction including My Criminal World (2013) and Get Me Out of Here (2011), he teaches Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia, where he is a Senior Lecturer and the co-director of the Master of Arts in Prose Fiction UEA Creative Writing Course. In 2004, he won the J.B.Priestley Award. Early life Sutton was born in Gorleston-on-Sea, Norfolk, to writer Belinda Brett and furniture maker Toby Sutton. Career In 1983, Sutton began a career in journalism with Eastern Counties Newspapers as a feature writer and reporter. In 1987, he joined Haymarket Publishing as desk editor, and by 1991 he was working at The European where he performed a number of roles: travel editor, deputy arts editor, feature writer. He has served as Books Editor at the Daily Mirror, and as Literary Editor at Esquire magazine UK. By 2008, Sutton was appointed as an Associate Creative Writing Tutor at the UEA, and in 2011, he was made a Senior Lecturer. He is also the director of the new Creative Writing MA Crime Fiction at UEA, and the founder of the Noirwich Crime Writing Festival. In 2009, he was writer-in-residence at the university's British Centre of Literary Translation. Sutton's first published work was Gorleston (1995), a novel about pensioner Percy Lanchester, a pensioner, struggling to come to terms with the death of his wife. Percy's life is turned upside down when he meets a notorious widow named Queenie. The Independent said this debut \\\"pulls off the stunning feat of humanizing an out-of-season seaside resort\\\". His second novel, Bank Holiday Monday (1997) was also set in Norfolk, in a rented windmill on the coast where five adults and a child gather to spend the long weekend. The Guardian has said the tale \\\"should be required reading for any middle-class couples considering renting a holiday home in Norfolk this summer\\\". The Househunter (1999) was described as \\\"gloriously original\\\" and \\\"unashamedly honest\\\" by British author and critic Julie Myerson. Flying (2001) focuses on seven characters crewing an airliner on a long-haul return flight between London and New York, and the repercussions of a wild crew party in the down route hotel. Writing in The Guardian, he said he decided to set the novel on a plane, \\\"thinking that an object capable of inspiring such powerful feelings in me would provide great source material\\\". Sutton's protagonist in Kids' Stuff (2005), his fifth book, is Mark – a practical man who is reunited with a long lost daughter, and is set in Norwich. His next book, First Frost (2011) was a collaborative effort with James Gurbutt. They co-authored the novel, which is set in Denton, Greater Manchester, in 1981, and illuminates Detective Sergeant Jack Frost's backstory. Actor David Jason, who played Jack Frost (detective) in A Touch of Frost, \\\"not only a gripping mystery, but an exclusive look at Jack Frost's early years.\\\" His eighth novel, Get Me Out\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Sutton (novelist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38236350\",\n \"text\": \"Ripples of Desire (花漾, Hua Yang) is a 2012 Taiwanese film directed by Zero Chou. Plot The story is set on a floating island populated by pirates and lepers off the shores of 17th century Taiwan. There are two beautiful courtesans, White Snow and White Frost, who are the top attraction for at the establishment of businesswoman Moon. The sisters, known as the Rippling Sisters of Flower Street, are known for their flirtatious love duets. Men from everywhere vie for their hearts, ready to deflower them. Though they are twins, the sisters have very different personalities. While Snow is reserved and unyielding, Frost is wild and rebellious. Both guard a terrible secret. Affected by leprosy, the sisters must inflict a man with the illness to regain their own health. Meanwhile, a naive young music teacher named Wen arrives at Flower House to teach the girls new opera songs. Snow is told by Moon to inflict Wen, but the kind-hearted Snow, touched by his gentleness and talent, chose to sacrifice herself. Moon then had Frost replace Snow as the stage star and sure enough, Frost became the top courtesan in place of Snow. The ever practical Frost chides and ridicules Snow for jeopardizing everything they've sacrificed so much for. Meanwhile, even though Frost is in love with her platonic childhood friend (Scarface), she chose the rich and lustful merchant, Sir Li. In order to make her sister give up on her love, Frost plans a grand dynastic scheme to convince Snow that love is a fools game. The scheme entangles them with unscrupulous pirates, a philandering husband, a vindictive wife and kidnappings and murders. Cast Jerry Yan as Scarface Ivy Chen as White Frost Michelle Chen as White Snow Joe Cheng as Wen Simon Yam as Master Hai Sandra Ng as Madame Moon Li Xiaoran as Jen Mao Zijun as Sir Li Aviis Zhong as Maid Reception The film received mixed reviews. It flopped at the box office, merely grossing NT$3.8 million nationwide. References External links Ripples of Desire at Hong Kong Cinemagic Films directed by Zero Chou Taiwanese historical romance films Chinese historical romance films 2010s historical romance films 2010s Mandarin-language films\",\n \"title\": \"Ripples of Desire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58506851\",\n \"text\": \"Touching the Void is a play written by David Greig, based on the book of the same name by Joe Simpson. It made its world premiere at the Bristol Old Vic in September 2018, before embarking on a short UK and international tour. The play centres on the true story of Joe Simpson and Simon Yates, climb of the 6,344-metre west face of the Siula Grande in the Peruvian Andes in 1985. Production history Touching the Void has been adapted for the stage by David Greig, based on the 1988 book of the same name by Joe Simpson. The book was previously adapted into a docudrama survival film in 2003. On 8 November 2017, it was announced the play would receive its world premiere the following year and would begin previews at the Bristol Old Vic on 8 September 2018, with an official opening night on 18 September, booking for a limited period until 6 October. The production marked the reopening of the venue following refurbishment. The play is directed by the Artistic Director of Bristol Old Vic Tom Morris, with movement direction by Sasha Milavic Davies, design by Ti Green, lighting design by Chris Davey and composition and sound design by Jon Nicholls. Following its premiere production Touching the Void embarked on a tour to the Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh and Royal & Derngate, Northampton with whom it was a coproduction. Following its opening night in Bristol it was announced the play would also tour to Hong Kong City Hall, Hong Kong, Perth Theatre, Perth and Eden Court Theatre, Inverness. A typical performance runs two hours and forty minutes, including one interval of 30 mins. Following completion of the tour Touching the Void transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre in London's West End for a limited run, running from 9 November 2019 until 29 February 2020. The script of Touching the Void was published by Faber and Faber on 6 September 2018. Following the closure of the theatre due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the play will be revived at the Bristol Old Vic from 26 to 29 May 2021, where performances will be presented live to both a socially distanced audience as well as broadcast online. Synopsis The play is set in 1985, on Siula Grande in the Peruvian Andes. It follows Joe Simpson and Simon Yates as they climb the west face of the Siula Grande, becoming the first climbers to reach the summit using the west face. Descending down the north ridge tragedy struck as Simpson slipped down an ice cliff, breaking his right leg. With Simpson incapacitated Yates lowered Simpson off the North Ridge by tying two 150-foot lengths of rope together to make one rope. With worsening conditions, frost bite and complications with the knots Yates inadvertently lowered Simpson off a cliff and Simpson accidentally dropped one of the cords required to ascend the rope. Simpson could not climb up the rope, Yates could not pull him back up, the cliff was too high\",\n \"title\": \"Touching the Void (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36443385\",\n \"text\": \"A Touch of Cloth is a British television comedy series created and written by Charlie Brooker and Daniel Maier, shown on Sky One. A parody of British police procedural dramas, it stars John Hannah as Jack Cloth, a police detective with personal problems, and Suranne Jones as Anne Oldman, his colleague. The title is a play on the title of the detective series A Touch of Frost and the British euphemism \\\"touching cloth\\\". The DVD of the first series was released in the UK on 3 September 2012, and the second and third series were released on 1 September 2014. Cast John Hannah as D.I. Jack Cloth Suranne Jones as D.C/D.I. Anne Oldman Julian Rhind-Tutt as A.C.C. Tom Boss Navin Chowdhry as D.C. Asap Qureshi Adrian Bower as D.S. Des Hairihan Daisy Beaumont as Dr. Natasha Sachet Todd Carty as D.C. Todd Carty (Series 1–2) Karen Gillan as D.C. Kerry Newblood (Series 3) Series overview Episodes Series 1 (2012) Guest stars in this series include Raquel Cassidy as Claire Hawkchurch; Theo Barklem-Biggs as Darren Crossway; Brian Cox as Bill Ball and Kate Fleetwood as Kate Cloth. Series 2 (2013) Guest stars in this series include Anna Chancellor as Hope Goodgirl; Stephen Dillane as Macratty; Gwyneth Powell as Mrs McClusky; and guest appearances from Graham Cole, Peter Dean, Konnie Huq, Rufus Hound and Richard Osman. Series 3 (2014) Guest stars in this series include Jessie Morell as Ivy Branch and Adrian Dunbar as Damien Vull. Series 4 A joke trailer for the fourth series ended the last episode of series three. John Hannah claimed, in 2015, that the series has been cancelled. \\\"I imagine that's dead. I think it's been too long. I loved that show. Charlie wanted to do more, everyone did. It was Sky I guess. There might have been something to do with the negotiations, I don't know. We did the first one, then they wanted a lot more and Charlie wasn't sure he could sustain it over twelve episodes. So we did two more and then by the third one, they had figured out what they were doing. I think it's dead, it's a couple of years since we did that now. Normally when these things go, they go pretty quickly because people have other commitments, and Charlie is busy. It's a real shame. I doubt I'll be playing DI McDoodah for the next few years!\\\" Critical reception A Touch of Cloth received mixed reviews. In its review of the first series, The Guardian wrote that the show is \\\"stuffed to the rafters with jokes\\\", noting the variety of both good and bad jokes. Radio Times also commented on the hit-and-miss nature of the show: \\\"while a lot of [the jokes] don’t stick ... when it’s funny, it’s deliriously so.\\\" Series 2 received a similar critical response, with Time Out giving 3 out of 5 stars to the first episode and 2 out of 5 stars to the second episode. Again the show was both criticised and\",\n \"title\": \"A Touch of Cloth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2489779\",\n \"text\": \"Frost may refer to two distinct weather phenomena: Frost (temperature), a value of air temperature less or equal than the freezing point of water (0 °C, 32 °F) Frost, a solid deposition of ice on surfaces and objects Frost may also refer to: People Frost (surname) David Frost (1939–2013), British broadcaster and presenter Nick Frost, English comedian and actor Robert Frost, an American poet Places United States Frost, Louisiana, an unincorporated community Frost, Minnesota, a town Frost, Ohio, an unincorporated community Frost, Texas, a city Frost, West Virginia, an unincorporated community Frost Township, Michigan, United States Elsewhere Frost (crater), a lunar crater Entertainment Music Performers Frost (Australian band), a pop rock band Frost (Norwegian band), an electronica band Frost (musician), Kjetil-Vidar Haraldstad, Norwegian drummer for Satyricon Frost (rapper), American rapper Frost*, an English neo-progressive rock supergroup The Frost, a late-1960s American psychedelic rock band Albums Frost (album), an album by Enslaved Frost (Monofader album) Other media Frost (collection), stories by Donald Wandrei featuring detective I.V. Frost Frost (comics), a character from the Noble Causes series published by Image Comics Frost (Mortal Kombat), a character in the Mortal Kombat fighting game series Frost, a 6th Universe counterpart of Frieza in the Dragon Ball Super manga and anime Mary Elizabeth Bartowski, code named \\\"Frost\\\" in the U.S. TV series Chuck Emma Frost or simply Frost, a character from Marvel Comics Frost (Bernhard novel), a novel by Thomas Bernhard Frost (Bailey novel), a novel by Robin Wayne Bailey Frost (2017 film), a Lithuanian film Frost (2012 film), a Canadian short drama film Killer Frost, the name of 2 fictional villains in DC Comics Tina \\\"Frost\\\" Lin Tsang, a playable Operator in Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege Frost, a playable character in Warframe A Touch of Frost, a British television show about a police detective A Touch of Frost (novel), a 1987 crime novel Other uses Frost House (disambiguation), any of several places Frost Art Museum at Florida International University Frost heaving, the process by which the freezing of water-saturated soil causes the deformation and upward thrust of the ground surface Frost National Bank, a bank based in San Antonio, Texas, USA Frostenden, Suffolk, England See also Frosting (disambiguation) Frosty (disambiguation) Jack Frost (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Frost (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1014383\",\n \"text\": \"Susannah Doyle (born 5 July 1966) is an English actress, notable for her roles as Joy Merryweather in Drop The Dead Donkey (1991–1998), and as Avril Burke in Ballykissangel (2001). Her other credits include Scandal (1989), The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993), A Touch of Frost (1997), Midsomer Murders, Don't Go Breaking My Heart (1999), About a Boy (2002), episode \\\"The Fisher King\\\" (2004), The Revenge Files of Alistair Fury (2008), \\\"Shut Up and Dance\\\", from Black Mirror (2016), Josh (TV series) (2016), and The Last Vermeer (2020). Early life The daughter of the Irish actor Tony Doyle, she realised that she wished to follow in his footsteps when, aged about five or six, she was taken to see him work, often in tiny theatres with audience and actors close together. She trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Career Her big TV break came in 1991 with the role of Joy, the intelligent, acid-tongued secretary and foil to her corporate-speak boss, in the Channel 4 comedy Drop The Dead Donkey. Other TV roles followed, including Minder in 1994, two episodes of Soldier, Soldier in 1996 and A Touch of Frost in 1997. When her father died in 2000, the producers of Ballykissangel asked whether she would join the cast. She had reservations over her ability to cope emotionally but took on the part of Avril Burke in 2001. In 2001, she also appeared in an episode of Cold Feet and one of Pie in the Sky. In 2004, she guest starred as Vanessa Stone in Midsomer Murders, episode \\\"The Fisher King\\\" (2004). In 2008, she starred as Celia Fury in the CBBC television series The Revenge Files of Alistair Fury, which won won the BAFTA for Best Children's Drama Award. In 2010 she appeared in \\\"Your Sudden Death Question\\\", S4:E3 of Lewis. In 2012 she appeared in an episode of police comedy Vexed. In October 2013, she appeared in Sarah Rutherford's Adult Supervision at Park Theatre (London). In 2016, she appeared in \\\"Shut Up and Dance\\\", an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror. Director Doyle started as a film director in 2005, writing and directing the short film New Religion. Filmography Scandal (1989) ... Jackie Drop The Dead Donkey (1991–1998) ... Joy Merryweather The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993) ... Maggie Lemass Don't Go Breaking My Heart (1999) ... Diane Ballykissangel (2001) ... Avril Burke About a Boy (2002) ... Bitter Ex-Girlfriend Midsomer Murders - The Fisher King (2004) ... Vanessa Stone The Revenge Files of Alistair Fury ... Celia Fury A Congregation of Ghosts (2009) .... Barbara Baxter Black Mirror: \\\"Shut Up and Dance\\\" (2016) .... Blackmailed Woman Josh (TV series) (2016) The Last Vermeer (2020)... Johana References External links 1966 births Living people Actors from the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Actresses from London Alumni of Richmond upon Thames College Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art English film actresses English film directors English film producers English people of\",\n \"title\": \"Susannah Doyle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4771728\",\n \"text\": \"Night Frost is a novel by R. D. Wingfield in the popular series featuring Detective Inspector Jack Frost, coarse, crude, slapdash – and holder of the George Cross. The novel was filmed for the ITV detective series A Touch of Frost. Plot introduction A serial killer is terrorizing the senior citizens of Denton, and the local police are succumbing to a flu epidemic. Tired and demoralized, the force has to contend with a seemingly perfect young couple suffering arson attacks and death threats, a suspicious suicide, burglaries, pornographic videos, poison-pen letters... In uncertain charge of the investigations is Detective Inspector Jack Frost, crumpled, slapdash and foul-mouthed as ever. He tries to cope despite inadequate back-up, but there is never enough time; the unsolved crimes pile up and the vicious killings go on. So Frost has to cut corners and take risks, knowing that his divisional commander will throw him to the wolves if anything goes wrong. And for Frost, things always go wrong... Release details 1992, UK, Constable (), Pub date ? March 1992, hardback (First edition) 1992, UK, Corgi Books (), Pub date ? December 1992, paperback 1993, UK, Magna Large Print Books (), Pub date ? December 1993, hardback 1995, USA, Crimeline, Bantam Books (), Pub date ? May 1995, paperback 1997, UK, Corgi Adult (), Pub date ? January 1997, paperback 1998, UK, ISIS Audio Books (), Pub date ? March 1998, audio book (Complete & Unabridged) 2000, UK, ISIS Audio Books (), Pub date ? August 2000, audio book 2005, UK, Corgi Books (), Pub date ? July 2005, audio book 1992 British novels British crime novels Constable & Robinson books British novels adapted into television shows\",\n \"title\": \"Night Frost\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2365356\",\n \"text\": \"James Evander Munro Yuill (born 13 February 1956) is a Scottish actor. He is a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and later joined the Renaissance Theatre Company. He has appeared in many of Kenneth Branagh's films, most recently as Edward Woolmer in the 2018 film All Is True. Yuill was also the music composer for A Midwinter's Tale and Swan Song. He is best known for the character Detective Inspector Doug Kersey in the popular British television series Wycliffe. He was in every episode except the last two in Season 5. The series was cancelled after that because Jack Shepherd refused to continue in the title role when the producers had sacked Yuill \\\"for insurance reasons\\\" after he contracted life-threatening meningitis during filming, and then would not reinstate him even though he made a full recovery. In June 2006, Yuill made his first appearance in EastEnders as the recurring character Victor Brown. In October 2007, he took the lead in Sophocles' Antigone as Creon, King of Thebes at The Tron Theatre, Glasgow. In 2010, he was nominated for the award of Best Male Performance for his role in a play adaption of the Testament of Cresseid by the Critics Award for Theatre in Scotland. Yuill has worked as a performance consultant on a number of productions, and also as a producer. Selected roles The Mackinnons (1977, TV series) as Tom Stewart A Sense of Freedom (1977, film) as Dunkie Death Watch (1978, film) Square Mile of Murder (1980, TV series) Play for Today: The Good Time Girls (1981, TV play) as Finlayson Andrina (1981, TV play) as Stanley Mindrape (1982, play at the Sheffield Crucible and Greenwich Theatres) People V Scott (1982, TV movie) as Kevin Gourlay The World Cup: A Captain's Tale (1982, TV movie) (uncredited) Objects of Affection (1982, TV series) as Charles Local Hero (1983, film) as Iain, the man who asks Mac for his autograph near the end of the film Boon (1987–1992, TV series) as Eric Eurocops (1988, TV series) as McCulloch Henry V (1989, film) as Jamy Paper Mask (1990, film) as Alec Moran Much Ado About Nothing (1993, film) as the Friar Grushko (1994, TV series) as Chazov Alleyn Mysteries (1994–1995, TV series) as Angus Findlay Frankenstein (1994, film) Hamish Macbeth (1994, TV series) as Lachlan McRae (Series 1) A Mugs Game (1995, TV series) as Alan Wycliffe (1994–1998, TV series) as DI Doug Kersey Casualty (1998, TV series) as Donald Mallett Psychos (1999, TV miniseries) Monsignor Renard (2000, TV series) as Malo Gagnepain Strictly Sinatra (2000, film) Brotherly Love (2000, TV series) as Callum Schneider's 2nd Stage (2001, film short) as Detective Chief Inspector A Touch of Frost (2003, TV) as Charles Lightfoot in \\\"Close Encounters\\\" Murphy's Law (2004, TV series) as Miller Davidson, arms smuggler Ladies in Lavender (2004, film) as Constable Timmins The Inspector Lynley Mysteries (2005, TV series) as PC Garrett in In Divine Proportion Dalziel and Pascoe (2006, TV series) as Robert MacAlpine in \\\"Guardian Angel\\\" As\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Yuill\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49370424\",\n \"text\": \"The Robert Frost Farm, also known as \\\"The Gully\\\", is a historic farm property on Buck Hill Road in South Shaftsbury, Vermont. The 1790 farmstead was purchased in 1929 by poet Robert Frost, and served as his primary residence until 1938. During this period of residency, Frost was awarded two Pulitzer Prizes for his poetry. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1968; its landmark designation was withdrawn in 1986 after its private owners made alterations that destroyed important historic elements of the property. Description and history The former Frost Farm is located in southern Shaftsbury, a rural community in southwestern Vermont, on the south side of Buck Hill Road, roughly midway between United States Route 7 and Vermont Route 7A. It consists of with a mix of fields and woods, with the main farm complex set on a drumlin with views to the north. The main house is a 1-1/2 story Cape, built about 1790, but altered somewhat by Frost after his purchase, and further altered by later owners. Also on the property are a barn and two smaller frame structures, the latter both used by Frost as writing studios. The farm was purchased by Robert Frost in 1929, and was probably occupied by the family in 1930. Although it was the Frosts primary residence, it was generally only occupied by them on weekends and summers, when Frost's academic duties made it possible. Frost did a significant amount of writing while living here, and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1931 and 1937. After Frost's wife died in 1938, he spent much less time here. The property remained in the family until 1963, when it was sold to artist Kenneth Noland, who maintained it in sympathy to the Frost history. During his ownership period, the property was designated a National Historic Landmark, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A subsequent owner made incompatible alterations to the property in 1984, and the Park Service withdrew its landmark designation two years later. It remains listed on the National Register. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Bennington County, Vermont List of National Historic Landmarks in Vermont References Commercial buildings completed in 1790 Buildings and structures in Shaftsbury, Vermont Former National Historic Landmarks of the United States Robert Frost National Register of Historic Places in Bennington County, Vermont\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Frost Farm (South Shaftsbury, Vermont)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17678624\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Calabro (born 14 April 1979) is a Yorkshire born actor who began his career in the children's TV drama The Ward, playing 'prankster' Digger Reily, until the character was eventually written out of the series in 1992. More recently, Calabro starred with Angela Griffiths in award-winning hospital drama Holby City. Some other television credits include: Woof!, Mike & Angelo, Press Gang, Rosemary and Thyme, The Bill, Band of Gold, Mother Love, Casualty, My Hero, Emmerdale, Doctors, Seven Sisters, Seven Brothers, Macbeth (BBC 2001), Taggart, Caitlin's Way (HBO), A Touch of Frost, Little Boy Lost and Lear's Children. Calabro made his stage debut in Boy George's hit musical Taboo in 2002 and also starred in the same show on the U.K No 1 tour in 2003. Selected Appearances Holby City Taggart The Bill Caitlin's Way Life Support A Touch of Frost Band of Gold Casualty Woof! Press Gang Children's Ward Mother Love References 1979 births Living people Male actors from Yorkshire English male child actors English male television actors English people of Italian descent\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Calabro\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49283097\",\n \"text\": \"Jo Frost: Nanny On Tour is an American short-lived reality television series, themed around parenting skills, hosted by British nanny Jo Frost. The series ran for 10 1-hour long episodes from January to March 2016 on Up TV. Jo Frost also serves as a producer on the show. Background The series uses a similar theme that was used in Supernanny, which has Frost traveling to a new city each week and work with one family that desperately needs her expertise. Prior to her arrival, Frost monitors the family's behavior from her mobile RV office through the use of surveillance cameras through the consent of the family after they agree to have it placed throughout their home. Once she sees their weaknesses and errors, Frost helps the families come up with tools and techniques in order to improve their parenting skills, maintain their discipline and relationship with their children, and to keep in touch through progress reports. In addition, Frost also travels to communities where she seeks out help from people looking for advice from family issues to becoming better parents. Production The series' format was based on a Dutch version that Frost did for RTL 4 in 2015. The concept was later picked up by Up TV in September 2015. Frost also wanted to move away from the Supernanny image by adopting a contemporary look: \\\"It was really important to be able to think what kind of format I can develop to allow me to be the staple in a family's home,\\\" Frost said, \\\"and be able to look at a wider spectrum of issues we see in 21st century modern parenting.\\\" Episodes (This section is unfinished, you can help finish it by finding more details about these Episodes and edit their descriptions) International broadcast In the United Kingdom, the series aired on Quest Red in March 2017. References External links (UPtv) 2010s American reality television series 2016 American television series debuts 2016 American television series endings American English-language television shows American television series based on Dutch television series Parenting television series Works about child care occupations\",\n \"title\": \"Jo Frost: Nanny On Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12227576\",\n \"text\": \"Die Another Day is the soundtrack for the 20th James Bond film of the same name, and was released by Warner Bros. Records on November 12, 2002. Arnold made use of electronic rhythm elements in his score, and included two of the new themes he created for The World Is Not Enough. The first, originally used as Renard's theme for the previous film, is heard during the mammoth \\\"Antonov\\\" cue on the recording, and is written for piano. The second new theme, most easily described as Bond's romance theme, is heard here on the \\\"Going Down Together\\\" track. There is also a second romance theme in \\\"Die Another Day\\\" which was previously used on The World Is Not Enough soundtrack titled \\\"Christmas in Turkey\\\", and can be heard during the Moneypenny/Bond virtual sequence. In November 2017, La La Land Records released a limited expanded edition containing previously unreleased music. The album received mixed to negative reviews. Track listing \\\"Die Another Day\\\" – Performed by Madonna \\\"James Bond Theme (Bond vs. Oakenfold)\\\" – David Arnold featuring Paul Oakenfold \\\"On the Beach\\\" \\\"Hovercraft Chase\\\" \\\"Some Kind of Hero?\\\" \\\"Welcome to Cuba\\\" \\\"Jinx Jordan\\\" \\\"Jinx and James\\\" \\\"A Touch of Frost\\\" \\\"Icarus\\\" \\\"Laser Fight\\\" \\\"Whiteout\\\" \\\"Iced Inc.\\\" \\\"Antonov\\\" \\\"Going Down Together\\\" Expanded edition Disc 1 On the Beach (extended version)** 3:56 Bond Meets Moon*/Hovercrafts* 2:16 How Do You Intend to Kill Me Now, Mr. Bond?* 2:02 Hovercraft Chase 3:48 Bond to Jail* 0:49 Some Kind of Hero? 4:32 Kiss of Life* 4:46 Peaceful Fountains of Desire* 1:05 What's In it For You?*/Cuba* 1:21 Cuban Car* 0:50 Jinx Jordan 1:28 Jinx & James 2:03 Wheelchair Access* 2:22 Jinx, James and Genes* 5:14 Gustav Graves’ Grand Entrance* 1:34 Blades* 3:12 Bond Gets the Key*/Virtual Reality* 2:01 The Vanish*/Bond Goes to Iceland* 2:10 The Explanation* 1:36 Icarus 1:23 Ice Spy* 3:00 A Touch of Frost 1:50 Laser Fight 4:36 It Belongs to His Boss*/Double Agent* 2:34 Whiteout 4:55 Bond Kidnaps Skidoo* 2:29 Iced Inc. 3:08 Ice Palace Car Chase* 4:57 Disc 2 Switchblades* 3:23 Antonov 11:51 Antonov Gets It* 3:20 Moneypenny Gets It* 1:11 Going Down Together 1:32 Additional Music On the Beach 2:50 Hovercraft Chase (film version)** 3:47 Some Kind of Hero? (film version)** 4:32 Peaceful Fountains of Desire (alternate ending)* 1:06 What's In it For You? (orchestra only)* 0:41 Welcome to Cuba 2:07 Jinx Jordan (orchestra only)** 1:28 Jinx & James (film version)** 2:07 Wheelchair Access (original version)* 2:22 Party Trick (source)* 1:37 A Touch of Frost (film version)** 1:50 Laser Fight (film version)** 4:38 Whiteout (full mix)** 4:55 Antonov (film version)** 11:51 James Bond Will Return* 3:54 (*) Previously unreleased (**) Contains previously unreleased material In popular culture South Korean figure skater Kim Yuna used the track \\\"Going Down Together\\\" as part of her James Bond Medley short program for the 2009–2010 season. The James Bond Medley program was also used at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada, where Kim went on to win a gold medal. See also James Bond music\",\n \"title\": \"Die Another Day (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67550332\",\n \"text\": \"The Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts at the Presidential Convocation and Groundbreaking for the Robert Frost Library is a speech delivered by United States President John F. Kennedy about the arts and liberal education in honor of the American poet Robert Frost to the students and faculty of Amherst College, a liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts, on October 26, 1963. Kennedy was assassinated 27 days after delivering the speech. The speech marked the dedication of the Robert Frost Memorial Library at Amherst College, Frost had died in January 1963. Background Kennedy and his military escorts arrived at Amherst's Memorial Field in three helicopters at 11:30 am. Kennedy and the poet Archibald MacLeish were awarded honorary Doctor of Law degrees by Plimpton at the convocation ceremony. Kennedy and MacLeish both gave speeches. at the ceremony. Following the ceremony Kennedy rode to the groundbreaking event for the new Robert Frost Memorial Library in an open-topped motorcade with the President of Amherst College, Calvin Plimpton. MacLeish said in his speech that \\\"The people of this countryside may forget in ordinary human course what anyone says on this occasion, but they will remember, for many, many years that a young and gallant President of the United States, with the weight of history heavy upon his shoulders, somehow found time to come to our small corner of the world to talk of books and men and learning\\\". Supporters of Kennedy's position on civil rights held a silent vigil in front of the Kirby Theatre. The event attracted wide media coverage. 130 members of the media were in attendance with 40 members of the White House Press staff and 70 technicians. A documentary film, JFK: The Last Speech, was made in 2018 about the speech and Kennedy's visit to Amherst. The speech Kennedy's speech was 15 minutes in length. The JFK Library wrote that Kennedy spoke of the \\\"role of the artist in society\\\" the \\\"nature of strength and power\\\" and the \\\"importance of public service from educated citizens\\\". Kennedy spoke of Robert Frost's life in American poetry and his contributions to American culture. Kennedy said that \\\"When power leads men towards arrogance, poetry reminds him of his limitations. When power narrows the areas of man's concern, poetry reminds him of the richness and diversity of existence. When power corrupts, poetry cleanses\\\". References External links JFK Library - Audio of Kennedy's remarks National Endowment for the Arts - President John F. Kennedy: Remarks at Amherst College, October 26, 1963 - Transcript 1963 in Massachusetts 1963 in the United States 1963 in the arts 1963 speeches Amherst College October 1963 events in the United States Presidency of John F. Kennedy Robert Frost Speeches by John F. Kennedy\",\n \"title\": \"Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31458329\",\n \"text\": \"The 1989 Grand National (officially known as the Seagram Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 143rd renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 8 April 1989. The race was won in a time of 10 minutes 6.9 seconds and by a distance of 7 lengths by Irish 12-year-old Little Polveir, ridden by jockey Jimmy Frost. West Tip was second and The Thinker finished third. Fourteen of the 40 runners completed the course. The winner had been sold by a four-way partnership six weeks before the race to Edward Harvey. It was Little Polveir's fourth attempt at the Grand National; he was sent off at odds of 28/1. Jockey Frost's son, Hadden, attempted to emulate his father's victory 22 years later by riding Calgary Bay in the 2011 Grand National; he fell at the fourth fence. Jimmy Frost's daughter, Bryony, then rode in the 2018 Grand National on Milansbar; she came in fifth place. There were two equine fatalities during the race, both at Becher's Brook. The deaths came two years after the dramatic fatal fall of the popular grey Dark Ivy at Becher's in 1987. Following an outcry, Aintree took significant measures to reduce the severity of the fence. The main race was seen by a record Grand National crowd at Aintree, with 74,189 people in attendance, over 8,500 more than the previous year, and it would not be until the Monday race of 1997 that a larger crowd would attend the main race day. Leading contenders Dixton House was backed down from 33/1 to 7/1 favourite after he won the National Hunt Handicap Chase at Cheltenham a few weeks before Aintree, helping his rider, Tom Morgan, to the leading rider's trophy at the festival in the process. Morgan, having his fifth ride in the Grand National, took the favourite to the front going to Becher's Brook for the first time, only to crumple on landing and exit the contest. Dixton House only ever returned to a racecourse once more, in January 1990, when he pulled up lame and was subsequently retired while Morgan also never raced in the National again. Durham Edition had been prepared by trainer Arthur Stephenson specifically with the Grand National in mind after his second-place finish the previous year. A proven ability to be at the business end of the National ensured plenty of public support to be sent off at 15/2. In addition, he was to be partnered, as last year, by Chris Grant, jointly the most experienced rider in the race, weighing out for his ninth National. The pair ran what was considered at the time by many in racing to be a textbook Grand National: hunting around the first circuit in mid-division before gradually moving through the field on the second; always in touch, they moved into the rear of a leading group of seven at the Canal Turn on the second circuit, tracking the group until moving up onto the\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Grand National\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41147481\",\n \"text\": \"Jennifer Estep is an American author of urban fantasy and paranormal romance novels under Pocket Books. She is most known for the Mythos Academy and Elemental Assassin series. In 2018 she began publication of her new Crown of Shards epic fantasy series with Harper Voyager. Book List Black Blade Cold Burn of Magic (Book 1) (Apr 28, 2015) Dark Heart of Magic (Book 2) (Oct 27, 2015) Bright Blaze of Magic (Book 3) (Apr 26, 2016) Elemental Assassin Spider's Bite (Book 1) (Jan 26, 2010) Web of Lies (Book 2) (May 25, 2010) Venom (Book 3) (Sep 28, 2010) Tangled Threads (Book 4) (Apr 26, 2011) Spider's Revenge (Book 5) (Sep 27, 2011) Thread of Death (E-Novella 5.5) (Jan 31, 2012) By a Thread (Book 6) (Feb 28, 2012) Widow's Web (Book 7) (Aug 21, 2012) Deadly Sting (Book 8) (Mar 26, 2013) Kiss of Venom (E-Novella 8.5) (Jul 22, 2013) Heart of Venom (Book 9) (Aug 27, 2013) The Spider (Book 10) (Dec 24, 2013) Poison Promise (Book 11) (July 22, 2014) Black Widow (Book 12) (2014) Spider's Trap (Book 13) (2015) Bitter Bite (Book 14) (2016) Unwanted (Novella 14.5) (2016) Unraveled (Book 15) (2016) Nice Guys Bite (Novella 15.5) (2016) Snared (Book 16) (2017) Venom in the Veins (Book 17) (2018) Winters Web (Novella 17.5) (2019) Sharpest Sting (Book 18) (2020) Last Strand (Book 19) (2021) Bigtime Karma Girl (Book 1) by Estep, Jennifer (Jul 1, 2008) Hot Mama (Book 2) by Estep, Jennifer (Nov 6, 2007) Jinx (Book 3) by Estep, Jennifer (Jul 11, 2011) A Karma Girl Christmas (E-Novella 3.5) (Sep 24, 2011) Nightingale (Book 4) (Jul 12, 2012) Fandemic (Book 5) (Jun 2015) Mythos Academy First Frost (0.5 Prequel E-Story) (Jul 1, 2011) Touch of Frost (Book 1) (Jul 26, 2011) Kiss of Frost (Book 2) (Nov 29, 2011) Dark Frost (Book 3) (Jun 1, 2012) Crimson Frost (Book 4) (Dec 24, 2012) Spartan Frost (E-Novella 4.5) (Jun 25, 2013) Midnight Frost (Book 5) (Jul 30, 2013) Killer Frost (Book 6) (Feb 25, 2014) Spartan Heart (Colorado 1) (Dec 5, 2017) Spartan Promise (Colorado 2) (Jan 15, 2019) Spartan Destiny (Colorado 3) (forthcoming) Crown of Shards Kill the Queen (2018) Protect the Prince (2019) Crush the King (2020) Section 47 a Sense of Danger (Jul 20, 2021) Sugar Plum Spies (upcoming 2022) Other Carniepunk anthology, by Rachel Caine, Jennifer Estep, Kevin Hearne, Seanan McGuire, and Rob Thurman Carniepunk: Parlor Tricks by Jennifer Estep (Jun 3, 2013) External links http://www.jenniferestep.com/ References Urban fantasy writers Living people Year of birth missing (living people) American women novelists American fantasy writers American women science fiction and fantasy writers 21st-century American women\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer Estep\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19034476\",\n \"text\": \"Jean Heywood (born Jean Murray; 15 July 1921 – 14 September 2019) was a British actress. Born in Blyth, Northumberland, in July 1921, Heywood appeared in films such as Billy Elliot and Our Day Out. Her TV work included roles in When the Boat Comes In, All Creatures Great and Small, Boys from the Blackstuff, Family Affairs, The Bill and Casualty. In 2005, she starred alongside Richard Briers and Kevin Whately in a drama called Dad on BBC One as part of Comic Relief's Elder Abuse campaign. In 2010 Heywood made a guest appearance in the ITV series Married Single Other. Career Heywood appeared in many roles, mainly in television but also in films such as Billy Elliot. Personal life At age six, Heywood moved with her parents, Jack and Elsie, to New Zealand. Her mother died less than six months later, and the family returned to the UK. Heywood died in September 2019 at the age of 98. Her husband, Roland, had predeceased her (in 1996). They had two children together, and Heywood had another from an earlier relationship. Filmography When the Boat Comes In (1976–77) as Bella Seaton Our Day Out (1977) as Mrs Kay Emmerdale Farm (1978) as Phyllis Acaster Boys from the Blackstuff (1982) E5 \\\"George’s Last Ride\\\" as Mary Malone. No Place Like Home (1984) as Lillian (Beryl's mother) Dalgliesh (TV series) Cover Her Face (1985) as Martha A Very Peculiar Practice (1986) as Lillian Hubbard Miss Marple: Sleeping Murder (1987) as Edie Pagett All Creatures Great and Small (1990) as Mrs Alton The Glass Virgin as Amy A Touch of Frost (1997) Episode: No Other Love, as Olive Walters Hetty Wainthropp Investigates (1998) S4:E3 \\\"Digging for Dirt\\\" as Enid Weston Billy Elliot (2000) as Grandma Brookside (2000) as Kitty Hilton Heartbeat (1995) S5 Episode 6 as Hilda Openshaw. We're All Allies Really. References External links 1921 births 2019 deaths 20th-century English actresses 21st-century English actresses Actresses from Northumberland English television actresses People from Blyth, Northumberland\",\n \"title\": \"Jean Heywood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8301408\",\n \"text\": \"Matthew Arthur Bardock was born in 1969 in Croydon. He is an English actor who is known for playing Jeff Collier in Casualty, DS Clive Barnard in A Touch of Frost, DS Davey Higgins in The Coroner, Albie in The Lakes, Mark Craig in New Blood and DS Simon Morgan in Manhunt: The Nightstalker. Career Bardock made his television debut in 1992, when he appeared in Prime Suspect and the following year, he appeared in Casualty as a leading gang member who set fire to the ED. In 1995, Bardock appeared in the stage production of Mojo by Jez Butterworth at the Royal Court Theatre. Bardock came to notice for his role as DC Clive Barnard in the British television series A Touch of Frost. His character was the nephew of the Chief Constable. While many believe he had only got into CID through his family connections, Frost sees beyond that and takes Barnard under his wing. He was later promoted to Detective Sergeant, but was killed in the 1997 episode \\\"No Other Love\\\". July and August 2000 saw Bardock play the role of Danny Weir in the short-lived TV comedy Pay and Display. Bardock also appeared as murder suspect Scott Burnett in The Bill in 2004. His character was developed and he began a relationship with PC Honey Harman and later married her, though the marriage was short-lived after it was discovered that he had murdered his first wife. His character later died in prison having hanged himself. He also appeared in Prime Suspect as the sadistic pornographer Jason Reynolds as well as the Channel 4 series No Angels, in which he played registrar Peter Compton. Bardock had a small part in ITV's Midsomer Murders and in May 2005, he played DI Tom Wilson in New Tricks. Bardock re-joined the BBC television series Casualty as paramedic Jeff Collier in February 2007 for three months, before returning to the programme in September of that year. On 30 June 2014, it was announced that Bardock would be leaving his role as Jeff – a role he played for seven years – and he was killed off in October that year. Between 31 July and 27 September 2014, he appeared in comedy play My Night With Reg at the Donmar Warehouse theatre in the West End. As of 2016 he played Mark Craig in BBC Drama New Blood. Notable roles Film All or Nothing (2002) ... Man at Bar (director: Mike Leigh) Bollywood Queen (2001) ... Facer (director: Jeremy Wooding) Television \\\"Manhunt\\\" Series 2 - 2021 New Blood Mark Craig; 2016–present The Coroner Detective Sergeant Davey Higgins; 2015–2016 Doctor Who ... Al; 2014 (director: Douglas Mackinnon) New Street Law ... Dennis Longwell; 2006 (director: David Skynner) The Street ... Alex; 2006 (director: David Blair) No Angels ... Peter; 2005 The Bill ... Scott Burnett; 2005 Judge John Deed ... Alan Ferns; 2004 (director: Tristram Powell) Midsomer Murders ... Harry Rose; 2005 (director: Peter Smith) New Tricks ... DI Tom Wilson; 2004 (director:\",\n \"title\": \"Matt Bardock\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5860462\",\n \"text\": \"Martyn Auty (born July 1951 in Yorkshire) is an English film and television producer. He attended the University of Hull and graduated in 1972. He began his career as a film critic for Time Out and The Monthly Film Bulletin. Auty is most famous for his series producing, having worked on Heartbeat and A Touch of Frost during the 1990s, however, he has also worked on a variety of other styles of programme. These include Lenny Live and Unleashed, Soul Survivors, and A Gentleman's Relish. The latter, which starred Billy Connolly, was made for the BBC in 2001. Auty returned to shooting a new series of A Touch of Frost in 2009. Auty has also ventured into making motion pictures, having produced A Foreign Field (1993), Heidi (2005), and most recently Ways to Live Forever (2010). References External links 1951 births Living people Alumni of the University of Hull English television producers English film critics Film people from Yorkshire English film producers\",\n \"title\": \"Martyn Auty\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73238803\",\n \"text\": \"Wildcat is a 2022 American documentary film about animal rescue efforts in Peru, directed by the photojournalist Trevor Frost and Melissa Lesh. It was premiered at the 2022 Telluride Film Festival and was released in theaters on December 21, 2022, by Amazon Studios. Summary The film follows Harry Turner, a British war veteran suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder after tours of duty in Afghanistan. After his time in the army, he traveled to a remote Amazon rainforest in Peru, where he met an American wildlife biologist, Samantha Zwicker, who was involved in the rescue of wild animals threatened by poachers. The film tracks their relationship as they work together to rescue an abandoned baby ocelot named Khan, who was accidentally shot and died and baby ocelot Keanu, raising the wildcat and training it to return to the jungle and survive on its own. The film also touches upon Zwicker's own traumatic personal history. Cast Harry Turner Samantha Zwicker Production In 2019, Frost met Turner in Peru. Initially there to work on a photo project on anacondas, he decided to instead make a documentary about Turner's animal rescue efforts and relationship with Zwicker. Approximately half of the film is made up of footage shot by Turner and Zwicker. The film drew inspiration from conservation-themed documentaries such as Virunga, Grizzly Man and Jane. On October 19, 2021, it was reported that Amazon Studios had acquired the then-untitled documentary from 30WEST and directors Frost and Lesh for approximately $20 million. The film was produced by Joshua Altman and Alysa Nahmias. Music The film includes the original song \\\"A Sky Like I've Never Seen\\\" by Fleet Foxes featuring Tim Bernardes. Patrick Jonsson composed the score. Release The film was premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2022. It opened with a limited theatrical release on December 21, 2022, and was released on Prime Video on December 30, 2022. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92% based on 49 reviews, with the consensus reading, \\\"Although it raises some uncomfortable ethical quandaries, Wildcat is an affecting testament to the healing power of interspecies bonds.\\\" Stephen Farber of The Hollywood Reporter called it \\\"a riveting journey into the wild\\\", writing that although it leaves the viewer with unanswered questions about the relationship of Turner and Zwicker, \\\"there is no arguing with the film's remarkable animal footage and the potent emotion that accompanies the inevitable moment when they must separate from the animal they have raised\\\". Cath Clarke of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, calling it \\\"genuinely heartfelt, made with incredible sensitivity and emotional intelligence by Melissa Lesh and Trevor Frost\\\". Michael Rechtshaffen of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it \\\"poignantly delivers its life-affirming, coming-of-age message with no cloying strings attached\\\". The film was named one of the Top 5 Documentaries of 2022 by the National Board of Review. At the IDA Documentary Awards, it was nominated for Best Editing (for editors Joshua Altman, Ben\",\n \"title\": \"Wildcat (2022 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9109539\",\n \"text\": \"Simone Bendix (born 26 September 1967) is a Danish actress. Bendix trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. In addition to the 1994 Gerry Anderson science-fiction drama Space Precinct, in which she played the regular role of Officer Jane Castle, her television appearances include The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993), Between the Lines (1993), The Tomorrow People (1994), Lie Down with Lions (1994) The Crow Road (1996) and A Many Splintered Thing (2000). She has also appeared in Bugs, The Inspector Lynley Mysteries, The Last Detective, Taggart and A Touch of Frost. Bendix featured in a 1998 TV advertisement for Nescafé Gold Blend opposite Neil Roberts (the last of the Gold Blend couple adverts). She is married to Kasper Winding. They have a son, Pablo, and a daughter, Polly. References External links 1967 births 20th-century Danish actresses 21st-century Danish actresses Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School Danish expatriates in England Danish film actresses Danish television actresses Living people Place of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Simone Bendix\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4515048\",\n \"text\": \"Anthony Bate (31 August 1927 – 19 June 2012) was an English actor. He is possibly best known for his role as Oliver Lacon in the BBC television adaptations of the John le Carré novels Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and Smiley's People and his role as Bret Renssalaer in Len Deighton's trilogy Game, Set and Match. Bate's other credits include: Dixon of Dock Green, The Saint, The Avengers, Prime Suspect, Inspector Morse, A Touch of Frost and Midsomer Murders. Early life Bate was born the third son of Isle of Wight hoteliers Hubert George Cookson Bate (son of George Harry Bate, a hairdresser and trichologist, of Stourbridge; died 1986) and Cecile Marjorie Canadine (died 1973). Bate was educated at King Edward VI School, Stourbridge, and trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama (gold medal). During his National Service he served with the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve from 1945 to 1947. Theatre From his professional theatre debut in 1953, Bate's theatre roles included: his first West End appearance in Inherit the Wind (St Martin's) 1960, Treasure Island (Mermaid) 1960, Happy Family (Hampstead) 1966, Much Ado About Nothing and Silence (RSC Aldwych) 1969. Find Your Way Home (Open Space Theatre) 1970, Eden End (tour) 1972, Economic Necessity (Haymarket Leicester) 1973, Getting Away with Murder (Comedy) 1976, Shadow Box (Cambridge) 1979, The Old Jest (tour) 1980, and A Flea in her Ear (Plymouth Theatre Co) 1980. Little Lies (Wyndhams) 1983, Master Class (tour) 1984, The Deep Blue Sea (Theatre Royal Haymarket) 1988, Relative Values (Chichester Festival Theatre and Savoy) 1993–94. Television Bate's first television appearance was in 1955 and from then on he appeared as: James in Pinter's The Collection, Rogojin in The Idiot, MacDuff in Macbeth, Javert in Les Misérables, the title role in Grady (a trilogy), T H Huxley in Darwin’s Bulldog, Nikolai in Fathers and Sons, Creon in King Oedipus, Victor Hugo in Ego Hugo, Harry Paynter in Intimate Strangers, The Dutch Train Hijack 1976, Dr Dorn in The Seagull 1977, Kim Philby in Philby, Burgess and Maclean 1977 (nominated Best Actor Monte Carlo Festival 1978), An Englishman's Castle (1978), the title role in The Trial of Uri Urlov 1978, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy 1978, Crime and Punishment 1979, Tis Pity She's A Whore 1980, The Human Crocodile 1980, “Fanny by Gaslight” 1981, Smiley's People 1982, A Woman Called Golda (with Ingrid Bergman) 1982, J A D Ingres in Artists and Models 1983, Shackleton, Game, Set and Match (TV mini series 1988), War and Remembrance 1988, Inspector Morse (Dr Crowther in Last Bus to Woodstock) 1988, Countdown to War 1989, Agatha Christie's Poirot 1990, Medics 1991 and 1992, Prime Suspect 1994, Rebecca 1996, A Touch of Frost 1996, Bodyguards 1996, Silent Witness 1997, Midsomer Murders 2000. He also appeared in Spindoe and Beasts. Films Bate's film credits include Dentist in the Chair (1960), Dentist on the Job (1961), Payroll (1961), A Prize of Arms (1962), Act of Murder (1964), Ghost Story (1974), Give My Regards to Broad Street\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony Bate\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6173096\",\n \"text\": \"Detective Inspector William Edward \\\"Jack\\\" Frost, GC QPM, is a fictional detective created by R. D. Wingfield—characterised as sloppy, untidy, hopeless with paperwork—but unmatched at solving mysteries. The character has appeared in two radio plays, ten published novels, and a TV series spanning 42 episodes between 1992 and 2010. \\\"Jack\\\" is a nickname, alluding to Jack Frost. Radio plays The character first appeared in a radio play entitled Three Days of Frost first transmitted on BBC Radio 4 on 12 February 1977, which is a re-telling of Wingfield's \\\"Frost at Christmas\\\" (the novel had yet to be published). He was portrayed by Leslie Sands. The character's second appearance was also on BBC Radio 4, in a play entitled A Touch of Frost, also based on Wingfield's second novel of the same name, transmitted on 6 February 1982. In the second radio play the character was portrayed by Derek Martin. Novels Wingfield published six novels about DI Frost, starting with Frost at Christmas in 1984. Between 2011 and 2017, four Frost books were published under the name James Henry, with the approval of the Estate of R.D. Wingfield. In the case of First Frost, this pseudonym refers to James Gurbutt and Henry Sutton, but in Fatal Frost, Morning Frost and Frost at Midnight it refers to Gurbutt only. These are all prequels to the Wingfield novels. The first three books are set between 1981 and November 1982 when Frost was a Detective Sergeant, and Frost at Midnight is set in August 1983, when Frost is a Detective Inspector. The two latest—and so far last—Frost books are by Danny Miller. Frost at Christmas (1984 / 1995, Bantam Crimeline, New York), (U.S. mass market paperback edition) A Touch of Frost (1987 / 1995 Bantam Crimeline, New York), (U.S. mass market paperback edition) Night Frost (1992, Constable, London / 1995, Bantam Crimeline, New York), (U.S. mass market paperback edition) Hard Frost (1995 UK & U.S.) (U.S. mass market paperback edition) Winter Frost (1999, Constable, London / 2000 Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) A Killing Frost (2008, Bantam Press / Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) First Frost (2011, Transworld Publishers Ltd / Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) Fatal Frost (2012, Bantam Press / Corgi Books, London) (Bantam Press hardback) (Corgi Books paperback) Morning Frost (2013, Bantam Press / 2014, Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) Frost At Midnight (2017, Bantam Press / 2018 Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) A Lethal Frost (2018, Bantam Press / 2018 Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) The Murder Map (2019, Corgi Books, London) (paperback original) Television series Beginning in 1992, television adaptations of the novels, and further stories based on the characters were transmitted on ITV in the UK. The series starred David Jason as Frost. This series was broadcast under the umbrella title A Touch of Frost. There were thirty-eight stories broadcast (forty-two episodes, if counted individually). These have been released on VHS and DVD internationally. Three endings were filmed for the final episode.\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Frost (detective)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14978763\",\n \"text\": \"Bernard John Holley (9 August 1940 – 22 November 2021) was a British actor whose career spanned more than six decades. Life and career Holley was born in Eastcote, Middlesex. He attended Kilburn Grammar School and the Rose Bruford Drama School, and made his first professional stage appearance at the Theatre Royal, Lincoln, in 1963. Holley came to notice in the long-running UK police drama series Z-Cars as PC Newcombe, a character he played for four years. He also appeared in Doctor Who, first as Peter Haydon in The Tomb of the Cybermen (1967), starring Patrick Troughton as the Doctor, and later as the Axon Man in The Claws of Axos (1971), starring Jon Pertwee. Holley reprised his role as Axos in a new Doctor Who audio drama, The Feast of Axos, opposite Colin Baker, which was released on CD in February 2011. Holley played Mr Hurst in eight episodes of the popular ITV sitcom \\\"Please Sir\\\" (1971-2). Other regular roles included Detective Inspector Mike Turnbull in The Gentle Touch (1982–84), a character he also played in the follow-up series C.A.T.S. Eyes in 1985. He later played Richard in two seasons of Birds of a Feather in 1998. He also appeared as the Chief Constable in the popular drama series A Touch of Frost, in 1999 and returned to play the role in 2003. His later television appearances included roles in Hollyoaks, EastEnders, Doctors and Holby City. Holley also voiced hundreds of television commercials, including the campaign for the PlayStation 3 game LittleBigPlanet, and presented many corporate videos. His film roles included appearances in Travels with My Aunt (1972) and the film The Deadly Females (1976). Holley also worked consistently on the stage in theatres across the UK, including Farnham, Brighton, Manchester, Edinburgh, Derby and Norwich. One of his last stage roles was in Allan Monkhouse's Mary Broome at the Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond, in 2011. Holley died after a long illness on 22 November 2021, at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife, Jean and their son, Michael. References External links Bernard Holley's Showreel - - YouTube 1940 births 2021 deaths English male stage actors English male television actors People educated at Kilburn Grammar School People from Eastcote 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors Actors from the London Borough of Hillingdon\",\n \"title\": \"Bernard Holley\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6018439\",\n \"text\": \"Neil Dudgeon (born 2 January 1961) is an English actor who, since 2010, has played DCI John Barnaby in the ITV drama series Midsomer Murders. He replaced John Nettles in the lead role in 2011. Early life and education Dudgeon is the son of James C Dudgeon and June M Weeks. He has an older sister, Lynne W Dudgeon. He was born in Doncaster in 1961, where he was raised. At that time, it was a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, but is now in South Yorkshire. He attended Intake Secondary Modern school in Doncaster, among other schools. He acted in several school plays, (including Rosencrantz and Guildernstern are Dead), then went on to study drama at the University of Bristol (1979–82). Career Dudgeon made his first screen appearance in 1987. The following year he appeared as a Second World War pilot in Piece of Cake, alongside Tim Woodward, Jeremy Northam and Nathaniel Parker. As well as occasional appearances in series such as Casualty, London's Burning and Lovejoy, he appeared in 1994 as Detective Constable Costello, a one-episode subordinate to Detective Inspector William Edward \\\"Jack\\\" Frost (played by David Jason), in the TV series A Touch of Frost, in 1998-99 as George the Chauffeur in The Mrs Bradley Mysteries (alongside Dame Diana Rigg), in Inspector Morse (episode \\\"The Way Through the Woods\\\"), Between The Lines, Common As Muck (in 1994 & 1997), Out of the Blue, Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking, The Street and four series of Messiah with Ken Stott. He also appeared in the romantic comedy film Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, playing the taxi driver who takes the title character to meet Mark Darcy (played by Colin Firth), towards the end of the film. In 2007 Dudgeon appeared in the eponymous role of self-made millionaire Roman Pretty in the BBC2 sitcom Roman's Empire. In 2009 he played a main character in BBC's Life of Riley, a series recommissioned and aired in April 2011, the same month that Dudgeon played the role of one time Football League secretary Alan Hardaker in the TV drama United, which was centred on the events of the 1958 Munich air disaster involving Manchester United. In 2010 Dudgeon appeared in an episode of the ITV crime drama Midsomer Murders, called \\\"The Sword of Guillaume\\\". He was introduced in the episode as the cousin of Detective Chief Inspector Tom Barnaby, played by John Nettles, who retired from the role. Dudgeon, also cast as a senior detective, took over as the lead character in Midsomer Murders after the last episodes featuring John Nettles were screened in 2011. Dudgeon's character name is DCI John Barnaby, which has been suggested may be a vehicle for continued sales to territories where the show is known as \\\"Inspector Barnaby\\\". Dudgeon had first appeared in Midsomer Murders in the opening episode of the fourth series (\\\"Garden of Death\\\"), playing a secondary character. In 2012 Dudgeon starred as Norman Birkett on BBC Radio 4's\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Dudgeon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1067803\",\n \"text\": \"The Lincoln Imp is a grotesque on a wall inside Lincoln Cathedral, England, and it has become the symbol of the city of Lincoln. The carving is situated high on the north side of the Angel Choir and is not conspicuous. The Angel Choir was built between 1250 and 1280, so the carving must date from then. It became well known in the late nineteenth century, and its associated folk tales are an elaboration of earlier traditions involving the devil hiding from wind inside the cathedral, the devil looking at Lincoln with malicious envy, and stone sculptures (at Lincoln Cathedral or Lincoln College, Oxford) said to represent either theme. History A 1780 guide to early English sculpture by John Carter had a section on “Antiquities from Lincoln”. It made no mention of the imp but had an illustration of “A Sculpture projecting over the angle of a Turret of the South Porch of the Cathedral. ’Tis called by the inhabitants, the ‘Devil on the Witch’s back, looking over Lincoln’.\\\" Guides to the cathedral published in 1837 and 1856 also mentioned this exterior sculpture, and made no mention of the imp. An 1869 book by Richard John King did mention the imp carving, though not by nickname. “The grotesque below the second corbel on the north side (counting from the east — it is in the retro-choir) represents an elf with large ears, and may perhaps be regarded as illustrating the mediaeval folk-lore.” The nickname “Lincoln Imp” arose some time before 1897, when it featured in a pamphlet by Arnold Frost (real name G.T. Hemsley,) containing his poem “The Ballad of the Wind, the Devil and Lincoln Minster”. Frost claimed it was based on an “old Lincolnshire legend” that had “not hitherto appeared in print”. He said it had been told to him “some five or six years ago by a North Lincolnshire man, sixty years of age, who, as a boy, had heard his father relate it.” Frost summarised the legend: “The coming of Bishop Remigius to Lincoln made the devil very angry, for up to that time he had had it all his own way in the town and district. The devil tried his utmost to turn him from his purpose of building a Cathedral, but without success. At last in desperation — the Minster then nearing its completion — the devil waylaid the bishop at the south-western corner of the building and tried to kill him. But the good prelate in his extremity called for aid upon the Blessed Virgin Mary — to whom the Church was to be dedicated — whereupon, the Blessed Virgin sent a mighty rushing wind, which, catching the devil, so hustled and buffeted him, that he slipped inside the Church for safety, where he has been ever since, nor dare he come out, knowing that the wind awaits his return in order to make an end of him.” The legend made no mention of a stone carving. That was Frost’s own addition, in\",\n \"title\": \"Lincoln Imp\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6041904\",\n \"text\": \"Emma Amos (born 18 August 1964 in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire) is an English actress. She played Yvonne Sparrow in the last three series and 2016 special of time travel sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart alongside Nicholas Lyndhurst, replacing original actress Michelle Holmes who held the role from 1993-96. In 1992, she played Sherbet Gravel in Philip Ridley's controversial stage play The Fastest Clock in the Universe. Life Emma Amos trained at the Royal College of Music from 1982 to 1989, and in 1991 she landed a part in the British film Buddy's Song. Designed as a vehicle for the rising pop-singer Chesney Hawkes, the film also starred Roger Daltrey of rock band the Who as Terry, Buddy's dad. Amos was cast as Dawn, Terry's girlfriend, but only featured in a few brief scenes. Amos's first television role was playing 'Phoebe' the talking phone in the children's series Wizadora. She starred in 8 episodes in 1991 for Oxford Press before the series was picked up by ITV and Phoebe was re-introduced as a model phone. She started in an episode of long-running sit-com Men Behaving Badly, playing the part of Mandy, the annoying girlfriend of Tony's brother, in the episode \\\"People Behaving Irritatingly\\\". Following a variety of supporting-part roles, Amos eventually landed a starring role alongside Nicholas Lyndhurst in the time-travel sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart. Replacing Michelle Holmes midway through the show's 6 series run, Emma took on the role of time-travelling bigamist Gary Sparrow's 1990s wife, Yvonne. It was in the final three series that the character developed considerably, Emma's performance focusing on Yvonne's increasing success as a high-powered business woman. The show's creators also made the character a far sexier proposition than previously. She was often dressed in smart business suits with short skirts or seen exercising in tight-fitting lycra. In one episode, \\\"The 'Ouses in Between\\\", Amos took on the additional role of Marie Lloyd, a music hall singer in Victorian times who nearly meets Jack the Ripper, when her husband's time-travelling takes him further back in time than usual. Since then, Amos has appeared in a range of British television series, including Casualty, A Touch of Frost, Peak Practice, Midsomer Murders, The Bill, My Family and Doctors. She has also appeared in Heartbeat, in which she played Anita Hudson in the episode \\\"Little White Lies,\\\" as well as having been seen in the feature films Vera Drake and Bridget Jones's Diary. Amos played Julie Davies in The Last Detective. In January 2009, she appeared in a Churchill Insurance TV commercial. In 2016 it was announced that Amos, as well as her daughter Esme Coy, would appear in a one-off special return of Goodnight Sweetheart. On 26 April 2017, it was announced that Amos would be appearing in the Chichester Festival Theatre production of Sweet Bird of Youth by Tennessee Williams from 2–24 June 2017. Amos, who during her run on Goodnight Sweetheart, was voted as having TV's best legs by readers of British magazine The Economist, is married to the actor\",\n \"title\": \"Emma Amos (actress)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12187226\",\n \"text\": \"USS Snowden (DE-246) was an Edsall-class destroyer escort built for the U.S. Navy during World War II. She served in the Atlantic Ocean the Pacific Ocean and provided destroyer escort protection against submarine and air attack for Navy vessels and convoys. She was named in honor of Admiral Thomas Snowden (1857-1930) who was awarded the Navy Cross during World War I. She was laid down on 7 December 1942 by Brown Shipbuilding Co., Inc., Houston, Texas; launched on 19 February 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Edith M. Greenlee, wife of Captain Halford R. Greenlee (Retired); and commissioned on 23 August 1943. At war's end, she returned home with three battle stars. World War II North Atlantic operations Snowden sailed for New Orleans, Louisiana, on 3 September en route to Bermuda for her shakedown cruise which lasted until 14 October. She was then ordered to Charleston, South Carolina. Late in the month, she escorted to Panama, and, in November, to New York City. The ship was assigned to convoy UGS-24 there, on 11 November, and escorted it to Norfolk, Virginia, and Casablanca, arriving on 1 December. She picked up another convoy there and returned to New York on 24 December 1943. Snowden got underway for a short training cruise to Norfolk on 5 January 1944 and then escorted to New York. In January, she escorted convoy UGS-31 to Gibraltar, via Norfolk, and in February returned to New York with convoy UGS-30 which arrived on 8 March. The escort then moved to Norfolk and joined Task Group (TG) 21.15, a hunter-killer group, which sailed on 24 March. That evening, a sound contact was made by Snowden, but she was ordered out of the area so that aircraft from could drop sonar buoys, which produced negative results. Sinking of German Submarine U-488 On 28 April, Snowden, , and left their screening positions to make fathometer readings at the head of an oil slick. Snowden made a reading at 560 feet. The trio dropped two depth charge patterns of 39 charges each. Two undersea explosions followed as U-488 was destroyed. Sinking of German Submarines U-154 and U-490 The task group was forced to return to port for a resupply of depth charges on 5 May before continuing operations in June and July. On 12 June, Snowden, Frost, and made a surface radar contact. Inch illuminated the target with star shells, and it was identified as a submarine. Frost commenced firing as Snowden was out of range. An SOS was received by Frost which was followed by a loud explosion from the submarine. The three escorts picked up 60 survivors from the sunken U-490. On 3 July, Frost and Inch destroyed U-154 Snowden put a boat in the water, and it collected such debris as paper with German writing, German cigarettes, and human flesh. The submarine was definitely sunk. Sinking of German Submarine U-1235 On 22 August, Snowden joined task group TG 22.5 and operated in the Caribbean until 30 December 1944 when it returned to\",\n \"title\": \"USS Snowden\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2065692\",\n \"text\": \"Adrienne Frost is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jay Faerber and Terry Dodson. Adrienne frost first appeared in Generation X #48 (February 1999). The character appeared in stories set in the Marvel Universe, commonly in association with the X-Men. She is the older sister of Emma Frost, Christian Frost, and Cordelia Frost. Publication history Adrienne Frost made her debut in Generation X Vol 1 #48 (Feb. 1999). The issue was the scripts written by Jay Faerber and comics drawn by Terry Dodson. Fictional character biography Early years Adrienne was the first-born child to Hazel and Winston Frost. Followed Christian, Emma, and Cordelia who was the last. The Frost family was one of the homes that did not have love and kindness, but rather manipulative and controlling. Adrienne established herself as the \\\"perfect child\\\" and was the favorite of their father, hoping to gain his favor and inherit the Frost family fortune. Adrienne was a power monger and showed little remorse or emotion when hurting her siblings both emotionally and physically. At an early age, Adrienne discovered her mutant ability of psychometry: the ability to touch an object and instantly know the object's history in terms of events surrounding its past, present, and future owners. Her power revealed to her what she had always known. Winston, her father had little intention of dividing his fortune between all of his children. Instead, he planned to pick the child whom he perceived as being able to guide his company into a state of growth and prosperity. This simply reinforced her original beliefs, and she became cold and distant from the world. Those who were worth anything were the ones she could manipulate in her chess game of power. Her power allowed her to become a top 'A' student and excel in all her endeavors, and continuing to earn her father's favor. However, Emma's rebellion against their father leads to Winston developing a profound new interest in her. To demoralize her, Adrienne outed Christian, to whom Emma was closest, and set in motion of the events that led to his attempted suicide. She also exposed Emma's kiss with her teacher Ian Kendall, which resulted in him being fired. In retaliation, Emma shocked her sister by exposing Adrienne's secret modeling career, of which their father disapproved. Despite her plans, Adrienne had no control over the fact that her father saw Emma as akin to him when he was young. Confident, Adrienne gathered with her siblings for her father to reveal who would guide his finances into the next millennium. She thought it was her who was going to be the prime candidate, Adrienne was left in shocked when their father chose Emma as his heir. However she was sick of her father's manipulations, and chose to leave succeed on her own. Leaving Adrienne as the second choice. Adrienne continued living under her father, at times even suffering his physical abuse. She continued to resent Emma and\",\n \"title\": \"Adrienne Frost\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"108569\",\n \"text\": \"Limon is a statutory town that is the most populous municipality in Lincoln County, Colorado, United States. The population was 2,043 at the 2020 United States Census. Limon lies at the intersection of Interstate 70, U.S. Highways 24, 40, 287, and Colorado Highway 71. The Limon Correctional Facility is part of the Colorado Department of Corrections system and is a major employer in the area with employment of roughly 350. Limon is the western terminus of the Kyle Railroad and it is here the regional interchanges with the Union Pacific Railroad. Trains previously stopped at Limon Railroad Depot. History Railroads were the major factor for Limon's original founding and location. The Kansas Pacific Railroad made its way across the plains from southern Kansas following the Smoky Hill Trail in 1870. In 1888, the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad (now the Kyle Railroad) made its way west to east from Colorado Springs, entering Lincoln County and intersecting the Kansas Pacific (now Union Pacific) at the present day location of Limon. This union of the two railroads was the earliest founding of the \\\"Hub City\\\". Porter lynching Limon was the site of a lynching on November 16, 1900. Preston Porter Jr, a sixteen-year-old African-American male, had confessed under duress to the murder of eleven-year-old Louise Frost who was Caucasian. Porter was apparently being held some 90 miles away in Denver, but was sent back to Limon by request of unspecified people and against the wishes of Sheriff Freeman. When the train carrying Porter stopped in Limon, sixteen men selected from a mob of 300 \\\"marked by calmness and determination\\\" took Porter from Freeman's custody despite the sheriff's protestations \\\"in the name of law.\\\" Originally it was announced that Porter would be hanged but many in the crowd including R. W. Frost, the girl's father, objected \\\"that such a death would be too easy.\\\" The method was left to Frost who decided upon burning at the stake. Frost also refused to allow mutilation of Porter's body before burning. While waiting for his execution, Porter sat next to a bonfire reading the Gospel of Luke from the Bible. Porter was chained to an iron railroad rail set in the ground on the exact spot where the murder had taken place and burned to death, the match to start the fire being set by the girl's father. Lynchings of this type were apparently rare, as reporters on the scene wrote: \\\"The general sentiment expressed approves the execution of the negro, but deprecates the method adopted.\\\" 1990 tornado On June 6, 1990, an F3 tornado touched down near Matheson (about 16 miles west of Limon), tearing roughly east-northeast through fields. Minutes later, the then rain-wrapped tornado arrived, devastating the city. The storm injured 14 people, but remarkably no one was killed. Most of Limon's business district had been laid to ruins in just moments. Governor Roy Romer declared Limon a disaster area the next day. Limon successfully rebuilt its business district adding streetscaping, a new\",\n \"title\": \"Limon, Colorado\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20408364\",\n \"text\": \"Jill Baker (born 1952) is a British actress who has worked extensively in theatre and television for 50 years. Personal life Baker is a graduate of the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. She and actor Bob Peck were married for 17 years, from 1982 until his death, in 1999. They had three children. Career She made her debut in the TV movie Savages in 1975 and has worked steadily on television and theatre since. Her theatre work includes Sufficient Carbohydrate by Denis Potter, Goosepimples, Mike Leigh, All My Sons, all in the West End and the premiere of The Secret Rapture in 1988. She has also been working as an actress in British television since 1975. Along with playing a recurring lead character in Rides, Screaming and Fish, she has made cameo appearances in individual episodes of Blore M.P, The Professionals (1980), Only Fools and Horses (1981), Me and My Girl (1983), \\\"Last Bus to Woodstock\\\" (An Inspector Morse TV-Mystery) (1988), Tales of Sherwood Forest (1989), Prime Suspect (1995), The Girl (1996) as Anne Thornton, The Broker's Man (1997–98) as Claudette Monro-Foster, The Vanishing Man (1998) as Dr. Jeffries, , Perfect Strangers (2001), New Tricks (2003), A Touch of Frost (2004), Secret Smile (2005), Waking the Dead, Holby City, (2007), Spooks (2008) and Wallander, Episode 1 in 2008. She has also appeared as Lady de Lesseps in Shakespeare in Love. In 2009 she appeared in the ITV Drama Whatever It Takes, In 2011 she appeared in the ITV Drama Midsomer Murders \\\"Not in My Back Yard\\\" as Eleanor Swanscombe. In 2014, she appeared in Happy Valley as Helen Gallagher. Baker appeared in Only Fools and Horses in the episode \\\"The Second Time Around\\\", as Del Boy (David Jason)'s ex-fiancée, Pauline Harris. Filmography Film Television References External links 1952 births Living people English stage actresses English film actresses English television actresses\",\n \"title\": \"Jill Baker\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["5 April 2010"],"string":"[\n \"5 April 2010\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":56,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_56047"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who built the track of the transcontinental railroad track that began in sacramento california"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"8446022","text":"Martinez station is an Amtrak passenger train station in Martinez, California, United States. Located at the west end of downtown Martinez, the station has one side platform and one island platform, which serve three of the four tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad Martinez Subdivision. It is served by the daily California Zephyr and Coast Starlight long-distance trains, five daily round trips of the San Joaquin corridor service, and fifteen daily round trips (eleven on weekends) of the Capitol Corridor service. Martinez is also served by Amtrak Thruway buses plus County Connection, Tri-Delta Transit, and WestCAT local buses. History In early 1877, the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) began construction of two lines meeting at Martinez. The Northern Railway subsidiary built along the coast from Oakland to Martinez, while the San Pablo-Tulare Railway Company followed an inland route from Martinez to Tracy. A passenger station and freight house were built in Martinez east of Ferry Street, along with an engine house and turntable. The first train from Oakland to Martinez ran on September 22, 1877, with regular scheduled service beginning the next January. In August 1878, the line was completed to Tracy, where it met the First transcontinental railroad. Transcontinental service was rerouted over the new route via Martinez on September 8, 1878. On December 6, 1879, the CPRR opened a new line from Benicia to Fairfield, where it connected with the California Pacific Railroad to Sacramento. A train ferry was operated between Benicia and Port Costa; Martinez was cut off from transcontinental service. The Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) leased the CPRR in 1885. On June 7, 1891, the SP opened its San Ramon Branch from Avon (just east of Martinez) to San Ramon; it was later extended to Pleasanton. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway opened a line through the south part of Martinez in 1899, with a station at John Strentzel's fruit ranch. The station, later named Muir, was never heavily used for passenger service and was closed around the 1940s. On November 10, 1930, the SP opened the Benicia-Martinez Railroad Drawbridge east of Martinez, replacing the train ferry and adding Martinez to the Oakland–Sacramento mainline. Passenger service on the San Ramon Branch ended in 1931. The second story on the east end of the station was removed in 1942. Local service between Martinez and Tracy ended in the early 1950s, and between Oakland and Sacramento in 1962. However, Martinez remained a stop on long-distance trains including the Cascade, City of San Francisco, and San Joaquin Daylight. Amtrak took over most intercity passenger operations in the United States on May 1, 1971. Amtrak did not continue service to the San Joaquin Valley, but Martinez was served by the Seattle–San Diego Coast Daylight/Starlight (later the Coast Starlight) and the Oakland–Chicago City of San Francisco (later the San Francisco Zephyr and California Zephyr). The Oakland–Bakersfield San Joaquin began service on March 5, 1974, with a stop at Martinez. The station was renovated in 1983. The San Jose–Sacramento Capitols (later Capitol","title":"Martinez station"},{"docid":"2821019","text":"The Niles Canyon Railway (NCRy) is a heritage railway running on the first transcontinental railroad alignment (1866, 1869) through Niles Canyon, between Sunol and the Niles district of Fremont in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area, in California, United States. The railway is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Niles Canyon Transcontinental Railroad Historic District. The railroad is operated and maintained by the Pacific Locomotive Association which preserves, restores and operates historic railroad equipment. The NCRy features public excursions with both steam and diesel locomotives along a well-preserved portion of the first transcontinental railroad. History The Niles Canyon Railway operates along a portion of the First transcontinental railroad constructed in the 1860s. The rail line through Niles Canyon was amongst the earliest to be built in California and provided the first rail connection between San Francisco Bay and the rest of the nation. Construction The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 authorized the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad to build the transcontinental railroad between the Missouri River and the waters of the Pacific. For various reasons, the Central Pacific Railroad reached an agreement with the first Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870) (not related to the later company of same name) to build the westernmost portion of the line connecting the Central Pacific in Sacramento to San Jose via Stockton and Livermore. Trains could then continue to San Francisco via the San Francisco & San Jose Rail Road which was completed in 1864. By 1866, the Western Pacific had built of track north and east from San Jose, reaching halfway into what was then known as Alameda Cañon, to about Farwell near milepost 33. The Western Pacific used 500 Chinese laborers to grade and construct the rail line into the rugged canyon with its tight curves and narrow banks. Construction was then halted because of disagreements between the railroad's contractors and its financiers. In 1869, the Central Pacific Railroad, a subsidiary of which had acquired the Western Pacific and Oakland Point in 1868, restarted work on the railroad line through Alameda Cañon in two opposite directions, both using Chinese laborers. In June 1869, J. H. Strobridge and crew began to lay out a new line starting at a point on the 1866 Western Pacific rails in the west end of Alameda Cañon (San Jose Junction at MP 30.6) westward out of the canyon towards Oakland, while Turton, Knox & Ryan dispatched workers to continue the railroad in Alameda Cañon eastward from the point where the 1866 Western Pacific rails abruptly stopped. Four major timber through (Howe) truss bridges were built to cross Alameda Creek and Arroyo de la Laguna Creek. In addition to building wooden bridges and grading the railroad bed, the laborers built culverts, retaining walls, and bridge piers in masonry. By mid-August 1869, the railroad was completed through Alameda Cañon eastward to Pleasanton and into Livermore Valley. In September 1869, the railroad from Sacramento through Alameda Cañon to the waterfront Alameda","title":"Niles Canyon Railway"},{"docid":"14065639","text":"The Martinez subdivision is a Union Pacific railway line which runs from Roseville, California to Oakland, California. It is informally referred to as the Cal-P line, after the original California Pacific Railroad, who constructed the line from Sacramento to Suisun and Fairfield. (As such, the nickname may only apply to that segment.) The line is entirely double-tracked including bridges, and features extensive sidings. History Originally built as a more direct route to the San Francisco Bay to compete with the Western Pacific Railroad, the Cal-P segment opened months prior to the First transcontinental railroad. California Pacific was taken over by the Central Pacific, which in late 1879 completed the line from Suisun-Fairfield to Oakland via the train ferry Solano from Benicia to Port Costa. The present double-track lift bridge across the Carquinez Strait replaced the train ferry in 1930. The California Pacific became part of the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) which in the 1990s merged into the Union Pacific Railroad, the line's current owner. The subdivision forms part of the modern Overland Route. The Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority is planning to construct a third track between Sacramento and Roseville as part of a plan to expand passenger rail operations in the area. Traffic The line hosts several Amtrak passenger routes: the Capitol Corridor, San Joaquins, Coast Starlight, and California Zephyr operate 36 trains daily over the Benicia–Martinez Bridge. Union Pacific operates numerous freight trains over the route, and BNSF has trackage rights in some segments. the line between Martinez and Sacramento saw 44 freight trains daily. References Rail lines in California Southern Pacific Railroad lines Union Pacific Railroad lines","title":"Martinez Subdivision"},{"docid":"1182712","text":"The Western Pacific Railroad was a Class I railroad in the United States. It was formed in 1903 as an attempt to break the near-monopoly the Southern Pacific Railroad had on rail service into northern California. WP's Feather River Route directly competed with SP's portion of the Overland Route for rail traffic between Salt Lake City/Ogden, Utah, and Oakland, California, for nearly 80 years. The Western Pacific was one of the original operators of the California Zephyr passenger line. In 1982, the Western Pacific was acquired by the Union Pacific Corporation and it was soon merged into the Union Pacific Railroad. History The original Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870) was established in 1862 to build the westernmost portion of the first transcontinental railroad, between Sacramento and San Jose, California (later to Oakland). After completing the last link from Sacramento to Oakland, this company was absorbed into the Central Pacific Railroad in 1870. The second company to use the \"western pacific\" appellation was the Western Pacific Railway Company, founded in 1903. Under the direction of George Jay Gould I, the Western Pacific Railway proposed to build a standard gauge track connection to the Pacific Coast for his aspiring Gould transcontinental system. Construction was financed by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, a company in the Gould system, which had lost access to California due to the attempted acquisition of the Southern Pacific Railroad by the Rio Grande's main rival, the Union Pacific Railroad. The Western Pacific Railway acquired the Alameda and San Joaquin Railroad and began construction on what became known as the Feather River Route. Completed in 1909, it was the last major rail line connected to California. After Western Pacific Railway Company defaulted on mortgage bonds, its assets were sold in 1916 to The Western Pacific Railroad Company. The original line used 85 lb/yd rail on untreated ties, with no tie plates except on curves over one degree; in 1935 more than half of the main line still had its original rail, most of it having carried 150 million gross tons. In 1931 Western Pacific opened a main line north from the Feather River Canyon to the Great Northern Railway in northern California. This route, today part of BNSF's Gateway Subdivision, joined the Oakland – Salt Lake City main line at the Keddie Wye, a unique combination of two steel trestles and a tunnel forming a triangle of intersecting track. In 1935, the railroad went bankrupt because of decreased freight and passenger traffic caused by the Great Depression and had to be reorganized. Western Pacific (WP) operated the California Zephyr passenger train with the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. The WP handled the \"Silver Lady\" from Oakland, California, to Salt Lake City, Utah from 1949 to 1970. The Western Pacific owned several connecting short-line railroads. The largest was the Sacramento Northern Railway, which once reached from San Francisco to Chico, California. Others included the Tidewater Southern Railway, the Central California Traction,","title":"Western Pacific Railroad"},{"docid":"11135926","text":"Reno station is an Amtrak intercity train station in Reno, Nevada, served by the California Zephyr train. It is also serviced by five times per weekday, and twice on weekends, Amtrak Thruway routes to Sacramento. Description The station is located at 280 North Center Street in downtown Reno. The tracks are owned by the Union Pacific Railroad, while the station and platform are owned by the city of Reno. The station does not have a parking lot. The tracks are placed below ground level as they pass through the heart of downtown Reno. As of 2014, the station was served by the once-daily California Zephyr, running between Chicago and Emeryville, California (in the San Francisco Bay Area). The previous year, the station served 78,827 passengers, or about 216 per day. The station is popular with passengers traveling in both directions between Northern California and Reno. Three Amtrak Thruway routes, two originating at the station and one at the Nugget Casino Resort in Sparks, connect the station to Sacramento. History A depot has existed at this location since the first transcontinental railroad arrived in Reno in 1868. A series of wooden depots built by the Central Pacific Railroad burned down. The current stucco depot was built by the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1926. The Southern Pacific Depot was also used by the Virginia & Truckee Railroad until 1950, when the railroad ceased operations. The Western Pacific Railroad historically provided service to Reno, but never used this station, instead using the (now disused for rail service) Nevada-California-Oregon Railroad Depot, a few blocks to the east. ReTRAC The station was enlarged in 2007 as part of the Reno Transportation Rail Access Corridor (ReTRAC) project, which grade separated the tracks to mostly eliminate street running in downtown Reno. In the process of excavating around the depot, many artifacts from Reno's past were discovered including a long filled-in pedestrian tunnel and a previously unknown basement at a former masonic lodge. Many items from the excavation are on display in the station lobby, including an old cistern used by the fire department, a horse watering fountain, Native American artifacts, and several bottles dating as far back as the 1860s. As part of the renovation, Amtrak moved most of its operations to a glass-enclosed addition near the trench, though passengers can still use the original waiting area. On December 4, 2012, it was announced that the station would be placed on the National Register of Historic Places. See also Nevada-California-Oregon Railroad Depot – former Western Pacific Reno station Notes References External links Reno Amtrak Station TrainWeb ReTRAC Project City of Reno Amtrak stations in Nevada Buildings and structures in Reno, Nevada Transportation in Reno, Nevada Railway stations in the United States opened in 1926 Former Southern Pacific Railroad stations in Nevada History of Reno, Nevada National Register of Historic Places in Reno, Nevada Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada Railway stations in the United States opened in 1868","title":"Reno station"},{"docid":"394957","text":"The Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 were a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of a \"transcontinental railroad\" (the Pacific Railroad) in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies. In 1853, the War Department under then Secretary of War Jefferson Davis was authorized by the Congress to conduct surveys of five different potential transcontinental routes from the Mississippi ranging from north to south. It submitted a massive twelve volume report to Congress with the results in early 1855. However, no route or bill could be agreed upon and passed authorizing the Government's financial support and land grants until the secession of the southern states in 1861 removed their opposition to a central route. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 () was the original act. Some of its provisions were subsequently modified, expanded, or repealed by four additional amending Acts: The Pacific Railroad Act of 1863 (), Pacific Railroad Act of 1864 (), Pacific Railroad Act of 1865 (), and Pacific Railroad Act of 1866 (). The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 began the practice of granting federal government owned lands directly to corporations; before that act, land grants were made to the states, for the benefit of corporations. Act of 1862, and amended 1864–65 The original 1862 Act's long title was An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes. It was based largely on a proposed bill originally reported six years earlier on August 16, 1856, to the 34th Congress by the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph. Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 1, 1862, the 1862 Act authorized extensive land grants in the Western United States and the issuance of 30-year government bonds (at 6 percent) to the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad (later the Southern Pacific Railroad) companies in order to construct a continuous transcontinental railroad between the eastern side of the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, Iowa (opposite from Omaha, Nebraska) and the navigable waters of the Sacramento River in Sacramento, California. Section 2 of the Act granted each Company contiguous rights of way for their rail lines as well as all public lands within on either side of the track. Section 3 granted an additional 10 square miles (26 km2) of public land for every mile of grade except where railroads ran through cities or crossed rivers. The method of apportioning these additional land grants was specified in the Act as being in the form of \"five alternate sections per mile on each side of said railroad, on the line thereof, and within the limits of ten miles on each side\" which thus provided the companies with a total of for each mile of their railroad. (The interspersed non-granted area remained as public lands","title":"Pacific Railroad Acts"},{"docid":"12304433","text":"The Feather River Route is a rail line that was built and operated by the Western Pacific Railroad. It was constructed between 1906 and 1909, and connects the cities of Oakland, California, and Salt Lake City, Utah. The line was built to compete with the Central Pacific Railroad (and later Southern Pacific Railroad), which at the time held a nearly complete monopoly on Northern California rail service. The route derives its name from its crossing of the Sierra Nevada, where it follows both the North and Middle Forks of the Feather River. The route is famous for its impressive engineering qualities and its considerable scenic value. All of the route is now owned and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad; however, the Union Pacific has transferred significant portions of the route to other lines. The portion still called the Feather River Route by the Union Pacific runs from the California Central Valley to Winnemucca, Nevada and has been divided into three subdivisions named the Sacramento, Canyon and Winnemucca subdivisions. History Early history Interest in building a transportation artery through the Feather River Canyon and across the deserts of Nevada and Utah began with the discovery of Beckwourth Pass, in the Sierra Nevada, in 1850. The pass, at in elevation, is the lowest pass through the Sierra Nevada. In the 1860s, Arthur W. Keddie began surveying in the Feather River Canyon, in order to find a suitable route for such an artery. He eventually found such a route, and helped to found the Oroville and Virginia City Railroad Company in 1867 to build a railroad along it. Political pressure from the Central Pacific Railroad, among other factors, led to the end of all construction efforts by 1869. Throughout the 1870s and 1880s, little progress was made in forming a company to construct the railroad line. Some interest remained, because the proposed route was much less steep and passed through the Sierra Nevada at a point lower than that of the recently finished First transcontinental railroad, owned by the Central Pacific Railroad between Sacramento and Ogden, Utah. The Union Pacific Railroad, which terminated in Ogden at the time, considered building the line multiple times throughout this era to bypass the Central Pacific and access the Pacific Coast on its own. None of these proposals resulted in any level of action, and the idea was widely considered dead by the 1890s. Interest in a line through the Feather River Canyon was renewed in 1900, when the Union Pacific Railroad, then led by E. H. Harriman, took control of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Subsequently, Harriman decided to close off access to the Southern Pacific to all railroads other than the Union Pacific, leaving all other railroads unable to access the Pacific Coast from Salt Lake City. Foremost among these railroads was the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, the westernmost part of an transcontinental rail network organized by Jay Gould. Jay's son and successor, George Gould, decided obtain access to the Pacific Coast. Hence,","title":"Feather River Route"},{"docid":"65356160","text":"The tracklaying race of 1869 was an unofficial contest between tracklaying crews of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads, held during the construction of the first transcontinental railroad. The competition was to determine who would first reach the meeting place at Promontory, Utah. Starting in 1868, the railroad crews set, and subsequently broke, each other's world records for the longest length of track laid in a single day. This culminated in the April 28, 1869, record set by Chinese and Irish crews of the Central Pacific who laid of track in one day. That record was broken in August 1870, by about , by two crews of the Kansas Pacific, working from opposite ends of the same track. History Rivalry In July 1866, the Pacific Railway Act was amended, authorizing the Central Pacific (CP) to build east until it met the line being constructed by the Union Pacific (UP). The amount of land and money each railroad would be granted was proportional to the number of miles of track laid, causing the two railroads to start building in earnest. Their rivalry was notably unfriendly. In February 1869, crews for the UP and CP were grading parallel routes on the Promontory Range. At that time, the UP's primarily Irish crews began bullying the CP's primarily Chinese crews, first throwing clods of earth and escalating to a series of raids in which the UP crews attempted to dislodge the CP by attacking while wielding pick handles. Eventually, the UP crews began setting off heavy charges without warning, seriously injuring several CP workers; when the CP crews began grading at a higher elevation, they retaliated by setting off a surprise explosion, which buried several UP workers alive. Tracklaying Building the railroad started with surveying the route and grading the roadbed; for the CP, grading was delayed by the route chosen through the rugged Sierra mountain range. During the first five years of construction, the CP spent only 95 weeks laying tracks, while the remainder had been consumed in grading. In the CP's traditional approach to tracklaying, once the grading was complete, a loaded tracklaying car was sent to the end of the line, carrying a single crew and eight pairs of rails along with a commensurate number of ties, spikes, and splices. One pair of rails was unloaded at a time and the tracklaying car only advanced once the crew had completed that pair of rails. When the line curved, the rails were pre-bent (and the inside rail was shortened) before they were loaded onto the tracklaying car. The slow pace of the tracklaying car and limited manpower that could be brought to bear limited the CP to laying just of track during the first five years of construction from 1863 to 1868, building east from Sacramento, despite adopting speedier techniques for curved rails and splices in 1866. Meanwhile, the UP had built from Omaha, Nebraska, west to Cheyenne, Wyoming, by 1868. In 1867, General Jack Casement of the UP described their","title":"Tracklaying race of 1869"},{"docid":"15174140","text":"Union Pacific No. 119 was a 4-4-0 American type steam locomotive made famous for meeting the Central Pacific Railroad's Jupiter at Promontory Summit, Utah, during the Golden Spike ceremony commemorating the completion of the First transcontinental railroad in 1869. The locomotive was built by Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works of Paterson, New Jersey in 1868, along with numbers 116, 117, 118 and 120. The original was scrapped in 1903, but a replica now operates at the Golden Spike National Historical Park. Promontory Summit No. 119 was assigned to the Union Pacific Railroad's Utah Division, carrying trains between Rawlins, Wyoming and Ogden, Utah, and was stationed in the latter when a call for a replacement engine came from vice-president Thomas C. Durant, to take him to Promontory Ridge, Utah Territory, for the Golden Spike ceremony celebrating the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. While enroute to the ceremony, a swollen river had washed away some supports to the Devil's Gate Bridge. Durant's engineer refused to take his engine across, consenting only to nudging the lighter passenger cars over the span. It held, but this left Durant and his entourage without an engine. No. 119 was sent from Ogden to take them the short distance to Promontory, where it was memorialized in photos and history faced nose to nose with the Central Pacific's Jupiter. In Andrew J. Russell's famous photograph of the Meeting of the Lines, No. 119 is seen on the right with its engineer, Sam Bradford, leaning off the cowcatcher holding a bottle of champagne up to Jupiter engineer George Booth. Bradford and Booth would later break a bottle of champagne over the other's locomotive in celebration. Later career After the Golden Spike run, 119 led a similar life to Jupiter, and returned to service as a freight locomotive. In 1882, 119 was renumbered to 343, and was scrapped in 1903. Replicas As was the case with the Jupiter, the Union Pacific only began to acknowledge the 119's historical significance well after it was scrapped. For a 1949 reenactment of the Golden Spike ceremony staged at the Chicago Railroad Fair the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad's locomotive number 35 was cosmetically altered stand-in for the 119; likewise the Jupiter was a proxy provided by the Virginia and Truckee Railroad. In 1968, the Union Pacific sponsored the construction of the Omaha Zoo Railroad in the Henry Doorly Zoo, including a narrow gauge replica of the 119, built by Crown Metal Products. The First transcontinental railroad, the National Park Service's Golden Spike site at Promontory, Utah, had exhibited representations of the 119 and Jupiter on a portion of restored track where the original ceremony was held. In this instance, the 119 was portrayed by the Virginia and Truckee's Dayton locomotive, (which is ironic because the Dayton was built by the Central Pacific Railroad's shops in Sacramento) and was displayed here until it and the Jupiter, which was portrayed by that railroad's Inyo, were sold to the state of Nevada in 1974. In 1975,","title":"Union Pacific No. 119"},{"docid":"43588854","text":"For over two decades in the early twentieth century, there existed a network of streetcars in Reno that served as the main mode of public transit in Reno, Nevada, United States. The system consisted of a streetcar network in the area of Reno and Sparks, Nevada, as well as an interurban line between Reno and the Moana Springs resort. Reno's streetcar network operated from Thanksgiving Day in 1904 to September 1927. To the present day, the early twentieth century streetcar network in Reno, Nevada is the only streetcar or light rail system that has ever operated in the state of Nevada. History Background There were only a few settlers in the Reno area after 1850, until the discovery of silver in the Comstock Lode which led to a silver rush in the area and resulted in more settlers in Reno. By January 1863, the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) had begun laying tracks east from Sacramento, California, in order to connect with the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory, Utah, and form the First transcontinental railroad. Once the railroad station was established, the town of Reno officially came into being on May 9, 1868. In 1871, Reno became the county seat of the newly expanded Washoe County, replacing the previous county seat, located at Washoe City. After the opening of the Transcontinental Railroad, branch railroads began to connect with the first Transcontinental Railroad. For example, the Virginia and Truckee Railroad was extended to Reno in 1872, which provided a boost to the new city's economy. These railroads hauled lumber from Carson City to the mines, and ore from the mines out to the main Transcontinental Railroad. In 1885, the University of Nevada (then called Nevada State University) moved from Elko to Reno. Reno's streetcar system By the early 1900s, Reno was large enough that the establishment of an electric streetcar system for public transit in the city was justified. A group of local businessmen organized the Nevada Transit Company, with the aim of building an electric streetcar line. The line, which traveled the route between Reno and the newly founded town of Sparks, Nevada, was constructed in just four months, and opened with a celebration on Thanksgiving Day, 1904. This initial streetcar line ran from Reno's downtown railway node eastward to Sparks, turning south just before Deer Park, then east to run to the Southern Pacific roundhouse and railroad yards. The portion of the line in Reno proper traveled west along Fourth Street to Sierra Street, then south to Second Street, east to Virginia Street, and south again to the Truckee River. In January 1905, the line's route was extended over the Truckee River on the Virginia Street Bridge. The car barn for the streetcar company stood at 911 E. 4th Street, near Morrill Avenue. The streetcar service was purchased in 1906 and was renamed the Reno Traction Company. Streetcars were used heavily by commuting workers, shoppers, and pleasure-seekers headed to Wieland’s Park (later known as Coney Island), with the Reno-Sparks line","title":"Streetcars in Reno"},{"docid":"5996132","text":"Chin Lin Sou (September 29, 1836 – August 10, 1894, 陳林新) was an influential leader in the Chinese American community and prominent figure in Colorado. He immigrated to the United States from Guangzhou, China, in 1859. Chin stood out amongst other Chinese immigrants at the time as he dressed like a westerner and spoke perfect English. He was a supervisor of hundreds of Chinese workers who built the transcontinental railroad and feeder lines across California, Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, and Colorado. He was among the first Chinese immigrants in Colorado. He became wealthy by buying abandoned mines and selling them or operating placer mines. He was a merchant in Gilpin County and Denver, Colorado. Known as a leader, he founded and was a member in organizations that supported Chinese business people and communities. In 1977, a stained glass portrait of Chin was installed at the Old Supreme Court in the Colorado State Capitol building in Denver for his role in Colorado's history. Early life Chin Lin Sou was born in Canton (now called Guangzhou) in southern China on September 29, 1836. To escape the civil war in China (Taiping Rebellion), he traveled by sea to San Francisco, California in 1859. He was inspired by tales of success in the American West. Upon his arrival, he mined for gold for several years in California. In the United States, he was seen as less foreign than other Chinese people because he wore western clothing, was over six feet tall, had blue eyes, and spoke English fluently. Based upon the color of his eyes and his height, his family may have been from northern China. He was recognized as an intelligent man and a quick learner, who had great executive ability. Career Railroad He worked on the first transcontinental railroad as the foreman of a group of Chinese railroad workers, many of whom Chin, himself, recruited and helped to gain passage into the United States. He first worked for Charles Crocker of the Central Pacific Railroad at Donner Pass in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and in then the Great Basin of Utah. He worked among hundreds of Chinese who also fled China's civil war. The transcontinental railroad was completed on May 10, 1869, at Promontory, Utah, becoming what is considered the greatest technological event of the 19th century. He worked in Nevada for the Central Pacific Railroad. Then, he worked for Gen. Grenville Dodge of the Union Pacific Railroad, which had merged with Central Pacific. Working to bring the railroad tracks to government standards, he worked in Utah, Wyoming, and Nebraska from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Plains. In Colorado, he worked for the Denver Pacific Railroad, which built a feeder line from Denver to the Union Pacific line at Cheyenne, Wyoming. With Denver connected to the transcontinental railroad, it had access to national markets and became the \"Queen City of the West.\" His leadership was important to the construction of the railroad. Railroad company owners hired Chinese workers because they","title":"Chin Lin Sou"},{"docid":"65803950","text":"Tunnel Number 41, or the Big Hole, is a single-track railway tunnel underneath Mount Judah in the Sierra Nevada, near Norden, California. It is owned by the Union Pacific Railroad, in service as a part of the Roseville Subdivision of the Overland Route. Daily freight trains as well as Amtrak's California Zephyr utilize the line. History The first bore through the Sierras, Tunnel Number 6, was built as part of the first transcontinental railroad. In 1901, Southern Pacific proposed building a long tunnel via a new alignment to both lower the track elevation and cut several miles off of the Donner Pass route. Bores with lengths up to in length were reportedly considered, but an option for a tunnel route was under consideration as late as 1912. The uncertain corporate fate of the Central Pacific Railroad and the outbreak of World War I stalled further work. After Southern Pacific was cleared to take ownership of the Central Pacific in 1923, they announced a new tunneled route would be constructed and work began soon after. The tunnel opened to traffic on September 19, 1925 as the third-longest rail tunnel in the United States at in length. The new tunnel and cutoff shortened the route by and was lower in elevation than the previous bore through the summit, Tunnel No.6. The new and old single track routes were used in tandem as a double-tracked route until the old route was mothballed in 1993. The line is capable of transporting double-stacked containers. See also List of tunnels documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in California Tunnel motors — locomotives designed to cope with long tunnels, especially those in the Sierra Nevada EMD SD40T-2 EMD SD45T-2 References External links Union Pacific Railroad tunnels Southern Pacific Railroad Sierra Nevada (United States) Railroad tunnels in California 1925 establishments in California 1925 in rail transport Historic American Engineering Record in California Tunnels completed in 1925","title":"Tunnel No. 41"},{"docid":"49240404","text":"The history of the Union Pacific Railroad stretches from 1862 to the present. For operations of the current railroad, see Union Pacific Railroad; for the holding company that owns the current railroad, see Union Pacific Corporation. There have been four railroads called Union Pacific: Union Pacific Rail Road, Union Pacific Railway, Union Pacific Railroad (Mark I), and Union Pacific Railroad (Mark II). This article covers the Union Pacific Rail Road (UPRR, 1862–1880), Union Pacific Railway (1880–1897), and Union Pacific Railroad (Mark I)(UP, 1897–1998). For the history of the Union Pacific Railroad (Mark II), see Union Pacific and Southern Pacific Transportation Company. Beginnings: 19th century The original company, Union Pacific Rail Road (UPRR), was created and funded by the federal government by Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864. The laws were passed as war measures to forge closer ties with California and Oregon, which otherwise took six months to reach. UPRR remained under partial federal control until the 1890s. Its management was noted for many feuds and high turnover. The UPRR main line started in Council Bluffs, Iowa and moved west to link up with the Central Pacific Railroad line, which was built eastward from Sacramento. Construction on the UPRR main line was delayed until the American Civil War ended in 1865. Some 300 miles of main line track were built in 1865–66 over the flat prairies. The Rocky Mountains posed a much more dramatic challenge but the crews had learned to work at a much faster pace with 240 miles built in 1867 and 555 miles in 1868–69. The two lines were joined in Utah on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Interstate 80, built in the 1950s, paralleled the UPRR main line. In 1870 the fare in coach from Omaha to San Francisco was $33.20 , with sleeper cars costing extra. The train stopped for meals at lunch rooms along the way. Passenger traffic for the long trip was light at first—2,000 a month in the 1870s, growing to 10,000 a month in the 1880s. Wall Street speculator Jay Gould (1836–1892) took control of the UPRR in 1874, as well as the smaller Kansas Pacific Railway based in Kansas City. He merged the two into the Union Pacific Railway in 1880, giving the Union Pacific new markets in the wheat and ranching regions of Kansas and eastern Colorado. Branches were opened to mining districts in Montana, Idaho, and Utah and (until 1893) to farmlands in Oregon. Despite severe austerity measures the Union Pacific was unable to repay its old government loans. Most of the wheat farmers joined the People's Party, a Populist movement in the 1890s and engaged in heated anti-railroad rhetoric. The Populists were soon voted out and had no lasting impact on the Union Pacific. In the Panic of 1893 financial crisis the Union Pacific Railway, like 153 other American railroads, went bankrupt. The trains continued to operate but the bondholders lost their investment. In 1897, a new Union Pacific","title":"History of the Union Pacific Railroad"},{"docid":"3477390","text":"The Central California Traction Company is a Class III short-line railroad operating in the northern San Joaquin Valley, in San Joaquin County, California. It is owned jointly by the Union Pacific and BNSF Railway. Service The railroad operates between Stockton and Lodi. CCT also operates the Stockton Public Belt Railway around the Port of Stockton. It connects to the Stockton Terminal and Eastern Railroad company freight lines that serve greater Stockton. Several miles of the CCT track through Acampo are being used to store rolling stock, primarily Centerbeam flatcars that carry lumber, . History The Central California Traction Company was founded on August 7, 1905, as an alternative city streetcar line to the Stockton Electric Railroad. Streetcar service began in 1906. The company soon had greater ambitions and became a 1,200-volt DC electric interurban railway, opening a line from Stockton to Lodi on September 2, 1907, and reaching Sacramento on September 1, 1910. In 1928, the railroad was sold by the original owners and was then jointly purchased by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Western Pacific Railroad. The Stockton streetcar operations were taken over by Stockton Electric Railway (by then an SP Subsidiary) in 1929. Interurban service ceased on February 4, 1933, but local streetcars continued to run in Sacramento continued until the service was acquired by National City Lines in 1943. Electric service ended on December 22, 1946. The railroad operated over the same line from Lodi and Stockton to Sacramento until 1966 when the Sacramento belt line was closed, then trains were run over Southern Pacific's line into Sacramento. In 1998, service to Sacramento was suspended. Since then the tracks remain between Stockton and Sacramento, being kept for future operational options. One of the Central California Traction Company train stations survives in Acampo, just north of Lodi. This station was converted into a residence, with altered interior walls and an expansion. Locomotive roster See also List of California Interurban Railroads Sacramento Northern Railway Stockton Terminal and Eastern Railroad References Notes Bibliography External links Official Central California Traction Company−CCT website Comprehensive Trainweb.org: CCT Site Trainweb.org: Current CCT Locomotive Roster Cencalrails.railfan.net: Photographs of CCT Donsdepot.net: Photographs of CCT Western Pacific Railroad Museum — home of CCT Caboose #24. Tidewatersouthern.com: CCT Steeple Cab locomotive #100. Davesrailpix.com: Photograph collection of all interurbans — includes CCT and TS. California railroads Interurban railways in California Transportation in Sacramento, California Transportation in Sacramento County, California Transportation in San Joaquin County, California Lodi, California Economy of Stockton, California Spin-offs of the BNSF Railway Spin-offs of the Union Pacific Railroad Railway companies established in 1905 1905 establishments in California American companies established in 1905","title":"Central California Traction Company"},{"docid":"74794998","text":"The Fresno Subdivision is a railroad in California owned and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad. Mostly built by the Southern Pacific Railroad in the 1870s, the line traverses the San Joaquin Valley on a northwest to southeast alignment. Route The Fresno Subdivision runs from Sacramento, California through the centers of several cities in the eastern San Joaquin Valley to Bakersfield, California. From its interchange with the Martinez Subdivision in the north, it runs south through Elk Grove, Lodi, Stockton, Manteca, Modesto, Merced, and Madera before entering Fresno. The line intersects with the BNSF Railway Stockton Subdivision at Stockton, forming the Stockton Diamond. It largely parallels the BNSF Railway Stockton Subdivision and California State Route 99. Operations The line is primarily used for freight movements. a total of 16 trains daily operated between Fresno and Stockton, with 12 operating between Stockton and Sacramento. The San Joaquin Valley Railroad has trackage rights over the line south of Fresno. Amtrak and the Altamont Corridor Express operate passenger trains over the northern segment of line. Altamont Corridor Express is also expanding its service area, with new stations along the line planned as far south as Merced. History The line was largely built by the Southern Pacific Railway in the late 1800s. The tracks between Sacramento and Lathrop run on the route of the original Central Pacific Railroad. The branch line from Lathrop reached Goshen in August 1872, Delano in July the following year, and had extended past Bakersfield to Caliente in 1875. The merger of Southern Pacific and Union Pacific in 1996 brought the line under its current ownership. of the line between Ceres and Turlock is expected to be double-tracked as part of the Altamont Corridor Express expansion. References External links Rail lines in California Southern Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad lines","title":"Fresno Subdivision"},{"docid":"16209490","text":"Samuel Skerry Montague (1830–1883) was a railway engineer responsible for building railways in the United States. He was appointed chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad in 1863. He also worked on the Southern Pacific Railroad and the First transcontinental railroad. Early life He was the son of Richard and Content Montague, was born at Keene, New Hampshire, July 6, 1830. At the age of six his family moved to Rockford, Illinois, where he attended school in the winters and the Rockford Classical School. At the age of 22 he started working on the Rock Island and Rockford Railroad in 1852 starting out as a surveyor's assistant. Later he worked on the Peoria and Bureau Valley Railroad, then with the Rock Island and Peoria, and finally with the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. All these railroads were bought out by other railroads and only existed for a short period of time. Career In the fall of 1859 he went to California over the California Trail. In California Montague met Theodore Judah and worked for him building the Valley Railroad from Folsom, California, to Marysville, California. Combined with his previous experience Montague continued to learn his engineering skills by apprenticing with Judah. On February 12, 1862, Montague went to work for Judah now the Chief Engineer on the Central Pacific, helping with the location surveys over the Sierra Nevada (U.S.). Montague worked his way up to Judah's assistant engineer by the time of Judah's death in 1863. Montague was appointed Chief Engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad in 1863 after the death of Theodore Judah. He was responsible for building the western half of the First transcontinental railroad. He was a confidant of Leland Stanford the founder of Stanford University, governor of California and one of the \"big four\" who directed the Central Pacific Railroad. Samuel was one of Stanford's \"inner circle\". He was the engineer charged with directing the locating, designing and building the western section of the transcontinental railroad that linked the west and east coasts of the United States, that linked Promontory Summit, Utah, to Sacramento, California. Montague was assisted by his fellow engineers Lewis M. Clement and James Harvey Strobridge. Montague directed the engineering work on the Central Pacific which involved the work of thousands of Chinese as well as their \"white\" surveyors, engineers, coordinators, supervisors, etc. as they crossed the Sierra Nevada over Donner Pass. It was a monumental engineering undertaking. In the famous \"Golden Spike\" celebration photo of 1869 in which a Central Pacific locomotive and a Union Pacific locomotive are touching \"nose-to-nose\" at Promontory, Utah, the two men shaking hands at the center of this photograph are Samuel S. Montague, Chief Engineer for the Central Pacific and Grenville M. Dodge, Chief Engineer for the Union Pacific. Samuel in about 1869 became one of eight officers of the Central Pacific Railroad. In addition to the transcontinental railroad, he was chief engineer during the construction of numerous other railroad lines in California that Central Pacific and","title":"Samuel S. Montague"},{"docid":"3956726","text":"The Sierra Northern Railway is a common carrier railroad company operating in California. The company owns several rights of way originating from those of the former Sacramento Northern Railroad, Northern Electric Railway, Sierra Railway Company Of California, Western Pacific Railroad, and Yolo Shortline Railroad. It handles all freight operations and track maintenance for its parent company, the Sierra Railroad Company. The tracks that are maintained by Sierra Northern are also used by the Sierra Railroad Company's tourist trains. History In August 2003, the Sierra Railroad and the Yolo Shortline Railroad merged to form the Sierra Northern Railway. According to the AAR, the line operates of track in California. It serves a number of industrial areas in the state and interchanges with the Union Pacific Railroad, the BNSF Railway and the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. In 2022, the company signed a 30-year lease to operate over the Santa Paula Branch Line, formerly operated by the Fillmore and Western Railway. Routes The company operates trains over two primary routes: Riverbank, California to Sonora, California – Woodland, California to West Sacramento, California – Junctions with other railroads The Oakdale and West Sacramento (Lovdale)–Woodland lines have junctions with BNSF Railway and Union Pacific. The Fort Bragg–Willits line, which has been closed since the collapse of a tunnel in 2012, has a junction with the defunct Northwestern Pacific Railroad in Willits. See also Sacramento RiverTrain Sierra Railroad California Western Railroad References External links Sierra Northern Railway California railroads Transportation in Mendocino County, California Transportation in Sacramento, California Transportation in Stanislaus County, California Transportation in Yolo County, California Oakdale, California West Sacramento, California Woodland, California","title":"Sierra Northern Railway"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"8446022\",\n \"text\": \"Martinez station is an Amtrak passenger train station in Martinez, California, United States. Located at the west end of downtown Martinez, the station has one side platform and one island platform, which serve three of the four tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad Martinez Subdivision. It is served by the daily California Zephyr and Coast Starlight long-distance trains, five daily round trips of the San Joaquin corridor service, and fifteen daily round trips (eleven on weekends) of the Capitol Corridor service. Martinez is also served by Amtrak Thruway buses plus County Connection, Tri-Delta Transit, and WestCAT local buses. History In early 1877, the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) began construction of two lines meeting at Martinez. The Northern Railway subsidiary built along the coast from Oakland to Martinez, while the San Pablo-Tulare Railway Company followed an inland route from Martinez to Tracy. A passenger station and freight house were built in Martinez east of Ferry Street, along with an engine house and turntable. The first train from Oakland to Martinez ran on September 22, 1877, with regular scheduled service beginning the next January. In August 1878, the line was completed to Tracy, where it met the First transcontinental railroad. Transcontinental service was rerouted over the new route via Martinez on September 8, 1878. On December 6, 1879, the CPRR opened a new line from Benicia to Fairfield, where it connected with the California Pacific Railroad to Sacramento. A train ferry was operated between Benicia and Port Costa; Martinez was cut off from transcontinental service. The Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) leased the CPRR in 1885. On June 7, 1891, the SP opened its San Ramon Branch from Avon (just east of Martinez) to San Ramon; it was later extended to Pleasanton. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway opened a line through the south part of Martinez in 1899, with a station at John Strentzel's fruit ranch. The station, later named Muir, was never heavily used for passenger service and was closed around the 1940s. On November 10, 1930, the SP opened the Benicia-Martinez Railroad Drawbridge east of Martinez, replacing the train ferry and adding Martinez to the Oakland–Sacramento mainline. Passenger service on the San Ramon Branch ended in 1931. The second story on the east end of the station was removed in 1942. Local service between Martinez and Tracy ended in the early 1950s, and between Oakland and Sacramento in 1962. However, Martinez remained a stop on long-distance trains including the Cascade, City of San Francisco, and San Joaquin Daylight. Amtrak took over most intercity passenger operations in the United States on May 1, 1971. Amtrak did not continue service to the San Joaquin Valley, but Martinez was served by the Seattle–San Diego Coast Daylight/Starlight (later the Coast Starlight) and the Oakland–Chicago City of San Francisco (later the San Francisco Zephyr and California Zephyr). The Oakland–Bakersfield San Joaquin began service on March 5, 1974, with a stop at Martinez. The station was renovated in 1983. The San Jose–Sacramento Capitols (later Capitol\",\n \"title\": \"Martinez station\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2821019\",\n \"text\": \"The Niles Canyon Railway (NCRy) is a heritage railway running on the first transcontinental railroad alignment (1866, 1869) through Niles Canyon, between Sunol and the Niles district of Fremont in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area, in California, United States. The railway is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Niles Canyon Transcontinental Railroad Historic District. The railroad is operated and maintained by the Pacific Locomotive Association which preserves, restores and operates historic railroad equipment. The NCRy features public excursions with both steam and diesel locomotives along a well-preserved portion of the first transcontinental railroad. History The Niles Canyon Railway operates along a portion of the First transcontinental railroad constructed in the 1860s. The rail line through Niles Canyon was amongst the earliest to be built in California and provided the first rail connection between San Francisco Bay and the rest of the nation. Construction The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 authorized the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad to build the transcontinental railroad between the Missouri River and the waters of the Pacific. For various reasons, the Central Pacific Railroad reached an agreement with the first Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870) (not related to the later company of same name) to build the westernmost portion of the line connecting the Central Pacific in Sacramento to San Jose via Stockton and Livermore. Trains could then continue to San Francisco via the San Francisco & San Jose Rail Road which was completed in 1864. By 1866, the Western Pacific had built of track north and east from San Jose, reaching halfway into what was then known as Alameda Cañon, to about Farwell near milepost 33. The Western Pacific used 500 Chinese laborers to grade and construct the rail line into the rugged canyon with its tight curves and narrow banks. Construction was then halted because of disagreements between the railroad's contractors and its financiers. In 1869, the Central Pacific Railroad, a subsidiary of which had acquired the Western Pacific and Oakland Point in 1868, restarted work on the railroad line through Alameda Cañon in two opposite directions, both using Chinese laborers. In June 1869, J. H. Strobridge and crew began to lay out a new line starting at a point on the 1866 Western Pacific rails in the west end of Alameda Cañon (San Jose Junction at MP 30.6) westward out of the canyon towards Oakland, while Turton, Knox & Ryan dispatched workers to continue the railroad in Alameda Cañon eastward from the point where the 1866 Western Pacific rails abruptly stopped. Four major timber through (Howe) truss bridges were built to cross Alameda Creek and Arroyo de la Laguna Creek. In addition to building wooden bridges and grading the railroad bed, the laborers built culverts, retaining walls, and bridge piers in masonry. By mid-August 1869, the railroad was completed through Alameda Cañon eastward to Pleasanton and into Livermore Valley. In September 1869, the railroad from Sacramento through Alameda Cañon to the waterfront Alameda\",\n \"title\": \"Niles Canyon Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14065639\",\n \"text\": \"The Martinez subdivision is a Union Pacific railway line which runs from Roseville, California to Oakland, California. It is informally referred to as the Cal-P line, after the original California Pacific Railroad, who constructed the line from Sacramento to Suisun and Fairfield. (As such, the nickname may only apply to that segment.) The line is entirely double-tracked including bridges, and features extensive sidings. History Originally built as a more direct route to the San Francisco Bay to compete with the Western Pacific Railroad, the Cal-P segment opened months prior to the First transcontinental railroad. California Pacific was taken over by the Central Pacific, which in late 1879 completed the line from Suisun-Fairfield to Oakland via the train ferry Solano from Benicia to Port Costa. The present double-track lift bridge across the Carquinez Strait replaced the train ferry in 1930. The California Pacific became part of the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) which in the 1990s merged into the Union Pacific Railroad, the line's current owner. The subdivision forms part of the modern Overland Route. The Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority is planning to construct a third track between Sacramento and Roseville as part of a plan to expand passenger rail operations in the area. Traffic The line hosts several Amtrak passenger routes: the Capitol Corridor, San Joaquins, Coast Starlight, and California Zephyr operate 36 trains daily over the Benicia–Martinez Bridge. Union Pacific operates numerous freight trains over the route, and BNSF has trackage rights in some segments. the line between Martinez and Sacramento saw 44 freight trains daily. References Rail lines in California Southern Pacific Railroad lines Union Pacific Railroad lines\",\n \"title\": \"Martinez Subdivision\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1182712\",\n \"text\": \"The Western Pacific Railroad was a Class I railroad in the United States. It was formed in 1903 as an attempt to break the near-monopoly the Southern Pacific Railroad had on rail service into northern California. WP's Feather River Route directly competed with SP's portion of the Overland Route for rail traffic between Salt Lake City/Ogden, Utah, and Oakland, California, for nearly 80 years. The Western Pacific was one of the original operators of the California Zephyr passenger line. In 1982, the Western Pacific was acquired by the Union Pacific Corporation and it was soon merged into the Union Pacific Railroad. History The original Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870) was established in 1862 to build the westernmost portion of the first transcontinental railroad, between Sacramento and San Jose, California (later to Oakland). After completing the last link from Sacramento to Oakland, this company was absorbed into the Central Pacific Railroad in 1870. The second company to use the \\\"western pacific\\\" appellation was the Western Pacific Railway Company, founded in 1903. Under the direction of George Jay Gould I, the Western Pacific Railway proposed to build a standard gauge track connection to the Pacific Coast for his aspiring Gould transcontinental system. Construction was financed by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, a company in the Gould system, which had lost access to California due to the attempted acquisition of the Southern Pacific Railroad by the Rio Grande's main rival, the Union Pacific Railroad. The Western Pacific Railway acquired the Alameda and San Joaquin Railroad and began construction on what became known as the Feather River Route. Completed in 1909, it was the last major rail line connected to California. After Western Pacific Railway Company defaulted on mortgage bonds, its assets were sold in 1916 to The Western Pacific Railroad Company. The original line used 85 lb/yd rail on untreated ties, with no tie plates except on curves over one degree; in 1935 more than half of the main line still had its original rail, most of it having carried 150 million gross tons. In 1931 Western Pacific opened a main line north from the Feather River Canyon to the Great Northern Railway in northern California. This route, today part of BNSF's Gateway Subdivision, joined the Oakland – Salt Lake City main line at the Keddie Wye, a unique combination of two steel trestles and a tunnel forming a triangle of intersecting track. In 1935, the railroad went bankrupt because of decreased freight and passenger traffic caused by the Great Depression and had to be reorganized. Western Pacific (WP) operated the California Zephyr passenger train with the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. The WP handled the \\\"Silver Lady\\\" from Oakland, California, to Salt Lake City, Utah from 1949 to 1970. The Western Pacific owned several connecting short-line railroads. The largest was the Sacramento Northern Railway, which once reached from San Francisco to Chico, California. Others included the Tidewater Southern Railway, the Central California Traction,\",\n \"title\": \"Western Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11135926\",\n \"text\": \"Reno station is an Amtrak intercity train station in Reno, Nevada, served by the California Zephyr train. It is also serviced by five times per weekday, and twice on weekends, Amtrak Thruway routes to Sacramento. Description The station is located at 280 North Center Street in downtown Reno. The tracks are owned by the Union Pacific Railroad, while the station and platform are owned by the city of Reno. The station does not have a parking lot. The tracks are placed below ground level as they pass through the heart of downtown Reno. As of 2014, the station was served by the once-daily California Zephyr, running between Chicago and Emeryville, California (in the San Francisco Bay Area). The previous year, the station served 78,827 passengers, or about 216 per day. The station is popular with passengers traveling in both directions between Northern California and Reno. Three Amtrak Thruway routes, two originating at the station and one at the Nugget Casino Resort in Sparks, connect the station to Sacramento. History A depot has existed at this location since the first transcontinental railroad arrived in Reno in 1868. A series of wooden depots built by the Central Pacific Railroad burned down. The current stucco depot was built by the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1926. The Southern Pacific Depot was also used by the Virginia & Truckee Railroad until 1950, when the railroad ceased operations. The Western Pacific Railroad historically provided service to Reno, but never used this station, instead using the (now disused for rail service) Nevada-California-Oregon Railroad Depot, a few blocks to the east. ReTRAC The station was enlarged in 2007 as part of the Reno Transportation Rail Access Corridor (ReTRAC) project, which grade separated the tracks to mostly eliminate street running in downtown Reno. In the process of excavating around the depot, many artifacts from Reno's past were discovered including a long filled-in pedestrian tunnel and a previously unknown basement at a former masonic lodge. Many items from the excavation are on display in the station lobby, including an old cistern used by the fire department, a horse watering fountain, Native American artifacts, and several bottles dating as far back as the 1860s. As part of the renovation, Amtrak moved most of its operations to a glass-enclosed addition near the trench, though passengers can still use the original waiting area. On December 4, 2012, it was announced that the station would be placed on the National Register of Historic Places. See also Nevada-California-Oregon Railroad Depot – former Western Pacific Reno station Notes References External links Reno Amtrak Station TrainWeb ReTRAC Project City of Reno Amtrak stations in Nevada Buildings and structures in Reno, Nevada Transportation in Reno, Nevada Railway stations in the United States opened in 1926 Former Southern Pacific Railroad stations in Nevada History of Reno, Nevada National Register of Historic Places in Reno, Nevada Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada Railway stations in the United States opened in 1868\",\n \"title\": \"Reno station\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"394957\",\n \"text\": \"The Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 were a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of a \\\"transcontinental railroad\\\" (the Pacific Railroad) in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies. In 1853, the War Department under then Secretary of War Jefferson Davis was authorized by the Congress to conduct surveys of five different potential transcontinental routes from the Mississippi ranging from north to south. It submitted a massive twelve volume report to Congress with the results in early 1855. However, no route or bill could be agreed upon and passed authorizing the Government's financial support and land grants until the secession of the southern states in 1861 removed their opposition to a central route. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 () was the original act. Some of its provisions were subsequently modified, expanded, or repealed by four additional amending Acts: The Pacific Railroad Act of 1863 (), Pacific Railroad Act of 1864 (), Pacific Railroad Act of 1865 (), and Pacific Railroad Act of 1866 (). The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 began the practice of granting federal government owned lands directly to corporations; before that act, land grants were made to the states, for the benefit of corporations. Act of 1862, and amended 1864–65 The original 1862 Act's long title was An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes. It was based largely on a proposed bill originally reported six years earlier on August 16, 1856, to the 34th Congress by the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph. Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 1, 1862, the 1862 Act authorized extensive land grants in the Western United States and the issuance of 30-year government bonds (at 6 percent) to the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad (later the Southern Pacific Railroad) companies in order to construct a continuous transcontinental railroad between the eastern side of the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, Iowa (opposite from Omaha, Nebraska) and the navigable waters of the Sacramento River in Sacramento, California. Section 2 of the Act granted each Company contiguous rights of way for their rail lines as well as all public lands within on either side of the track. Section 3 granted an additional 10 square miles (26 km2) of public land for every mile of grade except where railroads ran through cities or crossed rivers. The method of apportioning these additional land grants was specified in the Act as being in the form of \\\"five alternate sections per mile on each side of said railroad, on the line thereof, and within the limits of ten miles on each side\\\" which thus provided the companies with a total of for each mile of their railroad. (The interspersed non-granted area remained as public lands\",\n \"title\": \"Pacific Railroad Acts\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12304433\",\n \"text\": \"The Feather River Route is a rail line that was built and operated by the Western Pacific Railroad. It was constructed between 1906 and 1909, and connects the cities of Oakland, California, and Salt Lake City, Utah. The line was built to compete with the Central Pacific Railroad (and later Southern Pacific Railroad), which at the time held a nearly complete monopoly on Northern California rail service. The route derives its name from its crossing of the Sierra Nevada, where it follows both the North and Middle Forks of the Feather River. The route is famous for its impressive engineering qualities and its considerable scenic value. All of the route is now owned and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad; however, the Union Pacific has transferred significant portions of the route to other lines. The portion still called the Feather River Route by the Union Pacific runs from the California Central Valley to Winnemucca, Nevada and has been divided into three subdivisions named the Sacramento, Canyon and Winnemucca subdivisions. History Early history Interest in building a transportation artery through the Feather River Canyon and across the deserts of Nevada and Utah began with the discovery of Beckwourth Pass, in the Sierra Nevada, in 1850. The pass, at in elevation, is the lowest pass through the Sierra Nevada. In the 1860s, Arthur W. Keddie began surveying in the Feather River Canyon, in order to find a suitable route for such an artery. He eventually found such a route, and helped to found the Oroville and Virginia City Railroad Company in 1867 to build a railroad along it. Political pressure from the Central Pacific Railroad, among other factors, led to the end of all construction efforts by 1869. Throughout the 1870s and 1880s, little progress was made in forming a company to construct the railroad line. Some interest remained, because the proposed route was much less steep and passed through the Sierra Nevada at a point lower than that of the recently finished First transcontinental railroad, owned by the Central Pacific Railroad between Sacramento and Ogden, Utah. The Union Pacific Railroad, which terminated in Ogden at the time, considered building the line multiple times throughout this era to bypass the Central Pacific and access the Pacific Coast on its own. None of these proposals resulted in any level of action, and the idea was widely considered dead by the 1890s. Interest in a line through the Feather River Canyon was renewed in 1900, when the Union Pacific Railroad, then led by E. H. Harriman, took control of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Subsequently, Harriman decided to close off access to the Southern Pacific to all railroads other than the Union Pacific, leaving all other railroads unable to access the Pacific Coast from Salt Lake City. Foremost among these railroads was the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, the westernmost part of an transcontinental rail network organized by Jay Gould. Jay's son and successor, George Gould, decided obtain access to the Pacific Coast. Hence,\",\n \"title\": \"Feather River Route\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65356160\",\n \"text\": \"The tracklaying race of 1869 was an unofficial contest between tracklaying crews of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads, held during the construction of the first transcontinental railroad. The competition was to determine who would first reach the meeting place at Promontory, Utah. Starting in 1868, the railroad crews set, and subsequently broke, each other's world records for the longest length of track laid in a single day. This culminated in the April 28, 1869, record set by Chinese and Irish crews of the Central Pacific who laid of track in one day. That record was broken in August 1870, by about , by two crews of the Kansas Pacific, working from opposite ends of the same track. History Rivalry In July 1866, the Pacific Railway Act was amended, authorizing the Central Pacific (CP) to build east until it met the line being constructed by the Union Pacific (UP). The amount of land and money each railroad would be granted was proportional to the number of miles of track laid, causing the two railroads to start building in earnest. Their rivalry was notably unfriendly. In February 1869, crews for the UP and CP were grading parallel routes on the Promontory Range. At that time, the UP's primarily Irish crews began bullying the CP's primarily Chinese crews, first throwing clods of earth and escalating to a series of raids in which the UP crews attempted to dislodge the CP by attacking while wielding pick handles. Eventually, the UP crews began setting off heavy charges without warning, seriously injuring several CP workers; when the CP crews began grading at a higher elevation, they retaliated by setting off a surprise explosion, which buried several UP workers alive. Tracklaying Building the railroad started with surveying the route and grading the roadbed; for the CP, grading was delayed by the route chosen through the rugged Sierra mountain range. During the first five years of construction, the CP spent only 95 weeks laying tracks, while the remainder had been consumed in grading. In the CP's traditional approach to tracklaying, once the grading was complete, a loaded tracklaying car was sent to the end of the line, carrying a single crew and eight pairs of rails along with a commensurate number of ties, spikes, and splices. One pair of rails was unloaded at a time and the tracklaying car only advanced once the crew had completed that pair of rails. When the line curved, the rails were pre-bent (and the inside rail was shortened) before they were loaded onto the tracklaying car. The slow pace of the tracklaying car and limited manpower that could be brought to bear limited the CP to laying just of track during the first five years of construction from 1863 to 1868, building east from Sacramento, despite adopting speedier techniques for curved rails and splices in 1866. Meanwhile, the UP had built from Omaha, Nebraska, west to Cheyenne, Wyoming, by 1868. In 1867, General Jack Casement of the UP described their\",\n \"title\": \"Tracklaying race of 1869\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15174140\",\n \"text\": \"Union Pacific No. 119 was a 4-4-0 American type steam locomotive made famous for meeting the Central Pacific Railroad's Jupiter at Promontory Summit, Utah, during the Golden Spike ceremony commemorating the completion of the First transcontinental railroad in 1869. The locomotive was built by Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works of Paterson, New Jersey in 1868, along with numbers 116, 117, 118 and 120. The original was scrapped in 1903, but a replica now operates at the Golden Spike National Historical Park. Promontory Summit No. 119 was assigned to the Union Pacific Railroad's Utah Division, carrying trains between Rawlins, Wyoming and Ogden, Utah, and was stationed in the latter when a call for a replacement engine came from vice-president Thomas C. Durant, to take him to Promontory Ridge, Utah Territory, for the Golden Spike ceremony celebrating the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. While enroute to the ceremony, a swollen river had washed away some supports to the Devil's Gate Bridge. Durant's engineer refused to take his engine across, consenting only to nudging the lighter passenger cars over the span. It held, but this left Durant and his entourage without an engine. No. 119 was sent from Ogden to take them the short distance to Promontory, where it was memorialized in photos and history faced nose to nose with the Central Pacific's Jupiter. In Andrew J. Russell's famous photograph of the Meeting of the Lines, No. 119 is seen on the right with its engineer, Sam Bradford, leaning off the cowcatcher holding a bottle of champagne up to Jupiter engineer George Booth. Bradford and Booth would later break a bottle of champagne over the other's locomotive in celebration. Later career After the Golden Spike run, 119 led a similar life to Jupiter, and returned to service as a freight locomotive. In 1882, 119 was renumbered to 343, and was scrapped in 1903. Replicas As was the case with the Jupiter, the Union Pacific only began to acknowledge the 119's historical significance well after it was scrapped. For a 1949 reenactment of the Golden Spike ceremony staged at the Chicago Railroad Fair the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad's locomotive number 35 was cosmetically altered stand-in for the 119; likewise the Jupiter was a proxy provided by the Virginia and Truckee Railroad. In 1968, the Union Pacific sponsored the construction of the Omaha Zoo Railroad in the Henry Doorly Zoo, including a narrow gauge replica of the 119, built by Crown Metal Products. The First transcontinental railroad, the National Park Service's Golden Spike site at Promontory, Utah, had exhibited representations of the 119 and Jupiter on a portion of restored track where the original ceremony was held. In this instance, the 119 was portrayed by the Virginia and Truckee's Dayton locomotive, (which is ironic because the Dayton was built by the Central Pacific Railroad's shops in Sacramento) and was displayed here until it and the Jupiter, which was portrayed by that railroad's Inyo, were sold to the state of Nevada in 1974. In 1975,\",\n \"title\": \"Union Pacific No. 119\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43588854\",\n \"text\": \"For over two decades in the early twentieth century, there existed a network of streetcars in Reno that served as the main mode of public transit in Reno, Nevada, United States. The system consisted of a streetcar network in the area of Reno and Sparks, Nevada, as well as an interurban line between Reno and the Moana Springs resort. Reno's streetcar network operated from Thanksgiving Day in 1904 to September 1927. To the present day, the early twentieth century streetcar network in Reno, Nevada is the only streetcar or light rail system that has ever operated in the state of Nevada. History Background There were only a few settlers in the Reno area after 1850, until the discovery of silver in the Comstock Lode which led to a silver rush in the area and resulted in more settlers in Reno. By January 1863, the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) had begun laying tracks east from Sacramento, California, in order to connect with the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory, Utah, and form the First transcontinental railroad. Once the railroad station was established, the town of Reno officially came into being on May 9, 1868. In 1871, Reno became the county seat of the newly expanded Washoe County, replacing the previous county seat, located at Washoe City. After the opening of the Transcontinental Railroad, branch railroads began to connect with the first Transcontinental Railroad. For example, the Virginia and Truckee Railroad was extended to Reno in 1872, which provided a boost to the new city's economy. These railroads hauled lumber from Carson City to the mines, and ore from the mines out to the main Transcontinental Railroad. In 1885, the University of Nevada (then called Nevada State University) moved from Elko to Reno. Reno's streetcar system By the early 1900s, Reno was large enough that the establishment of an electric streetcar system for public transit in the city was justified. A group of local businessmen organized the Nevada Transit Company, with the aim of building an electric streetcar line. The line, which traveled the route between Reno and the newly founded town of Sparks, Nevada, was constructed in just four months, and opened with a celebration on Thanksgiving Day, 1904. This initial streetcar line ran from Reno's downtown railway node eastward to Sparks, turning south just before Deer Park, then east to run to the Southern Pacific roundhouse and railroad yards. The portion of the line in Reno proper traveled west along Fourth Street to Sierra Street, then south to Second Street, east to Virginia Street, and south again to the Truckee River. In January 1905, the line's route was extended over the Truckee River on the Virginia Street Bridge. The car barn for the streetcar company stood at 911 E. 4th Street, near Morrill Avenue. The streetcar service was purchased in 1906 and was renamed the Reno Traction Company. Streetcars were used heavily by commuting workers, shoppers, and pleasure-seekers headed to Wieland’s Park (later known as Coney Island), with the Reno-Sparks line\",\n \"title\": \"Streetcars in Reno\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5996132\",\n \"text\": \"Chin Lin Sou (September 29, 1836 – August 10, 1894, 陳林新) was an influential leader in the Chinese American community and prominent figure in Colorado. He immigrated to the United States from Guangzhou, China, in 1859. Chin stood out amongst other Chinese immigrants at the time as he dressed like a westerner and spoke perfect English. He was a supervisor of hundreds of Chinese workers who built the transcontinental railroad and feeder lines across California, Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, and Colorado. He was among the first Chinese immigrants in Colorado. He became wealthy by buying abandoned mines and selling them or operating placer mines. He was a merchant in Gilpin County and Denver, Colorado. Known as a leader, he founded and was a member in organizations that supported Chinese business people and communities. In 1977, a stained glass portrait of Chin was installed at the Old Supreme Court in the Colorado State Capitol building in Denver for his role in Colorado's history. Early life Chin Lin Sou was born in Canton (now called Guangzhou) in southern China on September 29, 1836. To escape the civil war in China (Taiping Rebellion), he traveled by sea to San Francisco, California in 1859. He was inspired by tales of success in the American West. Upon his arrival, he mined for gold for several years in California. In the United States, he was seen as less foreign than other Chinese people because he wore western clothing, was over six feet tall, had blue eyes, and spoke English fluently. Based upon the color of his eyes and his height, his family may have been from northern China. He was recognized as an intelligent man and a quick learner, who had great executive ability. Career Railroad He worked on the first transcontinental railroad as the foreman of a group of Chinese railroad workers, many of whom Chin, himself, recruited and helped to gain passage into the United States. He first worked for Charles Crocker of the Central Pacific Railroad at Donner Pass in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and in then the Great Basin of Utah. He worked among hundreds of Chinese who also fled China's civil war. The transcontinental railroad was completed on May 10, 1869, at Promontory, Utah, becoming what is considered the greatest technological event of the 19th century. He worked in Nevada for the Central Pacific Railroad. Then, he worked for Gen. Grenville Dodge of the Union Pacific Railroad, which had merged with Central Pacific. Working to bring the railroad tracks to government standards, he worked in Utah, Wyoming, and Nebraska from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Plains. In Colorado, he worked for the Denver Pacific Railroad, which built a feeder line from Denver to the Union Pacific line at Cheyenne, Wyoming. With Denver connected to the transcontinental railroad, it had access to national markets and became the \\\"Queen City of the West.\\\" His leadership was important to the construction of the railroad. Railroad company owners hired Chinese workers because they\",\n \"title\": \"Chin Lin Sou\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65803950\",\n \"text\": \"Tunnel Number 41, or the Big Hole, is a single-track railway tunnel underneath Mount Judah in the Sierra Nevada, near Norden, California. It is owned by the Union Pacific Railroad, in service as a part of the Roseville Subdivision of the Overland Route. Daily freight trains as well as Amtrak's California Zephyr utilize the line. History The first bore through the Sierras, Tunnel Number 6, was built as part of the first transcontinental railroad. In 1901, Southern Pacific proposed building a long tunnel via a new alignment to both lower the track elevation and cut several miles off of the Donner Pass route. Bores with lengths up to in length were reportedly considered, but an option for a tunnel route was under consideration as late as 1912. The uncertain corporate fate of the Central Pacific Railroad and the outbreak of World War I stalled further work. After Southern Pacific was cleared to take ownership of the Central Pacific in 1923, they announced a new tunneled route would be constructed and work began soon after. The tunnel opened to traffic on September 19, 1925 as the third-longest rail tunnel in the United States at in length. The new tunnel and cutoff shortened the route by and was lower in elevation than the previous bore through the summit, Tunnel No.6. The new and old single track routes were used in tandem as a double-tracked route until the old route was mothballed in 1993. The line is capable of transporting double-stacked containers. See also List of tunnels documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in California Tunnel motors — locomotives designed to cope with long tunnels, especially those in the Sierra Nevada EMD SD40T-2 EMD SD45T-2 References External links Union Pacific Railroad tunnels Southern Pacific Railroad Sierra Nevada (United States) Railroad tunnels in California 1925 establishments in California 1925 in rail transport Historic American Engineering Record in California Tunnels completed in 1925\",\n \"title\": \"Tunnel No. 41\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49240404\",\n \"text\": \"The history of the Union Pacific Railroad stretches from 1862 to the present. For operations of the current railroad, see Union Pacific Railroad; for the holding company that owns the current railroad, see Union Pacific Corporation. There have been four railroads called Union Pacific: Union Pacific Rail Road, Union Pacific Railway, Union Pacific Railroad (Mark I), and Union Pacific Railroad (Mark II). This article covers the Union Pacific Rail Road (UPRR, 1862–1880), Union Pacific Railway (1880–1897), and Union Pacific Railroad (Mark I)(UP, 1897–1998). For the history of the Union Pacific Railroad (Mark II), see Union Pacific and Southern Pacific Transportation Company. Beginnings: 19th century The original company, Union Pacific Rail Road (UPRR), was created and funded by the federal government by Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864. The laws were passed as war measures to forge closer ties with California and Oregon, which otherwise took six months to reach. UPRR remained under partial federal control until the 1890s. Its management was noted for many feuds and high turnover. The UPRR main line started in Council Bluffs, Iowa and moved west to link up with the Central Pacific Railroad line, which was built eastward from Sacramento. Construction on the UPRR main line was delayed until the American Civil War ended in 1865. Some 300 miles of main line track were built in 1865–66 over the flat prairies. The Rocky Mountains posed a much more dramatic challenge but the crews had learned to work at a much faster pace with 240 miles built in 1867 and 555 miles in 1868–69. The two lines were joined in Utah on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Interstate 80, built in the 1950s, paralleled the UPRR main line. In 1870 the fare in coach from Omaha to San Francisco was $33.20 , with sleeper cars costing extra. The train stopped for meals at lunch rooms along the way. Passenger traffic for the long trip was light at first—2,000 a month in the 1870s, growing to 10,000 a month in the 1880s. Wall Street speculator Jay Gould (1836–1892) took control of the UPRR in 1874, as well as the smaller Kansas Pacific Railway based in Kansas City. He merged the two into the Union Pacific Railway in 1880, giving the Union Pacific new markets in the wheat and ranching regions of Kansas and eastern Colorado. Branches were opened to mining districts in Montana, Idaho, and Utah and (until 1893) to farmlands in Oregon. Despite severe austerity measures the Union Pacific was unable to repay its old government loans. Most of the wheat farmers joined the People's Party, a Populist movement in the 1890s and engaged in heated anti-railroad rhetoric. The Populists were soon voted out and had no lasting impact on the Union Pacific. In the Panic of 1893 financial crisis the Union Pacific Railway, like 153 other American railroads, went bankrupt. The trains continued to operate but the bondholders lost their investment. In 1897, a new Union Pacific\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Union Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3477390\",\n \"text\": \"The Central California Traction Company is a Class III short-line railroad operating in the northern San Joaquin Valley, in San Joaquin County, California. It is owned jointly by the Union Pacific and BNSF Railway. Service The railroad operates between Stockton and Lodi. CCT also operates the Stockton Public Belt Railway around the Port of Stockton. It connects to the Stockton Terminal and Eastern Railroad company freight lines that serve greater Stockton. Several miles of the CCT track through Acampo are being used to store rolling stock, primarily Centerbeam flatcars that carry lumber, . History The Central California Traction Company was founded on August 7, 1905, as an alternative city streetcar line to the Stockton Electric Railroad. Streetcar service began in 1906. The company soon had greater ambitions and became a 1,200-volt DC electric interurban railway, opening a line from Stockton to Lodi on September 2, 1907, and reaching Sacramento on September 1, 1910. In 1928, the railroad was sold by the original owners and was then jointly purchased by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Western Pacific Railroad. The Stockton streetcar operations were taken over by Stockton Electric Railway (by then an SP Subsidiary) in 1929. Interurban service ceased on February 4, 1933, but local streetcars continued to run in Sacramento continued until the service was acquired by National City Lines in 1943. Electric service ended on December 22, 1946. The railroad operated over the same line from Lodi and Stockton to Sacramento until 1966 when the Sacramento belt line was closed, then trains were run over Southern Pacific's line into Sacramento. In 1998, service to Sacramento was suspended. Since then the tracks remain between Stockton and Sacramento, being kept for future operational options. One of the Central California Traction Company train stations survives in Acampo, just north of Lodi. This station was converted into a residence, with altered interior walls and an expansion. Locomotive roster See also List of California Interurban Railroads Sacramento Northern Railway Stockton Terminal and Eastern Railroad References Notes Bibliography External links Official Central California Traction Company−CCT website Comprehensive Trainweb.org: CCT Site Trainweb.org: Current CCT Locomotive Roster Cencalrails.railfan.net: Photographs of CCT Donsdepot.net: Photographs of CCT Western Pacific Railroad Museum — home of CCT Caboose #24. Tidewatersouthern.com: CCT Steeple Cab locomotive #100. Davesrailpix.com: Photograph collection of all interurbans — includes CCT and TS. California railroads Interurban railways in California Transportation in Sacramento, California Transportation in Sacramento County, California Transportation in San Joaquin County, California Lodi, California Economy of Stockton, California Spin-offs of the BNSF Railway Spin-offs of the Union Pacific Railroad Railway companies established in 1905 1905 establishments in California American companies established in 1905\",\n \"title\": \"Central California Traction Company\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74794998\",\n \"text\": \"The Fresno Subdivision is a railroad in California owned and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad. Mostly built by the Southern Pacific Railroad in the 1870s, the line traverses the San Joaquin Valley on a northwest to southeast alignment. Route The Fresno Subdivision runs from Sacramento, California through the centers of several cities in the eastern San Joaquin Valley to Bakersfield, California. From its interchange with the Martinez Subdivision in the north, it runs south through Elk Grove, Lodi, Stockton, Manteca, Modesto, Merced, and Madera before entering Fresno. The line intersects with the BNSF Railway Stockton Subdivision at Stockton, forming the Stockton Diamond. It largely parallels the BNSF Railway Stockton Subdivision and California State Route 99. Operations The line is primarily used for freight movements. a total of 16 trains daily operated between Fresno and Stockton, with 12 operating between Stockton and Sacramento. The San Joaquin Valley Railroad has trackage rights over the line south of Fresno. Amtrak and the Altamont Corridor Express operate passenger trains over the northern segment of line. Altamont Corridor Express is also expanding its service area, with new stations along the line planned as far south as Merced. History The line was largely built by the Southern Pacific Railway in the late 1800s. The tracks between Sacramento and Lathrop run on the route of the original Central Pacific Railroad. The branch line from Lathrop reached Goshen in August 1872, Delano in July the following year, and had extended past Bakersfield to Caliente in 1875. The merger of Southern Pacific and Union Pacific in 1996 brought the line under its current ownership. of the line between Ceres and Turlock is expected to be double-tracked as part of the Altamont Corridor Express expansion. References External links Rail lines in California Southern Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad lines\",\n \"title\": \"Fresno Subdivision\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16209490\",\n \"text\": \"Samuel Skerry Montague (1830–1883) was a railway engineer responsible for building railways in the United States. He was appointed chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad in 1863. He also worked on the Southern Pacific Railroad and the First transcontinental railroad. Early life He was the son of Richard and Content Montague, was born at Keene, New Hampshire, July 6, 1830. At the age of six his family moved to Rockford, Illinois, where he attended school in the winters and the Rockford Classical School. At the age of 22 he started working on the Rock Island and Rockford Railroad in 1852 starting out as a surveyor's assistant. Later he worked on the Peoria and Bureau Valley Railroad, then with the Rock Island and Peoria, and finally with the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. All these railroads were bought out by other railroads and only existed for a short period of time. Career In the fall of 1859 he went to California over the California Trail. In California Montague met Theodore Judah and worked for him building the Valley Railroad from Folsom, California, to Marysville, California. Combined with his previous experience Montague continued to learn his engineering skills by apprenticing with Judah. On February 12, 1862, Montague went to work for Judah now the Chief Engineer on the Central Pacific, helping with the location surveys over the Sierra Nevada (U.S.). Montague worked his way up to Judah's assistant engineer by the time of Judah's death in 1863. Montague was appointed Chief Engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad in 1863 after the death of Theodore Judah. He was responsible for building the western half of the First transcontinental railroad. He was a confidant of Leland Stanford the founder of Stanford University, governor of California and one of the \\\"big four\\\" who directed the Central Pacific Railroad. Samuel was one of Stanford's \\\"inner circle\\\". He was the engineer charged with directing the locating, designing and building the western section of the transcontinental railroad that linked the west and east coasts of the United States, that linked Promontory Summit, Utah, to Sacramento, California. Montague was assisted by his fellow engineers Lewis M. Clement and James Harvey Strobridge. Montague directed the engineering work on the Central Pacific which involved the work of thousands of Chinese as well as their \\\"white\\\" surveyors, engineers, coordinators, supervisors, etc. as they crossed the Sierra Nevada over Donner Pass. It was a monumental engineering undertaking. In the famous \\\"Golden Spike\\\" celebration photo of 1869 in which a Central Pacific locomotive and a Union Pacific locomotive are touching \\\"nose-to-nose\\\" at Promontory, Utah, the two men shaking hands at the center of this photograph are Samuel S. Montague, Chief Engineer for the Central Pacific and Grenville M. Dodge, Chief Engineer for the Union Pacific. Samuel in about 1869 became one of eight officers of the Central Pacific Railroad. In addition to the transcontinental railroad, he was chief engineer during the construction of numerous other railroad lines in California that Central Pacific and\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel S. Montague\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3956726\",\n \"text\": \"The Sierra Northern Railway is a common carrier railroad company operating in California. The company owns several rights of way originating from those of the former Sacramento Northern Railroad, Northern Electric Railway, Sierra Railway Company Of California, Western Pacific Railroad, and Yolo Shortline Railroad. It handles all freight operations and track maintenance for its parent company, the Sierra Railroad Company. The tracks that are maintained by Sierra Northern are also used by the Sierra Railroad Company's tourist trains. History In August 2003, the Sierra Railroad and the Yolo Shortline Railroad merged to form the Sierra Northern Railway. According to the AAR, the line operates of track in California. It serves a number of industrial areas in the state and interchanges with the Union Pacific Railroad, the BNSF Railway and the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. In 2022, the company signed a 30-year lease to operate over the Santa Paula Branch Line, formerly operated by the Fillmore and Western Railway. Routes The company operates trains over two primary routes: Riverbank, California to Sonora, California – Woodland, California to West Sacramento, California – Junctions with other railroads The Oakdale and West Sacramento (Lovdale)–Woodland lines have junctions with BNSF Railway and Union Pacific. The Fort Bragg–Willits line, which has been closed since the collapse of a tunnel in 2012, has a junction with the defunct Northwestern Pacific Railroad in Willits. See also Sacramento RiverTrain Sierra Railroad California Western Railroad References External links Sierra Northern Railway California railroads Transportation in Mendocino County, California Transportation in Sacramento, California Transportation in Stanislaus County, California Transportation in Yolo County, California Oakdale, California West Sacramento, California Woodland, California\",\n \"title\": \"Sierra Northern Railway\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"396897","text":"\"The Big Four\" was the name popularly given to the famous and influential businessmen, philanthropists and railroad tycoons who funded the Central Pacific Railroad (C.P.R.R.), which formed the western portion through the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States, built from the mid-continent at the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean during the middle and late 1860s. Composed of Leland Stanford (1824–1893), Collis Potter Huntington (1821–1900), Mark Hopkins Jr. (1813–1878), and Charles Crocker (1822–1888), the four themselves, however, personally preferred to be known as \"The Associates.\" They enriched themselves utilizing tax money and land grants, while heavily influencing the state legislature from within the Republican Party (Stanford was governor of California when the first of the Pacific Railroad Acts was passed.), and through monopolizing tactics. Contemporary critics claimed they were the greatest swindlers in U.S. history. Membership Leland Stanford (1824–1893) – C.P.R.R. President, Stanford University founder. Collis Potter Huntington (1821–1900) – C.P.R.R. Vice President, for whom the city of Huntington, West Virginia was named. He is also the uncle of Henry E. Huntington (1850–1927), founder of the famous Huntington Library with its art galleries and gardens in San Marino, California. Mark Hopkins Jr. (1813–1878) – C.P.R.R. Treasurer Charles Crocker (1822–1888) – Construction Supervisor, President of Charles Crocker & Co., a C.P.R.R. subsidiary, later founder of the larger, more extensive Southern Pacific Railroad, another transcontinental link to the east, built later in 1883. Collectively, the four established the Sacramento Library Association for the state capital in Sacramento, California in 1857, which later established the present Sacramento Public Library. David Hewes, an enterprising businessman, was called the \"maker of San Francisco\" for his work in clearing land for development. He was invited to be a part of the \"Big Four\" but declined due to the financial risks. Over his lifetime he gained and lost several fortunes. In their time, the four men were sometimes referred to as nabobs or \"nobs,\" a reference to their wealth and influence. When the four built mansions in the same neighborhood of San Francisco, the area quickly became known as Nob Hill, a name it carries today. In popular culture In Henry T. Williams' The Pacific tourist – Williams' illustrated trans-continental guide of travel, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean published in 1878, the Big Four was replaced by the Five Associates or Representative Men of the Central Pacific Railroad, with Charles Crocker's older brother Judge Edwin B. Crocker (1818–1875), who served as the CPRR attorney from 1865 to 1869, added. Ambrose Bierce lampooned the \"Big Four\" in his work \"Black Beetles in Amber\", a collection of satirical verses attacking various prominent Californians. In \"The Birth of the Rail\", \"road agents\" (bandits) Happy Hunty (Huntington), Cowboy Charley (Crocker), and Leland The Kid (Stanford), joined by minor devil Sootymug (Hopkins), give up robbing stage coaches for the much greater loot of railroad operation. References External links \"The Story of the Central Pacific. The Rise of the Big Four: Huntington,","title":"Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad)"},{"docid":"887062","text":"Donner Pass is a mountain pass in the northern Sierra Nevada, above Donner Lake and Donner Memorial State Park about west of Truckee, California. Like the Sierra Nevada themselves, the pass has a steep approach from the east and a gradual approach from the west. The pass has been used by the California Trail, First transcontinental railroad, Overland Route, Lincoln Highway and Victory Highway (both later U.S. Route 40 and still later Donner Pass Road), as well as indirectly by Interstate 80. The pass gets its name from the ill-fated Donner Party who overwintered there in 1846. Today the area is home to a thriving recreational community with several alpine lakes and ski resorts (Donner Ski Ranch, Boreal, and Sugar Bowl). The permanent communities in the area include Kingvale and Soda Springs, as well as the larger community below the pass surrounding Donner Lake. History To reach California from the east, pioneers had to get their wagons over the Sierra Nevada mountain range. In 1844 the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party followed the Truckee River into the mountains. At the head of what is now called Donner Lake, they found a low notch in the mountains and became the first overland settlers to use the pass. The pass was named after a later group of California-bound settlers. In early November 1846 the Donner Party found the route blocked by snow and was forced to spend the winter on the east side of the mountains. Of the 81 settlers, only 45 survived to reach California; some of them resorting to cannibalism to survive. On January 13, 1952, 222 passengers and crew aboard a train became stranded about west of Donner Pass at Yuba Pass, on Track #1 adjacent to Tunnel 35 (on Track #2), at about MP 176.5. Southern Pacific Railroad's passenger train City of San Francisco was en route westbound through the gap when a blizzard dumped so much snow the train was unable to move forward or reverse. The passengers and crew were stranded for three days until the nearby highway could be plowed sufficiently for a caravan of automobiles to carry them the few miles to Nyack Lodge. Central Pacific Railroad In the spring of 1868, the Sierra Nevada were finally overcome by the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR), after almost three years of sustained drilling and blasting through granite, with the successful completion at Donner Pass of its 1,659-foot (506 m) Tunnel #6 (a.k.a. the Summit Tunnel) and associated grade, thus permitting the establishment of commercial transportation en masse of passengers and freight over the Sierra for the first time. Following a route first surveyed and proposed by CPRR's original Chief Engineer, Theodore D. Judah (1826–1863), the construction of the four tunnels, several miles of snowsheds, and a hand-crafted stone retaining wall 75-foot tall (a.k.a. Chinese or China Wall in recognition of the Chinese builders) necessary to breach Donner Summit constituted the most difficult engineering and construction challenge of the original Sacramento–Ogden CPRR route. Principally designed and built under the personal,","title":"Donner Pass"},{"docid":"30854","text":"Theodore Dehone Judah (March 4, 1826 – November 2, 1863) was an American civil engineer who was a central figure in the original promotion, establishment, and design of the First transcontinental railroad. He found investors for what became the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR). As chief engineer, he performed much of the route survey work to determine the best alignment for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada, which was completed six years after his death. Early life and education Theodore Judah was born in 1826 (perhaps 1825) in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the son of Mary (Reece) and The Rev. Henry Raymond Judah, an Episcopal clergyman. After his family moved to Troy, New York, Judah attended the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, then called the Rensselaer Institute in 1837 for a term and developed at a young age a passion for engineering and railroads. At age 23, Judah married Anna Pierce (1828-1895) on May 10, 1849. Theirs was the first wedding in the then-new St James Episcopal Church of Greenfield, Massachusetts. Career After studying briefly at Rensselaer, Judah went to work on a number of railroads in the Northeast, including engineering for the Lewiston Railroad down the Niagara Gorge. He was elected member of the American Society of Civil Engineers on May 1853; at that time there were fewer than 800 civil engineers in the United States. Judah was hired in 1854 at age 28, by Colonel Charles Lincoln Wilson, as the Chief Engineer for the Sacramento Valley Railroad in California. He and his wife Anna sailed to Nicaragua, crossed over to the Pacific, and caught a steamer to San Francisco. Under his charge, Sacramento Valley became in February 1856 the first common carrier railroad built west of the Mississippi River. Later, he was chief engineer of the California Central Railroad, incorporated 1857, and the San Francisco and Sacramento Railroad organized in 1856. Pacific railroad surveys On January 1857 in Washington DC, Judah published \"A practical plan for building The Pacific Railroad\", in which he outlined the general plan and argued for the need to do a detailed survey of a specific selected route for the railroad, not a general reconnaissance of several possible routes that had been done earlier. Nominated in the 1859 California Pacific Railroad Convention in San Francisco, Judah was sent to Washington DC to lobby in general for the Pacific Railroad. Congress was distracted by the trouble of pre-Civil War America and showed little interest. He returned noting that he had to find a specific practical route and some private financial backing to do a detailed engineering survey. In the fall of 1860, Charles Marsh, surveyor, civil engineer and water company owner, met with Judah, who had recently built the Sacramento Valley Railroad from Sacramento to Folsom, California. Marsh, who had already surveyed a potential railroad route between Sacramento and Nevada City, California, a decade earlier, went with Judah into the Sierra Nevada Mountains. There they examined the Henness Pass Turnpike Company’s route (Marsh was a founding director of that company).","title":"Theodore Judah"},{"docid":"39534649","text":"Henness Pass, elevation , is a mountain pass northwest of Reno on the crest of the Sierra Nevada range in Sierra County, California. The pass is traversed by Henness Pass Road, a mostly unpaved road not generally passable by automobiles in winter. Portions of the road are recommended for high clearance vehicles only. Like most of the well-known Sierra Nevada passes, it lies on the Great Basin Divide. Here, the Middle Yuba River flows west to the Pacific Ocean, and the Little Truckee River flows east into the Great Basin. Historically, Henness Pass Road was a travel route used by Native Americans and then immigrants and local mining communities during the Gold Rush era. Beginning in the late 1850s, the road was a major supply route for the silver and gold mines in Nevada. Freight was brought by steamboat from San Francisco up the Sacramento River to Marysville. From there it was carried by wagons, with part of the route being via the Bridgeport Covered Bridge and the Virginia Turnpike, which connected to the road to Henness Pass at North San Juan. Henness Pass is named for Patrick Henness, who is credited with developing the route in 1849 or 1850 as an alternative to Donner Pass. In 1855 the road was officially surveyed by D.B. Scott when the California Legislature passed An Act to Construct a Wagon Road over the Sierra Nevada range, but a route through El Dorado County approximating the current path of U.S. Route 50 was ultimately chosen. Charles Marsh was a founding director of the Henness Pass Turnpike Company, and was a civil engineer who built and owned water systems serving the mines and towns of Nevada County, California beginning in the 1850s. His intimate familiarity with the topography of the area led to his accompanying Theodore D. Judah (who wanted to build a transcontinental railroad) on a reconnaissance of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in 1860. They proceeded over the Henness route, taking elevations and measurements, and came back both convinced that a railroad crossing of the imposing mountains was feasible. They also explored the Donner Pass route, and agreed that it was more favorable. The Henness Pass route was eclipsed by completion in 1868 of the First transcontinental railroad as far as Reno via Donner Pass. Henness Pass and its namesake road still provide the only crossing of any significance between Yuba Pass (State Route 49) to the north and Donner Summit (Interstate 80) to the south. References See also http://cprr.org/Museum/Maps/Nevada_Survey_Maps/ Landforms of Sierra County, California Mountain passes of the Sierra Nevada (United States)","title":"Henness Pass"},{"docid":"1259119","text":"Events January events The Central Pacific Railroad hires its first Chinese workers. One of them, Hung Wah, will go on to command the largest and longest-working work crew on the CPRR. January 10 – The Illinois Central, Columbus and Indianapolis and Richmond and Covington railroads sign an agreement for joint operation as the Great Central Line between Columbus, Ohio, and Indianapolis, Indiana, headed by the Indiana Central Railway. January 13 – Samuel C. Pomeroy succeeds Cyrus K. Holliday as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. January 16 – The San Francisco and San Jose Railroad is completed to San Jose, California. June events The first railway track in Indonesia was laid between Semarang and Tanggung, Central Java by the Dutch colonial government. June 3 – The first revenue trains operate over the Central Pacific Railroad between Sacramento, California and Newcastle, California. June 29 – St-Hilaire train disaster, Beloeil, Quebec, Canada: 99 killed when an immigrant train fails to stop at an open swing bridge and falls into the Richelieu River. July events July – Samuel Marsh succeeds Nathaniel Marsh for a second term as president of the Erie Railroad. July 2 – The Northern Pacific Railway is chartered to build a northern transcontinental railroad in the United States. July 9 – Franz Muller kills Thomas Briggs in a North London Railway train, the first British railway murder. August events August 24 - The United States Postal Service inaugurates the first railway post office route in the United States when Chicago Assistant Postmaster George B. Armstrong authorizes the route on the Chicago and North Western Railway between Chicago and Clinton, Iowa. August 25 - The San Francisco and Alameda Railroad begins operation between Alameda Terminal and San Leandro, California. October events October – Robert H. Berdell succeeds Samuel Marsh as president of the Erie Railroad. Unknown date events Cornelius Vanderbilt acquires the Hudson River Railroad. Murray, Dougal and Company, later to become part of American Car and Foundry, is founded in Milton, Pennsylvania. Births February births February 6 – George Jay Gould I, eldest son of Jay Gould, president of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad and the Western Pacific Railroad (d. 1923). June births June 8 – Herbert William Garratt, English steam locomotive builder and inventor of the Garratt locomotive type (d. 1913). July births July 15 – Franklin Knight Lane, Interstate Commerce Commission commissioner 1905–1913, chairman of same in 1913, is born (d. 1921). October births October 23 – Victor Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill, chairman of the Great Western Railway (Great Britain) 1908–1934 (d. 1934). Deaths Unknown date deaths Stephen H. Long, American steam locomotive mechanical engineer who helped build the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (b. 1784). References","title":"1864 in rail transport"},{"docid":"2539911","text":"Alameda Terminal (a.k.a. Alameda Wharf) was a railroad station and ferry wharf at the foot and west of present-day Pacific Avenue and Main Street in Alameda, California, on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay with ferry service to San Francisco. It was built in 1864 and operated by the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad. In 1869, it served as the original west coast terminus of the U.S. First transcontinental railroad, until the opening of Oakland Pier two months later. The western terminus was inaugurated September 6, 1869, when the first Western Pacific through train from Sacramento reached the shores of San Francisco Bay at Alameda Terminal, — thus completing the first transcontinental railroad \"from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean\" in accordance with the Pacific Railroad Acts. History In 1863, Alfred A. Cohen, a San Francisco lawyer, along with his associates, formulated plans to build a railroad and wharf to carry passengers not only to Alameda, but also by ferry to San Francisco. In 1864, he built a wharf, starting from a spot near today's Pacific Avenue and Main Street westward, into the Bay at that time, and ending at part of today's Alameda Point where the USS Hornet sits anchored. On August 25, 1864, Cohen inaugurated passenger service, for 25 cents, from the wharf at Vallejo and Davis Street in San Francisco, via the leased river packet Sophie MacLane, to the Alameda Wharf and then to his San Francisco and Alameda Railroad High St station. In September 1864, he leased the slightly larger Contra Costa. As business grew, he replaced the leased boat, in February 1866, with his very own ferry boat, the Alameda. First transcontinental train After the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 authorized construction of the First transcontinental railroad and telegraph line, the first construction activity took place in 1863 eastward from Sacramento on the Central Pacific Railroad line. In October 1864, the Central Pacific Railroad assigned all the rights of the Pacific Railway Acts to the Western Pacific Railroad for the route between Sacramento and San Jose, including land grants. The plan was that the transcontinental railroad would follow the Western Pacific from Sacramento to San Jose and then connect with the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad (SF&SJ), completed in 1864, to San Francisco. By 1866, Western Pacific had built of track north and east from San Jose, reaching halfway into Niles Canyon, to about Farwell near Milepost 33. The Western Pacific used 500 Chinese laborers to grade and construct the rail line into the rugged canyon with its tight curves and narrow banks. Construction was then halted because of disagreements between the railroad's contractors and its financiers. In 1868, Central Pacific Railroad, a subsidiary of which had acquired the Western Pacific and Oakland Point, restarted work on the Western Pacific Railroad line starting at Sacramento working southward, as well as near Lathrop and Livermore, using upwards to 2,000 Chinese laborers. The new plan was to connect with Oakland and Oakland Point with","title":"Alameda Terminal"},{"docid":"3155937","text":"The California Pacific Railroad Company (abbreviated Cal. P. R. R. or Cal-P) was incorporated in 1865 at San Francisco, California as the California Pacific Rail Road Company. It was renamed the California Pacific Railroad Extension Company in the spring of 1869, then renamed the California Pacific Railroad later that same year. Its main line from Vallejo to Sacramento was completed six months prior to the May 1869 golden spike ceremony of the Central Pacific/Union Pacific Transcontinental Railway. Beginning January 1869, the company operated a passenger ferryboat (New World) from San Francisco to Vallejo and thence a railroad to Sacramento. It also had a branch from Adelante (later Napa Junction, now American Canyon) to Calistoga and another from Davis to Marysville. The Cal-P operated independently from 1865 to 1876. It was then operated by the Central Pacific and was finally sold to the Southern Pacific. Amtrak's Capitol Corridor follows the original Cal-P Line from Sacramento to Suisun/Fairfield on its way to, via Martinez, Oakland and San Jose. A shorter transcontinental route When the transcontintal railroad first crossed the U.S. in May 1869, it wasn't truly a transcontinental line because it terminated at Sacramento, short of the Pacific coast destination of San Francisco or Oakland Harbor. The first truly transcontinental railroad was completed September 1869, from Sacramento through Stockton, over Altamont Pass and thence via Niles Canyon to the San Francisco Bay Area, a distance of . That line was constructed by Leland Stanford's Central Pacific Railroad subsidiary, the Western Pacific Railroad (of 1862). The route over Altamont Pass was completed to Alameda Terminal in September 1869 (and to Oakland Long Wharf in November 1869). [Note: This Western Pacific (1862-1870) is unrelated to the Western Pacific Railroad (of 1916) that ran to Salt Lake City via the Feather River Canyon.] The other route from Sacramento through Stockton, to Banta and Tracey Junction, thence to Martinez to Oakland, was able to avoid the heavy grades of Altamont Pass, but was , twelve miles longer. The Central Pacific was searching for a shorter route from the Bay Area to Sacramento and was eyeing the California Pacific (Cal-P) road between Sacramento and Vallejo, completed in November 1868, which became the basis for a Cal-P Vallejo route of about when steamer ferry service between San Francisco and Vallejo was inaugurated by Cal-P in January 1869. In July 1871, the Central Pacific offered to buy the Cal-P, but their offer was rejected. Central Pacific announced plans to build a parallel route of the Cal-P but diverging at Napa Junction via the Suisun Marsh to Benicia. In September 1871, Central Pacific gained the majority of its stocks and thus control of the California Pacific. The California Pacific, facing financial and expansion difficulties, finally was sold to the Central Pacific in 1876. The Central Pacific proceeded to shift from the Cal-P Sacramento to Vallejo mainline in favor of a line diverging at Suisun across the Suisun Marsh to Benicia on the northern shore of Carquinez Strait. In October 1877.","title":"California Pacific Railroad"},{"docid":"1562264","text":"Niles Canyon is a canyon in the San Francisco Bay Area formed by Alameda Creek, known for its heritage railroad and silent movie history. The canyon is largely in an unincorporated area of Alameda County, while the western portion of the canyon lies within the city limits of Fremont and Union City. The stretch of State Route 84 known as Niles Canyon Road traverses the length of the canyon from the Niles district of Fremont to the unincorporated town of Sunol. Two railroads also follow the same route down the canyon from Sunol to Niles: the old Southern Pacific track along the north side, now the Niles Canyon Railway, and the newer Union Pacific (formerly the Western Pacific) track a little to the south. At the west end of the canyon are the ruins of the Vallejo Flour Mill, which dates to 1853. History The route of El Camino Viejo à Los Angeles (Old Road to Los Angeles), the oldest north-south trail in the interior of Alta California, ran through Niles Canyon. In addition, the canyon, then known as Alameda Cañon, was located in three different Mexican land grants - Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda, Rancho Ex-Mission San José, and Rancho Valle de San Jose. It was later named Cañada Molina Vallejo for the two-story adobe grist mill built in the early 1840s on the Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda near the mouth of the canyon by its owner José de Jesús Vallejo, elder brother of Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. The locality became known as Vallejo's Mill and later as Vallejo's Mills when Vallejo built a second wooden three story mill next to the original adobe mill in 1856. The area later became the town of Niles, named after the Niles Station, which was built after the first transcontinental railroad was completed through the canyon by Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870) in the Summer of 1869. The station was named after Central Pacific Railroad attorney Addison C. Niles, later a California Supreme Court judge. The Thompson & West map shows that the area was still known as Niles or Vallejo Mills in 1878 with the Contract & Finance Co., a subsidiary of Central Pacific, still in ownership of the later town of Niles. The railroad through Alameda Cañon to Pleasanton was completed August 15, 1869 and to Laddsville on August 18, 1869. The first through train from Sacramento to Alameda Terminal (the first terminus of the Transcontinental Railroad ) ran through Alameda Cañon on September 6, 1869. As Niles became known as a picnic day-tripper destination around 1900, the name Niles Canyon replaced Alameda Cañon. Essanay Film Manufacturing Company, an early motion picture company, had a studio and back lot located in Niles from 1912–1916 at the canyon's western mouth. The canyon was featured in many early films, some by Broncho Billy and it was here that Charlie Chaplin filmed one of his most iconic movies, The Tramp. The Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum has exhibits, screenings, and events remembering its heritage.","title":"Niles Canyon"},{"docid":"1259062","text":"Events January events January 9 – Government of India resolves not to create new guaranteed railway companies, thus determining future relationships between private enterprise and state in railway development. January 23 – George Westinghouse files for a patent on his air brake; this year also he founds the Westinghouse Air Brake Company (\"WABCO\"). February events February 17 – Henry Keyes succeeds Henry C. Lord as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. February 27 – The first line of what is now Athens Metro, in Greece, opens as Athens Piraeus Railway SA, the first railroad in the country (8.8 km). March events March – By an act of Congress, the Kansas Pacific Railway's name is shortened to Kansas Pacific. April events April 6 – The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway is formed through merger of the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad and the Lake Shore Railway. April 23 – Crews building the Central Pacific Railroad lay 10 miles (16 km) of track in one day. April 26 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad opens its first segment of track (6 miles / 10 km long) between Topeka and Pauline, Kansas. April 28 – Franklin B. Gowen becomes president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. May events May 10 – The golden spike is driven at Promontory Summit, Utah, on the First transcontinental railroad in North America. May 15 – The first trains operate the entire length of the First transcontinental railroad in North America traveling between Omaha, Nebraska, and Sacramento, California. June events June 1 – The Merchants Despatch is reformed as a joint stock trading company, with ownership divided among the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway (CCC&I), the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, and the New York Central Railroad (NYC), all part of the Cornelius Vanderbilt rail empire. June 17 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, building westward from Topeka, reaches Carbondale, Kansas. July events July 3 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad subsidiary Kansas City and Cameron Railroad opens the Hannibal Bridge, the first railroad bridge across the Missouri River, connecting its namesake cities. Completion of the Mount Washington Cog Railway in New Hampshire, U.S., the world's first mountain rack railway. Riihimäki – Saint Petersburg Railway line in the Grand Duchy of Finland completed from the Finland Station in Saint Petersburg to Zelenogorsk. Stations opened at Lanskaya, Udelnaya, Ozerki, Pargolovo, Pesochny, Levashovo, Beloostrov, Solnechnoye, Repino, Komarovo and Zelenogorsk. August events August 18 – The Windsor and Annapolis Railway in Nova Scotia officially opens between Annapolis and Grand Pre. September events September 13 – The Solway Junction Railway is opened for iron ore traffic, including a 1-mile 8 chain (1.8 km) iron girder viaduct across the Solway Firth in Scotland. September 21 – The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway leases the Kalamazoo, Allegan and Grand Rapids Railway in Michigan. October events 10 October – A branch of the West Coast Main Line to Liverpool Lime Street, is opened by","title":"1869 in rail transport"},{"docid":"18081953","text":"This article lists the railroads and a timeline of railroad history in Solano County, California. Timeline 1849-1859 1849 Benicia Barracks established as military post which would last until 1929. California Gold Rush 8 Nov 1849 Benicia established post office. 18 Feb 1850 Solano County incorporated with county seat at Benicia. 1851 Marysville and Benicia Railroad incorporated at Marysville to build a railroad from Marysville to Benicia or Knights Ferry. 28 Jul 1851 Vallejo establishes post office. 9 Sep 1850 California admitted into the United States. 18 Apr 1854 Suisun establishes post office. 1 Jun 1854 Vacaville establishes post office. 1856 San Francisco and Sacramento Railroad organized to build a 52-mile railroad from Benicia to Sacramento and connect Benicia to San Francisco by steamship. No further details. 9 Nov 1857 San Francisco and Marysville Railroad incorporated at Marysville after acquiring Marysville & Benicia Railroad. Some construction performed in 1859. 18 Aug 1858 Rio Vista establishes post office. 31 Dec 1858 Fairfield established post office. 1860s 26 Mar 1864 Napa Valley Rail Road incorporated at San Francisco. Railroad built from the tidewater on the northern end the San Pablo Bay south of Napa at a location known as Suscol to Calistoga. 5 Dec 1864 Sacramento and San Francisco Railroad incorporated to build proposed railroad between two cities. 3 Jan 1865 California Pacific Rail Road incorporated from San Francisco & Marysville Railroad and the Sacramento & San Francisco Railroad. 10 Jan 1865 California Pacific Rail Road absorbs the Sacramento & San Francisco Rail Road Company and the San Francisco & Marysville Rail Road Company. 11 Jul 1865 Track opened on Napa Valley Railroad between Suscol and Napa. Line from Napa to Calistoga was completed in 1868. 24 Dec 1866 California Pacific Rail Road commenced grading from Vallejo towards Suisun then Davisville (Davis). 24 Jun 1868 California Pacific completed between Vallejo and Suisun via American Canyon. 27 Jul 1868 California Pacific completed from Suisun - Elmira. 10 Aug 1868 California Pacific completed from Elmira - Dixon. 24 Aug 1868 California Pacific completed from Dixon - Davisville (Davis). Later that year tracks reach Washington (West Sacramento). Jan 1869 Napa Valley Rail Road extends line from Suscol to Napa Junction where it interchanged with the California Pacific Railroad. 26 Jan 1869 Dixon establishes post office. 12 Apr 1869 Vaca Valley Rail Road incorporated to build from Elmira to Madison via Vacaville. 14 Apr 1869 California Pacific Railroad Extension Company incorporated to acquire Napa Valley Railroad. 10 May 1869 Central Pacific/Union Pacific Golden Spike Ceremony completes Transcontinental Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah. Grading commences on Vaca Valley Rail Road. 9 Jun 1869 Napa Valley Rail Road sold under foreclosure to the California Pacific Railroad Extension Company. 21 Jun 1869 Vaca Valley Rail Road completed from Elmira - Vacaville. Interchange with California Pacific at Elmira. 16 Nov 1869 A small amount of construction commenced on the Suisun, Berryessa and Clear Lake Railroad was organized to build to Clear Lake but the project was abandoned within two years. 22","title":"Rail transportation in Solano County, California"},{"docid":"71810536","text":"Charles Marsh (December 6, 1825 - May 22, 1876) was an influential figure in the building of the first transcontinental railroad, as well as in building water systems for mining in the Sierra Nevada Mountains during the California Gold Rush. He was one of the founding directors of the Central Pacific Railroad. He was a surveyor and worked with Theodore D. Judah to survey and evaluate various possible routes for the first transcontinental railroad through the Sierra Nevada. He built a number of ditches and water pipelines to serve mines and towns there, and became known as the “Father of Ditches.” He was also one of the founders of the Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad. Builder of ditches/canals and entrepreneur Marsh was born December 6, 1825, in Hatley, Quebec, Canada. It seems he spent his early years in Vermont, then moved with his family to the Milwaukee area of Wisconsin, where he studied civil engineering. In 1849, at age 23, he came to California and tried his hand at prospecting near what later became Nevada City, California. He found $3,000 in gold , and the next year, he conceived a plan to bring water to Coyote Diggings there. In conjunction with three others, he built a nine-mile ditch at a cost of $10,000. When completed, the investment paid for itself in six weeks. This eventually evolved into the South Yuba Canal Company, the largest network of ditches in California with 250 miles of ditches and 20 reservoirs. Over the years, the industrious Marsh was the founder, director and/or investor in a multitude of water companies, railroads, mines, etc., including the Henness Pass Turnpike Company, Excelsior Canal Company, Union Hotel, Banner Mine, and the Bank of Nevada County. In 1850, at age 24, he was elected county surveyor, and laid out the western boundary of the county. That year, in partnership with two others, he built the 45-mile Grizzly Ditch, which was completed in 1851 at a cost of $50,000. In 1852, he surveyed the townsite of Walloupa, and built the Walloupa Ditch. That year he became a director of the Sacramento, Auburn and Nevada Railroad and surveyed its proposed route from Sacramento to Nevada City. He estimated that it would cost two million dollars to build the railroad. Unable to raise the required funds, the project was dropped. A decade later, when the Central Pacific Railroad was built, it began at Sacramento and went through Auburn on its way to Nevada. Marsh became chairman of the county board of supervisors in 1855, at the age of 30, and continued building and operating various ditches/canals bringing water to mines and towns. As owner of the Nevada Water Works, he built a water pipe system to serve Nevada City. Planning and building the first transcontinental railroad In the fall of 1860, Marsh, surveyor, civil engineer and water company owner, met with Theodore Judah, civil engineer, who had recently built the Sacramento Valley Railroad from Sacramento to Folsom, California. Marsh, who had already","title":"Charles Marsh (railroad builder)"},{"docid":"51916","text":"A transcontinental railroad or transcontinental railway is contiguous railroad trackage, that crosses a continental land mass and has terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad or over those owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route. Although Europe is crisscrossed by railways, the railroads within Europe are usually not considered transcontinental, with the possible exception of the historic Orient Express. Transcontinental railroads helped open up interior regions of continents not previously colonized to exploration and settlement that would not otherwise have been feasible. In many cases they also formed the backbones of cross-country passenger and freight transportation networks. Many of them continue to have an important role in freight transportation and some like the Trans-Siberian Railway even have passenger trains going from one end to the other. Africa East-west There are several ways to cross Africa transcontinentally via connecting east–west railways. One is the Benguela railway, completed in 1929. It starts in Lobito, Angola, and connects through Katanga to the Zambia railways system. From Zambia several ports are accessible on the Indian Ocean: Dar es Salaam in Tanzania through the TAZARA, and, through Zimbabwe, Beira and Maputo in Mozambique. The Angolan Civil War has made the Benguela line largely inoperative, but efforts are being taken to restore it. Another west–east corridor leads from the Atlantic harbours in Namibia, either Walvis Bay or Luderitz to the South African rail system that, in turn, links to ports on the Indian Ocean ( i.e. Durban, Maputo). A 1015 km gap in the east–west line between Kinshasa and Ilebo filled by riverboats could be plugged with a new railway. There are two proposals for a line from the Red Sea to the Gulf of Guinea, including TransAfricaRail. In 2010 a proposal sought to link Dakar to Port Sudan. Thirteen countries would be on the main route; another six would be served by branches. North-south A north-south transcontinental railway had been proposed by Cecil Rhodes, who termed it the Cape-Cairo railway. This system would act as a direct route from the northernmost British possession in Africa, Egypt, to the southernmost one, the Cape Colony. The project was never completed. During its development, a competing French colonial project for a competing line from Algiers or Dakar to Abidjan was abandoned after the Fashoda incident. This line would have had four gauge islands in three gauges. An extension of Namibian Railways is being built in 2006 with the possible connection to Angolan Railways. Libya has proposed a Trans-Saharan Railway connecting possibly to Nigeria which would connect with the proposed AfricaRail network. African Union of Railways The African Union of Railways has plans to connect the various railways of Africa including the Dakar-Port Sudan Railway. Australia East-west Australia's east–west transcontinental rail corridor, consisting of lines built to three different track gauges, was completed in 1917, when the Trans-Australian Railway was opened between Port Augusta, South Australia and Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. This line, built","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"docid":"28180882","text":"David Hewes (May 16, 1822 in Lynnfield, Massachusetts – July 23, 1915 in Orange, California), was an American born into one of the \"old families\" of Massachusetts that could be traced back seven generations to the patriot Joshua Hewes. Hewes is associated with the construction and completion of the First transcontinental railroad, although he was an enthusiastic supporter rather than being directly connected with the construction thereof. He provided a golden spike marking completion of the railroad and he also planned the connection of the railroad company's wires to Western Union so the taps of the silver hammer driving the golden spike at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory could be heard instantaneously coast-to-coast. Hewes supported himself from the age of fourteen and earned enough to pay for his education including entry into Phillips Academy, Andover and Yale College. During his second year at Yale he joined his savings with a small inheritance from his father investing the monies in galvanized iron houses that were shipped to California. He travelled by ship and arrived at San Francisco in February 1850 and later set up a general merchandise store in Sacramento. In 1852 Sacramento was devastated by fire and in early 1853 a flood leaving Hewes with little resources. Seeing San Francisco as a promising metropolis of the Pacific Coast he began a small-scale business of earth-moving as the city was leveling sand dunes and filling streets. Hewes' Steam Paddy Company purchased steam shovels and then built the first steam locomotive on the Pacific Coast. He grew the enterprise to reclaiming the harbor, blocked by hundreds of abandoned ships from the gold rush, to level and fill the area where much of San Francisco's business district now stands. He was called the \"maker of San Francisco\" because it was through \"his initiative and energy that the task was undertaken and accomplished\". Hewes was invited to be a part of the Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad) but declined due to the financial risks, over his lifetime he gained and lost several fortunes. Hewes first marriage was to Matilda C. Gray in 1875 and they spent two and a half years in Europe. On the return trip Matilda's health necessitated that they move to a warmer climate. In 1881, they settled in Southern California, building a Victorian-styled mansion that still stands as a historical site in Tustin, CA. Matilda died in 1887. Hewes' second wife was Anna Lathrop, sister of Mrs. Leland Stanford. Married in 1889, they also travelled overseas and additionally to Europe they spent parts of their eighteen months in the Orient and Mid-East. Anna died soon after in August 1892. Hewes first started what arguably was his greatest accomplishment - the Hewes ranch near El Modena in Orange County when he moved there with Matilda. Called Anapauma, \"a place of rest\", it was a massive sheep ranch over with a large portion eventually converted in vineyards which later died off from blight. Hewes restored the ranch as a citrus farm which was","title":"David Hewes"},{"docid":"22185329","text":"The San Francisco and Oakland Railroad (SF&O) was built in 1862 to provide ferry-train service from a San Francisco ferry terminal connecting with railroad service through Oakland to San Antonio. In 1868 Central Pacific Railroad decided that Oakland would be the west coast terminus of the First transcontinental railroad and bought SF&O. Beginning November 8, 1869, part of the SF&O line served as the westernmost portion of the transcontinental railroad. It subsequently was absorbed into the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP). The track in Oakland was electrified in 1911 and extended across the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in 1939. Service was abandoned in 1941. History The San Francisco and Oakland Railroad (and Ferry Co.) was formed in October 1861 under the leadership of Rodman Gibbons and other Oakland residents in order to provide transportation to Oakland by means of a ferry from San Francisco to a small wharf at Oakland Point where passengers could take a train into Oakland. Service began in September 1862 along 7th Street to a station in downtown Oakland at Broadway. Traffic increased steadily so an extension of the line was planned. In 1864 the track was extended across a bridge over Indian Creek Slough, the outlet to Lake Merritt, then along private right-of-way adjacent to San Antonio Creek (Oakland Estuary) to the Commerce Street Wharf (foot of 14th Avenue) in San Antonio. The cost of the extension and of building a new larger ferry boat caused Gibbons and his associates to lose control of the company SF&O in 1865 to A. A. Cohen, president of the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad (SF&A). After Central Pacific Railroad (CP) decided in April 1868 to make Oakland the western terminus of the transcontinental railroad, its subsidiary purchased the majority of the stock of the struggling SF&O from A. A. Cohen in August 1868 and began to expand the small wharf at Oakland Point. In August 1869 the CP subsidiary also purchased the majority of the stock of SF&A, bankrupt by the 1868 Hayward earthquake. In 1870 they merged the two local railroads together and then brought them back into the Central Pacific. Meanwhile, the Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870) had surveyed a line from San Jose via Niles Canyon and Altamont Pass to Sacramento, but ran out of money in a 1866 dispute, after laying of track from San Jose into the middle of Niles Canyon. By 1868, a CP subsidiary had purchased the WP line and then restarted the construction of it, through a contract with Turton, Knox & Ryan, beginning February 1868 from Sacramento working south to connect with the line beginning, later in June 1869, eastward from the point Western Pacific had stopped in Niles Canyon. Also in June 1869, they added a new line, through a contract with J. H. Strobridge, from Niles northwest towards Oakland. In September 1869 this new line towards Oakland was first connected temporarily to the SF&A at San Leandro. The first through Western Pacific train from Sacramento arrived on September 6,","title":"San Francisco and Oakland Railroad"},{"docid":"68114106","text":"Barstow Yard is a classification yard operated by Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF) in Barstow, California. With 48 directional tracks and a total area of approximately , it is the second largest classification yard west of the Rocky Mountains after the JR Davis Yard. Today, almost all freight traffic to and from Southern California runs through the junction. Its beginnings date back to the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad connection by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF). At the end of the 19th century, the Mojave Desert had to be crossed, in which an important branch for traffic from the Midwest to San Francisco in the north and to Los Angeles and San Diego in the southwest was created at the site of today's Barstow. In the early 1970s, AT&SF expanded the railroad facilities into a large flat facility that stretches above the city for nearly along the Mojave River. In 1995, the AT&SF merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad (BN) to form the BNSF Railway. BNSF operates the transcontinental connection under the name Southern Transcon and, in 2019, employed around 1000 people at Barstow Yard. History Railway networks in Southern California and the city of Barstow from the 1870s By 1867, the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) had completed the western portion of the first transcontinental railroad link between San Francisco and Omaha, Nebraska, and expanded into southern California in the 1870s. Soon after, a spur was built from Los Angeles to Yuma on the Colorado River in Arizona. A line from Mojave, California through the desert to Needles, California, about north of Yuma on the Colorado River, was also built, connecting the planned Atlantic and Pacific Railroads between Missouri and California. The western section ran east to Isleta, New Mexico. After 1880, the California Southern Railroad created a line from San Diego in the south via San Bernardino to the SP line in today's Barstow, about east of Mojave. The intersection was called Waterman Junction after the governor of California Robert Waterman, who ran a ranch and operated several silver mines in the area. During the second phase of the Great Depression from 1873 to 1896, the western part of the never-completed Atlantic and Pacific, between Needles and Isleta, was reorganized as a subsidiary of the AT&SF, which operated its network, thereby widened, westward through Isleta to Needles; the eastern portion became part of the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway. AT&SF also acquired the section through the Mojave Desert from SP and reached the west coast through its subsidiary, California Southern Railroad. Waterman Junction was named in 1886 by the president of the AT&SF William Barstow Strong in Barstow. The AT&SF was able to expand its original network from Kansas (Atchison and Topeka Railroad) to New Mexico (Albuquerque and Santa Fe) to the Pacific coast by the end of the 19th century. In 1888, the rail network extended east to Chicago, Illinois. Another transcontinental railroad connection was built in the south after the Sunset Route of","title":"Barstow Yard"},{"docid":"2936787","text":"The establishment of America's transcontinental rail lines securely linked California to the rest of the country, and the far-reaching transportation systems that grew out of them during the century that followed contributed to the state's social, political, and economic development. When California was admitted as a state to the United States in 1850, and for nearly two decades thereafter, it was in many ways isolated, an outpost on the Pacific, until the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869. Passenger rail transportation declined in the early- and mid-20th Century with the rise of the state's car culture and road system. It has since undergone something of a renaissance, with the introduction of services such as Metrolink, Coaster, Caltrain, Amtrak California, and others. On November 4, 2008, the people of California passed Proposition 1A, which helped provide financing for a high-speed rail line. 19th century Background The early Forty-Niners of the California Gold Rush wishing to come to California were faced with limited options. From the East Coast, for example, a sailing voyage around the tip of South America would take five to eight months, and cover some 18,000 nautical miles (33,000 km). An alternative route was to sail to the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, to take canoes and mules for a week through the jungle, and then on the Pacific side, to wait for a ship sailing for San Francisco. During the 1850s the voy:Ruta de Transito through Nicaragua was another option. Eventually, most gold-seekers took the overland route across the continental United States, particularly along the California Trail. Each of these routes had its own deadly hazards, from typhoid fever to cholera or Indian attack. Transcontinental links The very first \"inter-oceanic\" railroad that affected California was built in 1855 across the Isthmus of Panama, the Panama Railway. The Panama Railway reduced the time needed to cross the Isthmus from a week of difficult and dangerous travel to a day of relative comfort. The building of the Panama Railroad, in combination with the increasing use of steamships (instead of sailing ships) meant that travel to and from California via Panama was the primary method used by people who could afford to do so, and was used for valuable cargo, such as the gold being shipped from California to the East Coast. California's symbolic and tangible connection to the rest of the country was fused at Promontory Summit, Utah, as the \"last spike\" was driven to join the tracks of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads, thereby completing the first transcontinental railroad on May 10, 1869 (before that time, only a few local rail lines operated in the State, the first being the Sacramento Valley Railroad). The 1,600 mile (2,575-kilometer) trip from Omaha, Nebraska, would now take mere days. The Wild West was quickly transformed from a lawless, agrarian frontier to what would become an urbanized, industrialized economic and political powerhouse. Of perhaps greater significance is the unbridled economic growth that was spurred on by the sheer","title":"History of rail transportation in California"},{"docid":"17979797","text":"The Big Four Building is a historic 19th-century building in Downtown Sacramento, California. It is now located within Old Sacramento State Historic Park and the Old Sacramento National Historic District. History The Big Four House was originally three separate buildings constructed over 1851 to 1852, adjacent to the Sacramento River waterfront. The original three structures included the Stanford Building, the Huntington & Hopkins Building, and the Miller Building. The Big Four The lower floors were occupied by merchants, three of whom later became The Big Four (with Charles Crocker), hence the buildings' name. The Big Four were associated with the founding of the First transcontinental railroad linking California with the Eastern U.S. — and were Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Jr., Leland Stanford, and Charles Crocker. On the second floor these buildings they organized and ran the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California, to plan, build, and operate the western section of the first Transcontinental Railroad. They also founded the Southern Pacific Railroad here. Huntington, Hopkins & Co., which imported and sold hardware, iron, steel, and coal, occupied 54 \"K\" Street. The second floor of these structures served as the first offices of the Central Pacific Railroad from 1862 to 1873. By 1878 ownership was consolidated, and the structures were enlarged into one building. Over time it has also housed shops, including the Huntington & Hopkins Hardware Store, a bar and cafe, and a hotel on the second floor. Landmark The Big Four House was declared a National Historic Landmark on July 4, 1961. It is included within the Old Sacramento Historic District, which also is a National Historic Landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places since its establishment on October 15, 1966. It was also formerly a California Historical Landmark of its own, but now is a Historic district contributing property included in the registration of the Old Sacramento National Historic District. See also History of Sacramento, California Old Sacramento State Historic Park National Register of Historic Places listings in Sacramento County, California California Historical Landmarks in Sacramento County, California Index: Historic districts in California References External links Buildings and structures in Sacramento, California History of Sacramento, California National Register of Historic Places in Sacramento, California National Historic Landmarks in California Historic American Buildings Survey in California California Historical Landmarks Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California Southern Pacific Railroad Railroad-related National Historic Landmarks Old Sacramento State Historic Park Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in California National Historic Landmark District contributing properties","title":"Big Four House"},{"docid":"2542080","text":"The first Vallejo Flour Mill, in the Niles district of Fremont, California, was built in 1841 by José de Jesús Vallejo (1798–1882), elder brother of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, on his Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda, along with a dam and aqueduct to power it. The Flour Mill was located at the mouth of Niles Canyon, then called Alameda Cañon, which served as the major course of Alameda Creek. A second Flour Mill was built in 1856, the stone foundation of which may still be seen today. The ruins of the Vallejo Flour Mill is located at the northeast corner of Niles Canyon Road (State Route 84) and Mission Boulevard (State Route 238) in Vallejo Mill Historical Park. In 1932, it was designated a California Historical Landmark (#46). A watercolor painting of the 1856 Flour Mill, done by Carmelita Vallejo, J & J Vallejo's daughter then finishing her studies at the San Jose Notre Dame Academy, showed several buildings surrounding a three-story Flour Mill building with a large wooden wheel on the north side. According to the Alameda County Gazette (January 1857), the wheel was the overshot design, 30 feet in diameter and 8 feet broad, and the millstone was 4 feet in diameter. The Flour Mill cost $5,000 and had a capacity of 150 barrels of flour a day. In 1909, the 1841 adobe mill was torn down to make way for a wye-switch built by Southern Pacific Railroad. Impact of the first transcontinental railroad In 1865–1866, Western Pacific, one of three companies to build the first transcontinental railroad, built of track north of San Jose towards Sacramento. This railroad segment skirted the Vallejo Flour Mills at the mouth of Alameda Cañon (now Niles Canyon) and reached halfway into the canyon, about a mile past the Farwell Bridge near milepost 33 where it stopped. The Western Pacific used 500 Chinese laborers to grade and construct the rail line into the rugged canyon with its tight curves and narrow banks. Four major timber through (Howe) truss bridges were built to cross Alameda Creek and Arroyo de la Laguna Creek. In addition to building wooden bridges and grading the railroad bed, the laborers built culverts, retaining walls, and bridge piers in masonry. In October 1866, construction was halted because of disagreements between the railroad's contractors and its financiers. In June 1869, the Central Pacific Railroad, a subsidiary of which had acquired the Western Pacific and Oakland Point in 1868, restarted work on the railroad line through Alameda Cañon, also using Chinese laborers, and added a new line from the canyon northwest towards Oakland. The new line started in the canyon a mile east of the Mills at a junction initially called the Vallejo Mills Junction and followed the line of Vallejo's aqueduct, which was torn out to build the railroad and then rebuilt. Since the junction in the canyon was confining, Central Pacific started to grade a new junction in the valley just west of the Mills to service both the","title":"Vallejo Flour Mill"},{"docid":"30361797","text":"The Pengra Pass rail route, also known as the Natron Cutoff, the Cascade Subdivision, or the Cascade Line, is a Union Pacific Railroad line (originally a Southern Pacific Railroad line) connecting Eugene, Oregon, with Klamath Falls, Oregon. Construction of the line began in 1905 and was completed in the mid-1920s. Its name denotes a mountain pass on the Lane County–Klamath County boundary in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, about from Willamette Pass. The line heads southeast from Eugene, up the Cascades and over Pengra Pass, then southward beside U.S. Route 97 to Klamath Falls, where it splits in two, each track continuing into California. The route has at least 22 tunnels, several snow sheds and multiple bridges across canyons. The Pengra Pass route was built to provide trains running between Eugene and California with a cheaper and otherwise more practical option than to follow the older Siskiyou Pass route, which runs south from Eugene and over Siskiyou Pass to California. As a result, the Siskiyou Pass route was rendered nearly obsolete. In 2008, a landslide in the area shut down rail traffic for 105 days, which forced Union Pacific trains to make lengthy detours and Amtrak to halt services between Eugene and Sacramento, severing a key west coast rail link. In 2011, no trains had used the Siskiyou Pass route in almost a decade. By 2015 however, that line was reopening to relieve I-5 of local truck traffic. On May 29, 2018, one of the tunnels, known as Tunnel 11, caved in during scheduled maintenance work, shutting down rail traffic for 3 weeks. Union Pacific rerouted their freight trains running between Northern California and Portland through a lengthy detour, while Amtrak service did not operate between Eugene and Sacramento (initially between Eugene and Klamath Falls, with a bus bridge between the two points). Nonetheless, a major helper operation is demanded by the Pengra Pass route's of constant grade—the longest anywhere on the former Southern Pacific system, including Donner Pass. The right-of-way is surrounded by waterfalls and streams running through a Douglas fir forest. At many locations, the track runs atop the steep southern slopes of the Salt Creek canyon. See also List of mountain passes in Oregon List of Oregon railroads List of tunnels documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon Oregon Eastern Railway (SP predecessor) Pengra Bridge References External links Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation: Historic American Engineering Record in California Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon Southern Pacific Railroad lines Rail transportation in Oregon Union Pacific Railroad lines","title":"Pengra Pass rail route"},{"docid":"107854","text":"Roseville is the most populous city in Placer County, California, located within the Sacramento metropolitan area. As of 2019, the US Census Bureau estimated the city's population to be 141,500. Interstate 80 runs through Roseville and State Route 65 runs through part of the northern edge of the city. History The settlement developed around a stage coach station called Griders. According to the Roseville Historical Society, in 1864 the Central Pacific Railroad tracks were constructed northeastward from Sacramento as part of the transcontinental railroad. The point where the tracks met the California Central Railroad line was named \"Junction\". Junction eventually became known as Roseville. In 1909, three years after the Southern Pacific Railroad moved its facilities from Rocklin to Roseville, the town became an incorporated city. What followed was a period of expansion, with businesses building more than 100 structures, including what was the largest ice manufacturing plant in the world (the Pacific Fruit Express building, in 1913). The city was a railroad town for decades. By 1929, the railroad employed up to 1,225 people out of a total population of 6,425. With the onset of World War II, the rail yards became busier than ever. The post-war building boom brought continued prosperity. But the nature of the city changed dramatically in the 1950s. During this decade, the railroad continued to expand and upgrade, converting its steam engine fleet to all diesel engines. But competition arose in new sectors: the postwar development of the national Interstate Highway System and the airline industry adversely affected the railroads' passenger and freight traffic. Trucking carried increasing amount of freight on highways. Industry restructuring took place and jobs were lost as railroads dropped passenger routes and consolidated operations. Although the railroad has continued as a major employer in Roseville, the city's expansion has been based on the emergence of other employment sectors. Construction in 1950 of the Washington Boulevard (then called Seawell) railroad underpass dramatically affected downtown. It improved the ability of people to travel from one side of the tracks to the other, but it reduced traffic through the Roseville business district north of the tracks. Those businesses lost customers. The completion of Interstate 80 in 1956 stimulated new businesses, with a population shift, from downtown to what would become known as East Roseville. The old downtown lost more businesses and slid into a gradual decline. The Southern Pacific (now Union Pacific) yard was the site of the 1973 Roseville Yard Disaster. A major explosion and fire took place. The city saw steady population growth throughout the ensuing decades, as shopping centers, major retailers, and homes were constructed, mostly outside the historic downtown. The growth rate was modest until 1985. Between 1929, when the population was 6,425 people, and 1985, the population grew by 22,563 people. In 1985 the population stood at 28,988 people. Five years later it was 44,685 people, and by 2000 it was 74,234 people. Some of this growth was fueled by the arrival of major technology employers, such as","title":"Roseville, California"},{"docid":"2881398","text":"Railroad Wars were business rivalries between railroad companies, which occurred frequently in American history. Although they were usually little more than legal disputes inside a courtroom, they sometimes turned into armed conflicts. There has been competition between railroad companies since the beginning of railroading in the United States, but violent confrontations were most common in the final quarter of the 19th century, particularly in the Old West. Wars Placer County Railroad War One of the first railroad wars in Old West history was the Placer County Railroad War in California. In 1864, the Sacramento Valley Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad began competing for the ownership of a road from Ashland to a point just outside Auburn Station, which was in the process of being abandoned by the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada Railroad. Because the Sacramento Valley company was in need of American-made rail for use in the First transcontinental railroad, the abandonment of the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada road gave them an opportunity to purchase new rail cheaply. To the contrary, the Central Pacific was interested in completing the road to Auburn. In order to stop the destruction of the road by the Sacramento Valley company, Central Pacific convinced a local Welshman named Griffith Griffith, who owned a granite quarry along the road, to sue the former for threatening his business. Griffith was successful and on June 15, 1864, he received a court order to stop the destruction of the road. The Sacramento Valley company ignored the order though and on July 2 they began disassembling the road for use elsewhere. In response, the sheriff of Placer County assembled his deputies and arrested some railroad workers at Auburn Station. However, on July 9, the disassembling of the road was resumed so the deputies attempted to stop it again. But, before they were successful, the Justice of Lincoln arrived and arrested the deputies for disturbing the peace. When he learned of this, the sheriff of Placer County ordered the Auburn Greys, a local militia, to pick up where his deputies had left off. During the following encounter, the militia opened fire on a crew of workers as they were removing the tracks. Others were arrested and put in jail. The road was safe for the time being, but, soon after, the California Supreme Court got involved and sided with the Sacramento Valley Railroad. Now that the Sacramento Valley company had permission from the state to continue removing the road, the Central Pacific was forced to build their own line to Auburn, which was completed on May 13, 1865. Colorado Railroad War The Colorado Railroad War, also known as the Royal Gorge Railroad War, was fought in the late 1870s between the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and the smaller Denver and Rio Grande company. In 1878, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe was competing against the Denver and Rio Grande to put the first line through Raton Pass. Both railroads had extended lines into Trinidad, Colorado and the pass","title":"Railroad Wars"},{"docid":"4152415","text":"The Sacramento Valley Railroad (SVRR) was incorporated on August 4, 1852, the first transit railroad company incorporated in California. Construction did not begin until February 1855 because of financial and right of way issues, and its first train operated on February 22, 1856. Although the oldest working railroad in the state was the Arcata and Mad River Railroad, first operational in December 15, 1854, the Sacramento Valley Railroad was the West's pioneering incorporated railroad, forerunner to the Central Pacific. Original SVRR route On August 4, 1852, the Sacramento Valley Railroad was incorporated in California, and Charles Lincoln Wilson became its first president. He left for New York to find expertise and private funds for the railroad effort; he recruited a young survey engineer Theodore D. Judah from New York to come west with him to Sacramento. Judah arrived in mid-May 1854, and on May 30 his report and preliminary survey for the proposed SVRR line eastward from Sacramento to Marysville by way of Folsom were in the hands of his employers. Because of financial and right of way issues, construction with grading subcontractors did not begin until February 1855, but soon other problems arose. In August 1855, the SVRR board elected Commodore C. K. Garrison, former mayor (1853-1854) of San Francisco, as president of SVRR. They also elected as vice president of SVRR the future American Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman, who was at that time the head of the banking house of Lucas & Turner in San Francisco. William Sherman, contacted his brother John, who had recently been elected to Congress, for help in obtaining federal land grants for the railroad, but to no avail. The board also in August 1855 announced that the actual laying of tracks can begin. The railroad's gauge was , wider than , and was laid with Welsh iron \"pear\" rail. Mastering the technique, the track laying crew were putting down six hundred feet of track daily. The original plans for a line from Sacramento to Folsom and then to Marysville were not fully realized as the funding did not materialize. As constructed, the Sacramento Valley Railroad ran from the Sacramento River levee at Front and \"L\" Street in present-day Old Sacramento and terminated at Folsom. On February 22, 1856, the first train operated over the entire line. Theodore Judah was the Chief Engineer of the Sacramento Valley Railroad. Judah would later become the Chief Engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad and the chief proponent of the first transcontinental railroad over the Sierra Nevada by way of Dutch Flat. In August 1865, Central Pacific Railroad maneuvered its way to buy controlling interest in the management of Sacramento Valley, diverting the profitable over-mountain Washoe trade and travel, potentially worth several million dollars annually, to Central Pacific and leaving local trade and travel to Sacramento Valley. Thereafter, the gauge of its track and all its rolling stock was changed to correspond with the standard gauge of the Pacific Railroad. On April 19, 1877, the Sacramento","title":"Sacramento Valley Railroad (1852–1877)"},{"docid":"3818749","text":"C. P. Huntington is a 4-2-4T steam locomotive on static display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento, California, USA. It is the first locomotive purchased by the Southern Pacific Railroad, carrying that railroad's number 1, and it is named after one of the Big Four who founded it. History and career C. P. Huntington was originally purchased by Central Pacific Railroad (CP) in 1863 as that railroad's number 3, along with its sister engine T. D. Judah (CP no. 4). It was CP's third locomotive after Gov. Stanford (number 1, built by Norris Locomotive Works) and Pacific (number 2, built by Mason Machine Works). The locomotive is named in honor of Collis P. Huntington, the third president of the Southern Pacific Company (parent company of Southern Pacific Railroad). CP used the locomotive beginning on April 15, 1864, during construction of the western portion of the First transcontinental railroad in North America. Southern Pacific (SP) purchased C. P. Huntington from CP on February 5, 1871, gave it their number 1, and used it in light service in northern California. It was rebuilt twice, first in 1873 with new valves and again in 1888 with a new boiler built by CP's Sacramento shops. In 1888 the locomotive was also put on public display for the first time in Sacramento. In SP's 1891 renumbering plan, C. P. Huntington was assigned road number 1001. The locomotive was placed in storage for some time until it was rebuilt for use as a lineside weed burner in 1901. Its use as a weed burner proved unsatisfactory and the locomotive was again removed from active service. In 1910, C. P. Huntington was again rebuilt and it was then kept at SP's machine shops where it remained for a few years. The locomotive was nearly scrapped in 1914; it was spared this fate by SP management so that it could be displayed at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915 after a cosmetic restoration. On May 3, 1939, C. P. Huntington participated in the grand opening ceremonies for the Los Angeles Union Station. Operating under her own steam, the Huntington was paraded past large, cheering crowds to the newly completed passenger terminal, along with several other engines, including the famous 4-4-0, Virginia & Truckee 22, the Inyo (still painted in Union Pacific livery, from the filming of Cecil B. DeMille's 1939 movie of the same name, which premiered two days later), and Southern Pacific 4120, a massive AC-5 class 4-8-8-2 cab forward. The moment was captured on film by Disney animator and lifelong train enthusiast, Ward Kimball, and may be some of the only known footage of the engine under steam. Southern Pacific donated the engine to the State of California in 1964. The locomotive was placed on display at the old state fairgrounds on Stockton Boulevard, in Sacramento, where it remained until a 1970 refurbishing at Southern Pacific's Sacramento Shops, when it was placed in the Central Pacific Railroad Passenger Station in Old Sacramento in 1979.","title":"C. P. Huntington"},{"docid":"11236987","text":"Hayward station is an Amtrak intercity train station in Hayward, California, United States. It is served by seven daily round trips of the Capitol Corridor route. The station has two side platforms serving the main track and a passing siding; most trains use the platform on the main track. Hayward station opened as an infill station on May 29, 1997; the town had previously seen railroad service from 1865 to 1941. History Railroad service in Haywards (later Hayward) began with the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad in August 1865. The terminal station was located at Watkins Street and D Street in downtown Haywards. It was destroyed in the 1868 Hayward earthquake, which bankrupted the railroad. The line was taken over in 1869 by the Central Pacific Railroad (CP). The CP built its own line (part of the First transcontinental railroad) and station slightly to the west, and abandoned the original line south of San Leandro in 1873. Transcontinental service was shifted from the CP to a northern route on the California Pacific Railroad in 1879. The Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) leased the CP in 1885 and constructed a two-story wood station of standard design at Hayward. Long-distance service to the south was switched to the Coast Line around 1909, but local passenger service to Hayward continued until 1941. Freight service continued on the line, and the station remained intact until it was destroyed by a 1982 fire. Amtrak Capitols (later Capitol Corridor) service between Sacramento and San Jose began in 1991; it ran through Hayward without stopping. After the success of other infill stations on the line, a station at Hayward was opened on May 29, 1997. A station shelter was constructed in the Arts and Crafts style. A siding track with a rarely-used second platform was added around 2006. A 2016-released Vision Plan called for Capitol Corridor trains to be rerouted over the Coast Subdivision, which is used by less freight service. Hayward station would be closed under that plan. Bus connections The station is served by three AC Transit local bus routes: route 34 runs adjacent to the station on Meekland Avenue, while routes 56 and 93 run on A Street. All three routes run to the larger bus terminal at Hayward BART station. References External links Amtrak stations in Alameda County, California Buildings and structures in Hayward, California Railway stations in the United States opened in 1997 Transportation in Hayward, California Railway stations in the United States closed in 1941","title":"Hayward station (Amtrak)"},{"docid":"57606708","text":"The Iron Moonhunter () is a short children's picture book published in 1977, written and illustrated by the activist Kathleen Chang. The book purportedly retells a Chinese-American myth set in the Sierra Nevada mountains during the construction of the First transcontinental railroad, starting in the fall of 1866. Synopsis Chinese laborers that were hired to work in America received a hostile reception from white competition upon their arrival in San Francisco. While building the Central Pacific portion of the Transcontinental Railroad, an explosion set by white rivals killed several Chinese workers. The three Kwan cousins (Kwan Ming, Kwan Cheong, and Kwan Hop) fought back, finding and punishing the guilty, but modestly stated they were only living up to the legacy of their ancestor, Kwan Kung. Accidents later claimed the lives of two cousins; first, while setting blasting charges, Kwan Hop fell to his death after the rope securing his basket broke; in the ensuing winter of 1866–67, Kwan Cheong was trapped in a collapsed tunnel that had been dug to connect the work site with the camp site through snow deep. The following spring, the Chinese workers began to see the restless spirits of their comrades who had died while working on the railroads. One worker, Jeong Yum, erupted with hatred and agitated the men to blow up the railroad and rebel against their white supervisors. Kwan Ming instead counseled patience and pride: \"Talk sense, men. The railroad is our work and we should be proud of it. We're going to finish it because when we Tong Yun say we'll do something, we don't stop halfway.\" He laid out a plan to build a railroad for the spirits, using leftover steel rails and scrap metal from crashed trains to build the Iron Moonhunter, a dragon-shaped train, which played a song to alert the restless spirits: After reuniting the spirits with their loved ones, the workers continued to build track throughout the Sierra, stopping the train to help the needy. According to the legend, the Iron Moonhunter still plies the tracks, helping the Chinese in America. Development Chang states The Iron Moonhunter comes from a legend passed down from the time of the Transcontinental Railroad. However, the first known appearance of the Iron Moonhunter is in Frank Chin's play The Chickencoop Chinaman (1972), where Tam Lum explains it is a \"train built by Chinamans who knew they'd never be given passes to ride the rails they laid\", a \"wild engine to take them home\" built from stolen iron and steel. Sau-ling Cynthia Wong speculates that as it is supposedly based on an unpublished private oral history, the Iron Moonhunter may have been invented by Chin, who was married to Chang in the early 1970s. Publication history According to the book's copyright page, the original text and illustrations passed into the public domain in 1987. Legacy The Iron Moonhunter was dramatized by Calleen Sinnette Jennings, Mary Hall Surface, Eric Wilson (book & lyrics); Deirdre Kelly Lavrakas (concept); and Deborah Wicks La Puma","title":"The Iron Moonhunter"},{"docid":"66053558","text":"Alhambra station was a train station in Alhambra, California. It was last served by the Amtrak Sunset Limited. History Opened in 1886 as Shorb, the station was a stop on the transcontinental Southern Pacific Railroad Sunset Limited. The first building was located at Garfield Avenue and Mission Road. A separate Alhambra station operated to the east. Pacific Electric built their route for the Shorb Line spur here in 1912 to connect their interurban system to the transcontinental passenger network; their passenger service ceased in 1924. The station building was reconstructed in 1940. Passenger services were commuted to Amtrak in 1971, who took over operations at the depot. Trains ceased to stop in 1975 as the station was bypassed. The tracks were depressed into a trench by the city with work starting in 1977. The tracks currently run in the trench below surface grade throughout Alhambra, rejoining grade-level tracks in El Monte adjacent to Metrolink’s El Monte station, served by the San Bernardino Line. The station was subsequently destroyed by a fire in 1984. References Alhambra, California Railway stations in the United States opened in 1886 Former Amtrak stations in California Former Southern Pacific Railroad stations in California Amtrak stations in Los Angeles County, California Demolished railway stations in the United States Pacific Electric stations Railway stations in the United States closed in 1975","title":"Alhambra station"},{"docid":"5892561","text":"The California Southern Railroad was a subsidiary railroad of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (Santa Fe) in Southern California. It was organized July 10, 1880, and chartered on October 23, 1880, to build a rail connection between what has become the city of Barstow and San Diego, California. Construction began in National City, just south of San Diego, in 1881, and proceeded northward to the present day city of Oceanside. From there, the line turned to the northeast through Temecula Canyon, then on to the present cities of Lake Elsinore, Perris and Riverside before a connection to the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) in Colton. Following a frog war where the SP refused to let the California Southern cross its tracks, a dispute that was resolved by court order in favor of the California Southern, construction continued northward through Cajon Pass to the present day cities of Victorville and Barstow. The line, completed on November 9, 1885, formed the western end of Santa Fe's transcontinental railroad connection to Chicago. Portions of the original line are still in use today as some of the busiest rail freight and passenger routes in the United States. History The California Southern was organized on July 10, 1880, as a means to connect San Diego to a connection with the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad at an as-yet undetermined point. Among the organizers were Frank Kimball, a prominent landowner and rancher from San Diego who also represented the Chamber of Commerce and the Board of City Trustees of San Diego, Kidder, Peabody & Co., one of the main financial investment companies involved in the Santa Fe, B.P. Cheney, L.G. Pratt, George B. Wilbur and Thomas Nickerson who was president of the Santa Fe. The organizers set a deadline of January 1, 1884, to complete the connection, a deadline that was later adjusted due to problems in the construction of the Atlantic and Pacific that forced it to stop at Needles, California. The California Southern built its track northward from a point in National City, south of San Diego. The route, portions of which are still in use, connected the present day cities of National City, San Diego, Fallbrook, Temecula, Lake Elsinore, Perris, Riverside, San Bernardino, Colton, Cajon (not to be confused with El Cajon), Victorville and Barstow. In Barstow, then known as Waterman, the California Southern would connect to another Santa Fe subsidiary, the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. The Atlantic and Pacific was chartered in 1866 to build a railroad connection westward from Springfield, Missouri, connecting Albuquerque, New Mexico, then along the 35th parallel to the Colorado River. From there, the railroad was to continue to the Pacific Ocean following whatever proved to be the best route. The route was scheduled to be completed by July 4, 1878. However, the Southern Pacific was able to get a clause favorable to their own interests inserted into the charter: ... the Southern Pacific Railroad ... is hereby authorized to connect with the said Atlantic and Pacific railroad","title":"California Southern Railroad"},{"docid":"18867107","text":"The Sacramento Railyards (or Railyard Specific Plan) is an urban infill project of approximately at the western terminus of the First transcontinental railroad in Sacramento, California. It is located between the downtown central business district and the River District, near the confluence of the American and Sacramento rivers. The property is owned by Downtown Railyard Ventures, LLC. The Sacramento Railyards was master-planned by the Jerde Partnership firm. Construction will take 15 to 20 years, with a projected build–out to last until the late 2020s. The site is equivalent in size to the existing downtown central business district and holds significant historical and cultural importance to Sacramento. The project features the preservation and partial reuse of the \"Central Shops\" buildings originally used for railroad maintenance and the former Southern Pacific Sacramento Depot; now known as Sacramento Valley Station. One of the Central Shops will be refitted into a public marketplace. Overall, the project is expected to include 12,000 housing units, of office uses, of retail, hotel, and other commercial uses, of parks and open space, a 25,000-seat Major League Soccer stadium for Sacramento Republic FC, a 1.3 million square foot, 17.8 acre Kaiser Permanente flagship medical center campus, a 540,000 square-foot courthouse, and create 19,000 permanent jobs. History The first railroad in Sacramento as well as California was the Sacramento Valley Railroad finished in 1856 and engineered by Theodore Judah. Judah's efforts to realize a transcontinental railroad was transferred to the power of \"The Big Four\" investors, who created the Central Pacific Railroad. The First transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, when Central Pacific's line joined Union Pacific's at Promontory Summit. Sacramento's terminus was the primary departure station for the railroad until 1883. Central Pacific merged with Southern Pacific in 1870, and the former's maintenance yards were expanded with the addition of the Southern Pacific shops. The shops were used for locomotive repairs, general maintenance and, occasionally, creation. The yards steadily expanded, becoming the biggest railroad facility west of the Mississippi River and employing approximately one-third of all Sacramento workers in the early decades of the 20th century. Railroad usage in the United States gradually declined over the century, and by the beginning of the 21st century, railyard upkeep had become less economically viable and laid largely dormant. As Union Pacific took over Southern Pacific in 1996, freight service in the railyards dwindled until 1999 when Union Pacific ceased rail operations in the railyards. Large portions of the railyards were subsequently removed in the years following. In 2003, developer Millennia Associates vied to purchase the southern 70 acres (28 ha) of the railyards, hoping to eventually obtain the entire railyard from Union Pacific. Millennia's financial partner, Thomas Enterprises, eventually finalized the railyard purchase on 2006-12-29. In 2015, the 200-acre Sacramento Railyards property was sold to Downtown Railyard Ventures, LLC., with experienced local developer Larry Kelley and his partners, Denton Kelley, Jay Heckenlively, Frank Myers and Alan Hersh serving as the master development team for the project. Environmental remediation on the site","title":"Sacramento Railyards"},{"docid":"13496839","text":"The Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad was a short-lived electric interurban railway in the U.S. state of California. It began operation on October 10, 1914, and ran for 11.8 miles between Dixon and Rio Junction (or Dixon Junction). The line was run by the Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway, and was abandoned on August 9, 1917, after decreasing revenue. History The railway was incorporated on May 4, 1912, by Melville Dozier Jr to construct a railway line between Redding and Rio Junction (The Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway interchange), via Dixon, Woodland, Marysville, Colusa, Hamilton City, and Red Bluff. Construction began somewhere around 1913 after surveying was completed between Red Bluff and Rio Junction for the Sacramento Valley West Side Electric Railway, who later reorganized into the Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad after failed attempts to encourage investment. Originally, the line would have interchanged with the Vallejo & Northern (who intended to build a line between Napa and Sacramento) at Dixon. Equipment and tracks was provided by the Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway, who held a large share in the Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad's shares. Of the planned 193 mile long route, only 11.8 miles were built between Rio Junction (later renamed Olcott) and Dixon. The Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad leased the service to the Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway, and gave forth portions of their monthly revenue to the other line. The railway began service on October 10, 1914, with the first official train being led by company officials. From the start, the line was unprofitable as it traversed flat unpopulated land. Between March 1 and June 8, 1915, there were only 56 passengers recorded who actually travelled the line. Operating expenses were quite high, while revenue was very low. The Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway applied to the Railroad Commission to abandon the line on July 23, 1917. It last ran on August 9, before it was torn up and partially salvaged by the Tidewater Southern Railway for its electrified line. The station agent at Dixon regularly had to send mail reminding Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern officials to pay him, as the company often avoided this due to the unprofitable nature of the line. References Defunct California railroads Interurban railways in California Railway companies established in 1915 Railway companies disestablished in 1917 American companies established in 1915 1915 establishments in California 1917 disestablishments in California","title":"Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad"},{"docid":"3799019","text":"Gov. Stanford is a 4-4-0 steam locomotive originally built in 1862 by Norris Locomotive Works. Following construction, it was disassembled and hauled by the ship Herald of the Morning around Cape Horn to California, then up the rivers aboard the schooner Artful Dodger, arriving in Sacramento on October 6, 1863. With a dedication ceremony that included artillery discharge, it entered service on November 9, 1863, and it was used in the construction of the First transcontinental railroad in North America by Central Pacific Railroad bearing road number 1. It was Central Pacific's first locomotive and it is named in honor of the road's first president and ex-California governor, Leland Stanford. In May 1864, the Gov. Stanford was used to pull the first ceremonial passenger train beginning in Sacramento. The locomotive was withdrawn from mainline service in 1873, and was rebuilt in 1878 with larger cylinders and an increased boiler pressure, which increased its tractive effort to , as well as being outfitted with a water pump for extinguishing lineside fires. In 1891 the locomotive was renumbered to 1174, although both Joslyn (1956) and Diebert & Strapac (1987) both assert that this number was never actually applied to the locomotive. From 1873, the engine operated as a switcher in the road's Sacramento railyard until retired on July 20, 1895, at which time the railroad donated it to Stanford University; however, it was not delivered to the university until 1899. The locomotive was disassembled and stored during World War II but was returned to display at the university after reassembly by retired Southern Pacific engineer Billy Jones. In the 1960s, the university needed the space occupied by the engine for other uses, so the engine was removed and loaned in 1963 to the Railway & Locomotive Historical Society, which had been in the process of collecting historic locomotives and rolling stock to be displayed in what would ultimately become the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento. The locomotive is currently a centerpiece at the museum, where it has been cosmetically restored to its 1899 appearance. See also Jupiter (locomotive), Central Pacific's locomotive at the driving of a Golden spike to complete the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 List of preserved Southern Pacific Railroad rolling stock References External links Locomotive Governor Stanford. # 1, Photograph; scan (via Stanford.edu) of a stereogram photograph by Alfred A. Hart 'The Work Began Here'; Sacramento Bee newspaper clipping (via Newspapers.com) shows photo of Gov. Stanford in Sacramento with construction materials for Central Pacific Railroad. Individual locomotives of the United States Southern Pacific Railroad locomotives 4-4-0 locomotives First transcontinental railroad Standard gauge locomotives of the United States Railway locomotives introduced in 1862 Norris locomotives Preserved steam locomotives of California Steam locomotives of the United States","title":"Gov. Stanford"},{"docid":"22284099","text":"The Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870) was formed in 1862 to build a railroad from Sacramento, California, to the San Francisco Bay, the westernmost portion of the First transcontinental railroad. After the completion of the railroad from Sacramento to Alameda Terminal on September 6, 1869, and then the Oakland Pier on November 8, 1869, which was the Pacific coast terminus of the transcontinental railroad, the Western Pacific Railroad was absorbed in 1870 into the Central Pacific Railroad. History The Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870) was formed in December 1862 by a group led by Timothy Dame and including Charles McLaughlin and Peter Donahue, all associated with the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad (SF&SJ), to build a railroad from San Jose north to Niles (then called Vallejo Mills), east through Niles Canyon (then called Alameda Cañon), north to Pleasanton, east through the Livermore Valley, and over Altamont Pass to Stockton, then north to Sacramento, with the plan that the transcontinental railroad would follow the Western Pacific to San Jose and then the SF&SJ to San Francisco. At the completion of the SF&SJ in January 1864, it was reported that the general contract for the Western Pacific was awarded to McLaughlin & Houston and that negotiations for iron, equipment, and rolling stock had begun. On October 31, 1864, the Central Pacific Railroad assigned all the rights of the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 to the Western Pacific for the route between Sacramento and San Jose, including land grants. The amending Act of March 3, 1865 ratified and confirmed the assignment made by Central Pacific Railroad to Western Pacific Railroad and authorized Western Pacific Railroad as one of the charter companies. Construction and transactions The construction of the Western Pacific Railroad began in February 1865 near San Jose and northward under a contract taken by J.B. Cox & Myers. After Chinese laborers had helped complete the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad in 1864, a force of 500 Chinese laborers was grading the roadbed and laying tracks for the Western Pacific in 1865. By October 1866, Western Pacific completed of track north and east from San Jose, reaching halfway into Alameda Cañon (now Niles Canyon) to a point just beyond Farwell. The first cars left San Jose to Vallejo Canyon (Alameda Cañon) on October 2. It had also surveyed, and started work on some places on, the rest of the line through Alameda Cañon, through Livermore Valley, over Livermore Pass (now Altamont Pass), and on to Stockton and Sacramento, before running out of money and halting all construction. Part of the difficulty was that federal land grants were not available where Mexican land grants had previously been made. In June 1867, the five Associates (Big Four plus E. B. Crocker) of the Central Pacific completed a complicated transaction with moribund Western Pacific (WP) and resuscitated it and its assets while Charles McLaughlin, the only Western Pacific owner left, retained rights to sell his land grants. In September 1867, Governor Stanford led a","title":"Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870)"},{"docid":"74817357","text":"China Slough (also called: Sutter Slough, China Lake, Sutter Lake, Sacramento Chinatown, Sacramento Chinadom, Old Sacramento Chinatown, Yee Fow), is historical site in Sacramento, California. The site of the former China Slough is California Historical Landmark No. 594, registered on May 22, 1957. The site of California Historical Landmark China Slough is the northeast corner of 4th Street and I Street in Sacramento at about 401 I Street. Before the China Slough was filled in, the waterway ran from 3rd Street to 5th Streets to north of I Street in Sacramento. The site became the Central Pacific Railroad Sacramento station built in 1910. The 1910 station had a wooden Trestle bridge built over the China Slough. A new depot was built nearby, the Sacramento Valley Station in 1926 and is now operated by Amtrak. The China Slough ran almost where the current Amtrak train tracks run today. History The slough was a swampy slow flowing channel of water off the Sacramento River in to the City of Sacramento. On each banks of the China Slough was the old Sacramento Chinatown. Before a Chinese population moved in, it was called Sutter Slough. The first group of Chinese immigrants came to Sacramento from 1849 to 1853, to escape the poor condition in southeastern China. In southeastern China was a famine, a very poor economy, high taxes, due to the Opium Wars (1839-1860), Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) and Punti–Hakka Clan Wars (1855–1868). From 1849 to 1853 about 24,000 young Chinese men immigrated to California looking to improve their lives. The next group of Chinese immigrants came to Sacramento to help built the First transcontinental railroad starting in 1863. From 1863 and 1869, about 15,000 Chinese workers helped build the transcontinental railroad. The train tracks started in Sacramento and headed east. The Sacramento pioneers did not want the swampy slough, so the Chinese community was free to live there. They built up the slough into a waterfront town. The Chinese immigrants brought in a host of skills: merchants opened store, cooks opened restaurants, laundrymen opened laundry services, entertainers put on theatre shows, and entrepreneurs served the needs not only in Chinatown but the needs of the city. Sutter Lake was formed with seasonally in the slough with spring and winter flooded. China Slough bathhouses were popular with all. In December 1856, a local Chinese Daily News (沙架免度新錄, Cantonese transliteration for Sacramento News) was founded by Ze Too Yune (司徒源), the first Chinese-run overseas Chinese newspaper. In March 1858, the Sacramento Chinese held a local Chinese Regatta in Sutter Lake, Festival of the Dragon Boat, with its Sze Yup (四邑) Company racing its Sam Yup (三邑) Company, which drew a large crowd lining the levee to view the contest. The main part of Sacramento Chinatown was located on I Street (the slough's levee road) from Second to Sixth Streets. Flood waters overflowed the levee and into Chinatown and the city a few times between 1850 and 1862. The Sze Yup Association was set up to greet","title":"China Slough"},{"docid":"58891389","text":"The Camron-Stanford House is the last of the 19th-century Victorian mansions that once surrounded Lake Merritt in Oakland, California. It was the home to a series of influential families, and in 1907, became the city's first museum. History The home was built in 1876, and its first occupants were William Walker Camron and his wife, Alice (Marsh) Camron. She was the daughter of Dr. John Marsh, who was a California pioneer. Marsh was influential in encouraging wagon trains of settlers to come to California and also in its obtaining independence from Mexico. He owned the 13,000-acre Rancho los Meganos and the large, stone house of John Marsh that he built there, in what is now Marsh Creek State Park, still stands. He was murdered by a disgruntled employee, and as a young woman, Alice received a large inheritance, which she used to purchase the Camron-Stanford house from its builder, Samuel Merritt. Her husband, William Camron, was a deputy sheriff and was active in the Republican Party. He was appointed to a vacant seat on the Oakland City Council, and later became a member of the California State Assembly. Next to occupy the home was the family of David Hewes. He made and lost several fortunes. He is best known for donating one of the golden spikes used in the celebration of the completion of the first transcontinental railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah in 1869. The Josiah Stanford family owned the home from 1882 to 1903. Josiah Stanford was a brother of Leland Stanford, who was one of the founders of the Central Pacific Railroad, which built the portion of the first transcontinental railroad east from Sacramento to Promontory Summit. In 1907, the city of Oakland purchased the Camron-Stanford house and other private residences bordering Lake Merritt. The city razed the other homes and created Lakeside Park. It established the Oakland Museum in the Camron-Stanford house, which occupied the house for the next five decades. The museum merged with the Oakland Art Gallery and the Snow Museum and in 1965, moved to other quarters. However, public interest and donations saved the Camron-Stanford House, and today it is an independent museum. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 13, 1972. References External links Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California National Register of Historic Places in Alameda County, California Houses completed in 1871 Museums in Oakland, California Museums in the San Francisco Bay Area History museums in California Victorian architecture in California Oakland Designated Landmarks","title":"Camron-Stanford House"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"396897\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Big Four\\\" was the name popularly given to the famous and influential businessmen, philanthropists and railroad tycoons who funded the Central Pacific Railroad (C.P.R.R.), which formed the western portion through the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States, built from the mid-continent at the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean during the middle and late 1860s. Composed of Leland Stanford (1824–1893), Collis Potter Huntington (1821–1900), Mark Hopkins Jr. (1813–1878), and Charles Crocker (1822–1888), the four themselves, however, personally preferred to be known as \\\"The Associates.\\\" They enriched themselves utilizing tax money and land grants, while heavily influencing the state legislature from within the Republican Party (Stanford was governor of California when the first of the Pacific Railroad Acts was passed.), and through monopolizing tactics. Contemporary critics claimed they were the greatest swindlers in U.S. history. Membership Leland Stanford (1824–1893) – C.P.R.R. President, Stanford University founder. Collis Potter Huntington (1821–1900) – C.P.R.R. Vice President, for whom the city of Huntington, West Virginia was named. He is also the uncle of Henry E. Huntington (1850–1927), founder of the famous Huntington Library with its art galleries and gardens in San Marino, California. Mark Hopkins Jr. (1813–1878) – C.P.R.R. Treasurer Charles Crocker (1822–1888) – Construction Supervisor, President of Charles Crocker & Co., a C.P.R.R. subsidiary, later founder of the larger, more extensive Southern Pacific Railroad, another transcontinental link to the east, built later in 1883. Collectively, the four established the Sacramento Library Association for the state capital in Sacramento, California in 1857, which later established the present Sacramento Public Library. David Hewes, an enterprising businessman, was called the \\\"maker of San Francisco\\\" for his work in clearing land for development. He was invited to be a part of the \\\"Big Four\\\" but declined due to the financial risks. Over his lifetime he gained and lost several fortunes. In their time, the four men were sometimes referred to as nabobs or \\\"nobs,\\\" a reference to their wealth and influence. When the four built mansions in the same neighborhood of San Francisco, the area quickly became known as Nob Hill, a name it carries today. In popular culture In Henry T. Williams' The Pacific tourist – Williams' illustrated trans-continental guide of travel, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean published in 1878, the Big Four was replaced by the Five Associates or Representative Men of the Central Pacific Railroad, with Charles Crocker's older brother Judge Edwin B. Crocker (1818–1875), who served as the CPRR attorney from 1865 to 1869, added. Ambrose Bierce lampooned the \\\"Big Four\\\" in his work \\\"Black Beetles in Amber\\\", a collection of satirical verses attacking various prominent Californians. In \\\"The Birth of the Rail\\\", \\\"road agents\\\" (bandits) Happy Hunty (Huntington), Cowboy Charley (Crocker), and Leland The Kid (Stanford), joined by minor devil Sootymug (Hopkins), give up robbing stage coaches for the much greater loot of railroad operation. References External links \\\"The Story of the Central Pacific. The Rise of the Big Four: Huntington,\",\n \"title\": \"Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"887062\",\n \"text\": \"Donner Pass is a mountain pass in the northern Sierra Nevada, above Donner Lake and Donner Memorial State Park about west of Truckee, California. Like the Sierra Nevada themselves, the pass has a steep approach from the east and a gradual approach from the west. The pass has been used by the California Trail, First transcontinental railroad, Overland Route, Lincoln Highway and Victory Highway (both later U.S. Route 40 and still later Donner Pass Road), as well as indirectly by Interstate 80. The pass gets its name from the ill-fated Donner Party who overwintered there in 1846. Today the area is home to a thriving recreational community with several alpine lakes and ski resorts (Donner Ski Ranch, Boreal, and Sugar Bowl). The permanent communities in the area include Kingvale and Soda Springs, as well as the larger community below the pass surrounding Donner Lake. History To reach California from the east, pioneers had to get their wagons over the Sierra Nevada mountain range. In 1844 the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party followed the Truckee River into the mountains. At the head of what is now called Donner Lake, they found a low notch in the mountains and became the first overland settlers to use the pass. The pass was named after a later group of California-bound settlers. In early November 1846 the Donner Party found the route blocked by snow and was forced to spend the winter on the east side of the mountains. Of the 81 settlers, only 45 survived to reach California; some of them resorting to cannibalism to survive. On January 13, 1952, 222 passengers and crew aboard a train became stranded about west of Donner Pass at Yuba Pass, on Track #1 adjacent to Tunnel 35 (on Track #2), at about MP 176.5. Southern Pacific Railroad's passenger train City of San Francisco was en route westbound through the gap when a blizzard dumped so much snow the train was unable to move forward or reverse. The passengers and crew were stranded for three days until the nearby highway could be plowed sufficiently for a caravan of automobiles to carry them the few miles to Nyack Lodge. Central Pacific Railroad In the spring of 1868, the Sierra Nevada were finally overcome by the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR), after almost three years of sustained drilling and blasting through granite, with the successful completion at Donner Pass of its 1,659-foot (506 m) Tunnel #6 (a.k.a. the Summit Tunnel) and associated grade, thus permitting the establishment of commercial transportation en masse of passengers and freight over the Sierra for the first time. Following a route first surveyed and proposed by CPRR's original Chief Engineer, Theodore D. Judah (1826–1863), the construction of the four tunnels, several miles of snowsheds, and a hand-crafted stone retaining wall 75-foot tall (a.k.a. Chinese or China Wall in recognition of the Chinese builders) necessary to breach Donner Summit constituted the most difficult engineering and construction challenge of the original Sacramento–Ogden CPRR route. Principally designed and built under the personal,\",\n \"title\": \"Donner Pass\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30854\",\n \"text\": \"Theodore Dehone Judah (March 4, 1826 – November 2, 1863) was an American civil engineer who was a central figure in the original promotion, establishment, and design of the First transcontinental railroad. He found investors for what became the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR). As chief engineer, he performed much of the route survey work to determine the best alignment for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada, which was completed six years after his death. Early life and education Theodore Judah was born in 1826 (perhaps 1825) in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the son of Mary (Reece) and The Rev. Henry Raymond Judah, an Episcopal clergyman. After his family moved to Troy, New York, Judah attended the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, then called the Rensselaer Institute in 1837 for a term and developed at a young age a passion for engineering and railroads. At age 23, Judah married Anna Pierce (1828-1895) on May 10, 1849. Theirs was the first wedding in the then-new St James Episcopal Church of Greenfield, Massachusetts. Career After studying briefly at Rensselaer, Judah went to work on a number of railroads in the Northeast, including engineering for the Lewiston Railroad down the Niagara Gorge. He was elected member of the American Society of Civil Engineers on May 1853; at that time there were fewer than 800 civil engineers in the United States. Judah was hired in 1854 at age 28, by Colonel Charles Lincoln Wilson, as the Chief Engineer for the Sacramento Valley Railroad in California. He and his wife Anna sailed to Nicaragua, crossed over to the Pacific, and caught a steamer to San Francisco. Under his charge, Sacramento Valley became in February 1856 the first common carrier railroad built west of the Mississippi River. Later, he was chief engineer of the California Central Railroad, incorporated 1857, and the San Francisco and Sacramento Railroad organized in 1856. Pacific railroad surveys On January 1857 in Washington DC, Judah published \\\"A practical plan for building The Pacific Railroad\\\", in which he outlined the general plan and argued for the need to do a detailed survey of a specific selected route for the railroad, not a general reconnaissance of several possible routes that had been done earlier. Nominated in the 1859 California Pacific Railroad Convention in San Francisco, Judah was sent to Washington DC to lobby in general for the Pacific Railroad. Congress was distracted by the trouble of pre-Civil War America and showed little interest. He returned noting that he had to find a specific practical route and some private financial backing to do a detailed engineering survey. In the fall of 1860, Charles Marsh, surveyor, civil engineer and water company owner, met with Judah, who had recently built the Sacramento Valley Railroad from Sacramento to Folsom, California. Marsh, who had already surveyed a potential railroad route between Sacramento and Nevada City, California, a decade earlier, went with Judah into the Sierra Nevada Mountains. There they examined the Henness Pass Turnpike Company’s route (Marsh was a founding director of that company).\",\n \"title\": \"Theodore Judah\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39534649\",\n \"text\": \"Henness Pass, elevation , is a mountain pass northwest of Reno on the crest of the Sierra Nevada range in Sierra County, California. The pass is traversed by Henness Pass Road, a mostly unpaved road not generally passable by automobiles in winter. Portions of the road are recommended for high clearance vehicles only. Like most of the well-known Sierra Nevada passes, it lies on the Great Basin Divide. Here, the Middle Yuba River flows west to the Pacific Ocean, and the Little Truckee River flows east into the Great Basin. Historically, Henness Pass Road was a travel route used by Native Americans and then immigrants and local mining communities during the Gold Rush era. Beginning in the late 1850s, the road was a major supply route for the silver and gold mines in Nevada. Freight was brought by steamboat from San Francisco up the Sacramento River to Marysville. From there it was carried by wagons, with part of the route being via the Bridgeport Covered Bridge and the Virginia Turnpike, which connected to the road to Henness Pass at North San Juan. Henness Pass is named for Patrick Henness, who is credited with developing the route in 1849 or 1850 as an alternative to Donner Pass. In 1855 the road was officially surveyed by D.B. Scott when the California Legislature passed An Act to Construct a Wagon Road over the Sierra Nevada range, but a route through El Dorado County approximating the current path of U.S. Route 50 was ultimately chosen. Charles Marsh was a founding director of the Henness Pass Turnpike Company, and was a civil engineer who built and owned water systems serving the mines and towns of Nevada County, California beginning in the 1850s. His intimate familiarity with the topography of the area led to his accompanying Theodore D. Judah (who wanted to build a transcontinental railroad) on a reconnaissance of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in 1860. They proceeded over the Henness route, taking elevations and measurements, and came back both convinced that a railroad crossing of the imposing mountains was feasible. They also explored the Donner Pass route, and agreed that it was more favorable. The Henness Pass route was eclipsed by completion in 1868 of the First transcontinental railroad as far as Reno via Donner Pass. Henness Pass and its namesake road still provide the only crossing of any significance between Yuba Pass (State Route 49) to the north and Donner Summit (Interstate 80) to the south. References See also http://cprr.org/Museum/Maps/Nevada_Survey_Maps/ Landforms of Sierra County, California Mountain passes of the Sierra Nevada (United States)\",\n \"title\": \"Henness Pass\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1259119\",\n \"text\": \"Events January events The Central Pacific Railroad hires its first Chinese workers. One of them, Hung Wah, will go on to command the largest and longest-working work crew on the CPRR. January 10 – The Illinois Central, Columbus and Indianapolis and Richmond and Covington railroads sign an agreement for joint operation as the Great Central Line between Columbus, Ohio, and Indianapolis, Indiana, headed by the Indiana Central Railway. January 13 – Samuel C. Pomeroy succeeds Cyrus K. Holliday as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. January 16 – The San Francisco and San Jose Railroad is completed to San Jose, California. June events The first railway track in Indonesia was laid between Semarang and Tanggung, Central Java by the Dutch colonial government. June 3 – The first revenue trains operate over the Central Pacific Railroad between Sacramento, California and Newcastle, California. June 29 – St-Hilaire train disaster, Beloeil, Quebec, Canada: 99 killed when an immigrant train fails to stop at an open swing bridge and falls into the Richelieu River. July events July – Samuel Marsh succeeds Nathaniel Marsh for a second term as president of the Erie Railroad. July 2 – The Northern Pacific Railway is chartered to build a northern transcontinental railroad in the United States. July 9 – Franz Muller kills Thomas Briggs in a North London Railway train, the first British railway murder. August events August 24 - The United States Postal Service inaugurates the first railway post office route in the United States when Chicago Assistant Postmaster George B. Armstrong authorizes the route on the Chicago and North Western Railway between Chicago and Clinton, Iowa. August 25 - The San Francisco and Alameda Railroad begins operation between Alameda Terminal and San Leandro, California. October events October – Robert H. Berdell succeeds Samuel Marsh as president of the Erie Railroad. Unknown date events Cornelius Vanderbilt acquires the Hudson River Railroad. Murray, Dougal and Company, later to become part of American Car and Foundry, is founded in Milton, Pennsylvania. Births February births February 6 – George Jay Gould I, eldest son of Jay Gould, president of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad and the Western Pacific Railroad (d. 1923). June births June 8 – Herbert William Garratt, English steam locomotive builder and inventor of the Garratt locomotive type (d. 1913). July births July 15 – Franklin Knight Lane, Interstate Commerce Commission commissioner 1905–1913, chairman of same in 1913, is born (d. 1921). October births October 23 – Victor Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill, chairman of the Great Western Railway (Great Britain) 1908–1934 (d. 1934). Deaths Unknown date deaths Stephen H. Long, American steam locomotive mechanical engineer who helped build the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (b. 1784). References\",\n \"title\": \"1864 in rail transport\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2539911\",\n \"text\": \"Alameda Terminal (a.k.a. Alameda Wharf) was a railroad station and ferry wharf at the foot and west of present-day Pacific Avenue and Main Street in Alameda, California, on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay with ferry service to San Francisco. It was built in 1864 and operated by the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad. In 1869, it served as the original west coast terminus of the U.S. First transcontinental railroad, until the opening of Oakland Pier two months later. The western terminus was inaugurated September 6, 1869, when the first Western Pacific through train from Sacramento reached the shores of San Francisco Bay at Alameda Terminal, — thus completing the first transcontinental railroad \\\"from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean\\\" in accordance with the Pacific Railroad Acts. History In 1863, Alfred A. Cohen, a San Francisco lawyer, along with his associates, formulated plans to build a railroad and wharf to carry passengers not only to Alameda, but also by ferry to San Francisco. In 1864, he built a wharf, starting from a spot near today's Pacific Avenue and Main Street westward, into the Bay at that time, and ending at part of today's Alameda Point where the USS Hornet sits anchored. On August 25, 1864, Cohen inaugurated passenger service, for 25 cents, from the wharf at Vallejo and Davis Street in San Francisco, via the leased river packet Sophie MacLane, to the Alameda Wharf and then to his San Francisco and Alameda Railroad High St station. In September 1864, he leased the slightly larger Contra Costa. As business grew, he replaced the leased boat, in February 1866, with his very own ferry boat, the Alameda. First transcontinental train After the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 authorized construction of the First transcontinental railroad and telegraph line, the first construction activity took place in 1863 eastward from Sacramento on the Central Pacific Railroad line. In October 1864, the Central Pacific Railroad assigned all the rights of the Pacific Railway Acts to the Western Pacific Railroad for the route between Sacramento and San Jose, including land grants. The plan was that the transcontinental railroad would follow the Western Pacific from Sacramento to San Jose and then connect with the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad (SF&SJ), completed in 1864, to San Francisco. By 1866, Western Pacific had built of track north and east from San Jose, reaching halfway into Niles Canyon, to about Farwell near Milepost 33. The Western Pacific used 500 Chinese laborers to grade and construct the rail line into the rugged canyon with its tight curves and narrow banks. Construction was then halted because of disagreements between the railroad's contractors and its financiers. In 1868, Central Pacific Railroad, a subsidiary of which had acquired the Western Pacific and Oakland Point, restarted work on the Western Pacific Railroad line starting at Sacramento working southward, as well as near Lathrop and Livermore, using upwards to 2,000 Chinese laborers. The new plan was to connect with Oakland and Oakland Point with\",\n \"title\": \"Alameda Terminal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3155937\",\n \"text\": \"The California Pacific Railroad Company (abbreviated Cal. P. R. R. or Cal-P) was incorporated in 1865 at San Francisco, California as the California Pacific Rail Road Company. It was renamed the California Pacific Railroad Extension Company in the spring of 1869, then renamed the California Pacific Railroad later that same year. Its main line from Vallejo to Sacramento was completed six months prior to the May 1869 golden spike ceremony of the Central Pacific/Union Pacific Transcontinental Railway. Beginning January 1869, the company operated a passenger ferryboat (New World) from San Francisco to Vallejo and thence a railroad to Sacramento. It also had a branch from Adelante (later Napa Junction, now American Canyon) to Calistoga and another from Davis to Marysville. The Cal-P operated independently from 1865 to 1876. It was then operated by the Central Pacific and was finally sold to the Southern Pacific. Amtrak's Capitol Corridor follows the original Cal-P Line from Sacramento to Suisun/Fairfield on its way to, via Martinez, Oakland and San Jose. A shorter transcontinental route When the transcontintal railroad first crossed the U.S. in May 1869, it wasn't truly a transcontinental line because it terminated at Sacramento, short of the Pacific coast destination of San Francisco or Oakland Harbor. The first truly transcontinental railroad was completed September 1869, from Sacramento through Stockton, over Altamont Pass and thence via Niles Canyon to the San Francisco Bay Area, a distance of . That line was constructed by Leland Stanford's Central Pacific Railroad subsidiary, the Western Pacific Railroad (of 1862). The route over Altamont Pass was completed to Alameda Terminal in September 1869 (and to Oakland Long Wharf in November 1869). [Note: This Western Pacific (1862-1870) is unrelated to the Western Pacific Railroad (of 1916) that ran to Salt Lake City via the Feather River Canyon.] The other route from Sacramento through Stockton, to Banta and Tracey Junction, thence to Martinez to Oakland, was able to avoid the heavy grades of Altamont Pass, but was , twelve miles longer. The Central Pacific was searching for a shorter route from the Bay Area to Sacramento and was eyeing the California Pacific (Cal-P) road between Sacramento and Vallejo, completed in November 1868, which became the basis for a Cal-P Vallejo route of about when steamer ferry service between San Francisco and Vallejo was inaugurated by Cal-P in January 1869. In July 1871, the Central Pacific offered to buy the Cal-P, but their offer was rejected. Central Pacific announced plans to build a parallel route of the Cal-P but diverging at Napa Junction via the Suisun Marsh to Benicia. In September 1871, Central Pacific gained the majority of its stocks and thus control of the California Pacific. The California Pacific, facing financial and expansion difficulties, finally was sold to the Central Pacific in 1876. The Central Pacific proceeded to shift from the Cal-P Sacramento to Vallejo mainline in favor of a line diverging at Suisun across the Suisun Marsh to Benicia on the northern shore of Carquinez Strait. In October 1877.\",\n \"title\": \"California Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1562264\",\n \"text\": \"Niles Canyon is a canyon in the San Francisco Bay Area formed by Alameda Creek, known for its heritage railroad and silent movie history. The canyon is largely in an unincorporated area of Alameda County, while the western portion of the canyon lies within the city limits of Fremont and Union City. The stretch of State Route 84 known as Niles Canyon Road traverses the length of the canyon from the Niles district of Fremont to the unincorporated town of Sunol. Two railroads also follow the same route down the canyon from Sunol to Niles: the old Southern Pacific track along the north side, now the Niles Canyon Railway, and the newer Union Pacific (formerly the Western Pacific) track a little to the south. At the west end of the canyon are the ruins of the Vallejo Flour Mill, which dates to 1853. History The route of El Camino Viejo à Los Angeles (Old Road to Los Angeles), the oldest north-south trail in the interior of Alta California, ran through Niles Canyon. In addition, the canyon, then known as Alameda Cañon, was located in three different Mexican land grants - Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda, Rancho Ex-Mission San José, and Rancho Valle de San Jose. It was later named Cañada Molina Vallejo for the two-story adobe grist mill built in the early 1840s on the Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda near the mouth of the canyon by its owner José de Jesús Vallejo, elder brother of Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. The locality became known as Vallejo's Mill and later as Vallejo's Mills when Vallejo built a second wooden three story mill next to the original adobe mill in 1856. The area later became the town of Niles, named after the Niles Station, which was built after the first transcontinental railroad was completed through the canyon by Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870) in the Summer of 1869. The station was named after Central Pacific Railroad attorney Addison C. Niles, later a California Supreme Court judge. The Thompson & West map shows that the area was still known as Niles or Vallejo Mills in 1878 with the Contract & Finance Co., a subsidiary of Central Pacific, still in ownership of the later town of Niles. The railroad through Alameda Cañon to Pleasanton was completed August 15, 1869 and to Laddsville on August 18, 1869. The first through train from Sacramento to Alameda Terminal (the first terminus of the Transcontinental Railroad ) ran through Alameda Cañon on September 6, 1869. As Niles became known as a picnic day-tripper destination around 1900, the name Niles Canyon replaced Alameda Cañon. Essanay Film Manufacturing Company, an early motion picture company, had a studio and back lot located in Niles from 1912–1916 at the canyon's western mouth. The canyon was featured in many early films, some by Broncho Billy and it was here that Charlie Chaplin filmed one of his most iconic movies, The Tramp. The Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum has exhibits, screenings, and events remembering its heritage.\",\n \"title\": \"Niles Canyon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1259062\",\n \"text\": \"Events January events January 9 – Government of India resolves not to create new guaranteed railway companies, thus determining future relationships between private enterprise and state in railway development. January 23 – George Westinghouse files for a patent on his air brake; this year also he founds the Westinghouse Air Brake Company (\\\"WABCO\\\"). February events February 17 – Henry Keyes succeeds Henry C. Lord as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. February 27 – The first line of what is now Athens Metro, in Greece, opens as Athens Piraeus Railway SA, the first railroad in the country (8.8 km). March events March – By an act of Congress, the Kansas Pacific Railway's name is shortened to Kansas Pacific. April events April 6 – The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway is formed through merger of the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad and the Lake Shore Railway. April 23 – Crews building the Central Pacific Railroad lay 10 miles (16 km) of track in one day. April 26 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad opens its first segment of track (6 miles / 10 km long) between Topeka and Pauline, Kansas. April 28 – Franklin B. Gowen becomes president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. May events May 10 – The golden spike is driven at Promontory Summit, Utah, on the First transcontinental railroad in North America. May 15 – The first trains operate the entire length of the First transcontinental railroad in North America traveling between Omaha, Nebraska, and Sacramento, California. June events June 1 – The Merchants Despatch is reformed as a joint stock trading company, with ownership divided among the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway (CCC&I), the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, and the New York Central Railroad (NYC), all part of the Cornelius Vanderbilt rail empire. June 17 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, building westward from Topeka, reaches Carbondale, Kansas. July events July 3 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad subsidiary Kansas City and Cameron Railroad opens the Hannibal Bridge, the first railroad bridge across the Missouri River, connecting its namesake cities. Completion of the Mount Washington Cog Railway in New Hampshire, U.S., the world's first mountain rack railway. Riihimäki – Saint Petersburg Railway line in the Grand Duchy of Finland completed from the Finland Station in Saint Petersburg to Zelenogorsk. Stations opened at Lanskaya, Udelnaya, Ozerki, Pargolovo, Pesochny, Levashovo, Beloostrov, Solnechnoye, Repino, Komarovo and Zelenogorsk. August events August 18 – The Windsor and Annapolis Railway in Nova Scotia officially opens between Annapolis and Grand Pre. September events September 13 – The Solway Junction Railway is opened for iron ore traffic, including a 1-mile 8 chain (1.8 km) iron girder viaduct across the Solway Firth in Scotland. September 21 – The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway leases the Kalamazoo, Allegan and Grand Rapids Railway in Michigan. October events 10 October – A branch of the West Coast Main Line to Liverpool Lime Street, is opened by\",\n \"title\": \"1869 in rail transport\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18081953\",\n \"text\": \"This article lists the railroads and a timeline of railroad history in Solano County, California. Timeline 1849-1859 1849 Benicia Barracks established as military post which would last until 1929. California Gold Rush 8 Nov 1849 Benicia established post office. 18 Feb 1850 Solano County incorporated with county seat at Benicia. 1851 Marysville and Benicia Railroad incorporated at Marysville to build a railroad from Marysville to Benicia or Knights Ferry. 28 Jul 1851 Vallejo establishes post office. 9 Sep 1850 California admitted into the United States. 18 Apr 1854 Suisun establishes post office. 1 Jun 1854 Vacaville establishes post office. 1856 San Francisco and Sacramento Railroad organized to build a 52-mile railroad from Benicia to Sacramento and connect Benicia to San Francisco by steamship. No further details. 9 Nov 1857 San Francisco and Marysville Railroad incorporated at Marysville after acquiring Marysville & Benicia Railroad. Some construction performed in 1859. 18 Aug 1858 Rio Vista establishes post office. 31 Dec 1858 Fairfield established post office. 1860s 26 Mar 1864 Napa Valley Rail Road incorporated at San Francisco. Railroad built from the tidewater on the northern end the San Pablo Bay south of Napa at a location known as Suscol to Calistoga. 5 Dec 1864 Sacramento and San Francisco Railroad incorporated to build proposed railroad between two cities. 3 Jan 1865 California Pacific Rail Road incorporated from San Francisco & Marysville Railroad and the Sacramento & San Francisco Railroad. 10 Jan 1865 California Pacific Rail Road absorbs the Sacramento & San Francisco Rail Road Company and the San Francisco & Marysville Rail Road Company. 11 Jul 1865 Track opened on Napa Valley Railroad between Suscol and Napa. Line from Napa to Calistoga was completed in 1868. 24 Dec 1866 California Pacific Rail Road commenced grading from Vallejo towards Suisun then Davisville (Davis). 24 Jun 1868 California Pacific completed between Vallejo and Suisun via American Canyon. 27 Jul 1868 California Pacific completed from Suisun - Elmira. 10 Aug 1868 California Pacific completed from Elmira - Dixon. 24 Aug 1868 California Pacific completed from Dixon - Davisville (Davis). Later that year tracks reach Washington (West Sacramento). Jan 1869 Napa Valley Rail Road extends line from Suscol to Napa Junction where it interchanged with the California Pacific Railroad. 26 Jan 1869 Dixon establishes post office. 12 Apr 1869 Vaca Valley Rail Road incorporated to build from Elmira to Madison via Vacaville. 14 Apr 1869 California Pacific Railroad Extension Company incorporated to acquire Napa Valley Railroad. 10 May 1869 Central Pacific/Union Pacific Golden Spike Ceremony completes Transcontinental Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah. Grading commences on Vaca Valley Rail Road. 9 Jun 1869 Napa Valley Rail Road sold under foreclosure to the California Pacific Railroad Extension Company. 21 Jun 1869 Vaca Valley Rail Road completed from Elmira - Vacaville. Interchange with California Pacific at Elmira. 16 Nov 1869 A small amount of construction commenced on the Suisun, Berryessa and Clear Lake Railroad was organized to build to Clear Lake but the project was abandoned within two years. 22\",\n \"title\": \"Rail transportation in Solano County, California\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71810536\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Marsh (December 6, 1825 - May 22, 1876) was an influential figure in the building of the first transcontinental railroad, as well as in building water systems for mining in the Sierra Nevada Mountains during the California Gold Rush. He was one of the founding directors of the Central Pacific Railroad. He was a surveyor and worked with Theodore D. Judah to survey and evaluate various possible routes for the first transcontinental railroad through the Sierra Nevada. He built a number of ditches and water pipelines to serve mines and towns there, and became known as the “Father of Ditches.” He was also one of the founders of the Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad. Builder of ditches/canals and entrepreneur Marsh was born December 6, 1825, in Hatley, Quebec, Canada. It seems he spent his early years in Vermont, then moved with his family to the Milwaukee area of Wisconsin, where he studied civil engineering. In 1849, at age 23, he came to California and tried his hand at prospecting near what later became Nevada City, California. He found $3,000 in gold , and the next year, he conceived a plan to bring water to Coyote Diggings there. In conjunction with three others, he built a nine-mile ditch at a cost of $10,000. When completed, the investment paid for itself in six weeks. This eventually evolved into the South Yuba Canal Company, the largest network of ditches in California with 250 miles of ditches and 20 reservoirs. Over the years, the industrious Marsh was the founder, director and/or investor in a multitude of water companies, railroads, mines, etc., including the Henness Pass Turnpike Company, Excelsior Canal Company, Union Hotel, Banner Mine, and the Bank of Nevada County. In 1850, at age 24, he was elected county surveyor, and laid out the western boundary of the county. That year, in partnership with two others, he built the 45-mile Grizzly Ditch, which was completed in 1851 at a cost of $50,000. In 1852, he surveyed the townsite of Walloupa, and built the Walloupa Ditch. That year he became a director of the Sacramento, Auburn and Nevada Railroad and surveyed its proposed route from Sacramento to Nevada City. He estimated that it would cost two million dollars to build the railroad. Unable to raise the required funds, the project was dropped. A decade later, when the Central Pacific Railroad was built, it began at Sacramento and went through Auburn on its way to Nevada. Marsh became chairman of the county board of supervisors in 1855, at the age of 30, and continued building and operating various ditches/canals bringing water to mines and towns. As owner of the Nevada Water Works, he built a water pipe system to serve Nevada City. Planning and building the first transcontinental railroad In the fall of 1860, Marsh, surveyor, civil engineer and water company owner, met with Theodore Judah, civil engineer, who had recently built the Sacramento Valley Railroad from Sacramento to Folsom, California. Marsh, who had already\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Marsh (railroad builder)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51916\",\n \"text\": \"A transcontinental railroad or transcontinental railway is contiguous railroad trackage, that crosses a continental land mass and has terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad or over those owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route. Although Europe is crisscrossed by railways, the railroads within Europe are usually not considered transcontinental, with the possible exception of the historic Orient Express. Transcontinental railroads helped open up interior regions of continents not previously colonized to exploration and settlement that would not otherwise have been feasible. In many cases they also formed the backbones of cross-country passenger and freight transportation networks. Many of them continue to have an important role in freight transportation and some like the Trans-Siberian Railway even have passenger trains going from one end to the other. Africa East-west There are several ways to cross Africa transcontinentally via connecting east–west railways. One is the Benguela railway, completed in 1929. It starts in Lobito, Angola, and connects through Katanga to the Zambia railways system. From Zambia several ports are accessible on the Indian Ocean: Dar es Salaam in Tanzania through the TAZARA, and, through Zimbabwe, Beira and Maputo in Mozambique. The Angolan Civil War has made the Benguela line largely inoperative, but efforts are being taken to restore it. Another west–east corridor leads from the Atlantic harbours in Namibia, either Walvis Bay or Luderitz to the South African rail system that, in turn, links to ports on the Indian Ocean ( i.e. Durban, Maputo). A 1015 km gap in the east–west line between Kinshasa and Ilebo filled by riverboats could be plugged with a new railway. There are two proposals for a line from the Red Sea to the Gulf of Guinea, including TransAfricaRail. In 2010 a proposal sought to link Dakar to Port Sudan. Thirteen countries would be on the main route; another six would be served by branches. North-south A north-south transcontinental railway had been proposed by Cecil Rhodes, who termed it the Cape-Cairo railway. This system would act as a direct route from the northernmost British possession in Africa, Egypt, to the southernmost one, the Cape Colony. The project was never completed. During its development, a competing French colonial project for a competing line from Algiers or Dakar to Abidjan was abandoned after the Fashoda incident. This line would have had four gauge islands in three gauges. An extension of Namibian Railways is being built in 2006 with the possible connection to Angolan Railways. Libya has proposed a Trans-Saharan Railway connecting possibly to Nigeria which would connect with the proposed AfricaRail network. African Union of Railways The African Union of Railways has plans to connect the various railways of Africa including the Dakar-Port Sudan Railway. Australia East-west Australia's east–west transcontinental rail corridor, consisting of lines built to three different track gauges, was completed in 1917, when the Trans-Australian Railway was opened between Port Augusta, South Australia and Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. This line, built\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28180882\",\n \"text\": \"David Hewes (May 16, 1822 in Lynnfield, Massachusetts – July 23, 1915 in Orange, California), was an American born into one of the \\\"old families\\\" of Massachusetts that could be traced back seven generations to the patriot Joshua Hewes. Hewes is associated with the construction and completion of the First transcontinental railroad, although he was an enthusiastic supporter rather than being directly connected with the construction thereof. He provided a golden spike marking completion of the railroad and he also planned the connection of the railroad company's wires to Western Union so the taps of the silver hammer driving the golden spike at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory could be heard instantaneously coast-to-coast. Hewes supported himself from the age of fourteen and earned enough to pay for his education including entry into Phillips Academy, Andover and Yale College. During his second year at Yale he joined his savings with a small inheritance from his father investing the monies in galvanized iron houses that were shipped to California. He travelled by ship and arrived at San Francisco in February 1850 and later set up a general merchandise store in Sacramento. In 1852 Sacramento was devastated by fire and in early 1853 a flood leaving Hewes with little resources. Seeing San Francisco as a promising metropolis of the Pacific Coast he began a small-scale business of earth-moving as the city was leveling sand dunes and filling streets. Hewes' Steam Paddy Company purchased steam shovels and then built the first steam locomotive on the Pacific Coast. He grew the enterprise to reclaiming the harbor, blocked by hundreds of abandoned ships from the gold rush, to level and fill the area where much of San Francisco's business district now stands. He was called the \\\"maker of San Francisco\\\" because it was through \\\"his initiative and energy that the task was undertaken and accomplished\\\". Hewes was invited to be a part of the Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad) but declined due to the financial risks, over his lifetime he gained and lost several fortunes. Hewes first marriage was to Matilda C. Gray in 1875 and they spent two and a half years in Europe. On the return trip Matilda's health necessitated that they move to a warmer climate. In 1881, they settled in Southern California, building a Victorian-styled mansion that still stands as a historical site in Tustin, CA. Matilda died in 1887. Hewes' second wife was Anna Lathrop, sister of Mrs. Leland Stanford. Married in 1889, they also travelled overseas and additionally to Europe they spent parts of their eighteen months in the Orient and Mid-East. Anna died soon after in August 1892. Hewes first started what arguably was his greatest accomplishment - the Hewes ranch near El Modena in Orange County when he moved there with Matilda. Called Anapauma, \\\"a place of rest\\\", it was a massive sheep ranch over with a large portion eventually converted in vineyards which later died off from blight. Hewes restored the ranch as a citrus farm which was\",\n \"title\": \"David Hewes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22185329\",\n \"text\": \"The San Francisco and Oakland Railroad (SF&O) was built in 1862 to provide ferry-train service from a San Francisco ferry terminal connecting with railroad service through Oakland to San Antonio. In 1868 Central Pacific Railroad decided that Oakland would be the west coast terminus of the First transcontinental railroad and bought SF&O. Beginning November 8, 1869, part of the SF&O line served as the westernmost portion of the transcontinental railroad. It subsequently was absorbed into the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP). The track in Oakland was electrified in 1911 and extended across the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in 1939. Service was abandoned in 1941. History The San Francisco and Oakland Railroad (and Ferry Co.) was formed in October 1861 under the leadership of Rodman Gibbons and other Oakland residents in order to provide transportation to Oakland by means of a ferry from San Francisco to a small wharf at Oakland Point where passengers could take a train into Oakland. Service began in September 1862 along 7th Street to a station in downtown Oakland at Broadway. Traffic increased steadily so an extension of the line was planned. In 1864 the track was extended across a bridge over Indian Creek Slough, the outlet to Lake Merritt, then along private right-of-way adjacent to San Antonio Creek (Oakland Estuary) to the Commerce Street Wharf (foot of 14th Avenue) in San Antonio. The cost of the extension and of building a new larger ferry boat caused Gibbons and his associates to lose control of the company SF&O in 1865 to A. A. Cohen, president of the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad (SF&A). After Central Pacific Railroad (CP) decided in April 1868 to make Oakland the western terminus of the transcontinental railroad, its subsidiary purchased the majority of the stock of the struggling SF&O from A. A. Cohen in August 1868 and began to expand the small wharf at Oakland Point. In August 1869 the CP subsidiary also purchased the majority of the stock of SF&A, bankrupt by the 1868 Hayward earthquake. In 1870 they merged the two local railroads together and then brought them back into the Central Pacific. Meanwhile, the Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870) had surveyed a line from San Jose via Niles Canyon and Altamont Pass to Sacramento, but ran out of money in a 1866 dispute, after laying of track from San Jose into the middle of Niles Canyon. By 1868, a CP subsidiary had purchased the WP line and then restarted the construction of it, through a contract with Turton, Knox & Ryan, beginning February 1868 from Sacramento working south to connect with the line beginning, later in June 1869, eastward from the point Western Pacific had stopped in Niles Canyon. Also in June 1869, they added a new line, through a contract with J. H. Strobridge, from Niles northwest towards Oakland. In September 1869 this new line towards Oakland was first connected temporarily to the SF&A at San Leandro. The first through Western Pacific train from Sacramento arrived on September 6,\",\n \"title\": \"San Francisco and Oakland Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68114106\",\n \"text\": \"Barstow Yard is a classification yard operated by Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF) in Barstow, California. With 48 directional tracks and a total area of approximately , it is the second largest classification yard west of the Rocky Mountains after the JR Davis Yard. Today, almost all freight traffic to and from Southern California runs through the junction. Its beginnings date back to the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad connection by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF). At the end of the 19th century, the Mojave Desert had to be crossed, in which an important branch for traffic from the Midwest to San Francisco in the north and to Los Angeles and San Diego in the southwest was created at the site of today's Barstow. In the early 1970s, AT&SF expanded the railroad facilities into a large flat facility that stretches above the city for nearly along the Mojave River. In 1995, the AT&SF merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad (BN) to form the BNSF Railway. BNSF operates the transcontinental connection under the name Southern Transcon and, in 2019, employed around 1000 people at Barstow Yard. History Railway networks in Southern California and the city of Barstow from the 1870s By 1867, the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) had completed the western portion of the first transcontinental railroad link between San Francisco and Omaha, Nebraska, and expanded into southern California in the 1870s. Soon after, a spur was built from Los Angeles to Yuma on the Colorado River in Arizona. A line from Mojave, California through the desert to Needles, California, about north of Yuma on the Colorado River, was also built, connecting the planned Atlantic and Pacific Railroads between Missouri and California. The western section ran east to Isleta, New Mexico. After 1880, the California Southern Railroad created a line from San Diego in the south via San Bernardino to the SP line in today's Barstow, about east of Mojave. The intersection was called Waterman Junction after the governor of California Robert Waterman, who ran a ranch and operated several silver mines in the area. During the second phase of the Great Depression from 1873 to 1896, the western part of the never-completed Atlantic and Pacific, between Needles and Isleta, was reorganized as a subsidiary of the AT&SF, which operated its network, thereby widened, westward through Isleta to Needles; the eastern portion became part of the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway. AT&SF also acquired the section through the Mojave Desert from SP and reached the west coast through its subsidiary, California Southern Railroad. Waterman Junction was named in 1886 by the president of the AT&SF William Barstow Strong in Barstow. The AT&SF was able to expand its original network from Kansas (Atchison and Topeka Railroad) to New Mexico (Albuquerque and Santa Fe) to the Pacific coast by the end of the 19th century. In 1888, the rail network extended east to Chicago, Illinois. Another transcontinental railroad connection was built in the south after the Sunset Route of\",\n \"title\": \"Barstow Yard\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2936787\",\n \"text\": \"The establishment of America's transcontinental rail lines securely linked California to the rest of the country, and the far-reaching transportation systems that grew out of them during the century that followed contributed to the state's social, political, and economic development. When California was admitted as a state to the United States in 1850, and for nearly two decades thereafter, it was in many ways isolated, an outpost on the Pacific, until the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869. Passenger rail transportation declined in the early- and mid-20th Century with the rise of the state's car culture and road system. It has since undergone something of a renaissance, with the introduction of services such as Metrolink, Coaster, Caltrain, Amtrak California, and others. On November 4, 2008, the people of California passed Proposition 1A, which helped provide financing for a high-speed rail line. 19th century Background The early Forty-Niners of the California Gold Rush wishing to come to California were faced with limited options. From the East Coast, for example, a sailing voyage around the tip of South America would take five to eight months, and cover some 18,000 nautical miles (33,000 km). An alternative route was to sail to the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, to take canoes and mules for a week through the jungle, and then on the Pacific side, to wait for a ship sailing for San Francisco. During the 1850s the voy:Ruta de Transito through Nicaragua was another option. Eventually, most gold-seekers took the overland route across the continental United States, particularly along the California Trail. Each of these routes had its own deadly hazards, from typhoid fever to cholera or Indian attack. Transcontinental links The very first \\\"inter-oceanic\\\" railroad that affected California was built in 1855 across the Isthmus of Panama, the Panama Railway. The Panama Railway reduced the time needed to cross the Isthmus from a week of difficult and dangerous travel to a day of relative comfort. The building of the Panama Railroad, in combination with the increasing use of steamships (instead of sailing ships) meant that travel to and from California via Panama was the primary method used by people who could afford to do so, and was used for valuable cargo, such as the gold being shipped from California to the East Coast. California's symbolic and tangible connection to the rest of the country was fused at Promontory Summit, Utah, as the \\\"last spike\\\" was driven to join the tracks of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads, thereby completing the first transcontinental railroad on May 10, 1869 (before that time, only a few local rail lines operated in the State, the first being the Sacramento Valley Railroad). The 1,600 mile (2,575-kilometer) trip from Omaha, Nebraska, would now take mere days. The Wild West was quickly transformed from a lawless, agrarian frontier to what would become an urbanized, industrialized economic and political powerhouse. Of perhaps greater significance is the unbridled economic growth that was spurred on by the sheer\",\n \"title\": \"History of rail transportation in California\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17979797\",\n \"text\": \"The Big Four Building is a historic 19th-century building in Downtown Sacramento, California. It is now located within Old Sacramento State Historic Park and the Old Sacramento National Historic District. History The Big Four House was originally three separate buildings constructed over 1851 to 1852, adjacent to the Sacramento River waterfront. The original three structures included the Stanford Building, the Huntington & Hopkins Building, and the Miller Building. The Big Four The lower floors were occupied by merchants, three of whom later became The Big Four (with Charles Crocker), hence the buildings' name. The Big Four were associated with the founding of the First transcontinental railroad linking California with the Eastern U.S. — and were Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Jr., Leland Stanford, and Charles Crocker. On the second floor these buildings they organized and ran the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California, to plan, build, and operate the western section of the first Transcontinental Railroad. They also founded the Southern Pacific Railroad here. Huntington, Hopkins & Co., which imported and sold hardware, iron, steel, and coal, occupied 54 \\\"K\\\" Street. The second floor of these structures served as the first offices of the Central Pacific Railroad from 1862 to 1873. By 1878 ownership was consolidated, and the structures were enlarged into one building. Over time it has also housed shops, including the Huntington & Hopkins Hardware Store, a bar and cafe, and a hotel on the second floor. Landmark The Big Four House was declared a National Historic Landmark on July 4, 1961. It is included within the Old Sacramento Historic District, which also is a National Historic Landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places since its establishment on October 15, 1966. It was also formerly a California Historical Landmark of its own, but now is a Historic district contributing property included in the registration of the Old Sacramento National Historic District. See also History of Sacramento, California Old Sacramento State Historic Park National Register of Historic Places listings in Sacramento County, California California Historical Landmarks in Sacramento County, California Index: Historic districts in California References External links Buildings and structures in Sacramento, California History of Sacramento, California National Register of Historic Places in Sacramento, California National Historic Landmarks in California Historic American Buildings Survey in California California Historical Landmarks Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California Southern Pacific Railroad Railroad-related National Historic Landmarks Old Sacramento State Historic Park Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in California National Historic Landmark District contributing properties\",\n \"title\": \"Big Four House\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2542080\",\n \"text\": \"The first Vallejo Flour Mill, in the Niles district of Fremont, California, was built in 1841 by José de Jesús Vallejo (1798–1882), elder brother of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, on his Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda, along with a dam and aqueduct to power it. The Flour Mill was located at the mouth of Niles Canyon, then called Alameda Cañon, which served as the major course of Alameda Creek. A second Flour Mill was built in 1856, the stone foundation of which may still be seen today. The ruins of the Vallejo Flour Mill is located at the northeast corner of Niles Canyon Road (State Route 84) and Mission Boulevard (State Route 238) in Vallejo Mill Historical Park. In 1932, it was designated a California Historical Landmark (#46). A watercolor painting of the 1856 Flour Mill, done by Carmelita Vallejo, J & J Vallejo's daughter then finishing her studies at the San Jose Notre Dame Academy, showed several buildings surrounding a three-story Flour Mill building with a large wooden wheel on the north side. According to the Alameda County Gazette (January 1857), the wheel was the overshot design, 30 feet in diameter and 8 feet broad, and the millstone was 4 feet in diameter. The Flour Mill cost $5,000 and had a capacity of 150 barrels of flour a day. In 1909, the 1841 adobe mill was torn down to make way for a wye-switch built by Southern Pacific Railroad. Impact of the first transcontinental railroad In 1865–1866, Western Pacific, one of three companies to build the first transcontinental railroad, built of track north of San Jose towards Sacramento. This railroad segment skirted the Vallejo Flour Mills at the mouth of Alameda Cañon (now Niles Canyon) and reached halfway into the canyon, about a mile past the Farwell Bridge near milepost 33 where it stopped. The Western Pacific used 500 Chinese laborers to grade and construct the rail line into the rugged canyon with its tight curves and narrow banks. Four major timber through (Howe) truss bridges were built to cross Alameda Creek and Arroyo de la Laguna Creek. In addition to building wooden bridges and grading the railroad bed, the laborers built culverts, retaining walls, and bridge piers in masonry. In October 1866, construction was halted because of disagreements between the railroad's contractors and its financiers. In June 1869, the Central Pacific Railroad, a subsidiary of which had acquired the Western Pacific and Oakland Point in 1868, restarted work on the railroad line through Alameda Cañon, also using Chinese laborers, and added a new line from the canyon northwest towards Oakland. The new line started in the canyon a mile east of the Mills at a junction initially called the Vallejo Mills Junction and followed the line of Vallejo's aqueduct, which was torn out to build the railroad and then rebuilt. Since the junction in the canyon was confining, Central Pacific started to grade a new junction in the valley just west of the Mills to service both the\",\n \"title\": \"Vallejo Flour Mill\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30361797\",\n \"text\": \"The Pengra Pass rail route, also known as the Natron Cutoff, the Cascade Subdivision, or the Cascade Line, is a Union Pacific Railroad line (originally a Southern Pacific Railroad line) connecting Eugene, Oregon, with Klamath Falls, Oregon. Construction of the line began in 1905 and was completed in the mid-1920s. Its name denotes a mountain pass on the Lane County–Klamath County boundary in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, about from Willamette Pass. The line heads southeast from Eugene, up the Cascades and over Pengra Pass, then southward beside U.S. Route 97 to Klamath Falls, where it splits in two, each track continuing into California. The route has at least 22 tunnels, several snow sheds and multiple bridges across canyons. The Pengra Pass route was built to provide trains running between Eugene and California with a cheaper and otherwise more practical option than to follow the older Siskiyou Pass route, which runs south from Eugene and over Siskiyou Pass to California. As a result, the Siskiyou Pass route was rendered nearly obsolete. In 2008, a landslide in the area shut down rail traffic for 105 days, which forced Union Pacific trains to make lengthy detours and Amtrak to halt services between Eugene and Sacramento, severing a key west coast rail link. In 2011, no trains had used the Siskiyou Pass route in almost a decade. By 2015 however, that line was reopening to relieve I-5 of local truck traffic. On May 29, 2018, one of the tunnels, known as Tunnel 11, caved in during scheduled maintenance work, shutting down rail traffic for 3 weeks. Union Pacific rerouted their freight trains running between Northern California and Portland through a lengthy detour, while Amtrak service did not operate between Eugene and Sacramento (initially between Eugene and Klamath Falls, with a bus bridge between the two points). Nonetheless, a major helper operation is demanded by the Pengra Pass route's of constant grade—the longest anywhere on the former Southern Pacific system, including Donner Pass. The right-of-way is surrounded by waterfalls and streams running through a Douglas fir forest. At many locations, the track runs atop the steep southern slopes of the Salt Creek canyon. See also List of mountain passes in Oregon List of Oregon railroads List of tunnels documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon Oregon Eastern Railway (SP predecessor) Pengra Bridge References External links Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation: Historic American Engineering Record in California Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon Southern Pacific Railroad lines Rail transportation in Oregon Union Pacific Railroad lines\",\n \"title\": \"Pengra Pass rail route\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"107854\",\n \"text\": \"Roseville is the most populous city in Placer County, California, located within the Sacramento metropolitan area. As of 2019, the US Census Bureau estimated the city's population to be 141,500. Interstate 80 runs through Roseville and State Route 65 runs through part of the northern edge of the city. History The settlement developed around a stage coach station called Griders. According to the Roseville Historical Society, in 1864 the Central Pacific Railroad tracks were constructed northeastward from Sacramento as part of the transcontinental railroad. The point where the tracks met the California Central Railroad line was named \\\"Junction\\\". Junction eventually became known as Roseville. In 1909, three years after the Southern Pacific Railroad moved its facilities from Rocklin to Roseville, the town became an incorporated city. What followed was a period of expansion, with businesses building more than 100 structures, including what was the largest ice manufacturing plant in the world (the Pacific Fruit Express building, in 1913). The city was a railroad town for decades. By 1929, the railroad employed up to 1,225 people out of a total population of 6,425. With the onset of World War II, the rail yards became busier than ever. The post-war building boom brought continued prosperity. But the nature of the city changed dramatically in the 1950s. During this decade, the railroad continued to expand and upgrade, converting its steam engine fleet to all diesel engines. But competition arose in new sectors: the postwar development of the national Interstate Highway System and the airline industry adversely affected the railroads' passenger and freight traffic. Trucking carried increasing amount of freight on highways. Industry restructuring took place and jobs were lost as railroads dropped passenger routes and consolidated operations. Although the railroad has continued as a major employer in Roseville, the city's expansion has been based on the emergence of other employment sectors. Construction in 1950 of the Washington Boulevard (then called Seawell) railroad underpass dramatically affected downtown. It improved the ability of people to travel from one side of the tracks to the other, but it reduced traffic through the Roseville business district north of the tracks. Those businesses lost customers. The completion of Interstate 80 in 1956 stimulated new businesses, with a population shift, from downtown to what would become known as East Roseville. The old downtown lost more businesses and slid into a gradual decline. The Southern Pacific (now Union Pacific) yard was the site of the 1973 Roseville Yard Disaster. A major explosion and fire took place. The city saw steady population growth throughout the ensuing decades, as shopping centers, major retailers, and homes were constructed, mostly outside the historic downtown. The growth rate was modest until 1985. Between 1929, when the population was 6,425 people, and 1985, the population grew by 22,563 people. In 1985 the population stood at 28,988 people. Five years later it was 44,685 people, and by 2000 it was 74,234 people. Some of this growth was fueled by the arrival of major technology employers, such as\",\n \"title\": \"Roseville, California\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2881398\",\n \"text\": \"Railroad Wars were business rivalries between railroad companies, which occurred frequently in American history. Although they were usually little more than legal disputes inside a courtroom, they sometimes turned into armed conflicts. There has been competition between railroad companies since the beginning of railroading in the United States, but violent confrontations were most common in the final quarter of the 19th century, particularly in the Old West. Wars Placer County Railroad War One of the first railroad wars in Old West history was the Placer County Railroad War in California. In 1864, the Sacramento Valley Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad began competing for the ownership of a road from Ashland to a point just outside Auburn Station, which was in the process of being abandoned by the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada Railroad. Because the Sacramento Valley company was in need of American-made rail for use in the First transcontinental railroad, the abandonment of the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada road gave them an opportunity to purchase new rail cheaply. To the contrary, the Central Pacific was interested in completing the road to Auburn. In order to stop the destruction of the road by the Sacramento Valley company, Central Pacific convinced a local Welshman named Griffith Griffith, who owned a granite quarry along the road, to sue the former for threatening his business. Griffith was successful and on June 15, 1864, he received a court order to stop the destruction of the road. The Sacramento Valley company ignored the order though and on July 2 they began disassembling the road for use elsewhere. In response, the sheriff of Placer County assembled his deputies and arrested some railroad workers at Auburn Station. However, on July 9, the disassembling of the road was resumed so the deputies attempted to stop it again. But, before they were successful, the Justice of Lincoln arrived and arrested the deputies for disturbing the peace. When he learned of this, the sheriff of Placer County ordered the Auburn Greys, a local militia, to pick up where his deputies had left off. During the following encounter, the militia opened fire on a crew of workers as they were removing the tracks. Others were arrested and put in jail. The road was safe for the time being, but, soon after, the California Supreme Court got involved and sided with the Sacramento Valley Railroad. Now that the Sacramento Valley company had permission from the state to continue removing the road, the Central Pacific was forced to build their own line to Auburn, which was completed on May 13, 1865. Colorado Railroad War The Colorado Railroad War, also known as the Royal Gorge Railroad War, was fought in the late 1870s between the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and the smaller Denver and Rio Grande company. In 1878, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe was competing against the Denver and Rio Grande to put the first line through Raton Pass. Both railroads had extended lines into Trinidad, Colorado and the pass\",\n \"title\": \"Railroad Wars\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4152415\",\n \"text\": \"The Sacramento Valley Railroad (SVRR) was incorporated on August 4, 1852, the first transit railroad company incorporated in California. Construction did not begin until February 1855 because of financial and right of way issues, and its first train operated on February 22, 1856. Although the oldest working railroad in the state was the Arcata and Mad River Railroad, first operational in December 15, 1854, the Sacramento Valley Railroad was the West's pioneering incorporated railroad, forerunner to the Central Pacific. Original SVRR route On August 4, 1852, the Sacramento Valley Railroad was incorporated in California, and Charles Lincoln Wilson became its first president. He left for New York to find expertise and private funds for the railroad effort; he recruited a young survey engineer Theodore D. Judah from New York to come west with him to Sacramento. Judah arrived in mid-May 1854, and on May 30 his report and preliminary survey for the proposed SVRR line eastward from Sacramento to Marysville by way of Folsom were in the hands of his employers. Because of financial and right of way issues, construction with grading subcontractors did not begin until February 1855, but soon other problems arose. In August 1855, the SVRR board elected Commodore C. K. Garrison, former mayor (1853-1854) of San Francisco, as president of SVRR. They also elected as vice president of SVRR the future American Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman, who was at that time the head of the banking house of Lucas & Turner in San Francisco. William Sherman, contacted his brother John, who had recently been elected to Congress, for help in obtaining federal land grants for the railroad, but to no avail. The board also in August 1855 announced that the actual laying of tracks can begin. The railroad's gauge was , wider than , and was laid with Welsh iron \\\"pear\\\" rail. Mastering the technique, the track laying crew were putting down six hundred feet of track daily. The original plans for a line from Sacramento to Folsom and then to Marysville were not fully realized as the funding did not materialize. As constructed, the Sacramento Valley Railroad ran from the Sacramento River levee at Front and \\\"L\\\" Street in present-day Old Sacramento and terminated at Folsom. On February 22, 1856, the first train operated over the entire line. Theodore Judah was the Chief Engineer of the Sacramento Valley Railroad. Judah would later become the Chief Engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad and the chief proponent of the first transcontinental railroad over the Sierra Nevada by way of Dutch Flat. In August 1865, Central Pacific Railroad maneuvered its way to buy controlling interest in the management of Sacramento Valley, diverting the profitable over-mountain Washoe trade and travel, potentially worth several million dollars annually, to Central Pacific and leaving local trade and travel to Sacramento Valley. Thereafter, the gauge of its track and all its rolling stock was changed to correspond with the standard gauge of the Pacific Railroad. On April 19, 1877, the Sacramento\",\n \"title\": \"Sacramento Valley Railroad (1852–1877)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3818749\",\n \"text\": \"C. P. Huntington is a 4-2-4T steam locomotive on static display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento, California, USA. It is the first locomotive purchased by the Southern Pacific Railroad, carrying that railroad's number 1, and it is named after one of the Big Four who founded it. History and career C. P. Huntington was originally purchased by Central Pacific Railroad (CP) in 1863 as that railroad's number 3, along with its sister engine T. D. Judah (CP no. 4). It was CP's third locomotive after Gov. Stanford (number 1, built by Norris Locomotive Works) and Pacific (number 2, built by Mason Machine Works). The locomotive is named in honor of Collis P. Huntington, the third president of the Southern Pacific Company (parent company of Southern Pacific Railroad). CP used the locomotive beginning on April 15, 1864, during construction of the western portion of the First transcontinental railroad in North America. Southern Pacific (SP) purchased C. P. Huntington from CP on February 5, 1871, gave it their number 1, and used it in light service in northern California. It was rebuilt twice, first in 1873 with new valves and again in 1888 with a new boiler built by CP's Sacramento shops. In 1888 the locomotive was also put on public display for the first time in Sacramento. In SP's 1891 renumbering plan, C. P. Huntington was assigned road number 1001. The locomotive was placed in storage for some time until it was rebuilt for use as a lineside weed burner in 1901. Its use as a weed burner proved unsatisfactory and the locomotive was again removed from active service. In 1910, C. P. Huntington was again rebuilt and it was then kept at SP's machine shops where it remained for a few years. The locomotive was nearly scrapped in 1914; it was spared this fate by SP management so that it could be displayed at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915 after a cosmetic restoration. On May 3, 1939, C. P. Huntington participated in the grand opening ceremonies for the Los Angeles Union Station. Operating under her own steam, the Huntington was paraded past large, cheering crowds to the newly completed passenger terminal, along with several other engines, including the famous 4-4-0, Virginia & Truckee 22, the Inyo (still painted in Union Pacific livery, from the filming of Cecil B. DeMille's 1939 movie of the same name, which premiered two days later), and Southern Pacific 4120, a massive AC-5 class 4-8-8-2 cab forward. The moment was captured on film by Disney animator and lifelong train enthusiast, Ward Kimball, and may be some of the only known footage of the engine under steam. Southern Pacific donated the engine to the State of California in 1964. The locomotive was placed on display at the old state fairgrounds on Stockton Boulevard, in Sacramento, where it remained until a 1970 refurbishing at Southern Pacific's Sacramento Shops, when it was placed in the Central Pacific Railroad Passenger Station in Old Sacramento in 1979.\",\n \"title\": \"C. P. Huntington\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11236987\",\n \"text\": \"Hayward station is an Amtrak intercity train station in Hayward, California, United States. It is served by seven daily round trips of the Capitol Corridor route. The station has two side platforms serving the main track and a passing siding; most trains use the platform on the main track. Hayward station opened as an infill station on May 29, 1997; the town had previously seen railroad service from 1865 to 1941. History Railroad service in Haywards (later Hayward) began with the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad in August 1865. The terminal station was located at Watkins Street and D Street in downtown Haywards. It was destroyed in the 1868 Hayward earthquake, which bankrupted the railroad. The line was taken over in 1869 by the Central Pacific Railroad (CP). The CP built its own line (part of the First transcontinental railroad) and station slightly to the west, and abandoned the original line south of San Leandro in 1873. Transcontinental service was shifted from the CP to a northern route on the California Pacific Railroad in 1879. The Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) leased the CP in 1885 and constructed a two-story wood station of standard design at Hayward. Long-distance service to the south was switched to the Coast Line around 1909, but local passenger service to Hayward continued until 1941. Freight service continued on the line, and the station remained intact until it was destroyed by a 1982 fire. Amtrak Capitols (later Capitol Corridor) service between Sacramento and San Jose began in 1991; it ran through Hayward without stopping. After the success of other infill stations on the line, a station at Hayward was opened on May 29, 1997. A station shelter was constructed in the Arts and Crafts style. A siding track with a rarely-used second platform was added around 2006. A 2016-released Vision Plan called for Capitol Corridor trains to be rerouted over the Coast Subdivision, which is used by less freight service. Hayward station would be closed under that plan. Bus connections The station is served by three AC Transit local bus routes: route 34 runs adjacent to the station on Meekland Avenue, while routes 56 and 93 run on A Street. All three routes run to the larger bus terminal at Hayward BART station. References External links Amtrak stations in Alameda County, California Buildings and structures in Hayward, California Railway stations in the United States opened in 1997 Transportation in Hayward, California Railway stations in the United States closed in 1941\",\n \"title\": \"Hayward station (Amtrak)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57606708\",\n \"text\": \"The Iron Moonhunter () is a short children's picture book published in 1977, written and illustrated by the activist Kathleen Chang. The book purportedly retells a Chinese-American myth set in the Sierra Nevada mountains during the construction of the First transcontinental railroad, starting in the fall of 1866. Synopsis Chinese laborers that were hired to work in America received a hostile reception from white competition upon their arrival in San Francisco. While building the Central Pacific portion of the Transcontinental Railroad, an explosion set by white rivals killed several Chinese workers. The three Kwan cousins (Kwan Ming, Kwan Cheong, and Kwan Hop) fought back, finding and punishing the guilty, but modestly stated they were only living up to the legacy of their ancestor, Kwan Kung. Accidents later claimed the lives of two cousins; first, while setting blasting charges, Kwan Hop fell to his death after the rope securing his basket broke; in the ensuing winter of 1866–67, Kwan Cheong was trapped in a collapsed tunnel that had been dug to connect the work site with the camp site through snow deep. The following spring, the Chinese workers began to see the restless spirits of their comrades who had died while working on the railroads. One worker, Jeong Yum, erupted with hatred and agitated the men to blow up the railroad and rebel against their white supervisors. Kwan Ming instead counseled patience and pride: \\\"Talk sense, men. The railroad is our work and we should be proud of it. We're going to finish it because when we Tong Yun say we'll do something, we don't stop halfway.\\\" He laid out a plan to build a railroad for the spirits, using leftover steel rails and scrap metal from crashed trains to build the Iron Moonhunter, a dragon-shaped train, which played a song to alert the restless spirits: After reuniting the spirits with their loved ones, the workers continued to build track throughout the Sierra, stopping the train to help the needy. According to the legend, the Iron Moonhunter still plies the tracks, helping the Chinese in America. Development Chang states The Iron Moonhunter comes from a legend passed down from the time of the Transcontinental Railroad. However, the first known appearance of the Iron Moonhunter is in Frank Chin's play The Chickencoop Chinaman (1972), where Tam Lum explains it is a \\\"train built by Chinamans who knew they'd never be given passes to ride the rails they laid\\\", a \\\"wild engine to take them home\\\" built from stolen iron and steel. Sau-ling Cynthia Wong speculates that as it is supposedly based on an unpublished private oral history, the Iron Moonhunter may have been invented by Chin, who was married to Chang in the early 1970s. Publication history According to the book's copyright page, the original text and illustrations passed into the public domain in 1987. Legacy The Iron Moonhunter was dramatized by Calleen Sinnette Jennings, Mary Hall Surface, Eric Wilson (book & lyrics); Deirdre Kelly Lavrakas (concept); and Deborah Wicks La Puma\",\n \"title\": \"The Iron Moonhunter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66053558\",\n \"text\": \"Alhambra station was a train station in Alhambra, California. It was last served by the Amtrak Sunset Limited. History Opened in 1886 as Shorb, the station was a stop on the transcontinental Southern Pacific Railroad Sunset Limited. The first building was located at Garfield Avenue and Mission Road. A separate Alhambra station operated to the east. Pacific Electric built their route for the Shorb Line spur here in 1912 to connect their interurban system to the transcontinental passenger network; their passenger service ceased in 1924. The station building was reconstructed in 1940. Passenger services were commuted to Amtrak in 1971, who took over operations at the depot. Trains ceased to stop in 1975 as the station was bypassed. The tracks were depressed into a trench by the city with work starting in 1977. The tracks currently run in the trench below surface grade throughout Alhambra, rejoining grade-level tracks in El Monte adjacent to Metrolink’s El Monte station, served by the San Bernardino Line. The station was subsequently destroyed by a fire in 1984. References Alhambra, California Railway stations in the United States opened in 1886 Former Amtrak stations in California Former Southern Pacific Railroad stations in California Amtrak stations in Los Angeles County, California Demolished railway stations in the United States Pacific Electric stations Railway stations in the United States closed in 1975\",\n \"title\": \"Alhambra station\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5892561\",\n \"text\": \"The California Southern Railroad was a subsidiary railroad of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (Santa Fe) in Southern California. It was organized July 10, 1880, and chartered on October 23, 1880, to build a rail connection between what has become the city of Barstow and San Diego, California. Construction began in National City, just south of San Diego, in 1881, and proceeded northward to the present day city of Oceanside. From there, the line turned to the northeast through Temecula Canyon, then on to the present cities of Lake Elsinore, Perris and Riverside before a connection to the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) in Colton. Following a frog war where the SP refused to let the California Southern cross its tracks, a dispute that was resolved by court order in favor of the California Southern, construction continued northward through Cajon Pass to the present day cities of Victorville and Barstow. The line, completed on November 9, 1885, formed the western end of Santa Fe's transcontinental railroad connection to Chicago. Portions of the original line are still in use today as some of the busiest rail freight and passenger routes in the United States. History The California Southern was organized on July 10, 1880, as a means to connect San Diego to a connection with the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad at an as-yet undetermined point. Among the organizers were Frank Kimball, a prominent landowner and rancher from San Diego who also represented the Chamber of Commerce and the Board of City Trustees of San Diego, Kidder, Peabody & Co., one of the main financial investment companies involved in the Santa Fe, B.P. Cheney, L.G. Pratt, George B. Wilbur and Thomas Nickerson who was president of the Santa Fe. The organizers set a deadline of January 1, 1884, to complete the connection, a deadline that was later adjusted due to problems in the construction of the Atlantic and Pacific that forced it to stop at Needles, California. The California Southern built its track northward from a point in National City, south of San Diego. The route, portions of which are still in use, connected the present day cities of National City, San Diego, Fallbrook, Temecula, Lake Elsinore, Perris, Riverside, San Bernardino, Colton, Cajon (not to be confused with El Cajon), Victorville and Barstow. In Barstow, then known as Waterman, the California Southern would connect to another Santa Fe subsidiary, the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. The Atlantic and Pacific was chartered in 1866 to build a railroad connection westward from Springfield, Missouri, connecting Albuquerque, New Mexico, then along the 35th parallel to the Colorado River. From there, the railroad was to continue to the Pacific Ocean following whatever proved to be the best route. The route was scheduled to be completed by July 4, 1878. However, the Southern Pacific was able to get a clause favorable to their own interests inserted into the charter: ... the Southern Pacific Railroad ... is hereby authorized to connect with the said Atlantic and Pacific railroad\",\n \"title\": \"California Southern Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18867107\",\n \"text\": \"The Sacramento Railyards (or Railyard Specific Plan) is an urban infill project of approximately at the western terminus of the First transcontinental railroad in Sacramento, California. It is located between the downtown central business district and the River District, near the confluence of the American and Sacramento rivers. The property is owned by Downtown Railyard Ventures, LLC. The Sacramento Railyards was master-planned by the Jerde Partnership firm. Construction will take 15 to 20 years, with a projected build–out to last until the late 2020s. The site is equivalent in size to the existing downtown central business district and holds significant historical and cultural importance to Sacramento. The project features the preservation and partial reuse of the \\\"Central Shops\\\" buildings originally used for railroad maintenance and the former Southern Pacific Sacramento Depot; now known as Sacramento Valley Station. One of the Central Shops will be refitted into a public marketplace. Overall, the project is expected to include 12,000 housing units, of office uses, of retail, hotel, and other commercial uses, of parks and open space, a 25,000-seat Major League Soccer stadium for Sacramento Republic FC, a 1.3 million square foot, 17.8 acre Kaiser Permanente flagship medical center campus, a 540,000 square-foot courthouse, and create 19,000 permanent jobs. History The first railroad in Sacramento as well as California was the Sacramento Valley Railroad finished in 1856 and engineered by Theodore Judah. Judah's efforts to realize a transcontinental railroad was transferred to the power of \\\"The Big Four\\\" investors, who created the Central Pacific Railroad. The First transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, when Central Pacific's line joined Union Pacific's at Promontory Summit. Sacramento's terminus was the primary departure station for the railroad until 1883. Central Pacific merged with Southern Pacific in 1870, and the former's maintenance yards were expanded with the addition of the Southern Pacific shops. The shops were used for locomotive repairs, general maintenance and, occasionally, creation. The yards steadily expanded, becoming the biggest railroad facility west of the Mississippi River and employing approximately one-third of all Sacramento workers in the early decades of the 20th century. Railroad usage in the United States gradually declined over the century, and by the beginning of the 21st century, railyard upkeep had become less economically viable and laid largely dormant. As Union Pacific took over Southern Pacific in 1996, freight service in the railyards dwindled until 1999 when Union Pacific ceased rail operations in the railyards. Large portions of the railyards were subsequently removed in the years following. In 2003, developer Millennia Associates vied to purchase the southern 70 acres (28 ha) of the railyards, hoping to eventually obtain the entire railyard from Union Pacific. Millennia's financial partner, Thomas Enterprises, eventually finalized the railyard purchase on 2006-12-29. In 2015, the 200-acre Sacramento Railyards property was sold to Downtown Railyard Ventures, LLC., with experienced local developer Larry Kelley and his partners, Denton Kelley, Jay Heckenlively, Frank Myers and Alan Hersh serving as the master development team for the project. Environmental remediation on the site\",\n \"title\": \"Sacramento Railyards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13496839\",\n \"text\": \"The Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad was a short-lived electric interurban railway in the U.S. state of California. It began operation on October 10, 1914, and ran for 11.8 miles between Dixon and Rio Junction (or Dixon Junction). The line was run by the Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway, and was abandoned on August 9, 1917, after decreasing revenue. History The railway was incorporated on May 4, 1912, by Melville Dozier Jr to construct a railway line between Redding and Rio Junction (The Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway interchange), via Dixon, Woodland, Marysville, Colusa, Hamilton City, and Red Bluff. Construction began somewhere around 1913 after surveying was completed between Red Bluff and Rio Junction for the Sacramento Valley West Side Electric Railway, who later reorganized into the Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad after failed attempts to encourage investment. Originally, the line would have interchanged with the Vallejo & Northern (who intended to build a line between Napa and Sacramento) at Dixon. Equipment and tracks was provided by the Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway, who held a large share in the Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad's shares. Of the planned 193 mile long route, only 11.8 miles were built between Rio Junction (later renamed Olcott) and Dixon. The Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad leased the service to the Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway, and gave forth portions of their monthly revenue to the other line. The railway began service on October 10, 1914, with the first official train being led by company officials. From the start, the line was unprofitable as it traversed flat unpopulated land. Between March 1 and June 8, 1915, there were only 56 passengers recorded who actually travelled the line. Operating expenses were quite high, while revenue was very low. The Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway applied to the Railroad Commission to abandon the line on July 23, 1917. It last ran on August 9, before it was torn up and partially salvaged by the Tidewater Southern Railway for its electrified line. The station agent at Dixon regularly had to send mail reminding Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern officials to pay him, as the company often avoided this due to the unprofitable nature of the line. References Defunct California railroads Interurban railways in California Railway companies established in 1915 Railway companies disestablished in 1917 American companies established in 1915 1915 establishments in California 1917 disestablishments in California\",\n \"title\": \"Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3799019\",\n \"text\": \"Gov. Stanford is a 4-4-0 steam locomotive originally built in 1862 by Norris Locomotive Works. Following construction, it was disassembled and hauled by the ship Herald of the Morning around Cape Horn to California, then up the rivers aboard the schooner Artful Dodger, arriving in Sacramento on October 6, 1863. With a dedication ceremony that included artillery discharge, it entered service on November 9, 1863, and it was used in the construction of the First transcontinental railroad in North America by Central Pacific Railroad bearing road number 1. It was Central Pacific's first locomotive and it is named in honor of the road's first president and ex-California governor, Leland Stanford. In May 1864, the Gov. Stanford was used to pull the first ceremonial passenger train beginning in Sacramento. The locomotive was withdrawn from mainline service in 1873, and was rebuilt in 1878 with larger cylinders and an increased boiler pressure, which increased its tractive effort to , as well as being outfitted with a water pump for extinguishing lineside fires. In 1891 the locomotive was renumbered to 1174, although both Joslyn (1956) and Diebert & Strapac (1987) both assert that this number was never actually applied to the locomotive. From 1873, the engine operated as a switcher in the road's Sacramento railyard until retired on July 20, 1895, at which time the railroad donated it to Stanford University; however, it was not delivered to the university until 1899. The locomotive was disassembled and stored during World War II but was returned to display at the university after reassembly by retired Southern Pacific engineer Billy Jones. In the 1960s, the university needed the space occupied by the engine for other uses, so the engine was removed and loaned in 1963 to the Railway & Locomotive Historical Society, which had been in the process of collecting historic locomotives and rolling stock to be displayed in what would ultimately become the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento. The locomotive is currently a centerpiece at the museum, where it has been cosmetically restored to its 1899 appearance. See also Jupiter (locomotive), Central Pacific's locomotive at the driving of a Golden spike to complete the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 List of preserved Southern Pacific Railroad rolling stock References External links Locomotive Governor Stanford. # 1, Photograph; scan (via Stanford.edu) of a stereogram photograph by Alfred A. Hart 'The Work Began Here'; Sacramento Bee newspaper clipping (via Newspapers.com) shows photo of Gov. Stanford in Sacramento with construction materials for Central Pacific Railroad. Individual locomotives of the United States Southern Pacific Railroad locomotives 4-4-0 locomotives First transcontinental railroad Standard gauge locomotives of the United States Railway locomotives introduced in 1862 Norris locomotives Preserved steam locomotives of California Steam locomotives of the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Gov. Stanford\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22284099\",\n \"text\": \"The Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870) was formed in 1862 to build a railroad from Sacramento, California, to the San Francisco Bay, the westernmost portion of the First transcontinental railroad. After the completion of the railroad from Sacramento to Alameda Terminal on September 6, 1869, and then the Oakland Pier on November 8, 1869, which was the Pacific coast terminus of the transcontinental railroad, the Western Pacific Railroad was absorbed in 1870 into the Central Pacific Railroad. History The Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870) was formed in December 1862 by a group led by Timothy Dame and including Charles McLaughlin and Peter Donahue, all associated with the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad (SF&SJ), to build a railroad from San Jose north to Niles (then called Vallejo Mills), east through Niles Canyon (then called Alameda Cañon), north to Pleasanton, east through the Livermore Valley, and over Altamont Pass to Stockton, then north to Sacramento, with the plan that the transcontinental railroad would follow the Western Pacific to San Jose and then the SF&SJ to San Francisco. At the completion of the SF&SJ in January 1864, it was reported that the general contract for the Western Pacific was awarded to McLaughlin & Houston and that negotiations for iron, equipment, and rolling stock had begun. On October 31, 1864, the Central Pacific Railroad assigned all the rights of the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 to the Western Pacific for the route between Sacramento and San Jose, including land grants. The amending Act of March 3, 1865 ratified and confirmed the assignment made by Central Pacific Railroad to Western Pacific Railroad and authorized Western Pacific Railroad as one of the charter companies. Construction and transactions The construction of the Western Pacific Railroad began in February 1865 near San Jose and northward under a contract taken by J.B. Cox & Myers. After Chinese laborers had helped complete the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad in 1864, a force of 500 Chinese laborers was grading the roadbed and laying tracks for the Western Pacific in 1865. By October 1866, Western Pacific completed of track north and east from San Jose, reaching halfway into Alameda Cañon (now Niles Canyon) to a point just beyond Farwell. The first cars left San Jose to Vallejo Canyon (Alameda Cañon) on October 2. It had also surveyed, and started work on some places on, the rest of the line through Alameda Cañon, through Livermore Valley, over Livermore Pass (now Altamont Pass), and on to Stockton and Sacramento, before running out of money and halting all construction. Part of the difficulty was that federal land grants were not available where Mexican land grants had previously been made. In June 1867, the five Associates (Big Four plus E. B. Crocker) of the Central Pacific completed a complicated transaction with moribund Western Pacific (WP) and resuscitated it and its assets while Charles McLaughlin, the only Western Pacific owner left, retained rights to sell his land grants. In September 1867, Governor Stanford led a\",\n \"title\": \"Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74817357\",\n \"text\": \"China Slough (also called: Sutter Slough, China Lake, Sutter Lake, Sacramento Chinatown, Sacramento Chinadom, Old Sacramento Chinatown, Yee Fow), is historical site in Sacramento, California. The site of the former China Slough is California Historical Landmark No. 594, registered on May 22, 1957. The site of California Historical Landmark China Slough is the northeast corner of 4th Street and I Street in Sacramento at about 401 I Street. Before the China Slough was filled in, the waterway ran from 3rd Street to 5th Streets to north of I Street in Sacramento. The site became the Central Pacific Railroad Sacramento station built in 1910. The 1910 station had a wooden Trestle bridge built over the China Slough. A new depot was built nearby, the Sacramento Valley Station in 1926 and is now operated by Amtrak. The China Slough ran almost where the current Amtrak train tracks run today. History The slough was a swampy slow flowing channel of water off the Sacramento River in to the City of Sacramento. On each banks of the China Slough was the old Sacramento Chinatown. Before a Chinese population moved in, it was called Sutter Slough. The first group of Chinese immigrants came to Sacramento from 1849 to 1853, to escape the poor condition in southeastern China. In southeastern China was a famine, a very poor economy, high taxes, due to the Opium Wars (1839-1860), Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) and Punti–Hakka Clan Wars (1855–1868). From 1849 to 1853 about 24,000 young Chinese men immigrated to California looking to improve their lives. The next group of Chinese immigrants came to Sacramento to help built the First transcontinental railroad starting in 1863. From 1863 and 1869, about 15,000 Chinese workers helped build the transcontinental railroad. The train tracks started in Sacramento and headed east. The Sacramento pioneers did not want the swampy slough, so the Chinese community was free to live there. They built up the slough into a waterfront town. The Chinese immigrants brought in a host of skills: merchants opened store, cooks opened restaurants, laundrymen opened laundry services, entertainers put on theatre shows, and entrepreneurs served the needs not only in Chinatown but the needs of the city. Sutter Lake was formed with seasonally in the slough with spring and winter flooded. China Slough bathhouses were popular with all. In December 1856, a local Chinese Daily News (沙架免度新錄, Cantonese transliteration for Sacramento News) was founded by Ze Too Yune (司徒源), the first Chinese-run overseas Chinese newspaper. In March 1858, the Sacramento Chinese held a local Chinese Regatta in Sutter Lake, Festival of the Dragon Boat, with its Sze Yup (四邑) Company racing its Sam Yup (三邑) Company, which drew a large crowd lining the levee to view the contest. The main part of Sacramento Chinatown was located on I Street (the slough's levee road) from Second to Sixth Streets. Flood waters overflowed the levee and into Chinatown and the city a few times between 1850 and 1862. The Sze Yup Association was set up to greet\",\n \"title\": \"China Slough\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58891389\",\n \"text\": \"The Camron-Stanford House is the last of the 19th-century Victorian mansions that once surrounded Lake Merritt in Oakland, California. It was the home to a series of influential families, and in 1907, became the city's first museum. History The home was built in 1876, and its first occupants were William Walker Camron and his wife, Alice (Marsh) Camron. She was the daughter of Dr. John Marsh, who was a California pioneer. Marsh was influential in encouraging wagon trains of settlers to come to California and also in its obtaining independence from Mexico. He owned the 13,000-acre Rancho los Meganos and the large, stone house of John Marsh that he built there, in what is now Marsh Creek State Park, still stands. He was murdered by a disgruntled employee, and as a young woman, Alice received a large inheritance, which she used to purchase the Camron-Stanford house from its builder, Samuel Merritt. Her husband, William Camron, was a deputy sheriff and was active in the Republican Party. He was appointed to a vacant seat on the Oakland City Council, and later became a member of the California State Assembly. Next to occupy the home was the family of David Hewes. He made and lost several fortunes. He is best known for donating one of the golden spikes used in the celebration of the completion of the first transcontinental railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah in 1869. The Josiah Stanford family owned the home from 1882 to 1903. Josiah Stanford was a brother of Leland Stanford, who was one of the founders of the Central Pacific Railroad, which built the portion of the first transcontinental railroad east from Sacramento to Promontory Summit. In 1907, the city of Oakland purchased the Camron-Stanford house and other private residences bordering Lake Merritt. The city razed the other homes and created Lakeside Park. It established the Oakland Museum in the Camron-Stanford house, which occupied the house for the next five decades. The museum merged with the Oakland Art Gallery and the Snow Museum and in 1965, moved to other quarters. However, public interest and donations saved the Camron-Stanford House, and today it is an independent museum. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 13, 1972. References External links Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California National Register of Historic Places in Alameda County, California Houses completed in 1871 Museums in Oakland, California Museums in the San Francisco Bay Area History museums in California Victorian architecture in California Oakland Designated Landmarks\",\n \"title\": \"Camron-Stanford House\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Union Pacific","The Western Pacific Railroad Company"],"string":"[\n \"The Union Pacific\",\n \"The Western Pacific Railroad Company\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":57,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_26893"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"how many hours in a uk working day"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"32584295","text":"Working time in the United Kingdom is regulated in UK labour law in respect of holidays, daily breaks, night work and the maximum working day under the Working Time Regulations 1998. While the traditional mechanisms for ensuring a \"fair day's wage for a fair day's work\" is by collective agreement, since 1962 the UK created minimum statutory rights for every individual at work. The WTR 1998 follow the requirements of the Working Time Directive, which allowed an \"opt out\" from the maximum working week, set at 48 hours. Other reforms have included the 28 holiday minimum per year, 20 minute breaks for each six hours worked, and a maximum average of 8 hours work in a 24-hour period for night-workers (the average is usually calculated over 17 weeks, but it can be over a longer period of up to 52 weeks if the workers and the employer agree). History Eight-hour day Three-Day Week Flexitime Holidays The most concrete measure of the WTR 1998 is, following basic rights in international law, mandating a minimum period of 28 days, or four full weeks, in paid holidays for all workers each year (though this includes public holidays). There is no qualifying period for this, or any other working time right, because beyond the importance of the law in seeking to strike a balance between work and life, sufficient periods of rest and leisure are seen as a critical element of workers health and safety. Nor is it possible for an employer to give a worker \"rolled up holiday pay\", for instance an additional 12.5% in a wage bill, in lieu of taking actual holidays. The employer must make sure the worker does in fact take paid holidays, and if the worker has not done so and the job terminates, the employer must give an additional payment for the unused holiday entitlement. British Airways plc v Williams [2010] UKSC 16, [2010] 3 CMLR 19 Zentralbetriebsrat der Landeskrankenhäuser Tirols [2010] IRLR 631 (C-486/08) workers who move from full to part-time cannot lose their holiday entitlement. NHS Leeds v Larner (2011) EAT, Bean J held that the entitlement to paid annual leave under WTR 1998 rr 13 and 13A for a worker who was absent for the whole year because of sickness did not depend on the worker submitting a request for that annual leave before the end of the pay year. Stringer v Revenue and Customs Commissioners (C-520/06) (2009) All ER (EC) 906 and Pereda v Madrid Movilidad SA (C-277/08) (2009) ECR I-8405 followed. Night work Where a person works at night, they may only do 12 hours in any 24-hour period on average, or simply 12 hours at most is dangerous. It can be called a night shift. Breaks Every worker must receive at least 11 consecutive hours of rest in a 24-hour period, and in every day workers must have at least a 20-minute break in any 6-hour period.Commission v United Kingdom (2006) C-484/04, [2006] IRLR 888 held the employer is under an","title":"Working time in the United Kingdom"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"32584295\",\n \"text\": \"Working time in the United Kingdom is regulated in UK labour law in respect of holidays, daily breaks, night work and the maximum working day under the Working Time Regulations 1998. While the traditional mechanisms for ensuring a \\\"fair day's wage for a fair day's work\\\" is by collective agreement, since 1962 the UK created minimum statutory rights for every individual at work. The WTR 1998 follow the requirements of the Working Time Directive, which allowed an \\\"opt out\\\" from the maximum working week, set at 48 hours. Other reforms have included the 28 holiday minimum per year, 20 minute breaks for each six hours worked, and a maximum average of 8 hours work in a 24-hour period for night-workers (the average is usually calculated over 17 weeks, but it can be over a longer period of up to 52 weeks if the workers and the employer agree). History Eight-hour day Three-Day Week Flexitime Holidays The most concrete measure of the WTR 1998 is, following basic rights in international law, mandating a minimum period of 28 days, or four full weeks, in paid holidays for all workers each year (though this includes public holidays). There is no qualifying period for this, or any other working time right, because beyond the importance of the law in seeking to strike a balance between work and life, sufficient periods of rest and leisure are seen as a critical element of workers health and safety. Nor is it possible for an employer to give a worker \\\"rolled up holiday pay\\\", for instance an additional 12.5% in a wage bill, in lieu of taking actual holidays. The employer must make sure the worker does in fact take paid holidays, and if the worker has not done so and the job terminates, the employer must give an additional payment for the unused holiday entitlement. British Airways plc v Williams [2010] UKSC 16, [2010] 3 CMLR 19 Zentralbetriebsrat der Landeskrankenhäuser Tirols [2010] IRLR 631 (C-486/08) workers who move from full to part-time cannot lose their holiday entitlement. NHS Leeds v Larner (2011) EAT, Bean J held that the entitlement to paid annual leave under WTR 1998 rr 13 and 13A for a worker who was absent for the whole year because of sickness did not depend on the worker submitting a request for that annual leave before the end of the pay year. Stringer v Revenue and Customs Commissioners (C-520/06) (2009) All ER (EC) 906 and Pereda v Madrid Movilidad SA (C-277/08) (2009) ECR I-8405 followed. Night work Where a person works at night, they may only do 12 hours in any 24-hour period on average, or simply 12 hours at most is dangerous. It can be called a night shift. Breaks Every worker must receive at least 11 consecutive hours of rest in a 24-hour period, and in every day workers must have at least a 20-minute break in any 6-hour period.Commission v United Kingdom (2006) C-484/04, [2006] IRLR 888 held the employer is under an\",\n \"title\": \"Working time in the United Kingdom\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"5152648","text":"Different conventions exist around the world for date and time representation, both written and spoken. Differences Differences can exist in: The calendar that is used. The order in which the year, month, and day are represented. (Year-month-day, day-month-year, and month-day-year are the common combinations.) How weeks are identified (see seven-day week) Whether written months are identified by name, by number (1–12), or by Roman numeral (I-XII). Whether the 24-hour clock, 12-hour clock, or 6-hour clock is used. Whether the minutes (or fraction of an hour) after the previous hour or until the following hour is used in spoken language. The punctuation used to separate elements in all-numeric dates and times. Which days are considered the weekend. ISO 8601 International standard ISO 8601 (Representation of dates and times) defines unambiguous written all-numeric big-endian formats for dates, such as 2022-12-31 for 31 December 2022, and time, such as 23:59:58 for 23 hours, 59 minutes, and 58 seconds. These standard notations have been adopted by many countries as a national standard, e.g., BS EN 28601 in the UK and similarly in other EU countries, ANSI INCITS 30-1997 (R2008), and FIPS PUB 4–2 in the United States (FIPS PUB 4-2 withdrawn in United States). They are, in particular, increasingly widely used in computer applications, since the most to least significant digit order provides a simple method to order and sort time readings. Local conventions Date The little-endian format (day, month, year; 1 June 2022) is the most popular format worldwide, followed by the big-endian format (year, month, day; 2006 June 1). Dates may be written partly in Roman numerals (i.e. the month) or written out partly or completely in words in the local language. Time The 24-hour clock is the most commonly used method worldwide to physically represent the time of day. Some regions utilize 24-hour time notation in casual speech as well, such as regions that speak German, French, or Romanian, though this is less common overall; other countries that utilize the 24-hour clock for displaying time physically may use the 12-hour clock more often in verbal communication. In most English-speaking regions, the 12-hour clock is the predominant form of representing the time of day physically, while the 24-hour clock is generally used for contexts where unambiguity and accurate timekeeping are important, such as for public transport schedules. These are only generalizations, however, as there is no consistent rule for using one over the other: in the UK, train timetables will typically use 24-hour time, but road signs indicating time restrictions (e.g. on bus lanes) typically use 12-hour time, e.g. \"Monday–Friday 6.30–8.30pm\". The BBC website uses the 24-hour clock for its TV and radio programme listings, while BBC promotions for upcoming programmes give their times according to the 12-hour clock. Punctuation and spacing styles differ, even within English-speaking countries (6:30 p.m., 6:30 pm, 6:30 PM, 6.30pm, etc.). Most people who live in countries that use one of the clocks dominantly are still able to understand both systems without much confusion; the statements \"three","title":"Date and time representation by country"},{"docid":"1045477","text":"How to Survive a Marriage is an American soap opera which aired on the NBC television network from January 7, 1974 to April 18, 1975. The serial was created by Anne Howard Bailey, with much input from then-NBC Vice President Lin Bolen. The show's working title was From This Moment and was an in-house NBC production. A total of 332 episodes were produced (255 in its first season, and 77 in its final season). Synopsis Larry and his wife Christine (nicknamed \"Chris,\" played by Jennifer Harmon) soon divorced and while battling for custody of their daughter Lori, Chris entered the workforce. On Valentine's Day 1975, Chris and Larry remarried, and she then battled alcoholism. Initially, the show featured veteran soap actress Rosemary Prinz in the role of Dr. Julie Franklin, a staunch feminist who counseled her friends on the joys of being an independent woman, only to decide that her life was truly complete by marrying a man. Prinz only agreed to stay on the show for a short time (as she had with All My Children several years earlier), and earned top billing, a three-day work week, and supposedly $1,000 an episode, which was a big salary for a soap actress to earn in the 1970s. After six months Julie left town to marry Dr. Tony DeAngelo. Another major story centered on Fran Bachman (Fran Brill) coping with sudden widowhood. Brill received over a thousand letters of condolence from viewers. Ratings and cancellation The show did not profit from the large lead-in that the high-rated Another World provided, mostly due to its many attempts to be socially relevant, which usually took the place of traditional storytelling to which American soap viewers at the time were acclimated. How to Survive a Marriage ran a distant third in the 3:30 p.m. timeslot, behind Match Game on CBS (then daytime TV's highest-rated program) and One Life to Live on ABC; a move to 1:30 p.m. on January 6, 1975 after the cancellation of the original version of the famed game Jeopardy! (it was done to enable Another World to expand to an hour) only brought worse ratings, as it faced two longtime favorites on the competing networks, CBS' As the World Turns which was expanded to an hour (11 months later) and ABC's Let's Make a Deal. Despite NBC's high hopes for How to Survive a Marriage it would only last on the air for sixteen months, ending on a Thursday (the 1:30–3:00 p.m. block on NBC was preempted the following day for a 90-minute special, First Ladies' Diaries: Rachel Jackson). The Monday after, Days of Our Lives expanded to an hour and assumed the vacant half hour left in NBC's daytime schedule. How to Survive a Marriage thus holds a rather dubious distinction as not only the first soap opera to become a victim of the first daytime serial, its sister NBC soap Another World, expanding to a full hour, but the second one as well, Days of Our Lives. Numerous","title":"How to Survive a Marriage"},{"docid":"1404956","text":"UK Radio Aid was a charitable event in the United Kingdom held on Monday 17 January 2005 to raise money for the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) appeal for the victims of the Asian tsunami. Format The event consisted of a twelve-hour radio show broadcast on 268 radio stations with an audience of over 20 million, covering all of the UK's commercial stations including national stations Classic FM and Virgin Radio, as well as several student and hospital stations plus overseas stations such as BFBS. Over £3 million was raised during the broadcast Reading 107 and Splash FM were amongst a small number of commercial radio stations not to take this show, and instead kept local programming. talkSPORT continued their cricket coverage but regularly updated people on how to donate and how much money was raised. Presenters The shows were presented by a variety of celebrity DJs and guests, with live performances and interviews. Many celebrities and companies offered items for auction on eBay; Prime Minister Tony Blair donated a guided tour of 10 Downing Street, Chris Evans agreed that the highest bidder would be his guest at the BRIT Awards, and Frank Skinner donated a shirt worn by Elvis. Guests Singers who sang live in the studio include Jamie Cullum, Liam Gallagher, David Gray, Jamelia, Texas, Ronan Keating, Bryan Adams, Il Divo, Melanie C, and Russell Watson. Comedy was provided by Jon Culshaw, Avid Merrion, Ricky Gervais, Matt Lucas and David Walliams. Theme song The theme song for the day was a specially recorded version of The Beatles' \"Come Together\" recorded by Paul Weller. Timetable The shows during the day were presented by the following presenters, with some of the principal guests given in parentheses. 06:00-08:00: Davina McCall, Dermot O'Leary 08:00-10:00: Chris Evans, Kate Thornton (Tony Blair) 10:00-12:00: Simon Bates (Frank Skinner, Jade Goody) 12:00-14:00: Zoë Ball, Shane Richie (Jason Donovan) 14:00-16:00: Mark Goodier, Tony Blackburn (Sharon Osbourne) 16:00-18:00: Johnny Vaughan, Liza Tarbuck (Prince Andrew) External links UK Radio Aid official site Press release on UK Radio Aid UK Radio Aidun British radio programmes 2005 in radio 2005 in the United Kingdom","title":"UK Radio Aid"},{"docid":"3298620","text":"The Working Time Directive 2003/88/EC is a European Union law Directive and a key part of European labour law. It gives EU workers the right to: at least 28 days (four weeks) in paid holidays each year; rest breaks of 20 minutes in a 6-hour period; daily rest of at least 11 hours in any 24 hours; restricts excessive night work; at least 24 hours rest in a 7-day period; and a right to work no more than 48 hours per week, unless the member state enables individual opt-outs. It was issued as an update on earlier versions from 22 June 2000 and 23 November 1993. Since excessive working time is cited as a major cause of stress, depression, and illness, the purpose of the directive is to protect people's health and safety. A landmark study conducted by the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization found that exposure to long working hours is common globally at 8.9%, and according to these United Nations estimates the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease, i.e. an estimated 745,000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events alone in 2016. This evidence has given renewed impetus for maximum limits on working time to protect human life and health. Background Like all European Union directives, this is an instrument which requires member states to enact its provisions in national legislation. The directive applies to all member states. It is possible for a worker to opt out of the 48-hour working week, but not the other requirements. After the 1993 Council Negotiations, when the 1993 version of the Directive was agreed to after an 11–1 vote, UK Employment Secretary David Hunt said, \"It is a flagrant abuse of Community rules. It has been brought forward as such simply to allow majority voting – a ploy to smuggle through part of the Social Chapter by the back door. The UK strongly opposes any attempt to tell people that they can no longer work the hours they want.\" Contents Aims and definitions Part 1 – purpose as health and safety Part 2 – definitions; night time is between midnight and 5 am and not less than seven hours Part 14 – more specific EU provisions take precedence Part 15 – minimum standards directive Part 16 – maximum reference period is fourteen days for article 5; four months for article 6; and determined by collective agreement for article 8; Part 23 – the directive cannot be a reason to reduce protection Part 24 – reporting to the EU Commission on the implementation of the WTD Parts 25–26 – review of derogations for fishing boats and passenger carriers Breaks Article 3 – there must be a daily rest of eleven consecutive hours per 24-hour period. Article 4 – a rest period for every six hours, set by legislation or collective agreement. Article 5 – weekly rest of 24 hours uninterrupted, on top of the daily rest in article 3, but derogation is justifiable for","title":"Working Time Directive 2003"},{"docid":"65532449","text":"Sheila Elizabeth Whitton (née Hiller) (October 25, 1922 – November 26, 2017) was a Canadian coder with the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service, colloquially known as the WRENS, during WWII. She was one of a small group of Canadian coders sent to the UK to prepare for D-Day. Service in WWII Sheila Hiller graduated from Havergal College, Toronto, and joined the navy in 1943. She was first assigned to Halifax, where she began her coder training. Coders were first trained with books: “Great heavy coding books, which would have 4 letter insignia for a word.” In April 1944, Sheila was transferred to London with five other WRENS. In London they worked with civilian coders progressing from books to “coding machines.” In her words: \"We didn’t know at the time about those coding machines. it really was the size and shape of a fairly large typewriter, but they had cylinders. You had a set up each day for how to start each one, how you placed them in your machine. That code would change every day, so you’d have to make sure you would be able to break the message for the day\" The women worked in 3 shifts to cover the 24 hours of the day. She remained working as a coder in England until the end of the war. According to the CFB Esquimalt Naval & Military Museum, \"Just one year after the WRCNS was established, the Wrens were already earning high praise\" including from Vice Admiral Percy W. Nelles, Chief of Naval Staff, who stated, \"I wish to thank the patriotic women who have entered their country’s service and have added so capably to the combat strength of the navy by helping to man the shore establishments in this country. In one short year you have proved yourselves of immeasurable value to the naval service by taking over many tasks with skill, diligence and cheerfulness. As Chief of Naval Staff, I am proud of your record and the contribution you are making to the final victory.\" After WWII On her return to Canada she attended The University of Toronto and became a social worker. She served on the national board of the Canadian Save the Children Fund, and was chair in the mid-1960s. In the 1980s, she taught part-time at Sheridan College, Oakville. Personal life Sheila's longtime boyfriend Robert (\"Bob\") Fleming, an officer in The Queens Own Rifles was already in the U.K. Just after she arrived in London, April 1944, and having been apart for 2 years, they decided to marry. Sheila received permission to travel to Bob's location, where they were married by his regiment's Padre. Up until D-Day the newlywed couple were able to write to each other but then mail was stopped. The last letter Sheila received from Bob was from Normandy after he had been killed in action. After VE Day (Victory in Europe Day, May 8th, 1945) Sheila journeyed to France to visit the Canadian Cemetery at Bény-sur-mer, Normandy. In 1950 she","title":"Sheila Elizabeth Whitton"},{"docid":"3952888","text":"A rag-and-bone man or ragpicker (UK English) or ragman, old-clothesman, junkman, or junk dealer (US English), also called a bone-grubber, bone-picker, chiffonnier, rag-gatherer, bag board, or totter, collects unwanted household items and sells them to merchants. Scraps of cloth and paper could be turned into cardboard, while broken glass could be melted down and reused, and even dead cats and dogs could be skinned to make clothes. Traditionally, this was a task performed on foot, with the scavenged materials (which included rags, bones and various metals to be scrapped) kept in a small bag slung over the shoulder. Some rag-and-bone men used a cart, sometimes pulled by a horse or pony. In the 19th century, rag-and-bone men typically lived in extreme poverty, surviving on the proceeds of what they collected each day. Conditions for rag-and-bone men in general improved following the Second World War, but the trade declined during the latter half of the 20th century. However, in the 21st century, partly as the result of the soaring price of scrap metal, rag-and-bone-style collection continues, particularly in the developing world. 19th century In the UK, 19th-century rag-and-bone men scavenged unwanted rags, bones, metal and other waste from the towns and cities in which they lived. Henry Mayhew's 1851 report London Labour and the London Poor estimates that in London, between 800 and 1,000 \"bone-grubbers and rag-gatherers\" lived in lodging houses, garrets and \"ill-furnished rooms in the lowest neighbourhoods.\" These bone-grubbers, as they were sometimes known, would typically spend nine or ten hours per day searching the streets of London for anything of value, before returning to their lodgings to sort whatever they had found. In rural areas where no rag merchants were present, rag-and-bone men often dealt directly with rag paper makers, but in London they sold rag to the local traders. White rag could fetch two to three pence per pound, depending on condition (all rag had to be dry before it could be sold). Coloured rag was worth about two pence per pound. Bones, worth about the same, could be used as knife handles, toys and ornaments, and, when treated, for chemistry. The grease extracted from them was also useful for soapmaking. Metal was more valuable; an 1836 edition of Chambers's Edinburgh Journal describes how \"street-grubber[s]\" could be seen scraping away the dirt between the paving stones of non-macadamised roads, searching for horseshoe nails. Brass, copper and pewter were valued at about four to five pence per pound. In a typical day, a rag-and-bone man might expect to earn about sixpence. Mayhew's report indicates that many who worked as rag-and-bone men did so after falling on hard times, and generally lived in squalor. Although they usually started work well before dawn, they were not immune to the public's ire; in 1872, several rag-and-bone men in Westminster caused complaint when they emptied the contents of two dust trucks to search for rags, bones and paper, blocking people's path. The ragpickers in the 19th and early 20th century did not","title":"Rag-and-bone man"},{"docid":"2127563","text":"Rick Smolan (born November 5, 1949) is a former Time, Life, and National Geographic photographer best known as the co-creator of the Day in the Life book series. He is currently CEO of Against All Odds Productions, a cross-media organization. Background Smolan is a 1972 graduate of Dickinson College and co-created the best-selling Day in The Life Series photography series with David Elliot Cohen who are credited for creating the mass market for large-format illustrated books. Smolan and Jennifer Erwitt, co-founders of Against All Odds Productions, have produced a number of global crowd sourcing projects. Fortune Magazine selected Against All Odds Productions as One of the 25 Coolest Companies in America. More than five million of his books have been sold around the world, many have appeared on The New York Times best-seller lists and have been featured on the covers of Fortune, Time, and Newsweek. Smolan is also a member of the CuriosityStream Advisory Board. Data collection projects In 2012 Smolan and co-author Erwitt published The Human Face of Big Data, a book in which Smolan and Erwitt used various photographs, graphics, and information to make big data easier to comprehend and absorb on a more personal, relatable level. [Human Face of Big Data] focusing on humanity's new ability to collect, analyze, triangulate and visualize vast amounts of data in real time. In 2000 Smolan organized The Planet Project: Your Voice, Your World, one of the largest real-time internet polls in internet history, with the aim to get answers from over 1.5 million people in more than 240 countries on how they felt about their lives at the dawn of the new millennium. Notable works From Alice to Ocean is a collection of photographs Smolan took of Robyn Davidson's 1,700-mile trek across the deserts of central and Western Australia that National Geographic Magazine sponsored. Davidson's writings along with Smolan's photographs became a National Geographic cover story. An autobiographical account of her trek was later published in 1980 as a book entitled Tracks, which included some of Smolan's photographs. In 1996, Smolan and Erwitt published the Day in the Life book 24 Hours in Cyberspace: Painting on the Walls of the Digital Cave, a collection of photographs from 150 photojournalists, with the intention to, over a 24-hour period, chronicle how the internet was beginning to have a profound effect on the daily lives of people around the world. 24 Hours in Cyberspace (February 8, 1996) was \"the largest one-day online event\" up to that date, headed by Smolan with Jennifer Erwitt, Tom Melcher, Samir Arora and Clement Mok. In 2003 Smolan and Cohen published America 24/7.America At Home, UK at Home, and America 24/7 encapsulates various perspectives on life by inviting the public to submit images, and enabled readers to place their own photographs within or on the book. In November 2007 Smolan and Erwitt published Blue Planet Run : The Race to Provide Safe Drinking Water to the World, a series of photos illustrating attempts around the world to","title":"Rick Smolan"},{"docid":"30948968","text":"Walton v Independent Living Organisation [2003] EWCA Civ 199 is a UK labour law case regarding the National Minimum Wage Act 1998. Facts Miss Julie Walton was a care worker, who looked after Miss E Jones, who had epilepsy but was a relatively easy client. She did washing, ironing, shopping and meals. Miss Walton was required to remain at work for 24 hours a day, and did three days a week. She was paid £31.40 a day and got allowance for meals and sleeping was free when she was with Miss Jones. The National Minimum Wage Team of the Inland Revenue contacted the company about a complaint. The employment agency sent in Miss Butler to do estimates about Miss Walton's hours of work and concluded her tasks took 6 hours and 50 minutes a day. Ms Walton agreed with this, and signed an agreement that this was in fact her hours of work. Tribunal held that her time was ‘unmeasured’, and that the estimation was an agreement of time for the purpose of NMWR 1999 r 28, even though her whole pay was expressed on a daily basis. Therefore, she was paid £4.60 which was over the minimum wage. Judgment Aldous LJ upheld the Tribunal. They had come to an agreement about the average hours of work. Arden LJ said it was a question of fact whether the worker did ‘only stand and wait’ and here she did not, and was able to do something entirely unrelated while at work. Jacob J concurred. See also UK labour law Notes United Kingdom labour case law United Kingdom wages case law Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases 2003 in United Kingdom case law","title":"Walton v Independent Living Organisation"},{"docid":"57584993","text":"Oli Frost (born 1991) is a British satirist and musician, who creates \"novelty songs about the climate crisis\". In 2018 he appeared on the show Britain's Got Talent posing as a recorder player who covered hip-hop tracks. His other work includes Lifefaker (a service that helps you fake a perfect life on Instagram), Flopstarter (a crowdfunding platform for bad ideas), and an eBay auction of all his personal data. Music Frost appeared on Britain's Got Talent 2018 posing as \"Recorda Boi\", a recorder player who covered hip-hop tracks. On the show Recorda Boi explained how he wanted to make the recorder cool again. In 2020, Frost released The Greta Thunberg Song, which Greta Thunberg recreated the video of. It was followed by a series of other \"novelty songs about the climate crisis\". Frost's biggest song to date is The Vampire Conspiracy, with over 10 million listens across platforms. Frost started his musical career as a drummer; however, he told Canary Media that he \"developed a drummer complex of not wanting to be just a drummer,\" so he learned more instruments. He named Flight of the Conchords as an inspiration for his climate change-themed novelty songs. Work Lifefaker.com In 2018, Frost \"founded\" Lifefaker.com, a startup which appeared to sell photos that could help users fake a perfect life on Instagram. In an interview he explained how the idea came to him. However, when visitors tried to buy the photos they instead found the site was part of a campaign by mental health startup Sanctus. The site was covered in the media around the world and provoked online discussions on how social media impacts our mental health. eBay Data Sale In May 2018, Frost put an archive of all his personal data on eBay. According to his listing, the data included \"every like, post, and inane comment since I was 16,\" \"photos dating back to when I had a fringe and listened to Billy Talent,\" and \"loads more, like who I vote for, my boss's name, and where all my family live\". Within 24 hours the auction had £300 in bids, with 44 bidders and 5 days remaining. However, an hour after the story appeared on news sites, eBay removed the listing on the grounds it might violate Facebook's Terms and Conditions. Frost later apologised on his blog for mistakenly thinking he owned his personal data. Flopstarter Frost is the creator and editor of the site Flopstarter, a crowdfunding site for bad ideas. The site allows users to submit and back projects such as \"Natural Death Beef\", \"1D Printers\", and \"Coconut Shampoo for Coconuts\". Presenter Richard Bacon described the site as \"basically, a really good idea about really bad ideas\". Activism In 2015, Frost co-created The Homeless Period, a campaign to get homeless women better access to sanitary care. The campaign's petition to give shelters an allowance to buy sanitary products passed its goal of 100,000 signatures and in 2016 was raised in UK Parliament. The campaign gave rise to numerous local","title":"Oli Frost"},{"docid":"9696268","text":"Thomas James Wrigglesworth is an English comedian. He was born and raised in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. In 2009 he was nominated for the main Edinburgh Comedy Award (formerly the Perrier awards) at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Early life Wrigglesworth was born in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, the fourth of five siblings; he comes from Totley in south-west Sheffield. He was educated at King Ecgbert School, and went on to study Electrical Engineering and then Acoustics at Salford University (Salford Acoustics). Career After graduating, he worked in the telecommunications and satellite industry, before caving in to friends' repeated requests to perform stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy Wrigglesworth began performing stand up comedy in 2003, when he won the So You Think You're Funny award. In 2006, he quit his day job and became a full-time comedian on the UK comedy circuit. His debut Edinburgh show in 2008 was titled I'm Struggling To See How That's Helping. But it was in 2009 that his second hour-long show, An Open Return letter to Richard Branson, bought him critical acclaim. The show was based on a true story, beginning with Wrigglesworth narrating a letter to Sir Richard Branson. It goes on to describe a hung-over Wrigglesworth boarding a Virgin train at Manchester, and witnessing a ticket inspector forcing an OAP called Lena Ainscow to purchase a new full-price train ticket. Wrigglesworth then conducted a whipround to help Lena, much to the annoyance of the ticket inspector, who arranged for the police to meet the train at Euston, after stating Wrigglesworth would be charged with begging. Thanks to several other passengers becoming embroiled in the story, a furore ensued and he and Lena were released from police questioning. The show ends with the conclusion of the letter to Richard Branson, the point of which was to ask Branson for help in making train fares fairer. After the Edinburgh run, the show toured around the UK, New Zealand, and the Montreal Comedy Festival, before a half-hour version was aired on BBC Radio 4 in 2010. His third Edinburgh show in 2010—called Tom Wrigglesworth's Nightmare Dream Wedding—then toured the UK, before Wrigglesworth took a two-year hiatus from performing at the festival. In 2013, he returned with a new show called Utterly at Odds with the Universe, which is expected to tour the UK and further afield in 2014. This show tracks the relationship he had with his grandfather, centring on audio cassette interviews made in the mid 80s, when Wrigglesworth was a small child. In 2014, Wrigglesworth performed in Green Bay, Wisconsin after his strong resemblance to Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers caught attention in the media. He eventually got to meet Rodgers at Lambeau Field, in addition to receiving the key to the city, as well as a custom Packers jersey, sporting his name and Rodgers' number 12. Radio Wrigglesworth regularly appears as a panellist on shows such as The Unbelievable Truth, It's Not What You Know and It's Your Round, as well as providing the continuity","title":"Tom Wrigglesworth"},{"docid":"39020672","text":"The Legal Aid Agency is an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) in the United Kingdom. It provides both civil and criminal legal aid and advice in England and Wales. The agency was formed on 1 April 2013 as a replacement for the Legal Services Commission, which unlike the Legal Aid Agency, was a non-departmental public body of the MoJ. This change was enacted by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 to allow for greater ministerial control over the UK government's legal aid budget. Chief executive Until recently, the agency's Chief Executive, the Director of Legal Casework, was Shaun McNally (since April 2016.) However, in March 2021 this role has now been taken over by Jane Harbottle, who has herself confirmed \"it is an honour.\" The Chief Executive's role primarily involved achieving the departments policies, ensuring a diverse and competent workforce, as well as making sure the Legal Aid Agency meets statutory obligations. It is also his or her decision about legal aid funding in individual cases. Achievements In 2019, the Legal Aid Agency processed 91% of civil applications for legal aid within 20 days, and 100% of crime applications within 2 days. In total, they processed 400,000 applications for legal aid. Criticism The Legal Aid Agency has been criticised by the Law Society because many areas of the country have little or no legal aid providers. Additionally, there have been disapprovals of the Legal Aid Agency's handling of exceptional case funding (ECF). ECF is legal funding for a case which does not fall within the scope of LASPO. The Legal Aid Agency had planned for 5,000 to 7,000 applications for ECF in the first year post LASPO, however only achieved 1,520. Further criticism stems from the Legal Aid Agency's payment and treatment of legal aid providers. Funding provided by the Legal Aid Agency can often take years to come through to barristers. This was identified by the Law Society of England and Wales during the pandemic, who pushed for further guidance from the Legal Aid Agency regarding cash flow problems. The Law Society also expressed their view in a different report that fees provided by the Legal Aid Agency should be paid more fairly, and cover out-of-work hours performed by legal aid providers. In 2017, the Bach Commission called for the replacement of the Legal Aid Agency with an independent body that does not have any government involvement. In a 2018 High court Judgement, the Legal Aid Agency (LAA) lost another Judicial Review. The case was to decide how much the LAA pays out in complex fraud cases. In 2021, leading solicitors launched legal action against the Legal Aid Agency (LAA). The Judicial Review was called because the LAA did not consult solicitors on changes to bringing cost assessment in house. This would mean there would be no independent review of how much the LAA would payout. So essentially the LAA would not be able to dispute payment with itself. References External links","title":"Legal Aid Agency"},{"docid":"49334196","text":"The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion, nicknamed the \"Six Triple Eight\", was a predominantly black battalion of the Women's Army Corps (WAC). The 6888th had 855 women, amongst whom were three Latinas, both enlisted and officers, and was led by Major Charity Adams. It was the only predominantly all-black US Women's Army Corps unit sent overseas during World War II. The group motto was \"No mail, low morale\". The battalion was organized into five companies, Headquarters, Company A, Company B, Company C, and Company D. Most of the 6888th worked as postal clerks, but others were cooks, mechanics and held other support positions, so that the 6888th was a self-sufficient unit. History During World War II, there was a significant shortage of soldiers who were able to manage the postal service for the U.S. Army overseas. In 1944, Mary McLeod Bethune worked to get the support of the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, for \"a role for black women in the war overseas.\" Black newspapers, too, challenged the U.S. Army to \"use black women in meaningful Army jobs.\" The women who signed up went to basic training in Georgia. Women who were already in the WAC, like Alyce Dixon, served at different locations, including the Pentagon, before they joined the 6888th. Great Britain The 6888th left the United States on February 3, 1945, sailing on the fast liner and arriving in Glasgow on February 12. The Île de France encountered several German U-boats on the trip, forcing the ship to take evasive maneuvers. The ship reached Glasgow safely. The battalion was transported by train to Birmingham. On 15 February the unit was inspected and marched in review before Lt. Gen. John C. H. Lee, Commanding General, Communications Zone, European Theater of Operations (ETO), and Maj Gen. Robert McGowan Littlejohn, Chief Quartermaster, ETO, whose responsibilities included the mail. Army officials believed that undelivered mail was hurting morale. Many letters and packages had only the first name of the intended recipient, had a commonly used name or used nicknames. There was estimated to be a backlog of 17 million items. The 6888th devised their own system to handle the backlog of mail. This included creating and maintaining a card index of names of those with the same or similar names, using military serial numbers to distinguish between them. This finally contained 7 million cards. The women of the 6888th worked 24 hours a day, seven days a week, in three shifts, processing and delivering mail – a morale booster – to fighting troops in Europe. Each shift handled an estimated 65,000 pieces of mail. In total, the unit handled mail for over four million military and civilians, and cleared backlogs in the UK and France. Early in the operation, a white general attempted to send a white officer to \"tell them how to do it right,\" but Major Adams responded, \"Sir, over my dead body, sir!\". The battalion finished what was supposed to be a six-month task in three months in May 1945.","title":"6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion"},{"docid":"13659647","text":"The terms Spanish practices or old Spanish customs are British expressions that refer to irregular or restrictive practices in workers' interests. Typically, these are arrangements that have been negotiated in the past between employers and unions. The issue arises because, in British law, a contract of employment consists of both expressed and implied terms. Implied terms can arise through \"custom and practice\". Historically, alteration of these terms has been by negotiation and collective bargaining. Examples For example, if it has been the habit to release staff when the day's work is done (such as, today's newspaper is printed), then that becomes the de facto contract of employment. If some workers are required to stay on to do additional tasks, then it may be more convenient to pay these workers to do so (since otherwise they are not being treated equitably and/or have no incentive to do so). Over many years of incremental negotiation, the original rationale may be lost and a point reached where all workers are being paid a supplement merely to complete a normal shift. With the benefit of hindsight, such an arrangement might be described as a \"Spanish practice\". The expression was widely used in reporting the 2007 Royal Mail industrial disputes, the UK's national postal service. The term was used in an interview by Royal Mail Chief Executive Adam Crozier. Crozier described as \"cobblers\" claims by the Communication Workers Union deputy general secretary Dave Ward that the way Royal Mail made its employees work amounted to \"slavery\". According to Crozier, Royal Mail was \"only trying to make people work the hours for which they were paid\". He claimed there were 1,442 Spanish practices at Royal Mail a few years ago, and these had now been cut to 92. One example of such practices was paid overtime within normal working hours, after workers completed their scheduled delivery rounds early. Earlier, the term old Spanish customs was used in 1986 in reference to long-lasting industrial action in Fleet Street, traditionally the home of the UK's newspaper industry, for example the Wapping dispute. Main types of \"Spanish practices\" include allowing workers to go home before the end of their shift if they have completed their scheduled work; negotiable paid overtime within normal working hours after completing scheduled work, regardless of remaining working hours; automatic overtime pay if production reaches a certain level regardless of remaining working hours; no overlap between functions in the same workplace (demarcation); and overtime pay to cover absence of colleagues. Implications and history The term is viewed by people of Spanish origins as pejorative or politically incorrect. According to BBC Radio 4 presenter Nigel Rees, the terms have been used since the 1970s to describe malpractices among the trades unions, especially the print unions in Fleet Street. Speaking on Radio 4's Broadcasting House current affairs programme on Sunday 7 October 2007, Rees said: \"As one knows, Spanish people are very hard-working, upright people. But I suppose one or two of them may tend to take","title":"Spanish practices"},{"docid":"10391062","text":"It's Me or the Dog is an English television program featuring dog trainer Victoria Stilwell who addresses canine behavioral problems (which are often shown putting a strain on interpersonal relationships), teaches responsible dog ownership and promotes dog training techniques based on positive reinforcement. There was also an American television version of the show which ran for four seasons. The show currently airs in about 50 countries worldwide. Beginnings British-born Victoria Stilwell was an actor who had built her sideline interest in dog training into a full-time business when she saw the first episode of Supernanny and realised that what she was doing with dogs was similar to what Jo Frost was doing with children. She contacted the producers of Super Nanny, British reality show producers Ricochet Television, who responded immediately, and production began on It's Me or the Dog. Stilwell said her motivation was to \"highlight positive training because there are so many dominance trainers out there messing it all up\". Stilwell acknowledges that training a dog on television is not the same as training without the cameras and crew. Format A similar concept to Supernanny (albeit dealing with dogs instead of children), most episodes begin with a brief interview with the dog owners on when they first met their dog(s) and how their ordeals began. Victoria observes the dog(s) and owners in their home and in a range of situations, including seeing firsthand how it disrupts relationships with other people. Once there is sufficient evidence of the bad behavior, she then spends two or more days teaching the owners how to create a better atmosphere for both dog and owner, and how to train specific behaviors. On occasion owners are taken to shelters or training centers to provide them with additional information. Victoria then leaves them to implement her training regimen on their own. After some time (usually several weeks), Victoria returns to evaluate how the dog and owner are progressing and, when necessary, dispenses more training advice. This format mirrors the format of Super Nanny. US Season 3, filmed in New York, took a looser documentary format. Stilwell sometimes implements a technique as soon as she sees a behavior rather than waiting until after the confrontation. Series and success There have been three US seasons and four UK series of It's Me or the Dog so far, the first running for six episodes from 31 August 2005, and earning record ratings for Channel 4. The second series aired from January – March 2006, running for twelve episodes. The third series transmitted from October to November 2006, and was eight episodes long, which included two-hour long specials wrapped at each end; It's Me or the Dog – The Event and It's Me or the Fat Dog. In 2007, a special one-hour show at the Crufts Competition was shown on 13 March, and a fourth series of six episodes aired in July and August. In June 2021, it was announced on Victoria Stilwell's Facebook page and on the It's Me","title":"It's Me or the Dog"},{"docid":"10267501","text":"This is an article about a 19th century British report. It should not be confused with the Sadler Commission, an investigation into Indian University education at the end of the First World War. The Sadler Report, also known as the Report of the Select Committee on Factory Children's Labour (Parliamentary Papers 1831-32, volume XV) or \"the report of Mr Sadler’s Committee,\" was a report written in 1832 by Michael Sadler, the chairman of a UK Parliamentary committee considering a bill that limited the hours of work of children in textile mills and factories. In committee hearings carried out between the passage of the 1832 Reform Act and Parliament’s subsequent dissolution, Sadler had elicited testimony from factory workers (current and former), concerned medical men, and other bystanders. The report highlighted the poor working conditions and excessive working hours for children working in the factories. Time (and Sadler) prevented balancing or contrary evidence from being called before Parliament was dissolved. The committee report was published early in 1833. A mid-20th century historian described it as \"a mass of evidence, constituting a most formidable indictment of factory conditions... It is impossible not to be staggered by the revelations of human misery and degradation - impossible not to be moved by the dreadful stories of children and young persons (and adults, too, for that matter) who were bullied and cursed and tormented, pushed around and knocked about by those placed in authority over them.\" There was widespread public outcry at the conditions depicted by the testimony heard. Parliament declined to legislate on the basis of the report. Even Sadler’s parliamentary friends, such as Lord Morpeth, conceded that the proceedings of the Committee were irregular and its choice of witnesses unbalanced. Instead, Parliament voted for a fresh inquiry through a Factory Commission, which visited the principal manufacturing districts and took evidence on oath (unlike the Select Committee). The report of the Commission did not set out to directly refute testimony presented by Sadler, but it reached conclusions at variance with Sadler's report on many points. However, it concluded that children were working excessively long hours and government intervention to regulate child labour in textile trades was therefore called for. This required both restrictions on hours of work and a new organization for enforcing them. The consequent Factory Act of 1833 and its establishment of the UK Factory Inspectorate is often taken to mark the start of modern factory legislation in the UK. The report of Sadler’s Committee therefore indirectly led to an important advance in factory legislation. History On 16 March 1832 Sadler proposed the Second Reading of a Bill to limit the workday for textile workers under the age of 18 to ten hours. The bill also involved a ban on labour for children 9 years old and younger, an eight-hour day on Saturday, and a ban on night working for children under the age of 21. Although Sadler had asserted at earlier stages that the need for such legislation was so urgent and","title":"Sadler report"},{"docid":"7091584","text":"Annual leave is a period of paid time off work granted by employers to employees to be used for whatever the employee wishes. Depending on the employer's policies, differing number of days may be offered, and the employee may be required to give a certain amount of advance notice, may have to coordinate with the employer to be sure that staffing is available during the employee's absence, and other requirements may have to be met. The vast majority of countries today mandate a minimum amount of paid annual leave by law. Among the larger countries, China requires at least five days' paid annual leave and India requires two days of paid leave for every month worked. The United States mandates no minimum paid leave, treating it as a perk rather than a right. Leave Most countries have labour laws that mandate employers give a certain number of paid time-off days per year to workers. Canada requires at least two weeks, which increases to three weeks for employees that have worked for a certain number of years (In Saskatchewan this entitlement starts out at three weeks and increases to four weeks). An additional fourth week is provided to federally regulated workers after working for a further number of years. In the European Union the countries can set freely the minimum, but it has to be at least equivalent to 4 working weeks. In the Netherlands this is achieved by mandating at minimum 4 times the number of contracted hours in a person's working week; e.g. if someone works 4 days of 7 hours a week, the annual leave hours a year is 112 at minimum. Full-time employees in Australia are entitled to at least 20 annual leave days a year. In New Zealand, 20 days' paid leave is also the normal minimum in addition to the 11 paid statutory holidays (e.g. Christmas, New Year's Day). However, many employers offer 5 or more weeks, especially in the public sector. Some countries, such as Denmark and Italy, or particular companies may mandate summer holidays in specific periods. Argentina has different labour laws for public employment and private employment. Public employees have between a minimum of 21 days paid to 45 days paid for vacations (including holidays and weekends). Private employees have between a minimum of 14 paid days to 28 paid days (including holidays and weekends). In both cases are always relying on the years of service. The more years the worker has worked the more days of paid vacation they will have. UK employers offer 28 days per annum of annual leave with a further 8 public holidays, these are referred to as Bank Holidays. Some employers may include the 8 bank holidays within their annual leave decreasing it to 20 days. US federal law does not require employers to grant any vacation or holidays, though, as of 2007, only about 25 percent of all employees receive no paid vacation time or paid holidays. Due to the lack of federal legislative requirements,","title":"Annual leave"},{"docid":"7424024","text":"The Hours was an English rock band, formed in 2004 by Antony Genn and Martin Slattery. Career Antony Genn got his start as a 16-year-old joining Pulp and went on to play with Elastica and Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros. He went on to co-write a number of songs with Robbie Williams, Josh Homme, Brian Eno, Ian Brown from The Stone Roses, Scott \"Walker\" Engel, Jarvis Cocker, Lee Hazlewood and others, along with writing and producing scores for film and television. Martin Slattery is an established pianist and keyboard player, who had previously toured with Shaun Ryder’s group Black Grape. Both Genn and Slattery also have worked with Joe Strummer as a part the group the Mescaleros, and Slattery has written and worked with KT Tunstall, Grace Jones and Joe Strummer. The band is managed by Pat Magnarella who also manages The All-American Rejects, the Goo Goo Dolls and Green Day. The artwork for the band, including the skull image, was created by British artist Damien Hirst. He is cited as having Michael Buble as one of his biggest influences. They have received support from BBC Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe, and from Jarvis Cocker who said \"They understand what music is for—it's for human beings to communicate with other human beings. It's that simple, it's that important. Let them into your life. You won't regret it.\" Their single \"Ali in the Jungle\" is featured in the EA Sports FIFA '08 football game, '2K Sports NBA 2K13' and is the song that snooker player Ronnie O'Sullivan entered to in all his matches at the 2010 Wembley Masters during his run to the final. \"People Say\" has twice been used in the opening scenes of British soap opera Hollyoaks. Their second album, entitled See the Light, was released on 20 April 2009, and was produced by Flood (U2, Depeche Mode, Smashing Pumpkins). It was preceded by the single \"Big Black Hole\" on 6 April that year. The Hours were the support act for U2 on their 360 Tour in 2009. Their song \"Ali in the Jungle\" is the soundtrack to the Nike short film Human Chain, which debuted as an advertisement during the 2010 Winter Olympics. They released an EP with \"Ali In The Jungle\" through Hickory Records. The band's first US full-length release, It's Not How You Start, It's How You Finish, was released digitally through Adeline Records in 2010. Discography Albums Narcissus Road - 5 February 2007, A&M Records - UK No. 47 See the Light - 20 April 2009, A&M Records UK No. 115 Singles References External links MySpace page Free download of 'Murder or Suicide' A & M Records Scotsman interview with Antony Genn Interview with Antony on LeftLion.co.uk Playlouder 'Class of 2007' interview with Antony Genn GQ Online album review of Narcissus Road Rockfeedback single review of Back When You Were Good Drowned in Sound single review of Back When You Were Good Ali In The Jungle performance live at the Zodiac, Oxford, UK on 9","title":"The Hours (band)"},{"docid":"8300664","text":"\"Working in the Coal Mine\" is a song with music and lyrics by the American musician and record producer Allen Toussaint. It was an international hit for Lee Dorsey in 1966, and has been recorded by other musicians including Devo in 1981. Lee Dorsey original version After Toussaint returned to New Orleans from the U.S. Army, in which he served from 1963 to 1965, he formed a production company, Sansu (also known as \"Tou-Sea Productions\"), with partner Marshall Sehorn. He produced a number of singles performed by Lee Dorsey in 1965 and 1966, including \"Ride Your Pony\" and \"Working in the Coal Mine\". Written, arranged and produced by Toussaint, the song concerns the suffering of a man who rises before 5 o'clock each morning in order to work in a coal mine, five days a week, where the conditions are very harsh and dangerous, but which offers the only prospect of paid employment. The singer repeatedly asks the Lord, \"How long can this go on?\" and complains that when the weekend arrives, he's too exhausted to have any fun. In the instrumental section, as in the song's fade, he says: \"Lord, I'm so tired / How long can this go on?\" The song features the sound of a pickaxe clinking, as if the musicians were working in a mine. Says producer Allen Toussaint \"There wasn’t as much percussion as you might think on there. It was a certain drummer and we had my brother hit the mic' stand with a drum stick for the pick sound. Those were the two percussion instruments.\" The recording took place at Cosimo Matassa's Governor Nichols Street studio in the French Quarter of New Orleans. Musicians included guitarist Roy Montrell, drummer Albert \"June\" Gardner, and bassist Walter Payton. It was a hit for Lee Dorsey, released on Amy Records (catalogue number 958), and entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on July 23, 1966, eventually peaking at #8, while reaching #5 on the Billboard R&B chart. It also reached #8 on the UK Singles Chart. Toussaint said that neither he nor Dorsey had ever been down a coal mine: \"We didn’t know anything about a coal mine\". He said of Dorsey: \"He was very good to work with. Very inspiring because he had such a happiness about him. He loved what he was doing when he was singing. He was a body and fender man when he wasn’t singing and even at his peak, when he would come off the road at the end of a successful tour, he would go and get into his grease clothes, his dirty work gear and go and work on cars. Straightening out fenders and painting bodywork. But really it was his finest hour when he was singing. He was a very good person for me to work with and he totally trusted me every step of the way.\" Over time, Dorsey's version of \"Working in the Coal Mine\" has been featured in many movies and television programs, including Where","title":"Working in the Coal Mine"},{"docid":"4196171","text":"The RLSS UK National Pool Lifeguard Qualification (NPLQ) is the standard qualification providing training to over 95% of lifeguards in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The NPLQ can also be delivered in other countries where trainers and training centres meet RLSS UK standards. The RLSS UK NPLQ qualifications and courses are administered by IQL UK Ltd, part of the Royal Life Saving Society charity. Courses can be delivered over a one-week intensive course or over a number of different sessions. The RLSS UK NPLQ course contains both theory and practical training (reflected in the assessment ). Practical training includes CPR, Intervention and Rescue, Rescue of a casualty with a Suspected Spinal Injury and First Aid. Classroom based theory topics include those in the practical sessions as well as many topics relating to the role and requirements of the modern day lifeguard. The RLSS UK NPLQ qualification is internationally recognised and can be especially useful for students wishing to travel abroad to continue lifeguarding. In Ireland the majority of awards are done through IQL Ireland (Institute of Qualified Lifeguards Ireland). Course structure To obtain the qualification, two units must be passed. Unit one consist of training in swimming pool supervision, the principles of lifesaving and basic first aid. For new candidates, a minimum of thirty one hours of training must have been undertaken. Unit one is assessed by an external trainer assessor. Unit two assesses the practical application of the techniques learnt in unit one, with a minimum of seven hours of work being required to pass. It is assessed on an ongoing basis by a qualified trainer assessor. To obtain the qualification, both units must be passed within six months of each other. The qualification lasts for 2 years from the date of issue and a further 20 hours of training must be completed before a lifeguard applies for renewal. In 2018 the latest version of the RLSS UK NPLQ was launched called 'Generation 9'. As the most sophisticated pool lifeguarding qualification yet, it is endorsed by CIMSPA and is currently the UK’s only professional standard qualification for lifeguards. The previous update to the RLSS UK NPLQ was in 2012, which led to an unprecedented reduction in drownings in lifeguarded swimming pools in the UK to zero. This update, referred to as the 8th edition, was introduced that combined unit 1 & 2 into a single unit. Revision 8 also incorporated changes that rationalized the structure, some subjects were added, some removed or amended. The training material was completely revised together with the training material. An optional AED add-on is now available in revision 8. All trainer/assessors need to attend an update in order to train or assess RLSS UK NPLQ going forward as revision 7 was withdrawn in 2013. References Swimming safety Professional titles and certifications","title":"National Pool Lifeguard Qualification"},{"docid":"8075860","text":"Christine McVie is the second solo album by the English musician, singer, and songwriter Christine McVie, released in 1984. It was McVie's first solo recording since her 1970 self-titled release (under her maiden name). It features two singles that reached the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, \"Got a Hold on Me\" and \"Love Will Show Us How\", which reached numbers 10 and 30, respectively. The album itself also achieved modest success in the United States, peaking at number 26 and spending 23 weeks on the Billboard 200. In the UK, the album reached number 58 on the UK Albums Chart. The cover art was shot in Wiltshire, two hours outside of London. McVie arrived at the location at six in the morning, although the photo was not taken until three in the afternoon for the purpose of getting optimal lighting. Some studio shots were arranged for the single sleeves. Background On February 5, 1983, Christine McVie revealed that she was assembling songs for a solo album with the intention of releasing it by Christmas. Although McVie previously produced one of Robbie Patton's solo albums, she still felt unprepared to tackle that responsibility on her own album, so she hired Titelman to fulfill that role. McVie did not expect the recording sessions to begin until June 1983 as producer Russ Titelman was occupied with Paul Simon's Hearts and Bones during the first half of the year. The majority of the album was recorded in Montreux, Switzerland over the span of three months with additional work taking place in the UK. Following two weeks of initial recording in Switzerland, the band took a brief break while McVie fleshed out some lyrics. McVie then traveled to Steve Winwood's house to work on \"Ask Anybody\", after which the rest of her studio band arrived to spend approximately five days recording additional instrumentation. McVie wrote the lyrics to \"Ask Anybody\" three years prior about her relationship with Dennis Wilson, but the song lacked a melody, so Winwood invited McVie to his studio \"where he found just the right ambiance, the right vibes, for the words.\" Mick Fleetwood also stopped by Winwood's studio in Gloucester to record drums. Later, McVie asked Eric Clapton to work with her on a song titled \"The Challenge\". \"To my delight, he agreed. Like all of my songs, it's about life and remorse and rejection.\" Clapton recorded his guitar part in roughly an hour. The next day, Ray Cooper came into the studio to overdub percussion, although McVie was preoccupied with an appointment that morning and was unable to meet Cooper. Following this recording session, McVie returned to Montreux and wrote \"The Smile I Live For\". Lindsey Buckingham stopped by the studio as did John McVie, although the latter did not play on the album in any capacity. Buckingham was in London at the time looking for someone to engineer his Go Insane solo album and traveled to Montreux for a week to overdub guitars and vocals. His contributions","title":"Christine McVie (album)"},{"docid":"4458950","text":"A business day means any day except a legal holiday. It may also be defined as any day in which the New York Stock Exchange is open for trading or any day except those on which banking institutions are authorized or required by law or other governmental action to close It depends on the local workweek which is dictated by local customs, religions, and business operations. Working time The working time in a business day varies by region. For example, in the United States and much of the Western world, a typical workday is from 9am to 5pm. In contrast, for many eastern countries such as Japan, the normal business day is from 8:30am to 7pm. The length of a business day varies by era, by region, by industry, and by company. Prevalent norms have included the 8-hour day and the 10-hour day, but various lengths, from 4 to 16 hours, have been normal in certain times and places. United States In the United States, a business day is distinct from weekdays, weekends, and the standard workweek. A business day means all calendar days except the federal legal holidays listed in unless otherwise defined. At times, government agencies and businesses may define business days as \"day in which offices are open\" separate from the basic legal definition. For example, in the state of Georgia for purposes of consumer protection, the state clarifies that a business day, unless otherwise defined, corresponds to \"business days of operation\". Meaning that a business open daily would be considered to have seven business days a week. For purposes of lending, the business week is six days from Monday to Saturday. Similarly, the United States Postal Service (USPS) delivers mail on Saturdays. Saturdays are included when counting business days to determine the arrival date of a package in shipping estimates. If USPS receives a parcel on a Thursday that will be delivered in \"two business days\", it will arrive on the following Saturday if neither Friday nor Saturday are holidays. In finance, how business days are defined by \"business day conventions\" and determine how payments are settled on contracts such as interest rate swaps. German-speaking countries In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, two German words of somewhat different meaning are used to describe business or working days. One is Werktag, a legal term applied to all calendar days except Sundays and public holidays; it includes most Saturdays. Werktage are days on which businesses such as retail shops and institutions such as schools are generally allowed to operate (see also ). In contrast, Arbeitstag refers to a day on which someone actually works. For most employees, these are Monday to Friday. However, for example, a firefighter might have an Arbeitstag on Sunday even though it is legally not a Werktag. Shifts and trends The introduction of flex time introduces the internet as a more easily globalized and offshored workforce. The notion of a business day has come under a certain degree of challenge. Information-based companies with a limited","title":"Business day"},{"docid":"42547848","text":"Dorothy Du Boisson, MBE (26 November 1919 – 1 February 2013) was a code breaker stationed at Bletchley Park during World War II. Bletchley Park Du Boisson joined the Women's Royal Naval Service (known as WRNS) during WWII and was stationed at the Newmanry sector of Bletchley Park, England. With others she operated code-breaking machines, such as the Tunny machine Heath Robinson. She was one of only four operators working with the Tunny but, to work efficiently, she had to learn how to operate the Heath Robinson as well. After the Colossus computer was developed, she operated it under the direction of a cryptographer. When more Wrens were posted, Du Boisson came off the machines and went into the Ops Rooms as a registrar. She was responsible for logging the tapes in and out and distributing them to the machines. Since she was one of only two people working in the Ops room, Du Boisson had a tremendous amount of work to do. She recorded the date and identity of each tape used on the Colossus and Tunny. She knew exactly where each tape was and the machine time spent on it. Moreover, she was also responsible for unwinding tapes into buckets and joining them into a loop. This was an essential step for operation, since the tape might not stand up to the speed of the machine. After many experiments, Du Boisson found a unique way to strengthen it by using a special glue, a warm clamp, and French chalk. After the war, the machines were smashed into fragments on the orders of Churchill. Later, Du Boisson worked as a typist in the Air Ministry. Career To perform the data analysis well, \"Du Boisson and other operators in Wrens needed to first get the data from a partially electronic machine named Heath Robinson. If it could perform its analysis successfully, the resulting data would be run through the Tunny machine.\" Most of the workers were between 20 and 22 years of age. They attended training sessions to get more familiar with the machines, how they operate and the maintenance procedures. The working shifts could last up to 70 hours per week because many machines kept running all the time and there were few people who knew how to operate them. It was necessary for those people to work three eight-hour shifts every day for several weeks. Moreover, due to this stressful workload, many errors in the operations started to appear. Due to limitations in the machines, when a mistake was found, in many cases, it was necessary to redo the work all over again. Living and working conditions Workers had to perform a series of strict jobs within a tight schedule. Due to restrictions on outside policies, workers had to spend most of the time locked in rooms without proper ventilation and luminosity. Moreover, many employees even lived there, usually in attics that were not actually prepared. \"The attic was cold and very damp,\" and they had to \"put","title":"Dorothy Du Boisson"},{"docid":"11229978","text":"Michael Roger Lewis Cockerell (born 26 August 1940) is a British broadcaster and journalist. He is the BBC's most established political documentary maker, with a long, Emmy award-winning career of political programmes spanning television and radio. Early life and education Michael Roger Lewis Cockerell was born on 26 August 1940. His father was Professor Hugh Anthony Lewis Cockerell, OBE, Secretary General of the Chartered Insurance Institute, a professor who was an expert on insurance law, and his mother, Fanny Cockerell (née Jochelman), was an author and playwright, and daughter of Dr David Salomon Jochelman, a prominent leader of the British Jewish community. He was educated at Kilburn Grammar School, Heidelberg University and Corpus Christi College, Oxford where he studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics (receiving a BA in 1962, and an MA in 1968). Career From 1962 to 1966, Cockerell worked as a magazine journalist. He then joined the BBC Africa service, working as a producer there from 1966 to 1968. From 1968 to 1987, Cockerell worked in the BBC's Current Affairs department. He was initially a producer for the 24 Hours series from 1968 to 1972, from which he moved to being a reporter for Midweek (1972–75). In 1975, he became a reporter on the flagship news series Panorama, where he remained until 1987. That year, he became a freelance television reporter and documentary maker. He has latterly specialised in in-depth documentaries on the politics of Westminster. He has made biographical profiles of Margaret Thatcher (The Making of the Iron Lady, 2008), Edward Heath (Sir Ted: A Film Portrait of Edward Heath, 2005), Alan Clark, Barbara Castle, Roy Jenkins (A Very Social Democrat: A Portrait of Roy Jenkins, 1996), Michael Howard, David Cameron, Denis Healey (The Best Prime Minister Labour Never Had?, 2015) and most recently, Boris Johnson (The Irresistible Rise). From the 1970s onwards, his work for television has included How We Fell For Europe (2005), The Lost World of the Seventies (2012), The Marketing of Margaret Thatcher (1983), Blair's Thousand Days – The Lady and the Lords (2000), Life in Whips Office (1995), Inside 10 Downing Street (2000) and Cabinet Confidential (2001). He has also made multi-part series', among them the How to Be trilogy (How to Be Chancellor, 2010, How to Be Foreign Secretary, 1998 and How to Be Home Secretary, 1999); a three-part series on the history of Anglo-American, Anglo-German and Anglo-French relations; an observational documentary on the workings of Alastair Campbell's press office in News from Number 10; and a three-part analysis of Tony Blair's 10 years in office as Prime Minister. He also followed up the How to Be series, with How to Be Ex Prime Minister (2007), broadcast just before Blair's resignation. The programme was repeated upon the departure from office of Theresa May in 2019. Cockerell's 2010 series The Great Offices of State was a behind-the-scenes look at the Home Office, the Foreign Office, and the UK Treasury, three of the UK's Great Offices of State. This was followed by the 2011","title":"Michael Cockerell"},{"docid":"66897562","text":"Blue Weekend is the third studio album by English rock band Wolf Alice, released on 4 June 2021 through Dirty Hit. Blue Weekend was preceded by four singles—\"The Last Man on Earth\", \"Smile\", \"No Hard Feelings\" and \"How Can I Make It OK?\". The album received acclaim from music critics, with many naming it the band's best work, and was shortlisted for the Mercury Prize in 2021. Release On 24 February 2021, Wolf Alice announced the album's title and initial release date of 11 June, alongside the release of lead single \"The Last Man on Earth\". On 3 May 2021, the band announced that they would be bringing the album's release earlier by one week, to 4 June. Promotion Singles Blue Weekend was preceded by four singles. \"The Last Man on Earth\" was released on 24 February 2021 as the album's lead single. It was premiered by Annie Mac on her eponymous BBC Radio 1 Radio program, where Ellie Rowsell and Theo Ellis from the band co-hosted with her. The music video was released on YouTube an hour after Mac's radio show started. \"Smile\" was released on 20 April 2021 as the album's second single. It was premiered the same way as its predecessor. \"No Hard Feelings\" was released on 11 May 2021, an hour earlier than the previous two on Zane Lowe's Apple Music show, with the music video again released on YouTube an hour afterwards. \"How Can I Make It OK?\" was released on 3 June 2021 as the fourth and last single of the album along with a music video on YouTube. Critical reception Blue Weekend received acclaim from music critics, many of whom described it as their best album. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating of 100, the album received an average score of 91, based on 19 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\". It was ranked as the third highest-rated album of 2021 on the website at the time of release. Blue Weekend was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 2021, and multiple NME Awards in 2022. Accolades Commercial performance Blue Weekend debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with 36,182 copies sold in its first week, becoming Wolf Alice's first number-one album. It was the biggest-selling album of 2021 in UK independent record shops. Track listing Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Blue Weekend. Wolf Alice Ellie Rowsell – vocals, guitar, piano, bass, programming, Mellotron, synth, Wurlitzer, string arrangement Joff Oddie – guitar, piano, backing vocals, glock, programming, synth, claps, electric upright bass, bass, tenor resonator, 12-string, classical guitar, acoustic guitar Theo Ellis – bass, programming Joel Amey – drums, percussion, synth, backing vocals, guitar, Stylophone, programming, claps Additional musicians Owen Pallett – string arrangement, violin, viola Iain Berryman – glasses, programming, keys, trumpet Joel Workman – electric upright bass Michael Peter Olsen – cello Markus Dravs – programming, synth Technical Markus Dravs – production Iain Berryman – engineering, additional production Joel Workman – engineering assistance ; additional engineering Charlie Andrew","title":"Blue Weekend"},{"docid":"25565763","text":"The Working Time Regulations 1998 (SI 1998/1833) is a statutory instrument in UK labour law which implemented the EU Working Time Directive 2003. It was updated in 1999, but these amendments were then withdrawn in 2006 following a legal challenge by the European Court. It does not extend to Northern Ireland. Contents The Working Time Regulations create a basic set of rights for the time people work, particularly 28 days paid holidays, a right to 20 minute paid breaks for each 6 hours worked, a right to weekly rest of at least one full 24 hour period, and the right to limit the working week to 48 hours. These are designed to be minimum standards, which anybody's individual contract or collective agreement through a trade union may improve upon. The Regulations apply to all workers (not just employees) and stipulate minimum rest breaks, daily rest, weekly rest and the maximum average working week. Paid holidays Regulations 13 and 13A create a right to paid annual leave of 28 days, expressed as \"four weeks\" and an additional \"1.6 weeks\" (including bank holidays and public holidays). In the Working Time Directive article 7 refers to paid annual leave of \"at least four weeks\", and under article 5 states that the \"weekly rest period\" means a \"seven-day period\". When the Directive was implemented in the UK, regulation 13 originally stated \"four weeks\" but many employers only gave their workers four five-day periods of leave (i.e. 20 days). In response the UK government amended the regulations in 2007 to add the further 1.6 week period, bringing the minimum in line with the European Union requirement for four full weeks (i.e. 28 days). However, this confusion led to the argument that the UK had gone beyond the minimum standards required by the Working Time Directive 2003, even though no country in the EU has a right to fewer holidays than 28 days. Rest periods Regulation 10 creates the right to a minimum period of rest of 20 minutes in any shift lasting over 6 hours. Under 18's are entitled to a 30 minute break for every 4.5 hours worked. Weekly working time Regulations 4-5 set a default rule that workers may work no more than 48 hours per week and employers are required to do everything reasonable to ensure limits are not broken. There are however, numerous exceptions to the universal rule. It does not apply to some limited specific sectors. Moreover, “autonomous workers”, which according to the UK’s Health and Safety Executive, following European Union interpretation and case law, are defined as those with “total control” of both the duration and scheduling of work, are also excluded. Any individual can also voluntarily opt out of the Health and Safety Protection of the maximum working week. ECJ case law has confirmed that statutory holiday will continue to accrue during career breaks or sabbaticals. Case law UK v Council (Working Time Directive) [1996] ECR I-5755 Sindicato de Médicos de Asistencia Pública v Conselleria de Sanidad y","title":"Working Time Regulations 1998"},{"docid":"4479476","text":"Howe Caverns is a cave in the hamlet of Howes Cave, Schoharie County, New York. Howe Caverns is a popular tourist attraction, providing visitors with a sense of caving or spelunking, without needing the advanced equipment and training usually associated with such adventures. Geology Geologists believe the formation of the cave, which lies below ground, began several million years ago. The cave walls are composed mainly of two types of limestone (Coeymans and Manlius) from different periods in the Earth's early history, deposited hundreds of millions of years ago when the Atlantic Ocean stretched far inland. The cave contains an underground lake, called the Lake of Venus, as well as many speleothems. Discovery and development Howe Caverns is named after farmer Lester Howe, who discovered the cave on May 22, 1842, after noticing that his cows frequently gathered near bushes at the bottom of a hill on hot summer days. Behind the bushes, Howe found a strong, cool breeze emanating from a hole in the Earth. Howe proceeded to dig out and explore the cave with his friend and neighbor, Henry Wetsel, on whose land the cave entrance was located. The cave is a constant temperature of , irrespective of the outside weather. Howe opened the cave to eight-hour public tours in 1843, and, as business grew, a hotel was built over the entrance. When Howe encountered financial difficulties, he sold off parts of his property until a limestone quarry purchased the remainder. The quarry's purchase included the hillside, which encompassed the cave's natural entrance. Eventually, the cave was closed to the public, until an organization was formed in 1927 to reopen it. The organization spent the next two years undertaking development work to create an alternative entrance into the cave. After completion of the work – including elevators, brick walkways, lighting, and handrails – the cave was reopened to visitors on Memorial Day, May 1929. Developments since 2000 In 2008, the cave was purchased by a new private concern. In 2011, an adventure park attraction was assembled at the site, and it has been expanded since then. In May 2015, Howe Caverns officials re-opened the natural entrance of the cave to public tours. The newly-opened section of the cavern had not been seen since 1900, as the property had been owned by a succession of cement companies since the late 1800s. Howe Caverns has several tours, including a 90 minute walking tour with a boat ride and a two-and-a-half hour spelunking tour. The expanded tour features the remains of Howe's original tourist boat and signatures in the rock left by 19th-century cavern visitors. Howe Caverns is also a wedding venue. Weddings are performed atop a heart-shaped calcite formation in the cave. References External links Cave House Museum of Mining & Geology BSA Scavenger Hunt Info Caves of New York (state) Limestone caves Show caves in the United States Landforms of Schoharie County, New York Tourist attractions in Schoharie County, New York Museums in Schoharie County, New York Natural history","title":"Howe Caverns"},{"docid":"54730065","text":"The Queuing Rule of Thumb (QROT) is a mathematical formula, known as the queuing constraint equation when it is used to find an approximation of servers required to service a queue. The formula is written as an inequality relating the number of servers (s), total number of service requestors (N), service time (r), and the maximum time to empty the queue (T): QROT serves as a rough heuristic to address queue problems. Compared to standard queuing formulas, it is simple enough to compute the necessary number of servers without involving probability or queueing theory. The rule of thumb is therefore more practical to use in many situations. Formula A derivation of the QROT formula follows. The arrival rate is the ratio of the total number of customers N and the maximum time needed to finish the queue T. The service rate is the reciprocal of service time r. It is convenient to consider the ratio of the arrival rate and the service rate. Assuming s servers, the utilization of the queuing system must not be larger than 1. Combining the first three equations gives . Combining this and the fourth equation yields . Simplifying, the formula for the Queuing Rule of Thumb is . Usage The Queuing Rule of Thumb assists queue management to resolve queue problems by relating the number of servers, the total number of customers, the service time, and the maximum time needed to finish the queue. To make a queuing system more efficient, these values can be adjusted with regards to the rule of thumb. The following examples illustrate how the rule may be used. Conference lunch Conference lunches are usually self-service. Each serving table has 2 sides where people can pick up their food. If each of 1000 attendees needs 45 seconds to do so, how many serving tables must be provided so that lunch can be served in an hour? Solution: Given r = 45, N = 1000, T = 3600, we use the rule of thumb to get s: . There are two sides of the table that can be used. So the number of tables needed is . We round this up to a whole number since the number of servers must be discrete. Thus, 7 serving tables must be provided. Student registration A school of 10,000 students must set certain days for student registration. One working day is 8 hours. Each student needs about 36 seconds to be registered. How many days are needed to register all students? Solution: Given s = 1, N = 10,000, r = 36, the rule of thumb yields T: . Given the work hours for a day is 8 hours (28,800 seconds), the number of registration days needed is days. Drop off During the peak hour of the morning about 4500 cars drop off their children at an elementary school. Each drop-off requires about 60 seconds. Each car requires about 6 meters to stop and maneuver. How much space is needed for the minimum drop","title":"Queuing Rule of Thumb"},{"docid":"15671264","text":"Love Songs is the Bee Gees' third compilation album in four years, though the first to cover a specific musical style. A proposed album of love songs was in the works around 1995 when the Bee Gees recorded their own versions of \"Heartbreaker\" and \"Emotion\", but that project was soon shelved and those recordings remained unavailable until the release of Their Greatest Hits: The Record in 2001. Following the success of the Number Ones compilation in 2004, Universal once again tried to mine the Bee Gees catalog, this time focusing on their ballads. Spanning their entire career, Love Songs features many of the group's big hits, but also includes some lesser known tracks such as \"Secret Love\" and \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\", which were both big hits in Europe. Also included is a live version of \"Islands in the Stream\". The US and the UK versions differed slightly in song selection and running time. Included on the UK version were 1993's \"Heart Like Mine\" and a song Barry and Maurice wrote together with Ronan Keating in 1999 called \"Lovers and Friends\", backing Keating both vocally and instrumentally while also producing the recording. Another anomaly was the inclusion of the Robin Gibb solo hit \"Juliet\" from 1983, which was a big hit in many countries, except in the UK and the US. By the time Love Songs was released, there had been several Bee Gees compilations on the market as well as their entire back catalog, so this release seemed somewhat redundant. In the US it did chart but only managed to reach No. 166. In their homeland it climbed to No. 51 on the UK Albums Chart, but its best showing was in the Netherlands where it went top 20, peaking at No. 21. Track listing USA/International \"To Love Somebody\" (Bee Gees' 1st) \"Words\" (Horizontal) \"First of May\" (Odessa) \"Lonely Days\" (2 Years On) \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" (Trafalgar) \"How Deep Is Your Love\" (Saturday Night Fever soundtrack) \"More Than a Woman\" (Saturday Night Fever soundtrack) \"(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away\" (Bee Gees Greatest) \"Emotion\" (Their Greatest Hits: The Record) \"Too Much Heaven\" (Spirits Having Flown) \"Heartbreaker\" (Their Greatest Hits: The Record) \"Islands in the Stream\" (Live) (One Night Only) \"Juliet\" (How Old Are You?) - Robin Gibb solo track) \"Secret Love\" (High Civilization) \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\" (Size Isn't Everything) \"Closer Than Close\" (Still Waters) \"I Could Not Love You More\" (Still Waters) \"Wedding Day\" (This Is Where I Came In) UK/Japan \"To Love Somebody\" \"Words\" \"First of May\" \"Lonely Days\" \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" \"How Deep Is Your Love\" \"More Than a Woman\" \"(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away\" \"Emotion\" \"Too Much Heaven\" \"Heartbreaker\" \"Islands in the Stream (Live)\" \"Juliet\" \"Secret Love\" \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\" \"Heart Like Mine\" (Bonus track) (Size Isn't Everything) \"Closer Than Close\" \"I Could Not Love You More\" \"Wedding Day\" \"Lovers and Friends\" (featuring Ronan Keating) – 5:17 (bonus track; new","title":"Love Songs (Bee Gees album)"},{"docid":"9226144","text":"The Reckoning of Time (, CPL 2320) is an English era treatise written in Medieval Latin by the Northumbrian monk Bede in 725. Background In mid-7th-century Anglo-Saxon England, there was a desire to see the Easter season less closely tied to the Jewish Passover calendar as well as a desire to have Easter observed on a Sunday. Continuing a tradition of Christian scholarship exploring the correct date of Easter, a generation later, Bede sought to explain the ecclesiastical reasoning behind the Synod of Whitby's decision in 664 to favor Roman custom over Irish custom. Bede's resulting treatise provides justification for a precise calculation for Easter. It also explains why time, and the various units of time, are sacred. Structure The treatise includes an introduction to the traditional ancient and medieval view of the cosmos, including an explanation of how the Earth influenced the changing length of daylight, of how the seasonal motion of the Sun and Moon influenced the changing appearance of the new moon at evening twilight, and a quantitative relation between the changes of the tides at a given place and the daily motion of the Moon. The Reckoning of Time describes the principal ancient calendars, including those of the Hebrews, the Egyptians, the Romans, the Greeks, and the English. The focus of was calculation of the date of Easter, for which Bede described the method developed by Dionysius Exiguus. also gave instructions for calculating the date of the Easter full moon, for calculating the motion of the Sun and Moon through the zodiac, and for many other calculations related to the calendar. Bede based his reasoning for the dates on the Hebrew Bible. The functions of the universe and its purpose are generally referred to a scriptural foundation. According to the introduction by Faith Wallis in the 1999 English translated edition of The Reckoning of Time, Bede aimed to write a Christian work that integrated the astronomical understanding of computing with a theological context of history. The book is also regarded by Bede to be a sequel to his works The Nature of Things and On Time. Sections The work is divided into six sections: Technical preparation (Chapters 1–4) This section familiarizes the reader with terminology regarding measurements. In chapter 3 Bede defines a day as being 12 hours long. An hour consists of increments of , and . Each of which are small increments of time within the hour. The smallest increment of time is the atom. The Julian calendar (Chapters 5–41) Here, Bede gives an exhaustive overview of the date of the Earth's creation, the months, the weeks and the Moon. He argues that the first day did not, as it was generally believed, take place at the time of an equinox. According to the religious accounts of God's creation of the universe, light was created on the first day. It was not until the fourth day, however, that God created the stars and therefore there was no measurement of hours. Much of this section","title":"The Reckoning of Time"},{"docid":"26248852","text":"16 Wishes is a 2010 teen fantasy-comedy television film directed by Peter DeLuise and written by Annie DeYoung, starring Debby Ryan and Jean-Luc Bilodeau. It premiered on June 25, 2010, on Disney Channel in the United States and on July 16, 2010, on Family Channel in Canada. The film was the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on Disney Channel. In addition, 16 Wishes introduced Ryan to new audiences, such as the contemporary adult audiences since the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic (18–34). The film was the second most watched program on cable during the week of its premiere. It was the second film to be released on Disney Channel in 2010 that was not promoted as a \"Disney Channel Original Movie\" (after Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars) and is a co-production between Disney Channel, Family Channel, Unity Pictures of Vancouver and MarVista Entertainment in Los Angeles. In other countries, it was advertised as a Disney Channel Original Movie. It was planned to have its UK premiere on November 19, 2010, on Disney Channel UK, but was replaced with Starstruck, which had already been shown in May; it was later shown in December 2010 in the UK. Plot Abby Jensen has been planning her sweet sixteen since she was a little girl, and keeps a list of wishes that she wants to come true. When her sixteenth birthday finally arrives, she adds her crush Logan as her sixteenth and final wish to the list. Throughout the day, Abby is consistently visited by a peculiar woman named Celeste, who first appears as an exterminator when the Jensens' house is swarmed by a wasps’ nest that had been building up for 16 years. Celeste saves Abby's list, but the family is unable to return inside until the wasps are exterminated. Abby meets her best friend, Jay Kepler at the bus stop where he gives her a necklace for a birthday gift. Celeste returns, dressed as a mailwoman, and gives Abby 16 candles and a matchbox. Abby lights the first candle and her first wish, meeting celebrity Joey Lockhart, is fulfilled. Realizing that the numbers of the candles correspond to the numbers of the wishes on her list, Abby lights the eighth candle, granting her wish for a car; when Celeste emerges from the car, Abby deduces that Celeste is a magical being. Abby unsuccessfully tries to fulfill her third wish. Celeste explains that there is a limit to how many wishes can be granted within an hour, and that at midnight, the wishes she made will become permanent. Throughout the day, Abby uses the candles to beat her rival Krista Cook, who has the same birthday as her, in a volleyball match, and become student body president. Jay agrees to take Abby shopping for a dress for her party but drops his wallet. They are followed by Krista, who convinces the clerk to eject them. Abby uses the 9th candle to make a wish to","title":"16 Wishes"},{"docid":"70202663","text":"Ant & Dec's Limitless Win, sometimes known simply as Limitless Win, is a British game show hosted by Ant & Dec. It premiered 8 January 2022 on ITV1. It was created and is produced by Hello Dolly Ltd. It is also produced by Ant & Dec's Mitre Studios. The set's AR elements uses Unreal Engine 4. Gameplay Two contestants work together as a team to answer a series of questions whose solutions are all positive integers (whole numbers). In a preliminary round, they must answer as many questions as possible in 60 seconds, earning five \"lives\" for each correct response and incurring no penalty for a pass or miss. The contestants alternate turns; no conferring is allowed, and a contestant's turn only ends once they give a correct answer. The hosts decide in advance which contestant will receive the first question. If the team fails to answer any questions correctly, they are immediately dismissed with no winnings, which as of series 3, has never happened in transmissions to date. Examples of questions used in the preliminary round: How many odd numbers are there between zero and one hundred? (Answer: 50) The London Eye typically takes how many minutes to complete one full rotation? (Answer: 30) Which song about partying was Prince's first UK Top 40 hit? (Answer: \"1999\") The main game makes use of the \"Limitless Ladder,\" a vertical scale marked off in steps and displaying cash values at each 10th step that increase from bottom to top. The questions get increasingly difficult as the team moves up the ladder. The team must use a dial to register their guess on each question, attempting to get as close to the correct answer as possible without going over. They move up the ladder a number of steps equal to their guess, and lose enough lives to match the error between the guess and the correct answer. All correct answers in this portion of the game are less than or equal to 50. The hosts warn the team when they have 20 seconds left to give a guess; if they fail to do so before time runs out, the last value they have dialled is automatically locked in. If the team make an error larger than the number of remaining lives or offer a guess above the exact answer, the game ends and they leave with no winnings. Examples of questions used in the main game: On 21 June 2021, the longest day of the year, the Shetland Islands experienced the most hours of daylight in the UK. How many hours was that? (Answer: 19) The Natural History Museum's Dippy the Dinosaur, which went on a national tour in 2018, is how many metres long in its displayed pose? (Answer: 26) How many countries have a land border with Germany? (Answer: 9) One lifeline at a time is made available for the team's use as the game proceeds; each may only be used once. The lifelines are shuffled and randomly placed at","title":"Limitless Win"},{"docid":"19049467","text":"Wong How Man (born 1949) is a Chinese explorer, writer and photojournalist from Hong Kong. Wong is the founder and President of the China Exploration & Research Society (CERS). In 2002, Time Magazine honored Wong as one of their 25 Asian Heroes, calling him 'China's most accomplished living explorer.' Early life and education Wong was born in Hong Kong. Wong studied in Wah Yan College, Kowloon in Hong Kong before reading journalism and art in the United States. With degrees from the university of Wisconsin, River Falls, including an Honorary Doctorate. Career In 1974, Wong began exploring China as a journalist. In 1982, Wong became an explorer with National Geographic Society, until 1986. In 1986, Wong founded the China Exploration & Research Society] (CERS), first in the United States and later moved to Hong Kong, a preeminent nonprofit organization specializing in exploration, research, conservation and education in remote China and periphery countries like Myanmar, Laos, Bhutan and the Philippines. Wong led six major expeditions for the National Geographic magazine. His writing for the National Geographic was nominated for the Overseas Press Club Award of America. In his 1985 National Geographic expedition, Wong led a team that found a new source of the Yangtze River and documented this expedition in his 1989 book, Exploring the Yangtze: China's Longest River. During this expedition he came across the hanging coffins and developed a long life obsession with this particular historical custom, which later became the topic of an award-winning documentary by Discovery Channel. Twenty years later, Wong discovered a yet longer source. In 2004, Discovery Channel also made an hour-long documentary 'Crossings' about Wong's upbringing and subsequent exploration career. Subsequently, Wong led CERS expeditions that pinpointed the source of the Mekong in 2007 and discovered a new source for the Yellow River in 2008. In 2011, his team defined the source of the Salween River, followed by that for the Irrawaddy in 2017, and the Brahmaputra in 2018. Wong has authored over two dozen books. Among these, From Manchuria to Tibet won the prestigious Lowell Thomas Travel Journalism Gold Award in 1999. His book Islamic Frontiers of China was published in the UK in 1990, with a new and expanded edition in 2011. Wong has received numerous awards, including the Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Wisconsin in River Falls, Lifetime Achievement Award from Monk Hsing Yun. He is often invited as keynote speaker on important international lecture circuits for institutions, universities, corporations, both and select groups of audience. Wong's organization, CERS, has conducted scores of successful conservation projects, many of which became full-length documentary films. His work and that of CERS has been featured on CNN over a dozen times, including a half-hour profile by anchor Richard Quest. His work has been featured on the front page of the Wall Street Journal and Al-Jazeera TV made a half-hour feature His nonprofit organization is mainly supported by private foundations and individuals. A large format book, Classic of Mountains and Seas: Wong How-Man","title":"Wong How Man"},{"docid":"995596","text":"How to Live on Twenty-four Hours a Day is a short self-help book \"about the daily organization of time\" by novelist Arnold Bennett. Written originally as a series of articles in the London Evening News in 1907, it was published in book form in 1908. Aimed initially at \"the legions of clerks and typists and other meanly paid workers caught up in the explosion of British office jobs around the turn of the [twentieth] century\", it was one of several \"pocket philosophies\" by Bennett that \"offered a strong message of hope from somebody who so well understood their lives\". The book was especially successful in the US, where Henry Ford bought 500 copies to give to his friends and employees. Bennett himself said that the book \"has brought me more letters of appreciation than all my other books put together\". In her book The Self-Help Compulsion: Searching for Advice in Modern Literature, Harvard academic Beth Blum argued that \"Bennett's essays on the art of living mount a challenge against modernism's disdain for the crude utilitarianism of public taste\" and saw Virginia Woolf's hostility to Bennett as \"defined, in part, as an inspired rebuttal of Bennett's practical philosophies\". In a 2019 New York Times article, Cal Newport recommended How to Live on Twenty-four Hours a Day as an inspiration for anyone embarking on a program of \"digital decluttering\". Philosophy In the book, Bennett addressed the growing number of white-collar workers that had accumulated since the advent of the Industrial Revolution. In his view, these workers put in eight hours a day, forty hours a week, at jobs they did not enjoy, and at worst, hated. They worked to make a living, but their daily existence consisted of waking up, getting ready for work, working as little as possible during the workday, going home, unwinding, going to sleep, and repeating the process the next day. In short, he did not believe they were really living. Bennett addressed this problem by urging his readers to seize their extra time and make the most of it to improve themselves. Extra time could be found at the beginning of the day, by waking up early, and on the ride to work, on the way home from work, in the evening hours, and especially during the weekends. During this time, he prescribed improvement measures such as reading great literature, taking an interest in the arts, reflecting on life, and learning self-discipline. Bennett wrote that time is the most precious of commodities and that many books have been written on how to live on a certain amount of money each day. He added that the old adage \"time is money\" understates the matter, as time can often produce money, but money cannot produce more time. Time is extremely limited, and Bennett urged others to make the best of the time remaining in their lives. Advice In the book, Bennett offers the following advice: View the 24-hour day as two separate days, one encompassing the 8-hour workday and","title":"How to Live on 24 Hours a Day"},{"docid":"45022539","text":"RT UK, also known as Russia Today, was a free-to-air television news channel based in the United Kingdom. It was part of the RT network, a Russian state-controlled international television network funded by the federal tax budget of the Russian government. The channel's head was Nikolay Bogachikhin. Launched in 2014, it ran live broadcasts for seven years and ceased broadcasting from London in July 2021. RT UK served as the home and production base of RT's UK-based programmes. The channel's studios were located in Millbank Tower. Prior to its closure, the channel offered four hours of its own programming per day, airing RT UK News Monday through Friday at 7 pm, 8 pm, 9 pm and 10 pm. The RT UK News anchors were Bill Dod and Kate Partridge. RT International now broadcasts in its place, though the channel is still available online through RT's websites and social media. The UK media regulator Ofcom has repeatedly found RT to have breached its rules on impartiality and on one occasion found it had broadcast \"materially misleading\" content. On 18 March 2022, Ofcom cancelled RT's UK broadcasting licence \"with immediate effect\" after concluding the outlet was not \"fit and proper\" or a \"responsible broadcaster\". Launch RT UK was launched on 30 October 2014 and closed for TV broadcasting on 30 July 2021. The channel's coverage focused on the United Kingdom. RT presenter Afshin Rattansi stated that the channel's position was \"to challenge dominant power structures in Britain by broadcasting live and original programming with a progressive UK focus\", and it was \"not subject to the metropolitan elite's London bias\" since its \"news will come from right across the country\". Richard Sambrook, former director of global news at the BBC and director of the Centre of Journalism at Cardiff University was quoted as saying \"It's a surprising move to focus resources on the UK. It's not a commercial proposition, therefore the main purpose must be to gain influence. It's about soft power for the Kremlin\". In a pre-launch statement, RT correspondent Polly Boiko said \"So much is made of how RT is funded. It's been cast as the Big Bad Wolf of the news media landscape,\" and \"I think many of us... see the launch of RT UK as an opportunity to shake off the accusations levelled at the channel\". Incidents Relations with British regulators (2014–19) Ahead of the launch of its UK-specific broadcasts in 2014, RT said that its advertisements promoting the channel had been rejected by ad agencies because it was felt they would violate UK laws on political advertising. The network posted versions of the adverts on billboards and its website with the word \"redacted\" on them in protest. The UK Advertising Standards Authority said it had not banned the ads or even received any complaint about them. The UK broadcast regulator Ofcom has repeatedly reprimanded the international version of RT for its failure to remain impartial. In July 2014, London-based RT International correspondent Sara Firth resigned, after five years","title":"RT UK"},{"docid":"68564587","text":"Impossible Rebellion was a series of nonviolent climate change protests in the United Kingdom organised by Extinction Rebellion (XR), from 23 August 2021 to 4 September 2021. The protests particularly targeted the City of London to raise awareness of the role of the financial sector in climate change. Protesters during the Impossible Rebellion demanded that the UK government cease new investments in the fossil fuel industry. XR also demand that the government declare a climate emergency, reach net zero carbon emissions by 2025 and create a citizens' assembly on climate change. The Impossible Rebellion was the fifth major set of XR protests; activists are focusing on short-term protests in highly visited areas rather than taking hold of smaller numbers of area, as in previous actions. Demonstrations variously focused on banks' continued investment in fossil fuels, new road and rail infrastructure such as HS2, the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, treatment of animals on Crown Estate land and the fashion and fast food industry. Some days of protest have been themed around highlighting women and indigenous voices. Sister groups involved in protests include Animal Rebellion and Money Rebellion. Background Extinction Rebellion (XR) are a climate justice movement with three major demands to the UK government: declare a climate emergency; achieve carbon neutrality by 2025; and create a citizens' assembly on climate change. For the Impossible Rebellion, which ran from 23 August 2021 to 4 September 2021, the movement also demanded that the government cease new fossil fuel investments. The fortnight-long Impossible Rebellion was the fifth major set of XR protests, following its 10-day September 2020 Autumn Rebellion. The protests came in the wake of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, which found that a tipping point in the climate system may have already been exceeded by carbon dioxide emissions. A co-founder stated that XR experienced increasing donations following the report's publishing, and that they raised over £100,000 in 24 hours shortly before the beginning of the Impossible Rebellion. Tactics by protesters and police Extinction Rebellion use nonviolent civil disobedience such as marches, protests, disruption to public transport and people deliberately being arrested, to achieve their goals. According to the Evening Standard, around 2,000 volunteers worked for XR on art action design, including banners, flags, costumes, sculptures and other design work. Art co-ordinators create some costumes, such as the \"red rebels\", and issue instructions to other XR chapters on how to replicate the artwork. The UK arts factory co-ordinator stated that creating banners and flags required 16-hour working days for a month from 100 volunteers, and that they aimed to upcycle and reuse as many materials as possible. The demonstrations involved drumming and chanting, and human barriers to cause road closures. A June 2021 Supreme Court ruling—nicknamed the \"Ziegler judgment\"—found that obstructing a highway during a protest could be lawful, but the deputy assistant commissioner of the Metropolitan Police commented that \"officers are still able to take action if they see wilful obstruction\". Prior to the protests, XR sent a letter to the","title":"Impossible Rebellion"},{"docid":"15645307","text":"The Wales Genocide Memorial is a monument in the garden of the Temple of Peace in Cardiff, Wales, dedicated to the victims of the Armenian genocide that took place in Ottoman Empire carried out by the Turkish government against the Armenian population from 1915 to 1922. Unveiling The memorial was erected and unveiled on November 2, 2007, at an initiative of the Wales-Armenian Society. The monument's opening was consecrated in a service conducted by Bishop Nathan Hovhannisian, Primate of the Armenian Apostolic Church of Great Britain. The ceremony was attended by Lord Dafydd Elis-Thomas Presiding Officer of the National Assembly of Wales, David Yeoman, the Assistant Bishop of Llandaff, and Vahe Gabrielyan, Armenian Ambassador to the UK. Over 300 people attended the opening ceremony. Members of the Turkish community protested, saying the genocide never happened. Desecration In the early hours of January 27, 2008 the ornate Armenian Cross was smashed by a hammer, which was found at the scene. Eilian Williams of Wales Armenia Solidarity condemned the attack, which happened just hours before a memorial service could take place in remembrance of Holocaust, Armenian genocide and Hrant Dink. Eilian Williams has said \"We shall repair the cross again and again, no matter how often it is desecrated. We also challenge the UK government and the Turkish Embassy to condemn this racist attack.\" See also Armenian genocide List of Armenian genocide memorials Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day External links Armenia-Wales.org Armenian Community and Church Council of Great Britain Armenian Genocide Monument in Wales Smashed on UK's Holocaust Memorial Day References 2007 sculptures Armenian genocide denial Armenian genocide memorials Buildings and structures in Cardiff Monuments and memorials in Cardiff Vandalized works of art in the United Kingdom","title":"Wales Genocide Memorial"},{"docid":"12725716","text":"Onehundredhours (also known among fans as '100h', or 'the hours') were a Christian rock band, headed by Tré Sheppard. History The band initially started by accident an initial one-off gig, when Tré was asked to lead worship at a youth Cell-Church conference in 1997, which resulted in their first tour, of California after they were invited by the conference speakers. Following this, the band released 2 independent records, which sold in excess of 16,000 copies. Onehundredhours were then signed up by the Christian record label Survivor. Since then, another 2 albums have been released, assisting in the growth of the band's popularity, in the UK and also within Europe, where many tours have taken place. They are also regular guests to Spring Harvest and Soul Survivor festivals, as well as New Wine. In 2005, Onehundredhours supported Daniel Bedingfield on his UK & European tour. Daniel, a long-time friend of Onehundredhours, gave a personal invitation for the band to guest on the tour. In 2006, the band toured throughout the UK, touring with Tree63 on their UK dates in December. Furthermore, on 11 May 2008 Onehundredhours played at the Astoria Theatre as part of the 'Live at the Court' celebration, which made up a number of events in the London-wide Pentecost festival. They shared the stage on this occasion with The Gentlemen, Electric Church and headliners Salvador. In 2009, the band played their last gig at Soul Survivor Week C. Name The Band's name comes from the average amount of free time a Christian has each week, inspired by the book ‘The Other Hundred Hours’ by Wyn Fountain. The process on which it works is as follows: There are 7 x 24 = 168 hours in a week If you spend 8 hours sleeping per day, this makes 7 x 8 = 56 hours per weekSo extracting the time spent sleeping, that leaves 112 hours a week. 12 hours is about the maximum time one can spend in church, at bible studies, or youth groups etc. That leaves 100 hours, and the band wanted to say that this doesn’t need to be 100 hours without God, but instead that worship should be a lifestyle, which spans all our time. Members Tré Sheppard Tori Sheppard Tim Cooke Mark Prentice Steve Evans Jonny Ravn Discography One Hundred Hours (1999) Lift (2001) Cardiphonia (2002) Stronger Than My Heart (2004) As Sure as the Stars (2007) engagehivaids.com Engagehivaids.com was set up by Onehundredhours in 2004. It is a web-based community created, in partnership with the iThemba AIDS Foundation, to raise awareness for the HIV/AIDS crisis in Africa. To date, many campaigns have been run, including selling red rubber wrist bands, a texting service, and selling badges. The ultimate goal is for the band's heart to inspire, challenge and resource young people to live their lives with justice, hope, action and love at the core to bring about change for people affected by HIV/AIDS. External links onehundredhours official website www.engagehivaids.com English rock music groups English Christian","title":"Onehundredhours"},{"docid":"42858934","text":"Independent lifeboat services in Britain and Ireland began to be established around the coasts towards the end of the 18th century in response to the loss of life at sea. More recently, independent services have been set up in response to the increasing popularity of coastal and river sport and leisure activities. There are at least 84 (see tables below) and as many as 100 independent lifeboat services operating throughout Britain and Ireland, both on coasts and inland waterways, comprising around a quarter of the lifeboat services in the UK and Ireland. Because the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) owns and operates the majority of lifeboat stations (238 in 2018), smaller independent services can be overshadowed when it comes to publicity and fundraising. Independent services are usually funded privately and most are registered charities; most operate 24 hours a day, every day of the year. Many currently-independent, RNLI-adopted and lapsed services pre-date the RNLI (founded 1824 as the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck). History The first recorded independent lifeboat service was established in 1776 at Formby, 7 miles south of Southport, where there is still an independent lifeboat service (see table). Many early lifeboat stations were taken under the wing of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution after its foundation in 1824 and throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Few early stations retained their independence; some were closed by the RNLI many years after takeover, according to the local needs at the time, and of these some were re-established as independent services, sometimes years later. A few 20th century independent services were started up in response to the rapid increase in popularity and affordability of aquatic sport and leisure activities such as swimming, boating, windsurfing, angling and diving. It has not been established how many independent lifeboat services there are (2014) because there is no umbrella organisation except for some stations in Ireland and the River Severn area (see table below). All, though, are crewed by volunteers and equipped with boats ranging from retired RNLI lifeboats to state-of-the-art boats paid for by fundraising campaigns. Independent lifeboat services in Britain and Ireland Independent lifeboat services are spread across England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Some are primarily inland rescue services. Note: Some services appear twice where they cover border areas. United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Channel Islands Whilst the Channel Islands are not part of the UK (they are Crown dependencies) they are included here because of their proximity to Britain and Ireland with their location in the English Channel and by virtue of the RNLI's coverage, which includes Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney. Jersey Republic of Ireland Some independent services come under the umbrella of Community Rescue Boats Ireland (CRBI) and are trained and administrated by Irish Water Safety. See also List of former RNLI stations List of RNLI stations Lifeboat (rescue) Search and rescue (Ireland) Search and rescue (UK) List of lifeboat disasters in Britain and Ireland References Sea rescue organisations","title":"Independent lifeboats in Britain and Ireland"},{"docid":"6256727","text":"Sir Brian Keith Follett (born 22 February 1939) is a British biologist, academic administrator, and policy maker. His research focused upon how the environment, particularly the annual change in day-length (photoperiod), controls breeding in birds and mammals. Knighted in 1992, he won the Frink Medal (1993) and has been a Fellow of the Royal Society since 1984, and served as the chair of the UK government's teacher training agency and Arts and Humanities Research Council, and was Vice-Chancellor of University of Warwick. Education and early life Follett was educated at Bournemouth School and studied biological chemistry. On graduating he undertook a Ph.D. with Professor Hans Heller in the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Bristol. That work introduced him to endocrinology and the development of assays to understand the physiological role of hormones. Career and research In 1964 Follett moved to Washington State University and joined Donald Farner's group investigating photoperiodism. Follett's research focus became on the brain pathways whereby birds (and mammals) measure day length and use its changes to regulate breeding. He became a lecturer at Leeds University then moved with James Dodd FRS group to the University of Bangor in 1969, then to the University of Bristol in 1978. He moved to Warwick in 1993 as Vice-Chancellor. Research programmes Follett's studies used, as model species, the Japanese quail and later wild-caught starlings. His work included the development of the first radioimmunoassay to measure bird luteinizing hormone (LH) in collaboration with Frank Cunningham (Reading University) and Colin Scanes. This made it possible to measure LH in 10 microliters of plasma and so follow circulating hormone levels in individual birds exposed to photoperiods of many types. Using gonadectomized quail it was possible to show unequivocally that the underlying photoperiodic response in birds (but not mammals) is driven by brain circuits that are switched on an off by day length. It demonstrated that measuring day length involved a daily (circadian) rhythm in photosensitivity with the birds being responsive to light particularly 12 and 18 hours after dawn. In other words, if light fell at these hours then the day was read as \"long\", if not then it was read as \"short\". In 1978 as the Chair of Zoology at Bristol, his research interest included mammals, notably sheep, and occasionally wild birds such as albatrosses, swans, gulls and partridges. Key studies included: (a) The development of a rapid photoperiodic response system: The research group followed the neural and endocrine changes as photoinduction as it occurred in real time. The first overt change when quail are exposed to a single long day is a rise in LH secretion at about hour 20. This model was applied: to show definitively the circadian nature of the photoperiodic clock and its complex properties as an oscillator, to measure (with Russell Foster) the action spectrum for the non-retinal light receptors, and in many studies to determine the timed sequence of neural changes as induction occurred. Subsequently, Takashi Yoshimura in Japan used the quail to investigate","title":"Brian Follett"},{"docid":"70018886","text":"Critique of work or critique of labour is the critique of, and/or wish to abolish, work as such, and to critique what the critics of works deem wage slavery. Critique of work can be existential, and focus on how labour can be and/or feel meaningless, and stands in the way for self-realisation. But the critique of work can also highlight how excessive work may cause harm to nature, the productivity of society, and/or society itself. The critique of work can also take on a more utilitarian character, in which work simply stands in the way for human happiness as well as health. History Many thinkers have critiqued and wished for the abolishment of labour as early as in Ancient Greece. An example of an opposing view is the anonymously published treatise titled Essay on Trade and Commerce published in 1770 which claimed that to break the spirit of idleness and independence of the English people, ideal \"work-houses\" should imprison the poor. These houses were to function as \"houses of terror, where they should work fourteen hours a day in such fashion that when meal time was deducted there should remain twelve hours of work full and complete.\" Views like these propagated for in the following decades by e.g. Malthus, which led up to the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The battle of shortening the working hours to ten hours was ongoing between around the 1840s until about 1900. However, establishing the eight-hour working day went significantly faster, and these short-hour social movements aligned against labour, managed to get rid of two working hours between the mid-1880s to 1919. During this epoch, reformers argued that mechanization was not only supposed to provide material goods, but to free workers from \"slavery\" and introduce them to the \"duty\" to enjoy life. While the productive capacity rose enormously with industrialization, people were made busier, while one might have expected the opposite to occur. This was at least the expectation among many intellectuals such as Paul Lafargue. The liberal John Stuart Mill also predicted that society would come to a stage where growth would end when mechanization would meet all real needs. Lafargue argued that the obsession society seemed to have with labour paradoxically harmed the productivity, which society had as one of its primary justifications for not working as little as possible. Paul Lafargue In Lafargue's book The Right To Be Lazy, he claims that: \"It is sheer madness, that people are fighting for the \"right\" to an eight-hour working day. In other words, eight hours of servitude, exploitation and suffering, when it is leisure, joy and self-realisation that should be fought for – and as few hours of slavery as possible.\" Automation, which had already come a long way in Lafargue's time, could easily have reduced working hours to three or four hours a day. This would have left a large part of the day for the things which he would claim that we really want to do – spend time with","title":"Critique of work"},{"docid":"5696586","text":"A kick chart is a form or graph used by a pregnant woman in the later stages to record the activity of her fetus. If too few kicks are felt within a specified time (usually 12 hours) this could indicate a problem. A frequent question posed by midwives is how \"many times has the baby kicked in the last twelve hours?\" The unborn foetus should move five times per hour, or ten times in any twelve-hour period. In the UK this is regarded as best indication of the health of the baby from the second trimester. Once routine, use of these charts has declined, since women often forgot to complete them and fetal movement patterns are very varied, leading to unnecessary concern. Foetal kick counters A more recent trend in the United Kingdom has been the replacement of the kick chart with jewelry-based counters. A pregnancy bracelet is a wearable form of kick counter. The bracelets available work on similar principles: the baby kicks, the mother moves a marker. The idea is that this is more practical than using a pen and paper. The two most widely advertised bracelets are currently undergoing the patent application process. See also Pregnancy Stillbirth References Obstetrics Midwifery","title":"Kick chart"},{"docid":"48629736","text":"The British Sleep Society (BSS) was established in 1988 to support clinicians, researchers, nurses, technologists, scientists and students with an interest in sleep and sleep disorders. It acts as an umbrella organisation, with a number of roles and activities. The Society advises health services policy through submitting evidence for consideration by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). It organises an influential scientific meeting each year dedicated to sleep disorders and sleep research and jointly hosts an annual international education course for sleep technologists and clinicians. The Society has charitable status, and operates throughout England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. It serves the media, fund raisers, commerce and concerned members of the public with support and advice. Introduction The British Sleep Society has an inclusive approach to all specialists related to sleep medicine and sleep research. Members include both academic and clinical specialists, particularly neurologists, pulmonologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, pediatricians, geriatricians as well as neurophysiologists, circadian rhythm experts, nurses and a large number of technologists in sleep laboratories. The Society currently has over 400 members under leadership provided by a 10-member executive board, and a subcommittee coordinates scientific meetings and training courses. The organisation was founded in response to the increase of awareness of sleep apnea and its clinical importance. Over the next few years it broadened to include neurological and physiological interests with strong emphasis on technical aspects and polysomnography. Special interest groups in areas such as pediatrics and actigraphy have been established. It now provides a comprehensive resource to clinical, research and technical specialties. Affiliation The Society works with other medical specialist bodies to promote sleep medicine as a medical subspecialty in the UK. The Registration Council for Clinical Physiologists holds a register of practitioners in six disciplines, one of which is sleep physiology. As part of this the Society is a registered professional body within the Council, with the aim to improve the safety of patient care. The Society is affiliated with the European Sleep Research Society. Meetings and training The Society runs an annual spring technologist conference, aimed at providing training in all aspects of sleep medicine. The Society also holds an annual scientific meeting, to listen to presentations on the latest research and clinical developments in sleep and the treatment of sleep disorders. It is the largest meeting in Great Britain dedicated to sleep. The Society has joined forces with the Belgian and Dutch Sleep Societies to organise the International Sleep Medicine Course (ISMC), hosting it every three years. The course is endorsed by the European Sleep Research Society. Related fields The British Sleep Society draws from professions in sleep medicine, statistics, psychology, epidemiology, economics, biology, and mathematics. See also Sleep epidemiology Sleep Research Society References External links Sleep Research Society Registration Council for Clinical Physiologists In the media http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/how-many-hours-sleep-do-you-need-survey-shows-britons-getting-just-five-hours-11364011963848 https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/quarter-brit-workers-less-five-6672090 http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/uk/survey-shows-many-of-us-are-getting-just-five-hours-sleep-a-night-1.906092 https://web.archive.org/web/20151022114451/http://www.westerndailypress.co.uk/Working-age-Britons-hours-night-research-reveals/story-28020304-detail/story.html Medical and health organisations based in the United Kingdom Sleep medicine organizations","title":"British Sleep Society"},{"docid":"18784307","text":"Roy Rowland (December 31, 1910 – June 29, 1995) was an American film director. The New York-born director helmed a number of films in the 1950s and 1960s including Our Vines Have Tender Grapes, Meet Me in Las Vegas, Rogue Cop, The 5000 Fingers of Doctor T, and The Girl Hunters. Rowland married Ruth Cummings, the niece of Louis B. Mayer and sister of Jack Cummings (MGM producer/director). They had one son, Steve Rowland, born in 1932, who later became a music producer in the UK. Biography Early life Roy Rowland was born in Brooklyn, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. The family moved to Edendale, California, when Roy was ten. He graduated from the University of Southern California with a law degree before beginning his career at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) as a script clerk. He then began working as a prop man, grip, and assistant cameraman. In 1927 he met Ruth Cummings at the Santa Monica Beach Club. She was the niece of Louis B. Mayer and the sister of producer Jack Cummings. Her family disapproved of Rowlands, so they eloped. This resulted in Rowland being blacklisted. But Ruth Cummings arranged a rapprochement with Mayer. He was assistant director on most of the Tarzan films, starring Johnny Weissmuller in the 1930s. Short films Rowland made his reputation directing short films, particularly the \"How to\" series of shorts starring Robert Benchley. One of them, How to Sleep (1937), won an Academy Award. He also worked with producer Pete Smith as the director of several of the short films in the Pete Smith Specialties series, and directed several of the short films in the Crime Does Not Pay series. Features Rowland's debut feature was A Stranger in Town (1943). He made three films with the child actress Margaret O'Brien: Lost Angel (1943), Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945), and Tenth Avenue Angel (1948). He also directed musicals such as Hit the Deck (1955), Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956), and Seven Hills of Rome (1958). He also made The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. (1953), from a story by Dr. Seuss. He directed Many Rivers to Cross with Robert Taylor and Gun Glory (1957) with Stewart Granger and Rowland's son Steve. Rowland was survived by his wife Ruth and their son. Partial filmography Hollywood Party (1934) – co-director Sunkist Stars at Palm Springs (1936) – short Cinema Circus (1937) – short Hollywood Party (1937) – short Song of Revolt (1937) – short How to Start the Day (1937) – short A Night at the Movies (1937) – short film with Robert Benchley Music Made Simple (1938) – short An Evening Alone (1938) – short How to Raise a Baby (1938) – short The Courtship of the Newt (1938) – short How to Read (1938) – short How to Watch Football (1938) – short Opening Day (1938) – short Mental Poise (1938) – short How to Sub-Let (1939) – short An Hour for Lunch (1939) – short Dark Magic (1939) – short Home","title":"Roy Rowland (film director)"},{"docid":"38597548","text":"Bartending school refers to private education businesses that teach individuals the many intricacies of serving customers alcohol from behind a bar. This includes not only classes in such topics as drinks mixology: the intricacies of mixing drinks and drink presentation, and the alcohol laws of the city and state, or province, in which the school is situated. In the United States, bartenders must pass a certification course for their particular state. There are many bartending schools in every state. Some offer only a few hours of instruction, others offer up to 100 hours. Courses that are at least 12 hours in length are certified by a state's board of education or board of vocational or postsecondary education. In Canada, bartending schools can be found in each province. Many of those schools offer introductory one day courses in addition to two week long certification courses. No specific regulatory body offers bartending certification, but each province has an additional responsible serving program that all wait staff need to complete before serving alcohol. Curriculum Modern schools offer training in how to deal with drunk driving, underage drinkers, and aggressive customers. This is often required for certification. Students also learn how to run a bar including setup and cleanup. In addition, students learn the basics about glassware and bartending equipment, as well as brands of liquors and liqueurs, recipes for the most popular drinks (mixology), and drink presentation.They may also trained in customer service, up-selling to customers, and procedures in taking payment. Most schools also offer training in resume preparation, how to act at a job interview, and where they should start looking for employment. Many bar schools have their students train using colored water to simulate the various types of alcohol, while others use real liquors. Some schools also have mock bars behind which their students can train in a realistic way. History Bartending has been a profession since ancient Roman times. There was no need for a bartending school up until the 1700s because alcohol only consisted of beer, wine and ale rather than mixed drinks. The owners of ale houses and taverns would serve alcohol and train new service staff themselves. After the repeal of prohibition in 1933, stand alone bars and bars in restaurants reopened, and it was necessary for businesses to hire bartenders en masse. It was no longer possible for an individual barman to educate the new workers, and so for the first time bartending schools were founded. According to a brief news blurb in Reading Eagle from 1934, \"bartender schools are mushrooming in the manor of Tom Thumb golf courses a while back\". One school offered a \"three weeks course in rudimental drink mixing, fashioning the multiple concoctions of pre-prohibition.” Classes consisted of one and a half hour periods, five days a week. Bartending schools were popular in a variety of cities around the United States for decades. In 1955, jobs in service occupations like nursing and bartending surpassed farm work as the third largest category of","title":"Bartending school"},{"docid":"23687706","text":"Sunita Shroff is a British television presenter and actress. Early life Sunita Shroff was born in Scotland to Irish and Indian parents, and raised in Greece where she was educated in the Campion School. She speaks fluent Greek, Italian and French. Career Her TV career started at Channel East where she fronted their flagship current affairs show. Shroff went on to compete against 11,000 other people in the BBC Talent Competition and came in the final 3 in the ‘Holiday Program' category. Shroff gained presenting experience on the QVC shopping channel and has gone on to work as a presenter on a variety of terrestrial television projects, predominantly relating to the property market. She has also pursued an acting career, appearing in a number of television serials, commercials and in films. Presenting credits Secret Location House Swap - BBC1 Homes & Property - ITV1 Get a new life - BBC2 Moving Day - ITV1 A house in the country - ITV1 Women in the property market - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Upfront - BBC QVC - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Channel East - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Cook and Chat - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Lifestyle - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Live Mozambique 8 hour Telethon - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Viewing for leisure – Travel Series in Greece - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Great big british quiz - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) BBC talent (Final 3 in ‘Holiday’ program category) - BBC Acting credits - TV Coronation Street - Granada Television The Bill - ITV Emmerdale - ITV Gunrush - ITV Broken News - BBC Spookes - Lot 49 Films Strike Back: Project Dawn Acting credits - film Fair is Fare Man Walks Into a Pub Being Lucky Privacy How to Squat, a Guide Person to Persian Paid Arrogance Hallowed Ground The Odd Conversation Personal life Child = Mimi Hedderly Charity work In 2006, she competed in the Macmillan 4x4 UK Challenge charity event raising £2,000 for Macmillan Cancer Support. References External links Living people British television presenters British actresses British people of Irish descent Indian people of Irish descent British people of Indian descent British women television presenters Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Sunita Shroff"},{"docid":"32960023","text":"Scavengers were employed in 18th and 19th century in cotton mills, predominantly in the UK and the United States, to clean and recoup the area underneath a spinning mule. The cotton wastage that gathered on the floor was seen as too valuable for the owners to leave and one of the simplest solutions was to employ young children to work under the machinery. Many children suffered serious injuries while under the mules, with fingers, hands, and sometimes heads crushed by the heavy moving parts. Legislation introduced in 1819 tried to reduce working hours and improve conditions but there were still deaths recorded well beyond the middle of the 19th century. Job Description Scavengers were the lowliest of the apprentices at the cotton mills and had to endure the worst conditions. They were employed to work under the machinery to clean up the dust and oil and to gather the cotton that had been thrown off the mule by its intense vibrations. The tenters would not stop to allow the scavenger to work because they were paid by how much they could produce. As the mule moved forwards the children were sent under the machine, sweeping and gathering the cotton. They had to then time their retreat so as to not become entangled within the many moving parts. These children had started in the mills at around the age of four, working as scavengers until they were eight before progressing to the role of piecers. They worked 14 to 16 hours a day, beaten if they fell asleep, until they were 15. Danger Mule sweeping is noted as being one of the worst in history due to the work conditions. The danger of being beneath the machines meant that they had to constantly pay attention to its movements to avoid serious injury. An 1840 novel by Frances Trollope describes the work of a scavenger: While there were no requirements for factory owners to keep any records about the majority of accidents on their premises there are many anecdotal cases of scavengers suffering serious and sometimes fatal injuries. Some lost fingers or a hand, others are said to have been decapitated. A record held at the Quarry Bank Mill, now a museum, states: Research by Jane Humphries, a professor of economic history at the University of Oxford, revealed that a mill near Cork had such a poor safety record that six people died and 60 others were mutilated over a four-year period. Robert Blincoe, a scavenger who went on to found his own cotton-spinning business, described the life of a child labourer in his book A Memoir of Robert Blincoe. He wrote about the mistreatment of workers at the cotton mills and the poor conditions that they had to endure. He claims that on one occasion he was nearly crushed by the machine and that, despite the injuries to his head, he was beaten for not completing the sweep in a single turn. Legislation The children were sent to the mills of","title":"Mule scavenger"},{"docid":"1591111","text":"Holden v. Hardy, 169 U.S. 366 (1898), is a US labor law case in which the US Supreme Court held a limitation on working time for miners and smelters as constitutional. Facts In March 1896, the Utah state legislature passed a law that limited the number of work hours for miners and smelters. A few months later, Salt Lake County Sheriff Harvey Harden arrested Albert Holden, the owner of Old Jordan Mine, for breaking that law. He charged him with forcing two of his workers to work much longer than eight hours. Holden admitted to making his workers work longer hours, but he argued that the Utah law was unconstitutional because it prevented individuals from making contracts with each other. In addition, Holden argued that the law prevented him from having both property and liberty without due process, and the law also singled out managers in the mining industry by preventing them from equal protection of the laws. Holden was found guilty and fined $50, which he refused to pay, and so he ended up serving a jail sentence of 57 days. Meanwhile, Holden appealed the case to the Utah Supreme Court and focused on the part of the Utah Constitution that protect the freedoms of labor. Holden argued the Utah Legislature had no right to pass any law restricting how many hours people can work in a day. The Utah Supreme Court disagreed with him, sided with the legislature, and explained that mining and smelting was dangerous: \"prolonged effort day after day... will produce morbid, noxious, and often deadly effects in the human system.\" Therefore, limiting hours of that kind of work was necessary. Holden then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear oral arguments on October 21, 1897. Judgment The Supreme Court, in a majority opinion by Henry Billings Brown, held the Utah law was a legitimate exercise of the police power since there was indeed a rational basis, supported by facts, for the legislature to believe particular work conditions are dangerous. It distinguished the case from laws imposing universal maximum hour rules, which would be unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment: See also US labor law Lochner v. New York: Similar case denying limited working hours for bakers List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 169 References External links 1898 in United States case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court Working time Legal history of Utah United States substantive due process case law United States labor case law Mining law and governance Mining in Utah","title":"Holden v. Hardy"},{"docid":"772859","text":"The Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) was the regulatory body in the United Kingdom for commercial television (ITV and Channel 4 and limited satellite television regulation – cable television was the responsibility of the Cable Authority) – and commercial and independent radio broadcasts. The IBA came into being when the Sound Broadcasting Act 1972 gave the Independent Television Authority responsibility for organising the new Independent Local Radio (ILR) stations. The Independent Television Commission formally replaced the IBA on 1 January 1991 in regulatory terms; however, the authority itself was not officially dissolved until 2003. The IBA appointed and regulated a number of regional programme TV contractors and local radio contractors, and built and operated the network of transmitters distributing these programmes through its Engineering Division. It established and part-funded a National Broadcasting School to train on-air and engineering staff. Approach The IBA's approach to regulation was more robust than that of its successors, and it assumed the ultimate role of the broadcaster (whereas today, TV licensees are termed \"broadcasters in their own right\"). The IBA took a very \"hands-on\" approach and placed the interests of the viewer before anything else. For example, if two ITV licensees wanted to merge, or another wanted to change its broadcast name, this would require approval by the IBA. This direct approach also extended to programmes; the IBA could (and did) place limits on how many soap episodes could be shown per week, if they believed programme quality would be compromised. As well as setting guidelines on advertising content (some guidelines only, the remainder being the responsibility of the ASA), quantity and timings, the IBA also operated monitoring systems for the quality of programme content and the technical quality of programme play-out. On 19 January 1972, the British government announced the lifting of all restrictions and limits on the number of broadcasting hours per day that both the BBC and ITV could air. Until 1972, both the BBC and ITV were limited to how many normal programming hours they could air during the course of each day – by 1971 it was limited to 8 hours per day, with exemptions for schools, adult educational, religious programming, state occasions and outdoor sporting coverage. For ITV this meant they could start a proper daytime television schedule, allowing the smaller ITV companies to produce and sell programming to the network. The IBA ensured that along with the new daytime schedules which launched on Monday 16 October 1972 that their public service remit programming would continue after the restrictions were lifted. Schools programming were now placed in a new 2.5 hour slot each weekday from 9.30am along with the continued production of religious programming and adult education. There were also limits on the value of prizes that could be given away – this dated from the broadcast of the UK version of Twenty-One in 1958 in which a contestant won enough money to buy both a car and a house. In 1960, two years after the quiz show scandals in","title":"Independent Broadcasting Authority"},{"docid":"15730123","text":"The observance of Jewish law (halakhah) in the polar regions of Earth presents unique problems. Many mitzvot, such as Jewish prayer and the Sabbath, rely on the consistent cycle of day and night in 24-hour periods that is commonplace in most of the world. However, north of the Arctic Circle (and south of the Antarctic Circle) a single period of daylight can last for a month or more during the summer, and the night lasts for a similar length of time in the winter. The question for religious Jews that live in or visit these regions is how to reconcile the observed length of days in the polar regions with common practice elsewhere in the world. Should a \"day\" be defined solely based on sunrise and sunset, even if these events do not occur for long stretches of time, or should the definition of a polar \"day\" be consistent with the length of a day in the rest of the world? The problem was first identified in the 18th century, when Jewish émigrés began to move in greater numbers to the northern parts of Scandinavia. A number of different opinions on the question have been presented in responsa and are reviewed in a 2005 essay by Rabbi J. David Bleich, and in a 2007 article by Rabbi Dovid Heber. Scope of the problem The definition of a \"day\" in polar regions affects mitzvot that must be performed during the day, or at a particular time of day. It also affects the passage of time in the Jewish calendar for the purpose of observing Shabbat and other Jewish holidays. Mitzvot performed during the day Many ritual mitzvot may be performed at any time during the day but not at night, or vice versa. In addition, a lender is required to return clothing used as collateral to a poor borrower if he needs it to sleep at night, and an employer must pay a day laborer his wages on the same day that the work is done. Time of day The most familiar mitzvah that depends on the time of day is Jewish prayer. The morning Shema must be read between dawn and three variable hours after sunrise. (\"Variable hours\" are each one-twelfth of the time between sunrise and sunset, or according to another opinion between dawn and the appearance of stars at twilight. Variable hours are longer than 60 minutes in the summer, and shorter than 60 minutes in the winter.) The prayers of Shacharit, Mussaf and Minchah are also limited to certain hours of the day. The evening Shema and Ma'ariv, though acceptable at any time of the night, should preferably be done in the first half of the night. It is possible that during very long days of the polar summer, evening prayers are not recited, and during very long nights of the polar winter, daytime prayers are not recited. Days of the week The passage of days from one to the next most prominently drives the observance of","title":"Jewish law in the polar regions"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"5152648\",\n \"text\": \"Different conventions exist around the world for date and time representation, both written and spoken. Differences Differences can exist in: The calendar that is used. The order in which the year, month, and day are represented. (Year-month-day, day-month-year, and month-day-year are the common combinations.) How weeks are identified (see seven-day week) Whether written months are identified by name, by number (1–12), or by Roman numeral (I-XII). Whether the 24-hour clock, 12-hour clock, or 6-hour clock is used. Whether the minutes (or fraction of an hour) after the previous hour or until the following hour is used in spoken language. The punctuation used to separate elements in all-numeric dates and times. Which days are considered the weekend. ISO 8601 International standard ISO 8601 (Representation of dates and times) defines unambiguous written all-numeric big-endian formats for dates, such as 2022-12-31 for 31 December 2022, and time, such as 23:59:58 for 23 hours, 59 minutes, and 58 seconds. These standard notations have been adopted by many countries as a national standard, e.g., BS EN 28601 in the UK and similarly in other EU countries, ANSI INCITS 30-1997 (R2008), and FIPS PUB 4–2 in the United States (FIPS PUB 4-2 withdrawn in United States). They are, in particular, increasingly widely used in computer applications, since the most to least significant digit order provides a simple method to order and sort time readings. Local conventions Date The little-endian format (day, month, year; 1 June 2022) is the most popular format worldwide, followed by the big-endian format (year, month, day; 2006 June 1). Dates may be written partly in Roman numerals (i.e. the month) or written out partly or completely in words in the local language. Time The 24-hour clock is the most commonly used method worldwide to physically represent the time of day. Some regions utilize 24-hour time notation in casual speech as well, such as regions that speak German, French, or Romanian, though this is less common overall; other countries that utilize the 24-hour clock for displaying time physically may use the 12-hour clock more often in verbal communication. In most English-speaking regions, the 12-hour clock is the predominant form of representing the time of day physically, while the 24-hour clock is generally used for contexts where unambiguity and accurate timekeeping are important, such as for public transport schedules. These are only generalizations, however, as there is no consistent rule for using one over the other: in the UK, train timetables will typically use 24-hour time, but road signs indicating time restrictions (e.g. on bus lanes) typically use 12-hour time, e.g. \\\"Monday–Friday 6.30–8.30pm\\\". The BBC website uses the 24-hour clock for its TV and radio programme listings, while BBC promotions for upcoming programmes give their times according to the 12-hour clock. Punctuation and spacing styles differ, even within English-speaking countries (6:30 p.m., 6:30 pm, 6:30 PM, 6.30pm, etc.). Most people who live in countries that use one of the clocks dominantly are still able to understand both systems without much confusion; the statements \\\"three\",\n \"title\": \"Date and time representation by country\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1045477\",\n \"text\": \"How to Survive a Marriage is an American soap opera which aired on the NBC television network from January 7, 1974 to April 18, 1975. The serial was created by Anne Howard Bailey, with much input from then-NBC Vice President Lin Bolen. The show's working title was From This Moment and was an in-house NBC production. A total of 332 episodes were produced (255 in its first season, and 77 in its final season). Synopsis Larry and his wife Christine (nicknamed \\\"Chris,\\\" played by Jennifer Harmon) soon divorced and while battling for custody of their daughter Lori, Chris entered the workforce. On Valentine's Day 1975, Chris and Larry remarried, and she then battled alcoholism. Initially, the show featured veteran soap actress Rosemary Prinz in the role of Dr. Julie Franklin, a staunch feminist who counseled her friends on the joys of being an independent woman, only to decide that her life was truly complete by marrying a man. Prinz only agreed to stay on the show for a short time (as she had with All My Children several years earlier), and earned top billing, a three-day work week, and supposedly $1,000 an episode, which was a big salary for a soap actress to earn in the 1970s. After six months Julie left town to marry Dr. Tony DeAngelo. Another major story centered on Fran Bachman (Fran Brill) coping with sudden widowhood. Brill received over a thousand letters of condolence from viewers. Ratings and cancellation The show did not profit from the large lead-in that the high-rated Another World provided, mostly due to its many attempts to be socially relevant, which usually took the place of traditional storytelling to which American soap viewers at the time were acclimated. How to Survive a Marriage ran a distant third in the 3:30 p.m. timeslot, behind Match Game on CBS (then daytime TV's highest-rated program) and One Life to Live on ABC; a move to 1:30 p.m. on January 6, 1975 after the cancellation of the original version of the famed game Jeopardy! (it was done to enable Another World to expand to an hour) only brought worse ratings, as it faced two longtime favorites on the competing networks, CBS' As the World Turns which was expanded to an hour (11 months later) and ABC's Let's Make a Deal. Despite NBC's high hopes for How to Survive a Marriage it would only last on the air for sixteen months, ending on a Thursday (the 1:30–3:00 p.m. block on NBC was preempted the following day for a 90-minute special, First Ladies' Diaries: Rachel Jackson). The Monday after, Days of Our Lives expanded to an hour and assumed the vacant half hour left in NBC's daytime schedule. How to Survive a Marriage thus holds a rather dubious distinction as not only the first soap opera to become a victim of the first daytime serial, its sister NBC soap Another World, expanding to a full hour, but the second one as well, Days of Our Lives. Numerous\",\n \"title\": \"How to Survive a Marriage\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1404956\",\n \"text\": \"UK Radio Aid was a charitable event in the United Kingdom held on Monday 17 January 2005 to raise money for the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) appeal for the victims of the Asian tsunami. Format The event consisted of a twelve-hour radio show broadcast on 268 radio stations with an audience of over 20 million, covering all of the UK's commercial stations including national stations Classic FM and Virgin Radio, as well as several student and hospital stations plus overseas stations such as BFBS. Over £3 million was raised during the broadcast Reading 107 and Splash FM were amongst a small number of commercial radio stations not to take this show, and instead kept local programming. talkSPORT continued their cricket coverage but regularly updated people on how to donate and how much money was raised. Presenters The shows were presented by a variety of celebrity DJs and guests, with live performances and interviews. Many celebrities and companies offered items for auction on eBay; Prime Minister Tony Blair donated a guided tour of 10 Downing Street, Chris Evans agreed that the highest bidder would be his guest at the BRIT Awards, and Frank Skinner donated a shirt worn by Elvis. Guests Singers who sang live in the studio include Jamie Cullum, Liam Gallagher, David Gray, Jamelia, Texas, Ronan Keating, Bryan Adams, Il Divo, Melanie C, and Russell Watson. Comedy was provided by Jon Culshaw, Avid Merrion, Ricky Gervais, Matt Lucas and David Walliams. Theme song The theme song for the day was a specially recorded version of The Beatles' \\\"Come Together\\\" recorded by Paul Weller. Timetable The shows during the day were presented by the following presenters, with some of the principal guests given in parentheses. 06:00-08:00: Davina McCall, Dermot O'Leary 08:00-10:00: Chris Evans, Kate Thornton (Tony Blair) 10:00-12:00: Simon Bates (Frank Skinner, Jade Goody) 12:00-14:00: Zoë Ball, Shane Richie (Jason Donovan) 14:00-16:00: Mark Goodier, Tony Blackburn (Sharon Osbourne) 16:00-18:00: Johnny Vaughan, Liza Tarbuck (Prince Andrew) External links UK Radio Aid official site Press release on UK Radio Aid UK Radio Aidun British radio programmes 2005 in radio 2005 in the United Kingdom\",\n \"title\": \"UK Radio Aid\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3298620\",\n \"text\": \"The Working Time Directive 2003/88/EC is a European Union law Directive and a key part of European labour law. It gives EU workers the right to: at least 28 days (four weeks) in paid holidays each year; rest breaks of 20 minutes in a 6-hour period; daily rest of at least 11 hours in any 24 hours; restricts excessive night work; at least 24 hours rest in a 7-day period; and a right to work no more than 48 hours per week, unless the member state enables individual opt-outs. It was issued as an update on earlier versions from 22 June 2000 and 23 November 1993. Since excessive working time is cited as a major cause of stress, depression, and illness, the purpose of the directive is to protect people's health and safety. A landmark study conducted by the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization found that exposure to long working hours is common globally at 8.9%, and according to these United Nations estimates the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease, i.e. an estimated 745,000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events alone in 2016. This evidence has given renewed impetus for maximum limits on working time to protect human life and health. Background Like all European Union directives, this is an instrument which requires member states to enact its provisions in national legislation. The directive applies to all member states. It is possible for a worker to opt out of the 48-hour working week, but not the other requirements. After the 1993 Council Negotiations, when the 1993 version of the Directive was agreed to after an 11–1 vote, UK Employment Secretary David Hunt said, \\\"It is a flagrant abuse of Community rules. It has been brought forward as such simply to allow majority voting – a ploy to smuggle through part of the Social Chapter by the back door. The UK strongly opposes any attempt to tell people that they can no longer work the hours they want.\\\" Contents Aims and definitions Part 1 – purpose as health and safety Part 2 – definitions; night time is between midnight and 5 am and not less than seven hours Part 14 – more specific EU provisions take precedence Part 15 – minimum standards directive Part 16 – maximum reference period is fourteen days for article 5; four months for article 6; and determined by collective agreement for article 8; Part 23 – the directive cannot be a reason to reduce protection Part 24 – reporting to the EU Commission on the implementation of the WTD Parts 25–26 – review of derogations for fishing boats and passenger carriers Breaks Article 3 – there must be a daily rest of eleven consecutive hours per 24-hour period. Article 4 – a rest period for every six hours, set by legislation or collective agreement. Article 5 – weekly rest of 24 hours uninterrupted, on top of the daily rest in article 3, but derogation is justifiable for\",\n \"title\": \"Working Time Directive 2003\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65532449\",\n \"text\": \"Sheila Elizabeth Whitton (née Hiller) (October 25, 1922 – November 26, 2017) was a Canadian coder with the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service, colloquially known as the WRENS, during WWII. She was one of a small group of Canadian coders sent to the UK to prepare for D-Day. Service in WWII Sheila Hiller graduated from Havergal College, Toronto, and joined the navy in 1943. She was first assigned to Halifax, where she began her coder training. Coders were first trained with books: “Great heavy coding books, which would have 4 letter insignia for a word.” In April 1944, Sheila was transferred to London with five other WRENS. In London they worked with civilian coders progressing from books to “coding machines.” In her words: \\\"We didn’t know at the time about those coding machines. it really was the size and shape of a fairly large typewriter, but they had cylinders. You had a set up each day for how to start each one, how you placed them in your machine. That code would change every day, so you’d have to make sure you would be able to break the message for the day\\\" The women worked in 3 shifts to cover the 24 hours of the day. She remained working as a coder in England until the end of the war. According to the CFB Esquimalt Naval & Military Museum, \\\"Just one year after the WRCNS was established, the Wrens were already earning high praise\\\" including from Vice Admiral Percy W. Nelles, Chief of Naval Staff, who stated, \\\"I wish to thank the patriotic women who have entered their country’s service and have added so capably to the combat strength of the navy by helping to man the shore establishments in this country. In one short year you have proved yourselves of immeasurable value to the naval service by taking over many tasks with skill, diligence and cheerfulness. As Chief of Naval Staff, I am proud of your record and the contribution you are making to the final victory.\\\" After WWII On her return to Canada she attended The University of Toronto and became a social worker. She served on the national board of the Canadian Save the Children Fund, and was chair in the mid-1960s. In the 1980s, she taught part-time at Sheridan College, Oakville. Personal life Sheila's longtime boyfriend Robert (\\\"Bob\\\") Fleming, an officer in The Queens Own Rifles was already in the U.K. Just after she arrived in London, April 1944, and having been apart for 2 years, they decided to marry. Sheila received permission to travel to Bob's location, where they were married by his regiment's Padre. Up until D-Day the newlywed couple were able to write to each other but then mail was stopped. The last letter Sheila received from Bob was from Normandy after he had been killed in action. After VE Day (Victory in Europe Day, May 8th, 1945) Sheila journeyed to France to visit the Canadian Cemetery at Bény-sur-mer, Normandy. In 1950 she\",\n \"title\": \"Sheila Elizabeth Whitton\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3952888\",\n \"text\": \"A rag-and-bone man or ragpicker (UK English) or ragman, old-clothesman, junkman, or junk dealer (US English), also called a bone-grubber, bone-picker, chiffonnier, rag-gatherer, bag board, or totter, collects unwanted household items and sells them to merchants. Scraps of cloth and paper could be turned into cardboard, while broken glass could be melted down and reused, and even dead cats and dogs could be skinned to make clothes. Traditionally, this was a task performed on foot, with the scavenged materials (which included rags, bones and various metals to be scrapped) kept in a small bag slung over the shoulder. Some rag-and-bone men used a cart, sometimes pulled by a horse or pony. In the 19th century, rag-and-bone men typically lived in extreme poverty, surviving on the proceeds of what they collected each day. Conditions for rag-and-bone men in general improved following the Second World War, but the trade declined during the latter half of the 20th century. However, in the 21st century, partly as the result of the soaring price of scrap metal, rag-and-bone-style collection continues, particularly in the developing world. 19th century In the UK, 19th-century rag-and-bone men scavenged unwanted rags, bones, metal and other waste from the towns and cities in which they lived. Henry Mayhew's 1851 report London Labour and the London Poor estimates that in London, between 800 and 1,000 \\\"bone-grubbers and rag-gatherers\\\" lived in lodging houses, garrets and \\\"ill-furnished rooms in the lowest neighbourhoods.\\\" These bone-grubbers, as they were sometimes known, would typically spend nine or ten hours per day searching the streets of London for anything of value, before returning to their lodgings to sort whatever they had found. In rural areas where no rag merchants were present, rag-and-bone men often dealt directly with rag paper makers, but in London they sold rag to the local traders. White rag could fetch two to three pence per pound, depending on condition (all rag had to be dry before it could be sold). Coloured rag was worth about two pence per pound. Bones, worth about the same, could be used as knife handles, toys and ornaments, and, when treated, for chemistry. The grease extracted from them was also useful for soapmaking. Metal was more valuable; an 1836 edition of Chambers's Edinburgh Journal describes how \\\"street-grubber[s]\\\" could be seen scraping away the dirt between the paving stones of non-macadamised roads, searching for horseshoe nails. Brass, copper and pewter were valued at about four to five pence per pound. In a typical day, a rag-and-bone man might expect to earn about sixpence. Mayhew's report indicates that many who worked as rag-and-bone men did so after falling on hard times, and generally lived in squalor. Although they usually started work well before dawn, they were not immune to the public's ire; in 1872, several rag-and-bone men in Westminster caused complaint when they emptied the contents of two dust trucks to search for rags, bones and paper, blocking people's path. The ragpickers in the 19th and early 20th century did not\",\n \"title\": \"Rag-and-bone man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2127563\",\n \"text\": \"Rick Smolan (born November 5, 1949) is a former Time, Life, and National Geographic photographer best known as the co-creator of the Day in the Life book series. He is currently CEO of Against All Odds Productions, a cross-media organization. Background Smolan is a 1972 graduate of Dickinson College and co-created the best-selling Day in The Life Series photography series with David Elliot Cohen who are credited for creating the mass market for large-format illustrated books. Smolan and Jennifer Erwitt, co-founders of Against All Odds Productions, have produced a number of global crowd sourcing projects. Fortune Magazine selected Against All Odds Productions as One of the 25 Coolest Companies in America. More than five million of his books have been sold around the world, many have appeared on The New York Times best-seller lists and have been featured on the covers of Fortune, Time, and Newsweek. Smolan is also a member of the CuriosityStream Advisory Board. Data collection projects In 2012 Smolan and co-author Erwitt published The Human Face of Big Data, a book in which Smolan and Erwitt used various photographs, graphics, and information to make big data easier to comprehend and absorb on a more personal, relatable level. [Human Face of Big Data] focusing on humanity's new ability to collect, analyze, triangulate and visualize vast amounts of data in real time. In 2000 Smolan organized The Planet Project: Your Voice, Your World, one of the largest real-time internet polls in internet history, with the aim to get answers from over 1.5 million people in more than 240 countries on how they felt about their lives at the dawn of the new millennium. Notable works From Alice to Ocean is a collection of photographs Smolan took of Robyn Davidson's 1,700-mile trek across the deserts of central and Western Australia that National Geographic Magazine sponsored. Davidson's writings along with Smolan's photographs became a National Geographic cover story. An autobiographical account of her trek was later published in 1980 as a book entitled Tracks, which included some of Smolan's photographs. In 1996, Smolan and Erwitt published the Day in the Life book 24 Hours in Cyberspace: Painting on the Walls of the Digital Cave, a collection of photographs from 150 photojournalists, with the intention to, over a 24-hour period, chronicle how the internet was beginning to have a profound effect on the daily lives of people around the world. 24 Hours in Cyberspace (February 8, 1996) was \\\"the largest one-day online event\\\" up to that date, headed by Smolan with Jennifer Erwitt, Tom Melcher, Samir Arora and Clement Mok. In 2003 Smolan and Cohen published America 24/7.America At Home, UK at Home, and America 24/7 encapsulates various perspectives on life by inviting the public to submit images, and enabled readers to place their own photographs within or on the book. In November 2007 Smolan and Erwitt published Blue Planet Run : The Race to Provide Safe Drinking Water to the World, a series of photos illustrating attempts around the world to\",\n \"title\": \"Rick Smolan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30948968\",\n \"text\": \"Walton v Independent Living Organisation [2003] EWCA Civ 199 is a UK labour law case regarding the National Minimum Wage Act 1998. Facts Miss Julie Walton was a care worker, who looked after Miss E Jones, who had epilepsy but was a relatively easy client. She did washing, ironing, shopping and meals. Miss Walton was required to remain at work for 24 hours a day, and did three days a week. She was paid £31.40 a day and got allowance for meals and sleeping was free when she was with Miss Jones. The National Minimum Wage Team of the Inland Revenue contacted the company about a complaint. The employment agency sent in Miss Butler to do estimates about Miss Walton's hours of work and concluded her tasks took 6 hours and 50 minutes a day. Ms Walton agreed with this, and signed an agreement that this was in fact her hours of work. Tribunal held that her time was ‘unmeasured’, and that the estimation was an agreement of time for the purpose of NMWR 1999 r 28, even though her whole pay was expressed on a daily basis. Therefore, she was paid £4.60 which was over the minimum wage. Judgment Aldous LJ upheld the Tribunal. They had come to an agreement about the average hours of work. Arden LJ said it was a question of fact whether the worker did ‘only stand and wait’ and here she did not, and was able to do something entirely unrelated while at work. Jacob J concurred. See also UK labour law Notes United Kingdom labour case law United Kingdom wages case law Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases 2003 in United Kingdom case law\",\n \"title\": \"Walton v Independent Living Organisation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57584993\",\n \"text\": \"Oli Frost (born 1991) is a British satirist and musician, who creates \\\"novelty songs about the climate crisis\\\". In 2018 he appeared on the show Britain's Got Talent posing as a recorder player who covered hip-hop tracks. His other work includes Lifefaker (a service that helps you fake a perfect life on Instagram), Flopstarter (a crowdfunding platform for bad ideas), and an eBay auction of all his personal data. Music Frost appeared on Britain's Got Talent 2018 posing as \\\"Recorda Boi\\\", a recorder player who covered hip-hop tracks. On the show Recorda Boi explained how he wanted to make the recorder cool again. In 2020, Frost released The Greta Thunberg Song, which Greta Thunberg recreated the video of. It was followed by a series of other \\\"novelty songs about the climate crisis\\\". Frost's biggest song to date is The Vampire Conspiracy, with over 10 million listens across platforms. Frost started his musical career as a drummer; however, he told Canary Media that he \\\"developed a drummer complex of not wanting to be just a drummer,\\\" so he learned more instruments. He named Flight of the Conchords as an inspiration for his climate change-themed novelty songs. Work Lifefaker.com In 2018, Frost \\\"founded\\\" Lifefaker.com, a startup which appeared to sell photos that could help users fake a perfect life on Instagram. In an interview he explained how the idea came to him. However, when visitors tried to buy the photos they instead found the site was part of a campaign by mental health startup Sanctus. The site was covered in the media around the world and provoked online discussions on how social media impacts our mental health. eBay Data Sale In May 2018, Frost put an archive of all his personal data on eBay. According to his listing, the data included \\\"every like, post, and inane comment since I was 16,\\\" \\\"photos dating back to when I had a fringe and listened to Billy Talent,\\\" and \\\"loads more, like who I vote for, my boss's name, and where all my family live\\\". Within 24 hours the auction had £300 in bids, with 44 bidders and 5 days remaining. However, an hour after the story appeared on news sites, eBay removed the listing on the grounds it might violate Facebook's Terms and Conditions. Frost later apologised on his blog for mistakenly thinking he owned his personal data. Flopstarter Frost is the creator and editor of the site Flopstarter, a crowdfunding site for bad ideas. The site allows users to submit and back projects such as \\\"Natural Death Beef\\\", \\\"1D Printers\\\", and \\\"Coconut Shampoo for Coconuts\\\". Presenter Richard Bacon described the site as \\\"basically, a really good idea about really bad ideas\\\". Activism In 2015, Frost co-created The Homeless Period, a campaign to get homeless women better access to sanitary care. The campaign's petition to give shelters an allowance to buy sanitary products passed its goal of 100,000 signatures and in 2016 was raised in UK Parliament. The campaign gave rise to numerous local\",\n \"title\": \"Oli Frost\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9696268\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas James Wrigglesworth is an English comedian. He was born and raised in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. In 2009 he was nominated for the main Edinburgh Comedy Award (formerly the Perrier awards) at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Early life Wrigglesworth was born in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, the fourth of five siblings; he comes from Totley in south-west Sheffield. He was educated at King Ecgbert School, and went on to study Electrical Engineering and then Acoustics at Salford University (Salford Acoustics). Career After graduating, he worked in the telecommunications and satellite industry, before caving in to friends' repeated requests to perform stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy Wrigglesworth began performing stand up comedy in 2003, when he won the So You Think You're Funny award. In 2006, he quit his day job and became a full-time comedian on the UK comedy circuit. His debut Edinburgh show in 2008 was titled I'm Struggling To See How That's Helping. But it was in 2009 that his second hour-long show, An Open Return letter to Richard Branson, bought him critical acclaim. The show was based on a true story, beginning with Wrigglesworth narrating a letter to Sir Richard Branson. It goes on to describe a hung-over Wrigglesworth boarding a Virgin train at Manchester, and witnessing a ticket inspector forcing an OAP called Lena Ainscow to purchase a new full-price train ticket. Wrigglesworth then conducted a whipround to help Lena, much to the annoyance of the ticket inspector, who arranged for the police to meet the train at Euston, after stating Wrigglesworth would be charged with begging. Thanks to several other passengers becoming embroiled in the story, a furore ensued and he and Lena were released from police questioning. The show ends with the conclusion of the letter to Richard Branson, the point of which was to ask Branson for help in making train fares fairer. After the Edinburgh run, the show toured around the UK, New Zealand, and the Montreal Comedy Festival, before a half-hour version was aired on BBC Radio 4 in 2010. His third Edinburgh show in 2010—called Tom Wrigglesworth's Nightmare Dream Wedding—then toured the UK, before Wrigglesworth took a two-year hiatus from performing at the festival. In 2013, he returned with a new show called Utterly at Odds with the Universe, which is expected to tour the UK and further afield in 2014. This show tracks the relationship he had with his grandfather, centring on audio cassette interviews made in the mid 80s, when Wrigglesworth was a small child. In 2014, Wrigglesworth performed in Green Bay, Wisconsin after his strong resemblance to Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers caught attention in the media. He eventually got to meet Rodgers at Lambeau Field, in addition to receiving the key to the city, as well as a custom Packers jersey, sporting his name and Rodgers' number 12. Radio Wrigglesworth regularly appears as a panellist on shows such as The Unbelievable Truth, It's Not What You Know and It's Your Round, as well as providing the continuity\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Wrigglesworth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39020672\",\n \"text\": \"The Legal Aid Agency is an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) in the United Kingdom. It provides both civil and criminal legal aid and advice in England and Wales. The agency was formed on 1 April 2013 as a replacement for the Legal Services Commission, which unlike the Legal Aid Agency, was a non-departmental public body of the MoJ. This change was enacted by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 to allow for greater ministerial control over the UK government's legal aid budget. Chief executive Until recently, the agency's Chief Executive, the Director of Legal Casework, was Shaun McNally (since April 2016.) However, in March 2021 this role has now been taken over by Jane Harbottle, who has herself confirmed \\\"it is an honour.\\\" The Chief Executive's role primarily involved achieving the departments policies, ensuring a diverse and competent workforce, as well as making sure the Legal Aid Agency meets statutory obligations. It is also his or her decision about legal aid funding in individual cases. Achievements In 2019, the Legal Aid Agency processed 91% of civil applications for legal aid within 20 days, and 100% of crime applications within 2 days. In total, they processed 400,000 applications for legal aid. Criticism The Legal Aid Agency has been criticised by the Law Society because many areas of the country have little or no legal aid providers. Additionally, there have been disapprovals of the Legal Aid Agency's handling of exceptional case funding (ECF). ECF is legal funding for a case which does not fall within the scope of LASPO. The Legal Aid Agency had planned for 5,000 to 7,000 applications for ECF in the first year post LASPO, however only achieved 1,520. Further criticism stems from the Legal Aid Agency's payment and treatment of legal aid providers. Funding provided by the Legal Aid Agency can often take years to come through to barristers. This was identified by the Law Society of England and Wales during the pandemic, who pushed for further guidance from the Legal Aid Agency regarding cash flow problems. The Law Society also expressed their view in a different report that fees provided by the Legal Aid Agency should be paid more fairly, and cover out-of-work hours performed by legal aid providers. In 2017, the Bach Commission called for the replacement of the Legal Aid Agency with an independent body that does not have any government involvement. In a 2018 High court Judgement, the Legal Aid Agency (LAA) lost another Judicial Review. The case was to decide how much the LAA pays out in complex fraud cases. In 2021, leading solicitors launched legal action against the Legal Aid Agency (LAA). The Judicial Review was called because the LAA did not consult solicitors on changes to bringing cost assessment in house. This would mean there would be no independent review of how much the LAA would payout. So essentially the LAA would not be able to dispute payment with itself. References External links\",\n \"title\": \"Legal Aid Agency\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49334196\",\n \"text\": \"The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion, nicknamed the \\\"Six Triple Eight\\\", was a predominantly black battalion of the Women's Army Corps (WAC). The 6888th had 855 women, amongst whom were three Latinas, both enlisted and officers, and was led by Major Charity Adams. It was the only predominantly all-black US Women's Army Corps unit sent overseas during World War II. The group motto was \\\"No mail, low morale\\\". The battalion was organized into five companies, Headquarters, Company A, Company B, Company C, and Company D. Most of the 6888th worked as postal clerks, but others were cooks, mechanics and held other support positions, so that the 6888th was a self-sufficient unit. History During World War II, there was a significant shortage of soldiers who were able to manage the postal service for the U.S. Army overseas. In 1944, Mary McLeod Bethune worked to get the support of the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, for \\\"a role for black women in the war overseas.\\\" Black newspapers, too, challenged the U.S. Army to \\\"use black women in meaningful Army jobs.\\\" The women who signed up went to basic training in Georgia. Women who were already in the WAC, like Alyce Dixon, served at different locations, including the Pentagon, before they joined the 6888th. Great Britain The 6888th left the United States on February 3, 1945, sailing on the fast liner and arriving in Glasgow on February 12. The Île de France encountered several German U-boats on the trip, forcing the ship to take evasive maneuvers. The ship reached Glasgow safely. The battalion was transported by train to Birmingham. On 15 February the unit was inspected and marched in review before Lt. Gen. John C. H. Lee, Commanding General, Communications Zone, European Theater of Operations (ETO), and Maj Gen. Robert McGowan Littlejohn, Chief Quartermaster, ETO, whose responsibilities included the mail. Army officials believed that undelivered mail was hurting morale. Many letters and packages had only the first name of the intended recipient, had a commonly used name or used nicknames. There was estimated to be a backlog of 17 million items. The 6888th devised their own system to handle the backlog of mail. This included creating and maintaining a card index of names of those with the same or similar names, using military serial numbers to distinguish between them. This finally contained 7 million cards. The women of the 6888th worked 24 hours a day, seven days a week, in three shifts, processing and delivering mail – a morale booster – to fighting troops in Europe. Each shift handled an estimated 65,000 pieces of mail. In total, the unit handled mail for over four million military and civilians, and cleared backlogs in the UK and France. Early in the operation, a white general attempted to send a white officer to \\\"tell them how to do it right,\\\" but Major Adams responded, \\\"Sir, over my dead body, sir!\\\". The battalion finished what was supposed to be a six-month task in three months in May 1945.\",\n \"title\": \"6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13659647\",\n \"text\": \"The terms Spanish practices or old Spanish customs are British expressions that refer to irregular or restrictive practices in workers' interests. Typically, these are arrangements that have been negotiated in the past between employers and unions. The issue arises because, in British law, a contract of employment consists of both expressed and implied terms. Implied terms can arise through \\\"custom and practice\\\". Historically, alteration of these terms has been by negotiation and collective bargaining. Examples For example, if it has been the habit to release staff when the day's work is done (such as, today's newspaper is printed), then that becomes the de facto contract of employment. If some workers are required to stay on to do additional tasks, then it may be more convenient to pay these workers to do so (since otherwise they are not being treated equitably and/or have no incentive to do so). Over many years of incremental negotiation, the original rationale may be lost and a point reached where all workers are being paid a supplement merely to complete a normal shift. With the benefit of hindsight, such an arrangement might be described as a \\\"Spanish practice\\\". The expression was widely used in reporting the 2007 Royal Mail industrial disputes, the UK's national postal service. The term was used in an interview by Royal Mail Chief Executive Adam Crozier. Crozier described as \\\"cobblers\\\" claims by the Communication Workers Union deputy general secretary Dave Ward that the way Royal Mail made its employees work amounted to \\\"slavery\\\". According to Crozier, Royal Mail was \\\"only trying to make people work the hours for which they were paid\\\". He claimed there were 1,442 Spanish practices at Royal Mail a few years ago, and these had now been cut to 92. One example of such practices was paid overtime within normal working hours, after workers completed their scheduled delivery rounds early. Earlier, the term old Spanish customs was used in 1986 in reference to long-lasting industrial action in Fleet Street, traditionally the home of the UK's newspaper industry, for example the Wapping dispute. Main types of \\\"Spanish practices\\\" include allowing workers to go home before the end of their shift if they have completed their scheduled work; negotiable paid overtime within normal working hours after completing scheduled work, regardless of remaining working hours; automatic overtime pay if production reaches a certain level regardless of remaining working hours; no overlap between functions in the same workplace (demarcation); and overtime pay to cover absence of colleagues. Implications and history The term is viewed by people of Spanish origins as pejorative or politically incorrect. According to BBC Radio 4 presenter Nigel Rees, the terms have been used since the 1970s to describe malpractices among the trades unions, especially the print unions in Fleet Street. Speaking on Radio 4's Broadcasting House current affairs programme on Sunday 7 October 2007, Rees said: \\\"As one knows, Spanish people are very hard-working, upright people. But I suppose one or two of them may tend to take\",\n \"title\": \"Spanish practices\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10391062\",\n \"text\": \"It's Me or the Dog is an English television program featuring dog trainer Victoria Stilwell who addresses canine behavioral problems (which are often shown putting a strain on interpersonal relationships), teaches responsible dog ownership and promotes dog training techniques based on positive reinforcement. There was also an American television version of the show which ran for four seasons. The show currently airs in about 50 countries worldwide. Beginnings British-born Victoria Stilwell was an actor who had built her sideline interest in dog training into a full-time business when she saw the first episode of Supernanny and realised that what she was doing with dogs was similar to what Jo Frost was doing with children. She contacted the producers of Super Nanny, British reality show producers Ricochet Television, who responded immediately, and production began on It's Me or the Dog. Stilwell said her motivation was to \\\"highlight positive training because there are so many dominance trainers out there messing it all up\\\". Stilwell acknowledges that training a dog on television is not the same as training without the cameras and crew. Format A similar concept to Supernanny (albeit dealing with dogs instead of children), most episodes begin with a brief interview with the dog owners on when they first met their dog(s) and how their ordeals began. Victoria observes the dog(s) and owners in their home and in a range of situations, including seeing firsthand how it disrupts relationships with other people. Once there is sufficient evidence of the bad behavior, she then spends two or more days teaching the owners how to create a better atmosphere for both dog and owner, and how to train specific behaviors. On occasion owners are taken to shelters or training centers to provide them with additional information. Victoria then leaves them to implement her training regimen on their own. After some time (usually several weeks), Victoria returns to evaluate how the dog and owner are progressing and, when necessary, dispenses more training advice. This format mirrors the format of Super Nanny. US Season 3, filmed in New York, took a looser documentary format. Stilwell sometimes implements a technique as soon as she sees a behavior rather than waiting until after the confrontation. Series and success There have been three US seasons and four UK series of It's Me or the Dog so far, the first running for six episodes from 31 August 2005, and earning record ratings for Channel 4. The second series aired from January – March 2006, running for twelve episodes. The third series transmitted from October to November 2006, and was eight episodes long, which included two-hour long specials wrapped at each end; It's Me or the Dog – The Event and It's Me or the Fat Dog. In 2007, a special one-hour show at the Crufts Competition was shown on 13 March, and a fourth series of six episodes aired in July and August. In June 2021, it was announced on Victoria Stilwell's Facebook page and on the It's Me\",\n \"title\": \"It's Me or the Dog\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10267501\",\n \"text\": \"This is an article about a 19th century British report. It should not be confused with the Sadler Commission, an investigation into Indian University education at the end of the First World War. The Sadler Report, also known as the Report of the Select Committee on Factory Children's Labour (Parliamentary Papers 1831-32, volume XV) or \\\"the report of Mr Sadler’s Committee,\\\" was a report written in 1832 by Michael Sadler, the chairman of a UK Parliamentary committee considering a bill that limited the hours of work of children in textile mills and factories. In committee hearings carried out between the passage of the 1832 Reform Act and Parliament’s subsequent dissolution, Sadler had elicited testimony from factory workers (current and former), concerned medical men, and other bystanders. The report highlighted the poor working conditions and excessive working hours for children working in the factories. Time (and Sadler) prevented balancing or contrary evidence from being called before Parliament was dissolved. The committee report was published early in 1833. A mid-20th century historian described it as \\\"a mass of evidence, constituting a most formidable indictment of factory conditions... It is impossible not to be staggered by the revelations of human misery and degradation - impossible not to be moved by the dreadful stories of children and young persons (and adults, too, for that matter) who were bullied and cursed and tormented, pushed around and knocked about by those placed in authority over them.\\\" There was widespread public outcry at the conditions depicted by the testimony heard. Parliament declined to legislate on the basis of the report. Even Sadler’s parliamentary friends, such as Lord Morpeth, conceded that the proceedings of the Committee were irregular and its choice of witnesses unbalanced. Instead, Parliament voted for a fresh inquiry through a Factory Commission, which visited the principal manufacturing districts and took evidence on oath (unlike the Select Committee). The report of the Commission did not set out to directly refute testimony presented by Sadler, but it reached conclusions at variance with Sadler's report on many points. However, it concluded that children were working excessively long hours and government intervention to regulate child labour in textile trades was therefore called for. This required both restrictions on hours of work and a new organization for enforcing them. The consequent Factory Act of 1833 and its establishment of the UK Factory Inspectorate is often taken to mark the start of modern factory legislation in the UK. The report of Sadler’s Committee therefore indirectly led to an important advance in factory legislation. History On 16 March 1832 Sadler proposed the Second Reading of a Bill to limit the workday for textile workers under the age of 18 to ten hours. The bill also involved a ban on labour for children 9 years old and younger, an eight-hour day on Saturday, and a ban on night working for children under the age of 21. Although Sadler had asserted at earlier stages that the need for such legislation was so urgent and\",\n \"title\": \"Sadler report\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7091584\",\n \"text\": \"Annual leave is a period of paid time off work granted by employers to employees to be used for whatever the employee wishes. Depending on the employer's policies, differing number of days may be offered, and the employee may be required to give a certain amount of advance notice, may have to coordinate with the employer to be sure that staffing is available during the employee's absence, and other requirements may have to be met. The vast majority of countries today mandate a minimum amount of paid annual leave by law. Among the larger countries, China requires at least five days' paid annual leave and India requires two days of paid leave for every month worked. The United States mandates no minimum paid leave, treating it as a perk rather than a right. Leave Most countries have labour laws that mandate employers give a certain number of paid time-off days per year to workers. Canada requires at least two weeks, which increases to three weeks for employees that have worked for a certain number of years (In Saskatchewan this entitlement starts out at three weeks and increases to four weeks). An additional fourth week is provided to federally regulated workers after working for a further number of years. In the European Union the countries can set freely the minimum, but it has to be at least equivalent to 4 working weeks. In the Netherlands this is achieved by mandating at minimum 4 times the number of contracted hours in a person's working week; e.g. if someone works 4 days of 7 hours a week, the annual leave hours a year is 112 at minimum. Full-time employees in Australia are entitled to at least 20 annual leave days a year. In New Zealand, 20 days' paid leave is also the normal minimum in addition to the 11 paid statutory holidays (e.g. Christmas, New Year's Day). However, many employers offer 5 or more weeks, especially in the public sector. Some countries, such as Denmark and Italy, or particular companies may mandate summer holidays in specific periods. Argentina has different labour laws for public employment and private employment. Public employees have between a minimum of 21 days paid to 45 days paid for vacations (including holidays and weekends). Private employees have between a minimum of 14 paid days to 28 paid days (including holidays and weekends). In both cases are always relying on the years of service. The more years the worker has worked the more days of paid vacation they will have. UK employers offer 28 days per annum of annual leave with a further 8 public holidays, these are referred to as Bank Holidays. Some employers may include the 8 bank holidays within their annual leave decreasing it to 20 days. US federal law does not require employers to grant any vacation or holidays, though, as of 2007, only about 25 percent of all employees receive no paid vacation time or paid holidays. Due to the lack of federal legislative requirements,\",\n \"title\": \"Annual leave\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7424024\",\n \"text\": \"The Hours was an English rock band, formed in 2004 by Antony Genn and Martin Slattery. Career Antony Genn got his start as a 16-year-old joining Pulp and went on to play with Elastica and Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros. He went on to co-write a number of songs with Robbie Williams, Josh Homme, Brian Eno, Ian Brown from The Stone Roses, Scott \\\"Walker\\\" Engel, Jarvis Cocker, Lee Hazlewood and others, along with writing and producing scores for film and television. Martin Slattery is an established pianist and keyboard player, who had previously toured with Shaun Ryder’s group Black Grape. Both Genn and Slattery also have worked with Joe Strummer as a part the group the Mescaleros, and Slattery has written and worked with KT Tunstall, Grace Jones and Joe Strummer. The band is managed by Pat Magnarella who also manages The All-American Rejects, the Goo Goo Dolls and Green Day. The artwork for the band, including the skull image, was created by British artist Damien Hirst. He is cited as having Michael Buble as one of his biggest influences. They have received support from BBC Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe, and from Jarvis Cocker who said \\\"They understand what music is for—it's for human beings to communicate with other human beings. It's that simple, it's that important. Let them into your life. You won't regret it.\\\" Their single \\\"Ali in the Jungle\\\" is featured in the EA Sports FIFA '08 football game, '2K Sports NBA 2K13' and is the song that snooker player Ronnie O'Sullivan entered to in all his matches at the 2010 Wembley Masters during his run to the final. \\\"People Say\\\" has twice been used in the opening scenes of British soap opera Hollyoaks. Their second album, entitled See the Light, was released on 20 April 2009, and was produced by Flood (U2, Depeche Mode, Smashing Pumpkins). It was preceded by the single \\\"Big Black Hole\\\" on 6 April that year. The Hours were the support act for U2 on their 360 Tour in 2009. Their song \\\"Ali in the Jungle\\\" is the soundtrack to the Nike short film Human Chain, which debuted as an advertisement during the 2010 Winter Olympics. They released an EP with \\\"Ali In The Jungle\\\" through Hickory Records. The band's first US full-length release, It's Not How You Start, It's How You Finish, was released digitally through Adeline Records in 2010. Discography Albums Narcissus Road - 5 February 2007, A&M Records - UK No. 47 See the Light - 20 April 2009, A&M Records UK No. 115 Singles References External links MySpace page Free download of 'Murder or Suicide' A & M Records Scotsman interview with Antony Genn Interview with Antony on LeftLion.co.uk Playlouder 'Class of 2007' interview with Antony Genn GQ Online album review of Narcissus Road Rockfeedback single review of Back When You Were Good Drowned in Sound single review of Back When You Were Good Ali In The Jungle performance live at the Zodiac, Oxford, UK on 9\",\n \"title\": \"The Hours (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8300664\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Working in the Coal Mine\\\" is a song with music and lyrics by the American musician and record producer Allen Toussaint. It was an international hit for Lee Dorsey in 1966, and has been recorded by other musicians including Devo in 1981. Lee Dorsey original version After Toussaint returned to New Orleans from the U.S. Army, in which he served from 1963 to 1965, he formed a production company, Sansu (also known as \\\"Tou-Sea Productions\\\"), with partner Marshall Sehorn. He produced a number of singles performed by Lee Dorsey in 1965 and 1966, including \\\"Ride Your Pony\\\" and \\\"Working in the Coal Mine\\\". Written, arranged and produced by Toussaint, the song concerns the suffering of a man who rises before 5 o'clock each morning in order to work in a coal mine, five days a week, where the conditions are very harsh and dangerous, but which offers the only prospect of paid employment. The singer repeatedly asks the Lord, \\\"How long can this go on?\\\" and complains that when the weekend arrives, he's too exhausted to have any fun. In the instrumental section, as in the song's fade, he says: \\\"Lord, I'm so tired / How long can this go on?\\\" The song features the sound of a pickaxe clinking, as if the musicians were working in a mine. Says producer Allen Toussaint \\\"There wasn’t as much percussion as you might think on there. It was a certain drummer and we had my brother hit the mic' stand with a drum stick for the pick sound. Those were the two percussion instruments.\\\" The recording took place at Cosimo Matassa's Governor Nichols Street studio in the French Quarter of New Orleans. Musicians included guitarist Roy Montrell, drummer Albert \\\"June\\\" Gardner, and bassist Walter Payton. It was a hit for Lee Dorsey, released on Amy Records (catalogue number 958), and entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on July 23, 1966, eventually peaking at #8, while reaching #5 on the Billboard R&B chart. It also reached #8 on the UK Singles Chart. Toussaint said that neither he nor Dorsey had ever been down a coal mine: \\\"We didn’t know anything about a coal mine\\\". He said of Dorsey: \\\"He was very good to work with. Very inspiring because he had such a happiness about him. He loved what he was doing when he was singing. He was a body and fender man when he wasn’t singing and even at his peak, when he would come off the road at the end of a successful tour, he would go and get into his grease clothes, his dirty work gear and go and work on cars. Straightening out fenders and painting bodywork. But really it was his finest hour when he was singing. He was a very good person for me to work with and he totally trusted me every step of the way.\\\" Over time, Dorsey's version of \\\"Working in the Coal Mine\\\" has been featured in many movies and television programs, including Where\",\n \"title\": \"Working in the Coal Mine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4196171\",\n \"text\": \"The RLSS UK National Pool Lifeguard Qualification (NPLQ) is the standard qualification providing training to over 95% of lifeguards in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The NPLQ can also be delivered in other countries where trainers and training centres meet RLSS UK standards. The RLSS UK NPLQ qualifications and courses are administered by IQL UK Ltd, part of the Royal Life Saving Society charity. Courses can be delivered over a one-week intensive course or over a number of different sessions. The RLSS UK NPLQ course contains both theory and practical training (reflected in the assessment ). Practical training includes CPR, Intervention and Rescue, Rescue of a casualty with a Suspected Spinal Injury and First Aid. Classroom based theory topics include those in the practical sessions as well as many topics relating to the role and requirements of the modern day lifeguard. The RLSS UK NPLQ qualification is internationally recognised and can be especially useful for students wishing to travel abroad to continue lifeguarding. In Ireland the majority of awards are done through IQL Ireland (Institute of Qualified Lifeguards Ireland). Course structure To obtain the qualification, two units must be passed. Unit one consist of training in swimming pool supervision, the principles of lifesaving and basic first aid. For new candidates, a minimum of thirty one hours of training must have been undertaken. Unit one is assessed by an external trainer assessor. Unit two assesses the practical application of the techniques learnt in unit one, with a minimum of seven hours of work being required to pass. It is assessed on an ongoing basis by a qualified trainer assessor. To obtain the qualification, both units must be passed within six months of each other. The qualification lasts for 2 years from the date of issue and a further 20 hours of training must be completed before a lifeguard applies for renewal. In 2018 the latest version of the RLSS UK NPLQ was launched called 'Generation 9'. As the most sophisticated pool lifeguarding qualification yet, it is endorsed by CIMSPA and is currently the UK’s only professional standard qualification for lifeguards. The previous update to the RLSS UK NPLQ was in 2012, which led to an unprecedented reduction in drownings in lifeguarded swimming pools in the UK to zero. This update, referred to as the 8th edition, was introduced that combined unit 1 & 2 into a single unit. Revision 8 also incorporated changes that rationalized the structure, some subjects were added, some removed or amended. The training material was completely revised together with the training material. An optional AED add-on is now available in revision 8. All trainer/assessors need to attend an update in order to train or assess RLSS UK NPLQ going forward as revision 7 was withdrawn in 2013. References Swimming safety Professional titles and certifications\",\n \"title\": \"National Pool Lifeguard Qualification\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8075860\",\n \"text\": \"Christine McVie is the second solo album by the English musician, singer, and songwriter Christine McVie, released in 1984. It was McVie's first solo recording since her 1970 self-titled release (under her maiden name). It features two singles that reached the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, \\\"Got a Hold on Me\\\" and \\\"Love Will Show Us How\\\", which reached numbers 10 and 30, respectively. The album itself also achieved modest success in the United States, peaking at number 26 and spending 23 weeks on the Billboard 200. In the UK, the album reached number 58 on the UK Albums Chart. The cover art was shot in Wiltshire, two hours outside of London. McVie arrived at the location at six in the morning, although the photo was not taken until three in the afternoon for the purpose of getting optimal lighting. Some studio shots were arranged for the single sleeves. Background On February 5, 1983, Christine McVie revealed that she was assembling songs for a solo album with the intention of releasing it by Christmas. Although McVie previously produced one of Robbie Patton's solo albums, she still felt unprepared to tackle that responsibility on her own album, so she hired Titelman to fulfill that role. McVie did not expect the recording sessions to begin until June 1983 as producer Russ Titelman was occupied with Paul Simon's Hearts and Bones during the first half of the year. The majority of the album was recorded in Montreux, Switzerland over the span of three months with additional work taking place in the UK. Following two weeks of initial recording in Switzerland, the band took a brief break while McVie fleshed out some lyrics. McVie then traveled to Steve Winwood's house to work on \\\"Ask Anybody\\\", after which the rest of her studio band arrived to spend approximately five days recording additional instrumentation. McVie wrote the lyrics to \\\"Ask Anybody\\\" three years prior about her relationship with Dennis Wilson, but the song lacked a melody, so Winwood invited McVie to his studio \\\"where he found just the right ambiance, the right vibes, for the words.\\\" Mick Fleetwood also stopped by Winwood's studio in Gloucester to record drums. Later, McVie asked Eric Clapton to work with her on a song titled \\\"The Challenge\\\". \\\"To my delight, he agreed. Like all of my songs, it's about life and remorse and rejection.\\\" Clapton recorded his guitar part in roughly an hour. The next day, Ray Cooper came into the studio to overdub percussion, although McVie was preoccupied with an appointment that morning and was unable to meet Cooper. Following this recording session, McVie returned to Montreux and wrote \\\"The Smile I Live For\\\". Lindsey Buckingham stopped by the studio as did John McVie, although the latter did not play on the album in any capacity. Buckingham was in London at the time looking for someone to engineer his Go Insane solo album and traveled to Montreux for a week to overdub guitars and vocals. His contributions\",\n \"title\": \"Christine McVie (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4458950\",\n \"text\": \"A business day means any day except a legal holiday. It may also be defined as any day in which the New York Stock Exchange is open for trading or any day except those on which banking institutions are authorized or required by law or other governmental action to close It depends on the local workweek which is dictated by local customs, religions, and business operations. Working time The working time in a business day varies by region. For example, in the United States and much of the Western world, a typical workday is from 9am to 5pm. In contrast, for many eastern countries such as Japan, the normal business day is from 8:30am to 7pm. The length of a business day varies by era, by region, by industry, and by company. Prevalent norms have included the 8-hour day and the 10-hour day, but various lengths, from 4 to 16 hours, have been normal in certain times and places. United States In the United States, a business day is distinct from weekdays, weekends, and the standard workweek. A business day means all calendar days except the federal legal holidays listed in unless otherwise defined. At times, government agencies and businesses may define business days as \\\"day in which offices are open\\\" separate from the basic legal definition. For example, in the state of Georgia for purposes of consumer protection, the state clarifies that a business day, unless otherwise defined, corresponds to \\\"business days of operation\\\". Meaning that a business open daily would be considered to have seven business days a week. For purposes of lending, the business week is six days from Monday to Saturday. Similarly, the United States Postal Service (USPS) delivers mail on Saturdays. Saturdays are included when counting business days to determine the arrival date of a package in shipping estimates. If USPS receives a parcel on a Thursday that will be delivered in \\\"two business days\\\", it will arrive on the following Saturday if neither Friday nor Saturday are holidays. In finance, how business days are defined by \\\"business day conventions\\\" and determine how payments are settled on contracts such as interest rate swaps. German-speaking countries In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, two German words of somewhat different meaning are used to describe business or working days. One is Werktag, a legal term applied to all calendar days except Sundays and public holidays; it includes most Saturdays. Werktage are days on which businesses such as retail shops and institutions such as schools are generally allowed to operate (see also ). In contrast, Arbeitstag refers to a day on which someone actually works. For most employees, these are Monday to Friday. However, for example, a firefighter might have an Arbeitstag on Sunday even though it is legally not a Werktag. Shifts and trends The introduction of flex time introduces the internet as a more easily globalized and offshored workforce. The notion of a business day has come under a certain degree of challenge. Information-based companies with a limited\",\n \"title\": \"Business day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42547848\",\n \"text\": \"Dorothy Du Boisson, MBE (26 November 1919 – 1 February 2013) was a code breaker stationed at Bletchley Park during World War II. Bletchley Park Du Boisson joined the Women's Royal Naval Service (known as WRNS) during WWII and was stationed at the Newmanry sector of Bletchley Park, England. With others she operated code-breaking machines, such as the Tunny machine Heath Robinson. She was one of only four operators working with the Tunny but, to work efficiently, she had to learn how to operate the Heath Robinson as well. After the Colossus computer was developed, she operated it under the direction of a cryptographer. When more Wrens were posted, Du Boisson came off the machines and went into the Ops Rooms as a registrar. She was responsible for logging the tapes in and out and distributing them to the machines. Since she was one of only two people working in the Ops room, Du Boisson had a tremendous amount of work to do. She recorded the date and identity of each tape used on the Colossus and Tunny. She knew exactly where each tape was and the machine time spent on it. Moreover, she was also responsible for unwinding tapes into buckets and joining them into a loop. This was an essential step for operation, since the tape might not stand up to the speed of the machine. After many experiments, Du Boisson found a unique way to strengthen it by using a special glue, a warm clamp, and French chalk. After the war, the machines were smashed into fragments on the orders of Churchill. Later, Du Boisson worked as a typist in the Air Ministry. Career To perform the data analysis well, \\\"Du Boisson and other operators in Wrens needed to first get the data from a partially electronic machine named Heath Robinson. If it could perform its analysis successfully, the resulting data would be run through the Tunny machine.\\\" Most of the workers were between 20 and 22 years of age. They attended training sessions to get more familiar with the machines, how they operate and the maintenance procedures. The working shifts could last up to 70 hours per week because many machines kept running all the time and there were few people who knew how to operate them. It was necessary for those people to work three eight-hour shifts every day for several weeks. Moreover, due to this stressful workload, many errors in the operations started to appear. Due to limitations in the machines, when a mistake was found, in many cases, it was necessary to redo the work all over again. Living and working conditions Workers had to perform a series of strict jobs within a tight schedule. Due to restrictions on outside policies, workers had to spend most of the time locked in rooms without proper ventilation and luminosity. Moreover, many employees even lived there, usually in attics that were not actually prepared. \\\"The attic was cold and very damp,\\\" and they had to \\\"put\",\n \"title\": \"Dorothy Du Boisson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11229978\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Roger Lewis Cockerell (born 26 August 1940) is a British broadcaster and journalist. He is the BBC's most established political documentary maker, with a long, Emmy award-winning career of political programmes spanning television and radio. Early life and education Michael Roger Lewis Cockerell was born on 26 August 1940. His father was Professor Hugh Anthony Lewis Cockerell, OBE, Secretary General of the Chartered Insurance Institute, a professor who was an expert on insurance law, and his mother, Fanny Cockerell (née Jochelman), was an author and playwright, and daughter of Dr David Salomon Jochelman, a prominent leader of the British Jewish community. He was educated at Kilburn Grammar School, Heidelberg University and Corpus Christi College, Oxford where he studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics (receiving a BA in 1962, and an MA in 1968). Career From 1962 to 1966, Cockerell worked as a magazine journalist. He then joined the BBC Africa service, working as a producer there from 1966 to 1968. From 1968 to 1987, Cockerell worked in the BBC's Current Affairs department. He was initially a producer for the 24 Hours series from 1968 to 1972, from which he moved to being a reporter for Midweek (1972–75). In 1975, he became a reporter on the flagship news series Panorama, where he remained until 1987. That year, he became a freelance television reporter and documentary maker. He has latterly specialised in in-depth documentaries on the politics of Westminster. He has made biographical profiles of Margaret Thatcher (The Making of the Iron Lady, 2008), Edward Heath (Sir Ted: A Film Portrait of Edward Heath, 2005), Alan Clark, Barbara Castle, Roy Jenkins (A Very Social Democrat: A Portrait of Roy Jenkins, 1996), Michael Howard, David Cameron, Denis Healey (The Best Prime Minister Labour Never Had?, 2015) and most recently, Boris Johnson (The Irresistible Rise). From the 1970s onwards, his work for television has included How We Fell For Europe (2005), The Lost World of the Seventies (2012), The Marketing of Margaret Thatcher (1983), Blair's Thousand Days – The Lady and the Lords (2000), Life in Whips Office (1995), Inside 10 Downing Street (2000) and Cabinet Confidential (2001). He has also made multi-part series', among them the How to Be trilogy (How to Be Chancellor, 2010, How to Be Foreign Secretary, 1998 and How to Be Home Secretary, 1999); a three-part series on the history of Anglo-American, Anglo-German and Anglo-French relations; an observational documentary on the workings of Alastair Campbell's press office in News from Number 10; and a three-part analysis of Tony Blair's 10 years in office as Prime Minister. He also followed up the How to Be series, with How to Be Ex Prime Minister (2007), broadcast just before Blair's resignation. The programme was repeated upon the departure from office of Theresa May in 2019. Cockerell's 2010 series The Great Offices of State was a behind-the-scenes look at the Home Office, the Foreign Office, and the UK Treasury, three of the UK's Great Offices of State. This was followed by the 2011\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Cockerell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66897562\",\n \"text\": \"Blue Weekend is the third studio album by English rock band Wolf Alice, released on 4 June 2021 through Dirty Hit. Blue Weekend was preceded by four singles—\\\"The Last Man on Earth\\\", \\\"Smile\\\", \\\"No Hard Feelings\\\" and \\\"How Can I Make It OK?\\\". The album received acclaim from music critics, with many naming it the band's best work, and was shortlisted for the Mercury Prize in 2021. Release On 24 February 2021, Wolf Alice announced the album's title and initial release date of 11 June, alongside the release of lead single \\\"The Last Man on Earth\\\". On 3 May 2021, the band announced that they would be bringing the album's release earlier by one week, to 4 June. Promotion Singles Blue Weekend was preceded by four singles. \\\"The Last Man on Earth\\\" was released on 24 February 2021 as the album's lead single. It was premiered by Annie Mac on her eponymous BBC Radio 1 Radio program, where Ellie Rowsell and Theo Ellis from the band co-hosted with her. The music video was released on YouTube an hour after Mac's radio show started. \\\"Smile\\\" was released on 20 April 2021 as the album's second single. It was premiered the same way as its predecessor. \\\"No Hard Feelings\\\" was released on 11 May 2021, an hour earlier than the previous two on Zane Lowe's Apple Music show, with the music video again released on YouTube an hour afterwards. \\\"How Can I Make It OK?\\\" was released on 3 June 2021 as the fourth and last single of the album along with a music video on YouTube. Critical reception Blue Weekend received acclaim from music critics, many of whom described it as their best album. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating of 100, the album received an average score of 91, based on 19 reviews, indicating \\\"universal acclaim\\\". It was ranked as the third highest-rated album of 2021 on the website at the time of release. Blue Weekend was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 2021, and multiple NME Awards in 2022. Accolades Commercial performance Blue Weekend debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with 36,182 copies sold in its first week, becoming Wolf Alice's first number-one album. It was the biggest-selling album of 2021 in UK independent record shops. Track listing Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Blue Weekend. Wolf Alice Ellie Rowsell – vocals, guitar, piano, bass, programming, Mellotron, synth, Wurlitzer, string arrangement Joff Oddie – guitar, piano, backing vocals, glock, programming, synth, claps, electric upright bass, bass, tenor resonator, 12-string, classical guitar, acoustic guitar Theo Ellis – bass, programming Joel Amey – drums, percussion, synth, backing vocals, guitar, Stylophone, programming, claps Additional musicians Owen Pallett – string arrangement, violin, viola Iain Berryman – glasses, programming, keys, trumpet Joel Workman – electric upright bass Michael Peter Olsen – cello Markus Dravs – programming, synth Technical Markus Dravs – production Iain Berryman – engineering, additional production Joel Workman – engineering assistance ; additional engineering Charlie Andrew\",\n \"title\": \"Blue Weekend\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25565763\",\n \"text\": \"The Working Time Regulations 1998 (SI 1998/1833) is a statutory instrument in UK labour law which implemented the EU Working Time Directive 2003. It was updated in 1999, but these amendments were then withdrawn in 2006 following a legal challenge by the European Court. It does not extend to Northern Ireland. Contents The Working Time Regulations create a basic set of rights for the time people work, particularly 28 days paid holidays, a right to 20 minute paid breaks for each 6 hours worked, a right to weekly rest of at least one full 24 hour period, and the right to limit the working week to 48 hours. These are designed to be minimum standards, which anybody's individual contract or collective agreement through a trade union may improve upon. The Regulations apply to all workers (not just employees) and stipulate minimum rest breaks, daily rest, weekly rest and the maximum average working week. Paid holidays Regulations 13 and 13A create a right to paid annual leave of 28 days, expressed as \\\"four weeks\\\" and an additional \\\"1.6 weeks\\\" (including bank holidays and public holidays). In the Working Time Directive article 7 refers to paid annual leave of \\\"at least four weeks\\\", and under article 5 states that the \\\"weekly rest period\\\" means a \\\"seven-day period\\\". When the Directive was implemented in the UK, regulation 13 originally stated \\\"four weeks\\\" but many employers only gave their workers four five-day periods of leave (i.e. 20 days). In response the UK government amended the regulations in 2007 to add the further 1.6 week period, bringing the minimum in line with the European Union requirement for four full weeks (i.e. 28 days). However, this confusion led to the argument that the UK had gone beyond the minimum standards required by the Working Time Directive 2003, even though no country in the EU has a right to fewer holidays than 28 days. Rest periods Regulation 10 creates the right to a minimum period of rest of 20 minutes in any shift lasting over 6 hours. Under 18's are entitled to a 30 minute break for every 4.5 hours worked. Weekly working time Regulations 4-5 set a default rule that workers may work no more than 48 hours per week and employers are required to do everything reasonable to ensure limits are not broken. There are however, numerous exceptions to the universal rule. It does not apply to some limited specific sectors. Moreover, “autonomous workers”, which according to the UK’s Health and Safety Executive, following European Union interpretation and case law, are defined as those with “total control” of both the duration and scheduling of work, are also excluded. Any individual can also voluntarily opt out of the Health and Safety Protection of the maximum working week. ECJ case law has confirmed that statutory holiday will continue to accrue during career breaks or sabbaticals. Case law UK v Council (Working Time Directive) [1996] ECR I-5755 Sindicato de Médicos de Asistencia Pública v Conselleria de Sanidad y\",\n \"title\": \"Working Time Regulations 1998\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4479476\",\n \"text\": \"Howe Caverns is a cave in the hamlet of Howes Cave, Schoharie County, New York. Howe Caverns is a popular tourist attraction, providing visitors with a sense of caving or spelunking, without needing the advanced equipment and training usually associated with such adventures. Geology Geologists believe the formation of the cave, which lies below ground, began several million years ago. The cave walls are composed mainly of two types of limestone (Coeymans and Manlius) from different periods in the Earth's early history, deposited hundreds of millions of years ago when the Atlantic Ocean stretched far inland. The cave contains an underground lake, called the Lake of Venus, as well as many speleothems. Discovery and development Howe Caverns is named after farmer Lester Howe, who discovered the cave on May 22, 1842, after noticing that his cows frequently gathered near bushes at the bottom of a hill on hot summer days. Behind the bushes, Howe found a strong, cool breeze emanating from a hole in the Earth. Howe proceeded to dig out and explore the cave with his friend and neighbor, Henry Wetsel, on whose land the cave entrance was located. The cave is a constant temperature of , irrespective of the outside weather. Howe opened the cave to eight-hour public tours in 1843, and, as business grew, a hotel was built over the entrance. When Howe encountered financial difficulties, he sold off parts of his property until a limestone quarry purchased the remainder. The quarry's purchase included the hillside, which encompassed the cave's natural entrance. Eventually, the cave was closed to the public, until an organization was formed in 1927 to reopen it. The organization spent the next two years undertaking development work to create an alternative entrance into the cave. After completion of the work – including elevators, brick walkways, lighting, and handrails – the cave was reopened to visitors on Memorial Day, May 1929. Developments since 2000 In 2008, the cave was purchased by a new private concern. In 2011, an adventure park attraction was assembled at the site, and it has been expanded since then. In May 2015, Howe Caverns officials re-opened the natural entrance of the cave to public tours. The newly-opened section of the cavern had not been seen since 1900, as the property had been owned by a succession of cement companies since the late 1800s. Howe Caverns has several tours, including a 90 minute walking tour with a boat ride and a two-and-a-half hour spelunking tour. The expanded tour features the remains of Howe's original tourist boat and signatures in the rock left by 19th-century cavern visitors. Howe Caverns is also a wedding venue. Weddings are performed atop a heart-shaped calcite formation in the cave. References External links Cave House Museum of Mining & Geology BSA Scavenger Hunt Info Caves of New York (state) Limestone caves Show caves in the United States Landforms of Schoharie County, New York Tourist attractions in Schoharie County, New York Museums in Schoharie County, New York Natural history\",\n \"title\": \"Howe Caverns\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54730065\",\n \"text\": \"The Queuing Rule of Thumb (QROT) is a mathematical formula, known as the queuing constraint equation when it is used to find an approximation of servers required to service a queue. The formula is written as an inequality relating the number of servers (s), total number of service requestors (N), service time (r), and the maximum time to empty the queue (T): QROT serves as a rough heuristic to address queue problems. Compared to standard queuing formulas, it is simple enough to compute the necessary number of servers without involving probability or queueing theory. The rule of thumb is therefore more practical to use in many situations. Formula A derivation of the QROT formula follows. The arrival rate is the ratio of the total number of customers N and the maximum time needed to finish the queue T. The service rate is the reciprocal of service time r. It is convenient to consider the ratio of the arrival rate and the service rate. Assuming s servers, the utilization of the queuing system must not be larger than 1. Combining the first three equations gives . Combining this and the fourth equation yields . Simplifying, the formula for the Queuing Rule of Thumb is . Usage The Queuing Rule of Thumb assists queue management to resolve queue problems by relating the number of servers, the total number of customers, the service time, and the maximum time needed to finish the queue. To make a queuing system more efficient, these values can be adjusted with regards to the rule of thumb. The following examples illustrate how the rule may be used. Conference lunch Conference lunches are usually self-service. Each serving table has 2 sides where people can pick up their food. If each of 1000 attendees needs 45 seconds to do so, how many serving tables must be provided so that lunch can be served in an hour? Solution: Given r = 45, N = 1000, T = 3600, we use the rule of thumb to get s: . There are two sides of the table that can be used. So the number of tables needed is . We round this up to a whole number since the number of servers must be discrete. Thus, 7 serving tables must be provided. Student registration A school of 10,000 students must set certain days for student registration. One working day is 8 hours. Each student needs about 36 seconds to be registered. How many days are needed to register all students? Solution: Given s = 1, N = 10,000, r = 36, the rule of thumb yields T: . Given the work hours for a day is 8 hours (28,800 seconds), the number of registration days needed is days. Drop off During the peak hour of the morning about 4500 cars drop off their children at an elementary school. Each drop-off requires about 60 seconds. Each car requires about 6 meters to stop and maneuver. How much space is needed for the minimum drop\",\n \"title\": \"Queuing Rule of Thumb\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15671264\",\n \"text\": \"Love Songs is the Bee Gees' third compilation album in four years, though the first to cover a specific musical style. A proposed album of love songs was in the works around 1995 when the Bee Gees recorded their own versions of \\\"Heartbreaker\\\" and \\\"Emotion\\\", but that project was soon shelved and those recordings remained unavailable until the release of Their Greatest Hits: The Record in 2001. Following the success of the Number Ones compilation in 2004, Universal once again tried to mine the Bee Gees catalog, this time focusing on their ballads. Spanning their entire career, Love Songs features many of the group's big hits, but also includes some lesser known tracks such as \\\"Secret Love\\\" and \\\"For Whom the Bell Tolls\\\", which were both big hits in Europe. Also included is a live version of \\\"Islands in the Stream\\\". The US and the UK versions differed slightly in song selection and running time. Included on the UK version were 1993's \\\"Heart Like Mine\\\" and a song Barry and Maurice wrote together with Ronan Keating in 1999 called \\\"Lovers and Friends\\\", backing Keating both vocally and instrumentally while also producing the recording. Another anomaly was the inclusion of the Robin Gibb solo hit \\\"Juliet\\\" from 1983, which was a big hit in many countries, except in the UK and the US. By the time Love Songs was released, there had been several Bee Gees compilations on the market as well as their entire back catalog, so this release seemed somewhat redundant. In the US it did chart but only managed to reach No. 166. In their homeland it climbed to No. 51 on the UK Albums Chart, but its best showing was in the Netherlands where it went top 20, peaking at No. 21. Track listing USA/International \\\"To Love Somebody\\\" (Bee Gees' 1st) \\\"Words\\\" (Horizontal) \\\"First of May\\\" (Odessa) \\\"Lonely Days\\\" (2 Years On) \\\"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\\\" (Trafalgar) \\\"How Deep Is Your Love\\\" (Saturday Night Fever soundtrack) \\\"More Than a Woman\\\" (Saturday Night Fever soundtrack) \\\"(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away\\\" (Bee Gees Greatest) \\\"Emotion\\\" (Their Greatest Hits: The Record) \\\"Too Much Heaven\\\" (Spirits Having Flown) \\\"Heartbreaker\\\" (Their Greatest Hits: The Record) \\\"Islands in the Stream\\\" (Live) (One Night Only) \\\"Juliet\\\" (How Old Are You?) - Robin Gibb solo track) \\\"Secret Love\\\" (High Civilization) \\\"For Whom the Bell Tolls\\\" (Size Isn't Everything) \\\"Closer Than Close\\\" (Still Waters) \\\"I Could Not Love You More\\\" (Still Waters) \\\"Wedding Day\\\" (This Is Where I Came In) UK/Japan \\\"To Love Somebody\\\" \\\"Words\\\" \\\"First of May\\\" \\\"Lonely Days\\\" \\\"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\\\" \\\"How Deep Is Your Love\\\" \\\"More Than a Woman\\\" \\\"(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away\\\" \\\"Emotion\\\" \\\"Too Much Heaven\\\" \\\"Heartbreaker\\\" \\\"Islands in the Stream (Live)\\\" \\\"Juliet\\\" \\\"Secret Love\\\" \\\"For Whom the Bell Tolls\\\" \\\"Heart Like Mine\\\" (Bonus track) (Size Isn't Everything) \\\"Closer Than Close\\\" \\\"I Could Not Love You More\\\" \\\"Wedding Day\\\" \\\"Lovers and Friends\\\" (featuring Ronan Keating) – 5:17 (bonus track; new\",\n \"title\": \"Love Songs (Bee Gees album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9226144\",\n \"text\": \"The Reckoning of Time (, CPL 2320) is an English era treatise written in Medieval Latin by the Northumbrian monk Bede in 725. Background In mid-7th-century Anglo-Saxon England, there was a desire to see the Easter season less closely tied to the Jewish Passover calendar as well as a desire to have Easter observed on a Sunday. Continuing a tradition of Christian scholarship exploring the correct date of Easter, a generation later, Bede sought to explain the ecclesiastical reasoning behind the Synod of Whitby's decision in 664 to favor Roman custom over Irish custom. Bede's resulting treatise provides justification for a precise calculation for Easter. It also explains why time, and the various units of time, are sacred. Structure The treatise includes an introduction to the traditional ancient and medieval view of the cosmos, including an explanation of how the Earth influenced the changing length of daylight, of how the seasonal motion of the Sun and Moon influenced the changing appearance of the new moon at evening twilight, and a quantitative relation between the changes of the tides at a given place and the daily motion of the Moon. The Reckoning of Time describes the principal ancient calendars, including those of the Hebrews, the Egyptians, the Romans, the Greeks, and the English. The focus of was calculation of the date of Easter, for which Bede described the method developed by Dionysius Exiguus. also gave instructions for calculating the date of the Easter full moon, for calculating the motion of the Sun and Moon through the zodiac, and for many other calculations related to the calendar. Bede based his reasoning for the dates on the Hebrew Bible. The functions of the universe and its purpose are generally referred to a scriptural foundation. According to the introduction by Faith Wallis in the 1999 English translated edition of The Reckoning of Time, Bede aimed to write a Christian work that integrated the astronomical understanding of computing with a theological context of history. The book is also regarded by Bede to be a sequel to his works The Nature of Things and On Time. Sections The work is divided into six sections: Technical preparation (Chapters 1–4) This section familiarizes the reader with terminology regarding measurements. In chapter 3 Bede defines a day as being 12 hours long. An hour consists of increments of , and . Each of which are small increments of time within the hour. The smallest increment of time is the atom. The Julian calendar (Chapters 5–41) Here, Bede gives an exhaustive overview of the date of the Earth's creation, the months, the weeks and the Moon. He argues that the first day did not, as it was generally believed, take place at the time of an equinox. According to the religious accounts of God's creation of the universe, light was created on the first day. It was not until the fourth day, however, that God created the stars and therefore there was no measurement of hours. Much of this section\",\n \"title\": \"The Reckoning of Time\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26248852\",\n \"text\": \"16 Wishes is a 2010 teen fantasy-comedy television film directed by Peter DeLuise and written by Annie DeYoung, starring Debby Ryan and Jean-Luc Bilodeau. It premiered on June 25, 2010, on Disney Channel in the United States and on July 16, 2010, on Family Channel in Canada. The film was the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on Disney Channel. In addition, 16 Wishes introduced Ryan to new audiences, such as the contemporary adult audiences since the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic (18–34). The film was the second most watched program on cable during the week of its premiere. It was the second film to be released on Disney Channel in 2010 that was not promoted as a \\\"Disney Channel Original Movie\\\" (after Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars) and is a co-production between Disney Channel, Family Channel, Unity Pictures of Vancouver and MarVista Entertainment in Los Angeles. In other countries, it was advertised as a Disney Channel Original Movie. It was planned to have its UK premiere on November 19, 2010, on Disney Channel UK, but was replaced with Starstruck, which had already been shown in May; it was later shown in December 2010 in the UK. Plot Abby Jensen has been planning her sweet sixteen since she was a little girl, and keeps a list of wishes that she wants to come true. When her sixteenth birthday finally arrives, she adds her crush Logan as her sixteenth and final wish to the list. Throughout the day, Abby is consistently visited by a peculiar woman named Celeste, who first appears as an exterminator when the Jensens' house is swarmed by a wasps’ nest that had been building up for 16 years. Celeste saves Abby's list, but the family is unable to return inside until the wasps are exterminated. Abby meets her best friend, Jay Kepler at the bus stop where he gives her a necklace for a birthday gift. Celeste returns, dressed as a mailwoman, and gives Abby 16 candles and a matchbox. Abby lights the first candle and her first wish, meeting celebrity Joey Lockhart, is fulfilled. Realizing that the numbers of the candles correspond to the numbers of the wishes on her list, Abby lights the eighth candle, granting her wish for a car; when Celeste emerges from the car, Abby deduces that Celeste is a magical being. Abby unsuccessfully tries to fulfill her third wish. Celeste explains that there is a limit to how many wishes can be granted within an hour, and that at midnight, the wishes she made will become permanent. Throughout the day, Abby uses the candles to beat her rival Krista Cook, who has the same birthday as her, in a volleyball match, and become student body president. Jay agrees to take Abby shopping for a dress for her party but drops his wallet. They are followed by Krista, who convinces the clerk to eject them. Abby uses the 9th candle to make a wish to\",\n \"title\": \"16 Wishes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70202663\",\n \"text\": \"Ant & Dec's Limitless Win, sometimes known simply as Limitless Win, is a British game show hosted by Ant & Dec. It premiered 8 January 2022 on ITV1. It was created and is produced by Hello Dolly Ltd. It is also produced by Ant & Dec's Mitre Studios. The set's AR elements uses Unreal Engine 4. Gameplay Two contestants work together as a team to answer a series of questions whose solutions are all positive integers (whole numbers). In a preliminary round, they must answer as many questions as possible in 60 seconds, earning five \\\"lives\\\" for each correct response and incurring no penalty for a pass or miss. The contestants alternate turns; no conferring is allowed, and a contestant's turn only ends once they give a correct answer. The hosts decide in advance which contestant will receive the first question. If the team fails to answer any questions correctly, they are immediately dismissed with no winnings, which as of series 3, has never happened in transmissions to date. Examples of questions used in the preliminary round: How many odd numbers are there between zero and one hundred? (Answer: 50) The London Eye typically takes how many minutes to complete one full rotation? (Answer: 30) Which song about partying was Prince's first UK Top 40 hit? (Answer: \\\"1999\\\") The main game makes use of the \\\"Limitless Ladder,\\\" a vertical scale marked off in steps and displaying cash values at each 10th step that increase from bottom to top. The questions get increasingly difficult as the team moves up the ladder. The team must use a dial to register their guess on each question, attempting to get as close to the correct answer as possible without going over. They move up the ladder a number of steps equal to their guess, and lose enough lives to match the error between the guess and the correct answer. All correct answers in this portion of the game are less than or equal to 50. The hosts warn the team when they have 20 seconds left to give a guess; if they fail to do so before time runs out, the last value they have dialled is automatically locked in. If the team make an error larger than the number of remaining lives or offer a guess above the exact answer, the game ends and they leave with no winnings. Examples of questions used in the main game: On 21 June 2021, the longest day of the year, the Shetland Islands experienced the most hours of daylight in the UK. How many hours was that? (Answer: 19) The Natural History Museum's Dippy the Dinosaur, which went on a national tour in 2018, is how many metres long in its displayed pose? (Answer: 26) How many countries have a land border with Germany? (Answer: 9) One lifeline at a time is made available for the team's use as the game proceeds; each may only be used once. The lifelines are shuffled and randomly placed at\",\n \"title\": \"Limitless Win\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19049467\",\n \"text\": \"Wong How Man (born 1949) is a Chinese explorer, writer and photojournalist from Hong Kong. Wong is the founder and President of the China Exploration & Research Society (CERS). In 2002, Time Magazine honored Wong as one of their 25 Asian Heroes, calling him 'China's most accomplished living explorer.' Early life and education Wong was born in Hong Kong. Wong studied in Wah Yan College, Kowloon in Hong Kong before reading journalism and art in the United States. With degrees from the university of Wisconsin, River Falls, including an Honorary Doctorate. Career In 1974, Wong began exploring China as a journalist. In 1982, Wong became an explorer with National Geographic Society, until 1986. In 1986, Wong founded the China Exploration & Research Society] (CERS), first in the United States and later moved to Hong Kong, a preeminent nonprofit organization specializing in exploration, research, conservation and education in remote China and periphery countries like Myanmar, Laos, Bhutan and the Philippines. Wong led six major expeditions for the National Geographic magazine. His writing for the National Geographic was nominated for the Overseas Press Club Award of America. In his 1985 National Geographic expedition, Wong led a team that found a new source of the Yangtze River and documented this expedition in his 1989 book, Exploring the Yangtze: China's Longest River. During this expedition he came across the hanging coffins and developed a long life obsession with this particular historical custom, which later became the topic of an award-winning documentary by Discovery Channel. Twenty years later, Wong discovered a yet longer source. In 2004, Discovery Channel also made an hour-long documentary 'Crossings' about Wong's upbringing and subsequent exploration career. Subsequently, Wong led CERS expeditions that pinpointed the source of the Mekong in 2007 and discovered a new source for the Yellow River in 2008. In 2011, his team defined the source of the Salween River, followed by that for the Irrawaddy in 2017, and the Brahmaputra in 2018. Wong has authored over two dozen books. Among these, From Manchuria to Tibet won the prestigious Lowell Thomas Travel Journalism Gold Award in 1999. His book Islamic Frontiers of China was published in the UK in 1990, with a new and expanded edition in 2011. Wong has received numerous awards, including the Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Wisconsin in River Falls, Lifetime Achievement Award from Monk Hsing Yun. He is often invited as keynote speaker on important international lecture circuits for institutions, universities, corporations, both and select groups of audience. Wong's organization, CERS, has conducted scores of successful conservation projects, many of which became full-length documentary films. His work and that of CERS has been featured on CNN over a dozen times, including a half-hour profile by anchor Richard Quest. His work has been featured on the front page of the Wall Street Journal and Al-Jazeera TV made a half-hour feature His nonprofit organization is mainly supported by private foundations and individuals. A large format book, Classic of Mountains and Seas: Wong How-Man\",\n \"title\": \"Wong How Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"995596\",\n \"text\": \"How to Live on Twenty-four Hours a Day is a short self-help book \\\"about the daily organization of time\\\" by novelist Arnold Bennett. Written originally as a series of articles in the London Evening News in 1907, it was published in book form in 1908. Aimed initially at \\\"the legions of clerks and typists and other meanly paid workers caught up in the explosion of British office jobs around the turn of the [twentieth] century\\\", it was one of several \\\"pocket philosophies\\\" by Bennett that \\\"offered a strong message of hope from somebody who so well understood their lives\\\". The book was especially successful in the US, where Henry Ford bought 500 copies to give to his friends and employees. Bennett himself said that the book \\\"has brought me more letters of appreciation than all my other books put together\\\". In her book The Self-Help Compulsion: Searching for Advice in Modern Literature, Harvard academic Beth Blum argued that \\\"Bennett's essays on the art of living mount a challenge against modernism's disdain for the crude utilitarianism of public taste\\\" and saw Virginia Woolf's hostility to Bennett as \\\"defined, in part, as an inspired rebuttal of Bennett's practical philosophies\\\". In a 2019 New York Times article, Cal Newport recommended How to Live on Twenty-four Hours a Day as an inspiration for anyone embarking on a program of \\\"digital decluttering\\\". Philosophy In the book, Bennett addressed the growing number of white-collar workers that had accumulated since the advent of the Industrial Revolution. In his view, these workers put in eight hours a day, forty hours a week, at jobs they did not enjoy, and at worst, hated. They worked to make a living, but their daily existence consisted of waking up, getting ready for work, working as little as possible during the workday, going home, unwinding, going to sleep, and repeating the process the next day. In short, he did not believe they were really living. Bennett addressed this problem by urging his readers to seize their extra time and make the most of it to improve themselves. Extra time could be found at the beginning of the day, by waking up early, and on the ride to work, on the way home from work, in the evening hours, and especially during the weekends. During this time, he prescribed improvement measures such as reading great literature, taking an interest in the arts, reflecting on life, and learning self-discipline. Bennett wrote that time is the most precious of commodities and that many books have been written on how to live on a certain amount of money each day. He added that the old adage \\\"time is money\\\" understates the matter, as time can often produce money, but money cannot produce more time. Time is extremely limited, and Bennett urged others to make the best of the time remaining in their lives. Advice In the book, Bennett offers the following advice: View the 24-hour day as two separate days, one encompassing the 8-hour workday and\",\n \"title\": \"How to Live on 24 Hours a Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45022539\",\n \"text\": \"RT UK, also known as Russia Today, was a free-to-air television news channel based in the United Kingdom. It was part of the RT network, a Russian state-controlled international television network funded by the federal tax budget of the Russian government. The channel's head was Nikolay Bogachikhin. Launched in 2014, it ran live broadcasts for seven years and ceased broadcasting from London in July 2021. RT UK served as the home and production base of RT's UK-based programmes. The channel's studios were located in Millbank Tower. Prior to its closure, the channel offered four hours of its own programming per day, airing RT UK News Monday through Friday at 7 pm, 8 pm, 9 pm and 10 pm. The RT UK News anchors were Bill Dod and Kate Partridge. RT International now broadcasts in its place, though the channel is still available online through RT's websites and social media. The UK media regulator Ofcom has repeatedly found RT to have breached its rules on impartiality and on one occasion found it had broadcast \\\"materially misleading\\\" content. On 18 March 2022, Ofcom cancelled RT's UK broadcasting licence \\\"with immediate effect\\\" after concluding the outlet was not \\\"fit and proper\\\" or a \\\"responsible broadcaster\\\". Launch RT UK was launched on 30 October 2014 and closed for TV broadcasting on 30 July 2021. The channel's coverage focused on the United Kingdom. RT presenter Afshin Rattansi stated that the channel's position was \\\"to challenge dominant power structures in Britain by broadcasting live and original programming with a progressive UK focus\\\", and it was \\\"not subject to the metropolitan elite's London bias\\\" since its \\\"news will come from right across the country\\\". Richard Sambrook, former director of global news at the BBC and director of the Centre of Journalism at Cardiff University was quoted as saying \\\"It's a surprising move to focus resources on the UK. It's not a commercial proposition, therefore the main purpose must be to gain influence. It's about soft power for the Kremlin\\\". In a pre-launch statement, RT correspondent Polly Boiko said \\\"So much is made of how RT is funded. It's been cast as the Big Bad Wolf of the news media landscape,\\\" and \\\"I think many of us... see the launch of RT UK as an opportunity to shake off the accusations levelled at the channel\\\". Incidents Relations with British regulators (2014–19) Ahead of the launch of its UK-specific broadcasts in 2014, RT said that its advertisements promoting the channel had been rejected by ad agencies because it was felt they would violate UK laws on political advertising. The network posted versions of the adverts on billboards and its website with the word \\\"redacted\\\" on them in protest. The UK Advertising Standards Authority said it had not banned the ads or even received any complaint about them. The UK broadcast regulator Ofcom has repeatedly reprimanded the international version of RT for its failure to remain impartial. In July 2014, London-based RT International correspondent Sara Firth resigned, after five years\",\n \"title\": \"RT UK\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68564587\",\n \"text\": \"Impossible Rebellion was a series of nonviolent climate change protests in the United Kingdom organised by Extinction Rebellion (XR), from 23 August 2021 to 4 September 2021. The protests particularly targeted the City of London to raise awareness of the role of the financial sector in climate change. Protesters during the Impossible Rebellion demanded that the UK government cease new investments in the fossil fuel industry. XR also demand that the government declare a climate emergency, reach net zero carbon emissions by 2025 and create a citizens' assembly on climate change. The Impossible Rebellion was the fifth major set of XR protests; activists are focusing on short-term protests in highly visited areas rather than taking hold of smaller numbers of area, as in previous actions. Demonstrations variously focused on banks' continued investment in fossil fuels, new road and rail infrastructure such as HS2, the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, treatment of animals on Crown Estate land and the fashion and fast food industry. Some days of protest have been themed around highlighting women and indigenous voices. Sister groups involved in protests include Animal Rebellion and Money Rebellion. Background Extinction Rebellion (XR) are a climate justice movement with three major demands to the UK government: declare a climate emergency; achieve carbon neutrality by 2025; and create a citizens' assembly on climate change. For the Impossible Rebellion, which ran from 23 August 2021 to 4 September 2021, the movement also demanded that the government cease new fossil fuel investments. The fortnight-long Impossible Rebellion was the fifth major set of XR protests, following its 10-day September 2020 Autumn Rebellion. The protests came in the wake of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, which found that a tipping point in the climate system may have already been exceeded by carbon dioxide emissions. A co-founder stated that XR experienced increasing donations following the report's publishing, and that they raised over £100,000 in 24 hours shortly before the beginning of the Impossible Rebellion. Tactics by protesters and police Extinction Rebellion use nonviolent civil disobedience such as marches, protests, disruption to public transport and people deliberately being arrested, to achieve their goals. According to the Evening Standard, around 2,000 volunteers worked for XR on art action design, including banners, flags, costumes, sculptures and other design work. Art co-ordinators create some costumes, such as the \\\"red rebels\\\", and issue instructions to other XR chapters on how to replicate the artwork. The UK arts factory co-ordinator stated that creating banners and flags required 16-hour working days for a month from 100 volunteers, and that they aimed to upcycle and reuse as many materials as possible. The demonstrations involved drumming and chanting, and human barriers to cause road closures. A June 2021 Supreme Court ruling—nicknamed the \\\"Ziegler judgment\\\"—found that obstructing a highway during a protest could be lawful, but the deputy assistant commissioner of the Metropolitan Police commented that \\\"officers are still able to take action if they see wilful obstruction\\\". Prior to the protests, XR sent a letter to the\",\n \"title\": \"Impossible Rebellion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15645307\",\n \"text\": \"The Wales Genocide Memorial is a monument in the garden of the Temple of Peace in Cardiff, Wales, dedicated to the victims of the Armenian genocide that took place in Ottoman Empire carried out by the Turkish government against the Armenian population from 1915 to 1922. Unveiling The memorial was erected and unveiled on November 2, 2007, at an initiative of the Wales-Armenian Society. The monument's opening was consecrated in a service conducted by Bishop Nathan Hovhannisian, Primate of the Armenian Apostolic Church of Great Britain. The ceremony was attended by Lord Dafydd Elis-Thomas Presiding Officer of the National Assembly of Wales, David Yeoman, the Assistant Bishop of Llandaff, and Vahe Gabrielyan, Armenian Ambassador to the UK. Over 300 people attended the opening ceremony. Members of the Turkish community protested, saying the genocide never happened. Desecration In the early hours of January 27, 2008 the ornate Armenian Cross was smashed by a hammer, which was found at the scene. Eilian Williams of Wales Armenia Solidarity condemned the attack, which happened just hours before a memorial service could take place in remembrance of Holocaust, Armenian genocide and Hrant Dink. Eilian Williams has said \\\"We shall repair the cross again and again, no matter how often it is desecrated. We also challenge the UK government and the Turkish Embassy to condemn this racist attack.\\\" See also Armenian genocide List of Armenian genocide memorials Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day External links Armenia-Wales.org Armenian Community and Church Council of Great Britain Armenian Genocide Monument in Wales Smashed on UK's Holocaust Memorial Day References 2007 sculptures Armenian genocide denial Armenian genocide memorials Buildings and structures in Cardiff Monuments and memorials in Cardiff Vandalized works of art in the United Kingdom\",\n \"title\": \"Wales Genocide Memorial\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12725716\",\n \"text\": \"Onehundredhours (also known among fans as '100h', or 'the hours') were a Christian rock band, headed by Tré Sheppard. History The band initially started by accident an initial one-off gig, when Tré was asked to lead worship at a youth Cell-Church conference in 1997, which resulted in their first tour, of California after they were invited by the conference speakers. Following this, the band released 2 independent records, which sold in excess of 16,000 copies. Onehundredhours were then signed up by the Christian record label Survivor. Since then, another 2 albums have been released, assisting in the growth of the band's popularity, in the UK and also within Europe, where many tours have taken place. They are also regular guests to Spring Harvest and Soul Survivor festivals, as well as New Wine. In 2005, Onehundredhours supported Daniel Bedingfield on his UK & European tour. Daniel, a long-time friend of Onehundredhours, gave a personal invitation for the band to guest on the tour. In 2006, the band toured throughout the UK, touring with Tree63 on their UK dates in December. Furthermore, on 11 May 2008 Onehundredhours played at the Astoria Theatre as part of the 'Live at the Court' celebration, which made up a number of events in the London-wide Pentecost festival. They shared the stage on this occasion with The Gentlemen, Electric Church and headliners Salvador. In 2009, the band played their last gig at Soul Survivor Week C. Name The Band's name comes from the average amount of free time a Christian has each week, inspired by the book ‘The Other Hundred Hours’ by Wyn Fountain. The process on which it works is as follows: There are 7 x 24 = 168 hours in a week If you spend 8 hours sleeping per day, this makes 7 x 8 = 56 hours per weekSo extracting the time spent sleeping, that leaves 112 hours a week. 12 hours is about the maximum time one can spend in church, at bible studies, or youth groups etc. That leaves 100 hours, and the band wanted to say that this doesn’t need to be 100 hours without God, but instead that worship should be a lifestyle, which spans all our time. Members Tré Sheppard Tori Sheppard Tim Cooke Mark Prentice Steve Evans Jonny Ravn Discography One Hundred Hours (1999) Lift (2001) Cardiphonia (2002) Stronger Than My Heart (2004) As Sure as the Stars (2007) engagehivaids.com Engagehivaids.com was set up by Onehundredhours in 2004. It is a web-based community created, in partnership with the iThemba AIDS Foundation, to raise awareness for the HIV/AIDS crisis in Africa. To date, many campaigns have been run, including selling red rubber wrist bands, a texting service, and selling badges. The ultimate goal is for the band's heart to inspire, challenge and resource young people to live their lives with justice, hope, action and love at the core to bring about change for people affected by HIV/AIDS. External links onehundredhours official website www.engagehivaids.com English rock music groups English Christian\",\n \"title\": \"Onehundredhours\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42858934\",\n \"text\": \"Independent lifeboat services in Britain and Ireland began to be established around the coasts towards the end of the 18th century in response to the loss of life at sea. More recently, independent services have been set up in response to the increasing popularity of coastal and river sport and leisure activities. There are at least 84 (see tables below) and as many as 100 independent lifeboat services operating throughout Britain and Ireland, both on coasts and inland waterways, comprising around a quarter of the lifeboat services in the UK and Ireland. Because the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) owns and operates the majority of lifeboat stations (238 in 2018), smaller independent services can be overshadowed when it comes to publicity and fundraising. Independent services are usually funded privately and most are registered charities; most operate 24 hours a day, every day of the year. Many currently-independent, RNLI-adopted and lapsed services pre-date the RNLI (founded 1824 as the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck). History The first recorded independent lifeboat service was established in 1776 at Formby, 7 miles south of Southport, where there is still an independent lifeboat service (see table). Many early lifeboat stations were taken under the wing of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution after its foundation in 1824 and throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Few early stations retained their independence; some were closed by the RNLI many years after takeover, according to the local needs at the time, and of these some were re-established as independent services, sometimes years later. A few 20th century independent services were started up in response to the rapid increase in popularity and affordability of aquatic sport and leisure activities such as swimming, boating, windsurfing, angling and diving. It has not been established how many independent lifeboat services there are (2014) because there is no umbrella organisation except for some stations in Ireland and the River Severn area (see table below). All, though, are crewed by volunteers and equipped with boats ranging from retired RNLI lifeboats to state-of-the-art boats paid for by fundraising campaigns. Independent lifeboat services in Britain and Ireland Independent lifeboat services are spread across England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Some are primarily inland rescue services. Note: Some services appear twice where they cover border areas. United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Channel Islands Whilst the Channel Islands are not part of the UK (they are Crown dependencies) they are included here because of their proximity to Britain and Ireland with their location in the English Channel and by virtue of the RNLI's coverage, which includes Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney. Jersey Republic of Ireland Some independent services come under the umbrella of Community Rescue Boats Ireland (CRBI) and are trained and administrated by Irish Water Safety. See also List of former RNLI stations List of RNLI stations Lifeboat (rescue) Search and rescue (Ireland) Search and rescue (UK) List of lifeboat disasters in Britain and Ireland References Sea rescue organisations\",\n \"title\": \"Independent lifeboats in Britain and Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6256727\",\n \"text\": \"Sir Brian Keith Follett (born 22 February 1939) is a British biologist, academic administrator, and policy maker. His research focused upon how the environment, particularly the annual change in day-length (photoperiod), controls breeding in birds and mammals. Knighted in 1992, he won the Frink Medal (1993) and has been a Fellow of the Royal Society since 1984, and served as the chair of the UK government's teacher training agency and Arts and Humanities Research Council, and was Vice-Chancellor of University of Warwick. Education and early life Follett was educated at Bournemouth School and studied biological chemistry. On graduating he undertook a Ph.D. with Professor Hans Heller in the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Bristol. That work introduced him to endocrinology and the development of assays to understand the physiological role of hormones. Career and research In 1964 Follett moved to Washington State University and joined Donald Farner's group investigating photoperiodism. Follett's research focus became on the brain pathways whereby birds (and mammals) measure day length and use its changes to regulate breeding. He became a lecturer at Leeds University then moved with James Dodd FRS group to the University of Bangor in 1969, then to the University of Bristol in 1978. He moved to Warwick in 1993 as Vice-Chancellor. Research programmes Follett's studies used, as model species, the Japanese quail and later wild-caught starlings. His work included the development of the first radioimmunoassay to measure bird luteinizing hormone (LH) in collaboration with Frank Cunningham (Reading University) and Colin Scanes. This made it possible to measure LH in 10 microliters of plasma and so follow circulating hormone levels in individual birds exposed to photoperiods of many types. Using gonadectomized quail it was possible to show unequivocally that the underlying photoperiodic response in birds (but not mammals) is driven by brain circuits that are switched on an off by day length. It demonstrated that measuring day length involved a daily (circadian) rhythm in photosensitivity with the birds being responsive to light particularly 12 and 18 hours after dawn. In other words, if light fell at these hours then the day was read as \\\"long\\\", if not then it was read as \\\"short\\\". In 1978 as the Chair of Zoology at Bristol, his research interest included mammals, notably sheep, and occasionally wild birds such as albatrosses, swans, gulls and partridges. Key studies included: (a) The development of a rapid photoperiodic response system: The research group followed the neural and endocrine changes as photoinduction as it occurred in real time. The first overt change when quail are exposed to a single long day is a rise in LH secretion at about hour 20. This model was applied: to show definitively the circadian nature of the photoperiodic clock and its complex properties as an oscillator, to measure (with Russell Foster) the action spectrum for the non-retinal light receptors, and in many studies to determine the timed sequence of neural changes as induction occurred. Subsequently, Takashi Yoshimura in Japan used the quail to investigate\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Follett\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70018886\",\n \"text\": \"Critique of work or critique of labour is the critique of, and/or wish to abolish, work as such, and to critique what the critics of works deem wage slavery. Critique of work can be existential, and focus on how labour can be and/or feel meaningless, and stands in the way for self-realisation. But the critique of work can also highlight how excessive work may cause harm to nature, the productivity of society, and/or society itself. The critique of work can also take on a more utilitarian character, in which work simply stands in the way for human happiness as well as health. History Many thinkers have critiqued and wished for the abolishment of labour as early as in Ancient Greece. An example of an opposing view is the anonymously published treatise titled Essay on Trade and Commerce published in 1770 which claimed that to break the spirit of idleness and independence of the English people, ideal \\\"work-houses\\\" should imprison the poor. These houses were to function as \\\"houses of terror, where they should work fourteen hours a day in such fashion that when meal time was deducted there should remain twelve hours of work full and complete.\\\" Views like these propagated for in the following decades by e.g. Malthus, which led up to the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The battle of shortening the working hours to ten hours was ongoing between around the 1840s until about 1900. However, establishing the eight-hour working day went significantly faster, and these short-hour social movements aligned against labour, managed to get rid of two working hours between the mid-1880s to 1919. During this epoch, reformers argued that mechanization was not only supposed to provide material goods, but to free workers from \\\"slavery\\\" and introduce them to the \\\"duty\\\" to enjoy life. While the productive capacity rose enormously with industrialization, people were made busier, while one might have expected the opposite to occur. This was at least the expectation among many intellectuals such as Paul Lafargue. The liberal John Stuart Mill also predicted that society would come to a stage where growth would end when mechanization would meet all real needs. Lafargue argued that the obsession society seemed to have with labour paradoxically harmed the productivity, which society had as one of its primary justifications for not working as little as possible. Paul Lafargue In Lafargue's book The Right To Be Lazy, he claims that: \\\"It is sheer madness, that people are fighting for the \\\"right\\\" to an eight-hour working day. In other words, eight hours of servitude, exploitation and suffering, when it is leisure, joy and self-realisation that should be fought for – and as few hours of slavery as possible.\\\" Automation, which had already come a long way in Lafargue's time, could easily have reduced working hours to three or four hours a day. This would have left a large part of the day for the things which he would claim that we really want to do – spend time with\",\n \"title\": \"Critique of work\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5696586\",\n \"text\": \"A kick chart is a form or graph used by a pregnant woman in the later stages to record the activity of her fetus. If too few kicks are felt within a specified time (usually 12 hours) this could indicate a problem. A frequent question posed by midwives is how \\\"many times has the baby kicked in the last twelve hours?\\\" The unborn foetus should move five times per hour, or ten times in any twelve-hour period. In the UK this is regarded as best indication of the health of the baby from the second trimester. Once routine, use of these charts has declined, since women often forgot to complete them and fetal movement patterns are very varied, leading to unnecessary concern. Foetal kick counters A more recent trend in the United Kingdom has been the replacement of the kick chart with jewelry-based counters. A pregnancy bracelet is a wearable form of kick counter. The bracelets available work on similar principles: the baby kicks, the mother moves a marker. The idea is that this is more practical than using a pen and paper. The two most widely advertised bracelets are currently undergoing the patent application process. See also Pregnancy Stillbirth References Obstetrics Midwifery\",\n \"title\": \"Kick chart\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48629736\",\n \"text\": \"The British Sleep Society (BSS) was established in 1988 to support clinicians, researchers, nurses, technologists, scientists and students with an interest in sleep and sleep disorders. It acts as an umbrella organisation, with a number of roles and activities. The Society advises health services policy through submitting evidence for consideration by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). It organises an influential scientific meeting each year dedicated to sleep disorders and sleep research and jointly hosts an annual international education course for sleep technologists and clinicians. The Society has charitable status, and operates throughout England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. It serves the media, fund raisers, commerce and concerned members of the public with support and advice. Introduction The British Sleep Society has an inclusive approach to all specialists related to sleep medicine and sleep research. Members include both academic and clinical specialists, particularly neurologists, pulmonologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, pediatricians, geriatricians as well as neurophysiologists, circadian rhythm experts, nurses and a large number of technologists in sleep laboratories. The Society currently has over 400 members under leadership provided by a 10-member executive board, and a subcommittee coordinates scientific meetings and training courses. The organisation was founded in response to the increase of awareness of sleep apnea and its clinical importance. Over the next few years it broadened to include neurological and physiological interests with strong emphasis on technical aspects and polysomnography. Special interest groups in areas such as pediatrics and actigraphy have been established. It now provides a comprehensive resource to clinical, research and technical specialties. Affiliation The Society works with other medical specialist bodies to promote sleep medicine as a medical subspecialty in the UK. The Registration Council for Clinical Physiologists holds a register of practitioners in six disciplines, one of which is sleep physiology. As part of this the Society is a registered professional body within the Council, with the aim to improve the safety of patient care. The Society is affiliated with the European Sleep Research Society. Meetings and training The Society runs an annual spring technologist conference, aimed at providing training in all aspects of sleep medicine. The Society also holds an annual scientific meeting, to listen to presentations on the latest research and clinical developments in sleep and the treatment of sleep disorders. It is the largest meeting in Great Britain dedicated to sleep. The Society has joined forces with the Belgian and Dutch Sleep Societies to organise the International Sleep Medicine Course (ISMC), hosting it every three years. The course is endorsed by the European Sleep Research Society. Related fields The British Sleep Society draws from professions in sleep medicine, statistics, psychology, epidemiology, economics, biology, and mathematics. See also Sleep epidemiology Sleep Research Society References External links Sleep Research Society Registration Council for Clinical Physiologists In the media http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/how-many-hours-sleep-do-you-need-survey-shows-britons-getting-just-five-hours-11364011963848 https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/quarter-brit-workers-less-five-6672090 http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/uk/survey-shows-many-of-us-are-getting-just-five-hours-sleep-a-night-1.906092 https://web.archive.org/web/20151022114451/http://www.westerndailypress.co.uk/Working-age-Britons-hours-night-research-reveals/story-28020304-detail/story.html Medical and health organisations based in the United Kingdom Sleep medicine organizations\",\n \"title\": \"British Sleep Society\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18784307\",\n \"text\": \"Roy Rowland (December 31, 1910 – June 29, 1995) was an American film director. The New York-born director helmed a number of films in the 1950s and 1960s including Our Vines Have Tender Grapes, Meet Me in Las Vegas, Rogue Cop, The 5000 Fingers of Doctor T, and The Girl Hunters. Rowland married Ruth Cummings, the niece of Louis B. Mayer and sister of Jack Cummings (MGM producer/director). They had one son, Steve Rowland, born in 1932, who later became a music producer in the UK. Biography Early life Roy Rowland was born in Brooklyn, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. The family moved to Edendale, California, when Roy was ten. He graduated from the University of Southern California with a law degree before beginning his career at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) as a script clerk. He then began working as a prop man, grip, and assistant cameraman. In 1927 he met Ruth Cummings at the Santa Monica Beach Club. She was the niece of Louis B. Mayer and the sister of producer Jack Cummings. Her family disapproved of Rowlands, so they eloped. This resulted in Rowland being blacklisted. But Ruth Cummings arranged a rapprochement with Mayer. He was assistant director on most of the Tarzan films, starring Johnny Weissmuller in the 1930s. Short films Rowland made his reputation directing short films, particularly the \\\"How to\\\" series of shorts starring Robert Benchley. One of them, How to Sleep (1937), won an Academy Award. He also worked with producer Pete Smith as the director of several of the short films in the Pete Smith Specialties series, and directed several of the short films in the Crime Does Not Pay series. Features Rowland's debut feature was A Stranger in Town (1943). He made three films with the child actress Margaret O'Brien: Lost Angel (1943), Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945), and Tenth Avenue Angel (1948). He also directed musicals such as Hit the Deck (1955), Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956), and Seven Hills of Rome (1958). He also made The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. (1953), from a story by Dr. Seuss. He directed Many Rivers to Cross with Robert Taylor and Gun Glory (1957) with Stewart Granger and Rowland's son Steve. Rowland was survived by his wife Ruth and their son. Partial filmography Hollywood Party (1934) – co-director Sunkist Stars at Palm Springs (1936) – short Cinema Circus (1937) – short Hollywood Party (1937) – short Song of Revolt (1937) – short How to Start the Day (1937) – short A Night at the Movies (1937) – short film with Robert Benchley Music Made Simple (1938) – short An Evening Alone (1938) – short How to Raise a Baby (1938) – short The Courtship of the Newt (1938) – short How to Read (1938) – short How to Watch Football (1938) – short Opening Day (1938) – short Mental Poise (1938) – short How to Sub-Let (1939) – short An Hour for Lunch (1939) – short Dark Magic (1939) – short Home\",\n \"title\": \"Roy Rowland (film director)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38597548\",\n \"text\": \"Bartending school refers to private education businesses that teach individuals the many intricacies of serving customers alcohol from behind a bar. This includes not only classes in such topics as drinks mixology: the intricacies of mixing drinks and drink presentation, and the alcohol laws of the city and state, or province, in which the school is situated. In the United States, bartenders must pass a certification course for their particular state. There are many bartending schools in every state. Some offer only a few hours of instruction, others offer up to 100 hours. Courses that are at least 12 hours in length are certified by a state's board of education or board of vocational or postsecondary education. In Canada, bartending schools can be found in each province. Many of those schools offer introductory one day courses in addition to two week long certification courses. No specific regulatory body offers bartending certification, but each province has an additional responsible serving program that all wait staff need to complete before serving alcohol. Curriculum Modern schools offer training in how to deal with drunk driving, underage drinkers, and aggressive customers. This is often required for certification. Students also learn how to run a bar including setup and cleanup. In addition, students learn the basics about glassware and bartending equipment, as well as brands of liquors and liqueurs, recipes for the most popular drinks (mixology), and drink presentation.They may also trained in customer service, up-selling to customers, and procedures in taking payment. Most schools also offer training in resume preparation, how to act at a job interview, and where they should start looking for employment. Many bar schools have their students train using colored water to simulate the various types of alcohol, while others use real liquors. Some schools also have mock bars behind which their students can train in a realistic way. History Bartending has been a profession since ancient Roman times. There was no need for a bartending school up until the 1700s because alcohol only consisted of beer, wine and ale rather than mixed drinks. The owners of ale houses and taverns would serve alcohol and train new service staff themselves. After the repeal of prohibition in 1933, stand alone bars and bars in restaurants reopened, and it was necessary for businesses to hire bartenders en masse. It was no longer possible for an individual barman to educate the new workers, and so for the first time bartending schools were founded. According to a brief news blurb in Reading Eagle from 1934, \\\"bartender schools are mushrooming in the manor of Tom Thumb golf courses a while back\\\". One school offered a \\\"three weeks course in rudimental drink mixing, fashioning the multiple concoctions of pre-prohibition.” Classes consisted of one and a half hour periods, five days a week. Bartending schools were popular in a variety of cities around the United States for decades. In 1955, jobs in service occupations like nursing and bartending surpassed farm work as the third largest category of\",\n \"title\": \"Bartending school\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23687706\",\n \"text\": \"Sunita Shroff is a British television presenter and actress. Early life Sunita Shroff was born in Scotland to Irish and Indian parents, and raised in Greece where she was educated in the Campion School. She speaks fluent Greek, Italian and French. Career Her TV career started at Channel East where she fronted their flagship current affairs show. Shroff went on to compete against 11,000 other people in the BBC Talent Competition and came in the final 3 in the ‘Holiday Program' category. Shroff gained presenting experience on the QVC shopping channel and has gone on to work as a presenter on a variety of terrestrial television projects, predominantly relating to the property market. She has also pursued an acting career, appearing in a number of television serials, commercials and in films. Presenting credits Secret Location House Swap - BBC1 Homes & Property - ITV1 Get a new life - BBC2 Moving Day - ITV1 A house in the country - ITV1 Women in the property market - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Upfront - BBC QVC - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Channel East - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Cook and Chat - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Lifestyle - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Live Mozambique 8 hour Telethon - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Viewing for leisure – Travel Series in Greece - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Great big british quiz - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) BBC talent (Final 3 in ‘Holiday’ program category) - BBC Acting credits - TV Coronation Street - Granada Television The Bill - ITV Emmerdale - ITV Gunrush - ITV Broken News - BBC Spookes - Lot 49 Films Strike Back: Project Dawn Acting credits - film Fair is Fare Man Walks Into a Pub Being Lucky Privacy How to Squat, a Guide Person to Persian Paid Arrogance Hallowed Ground The Odd Conversation Personal life Child = Mimi Hedderly Charity work In 2006, she competed in the Macmillan 4x4 UK Challenge charity event raising £2,000 for Macmillan Cancer Support. References External links Living people British television presenters British actresses British people of Irish descent Indian people of Irish descent British people of Indian descent British women television presenters Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Sunita Shroff\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32960023\",\n \"text\": \"Scavengers were employed in 18th and 19th century in cotton mills, predominantly in the UK and the United States, to clean and recoup the area underneath a spinning mule. The cotton wastage that gathered on the floor was seen as too valuable for the owners to leave and one of the simplest solutions was to employ young children to work under the machinery. Many children suffered serious injuries while under the mules, with fingers, hands, and sometimes heads crushed by the heavy moving parts. Legislation introduced in 1819 tried to reduce working hours and improve conditions but there were still deaths recorded well beyond the middle of the 19th century. Job Description Scavengers were the lowliest of the apprentices at the cotton mills and had to endure the worst conditions. They were employed to work under the machinery to clean up the dust and oil and to gather the cotton that had been thrown off the mule by its intense vibrations. The tenters would not stop to allow the scavenger to work because they were paid by how much they could produce. As the mule moved forwards the children were sent under the machine, sweeping and gathering the cotton. They had to then time their retreat so as to not become entangled within the many moving parts. These children had started in the mills at around the age of four, working as scavengers until they were eight before progressing to the role of piecers. They worked 14 to 16 hours a day, beaten if they fell asleep, until they were 15. Danger Mule sweeping is noted as being one of the worst in history due to the work conditions. The danger of being beneath the machines meant that they had to constantly pay attention to its movements to avoid serious injury. An 1840 novel by Frances Trollope describes the work of a scavenger: While there were no requirements for factory owners to keep any records about the majority of accidents on their premises there are many anecdotal cases of scavengers suffering serious and sometimes fatal injuries. Some lost fingers or a hand, others are said to have been decapitated. A record held at the Quarry Bank Mill, now a museum, states: Research by Jane Humphries, a professor of economic history at the University of Oxford, revealed that a mill near Cork had such a poor safety record that six people died and 60 others were mutilated over a four-year period. Robert Blincoe, a scavenger who went on to found his own cotton-spinning business, described the life of a child labourer in his book A Memoir of Robert Blincoe. He wrote about the mistreatment of workers at the cotton mills and the poor conditions that they had to endure. He claims that on one occasion he was nearly crushed by the machine and that, despite the injuries to his head, he was beaten for not completing the sweep in a single turn. Legislation The children were sent to the mills of\",\n \"title\": \"Mule scavenger\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1591111\",\n \"text\": \"Holden v. Hardy, 169 U.S. 366 (1898), is a US labor law case in which the US Supreme Court held a limitation on working time for miners and smelters as constitutional. Facts In March 1896, the Utah state legislature passed a law that limited the number of work hours for miners and smelters. A few months later, Salt Lake County Sheriff Harvey Harden arrested Albert Holden, the owner of Old Jordan Mine, for breaking that law. He charged him with forcing two of his workers to work much longer than eight hours. Holden admitted to making his workers work longer hours, but he argued that the Utah law was unconstitutional because it prevented individuals from making contracts with each other. In addition, Holden argued that the law prevented him from having both property and liberty without due process, and the law also singled out managers in the mining industry by preventing them from equal protection of the laws. Holden was found guilty and fined $50, which he refused to pay, and so he ended up serving a jail sentence of 57 days. Meanwhile, Holden appealed the case to the Utah Supreme Court and focused on the part of the Utah Constitution that protect the freedoms of labor. Holden argued the Utah Legislature had no right to pass any law restricting how many hours people can work in a day. The Utah Supreme Court disagreed with him, sided with the legislature, and explained that mining and smelting was dangerous: \\\"prolonged effort day after day... will produce morbid, noxious, and often deadly effects in the human system.\\\" Therefore, limiting hours of that kind of work was necessary. Holden then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear oral arguments on October 21, 1897. Judgment The Supreme Court, in a majority opinion by Henry Billings Brown, held the Utah law was a legitimate exercise of the police power since there was indeed a rational basis, supported by facts, for the legislature to believe particular work conditions are dangerous. It distinguished the case from laws imposing universal maximum hour rules, which would be unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment: See also US labor law Lochner v. New York: Similar case denying limited working hours for bakers List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 169 References External links 1898 in United States case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court Working time Legal history of Utah United States substantive due process case law United States labor case law Mining law and governance Mining in Utah\",\n \"title\": \"Holden v. Hardy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"772859\",\n \"text\": \"The Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) was the regulatory body in the United Kingdom for commercial television (ITV and Channel 4 and limited satellite television regulation – cable television was the responsibility of the Cable Authority) – and commercial and independent radio broadcasts. The IBA came into being when the Sound Broadcasting Act 1972 gave the Independent Television Authority responsibility for organising the new Independent Local Radio (ILR) stations. The Independent Television Commission formally replaced the IBA on 1 January 1991 in regulatory terms; however, the authority itself was not officially dissolved until 2003. The IBA appointed and regulated a number of regional programme TV contractors and local radio contractors, and built and operated the network of transmitters distributing these programmes through its Engineering Division. It established and part-funded a National Broadcasting School to train on-air and engineering staff. Approach The IBA's approach to regulation was more robust than that of its successors, and it assumed the ultimate role of the broadcaster (whereas today, TV licensees are termed \\\"broadcasters in their own right\\\"). The IBA took a very \\\"hands-on\\\" approach and placed the interests of the viewer before anything else. For example, if two ITV licensees wanted to merge, or another wanted to change its broadcast name, this would require approval by the IBA. This direct approach also extended to programmes; the IBA could (and did) place limits on how many soap episodes could be shown per week, if they believed programme quality would be compromised. As well as setting guidelines on advertising content (some guidelines only, the remainder being the responsibility of the ASA), quantity and timings, the IBA also operated monitoring systems for the quality of programme content and the technical quality of programme play-out. On 19 January 1972, the British government announced the lifting of all restrictions and limits on the number of broadcasting hours per day that both the BBC and ITV could air. Until 1972, both the BBC and ITV were limited to how many normal programming hours they could air during the course of each day – by 1971 it was limited to 8 hours per day, with exemptions for schools, adult educational, religious programming, state occasions and outdoor sporting coverage. For ITV this meant they could start a proper daytime television schedule, allowing the smaller ITV companies to produce and sell programming to the network. The IBA ensured that along with the new daytime schedules which launched on Monday 16 October 1972 that their public service remit programming would continue after the restrictions were lifted. Schools programming were now placed in a new 2.5 hour slot each weekday from 9.30am along with the continued production of religious programming and adult education. There were also limits on the value of prizes that could be given away – this dated from the broadcast of the UK version of Twenty-One in 1958 in which a contestant won enough money to buy both a car and a house. In 1960, two years after the quiz show scandals in\",\n \"title\": \"Independent Broadcasting Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15730123\",\n \"text\": \"The observance of Jewish law (halakhah) in the polar regions of Earth presents unique problems. Many mitzvot, such as Jewish prayer and the Sabbath, rely on the consistent cycle of day and night in 24-hour periods that is commonplace in most of the world. However, north of the Arctic Circle (and south of the Antarctic Circle) a single period of daylight can last for a month or more during the summer, and the night lasts for a similar length of time in the winter. The question for religious Jews that live in or visit these regions is how to reconcile the observed length of days in the polar regions with common practice elsewhere in the world. Should a \\\"day\\\" be defined solely based on sunrise and sunset, even if these events do not occur for long stretches of time, or should the definition of a polar \\\"day\\\" be consistent with the length of a day in the rest of the world? The problem was first identified in the 18th century, when Jewish émigrés began to move in greater numbers to the northern parts of Scandinavia. A number of different opinions on the question have been presented in responsa and are reviewed in a 2005 essay by Rabbi J. David Bleich, and in a 2007 article by Rabbi Dovid Heber. Scope of the problem The definition of a \\\"day\\\" in polar regions affects mitzvot that must be performed during the day, or at a particular time of day. It also affects the passage of time in the Jewish calendar for the purpose of observing Shabbat and other Jewish holidays. Mitzvot performed during the day Many ritual mitzvot may be performed at any time during the day but not at night, or vice versa. In addition, a lender is required to return clothing used as collateral to a poor borrower if he needs it to sleep at night, and an employer must pay a day laborer his wages on the same day that the work is done. Time of day The most familiar mitzvah that depends on the time of day is Jewish prayer. The morning Shema must be read between dawn and three variable hours after sunrise. (\\\"Variable hours\\\" are each one-twelfth of the time between sunrise and sunset, or according to another opinion between dawn and the appearance of stars at twilight. Variable hours are longer than 60 minutes in the summer, and shorter than 60 minutes in the winter.) The prayers of Shacharit, Mussaf and Minchah are also limited to certain hours of the day. The evening Shema and Ma'ariv, though acceptable at any time of the night, should preferably be done in the first half of the night. It is possible that during very long days of the polar summer, evening prayers are not recited, and during very long nights of the polar winter, daytime prayers are not recited. Days of the week The passage of days from one to the next most prominently drives the observance of\",\n \"title\": \"Jewish law in the polar regions\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["8 hours work"],"string":"[\n \"8 hours work\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":58,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_2085"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when did the movie sling blade come out"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"171522","text":"Sling Blade is a 1996 American drama film written, directed by and starring Billy Bob Thornton. Set in Arkansas, it is the story of intellectually challenged Karl Childers and the friendship he develops with a boy and his mother. Karl was released from a psychiatric hospital where he had grown up due to having killed his mother and her lover when he was 12 years old. It also stars Dwight Yoakam, J. T. Walsh, John Ritter, Lucas Black, Natalie Canerday, James Hampton, and Robert Duvall. The film was adapted by Thornton from his previous one-man show Swine Before Pearls, from which he also developed a screenplay for the 1994 short film Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade, directed by George Hickenlooper. Sling Blade became a sleeper hit, launching Thornton into stardom. Thornton won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and he was also nominated for Best Actor. The music for the soundtrack was provided by French Canadian artist/producer Daniel Lanois. Sling Blade was filmed in 24 days, on location in Benton, Arkansas, produced by David L. Bushell and Brandon Rosser. Plot Karl Childers is a developmentally disabled Arkansas man whose parents physically and mentally abused him when he was young. He has been in the custody of the state mental hospital since the age of 12 after murdering his mother and her teenage lover, who was also his tormentor, with a sling blade. Karl believed his mother was being raped and killed the teen in defense of her. When he realized his mother was a willing participant in the affair, Karl killed her as well. Karl spends his days staring out a window at an open field and rubbing his hands together. As a passive person, he is often forced by serial rapist Charles to listen to stories of his criminal history as a convicted sexual predator. The state determines that Karl is no longer dangerous and releases him. Karl wants to stay and pleads to, but is told that he has to leave. He goes back to his hometown, where he finds work as a small engine mechanic. Karl befriends 12-year-old Frank Wheatley and shares details of his past, including the killings. Frank introduces Karl to his mother, Linda, and her homosexual friend and boss, Vaughan. Vaughan is concerned about Karl's history, but Linda asks him to move into her garage, angering her abusive and alcoholic boyfriend, Doyle. Vaughan tells Karl that he fears Doyle could hurt or kill Linda and Frank one day. Karl becomes a role model to Frank, who misses his deceased father and despises Doyle. As they grow closer, Karl tells Frank that he is haunted by an incident that happened when he was six or eight years old. His parents performed an abortion of his unwanted baby brother and made him dispose of the body. Karl found the baby was still moving and buried him alive. Karl later visits his sickly father and tries to reconcile, but is rejected. He scolds his","title":"Sling Blade"},{"docid":"859735","text":"Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade is a 1994 short film written by Billy Bob Thornton, directed by George Hickenlooper and starring Thornton, Molly Ringwald, and J. T. Walsh. It was adapted into the 1996 feature film Sling Blade, also starring Thornton, which won Thornton the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, as well as a nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role. Overview Thornton plays Karl Childers, an intellectually disabled man who has been in a mental hospital for the past 25 years for murdering his mother and her lover. On the day of his release, he is interviewed by a reporter, Theresa Tatum (Molly Ringwald), who is writing an article with the intent of examining whether criminals judged to be insane should be released. Before the interview, Tatum is of the opinion that criminals like Childers should never be released. During the interview, however, Tatum must question her previous beliefs. The title of the film comes from Childers's description of the murders. He admits to committing murder with a kaiser blade: \"Some folks call it a sling blade, I call it a Kaiser blade.\" References External links 1994 drama films 1994 films 1994 short films American short films Films directed by George Hickenlooper 1990s English-language films","title":"Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade"},{"docid":"3899773","text":"James Wade Hampton (July 9, 1936 – April 7, 2021) was an American actor, television director, and screenwriter. He is best known for his TV roles such as Private Hannibal Shirley Dobbs on F Troop (1965–1967), Leroy B. Simpson on The Doris Day Show (1968–1969), Love, American Style (1969–1974), and his movie roles such as \"Caretaker\" in The Longest Yard (1974), a role which garnered him a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male, as Howard Clemmons in Hawmps! (1976), Harold Howard in Teen Wolf (1985), and its sequel, Teen Wolf Too (1987), and as Jerry Woolridge in Sling Blade (1996). Early life Hampton was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, the son of Edna (Gately), who worked at a millinery, and Ivan Hampton, who ran a dry cleaning business. He was raised in Dallas, Texas, and majored in theatre arts at the University of North Texas in Denton. While attending UNT, he was a member of the Gamma Lambda chapter of Kappa Alpha Order. After a series of failed jobs including bodyguard, bartender, and photojournalist, he was inducted into the United States Army. He was stationed in Germany and performed with the USO, for which he won awards. Career Following his service, he performed in summer stock in Texas and then moved to New York City, where he was given his first film role, in the Academy Award-nominated short subject The Cliffdwellers. His next role was as the lead character in a May 1963 Gunsmoke episode entitled \"Jeb\", featuring his friend and series regular Burt Reynolds. Hampton returned to Gunsmoke later that year in \"Pa Hack’s Brood\" (S9E13), again as a character named Jeb, although Marshal Dillon makes no reference in this episode to the previous appearance. Hampton returned to Gunsmoke one more time as the title character (and hilarious cousin to Festus) in the 1965 episode ' \"Eliab’s Aim\". In 1964, he was cast as publisher William Randolph Hearst in the episode \"The Paper Dynasty\" of the television series Death Valley Days. Hampton is known for his roles in CBS's The Doris Day Show (as Leroy, the handyman); ABC's F Troop (as Hannibal Dobbs, the incompetent bugler); Robert Aldrich's The Longest Yard (1974); Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan (1975); Teen Wolf (1985); the Teen Wolf television series (1986 to 1989); Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach (1988); and Sling Blade (1996). Hampton guest-starred as Jim Rockford's childhood friend Aaron Ironwood in a 1975 episode of NBC's The Rockford Files. He received a HALO Award for Hawmps!, and a Golden Globe Award nomination for \"Most Promising Newcomer\" for the part of \"Caretaker\" in The Longest Yard. In 1980, he starred alongside Gary Collins in the low-budget movie Hangar 18. In 2012, Hampton appeared in an advertisement on MeTV touting some of the shows in which he had guest-starred, including Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. and The Rockford Files. Personal life Hampton married actress Mary Deese in 2002. He was the father of","title":"James Hampton (actor)"},{"docid":"3493669","text":"George Loening Hickenlooper III (May 25, 1963 – October 29, 2010) was an American narrative and documentary filmmaker. Early life Hickenlooper was born in St. Louis, the son of Barbara Jo Wenger, a social worker and stage actress, and George Loening Hickenlooper, Jr., a teacher and playwright. He was also the grand nephew of British-born conductor Leopold Stokowski through marriage to his great aunt, pianist Olga Samaroff (whose birth name was Lucy Mary Agnes Hickenlooper). He attended high school at St. Louis University High, where he was part of a group of teenage filmmakers he informally called the \"Splicers,\" whose members included James Gunn (Guardians of the Galaxy). After graduating from Yale University with a B.A. in History and Film Studies in 1986, Hickenlooper interned for the producer Roger Corman, and launched his directing career with Art, Acting, and the Suicide Chair: Dennis Hopper in 1988. Career His first feature-length documentary, Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse, explored the making of Apocalypse Now. It won several awards, including the National Board of Review award for \"Best Documentary\", an American Cinema Editors award for \"Best Edited Documentary\", two Academy of Television Arts and Sciences awards for \"Outstanding Individual Achievement – Informational Programming – Directing\" and \"Outstanding Individual Achievement – Informational Programming – Picture Editing\", and the International Documentary Association award. Hickenlooper himself won an Emmy for direction. A short film written by Billy Bob Thornton Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade (1994), \"attracted considerable critical acclaim\" for Hickenlooper and was \"[a] hit on the festival circuit.\" Thornton parlayed the success into a full-length picture -- Sling Blade, which won an Oscar for its screenplay for Thornton, who also directed the film. His final film, Casino Jack, was released two months after his death. In addition to his films, Hickenlooper authored a book in 1991, Reel Conversations. Death Hickenlooper died in his sleep on October 29, 2010, at the age of 47. Despite initial reports that Hickenlooper had suffered a heart attack, the coroner ruled that his death was the result of accidental painkiller overdose, combining oxymorphone with alcohol. Sleep apnea and a \"moderately enlarged heart\" were contributing factors. Filmography Documentaries Art, Acting, and the Suicide Chair: Dennis Hopper, 1988 Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse, 1991 Picture This: The Times of Peter Bogdanovich in Archer City, Texas, 1991 The Big Brass Ring, 1997 (short) Monte Hellman: American Auteur, 1997 (short) Mayor of the Sunset Strip, 2003 Speechless, 2008 Out in the City, 2009 (short) \"Hick\" Town, 2009 Narrative films Ghost Brigade, 1993 Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade, 1994 (short) The Low Life, 1995 Crosstown Traffic, 1995 (failed pilot) Persons Unknown, 1996 Dogtown, 1997 The Big Brass Ring, 1999 The Man from Elysian Fields, 2001 Bizarre Love Triangle, 2005 Factory Girl, 2006 Casino Jack, 2010 References External links Film Freak Central interview (archived) 1963 births 2010 deaths American documentary filmmakers Drug-related deaths in Colorado People from St. Louis Yale University alumni Writers from Missouri Film directors from Missouri Accidental","title":"George Hickenlooper"},{"docid":"71670969","text":"American musician Dwight Yoakam has starred in a number of films and television series ranging from 1992 to the present. His first major roles included the CBS crime drama P.S. I Luv U and the 1993 movie Red Rock West. In 1996, he had his acting breakthrough in the Billy Bob Thornton movie Sling Blade. For this role, he was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild (SAG) award. Yoakam made his directorial and writing debut in 2000's South of Heaven, West of Hell. Between 2005 and 2006, he also appeared in the movies Bandidas, The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, and Wedding Crashers. In 2014, Yoakam had a recurring role in season two of the CBS science fiction series Under the Dome. He also reunited with Thornton for season one of the Amazon Prime Video original series Goliath. Film Television References American filmographies Male actor filmographies","title":"Dwight Yoakam filmography"},{"docid":"4973252","text":"Natalie Suzanne Canerday (born March 9, 1962) is an American actress. Canerday is a native of Russellville, Arkansas. After earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in Theatre in 1985 from Hendrix College (where she performed in plays with Herman's Head star William Ragsdale), she began her motion picture career as a production secretary for the television feature The Tuskegee Airmen, then made minor appearances in films such as Biloxi Blues and Walk the Line, and later Shotgun Stories. She played the wife of a small town sheriff in the 1991 film One False Move. Her most famous roles have been as protagonists' harried mothers in Sling Blade and October Sky. In 1996, she and others in Billy Bob Thornton's Sling Blade cast were collectively nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a Motion Picture. Canerday served as a judge for the 2006 George Lindsey/UNA Film Festival, and in 2007 was cast in a national radio commercial. In October 2009 she worked in the Oak Ridge Secret City Film Festival in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, which was known as the 7 day shoot-out because the contestants had only 7 days to make a 2–7 minute short-film. She played the part of a bartender in the short film Third Rate Romance directed by Chase Hartsook. References External links Natalie Canerday at Moviefone 1962 births Actresses from Arkansas American film actresses American television actresses Living people People from Russellville, Arkansas Hendrix College alumni People from Pope County, Arkansas 21st-century American women","title":"Natalie Canerday"},{"docid":"3717780","text":"Bruce Hampton (born Gustav Valentine Berglund III; April 30, 1947 – May 1, 2017) was an American musician. He was a key figure in the Atlanta, Georgia music scene, mentoring numerous other musicians who became national stars. His own musical style was avant-garde, combining elements of jazz, fusion, southern rock and jam band styles. He first rose to prominence as the leader of the Hampton Grease Band. Adopting the moniker Colonel Hampton B. Coles, Retired or alternatively Col. Bruce Hampton Ret., and sometimes playing a sort of dwarf guitar called a \"chazoid\", he later formed several other bands, some of whose names include The Late Bronze Age, The Aquarium Rescue Unit, The Fiji Mariners, The Codetalkers, The Quark Alliance, Pharaoh Gummitt, and Madrid Express. Career As a member of the Hampton Grease Band, Bruce Hampton helped record the 1971 album Music to Eat. According to legend, this was the second-worst-selling album in Columbia Records history, with the worst being a yoga record. Hampton's band The Late Bronze Age consisted of \"Col. Hampton B. Coles, Ret.\" (Bruce Hampton) on vocals, slide guitar, mandolin, and chazoid; Ben \"Pops\" Thornton (Billy McPherson) on vocals, guitar, saxophones, and keyboards; Lincoln Metcalfe (Ricky Keller) on bass, guitar, brass, and vocals; and Bubba Phreon (Jerry Fields) on drums, percussion, trombone, and vocals. They performed several songs in the 1983 movie Getting It On. Hampton helped start the 1990s seminal H.O.R.D.E. tours. The best known of his bands to play H.O.R.D.E. is the jazz-rock outfit Aquarium Rescue Unit, which featured improvisational music all-stars Oteil Burbridge, Jimmy Herring, Rev. Jeff Mosier, Matt Mundy, and Jeff Sipe. In 1994, Hampton then formed the progressive rock/jazz duo Fiji Mariners and recorded two albums on Capricorn Records with Dan Matrazzo who simultaneously played keys, drums, and bass. Later, Ricky Fargo, Marcus Williams joined on drums and Joseph Patrick Moore joined on bass. Hampton was the voice of Warren, a talking potted shrub, in a 1998 episode (\"Warren\") of the TV show Space Ghost Coast to Coast. Hampton played Morris, the songwriting band manager, in Billy Bob Thornton's 1996 film Sling Blade. He also starred in Mike Gordon's 2001 film Outside Out as a guitar 'out'structor. Grammy Award nominated blues singer and longtime friend Susan Tedeschi wrote a song about Bruce called \"Hampmotized.\" It appears on her 2002 release Wait For Me. Hampton returned the favor with the song \"Susan T\". Basically Frightened: The Musical Madness of Col. Bruce Hampton, Ret. is a documentary about Hampton. It premiered at the Atlanta Film Festival in March 2012. Georgia Governor Nathan Deal presented Hampton with the Governor's Award In The Arts and Humanities in 2012. In 2014, Hampton made a cameo in the music video for rap group Run The Jewels' single \"Blockbuster Night, Pt. 1\". 2015 saw the production of Here Comes Rusty in which Hampton portrayed the lead character, Dicky, alongside co-stars Fred Willard, Joey Lauren Adams and Brandon Niederauer. The film debuted at the Atlanta Film Festival in 2016, but was","title":"Bruce Hampton"},{"docid":"1472136","text":"James Victor Chesnutt (November 12, 1964 – December 25, 2009) was an American singer-songwriter from Athens, Georgia. His first album, Little, was released in 1990. His commercial breakthrough came in 1996 with the release of Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation, a charity record of alternative artists covering his songs. Chesnutt released 17 albums during his career, including two produced by Michael Stipe, and a 1996 release on Capitol Records, About to Choke. His musical style has been described by Bryan Carroll of AllMusic as a \"skewed, refracted version of Americana that is haunting, funny, poignant, and occasionally mystical, usually all at once\". Injuries from a 1983 car accident left him partially paralyzed; he used a wheelchair and had limited use of his hands. Early life An adoptee, Chesnutt was raised in Zebulon, Georgia, where he first started writing songs at the age of five. When he was 13, Chesnutt declared that he was an atheist, a position that he maintained for the rest of his life. At 18, while drinking and driving, a car accident left him partially paralyzed; in a December 1, 2009 interview with Terry Gross on her NPR show Fresh Air, he said he was \"a quadriplegic from [his] neck down\", and although he had feeling and some movement in his body, he could not walk \"functionally\" and that, although he realized shortly afterward that he could still play guitar, he could only play simple chords. After his recovery he left Zebulon and moved to Nashville, Tennessee; the poetry he read there (by Stevie Smith, Walt Whitman, Wallace Stevens, W. H. Auden, Stephen Crane and Emily Dickinson) served to inspire and influence him. Early career and films Around 1985, Chesnutt moved to Athens and joined the band La-Di-Das with future member of the Dashboard Saviors Todd McBride. After leaving that group, he began performing solo on a regular basis at the 40 Watt Club; it was there that he was spotted by Michael Stipe of R.E.M. Stipe went on to produce Chesnutt's first two albums, Little (1990) and West of Rome (1991). In 1993, Chesnutt was the subject of filmmaker Peter Sillen's independently produced documentary, Speed Racer: Welcome to the World of Vic Chesnutt, which was shown on PBS. Chesnutt also had a small role as \"Terence\" in the 1996 Billy Bob Thornton movie Sling Blade, which he later described self-mockingly as a poor performance. In 1996, Chesnutt was exposed to a wider audience with the release of the charity record Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation, the proceeds from which went to the Sweet Relief Fund. The album consisted of Chesnutt covers by famous musicians including R.E.M., Indigo Girls, Madonna with her brother-in-law Joe Henry, Garbage, The Smashing Pumpkins (with Red Red Meat), Cracker, Soul Asylum, and Live. For the 2007 edition of the Vienna International Film Festival (Viennale), New York filmmaker Jem Cohen was commissioned to close the festival, which he did with his program titled, Evening's Civil Twilight in Empires of","title":"Vic Chesnutt"},{"docid":"33855525","text":"The 18th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, music and radio for the 1995–1996 season, and took place in 1997 in Hollywood, California. Established in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theatre and music. Categories ★ Bold indicates the winner in each category. Best Young Performer in a Feature Film Best Performance in a Feature Film: Leading Young Actor ★ Lucas Black - Sling Blade Vincent Kartheiser - Alaska Joe Perrino - Sleepers Kyle Howard - House Arrest Kevin Bishop - Muppet Treasure Island Best Performance in a Feature Film: Leading Young Actress ★ Michelle Trachtenberg - Harriet the Spy Mara Wilson - Matilda Thora Birch - Alaska Anna Paquin - Fly Away Home Heather Matarazzo - Welcome to the Dollhouse Best Performance in a Feature Film: Supporting Young Actor ★ Blake Bashoff - Big Bully Gregory Smith - Harriet the Spy Brawley Nolte - Ransom Geoffrey Wigdor - Sleepers Adam Zolotin - Jack Best Performance in a Feature Film: Supporting Young Actress ★ (tie) Vanessa Lee Chester - Harriet the Spy ★ (tie) Claire Danes - To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday Jessica Wesson - Flipper Kira Spencer Hesser - Matilda Erin Williby - First Kid Best Performance in a Feature Film: Actor Age Ten or Under ★ Jonathan Lipnicki - Jerry Maguire Alex D. Linz - One Fine Day Jake Lloyd - Unhook the Stars Haley Joel Osment - Bogus Eric Lloyd, - Dunston Checks In Ross Bagley - Independence Day Best Performance in a Feature Film: Actress Age Ten or Under ★ Mae Whitman - One Fine Day Ashley Buccille - Phenomenon Siri Howard - Welcome to the Dollhouse Yvonne Zima - The Long Kiss Goodnight Best Young Performer in a Foreign Film Best Performance in a Foreign Film ★ Andrei Chalimon - Kolya (Czech Republic) Chloe Ferguson - The Quiet Room (Australia) Tiba Tossijn - Long Live the Queen (The Netherlands) Tatjana Trieb - Beyond Silence (Germany) Gregg Fitzgerald - War of the Buttons (Ireland) Best Young Performer in a TV Movie or Mini Series Best Performance in a TV Movie / Mini Series: Young Actor ★ Kenny Vadas - Captains Courageous Shelton Dane - Hidden in America Noah Fleiss - Chasing the Dragon Devon Sawa - Night of the Twisters Erik von Detten - Christmas Every Day Tim Redwine - Step Toward Tomorrow Best Performance in a TV Movie / Mini Series: Young Actress ★ Jena Malone - Bastard Out of Carolina Kimberlee Peterson - Homecoming Rebekah Johnson - Ruby Jean and Joe Julia McIlvaine - The Summer of Ben Tyler Tegan Moss - The Angel of Pennsylvania","title":"18th Youth in Film Awards"},{"docid":"3767355","text":"68th National Board of Review Awards Best Picture: Shine The 68th National Board of Review Awards, honoring the best in filmmaking in 1996, were announced on 9 December 1996 and given on 9 February 1997. Top 10 films Shine The English Patient Fargo Secrets & Lies Everyone Says I Love You Evita Sling Blade Trainspotting Breaking the Waves Jerry Maguire Top Foreign Films Ridicule Les Voleurs Bitter Sugar La Cérémonie Kolya Winners Best Picture: Shine Best Foreign Language Film Ridicule, France Best Actor: Tom Cruise - Jerry Maguire Best Actress: Frances McDormand - Fargo Best Supporting Actor: Edward Norton - Everyone Says I Love You Best Supporting Actress (tie): Juliette Binoche and Kristin Scott Thomas - The English Patient Best Ensemble Acting: The First Wives Club Breakthrough performance: Renée Zellweger - Jerry Maguire Best Director: Joel Coen - Fargo Best Documentary: Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills Best Film Made for Cable TV: Wild Bill: Hollywood Maverick Special Achievement in Filmmaking: Billy Bob Thornton - Sling Blade Special Citation: Elia Kazan, for lifetime achievement in direction Freedom of Expression Award: The People vs. Larry Flynt - Miloš Forman, Oliver Stone International Freedom Award: Zhang Yuan Billy Wilder Award: Sidney Lumet Career Achievement Award: Gena Rowlands William K. Everson Award for Film History: Peter Bogdanovich, for Who the Devil Made It? Special Recognition for Excellence in Filmmaking: Angels & Insects Basquiat Big Night Bound Caught Follow Me Home I Shot Andy Warhol Lone Star Marvin's Room The Substance of Fire Swingers The Deli The War Room Unhook the Stars Welcome to the Dollhouse External links National Board of Review of Motion Pictures :: Awards for 1996 1996 1996 film awards 1996 in American cinema","title":"National Board of Review Awards 1996"},{"docid":"24989285","text":"Larry Meistrich (born October 14, 1966) is an American film producer. He was a founding member of the now defunct film production company The Shooting Gallery. Meistrich attended Johns Hopkins University graduating in 1989 with a degree in writing. While at Hopkins, he was a brother of Alpha Delta Phi. He produced Sling Blade, with Billy Bob Thornton, which won the Academy Award for Best Writing, Adapted Screenplay. He won an Independent Spirit Award for producing You Can Count on Me in 2001 and the film was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Screenplay. Meistrich now is the founder and chairman of NEHST Studios. NEHST has combined with another studio to create DigiNext Films. Larry Meistrich has had some controversial film companies and been sued for fraud by his employee and investors for losing tens of millions of dollars. Selected filmography as a producer Laws of Gravity (1992) New Jersey Drive (1995) Sling Blade (1996) Henry Fool (1997) Niagara, Niagara (1997) Belly (1998) Strangeland (1998) Frogs for Snakes (1998) The Minus Man (1999) The 24 Hour Woman (1999) The Bumblebee Flies Anyway (1999) You Can Count on Me (2000) The Tic Code (2000) Chinese Coffee (2000) Daddy and Them (2001) The Numbers (2005) Mechina: A Preparation (2005) Article 32 (2009) Selected filmography as a distributor The Song of the Little Road (2003) 41 (2007) Intervention (2007) Running the Sahara (2007) Faded Glory (2009) The Mayor of Strawberry Fields (2009) Article 32 (2009) Chloe and Keith's Wedding (2009) Running America (2009) The 904: Shadow on the Sunshine State (2010) Cut Poison Burn (2010) Standing Silent (2011) Lilith (2011) Thank You For Judging (2011) The Standbys (2012) Kinderblock 66: Return to the Buchenwald (2012) The United States of Football (2013) A Miracle in Spanish Harlem (2013) Mr. Sophistication (2013) The American Nurse (2014) Anita B. (2014) Drunktown's Finest (2014) African Exodus (2014) Elephant Blues (2014) Pass the Light (2015) Leaves of the Tree (2016) References External links 1966 births Film producers from New York (state) American film studio executives Living people People from the Bronx","title":"Larry Meistrich"},{"docid":"6523887","text":"Dennis Chalker (born July 28, 1954) is a retired Navy SEAL, inventor and author who has written six books about the United States Navy SEALs. Career Chalker began his military service with the U.S. Army, serving in the 82nd Airborne Division from 1972 till 1975. Upon discharge he tried his hand at a few civilian jobs and found them less than challenging. Chalker then joined the United States Navy in 1977. Chalker graduated from Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training BUD/S class 101 in Coronado, Ca. Following SEAL Tactical Training and completion of a six month probationary period, he received the NEC 5326 as a Combatant Swimmer (SEAL), entitled to wear the Special Warfare Insignia. Chalker initially served with SEAL Team ONE and was later hand-selected by Commander Richard Marcinko in 1980 to become a plankowner of the Navy's first dedicated counter-terrorist unit, SEAL Team Six. As a member of SEAL Team Six, he participated in Operation Urgent Fury in the US Invasion of Grenada. His team reached then Governor General Paul Scoon's mansion and held it for an entire day while being attacked by a force of Grenadians and Cubans. As a SEAL, Chalker saw action in Haiti (recounted in his book One Perfect Op), El Salvador, and Panama. When Marcinko was tasked to select members for a new unit to test security at US Naval bases against the threat of terrorism, he once again chose Chalker as one of the founding members in 1985. This unit was called Naval Security Coordination Team, also known as Red Cell. Chalker transitioned back to SEAL Team SIX in 1987 which was renamed as Naval Special Warfare Development Group. His final duty station was as the Command Master Chief at the Naval Special Warfare Center for BUD/S (Basic Underwater Demolition/SEALs) Training in Coronado, California. While serving as Command Master Chief of BUD/S, Chalker was hired as a technical advisor for The Rock, a 1996 Jerry Bruckheimer film. Chalker was also used as an onscreen extra during the movie's swim and dive sequences. This led to a position as Director of Operations with Global Studies Group, Inc. (GSGI), upon his retirement from the US Navy. GSGI is a combination security and training company owned by former US Navy SEAL Harry Humphries that specializes in bringing modified (civilian version) SpecOps tactical skill training to law- enforcement agencies and Hollywood movie productions. Chalker is credited for inventing and developing a tactical rifle and submachine gun single-point sling known as the Chalker Sling while at SEAL Team Six. The Chalker Sling attaches the long gun to the shooter via a harness which enables the operator to quickly transition to a secondary weapon or perform another task while using both hands and keeping the weapon in a close-ready position as the weapon \"hangs\" from the chest, leaving just enough slack to be able to quickly bring it to firing position with little effort. Since retiring from the Navy, Chalker has authored six books, three fiction and three non-fiction with","title":"Dennis Chalker"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"171522\",\n \"text\": \"Sling Blade is a 1996 American drama film written, directed by and starring Billy Bob Thornton. Set in Arkansas, it is the story of intellectually challenged Karl Childers and the friendship he develops with a boy and his mother. Karl was released from a psychiatric hospital where he had grown up due to having killed his mother and her lover when he was 12 years old. It also stars Dwight Yoakam, J. T. Walsh, John Ritter, Lucas Black, Natalie Canerday, James Hampton, and Robert Duvall. The film was adapted by Thornton from his previous one-man show Swine Before Pearls, from which he also developed a screenplay for the 1994 short film Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade, directed by George Hickenlooper. Sling Blade became a sleeper hit, launching Thornton into stardom. Thornton won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and he was also nominated for Best Actor. The music for the soundtrack was provided by French Canadian artist/producer Daniel Lanois. Sling Blade was filmed in 24 days, on location in Benton, Arkansas, produced by David L. Bushell and Brandon Rosser. Plot Karl Childers is a developmentally disabled Arkansas man whose parents physically and mentally abused him when he was young. He has been in the custody of the state mental hospital since the age of 12 after murdering his mother and her teenage lover, who was also his tormentor, with a sling blade. Karl believed his mother was being raped and killed the teen in defense of her. When he realized his mother was a willing participant in the affair, Karl killed her as well. Karl spends his days staring out a window at an open field and rubbing his hands together. As a passive person, he is often forced by serial rapist Charles to listen to stories of his criminal history as a convicted sexual predator. The state determines that Karl is no longer dangerous and releases him. Karl wants to stay and pleads to, but is told that he has to leave. He goes back to his hometown, where he finds work as a small engine mechanic. Karl befriends 12-year-old Frank Wheatley and shares details of his past, including the killings. Frank introduces Karl to his mother, Linda, and her homosexual friend and boss, Vaughan. Vaughan is concerned about Karl's history, but Linda asks him to move into her garage, angering her abusive and alcoholic boyfriend, Doyle. Vaughan tells Karl that he fears Doyle could hurt or kill Linda and Frank one day. Karl becomes a role model to Frank, who misses his deceased father and despises Doyle. As they grow closer, Karl tells Frank that he is haunted by an incident that happened when he was six or eight years old. His parents performed an abortion of his unwanted baby brother and made him dispose of the body. Karl found the baby was still moving and buried him alive. Karl later visits his sickly father and tries to reconcile, but is rejected. He scolds his\",\n \"title\": \"Sling Blade\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"859735\",\n \"text\": \"Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade is a 1994 short film written by Billy Bob Thornton, directed by George Hickenlooper and starring Thornton, Molly Ringwald, and J. T. Walsh. It was adapted into the 1996 feature film Sling Blade, also starring Thornton, which won Thornton the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, as well as a nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role. Overview Thornton plays Karl Childers, an intellectually disabled man who has been in a mental hospital for the past 25 years for murdering his mother and her lover. On the day of his release, he is interviewed by a reporter, Theresa Tatum (Molly Ringwald), who is writing an article with the intent of examining whether criminals judged to be insane should be released. Before the interview, Tatum is of the opinion that criminals like Childers should never be released. During the interview, however, Tatum must question her previous beliefs. The title of the film comes from Childers's description of the murders. He admits to committing murder with a kaiser blade: \\\"Some folks call it a sling blade, I call it a Kaiser blade.\\\" References External links 1994 drama films 1994 films 1994 short films American short films Films directed by George Hickenlooper 1990s English-language films\",\n \"title\": \"Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3899773\",\n \"text\": \"James Wade Hampton (July 9, 1936 – April 7, 2021) was an American actor, television director, and screenwriter. He is best known for his TV roles such as Private Hannibal Shirley Dobbs on F Troop (1965–1967), Leroy B. Simpson on The Doris Day Show (1968–1969), Love, American Style (1969–1974), and his movie roles such as \\\"Caretaker\\\" in The Longest Yard (1974), a role which garnered him a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male, as Howard Clemmons in Hawmps! (1976), Harold Howard in Teen Wolf (1985), and its sequel, Teen Wolf Too (1987), and as Jerry Woolridge in Sling Blade (1996). Early life Hampton was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, the son of Edna (Gately), who worked at a millinery, and Ivan Hampton, who ran a dry cleaning business. He was raised in Dallas, Texas, and majored in theatre arts at the University of North Texas in Denton. While attending UNT, he was a member of the Gamma Lambda chapter of Kappa Alpha Order. After a series of failed jobs including bodyguard, bartender, and photojournalist, he was inducted into the United States Army. He was stationed in Germany and performed with the USO, for which he won awards. Career Following his service, he performed in summer stock in Texas and then moved to New York City, where he was given his first film role, in the Academy Award-nominated short subject The Cliffdwellers. His next role was as the lead character in a May 1963 Gunsmoke episode entitled \\\"Jeb\\\", featuring his friend and series regular Burt Reynolds. Hampton returned to Gunsmoke later that year in \\\"Pa Hack’s Brood\\\" (S9E13), again as a character named Jeb, although Marshal Dillon makes no reference in this episode to the previous appearance. Hampton returned to Gunsmoke one more time as the title character (and hilarious cousin to Festus) in the 1965 episode ' \\\"Eliab’s Aim\\\". In 1964, he was cast as publisher William Randolph Hearst in the episode \\\"The Paper Dynasty\\\" of the television series Death Valley Days. Hampton is known for his roles in CBS's The Doris Day Show (as Leroy, the handyman); ABC's F Troop (as Hannibal Dobbs, the incompetent bugler); Robert Aldrich's The Longest Yard (1974); Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan (1975); Teen Wolf (1985); the Teen Wolf television series (1986 to 1989); Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach (1988); and Sling Blade (1996). Hampton guest-starred as Jim Rockford's childhood friend Aaron Ironwood in a 1975 episode of NBC's The Rockford Files. He received a HALO Award for Hawmps!, and a Golden Globe Award nomination for \\\"Most Promising Newcomer\\\" for the part of \\\"Caretaker\\\" in The Longest Yard. In 1980, he starred alongside Gary Collins in the low-budget movie Hangar 18. In 2012, Hampton appeared in an advertisement on MeTV touting some of the shows in which he had guest-starred, including Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. and The Rockford Files. Personal life Hampton married actress Mary Deese in 2002. He was the father of\",\n \"title\": \"James Hampton (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3493669\",\n \"text\": \"George Loening Hickenlooper III (May 25, 1963 – October 29, 2010) was an American narrative and documentary filmmaker. Early life Hickenlooper was born in St. Louis, the son of Barbara Jo Wenger, a social worker and stage actress, and George Loening Hickenlooper, Jr., a teacher and playwright. He was also the grand nephew of British-born conductor Leopold Stokowski through marriage to his great aunt, pianist Olga Samaroff (whose birth name was Lucy Mary Agnes Hickenlooper). He attended high school at St. Louis University High, where he was part of a group of teenage filmmakers he informally called the \\\"Splicers,\\\" whose members included James Gunn (Guardians of the Galaxy). After graduating from Yale University with a B.A. in History and Film Studies in 1986, Hickenlooper interned for the producer Roger Corman, and launched his directing career with Art, Acting, and the Suicide Chair: Dennis Hopper in 1988. Career His first feature-length documentary, Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse, explored the making of Apocalypse Now. It won several awards, including the National Board of Review award for \\\"Best Documentary\\\", an American Cinema Editors award for \\\"Best Edited Documentary\\\", two Academy of Television Arts and Sciences awards for \\\"Outstanding Individual Achievement – Informational Programming – Directing\\\" and \\\"Outstanding Individual Achievement – Informational Programming – Picture Editing\\\", and the International Documentary Association award. Hickenlooper himself won an Emmy for direction. A short film written by Billy Bob Thornton Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade (1994), \\\"attracted considerable critical acclaim\\\" for Hickenlooper and was \\\"[a] hit on the festival circuit.\\\" Thornton parlayed the success into a full-length picture -- Sling Blade, which won an Oscar for its screenplay for Thornton, who also directed the film. His final film, Casino Jack, was released two months after his death. In addition to his films, Hickenlooper authored a book in 1991, Reel Conversations. Death Hickenlooper died in his sleep on October 29, 2010, at the age of 47. Despite initial reports that Hickenlooper had suffered a heart attack, the coroner ruled that his death was the result of accidental painkiller overdose, combining oxymorphone with alcohol. Sleep apnea and a \\\"moderately enlarged heart\\\" were contributing factors. Filmography Documentaries Art, Acting, and the Suicide Chair: Dennis Hopper, 1988 Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse, 1991 Picture This: The Times of Peter Bogdanovich in Archer City, Texas, 1991 The Big Brass Ring, 1997 (short) Monte Hellman: American Auteur, 1997 (short) Mayor of the Sunset Strip, 2003 Speechless, 2008 Out in the City, 2009 (short) \\\"Hick\\\" Town, 2009 Narrative films Ghost Brigade, 1993 Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade, 1994 (short) The Low Life, 1995 Crosstown Traffic, 1995 (failed pilot) Persons Unknown, 1996 Dogtown, 1997 The Big Brass Ring, 1999 The Man from Elysian Fields, 2001 Bizarre Love Triangle, 2005 Factory Girl, 2006 Casino Jack, 2010 References External links Film Freak Central interview (archived) 1963 births 2010 deaths American documentary filmmakers Drug-related deaths in Colorado People from St. Louis Yale University alumni Writers from Missouri Film directors from Missouri Accidental\",\n \"title\": \"George Hickenlooper\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71670969\",\n \"text\": \"American musician Dwight Yoakam has starred in a number of films and television series ranging from 1992 to the present. His first major roles included the CBS crime drama P.S. I Luv U and the 1993 movie Red Rock West. In 1996, he had his acting breakthrough in the Billy Bob Thornton movie Sling Blade. For this role, he was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild (SAG) award. Yoakam made his directorial and writing debut in 2000's South of Heaven, West of Hell. Between 2005 and 2006, he also appeared in the movies Bandidas, The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, and Wedding Crashers. In 2014, Yoakam had a recurring role in season two of the CBS science fiction series Under the Dome. He also reunited with Thornton for season one of the Amazon Prime Video original series Goliath. Film Television References American filmographies Male actor filmographies\",\n \"title\": \"Dwight Yoakam filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4973252\",\n \"text\": \"Natalie Suzanne Canerday (born March 9, 1962) is an American actress. Canerday is a native of Russellville, Arkansas. After earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in Theatre in 1985 from Hendrix College (where she performed in plays with Herman's Head star William Ragsdale), she began her motion picture career as a production secretary for the television feature The Tuskegee Airmen, then made minor appearances in films such as Biloxi Blues and Walk the Line, and later Shotgun Stories. She played the wife of a small town sheriff in the 1991 film One False Move. Her most famous roles have been as protagonists' harried mothers in Sling Blade and October Sky. In 1996, she and others in Billy Bob Thornton's Sling Blade cast were collectively nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a Motion Picture. Canerday served as a judge for the 2006 George Lindsey/UNA Film Festival, and in 2007 was cast in a national radio commercial. In October 2009 she worked in the Oak Ridge Secret City Film Festival in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, which was known as the 7 day shoot-out because the contestants had only 7 days to make a 2–7 minute short-film. She played the part of a bartender in the short film Third Rate Romance directed by Chase Hartsook. References External links Natalie Canerday at Moviefone 1962 births Actresses from Arkansas American film actresses American television actresses Living people People from Russellville, Arkansas Hendrix College alumni People from Pope County, Arkansas 21st-century American women\",\n \"title\": \"Natalie Canerday\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3717780\",\n \"text\": \"Bruce Hampton (born Gustav Valentine Berglund III; April 30, 1947 – May 1, 2017) was an American musician. He was a key figure in the Atlanta, Georgia music scene, mentoring numerous other musicians who became national stars. His own musical style was avant-garde, combining elements of jazz, fusion, southern rock and jam band styles. He first rose to prominence as the leader of the Hampton Grease Band. Adopting the moniker Colonel Hampton B. Coles, Retired or alternatively Col. Bruce Hampton Ret., and sometimes playing a sort of dwarf guitar called a \\\"chazoid\\\", he later formed several other bands, some of whose names include The Late Bronze Age, The Aquarium Rescue Unit, The Fiji Mariners, The Codetalkers, The Quark Alliance, Pharaoh Gummitt, and Madrid Express. Career As a member of the Hampton Grease Band, Bruce Hampton helped record the 1971 album Music to Eat. According to legend, this was the second-worst-selling album in Columbia Records history, with the worst being a yoga record. Hampton's band The Late Bronze Age consisted of \\\"Col. Hampton B. Coles, Ret.\\\" (Bruce Hampton) on vocals, slide guitar, mandolin, and chazoid; Ben \\\"Pops\\\" Thornton (Billy McPherson) on vocals, guitar, saxophones, and keyboards; Lincoln Metcalfe (Ricky Keller) on bass, guitar, brass, and vocals; and Bubba Phreon (Jerry Fields) on drums, percussion, trombone, and vocals. They performed several songs in the 1983 movie Getting It On. Hampton helped start the 1990s seminal H.O.R.D.E. tours. The best known of his bands to play H.O.R.D.E. is the jazz-rock outfit Aquarium Rescue Unit, which featured improvisational music all-stars Oteil Burbridge, Jimmy Herring, Rev. Jeff Mosier, Matt Mundy, and Jeff Sipe. In 1994, Hampton then formed the progressive rock/jazz duo Fiji Mariners and recorded two albums on Capricorn Records with Dan Matrazzo who simultaneously played keys, drums, and bass. Later, Ricky Fargo, Marcus Williams joined on drums and Joseph Patrick Moore joined on bass. Hampton was the voice of Warren, a talking potted shrub, in a 1998 episode (\\\"Warren\\\") of the TV show Space Ghost Coast to Coast. Hampton played Morris, the songwriting band manager, in Billy Bob Thornton's 1996 film Sling Blade. He also starred in Mike Gordon's 2001 film Outside Out as a guitar 'out'structor. Grammy Award nominated blues singer and longtime friend Susan Tedeschi wrote a song about Bruce called \\\"Hampmotized.\\\" It appears on her 2002 release Wait For Me. Hampton returned the favor with the song \\\"Susan T\\\". Basically Frightened: The Musical Madness of Col. Bruce Hampton, Ret. is a documentary about Hampton. It premiered at the Atlanta Film Festival in March 2012. Georgia Governor Nathan Deal presented Hampton with the Governor's Award In The Arts and Humanities in 2012. In 2014, Hampton made a cameo in the music video for rap group Run The Jewels' single \\\"Blockbuster Night, Pt. 1\\\". 2015 saw the production of Here Comes Rusty in which Hampton portrayed the lead character, Dicky, alongside co-stars Fred Willard, Joey Lauren Adams and Brandon Niederauer. The film debuted at the Atlanta Film Festival in 2016, but was\",\n \"title\": \"Bruce Hampton\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1472136\",\n \"text\": \"James Victor Chesnutt (November 12, 1964 – December 25, 2009) was an American singer-songwriter from Athens, Georgia. His first album, Little, was released in 1990. His commercial breakthrough came in 1996 with the release of Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation, a charity record of alternative artists covering his songs. Chesnutt released 17 albums during his career, including two produced by Michael Stipe, and a 1996 release on Capitol Records, About to Choke. His musical style has been described by Bryan Carroll of AllMusic as a \\\"skewed, refracted version of Americana that is haunting, funny, poignant, and occasionally mystical, usually all at once\\\". Injuries from a 1983 car accident left him partially paralyzed; he used a wheelchair and had limited use of his hands. Early life An adoptee, Chesnutt was raised in Zebulon, Georgia, where he first started writing songs at the age of five. When he was 13, Chesnutt declared that he was an atheist, a position that he maintained for the rest of his life. At 18, while drinking and driving, a car accident left him partially paralyzed; in a December 1, 2009 interview with Terry Gross on her NPR show Fresh Air, he said he was \\\"a quadriplegic from [his] neck down\\\", and although he had feeling and some movement in his body, he could not walk \\\"functionally\\\" and that, although he realized shortly afterward that he could still play guitar, he could only play simple chords. After his recovery he left Zebulon and moved to Nashville, Tennessee; the poetry he read there (by Stevie Smith, Walt Whitman, Wallace Stevens, W. H. Auden, Stephen Crane and Emily Dickinson) served to inspire and influence him. Early career and films Around 1985, Chesnutt moved to Athens and joined the band La-Di-Das with future member of the Dashboard Saviors Todd McBride. After leaving that group, he began performing solo on a regular basis at the 40 Watt Club; it was there that he was spotted by Michael Stipe of R.E.M. Stipe went on to produce Chesnutt's first two albums, Little (1990) and West of Rome (1991). In 1993, Chesnutt was the subject of filmmaker Peter Sillen's independently produced documentary, Speed Racer: Welcome to the World of Vic Chesnutt, which was shown on PBS. Chesnutt also had a small role as \\\"Terence\\\" in the 1996 Billy Bob Thornton movie Sling Blade, which he later described self-mockingly as a poor performance. In 1996, Chesnutt was exposed to a wider audience with the release of the charity record Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation, the proceeds from which went to the Sweet Relief Fund. The album consisted of Chesnutt covers by famous musicians including R.E.M., Indigo Girls, Madonna with her brother-in-law Joe Henry, Garbage, The Smashing Pumpkins (with Red Red Meat), Cracker, Soul Asylum, and Live. For the 2007 edition of the Vienna International Film Festival (Viennale), New York filmmaker Jem Cohen was commissioned to close the festival, which he did with his program titled, Evening's Civil Twilight in Empires of\",\n \"title\": \"Vic Chesnutt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33855525\",\n \"text\": \"The 18th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, music and radio for the 1995–1996 season, and took place in 1997 in Hollywood, California. Established in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theatre and music. Categories ★ Bold indicates the winner in each category. Best Young Performer in a Feature Film Best Performance in a Feature Film: Leading Young Actor ★ Lucas Black - Sling Blade Vincent Kartheiser - Alaska Joe Perrino - Sleepers Kyle Howard - House Arrest Kevin Bishop - Muppet Treasure Island Best Performance in a Feature Film: Leading Young Actress ★ Michelle Trachtenberg - Harriet the Spy Mara Wilson - Matilda Thora Birch - Alaska Anna Paquin - Fly Away Home Heather Matarazzo - Welcome to the Dollhouse Best Performance in a Feature Film: Supporting Young Actor ★ Blake Bashoff - Big Bully Gregory Smith - Harriet the Spy Brawley Nolte - Ransom Geoffrey Wigdor - Sleepers Adam Zolotin - Jack Best Performance in a Feature Film: Supporting Young Actress ★ (tie) Vanessa Lee Chester - Harriet the Spy ★ (tie) Claire Danes - To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday Jessica Wesson - Flipper Kira Spencer Hesser - Matilda Erin Williby - First Kid Best Performance in a Feature Film: Actor Age Ten or Under ★ Jonathan Lipnicki - Jerry Maguire Alex D. Linz - One Fine Day Jake Lloyd - Unhook the Stars Haley Joel Osment - Bogus Eric Lloyd, - Dunston Checks In Ross Bagley - Independence Day Best Performance in a Feature Film: Actress Age Ten or Under ★ Mae Whitman - One Fine Day Ashley Buccille - Phenomenon Siri Howard - Welcome to the Dollhouse Yvonne Zima - The Long Kiss Goodnight Best Young Performer in a Foreign Film Best Performance in a Foreign Film ★ Andrei Chalimon - Kolya (Czech Republic) Chloe Ferguson - The Quiet Room (Australia) Tiba Tossijn - Long Live the Queen (The Netherlands) Tatjana Trieb - Beyond Silence (Germany) Gregg Fitzgerald - War of the Buttons (Ireland) Best Young Performer in a TV Movie or Mini Series Best Performance in a TV Movie / Mini Series: Young Actor ★ Kenny Vadas - Captains Courageous Shelton Dane - Hidden in America Noah Fleiss - Chasing the Dragon Devon Sawa - Night of the Twisters Erik von Detten - Christmas Every Day Tim Redwine - Step Toward Tomorrow Best Performance in a TV Movie / Mini Series: Young Actress ★ Jena Malone - Bastard Out of Carolina Kimberlee Peterson - Homecoming Rebekah Johnson - Ruby Jean and Joe Julia McIlvaine - The Summer of Ben Tyler Tegan Moss - The Angel of Pennsylvania\",\n \"title\": \"18th Youth in Film Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3767355\",\n \"text\": \"68th National Board of Review Awards Best Picture: Shine The 68th National Board of Review Awards, honoring the best in filmmaking in 1996, were announced on 9 December 1996 and given on 9 February 1997. Top 10 films Shine The English Patient Fargo Secrets & Lies Everyone Says I Love You Evita Sling Blade Trainspotting Breaking the Waves Jerry Maguire Top Foreign Films Ridicule Les Voleurs Bitter Sugar La Cérémonie Kolya Winners Best Picture: Shine Best Foreign Language Film Ridicule, France Best Actor: Tom Cruise - Jerry Maguire Best Actress: Frances McDormand - Fargo Best Supporting Actor: Edward Norton - Everyone Says I Love You Best Supporting Actress (tie): Juliette Binoche and Kristin Scott Thomas - The English Patient Best Ensemble Acting: The First Wives Club Breakthrough performance: Renée Zellweger - Jerry Maguire Best Director: Joel Coen - Fargo Best Documentary: Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills Best Film Made for Cable TV: Wild Bill: Hollywood Maverick Special Achievement in Filmmaking: Billy Bob Thornton - Sling Blade Special Citation: Elia Kazan, for lifetime achievement in direction Freedom of Expression Award: The People vs. Larry Flynt - Miloš Forman, Oliver Stone International Freedom Award: Zhang Yuan Billy Wilder Award: Sidney Lumet Career Achievement Award: Gena Rowlands William K. Everson Award for Film History: Peter Bogdanovich, for Who the Devil Made It? Special Recognition for Excellence in Filmmaking: Angels & Insects Basquiat Big Night Bound Caught Follow Me Home I Shot Andy Warhol Lone Star Marvin's Room The Substance of Fire Swingers The Deli The War Room Unhook the Stars Welcome to the Dollhouse External links National Board of Review of Motion Pictures :: Awards for 1996 1996 1996 film awards 1996 in American cinema\",\n \"title\": \"National Board of Review Awards 1996\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24989285\",\n \"text\": \"Larry Meistrich (born October 14, 1966) is an American film producer. He was a founding member of the now defunct film production company The Shooting Gallery. Meistrich attended Johns Hopkins University graduating in 1989 with a degree in writing. While at Hopkins, he was a brother of Alpha Delta Phi. He produced Sling Blade, with Billy Bob Thornton, which won the Academy Award for Best Writing, Adapted Screenplay. He won an Independent Spirit Award for producing You Can Count on Me in 2001 and the film was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Screenplay. Meistrich now is the founder and chairman of NEHST Studios. NEHST has combined with another studio to create DigiNext Films. Larry Meistrich has had some controversial film companies and been sued for fraud by his employee and investors for losing tens of millions of dollars. Selected filmography as a producer Laws of Gravity (1992) New Jersey Drive (1995) Sling Blade (1996) Henry Fool (1997) Niagara, Niagara (1997) Belly (1998) Strangeland (1998) Frogs for Snakes (1998) The Minus Man (1999) The 24 Hour Woman (1999) The Bumblebee Flies Anyway (1999) You Can Count on Me (2000) The Tic Code (2000) Chinese Coffee (2000) Daddy and Them (2001) The Numbers (2005) Mechina: A Preparation (2005) Article 32 (2009) Selected filmography as a distributor The Song of the Little Road (2003) 41 (2007) Intervention (2007) Running the Sahara (2007) Faded Glory (2009) The Mayor of Strawberry Fields (2009) Article 32 (2009) Chloe and Keith's Wedding (2009) Running America (2009) The 904: Shadow on the Sunshine State (2010) Cut Poison Burn (2010) Standing Silent (2011) Lilith (2011) Thank You For Judging (2011) The Standbys (2012) Kinderblock 66: Return to the Buchenwald (2012) The United States of Football (2013) A Miracle in Spanish Harlem (2013) Mr. Sophistication (2013) The American Nurse (2014) Anita B. (2014) Drunktown's Finest (2014) African Exodus (2014) Elephant Blues (2014) Pass the Light (2015) Leaves of the Tree (2016) References External links 1966 births Film producers from New York (state) American film studio executives Living people People from the Bronx\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Meistrich\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6523887\",\n \"text\": \"Dennis Chalker (born July 28, 1954) is a retired Navy SEAL, inventor and author who has written six books about the United States Navy SEALs. Career Chalker began his military service with the U.S. Army, serving in the 82nd Airborne Division from 1972 till 1975. Upon discharge he tried his hand at a few civilian jobs and found them less than challenging. Chalker then joined the United States Navy in 1977. Chalker graduated from Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training BUD/S class 101 in Coronado, Ca. Following SEAL Tactical Training and completion of a six month probationary period, he received the NEC 5326 as a Combatant Swimmer (SEAL), entitled to wear the Special Warfare Insignia. Chalker initially served with SEAL Team ONE and was later hand-selected by Commander Richard Marcinko in 1980 to become a plankowner of the Navy's first dedicated counter-terrorist unit, SEAL Team Six. As a member of SEAL Team Six, he participated in Operation Urgent Fury in the US Invasion of Grenada. His team reached then Governor General Paul Scoon's mansion and held it for an entire day while being attacked by a force of Grenadians and Cubans. As a SEAL, Chalker saw action in Haiti (recounted in his book One Perfect Op), El Salvador, and Panama. When Marcinko was tasked to select members for a new unit to test security at US Naval bases against the threat of terrorism, he once again chose Chalker as one of the founding members in 1985. This unit was called Naval Security Coordination Team, also known as Red Cell. Chalker transitioned back to SEAL Team SIX in 1987 which was renamed as Naval Special Warfare Development Group. His final duty station was as the Command Master Chief at the Naval Special Warfare Center for BUD/S (Basic Underwater Demolition/SEALs) Training in Coronado, California. While serving as Command Master Chief of BUD/S, Chalker was hired as a technical advisor for The Rock, a 1996 Jerry Bruckheimer film. Chalker was also used as an onscreen extra during the movie's swim and dive sequences. This led to a position as Director of Operations with Global Studies Group, Inc. (GSGI), upon his retirement from the US Navy. GSGI is a combination security and training company owned by former US Navy SEAL Harry Humphries that specializes in bringing modified (civilian version) SpecOps tactical skill training to law- enforcement agencies and Hollywood movie productions. Chalker is credited for inventing and developing a tactical rifle and submachine gun single-point sling known as the Chalker Sling while at SEAL Team Six. The Chalker Sling attaches the long gun to the shooter via a harness which enables the operator to quickly transition to a secondary weapon or perform another task while using both hands and keeping the weapon in a close-ready position as the weapon \\\"hangs\\\" from the chest, leaving just enough slack to be able to quickly bring it to firing position with little effort. Since retiring from the Navy, Chalker has authored six books, three fiction and three non-fiction with\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis Chalker\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"12111449","text":"NEHST Studios is a film, television, and internet financing, development and production company announced at the Cannes Film Festival in 2007. It was founded by Larry Meistrich, producer of the Oscar-winning Sling Blade, among many others, and a team of industry execs. NEHST is pronounced \"next\" and is the spelling of the Old English word for next. NEHST Studios releases include the documentary 41 about The Station nightclub fire, which killed 100 people in West Warwick, Rhode Island in 2003. In 2009, the studio announced the acquisition of feature rights to the sports books of Matt Christopher. It was reported in 2010 that NEHST was asking actors to pay to be cast in its movies, and might be investigated for the practice by the Screen Actors Guild. References External links Official Website Film production companies of the United States","title":"NEHST Studios"},{"docid":"64274600","text":"Rissoella verruculosa is a species of red algae, the only accepted species in the genus Risoella and the family Rissoellaceae. This species is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. The genus name of Rissoella is in honour of Giuseppe Antonio Risso (1777–1845) and generally called Antoine Risso, who was a Niçard and a naturalist. Rissoella verruculosa has an amino acid composition with relatively high levels of lysine and methionine for a plant. Former species Rissoella denticulata , now accepted as a synonym for Neorubra denticulata Description Rissoella verruculosa consists of simple or unbranched ribbon-like slings that are often twisted with wavy and denticulated borders. It has slingshots measuring 0.5 to 2cm wide and 5 to 20 cm in length. A stipe connects the slings to a discoid base and attaches them to the rock. The consistency of the seaweed is rubbery, yellow more or less orange or reddish, varies with lighting and moistening. It turns brown when it is long outside the water and returns to its normal initial state when wet. The blades of the seaweed has on both sides small warts on. Alimentation It is an autotrophic plant that creates its organic matter by photosynthesis from water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts with green chlorophyll and with other pigments such as red phycoyerythrin that capture light. Reproduction The reproductive cycle of Rissoella verruculosa is made up of three generations and is trigenetic. Gametophyte carries the sexual organs that produce globular cystocarpes and contain a second generation that comes from the development of the fertilized egg. The third generation is diploid and will carry tetrasporocysts that are included in the cortex. Environment Rissoella verruculosa is visible at the end of the winter season until summer when it extends over the meliottoral rock. It is found especially on silica substrates and very rare on limestone coasts that are calcifuge exposed to sun and water, which will allow it to withstand temperature, salinity References Other sources De Reviers B., 2002, BIOLOGIE ET PHYLOGENIE DES ALGUES, Tome 1 : BIOLOGIE, ed. Belin Sup., 352p. Augier H., 2007, GUIDE DES FONDS MARINS DE MEDITERRANEE. ECOLOGIE, FLORE, FAUNE, PLONGEES, Guides du naturaliste, ed. Delachaux et Niestlé, 456p. Harmelin J.-G., Bassemayousse F., 2008, MEDITERRANEE, A LA DECOUVERTE DES PAYSAGES SOUS-MARINS, ed. Glénat, 192p. De Reviers B., 2002, BIOLOGIE ET PHYLOGENIE DES ALGUES, Tome 2 : EMBRANCHEMENTS, ed. Belin Sup., 255p. Gigartinales","title":"Rissoella verruculosa"},{"docid":"40480242","text":"Singapore sling is a cocktail named after the place where the drink was developed Singapore Sling may also refer to: Singapore Sling (tax avoidance), a corporate tax avoidance scheme Singapore Sling (1990 film), a Greek art film Singapore Sling (1993 film), an Australian TV movie Singapore Sling (band), an Icelandic shoegaze rock 'n' roll band Singapore Slingers, a basketball team Singapore Sling, the nickname of the former turn 10 chicane at the Marina Bay Street Circuit","title":"Singapore Sling (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"10624236","text":"Cyd Zeigler Jr. is a commentator and author in the field of sexuality and sports. Zeigler co-founded Outsports and the National Gay Flag Football League. He had a featured part in the documentary F(l)ag Football (2015). Early life and education Zeigler was born in Harwich, Massachusetts, and lived there through high school. He was a track and field athlete and led his high school track team in scoring three consecutive years. Zeigler graduated from Stanford University (B.A., Communication), where he founded Theta Delta Chi fraternity, was on the Stanford Men's Ultimate (Frisbee) Team, and was a contributor to the Stanford Review newspaper. Career He is a former sports editor for Genre Magazine, former associate editor for the New York Blade, and has written for Playboy, MSNBC, CNN, New York Press and Out Magazine. He has appeared on ESPN, Fox Sports Radio, CNN, and MSNBC as well as contributing to Sports Illustrated, Logo and The New York Times. In 1999, Zeigler and Jim Buzinski founded Outsports. They co-authored The Outsports Revolution: Truth & Myth in the World of Gay Sports. In 2002, Buzinski and Zeigler also co-founded the National Gay Flag Football League. Zeigler is credited with breaking the story of John Amaechi coming out of the closet in February 2007. Zeigler has also broken national stories,including the coming out of then-NFL prospect Michael Sam, transgender Div. 1 NCAA athlete Kye Allums, openly gay football players Wade Davis and Alan Gendreau, and more. Zeigler is featured in the 2015 documentary, F(l)ag Football. He was also inducted into the LGBTQ Journalists Hall of Fame by the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association. Political views On March 30, 2023, Zeigler announced on Twitter that he had become a registered Republican for the first time in 20 years, stating that \"progressives and Democrats seeking to use the government to attack political foes must be stopped. Period.\", and that \"this completely insane butchering of Democracy and our justice system cannot stand\". He defended the announcement by stating that he did not like Donald Trump, but then interacted with and promoted the account of Florida governor Ron DeSantis — who was campaigning for the Republican nomination in the 2024 presidential election. LGBT publications such as The Advocate and the Washington Blade considered the implicit endorsement of DeSantis to be a \"betrayal\" of the LGBT community (and especially the transgender community), citing DeSantis's support of anti-LGBT policies such as the Florida Parental Rights in Education Act. Zeigler later stated that he didn't agree \"with much of what the GOP and DeSantis have done in the last six months\", and that he regretted the posts. Personal life Zeigler presently lives in Los Angeles. He previously lived in New York City where he was a research editor for a global financial services firm. He was previously a development executive for Disney Channel, focusing on their movie and music franchises before leaving in 2001. Works Awards and nominations References External links Personal biography 1973 births American gay writers American gay","title":"Cyd Zeigler"},{"docid":"6756101","text":"Silverblade is a supernatural fantasy comic book limited series, published in the United States by DC Comics in 1987. The maxi-series ran for twelve issues. The book was written by Cary Bates with the art drawn by Gene Colan and edited by Dennis O'Neil. Silverblade was published in DC Comics' deluxe format. Synopsis The series' hero is aged movie star Jonathan Lord, nicknamed \"The Lord of Hollywood\" by the press. He is based on swashbuckling actors Errol Flynn and Tyrone Power, and back-matter in the comics showed the three being contemporaries and friends. He is also compared at moments to Boris Karloff, Bela Lugosi and Lon Chaney, for playing various monsters. Lord's most famous film was the fictional 1940 adventure/horror The Silver Blade, where he played a dashing nobleman that was cursed to become a gargoyle at night. His co-stars were leading lady Sandra Stanyon and child actor Bobby Milestone. The movie ends with Stanyon's character crying over the body of the gargoyle, her tears being the \"magic potion\" that frees Silver Blade from the curse and revives him. Forty-seven years later, in 1987, Jonathan Lord is a Hollywood recluse living in his mansion named Shangri-la. Lord and Sandra Stanyon had married, but sometime after 1950 their relationship soured and he committed adultery, causing her to divorce him. Bobby Milestone could not find work as an adult actor, so he became the butler to a bitter Lord. The story opens with Milestone collecting Maltese Falcon replicas for a tree display in Shangri-la. The latest addition turns out to have magic properties when it comes to life. The falcon wraps Lord's old film reels around himself, transforming him into the Silver Blade he portrayed years ago. Lord can now transform into any of his movie roles and possess their powers, with the added benefit of effectively regaining his youth by portraying Silver Blade. Jonathan Lord returns to show business pretending to be his own son, Jonathan Lord Jr. He lands the role of Silver Blade in a new science-fiction update/remake while still disliking the project. The producer for the film is one Vincent Vermillion who knows Lord and Milestone well; Vermillion was another child on the set of the original The Silver Blade movie who served as Milestone's stunt double near the climax. The gargoyle threw Vermillion off the top of a castle, but the safety net broke and Vermillion suffered broken bones. Vermillion had been an excellent dancer and planned to become the next Fred Astaire in film, but instead is confined to crutches and blames the two for his ruined dream. Vermillion kidnaps Milestone and hires assassins to kill him, but Milestone is saved by Lord. Realizing Lord has supernatural powers, he intends to keep an eye on Lord to uncover his secrets. Later, a séance is held in a haunted home led by a mysterious Native-American, Blackfeather, who had also been searching for the magical Maltese Falcon. The ghost haunting the residence is the spirit of actor Brian","title":"Silverblade"},{"docid":"2337637","text":"The Roller Blade Seven is a 1991 cult martial arts film directed by Donald G. Jackson, written by Jackson and Scott Shaw, produced by Jackson and Shaw, and starring Shaw, Frank Stallone, Karen Black, Joe Estevez, Don Stroud, and William Smith. Plot and style The Roller Blade Seven unfolds in an abstract, dreamlike structure, utilizing minimal dialogue and repetition of footage in key scenes. Several sequences occur repeatedly, such as a scene in which the protagonist is seen to get on his motorcycle and ride out of a car-park eight times in a row, leaving from a different parking bay each time. The film follows Hawk Goodman (Scott Shaw) who is sent on a mission by Father Donaldo (Donald G. Jackson) to rescue his sister, Sister Sparrow Goodman, from the clutches of the evil overlord Pharaoh (William Smith) in the apocalyptic world of the future. The film takes place in a region known as the Wheelzone whose populace travels solely by the means of roller skates or skateboards. Hawk, however, arrives riding a Harley Davidson motorcycle. Sister Sparrow has been abducted from the Master of Light Institute by the evil Saint Offender (Joe Estevez). Before Hawk can complete his task, he must take psychedelic mushrooms with cult movie actress Karen Black and learn to rollerblade. Armed only with his samurai sword, Hawk does battle with the Black Knight (Frank Stallone), rollerblading ninjas and other gangs that inhabit the Wheelzone. Joining him on this mission are a Kabuki mime (Claudia Scholz) with a wiffle bat, a rollerblading banjo player entirely swathed in bandages and a pacifist named Stella Speed. Pharaoh's minions have been abducting women to make them his slaves. He explains that he uses a wheelchair due to an old skateboarding accident, and he longs for the days when he used to be able to ride a skateboard. \"Hawk's quest sees him chewing magic mushrooms with Karen Black, confronts murderous William Smith, wheel-chair bound Pharaoh and team up with blonde sake-enforcer Stella Speed. There's a lot of fights with skate freaks in metal demon/ninja horns/bondage gear and/or kabuki makeup\". Cast Scott Shaw as Hawk Goodman Joe Estevez as Saint O'ffender Allison Chase as Stella Speed Don Stroud as Conga Man Karen Black as Tarot Frank Stallone as Black Knight Rhonda Shear as Officer Daryl Skates William Smith as Pharaoh Jill Kelly as Deserette Claudia Scholz as Kabuki Zen filmmaking Shaw and Jackson described the Roller Blade Seven as the first example of Zen filmmaking. This is a style of filmmaking in which no scripts are used. \"Although it is directed by Donald G. Jackson of Hell Comes to Frogtown and other titles like Lingerie Kickboxer, Rollergator, and Ghost Taxi actor, writer and experimental martial artist Scott Shaw is more often recognized as the creative force behind the movie. He calls his unique approach to cinema Zen Filmmaking, which is a system that favors shooting whatever you feel like\". Reception Jim Vorel of Paste ranked the film #27 on his list","title":"The Roller Blade Seven"},{"docid":"31144693","text":"Gil Hibben (born September 4, 1935) is an American custom knifemaker from Wyoming who is based in La Grange, Kentucky. Hibben designed the first line of Browning hunting knives in 1968, the American Kenpo Knife for Ed Parker, and the Rambo Knife for the 1988 film Rambo III 2008 film Rambo. Hibben's \"Fantasy Knives\" have been used in over 37 films and television shows, particularly science fiction, earning him the title \"Klingon Armorer\" from the Star Trek franchise. Hibben currently serves as a President of the Knifemakers' Guild, a post he has held for fourteen years. Early life Hibben was born in Wyoming in 1935. Unable to afford a Bowie knife at age 15, Hibben decided to make his own out of scrap metal and files. He did not make another knife until his discharge from the US Navy in 1956 when he took a job in Seattle, Washington as a machinist for Boeing Aircraft and started making knives in his spare time after he sold another handmade Bowie knife to a friend for $45. Knifemaker In 1964, Hibben relocated to Sandy, Utah to become a full-time knifemaker. His blades were primarily 440C stainless steel and Hibben was the first knife maker to use that steel in his knives. While in Sandy, Hibben partnered with another knifemaker named Stuart Benedict and these knives were sold under the name \"Ben-Hibben\". The knives from this time period were fixed-blade Bowie knives, hunting knives, fishing knives and some early fighting knives. In 1965, Hibben left Sandy for Manti, Utah to open a larger facility where he operated as \"Hibben Knives\". One of his knives was written about and featured on the cover of Guns & Ammo in an article titled The Versatile Gil Hibben, expanding his reputation beyond that of a local knifemaker. This recognition lead him to the attention of Browning Arms Company, who had Hibben design the company's first line of knives in 1968 consisting of 3 fixed blade knives and a folding hunting knife. That same year, Hibben sang Tenor for the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. A lifelong martial artist with black belt rankings in Aikido, Judo, and American Kenpo, Hibben designed and built a knife called the Kenpo Knife as his Black Belt Thesis under Ed Parker in 1968; his thesis and knife design led to Long Form VIII (\"Double Dagger Form\") which uses two knives in mock combat. In 1970, Hibben moved his shop again. After a brief period in Springdale, Arkansas, he relocated to Alaska for five years working as a knifemaker and a hunting and fishing guide. In 1975 he moved his shop again to Silver Dollar City, Missouri and four years later to Louisville, Kentucky. Movie knives While in Louisville, Hibben was contacted by Sylvester Stallone to make a modern version of a Bowie knife for the film Rambo III. After the release of the movie, Hibben began a long-term partnership with United Cutlery of Taiwan who released factory versions of the \"Rambo III Knife\" and","title":"Gil Hibben"},{"docid":"3639306","text":"The term accensi (: accensus) is applied to two different groups. Originally, the accensi were light infantry in the armies of the early Roman Republic. They were the poorest men in the legion, and could not afford much equipment. They did not wear armour or carry shields, and their usual position was part of the third battle line. They fought in a loose formation, supporting the heavier troops. They were eventually phased out by the time of Second Punic War. In the later Roman Republic the term was used for civil servants who assisted the elected magistrates, particularly in the courts, where they acted as ushers and clerks. Infantry History and deployment Accensi appear to have evolved from the old fifth class of the army under the Etruscan kings when it was reformed by Marcus Furius Camillus. The fifth class was made up of the poorest soldiers in the legion who were equipped with slings and perhaps a small shield. They acted as skirmishers, screening their own formations and disrupting the enemy. It is likely that engagements with the Samnites and a crushing defeat at the hands of the Gauls taught the Romans the importance of flexibility and the inadequacy of the phalanx on the rough, hilly ground of central Italy. Camillan system In the early Camillan system of organisation of the 3rd and 4th centuries BC, men were sorted into classes according to wealth, the accensi being the poorest. Accensi were armed with slings which they used to hurl stones at enemy formations. They fought as skirmishers, wearing only a tunic and sometimes carrying a small round shield. In this type of legion, the 900 accensi formed 15 maniples, military units of 60 men each, which were in turn part of 15 ordines, larger units made up of a maniple of triarii, a maniple of rorarii and a maniple of accensi. The accensi stood in the last line of the legion, behind the front line of hastati, the second line of principes, the third of triarii and the fourth of rorarii. In a pitched battle, the leves, javelin armed skirmishers who were attached to maniples of hastati, would form up at the front of the legion and harass the enemy with javelin fire and cover the advance of the hastati, spear armed infantry. If the hastati failed to break the enemy, they would fall back and let the principes, heavier and more experienced infantry, take over. If the principes did not break them, they would retire behind the triarii, who would then engage the enemy in turn—hence the expression rem ad Triarios redisse, \"it has come to the triarii\"—signalling an act of desperation. The equites, cavalrymen, were used as flankers and to pursue routing enemies. The rorarii, the poorer reserve soldiers, and accensi, the least dependable troops armed with slings, would be used in a support role, providing mass and supporting wavering areas of the line. Polybian system By the time of the later Polybian system of the 2nd","title":"Accensi"},{"docid":"53721623","text":"An edged weapon, or bladed weapon, is a melee weapon with a cutting edge. Bladed weapons include swords, daggers, knives, and bayonets. Edged weapons are used to cut, hack, or slash; some edged weapons (such as many kinds of swords) may also permit thrusting and stabbing. Edged weapons contrast with blunt weapons such as maces, and with thrusting weapons such as spears. Many edged agricultural tools such as machetes, hatchets, pitchforks, axes, sickles, sling blades, and scythes, have been used as improvised weapons by peasantry, militia, or irregular forces – particularly as an expedient for defence. Edged weapons and blades, as well as other cold weapons, are associated with the premodern age but continue to be used in modern armies. Combat knives and knife bayonets are used for close combat or stealth operations and are issued as a secondary or sidearm. Modern bayonets are often intended to be used in a dual role as both a combat knife and knife bayonet. Improvised edged weapons were extensively used in trench warfare of the First World War; for example, an entrenching tool might be modified to take an edge and be used as a melee weapon. See also List of premodern combat weapons Lists of swords List of medieval weapons List of martial arts weapons References Weapons Melee weapons","title":"Edged and bladed weapons"},{"docid":"22215026","text":"The Ching sling is a tactical rifle sling created by Eric S. H. Ching (13 August 1951 – 28 July 2007) and popularized by Jeff Cooper. The purpose of the sling is to stabilize the rifle as a shooting aid with a minimal amount of adjustment. Origins While slings have occasionally been employed as shooting aids, most systems were awkward to handle and required a significant amount of time to implement. In 1986 Ching took a rifle class at the American Pistol Institute (now called Gunsite Academy) in Paulden, Arizona under Jeff Cooper and becoming mildly irritated with the military sling's disadvantages, Eric Ching conceived a sling system which was handier and quicker. The sling was adopted by Cooper in his scout rifle system and named after Ching. Galco offers Ching slings as well as their Safari Ching Sling (8 oz) the 3rd generation of the sling that requires only two sling swivels. Operation Like the CW Sling, the Ching sling uses three sling sockets. Unlike the CW Sling, the Ching sling consists of a main strap, which is attached to the forearm and buttstock sockets like a normal carry sling, and a short strap. A clockwise half twist in the sling at the fore-end socket allows the strap to lie flat against the arm when shooting. A stop button screws onto the main strap about two-thirds back from the front loop. The short strap attaches to the middle socket and to an oval ring that slides freely along the main strap between the forearm sling loop and the button. The unfinished side faces the muzzle. Advantages Proponents of the Ching Sling maintain that the sling allows faster and quieter acquisition of shooting support. The sling requires no shifting of sling loops when converting from carrying mode to shooting mode and can be used on any rifle with existing sling loops in the normal locations with the addition of a middle sling loop and is flexible enough to be used with the rear loop located anywhere between the pistol grip cap and the end of the buttstock. History In the early 1980s the \"Speed Slings\" specified by Jeff Cooper on his scout rifle were derived from the Bisley Two-Point System which was dubbed \"CW Sling\" after his friend Carlos Widmann of Guatemala. In 1986 when Eric Ching attended the Gunsite school he felt that he could improve the idea of the \"Speed Sling\" and he came up with a new design which was far more improved than the \"CW Sling\". The sling was found to be superior and quickly adopted and named \"Ching Sling\" by Jeff Cooper and the name stuck. The production was handled by custom leather maker Bruce Nelson then to Galco International and Beast Enterprises. The Ching Sling had a second version called Ching Sling II which was longer, more universal, and wider in places for more comfort. The last version was the \"Safari Ching Sling\" which was improved with wider straps, split main strap, and the","title":"Ching sling"},{"docid":"57579192","text":"The Film Detective is an American classic film restoration, distribution, and streaming company based in Rockport, Massachusetts, and is a division of the American entertainment company, Cineverse. Launched in 2013, The Film Detective offers an extensive library of over 3,000+ hours of classic films and television series, with a focus on both renowned classics and B-movies across genres including comedy, drama, film noir, horror, musical, mystery, science fiction, and silent. Services offered by The Film Detective include a classic film and television app on web, iOS, Android, Roku, Amazon Fire TV and Apple TV; a 24/7 linear channel offered across multiple leading OTT platforms including Sling TV, Plex, STIRR, DistroTV, Local Now, and Rakuten TV; and exclusive, limited-run Blu-ray and DVD releases. History The Film Detective was launched in 2013 by founder Phil Hopkins, film archivist and producer, and previous co-founder of Marengo Films, Dogtown Productions, Inc., and Film Chest. In 2016, The Film Detective launched its classic film and television app on Roku, Amazon Fire TV, and Apple TV, featuring iconic titles, including rare silent films, westerns, film noir, musicals and comedies. The Film Detective's 24/7 classic film and television channel joined Sling TV's free, live and VOD offerings in 2018, followed by DistroTV and STIRR in 2019; Plex and Glewed TV in 2020; and Local Now, RakutenTV, TCL, LG (US), and Kapang in 2021. In May 2020, The Film Detective announced the launch of its Android app, bringing over four thousand hours of classic film and television to Android users. The Film Detective features the voice of Dana Hersey, former host of The Movie Loft and legendary broadcast host. In November 2021, The Film Detective launched its first classic film and television app, hosted by classic radio expert Carl Amari. In 2021, The Film Detective announced it would release an original series, Classic Films for Kids, hosted by author Jennifer Churchill and her sidekick Weston, coming in 2022. Services The Film Detective offers an extensive library of over 4,000+ hours of classic films and television series, with a focus on both renowned classics and B-movies across genres including comedy, drama, film noir, horror, musical, mystery, science fiction, and silent. The Film Detective is available through The Film Detective classic film and television app, The Film Detective 24/7 linear channel available across multiple leading OTT platforms including Sling TV and Plex, and The Film Detective's special edition Blu-ray and DVD releases. The Film Detective's classic film restorations are also featured on leading broadcast channels and platforms including Turner Classic Movies, NBC, EPIX, PBS, MeTV, and more. Programming on The Film Detective 24/7 classic film and television channel features daily curation of horror films, daytime TV, classic comedies and musicals, westerns and adventures, and drama, mystery, and film noir titles. The Film Detective channel offers monthly thematic promotions and weekly features, including Saturday morning cartoons like Superman, Popeye, and Betty Boop; Sunday Serials like The Perils of Pauline and Flash Gordon; and late night weekday TV including The Carol Burnett","title":"The Film Detective"},{"docid":"4109785","text":"Robot Arena is an action video game series focused on robot building and fighting. It is based on television shows such as Robot Wars and Battlebots. There are three games in the series, Robot Arena released in 2001, Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy released in 2003, and Robot Arena 3 released in 2016. Games Robot Arena Robot Arena was the first game in the series to be released. The objective was to build a robot using available parts and enter competitions to try and win. The player first chose a chassis, then added batteries, weapons and armour, only being able to choose what they could afford from the amount of money that they had. The game received mostly negative reviews. IGN gave it a 4.3 out of 10 writing \"While it's prettier than most budget titles, it also suffers from the vacancy that so often comes with nice looking people, dogs, or mechanical monsters. It looks great standing still, but give it a complicated task and it all goes to pieces\". GameSpot wrote \"Even at the low retail cost of $19.99, Robot Arena isn't worth it. You'd end up getting more entertainment if you randomly chose two movies at an over-priced movie theater\". Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy (or just Robot Arena 2 or RA2 as most people called it) was released two years after the original. In late 2001, a tech demo was released by Infogrames as a promotional release for the game. It was merely an open sandbox where the player could control three robots. It contained two flippers, a saw blade, some barrels, an oil slick, two open pits, and two platforms that could be driven onto. When the game was released officially, it had fixed many of the previous games issues. The funding system used in order to build a robot was scrapped entirely, as players could now choose any weapons or batteries for free. Chassis available to use were also scrapped in favor of the player now being able to draw their own chassis, also being able to angle sides to make wedges. The robots were now built more realistically and the difficulty on each was now varied instead of all the robots acting the same way as they did in the first game. The game also introduced the Havok physics engine, which meant that robots were now able to leave the ground so flippers and wedges could be used effectively. The game received mostly positive reviews. GameSpy gave it 77 out of 100 writing \"A pleasant surprise. Whether you're going head-to-head against formidable AI bots or human opponents, it has plenty to offer both newcomers and bot-bashing aficionados alike\". Robot Arena 3 Robot Arena 3 (stylised as Robot Arena III) was quietly announced in May 2015, using the header: \"Create. Destruction,\" replacing the old Robot Arena 2 information on the website. However it wouldn't be until March 2016, when the game was officially announced to the","title":"Robot Arena"},{"docid":"21248134","text":"\"Rose's Turn\" is a song from the musical Gypsy. It has been performed by such actresses as Ethel Merman (who originated the role of Rose on Broadway), Bette Midler, Angela Lansbury, Tyne Daly, Patti LuPone, Bernadette Peters, and Imelda Staunton. The song is often regarded as the pinnacle of the eleven o'clock number. Synopsis The song \"occurs at the point when Mama Rose realizes the frustrations of having little to show for the sacrifices that have left her with two seemingly ungrateful children.\" At this point in the show, Mama Rose is \"a character whose dreams were too strong and whose heart held her own feelings hostage to make those dreams come true.\" She \"finally drops her facade and admits her frustration and despair.\" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette argues the \"unmasking of her psyche\" takes place during the song. Production The song was written by Jule Styne with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. As the finale, it contains a number of callbacks to songs from earlier in the show. Bette Midler, who performed the show in the television movie, said the song is her favorite piece from the show: \"It's a terrifying piece of music because it's one of the two most famous arias in the musical comedy lexicon, the other being 'Soliloquy' from Carousel.\" Critical reception Chicago magazine described it as \"show-stopping.\" Michael Kuchwara, notable theater critic for the Associated Press, described it as a \"blazing finale.\" The Hour named it a \"showstopping tour-de-force.\" The Spokesman-Review wrote the song \"may not match the other songs for lyrics and melodic value, but its emotional effect is riveting\", and described it as a \"magical moment.\" Boca Raton News names it a \"torch song\" and the \"dramatic high point.\" Toledo Blade wrote \"when [Mama Rose] sings 'Rose's Turn', a touching reflection of who she is and what she gave up for her daughters, we finally understand the passions that drove her.\" Kuchwara in another AP review called it a \"stunning musical soliloquy,\" adding \"it's here where Rose pours out her true feelings, letting the rage and frustration of a stymied life explode.\" Legacy \"Rose's Turn\" was featured on the Glee episode Laryngitis in 2010, sung by Kurt (Chris Colfer) It was released on the deluxe version of Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers the same year. This version of the song has seen a resurgence in 2024, being used on the social media platform TikTok in a trend where users reflect on times they have wasted as Colfer sings \"All that work and what did it get me? Why did I do it?\". References 1959 songs Songs from Gypsy (musical) Songs with music by Jule Styne Songs written by Stephen Sondheim","title":"Rose's Turn"},{"docid":"22129265","text":"Coming Soon () is a 2008 Thai horror film starring Worrakarn Rotjanawatchra, Oraphan Arjsamat, Sakulrath Thomas, and Chantavit Dhanasevi. The film is the directorial debut for Sophon Sakdapisit, who was the co-writer of the films Shutter (2004) and Alone (2007). Plot The movie starts with a scene of a movie where a woman named Chaba murders two of her three kidnapped children, only to be arrested by local villagers and hanged. Shane and Som, in the movie audience, got traumatized by Shomba and start researching, finding out that this movie was based on a true event that happened 30 years ago. Curious, they decide to check the house where this event occurred. While in the house, Shane falls off the stairs and gets heavily injured. At the hospital, they are questioned by the doctor on why they went to the house, to which they replied it was to investigate the report of Chaba's death. The doctor later tells them that Chaba hasn't died and is currently in a mental facility. Shane and Som decide to find out for themselves what had gone wrong with the film. Watching one of its behind-the-scenes clip, Shane witnesses the actress, Ingchan, having difficulty portraying the hanging scene despite the noose around her neck being attached with a safety sling. During one more take, it looked like Ingchan had portrayed the scene right. However, one of the staff filming via a different camera zoomed in on the safety sling and it showed that it had snapped. As a result, Ingchan literally dies from hanging before the entire staff could immediately rescue her. Having safely found their way out, Shane reveals to Som the whole truth and warns her not to watch the movie at all costs. He leaves to her his watch before rushing back to the movie theater. Once there, Shane is relentlessly chased by the vengeful ghost of Ingchan. All of the former's attempt to escape proved entirely futile as at one point he is supernaturally transported inside the place where the hanging scene took place. There Shane witnesses the corpses of several of his co-employees and friends, including Yod. Som soon catches up to the movie theater and can only watch in horror and in utter defeat as Ingchan gouges Shane's eyes out, killing him and suffering the same fate as Yod and the others. Soon thereafter, Som's fate is left unknown and the film eventually gets distributed as usual, leaving Ingchan's real death to be witnessed repeatedly by moviegoers. The film ends with Ingchan dying by hanging in the movie screen and for one final scare, waking up again suddenly and shouting, \"You really want to see me die?!\". Production Critical reception Slasherpool felt that the film had some decent scary moments and that the script was sound. They noted that first-time director Sopon Sukdapisit might not have had a lot of experience, with some obvious flaws, and \"rookie\" mistakes, and nothing very innovative, suggesting that he stick to writing. The","title":"Coming Soon (2008 film)"},{"docid":"59789237","text":"The Sling TSi is a South African four-seat, single-engine, low-wing homebuilt aircraft sold in kit form by Sling Aircraft of Johannesburg South. It was developed from the Sling 4. The Sling TSi first flew in 2018, with kits being shipped to builders in fall 2018. Design and development The aircraft was developed in 2018. The Sling TSi is an all-metal, low-wing, fixed tricycle gear homebuilt aircraft. The airplane is equipped with the new Rotax 915iS engine and was the inspiration for the designation of TSi. Parts of the wings and fuselage were reinforced and outfitted with flush riveting for increased strength and reduced drag over the Sling 4. The UK Light Aircraft Association has limited the airframe safe life to 1600 hours. Operational history The first Sling TSi in the USA was shown at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh in 2018. In a review for KitPlanes, writer Paul Dye said, \"...it lives up to its design goals. We flew with four full sized adults from a field with a density altitude of 9,000' and had to throttle back to keep from exceeding redline when we leveled off at 10,000. Later, operating off of a dry lakebed in the high desert, with temperatures of 100 degrees, we never had to worry about engine cooling - and it handled like a fine touring machine.\" A company demonstrator Sling TSi flew non-stop from Torrance, California, to Tampa Executive Airport on its way to Lakeland, Florida for Sun 'n Fun 2019 in 13.5 hours. The aircraft carried an additional of fuel over the normal long-range tanks and benefited from tailwinds en route. In July 2019 the company did a ceiling expansion test and flew non-stop from Torrance, California to Wittman Regional Airport to attend EAA AirVenture Oshkosh for 9.75 hours. The aircraft reached a final height of 27,000 feet. Variants During EAA AirVenture Oshkosh in 2019 the development of a new high-wing variant, the Sling HW was announced. Specifications (2020 model Sling TSi) See also Similar aircraft Alpi Pioneer 400 Issoire APM 40 Simba Vans RV-10 References External links 2010s South African aircraft Aircraft first flown in 2018 Low-wing aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft Homebuilt aircraft","title":"Sling Aircraft Sling TSi"},{"docid":"63702390","text":"Mastanesosus (or Sosus or Sus, , ) was a Berber king of Mauretania (modern-day Morocco and Western Algeria) and son of Bocchus I. He ruled from around 80 BC to 49 BC. Evidence The little information known about King Mastanesosus comes from coins bearing the inscription \"REX BOCCHVS SOSI F\" (Bocchus II son of Sosus), in addition to a reference by Cicero in his book In Vatinum, where he detailed an itinerary by Publius Vatinius through North Africa. Vatinius had allegedly met King Mastanesosus in person in 62 BC. Some historians, such as Stéphane Gsell, have confused Mastanesosus with Massinissa II of Numidia. The archaeological evidence and Cicero's reference however leave little doubt that a king named Sosus had ruled Mauretania after Bocchus I and before Bogud and Bocchus II, as had originally been conjectured by American archaeologist Duane W. Roller. Additional evidence of the existence of a king of Mauretania named Sos or Sosus came in 2020, when a sling-bullet was discovered bearing the Latin inscription \"\" (King Sos). The sling-bullet may have come from a battle that was fought by Sosus's army or in his name. Reign The end of Bocchus I's reign may have been weak due to his old age, and Mastanesosus' reign probably started on shaky grounds, since at the beginning of his rule, Tingi and its region were independent and ruled as such by a princely family, namely by Iephtas, then his son Ascalis. General Sertorius helped dethrone prince Ascalis around 80-81 BC, and thereby restored King Mastanesosus as ruler over the region of Tangier. It was during this campaign that general Sertorius reported visiting the tomb of Antaeus, probably at Mzoura cromlech. Sallustius reports that, around 77-74 BC, a certain person was sent out of Mauretania in the custody of a king named Leptasta, interpreted by Stéphane Gsell to be the same as \"Iephtas\". This puts a large question as to when and how Mastanesosus became king, and how much control he had over the Kingdom of Mauretania. Apart from these little snippets of events, little is known about Mauretania during the 30 years that followed the death of King Bocchus I. References 2nd-century BC monarchs in Africa 2nd-century BC Berber people Kings of Mauretania History of Morocco","title":"Mastanesosus"},{"docid":"26756302","text":"Bambi Lee Savage (born Shannon Strong in 1963) is an American singer, songwriter and musician who also has worked as an audio engineer, most notably assisting on U2's Achtung Baby. Her song \"Darlin'\" was featured on the Sling Blade film soundtrack and her four independently-released albums are Matter of Time (2003), GJ and the PimpKillers (2009) Darkness Overshadowed (2012) and Berlin-Nashville Express (2019). Biography Bambi Lee Savage was born Shannon Strong in 1963 in Pensacola, Florida. Her father, Guy Thomas Strong, was a Navy pilot who was killed in an airplane crash while working as a stunt pilot on the set of the 20th Century Fox film Tora! Tora! Tora! in 1969. In the early 1980s, she played guitar and sang with several punk bands in Denver before moving to London in 1985 where she eventually joined former members of Nyam Nyam and Red Guitars in the band Horseland. They released a three-song EP in 1987 on the Red Rhino label. Inspired by an Einstuerzende Neubauten concert at London’s Kilburn National Ballroom, in 1987 she relocated to Berlin where she began working as an assistant recording engineer at Hansa Tonstudio. There she assisted and/or engineered sessions for artists including U2, Goodbye Mr Mackenzie, Anita Lane and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. She left her audio engineering career to concentrate on songwriting and performing, and in 1992, with Bono acting as the benefactor of her first recording session, Mick Harvey played on and produced a four-song demo of her original material. Recorded at Berlin's Vielklang Studios and also featuring guitarist Hugo Race, the tracks were to remain unreleased for several years. As a featured artist in the 1995 German music documentary Lost in Music: Out of Country, she performed two of her alt-country songs, \"I Can’t Count on My Man\" and \"Demon Alcohol\" with guitarist Alex Hacke and drummer Moritz Wolpert. Though neither song appears on any of her releases to date, “Demon Alcohol” was later covered by Mick Harvey and released on his 2005 solo album One Man's Treasure. At the invitation of Achtung Baby producer Daniel Lanois, in 1995 she recorded a four-song demo with engineer Mark Howard at Lanois' San Francisco recording studio. One of the songs, \"Darlin'\", caught the attention of Lanois and director Billy Bob Thornton while they were working on the soundtrack to the film Sling Blade, and Lanois added lead guitars and placed it in the soundtrack. This breakthrough led to negotiations with Island Records for a deal that was never finalized. She spent the next several years traveling between Berlin and the U.S., working on material and occasionally playing live. In 2003 she returned to Daniel Lanois’ studio (now in Los Angeles) to record two tracks with engineer Adam Samuels, and, combining these with the previous recordings, independently released her first album, Matter of Time. She toured Australia in 2005, playing several shows around the country, including Byron Bay’s International Roots Music Festival accompanied by guitarist James Cruikshank, and several dates in","title":"Bambi Lee Savage"},{"docid":"12684560","text":"The 1st Golden Satellite Awards, given by the International Press Academy, were awarded on January 15, 1997. The ceremony was hosted by Stacy Keach. Special achievement awards Mary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) – Rod Steiger Outstanding Contribution to New Media – Bill Gates Outstanding New Talent – Arie Verveen Motion picture winners and nominees Best Actor – Drama Geoffrey Rush – Shine as David Helfgott (TIE) James Woods – Killer: A Journal of Murder as Carl Panzram (TIE) Christopher Eccleston – Jude as Jude Fawley Ralph Fiennes – The English Patient as László Almásy William H. Macy – Fargo as Jerry Lundergaard Billy Bob Thornton – Sling Blade as Karl Childers Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Tom Cruise – Jerry Maguire as Jerry Maguire Nathan Lane – The Birdcage as Albert Goldman Eddie Murphy – The Nutty Professor as Sherman Klump Jack Nicholson – Mars Attacks! as President James Dale Stanley Tucci – Big Night as Secondo Best Actress – Drama Frances McDormand – Fargo as Marge Gunderson Brenda Blethyn – Secrets & Lies as Cynthia Purley Kristin Scott Thomas – The English Patient as Katharine Clifton Emily Watson – Breaking the Waves as Bess McNeill Robin Wright Penn – Moll Flanders as Moll Flanders Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Gwyneth Paltrow – Emma as Emma Woodhouse Glenn Close – 101 Dalmatians as Cruella de Vil Shirley MacLaine – Mrs. Winterbourne as Grace Winterbourne Heather Matarazzo – Welcome to the Dollhouse as Dawn Wiener Bette Midler – The First Wives Club as Brenda Morelli-Cushman Best Animated or Mixed Media Film The Hunchback of Notre Dame James and the Giant Peach Mars Attacks! Muppet Treasure Island Space Jam Best Art Direction Romeo + Juliet – Catherine Martin The English Patient Evita Hamlet The Portrait of a Lady Best Cinematography The English Patient – John Seale Breaking the Waves Evita Hamlet Romeo + Juliet Best Costume Design Evita – Penny Rose Hamlet Moll Flanders The Portrait of a Lady Ridicule Best Director Joel Coen – Fargo Scott Hicks – Shine Mike Leigh – Secrets & Lies Anthony Minghella – The English Patient Lars von Trier – Breaking the Waves Best Editing Independence Day – David Brenner The English Patient Fargo Mission: Impossible Romeo + Juliet Best Film – Drama Fargo The English Patient Lone Star Secrets & Lies Shine Trainspotting Best Film – Musical or Comedy Evita Cold Comfort Farm Everyone Says I Love You Flirting with Disaster Swingers Best Foreign Language Film Breaking the Waves, Denmark Bitter Sugar (Azúcar amarga), Cuba A Judgement in Stone (Le cérémonie), France Kolya (Kolja), Czech Republic Prisoner of the Mountains (Kavkazskiy plennik), Russia Ridicule, France Best Original Score \"The English Patient\" – Gabriel Yared \"Hamlet\" – Patrick Doyle \"Mars Attacks!\" – Danny Elfman \"Michael Collins\" – Elliot Goldenthal \"Sling Blade\" – Daniel Lanois Best Original Song \"You Must Love Me\" performed by Madonna – Evita \"God Give Me Strength\" performed by Kristen Vigard – Grace of My Heart","title":"1st Golden Satellite Awards"},{"docid":"49351005","text":"Urethral hypermobility is a condition of excessive movement of the female urethra due to a weakened urogenital diaphragm. It describes the instability of the urethra in relation to the pelvic floor muscles. A weakened pelvic floor muscle fails to adequately close the urethra and hence can cause stress urinary incontinence. This condition may be diagnosed by primary care providers or urologists. Treatment may include pelvic floor muscle exercises, surgery (e.g. urethral sling), or minimally invasive procedures (e.g. urethral bulking injections). Anatomy The urethra is held in place in relationship to the pelvic bones and bladder by a combination of ligaments, pelvic floor muscles, and surrounding connective tissue known as the urogenital diaphragm. Damage to any of these structures, or the nerves that control them can cause the urethra to be displaced from its normal position or to have increased range of motion. This can result in lack of effective closure of the urethra and thus urinary leakage, especially when pressure from the abdomen is increased during physical exertion and cough, sneeze, or valsalva maneuvers. Female anatomical considerations Changes during pregnancy and physical trauma during childbirth can cause damage to the pubosacral ligament, uterosacral ligament, and pelvic floor muscles, and the connection of the pubic bone itself. Any of these changes may contribute to urethral hypermobility. Male anatomical considerations Males have a lower incidence of urethral hypermobility than females, but prostatectomy is one risk factor urethral hypermobility and stress incontinence. Diagnosis Urethral hypermobility is often diagnosed indirectly by achieving a diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence. This could include ruling out other types of incontinence and other abnormalities, and specific tests for stress incontinence, for example testing for urinary leakage during cough. Specialized testing to further characterize the degree of urethral hypermobility may include urodynamic testing, voiding cystourethrography, pelvic ultrasound, and electromyography. These modalities are only recommended for people who experience ongoing symptoms despite an adequate trial of pelvic floor muscle training. Treatment Pelvic Floor Muscle Training The first line treatment for urethral hypermobility is pelvic floor exercises under supervision of a physical therapist. However, there is no consensus on which training regiments are most effective, and studies have not determined which mechanisms improve the function of the pelvic floor muscles (e.g. improving reflex action of muscles in response to abdominal pressure vs. increasing urethral closing pressure). Weight Loss Loss of 5-10% of weight has been shown to result in mild improvement in symptoms that was persistent across follow-up periods of 1-3 years. Medication Duloxetine is a medication in the Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor class which is approved in Europe for treatment of stress urinary incontinence and used off-label in America for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Surgery Several surgical procedures are available to treat urethral hypermobility. These procedures use combinations of sutures, implanted synthetic mesh, and autotransplanted tissue to support and reposition the urethra in relation to the pubic bone and other pelvic structures. Burch colposuspension Midurethral sling Pubovaginal sling Mini sling Surgical meshes have come to the public attention due","title":"Urethral hypermobility"},{"docid":"33328762","text":"The Sling Aircraft Sling 2, formerly called The Airplane Factory Sling 2, is a South African two-seater light aircraft designed and produced by Sling Aircraft in Johannesburg, South Africa. In 2009 the specially modified second prototype was flown around the world in a westerly circumnavigation which took 40 days. This was the first time any aircraft of this class had achieved a circumnavigation. The design complies with the requirements of four different regulatory aircraft classes. The design was originally known as the Sling, but was re-designated as the Sling 2 to distinguish it from the later four-seat Sling 4. The Sling 2 is supplied as a kit and as a ready-to-fly aircraft and can be operated as a light-sport aircraft or homebuilt aircraft. Design and development Development of the Sling 2 commenced in 2006. The Sling is a two-seat, low wing, all metal aircraft with tricycle landing gear made from composites. The aircraft is powered by an Rotax 912UL,, a Rotax 912ULS, or a 912iS engine, or optionally a turbocharged Rotax 914 UL, driving a 3-bladed Warp Drive Inc propeller. The factory later discontinued the Rotax 912UL model. The airplane features a sliding canopy, large fuel tanks, and standard equipment includes a \"glass cockpit\" style display. Mike Blyth began working on the design of the Sling 2 in 2006; the first prototype first flew on November 18, 2008. A full testing programme followed, with the help of a South African military aerodynamicist, which was completed in 2009. Blyth and partner James Pitman then flew the second prototype around the world to accomplish a challenging circumnavigation. 310 Sling 2s had been completed and flown by the end of 2019. The UK Light Aircraft Association has limited the airframe structural fatigue life to 500 hours for aircraft in that country. They have also only approved operation for day, visual flight rules. Operational history The second prototype Sling 2 was flown on a westerly global circumnavigation in 2009. Blyth and Pitman departed from South Africa flying up through Western Africa, across the Atlantic to Brazil and Guyana, up through the US Virgin Islands and the East Coast of the United States to Oshkosh, Wisconsin for EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009. After the air show they flew across the United States to Los Angeles, then on to Hawaii, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Seychelles, and finally back to South Africa. They completed the whole journey in 40 days. The aircraft used for the circumnavigation was a standard production Sling, but with larger fuel tanks, strengthened landing gear, seats that lie flat for sleeping and removable control sticks. After being modified, the aircraft had an endurance at standard cruise of approximately 24 hours. The aircraft cruised at 89 knots Indicated airspeed (IAS) (98 knots True airspeed (TAS)) with almost full fuel. When more nearly empty, it would cruise at 96 knots IAS (105 knots TAS). With full fuel, fully loaded with crew the Sling weighed approximately 1,984 Lbs (900 kg), or about 600","title":"Sling Aircraft Sling 2"},{"docid":"10101820","text":"The Sacramento Film and Music Festival (SF&MF) is a large, multi-day, all-genre international film festival held in Sacramento, California in the United States. It has been in operation since 2000. The festival's mission is to celebrate filmmaking from around the world and sponsor the art of film in California's Capital region. History For the 2011 season, the festival's 12th, the event was divided into two parts with the WinterFEST January 15–17 and the SummerFEST August 18–21. The WinterFEST dates coincided with the Martin Luther King holiday weekend and in addition to the usual range of film programming, the program documentaries with themes of politics, peace, and social justice including \"Sowing the Seeds of Justice\" about the life and legal career of Cruz Reynoso. The 2010 festival dates were July 23 - August 1, opening with the feature documentary \"Official Rejection\" about the difficulties of getting films into film festivals. In a special program on July 29, the 2010 Festival included the world premiere of \"Walking Dreams\" a documentary about the work of artist David Garibaldi, followed by a live performance of his work and a charity auction. In a performance of career significance, and in front of 600 attendees, David painted his first large format self-portrait. The five paintings created during the evening were sold, following the performance, with the proceeds benefiting both the festival and the Friends of the Sacramento Metropolitan Arts Commission. The 2009 festival ran July 24 - Sunday, August 2. The 10th festival opened with a premiere screening of the independent feature, \"Sensored\" starring Robert Picardo and shot entirely on the Red One ultra-high definition digital camera. The festival kicked off 2009 with a Sac Music Seen New Year's Eve at the Crest Theatre with live music from The Dirty Feet and Autumn Sky, selected local music videos from the festival's own music video production program and a program of short films. The 2008 festival dates were Friday, August 8 - Sunday, August 17. The 2008 festival included 17 feature films, over 100 short films and video projects, eight musical acts, two industry presentations, a pitch session, 30 ticketed events and the presentation of 25 awards. In a Gold Circle Series Screening, the festival hosted the West Coast premiere of UNCOUNTED: The New Math of American Elections. Filmmaker David Earnhardt was joined by radio host Peter B. Collins and political commentator Brad Friedman for a discussion regarding the film's topics of voting integrity and election fraud. In 2007, the eighth annual festival welcomed guests Larry Meistrich, principle of NEHST Studios and producer of such movies as the Academy Award winning Sling Blade and You Can Count On Me; Mike DiManno and Scott Reid, CEO and President respectively of Redwood Palms Pictures; and writer/director Joe Carnahan. During the 2007 Festival, 99 films were screened in competition, plus five short movies produced for The Sacramento Bee. In an eight-hour marathon pitch session, Larry Meistrich met with filmmakers and prospective filmmakers, directly resulting in four development deals. In 2007,","title":"Sacramento Film and Music Festival"},{"docid":"38971018","text":"A sling is a drink historically made with sugar, hot or cold water, nutmeg, and a spirit such as gin, whiskey, rum, or brandy. In its modern form, it is made with gin and, varyingly, of ingredients such as sweet vermouth, lemon juice, simple syrup, Angostura bitters, and soda water. The word sling comes from the German schlingen, meaning \"to swallow fast\". The Singapore Sling is a popular gin sling originally made at the Long Bar, Raffles Hotel, Singapore. Recipes for it variously contain such ingredients as Benedictine, cherry liqueur, herbal liqueur, pineapple juice, lime juice, bitters, and club soda. History The sling is an old drink, circa 1759, originally intended to be a single-serving punch, containing sour, sweet, and alcoholic ingredients in proportions that have varied with time. The introduction of bitters was a new twist added to some versions of the drink, creating a cocktail of spirit, sugar, water, and bitters, making a drink similar to an Old Fashioned. References External links Sling Cocktails | FOUR Magazine : FOUR Magazine Cocktails with nutmeg Cocktails with gin Cocktails with sweet vermouth Cocktails with lemonade Cocktails with Angostura bitters Cocktails with carbonated water","title":"Sling (drink)"},{"docid":"27155243","text":"Call Me Fitz is a Canadian television series produced by E1 Entertainment, Amaze Film & Television, and Big Motion Pictures. The half-hour comedy stars Jason Priestley as Richard \"Fitz\" Fitzpatrick, a morally bankrupt used-car salesman whose consequence-free life is complicated by the arrival of do-gooder Larry (Ernie Grunwald), another salesman who claims he is Fitz's conscience. The series is co-produced by Movie Central (western Canada) and The Movie Network (central/eastern Canada), for airing on those two channels and their jointly owned channel HBO Canada (Canada wide). The first thirteen-episode season of the show premiered on HBO Canada in September 2010, with subsequent seasons premiering in September 2011, 2012, and October 2013. The series was filmed in New Minas, Nova Scotia. Synopsis The show stars Priestley as Richard Fitzpatrick, a used-car salesman walking a fine line of acceptable behaviour on the lot alongside a new salesman, do-gooder Larry, who claims to be the embodiment of his conscience. Fitz's idealisation of Frank Sinatra and his dysfunctional family have shaped him into the cocksure anti-hero he is proud to be. Fitz's ambition is to get out of 'slinging tin' at his family's used car dealership and open his own lounge, the Summerwind. In the meantime, he is content to make the Duncan Underwood Inn his watering hole. Fitz does not like the Ruptal cousins, whom he refers to as \"9\" and \"11\", and their used-car dealership across the street from Fitzpatrick Motors. Fitz hits rock bottom when he crashes a GT while on a test drive and the customer ends up in a coma. Fitz meets Ali while in jail and at first believes her to be his lawyer until she says \"mom\", referring to Fitz's customer in the coma. In an attempt to avoid a pending attempted vehicular manslaughter charge Fitz decides to marry Babs, who comes out of her coma just in time to get married. Ali admits her attraction to Fitz after her mother tells him she wants a divorce and while they are making out in her car Ali accidentally steps on the accelerator and drives into and kills her mother. In season two Fitz's attempts to open the Summerwind are thwarted by city council and Fitz is the prime suspect in the disappearance and suspected homicide of Sonja. Fitz decides to run for city council in season three. The news that Ali is pregnant with his baby does little to inspire Fitz to change his ways. Through an unfortunate series of mishaps Fitz ends up as mayor of Coverton. Fitz's rampant promiscuity is matched only by his corruption, which eventually lands him in prison. Fitz breaks out of prison just as Ali goes into labour. With Ali having abandoned their son Fitz is left struggling with the challenges of being a single father in season four. In an interview with RTÉ Jason Priestley described the show as \"booze, blow and broads or Sunday night at Charlie Sheen's house.\" Cast Jason Priestley as Richard \"Fitz\" Fitzpatrick Ernie Grunwald as","title":"Call Me Fitz"},{"docid":"1754904","text":"\"Spidey Super Stories\" is a live-action, recurring skit on the original version of the Children's Television Workshop series The Electric Company. Overview Episodes featured the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, provided to the Children's Television Workshop free of charge, and was played (always in costume) by puppeteer and dancer Danny Seagren. It premiered during the first show of The Electric Company's fourth season (1974–1975), which was given the production number 391. It predated the pilot film of the series The Amazing Spider-Man by three years, becoming the first recorded live-action rendition of Spider-Man, and was the first recorded live-action rendition of a Marvel character in any medium since the Captain America serial of 1944. (There was a live stage show travelling the country in 1972/1973, \"The Bullwinkle Show\", produced by Jay Ward/Fun Time Productions, featuring costumed cartoon characters, including Spider-Man, which was the first entertainment featuring a live-action Spider-Man) Stories involved the masked superhero foiling mischievous characters who were involved in petty criminal activities, although sometimes the crooks would commit more serious crimes such as assault or larceny. The cast of The Electric Company played the roles of the various characters in each story, with another serving as narrator. In many of these sketches, in keeping with Stan Lee's writing style, viewers were addressed as \"true believers\". Unlike other live-action and cartoon productions of Spider-Man, this version of the web-slinging hero did not speak out loud, instead communicating only with word balloons (having a similar role to Clarabell the Clown of Howdy Doody), in order to encourage young viewers to practice their reading skills. Due to the series' budget limitations, comic book panels were interspersed through each skit in lieu of special effects. Aside from Spider-Man himself, no characters from the comic series ever appeared on \"Spidey Super Stories\". Theme song The theme song that plays at the beginning and end of the shorts was written by Gary William Friedman. The lyrics are as follows: Spider-Man, where are you coming from? Spider-Man, nobody knows who you are! Spider-Man, you've got that Spidey touch Spider-Man, you are a web-slinging star! Episodes Approximately one dozen \"Spidey Super Stories\" segments were produced during The Electric Company's 1974–1975 season, with another twelve or so during the 1975–1976 season, and further episodes during the series' final season. A 4-DVD boxed set was released by Shout! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment on February 7, 2006, named The Best of Electric Company. It featured 20 episodes from 1971–1977 (D4D 34121), three of which contained Spidey segments. A second 4-DVD boxed set with 20 shows from 1971–1976 was released on November 14, 2006 (82666-31014). Two of the episodes in this boxed set featured Spidey segments; however, in several of the other episodes, the Spider-Man segments were edited out to minimize the appearance of the character because of rights issues. Episode 60A, from season five, which featured a Spider-Man sketch as the sketch of the day, was altered drastically from the version that originally aired on television. Another DVD","title":"Spidey Super Stories"},{"docid":"238145","text":"This is a list of weapons that were used during the medieval period. Each weapon is organized according to their purpose in battle. Offensive weapons Melee weapons Battle axe Bec de corbin Bludgeon Club Flail Flanged mace Horseman's pick Mace Morning star Quarterstaff Shestopyor, Pernach War hammer Sword and hilt weapons Swords can have single or double bladed edges or even edgeless. The blade can be curved or straight. Arming sword Dagger Estoc Falchion Katana Knife Longsword Messer Rapier Sabre or Saber (Most sabers belong to the renaissance period, but some sabers can be found in the late medieval period) Shortsword Ulfberht (Frankish) Spears and polearms Ahlspiess Bardiche Bec de Corbin Bill Glaive Goedendag Guisarme Halberd Lance Lochaber axe Lucerne hammer Man catcher Military fork Partisan Pike Plançon a picot Ranseur Sovnya Spear Spetum Swordstaff Voulge War scythe War hammer Ranged weapons Bows Longbows Daikyu English longbow Welsh longbow Recurved bows Hungarian bow Perso-Parthian bow Short bows and reflex bows Gungdo Hankyu Mongol bow Turkish bow Crossbows Arbalest Crossbow Repeating crossbow Skane lockbow Stone bow Flamethrowers Byzantine flamethrower Pen Huo Qi flamethrower Gunpowder firearms Arquebuses Arquebus Istinggar arquebus Java arquebus Jiaozhi arquebus Tanegashima arquebus Torador arquebus Blunderbuss Hand cannons Baton a feu Bedil tumbak Hand cannon Huo Qiang lance hand cannon Heilongjiang hand cannon Huo Chong Meriam kecil Petronel San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon Shou Chong Tu Huo Qiang Slings Kestros Sling Stave sling Throwing weapons Chakram Francisca Kunai Nzappa zap Shuriken Throwing knife Throwing spear Wurfkreuz (German throwing cross) Siege weapons Ballista Battering ram Bombards Bombard Byzantine bombard (Greek) Dardanelles bombard (Turkish) Dulle Griet Faule Grete Faule Mette Grose Bochse Mons Meg Orban bombard Pumhart von Steyr Cannons Abus Basilisk Byzantine fire tube Cannon Cetbang Chongtong Culverin Ekor lotong Falconet Fauconneau Hu Dun Pao cannon Korean cannon Lantaka Lela Pierrier a boite Pot de fer Prangi Saker Tarasnice Veuglaire Wankou Chong Xanadu cannon Xi Xia Bronze cannon Mortar Organ gun Petrary weapons Catapult Hu Dun Pao trebuchet Mangonel Onager Trebuchet Rocket powered weapons Byzantine rocket launcher Huo Che rocket arrow launcher Hwacha rocket arrow launcher Siege tower Warships Caravel Carrack Cog Fire ship Galley Junk Djong (ship) Longship Lou chuan (tower ship) Qiao chuan Turtle ship Animals in war Camels in warfare Dogs in warfare Elephants in warfare Horses in warfare Courser Destrier Rouncey See also Lists of weapons List of medieval military technologies List of premodern combat weapons Military technology and equipment References European weapons Medieval Medieval weapons","title":"List of medieval weapons"},{"docid":"11511993","text":"Singapore Sling is an Icelandic rock band from Reykjavík, formed in 2000. The band have released nine studio albums to date. History Singapore Sling was formed in spring 2000 in Reykjavík, Iceland, by singer, songwriter and guitarist Henrik Björnsson, aided by his friend, guitarist Einar Þór Kristjánsson. Björnsson had some 8-track demos and wanted to create a band. One of these demos was \"Overdrive\", which surfaced online on the Iceland Airwaves 2001 official website, and later became \"Overdriver\", the opening track on their first studio album. Despite Björnsson's job as a bartender, the band's name did not come from the Singapore Sling cocktail but from a 1990 art film, Singapore Sling, by the Greek director Nikos Nikolaidis. In a June 2003 interview with VRT Radio 1, Björnsson said, We had a first gig. It was booked and we didn't have a name and I had been looking for a film called Singapore Sling for a long time. I couldn't find it anywhere. It sounded cool, so that became the name of the band. It's some kind of dark, perverse Greek film from 1990. I haven't found it yet, so if you know someone who has it, please let me know. I hope it's good. A dark perverse noir film and a guy who has sex with a corpse. And he's called Singapore Sling. The band evolved to a sextet with changing lineups performing at Iceland Airwaves, Reykjavík's main music festival, before obtaining a record deal with a local label, Hitt Records, in 2002. The lineup at that time was Björnsson on vocals, guitar and keyboards, Kristjánsson on guitar, Þorgeir Guðmundsson on bass guitar, Helgi Örn Pétursson on guitar and keyboards, Bjarni Friðrik Jóhannsson on drums, and Sigurður Magnús Finnsson (aka Siggi Shaker, aka Iggi Sniff) on tambourine and maracas. Singapore Sling released its first album, The Curse of Singapore Sling, in August 2002. Following the release, the band performed at the Iceland Airwaves 2002 music festival. The album was licensed by the New York independent record label Stinky Records for a North American release in 2003. \"Why this record is being released in America is because a guy came here on a festival and then he let some people hear it in America,\" explained Björnsson. Kristjánssonn added, \"The whole idea of the Airwaves Festival is like a festival for Icelandic bands to export or be spotted. Iceland is so isolated and they have this festival. Icelandair sponsors it and they give flights and stuff like that to journalists and label people so they can come and see us. The whole festival is sponsored by Icelandair and the government to get Icelandic music to be heard outside of Iceland.\" The band toured the United States and Canada in summer 2003. Although their home label Edda left the music business and shut its branch Hitt Records, Singapore Sling released its second record, Life Is Killing My Rock 'N' Roll, in Iceland on Sheptone Records, and in the United States on Stinky, promoted","title":"Singapore Sling (band)"},{"docid":"387854","text":"The Singapore sling is a gin-based sling cocktail from Singapore. This long drink was developed in 1915 by Ngiam Tong Boon (), a bartender at the Long Bar in Raffles Hotel, Singapore. It was initially called the gin sling. History The drink was created sometime between 1899 and 1915 at Raffles Hotel. Simon Diffords wrote that the drink was originally Ngiam's \"house\" version of the gin sling. It was socially unacceptable for women to drink alcohol in public at that time, so Ngiam made the cocktail look like fruit juice to enable women to drink it. On the other hand, David Wondrich of Esquire claimed that the drink was created in the 1890s and wasn't related to the Raffles until the 1920s. The original recipe of the Singapore sling is debated. This is because the original recipe was lost after the 1930s when the hotel stopped serving the drink. D. A. Embury stated in the Fine Art of Mixing Drinks: \"Of all the recipes published for [this drink] I have never seen any two that were alike.\" The Times described the \"original recipe\" as a mixture of two measures of gin with one of cherry brandy and one each of orange, pineapple, and lime juice. The hotel's recipe was recreated based on a 1936 note by a visitor. The Long Bar at Raffles Hotel sells 800-1200 Singapore slings every day. 70% of the total revenue of the bar comes from the sling, which earns the bar S$15 million in annual sales. Present-day style By the 1980s, in countries such as the United States, the Singapore sling was often little more than gin, bottled sweet and sour, and grenadine, a recipe showing very little relationship to the recipe used elsewhere under the same name. By that time both in the Raffles Hotel and Hong Kong, and generally in the UK, the recipe had remained standardised as gin and cherry brandy (in various ratios between 2:1 and 1:2). By 2000, benedictine was introduced and pineapple juice used more. In New Orleans, sometimes Hurricane mix was used instead of pineapple. Gin slings The gin sling, attested from 1790, described a North American drink of gin, which was flavoured, sweetened, and served cold. The \"Singapore sling\" has been documented as early as 1930 as a recipe in the Savoy Cocktail Book: Ingredients one-quarter lemon juice, one-quarter dry gin, one-half cherry brandy: \"Shake well and strain into medium-sized glass, and fill with soda water. Add 1 lump of ice\". This recipe persisted for decades and is recalled in 1982 in The Sainsbury Book of Cocktails & Party Drinks, where it is also called the Singapore sling and was the classic recipe of the time. A minor difference occurs in that the measures of the spirits were twice the quantity compared with the lemon and soda of the 1930 quotation and garnished with slice of lemon and a glacé cherry. These two very similar forms represent a traditional British version of the Singapore sling. Also documented","title":"Singapore sling"},{"docid":"13538989","text":"A Blade in the Dark () is a 1983 Italian giallo film directed by Lamberto Bava. Originally planned for television, the film was made as a nearly two hour piece split into four parts each of which would end with a murder scene. After the film was found to be too gruesome for Italian television censors, it was re-edited into a feature film. Plot The film begins with three boys entering an old house, two pushing the third boy inside, where he's to take a dare. The pair gang up on him by throwing a tennis ball into the basement, saying he's a \"girl\" if he doesn't retrieve it and chanting he's a \"female\" when he hesitates. The boy slowly shuffles down in fear, and after some suspense, a scream is heard when he's out of sight. The ball is thrown back, stained with what looks like blood, causing the two other boys to flee out of their own terror. This is later revealed to be a film scene within the film itself. Musician Bruno is hired to compose soundtrack for an upcoming horror film, renting the villa where the movie is set for a few weeks to help his inspiration. Property owner Tony Rendina, who's off to his father's rig in Kuwait, is delighted that Bruno accepts his request for some of his music, which Bruno promises to arrange for recording on a cassette. Giovanni lives in the basement as the groundskeeper, and Bruno's girlfriend Giulia is an actress off to another city for a stage play. Director Sandra is trying to capture the fear of the dark in the film, reels of scenes revealing it's inspired by the circumstances of the opening scene. She refuses anyone seeing the ending to not spoil the production for its complete artistic effect. Bruno is told before Tony owned the property, a woman named Linda leased out the villa, but she's since disappeared after moving out and never been heard from again. An unseen figure steals an extendable box cutter from Bruno's studio, finding a naked woman in a magazine image to leave cuts in for Bruno to find. Bruno meets Katia, one of the neighbors, who comes in unannounced and is scared by an arachnid in a cabinet. She doesn't tell him why she's there, but she flirts with him before leaving. Bruno finds Katia left her diary, which says she found out Linda's \"secret\". Katia is attacked outside by the figure, chased into the basement, where she hides behind unfinished drywall. The attacker finds her and jams the box cutter through the mesh, eventually slashing Katia's stomach and throat, causing her bleed to death. When Bruno goes outside when he hears the killer drag Katia's body, the killer pulls out the blade ready to slash him too. Not noticing Katia right at his feet, Bruno heads back inside, where he finds blood on his pants and receives a silent phone call. Bruno eventually goes over his music tapes, where he","title":"A Blade in the Dark"},{"docid":"51002641","text":"Welcome Home, Bobby is a 1986 American made-for-television drama film directed by Herbert Wise and written by Conrad Bromberg. The movie stars Timothy Williams, Nan Woods, Tony Lo Bianco, Adam Baldwin, John Karlen and Moira Harris. It premiered on CBS on February 22, 1986. The movie deals with themes of sexual identity and homophobia, set against the backdrop of a Chicago high school and its students. Plot Bobby Cavalero is a 16-year-old high school student who is questioning his sexual identity. He is an award-winning math student and a member of his high school swim team, who gets caught up in a drug bust. He is later exonerated, but because of the investigation, information comes out that he had a sexual relationship with an older man in his 30s, Mark Reed. When students at the school find out about Bobbys sexual encounter, they start shunning him, verbally abuse him, and call for his expulsion from school. After some members of the swim team discover Bobby swimming laps alone, they jump in the pool and try to drown him. His father, Joe is an ultra-conservative working class man who rejects the idea that his son might be gay. He is also extremely homophobic. When he finds Bobby wrestling with his younger brother, Joe beats the hell out of Bobby. His mother, Rose doesn't really understand why her son is questioning his sexuality, but she does try to offer support. The only people who do support him are his ex-girlfriend Beth, his bohemian friend Cleary, and Mr. Geffin, a closeted gay teacher at his school. Mr. Geffin opens up to Bobby and tells him he lives a quiet, happy life with his lover, but nonetheless is still closeted. In the end, Bobby's sexuality is still ambiguous. Cast Timothy Williams as Bobby Cavalero Tony Lo Bianco as Joe Cavalero Anthony Candell as Donny Cavalero Gisela Caldwell as Rose Cavalero Adam Baldwin as Cleary Nan Woods as Beth John Karlen as Mr. Geffin Stephen James as Mark Reed Moira Harris as Ann Marie John Pleshette as John Hammill Critical reception David Friedman wrote in The Philadelphia Inquirer that the problem with the movie \"isn't its intentions, which are clearly noble, or its depiction of Bobby and his situation, which is clearly sympathetic. It's the lifeless execution of those high-minded sentiments that sends \"Welcome\" stumbling into the depths of Snore City\". Friedman also had a problem with the character Joe Cavalero (Bobby's dad), whose dialogue in the film included, \"The men in this family are men...Thank God my father isn't alive to see this. These gays, they spit on us. They talk about their rights. What right do they have to spread their disease?\" Historian Stephen Tropiano said, \"despite some overly melodramatic moments between father and son, William's performance perfectly captures the confusion and angst experienced by many teens coming to terms with their sexual identity.\" In his review for The Washington Blade, Noel Gillespie said the movie was \"well-acted, cleverly and convincingly written, smoothly","title":"Welcome Home, Bobby"},{"docid":"39264631","text":"Blades of Courage (also known as Skate!) is a 1987 Canadian made-for-television movie written by Suzette Couture and directed by Randy Bradshaw. The film was released under the name Skate! and first aired on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation network. It won the 1988 Gemini Award for Best TV Movie. Plot The film is about Lori Laroche, a young figure skater from Peterborough, Ontario. In her debut at the 1985 Canadian Figure Skating Championships, Laroche (Christianne Hirt) places third. At the banquet to announce the team that will attend the World Figure Skating Championships, Stuart Carmody (Cec Linder) the president of the Canadian Figure Skating Association, decides to send Christa Simmons, the Canadian champion, and Laroche instead of the silver medalist, Tara Lynn (Owens Shelley-Lynn Owens). Tara Lynn's coach, Bruce Gainor (Colm Feore) is furious, and pulls Carmody aside. Carmody assures Gainor this is a good idea. Carmody also tells Gainor the CFSA would like to team up Gainor and Laroche. After a rough start in the compulsories, Laroche places 10th overall at the worlds after the freeskate. The Canadian Figure Skating Association offers to pay for her training costs and new coach, Bruce Gainor, in Toronto. Laroche's overbearing mom, Carla (Rosemary Dunsmore) is excited, while her dad, Ron (Tom Butler) is less than thrilled at the idea of their young daughter moving away from home in the middle of the school year. Reluctantly, Ron agrees. At the Peterborough Arena, Carla tells Anna Petrie (Patricia Hamilton) about the coaching change. Anna is upset, and she tells Carla both of them have been fired and the CFSA is in charge now. Gainor's coaching techniques are tough compared to how Laroche was treated by her old coach. No matter what Gainor does, nothing will make Laroche cave to his training methods. He tells David Frye (Stuart Hughes) he's going to \"nuke\" her. Gainor signs Laroche up for Skate Hamilton. After Laroche skaters, Gainor starts to point out the flaws in her program and character until Laroche is crying and screaming. He comforts Laroche after his outburst. Gainor and choreographer, Denise, come up with a plan for Laroche to do a triple Salchow in her program for Canadians. Even though Laroche protests, Gainor is adamant she does it. When Laroche falls, Gainor tells her, \"if you fall, you repeat the jump again and again until you get it right.\" As Denise is about to leave the ice, Gainor says he'd like to see her in his office. Laroche meets Donny Hackett (Stephen Marshall) in school. Laroche is walking out of a classroom after a teacher is reprimanding her for falling asleep in class. Hackett asks Laroche for an autograph, and she scribes down a profane note. Despite Laroche's snubs, Hackett keeps trying to flirt with Laroche. Laroche finds out her parents are splitting up after a visit with Carla. Laroche blames her mom for the divorce, and returns to the arena. Laroche walks into Gainor's office and tells him about the divorce. Gainor uses","title":"Blades of Courage"},{"docid":"1563948","text":"The Shanghai Gesture is a 1941 American film noir directed by Josef von Sternberg and starring Gene Tierney, Walter Huston, Victor Mature, and Ona Munson. It is based on a Broadway play of the same name by John Colton, which was adapted for the screen by Sternberg and produced by Arnold Pressburger for United Artists. It was the last Hollywood film Sternberg ever completed: Howard Hughes fired him halfway through production of Macao in 1951, as well as from Jet Pilot the year prior. Boris Leven received an Academy Award nomination for Best Art Direction, while Richard Hageman was nominated for Best Original Music Score. Plot Gigolo \"Doctor\" Omar (Victor Mature) bribes the Shanghai police not to jail the broke American showgirl Dixie Pomeroy (Phyllis Brooks); he invites her to seek a job at the casino owned by Dragon-lady \"Mother\" Gin Sling (Ona Munson), his boss. In the casino, Omar attracts the attention of a beautiful, privileged young woman (Gene Tierney), fresh from a European finishing school. She is out for some excitement. When asked, she gives her name as \"Poppy\" Smith. Meanwhile, Gin Sling is informed that she must move her establishment to the much less desirable Chinese sector. She is given five or six weeks, until Chinese New Year, to comply. Gin Sling is confident that she can thwart this threat to her livelihood, and orders her minions to find out everything they can about the man behind it, Englishman Sir Guy Charteris (Walter Huston), a wealthy entrepreneur who has purchased a large area of Shanghai that contains her gambling parlor. Dixie proves to be an unexpected source of information; Charteris had taken her out to dinner a number of times, before dumping her to avoid her meeting his newly arrived daughter, Poppy, whose real name is Victoria Charteris. From Dixie's description, Gin Sling realizes Charteris is someone from her past. Meanwhile, Poppy falls in love with Omar and becomes addicted to gambling and alcohol. Though the spoiled woman is openly contemptuous of the casino owner, Gin Sling allows her credit to cover her ever-growing losses. Gin Sling invites Charteris and other important dignitaries to a Chinese New Year dinner party. Charteris at first declines, but then curiosity gets the better of him. At the dinner, she exposes his disgraceful past. Charteris, then calling himself Victor Dawson, had married her. One day, he abandoned her, taking her inheritance, leaving her destitute and alone. Thinking her baby had died and forced to do whatever she had to in order to survive, she wandered from place to place, until she reached Shanghai. There, Percival Howe had faith in her and backed her financially, allowing her to work her way up to her current position. To cap her revenge, she has Victoria brought in. Victoria openly flaunts her attraction to Omar and ridicules her father. As Charteris takes his wayward daughter out, he tells Van Elst privately to come to his office the next morning to pick up a £20,000 check","title":"The Shanghai Gesture"},{"docid":"5034226","text":"A sling blade or kaiser blade is a heavy, hooked, steel blade at the end of a long (around ) handle that is usually made of wood. The blade is double-edged, and both sides are usually kept sharp. It is used to cut brush, briar, and undergrowth. Other common names for the tool are bush knife, ditch bank blade, briar axe, and surveyor's brush axe. On the East Coast of the United States some farmers call it a bush axe. The Plover, Wisconsin dialect refers to it as a ditch witch. Also historically used as a wildland firefighting tool to cut fireline, known as a brush hook. It is also sometimes referred to as a bush hook in south eastern North Carolina. Its use in wildland fire has been substantially superseded by the chainsaw. It generally has a to curved blade and a to handle. It is commonly used by surveying crews and firefighters to clear out heavy undergrowth from trails, as well as by homeowners and gardeners to clear thick brush. In popular culture In the film Sling Blade, Karl Childers (Billy Bob Thornton), the main character, recounts an incident from his childhood in which he killed his mother and her paramour with this tool. Childers describes it as, \"Some folks call it a sling blade, I call it a Kaiser blade. It's kinda got a long wooden handle, kind of like an axe handle. With a long blade on it shaped kinda like a bananer. Mhm. Sharp on one edge, and dull on the other. Mhm. It's what the highway boys use to cut down weeds and whatnot.\" In the novel Red Rising, Helldivers are equipped with sickle-like weapons called slingBlades, crude cutting weapons intended to sever the Helldiver's limbs if they are caught in machinery. The protagonist, Darrow, later acquires a slingBlade during the course of a war game. After breaking the rules of the game and attacking the Proctors, he gains popularity as \"The Reaper\", with the slingBlade acting as his sigil. See also Billhook Bill (weapon) Slasher (tool) References Gardening tools Cutting tools","title":"Sling blade"},{"docid":"4689838","text":"Slings & Arrows is a Canadian television series set at the fictional New Burbage Festival, a Shakespearean festival similar to the real-world Stratford Festival. It stars Paul Gross, Stephen Ouimette and Martha Burns. Rachel McAdams appeared in the first season. The darkly comic series first aired on Canada's Movie Central and The Movie Network channels in 2003, and received acclaim in the United States when it was shown on the Sundance Channel two years later. Three six-episode seasons were filmed, with the final season airing in Canada in the summer of 2006 and in the United States in early 2007. Slings & Arrows was created and written by former Kids in the Hall member Mark McKinney, playwright and actress Susan Coyne, and comedian Bob Martin. All three appear in it as well. The entire series was directed by Peter Wellington. Premise Slings & Arrows centers around life at a fictional Shakespearean theatre festival in New Burbage, Canada. Each season focuses on The New Burbage Festival's production of a different play. The themes of the play are often juxtaposed with personal and professional conflicts facing the festival's cast and crew. Season 1: Hamlet The show's central characters are actor/director Geoffrey Tennant (Paul Gross), New Burbage artistic director Oliver Welles (Stephen Ouimette), and actress Ellen Fanshaw (Martha Burns), who seven years previously collaborated on a legendary production of Hamlet. Midway through one of the performances, Geoffrey suffered a nervous breakdown, jumped into Ophelia's grave and then ran screaming from the theater. After that, he was committed to a psychiatric institution. When the series begins, Geoffrey is in Toronto, running a small company, \"Théâtre Sans Argent\" (French for \"Theatre Without Money\"), on the verge of being evicted. Oliver and Ellen have stayed at New Burbage, where Oliver has gradually been commercializing his productions and the festival. On the opening night of the New Burbage's A Midsummer Night's Dream, Oliver sees Geoffrey on the news, chained to his theatre in protest. Heavily drunk, Oliver calls Geoffrey from a payphone and they argue about the past. Oliver then passes out in the street and is run over and killed by a truck bearing the slogan \"Canada's Best Hams\". Geoffrey's blistering eulogy at Oliver's funeral about the state of the festival leads to him being asked to take over Oliver's job on a temporary basis. After clashing with an old rival, Darren Nichols (Don McKellar), Geoffrey is reluctantly forced to take over directing the festival's latest production of Hamlet. Making this difficult are Jack Crew (Luke Kirby), the insecure American film star cast as Hamlet; Geoffrey's former lover Ellen, who is playing Gertrude and dating a much younger man; and Oliver, now haunting both Geoffrey and the festival as a ghost. Also in the play is apprentice actress Kate (Rachel McAdams), who finds herself falling for Jack. On the business side of the festival, New Burbage manager Richard Smith-Jones (Mark McKinney) is seduced by one of his sponsors, American executive Holly Day (Jennifer Irwin) who wants","title":"Slings & Arrows"},{"docid":"4022449","text":"The bottle sling (also called a jug sling, a Hackamore knot, or a Scoutcraft knot) is a knot which can be used to create a handle for a glass or ceramic container with a slippery narrow neck, as long as the neck widens slightly near the top. While classed with binding knots, such as the reef knot and miller's knot, the bottle sling is able to perform a function for which most other binding knots are unsuited. The bottle sling's specific form allows it to grip a cylinder, assuming it has even a slight flare or collar, and lift it along its axis when the knot is loaded by all four strands. With appropriate size cord, most wine bottles can be reliably suspended with this knot. History The bottle sling was described in detail by the Greek physician Heraklas in his first century monograph on surgical knots and slings. It was included under the name diplous karkhesios brokhos (\"double jug-sling noose\"). Clearly familiar with the knot, Heraklas provided three distinct tying methods. Knot expert Cyrus L. Day believed the bottle sling was not described again in print until Craigin's 1884 A Boy's Workshop, although Clifford Ashley noted it was illustrated in Johann Röding's 1795 Allgemeines Wörterbuch der Marine (\"General Dictionary of the Navy\"). More recently, the bottle sling has been nationally recognized by the Boy Scouts of America as the symbol of Outdoor Skills by scout camps throughout the country. Usage As the name suggests, the primary use for this knot is to suspend bottles, jugs, and other items with similar shapes. The space at the center of the knot is dropped over the top of a bottle or similar object. Firmly pulling on all four ends emerging from the knot tightens it against the neck of the bottle. Looping the running ends through the bight and tying them together will make a sling that grips and can be used to lift the bottle. This provides a convenient method of lowering a beverage bottle from a boat into the water to chill. As mentioned above, the knot is believed to have been used medically in ancient Greece for applying traction in the reduction of fractures and dislocations. However it is not known to have any current medical application. The knot is also said to have been used as an improvised emergency horse bridle when rope was the only material at hand. Its use is described with the central parts of the knot acting as a bit, one of the knot's outer bights passing over the top of the animal's muzzle, and the other passing under the jaw to form the noseband. The closed loop end of the knot would be placed over the animal's head and behind the ears, as a crownpiece, and the two free ends coming off under the chin used as reins. It was intended only for temporary use. However, at least one author has disputed this as \"nonsense\" and suggests its only proper equestrian use is","title":"Bottle sling"},{"docid":"70915785","text":"Tras La Tormenta () It is the fifth and last studio album made between the American singer Willie Colón and the Panamian Songwriter Rubén Blades. It was released on January 31, 1995, through Sony Tropical, Epic Records and Columbia Records. Recorded at Acme Recordings Studios, being the last great collaboration that the two artists did. It had four singles, \"Talento De Televisión\", \"Homenaje A Héctor Lavoe\", \"Tras La Tormenta\" and \"Como Un Huracán\", being the first mentioned the most awarded of the album. It is considered by experts as one of the most successful salsa albums. They were also nominated for in the 38th Annual Grammy Awards for Grammy Award For Best Tropical Latin Album and reached the third spot in Billboard Tropical Albums chart. Also As one of his four singles It is found as the opening theme of the album, \"Tribute to Héctor Lavoe\" that for almost a minute you can hear the trombone that brought Willie Colón to fame, along with Héctor Lavoe, during their period as duo, was composed by Colón himself, Amilcar Boscán and Cucco Peña. Background It was recorded after a long fight between Blades and Colon, which was due to Blades' disagreement with the album The Last Fight (1984), both came with great albums behind their backs such as Hecho En Puerto Rico by Colón Published by Sony Music in 1993, Amor Y Control with Blades in 1992 also with Sony Music. although in songs like \"Doña Lele\" and \"Tras La Tormenta\" it is shown how they interact with the trombone and you of Blades, at no time during the recording did they share a studio, something they did not do until 2003 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of their album Siembra. Sony Music intervention The intervention of Sony Music was proposed in a humorous way by Blades himself, due to his intention to thank Colón for entering him into the world of music in 1977 with his album Metiendo Mano!, although Colón accepted the project did not come out as expected being in different studios at the time of recording the album. Singles Talento De Televisión It was written by Amílcar Boscán inspired by the actress Yuyito, saying that it was born from \"everyday phenomena that are usually forgotten\". He also said that when he watched television in the 1990s there was a Venezuelan television program called Super Sábado Sensacional where the Argentine model \"Yuyito\" was, who is really Amalia González. It was also said that it was Jennifer López but it was ruled out by Amílcar Boscán himself. Homenaje A Héctor Lavoe This is the song where the album opens. Fingering the trombone for 40 seconds where Colón and Lavoe leaned on to achieve fame. Track listing This list has been adapted from Apple Music. Staff Musicians and general producers,adapted from AudioKat: Performers credits Technicals credits References Sony Music albums Salsa albums 1995 albums Willie Colón albums Rubén Blades albums Sony Music Latin albums Epic Records albums Albums produced by Willie","title":"Tras La Tormenta"},{"docid":"40884065","text":"True Confessions of a Heartless Girl is a 2002 novel by Canadian author Martha Brooks, her seventh novel for young adults. It received the 2002 Governor General's Award for English-language children's literature. True Confessions of a Heartless Girl tells the story of Noreen Stall, a troubled and possibly pregnant seventeen-year-old girl who stumbles upon the town of Pembina Lake after stealing her boyfriend's truck and savings. Plot summary Part 1: The Stranger On a stormy July night, Lynda Bradley, the owner of The Molly Thorvaldson Café, notices a pair of headlights pull up in front of the café just before closing time. She allows the flustered looking teenage girl from inside the truck to come in and have a cup of coffee. Lynda learns that this girl's name is Noreen and tells her that she is in Pembina Lake. Noticing that she is most likely in some sort of trouble with no place to go, Lynda makes up the cot for her to sleep on that night. Later on, Noreen notices something slimy in the couch cushions, a gnawed-on chicken leg, and tosses it to the dog. In the morning, Dolores Harper comes by to help with the café like she does every Saturday morning. Meanwhile, Tessie, Seth's dog, is sick and so is Noreen. Part 2: True Confessions • Confessions of Pride - Noreen Age 12: Noreen recalls the day of her 19-year-old stepsister's wedding. Noreen is angry and upset because this means she will be left alone with Bob and Amazing. Noreen tells Gladys she looks like hell as she walks out of the room. • Confessions of Lust - Noreen Age 14: Noreen hates the way Bob, her stepfather, looks at her. As she is leaving the house to meet up with her boyfriend at the time, Brad, Bob remarks that she looks like a hooker. He also says that she better not get herself knocked up like her mother did. Noreen's mother was pregnant with her at age 17, and was on welfare by age 18. This was when she was rescued by Bob. Noreen then goes to meet up with Brad and fools around with him anyway. • Confessions of Sloth - Noreen Age 15: Noreen's mother is angry that she has skipped 10 days of school that month. Since Noreen will not listen to her, Amazing calls her stepsister, Gladys. Gladys asks her why she is not in school and tells her to stop acting out. Noreen will not take Gladys' advice either. • Confessions of Anger - Noreen Age 16: Gladys was always the one to hold Noreen tight while their parents fought. One night, Bob opens their door and stands in the doorway, waiting to hear a sound out of them. Noreen cannot stop giggling so he comes into the room and picks her up by the arm. She feels a sharp pain in her arm and is later given a sling to wear. She keeps it on far longer than necessary","title":"True Confessions of a Heartless Girl"},{"docid":"25960460","text":"Daddy and Them is a 2001 American comedy-drama film written, directed by, and starring Billy Bob Thornton. In addition to Thornton, it stars John Prine, Laura Dern, Andy Griffith, Ben Affleck, Kelly Preston, Diane Ladd, Brenda Blethyn, Tuesday Knight, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Jim Varney in his final film appearance before his death in February 2000. Daddy and Them was filmed in 1998 in the wake of Thornton’s success with Sling Blade and was originally planned as a theatrical release. The release was ultimately delayed by Miramax, who found the film not \"commercial\" enough. The film debuted at the Newport International Film Festival on June 6, 2001. Miramax eventually aired the film on Showtime in January 2003 and released it on DVD on January 13, 2004. Plot synopsis Ruby and Claude Montgomery are a very insecure and jealous couple who must reunite with extended family in Arkansas when Claude's Uncle Hazel is jailed for attempted murder. The couple travels with Ruby's older sister Rose, with whom Claude had a previous relationship, and Ruby and Rose's mother Jewel, who continuously talks about Rose and Claude's past relationship, which irritates Ruby. Cast Production The film was shot in Arkansas from August to October 1998. Filming locations included various sites around Little Rock, including Pinnacle Mountain State Park and the interior of the Arkansas State Capitol. The song from the same-titled album \"In Spite of Ourselves\" used during the closing credits was performed by John Prine and Iris DeMent. Release Daddy and Them initially had a theatrical release date planned for sometime in late 1999 or early 2000. The release date was pushed back as Miramax wanted All the Pretty Horses, a studio film Thornton was directing at the time, to debut first. It continued to sit on the shelf long after Horses premiered in late 2000. Thornton has commented that friction with Miramax during the production of Horses played a role in the shelving of Daddy and Them. The film had its world premiere at the Newport International Film Festival on June 6, 2001. Reception Daddy and Them holds an 86% rating based on 7 reviews on the review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes. Eddie Cockrell of Variety wrote, \"Beneath its deadpan and often absurdist exterior, Daddy and Them feels like a very personal piece of work about how family really does come first, warts and all.\" Brad Slager of Film Threat was more critical, writing, ”Plotless and pedantic, Daddy and Them is supposed to be a lighthearted look at family dysfunction in the Deep South, but the characters are not enjoyable enough to care about.\" References External links Official site Daddy and Them at Box Office Mojo 2001 films Films directed by Billy Bob Thornton Films about dysfunctional families 2001 independent films Films shot in Arkansas Films set in Arkansas Films set in Little Rock, Arkansas 2001 comedy-drama films American comedy-drama films Miramax films 2000s English-language films 2000s American films","title":"Daddy and Them"},{"docid":"21678985","text":"Ann Moore created the baby sling called the Snugli and the refined version of it called the Weego. Early life and education Ann Moore was born in Ohio in 1940, growing up in a farming community known as the Dunkard Brethren Church. The community was similar to the Amish in their morals by living simply, dressing plainly and not using modern devices. Moore accredits her childhood to where she got her inventive spirit from, creating simple dolls and toys on the farm at a young age. She also said that the farm is where she learned many values that helped her later become a nurse, with the importance of community and drawing from limited resources. In her young adult life Moore attended the University of Cincinnati for her undergraduate degree, and then attended Columbia University for her pediatric nursing degree. She had her first international experience when she went to Germany to work with Eastern Europe refugees and then when to Morocco to aid earthquake victims. Career In 1962, Moore was teaching pediatric nursing at Columbia University’s Babies Hospital. Chief residents at the hospital were organizing their first Peace Corps trip to Togo, Africa and she was recruited to join as a pediatric nurse being the 33rd person to register. While training at the Howard University in Washington, D.C., she met fellow volunteer Mike Moore, her French training teacher. The two instantly had a connection, getting engaged after six weeks of meeting and married two weeks after that. They both moved to Togo with the Peace Corps for the next two years where she would teach nutrition courses and worked with the medical team, researching preventive medicine and hygiene. In Togo, Moore would often go to the crowded marketplaces, noticing that she would never hear babies crying like she would in America. She then realized that infants were being held in slings allowing them to be closer to their mothers. This set-up also allowed for drastically increased mobility for the mothers, being able to cook, run errands, work, and take care of older children. Compared to the U.S., babies were rarely close to their mothers for long periods of time, often being placed in plastic seats. Moore came back from the Peace Corps in 1962, heavily pregnant. She aimed to have the same relationship with her children as the Togolese did, creating her own version of the sling. However, she saw that her daughter would slip at times, so she asked her mother, Lucy Auckerman, to sew her a backpack to place her in. When Moore was out doing errands, people would often come up to her commenting on the sling and asking her questions. At this time, it was a radical idea to hold your children in such a way, however experts were coming out talking about the benefits of this act, and the benefits of bonding with kids. Studies showed that infants who were held close to their mothers developed better language skills and were more self-confident, while","title":"Ann Moore (inventor)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"12111449\",\n \"text\": \"NEHST Studios is a film, television, and internet financing, development and production company announced at the Cannes Film Festival in 2007. It was founded by Larry Meistrich, producer of the Oscar-winning Sling Blade, among many others, and a team of industry execs. NEHST is pronounced \\\"next\\\" and is the spelling of the Old English word for next. NEHST Studios releases include the documentary 41 about The Station nightclub fire, which killed 100 people in West Warwick, Rhode Island in 2003. In 2009, the studio announced the acquisition of feature rights to the sports books of Matt Christopher. It was reported in 2010 that NEHST was asking actors to pay to be cast in its movies, and might be investigated for the practice by the Screen Actors Guild. References External links Official Website Film production companies of the United States\",\n \"title\": \"NEHST Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64274600\",\n \"text\": \"Rissoella verruculosa is a species of red algae, the only accepted species in the genus Risoella and the family Rissoellaceae. This species is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. The genus name of Rissoella is in honour of Giuseppe Antonio Risso (1777–1845) and generally called Antoine Risso, who was a Niçard and a naturalist. Rissoella verruculosa has an amino acid composition with relatively high levels of lysine and methionine for a plant. Former species Rissoella denticulata , now accepted as a synonym for Neorubra denticulata Description Rissoella verruculosa consists of simple or unbranched ribbon-like slings that are often twisted with wavy and denticulated borders. It has slingshots measuring 0.5 to 2cm wide and 5 to 20 cm in length. A stipe connects the slings to a discoid base and attaches them to the rock. The consistency of the seaweed is rubbery, yellow more or less orange or reddish, varies with lighting and moistening. It turns brown when it is long outside the water and returns to its normal initial state when wet. The blades of the seaweed has on both sides small warts on. Alimentation It is an autotrophic plant that creates its organic matter by photosynthesis from water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts with green chlorophyll and with other pigments such as red phycoyerythrin that capture light. Reproduction The reproductive cycle of Rissoella verruculosa is made up of three generations and is trigenetic. Gametophyte carries the sexual organs that produce globular cystocarpes and contain a second generation that comes from the development of the fertilized egg. The third generation is diploid and will carry tetrasporocysts that are included in the cortex. Environment Rissoella verruculosa is visible at the end of the winter season until summer when it extends over the meliottoral rock. It is found especially on silica substrates and very rare on limestone coasts that are calcifuge exposed to sun and water, which will allow it to withstand temperature, salinity References Other sources De Reviers B., 2002, BIOLOGIE ET PHYLOGENIE DES ALGUES, Tome 1 : BIOLOGIE, ed. Belin Sup., 352p. Augier H., 2007, GUIDE DES FONDS MARINS DE MEDITERRANEE. ECOLOGIE, FLORE, FAUNE, PLONGEES, Guides du naturaliste, ed. Delachaux et Niestlé, 456p. Harmelin J.-G., Bassemayousse F., 2008, MEDITERRANEE, A LA DECOUVERTE DES PAYSAGES SOUS-MARINS, ed. Glénat, 192p. De Reviers B., 2002, BIOLOGIE ET PHYLOGENIE DES ALGUES, Tome 2 : EMBRANCHEMENTS, ed. Belin Sup., 255p. Gigartinales\",\n \"title\": \"Rissoella verruculosa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40480242\",\n \"text\": \"Singapore sling is a cocktail named after the place where the drink was developed Singapore Sling may also refer to: Singapore Sling (tax avoidance), a corporate tax avoidance scheme Singapore Sling (1990 film), a Greek art film Singapore Sling (1993 film), an Australian TV movie Singapore Sling (band), an Icelandic shoegaze rock 'n' roll band Singapore Slingers, a basketball team Singapore Sling, the nickname of the former turn 10 chicane at the Marina Bay Street Circuit\",\n \"title\": \"Singapore Sling (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10624236\",\n \"text\": \"Cyd Zeigler Jr. is a commentator and author in the field of sexuality and sports. Zeigler co-founded Outsports and the National Gay Flag Football League. He had a featured part in the documentary F(l)ag Football (2015). Early life and education Zeigler was born in Harwich, Massachusetts, and lived there through high school. He was a track and field athlete and led his high school track team in scoring three consecutive years. Zeigler graduated from Stanford University (B.A., Communication), where he founded Theta Delta Chi fraternity, was on the Stanford Men's Ultimate (Frisbee) Team, and was a contributor to the Stanford Review newspaper. Career He is a former sports editor for Genre Magazine, former associate editor for the New York Blade, and has written for Playboy, MSNBC, CNN, New York Press and Out Magazine. He has appeared on ESPN, Fox Sports Radio, CNN, and MSNBC as well as contributing to Sports Illustrated, Logo and The New York Times. In 1999, Zeigler and Jim Buzinski founded Outsports. They co-authored The Outsports Revolution: Truth & Myth in the World of Gay Sports. In 2002, Buzinski and Zeigler also co-founded the National Gay Flag Football League. Zeigler is credited with breaking the story of John Amaechi coming out of the closet in February 2007. Zeigler has also broken national stories,including the coming out of then-NFL prospect Michael Sam, transgender Div. 1 NCAA athlete Kye Allums, openly gay football players Wade Davis and Alan Gendreau, and more. Zeigler is featured in the 2015 documentary, F(l)ag Football. He was also inducted into the LGBTQ Journalists Hall of Fame by the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association. Political views On March 30, 2023, Zeigler announced on Twitter that he had become a registered Republican for the first time in 20 years, stating that \\\"progressives and Democrats seeking to use the government to attack political foes must be stopped. Period.\\\", and that \\\"this completely insane butchering of Democracy and our justice system cannot stand\\\". He defended the announcement by stating that he did not like Donald Trump, but then interacted with and promoted the account of Florida governor Ron DeSantis — who was campaigning for the Republican nomination in the 2024 presidential election. LGBT publications such as The Advocate and the Washington Blade considered the implicit endorsement of DeSantis to be a \\\"betrayal\\\" of the LGBT community (and especially the transgender community), citing DeSantis's support of anti-LGBT policies such as the Florida Parental Rights in Education Act. Zeigler later stated that he didn't agree \\\"with much of what the GOP and DeSantis have done in the last six months\\\", and that he regretted the posts. Personal life Zeigler presently lives in Los Angeles. He previously lived in New York City where he was a research editor for a global financial services firm. He was previously a development executive for Disney Channel, focusing on their movie and music franchises before leaving in 2001. Works Awards and nominations References External links Personal biography 1973 births American gay writers American gay\",\n \"title\": \"Cyd Zeigler\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6756101\",\n \"text\": \"Silverblade is a supernatural fantasy comic book limited series, published in the United States by DC Comics in 1987. The maxi-series ran for twelve issues. The book was written by Cary Bates with the art drawn by Gene Colan and edited by Dennis O'Neil. Silverblade was published in DC Comics' deluxe format. Synopsis The series' hero is aged movie star Jonathan Lord, nicknamed \\\"The Lord of Hollywood\\\" by the press. He is based on swashbuckling actors Errol Flynn and Tyrone Power, and back-matter in the comics showed the three being contemporaries and friends. He is also compared at moments to Boris Karloff, Bela Lugosi and Lon Chaney, for playing various monsters. Lord's most famous film was the fictional 1940 adventure/horror The Silver Blade, where he played a dashing nobleman that was cursed to become a gargoyle at night. His co-stars were leading lady Sandra Stanyon and child actor Bobby Milestone. The movie ends with Stanyon's character crying over the body of the gargoyle, her tears being the \\\"magic potion\\\" that frees Silver Blade from the curse and revives him. Forty-seven years later, in 1987, Jonathan Lord is a Hollywood recluse living in his mansion named Shangri-la. Lord and Sandra Stanyon had married, but sometime after 1950 their relationship soured and he committed adultery, causing her to divorce him. Bobby Milestone could not find work as an adult actor, so he became the butler to a bitter Lord. The story opens with Milestone collecting Maltese Falcon replicas for a tree display in Shangri-la. The latest addition turns out to have magic properties when it comes to life. The falcon wraps Lord's old film reels around himself, transforming him into the Silver Blade he portrayed years ago. Lord can now transform into any of his movie roles and possess their powers, with the added benefit of effectively regaining his youth by portraying Silver Blade. Jonathan Lord returns to show business pretending to be his own son, Jonathan Lord Jr. He lands the role of Silver Blade in a new science-fiction update/remake while still disliking the project. The producer for the film is one Vincent Vermillion who knows Lord and Milestone well; Vermillion was another child on the set of the original The Silver Blade movie who served as Milestone's stunt double near the climax. The gargoyle threw Vermillion off the top of a castle, but the safety net broke and Vermillion suffered broken bones. Vermillion had been an excellent dancer and planned to become the next Fred Astaire in film, but instead is confined to crutches and blames the two for his ruined dream. Vermillion kidnaps Milestone and hires assassins to kill him, but Milestone is saved by Lord. Realizing Lord has supernatural powers, he intends to keep an eye on Lord to uncover his secrets. Later, a séance is held in a haunted home led by a mysterious Native-American, Blackfeather, who had also been searching for the magical Maltese Falcon. The ghost haunting the residence is the spirit of actor Brian\",\n \"title\": \"Silverblade\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2337637\",\n \"text\": \"The Roller Blade Seven is a 1991 cult martial arts film directed by Donald G. Jackson, written by Jackson and Scott Shaw, produced by Jackson and Shaw, and starring Shaw, Frank Stallone, Karen Black, Joe Estevez, Don Stroud, and William Smith. Plot and style The Roller Blade Seven unfolds in an abstract, dreamlike structure, utilizing minimal dialogue and repetition of footage in key scenes. Several sequences occur repeatedly, such as a scene in which the protagonist is seen to get on his motorcycle and ride out of a car-park eight times in a row, leaving from a different parking bay each time. The film follows Hawk Goodman (Scott Shaw) who is sent on a mission by Father Donaldo (Donald G. Jackson) to rescue his sister, Sister Sparrow Goodman, from the clutches of the evil overlord Pharaoh (William Smith) in the apocalyptic world of the future. The film takes place in a region known as the Wheelzone whose populace travels solely by the means of roller skates or skateboards. Hawk, however, arrives riding a Harley Davidson motorcycle. Sister Sparrow has been abducted from the Master of Light Institute by the evil Saint Offender (Joe Estevez). Before Hawk can complete his task, he must take psychedelic mushrooms with cult movie actress Karen Black and learn to rollerblade. Armed only with his samurai sword, Hawk does battle with the Black Knight (Frank Stallone), rollerblading ninjas and other gangs that inhabit the Wheelzone. Joining him on this mission are a Kabuki mime (Claudia Scholz) with a wiffle bat, a rollerblading banjo player entirely swathed in bandages and a pacifist named Stella Speed. Pharaoh's minions have been abducting women to make them his slaves. He explains that he uses a wheelchair due to an old skateboarding accident, and he longs for the days when he used to be able to ride a skateboard. \\\"Hawk's quest sees him chewing magic mushrooms with Karen Black, confronts murderous William Smith, wheel-chair bound Pharaoh and team up with blonde sake-enforcer Stella Speed. There's a lot of fights with skate freaks in metal demon/ninja horns/bondage gear and/or kabuki makeup\\\". Cast Scott Shaw as Hawk Goodman Joe Estevez as Saint O'ffender Allison Chase as Stella Speed Don Stroud as Conga Man Karen Black as Tarot Frank Stallone as Black Knight Rhonda Shear as Officer Daryl Skates William Smith as Pharaoh Jill Kelly as Deserette Claudia Scholz as Kabuki Zen filmmaking Shaw and Jackson described the Roller Blade Seven as the first example of Zen filmmaking. This is a style of filmmaking in which no scripts are used. \\\"Although it is directed by Donald G. Jackson of Hell Comes to Frogtown and other titles like Lingerie Kickboxer, Rollergator, and Ghost Taxi actor, writer and experimental martial artist Scott Shaw is more often recognized as the creative force behind the movie. He calls his unique approach to cinema Zen Filmmaking, which is a system that favors shooting whatever you feel like\\\". Reception Jim Vorel of Paste ranked the film #27 on his list\",\n \"title\": \"The Roller Blade Seven\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31144693\",\n \"text\": \"Gil Hibben (born September 4, 1935) is an American custom knifemaker from Wyoming who is based in La Grange, Kentucky. Hibben designed the first line of Browning hunting knives in 1968, the American Kenpo Knife for Ed Parker, and the Rambo Knife for the 1988 film Rambo III 2008 film Rambo. Hibben's \\\"Fantasy Knives\\\" have been used in over 37 films and television shows, particularly science fiction, earning him the title \\\"Klingon Armorer\\\" from the Star Trek franchise. Hibben currently serves as a President of the Knifemakers' Guild, a post he has held for fourteen years. Early life Hibben was born in Wyoming in 1935. Unable to afford a Bowie knife at age 15, Hibben decided to make his own out of scrap metal and files. He did not make another knife until his discharge from the US Navy in 1956 when he took a job in Seattle, Washington as a machinist for Boeing Aircraft and started making knives in his spare time after he sold another handmade Bowie knife to a friend for $45. Knifemaker In 1964, Hibben relocated to Sandy, Utah to become a full-time knifemaker. His blades were primarily 440C stainless steel and Hibben was the first knife maker to use that steel in his knives. While in Sandy, Hibben partnered with another knifemaker named Stuart Benedict and these knives were sold under the name \\\"Ben-Hibben\\\". The knives from this time period were fixed-blade Bowie knives, hunting knives, fishing knives and some early fighting knives. In 1965, Hibben left Sandy for Manti, Utah to open a larger facility where he operated as \\\"Hibben Knives\\\". One of his knives was written about and featured on the cover of Guns & Ammo in an article titled The Versatile Gil Hibben, expanding his reputation beyond that of a local knifemaker. This recognition lead him to the attention of Browning Arms Company, who had Hibben design the company's first line of knives in 1968 consisting of 3 fixed blade knives and a folding hunting knife. That same year, Hibben sang Tenor for the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. A lifelong martial artist with black belt rankings in Aikido, Judo, and American Kenpo, Hibben designed and built a knife called the Kenpo Knife as his Black Belt Thesis under Ed Parker in 1968; his thesis and knife design led to Long Form VIII (\\\"Double Dagger Form\\\") which uses two knives in mock combat. In 1970, Hibben moved his shop again. After a brief period in Springdale, Arkansas, he relocated to Alaska for five years working as a knifemaker and a hunting and fishing guide. In 1975 he moved his shop again to Silver Dollar City, Missouri and four years later to Louisville, Kentucky. Movie knives While in Louisville, Hibben was contacted by Sylvester Stallone to make a modern version of a Bowie knife for the film Rambo III. After the release of the movie, Hibben began a long-term partnership with United Cutlery of Taiwan who released factory versions of the \\\"Rambo III Knife\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Gil Hibben\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3639306\",\n \"text\": \"The term accensi (: accensus) is applied to two different groups. Originally, the accensi were light infantry in the armies of the early Roman Republic. They were the poorest men in the legion, and could not afford much equipment. They did not wear armour or carry shields, and their usual position was part of the third battle line. They fought in a loose formation, supporting the heavier troops. They were eventually phased out by the time of Second Punic War. In the later Roman Republic the term was used for civil servants who assisted the elected magistrates, particularly in the courts, where they acted as ushers and clerks. Infantry History and deployment Accensi appear to have evolved from the old fifth class of the army under the Etruscan kings when it was reformed by Marcus Furius Camillus. The fifth class was made up of the poorest soldiers in the legion who were equipped with slings and perhaps a small shield. They acted as skirmishers, screening their own formations and disrupting the enemy. It is likely that engagements with the Samnites and a crushing defeat at the hands of the Gauls taught the Romans the importance of flexibility and the inadequacy of the phalanx on the rough, hilly ground of central Italy. Camillan system In the early Camillan system of organisation of the 3rd and 4th centuries BC, men were sorted into classes according to wealth, the accensi being the poorest. Accensi were armed with slings which they used to hurl stones at enemy formations. They fought as skirmishers, wearing only a tunic and sometimes carrying a small round shield. In this type of legion, the 900 accensi formed 15 maniples, military units of 60 men each, which were in turn part of 15 ordines, larger units made up of a maniple of triarii, a maniple of rorarii and a maniple of accensi. The accensi stood in the last line of the legion, behind the front line of hastati, the second line of principes, the third of triarii and the fourth of rorarii. In a pitched battle, the leves, javelin armed skirmishers who were attached to maniples of hastati, would form up at the front of the legion and harass the enemy with javelin fire and cover the advance of the hastati, spear armed infantry. If the hastati failed to break the enemy, they would fall back and let the principes, heavier and more experienced infantry, take over. If the principes did not break them, they would retire behind the triarii, who would then engage the enemy in turn—hence the expression rem ad Triarios redisse, \\\"it has come to the triarii\\\"—signalling an act of desperation. The equites, cavalrymen, were used as flankers and to pursue routing enemies. The rorarii, the poorer reserve soldiers, and accensi, the least dependable troops armed with slings, would be used in a support role, providing mass and supporting wavering areas of the line. Polybian system By the time of the later Polybian system of the 2nd\",\n \"title\": \"Accensi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53721623\",\n \"text\": \"An edged weapon, or bladed weapon, is a melee weapon with a cutting edge. Bladed weapons include swords, daggers, knives, and bayonets. Edged weapons are used to cut, hack, or slash; some edged weapons (such as many kinds of swords) may also permit thrusting and stabbing. Edged weapons contrast with blunt weapons such as maces, and with thrusting weapons such as spears. Many edged agricultural tools such as machetes, hatchets, pitchforks, axes, sickles, sling blades, and scythes, have been used as improvised weapons by peasantry, militia, or irregular forces – particularly as an expedient for defence. Edged weapons and blades, as well as other cold weapons, are associated with the premodern age but continue to be used in modern armies. Combat knives and knife bayonets are used for close combat or stealth operations and are issued as a secondary or sidearm. Modern bayonets are often intended to be used in a dual role as both a combat knife and knife bayonet. Improvised edged weapons were extensively used in trench warfare of the First World War; for example, an entrenching tool might be modified to take an edge and be used as a melee weapon. See also List of premodern combat weapons Lists of swords List of medieval weapons List of martial arts weapons References Weapons Melee weapons\",\n \"title\": \"Edged and bladed weapons\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22215026\",\n \"text\": \"The Ching sling is a tactical rifle sling created by Eric S. H. Ching (13 August 1951 – 28 July 2007) and popularized by Jeff Cooper. The purpose of the sling is to stabilize the rifle as a shooting aid with a minimal amount of adjustment. Origins While slings have occasionally been employed as shooting aids, most systems were awkward to handle and required a significant amount of time to implement. In 1986 Ching took a rifle class at the American Pistol Institute (now called Gunsite Academy) in Paulden, Arizona under Jeff Cooper and becoming mildly irritated with the military sling's disadvantages, Eric Ching conceived a sling system which was handier and quicker. The sling was adopted by Cooper in his scout rifle system and named after Ching. Galco offers Ching slings as well as their Safari Ching Sling (8 oz) the 3rd generation of the sling that requires only two sling swivels. Operation Like the CW Sling, the Ching sling uses three sling sockets. Unlike the CW Sling, the Ching sling consists of a main strap, which is attached to the forearm and buttstock sockets like a normal carry sling, and a short strap. A clockwise half twist in the sling at the fore-end socket allows the strap to lie flat against the arm when shooting. A stop button screws onto the main strap about two-thirds back from the front loop. The short strap attaches to the middle socket and to an oval ring that slides freely along the main strap between the forearm sling loop and the button. The unfinished side faces the muzzle. Advantages Proponents of the Ching Sling maintain that the sling allows faster and quieter acquisition of shooting support. The sling requires no shifting of sling loops when converting from carrying mode to shooting mode and can be used on any rifle with existing sling loops in the normal locations with the addition of a middle sling loop and is flexible enough to be used with the rear loop located anywhere between the pistol grip cap and the end of the buttstock. History In the early 1980s the \\\"Speed Slings\\\" specified by Jeff Cooper on his scout rifle were derived from the Bisley Two-Point System which was dubbed \\\"CW Sling\\\" after his friend Carlos Widmann of Guatemala. In 1986 when Eric Ching attended the Gunsite school he felt that he could improve the idea of the \\\"Speed Sling\\\" and he came up with a new design which was far more improved than the \\\"CW Sling\\\". The sling was found to be superior and quickly adopted and named \\\"Ching Sling\\\" by Jeff Cooper and the name stuck. The production was handled by custom leather maker Bruce Nelson then to Galco International and Beast Enterprises. The Ching Sling had a second version called Ching Sling II which was longer, more universal, and wider in places for more comfort. The last version was the \\\"Safari Ching Sling\\\" which was improved with wider straps, split main strap, and the\",\n \"title\": \"Ching sling\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57579192\",\n \"text\": \"The Film Detective is an American classic film restoration, distribution, and streaming company based in Rockport, Massachusetts, and is a division of the American entertainment company, Cineverse. Launched in 2013, The Film Detective offers an extensive library of over 3,000+ hours of classic films and television series, with a focus on both renowned classics and B-movies across genres including comedy, drama, film noir, horror, musical, mystery, science fiction, and silent. Services offered by The Film Detective include a classic film and television app on web, iOS, Android, Roku, Amazon Fire TV and Apple TV; a 24/7 linear channel offered across multiple leading OTT platforms including Sling TV, Plex, STIRR, DistroTV, Local Now, and Rakuten TV; and exclusive, limited-run Blu-ray and DVD releases. History The Film Detective was launched in 2013 by founder Phil Hopkins, film archivist and producer, and previous co-founder of Marengo Films, Dogtown Productions, Inc., and Film Chest. In 2016, The Film Detective launched its classic film and television app on Roku, Amazon Fire TV, and Apple TV, featuring iconic titles, including rare silent films, westerns, film noir, musicals and comedies. The Film Detective's 24/7 classic film and television channel joined Sling TV's free, live and VOD offerings in 2018, followed by DistroTV and STIRR in 2019; Plex and Glewed TV in 2020; and Local Now, RakutenTV, TCL, LG (US), and Kapang in 2021. In May 2020, The Film Detective announced the launch of its Android app, bringing over four thousand hours of classic film and television to Android users. The Film Detective features the voice of Dana Hersey, former host of The Movie Loft and legendary broadcast host. In November 2021, The Film Detective launched its first classic film and television app, hosted by classic radio expert Carl Amari. In 2021, The Film Detective announced it would release an original series, Classic Films for Kids, hosted by author Jennifer Churchill and her sidekick Weston, coming in 2022. Services The Film Detective offers an extensive library of over 4,000+ hours of classic films and television series, with a focus on both renowned classics and B-movies across genres including comedy, drama, film noir, horror, musical, mystery, science fiction, and silent. The Film Detective is available through The Film Detective classic film and television app, The Film Detective 24/7 linear channel available across multiple leading OTT platforms including Sling TV and Plex, and The Film Detective's special edition Blu-ray and DVD releases. The Film Detective's classic film restorations are also featured on leading broadcast channels and platforms including Turner Classic Movies, NBC, EPIX, PBS, MeTV, and more. Programming on The Film Detective 24/7 classic film and television channel features daily curation of horror films, daytime TV, classic comedies and musicals, westerns and adventures, and drama, mystery, and film noir titles. The Film Detective channel offers monthly thematic promotions and weekly features, including Saturday morning cartoons like Superman, Popeye, and Betty Boop; Sunday Serials like The Perils of Pauline and Flash Gordon; and late night weekday TV including The Carol Burnett\",\n \"title\": \"The Film Detective\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4109785\",\n \"text\": \"Robot Arena is an action video game series focused on robot building and fighting. It is based on television shows such as Robot Wars and Battlebots. There are three games in the series, Robot Arena released in 2001, Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy released in 2003, and Robot Arena 3 released in 2016. Games Robot Arena Robot Arena was the first game in the series to be released. The objective was to build a robot using available parts and enter competitions to try and win. The player first chose a chassis, then added batteries, weapons and armour, only being able to choose what they could afford from the amount of money that they had. The game received mostly negative reviews. IGN gave it a 4.3 out of 10 writing \\\"While it's prettier than most budget titles, it also suffers from the vacancy that so often comes with nice looking people, dogs, or mechanical monsters. It looks great standing still, but give it a complicated task and it all goes to pieces\\\". GameSpot wrote \\\"Even at the low retail cost of $19.99, Robot Arena isn't worth it. You'd end up getting more entertainment if you randomly chose two movies at an over-priced movie theater\\\". Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy (or just Robot Arena 2 or RA2 as most people called it) was released two years after the original. In late 2001, a tech demo was released by Infogrames as a promotional release for the game. It was merely an open sandbox where the player could control three robots. It contained two flippers, a saw blade, some barrels, an oil slick, two open pits, and two platforms that could be driven onto. When the game was released officially, it had fixed many of the previous games issues. The funding system used in order to build a robot was scrapped entirely, as players could now choose any weapons or batteries for free. Chassis available to use were also scrapped in favor of the player now being able to draw their own chassis, also being able to angle sides to make wedges. The robots were now built more realistically and the difficulty on each was now varied instead of all the robots acting the same way as they did in the first game. The game also introduced the Havok physics engine, which meant that robots were now able to leave the ground so flippers and wedges could be used effectively. The game received mostly positive reviews. GameSpy gave it 77 out of 100 writing \\\"A pleasant surprise. Whether you're going head-to-head against formidable AI bots or human opponents, it has plenty to offer both newcomers and bot-bashing aficionados alike\\\". Robot Arena 3 Robot Arena 3 (stylised as Robot Arena III) was quietly announced in May 2015, using the header: \\\"Create. Destruction,\\\" replacing the old Robot Arena 2 information on the website. However it wouldn't be until March 2016, when the game was officially announced to the\",\n \"title\": \"Robot Arena\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21248134\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rose's Turn\\\" is a song from the musical Gypsy. It has been performed by such actresses as Ethel Merman (who originated the role of Rose on Broadway), Bette Midler, Angela Lansbury, Tyne Daly, Patti LuPone, Bernadette Peters, and Imelda Staunton. The song is often regarded as the pinnacle of the eleven o'clock number. Synopsis The song \\\"occurs at the point when Mama Rose realizes the frustrations of having little to show for the sacrifices that have left her with two seemingly ungrateful children.\\\" At this point in the show, Mama Rose is \\\"a character whose dreams were too strong and whose heart held her own feelings hostage to make those dreams come true.\\\" She \\\"finally drops her facade and admits her frustration and despair.\\\" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette argues the \\\"unmasking of her psyche\\\" takes place during the song. Production The song was written by Jule Styne with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. As the finale, it contains a number of callbacks to songs from earlier in the show. Bette Midler, who performed the show in the television movie, said the song is her favorite piece from the show: \\\"It's a terrifying piece of music because it's one of the two most famous arias in the musical comedy lexicon, the other being 'Soliloquy' from Carousel.\\\" Critical reception Chicago magazine described it as \\\"show-stopping.\\\" Michael Kuchwara, notable theater critic for the Associated Press, described it as a \\\"blazing finale.\\\" The Hour named it a \\\"showstopping tour-de-force.\\\" The Spokesman-Review wrote the song \\\"may not match the other songs for lyrics and melodic value, but its emotional effect is riveting\\\", and described it as a \\\"magical moment.\\\" Boca Raton News names it a \\\"torch song\\\" and the \\\"dramatic high point.\\\" Toledo Blade wrote \\\"when [Mama Rose] sings 'Rose's Turn', a touching reflection of who she is and what she gave up for her daughters, we finally understand the passions that drove her.\\\" Kuchwara in another AP review called it a \\\"stunning musical soliloquy,\\\" adding \\\"it's here where Rose pours out her true feelings, letting the rage and frustration of a stymied life explode.\\\" Legacy \\\"Rose's Turn\\\" was featured on the Glee episode Laryngitis in 2010, sung by Kurt (Chris Colfer) It was released on the deluxe version of Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers the same year. This version of the song has seen a resurgence in 2024, being used on the social media platform TikTok in a trend where users reflect on times they have wasted as Colfer sings \\\"All that work and what did it get me? Why did I do it?\\\". References 1959 songs Songs from Gypsy (musical) Songs with music by Jule Styne Songs written by Stephen Sondheim\",\n \"title\": \"Rose's Turn\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22129265\",\n \"text\": \"Coming Soon () is a 2008 Thai horror film starring Worrakarn Rotjanawatchra, Oraphan Arjsamat, Sakulrath Thomas, and Chantavit Dhanasevi. The film is the directorial debut for Sophon Sakdapisit, who was the co-writer of the films Shutter (2004) and Alone (2007). Plot The movie starts with a scene of a movie where a woman named Chaba murders two of her three kidnapped children, only to be arrested by local villagers and hanged. Shane and Som, in the movie audience, got traumatized by Shomba and start researching, finding out that this movie was based on a true event that happened 30 years ago. Curious, they decide to check the house where this event occurred. While in the house, Shane falls off the stairs and gets heavily injured. At the hospital, they are questioned by the doctor on why they went to the house, to which they replied it was to investigate the report of Chaba's death. The doctor later tells them that Chaba hasn't died and is currently in a mental facility. Shane and Som decide to find out for themselves what had gone wrong with the film. Watching one of its behind-the-scenes clip, Shane witnesses the actress, Ingchan, having difficulty portraying the hanging scene despite the noose around her neck being attached with a safety sling. During one more take, it looked like Ingchan had portrayed the scene right. However, one of the staff filming via a different camera zoomed in on the safety sling and it showed that it had snapped. As a result, Ingchan literally dies from hanging before the entire staff could immediately rescue her. Having safely found their way out, Shane reveals to Som the whole truth and warns her not to watch the movie at all costs. He leaves to her his watch before rushing back to the movie theater. Once there, Shane is relentlessly chased by the vengeful ghost of Ingchan. All of the former's attempt to escape proved entirely futile as at one point he is supernaturally transported inside the place where the hanging scene took place. There Shane witnesses the corpses of several of his co-employees and friends, including Yod. Som soon catches up to the movie theater and can only watch in horror and in utter defeat as Ingchan gouges Shane's eyes out, killing him and suffering the same fate as Yod and the others. Soon thereafter, Som's fate is left unknown and the film eventually gets distributed as usual, leaving Ingchan's real death to be witnessed repeatedly by moviegoers. The film ends with Ingchan dying by hanging in the movie screen and for one final scare, waking up again suddenly and shouting, \\\"You really want to see me die?!\\\". Production Critical reception Slasherpool felt that the film had some decent scary moments and that the script was sound. They noted that first-time director Sopon Sukdapisit might not have had a lot of experience, with some obvious flaws, and \\\"rookie\\\" mistakes, and nothing very innovative, suggesting that he stick to writing. The\",\n \"title\": \"Coming Soon (2008 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59789237\",\n \"text\": \"The Sling TSi is a South African four-seat, single-engine, low-wing homebuilt aircraft sold in kit form by Sling Aircraft of Johannesburg South. It was developed from the Sling 4. The Sling TSi first flew in 2018, with kits being shipped to builders in fall 2018. Design and development The aircraft was developed in 2018. The Sling TSi is an all-metal, low-wing, fixed tricycle gear homebuilt aircraft. The airplane is equipped with the new Rotax 915iS engine and was the inspiration for the designation of TSi. Parts of the wings and fuselage were reinforced and outfitted with flush riveting for increased strength and reduced drag over the Sling 4. The UK Light Aircraft Association has limited the airframe safe life to 1600 hours. Operational history The first Sling TSi in the USA was shown at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh in 2018. In a review for KitPlanes, writer Paul Dye said, \\\"...it lives up to its design goals. We flew with four full sized adults from a field with a density altitude of 9,000' and had to throttle back to keep from exceeding redline when we leveled off at 10,000. Later, operating off of a dry lakebed in the high desert, with temperatures of 100 degrees, we never had to worry about engine cooling - and it handled like a fine touring machine.\\\" A company demonstrator Sling TSi flew non-stop from Torrance, California, to Tampa Executive Airport on its way to Lakeland, Florida for Sun 'n Fun 2019 in 13.5 hours. The aircraft carried an additional of fuel over the normal long-range tanks and benefited from tailwinds en route. In July 2019 the company did a ceiling expansion test and flew non-stop from Torrance, California to Wittman Regional Airport to attend EAA AirVenture Oshkosh for 9.75 hours. The aircraft reached a final height of 27,000 feet. Variants During EAA AirVenture Oshkosh in 2019 the development of a new high-wing variant, the Sling HW was announced. Specifications (2020 model Sling TSi) See also Similar aircraft Alpi Pioneer 400 Issoire APM 40 Simba Vans RV-10 References External links 2010s South African aircraft Aircraft first flown in 2018 Low-wing aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft Homebuilt aircraft\",\n \"title\": \"Sling Aircraft Sling TSi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63702390\",\n \"text\": \"Mastanesosus (or Sosus or Sus, , ) was a Berber king of Mauretania (modern-day Morocco and Western Algeria) and son of Bocchus I. He ruled from around 80 BC to 49 BC. Evidence The little information known about King Mastanesosus comes from coins bearing the inscription \\\"REX BOCCHVS SOSI F\\\" (Bocchus II son of Sosus), in addition to a reference by Cicero in his book In Vatinum, where he detailed an itinerary by Publius Vatinius through North Africa. Vatinius had allegedly met King Mastanesosus in person in 62 BC. Some historians, such as Stéphane Gsell, have confused Mastanesosus with Massinissa II of Numidia. The archaeological evidence and Cicero's reference however leave little doubt that a king named Sosus had ruled Mauretania after Bocchus I and before Bogud and Bocchus II, as had originally been conjectured by American archaeologist Duane W. Roller. Additional evidence of the existence of a king of Mauretania named Sos or Sosus came in 2020, when a sling-bullet was discovered bearing the Latin inscription \\\"\\\" (King Sos). The sling-bullet may have come from a battle that was fought by Sosus's army or in his name. Reign The end of Bocchus I's reign may have been weak due to his old age, and Mastanesosus' reign probably started on shaky grounds, since at the beginning of his rule, Tingi and its region were independent and ruled as such by a princely family, namely by Iephtas, then his son Ascalis. General Sertorius helped dethrone prince Ascalis around 80-81 BC, and thereby restored King Mastanesosus as ruler over the region of Tangier. It was during this campaign that general Sertorius reported visiting the tomb of Antaeus, probably at Mzoura cromlech. Sallustius reports that, around 77-74 BC, a certain person was sent out of Mauretania in the custody of a king named Leptasta, interpreted by Stéphane Gsell to be the same as \\\"Iephtas\\\". This puts a large question as to when and how Mastanesosus became king, and how much control he had over the Kingdom of Mauretania. Apart from these little snippets of events, little is known about Mauretania during the 30 years that followed the death of King Bocchus I. References 2nd-century BC monarchs in Africa 2nd-century BC Berber people Kings of Mauretania History of Morocco\",\n \"title\": \"Mastanesosus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26756302\",\n \"text\": \"Bambi Lee Savage (born Shannon Strong in 1963) is an American singer, songwriter and musician who also has worked as an audio engineer, most notably assisting on U2's Achtung Baby. Her song \\\"Darlin'\\\" was featured on the Sling Blade film soundtrack and her four independently-released albums are Matter of Time (2003), GJ and the PimpKillers (2009) Darkness Overshadowed (2012) and Berlin-Nashville Express (2019). Biography Bambi Lee Savage was born Shannon Strong in 1963 in Pensacola, Florida. Her father, Guy Thomas Strong, was a Navy pilot who was killed in an airplane crash while working as a stunt pilot on the set of the 20th Century Fox film Tora! Tora! Tora! in 1969. In the early 1980s, she played guitar and sang with several punk bands in Denver before moving to London in 1985 where she eventually joined former members of Nyam Nyam and Red Guitars in the band Horseland. They released a three-song EP in 1987 on the Red Rhino label. Inspired by an Einstuerzende Neubauten concert at London’s Kilburn National Ballroom, in 1987 she relocated to Berlin where she began working as an assistant recording engineer at Hansa Tonstudio. There she assisted and/or engineered sessions for artists including U2, Goodbye Mr Mackenzie, Anita Lane and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. She left her audio engineering career to concentrate on songwriting and performing, and in 1992, with Bono acting as the benefactor of her first recording session, Mick Harvey played on and produced a four-song demo of her original material. Recorded at Berlin's Vielklang Studios and also featuring guitarist Hugo Race, the tracks were to remain unreleased for several years. As a featured artist in the 1995 German music documentary Lost in Music: Out of Country, she performed two of her alt-country songs, \\\"I Can’t Count on My Man\\\" and \\\"Demon Alcohol\\\" with guitarist Alex Hacke and drummer Moritz Wolpert. Though neither song appears on any of her releases to date, “Demon Alcohol” was later covered by Mick Harvey and released on his 2005 solo album One Man's Treasure. At the invitation of Achtung Baby producer Daniel Lanois, in 1995 she recorded a four-song demo with engineer Mark Howard at Lanois' San Francisco recording studio. One of the songs, \\\"Darlin'\\\", caught the attention of Lanois and director Billy Bob Thornton while they were working on the soundtrack to the film Sling Blade, and Lanois added lead guitars and placed it in the soundtrack. This breakthrough led to negotiations with Island Records for a deal that was never finalized. She spent the next several years traveling between Berlin and the U.S., working on material and occasionally playing live. In 2003 she returned to Daniel Lanois’ studio (now in Los Angeles) to record two tracks with engineer Adam Samuels, and, combining these with the previous recordings, independently released her first album, Matter of Time. She toured Australia in 2005, playing several shows around the country, including Byron Bay’s International Roots Music Festival accompanied by guitarist James Cruikshank, and several dates in\",\n \"title\": \"Bambi Lee Savage\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12684560\",\n \"text\": \"The 1st Golden Satellite Awards, given by the International Press Academy, were awarded on January 15, 1997. The ceremony was hosted by Stacy Keach. Special achievement awards Mary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) – Rod Steiger Outstanding Contribution to New Media – Bill Gates Outstanding New Talent – Arie Verveen Motion picture winners and nominees Best Actor – Drama Geoffrey Rush – Shine as David Helfgott (TIE) James Woods – Killer: A Journal of Murder as Carl Panzram (TIE) Christopher Eccleston – Jude as Jude Fawley Ralph Fiennes – The English Patient as László Almásy William H. Macy – Fargo as Jerry Lundergaard Billy Bob Thornton – Sling Blade as Karl Childers Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Tom Cruise – Jerry Maguire as Jerry Maguire Nathan Lane – The Birdcage as Albert Goldman Eddie Murphy – The Nutty Professor as Sherman Klump Jack Nicholson – Mars Attacks! as President James Dale Stanley Tucci – Big Night as Secondo Best Actress – Drama Frances McDormand – Fargo as Marge Gunderson Brenda Blethyn – Secrets & Lies as Cynthia Purley Kristin Scott Thomas – The English Patient as Katharine Clifton Emily Watson – Breaking the Waves as Bess McNeill Robin Wright Penn – Moll Flanders as Moll Flanders Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Gwyneth Paltrow – Emma as Emma Woodhouse Glenn Close – 101 Dalmatians as Cruella de Vil Shirley MacLaine – Mrs. Winterbourne as Grace Winterbourne Heather Matarazzo – Welcome to the Dollhouse as Dawn Wiener Bette Midler – The First Wives Club as Brenda Morelli-Cushman Best Animated or Mixed Media Film The Hunchback of Notre Dame James and the Giant Peach Mars Attacks! Muppet Treasure Island Space Jam Best Art Direction Romeo + Juliet – Catherine Martin The English Patient Evita Hamlet The Portrait of a Lady Best Cinematography The English Patient – John Seale Breaking the Waves Evita Hamlet Romeo + Juliet Best Costume Design Evita – Penny Rose Hamlet Moll Flanders The Portrait of a Lady Ridicule Best Director Joel Coen – Fargo Scott Hicks – Shine Mike Leigh – Secrets & Lies Anthony Minghella – The English Patient Lars von Trier – Breaking the Waves Best Editing Independence Day – David Brenner The English Patient Fargo Mission: Impossible Romeo + Juliet Best Film – Drama Fargo The English Patient Lone Star Secrets & Lies Shine Trainspotting Best Film – Musical or Comedy Evita Cold Comfort Farm Everyone Says I Love You Flirting with Disaster Swingers Best Foreign Language Film Breaking the Waves, Denmark Bitter Sugar (Azúcar amarga), Cuba A Judgement in Stone (Le cérémonie), France Kolya (Kolja), Czech Republic Prisoner of the Mountains (Kavkazskiy plennik), Russia Ridicule, France Best Original Score \\\"The English Patient\\\" – Gabriel Yared \\\"Hamlet\\\" – Patrick Doyle \\\"Mars Attacks!\\\" – Danny Elfman \\\"Michael Collins\\\" – Elliot Goldenthal \\\"Sling Blade\\\" – Daniel Lanois Best Original Song \\\"You Must Love Me\\\" performed by Madonna – Evita \\\"God Give Me Strength\\\" performed by Kristen Vigard – Grace of My Heart\",\n \"title\": \"1st Golden Satellite Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49351005\",\n \"text\": \"Urethral hypermobility is a condition of excessive movement of the female urethra due to a weakened urogenital diaphragm. It describes the instability of the urethra in relation to the pelvic floor muscles. A weakened pelvic floor muscle fails to adequately close the urethra and hence can cause stress urinary incontinence. This condition may be diagnosed by primary care providers or urologists. Treatment may include pelvic floor muscle exercises, surgery (e.g. urethral sling), or minimally invasive procedures (e.g. urethral bulking injections). Anatomy The urethra is held in place in relationship to the pelvic bones and bladder by a combination of ligaments, pelvic floor muscles, and surrounding connective tissue known as the urogenital diaphragm. Damage to any of these structures, or the nerves that control them can cause the urethra to be displaced from its normal position or to have increased range of motion. This can result in lack of effective closure of the urethra and thus urinary leakage, especially when pressure from the abdomen is increased during physical exertion and cough, sneeze, or valsalva maneuvers. Female anatomical considerations Changes during pregnancy and physical trauma during childbirth can cause damage to the pubosacral ligament, uterosacral ligament, and pelvic floor muscles, and the connection of the pubic bone itself. Any of these changes may contribute to urethral hypermobility. Male anatomical considerations Males have a lower incidence of urethral hypermobility than females, but prostatectomy is one risk factor urethral hypermobility and stress incontinence. Diagnosis Urethral hypermobility is often diagnosed indirectly by achieving a diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence. This could include ruling out other types of incontinence and other abnormalities, and specific tests for stress incontinence, for example testing for urinary leakage during cough. Specialized testing to further characterize the degree of urethral hypermobility may include urodynamic testing, voiding cystourethrography, pelvic ultrasound, and electromyography. These modalities are only recommended for people who experience ongoing symptoms despite an adequate trial of pelvic floor muscle training. Treatment Pelvic Floor Muscle Training The first line treatment for urethral hypermobility is pelvic floor exercises under supervision of a physical therapist. However, there is no consensus on which training regiments are most effective, and studies have not determined which mechanisms improve the function of the pelvic floor muscles (e.g. improving reflex action of muscles in response to abdominal pressure vs. increasing urethral closing pressure). Weight Loss Loss of 5-10% of weight has been shown to result in mild improvement in symptoms that was persistent across follow-up periods of 1-3 years. Medication Duloxetine is a medication in the Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor class which is approved in Europe for treatment of stress urinary incontinence and used off-label in America for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Surgery Several surgical procedures are available to treat urethral hypermobility. These procedures use combinations of sutures, implanted synthetic mesh, and autotransplanted tissue to support and reposition the urethra in relation to the pubic bone and other pelvic structures. Burch colposuspension Midurethral sling Pubovaginal sling Mini sling Surgical meshes have come to the public attention due\",\n \"title\": \"Urethral hypermobility\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33328762\",\n \"text\": \"The Sling Aircraft Sling 2, formerly called The Airplane Factory Sling 2, is a South African two-seater light aircraft designed and produced by Sling Aircraft in Johannesburg, South Africa. In 2009 the specially modified second prototype was flown around the world in a westerly circumnavigation which took 40 days. This was the first time any aircraft of this class had achieved a circumnavigation. The design complies with the requirements of four different regulatory aircraft classes. The design was originally known as the Sling, but was re-designated as the Sling 2 to distinguish it from the later four-seat Sling 4. The Sling 2 is supplied as a kit and as a ready-to-fly aircraft and can be operated as a light-sport aircraft or homebuilt aircraft. Design and development Development of the Sling 2 commenced in 2006. The Sling is a two-seat, low wing, all metal aircraft with tricycle landing gear made from composites. The aircraft is powered by an Rotax 912UL,, a Rotax 912ULS, or a 912iS engine, or optionally a turbocharged Rotax 914 UL, driving a 3-bladed Warp Drive Inc propeller. The factory later discontinued the Rotax 912UL model. The airplane features a sliding canopy, large fuel tanks, and standard equipment includes a \\\"glass cockpit\\\" style display. Mike Blyth began working on the design of the Sling 2 in 2006; the first prototype first flew on November 18, 2008. A full testing programme followed, with the help of a South African military aerodynamicist, which was completed in 2009. Blyth and partner James Pitman then flew the second prototype around the world to accomplish a challenging circumnavigation. 310 Sling 2s had been completed and flown by the end of 2019. The UK Light Aircraft Association has limited the airframe structural fatigue life to 500 hours for aircraft in that country. They have also only approved operation for day, visual flight rules. Operational history The second prototype Sling 2 was flown on a westerly global circumnavigation in 2009. Blyth and Pitman departed from South Africa flying up through Western Africa, across the Atlantic to Brazil and Guyana, up through the US Virgin Islands and the East Coast of the United States to Oshkosh, Wisconsin for EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009. After the air show they flew across the United States to Los Angeles, then on to Hawaii, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Seychelles, and finally back to South Africa. They completed the whole journey in 40 days. The aircraft used for the circumnavigation was a standard production Sling, but with larger fuel tanks, strengthened landing gear, seats that lie flat for sleeping and removable control sticks. After being modified, the aircraft had an endurance at standard cruise of approximately 24 hours. The aircraft cruised at 89 knots Indicated airspeed (IAS) (98 knots True airspeed (TAS)) with almost full fuel. When more nearly empty, it would cruise at 96 knots IAS (105 knots TAS). With full fuel, fully loaded with crew the Sling weighed approximately 1,984 Lbs (900 kg), or about 600\",\n \"title\": \"Sling Aircraft Sling 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10101820\",\n \"text\": \"The Sacramento Film and Music Festival (SF&MF) is a large, multi-day, all-genre international film festival held in Sacramento, California in the United States. It has been in operation since 2000. The festival's mission is to celebrate filmmaking from around the world and sponsor the art of film in California's Capital region. History For the 2011 season, the festival's 12th, the event was divided into two parts with the WinterFEST January 15–17 and the SummerFEST August 18–21. The WinterFEST dates coincided with the Martin Luther King holiday weekend and in addition to the usual range of film programming, the program documentaries with themes of politics, peace, and social justice including \\\"Sowing the Seeds of Justice\\\" about the life and legal career of Cruz Reynoso. The 2010 festival dates were July 23 - August 1, opening with the feature documentary \\\"Official Rejection\\\" about the difficulties of getting films into film festivals. In a special program on July 29, the 2010 Festival included the world premiere of \\\"Walking Dreams\\\" a documentary about the work of artist David Garibaldi, followed by a live performance of his work and a charity auction. In a performance of career significance, and in front of 600 attendees, David painted his first large format self-portrait. The five paintings created during the evening were sold, following the performance, with the proceeds benefiting both the festival and the Friends of the Sacramento Metropolitan Arts Commission. The 2009 festival ran July 24 - Sunday, August 2. The 10th festival opened with a premiere screening of the independent feature, \\\"Sensored\\\" starring Robert Picardo and shot entirely on the Red One ultra-high definition digital camera. The festival kicked off 2009 with a Sac Music Seen New Year's Eve at the Crest Theatre with live music from The Dirty Feet and Autumn Sky, selected local music videos from the festival's own music video production program and a program of short films. The 2008 festival dates were Friday, August 8 - Sunday, August 17. The 2008 festival included 17 feature films, over 100 short films and video projects, eight musical acts, two industry presentations, a pitch session, 30 ticketed events and the presentation of 25 awards. In a Gold Circle Series Screening, the festival hosted the West Coast premiere of UNCOUNTED: The New Math of American Elections. Filmmaker David Earnhardt was joined by radio host Peter B. Collins and political commentator Brad Friedman for a discussion regarding the film's topics of voting integrity and election fraud. In 2007, the eighth annual festival welcomed guests Larry Meistrich, principle of NEHST Studios and producer of such movies as the Academy Award winning Sling Blade and You Can Count On Me; Mike DiManno and Scott Reid, CEO and President respectively of Redwood Palms Pictures; and writer/director Joe Carnahan. During the 2007 Festival, 99 films were screened in competition, plus five short movies produced for The Sacramento Bee. In an eight-hour marathon pitch session, Larry Meistrich met with filmmakers and prospective filmmakers, directly resulting in four development deals. In 2007,\",\n \"title\": \"Sacramento Film and Music Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38971018\",\n \"text\": \"A sling is a drink historically made with sugar, hot or cold water, nutmeg, and a spirit such as gin, whiskey, rum, or brandy. In its modern form, it is made with gin and, varyingly, of ingredients such as sweet vermouth, lemon juice, simple syrup, Angostura bitters, and soda water. The word sling comes from the German schlingen, meaning \\\"to swallow fast\\\". The Singapore Sling is a popular gin sling originally made at the Long Bar, Raffles Hotel, Singapore. Recipes for it variously contain such ingredients as Benedictine, cherry liqueur, herbal liqueur, pineapple juice, lime juice, bitters, and club soda. History The sling is an old drink, circa 1759, originally intended to be a single-serving punch, containing sour, sweet, and alcoholic ingredients in proportions that have varied with time. The introduction of bitters was a new twist added to some versions of the drink, creating a cocktail of spirit, sugar, water, and bitters, making a drink similar to an Old Fashioned. References External links Sling Cocktails | FOUR Magazine : FOUR Magazine Cocktails with nutmeg Cocktails with gin Cocktails with sweet vermouth Cocktails with lemonade Cocktails with Angostura bitters Cocktails with carbonated water\",\n \"title\": \"Sling (drink)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27155243\",\n \"text\": \"Call Me Fitz is a Canadian television series produced by E1 Entertainment, Amaze Film & Television, and Big Motion Pictures. The half-hour comedy stars Jason Priestley as Richard \\\"Fitz\\\" Fitzpatrick, a morally bankrupt used-car salesman whose consequence-free life is complicated by the arrival of do-gooder Larry (Ernie Grunwald), another salesman who claims he is Fitz's conscience. The series is co-produced by Movie Central (western Canada) and The Movie Network (central/eastern Canada), for airing on those two channels and their jointly owned channel HBO Canada (Canada wide). The first thirteen-episode season of the show premiered on HBO Canada in September 2010, with subsequent seasons premiering in September 2011, 2012, and October 2013. The series was filmed in New Minas, Nova Scotia. Synopsis The show stars Priestley as Richard Fitzpatrick, a used-car salesman walking a fine line of acceptable behaviour on the lot alongside a new salesman, do-gooder Larry, who claims to be the embodiment of his conscience. Fitz's idealisation of Frank Sinatra and his dysfunctional family have shaped him into the cocksure anti-hero he is proud to be. Fitz's ambition is to get out of 'slinging tin' at his family's used car dealership and open his own lounge, the Summerwind. In the meantime, he is content to make the Duncan Underwood Inn his watering hole. Fitz does not like the Ruptal cousins, whom he refers to as \\\"9\\\" and \\\"11\\\", and their used-car dealership across the street from Fitzpatrick Motors. Fitz hits rock bottom when he crashes a GT while on a test drive and the customer ends up in a coma. Fitz meets Ali while in jail and at first believes her to be his lawyer until she says \\\"mom\\\", referring to Fitz's customer in the coma. In an attempt to avoid a pending attempted vehicular manslaughter charge Fitz decides to marry Babs, who comes out of her coma just in time to get married. Ali admits her attraction to Fitz after her mother tells him she wants a divorce and while they are making out in her car Ali accidentally steps on the accelerator and drives into and kills her mother. In season two Fitz's attempts to open the Summerwind are thwarted by city council and Fitz is the prime suspect in the disappearance and suspected homicide of Sonja. Fitz decides to run for city council in season three. The news that Ali is pregnant with his baby does little to inspire Fitz to change his ways. Through an unfortunate series of mishaps Fitz ends up as mayor of Coverton. Fitz's rampant promiscuity is matched only by his corruption, which eventually lands him in prison. Fitz breaks out of prison just as Ali goes into labour. With Ali having abandoned their son Fitz is left struggling with the challenges of being a single father in season four. In an interview with RTÉ Jason Priestley described the show as \\\"booze, blow and broads or Sunday night at Charlie Sheen's house.\\\" Cast Jason Priestley as Richard \\\"Fitz\\\" Fitzpatrick Ernie Grunwald as\",\n \"title\": \"Call Me Fitz\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1754904\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Spidey Super Stories\\\" is a live-action, recurring skit on the original version of the Children's Television Workshop series The Electric Company. Overview Episodes featured the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, provided to the Children's Television Workshop free of charge, and was played (always in costume) by puppeteer and dancer Danny Seagren. It premiered during the first show of The Electric Company's fourth season (1974–1975), which was given the production number 391. It predated the pilot film of the series The Amazing Spider-Man by three years, becoming the first recorded live-action rendition of Spider-Man, and was the first recorded live-action rendition of a Marvel character in any medium since the Captain America serial of 1944. (There was a live stage show travelling the country in 1972/1973, \\\"The Bullwinkle Show\\\", produced by Jay Ward/Fun Time Productions, featuring costumed cartoon characters, including Spider-Man, which was the first entertainment featuring a live-action Spider-Man) Stories involved the masked superhero foiling mischievous characters who were involved in petty criminal activities, although sometimes the crooks would commit more serious crimes such as assault or larceny. The cast of The Electric Company played the roles of the various characters in each story, with another serving as narrator. In many of these sketches, in keeping with Stan Lee's writing style, viewers were addressed as \\\"true believers\\\". Unlike other live-action and cartoon productions of Spider-Man, this version of the web-slinging hero did not speak out loud, instead communicating only with word balloons (having a similar role to Clarabell the Clown of Howdy Doody), in order to encourage young viewers to practice their reading skills. Due to the series' budget limitations, comic book panels were interspersed through each skit in lieu of special effects. Aside from Spider-Man himself, no characters from the comic series ever appeared on \\\"Spidey Super Stories\\\". Theme song The theme song that plays at the beginning and end of the shorts was written by Gary William Friedman. The lyrics are as follows: Spider-Man, where are you coming from? Spider-Man, nobody knows who you are! Spider-Man, you've got that Spidey touch Spider-Man, you are a web-slinging star! Episodes Approximately one dozen \\\"Spidey Super Stories\\\" segments were produced during The Electric Company's 1974–1975 season, with another twelve or so during the 1975–1976 season, and further episodes during the series' final season. A 4-DVD boxed set was released by Shout! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment on February 7, 2006, named The Best of Electric Company. It featured 20 episodes from 1971–1977 (D4D 34121), three of which contained Spidey segments. A second 4-DVD boxed set with 20 shows from 1971–1976 was released on November 14, 2006 (82666-31014). Two of the episodes in this boxed set featured Spidey segments; however, in several of the other episodes, the Spider-Man segments were edited out to minimize the appearance of the character because of rights issues. Episode 60A, from season five, which featured a Spider-Man sketch as the sketch of the day, was altered drastically from the version that originally aired on television. Another DVD\",\n \"title\": \"Spidey Super Stories\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"238145\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of weapons that were used during the medieval period. Each weapon is organized according to their purpose in battle. Offensive weapons Melee weapons Battle axe Bec de corbin Bludgeon Club Flail Flanged mace Horseman's pick Mace Morning star Quarterstaff Shestopyor, Pernach War hammer Sword and hilt weapons Swords can have single or double bladed edges or even edgeless. The blade can be curved or straight. Arming sword Dagger Estoc Falchion Katana Knife Longsword Messer Rapier Sabre or Saber (Most sabers belong to the renaissance period, but some sabers can be found in the late medieval period) Shortsword Ulfberht (Frankish) Spears and polearms Ahlspiess Bardiche Bec de Corbin Bill Glaive Goedendag Guisarme Halberd Lance Lochaber axe Lucerne hammer Man catcher Military fork Partisan Pike Plançon a picot Ranseur Sovnya Spear Spetum Swordstaff Voulge War scythe War hammer Ranged weapons Bows Longbows Daikyu English longbow Welsh longbow Recurved bows Hungarian bow Perso-Parthian bow Short bows and reflex bows Gungdo Hankyu Mongol bow Turkish bow Crossbows Arbalest Crossbow Repeating crossbow Skane lockbow Stone bow Flamethrowers Byzantine flamethrower Pen Huo Qi flamethrower Gunpowder firearms Arquebuses Arquebus Istinggar arquebus Java arquebus Jiaozhi arquebus Tanegashima arquebus Torador arquebus Blunderbuss Hand cannons Baton a feu Bedil tumbak Hand cannon Huo Qiang lance hand cannon Heilongjiang hand cannon Huo Chong Meriam kecil Petronel San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon Shou Chong Tu Huo Qiang Slings Kestros Sling Stave sling Throwing weapons Chakram Francisca Kunai Nzappa zap Shuriken Throwing knife Throwing spear Wurfkreuz (German throwing cross) Siege weapons Ballista Battering ram Bombards Bombard Byzantine bombard (Greek) Dardanelles bombard (Turkish) Dulle Griet Faule Grete Faule Mette Grose Bochse Mons Meg Orban bombard Pumhart von Steyr Cannons Abus Basilisk Byzantine fire tube Cannon Cetbang Chongtong Culverin Ekor lotong Falconet Fauconneau Hu Dun Pao cannon Korean cannon Lantaka Lela Pierrier a boite Pot de fer Prangi Saker Tarasnice Veuglaire Wankou Chong Xanadu cannon Xi Xia Bronze cannon Mortar Organ gun Petrary weapons Catapult Hu Dun Pao trebuchet Mangonel Onager Trebuchet Rocket powered weapons Byzantine rocket launcher Huo Che rocket arrow launcher Hwacha rocket arrow launcher Siege tower Warships Caravel Carrack Cog Fire ship Galley Junk Djong (ship) Longship Lou chuan (tower ship) Qiao chuan Turtle ship Animals in war Camels in warfare Dogs in warfare Elephants in warfare Horses in warfare Courser Destrier Rouncey See also Lists of weapons List of medieval military technologies List of premodern combat weapons Military technology and equipment References European weapons Medieval Medieval weapons\",\n \"title\": \"List of medieval weapons\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11511993\",\n \"text\": \"Singapore Sling is an Icelandic rock band from Reykjavík, formed in 2000. The band have released nine studio albums to date. History Singapore Sling was formed in spring 2000 in Reykjavík, Iceland, by singer, songwriter and guitarist Henrik Björnsson, aided by his friend, guitarist Einar Þór Kristjánsson. Björnsson had some 8-track demos and wanted to create a band. One of these demos was \\\"Overdrive\\\", which surfaced online on the Iceland Airwaves 2001 official website, and later became \\\"Overdriver\\\", the opening track on their first studio album. Despite Björnsson's job as a bartender, the band's name did not come from the Singapore Sling cocktail but from a 1990 art film, Singapore Sling, by the Greek director Nikos Nikolaidis. In a June 2003 interview with VRT Radio 1, Björnsson said, We had a first gig. It was booked and we didn't have a name and I had been looking for a film called Singapore Sling for a long time. I couldn't find it anywhere. It sounded cool, so that became the name of the band. It's some kind of dark, perverse Greek film from 1990. I haven't found it yet, so if you know someone who has it, please let me know. I hope it's good. A dark perverse noir film and a guy who has sex with a corpse. And he's called Singapore Sling. The band evolved to a sextet with changing lineups performing at Iceland Airwaves, Reykjavík's main music festival, before obtaining a record deal with a local label, Hitt Records, in 2002. The lineup at that time was Björnsson on vocals, guitar and keyboards, Kristjánsson on guitar, Þorgeir Guðmundsson on bass guitar, Helgi Örn Pétursson on guitar and keyboards, Bjarni Friðrik Jóhannsson on drums, and Sigurður Magnús Finnsson (aka Siggi Shaker, aka Iggi Sniff) on tambourine and maracas. Singapore Sling released its first album, The Curse of Singapore Sling, in August 2002. Following the release, the band performed at the Iceland Airwaves 2002 music festival. The album was licensed by the New York independent record label Stinky Records for a North American release in 2003. \\\"Why this record is being released in America is because a guy came here on a festival and then he let some people hear it in America,\\\" explained Björnsson. Kristjánssonn added, \\\"The whole idea of the Airwaves Festival is like a festival for Icelandic bands to export or be spotted. Iceland is so isolated and they have this festival. Icelandair sponsors it and they give flights and stuff like that to journalists and label people so they can come and see us. The whole festival is sponsored by Icelandair and the government to get Icelandic music to be heard outside of Iceland.\\\" The band toured the United States and Canada in summer 2003. Although their home label Edda left the music business and shut its branch Hitt Records, Singapore Sling released its second record, Life Is Killing My Rock 'N' Roll, in Iceland on Sheptone Records, and in the United States on Stinky, promoted\",\n \"title\": \"Singapore Sling (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"387854\",\n \"text\": \"The Singapore sling is a gin-based sling cocktail from Singapore. This long drink was developed in 1915 by Ngiam Tong Boon (), a bartender at the Long Bar in Raffles Hotel, Singapore. It was initially called the gin sling. History The drink was created sometime between 1899 and 1915 at Raffles Hotel. Simon Diffords wrote that the drink was originally Ngiam's \\\"house\\\" version of the gin sling. It was socially unacceptable for women to drink alcohol in public at that time, so Ngiam made the cocktail look like fruit juice to enable women to drink it. On the other hand, David Wondrich of Esquire claimed that the drink was created in the 1890s and wasn't related to the Raffles until the 1920s. The original recipe of the Singapore sling is debated. This is because the original recipe was lost after the 1930s when the hotel stopped serving the drink. D. A. Embury stated in the Fine Art of Mixing Drinks: \\\"Of all the recipes published for [this drink] I have never seen any two that were alike.\\\" The Times described the \\\"original recipe\\\" as a mixture of two measures of gin with one of cherry brandy and one each of orange, pineapple, and lime juice. The hotel's recipe was recreated based on a 1936 note by a visitor. The Long Bar at Raffles Hotel sells 800-1200 Singapore slings every day. 70% of the total revenue of the bar comes from the sling, which earns the bar S$15 million in annual sales. Present-day style By the 1980s, in countries such as the United States, the Singapore sling was often little more than gin, bottled sweet and sour, and grenadine, a recipe showing very little relationship to the recipe used elsewhere under the same name. By that time both in the Raffles Hotel and Hong Kong, and generally in the UK, the recipe had remained standardised as gin and cherry brandy (in various ratios between 2:1 and 1:2). By 2000, benedictine was introduced and pineapple juice used more. In New Orleans, sometimes Hurricane mix was used instead of pineapple. Gin slings The gin sling, attested from 1790, described a North American drink of gin, which was flavoured, sweetened, and served cold. The \\\"Singapore sling\\\" has been documented as early as 1930 as a recipe in the Savoy Cocktail Book: Ingredients one-quarter lemon juice, one-quarter dry gin, one-half cherry brandy: \\\"Shake well and strain into medium-sized glass, and fill with soda water. Add 1 lump of ice\\\". This recipe persisted for decades and is recalled in 1982 in The Sainsbury Book of Cocktails & Party Drinks, where it is also called the Singapore sling and was the classic recipe of the time. A minor difference occurs in that the measures of the spirits were twice the quantity compared with the lemon and soda of the 1930 quotation and garnished with slice of lemon and a glacé cherry. These two very similar forms represent a traditional British version of the Singapore sling. Also documented\",\n \"title\": \"Singapore sling\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13538989\",\n \"text\": \"A Blade in the Dark () is a 1983 Italian giallo film directed by Lamberto Bava. Originally planned for television, the film was made as a nearly two hour piece split into four parts each of which would end with a murder scene. After the film was found to be too gruesome for Italian television censors, it was re-edited into a feature film. Plot The film begins with three boys entering an old house, two pushing the third boy inside, where he's to take a dare. The pair gang up on him by throwing a tennis ball into the basement, saying he's a \\\"girl\\\" if he doesn't retrieve it and chanting he's a \\\"female\\\" when he hesitates. The boy slowly shuffles down in fear, and after some suspense, a scream is heard when he's out of sight. The ball is thrown back, stained with what looks like blood, causing the two other boys to flee out of their own terror. This is later revealed to be a film scene within the film itself. Musician Bruno is hired to compose soundtrack for an upcoming horror film, renting the villa where the movie is set for a few weeks to help his inspiration. Property owner Tony Rendina, who's off to his father's rig in Kuwait, is delighted that Bruno accepts his request for some of his music, which Bruno promises to arrange for recording on a cassette. Giovanni lives in the basement as the groundskeeper, and Bruno's girlfriend Giulia is an actress off to another city for a stage play. Director Sandra is trying to capture the fear of the dark in the film, reels of scenes revealing it's inspired by the circumstances of the opening scene. She refuses anyone seeing the ending to not spoil the production for its complete artistic effect. Bruno is told before Tony owned the property, a woman named Linda leased out the villa, but she's since disappeared after moving out and never been heard from again. An unseen figure steals an extendable box cutter from Bruno's studio, finding a naked woman in a magazine image to leave cuts in for Bruno to find. Bruno meets Katia, one of the neighbors, who comes in unannounced and is scared by an arachnid in a cabinet. She doesn't tell him why she's there, but she flirts with him before leaving. Bruno finds Katia left her diary, which says she found out Linda's \\\"secret\\\". Katia is attacked outside by the figure, chased into the basement, where she hides behind unfinished drywall. The attacker finds her and jams the box cutter through the mesh, eventually slashing Katia's stomach and throat, causing her bleed to death. When Bruno goes outside when he hears the killer drag Katia's body, the killer pulls out the blade ready to slash him too. Not noticing Katia right at his feet, Bruno heads back inside, where he finds blood on his pants and receives a silent phone call. Bruno eventually goes over his music tapes, where he\",\n \"title\": \"A Blade in the Dark\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51002641\",\n \"text\": \"Welcome Home, Bobby is a 1986 American made-for-television drama film directed by Herbert Wise and written by Conrad Bromberg. The movie stars Timothy Williams, Nan Woods, Tony Lo Bianco, Adam Baldwin, John Karlen and Moira Harris. It premiered on CBS on February 22, 1986. The movie deals with themes of sexual identity and homophobia, set against the backdrop of a Chicago high school and its students. Plot Bobby Cavalero is a 16-year-old high school student who is questioning his sexual identity. He is an award-winning math student and a member of his high school swim team, who gets caught up in a drug bust. He is later exonerated, but because of the investigation, information comes out that he had a sexual relationship with an older man in his 30s, Mark Reed. When students at the school find out about Bobbys sexual encounter, they start shunning him, verbally abuse him, and call for his expulsion from school. After some members of the swim team discover Bobby swimming laps alone, they jump in the pool and try to drown him. His father, Joe is an ultra-conservative working class man who rejects the idea that his son might be gay. He is also extremely homophobic. When he finds Bobby wrestling with his younger brother, Joe beats the hell out of Bobby. His mother, Rose doesn't really understand why her son is questioning his sexuality, but she does try to offer support. The only people who do support him are his ex-girlfriend Beth, his bohemian friend Cleary, and Mr. Geffin, a closeted gay teacher at his school. Mr. Geffin opens up to Bobby and tells him he lives a quiet, happy life with his lover, but nonetheless is still closeted. In the end, Bobby's sexuality is still ambiguous. Cast Timothy Williams as Bobby Cavalero Tony Lo Bianco as Joe Cavalero Anthony Candell as Donny Cavalero Gisela Caldwell as Rose Cavalero Adam Baldwin as Cleary Nan Woods as Beth John Karlen as Mr. Geffin Stephen James as Mark Reed Moira Harris as Ann Marie John Pleshette as John Hammill Critical reception David Friedman wrote in The Philadelphia Inquirer that the problem with the movie \\\"isn't its intentions, which are clearly noble, or its depiction of Bobby and his situation, which is clearly sympathetic. It's the lifeless execution of those high-minded sentiments that sends \\\"Welcome\\\" stumbling into the depths of Snore City\\\". Friedman also had a problem with the character Joe Cavalero (Bobby's dad), whose dialogue in the film included, \\\"The men in this family are men...Thank God my father isn't alive to see this. These gays, they spit on us. They talk about their rights. What right do they have to spread their disease?\\\" Historian Stephen Tropiano said, \\\"despite some overly melodramatic moments between father and son, William's performance perfectly captures the confusion and angst experienced by many teens coming to terms with their sexual identity.\\\" In his review for The Washington Blade, Noel Gillespie said the movie was \\\"well-acted, cleverly and convincingly written, smoothly\",\n \"title\": \"Welcome Home, Bobby\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39264631\",\n \"text\": \"Blades of Courage (also known as Skate!) is a 1987 Canadian made-for-television movie written by Suzette Couture and directed by Randy Bradshaw. The film was released under the name Skate! and first aired on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation network. It won the 1988 Gemini Award for Best TV Movie. Plot The film is about Lori Laroche, a young figure skater from Peterborough, Ontario. In her debut at the 1985 Canadian Figure Skating Championships, Laroche (Christianne Hirt) places third. At the banquet to announce the team that will attend the World Figure Skating Championships, Stuart Carmody (Cec Linder) the president of the Canadian Figure Skating Association, decides to send Christa Simmons, the Canadian champion, and Laroche instead of the silver medalist, Tara Lynn (Owens Shelley-Lynn Owens). Tara Lynn's coach, Bruce Gainor (Colm Feore) is furious, and pulls Carmody aside. Carmody assures Gainor this is a good idea. Carmody also tells Gainor the CFSA would like to team up Gainor and Laroche. After a rough start in the compulsories, Laroche places 10th overall at the worlds after the freeskate. The Canadian Figure Skating Association offers to pay for her training costs and new coach, Bruce Gainor, in Toronto. Laroche's overbearing mom, Carla (Rosemary Dunsmore) is excited, while her dad, Ron (Tom Butler) is less than thrilled at the idea of their young daughter moving away from home in the middle of the school year. Reluctantly, Ron agrees. At the Peterborough Arena, Carla tells Anna Petrie (Patricia Hamilton) about the coaching change. Anna is upset, and she tells Carla both of them have been fired and the CFSA is in charge now. Gainor's coaching techniques are tough compared to how Laroche was treated by her old coach. No matter what Gainor does, nothing will make Laroche cave to his training methods. He tells David Frye (Stuart Hughes) he's going to \\\"nuke\\\" her. Gainor signs Laroche up for Skate Hamilton. After Laroche skaters, Gainor starts to point out the flaws in her program and character until Laroche is crying and screaming. He comforts Laroche after his outburst. Gainor and choreographer, Denise, come up with a plan for Laroche to do a triple Salchow in her program for Canadians. Even though Laroche protests, Gainor is adamant she does it. When Laroche falls, Gainor tells her, \\\"if you fall, you repeat the jump again and again until you get it right.\\\" As Denise is about to leave the ice, Gainor says he'd like to see her in his office. Laroche meets Donny Hackett (Stephen Marshall) in school. Laroche is walking out of a classroom after a teacher is reprimanding her for falling asleep in class. Hackett asks Laroche for an autograph, and she scribes down a profane note. Despite Laroche's snubs, Hackett keeps trying to flirt with Laroche. Laroche finds out her parents are splitting up after a visit with Carla. Laroche blames her mom for the divorce, and returns to the arena. Laroche walks into Gainor's office and tells him about the divorce. Gainor uses\",\n \"title\": \"Blades of Courage\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1563948\",\n \"text\": \"The Shanghai Gesture is a 1941 American film noir directed by Josef von Sternberg and starring Gene Tierney, Walter Huston, Victor Mature, and Ona Munson. It is based on a Broadway play of the same name by John Colton, which was adapted for the screen by Sternberg and produced by Arnold Pressburger for United Artists. It was the last Hollywood film Sternberg ever completed: Howard Hughes fired him halfway through production of Macao in 1951, as well as from Jet Pilot the year prior. Boris Leven received an Academy Award nomination for Best Art Direction, while Richard Hageman was nominated for Best Original Music Score. Plot Gigolo \\\"Doctor\\\" Omar (Victor Mature) bribes the Shanghai police not to jail the broke American showgirl Dixie Pomeroy (Phyllis Brooks); he invites her to seek a job at the casino owned by Dragon-lady \\\"Mother\\\" Gin Sling (Ona Munson), his boss. In the casino, Omar attracts the attention of a beautiful, privileged young woman (Gene Tierney), fresh from a European finishing school. She is out for some excitement. When asked, she gives her name as \\\"Poppy\\\" Smith. Meanwhile, Gin Sling is informed that she must move her establishment to the much less desirable Chinese sector. She is given five or six weeks, until Chinese New Year, to comply. Gin Sling is confident that she can thwart this threat to her livelihood, and orders her minions to find out everything they can about the man behind it, Englishman Sir Guy Charteris (Walter Huston), a wealthy entrepreneur who has purchased a large area of Shanghai that contains her gambling parlor. Dixie proves to be an unexpected source of information; Charteris had taken her out to dinner a number of times, before dumping her to avoid her meeting his newly arrived daughter, Poppy, whose real name is Victoria Charteris. From Dixie's description, Gin Sling realizes Charteris is someone from her past. Meanwhile, Poppy falls in love with Omar and becomes addicted to gambling and alcohol. Though the spoiled woman is openly contemptuous of the casino owner, Gin Sling allows her credit to cover her ever-growing losses. Gin Sling invites Charteris and other important dignitaries to a Chinese New Year dinner party. Charteris at first declines, but then curiosity gets the better of him. At the dinner, she exposes his disgraceful past. Charteris, then calling himself Victor Dawson, had married her. One day, he abandoned her, taking her inheritance, leaving her destitute and alone. Thinking her baby had died and forced to do whatever she had to in order to survive, she wandered from place to place, until she reached Shanghai. There, Percival Howe had faith in her and backed her financially, allowing her to work her way up to her current position. To cap her revenge, she has Victoria brought in. Victoria openly flaunts her attraction to Omar and ridicules her father. As Charteris takes his wayward daughter out, he tells Van Elst privately to come to his office the next morning to pick up a £20,000 check\",\n \"title\": \"The Shanghai Gesture\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5034226\",\n \"text\": \"A sling blade or kaiser blade is a heavy, hooked, steel blade at the end of a long (around ) handle that is usually made of wood. The blade is double-edged, and both sides are usually kept sharp. It is used to cut brush, briar, and undergrowth. Other common names for the tool are bush knife, ditch bank blade, briar axe, and surveyor's brush axe. On the East Coast of the United States some farmers call it a bush axe. The Plover, Wisconsin dialect refers to it as a ditch witch. Also historically used as a wildland firefighting tool to cut fireline, known as a brush hook. It is also sometimes referred to as a bush hook in south eastern North Carolina. Its use in wildland fire has been substantially superseded by the chainsaw. It generally has a to curved blade and a to handle. It is commonly used by surveying crews and firefighters to clear out heavy undergrowth from trails, as well as by homeowners and gardeners to clear thick brush. In popular culture In the film Sling Blade, Karl Childers (Billy Bob Thornton), the main character, recounts an incident from his childhood in which he killed his mother and her paramour with this tool. Childers describes it as, \\\"Some folks call it a sling blade, I call it a Kaiser blade. It's kinda got a long wooden handle, kind of like an axe handle. With a long blade on it shaped kinda like a bananer. Mhm. Sharp on one edge, and dull on the other. Mhm. It's what the highway boys use to cut down weeds and whatnot.\\\" In the novel Red Rising, Helldivers are equipped with sickle-like weapons called slingBlades, crude cutting weapons intended to sever the Helldiver's limbs if they are caught in machinery. The protagonist, Darrow, later acquires a slingBlade during the course of a war game. After breaking the rules of the game and attacking the Proctors, he gains popularity as \\\"The Reaper\\\", with the slingBlade acting as his sigil. See also Billhook Bill (weapon) Slasher (tool) References Gardening tools Cutting tools\",\n \"title\": \"Sling blade\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4689838\",\n \"text\": \"Slings & Arrows is a Canadian television series set at the fictional New Burbage Festival, a Shakespearean festival similar to the real-world Stratford Festival. It stars Paul Gross, Stephen Ouimette and Martha Burns. Rachel McAdams appeared in the first season. The darkly comic series first aired on Canada's Movie Central and The Movie Network channels in 2003, and received acclaim in the United States when it was shown on the Sundance Channel two years later. Three six-episode seasons were filmed, with the final season airing in Canada in the summer of 2006 and in the United States in early 2007. Slings & Arrows was created and written by former Kids in the Hall member Mark McKinney, playwright and actress Susan Coyne, and comedian Bob Martin. All three appear in it as well. The entire series was directed by Peter Wellington. Premise Slings & Arrows centers around life at a fictional Shakespearean theatre festival in New Burbage, Canada. Each season focuses on The New Burbage Festival's production of a different play. The themes of the play are often juxtaposed with personal and professional conflicts facing the festival's cast and crew. Season 1: Hamlet The show's central characters are actor/director Geoffrey Tennant (Paul Gross), New Burbage artistic director Oliver Welles (Stephen Ouimette), and actress Ellen Fanshaw (Martha Burns), who seven years previously collaborated on a legendary production of Hamlet. Midway through one of the performances, Geoffrey suffered a nervous breakdown, jumped into Ophelia's grave and then ran screaming from the theater. After that, he was committed to a psychiatric institution. When the series begins, Geoffrey is in Toronto, running a small company, \\\"Théâtre Sans Argent\\\" (French for \\\"Theatre Without Money\\\"), on the verge of being evicted. Oliver and Ellen have stayed at New Burbage, where Oliver has gradually been commercializing his productions and the festival. On the opening night of the New Burbage's A Midsummer Night's Dream, Oliver sees Geoffrey on the news, chained to his theatre in protest. Heavily drunk, Oliver calls Geoffrey from a payphone and they argue about the past. Oliver then passes out in the street and is run over and killed by a truck bearing the slogan \\\"Canada's Best Hams\\\". Geoffrey's blistering eulogy at Oliver's funeral about the state of the festival leads to him being asked to take over Oliver's job on a temporary basis. After clashing with an old rival, Darren Nichols (Don McKellar), Geoffrey is reluctantly forced to take over directing the festival's latest production of Hamlet. Making this difficult are Jack Crew (Luke Kirby), the insecure American film star cast as Hamlet; Geoffrey's former lover Ellen, who is playing Gertrude and dating a much younger man; and Oliver, now haunting both Geoffrey and the festival as a ghost. Also in the play is apprentice actress Kate (Rachel McAdams), who finds herself falling for Jack. On the business side of the festival, New Burbage manager Richard Smith-Jones (Mark McKinney) is seduced by one of his sponsors, American executive Holly Day (Jennifer Irwin) who wants\",\n \"title\": \"Slings & Arrows\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4022449\",\n \"text\": \"The bottle sling (also called a jug sling, a Hackamore knot, or a Scoutcraft knot) is a knot which can be used to create a handle for a glass or ceramic container with a slippery narrow neck, as long as the neck widens slightly near the top. While classed with binding knots, such as the reef knot and miller's knot, the bottle sling is able to perform a function for which most other binding knots are unsuited. The bottle sling's specific form allows it to grip a cylinder, assuming it has even a slight flare or collar, and lift it along its axis when the knot is loaded by all four strands. With appropriate size cord, most wine bottles can be reliably suspended with this knot. History The bottle sling was described in detail by the Greek physician Heraklas in his first century monograph on surgical knots and slings. It was included under the name diplous karkhesios brokhos (\\\"double jug-sling noose\\\"). Clearly familiar with the knot, Heraklas provided three distinct tying methods. Knot expert Cyrus L. Day believed the bottle sling was not described again in print until Craigin's 1884 A Boy's Workshop, although Clifford Ashley noted it was illustrated in Johann Röding's 1795 Allgemeines Wörterbuch der Marine (\\\"General Dictionary of the Navy\\\"). More recently, the bottle sling has been nationally recognized by the Boy Scouts of America as the symbol of Outdoor Skills by scout camps throughout the country. Usage As the name suggests, the primary use for this knot is to suspend bottles, jugs, and other items with similar shapes. The space at the center of the knot is dropped over the top of a bottle or similar object. Firmly pulling on all four ends emerging from the knot tightens it against the neck of the bottle. Looping the running ends through the bight and tying them together will make a sling that grips and can be used to lift the bottle. This provides a convenient method of lowering a beverage bottle from a boat into the water to chill. As mentioned above, the knot is believed to have been used medically in ancient Greece for applying traction in the reduction of fractures and dislocations. However it is not known to have any current medical application. The knot is also said to have been used as an improvised emergency horse bridle when rope was the only material at hand. Its use is described with the central parts of the knot acting as a bit, one of the knot's outer bights passing over the top of the animal's muzzle, and the other passing under the jaw to form the noseband. The closed loop end of the knot would be placed over the animal's head and behind the ears, as a crownpiece, and the two free ends coming off under the chin used as reins. It was intended only for temporary use. However, at least one author has disputed this as \\\"nonsense\\\" and suggests its only proper equestrian use is\",\n \"title\": \"Bottle sling\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70915785\",\n \"text\": \"Tras La Tormenta () It is the fifth and last studio album made between the American singer Willie Colón and the Panamian Songwriter Rubén Blades. It was released on January 31, 1995, through Sony Tropical, Epic Records and Columbia Records. Recorded at Acme Recordings Studios, being the last great collaboration that the two artists did. It had four singles, \\\"Talento De Televisión\\\", \\\"Homenaje A Héctor Lavoe\\\", \\\"Tras La Tormenta\\\" and \\\"Como Un Huracán\\\", being the first mentioned the most awarded of the album. It is considered by experts as one of the most successful salsa albums. They were also nominated for in the 38th Annual Grammy Awards for Grammy Award For Best Tropical Latin Album and reached the third spot in Billboard Tropical Albums chart. Also As one of his four singles It is found as the opening theme of the album, \\\"Tribute to Héctor Lavoe\\\" that for almost a minute you can hear the trombone that brought Willie Colón to fame, along with Héctor Lavoe, during their period as duo, was composed by Colón himself, Amilcar Boscán and Cucco Peña. Background It was recorded after a long fight between Blades and Colon, which was due to Blades' disagreement with the album The Last Fight (1984), both came with great albums behind their backs such as Hecho En Puerto Rico by Colón Published by Sony Music in 1993, Amor Y Control with Blades in 1992 also with Sony Music. although in songs like \\\"Doña Lele\\\" and \\\"Tras La Tormenta\\\" it is shown how they interact with the trombone and you of Blades, at no time during the recording did they share a studio, something they did not do until 2003 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of their album Siembra. Sony Music intervention The intervention of Sony Music was proposed in a humorous way by Blades himself, due to his intention to thank Colón for entering him into the world of music in 1977 with his album Metiendo Mano!, although Colón accepted the project did not come out as expected being in different studios at the time of recording the album. Singles Talento De Televisión It was written by Amílcar Boscán inspired by the actress Yuyito, saying that it was born from \\\"everyday phenomena that are usually forgotten\\\". He also said that when he watched television in the 1990s there was a Venezuelan television program called Super Sábado Sensacional where the Argentine model \\\"Yuyito\\\" was, who is really Amalia González. It was also said that it was Jennifer López but it was ruled out by Amílcar Boscán himself. Homenaje A Héctor Lavoe This is the song where the album opens. Fingering the trombone for 40 seconds where Colón and Lavoe leaned on to achieve fame. Track listing This list has been adapted from Apple Music. Staff Musicians and general producers,adapted from AudioKat: Performers credits Technicals credits References Sony Music albums Salsa albums 1995 albums Willie Colón albums Rubén Blades albums Sony Music Latin albums Epic Records albums Albums produced by Willie\",\n \"title\": \"Tras La Tormenta\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40884065\",\n \"text\": \"True Confessions of a Heartless Girl is a 2002 novel by Canadian author Martha Brooks, her seventh novel for young adults. It received the 2002 Governor General's Award for English-language children's literature. True Confessions of a Heartless Girl tells the story of Noreen Stall, a troubled and possibly pregnant seventeen-year-old girl who stumbles upon the town of Pembina Lake after stealing her boyfriend's truck and savings. Plot summary Part 1: The Stranger On a stormy July night, Lynda Bradley, the owner of The Molly Thorvaldson Café, notices a pair of headlights pull up in front of the café just before closing time. She allows the flustered looking teenage girl from inside the truck to come in and have a cup of coffee. Lynda learns that this girl's name is Noreen and tells her that she is in Pembina Lake. Noticing that she is most likely in some sort of trouble with no place to go, Lynda makes up the cot for her to sleep on that night. Later on, Noreen notices something slimy in the couch cushions, a gnawed-on chicken leg, and tosses it to the dog. In the morning, Dolores Harper comes by to help with the café like she does every Saturday morning. Meanwhile, Tessie, Seth's dog, is sick and so is Noreen. Part 2: True Confessions • Confessions of Pride - Noreen Age 12: Noreen recalls the day of her 19-year-old stepsister's wedding. Noreen is angry and upset because this means she will be left alone with Bob and Amazing. Noreen tells Gladys she looks like hell as she walks out of the room. • Confessions of Lust - Noreen Age 14: Noreen hates the way Bob, her stepfather, looks at her. As she is leaving the house to meet up with her boyfriend at the time, Brad, Bob remarks that she looks like a hooker. He also says that she better not get herself knocked up like her mother did. Noreen's mother was pregnant with her at age 17, and was on welfare by age 18. This was when she was rescued by Bob. Noreen then goes to meet up with Brad and fools around with him anyway. • Confessions of Sloth - Noreen Age 15: Noreen's mother is angry that she has skipped 10 days of school that month. Since Noreen will not listen to her, Amazing calls her stepsister, Gladys. Gladys asks her why she is not in school and tells her to stop acting out. Noreen will not take Gladys' advice either. • Confessions of Anger - Noreen Age 16: Gladys was always the one to hold Noreen tight while their parents fought. One night, Bob opens their door and stands in the doorway, waiting to hear a sound out of them. Noreen cannot stop giggling so he comes into the room and picks her up by the arm. She feels a sharp pain in her arm and is later given a sling to wear. She keeps it on far longer than necessary\",\n \"title\": \"True Confessions of a Heartless Girl\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25960460\",\n \"text\": \"Daddy and Them is a 2001 American comedy-drama film written, directed by, and starring Billy Bob Thornton. In addition to Thornton, it stars John Prine, Laura Dern, Andy Griffith, Ben Affleck, Kelly Preston, Diane Ladd, Brenda Blethyn, Tuesday Knight, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Jim Varney in his final film appearance before his death in February 2000. Daddy and Them was filmed in 1998 in the wake of Thornton’s success with Sling Blade and was originally planned as a theatrical release. The release was ultimately delayed by Miramax, who found the film not \\\"commercial\\\" enough. The film debuted at the Newport International Film Festival on June 6, 2001. Miramax eventually aired the film on Showtime in January 2003 and released it on DVD on January 13, 2004. Plot synopsis Ruby and Claude Montgomery are a very insecure and jealous couple who must reunite with extended family in Arkansas when Claude's Uncle Hazel is jailed for attempted murder. The couple travels with Ruby's older sister Rose, with whom Claude had a previous relationship, and Ruby and Rose's mother Jewel, who continuously talks about Rose and Claude's past relationship, which irritates Ruby. Cast Production The film was shot in Arkansas from August to October 1998. Filming locations included various sites around Little Rock, including Pinnacle Mountain State Park and the interior of the Arkansas State Capitol. The song from the same-titled album \\\"In Spite of Ourselves\\\" used during the closing credits was performed by John Prine and Iris DeMent. Release Daddy and Them initially had a theatrical release date planned for sometime in late 1999 or early 2000. The release date was pushed back as Miramax wanted All the Pretty Horses, a studio film Thornton was directing at the time, to debut first. It continued to sit on the shelf long after Horses premiered in late 2000. Thornton has commented that friction with Miramax during the production of Horses played a role in the shelving of Daddy and Them. The film had its world premiere at the Newport International Film Festival on June 6, 2001. Reception Daddy and Them holds an 86% rating based on 7 reviews on the review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes. Eddie Cockrell of Variety wrote, \\\"Beneath its deadpan and often absurdist exterior, Daddy and Them feels like a very personal piece of work about how family really does come first, warts and all.\\\" Brad Slager of Film Threat was more critical, writing, ”Plotless and pedantic, Daddy and Them is supposed to be a lighthearted look at family dysfunction in the Deep South, but the characters are not enjoyable enough to care about.\\\" References External links Official site Daddy and Them at Box Office Mojo 2001 films Films directed by Billy Bob Thornton Films about dysfunctional families 2001 independent films Films shot in Arkansas Films set in Arkansas Films set in Little Rock, Arkansas 2001 comedy-drama films American comedy-drama films Miramax films 2000s English-language films 2000s American films\",\n \"title\": \"Daddy and Them\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21678985\",\n \"text\": \"Ann Moore created the baby sling called the Snugli and the refined version of it called the Weego. Early life and education Ann Moore was born in Ohio in 1940, growing up in a farming community known as the Dunkard Brethren Church. The community was similar to the Amish in their morals by living simply, dressing plainly and not using modern devices. Moore accredits her childhood to where she got her inventive spirit from, creating simple dolls and toys on the farm at a young age. She also said that the farm is where she learned many values that helped her later become a nurse, with the importance of community and drawing from limited resources. In her young adult life Moore attended the University of Cincinnati for her undergraduate degree, and then attended Columbia University for her pediatric nursing degree. She had her first international experience when she went to Germany to work with Eastern Europe refugees and then when to Morocco to aid earthquake victims. Career In 1962, Moore was teaching pediatric nursing at Columbia University’s Babies Hospital. Chief residents at the hospital were organizing their first Peace Corps trip to Togo, Africa and she was recruited to join as a pediatric nurse being the 33rd person to register. While training at the Howard University in Washington, D.C., she met fellow volunteer Mike Moore, her French training teacher. The two instantly had a connection, getting engaged after six weeks of meeting and married two weeks after that. They both moved to Togo with the Peace Corps for the next two years where she would teach nutrition courses and worked with the medical team, researching preventive medicine and hygiene. In Togo, Moore would often go to the crowded marketplaces, noticing that she would never hear babies crying like she would in America. She then realized that infants were being held in slings allowing them to be closer to their mothers. This set-up also allowed for drastically increased mobility for the mothers, being able to cook, run errands, work, and take care of older children. Compared to the U.S., babies were rarely close to their mothers for long periods of time, often being placed in plastic seats. Moore came back from the Peace Corps in 1962, heavily pregnant. She aimed to have the same relationship with her children as the Togolese did, creating her own version of the sling. However, she saw that her daughter would slip at times, so she asked her mother, Lucy Auckerman, to sew her a backpack to place her in. When Moore was out doing errands, people would often come up to her commenting on the sling and asking her questions. At this time, it was a radical idea to hold your children in such a way, however experts were coming out talking about the benefits of this act, and the benefits of bonding with kids. Studies showed that infants who were held close to their mothers developed better language skills and were more self-confident, while\",\n \"title\": \"Ann Moore (inventor)\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1996"],"string":"[\n \"1996\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":59,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_12353"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"lightning arresters are used in power systems to protect electrical equipments against"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"743458","text":"A lightning arrester (alternative spelling lightning arrestor) (also called lightning isolator) is a device, essentially an air gap between an electric wire and ground, used on electric power transmission and telecommunication systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrester, in most cases to earth. In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrester is placed where wires enter a structure, preventing damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near them. Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge arresters, are devices that are connected between each conductor in power and communications systems and the earth. These prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a path over which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Their purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by lightning or is near to a lightning strike. If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances or even cause death. Lightning arresters are used to protect electric fences. They consist of a spark gap and sometimes a series inductor. Such type of equipment is also used for protecting transmitters feeding a mast radiator. For such devices the series inductance has usually just one winding. Lightning arresters can form part of large electrical transformers and can fragment during transformer ruptures. High-voltage transformer fire barriers are required to defeat ballistics from small arms as well as projectiles from transformer bushings and lightning arresters, per NFPA 850. Components A potential target for a lightning strike, such as an outdoor television antenna, is attached to the terminal labeled A in the photograph. Terminal E is attached to a long rod buried in the ground. Ordinarily no current will flow between the antenna and the ground because there is extremely high resistance between B and C, and also between C and D. The voltage of a lightning strike, however, is many times higher than that needed to move electrons through the two air gaps. The result is that electrons go through the lightning arresters rather than traveling on to the television set and destroying it. A lightning arrester may be a spark gap or may have a block of a semiconducting material such as silicon carbide or zinc oxide. \"Thyrite\" was the trade name used by General Electric for the silicon carbide composite used in their arrester and varistor products. Some spark gaps are open to the air, but most modern varieties are","title":"Lightning arrester"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"743458\",\n \"text\": \"A lightning arrester (alternative spelling lightning arrestor) (also called lightning isolator) is a device, essentially an air gap between an electric wire and ground, used on electric power transmission and telecommunication systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrester, in most cases to earth. In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrester is placed where wires enter a structure, preventing damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near them. Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge arresters, are devices that are connected between each conductor in power and communications systems and the earth. These prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a path over which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Their purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by lightning or is near to a lightning strike. If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances or even cause death. Lightning arresters are used to protect electric fences. They consist of a spark gap and sometimes a series inductor. Such type of equipment is also used for protecting transmitters feeding a mast radiator. For such devices the series inductance has usually just one winding. Lightning arresters can form part of large electrical transformers and can fragment during transformer ruptures. High-voltage transformer fire barriers are required to defeat ballistics from small arms as well as projectiles from transformer bushings and lightning arresters, per NFPA 850. Components A potential target for a lightning strike, such as an outdoor television antenna, is attached to the terminal labeled A in the photograph. Terminal E is attached to a long rod buried in the ground. Ordinarily no current will flow between the antenna and the ground because there is extremely high resistance between B and C, and also between C and D. The voltage of a lightning strike, however, is many times higher than that needed to move electrons through the two air gaps. The result is that electrons go through the lightning arresters rather than traveling on to the television set and destroying it. A lightning arrester may be a spark gap or may have a block of a semiconducting material such as silicon carbide or zinc oxide. \\\"Thyrite\\\" was the trade name used by General Electric for the silicon carbide composite used in their arrester and varistor products. Some spark gaps are open to the air, but most modern varieties are\",\n \"title\": \"Lightning arrester\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"3896782","text":"A bonding jumper is a reliable conductor to ensure the required electrical conductivity between metal raceways required to be electrically connected. Bonding \"Bonding\" is a method by which all electrically conductive materials and metallic surfaces of equipment and structures, not normally intended to be energized, are effectively connected with a low impedance path to avoid any appreciable potential difference between any separate points. Bonding ensures that all surfaces accessible to a person are at the same potential, reducing the hazard of an electric shock. A bonded system is not necessarily connected to earth, for example, in an aircraft. The common way to effectively bond different metallic surfaces of enclosures, electrical equipment, pipes, tubes or structures together is with a copper conductor, rated lugs and appropriate bolts, fasteners or screws. Other bonding means between different metallic parts and pieces might employ brackets, clamps, exothermic bonds or welds to make effective connections. Effectively bonded equipment can also safely conduct phase-to-ground fault currents, induced currents, surge currents, lightning currents or transient currents during abnormal conditions. Bonding jumpers must be sized to safely handle the anticipated fault current. Applications Rules for bonding jumper installation are given in electrical code regulations. Typically, these require a jumper at any place where the continuity of a bonding system might be interrupted, for example, where metallic conduits join an enclosure through fittings that do not assure good electrical contact. Some codes require a bonding jumper to be pulled into non-metallic conduit or in electrical metallic tubing that may be exposed to corrosion or mechanical damage. In North American electrical codes, an important bonding jumper is found in main electrical panels, where the system neutral conductor is connected to earth ground. This must be done at only one point in each separately derived system to prevent flow of objectionable current in the earth. Bonding jumpers may be installed wherever metal parts are free to move on a hinge or bearing. This is done for electrical safety grounding, static electricity protection, and may also be useful for control of electromagnetic interference. For example, a control panel door may have a bonding jumper across the hinges so that the metal door is effectively connected to ground, since the hinges may not provide a reliable contact. Temporary bonding jumpers are used in the handling of flammable liquids and gases, so that static charge on a vehicle or portable tank does not ignite escaping gas. References Electricity","title":"Bonding jumper"},{"docid":"7025837","text":"Martin Allan Uman (born 1936) is an American engineer. He has been acknowledged by the American Geophysical Union as one of the world's leading authorities on lightning. Uman is probably best known for his work in lightning modeling, which is the application of electromagnetic field theory to the description of various lightning processes. This provides a better understanding of lightning in general and has had a number of important practical spinoffs, the most notable has been a lightning locating system and the redefinition of several important lightning characteristics relative to hazard protection. Uman co-founded Lightning Location and Protection, Inc., a company in the lightning locating equipment business. Uman has written five books on the subject of lightning, all of which are now in revised second edition paperbacks. He also is the author of a book on plasma physics and the co-author (with V. A. Rakov) of a book on lightning. Uman has written nineteen book chapters and encyclopedia articles on lightning, and he has published over 265 papers in reviewed journals and 342 in other articles and reports. He holds seven patents, six in the area of lightning detection and location. Early life and education Uman graduated in 1953 as valedictorian from Henry B. Plant High School in Tampa, Florida. He received his Bachelor of Science in Engineering from Princeton University in 1957 as a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi. He received his M.A. in 1959 and his Ph.D. in 1961 from Princeton in electrical engineering. His dissertation was \"The Behavior of Electrons in Certain Gas Mixtures.\" In summer 1956 Uman was research assistant at Sandia Corporation in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In summer 1957 he was research associate at Sperry Gyroscope Company in Great Neck, New York. In summer 1958 he was research assistant at Forrestal Research Center in Princeton, New Jersey and scientist at Elcon Laboratory, Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Career From 1961 to 1965 Uman was associate professor of electrical engineering at the University of Arizona in Tucson. At Arizona Uman taught and conducted research in electromagnetics and gaseous electronics and became interested in the physics of lightning. From 1965 to 1971 Uman was fellow physicist at Westinghouse Research Labs in Pittsburgh. There he studied the physical and electromagnetic aspects of lightning and long laboratory sparks. In 1971 Uman became a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Florida in Gainesville. He served as department chair from 1991 to 2003. In 2003 Uman was granted the rank of Distinguished Professor. He has been Director of the UF Lightning Research Laboratory since 1972. In 1975 Uman co-founded Lightning Location and Protection, Inc. He served as president from 1975 to 1983 and as vice president and chief consulting scientist from 1983 to 1995, when he left the company. LLP is now a division of Vaisala and is the world leader in the sale of lightning locating equipment. Awards and honors 2018 - Lifetime Achievement Award \"For your outstanding leadership and significant","title":"Martin A. Uman"},{"docid":"20646679","text":"A lightning rod or lightning conductor (British English) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike. If lightning hits the structure, it is most likely to strike the rod and be conducted to ground through a wire, rather than passing through the structure, where it could start a fire or cause electrocution. Lightning rods are also called finials, air terminals, or strike termination devices. In a lightning protection system, a lightning rod is a single component of the system. The lightning rod requires a connection to the earth to perform its protective function. Lightning rods come in many different forms, including hollow, solid, pointed, rounded, flat strips, or even bristle brush-like. The main attribute common to all lightning rods is that they are all made of conductive materials, such as copper and aluminum. Copper and its alloys are the most common materials used in lightning protection. History The principle of the lightning rod was first detailed by Benjamin Franklin in Pennsylvania in 1755, who in subsequent years developed his invention for household application (published in 1757) and made further improvements towards a reliable system around 1760. United States In what later became the United States, the pointed lightning rod conductor, also called a lightning attractor or Franklin rod, was invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 as part of his groundbreaking exploration of electricity. Although not the first to suggest a correlation between electricity and lightning, Franklin was the first to propose a workable system for testing his hypothesis. Franklin speculated that, with an iron rod sharpened to a point, \"The electrical fire would, I think, be drawn out of a cloud silently, before it could come near enough to strike.\" Franklin speculated about lightning rods for several years before his reported kite experiment. In the 19th century, the lightning rod became a decorative motif. Lightning rods were embellished with ornamental glass balls (now prized by collectors). The ornamental appeal of these glass balls has been used in weather vanes. The main purpose of these balls, however, is to provide evidence of a lightning strike by shattering or falling off. If after a storm a ball is discovered missing or broken, the property owner should then check the building, rod, and grounding wire for damage. Balls of solid glass occasionally were used in a method purported to prevent lightning strikes to ships and other objects. The idea was that glass objects, being non-conductors, are seldom struck by lightning. Therefore, goes the theory, there must be something about glass that repels lightning. Hence the best method for preventing a lightning strike to a wooden ship was to bury a small solid glass ball in the tip of the highest mast. The random behavior of lightning combined with observers' confirmation bias ensured that the method gained a good bit of credence even after the development of the marine lightning rod soon after Franklin's initial work. The first lightning conductors on ships were supposed","title":"Lightning rod"},{"docid":"7473698","text":"A multipoint ground is an alternate type of electrical installation that attempts to solve the ground loop and mains hum problem by creating many alternate paths for electrical energy to find its way back to ground. The distinguishing characteristic of a multipoint ground is the use of many interconnected grounding conductors into a loose grid configuration. There will be many paths between any two points in a multipoint grounding system, rather than the single path found in a star topology ground. This type of ground may also be known as a Signal Reference Grid or Ground (SRG) or an Equipotential Ground. Advantages If installed correctly, it can maintain reference ground potential much better than a star topology in a similar application across a wider range of frequencies and currents. Disadvantages A multipoint ground system is more complicated to install and maintain over the long term, and can be more expensive to install. Star topology systems can be converted to multipoint systems by installing new conductors between old existing ones. However, this should be done with care as it can inadvertently introduce noise onto signal lines during the conversion process. The noise can be diminished over time as noisy and failed components are removed and repaired, but some isolation of high current (e.g. motors and lighting) and sensitive low current (e.g. amplifiers and radios) equipment may always be necessary. Design considerations A multipoint grounding system can solve several problems, but they must all be addressed in turn. The size of the conductors must be designed to meet the expected load in operations and in lightning protection. The amount of cross bonding, and the topology of the grids, is determined by the expected frequencies in the signals to be carried and the uses the installation will be put to. A ground grid is provided primarily for safety, and the size of the conductors is probably governed by local building or electrical code. One factor to keep in mind is that since the final grid will have multiple paths to ground, the final system resistance to ground will likely be lower than for a typical star ground. But this does not change the need for adequate conductor size to any given piece of equipment in case of a fault. Lightning protection is provided by bonding the multipoint ground grid to one or more grounding rods under or at the perimeter of the building, and then up to the lightning rods. If the building has significant metal framing elements, these should be bonded to the lightning rods and grounding rods as well. If the building has large motors, driving such things as fans, pumps, elevators, etc., these should also be on the multipoint grid. However, they should not be on segments of the grid that will service equipment such as audio amplifiers, small signal radio circuits, computer networks, sensitive electrical instrumentation, etc. Since building two grids into the same building may be prohibitively expensive, a good compromise is to connect the low frequency, high","title":"Multipoint ground"},{"docid":"12977073","text":"In electrical engineering, isolated-phase bus (IPB), also known as phase-isolated bus (PIB) in some countries, is a method of construction for circuits carrying very large currents, typically between a generator and its step-up transformer in a steam or large hydroelectric power plant. Each phase current is carried on a separate conductor, enclosed in a separate grounded metal housing. Conductors are usually hollow aluminum tubes or aluminum bars, supported within the housing on porcelain or polymer insulators. The metal housings are electrically connected so that induced current, nearly of the magnitude of the phase current, can flow through the housing, in the opposite direction from the phase current. The magnetic field produced by this current nearly exactly cancels the magnetic field produced by the phase current, so there is almost no external magnetic field produced. This also limits the amount of force produced between conductors during a short circuit. The external housings of the conductors remain at a low potential with respect to earth ground and are usually bonded to ground. By enclosing the conductors in separate housings a high degree of protection from two-phase and three-phase faults is obtained. Almost any fault would instead be a single-phase earth fault which does not produce a large fault current. The conductors between the generator and the first circuit breaker are even more important to protect against two- and three-phase faults because there is no breaker that can stop the fault current from the generator. While most modern circuit breakers will interrupt the fault current in less than 50 ms, the fault current from the generator will take several seconds to interrupt because the field current in the rotor takes this amount of time to discharge. The consequences of a two- or three-phase fault between the generator and the first circuit breaker are therefore much more serious and often result in severe damage to the busbars and nearby equipment. Isolated-phase bus is made in ratings from 3000 amperes to 45,000 amperes, and rated for voltages from 5000 volts up to about 35,000 volts. In the larger current ratings, dry air is forced through the enclosures and within the tubular conductors for forced-air cooling of the conductors. The cooling air is recirculated through a heat exchanger. Some items of switchgear, such as circuit breakers and isolating switches, are made in housings compatible with the isolated-phase bus. Accessories such as instrument transformers, surge arresters, and capacitors are also made in compatible housings. Due to the expense of its construction and the energy loss, isolated-phase bus is usually used in short segments; a large underground powerhouse may have isolated-phase bus up to about 250 metres or so to connect generators to transformers in a cavern. Forced-air cooling can approximately double the rating over the same size conductors used in a self-cooled system. The extra cost of losses and cooling fan power consumption must be balanced against the lower capital cost of the bus. Various forms of flexible terminals, expansion joints, and weatherproof or fire-proof bushings and","title":"Isolated-phase bus"},{"docid":"63067942","text":"ALDIS (Austrian Lightning Detection & Information System) is a sensor network in Austria for the detection and localization of lightning discharge occurring during thunderstorms. In addition to the location of the strike point, the associated peak current is also estimated. ALDIS is a member of the pan-European lightning detection project EUCLID (EUropean Cooperation for LIghtning Detection). ALDIS was initiated in 1991. Project partners are the OVE (Austrian Electrotechnical Association) and APG (Austrian Power Grid). The detection of lightning, either from cloud-to-ground or within the cloud is accomplished by eight sensors of type LS7002 (Vaisala), which are distributed across the Austrian territory. The performance of a lightning location system is best described by the main performance parameters detection efficiency (DE), location accuracy (LA), and classification accuracy (CA). In a study by Schwalt et al. (2020) based on data from a high speed video camera and an electric field recording system, it is shown that the DE of flashes (any group of cloud-to-ground, CG, and intracloud, IC, discharges belonging to the same origin in the cloud) exceeds 96%. The LA of the detected cloud-to-ground discharges is about 100 m on average. The accuracy to classify correctly individual lightning events as cloud-to-ground (CG) or intracloud (IC) events is 80-90% (classification accuracy, CA) for the sensor system LS7002. Since 1998 a radio tower located on top of the Gaisberg (a mountain near Salzburg, Austria) is equipped with instruments in order to record lighting current waveforms and allow to obtain parameters of the lightning strokes to the tower. Thereby obtained data are also applicable for the performance analyses and calibration of the lightning location system ALDIS and lightning research studies in general. The main goals of the ALDIS project group are: to provide lightning data to a number of lighting sensitive businesses and organizations in Austria (meteorological services, insurance companies, etc.) to perform research about the origins and effects of lightning which has an impact on the development of lightning protection system thunderstorm warning due to automatically monitoring of first indications of approaching thunderstorms. This can be used to send warning messages to critical industries (e.g. handling of explosives) long-term archiving of located lightning for statistical evaluations in connection with the determination of the local lightning hazard or risk management according to the valid international lightning protection standards (IEC/EN 62305 series). Some historical lightning data can be accessed via HORA (Natural Hazard Overview & Risk Assessment Austria, https://hora.gv.at). An overview of the actual lightning activity in Austria is shown on ALDIS mobile. References Lightning Science and technology in Austria","title":"Austrian Lightning Detection & Information System"},{"docid":"15235947","text":"In an electric power system, overcurrent or excess current is a situation where a larger than intended electric current exists through a conductor, leading to excessive generation of heat, and the risk of fire or damage to equipment. Possible causes for overcurrent include short circuits, excessive load, incorrect design, an arc fault, or a ground fault. Fuses, circuit breakers, and current limiters are commonly used overcurrent protection (OCP) mechanisms to control the risks. Circuit breakers, relays, and fuses protect circuit wiring from damage caused by overcurrent. Overcurrent in an electrical grid Overcurrent capabilities of electrical generators are essential for the power system operations. Lack of overcurrent capability (low short circuit ratio) of a weak grid creates a multitude of problems, including: transients during the large load changes will cause large variations of the grid voltage, causing problems with the loads (e.g., some motors might not be able to start in the undervoltage condition); the grid protection devices are designed to be triggered by a sufficient level of overcurrent. In a weak system the short circuit current might be hard to distinguish from a normal transient overcurrent encountered during the load changes; during a black start operation after a failure, large inrush current might be needed to energize the system components. For example, if some loads in a weak system remain connected, and inverter-based resource might not be able to start. Related standards IEC 60364-4-43: Electrical installations of buildings – Part 4-43: Protection for safety – Protection against overcurrent See also Current limiting Electrical fault Electrical safety Overvoltage References Sources Electrical systems","title":"Overcurrent"},{"docid":"235899","text":"A circuit breaker is an electrical safety device designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by current in excess of that which the equipment can safely carry (overcurrent). Its basic function is to interrupt current flow to protect equipment and to prevent fire. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying current ratings, from devices that protect low-current circuits or individual household appliances, to switchgear designed to protect high-voltage circuits feeding an entire city. Any device which protects against excessive current by automatically removing power from a faulty system, such as a circuit breaker or fuse, can be referred to as an over-current protection device (OCPD). Origins An early form of circuit breaker was described by Thomas Edison in an 1879 patent application, although his commercial power distribution system used fuses. Its purpose was to protect lighting circuit wiring from accidental short circuits and overloads. A modern miniature circuit breaker similar to the ones now in use was patented by Brown, Boveri & Cie in 1924. Hugo Stotz, an engineer who had sold his company to Brown, Boveri & Cie, was credited as the inventor on German patent 458392. Stotz's invention was the forerunner of the modern thermal-magnetic breaker commonly used in household load centers to this day. Interconnection of multiple generator sources into an electrical grid required the development of circuit breakers with increasing voltage ratings and increased ability to safely interrupt the increasing short-circuit currents produced by networks. Simple air-break manual switches produced hazardous arcs when interrupting high-voltage circuits; these gave way to oil-enclosed contacts, and various forms using the directed flow of pressurized air, or pressurized oil, to cool and interrupt the arc. By 1935, the specially constructed circuit breakers used at the Boulder Dam project used eight series breaks and pressurized oil flow to interrupt faults of up to 2,500 MVA, in three AC cycles. Operation All circuit breaker systems have common features in their operation, but details vary substantially depending on the voltage class, current rating and type of the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker must first detect a fault condition. In small mains and low-voltage circuit breakers, this is usually done within the device itself. Typically, the heating or magnetic effects of electric current are employed. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually arranged with protective relay pilot devices to sense a fault condition and to operate the opening mechanism. These typically require a separate power source, such as a battery, although some high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers, protective relays, and internal power sources. Once a fault is detected, the circuit breaker contacts must open to interrupt the circuit; this is commonly done using mechanically stored energy contained within the breaker, such as a spring or compressed air to separate the contacts. A breaker may also use the higher current caused by the","title":"Circuit breaker"},{"docid":"29160726","text":"An impulse generator is an electrical apparatus which produces very short high-voltage or high-current surges. Such devices can be classified into two types: impulse voltage generators and impulse current generators. High impulse voltages are used to test the strength of electric power equipment against lightning and switching surges. Also, steep-front impulse voltages are sometimes used in nuclear physics experiments. High impulse currents are needed not only for tests on equipment such as lightning arresters and fuses but also for many other technical applications such as lasers, thermonuclear fusion, and plasma devices. Jedlik's tubular voltage generator In 1863 Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik discovered the possibility of voltage multiplication and in 1868 demonstrated it with a \"tubular voltage generator\", which was successfully displayed at the Vienna World Exposition in 1873. It was an early form of the impulse generators now applied in nuclear research. The jury of the World Exhibition of 1873 in Vienna awarded his voltage multiplying condenser of cascade connection with prize \"For Development\". Through this condenser, Jedlik framed the principle of surge generator of cascaded connection. (The Cascade connection was another important invention of Ányos Jedlik.) Marx generator One form is the Marx generator, named after Erwin Otto Marx, who first proposed it in 1923. This consists of multiple capacitors that are first charged in parallel through charging resistors as by a high-voltage, direct-current source and then connected in series and discharged through a test object by a simultaneous spark-over of the spark gaps. The impulse current generator comprises many capacitors that are also charged in parallel by a high-voltage, low-current, direct-current source, but it is discharged in parallel through resistances, inductances, and a test object by a spark gap. See also Pulsed power Pulse-forming network Marx generator Cockcroft–Walton generator Fuse (electrical) Laser Nuclear fusion Particle accelerator Plasma (physics) References Electronic engineering Hungarian inventions","title":"Impulse generator"},{"docid":"316577","text":"A launch pad is an above-ground facility from which a rocket-powered missile or space vehicle is vertically launched. The term launch pad can be used to describe just the central launch platform (mobile launcher platform), or the entire complex (launch complex). The entire complex will include a launch mount or launch platform to physically support the vehicle, a service structure with umbilicals, and the infrastructure required to provide propellants, cryogenic fluids, electrical power, communications, telemetry, rocket assembly, payload processing, storage facilities for propellants and gases, equipment, access roads, and drainage. Most launch pads include fixed service structures to provide one or more access platforms to assemble, inspect, and maintain the vehicle and to allow access to the spacecraft, including the loading of crew. The pad may contain a flame deflection structure to prevent the intense heat of the rocket exhaust from damaging the vehicle or pad structures, and a sound suppression system spraying large quantities of water may be employed. The pad may also be protected by lightning arresters. A spaceport typically includes multiple launch complexes and other supporting infrastructure. A launch pad is distinct from a missile launch facility (or missile silo or missile complex), which also launches a missile vertically but is located underground in order to help harden it against enemy attack. The launch complex for liquid fueled rockets often has extensive ground support equipment including propellant tanks and plumbing to fill the rocket before launch. Cryogenic propellants (liquid oxygen oxidizer, and liquid hydrogen or liquid methane fuel) need to be continuously topped off (i.e., boil-off replaced) during the launch sequence (countdown), as the vehicle awaits liftoff. This becomes particularly important as complex sequences may be interrupted by planned or unplanned holds to fix problems. Most rockets need to be supported and held down for a few seconds after ignition while the engines build up to full thrust. The vehicle is commonly held on the pad by hold-down arms or explosive bolts, which are triggered when the vehicle is stable and ready to fly, at which point all umbilical connections with the pad are released. Transport of rockets to the pad . Each launch site is unique, but a few broad types can be described by the means by which the space vehicle gets to the pad. Horizontally integrated rockets travel horizontally with the tail forward to the launch site on a transporter erector launcher and are then raised to the vertical position over the flame duct. Examples include all large Soviet rockets, including Soyuz, Proton, N1, and Energia. This method is also used by the SpaceX and Electron launch vehicles. Silo launched rockets are assembled inside of a missile silo. This method is only used by converted ICBMs due to the difficulty and expense of constructing a silo that can contain the forces of a rocket launch. Vertically integrated rockets can be assembled in a separate hangar on a mobile launcher platform (MLP). The MLP contains the umbilical structure and is carried to the launch site","title":"Launch pad"},{"docid":"1138512","text":"The prospective short-circuit current (PSCC), available fault current, or short-circuit making current is the highest electric current which can exist in a particular electrical system under short-circuit conditions. It is determined by the voltage and impedance of the supply system. It is of the order of a few thousand amperes for a standard domestic mains electrical installation, but may be as low as a few milliamperes in a separated extra-low voltage (SELV) system or as high as hundreds of thousands of amps in large industrial power systems. The term is used in electrical engineering rather than electronics. Protective devices such as circuit breakers and fuses must be selected with an interrupting rating that exceeds the prospective short-circuit current, if they are to safely protect the circuit from a fault. When a large electric current is interrupted an arc forms, and if the breaking capacity of a fuse or circuit breaker is exceeded, it will not extinguish the arc. Current will continue, resulting in damage to equipment, fire, or explosion. Residential In designing domestic power installations, the short-circuit current available on the electrical outlets should not be too high or too low. The effect of too high short-circuit current is discussed in the previous section. The short-circuit current should be around 20 times the rating of the circuit to ensure the branch circuit protection clears a fault quickly. Quick disconnecting is needed, because during a line-to-ground short circuit the grounding pin potential on the power outlet can rise relative to the local earth (concrete floor, water pipe etc.) to a dangerous voltage, which needs to be shut down quickly for safety. If the short-circuit current is lower than this figure, special precautions need to be taken to make sure that the system is safe; those usually include using a residual-current device (a.k.a. ground fault interrupter) for extra protection. The short-circuit current available on the electrical outlets is often tested when inspecting new electrical installations to make sure that the short-circuit current is within reasonable limits. A high short-circuit current on the outlet also shows that the resistance from the electrical panel to the outlet is low, so there won't be an unacceptably high voltage drop on the wires under normal load. The resistance path is the total resistance back through the supply transformer; to measure this an engineer will use an \"earth fault loop impedance meter\". The application of a low voltage allows a small current to pass from the socket back through earth to the supply transformer and distribution board. The resistance measured can be used to calculate the short-circuit current. Utility and industrial In power transmission systems and industrial power systems, often the short-circuit current is calculated from the nameplate impedances of connected equipment and the impedance of interconnecting wiring. For simple radial distribution systems with only a few elements, hand calculation is feasible, but computer software is generally used for more complex systems. Where rotating machines (generators and motors) are present in the system, the time-varying effect of","title":"Prospective short-circuit current"},{"docid":"2118467","text":"British Standard BS 7671 \"Requirements for Electrical Installations. IET Wiring Regulations\", informally called in the UK electrical community \"The Regs\", is the national standard in the United Kingdom for electrical installation and the safety of electrical wiring systems SCOPE of BS 7671 The regulations in BS7671 applies to the design, selection, erection and verification of electrical installations within; residential properties commercial properties public premises industrial premises prefabricated building low voltage generating sets highway equipment and street furniture locations containing a bath or shower rooms or cabins that contain a sauna swimming pools and other basins construction and demolition sites agricultural and horticultural premises caravan/camping parks and similar locations marinas and similar locations medical locations exhibitions, shows and stands Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems (Domestic and commercial) outdoor lighting installations extra-low voltage lighting mobile and transportable units caravans and motor caravans temporary installations for structures, amusement devices/booths at fairgrounds, amusement parks, circuses and professional stage and broadcast applications operating and maintenance gangways floor and ceiling heating systems onshore units of electrical shore connections for inland navigation vessels. Exclusions from the scope of BS 7671 are the following. systems for the distribution of electricity to the public other than prosumer's installations covered by Chapter 82 Railway traction equipment, rolling stock and signalling equipment Equipment of motor vehicles, except those to which the requirements of the Regulations concerning caravans or other types of mobile unit are applicable. Equipment on board ships covered by BS 8450, BS EN 60092-507, BS EN ISO 13297 or BS EN ISO 10133 Equipment of mobile or fixed offshore installations. Equipment within and aircraft. Those aspects of mines covered by Statutory Regulations Radio interference suppression equipment, except so far as it affects safety of the electrical installation. Lightning protection systems for buildings and structures covered by BS EN 62305. Those aspects of Lift Installations covered by relevant parts of BS 5655 and BS EN 81 and those aspects of escalator or moving walkway installations covered by relevant parts of BS 5656 and BS EN 115. Electrical equipment of machines covered by BS EN 60204. Electric fences covered by BS EN 60335-2-76 The DC side of cathodic protection systems complying with the relevant part(s) of BS EN 12696, BS EN 12954, BS EN ISO 13174, BS EN 13636 and BS EN 14505. BS 7671 only covers electrical systems that the IET defines as those covered by the following. Circuits supplied at a nominal voltage up to, but not exceeding 1000V AC or 1500V DC. For AC the preferred frequencies of the supply are 50Hz, 60Hz and 400Hz. The use of other frequencies for special purposes in not excluded. Part 2 - Definitions the voltages covered by BS7671 are defined thus. Voltage, nominal (U0). The voltage by which an installation (or part of an installation) is designated and the following ranges of nominal voltage (rms values for AC) are defined Extra-low. Not exceeding 50V AC or 120V ripple free DC, whether between conductors or Earth Low. Exceeding extra-low voltage but","title":"BS 7671"},{"docid":"294989","text":"A spark gap consists of an arrangement of two conducting electrodes separated by a gap usually filled with a gas such as air, designed to allow an electric spark to pass between the conductors. When the potential difference between the conductors exceeds the breakdown voltage of the gas within the gap, a spark forms, ionizing the gas and drastically reducing its electrical resistance. An electric current then flows until the path of ionized gas is broken or the current reduces below a minimum value called the \"holding current\". This usually happens when the voltage drops, but in some cases occurs when the heated gas rises, stretching out and then breaking the filament of ionized gas. Usually, the action of ionizing the gas is violent and disruptive, often leading to sound (ranging from a snap for a spark plug to thunder for a lightning discharge), light, and heat. Spark gaps were used historically in early electrical equipment, such as spark gap radio transmitters, electrostatic machines, and X-ray machines. Their most widespread use today is in spark plugs to ignite the fuel in internal combustion engines, but they are also used in lightning arresters and other devices to protect electrical equipment from high-voltage transients. Breakdown voltage For air, the breakdown strength is about 30 kV/cm at sea level. Spark visibility The light emitted by a spark does not come from the current of electrons itself, but from the material medium fluorescing in response to collisions from the electrons. When electrons collide with molecules of air in the gap, they excite their orbital electrons to higher energy levels. When these excited electrons fall back to their original energy levels, they emit energy as light. It is impossible for a visible spark to form in a vacuum. Without intervening matter capable of electromagnetic transitions, the spark will be invisible (see vacuum arc). Applications Spark gaps are essential to the functioning of a number of electronic devices. Ignition devices A spark plug uses a spark gap to initiate combustion. The heat of the ionization trail, but more importantly, UV radiation and hot free electrons (both cause the formation of reactive free radicals) ignite a fuel-air mixture inside an internal combustion engine, or a burner in a furnace, oven, or stove. The more UV radiation is produced and successfully spread into the combustion chamber, the further the combustion process proceeds. The Space Shuttle Main Engine hydrogen oxygen propellant mixture was ignited with a spark igniter. Protective devices Spark gaps are frequently used to prevent voltage surges from damaging equipment. Spark gaps are used in high-voltage switches, large power transformers, in power plants and electrical substations. Such switches are constructed with a large, remote-operated switching blade with a hinge as one contact and two leaf springs holding the other end as second contact. If the blade is opened, a spark may keep the connection between blade and spring conducting. The spark ionizes the air, which becomes conductive and allows an arc to form, which sustains ionization and","title":"Spark gap"},{"docid":"6855511","text":"An electrical room is a technical room or space in a building dedicated to electrical equipment. Its size is usually proportional to the size of the building; large buildings may have a main electrical room and subsidiary electrical rooms. Electrical equipment may be for power distribution equipment, or for communications equipment. Electrical rooms typically house the following equipment: Electric switchboards Distribution boards Circuit breakers and disconnects Motor control centers Transformers Busbars Electricity meters Backup batteries in a Battery room Fire alarm control panels Distribution frames In large building complexes, the primary electrical room may house an indoor electrical substation. Construction features The construction features of an electrical room vary depending on the scope of the equipment to be installed. Floors may be reinforced to support heavy transformers and switchgear. Walls and ceilings may have to support a heavy cable tray system or busbars. Additional ventilation or air conditioning may be needed, since electrical apparatus gives off heat but the temperature must not rise beyond the tolerance of equipment. Double doors may be installed to allow for maintenance of large equipment. If utility service entrance equipment and metering is present in the room, special provisions may be made for access by utility personnel. Fire detection and fire suppression systems, such as carbon dioxide, may be installed. A large electrical room may have extensive provisions for grounding (earthing) and bonding enclosures of electrical equipment to prevent stray voltage and danger of electric shock, even during faults in the electrical system. Lightning protection requires different measures than protection from power-frequency faults. Electrical rooms may have electromagnetic shielding to prevent interference to nearby sensitive audio or video equipment. In large facilities access control systems may control admission to the room. Regulations Layout details and construction of electrical rooms will be controlled by local building code and electrical code regulations. Requirements for an electrical room relate to fire safety and electrical hazards. An electrical room is usually required to be secured from access by unauthorized persons; these rules are especially strict where equipment within the room has exposed live terminals. Regulations may require two separate means of exit from a room where the power rating of circuits exceeds some threshold, to allow for quick exit in an emergency. Rooms containing oil-filled equipment may be required to have fire-resistant construction or active fire suppression equipment in the room and may be designated as an electrical vault. Since power distribution often requires large numbers of electrical cables, special measures for fire resistance of cables and cable trays may be also specified by regulations. In industrial buildings that handle flammable gases or liquids, or combustible dusts, special electrical rooms may be prepared that have ventilation and other measures to prevent an explosion hazard that would otherwise exist with electrical equipment in hazardous areas. For large installations, it may be less costly overall to use a special room than to install a large number of devices that are resistant to the hazardous conditions. Similarly, in wet or corrosive environments,","title":"Electrical room"},{"docid":"457968","text":"A power strip is a block of electrical sockets that attaches to the end of a flexible cable (typically with a mains plug on the other end), allowing multiple electrical devices to be powered from a single electrical socket. Power strips are often used when many electrical devices are in proximity, such as for audio, video, computer systems, appliances, power tools, and lighting. Power strips often include a circuit breaker to interrupt the electric current in case of an overload or a short circuit. Some power strips provide protection against electrical power surges. Typical housing styles include strip, rack-mount, under-monitor and direct plug-in. Control Some power strips include a master switch to turn all devices on and off. This can be used with simple devices, such as lights, but not with most computers, which must use shutdown commands from the software first. Computers may have open files, which may be damaged if the power is simply turned off. Some power strips have individually switched outlets. \"Master/slave\" strips can detect one \"master\" device being turned off (such as the PC itself in a computer setup, or a TV in a home theatre) and turn everything else on or off accordingly. Remote control strips are used in data centers, to allow computer systems or other devices to be remotely restarted, often over the Internet (although this leaves them vulnerable to outside attacks). Indication Many power strips have a neon or LED indicator light or one per output socket to show when power is on. Better-quality surge-protected strips have additional lights to indicate the status of the surge protection system, however these are not always reliable as an indicator. Energy-saving features and standby power Some power strips have energy-saving features, which switch off the strip if appliances go into standby mode. Using a sensor circuit, they detect if the level of power through the socket is in standby mode (less than 30 watts), and if so they will turn off that socket. This reduces the consumption of standby power used by computer peripherals and other equipment when not in use, saving money and energy Some more-sophisticated power strips have a master and slave socket arrangement, and when the \"master\" socket detects standby mode in the attached appliance's current it turns off the whole strip. However, there can be problems detecting standby power in appliances that use more power in standby mode (such as plasma televisions) as they will always appear to the power strip to be switched on. When using a master–slave power strip, one way to avoid such problems is to plug an appliance with a lower standby wattage (such as a DVD player) into the master socket, using it as the master control instead. A different power strip design intended to save energy uses a passive infrared (PIR) or ultrasonic sound detector to determine if a person is nearby. If the sensors don't detect any motion for a preset period of time, the strip shuts off several outlets, while leaving one","title":"Power strip"},{"docid":"36672111","text":"Since the late 1980s, there have been several attempts to investigate the possibility of harvesting lightning energy. A single bolt of lightning carries a relatively large amount of energy (approximately 7 gigajoules or about the energy stored in 38 gallons or 172 litres of gasoline). However, this energy is concentrated in a small location and is passed during an extremely short period of time (microseconds); therefore, extremely high electrical power is involved. 5 gigajoules over 10 microseconds is equal to 500 terawatts. Because lightning bolts vary in voltage and current, a more average calculation would be 10 gigawatts. It has been proposed that the energy contained in lightning be used to generate hydrogen from water, to harness the energy from rapid heating of water due to lightning, or to use a group of lightning arresters to harness a strike, either directly or by converting it to heat or mechanical energy, or to use inductors spaced far enough away so that a safe fraction of the energy might be captured. Overview A technology capable of harvesting lightning energy would need to be able to rapidly capture the high power involved in a lightning bolt. Several schemes have been proposed, but the ever-changing energy involved in each lightning bolt renders lightning power harvesting from ground-based rods impractical: too high and it will damage the storage; too low and it may not work. Additionally, lightning is sporadic, and therefore energy would have to be collected and stored; it is difficult to convert high-voltage electrical power to the lower-voltage power that can be stored. In the summer of 2007, an alternative energy company called Alternate Energy Holdings, Inc. (AEHI) tested a method for capturing the energy in lightning bolts. The design for the system had been purchased from an Illinois inventor named Steve LeRoy, who had reportedly been able to power a 60-watt light bulb for 20 minutes using the energy captured from a small flash of artificial lightning. The method involved a tower, a means of shunting off a large portion of the incoming energy, and a capacitor to store the rest. According to Donald Gillispie, CEO of AEHI, they \"couldn't make it work,\" although \"given enough time and money, you could probably scale this thing up... it's not black magic; it's truly math and science, and it could happen.\" According to Martin A. Uman, co-director of the Lightning Research Laboratory at the University of Florida and a leading authority on lightning, \"a single lightning strike, while fast and bright, contains very little energy by the time it gets down to earth, and dozens of lightning towers like those used in the system tested by AEHI would be needed to operate five 100-watt light bulbs for the course of a year\". When interviewed by The New York Times, he stated that \"the energy in a thunderstorm is comparable to that of an atomic bomb, but trying to harvest the energy of lightning from the ground is hopeless\". Another major challenge when attempting to","title":"Harvesting lightning energy"},{"docid":"34220239","text":"IEC 60204-1 / EN 60204 Safety of machinery – Electrical equipment of machines – Part 1: General requirements This is a standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), published in parallel by CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization). Content The standard contains the following: Electrical Supply Requirements; electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements; over current and over voltage protection requirements; requirements for determination of the short circuit current rating of the electrical equipment; protective bonding requirements, terminology, and protection against electric shock; Incoming supply requirements and switching; requirements pertaining to safe torque off, emergency stop, and control circuit protection; symbols for actuators of control devices; testing requirements; marking and documentation requirements. Scope IEC 60204-1 is scoped to cover the electrical equipment of machines that operate in the low-voltage range, generally accepted to be 1000 V a.c. or less, or 1500 V d.c. or less. Equipment within the scope is typically built from off-the-shelf components assembled into a suitable electrical enclosure, with the necessary interconnecting wiring and mechanical supporting structures. Custom switchgear and controlgear assemblies are covered by IEC 61439-1 used with IEC 61439-2. Switchgear and controlgear assemblies are explicitly permitted for integration as part of the electrical equipment of machines under IEC 60204-1. The electrical equipment covered by the standard includes the switchgear and controlgear of the machine. Switchgear includes the power switching components, e.g., the main disconnecting device, and breakers protecting the supply conductors and the branch circuits in the machine. Controlgear includes all of the control system components downstream of the switchgear, out to the final point of control, but not including the machine actuators. The scope restricts the mains supply frequency to an upper limit of 200 Hz. This acts to exclude machinery built for installation on aircraft or shipboard where the supply frequency is typically 400 Hz. Specialized machines have additional requirements found in other parts of IEC 60204, including machines that: are intended for use in open air (i.e. outside buildings or other protective structures); use, process, or produce potentially explosive material (for example paint or sawdust); are intended for use in potentially explosive and/or flammable atmospheres; have special risks when producing or using certain materials; are intended for use in mines; are sewing machines, units, and systems (which are covered by IEC 60204-31); are hoisting machines (which are covered by IEC 60204-32); are semiconductor fabrication equipment (which are covered by IEC 60204-33). Exclusions Specifically excluded from the scope of IEC 60204-1 are machines that are portable by hand when working, and machines \"where electrical energy is directly used as a working tool.\" The complete scope of the standard can be viewed by visiting the IEC catalog page for the standard and clicking on the \"Preview\" button to obtain the Table of Contents, Scope, and Normative References sections of the standard. Parts IEC 60204-11, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 11: Requirements for equipment for voltages above 1 000 V AC or 1 500 V DC and not exceeding 36 kV IEC","title":"IEC 60204"},{"docid":"1561900","text":"In an electric power system, a switchgear is composed of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This type of equipment is directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply. The earliest central power stations used simple open knife switches, mounted on insulating panels of marble or asbestos. Power levels and voltages rapidly escalated, making opening manually operated switches too dangerous for anything other than isolation of a de-energized circuit. Oil-filled switchgear equipment allows arc energy to be contained and safely controlled. By the early 20th century, a switchgear line-up would be a metal-enclosed structure with electrically operated switching elements using oil circuit breakers. Today, oil-filled equipment has largely been replaced by air-blast, vacuum, or SF6 equipment, allowing large currents and power levels to be safely controlled by automatic equipment. High-voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for operating motors and other electric machines. The technology has been improved over time and can now be used with voltages up to 1,100 kV. Typically, switchgear in substations is located on both the high- and low-voltage sides of large power transformers. The switchgear on the low-voltage side of the transformers may be located in a building, with medium-voltage circuit breakers for distribution circuits, along with metering, control, and protection equipment. For industrial applications, a transformer and switchgear line-up may be combined in one housing, called a unitized substation (USS). According to the latest research by Visiongain, a market research company, the worldwide switchgear market is expected to achieve $152.5 billion by 2029 at a CAGR of 5.9%. Growing investment in renewable energy and enhanced demand for safe and secure electrical distribution systems are expected to generate the increase. Components A switchgear assembly has two types of components: Power-conducting components, such as switches, circuit breakers, fuses, and lightning arrestors, that conduct or interrupt the flow of electrical power. Control systems such as control panels, current transformers, potential transformers, protective relays, and associated circuitry, that monitor, control, and protect the power-conducting components. Functions One of the basic functions of switchgear is protection, which is interruption of short-circuit and overload fault currents while maintaining service to unaffected circuits. Switchgear also provides isolation of circuits from power supplies. Switchgear is further used to enhance system availability by allowing more than one source to feed a load. History Switchgear is as old as electricity generation. The first models were very primitive: all components were simply fixed to a wall. Later they were mounted on wooden panels. For reasons of fire protection, the wood was replaced by slate or marble. This led to a further improvement, because the switching and measuring devices could be attached to the front, while the wiring was on the back. Housing Switchgear for lower voltages may be entirely enclosed within a building. For higher voltages (over about 66 kV), switchgear is typically","title":"Switchgear"},{"docid":"395904","text":"Sir William Snow Harris (1 April 1791 – 22 January 1867) was a British physician and electrical researcher, nicknamed Thunder-and-Lightning Harris, and noted for his invention of a successful system of lightning conductors for ships. It took many years of campaigning, research and successful testing before the British Royal Navy changed to Harris's conductors from their previous less effective system. One of the successful test vessels was which survived lightning strikes unharmed on her famous voyage with Charles Darwin. Life and work Harris was born in Plymouth on 1 April 1791. His family was well established as solicitors in the town, and he went to Plymouth Grammar School. His childhood in the seaport which included the naval dockyard renamed Devonport gave him an enduring interest in ships. He went to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine and qualified as a physician, then returned to Plymouth and set up a medical practice. His interest in the emerging science of electricity led him to invent his improved lightning conductor for ships in 1820. In 1824 he married, and decided to abandon his profession of medicine to concentrate on his studies of electricity. His paper \"On the Relative Powers of various Metallic Substances as Conductors of Electricity\", read before the Royal Society in 1826, led to him being elected a fellow of the society in 1831. He read papers on the elementary laws of electricity to the Society in 1834, 1836 and 1839, and also sent accounts of his experiments and discoveries to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His experimental investigations into the force of high intensity electricity were published in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834. In 1835 Harris received the Royal Society's Copley Medal for his \"Experimental Investigations of the Forces of Electricity of high Intensity\". Harris was curator of apparatus in the museum of The Plymouth Institution (now The Plymouth Athenaeum) and held the office of President twice. His work on lightning conductors for ships gained him a government annuity of £300 \"in consideration of services in the cultivation of science\", and to overcome continued objections to his proposals he published an 1843 work on Thunderstorms, as well as contributing papers to The Nautical Magazine on lightning damage. He was knighted in 1847 after the system had been adopted and shown successful, and was given a grant of £5,000. Though his continued research did not find new discoveries, his manuals of Electricity, Galvanism and Magnetism were published between 1848 and 1856 and went through several editions. When he died in Plymouth on 22 January 1867 he had a Treatise on Frictional Electricity in preparation, and it was published later that year. Lightning conductor for ships The lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 suggested a way of avoiding the common problem of lightning causing damage to the wooden sailing ships of the period. In Britain, the Royal Navy chose a protection system with a chain draped into the sea from the top of the mast as a lightning conductor.","title":"William Snow Harris"},{"docid":"22435060","text":"Network isolators are installed as part of a wired Ethernet system as galvanic isolators to reduce the potential for electrical injury and limit the extent of damage due to lightning strikes. Through the applied principle of electromagnetic induction, network data is transmitted across an electrically non-conducting barrier. High frequency AC voltages conveying data are induced across an isolating gap. The network isolator is a passive device, and functions without any requirement of an external power supply. A functional equivalent to network isolators is Ethernet over a small stretch of optical fibre, using media converters or Ethernet switches/network cards with fiber connections on each end. Applications Network isolators have many other applications in overcoming the problems of differing ground potentials across networks, or between network components. For example: Electrical testing facilities, where measurement and monitoring equipment are connected to a central control centre through an Ethernet; For redundant server systems, which are physically connected via a copper network; For private or commercial networks, where inherent potential differences within a building, or between buildings, become problematic, and a fibre-optic solution is not economically viable; General usage as filters for shield currents in Ethernet connections. Medical Network isolators are used in medical devices to protect patients against leakage currents. Network connections between medical devices and Ethernet networks (and other non-medical devices, such as personal computers) must be in accordance with the IEC 60601-1 standard. This standard specifically deals with medical electronic and electrical equipment and systems, and classifies non-medical devices as potential hazard sources. A specific hazard stems from possible differences in ground potentials between network components, which, when not properly isolated, can result in a leakage current that can flow through the patient, which is dangerous, and potentially lethal. Such voltage differences can also arise through incorrect installation and wiring of network systems, electrical shorting within damaged cables and cabling, or shorting between damaged network cables and other voltage sources. Network isolators work to remove this hazard, by electrically disconnecting medical devices from a network. Isolators may be used as network accessories, built into medical devices, or installed within a medical network system. Networks isolators should be installed as close as possible to the medical device in question. As they serve no therapeutic or diagnostic purpose, network isolators themselves are not classed as medical electronic equipment according to the IEC 60601-1 standard, nor do they fall within the scope of the Medical Devices Directive 93/42/EEC. They are often installed in the medical field in conjunction with isolation transformers, which serve to protect the patient from other electrical faults. Technical requirements The international standard IEC 60601-1 Medical Electrical Equipment (3rd edition) specifies stringent criteria on the safety and isolation of medical devices. These requirements are of course much more stringent than those of a typical consumer product standard (i.e. IEC 60950 Safety of Information Technology Equipment), as the patient may be unconscious, anaesthetised, or otherwise unable to move, and the need for patient protection is therefore paramount. The IEC 60601-1 standard requires that","title":"Network isolator"},{"docid":"575126","text":"An isolation transformer is a transformer used to transfer electrical power from a source of alternating current (AC) power to some equipment or device while isolating the powered device from the power source, usually for safety reasons or to reduce transients and harmonics. Isolation transformers provide galvanic isolation; no conductive path is present between source and load. This isolation is used to protect against electric shock, to suppress electrical noise in sensitive devices, or to transfer power between two circuits which must not be connected. A transformer sold for isolation is often built with special insulation between primary and secondary, and is specified to withstand a high voltage between windings. Isolation transformers block transmission of the DC component in signals from one circuit to the other, but allow AC components in signals to pass. Transformers that have a ratio of 1 to 1 between the primary and secondary windings are often used to protect secondary circuits and individuals from electrical shocks between energized conductors and earth ground. Suitably designed isolation transformers block interference caused by ground loops. Isolation transformers with electrostatic shields are used for power supplies for sensitive equipment such as computers, medical devices, or laboratory instruments. Some specifications require that Isolation transformers be a part of the lightning protection on the AC circuits. Terminology Sometimes the term is used to emphasize that a device is not an autotransformer whose primary and secondary circuits are connected. Power transformers with specified insulation between primary and secondary are not usually described only as \"isolation transformers\" unless this is their primary function. Only transformers whose primary purpose is to isolate circuits are routinely described as isolation transformers. Operation Isolation transformers are designed with attention to capacitive coupling between the two windings. The capacitance between primary and secondary windings would also couple AC current from the primary to the secondary. A grounded Faraday shield between the primary and the secondary greatly reduces the coupling of common-mode noise. This may be another winding or a metal strip surrounding a winding. Differential noise can magnetically couple from the primary to the secondary of an isolation transformer, and must be filtered out if a problem occurs. Applications Pulse transformers Some small transformers are used for isolation in pulse circuits. Electronics testing In electronics testing and servicing, an isolation transformer is a 1:1 (under load) power transformer used for safety. Without it, exposed live metal in a device under test is at a hazardous voltage relative to grounded objects such as a heating radiator or oscilloscope ground lead (a particular hazard with some old vacuum-tube equipment with live chassis). With the transformer, as there is no conductive connection between transformer secondary and primary, only a small leakage current will flow if the exposed live metal is connected to earth. Even if an isolation transformer is used, hazardous voltages may still be present between components of the isolated device. Thus it is still possible for an operator to be exposed to lethal voltages by touching multiple elements in","title":"Isolation transformer"},{"docid":"41472","text":"In telecommunication, the term outside plant has the following meanings: In civilian telecommunications, outside plant refers to all of the physical cabling and supporting infrastructure (such as conduit, cabinets, tower or poles), and any associated hardware (such as repeaters) located between a demarcation point in a switching facility and a demarcation point in another switching center or customer premises. In the United States, the DOD defines outside plant as the communications equipment located between a main distribution frame (MDF) and a user end instrument. The CATV industry divides its fixed assets between head end or inside plant, and outside plant. The electrical power industry also uses the term outside plant to refer to electric power distribution systems. Context Network connections between devices such as computers, printers, and phones require a physical infrastructure to carry and process signals. Typically, this infrastructure will consist of: Cables from wall outlets and jacks run to a communications closets, sometimes referred to as station cable. Cables connecting one communications closet to another, sometimes referred to as riser cable. Racks containing telecommunications hardware, such as switches, routers, and repeaters. Cables connecting one building to another. Exterior communications cabinets containing hardware outside of buildings. Radio transceivers used inside or outside buildings, such as wireless access points, and hardware associated with them, such as antennas and towers. The portion of this infrastructure contained within a building is the inside plant, and the portion of this infrastructure connecting buildings or facilities is the outside plant. Where these two plants meet in a given structure is the demarcation point. Outside plant cabling, whether copper or fiber, is generally installed as aerial cable between poles, in an underground conduit system, or by direct burial. Hardware associated with the outside plant must be either protected from the elements (for example, distribution frames are generally protected by a street side cabinet) or constructed with materials suitable for exposure to the elements. Installation of the outside plant elements often require construction of significant physical infrastructure, such as underground vaults. In older large installations, cabling is sometimes protected by air pressure systems designed to prevent water infiltration. While this is not a modern approach, the cost of replacement of the older cabling with sealed cabling is often prohibitively expensive. The cabling used in the outside plant must also be protected from electrical disturbances caused by lightning or voltage surges due to electrical shorts or induction. Example: copper access network In civilian telecommunications, the copper access network (also known as the local loop) providing basic telephone or DSL services typically consists of the following elements: In-house wiring that connects customer premises equipment to the demarcation point, usually in residential installations contained in a weather protected box. One or more twisted pairs, called a drop wire. The drop wires typically connect to a splice case, located in line for aerial cables, or in a small weather protected case for underground wiring, where the local cabling is connected to a secondary feeder line. These cables contain fifty or","title":"Outside plant"},{"docid":"56471486","text":"Vernon Cooray is a Sri Lankan scientist who is an emeritus professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering at Uppsala University, Sweden. As a scientist he has concentrated on solving both physics and engineering problems related to lightning physics, lightning protection and physics of electrical discharges. This research work has resulted in more than 600 research publications. He was the Ph.D. thesis supervisor of more than thirty researchers, both at Uppsala and foreign universities, who are now actively engaged in lightning research and lightning protection in different parts of the world. Early life and career In 2014 he was elected as the president of the International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP) for a period of six years. ICLP is considered as the most prestigious conference in the world that addresses the problems related to lightning physics and lightning protection and attended by lightning researchers and engineers from all over the world. From 2000 to 2017, he was the professor responsible for the research and Ph.D. studies in the field of atmospheric electrical discharges at Uppsala University. Vernon Cooray has also contributed to educate the general public on lightning and lightning protection through newspapers, radio and television. Vernon Cooray has edited three books and authored two books on lightning physics and lightning protection. Research He is the first scientist to show that the basic foundation of all engineering return stroke models are the same even though they are expressed in different mathematical formulations. He is also the first scientist to resolve one of the controversies that existed in 1980s between the EMC engineers and Power engineers related to the theories of interaction of lightning electromagnetic fields with power lines by showing that a model developed by Prof. Sune Rusck, and used frequently by power engineers, is identical to the model developed by Agrawal et al., frequently used by EMC engineers. He and his collaborators were the first group of scientists to show that lightning cloud flashes are as efficient as lightning ground flashes in generating nitrogen oxides. He together with Prof. Marcos Rubinstein developed the Cooray-Rubinstein approximation which is frequently used in analysing the voltages induced in power lines by lightning. Vernon Cooray and Marley Becerra developed the lightning interaction simulation program SLIM that can be used to predict the location of lightning strikes to structures. He together with Dr. Gerald Cooray illustrated a connection between classical electromagnetic fields and time energy uncertainty principle. Awards He has been awarded the Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) honorary degree from University of Colombo in Sri Lanka, the IEEE fellow membership, the Karl Berger award from the international scientific committee of ICLP, and the best book award from the Atmospheric Science Librarians International (ASLI). References 1951 births Living people Fellows of the IEEE Sri Lankan scientists Swedish people of Sri Lankan descent","title":"Vernon Cooray"},{"docid":"5801968","text":"A field mill is a specialized instrument used for measuring the strength of electric fields in the atmosphere, one of the key parameters of atmospheric electricity. They are used in the launch criteria for rockets bound for orbit, as well as the now-retired Space Shuttle, to avoid lightning strikes. They are also used in outdoor laboratories for lightning protection equipment to determine favorable experiment conditions, or simply to measure the atmospheric electric field away from thunderstorms. The \"mill\" is a typical rotating shutter design in the instrument. It acts as a Chopper, converting the tiny DC signal of ambient static electricity into a tiny AC signal that is easier to detect without the amplifier's DC bias swamping it. It can be used on the ground, or deployed airborne and flown through anvil head clouds to make measurements. KSC electric field mill network At Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida, 31 field mills are deployed around KSC and the nearby Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. Data from the field mills help forecasters determine when electric charge aloft might trigger lightning during a launch. References External links About Electric Field Mill Operation CAMEX-4 MIPS Field Mill Application of Airborne Field Mill Data for Use in Launch Support Florida Airborne Field Mill Research May Improve Launch Weather Criteria http://www.precisionstrobe.com/jc/fieldmill/fieldmill.html Build a homemade field mill INEO SUEZ Lightning Research Laboratory—University of Florida Lightning detection Meteorological instrumentation and equipment fr:Détecteur de foudre#Moulin à champ","title":"Field mill"},{"docid":"18758722","text":"Most forms of uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can be either powered by battery or flywheel energy. These are ready for immediate use at the instant that the mains electricity fails, but the relatively small and finite amount of stored energy they contain makes them suitable for short periods of use, typically in the order of a few dozen minutes to a couple of hours depending on the actual load. To get uninterruptible and continuous power supply, a diesel-generator back-up system is needed along with a fuel supply plan that includes on-demand replacement. Diesel rotary uninterruptible power supply devices (DRUPS) combine the functionality of a battery-powered or flywheel-powered UPS and a diesel generator. When mains electricity supply is within specification, an electrical generator with a mass functions as motor to store kinetic energy in an electro-mechanical flywheel. When mains electricity supply fails, stored energy in the flywheel is released to drive the electrical generator, which continues to supply power without interruption. At the same time (or with some delay, for example 2 to 11 seconds, to prevent the diesel engine from starting at every incident), the diesel engine takes over from the flywheel to drive the electrical generator to make the electricity required. The electro-magnetic flywheel can continue to support the diesel generator in order to keep a stable output frequency. Typically a DRUPS will have enough fuel to power the load for days or even weeks in the event of failure of the mains electricity supply. The main advantages of DRUPS equipment compared to battery-powered UPS combined with a diesel-generator are the higher overall system energy efficiency, smaller footprint, use of fewer components, longer technical lifetime (no use of power electronics) and the fact it does not result in chemical waste (no use of batteries). The main disadvantages of DRUPS equipment are a more frequent maintenance regimen due to the number of moving parts. DRUPS are also typically installed in external buildings due to noise concerns from the generators. A DRUPS can provide a ride-through time of 15–40 seconds. A flywheel UPS can be installed ahead of typical UPS battery systems to reduce the effects of lightning & switching transients and to increase battery life. See also Spot network substation References Uninterruptible power supply","title":"Diesel rotary uninterruptible power supply"},{"docid":"29152171","text":"A remote radio head (RRH), also called a remote radio unit (RRU) in wireless networks, is a remote radio transceiver that connects to an operator radio control panel via electrical or wireless interface. When used to describe aircraft radio cockpit radio systems, the control panel is often called the radio head. In wireless system technologies such as GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, 5G NR this radio equipment is remote to baseband units such as BTS/NodeB/eNodeB/gNodeB or gNB. This equipment is used to extend the coverage of a baseband unit in challenging environments such as rural areas or tunnels. RRHs are generally connected to the baseband unit or base station which can be an x86 server on the ground near a cell tower, via a fiber optic cable using Common Public Radio Interface protocols. RRHs have become one of the most important subsystems of today's new distributed base stations. The RRH contains RF circuitry plus analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog converters and up/down converters, and connects to, and thus drives the cell site's antenna. RRHs also have operation and management processing capabilities and a standardized optical interface to connect to the rest of the base station/baseband unit. This will be increasingly true as LTE and WiMAX are deployed. Remote radio heads make MIMO operation easier; they increase a base station's efficiency and facilitate easier physical location for gap coverage problems. RRHs will use the latest RF component technology including gallium nitride (GaN) RF power devices and envelope tracking technology within the RRH RF power amplifier (RFPA). RRH protection in fiber to the antenna systems Fourth generation (4G) and beyond infrastructure deployments will include the implementation of Fiber to the Antenna (FTTA) architecture. FTTA architecture has enabled lower power requirements, distributed antenna sites, and a reduced base station footprint than conventional tower sites. The use of FTTA will promote the separation of power and signal components from the base station and their relocation to the top of the tower mast in a Remote Radio Head (RRH). According to the Telcordia industry standard that establishes generic requirements for Fiber to the Antenna (FTTA) protection GR-3177, the RRH shifts the entire high-frequency and power electronic segments from the base station to a location adjacent to the antenna. The RRH will be served by optical fiber and DC power for the optical-to-electronic conversion at the RRH. RRHs located on cell towers will require Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) to protect the system from lightning strikes and induced power surges. There is also a change in electrical overstress exposure due to the relocation of the equipment from the base station to the top of the mast. Protection from lightning damage RRHs can be installed in a low-profile arrangement along a rooftop, or can involve a much higher tower arrangement. When installed at the highest point on a structure (whether a building or a dedicated cell tower), they will be more vulnerable to receiving a direct lightning strike and higher induced lightning levels, compared with those installed in a lower profile manner below","title":"Remote radio head"},{"docid":"1717012","text":"A shunt is a device that is designed to provide a low-resistance path for an electrical current in a circuit. It is typically used to divert current away from a system or component in order to prevent overcurrent. Electrical shunts are commonly used in a variety of applications including power distribution systems, electrical measurement systems, automotive and marine applications. Defective device bypass One example is in miniature Christmas lights which are wired in series. When the filament burns out in one of the incandescent light bulbs, the full line voltage appears across the burnt out bulb. A shunt resistor, which has been connected in parallel across the filament before it burnt out, will then short out to bypass the burnt filament and allow the rest of the string to light. If too many lights burn out however, a shunt will also burn out, requiring the use of a multimeter to find the point of failure. Photovoltaics In photovoltaics, the term is widely used to describe an unwanted short circuit between the front and back surface contacts of a solar cell, usually caused by wafer damage. Lightning arrester A gas-filled tube can also be used as a shunt, particularly in a lightning arrester. Neon and other noble gases have a high breakdown voltage, so that normally current will not flow across it. However, a direct lightning strike (such as on a radio tower antenna) will cause the shunt to arc and conduct the massive amount of electricity to ground, protecting transmitters and other equipment. Another older form of lightning arrester employs a simple narrow spark gap, over which an arc will jump when a high voltage is present. While this is a low cost solution, its high triggering voltage offers almost no protection for modern solid-state electronic devices powered by the protected circuit. Electrical noise bypass Capacitors are used as shunts to redirect high-frequency noise to ground before it can propagate to the load or other circuit components. Use in electronic filter circuits The term shunt is used in filter and similar circuits with a ladder topology to refer to the components connected between the line and common. The term is used in this context to distinguish the shunt components connected between the signal and return lines from the components connected in series along the signal line. More generally, the term shunt can be used for a component connected in parallel with another. For instance, shunt m-derived half section is a common filter section from the image impedance method of filter design. Diodes as shunts Where devices are vulnerable to reverse polarity of a signal or power supply, a diode may be used to protect the circuit. If connected in series with the circuit it simply prevents reversed current, but if connected in parallel it can shunt the reversed supply, causing a fuse or other current limiting circuit to open. All semiconductor diodes have a threshold voltage – typically between 0.5 volt and 1 volt – that must be exceeded before","title":"Shunt (electrical)"},{"docid":"33760806","text":"Carlo Alberto Nucci is full professor of Electrical Power Systems at the University of Bologna and the Editor in Chief of the Electric Power System Research Journal. He authored or co-authored over 200 science papers in the field of power electrical engineering. Fellow of IEEE for contributions to analysis and modeling of lightning originated phenomena in power systems and IET. He has also been Chair of the IEEE PowerTech Permanent Steering Committee. Nucci is head of the Power Systems Laboratory at the University of Bologna. Together with prof. F. Rachidi of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, he has developed a computer code for the appraisal of lightning-induced voltages in electrical network, called LIOV, which is quoted in IEEE standards. Prof. Nucci is also member of the Bologna Science Academy. His research is currently focused on: Power systems electromagnetic transients Lightning protection of power systems Smart Grids - Distributed generation Dynamics of power systems Secondary cell for electric vehicles Career Nucci received a degree with honors from the University of Bologna, Italy in 1982. In the same University he was appointed a researcher in Power Electrical Engineering in 1983, became a full professor and the chair of Power Systems in 2000. He serves as the chair of Study Committee C4 in Cigre International Council on Large Electric Systems. Since January 2010 he has been the Editor in Chief of the Electric Power System Research journal. Personal life Carlo Alberto Nucci was born in Bologna, Italy, in 1956. References External links Academic staff of the University of Bologna Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology Fellows of the IEEE Living people 1956 births Engineers from Bologna University of Bologna alumni","title":"Carlo Alberto Nucci"},{"docid":"2074176","text":"In electrical engineering, overvoltage is the raising of voltage beyond the design limit of a circuit or circuit element. The conditions may be hazardous. Depending on its duration, the overvoltage event can be transient—a voltage spike—or permanent, leading to a power surge. Explanation Electronic and electrical devices are designed to operate at a certain maximum supply voltage, and considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is higher than that for which the devices are rated. For example, an electric light bulb has a wire in it that at the given rated voltage will carry a current just large enough for the wire to get very hot (giving off light and heat), but not hot enough for it to melt. The amount of current in a circuit depends on the voltage supplied: if the voltage is too high, then the wire may melt and the light bulb burn out. Similarly other electrical devices may stop working, or may even burst into flames if an overvoltage is delivered to the circuit. Sources Natural A typical natural source of transient overvoltage events is lightning. Bursts of solar wind following solar flares are also known to cause overvoltage in electrical circuits, especially onboard space satellites. Man-made Man-made sources of spikes are usually caused by electromagnetic induction when switching on or off inductive loads (such as electric motors or electromagnets), or by switching heavy resistive AC loads when zero-crossing circuitry is not used - anywhere a large change of current takes place. One of the purposes of electromagnetic compatibility compliance is to eliminate such sources. An important potential source of dangerous overvoltage is electronic warfare. There is intensive military research in this field, whose goal is to produce various transient electromagnetic devices designed to generate electromagnetic pulses that will disable an enemy's electronic equipment. A recent military development is that of the exploding capacitor designed to radiate a high voltage electromagnetic pulse. Another intense source of an electromagnetic pulse is a nuclear explosion. Diesel or petrol powered generators can also be a source of overvoltage. If the generator speed increases suddenly, such as due to inadvertent throttle movement or unstable operation of the prime mover, this can cause brief but damaging overvoltage to any connected equipment. A faulty voltage regulator can also cause overvoltage. An example of an overvoltage event occurred on August 25, 2011, in East Palo Alto, California. The line voltage supplied to 232 customers increased from 110 volts to around 400 volts for 80 minutes. The event damaged electronic equipment, light bulbs, and other electrical equipment including smart meters. The opposite of such an event is a brownout. Conduction path The transient pulses can get into the equipment either by power or data lines, or directly through space from a strong electromagnetic field change - an electromagnetic pulse (EMP). Filters are used to prevent spikes entering or leaving the equipment through wires, and the devices coupled electromagnetically to space (such as radio-frequency pick-up coils in MRI scanners) are protected by shielding.","title":"Overvoltage"},{"docid":"4267366","text":"Arcing horns (sometimes arc-horns) are projecting conductors used to protect insulators or switch hardware on high voltage electric power transmission systems from damage during flashover. Overvoltages on transmission lines, due to atmospheric electricity, lightning strikes, or electrical faults, can cause arcs across insulators (flashovers) that can damage them. Alternately, atmospheric conditions or transients that occur during switching can cause an arc to form in the breaking path of a switch during its operation. Arcing horns provide a path for flashover to occur that bypasses the surface of the protected device. Horns are normally paired on either side of an insulator, one connected to the high voltage part and the other to ground, or at the breaking point of a switch contact. They are frequently to be seen on insulator strings on overhead lines, or protecting transformer bushings. The horns can take various forms, such as simple cylindrical rods, circular guard rings, or contoured curves, sometimes known as 'stirrups'. Background High voltage equipment, particularly that which is installed outside, such as overhead power lines, is commonly subject to transient overvoltages, which may be caused by phenomena such as lightning strikes, faults on other equipment, or switching surges during circuit re-energisation. Overvoltage events such as these are unpredictable, and in general cannot be completely prevented. Line terminations, at which a transmission line connects to a busbar or transformer bushing, are at greatest risk to overvoltage due to the change in characteristic impedance at this point. An electrical insulator serves to provide physical separation of conducting parts, and under normal operating conditions is continuously subject to a high electric field which occupies the air surrounding the equipment. Overvoltage events may cause the electric field to exceed the dielectric strength of air and result in the formation of an arc between the conducting parts and over the surface of the insulator. This is called flashover. Contamination of the surface of the insulator reduces the breakdown strength and increases the tendency to flash over. On an electrical transmission system, protective relays are expected to detect the formation of the arc and automatically open circuit breakers to discharge the circuit and extinguish the arc. Under a worst case, this process may take as long as several seconds, during which time the insulator surface would be in close contact with the highly energetic plasma of the arc. This is very damaging to an insulator, and may shatter brittle glass or ceramic disks, resulting in its complete failure. Operation Arcing horns form a spark gap across the insulator with a lower breakdown voltage than the air path along the insulator surface, so an overvoltage will cause the air to break down and the arc to form between the arcing horns, diverting it away from the surface of the insulator. An arc between the horns is more tolerable for the equipment, providing more time for the fault to be detected and the arc to be safely cleared by remote circuit breakers. The geometry of some designs encourages the arc","title":"Arcing horns"},{"docid":"31350472","text":"Natural Bridges National Monument Solar Power System is an experimental electrical power plant at the Natural Bridges National Monument in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Utah. It consists of 256,812 solar cells arranged in 12 rows, each measuring long. Direct current energy from the array is converted to alternating current at an equipment building, then supplied to the park's staff buildings and visitor center. Excess energy is stored in a bank of batteries that is used on cloudy days. The system is controlled by computers and creates fewer emissions than the diesel generators that it replaced. When it was dedicated in June 1980 by the Utah Governor, it was the world's largest solar plant at 100 kW. The solar power station was later downsized to 50 kW and supplemented with a diesel generator backup system which allowed the solar array to operate more efficiently. History The electrical power plant, located in Natural Bridges National Monument, is a joint experimental venture between the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory and the United States National Park System and Department of Energy. It was initiated in 1979 and when dedicated in June 1980 by the Utah Governor, it was the world's first solar-power generating system. It is above sea level and located in a desert in the southeast corner of the U.S. state of Utah. An array of solar panels are set up and located on adjacent to the park's visitor center. The visitor center has an observation platform nearby overlooking the solar cells and recorded narration explaining the function of the facility. Natural Bridges receives sunlight year-round and is far from other commercial power sources, making it an ideal site for an experimental solar cell power system. The 1980 project cost $15 million ($ in 2022 dollars) and a power plant 30 years later would cost about $1.5 million ($ in 2022 dollars) because of technical advances in solar cell production. The power plant operated for 10 years before it was shut down for overhaul and upgrading. The plant was downsized from 100 kW to 50 kW and supplemented with a diesel generator backup system which allowed the solar array to operate more efficiently. At this time the modernization involved adding 18 kW of new state-of-the-art solar modules, replacing the battery bank and upgrading the wiring to a higher gauge. The electric power system was again renovated in 2003 with new 319 kilowatt lead-acid rechargeable batteries and 100 kilowatt electronic DC to AC inverters. Characteristics The photovoltaic system (PV) plant is from the nearest power line. It originally consisted of 256,812 individual solar cells with diameters of and , arranged in 12 rows; these were originally capable of 100 kW at noon with full sunlight. The direct current (DC) power generated by the solar cells is converted to alternating current (AC) power. AC electricity is used for the visitors' center, six staff residences, maintenance facilities, and the local water sanitation system. The system is protected with lightning rods. When","title":"Natural Bridges National Monument Solar Power System"},{"docid":"31858593","text":"The DC distribution system has been proposed, as a replacement for the present AC power distribution system for ships with electric propulsion. This concept represents a new way of distributing energy for low-voltage installations on ships. It can be used for any electrical ship application up to 20 megawatts and operates at a nominal voltage of 1000 V DC. The DC distribution system is simply an extension of the multiple DC links that already exist in all propulsion and thruster drives, which usually account for more than 80 percent of the electrical power consumption on electric propulsion vessels. Benefits In addition to boosting efficiency by up to 20 percent, other benefits include space and weight savings of up to 30 percent and flexible placement of electrical equipment. This allows for significantly more cargo space and a more functional vessel layout where the electrical system is designed around the vessel functions and not vice versa. The efficiency improvement is mainly achieved from the system no longer being locked at a specific frequency (usually 60 Hz on ships), even though a 60 Hz power source can also be connected to the grid. This new freedom of being able to control each power source totally independently opens up numerous ways of optimizing fuel consumption. The reduced weight and footprint of the installed electrical equipment will vary depending on the ship type and application. One comparison using the DC distribution system instead of the traditional AC system for a Platform Supply Vessel (PSV), reduced the weight of the electrical system components from to . Another saves 15-30% fuel. On land, the solar panels on several buildings in Sweden are connected via DC to smooth production and consumption, bypassing the AC grid and its inverters. Fuel savings The biggest potential for fuel savings lies in the ease with which energy storage devices, such as batteries or super capacitors, can be added to the system. Energy storage will help the engines level out load variations from the thrusters and other large loads. Operational optimization DC distribution system allows for new ways of thinking regarding operational optimization. The system is flexible and can combine different energy sources such as engines, turbines, and fuel cells. This means that there is the potential to implement an energy management system that takes into account varying fuel prices and the availability of different fuels. Challenges Because the main AC switchboard with its AC circuit breakers and protection relays is omitted from the new design, a new protection philosophy that fulfills class requirements is needed for selectivity and equipment protection. ABB has proposed a solution for protecting the DC distribution system using a combination of fuses and controlled turn-off semiconductor power devices. Because all energy-producing components have controllable switching devices, the fault current can be blocked much faster than is possible with traditional circuit breakers with associated protection relays. Although this approach offers a faster response during a short circuit, it does not fit well in system independent building philosophies. Safety and","title":"DC distribution system (ship propulsion)"},{"docid":"29651525","text":"is a 2011 third-person shooter developed by Vicious Cycle Software, and published by D3 Publisher, for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Windows. It is a spin-off entry in the Japanese Earth Defense Force series, and is essentially an American take on the premise, following the titular Earth Defense Force as they deploy to fight an invasion of aliens and giant insects in the United States. Insect Armageddon has no story or setting connection to the numbered Earth Defense Force series. Insect Armageddon was released to mixed but generally positive reviews from critics. Gameplay Players take the role of Lightning Alpha, who battles against wave after wave of deadly gigantic insect and robot enemies. Insect Armageddon predominately takes place in the city of New Detroit, the target of a concentrated bug invasion that only the EDF can stop. The graphics have been greatly improved, but still retain the arcade-shooter physics of its predecessor. Vehicle controls have been fixed, with improved tank and mecha vehicles that can be manned by more than one player. Credits are accumulated which are used for a wide variety of tasks. Over 300 weapons are available. These can be purchased using a new unlock system that partially replaces the in-game weapon drop system of Earth Defense Force 2017, though some weapons are only dropped by elite enemies. Four different classes are selectable from the menu, each with special functions and exclusive equipment. All armor colors can be customized. Trooper Armor: The standard armor with an expansive loadout. It has access to more weapons than any other class, and upgradable abilities that allow it to be a versatile, all-around unit. The Trooper Armor is also the only armor available in Survival Mode. Jet Armor: Jet-powered armor used for flying and aerial attacks. It uses energy to replenish weapons. The jet pack allows the fastest movement across the map for any class but also the weakest protection. Tactical Armor: Wide-ranging support armor. It is the only class that can deploy turrets, mines and radar dishes. Stronger equipment is unlocked as the story progresses. Battle Armor: Heavy armor similar to an exoskeleton. It is powerful but slow, comes with a portable energy shield, and can equip some of the most powerful weapons in the game. Battle armor also can release its entire pool of energy in a massive electric blast, damaging everything unfortunate enough to be close by. Both split-screen and online co-operative play are included. A six-player Survival mode is also available, with a squad of EDF soldiers defending against endless waves of bugs. The game has two expansion packs: Pounds of Pain, which features 15 weapons mostly for the Battle Armor but also a few for the Trooper Armor and Tactical Armor, available from GameStop; and Death From Above, which features 15 weapons mostly for the Jet Armor but also a few for the Trooper Armor and Tactical Armor as well, available from Best Buy. Plot The EDF defends a fictional city called New Detroit against an","title":"Earth Defense Force: Insect Armageddon"},{"docid":"54388709","text":"Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric current, arcing, electromagnetic fields and static electricity. History The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In 1989 OSHA promulgated a much-needed regulation in the General Industry Regulations. Several standards are defined for control of hazardous energy, or lockout/tagout. In 1995 OSHA was successful in promulgation of regulations for utility. In 1994 were established Electrical Safety Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace. Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 – for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution, contained comprehensive regulations and addressed control of hazardous energy sources for power plant locations Standards are compared with those of IEEE and National Fire Protection Association. Lightning and earthing protection Lightning and Earthing protection systems are essential for the protection of humans, structures, protecting buildings from mechanical destruction caused by lightning effects and the associated risk of fire, Transmission lines, and electrical equipment from electric shock and Overcurrent. Earthing protection systems TT system TN system IT system Lightning protection systems lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system) lightning rod with taut wires. lightning conductor with meshed cage (Faraday cage) Physiological effects of electricity Electrical shocks on humans can lead to permanent disabilities or death. Size, frequency and duration of the electrical current affect the damage. The effects from electric shock can be: stopping the heart beating properly, preventing the person from breathing, causing muscle spasms. The skin features also affect the consequences of electric shock. Indirect contact – can be avoided by automatic disconnection for TT system, automatic disconnection for TN systems, automatic disconnection on a second fault in an IT system, measures of protection against direct or indirect contact without automatic disconnection of supply Direct contact – can be avoided by protection by the insulation of live parts, protection by means of barriers or enclosures, partial measures of protection, particular measures of protection Electrical safety conductors NEC 2008 Table 250.122 – Safeco Electric Supply Electrical safety standards Australian Standards – Australia – AS/NZS 3000:2007, AS/NZS 3012:2010, AS/NZS 3017:2007, AS/NZS 3760:2010, AS/NZS 4836:2011 Български Държавен Стандарт – (On English:Bulgarian state standard) – БДС 12.2.096:1986 Bulgaria Brazilian National Regulation – NR10 Brazil – China GB4943, GB17625, GB9254 IEEE/TÜV – Germany NSR Niederspannungsrichtlinie 2014/35/EU La norme français C 15-100 – Aspects de la norme d’installation électrique France British standard – United Kingdom BS EN 61439, BS 5266, BS 5839, BS 6423, BS 6626, BS EN 62305, BS EN 60529 India Standardization – India – IS-5216, IS-5571, IS-6665 Polska Norma – Poland – PN-EN 61010-2-201:2013-12E – ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000,ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р 52726-2007 Russia| NFPA, IEEE STD 80, IEEE STD 80 – United States NFPA 496, NFPA 70 Lightning protection standards NFPA 780, IEC 62305 СТО 083-004-2010,ГОСТ Р МЭК 62561.2-2014 БДС EN 62305-1:2011 Norme NF C 15-100 DIN EN 62305-1 PN-EN 62305 BS-EN 62305 UNE 21186. Protección contra el rayo SNI 03-7015-2004 IS 2309 GB/T 36490-2018","title":"Electrical safety standards"},{"docid":"31948597","text":"A ring ground is a type of electrical ground that is used to protect buildings and equipment from damage due to electrical surges. Ring grounds are typically used as protection against lightning strikes. They are also known as ground rings, although this term may also be applied to grounding rings that are installed in metal pipe systems to protect electrical devices such as flow meters. Construction A ring ground is typically constructed from a fairly large wire that is buried at least a few feet underground. The ring ground will usually encircle the entire building that it is trying to protect. The ring ground is used as the base of the entire building's ground system, and all components of the building's ground system, including the building structure, are connected to the ground ring. In the U.S., the National Electrical Code specifies that ring grounds must be constructed from #2 or thicker wire, must be buried at least 2 1/2 feet underground, and must have at least 20 feet of exposed copper to ensure good electrical contact with the earth. Ring grounds should be installed beyond the building's drip line to prevent corrosion of the ring's metal. Ring grounds are very commonly used around communications equipment such as cell phone towers, police radio towers, and other types of radio towers and equipment buildings. They are also often used to protect computer data centers. Halo Ground A halo ground is a type of ring ground that, instead of being installed outside and underground, is installed inside, near the top of a building or structure. The ground reference for all equipment inside the area being protected is separate from the halo. The halo is connected to the main building ground, which may include an underground ring ground outside the building, with vertical conductors especially in the corners of the building. Electrical equipment is also often placed in fully enclosed metal cabinets, which function as Faraday cages to further protect the equipment. The halo may be connected to structural metallic elements such as door frames, building steel, window frames, and air conditioning vents. A typical halo ground is constructed of #2 insulated copper wire and is installed six inches below the ceiling, and entirely encircles the area that it is protecting. Theory of Operation When an electrical conductor moves through a magnetic field, an electric current is induced into the conductor. The same thing also happens when the electrical conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is moving. This is known as electromagnetic induction, and is the underlying principle used in the construction of electrical generators. When lightning strikes a metal tower or strikes near a building containing electrical equipment, a large, rapidly changing magnetic field is generated. This magnetic field induces current onto power lines, often disrupting electrical service, and also induces current into other electrical conductors such as electrical equipment and even structural metal used in construction, such as rebar used to reinforce concrete. These induced currents can easily damage electronic equipment.","title":"Ring ground"},{"docid":"10918148","text":"A lightning prediction system is a type of lightning detection equipment that determines when atmospheric conditions likely to produce lightning strikes and sounds an alarm, warning those nearby that lightning is imminent and giving them the chance to find safety before the storm arrives in the area. Lightning protection systems are often installed in outdoor areas which are often congested with people, lack sufficient shelter, and are difficult to evacuate quickly (such as water parks, college campuses, and large swimming pool or athletic field complexes). These locations are particularly dangerous during lightning storms. Prediction systems are prone to false alarms as they respond to conditions that are not always attributed to a developing thunderstorm. Electric field data is typically used in conjunction with detection information to limit false positives. Description The detection equipment is designed to constantly survey atmospheric electrical activity and potential for lightning occurrence via radar and other methods. Storms are scanned by radar to determine the degree of electrification and potential for lightning occurrence. The method used by such systems includes the stationing of at least three receivers at known locations in order to triangulate their data. When any of the receivers detects a strong electrical disturbance, the location is shared with other receivers in the area for corroboration, and then (presuming the data has passed the filters), encoded and transmitted to a central facility and thereafter processed for deriving the position of the lightning strike. By detecting thunderstorm electrical fields, a track can be predicted to allow warnings as early as 30 minutes before lightning strikes the protected area. The system is synchronized with the U.S. Coast Guard LORAN navigation network, and includes various features which permit a more accurate analysis of lightning position. While some systems require manual remote activation of the siren from the central monitoring facility, others work automatically. These systems can also sound an \"All Clear\" tone when electrical activity in the monitored area has receded to safe levels. This feature eliminates both the need for skilled monitoring of the system as well as the chance for human error in interpreting the data. See also Early warning system Franklin bells Lightning de:Blitz#Ortung es:Detector de rayos fr:Détecteur de foudre ja:雷検知器 pl:Wykrywacz piorunów fi:Salamatutka","title":"Lightning-prediction system"},{"docid":"6499752","text":"In an electric power system, a fault or fault current is any abnormal electric current. For example, a short circuit is a fault in which a live wire touches a neutral or ground wire. An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by a failure of a current-carrying wire (phase or neutral) or a blown fuse or circuit breaker. In three-phase systems, a fault may involve one or more phases and ground, or may occur only between phases. In a \"ground fault\" or \"earth fault\", current flows into the earth. The prospective short-circuit current of a predictable fault can be calculated for most situations. In power systems, protective devices can detect fault conditions and operate circuit breakers and other devices to limit the loss of service due to a failure. In a polyphase system, a fault may affect all phases equally, which is a \"symmetric fault\". If only some phases are affected, the resulting \"asymmetric fault\" becomes more complicated to analyse. The analysis of these types of faults is often simplified by using methods such as symmetrical components. The design of systems to detect and interrupt power system faults is the main objective of power-system protection. Transient fault A transient fault is a fault that is no longer present if power is disconnected for a short time and then restored; or an insulation fault which only temporarily affects a device's dielectric properties which are restored after a short time. Many faults in overhead power lines are transient in nature. When a fault occurs, equipment used for power system protection operate to isolate the area of the fault. A transient fault will then clear and the power-line can be returned to service. Typical examples of transient faults include: momentary tree contact bird or other animal contact lightning strike conductor clashing Transmission and distribution systems use an automatic re-close function which is commonly used on overhead lines to attempt to restore power in the event of a transient fault. This functionality is not as common on underground systems as faults there are typically of a persistent nature. Transient faults may still cause damage both at the site of the original fault or elsewhere in the network as fault current is generated. Persistent fault A persistent fault is present regardless of power being applied. Faults in underground power cables are most often persistent due to mechanical damage to the cable, but are sometimes transient in nature due to lightning. Types of fault Asymmetric fault An asymmetric or unbalanced fault does not affect each of the phases equally. Common types of asymmetric fault, and their causes: line-to-line fault - a short circuit between lines, caused by ionization of air, or when lines come into physical contact, for example due to a broken insulator. In transmission line faults, roughly 5% - 10% are asymmetric line-to-line faults. line-to-ground fault - a short circuit between one line and ground, very often caused by physical contact, for example due to lightning or other storm damage. In transmission","title":"Electrical fault"},{"docid":"502730","text":"The New York City blackout of 1977 was an electricity blackout that affected most of New York City on July 13–14, 1977. The only unaffected neighborhoods in the city were in southern Queens (including neighborhoods of the Rockaways), which were part of the Long Island Lighting Company system, as well as the Pratt Institute campus in Brooklyn, and a few other large apartment and commercial complexes that operated their own power generators. Unlike other blackouts that affected the region, namely the Northeast blackouts of 1965 and 2003, the 1977 blackout was confined to New York City and its immediate surrounding areas. The 1977 blackout also resulted in citywide looting and other criminal activity, including arson, unlike the 1965 and 2003 blackouts. Prelude Lightning damage The events leading up to the blackout began on July 13 at 8:34 p.m. EDT on Wednesday, with a lightning strike at Buchanan South, a substation on the Hudson River, tripping two circuit breakers in Buchanan, New York. The Buchanan South substation converted the 345,000 volts of electricity originating from the 900 MW Indian Point nuclear generating station to lower voltage for commercial use. A loose locking nut combined with a slow-acting upgrade cycle prevented the breaker from reclosing and allowing power to flow again. A second lightning strike caused the loss of two 345 kV transmission lines, the subsequent reclose of only one of the lines, and the loss of power from the nuclear plant at Indian Point. As a result of the strikes, two other major transmission lines became overloaded. Per procedure, Consolidated Edison, the power provider for New York City and some of Westchester County, tried to bring a fast-start generating station online at 8:45 p.m. EDT; however, no one was manning the station, and the remote start failed. Other, manned plants successfully started, but several had removed some of their turbines from service for routine maintenance and could not provide their rated load. At 8:55 p.m., a third lightning strike hit Sprain Brook substation in Yonkers, which took out two additional critical transmission lines. Because the system design had prioritized protecting the already-isolated Indian Point plant, only the north-south line automatically returned to service. The poor design of Con Edison's control-room displays did not clearly display this fact to the operator at the time. The second opening of a transmission line left Con Edison system disconnected from key generating stations across the Hudson river. Instead, their power flowed to cross-river lines in Newark or upstate New York and then turned towards New York City. The remaining lines into New York City could not carry this excess power without exceeding their long-term capacity limits. Power reductions Con Edison's control room operator recognized that the extant north-south lines could not maintain their existing loads for long and asked New York Power Pool (NYPP) operators in Guilderland to reduce transmission on the overloaded lines. Implicitly, the Con Edison operator meant that they should use the cross-river lines near Indian Point, because he did not realize","title":"New York City blackout of 1977"},{"docid":"3484453","text":"A power conditioner (also known as a line conditioner or power line conditioner) is a device intended to improve the quality of the power that is delivered to electrical load equipment. The term most often refers to a device that acts in one or more ways to deliver a voltage of the proper level and characteristics to enable load equipment to function properly. In some uses, power conditioner refers to a voltage regulator with at least one other function to improve power quality (e.g. power factor correction, noise suppression, transient impulse protection, etc.) Conditioners specifically work to smooth the sinusoidal A.C. wave form and maintain a constant voltage over varying loads. Types An AC power conditioner is the typical power conditioner that provides \"clean\" AC power to sensitive electrical equipment. Usually this is used for home or office applications and commonly provides surge protection as well as noise filtering. Power line conditioners take in power and modify it based on the requirements of the machinery to which they are connected. Attributes to be conditioned are measured with various devices. Voltage spikes are most common during electrical storms or malfunctions in the main power lines. The surge protector stops the flow of electricity from reaching a machine by shutting off the power source. Design A good quality power conditioner is designed with internal filter banks to isolate the individual power outlets or receptacles on the power conditioner. This eliminates interference or \"cross-talk\" between components. For example, if the application will be a home theater system, the noise suppression rating listed in the technical specifications of the power conditioner will be very important. This rating is expressed in decibels (db). The higher the db rating, the better the noise suppression. Active power filters (APF) are filters which can perform the job of harmonic elimination. Active power filters can be used to filter out harmonics in the power system which are significantly below the switching frequency of the filter. The active power filters are used to filter out both higher and lower order harmonics in the power system. The main difference between active power filters and passive power filters is that APFs mitigate harmonics by injecting active power with the same frequency but with reverse phase to cancel that harmonic, where passive power filters use combinations of resistors (R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C) and do not require an external power source or active components such as transistors. This difference makes it possible for APFs to mitigate a wide range of harmonics. The power conditioner will also have a \"joule\" rating. A joule is a measurement of energy or heat required to sustain one watt for one second, known as a watt second. Since electrical surges are momentary spikes, the joule rating indicates how much electrical energy the suppressor can absorb at once before becoming damaged itself. The higher the joule rating, the greater the protection. Uses Power conditioners vary in function and size, generally according to their use. Some power conditioners provide","title":"Power conditioner"},{"docid":"319613","text":"In electrical engineering, spikes are fast, short duration electrical transients in voltage (voltage spikes), current (current spikes), or transferred energy (energy spikes) in an electrical circuit. Fast, short duration electrical transients (overvoltages) in the electric potential of a circuit are typically caused by Lightning strikes Power outages Tripped circuit breakers Short circuits Power transitions in other large equipment on the same power line Malfunctions caused by the power company Electromagnetic pulses (EMP) with electromagnetic energy distributed typically up to the 100 kHz and 1 MHz frequency range. Inductive spikes In the design of critical infrastructure and military hardware, one concern is of pulses produced by nuclear explosions, whose nuclear electromagnetic pulses distribute large energies in frequencies from 1 kHz into the gigahertz range through the atmosphere. The effect of a voltage spike is to produce a corresponding increase in current (current spike). However some voltage spikes may be created by current sources. Voltage would increase as necessary so that a constant current will flow. Current from a discharging inductor is one example. For sensitive electronics, excessive current can flow if this voltage spike exceeds a material's breakdown voltage, or if it causes avalanche breakdown. In semiconductor junctions, excessive electric current may destroy or severely weaken that device. An avalanche diode, transient voltage suppression diode, varistor, overvoltage crowbar, or a range of other overvoltage protective devices can divert (shunt) this transient current thereby minimizing voltage. Voltage spikes, also known as surges, may be created by a rapid buildup or decay of a magnetic field, which may induce energy into the associated circuit. However voltage spikes can also have more mundane causes such as a fault in a transformer or higher-voltage (primary circuit) power wires falling onto lower-voltage (secondary circuit) power wires as a result of accident or storm damage. Voltage spikes may be longitudinal (common) mode or metallic (normal or differential) mode. Some equipment damage from surges and spikes can be prevented by use of surge protection equipment. Each type of spike requires selective use of protective equipment. For example, a common mode voltage spike may not even be detected by a protector installed for normal mode transients. Power increases or decreases which last multiple cycles are called swells or sags, respectively. An uninterrupted voltage increase that lasts more than a minute is called an overvoltage. These are usually caused by malfunctions of the electric power distribution system. See also - a device to channel inductive spikes back through the coil producing them References Power electronics Spike pl:Przepięcie","title":"Voltage spike"},{"docid":"2251965","text":"An earthing system (UK and IEC) or grounding system (US) connects specific parts of an electric power system with the ground, typically the Earth's conductive surface, for safety and functional purposes. The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the installation. Regulations for earthing systems vary among countries, though most follow the recommendations of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Regulations may identify special cases for earthing in mines, in patient care areas, or in hazardous areas of industrial plants. In addition to electric power systems, other systems may require grounding for safety or function. Tall structures may have lightning rods as part of a system to protect them from lightning strikes. Telegraph lines may use the Earth as one conductor of a circuit, saving the cost of installation of a return wire over a long circuit. Radio antennas may require particular grounding for operation, as well as to control static electricity and provide lightning protection. Purposes There are three main purposes for earthing: System earthing System earthing serves a purpose of electrical safety throughout the system that is not caused by an electrical fault. Its main purpose is to prevent static buildup and to protect against power surges caused by nearby lightning strikes or switching. Static buildup, as induced by friction for example, such as when wind blows onto a radio mast, is dissipated to the Earth. In the event of a surge, a lightning arrester, a surge arrester or a SPD will divert the excess current to the Earth before it reaches an appliance. System earthing also allows for equipotential bonding to all metal works to prevent potential differences between them. Having Earth as a common reference point also keeps the electrical system's potential difference limited to the supply voltage. Equipment earthing Equipment earthing serves a purpose of electrical safety in an electrical fault. Its main purpose is to prevent equipment damage and the risk of an electric shock. This type of earthing is not an earth connection, technically speaking. When current flows from a line conductor to an earth wire, as is the case when a line conductor makes contact with an earthed surface in a Class I appliance, an automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) device such as a circuit breaker or a RCD will automatically open the circuit to clear the fault. Functional earthing Functional earthing serves a purpose other than electrical safety. Example purposes include electromagnetic interference (EMI) filtering in an EMI filter, and the use of the Earth as a return path in a single-wire earth return distribution system. Low-voltage systems In low-voltage networks, which distribute the electric power to the widest class of end users, the main concern for design of earthing systems is safety of consumers who use the electric appliances and their protection against electric shocks. The earthing system, in combination with protective devices such as fuses and residual current devices, must ultimately ensure that a person does not come into contact with a metallic object whose","title":"Earthing system"},{"docid":"12489597","text":"High-voltage switchgear is any switchgear used to connect or disconnect a part of a high-voltage power system. This equipment is essential for the protection and safe operation, without interruption, of a high voltage power system, and is important because it is directly linked to the quality of the electricity supply. The term \"high voltage\" covers the former medium voltage (MV) and the former high voltage (HV), so refers to equipment with a rated voltage of over 1000 V in the case of alternating current, and over 1500 V in the case of direct current. The industrial applications of high voltage circuit breakers are for the moment limited to alternating current because they are more economical, there are however high voltage disconnectors for direct current connections. High-voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for operating motors and others electric machines. The technology has been improved over time and can be used with voltages up to 1,100 kV. Classification Functional classification Disconnectors and earthing switches Disconnectors and earthing switches are safety devices used to open or to close a circuit when there is no current through them. They are used to isolate a part of a circuit, a machine, a part of an overhead line or an underground line so that maintenance can be safely conducted. The opening of the line isolator or busbar section isolator is necessary for safety, but not sufficient. Grounding must be conducted at both the upstream and downstream sections of the device under maintenance. This is accomplished by earthing switches. In principle, disconnecting switches do not have to interrupt currents, as they are designed for use on de-energized circuits. In practice, some are capable of interrupting currents (as much as 1,600 ampere under 300 V but only if current is drawn via a same circuit half breaker bypass system), and some earthing switches must interrupt induced currents which are generated in a non-current-carrying line by inductive and capacitive coupling with nearby lines (up to 160 A under 20 kV). High-current switching mechanism High-current switching mechanisms are used for energized circuits carrying a normal load. Some can be used as a disconnecting switch. But if they can create a short-circuit current, they can not interrupt it. Contactor Contactors are similar in function to high-current switching mechanisms, but can be used at higher rates. They have a high electrical endurance and a high mechanical endurance. Fuses A fuse can automatically interrupt a circuit with an overcurrent flowing in it for a fixed time. This is accomplished by the fusion of an electrical conductor which is graded. Fuses are mainly used to protect against short circuits. They limit the peak value of the fault current. In three-phase electric power, they only eliminate the phases where the fault current is flowing, which can pose a risk for both the malfunctioning devices and the people. To alleviate this problem, fuses can be used in conjunction with high-current switches or contactors. Like contactors, high-voltage fuses are used only in","title":"High-voltage switchgear"},{"docid":"40625088","text":"A voltage sag (U.S. English) or voltage dip (British English) is a short-duration reduction in the voltage of an electric power distribution system. It can be caused by high current demand such as inrush current (starting of electric motors, transformers, heaters, power supplies) or fault current (overload or short circuit) elsewhere on the system. Voltage sags are defined by their magnitude or depth, and duration. A voltage sag happens when the RMS voltage decreases between 10 and 90 percent of nominal voltage for one-half cycle to one minute. Some references define the duration of a sag for a period of 0.5 cycle to a few seconds, and a longer duration of low voltage would be called a \"sustained sag\". The definition of voltage sag can be found in IEEE 1159, 3.1.73 as \"A variation of the RMS value of the voltage from nominal voltage for a time greater than 0.5 cycles of the power frequency but less than or equal to 1 minute. Usually further described using a modifier indicating the magnitude of a voltage variation (e.g. sag, swell, or interruption) and possibly a modifier indicating the duration of the variation (e.g., instantaneous, momentary, or temporary).\" Voltage sag in large power system The main goal of the power system is to provide reliable and high-quality electricity for its customers. One of the main measures of power quality is the voltage magnitude. Therefore, Monitoring the power system to ensure its performance is one of the highest priorities. However, since power systems are usually grids including hundreds of buses, installing measuring instruments at every single busbar of the system is not cost-efficient. In this regard, various approaches have been suggested to estimate the voltage of different buses merely based on the measured voltage on a few buses. Related concepts The term \"sag\" should not be confused with a brownout, which is the reduction of voltage for minutes or hours. The term \"transient\", as used in power quality, is an umbrella term and can refer to sags, swells, dropouts, etc. Swell Voltage swell is the opposite of voltage sag. Voltage swell, which is a momentary increase in voltage, happens when a heavy load turns off in a power system. Causes Several factors can cause a voltage sag: Some electric motors draw much more current when they are starting than when they are running at their rated speed. A line-to-ground fault will cause a voltage sag until the protective switchgear (fuse or circuit breaker) operates. Some accidents in power lines such as lightning or a falling object can cause a line-to-ground fault. Sudden load changes or excessive loads Depending on the transformer connections, transformers energizing Voltage sags can arrive from the power utility, but most are caused by local in-building equipment. In residential homes, voltage sags are sometimes seen when refrigerators, air-conditioners, or furnace fans start up. Factors that affect the magnitude of sag caused by faults: The distance between the victim and the fault source The fault impedance Type of fault The voltage","title":"Voltage sag"},{"docid":"1706048","text":"A battery room is a room that houses batteries for backup or uninterruptible power systems. The rooms are found in telecommunication central offices, and provide standby power for computing equipment in datacenters. Batteries provide direct current (DC) electricity, which may be used directly by some types of equipment, or which may be converted to alternating current (AC) by uninterruptible power supply (UPS) equipment. The batteries may provide power for minutes, hours or days, depending on each system's design, although they are most commonly activated during brief electric utility outages lasting only seconds. Battery rooms were used to segregate the fumes and corrosive chemicals of wet cell batteries (often lead–acid) from the operating equipment, and for better control of temperature and ventilation. In 1890, the Western Union central telegraph office in New York City had 20,000 wet cells, mostly of the primary zinc-copper type. Telecommunications Telephone system central offices contain large battery systems to provide power for customer telephones, telephone switches, and related apparatus. Terrestrial microwave links, cellular telephone sites, fibre optic apparatus and satellite communications facilities also have standby battery systems, which may be large enough to occupy a separate room in the building. In normal operation power from the local commercial utility operates telecommunication equipment, and batteries provide power if the normal supply is interrupted. These can be sized for the expected full duration of an interruption, or may be required only to provide power while a standby generator set or other emergency power supply is started. Batteries often used in battery rooms are the flooded lead-acid battery, the valve regulated lead-acid battery or the nickel–cadmium battery. Batteries are installed in groups. Several batteries are wired together in a series circuit forming a group providing DC electric power at 12, 24, 48 or 60 volts (or higher). Usually there are two or more groups of series-connected batteries. These groups of batteries are connected in a parallel circuit. This arrangement allows an individual group of batteries to be taken offline for service or replacement without compromising the availability of uninterruptible power. Generally, the larger the battery room's electrical capacity, the larger the size of each individual battery and the higher the room's DC voltage. Electrical utilities Battery rooms are also found in electric power plants and substations where reliable power is required for operation of switchgear, critical standby systems, and possibly black start of the station. Often batteries for large switchgear line-ups are 125 V or 250 V nominal systems, and feature redundant battery chargers with independent power sources. Separate battery rooms may be provided to protect against loss of the station due to a fire in a battery bank. For stations that are capable of black start, power from the battery system may be required for many purposes including switchgear operations. Very large utility batteries may be used for grid energy storage. Submarines and ocean-going vessels Battery rooms are found on diesel-electric submarines, where they contain the lead-acid batteries used for undersea propulsion of the vessel. Even nuclear submarines","title":"Battery room"},{"docid":"49459416","text":"IEC 61000-4-5 is an international standard by the International Electrotechnical Commission on surge immunity. In an electrical installation, disruptive surges can appear on power and data lines. Their sources include abrupt load switching and faults in the power system, as well as induced lightning transients from an indirect lightning strike (direct lightning is out of scope in this standard). It necessitates the test of surge immunity in electrical or electronic equipment. IEC 61000-4-5 defines test set-up, procedures, and classification levels. In particular, it standardizes the required surge voltage and current waveforms for laboratory testing, with the \"1.2/50-8/20 μs\" impulse being the most frequently used surge waveform. Although this standard is designed for testing equipment as a whole at system level, not for individual protection devices, in practice this surge waveform is often also used for rating Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS), Gas Discharge Tubes (GDT), Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV), and other surge protection devices. The current version is Third Edition (2014), amended in 2017. Test Setup Two major components are defined in this standard: two types of Combination Wave Generators (CWG) and various Coupling/Decoupling Networks (CDN) depending on the test level and type. First, a Combination Wave Generator is a standardized impulse generator (sometimes also referred to as a lightning surge generator), it's used for producing simulated, standard voltage and current surges under laboratory conditions. Subsequently, the surge is transmitted into a port of the Device-Under-Test (DUT) via a coupling network. Finally, to prevent surges from reaching other devices via the power system during the test, a decoupling network is also inserted between the power line and the DUT. Surge Waveforms The Combination Wave Generator is required to have an output floating from ground, and be capable of generating both positive and negative impulses. Its repetition rate should be at least one impulse per 60 seconds. The surge is defined by the Combination Wave Generator's open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current waveforms, characterized by front time, duration, and peak values. With an open circuit output, the surge voltage is a double exponential pulse in the form of . With a short circuit output, the surge current waveform is a damped sine wave. The ratio between the peak open-circuit voltage and the peak short-circuit current is 2, giving an effective output impedance of 2 Ω. Usually, the voltage waveform has a 1.2 μs front time and a 50 μs duration, and the current waveform has a 8 μs front time and 20 μs duration. This is the most commonly used surge waveform for most applications, often referred to as a \"1.2/50-8/20 μs\" surge. Alternatively, for outdoor telecommunication networks that experience a higher surge level, the standard also defines a more energetic generator with a 10/700 μs voltage waveform and a 5/320 μs current waveform. Front time and duration are not measured directly, but as virtual parameters derived from measurements. For open-circuit voltage, front time is defined to be 1.67 times the 30%-90% rise time, duration is defined as the time interval between the","title":"IEC 61000-4-5"},{"docid":"49238681","text":"Farhad Rachidi (born August 22, 1962, in Geneva, Switzerland) is an Iranian-Swiss scientist. Early life Rachidi is the son of Davoud Rashidi, a famous Iranian theatre actor and director. At the age of 3 months his family decided to move back to Iran. He attended Marika (Shahdokht Farahnaz) primary school and the French-Iranian Razi High-School in Tehran and obtained his high-school diploma in 1980. In the same year, he moved to Lausanne, Switzerland and started his education in electrical engineering. He received a M.S. degree in electrical engineering and a Ph.D. from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, in 1986 and 1991 respectively. Career Rachidi worked at the Power Systems Laboratory of the same institute until 1996 and had several short stays at the University of Florida and at the NASA Kennedy Space Center. In 1997, he joined the Lightning Research Laboratory of the University of Toronto in Canada and from April 1998 until September 1999, he was with Montena EMC in Switzerland. He is currently a Titular Professor and the head of the EMC Laboratory at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne. His research interests include lightning electromagnetics, electromagnetic compatibility, application of high power electromagnetics to humanitarian demining, and electromagnetic time reversal. In collaboration with Prof. C.A. Nucci of the University of Bologna, he has developed models for the evaluation of lightning electromagnetic radiation, which have been widely used in lightning-related engineering applications. One of the most important contributions made by Professor Rachidi is the development of a model describing the interaction of an exciting electromagnetic field and a transmission line. Dr. Rachidi served as the vice-chair of the European COST Action on the Physics of Lightning Flash and its Effects (2005-2009), the Chairman of the 2008 European Electromagnetics International Symposium (EUROEM), the President of the International Conference on Lightning Protection (2008-2014), and the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility (2013-2015). He is currently the President of the Swiss National Committee of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) and a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society. Prof. Rachidi is an IEEE Fellow, EMP Fellow and Electromagnetics Academy Fellow. Rachidi Model This model, known as the Rachidi model, is extensively used in the literature for the evaluation of field-induced disturbances in transmission lines. Another remarkable endeavor of Prof. Rachidi is the instrumentation of the Säntis Tower in Switzerland for lightning current measurements. This project was initiated by Prof. Rachidi, Prof. M. Rubinstein and Prof. M. Paolone and resulted in the instrumentation of the tower for lightning current measurements. Since its instrumentation in 2010, several hundreds of lightning flashes have been successfully recorded on the tower and the station has served as a primary experimental site used by researchers and engineers involved in lightning research and protection. The obtained data constitute the largest dataset on lightning current and current derivatives associated with upward flashes available to this date. Other activities of Prof. Rachidi include the development of the so-called ‘full-wave’ transmission line","title":"Farhad Rachidi"},{"docid":"12654117","text":"Battleshort (sometimes \"battle short\") is a condition in which some military equipment can be placed so it does not shut down when circumstances would be damaging to the equipment or personnel. The origin of the term is to bridge or \"short\" the fuses of an electrical apparatus before entering combat, so that the fuse blowing will not stop the equipment from operating. According to Allied Ordnance Publication AOP-38-3, a NATO publication, a battleshort is \"The capability to bypass certain safety features in a system to ensure completion of the mission without interruption due to the safety feature.\" It also says, \"Examples of bypassed safety features are circuit overload protection, and protection against overheating\". In peaceful situations one would want equipment to shut down so it is not damaged. In a battle or emergency, where the survival of the vessel (or other protected asset) is dependent upon the continued operation of the equipment, it is sometimes wiser to risk equipment damage than have the equipment shut down when it is needed. For example, the electrical drives to elevate and traverse the guns of a combat warship may have \"battleshort\" fuses, which are simply copper bars of the correct size to fit the fuse holders, as failure to return fire in a combat situation is a greater threat to the ship and crew than damaging or overheating the electrical motors. Battleshorts have been used in some non-combat situations as well, including the Firing Room/Mission Control spaces at NASA during the crewed Apollo missions — specifically the Moon landings. Similar measures can be used on the pumps for fire sprinkler systems, with protective devices bypassed when alarms are activated. The justification is that any damage to the pumps is less than the potential loss of the building. See also Kill switch War emergency power , which suffered an electrical problem while under fire during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal References Military technology","title":"Battleshort"},{"docid":"41834","text":"An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) or uninterruptible power source is a type of continual power system that provides automated backup electric power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails. A UPS differs from a traditional auxiliary/emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions by switching to energy stored in battery packs, supercapacitors or flywheels. The on-battery run-times of most UPSs are relatively short (only a few minutes) but sufficient to \"buy time\" for initiating a standby power source or properly shutting down the protected equipment. Almost all UPSs also contain integrated surge protection to shield the output appliances from voltage spikes. A UPS is typically used to protect hardware such as computers, data centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss. UPS units range in size from ones designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor (around 200 volt-ampere rating) to large units powering entire data centers or buildings. The world's largest UPS, the 46-megawatt Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), in Fairbanks, Alaska, powers the entire city and nearby rural communities during outages. Common power problems The primary role of any UPS is to provide short-term power when the input power source fails. However, most UPS units are also capable in varying degrees of correcting common utility power problems: Voltage spike or sustained overvoltage Momentary or sustained reduction in input voltage Voltage sag Noise, defined as a high frequency transient or oscillation, usually injected into the line by nearby equipment Instability of the mains frequency Harmonic distortion, defined as a departure from the ideal sinusoidal waveform expected on the line Some manufacturers of UPS units categorize their products in accordance with the number of power-related problems they address. A UPS unit may also introduce problems with electric power quality. To prevent this, a UPS should be selected not only by capacity, but also by the quality of power that is required by the equipment that is being supplied. Technologies The three general categories of modern UPS systems are on-line, line-interactive and standby: An on-line UPS uses a \"double conversion\" method of accepting AC input, rectifying to DC for passing through the rechargeable battery (or battery strings), then inverting back to 120 V/230 V AC for powering the protected equipment. A line-interactive UPS maintains the inverter in line and redirects the battery's DC current path from the normal charging mode to supplying current when power is lost. In a standby (\"off-line\") system the load is powered directly by the input power and the backup power circuitry is only invoked when the utility power fails. Most UPS below one kilovolt-ampere (1 kVA) are of the line-interactive or standby variety which are usually less expensive. For large power units, dynamic uninterruptible power supplies (DUPS) are sometimes used. A synchronous motor/alternator is connected on the mains via a choke. Energy is stored in a","title":"Uninterruptible power supply"},{"docid":"1400408","text":"In electric power distribution, automatic circuit reclosers (ACRs) are a class of switchgear designed for use on overhead electricity distribution networks to detect and interrupt transient faults. Also known as reclosers or autoreclosers, ACRs are essentially rated circuit breakers with integrated current and voltage sensors and a protection relay, optimized for use as a protection asset. Commercial ACRs are governed by the IEC 62271-111/IEEE Std C37.60 and IEC 62271-200 standards. The three major classes of operating maximum voltage are 15.5 kV, 27 kV and 38 kV. For overhead electric power distribution networks, up to 80% of faults are transient, such as lightning strike, surges or foreign objects coming into contact with exposed distribution lines. Consequently, these transient faults can be resolved by a simple reclose operation. Reclosers are designed to handle a brief open-close duty cycle, where electrical engineers can optionally configure the number and timing of attempted close operations prior to transitioning to a lockout stage. The number of reclose attempts is limited to a maximum of four by recloser standards noted above. At two multiples of the rated current, the recloser's rapid trip curve can cause a trip (off circuit) in as little as 1.5 cycles (or 30 milliseconds). During those 1.5 cycles, other separate circuits can see voltage dips or blinks until the affected circuit opens to stop the fault current. Automatically closing the breaker after it has tripped and stayed open for a brief amount of time, usually after 1 to 5 seconds, is a standard procedure. Reclosers are often used as a key component in a smart grid, as they are effectively computer controlled switchgear which can be remotely operated and interrogated using SCADA or other communications. Interrogation and remote operation capabilities allow utilities to aggregate data about their network performance, and develop automation schemes for power restoration. Automation schemes can either be distributed (executed at the remote recloser level) or centralized (close and open commands issued by a central utility control room to be executed by remotely controlled ACRs). Description Autoreclosers are made in single-phase and three-phase versions, using oil, vacuum, or SF6 interrupters. Controls for the reclosers range from the original electromechanical systems to digital electronics with metering and SCADA functions. The ratings of reclosers run from 2.4–38 kV for load currents from 10–1200 A and fault currents from 1–16 kA. On a 3-phase circuit, a recloser is more beneficial than three separate fuse cutouts. For example, on a wye to delta conversion, when cutouts are used on the wye side and only 1 out of 3 of the cutout fuses open, some customers on the delta side have a low voltage condition, due to voltage transfer through the transformer windings. Low voltage can cause severe damage to electronic equipment. But when a recloser is used, all three phases open, thereby eliminating the problem. History Reclosers were invented in the mid 1900s in the USA with the earliest reclosers introduced by Kyle Corporation in the early 1940s. Reclosers were originally oil-filled hydraulic devices","title":"Recloser"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"3896782\",\n \"text\": \"A bonding jumper is a reliable conductor to ensure the required electrical conductivity between metal raceways required to be electrically connected. Bonding \\\"Bonding\\\" is a method by which all electrically conductive materials and metallic surfaces of equipment and structures, not normally intended to be energized, are effectively connected with a low impedance path to avoid any appreciable potential difference between any separate points. Bonding ensures that all surfaces accessible to a person are at the same potential, reducing the hazard of an electric shock. A bonded system is not necessarily connected to earth, for example, in an aircraft. The common way to effectively bond different metallic surfaces of enclosures, electrical equipment, pipes, tubes or structures together is with a copper conductor, rated lugs and appropriate bolts, fasteners or screws. Other bonding means between different metallic parts and pieces might employ brackets, clamps, exothermic bonds or welds to make effective connections. Effectively bonded equipment can also safely conduct phase-to-ground fault currents, induced currents, surge currents, lightning currents or transient currents during abnormal conditions. Bonding jumpers must be sized to safely handle the anticipated fault current. Applications Rules for bonding jumper installation are given in electrical code regulations. Typically, these require a jumper at any place where the continuity of a bonding system might be interrupted, for example, where metallic conduits join an enclosure through fittings that do not assure good electrical contact. Some codes require a bonding jumper to be pulled into non-metallic conduit or in electrical metallic tubing that may be exposed to corrosion or mechanical damage. In North American electrical codes, an important bonding jumper is found in main electrical panels, where the system neutral conductor is connected to earth ground. This must be done at only one point in each separately derived system to prevent flow of objectionable current in the earth. Bonding jumpers may be installed wherever metal parts are free to move on a hinge or bearing. This is done for electrical safety grounding, static electricity protection, and may also be useful for control of electromagnetic interference. For example, a control panel door may have a bonding jumper across the hinges so that the metal door is effectively connected to ground, since the hinges may not provide a reliable contact. Temporary bonding jumpers are used in the handling of flammable liquids and gases, so that static charge on a vehicle or portable tank does not ignite escaping gas. References Electricity\",\n \"title\": \"Bonding jumper\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7025837\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Allan Uman (born 1936) is an American engineer. He has been acknowledged by the American Geophysical Union as one of the world's leading authorities on lightning. Uman is probably best known for his work in lightning modeling, which is the application of electromagnetic field theory to the description of various lightning processes. This provides a better understanding of lightning in general and has had a number of important practical spinoffs, the most notable has been a lightning locating system and the redefinition of several important lightning characteristics relative to hazard protection. Uman co-founded Lightning Location and Protection, Inc., a company in the lightning locating equipment business. Uman has written five books on the subject of lightning, all of which are now in revised second edition paperbacks. He also is the author of a book on plasma physics and the co-author (with V. A. Rakov) of a book on lightning. Uman has written nineteen book chapters and encyclopedia articles on lightning, and he has published over 265 papers in reviewed journals and 342 in other articles and reports. He holds seven patents, six in the area of lightning detection and location. Early life and education Uman graduated in 1953 as valedictorian from Henry B. Plant High School in Tampa, Florida. He received his Bachelor of Science in Engineering from Princeton University in 1957 as a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi. He received his M.A. in 1959 and his Ph.D. in 1961 from Princeton in electrical engineering. His dissertation was \\\"The Behavior of Electrons in Certain Gas Mixtures.\\\" In summer 1956 Uman was research assistant at Sandia Corporation in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In summer 1957 he was research associate at Sperry Gyroscope Company in Great Neck, New York. In summer 1958 he was research assistant at Forrestal Research Center in Princeton, New Jersey and scientist at Elcon Laboratory, Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Career From 1961 to 1965 Uman was associate professor of electrical engineering at the University of Arizona in Tucson. At Arizona Uman taught and conducted research in electromagnetics and gaseous electronics and became interested in the physics of lightning. From 1965 to 1971 Uman was fellow physicist at Westinghouse Research Labs in Pittsburgh. There he studied the physical and electromagnetic aspects of lightning and long laboratory sparks. In 1971 Uman became a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Florida in Gainesville. He served as department chair from 1991 to 2003. In 2003 Uman was granted the rank of Distinguished Professor. He has been Director of the UF Lightning Research Laboratory since 1972. In 1975 Uman co-founded Lightning Location and Protection, Inc. He served as president from 1975 to 1983 and as vice president and chief consulting scientist from 1983 to 1995, when he left the company. LLP is now a division of Vaisala and is the world leader in the sale of lightning locating equipment. Awards and honors 2018 - Lifetime Achievement Award \\\"For your outstanding leadership and significant\",\n \"title\": \"Martin A. Uman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20646679\",\n \"text\": \"A lightning rod or lightning conductor (British English) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike. If lightning hits the structure, it is most likely to strike the rod and be conducted to ground through a wire, rather than passing through the structure, where it could start a fire or cause electrocution. Lightning rods are also called finials, air terminals, or strike termination devices. In a lightning protection system, a lightning rod is a single component of the system. The lightning rod requires a connection to the earth to perform its protective function. Lightning rods come in many different forms, including hollow, solid, pointed, rounded, flat strips, or even bristle brush-like. The main attribute common to all lightning rods is that they are all made of conductive materials, such as copper and aluminum. Copper and its alloys are the most common materials used in lightning protection. History The principle of the lightning rod was first detailed by Benjamin Franklin in Pennsylvania in 1755, who in subsequent years developed his invention for household application (published in 1757) and made further improvements towards a reliable system around 1760. United States In what later became the United States, the pointed lightning rod conductor, also called a lightning attractor or Franklin rod, was invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 as part of his groundbreaking exploration of electricity. Although not the first to suggest a correlation between electricity and lightning, Franklin was the first to propose a workable system for testing his hypothesis. Franklin speculated that, with an iron rod sharpened to a point, \\\"The electrical fire would, I think, be drawn out of a cloud silently, before it could come near enough to strike.\\\" Franklin speculated about lightning rods for several years before his reported kite experiment. In the 19th century, the lightning rod became a decorative motif. Lightning rods were embellished with ornamental glass balls (now prized by collectors). The ornamental appeal of these glass balls has been used in weather vanes. The main purpose of these balls, however, is to provide evidence of a lightning strike by shattering or falling off. If after a storm a ball is discovered missing or broken, the property owner should then check the building, rod, and grounding wire for damage. Balls of solid glass occasionally were used in a method purported to prevent lightning strikes to ships and other objects. The idea was that glass objects, being non-conductors, are seldom struck by lightning. Therefore, goes the theory, there must be something about glass that repels lightning. Hence the best method for preventing a lightning strike to a wooden ship was to bury a small solid glass ball in the tip of the highest mast. The random behavior of lightning combined with observers' confirmation bias ensured that the method gained a good bit of credence even after the development of the marine lightning rod soon after Franklin's initial work. The first lightning conductors on ships were supposed\",\n \"title\": \"Lightning rod\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7473698\",\n \"text\": \"A multipoint ground is an alternate type of electrical installation that attempts to solve the ground loop and mains hum problem by creating many alternate paths for electrical energy to find its way back to ground. The distinguishing characteristic of a multipoint ground is the use of many interconnected grounding conductors into a loose grid configuration. There will be many paths between any two points in a multipoint grounding system, rather than the single path found in a star topology ground. This type of ground may also be known as a Signal Reference Grid or Ground (SRG) or an Equipotential Ground. Advantages If installed correctly, it can maintain reference ground potential much better than a star topology in a similar application across a wider range of frequencies and currents. Disadvantages A multipoint ground system is more complicated to install and maintain over the long term, and can be more expensive to install. Star topology systems can be converted to multipoint systems by installing new conductors between old existing ones. However, this should be done with care as it can inadvertently introduce noise onto signal lines during the conversion process. The noise can be diminished over time as noisy and failed components are removed and repaired, but some isolation of high current (e.g. motors and lighting) and sensitive low current (e.g. amplifiers and radios) equipment may always be necessary. Design considerations A multipoint grounding system can solve several problems, but they must all be addressed in turn. The size of the conductors must be designed to meet the expected load in operations and in lightning protection. The amount of cross bonding, and the topology of the grids, is determined by the expected frequencies in the signals to be carried and the uses the installation will be put to. A ground grid is provided primarily for safety, and the size of the conductors is probably governed by local building or electrical code. One factor to keep in mind is that since the final grid will have multiple paths to ground, the final system resistance to ground will likely be lower than for a typical star ground. But this does not change the need for adequate conductor size to any given piece of equipment in case of a fault. Lightning protection is provided by bonding the multipoint ground grid to one or more grounding rods under or at the perimeter of the building, and then up to the lightning rods. If the building has significant metal framing elements, these should be bonded to the lightning rods and grounding rods as well. If the building has large motors, driving such things as fans, pumps, elevators, etc., these should also be on the multipoint grid. However, they should not be on segments of the grid that will service equipment such as audio amplifiers, small signal radio circuits, computer networks, sensitive electrical instrumentation, etc. Since building two grids into the same building may be prohibitively expensive, a good compromise is to connect the low frequency, high\",\n \"title\": \"Multipoint ground\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12977073\",\n \"text\": \"In electrical engineering, isolated-phase bus (IPB), also known as phase-isolated bus (PIB) in some countries, is a method of construction for circuits carrying very large currents, typically between a generator and its step-up transformer in a steam or large hydroelectric power plant. Each phase current is carried on a separate conductor, enclosed in a separate grounded metal housing. Conductors are usually hollow aluminum tubes or aluminum bars, supported within the housing on porcelain or polymer insulators. The metal housings are electrically connected so that induced current, nearly of the magnitude of the phase current, can flow through the housing, in the opposite direction from the phase current. The magnetic field produced by this current nearly exactly cancels the magnetic field produced by the phase current, so there is almost no external magnetic field produced. This also limits the amount of force produced between conductors during a short circuit. The external housings of the conductors remain at a low potential with respect to earth ground and are usually bonded to ground. By enclosing the conductors in separate housings a high degree of protection from two-phase and three-phase faults is obtained. Almost any fault would instead be a single-phase earth fault which does not produce a large fault current. The conductors between the generator and the first circuit breaker are even more important to protect against two- and three-phase faults because there is no breaker that can stop the fault current from the generator. While most modern circuit breakers will interrupt the fault current in less than 50 ms, the fault current from the generator will take several seconds to interrupt because the field current in the rotor takes this amount of time to discharge. The consequences of a two- or three-phase fault between the generator and the first circuit breaker are therefore much more serious and often result in severe damage to the busbars and nearby equipment. Isolated-phase bus is made in ratings from 3000 amperes to 45,000 amperes, and rated for voltages from 5000 volts up to about 35,000 volts. In the larger current ratings, dry air is forced through the enclosures and within the tubular conductors for forced-air cooling of the conductors. The cooling air is recirculated through a heat exchanger. Some items of switchgear, such as circuit breakers and isolating switches, are made in housings compatible with the isolated-phase bus. Accessories such as instrument transformers, surge arresters, and capacitors are also made in compatible housings. Due to the expense of its construction and the energy loss, isolated-phase bus is usually used in short segments; a large underground powerhouse may have isolated-phase bus up to about 250 metres or so to connect generators to transformers in a cavern. Forced-air cooling can approximately double the rating over the same size conductors used in a self-cooled system. The extra cost of losses and cooling fan power consumption must be balanced against the lower capital cost of the bus. Various forms of flexible terminals, expansion joints, and weatherproof or fire-proof bushings and\",\n \"title\": \"Isolated-phase bus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63067942\",\n \"text\": \"ALDIS (Austrian Lightning Detection & Information System) is a sensor network in Austria for the detection and localization of lightning discharge occurring during thunderstorms. In addition to the location of the strike point, the associated peak current is also estimated. ALDIS is a member of the pan-European lightning detection project EUCLID (EUropean Cooperation for LIghtning Detection). ALDIS was initiated in 1991. Project partners are the OVE (Austrian Electrotechnical Association) and APG (Austrian Power Grid). The detection of lightning, either from cloud-to-ground or within the cloud is accomplished by eight sensors of type LS7002 (Vaisala), which are distributed across the Austrian territory. The performance of a lightning location system is best described by the main performance parameters detection efficiency (DE), location accuracy (LA), and classification accuracy (CA). In a study by Schwalt et al. (2020) based on data from a high speed video camera and an electric field recording system, it is shown that the DE of flashes (any group of cloud-to-ground, CG, and intracloud, IC, discharges belonging to the same origin in the cloud) exceeds 96%. The LA of the detected cloud-to-ground discharges is about 100 m on average. The accuracy to classify correctly individual lightning events as cloud-to-ground (CG) or intracloud (IC) events is 80-90% (classification accuracy, CA) for the sensor system LS7002. Since 1998 a radio tower located on top of the Gaisberg (a mountain near Salzburg, Austria) is equipped with instruments in order to record lighting current waveforms and allow to obtain parameters of the lightning strokes to the tower. Thereby obtained data are also applicable for the performance analyses and calibration of the lightning location system ALDIS and lightning research studies in general. The main goals of the ALDIS project group are: to provide lightning data to a number of lighting sensitive businesses and organizations in Austria (meteorological services, insurance companies, etc.) to perform research about the origins and effects of lightning which has an impact on the development of lightning protection system thunderstorm warning due to automatically monitoring of first indications of approaching thunderstorms. This can be used to send warning messages to critical industries (e.g. handling of explosives) long-term archiving of located lightning for statistical evaluations in connection with the determination of the local lightning hazard or risk management according to the valid international lightning protection standards (IEC/EN 62305 series). Some historical lightning data can be accessed via HORA (Natural Hazard Overview & Risk Assessment Austria, https://hora.gv.at). An overview of the actual lightning activity in Austria is shown on ALDIS mobile. References Lightning Science and technology in Austria\",\n \"title\": \"Austrian Lightning Detection & Information System\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15235947\",\n \"text\": \"In an electric power system, overcurrent or excess current is a situation where a larger than intended electric current exists through a conductor, leading to excessive generation of heat, and the risk of fire or damage to equipment. Possible causes for overcurrent include short circuits, excessive load, incorrect design, an arc fault, or a ground fault. Fuses, circuit breakers, and current limiters are commonly used overcurrent protection (OCP) mechanisms to control the risks. Circuit breakers, relays, and fuses protect circuit wiring from damage caused by overcurrent. Overcurrent in an electrical grid Overcurrent capabilities of electrical generators are essential for the power system operations. Lack of overcurrent capability (low short circuit ratio) of a weak grid creates a multitude of problems, including: transients during the large load changes will cause large variations of the grid voltage, causing problems with the loads (e.g., some motors might not be able to start in the undervoltage condition); the grid protection devices are designed to be triggered by a sufficient level of overcurrent. In a weak system the short circuit current might be hard to distinguish from a normal transient overcurrent encountered during the load changes; during a black start operation after a failure, large inrush current might be needed to energize the system components. For example, if some loads in a weak system remain connected, and inverter-based resource might not be able to start. Related standards IEC 60364-4-43: Electrical installations of buildings – Part 4-43: Protection for safety – Protection against overcurrent See also Current limiting Electrical fault Electrical safety Overvoltage References Sources Electrical systems\",\n \"title\": \"Overcurrent\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"235899\",\n \"text\": \"A circuit breaker is an electrical safety device designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by current in excess of that which the equipment can safely carry (overcurrent). Its basic function is to interrupt current flow to protect equipment and to prevent fire. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying current ratings, from devices that protect low-current circuits or individual household appliances, to switchgear designed to protect high-voltage circuits feeding an entire city. Any device which protects against excessive current by automatically removing power from a faulty system, such as a circuit breaker or fuse, can be referred to as an over-current protection device (OCPD). Origins An early form of circuit breaker was described by Thomas Edison in an 1879 patent application, although his commercial power distribution system used fuses. Its purpose was to protect lighting circuit wiring from accidental short circuits and overloads. A modern miniature circuit breaker similar to the ones now in use was patented by Brown, Boveri & Cie in 1924. Hugo Stotz, an engineer who had sold his company to Brown, Boveri & Cie, was credited as the inventor on German patent 458392. Stotz's invention was the forerunner of the modern thermal-magnetic breaker commonly used in household load centers to this day. Interconnection of multiple generator sources into an electrical grid required the development of circuit breakers with increasing voltage ratings and increased ability to safely interrupt the increasing short-circuit currents produced by networks. Simple air-break manual switches produced hazardous arcs when interrupting high-voltage circuits; these gave way to oil-enclosed contacts, and various forms using the directed flow of pressurized air, or pressurized oil, to cool and interrupt the arc. By 1935, the specially constructed circuit breakers used at the Boulder Dam project used eight series breaks and pressurized oil flow to interrupt faults of up to 2,500 MVA, in three AC cycles. Operation All circuit breaker systems have common features in their operation, but details vary substantially depending on the voltage class, current rating and type of the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker must first detect a fault condition. In small mains and low-voltage circuit breakers, this is usually done within the device itself. Typically, the heating or magnetic effects of electric current are employed. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually arranged with protective relay pilot devices to sense a fault condition and to operate the opening mechanism. These typically require a separate power source, such as a battery, although some high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers, protective relays, and internal power sources. Once a fault is detected, the circuit breaker contacts must open to interrupt the circuit; this is commonly done using mechanically stored energy contained within the breaker, such as a spring or compressed air to separate the contacts. A breaker may also use the higher current caused by the\",\n \"title\": \"Circuit breaker\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29160726\",\n \"text\": \"An impulse generator is an electrical apparatus which produces very short high-voltage or high-current surges. Such devices can be classified into two types: impulse voltage generators and impulse current generators. High impulse voltages are used to test the strength of electric power equipment against lightning and switching surges. Also, steep-front impulse voltages are sometimes used in nuclear physics experiments. High impulse currents are needed not only for tests on equipment such as lightning arresters and fuses but also for many other technical applications such as lasers, thermonuclear fusion, and plasma devices. Jedlik's tubular voltage generator In 1863 Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik discovered the possibility of voltage multiplication and in 1868 demonstrated it with a \\\"tubular voltage generator\\\", which was successfully displayed at the Vienna World Exposition in 1873. It was an early form of the impulse generators now applied in nuclear research. The jury of the World Exhibition of 1873 in Vienna awarded his voltage multiplying condenser of cascade connection with prize \\\"For Development\\\". Through this condenser, Jedlik framed the principle of surge generator of cascaded connection. (The Cascade connection was another important invention of Ányos Jedlik.) Marx generator One form is the Marx generator, named after Erwin Otto Marx, who first proposed it in 1923. This consists of multiple capacitors that are first charged in parallel through charging resistors as by a high-voltage, direct-current source and then connected in series and discharged through a test object by a simultaneous spark-over of the spark gaps. The impulse current generator comprises many capacitors that are also charged in parallel by a high-voltage, low-current, direct-current source, but it is discharged in parallel through resistances, inductances, and a test object by a spark gap. See also Pulsed power Pulse-forming network Marx generator Cockcroft–Walton generator Fuse (electrical) Laser Nuclear fusion Particle accelerator Plasma (physics) References Electronic engineering Hungarian inventions\",\n \"title\": \"Impulse generator\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"316577\",\n \"text\": \"A launch pad is an above-ground facility from which a rocket-powered missile or space vehicle is vertically launched. The term launch pad can be used to describe just the central launch platform (mobile launcher platform), or the entire complex (launch complex). The entire complex will include a launch mount or launch platform to physically support the vehicle, a service structure with umbilicals, and the infrastructure required to provide propellants, cryogenic fluids, electrical power, communications, telemetry, rocket assembly, payload processing, storage facilities for propellants and gases, equipment, access roads, and drainage. Most launch pads include fixed service structures to provide one or more access platforms to assemble, inspect, and maintain the vehicle and to allow access to the spacecraft, including the loading of crew. The pad may contain a flame deflection structure to prevent the intense heat of the rocket exhaust from damaging the vehicle or pad structures, and a sound suppression system spraying large quantities of water may be employed. The pad may also be protected by lightning arresters. A spaceport typically includes multiple launch complexes and other supporting infrastructure. A launch pad is distinct from a missile launch facility (or missile silo or missile complex), which also launches a missile vertically but is located underground in order to help harden it against enemy attack. The launch complex for liquid fueled rockets often has extensive ground support equipment including propellant tanks and plumbing to fill the rocket before launch. Cryogenic propellants (liquid oxygen oxidizer, and liquid hydrogen or liquid methane fuel) need to be continuously topped off (i.e., boil-off replaced) during the launch sequence (countdown), as the vehicle awaits liftoff. This becomes particularly important as complex sequences may be interrupted by planned or unplanned holds to fix problems. Most rockets need to be supported and held down for a few seconds after ignition while the engines build up to full thrust. The vehicle is commonly held on the pad by hold-down arms or explosive bolts, which are triggered when the vehicle is stable and ready to fly, at which point all umbilical connections with the pad are released. Transport of rockets to the pad . Each launch site is unique, but a few broad types can be described by the means by which the space vehicle gets to the pad. Horizontally integrated rockets travel horizontally with the tail forward to the launch site on a transporter erector launcher and are then raised to the vertical position over the flame duct. Examples include all large Soviet rockets, including Soyuz, Proton, N1, and Energia. This method is also used by the SpaceX and Electron launch vehicles. Silo launched rockets are assembled inside of a missile silo. This method is only used by converted ICBMs due to the difficulty and expense of constructing a silo that can contain the forces of a rocket launch. Vertically integrated rockets can be assembled in a separate hangar on a mobile launcher platform (MLP). The MLP contains the umbilical structure and is carried to the launch site\",\n \"title\": \"Launch pad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1138512\",\n \"text\": \"The prospective short-circuit current (PSCC), available fault current, or short-circuit making current is the highest electric current which can exist in a particular electrical system under short-circuit conditions. It is determined by the voltage and impedance of the supply system. It is of the order of a few thousand amperes for a standard domestic mains electrical installation, but may be as low as a few milliamperes in a separated extra-low voltage (SELV) system or as high as hundreds of thousands of amps in large industrial power systems. The term is used in electrical engineering rather than electronics. Protective devices such as circuit breakers and fuses must be selected with an interrupting rating that exceeds the prospective short-circuit current, if they are to safely protect the circuit from a fault. When a large electric current is interrupted an arc forms, and if the breaking capacity of a fuse or circuit breaker is exceeded, it will not extinguish the arc. Current will continue, resulting in damage to equipment, fire, or explosion. Residential In designing domestic power installations, the short-circuit current available on the electrical outlets should not be too high or too low. The effect of too high short-circuit current is discussed in the previous section. The short-circuit current should be around 20 times the rating of the circuit to ensure the branch circuit protection clears a fault quickly. Quick disconnecting is needed, because during a line-to-ground short circuit the grounding pin potential on the power outlet can rise relative to the local earth (concrete floor, water pipe etc.) to a dangerous voltage, which needs to be shut down quickly for safety. If the short-circuit current is lower than this figure, special precautions need to be taken to make sure that the system is safe; those usually include using a residual-current device (a.k.a. ground fault interrupter) for extra protection. The short-circuit current available on the electrical outlets is often tested when inspecting new electrical installations to make sure that the short-circuit current is within reasonable limits. A high short-circuit current on the outlet also shows that the resistance from the electrical panel to the outlet is low, so there won't be an unacceptably high voltage drop on the wires under normal load. The resistance path is the total resistance back through the supply transformer; to measure this an engineer will use an \\\"earth fault loop impedance meter\\\". The application of a low voltage allows a small current to pass from the socket back through earth to the supply transformer and distribution board. The resistance measured can be used to calculate the short-circuit current. Utility and industrial In power transmission systems and industrial power systems, often the short-circuit current is calculated from the nameplate impedances of connected equipment and the impedance of interconnecting wiring. For simple radial distribution systems with only a few elements, hand calculation is feasible, but computer software is generally used for more complex systems. Where rotating machines (generators and motors) are present in the system, the time-varying effect of\",\n \"title\": \"Prospective short-circuit current\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2118467\",\n \"text\": \"British Standard BS 7671 \\\"Requirements for Electrical Installations. IET Wiring Regulations\\\", informally called in the UK electrical community \\\"The Regs\\\", is the national standard in the United Kingdom for electrical installation and the safety of electrical wiring systems SCOPE of BS 7671 The regulations in BS7671 applies to the design, selection, erection and verification of electrical installations within; residential properties commercial properties public premises industrial premises prefabricated building low voltage generating sets highway equipment and street furniture locations containing a bath or shower rooms or cabins that contain a sauna swimming pools and other basins construction and demolition sites agricultural and horticultural premises caravan/camping parks and similar locations marinas and similar locations medical locations exhibitions, shows and stands Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems (Domestic and commercial) outdoor lighting installations extra-low voltage lighting mobile and transportable units caravans and motor caravans temporary installations for structures, amusement devices/booths at fairgrounds, amusement parks, circuses and professional stage and broadcast applications operating and maintenance gangways floor and ceiling heating systems onshore units of electrical shore connections for inland navigation vessels. Exclusions from the scope of BS 7671 are the following. systems for the distribution of electricity to the public other than prosumer's installations covered by Chapter 82 Railway traction equipment, rolling stock and signalling equipment Equipment of motor vehicles, except those to which the requirements of the Regulations concerning caravans or other types of mobile unit are applicable. Equipment on board ships covered by BS 8450, BS EN 60092-507, BS EN ISO 13297 or BS EN ISO 10133 Equipment of mobile or fixed offshore installations. Equipment within and aircraft. Those aspects of mines covered by Statutory Regulations Radio interference suppression equipment, except so far as it affects safety of the electrical installation. Lightning protection systems for buildings and structures covered by BS EN 62305. Those aspects of Lift Installations covered by relevant parts of BS 5655 and BS EN 81 and those aspects of escalator or moving walkway installations covered by relevant parts of BS 5656 and BS EN 115. Electrical equipment of machines covered by BS EN 60204. Electric fences covered by BS EN 60335-2-76 The DC side of cathodic protection systems complying with the relevant part(s) of BS EN 12696, BS EN 12954, BS EN ISO 13174, BS EN 13636 and BS EN 14505. BS 7671 only covers electrical systems that the IET defines as those covered by the following. Circuits supplied at a nominal voltage up to, but not exceeding 1000V AC or 1500V DC. For AC the preferred frequencies of the supply are 50Hz, 60Hz and 400Hz. The use of other frequencies for special purposes in not excluded. Part 2 - Definitions the voltages covered by BS7671 are defined thus. Voltage, nominal (U0). The voltage by which an installation (or part of an installation) is designated and the following ranges of nominal voltage (rms values for AC) are defined Extra-low. Not exceeding 50V AC or 120V ripple free DC, whether between conductors or Earth Low. Exceeding extra-low voltage but\",\n \"title\": \"BS 7671\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"294989\",\n \"text\": \"A spark gap consists of an arrangement of two conducting electrodes separated by a gap usually filled with a gas such as air, designed to allow an electric spark to pass between the conductors. When the potential difference between the conductors exceeds the breakdown voltage of the gas within the gap, a spark forms, ionizing the gas and drastically reducing its electrical resistance. An electric current then flows until the path of ionized gas is broken or the current reduces below a minimum value called the \\\"holding current\\\". This usually happens when the voltage drops, but in some cases occurs when the heated gas rises, stretching out and then breaking the filament of ionized gas. Usually, the action of ionizing the gas is violent and disruptive, often leading to sound (ranging from a snap for a spark plug to thunder for a lightning discharge), light, and heat. Spark gaps were used historically in early electrical equipment, such as spark gap radio transmitters, electrostatic machines, and X-ray machines. Their most widespread use today is in spark plugs to ignite the fuel in internal combustion engines, but they are also used in lightning arresters and other devices to protect electrical equipment from high-voltage transients. Breakdown voltage For air, the breakdown strength is about 30 kV/cm at sea level. Spark visibility The light emitted by a spark does not come from the current of electrons itself, but from the material medium fluorescing in response to collisions from the electrons. When electrons collide with molecules of air in the gap, they excite their orbital electrons to higher energy levels. When these excited electrons fall back to their original energy levels, they emit energy as light. It is impossible for a visible spark to form in a vacuum. Without intervening matter capable of electromagnetic transitions, the spark will be invisible (see vacuum arc). Applications Spark gaps are essential to the functioning of a number of electronic devices. Ignition devices A spark plug uses a spark gap to initiate combustion. The heat of the ionization trail, but more importantly, UV radiation and hot free electrons (both cause the formation of reactive free radicals) ignite a fuel-air mixture inside an internal combustion engine, or a burner in a furnace, oven, or stove. The more UV radiation is produced and successfully spread into the combustion chamber, the further the combustion process proceeds. The Space Shuttle Main Engine hydrogen oxygen propellant mixture was ignited with a spark igniter. Protective devices Spark gaps are frequently used to prevent voltage surges from damaging equipment. Spark gaps are used in high-voltage switches, large power transformers, in power plants and electrical substations. Such switches are constructed with a large, remote-operated switching blade with a hinge as one contact and two leaf springs holding the other end as second contact. If the blade is opened, a spark may keep the connection between blade and spring conducting. The spark ionizes the air, which becomes conductive and allows an arc to form, which sustains ionization and\",\n \"title\": \"Spark gap\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6855511\",\n \"text\": \"An electrical room is a technical room or space in a building dedicated to electrical equipment. Its size is usually proportional to the size of the building; large buildings may have a main electrical room and subsidiary electrical rooms. Electrical equipment may be for power distribution equipment, or for communications equipment. Electrical rooms typically house the following equipment: Electric switchboards Distribution boards Circuit breakers and disconnects Motor control centers Transformers Busbars Electricity meters Backup batteries in a Battery room Fire alarm control panels Distribution frames In large building complexes, the primary electrical room may house an indoor electrical substation. Construction features The construction features of an electrical room vary depending on the scope of the equipment to be installed. Floors may be reinforced to support heavy transformers and switchgear. Walls and ceilings may have to support a heavy cable tray system or busbars. Additional ventilation or air conditioning may be needed, since electrical apparatus gives off heat but the temperature must not rise beyond the tolerance of equipment. Double doors may be installed to allow for maintenance of large equipment. If utility service entrance equipment and metering is present in the room, special provisions may be made for access by utility personnel. Fire detection and fire suppression systems, such as carbon dioxide, may be installed. A large electrical room may have extensive provisions for grounding (earthing) and bonding enclosures of electrical equipment to prevent stray voltage and danger of electric shock, even during faults in the electrical system. Lightning protection requires different measures than protection from power-frequency faults. Electrical rooms may have electromagnetic shielding to prevent interference to nearby sensitive audio or video equipment. In large facilities access control systems may control admission to the room. Regulations Layout details and construction of electrical rooms will be controlled by local building code and electrical code regulations. Requirements for an electrical room relate to fire safety and electrical hazards. An electrical room is usually required to be secured from access by unauthorized persons; these rules are especially strict where equipment within the room has exposed live terminals. Regulations may require two separate means of exit from a room where the power rating of circuits exceeds some threshold, to allow for quick exit in an emergency. Rooms containing oil-filled equipment may be required to have fire-resistant construction or active fire suppression equipment in the room and may be designated as an electrical vault. Since power distribution often requires large numbers of electrical cables, special measures for fire resistance of cables and cable trays may be also specified by regulations. In industrial buildings that handle flammable gases or liquids, or combustible dusts, special electrical rooms may be prepared that have ventilation and other measures to prevent an explosion hazard that would otherwise exist with electrical equipment in hazardous areas. For large installations, it may be less costly overall to use a special room than to install a large number of devices that are resistant to the hazardous conditions. Similarly, in wet or corrosive environments,\",\n \"title\": \"Electrical room\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"457968\",\n \"text\": \"A power strip is a block of electrical sockets that attaches to the end of a flexible cable (typically with a mains plug on the other end), allowing multiple electrical devices to be powered from a single electrical socket. Power strips are often used when many electrical devices are in proximity, such as for audio, video, computer systems, appliances, power tools, and lighting. Power strips often include a circuit breaker to interrupt the electric current in case of an overload or a short circuit. Some power strips provide protection against electrical power surges. Typical housing styles include strip, rack-mount, under-monitor and direct plug-in. Control Some power strips include a master switch to turn all devices on and off. This can be used with simple devices, such as lights, but not with most computers, which must use shutdown commands from the software first. Computers may have open files, which may be damaged if the power is simply turned off. Some power strips have individually switched outlets. \\\"Master/slave\\\" strips can detect one \\\"master\\\" device being turned off (such as the PC itself in a computer setup, or a TV in a home theatre) and turn everything else on or off accordingly. Remote control strips are used in data centers, to allow computer systems or other devices to be remotely restarted, often over the Internet (although this leaves them vulnerable to outside attacks). Indication Many power strips have a neon or LED indicator light or one per output socket to show when power is on. Better-quality surge-protected strips have additional lights to indicate the status of the surge protection system, however these are not always reliable as an indicator. Energy-saving features and standby power Some power strips have energy-saving features, which switch off the strip if appliances go into standby mode. Using a sensor circuit, they detect if the level of power through the socket is in standby mode (less than 30 watts), and if so they will turn off that socket. This reduces the consumption of standby power used by computer peripherals and other equipment when not in use, saving money and energy Some more-sophisticated power strips have a master and slave socket arrangement, and when the \\\"master\\\" socket detects standby mode in the attached appliance's current it turns off the whole strip. However, there can be problems detecting standby power in appliances that use more power in standby mode (such as plasma televisions) as they will always appear to the power strip to be switched on. When using a master–slave power strip, one way to avoid such problems is to plug an appliance with a lower standby wattage (such as a DVD player) into the master socket, using it as the master control instead. A different power strip design intended to save energy uses a passive infrared (PIR) or ultrasonic sound detector to determine if a person is nearby. If the sensors don't detect any motion for a preset period of time, the strip shuts off several outlets, while leaving one\",\n \"title\": \"Power strip\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36672111\",\n \"text\": \"Since the late 1980s, there have been several attempts to investigate the possibility of harvesting lightning energy. A single bolt of lightning carries a relatively large amount of energy (approximately 7 gigajoules or about the energy stored in 38 gallons or 172 litres of gasoline). However, this energy is concentrated in a small location and is passed during an extremely short period of time (microseconds); therefore, extremely high electrical power is involved. 5 gigajoules over 10 microseconds is equal to 500 terawatts. Because lightning bolts vary in voltage and current, a more average calculation would be 10 gigawatts. It has been proposed that the energy contained in lightning be used to generate hydrogen from water, to harness the energy from rapid heating of water due to lightning, or to use a group of lightning arresters to harness a strike, either directly or by converting it to heat or mechanical energy, or to use inductors spaced far enough away so that a safe fraction of the energy might be captured. Overview A technology capable of harvesting lightning energy would need to be able to rapidly capture the high power involved in a lightning bolt. Several schemes have been proposed, but the ever-changing energy involved in each lightning bolt renders lightning power harvesting from ground-based rods impractical: too high and it will damage the storage; too low and it may not work. Additionally, lightning is sporadic, and therefore energy would have to be collected and stored; it is difficult to convert high-voltage electrical power to the lower-voltage power that can be stored. In the summer of 2007, an alternative energy company called Alternate Energy Holdings, Inc. (AEHI) tested a method for capturing the energy in lightning bolts. The design for the system had been purchased from an Illinois inventor named Steve LeRoy, who had reportedly been able to power a 60-watt light bulb for 20 minutes using the energy captured from a small flash of artificial lightning. The method involved a tower, a means of shunting off a large portion of the incoming energy, and a capacitor to store the rest. According to Donald Gillispie, CEO of AEHI, they \\\"couldn't make it work,\\\" although \\\"given enough time and money, you could probably scale this thing up... it's not black magic; it's truly math and science, and it could happen.\\\" According to Martin A. Uman, co-director of the Lightning Research Laboratory at the University of Florida and a leading authority on lightning, \\\"a single lightning strike, while fast and bright, contains very little energy by the time it gets down to earth, and dozens of lightning towers like those used in the system tested by AEHI would be needed to operate five 100-watt light bulbs for the course of a year\\\". When interviewed by The New York Times, he stated that \\\"the energy in a thunderstorm is comparable to that of an atomic bomb, but trying to harvest the energy of lightning from the ground is hopeless\\\". Another major challenge when attempting to\",\n \"title\": \"Harvesting lightning energy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34220239\",\n \"text\": \"IEC 60204-1 / EN 60204 Safety of machinery – Electrical equipment of machines – Part 1: General requirements This is a standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), published in parallel by CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization). Content The standard contains the following: Electrical Supply Requirements; electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements; over current and over voltage protection requirements; requirements for determination of the short circuit current rating of the electrical equipment; protective bonding requirements, terminology, and protection against electric shock; Incoming supply requirements and switching; requirements pertaining to safe torque off, emergency stop, and control circuit protection; symbols for actuators of control devices; testing requirements; marking and documentation requirements. Scope IEC 60204-1 is scoped to cover the electrical equipment of machines that operate in the low-voltage range, generally accepted to be 1000 V a.c. or less, or 1500 V d.c. or less. Equipment within the scope is typically built from off-the-shelf components assembled into a suitable electrical enclosure, with the necessary interconnecting wiring and mechanical supporting structures. Custom switchgear and controlgear assemblies are covered by IEC 61439-1 used with IEC 61439-2. Switchgear and controlgear assemblies are explicitly permitted for integration as part of the electrical equipment of machines under IEC 60204-1. The electrical equipment covered by the standard includes the switchgear and controlgear of the machine. Switchgear includes the power switching components, e.g., the main disconnecting device, and breakers protecting the supply conductors and the branch circuits in the machine. Controlgear includes all of the control system components downstream of the switchgear, out to the final point of control, but not including the machine actuators. The scope restricts the mains supply frequency to an upper limit of 200 Hz. This acts to exclude machinery built for installation on aircraft or shipboard where the supply frequency is typically 400 Hz. Specialized machines have additional requirements found in other parts of IEC 60204, including machines that: are intended for use in open air (i.e. outside buildings or other protective structures); use, process, or produce potentially explosive material (for example paint or sawdust); are intended for use in potentially explosive and/or flammable atmospheres; have special risks when producing or using certain materials; are intended for use in mines; are sewing machines, units, and systems (which are covered by IEC 60204-31); are hoisting machines (which are covered by IEC 60204-32); are semiconductor fabrication equipment (which are covered by IEC 60204-33). Exclusions Specifically excluded from the scope of IEC 60204-1 are machines that are portable by hand when working, and machines \\\"where electrical energy is directly used as a working tool.\\\" The complete scope of the standard can be viewed by visiting the IEC catalog page for the standard and clicking on the \\\"Preview\\\" button to obtain the Table of Contents, Scope, and Normative References sections of the standard. Parts IEC 60204-11, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 11: Requirements for equipment for voltages above 1 000 V AC or 1 500 V DC and not exceeding 36 kV IEC\",\n \"title\": \"IEC 60204\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1561900\",\n \"text\": \"In an electric power system, a switchgear is composed of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This type of equipment is directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply. The earliest central power stations used simple open knife switches, mounted on insulating panels of marble or asbestos. Power levels and voltages rapidly escalated, making opening manually operated switches too dangerous for anything other than isolation of a de-energized circuit. Oil-filled switchgear equipment allows arc energy to be contained and safely controlled. By the early 20th century, a switchgear line-up would be a metal-enclosed structure with electrically operated switching elements using oil circuit breakers. Today, oil-filled equipment has largely been replaced by air-blast, vacuum, or SF6 equipment, allowing large currents and power levels to be safely controlled by automatic equipment. High-voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for operating motors and other electric machines. The technology has been improved over time and can now be used with voltages up to 1,100 kV. Typically, switchgear in substations is located on both the high- and low-voltage sides of large power transformers. The switchgear on the low-voltage side of the transformers may be located in a building, with medium-voltage circuit breakers for distribution circuits, along with metering, control, and protection equipment. For industrial applications, a transformer and switchgear line-up may be combined in one housing, called a unitized substation (USS). According to the latest research by Visiongain, a market research company, the worldwide switchgear market is expected to achieve $152.5 billion by 2029 at a CAGR of 5.9%. Growing investment in renewable energy and enhanced demand for safe and secure electrical distribution systems are expected to generate the increase. Components A switchgear assembly has two types of components: Power-conducting components, such as switches, circuit breakers, fuses, and lightning arrestors, that conduct or interrupt the flow of electrical power. Control systems such as control panels, current transformers, potential transformers, protective relays, and associated circuitry, that monitor, control, and protect the power-conducting components. Functions One of the basic functions of switchgear is protection, which is interruption of short-circuit and overload fault currents while maintaining service to unaffected circuits. Switchgear also provides isolation of circuits from power supplies. Switchgear is further used to enhance system availability by allowing more than one source to feed a load. History Switchgear is as old as electricity generation. The first models were very primitive: all components were simply fixed to a wall. Later they were mounted on wooden panels. For reasons of fire protection, the wood was replaced by slate or marble. This led to a further improvement, because the switching and measuring devices could be attached to the front, while the wiring was on the back. Housing Switchgear for lower voltages may be entirely enclosed within a building. For higher voltages (over about 66 kV), switchgear is typically\",\n \"title\": \"Switchgear\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"395904\",\n \"text\": \"Sir William Snow Harris (1 April 1791 – 22 January 1867) was a British physician and electrical researcher, nicknamed Thunder-and-Lightning Harris, and noted for his invention of a successful system of lightning conductors for ships. It took many years of campaigning, research and successful testing before the British Royal Navy changed to Harris's conductors from their previous less effective system. One of the successful test vessels was which survived lightning strikes unharmed on her famous voyage with Charles Darwin. Life and work Harris was born in Plymouth on 1 April 1791. His family was well established as solicitors in the town, and he went to Plymouth Grammar School. His childhood in the seaport which included the naval dockyard renamed Devonport gave him an enduring interest in ships. He went to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine and qualified as a physician, then returned to Plymouth and set up a medical practice. His interest in the emerging science of electricity led him to invent his improved lightning conductor for ships in 1820. In 1824 he married, and decided to abandon his profession of medicine to concentrate on his studies of electricity. His paper \\\"On the Relative Powers of various Metallic Substances as Conductors of Electricity\\\", read before the Royal Society in 1826, led to him being elected a fellow of the society in 1831. He read papers on the elementary laws of electricity to the Society in 1834, 1836 and 1839, and also sent accounts of his experiments and discoveries to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His experimental investigations into the force of high intensity electricity were published in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834. In 1835 Harris received the Royal Society's Copley Medal for his \\\"Experimental Investigations of the Forces of Electricity of high Intensity\\\". Harris was curator of apparatus in the museum of The Plymouth Institution (now The Plymouth Athenaeum) and held the office of President twice. His work on lightning conductors for ships gained him a government annuity of £300 \\\"in consideration of services in the cultivation of science\\\", and to overcome continued objections to his proposals he published an 1843 work on Thunderstorms, as well as contributing papers to The Nautical Magazine on lightning damage. He was knighted in 1847 after the system had been adopted and shown successful, and was given a grant of £5,000. Though his continued research did not find new discoveries, his manuals of Electricity, Galvanism and Magnetism were published between 1848 and 1856 and went through several editions. When he died in Plymouth on 22 January 1867 he had a Treatise on Frictional Electricity in preparation, and it was published later that year. Lightning conductor for ships The lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 suggested a way of avoiding the common problem of lightning causing damage to the wooden sailing ships of the period. In Britain, the Royal Navy chose a protection system with a chain draped into the sea from the top of the mast as a lightning conductor.\",\n \"title\": \"William Snow Harris\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22435060\",\n \"text\": \"Network isolators are installed as part of a wired Ethernet system as galvanic isolators to reduce the potential for electrical injury and limit the extent of damage due to lightning strikes. Through the applied principle of electromagnetic induction, network data is transmitted across an electrically non-conducting barrier. High frequency AC voltages conveying data are induced across an isolating gap. The network isolator is a passive device, and functions without any requirement of an external power supply. A functional equivalent to network isolators is Ethernet over a small stretch of optical fibre, using media converters or Ethernet switches/network cards with fiber connections on each end. Applications Network isolators have many other applications in overcoming the problems of differing ground potentials across networks, or between network components. For example: Electrical testing facilities, where measurement and monitoring equipment are connected to a central control centre through an Ethernet; For redundant server systems, which are physically connected via a copper network; For private or commercial networks, where inherent potential differences within a building, or between buildings, become problematic, and a fibre-optic solution is not economically viable; General usage as filters for shield currents in Ethernet connections. Medical Network isolators are used in medical devices to protect patients against leakage currents. Network connections between medical devices and Ethernet networks (and other non-medical devices, such as personal computers) must be in accordance with the IEC 60601-1 standard. This standard specifically deals with medical electronic and electrical equipment and systems, and classifies non-medical devices as potential hazard sources. A specific hazard stems from possible differences in ground potentials between network components, which, when not properly isolated, can result in a leakage current that can flow through the patient, which is dangerous, and potentially lethal. Such voltage differences can also arise through incorrect installation and wiring of network systems, electrical shorting within damaged cables and cabling, or shorting between damaged network cables and other voltage sources. Network isolators work to remove this hazard, by electrically disconnecting medical devices from a network. Isolators may be used as network accessories, built into medical devices, or installed within a medical network system. Networks isolators should be installed as close as possible to the medical device in question. As they serve no therapeutic or diagnostic purpose, network isolators themselves are not classed as medical electronic equipment according to the IEC 60601-1 standard, nor do they fall within the scope of the Medical Devices Directive 93/42/EEC. They are often installed in the medical field in conjunction with isolation transformers, which serve to protect the patient from other electrical faults. Technical requirements The international standard IEC 60601-1 Medical Electrical Equipment (3rd edition) specifies stringent criteria on the safety and isolation of medical devices. These requirements are of course much more stringent than those of a typical consumer product standard (i.e. IEC 60950 Safety of Information Technology Equipment), as the patient may be unconscious, anaesthetised, or otherwise unable to move, and the need for patient protection is therefore paramount. The IEC 60601-1 standard requires that\",\n \"title\": \"Network isolator\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"575126\",\n \"text\": \"An isolation transformer is a transformer used to transfer electrical power from a source of alternating current (AC) power to some equipment or device while isolating the powered device from the power source, usually for safety reasons or to reduce transients and harmonics. Isolation transformers provide galvanic isolation; no conductive path is present between source and load. This isolation is used to protect against electric shock, to suppress electrical noise in sensitive devices, or to transfer power between two circuits which must not be connected. A transformer sold for isolation is often built with special insulation between primary and secondary, and is specified to withstand a high voltage between windings. Isolation transformers block transmission of the DC component in signals from one circuit to the other, but allow AC components in signals to pass. Transformers that have a ratio of 1 to 1 between the primary and secondary windings are often used to protect secondary circuits and individuals from electrical shocks between energized conductors and earth ground. Suitably designed isolation transformers block interference caused by ground loops. Isolation transformers with electrostatic shields are used for power supplies for sensitive equipment such as computers, medical devices, or laboratory instruments. Some specifications require that Isolation transformers be a part of the lightning protection on the AC circuits. Terminology Sometimes the term is used to emphasize that a device is not an autotransformer whose primary and secondary circuits are connected. Power transformers with specified insulation between primary and secondary are not usually described only as \\\"isolation transformers\\\" unless this is their primary function. Only transformers whose primary purpose is to isolate circuits are routinely described as isolation transformers. Operation Isolation transformers are designed with attention to capacitive coupling between the two windings. The capacitance between primary and secondary windings would also couple AC current from the primary to the secondary. A grounded Faraday shield between the primary and the secondary greatly reduces the coupling of common-mode noise. This may be another winding or a metal strip surrounding a winding. Differential noise can magnetically couple from the primary to the secondary of an isolation transformer, and must be filtered out if a problem occurs. Applications Pulse transformers Some small transformers are used for isolation in pulse circuits. Electronics testing In electronics testing and servicing, an isolation transformer is a 1:1 (under load) power transformer used for safety. Without it, exposed live metal in a device under test is at a hazardous voltage relative to grounded objects such as a heating radiator or oscilloscope ground lead (a particular hazard with some old vacuum-tube equipment with live chassis). With the transformer, as there is no conductive connection between transformer secondary and primary, only a small leakage current will flow if the exposed live metal is connected to earth. Even if an isolation transformer is used, hazardous voltages may still be present between components of the isolated device. Thus it is still possible for an operator to be exposed to lethal voltages by touching multiple elements in\",\n \"title\": \"Isolation transformer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41472\",\n \"text\": \"In telecommunication, the term outside plant has the following meanings: In civilian telecommunications, outside plant refers to all of the physical cabling and supporting infrastructure (such as conduit, cabinets, tower or poles), and any associated hardware (such as repeaters) located between a demarcation point in a switching facility and a demarcation point in another switching center or customer premises. In the United States, the DOD defines outside plant as the communications equipment located between a main distribution frame (MDF) and a user end instrument. The CATV industry divides its fixed assets between head end or inside plant, and outside plant. The electrical power industry also uses the term outside plant to refer to electric power distribution systems. Context Network connections between devices such as computers, printers, and phones require a physical infrastructure to carry and process signals. Typically, this infrastructure will consist of: Cables from wall outlets and jacks run to a communications closets, sometimes referred to as station cable. Cables connecting one communications closet to another, sometimes referred to as riser cable. Racks containing telecommunications hardware, such as switches, routers, and repeaters. Cables connecting one building to another. Exterior communications cabinets containing hardware outside of buildings. Radio transceivers used inside or outside buildings, such as wireless access points, and hardware associated with them, such as antennas and towers. The portion of this infrastructure contained within a building is the inside plant, and the portion of this infrastructure connecting buildings or facilities is the outside plant. Where these two plants meet in a given structure is the demarcation point. Outside plant cabling, whether copper or fiber, is generally installed as aerial cable between poles, in an underground conduit system, or by direct burial. Hardware associated with the outside plant must be either protected from the elements (for example, distribution frames are generally protected by a street side cabinet) or constructed with materials suitable for exposure to the elements. Installation of the outside plant elements often require construction of significant physical infrastructure, such as underground vaults. In older large installations, cabling is sometimes protected by air pressure systems designed to prevent water infiltration. While this is not a modern approach, the cost of replacement of the older cabling with sealed cabling is often prohibitively expensive. The cabling used in the outside plant must also be protected from electrical disturbances caused by lightning or voltage surges due to electrical shorts or induction. Example: copper access network In civilian telecommunications, the copper access network (also known as the local loop) providing basic telephone or DSL services typically consists of the following elements: In-house wiring that connects customer premises equipment to the demarcation point, usually in residential installations contained in a weather protected box. One or more twisted pairs, called a drop wire. The drop wires typically connect to a splice case, located in line for aerial cables, or in a small weather protected case for underground wiring, where the local cabling is connected to a secondary feeder line. These cables contain fifty or\",\n \"title\": \"Outside plant\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56471486\",\n \"text\": \"Vernon Cooray is a Sri Lankan scientist who is an emeritus professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering at Uppsala University, Sweden. As a scientist he has concentrated on solving both physics and engineering problems related to lightning physics, lightning protection and physics of electrical discharges. This research work has resulted in more than 600 research publications. He was the Ph.D. thesis supervisor of more than thirty researchers, both at Uppsala and foreign universities, who are now actively engaged in lightning research and lightning protection in different parts of the world. Early life and career In 2014 he was elected as the president of the International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP) for a period of six years. ICLP is considered as the most prestigious conference in the world that addresses the problems related to lightning physics and lightning protection and attended by lightning researchers and engineers from all over the world. From 2000 to 2017, he was the professor responsible for the research and Ph.D. studies in the field of atmospheric electrical discharges at Uppsala University. Vernon Cooray has also contributed to educate the general public on lightning and lightning protection through newspapers, radio and television. Vernon Cooray has edited three books and authored two books on lightning physics and lightning protection. Research He is the first scientist to show that the basic foundation of all engineering return stroke models are the same even though they are expressed in different mathematical formulations. He is also the first scientist to resolve one of the controversies that existed in 1980s between the EMC engineers and Power engineers related to the theories of interaction of lightning electromagnetic fields with power lines by showing that a model developed by Prof. Sune Rusck, and used frequently by power engineers, is identical to the model developed by Agrawal et al., frequently used by EMC engineers. He and his collaborators were the first group of scientists to show that lightning cloud flashes are as efficient as lightning ground flashes in generating nitrogen oxides. He together with Prof. Marcos Rubinstein developed the Cooray-Rubinstein approximation which is frequently used in analysing the voltages induced in power lines by lightning. Vernon Cooray and Marley Becerra developed the lightning interaction simulation program SLIM that can be used to predict the location of lightning strikes to structures. He together with Dr. Gerald Cooray illustrated a connection between classical electromagnetic fields and time energy uncertainty principle. Awards He has been awarded the Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) honorary degree from University of Colombo in Sri Lanka, the IEEE fellow membership, the Karl Berger award from the international scientific committee of ICLP, and the best book award from the Atmospheric Science Librarians International (ASLI). References 1951 births Living people Fellows of the IEEE Sri Lankan scientists Swedish people of Sri Lankan descent\",\n \"title\": \"Vernon Cooray\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5801968\",\n \"text\": \"A field mill is a specialized instrument used for measuring the strength of electric fields in the atmosphere, one of the key parameters of atmospheric electricity. They are used in the launch criteria for rockets bound for orbit, as well as the now-retired Space Shuttle, to avoid lightning strikes. They are also used in outdoor laboratories for lightning protection equipment to determine favorable experiment conditions, or simply to measure the atmospheric electric field away from thunderstorms. The \\\"mill\\\" is a typical rotating shutter design in the instrument. It acts as a Chopper, converting the tiny DC signal of ambient static electricity into a tiny AC signal that is easier to detect without the amplifier's DC bias swamping it. It can be used on the ground, or deployed airborne and flown through anvil head clouds to make measurements. KSC electric field mill network At Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida, 31 field mills are deployed around KSC and the nearby Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. Data from the field mills help forecasters determine when electric charge aloft might trigger lightning during a launch. References External links About Electric Field Mill Operation CAMEX-4 MIPS Field Mill Application of Airborne Field Mill Data for Use in Launch Support Florida Airborne Field Mill Research May Improve Launch Weather Criteria http://www.precisionstrobe.com/jc/fieldmill/fieldmill.html Build a homemade field mill INEO SUEZ Lightning Research Laboratory—University of Florida Lightning detection Meteorological instrumentation and equipment fr:Détecteur de foudre#Moulin à champ\",\n \"title\": \"Field mill\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18758722\",\n \"text\": \"Most forms of uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can be either powered by battery or flywheel energy. These are ready for immediate use at the instant that the mains electricity fails, but the relatively small and finite amount of stored energy they contain makes them suitable for short periods of use, typically in the order of a few dozen minutes to a couple of hours depending on the actual load. To get uninterruptible and continuous power supply, a diesel-generator back-up system is needed along with a fuel supply plan that includes on-demand replacement. Diesel rotary uninterruptible power supply devices (DRUPS) combine the functionality of a battery-powered or flywheel-powered UPS and a diesel generator. When mains electricity supply is within specification, an electrical generator with a mass functions as motor to store kinetic energy in an electro-mechanical flywheel. When mains electricity supply fails, stored energy in the flywheel is released to drive the electrical generator, which continues to supply power without interruption. At the same time (or with some delay, for example 2 to 11 seconds, to prevent the diesel engine from starting at every incident), the diesel engine takes over from the flywheel to drive the electrical generator to make the electricity required. The electro-magnetic flywheel can continue to support the diesel generator in order to keep a stable output frequency. Typically a DRUPS will have enough fuel to power the load for days or even weeks in the event of failure of the mains electricity supply. The main advantages of DRUPS equipment compared to battery-powered UPS combined with a diesel-generator are the higher overall system energy efficiency, smaller footprint, use of fewer components, longer technical lifetime (no use of power electronics) and the fact it does not result in chemical waste (no use of batteries). The main disadvantages of DRUPS equipment are a more frequent maintenance regimen due to the number of moving parts. DRUPS are also typically installed in external buildings due to noise concerns from the generators. A DRUPS can provide a ride-through time of 15–40 seconds. A flywheel UPS can be installed ahead of typical UPS battery systems to reduce the effects of lightning & switching transients and to increase battery life. See also Spot network substation References Uninterruptible power supply\",\n \"title\": \"Diesel rotary uninterruptible power supply\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29152171\",\n \"text\": \"A remote radio head (RRH), also called a remote radio unit (RRU) in wireless networks, is a remote radio transceiver that connects to an operator radio control panel via electrical or wireless interface. When used to describe aircraft radio cockpit radio systems, the control panel is often called the radio head. In wireless system technologies such as GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, 5G NR this radio equipment is remote to baseband units such as BTS/NodeB/eNodeB/gNodeB or gNB. This equipment is used to extend the coverage of a baseband unit in challenging environments such as rural areas or tunnels. RRHs are generally connected to the baseband unit or base station which can be an x86 server on the ground near a cell tower, via a fiber optic cable using Common Public Radio Interface protocols. RRHs have become one of the most important subsystems of today's new distributed base stations. The RRH contains RF circuitry plus analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog converters and up/down converters, and connects to, and thus drives the cell site's antenna. RRHs also have operation and management processing capabilities and a standardized optical interface to connect to the rest of the base station/baseband unit. This will be increasingly true as LTE and WiMAX are deployed. Remote radio heads make MIMO operation easier; they increase a base station's efficiency and facilitate easier physical location for gap coverage problems. RRHs will use the latest RF component technology including gallium nitride (GaN) RF power devices and envelope tracking technology within the RRH RF power amplifier (RFPA). RRH protection in fiber to the antenna systems Fourth generation (4G) and beyond infrastructure deployments will include the implementation of Fiber to the Antenna (FTTA) architecture. FTTA architecture has enabled lower power requirements, distributed antenna sites, and a reduced base station footprint than conventional tower sites. The use of FTTA will promote the separation of power and signal components from the base station and their relocation to the top of the tower mast in a Remote Radio Head (RRH). According to the Telcordia industry standard that establishes generic requirements for Fiber to the Antenna (FTTA) protection GR-3177, the RRH shifts the entire high-frequency and power electronic segments from the base station to a location adjacent to the antenna. The RRH will be served by optical fiber and DC power for the optical-to-electronic conversion at the RRH. RRHs located on cell towers will require Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) to protect the system from lightning strikes and induced power surges. There is also a change in electrical overstress exposure due to the relocation of the equipment from the base station to the top of the mast. Protection from lightning damage RRHs can be installed in a low-profile arrangement along a rooftop, or can involve a much higher tower arrangement. When installed at the highest point on a structure (whether a building or a dedicated cell tower), they will be more vulnerable to receiving a direct lightning strike and higher induced lightning levels, compared with those installed in a lower profile manner below\",\n \"title\": \"Remote radio head\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1717012\",\n \"text\": \"A shunt is a device that is designed to provide a low-resistance path for an electrical current in a circuit. It is typically used to divert current away from a system or component in order to prevent overcurrent. Electrical shunts are commonly used in a variety of applications including power distribution systems, electrical measurement systems, automotive and marine applications. Defective device bypass One example is in miniature Christmas lights which are wired in series. When the filament burns out in one of the incandescent light bulbs, the full line voltage appears across the burnt out bulb. A shunt resistor, which has been connected in parallel across the filament before it burnt out, will then short out to bypass the burnt filament and allow the rest of the string to light. If too many lights burn out however, a shunt will also burn out, requiring the use of a multimeter to find the point of failure. Photovoltaics In photovoltaics, the term is widely used to describe an unwanted short circuit between the front and back surface contacts of a solar cell, usually caused by wafer damage. Lightning arrester A gas-filled tube can also be used as a shunt, particularly in a lightning arrester. Neon and other noble gases have a high breakdown voltage, so that normally current will not flow across it. However, a direct lightning strike (such as on a radio tower antenna) will cause the shunt to arc and conduct the massive amount of electricity to ground, protecting transmitters and other equipment. Another older form of lightning arrester employs a simple narrow spark gap, over which an arc will jump when a high voltage is present. While this is a low cost solution, its high triggering voltage offers almost no protection for modern solid-state electronic devices powered by the protected circuit. Electrical noise bypass Capacitors are used as shunts to redirect high-frequency noise to ground before it can propagate to the load or other circuit components. Use in electronic filter circuits The term shunt is used in filter and similar circuits with a ladder topology to refer to the components connected between the line and common. The term is used in this context to distinguish the shunt components connected between the signal and return lines from the components connected in series along the signal line. More generally, the term shunt can be used for a component connected in parallel with another. For instance, shunt m-derived half section is a common filter section from the image impedance method of filter design. Diodes as shunts Where devices are vulnerable to reverse polarity of a signal or power supply, a diode may be used to protect the circuit. If connected in series with the circuit it simply prevents reversed current, but if connected in parallel it can shunt the reversed supply, causing a fuse or other current limiting circuit to open. All semiconductor diodes have a threshold voltage – typically between 0.5 volt and 1 volt – that must be exceeded before\",\n \"title\": \"Shunt (electrical)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33760806\",\n \"text\": \"Carlo Alberto Nucci is full professor of Electrical Power Systems at the University of Bologna and the Editor in Chief of the Electric Power System Research Journal. He authored or co-authored over 200 science papers in the field of power electrical engineering. Fellow of IEEE for contributions to analysis and modeling of lightning originated phenomena in power systems and IET. He has also been Chair of the IEEE PowerTech Permanent Steering Committee. Nucci is head of the Power Systems Laboratory at the University of Bologna. Together with prof. F. Rachidi of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, he has developed a computer code for the appraisal of lightning-induced voltages in electrical network, called LIOV, which is quoted in IEEE standards. Prof. Nucci is also member of the Bologna Science Academy. His research is currently focused on: Power systems electromagnetic transients Lightning protection of power systems Smart Grids - Distributed generation Dynamics of power systems Secondary cell for electric vehicles Career Nucci received a degree with honors from the University of Bologna, Italy in 1982. In the same University he was appointed a researcher in Power Electrical Engineering in 1983, became a full professor and the chair of Power Systems in 2000. He serves as the chair of Study Committee C4 in Cigre International Council on Large Electric Systems. Since January 2010 he has been the Editor in Chief of the Electric Power System Research journal. Personal life Carlo Alberto Nucci was born in Bologna, Italy, in 1956. References External links Academic staff of the University of Bologna Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology Fellows of the IEEE Living people 1956 births Engineers from Bologna University of Bologna alumni\",\n \"title\": \"Carlo Alberto Nucci\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2074176\",\n \"text\": \"In electrical engineering, overvoltage is the raising of voltage beyond the design limit of a circuit or circuit element. The conditions may be hazardous. Depending on its duration, the overvoltage event can be transient—a voltage spike—or permanent, leading to a power surge. Explanation Electronic and electrical devices are designed to operate at a certain maximum supply voltage, and considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is higher than that for which the devices are rated. For example, an electric light bulb has a wire in it that at the given rated voltage will carry a current just large enough for the wire to get very hot (giving off light and heat), but not hot enough for it to melt. The amount of current in a circuit depends on the voltage supplied: if the voltage is too high, then the wire may melt and the light bulb burn out. Similarly other electrical devices may stop working, or may even burst into flames if an overvoltage is delivered to the circuit. Sources Natural A typical natural source of transient overvoltage events is lightning. Bursts of solar wind following solar flares are also known to cause overvoltage in electrical circuits, especially onboard space satellites. Man-made Man-made sources of spikes are usually caused by electromagnetic induction when switching on or off inductive loads (such as electric motors or electromagnets), or by switching heavy resistive AC loads when zero-crossing circuitry is not used - anywhere a large change of current takes place. One of the purposes of electromagnetic compatibility compliance is to eliminate such sources. An important potential source of dangerous overvoltage is electronic warfare. There is intensive military research in this field, whose goal is to produce various transient electromagnetic devices designed to generate electromagnetic pulses that will disable an enemy's electronic equipment. A recent military development is that of the exploding capacitor designed to radiate a high voltage electromagnetic pulse. Another intense source of an electromagnetic pulse is a nuclear explosion. Diesel or petrol powered generators can also be a source of overvoltage. If the generator speed increases suddenly, such as due to inadvertent throttle movement or unstable operation of the prime mover, this can cause brief but damaging overvoltage to any connected equipment. A faulty voltage regulator can also cause overvoltage. An example of an overvoltage event occurred on August 25, 2011, in East Palo Alto, California. The line voltage supplied to 232 customers increased from 110 volts to around 400 volts for 80 minutes. The event damaged electronic equipment, light bulbs, and other electrical equipment including smart meters. The opposite of such an event is a brownout. Conduction path The transient pulses can get into the equipment either by power or data lines, or directly through space from a strong electromagnetic field change - an electromagnetic pulse (EMP). Filters are used to prevent spikes entering or leaving the equipment through wires, and the devices coupled electromagnetically to space (such as radio-frequency pick-up coils in MRI scanners) are protected by shielding.\",\n \"title\": \"Overvoltage\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4267366\",\n \"text\": \"Arcing horns (sometimes arc-horns) are projecting conductors used to protect insulators or switch hardware on high voltage electric power transmission systems from damage during flashover. Overvoltages on transmission lines, due to atmospheric electricity, lightning strikes, or electrical faults, can cause arcs across insulators (flashovers) that can damage them. Alternately, atmospheric conditions or transients that occur during switching can cause an arc to form in the breaking path of a switch during its operation. Arcing horns provide a path for flashover to occur that bypasses the surface of the protected device. Horns are normally paired on either side of an insulator, one connected to the high voltage part and the other to ground, or at the breaking point of a switch contact. They are frequently to be seen on insulator strings on overhead lines, or protecting transformer bushings. The horns can take various forms, such as simple cylindrical rods, circular guard rings, or contoured curves, sometimes known as 'stirrups'. Background High voltage equipment, particularly that which is installed outside, such as overhead power lines, is commonly subject to transient overvoltages, which may be caused by phenomena such as lightning strikes, faults on other equipment, or switching surges during circuit re-energisation. Overvoltage events such as these are unpredictable, and in general cannot be completely prevented. Line terminations, at which a transmission line connects to a busbar or transformer bushing, are at greatest risk to overvoltage due to the change in characteristic impedance at this point. An electrical insulator serves to provide physical separation of conducting parts, and under normal operating conditions is continuously subject to a high electric field which occupies the air surrounding the equipment. Overvoltage events may cause the electric field to exceed the dielectric strength of air and result in the formation of an arc between the conducting parts and over the surface of the insulator. This is called flashover. Contamination of the surface of the insulator reduces the breakdown strength and increases the tendency to flash over. On an electrical transmission system, protective relays are expected to detect the formation of the arc and automatically open circuit breakers to discharge the circuit and extinguish the arc. Under a worst case, this process may take as long as several seconds, during which time the insulator surface would be in close contact with the highly energetic plasma of the arc. This is very damaging to an insulator, and may shatter brittle glass or ceramic disks, resulting in its complete failure. Operation Arcing horns form a spark gap across the insulator with a lower breakdown voltage than the air path along the insulator surface, so an overvoltage will cause the air to break down and the arc to form between the arcing horns, diverting it away from the surface of the insulator. An arc between the horns is more tolerable for the equipment, providing more time for the fault to be detected and the arc to be safely cleared by remote circuit breakers. The geometry of some designs encourages the arc\",\n \"title\": \"Arcing horns\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31350472\",\n \"text\": \"Natural Bridges National Monument Solar Power System is an experimental electrical power plant at the Natural Bridges National Monument in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Utah. It consists of 256,812 solar cells arranged in 12 rows, each measuring long. Direct current energy from the array is converted to alternating current at an equipment building, then supplied to the park's staff buildings and visitor center. Excess energy is stored in a bank of batteries that is used on cloudy days. The system is controlled by computers and creates fewer emissions than the diesel generators that it replaced. When it was dedicated in June 1980 by the Utah Governor, it was the world's largest solar plant at 100 kW. The solar power station was later downsized to 50 kW and supplemented with a diesel generator backup system which allowed the solar array to operate more efficiently. History The electrical power plant, located in Natural Bridges National Monument, is a joint experimental venture between the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory and the United States National Park System and Department of Energy. It was initiated in 1979 and when dedicated in June 1980 by the Utah Governor, it was the world's first solar-power generating system. It is above sea level and located in a desert in the southeast corner of the U.S. state of Utah. An array of solar panels are set up and located on adjacent to the park's visitor center. The visitor center has an observation platform nearby overlooking the solar cells and recorded narration explaining the function of the facility. Natural Bridges receives sunlight year-round and is far from other commercial power sources, making it an ideal site for an experimental solar cell power system. The 1980 project cost $15 million ($ in 2022 dollars) and a power plant 30 years later would cost about $1.5 million ($ in 2022 dollars) because of technical advances in solar cell production. The power plant operated for 10 years before it was shut down for overhaul and upgrading. The plant was downsized from 100 kW to 50 kW and supplemented with a diesel generator backup system which allowed the solar array to operate more efficiently. At this time the modernization involved adding 18 kW of new state-of-the-art solar modules, replacing the battery bank and upgrading the wiring to a higher gauge. The electric power system was again renovated in 2003 with new 319 kilowatt lead-acid rechargeable batteries and 100 kilowatt electronic DC to AC inverters. Characteristics The photovoltaic system (PV) plant is from the nearest power line. It originally consisted of 256,812 individual solar cells with diameters of and , arranged in 12 rows; these were originally capable of 100 kW at noon with full sunlight. The direct current (DC) power generated by the solar cells is converted to alternating current (AC) power. AC electricity is used for the visitors' center, six staff residences, maintenance facilities, and the local water sanitation system. The system is protected with lightning rods. When\",\n \"title\": \"Natural Bridges National Monument Solar Power System\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31858593\",\n \"text\": \"The DC distribution system has been proposed, as a replacement for the present AC power distribution system for ships with electric propulsion. This concept represents a new way of distributing energy for low-voltage installations on ships. It can be used for any electrical ship application up to 20 megawatts and operates at a nominal voltage of 1000 V DC. The DC distribution system is simply an extension of the multiple DC links that already exist in all propulsion and thruster drives, which usually account for more than 80 percent of the electrical power consumption on electric propulsion vessels. Benefits In addition to boosting efficiency by up to 20 percent, other benefits include space and weight savings of up to 30 percent and flexible placement of electrical equipment. This allows for significantly more cargo space and a more functional vessel layout where the electrical system is designed around the vessel functions and not vice versa. The efficiency improvement is mainly achieved from the system no longer being locked at a specific frequency (usually 60 Hz on ships), even though a 60 Hz power source can also be connected to the grid. This new freedom of being able to control each power source totally independently opens up numerous ways of optimizing fuel consumption. The reduced weight and footprint of the installed electrical equipment will vary depending on the ship type and application. One comparison using the DC distribution system instead of the traditional AC system for a Platform Supply Vessel (PSV), reduced the weight of the electrical system components from to . Another saves 15-30% fuel. On land, the solar panels on several buildings in Sweden are connected via DC to smooth production and consumption, bypassing the AC grid and its inverters. Fuel savings The biggest potential for fuel savings lies in the ease with which energy storage devices, such as batteries or super capacitors, can be added to the system. Energy storage will help the engines level out load variations from the thrusters and other large loads. Operational optimization DC distribution system allows for new ways of thinking regarding operational optimization. The system is flexible and can combine different energy sources such as engines, turbines, and fuel cells. This means that there is the potential to implement an energy management system that takes into account varying fuel prices and the availability of different fuels. Challenges Because the main AC switchboard with its AC circuit breakers and protection relays is omitted from the new design, a new protection philosophy that fulfills class requirements is needed for selectivity and equipment protection. ABB has proposed a solution for protecting the DC distribution system using a combination of fuses and controlled turn-off semiconductor power devices. Because all energy-producing components have controllable switching devices, the fault current can be blocked much faster than is possible with traditional circuit breakers with associated protection relays. Although this approach offers a faster response during a short circuit, it does not fit well in system independent building philosophies. Safety and\",\n \"title\": \"DC distribution system (ship propulsion)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29651525\",\n \"text\": \"is a 2011 third-person shooter developed by Vicious Cycle Software, and published by D3 Publisher, for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Windows. It is a spin-off entry in the Japanese Earth Defense Force series, and is essentially an American take on the premise, following the titular Earth Defense Force as they deploy to fight an invasion of aliens and giant insects in the United States. Insect Armageddon has no story or setting connection to the numbered Earth Defense Force series. Insect Armageddon was released to mixed but generally positive reviews from critics. Gameplay Players take the role of Lightning Alpha, who battles against wave after wave of deadly gigantic insect and robot enemies. Insect Armageddon predominately takes place in the city of New Detroit, the target of a concentrated bug invasion that only the EDF can stop. The graphics have been greatly improved, but still retain the arcade-shooter physics of its predecessor. Vehicle controls have been fixed, with improved tank and mecha vehicles that can be manned by more than one player. Credits are accumulated which are used for a wide variety of tasks. Over 300 weapons are available. These can be purchased using a new unlock system that partially replaces the in-game weapon drop system of Earth Defense Force 2017, though some weapons are only dropped by elite enemies. Four different classes are selectable from the menu, each with special functions and exclusive equipment. All armor colors can be customized. Trooper Armor: The standard armor with an expansive loadout. It has access to more weapons than any other class, and upgradable abilities that allow it to be a versatile, all-around unit. The Trooper Armor is also the only armor available in Survival Mode. Jet Armor: Jet-powered armor used for flying and aerial attacks. It uses energy to replenish weapons. The jet pack allows the fastest movement across the map for any class but also the weakest protection. Tactical Armor: Wide-ranging support armor. It is the only class that can deploy turrets, mines and radar dishes. Stronger equipment is unlocked as the story progresses. Battle Armor: Heavy armor similar to an exoskeleton. It is powerful but slow, comes with a portable energy shield, and can equip some of the most powerful weapons in the game. Battle armor also can release its entire pool of energy in a massive electric blast, damaging everything unfortunate enough to be close by. Both split-screen and online co-operative play are included. A six-player Survival mode is also available, with a squad of EDF soldiers defending against endless waves of bugs. The game has two expansion packs: Pounds of Pain, which features 15 weapons mostly for the Battle Armor but also a few for the Trooper Armor and Tactical Armor, available from GameStop; and Death From Above, which features 15 weapons mostly for the Jet Armor but also a few for the Trooper Armor and Tactical Armor as well, available from Best Buy. Plot The EDF defends a fictional city called New Detroit against an\",\n \"title\": \"Earth Defense Force: Insect Armageddon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54388709\",\n \"text\": \"Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric current, arcing, electromagnetic fields and static electricity. History The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In 1989 OSHA promulgated a much-needed regulation in the General Industry Regulations. Several standards are defined for control of hazardous energy, or lockout/tagout. In 1995 OSHA was successful in promulgation of regulations for utility. In 1994 were established Electrical Safety Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace. Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 – for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution, contained comprehensive regulations and addressed control of hazardous energy sources for power plant locations Standards are compared with those of IEEE and National Fire Protection Association. Lightning and earthing protection Lightning and Earthing protection systems are essential for the protection of humans, structures, protecting buildings from mechanical destruction caused by lightning effects and the associated risk of fire, Transmission lines, and electrical equipment from electric shock and Overcurrent. Earthing protection systems TT system TN system IT system Lightning protection systems lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system) lightning rod with taut wires. lightning conductor with meshed cage (Faraday cage) Physiological effects of electricity Electrical shocks on humans can lead to permanent disabilities or death. Size, frequency and duration of the electrical current affect the damage. The effects from electric shock can be: stopping the heart beating properly, preventing the person from breathing, causing muscle spasms. The skin features also affect the consequences of electric shock. Indirect contact – can be avoided by automatic disconnection for TT system, automatic disconnection for TN systems, automatic disconnection on a second fault in an IT system, measures of protection against direct or indirect contact without automatic disconnection of supply Direct contact – can be avoided by protection by the insulation of live parts, protection by means of barriers or enclosures, partial measures of protection, particular measures of protection Electrical safety conductors NEC 2008 Table 250.122 – Safeco Electric Supply Electrical safety standards Australian Standards – Australia – AS/NZS 3000:2007, AS/NZS 3012:2010, AS/NZS 3017:2007, AS/NZS 3760:2010, AS/NZS 4836:2011 Български Държавен Стандарт – (On English:Bulgarian state standard) – БДС 12.2.096:1986 Bulgaria Brazilian National Regulation – NR10 Brazil – China GB4943, GB17625, GB9254 IEEE/TÜV – Germany NSR Niederspannungsrichtlinie 2014/35/EU La norme français C 15-100 – Aspects de la norme d’installation électrique France British standard – United Kingdom BS EN 61439, BS 5266, BS 5839, BS 6423, BS 6626, BS EN 62305, BS EN 60529 India Standardization – India – IS-5216, IS-5571, IS-6665 Polska Norma – Poland – PN-EN 61010-2-201:2013-12E – ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000,ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р 52726-2007 Russia| NFPA, IEEE STD 80, IEEE STD 80 – United States NFPA 496, NFPA 70 Lightning protection standards NFPA 780, IEC 62305 СТО 083-004-2010,ГОСТ Р МЭК 62561.2-2014 БДС EN 62305-1:2011 Norme NF C 15-100 DIN EN 62305-1 PN-EN 62305 BS-EN 62305 UNE 21186. Protección contra el rayo SNI 03-7015-2004 IS 2309 GB/T 36490-2018\",\n \"title\": \"Electrical safety standards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31948597\",\n \"text\": \"A ring ground is a type of electrical ground that is used to protect buildings and equipment from damage due to electrical surges. Ring grounds are typically used as protection against lightning strikes. They are also known as ground rings, although this term may also be applied to grounding rings that are installed in metal pipe systems to protect electrical devices such as flow meters. Construction A ring ground is typically constructed from a fairly large wire that is buried at least a few feet underground. The ring ground will usually encircle the entire building that it is trying to protect. The ring ground is used as the base of the entire building's ground system, and all components of the building's ground system, including the building structure, are connected to the ground ring. In the U.S., the National Electrical Code specifies that ring grounds must be constructed from #2 or thicker wire, must be buried at least 2 1/2 feet underground, and must have at least 20 feet of exposed copper to ensure good electrical contact with the earth. Ring grounds should be installed beyond the building's drip line to prevent corrosion of the ring's metal. Ring grounds are very commonly used around communications equipment such as cell phone towers, police radio towers, and other types of radio towers and equipment buildings. They are also often used to protect computer data centers. Halo Ground A halo ground is a type of ring ground that, instead of being installed outside and underground, is installed inside, near the top of a building or structure. The ground reference for all equipment inside the area being protected is separate from the halo. The halo is connected to the main building ground, which may include an underground ring ground outside the building, with vertical conductors especially in the corners of the building. Electrical equipment is also often placed in fully enclosed metal cabinets, which function as Faraday cages to further protect the equipment. The halo may be connected to structural metallic elements such as door frames, building steel, window frames, and air conditioning vents. A typical halo ground is constructed of #2 insulated copper wire and is installed six inches below the ceiling, and entirely encircles the area that it is protecting. Theory of Operation When an electrical conductor moves through a magnetic field, an electric current is induced into the conductor. The same thing also happens when the electrical conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is moving. This is known as electromagnetic induction, and is the underlying principle used in the construction of electrical generators. When lightning strikes a metal tower or strikes near a building containing electrical equipment, a large, rapidly changing magnetic field is generated. This magnetic field induces current onto power lines, often disrupting electrical service, and also induces current into other electrical conductors such as electrical equipment and even structural metal used in construction, such as rebar used to reinforce concrete. These induced currents can easily damage electronic equipment.\",\n \"title\": \"Ring ground\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10918148\",\n \"text\": \"A lightning prediction system is a type of lightning detection equipment that determines when atmospheric conditions likely to produce lightning strikes and sounds an alarm, warning those nearby that lightning is imminent and giving them the chance to find safety before the storm arrives in the area. Lightning protection systems are often installed in outdoor areas which are often congested with people, lack sufficient shelter, and are difficult to evacuate quickly (such as water parks, college campuses, and large swimming pool or athletic field complexes). These locations are particularly dangerous during lightning storms. Prediction systems are prone to false alarms as they respond to conditions that are not always attributed to a developing thunderstorm. Electric field data is typically used in conjunction with detection information to limit false positives. Description The detection equipment is designed to constantly survey atmospheric electrical activity and potential for lightning occurrence via radar and other methods. Storms are scanned by radar to determine the degree of electrification and potential for lightning occurrence. The method used by such systems includes the stationing of at least three receivers at known locations in order to triangulate their data. When any of the receivers detects a strong electrical disturbance, the location is shared with other receivers in the area for corroboration, and then (presuming the data has passed the filters), encoded and transmitted to a central facility and thereafter processed for deriving the position of the lightning strike. By detecting thunderstorm electrical fields, a track can be predicted to allow warnings as early as 30 minutes before lightning strikes the protected area. The system is synchronized with the U.S. Coast Guard LORAN navigation network, and includes various features which permit a more accurate analysis of lightning position. While some systems require manual remote activation of the siren from the central monitoring facility, others work automatically. These systems can also sound an \\\"All Clear\\\" tone when electrical activity in the monitored area has receded to safe levels. This feature eliminates both the need for skilled monitoring of the system as well as the chance for human error in interpreting the data. See also Early warning system Franklin bells Lightning de:Blitz#Ortung es:Detector de rayos fr:Détecteur de foudre ja:雷検知器 pl:Wykrywacz piorunów fi:Salamatutka\",\n \"title\": \"Lightning-prediction system\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6499752\",\n \"text\": \"In an electric power system, a fault or fault current is any abnormal electric current. For example, a short circuit is a fault in which a live wire touches a neutral or ground wire. An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by a failure of a current-carrying wire (phase or neutral) or a blown fuse or circuit breaker. In three-phase systems, a fault may involve one or more phases and ground, or may occur only between phases. In a \\\"ground fault\\\" or \\\"earth fault\\\", current flows into the earth. The prospective short-circuit current of a predictable fault can be calculated for most situations. In power systems, protective devices can detect fault conditions and operate circuit breakers and other devices to limit the loss of service due to a failure. In a polyphase system, a fault may affect all phases equally, which is a \\\"symmetric fault\\\". If only some phases are affected, the resulting \\\"asymmetric fault\\\" becomes more complicated to analyse. The analysis of these types of faults is often simplified by using methods such as symmetrical components. The design of systems to detect and interrupt power system faults is the main objective of power-system protection. Transient fault A transient fault is a fault that is no longer present if power is disconnected for a short time and then restored; or an insulation fault which only temporarily affects a device's dielectric properties which are restored after a short time. Many faults in overhead power lines are transient in nature. When a fault occurs, equipment used for power system protection operate to isolate the area of the fault. A transient fault will then clear and the power-line can be returned to service. Typical examples of transient faults include: momentary tree contact bird or other animal contact lightning strike conductor clashing Transmission and distribution systems use an automatic re-close function which is commonly used on overhead lines to attempt to restore power in the event of a transient fault. This functionality is not as common on underground systems as faults there are typically of a persistent nature. Transient faults may still cause damage both at the site of the original fault or elsewhere in the network as fault current is generated. Persistent fault A persistent fault is present regardless of power being applied. Faults in underground power cables are most often persistent due to mechanical damage to the cable, but are sometimes transient in nature due to lightning. Types of fault Asymmetric fault An asymmetric or unbalanced fault does not affect each of the phases equally. Common types of asymmetric fault, and their causes: line-to-line fault - a short circuit between lines, caused by ionization of air, or when lines come into physical contact, for example due to a broken insulator. In transmission line faults, roughly 5% - 10% are asymmetric line-to-line faults. line-to-ground fault - a short circuit between one line and ground, very often caused by physical contact, for example due to lightning or other storm damage. In transmission\",\n \"title\": \"Electrical fault\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"502730\",\n \"text\": \"The New York City blackout of 1977 was an electricity blackout that affected most of New York City on July 13–14, 1977. The only unaffected neighborhoods in the city were in southern Queens (including neighborhoods of the Rockaways), which were part of the Long Island Lighting Company system, as well as the Pratt Institute campus in Brooklyn, and a few other large apartment and commercial complexes that operated their own power generators. Unlike other blackouts that affected the region, namely the Northeast blackouts of 1965 and 2003, the 1977 blackout was confined to New York City and its immediate surrounding areas. The 1977 blackout also resulted in citywide looting and other criminal activity, including arson, unlike the 1965 and 2003 blackouts. Prelude Lightning damage The events leading up to the blackout began on July 13 at 8:34 p.m. EDT on Wednesday, with a lightning strike at Buchanan South, a substation on the Hudson River, tripping two circuit breakers in Buchanan, New York. The Buchanan South substation converted the 345,000 volts of electricity originating from the 900 MW Indian Point nuclear generating station to lower voltage for commercial use. A loose locking nut combined with a slow-acting upgrade cycle prevented the breaker from reclosing and allowing power to flow again. A second lightning strike caused the loss of two 345 kV transmission lines, the subsequent reclose of only one of the lines, and the loss of power from the nuclear plant at Indian Point. As a result of the strikes, two other major transmission lines became overloaded. Per procedure, Consolidated Edison, the power provider for New York City and some of Westchester County, tried to bring a fast-start generating station online at 8:45 p.m. EDT; however, no one was manning the station, and the remote start failed. Other, manned plants successfully started, but several had removed some of their turbines from service for routine maintenance and could not provide their rated load. At 8:55 p.m., a third lightning strike hit Sprain Brook substation in Yonkers, which took out two additional critical transmission lines. Because the system design had prioritized protecting the already-isolated Indian Point plant, only the north-south line automatically returned to service. The poor design of Con Edison's control-room displays did not clearly display this fact to the operator at the time. The second opening of a transmission line left Con Edison system disconnected from key generating stations across the Hudson river. Instead, their power flowed to cross-river lines in Newark or upstate New York and then turned towards New York City. The remaining lines into New York City could not carry this excess power without exceeding their long-term capacity limits. Power reductions Con Edison's control room operator recognized that the extant north-south lines could not maintain their existing loads for long and asked New York Power Pool (NYPP) operators in Guilderland to reduce transmission on the overloaded lines. Implicitly, the Con Edison operator meant that they should use the cross-river lines near Indian Point, because he did not realize\",\n \"title\": \"New York City blackout of 1977\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3484453\",\n \"text\": \"A power conditioner (also known as a line conditioner or power line conditioner) is a device intended to improve the quality of the power that is delivered to electrical load equipment. The term most often refers to a device that acts in one or more ways to deliver a voltage of the proper level and characteristics to enable load equipment to function properly. In some uses, power conditioner refers to a voltage regulator with at least one other function to improve power quality (e.g. power factor correction, noise suppression, transient impulse protection, etc.) Conditioners specifically work to smooth the sinusoidal A.C. wave form and maintain a constant voltage over varying loads. Types An AC power conditioner is the typical power conditioner that provides \\\"clean\\\" AC power to sensitive electrical equipment. Usually this is used for home or office applications and commonly provides surge protection as well as noise filtering. Power line conditioners take in power and modify it based on the requirements of the machinery to which they are connected. Attributes to be conditioned are measured with various devices. Voltage spikes are most common during electrical storms or malfunctions in the main power lines. The surge protector stops the flow of electricity from reaching a machine by shutting off the power source. Design A good quality power conditioner is designed with internal filter banks to isolate the individual power outlets or receptacles on the power conditioner. This eliminates interference or \\\"cross-talk\\\" between components. For example, if the application will be a home theater system, the noise suppression rating listed in the technical specifications of the power conditioner will be very important. This rating is expressed in decibels (db). The higher the db rating, the better the noise suppression. Active power filters (APF) are filters which can perform the job of harmonic elimination. Active power filters can be used to filter out harmonics in the power system which are significantly below the switching frequency of the filter. The active power filters are used to filter out both higher and lower order harmonics in the power system. The main difference between active power filters and passive power filters is that APFs mitigate harmonics by injecting active power with the same frequency but with reverse phase to cancel that harmonic, where passive power filters use combinations of resistors (R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C) and do not require an external power source or active components such as transistors. This difference makes it possible for APFs to mitigate a wide range of harmonics. The power conditioner will also have a \\\"joule\\\" rating. A joule is a measurement of energy or heat required to sustain one watt for one second, known as a watt second. Since electrical surges are momentary spikes, the joule rating indicates how much electrical energy the suppressor can absorb at once before becoming damaged itself. The higher the joule rating, the greater the protection. Uses Power conditioners vary in function and size, generally according to their use. Some power conditioners provide\",\n \"title\": \"Power conditioner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"319613\",\n \"text\": \"In electrical engineering, spikes are fast, short duration electrical transients in voltage (voltage spikes), current (current spikes), or transferred energy (energy spikes) in an electrical circuit. Fast, short duration electrical transients (overvoltages) in the electric potential of a circuit are typically caused by Lightning strikes Power outages Tripped circuit breakers Short circuits Power transitions in other large equipment on the same power line Malfunctions caused by the power company Electromagnetic pulses (EMP) with electromagnetic energy distributed typically up to the 100 kHz and 1 MHz frequency range. Inductive spikes In the design of critical infrastructure and military hardware, one concern is of pulses produced by nuclear explosions, whose nuclear electromagnetic pulses distribute large energies in frequencies from 1 kHz into the gigahertz range through the atmosphere. The effect of a voltage spike is to produce a corresponding increase in current (current spike). However some voltage spikes may be created by current sources. Voltage would increase as necessary so that a constant current will flow. Current from a discharging inductor is one example. For sensitive electronics, excessive current can flow if this voltage spike exceeds a material's breakdown voltage, or if it causes avalanche breakdown. In semiconductor junctions, excessive electric current may destroy or severely weaken that device. An avalanche diode, transient voltage suppression diode, varistor, overvoltage crowbar, or a range of other overvoltage protective devices can divert (shunt) this transient current thereby minimizing voltage. Voltage spikes, also known as surges, may be created by a rapid buildup or decay of a magnetic field, which may induce energy into the associated circuit. However voltage spikes can also have more mundane causes such as a fault in a transformer or higher-voltage (primary circuit) power wires falling onto lower-voltage (secondary circuit) power wires as a result of accident or storm damage. Voltage spikes may be longitudinal (common) mode or metallic (normal or differential) mode. Some equipment damage from surges and spikes can be prevented by use of surge protection equipment. Each type of spike requires selective use of protective equipment. For example, a common mode voltage spike may not even be detected by a protector installed for normal mode transients. Power increases or decreases which last multiple cycles are called swells or sags, respectively. An uninterrupted voltage increase that lasts more than a minute is called an overvoltage. These are usually caused by malfunctions of the electric power distribution system. See also - a device to channel inductive spikes back through the coil producing them References Power electronics Spike pl:Przepięcie\",\n \"title\": \"Voltage spike\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2251965\",\n \"text\": \"An earthing system (UK and IEC) or grounding system (US) connects specific parts of an electric power system with the ground, typically the Earth's conductive surface, for safety and functional purposes. The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the installation. Regulations for earthing systems vary among countries, though most follow the recommendations of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Regulations may identify special cases for earthing in mines, in patient care areas, or in hazardous areas of industrial plants. In addition to electric power systems, other systems may require grounding for safety or function. Tall structures may have lightning rods as part of a system to protect them from lightning strikes. Telegraph lines may use the Earth as one conductor of a circuit, saving the cost of installation of a return wire over a long circuit. Radio antennas may require particular grounding for operation, as well as to control static electricity and provide lightning protection. Purposes There are three main purposes for earthing: System earthing System earthing serves a purpose of electrical safety throughout the system that is not caused by an electrical fault. Its main purpose is to prevent static buildup and to protect against power surges caused by nearby lightning strikes or switching. Static buildup, as induced by friction for example, such as when wind blows onto a radio mast, is dissipated to the Earth. In the event of a surge, a lightning arrester, a surge arrester or a SPD will divert the excess current to the Earth before it reaches an appliance. System earthing also allows for equipotential bonding to all metal works to prevent potential differences between them. Having Earth as a common reference point also keeps the electrical system's potential difference limited to the supply voltage. Equipment earthing Equipment earthing serves a purpose of electrical safety in an electrical fault. Its main purpose is to prevent equipment damage and the risk of an electric shock. This type of earthing is not an earth connection, technically speaking. When current flows from a line conductor to an earth wire, as is the case when a line conductor makes contact with an earthed surface in a Class I appliance, an automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) device such as a circuit breaker or a RCD will automatically open the circuit to clear the fault. Functional earthing Functional earthing serves a purpose other than electrical safety. Example purposes include electromagnetic interference (EMI) filtering in an EMI filter, and the use of the Earth as a return path in a single-wire earth return distribution system. Low-voltage systems In low-voltage networks, which distribute the electric power to the widest class of end users, the main concern for design of earthing systems is safety of consumers who use the electric appliances and their protection against electric shocks. The earthing system, in combination with protective devices such as fuses and residual current devices, must ultimately ensure that a person does not come into contact with a metallic object whose\",\n \"title\": \"Earthing system\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12489597\",\n \"text\": \"High-voltage switchgear is any switchgear used to connect or disconnect a part of a high-voltage power system. This equipment is essential for the protection and safe operation, without interruption, of a high voltage power system, and is important because it is directly linked to the quality of the electricity supply. The term \\\"high voltage\\\" covers the former medium voltage (MV) and the former high voltage (HV), so refers to equipment with a rated voltage of over 1000 V in the case of alternating current, and over 1500 V in the case of direct current. The industrial applications of high voltage circuit breakers are for the moment limited to alternating current because they are more economical, there are however high voltage disconnectors for direct current connections. High-voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for operating motors and others electric machines. The technology has been improved over time and can be used with voltages up to 1,100 kV. Classification Functional classification Disconnectors and earthing switches Disconnectors and earthing switches are safety devices used to open or to close a circuit when there is no current through them. They are used to isolate a part of a circuit, a machine, a part of an overhead line or an underground line so that maintenance can be safely conducted. The opening of the line isolator or busbar section isolator is necessary for safety, but not sufficient. Grounding must be conducted at both the upstream and downstream sections of the device under maintenance. This is accomplished by earthing switches. In principle, disconnecting switches do not have to interrupt currents, as they are designed for use on de-energized circuits. In practice, some are capable of interrupting currents (as much as 1,600 ampere under 300 V but only if current is drawn via a same circuit half breaker bypass system), and some earthing switches must interrupt induced currents which are generated in a non-current-carrying line by inductive and capacitive coupling with nearby lines (up to 160 A under 20 kV). High-current switching mechanism High-current switching mechanisms are used for energized circuits carrying a normal load. Some can be used as a disconnecting switch. But if they can create a short-circuit current, they can not interrupt it. Contactor Contactors are similar in function to high-current switching mechanisms, but can be used at higher rates. They have a high electrical endurance and a high mechanical endurance. Fuses A fuse can automatically interrupt a circuit with an overcurrent flowing in it for a fixed time. This is accomplished by the fusion of an electrical conductor which is graded. Fuses are mainly used to protect against short circuits. They limit the peak value of the fault current. In three-phase electric power, they only eliminate the phases where the fault current is flowing, which can pose a risk for both the malfunctioning devices and the people. To alleviate this problem, fuses can be used in conjunction with high-current switches or contactors. Like contactors, high-voltage fuses are used only in\",\n \"title\": \"High-voltage switchgear\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40625088\",\n \"text\": \"A voltage sag (U.S. English) or voltage dip (British English) is a short-duration reduction in the voltage of an electric power distribution system. It can be caused by high current demand such as inrush current (starting of electric motors, transformers, heaters, power supplies) or fault current (overload or short circuit) elsewhere on the system. Voltage sags are defined by their magnitude or depth, and duration. A voltage sag happens when the RMS voltage decreases between 10 and 90 percent of nominal voltage for one-half cycle to one minute. Some references define the duration of a sag for a period of 0.5 cycle to a few seconds, and a longer duration of low voltage would be called a \\\"sustained sag\\\". The definition of voltage sag can be found in IEEE 1159, 3.1.73 as \\\"A variation of the RMS value of the voltage from nominal voltage for a time greater than 0.5 cycles of the power frequency but less than or equal to 1 minute. Usually further described using a modifier indicating the magnitude of a voltage variation (e.g. sag, swell, or interruption) and possibly a modifier indicating the duration of the variation (e.g., instantaneous, momentary, or temporary).\\\" Voltage sag in large power system The main goal of the power system is to provide reliable and high-quality electricity for its customers. One of the main measures of power quality is the voltage magnitude. Therefore, Monitoring the power system to ensure its performance is one of the highest priorities. However, since power systems are usually grids including hundreds of buses, installing measuring instruments at every single busbar of the system is not cost-efficient. In this regard, various approaches have been suggested to estimate the voltage of different buses merely based on the measured voltage on a few buses. Related concepts The term \\\"sag\\\" should not be confused with a brownout, which is the reduction of voltage for minutes or hours. The term \\\"transient\\\", as used in power quality, is an umbrella term and can refer to sags, swells, dropouts, etc. Swell Voltage swell is the opposite of voltage sag. Voltage swell, which is a momentary increase in voltage, happens when a heavy load turns off in a power system. Causes Several factors can cause a voltage sag: Some electric motors draw much more current when they are starting than when they are running at their rated speed. A line-to-ground fault will cause a voltage sag until the protective switchgear (fuse or circuit breaker) operates. Some accidents in power lines such as lightning or a falling object can cause a line-to-ground fault. Sudden load changes or excessive loads Depending on the transformer connections, transformers energizing Voltage sags can arrive from the power utility, but most are caused by local in-building equipment. In residential homes, voltage sags are sometimes seen when refrigerators, air-conditioners, or furnace fans start up. Factors that affect the magnitude of sag caused by faults: The distance between the victim and the fault source The fault impedance Type of fault The voltage\",\n \"title\": \"Voltage sag\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1706048\",\n \"text\": \"A battery room is a room that houses batteries for backup or uninterruptible power systems. The rooms are found in telecommunication central offices, and provide standby power for computing equipment in datacenters. Batteries provide direct current (DC) electricity, which may be used directly by some types of equipment, or which may be converted to alternating current (AC) by uninterruptible power supply (UPS) equipment. The batteries may provide power for minutes, hours or days, depending on each system's design, although they are most commonly activated during brief electric utility outages lasting only seconds. Battery rooms were used to segregate the fumes and corrosive chemicals of wet cell batteries (often lead–acid) from the operating equipment, and for better control of temperature and ventilation. In 1890, the Western Union central telegraph office in New York City had 20,000 wet cells, mostly of the primary zinc-copper type. Telecommunications Telephone system central offices contain large battery systems to provide power for customer telephones, telephone switches, and related apparatus. Terrestrial microwave links, cellular telephone sites, fibre optic apparatus and satellite communications facilities also have standby battery systems, which may be large enough to occupy a separate room in the building. In normal operation power from the local commercial utility operates telecommunication equipment, and batteries provide power if the normal supply is interrupted. These can be sized for the expected full duration of an interruption, or may be required only to provide power while a standby generator set or other emergency power supply is started. Batteries often used in battery rooms are the flooded lead-acid battery, the valve regulated lead-acid battery or the nickel–cadmium battery. Batteries are installed in groups. Several batteries are wired together in a series circuit forming a group providing DC electric power at 12, 24, 48 or 60 volts (or higher). Usually there are two or more groups of series-connected batteries. These groups of batteries are connected in a parallel circuit. This arrangement allows an individual group of batteries to be taken offline for service or replacement without compromising the availability of uninterruptible power. Generally, the larger the battery room's electrical capacity, the larger the size of each individual battery and the higher the room's DC voltage. Electrical utilities Battery rooms are also found in electric power plants and substations where reliable power is required for operation of switchgear, critical standby systems, and possibly black start of the station. Often batteries for large switchgear line-ups are 125 V or 250 V nominal systems, and feature redundant battery chargers with independent power sources. Separate battery rooms may be provided to protect against loss of the station due to a fire in a battery bank. For stations that are capable of black start, power from the battery system may be required for many purposes including switchgear operations. Very large utility batteries may be used for grid energy storage. Submarines and ocean-going vessels Battery rooms are found on diesel-electric submarines, where they contain the lead-acid batteries used for undersea propulsion of the vessel. Even nuclear submarines\",\n \"title\": \"Battery room\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49459416\",\n \"text\": \"IEC 61000-4-5 is an international standard by the International Electrotechnical Commission on surge immunity. In an electrical installation, disruptive surges can appear on power and data lines. Their sources include abrupt load switching and faults in the power system, as well as induced lightning transients from an indirect lightning strike (direct lightning is out of scope in this standard). It necessitates the test of surge immunity in electrical or electronic equipment. IEC 61000-4-5 defines test set-up, procedures, and classification levels. In particular, it standardizes the required surge voltage and current waveforms for laboratory testing, with the \\\"1.2/50-8/20 μs\\\" impulse being the most frequently used surge waveform. Although this standard is designed for testing equipment as a whole at system level, not for individual protection devices, in practice this surge waveform is often also used for rating Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS), Gas Discharge Tubes (GDT), Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV), and other surge protection devices. The current version is Third Edition (2014), amended in 2017. Test Setup Two major components are defined in this standard: two types of Combination Wave Generators (CWG) and various Coupling/Decoupling Networks (CDN) depending on the test level and type. First, a Combination Wave Generator is a standardized impulse generator (sometimes also referred to as a lightning surge generator), it's used for producing simulated, standard voltage and current surges under laboratory conditions. Subsequently, the surge is transmitted into a port of the Device-Under-Test (DUT) via a coupling network. Finally, to prevent surges from reaching other devices via the power system during the test, a decoupling network is also inserted between the power line and the DUT. Surge Waveforms The Combination Wave Generator is required to have an output floating from ground, and be capable of generating both positive and negative impulses. Its repetition rate should be at least one impulse per 60 seconds. The surge is defined by the Combination Wave Generator's open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current waveforms, characterized by front time, duration, and peak values. With an open circuit output, the surge voltage is a double exponential pulse in the form of . With a short circuit output, the surge current waveform is a damped sine wave. The ratio between the peak open-circuit voltage and the peak short-circuit current is 2, giving an effective output impedance of 2 Ω. Usually, the voltage waveform has a 1.2 μs front time and a 50 μs duration, and the current waveform has a 8 μs front time and 20 μs duration. This is the most commonly used surge waveform for most applications, often referred to as a \\\"1.2/50-8/20 μs\\\" surge. Alternatively, for outdoor telecommunication networks that experience a higher surge level, the standard also defines a more energetic generator with a 10/700 μs voltage waveform and a 5/320 μs current waveform. Front time and duration are not measured directly, but as virtual parameters derived from measurements. For open-circuit voltage, front time is defined to be 1.67 times the 30%-90% rise time, duration is defined as the time interval between the\",\n \"title\": \"IEC 61000-4-5\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49238681\",\n \"text\": \"Farhad Rachidi (born August 22, 1962, in Geneva, Switzerland) is an Iranian-Swiss scientist. Early life Rachidi is the son of Davoud Rashidi, a famous Iranian theatre actor and director. At the age of 3 months his family decided to move back to Iran. He attended Marika (Shahdokht Farahnaz) primary school and the French-Iranian Razi High-School in Tehran and obtained his high-school diploma in 1980. In the same year, he moved to Lausanne, Switzerland and started his education in electrical engineering. He received a M.S. degree in electrical engineering and a Ph.D. from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, in 1986 and 1991 respectively. Career Rachidi worked at the Power Systems Laboratory of the same institute until 1996 and had several short stays at the University of Florida and at the NASA Kennedy Space Center. In 1997, he joined the Lightning Research Laboratory of the University of Toronto in Canada and from April 1998 until September 1999, he was with Montena EMC in Switzerland. He is currently a Titular Professor and the head of the EMC Laboratory at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne. His research interests include lightning electromagnetics, electromagnetic compatibility, application of high power electromagnetics to humanitarian demining, and electromagnetic time reversal. In collaboration with Prof. C.A. Nucci of the University of Bologna, he has developed models for the evaluation of lightning electromagnetic radiation, which have been widely used in lightning-related engineering applications. One of the most important contributions made by Professor Rachidi is the development of a model describing the interaction of an exciting electromagnetic field and a transmission line. Dr. Rachidi served as the vice-chair of the European COST Action on the Physics of Lightning Flash and its Effects (2005-2009), the Chairman of the 2008 European Electromagnetics International Symposium (EUROEM), the President of the International Conference on Lightning Protection (2008-2014), and the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility (2013-2015). He is currently the President of the Swiss National Committee of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) and a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society. Prof. Rachidi is an IEEE Fellow, EMP Fellow and Electromagnetics Academy Fellow. Rachidi Model This model, known as the Rachidi model, is extensively used in the literature for the evaluation of field-induced disturbances in transmission lines. Another remarkable endeavor of Prof. Rachidi is the instrumentation of the Säntis Tower in Switzerland for lightning current measurements. This project was initiated by Prof. Rachidi, Prof. M. Rubinstein and Prof. M. Paolone and resulted in the instrumentation of the tower for lightning current measurements. Since its instrumentation in 2010, several hundreds of lightning flashes have been successfully recorded on the tower and the station has served as a primary experimental site used by researchers and engineers involved in lightning research and protection. The obtained data constitute the largest dataset on lightning current and current derivatives associated with upward flashes available to this date. Other activities of Prof. Rachidi include the development of the so-called ‘full-wave’ transmission line\",\n \"title\": \"Farhad Rachidi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12654117\",\n \"text\": \"Battleshort (sometimes \\\"battle short\\\") is a condition in which some military equipment can be placed so it does not shut down when circumstances would be damaging to the equipment or personnel. The origin of the term is to bridge or \\\"short\\\" the fuses of an electrical apparatus before entering combat, so that the fuse blowing will not stop the equipment from operating. According to Allied Ordnance Publication AOP-38-3, a NATO publication, a battleshort is \\\"The capability to bypass certain safety features in a system to ensure completion of the mission without interruption due to the safety feature.\\\" It also says, \\\"Examples of bypassed safety features are circuit overload protection, and protection against overheating\\\". In peaceful situations one would want equipment to shut down so it is not damaged. In a battle or emergency, where the survival of the vessel (or other protected asset) is dependent upon the continued operation of the equipment, it is sometimes wiser to risk equipment damage than have the equipment shut down when it is needed. For example, the electrical drives to elevate and traverse the guns of a combat warship may have \\\"battleshort\\\" fuses, which are simply copper bars of the correct size to fit the fuse holders, as failure to return fire in a combat situation is a greater threat to the ship and crew than damaging or overheating the electrical motors. Battleshorts have been used in some non-combat situations as well, including the Firing Room/Mission Control spaces at NASA during the crewed Apollo missions — specifically the Moon landings. Similar measures can be used on the pumps for fire sprinkler systems, with protective devices bypassed when alarms are activated. The justification is that any damage to the pumps is less than the potential loss of the building. See also Kill switch War emergency power , which suffered an electrical problem while under fire during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal References Military technology\",\n \"title\": \"Battleshort\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41834\",\n \"text\": \"An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) or uninterruptible power source is a type of continual power system that provides automated backup electric power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails. A UPS differs from a traditional auxiliary/emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions by switching to energy stored in battery packs, supercapacitors or flywheels. The on-battery run-times of most UPSs are relatively short (only a few minutes) but sufficient to \\\"buy time\\\" for initiating a standby power source or properly shutting down the protected equipment. Almost all UPSs also contain integrated surge protection to shield the output appliances from voltage spikes. A UPS is typically used to protect hardware such as computers, data centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss. UPS units range in size from ones designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor (around 200 volt-ampere rating) to large units powering entire data centers or buildings. The world's largest UPS, the 46-megawatt Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), in Fairbanks, Alaska, powers the entire city and nearby rural communities during outages. Common power problems The primary role of any UPS is to provide short-term power when the input power source fails. However, most UPS units are also capable in varying degrees of correcting common utility power problems: Voltage spike or sustained overvoltage Momentary or sustained reduction in input voltage Voltage sag Noise, defined as a high frequency transient or oscillation, usually injected into the line by nearby equipment Instability of the mains frequency Harmonic distortion, defined as a departure from the ideal sinusoidal waveform expected on the line Some manufacturers of UPS units categorize their products in accordance with the number of power-related problems they address. A UPS unit may also introduce problems with electric power quality. To prevent this, a UPS should be selected not only by capacity, but also by the quality of power that is required by the equipment that is being supplied. Technologies The three general categories of modern UPS systems are on-line, line-interactive and standby: An on-line UPS uses a \\\"double conversion\\\" method of accepting AC input, rectifying to DC for passing through the rechargeable battery (or battery strings), then inverting back to 120 V/230 V AC for powering the protected equipment. A line-interactive UPS maintains the inverter in line and redirects the battery's DC current path from the normal charging mode to supplying current when power is lost. In a standby (\\\"off-line\\\") system the load is powered directly by the input power and the backup power circuitry is only invoked when the utility power fails. Most UPS below one kilovolt-ampere (1 kVA) are of the line-interactive or standby variety which are usually less expensive. For large power units, dynamic uninterruptible power supplies (DUPS) are sometimes used. A synchronous motor/alternator is connected on the mains via a choke. Energy is stored in a\",\n \"title\": \"Uninterruptible power supply\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1400408\",\n \"text\": \"In electric power distribution, automatic circuit reclosers (ACRs) are a class of switchgear designed for use on overhead electricity distribution networks to detect and interrupt transient faults. Also known as reclosers or autoreclosers, ACRs are essentially rated circuit breakers with integrated current and voltage sensors and a protection relay, optimized for use as a protection asset. Commercial ACRs are governed by the IEC 62271-111/IEEE Std C37.60 and IEC 62271-200 standards. The three major classes of operating maximum voltage are 15.5 kV, 27 kV and 38 kV. For overhead electric power distribution networks, up to 80% of faults are transient, such as lightning strike, surges or foreign objects coming into contact with exposed distribution lines. Consequently, these transient faults can be resolved by a simple reclose operation. Reclosers are designed to handle a brief open-close duty cycle, where electrical engineers can optionally configure the number and timing of attempted close operations prior to transitioning to a lockout stage. The number of reclose attempts is limited to a maximum of four by recloser standards noted above. At two multiples of the rated current, the recloser's rapid trip curve can cause a trip (off circuit) in as little as 1.5 cycles (or 30 milliseconds). During those 1.5 cycles, other separate circuits can see voltage dips or blinks until the affected circuit opens to stop the fault current. Automatically closing the breaker after it has tripped and stayed open for a brief amount of time, usually after 1 to 5 seconds, is a standard procedure. Reclosers are often used as a key component in a smart grid, as they are effectively computer controlled switchgear which can be remotely operated and interrogated using SCADA or other communications. Interrogation and remote operation capabilities allow utilities to aggregate data about their network performance, and develop automation schemes for power restoration. Automation schemes can either be distributed (executed at the remote recloser level) or centralized (close and open commands issued by a central utility control room to be executed by remotely controlled ACRs). Description Autoreclosers are made in single-phase and three-phase versions, using oil, vacuum, or SF6 interrupters. Controls for the reclosers range from the original electromechanical systems to digital electronics with metering and SCADA functions. The ratings of reclosers run from 2.4–38 kV for load currents from 10–1200 A and fault currents from 1–16 kA. On a 3-phase circuit, a recloser is more beneficial than three separate fuse cutouts. For example, on a wye to delta conversion, when cutouts are used on the wye side and only 1 out of 3 of the cutout fuses open, some customers on the delta side have a low voltage condition, due to voltage transfer through the transformer windings. Low voltage can cause severe damage to electronic equipment. But when a recloser is used, all three phases open, thereby eliminating the problem. History Reclosers were invented in the mid 1900s in the USA with the earliest reclosers introduced by Kyle Corporation in the early 1940s. Reclosers were originally oil-filled hydraulic devices\",\n \"title\": \"Recloser\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["the damaging effects of lightning"],"string":"[\n \"the damaging effects of lightning\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":60,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_2053"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what movies is the song mrs robinson in"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"7332013","text":"\"Mrs. Robinson\" is a song by American folk rock duo Simon & Garfunkel from their fourth studio album, Bookends (1968). The writing of the song was begun before the 1967 film The Graduate, which contained only fragments of it. The full song was released as a single on April 5, 1968, by Columbia Records. Produced by the duo and Roy Halee, the song was written by Paul Simon, who offered parts of it to movie director Mike Nichols alongside Art Garfunkel after Nichols rejected two other songs intended for the film. The Graduates soundtrack album uses two short versions of \"Mrs. Robinson\"; The full song was published on the album Bookends. The song was additionally released on the Mrs. Robinson EP in 1968, which also included three other songs from the film: \"April Come She Will\", \"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\", and \"The Sound of Silence\". \"Mrs. Robinson\" became the duo's second chart-topper, reaching 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as peaking within the top 10 of the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Spain, among other countries. In 1969, it became the first rock song to win the Grammy Award for Record of the Year. The song contains a famous reference to baseball star Joe DiMaggio. The song has been covered by a number of artists, including Frank Sinatra, the Lemonheads, and Bon Jovi. In 2004, it finished at No. 6 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. Background Simon & Garfunkel reached national fame in the United States in 1965–66, touring colleges and releasing a string of hit singles and albums. Meanwhile, director Mike Nichols, then filming The Graduate, became fascinated with two of the duo's songs, listening to them nonstop before and after filming. After two weeks of this obsession, he met with Columbia Records chairman Clive Davis to ask for permission to license Simon & Garfunkel music for his film. Davis viewed it as a perfect fit and envisioned a best-selling soundtrack album. Simon was not as immediately receptive, viewing movies as akin to \"selling out\", but he agreed to write at least one or two new songs for the film after being impressed by Nichols' wit and the script. Leonard Hirshan, a powerful agent at William Morris, negotiated a deal that paid Simon $25,000 to submit three songs to Nichols and producer Lawrence Turman. Several weeks later, Simon re-emerged with two new tracks, \"Punky's Dilemma\" and \"Overs\", neither of which Nichols was particularly taken with. Nichols asked if the duo had any more songs to offer, and after a break from the meeting, they returned with an early version of \"Mrs. Robinson\". They had been working on a track titled \"Mrs. Roosevelt\" (Eleanor Roosevelt), and returned to perform it for Nichols. He was ecstatic about the song, later commenting, \"They filled in with dee de dee dee de dee dee dee because there was no verse yet, but I liked even that.\" Garfunkel later expanded upon the song's placement in The Graduate: The","title":"Mrs. Robinson"},{"docid":"46660","text":"The Graduate is a 1968 album of songs and music from the soundtrack of Mike Nichols' movie The Graduate. It includes five songs from the folk-rock duo Simon & Garfunkel, including \"Mrs. Robinson\", a work in progress which Simon adapted to fit the movie, along with several instrumental pieces by Dave Grusin. Released January 21 on Columbia Masterworks, the album was produced by Teo Macero. In March of the following year, Simon and Grusin won the 1968 Grammy Award for \"Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special\". \"Mrs Robinson\" received the Grammy for \"Record of the Year\", whilst Simon & Garfunkel collected the \"Best Contemporary-pop Performance, Vocal Duo or Group\" award. Although the album features two versions of \"Mrs. Robinson\", neither is the full version as featured on Bookends, which was composed later. The first consists of relentless, sharp guitar chords, with the \"dee-de-dee-dee\" sung motif, while the second includes a chorus, before tapering off as it does in the film. The other major song of the album, the 1965 hit \"The Sound of Silence\", is used three times in the film. Both songs have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (in 1999 and 2004 respectively). Track listing Personnel Paul Simon – lead vocals, guitar Art Garfunkel – lead vocals Dave Grusin – additional music Charts Certifications References Comedy-drama film soundtracks Single-artist film soundtracks Simon & Garfunkel albums Dave Grusin soundtracks Albums produced by Teo Macero 1968 soundtrack albums Columbia Records soundtracks Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media","title":"The Graduate (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"30499833","text":"\"April Come She Will\" is a song by American music duo Simon & Garfunkel from their second studio album, Sounds of Silence (1966). It originally appeared on the solo album The Paul Simon Songbook. It is the B-side to the hit single \"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\". It is included on The Graduate soundtrack album and was additionally released on the \"Mrs. Robinson\" EP in 1968, together with three other songs from The Graduate film: \"Mrs. Robinson\", \"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\", and \"The Sound of Silence\". Background and composition The song was written in 1964 while Paul Simon was in England. Its lyrics use the changing nature of the seasons as a metaphor for a girl's changing moods. The inspiration for the song was a girl that Simon met and the nursery rhyme she used to recite, \"Cuckoo\". It is the shortest song on the album. The song is composed in the key of G major, sounding as A major with the capo on the 2nd fret, with Art Garfunkel's vocal range spanning from D3 to D4. Release and reception In the February 1968 release of the soundtrack for the movie The Graduate, the song appeared (in a different version) as the seventh track. It is featured in a pool scene in the movie and was used as a rhythmic guide for the editing of the film. Reviews for the song were generally positive. Matthew Greenwald of Allmusic wrote: \"The sense of yearning in this song would later be beautifully echoed in one of the Parsley, Sage, Rosemary & Thyme masterpieces, \"For Emily, Wherever I May Find Her.\" Like that song, it is very brief, yet the shortness of the song adds to the effectiveness and economy of both the lyric and melody.\" In popular culture Excerpts feature throughout the Korean drama Angel Eyes (TV series). It is the favorite song of the female lead Yoon Soo-wan (Koo Hye-sun) and is the ringtone for the phone of the male lead Park Dong-joo (Lee Sang-yoon) on his return to South Korea. Part of the song was featured in Season 23, Episode 18 of The Simpsons, Beware My Cheating Bart. Conversely, the musical segment featured a visual gag referencing the poster of the 1967 film, The Graduate, for which Simon & Garfunkel provided the soundtrack. In the 2000s, the song was also featured in an episode of Parks and Recreation and one of The Mindy Project. References Bibliography External links April Come She Will | The Paul Simon Official Site 1966 songs Songs written by Paul Simon Simon & Garfunkel songs","title":"April Come She Will"},{"docid":"46752","text":"Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits is the first compilation album from Simon & Garfunkel, which was released on June 14, 1972, two years after Simon & Garfunkel had parted ways. The album is currently available on CD under Legacy's Playlist banner. Overview The album was a mix of original studio recordings and four previously unreleased live recordings. The album's minimalist packaging does not specifically date the latter; however, the live versions of \"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her\" and \"Kathy's Song\" included on Greatest Hits were also included on the 2008 album Live 1969. The liner notes to Live 1969 state that these two songs were both recorded at a November 1969 concert in St. Louis, Missouri. According to the liner notes from Collected Works, however, the version of \"Kathy's Song\" was taken from a 1968 concert in Vermont. In a 1975 BBC Radio 1 interview, Roy Halee identified this version of \"The 59th Street Bridge Song\" as being from Simon & Garfunkel's 1970 performance at Carnegie Hall, \"the last concert they did together\" (prior to their disbanding later in 1970). A live version of \"Homeward Bound\" was also included on the album. The remaining ten studio songs comprise nine singles released between 1965 and 1972, \"America\" being issued as a single several years after its appearance as a track on the Bookends album, and one album track, \"Bookends\" (without its parent song \"Old Friends\"). All the singles included, except \"America,\" \"El Condor Pasa (If I Could),\" and \"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\" made the Top Ten, with the last peaking at No. 11. \"Mrs. Robinson\" topped the chart aided by its appearance in Mike Nichols' hit movie The Graduate. \"The Sound of Silence\" and \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" also peaked at No. 1 as singles in their studio versions, and \"The Boxer\" peaked as a single at No. 7. Reception Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits peaked on the U.S. albums chart at No. 5. On the UK Album Chart, it was a No. 2 hit. The album has proven a long and durable seller, currently being certified for 14 million units sold in the U.S. alone. It is easily their best-selling album in the U.S., and holds the record in the U.S. for the best-selling album by a duo. In 2003, the album was ranked No. 293 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Track listing All songs composed by Paul Simon unless otherwise noted. Side one \"Mrs. Robinson\" (some pressings use the single mix with an early fade-out at 3:51; later pressings revert to the Bookends album version at 4:02) – 3:51 or 4:02 \"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her\" (Live) – 2:25 \"The Boxer\" – 5:11 \"The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)\" (Live with applause cross-fade into the studio version of \"The Sound of Silence\") – 1:50 \"The Sound of Silence\" (Acoustic version with electric overdubs) – 3:11 \"I Am a Rock\" – 2:53 \"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\" (Traditional; arranged by Simon, Art","title":"Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits"},{"docid":"4845104","text":"The Graduate is a 1963 novella by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College. It tells the story of Benjamin Braddock, who, while pondering his future after his graduation, has an affair with the older Mrs. Robinson, the wife of his father's business partner, before falling in love with their daughter, Elaine. The novella was adapted into the highly successful 1967 film The Graduate, directed by Mike Nichols, with Dustin Hoffman in the title role and Anne Bancroft as Mrs. Robinson. Webb has stated he never felt comfortable with the attention the film brought him because he felt it distracted from his status as a serious artist. He did not receive any royalties from the film and has stated he is glad it happened that way. On the episode of the AMC television series Movies That Shook the World devoted to the film adaptation, Webb revealed the identity of the real-life inspiration for Mrs. Robinson: Jane Ericson (exact spelling unknown), the wife of an associate of Webb's father. However, that was the extent of any similarity with the novel; Webb denied having a relationship with her. A sequel titled Home School, which takes place ten years after the ending of the first novel, was published by Hutchinson in June 2007. Plot Benjamin Braddock has recently graduated from a small Eastern college and has returned home to a suburb of Los Angeles. Benjamin, visibly uncomfortable as his parents deliver accolades and neighborhood friends ask him about his future plans, evades those who try to congratulate him. Mrs. Robinson enters his room, asking him strange questions and probing into his life. After he drives her home, Mrs. Robinson attempts to seduce him. Benjamin rebuffs her and quickly goes downstairs as he hears Mr. Robinson arriving home. A week after his 21st birthday, Benjamin begins his affair with Mrs. Robinson and meets her at the Taft Hotel. In mid-September, Benjamin spends the time drifting around in the pool by day, purposefully neglecting to select a graduate school, and seeing Mrs. Robinson at the hotel by night. One evening, Mrs. Robinson reveals that she is in a loveless marriage, because in the 1940s, she became pregnant with her daughter, Elaine, dropped out of college, and married to avoid scandal. After being increasingly pressured by his parents and Mr. Robinson to go on a date with Elaine, he takes her out but deliberately sabotages the date by driving recklessly and taking her to two clubs and a strip show. Benjamin discovers that he likes Elaine and decides to tell her everything. Elaine is furious and returns to Berkeley where she is a university student. Several months later, Benjamin goes to Berkeley and moves into a rooming house near Elaine's dormitory. Elaine is uneasy in his presence and tells him that she has started dating Carl Smith, a medical student. Elaine accuses him of taking advantage of her mother's drunken state and raping her, refusing to believe that it was her mother","title":"The Graduate (novel)"},{"docid":"1037063","text":"It's a Shame About Ray is the fifth album by American alternative rock band the Lemonheads, released on June 2, 1992. The album was produced by the Robb Brothers. At the time of principal recording, the band consisted of Evan Dando (lead vocals, guitar), Juliana Hatfield (bass, backing vocals) and David Ryan (drums). Though not originally on the album, the band's cover of Simon & Garfunkel's \"Mrs. Robinson\" was added to the album in later pressings after it had become a major worldwide radio hit, and it features a later lineup of the band with Nic Dalton on bass. History The title track was inspired by a quote that band leader Evan Dando had seen in a Sydney newspaper in reference to a kid called Ray who kept getting kicked out of every school he went to. The album became an international hit for the band, reaching #31 in the UK Top 100 as well as #5 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart in the U.S. The song was later included at #138 on Pitchfork's \"Top 200 Tracks of the 90s\" list. The music video features Johnny Depp. Actress Polly Noonan and her car appear on the cover of the album. Rereleases After its initial release, the album was reissued with a cover of the song \"Mrs. Robinson\", written by Paul Simon and originally recorded by Simon & Garfunkel. The Lemonheads' version was recorded to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the release of the film The Graduate. The band recorded the song in Berlin while on tour, with Nic Dalton on bass guitar. It was released as a single. The album was reissued by Rhino in 2008 as a collector's edition that includes several demo versions of album tracks, the B-side song \"Shaky Ground\" and a DVD containing the previously released (on VHS) Two Weeks in Australia. Notable performances The Lemonheads toured Australia in late 2010, playing the album in its entirety along with songs from their other albums. The band performed the entire album at London's Shepherd's Bush Empire on September 14–15, 2005, as part of the All Tomorrow's Parties–curated Don't Look Back concert series, with \"Mrs. Robinson\" missing from the setlist. The band performed the album in its entirety while opening for certain dates of Jawbreaker's 2022 spring tour. Track listing All songs by Evan Dando unless otherwise stated. \"Rockin Stroll\" - 1:48 \"Confetti\" - 2:47 \"It's a Shame About Ray\" (words: Dando, Tom Morgan; music: Dando) - 3:08 \"Rudderless\" - 3:21 \"My Drug Buddy\"- 2:52 \"The Turnpike Down\" - 2:34 \"Bit Part\" (studio version) (words: Dando, Morgan; music: Dando) - 1:52 \"Alison's Starting to Happen\" - 2:00 \"Hannah & Gabi\" - 2:41 \"Kitchen\" (Nic Dalton) - 2:55 \"Ceiling Fan in My Spoon\" - 2:00 \"Frank Mills\" (James Rado, Gerome Ragni, Galt MacDermot) - 1:45 Re-release bonus track \"Mrs. Robinson\" (Paul Simon) - 3:45 Bonus material \"Shaky Ground\" (B-side) - 1:49 \"It's a Shame About Ray\" (demo version) - 2:57 \"Rockin Stroll\" (demo version) - 1:49 \"My Drug","title":"It's a Shame About Ray"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"7332013\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" is a song by American folk rock duo Simon & Garfunkel from their fourth studio album, Bookends (1968). The writing of the song was begun before the 1967 film The Graduate, which contained only fragments of it. The full song was released as a single on April 5, 1968, by Columbia Records. Produced by the duo and Roy Halee, the song was written by Paul Simon, who offered parts of it to movie director Mike Nichols alongside Art Garfunkel after Nichols rejected two other songs intended for the film. The Graduates soundtrack album uses two short versions of \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\"; The full song was published on the album Bookends. The song was additionally released on the Mrs. Robinson EP in 1968, which also included three other songs from the film: \\\"April Come She Will\\\", \\\"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\\\", and \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\". \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" became the duo's second chart-topper, reaching 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as peaking within the top 10 of the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Spain, among other countries. In 1969, it became the first rock song to win the Grammy Award for Record of the Year. The song contains a famous reference to baseball star Joe DiMaggio. The song has been covered by a number of artists, including Frank Sinatra, the Lemonheads, and Bon Jovi. In 2004, it finished at No. 6 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. Background Simon & Garfunkel reached national fame in the United States in 1965–66, touring colleges and releasing a string of hit singles and albums. Meanwhile, director Mike Nichols, then filming The Graduate, became fascinated with two of the duo's songs, listening to them nonstop before and after filming. After two weeks of this obsession, he met with Columbia Records chairman Clive Davis to ask for permission to license Simon & Garfunkel music for his film. Davis viewed it as a perfect fit and envisioned a best-selling soundtrack album. Simon was not as immediately receptive, viewing movies as akin to \\\"selling out\\\", but he agreed to write at least one or two new songs for the film after being impressed by Nichols' wit and the script. Leonard Hirshan, a powerful agent at William Morris, negotiated a deal that paid Simon $25,000 to submit three songs to Nichols and producer Lawrence Turman. Several weeks later, Simon re-emerged with two new tracks, \\\"Punky's Dilemma\\\" and \\\"Overs\\\", neither of which Nichols was particularly taken with. Nichols asked if the duo had any more songs to offer, and after a break from the meeting, they returned with an early version of \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\". They had been working on a track titled \\\"Mrs. Roosevelt\\\" (Eleanor Roosevelt), and returned to perform it for Nichols. He was ecstatic about the song, later commenting, \\\"They filled in with dee de dee dee de dee dee dee because there was no verse yet, but I liked even that.\\\" Garfunkel later expanded upon the song's placement in The Graduate: The\",\n \"title\": \"Mrs. Robinson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46660\",\n \"text\": \"The Graduate is a 1968 album of songs and music from the soundtrack of Mike Nichols' movie The Graduate. It includes five songs from the folk-rock duo Simon & Garfunkel, including \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\", a work in progress which Simon adapted to fit the movie, along with several instrumental pieces by Dave Grusin. Released January 21 on Columbia Masterworks, the album was produced by Teo Macero. In March of the following year, Simon and Grusin won the 1968 Grammy Award for \\\"Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special\\\". \\\"Mrs Robinson\\\" received the Grammy for \\\"Record of the Year\\\", whilst Simon & Garfunkel collected the \\\"Best Contemporary-pop Performance, Vocal Duo or Group\\\" award. Although the album features two versions of \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\", neither is the full version as featured on Bookends, which was composed later. The first consists of relentless, sharp guitar chords, with the \\\"dee-de-dee-dee\\\" sung motif, while the second includes a chorus, before tapering off as it does in the film. The other major song of the album, the 1965 hit \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\", is used three times in the film. Both songs have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (in 1999 and 2004 respectively). Track listing Personnel Paul Simon – lead vocals, guitar Art Garfunkel – lead vocals Dave Grusin – additional music Charts Certifications References Comedy-drama film soundtracks Single-artist film soundtracks Simon & Garfunkel albums Dave Grusin soundtracks Albums produced by Teo Macero 1968 soundtrack albums Columbia Records soundtracks Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media\",\n \"title\": \"The Graduate (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30499833\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"April Come She Will\\\" is a song by American music duo Simon & Garfunkel from their second studio album, Sounds of Silence (1966). It originally appeared on the solo album The Paul Simon Songbook. It is the B-side to the hit single \\\"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\\\". It is included on The Graduate soundtrack album and was additionally released on the \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" EP in 1968, together with three other songs from The Graduate film: \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\", \\\"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\\\", and \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\". Background and composition The song was written in 1964 while Paul Simon was in England. Its lyrics use the changing nature of the seasons as a metaphor for a girl's changing moods. The inspiration for the song was a girl that Simon met and the nursery rhyme she used to recite, \\\"Cuckoo\\\". It is the shortest song on the album. The song is composed in the key of G major, sounding as A major with the capo on the 2nd fret, with Art Garfunkel's vocal range spanning from D3 to D4. Release and reception In the February 1968 release of the soundtrack for the movie The Graduate, the song appeared (in a different version) as the seventh track. It is featured in a pool scene in the movie and was used as a rhythmic guide for the editing of the film. Reviews for the song were generally positive. Matthew Greenwald of Allmusic wrote: \\\"The sense of yearning in this song would later be beautifully echoed in one of the Parsley, Sage, Rosemary & Thyme masterpieces, \\\"For Emily, Wherever I May Find Her.\\\" Like that song, it is very brief, yet the shortness of the song adds to the effectiveness and economy of both the lyric and melody.\\\" In popular culture Excerpts feature throughout the Korean drama Angel Eyes (TV series). It is the favorite song of the female lead Yoon Soo-wan (Koo Hye-sun) and is the ringtone for the phone of the male lead Park Dong-joo (Lee Sang-yoon) on his return to South Korea. Part of the song was featured in Season 23, Episode 18 of The Simpsons, Beware My Cheating Bart. Conversely, the musical segment featured a visual gag referencing the poster of the 1967 film, The Graduate, for which Simon & Garfunkel provided the soundtrack. In the 2000s, the song was also featured in an episode of Parks and Recreation and one of The Mindy Project. References Bibliography External links April Come She Will | The Paul Simon Official Site 1966 songs Songs written by Paul Simon Simon & Garfunkel songs\",\n \"title\": \"April Come She Will\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46752\",\n \"text\": \"Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits is the first compilation album from Simon & Garfunkel, which was released on June 14, 1972, two years after Simon & Garfunkel had parted ways. The album is currently available on CD under Legacy's Playlist banner. Overview The album was a mix of original studio recordings and four previously unreleased live recordings. The album's minimalist packaging does not specifically date the latter; however, the live versions of \\\"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her\\\" and \\\"Kathy's Song\\\" included on Greatest Hits were also included on the 2008 album Live 1969. The liner notes to Live 1969 state that these two songs were both recorded at a November 1969 concert in St. Louis, Missouri. According to the liner notes from Collected Works, however, the version of \\\"Kathy's Song\\\" was taken from a 1968 concert in Vermont. In a 1975 BBC Radio 1 interview, Roy Halee identified this version of \\\"The 59th Street Bridge Song\\\" as being from Simon & Garfunkel's 1970 performance at Carnegie Hall, \\\"the last concert they did together\\\" (prior to their disbanding later in 1970). A live version of \\\"Homeward Bound\\\" was also included on the album. The remaining ten studio songs comprise nine singles released between 1965 and 1972, \\\"America\\\" being issued as a single several years after its appearance as a track on the Bookends album, and one album track, \\\"Bookends\\\" (without its parent song \\\"Old Friends\\\"). All the singles included, except \\\"America,\\\" \\\"El Condor Pasa (If I Could),\\\" and \\\"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\\\" made the Top Ten, with the last peaking at No. 11. \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" topped the chart aided by its appearance in Mike Nichols' hit movie The Graduate. \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\" and \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\" also peaked at No. 1 as singles in their studio versions, and \\\"The Boxer\\\" peaked as a single at No. 7. Reception Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits peaked on the U.S. albums chart at No. 5. On the UK Album Chart, it was a No. 2 hit. The album has proven a long and durable seller, currently being certified for 14 million units sold in the U.S. alone. It is easily their best-selling album in the U.S., and holds the record in the U.S. for the best-selling album by a duo. In 2003, the album was ranked No. 293 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Track listing All songs composed by Paul Simon unless otherwise noted. Side one \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" (some pressings use the single mix with an early fade-out at 3:51; later pressings revert to the Bookends album version at 4:02) – 3:51 or 4:02 \\\"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her\\\" (Live) – 2:25 \\\"The Boxer\\\" – 5:11 \\\"The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)\\\" (Live with applause cross-fade into the studio version of \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\") – 1:50 \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\" (Acoustic version with electric overdubs) – 3:11 \\\"I Am a Rock\\\" – 2:53 \\\"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\\\" (Traditional; arranged by Simon, Art\",\n \"title\": \"Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4845104\",\n \"text\": \"The Graduate is a 1963 novella by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College. It tells the story of Benjamin Braddock, who, while pondering his future after his graduation, has an affair with the older Mrs. Robinson, the wife of his father's business partner, before falling in love with their daughter, Elaine. The novella was adapted into the highly successful 1967 film The Graduate, directed by Mike Nichols, with Dustin Hoffman in the title role and Anne Bancroft as Mrs. Robinson. Webb has stated he never felt comfortable with the attention the film brought him because he felt it distracted from his status as a serious artist. He did not receive any royalties from the film and has stated he is glad it happened that way. On the episode of the AMC television series Movies That Shook the World devoted to the film adaptation, Webb revealed the identity of the real-life inspiration for Mrs. Robinson: Jane Ericson (exact spelling unknown), the wife of an associate of Webb's father. However, that was the extent of any similarity with the novel; Webb denied having a relationship with her. A sequel titled Home School, which takes place ten years after the ending of the first novel, was published by Hutchinson in June 2007. Plot Benjamin Braddock has recently graduated from a small Eastern college and has returned home to a suburb of Los Angeles. Benjamin, visibly uncomfortable as his parents deliver accolades and neighborhood friends ask him about his future plans, evades those who try to congratulate him. Mrs. Robinson enters his room, asking him strange questions and probing into his life. After he drives her home, Mrs. Robinson attempts to seduce him. Benjamin rebuffs her and quickly goes downstairs as he hears Mr. Robinson arriving home. A week after his 21st birthday, Benjamin begins his affair with Mrs. Robinson and meets her at the Taft Hotel. In mid-September, Benjamin spends the time drifting around in the pool by day, purposefully neglecting to select a graduate school, and seeing Mrs. Robinson at the hotel by night. One evening, Mrs. Robinson reveals that she is in a loveless marriage, because in the 1940s, she became pregnant with her daughter, Elaine, dropped out of college, and married to avoid scandal. After being increasingly pressured by his parents and Mr. Robinson to go on a date with Elaine, he takes her out but deliberately sabotages the date by driving recklessly and taking her to two clubs and a strip show. Benjamin discovers that he likes Elaine and decides to tell her everything. Elaine is furious and returns to Berkeley where she is a university student. Several months later, Benjamin goes to Berkeley and moves into a rooming house near Elaine's dormitory. Elaine is uneasy in his presence and tells him that she has started dating Carl Smith, a medical student. Elaine accuses him of taking advantage of her mother's drunken state and raping her, refusing to believe that it was her mother\",\n \"title\": \"The Graduate (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1037063\",\n \"text\": \"It's a Shame About Ray is the fifth album by American alternative rock band the Lemonheads, released on June 2, 1992. The album was produced by the Robb Brothers. At the time of principal recording, the band consisted of Evan Dando (lead vocals, guitar), Juliana Hatfield (bass, backing vocals) and David Ryan (drums). Though not originally on the album, the band's cover of Simon & Garfunkel's \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" was added to the album in later pressings after it had become a major worldwide radio hit, and it features a later lineup of the band with Nic Dalton on bass. History The title track was inspired by a quote that band leader Evan Dando had seen in a Sydney newspaper in reference to a kid called Ray who kept getting kicked out of every school he went to. The album became an international hit for the band, reaching #31 in the UK Top 100 as well as #5 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart in the U.S. The song was later included at #138 on Pitchfork's \\\"Top 200 Tracks of the 90s\\\" list. The music video features Johnny Depp. Actress Polly Noonan and her car appear on the cover of the album. Rereleases After its initial release, the album was reissued with a cover of the song \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\", written by Paul Simon and originally recorded by Simon & Garfunkel. The Lemonheads' version was recorded to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the release of the film The Graduate. The band recorded the song in Berlin while on tour, with Nic Dalton on bass guitar. It was released as a single. The album was reissued by Rhino in 2008 as a collector's edition that includes several demo versions of album tracks, the B-side song \\\"Shaky Ground\\\" and a DVD containing the previously released (on VHS) Two Weeks in Australia. Notable performances The Lemonheads toured Australia in late 2010, playing the album in its entirety along with songs from their other albums. The band performed the entire album at London's Shepherd's Bush Empire on September 14–15, 2005, as part of the All Tomorrow's Parties–curated Don't Look Back concert series, with \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" missing from the setlist. The band performed the album in its entirety while opening for certain dates of Jawbreaker's 2022 spring tour. Track listing All songs by Evan Dando unless otherwise stated. \\\"Rockin Stroll\\\" - 1:48 \\\"Confetti\\\" - 2:47 \\\"It's a Shame About Ray\\\" (words: Dando, Tom Morgan; music: Dando) - 3:08 \\\"Rudderless\\\" - 3:21 \\\"My Drug Buddy\\\"- 2:52 \\\"The Turnpike Down\\\" - 2:34 \\\"Bit Part\\\" (studio version) (words: Dando, Morgan; music: Dando) - 1:52 \\\"Alison's Starting to Happen\\\" - 2:00 \\\"Hannah & Gabi\\\" - 2:41 \\\"Kitchen\\\" (Nic Dalton) - 2:55 \\\"Ceiling Fan in My Spoon\\\" - 2:00 \\\"Frank Mills\\\" (James Rado, Gerome Ragni, Galt MacDermot) - 1:45 Re-release bonus track \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" (Paul Simon) - 3:45 Bonus material \\\"Shaky Ground\\\" (B-side) - 1:49 \\\"It's a Shame About Ray\\\" (demo version) - 2:57 \\\"Rockin Stroll\\\" (demo version) - 1:49 \\\"My Drug\",\n \"title\": \"It's a Shame About Ray\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"42125084","text":"\"The Moon of Manakoora\" is a popular song written by Frank Loesser (lyrics) and Alfred Newman (music) for the 1937 Paramount film The Hurricane starring Dorothy Lamour. Lamour sang the song in the film and also made a commercial recording of it. The song \"The Moon of Manakoora\" is considered a standard and was Loesser's first success as a lyric writer. Manakoora, loosely translated to English, is \"witchcraft\", derived from \"mana\" meaning \"magic\" and \"koora/kura\" (pronounced \"KUU-rah\") meaning \"lore\" or \"school\" or \"body of knowledge\". Other recordings The song has been covered by many other artists, including: The cast of TV series Glee Australian Jazz vocalist Janet Seidel The Norman Luboff Choir Andy Williams (for his 1959 album To You Sweetheart, Aloha.) The Ames Brothers Chet Atkins Stanley Black Frankie Carle Benny Carter Frank Chacksfield Bing Crosby – The Crosby version was recorded on January 21, 1938, with John Scott Trotter and his Orchestra for Decca Records and reached the No. 10 position in the charts in 1938. Vic Damone (for his 1962 album Strange Enchantment) Eddie \"Lockjaw\" Davis Percy Faith Benny Goodman Burl Ives (for his 1965 album On the Beach at Waikiki) Harry James Kana King Andre Kostelanetz Gene Krupa Harry Leader Guy Lombardo Arthur Lyman Henry Mancini Tony Martin (with Ray Noble and his Orchestra. This recording reached the charts of the day and peaked in the No. 15 position.) Felix Mendelssohn’s Hawaiian Serenaders Buddy Merrill Orchestra Vaughn Monroe Alfred Newman Les Paul and Mary Ford Sonny Rollins Wayne Shorter The Ventures The melody of the song appears in themes for the movies The Hurricane and Mr. Robinson Crusoe. References 1937 songs Songs written for films Songs written by Frank Loesser","title":"The Moon of Manakoora"},{"docid":"7197338","text":"\"Chicago\" is a popular song written by Fred Fisher and published in 1922. The original sheet music variously spelled the title \"Todd'ling\" or \"Toddling.\" The song has been recorded by many artists, but the best-known versions are by Frank Sinatra, Ben Selvin and Judy Garland. The song alludes to the city's colorful past, feigning \"... the surprise of my life / I saw a man dancing with his own wife\", mentioning evangelist Billy Sunday as having not been able to \"shut down\" the city, and State Street where \"they do things they don't do on Broadway\". The song made a minor appearance on the U.S. pop charts, reaching #84 in the fall of 1957. It was the first of two charting songs about Chicago recorded by Sinatra. The other was \"My Kind of Town\" from 1964, which reached U.S. #110. Lyrics As with many similar songs, the lyrics have undergone a number of reworkings. The original third verse included the lines, \"More Colored people up in State Street you can see,/ Than you'll see in Louisiana or Tennessee\" and makes reference to the Chicago Stockyards. Later recordings have a number of replacements: Of all versions, Judy Garland's 1961 Judy at Carnegie Hall concert recording contains more references than most: Marshall Field's department store, the Drake Hotel, the Chicago Loop, The Pump Room at the Ambassador East hotel, and even Mrs O'Leary's Cow. Chart history Film appearances 1937 - Instrumental version played over opening credits of 1933 film, Little Giant with Edward G. Robinson; also reprised later in the film. 1939 - featured in H.C. Potter's 1939 film, The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle, starring Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire. 1942 - the song was featured in the opening and closing credits of the 1942 movie Roxie Hart starring Ginger Rogers and Adolphe Menjou. 1949 - included in the fictionalized biography of Fred Fisher, Oh, You Beautiful Doll. 1952 - used in the 1952 film With a Song in My Heart. 1957 - performed by Frank Sinatra in a 1957 movie in which he starred, The Joker Is Wild. His separately-recorded rendition (i.e., not the same version that is in the film) is the only charting version of the song. 1974 - appears in the film Harry and Tonto. Recorded versions Synco Jazz Band (Joseph Samuels) (Aug 10, 1922) Ben Selvin Jamey Aebersold Ann-Margret George Barnes Luis Barreiro Count Basie Laura Benanti - The Playboy Club Tony Bennett Pierre Blanchard Claude Bolling Boston Pops Orchestra James Brown Dave Brubeck John Bunch Benny Carter Chicago - Night and Day: Big-Band (1995) Rosemary Clooney Bing Crosby for his 1957 album New Tricks. Graham Dalby & the Grahamophones Sammy Davis Jr. Jimmy Dorsey Tommy Dorsey John Eaton Duke Ellington Bob Florence Pete Fountain Sergio Franchi (in Italian) on his 1964 RCA single Bud Freeman Jackie and Roy Judy Garland on her double LP Judy at Carnegie Hall (1961) and the studio album Judy in London (1972, rec. 1960) The Georgians (1922) Harry Goldson","title":"Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)"},{"docid":"24752258","text":"Lou Pardini (born June 5, 1952) is an American Grammy-nominated keyboardist, songwriter and vocalist who is now best known as a former member of the rock band Chicago. He is known for his work with notable musicians such as Stevie Wonder, Santana, Elton John, Peabo Bryson, Earth, Wind, & Fire and The Doobie Brothers, and he has written hit songs for Patti Austin, Kenny G, The Temptations, and more. Current career Lou sang his popular song “I’m Gonna Wait For Your Love” duet with Saxophonist Eric Marienthal's 1989 album was released by Verve Music (Formerly GRP Records) in 1989, and also the single because mostly worldwide including the Philippines. His Grammy-nominated song \"Just to See Her\", recorded by Smokey Robinson, also won Robinson his first ever Grammy for the Best Male R&B Vocal performance. The song \"What Might Have Been\" recorded by Pardini on his solo album titled Live and Let Live has also been a popular favorite in Asia, particularly in the Philippines and Japan, and also in Europe. As a composer and artist, Pardini's credits include a library of music featured on TV and film such as Romance and Cigarettes, written and directed by John Turturro and starring Kate Winslet and James Gandolfini, and the movie Blue, directed by Ryan Minningham. In August 2009, Pardini answered Bill Champlin's departure as keyboardist and vocalist in the multi-platinum band, Chicago. On January 21, 2022, he announced his departure from Chicago in a Facebook group post. References Living people 21st-century American keyboardists Chicago (band) members American male songwriters Place of birth missing (living people) 1952 births Koinonia (band) members American people of Italian descent","title":"Lou Pardini"},{"docid":"1562492","text":"Wilbert Huntington Harrison (January 5, 1929 – October 26, 1994) was an American rhythm and blues singer, pianist, guitarist and harmonica player. Biography Harrison was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He had a Billboard #1 record in 1959 with the song \"Kansas City\". The song was written in 1952 and was one of the first credited collaborations by the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Harrison recorded \"Kansas City\" for the Harlem-based entrepreneur Bobby Robinson, who released it on his Fury record label. At the height of the song's success, Robinson was sued by Savoy Records who informed them that the release of the record in March 1959 violated a contract Harrison had with that label that was to expire in August 1959. The litigation, which lasted until September 1959, abruptly prevented Robinson from issuing follow-ups to \"Kansas City\" while Harrison was a star. Meanwhile, Harrison continued to perform and record but it would be another ten years before he again cracked the Billboard Top 40 when he released the self-penned \"Let's Work Together (Part 1)\" that went to #32 in early 1970 on the Billboard Hot 100. The 1970 hit version was released as a single on Sue Records (Sue 11) and was backed with \"Let's Work Together (Part 2)\". The song also was released in a 5 minute 19 second version on the Sue Records album SSLP-8801 Let's Work Together. The song was originally released by Harrison in 1962 with different lyrics as \"Let's Stick Together\" on Fury 1059 and Fury 1063. \"Let's Work Together\" was later a hit for Canned Heat, and, again as \"Let's Stick Together\", for Bryan Ferry. It was also recorded by country rock band the Kentucky Headhunters for the soundtrack to the movie Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man. In 1970, Harrison had some success with \"My Heart Is Yours\", and he toured for many years with a band known as 'Wilbert Harrison and the Roamers', and as a solo act. A follow-up album was released that year, Anything You Want. Reviewing it in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \"Let's Work Together was an anachronistic, even primitive r&b album based on the fluke hit of the same name, which makes this the follow-up. Side one consists entirely of roll and rock songs you'd swear you've heard before—'Your Three Letters,' eh, and what's this 'Let's Stick Together,' and why not bring out 'Kansas City' again? Very unprepossessing, very charming. In fact, if the second side weren't all standards and uncharming filler—only 'Sentimental Journey' is even funny—I wouldn't be recommending this to r&b diehards only.\" Harrison died of a stroke in 1994, in a Spencer, North Carolina, nursing home at the age of 65. In 2001, his recording of \"Kansas City\" was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and has also been named as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500","title":"Wilbert Harrison"},{"docid":"11988865","text":"Music of the Millennium II (named Music of the Millennium 2001 for its Japanese release) is the second part of the Music of the Millennium trilogy. The album was released soon after the beginning of the third millennium, and has music from some of the most influential names in popular music from the middle to the end of the twentieth century and includes some of the biggest international hits of the period. Different versions of the album were released, including two international versions and a one-disc Canadian version. International Track List 1 Disc 1 Queen – Bohemian Rhapsody The Rolling Stones – Undercover of the Night Jimi Hendrix – Purple Haze U2 – Pride (In the Name of Love) Simple Minds – Alive and Kicking Blondie – Call Me Lenny Kravitz – Fly Away Bryan Adams – Run to You David Bowie – China Girl Pink Floyd – Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2) Sting – Englishman In New York Elton John – Rocket Man Supertramp – Breakfast In America Genesis – Invisible Touch Eric Clapton – I Shot the Sheriff Bob Marley & the Wailers – Jamming UB40 with Chrissie Hynde – I Got You Babe Deep Purple – Smoke on the Water Oasis – Cigarettes & Alcohol Blur – Song 2 Disc 2 John Lennon – Woman The Police – Every Breath You Take Sinéad O'Connor – Nothing Compares 2 U Janet Jackson – That's the Way Love Goes George Michael – Fastlove Robbie Williams – Angels Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It Rod Stewart – You Wear It Well Prince – 1999 Donna Summer – Hot Stuff ABBA – Mamma Mia Diana Ross – Chain Reaction James Brown – Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine Marvin Gaye – What's Going On Ben E. King – Stand by Me Otis Redding – (Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay Stevie Wonder – Uptight (Everything's Alright) Simon & Garfunkel – Mrs. Robinson Wings – Mull of Kintyre Don McLean – American Pie Notice that in the UK the 40 songs are arranged in a different order. International Track List 2 Disc 1 Queen & David Bowie – Under Pressure Rolling Stones – Start Me Up U2 – Pride (In the Name of Love) Eric Clapton – Bad Love Aerosmith – Love in an Elevator Free – All Right Now Paul McCartney & Wings – Jet Dire Straits – Money for Nothing Peter Gabriel – Sledgehammer Simple Minds – Alive and Kicking Frankie Goes to Hollywood – Relax Supertramp – The Logical Song Jethro Tull – \"Living in the Past\" Prince – Kiss Tina Turner – The Best Simon & Garfunkel – Mrs. Robinson Bob Dylan – Like a Rolling Stone The Byrds – Mr. Tambourine Man The Beach Boys – God Only Knows Disc 2 John Lennon – Woman Robbie Williams – Angels Crowded House – Don't Dream It's Over Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger Cranberries – Linger Radiohead","title":"Music of the Millennium II"},{"docid":"12821020","text":"Russ Regan (born Harold Rustigian; October 15, 1928 in Sanger, California – May 27, 2018 in Palm Springs, California) was an American record executive who was President of both UNI Records and 20th Century Records and was vice-president of A&R at Motown. Regan is the rare executive to have seen No. 1 hits in four successive decades. Career He started his career in the 1950s as a composer and record producer. His first notable hit was a 1959 Christmas novelty song, inspired by \"The Chipmunk Song\", titled \"The Happy Reindeer\" credited to Dancer, Prancer and Nervous (No. 34, Pop) issued by Capitol Records. In the early 1960s, Regan recorded \"Joan of Love\", backed with \"Adults Only\", which was released under the name Russ Regan. He also recorded \"Calling All Cars\" under the name Davy Summers for Warner Brothers with producer Sonny Bono. In the mid-1960s, he was drafted in to help form a musical direction for Warner Brothers' fledgling pop/soul music subsidiary, Loma Records. Regan started in record promotion with Motown in the early years of the company. His first project there was the company's first Billboard Hot 100 number one record, \"Please Mr. Postman\" by The Marvelettes in 1961. He would go on to promote songs by The Supremes, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, and Marvin Gaye. He suggested the name of The Beach Boys when a Los Angeles group called Carl & The Passions had just recorded a song called \"Surfin'\". He also helped Frank Sinatra record his No. 4 hit, \"That's Life\" in 1966. He struck a deal with Jimmy Miller Productions when Miller left The Rolling Stones, which resulted in albums from B.B. King, Henry Gross, Bobby Whitlock, and others. Regan also signed Ambrosia and Harriet Schock to 20th Century Records. Russ Regan played a major role in the careers of a number of recording artists, as he headed up labels such as Uni, 20th Century and Phonogram Records. Dozens of recording artists, including Elton John, Neil Diamond, Barry White, Olivia Newton-John and The Beach Boys had Regan to thank for opening the doors for their success. One of his most surprising successes while at UNI was South African trumpeter Hugh Masakela's \"Grazing In The Grass\" in 1968, which sold over a million and reached the top spot in the Billboard pop chart. While President of 20th Century Records, Regan was inspired from a dream to create the movie All This and World War II, which saw Fox News footage from WWII backed with various artists singing Beatles songs. The movie was never released on video, and it remains in the vaults of 20th Century Fox. Regan also supervised the soundtracks for the movies Endless Love, Breakin', The Karate Kid, All The Right Moves, Love At First Bite, This Is Spinal Tap, and A Chorus Line. Regan was also the Music Supervisor for four Academy Award-winning songs from the films The Poseidon Adventure, The Towering Inferno, Flashdance, and Chariots of Fire. Notes","title":"Russ Regan"},{"docid":"17377861","text":"Dimples is a 1936 American musical drama film directed by William A. Seiter. The screenplay was written by Nat Perrin and Arthur Sheekman. The film was panned by the critics. Videocassette and DVD versions of the film were available in 2009. Plot A young mid-nineteenth century street entertainer is separated from her pickpocket grandfather when given a home by a wealthy New York City widow. Cast Shirley Temple as Sylvia Dolores \"Dimples\" Appleby, an 8-year-old girl who is a street performer in New York City circa 1850 and Professor Appleby's granddaughter Frank Morgan as Professor Eustace Appleby, a pickpocket who is also Dimples's grandfather Helen Westley as Mrs. Caroline Drew, Allen's aunt and Dimples's patroness Robert Kent as Allen Drew, a theatrical producer and Caroline Drew's nephew Astrid Allwyn as Cleo Marsh, a haughty actress and Allen's sudden romantic interest Delma Byron as Betty Loring, Allen's betrothed and the daughter of Colonel Loring Berton Churchill as Colonel Jasper Loring, Betty's father Julius Tannen as Emery T. Hawkins, a swindler John Carradine as Richards, a swindler Stepin Fetchit as Cicero, a servant Billy McClain as Rufus Jack Clifford as Uncle Tom, a character in Allen's new play Betty Jean Hainey as Topsy, a character in Allen's new play Paul Stanton as Mr. St. Clair, a character in Allen's new play The Hall Johnson Choir as Choir Production This movie was originally to be titled The Bowery Princess but was changed as it was deemed too coarse for Temple's image. There was a great deal of friction on the set of this movie as Morgan and Temple repeatedly tried to steal scenes from one another. Morgan would place his stovepipe hat on a table blocking Temple's face and forcing her to move her marks and out of the camera lights. He would also keep moving his hands near her eye level by tinkering with a handkerchief or placing on gloves. Temple for her part would either yawn or scratch her face. In the scene where Morgan's character gets ripped off by con men, Temple jiggled the fishing pole she was holding in the background in an attempt to draw attention away from Morgan. She also worked with Robinson to devise ways of creating rhythmic pauses and gestures in her dance movements to prevent scene stealing from Morgan. Producer Nunally Johnson, commenting on the scene stealing, remarked that \"When this picture is over, either Shirley will have acquired a taste for Scotch whiskey or Frank will come out with curls.\" Music The film's songs – \"Hey, What Did the Blue Jay Say\", \"He Was a Dandy\", \"Picture Me Without You\", \"Get On Board\", \"Dixie-anna\", and \"Wings of the Morning\" – were written by Jimmy McHugh and lyricist Ted Koehler. The dances were choreographed by Bill Robinson who appeared with Temple in four films and partnered her for the famous staircase tap dance in The Little Colonel. Sony Computer Entertainment later used the song Get On Board for a PlayStation 2 advertisement entitled \"Mountain\".","title":"Dimples (1936 film)"},{"docid":"1835337","text":"The Fat Boys were an American hip hop trio from Brooklyn, New York, who emerged in the early 1980s. The group was briefly known originally as the Disco 3, originally composed of Mark \"Prince Markie Dee\" Morales, Damon \"Kool Rock-Ski\" Wimbley, and Darren \"Buff Love\" Robinson. The trio is widely known for using beatbox in their songs. The group opened doors for beatboxers like Biz Markie and Doug E. Fresh. The Fat Boys were one of the first rap groups to release full-length rap albums, along with Run-D.M.C., Whodini and Kurtis Blow. Beloved for their comedic, self-deprecating rhymes, the group released seven studio albums, four of which went Gold by RIAA. The first two albums of the group were produced by Kurtis Blow. Successful singles included \"Jail House Rap\", \"Can You Feel It?\", \"Fat Boys\", \"Stick 'Em\", \"Don't You Dog Me\", \"All You Can Eat\", \"The Fat Boys Are Back\", and \"Pump It Up\". The album Crushin' received a Platinum status due to their single \"Wipeout\", which was recorded together with the American rock group The Beach Boys. The next album, Coming Back Hard Again, repeated the formula of the previous one and received a Gold status due to the successful single \"The Twist (Yo, Twist)\", recorded together with American rock 'n roll singer Chubby Checker. The album also included the theme song for the movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master, which featured Robert Englund performing as Freddy Krueger. The group starred in three feature films in the 1980s: Krush Groove, Knights of the City and Disorderlies. Members Mark Morales, also known as \"Prince Markie Dee\" (February 19, 1968 – February 18, 2021) Damon Wimbley, also known as \"Kool Rock-Ski\" (born November 9, 1966) Darren Robinson, also known as \"The Human Beat Box\" and \"Buff Love\" (June 10, 1967 – December 10, 1995) History Beginnings In 1983, a Swiss-born promoter named Charles Stettler, the owner of his own label Tin Pan Apple, decided to hold a hip-hop talent contest. To find a sponsor, Stettler went to radio station WBLS, which recommended him to a couple of sponsors. In the end, he persuaded the company Coca-Cola to finance the contest. For the next three months, contests were held to identify a winner in each borough of New York City every Saturday afternoon. On May 23, 1983, the final contest entitled \"Coca-Cola and WBLS present: The Tin Pan Apple After Dark Dance & Rap Contest!\" was held. The event was held at Radio City Music Hall. The host that evening was Mr. Magic from the radio program Rap Attack. According to the terms of the competition, the winner signed a contract for a recording contract. The Fat Boys members, then calling themselves The Disco 3, were unexpected winners with their song \"Stick' Em\". European Tour In 1983, The Disco 3 released their debut single \"Reality\". It was produced by James Mason, jazz guitarist and keyboardist of Roy Ayers' jazz-funk band. Since the group did not have a manager,","title":"The Fat Boys"},{"docid":"2321193","text":"Felons and Revolutionaries is the debut studio album by the American nu metal band Dope. The album was released in 1999 on Epic Records and has sold over 236,000 copies in the United States, making it their best-selling album to date. It was re-released on June 17, 2000, with the single \"You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)\" (Dead or Alive cover) as a bonus track. \"Pig Society\", \"Everything Sucks\", \"Sick\", and \"Debonaire\" were also released as singles, but did not chart. Track listing The track listing on the back cover of some pressings does not list the song \"Fuck tha Police\" as appearing on the record. This is most likely due to a typographical error, censorship, or the producers using too much of the space on the back of the album for the artwork. The original pressing for the album's Canadian release does list the song on the back cover. There are also reports that some versions of the album actually did not contain this song. On the later pressing that included \"You Spin Me 'Round (Like a Record)\", the song \"Everything Sucks\" is actually the Andy Wallace remix version. Appearances in other media \"Debonaire\" is used during the SWAT assault scene in the movie The Fast and the Furious. \"Debonaire\" was used as the entrance theme of the wrestler Rhino in ECW. It was also used as the opening song for their video game Anarchy Rulz. Also used in the movie Run All Night starring Liam Neeson and Joel Kinnaman. Personnel Dope Edsel Dope – lead vocals, programming, additional guitars, bass Simon Dope – keyboards, percussion, sampling Tripp Eisen – lead guitar Acey Slade – rhythm guitar, bass, backing vocals Preston Nash – drums Additional personnel DJ Lethal – screaming hummingbird on track 12 The N.Y.C. Dope Choir – backing vocals on track eight Production Jordan Schur – executive production and A&R Edsel Dope – production, arrangements, artwork, design, digital editing, engineering, layout, mixing Chip Quigley – management and direction John Travis – production, engineering, recording, mixing Acey Slade – engineering Eric Too – assistant engineering Derek Carlson – assistant engineering Mr. Big Head – assistant engineering Jay Baumgardner – mixing Blumpy – mixing Will Gibson – A&R coordination for Flip Kaz Utsunomiya – A&R for Epic Larry Robinson – business affairs Joe Serling – legal representation Howie Weinberg – mastering Roger Lian – editing John Ditmar – booking Peter Ciccotto – design Marina Chavez – photography Chapman Baehler – photography Mear at Conart – artwork Chart positions Album Single References 1999 debut albums Dope (band) albums Epic Records albums Speed metal albums","title":"Felons and Revolutionaries"},{"docid":"30854817","text":"Thomas Thompson (3 October 1933 – 29 October 1982), was an American journalist and author. Career Thompson was born in Fort Worth, Texas, to Clarence Arnold Thompson (1897–1983) and Ruth Oswalt (1904–1983). He graduated from the University of Texas in 1955. He then worked as a reporter and editor at the Houston Press. Thompson joined Life magazine in 1961 and became an editor and staff writer. While at Life he covered the JFK assassination and was the first writer to locate Lee Harvey Oswald's home and wife. Among his stories were coverage of the making of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by the Beatles, in which he revealed the group's extensive drug use; an in-depth look at Frank Sinatra and his alleged Mafia ties; and the 40th and 50th birthdays of Elizabeth Taylor. His book Hearts (1971) concerned the rivalry between Houston surgeons Michael DeBakey and Denton Cooley at the dawn of the heart transplant era. Richie: The Ultimate Tragedy Between One Decent Man and the Son He Loved (1973) was the story of a Long Island man who killed his drug-addicted son. This was made into a TV-movie called The Death of Richie. Thompson's most successful book, Lost! (1975), was his account of the true story of two men and one woman who were lost at sea after a storm in the Pacific. Thompson's Lost! was retold in the made-for-TV movie Lost! in 1986. Blood and Money (1976) was based on a true story of scandal and the murders of Houston socialite Joan Robinson Hill and her husband John Hill, and the alleged involvement of Mrs. Hill's father, Ash Robinson, a wealthy Texas oil magnate. The book sold four million copies in fourteen languages. There were three lawsuits against Thompson after the book's publication. Ann Kurth, John Hill's second wife, sued Thompson for his description of her as a \"sex bomb\". Kurth's suit and that of a Longview, Texas police officer, were both dismissed. Ash Robinson, the father of Joan Robinson Hill, also sued Thompson for his portrayal in the book; Robinson was unsuccessful in his suit against Thompson. Robinson had been allowed to read the book prior to its publication and initially said he approved of what Thompson had written about him. His only criticism was that he believed the book was too long. Thompson's publishers withheld his royalties until all suits connected with the book were settled. Thompson also wrote Serpentine (1979), the story of convicted murderer Charles Sobhraj. Thompson wrote one novel, Celebrity (1982), which was on the national best-seller list for six months. That novel became the basis for a five-hour mini series in 1984. Thompson received the National Headliner Award for investigative reporting. He was also the 1977 Edgar Award winner for Blood and Money. Thompson's family believed that the liver disease that caused his death was contracted in the Far East while investigating the Charles Sobhraj saga. When he became ill, Thompson was teaching writing at the University of Southern California. Among","title":"Thomas Thompson (American author)"},{"docid":"5605013","text":"Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance) is the only album issued by The Contours during their recording career at Motown Records. Issued on Motown's Gordy subsidiary in October 1962 (see 1962 in music), the album includes the hit title track and the number 21 R&B hit single \"Shake Sherry\". Also including the early singles \"Whole Lotta' Woman\" and \"The Stretch\", Do You Love Me is notable as the first LP to be released by Gordy Records. The song was also performed in the movies Dirty Dancing, Getting Even With Dad, Teen Wolf Too (by Ragtime), and \"Beethoven's 2nd\". It was performed by Bootsy Collins and the Funk Brothers in the movie Standing in the Shadows of Motown and in 2016 was used in a Pepsi-Cola commercial featuring Janelle Monáe. It also appeared in a 2020 Boston Dynamics commercial featuring dancing robots. Barni Wright was credited for the cover design. Track listing All tracks composed by Berry Gordy; except where indicated Side A \"Do You Love Me\" \"Shake Sherry\" \"You Better Get in Line\" \"The Stretch\" (Loucye Gordy Wakefield, William \"Mickey\" Stevenson) \"It Must Be Love\" (Joe Billingslea, Sylvester Potts) \"Whole Lotta Woman\" (Smokey Robinson, Billy Gordon, Billy Hoggs) Side B \"Claudia\" (Clarence Paul, Ivy Jo Hunter, William \"Mickey\" Stevenson) \"So Grateful\" \"The Old Miner\" (William \"Mickey\" Stevenson) \"Funny\" (William \"Mickey\" Stevenson, Billy Gordon, Sylvester Potts) \"Move Mr. Man\" (Berry Gordy, Jr., Rebecca Nichols) 1988 CD reissue track listing Side A \"Do You Love Me\" 6:37 \"Just a Little Misunderstanding\" 2:43 \"Shake Sherrie\" 2:51 \"Can You Do It?\" 2:19 \"Don't Let Her Be Your Baby\" 2:50 Side B \"First I Look at the Purse\" 3:00 \"Whole Lotta Woman\" 2:37 \"Can You Jerk Like Me?\" 2:30 \"It's So Hard Being a Loser\" 2:39 \"You Get Ugly\" 2:22 Note: The Song \"Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance)\" on the CD/tape (Not LP) reissue versions is not the 1962 hit single version (2:54). It is some kind of very strange extended disco remix (6:37) version. Also, besides the songs \"Shake Sherrie\" and \"Whole Lotta Woman\" the other songs are different from the original 1962 LP release and consist of later hits, etc. References 1962 debut albums Gordy Records albums Albums produced by Berry Gordy The Contours albums","title":"Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance)"},{"docid":"16417394","text":"\"The Sinking of the Reuben James\" is a song by Woody Guthrie about the sinking of the U.S. convoy escort , which was the first U.S. naval ship sunk by German U-boats in World War II. Woody Guthrie had started to write a song including each name on the casualty list of the sinking. This was later replaced by the chorus \"tell me what were their names.\" The song is set to the melody of \"Wildwood Flower\", an antebellum tune by Joseph Philbrick Webster. Recordings The Almanac Singers on Dear Mr. President 1942 Will Geer on Bound for Glory 1958 The Weavers on At Carnegie Hall, Volume 2 1960 Johnny Horton on Johnny Horton Sings History 1960 Oscar Brand on Every Inch a Sailor 1960 Kingston Trio on Close-Up 1961 Dennis Weaver 1962 The Chad Mitchell Trio on Reflecting 1963 Jon Mark and Alun Davies on Relax Your Mind 1963 Cisco Houston on Cisco Houston sings the songs of Woody Guthrie 1963 The Highwaymen on Homecoming 1963 Pete Seeger on Waist Deep in the Big Muddy and Other Love Songs 1967 James Talley on Woody Guthrie and Songs of My Oklahoma Home 1999 Folk Family Robinson on Songs of America (2007). Folk Family Robinson is Chris and Rich Robinson of the Black Crowes and their father Stan Robinson. Country Joe McDonald on Thinking of Woody Guthrie 1969 Cyril Tawney on The Song Goes On 2007 References External links Woody Guthrie songs 1942 songs Songs of World War II The Kingston Trio songs Songs written by Woody Guthrie Songs written by Joseph Philbrick Webster","title":"The Sinking of the Reuben James"},{"docid":"18245237","text":"TRB Two – also known as TRB2 – is the second studio album by Tom Robinson Band. It was recorded days after the original drummer, Dolphin Taylor, left the band. The TRB disbanded four months after its release. Steve Ridgeway designed the cover. Songs The album was dedicated to Mrs. Mary Towers, the mother of Liddle Towers. Liddle Towers was an amateur boxer who had died in police custody in 1976 - his case was the subject of \"Blue Murder\". \"Black Angel\" was originally recorded as \"Sweet Black Angel\" by Robinson's first band, Café Society, on their self-titled debut album in 1975. \"Law and Order\" was co-written by Nick Plytas who joined the TRB as a temporary keyboard player from April to July 1978. Robinson and Danny Kustow believe \"Bully for You\" inspired \" Another Brick in the Wall Part 2\" by Pink Floyd, with whom the band shared a manager and label. \"There's no question [the song's repeated] 'We don't need no aggravation' was in the air around [Floyd lyricist] Roger Waters\", said the former. \"The truth of it is that I had a really good idea for a chorus and we didn't make the most of it. If 'Bully for You' had started with, 'We don't need no aggravation,' how much better would it have been? Roger's skills as a writer were far more developed than my own. He put a great idea to better use, so fair play to him.\" Reception Smash Hits said, \"This is far superior to the last album and the TRB are developing into a very fine rock band. This album captures more of their live power, but the increasing sophistication of the songs means less immediate impact.\" The Globe and Mail determined that \"Robinson succeeds in sounding like a parody of himself as he sings in a Monty Python-esque voice and clutters the album with Gospel singers and synthesizers.\" Track listing All tracks composed by Tom Robinson; except where indicated \"All Right All Night\" (Robinson, Danny Kustow, Dolphin Taylor, Ian Parker) – 2:59 \"Why Should I Mind\" (Robinson, Danny Kustow) – 3:01 \"Black Angel\" – 4:02 \"Let My People Be\" – 4:07 \"Blue Murder\" – 5:02 \"Bully for You\" (music: Peter Gabriel; lyrics: Robinson) – 3:20 \"Crossing over the Road\" (Robinson, Danny Kustow, Ian Parker) – 3:39 \"Sorry Mr. Harris\" – 2:43 \"Law and Order\" (music: Robinson, Nick Plytas, Taylor; lyrics: Robinson, Dolphin Taylor) – 2:35 \"Days of Rage\" (Robinson, Dolphin Taylor) – 3:33 \"Hold Out\" – 4:10 Charts Personnel Tom Robinson Band Tom Robinson – vocals, bass Danny Kustow – guitar, backing vocals Ian \"Quince\" Parker – keyboards; vocals on \"Law & Order\" Preston Heyman – drums, triangle, backing vocals with: Carol Grimes, Kasim Sulton, Niamh Chambers, Barry St. John – backing \"high\" vocals Technical Bill Price – preparation Paul Libsom, Tom Edmonds – engineer Julie Harris, Steve Ridgeway – cover design References Tom Robinson Band albums 1979 albums EMI Records albums Albums produced by Todd Rundgren","title":"TRB Two"},{"docid":"6741028","text":"Our Song is a 2000 American coming of age drama film written and directed by Jim McKay. It follows three high school-aged girls and best friends over one pivotal summer in Brooklyn. Our Song stars Kerry Washington, Melissa Martinez, and Anna Simpson in their film debuts, respectively. The film features the Jackie Robinson Steppers, a real-life community marching band. Our Song received critical acclaim for its realism and depiction of female adolescence. Plot During one summer in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, three high school girls and best friends navigate changing realities and new feelings. Lanisha, Maria, and Joycelyn each have different family situations, romantic interests, moral codes and aspirations, but are close confidantes. The girls live in the same housing project and are all dedicated members of the Jackie Robinson Steppers, a community marching band that holds daily rehearsals in a local parking lot. The girls want to master the instruments they play in order to impress their conductor. Aspiring singer Joycelyn works in a makeup boutique, while both Maria and Lanisha work at a bakery. Sometimes they talk about what they'll do after high school, but most of their conversations are about the immediate issues that face them daily. Foremost among them is the closing of the girls' high school due to an asbestos contamination, and the resulting challenge of finding a new school with a good reputation and planning the daily commute. These decisions become the catalyst for the girls setting out on increasingly divergent paths. Maria learns she is pregnant by her boyfriend and has to make a decision about whether to keep the baby. Lanisha has faced a teen pregnancy herself before but chose to have an abortion. Maria eventually drifts towards the idea of having her baby. Cast Kerry Washington as Lanisha Brown Melissa Martinez as Maria Hernandez Anna Simpson as Joycelyn Clifton Marlene Forte as Pilar Brown Ray Anthony Thomas as Carl Brown Rosalyn Coleman as Dawn Clifton Carmen Lopez as Rita Hernandez Tyrone Brown as Mr. Miller Lorraine Berry as Kim Production Director Jim McKay said the idea for the film \"started out as an idea for a film about friendship. It was about kids outside of the mainstream of American society.\" McKay said he was dissuaded from making another female-driven film like his previous effort Girls Town. McKay said, \"There were people who told me: ‘Don’t make another movie about young women. It’s a bad business move. You need to do something different.’ I’m really glad I didn’t listen to them. This is the story I had to tell. This is what I wanted to do.” The Jackie Robinson Steppers were not in the original script, but McKay wrote them in after he saw them perform and realized \"what being in a band meant to the kids in that neighborhood.\" The film's lead actresses had a month of rehearsals prior to the start of filming, in addition to two months of practicing with the marching band. Filming took place over twenty days in","title":"Our Song (film)"},{"docid":"2406503","text":"\"My Guy\" is a 1964 hit single by American singer Mary Wells for the Motown label. Written and produced by Smokey Robinson of The Miracles, the song is a woman's rejection of a sexual advance and affirmation of her fidelity to her boyfriend, who is her ideal and with whom she is happy, despite his ordinary physique and looks. Mary Wells version At the session for the \"My Guy\" backing track, the studio musicians were having issues completing the intro. They had been playing all day and only a half-hour scheduled studio time was left. Trombonist George Bohanon said to keyboardist Earl Van Dyke that the opening measure of \"Canadian Sunset\" could be perfectly juxtaposed on the intro's chord changes, and Van Dyke, the session bandleader, expediently constructed an intro incorporating the opening of \"Canadian Sunset\" and also the \"left hand notes\" from \"Canadian Sunset\" composer Eddie Heywood's rendition of \"Begin the Beguine\". Van Dyke would recall: \"We were doing anything to get the hell out of that studio. We knew that the producers didn't know nothing 'bout no 'Canadian Sunset' or 'Begin the Beguine'. We figured the song would wind up in the trash can anyway\". When Wells recorded her vocal she sang over the song's outro with a huskiness evoking the line delivery of Mae West: Wells would recall: \"I was only joking but the producers said 'Keep it going, keep it going'.\" Cash Box described it as \"a tantalizing shuffle-twist hand-clapper that the lark and her combo-choral support serve up in most attractive fashion.\" \"My Guy\" became the biggest hit ever for Wells, Motown's first female star, and reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart on 16 May 1964. The song led the Cashbox magazine R&B chart for seven weeks. \"My Guy\" was also Wells' last hit single for Motown, except for duets she recorded with label mate Marvin Gaye. An option in her recording contract let Wells terminate the contract at her discretion after she reached her twenty-first birthday on May 13, 1964. Encouraged by her ex-husband, Wells broke her Motown contract and signed with 20th Century Fox in hopes of higher royalties and possible movie roles. However, Wells' career never again reached the heights it had at Motown, and she never again had a hit single as big as \"My Guy\". Her version of the song was used in the film More American Graffiti (1979) and in a season one episode of Friends (\"The One with Mrs. Bing\"). In the United Kingdom, \"My Guy\" peaked at No.5 in June 1964. In 1999, the 1964 recording of \"My Guy\" by Mary Wells on Motown Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Personnel Lead vocals by Mary Wells Background vocals by the Andantes: Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow, and Louvain Demps Written and produced by William \"Smokey\" Robinson Instrumentation by the Funk Brothers: Earl Van Dyke – keyboards Johnny Griffith – piano Eddie Willis – guitar Robert White – guitar James Jamerson","title":"My Guy"},{"docid":"18687071","text":"\"What Them Girls Like\" is a hip hop song. It is the first single from Ludacris's sixth studio album Theater of the Mind. The single features Chris Brown and Sean Garrett and is produced by Darkchild. Critical reception Allmusic editor David Jeffries called this song completely unsurprising, with rock-solid hook. Ken Copabianco described the song: His \"sex talk is good-natured and slyly insightful about love (\"What Them Girls Like\")\" XXL Magazine wrote a mixed review: \"Elsewhere, he’s just straight reaching—“What Them Girls Like,” for instance, where, despite taking a cue from 2000’s Mel Gibson chick flick What Women Want, there’s no real solid connection established between the film and the actual song.\" Music video The music video premiered on Yahoo! Music on September 11. The video takes cues from the Mel Gibson movie \"What Women Want\". The music video premiered on BET and later appeared at #80 on the Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2008 countdown. Comfort Fedoke, DeRay Davis, Tyrese Gibson, Teairra Mari, Kristia Krueger, Suelyn Medeiros, Amber Rose, Joe & Gavin Maloof and La La made cameo appearances in the video. There is a 40-second intro before the music starts in the video. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References External links 2008 singles 2008 songs Chris Brown songs Ludacris songs Music videos directed by Chris Robinson (director) Song recordings produced by Rodney Jerkins Songs written by Sean Garrett Songs written by Ludacris Songs written by Rodney Jerkins Def Jam Recordings singles","title":"What Them Girls Like"},{"docid":"14773122","text":"Amy is a 1981 American drama film directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Jenny Agutter. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions, distributed by Buena Vista Distribution, and written by Noreen Stone. Plot In 1913, Amy Medford leaves her possessive, wealthy husband to begin a new life teaching speech to deaf students in the rural Appalachian Mountains at a school for blind and deaf children. Though encountering resistance from those who question whether it's even possible to teach speech to children with hearing-impairments, Amy becomes close to the staff and children, building a new life for herself and gaining the personal strength she will need to stand up to the domineering husband who is not content to let her live her own life. Cast Jenny Agutter as Amy Medford Barry Newman as Dr. Ben Corcoran Kathleen Nolan as Helen Gibbs Chris Robinson as Elliot Medford Lou Fant as Lyle Ferguson Margaret O'Brien as Hazel Johnson Nanette Fabray as Malvina Lance LeGault as Edgar Wanbuck Lucille Benson as Rose Metcalf Jonathan Daly as Clyde Pruett Lonny Chapman as Virgil Goodloe Brian Frishman as Mervin Grimes Jane Daly as Molly Tribble Dawn Jeffory as Caroline Chapman Peggy McCay as Mrs. Grimes Len Wayland as Mr. Grimes Virginia Vincent as Edna Hancock Norman Burton as Caruthers Otto Rechenberg as Henry Watkins Ronnie Scribner as Walter Ray Seamon Glass as Mr. Watkins Production Amy was originally filmed as a television movie titled Amy on the Lips, and was the first television movie that Disney Studios made for an adult audience. Nanette Fabray and Louise Fletcher were interested in the role of \"Malvina\", a teacher of deaf children. Fabray, who played the part, was hearing impaired, and Fletcher's parents were deaf. The deaf children in the film, except for Brian Frishman, were students from the California School for the Deaf in Riverside, California. Dawn Jeffory, who was cast as Caroline Chapman, had a real-life role as a guest instructor at the school, and was helpful to director Vincent McEveety in working with the children. Lyle Ferguson, the school superintendent, was played by Lou Fant, a son of deaf parents, who helped establish the National Theatre for the Deaf. By January 1981, the film's title was changed to Amy and given a theatrical release as Walt Disney Productions felt that the film was \"so powerful\" it warranted a theatrical release. Music The film's score was written by Robert F. Brunner. The film features one original song, \"So Many Ways\", written by Bruce Belland (lyrics) and Robert F. Brunner (music). The song was sung by Julie Budd and plays during the film's opening credits and is reprised during the film's end credits. Educational film In 1982, Disney Educational Services excerpted a sequence from the film for educational use, entitled Amy-on-the-Lips. Home media Amy was originally released as a double bill on a re-release of Alice in Wonderland. The film came to video cassette in October 1981. Disney released a manufactured-on-demand DVD of the film as part of","title":"Amy (1981 film)"},{"docid":"51321471","text":"\"eps2.2_init_1.asec\" is the fourth episode of the second season of the American drama thriller television series Mr. Robot. It is the fourteenth overall episode of the series and was written and directed by series creator Sam Esmail. It originally aired on USA Network on July 27, 2016. The series follows Elliot Alderson, a cybersecurity engineer and hacker with social anxiety disorder, who is recruited by an insurrectionary anarchist known as \"Mr. Robot\" to join a group of hacktivists called \"fsociety\". In the episode, Darlene asks Elliot for his help, while the FBI investigates the arcade. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.637 million household viewers and gained a 0.3 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, praising the performances and tension, but criticizing its runtime and pacing. Plot On Halloween of the previous year, Darlene (Carly Chaikin) visits Elliot (Rami Malek). They catch up during movie night, with Elliot saying he got fired a few months ago after a violent fight and he is now forced to go to therapy. Inspired by a mask she brought, he wears their father's jacket and opens up about hacking E Corp, intriguing Darlene. In present day, Elliot is visited by Darlene, who asks for his help with fsociety. When he refuses, she asks to see Mr. Robot (Christian Slater) instead. Later, Elliot visits Ray (Craig Robinson), who gives him a chessboard. Mr. Robot then offers a deal; they will play chess and if Elliot wins, Mr. Robot goes away. Elliot is conflicted on what to do, with Krista (Gloria Reuben) telling him not to accept it, while Leon (Joey Badass) tells him to fight for what he wants. The FBI is investigating the arcade, with the agents finding that the \"End of the World Party\" was on social media. Dominique (Grace Gummer) then discovers a piece of evidence: a bullet casing retrieved in the arcade. Cisco (Michael Drayer) informs Darlene about their discovery. He urges her in getting Elliot back, but she refuses to get him involved. After having sex, Cisco states that the Dark Army couldn't been involved in Romero's death, as he was investigating an illegal FBI surveillance program called Project Berenstain. Joanna (Stephanie Corneliussen) is informed that her funds are running low and that Tyrell's severance package has been withheld, as he had to pay the parking attendant who found Tyrell's SUV during the hack to stay quiet. Desperate, she meets with Scott (Brian Stokes Mitchell). She offers to frame Tyrell for his wife's murder if Scott gives her his severance package, but he refuses. With the information that Price (Michael Cristofer) provided, Angela (Portia Doubleday) decides to submit the evidence, leading to the arrest of the two E Corp executives. Nevertheless, she assumes Price wants her to help settle the class action lawsuit over the toxic leak, but he rebuffs her theory. Whiterose (BD Wong) pressures Price to stay on schedule and receives information about the","title":"Eps2.2 init 1.asec"},{"docid":"5064635","text":"Here's to You, Rachel Robinson is a 1993 young adult novel by Judy Blume, the sequel to Just as Long as We're Together. It is an allusion to the Simon and Garfunkel song, \"Mrs. Robinson\". Plot This book is written from the perspective of Rachel Robinson, who is thirteen years old and the youngest child of three. She is regarded as an overachiever and perfectionist, but explains throughout the book that she finds it difficult being intellectually gifted, and uses her perfectionist behaviours as a coping mechanism to deal with problems with her family and with her insecurities regarding her friendships. Her immediate family consists of her mother Nell, a high-achieving lawyer and later judge, her father Victor, a teacher with a gentle nature, her older sister Jessica, who suffers with cystic acne and the discrimination that comes with it, and her older brother Charles, who was expelled from boarding school and makes their lives a misery. Rachel feels Charles gets all the attention in her family, even if it is negative, and that he is driving their parents to the breaking point. She also resents that her brother gets so much attention from teenage girls, especially her friends, Stephanie and Alison. In the book, Rachel has to deal with her crush on Charles's tutor, Paul Medeiros (who ends up dating their cousin Tarren), her worries that Stephanie and Alison prefer each other to her, her frequent invitations to join high-achieving school societies, and the fact that the best-looking boy in ninth grade (at least, to Stephanie, Alison, and Rachel), Jeremy \"Dragon\" Kravitz, may be interested in her. Through family counseling and a trip to Ellis Island, the Robinson family begin to learn how to put aside their differences and become a closer family. Allusions and references to other works The novel's title is a reference to the Simon and Garfunkel song \"Mrs. Robinson\"; specifically the lines: \"And here's to you, Mrs. Robinson, Jesus loves you more than you will know\" Judy Blume has stated on her website that she \"had a terrible time coming up with a title for Rachel's story and I'm not happy with the one I finally chose which comes from a line in the book spoken angrily by Charles\". Reception Here's to You, Rachel Robinson was received positively by critics. Publishers Weekly and Kirkus Reviews praised the character dynamics and dialogue as \"complex\" yet \"credible.\" References External links Judy Blume's website 1993 American novels Novels by Judy Blume Sequel novels American young adult novels Orchard Books books","title":"Here's to You, Rachel Robinson"},{"docid":"41712862","text":"Akalpith is a Marathi movie to be released on 28 February 2014. The genre of movie is a 'psychological thriller' and is written and directed by Mr. Prasad Acharekar. Movie starts with Renuka Shahane, Mohan Agashe and Nirmiti Sawant. The theme song of movie is written by Guru Thakur and is composed by Sonam Sherpa, Nitin Malik and Subir Malik of Parikrama Band. Plot A Man is accused of three murders but in the interrogations he says that he doesn't remember the day's events and hence is considered to be insane. So he is to be transferred to Bhopal psychological research department. Just 14 h before he being transported to Bhopal he says that he has started to remember the events of that day. An urgent special midnight Jury is arranged to record the statement and he is taken there. He is recording his statement and what he remembers, but the problem starts when he remembers that he was present on the place of murders but didn't kill the people. Now he only has 4 hours to prove to the jury that he is innocent. What happens next is the movie. Cast Renuka Shahane - Dr. Mugdha Mohan Aagashe - Justice Gore Nirrmite Saawaant - Mrs. Sarnjamhe Abheney Saawaant - Milind Deshmukh Sumaydh Gaikwad - Raj Rutul Patil - Shweta Ashutosh Patki — Vishal Atul Todankar- Mr. Shinde Sandesh Jadhav - Killer Chotu Sachin Shinde - Milind's Lawyer Saurabh Oak - Mr. Kamath Shashikant Patade - Pandu Critical reception Akalpith movie received mixed reviews from critics. A Reviewer of The Times of India wrote \"The film has its thrills and twists but does not build the kind of suspense that one would expect from a psychological thriller. The music does not provide the required tension but it is a one time watch\". A Reviewer of Loksatta wrote \"When watching the end of the movie, the writer definitely feels lost somewhere. As the ending of the film is not effective, the audience is likely to walk out of the theater in a confused state..\". A Reviewer of Zee Talkies says \"But, if you are going to watch it from critical point of view, certainly there are few errors to notice. Especially, the climax of the film is not very convincing\". References External links 2010s Marathi-language films 2010s Indian films","title":"Akalpith"},{"docid":"4221446","text":"\"Subterraneans\" is a song by David Bowie, the closing track of his 1977 album Low. As with most of Side 2, \"Subterraneans\" is mostly instrumental, with brief, obscure lyrics sung near the song's end. \"Subterraneans\" was first recorded in 1975 and intended for the soundtrack to the 1976 film The Man Who Fell to Earth. It was later revisited during the sessions for Low. Musical characteristics After the Station to Station sessions ended in November 1975 at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles, David Bowie recorded \"Subterraneans\" within those studios in December 1975. The song later received overdubs by Brian Eno. The sleeve notes of Low credit \"Peter and Paul with additional ARP synthesizer and piano\". The \"Peter and Paul\" mentioned are Peter Robinson, who played Fender Rhodes, and Paul Buckmaster (the composer of the string arrangements for the Rolling Stones' \"Moonlight Mile\") who played the ARP Odyssey. Peter Robinson and Paul Buckmaster worked with Bowie at Cherokee Studios in late 1975 on the aborted movie soundtrack to The Man Who Fell to Earth. \"Subterraneans\" was ultimately the most heavily edited song on Low, with David Bowie's saxophone, as well as multilayered synthesizers and reversed instrument sounds from Brian Eno, floating underneath a moaned vocal which is wordless until around the final ninety seconds. The soundscapes contain a cinematic quality which evokes the feel of Miles Davis' landmark album In a Silent Way. Bowie related the song to the misery of those in East Berlin during the Cold War. According to Bowie, people who \"got caught in East Berlin after the separation – hence the faint jazz saxophones representing the memory of what it was.\" Live versions The song was used as an introduction to Bowie's set during the 1995 Outside Tour. It was different from the album version in that its lyrics and musical themes were merged from the song \"Scary Monsters\" (which would follow \"Subterraneans\" on the setlists). This version was performed alongside the co-headliners, Nine Inch Nails. Personnel David Bowie: Vocals, saxophone, reversed electric guitar, ARP String Ensemble Paul Buckmaster: ARP Odyssey synthesizer Peter Robinson : Reversed Fender Rhodes electric piano Brian Eno: ARP 2600 synthesizer, piano Carlos Alomar: Reversed electric guitar George Murray: Reversed bass guitar Tony Visconti: Production Other versions Philip Glass – Low Symphony (1992) Nine Inch Nails – Live recording (with David Bowie) (1995) Dylan Howe – Jazz reconstruction for his album Subterranean – New Designs on Bowie's Berlin (2014) Alva Noto with Martin Gore (vocals) and William Basinski (saxophone) – vinyl and digital single (2022) References David Bowie songs 1977 songs Songs written by David Bowie Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti Song recordings produced by David Bowie","title":"Subterraneans"},{"docid":"18881301","text":"\"Happy\" is a song written by Michel Legrand and Smokey Robinson and first recorded by Bobby Darin. The song was first released as a single by Bobby Darin on November 23, 1972, peaking #67 on the Billboard Hot 100, it was his last single to hit the chart. The song was included on his posthumous Motown LP Darin: 1936–1973. A version of the song by Michael Jackson was featured on Jackson's 1973 album Music & Me. Robinson also recorded a version of the song, included on Robinson's 1975 album A Quiet Storm. Background According to Robinson, the song was inspired by the film's melody, which was originally composed by Michel Legrand. He explained, \"I was looking at the movie one day, and I was listening to that melody, and I thought it was just such a beautiful melody, until I wanted to write some words for that melody, which I did, and I went and I sang them for Berry Gordy, and he was really upset because I didn't write them before he finished the movie so they could've been in the movie.\" Michael Jackson recording Michael Jackson recorded the song for the Motown label in 1973. The song featured on Jackson's album Music & Me. Its full title is \"Happy (Love Theme from Lady Sings the Blues)\", although Michael's version was never featured in the film, there was an instrumental version used, however, it was not featured on the soundtrack for Lady Sings the Blues. Michael Jackson's single was first released in Australia, backed by \"In Our Small Way\". Jackson continued to perform the track in concert as late as 1977, citing it as one of his favorite songs. In 1983, the song was released as a single in the UK to promote Motown's 18 Greatest Hits compilation album, on which the song was included. Upon its release, \"Happy\" (credited to Michael Jackson plus The Jackson 5) peaked at #52 on the British pop chart. Charts Other cover versions It was later recorded by the song's composer, Smokey Robinson, and appeared on his landmark solo album A Quiet Storm. The Spanish teen group La Pandilla also recorded a Spanish-language version of the song for their 1974 album El Alacrán. Dominican singer Benny Sadel released a merengue version of the Spanish-language rendition of the song on his 2002 album La Negra Mia. Notes References Halstead, Craig and Chris Cadman (2003). Michael Jackson: The Solo Years. Authors OnLine. George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG. Michael Jackson songs 1973 singles 1983 singles Songs with music by Michel Legrand Songs written by Smokey Robinson Motown singles Song recordings produced by Hal Davis Rhythm and blues ballads Bobby Darin songs 1972 songs","title":"Happy (Michael Jackson song)"},{"docid":"6868486","text":"Live at Ronnie Scott's is an album by American singer-songwriter Nina Simone. It is a live recording of a concert she gave at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in 1984, a London venue where she performed a few times in her later life. Information about songs on this album \"Fodder In Her Wings\" and \"I Sing Just To Know That I'm Alive\", Nina first recorded these self-written songs on Fodder On My Wings (1982). Both are very personal to her, talking about Nina's estrangement from people and closing a bad chapter and beginning a new one. \"Be My Husband\", written by her ex-husband and ex-manager Andrew Stroud, first featured on Pastel Blues (1965). Later covered by Jeff Buckley as \"Be Your Husband\". \"I Loves You Porgy\", her first hit-single from her debut Little Girl Blue (1958). \"Mississippi Goddam\", Nina wrote this civil rights song after four black girls died during a church bombing, first featured on Nina Simone in Concert (1964). \"Moon over Alabama\", together with \"Mississippi Goddam\". Nina sings this song to show that the two songs have a similar melody. She, therefore, switches between them during the performance. \"My Baby Just Cares For Me\", Nina introduces this last song with: I think this is what you've all been waiting for... She often did that when performing it live in her later years. It is the song that brought her back into the limelight after it featured in a commercial in 1982, yet it wasn't a song she particularly liked or wished to be remembered by. Track listing All tracks composed by Nina Simone; except where indicated \"God God God\" (Paramahansa Yogananda, Simone) \"If You Knew\" \"Mr. Smith\" (Kurt Weill, Bertolt Brecht) \"Fodder in Her Wings\" \"Be My Husband\" (Simone, Andrew Stroud) \"I Loves You Porgy\" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, DuBose Heyward) \"The Other Woman\" (Simone, Jessie Mae Robinson) \"Mississippi Goddam\" \"Moon Over Alabama\" (Kurt Weill, Bertolt Brecht) \"For a While\" (Bob Gaudio, Jake Holmes) \"See Line Woman\" (George Houston Bass) \"I Sing Just to Know That I'm Alive\" \"My Baby Just Cares for Me\" (Gus Kahn, Walter Donaldson) Personnel Nina Simone - vocals, piano Paul Robinson - drums References 1987 live albums Nina Simone live albums Albums recorded at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club","title":"Live at Ronnie Scott's (Nina Simone album)"},{"docid":"9694521","text":"Our Bodies Our Selves is the fifth album by the Berkeley, California punk rock band The Mr. T Experience, released in 1993 by Lookout! Records. It was the band's first album as a three-piece, after the departure of founding guitarist Jon Von Zelowitz the previous year. It was also their last album with bassist Aaron Rubin and founding drummer Alex Laipeneiks. After their departures, vocalist/guitarist Dr. Frank re-formed the band with a new lineup. The song \"Even Hitler Had a Girlfriend\" was used in the soundtrack to the 1996 movie Glory Daze starring Ben Affleck and was included on the film's soundtrack album, along with the song \"I Just Wanna Do it With You\" from the band's 1996 album Love is Dead. During the film's party scene, the main characters also perform as a band a cover of The Mr. T Experience song \"Now We Are Twenty-One\" from their 1988 album Night Shift at the Thrill Factory. The song “More Than Toast” was included on the soundtrack of EA Sports NCAA Football06. Track listing Personnel Dr. Frank – vocals, guitar Aaron Rubin – bass Alex Laipeneiks – drums Technical Kevin Army - produced, engineer, mixing John Golden - mastering Tom Robinson - band photography Sergie Graphics - art Aaron Laipeneiks - art The Mr. T Experience albums 1993 albums","title":"Our Bodies Our Selves"},{"docid":"7222162","text":"Theodore & Co is an English musical comedy in two acts with a book by H. M. Harwood and George Grossmith Jr. based on the French comedy Théodore et Cie by Paul Armont and Nicolas Nancey, with music by Ivor Novello and Jerome Kern and lyrics by Adrian Ross and Clifford Grey. It was produced by Grossmith and Edward Laurillard and directed by Austen Hurgon, opening at the Gaiety Theatre on 19 September 1916 and running for 503 performances. It starred Grossmith, Fred Leslie and Leslie Henson. Theodore & Co opened during World War I in the same year as two other tremendously successful shows in London: Chu Chin Chow and The Bing Boys are Here, and the successful The Happy Day. Audiences wanted light and uplifting entertainment during the war, and these shows delivered it. This show established Ivor Novello as a theatrical composer and was Kern's first show in London. Novello's songs from the show include \"What A Duke Should Be\" and \"Oh, How I Want To Marry\". Roles and original cast Bompas, 24th Duke of Shetland – Davy Burnaby Pony Twitchen (of the \"Crimson Comics\") – Leslie Henson Rt. Hon. George Wye (Minister of Movies) – Fred Leslie Mr. Blissett (A Husband) – Frederick Morant Cosmo Legallos – Henri Leoni Mr. Satterthwaite (of Dowton) – Victor Gouriet Crump – Robert Nainby Delatour (Manager of the New Casino) – Frank Hector A Man with a Blue Envelope – Ralph Roberts The Emir of Baluchistan – J. Grande His Interpreter – Fred Raynham Sir Basil Bowlwell, R.H.G. – James Thomas Lord Theodore Wragge – George Grossmith Jr. Lady Theresa Wye – Gladys Homfrey Lady Pansy (the Duke's daughter) – Madge Saunders Hon. Sapphire Blissett – Julia James Fudge Robinson (of the \"Crimson Comics\") – Peggy Kurton Alma, \"The Statue of Liberty \" – Irene Richards Cleo, \"The Tiptoe Queen\" – Adrah Fair Lady Diana Camden – Ivey Collette/Doris Stocker Lady Moya – Violet Ashton Molly Pershore – Barbara Dunbar Marjorie Carstairs – Connie Guy Lady Lilly – Vera Davis Lady Billy – Lilian Caldicott Elizabeth Anne – Margaret Gamble Mary Ellen – Maudie Dunham Ethel Emily (Mr. Satterthwaite's daughter) – Joyce Barbour Rosa Maud (Mr. Satterthwaite's daughter) – Dorothy King Matilda Kate – Cherry Constant Harriett Jane – Mercia Swinburne Charwoman – Muriel Barney Musical numbers Act I Chorus – \"Isn't there a crowd everywhere\" (Words by Adrian Ross. Music by Ivor Novello) Song – \"What a Duke should be\" (Words by Clifford Grey. Music by Novello) Duet – \"I'll make myself at home\" (Words by Ross. Music by Novello) Song – \"I'm getting such a big girl now\" (Words by Grey. Music by Philip Braham) Song & Dance – \"Ev'ry little girl can teach me something new\" (Words by Ross. Music by Novello) Song – \"The Candy Girls\" (Words by Ross. Music by Novello) Sextet – \"You'd better not wait for him\" (Words by Grey. Music by Novello) Finale, Act I. – \"He's going to call on Baby","title":"Theodore & Co"},{"docid":"14668925","text":"Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the 2007 film Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story. Production The cast and crew recorded 40 original songs; 33 are featured in the movie. Singer-songwriter Dan Bern and Mike Viola (of the Candy Butchers) wrote most of the film's songs, including \"There's a Change A' Happenin'\", \"The Mulatto Song\" and \"Hole in My Pants\". Marshall Crenshaw wrote the title tune and Van Dyke Parks penned one of the 1960-styled psychedelic jams, \"Black Sheep\". Singer Angela Correa provides the voice of Darlene Madison Cox (played in the film by actress Jenna Fischer), as she did in the feature film. A number of critics noted the unusually high quality of many of the individual songs on the soundtrack, how well they reflected the styles and times they were attempting to spoof, and how well they stood on their own as quality compositions. The soundtrack was nominated for both a Grammy and Golden Globe Award and was nominated and won the Sierra Award for Best Song in a Motion Picture from the Las Vegas Film Critics Society. Track listing All tracks performed by John C. Reilly, except where noted. All tracks produced by Michael Andrews and Jake Kasdan. iTunes exclusive extended edition \"Take My Hand\" (Reilly) \"Jump Little Children\" (Craig Robinson) \"(Mama) You Got to Love Your Negro Man\" (Reilly) \"That's Amore\" (Reilly) \"Walk Hard\" (Reilly) \"A Life Without You (Is No Life At All)\" (Reilly) \"(I Hate You) Big Daddy\" (Reilly) \"Walk Hard (Punk Version)\" (Reilly) \"Let's Duet\" (Reilly & Angela Correa) \"Darling\" (Reilly) \"Guilty As Charged\" (Reilly) \"There's a Change A' Happening (I Can Feel It)\" (Reilly) \"Dear Mr. President\" (Reilly) \"Hey Mr. Old Guy\" (Reilly) \"Ladies First\" (Reilly) \"The Mulatto Song\" (Reilly) \"Let Me Hold You (Little Man)\" (Reilly) \"Hole In My Pants\" (Reilly) \"Royal Jelly\" (Reilly) \"Farmer Glickstein\" (Reilly) \"Black Sheep\" (Reilly) \"Walk Hard (70's TV Show Theme)\" (Reilly) \"Who Wants to Party\" (Reilly) \"Weeping On the Inside\" (Reilly) \"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" (Reilly) \"Walk Hard (All-Star Version)\" (Ghostface Killah, Lyle Lovett, Jewel Kilcher, Jackson Browne) \"Beautiful Ride\" (Reilly) \"(Have You Heard the News) Dewey Cox Died\" (Reilly) \"Cut My Brother In Half Blues\" (Reilly) \"(You Make Me So) Hard\" (Jacques Slade) The song \"Starman\" is not available on the iTunes Exclusive Extended Edition of the album. Release history October 30, 2007 November 8, 2007 November 5, 2007 December 3, 2007 December 4, 2007 January 7, 2008 January 16, 2008 March 6, 2008 February 17, 2008 March 7, 2008 April 9, 2008 April 17, 2008 May 19, 2008 References 2007 soundtrack albums Columbia Records soundtracks Comedy rock soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Rockabilly soundtracks","title":"Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"9799466","text":"Alan Lee Gordon (April 22, 1944 – November 22, 2008) was an American songwriter best known for songs recorded by the Turtles, Petula Clark, and Barbra Streisand. Many of his songs were co-written with Gary Bonner, including the Turtles' \"Happy Together\" and Three Dog Night's \"Celebrate\". He worked with various popular musicians, including Blues Magoos, Alice Cooper, the Archies, the O'Jays, Lynn Anderson, Flo & Eddie, Frank Zappa, Helen Reddy, Gary Lewis & the Playboys, Tammy Wynette, the Lovin' Spoonful, Bobby Darin, and Freddy Fender. Career Gordon was born in Natick, Massachusetts. In 1965, he and Garry Bonner formed the Magicians, a group which would also include Allan \"Jake\" Jacobs and John Townley. They released a single in November 1965, \"An Invitation to Cry\". It met with some success, but their popularity was confined primarily to the New York and New England area. Gordon co-wrote, with Bonner, \"Happy Together\", originally recorded by the Turtles. In 1967, the Turtles version followed The Beatles' \"Penny Lane\" into the #1 slot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, spending three weeks there. It was named one of the Top 50 songs of the 20th century by BMI, having generated over 5 million performances on American radio by 1999, placing it in the same league as the Beatles' \"Yesterday\", and \"Mrs. Robinson\" by Simon and Garfunkel. Songs from Alan Gordon's catalogue have been featured in film, television, commercials and video games. Some of the films that featured Gordon-penned songs include The Naked Gun, Muriel's Wedding, Shrek, The Simpsons Movie, 27 Dresses, and Freaky Friday. Television programs include The Simpsons, That '70s Show, ER, Scrubs, The Wonder Years, and American Idol. Gordon died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on November 22, 2008, after a two-year battle with cancer. He was 64 years old. Singles 1965: \"An Invitation To Cry\" by The Magicians 1967: \"Girls in Love\" performed by Gary Lewis & the Playboys 1967: \"Jill\" performed by Gary Lewis & the Playboys 1967: \"Happy Together\" performed by The Turtles 1967: \"She'd Rather Be with Me\" performed by The Turtles 1967: \"She's My Girl\" performed by The Turtles 1967: \"You Know What I Mean\" performed by The Turtles 1967: \"Put the Clock Back on the Wall\" by the E-Types 1967: \"As Long As You're Here\" by Zalman Yanovsky (of The Lovin' Spoonful) 1967: \"The Cat in the Window (The Bird in the Sky)\" performed by Petula Clark 1968: \"Small Talk\" performed by Lesley Gore 1968: \"Small Talk\" performed by Harpers Bizarre 1968: \"('Til I) Run With You\" performed by Lovin' Spoonful 1969: \"Celebrate\" performed by Three Dog Night 1970: \"Me About You\" performed by The Turtles 1976: \"Gladiola\" performed by Helen Reddy 1977: \"My Heart Belongs to Me\" performed by Barbra Streisand References External links 1944 births 2008 deaths People from Natick, Massachusetts Songwriters from Massachusetts Deaths from cancer in Arizona Place of birth missing 20th-century American songwriters","title":"Alan Gordon (songwriter)"},{"docid":"15503945","text":"Zeudi Araya (born 10 February 1951) is an Eritrean former actress, singer, model and film producer. Career On a journey to Italy in 1972, Araya recorded a commercial for coffee, where she was introduced to director Luigi Scattini, who cast her with Beba Lončar in La ragazza dalla pelle di luna shot in the Seychelles. In 1973, songs composed by Piero Umiliani she sang in the score of another Scattini film where she played the lead role (La ragazza fuoristrada) were released on a 45 rpm record. From 1973 to 1975, several roles in movies followed, most of them directed by Scattini. In 1976, she appeared with Paolo Villaggio in the Fantozzi-style comedy Il signor Robinson by Sergio Corbucci. She also appeared in the Italian version of Playboy magazine in March 1974. Her last prominent appearance was in the epic Hearts and Armour, released in 1983. Araya subsequently withdrew from acting, and has since then been producing movies. She was at the 2011 Venice Film Festival. Personal life Araya's father was a politician and her uncle was a diplomat in Rome. She was married to film producer Franco Cristaldi from 1983 until his death in 1992. Since 1994 she lives with the director Massimo Spano, with whom she has a son. Selected filmography La ragazza dalla pelle di luna – \"Simone\" (1973) La ragazza fuoristrada – \"Maryam\" (1973) The Prey – \"Nagaina\" (1974) The Body – \"Simoa\" (1974) La peccatrice – \"Debra\" (1975) Mr. Robinson – \"Venerdì\" (1976) Neapolitan Mystery – \"Elizabeth\" (1978) Tesoro mio – \"Tesoro Hoaua\" (1979) Atrocious Tales of Love and Death – \"Elizabeth Hover\" (1979) Hearts and Armour – \"Marfisa\" (1983) Control – \"Sheba\" (1987) Producer Marching in Darkness -\"Zeudi Araya Cristaldi\" (1996) Franco Cristaldi e il suo cinema Paradiso (2009) Television Maurizio Costanzo Show (TV show) – \"Herself\" (1996)DiscographyOltre l'acqua del fiume/Maryam'' (Bla Bla, BBR 1338, 7\") (1973) References External links 1951 births Living people People from Southern Region (Eritrea) Eritrean actresses 21st-century Eritrean women 21st-century Eritrean people Italian film actresses Italian film producers Eritrean emigrants to Italy 20th-century Eritrean women singers 20th-century Italian women singers 20th-century Italian actresses","title":"Zeudi Araya"},{"docid":"17567525","text":"\"When I'm Gone\" is a song written by Smokey Robinson and a single he produced twice, one for early Motown star Mary Wells and the other for fellow Motown vocalist Brenda Holloway. Holloway's version became a hit while Wells' was aborted after the singer left the label in 1964. Overview Song information \"When I'm Gone\" was produced under a beat similar to Mary Wells' big hit, \"My Guy\" though this song included hand claps, and was originally recorded by Wells. In the song, the narrator asks her cheating lover what would he do if she were to leave him explaining how everybody around them thinks they're happy in front of the public when inside the woman is suffering from the lover's behavior calling him a \"real Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" character. She also complains that though he flirts with \"every girl that he sees\", he comes running back to her when they do him wrong. Throughout the song, the narrator threatens to leave him and in the end repeats the question she asks in the beginning: \"what are you gonna do when I'm gone?\" Mary Wells exit and Brenda Holloway's arrival The song was one of the last records Mary Wells recorded while at Motown. Fresh from the success of \"My Guy\" and with her Motown contract expiring the year of \"My Guy\" and its success, Wells decided to terminate her contract with Motown complaining of Gordy refusing to give Wells the royalties she earned during her successful tenure at the label. She argued that her Motown contract was invalid because she'd signed with the company at the age of seventeen. Due to the underage clause, Motown allowed Wells' contract to expire. (Had Wells not exited Motown, \"When I'm Gone\" would have been her next release, the follow-up to the million-selling \"My Guy\"). The singer then headed to 20th Century Fox Records after being offered a $500,000 contract that also offered Wells to do movies. Meanwhile, Motown's latest new signed artist, Brenda Holloway, was releasing her first single, \"Every Little Bit Hurts\", which shot to number 13 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. After Wells departed, Motown eventually convinced Holloway to record some of Wells' songs, partially due to the fact that Gordy felt Holloway was the next Mary though both singers' vocals differed from each other: Wells' deep, smokey contralto vocal contrasted with Holloway's lighter soprano. Holloway recorded \"When I'm Gone\" in Detroit. Charts Brenda Holloway version Released as a single in 1965, Holloway's version reached #25 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and performed slightly better on the R&B chart reaching number 12. Holloway performed her version on the show Shivaree . It was Holloway's second-biggest Motown chart hit, after Every Little Bit Hurts. Wells' version was released to the Motown compilation album, Vintage Stock. Weekly charts Year-end charts Personnel Mary Wells version Lead vocal by Mary Wells Background vocals by The Andantes Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Brenda Holloway version Lead vocal by Brenda Holloway Background","title":"When I'm Gone (Motown song)"},{"docid":"40454203","text":"Buffalo Rider is a 1976 American Western film co-directed by John Fabian, George Lauris and Dick Robinson. The film's character of Buffalo Jones bears no relation to Charles \"Buffalo\" Jones who the producers did not know existed until years after. Plot Buffalo Rider Tells the story of a man named Buffalo Jones with Rick Guinn playing the role of Jones. Jones is depicted as a loner who tames and rides a buffalo and hunts down murderous buffalo hunters. Cast Rick Guinn as Jake \"Buffalo\" Jones John Freeman as Frank Nesbitt Rich Scheeland as Ralph Pierce George Sager as Ted Clayborn Dick Robinson as Sam Robinson Priscilla Lauris as Mrs. Robinson C. Lindsay Workman (voice) as Narrator Hal Smith (voice) as Old buffalo hunter Reception The film has received negative reviews. Chris Higgins of Mental Floss wrote that \"given all the animal 'stunts' (including what sure looks like actually shooting buffalo and various cross-species animal fights) it wouldn't pass muster today. The movie itself is a bit sub par, featuring an extreme over-reliance on narration and a sort of meandering documentary-ish treatment with some buffalo-related dramatic elements tossed in.\" The film was featured in a Gizmodo article of \"the weirdest thing on the internet tonight\" where Andrew Tarantola wrote, \"Enjoy the heartwarming tale of a man, conveniently named Buffalo Jones, and his buffalo, named Buffalo. No wait. Its name is Samson, because that's so much more original. Whatever you call them, the two chum around the American frontier, saving babies and stuff for an hour and a half (even though the script was apparently only about 15 pages long).\" In popular culture On November 22, 2011, the film was released as a video on demand from RiffTrax. This edition features a satirical commentary done by comedians and actors Michael J. Nelson, Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett. In 2011, the Austin-based band The Possum Posse created \"Guy on a Buffalo\", a narrated song set to clips from the movie Buffalo Rider. A clip from Part 3 of \"Guy on a Buffalo\" was used in Season 3 Episode 6 \"All For Nothing\" of the hit series Yellowstone inspiring the ranch hands to try and go buffalo riding See also Revisionist Western Bison References External links Complete movie on Archive.org Theatrical and TV trailers 1978 films 1978 Western (genre) films American Western (genre) films Rediscovered American films 1970s rediscovered films 1970s English-language films 1970s American films English-language Western (genre) films","title":"Buffalo Rider"},{"docid":"74162865","text":"\"The Campaign\" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the American mockumentary comedy horror television series What We Do in the Shadows, set in the franchise of the same name. It is the 44th overall episode of the series and was written by producers Max Brockman and Shana Gohd, and directed by co-executive producer Yana Gorskaya. It was released on FX on July 27, 2023. The series is set in Staten Island, New York City. Like the 2014 film, the series follows the lives of vampires in the city. These consist of three vampires, Nandor, Laszlo, and Nadja. They live alongside Colin Robinson, an energy vampire; and Guillermo, Nandor's familiar. The series explores the absurdity and misfortunes experienced by the vampires. In the episode, Colin Robinson runs for comptroller and reconnects with Evie. Meanwhile, Nandor makes a new friend at the gym, and Laszlo tries to impress Nadja's new friends. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.268 million household viewers and gained a 0.11 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received mixed reviews, with critics feeling that the episode felt derivative of previous installments. Plot Colin Robinson (Mark Proksch) has decided to run for comptroller in Staten Island, as Sean (Anthony Atamanuik) was forced to drop out due to multiple DUI incidents. However, Colin Robinson's place is questioned by his opponent Barbara Lazarro (Marceline Hugot), whom he will face in a debate. However, Colin Robinson is not interested in the position, as he only wants to take place in the debate to drain people. Nandor (Kayvan Novak) has joined a gym. He has tried to get Guillermo (Harvey Guillén) to go with him, but he is avoiding Nandor to not reveal his quasi-vampiric nature. At the gym, he befriends an attendee, Alexander. He establishes a friendship, with Nandor telling the vampires that he is interested in Alexander because he is Jewish. To impress Alexander, Nandor forces Guillermo to perform a circumcision on him. Nadja (Natasia Demetriou) continues visiting Little Antipaxos, befriending a family of locals. However, the locals want to meet her husband and Nadja is embarrassed to present Laszlo (Matt Berry). Laszlo makes a poor impression on the first encounter, and it worsens when he sings a song from their enemy country. Nandor shows his circumcision to Alexander, which has healed over, but Alexander feels disgusted and ends their friendship. With this, Nandor decides to go out to the movies with Guillermo. Laszlo returns to Little Antipaxos, describing all his acts and finishing by insulting the family. Suddenly, the family praises Laszlo, as they believe him to be a reincarnation of a known \"perverted oaf\" tale and his presence means good luck. To get help, Colin Robinson attends a break-up support group, where Evie (Vanessa Bayer) is present. He reconnects with her, and both work during the debate. As Colin Robinson gives a lengthy speech, Evie feeds on the audience's sympathy. After the debate's end, Colin Robinson and Evie","title":"The Campaign (What We Do in the Shadows)"},{"docid":"5041983","text":"Stormy Weather is a 1943 American musical film produced and released by 20th Century Fox, adapted by Frederick J. Jackson, Ted Koehler and H.S. Kraft from the story by Jerry Horwin and Seymour B. Robinson, directed by Andrew L. Stone, produced by William LeBaron and starring Lena Horne, Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson, and Cab Calloway. The film is one of two Hollywood musicals with an African American cast released in 1943, both starring Lena Horne, the other being MGM's Cabin in the Sky. Stormy Weather is a primary showcase of some of the leading African American performers of the day, during an era when African American actors and singers rarely appeared in lead roles in mainstream Hollywood productions. The supporting cast features the Nicholas Brothers in arguably the screen's most bravura dance sequence, Fats Waller, Katherine Dunham and her dancers, and Dooley Wilson. Stormy Weather takes its title from the 1933 song of the same title, which is performed almost an hour into the film. It is loosely based upon the life and times of its star, dancer Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson. The character of Selina was invented for the film; Robinson did not have such a romance in real life. Dooley Wilson (the singer/pianist in Casablanca the previous year) co-stars as Bill's perpetually broke but boldly imaginative friend, Gabe, and Emmett \"Babe\" Wallace appears as Chick Bailey. Other performers in the movie are Cab Calloway and Fats Waller (both appearing as themselves), the Nicholas Brothers dancing duo, comedian F. E. Miller, singer Ada Brown, and Katherine Dunham with her dance troupe. Despite a running time of only 77 minutes, the film features some 20 musical numbers. This was Robinson's final film (he died in 1949); Waller died only a few months after its release. Plot \"Mr. Bill\" Williamson, a naturally talented dancer, recounts his past to some neighborhood children in a series of flashbacks, which show his return home in 1918 after serving in World War I, meeting a beautiful singer/dancer named Selina Rogers, who is the sister of one of his war buddies, and his travels to New Orleans to become a performer. Along the way he is reunited with Selina, who persuades her manager, Chick Bailey, to hire him for their show, but the jealous Chick fires Bill for outshining him on stage. Bill stages his own show but runs out of money to pay his dancers up front and they refuse to take the stage. Eventually, they do, due to a stroke of luck. At this point in Bill's story to the children, Cab Calloway drives up to collect \"Mr. Bill\" to appear in his benefit show, where he is reunited with Selina for good. Release and legacy The original release prints of Stormy Weather were processed in sepiatone. In 2001, Stormy Weather was selected for the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\" It was released on DVD in North America in 2005. Soundtrack The film's musical","title":"Stormy Weather (1943 film)"},{"docid":"18223292","text":"29 Acacia Avenue is a play by Denis and Mabel Constanduros. Its 1945 British comedy-drama film adaptation, directed by Henry Cass, was released in the U.S. as The Facts of Love. Premise Peter Robinson falls in love with the naïve country girl Fay and the worldly, wealthy and already-married Joan, and lives with them both (and Joan's husband) at his parents' house. However, one day Peter's parents unexpectedly return from holiday, and all hell breaks loose. Cast Gordon Harker as Mr. Robinson Betty Balfour as Mrs. Robinson Jimmy Hanley as Peter Robinson Carla Lehmann as Fay Hubert Gregg as Michael Jill Evans as Joan Henry Kendall as Mr. Wilson Dinah Sheridan as Pepper Megs Jenkins as Shirley Noele Gordon as Mrs. Wilson Guy Middleton as Gerald Aubrey Mallalieu as Martin Critical reception Allmovie wrote, \"one of the few low-budget British programmers to enjoy a reasonably widespread American release...The film weaves three separate romantic subplots into an entertaining unified whole\"; though Sky Movies called the film \"one wartime West End success that didn't transfer too well to screen, ending up embarrassingly stagey\"; but the Radio Times thought that although the film \"fails to fully disguise its theatrical origins...it nevertheless makes for pleasant period entertainment, with particularly likeable performances from British veterans Gordon Harker and Betty Balfour as the parents.\" References External links English plays 1945 films 1945 comedy-drama films British comedy-drama films Films directed by Henry Cass Films set in London Films set in Sussex Films produced by Sydney Box Columbia Pictures films British black-and-white films 1940s British films 1940s English-language films","title":"29 Acacia Avenue"},{"docid":"3201852","text":"My Way is an album by American singer Frank Sinatra, released in 1969 on his own Reprise label. The album is mainly a collection of then-contemporary pop songs, such as Simon and Garfunkel's \"Mrs. Robinson\", and The Beatles' \"Yesterday\", French songs such as \"If You Go Away\", and the anthemic title song \"My Way\", which effectively became Sinatra's theme song in this stage of his career. On December 30, 1968 in Los Angeles, a few hours before going to celebrate the New Year 1969, at the Sands Casino from Las Vegas, My Way was recorded and mixed at EastWest Studios, then called Western Recorders. Later it was remixed and reissued by Concord Records in 2009 to mark its 40th anniversary. Two bonus tracks were included, and new liner notes from Bono. The bonus tracks were a rehearsal of \"For Once in My Life\" from 1969, for Sinatra's eponymous Emmy Award nominated 1969 television special, Sinatra, and a live 1987 performance of \"My Way\" at the Reunion Arena, Dallas, Texas. Bono's liner notes had previously appeared as his New York Times Op-ed column on January 9, 2009. The article discussed Bono's personal relationship with Sinatra, and Sinatra's thoughts on Miles Davis. Bono also mused on Sinatra's performances of \"My Way\", and the new year. Track listing Standard edition \"Watch What Happens\" (Norman Gimbel, Michel Legrand, Jacques Demy) – 2:17 \"Didn't We?\" (Jimmy Webb) – 2:55 \"Hallelujah, I Love Her So\" (Ray Charles) – 2:47 \"Yesterday\" (Lennon–McCartney) – 3:56 \"All My Tomorrows\" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 4:35 \"My Way\" (Paul Anka, Claude François, Jacques Revaux, Gilles Thibault) – 4:35 \"A Day in the Life of a Fool\" (Luiz Bonfá, Carl Sigman) – 3:00 \"For Once in My Life\" (Ron Miller, Orlando Murden) – 2:50 \"If You Go Away\" (Jacques Brel, Rod McKuen) – 3:30 \"Mrs. Robinson\" (Paul Simon) – 2:55 2009 Concord bonus tracks \"For Once in My Life\" – 4:11 studio rehearsal, NBC Studio 2, Burbank, California, August 13, 1969 \"My Way\" – 3:09 live performance at the Reunion Arena, Dallas, Texas, October 24, 1987 2019 Capitol bonus tracks \"My Way\" - 4:23 Duet with Willie Nelson \"My Way\" - 3:32 Duet with Luciano Pavarotti \"My Way\" - 4:36 Live at the Ahmanson Theatre, June 13, 1971 \"My Way\" - 3:43 Live at Reunion Arena, October 24, 1987 Personnel Frank Sinatra – vocals Don Costa – arranger, conductor Certifications References 1969 albums Albums arranged by Don Costa Albums conducted by Don Costa Albums produced by Sonny Burke Albums produced by Don Costa Concord Records albums Frank Sinatra albums Reprise Records albums Albums recorded at EastWest Studios","title":"My Way (Frank Sinatra album)"},{"docid":"24954744","text":"Clarence Hummel Wilson (November 17, 1876 – October 5, 1941) was an American character actor. Career Wilson appeared in nearly 200 movies between 1920 and 1941, mostly in supporting roles as an old miser or grouch. He had supporting roles in films like The Front Page (1931; as Sheriff Pinky), Ruggles of Red Gap (1935) and You Can't Take It With You (1938). Wilson also played in several Our Gang comedies, most notably as Mr. Crutch in Shrimps for a Day and school board chairman Alonzo Pratt in Come Back, Miss Pipps, his final film. Death Wilson died on October 5, 1941, and he was interred at Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Selected filmography Duds (1920) - Jues The Penalty (1920) - A Crook (uncredited) The Little Grey Mouse (1920) - Henry Lealor Are All Men Alike? (1920) The Land of Jazz (1920) - Minor Role The First Born (1921) - Kury Lar While the Devil Laughs (1921) - Joe Franklin Oliver Twist, Jr. (1921) - Fagin The Tomboy (1921) - The Police Force Big Town Ideas (1921) - Chef Children of the Night (1921) - Tankerton Lovetime (1921) - Count de Baudine Queenie (1921) - Simon Pepper / Abner Quigley Cinderella of the Hills (1921) - Peter Poff The Jolt (1921) - Georgette's Father Gleam O'Dawn (1922) - Pierre Winning with Wits (1922) - Stage manager Extra! Extra! (1922) - Jim Rogers The Glory of Clementina (1922) - Vandemeer Honor First (1922) - Tricot (the Apache) The Cub Reporter (1922) - Mandarin Youth Must Have Love (1922) - Austin Hibbard The Last Hour (1923) - Quales Soft Boiled (1923) - The Reformer The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) - Minor Role (uncredited) The Dangerous Maid (1923) - Jewars (Jeffreys' secretary) Little Robinson Crusoe (1924) - 'Singapore' Scroggs Young April (1926) - Flower vendor (uncredited) The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) - Barber (uncredited) What Price Glory? (1926) - Waiter at Cafe (uncredited) The Silent Avenger (1927) - Dave Wade Mountains of Manhattan (1927) - Jim Tully Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927) - Money Lender (uncredited) Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927) - Bidder at Eliza's Auction (uncredited) Ladies Must Dress (1927) - Office Manager A Girl in Every Port (1928) - Bartender in Marseille (uncredited) The Phantom of the Turf (1928) - The Lawyer Big News (1929) - Coroner Woman Trap (1929) - Detective Captain Dangerous Paradise (1930) - Zangiacomo Officer O'Brien (1930) - Patello's Attorney (uncredited) Strictly Unconventional (1930) - George - Ted's Valet (uncredited) Love in the Rough (1930) - Brown Paid (1930) - Max Hardy (uncredited) The Front Page (1931) - Sheriff Hartman Ladies' Man (1931) - H.J. Dargen (Jeweler) (uncredited) Sweepstakes (1931) - Mr. Emory Wicked (1931) - Juryman Night Life in Reno (1931) - Adrian Garrett Flying High (1931) - Lunch Counter Manager (uncredited) Her Majesty, Love (1931) - Uncle Cornelius The Sea Ghost (1931) - Henry Sykes Under Eighteen (1931) - A.J. Dietrich, Attorney (uncredited) The Beast of the City","title":"Clarence Wilson (actor)"},{"docid":"4397535","text":"The Making of Mr. Buechner's Dream is a DVD released in 2005 by the American rock band Daniel Amos on Stunt Records. The 90 minute film was edited together from over nine hours of randomly filmed home movies and footage made while the band was recording their epic 32 song album, Mr. Buechner's Dream. This \"making of\" documentary shows the band at work rehearsing the new songs and recording in the studio. Many \"making of\" documentaries, like The Beatles Let It Be do not actually show a lot of footage of the band recording what is actually found on the album. For example, many of that film's performances are different takes or rehearsals. In this film however, much of what is shown on the screen is the band recording exactly what is found on the album - from guitar solos, to vocals, to bass tracks. The film starts out letting the viewer roam around the band while it's rehearsing in drummer Ed McTaggart's house in California. The band is seen going through several of the songs from the album and working out chord changes. In most cases, the lyrics to the songs were not yet finished at this point so lead singer Terry Scott Taylor is seen improvising lyrics while the band plays. The next segment is an introduction to The Green Room studios and a short tribute to longtime D.A. engineer and friend, Gene Eugene, set to the music of \"Flash In Your Eyes,\" a song written about the late engineer and friend of the band. The rest of the film is inside the studio as the band works out guitar, bass, vocals, and drum tracks. The viewer gets to see the creative process as each band member takes part in making suggestions and giving their own ideas on each track. Also included in this segment is a number of comedy segments that the band put together in between sessions. Bonus material on the DVD includes a live performance by the band at the 2001 Creation Festival. Because much of this film is simply home movie footage filmed by the band itself, there are some quality issues from time to time. Lighting is not always the best and there are a few scenes with some digital noise in the audio. The producers of the film did their best to minimize these problems, but they are still noticeable at times. See also Frederick Buechner External links 2005 films Rockumentaries 2000s English-language films","title":"The Making of Mr. Buechner's Dream"},{"docid":"23191696","text":"Robert Kent (born Douglas Blackley, Jr.; December 3, 1908 – May 4, 1955), was an American film actor. His career included starring roles in several film serials of the 1940s, including The Phantom Creeps, Who's Guilty?, and The Phantom Rider. He also had a role in the 1938 film The Gladiator and was Virginia Vale's leading man in Blonde Comet, a 1941 movie about a female racing driver. He married actress Astrid Allwyn in Tijuana, Mexico, on January 10, 1937, and they were divorced in 1941. He had three children: Kristina, Susan, and Kim Louise. He died in Los Angeles, California of a coronary occlusion due to coronary arteriosclerosis. Partial filmography One Hour Late (1934) - Soda Jerk (uncredited) Car 99 (1935) - Recruit Blatzky Four Hours to Kill! (1935) - George Nelson Love in Bloom (1935) - Man Who Buys Song (uncredited) College Scandal (1935) - Dan Courtridge Two for Tonight (1935) - College Boy (uncredited) Ship Cafe (1935) - Jimmy (uncredited) Love Before Breakfast (1936) - First College Boy (uncredited) The Country Beyond (1936) - Cpl. Robert King The Crime of Dr. Forbes (1936) - Dr. Michael Forbes King of the Royal Mounted (1936) - RCMP Sgt. King Dimples (1936) - Allen Drew Reunion (1936) - Tony Luke Nancy Steele Is Missing! (1937) - Jimmie Wilson Step Lively, Jeeves! (1937) - Gerry Townsend That I May Live (1937) - Dick Mannion Angel's Holiday (1937) - Nick Moore Born Reckless (1937) - Lee Martin The 13th Man (1937) - Jack Winslow (uncredited) Charlie Chan at Monte Carlo (1937) - Gordon Chase Mr. Moto Takes a Chance (1938) - Marty Weston Highway Patrol (1938) - Patrolman (uncredited) The Gladiator (1938) - Tom Dixon Wanted by the Police (1938) - Policeman Mike O'Leary Gang Bullets (1938) - John Carter Little Orphan Annie (1938) - Johnny Adams The Phantom Creeps (1939) - Capt. Bob West Convict's Code (1939) - Dave Tyler Almost a Gentleman (1939) - Robert Mabrey East Side of Heaven (1939) - Cyrus Barrett Jr. For Love or Money (1939) - Ted Frazier Andy Hardy Gets Spring Fever (1939) - Ensign Copley The Secret of Dr. Kildare (1939) - Charles Herron Calling All Marines (1939) - Minor Role (uncredited) One Million B.C. (1940) - Mountain Guide (uncredited) Sunset in Wyoming (1941) - Larry Drew Twilight on the Trail (1941) - Ash Drake Niagara Falls (1941) - Hotel Guest (uncredited) Blonde Comet (1941) - Jim Flynn Tillie the Toiler (1941) Stagecoach Express (1942) - Griff Williams The Forest Rangers (1942) - Lookout (uncredited) Stand by for Action (1942) - Hank Nels (uncredited) Yanks Ahoy (1943) - Lt. Reeves Find the Blackmailer (1943) - Mark Harper Northern Pursuit (1943) - Soldier (uncredited) Gung Ho! (1943) - Submarine Navigator Robinson (uncredited) What a Man! (1944) - Steven M. Anderson Hot Rhythm (1944) - Herman Strohbach What Next, Corporal Hargrove? (1945) - Lt. Dillon Who's Guilty? (1945) - Bob Stewart The Phantom Rider (1946, Serial) - Dr. Jim Sterling / The Phantom Rider Blonde","title":"Robert Kent (actor)"},{"docid":"66807823","text":"Stan Ivar (born January 11, 1943) is an American actor who is best known for his role as John Carter in Little House on the Prairie, and also known for his roles as Ben Robinson in NCIS, Daniel Scott in Days of Our Lives, Mark Johnson in Star Trek: Voyager, and as Captain Mike Davison in the cult movie Creature (1985). Career He played blacksmith John Carter in Little House on the Prairie, joining the cast during the final season, and the TV movies Little House: Look Back to Yesterday, Little House: Bless All the Dear Children, and Little House: The Last Farewell. Once Little House on the Prairie ended, Ivar asked if he could keep the set. Ivar later disassembled the house and moved it out to his home in rural LA County. Other notable TV roles include Ben Robinson in NCIS, Daniel Scott in Days of Our Lives, Paul Raines in Highway to Heaven, and Mark Johnson in Star Trek: Voyager. He has also had roles in numerous other major television series, including Grapevine, General Hospital, Crazy Like a Fox, Scarecrow and Mrs. King, Cagney & Lacey, The Practice, St. Elsewhere, The John Larroquette Show, Married with Children, Murder, She Wrote, Beverly Hills, 90210, Beauty and the Beast, Cybill, Matlock, and Moonlighting. He has appeared in several television movies including The Alamo: Thirteen Days to Glory (1987), Shattered Dreams (1990), The Last Halloween (1991), Torch Song (1993), The Disappearance of Nora (1993), Chance of a Lifetime (1998), and many more. Feature film roles include Creature (1985), The Big Picture (1989), Rock-A-Doodle (1991), Aspen Extreme (1993), and playing Matt LeBlanc's character's father in Ed (1996). Filmography Film Television References External links 1943 births Living people Male actors from Brooklyn American male film actors American male television actors American male stage actors American male soap opera actors 20th-century American male actors","title":"Stan Ivar"},{"docid":"58035742","text":"John Mark Robinson (born 19 July 1948) is an entrepreneur, director, and actor. Films he directed have included Roadhouse 66, Kid, and All Tied Up. He also directed the music videos for various musical artists including Bob Dylan, Tina Turner, Ramones, Pretenders, Bob Seger and Santana. Robinson is the founder and CEO of Tap&Go EV Ltd., owner operator of Vancouver Prop & Costume, and President of Boffi Los Angeles, having previously served as president of Modern Props. Robinson holds Patent No. 10,277,960 for his co-invention of a method and system for seeding video programs with episodic interactive items. Early life Robinson was born in Toronto, Ontario. He graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York. Music, television, and film career Robinson founded the Modern Productions in 1980 to direct and produce music videos for artists under the banner. In 1983, he directed Roadhouse 66, starring Willem Dafoe, released by Universal Pictures. In 1990, he directed the movie Kid released by Focus Features. Robinson directed the television show Martha Stewart Living in 1991. He also directed the movie Motowns Mustang in 1992 and All Tied Up in 1993. During his career, Robinson has directed and produced music videos for Bob Dylan (\"Sweetheart Like You\"), Bob Marley (\"Redemption Song\"), Pretenders, Tina Turner (\"What's Love Got to Do with It?\"), Ramones (\"Rock 'n' Roll High School\"), Santana (\"Hold On\"), Pat Benatar, and George Thorogood (\"Bad to the Bone\"). Design career Robinson is also a design professional, having served as president of Modern Props in both Los Angeles and Vancouver. He is the owner and operator of Vancouver Prop & Costume in Vancouver, British Columbia, as well as a partner in the Milanese a kitchen and bath design company Boffi Los Angeles. Vancouver Prop & Costume rents props and costumes for use in motion pictures, commercials, and television. Robinson has assembled tens of thousands of pieces that can be used. He purchased the selection of props from 20th Century Fox in 2005, and has continued to build the collection. He later founded Tap Media Labs, a company that adds content information to online videos for viewers, based in Vancouver and Los Angeles. Personal life Robinson married Linda DeScenna in 2017. Discography Music videos Credits References 1948 births Living people American male actors American directors American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni Male actors from Toronto American music video directors","title":"John Mark Robinson"},{"docid":"23890585","text":"Blanche Robinson (Mrs. Martin Hennion Robinson, née Williams; 18 May 1883, near Liberty, Kansas – 19 August 1969, Los Angeles) was an American composer and well-known piano accompanist. During her prolific years as a composer, she lived in New York City. During her more active years as a piano accompanist, she lived in Los Angeles. In her published music, she was known as Mrs. M. Hennion Robinson or Mrs. M. Hennion-Robinson. Music career Robinson became a pupil in composition of Frederick Stephenson in Los Angeles. Her The Woman at Home, a chorus for women's voices, was performed with much success by the Lyric Club. Among her better-known compositions are Songs of You, The Mystic Hour, Youth, Fairies, Butterflies, The Dawn of Dawns, and a chorus for men's voices, A Song for Heroes. She performed under the management of Mr. Behymer in concert work. She also performed with Ebell Club, the Friday Morning Club, the Gamut Club, and many leading artists who toured Los Angeles. Family Father: Oliver David Williams (1854 Kentucky – 1932, Venice, California) Mother: Joanna Williams, née Dickerson (25 Oct 1855 Crawfordsville, Indiana – Oct 1949, Venice, California) Husband: Martin Hennion Robinson (18 January 1878 Missouri – 2 May 1964 Los Angeles) and Blanche Williams were married September 27, 1904, in Los Angeles, at the Central Methodist Episcopal Church, Los Angeles. Robinson died August 19, 1969, in Los Angeles. Her ashes are stored at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica, next to those of her daughter Dorothy B. Robinson (1906 Los Angeles – 2004), also a pianist. Music club and sorority affiliations Both Blanche Robinson and her daughter, Dorothy Robinson, were members of The Dominant Club, a Los Angeles charitable club of women musicians founded in 1906 that promotes women in classical music and chamber music. Blanche Robinson was a charter member and past president of The Dominant Club. Early education At age nine, Robinson's family moved to Chicago; there, she began eight-years of study with William Charles Ernest Seeboeck (21 August 1859 Vienna, Austria – 1907 Chicago), a gifted pianist and composer who had been a student of Anton Rubinstein (1829–1894). Selected compositions \"Love Was a Beggar,\" written for Mary McCormic, music by Robinson \"Love's Trilogy,\" a song for four-part chorus of women's voices, words by E. Sterrett, music by Robinson, G. Schirmer (1925) \"The Fairies,\" words & music by Robinson, G. Schirmer (1926) \"The Woman at Home,\" a chorus for women's voices \"Songs of You\" \"The Mystic Hour\" \"Youth,\" music by Robinson, words by Mrs. Louise Stedman Bostick \"Butterflies\" \"The Dawn of Dawns,\" music by Robinson, words by Ina Donna Coolbrith \"The Chudder Weaver,\" for high or medium voice, music by Robinson, words by Frances Hull Topping (b. 1879), G. Schirmer (©July 3, 1937) \"Two pictures,\" for voice and piano, G. Schirmer (©1924) LCCN unk84197289 \"The Lover's Errand\" Ellis Club of Los Angeles Collection of Musical Arrangements and Papers Processed by the staff of the Dept. of Music Special Collections, UCLA UCLA Library, Performing Arts Special Collections","title":"Blanche Robinson"},{"docid":"9602392","text":"\"Patience\" is a song written by Henry Krieger and Willie Reale for the 2006 film Dreamgirls. The movie is an adaptation of the musical of the same name, which made its debut on Broadway in December 1981. The R&B track has been incorporated to more recent revivals of the stage drama, with \"Patience\" being one of several elements crossing from the adaptation to its parent production. Within the context of the film, the social protest song is spearheaded by star performer James \"Thunder\" Early (played by Eddie Murphy) only for its release to get killed by the hustling record business figure Curtis Taylor, Jr. (played by Jamie Foxx). Movie critic Peter Rainer of the Christian Science Monitor remarked that the emotional scene displayed \"Murphy at his best.\" Similar praise came from David Rooney of Variety. Although nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 79th Academy Awards. Background and critical responses \"Patience\" didn't exist during the creation of the original Dreamgirls musical, a stage drama which made its debut on Broadway in December 1981. Songwriters Henry Krieger and Willie Reale devised \"Patience\" for the musical's 2006 movie adaptation, which also featured the title Dreamgirls. The r&b track has been incorporated to more recent revivals of the stage drama, with \"Patience\" being one of several elements crossing from the adaptation to its parent production. The socially-charged lyrics and impassioned singing behind the song make it an inspirational piece of protest music meant to evoke the 70s-era musical work of artists such as Donny Hathaway, Marvin Gaye, and Stevie Wonder. \"Patience\" is performed both in the film and on its related soundtrack by the trio of Eddie Murphy, Anika Noni Rose, and Keith Robinson. It was Record producer by The Underdogs. In the context of the film, \"Patience\" is a politically-charged piece written by talented singer-songwriter C.C. White (played by Robinson) and recorded by star performer James \"Thunder\" Early (played by Murphy) coupled with vocalist Lorrell Robinson (played by Rose) and a gospel choir. In a scene set in 1973, the song comes into being after Early seeks to develop his public image while being under the thumb of manipulative, shady record business figure Curtis Taylor, Jr. (played by Jamie Foxx). Much to the chagrin of his employees, Foxx's character axes the song's release. This feeds into the flashes of anxiety and depression suffered by Murphy's character, which he self-medicates through illicit drug use. \"Patience\" was one of three Dreamgirls songs nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 79th Academy Awards. The others were \"Love You I Do\" and \"Listen\". All three Dreamgirls songs (as well as the piece \"Our Town\" that Randy Newman penned for Cars) lost the Oscar to \"I Need to Wake Up\" by Melissa Etheridge, which the songwriter created for An Inconvenient Truth. At the 2007 Academy Awards ceremony, \"Patience\" was performed by Rose and Robinson along with a gospel choir and their co-stars Beyoncé Knowles and Jennifer Hudson. Film critics","title":"Patience (Dreamgirls song)"},{"docid":"4697496","text":"Richard Spencer Robinson (born May 24, 1969) is an American musician and founding member of the rock and roll band the Black Crowes. Along with older brother Chris Robinson, Rich formed the band in 1984 (originally called Mr. Crowes Garden) while the two were attending Walton High School in Marietta, Georgia. At age 15, Rich wrote the music for \"She Talks to Angels\", which became one of the band's biggest hits. Biography Early life Robinson was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and grew up in the East Cobb County/Marietta suburbs of Atlanta. He is the son of Nancy Jane (née Bradley) and Stanley \"Stan\" Robinson. His father's single, \"Boom-A-Dip-Dip\", was No. 83 on the 1959 Billboard charts. The Black Crowes The first incarnation of what would become the Black Crowes appeared as early as 1984. The band were then named Mr. Crowe's Garden after a favorite childhood fairy tale. Robinson has stated that, because of his young age, he would have to sneak in and out the venues they performed and would be refused admittance if he returned the next day to attend a gig himself. By 1989, the band had become the Black Crowes and had gained momentum in their native Georgia. Producer George Drakoulias discovered the band during a New York City show the band gave that year, and had them signed to Rick Rubin's then newly formed Def American label. Recording sessions began almost immediately and the band's debut, $hake Your Money Maker, was released in 1990 to a wide charting success and good critical reception. Much of the album showcased the skills of then-21 years old Rich, from the opening riff of \"Twice As Hard\" to the melody of Mainstream Rock chart-topping hit \"She Talks to Angels\". The band quickly hit the road in support of the album, first with Aerosmith (1990), then with ZZ Top (1991). Having been fired from the latter for behavior issues, the band started its own tour in 1991. The $hake Your Money Maker Tour was followed by the 1992 release of The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion. Departing from the more traditional rock & roll approach of their first album, the album featured more syncopated rhythms and generally longer songs (with three songs exceeding 6 minutes). The single Remedy reached No. 1 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in May 1992. Extensive touring, including headlining shows and festivals in Europe and Japan followed the release of the album, with the band appearing at the 1993 Pinkpop Festival. Although the band's popularity never again reached the pinnacle of their first two albums, the Black Crowes established a loyal and steady following across the United States and, to a lesser extent, United Kingdom and continental Europe. Amorica (1994) and Three Snakes and One Charm saw the band delving further into jam rock, before By Your Side returned to a more straightforward sound, more relating to Shake Your Money Maker while retaining musical elements developed since Amorica. After releasing Lions in 2001 and","title":"Rich Robinson"},{"docid":"13989069","text":"Tamla Motown Gold: The Sound of Young America is a three-disc compilation album released by the Tamla Motown label in 2001. It features all the hits from the label in the 1960s, by various artists. Track listing Disc 1 Barrett Strong - Money (That's What I Want) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - Shop Around The Marvelettes - Please Mr. Postman The Contours - Do You Love Me The Marvelettes - Beechwood 4-5789 Marvin Gaye - Stubborn Kind Of Fellow Stevie Wonder - Fingertips Martha Reeves & The Vandellas - (Love Is Like A) Heatwave Marvin Gaye - How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You) The Temptations - The Way You Do The Things You Do Four Tops - Baby I Need Your Loving The Velvelettes - Needle in a Haystack Diana Ross & The Supremes - Baby Love Martha Reeves & The Vandellas - Dancing in the Street Brenda Holloway - Every Little Bit Hurts Diana Ross & The Supremes - Where Did Our Love Go? The Temptations - My Girl Mary Wells - My Guy The Velvelettes - He Was Really Sayin' Somethin' Diana Ross & The Supremes - Come See About Me Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - The Tracks Of My Tears Martha Reeves & The Vandellas - Nowhere to Run Four Tops - I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch) Diana Ross & The Supremes - Stop! In the Name of Love Junior Walker & the Allstars - \"Shotgun\" Kim Weston - Take Me In Your Arms (Rock Me a Little While) Diana Ross & The Supremes - Back in My Arms Again Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - Going To A Go-Go Disc 2 Four Tops - It's The Same Old Song Junior Walker & the Allstars - (I'm a) Road Runner Diana Ross & The Supremes - I Hear a Symphony Four Tops - Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever The Isley Brothers - This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak For You) Marvin Gaye & Kim Weston - It Takes Two Stevie Wonder - Uptight (Everything's Alright) The Temptations - Ain't Too Proud To Beg Four Tops - Reach Out, I'll Be There Diana Ross & The Supremes - You Can't Hurry Love The Isley Brothers - I Guess I'll Always Love You Junior Walker & the Allstars - How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You) Stevie Wonder - A Place in the Sun The Temptations - Beauty Is Only Skin Deep Four Tops - Standing in the Shadows of Love Diana Ross & The Supremes - You Keep Me Hangin' On The Isley Brothers - Put Yourself In My Place Jimmy Ruffin - What Becomes of the Broken Hearted Four Tops - Bernadette Diana Ross & The Supremes - Love Is Here and Now You're Gone Gladys Knight & the Pips - I Heard It Through the Grapevine The Isley Brothers - Behind a Painted Smile Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - I Second That Emotion","title":"Tamla Motown Gold: The Sound of Young America"},{"docid":"72201621","text":"Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (Original Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album to the 2022 film Weird: The Al Yankovic Story, a satirical biopic, loosely based on the life and career of comedy musician \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, who is also credited as executive producer and co-writer of the film. The film, co-written and directed by Eric Appel (in his directorial debut), stars Daniel Radcliffe as Yankovic, along with Evan Rachel Wood, Rainn Wilson, Toby Huss, Arturo Castro, and Julianne Nicholson in supporting roles. The album features 46 tracks in total, consisting mostly Yankovic's early songs that were re-recorded for the album, new renditions of several of his parody songs, and original score compositions by Leo Birenberg and Zach Robinson, accompanying the remainder of it. Yankovic's original song \"Now You Know\" specially recorded for the film (in the closing credits) and album, was released as a single on November 4, 2022. The song was recorded in order to be eligible for a Best Original Song nomination at the 95th Academy Awards, but the prospects of an Academy Award campaign was dropped as its distributor Roku denied a limited theatrical release plans for the film. The same day, the album was released as a companion to the film by Legacy Recordings, in conjunction with its streaming premiere on The Roku Channel, though music enthusiasts mentioned it as a \"surprise album\" from Yankovic. It was released in CD on February 3, 2023, and a two-disc vinyl edition of the soundtrack was released on May 19, 2023. Production Background The original score is composed by Leo Birenberg and Zach Robinson, who also worked on Cobra Kai (2018–present). Birenberg and Robinson discussed the film's music with Eric Appel and \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Yankovic interacted with the crew through Zoom due to his participation in global tours, while scoring the film. Birenberg said on his creative collaboration with Yankovic, as \"he's an awesome guy to work with, because he's obviously so creative and such a visionary, but he also knows how much direction to give and to let people do their thing to make it as good as possible\". On doing parody music, Robinson added that \"you almost 'cue' the audience where to laugh a little bit. So the way you'll structure a specific build or a specific hit will be designed to tee up a punchline that exists in the on-camera work. And when you just play it straight, you're still hitting things and still building, but you're doing it in a way that you want the audience to be like, 'Yeah, I'm in it. This is a sweet action movie.' That's the difference.\" Composition The accordion was used as the primary instrument in the score, played by Cory Pesaturo. On using an accordion for the themes, Robinson explained that the process was \"insanely difficult\" as the player needs to know the aspects of an accordion and piano, and put them while constantly bellowing, as \"that's what makes the sound, is the air being pushed out","title":"Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (soundtrack)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"42125084\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Moon of Manakoora\\\" is a popular song written by Frank Loesser (lyrics) and Alfred Newman (music) for the 1937 Paramount film The Hurricane starring Dorothy Lamour. Lamour sang the song in the film and also made a commercial recording of it. The song \\\"The Moon of Manakoora\\\" is considered a standard and was Loesser's first success as a lyric writer. Manakoora, loosely translated to English, is \\\"witchcraft\\\", derived from \\\"mana\\\" meaning \\\"magic\\\" and \\\"koora/kura\\\" (pronounced \\\"KUU-rah\\\") meaning \\\"lore\\\" or \\\"school\\\" or \\\"body of knowledge\\\". Other recordings The song has been covered by many other artists, including: The cast of TV series Glee Australian Jazz vocalist Janet Seidel The Norman Luboff Choir Andy Williams (for his 1959 album To You Sweetheart, Aloha.) The Ames Brothers Chet Atkins Stanley Black Frankie Carle Benny Carter Frank Chacksfield Bing Crosby – The Crosby version was recorded on January 21, 1938, with John Scott Trotter and his Orchestra for Decca Records and reached the No. 10 position in the charts in 1938. Vic Damone (for his 1962 album Strange Enchantment) Eddie \\\"Lockjaw\\\" Davis Percy Faith Benny Goodman Burl Ives (for his 1965 album On the Beach at Waikiki) Harry James Kana King Andre Kostelanetz Gene Krupa Harry Leader Guy Lombardo Arthur Lyman Henry Mancini Tony Martin (with Ray Noble and his Orchestra. This recording reached the charts of the day and peaked in the No. 15 position.) Felix Mendelssohn’s Hawaiian Serenaders Buddy Merrill Orchestra Vaughn Monroe Alfred Newman Les Paul and Mary Ford Sonny Rollins Wayne Shorter The Ventures The melody of the song appears in themes for the movies The Hurricane and Mr. Robinson Crusoe. References 1937 songs Songs written for films Songs written by Frank Loesser\",\n \"title\": \"The Moon of Manakoora\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7197338\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Chicago\\\" is a popular song written by Fred Fisher and published in 1922. The original sheet music variously spelled the title \\\"Todd'ling\\\" or \\\"Toddling.\\\" The song has been recorded by many artists, but the best-known versions are by Frank Sinatra, Ben Selvin and Judy Garland. The song alludes to the city's colorful past, feigning \\\"... the surprise of my life / I saw a man dancing with his own wife\\\", mentioning evangelist Billy Sunday as having not been able to \\\"shut down\\\" the city, and State Street where \\\"they do things they don't do on Broadway\\\". The song made a minor appearance on the U.S. pop charts, reaching #84 in the fall of 1957. It was the first of two charting songs about Chicago recorded by Sinatra. The other was \\\"My Kind of Town\\\" from 1964, which reached U.S. #110. Lyrics As with many similar songs, the lyrics have undergone a number of reworkings. The original third verse included the lines, \\\"More Colored people up in State Street you can see,/ Than you'll see in Louisiana or Tennessee\\\" and makes reference to the Chicago Stockyards. Later recordings have a number of replacements: Of all versions, Judy Garland's 1961 Judy at Carnegie Hall concert recording contains more references than most: Marshall Field's department store, the Drake Hotel, the Chicago Loop, The Pump Room at the Ambassador East hotel, and even Mrs O'Leary's Cow. Chart history Film appearances 1937 - Instrumental version played over opening credits of 1933 film, Little Giant with Edward G. Robinson; also reprised later in the film. 1939 - featured in H.C. Potter's 1939 film, The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle, starring Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire. 1942 - the song was featured in the opening and closing credits of the 1942 movie Roxie Hart starring Ginger Rogers and Adolphe Menjou. 1949 - included in the fictionalized biography of Fred Fisher, Oh, You Beautiful Doll. 1952 - used in the 1952 film With a Song in My Heart. 1957 - performed by Frank Sinatra in a 1957 movie in which he starred, The Joker Is Wild. His separately-recorded rendition (i.e., not the same version that is in the film) is the only charting version of the song. 1974 - appears in the film Harry and Tonto. Recorded versions Synco Jazz Band (Joseph Samuels) (Aug 10, 1922) Ben Selvin Jamey Aebersold Ann-Margret George Barnes Luis Barreiro Count Basie Laura Benanti - The Playboy Club Tony Bennett Pierre Blanchard Claude Bolling Boston Pops Orchestra James Brown Dave Brubeck John Bunch Benny Carter Chicago - Night and Day: Big-Band (1995) Rosemary Clooney Bing Crosby for his 1957 album New Tricks. Graham Dalby & the Grahamophones Sammy Davis Jr. Jimmy Dorsey Tommy Dorsey John Eaton Duke Ellington Bob Florence Pete Fountain Sergio Franchi (in Italian) on his 1964 RCA single Bud Freeman Jackie and Roy Judy Garland on her double LP Judy at Carnegie Hall (1961) and the studio album Judy in London (1972, rec. 1960) The Georgians (1922) Harry Goldson\",\n \"title\": \"Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24752258\",\n \"text\": \"Lou Pardini (born June 5, 1952) is an American Grammy-nominated keyboardist, songwriter and vocalist who is now best known as a former member of the rock band Chicago. He is known for his work with notable musicians such as Stevie Wonder, Santana, Elton John, Peabo Bryson, Earth, Wind, & Fire and The Doobie Brothers, and he has written hit songs for Patti Austin, Kenny G, The Temptations, and more. Current career Lou sang his popular song “I’m Gonna Wait For Your Love” duet with Saxophonist Eric Marienthal's 1989 album was released by Verve Music (Formerly GRP Records) in 1989, and also the single because mostly worldwide including the Philippines. His Grammy-nominated song \\\"Just to See Her\\\", recorded by Smokey Robinson, also won Robinson his first ever Grammy for the Best Male R&B Vocal performance. The song \\\"What Might Have Been\\\" recorded by Pardini on his solo album titled Live and Let Live has also been a popular favorite in Asia, particularly in the Philippines and Japan, and also in Europe. As a composer and artist, Pardini's credits include a library of music featured on TV and film such as Romance and Cigarettes, written and directed by John Turturro and starring Kate Winslet and James Gandolfini, and the movie Blue, directed by Ryan Minningham. In August 2009, Pardini answered Bill Champlin's departure as keyboardist and vocalist in the multi-platinum band, Chicago. On January 21, 2022, he announced his departure from Chicago in a Facebook group post. References Living people 21st-century American keyboardists Chicago (band) members American male songwriters Place of birth missing (living people) 1952 births Koinonia (band) members American people of Italian descent\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Pardini\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1562492\",\n \"text\": \"Wilbert Huntington Harrison (January 5, 1929 – October 26, 1994) was an American rhythm and blues singer, pianist, guitarist and harmonica player. Biography Harrison was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He had a Billboard #1 record in 1959 with the song \\\"Kansas City\\\". The song was written in 1952 and was one of the first credited collaborations by the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Harrison recorded \\\"Kansas City\\\" for the Harlem-based entrepreneur Bobby Robinson, who released it on his Fury record label. At the height of the song's success, Robinson was sued by Savoy Records who informed them that the release of the record in March 1959 violated a contract Harrison had with that label that was to expire in August 1959. The litigation, which lasted until September 1959, abruptly prevented Robinson from issuing follow-ups to \\\"Kansas City\\\" while Harrison was a star. Meanwhile, Harrison continued to perform and record but it would be another ten years before he again cracked the Billboard Top 40 when he released the self-penned \\\"Let's Work Together (Part 1)\\\" that went to #32 in early 1970 on the Billboard Hot 100. The 1970 hit version was released as a single on Sue Records (Sue 11) and was backed with \\\"Let's Work Together (Part 2)\\\". The song also was released in a 5 minute 19 second version on the Sue Records album SSLP-8801 Let's Work Together. The song was originally released by Harrison in 1962 with different lyrics as \\\"Let's Stick Together\\\" on Fury 1059 and Fury 1063. \\\"Let's Work Together\\\" was later a hit for Canned Heat, and, again as \\\"Let's Stick Together\\\", for Bryan Ferry. It was also recorded by country rock band the Kentucky Headhunters for the soundtrack to the movie Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man. In 1970, Harrison had some success with \\\"My Heart Is Yours\\\", and he toured for many years with a band known as 'Wilbert Harrison and the Roamers', and as a solo act. A follow-up album was released that year, Anything You Want. Reviewing it in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \\\"Let's Work Together was an anachronistic, even primitive r&b album based on the fluke hit of the same name, which makes this the follow-up. Side one consists entirely of roll and rock songs you'd swear you've heard before—'Your Three Letters,' eh, and what's this 'Let's Stick Together,' and why not bring out 'Kansas City' again? Very unprepossessing, very charming. In fact, if the second side weren't all standards and uncharming filler—only 'Sentimental Journey' is even funny—I wouldn't be recommending this to r&b diehards only.\\\" Harrison died of a stroke in 1994, in a Spencer, North Carolina, nursing home at the age of 65. In 2001, his recording of \\\"Kansas City\\\" was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and has also been named as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500\",\n \"title\": \"Wilbert Harrison\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11988865\",\n \"text\": \"Music of the Millennium II (named Music of the Millennium 2001 for its Japanese release) is the second part of the Music of the Millennium trilogy. The album was released soon after the beginning of the third millennium, and has music from some of the most influential names in popular music from the middle to the end of the twentieth century and includes some of the biggest international hits of the period. Different versions of the album were released, including two international versions and a one-disc Canadian version. International Track List 1 Disc 1 Queen – Bohemian Rhapsody The Rolling Stones – Undercover of the Night Jimi Hendrix – Purple Haze U2 – Pride (In the Name of Love) Simple Minds – Alive and Kicking Blondie – Call Me Lenny Kravitz – Fly Away Bryan Adams – Run to You David Bowie – China Girl Pink Floyd – Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2) Sting – Englishman In New York Elton John – Rocket Man Supertramp – Breakfast In America Genesis – Invisible Touch Eric Clapton – I Shot the Sheriff Bob Marley & the Wailers – Jamming UB40 with Chrissie Hynde – I Got You Babe Deep Purple – Smoke on the Water Oasis – Cigarettes & Alcohol Blur – Song 2 Disc 2 John Lennon – Woman The Police – Every Breath You Take Sinéad O'Connor – Nothing Compares 2 U Janet Jackson – That's the Way Love Goes George Michael – Fastlove Robbie Williams – Angels Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It Rod Stewart – You Wear It Well Prince – 1999 Donna Summer – Hot Stuff ABBA – Mamma Mia Diana Ross – Chain Reaction James Brown – Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine Marvin Gaye – What's Going On Ben E. King – Stand by Me Otis Redding – (Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay Stevie Wonder – Uptight (Everything's Alright) Simon & Garfunkel – Mrs. Robinson Wings – Mull of Kintyre Don McLean – American Pie Notice that in the UK the 40 songs are arranged in a different order. International Track List 2 Disc 1 Queen & David Bowie – Under Pressure Rolling Stones – Start Me Up U2 – Pride (In the Name of Love) Eric Clapton – Bad Love Aerosmith – Love in an Elevator Free – All Right Now Paul McCartney & Wings – Jet Dire Straits – Money for Nothing Peter Gabriel – Sledgehammer Simple Minds – Alive and Kicking Frankie Goes to Hollywood – Relax Supertramp – The Logical Song Jethro Tull – \\\"Living in the Past\\\" Prince – Kiss Tina Turner – The Best Simon & Garfunkel – Mrs. Robinson Bob Dylan – Like a Rolling Stone The Byrds – Mr. Tambourine Man The Beach Boys – God Only Knows Disc 2 John Lennon – Woman Robbie Williams – Angels Crowded House – Don't Dream It's Over Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger Cranberries – Linger Radiohead\",\n \"title\": \"Music of the Millennium II\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12821020\",\n \"text\": \"Russ Regan (born Harold Rustigian; October 15, 1928 in Sanger, California – May 27, 2018 in Palm Springs, California) was an American record executive who was President of both UNI Records and 20th Century Records and was vice-president of A&R at Motown. Regan is the rare executive to have seen No. 1 hits in four successive decades. Career He started his career in the 1950s as a composer and record producer. His first notable hit was a 1959 Christmas novelty song, inspired by \\\"The Chipmunk Song\\\", titled \\\"The Happy Reindeer\\\" credited to Dancer, Prancer and Nervous (No. 34, Pop) issued by Capitol Records. In the early 1960s, Regan recorded \\\"Joan of Love\\\", backed with \\\"Adults Only\\\", which was released under the name Russ Regan. He also recorded \\\"Calling All Cars\\\" under the name Davy Summers for Warner Brothers with producer Sonny Bono. In the mid-1960s, he was drafted in to help form a musical direction for Warner Brothers' fledgling pop/soul music subsidiary, Loma Records. Regan started in record promotion with Motown in the early years of the company. His first project there was the company's first Billboard Hot 100 number one record, \\\"Please Mr. Postman\\\" by The Marvelettes in 1961. He would go on to promote songs by The Supremes, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, and Marvin Gaye. He suggested the name of The Beach Boys when a Los Angeles group called Carl & The Passions had just recorded a song called \\\"Surfin'\\\". He also helped Frank Sinatra record his No. 4 hit, \\\"That's Life\\\" in 1966. He struck a deal with Jimmy Miller Productions when Miller left The Rolling Stones, which resulted in albums from B.B. King, Henry Gross, Bobby Whitlock, and others. Regan also signed Ambrosia and Harriet Schock to 20th Century Records. Russ Regan played a major role in the careers of a number of recording artists, as he headed up labels such as Uni, 20th Century and Phonogram Records. Dozens of recording artists, including Elton John, Neil Diamond, Barry White, Olivia Newton-John and The Beach Boys had Regan to thank for opening the doors for their success. One of his most surprising successes while at UNI was South African trumpeter Hugh Masakela's \\\"Grazing In The Grass\\\" in 1968, which sold over a million and reached the top spot in the Billboard pop chart. While President of 20th Century Records, Regan was inspired from a dream to create the movie All This and World War II, which saw Fox News footage from WWII backed with various artists singing Beatles songs. The movie was never released on video, and it remains in the vaults of 20th Century Fox. Regan also supervised the soundtracks for the movies Endless Love, Breakin', The Karate Kid, All The Right Moves, Love At First Bite, This Is Spinal Tap, and A Chorus Line. Regan was also the Music Supervisor for four Academy Award-winning songs from the films The Poseidon Adventure, The Towering Inferno, Flashdance, and Chariots of Fire. Notes\",\n \"title\": \"Russ Regan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17377861\",\n \"text\": \"Dimples is a 1936 American musical drama film directed by William A. Seiter. The screenplay was written by Nat Perrin and Arthur Sheekman. The film was panned by the critics. Videocassette and DVD versions of the film were available in 2009. Plot A young mid-nineteenth century street entertainer is separated from her pickpocket grandfather when given a home by a wealthy New York City widow. Cast Shirley Temple as Sylvia Dolores \\\"Dimples\\\" Appleby, an 8-year-old girl who is a street performer in New York City circa 1850 and Professor Appleby's granddaughter Frank Morgan as Professor Eustace Appleby, a pickpocket who is also Dimples's grandfather Helen Westley as Mrs. Caroline Drew, Allen's aunt and Dimples's patroness Robert Kent as Allen Drew, a theatrical producer and Caroline Drew's nephew Astrid Allwyn as Cleo Marsh, a haughty actress and Allen's sudden romantic interest Delma Byron as Betty Loring, Allen's betrothed and the daughter of Colonel Loring Berton Churchill as Colonel Jasper Loring, Betty's father Julius Tannen as Emery T. Hawkins, a swindler John Carradine as Richards, a swindler Stepin Fetchit as Cicero, a servant Billy McClain as Rufus Jack Clifford as Uncle Tom, a character in Allen's new play Betty Jean Hainey as Topsy, a character in Allen's new play Paul Stanton as Mr. St. Clair, a character in Allen's new play The Hall Johnson Choir as Choir Production This movie was originally to be titled The Bowery Princess but was changed as it was deemed too coarse for Temple's image. There was a great deal of friction on the set of this movie as Morgan and Temple repeatedly tried to steal scenes from one another. Morgan would place his stovepipe hat on a table blocking Temple's face and forcing her to move her marks and out of the camera lights. He would also keep moving his hands near her eye level by tinkering with a handkerchief or placing on gloves. Temple for her part would either yawn or scratch her face. In the scene where Morgan's character gets ripped off by con men, Temple jiggled the fishing pole she was holding in the background in an attempt to draw attention away from Morgan. She also worked with Robinson to devise ways of creating rhythmic pauses and gestures in her dance movements to prevent scene stealing from Morgan. Producer Nunally Johnson, commenting on the scene stealing, remarked that \\\"When this picture is over, either Shirley will have acquired a taste for Scotch whiskey or Frank will come out with curls.\\\" Music The film's songs – \\\"Hey, What Did the Blue Jay Say\\\", \\\"He Was a Dandy\\\", \\\"Picture Me Without You\\\", \\\"Get On Board\\\", \\\"Dixie-anna\\\", and \\\"Wings of the Morning\\\" – were written by Jimmy McHugh and lyricist Ted Koehler. The dances were choreographed by Bill Robinson who appeared with Temple in four films and partnered her for the famous staircase tap dance in The Little Colonel. Sony Computer Entertainment later used the song Get On Board for a PlayStation 2 advertisement entitled \\\"Mountain\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Dimples (1936 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1835337\",\n \"text\": \"The Fat Boys were an American hip hop trio from Brooklyn, New York, who emerged in the early 1980s. The group was briefly known originally as the Disco 3, originally composed of Mark \\\"Prince Markie Dee\\\" Morales, Damon \\\"Kool Rock-Ski\\\" Wimbley, and Darren \\\"Buff Love\\\" Robinson. The trio is widely known for using beatbox in their songs. The group opened doors for beatboxers like Biz Markie and Doug E. Fresh. The Fat Boys were one of the first rap groups to release full-length rap albums, along with Run-D.M.C., Whodini and Kurtis Blow. Beloved for their comedic, self-deprecating rhymes, the group released seven studio albums, four of which went Gold by RIAA. The first two albums of the group were produced by Kurtis Blow. Successful singles included \\\"Jail House Rap\\\", \\\"Can You Feel It?\\\", \\\"Fat Boys\\\", \\\"Stick 'Em\\\", \\\"Don't You Dog Me\\\", \\\"All You Can Eat\\\", \\\"The Fat Boys Are Back\\\", and \\\"Pump It Up\\\". The album Crushin' received a Platinum status due to their single \\\"Wipeout\\\", which was recorded together with the American rock group The Beach Boys. The next album, Coming Back Hard Again, repeated the formula of the previous one and received a Gold status due to the successful single \\\"The Twist (Yo, Twist)\\\", recorded together with American rock 'n roll singer Chubby Checker. The album also included the theme song for the movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master, which featured Robert Englund performing as Freddy Krueger. The group starred in three feature films in the 1980s: Krush Groove, Knights of the City and Disorderlies. Members Mark Morales, also known as \\\"Prince Markie Dee\\\" (February 19, 1968 – February 18, 2021) Damon Wimbley, also known as \\\"Kool Rock-Ski\\\" (born November 9, 1966) Darren Robinson, also known as \\\"The Human Beat Box\\\" and \\\"Buff Love\\\" (June 10, 1967 – December 10, 1995) History Beginnings In 1983, a Swiss-born promoter named Charles Stettler, the owner of his own label Tin Pan Apple, decided to hold a hip-hop talent contest. To find a sponsor, Stettler went to radio station WBLS, which recommended him to a couple of sponsors. In the end, he persuaded the company Coca-Cola to finance the contest. For the next three months, contests were held to identify a winner in each borough of New York City every Saturday afternoon. On May 23, 1983, the final contest entitled \\\"Coca-Cola and WBLS present: The Tin Pan Apple After Dark Dance & Rap Contest!\\\" was held. The event was held at Radio City Music Hall. The host that evening was Mr. Magic from the radio program Rap Attack. According to the terms of the competition, the winner signed a contract for a recording contract. The Fat Boys members, then calling themselves The Disco 3, were unexpected winners with their song \\\"Stick' Em\\\". European Tour In 1983, The Disco 3 released their debut single \\\"Reality\\\". It was produced by James Mason, jazz guitarist and keyboardist of Roy Ayers' jazz-funk band. Since the group did not have a manager,\",\n \"title\": \"The Fat Boys\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2321193\",\n \"text\": \"Felons and Revolutionaries is the debut studio album by the American nu metal band Dope. The album was released in 1999 on Epic Records and has sold over 236,000 copies in the United States, making it their best-selling album to date. It was re-released on June 17, 2000, with the single \\\"You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)\\\" (Dead or Alive cover) as a bonus track. \\\"Pig Society\\\", \\\"Everything Sucks\\\", \\\"Sick\\\", and \\\"Debonaire\\\" were also released as singles, but did not chart. Track listing The track listing on the back cover of some pressings does not list the song \\\"Fuck tha Police\\\" as appearing on the record. This is most likely due to a typographical error, censorship, or the producers using too much of the space on the back of the album for the artwork. The original pressing for the album's Canadian release does list the song on the back cover. There are also reports that some versions of the album actually did not contain this song. On the later pressing that included \\\"You Spin Me 'Round (Like a Record)\\\", the song \\\"Everything Sucks\\\" is actually the Andy Wallace remix version. Appearances in other media \\\"Debonaire\\\" is used during the SWAT assault scene in the movie The Fast and the Furious. \\\"Debonaire\\\" was used as the entrance theme of the wrestler Rhino in ECW. It was also used as the opening song for their video game Anarchy Rulz. Also used in the movie Run All Night starring Liam Neeson and Joel Kinnaman. Personnel Dope Edsel Dope – lead vocals, programming, additional guitars, bass Simon Dope – keyboards, percussion, sampling Tripp Eisen – lead guitar Acey Slade – rhythm guitar, bass, backing vocals Preston Nash – drums Additional personnel DJ Lethal – screaming hummingbird on track 12 The N.Y.C. Dope Choir – backing vocals on track eight Production Jordan Schur – executive production and A&R Edsel Dope – production, arrangements, artwork, design, digital editing, engineering, layout, mixing Chip Quigley – management and direction John Travis – production, engineering, recording, mixing Acey Slade – engineering Eric Too – assistant engineering Derek Carlson – assistant engineering Mr. Big Head – assistant engineering Jay Baumgardner – mixing Blumpy – mixing Will Gibson – A&R coordination for Flip Kaz Utsunomiya – A&R for Epic Larry Robinson – business affairs Joe Serling – legal representation Howie Weinberg – mastering Roger Lian – editing John Ditmar – booking Peter Ciccotto – design Marina Chavez – photography Chapman Baehler – photography Mear at Conart – artwork Chart positions Album Single References 1999 debut albums Dope (band) albums Epic Records albums Speed metal albums\",\n \"title\": \"Felons and Revolutionaries\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30854817\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Thompson (3 October 1933 – 29 October 1982), was an American journalist and author. Career Thompson was born in Fort Worth, Texas, to Clarence Arnold Thompson (1897–1983) and Ruth Oswalt (1904–1983). He graduated from the University of Texas in 1955. He then worked as a reporter and editor at the Houston Press. Thompson joined Life magazine in 1961 and became an editor and staff writer. While at Life he covered the JFK assassination and was the first writer to locate Lee Harvey Oswald's home and wife. Among his stories were coverage of the making of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by the Beatles, in which he revealed the group's extensive drug use; an in-depth look at Frank Sinatra and his alleged Mafia ties; and the 40th and 50th birthdays of Elizabeth Taylor. His book Hearts (1971) concerned the rivalry between Houston surgeons Michael DeBakey and Denton Cooley at the dawn of the heart transplant era. Richie: The Ultimate Tragedy Between One Decent Man and the Son He Loved (1973) was the story of a Long Island man who killed his drug-addicted son. This was made into a TV-movie called The Death of Richie. Thompson's most successful book, Lost! (1975), was his account of the true story of two men and one woman who were lost at sea after a storm in the Pacific. Thompson's Lost! was retold in the made-for-TV movie Lost! in 1986. Blood and Money (1976) was based on a true story of scandal and the murders of Houston socialite Joan Robinson Hill and her husband John Hill, and the alleged involvement of Mrs. Hill's father, Ash Robinson, a wealthy Texas oil magnate. The book sold four million copies in fourteen languages. There were three lawsuits against Thompson after the book's publication. Ann Kurth, John Hill's second wife, sued Thompson for his description of her as a \\\"sex bomb\\\". Kurth's suit and that of a Longview, Texas police officer, were both dismissed. Ash Robinson, the father of Joan Robinson Hill, also sued Thompson for his portrayal in the book; Robinson was unsuccessful in his suit against Thompson. Robinson had been allowed to read the book prior to its publication and initially said he approved of what Thompson had written about him. His only criticism was that he believed the book was too long. Thompson's publishers withheld his royalties until all suits connected with the book were settled. Thompson also wrote Serpentine (1979), the story of convicted murderer Charles Sobhraj. Thompson wrote one novel, Celebrity (1982), which was on the national best-seller list for six months. That novel became the basis for a five-hour mini series in 1984. Thompson received the National Headliner Award for investigative reporting. He was also the 1977 Edgar Award winner for Blood and Money. Thompson's family believed that the liver disease that caused his death was contracted in the Far East while investigating the Charles Sobhraj saga. When he became ill, Thompson was teaching writing at the University of Southern California. Among\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Thompson (American author)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5605013\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance) is the only album issued by The Contours during their recording career at Motown Records. Issued on Motown's Gordy subsidiary in October 1962 (see 1962 in music), the album includes the hit title track and the number 21 R&B hit single \\\"Shake Sherry\\\". Also including the early singles \\\"Whole Lotta' Woman\\\" and \\\"The Stretch\\\", Do You Love Me is notable as the first LP to be released by Gordy Records. The song was also performed in the movies Dirty Dancing, Getting Even With Dad, Teen Wolf Too (by Ragtime), and \\\"Beethoven's 2nd\\\". It was performed by Bootsy Collins and the Funk Brothers in the movie Standing in the Shadows of Motown and in 2016 was used in a Pepsi-Cola commercial featuring Janelle Monáe. It also appeared in a 2020 Boston Dynamics commercial featuring dancing robots. Barni Wright was credited for the cover design. Track listing All tracks composed by Berry Gordy; except where indicated Side A \\\"Do You Love Me\\\" \\\"Shake Sherry\\\" \\\"You Better Get in Line\\\" \\\"The Stretch\\\" (Loucye Gordy Wakefield, William \\\"Mickey\\\" Stevenson) \\\"It Must Be Love\\\" (Joe Billingslea, Sylvester Potts) \\\"Whole Lotta Woman\\\" (Smokey Robinson, Billy Gordon, Billy Hoggs) Side B \\\"Claudia\\\" (Clarence Paul, Ivy Jo Hunter, William \\\"Mickey\\\" Stevenson) \\\"So Grateful\\\" \\\"The Old Miner\\\" (William \\\"Mickey\\\" Stevenson) \\\"Funny\\\" (William \\\"Mickey\\\" Stevenson, Billy Gordon, Sylvester Potts) \\\"Move Mr. Man\\\" (Berry Gordy, Jr., Rebecca Nichols) 1988 CD reissue track listing Side A \\\"Do You Love Me\\\" 6:37 \\\"Just a Little Misunderstanding\\\" 2:43 \\\"Shake Sherrie\\\" 2:51 \\\"Can You Do It?\\\" 2:19 \\\"Don't Let Her Be Your Baby\\\" 2:50 Side B \\\"First I Look at the Purse\\\" 3:00 \\\"Whole Lotta Woman\\\" 2:37 \\\"Can You Jerk Like Me?\\\" 2:30 \\\"It's So Hard Being a Loser\\\" 2:39 \\\"You Get Ugly\\\" 2:22 Note: The Song \\\"Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance)\\\" on the CD/tape (Not LP) reissue versions is not the 1962 hit single version (2:54). It is some kind of very strange extended disco remix (6:37) version. Also, besides the songs \\\"Shake Sherrie\\\" and \\\"Whole Lotta Woman\\\" the other songs are different from the original 1962 LP release and consist of later hits, etc. References 1962 debut albums Gordy Records albums Albums produced by Berry Gordy The Contours albums\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16417394\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Sinking of the Reuben James\\\" is a song by Woody Guthrie about the sinking of the U.S. convoy escort , which was the first U.S. naval ship sunk by German U-boats in World War II. Woody Guthrie had started to write a song including each name on the casualty list of the sinking. This was later replaced by the chorus \\\"tell me what were their names.\\\" The song is set to the melody of \\\"Wildwood Flower\\\", an antebellum tune by Joseph Philbrick Webster. Recordings The Almanac Singers on Dear Mr. President 1942 Will Geer on Bound for Glory 1958 The Weavers on At Carnegie Hall, Volume 2 1960 Johnny Horton on Johnny Horton Sings History 1960 Oscar Brand on Every Inch a Sailor 1960 Kingston Trio on Close-Up 1961 Dennis Weaver 1962 The Chad Mitchell Trio on Reflecting 1963 Jon Mark and Alun Davies on Relax Your Mind 1963 Cisco Houston on Cisco Houston sings the songs of Woody Guthrie 1963 The Highwaymen on Homecoming 1963 Pete Seeger on Waist Deep in the Big Muddy and Other Love Songs 1967 James Talley on Woody Guthrie and Songs of My Oklahoma Home 1999 Folk Family Robinson on Songs of America (2007). Folk Family Robinson is Chris and Rich Robinson of the Black Crowes and their father Stan Robinson. Country Joe McDonald on Thinking of Woody Guthrie 1969 Cyril Tawney on The Song Goes On 2007 References External links Woody Guthrie songs 1942 songs Songs of World War II The Kingston Trio songs Songs written by Woody Guthrie Songs written by Joseph Philbrick Webster\",\n \"title\": \"The Sinking of the Reuben James\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18245237\",\n \"text\": \"TRB Two – also known as TRB2 – is the second studio album by Tom Robinson Band. It was recorded days after the original drummer, Dolphin Taylor, left the band. The TRB disbanded four months after its release. Steve Ridgeway designed the cover. Songs The album was dedicated to Mrs. Mary Towers, the mother of Liddle Towers. Liddle Towers was an amateur boxer who had died in police custody in 1976 - his case was the subject of \\\"Blue Murder\\\". \\\"Black Angel\\\" was originally recorded as \\\"Sweet Black Angel\\\" by Robinson's first band, Café Society, on their self-titled debut album in 1975. \\\"Law and Order\\\" was co-written by Nick Plytas who joined the TRB as a temporary keyboard player from April to July 1978. Robinson and Danny Kustow believe \\\"Bully for You\\\" inspired \\\" Another Brick in the Wall Part 2\\\" by Pink Floyd, with whom the band shared a manager and label. \\\"There's no question [the song's repeated] 'We don't need no aggravation' was in the air around [Floyd lyricist] Roger Waters\\\", said the former. \\\"The truth of it is that I had a really good idea for a chorus and we didn't make the most of it. If 'Bully for You' had started with, 'We don't need no aggravation,' how much better would it have been? Roger's skills as a writer were far more developed than my own. He put a great idea to better use, so fair play to him.\\\" Reception Smash Hits said, \\\"This is far superior to the last album and the TRB are developing into a very fine rock band. This album captures more of their live power, but the increasing sophistication of the songs means less immediate impact.\\\" The Globe and Mail determined that \\\"Robinson succeeds in sounding like a parody of himself as he sings in a Monty Python-esque voice and clutters the album with Gospel singers and synthesizers.\\\" Track listing All tracks composed by Tom Robinson; except where indicated \\\"All Right All Night\\\" (Robinson, Danny Kustow, Dolphin Taylor, Ian Parker) – 2:59 \\\"Why Should I Mind\\\" (Robinson, Danny Kustow) – 3:01 \\\"Black Angel\\\" – 4:02 \\\"Let My People Be\\\" – 4:07 \\\"Blue Murder\\\" – 5:02 \\\"Bully for You\\\" (music: Peter Gabriel; lyrics: Robinson) – 3:20 \\\"Crossing over the Road\\\" (Robinson, Danny Kustow, Ian Parker) – 3:39 \\\"Sorry Mr. Harris\\\" – 2:43 \\\"Law and Order\\\" (music: Robinson, Nick Plytas, Taylor; lyrics: Robinson, Dolphin Taylor) – 2:35 \\\"Days of Rage\\\" (Robinson, Dolphin Taylor) – 3:33 \\\"Hold Out\\\" – 4:10 Charts Personnel Tom Robinson Band Tom Robinson – vocals, bass Danny Kustow – guitar, backing vocals Ian \\\"Quince\\\" Parker – keyboards; vocals on \\\"Law & Order\\\" Preston Heyman – drums, triangle, backing vocals with: Carol Grimes, Kasim Sulton, Niamh Chambers, Barry St. John – backing \\\"high\\\" vocals Technical Bill Price – preparation Paul Libsom, Tom Edmonds – engineer Julie Harris, Steve Ridgeway – cover design References Tom Robinson Band albums 1979 albums EMI Records albums Albums produced by Todd Rundgren\",\n \"title\": \"TRB Two\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6741028\",\n \"text\": \"Our Song is a 2000 American coming of age drama film written and directed by Jim McKay. It follows three high school-aged girls and best friends over one pivotal summer in Brooklyn. Our Song stars Kerry Washington, Melissa Martinez, and Anna Simpson in their film debuts, respectively. The film features the Jackie Robinson Steppers, a real-life community marching band. Our Song received critical acclaim for its realism and depiction of female adolescence. Plot During one summer in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, three high school girls and best friends navigate changing realities and new feelings. Lanisha, Maria, and Joycelyn each have different family situations, romantic interests, moral codes and aspirations, but are close confidantes. The girls live in the same housing project and are all dedicated members of the Jackie Robinson Steppers, a community marching band that holds daily rehearsals in a local parking lot. The girls want to master the instruments they play in order to impress their conductor. Aspiring singer Joycelyn works in a makeup boutique, while both Maria and Lanisha work at a bakery. Sometimes they talk about what they'll do after high school, but most of their conversations are about the immediate issues that face them daily. Foremost among them is the closing of the girls' high school due to an asbestos contamination, and the resulting challenge of finding a new school with a good reputation and planning the daily commute. These decisions become the catalyst for the girls setting out on increasingly divergent paths. Maria learns she is pregnant by her boyfriend and has to make a decision about whether to keep the baby. Lanisha has faced a teen pregnancy herself before but chose to have an abortion. Maria eventually drifts towards the idea of having her baby. Cast Kerry Washington as Lanisha Brown Melissa Martinez as Maria Hernandez Anna Simpson as Joycelyn Clifton Marlene Forte as Pilar Brown Ray Anthony Thomas as Carl Brown Rosalyn Coleman as Dawn Clifton Carmen Lopez as Rita Hernandez Tyrone Brown as Mr. Miller Lorraine Berry as Kim Production Director Jim McKay said the idea for the film \\\"started out as an idea for a film about friendship. It was about kids outside of the mainstream of American society.\\\" McKay said he was dissuaded from making another female-driven film like his previous effort Girls Town. McKay said, \\\"There were people who told me: ‘Don’t make another movie about young women. It’s a bad business move. You need to do something different.’ I’m really glad I didn’t listen to them. This is the story I had to tell. This is what I wanted to do.” The Jackie Robinson Steppers were not in the original script, but McKay wrote them in after he saw them perform and realized \\\"what being in a band meant to the kids in that neighborhood.\\\" The film's lead actresses had a month of rehearsals prior to the start of filming, in addition to two months of practicing with the marching band. Filming took place over twenty days in\",\n \"title\": \"Our Song (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2406503\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"My Guy\\\" is a 1964 hit single by American singer Mary Wells for the Motown label. Written and produced by Smokey Robinson of The Miracles, the song is a woman's rejection of a sexual advance and affirmation of her fidelity to her boyfriend, who is her ideal and with whom she is happy, despite his ordinary physique and looks. Mary Wells version At the session for the \\\"My Guy\\\" backing track, the studio musicians were having issues completing the intro. They had been playing all day and only a half-hour scheduled studio time was left. Trombonist George Bohanon said to keyboardist Earl Van Dyke that the opening measure of \\\"Canadian Sunset\\\" could be perfectly juxtaposed on the intro's chord changes, and Van Dyke, the session bandleader, expediently constructed an intro incorporating the opening of \\\"Canadian Sunset\\\" and also the \\\"left hand notes\\\" from \\\"Canadian Sunset\\\" composer Eddie Heywood's rendition of \\\"Begin the Beguine\\\". Van Dyke would recall: \\\"We were doing anything to get the hell out of that studio. We knew that the producers didn't know nothing 'bout no 'Canadian Sunset' or 'Begin the Beguine'. We figured the song would wind up in the trash can anyway\\\". When Wells recorded her vocal she sang over the song's outro with a huskiness evoking the line delivery of Mae West: Wells would recall: \\\"I was only joking but the producers said 'Keep it going, keep it going'.\\\" Cash Box described it as \\\"a tantalizing shuffle-twist hand-clapper that the lark and her combo-choral support serve up in most attractive fashion.\\\" \\\"My Guy\\\" became the biggest hit ever for Wells, Motown's first female star, and reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart on 16 May 1964. The song led the Cashbox magazine R&B chart for seven weeks. \\\"My Guy\\\" was also Wells' last hit single for Motown, except for duets she recorded with label mate Marvin Gaye. An option in her recording contract let Wells terminate the contract at her discretion after she reached her twenty-first birthday on May 13, 1964. Encouraged by her ex-husband, Wells broke her Motown contract and signed with 20th Century Fox in hopes of higher royalties and possible movie roles. However, Wells' career never again reached the heights it had at Motown, and she never again had a hit single as big as \\\"My Guy\\\". Her version of the song was used in the film More American Graffiti (1979) and in a season one episode of Friends (\\\"The One with Mrs. Bing\\\"). In the United Kingdom, \\\"My Guy\\\" peaked at No.5 in June 1964. In 1999, the 1964 recording of \\\"My Guy\\\" by Mary Wells on Motown Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Personnel Lead vocals by Mary Wells Background vocals by the Andantes: Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow, and Louvain Demps Written and produced by William \\\"Smokey\\\" Robinson Instrumentation by the Funk Brothers: Earl Van Dyke – keyboards Johnny Griffith – piano Eddie Willis – guitar Robert White – guitar James Jamerson\",\n \"title\": \"My Guy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18687071\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"What Them Girls Like\\\" is a hip hop song. It is the first single from Ludacris's sixth studio album Theater of the Mind. The single features Chris Brown and Sean Garrett and is produced by Darkchild. Critical reception Allmusic editor David Jeffries called this song completely unsurprising, with rock-solid hook. Ken Copabianco described the song: His \\\"sex talk is good-natured and slyly insightful about love (\\\"What Them Girls Like\\\")\\\" XXL Magazine wrote a mixed review: \\\"Elsewhere, he’s just straight reaching—“What Them Girls Like,” for instance, where, despite taking a cue from 2000’s Mel Gibson chick flick What Women Want, there’s no real solid connection established between the film and the actual song.\\\" Music video The music video premiered on Yahoo! Music on September 11. The video takes cues from the Mel Gibson movie \\\"What Women Want\\\". The music video premiered on BET and later appeared at #80 on the Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2008 countdown. Comfort Fedoke, DeRay Davis, Tyrese Gibson, Teairra Mari, Kristia Krueger, Suelyn Medeiros, Amber Rose, Joe & Gavin Maloof and La La made cameo appearances in the video. There is a 40-second intro before the music starts in the video. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References External links 2008 singles 2008 songs Chris Brown songs Ludacris songs Music videos directed by Chris Robinson (director) Song recordings produced by Rodney Jerkins Songs written by Sean Garrett Songs written by Ludacris Songs written by Rodney Jerkins Def Jam Recordings singles\",\n \"title\": \"What Them Girls Like\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14773122\",\n \"text\": \"Amy is a 1981 American drama film directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Jenny Agutter. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions, distributed by Buena Vista Distribution, and written by Noreen Stone. Plot In 1913, Amy Medford leaves her possessive, wealthy husband to begin a new life teaching speech to deaf students in the rural Appalachian Mountains at a school for blind and deaf children. Though encountering resistance from those who question whether it's even possible to teach speech to children with hearing-impairments, Amy becomes close to the staff and children, building a new life for herself and gaining the personal strength she will need to stand up to the domineering husband who is not content to let her live her own life. Cast Jenny Agutter as Amy Medford Barry Newman as Dr. Ben Corcoran Kathleen Nolan as Helen Gibbs Chris Robinson as Elliot Medford Lou Fant as Lyle Ferguson Margaret O'Brien as Hazel Johnson Nanette Fabray as Malvina Lance LeGault as Edgar Wanbuck Lucille Benson as Rose Metcalf Jonathan Daly as Clyde Pruett Lonny Chapman as Virgil Goodloe Brian Frishman as Mervin Grimes Jane Daly as Molly Tribble Dawn Jeffory as Caroline Chapman Peggy McCay as Mrs. Grimes Len Wayland as Mr. Grimes Virginia Vincent as Edna Hancock Norman Burton as Caruthers Otto Rechenberg as Henry Watkins Ronnie Scribner as Walter Ray Seamon Glass as Mr. Watkins Production Amy was originally filmed as a television movie titled Amy on the Lips, and was the first television movie that Disney Studios made for an adult audience. Nanette Fabray and Louise Fletcher were interested in the role of \\\"Malvina\\\", a teacher of deaf children. Fabray, who played the part, was hearing impaired, and Fletcher's parents were deaf. The deaf children in the film, except for Brian Frishman, were students from the California School for the Deaf in Riverside, California. Dawn Jeffory, who was cast as Caroline Chapman, had a real-life role as a guest instructor at the school, and was helpful to director Vincent McEveety in working with the children. Lyle Ferguson, the school superintendent, was played by Lou Fant, a son of deaf parents, who helped establish the National Theatre for the Deaf. By January 1981, the film's title was changed to Amy and given a theatrical release as Walt Disney Productions felt that the film was \\\"so powerful\\\" it warranted a theatrical release. Music The film's score was written by Robert F. Brunner. The film features one original song, \\\"So Many Ways\\\", written by Bruce Belland (lyrics) and Robert F. Brunner (music). The song was sung by Julie Budd and plays during the film's opening credits and is reprised during the film's end credits. Educational film In 1982, Disney Educational Services excerpted a sequence from the film for educational use, entitled Amy-on-the-Lips. Home media Amy was originally released as a double bill on a re-release of Alice in Wonderland. The film came to video cassette in October 1981. Disney released a manufactured-on-demand DVD of the film as part of\",\n \"title\": \"Amy (1981 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51321471\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"eps2.2_init_1.asec\\\" is the fourth episode of the second season of the American drama thriller television series Mr. Robot. It is the fourteenth overall episode of the series and was written and directed by series creator Sam Esmail. It originally aired on USA Network on July 27, 2016. The series follows Elliot Alderson, a cybersecurity engineer and hacker with social anxiety disorder, who is recruited by an insurrectionary anarchist known as \\\"Mr. Robot\\\" to join a group of hacktivists called \\\"fsociety\\\". In the episode, Darlene asks Elliot for his help, while the FBI investigates the arcade. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.637 million household viewers and gained a 0.3 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, praising the performances and tension, but criticizing its runtime and pacing. Plot On Halloween of the previous year, Darlene (Carly Chaikin) visits Elliot (Rami Malek). They catch up during movie night, with Elliot saying he got fired a few months ago after a violent fight and he is now forced to go to therapy. Inspired by a mask she brought, he wears their father's jacket and opens up about hacking E Corp, intriguing Darlene. In present day, Elliot is visited by Darlene, who asks for his help with fsociety. When he refuses, she asks to see Mr. Robot (Christian Slater) instead. Later, Elliot visits Ray (Craig Robinson), who gives him a chessboard. Mr. Robot then offers a deal; they will play chess and if Elliot wins, Mr. Robot goes away. Elliot is conflicted on what to do, with Krista (Gloria Reuben) telling him not to accept it, while Leon (Joey Badass) tells him to fight for what he wants. The FBI is investigating the arcade, with the agents finding that the \\\"End of the World Party\\\" was on social media. Dominique (Grace Gummer) then discovers a piece of evidence: a bullet casing retrieved in the arcade. Cisco (Michael Drayer) informs Darlene about their discovery. He urges her in getting Elliot back, but she refuses to get him involved. After having sex, Cisco states that the Dark Army couldn't been involved in Romero's death, as he was investigating an illegal FBI surveillance program called Project Berenstain. Joanna (Stephanie Corneliussen) is informed that her funds are running low and that Tyrell's severance package has been withheld, as he had to pay the parking attendant who found Tyrell's SUV during the hack to stay quiet. Desperate, she meets with Scott (Brian Stokes Mitchell). She offers to frame Tyrell for his wife's murder if Scott gives her his severance package, but he refuses. With the information that Price (Michael Cristofer) provided, Angela (Portia Doubleday) decides to submit the evidence, leading to the arrest of the two E Corp executives. Nevertheless, she assumes Price wants her to help settle the class action lawsuit over the toxic leak, but he rebuffs her theory. Whiterose (BD Wong) pressures Price to stay on schedule and receives information about the\",\n \"title\": \"Eps2.2 init 1.asec\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5064635\",\n \"text\": \"Here's to You, Rachel Robinson is a 1993 young adult novel by Judy Blume, the sequel to Just as Long as We're Together. It is an allusion to the Simon and Garfunkel song, \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\". Plot This book is written from the perspective of Rachel Robinson, who is thirteen years old and the youngest child of three. She is regarded as an overachiever and perfectionist, but explains throughout the book that she finds it difficult being intellectually gifted, and uses her perfectionist behaviours as a coping mechanism to deal with problems with her family and with her insecurities regarding her friendships. Her immediate family consists of her mother Nell, a high-achieving lawyer and later judge, her father Victor, a teacher with a gentle nature, her older sister Jessica, who suffers with cystic acne and the discrimination that comes with it, and her older brother Charles, who was expelled from boarding school and makes their lives a misery. Rachel feels Charles gets all the attention in her family, even if it is negative, and that he is driving their parents to the breaking point. She also resents that her brother gets so much attention from teenage girls, especially her friends, Stephanie and Alison. In the book, Rachel has to deal with her crush on Charles's tutor, Paul Medeiros (who ends up dating their cousin Tarren), her worries that Stephanie and Alison prefer each other to her, her frequent invitations to join high-achieving school societies, and the fact that the best-looking boy in ninth grade (at least, to Stephanie, Alison, and Rachel), Jeremy \\\"Dragon\\\" Kravitz, may be interested in her. Through family counseling and a trip to Ellis Island, the Robinson family begin to learn how to put aside their differences and become a closer family. Allusions and references to other works The novel's title is a reference to the Simon and Garfunkel song \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\"; specifically the lines: \\\"And here's to you, Mrs. Robinson, Jesus loves you more than you will know\\\" Judy Blume has stated on her website that she \\\"had a terrible time coming up with a title for Rachel's story and I'm not happy with the one I finally chose which comes from a line in the book spoken angrily by Charles\\\". Reception Here's to You, Rachel Robinson was received positively by critics. Publishers Weekly and Kirkus Reviews praised the character dynamics and dialogue as \\\"complex\\\" yet \\\"credible.\\\" References External links Judy Blume's website 1993 American novels Novels by Judy Blume Sequel novels American young adult novels Orchard Books books\",\n \"title\": \"Here's to You, Rachel Robinson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41712862\",\n \"text\": \"Akalpith is a Marathi movie to be released on 28 February 2014. The genre of movie is a 'psychological thriller' and is written and directed by Mr. Prasad Acharekar. Movie starts with Renuka Shahane, Mohan Agashe and Nirmiti Sawant. The theme song of movie is written by Guru Thakur and is composed by Sonam Sherpa, Nitin Malik and Subir Malik of Parikrama Band. Plot A Man is accused of three murders but in the interrogations he says that he doesn't remember the day's events and hence is considered to be insane. So he is to be transferred to Bhopal psychological research department. Just 14 h before he being transported to Bhopal he says that he has started to remember the events of that day. An urgent special midnight Jury is arranged to record the statement and he is taken there. He is recording his statement and what he remembers, but the problem starts when he remembers that he was present on the place of murders but didn't kill the people. Now he only has 4 hours to prove to the jury that he is innocent. What happens next is the movie. Cast Renuka Shahane - Dr. Mugdha Mohan Aagashe - Justice Gore Nirrmite Saawaant - Mrs. Sarnjamhe Abheney Saawaant - Milind Deshmukh Sumaydh Gaikwad - Raj Rutul Patil - Shweta Ashutosh Patki — Vishal Atul Todankar- Mr. Shinde Sandesh Jadhav - Killer Chotu Sachin Shinde - Milind's Lawyer Saurabh Oak - Mr. Kamath Shashikant Patade - Pandu Critical reception Akalpith movie received mixed reviews from critics. A Reviewer of The Times of India wrote \\\"The film has its thrills and twists but does not build the kind of suspense that one would expect from a psychological thriller. The music does not provide the required tension but it is a one time watch\\\". A Reviewer of Loksatta wrote \\\"When watching the end of the movie, the writer definitely feels lost somewhere. As the ending of the film is not effective, the audience is likely to walk out of the theater in a confused state..\\\". A Reviewer of Zee Talkies says \\\"But, if you are going to watch it from critical point of view, certainly there are few errors to notice. Especially, the climax of the film is not very convincing\\\". References External links 2010s Marathi-language films 2010s Indian films\",\n \"title\": \"Akalpith\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4221446\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Subterraneans\\\" is a song by David Bowie, the closing track of his 1977 album Low. As with most of Side 2, \\\"Subterraneans\\\" is mostly instrumental, with brief, obscure lyrics sung near the song's end. \\\"Subterraneans\\\" was first recorded in 1975 and intended for the soundtrack to the 1976 film The Man Who Fell to Earth. It was later revisited during the sessions for Low. Musical characteristics After the Station to Station sessions ended in November 1975 at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles, David Bowie recorded \\\"Subterraneans\\\" within those studios in December 1975. The song later received overdubs by Brian Eno. The sleeve notes of Low credit \\\"Peter and Paul with additional ARP synthesizer and piano\\\". The \\\"Peter and Paul\\\" mentioned are Peter Robinson, who played Fender Rhodes, and Paul Buckmaster (the composer of the string arrangements for the Rolling Stones' \\\"Moonlight Mile\\\") who played the ARP Odyssey. Peter Robinson and Paul Buckmaster worked with Bowie at Cherokee Studios in late 1975 on the aborted movie soundtrack to The Man Who Fell to Earth. \\\"Subterraneans\\\" was ultimately the most heavily edited song on Low, with David Bowie's saxophone, as well as multilayered synthesizers and reversed instrument sounds from Brian Eno, floating underneath a moaned vocal which is wordless until around the final ninety seconds. The soundscapes contain a cinematic quality which evokes the feel of Miles Davis' landmark album In a Silent Way. Bowie related the song to the misery of those in East Berlin during the Cold War. According to Bowie, people who \\\"got caught in East Berlin after the separation – hence the faint jazz saxophones representing the memory of what it was.\\\" Live versions The song was used as an introduction to Bowie's set during the 1995 Outside Tour. It was different from the album version in that its lyrics and musical themes were merged from the song \\\"Scary Monsters\\\" (which would follow \\\"Subterraneans\\\" on the setlists). This version was performed alongside the co-headliners, Nine Inch Nails. Personnel David Bowie: Vocals, saxophone, reversed electric guitar, ARP String Ensemble Paul Buckmaster: ARP Odyssey synthesizer Peter Robinson : Reversed Fender Rhodes electric piano Brian Eno: ARP 2600 synthesizer, piano Carlos Alomar: Reversed electric guitar George Murray: Reversed bass guitar Tony Visconti: Production Other versions Philip Glass – Low Symphony (1992) Nine Inch Nails – Live recording (with David Bowie) (1995) Dylan Howe – Jazz reconstruction for his album Subterranean – New Designs on Bowie's Berlin (2014) Alva Noto with Martin Gore (vocals) and William Basinski (saxophone) – vinyl and digital single (2022) References David Bowie songs 1977 songs Songs written by David Bowie Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti Song recordings produced by David Bowie\",\n \"title\": \"Subterraneans\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18881301\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Happy\\\" is a song written by Michel Legrand and Smokey Robinson and first recorded by Bobby Darin. The song was first released as a single by Bobby Darin on November 23, 1972, peaking #67 on the Billboard Hot 100, it was his last single to hit the chart. The song was included on his posthumous Motown LP Darin: 1936–1973. A version of the song by Michael Jackson was featured on Jackson's 1973 album Music & Me. Robinson also recorded a version of the song, included on Robinson's 1975 album A Quiet Storm. Background According to Robinson, the song was inspired by the film's melody, which was originally composed by Michel Legrand. He explained, \\\"I was looking at the movie one day, and I was listening to that melody, and I thought it was just such a beautiful melody, until I wanted to write some words for that melody, which I did, and I went and I sang them for Berry Gordy, and he was really upset because I didn't write them before he finished the movie so they could've been in the movie.\\\" Michael Jackson recording Michael Jackson recorded the song for the Motown label in 1973. The song featured on Jackson's album Music & Me. Its full title is \\\"Happy (Love Theme from Lady Sings the Blues)\\\", although Michael's version was never featured in the film, there was an instrumental version used, however, it was not featured on the soundtrack for Lady Sings the Blues. Michael Jackson's single was first released in Australia, backed by \\\"In Our Small Way\\\". Jackson continued to perform the track in concert as late as 1977, citing it as one of his favorite songs. In 1983, the song was released as a single in the UK to promote Motown's 18 Greatest Hits compilation album, on which the song was included. Upon its release, \\\"Happy\\\" (credited to Michael Jackson plus The Jackson 5) peaked at #52 on the British pop chart. Charts Other cover versions It was later recorded by the song's composer, Smokey Robinson, and appeared on his landmark solo album A Quiet Storm. The Spanish teen group La Pandilla also recorded a Spanish-language version of the song for their 1974 album El Alacrán. Dominican singer Benny Sadel released a merengue version of the Spanish-language rendition of the song on his 2002 album La Negra Mia. Notes References Halstead, Craig and Chris Cadman (2003). Michael Jackson: The Solo Years. Authors OnLine. George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG. Michael Jackson songs 1973 singles 1983 singles Songs with music by Michel Legrand Songs written by Smokey Robinson Motown singles Song recordings produced by Hal Davis Rhythm and blues ballads Bobby Darin songs 1972 songs\",\n \"title\": \"Happy (Michael Jackson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6868486\",\n \"text\": \"Live at Ronnie Scott's is an album by American singer-songwriter Nina Simone. It is a live recording of a concert she gave at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in 1984, a London venue where she performed a few times in her later life. Information about songs on this album \\\"Fodder In Her Wings\\\" and \\\"I Sing Just To Know That I'm Alive\\\", Nina first recorded these self-written songs on Fodder On My Wings (1982). Both are very personal to her, talking about Nina's estrangement from people and closing a bad chapter and beginning a new one. \\\"Be My Husband\\\", written by her ex-husband and ex-manager Andrew Stroud, first featured on Pastel Blues (1965). Later covered by Jeff Buckley as \\\"Be Your Husband\\\". \\\"I Loves You Porgy\\\", her first hit-single from her debut Little Girl Blue (1958). \\\"Mississippi Goddam\\\", Nina wrote this civil rights song after four black girls died during a church bombing, first featured on Nina Simone in Concert (1964). \\\"Moon over Alabama\\\", together with \\\"Mississippi Goddam\\\". Nina sings this song to show that the two songs have a similar melody. She, therefore, switches between them during the performance. \\\"My Baby Just Cares For Me\\\", Nina introduces this last song with: I think this is what you've all been waiting for... She often did that when performing it live in her later years. It is the song that brought her back into the limelight after it featured in a commercial in 1982, yet it wasn't a song she particularly liked or wished to be remembered by. Track listing All tracks composed by Nina Simone; except where indicated \\\"God God God\\\" (Paramahansa Yogananda, Simone) \\\"If You Knew\\\" \\\"Mr. Smith\\\" (Kurt Weill, Bertolt Brecht) \\\"Fodder in Her Wings\\\" \\\"Be My Husband\\\" (Simone, Andrew Stroud) \\\"I Loves You Porgy\\\" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, DuBose Heyward) \\\"The Other Woman\\\" (Simone, Jessie Mae Robinson) \\\"Mississippi Goddam\\\" \\\"Moon Over Alabama\\\" (Kurt Weill, Bertolt Brecht) \\\"For a While\\\" (Bob Gaudio, Jake Holmes) \\\"See Line Woman\\\" (George Houston Bass) \\\"I Sing Just to Know That I'm Alive\\\" \\\"My Baby Just Cares for Me\\\" (Gus Kahn, Walter Donaldson) Personnel Nina Simone - vocals, piano Paul Robinson - drums References 1987 live albums Nina Simone live albums Albums recorded at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club\",\n \"title\": \"Live at Ronnie Scott's (Nina Simone album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9694521\",\n \"text\": \"Our Bodies Our Selves is the fifth album by the Berkeley, California punk rock band The Mr. T Experience, released in 1993 by Lookout! Records. It was the band's first album as a three-piece, after the departure of founding guitarist Jon Von Zelowitz the previous year. It was also their last album with bassist Aaron Rubin and founding drummer Alex Laipeneiks. After their departures, vocalist/guitarist Dr. Frank re-formed the band with a new lineup. The song \\\"Even Hitler Had a Girlfriend\\\" was used in the soundtrack to the 1996 movie Glory Daze starring Ben Affleck and was included on the film's soundtrack album, along with the song \\\"I Just Wanna Do it With You\\\" from the band's 1996 album Love is Dead. During the film's party scene, the main characters also perform as a band a cover of The Mr. T Experience song \\\"Now We Are Twenty-One\\\" from their 1988 album Night Shift at the Thrill Factory. The song “More Than Toast” was included on the soundtrack of EA Sports NCAA Football06. Track listing Personnel Dr. Frank – vocals, guitar Aaron Rubin – bass Alex Laipeneiks – drums Technical Kevin Army - produced, engineer, mixing John Golden - mastering Tom Robinson - band photography Sergie Graphics - art Aaron Laipeneiks - art The Mr. T Experience albums 1993 albums\",\n \"title\": \"Our Bodies Our Selves\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7222162\",\n \"text\": \"Theodore & Co is an English musical comedy in two acts with a book by H. M. Harwood and George Grossmith Jr. based on the French comedy Théodore et Cie by Paul Armont and Nicolas Nancey, with music by Ivor Novello and Jerome Kern and lyrics by Adrian Ross and Clifford Grey. It was produced by Grossmith and Edward Laurillard and directed by Austen Hurgon, opening at the Gaiety Theatre on 19 September 1916 and running for 503 performances. It starred Grossmith, Fred Leslie and Leslie Henson. Theodore & Co opened during World War I in the same year as two other tremendously successful shows in London: Chu Chin Chow and The Bing Boys are Here, and the successful The Happy Day. Audiences wanted light and uplifting entertainment during the war, and these shows delivered it. This show established Ivor Novello as a theatrical composer and was Kern's first show in London. Novello's songs from the show include \\\"What A Duke Should Be\\\" and \\\"Oh, How I Want To Marry\\\". Roles and original cast Bompas, 24th Duke of Shetland – Davy Burnaby Pony Twitchen (of the \\\"Crimson Comics\\\") – Leslie Henson Rt. Hon. George Wye (Minister of Movies) – Fred Leslie Mr. Blissett (A Husband) – Frederick Morant Cosmo Legallos – Henri Leoni Mr. Satterthwaite (of Dowton) – Victor Gouriet Crump – Robert Nainby Delatour (Manager of the New Casino) – Frank Hector A Man with a Blue Envelope – Ralph Roberts The Emir of Baluchistan – J. Grande His Interpreter – Fred Raynham Sir Basil Bowlwell, R.H.G. – James Thomas Lord Theodore Wragge – George Grossmith Jr. Lady Theresa Wye – Gladys Homfrey Lady Pansy (the Duke's daughter) – Madge Saunders Hon. Sapphire Blissett – Julia James Fudge Robinson (of the \\\"Crimson Comics\\\") – Peggy Kurton Alma, \\\"The Statue of Liberty \\\" – Irene Richards Cleo, \\\"The Tiptoe Queen\\\" – Adrah Fair Lady Diana Camden – Ivey Collette/Doris Stocker Lady Moya – Violet Ashton Molly Pershore – Barbara Dunbar Marjorie Carstairs – Connie Guy Lady Lilly – Vera Davis Lady Billy – Lilian Caldicott Elizabeth Anne – Margaret Gamble Mary Ellen – Maudie Dunham Ethel Emily (Mr. Satterthwaite's daughter) – Joyce Barbour Rosa Maud (Mr. Satterthwaite's daughter) – Dorothy King Matilda Kate – Cherry Constant Harriett Jane – Mercia Swinburne Charwoman – Muriel Barney Musical numbers Act I Chorus – \\\"Isn't there a crowd everywhere\\\" (Words by Adrian Ross. Music by Ivor Novello) Song – \\\"What a Duke should be\\\" (Words by Clifford Grey. Music by Novello) Duet – \\\"I'll make myself at home\\\" (Words by Ross. Music by Novello) Song – \\\"I'm getting such a big girl now\\\" (Words by Grey. Music by Philip Braham) Song & Dance – \\\"Ev'ry little girl can teach me something new\\\" (Words by Ross. Music by Novello) Song – \\\"The Candy Girls\\\" (Words by Ross. Music by Novello) Sextet – \\\"You'd better not wait for him\\\" (Words by Grey. Music by Novello) Finale, Act I. – \\\"He's going to call on Baby\",\n \"title\": \"Theodore & Co\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14668925\",\n \"text\": \"Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the 2007 film Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story. Production The cast and crew recorded 40 original songs; 33 are featured in the movie. Singer-songwriter Dan Bern and Mike Viola (of the Candy Butchers) wrote most of the film's songs, including \\\"There's a Change A' Happenin'\\\", \\\"The Mulatto Song\\\" and \\\"Hole in My Pants\\\". Marshall Crenshaw wrote the title tune and Van Dyke Parks penned one of the 1960-styled psychedelic jams, \\\"Black Sheep\\\". Singer Angela Correa provides the voice of Darlene Madison Cox (played in the film by actress Jenna Fischer), as she did in the feature film. A number of critics noted the unusually high quality of many of the individual songs on the soundtrack, how well they reflected the styles and times they were attempting to spoof, and how well they stood on their own as quality compositions. The soundtrack was nominated for both a Grammy and Golden Globe Award and was nominated and won the Sierra Award for Best Song in a Motion Picture from the Las Vegas Film Critics Society. Track listing All tracks performed by John C. Reilly, except where noted. All tracks produced by Michael Andrews and Jake Kasdan. iTunes exclusive extended edition \\\"Take My Hand\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Jump Little Children\\\" (Craig Robinson) \\\"(Mama) You Got to Love Your Negro Man\\\" (Reilly) \\\"That's Amore\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Walk Hard\\\" (Reilly) \\\"A Life Without You (Is No Life At All)\\\" (Reilly) \\\"(I Hate You) Big Daddy\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Walk Hard (Punk Version)\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Let's Duet\\\" (Reilly & Angela Correa) \\\"Darling\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Guilty As Charged\\\" (Reilly) \\\"There's a Change A' Happening (I Can Feel It)\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Dear Mr. President\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Hey Mr. Old Guy\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Ladies First\\\" (Reilly) \\\"The Mulatto Song\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Let Me Hold You (Little Man)\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Hole In My Pants\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Royal Jelly\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Farmer Glickstein\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Black Sheep\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Walk Hard (70's TV Show Theme)\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Who Wants to Party\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Weeping On the Inside\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Billy Don't Be a Hero\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Walk Hard (All-Star Version)\\\" (Ghostface Killah, Lyle Lovett, Jewel Kilcher, Jackson Browne) \\\"Beautiful Ride\\\" (Reilly) \\\"(Have You Heard the News) Dewey Cox Died\\\" (Reilly) \\\"Cut My Brother In Half Blues\\\" (Reilly) \\\"(You Make Me So) Hard\\\" (Jacques Slade) The song \\\"Starman\\\" is not available on the iTunes Exclusive Extended Edition of the album. Release history October 30, 2007 November 8, 2007 November 5, 2007 December 3, 2007 December 4, 2007 January 7, 2008 January 16, 2008 March 6, 2008 February 17, 2008 March 7, 2008 April 9, 2008 April 17, 2008 May 19, 2008 References 2007 soundtrack albums Columbia Records soundtracks Comedy rock soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Rockabilly soundtracks\",\n \"title\": \"Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9799466\",\n \"text\": \"Alan Lee Gordon (April 22, 1944 – November 22, 2008) was an American songwriter best known for songs recorded by the Turtles, Petula Clark, and Barbra Streisand. Many of his songs were co-written with Gary Bonner, including the Turtles' \\\"Happy Together\\\" and Three Dog Night's \\\"Celebrate\\\". He worked with various popular musicians, including Blues Magoos, Alice Cooper, the Archies, the O'Jays, Lynn Anderson, Flo & Eddie, Frank Zappa, Helen Reddy, Gary Lewis & the Playboys, Tammy Wynette, the Lovin' Spoonful, Bobby Darin, and Freddy Fender. Career Gordon was born in Natick, Massachusetts. In 1965, he and Garry Bonner formed the Magicians, a group which would also include Allan \\\"Jake\\\" Jacobs and John Townley. They released a single in November 1965, \\\"An Invitation to Cry\\\". It met with some success, but their popularity was confined primarily to the New York and New England area. Gordon co-wrote, with Bonner, \\\"Happy Together\\\", originally recorded by the Turtles. In 1967, the Turtles version followed The Beatles' \\\"Penny Lane\\\" into the #1 slot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, spending three weeks there. It was named one of the Top 50 songs of the 20th century by BMI, having generated over 5 million performances on American radio by 1999, placing it in the same league as the Beatles' \\\"Yesterday\\\", and \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" by Simon and Garfunkel. Songs from Alan Gordon's catalogue have been featured in film, television, commercials and video games. Some of the films that featured Gordon-penned songs include The Naked Gun, Muriel's Wedding, Shrek, The Simpsons Movie, 27 Dresses, and Freaky Friday. Television programs include The Simpsons, That '70s Show, ER, Scrubs, The Wonder Years, and American Idol. Gordon died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on November 22, 2008, after a two-year battle with cancer. He was 64 years old. Singles 1965: \\\"An Invitation To Cry\\\" by The Magicians 1967: \\\"Girls in Love\\\" performed by Gary Lewis & the Playboys 1967: \\\"Jill\\\" performed by Gary Lewis & the Playboys 1967: \\\"Happy Together\\\" performed by The Turtles 1967: \\\"She'd Rather Be with Me\\\" performed by The Turtles 1967: \\\"She's My Girl\\\" performed by The Turtles 1967: \\\"You Know What I Mean\\\" performed by The Turtles 1967: \\\"Put the Clock Back on the Wall\\\" by the E-Types 1967: \\\"As Long As You're Here\\\" by Zalman Yanovsky (of The Lovin' Spoonful) 1967: \\\"The Cat in the Window (The Bird in the Sky)\\\" performed by Petula Clark 1968: \\\"Small Talk\\\" performed by Lesley Gore 1968: \\\"Small Talk\\\" performed by Harpers Bizarre 1968: \\\"('Til I) Run With You\\\" performed by Lovin' Spoonful 1969: \\\"Celebrate\\\" performed by Three Dog Night 1970: \\\"Me About You\\\" performed by The Turtles 1976: \\\"Gladiola\\\" performed by Helen Reddy 1977: \\\"My Heart Belongs to Me\\\" performed by Barbra Streisand References External links 1944 births 2008 deaths People from Natick, Massachusetts Songwriters from Massachusetts Deaths from cancer in Arizona Place of birth missing 20th-century American songwriters\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Gordon (songwriter)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15503945\",\n \"text\": \"Zeudi Araya (born 10 February 1951) is an Eritrean former actress, singer, model and film producer. Career On a journey to Italy in 1972, Araya recorded a commercial for coffee, where she was introduced to director Luigi Scattini, who cast her with Beba Lončar in La ragazza dalla pelle di luna shot in the Seychelles. In 1973, songs composed by Piero Umiliani she sang in the score of another Scattini film where she played the lead role (La ragazza fuoristrada) were released on a 45 rpm record. From 1973 to 1975, several roles in movies followed, most of them directed by Scattini. In 1976, she appeared with Paolo Villaggio in the Fantozzi-style comedy Il signor Robinson by Sergio Corbucci. She also appeared in the Italian version of Playboy magazine in March 1974. Her last prominent appearance was in the epic Hearts and Armour, released in 1983. Araya subsequently withdrew from acting, and has since then been producing movies. She was at the 2011 Venice Film Festival. Personal life Araya's father was a politician and her uncle was a diplomat in Rome. She was married to film producer Franco Cristaldi from 1983 until his death in 1992. Since 1994 she lives with the director Massimo Spano, with whom she has a son. Selected filmography La ragazza dalla pelle di luna – \\\"Simone\\\" (1973) La ragazza fuoristrada – \\\"Maryam\\\" (1973) The Prey – \\\"Nagaina\\\" (1974) The Body – \\\"Simoa\\\" (1974) La peccatrice – \\\"Debra\\\" (1975) Mr. Robinson – \\\"Venerdì\\\" (1976) Neapolitan Mystery – \\\"Elizabeth\\\" (1978) Tesoro mio – \\\"Tesoro Hoaua\\\" (1979) Atrocious Tales of Love and Death – \\\"Elizabeth Hover\\\" (1979) Hearts and Armour – \\\"Marfisa\\\" (1983) Control – \\\"Sheba\\\" (1987) Producer Marching in Darkness -\\\"Zeudi Araya Cristaldi\\\" (1996) Franco Cristaldi e il suo cinema Paradiso (2009) Television Maurizio Costanzo Show (TV show) – \\\"Herself\\\" (1996)DiscographyOltre l'acqua del fiume/Maryam'' (Bla Bla, BBR 1338, 7\\\") (1973) References External links 1951 births Living people People from Southern Region (Eritrea) Eritrean actresses 21st-century Eritrean women 21st-century Eritrean people Italian film actresses Italian film producers Eritrean emigrants to Italy 20th-century Eritrean women singers 20th-century Italian women singers 20th-century Italian actresses\",\n \"title\": \"Zeudi Araya\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17567525\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"When I'm Gone\\\" is a song written by Smokey Robinson and a single he produced twice, one for early Motown star Mary Wells and the other for fellow Motown vocalist Brenda Holloway. Holloway's version became a hit while Wells' was aborted after the singer left the label in 1964. Overview Song information \\\"When I'm Gone\\\" was produced under a beat similar to Mary Wells' big hit, \\\"My Guy\\\" though this song included hand claps, and was originally recorded by Wells. In the song, the narrator asks her cheating lover what would he do if she were to leave him explaining how everybody around them thinks they're happy in front of the public when inside the woman is suffering from the lover's behavior calling him a \\\"real Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\\\" character. She also complains that though he flirts with \\\"every girl that he sees\\\", he comes running back to her when they do him wrong. Throughout the song, the narrator threatens to leave him and in the end repeats the question she asks in the beginning: \\\"what are you gonna do when I'm gone?\\\" Mary Wells exit and Brenda Holloway's arrival The song was one of the last records Mary Wells recorded while at Motown. Fresh from the success of \\\"My Guy\\\" and with her Motown contract expiring the year of \\\"My Guy\\\" and its success, Wells decided to terminate her contract with Motown complaining of Gordy refusing to give Wells the royalties she earned during her successful tenure at the label. She argued that her Motown contract was invalid because she'd signed with the company at the age of seventeen. Due to the underage clause, Motown allowed Wells' contract to expire. (Had Wells not exited Motown, \\\"When I'm Gone\\\" would have been her next release, the follow-up to the million-selling \\\"My Guy\\\"). The singer then headed to 20th Century Fox Records after being offered a $500,000 contract that also offered Wells to do movies. Meanwhile, Motown's latest new signed artist, Brenda Holloway, was releasing her first single, \\\"Every Little Bit Hurts\\\", which shot to number 13 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. After Wells departed, Motown eventually convinced Holloway to record some of Wells' songs, partially due to the fact that Gordy felt Holloway was the next Mary though both singers' vocals differed from each other: Wells' deep, smokey contralto vocal contrasted with Holloway's lighter soprano. Holloway recorded \\\"When I'm Gone\\\" in Detroit. Charts Brenda Holloway version Released as a single in 1965, Holloway's version reached #25 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and performed slightly better on the R&B chart reaching number 12. Holloway performed her version on the show Shivaree . It was Holloway's second-biggest Motown chart hit, after Every Little Bit Hurts. Wells' version was released to the Motown compilation album, Vintage Stock. Weekly charts Year-end charts Personnel Mary Wells version Lead vocal by Mary Wells Background vocals by The Andantes Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Brenda Holloway version Lead vocal by Brenda Holloway Background\",\n \"title\": \"When I'm Gone (Motown song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40454203\",\n \"text\": \"Buffalo Rider is a 1976 American Western film co-directed by John Fabian, George Lauris and Dick Robinson. The film's character of Buffalo Jones bears no relation to Charles \\\"Buffalo\\\" Jones who the producers did not know existed until years after. Plot Buffalo Rider Tells the story of a man named Buffalo Jones with Rick Guinn playing the role of Jones. Jones is depicted as a loner who tames and rides a buffalo and hunts down murderous buffalo hunters. Cast Rick Guinn as Jake \\\"Buffalo\\\" Jones John Freeman as Frank Nesbitt Rich Scheeland as Ralph Pierce George Sager as Ted Clayborn Dick Robinson as Sam Robinson Priscilla Lauris as Mrs. Robinson C. Lindsay Workman (voice) as Narrator Hal Smith (voice) as Old buffalo hunter Reception The film has received negative reviews. Chris Higgins of Mental Floss wrote that \\\"given all the animal 'stunts' (including what sure looks like actually shooting buffalo and various cross-species animal fights) it wouldn't pass muster today. The movie itself is a bit sub par, featuring an extreme over-reliance on narration and a sort of meandering documentary-ish treatment with some buffalo-related dramatic elements tossed in.\\\" The film was featured in a Gizmodo article of \\\"the weirdest thing on the internet tonight\\\" where Andrew Tarantola wrote, \\\"Enjoy the heartwarming tale of a man, conveniently named Buffalo Jones, and his buffalo, named Buffalo. No wait. Its name is Samson, because that's so much more original. Whatever you call them, the two chum around the American frontier, saving babies and stuff for an hour and a half (even though the script was apparently only about 15 pages long).\\\" In popular culture On November 22, 2011, the film was released as a video on demand from RiffTrax. This edition features a satirical commentary done by comedians and actors Michael J. Nelson, Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett. In 2011, the Austin-based band The Possum Posse created \\\"Guy on a Buffalo\\\", a narrated song set to clips from the movie Buffalo Rider. A clip from Part 3 of \\\"Guy on a Buffalo\\\" was used in Season 3 Episode 6 \\\"All For Nothing\\\" of the hit series Yellowstone inspiring the ranch hands to try and go buffalo riding See also Revisionist Western Bison References External links Complete movie on Archive.org Theatrical and TV trailers 1978 films 1978 Western (genre) films American Western (genre) films Rediscovered American films 1970s rediscovered films 1970s English-language films 1970s American films English-language Western (genre) films\",\n \"title\": \"Buffalo Rider\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74162865\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Campaign\\\" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the American mockumentary comedy horror television series What We Do in the Shadows, set in the franchise of the same name. It is the 44th overall episode of the series and was written by producers Max Brockman and Shana Gohd, and directed by co-executive producer Yana Gorskaya. It was released on FX on July 27, 2023. The series is set in Staten Island, New York City. Like the 2014 film, the series follows the lives of vampires in the city. These consist of three vampires, Nandor, Laszlo, and Nadja. They live alongside Colin Robinson, an energy vampire; and Guillermo, Nandor's familiar. The series explores the absurdity and misfortunes experienced by the vampires. In the episode, Colin Robinson runs for comptroller and reconnects with Evie. Meanwhile, Nandor makes a new friend at the gym, and Laszlo tries to impress Nadja's new friends. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.268 million household viewers and gained a 0.11 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received mixed reviews, with critics feeling that the episode felt derivative of previous installments. Plot Colin Robinson (Mark Proksch) has decided to run for comptroller in Staten Island, as Sean (Anthony Atamanuik) was forced to drop out due to multiple DUI incidents. However, Colin Robinson's place is questioned by his opponent Barbara Lazarro (Marceline Hugot), whom he will face in a debate. However, Colin Robinson is not interested in the position, as he only wants to take place in the debate to drain people. Nandor (Kayvan Novak) has joined a gym. He has tried to get Guillermo (Harvey Guillén) to go with him, but he is avoiding Nandor to not reveal his quasi-vampiric nature. At the gym, he befriends an attendee, Alexander. He establishes a friendship, with Nandor telling the vampires that he is interested in Alexander because he is Jewish. To impress Alexander, Nandor forces Guillermo to perform a circumcision on him. Nadja (Natasia Demetriou) continues visiting Little Antipaxos, befriending a family of locals. However, the locals want to meet her husband and Nadja is embarrassed to present Laszlo (Matt Berry). Laszlo makes a poor impression on the first encounter, and it worsens when he sings a song from their enemy country. Nandor shows his circumcision to Alexander, which has healed over, but Alexander feels disgusted and ends their friendship. With this, Nandor decides to go out to the movies with Guillermo. Laszlo returns to Little Antipaxos, describing all his acts and finishing by insulting the family. Suddenly, the family praises Laszlo, as they believe him to be a reincarnation of a known \\\"perverted oaf\\\" tale and his presence means good luck. To get help, Colin Robinson attends a break-up support group, where Evie (Vanessa Bayer) is present. He reconnects with her, and both work during the debate. As Colin Robinson gives a lengthy speech, Evie feeds on the audience's sympathy. After the debate's end, Colin Robinson and Evie\",\n \"title\": \"The Campaign (What We Do in the Shadows)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5041983\",\n \"text\": \"Stormy Weather is a 1943 American musical film produced and released by 20th Century Fox, adapted by Frederick J. Jackson, Ted Koehler and H.S. Kraft from the story by Jerry Horwin and Seymour B. Robinson, directed by Andrew L. Stone, produced by William LeBaron and starring Lena Horne, Bill \\\"Bojangles\\\" Robinson, and Cab Calloway. The film is one of two Hollywood musicals with an African American cast released in 1943, both starring Lena Horne, the other being MGM's Cabin in the Sky. Stormy Weather is a primary showcase of some of the leading African American performers of the day, during an era when African American actors and singers rarely appeared in lead roles in mainstream Hollywood productions. The supporting cast features the Nicholas Brothers in arguably the screen's most bravura dance sequence, Fats Waller, Katherine Dunham and her dancers, and Dooley Wilson. Stormy Weather takes its title from the 1933 song of the same title, which is performed almost an hour into the film. It is loosely based upon the life and times of its star, dancer Bill \\\"Bojangles\\\" Robinson. The character of Selina was invented for the film; Robinson did not have such a romance in real life. Dooley Wilson (the singer/pianist in Casablanca the previous year) co-stars as Bill's perpetually broke but boldly imaginative friend, Gabe, and Emmett \\\"Babe\\\" Wallace appears as Chick Bailey. Other performers in the movie are Cab Calloway and Fats Waller (both appearing as themselves), the Nicholas Brothers dancing duo, comedian F. E. Miller, singer Ada Brown, and Katherine Dunham with her dance troupe. Despite a running time of only 77 minutes, the film features some 20 musical numbers. This was Robinson's final film (he died in 1949); Waller died only a few months after its release. Plot \\\"Mr. Bill\\\" Williamson, a naturally talented dancer, recounts his past to some neighborhood children in a series of flashbacks, which show his return home in 1918 after serving in World War I, meeting a beautiful singer/dancer named Selina Rogers, who is the sister of one of his war buddies, and his travels to New Orleans to become a performer. Along the way he is reunited with Selina, who persuades her manager, Chick Bailey, to hire him for their show, but the jealous Chick fires Bill for outshining him on stage. Bill stages his own show but runs out of money to pay his dancers up front and they refuse to take the stage. Eventually, they do, due to a stroke of luck. At this point in Bill's story to the children, Cab Calloway drives up to collect \\\"Mr. Bill\\\" to appear in his benefit show, where he is reunited with Selina for good. Release and legacy The original release prints of Stormy Weather were processed in sepiatone. In 2001, Stormy Weather was selected for the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\\\" It was released on DVD in North America in 2005. Soundtrack The film's musical\",\n \"title\": \"Stormy Weather (1943 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18223292\",\n \"text\": \"29 Acacia Avenue is a play by Denis and Mabel Constanduros. Its 1945 British comedy-drama film adaptation, directed by Henry Cass, was released in the U.S. as The Facts of Love. Premise Peter Robinson falls in love with the naïve country girl Fay and the worldly, wealthy and already-married Joan, and lives with them both (and Joan's husband) at his parents' house. However, one day Peter's parents unexpectedly return from holiday, and all hell breaks loose. Cast Gordon Harker as Mr. Robinson Betty Balfour as Mrs. Robinson Jimmy Hanley as Peter Robinson Carla Lehmann as Fay Hubert Gregg as Michael Jill Evans as Joan Henry Kendall as Mr. Wilson Dinah Sheridan as Pepper Megs Jenkins as Shirley Noele Gordon as Mrs. Wilson Guy Middleton as Gerald Aubrey Mallalieu as Martin Critical reception Allmovie wrote, \\\"one of the few low-budget British programmers to enjoy a reasonably widespread American release...The film weaves three separate romantic subplots into an entertaining unified whole\\\"; though Sky Movies called the film \\\"one wartime West End success that didn't transfer too well to screen, ending up embarrassingly stagey\\\"; but the Radio Times thought that although the film \\\"fails to fully disguise its theatrical origins...it nevertheless makes for pleasant period entertainment, with particularly likeable performances from British veterans Gordon Harker and Betty Balfour as the parents.\\\" References External links English plays 1945 films 1945 comedy-drama films British comedy-drama films Films directed by Henry Cass Films set in London Films set in Sussex Films produced by Sydney Box Columbia Pictures films British black-and-white films 1940s British films 1940s English-language films\",\n \"title\": \"29 Acacia Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3201852\",\n \"text\": \"My Way is an album by American singer Frank Sinatra, released in 1969 on his own Reprise label. The album is mainly a collection of then-contemporary pop songs, such as Simon and Garfunkel's \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\", and The Beatles' \\\"Yesterday\\\", French songs such as \\\"If You Go Away\\\", and the anthemic title song \\\"My Way\\\", which effectively became Sinatra's theme song in this stage of his career. On December 30, 1968 in Los Angeles, a few hours before going to celebrate the New Year 1969, at the Sands Casino from Las Vegas, My Way was recorded and mixed at EastWest Studios, then called Western Recorders. Later it was remixed and reissued by Concord Records in 2009 to mark its 40th anniversary. Two bonus tracks were included, and new liner notes from Bono. The bonus tracks were a rehearsal of \\\"For Once in My Life\\\" from 1969, for Sinatra's eponymous Emmy Award nominated 1969 television special, Sinatra, and a live 1987 performance of \\\"My Way\\\" at the Reunion Arena, Dallas, Texas. Bono's liner notes had previously appeared as his New York Times Op-ed column on January 9, 2009. The article discussed Bono's personal relationship with Sinatra, and Sinatra's thoughts on Miles Davis. Bono also mused on Sinatra's performances of \\\"My Way\\\", and the new year. Track listing Standard edition \\\"Watch What Happens\\\" (Norman Gimbel, Michel Legrand, Jacques Demy) – 2:17 \\\"Didn't We?\\\" (Jimmy Webb) – 2:55 \\\"Hallelujah, I Love Her So\\\" (Ray Charles) – 2:47 \\\"Yesterday\\\" (Lennon–McCartney) – 3:56 \\\"All My Tomorrows\\\" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 4:35 \\\"My Way\\\" (Paul Anka, Claude François, Jacques Revaux, Gilles Thibault) – 4:35 \\\"A Day in the Life of a Fool\\\" (Luiz Bonfá, Carl Sigman) – 3:00 \\\"For Once in My Life\\\" (Ron Miller, Orlando Murden) – 2:50 \\\"If You Go Away\\\" (Jacques Brel, Rod McKuen) – 3:30 \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" (Paul Simon) – 2:55 2009 Concord bonus tracks \\\"For Once in My Life\\\" – 4:11 studio rehearsal, NBC Studio 2, Burbank, California, August 13, 1969 \\\"My Way\\\" – 3:09 live performance at the Reunion Arena, Dallas, Texas, October 24, 1987 2019 Capitol bonus tracks \\\"My Way\\\" - 4:23 Duet with Willie Nelson \\\"My Way\\\" - 3:32 Duet with Luciano Pavarotti \\\"My Way\\\" - 4:36 Live at the Ahmanson Theatre, June 13, 1971 \\\"My Way\\\" - 3:43 Live at Reunion Arena, October 24, 1987 Personnel Frank Sinatra – vocals Don Costa – arranger, conductor Certifications References 1969 albums Albums arranged by Don Costa Albums conducted by Don Costa Albums produced by Sonny Burke Albums produced by Don Costa Concord Records albums Frank Sinatra albums Reprise Records albums Albums recorded at EastWest Studios\",\n \"title\": \"My Way (Frank Sinatra album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24954744\",\n \"text\": \"Clarence Hummel Wilson (November 17, 1876 – October 5, 1941) was an American character actor. Career Wilson appeared in nearly 200 movies between 1920 and 1941, mostly in supporting roles as an old miser or grouch. He had supporting roles in films like The Front Page (1931; as Sheriff Pinky), Ruggles of Red Gap (1935) and You Can't Take It With You (1938). Wilson also played in several Our Gang comedies, most notably as Mr. Crutch in Shrimps for a Day and school board chairman Alonzo Pratt in Come Back, Miss Pipps, his final film. Death Wilson died on October 5, 1941, and he was interred at Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Selected filmography Duds (1920) - Jues The Penalty (1920) - A Crook (uncredited) The Little Grey Mouse (1920) - Henry Lealor Are All Men Alike? (1920) The Land of Jazz (1920) - Minor Role The First Born (1921) - Kury Lar While the Devil Laughs (1921) - Joe Franklin Oliver Twist, Jr. (1921) - Fagin The Tomboy (1921) - The Police Force Big Town Ideas (1921) - Chef Children of the Night (1921) - Tankerton Lovetime (1921) - Count de Baudine Queenie (1921) - Simon Pepper / Abner Quigley Cinderella of the Hills (1921) - Peter Poff The Jolt (1921) - Georgette's Father Gleam O'Dawn (1922) - Pierre Winning with Wits (1922) - Stage manager Extra! Extra! (1922) - Jim Rogers The Glory of Clementina (1922) - Vandemeer Honor First (1922) - Tricot (the Apache) The Cub Reporter (1922) - Mandarin Youth Must Have Love (1922) - Austin Hibbard The Last Hour (1923) - Quales Soft Boiled (1923) - The Reformer The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) - Minor Role (uncredited) The Dangerous Maid (1923) - Jewars (Jeffreys' secretary) Little Robinson Crusoe (1924) - 'Singapore' Scroggs Young April (1926) - Flower vendor (uncredited) The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) - Barber (uncredited) What Price Glory? (1926) - Waiter at Cafe (uncredited) The Silent Avenger (1927) - Dave Wade Mountains of Manhattan (1927) - Jim Tully Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927) - Money Lender (uncredited) Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927) - Bidder at Eliza's Auction (uncredited) Ladies Must Dress (1927) - Office Manager A Girl in Every Port (1928) - Bartender in Marseille (uncredited) The Phantom of the Turf (1928) - The Lawyer Big News (1929) - Coroner Woman Trap (1929) - Detective Captain Dangerous Paradise (1930) - Zangiacomo Officer O'Brien (1930) - Patello's Attorney (uncredited) Strictly Unconventional (1930) - George - Ted's Valet (uncredited) Love in the Rough (1930) - Brown Paid (1930) - Max Hardy (uncredited) The Front Page (1931) - Sheriff Hartman Ladies' Man (1931) - H.J. Dargen (Jeweler) (uncredited) Sweepstakes (1931) - Mr. Emory Wicked (1931) - Juryman Night Life in Reno (1931) - Adrian Garrett Flying High (1931) - Lunch Counter Manager (uncredited) Her Majesty, Love (1931) - Uncle Cornelius The Sea Ghost (1931) - Henry Sykes Under Eighteen (1931) - A.J. Dietrich, Attorney (uncredited) The Beast of the City\",\n \"title\": \"Clarence Wilson (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4397535\",\n \"text\": \"The Making of Mr. Buechner's Dream is a DVD released in 2005 by the American rock band Daniel Amos on Stunt Records. The 90 minute film was edited together from over nine hours of randomly filmed home movies and footage made while the band was recording their epic 32 song album, Mr. Buechner's Dream. This \\\"making of\\\" documentary shows the band at work rehearsing the new songs and recording in the studio. Many \\\"making of\\\" documentaries, like The Beatles Let It Be do not actually show a lot of footage of the band recording what is actually found on the album. For example, many of that film's performances are different takes or rehearsals. In this film however, much of what is shown on the screen is the band recording exactly what is found on the album - from guitar solos, to vocals, to bass tracks. The film starts out letting the viewer roam around the band while it's rehearsing in drummer Ed McTaggart's house in California. The band is seen going through several of the songs from the album and working out chord changes. In most cases, the lyrics to the songs were not yet finished at this point so lead singer Terry Scott Taylor is seen improvising lyrics while the band plays. The next segment is an introduction to The Green Room studios and a short tribute to longtime D.A. engineer and friend, Gene Eugene, set to the music of \\\"Flash In Your Eyes,\\\" a song written about the late engineer and friend of the band. The rest of the film is inside the studio as the band works out guitar, bass, vocals, and drum tracks. The viewer gets to see the creative process as each band member takes part in making suggestions and giving their own ideas on each track. Also included in this segment is a number of comedy segments that the band put together in between sessions. Bonus material on the DVD includes a live performance by the band at the 2001 Creation Festival. Because much of this film is simply home movie footage filmed by the band itself, there are some quality issues from time to time. Lighting is not always the best and there are a few scenes with some digital noise in the audio. The producers of the film did their best to minimize these problems, but they are still noticeable at times. See also Frederick Buechner External links 2005 films Rockumentaries 2000s English-language films\",\n \"title\": \"The Making of Mr. Buechner's Dream\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23191696\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Kent (born Douglas Blackley, Jr.; December 3, 1908 – May 4, 1955), was an American film actor. His career included starring roles in several film serials of the 1940s, including The Phantom Creeps, Who's Guilty?, and The Phantom Rider. He also had a role in the 1938 film The Gladiator and was Virginia Vale's leading man in Blonde Comet, a 1941 movie about a female racing driver. He married actress Astrid Allwyn in Tijuana, Mexico, on January 10, 1937, and they were divorced in 1941. He had three children: Kristina, Susan, and Kim Louise. He died in Los Angeles, California of a coronary occlusion due to coronary arteriosclerosis. Partial filmography One Hour Late (1934) - Soda Jerk (uncredited) Car 99 (1935) - Recruit Blatzky Four Hours to Kill! (1935) - George Nelson Love in Bloom (1935) - Man Who Buys Song (uncredited) College Scandal (1935) - Dan Courtridge Two for Tonight (1935) - College Boy (uncredited) Ship Cafe (1935) - Jimmy (uncredited) Love Before Breakfast (1936) - First College Boy (uncredited) The Country Beyond (1936) - Cpl. Robert King The Crime of Dr. Forbes (1936) - Dr. Michael Forbes King of the Royal Mounted (1936) - RCMP Sgt. King Dimples (1936) - Allen Drew Reunion (1936) - Tony Luke Nancy Steele Is Missing! (1937) - Jimmie Wilson Step Lively, Jeeves! (1937) - Gerry Townsend That I May Live (1937) - Dick Mannion Angel's Holiday (1937) - Nick Moore Born Reckless (1937) - Lee Martin The 13th Man (1937) - Jack Winslow (uncredited) Charlie Chan at Monte Carlo (1937) - Gordon Chase Mr. Moto Takes a Chance (1938) - Marty Weston Highway Patrol (1938) - Patrolman (uncredited) The Gladiator (1938) - Tom Dixon Wanted by the Police (1938) - Policeman Mike O'Leary Gang Bullets (1938) - John Carter Little Orphan Annie (1938) - Johnny Adams The Phantom Creeps (1939) - Capt. Bob West Convict's Code (1939) - Dave Tyler Almost a Gentleman (1939) - Robert Mabrey East Side of Heaven (1939) - Cyrus Barrett Jr. For Love or Money (1939) - Ted Frazier Andy Hardy Gets Spring Fever (1939) - Ensign Copley The Secret of Dr. Kildare (1939) - Charles Herron Calling All Marines (1939) - Minor Role (uncredited) One Million B.C. (1940) - Mountain Guide (uncredited) Sunset in Wyoming (1941) - Larry Drew Twilight on the Trail (1941) - Ash Drake Niagara Falls (1941) - Hotel Guest (uncredited) Blonde Comet (1941) - Jim Flynn Tillie the Toiler (1941) Stagecoach Express (1942) - Griff Williams The Forest Rangers (1942) - Lookout (uncredited) Stand by for Action (1942) - Hank Nels (uncredited) Yanks Ahoy (1943) - Lt. Reeves Find the Blackmailer (1943) - Mark Harper Northern Pursuit (1943) - Soldier (uncredited) Gung Ho! (1943) - Submarine Navigator Robinson (uncredited) What a Man! (1944) - Steven M. Anderson Hot Rhythm (1944) - Herman Strohbach What Next, Corporal Hargrove? (1945) - Lt. Dillon Who's Guilty? (1945) - Bob Stewart The Phantom Rider (1946, Serial) - Dr. Jim Sterling / The Phantom Rider Blonde\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Kent (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66807823\",\n \"text\": \"Stan Ivar (born January 11, 1943) is an American actor who is best known for his role as John Carter in Little House on the Prairie, and also known for his roles as Ben Robinson in NCIS, Daniel Scott in Days of Our Lives, Mark Johnson in Star Trek: Voyager, and as Captain Mike Davison in the cult movie Creature (1985). Career He played blacksmith John Carter in Little House on the Prairie, joining the cast during the final season, and the TV movies Little House: Look Back to Yesterday, Little House: Bless All the Dear Children, and Little House: The Last Farewell. Once Little House on the Prairie ended, Ivar asked if he could keep the set. Ivar later disassembled the house and moved it out to his home in rural LA County. Other notable TV roles include Ben Robinson in NCIS, Daniel Scott in Days of Our Lives, Paul Raines in Highway to Heaven, and Mark Johnson in Star Trek: Voyager. He has also had roles in numerous other major television series, including Grapevine, General Hospital, Crazy Like a Fox, Scarecrow and Mrs. King, Cagney & Lacey, The Practice, St. Elsewhere, The John Larroquette Show, Married with Children, Murder, She Wrote, Beverly Hills, 90210, Beauty and the Beast, Cybill, Matlock, and Moonlighting. He has appeared in several television movies including The Alamo: Thirteen Days to Glory (1987), Shattered Dreams (1990), The Last Halloween (1991), Torch Song (1993), The Disappearance of Nora (1993), Chance of a Lifetime (1998), and many more. Feature film roles include Creature (1985), The Big Picture (1989), Rock-A-Doodle (1991), Aspen Extreme (1993), and playing Matt LeBlanc's character's father in Ed (1996). Filmography Film Television References External links 1943 births Living people Male actors from Brooklyn American male film actors American male television actors American male stage actors American male soap opera actors 20th-century American male actors\",\n \"title\": \"Stan Ivar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58035742\",\n \"text\": \"John Mark Robinson (born 19 July 1948) is an entrepreneur, director, and actor. Films he directed have included Roadhouse 66, Kid, and All Tied Up. He also directed the music videos for various musical artists including Bob Dylan, Tina Turner, Ramones, Pretenders, Bob Seger and Santana. Robinson is the founder and CEO of Tap&Go EV Ltd., owner operator of Vancouver Prop & Costume, and President of Boffi Los Angeles, having previously served as president of Modern Props. Robinson holds Patent No. 10,277,960 for his co-invention of a method and system for seeding video programs with episodic interactive items. Early life Robinson was born in Toronto, Ontario. He graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York. Music, television, and film career Robinson founded the Modern Productions in 1980 to direct and produce music videos for artists under the banner. In 1983, he directed Roadhouse 66, starring Willem Dafoe, released by Universal Pictures. In 1990, he directed the movie Kid released by Focus Features. Robinson directed the television show Martha Stewart Living in 1991. He also directed the movie Motowns Mustang in 1992 and All Tied Up in 1993. During his career, Robinson has directed and produced music videos for Bob Dylan (\\\"Sweetheart Like You\\\"), Bob Marley (\\\"Redemption Song\\\"), Pretenders, Tina Turner (\\\"What's Love Got to Do with It?\\\"), Ramones (\\\"Rock 'n' Roll High School\\\"), Santana (\\\"Hold On\\\"), Pat Benatar, and George Thorogood (\\\"Bad to the Bone\\\"). Design career Robinson is also a design professional, having served as president of Modern Props in both Los Angeles and Vancouver. He is the owner and operator of Vancouver Prop & Costume in Vancouver, British Columbia, as well as a partner in the Milanese a kitchen and bath design company Boffi Los Angeles. Vancouver Prop & Costume rents props and costumes for use in motion pictures, commercials, and television. Robinson has assembled tens of thousands of pieces that can be used. He purchased the selection of props from 20th Century Fox in 2005, and has continued to build the collection. He later founded Tap Media Labs, a company that adds content information to online videos for viewers, based in Vancouver and Los Angeles. Personal life Robinson married Linda DeScenna in 2017. Discography Music videos Credits References 1948 births Living people American male actors American directors American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni Male actors from Toronto American music video directors\",\n \"title\": \"John Mark Robinson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23890585\",\n \"text\": \"Blanche Robinson (Mrs. Martin Hennion Robinson, née Williams; 18 May 1883, near Liberty, Kansas – 19 August 1969, Los Angeles) was an American composer and well-known piano accompanist. During her prolific years as a composer, she lived in New York City. During her more active years as a piano accompanist, she lived in Los Angeles. In her published music, she was known as Mrs. M. Hennion Robinson or Mrs. M. Hennion-Robinson. Music career Robinson became a pupil in composition of Frederick Stephenson in Los Angeles. Her The Woman at Home, a chorus for women's voices, was performed with much success by the Lyric Club. Among her better-known compositions are Songs of You, The Mystic Hour, Youth, Fairies, Butterflies, The Dawn of Dawns, and a chorus for men's voices, A Song for Heroes. She performed under the management of Mr. Behymer in concert work. She also performed with Ebell Club, the Friday Morning Club, the Gamut Club, and many leading artists who toured Los Angeles. Family Father: Oliver David Williams (1854 Kentucky – 1932, Venice, California) Mother: Joanna Williams, née Dickerson (25 Oct 1855 Crawfordsville, Indiana – Oct 1949, Venice, California) Husband: Martin Hennion Robinson (18 January 1878 Missouri – 2 May 1964 Los Angeles) and Blanche Williams were married September 27, 1904, in Los Angeles, at the Central Methodist Episcopal Church, Los Angeles. Robinson died August 19, 1969, in Los Angeles. Her ashes are stored at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica, next to those of her daughter Dorothy B. Robinson (1906 Los Angeles – 2004), also a pianist. Music club and sorority affiliations Both Blanche Robinson and her daughter, Dorothy Robinson, were members of The Dominant Club, a Los Angeles charitable club of women musicians founded in 1906 that promotes women in classical music and chamber music. Blanche Robinson was a charter member and past president of The Dominant Club. Early education At age nine, Robinson's family moved to Chicago; there, she began eight-years of study with William Charles Ernest Seeboeck (21 August 1859 Vienna, Austria – 1907 Chicago), a gifted pianist and composer who had been a student of Anton Rubinstein (1829–1894). Selected compositions \\\"Love Was a Beggar,\\\" written for Mary McCormic, music by Robinson \\\"Love's Trilogy,\\\" a song for four-part chorus of women's voices, words by E. Sterrett, music by Robinson, G. Schirmer (1925) \\\"The Fairies,\\\" words & music by Robinson, G. Schirmer (1926) \\\"The Woman at Home,\\\" a chorus for women's voices \\\"Songs of You\\\" \\\"The Mystic Hour\\\" \\\"Youth,\\\" music by Robinson, words by Mrs. Louise Stedman Bostick \\\"Butterflies\\\" \\\"The Dawn of Dawns,\\\" music by Robinson, words by Ina Donna Coolbrith \\\"The Chudder Weaver,\\\" for high or medium voice, music by Robinson, words by Frances Hull Topping (b. 1879), G. Schirmer (©July 3, 1937) \\\"Two pictures,\\\" for voice and piano, G. Schirmer (©1924) LCCN unk84197289 \\\"The Lover's Errand\\\" Ellis Club of Los Angeles Collection of Musical Arrangements and Papers Processed by the staff of the Dept. of Music Special Collections, UCLA UCLA Library, Performing Arts Special Collections\",\n \"title\": \"Blanche Robinson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9602392\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Patience\\\" is a song written by Henry Krieger and Willie Reale for the 2006 film Dreamgirls. The movie is an adaptation of the musical of the same name, which made its debut on Broadway in December 1981. The R&B track has been incorporated to more recent revivals of the stage drama, with \\\"Patience\\\" being one of several elements crossing from the adaptation to its parent production. Within the context of the film, the social protest song is spearheaded by star performer James \\\"Thunder\\\" Early (played by Eddie Murphy) only for its release to get killed by the hustling record business figure Curtis Taylor, Jr. (played by Jamie Foxx). Movie critic Peter Rainer of the Christian Science Monitor remarked that the emotional scene displayed \\\"Murphy at his best.\\\" Similar praise came from David Rooney of Variety. Although nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 79th Academy Awards. Background and critical responses \\\"Patience\\\" didn't exist during the creation of the original Dreamgirls musical, a stage drama which made its debut on Broadway in December 1981. Songwriters Henry Krieger and Willie Reale devised \\\"Patience\\\" for the musical's 2006 movie adaptation, which also featured the title Dreamgirls. The r&b track has been incorporated to more recent revivals of the stage drama, with \\\"Patience\\\" being one of several elements crossing from the adaptation to its parent production. The socially-charged lyrics and impassioned singing behind the song make it an inspirational piece of protest music meant to evoke the 70s-era musical work of artists such as Donny Hathaway, Marvin Gaye, and Stevie Wonder. \\\"Patience\\\" is performed both in the film and on its related soundtrack by the trio of Eddie Murphy, Anika Noni Rose, and Keith Robinson. It was Record producer by The Underdogs. In the context of the film, \\\"Patience\\\" is a politically-charged piece written by talented singer-songwriter C.C. White (played by Robinson) and recorded by star performer James \\\"Thunder\\\" Early (played by Murphy) coupled with vocalist Lorrell Robinson (played by Rose) and a gospel choir. In a scene set in 1973, the song comes into being after Early seeks to develop his public image while being under the thumb of manipulative, shady record business figure Curtis Taylor, Jr. (played by Jamie Foxx). Much to the chagrin of his employees, Foxx's character axes the song's release. This feeds into the flashes of anxiety and depression suffered by Murphy's character, which he self-medicates through illicit drug use. \\\"Patience\\\" was one of three Dreamgirls songs nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 79th Academy Awards. The others were \\\"Love You I Do\\\" and \\\"Listen\\\". All three Dreamgirls songs (as well as the piece \\\"Our Town\\\" that Randy Newman penned for Cars) lost the Oscar to \\\"I Need to Wake Up\\\" by Melissa Etheridge, which the songwriter created for An Inconvenient Truth. At the 2007 Academy Awards ceremony, \\\"Patience\\\" was performed by Rose and Robinson along with a gospel choir and their co-stars Beyoncé Knowles and Jennifer Hudson. Film critics\",\n \"title\": \"Patience (Dreamgirls song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4697496\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Spencer Robinson (born May 24, 1969) is an American musician and founding member of the rock and roll band the Black Crowes. Along with older brother Chris Robinson, Rich formed the band in 1984 (originally called Mr. Crowes Garden) while the two were attending Walton High School in Marietta, Georgia. At age 15, Rich wrote the music for \\\"She Talks to Angels\\\", which became one of the band's biggest hits. Biography Early life Robinson was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and grew up in the East Cobb County/Marietta suburbs of Atlanta. He is the son of Nancy Jane (née Bradley) and Stanley \\\"Stan\\\" Robinson. His father's single, \\\"Boom-A-Dip-Dip\\\", was No. 83 on the 1959 Billboard charts. The Black Crowes The first incarnation of what would become the Black Crowes appeared as early as 1984. The band were then named Mr. Crowe's Garden after a favorite childhood fairy tale. Robinson has stated that, because of his young age, he would have to sneak in and out the venues they performed and would be refused admittance if he returned the next day to attend a gig himself. By 1989, the band had become the Black Crowes and had gained momentum in their native Georgia. Producer George Drakoulias discovered the band during a New York City show the band gave that year, and had them signed to Rick Rubin's then newly formed Def American label. Recording sessions began almost immediately and the band's debut, $hake Your Money Maker, was released in 1990 to a wide charting success and good critical reception. Much of the album showcased the skills of then-21 years old Rich, from the opening riff of \\\"Twice As Hard\\\" to the melody of Mainstream Rock chart-topping hit \\\"She Talks to Angels\\\". The band quickly hit the road in support of the album, first with Aerosmith (1990), then with ZZ Top (1991). Having been fired from the latter for behavior issues, the band started its own tour in 1991. The $hake Your Money Maker Tour was followed by the 1992 release of The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion. Departing from the more traditional rock & roll approach of their first album, the album featured more syncopated rhythms and generally longer songs (with three songs exceeding 6 minutes). The single Remedy reached No. 1 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in May 1992. Extensive touring, including headlining shows and festivals in Europe and Japan followed the release of the album, with the band appearing at the 1993 Pinkpop Festival. Although the band's popularity never again reached the pinnacle of their first two albums, the Black Crowes established a loyal and steady following across the United States and, to a lesser extent, United Kingdom and continental Europe. Amorica (1994) and Three Snakes and One Charm saw the band delving further into jam rock, before By Your Side returned to a more straightforward sound, more relating to Shake Your Money Maker while retaining musical elements developed since Amorica. After releasing Lions in 2001 and\",\n \"title\": \"Rich Robinson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13989069\",\n \"text\": \"Tamla Motown Gold: The Sound of Young America is a three-disc compilation album released by the Tamla Motown label in 2001. It features all the hits from the label in the 1960s, by various artists. Track listing Disc 1 Barrett Strong - Money (That's What I Want) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - Shop Around The Marvelettes - Please Mr. Postman The Contours - Do You Love Me The Marvelettes - Beechwood 4-5789 Marvin Gaye - Stubborn Kind Of Fellow Stevie Wonder - Fingertips Martha Reeves & The Vandellas - (Love Is Like A) Heatwave Marvin Gaye - How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You) The Temptations - The Way You Do The Things You Do Four Tops - Baby I Need Your Loving The Velvelettes - Needle in a Haystack Diana Ross & The Supremes - Baby Love Martha Reeves & The Vandellas - Dancing in the Street Brenda Holloway - Every Little Bit Hurts Diana Ross & The Supremes - Where Did Our Love Go? The Temptations - My Girl Mary Wells - My Guy The Velvelettes - He Was Really Sayin' Somethin' Diana Ross & The Supremes - Come See About Me Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - The Tracks Of My Tears Martha Reeves & The Vandellas - Nowhere to Run Four Tops - I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch) Diana Ross & The Supremes - Stop! In the Name of Love Junior Walker & the Allstars - \\\"Shotgun\\\" Kim Weston - Take Me In Your Arms (Rock Me a Little While) Diana Ross & The Supremes - Back in My Arms Again Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - Going To A Go-Go Disc 2 Four Tops - It's The Same Old Song Junior Walker & the Allstars - (I'm a) Road Runner Diana Ross & The Supremes - I Hear a Symphony Four Tops - Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever The Isley Brothers - This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak For You) Marvin Gaye & Kim Weston - It Takes Two Stevie Wonder - Uptight (Everything's Alright) The Temptations - Ain't Too Proud To Beg Four Tops - Reach Out, I'll Be There Diana Ross & The Supremes - You Can't Hurry Love The Isley Brothers - I Guess I'll Always Love You Junior Walker & the Allstars - How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You) Stevie Wonder - A Place in the Sun The Temptations - Beauty Is Only Skin Deep Four Tops - Standing in the Shadows of Love Diana Ross & The Supremes - You Keep Me Hangin' On The Isley Brothers - Put Yourself In My Place Jimmy Ruffin - What Becomes of the Broken Hearted Four Tops - Bernadette Diana Ross & The Supremes - Love Is Here and Now You're Gone Gladys Knight & the Pips - I Heard It Through the Grapevine The Isley Brothers - Behind a Painted Smile Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - I Second That Emotion\",\n \"title\": \"Tamla Motown Gold: The Sound of Young America\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72201621\",\n \"text\": \"Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (Original Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album to the 2022 film Weird: The Al Yankovic Story, a satirical biopic, loosely based on the life and career of comedy musician \\\"Weird Al\\\" Yankovic, who is also credited as executive producer and co-writer of the film. The film, co-written and directed by Eric Appel (in his directorial debut), stars Daniel Radcliffe as Yankovic, along with Evan Rachel Wood, Rainn Wilson, Toby Huss, Arturo Castro, and Julianne Nicholson in supporting roles. The album features 46 tracks in total, consisting mostly Yankovic's early songs that were re-recorded for the album, new renditions of several of his parody songs, and original score compositions by Leo Birenberg and Zach Robinson, accompanying the remainder of it. Yankovic's original song \\\"Now You Know\\\" specially recorded for the film (in the closing credits) and album, was released as a single on November 4, 2022. The song was recorded in order to be eligible for a Best Original Song nomination at the 95th Academy Awards, but the prospects of an Academy Award campaign was dropped as its distributor Roku denied a limited theatrical release plans for the film. The same day, the album was released as a companion to the film by Legacy Recordings, in conjunction with its streaming premiere on The Roku Channel, though music enthusiasts mentioned it as a \\\"surprise album\\\" from Yankovic. It was released in CD on February 3, 2023, and a two-disc vinyl edition of the soundtrack was released on May 19, 2023. Production Background The original score is composed by Leo Birenberg and Zach Robinson, who also worked on Cobra Kai (2018–present). Birenberg and Robinson discussed the film's music with Eric Appel and \\\"Weird Al\\\" Yankovic. Yankovic interacted with the crew through Zoom due to his participation in global tours, while scoring the film. Birenberg said on his creative collaboration with Yankovic, as \\\"he's an awesome guy to work with, because he's obviously so creative and such a visionary, but he also knows how much direction to give and to let people do their thing to make it as good as possible\\\". On doing parody music, Robinson added that \\\"you almost 'cue' the audience where to laugh a little bit. So the way you'll structure a specific build or a specific hit will be designed to tee up a punchline that exists in the on-camera work. And when you just play it straight, you're still hitting things and still building, but you're doing it in a way that you want the audience to be like, 'Yeah, I'm in it. This is a sweet action movie.' That's the difference.\\\" Composition The accordion was used as the primary instrument in the score, played by Cory Pesaturo. On using an accordion for the themes, Robinson explained that the process was \\\"insanely difficult\\\" as the player needs to know the aspects of an accordion and piano, and put them while constantly bellowing, as \\\"that's what makes the sound, is the air being pushed out\",\n \"title\": \"Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (soundtrack)\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Graduate"],"string":"[\n \"The Graduate\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":61,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_2439"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"how many species of kangaroos are native to australia"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"68456270","text":"Bohra is an extinct genus of macropod from the Plio-Pleistocene of Australia. It is closely related to modern tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus), and like them is thought to have had an arboreal lifestyle, with some species of Bohra substantially exceeding living tree kangaroos in size. Taxonomy The type species, Bohra paulae was first described in 1982 from material found in Wellington Caves in New South Wales. Bohra is the name of a legendary kangaroo of the Euahlayi tribe from New South Wales. Bohra was said to walk on all four limbs and possessed sharp canine teeth before being removed by men. Living tree-kangaroos share similar proportions between the front and hind limbs. Three other species have been described: Bohra wilkinsonorum from southeastern Queensland in 2004, Bohra illuminata from south-central Australia in 2008, and Bohra nullarbora from Western Australia in 2009. Bohra is considered a plesiomorphic sister taxon to the living tree-kangaroos (Dendrolagus). Description Some species of Bohra like Bohra paula and Bohra wilkinsonorum were much larger than any tree-kangaroo, with estimated body masses of . They many similarities with tree-kangaroos in their cranio-dental and hind limb morphology, and in spite of its size, shows many of the same arboreal adaptations as its living relatives. Among the similarities are the calcaneus being flat and broad with the cuboid articulation not being stepped and the height-to-width ratio of the articulation being much smaller than in that of other types of kangaroos. Compared to living tree kangaroos, the species of Bohra are distinguished by proportionally larger cheek teeth and longer upper incisors. Remains of Bohra illuminata also show morphological similarities to rock wallabies (Petrogale); recent molecular studies suggest that rock wallabies are the closest living relatives of tree-kangaroos, further proving Bohra is of close relation to these groups. Distribution and habitat Bohra wilkinsonorum is the oldest species (Pliocene), while the remaining species are of Pleistocene age. All species of Bohra inhabited regions more southerly than any tree-kangaroo, including the now treeless Nullarbor plain. Given the arboreal nature of Bohra, it seems many regions of Australia were able to better support tree cover in the recent past. The youngest records of Bohra dates to around the Late Pleistocene, though the precise timing of extinction is uncertain due to a lack of precise dating on remains, though they may have persisted as recently as 22,000 years ago based on Dendrolagus-like DNA found in indeterminate bone fragments from Tunnel Cave in Southwestern Australia. References Prehistoric macropods Pliocene mammals of Australia Pleistocene mammals of Australia Pleistocene extinctions Prehistoric marsupial genera","title":"Bohra (mammal)"},{"docid":"67594455","text":"Grevillea dilatata is a species of plant in the protea family that is endemic to Australia. It is native to south-eastern South Australia, including Kangaroo Island as well as the Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas. Description Grevillea dilatata is a shrub that grows up to tall and up to across. Leaves appear 'fan-shaped' with margins appearing more 'toothed' than lobed and noticeably pungent. The upper surface of the leaf is either glabrous or with sparse indumentum. The lower surface is always covered in subsericious (straight, silky) hairs. Taxonomy This species was once considered part of Grevillea ilicifolia, where it was known as Grevillea ilicifolia var. dilatata. A morphological study published in 2004 resulted in G. ilicifolia being separated into three species and four subspecies. The specific epithet (dilatata) is a Latin word meaning \"expanded\" or \"widened\". In some publications, it is still referred to as Grevillea ilicifolia var. dilatata. Distribution and habitat This species can be found in mallee, heath and shrubland habitats in south-eastern South Australia, including the York and Eyre peninsulas and Kangaroo Island. Conservation status Grevillea dilatata is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as it has lost 30% of its habitat from the 1980s to now due to land clearing for agriculture. It is currently threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation for agriculture and competition with invasive weeds. The population ia likely to be currently stable and it appears to be locally common within its distribution. References dilatata Proteales of Australia Endemic flora of Australia Flora of South Australia Plants described in 1830 Flora of Kangaroo Island","title":"Grevillea dilatata"},{"docid":"44243772","text":"Amblyomma triguttatum, commonly known as the kangaroo tick, is a species of tick in the genus Amblyomma native to Australia, in Western Australia, parts of Queensland, and in New South Wales. Subspecies There are four subspecies, one or more of which might be separate species. The nominate subspecies is a vector for Rickettsia. Ecology Like all species in its family, Ixodidae (known as hard ticks), the kangaroo tick is a parasitic arachnid and is an obligate hematophage, solely consuming blood for its nutritional needs. Hosts Thought to be a carrier of Q fever, in addition to parasitising macropods such as western grey kangaroos and Tammar wallabies, it has been found on a variety of other mammalian hosts, including black rats, European rabbits, domesticated dogs and cats, and humans. References Amblyomma Animals described in 1844 Arachnids of Australia","title":"Amblyomma triguttatum"},{"docid":"2422141","text":"Matschie's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei), also known as the Huon tree-kangaroo is a tree-kangaroo native to the Huon Peninsula of northeastern New Guinea island, within the nation of Papua New Guinea. Under the IUCN classification, Matschie's tree-kangaroo is an endangered species. The scientific name honours German biologist Paul Matschie. The indigenous population refers to it as a Boongarry. Description With a body and head length of , Matschie's tree-kangaroo are much smaller than Australia's well-known red kangaroo. An adult male weighs between 20 and 25 lb (9–11 kg). An adult female weighs between 15 and 20 lb (7–9 kg). There is no particular season in which they breed. Gestation lasts 44 days and joeys of captive bred individuals leave the pouch after 11 months. The average life span of the Matschie's tree-kangaroo in the wild is unknown, but is at least 14 years. The life span of the kangaroo in a zoo is about 20 years. The most distinctive trait of all tree-kangaroos is the hair whorl they possess. It is a patch of hair that goes out in many directions and its location ranges from up near the shoulders all the way down to the tail. The Matschie's tree-kangaroo is golden on its ventral side, lower parts of its limbs, ear edges, belly, and tail, and the rest of its body is a chestnut brown colour, except for usually having a dark stripe down its back. Their faces are typically an array of yellow and white colours. The Matschies' are similar in colour and size to Dendrolagus dorianus, the Doria's tree-kangaroo. Matschies' ears are small and bear-like looking and they do not have a good sense of hearing because of it. They have curved claws on their forelimbs and soft pads on their hind limbs that aid in their climbing ability, and they have some independent movement of their digits as well as good dexterity due to their forelimbs being able to bend a great deal. The 4th and 5th digit of their feet are enlarged, the 1st digit is absent, and the 2nd and 3rd digits are syndactylous (two digits that look like one fused together). Scientists have discovered that the Matschie's are able to walk bipedally and there's a lot of rotation in their limbs for climbing. Out of all of the Dendrolagus species, the Matschie's tree-kangaroo is the best vertical climber and has more strength in its muscles than any others. Their tails help to offset their balance while moving swiftly through the trees since their tails are about the same length as their head and body size. Sexual dimorphism is very low, with males and females being of about equal sizes. The upper and lower jaws of the Matschie's tree-kangaroos are different too in addition to them being different in body size. The upper jaw has three incisors, one canine, one premolar, and four molars, while the lower jaw has one very sharp incisor, no canines and low crowned molars. Ecology and behavior Matschie's tree-kangaroo lives","title":"Matschie's tree-kangaroo"},{"docid":"72595219","text":"Macropodiformes is a suborder of Australian marsupial mammals. Members of this suborder are called macropodiformes, and include kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos. Macropodiformes is one of three suborders that form the order Diprotodontia, the largest extant order of marsupials. They are found in Australia and New Guinea, generally in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and savannas, though some species can also be found in deserts and rocky areas. They range in size from the musky rat-kangaroo, at plus a tail, to the red kangaroo, at plus a tail. Macropodiformes primarily eat leaves, grass, ferns, and shrubs, as well as fruit and other plant material. Many macropodiformes do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 40 individuals to 500,000. Ten species are categorized as endangered: Calaby's pademelon, Cape York rock-wallaby, dingiso, Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo, ifola, Matschie's tree-kangaroo, mountain pademelon, nabarlek, northern bettong, and Proserpine rock-wallaby. A further six species are categorized as critically endangered: the black dorcopsis, Gilbert's potoroo, golden-mantled tree-kangaroo, tenkile, Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo, and woylie. Eight species have gone extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began: the broad-faced potoroo, crescent nail-tail wallaby, desert bettong, desert rat-kangaroo, eastern hare-wallaby, Lake Mackay hare-wallaby, Nullarbor dwarf bettong, and toolache wallaby. The seventy-two extant species of Macropodiformes are divided into three families: Hypsiprymnodontidae, containing a single species, the musky rat-kangaroo; Macropodidae, containing sixty-three species divided between the twelve genera in the subfamily Macropodinae and the single genus of the subfamily Sthenurinae; and Potoroidae, containing eight species in three extant genera. Dozens of extinct Macropodiformes species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. Conventions Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the macropodiformes's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera, species, or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol \"\". Classification The suborder Macropodiformes consists of three extant families: Hypsiprymnodontidae, Macropodidae, and Potoroidae. Hypsiprymnodontidae contains a single species and Potoroidae contains eight species in three extant genera. Macropodidae is divided into two subfamilies: Macropodinae, containing sixty-three species divided between twelve genera, and Sthenurinae, containing a single species. In addition to the extant species, eight species—four in Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae, including one extinct genus—have gone extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began. Family Hypsiprymnodontidae Genus Hypsiprymnodon (musky rat-kangaroo): one species Family Macropodidae Subfamily Macropodinae Genus Dendrolagus (tree-kangaroos): fourteen species Genus Dorcopsis (dorcopsises): four species Genus Dorcopsulus (forest wallabies): two species Genus Lagorchestes (hare-wallabies): four species (two extinct) Genus Macropus (grey kangaroos): two species Genus Notamacropus (wallabies): eight species (one extinct) Genus Osphranter (kangaroos): four species Genus Onychogalea (nail-tail wallabies):","title":"List of macropodiformes"},{"docid":"8667993","text":"The antilopine kangaroo (Osphranter antilopinus), also known as the antilopine wallaroo or the antilopine wallaby, is a species of macropod found in northern Australia: in Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It is a locally common, gregarious grazer. Taxonomy The description of the species by John Gould was published in 1842, one of four new species of 'kangaroos' presented before the Zoological Society of London in 1841. The type location was given as Port Essington. The author assigned the new species to the genus Osphranter, a taxon later submerged as a subgenus of Macropus, and recognised an affinity with his earlier description of Macropus robustus (known as the common wallaroo or euro). A taxonomic restructuring in 2019, based on genetic analysis, promoted Osphranter back to genus level, redefining the antilopine kangaroo and the red kangaroo, among others, as species within the genus Osphranter. The common names of the species include antilopine wallaroo, antilopine kangaroo and antilopine wallaby. The specific epithet antilopinus was proposed by Gould for the resemblance of the fur to the African mammals known as antelopes. The descriptive \"antilopine\" or \"antelope\" kangaroo is sometimes substituted as the 'antilopine wallaroo', but in behaviour and habitat it is similar to the red, eastern grey and western grey kangaroos. Occupying a similar niche to the large and reddish Osphranter rufus in the woodlands of southern and eastern Australia, it is also referred to locally as the red kangaroo, though it is a different species. Description The antilopine kangaroo is a larger species of Osphranter, a genus of kangaroos and wallabies. They share many characteristics with others of the genus, but have longer and more slender limbs like the larger species of the genus. The fur is short, pale at the ventral side and grading to a reddish tan colour over the upper parts of the pelage. Females have similar coloration, although lighter and with greyish fur at the head and shoulders. A patch or stripe of paler coloured fur is seen at the lower part of the head, and a lighter colour at the inside and edge of the ear sharply contrasts with the darker fur colour of outer side. The paws of the front and hind legs are very dark, and contrast the lighter fur of the lower limb. Their tails are thickly covered in fur, a uniform width along its length, and a paler shade of the upper body colour. The bare skin of the rhinarium is black. Measurements of the head and body combined is up to for males, with a tail to , and no longer than for females, whose tails are up to . Their standing height, from the crown of the head to the ground, is approximately . The female may weigh up to , and males may be over twice this weight at 49 kg. The male's head shape, like the red kangaroo Osphranter rufus, resembles that of a mule. The","title":"Antilopine kangaroo"},{"docid":"73244406","text":"Diprotodontia is an order of Australian marsupial mammals. Members of this order are called diprotodonts. Diprotodontia is the largest order of marsupials and currently comprises 140 extant species, which are grouped into 39 genera. They are found in Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia, in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and savannas, though some species are found in deserts and rocky areas. They come in a wide array of sizes, ranging from the Tasmanian pygmy possum, at plus a tail, to the red kangaroo, at plus a tail. Diprotodontia is subdivided into three suborders: Macropodiformes, Phalangeriformes, and Vombatiformes. Macropodiformes has 72 species in 3 families: Hypsiprymnodontidae, Macropodidae, and Potoroidae, and includes kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos. Phalangeriformes has 64 species in 6 families: Acrobatidae, Petauridae, Pseudocheiridae, Tarsipedidae, Burramyidae, and Phalangeridae, and includes cuscus and the brushtail, ringtail, and gliding possums. Vombatiformes has only four species in two families: Phascolarctidae, the koala, and Vombatidae, the wombats. The classification of species in the order is not fixed, with many recent proposals for changes made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, the present set of suborders was created beginning in 1997 by splitting the former suborder Phalangerida into Macropodiformes and Phalangeriformes, and further reorganizations have been proposed. In addition to the extant species, eight species in the suborder Phalangeriformes—four in the family Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae—have been made extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began: the broad-faced potoroo, crescent nail-tail wallaby, desert bettong, desert rat-kangaroo, eastern hare-wallaby, Lake Mackay hare-wallaby, Nullarbor dwarf bettong, and toolache wallaby. Dozens of extinct, prehistoric Diprotodont species have also been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. Conventions Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol \"\". Classification The order Diprotodontia consists of 140 extant species belonging to 39 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 39 genera can be grouped into 11 families; these families are grouped into the suborders Macropodiformes, Phalangeriformes, and Vombatiformes, and many are further grouped into named clades or subfamilies. In addition to the extant species, eight species in the suborder Phalangeriformes—four in the family Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae, including one extinct genus—have been made extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began. Suborder Macropodiformes Family Hypsiprymnodontidae (musky rat-kangaroo): 1 genus, 1 species Family Macropodidae Subfamily Macropodinae (kangaroos and wallabies) 12 genera, 66 species (4 extinct) Subfamily Sthenurinae (banded hare-wallaby) 1 genera, 1 species Family Potoroidae (bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos) 4 genera (1 extinct),","title":"List of diprotodonts"},{"docid":"17905749","text":"Eucalyptus cneorifolia, the Kangaroo Island narrow-leaf mallee, is a native tree of Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Description The mallee tree will grow to in height, it has an upright habit and can have a single or multiple stems with a lignotuber at the base of the trunk. It mostly forms a dense canopy of thin dark green leaves that have conspicuous oil glands. The bark is fibrous, greyish-brown to dark-grey in colour with longitudinally fissured bark on the lower trunk and with smooth greyish bark above. Adult leaves have an alternate arrangement. The leaf blade is linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong shape with a length of and a width of . the leaves are glossy, olive-green, dull and grey-green when dried with indistinct veins. It flowers between December and April producing inflorescences with small white flowers. The flowers occur in umbels of 4 to 14 found at the axils of the leaves. The buds are usually more or less ellipsoid in shape with a conical or hemispherical-conical bud-cap. The buds have a length of and a width of . The fruits that form are hemispherical or hemispherical-globose in shape. They have a length of to . The fruit disc is wide and flat or slightly raised with three or four needle-like exserted valves. Fruits contain brown ovoid shaped seeds with a slightly wrinkled surface that are and wide. Taxonomy The species was first formally described by the botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1828 and published in Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. The species name cneorifolia is taken from the genus Cneorum and the Latin word 'folium' meaning a leaf, referring to the similarity of the leaves to those of the unrelated plant Cneorum tricoccum. Distribution The Kangaroo Island narrow-leaf mallee was originally endemic to eastern Kangaroo Island and has no closely related species. It is also found around Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges on the mainland but is vulnerable on the Fleurieu Peninsula. It grows well in well-drained soils over laterite or limestone as part of a dense mallee shrubland community. Cultivation It is grown in plantations for the production of cineole based eucalyptus oil. On Kangaroo Island, there were over 100 stills for the production of eucalyptus oil from the narrow-leaf mallee, however, the distillation industry went into decline after the 1930s due to the greater profitability of sheep farming. Today there is currently only one operating distillery on the island. Gallery References External links Eucalyptus Oil Industry Revival, Landline, ABC. cneorifolia Myrtales of Australia Crops originating from Australia Flora of Kangaroo Island Plants described in 1828","title":"Eucalyptus cneorifolia"},{"docid":"5625932","text":"Arripis trutta, known as the Australian salmon in Australia and as kahawai in New Zealand, is a South Pacific marine fish and one of the four extant species within the genus Arripis, native to the cooler waters around the southeastern Australian coasts and the New Zealand coastline. Other common names for this species include Eastern Australian salmon, bay trout, blackback salmon (or just \"black back\"), buck salmon (or \"buck\"), cocky salmon, colonial salmon, newfish and salmon trout. Although it is referred to as \"salmon\" in Australian English and its species epithet trutta is Latin for trout, it is not related to true salmons or trouts, which belong to the family Salmonidae of the order Salmoniformes. All Arripis species belong to the family Arripidae of the order Perciformes. Taxonomy Arripis trutta was first formally described in 1801 as Sciaena trutta by Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider with the type locality given as the Cook Strait. Description Arripis trutta is a streamlined fish with a long and slender body. There is a bony ridge edge of bone beneath and in front of each eye which has obvious serrations in smaller individuals. In larger fish the scales feel smooth. The lobes of the caudal fin are equivalent in length to the head. These fish are dark bluish-green dorsally and silvery white ventrally. The juveniles have golden bars on their upper flanks and these break up into large spots as the fish matures. The pectoral fin is vivid yellow and the caudal and spiny part of the dorsal fin both have a blackish margin. There are 9 spines and 15–17 soft rays in the dorsal fin and 3 spines and 9–10 soft rays in the anal fin. The maximum total length recorded is although they are commonly a total length of around and the maximum recorded weight is . The most consistent difference between this species and Arripis truttacea is the gill raker count, A. truttacea has 25–31 gill rakers and A trutta has 33–40. Arripis trutta can differentiated from Arripis xylabion, as the former has a larger tail. Distribution Arripis trutta is found in the southwestern Pacific Ocean mostly around the littoral waters of the Tasman Sea and Bass Strait. In Australia, they are found from Moreton Bay in Queensland to western Victoria and northern Tasmania, with infrequent records at Kangaroo Island in South Australia. They are also found around Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island in the open waters of the Tasman Sea. In New Zealand, they are distributed around the coasts but are more common north of Kaikōura on the South Island. They are also found around the Chatham Islands and Kermadec Islands east of New Zealand. Habitat and biology Arripis trutta is a migratory fish that may swim long distances, sometimes thousands of kilometres. The adults congregate and form very large schools off oceanic beaches and exposed coasts coastal areas, and will enter rivers. The juveniles live in smaller schools in more sheltered areas such as bays","title":"Arripis trutta"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"68456270\",\n \"text\": \"Bohra is an extinct genus of macropod from the Plio-Pleistocene of Australia. It is closely related to modern tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus), and like them is thought to have had an arboreal lifestyle, with some species of Bohra substantially exceeding living tree kangaroos in size. Taxonomy The type species, Bohra paulae was first described in 1982 from material found in Wellington Caves in New South Wales. Bohra is the name of a legendary kangaroo of the Euahlayi tribe from New South Wales. Bohra was said to walk on all four limbs and possessed sharp canine teeth before being removed by men. Living tree-kangaroos share similar proportions between the front and hind limbs. Three other species have been described: Bohra wilkinsonorum from southeastern Queensland in 2004, Bohra illuminata from south-central Australia in 2008, and Bohra nullarbora from Western Australia in 2009. Bohra is considered a plesiomorphic sister taxon to the living tree-kangaroos (Dendrolagus). Description Some species of Bohra like Bohra paula and Bohra wilkinsonorum were much larger than any tree-kangaroo, with estimated body masses of . They many similarities with tree-kangaroos in their cranio-dental and hind limb morphology, and in spite of its size, shows many of the same arboreal adaptations as its living relatives. Among the similarities are the calcaneus being flat and broad with the cuboid articulation not being stepped and the height-to-width ratio of the articulation being much smaller than in that of other types of kangaroos. Compared to living tree kangaroos, the species of Bohra are distinguished by proportionally larger cheek teeth and longer upper incisors. Remains of Bohra illuminata also show morphological similarities to rock wallabies (Petrogale); recent molecular studies suggest that rock wallabies are the closest living relatives of tree-kangaroos, further proving Bohra is of close relation to these groups. Distribution and habitat Bohra wilkinsonorum is the oldest species (Pliocene), while the remaining species are of Pleistocene age. All species of Bohra inhabited regions more southerly than any tree-kangaroo, including the now treeless Nullarbor plain. Given the arboreal nature of Bohra, it seems many regions of Australia were able to better support tree cover in the recent past. The youngest records of Bohra dates to around the Late Pleistocene, though the precise timing of extinction is uncertain due to a lack of precise dating on remains, though they may have persisted as recently as 22,000 years ago based on Dendrolagus-like DNA found in indeterminate bone fragments from Tunnel Cave in Southwestern Australia. References Prehistoric macropods Pliocene mammals of Australia Pleistocene mammals of Australia Pleistocene extinctions Prehistoric marsupial genera\",\n \"title\": \"Bohra (mammal)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67594455\",\n \"text\": \"Grevillea dilatata is a species of plant in the protea family that is endemic to Australia. It is native to south-eastern South Australia, including Kangaroo Island as well as the Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas. Description Grevillea dilatata is a shrub that grows up to tall and up to across. Leaves appear 'fan-shaped' with margins appearing more 'toothed' than lobed and noticeably pungent. The upper surface of the leaf is either glabrous or with sparse indumentum. The lower surface is always covered in subsericious (straight, silky) hairs. Taxonomy This species was once considered part of Grevillea ilicifolia, where it was known as Grevillea ilicifolia var. dilatata. A morphological study published in 2004 resulted in G. ilicifolia being separated into three species and four subspecies. The specific epithet (dilatata) is a Latin word meaning \\\"expanded\\\" or \\\"widened\\\". In some publications, it is still referred to as Grevillea ilicifolia var. dilatata. Distribution and habitat This species can be found in mallee, heath and shrubland habitats in south-eastern South Australia, including the York and Eyre peninsulas and Kangaroo Island. Conservation status Grevillea dilatata is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as it has lost 30% of its habitat from the 1980s to now due to land clearing for agriculture. It is currently threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation for agriculture and competition with invasive weeds. The population ia likely to be currently stable and it appears to be locally common within its distribution. References dilatata Proteales of Australia Endemic flora of Australia Flora of South Australia Plants described in 1830 Flora of Kangaroo Island\",\n \"title\": \"Grevillea dilatata\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44243772\",\n \"text\": \"Amblyomma triguttatum, commonly known as the kangaroo tick, is a species of tick in the genus Amblyomma native to Australia, in Western Australia, parts of Queensland, and in New South Wales. Subspecies There are four subspecies, one or more of which might be separate species. The nominate subspecies is a vector for Rickettsia. Ecology Like all species in its family, Ixodidae (known as hard ticks), the kangaroo tick is a parasitic arachnid and is an obligate hematophage, solely consuming blood for its nutritional needs. Hosts Thought to be a carrier of Q fever, in addition to parasitising macropods such as western grey kangaroos and Tammar wallabies, it has been found on a variety of other mammalian hosts, including black rats, European rabbits, domesticated dogs and cats, and humans. References Amblyomma Animals described in 1844 Arachnids of Australia\",\n \"title\": \"Amblyomma triguttatum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2422141\",\n \"text\": \"Matschie's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei), also known as the Huon tree-kangaroo is a tree-kangaroo native to the Huon Peninsula of northeastern New Guinea island, within the nation of Papua New Guinea. Under the IUCN classification, Matschie's tree-kangaroo is an endangered species. The scientific name honours German biologist Paul Matschie. The indigenous population refers to it as a Boongarry. Description With a body and head length of , Matschie's tree-kangaroo are much smaller than Australia's well-known red kangaroo. An adult male weighs between 20 and 25 lb (9–11 kg). An adult female weighs between 15 and 20 lb (7–9 kg). There is no particular season in which they breed. Gestation lasts 44 days and joeys of captive bred individuals leave the pouch after 11 months. The average life span of the Matschie's tree-kangaroo in the wild is unknown, but is at least 14 years. The life span of the kangaroo in a zoo is about 20 years. The most distinctive trait of all tree-kangaroos is the hair whorl they possess. It is a patch of hair that goes out in many directions and its location ranges from up near the shoulders all the way down to the tail. The Matschie's tree-kangaroo is golden on its ventral side, lower parts of its limbs, ear edges, belly, and tail, and the rest of its body is a chestnut brown colour, except for usually having a dark stripe down its back. Their faces are typically an array of yellow and white colours. The Matschies' are similar in colour and size to Dendrolagus dorianus, the Doria's tree-kangaroo. Matschies' ears are small and bear-like looking and they do not have a good sense of hearing because of it. They have curved claws on their forelimbs and soft pads on their hind limbs that aid in their climbing ability, and they have some independent movement of their digits as well as good dexterity due to their forelimbs being able to bend a great deal. The 4th and 5th digit of their feet are enlarged, the 1st digit is absent, and the 2nd and 3rd digits are syndactylous (two digits that look like one fused together). Scientists have discovered that the Matschie's are able to walk bipedally and there's a lot of rotation in their limbs for climbing. Out of all of the Dendrolagus species, the Matschie's tree-kangaroo is the best vertical climber and has more strength in its muscles than any others. Their tails help to offset their balance while moving swiftly through the trees since their tails are about the same length as their head and body size. Sexual dimorphism is very low, with males and females being of about equal sizes. The upper and lower jaws of the Matschie's tree-kangaroos are different too in addition to them being different in body size. The upper jaw has three incisors, one canine, one premolar, and four molars, while the lower jaw has one very sharp incisor, no canines and low crowned molars. Ecology and behavior Matschie's tree-kangaroo lives\",\n \"title\": \"Matschie's tree-kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72595219\",\n \"text\": \"Macropodiformes is a suborder of Australian marsupial mammals. Members of this suborder are called macropodiformes, and include kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos. Macropodiformes is one of three suborders that form the order Diprotodontia, the largest extant order of marsupials. They are found in Australia and New Guinea, generally in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and savannas, though some species can also be found in deserts and rocky areas. They range in size from the musky rat-kangaroo, at plus a tail, to the red kangaroo, at plus a tail. Macropodiformes primarily eat leaves, grass, ferns, and shrubs, as well as fruit and other plant material. Many macropodiformes do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 40 individuals to 500,000. Ten species are categorized as endangered: Calaby's pademelon, Cape York rock-wallaby, dingiso, Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo, ifola, Matschie's tree-kangaroo, mountain pademelon, nabarlek, northern bettong, and Proserpine rock-wallaby. A further six species are categorized as critically endangered: the black dorcopsis, Gilbert's potoroo, golden-mantled tree-kangaroo, tenkile, Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo, and woylie. Eight species have gone extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began: the broad-faced potoroo, crescent nail-tail wallaby, desert bettong, desert rat-kangaroo, eastern hare-wallaby, Lake Mackay hare-wallaby, Nullarbor dwarf bettong, and toolache wallaby. The seventy-two extant species of Macropodiformes are divided into three families: Hypsiprymnodontidae, containing a single species, the musky rat-kangaroo; Macropodidae, containing sixty-three species divided between the twelve genera in the subfamily Macropodinae and the single genus of the subfamily Sthenurinae; and Potoroidae, containing eight species in three extant genera. Dozens of extinct Macropodiformes species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. Conventions Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the macropodiformes's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera, species, or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol \\\"\\\". Classification The suborder Macropodiformes consists of three extant families: Hypsiprymnodontidae, Macropodidae, and Potoroidae. Hypsiprymnodontidae contains a single species and Potoroidae contains eight species in three extant genera. Macropodidae is divided into two subfamilies: Macropodinae, containing sixty-three species divided between twelve genera, and Sthenurinae, containing a single species. In addition to the extant species, eight species—four in Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae, including one extinct genus—have gone extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began. Family Hypsiprymnodontidae Genus Hypsiprymnodon (musky rat-kangaroo): one species Family Macropodidae Subfamily Macropodinae Genus Dendrolagus (tree-kangaroos): fourteen species Genus Dorcopsis (dorcopsises): four species Genus Dorcopsulus (forest wallabies): two species Genus Lagorchestes (hare-wallabies): four species (two extinct) Genus Macropus (grey kangaroos): two species Genus Notamacropus (wallabies): eight species (one extinct) Genus Osphranter (kangaroos): four species Genus Onychogalea (nail-tail wallabies):\",\n \"title\": \"List of macropodiformes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8667993\",\n \"text\": \"The antilopine kangaroo (Osphranter antilopinus), also known as the antilopine wallaroo or the antilopine wallaby, is a species of macropod found in northern Australia: in Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It is a locally common, gregarious grazer. Taxonomy The description of the species by John Gould was published in 1842, one of four new species of 'kangaroos' presented before the Zoological Society of London in 1841. The type location was given as Port Essington. The author assigned the new species to the genus Osphranter, a taxon later submerged as a subgenus of Macropus, and recognised an affinity with his earlier description of Macropus robustus (known as the common wallaroo or euro). A taxonomic restructuring in 2019, based on genetic analysis, promoted Osphranter back to genus level, redefining the antilopine kangaroo and the red kangaroo, among others, as species within the genus Osphranter. The common names of the species include antilopine wallaroo, antilopine kangaroo and antilopine wallaby. The specific epithet antilopinus was proposed by Gould for the resemblance of the fur to the African mammals known as antelopes. The descriptive \\\"antilopine\\\" or \\\"antelope\\\" kangaroo is sometimes substituted as the 'antilopine wallaroo', but in behaviour and habitat it is similar to the red, eastern grey and western grey kangaroos. Occupying a similar niche to the large and reddish Osphranter rufus in the woodlands of southern and eastern Australia, it is also referred to locally as the red kangaroo, though it is a different species. Description The antilopine kangaroo is a larger species of Osphranter, a genus of kangaroos and wallabies. They share many characteristics with others of the genus, but have longer and more slender limbs like the larger species of the genus. The fur is short, pale at the ventral side and grading to a reddish tan colour over the upper parts of the pelage. Females have similar coloration, although lighter and with greyish fur at the head and shoulders. A patch or stripe of paler coloured fur is seen at the lower part of the head, and a lighter colour at the inside and edge of the ear sharply contrasts with the darker fur colour of outer side. The paws of the front and hind legs are very dark, and contrast the lighter fur of the lower limb. Their tails are thickly covered in fur, a uniform width along its length, and a paler shade of the upper body colour. The bare skin of the rhinarium is black. Measurements of the head and body combined is up to for males, with a tail to , and no longer than for females, whose tails are up to . Their standing height, from the crown of the head to the ground, is approximately . The female may weigh up to , and males may be over twice this weight at 49 kg. The male's head shape, like the red kangaroo Osphranter rufus, resembles that of a mule. The\",\n \"title\": \"Antilopine kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73244406\",\n \"text\": \"Diprotodontia is an order of Australian marsupial mammals. Members of this order are called diprotodonts. Diprotodontia is the largest order of marsupials and currently comprises 140 extant species, which are grouped into 39 genera. They are found in Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia, in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and savannas, though some species are found in deserts and rocky areas. They come in a wide array of sizes, ranging from the Tasmanian pygmy possum, at plus a tail, to the red kangaroo, at plus a tail. Diprotodontia is subdivided into three suborders: Macropodiformes, Phalangeriformes, and Vombatiformes. Macropodiformes has 72 species in 3 families: Hypsiprymnodontidae, Macropodidae, and Potoroidae, and includes kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos. Phalangeriformes has 64 species in 6 families: Acrobatidae, Petauridae, Pseudocheiridae, Tarsipedidae, Burramyidae, and Phalangeridae, and includes cuscus and the brushtail, ringtail, and gliding possums. Vombatiformes has only four species in two families: Phascolarctidae, the koala, and Vombatidae, the wombats. The classification of species in the order is not fixed, with many recent proposals for changes made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, the present set of suborders was created beginning in 1997 by splitting the former suborder Phalangerida into Macropodiformes and Phalangeriformes, and further reorganizations have been proposed. In addition to the extant species, eight species in the suborder Phalangeriformes—four in the family Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae—have been made extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began: the broad-faced potoroo, crescent nail-tail wallaby, desert bettong, desert rat-kangaroo, eastern hare-wallaby, Lake Mackay hare-wallaby, Nullarbor dwarf bettong, and toolache wallaby. Dozens of extinct, prehistoric Diprotodont species have also been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. Conventions Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol \\\"\\\". Classification The order Diprotodontia consists of 140 extant species belonging to 39 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 39 genera can be grouped into 11 families; these families are grouped into the suborders Macropodiformes, Phalangeriformes, and Vombatiformes, and many are further grouped into named clades or subfamilies. In addition to the extant species, eight species in the suborder Phalangeriformes—four in the family Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae, including one extinct genus—have been made extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began. Suborder Macropodiformes Family Hypsiprymnodontidae (musky rat-kangaroo): 1 genus, 1 species Family Macropodidae Subfamily Macropodinae (kangaroos and wallabies) 12 genera, 66 species (4 extinct) Subfamily Sthenurinae (banded hare-wallaby) 1 genera, 1 species Family Potoroidae (bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos) 4 genera (1 extinct),\",\n \"title\": \"List of diprotodonts\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17905749\",\n \"text\": \"Eucalyptus cneorifolia, the Kangaroo Island narrow-leaf mallee, is a native tree of Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Description The mallee tree will grow to in height, it has an upright habit and can have a single or multiple stems with a lignotuber at the base of the trunk. It mostly forms a dense canopy of thin dark green leaves that have conspicuous oil glands. The bark is fibrous, greyish-brown to dark-grey in colour with longitudinally fissured bark on the lower trunk and with smooth greyish bark above. Adult leaves have an alternate arrangement. The leaf blade is linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong shape with a length of and a width of . the leaves are glossy, olive-green, dull and grey-green when dried with indistinct veins. It flowers between December and April producing inflorescences with small white flowers. The flowers occur in umbels of 4 to 14 found at the axils of the leaves. The buds are usually more or less ellipsoid in shape with a conical or hemispherical-conical bud-cap. The buds have a length of and a width of . The fruits that form are hemispherical or hemispherical-globose in shape. They have a length of to . The fruit disc is wide and flat or slightly raised with three or four needle-like exserted valves. Fruits contain brown ovoid shaped seeds with a slightly wrinkled surface that are and wide. Taxonomy The species was first formally described by the botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1828 and published in Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. The species name cneorifolia is taken from the genus Cneorum and the Latin word 'folium' meaning a leaf, referring to the similarity of the leaves to those of the unrelated plant Cneorum tricoccum. Distribution The Kangaroo Island narrow-leaf mallee was originally endemic to eastern Kangaroo Island and has no closely related species. It is also found around Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges on the mainland but is vulnerable on the Fleurieu Peninsula. It grows well in well-drained soils over laterite or limestone as part of a dense mallee shrubland community. Cultivation It is grown in plantations for the production of cineole based eucalyptus oil. On Kangaroo Island, there were over 100 stills for the production of eucalyptus oil from the narrow-leaf mallee, however, the distillation industry went into decline after the 1930s due to the greater profitability of sheep farming. Today there is currently only one operating distillery on the island. Gallery References External links Eucalyptus Oil Industry Revival, Landline, ABC. cneorifolia Myrtales of Australia Crops originating from Australia Flora of Kangaroo Island Plants described in 1828\",\n \"title\": \"Eucalyptus cneorifolia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5625932\",\n \"text\": \"Arripis trutta, known as the Australian salmon in Australia and as kahawai in New Zealand, is a South Pacific marine fish and one of the four extant species within the genus Arripis, native to the cooler waters around the southeastern Australian coasts and the New Zealand coastline. Other common names for this species include Eastern Australian salmon, bay trout, blackback salmon (or just \\\"black back\\\"), buck salmon (or \\\"buck\\\"), cocky salmon, colonial salmon, newfish and salmon trout. Although it is referred to as \\\"salmon\\\" in Australian English and its species epithet trutta is Latin for trout, it is not related to true salmons or trouts, which belong to the family Salmonidae of the order Salmoniformes. All Arripis species belong to the family Arripidae of the order Perciformes. Taxonomy Arripis trutta was first formally described in 1801 as Sciaena trutta by Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider with the type locality given as the Cook Strait. Description Arripis trutta is a streamlined fish with a long and slender body. There is a bony ridge edge of bone beneath and in front of each eye which has obvious serrations in smaller individuals. In larger fish the scales feel smooth. The lobes of the caudal fin are equivalent in length to the head. These fish are dark bluish-green dorsally and silvery white ventrally. The juveniles have golden bars on their upper flanks and these break up into large spots as the fish matures. The pectoral fin is vivid yellow and the caudal and spiny part of the dorsal fin both have a blackish margin. There are 9 spines and 15–17 soft rays in the dorsal fin and 3 spines and 9–10 soft rays in the anal fin. The maximum total length recorded is although they are commonly a total length of around and the maximum recorded weight is . The most consistent difference between this species and Arripis truttacea is the gill raker count, A. truttacea has 25–31 gill rakers and A trutta has 33–40. Arripis trutta can differentiated from Arripis xylabion, as the former has a larger tail. Distribution Arripis trutta is found in the southwestern Pacific Ocean mostly around the littoral waters of the Tasman Sea and Bass Strait. In Australia, they are found from Moreton Bay in Queensland to western Victoria and northern Tasmania, with infrequent records at Kangaroo Island in South Australia. They are also found around Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island in the open waters of the Tasman Sea. In New Zealand, they are distributed around the coasts but are more common north of Kaikōura on the South Island. They are also found around the Chatham Islands and Kermadec Islands east of New Zealand. Habitat and biology Arripis trutta is a migratory fish that may swim long distances, sometimes thousands of kilometres. The adults congregate and form very large schools off oceanic beaches and exposed coasts coastal areas, and will enter rivers. The juveniles live in smaller schools in more sheltered areas such as bays\",\n \"title\": \"Arripis trutta\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"4266008","text":"In Australian folklore, the Queensland tiger is a creature said to live in the Queensland area in eastern Australia. Also known by a native name, yarri, it is described as being a dog-sized feline with stripes and a long tail, prominent front teeth and a savage temperament. It has been hypothesized to be a survivor or descendant of the large predatory marsupial Thylacoleo, officially considered to be extinct, or possibly a large feral cat variant (given possible discrepancies with thylacoleo dentition). In 1926 A. S. le Souef described a \"Striped marsupial cat\" in The Wild Animals of Australasia, this information later also included in Furred Animals of Australia, by Ellis Troughton, longtime curator of mammals in the Australian Museum. History The earliest documented witness reports of a Queensland marsupial tiger date from 1871, with indigenous traditions of the yarri preceding these. Lumholtz writes in 1878I learned that on the summit of the Coast Mountains, before mentioned, there lived two varieties of mammals which seemed to me to be unknown to science: but I had much difficulty in acquiring this knowledge. One of the animals [the local Aborigines] called yarri. From their description I conceived it to be a marsupial tiger. It was said to be about the size of a dingo, though its legs were shorter and its tail long, and it was described ... as being very savage. If pursued it climbed up the trees, where the natives did not dare follow it, and by gestures they explained to me how at such times it would growl and bite their hands. Rocky retreats were its most favourite habitat, and its principal food was said to be in a little brown variety of wallaby common in Northern Queensland scrubs. Its flesh was not particularly appreciated ... and if they accidentally killed a yarri they gave it to their old women. In Western Queensland I heard much about an animal which seemed to me to be identical with the yarri here described, and a specimen was once nearly shot by an officer of the black police in the regions I was now visiting [Herbert River]. Lumholtz goes on to contrast the description of this animal with a leaf-eating species recognisable as a tree kangaroo, possibly that now known as Lumholtz's, after the author's work in scientific appraisal of these and other species of the region. Reports have come consistently from the Northeast of Queensland, and indicate a fast and agile creature (Welfare & Fairley, 1981). Though these have diminished in number since the 1950s, they have continued (the Beast of Buderim being one recent example of the phenomenon). Such sightings in modern context, when able to be investigated further, have been universally identified as introduced domestic cats gone feral — natural selection tends favour proportions, markings and behaviours more commonly associated with actual wild species, after only a few generations in the wild. The domestic cat was introduced to Australia some hundreds of years ago, and have dispersed (and been dispersed)","title":"Queensland tiger"},{"docid":"1600571","text":"The dingiso () (Dendrolagus mbaiso), also known as the bondegezou or bakaga, is an endangered, long-tailed marsupial found only in mountain forests on the west of the island of New Guinea (in Indonesia). It is a species of tree-kangaroo (genus Dendrolagus), which are mammals native to Australia and New Guinea that feed on leaves or other plant matter. It belongs to the macropodid family (Macropodidae) with kangaroos, and carries its young in a pouch like most other marsupials. Though sacred to the local Moni people, it is still threatened by hunting and habitat loss. Dr Tim Flannery and his team gave the species name mbaiso which means \"the forbidden animal\" in Moni, because of the local belief that dingiso is the spirit of their ancestors. Locally Dingiso is called Bakaga. Distribution The marsupial lives in sub-alpine forests in the Sudirman Range in Central Papua and Highland Papua in Western New Guinea. It lives just below the tree line, at elevations of . The species was first filmed for an episode of the BBC documentary South Pacific TV series in 2009, after 11 days of searching with local Moni tribesmen. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the dingiso inhabits mossy forests and shrubland and is \"found in rugged areas\". Description The dingiso has a distinctive pattern of black and white fur, it has a white belly, and a black head, back and limbs. Unlike other tree kangaroos, it spends little time in the trees. Taxonomy Dendrolagus mbaiso was formally described to science in 1995 by Australian Museum zoologist Tim Flannery, Indonesian zoologist Boeadi, and Australian anthropologist Alexandra Szalay. Behavior The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species states that the dingiso is mainly terrestrial and \"very docile\". Conservation The dingiso remains common in the west because of the protection conferred on it by the Moni people. For many Moni, it is an ancestor which must never be harmed. Nonetheless, Dendrolagus mbaiso is an IUCN Red Listed Endangered species. Julie Boswell lists \"hunting for food, habitat loss, increasing human populations, agricultural stresses, and climate change\" as the main threats that the dingiso faces. References External links Papuaweb.org: Tree Kangaroos: A Curious Natural History — the Dingiso section Macropods Marsupials of New Guinea Endemic fauna of Indonesia Mammals of Western New Guinea Endangered fauna of Oceania Mammals described in 1995 Taxa named by Tim Flannery","title":"Dingiso"},{"docid":"36615496","text":"Themeda quadrivalvis is a species of grass known by the common names grader grass, habana grass, and kangaroo grass, not to be confused with Themeda triandra, which is also known as kangaroo grass. It is native to India, Nepal, and Malaysia. It can also be found in many other places as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. It occurs in the United States, New Caledonia, Fiji, Mauritius, Thailand, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, China, the Middle East and tropical America. It is a troublesome exotic weed in Australia, especially in northern regions. It is also an agricultural weed in crops such as sugar cane and lucerne. Description This species is an annual grass growing up to tall. The usually folded leaves are up to long. The seed heads are rounded or fan-shaped and are accompanied by leaflike bracts. The grass becomes orange, red, or golden brown at maturity. The clustered spikelets in the seed heads have some tubercle-based hairs and twisted awns, which can be up to 5 centimeters long. The awn is hygroscopic, twisting when moist and drilling the seed into the soil. This species is similar to Themeda triandra, a native species which tends to be smaller and more brown in color. Grader grass is a prolific producer of seed; there can be up to 1000 seeds in a single seed head. The seed is dispersed by graders, on fur and clothing, and as a contaminant of pasture seed supplies. The seed is sometimes found as a contaminant of bird seed, as well. Invasiveness This grass is a major noxious weed in parts of Australia, where it was introduced in the 1930s. It may have arrived in supplies of straw packing. The plant was first recorded in Australia in September 1935 near Habana in the Mackay Region of Queensland. It then spread as a contaminant of seed. The weed easily invades ecosystems, displacing native vegetation. It grows quickly, producing flowers within 5 to 6 weeks after germination, and seed within 10 weeks. Flowering generally occurs in February to June in Australia. Germination can occur throughout the year, however, given adequate moisture. The grass easily colonizes disturbed areas such as roadsides. While the grass is cultivated for animal fodder in India, it is unpalatable throughout most of the year in Australia, forming wide monotypic stands that displace palatable grasses. It also forms a heavy fuel load, increasing the likelihood of fire. The species is also invasive in New Caledonia. References Andropogoneae Grasses of Africa Grasses of Asia Grasses of India Grasses of Pakistan Grasses of South Africa Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus","title":"Themeda quadrivalvis"},{"docid":"15627489","text":"Themeda is a genus of plants in the grass family native to Asia, Africa, Australia, and Papuasia. There are about 18 to 26 species, many of which are native to Southeast Asia. Species Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. - Afghanistan, Himalayas, Tibet Themeda arguens (L.) Hack. - Christmas grass - Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Papuasia, northern Australia Themeda arundinacea (Roxb.) A.Camus - Indochina, southern China, Indian Subcontinent, Malaysia, Indonesia Themeda avenacea (F. Muell.) Maiden & Betche - oat kangaroo grass - Australia Themeda caudata (Nees ex Hook. & Arn.) A.Camus - Indochina, southern China, Himalayas, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines Themeda cymbaria Hack. - Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, Kerala Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack. - Southeast Asia, Papuasia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu Themeda helferi Hack. - Myanmar, Andaman Islands, Yunnan Themeda hookeri (Griseb.) A.Camus - Tibet, Yunnan, eastern Himalayas Themeda huttonensis Bor - Assam Themeda idjensis Jansen - Java Timur, Bali Themeda intermedia (Hack.) Bor - Southeast Asia, China, Indian Subcontinent, Papuasia, Queensland, Vanuatu Themeda laxa (Andersson) A.Camus Indian Subcontinent Themeda minor L.Liou - Tibet Themeda mooneyi Bor - Odisha Themeda novoguineensis (Reeder) Jansen - Papua New Guinea, Lesser Sunda Islands Themeda palakkadensis Chorghe, Prasad & Lakshminarasimhan - Kerala Themeda pseudotremula Potdar et al. - Maharashtra Themeda quadrivalvis- grader grass (L.) Kuntze - Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Andaman Islands; naturalized in Socotra, South Africa, eastern Indochina, Papuasia, Queensland, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, various islands (Indian and Pacific Oceans, West Indies) Themeda sabarimalayana Sreek. & V.J.Nair - India Themeda saxicola Bor - Odisha Themeda strigosa (Ham. ex Hook.f.) A.Camus - India, Bangladesh Themeda tremula (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. - India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Themeda triandra Forssk.- kangaroo grass, red grass, rooigras - Africa (from Morocco to KwaZulu-Natal), Asia (from Yemen to Japan to Maluku), Australia, New Guinea Themeda trichiata S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan Themeda unica S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Anhui, Zhejiang Themeda villosa (Poir.) A.Camus - silky kangaroo grass, Lyon's grass - China, Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea Themeda yunnanensis S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Yunnan Formerly included See Elymandra, Germainia, Hyparrhenia, Iseilema References Andropogoneae Grasses of Africa Grasses of Asia Grasses of Oceania Poaceae genera","title":"Themeda"},{"docid":"60598453","text":"Juncus ingens, common name giant rush, is a dioecious perennial with horizontal or ascending rhizomes. The stems are erect, dull green, (1.5–2–5 m tall and 4–10 mm in diameter, cataphylls are to 40 cm or more long. The inflorescence is large and drooping, with many flowers scattered along fine branchlets. Flowers occur mostly October-January, seeds are shed mostly December-April. Juncus ingens was first described by Norman Wakefield in 1957. It is one of only two known dioecious species of Juncus native to Australia, the other being Juncus psammophilus. Juncus ingens is native to the floodplains of southeastern Australia, occurring mainly in Victoria, forming dense stands on the margins of seasonal wetlands. Giant rush is rarely grazed by introduced herbivores such as cattle or horses, or by native herbivores such as kangaroos, and is also resistant to fire. Although native to Australia, Juncus ingens is considered an invasive species in some areas such as Barmah National Park. The spread of J. ingens into areas where it historically did not occur is a result of changes to flooding regimes in the now highly regulated Murray-Darling Basin. Specifically, reduced winter flooding levels and extended flooding into summer months promotes the spread of J. ingens. Conversely, increasing winter and spring flood depth and duration, and reduction of unseasonal flooding limits the growth and spread of J. ingens, allowing recolonisation of displaced species such as Moira grass (Pseudoraphis spinescens). Water regime for vigorous growth Maintenance: Frequency of flooding: Annual to nearly annual. Depth of flooding: Shallow, 5 to 50 cm; can tolerate up to 1 m. Duration of flooding: Eight to 10 months Timing of flooding: At least spring to early autumn. Regeneration: Germination occurs on moist soil, bare of plants, such as on flood recession or wetland drawdown, in late autumn and winter. Seedling establishment: Establishment is increased by shallow flooding, to 20 cm, in spring–early summer; and by avoiding stresses such as overtopping or droughting in the first two years. Critical flood interval: Not certain. Maintains canopy in absence of flooding for a few years, but rhizomes probably persist longer; possibly reflood after about three to five years. Seed longevity not known.\" References External links Atlas of Living Australia: Juncus ingens Flora of Victoria: Juncus ingens Flora of Australia Flora of Victoria (state) ingens Dioecious plants","title":"Juncus ingens"},{"docid":"61007784","text":"Gorge Wildlife Park is a privately-owned sanctuary in the Australian state of South Australia. It is at Cudlee Creek in the Adelaide Hills and continues to be operated by the same family that established it in 1965. It is 30 km northeast of Adelaide. Situated on 14 acres of land, under shaded trees, paths meander among the largest privately owned collection of Australian animals. The park provides contact with a range of Australian native animals as well as exhibits of Australian and exotic animals and birds. A feature is the opportunity for visitors to hold a koala. Gorge Wildlife Park is involved in protection and preservation of some endangered species such as the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (petrogale penicillata). List of species Birds Australian boobook owl Australian pelican Australian white ibis Black swan Blue peafowl Blue-and-gold macaw Blue-winged kookaburra Brolga Budgerigar Cattle egret Common ostrich Dusky moorhen Emu Galah Gang-gang cockatoo Golden-shouldered parrot Green dove Green catbird Green-winged macaw Jabiru Lady Amherst's pheasant Laughing kookaburra Little penguin Luzon bleeding-heart Magpie goose Nankeen kestrel Nicobar pigeon Pacific black duck Princess parrot Radjah shelduck Rainbow lorikeet Red-tailed black cockatoo Scarlet-chested parrot Southern cassowary Star finch Sun conure Superb fairywren Turquoise parrot Wedge-tailed eagle Whistling kite White-bellied sea eagle White-headed pigeon White-tailed black cockatoo Yellow-tailed black cockatoo (many others, Gorge has over 150 bird species) Mammals Arabian camel Bare-nosed wombat Black-handed spider monkey Bolivian squirrel monkey Brazilian agouti Brush-tailed rock wallaby Capybara Cotton-top tamarin Dingo Domestic goat Emperor tamarin European fallow deer Ghost bat Golden lion tamarin Greater bilby Grey-headed flying fox Japanese macaque Kangaroo Island kangaroo Koala Lar gibbon Meerkat Oriental small-clawed otter Parma wallaby Patagonian mara Quokka Red kangaroo (including albino) Red-necked wallaby Ring-tailed lemur Serval Short-beaked echidna South American coati Southern hairy-nosed wombat Spinifex hopping mouse Squirrel glider Swamp wallaby Tammar wallaby Tasmanian Devil Varied white-fronted capuchin Western grey kangaroo White-tufted marmoset Reptiles Aldabra giant tortoise American alligator Blood python Boa constrictor Boyd's forest dragon Carolina box turtle Carpet python Central bearded dragon Corn snake Eastern water dragon Fiji crested iguana Freshwater crocodile Gila monster Green iguana Hermann's tortoise Lace monitor Leopard ctenotus Leopard tortoise Mesa gecko Murray short-necked turtle Pig-nosed turtle Pink-tongued skink Plumed basilisk Red-eared slider turtle Saw-shelled turtle Shingleback lizard Southern death adder Western blue-tongued lizard White-lipped tree-frog References 1965 establishments in Australia Zoos established in 1965 Zoos in South Australia Animal sanctuaries Wildlife parks in Australia","title":"Gorge Wildlife Park"},{"docid":"6921243","text":"The kangaroo dog or kangaroo hound is an Australian type of sighthound purposely crossbred from a variety of sighthound breeds to produce a hunting dog. Kangaroo dogs were first bred by colonial settlers in Australia from as early as the 1830s, the aim being to create a sighthound fast, strong and robust enough to outrun, catch and hold a kangaroo without being injured or disembowelled by the animal's powerful, clawed hind legs. From the 1830s onward, colonial hunting clubs were established across Australia's colonies, with native kangaroos, wallabies or dingoes pursued by mounted hunters and their kangaroo dogs. Originally, these dogs were bred from British sighthound breeds, principally the Greyhound and Scottish Deerhound, with occasional Irish Wolfhound blood; later, the Borzoi was also used and more recently the Saluki as well. Hunting of native species with sighthounds is now banned in Australia; however, kangaroo dogs are still bred for hunting invasive introduced species, such as feral pigs and red foxes. See also Longdog Lurcher References Dog breeds originating in Australia Sighthounds Dog crossbreeds","title":"Kangaroo dog"},{"docid":"15460639","text":"Scottsdale Reserve is a nature reserve on the Murrumbidgee River in south-central New South Wales, Australia. It is south of Canberra, and north of Bredbo. It is owned and managed by Bush Heritage Australia (BHA), which purchased it in 2006. The purchase was supportive of projects aiming to connect existing fragmented remnant habitat such as K2C (Kosciuszko to Coast). Since the 1870s up until 2006, the land was used for agriculture – primarily sheep grazing with some minor cropping. A significant component of the Reserve (around 25%) has been cleared of native vegetation (~300 Ha). The reserve is within lands historically attributed to the Ngunawal people. Aboriginal presence in the area was likely due to the availability of resources such as the Bogong moth (Argotis infusa) and the daisy yam (Microseris lanceolata). The Murrumbidgee River would have been a good source of fish including the trout cod (Maccullochhella macquariensis) – currently listed as endangered under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999. The river would have provided water for many species of terrestrial fauna the local Aboriginal people are known to have utilised for food including the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus gigantus) and the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor). Biology and ecology Scottsdale Reserve contains a diverse range of species including more than 217 plant species and 142 animal species including 113 bird species, primarily within two threatened communities: Yellow box grassy woodlands (nationally critically endangered under the EPBC Act 1999); and Natural temperate grassland (nationally critically endangered under the EPBC Act 1999). Other vegetation communities found on the reserve include: Scribbly gum-black cypress pine forest; and Tablelands frost hollow grassy woodlands. Flora An extensive ecosystem restoration program is underway at Scottsdale with a nursery on site propagating plants including grasses such as river tussock (Poa labillardierei), shrubs such as the silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) and trees including yellowbox (Eucalyptus melliodora). In addition to propagating the more common species expected to be present in the vegetation communities mentioned above, Scottsdale is host to the silver-leafed mountain gum (Eucalyptus pulverulenta). Only ten natural populations of the silver-leafed mountain gum are thought to still exist in Australia and it has been listed as vulnerable to extinction. The Scottsdale team have obtained licenses and intend to propagate this species while in the process of identifying suitable sites. Natural temperate grassland The southern tablelands of the ACT and NSW contained around 480,000 hectares of native grasslands prior to European settlement. There is less than 3% of that original area today unaffected by the changes settlers brought including land clearing, grazing and invasive plants. Other impacts that graziers have had on natural grasslands include changes to soil chemistry resulting from the use of fertilisers, habitat fragmentation and changes in microbial processes. Natural temperate grassland is characterised by native perennial tussock grasses such as kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra syn. T. australis), snowgrass (Poa sieberiana) and river tussock grass (Poa labillardierei), together with speargrass species (Austrostipa sp.), wallaby grasses (Austrodanthonia sp.) and","title":"Scottsdale Reserve"},{"docid":"235475","text":"The western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus), also referred to as a western grey giant kangaroo, black-faced kangaroo, mallee kangaroo, sooty kangaroo and (when referring to the Kangaroo Island subspecies) Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo, is a large and very common kangaroo found across almost the entire southern part of Australia, from just south of Shark Bay through coastal Western Australia and South Australia, into western Victoria, and in the entire Murray–Darling basin in New South Wales and Queensland. Taxonomy Long known to the Aboriginal Australians, for Europeans, the western grey kangaroo was the centre of a great deal of sometimes comical taxonomic confusion for almost 200 years. It was first noted by European explorers when Matthew Flinders landed on Kangaroo Island in 1802. Flinders shot several for food, but assumed that they were eastern grey kangaroos. In 1803, French explorers captured several Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroos and shipped them to Paris, where they lived in the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes for some years. Eventually, researchers at the Paris Museum of Natural History recognized that these animals were indeed distinct from the eastern grey kangaroo and formally described the species as Macropus fuliginosus in 1817. For reasons that remain unclear, the species was, later in 1888, incorrectly described as native to Tasmania. It was not until 1924 that researchers realized that the \"forester kangaroo\" of Tasmania was in fact Macropus giganteus, the same eastern grey kangaroo that was, and still is, widespread in the southeastern part of the mainland, and reaffirmed Kangaroo Island as the source of the type specimens. By 1971, it was understood that the Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroo belonged to the same species as the kangaroos of southern and Western Australia, and that this population extended through much of the eastern part of the continent as well (see range map). For a time, three subspecies were described, two on the mainland and one on Kangaroo Island. The current classification scheme emerged in the 1990s. The western grey kangaroo is not found in the north or the far southeast of Australia, and the eastern grey does not extend beyond the New South Wales–South Australia border, but the two species are both common in the Murray–Darling basin area. They never interbreed in the wild, although it has proved possible to produce hybrids between eastern grey females and western grey males in captivity. Subspecies There are two subspecies: Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus (commonly known as the Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroo or simply Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo) is endemic to Kangaroo Island, South Australia Macropus fuliginosus melanops has a range of different forms that intergrade clinally from west to east. Description The western grey kangaroo is one of the largest macropods in Australia. It weighs and its length is with a tail, standing approximately tall. It exhibits sexual dimorphism with the male up to twice the size of female. It has thick, coarse fur with colour ranging from pale grey to brown; its throat, chest and belly have a paler","title":"Western grey kangaroo"},{"docid":"22446301","text":"Hebeloma aminophilum, commonly known as the ghoul fungus, is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. Found in Western Australia, it gets its common name from the propensity of the fruiting bodies to spring out of decomposing animal remains. Taxonomy The ghoul fungus was first described by mycologists R.N. Hilton and Orson K. Miller, Jr. in 1987. The holotype collection consisted of about 100 specimens that were fruiting around the bones of a decomposing kangaroo carcass that had been dumped some months before. Etymology The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek Hebe, \"youth\", and -loma, a fringe (pertaining to the fungal veil), referring to how the fungal veil is only seen in immature specimens. It gets its common name of ghoul fungus from its habit of growing around animal carcasses. Description The dull pinkish brown or cream cap is in diameter, convex initially before flattening out with age. There is a slight umbo, and the cap margin is inrolled when young. A thin white veil rapidly disappears in young mushrooms. The cap surface is sticky initially. The adnate (or sometimes adnexed) gills are pale pink to pinkish brown and up to 1 cm deep. With age, they can be encrusted with clumps of spores. The cylindrical stipe is high, 1–1.2 cm in diameter and has a thickened base and lacks a ring. The thick flesh is cream or pale yellow, with a bitter taste and a stale smell. The spore print is pinkish brown, and the oval spores measure 8.5 by 4.9 μm. The mycelium is white. Similar species Similar species include the introduced poisonpie (Hebeloma crustuliniforme), which has been recorded in pine plantations, the native western Australian poisonpie (H. westraliense), which does not grow near carcasses, and the Australian white webcap (Cortinarius austroalbidus), which is paler and smells of curry. Distribution and habitat An uncommon fungus, H. aminophilum is found in southern Western Australia, southeastern South Australia and Victoria. Fruiting bodies arise in eucalyptus woodland in the vicinity of sheep, reptile and bird carcasses. The habit of growing from flesh gives it the term sarcophilous. See also List of Hebeloma species References Ammonia fungi aminophilum Fungi described in 1987 Fungi native to Australia Fungus species","title":"Hebeloma aminophilum"},{"docid":"6430470","text":"Citrus glauca, commonly known as the desert lime, is a thorny shrub or small tree native to Queensland, New South Wales, and South Australia. The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records common names native kumquat and desert lemon. Taxonomy Under the Swingle system, the desert lime was classified in the genus Eremocitrus, a close relative of the genus Citrus. More recent taxonomy considers all the Australian limes to be included in the genus Citrus, and most authorities treat the desert lime this way. Citrus glauca is one of the most resilient Citrus species, and is comparatively heat, drought, and cold tolerant. Hence the species is potentially important for Citrus breeding programs, and readily hybridises with many common Citrus species. Description A shrub or small tree to , it has several unusual characteristics. It is cold, heat, drought and salinity tolerant and thought evergreen. If the rains should fail it will shed its leaves and live off the green bark on the plant branches. It will set fruit almost immediately after flowering and is the earliest citrus to do so. Fruit is small and variable and depends on current climatic conditions and genetic make-up. Thorns appear on low-growing branches to prevent grazing by rabbits, kangaroos, cattle etc. but cease on branches above the grazing level. The fruit is globular, and about half-an-inch in diameter. The limes have an intense piquant flavour, and good rainfall years produce an abundance of fruit. Economic uses The desert lime fruit is a highly prized bushfood. Traditionally, it is wild-harvested from surviving bushland areas, where it is relatively common. However, C. glauca has also been extensively cleared from some areas due to the ongoing conversion of the wild bush into agricultural fields. The fruit are used in a range of products, including marmalades, beverages, and succade. It has a strong lime-like flavour. The fruit is beginning to be domesticated. Commercial cultivation of this fruit is beginning to reduce the reliance on wild-harvested product. Taxonomy, cultivars, and hybrids {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1=Australian limes |1={{clade |label1=former Eremocitrus |1=Citrus glauca |label2=former Microcitrus |2={{clade |1=Citrus warburgiana |2={{clade |1= |2= |3=Citrus australis}} }} }} }} Australian outback lime The Australian Outback lime was selected by CSIRO scientists from the regular desert lime. It is characterised by its upright habit, relatively large, flavoursome fruit, high yield, uniform ripening time, lack of thorns, and suitability for mechanical harvesting. The Australian Outback lime was cultivated at the former CSIRO Plant Industry site at Merbein, Victoria by Steve Sykes. Hybrids The eremolemon is thought to be a natural true-breeding hybrid between Citrus glauca and Citrus meyeri.Citrus plants hybridise readily, other hybrids include eremoranges, eremoradias (hybrid with a sour orange) and citrangeremos (hybrid with a citrange). Notes References Bruneteau, Jean-Paul, Tukka, Real Australian Food, . Cherikoff, Vic, The Dining Downunder Cookbook'', . External links Australian cuisine Bushfood glauca Crops originating from Australia Desert fruits Drought-tolerant trees Flora of New South Wales Flora of Queensland Flora of South Australia Sapindales of Australia Trees of Australia","title":"Citrus glauca"},{"docid":"8682287","text":"The rufous rat-kangaroo or rufous bettong (Aepyprymnus rufescens) is a small, jumping, rat-like marsupial native to eastern Australia. It is the only species in the genus Aepyprymnus. The largest member of the potoroo/bettong family (Potoroidae), it is about the size of a rabbit. The rufous rat-kangaroo is active at night when it digs for plant roots and fungi, and like other marsupials it carries its young in a pouch. Though its range is reduced, the population is healthy and stable. Taxonomy The rufous rat-kangaroo is the only member of its genus, and is the largest of all the potoroids. It is generally grey with a hint of reddish brown and its scientific name means \"reddish high-rump\". It was once thought of as a solitary, nocturnal animal, but recent observation indicates that the rufous rat-kangaroo may form loose, polygynous associations. It feeds mostly on tubers and fungi, but also on leaves and other vegetation. Description A species of the family Potoroidae (potoroos & bettongs), small to medium marsupials that include the living Potorous (potoroos) and Bettongia (bettongs). They are not closely related to others of the family, and the largest extant potoroine species, and their characteristics have them placed within a monotypic genus. Aepyprymnus rufescens is distinguished by the ruffled and bristly hair of the pelage and rufous tint of the fur at the upper parts. The hair across the back is predominantly grey, the rufous tinge more evident, and is interspersed with silvery hairs. An indistinct stripe appears at the hip line. The underparts are also grey, although paler. The combined head and body length is 385 to 390 millimetres. The tail may be from 340 to 390 mm in length, and excepting a white tip that may appear the colour is overall grey-brown. The ears are comparatively long, 48 to 57 mm, with a triangular form. The colour of the ears is very dark at the outer side and pink at the interior, the fringe is lined with silver hairs. A hairless pink rim appears around the eye. The weight range is from 2.5 to 3.5 kilograms. A similar species, the northern Bettongia tropica, may be distinguished by the lack of shaggy fur with a rufous tinge, their blackish tail, and this species hairless pink ring at the eye and pointy triangular ears. The vocalisation includes an alarm call, a soft hissing sound, another sound like a chainsaw when in aggressive postures and they regularly emit a grunting noises during normal activity. Reproduction Breeding occurs throughout the year, once the female has reached maturity, generally at 11 months. The male reaches maturity between 12 and 13 months. Once mature, the female is capable of breeding at three-week intervals. The gestation of the young is about 22–24 days. After the young are born, they live within the pouch for about 16 weeks. Upon leaving the pouch, the joey stays near the mother for about 7 weeks, while it gets used to fending for itself. Behaviour The species may share nests","title":"Rufous rat-kangaroo"},{"docid":"31289089","text":"A sustainable wildlife enterprise is a farming system incorporating sustainable use of wildlife to promote conservation. In Australia, landholders work together across boundaries to harvest or make use of (ecotourism) naturally occurring wildlife populations such as the kangaroo sustainably. Important to the concept is that biodiversity and environmental benefit occurs via alternative land uses. Attaching value to native resources through commercial development has the potential to provide alternative sources of income, especially in areas where traditional systems are no longer as profitable or environmentally sustainable. The Sustainable Wildlife Enterprise system enables farmers to realise the financial value of native wildlife such as the kangaroo and encourages them to manage their land that supports the source of income without lowering total farm profitability – hence contributing to habitat and biodiversity conservation. The Sustainable Wildlife Enterprise system was developed in Australia, and is based on worldwide experiences. Background Until primary production systems can put a value on habitat and conservation areas there will be more and more species loss. Conventional farming techniques have seen broad-scale environmental degradation in Australia’s rangelands, particularly during droughts where soil fertility and low rainfall limit natural production capacity. Where native wildlife and resources are given value and managed sustainably, there is a proven benefit for biodiversity and habitat. Sustainable Wildlife Enterprises in Australia are based on wildlife management experiences from countries such as South Africa and Scotland. In South Africa - the commercial value of wildlife to private landholders makes the future of wildlife in that country far more secure than it is anywhere else on that continent. See Wildlife of South Africa. In Scotland, deer stalking and red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) hunting occurs sustainably because hunting licences are owned by the landholder. This incentivizes to the landholder to protect their source of income and the habitat the animals live on. Native species adapted to Australia's unique environment, allowing them to survive the climatic extremes and thrive with little impact to the environment. Kangaroos impact less on the environment than hoofed animals and emit substantially less methane. There is currently a sustainable kangaroo harvesting industry in place in Australia. See the Kangaroo industry. Landholders do not control or receive benefit from harvest of kangaroos on their land other than reduction of grazing pressure under this system. A Pilot Sustainable Wildlife Enterprise – Queensland, Australia A pilot project is currently being run in Central-south Queensland (Maranoa). The cooperative owns and operates chiller boxes, and takes kangaroos from harvester properties of landholder members. Through improved information and training, quality of kangaroo products can be ensured through traceback and temperature tracking systems. The highly trained operatives within the cooperative also guarantee humane treatment of the animals. The cooperative assess kangaroo populations and develop and implement best-practice quality standards, which include standards of animal selection, harvesting, field dressing, transport, chilling and traceback from processors. Landholders benefit by the amount of kangaroo harvested on their land, and as a proportion of their investment and involvement. There are a number of ways","title":"Sustainable wildlife enterprise"},{"docid":"5435664","text":"Bush tomatoes are the fruit or entire plants of certain nightshade (Solanum) species native to the more arid parts of Australia. While they are quite closely related to tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), they might be even closer relatives of the eggplant (S. melongena), which they resemble in many details. There are 94 (mostly perennial) natives and 31 (mostly annual) introduced species in Australia. Bush tomato plants are small shrubs whose growth is encouraged by fire and disturbance. The fruit of a number of species have been used as food sources by Aboriginal people in the drier areas of Australia. A number of Solanum species contain significant levels of solanine and as such are highly poisonous. It is strongly recommended that people unfamiliar with the plant do not experiment with the different species, as differentiating between them can often be difficult. Some of the edible species are: Solanum aviculare kangaroo apple Solanum centrale, also known as desert raisin, bush raisin or bush sultana, or by the native name kutjera Solanum chippendalei bush tomato, named after taxonomic botanist George Chippendale Solanum diversiflorum bush tomato, karlumbu, pilirta, wamurla Solanum ellipticum potato bush, very similar to Solanum quadriloculatum which is poisonous. Solanum laciniatum kangaroo apple. Solanum orbiculatum round-leaved solanum Solanum phlomoides wild tomato. In 1859, aboriginal people were observed burning off the outer skin of S. aviculare as the raw state would blister their mouths. S. chippendalei is consumed by first splitting the fruit, scraping the centre out and eating the outer flesh as the seeds and surrounding placenta are bitter. S. diversiflorum is roasted before being eaten or dried. Fruit of S.orbiculatum is edible, but the fruit of the large leafed form may be bitter. Fruit of S. phlomoides appears to be edible after the removal of seeds and roasting or sundrying. Solanum aviculare contains solasodine, a steroid used in the manufacture of oral contraceptives. Solanum plastisexum, a rare species first described in 2019, is distinguished among plants for exhibiting \"breeding system fluidity\" – that is, it has no stable sexual expression. References Solanales of Australia Solanum Bushfood Australian Aboriginal bushcraft Edible fruits Edible Solanaceae Plant common names","title":"Bush tomato"},{"docid":"27839568","text":"The Iluka Nature Reserve in a protected nature reserve that is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The reserve is situated near the coastal town of . The average elevation of the terrain above sea level is 6 meters. The littoral rainforest, one of the last remaining in the Southern Hemisphere, is part of the Coastal group of the UNESCO World Heritagelisted Gondwana Rainforests, inscribed in 1986. The reserve was added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007. It contains many different plant species ranging from coastal dune species to tropical rainforest species. The Iluka rainforest has a vast range of native animal species ranging from wallabies and kangaroos to wombats and echidnas. Iluka is known for the rare coastal emu. This nature reserve is very popular with bird watchers. Over 140 species of birds have been recorded here. See also Broadwater National Park Bundjalung National Park Protected areas of New South Wales References External links Nature reserves in New South Wales Gondwana Rainforests of Australia Forests of New South Wales Northern Rivers 1976 establishments in Australia Protected areas established in 1976","title":"Iluka Nature Reserve"},{"docid":"17238658","text":"Gahnia (sawsedge, saw-sedge) is a genus of sedges native to China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand and a number of Pacific Islands. The common name is due to the toothed margins. It often forms tussocks. Species Accepted species: Gahnia ancistrophylla Benth. – Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria Gahnia aristata Benth. – Western Australia Gahnia aspera (R.Br.) Spreng. – Maluku, New Guinea, Queensland, New South Wales, Melanesia, Bonin Islands, Hawaii Gahnia australis (Nees) K.L.Wilson – Western Australia Gahnia baniensis Benl. – Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Vietnam, Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra Gahnia beecheyi H.Mann – forest sawsedge – Hawaii Gahnia clarkei Benl – New Guinea, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria Gahnia decomposita (R.Br.) Benth. – Western Australia Gahnia deusta (R.Br.) Benth. – Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria Gahnia drummondii (Steud.) K.L.Wilson – Western Australia Gahnia erythrocarpa R.Br. – New South Wales Gahnia filifolia (C.Presl) Kük. ex Benl – New South Wales Gahnia filum (Labill.) F.Muell.— chaffy sawsedge – Australia, all states except Queensland Gahnia graminifolia Rodway – Tasmania Gahnia grandis (Labill.) S.T.Blake – Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria Gahnia halmaturina R.L.Barrett & K.L.Wilson – South Australia Gahnia howeana R.O.Gardner – Lord Howe Island Gahnia hystrix J.M.Black – Kangaroo Island Gahnia insignis S.T.Blake – Queensland, New South Wales Gahnia javanica Moritzi – Yunnan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Islands Gahnia lacera (R.Lesson ex A.Rich.) Steud. – Cutty grass – New Zealand North Island Gahnia lanaiensis O.Deg., I.Deg. & J.Kern -- Lanaʻi sawsedge – Lanaʻi Island of Hawai'i Gahnia lanigera (R.Br.) Benth. – Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales Gahnia marquisensis F.Br. – Marquesas Gahnia melanocarpa R.Br. – Black-fruit saw-sedge – Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria Gahnia microcarpa Guillaumin – New Caledonia Gahnia microstachya Benth. – Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania Gahnia novocaledonensis Benl – New Caledonia Gahnia pauciflora Kirk – Cutting sedge – New Zealand North and South Islands Gahnia procera J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. – Mountain sedge – New Zealand North and South Islands Gahnia radula (R.Br.) Benth. – Thatch saw-sedge – Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania, South Australia Gahnia rigida Kirk – New Zealand North and South Islands Gahnia schoenoides G.Forst. – Society Islands Gahnia sclerioides K.L.Wilson – Western Australia Gahnia setifolia Hook.f. – Māpere, razor sedge – New Zealand North and South Islands Gahnia sieberiana Kunth – Red-fruited saw sedge – Australia, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia Gahnia sinuosa J.Raynal – New Caledonia Gahnia subaequiglumis S.T.Blake – Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria Gahnia trifida Labill. – Coast saw-sedge – Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia Gahnia tristis Nees in W.J.Hooker & G.A.W.Arnott – China, Ryukyu Islands, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra Gahnia vitiensis Rendle -- Fijian sawsedge – Fiji, Hawaii Gahnia xanthocarpa (Hook.f.) Hook.f. – Māpere, gahnia – New Zealand North and South Islands Conservation The species Gahnia lanaiensis has been known as a rare endemic plant from the Hawaiian island of Lanai and it was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States. In 2010, however, research suggested","title":"Gahnia"},{"docid":"9180751","text":"This list of introduced bird species includes all the species of bird introduced to an area without regard to that territory being or not being their native area of occupation or the success of that re-introduction or introduction to the area. This practice has been harmful in many areas, although some introductions are made with the aim of preserving bird species. Following the name of the bird, a brief description of where they were introduced is included. Struthioniformes Struthionidae Ostrich, successfully introduced to Australia, and possibly introduced to New Mexico (captive only) and Israel Casuariformes Casuariidae Emu, successfully introduced to Kangaroo Island, South Australia, Tasmania and possibly introduced to Texas Rheiformes Rheidae Greater rhea, successfully introduced to France (captive only), and Germany (by accident) Lesser rhea, successfully introduced to Tierra del Fuego Apterygiformes Apterygidae Tokoeka, successfully introduced to Kapiti Island and Little Barrier Island, New Zealand Little spotted kiwi, successfully introduced to Kapiti Island, New Zealand Tinamiformes Tinamidae Chilean tinamou, introduced successfully to Easter Island and unsuccessfully to the Hawaiian Islands Great tinamou, unsuccessfully introduced to Sapelo Island, Georgia, US Red-winged tinamou, unsuccessfully introduced to the United States Anseriformes Anatidae Trumpeter swan, re-introduced successfully to areas of the United States and Canada Mute swan, introduced successfully to North America, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, United Arab Emirates and Japan introduced unsuccessfully to the Hawaiian Islands Black swan, successfully introduced to the Netherlands, United Arab Emirates and Japan; unsuccessfully introduced to Tahiti and Hawaiian Islands Swan goose, a domesticated breed that can become feral, but which has difficulty in becoming established. Feral populations known in Europe possibly unsuccessfully introduced to Hawaii Spur-winged goose, unsuccessfully introduced to Western Australia Cape Barren goose, introduced unsuccessfully to New Zealand; re-introduced successfully to King Island in Bass Strait Snow goose, unsuccessfully introduced to New Zealand Emperor goose, successfully introduced to England Bar-headed goose, successfully to Canada and much of Europe Greylag goose, successfully introduced to England and Falkland Islands (is a native rare-breeder in northern Scotland); successfully introduced to New Zealand. Possibly successfully introduced ferally in Colombia and elsewhere in the Andes Canada goose, successfully introduced to Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Japan, and New Zealand; successfully re-introduced to some areas of the United States and Canada; unsuccessfully introduced to the Hawaiian Islands and Western Australia Barnacle goose, successfully introduced to southern England Hawaiian goose, re-introduced successfully to Hawaii and Maui in the Hawaiian Islands; possibly introduced unsuccessfully to New Zealand Magellan goose, unsuccessfully introduced to South Georgia Island Australian wood duck, possibly introduced unsuccessfully to the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand Black-bellied whistling duck, unsuccessfully introduced to Cuba and Jamaica White-faced whistling duck, possibly introduced successfully in Costa Rica; unsuccessfully introduced to Mauritius Egyptian goose, successfully introduced to eastern England and Israel. occasionally feral in Europe; introduced unsuccessfully to New Zealand, Australia, and the United States Muscovy duck, feral in many parts of the world; introduced successfully to areas of the United States and Britain; introduced unsuccessfully to Adams Island, New Zealand Mallard, successfully","title":"List of introduced bird species"},{"docid":"3204439","text":"Bush tucker, also called bush food, is any food native to Australia and historically eaten by Indigenous Australians, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, but it can also describe any native flora, fauna, or funga used for culinary or medicinal purposes, regardless of the continent or culture. Animal native foods include kangaroo, emu, witchetty grubs and crocodile, and plant foods include fruits such as quandong, kutjera, spices such as lemon myrtle and vegetables such as warrigal greens and various native yams. Traditional Indigenous Australians' use of bushfoods has been severely affected by the settlement of Australia in 1788 and subsequent settlement by non-Indigenous peoples. The introduction of non-native foods, together with the loss of traditional lands, resulting in reduced access to native foods by Aboriginal people, and destruction of native habitat for agriculture, has accentuated the reduction in use. Since the 1970s, there has been recognition of the nutritional and gourmet value of native foods by non-Indigenous Australians, and the bushfood industry has grown enormously. Kangaroo meat has been available in supermarkets since the 1980s, and many other foods are sold in restaurants or packaged as gourmet foods, which has led to expansion of commercial cultivation of native food crops. History Aboriginal Australians have eaten native animal and plant foods for an estimated 60,000 years of human habitation on the Australian continent, using various traditional methods of processing and cooking. An estimated 5,000 species of native food were used by Aboriginal peoples. With much of it unsafe or unpalatable raw, a variety of methods were employed to render the various foods edible, such as cooking on open fires (meat) or boiling in bark containers. They would pound vegetables and seeds, or hang them in bags in running water. Colonisation Bush tucker provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial settlers, often supplementing meagre rations. However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by colonists unfamiliar with the new land's food ingredients, generally preferring familiar foods from their homelands. Especially in the more densely colonised areas of south-eastern Australia, the introduction of non-native foods to Aboriginal people resulted in an almost complete abandonment of native foods by them. This impact on traditional foods was further accentuated by the loss of traditional lands, which has resulted in reduced access to native foods by Aboriginal people, and destruction of native habitat for agriculture. The 19th century English botanist, Joseph Dalton Hooker, writing of Australian plants in remarked although \"eatable,\" are not \"fit to eat\". In 1889, botanist Joseph Maiden reiterated this sentiment with the comment on native food plants \"nothing to boast of as eatables.\" The first monograph to be published on the flora of Australia reported the lack of edible plants on the first page, where it presented Billardiera scandens as, \"... almost the only wild eatable fruit of the country\". Modern use Apart from the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880s, no native food plants were produced commercially until the","title":"Bush tucker"},{"docid":"5759122","text":"Sthenurus (\"strong tail\") is an extinct genus of kangaroos. With a length around 3 m (10 ft), some species were twice as large as modern extant species. Sthenurus was related to the better-known Procoptodon. The subfamily Sthenurinae is believed to have separated from its sister taxon, the Macropodinae (kangaroos and wallabies), halfway through the Miocene, and then its population grew during the Pliocene. Fossil habitats A 1997 study analysed the diets of the fauna at various fossil site localities in South Australia, using stable carbon isotope analysis 13C/12C of collagen. It found that at older localities such as Cooper Creek, the species of Sthenurus were adapted to a diet of leaves and twigs (browsing) due to the wet climate of the time between 132 and 108 thousand years ago (kya - by thermoluminescence dating and uranium dating), which allowed for a more varied vegetation cover. At the Baldina Creek fossil site 30 kya (C14 dating), the genus had transitioned to a diet of grass-grazing. During this time, the area was open grasslands with sparse tree cover as the continent was drier than today, but at Dempsey's Lake (36-25 kya) and Rockey River (19 kya C14 dating), their diet was of both grazing and browsing. This analysis may be because of a wetter climatic period. The overall anatomy of the genus did not alter in response to the change in diet and dentition did not adapt to the varying toughness of the vegetation between grasses, shrubs, and trees. Other animals found in the Cuddie Springs habitat include the flightless bird Genyornis, the red kangaroo, Diprotodon, humans, and many others. Examination of skeletal remains of Sthenurus from Lake Callabonna, northern South Australia, revealed that as the animals were trapped as they floundered in the clay mud while attempting to cross the floor of the lake during low-water or dry times. The data show that three closely allied sthenurine species coexisted sympatrically at Lake Callabonna: a new giant taxon, S. stirlingi, an intermediate-sized S. tindalei, and the considerably smaller S. andersoni. Comparative osteology of these Sthenurus species with Macropus giganteus emphasizes how different sthenurine kangaroos were from extant kangaroos, especially with the sthenurines' short, deep skulls, long front feet with very reduced lateral digits, and the monodactyl hind feet. Teapot Creek, a tributary of the MacLaughlin River in the Southern Monaro, southeastern New South Wales, contains a sequence of terraces. The highest and oldest of these terraces was reported to contain the remains of fossil mammals found in Plio-Pleistocene fossil deposits elsewhere in eastern Australia. Sthenurus atlas, S. occidentalis, and S. newtonae are some of the species identified from the fossils found in the terrace. Paleodiet Examining the structure and lifestyle of this species is difficult because not much material has surfaced in regards to them. However, even within the rarity of discoveries relating to the kangaroo-like species, scientists were able to use their findings to learn more about their lifestyles. For example, scientists broke down the few bones that they had discovered","title":"Sthenurus"},{"docid":"42172291","text":"Simosthenurus occidentalis is a species of sthenurine marsupial (\"short-faced kangaroo\") that existed in Australia during the Pliocene, becoming extinct in the Pleistocene epoch around 42,000 years ago. It was a large herbivorous biped that resembles large kangaroos, but with a heavier body than modern kangaroos. The structure of the skull and teeth - resembling koalas and panda bears - indicates that it consumed tough vegetation. Taxonomy The type specimen was collected by E. A. Le Souef and noted in a report to the state's Caves Board, then revised and published by Ludwig Glauert as Sthenurus occidentalis in 1910. This holotype is fossil material preserving the left and right dentary of an adult found at Mammoth Cave in Southwest Australia. The specific epithet occidentalis, meaning \"of the west\", refers to the discovery of this species in Western Australia. Description A mid-sized species of Simosthenurus, known as 'short-faced' kangaroos, one of several genera in a macropodid lineage that diversified in Pliocene Australia. The mass of adults is estimated to have around 118 kilograms, standing at a similar height to larger modern roos but with a heavier and more robust body. The dentition contains molars set close to the jaw, which combined with the cranial structure, strongly indicates an animal capable of consuming tough vegetation. The short jaw and facial anatomy clearly distinguishes their appearance from the surviving lineage of kangaroos, which usually graze on grasses rather than a browsing diet, and more closely resembles the habits of the modern koala Phascolarctos cinereus. A set of powerful molars located close to the hinge of jaw, similar to but further back than a koala, improved the mechanical advantage and a potential enlargement of the zygomaticomandibularis muscles would have reduced the hazard of dislocation while biting with the rear molars. Modelling of the bite force and the skulls resistance to torsional forces suggests that the species was able to consume tough material, such as leaves, bark and branches, that could be torn with the claws of the long forelimbs. The diamond-like shape of the forehead and reinforced cheek bones was able to distribute the forces applied by large muscles to the rear molars at one side of the jaw, strongly suggesting that browsing habit included an ability to tear and chew hardy and fibrous material. The morphology of the skull and dentition was found to be most comparable to Asian mammal Ailuropoda melanoleuca (panda), an animal that primarily feeds as a browser of tough plant material. Distribution and habitat The species is represented in the records of many southern fossil sites in Australia, including Tasmania. The type locality is located in Southwest Australia, at Mammoth Cave, and evidence from another site in the southwest indicates it existed until about 42,000 years ago. Fossils assigned to the species have been obtained at sites in the Southwest, southern regions of Central Australia and the southeast of the continent. In Tasmania S. occidentalis has been identified at fossil sites in the northeast and central regions, the species has","title":"Simosthenurus occidentalis"},{"docid":"215027","text":"The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) is a marsupial found in the eastern third of Australia, with a population of several million. It is also known as the great grey kangaroo and the forester kangaroo. Although a big eastern grey male can typically weigh up to and have a length of well over , the scientific name, Macropus giganteus (gigantic large-foot), is misleading: the red kangaroo of the semi-arid inland is larger, weighing up to . Taxonomy The eastern grey kangaroo was described by George Shaw in 1790 as Macropus giganteus. Subspecies There are two subspecies: Macropus giganteus giganteusfound in eastern and central Queensland, Victoria, New South Wales and southeastern South Australia Macropus giganteus tasmaniensis(commonly known as the forester kangaroo) endemic to Tasmania Description The eastern grey kangaroo is the second largest and heaviest living marsupial and native land mammal in Australia. An adult male will commonly weigh around whereas females commonly weigh around . They have a powerful tail that is over long in adult males. Large males of this species are more heavily built and muscled than the lankier red kangaroo and can occasionally exceed normal dimensions. One of these, shot in eastern Tasmania weighed , with a total length from nose to tail (possibly along the curves). The largest known specimen, examined by Lydekker, had a weight of and measured along the curves. When the skin of this specimen was measured it had a \"flat\" length of . The eastern grey is easy to recognise: its soft grey coat is distinctive, and it is usually found in moister, more fertile areas than the red. Red kangaroos, though sometimes grey-blue in colour, have a totally different face than eastern grey kangaroos. Red kangaroos have distinctive markings in black and white beside their muzzles and along the sides of their face. Eastern grey kangaroos do not have these markings, and their eyes seem large and wide open. Where their ranges overlap, it is much more difficult to distinguish between eastern grey and western grey kangaroos, which are closely related. They have a very similar body and facial structure, and their muzzles are fully covered with fine hair (though that is not obvious at a distance, their noses do look noticeably different from the noses of reds and wallaroos). The eastern grey's colouration is a light-coloured grey or brownish-grey, with a lighter silver or cream, sometimes nearly white, belly. The western grey is a dark dusty brown colour, with more contrast especially around the head. Indigenous Australian names include iyirrbir (Uw Oykangand and Uw Olkola) and kucha (Pakanh). The highest ever recorded speed of any kangaroo was set by a large female eastern grey kangaroo. Distribution and habitat Although the red is better known, the eastern grey is the kangaroo most often encountered in Australia, due to its adaptability. Few Australians visit the arid interior of the continent, while many live in and around the major cities of the southern and eastern coast, from where it is usually only a","title":"Eastern grey kangaroo"},{"docid":"6473840","text":"Themeda triandra is a species of perennial tussock-forming grass widespread in Africa, Australia, Asia and the Pacific. In Australia it is commonly known as kangaroo grass and in East Africa and South Africa it is known as red grass and red oat grass or as rooigras in Afrikaans. Kangaroo grass was formerly thought to be one of two species, and was named Themeda australis. The plant has traditional uses as food and medicine in Africa and Australia. Indigenous Australians harvested it to make bread and string for fishing nets around 30,000 years ago. It was used as livestock feed in early colonial Australia, but this use was largely replaced by introduced plants. there is a large government-funded project under way to investigate the possibility of growing kangaroo grass commercially in Australia for use as a regular food source for humans. Description Themeda triandra is a grass which grows in dense tufts up to tall and wide. It flowers in summer, producing large red-brown spikelets on branched stems. The leaves are in length and wide but can exceed long and wide. Its inflorescence is compounded, fasciculated, is long and composed of a single raceme. It pedicels are oblong and are 0.5 mm long while its lemma is long and is both apical and geniculate. The column of lemma's awn is hispidulous and twisted. Its leaves are a grey-green colour in winter, turning red-brown in summer. The blooms exude a strong perfume. Taxonomy and naming Themeda triandra was first formally described in 1775 by Peter Forsskål who published the description in Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. There are many synonyms of this species. The specific epithet (triandra) is the feminine of the Botanical Latin adjective triandrus, meaning \"with three stamens\", based on the Greek-derived combining forms tri-, three, and -andrus, male. Kangaroo grass was formerly thought to be one of two species, and was named Themeda australis. Distribution and habitat Themeda triandra is found across Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific. In Australia, it is found in all of the states and territories. It grows predominantly in grassland and open woodland communities. It is a significant species in temperate grasslands in Australia, a habitat considered to be endangered or threatened in various parts of the country. It does not do well under heavy grazing pressure, but benefits from occasional fire. It tolerates a wide range of soils but is most common in moist microclimates such as roadsides and railway lines. T. triandra occurs on a wide variety of soils from sandy soils to heavy clays. There seems to be little association between abundance of T. triandra and a specific soil type. It is often common in areas where moisture collects and grazing is light, such as along roadsides or railway lines. Morphology Kangaroo grass is a tufted perennial up to 1.5m tall, with tussock width up to 0.5m. The narrow leaves grow up to 0.5m long, and are green in summer changing to straw coloured in winter. The seed head is large, often red-brown and","title":"Themeda triandra"},{"docid":"27865398","text":"The Ballarat Wildlife Park is a wildlife park in Ballarat, Victoria. Opened in February 1985, it is privately owned by founder Greg Parker and his wife, Julia Leonard. The 10-hectare park holds over 300 animals, including Australian animalsthere are over 100 free-roaming kangaroosand an extensive collection of reptiles. It was once well known for housing Patrick, the common wombat who was the oldest known marsupial in captivity when he died aged around 30 years old in 2017. History Since buying his first python when he was ten years old, animal enthusiast Greg Parker had amassed a collection of over 300 reptiles across 50 species. He even got a job at Healesville Sanctuary in the late 1970s. After a year of planning, Parker bought of land in Ballarat, Victoria, where he opened the Ballarat Wildlife Park in February 1985. He incorporated his reptile collection into the wildlife park, while also branching out into mammals. Parker co-owns the park with his wife, Julia Leonard, and manages it with his family and a small team of permanent staff. Park Certified by the Zoo and Aquarium Association, the 10-hectare Ballarat Wildlife Park is home to around 300 animals and 40 species. It is located on the corner of York and Fussell Streets, in Ballarat East. All of the Australian mammals breed each year, and the establishment also breeds its reptiles. The park contains many different exhibits and a cafe. It holds wildlife education talks and \"meet-and-greets\" with some of the animals can be booked; strict guidelines and time limits on handling the animals are in place. The Ballarat Wildlife Park holds a number of Australian animals. It is home to the largest colony of koalas in captivity in Victoria, which has around 35 members. It has contributed to a number of koala conservation campaigns, including fundraisers for planting eucalyptus trees. Visitors can feed the over 100 free-roaming kangaroos by purchasing kangaroo feed. There are wombats, emus, cassowaries, quokkas, and special enclosures for endangered Australian animals such as Tasmanian devils. It was the first privately-owned park to breed Tasmanian devils on the mainland. The dingoes have their own large enclosure. The park also contains animals not native to Australia. There are six meerkats. There is a colony of little penguins. The reptile house holds snakes, lizards and frogs. The park also has a Komodo dragon. It has a special enclosure for the tree-kangaroos. Aldabra giant tortoise Alligator snapping turtle Alpaca American alligator Asian forest tortoise Australian green tree frog Australian water dragon Banded rock python Bare-nosed wombat Boa constrictor Broad-headed snake Brolga Brown tree snake Buff-banded rail Burmese python Bush stone-curlew Central bearded dragon Common snapping turtle Dingo Dyeing poison dart frog Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Eastern long-necked turtle Eastern tiger snake Eastern whipbird Eclectus parrot Emu Freshwater crocodile Frilled lizard Gila monster Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo Green anaconda Indochinese spitting cobra Inland taipan Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo King brown snake Koala Komodo dragon Lace monitor Little penguin Magnificent tree frog Mangrove monitor Merten's water monitor Monocled cobra","title":"Ballarat Wildlife Park"},{"docid":"13771845","text":"Moonlit Sanctuary Wildlife Conservation Park is a biopark within the Pearcedale Conservation Park located at Pearcedale on the Mornington Peninsula near Melbourne, Australia. It aims to display the fauna that was found in the Mornington Peninsula and Western Port Biosphere Reserve prior to European settlement as well as working towards the recovery of threatened Australian fauna. The park is open all year except on Christmas Day. The sanctuary, as part of Pearcedale Conservation Park, is an institutional member of the Zoo and Aquarium Association (ZAA). It is ECO Certified at the Ecotourism level by Ecotourism Australia. History Development of the zoo started in December 1998, with construction of a visitor center, a wetland habitat with a lake, and more than 30 animal enclosures, as well as many Australian trees and other plants. The zoo was opened in September 2001. Evening walks Moonlit Sanctuary operates evening walks, which are an environmental immersion experience. A guide takes visitors on a walk through natural bushland where the guide spotlights a variety of nocturnal animals, many of them endangered. The guide gives talks about the animals, and answers visitors' questions. Visitors come into close contact with the animals in their natural habitats and can observe their natural behaviours. Daytime visits Moonlit Sanctuary is also open during the day, where visitors get an experience closer to a normal zoo. It operates education services for school children, and provides research facilities for graduate students. It also engages in conservation breeding of endangered species. Animals In total over 400 animals representing over 60 different species call the sanctuary home. Some examples of the native animal species kept at the sanctuary are listed below. ▣ Banded lapwing ▣ Banded stilt ▣ Bare-nosed wombat ▣ Barking owl ▣ Bush stone-curlew ▣ Central bearded dragon ▣ Chestnut-eared finch ▣ Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink ▣ Dingo ▣ Eastern barn owl ▣ Eastern blue-tongued lizard ▣ Eastern grey kangaroo ▣ Eastern long-necked turtle ▣ Eastern whipbird ▣ Eclectus parrot ▣ Emu ▣ Gang-gang cockatoo ▣ Gippsland water dragon ▣ Helmeted honeyeater ▣ Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo ▣ Koala ▣ Lace monitor ▣ Laughing kookaburra ▣ Long-nosed potoroo ▣ Major Mitchell's cockatoo ▣ Orange-bellied parrot ▣ Rainbow lorikeet ▣ Red-bellied pademelon ▣ Red-necked wallaby ▣ Red-tailed black cockatoo ▣ Regent honeyeater ▣ Rufous bettong ▣ Sacred kingfisher ▣ Satin bowerbird ▣ Shingleback lizard ▣ Southern bettong ▣ Southern hairy-nosed wombat ▣ Spinifex hopping mouse ▣ Spotted tree monitor ▣ Spotted-tailed quoll ▣ Squirrel glider ▣ Sulphur-crested cockatoo ▣ Superb parrot ▣ Swamp wallaby ▣ Swift parrot ▣ Tammar wallaby ▣ Tasmanian devil ▣ Tawny frogmouth ▣ Wedge-tailed eagle ▣ White-browed woodswallow ▣ Woylie ▣ Yellow-bellied glider ▣ Yellow-tailed black cockatoo Conservation Moonlit has successfully bred a number of rare and endangered species including southern bettong (aka eastern bettong), eastern quoll, Julia Creek dunnart, fluffy glider (yellow-bellied glider) and squirrel glider. The eastern quoll and southern bettong are now extinct on the mainland and only found in the wild in Tasmania. In 2016 it opened","title":"Moonlit Sanctuary Wildlife Conservation Park"},{"docid":"1212198","text":"Kangaroo paw is the common name for a number of species, in two genera of the family Haemodoraceae, that are native to the south-west of Western Australia. These rhizomatous perennial plants are noted for their unique bird-attracting flowers. The tubular flowers are coated with dense hairs and open at the apex with six claw-like structures which resemble kangaroo forelimbs, and it is from this paw-like formation that the common name \"kangaroo paw\" is derived. The kangaroo paw plant has been introduced into Japan and has been grown as a new ornamental crop mainly in Okinawa Island under a subtropical climate. History The genus Anigozanthos' author was French botanist Jacques-Julien Houtou de Labillardière, who first collected the kangaroo paw in 1792 near Esperance. Red and green kangaroo paw or Kurulbrang (Noongar) was introduced to England in 1833, and was first described in 1836 by botanist David Don. The specific name manglesii is so named in honour of the first individual to raise the specimen from seed, Robert Mangles, which he did in his English garden. His experience with growing the specimen is recorded in letters to his brother James Mangles. The red and green kangaroo paw was adopted as the state emblem of Western Australia in a proclamation on 9 October 1960. An image of a red and green kangaroo paw was superimposed onto a view of Perth from a distance on a 5 pence stamp, issued 1 November 1962, commemorating the Seventh British Empire and Commonwealth Games which were held in Perth that year. The stamp was designed by R. M. Warner. The red and green kangaroo paw was again included on a stamp on 10 July 1968, which were six cent stamps in a series of state floral emblems. It was designed by Nell Wilson. In 1990, disease was found on the kangaroo paw plant in Okinawa. The unreported fungi, which caused the plant to become very limp and wilt, was characterised by a discolouration of the plant leaving it a brown to black colour around the stalks, leaves and base of the plant. As the plant began to discolour over time, white cottony mycelia started to appear at the surface of the lesions and then the plant eventually died. Cultivation and cut flowers The plant is native to south-western Australia, occurring naturally from the Murchison River in the North to Busselton and Mount Barker in the South, and Lake Muir to the East. It has been developed as a cut-flower crop in the United States, Israel and Japan. In Israel, plants are propagated from tissue culture imported from Australia and are then grown in unheated greenhouses in natural day conditions. The plants have found their way to California and become popular among garden supply businesses there. Research In 2007 Kings Park Botanic and Garden Board started a breeding program to protect the Kangaroo Paw from disease and the impact of climate changes. During this effort cross breading between 5 different species brought about new colouring including blue shades.","title":"Kangaroo paw"},{"docid":"58035856","text":"The Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus mayri) is a critically endangered, bear-like mammal native to tropical mountain forests on the island of New Guinea in Western Papua. Elusive and rare, it was considered extinct until rediscovery in 2018. It is a species of tree-kangaroo (genus Dendrolagus), a group of long-tailed, bear-like animals native to Australia and New Guinea that mostly live in trees and feed on plant matter. Tree-kangaroos belong to the macropod family (Macropodidae) with kangaroos, and carry their young in a pouch like most other marsupials. The Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo is likely threatened by hunting, and is known only from remote mountains on the Wondiwoi Peninsula in northwest New Guinea. Until 2018, the wondiwoi tree-kangaroo was known only from a single specimen collected in 1928. The only known specimen is a male weighing . D. mayri was located in the Wondiwoi Peninsula of West Papua at an elevation of within montane rain forest. It is thought that the Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo could occupy an area of . Re:wild, the global conservation organization, lists the Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo as one of their \"25 most wanted lost species\". Taxonomy It was named in honour of Ernst Mayr, who collected the type specimen now deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. It was described by Lord Rothschild and Capt. Guy Dollman in a 1933 paper and an illustration based on the only known specimen was published in their 1936 monograph on the genus. Discovery In July 2018, the first known photographs of the species were taken by British naturalist Michael Smith. Smith was investigating Vireya rhododendrons in an unexplored area of the Wondiwoi ranges and photographed a \"dorianus type\" tree kangaroo at an altitude of approximately 1,600 metres. Scent marks, tree kangaroo scat and claw marks at the base of trees made by climbing tree kangaroos were found from 1,700 m to 2,000 m in steep montane forest. Local hunters, who frequently kill grizzled tree-kangaroos in lowland forest, rarely visit the forest above 1,500 m because of the difficult terrain, lack of water sources and dense bamboo thickets. An expert-led monograph on the genus discusses this \"first photograph of a living animal\" and asks \"What other novel observations are out in the cloud forests of New Guinea?\": Status Long thought to be extinct or critically endangered, the IUCN Red List listed the species as critically endangered (possibly extinct) because \"if the species still exists the population must be very small (less than 50 mature individuals) and probably in decline due to hunting pressures. Although the area has not been well-sampled, there have been a few visits to the area with no reports of this species.\" The species status of Dendrolagus mayri is uncertain. Some authorities refer to all 'dorianus type' tree kangaroos as subspecies of Doria's tree kangaroo, including Colin Groves, who published a major revision of the taxonomy of the genus in 1982. More recent DNA analysis indicates, however, that the members of the dorianus group deserve species status, although Dendrolagus mayri itself was not","title":"Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo"},{"docid":"64174152","text":"The Vogelkop–Aru lowland rain forests is a tropical moist forest ecoregion in Indonesia. The ecoregion covers the peninsular lowlands of western New Guinea, along with the Aru Islands and other nearby islands. Geography The ecoregion includes the lowland and hill (below 1000 meters elevation) forests of the Bird's Head Peninsula (also known as the Vogelkop Peninsula), Bomberai Peninsula, and the Bird's Neck Isthmus, as well as the Aru Islands to the south and Raja Ampat Islands (Misool, Salawati, Waigeo, Kofiau, and others) to the west. The Aru and Raja Ampat islands sit on the Australia-New Guinea continental shelf. When sea levels were lower during the ice ages, these islands were joined to the Australia-New Guinea continent, which allowed terrestrial plants and animals to move between them. The peninsular mountains above 1000 meters elevation, including the Arfak Mountains and Tamrau Mountains, constitute the separate and distinct Vogelkop montane rain forests ecoregion. Climate The ecoregion has a tropical rain forest climate. Flora The vegetation of the ecoregion is tropical wet evergreen forest, including lowland alluvial forests, hill forests, and limestone forests. Lowland alluvial forest has an irregular, multi-tiered canopy with many emergents. The understory has shrub layer, where palms are common, and an herb layer. Climbers, epiphytes, and ferns are abundant. Common canopy trees include Pometia pinnata, Octomeles sumatrana, Alstonia scholaris, and species of Ficus and Terminalia. Other tree genera include Pterocarpus, Artocarpus, Planchonella, Canarium, Elaeocarpus, Cryptocarya, Celtis, Dracontomelon, Dysoxylum, Syzygium, Vitex, Spondias, and Intsia. Lowland hill forest has a lower, more closed and regular tree canopy than the alluvial forest. The shrub layer is more open with fewer palms, and there is a denser herbaceous layer. Dominant canopy trees include species of Pometia, Canarium, Anisoptera, Cryptocarya, Terminalia, Syzygium, Ficus, Celtis, Dysoxylum, and Buchanania. Species of Koompassia, Dillenia, Eucalyptopsis, Vatica, and Hopea are locally abundant. The conifer Araucaria cunninghamii var. papuana forms dense groves in scattered locations. Fauna The ecoregion has 47 species of mammals, including marsupials, murid rodents, and bats. Native mammals include the Arfak long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijni), dusky pademelon (Thylogale bruinji), New Guinea quoll (Dasyurus albopunctatus), red-bellied dasyure (Phascolosorex doriae), ursine tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus ursinus), brown forest wallaby (Dorcopsis muelleri), Lorentz's mosaic-tailed rat (Melomys lorentzii), Shaw Mayer's brush mouse (Pogonomelomys mayeri) and lowland brush mouse (Pogonomelomys bruijni). the Arfak long-beaked echidna is critically endangered, and the dusky pademelon and ursine tree-kangaroo are considered vulnerable. There are no strictly endemic mammal species, but several species are threatened or have a limited range. The ecoregion has 366 species of birds, of which nine are endemic. It encompasses the West Papuan lowlands and Aru Islands endemic bird areas. Endemic birds include Bruijn's brush-turkey (Aepypodius bruijnii), Kofiau paradise kingfisher, (Tanysiptera ellioti), black-backed monarch (Monarcha julianae), Wilson's bird-of-paradise, (Cicinnurus respublica), and red bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea rubra). The largest bird in the ecoregion is the flightless southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius). Protected areas A 2017 assessment found that 7,557 km2, or 10%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. About 70% of the unprotected area is still forested.","title":"Vogelkop–Aru lowland rain forests"},{"docid":"3517460","text":"This is a list of the wild birds found in Australia including its outlying islands and territories, but excluding the Australian Antarctic Territory. The outlying islands covered include: Christmas, Cocos (Keeling), Ashmore, Torres Strait, Coral Sea, Lord Howe, Norfolk, Macquarie and Heard/McDonald. The list includes introduced species, common vagrants and recently extinct species. It excludes species only present in captivity. 975 extant and extinct species are listed. There have been three comprehensive accounts: the first was John Gould's Birds of Australia, the second Gregory Mathews, and the third was the Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds (1990-2006). The taxonomy originally followed is from Christidis and Boles, 2008. Their system has been developed over nearly two decades and has strong local support, but deviates in important ways from more generally accepted schemes. Supplemental updates follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. This list uses British English throughout. Bird names and other wording follows that convention. Ostriches Order: StruthioniformesFamily: Struthionidae 1 species recorded [1 introduced] This order is not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species have become established in South Australia and possibly on the New South Wales/Victoria border. Cassowaries and emu Order: CasuariiformesFamily: Casuariidae 2 species recorded [2 extant native] This family of flightless ratite birds is represented by two living species in Australia. Another two species are found in New Guinea. The extinct, geographically isolated King and Kangaroo Island emus were historically considered to be separate species to mainland emus. However, genetic evidence from 2011 suggests that all three are conspecific. Magpie goose Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anseranatidae 1 species recorded [1 extant native] The family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous. The single species is found across Australia. Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae 30 species recorded [20 extant native, 3 introduced, 7 vagrant] The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These are adapted for an aquatic existence, with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. In Australia, 30 species have been recorded, of which three have been introduced, and seven are vagrants. Megapodes Order: GalliformesFamily: Megapodiidae 3 species recorded [3 extant native] Megapodiidae are represented by various species in the Australasian region, although only three species are found in Australia. They are commonly referred to as \"mound-builders\" due to their habit of constructing large mounds to incubate their eggs. Guineafowl Order: GalliformesFamily: Numididae 1 species recorded [1 introduced] Numididae are not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species exist in Queensland. New World quail Order: GalliformesFamily: Odontophoridae 1 species recorded [1 introduced] Odontophoridae are not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species survive in external territories and possibly the mainland. Pheasants,","title":"List of birds of Australia"},{"docid":"1604611","text":"The woylie or brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata) is a small, critically endangered mammal native to forests and shrubland of Australia. A member of the rat-kangaroo family (Potoroidae), it moves by hopping and is active at night, digging for fungi to eat. It is also a marsupial and carries its young in a pouch. Once widespread, the woylie mostly died out from habitat loss and introduced predators such as foxes. It is currently restricted to two small areas in Western Australia. There were two subspecies: B. p. ogilbyi in the west, and the now-extinct B. p. penicillata in the southeast. Taxonomy A species was first described by J. E. Gray in 1837, based on the skin and skull of an adult male obtained by the Zoological Society of London, and placed with the British Museum of Natural History. The origin of the holotype has not been determined, but it is presumed to be New South Wales. The two subspecies recognised are: Bettongia penicillata penicillata J.E. Gray, 1837. The nominate subspecies, classified as a modern extinction. This was the south-eastern subspecies. Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi (Waterhouse, 1841). This is the south-western subspecies. A description published as Hypsiprymnus ogilbyi, a species now recognised as the only extant subspecies of B. penicillata. The cited author is G. R. Waterhouse, who presented a manuscript prepared by John Gould. The type was collected at York, Western Australia. The common name, \"woylie\", is derived from walyu in the Nyungar language. The regional variants amongst Nyungar peoples are noted as wol, woli and woylie. The spelling woylie, and its variants, were used for the species in reports and advertisements in Western Australian newspapers, and the spelling 'woylye' was added in the 1920s. The names boodie and boodie rat came to be applied by the rural inhabitants to several species in south-west Australia, including the woylie, and printed in references to them after 1897. However, the boodie (Bettongia lesueur) is now recognised as a separate species. The term \"kangaroo rat\" was also applied from the founding of the Swan River Colony, and was sometimes used to distinguish the species from the boodie. Another vernacular term applied to the woylie was \"farting rat\", inspired by the abrupt noise it emits when disturbed. Description Bettongia penicillata is a species of potoroine marsupial that digs for fungi during the night, usually maintaining a solitary range around a central nest. The length of the head and body combined is , entirely covered in fur that is a grey-brown over the back, a buff colour across the face, thigh and flank, and blending to the pale cream colour beneath. The greyish brown of the upper-parts of the pelage is interspersed with silvery hair. The tail is a similar length to the head and body, measuring from , and is a rufous brown colour that ends in a blackish tip. The upper-side of the slightly prehensile tail has a ridge of longer fur along its length. The average measurements are for the heady-body length and for","title":"Woylie"},{"docid":"19324507","text":"The kangaroo industry in Australia is based on the regulated harvesting of species of kangaroos. Products Kangaroo meat Australia commercially produced kangaroo meat since 1959. Annually about 3 percent of Australia’s 50 million kangaroos are utilized for their meat, which is served in many Australian restaurants and sold in some supermarkets. It is also exported to over 60 countries overseas. Various pet food companies offer animal feed based on kangaroo or including kangaroo. Since kangaroos emit smaller amounts of methane compared to cattle and sheep, their meat is sometimes advertised in this context. Australia's beef industry is estimated to account for about 11 percent of the country's carbon emissions. Kangaroo Leather Various products are made from the skins of the animals. Kangaroo leather is a strong, light leather, which is more stretchy than goat or cattle but also wrinkles more easily and darkens faster. It is commonly used for shoes, motorcycle suits, handbags, wallets and in whips. Big brands usually market it as “k-leather”. Since many people see kangaroos as pest animals (and numbers have to be limited with annual culling) using the leather, when the meat is also utilized is seen as sustainable. Kangaroo populations Of the 48 species of macropods (kangaroos) in Australia, only six abundant species are allowed to be used commercially. The kangaroo industry, which represents a large amount of the commercial meat and leather traders, calls the shooting of kangaroos ″commercial kangaroo harvest″. They advocate applying under regulated quotas for the limitation of kangaroo populations, because they can overgraze, which can lead to both, a loss of biodiversity, and conflicts with farmers. As the kangaroos are not farmed, they spend their lives in their natural habitat. The shooting of certain quotas is permitted in six of eight Australian states and some additional areas with large kangaroo populations. According to the kangaroo industry, the limitation of the kangaroo population is the key ″to ensure conservation and animal welfare″ while ″health and safety standards are upheld″. Each state government has its own kangaroo management plan to estimate their populations and outline the hunting quotas. Most kangaroos are hunted in the arid grazing rangelands. According to the Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, each year about 3 percent of Australia’s 50 million kangaroos are used for meat production, which means around 1.5 million animals. The meat of following species is exported as kangaroo meat; red kangaroo eastern grey kangaroo western grey kangaroo common wallaroo Annual quotas The National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia authority must have a detailed management plan for the commercial reduction of the kangaroos, which is approved by the federal conservation department. Detail of the population monitoring and quota-setting controls must be renewed every five years. After the kangaroo population has been estimated, the approved shooting quota is limited to a maximum of 15 to 20 percent of the total population. However usually only about 3 percent of the kangaroos are killed due to the limited demand of the market for kangaroo","title":"Kangaroo industry"},{"docid":"7368451","text":"Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) is a rare, long-tailed marsupial found in rainforests in northeastern Australia. Like most tree-kangaroos (genus Dendrolagus), it lives alone in trees and feeds on plant matter. It belongs to the macropod family (Macropodidae) with kangaroos, and carries its young in a pouch like other marsupials. It is threatened by climate change and diseases, and is found in the hilly, fertile Atherton Tableland near Cairns in north east Queensland. Name The species name lumholtzi is after the Norwegian explorer Carl Sofus Lumholtz (1851–1922), who was the first European to record a specimen in 1883. The local indigenous Dyirbal and Yidiny language name may have been either \"mabi\" or \"mapi\". Description and habitat It is the smallest of all tree-kangaroos, with males weighing an average of 7.2 kg (16 lbs) and females 5.9 kg (13 lbs). Its head and body length ranges , and its tail, . It has powerful limbs and has short, grizzled grey fur. Its muzzle, toes and tip of tail are black. The Lumholtz's tree-kangaroos colonizes a variety of habitats, as long as they are flush with food and have stable and adaptable structural features. Social behaviour Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo are generally solitary animals, with the exception of male–female mating and the long, intimate mother–joey relationship. Each kangaroo maintains a \"home range\" and will be hostile towards a member of the same sex that enters it (the one exception seems to be non-hostile encounters between adult males and their male offspring). Thus, the male will protect his own range, and visit the ranges of the females in his group. Mating takes place in episodes of about twenty minutes, and is often quite aggressive. Status The Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo is classified as near-threatened by the IUCN, and authorities consider it as rare. It was historically impacted by habitat loss through logging and land clearing. Currently, it is threatened by non-native diseases and by climate change, which causes temperature extremes and severe weather. Blindness In June 2019, it was reported that many Lumholtz's tree-kangaroos were going blind. Normally almost invisible in the treetops, they were being found in schools, sheds and in the middle of roads, unable to see and confused. Veterinarian Andrew Peters, from Charles Sturt University, said he had found evidence of optic nerve and brain damage, suggesting that a new viral infection was involved. Karen Coombes, who has cared for injured tree kangaroos on her property west of Cairns for two decades, said she thought successive dry periods in the area were contributing to the eye problems. Her theory is that, because the animals only eat the leaves of the rainforest trees they inhabit, which are always fairly toxic, the drier-than-normal weather over recent years could have caused the toxins in the leaves to become more concentrated. No toxin has been identified and this hypothesis remains speculative and unsubstantiated. Other work by wildlife veterinarian Amy Shima and wildlife biologist Roger Martin (author of Tree-kangaroos of Australia and New Guinea), does not support these claims. Their","title":"Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo"},{"docid":"178953","text":"Tree-kangaroos are marsupials of the genus Dendrolagus, adapted for arboreal locomotion. They inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Guinea and far northeastern Queensland, along with some of the islands in the region. All tree-kangaroos are considered threatened due to hunting and habitat destruction. They are the only true arboreal macropods. Evolutionary history The evolutionary history of tree-kangaroos possibly begins with a rainforest floor-dwelling pademelon-like ancestor. This ancestor possibly evolved from an arboreal possum-like ancestor as is suspected of all macropodid marsupials in Australia and New Guinea. During the late Eocene, the Australian/New Guinean continent began a period of drying that caused a retreat in the area of rainforest, which forced the ancestral pademelons to begin living in a drier, rockier environment. After some generations of adaptation to the new environment, the pademelons may have evolved into rock-wallabies (Petrogale spp.), which developed a generalist feeding strategy due to their dependence on a diverse assortment of vegetation refuges. This generalist strategy allowed the rock-wallabies to easily adapt to Malesian rainforest types that were introduced to Australia from Asia during the mid-Miocene. The rock-wallabies that migrated into these introduced forests adapted to spend more time climbing trees. One species in particular, the Proserpine rock-wallaby (Petrogale persephone), displays equal preference for climbing trees as for living in rocky outcrops. During the Late Miocene, the semi-arboreal rock-wallabies could have evolved into the now extinct tree-kangaroo genus Bohra. Global cooling during the Pleistocene caused continent-wide drying and rainforest retractions in Australia and New Guinea. The rainforest contractions isolated populations of Bohra which resulted in the evolution of today's tree-kangaroos (Dendrolagus spp.), as they adapted to lifestyles in geographically small and diverse rainforest fragments, and became further specialized for a canopy-dwelling lifestyle. Taxonomy Species These species are assigned to the genus Dendrolagus: Seri's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus stellarum) has been described as a subspecies of Doria's tree-kangaroo (D. dorianus stellarum), but some recent authorities have treated it as a separate species based on its absolute diagnostability. The Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo is among the 25 \"most wanted lost\" species that are the focus of Global Wildlife Conservation's \"Search for Lost Species\" initiative. The extinct species D. noibano from the Pleistocene of Chimbu Province, Papua New Guinea is substantially larger than living species. However, it has since been suggested to be a larger extinct form of Doria's tree-kangaroo. The case for the golden-mantled tree-kangaroo (D. pulcherrimus) is comparable to that of D. stellarum; it was first described as a subspecies of D. goodfellowi, though recent authorities have elevated it to species status based on its absolute diagnostability. A population of the tenkile (Scott's tree-kangaroo) recently discovered from the Bewani Mountains may represent an undescribed subspecies. Distribution and habitat Tree-kangaroos inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Guinea, far northeastern Australia, and some of the islands in the region, in particular, the Schouten Islands and the Raja Ampat Islands. Although most species are found in mountainous areas, several also occur in lowlands, such as the aptly named lowlands tree-kangaroo. Most tree-kangaroos are considered threatened","title":"Tree-kangaroo"},{"docid":"425971","text":"Pademelons are small marsupials in the genus Thylogale, found in Australia and New Guinea. They are some of the smallest members of the macropod family, which includes the similar-looking but larger kangaroos and wallabies. Pademelons are distinguished by their small size and their short, thick, and sparsely-haired tails. Like most other marsupials, they carry their young in a pouch. Etymology The word \"pademelon\" comes from the word badimaliyan in Dharug, an Australian Aboriginal language spoken near what is now Port Jackson, New South Wales. The scientific name Thylogale uses the Greek words for \"pouch\" and \"weasel.\" Description Along with the rock-wallabies and the hare-wallabies, the pademelons are among the smallest members of the macropod family. Mature male pademelons are larger than females, with an average weight of about 7 kg and height of 60 cm. Mature females weigh around 3.8 kg. Species There are seven recognised species within genus Thylogale: Distribution and habitat The red-legged pademelon can be found in the coastal regions of Queensland and New South Wales, and in south-central New Guinea. In some areas, its range has been drastically reduced. The red-bellied or Tasmanian pademelon is abundant in Tasmania, although it was once found throughout the southeastern parts of mainland Australia. The dusky pademelon lives in New Guinea and surrounding islands. It was previously called the Aru Islands wallaby. Before that, it was called the \"philander\" (\"friend of man\"), which is the name it bears in the second volume of Cornelis de Bruijn's Travels, originally published in 1711. The Latin name of this species is called after De Bruijn. The natural habitat of the pademelon is in thick scrubland or dense forested undergrowth. It also makes tunnels through long grasses and bushes in swampy country. Threats Pademelon meat used to be considered valuable and was eaten by settlers and indigenous Australians. Aside from being killed for their meat and soft fur, their numbers have been reduced by the introduction of non-native predators such as cats in Australia, dogs, and red foxes. The rapid increase in Australia's rabbit population has also caused problems as rabbits graze on the same grasses, making less available for the pademelons. Clearing of land for urbanisation has pushed the larger wallabies and kangaroos onto land that previously was occupied by pademelons with little competition. Tasmanian pademelons were an important part of the diet of the now-extinct thylacine, and they are still preyed on by quolls, Tasmanian devils, and wedge-tailed eagles. Despite these predators, Tasmania and its outlying smaller islands have large numbers of pademelons and every year many are culled to keep their numbers sustainable. References External links Macropods Taxa named by John Edward Gray Marsupials of Australia","title":"Pademelon"},{"docid":"2231034","text":"This is a list of the wild birds found in Western Australia. The list includes introduced species, common vagrants, recently extinct species, extirpated species, some very rare vagrants (seen once) and species only present in captivity. 629 species are listed. The taxonomy is based on Christidis and Boles, 2008. Their system has been developed over nearly two decades and has strong local support, but deviates in important ways from more generally accepted schemes. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. All of the birds below are included in the total bird count for Western Australia. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. (A) Accidental – a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Western Australia (E) Endemic – a species endemic to Western Australia (I) Introduced – a species introduced to Western Australia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions (Ex) Extirpated – a species that no longer occurs in Western Australia although populations exist elsewhere (X) Extinct – a species or subspecies that no longer exists. Ostriches Order: StruthioniformesFamily: Struthionidae This order is not native to Western Australia, but feral populations of one species have become established. Cassowaries and emu Order: CasuariiformesFamily: Dromaiidae This family of flightless ratite birds is represented by two living species in Australia. Another two species are found in New Guinea. The extinct, geographically isolated King and Kangaroo Island emus were historically considered to be separate species to mainland emus. However, genetic evidence from 2011 suggests that all three are conspecific. Magpie goose Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anseranatidae The family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous. The single species is found across Australia. Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These are adapted for an aquatic existence, with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Megapodes Order: GalliformesFamily: Megapodiidae Megapodiidae are represented by various species in the Australasian region. They are commonly referred to as \"mound-builders\" due to their habit of constructing large mounds to incubate their eggs. Guineafowl Order: GalliformesFamily: Numididae Numididae are not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species exist in Western Australia. Pheasants, grouse, and allies Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans. Grebes Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater","title":"List of birds of Western Australia"},{"docid":"18859160","text":"The Armadale Reptile Centre is a reptile zoo (featuring a number of other animals) in Armadale, Western Australia that focuses on herpetology and wildlife endemic to Australia (with a few exotic reptile species as exception). Opened to the public in 1995, the Armadale Reptile Centre houses a large variety of mostly native reptiles and other wildlife with over 50 different reptile species on display, including a large female saltwater crocodile and various species of lizards, snakes and turtles, as well as other animals such as tree frogs, cockatoos, dingoes, emus, marsupials (including kangaroos), owls and wedge-tailed eagles. The centre is also used as a rescue and rehabilitation facility for wildlife that are sick or injured. Klaas and Mieke Gaikhorst built and own the centre, having worked with rescuing and rehabilitating injured or displaced reptiles (and other animals) for more than thirty years. Species at the centre Reptiles Bardick Black-headed python Black-tailed monitor Boa constrictor Bobtail lizard Boyd's forest dragon Broad leaf-tailed gecko Brown tree snake Burton's legless lizard Central bearded dragon Centralian carpet python Centralian blue-tongued lizard Children's python Common death adder Common scaly-foot Crowned snake Dugite Eastern snake-necked turtle Eastern water dragon Fraser's legless lizard Frill-necked lizard Gilbert's lashtail dragon Gwardar Jungle carpet python King brown snake King's skink Lace monitor Long-nosed lashtail dragon Murray short-necked turtle Northern giant cave gecko Northern blue-tongued lizard Oblong turtle Olive python Ornate crevice dragon Perentie Pygmy python Pygmy spiny-tailed skink Red-bellied black snake Red-eared slider Rosenberg's monitor Rough knob-tailed gecko Rough-scaled python Saltwater crocodile Sand goanna Saw-shelled turtle Southwest carpet python Spiny-tailed ridge monitor Spotted mulga snake Spotted python Stimson's python Thick-tailed barking gecko Water python Western bearded dragon Western tiger snake Western blue-tongued lizard Woma python Amphibians Australian green tree frog Splendid tree frog White-lipped tree frog Others (Birds) African firefinch Alexandrine parakeet Australian barn owl Australian boobook owl Australian bustard Australian magpie Baudin's black-cockatoo Black-faced woodswallow Black-throated finch Bourke's parrot Bush stone-curlew Cockatiel Common bronzewing Common pheasant Diamond firetail Domestic chicken Double-barred finch Dusky woodswallow Eclectus parrot Emu Galah Gouldian finch Grey butcherbird King quail Laughing dove Laughing kookaburra Little corella Long-billed corella Long-tailed finch Peewit lark Major Mitchell's cockatoo Nankeen kestrel Orange-breasted waxbill Painted finch Peaceful dove Pied butcherbird Princess parrot Red-backed kingfisher Red-headed parrotfinch Red-tailed black-cockatoo Sacred kingfisher Scarlet-chested parrot Star finch Stubble quail Sulphur-crested cockatoo Tawny frogmouth Wedge-tailed eagle Western corella (Fish) Frontosa cichlid Perlmutt Red fin borleyi (Mammals) Bare-nosed wombat Dingo Domestic donkey Domestic pony Grey-headed flying fox Red kangaroo Short-beaked echidna Southwestern brushtail possum Western grey kangaroo Western wallaroo External links Armadale Reptile Centre - Western Australia, 6 minute YouTube video of 2013, by Western Australia Now and Then Armadale, Western Australia Zoos in Western Australia 1995 establishments in Australia Buildings and structures in Perth, Western Australia Tourist attractions in Perth, Western Australia Wildlife parks in Australia","title":"Armadale Reptile Centre"},{"docid":"684228","text":"Australidelphia is the superorder that contains roughly three-quarters of all marsupials, including all those native to Australasia and a single species — the monito del monte — from South America. All other American marsupials are members of the Ameridelphia. Analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials has shown that the South American monito del monte's lineage is the most basal of the superorder. The Australian australidelphians form a clade, for which the name Euaustralidelphia (\"true Australidelphia\") has been proposed (the branching order within this group is yet to be determined). The study also showed that the most basal of all marsupial orders are the other two South American groups (Didelphimorphia and Paucituberculata, with the former probably branching first). This indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America along with the other major divisions of extant marsupials, and likely reached Australia via Antarctica in a single dispersal event after Microbiotheria split off. Phylogeny Phylogeny of living Australidelphia based on the work of May-Collado, Kilpatrick & Agnarsson 2015 with extinct clades from Black et al. 2012 (*)This clade has been called Agreodontia by other authors since 2014. Taxonomy The orders within this group are listed below: Genera †Djarthia Godthelp, Wroe & Archer 1999 Order †Yalkaparidontia Archer, Hand & Godthelp 1988 Family †Yalkaparidontidae Archer, Hand & Godthelp 1988 ?Order Microbiotheria (1 species) ?Family Microbiotheriidae: monito del monte Order Dasyuromorphia (71 species) Family †Thylacinidae: thylacine Family Dasyuridae: antechinuses, quolls, dunnarts, Tasmanian devil, and allies Family Myrmecobiidae: numbat Order Peramelemorphia (21 species) Family Thylacomyidae: bilbies Family †Chaeropodidae: pig-footed bandicoots Family Peramelidae: bandicoots and allies Order Notoryctemorphia (2 species) Family Notoryctidae: marsupial moles Order Diprotodontia (117 species) Family Phascolarctidae: koala Family Vombatidae: wombats Family Phalangeridae: brushtail possums and cuscuses Family Burramyidae: pygmy possums Family Tarsipedidae: honey possum Family Petauridae: striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, yellow-bellied glider, sugar glider, mahogany glider, squirrel glider Family Pseudocheiridae: ringtailed possums and allies Family Potoridae: potoroos, rat kangaroos, bettongs Family Acrobatidae: feathertail glider and feather-tailed possum Family Hypsiprymnodontidae: musky rat-kangaroo Family Macropodidae: kangaroos, wallabies, and allies Family †Thylacoleonidae: marsupial lions Family †Palorchestidae: marsupial tapirs Family †Diprotodontidae: giant wombats Footnotes References Australasian realm fauna Mammal superorders Extant Paleocene first appearances Marsupials of Australia Marsupials Metatheria Paleocene mammals of Australia Paleocene mammals of Oceania","title":"Australidelphia"},{"docid":"215506","text":"The red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus) is the largest of all kangaroos, the largest terrestrial mammal native to Australia, and the largest extant marsupial. It is found across mainland Australia, except for the more fertile areas, such as southern Western Australia, the eastern and southeastern coasts, and the rainforests along the northern coast. Taxonomy The initial description of the species by A.G. Desmarest was published in 1822. The type location was given as an unknown location west of the Blue Mountains. The author assigned the new species to the genus Kangurus. In 1842, Gould reassigned the species to the genus Osphranter, a taxon later submerged as a subgenus of Macropus. A taxonomic restructure in 2015 in Taxonomy of Australian Mammals by Jackson and Groves promoted Osphranter back to the genus level, redefining the red kangaroo, among others, as a species within the genus Osphranter. This was further supported by genetic analysis in 2019. Description This species is a very large kangaroo with long, pointed ears and a square shaped muzzle (snout/nose). They are sexually dimorphic; males have short, red-brown fur, fading to pale buff below and on the limbs, while females are smaller than males and are blue-grey with a brown tinge and pale grey below, although arid zone females are coloured more like males. It has two forelimbs with small claws, two muscular hind-limbs, which are used for jumping, and a strong tail which is often used to create a tripod when standing upright. Males grow up to a head-and-body length of with a tail that adds a further to the total length. Adult males are referred to by Australians as \"Big Reds\". Females are considerably smaller, with a head-and-body length of and tail length of . Females can weigh from , while males typically weigh about twice as much at . The average red kangaroo stands approximately tall to the top of the head in upright posture. Large mature males can stand more than tall, with the largest confirmed one having been around tall and weighed . The red kangaroo maintains its internal temperature at a point of homeostasis about using a variety of physical, physiological, and behavioural adaptations. These include having an insulating layer of fur, being less active and staying in the shade when temperatures are high, panting, sweating, and licking its forelimbs. They have an exceptional ability to survive in extreme temperatures using a cooling mechanism where they can increase their panting and sweating rates in high temperatures to cool their bodies. To survive in harsh conditions and conserve energy, Red kangaroos can enter a state of torpor. Red kangaroos also have a high tolerance for consuming plants high in salt content, and can survive for long periods without water by reabsorbing water from their urine in the kidneys, minimizing water loss. They can go for extended periods without drinking, meeting moisture requirements from consumed vegetation. The red kangaroo's range of vision is approximately 300° (324° with about 25° overlap), due to the position of its","title":"Red kangaroo"},{"docid":"9550347","text":"The Australian environment ranges from virtually pristine Antarctic territory and rainforests to degraded industrial areas of major cities. Forty distinct ecoregions have been identified across the Australian mainland and islands. Central Australia has a very dry climate. The interior has a number of deserts while most of the coastal areas are populated. Northern Australia experiences tropical cyclones while much of the country is prone to periodic drought. This dry and warm environment and exposure to cyclones, makes Australia particularly vulnerable to climate change -- with some areas already experiencing increases in wildfires and fragile ecosystems. The island ecology of Australia has led to a number of unique endemic plant and animal species, notably marsupials like the kangaroo and koala. Agriculture and mining are predominant land uses which cause negative impacts on many different ecosystems. The management of the impact on the environment from the mining industry, the protection of the Great Barrier Reef, forests and native animals are recurring issues of conservation. The protected areas in Australia are important sources of ecotourism, with sites like the Great Barrier Reef and World Heritage sites like Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area or the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park draw both national and international tourism. Clean Up Australia Day was an initiative developed in 1989 to collaboratively clean up local areas and is held on the first Sunday of autumn (in March). Protected areas Protected areas cover 895,288 km2 of Australia's land area, or about 11.5% of the total land area. Of these, two-thirds are considered strictly protected (IUCN categories I to IV), and the rest is mostly managed resources protected area (IUCN category VI). There are also 200 marine protected areas, which cover a further 64.8 million hectares. Indigenous Protected Area have been established since the 1990s, the largest of which covers part of the Tanami Desert in the Northern Territory. The protected natural areas include world heritage listed properties, such as the Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh/Naracoorte), Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves, Fraser Island, Great Barrier Reef, Greater Blue Mountains Area, Heard and McDonald Islands, Lord Howe Island, Macquarie Island, Purnululu National Park, Shark Bay, and the Wet Tropics of Queensland. Protected mixed World Heritage listed areas include Tasmanian Wilderness, Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, Willandra Lakes Region and Kakadu National Park. Ningaloo Reef and Cape Range peninsula are submitted and on the Tentative List for World Heritage listing and are Australian National Parks. Conservation Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, it covers a diverse range of habitats, from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests, and is recognised as a megadiverse country. Because of the great age and consequent low levels of fertility of the continent, its extremely variable weather patterns, and its long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique and diverse. About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic. Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced plant","title":"Environment of Australia"},{"docid":"17205364","text":"South Australia is a state in Australia with 487 species of bird recorded. This list is based on the 1996 classification by Sibley and Monroe (though there has been a recent (2008) extensive revision of Australian birds by Christidis and Boles), which has resulted in some lumping and splitting. Their system has been developed over nearly two decades and has strong local support, but deviates in important ways from more generally accepted schemes. Supplemental updates follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. This list also uses British English throughout. Any bird names or other wording follows that convention. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in South Australia (E) Endemic - a species endemic to South Australia (I) Introduced - a species introduced to South Australia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions Ostriches Order: StruthioniformesFamily: Struthionidae This order is not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species have become established. Common ostrich, Struthio camelus (I) Cassowaries and emu Order: CasuariiformesFamily: Casuariidae This family of flightless ratite birds is represented by two living species in Australia. Another two species are found in New Guinea. The extinct, geographically isolated King and Kangaroo Island emus were historically considered to be separate species to mainland emus. However, genetic evidence from 2011 suggests that all three are conspecific. Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae Magpie goose Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anseranatidae The family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous. The single species is found across Australia. Magpie goose, Anseranas semipalmata (A) Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These are adapted for an aquatic existence, with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Plumed whistling-duck, Dendrocygna eytoni Cape Barren goose, Cereopsis novaehollandiae Freckled duck, Stictonetta naevosa Black swan, Cygnus atratus Radjah shelduck, Radjah radjah (A) Australian shelduck, Tadorna tadornoides Australian wood duck, Chenonetta jubata Australian shoveler, Spatula rhynchotis Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata (A) Pacific black duck, Anas superciliosa Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (I) Mallard × Pacific black duck, Anas platyrhynchos × supercilisoa (I × native hybrid) Grey teal, Anas gracilis Chestnut teal, Anas castanea Pink-eared duck, Malacorhynchus membranaceus Hardhead, Aythya australis Blue-billed duck, Oxyura australis Musk duck, Biziura lobata Megapodes Order: GalliformesFamily: Megapodiidae Megapodiidae are represented by various species in the Australasian region. They are commonly referred to as \"mound-builders\" due to their habit of constructing large mounds to incubate their eggs. Australian brushturkey, Alectura lathami (I) Malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata Pheasants, grouse, and allies Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their","title":"List of birds of South Australia"},{"docid":"62710931","text":"Australia Walkabout Wildlife Park is a wildlife sanctuary located in Calga, New South Wales, Australia. The wildlife park is home to Australian native birds, mammals and reptiles as well as farm animals. It offers research and education programs, with visitors able to undertake day and night tours. The park is home to a wide range of Australian animals and in 2021 became home to a group of meerkats, the park's first exotic animals. Animals found at the park Native bird species include Emu Australian boobook owl Tawny frogmouth Laughing kookaburra Major Mitchell's cockatoo Sulphur-crested cockatoo Galah Eclectus parrot Rainbow lorikeet Pacific black duck Australian wood duck Satin bowerbird White-headed pigeon Non-native bird species include Blue peafowl (in petting zoo) Domestic goose (in petting zoo) Domestic turkey (in petting zoo) Brahma chicken (in petting zoo) Native herptile (reptile and amphibian) species include Lace tree goanna Eastern water dragon Pygmy bearded dragon Shingleback lizard Eastern blue-tongued lizard Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink Hosmer's spiny-tailed skink Barking gecko Olive python Murray Darling carpet python Centralian carpet python Coastal carpet python Jungle carpet python Diamond python Spotted python Tiger snake Red-bellied black snake Common death adder Brown tree snake Eastern long-necked turtle Eastern short-necked turtle Eastern dwarf tree frog Peron's tree frog Eastern froglet Red-crowned toadlet Native mammal species include Grey-headed flying-fox Dingo Short-beaked echidna Tasmanian devil Spotted-tail quoll Eastern quoll Bare-nosed wombat Southern hairy-nosed wombat Koala Red kangaroo Eastern grey kangaroo Eastern hill wallaroo Tammar wallaby Parma wallaby Red-necked wallaby Swamp wallaby Agile Wallaby Red-necked pademelon Rufous bettong Long-nosed potoroo Southeastern common brushtail possum Southeastern common ringtail possum Sugar glider Bilby Long-nosed bandicoot Spinifex hopping mouse Non-native mammal species include Serval Meerkat Huacaya alpaca (in petting zoo) Domestic pig (in petting zoo) Domestic miniature goat (in petting zoo) Domestic rabbit (in petting zoo) Guinea pig (in petting zoo) References External links Zoos in New South Wales Wildlife parks in Australia Central Coast (New South Wales) Zoos established in 2001 2001 establishments in Australia","title":"Australia Walkabout Wildlife Park"},{"docid":"19018909","text":"Kangaroo leather is a strong, lightweight leather derived from the hide of the kangaroo. Kangaroos are harvested. Both the meat and the hides are sold. Although hunting most species of macropod is prohibited, a small number of the large-sized species with high populations can be hunted by commercial hunters. This policy has been criticised by some wildlife activists. Applications The leather is used in a wide variety of shoes. The unique structure of kangaroo leather allows it to be cut down to be very thin, but still retain strength. Kangaroo leather is also popular in the manufacture of motorbike leathers and is used for many other applications such as car upholstery, military, football and american football boots, and fashion accessories. Kangaroo leather is the material of choice for making whips, as the strips can be cut thin to keep the whip flexible, without sacrificing durability. Properties Studies conducted by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) confirm that kangaroo is one of the strongest leathers of similar substance available. When split thinly, kangaroo leather retains considerably more of the original tensile strength of the unsplit leather than does calf leather. When split to 20% of original thickness kangaroo retains 30 to 60% of the tensile strength of the unsplit hide. Calf split to 20% of original thickness, on the other hand, retains only 1–4% of original strength. Kangaroo leather is lighter and stronger than the hide of a cow or goat. It has 10 times the tensile strength of cowhide and is 50% stronger than goatskin. Studies of the morphology of kangaroo leather help explain its particular properties. The collagen fibre bundles in cattle hide are arranged in a complex weaving pattern. The fibres are often at angles as much as 90 degrees to the skin surface. Cattle hide also contains sweat glands, erector pili muscles and a distinct gradation in elastin levels, concentrated in the upper part of the skin. Kangaroo hide on the other hand has been shown to have a highly uniform orientation of fibre bundles in parallel with the skin surface. It does not contain sweat glands or erector pili muscles, and elastin is evenly distributed throughout the skin thickness. This structural uniformity explains both the greater tensile strength of the whole leather and the greater retention of strength in splits. Bovine skin is much more complex in cross-section; in whole section it has many more weak points from which tears can start when placed under tension. In addition, when split the collagen fibres running at significant angles to the skin surface will be cut, becoming weak points. Environmental aspects The Australian kangaroo industry produces a range of meat and leather products from animals harvested from the wild under strict government-controlled management plans intended to ensure that the harvest is sustainable and humane. A wide cross section of Australian ecologists support the kangaroo industry as being both sustainable and environmentally wise. Many argue that kangaroos, native to Australia, are a more environmentally friendly livestock","title":"Kangaroo leather"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"4266008\",\n \"text\": \"In Australian folklore, the Queensland tiger is a creature said to live in the Queensland area in eastern Australia. Also known by a native name, yarri, it is described as being a dog-sized feline with stripes and a long tail, prominent front teeth and a savage temperament. It has been hypothesized to be a survivor or descendant of the large predatory marsupial Thylacoleo, officially considered to be extinct, or possibly a large feral cat variant (given possible discrepancies with thylacoleo dentition). In 1926 A. S. le Souef described a \\\"Striped marsupial cat\\\" in The Wild Animals of Australasia, this information later also included in Furred Animals of Australia, by Ellis Troughton, longtime curator of mammals in the Australian Museum. History The earliest documented witness reports of a Queensland marsupial tiger date from 1871, with indigenous traditions of the yarri preceding these. Lumholtz writes in 1878I learned that on the summit of the Coast Mountains, before mentioned, there lived two varieties of mammals which seemed to me to be unknown to science: but I had much difficulty in acquiring this knowledge. One of the animals [the local Aborigines] called yarri. From their description I conceived it to be a marsupial tiger. It was said to be about the size of a dingo, though its legs were shorter and its tail long, and it was described ... as being very savage. If pursued it climbed up the trees, where the natives did not dare follow it, and by gestures they explained to me how at such times it would growl and bite their hands. Rocky retreats were its most favourite habitat, and its principal food was said to be in a little brown variety of wallaby common in Northern Queensland scrubs. Its flesh was not particularly appreciated ... and if they accidentally killed a yarri they gave it to their old women. In Western Queensland I heard much about an animal which seemed to me to be identical with the yarri here described, and a specimen was once nearly shot by an officer of the black police in the regions I was now visiting [Herbert River]. Lumholtz goes on to contrast the description of this animal with a leaf-eating species recognisable as a tree kangaroo, possibly that now known as Lumholtz's, after the author's work in scientific appraisal of these and other species of the region. Reports have come consistently from the Northeast of Queensland, and indicate a fast and agile creature (Welfare & Fairley, 1981). Though these have diminished in number since the 1950s, they have continued (the Beast of Buderim being one recent example of the phenomenon). Such sightings in modern context, when able to be investigated further, have been universally identified as introduced domestic cats gone feral — natural selection tends favour proportions, markings and behaviours more commonly associated with actual wild species, after only a few generations in the wild. The domestic cat was introduced to Australia some hundreds of years ago, and have dispersed (and been dispersed)\",\n \"title\": \"Queensland tiger\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1600571\",\n \"text\": \"The dingiso () (Dendrolagus mbaiso), also known as the bondegezou or bakaga, is an endangered, long-tailed marsupial found only in mountain forests on the west of the island of New Guinea (in Indonesia). It is a species of tree-kangaroo (genus Dendrolagus), which are mammals native to Australia and New Guinea that feed on leaves or other plant matter. It belongs to the macropodid family (Macropodidae) with kangaroos, and carries its young in a pouch like most other marsupials. Though sacred to the local Moni people, it is still threatened by hunting and habitat loss. Dr Tim Flannery and his team gave the species name mbaiso which means \\\"the forbidden animal\\\" in Moni, because of the local belief that dingiso is the spirit of their ancestors. Locally Dingiso is called Bakaga. Distribution The marsupial lives in sub-alpine forests in the Sudirman Range in Central Papua and Highland Papua in Western New Guinea. It lives just below the tree line, at elevations of . The species was first filmed for an episode of the BBC documentary South Pacific TV series in 2009, after 11 days of searching with local Moni tribesmen. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the dingiso inhabits mossy forests and shrubland and is \\\"found in rugged areas\\\". Description The dingiso has a distinctive pattern of black and white fur, it has a white belly, and a black head, back and limbs. Unlike other tree kangaroos, it spends little time in the trees. Taxonomy Dendrolagus mbaiso was formally described to science in 1995 by Australian Museum zoologist Tim Flannery, Indonesian zoologist Boeadi, and Australian anthropologist Alexandra Szalay. Behavior The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species states that the dingiso is mainly terrestrial and \\\"very docile\\\". Conservation The dingiso remains common in the west because of the protection conferred on it by the Moni people. For many Moni, it is an ancestor which must never be harmed. Nonetheless, Dendrolagus mbaiso is an IUCN Red Listed Endangered species. Julie Boswell lists \\\"hunting for food, habitat loss, increasing human populations, agricultural stresses, and climate change\\\" as the main threats that the dingiso faces. References External links Papuaweb.org: Tree Kangaroos: A Curious Natural History — the Dingiso section Macropods Marsupials of New Guinea Endemic fauna of Indonesia Mammals of Western New Guinea Endangered fauna of Oceania Mammals described in 1995 Taxa named by Tim Flannery\",\n \"title\": \"Dingiso\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36615496\",\n \"text\": \"Themeda quadrivalvis is a species of grass known by the common names grader grass, habana grass, and kangaroo grass, not to be confused with Themeda triandra, which is also known as kangaroo grass. It is native to India, Nepal, and Malaysia. It can also be found in many other places as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. It occurs in the United States, New Caledonia, Fiji, Mauritius, Thailand, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, China, the Middle East and tropical America. It is a troublesome exotic weed in Australia, especially in northern regions. It is also an agricultural weed in crops such as sugar cane and lucerne. Description This species is an annual grass growing up to tall. The usually folded leaves are up to long. The seed heads are rounded or fan-shaped and are accompanied by leaflike bracts. The grass becomes orange, red, or golden brown at maturity. The clustered spikelets in the seed heads have some tubercle-based hairs and twisted awns, which can be up to 5 centimeters long. The awn is hygroscopic, twisting when moist and drilling the seed into the soil. This species is similar to Themeda triandra, a native species which tends to be smaller and more brown in color. Grader grass is a prolific producer of seed; there can be up to 1000 seeds in a single seed head. The seed is dispersed by graders, on fur and clothing, and as a contaminant of pasture seed supplies. The seed is sometimes found as a contaminant of bird seed, as well. Invasiveness This grass is a major noxious weed in parts of Australia, where it was introduced in the 1930s. It may have arrived in supplies of straw packing. The plant was first recorded in Australia in September 1935 near Habana in the Mackay Region of Queensland. It then spread as a contaminant of seed. The weed easily invades ecosystems, displacing native vegetation. It grows quickly, producing flowers within 5 to 6 weeks after germination, and seed within 10 weeks. Flowering generally occurs in February to June in Australia. Germination can occur throughout the year, however, given adequate moisture. The grass easily colonizes disturbed areas such as roadsides. While the grass is cultivated for animal fodder in India, it is unpalatable throughout most of the year in Australia, forming wide monotypic stands that displace palatable grasses. It also forms a heavy fuel load, increasing the likelihood of fire. The species is also invasive in New Caledonia. References Andropogoneae Grasses of Africa Grasses of Asia Grasses of India Grasses of Pakistan Grasses of South Africa Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus\",\n \"title\": \"Themeda quadrivalvis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15627489\",\n \"text\": \"Themeda is a genus of plants in the grass family native to Asia, Africa, Australia, and Papuasia. There are about 18 to 26 species, many of which are native to Southeast Asia. Species Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. - Afghanistan, Himalayas, Tibet Themeda arguens (L.) Hack. - Christmas grass - Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Papuasia, northern Australia Themeda arundinacea (Roxb.) A.Camus - Indochina, southern China, Indian Subcontinent, Malaysia, Indonesia Themeda avenacea (F. Muell.) Maiden & Betche - oat kangaroo grass - Australia Themeda caudata (Nees ex Hook. & Arn.) A.Camus - Indochina, southern China, Himalayas, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines Themeda cymbaria Hack. - Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, Kerala Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack. - Southeast Asia, Papuasia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu Themeda helferi Hack. - Myanmar, Andaman Islands, Yunnan Themeda hookeri (Griseb.) A.Camus - Tibet, Yunnan, eastern Himalayas Themeda huttonensis Bor - Assam Themeda idjensis Jansen - Java Timur, Bali Themeda intermedia (Hack.) Bor - Southeast Asia, China, Indian Subcontinent, Papuasia, Queensland, Vanuatu Themeda laxa (Andersson) A.Camus Indian Subcontinent Themeda minor L.Liou - Tibet Themeda mooneyi Bor - Odisha Themeda novoguineensis (Reeder) Jansen - Papua New Guinea, Lesser Sunda Islands Themeda palakkadensis Chorghe, Prasad & Lakshminarasimhan - Kerala Themeda pseudotremula Potdar et al. - Maharashtra Themeda quadrivalvis- grader grass (L.) Kuntze - Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Andaman Islands; naturalized in Socotra, South Africa, eastern Indochina, Papuasia, Queensland, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, various islands (Indian and Pacific Oceans, West Indies) Themeda sabarimalayana Sreek. & V.J.Nair - India Themeda saxicola Bor - Odisha Themeda strigosa (Ham. ex Hook.f.) A.Camus - India, Bangladesh Themeda tremula (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. - India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Themeda triandra Forssk.- kangaroo grass, red grass, rooigras - Africa (from Morocco to KwaZulu-Natal), Asia (from Yemen to Japan to Maluku), Australia, New Guinea Themeda trichiata S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan Themeda unica S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Anhui, Zhejiang Themeda villosa (Poir.) A.Camus - silky kangaroo grass, Lyon's grass - China, Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea Themeda yunnanensis S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Yunnan Formerly included See Elymandra, Germainia, Hyparrhenia, Iseilema References Andropogoneae Grasses of Africa Grasses of Asia Grasses of Oceania Poaceae genera\",\n \"title\": \"Themeda\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60598453\",\n \"text\": \"Juncus ingens, common name giant rush, is a dioecious perennial with horizontal or ascending rhizomes. The stems are erect, dull green, (1.5–2–5 m tall and 4–10 mm in diameter, cataphylls are to 40 cm or more long. The inflorescence is large and drooping, with many flowers scattered along fine branchlets. Flowers occur mostly October-January, seeds are shed mostly December-April. Juncus ingens was first described by Norman Wakefield in 1957. It is one of only two known dioecious species of Juncus native to Australia, the other being Juncus psammophilus. Juncus ingens is native to the floodplains of southeastern Australia, occurring mainly in Victoria, forming dense stands on the margins of seasonal wetlands. Giant rush is rarely grazed by introduced herbivores such as cattle or horses, or by native herbivores such as kangaroos, and is also resistant to fire. Although native to Australia, Juncus ingens is considered an invasive species in some areas such as Barmah National Park. The spread of J. ingens into areas where it historically did not occur is a result of changes to flooding regimes in the now highly regulated Murray-Darling Basin. Specifically, reduced winter flooding levels and extended flooding into summer months promotes the spread of J. ingens. Conversely, increasing winter and spring flood depth and duration, and reduction of unseasonal flooding limits the growth and spread of J. ingens, allowing recolonisation of displaced species such as Moira grass (Pseudoraphis spinescens). Water regime for vigorous growth Maintenance: Frequency of flooding: Annual to nearly annual. Depth of flooding: Shallow, 5 to 50 cm; can tolerate up to 1 m. Duration of flooding: Eight to 10 months Timing of flooding: At least spring to early autumn. Regeneration: Germination occurs on moist soil, bare of plants, such as on flood recession or wetland drawdown, in late autumn and winter. Seedling establishment: Establishment is increased by shallow flooding, to 20 cm, in spring–early summer; and by avoiding stresses such as overtopping or droughting in the first two years. Critical flood interval: Not certain. Maintains canopy in absence of flooding for a few years, but rhizomes probably persist longer; possibly reflood after about three to five years. Seed longevity not known.\\\" References External links Atlas of Living Australia: Juncus ingens Flora of Victoria: Juncus ingens Flora of Australia Flora of Victoria (state) ingens Dioecious plants\",\n \"title\": \"Juncus ingens\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61007784\",\n \"text\": \"Gorge Wildlife Park is a privately-owned sanctuary in the Australian state of South Australia. It is at Cudlee Creek in the Adelaide Hills and continues to be operated by the same family that established it in 1965. It is 30 km northeast of Adelaide. Situated on 14 acres of land, under shaded trees, paths meander among the largest privately owned collection of Australian animals. The park provides contact with a range of Australian native animals as well as exhibits of Australian and exotic animals and birds. A feature is the opportunity for visitors to hold a koala. Gorge Wildlife Park is involved in protection and preservation of some endangered species such as the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (petrogale penicillata). List of species Birds Australian boobook owl Australian pelican Australian white ibis Black swan Blue peafowl Blue-and-gold macaw Blue-winged kookaburra Brolga Budgerigar Cattle egret Common ostrich Dusky moorhen Emu Galah Gang-gang cockatoo Golden-shouldered parrot Green dove Green catbird Green-winged macaw Jabiru Lady Amherst's pheasant Laughing kookaburra Little penguin Luzon bleeding-heart Magpie goose Nankeen kestrel Nicobar pigeon Pacific black duck Princess parrot Radjah shelduck Rainbow lorikeet Red-tailed black cockatoo Scarlet-chested parrot Southern cassowary Star finch Sun conure Superb fairywren Turquoise parrot Wedge-tailed eagle Whistling kite White-bellied sea eagle White-headed pigeon White-tailed black cockatoo Yellow-tailed black cockatoo (many others, Gorge has over 150 bird species) Mammals Arabian camel Bare-nosed wombat Black-handed spider monkey Bolivian squirrel monkey Brazilian agouti Brush-tailed rock wallaby Capybara Cotton-top tamarin Dingo Domestic goat Emperor tamarin European fallow deer Ghost bat Golden lion tamarin Greater bilby Grey-headed flying fox Japanese macaque Kangaroo Island kangaroo Koala Lar gibbon Meerkat Oriental small-clawed otter Parma wallaby Patagonian mara Quokka Red kangaroo (including albino) Red-necked wallaby Ring-tailed lemur Serval Short-beaked echidna South American coati Southern hairy-nosed wombat Spinifex hopping mouse Squirrel glider Swamp wallaby Tammar wallaby Tasmanian Devil Varied white-fronted capuchin Western grey kangaroo White-tufted marmoset Reptiles Aldabra giant tortoise American alligator Blood python Boa constrictor Boyd's forest dragon Carolina box turtle Carpet python Central bearded dragon Corn snake Eastern water dragon Fiji crested iguana Freshwater crocodile Gila monster Green iguana Hermann's tortoise Lace monitor Leopard ctenotus Leopard tortoise Mesa gecko Murray short-necked turtle Pig-nosed turtle Pink-tongued skink Plumed basilisk Red-eared slider turtle Saw-shelled turtle Shingleback lizard Southern death adder Western blue-tongued lizard White-lipped tree-frog References 1965 establishments in Australia Zoos established in 1965 Zoos in South Australia Animal sanctuaries Wildlife parks in Australia\",\n \"title\": \"Gorge Wildlife Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6921243\",\n \"text\": \"The kangaroo dog or kangaroo hound is an Australian type of sighthound purposely crossbred from a variety of sighthound breeds to produce a hunting dog. Kangaroo dogs were first bred by colonial settlers in Australia from as early as the 1830s, the aim being to create a sighthound fast, strong and robust enough to outrun, catch and hold a kangaroo without being injured or disembowelled by the animal's powerful, clawed hind legs. From the 1830s onward, colonial hunting clubs were established across Australia's colonies, with native kangaroos, wallabies or dingoes pursued by mounted hunters and their kangaroo dogs. Originally, these dogs were bred from British sighthound breeds, principally the Greyhound and Scottish Deerhound, with occasional Irish Wolfhound blood; later, the Borzoi was also used and more recently the Saluki as well. Hunting of native species with sighthounds is now banned in Australia; however, kangaroo dogs are still bred for hunting invasive introduced species, such as feral pigs and red foxes. See also Longdog Lurcher References Dog breeds originating in Australia Sighthounds Dog crossbreeds\",\n \"title\": \"Kangaroo dog\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15460639\",\n \"text\": \"Scottsdale Reserve is a nature reserve on the Murrumbidgee River in south-central New South Wales, Australia. It is south of Canberra, and north of Bredbo. It is owned and managed by Bush Heritage Australia (BHA), which purchased it in 2006. The purchase was supportive of projects aiming to connect existing fragmented remnant habitat such as K2C (Kosciuszko to Coast). Since the 1870s up until 2006, the land was used for agriculture – primarily sheep grazing with some minor cropping. A significant component of the Reserve (around 25%) has been cleared of native vegetation (~300 Ha). The reserve is within lands historically attributed to the Ngunawal people. Aboriginal presence in the area was likely due to the availability of resources such as the Bogong moth (Argotis infusa) and the daisy yam (Microseris lanceolata). The Murrumbidgee River would have been a good source of fish including the trout cod (Maccullochhella macquariensis) – currently listed as endangered under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999. The river would have provided water for many species of terrestrial fauna the local Aboriginal people are known to have utilised for food including the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus gigantus) and the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor). Biology and ecology Scottsdale Reserve contains a diverse range of species including more than 217 plant species and 142 animal species including 113 bird species, primarily within two threatened communities: Yellow box grassy woodlands (nationally critically endangered under the EPBC Act 1999); and Natural temperate grassland (nationally critically endangered under the EPBC Act 1999). Other vegetation communities found on the reserve include: Scribbly gum-black cypress pine forest; and Tablelands frost hollow grassy woodlands. Flora An extensive ecosystem restoration program is underway at Scottsdale with a nursery on site propagating plants including grasses such as river tussock (Poa labillardierei), shrubs such as the silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) and trees including yellowbox (Eucalyptus melliodora). In addition to propagating the more common species expected to be present in the vegetation communities mentioned above, Scottsdale is host to the silver-leafed mountain gum (Eucalyptus pulverulenta). Only ten natural populations of the silver-leafed mountain gum are thought to still exist in Australia and it has been listed as vulnerable to extinction. The Scottsdale team have obtained licenses and intend to propagate this species while in the process of identifying suitable sites. Natural temperate grassland The southern tablelands of the ACT and NSW contained around 480,000 hectares of native grasslands prior to European settlement. There is less than 3% of that original area today unaffected by the changes settlers brought including land clearing, grazing and invasive plants. Other impacts that graziers have had on natural grasslands include changes to soil chemistry resulting from the use of fertilisers, habitat fragmentation and changes in microbial processes. Natural temperate grassland is characterised by native perennial tussock grasses such as kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra syn. T. australis), snowgrass (Poa sieberiana) and river tussock grass (Poa labillardierei), together with speargrass species (Austrostipa sp.), wallaby grasses (Austrodanthonia sp.) and\",\n \"title\": \"Scottsdale Reserve\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"235475\",\n \"text\": \"The western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus), also referred to as a western grey giant kangaroo, black-faced kangaroo, mallee kangaroo, sooty kangaroo and (when referring to the Kangaroo Island subspecies) Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo, is a large and very common kangaroo found across almost the entire southern part of Australia, from just south of Shark Bay through coastal Western Australia and South Australia, into western Victoria, and in the entire Murray–Darling basin in New South Wales and Queensland. Taxonomy Long known to the Aboriginal Australians, for Europeans, the western grey kangaroo was the centre of a great deal of sometimes comical taxonomic confusion for almost 200 years. It was first noted by European explorers when Matthew Flinders landed on Kangaroo Island in 1802. Flinders shot several for food, but assumed that they were eastern grey kangaroos. In 1803, French explorers captured several Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroos and shipped them to Paris, where they lived in the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes for some years. Eventually, researchers at the Paris Museum of Natural History recognized that these animals were indeed distinct from the eastern grey kangaroo and formally described the species as Macropus fuliginosus in 1817. For reasons that remain unclear, the species was, later in 1888, incorrectly described as native to Tasmania. It was not until 1924 that researchers realized that the \\\"forester kangaroo\\\" of Tasmania was in fact Macropus giganteus, the same eastern grey kangaroo that was, and still is, widespread in the southeastern part of the mainland, and reaffirmed Kangaroo Island as the source of the type specimens. By 1971, it was understood that the Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroo belonged to the same species as the kangaroos of southern and Western Australia, and that this population extended through much of the eastern part of the continent as well (see range map). For a time, three subspecies were described, two on the mainland and one on Kangaroo Island. The current classification scheme emerged in the 1990s. The western grey kangaroo is not found in the north or the far southeast of Australia, and the eastern grey does not extend beyond the New South Wales–South Australia border, but the two species are both common in the Murray–Darling basin area. They never interbreed in the wild, although it has proved possible to produce hybrids between eastern grey females and western grey males in captivity. Subspecies There are two subspecies: Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus (commonly known as the Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroo or simply Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo) is endemic to Kangaroo Island, South Australia Macropus fuliginosus melanops has a range of different forms that intergrade clinally from west to east. Description The western grey kangaroo is one of the largest macropods in Australia. It weighs and its length is with a tail, standing approximately tall. It exhibits sexual dimorphism with the male up to twice the size of female. It has thick, coarse fur with colour ranging from pale grey to brown; its throat, chest and belly have a paler\",\n \"title\": \"Western grey kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22446301\",\n \"text\": \"Hebeloma aminophilum, commonly known as the ghoul fungus, is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. Found in Western Australia, it gets its common name from the propensity of the fruiting bodies to spring out of decomposing animal remains. Taxonomy The ghoul fungus was first described by mycologists R.N. Hilton and Orson K. Miller, Jr. in 1987. The holotype collection consisted of about 100 specimens that were fruiting around the bones of a decomposing kangaroo carcass that had been dumped some months before. Etymology The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek Hebe, \\\"youth\\\", and -loma, a fringe (pertaining to the fungal veil), referring to how the fungal veil is only seen in immature specimens. It gets its common name of ghoul fungus from its habit of growing around animal carcasses. Description The dull pinkish brown or cream cap is in diameter, convex initially before flattening out with age. There is a slight umbo, and the cap margin is inrolled when young. A thin white veil rapidly disappears in young mushrooms. The cap surface is sticky initially. The adnate (or sometimes adnexed) gills are pale pink to pinkish brown and up to 1 cm deep. With age, they can be encrusted with clumps of spores. The cylindrical stipe is high, 1–1.2 cm in diameter and has a thickened base and lacks a ring. The thick flesh is cream or pale yellow, with a bitter taste and a stale smell. The spore print is pinkish brown, and the oval spores measure 8.5 by 4.9 μm. The mycelium is white. Similar species Similar species include the introduced poisonpie (Hebeloma crustuliniforme), which has been recorded in pine plantations, the native western Australian poisonpie (H. westraliense), which does not grow near carcasses, and the Australian white webcap (Cortinarius austroalbidus), which is paler and smells of curry. Distribution and habitat An uncommon fungus, H. aminophilum is found in southern Western Australia, southeastern South Australia and Victoria. Fruiting bodies arise in eucalyptus woodland in the vicinity of sheep, reptile and bird carcasses. The habit of growing from flesh gives it the term sarcophilous. See also List of Hebeloma species References Ammonia fungi aminophilum Fungi described in 1987 Fungi native to Australia Fungus species\",\n \"title\": \"Hebeloma aminophilum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6430470\",\n \"text\": \"Citrus glauca, commonly known as the desert lime, is a thorny shrub or small tree native to Queensland, New South Wales, and South Australia. The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records common names native kumquat and desert lemon. Taxonomy Under the Swingle system, the desert lime was classified in the genus Eremocitrus, a close relative of the genus Citrus. More recent taxonomy considers all the Australian limes to be included in the genus Citrus, and most authorities treat the desert lime this way. Citrus glauca is one of the most resilient Citrus species, and is comparatively heat, drought, and cold tolerant. Hence the species is potentially important for Citrus breeding programs, and readily hybridises with many common Citrus species. Description A shrub or small tree to , it has several unusual characteristics. It is cold, heat, drought and salinity tolerant and thought evergreen. If the rains should fail it will shed its leaves and live off the green bark on the plant branches. It will set fruit almost immediately after flowering and is the earliest citrus to do so. Fruit is small and variable and depends on current climatic conditions and genetic make-up. Thorns appear on low-growing branches to prevent grazing by rabbits, kangaroos, cattle etc. but cease on branches above the grazing level. The fruit is globular, and about half-an-inch in diameter. The limes have an intense piquant flavour, and good rainfall years produce an abundance of fruit. Economic uses The desert lime fruit is a highly prized bushfood. Traditionally, it is wild-harvested from surviving bushland areas, where it is relatively common. However, C. glauca has also been extensively cleared from some areas due to the ongoing conversion of the wild bush into agricultural fields. The fruit are used in a range of products, including marmalades, beverages, and succade. It has a strong lime-like flavour. The fruit is beginning to be domesticated. Commercial cultivation of this fruit is beginning to reduce the reliance on wild-harvested product. Taxonomy, cultivars, and hybrids {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1=Australian limes |1={{clade |label1=former Eremocitrus |1=Citrus glauca |label2=former Microcitrus |2={{clade |1=Citrus warburgiana |2={{clade |1= |2= |3=Citrus australis}} }} }} }} Australian outback lime The Australian Outback lime was selected by CSIRO scientists from the regular desert lime. It is characterised by its upright habit, relatively large, flavoursome fruit, high yield, uniform ripening time, lack of thorns, and suitability for mechanical harvesting. The Australian Outback lime was cultivated at the former CSIRO Plant Industry site at Merbein, Victoria by Steve Sykes. Hybrids The eremolemon is thought to be a natural true-breeding hybrid between Citrus glauca and Citrus meyeri.Citrus plants hybridise readily, other hybrids include eremoranges, eremoradias (hybrid with a sour orange) and citrangeremos (hybrid with a citrange). Notes References Bruneteau, Jean-Paul, Tukka, Real Australian Food, . Cherikoff, Vic, The Dining Downunder Cookbook'', . External links Australian cuisine Bushfood glauca Crops originating from Australia Desert fruits Drought-tolerant trees Flora of New South Wales Flora of Queensland Flora of South Australia Sapindales of Australia Trees of Australia\",\n \"title\": \"Citrus glauca\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8682287\",\n \"text\": \"The rufous rat-kangaroo or rufous bettong (Aepyprymnus rufescens) is a small, jumping, rat-like marsupial native to eastern Australia. It is the only species in the genus Aepyprymnus. The largest member of the potoroo/bettong family (Potoroidae), it is about the size of a rabbit. The rufous rat-kangaroo is active at night when it digs for plant roots and fungi, and like other marsupials it carries its young in a pouch. Though its range is reduced, the population is healthy and stable. Taxonomy The rufous rat-kangaroo is the only member of its genus, and is the largest of all the potoroids. It is generally grey with a hint of reddish brown and its scientific name means \\\"reddish high-rump\\\". It was once thought of as a solitary, nocturnal animal, but recent observation indicates that the rufous rat-kangaroo may form loose, polygynous associations. It feeds mostly on tubers and fungi, but also on leaves and other vegetation. Description A species of the family Potoroidae (potoroos & bettongs), small to medium marsupials that include the living Potorous (potoroos) and Bettongia (bettongs). They are not closely related to others of the family, and the largest extant potoroine species, and their characteristics have them placed within a monotypic genus. Aepyprymnus rufescens is distinguished by the ruffled and bristly hair of the pelage and rufous tint of the fur at the upper parts. The hair across the back is predominantly grey, the rufous tinge more evident, and is interspersed with silvery hairs. An indistinct stripe appears at the hip line. The underparts are also grey, although paler. The combined head and body length is 385 to 390 millimetres. The tail may be from 340 to 390 mm in length, and excepting a white tip that may appear the colour is overall grey-brown. The ears are comparatively long, 48 to 57 mm, with a triangular form. The colour of the ears is very dark at the outer side and pink at the interior, the fringe is lined with silver hairs. A hairless pink rim appears around the eye. The weight range is from 2.5 to 3.5 kilograms. A similar species, the northern Bettongia tropica, may be distinguished by the lack of shaggy fur with a rufous tinge, their blackish tail, and this species hairless pink ring at the eye and pointy triangular ears. The vocalisation includes an alarm call, a soft hissing sound, another sound like a chainsaw when in aggressive postures and they regularly emit a grunting noises during normal activity. Reproduction Breeding occurs throughout the year, once the female has reached maturity, generally at 11 months. The male reaches maturity between 12 and 13 months. Once mature, the female is capable of breeding at three-week intervals. The gestation of the young is about 22–24 days. After the young are born, they live within the pouch for about 16 weeks. Upon leaving the pouch, the joey stays near the mother for about 7 weeks, while it gets used to fending for itself. Behaviour The species may share nests\",\n \"title\": \"Rufous rat-kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31289089\",\n \"text\": \"A sustainable wildlife enterprise is a farming system incorporating sustainable use of wildlife to promote conservation. In Australia, landholders work together across boundaries to harvest or make use of (ecotourism) naturally occurring wildlife populations such as the kangaroo sustainably. Important to the concept is that biodiversity and environmental benefit occurs via alternative land uses. Attaching value to native resources through commercial development has the potential to provide alternative sources of income, especially in areas where traditional systems are no longer as profitable or environmentally sustainable. The Sustainable Wildlife Enterprise system enables farmers to realise the financial value of native wildlife such as the kangaroo and encourages them to manage their land that supports the source of income without lowering total farm profitability – hence contributing to habitat and biodiversity conservation. The Sustainable Wildlife Enterprise system was developed in Australia, and is based on worldwide experiences. Background Until primary production systems can put a value on habitat and conservation areas there will be more and more species loss. Conventional farming techniques have seen broad-scale environmental degradation in Australia’s rangelands, particularly during droughts where soil fertility and low rainfall limit natural production capacity. Where native wildlife and resources are given value and managed sustainably, there is a proven benefit for biodiversity and habitat. Sustainable Wildlife Enterprises in Australia are based on wildlife management experiences from countries such as South Africa and Scotland. In South Africa - the commercial value of wildlife to private landholders makes the future of wildlife in that country far more secure than it is anywhere else on that continent. See Wildlife of South Africa. In Scotland, deer stalking and red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) hunting occurs sustainably because hunting licences are owned by the landholder. This incentivizes to the landholder to protect their source of income and the habitat the animals live on. Native species adapted to Australia's unique environment, allowing them to survive the climatic extremes and thrive with little impact to the environment. Kangaroos impact less on the environment than hoofed animals and emit substantially less methane. There is currently a sustainable kangaroo harvesting industry in place in Australia. See the Kangaroo industry. Landholders do not control or receive benefit from harvest of kangaroos on their land other than reduction of grazing pressure under this system. A Pilot Sustainable Wildlife Enterprise – Queensland, Australia A pilot project is currently being run in Central-south Queensland (Maranoa). The cooperative owns and operates chiller boxes, and takes kangaroos from harvester properties of landholder members. Through improved information and training, quality of kangaroo products can be ensured through traceback and temperature tracking systems. The highly trained operatives within the cooperative also guarantee humane treatment of the animals. The cooperative assess kangaroo populations and develop and implement best-practice quality standards, which include standards of animal selection, harvesting, field dressing, transport, chilling and traceback from processors. Landholders benefit by the amount of kangaroo harvested on their land, and as a proportion of their investment and involvement. There are a number of ways\",\n \"title\": \"Sustainable wildlife enterprise\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5435664\",\n \"text\": \"Bush tomatoes are the fruit or entire plants of certain nightshade (Solanum) species native to the more arid parts of Australia. While they are quite closely related to tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), they might be even closer relatives of the eggplant (S. melongena), which they resemble in many details. There are 94 (mostly perennial) natives and 31 (mostly annual) introduced species in Australia. Bush tomato plants are small shrubs whose growth is encouraged by fire and disturbance. The fruit of a number of species have been used as food sources by Aboriginal people in the drier areas of Australia. A number of Solanum species contain significant levels of solanine and as such are highly poisonous. It is strongly recommended that people unfamiliar with the plant do not experiment with the different species, as differentiating between them can often be difficult. Some of the edible species are: Solanum aviculare kangaroo apple Solanum centrale, also known as desert raisin, bush raisin or bush sultana, or by the native name kutjera Solanum chippendalei bush tomato, named after taxonomic botanist George Chippendale Solanum diversiflorum bush tomato, karlumbu, pilirta, wamurla Solanum ellipticum potato bush, very similar to Solanum quadriloculatum which is poisonous. Solanum laciniatum kangaroo apple. Solanum orbiculatum round-leaved solanum Solanum phlomoides wild tomato. In 1859, aboriginal people were observed burning off the outer skin of S. aviculare as the raw state would blister their mouths. S. chippendalei is consumed by first splitting the fruit, scraping the centre out and eating the outer flesh as the seeds and surrounding placenta are bitter. S. diversiflorum is roasted before being eaten or dried. Fruit of S.orbiculatum is edible, but the fruit of the large leafed form may be bitter. Fruit of S. phlomoides appears to be edible after the removal of seeds and roasting or sundrying. Solanum aviculare contains solasodine, a steroid used in the manufacture of oral contraceptives. Solanum plastisexum, a rare species first described in 2019, is distinguished among plants for exhibiting \\\"breeding system fluidity\\\" – that is, it has no stable sexual expression. References Solanales of Australia Solanum Bushfood Australian Aboriginal bushcraft Edible fruits Edible Solanaceae Plant common names\",\n \"title\": \"Bush tomato\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27839568\",\n \"text\": \"The Iluka Nature Reserve in a protected nature reserve that is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The reserve is situated near the coastal town of . The average elevation of the terrain above sea level is 6 meters. The littoral rainforest, one of the last remaining in the Southern Hemisphere, is part of the Coastal group of the UNESCO World Heritagelisted Gondwana Rainforests, inscribed in 1986. The reserve was added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007. It contains many different plant species ranging from coastal dune species to tropical rainforest species. The Iluka rainforest has a vast range of native animal species ranging from wallabies and kangaroos to wombats and echidnas. Iluka is known for the rare coastal emu. This nature reserve is very popular with bird watchers. Over 140 species of birds have been recorded here. See also Broadwater National Park Bundjalung National Park Protected areas of New South Wales References External links Nature reserves in New South Wales Gondwana Rainforests of Australia Forests of New South Wales Northern Rivers 1976 establishments in Australia Protected areas established in 1976\",\n \"title\": \"Iluka Nature Reserve\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17238658\",\n \"text\": \"Gahnia (sawsedge, saw-sedge) is a genus of sedges native to China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand and a number of Pacific Islands. The common name is due to the toothed margins. It often forms tussocks. Species Accepted species: Gahnia ancistrophylla Benth. – Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria Gahnia aristata Benth. – Western Australia Gahnia aspera (R.Br.) Spreng. – Maluku, New Guinea, Queensland, New South Wales, Melanesia, Bonin Islands, Hawaii Gahnia australis (Nees) K.L.Wilson – Western Australia Gahnia baniensis Benl. – Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Vietnam, Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra Gahnia beecheyi H.Mann – forest sawsedge – Hawaii Gahnia clarkei Benl – New Guinea, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria Gahnia decomposita (R.Br.) Benth. – Western Australia Gahnia deusta (R.Br.) Benth. – Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria Gahnia drummondii (Steud.) K.L.Wilson – Western Australia Gahnia erythrocarpa R.Br. – New South Wales Gahnia filifolia (C.Presl) Kük. ex Benl – New South Wales Gahnia filum (Labill.) F.Muell.— chaffy sawsedge – Australia, all states except Queensland Gahnia graminifolia Rodway – Tasmania Gahnia grandis (Labill.) S.T.Blake – Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria Gahnia halmaturina R.L.Barrett & K.L.Wilson – South Australia Gahnia howeana R.O.Gardner – Lord Howe Island Gahnia hystrix J.M.Black – Kangaroo Island Gahnia insignis S.T.Blake – Queensland, New South Wales Gahnia javanica Moritzi – Yunnan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Islands Gahnia lacera (R.Lesson ex A.Rich.) Steud. – Cutty grass – New Zealand North Island Gahnia lanaiensis O.Deg., I.Deg. & J.Kern -- Lanaʻi sawsedge – Lanaʻi Island of Hawai'i Gahnia lanigera (R.Br.) Benth. – Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales Gahnia marquisensis F.Br. – Marquesas Gahnia melanocarpa R.Br. – Black-fruit saw-sedge – Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria Gahnia microcarpa Guillaumin – New Caledonia Gahnia microstachya Benth. – Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania Gahnia novocaledonensis Benl – New Caledonia Gahnia pauciflora Kirk – Cutting sedge – New Zealand North and South Islands Gahnia procera J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. – Mountain sedge – New Zealand North and South Islands Gahnia radula (R.Br.) Benth. – Thatch saw-sedge – Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania, South Australia Gahnia rigida Kirk – New Zealand North and South Islands Gahnia schoenoides G.Forst. – Society Islands Gahnia sclerioides K.L.Wilson – Western Australia Gahnia setifolia Hook.f. – Māpere, razor sedge – New Zealand North and South Islands Gahnia sieberiana Kunth – Red-fruited saw sedge – Australia, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia Gahnia sinuosa J.Raynal – New Caledonia Gahnia subaequiglumis S.T.Blake – Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria Gahnia trifida Labill. – Coast saw-sedge – Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia Gahnia tristis Nees in W.J.Hooker & G.A.W.Arnott – China, Ryukyu Islands, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra Gahnia vitiensis Rendle -- Fijian sawsedge – Fiji, Hawaii Gahnia xanthocarpa (Hook.f.) Hook.f. – Māpere, gahnia – New Zealand North and South Islands Conservation The species Gahnia lanaiensis has been known as a rare endemic plant from the Hawaiian island of Lanai and it was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States. In 2010, however, research suggested\",\n \"title\": \"Gahnia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9180751\",\n \"text\": \"This list of introduced bird species includes all the species of bird introduced to an area without regard to that territory being or not being their native area of occupation or the success of that re-introduction or introduction to the area. This practice has been harmful in many areas, although some introductions are made with the aim of preserving bird species. Following the name of the bird, a brief description of where they were introduced is included. Struthioniformes Struthionidae Ostrich, successfully introduced to Australia, and possibly introduced to New Mexico (captive only) and Israel Casuariformes Casuariidae Emu, successfully introduced to Kangaroo Island, South Australia, Tasmania and possibly introduced to Texas Rheiformes Rheidae Greater rhea, successfully introduced to France (captive only), and Germany (by accident) Lesser rhea, successfully introduced to Tierra del Fuego Apterygiformes Apterygidae Tokoeka, successfully introduced to Kapiti Island and Little Barrier Island, New Zealand Little spotted kiwi, successfully introduced to Kapiti Island, New Zealand Tinamiformes Tinamidae Chilean tinamou, introduced successfully to Easter Island and unsuccessfully to the Hawaiian Islands Great tinamou, unsuccessfully introduced to Sapelo Island, Georgia, US Red-winged tinamou, unsuccessfully introduced to the United States Anseriformes Anatidae Trumpeter swan, re-introduced successfully to areas of the United States and Canada Mute swan, introduced successfully to North America, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, United Arab Emirates and Japan introduced unsuccessfully to the Hawaiian Islands Black swan, successfully introduced to the Netherlands, United Arab Emirates and Japan; unsuccessfully introduced to Tahiti and Hawaiian Islands Swan goose, a domesticated breed that can become feral, but which has difficulty in becoming established. Feral populations known in Europe possibly unsuccessfully introduced to Hawaii Spur-winged goose, unsuccessfully introduced to Western Australia Cape Barren goose, introduced unsuccessfully to New Zealand; re-introduced successfully to King Island in Bass Strait Snow goose, unsuccessfully introduced to New Zealand Emperor goose, successfully introduced to England Bar-headed goose, successfully to Canada and much of Europe Greylag goose, successfully introduced to England and Falkland Islands (is a native rare-breeder in northern Scotland); successfully introduced to New Zealand. Possibly successfully introduced ferally in Colombia and elsewhere in the Andes Canada goose, successfully introduced to Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Japan, and New Zealand; successfully re-introduced to some areas of the United States and Canada; unsuccessfully introduced to the Hawaiian Islands and Western Australia Barnacle goose, successfully introduced to southern England Hawaiian goose, re-introduced successfully to Hawaii and Maui in the Hawaiian Islands; possibly introduced unsuccessfully to New Zealand Magellan goose, unsuccessfully introduced to South Georgia Island Australian wood duck, possibly introduced unsuccessfully to the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand Black-bellied whistling duck, unsuccessfully introduced to Cuba and Jamaica White-faced whistling duck, possibly introduced successfully in Costa Rica; unsuccessfully introduced to Mauritius Egyptian goose, successfully introduced to eastern England and Israel. occasionally feral in Europe; introduced unsuccessfully to New Zealand, Australia, and the United States Muscovy duck, feral in many parts of the world; introduced successfully to areas of the United States and Britain; introduced unsuccessfully to Adams Island, New Zealand Mallard, successfully\",\n \"title\": \"List of introduced bird species\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3204439\",\n \"text\": \"Bush tucker, also called bush food, is any food native to Australia and historically eaten by Indigenous Australians, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, but it can also describe any native flora, fauna, or funga used for culinary or medicinal purposes, regardless of the continent or culture. Animal native foods include kangaroo, emu, witchetty grubs and crocodile, and plant foods include fruits such as quandong, kutjera, spices such as lemon myrtle and vegetables such as warrigal greens and various native yams. Traditional Indigenous Australians' use of bushfoods has been severely affected by the settlement of Australia in 1788 and subsequent settlement by non-Indigenous peoples. The introduction of non-native foods, together with the loss of traditional lands, resulting in reduced access to native foods by Aboriginal people, and destruction of native habitat for agriculture, has accentuated the reduction in use. Since the 1970s, there has been recognition of the nutritional and gourmet value of native foods by non-Indigenous Australians, and the bushfood industry has grown enormously. Kangaroo meat has been available in supermarkets since the 1980s, and many other foods are sold in restaurants or packaged as gourmet foods, which has led to expansion of commercial cultivation of native food crops. History Aboriginal Australians have eaten native animal and plant foods for an estimated 60,000 years of human habitation on the Australian continent, using various traditional methods of processing and cooking. An estimated 5,000 species of native food were used by Aboriginal peoples. With much of it unsafe or unpalatable raw, a variety of methods were employed to render the various foods edible, such as cooking on open fires (meat) or boiling in bark containers. They would pound vegetables and seeds, or hang them in bags in running water. Colonisation Bush tucker provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial settlers, often supplementing meagre rations. However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by colonists unfamiliar with the new land's food ingredients, generally preferring familiar foods from their homelands. Especially in the more densely colonised areas of south-eastern Australia, the introduction of non-native foods to Aboriginal people resulted in an almost complete abandonment of native foods by them. This impact on traditional foods was further accentuated by the loss of traditional lands, which has resulted in reduced access to native foods by Aboriginal people, and destruction of native habitat for agriculture. The 19th century English botanist, Joseph Dalton Hooker, writing of Australian plants in remarked although \\\"eatable,\\\" are not \\\"fit to eat\\\". In 1889, botanist Joseph Maiden reiterated this sentiment with the comment on native food plants \\\"nothing to boast of as eatables.\\\" The first monograph to be published on the flora of Australia reported the lack of edible plants on the first page, where it presented Billardiera scandens as, \\\"... almost the only wild eatable fruit of the country\\\". Modern use Apart from the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880s, no native food plants were produced commercially until the\",\n \"title\": \"Bush tucker\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5759122\",\n \"text\": \"Sthenurus (\\\"strong tail\\\") is an extinct genus of kangaroos. With a length around 3 m (10 ft), some species were twice as large as modern extant species. Sthenurus was related to the better-known Procoptodon. The subfamily Sthenurinae is believed to have separated from its sister taxon, the Macropodinae (kangaroos and wallabies), halfway through the Miocene, and then its population grew during the Pliocene. Fossil habitats A 1997 study analysed the diets of the fauna at various fossil site localities in South Australia, using stable carbon isotope analysis 13C/12C of collagen. It found that at older localities such as Cooper Creek, the species of Sthenurus were adapted to a diet of leaves and twigs (browsing) due to the wet climate of the time between 132 and 108 thousand years ago (kya - by thermoluminescence dating and uranium dating), which allowed for a more varied vegetation cover. At the Baldina Creek fossil site 30 kya (C14 dating), the genus had transitioned to a diet of grass-grazing. During this time, the area was open grasslands with sparse tree cover as the continent was drier than today, but at Dempsey's Lake (36-25 kya) and Rockey River (19 kya C14 dating), their diet was of both grazing and browsing. This analysis may be because of a wetter climatic period. The overall anatomy of the genus did not alter in response to the change in diet and dentition did not adapt to the varying toughness of the vegetation between grasses, shrubs, and trees. Other animals found in the Cuddie Springs habitat include the flightless bird Genyornis, the red kangaroo, Diprotodon, humans, and many others. Examination of skeletal remains of Sthenurus from Lake Callabonna, northern South Australia, revealed that as the animals were trapped as they floundered in the clay mud while attempting to cross the floor of the lake during low-water or dry times. The data show that three closely allied sthenurine species coexisted sympatrically at Lake Callabonna: a new giant taxon, S. stirlingi, an intermediate-sized S. tindalei, and the considerably smaller S. andersoni. Comparative osteology of these Sthenurus species with Macropus giganteus emphasizes how different sthenurine kangaroos were from extant kangaroos, especially with the sthenurines' short, deep skulls, long front feet with very reduced lateral digits, and the monodactyl hind feet. Teapot Creek, a tributary of the MacLaughlin River in the Southern Monaro, southeastern New South Wales, contains a sequence of terraces. The highest and oldest of these terraces was reported to contain the remains of fossil mammals found in Plio-Pleistocene fossil deposits elsewhere in eastern Australia. Sthenurus atlas, S. occidentalis, and S. newtonae are some of the species identified from the fossils found in the terrace. Paleodiet Examining the structure and lifestyle of this species is difficult because not much material has surfaced in regards to them. However, even within the rarity of discoveries relating to the kangaroo-like species, scientists were able to use their findings to learn more about their lifestyles. For example, scientists broke down the few bones that they had discovered\",\n \"title\": \"Sthenurus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42172291\",\n \"text\": \"Simosthenurus occidentalis is a species of sthenurine marsupial (\\\"short-faced kangaroo\\\") that existed in Australia during the Pliocene, becoming extinct in the Pleistocene epoch around 42,000 years ago. It was a large herbivorous biped that resembles large kangaroos, but with a heavier body than modern kangaroos. The structure of the skull and teeth - resembling koalas and panda bears - indicates that it consumed tough vegetation. Taxonomy The type specimen was collected by E. A. Le Souef and noted in a report to the state's Caves Board, then revised and published by Ludwig Glauert as Sthenurus occidentalis in 1910. This holotype is fossil material preserving the left and right dentary of an adult found at Mammoth Cave in Southwest Australia. The specific epithet occidentalis, meaning \\\"of the west\\\", refers to the discovery of this species in Western Australia. Description A mid-sized species of Simosthenurus, known as 'short-faced' kangaroos, one of several genera in a macropodid lineage that diversified in Pliocene Australia. The mass of adults is estimated to have around 118 kilograms, standing at a similar height to larger modern roos but with a heavier and more robust body. The dentition contains molars set close to the jaw, which combined with the cranial structure, strongly indicates an animal capable of consuming tough vegetation. The short jaw and facial anatomy clearly distinguishes their appearance from the surviving lineage of kangaroos, which usually graze on grasses rather than a browsing diet, and more closely resembles the habits of the modern koala Phascolarctos cinereus. A set of powerful molars located close to the hinge of jaw, similar to but further back than a koala, improved the mechanical advantage and a potential enlargement of the zygomaticomandibularis muscles would have reduced the hazard of dislocation while biting with the rear molars. Modelling of the bite force and the skulls resistance to torsional forces suggests that the species was able to consume tough material, such as leaves, bark and branches, that could be torn with the claws of the long forelimbs. The diamond-like shape of the forehead and reinforced cheek bones was able to distribute the forces applied by large muscles to the rear molars at one side of the jaw, strongly suggesting that browsing habit included an ability to tear and chew hardy and fibrous material. The morphology of the skull and dentition was found to be most comparable to Asian mammal Ailuropoda melanoleuca (panda), an animal that primarily feeds as a browser of tough plant material. Distribution and habitat The species is represented in the records of many southern fossil sites in Australia, including Tasmania. The type locality is located in Southwest Australia, at Mammoth Cave, and evidence from another site in the southwest indicates it existed until about 42,000 years ago. Fossils assigned to the species have been obtained at sites in the Southwest, southern regions of Central Australia and the southeast of the continent. In Tasmania S. occidentalis has been identified at fossil sites in the northeast and central regions, the species has\",\n \"title\": \"Simosthenurus occidentalis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"215027\",\n \"text\": \"The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) is a marsupial found in the eastern third of Australia, with a population of several million. It is also known as the great grey kangaroo and the forester kangaroo. Although a big eastern grey male can typically weigh up to and have a length of well over , the scientific name, Macropus giganteus (gigantic large-foot), is misleading: the red kangaroo of the semi-arid inland is larger, weighing up to . Taxonomy The eastern grey kangaroo was described by George Shaw in 1790 as Macropus giganteus. Subspecies There are two subspecies: Macropus giganteus giganteusfound in eastern and central Queensland, Victoria, New South Wales and southeastern South Australia Macropus giganteus tasmaniensis(commonly known as the forester kangaroo) endemic to Tasmania Description The eastern grey kangaroo is the second largest and heaviest living marsupial and native land mammal in Australia. An adult male will commonly weigh around whereas females commonly weigh around . They have a powerful tail that is over long in adult males. Large males of this species are more heavily built and muscled than the lankier red kangaroo and can occasionally exceed normal dimensions. One of these, shot in eastern Tasmania weighed , with a total length from nose to tail (possibly along the curves). The largest known specimen, examined by Lydekker, had a weight of and measured along the curves. When the skin of this specimen was measured it had a \\\"flat\\\" length of . The eastern grey is easy to recognise: its soft grey coat is distinctive, and it is usually found in moister, more fertile areas than the red. Red kangaroos, though sometimes grey-blue in colour, have a totally different face than eastern grey kangaroos. Red kangaroos have distinctive markings in black and white beside their muzzles and along the sides of their face. Eastern grey kangaroos do not have these markings, and their eyes seem large and wide open. Where their ranges overlap, it is much more difficult to distinguish between eastern grey and western grey kangaroos, which are closely related. They have a very similar body and facial structure, and their muzzles are fully covered with fine hair (though that is not obvious at a distance, their noses do look noticeably different from the noses of reds and wallaroos). The eastern grey's colouration is a light-coloured grey or brownish-grey, with a lighter silver or cream, sometimes nearly white, belly. The western grey is a dark dusty brown colour, with more contrast especially around the head. Indigenous Australian names include iyirrbir (Uw Oykangand and Uw Olkola) and kucha (Pakanh). The highest ever recorded speed of any kangaroo was set by a large female eastern grey kangaroo. Distribution and habitat Although the red is better known, the eastern grey is the kangaroo most often encountered in Australia, due to its adaptability. Few Australians visit the arid interior of the continent, while many live in and around the major cities of the southern and eastern coast, from where it is usually only a\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern grey kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6473840\",\n \"text\": \"Themeda triandra is a species of perennial tussock-forming grass widespread in Africa, Australia, Asia and the Pacific. In Australia it is commonly known as kangaroo grass and in East Africa and South Africa it is known as red grass and red oat grass or as rooigras in Afrikaans. Kangaroo grass was formerly thought to be one of two species, and was named Themeda australis. The plant has traditional uses as food and medicine in Africa and Australia. Indigenous Australians harvested it to make bread and string for fishing nets around 30,000 years ago. It was used as livestock feed in early colonial Australia, but this use was largely replaced by introduced plants. there is a large government-funded project under way to investigate the possibility of growing kangaroo grass commercially in Australia for use as a regular food source for humans. Description Themeda triandra is a grass which grows in dense tufts up to tall and wide. It flowers in summer, producing large red-brown spikelets on branched stems. The leaves are in length and wide but can exceed long and wide. Its inflorescence is compounded, fasciculated, is long and composed of a single raceme. It pedicels are oblong and are 0.5 mm long while its lemma is long and is both apical and geniculate. The column of lemma's awn is hispidulous and twisted. Its leaves are a grey-green colour in winter, turning red-brown in summer. The blooms exude a strong perfume. Taxonomy and naming Themeda triandra was first formally described in 1775 by Peter Forsskål who published the description in Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. There are many synonyms of this species. The specific epithet (triandra) is the feminine of the Botanical Latin adjective triandrus, meaning \\\"with three stamens\\\", based on the Greek-derived combining forms tri-, three, and -andrus, male. Kangaroo grass was formerly thought to be one of two species, and was named Themeda australis. Distribution and habitat Themeda triandra is found across Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific. In Australia, it is found in all of the states and territories. It grows predominantly in grassland and open woodland communities. It is a significant species in temperate grasslands in Australia, a habitat considered to be endangered or threatened in various parts of the country. It does not do well under heavy grazing pressure, but benefits from occasional fire. It tolerates a wide range of soils but is most common in moist microclimates such as roadsides and railway lines. T. triandra occurs on a wide variety of soils from sandy soils to heavy clays. There seems to be little association between abundance of T. triandra and a specific soil type. It is often common in areas where moisture collects and grazing is light, such as along roadsides or railway lines. Morphology Kangaroo grass is a tufted perennial up to 1.5m tall, with tussock width up to 0.5m. The narrow leaves grow up to 0.5m long, and are green in summer changing to straw coloured in winter. The seed head is large, often red-brown and\",\n \"title\": \"Themeda triandra\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27865398\",\n \"text\": \"The Ballarat Wildlife Park is a wildlife park in Ballarat, Victoria. Opened in February 1985, it is privately owned by founder Greg Parker and his wife, Julia Leonard. The 10-hectare park holds over 300 animals, including Australian animalsthere are over 100 free-roaming kangaroosand an extensive collection of reptiles. It was once well known for housing Patrick, the common wombat who was the oldest known marsupial in captivity when he died aged around 30 years old in 2017. History Since buying his first python when he was ten years old, animal enthusiast Greg Parker had amassed a collection of over 300 reptiles across 50 species. He even got a job at Healesville Sanctuary in the late 1970s. After a year of planning, Parker bought of land in Ballarat, Victoria, where he opened the Ballarat Wildlife Park in February 1985. He incorporated his reptile collection into the wildlife park, while also branching out into mammals. Parker co-owns the park with his wife, Julia Leonard, and manages it with his family and a small team of permanent staff. Park Certified by the Zoo and Aquarium Association, the 10-hectare Ballarat Wildlife Park is home to around 300 animals and 40 species. It is located on the corner of York and Fussell Streets, in Ballarat East. All of the Australian mammals breed each year, and the establishment also breeds its reptiles. The park contains many different exhibits and a cafe. It holds wildlife education talks and \\\"meet-and-greets\\\" with some of the animals can be booked; strict guidelines and time limits on handling the animals are in place. The Ballarat Wildlife Park holds a number of Australian animals. It is home to the largest colony of koalas in captivity in Victoria, which has around 35 members. It has contributed to a number of koala conservation campaigns, including fundraisers for planting eucalyptus trees. Visitors can feed the over 100 free-roaming kangaroos by purchasing kangaroo feed. There are wombats, emus, cassowaries, quokkas, and special enclosures for endangered Australian animals such as Tasmanian devils. It was the first privately-owned park to breed Tasmanian devils on the mainland. The dingoes have their own large enclosure. The park also contains animals not native to Australia. There are six meerkats. There is a colony of little penguins. The reptile house holds snakes, lizards and frogs. The park also has a Komodo dragon. It has a special enclosure for the tree-kangaroos. Aldabra giant tortoise Alligator snapping turtle Alpaca American alligator Asian forest tortoise Australian green tree frog Australian water dragon Banded rock python Bare-nosed wombat Boa constrictor Broad-headed snake Brolga Brown tree snake Buff-banded rail Burmese python Bush stone-curlew Central bearded dragon Common snapping turtle Dingo Dyeing poison dart frog Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Eastern long-necked turtle Eastern tiger snake Eastern whipbird Eclectus parrot Emu Freshwater crocodile Frilled lizard Gila monster Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo Green anaconda Indochinese spitting cobra Inland taipan Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo King brown snake Koala Komodo dragon Lace monitor Little penguin Magnificent tree frog Mangrove monitor Merten's water monitor Monocled cobra\",\n \"title\": \"Ballarat Wildlife Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13771845\",\n \"text\": \"Moonlit Sanctuary Wildlife Conservation Park is a biopark within the Pearcedale Conservation Park located at Pearcedale on the Mornington Peninsula near Melbourne, Australia. It aims to display the fauna that was found in the Mornington Peninsula and Western Port Biosphere Reserve prior to European settlement as well as working towards the recovery of threatened Australian fauna. The park is open all year except on Christmas Day. The sanctuary, as part of Pearcedale Conservation Park, is an institutional member of the Zoo and Aquarium Association (ZAA). It is ECO Certified at the Ecotourism level by Ecotourism Australia. History Development of the zoo started in December 1998, with construction of a visitor center, a wetland habitat with a lake, and more than 30 animal enclosures, as well as many Australian trees and other plants. The zoo was opened in September 2001. Evening walks Moonlit Sanctuary operates evening walks, which are an environmental immersion experience. A guide takes visitors on a walk through natural bushland where the guide spotlights a variety of nocturnal animals, many of them endangered. The guide gives talks about the animals, and answers visitors' questions. Visitors come into close contact with the animals in their natural habitats and can observe their natural behaviours. Daytime visits Moonlit Sanctuary is also open during the day, where visitors get an experience closer to a normal zoo. It operates education services for school children, and provides research facilities for graduate students. It also engages in conservation breeding of endangered species. Animals In total over 400 animals representing over 60 different species call the sanctuary home. Some examples of the native animal species kept at the sanctuary are listed below. ▣ Banded lapwing ▣ Banded stilt ▣ Bare-nosed wombat ▣ Barking owl ▣ Bush stone-curlew ▣ Central bearded dragon ▣ Chestnut-eared finch ▣ Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink ▣ Dingo ▣ Eastern barn owl ▣ Eastern blue-tongued lizard ▣ Eastern grey kangaroo ▣ Eastern long-necked turtle ▣ Eastern whipbird ▣ Eclectus parrot ▣ Emu ▣ Gang-gang cockatoo ▣ Gippsland water dragon ▣ Helmeted honeyeater ▣ Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo ▣ Koala ▣ Lace monitor ▣ Laughing kookaburra ▣ Long-nosed potoroo ▣ Major Mitchell's cockatoo ▣ Orange-bellied parrot ▣ Rainbow lorikeet ▣ Red-bellied pademelon ▣ Red-necked wallaby ▣ Red-tailed black cockatoo ▣ Regent honeyeater ▣ Rufous bettong ▣ Sacred kingfisher ▣ Satin bowerbird ▣ Shingleback lizard ▣ Southern bettong ▣ Southern hairy-nosed wombat ▣ Spinifex hopping mouse ▣ Spotted tree monitor ▣ Spotted-tailed quoll ▣ Squirrel glider ▣ Sulphur-crested cockatoo ▣ Superb parrot ▣ Swamp wallaby ▣ Swift parrot ▣ Tammar wallaby ▣ Tasmanian devil ▣ Tawny frogmouth ▣ Wedge-tailed eagle ▣ White-browed woodswallow ▣ Woylie ▣ Yellow-bellied glider ▣ Yellow-tailed black cockatoo Conservation Moonlit has successfully bred a number of rare and endangered species including southern bettong (aka eastern bettong), eastern quoll, Julia Creek dunnart, fluffy glider (yellow-bellied glider) and squirrel glider. The eastern quoll and southern bettong are now extinct on the mainland and only found in the wild in Tasmania. In 2016 it opened\",\n \"title\": \"Moonlit Sanctuary Wildlife Conservation Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1212198\",\n \"text\": \"Kangaroo paw is the common name for a number of species, in two genera of the family Haemodoraceae, that are native to the south-west of Western Australia. These rhizomatous perennial plants are noted for their unique bird-attracting flowers. The tubular flowers are coated with dense hairs and open at the apex with six claw-like structures which resemble kangaroo forelimbs, and it is from this paw-like formation that the common name \\\"kangaroo paw\\\" is derived. The kangaroo paw plant has been introduced into Japan and has been grown as a new ornamental crop mainly in Okinawa Island under a subtropical climate. History The genus Anigozanthos' author was French botanist Jacques-Julien Houtou de Labillardière, who first collected the kangaroo paw in 1792 near Esperance. Red and green kangaroo paw or Kurulbrang (Noongar) was introduced to England in 1833, and was first described in 1836 by botanist David Don. The specific name manglesii is so named in honour of the first individual to raise the specimen from seed, Robert Mangles, which he did in his English garden. His experience with growing the specimen is recorded in letters to his brother James Mangles. The red and green kangaroo paw was adopted as the state emblem of Western Australia in a proclamation on 9 October 1960. An image of a red and green kangaroo paw was superimposed onto a view of Perth from a distance on a 5 pence stamp, issued 1 November 1962, commemorating the Seventh British Empire and Commonwealth Games which were held in Perth that year. The stamp was designed by R. M. Warner. The red and green kangaroo paw was again included on a stamp on 10 July 1968, which were six cent stamps in a series of state floral emblems. It was designed by Nell Wilson. In 1990, disease was found on the kangaroo paw plant in Okinawa. The unreported fungi, which caused the plant to become very limp and wilt, was characterised by a discolouration of the plant leaving it a brown to black colour around the stalks, leaves and base of the plant. As the plant began to discolour over time, white cottony mycelia started to appear at the surface of the lesions and then the plant eventually died. Cultivation and cut flowers The plant is native to south-western Australia, occurring naturally from the Murchison River in the North to Busselton and Mount Barker in the South, and Lake Muir to the East. It has been developed as a cut-flower crop in the United States, Israel and Japan. In Israel, plants are propagated from tissue culture imported from Australia and are then grown in unheated greenhouses in natural day conditions. The plants have found their way to California and become popular among garden supply businesses there. Research In 2007 Kings Park Botanic and Garden Board started a breeding program to protect the Kangaroo Paw from disease and the impact of climate changes. During this effort cross breading between 5 different species brought about new colouring including blue shades.\",\n \"title\": \"Kangaroo paw\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58035856\",\n \"text\": \"The Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus mayri) is a critically endangered, bear-like mammal native to tropical mountain forests on the island of New Guinea in Western Papua. Elusive and rare, it was considered extinct until rediscovery in 2018. It is a species of tree-kangaroo (genus Dendrolagus), a group of long-tailed, bear-like animals native to Australia and New Guinea that mostly live in trees and feed on plant matter. Tree-kangaroos belong to the macropod family (Macropodidae) with kangaroos, and carry their young in a pouch like most other marsupials. The Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo is likely threatened by hunting, and is known only from remote mountains on the Wondiwoi Peninsula in northwest New Guinea. Until 2018, the wondiwoi tree-kangaroo was known only from a single specimen collected in 1928. The only known specimen is a male weighing . D. mayri was located in the Wondiwoi Peninsula of West Papua at an elevation of within montane rain forest. It is thought that the Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo could occupy an area of . Re:wild, the global conservation organization, lists the Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo as one of their \\\"25 most wanted lost species\\\". Taxonomy It was named in honour of Ernst Mayr, who collected the type specimen now deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. It was described by Lord Rothschild and Capt. Guy Dollman in a 1933 paper and an illustration based on the only known specimen was published in their 1936 monograph on the genus. Discovery In July 2018, the first known photographs of the species were taken by British naturalist Michael Smith. Smith was investigating Vireya rhododendrons in an unexplored area of the Wondiwoi ranges and photographed a \\\"dorianus type\\\" tree kangaroo at an altitude of approximately 1,600 metres. Scent marks, tree kangaroo scat and claw marks at the base of trees made by climbing tree kangaroos were found from 1,700 m to 2,000 m in steep montane forest. Local hunters, who frequently kill grizzled tree-kangaroos in lowland forest, rarely visit the forest above 1,500 m because of the difficult terrain, lack of water sources and dense bamboo thickets. An expert-led monograph on the genus discusses this \\\"first photograph of a living animal\\\" and asks \\\"What other novel observations are out in the cloud forests of New Guinea?\\\": Status Long thought to be extinct or critically endangered, the IUCN Red List listed the species as critically endangered (possibly extinct) because \\\"if the species still exists the population must be very small (less than 50 mature individuals) and probably in decline due to hunting pressures. Although the area has not been well-sampled, there have been a few visits to the area with no reports of this species.\\\" The species status of Dendrolagus mayri is uncertain. Some authorities refer to all 'dorianus type' tree kangaroos as subspecies of Doria's tree kangaroo, including Colin Groves, who published a major revision of the taxonomy of the genus in 1982. More recent DNA analysis indicates, however, that the members of the dorianus group deserve species status, although Dendrolagus mayri itself was not\",\n \"title\": \"Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64174152\",\n \"text\": \"The Vogelkop–Aru lowland rain forests is a tropical moist forest ecoregion in Indonesia. The ecoregion covers the peninsular lowlands of western New Guinea, along with the Aru Islands and other nearby islands. Geography The ecoregion includes the lowland and hill (below 1000 meters elevation) forests of the Bird's Head Peninsula (also known as the Vogelkop Peninsula), Bomberai Peninsula, and the Bird's Neck Isthmus, as well as the Aru Islands to the south and Raja Ampat Islands (Misool, Salawati, Waigeo, Kofiau, and others) to the west. The Aru and Raja Ampat islands sit on the Australia-New Guinea continental shelf. When sea levels were lower during the ice ages, these islands were joined to the Australia-New Guinea continent, which allowed terrestrial plants and animals to move between them. The peninsular mountains above 1000 meters elevation, including the Arfak Mountains and Tamrau Mountains, constitute the separate and distinct Vogelkop montane rain forests ecoregion. Climate The ecoregion has a tropical rain forest climate. Flora The vegetation of the ecoregion is tropical wet evergreen forest, including lowland alluvial forests, hill forests, and limestone forests. Lowland alluvial forest has an irregular, multi-tiered canopy with many emergents. The understory has shrub layer, where palms are common, and an herb layer. Climbers, epiphytes, and ferns are abundant. Common canopy trees include Pometia pinnata, Octomeles sumatrana, Alstonia scholaris, and species of Ficus and Terminalia. Other tree genera include Pterocarpus, Artocarpus, Planchonella, Canarium, Elaeocarpus, Cryptocarya, Celtis, Dracontomelon, Dysoxylum, Syzygium, Vitex, Spondias, and Intsia. Lowland hill forest has a lower, more closed and regular tree canopy than the alluvial forest. The shrub layer is more open with fewer palms, and there is a denser herbaceous layer. Dominant canopy trees include species of Pometia, Canarium, Anisoptera, Cryptocarya, Terminalia, Syzygium, Ficus, Celtis, Dysoxylum, and Buchanania. Species of Koompassia, Dillenia, Eucalyptopsis, Vatica, and Hopea are locally abundant. The conifer Araucaria cunninghamii var. papuana forms dense groves in scattered locations. Fauna The ecoregion has 47 species of mammals, including marsupials, murid rodents, and bats. Native mammals include the Arfak long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijni), dusky pademelon (Thylogale bruinji), New Guinea quoll (Dasyurus albopunctatus), red-bellied dasyure (Phascolosorex doriae), ursine tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus ursinus), brown forest wallaby (Dorcopsis muelleri), Lorentz's mosaic-tailed rat (Melomys lorentzii), Shaw Mayer's brush mouse (Pogonomelomys mayeri) and lowland brush mouse (Pogonomelomys bruijni). the Arfak long-beaked echidna is critically endangered, and the dusky pademelon and ursine tree-kangaroo are considered vulnerable. There are no strictly endemic mammal species, but several species are threatened or have a limited range. The ecoregion has 366 species of birds, of which nine are endemic. It encompasses the West Papuan lowlands and Aru Islands endemic bird areas. Endemic birds include Bruijn's brush-turkey (Aepypodius bruijnii), Kofiau paradise kingfisher, (Tanysiptera ellioti), black-backed monarch (Monarcha julianae), Wilson's bird-of-paradise, (Cicinnurus respublica), and red bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea rubra). The largest bird in the ecoregion is the flightless southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius). Protected areas A 2017 assessment found that 7,557 km2, or 10%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. About 70% of the unprotected area is still forested.\",\n \"title\": \"Vogelkop–Aru lowland rain forests\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3517460\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of the wild birds found in Australia including its outlying islands and territories, but excluding the Australian Antarctic Territory. The outlying islands covered include: Christmas, Cocos (Keeling), Ashmore, Torres Strait, Coral Sea, Lord Howe, Norfolk, Macquarie and Heard/McDonald. The list includes introduced species, common vagrants and recently extinct species. It excludes species only present in captivity. 975 extant and extinct species are listed. There have been three comprehensive accounts: the first was John Gould's Birds of Australia, the second Gregory Mathews, and the third was the Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds (1990-2006). The taxonomy originally followed is from Christidis and Boles, 2008. Their system has been developed over nearly two decades and has strong local support, but deviates in important ways from more generally accepted schemes. Supplemental updates follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. This list uses British English throughout. Bird names and other wording follows that convention. Ostriches Order: StruthioniformesFamily: Struthionidae 1 species recorded [1 introduced] This order is not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species have become established in South Australia and possibly on the New South Wales/Victoria border. Cassowaries and emu Order: CasuariiformesFamily: Casuariidae 2 species recorded [2 extant native] This family of flightless ratite birds is represented by two living species in Australia. Another two species are found in New Guinea. The extinct, geographically isolated King and Kangaroo Island emus were historically considered to be separate species to mainland emus. However, genetic evidence from 2011 suggests that all three are conspecific. Magpie goose Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anseranatidae 1 species recorded [1 extant native] The family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous. The single species is found across Australia. Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae 30 species recorded [20 extant native, 3 introduced, 7 vagrant] The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These are adapted for an aquatic existence, with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. In Australia, 30 species have been recorded, of which three have been introduced, and seven are vagrants. Megapodes Order: GalliformesFamily: Megapodiidae 3 species recorded [3 extant native] Megapodiidae are represented by various species in the Australasian region, although only three species are found in Australia. They are commonly referred to as \\\"mound-builders\\\" due to their habit of constructing large mounds to incubate their eggs. Guineafowl Order: GalliformesFamily: Numididae 1 species recorded [1 introduced] Numididae are not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species exist in Queensland. New World quail Order: GalliformesFamily: Odontophoridae 1 species recorded [1 introduced] Odontophoridae are not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species survive in external territories and possibly the mainland. Pheasants,\",\n \"title\": \"List of birds of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1604611\",\n \"text\": \"The woylie or brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata) is a small, critically endangered mammal native to forests and shrubland of Australia. A member of the rat-kangaroo family (Potoroidae), it moves by hopping and is active at night, digging for fungi to eat. It is also a marsupial and carries its young in a pouch. Once widespread, the woylie mostly died out from habitat loss and introduced predators such as foxes. It is currently restricted to two small areas in Western Australia. There were two subspecies: B. p. ogilbyi in the west, and the now-extinct B. p. penicillata in the southeast. Taxonomy A species was first described by J. E. Gray in 1837, based on the skin and skull of an adult male obtained by the Zoological Society of London, and placed with the British Museum of Natural History. The origin of the holotype has not been determined, but it is presumed to be New South Wales. The two subspecies recognised are: Bettongia penicillata penicillata J.E. Gray, 1837. The nominate subspecies, classified as a modern extinction. This was the south-eastern subspecies. Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi (Waterhouse, 1841). This is the south-western subspecies. A description published as Hypsiprymnus ogilbyi, a species now recognised as the only extant subspecies of B. penicillata. The cited author is G. R. Waterhouse, who presented a manuscript prepared by John Gould. The type was collected at York, Western Australia. The common name, \\\"woylie\\\", is derived from walyu in the Nyungar language. The regional variants amongst Nyungar peoples are noted as wol, woli and woylie. The spelling woylie, and its variants, were used for the species in reports and advertisements in Western Australian newspapers, and the spelling 'woylye' was added in the 1920s. The names boodie and boodie rat came to be applied by the rural inhabitants to several species in south-west Australia, including the woylie, and printed in references to them after 1897. However, the boodie (Bettongia lesueur) is now recognised as a separate species. The term \\\"kangaroo rat\\\" was also applied from the founding of the Swan River Colony, and was sometimes used to distinguish the species from the boodie. Another vernacular term applied to the woylie was \\\"farting rat\\\", inspired by the abrupt noise it emits when disturbed. Description Bettongia penicillata is a species of potoroine marsupial that digs for fungi during the night, usually maintaining a solitary range around a central nest. The length of the head and body combined is , entirely covered in fur that is a grey-brown over the back, a buff colour across the face, thigh and flank, and blending to the pale cream colour beneath. The greyish brown of the upper-parts of the pelage is interspersed with silvery hair. The tail is a similar length to the head and body, measuring from , and is a rufous brown colour that ends in a blackish tip. The upper-side of the slightly prehensile tail has a ridge of longer fur along its length. The average measurements are for the heady-body length and for\",\n \"title\": \"Woylie\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19324507\",\n \"text\": \"The kangaroo industry in Australia is based on the regulated harvesting of species of kangaroos. Products Kangaroo meat Australia commercially produced kangaroo meat since 1959. Annually about 3 percent of Australia’s 50 million kangaroos are utilized for their meat, which is served in many Australian restaurants and sold in some supermarkets. It is also exported to over 60 countries overseas. Various pet food companies offer animal feed based on kangaroo or including kangaroo. Since kangaroos emit smaller amounts of methane compared to cattle and sheep, their meat is sometimes advertised in this context. Australia's beef industry is estimated to account for about 11 percent of the country's carbon emissions. Kangaroo Leather Various products are made from the skins of the animals. Kangaroo leather is a strong, light leather, which is more stretchy than goat or cattle but also wrinkles more easily and darkens faster. It is commonly used for shoes, motorcycle suits, handbags, wallets and in whips. Big brands usually market it as “k-leather”. Since many people see kangaroos as pest animals (and numbers have to be limited with annual culling) using the leather, when the meat is also utilized is seen as sustainable. Kangaroo populations Of the 48 species of macropods (kangaroos) in Australia, only six abundant species are allowed to be used commercially. The kangaroo industry, which represents a large amount of the commercial meat and leather traders, calls the shooting of kangaroos ″commercial kangaroo harvest″. They advocate applying under regulated quotas for the limitation of kangaroo populations, because they can overgraze, which can lead to both, a loss of biodiversity, and conflicts with farmers. As the kangaroos are not farmed, they spend their lives in their natural habitat. The shooting of certain quotas is permitted in six of eight Australian states and some additional areas with large kangaroo populations. According to the kangaroo industry, the limitation of the kangaroo population is the key ″to ensure conservation and animal welfare″ while ″health and safety standards are upheld″. Each state government has its own kangaroo management plan to estimate their populations and outline the hunting quotas. Most kangaroos are hunted in the arid grazing rangelands. According to the Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, each year about 3 percent of Australia’s 50 million kangaroos are used for meat production, which means around 1.5 million animals. The meat of following species is exported as kangaroo meat; red kangaroo eastern grey kangaroo western grey kangaroo common wallaroo Annual quotas The National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia authority must have a detailed management plan for the commercial reduction of the kangaroos, which is approved by the federal conservation department. Detail of the population monitoring and quota-setting controls must be renewed every five years. After the kangaroo population has been estimated, the approved shooting quota is limited to a maximum of 15 to 20 percent of the total population. However usually only about 3 percent of the kangaroos are killed due to the limited demand of the market for kangaroo\",\n \"title\": \"Kangaroo industry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7368451\",\n \"text\": \"Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) is a rare, long-tailed marsupial found in rainforests in northeastern Australia. Like most tree-kangaroos (genus Dendrolagus), it lives alone in trees and feeds on plant matter. It belongs to the macropod family (Macropodidae) with kangaroos, and carries its young in a pouch like other marsupials. It is threatened by climate change and diseases, and is found in the hilly, fertile Atherton Tableland near Cairns in north east Queensland. Name The species name lumholtzi is after the Norwegian explorer Carl Sofus Lumholtz (1851–1922), who was the first European to record a specimen in 1883. The local indigenous Dyirbal and Yidiny language name may have been either \\\"mabi\\\" or \\\"mapi\\\". Description and habitat It is the smallest of all tree-kangaroos, with males weighing an average of 7.2 kg (16 lbs) and females 5.9 kg (13 lbs). Its head and body length ranges , and its tail, . It has powerful limbs and has short, grizzled grey fur. Its muzzle, toes and tip of tail are black. The Lumholtz's tree-kangaroos colonizes a variety of habitats, as long as they are flush with food and have stable and adaptable structural features. Social behaviour Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo are generally solitary animals, with the exception of male–female mating and the long, intimate mother–joey relationship. Each kangaroo maintains a \\\"home range\\\" and will be hostile towards a member of the same sex that enters it (the one exception seems to be non-hostile encounters between adult males and their male offspring). Thus, the male will protect his own range, and visit the ranges of the females in his group. Mating takes place in episodes of about twenty minutes, and is often quite aggressive. Status The Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo is classified as near-threatened by the IUCN, and authorities consider it as rare. It was historically impacted by habitat loss through logging and land clearing. Currently, it is threatened by non-native diseases and by climate change, which causes temperature extremes and severe weather. Blindness In June 2019, it was reported that many Lumholtz's tree-kangaroos were going blind. Normally almost invisible in the treetops, they were being found in schools, sheds and in the middle of roads, unable to see and confused. Veterinarian Andrew Peters, from Charles Sturt University, said he had found evidence of optic nerve and brain damage, suggesting that a new viral infection was involved. Karen Coombes, who has cared for injured tree kangaroos on her property west of Cairns for two decades, said she thought successive dry periods in the area were contributing to the eye problems. Her theory is that, because the animals only eat the leaves of the rainforest trees they inhabit, which are always fairly toxic, the drier-than-normal weather over recent years could have caused the toxins in the leaves to become more concentrated. No toxin has been identified and this hypothesis remains speculative and unsubstantiated. Other work by wildlife veterinarian Amy Shima and wildlife biologist Roger Martin (author of Tree-kangaroos of Australia and New Guinea), does not support these claims. Their\",\n \"title\": \"Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"178953\",\n \"text\": \"Tree-kangaroos are marsupials of the genus Dendrolagus, adapted for arboreal locomotion. They inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Guinea and far northeastern Queensland, along with some of the islands in the region. All tree-kangaroos are considered threatened due to hunting and habitat destruction. They are the only true arboreal macropods. Evolutionary history The evolutionary history of tree-kangaroos possibly begins with a rainforest floor-dwelling pademelon-like ancestor. This ancestor possibly evolved from an arboreal possum-like ancestor as is suspected of all macropodid marsupials in Australia and New Guinea. During the late Eocene, the Australian/New Guinean continent began a period of drying that caused a retreat in the area of rainforest, which forced the ancestral pademelons to begin living in a drier, rockier environment. After some generations of adaptation to the new environment, the pademelons may have evolved into rock-wallabies (Petrogale spp.), which developed a generalist feeding strategy due to their dependence on a diverse assortment of vegetation refuges. This generalist strategy allowed the rock-wallabies to easily adapt to Malesian rainforest types that were introduced to Australia from Asia during the mid-Miocene. The rock-wallabies that migrated into these introduced forests adapted to spend more time climbing trees. One species in particular, the Proserpine rock-wallaby (Petrogale persephone), displays equal preference for climbing trees as for living in rocky outcrops. During the Late Miocene, the semi-arboreal rock-wallabies could have evolved into the now extinct tree-kangaroo genus Bohra. Global cooling during the Pleistocene caused continent-wide drying and rainforest retractions in Australia and New Guinea. The rainforest contractions isolated populations of Bohra which resulted in the evolution of today's tree-kangaroos (Dendrolagus spp.), as they adapted to lifestyles in geographically small and diverse rainforest fragments, and became further specialized for a canopy-dwelling lifestyle. Taxonomy Species These species are assigned to the genus Dendrolagus: Seri's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus stellarum) has been described as a subspecies of Doria's tree-kangaroo (D. dorianus stellarum), but some recent authorities have treated it as a separate species based on its absolute diagnostability. The Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo is among the 25 \\\"most wanted lost\\\" species that are the focus of Global Wildlife Conservation's \\\"Search for Lost Species\\\" initiative. The extinct species D. noibano from the Pleistocene of Chimbu Province, Papua New Guinea is substantially larger than living species. However, it has since been suggested to be a larger extinct form of Doria's tree-kangaroo. The case for the golden-mantled tree-kangaroo (D. pulcherrimus) is comparable to that of D. stellarum; it was first described as a subspecies of D. goodfellowi, though recent authorities have elevated it to species status based on its absolute diagnostability. A population of the tenkile (Scott's tree-kangaroo) recently discovered from the Bewani Mountains may represent an undescribed subspecies. Distribution and habitat Tree-kangaroos inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Guinea, far northeastern Australia, and some of the islands in the region, in particular, the Schouten Islands and the Raja Ampat Islands. Although most species are found in mountainous areas, several also occur in lowlands, such as the aptly named lowlands tree-kangaroo. Most tree-kangaroos are considered threatened\",\n \"title\": \"Tree-kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"425971\",\n \"text\": \"Pademelons are small marsupials in the genus Thylogale, found in Australia and New Guinea. They are some of the smallest members of the macropod family, which includes the similar-looking but larger kangaroos and wallabies. Pademelons are distinguished by their small size and their short, thick, and sparsely-haired tails. Like most other marsupials, they carry their young in a pouch. Etymology The word \\\"pademelon\\\" comes from the word badimaliyan in Dharug, an Australian Aboriginal language spoken near what is now Port Jackson, New South Wales. The scientific name Thylogale uses the Greek words for \\\"pouch\\\" and \\\"weasel.\\\" Description Along with the rock-wallabies and the hare-wallabies, the pademelons are among the smallest members of the macropod family. Mature male pademelons are larger than females, with an average weight of about 7 kg and height of 60 cm. Mature females weigh around 3.8 kg. Species There are seven recognised species within genus Thylogale: Distribution and habitat The red-legged pademelon can be found in the coastal regions of Queensland and New South Wales, and in south-central New Guinea. In some areas, its range has been drastically reduced. The red-bellied or Tasmanian pademelon is abundant in Tasmania, although it was once found throughout the southeastern parts of mainland Australia. The dusky pademelon lives in New Guinea and surrounding islands. It was previously called the Aru Islands wallaby. Before that, it was called the \\\"philander\\\" (\\\"friend of man\\\"), which is the name it bears in the second volume of Cornelis de Bruijn's Travels, originally published in 1711. The Latin name of this species is called after De Bruijn. The natural habitat of the pademelon is in thick scrubland or dense forested undergrowth. It also makes tunnels through long grasses and bushes in swampy country. Threats Pademelon meat used to be considered valuable and was eaten by settlers and indigenous Australians. Aside from being killed for their meat and soft fur, their numbers have been reduced by the introduction of non-native predators such as cats in Australia, dogs, and red foxes. The rapid increase in Australia's rabbit population has also caused problems as rabbits graze on the same grasses, making less available for the pademelons. Clearing of land for urbanisation has pushed the larger wallabies and kangaroos onto land that previously was occupied by pademelons with little competition. Tasmanian pademelons were an important part of the diet of the now-extinct thylacine, and they are still preyed on by quolls, Tasmanian devils, and wedge-tailed eagles. Despite these predators, Tasmania and its outlying smaller islands have large numbers of pademelons and every year many are culled to keep their numbers sustainable. References External links Macropods Taxa named by John Edward Gray Marsupials of Australia\",\n \"title\": \"Pademelon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2231034\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of the wild birds found in Western Australia. The list includes introduced species, common vagrants, recently extinct species, extirpated species, some very rare vagrants (seen once) and species only present in captivity. 629 species are listed. The taxonomy is based on Christidis and Boles, 2008. Their system has been developed over nearly two decades and has strong local support, but deviates in important ways from more generally accepted schemes. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. All of the birds below are included in the total bird count for Western Australia. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. (A) Accidental – a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Western Australia (E) Endemic – a species endemic to Western Australia (I) Introduced – a species introduced to Western Australia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions (Ex) Extirpated – a species that no longer occurs in Western Australia although populations exist elsewhere (X) Extinct – a species or subspecies that no longer exists. Ostriches Order: StruthioniformesFamily: Struthionidae This order is not native to Western Australia, but feral populations of one species have become established. Cassowaries and emu Order: CasuariiformesFamily: Dromaiidae This family of flightless ratite birds is represented by two living species in Australia. Another two species are found in New Guinea. The extinct, geographically isolated King and Kangaroo Island emus were historically considered to be separate species to mainland emus. However, genetic evidence from 2011 suggests that all three are conspecific. Magpie goose Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anseranatidae The family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous. The single species is found across Australia. Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These are adapted for an aquatic existence, with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Megapodes Order: GalliformesFamily: Megapodiidae Megapodiidae are represented by various species in the Australasian region. They are commonly referred to as \\\"mound-builders\\\" due to their habit of constructing large mounds to incubate their eggs. Guineafowl Order: GalliformesFamily: Numididae Numididae are not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species exist in Western Australia. Pheasants, grouse, and allies Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans. Grebes Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater\",\n \"title\": \"List of birds of Western Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18859160\",\n \"text\": \"The Armadale Reptile Centre is a reptile zoo (featuring a number of other animals) in Armadale, Western Australia that focuses on herpetology and wildlife endemic to Australia (with a few exotic reptile species as exception). Opened to the public in 1995, the Armadale Reptile Centre houses a large variety of mostly native reptiles and other wildlife with over 50 different reptile species on display, including a large female saltwater crocodile and various species of lizards, snakes and turtles, as well as other animals such as tree frogs, cockatoos, dingoes, emus, marsupials (including kangaroos), owls and wedge-tailed eagles. The centre is also used as a rescue and rehabilitation facility for wildlife that are sick or injured. Klaas and Mieke Gaikhorst built and own the centre, having worked with rescuing and rehabilitating injured or displaced reptiles (and other animals) for more than thirty years. Species at the centre Reptiles Bardick Black-headed python Black-tailed monitor Boa constrictor Bobtail lizard Boyd's forest dragon Broad leaf-tailed gecko Brown tree snake Burton's legless lizard Central bearded dragon Centralian carpet python Centralian blue-tongued lizard Children's python Common death adder Common scaly-foot Crowned snake Dugite Eastern snake-necked turtle Eastern water dragon Fraser's legless lizard Frill-necked lizard Gilbert's lashtail dragon Gwardar Jungle carpet python King brown snake King's skink Lace monitor Long-nosed lashtail dragon Murray short-necked turtle Northern giant cave gecko Northern blue-tongued lizard Oblong turtle Olive python Ornate crevice dragon Perentie Pygmy python Pygmy spiny-tailed skink Red-bellied black snake Red-eared slider Rosenberg's monitor Rough knob-tailed gecko Rough-scaled python Saltwater crocodile Sand goanna Saw-shelled turtle Southwest carpet python Spiny-tailed ridge monitor Spotted mulga snake Spotted python Stimson's python Thick-tailed barking gecko Water python Western bearded dragon Western tiger snake Western blue-tongued lizard Woma python Amphibians Australian green tree frog Splendid tree frog White-lipped tree frog Others (Birds) African firefinch Alexandrine parakeet Australian barn owl Australian boobook owl Australian bustard Australian magpie Baudin's black-cockatoo Black-faced woodswallow Black-throated finch Bourke's parrot Bush stone-curlew Cockatiel Common bronzewing Common pheasant Diamond firetail Domestic chicken Double-barred finch Dusky woodswallow Eclectus parrot Emu Galah Gouldian finch Grey butcherbird King quail Laughing dove Laughing kookaburra Little corella Long-billed corella Long-tailed finch Peewit lark Major Mitchell's cockatoo Nankeen kestrel Orange-breasted waxbill Painted finch Peaceful dove Pied butcherbird Princess parrot Red-backed kingfisher Red-headed parrotfinch Red-tailed black-cockatoo Sacred kingfisher Scarlet-chested parrot Star finch Stubble quail Sulphur-crested cockatoo Tawny frogmouth Wedge-tailed eagle Western corella (Fish) Frontosa cichlid Perlmutt Red fin borleyi (Mammals) Bare-nosed wombat Dingo Domestic donkey Domestic pony Grey-headed flying fox Red kangaroo Short-beaked echidna Southwestern brushtail possum Western grey kangaroo Western wallaroo External links Armadale Reptile Centre - Western Australia, 6 minute YouTube video of 2013, by Western Australia Now and Then Armadale, Western Australia Zoos in Western Australia 1995 establishments in Australia Buildings and structures in Perth, Western Australia Tourist attractions in Perth, Western Australia Wildlife parks in Australia\",\n \"title\": \"Armadale Reptile Centre\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"684228\",\n \"text\": \"Australidelphia is the superorder that contains roughly three-quarters of all marsupials, including all those native to Australasia and a single species — the monito del monte — from South America. All other American marsupials are members of the Ameridelphia. Analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials has shown that the South American monito del monte's lineage is the most basal of the superorder. The Australian australidelphians form a clade, for which the name Euaustralidelphia (\\\"true Australidelphia\\\") has been proposed (the branching order within this group is yet to be determined). The study also showed that the most basal of all marsupial orders are the other two South American groups (Didelphimorphia and Paucituberculata, with the former probably branching first). This indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America along with the other major divisions of extant marsupials, and likely reached Australia via Antarctica in a single dispersal event after Microbiotheria split off. Phylogeny Phylogeny of living Australidelphia based on the work of May-Collado, Kilpatrick & Agnarsson 2015 with extinct clades from Black et al. 2012 (*)This clade has been called Agreodontia by other authors since 2014. Taxonomy The orders within this group are listed below: Genera †Djarthia Godthelp, Wroe & Archer 1999 Order †Yalkaparidontia Archer, Hand & Godthelp 1988 Family †Yalkaparidontidae Archer, Hand & Godthelp 1988 ?Order Microbiotheria (1 species) ?Family Microbiotheriidae: monito del monte Order Dasyuromorphia (71 species) Family †Thylacinidae: thylacine Family Dasyuridae: antechinuses, quolls, dunnarts, Tasmanian devil, and allies Family Myrmecobiidae: numbat Order Peramelemorphia (21 species) Family Thylacomyidae: bilbies Family †Chaeropodidae: pig-footed bandicoots Family Peramelidae: bandicoots and allies Order Notoryctemorphia (2 species) Family Notoryctidae: marsupial moles Order Diprotodontia (117 species) Family Phascolarctidae: koala Family Vombatidae: wombats Family Phalangeridae: brushtail possums and cuscuses Family Burramyidae: pygmy possums Family Tarsipedidae: honey possum Family Petauridae: striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, yellow-bellied glider, sugar glider, mahogany glider, squirrel glider Family Pseudocheiridae: ringtailed possums and allies Family Potoridae: potoroos, rat kangaroos, bettongs Family Acrobatidae: feathertail glider and feather-tailed possum Family Hypsiprymnodontidae: musky rat-kangaroo Family Macropodidae: kangaroos, wallabies, and allies Family †Thylacoleonidae: marsupial lions Family †Palorchestidae: marsupial tapirs Family †Diprotodontidae: giant wombats Footnotes References Australasian realm fauna Mammal superorders Extant Paleocene first appearances Marsupials of Australia Marsupials Metatheria Paleocene mammals of Australia Paleocene mammals of Oceania\",\n \"title\": \"Australidelphia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"215506\",\n \"text\": \"The red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus) is the largest of all kangaroos, the largest terrestrial mammal native to Australia, and the largest extant marsupial. It is found across mainland Australia, except for the more fertile areas, such as southern Western Australia, the eastern and southeastern coasts, and the rainforests along the northern coast. Taxonomy The initial description of the species by A.G. Desmarest was published in 1822. The type location was given as an unknown location west of the Blue Mountains. The author assigned the new species to the genus Kangurus. In 1842, Gould reassigned the species to the genus Osphranter, a taxon later submerged as a subgenus of Macropus. A taxonomic restructure in 2015 in Taxonomy of Australian Mammals by Jackson and Groves promoted Osphranter back to the genus level, redefining the red kangaroo, among others, as a species within the genus Osphranter. This was further supported by genetic analysis in 2019. Description This species is a very large kangaroo with long, pointed ears and a square shaped muzzle (snout/nose). They are sexually dimorphic; males have short, red-brown fur, fading to pale buff below and on the limbs, while females are smaller than males and are blue-grey with a brown tinge and pale grey below, although arid zone females are coloured more like males. It has two forelimbs with small claws, two muscular hind-limbs, which are used for jumping, and a strong tail which is often used to create a tripod when standing upright. Males grow up to a head-and-body length of with a tail that adds a further to the total length. Adult males are referred to by Australians as \\\"Big Reds\\\". Females are considerably smaller, with a head-and-body length of and tail length of . Females can weigh from , while males typically weigh about twice as much at . The average red kangaroo stands approximately tall to the top of the head in upright posture. Large mature males can stand more than tall, with the largest confirmed one having been around tall and weighed . The red kangaroo maintains its internal temperature at a point of homeostasis about using a variety of physical, physiological, and behavioural adaptations. These include having an insulating layer of fur, being less active and staying in the shade when temperatures are high, panting, sweating, and licking its forelimbs. They have an exceptional ability to survive in extreme temperatures using a cooling mechanism where they can increase their panting and sweating rates in high temperatures to cool their bodies. To survive in harsh conditions and conserve energy, Red kangaroos can enter a state of torpor. Red kangaroos also have a high tolerance for consuming plants high in salt content, and can survive for long periods without water by reabsorbing water from their urine in the kidneys, minimizing water loss. They can go for extended periods without drinking, meeting moisture requirements from consumed vegetation. The red kangaroo's range of vision is approximately 300° (324° with about 25° overlap), due to the position of its\",\n \"title\": \"Red kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9550347\",\n \"text\": \"The Australian environment ranges from virtually pristine Antarctic territory and rainforests to degraded industrial areas of major cities. Forty distinct ecoregions have been identified across the Australian mainland and islands. Central Australia has a very dry climate. The interior has a number of deserts while most of the coastal areas are populated. Northern Australia experiences tropical cyclones while much of the country is prone to periodic drought. This dry and warm environment and exposure to cyclones, makes Australia particularly vulnerable to climate change -- with some areas already experiencing increases in wildfires and fragile ecosystems. The island ecology of Australia has led to a number of unique endemic plant and animal species, notably marsupials like the kangaroo and koala. Agriculture and mining are predominant land uses which cause negative impacts on many different ecosystems. The management of the impact on the environment from the mining industry, the protection of the Great Barrier Reef, forests and native animals are recurring issues of conservation. The protected areas in Australia are important sources of ecotourism, with sites like the Great Barrier Reef and World Heritage sites like Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area or the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park draw both national and international tourism. Clean Up Australia Day was an initiative developed in 1989 to collaboratively clean up local areas and is held on the first Sunday of autumn (in March). Protected areas Protected areas cover 895,288 km2 of Australia's land area, or about 11.5% of the total land area. Of these, two-thirds are considered strictly protected (IUCN categories I to IV), and the rest is mostly managed resources protected area (IUCN category VI). There are also 200 marine protected areas, which cover a further 64.8 million hectares. Indigenous Protected Area have been established since the 1990s, the largest of which covers part of the Tanami Desert in the Northern Territory. The protected natural areas include world heritage listed properties, such as the Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh/Naracoorte), Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves, Fraser Island, Great Barrier Reef, Greater Blue Mountains Area, Heard and McDonald Islands, Lord Howe Island, Macquarie Island, Purnululu National Park, Shark Bay, and the Wet Tropics of Queensland. Protected mixed World Heritage listed areas include Tasmanian Wilderness, Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, Willandra Lakes Region and Kakadu National Park. Ningaloo Reef and Cape Range peninsula are submitted and on the Tentative List for World Heritage listing and are Australian National Parks. Conservation Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, it covers a diverse range of habitats, from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests, and is recognised as a megadiverse country. Because of the great age and consequent low levels of fertility of the continent, its extremely variable weather patterns, and its long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique and diverse. About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic. Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced plant\",\n \"title\": \"Environment of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17205364\",\n \"text\": \"South Australia is a state in Australia with 487 species of bird recorded. This list is based on the 1996 classification by Sibley and Monroe (though there has been a recent (2008) extensive revision of Australian birds by Christidis and Boles), which has resulted in some lumping and splitting. Their system has been developed over nearly two decades and has strong local support, but deviates in important ways from more generally accepted schemes. Supplemental updates follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. This list also uses British English throughout. Any bird names or other wording follows that convention. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in South Australia (E) Endemic - a species endemic to South Australia (I) Introduced - a species introduced to South Australia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions Ostriches Order: StruthioniformesFamily: Struthionidae This order is not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species have become established. Common ostrich, Struthio camelus (I) Cassowaries and emu Order: CasuariiformesFamily: Casuariidae This family of flightless ratite birds is represented by two living species in Australia. Another two species are found in New Guinea. The extinct, geographically isolated King and Kangaroo Island emus were historically considered to be separate species to mainland emus. However, genetic evidence from 2011 suggests that all three are conspecific. Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae Magpie goose Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anseranatidae The family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous. The single species is found across Australia. Magpie goose, Anseranas semipalmata (A) Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These are adapted for an aquatic existence, with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Plumed whistling-duck, Dendrocygna eytoni Cape Barren goose, Cereopsis novaehollandiae Freckled duck, Stictonetta naevosa Black swan, Cygnus atratus Radjah shelduck, Radjah radjah (A) Australian shelduck, Tadorna tadornoides Australian wood duck, Chenonetta jubata Australian shoveler, Spatula rhynchotis Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata (A) Pacific black duck, Anas superciliosa Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (I) Mallard × Pacific black duck, Anas platyrhynchos × supercilisoa (I × native hybrid) Grey teal, Anas gracilis Chestnut teal, Anas castanea Pink-eared duck, Malacorhynchus membranaceus Hardhead, Aythya australis Blue-billed duck, Oxyura australis Musk duck, Biziura lobata Megapodes Order: GalliformesFamily: Megapodiidae Megapodiidae are represented by various species in the Australasian region. They are commonly referred to as \\\"mound-builders\\\" due to their habit of constructing large mounds to incubate their eggs. Australian brushturkey, Alectura lathami (I) Malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata Pheasants, grouse, and allies Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their\",\n \"title\": \"List of birds of South Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62710931\",\n \"text\": \"Australia Walkabout Wildlife Park is a wildlife sanctuary located in Calga, New South Wales, Australia. The wildlife park is home to Australian native birds, mammals and reptiles as well as farm animals. It offers research and education programs, with visitors able to undertake day and night tours. The park is home to a wide range of Australian animals and in 2021 became home to a group of meerkats, the park's first exotic animals. Animals found at the park Native bird species include Emu Australian boobook owl Tawny frogmouth Laughing kookaburra Major Mitchell's cockatoo Sulphur-crested cockatoo Galah Eclectus parrot Rainbow lorikeet Pacific black duck Australian wood duck Satin bowerbird White-headed pigeon Non-native bird species include Blue peafowl (in petting zoo) Domestic goose (in petting zoo) Domestic turkey (in petting zoo) Brahma chicken (in petting zoo) Native herptile (reptile and amphibian) species include Lace tree goanna Eastern water dragon Pygmy bearded dragon Shingleback lizard Eastern blue-tongued lizard Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink Hosmer's spiny-tailed skink Barking gecko Olive python Murray Darling carpet python Centralian carpet python Coastal carpet python Jungle carpet python Diamond python Spotted python Tiger snake Red-bellied black snake Common death adder Brown tree snake Eastern long-necked turtle Eastern short-necked turtle Eastern dwarf tree frog Peron's tree frog Eastern froglet Red-crowned toadlet Native mammal species include Grey-headed flying-fox Dingo Short-beaked echidna Tasmanian devil Spotted-tail quoll Eastern quoll Bare-nosed wombat Southern hairy-nosed wombat Koala Red kangaroo Eastern grey kangaroo Eastern hill wallaroo Tammar wallaby Parma wallaby Red-necked wallaby Swamp wallaby Agile Wallaby Red-necked pademelon Rufous bettong Long-nosed potoroo Southeastern common brushtail possum Southeastern common ringtail possum Sugar glider Bilby Long-nosed bandicoot Spinifex hopping mouse Non-native mammal species include Serval Meerkat Huacaya alpaca (in petting zoo) Domestic pig (in petting zoo) Domestic miniature goat (in petting zoo) Domestic rabbit (in petting zoo) Guinea pig (in petting zoo) References External links Zoos in New South Wales Wildlife parks in Australia Central Coast (New South Wales) Zoos established in 2001 2001 establishments in Australia\",\n \"title\": \"Australia Walkabout Wildlife Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19018909\",\n \"text\": \"Kangaroo leather is a strong, lightweight leather derived from the hide of the kangaroo. Kangaroos are harvested. Both the meat and the hides are sold. Although hunting most species of macropod is prohibited, a small number of the large-sized species with high populations can be hunted by commercial hunters. This policy has been criticised by some wildlife activists. Applications The leather is used in a wide variety of shoes. The unique structure of kangaroo leather allows it to be cut down to be very thin, but still retain strength. Kangaroo leather is also popular in the manufacture of motorbike leathers and is used for many other applications such as car upholstery, military, football and american football boots, and fashion accessories. Kangaroo leather is the material of choice for making whips, as the strips can be cut thin to keep the whip flexible, without sacrificing durability. Properties Studies conducted by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) confirm that kangaroo is one of the strongest leathers of similar substance available. When split thinly, kangaroo leather retains considerably more of the original tensile strength of the unsplit leather than does calf leather. When split to 20% of original thickness kangaroo retains 30 to 60% of the tensile strength of the unsplit hide. Calf split to 20% of original thickness, on the other hand, retains only 1–4% of original strength. Kangaroo leather is lighter and stronger than the hide of a cow or goat. It has 10 times the tensile strength of cowhide and is 50% stronger than goatskin. Studies of the morphology of kangaroo leather help explain its particular properties. The collagen fibre bundles in cattle hide are arranged in a complex weaving pattern. The fibres are often at angles as much as 90 degrees to the skin surface. Cattle hide also contains sweat glands, erector pili muscles and a distinct gradation in elastin levels, concentrated in the upper part of the skin. Kangaroo hide on the other hand has been shown to have a highly uniform orientation of fibre bundles in parallel with the skin surface. It does not contain sweat glands or erector pili muscles, and elastin is evenly distributed throughout the skin thickness. This structural uniformity explains both the greater tensile strength of the whole leather and the greater retention of strength in splits. Bovine skin is much more complex in cross-section; in whole section it has many more weak points from which tears can start when placed under tension. In addition, when split the collagen fibres running at significant angles to the skin surface will be cut, becoming weak points. Environmental aspects The Australian kangaroo industry produces a range of meat and leather products from animals harvested from the wild under strict government-controlled management plans intended to ensure that the harvest is sustainable and humane. A wide cross section of Australian ecologists support the kangaroo industry as being both sustainable and environmentally wise. Many argue that kangaroos, native to Australia, are a more environmentally friendly livestock\",\n \"title\": \"Kangaroo leather\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["four"],"string":"[\n \"four\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":62,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_51540"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"approximately what percentage of earth 's surface is covered with water"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"305265","text":"An underwater environment is a environment of, and immersed in, liquid water in a natural or artificial feature (called a body of water), such as an ocean, sea, lake, pond, reservoir, river, canal, or aquifer. Some characteristics of the underwater environment are universal, but many depend on the local situation. Liquid water has been present on Earth for most of the history of the planet. The underwater environment is thought to be the place of the origin of life on Earth, and it remains the ecological region most critical to the support of life and the natural habitat of the majority of living organisms. Several branches of science are dedicated to the study of this environment or specific parts or aspects of it. A number of human activities are conducted in the more accessible parts of the underwater environment. These include research, underwater diving for work or recreation, and underwater warfare with submarines. It is hostile to humans in many ways and often inaccessible, and therefore relatively little explored. Extent Three quarters of the planet Earth are covered by water. Most of the planet's solid surface is abyssal plain, at depths between below the surface of the oceans. The solid surface location on the planet closest to the center of the geoid is the Challenger Deep, located in the Mariana Trench at a depth of . There is a smaller part of the surface covered by bodies of fresh water and a large volume of underground water in aquifers. The underwater environment is hostile to humans in many ways and therefore little explored. It can be mapped by sonar, or more directly explored via manned, remotely operated, or autonomous submersibles. The ocean floors have been surveyed via sonar to at least a coarse resolution; particularly-strategic areas have been mapped in detail, to assist in navigating and detecting submarines, though the resulting maps may be classified. Oceans and seas An ocean is a body of water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word \"ocean\" is often used interchangeably with \"sea\" in American English. Strictly speaking, a sea is a body of water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land, though \"the sea\" refers also to the oceans. Saline water covers approximately and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface and 90% of the Earth's biosphere. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that less than 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly . Lakes, ponds, and rivers A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from","title":"Underwater environment"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"305265\",\n \"text\": \"An underwater environment is a environment of, and immersed in, liquid water in a natural or artificial feature (called a body of water), such as an ocean, sea, lake, pond, reservoir, river, canal, or aquifer. Some characteristics of the underwater environment are universal, but many depend on the local situation. Liquid water has been present on Earth for most of the history of the planet. The underwater environment is thought to be the place of the origin of life on Earth, and it remains the ecological region most critical to the support of life and the natural habitat of the majority of living organisms. Several branches of science are dedicated to the study of this environment or specific parts or aspects of it. A number of human activities are conducted in the more accessible parts of the underwater environment. These include research, underwater diving for work or recreation, and underwater warfare with submarines. It is hostile to humans in many ways and often inaccessible, and therefore relatively little explored. Extent Three quarters of the planet Earth are covered by water. Most of the planet's solid surface is abyssal plain, at depths between below the surface of the oceans. The solid surface location on the planet closest to the center of the geoid is the Challenger Deep, located in the Mariana Trench at a depth of . There is a smaller part of the surface covered by bodies of fresh water and a large volume of underground water in aquifers. The underwater environment is hostile to humans in many ways and therefore little explored. It can be mapped by sonar, or more directly explored via manned, remotely operated, or autonomous submersibles. The ocean floors have been surveyed via sonar to at least a coarse resolution; particularly-strategic areas have been mapped in detail, to assist in navigating and detecting submarines, though the resulting maps may be classified. Oceans and seas An ocean is a body of water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word \\\"ocean\\\" is often used interchangeably with \\\"sea\\\" in American English. Strictly speaking, a sea is a body of water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land, though \\\"the sea\\\" refers also to the oceans. Saline water covers approximately and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface and 90% of the Earth's biosphere. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that less than 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly . Lakes, ponds, and rivers A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from\",\n \"title\": \"Underwater environment\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"9421637","text":"Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator is a species of bacterium that lives in groundwater at depths from below the Earth's surface. The genus is monospecific. Etymology The name comes from a quotation from Jules Verne's novel Journey to the Center of the Earth, where the hero, Professor Lidenbrock, finds a secret inscription in Latin: Descende, audax viator, et terrestre centrum attinges (Descend, bold traveller, and you will attain the center of the Earth). Biology Desulforudis audaxviator is the only bacterium found in water samples obtained underground in the Mponeng gold mine in South Africa. Approximately four micrometres in length, it survives on chemical food sources derived from the radioactive decay of minerals in the surrounding rock. This makes it one of the few known organisms that does not depend on sunlight for nourishment, and the only species known to be alone in its ecosystem. It has genes for extracting carbon from carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other sources, and for fixing elemental nitrogen, though it normally gets its nitrogen from ammonia released from rocks. It may also have acquired genes from a species of archaea by horizontal gene transfer. Analyses of water from the bacterium's habitat show that the water is very old and has not been diluted by surface water, indicating the bacteria have been isolated from the earth's surface for several million years. As the environment at that depth is so much like the early Earth, it may indicate what types of creatures existed before there was an oxygen atmosphere. Billions of years ago, some of the planet's first bacteria may have thriven in similar conditions. Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator (CDA) populations have a slow evolution rate which results in high genetic similarities as they underwent minimal evolution since their physical separation from their ancestral population. A striking morphological feature of the organism is the presence of gas vesicles (provide cells the ability to flow in fluid making the CDA spores with this feature able to spread to large distances), firstly distinguished from an early study of the closest relative of Desulforudis, Desulfotomaculum, which reported spores associated with gas vesicles and follow-up research showing that Desulfotomaculum spores could survive harsh temperature conditions and spread to the cold marine sediments. Ca. D. audaxviator is a Gram positive sulfate-reducing bacterium. Hydrogen for this reduction comes from the radiolysis of water from the decay chain of uranium and thorium. The radiation allows for the production of sulphur compounds the bacteria can use as a high-energy food source. The genome contains an unusual transposon and possesses many sites of insertion. Its complete intolerance of oxygen suggests long-term isolation. It is equipped with a flagellum allowing it to swim. Ca. D. audaxviator lives in a complete absence of organic compounds, light, and oxygen, in temperatures exceeding and a pH of 9.3. The physiology that enables it to live in these extreme conditions is a tribute to its unusually large genome, consisting of 2157 genes instead of the 1500 of \"streamlined\" bacteria found in very stable environments.","title":"Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator"},{"docid":"214717","text":"Themis (minor planet designation: 24 Themis) is one of the largest asteroids in the asteroid belt. It is also the largest member of the Themistian family. It was discovered by Annibale de Gasparis on 5 April 1853. It is named after Themis, the personification of natural law and divine order in Greek mythology. Not to be confused with 269 Justitia, named for Justitia, Themis' Roman name. Discovery and observations 24 Themis was discovered on 5 April 1853 by Annibale de Gasparis of Naples, though it was given its name by fellow Italian astronomer Angelo Secchi. The asteroid was named after Themis, the Greek goddess of law. Gravitational perturbations in the orbit of Themis were used to calculate the mass of Jupiter as early as 1875. On 24 December 1975, 24 Themis had a close encounter with 2296 Kugultinov with a minimum distance of . By analyzing the perturbation of Kugultinov's orbit due to the gravitational pull of Themis, the mass of Themis was determined to be approximately solar masses ( Earth masses). Orbit and rotation Themis is in an elliptical orbit around the Sun with an eccentricity of 0.1306 and an inclination of 0.76°. It has an orbital period of 5.54 years. The distance between Themis and the Sun ranges from 2.71 AU at perihelion and 3.55 AU at aphelion, with a mean distance of 3.1302 AU. Themis is part of the Themis family of asteroids, which is located in the outer part of the main belt. The family consists of a core of large objects surrounded by a cloud of smaller objects; 24 Themis is a member of the core. Surface materials Ice On 7 October 2009, the presence of water ice was confirmed on the surface of this asteroid using NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility. The surface of the asteroid appears completely covered in ice. As this ice layer is sublimated, it may be getting replenished by a reservoir of ice under the surface. Scientists hypothesize that some of the first water brought to Earth was delivered by asteroid impacts after the collision that produced the Moon. The presence of ice on 24 Themis supports this theory. Because of its proximity to the sun (~3.2 AU), the widespread ice on the surface of 24 Themis is somewhat unexpected. The surface ice may be replenished by a sub-surface reservoir of water or impact gardening—a lunar phenomenon in which the moon overturns surface material at a rate of 1 m/ Gyr. An alternative mechanism to explain the presence of water ice on 24 Themis is similar to the hypothesized formation of water on the surface of the Moon by solar wind. Trace amounts of water would be continuously produced by high-energy solar protons impinging oxide minerals present at the surface of the asteroid. The hydroxyl surface groups (S–OH) formed by the collision of protons () with oxygen atoms present at oxide surface (S=O) can further be converted in water molecules () adsorbed onto the oxide minerals surface. The chemical rearrangement supposed","title":"24 Themis"},{"docid":"12994388","text":"Bouldnor Cliff is a submerged prehistoric settlement site in the Solent. The site dates from the Mesolithic era and is in approximately of water just offshore of the village of Bouldnor on the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom. The preservation of organic materials from this era that do not normally survive on dry land has made Bouldnor important to the understanding of Mesolithic Britain, and the BBC Radio 4's Making History programme described it \"probably Europe's most important Mesolithic site\" albeit concealed under water. The site was first discovered by divers from the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology (now the Maritime Archaeology Trust) in 1999, when a lobster was observed discarding worked flint tools from its burrow on the seabed. Since then, several years of fieldwork have revealed that Bouldnor was a settlement site about 8,000 years ago, at a time when lower sea levels meant that the Solent was just a river valley. The work done so far has already revealed that the technology of Mesolithic settlers was probably 2,000 years ahead of what had previously been believed. Site formation Investigations suggest that during the Mesolithic era, between 8000 and 4000 BC, the western Solent was a sheltered river basin, rich in woodland and fed by a river at Lymington and drained by the Western Yar at Freshwater. As sea levels rose, the Solent eventually flooded and the settlement area was swamped. The rising waters deposited silt and mud onto the original land surface, covering and preserving it. Discovery Fishermen had reported recovering stone tools from the seabed of the Solent since the 1960s, but it was not until 1987 that the submerged remains of an ancient forest were discovered at Bouldnor. Later radiocarbon dating of pollen revealed this to be approximately 8,000 years old. Subsequently, regular dives revealed a submerged cliff east of Yarmouth with large quantities of peat that dated to a similar period. The Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology began mapping the cliff face and selected four main sites of interest (named BC 1–4). It was while diving in of water on BC 2 in 1999, that divers noticed a burrowing lobster discarding worked flints from its burrow. The lobster had burrowed through thick mud deposits that had formed since the Solent flooded, and into the original surface of the cliff when the Solent was dry. Since 1999, divers have excavated at Bouldnor every year. Further discoveries were made at BC 2 and BC 4, and a later a new site was discovered nearby (BC 5). The dangerous diving conditions in the fast flowing waters of the Solent make archaeological investigation particularly difficult and archaeologists have used several new techniques to make analysis of the sea bed easier. This has included 'box sampling' – collecting large areas of sea bed in metal tins to raise them to the surface and more thoroughly excavate their contents on dry land. Findings Archaeologists have discovered large quantities of burnt flints, mounds of timbers","title":"Bouldnor Cliff"},{"docid":"28856870","text":"ADEOS II (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite 2) was an Earth observation satellite (EOS) launched by NASDA, with contributions from NASA and CNES, in December 2002. and it was the successor to the 1996 mission ADEOS I. The mission ended in October 2003 after the satellite's solar panels failed. Mission overview The three primary objectives of the mission, as identified by NASDA, were to: Regularly monitor the water and energy cycle as a part of the global climate system Quantitatively estimate the biomass and fundamental productivity as a part of the carbon cycle Detect trends in long term climate change as a result of continuing the observations started by ADEOS I The project had a proposed minimum life of three years, with a five-year goal. Instruments The satellite was equipped with five primary instruments: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), Global Imager (GLI), Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-II (ILAS-II), Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances (POLDER), and SeaWinds. These instruments were designed to monitor Earth's water cycle, study biomass in the carbon cycle, and detect trends in long-term climate change. The mission was established to continue the work undertaken by ADEOS I between 1996 and 1997. Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) AMSR monitors water vapor, precipitation, sea surface, wind, and ice by means of microwave radiation emanating from Earth's surface and atmosphere. It is a radiometer that operates in eight frequency bands covering 6.9 GHz to 89 GHz, and monitors the horizontal and vertical polarizations separately. With a dish of aperture, the spatial resolution is in the 89 GHz band, degrading to at 6.9 GHz. Global Imager (GLI) GLI (GLobal Imager) is an optical sensor to observe solar radiation reflected from Earth's surface and map vegetation, clouds, etc. The data is acquired in 23 visible/near-infrared, and in 13 far infrared channels. The scanning is done by a rotating mirror covering along track and cross-track, and at a resolution of . Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer 2 (ILAS-2) ILAS-2 maps the vertical distribution of O3, NO2, HNO3, H2O, CFC-11, CFC-12, CH4, N2O, and ClONO2, as well as the distribution of temperature and pressure, all in the stratosphere. It observes the absorption spectrum in Earth's atmospheric limb in the 3-13 micron wavelength band, and in the 753-784 nm band of the occulting Sun. The altitude resolution is . Polarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectances (POLDER) POLDER measures the polarization, and spectral characteristics of the solar light reflected by aerosols, clouds, oceans and land surfaces. Eight narrow band wavelengths (443, 490, 564, 670, 763, 765, 865, and 910 nm) are covered by the instrument which enables identification of the physical and optical properties of the aerosols and their role in radiation budget. SeaWinds SeaWinds is a scatterometer that provides wind speed and direction by observing the microwave reflection from ocean surfaces. With its dish, it scans the surface along conical surfaces at 18 RPM. It provides speed at an accuracy of 2 m/s, wind direction at an accuracy of 20°, both with a spatial resolution of","title":"ADEOS II"},{"docid":"470926","text":"The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a Japanese remote sensing instrument onboard the Terra satellite launched by NASA in 1999. It has been collecting data since February 2000. ASTER provides high-resolution images of Earth in 14 different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from visible to thermal infrared light. The resolution of images ranges between 15 and 90 meters. ASTER data is used to create detailed maps of surface temperature of land, emissivity, reflectance, and elevation. In April 2008, the SWIR detectors of ASTER began malfunctioning and were publicly declared non-operational by NASA in January 2009. All SWIR data collected after 1 April 2008 has been marked as unusable. The ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) is available at no charge to users worldwide via electronic download. As of 2 April 2016, the entire catalogue of ASTER image data became publicly available online at no cost. It can be downloaded with a free registered account from either NASA's Earth Data Search delivery system or from the USGS Earth Explorer delivery system. ASTER bands ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 1 On 29 June 2009, the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) was released to the public. A joint operation between NASA and Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), the Global Digital Elevation Model is the most complete mapping of the earth ever made, covering 99% of its surface. The previous most comprehensive map, NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, covered approximately 80% of the Earth's surface, with a global resolution of 90 meters, and a resolution of 30 meters over the USA. The GDEM covers the planet from 83 degrees North to 83 degrees South (surpassing SRTM's coverage of 56 °S to 60 °N), becoming the first earth mapping system that provides comprehensive coverage of the polar regions. It was created by compiling 1.3 million VNIR images taken by ASTER using single-pass stereoscopic correlation techniques, with terrain elevation measurements taken globally at 30-meter (98 ft) intervals. Despite the high nominal resolution, however, some reviewers have commented that the true resolution is considerably lower, and not as good as that of SRTM data, and serious artifacts are present. Some of these limitations have been confirmed by METI and NASA, who point out that the version 1 of the GDEM product is \"research grade\". Version 2 During October 2011, version 2 of Global Digital Elevation Model was publicly released. This is considered an improvement upon version 1. These improvements include increased horizontal and vertical accuracy, better horizontal resolution, reduced presence of artifacts, and more realistic values over water bodies. However, one reviewer still regards the Aster version 2 dataset, although showing 'a considerable improvement in the effective level of detail', to still be regarded as 'experimental or research grade' due to presence of artefacts. A 2014 study showed that over rugged mountainous terrain the ASTER version 2 data set can be a more accurate representation of the ground than the SRTM elevation model. Version 3 ASTER v3 was","title":"Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer"},{"docid":"19023136","text":"In seismology, a microseism is defined as a faint earth tremor caused by natural phenomena. Sometimes referred to as a \"hum\", it should not be confused with the anomalous acoustic phenomenon of the same name. The term is most commonly used to refer to the dominant background seismic and electromagnetic noise signals on Earth, which are caused by water waves in the oceans and lakes. Characteristics of microseism are discussed by Bhatt. Because the ocean wave oscillations are statistically homogenous over several hours, the microseism signal is a long-continuing oscillation of the ground. The most energetic seismic waves that make up the microseismic field are Rayleigh waves, but Love waves can make up a significant fraction of the wave field, and body waves are also easily detected with arrays. Because the conversion from the ocean waves to the seismic waves is very weak, the amplitude of ground motions associated to microseisms does not generally exceed 10 micrometers. Detection and characteristics As noted early in the history of seismology, microseisms are very well detected and measured by means of a long-period seismograph, This signal can be recorded anywhere on Earth. Dominant microseism signals from the oceans are linked to characteristic ocean swell periods, and thus occur between approximately 4 to 30 seconds. Microseismic noise usually displays two predominant peaks. The weaker is for the larger periods, typically close to 16 s, and can be explained by the effect of surface gravity waves in shallow water. These microseisms have the same period as the water waves that generate them, and are usually called 'primary microseisms'. The stronger peak, for shorter periods, is also due to surface gravity waves in water, but arises from the interaction of waves with nearly equal frequencies but nearly opposite directions (the clapotis). These tremors have a period which is half of the water wave period and are usually called 'secondary microseisms'. A slight, but detectable, incessant excitation of the Earth's free oscillations, or normal modes, with periods in the range 30 to 1000 s, and is often referred to as the \"Earth hum\". For periods up to 300 s, the vertical displacement corresponds to Rayleigh waves generated like the primary microseisms, with the difference that it involves the interaction of infragravity waves with the ocean bottom topography. The dominant sources of this vertical hum component are likely located along the shelf break, the transition region between continental shelves and the abyssal plains. As a result, from the short period 'secondary microseisms' to the long period 'hum', this seismic noise contains information on the sea states. It can be used to estimate ocean wave properties and their variation, on time scales of individual events (a few hours to a few days) to their seasonal or multi-decadal evolution. Using these signals, however, requires a basic understanding of the microseisms generation processes. Generation of primary microseisms The details of the primary mechanism was first given by Klaus Hasselmann, with a simple expression of the microseism source in the particular case","title":"Microseism"},{"docid":"13220980","text":"The Grand Canyon Caverns ( or , ), located just a few miles east of Peach Springs, Arizona, lie below ground level. They are among the largest dry caverns in the United States. Dry caverns comprise only 3% of caverns in the world. Because of the lack of water, stalagmites and stalactites are rare in the caverns. During the Mississippian Period, 345 million years ago, the southwestern United States was covered by ocean. Skeletons of sea life settling to the depths, created a mud with a high percentage of calcium. This eventually hardened into the limestone bedrock seen in the caverns today. Over millions of years, the bedrock was pushed up to over above sea level. Approximately 35 million years ago, rainfall flowed into the rock, and eroded passages that led to the Colorado River and what is now the Grand Canyon. Millions of years later, the evaporating water left calcium deposits on the walls and floors, creating the formations that can be viewed today. Contemporary history In 1927, Walter Peck discovered the caverns by chance. After a failed search for gold, he opened the caverns to travelers and began charging 25 cents admission, which included a view of a purported caveman. In the 1960s the \"caveman\" was shown to be the remains of two inhabitants of the area, who had died in the winter of 1917–1918. Part of a group of Hualapai Native Americans harvesting and cutting firewood on the caverns' hilltop, they were trapped there for three days by a snowstorm. Two brothers died from influenza, and since the ground was frozen solid with and covered in snow, they were buried in what was thought to be only a hole, as returning them to their tribal headquarters in Peach Springs risked spreading the flu. In 1935, the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration made an agreement with Peck to build a new entrance to the Caverns. In 1962, another entrance was built by blasting a shaft into the limestone and installing a large elevator. At that time the natural entrance was also sealed off at the request of the Hualapai Indians as it was considered a sacred burial place. Near the natural entrance, the skeletal remains of a Paramylodon harlani (Glossotherium harlani) were also found. This giant and extinct ground sloth lived during the Age of Mammals around 11,000 years ago, when the woolly mammoth and saber tooth cat roamed North America. Peck had named the caverns Yampai Caverns, with the name being changed several times. Up until 1957, they were known as The Coconino Caverns. From 1957 through 1962, they were known as The Dinosaur Caverns. In 1962, they were renamed The Grand Canyon Caverns. During the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. government designated the caverns as a fallout shelter, with supplies for 2,000 people. These supplies remain in the caverns. In 1979, a cosmic ray telescope was installed at Grand Canyon Caverns, below the surface. Features The area includes a hotel, (The Grand","title":"Grand Canyon Caverns"},{"docid":"21549825","text":"The Casius quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is located in the north-central portion of Mars' eastern hemisphere and covers 60° to 120° east longitude (240° to 300° west longitude) and 30° to 65° north latitude. The quadrangle uses a Lambert conformal conic projection at a nominal scale of 1:5,000,000 (1:5M). The Casius quadrangle is also referred to as MC-6 (Mars Chart-6). Casius quadrangle contains part of Utopia Planitia and a small part of Terra Sabaea. The southern and northern borders of the Casius quadrangle are approximately 3,065 km and 1,500 km wide, respectively. The north to south distance is about 2,050 km (slightly less than the length of Greenland). The quadrangle covers an approximate area of 4.9 million square km, or a little over 3% of Mars' surface area. Origin of name Casius is the name of a telescopic albedo feature located at 40° N and 100° E on Mars. The feature was named by Schiaparelli in 1888 after Mt Casius in Egypt, famous in antiquity for the nearby coastal marshes in which whole armies were reputed to have drowned. The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1958. Physiography and geology The high latitude Casius quadrangle bears several features that are believed to indicate the presence of ground ice. Patterned ground is one such feature. Usually, polygonal shapes are found poleward of 55 degrees latitude. Other features associated with ground ice are Scalloped Topography, Ring Mold Craters, and Concentric Crater Fill. Polygonal patterned ground Polygonal, patterned ground is quite common in some regions of Mars, especially in scalloped topography. It is commonly believed to be caused by the sublimation of ice from the ground. Sublimation is the direct change of solid ice to a gas. This is similar to what happens to dry ice on the Earth. Places on Mars that display polygonal ground may indicate where future colonists can find water ice. Patterned ground forms in a mantle layer that fell from the sky when the climate was different. Polygonal ground is generally divided into two kinds: high center and low center. The middle of a high center polygon is 10 meters across and its troughs are 2–3 meters wide. Low center polygons are 5–10 meters across and the boundary ridges are 3–4 meters wide. Low center polygons have been proposed as a marker for ground ice. Ring mold craters Ring mold craters look like the ring molds used in baking. They are believed to be caused by an impact into ice. The ice is covered by a layer of debris. They are found in parts of Mars that have buried ice. Laboratory experiments confirm that impacts into ice result in a \"ring mold shape\". They may be an easy way for future colonists of Mars to find water ice. Concentric crater fill Concentric crater fill is when the floor of a crater is mostly","title":"Casius quadrangle"},{"docid":"2200368","text":"The geology of Venus is the scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet Venus. Within the Solar System, it is the one nearest to Earth and most like it in terms of mass, but has no magnetic field or recognizable plate tectonic system. Much of the ground surface is exposed volcanic bedrock, some with thin and patchy layers of soil covering, in marked contrast with Earth, the Moon, and Mars. Some impact craters are present, but Venus is similar to Earth in that there are fewer craters than on the other rocky planets that are largely covered by them. This is due in part to the thickness of the Venusian atmosphere disrupting small impactors before they strike the ground, but the paucity of large craters may be due to volcanic re-surfacing, possibly of a catastrophic nature. Volcanism appears to be the dominant agent of geological change on Venus. Some of the volcanic landforms appear to be unique to the planet. There are shield and composite volcanoes similar to those found on Earth, although these volcanoes are significantly shorter than those found on Earth or Mars. Given that Venus has approximately the same size, density, and composition as Earth, it is plausible that volcanism may be continuing on the planet today, as demonstrated by recent studies. Most of the Venusian surface is relatively flat; it is divided into three topographic units: lowlands, highlands, and plains. In the early days of radar observation the highlands drew comparisons to the continents of Earth, but modern research has shown that this is superficial and the absence of plate tectonics makes this comparison misleading. Tectonic features are present to a limited extent, including linear \"deformation belts\" composed of folds and faults. These may be caused by mantle convection. Many of the tectonic features such as tesserae (large regions of highly deformed terrain, folded and fractured in two or three dimensions), and arachnoids (those features resembling a spider's web) are associated with volcanism. Eolian landforms are not widespread on the planet's surface, but there is considerable evidence the planet's atmosphere causes the chemical weathering of rock, especially at high elevations. The planet is remarkably dry, with only a chemical trace of water vapor (20 ppm) in the Venusian atmosphere. No landforms indicative of past water or ice are visible in radar images of the surface. The atmosphere shows isotopic evidence of having been stripped of volatile elements by off-gassing and solar wind erosion over time, implying the possibility that Venus may have had liquid water at some point in the distant past; no direct evidence for this has been found. Much speculation about the geological history of Venus continues today. The surface of Venus is not easily accessible because of the extremely thick atmosphere (some 90 times that of Earth's) and the surface temperature. Much of what is known about it stems from orbital radar observations, because the surface is permanently obscured in visible wavelengths by cloud cover. In addition, a number","title":"Geology of Venus"},{"docid":"661187","text":"The swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus), also called the cane-cutter, is a large cottontail rabbit found in the swamps and wetlands of the southern United States. The species has a strong preference for wet areas, and it will take to the water and swim. Range and habitat The swamp rabbit is found in much of the south-central United States and along the Gulf coast. It is most abundant in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, but also inhabits South Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee, Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and Georgia. It is possibly extirpated from Kansas. Swamp rabbits mainly live close to lowland water, often in cypress swamps, marshland, floodplain, and river tributaries. Swamp rabbits spend much of their time in depressions which they dig in tall grass or leaves, providing cover while they wait until the nighttime to forage. There is concern that swamp rabbits are increasingly becoming exposed to predation, especially during snowy/wintry seasons. Snow cover has shown to increase swamp rabbit mortality by almost two times in the northern extent of their range. This is due mostly to the fact that snow cover constrains hiding ability and availability of food resources. Physical description S. aquaticus is the largest of the cottontail species, although its ears are smaller than those of other cottontails. Males are slightly larger than females. The head and back are typically dark or rusty brown or black, while the throat, ventral surface, and tail are white, and there is a cinnamon-colored ring around the eye. Their sides, rump, tail and feet are much more brownish, along with a pinkish-cinnamon eye-ring, as opposed to the whitish eye-ring in eastern cottontails. S. aquaticus males vary in weight from approximately to , with an average of about ; females vary from approx. to , averaging about . S. aquaticus ranges in length from approx. to , with an average length of about . Predation Known predators of Sylvilagus aquaticus are domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), and humans (Homo sapiens). Even though their swimming abilities lack the speed to escape a pack of hunting dogs, swamp rabbits elude pursuers by lying still in the water surrounded by brush or plant debris with only their nose visible. The species is hunted for fur, meat, and sport, and is the second-most commonly hunted rabbit in the United States. Swamp rabbits have several adaptations to avoid predators: cryptic coloration, \"freezing\", and rapid, irregular jumping patterns. Ontogeny and reproduction S. aquaticus are synchronous breeders. Females give birth to altricial young. Young are born with well-developed fur but their eyes are closed and they are immobile. Their eyes have opened by day three and the young have begun walking. They are weaned and leave the nest after about 15 days. Young are sexually mature at seven months and reach adult weight at 10 months. The nests in which the young are born consist of a slight depression in the earth that is filled with grasses mixed with rabbit hair. Breeding season varies widely","title":"Swamp rabbit"},{"docid":"4967948","text":"Terra Sirenum is a large region in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars. It is centered at and covers 3900 km at its broadest extent. It covers latitudes 10 to 70 South and longitudes 110 to 180 W. Terra Sirenum is an upland area notable for massive cratering including the large Newton Crater. Terra Sirenum is in the Phaethontis quadrangle and the Memnonia quadrangle of Mars. A low area in Terra Sirenum is believed to have once held a lake that eventually drained through Ma'adim Vallis. Terra Sirenum is named after the Sirens, who were birds with the heads of girls. In the Odyssey these girls captured passing seamen and killed them. Chloride deposits Evidence of deposits of chloride based minerals in Terra Sirenum was discovered by the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter's Thermal Emission Imaging System in March 2008. The deposits are approximately 3.5 to 3.9 billion years old. This suggests that near-surface water was widespread in early Martian history, which has implications for the possible existence of Martian life. Besides finding chlorides, MRO discovered iron/magnesium smectites which are formed from long exposure in water. Based on chloride deposits and hydrated phyllosilicates, Alfonso Davila and others believe there is an ancient lakebed in Terra Sirenum that had an area of 30,000 km2 and was 200 meters deep. Other evidence that supports this lake are normal and inverted channels like ones found in the Atacama desert. Inverted relief Some areas of Mars show inverted relief, where features that were once depressions, like streams, are now above the surface. It is believed that materials like large rocks were deposited in low-lying areas. Later, erosion (perhaps wind which can't move large rocks) removed much of the surface layers, but left behind the more resistant deposits. Other ways of making inverted relief might be lava flowing down a stream bed or materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water. On Earth, materials cemented by silica are highly resistant to all kinds of erosional forces. Examples of inverted channels on Earth are found in the Cedar Mountain Formation near Green River, Utah. Inverted relief in the shape of streams are further evidence of water flowing on the Martian surface in past times. Martian gullies Terra Sirenum is the location of many Martian gullies that may be due to recent flowing water. Some are found in the Gorgonum Chaos and in many craters near the large craters Copernicus and Newton. Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters. Moreover, they lie on top of sand dunes which themselves are considered to be quite young. Tongue-shaped glaciers Possible pingos The radial and concentric cracks visible here are common when forces penetrate a brittle layer, such as a rock thrown through a glass window. These particular fractures were probably created by something emerging from below the brittle Martian surface. Ice may have accumulated under the surface in a lens shape;","title":"Terra Sirenum"},{"docid":"51506837","text":"The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the planet Earth: Earth – third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. Classification of Earth Astronomical object Gravitationally rounded object Planet Planet of the Solar System Inner planet Terrestrial planet Location of Earth Earth's location in the Universe Universe – all of time and space and its contents. Observable universe – spherical region of the Universe comprising all matter that may be observed from Earth at the present time, because light and other signals from these objects have had time to reach Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. Laniakea Supercluster – galaxy supercluster that is home to the Milky Way and approximately 100,000 other nearby galaxies. Includes the prior defined local supercluster, the Virgo Supercluster, as an appendage. Virgo Supercluster – one of the approximately 10 million superclusters in the observable universe. It spans 33 megaparsecs (110 million light-years), and contains at least 100 galaxy groups and clusters, including the Local Group. Local Group – specific galaxy group that includes the Milky Way and at least 53 other galaxies, most of them dwarf galaxies. Milky Way Galaxy – a specific barred spiral galaxy Orion Arm – a spiral arm of the Milky Way Solar System – the Sun and the objects that orbit it, including eight planets, the third planet closest to the Sun being Earth Earth's orbit – path through which the Earth travels around the Sun. The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million kilometers (92.96 million miles). Movement of the Earth Earth's orbit Earth's rotation Earth's precession Features of Earth Age of the Earth Figure of the Earth (size and shape) Earth radius Models of the Earth Globe World map Gravity of Earth Earth's magnetic field Natural environment Earth's spheres Atmosphere of Earth Earth's biosphere Ecosystems Biomes biogeographic realms Marine realms Bioregions Ecoregions (list) Anthroposphere Noosphere Earth's geosphere Structure of the Earth Earth's surface Lithosphere of Earth (solid Earth) Earth's crust Land Landforms (list) Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Pedosphere Ocean floor Earth's mantle Earth's core Outer core Inner core Earth's hydrosphere This sphere represents all water on Earth, wherever it is and in whatever form within the water cycle. Water, by relative altitude Atmospheric water Water vapor Clouds Precipitation Cryosphere (frozen water) Polar ice caps Ice sheets Ice caps Glaciers Surface water Bodies of water (list) World Ocean Southern Ocean Oceans - This includes the Earth's five oceans: The Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. Groundwater Water, by salt content Fresh water Brackish water Seawater Astronomical events on Earth Meteor showers (list) Meteorite falls Tides Eclipse - This includes both a lunar eclipse and solar eclipse. Equinox - This includes both the March equinox and the September equinox. Solstice - This includes the","title":"Outline of Earth"},{"docid":"30872597","text":"Hypoxia (hypo: \"below\", oxia: \"oxygenated\") refers to low oxygen conditions. For air-breathing organisms, hypoxia is problematic but for many anaerobic organisms, hypoxia is essential. Hypoxia applies to many situations, but usually refers to the atmosphere and natural waters. Atmospheric hypoxia Atmospheric hypoxia occurs naturally at high altitudes. Total atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, causing a lower partial pressure of oxygen, which is defined as hypobaric hypoxia. Oxygen remains at 20.9% of the total gas mixture, differing from hypoxic hypoxia, where the percentage of oxygen in the air (or blood) is decreased. This is common in the sealed burrows of some subterranean animals, such as blesmols. Atmospheric hypoxia is also the basis of altitude training, which is a standard part of training for elite athletes. Several companies mimic hypoxia using normobaric artificial atmosphere. Aquatic hypoxia An aquatic system lacking dissolved oxygen (0% saturation) is termed anaerobic, reducing, or anoxic. In water, oxygen levels are approximately 7 ppm or 0.0007% in good quality water, but fluctuate. Many organisms require hypoxic conditions. Oxygen is poisonous to anaerobic bacteria for example. Oxygen depletion is typically expressed as a percentage of the oxygen that would dissolve in the water at the prevailing temperature and salinity. A system with low concentration—in the range between 1 and 30% saturation—is called hypoxic or dysoxic. Most fish cannot live below 30% saturation since they rely on oxygen to derive energy from their nutrients. Hypoxia leads to impaired reproduction of remaining fish via endocrine disruption. A \"healthy\" aquatic environment should seldom experience less than 80% saturation. The exaerobic zone is found at the boundary of anoxic and hypoxic zones. Hypoxia can occur throughout the water column and also at high altitudes as well as near sediments on the bottom. It usually extends throughout 20-50% of the water column, but depends on the water depth and location of pycnoclines (rapid changes in water density with depth). It can occur in 10-80% of the water column. For example, in a 10-meter water column, it can reach up to 2 meters below the surface. In a 20-meter water column, it can extend up to 8 meters below the surface. Seasonal kill Hypolimnetic oxygen depletion can lead to both summer and winter \"kills\". During summer stratification, inputs or organic matter and sedimentation of primary producers can increase rates of respiration in the hypolimnion. If oxygen depletion becomes extreme, aerobic organisms, like fish, may die, resulting in what is known as a \"summer kill\". The same phenomena can occur in the winter, but for different reasons. During winter, ice and snow cover can attenuate light, and therefore reduce rates of photosynthesis. The freezing over of a lake also prevents air-water interactions that allow the exchange of oxygen. This creates a lack of oxygen while respiration continues. When the oxygen becomes badly depleted, anaerobic organisms can die, resulting in a \"winter kill\". Causes of hypoxia Oxygen depletion can result from a number of natural factors, but is most often a concern as a consequence of","title":"Hypoxia (environmental)"},{"docid":"33965039","text":"Kepler-22b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation KOI-087.01) is an exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the Sun-like star Kepler-22. It is located about from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope in December 2011 and was the first known transiting planet to orbit within the habitable zone of a Sun-like star, where liquid water could exist on the planet's surface. Kepler-22 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-22b's radius is roughly twice that of Earth. Its mass and surface composition are unknown. However, an Earth-like composition for the planet has been ruled out; it is likely to have a volatile-rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell. The only parameters of the planet's orbit that are currently available are its orbital period (about ) and its inclination (approximately 90°). Evidence suggests that the planet has a moderate surface temperature, assuming that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating. In the absence of an atmosphere, its equilibrium temperature (assuming an Earth-like albedo) would be approximately , slightly higher than that of Earth's . The planet's first transit was observed on 12 May 2009. Confirmation of the existence of Kepler-22b was announced on 5 December 2011. Physical characteristics Mass, radius and temperature Kepler-22b's radius was initially thought to be 2.4 times that of Earth, but has since been revised to . Its mass and surface composition remain unknown, with only some rough estimates established: at the time of the discovery announcement, it was known to have fewer than 124 Earth masses at the 3-sigma confidence limit, and fewer than 36 Earth masses at 1-sigma confidence. The adopted model in Kipping et al. (2013) does not reliably detect the mass (the upper limit is 52.8 ). , the upper limit has been constrained to at most . Kepler-22b, dubbed by scientists as a 'water world', might be an 'ocean-like' planet. It might also be comparable to the water-rich planet Gliese 1214 b although Kepler-22b, unlike Gliese 1214 b, is in the habitable zone. An Earth-like composition is ruled out to at least 1-sigma uncertainty by radial velocity measurements of the system. It is thus likely to have a more volatile-rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell; this would make it similar to Kepler-11f, one of the smallest known gas planets. Natalie Batalha, one of the scientists on the Kepler Space Telescope project, has speculated, \"If it is mostly ocean with a small rocky core, it's not beyond the realm of possibility that life could exist in such an ocean\". This possibility has spurred SETI to perform research on top candidates for extraterrestrial life. In the absence of an atmosphere, its equilibrium temperature (assuming an Earth-like albedo) would be approximately , compared with Earth's . Host star The host star, Kepler-22, is a G-type star that is 3% less massive than the Sun and 2% smaller in volume. It has a surface temperature","title":"Kepler-22b"},{"docid":"11090","text":"A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense community of trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines a forest as, \"Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban use.\" Using this definition, Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 (FRA 2020) found that forests covered , or approximately 31 percent of the world's land area in 2020. Forests are the largest terrestrial ecosystems of Earth by area, and are found around the globe. 45 percent of forest land is in the tropical latitudes. The next largest share of forests are found in subarctic climates, followed by temperate, and subtropical zones. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary production of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes of biomass per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests. Forests form distinctly different biomes at different latitudes and elevations, and with different precipitation and evapotranspiration rates. These biomes include boreal forests in subarctic climates, tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests around the Equator, and temperate forests at the middle latitudes. Forests form in areas of the Earth with high rainfall, while drier conditions produce a transition to savanna. However, in areas with intermediate rainfall levels, forest transitions to savanna rapidly when the percentage of land that is covered by trees drops below 40 to 45 percent. Research conducted in the Amazon rainforest shows that trees can alter rainfall rates across a region, releasing water from their leaves in anticipation of seasonal rains to trigger the wet season early. Because of this, seasonal rainfall in the Amazon begins two to three months earlier than the climate would otherwise allow. Deforestation in the Amazon and anthropogenic climate change hold the potential to interfere with this process, causing the forest to pass a threshold where it transitions into savanna. Deforestation threatens many forest ecosystems. Deforestation occurs when humans remove trees from a forested area by cutting or burning, either to harvest timber or to make way for farming. Most deforestation today occurs in tropical forests. The vast majority of this deforestation is because of the production of four commodities: wood, beef, soy, and palm oil. Over the past 2,000 years, the area of land covered by forest in Europe has been reduced from 80% to 34%. Large areas of forest have also been cleared in China and in the eastern United States, in which only 0.1% of land was left undisturbed. Almost half of Earth's forest area (49 percent) is relatively intact, while 9 percent is found in fragments with little or no connectivity. Tropical","title":"Forest"},{"docid":"9288398","text":"An embankment dam is a large artificial dam. It is typically created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi-plastic mound of various compositions of soil or rock. It has a semi-pervious waterproof natural covering for its surface and a dense, impervious core. This makes the dam impervious to surface or seepage erosion. Such a dam is composed of fragmented independent material particles. The friction and interaction of particles binds the particles together into a stable mass rather than by the use of a cementing substance. Types Embankment dams come in two types: the earth-filled dam (also called an earthen dam or terrain dam) made of compacted earth, and the rock-filled dam. A cross-section of an embankment dam shows a shape like a bank, or hill. Most have a central section or core composed of an impermeable material to stop water from seeping through the dam. The core can be of clay, concrete, or asphalt concrete. This type of dam is a good choice for sites with wide valleys. They can be built on hard rock or softer soils. For a rock-fill dam, rock-fill is blasted using explosives to break the rock. Additionally, the rock pieces may need to be crushed into smaller grades to get the right range of size for use in an embankment dam. Earth-fill dams Earth-fill dams, also called earthen dams, rolled-earth dams or earth dams, are constructed as a simple embankment of well-compacted earth. A homogeneous rolled-earth dam is entirely constructed of one type of material but may contain a drain layer to collect seep water. A zoned-earth dam has distinct parts or zones of dissimilar material, typically a shell of locally plentiful material with a watertight clay core. Modern zoned-earth embankments employ filter and drain zones to collect and remove seep water and preserve the integrity of the downstream shell zone. An outdated method of zoned earth dam construction used a hydraulic fill to produce a watertight core. Rolled-earth dams may also employ a watertight facing or core in the manner of a rock-fill dam. The frozen-core dam is a temporary earth dam occasionally used in high latitudes by circulating a coolant through pipes inside the dam to maintain a watertight region of permafrost within it. Tarbela Dam is a large dam on the Indus River in Pakistan, about northwest of Islamabad. Its height of above the river bed and reservoir make it the largest earth-filled dam in the world. The principal element of the project is an embankment long with a maximum height of . The dam used approximately 200 million cubic yards (152.8 million cu. meters) of fill, which makes it one of the largest man-made structures in the world. Because earthen dams can be constructed from local materials, they can be cost-effective in regions where the cost of producing or bringing in concrete would be prohibitive. Rock-fill embankment dams Rock-fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth with an impervious zone. The earth used often contains a high percentage","title":"Embankment dam"},{"docid":"68779455","text":"A fissure is a long, narrow crack opening along the surface of Earth. The term is derived from the Latin word , which means 'cleft' or 'crack'. Fissures emerge in Earth's crust, on ice sheets and glaciers, and on volcanoes. Ground fissure A , also called an , is a long, narrow crack or linear opening in the Earth's crust. Ground fissures can form naturally, such as from tectonic faulting and earthquakes, or as a consequence of human activity, such as oil mining and groundwater pumping. Once formed, ground fissures can be extended and eroded by torrential rain. They can be hazardous to people and livestock living on the affected surfaces and damaging to property and infrastructure, such as roads, underground pipes, canals, and dams. In circumstances where there is the extensive withdrawal of groundwater, the earth above the water table can subside causing fissures to form at the surface. This typically occurs at the floor of arid valleys having rock formations and compacted soils with a high percentage of fine-grained material. Crevasse A , also called an , is a deep linear crack in an ice sheet or glacier resulting from the opposing force produced by their movement at different rates of speed. The force builds until their associated shear stress is sufficient to break the ice along the faces. The breakage often forms vertical or near-vertical walls, which can melt and create seracs, arches, and other ice formations. A crevasse may be as deep as and as wide as . A crevasse may be covered, but not necessarily filled, by a snow bridge made of the previous years' accumulation and snow drifts. The result is that crevasses are rendered invisible, and extremely dangerous to anyone attempting to traverse a glacier. Types of crevasses Longitudinal crevasses form parallel to the ice flow where the glacier width is expanding. Splaying crevasses appear along the edges of a glacier. Transverse crevasses form in a zone of longitudinal extension where the principal stresses are parallel to the direction of glacier flow. Fissure vent A , also known as a or , is a long volcanic vent through which lava erupts. Fissure vents are connected to deep magma reservoirs and are typically found in and along rifts and rift zones. They are commonly associated with shield volcanoes. Over time fissure vents form spatter cones and can feed lava channels and lava tubes. Karst terrain or simply are vast regions of barren land with rocky ground and generally consisting of nearby caves, fissured ground, and sinkholes. Although these regions normally have moderate to heavy rainfall, they are noticeably devoid of vegetation and characteristically have no lakes, rivers, or streams on their surface. They form when large to massive veins of soluble aggregate like limestone, gypsum, or dolomite are excavated by underground torrents of flowing water. Karst aquifers In the United States, about 40% of the groundwater used for drinking comes from . Some of these areas are well known vacation destinations like Carlsbad Caverns","title":"Fissure"},{"docid":"23527621","text":"The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to hydrology: Hydrology – study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. What type of thing is hydrology? Hydrology can be described as all of the following: a branch of science a branch of natural science a branch of physical science a branch of Earth science a branch of geography a branch of physical geography Essence of hydrology Water Hydrologic cycle Cryosphere Origin of water on Earth Water distribution on Earth Branches of hydrology Hydrometry – the measurement of the different components of the hydrologic cycle Chemical hydrology – the study of the chemical characteristics of water Ecohydrology – the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle Hydrogeology – the study of the presence and movement of water in aquifers Hydroinformatics – the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications Hydrometeorology – the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere Isotope hydrology – the study of the isotopic signatures of water Surface hydrology – the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near the Earth's surface Catchment hydrology – study of the governing processes in a given hydrologically defined catchment Drainage basin management – covers water-storage, in the form of reservoirs, and flood-protection. Water quality – includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes. History of hydrology History of hydrology Things studied by hydrology Abstract concepts in hydrology Field capacity Phenomena studied by hydrology Water movement pathways Water cycle (aka \"hydrological cycle\") Above ground Evaporation – Pan evaporation – Condensation – Precipitation – condensed water, is pulled by gravity back to Earth, in the form of: Drizzle Rain Sleet Snow Graupel Hail Interception – Evapotranspiration – Stemflow – Throughfall – On ground Surface runoff – flow of surface water First flush Floods Flash floods Overland flow – Horton overland flow – Below ground Infiltration – Pipeflow – Baseflow – Subsurface flow – flow of ground water Physical things studied by hydrology Ground water Soil moisture Surface water Environmental issues Desertification/Oasification – Hypoxia – Erosion – Water pollution – Measurement tools Groundwater Aquifer characterization Flow direction Piezometer - groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test) Conductivity, storativity, transmisivity Geophysical methods Vadose zone characterization Infiltration Infiltrometer - infiltration Soil moisture Capacitance probe-soil moisture Time domain reflectometer - soil moisture Tensiometer - soil moisture Solute sampling Geophysical methods Surface water Water level Mechanical pressure gauge – Electronic pressure gauge – Acoustic pressure gauge – Channel shape Dumpy level – Discharge Acoustic Doppler velocimeter – Dilution tracing – Meteorological Precipitation Rain gauge – rainfall depth (unit) and intensity (unit time−1) Disdrometer – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity Doppler weather radar – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity, rain cloud reflectivity converted to precipitation intensity through calibration","title":"Outline of hydrology"},{"docid":"13578381","text":"HD 113766 is a binary star system located 424 light years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Centaurus. The star system is approximately 10 million years old and both stars are slightly more massive than the Sun. The two are separated by an angle of 1.3 arcseconds, which, at the distance of this system, corresponds to a projected separation of at least 170 AU. What makes HD 113766 special is the presence of a large belt of warm (~440 K) dust surrounding the star HD 113766 A. The dense dust belt, more than 100 times more massive than the Solar System's asteroid belt, is thought to be collapsing to form a rocky planet, which when it has formed will lie within the star's terrestrial habitable zone where liquid water can exist on its surface. HD 113766 represents the most well understood system in a growing class of objects that should provide more clues to how rocky planets like the Earth formed. HD 113766 A Rocky accretion belt The dusty material in the system was analyzed in 2007 by a group led by Dr. Carey Lisse, of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, MD, USA. Observations were made using the infrared spectrometer on board the Spitzer Space Telescope, and interpreted using the results of the NASA Deep Impact and STARDUST missions. Analysis of the atomic and mineral composition, dust temperature, and dust mass show a huge amount of warm material similar to metal rich S-type asteroids in a narrow belt at 1.8 ± 0.2 AU from the HD 113766 A. The group found at least a Mars' mass worth of warm dust in particles of size 10 m or less, and very likely as much as a few Earth masses of dust if one adds in the contribution of material in bodies up to 1 km in radius which are currently thought to be the basic building blocks of rocky planet formation. Comparison with current planetary formation theories suggests that the disk is in the early stages of terrestrial (rocky) planet formation. This can be also inferred by the presence of metals in the rocky material making up the disk. If planets had already formed the high density metals should have sunk to their cores during the molten stage of planet formation; a process known as planetary differentiation. Icy accretion belts While no water gas was found to be associated with the warm dust belt, two concentrations of icy material were found in the system. The first belt lies between 4 and 9 AU, and is at the equivalent position of the solar system's asteroid belt, while the second belt is even farther out between 30 and 80 AU, where the solar system's Kuiper Belt would lie. This material may be the source of future water for the rocky planet at 1.8 AU if and when it completes its formation. There may also be gas giant planets in this system, already formed (in the first 1-5","title":"HD 113766"},{"docid":"43126","text":"Callisto (, ), or Jupiter IV, is the second-largest moon of Jupiter, after Ganymede. In the Solar System it is the third-largest moon after Ganymede and Saturn's largest moon Titan, and as large as the smallest planet Mercury, though only about a third as massive. Callisto is, with a diameter of , roughly a third larger than Earth's Moon and orbits Jupiter on average at a distance of , which is about six times further out than the Moon orbiting Earth. It is the outermost of the four large Galilean moons of Jupiter, which were discovered in 1610 with one of the first telescopes, being visible from Earth with common binoculars. The surface of Callisto is the oldest and most heavily cratered object in the Solar System. Its surface is completely covered with impact craters. It does not show any signatures of subsurface processes such as plate tectonics or volcanism, with no signs that geological activity in general has ever occurred, and is thought to have evolved predominantly under the influence of impacts. Prominent surface features include multi-ring structures, variously shaped impact craters, and chains of craters (catenae) and associated scarps, ridges and deposits. At a small scale, the surface is varied and made up of small, sparkly frost deposits at the tips of high spots, surrounded by a low-lying, smooth blanket of dark material. This is thought to result from the sublimation-driven degradation of small landforms, which is supported by the general deficit of small impact craters and the presence of numerous small knobs, considered to be their remnants. The absolute ages of the landforms are not known. Callisto is composed of approximately equal amounts of rock and ice, with a density of about , the lowest density and surface gravity of Jupiter's major moons. Compounds detected spectroscopically on the surface include water ice, carbon dioxide, silicates and organic compounds. Investigation by the Galileo spacecraft revealed that Callisto may have a small silicate core and possibly a subsurface ocean of liquid water at depths greater than . It is not in an orbital resonance like the three other Galilean satellites—Io, Europa and Ganymede—and is thus not appreciably tidally heated. Callisto's rotation is tidally locked to its orbit around Jupiter, so that it always faces the same direction, making Jupiter appear to hang directly overhead over its near-side. It is less affected by Jupiter's magnetosphere than the other inner satellites because of its more remote orbit, located just outside Jupiter's main radiation belt. Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and probably molecular oxygen, as well as by a rather intense ionosphere. Callisto is thought to have formed by slow accretion from the disk of the gas and dust that surrounded Jupiter after its formation. Callisto's gradual accretion and the lack of tidal heating meant that not enough heat was available for rapid differentiation. The slow convection in the interior of Callisto, which commenced soon after formation, led to partial differentiation and possibly to the","title":"Callisto (moon)"},{"docid":"23823321","text":"The Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station (KGU), is an operational hydroelectric power plant across the Kafue River in Zambia. Location KGU is located on the Kafue River, approximately , by road, south of Lusaka, the capital and largest city in Zambia. This is approximately upstream of where the Kafue River empties into the Zambezi River, and approximately upstream of the Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station. The geographical coordinates of Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station are:15°48'25.0\"S, 28°25'16.0\"E (Latitude:-15.806944; Longitude:28.421111). Overview KGU is an earth-rockfill dam with a concrete spillway with four radial gates. The electromechanical capacity is six generators of 150 megawatts each, for maximum capacity of 900 megawatts. The reservoir measures in surface area. The power generators and electromechanical power house are below ground. The water effluent from 900 megawatts Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station is used downstream to power the 750 megawatts Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station, in what is known as cascaded generation. History Construction of this power station started in 1967. In 1971, the first 150 megawatt turbine was installed and commissioned. Three other turbines were installed and commissioned in 1972. At some point between 1973 and 2009, two more turbines of 150 megawatts each, were installed to bring the generating capacity at the power station to 900 megawatts. The station currently has an installed capacity of 990 MW with six (6) generators with a capacity of 165 MW each. The power plant has a 330 kV power line output. References External links Official Website of ZESCO Power stations in Zambia Kafue River Kafue District Underground power stations Energy infrastructure completed in 1973 Hydroelectric power stations in Zambia","title":"Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station"},{"docid":"15654406","text":"Lake Untersee ( \"Lower Lake\") is the largest surface freshwater lake in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica. It is situated to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. The lake is approximately long and wide, with a surface area of , and a maximum depth of . The lake is permanently covered with ice and is partly bounded by glacier ice. Lake Untersee is an unusual lake, with pH between 9.8 and 12.1, dissolved oxygen at 150 per cent supersaturation, and very low primary production in the water column. Despite the high oxygen supersaturation in most of the lake, there is a small sub-basin at the southern end that is anoxic, and its sediments may have a higher methane concentration than those of any other known lake on Earth. Much of the primary production is in microbial communities that grow on the floor of the lake as stromatolites. The water temperature varies between and and the ice cover on the lake is thick. The ice cover may have persisted for over 100,000 years, and some scientists studying climate change fear significant environmental changes associated with global warming in the coming decades. In the past, the water chemistry of the lake has been compared to Clorox. However, the chemical activity of bleach is due to Cl− in addition to a pH that is higher than that measures in Lake Untersee, and Lake Untersee does not have high chlorine or chlorite concentrations. Geography Lake Untersee lies in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica, which is roughly on the same longitude as Huab, in the Skeleton Coast National Park on the northern coast of Namibia. It is situated 90 kilometres (56 mi) to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. Aurkjosen Cirque lies at the east side of the lake. The lake is approximately long and wide and has a surface area of ( is also reported). Its maximum depth is . It is permanently covered with ice, which has an average thickness of in summer. The lake is dammed by the Anuchin Glacier, and meltwater from the Anuchin Glacier is the main source of water. The lake has no outlet. Water is lost through sublimation and ablation of the ice cover. The lake is categorized as an ultra-oligotrophic lake. Lake Ober-See, a smaller ( glacial lake, is located a few kilometres to the northeast and is similar in most respects. History Isotope studies have established that the lake has long had a permanent ice cover. Further, studies carried out during the austral summer confirm the lake's homogeneous characteristics, with thermal convection as the reason given for its hydro-geochemical and isotropical nature. It is replenished perennially by a process of underwater melting of the adjacent glacier ice. It is also stated that the lake existed during the Holocene period when it emerged from a melt-water pond. Studies of Lake Untersee have revealed that there are several large boulders","title":"Lake Untersee"},{"docid":"5444216","text":"In atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive, dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed. Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues. Types The main assumption made by the thermotropic model is that while the magnitude of the thermal wind may change, its direction does not change with respect to height, and thus the baroclinicity in the atmosphere can be simulated using the and geopotential height surfaces and the average thermal wind between them. Barotropic models assume the atmosphere is nearly barotropic, which means that the direction and speed of the geostrophic wind are independent of height. In other words, no vertical wind shear of the geostrophic wind. It also implies that thickness contours (a proxy for temperature) are parallel to upper level height contours. In this type of atmosphere, high and low pressure areas are centers of warm and cold temperature anomalies. Warm-core highs (such as the subtropical ridge and Bermuda-Azores high) and cold-core lows have strengthening winds with height, with the reverse true for cold-core highs (shallow arctic highs) and warm-core lows (such as tropical cyclones). A barotropic model tries to solve a simplified form of atmospheric dynamics based on the assumption that the atmosphere is in geostrophic balance; that is, that the Rossby number of the air in the atmosphere is small. If the assumption is made that the atmosphere is divergence-free, the curl of the Euler equations reduces into the barotropic vorticity equation. This latter equation can be solved over a single layer of the atmosphere. Since the atmosphere at a height of approximately is mostly divergence-free, the barotropic model best approximates the state of the atmosphere at a geopotential height corresponding to that altitude, which corresponds to the atmosphere's pressure surface.","title":"Atmospheric model"},{"docid":"26673238","text":"The mineralogy of Mars is the chemical composition of rocks and soil that encompass the surface of Mars. Various orbital crafts have used spectroscopic methods to identify the signature of some minerals. The planetary landers performed concrete chemical analysis of the soil in rocks to further identify and confirm the presence of other minerals. The only samples of Martian rocks that are on Earth are in the form of meteorites. The elemental and atmospheric composition along with planetary conditions is essential in knowing what minerals can be formed from these base parts. Mineral composition The surface geology of Mars is somewhere between the basalt or andesite rocks on Earth. This led to the formation of minerals similar to what is found on Earth. The presence of iron oxide gives the surface the “rust” color that is associated with Mars, the Red Planet. The presence of perchlorate, in high percentages, forms highly saline soils, which could produce liquid water. Chemical alteration of Martian rocks into carbonate and phyllosilicate minerals occurred earlier in Mars history when water was present in large quantities. Orbital instruments and Landers not only identified new minerals but in some cases also confirmed the presence of minerals detected by the others. Phyllosilicates Kaolinite (} Montmorillonite() Mica () Serpentine () Felsic minerals Quartz () Feldspar () Maskelynite Salts Gypsum () Perchlorate () Carbonates (Ca rich) Ikaite () Aragonite () Ankerite () Sulfates (Ca/Mg rich) Jarosite () Other undetermined Mafic minerals Olivine () Pyroxene () Augite () Pigeonite () Clinopyroxene Iron oxides Hematite () Magnetite () Ilmenite () Orbital instruments Orbital crafts sent to Mars provided data on surface geology mostly through spectroscopy. This data is used to determine possible minerals on the surface, and the types of instruments Landers would need in order to narrow down those minerals. Mars Global Surveyor Launched in 1996, it used the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC), Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter, and Thermal Emission Spectrometer to show layering on the surface, presence of surface ice, and the mineral hematite. The presence of ice over the surface is essential to understanding why certain water bearing minerals are on Mars. Mars Odyssey Launched in 2001, although it carried multiple instruments only Thermal Emission Imaging System was designed to look at minerals. This allowed it to detect the presence of quartz, olivine, and hematite. Mars Express Launched in 2003 the Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) observed montmorillonite and localized phyllosilicate minerals. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Launched in 2005 this orbiter carried multiple instruments which found the mineralogy to be dominated by mafic minerals such as olivine, mica, pyroxene and smectite clays such as kaolinite. The HiRISE was used in determining the landing site for the Phoenix Lander. Using the CTX (camera) and CRISM instruments it was able to find phyllosilicate minerals, carbonate minerals, and oxides. The SHARAD was used to detect carbonate dust layers. Landers To date, the only method planetary scientists have used to carry out experiments on the Martian surface has been to send probes","title":"Mineralogy of Mars"},{"docid":"1010773","text":"(; ) is an optical phenomenon in which a bright spot appears around the shadow of the viewer's head in the presence of dew. In photogrammetry and remote sensing, it is more commonly known as the hotspot. It is also occasionally known as Cellini's halo after the Italian artist and writer Benvenuto Cellini (15001571), who described the phenomenon in his memoirs in 1562. Nearly spherical dew droplets act as lenses to focus the light onto the surface behind them. When this light scatters or reflects off that surface, the same lens re-focuses that light into the direction from which it came. This configuration is similar to a cat's eye retroreflector. However a cat's eye retroreflector needs a refractive index of around 2, while water has a much smaller refractive index of approximately 1.33. This means that the water droplets focus the light about 20% to 50% of the diameter beyond the rear surface of the droplet. When dew droplets are suspended on trichomes at approximately this distance away from the surface of a plant, the combination of droplet and plant acts as a retroreflector. Any retroreflective surface is brightest around the antisolar point. Opposition surge by other particles than water and the glory in water vapour are similar effects caused by different mechanisms. See also Aureole effect Brocken spectre, the magnified shadow of an observer cast upon the upper surfaces of clouds opposite the Sun Gegenschein, a faint spot of dust lit by sunlight focused by Earth's atmosphere, visible in the night sky toward the antisolar point Retroreflector Subparhelic circle Sylvanshine References External links A site showing examples of a Heiligenschein What causes heiligenschein Atmospheric optical phenomena","title":"Heiligenschein"},{"docid":"1852572","text":"The Marangoni effect (also called the Gibbs–Marangoni effect) is the mass transfer along an interface between two phases due to a gradient of the surface tension. In the case of temperature dependence, this phenomenon may be called thermo-capillary convection (or Bénard–Marangoni convection). History This phenomenon was first identified in the so-called \"tears of wine\" by physicist James Thomson (Lord Kelvin's brother) in 1855. The general effect is named after Italian physicist Carlo Marangoni, who studied it for his doctoral dissertation at the University of Pavia and published his results in 1865. A complete theoretical treatment of the subject was given by J. Willard Gibbs in his work On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1875-8). Mechanism Since a liquid with a high surface tension pulls more strongly on the surrounding liquid than one with a low surface tension, the presence of a gradient in surface tension will naturally cause the liquid to flow away from regions of low surface tension. The surface tension gradient can be caused by concentration gradient or by a temperature gradient (surface tension is a function of temperature). In simple cases, the speed of the flow , where is the difference in surface tension and is the viscosity of the liquid. Water has a surface tension of around 0.07 N/m, and a viscosity of approximately 10−3 Pa s, at room temperature. So even variations of a few percent in the surface tension of water can generate Marangoni flows of almost 1 m/s. Thus Marangoni flows are common and easily observed. For the case of a small drop of surfactant dropped onto the surface of water, Roché and coworkers performed quantitative experiments and developed a simple model that was in approximate agreement with the experiments. This described the expansion in the radius of a patch of the surface covered in surfactant, due to an outward Marangoni flow at a speed . They found that speed of expansion of the surfactant-covered patch of the water surface occurred at speed of approximately for the surface tension of water, , the (lower) surface tension of the surfactant-covered water surface, the viscosity of water, and the mass density of water. For N/m, i.e., of order tens of per cent reduction in surface tension of water, and as for water N m−6s3, we obtain the second equality above. This gives speeds that decrease as surfactant-covered region grows, but are of order cms/s to mm/s. The equation is obtained by making a couple of simple approximations, the first is by equating the stress at the surface due to the concentration gradient of surfactant (which drives the Marangoni flow) with the viscous stresses (that oppose flow). The Marangoni stress , i.e., gradient in the surface tension due gradient in the surfactant concentration (from high in the centre of the expanding patch, to zero far from the patch). The viscous shear stress is simply the viscosity times the gradient in shear velocity , for the depth into the water of the flow due to the spreading","title":"Marangoni effect"},{"docid":"6029513","text":"Terra Cimmeria is a large Martian region, centered at and covering at its broadest extent. It covers latitudes 15 N to 75 S and longitudes 170 to 260 W. It lies in the Eridania quadrangle. Terra Cimmeria is one part of the heavily cratered, southern highland region of the planet. The Spirit rover landed near the area. The word Cimmerium comes from an ancient Thracian seafaring people. The land was always covered in clouds and mist. A high altitude visual phenomena, probably a condensation cloud, was seen above this region in late March 2012. NASA tried to observe it with some of its Mars orbiters, including the THEMIS instrument on the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft and MARCI on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Martian gullies Terra Cimmeria is the location of gullies that may be due to recent flowing water. Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few if any craters. Moreover, they lie on top of sand dunes which themselves are considered to be quite young. Usually, each gully has an alcove, channel, and apron. Some studies have found that gullies occur on slopes that face all directions, others have found that the greater number of gullies are found on poleward facing slopes, especially from 30–44 S. Although many ideas have been put forward to explain them, the most popular involve liquid water coming from an aquifer, from melting at the base of old glaciers, or from the melting of ice in the ground when the climate was warmer. There is evidence for all three theories. Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect of an aquifer. Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in aquifers at the usual depths where gullies begin. One variation of this model is that rising hot magma could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layers that allow water to flow. They may consist of porous sandstone. The aquifer layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). Because water in an aquifer is prevented from going down, the only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. Eventually, water could flow out onto the surface when the aquifer reaches a break—like a crater wall. The resulting flow of water could erode the wall to create gullies. Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is \"Weeping Rock\" in Zion National Park Utah. As for the next theory, much of the surface of Mars is covered by a thick smooth mantle that is thought to be a mixture of ice and dust. This ice-rich mantle, a few yards thick, smooths the land, but in places it has a bumpy texture, resembling the surface of a basketball. The mantle may be like a glacier and under certain","title":"Terra Cimmeria"},{"docid":"6262231","text":"Most water in Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total. The vast bulk of the water on Earth is saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land. In all, water from oceans and marginal seas, saline groundwater and water from saline closed lakes amount to over 97% of the water on Earth, though no closed lake stores a globally significant amount of water. Saline groundwater is seldom considered except when evaluating water quality in arid regions. The remainder of Earth's water constitutes the planet's resource. Typically, fresh water is defined as water with a salinity of less than 1% that of the oceans – i.e. below around 0.35‰. Water with a salinity between this level and 1‰ is typically referred to as because it is marginal for many uses by humans and animals. The ratio of salt water to fresh water on Earth is around 50:1. The planet's fresh water is also very unevenly distributed. Although in warm periods such as the Mesozoic and Paleogene when there were no glaciers anywhere on the planet all fresh water was found in rivers and streams, today most fresh water exists in the form of ice, snow, groundwater and soil moisture, with only 0.3% in liquid form on the surface. Of the liquid surface fresh water, 87% is contained in lakes, 11% in swamps, and only 2% in rivers. Small quantities of water also exist in the atmosphere and in living beings. Although the total volume of groundwater is known to be much greater than that of river runoff, a large proportion of this groundwater is saline and should therefore be classified with the saline water above. There is also a lot of fossil groundwater in arid regions that have never been renewed for thousands of years; this must not be seen as renewable water. Distribution of saline and fresh water The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km3 (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being freshwater. Of the freshwater, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. Because the oceans that cover roughly 70.8% of the area of Earth reflect blue light, Earth appears blue from space, and is often referred to as the blue planet and the Pale Blue Dot. Liquid freshwater like lakes and rivers cover about 1% of Earth's surface and altogether with Earth's ice cover, Earth's surface is 75% water by area. Lakes Collectively, Earth's lakes hold 199,000 km3 of water. Most lakes are in the high northern latitudes, far from human population centers. The North American Great Lakes, which contain 21% of the world's fresh water by volume, are an exception. The Great Lakes Basin is home to 33 million people. The Canadian cities of","title":"Water distribution on Earth"},{"docid":"693305","text":"Prochlorococcus is a genus of very small (0.6 μm) marine cyanobacteria with an unusual pigmentation (chlorophyll a2 and b2). These bacteria belong to the photosynthetic picoplankton and are probably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. Prochlorococcus microbes are among the major primary producers in the ocean, responsible for a large percentage of the photosynthetic production of oxygen. Prochlorococcus strains, called ecotypes, have physiological differences enabling them to exploit different ecological niches. Analysis of the genome sequences of Prochlorococcus strains show that 1,273 genes are common to all strains, and the average genome size is about 2,000 genes. In contrast, eukaryotic algae have over 10,000 genes. Discovery Although there had been several earlier records of very small chlorophyll-b-containing cyanobacteria in the ocean, Prochlorococcus was discovered in 1986 by Sallie W. (Penny) Chisholm of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Robert J. Olson of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and other collaborators in the Sargasso Sea using flow cytometry. Chisholm was awarded the Crafoord Prize in 2019 for the discovery. The first culture of Prochlorococcus was isolated in the Sargasso Sea in 1988 (strain SS120) and shortly another strain was obtained from the Mediterranean Sea (strain MED). The name Prochlorococcus originated from the fact it was originally assumed that Prochlorococcus was related to Prochloron and other chlorophyll-b-containing bacteria, called prochlorophytes, but it is now known that prochlorophytes form several separate phylogenetic groups within the cyanobacteria subgroup of the bacteria domain. The only species within the genus described is Prochlorococcus marinus, although two subspecies have been named for low-light and high-light adapted niche variations. Morphology Marine cyanobacteria are to date the smallest known photosynthetic organisms; Prochlorococcus is the smallest at just 0.5 to 0.7 micrometres in diameter. The coccoid shaped cells are non-motile and free-living. Their small size and large surface-area-to-volume ratio, gives them an advantage in nutrient-poor water. Still, it is assumed that Prochlorococcus have a very small nutrient requirement. Moreover, Prochlorococcus have adapted to use sulfolipids instead of phospholipids in their membranes to survive in phosphate deprived environments. This adaptation allows them to avoid competition with heterotrophs that are dependent on phosphate for survival. Typically, Prochlorococcus divide once a day in the subsurface layer or oligotrophic waters. Distribution Prochlorococcus is abundant in the euphotic zone of the world's tropical oceans. It is possibly the most plentiful genus on Earth: a single millilitre of surface seawater may contain 100,000 cells or more. Worldwide, the average yearly abundance is individuals (for comparison, that is approximately the number of atoms in a ton of gold). Prochlorococcus is ubiquitous between 40°N and 40°S and dominates in the oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) regions of the oceans. Prochlorococcus is mostly found in a temperature range of 10–33 °C and some strains can grow at depths with low light (<1% surface light). These strains are known as LL (Low Light) ecotypes, with strains that occupy shallower depths in the water column known as HL (High Light) ecotypes. Furthermore, Prochlorococcus are more plentiful in the presence of heterotrophs that have catalase","title":"Prochlorococcus"},{"docid":"176813","text":"Physical geodesy is the study of the physical properties of Earth's gravity and its potential field (the geopotential), with a view to their application in geodesy. Measurement procedure Traditional geodetic instruments such as theodolites rely on the gravity field for orienting their vertical axis along the local plumb line or local vertical direction with the aid of a spirit level. After that, vertical angles (zenith angles or, alternatively, elevation angles) are obtained with respect to this local vertical, and horizontal angles in the plane of the local horizon, perpendicular to the vertical. Levelling instruments again are used to obtain geopotential differences between points on the Earth's surface. These can then be expressed as \"height\" differences by conversion to metric units. Units Gravity is commonly measured in units of m·s−2 (metres per second squared). This also can be expressed (multiplying by the gravitational constant G in order to change units) as newtons per kilogram of attracted mass. Potential is expressed as gravity times distance, m2·s−2. Travelling one metre in the direction of a gravity vector of strength 1 m·s−2 will increase your potential by 1 m2·s−2. Again employing G as a multiplier, the units can be changed to joules per kilogram of attracted mass. A more convenient unit is the GPU, or geopotential unit: it equals 10 m2·s−2. This means that travelling one metre in the vertical direction, i.e., the direction of the 9.8 m·s−2 ambient gravity, will approximately change your potential by 1 GPU. Which again means that the difference in geopotential, in GPU, of a point with that of sea level can be used as a rough measure of height \"above sea level\" in metres. Gravity Potential fields Geoid Due to the irregularity of the Earth's true gravity field, the equilibrium figure of sea water, or the geoid, will also be of irregular form. In some places, like west of Ireland, the geoid—mathematical mean sea level—sticks out as much as 100 m above the regular, rotationally symmetric reference ellipsoid of GRS80; in other places, like close to Sri Lanka, it dives under the ellipsoid by nearly the same amount. The separation between the geoid and the reference ellipsoid is called the undulation of the geoid, symbol . The geoid, or mathematical mean sea surface, is defined not only on the seas, but also under land; it is the equilibrium water surface that would result, would sea water be allowed to move freely (e.g., through tunnels) under the land. Technically, an equipotential surface of the true geopotential, chosen to coincide (on average) with mean sea level. As mean sea level is physically realized by tide gauge bench marks on the coasts of different countries and continents, a number of slightly incompatible \"near-geoids\" will result, with differences of several decimetres to over one metre between them, due to the dynamic sea surface topography. These are referred to as vertical datums or height datums. For every point on Earth, the local direction of gravity or vertical direction, materialized with the plumb line,","title":"Physical geodesy"},{"docid":"4752159","text":"The impact depth of a projectile is the distance it penetrates into a target before coming to a stop. The physicist Sir Isaac Newton first developed this idea to get rough approximations for the impact depth for projectiles traveling at high velocities. Newton's approximation for the impact depth Newton's approximation for the impact depth for projectiles at high velocities is based only on momentum considerations. Nothing is said about where the impactor's kinetic energy goes, nor what happens to the momentum after the projectile is stopped. The basic idea is simple: The impactor carries a given momentum. To stop the impactor, this momentum must be transferred onto another mass. Since the impactor's velocity is so high that cohesion within the target material can be neglected, the momentum can only be transferred to the material (mass) directly in front of the impactor, which will be pushed at the impactor's speed. If the impactor has pushed a mass equal to its own mass at this speed, its whole momentum has been transferred to the mass in front of it and the impactor will be stopped. For a cylindrical impactor, by the time it stops, it will have penetrated to a depth that is equal to its own length times its relative density with respect to the target material. This approach is only valid for a narrow range of velocities less than the speed of sound within the target or impactor material. If the impact velocity is greater than the speed of sound within the target or impactor material, impact shock causes the material to fracture, and at higher velocities to behave like a gas, causing rapid ejection of target and impactor material and the formation of a crater. The depth of the crater depends on the material properties of impactor and target, as well as the velocity of impact. Typically, greater impact velocity means greater crater depth. Applications Projectile: Full metal projectiles should be made of a material with a very high density, like uranium (19.1 g/cm3) or lead (11.3 g/cm3). According to Newton's approximation, a full metal projectile made of uranium will pierce through roughly 2.5 times its own length of steel armor. Shaped charge, bazooka: For a shaped charge (anti-tank) to pierce through steel plates, it is essential that the explosion generates a long heavy metal jet (in a shaped charge for anti-tank use, the explosion generates a high speed metal jet from the cone shaped metal lining). This jet may then be viewed as the impactor of Newton's approximation. Meteorite: As may be concluded from the air pressure, the atmosphere's material is equivalent to about 10 m of water. Since ice has about the same density as water, an ice cube from space travelling at 15 km/s or so must have a length of 10 m to reach the surface of the earth at high speed. A smaller ice cube will be slowed to terminal velocity. A larger ice cube may also be slowed, however, as long as it","title":"Impact depth"},{"docid":"4387406","text":"A set of equations describing the trajectories of objects subject to a constant gravitational force under normal Earth-bound conditions. Assuming constant acceleration g due to Earth’s gravity, Newton's law of universal gravitation simplifies to F = mg, where F is the force exerted on a mass m by the Earth’s gravitational field of strength g. Assuming constant g is reasonable for objects falling to Earth over the relatively short vertical distances of our everyday experience, but is not valid for greater distances involved in calculating more distant effects, such as spacecraft trajectories. History Galileo was the first to demonstrate and then formulate these equations. He used a ramp to study rolling balls, the ramp slowing the acceleration enough to measure the time taken for the ball to roll a known distance. He measured elapsed time with a water clock, using an \"extremely accurate balance\" to measure the amount of water. The equations ignore air resistance, which has a dramatic effect on objects falling an appreciable distance in air, causing them to quickly approach a terminal velocity. The effect of air resistance varies enormously depending on the size and geometry of the falling object—for example, the equations are hopelessly wrong for a feather, which has a low mass but offers a large resistance to the air. (In the absence of an atmosphere all objects fall at the same rate, as astronaut David Scott demonstrated by dropping a hammer and a feather on the surface of the Moon.) The equations also ignore the rotation of the Earth, failing to describe the Coriolis effect for example. Nevertheless, they are usually accurate enough for dense and compact objects falling over heights not exceeding the tallest man-made structures. Overview Near the surface of the Earth, the acceleration due to gravity = 9.807 m/s2 (metres per second squared, which might be thought of as \"metres per second, per second\"; or 32.18 ft/s2 as \"feet per second per second\") approximately. A coherent set of units for , , and is essential. Assuming SI units, is measured in metres per second squared, so must be measured in metres, in seconds and in metres per second. In all cases, the body is assumed to start from rest, and air resistance is neglected. Generally, in Earth's atmosphere, all results below will therefore be quite inaccurate after only 5 seconds of fall (at which time an object's velocity will be a little less than the vacuum value of 49 m/s (9.8 m/s2 × 5 s) due to air resistance). Air resistance induces a drag force on any body that falls through any atmosphere other than a perfect vacuum, and this drag force increases with velocity until it equals the gravitational force, leaving the object to fall at a constant terminal velocity. Terminal velocity depends on atmospheric drag, the coefficient of drag for the object, the (instantaneous) velocity of the object, and the area presented to the airflow. Apart from the last formula, these formulas also assume that negligibly varies with height","title":"Equations for a falling body"},{"docid":"55321500","text":"The geochemistry of carbon is the study of the transformations involving the element carbon within the systems of the Earth. To a large extent this study is organic geochemistry, but it also includes the very important carbon dioxide. Carbon is transformed by life, and moves between the major phases of the Earth, including the water bodies, atmosphere, and the rocky parts. Carbon is important in the formation of organic mineral deposits, such as coal, petroleum or natural gas. Most carbon is cycled through the atmosphere into living organisms and then respirated back into the atmosphere. However an important part of the carbon cycle involves the trapping of living matter into sediments. The carbon then becomes part of a sedimentary rock when lithification happens. Human technology or natural processes such as weathering, or underground life or water can return the carbon from sedimentary rocks to the atmosphere. From that point it can be transformed in the rock cycle into metamorphic rocks, or melted into igneous rocks. Carbon can return to the surface of the Earth by volcanoes or via uplift in tectonic processes. Carbon is returned to the atmosphere via volcanic gases. Carbon undergoes transformation in the mantle under pressure to diamond and other minerals, and also exists in the Earth's outer core in solution with iron, and may also be present in the inner core. Carbon can form a huge variety stable compounds. It is an essential component of living matter. Living organisms can live in a limited range of conditions on the Earth that are limited by temperature and the existence of liquid water. The potential habitability of other planets or moons can also be assessed by the existence of liquid water. Carbon makes up only 0.08% of the combination of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Yet it is the twelfth most common element there. In the rock of the lithosphere, carbon commonly occurs as carbonate minerals containing calcium or magnesium. It is also found as fossil fuels in coal and petroleum and gas. Native forms of carbon are much rarer, requiring pressure to form. Pure carbon exists as graphite or diamond. The deeper parts of Earth such as the mantle are very hard to discover. Few samples are known, in the form of uplifted rocks, or xenoliths. Even fewer remain in the same state they were in where the pressure and temperature is much higher. Some diamonds retain inclusions held at pressures they were formed at, but the temperature is much lower at the surface. Iron meteorites may represent samples of the core of an asteroid, but it would have formed under different conditions to the Earth's core. Therefore, experimental studies are conducted in which minerals or substances are compressed and heated to determine what happens in similar conditions to the planetary interior. The two common isotopes of carbon are stable. On Earth, carbon 12, 12C is by far the most common at 98.894%. Carbon 13 is much rarer averaging 1.106%. This percentage can vary slightly and its","title":"Geochemistry of carbon"},{"docid":"3666609","text":"An atmometer or evaporimeter is a scientific instrument used for measuring the rate of water evaporation from a wet surface to the atmosphere. Atmometers are mainly used by farmers and growers to measure evapotranspiration (ET) rates of crops at any field location. Evapotranspiration is a measure of all of the water that evaporates from land surfaces plus the water that transpires from plant surfaces. Based on the amount of water that does evaporate and transpire, the user can water crops correspondingly, which results in less water use and possibly increased crop yields. Companies that currently sell atmometers include C&M Meteorological Supply and Calsense. Design An atmometer consists of a porous, ceramic plate connected to a water reservoir by a glass or plastic tube. The device stands around tall with a diameter of . Water is drawn from the water reservoir through the tube to wet the plate. As the water on the plate evaporates, more water is drawn from the reservoir to re-wet the plate. A canvas cover made of Gore-Tex is placed over the plate to prevent anything from getting in. The canvas cover is important because it simulates the amount of solar radiation a plant absorbs under certain weather conditions and controls the rate of evaporation. Different types of canvas covers simulate different amounts of evapotranspiration rates that various plant surfaces would undergo. For example, alfalfa ET rates are estimated using the No. 54 green canvas cover, while grass ET rates are estimated using the No. 30 green canvas cover. A membrane between the plate and canvas cover prevents rain water from wetting the gauge yet allows water vapor to escape. A gauge that runs up the side of the atmometer measures the level of water (in inches) in the reservoir, which shows how much water has evaporated. An electronic model of the atmometer is also available, which includes a data logger attached to it. A data logger automatically records the level of water every time a change due to evaporation occurs. The data that the data logger records can be downloaded onto a computer to record the results. The electronic model eliminates possible human error that could occur from reading the gauge, but costs approximately $900 while the manual model costs approximately $300. Use and maintenance An atmometer is fairly easy to install and use. It is usually mounted on a wooden post about s above the ground in an area representative of the weather and field conditions. The plate of the atmometer should be placed in direct sunlight so the evaporation rates are not affected. It should not be placed near tall trees or buildings, as they can affect the amount of exposure that the atmometer has to environmental factors, which affect evapotranspiration rates. To measure the amount of water that has evaporated, calculate the change in water level on the gauge by subtracting the final water level from the initial water level. Advantages (compared to weather stations) In a 2003 study conducted on the Central","title":"Atmometer"},{"docid":"11572600","text":"Kolumbo is an active submarine volcano in the Aegean Sea in Greece, about 8 km northeast of Cape Kolumbo, Santorini island. The largest of a line of about twenty submarine volcanic cones extending to the northeast from Santorini, it is about 3 km in diameter with a crater 1.5 km across. It first noticed by humans when it breached the sea surface in 1649-50. The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program treats it as part of the Santorini volcano, though at least one source maintains that it is a separate magmatic system. The 1650 explosion, which occurred when the accumulating cone reached the surface, sent pyroclastic flows across the sea surface to the shores and slopes of Santorini, where about seventy people and many animals died. A small ring of white pumice that formed was rapidly eroded away by wave action. The volcano collapsed into its caldera, triggering a tsunami that caused damage on nearby islands up to 150 km distant. The highest parts of the crater rim are now about 10 m below sea level. In 2006, sea floor pyroclastic deposits from the two Aegean explosions were explored, sampled and mapped by an expedition by NOAA Ocean Explorer, equipped with ROV robotics. The crater floor, averaging about 505 m below the sea surface, is marked in its northeast area by a field of hydrothermal vents and covered by a thick bacterial community, the 2006 NOAA expedition discovered. Superheated (measured as hot as 224 °C) metal-enriched water issuing from the vents has built chimneys of polymetallic sulfide/sulfates to a maximum height of 4 m, apparently accumulated since the 1650 event. The 2006 expedition initiated new seismic air-gun techniques in order to determine the volume and distribution of the submarine volcanic deposit of pumice and ash on the sea floor around Santorini, which has been studied extensively since 1975. Revised, more accurate estimates of the total dense rock equivalent volume of the Minoan event(s), consisting of pyroclastic sea floor deposits, distal ash fallout and ignimbrites on the island of Santorini, is likely about 60 km3, a greatly increased estimate, comparable to the largest historic explosion, Mount Tambora 1815; the increased estimate affects the size of the ensuing tsunami as it has been widely modeled. In October 2022 it was announced that a previously undetected magma chamber had been discovered approximately 2 to 4 km below sea level in the Kolumbo underwater volcano. Scientists had determined that it is gradually filling with melt. Although an eruption is not imminent, it does pose a threat which has prompted them to recommend real-time monitoring of the volcano. See also Minoan eruption Timeline of volcanism on Earth Notes References NOAA Ocean Explorer: Thera 2006 Expedition Summary NOAA Ocean Explorer: Thera 2006 Expedition detailed Log University of Rhode Island: Kolumbo Volcano Ferdinand André Fouqué, Santorin et ses éruptions (Paris: Masson) 1879. Haraldur Sigurdsson, S. Carey, C. Mandeville, 1990. \"Assessment of mass, dynamics and environmental effects of the Minoan eruption of the Santorini volcano\" in Thera and the","title":"Kolumbo"},{"docid":"2312855","text":"Isotope hydrology is a field of geochemistry and hydrology that uses naturally occurring stable and radioactive isotopic techniques to evaluate the age and origins of surface and groundwater and the processes within the atmospheric hydrologic cycle. Isotope hydrology applications are highly diverse, and used for informing water-use policy, mapping aquifers, conserving water supplies, assessing sources of water pollution, and increasingly are used in eco-hydrology to study human impacts on all dimensions of the hydrological cycle and ecosystem services. Details Water molecules carry unique isotopic \"fingerprints\", based in part on differing ratios of the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes that constitute the water molecule. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Air, freshwater and seawater contain mostly oxygen-16 ( 16O). Oxygen-18 (18O) occurs in approximately one oxygen atom in every five hundred and has a slightly higher mass than oxygen-16, as it has two extra neutrons. From a simple energy and bond breakage standpoint this results in a preference for evaporating the lighter 16O containing water and leaving more of the 18O water behind in the liquid state (called isotope fractionation). Thus seawater tends to contain more 18O than rain and snow. Dissolved ions in surface and groundwater water also contain useful isotopes for hydrological investigations. Dissolved species like sulfate and nitrate contain differing ratios of 34-S to 32-S or 15-N to 14-N, and are often diagnostic of pollutant sources. Natural radioisotopes like tritium (3-H) and radiocarbon (14-C) are also used as natural clocks to determine the residence times of water in aquifers, rivers, and the oceans. Applications The most commonly used isotope application in hydrology uses hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to evaluate sources or age of water, ice or snow. Isotopes in ice cores help to reveal conditions of past climate. Higher average global temperature would provide more energy and thus an increase the atmospheric 18O content of rain or snow, so that lower than modern amounts of 18O in groundwater or ice layer imply the water or ice represents a period of cooler climatic eras or even ice ages. Another application involves the separation of groundwater flow and baseflow from streamflow in the field of catchment hydrology (i.e. a method of hydrograph separation). Since precipitation in each rain or snowfall event has a specific isotopic signature, and subsurface water can be identified by well sampling, the composite signature in the stream is an indicator the proportion of the streamflow comes from overland flow and what portion comes from subsurface flow. Stable isotopes in the water molecule are also useful in tracing the sources (or proportion of sources) of water that plants use. Current use The isotope hydrology program at the International Atomic Energy Agency works to aid developing states to create a detailed portrait of Earth's water resources. In Ethiopia, Libya, Chad, Egypt and Sudan, the International Atomic Energy Agency used radioisotope techniques to help local water policy identify and conserve fossil water. The International Atomic Energy Agency maintains a","title":"Isotope hydrology"},{"docid":"26592619","text":"CoRoT-9b is an exoplanet orbiting the star CoRoT-9, approximately 1500 light years away in the constellation Serpens. CoRoT-9b's distance of nearest approach to its parent star of approximately 0.36 AU was the largest of all known transiting planets at the time of its discovery, with an orbital period of 95 days. The transit of this planet lasts 8 hours. The planet is at a distance from its star where there is a strong increase in albedo as the temperature decreases, because of the condensation of reflective water clouds in the atmosphere. This suggests its atmosphere may be locked into one of two states: a cloudless state with temperatures between and , or covered in water clouds with a temperature in the range to . Discovery CoRoT-9b was discovered by combining observations from the CoRoT satellite, which looks for a small dip in starlight as a planet passes in front of its parent star, and radial velocity measurements from the European Southern Observatory's High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) instrument on the 3.6 m Telescope. Its presence was confirmed by observations from several telescopes from the ESO. This discovery was announced in 2010 on St. Patrick's Day, after 145 days of continuous observations in summer 2008. Mass and size CoRoT-9b has a mass of 0.84 times that of Jupiter (MJ) as determined from HARPS spectroscopy, and has a radius of 1.05 times that of Jupiter (RJ) as determined from photometry of the transit light curve. This implies that this planet has a density of 96% that of water, and surface gravity 1.93 times that of Earth. A search for rings and satellites around this planet with the Spitzer space telescope was negative. Atmosphere and interior Since CoRoT-9b is the first temperate giant exoplanet found by the transit method, astronomers will be able to study the atmosphere of a temperate giant planet for the first time, examining the composition of clouds, the composition of the atmosphere, temperature distributions, and even some details of the interior of the planet. The atmosphere of this planet is presumably dominated by hydrogen and helium (like Jupiter and Saturn), with up to 20 Earth masses of other elements including water, as well as rock at high temperatures and pressures. The authors of the CoRoT-9b discovery paper refer to the planet as a class II (\"water cloud\") or class III (\"clear\") atmosphere planet, as described by the Sudarsky extrasolar planet classification. See also CoRoT is a CNES space mission to discover planets using the photometric transit method. It is in polar orbit around the Earth. CoRoT-7b is a rocky super-Earth. HD 80606 b is the longest period (but much more eccentric than CoRoT-9b) transiting planet. GJ 1214 b is a transiting super-Earth found by MEarth Project. References External links \"CoRoT-9b, a temperate exoplanet\" - DLR Portal, 2010.march.17 Exoplanets discovered in 2010 Transiting exoplanets Giant planets Serpens 9b Articles containing video clips","title":"CoRoT-9b"},{"docid":"42744699","text":"The Salvinia effect describes the permanent stabilization of an air layer upon a hierarchically structured surface submerged in water. Based on biological models (e.g. the floating ferns Salvinia, backswimmer Notonecta), biomimetic Salvinia-surfaces are used as drag reducing coatings (up to 30% reduction were previously measured on the first prototypes. When applied to a ship hull, the coating would allow the boat to float on an air-layer, reducing energy consumption and emissions. Such surfaces require an extremely water repellent super-hydrophobic surface and an elastic hairy structure in the millimeter range to entrap air while submerged. The Salvinia effect was discovered by the biologist and botanist Wilhelm Barthlott (University of Bonn) and his colleagues and has been investigated on several plants and animals since 2002. Publications and patents were published between 2006 and 2016. The best biological models are the floating ferns (Salvinia) with highly sophisticated hierarchically structured hairy surfaces, and the back swimmers (e.g.Notonecta) with a complex double structure of hairs (setae) and microvilli (microtrichia). Three of the ten known Salvinia species show a paradoxical chemical heterogeneity: hydrophilic hair tips, in addition to the super-hydrophobic plant surface, further stabilizing the air layer. Salvinia, Notonecta and other organisms with air retaining surfaces Immersed in water, extremely water repellent (super-hydrophobic), structured surfaces trap air between the structures and this air-layer is maintained for a period of time. A silvery shine, due to the reflection of light at the interface of air and water, is visible on the submerged surfaces. Long lasting air layers also occur in aquatic arthropods which breathe via a physical gill (plastron) e. g. the water spider (Argyroneta) and the saucer bug (Aphelocheirus) Air layers are presumably also conducive to the reduction of friction in fast moving animals under water, as is the case for the back swimmer Notonecta. The best known examples for long term air retention under water are the floating ferns of genus Salvinia. About ten species of very diverse sizes are found in lentic water in all warmer regions of the earth, one widely spread species (S. natans) found in temperate climates can be even found in Central Europe. The ability to retain air is presumably a survival technique for these plants. The upper side of the floating leaves is highly water repellent and possesses highly complex and species-specific very distinctive hairs. Some species present multicellular free-standing hairs of 0.3–3 mm length (e. g. S. cucullata) while on others, two hairs are connected at the tips (e.g. S. oblongifolia). S. minima and S. natans have four free standing hairs connected at a single base. The Giant Salvinia (S. molesta), as well as S. auriculata, and other closely related species, display the most complex hairs: four hairs grow on a shared shaft; they are connected at their tips. These structures resemble microscopic eggbeaters and are therefore referred to as “eggbeater trichomes”. The entire leaf surface, including the hairs, is covered with nanoscale wax crystals which are the reason for the water repellent properties of the surfaces. These","title":"Salvinia effect"},{"docid":"62349416","text":"is a sub-kilometer near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 17 September 2006, by the Catalina Sky Survey at Catalina Station in Arizona. On 21 November 2019, it passed Earth at a distance of , which is the object's closest flyby for centuries. The stony A/S-type asteroid is highly elongated in shape and has a rotation period of 11.5 hours. Orbit and classification orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.7–1.2 AU once every 11 months (338 days; semi-major axis of 0.95 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Catalina Station in September 2006. Close approaches Being a potentially hazardous asteroid, has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) of which corresponds to 7.4 lunar distances. In order to be classified as \"potentially hazardous\" an object must have an Earth-MOID of less than – approximately 19.5 lunar distances – and an absolute magnitude brighter than 22, approximately corresponding to a diameter above . On 21 November 2019 at 00:01 UTC, it passed Earth at a nominal distance (measured from the center of the Earth) of and at a relative velocity of . This is the object's closest flyby in JPL's data base, which covers 183 approaches over almost three centuries from April 1900 to November 2198. On 19 November 2069, it will pass from Earth, which will be the asteroid's second closest approach after its record flyby on 21 November 2019. Numbering and naming This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 12 January 2017 (). As of 2020 it has not been named. Physical characteristics During its apparition in November 2007, spectro-photometric data obtained of allowed for an A/S/D-type classification. This classification could be further constrained to an A/S-type, as a D-type does not agree with the object's relatively high albedo value (see below). Rotation period In September 2018, a rotational lightcurve of was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner and Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a very high brightness amplitude of magnitude (), indicative of a highly elongated non-spherical shape. The two photometrists revisited the object in October 2019 and obtained a similar result of hours with an even higher magnitude of (). Diameter and albedo According to the NEOSurvey carried out by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, the asteroid's surface has an albedo of , which gives a mean-diameter of roughly 300 meters based on an absolute magnitude of 19.9. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.20 and a diameter of 0.311 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 19.9 as well. References External links An asteroid as large as 2,000 feet across will speed past Earth later this month, bgr.com, 6 November 2019 NEO Earth Close Approaches, CNEOS – Center for Near Earth Object","title":"(481394) 2006 SF6"},{"docid":"2926","text":"The Antarctic ( or , American English also or ; commonly ) is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau, and other island territories located on the Antarctic Plate or south of the Antarctic Convergence. The Antarctic region includes the ice shelves, waters, and all the island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately wide and varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20 percent of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5 percent (14 million km2) is the surface area of the Antarctica continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administered under the Antarctic Treaty System. Biogeographically, the Antarctic realm is one of eight biogeographic realms on Earth's land surface. Climate change in Antarctica is particularly important because the melting of the Antarctic ice sheet has a high potential to add to the global sea level rise. Further, this melting also disrupts the flow of Southern Ocean overturning circulation, which would have significant effects on the local climate and marine ecosystem functioning. Geography As defined by the Antarctic Treaty System, the Antarctic region is everything south of the 60°S latitude. The Treaty area covers Antarctica and the archipelagos of the Balleny Islands, Peter I Island, Scott Island, the South Orkney Islands, and the South Shetland Islands. However, this area does not include the Antarctic Convergence, a transition zone where the cold waters of the Southern Ocean collide with the warmer waters of the north, forming a natural border to the region. Because the Convergence changes seasonally, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources approximates the Convergence line by joining specified points along parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. The implementation of the convention is managed through an international commission headquartered in Hobart, Australia, by an efficient system of annual fishing quotas, licenses, and international inspectors on the fishing vessels, as well as satellite surveillance. The islands situated between 60°S latitude parallel to the south and the Antarctic Convergence to the north and their respective exclusive economic zones fall under the national jurisdiction of the countries that possess them: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom), Bouvet Island (Norway), and Heard and McDonald Islands (Australia). Kerguelen Islands (France; also an EU Overseas territory) are situated in the Antarctic Convergence area, while the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, Isla de los Estados, Hornos Island with Cape Horn, Diego Ramírez Islands, Campbell Island, Macquarie Island, Amsterdam and Saint Paul Islands, Crozet Islands, Prince Edward Islands, Gough Island, and Tristan da Cunha group remain north of the Convergence and thus outside the Antarctic region. Ecology Antarctica A variety of animals live in Antarctica for at least some of the year, including: Seals Penguins South Georgia pipits Albatrosses Antarctic petrels Whales Fish, such as Antarctic icefish, Antarctic toothfish Squid, including the colossal squid","title":"Antarctic"},{"docid":"8350310","text":"Intermittent, temporary or seasonal rivers or streams cease to flow every year or at least twice every five years. Such rivers drain large arid and semi-arid areas, covering approximately a third of the Earth's surface. The extent of temporary rivers is increasing, as many formerly perennial rivers are becoming temporary because of increasing water demand, particularly for irrigation. Despite inconsistent water flow, intermittent rivers are considered land-forming agents in arid regions, as they are agents of significant deposition and erosion during flood events. The combination of dry crusted soils and the highly erosive energy of the rain cause sediment resuspension and transport to the coastal areas. They are among the aquatic habitats most altered by human activities. During the summer even under no flow conditions the point sources are still active such as the wastewater effluents, resulting in nutrients and organic pollutants accumulating in the sediment. Sediment operates as a pollution inventory and pollutants are moved to the next basin with the first flush. Their vulnerability is intensified by the conflict between water use demand and aquatic ecosystem conservation. Advanced modelling tools have been developed to better describe intermittent flow dynamic changes such as the tempQsim model. US definition According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency definition, an intermittent river, or intermittent stream, is any river or stream that only flows during certain times of the year, and may not have any flowing surface water during the dry season. Distinction: intermittent vs ephemeral stream Intermittent rivers do not rely on, but may be supplemented, by stormwaters or other runoff from upstream sources. Their channels are well-defined, as compared to ephemeral streams, which may or may not have a defined channel, and rely mainly on storm runoff, as their aquatic bed is above the water table. An ephemeral stream does not have the biological, hydrological, and physical characteristics of a continuous or intermittent stream. Legal perspective Opinions on the Clean Water Act (CWA) from the Supreme Court have classified intermittent streams as non-jurisdictional and thus outside of legal protection. Prior to 2001, virtually all bodies of water in the United States were considered jurisdictional because of their potential to function as a habitat for migratory birds. Following this 2001 Supreme Court ruling on US waters, Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County vs. US Army Corps of Engineers, the court went on to see two cases in 2006 further involving this matter. Rapanos vs. United States and Carabell vs. United States, after being combined into one decision, added new analytical thresholds to be met for protection but ultimately left the determination of what were to be protected U.S. waters up to the EPA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and further court cases. Recent litigation was brought by eighteen states' attorneys general because of a change to the interpretation of what is to be considered by the EPA and Army Corps of Engineers as \"waters of the United States\" during May 2020. Causes of intermittence Intermittent streams contain water during periods","title":"Intermittent river"},{"docid":"20393262","text":"Cueva Fell or Fell's Cave is a natural cave and archaeological site in southern Patagonia. Cueva Fell is in proximity to the Pali Aike Crater, another significant archaeological site. Cueva Fell combined with the nearby Pali Aike site have been submitted to UNESCO as a possible World Heritage Site. Site discovery Fell's Cave was discovered by Junius Bird. It came to his attention because arrow points and flakes were found on the surface. The cave was originally called the Río Chico shelter, but was later renamed by Bird to Fell's Cave in honor of the Fell family who owned the Estancia Brazo Norte, the North Arm Station, where the cave is located. Excavation of the site began in 1936. Site formation Fell's Cave is located in the Río Chico canyon, Chile, near the Straits of Magellan and the Argentine border. This area is known as the Southern Patagonian Basalt Plateaus. Situated on the southeast side of what was once a river bank, it is more accurately described as a rock shelter. It was formed by river water wearing away at the sandstone bank, leaving behind a canopy of lava conglomerate and thus creating a shelter deep and wide. The erosion formed a smooth floor of hard clay. Remnants of sandstone still clinging to the conglomerate roof eventually fell to the floor, forming an archaeologically sterile layer that separated later human occupation periods. Stratigraphy Junius Bird labelled the occupational sediment layers of the site from top to bottom, the top layer directly under the surface is I and the oldest, lowest layer is V. Surface The surface material of the site is composed of dirt, rocks, and hard-packed sheep manure. The surface layer ranges from in thickness. Layer I The youngest stratigraphic layer of Fell's Cave is a dark earth layer, reaching approximately in thickness. This component dates from around 700 years BP to the present. According to conventional radiocarbon dating, the layer dates to 1265 CE +-90. Layer II The division between Layer I and Layer II is relatively indistinguishable as the sediments are of similar dark earth, and also reach about or more in thickness. This layer dates to around 6,500 years BP. Layer III This layer dates to around 8,500 to 6,500 years BP. The earth consistency between Layers II and III marking a notable distinction between the two. Layer III is approximately thick and consists of compacted dark earth. Layer IV The thickness of this layer varies from and consists of firmly packed dark earth. This layer dates from c. 10,000 to 8,500 years BP. Sterile Layer After the earliest layer, Layer V, had accumulated, sandstone slabs fell from the roof of the cave and sealed it off. This layer is thick. Layer V A refuse soft clay soil varying in thickness from composes the oldest occupation level at the site. The site dates from 11,000 +-170 years BP to 10,080 +-160 years BP according to conventional radiocarbon dating. Chronology Bird named the periods from earliest to","title":"Cueva Fell"},{"docid":"42403426","text":"Across the southern highlands of Mars, approximately 640 sites of chloride-bearing deposits have been identified using the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS). These isolated, irregularly shaped patches (approximate size range of 0.33 – 1300 km2, with an average size of 24 km2) have been dated to the older geologic periods on Mars: Noachian (4.5 – 3.5 billion years ago) and Hesperian (3.5 – 2.9 billion years ago) periods. On Earth, chlorides are known to form through aqueous processes. Similar processes are expected to be responsible for the formation of chloride deposits on Mars. The finding of these deposits is significant in that it provides further evidence for the presence of surface or subsurface water in ancient Mars. Importance of chlorides Chlorides contain the anion Cl− and are soluble in water, meaning they provide evidence of past aqueous processes, which helps to constrain the type of environment at a particular region. On Earth, two main processes form chlorides: efflorescence and precipitation. Whereas on Earth these minerals are formed in more alkaline environments, the minerals on Mars form from more acidic fluids and the processes are connected to basaltic weathering. The key similarity between the formation of chlorides on the two planets is the presence of water. This is important because water is essential to life on Earth, and therefore drives the search for evidence of life on other planets. Chlorides are of particular interest because of their potential to preserve a biological signature through chemical sedimentation. In addition, their presence throughout the entire southern hemisphere of Mars suggests their formation have been an important process to the early history of Mars. Methods for identification The chloride salts were identified using THEMIS on board the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter. The spectrum acquired from THEMIS shows a featureless slope over the wavenumber range of ~672 to 1475 cm−1. Few things describe this spectrally distinct feature, and thus has been concluded to be the result of chloride-bearing deposits. One such supporting terrestrial example is the identification of halite in Death Valley by instruments in the same wavelength as THEMIS. Further investigation of these deposits using the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) showed the features to be light-toned and irregularly shaped fractures overlying small, degraded craters. Spectra from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer (CRISM) on MRO was also used for comparison in lab experiments to explain the featureless slope observed in the THEMIS data. Known minerals on Earth were tested to see if they reproduced the same distinct THEMIS spectra. Pyrite was determined to not be a possible match for the mineral deposits on Mars. Flood basalt mixtures containing halite reproduced the spectra in some instances, reinforcing the conclusion that this THEMIS spectra, and thus the deposits, are chloride. However, the most definitive evidence that these are in fact chloride deposits will come from in situ observations on the Martian surface. Terra Sirenum Terra Sirenum is a region in the southern highlands of Mars (approximately at 38.8°S, 221°E),","title":"Chloride-bearing deposits on Mars"},{"docid":"10892778","text":"POLDER (POLarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances) is a passive optical imaging radiometer and polarimeter instrument developed by the French space agency CNES. Description The device was designed to observe solar radiation reflected by Earth's atmosphere, including studies of tropospheric aerosols, sea surface reflectance, bidirectional reflectance distribution function of land surfaces, and the Earth Radiation Budget. Specifications POLDER has a mass of approximately , and has a power consumption of 77 W in imaging mode (with a mean consumption of 29 W). Imaging POLDER utilizes a push broom scanner. The device's optical system uses a telecentric lens and a charged coupled device matrix with a resolution of 242x548 pixels. The focal length is with a focal ratio of 4.6. The field of view ranges from ±43° to ±57°, depending on the tracking method. Spectral characteristics The device scans between 443 and 910 nm FWHM, depending on the objective of the measurement. The shorter wavelengths (443–565 nm) typically measure ocean color, whereas the longer wavelengths (670–910 nm) are used to study vegetation and water vapor content. Data transfer It transmits data on 465.9875 MHz at bit rate of 200 bit/s, and receives on 401.65 MHz at 400 bit/s. The data rate is 880 kbit/s at a quantization level of 12 bits. Missions POLDER was first launched as a passenger instrument aboard ADEOS I on 17 August 1996. The mission ended on 30 June 1997 when communication from the host satellite failed. POLDER 2 was launched in December 2002 aboard ADEOS II. The second mission ended prematurely after 10 months when the satellite's solar panel malfunctioned. A third generation instrument was launched on board the French PARASOL microsatellite. The satellite was maneuvered out of the A-train on 2 December 2009 and permanently shut down on 18 December 2013. Footnotes Sources External links POLDER website Radiometry Earth observation satellite sensors","title":"POLDER"},{"docid":"5904679","text":"Snow hydrology is a scientific study in the field of hydrology which focuses on the composition, dispersion, and movement of snow and ice. Studies of snow hydrology predate the Anno Domini era, although major breakthroughs were not made until the mid eighteenth century. Snowfall, accumulation and melt are important hydrological processes in watersheds at high altitudes or latitudes. In many western states in United States, snow melt accounts for a large percentage of the spring runoff that serves as water supply to reservoirs, urban populations and agricultural activities. A large portion of snow hydrology groups are pursuing new methods for incorporating snow hydrology into distributed models over complex terrain through theoretical developments, model development and testing with field and remote sensing data sets. Snow hydrology is quite complex and involves both mass and energy balance calculations over a time-varying snow pack which is influenced by spatial location in the watershed, interaction with vegetation and redistribution by winds. Some researchers seek to accurately capture snow dynamics at a point and over a domain as the spatial pattern of snow cover area is readily observable from remote sensing. Overview Snow and ice accounts for around 75% of Earth's entire freshwater volume but lacks the capability of reliable applications. In comparison, the water supplied from rivers and freshwater lakes carries a consistent annual source of water. These natural bodies of water are formed through springs, rainfall and mountainous snow runoff. According to estimates, snow represents about 5% of the precipitation that reaches Earth's surface. Due to the large amount of water held within these sources, snow hydrology has been a growing study in the field of river tides and seasonal flow rates. Despite common belief, snow fall is not the main cause for the destruction of organic matter in cold climates. The most damaging aspect is cold temperature winds that exist above the snow pack surface. Studies have shown the insulating properties of snow defend the plants and small animals in the environment from these frigid winds. “The snow itself is the habitat for various micro-organisms like snow worms and algae.” Without consistent annual snowfall, many plants would be destroyed due to frost damage. Both ice worms (Mesenchytraeus Solifugus) and green algae are unique organisms that can live in glacial and snowy habitats. History Though most of the knowledge in the field of snow hydrology has been discovered in the last two centuries, there is evidence that some understanding existed as early as 500-428BC in the Greek states. Ancient Some of the earliest evidence that supports an ancient technical understanding of snow movement was produced by the Greeks. Anaxagoras, an ancient Greek notes: \"the water in the Nile comes from the snow in Ethiopia, which freezes in the winter and melts in the summer\". The upper class Greeks in these city states were shown to have basic understanding of the cooling properties that snow exhibited. Upper class citizens would have hay lined pits dug beneath their homes and bring snow down from the","title":"Snow hydrology"},{"docid":"32728264","text":"The radar horizon is a critical area of performance for aircraft detection systems that is defined by the distance at which the radar beam rises enough above the Earth's surface to make detection of a target at the lowest level possible. It is associated with the low elevation region of performance, and its geometry depends on terrain, radar height, and signal processing. This is associated with the notions of radar shadow, the clutter zone, and the clear zone. Airborne objects can exploit the radar shadow zone and clutter zone to avoid radar detection by using a technique called nap-of-the-earth navigation. Definition Without taking into account the refraction through the atmosphere, the radar horizon would be the geometrical distance from the radar to the horizon only taking into account the height of the radar above sea-level, and the radius of the earth (approximately 6.4·103 km): When H is small compared to , this can be approximated by: [The percentage error, which increases roughly in proportion to the height, is less than 1% when H is less than 250 km.] With this calculation, the horizon for a radar at a altitude is . The radar horizon with an antenna height of over the ocean is . However, since the pressure and water vapor content of the atmosphere varies with height, the path used by the radar beam is refracted by the change in density. With a standard atmosphere, electromagnetic waves are generally bent or refracted downward. This reduces the shadow zone, but causes errors in distance and height measuring. In practice, to find , one must be using a value of 8.5·103 km for the effective Earth's radius (4/3 of it), instead of the real one. So the equation becomes: And for the same examples : the radar horizon for the radar at a altitude will be and the one at will be . Furthermore, layers with an inverse trend of temperature or humidity cause atmospheric ducting, which bends the beam downward or even traps radio waves so that they do not spread out vertically. This phenomenon occurs in two circumstances: A thin stable layer of elevated humidity Stable temperature inversion Ducting influence becomes stronger as frequency drops. Below 3 MHz, the whole volume of the air acts as a waveguide to fill in the radar shadow and also reduces radar sensitivity above the duct zone. Ducting fills in the shadow zone, extends the distance of the clutter zone, and can create reflections for low PRF radar that are beyond the instrumented range. Limiting factors Shadow Zone Objects beyond Dh will be visible only if the height satisfies the following requirement: where is the target height and is the target range. Objects below this height are in the radar shadow. Clutter Zone The Clutter Zone is where radar energy is in the lowest several thousand feet of air. This extends to a distance of about 120% of the radar horizon. There are a large number of reflectors on the ground at these","title":"Radar horizon"},{"docid":"34298804","text":"The composition of Mars covers the branch of the geology of Mars that describes the make-up of the planet Mars. Elemental composition Mars is differentiated, which—for a terrestrial planet—implies that it has a central core made up of high density matter (mainly metallic iron and nickel) surrounded by a less dense, silicate mantle and crust. Like Earth, Mars appears to have a molten iron core, or at least a molten outer core. However, there does not appear to be convection in the mantle. Presently Mars shows little geological activity. The elemental composition of Mars is different from Earth's in several significant ways. First, Martian meteorite analysis suggests that the planet's mantle is about twice as rich in iron as the Earth's mantle. The planet's distinctive red color is due to iron oxides on its surface. Second, its core is richer in sulphur. Third, the Martian mantle is richer in potassium and phosphorus than Earth's and fourth, the Martian crust contains a higher percentage of volatile elements such as sulphur and chlorine than the Earth's crust does. Many of these conclusions are supported by in situ analyses of rocks and soils on the Martian surface. Much of what we know about the elemental composition of Mars comes from orbiting spacecraft and landers. (See Exploration of Mars for list.) Most of these spacecraft carry spectrometers and other instruments to measure the surface composition of Mars by either remote sensing from orbit or in situ analyses on the surface. We also have many actual samples of Mars in the form of meteorites that have made their way to Earth. Martian meteorites (often called SNC's, for Shergottites, Nakhlites, and Chassignites—the groups of meteorites first shown to have a martian origin) provide data on the chemical composition of Mars' crust and interior that would not otherwise be available except through a sample return mission. Based on these data sources, scientists think that the most abundant chemical elements in the Martian crust are silicon, oxygen, iron, magnesium, aluminium, calcium, and potassium. These elements are major components of the minerals comprising igneous rocks. The elements titanium, chromium, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, sodium, and chlorine are less abundant but are still important components of many accessory minerals in rocks and of secondary minerals (weathering products) in the dust and soils (the regolith). On September 5, 2017, scientists reported that the Curiosity rover detected boron, an essential ingredient for life on Earth, on the planet Mars. Such a finding, along with previous discoveries that water may have been present on ancient Mars, further supports the possible early habitability of Gale Crater on Mars. Hydrogen is present as water (H2O) ice and in hydrated minerals. Carbon occurs as carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and sometimes as dry ice at the poles. An unknown amount of carbon is also stored in carbonates. Molecular nitrogen (N2) makes up 2.7 percent of the atmosphere. As far as we know, organic compounds are absent except for a trace of methane detected in the atmosphere.","title":"Composition of Mars"},{"docid":"53132711","text":"Nigeria has extensive mangrove forests in the coastal region of the Niger Delta. Considered one of the most ecologically sensitive regions in the world, the Niger Delta mangrove forest is situated within a deltaic depositional environment. These mangrove forests serve a critical role in regional ecological and landscape composition, and support subsistence gathering practices, and market-based income opportunities. Anthropogenic development threatens the survival of Niger Delta mangrove populations. Overview Mangrove forests are found in 118 countries and territories worldwide, 75% of mangrove vegetation zones are located in intertidal tropic and sub-tropic habitats situated between 25° N and 25° S . Typically surrounding salient river deltas, mangrove regions support a variety of halophytes. These robust shrubs and trees, which have adapted to changing coastal conditions (such as inundation, sun exposure, anaerobic soil, and salinity concentration), play a substantive role in cultivating the biodiversity and wellbeing of the surrounding landscape. Introduction Mangroves are coastal wetland forests located in the intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical estuaries, saline backwaters, deltas, creeks, and lagoons. The mangrove ecosystem represents specific areas where mangrove plants flourish. These halophytic plants, including trees, shrubs, palms, and ferns, grow in the intertidal zones of brackish waters or estuarine wetlands in tropical and subtropical regions. This unique environment within mangroves influences the morphology, anatomy, and behavior of a community of organisms, showcasing local adaptations. The mangrove forests play a crucial role in coastal stabilization, minimizing the impact of wave action and wind energy on the shoreline, and acting as excellent inland structure defenders. They also act as carbon sinks, sequestering a significant amount of carbon annually. Despite covering a small percentage of the Earth's surface, mangroves account for a substantial portion of terrestrial carbon input into the ocean. Additionally, mangroves are highly productive ecosystems, supporting coastal populations' livelihoods directly and indirectly and providing habitats for various wildlife populations, including wading birds and seabirds. These forests also serve as essential sources of food, medicine, fuel, and shelter for many people, particularly those in coastal regions. Mangroves have a crucial ecological function in stabilizing coastal areas by mitigating the effects of wave action and wind energy on the shoreline, effectively acting as natural defenses for inland structures. The mangrove plants and the sediments surrounding them serve as carbon sinks, capturing approximately 22.8 million metric tons of carbon each year. In fact, they are superior in carbon sequestration compared to other blue carbon ecosystems, making them a significant nature-based response to climate change. Despite occupying a small fraction of the Earth's continental surface (approximately 0.1%), mangrove forests contribute 11% of all terrestrial carbon input into the ocean. Mangroves stand out as highly productive ecosystems globally, offering essential support to the livelihoods of coastal communities both directly and indirectly. They provide habitats and sustenance to diverse wildlife populations, such as wading birds and seabirds. Additionally, mangroves play a crucial role as a significant resource for food, medicine, fuel, and housing for numerous individuals in Nigeria, especially those residing in coastal areas. The Niger Delta","title":"Niger Delta mangroves"},{"docid":"32873991","text":"The Chilling Stars is a non-fiction book about the possible causes and effects of global climate change by Henrik Svensmark and Nigel Calder. The paperback version was published by Totem Books on March 19, 2003. An updated version titled The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change was published in 2007. Svensmark is otherwise known as a Danish physicist and professor, while Calder had worked as a science journalist. The authors argue that cloud cover changes caused by variations in cosmic rays are a major contributor to global temperature increases, and they state that human influences have been exaggerated. Contents and background The authors describe a cross-disciplinary theory that takes in elements of cosmology, particle physics, paleo-climatology, and meteorology. They label their concept 'cosmoclimatology', and they attempt to look back through prior climate trends such as the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. They detail what they view as a close correlation between the rate of cosmic rays reaching the Earth, which varies based on electromagnetic fluctuation on the Sun's surface, and the Earth's temperature. They write how the solar magnetic field grew over twice as strong as before over the 20th century, and they peg this as a primary driver of the approximately 0.6 °C warming over that time. Specifically, they state that fewer cosmic rays cause fewer clouds to form, and thus the climate becomes hotter, given that the individual water droplets that make up clouds collect when cosmic particles turn water into ions. Reviews The online magazine londonbookreview.com remarked, \"For those who believe that the argument about the causes of climate change have been settled may find this a difficult book to read. But those who retain an open mind may find this an interesting read, even if it is only to confirm that the science is far from being settled.\" Scientists have generally not found the published work of Svensmark et al. persuasive. For example, Lockwood et al. find that \"The cloud-cosmic ray suggestion increasingly fails to match observations\". A joint Spanish/Japanese collaboration of solar ray/astrophysics experts found that the change in global cloud cover is closely correlated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation and uncorrelated with solar rays. See also Scientific opinion on climate change The Great Global Warming Swindle The Cloud Mystery References External links Book Excerpt from news.bbc.co.uk Climate change books 2003 non-fiction books 2003 in the environment 2007 in the environment Environmental non-fiction books","title":"The Chilling Stars"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"9421637\",\n \"text\": \"Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator is a species of bacterium that lives in groundwater at depths from below the Earth's surface. The genus is monospecific. Etymology The name comes from a quotation from Jules Verne's novel Journey to the Center of the Earth, where the hero, Professor Lidenbrock, finds a secret inscription in Latin: Descende, audax viator, et terrestre centrum attinges (Descend, bold traveller, and you will attain the center of the Earth). Biology Desulforudis audaxviator is the only bacterium found in water samples obtained underground in the Mponeng gold mine in South Africa. Approximately four micrometres in length, it survives on chemical food sources derived from the radioactive decay of minerals in the surrounding rock. This makes it one of the few known organisms that does not depend on sunlight for nourishment, and the only species known to be alone in its ecosystem. It has genes for extracting carbon from carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other sources, and for fixing elemental nitrogen, though it normally gets its nitrogen from ammonia released from rocks. It may also have acquired genes from a species of archaea by horizontal gene transfer. Analyses of water from the bacterium's habitat show that the water is very old and has not been diluted by surface water, indicating the bacteria have been isolated from the earth's surface for several million years. As the environment at that depth is so much like the early Earth, it may indicate what types of creatures existed before there was an oxygen atmosphere. Billions of years ago, some of the planet's first bacteria may have thriven in similar conditions. Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator (CDA) populations have a slow evolution rate which results in high genetic similarities as they underwent minimal evolution since their physical separation from their ancestral population. A striking morphological feature of the organism is the presence of gas vesicles (provide cells the ability to flow in fluid making the CDA spores with this feature able to spread to large distances), firstly distinguished from an early study of the closest relative of Desulforudis, Desulfotomaculum, which reported spores associated with gas vesicles and follow-up research showing that Desulfotomaculum spores could survive harsh temperature conditions and spread to the cold marine sediments. Ca. D. audaxviator is a Gram positive sulfate-reducing bacterium. Hydrogen for this reduction comes from the radiolysis of water from the decay chain of uranium and thorium. The radiation allows for the production of sulphur compounds the bacteria can use as a high-energy food source. The genome contains an unusual transposon and possesses many sites of insertion. Its complete intolerance of oxygen suggests long-term isolation. It is equipped with a flagellum allowing it to swim. Ca. D. audaxviator lives in a complete absence of organic compounds, light, and oxygen, in temperatures exceeding and a pH of 9.3. The physiology that enables it to live in these extreme conditions is a tribute to its unusually large genome, consisting of 2157 genes instead of the 1500 of \\\"streamlined\\\" bacteria found in very stable environments.\",\n \"title\": \"Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"214717\",\n \"text\": \"Themis (minor planet designation: 24 Themis) is one of the largest asteroids in the asteroid belt. It is also the largest member of the Themistian family. It was discovered by Annibale de Gasparis on 5 April 1853. It is named after Themis, the personification of natural law and divine order in Greek mythology. Not to be confused with 269 Justitia, named for Justitia, Themis' Roman name. Discovery and observations 24 Themis was discovered on 5 April 1853 by Annibale de Gasparis of Naples, though it was given its name by fellow Italian astronomer Angelo Secchi. The asteroid was named after Themis, the Greek goddess of law. Gravitational perturbations in the orbit of Themis were used to calculate the mass of Jupiter as early as 1875. On 24 December 1975, 24 Themis had a close encounter with 2296 Kugultinov with a minimum distance of . By analyzing the perturbation of Kugultinov's orbit due to the gravitational pull of Themis, the mass of Themis was determined to be approximately solar masses ( Earth masses). Orbit and rotation Themis is in an elliptical orbit around the Sun with an eccentricity of 0.1306 and an inclination of 0.76°. It has an orbital period of 5.54 years. The distance between Themis and the Sun ranges from 2.71 AU at perihelion and 3.55 AU at aphelion, with a mean distance of 3.1302 AU. Themis is part of the Themis family of asteroids, which is located in the outer part of the main belt. The family consists of a core of large objects surrounded by a cloud of smaller objects; 24 Themis is a member of the core. Surface materials Ice On 7 October 2009, the presence of water ice was confirmed on the surface of this asteroid using NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility. The surface of the asteroid appears completely covered in ice. As this ice layer is sublimated, it may be getting replenished by a reservoir of ice under the surface. Scientists hypothesize that some of the first water brought to Earth was delivered by asteroid impacts after the collision that produced the Moon. The presence of ice on 24 Themis supports this theory. Because of its proximity to the sun (~3.2 AU), the widespread ice on the surface of 24 Themis is somewhat unexpected. The surface ice may be replenished by a sub-surface reservoir of water or impact gardening—a lunar phenomenon in which the moon overturns surface material at a rate of 1 m/ Gyr. An alternative mechanism to explain the presence of water ice on 24 Themis is similar to the hypothesized formation of water on the surface of the Moon by solar wind. Trace amounts of water would be continuously produced by high-energy solar protons impinging oxide minerals present at the surface of the asteroid. The hydroxyl surface groups (S–OH) formed by the collision of protons () with oxygen atoms present at oxide surface (S=O) can further be converted in water molecules () adsorbed onto the oxide minerals surface. The chemical rearrangement supposed\",\n \"title\": \"24 Themis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12994388\",\n \"text\": \"Bouldnor Cliff is a submerged prehistoric settlement site in the Solent. The site dates from the Mesolithic era and is in approximately of water just offshore of the village of Bouldnor on the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom. The preservation of organic materials from this era that do not normally survive on dry land has made Bouldnor important to the understanding of Mesolithic Britain, and the BBC Radio 4's Making History programme described it \\\"probably Europe's most important Mesolithic site\\\" albeit concealed under water. The site was first discovered by divers from the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology (now the Maritime Archaeology Trust) in 1999, when a lobster was observed discarding worked flint tools from its burrow on the seabed. Since then, several years of fieldwork have revealed that Bouldnor was a settlement site about 8,000 years ago, at a time when lower sea levels meant that the Solent was just a river valley. The work done so far has already revealed that the technology of Mesolithic settlers was probably 2,000 years ahead of what had previously been believed. Site formation Investigations suggest that during the Mesolithic era, between 8000 and 4000 BC, the western Solent was a sheltered river basin, rich in woodland and fed by a river at Lymington and drained by the Western Yar at Freshwater. As sea levels rose, the Solent eventually flooded and the settlement area was swamped. The rising waters deposited silt and mud onto the original land surface, covering and preserving it. Discovery Fishermen had reported recovering stone tools from the seabed of the Solent since the 1960s, but it was not until 1987 that the submerged remains of an ancient forest were discovered at Bouldnor. Later radiocarbon dating of pollen revealed this to be approximately 8,000 years old. Subsequently, regular dives revealed a submerged cliff east of Yarmouth with large quantities of peat that dated to a similar period. The Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology began mapping the cliff face and selected four main sites of interest (named BC 1–4). It was while diving in of water on BC 2 in 1999, that divers noticed a burrowing lobster discarding worked flints from its burrow. The lobster had burrowed through thick mud deposits that had formed since the Solent flooded, and into the original surface of the cliff when the Solent was dry. Since 1999, divers have excavated at Bouldnor every year. Further discoveries were made at BC 2 and BC 4, and a later a new site was discovered nearby (BC 5). The dangerous diving conditions in the fast flowing waters of the Solent make archaeological investigation particularly difficult and archaeologists have used several new techniques to make analysis of the sea bed easier. This has included 'box sampling' – collecting large areas of sea bed in metal tins to raise them to the surface and more thoroughly excavate their contents on dry land. Findings Archaeologists have discovered large quantities of burnt flints, mounds of timbers\",\n \"title\": \"Bouldnor Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28856870\",\n \"text\": \"ADEOS II (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite 2) was an Earth observation satellite (EOS) launched by NASDA, with contributions from NASA and CNES, in December 2002. and it was the successor to the 1996 mission ADEOS I. The mission ended in October 2003 after the satellite's solar panels failed. Mission overview The three primary objectives of the mission, as identified by NASDA, were to: Regularly monitor the water and energy cycle as a part of the global climate system Quantitatively estimate the biomass and fundamental productivity as a part of the carbon cycle Detect trends in long term climate change as a result of continuing the observations started by ADEOS I The project had a proposed minimum life of three years, with a five-year goal. Instruments The satellite was equipped with five primary instruments: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), Global Imager (GLI), Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-II (ILAS-II), Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances (POLDER), and SeaWinds. These instruments were designed to monitor Earth's water cycle, study biomass in the carbon cycle, and detect trends in long-term climate change. The mission was established to continue the work undertaken by ADEOS I between 1996 and 1997. Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) AMSR monitors water vapor, precipitation, sea surface, wind, and ice by means of microwave radiation emanating from Earth's surface and atmosphere. It is a radiometer that operates in eight frequency bands covering 6.9 GHz to 89 GHz, and monitors the horizontal and vertical polarizations separately. With a dish of aperture, the spatial resolution is in the 89 GHz band, degrading to at 6.9 GHz. Global Imager (GLI) GLI (GLobal Imager) is an optical sensor to observe solar radiation reflected from Earth's surface and map vegetation, clouds, etc. The data is acquired in 23 visible/near-infrared, and in 13 far infrared channels. The scanning is done by a rotating mirror covering along track and cross-track, and at a resolution of . Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer 2 (ILAS-2) ILAS-2 maps the vertical distribution of O3, NO2, HNO3, H2O, CFC-11, CFC-12, CH4, N2O, and ClONO2, as well as the distribution of temperature and pressure, all in the stratosphere. It observes the absorption spectrum in Earth's atmospheric limb in the 3-13 micron wavelength band, and in the 753-784 nm band of the occulting Sun. The altitude resolution is . Polarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectances (POLDER) POLDER measures the polarization, and spectral characteristics of the solar light reflected by aerosols, clouds, oceans and land surfaces. Eight narrow band wavelengths (443, 490, 564, 670, 763, 765, 865, and 910 nm) are covered by the instrument which enables identification of the physical and optical properties of the aerosols and their role in radiation budget. SeaWinds SeaWinds is a scatterometer that provides wind speed and direction by observing the microwave reflection from ocean surfaces. With its dish, it scans the surface along conical surfaces at 18 RPM. It provides speed at an accuracy of 2 m/s, wind direction at an accuracy of 20°, both with a spatial resolution of\",\n \"title\": \"ADEOS II\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"470926\",\n \"text\": \"The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a Japanese remote sensing instrument onboard the Terra satellite launched by NASA in 1999. It has been collecting data since February 2000. ASTER provides high-resolution images of Earth in 14 different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from visible to thermal infrared light. The resolution of images ranges between 15 and 90 meters. ASTER data is used to create detailed maps of surface temperature of land, emissivity, reflectance, and elevation. In April 2008, the SWIR detectors of ASTER began malfunctioning and were publicly declared non-operational by NASA in January 2009. All SWIR data collected after 1 April 2008 has been marked as unusable. The ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) is available at no charge to users worldwide via electronic download. As of 2 April 2016, the entire catalogue of ASTER image data became publicly available online at no cost. It can be downloaded with a free registered account from either NASA's Earth Data Search delivery system or from the USGS Earth Explorer delivery system. ASTER bands ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 1 On 29 June 2009, the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) was released to the public. A joint operation between NASA and Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), the Global Digital Elevation Model is the most complete mapping of the earth ever made, covering 99% of its surface. The previous most comprehensive map, NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, covered approximately 80% of the Earth's surface, with a global resolution of 90 meters, and a resolution of 30 meters over the USA. The GDEM covers the planet from 83 degrees North to 83 degrees South (surpassing SRTM's coverage of 56 °S to 60 °N), becoming the first earth mapping system that provides comprehensive coverage of the polar regions. It was created by compiling 1.3 million VNIR images taken by ASTER using single-pass stereoscopic correlation techniques, with terrain elevation measurements taken globally at 30-meter (98 ft) intervals. Despite the high nominal resolution, however, some reviewers have commented that the true resolution is considerably lower, and not as good as that of SRTM data, and serious artifacts are present. Some of these limitations have been confirmed by METI and NASA, who point out that the version 1 of the GDEM product is \\\"research grade\\\". Version 2 During October 2011, version 2 of Global Digital Elevation Model was publicly released. This is considered an improvement upon version 1. These improvements include increased horizontal and vertical accuracy, better horizontal resolution, reduced presence of artifacts, and more realistic values over water bodies. However, one reviewer still regards the Aster version 2 dataset, although showing 'a considerable improvement in the effective level of detail', to still be regarded as 'experimental or research grade' due to presence of artefacts. A 2014 study showed that over rugged mountainous terrain the ASTER version 2 data set can be a more accurate representation of the ground than the SRTM elevation model. Version 3 ASTER v3 was\",\n \"title\": \"Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19023136\",\n \"text\": \"In seismology, a microseism is defined as a faint earth tremor caused by natural phenomena. Sometimes referred to as a \\\"hum\\\", it should not be confused with the anomalous acoustic phenomenon of the same name. The term is most commonly used to refer to the dominant background seismic and electromagnetic noise signals on Earth, which are caused by water waves in the oceans and lakes. Characteristics of microseism are discussed by Bhatt. Because the ocean wave oscillations are statistically homogenous over several hours, the microseism signal is a long-continuing oscillation of the ground. The most energetic seismic waves that make up the microseismic field are Rayleigh waves, but Love waves can make up a significant fraction of the wave field, and body waves are also easily detected with arrays. Because the conversion from the ocean waves to the seismic waves is very weak, the amplitude of ground motions associated to microseisms does not generally exceed 10 micrometers. Detection and characteristics As noted early in the history of seismology, microseisms are very well detected and measured by means of a long-period seismograph, This signal can be recorded anywhere on Earth. Dominant microseism signals from the oceans are linked to characteristic ocean swell periods, and thus occur between approximately 4 to 30 seconds. Microseismic noise usually displays two predominant peaks. The weaker is for the larger periods, typically close to 16 s, and can be explained by the effect of surface gravity waves in shallow water. These microseisms have the same period as the water waves that generate them, and are usually called 'primary microseisms'. The stronger peak, for shorter periods, is also due to surface gravity waves in water, but arises from the interaction of waves with nearly equal frequencies but nearly opposite directions (the clapotis). These tremors have a period which is half of the water wave period and are usually called 'secondary microseisms'. A slight, but detectable, incessant excitation of the Earth's free oscillations, or normal modes, with periods in the range 30 to 1000 s, and is often referred to as the \\\"Earth hum\\\". For periods up to 300 s, the vertical displacement corresponds to Rayleigh waves generated like the primary microseisms, with the difference that it involves the interaction of infragravity waves with the ocean bottom topography. The dominant sources of this vertical hum component are likely located along the shelf break, the transition region between continental shelves and the abyssal plains. As a result, from the short period 'secondary microseisms' to the long period 'hum', this seismic noise contains information on the sea states. It can be used to estimate ocean wave properties and their variation, on time scales of individual events (a few hours to a few days) to their seasonal or multi-decadal evolution. Using these signals, however, requires a basic understanding of the microseisms generation processes. Generation of primary microseisms The details of the primary mechanism was first given by Klaus Hasselmann, with a simple expression of the microseism source in the particular case\",\n \"title\": \"Microseism\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13220980\",\n \"text\": \"The Grand Canyon Caverns ( or , ), located just a few miles east of Peach Springs, Arizona, lie below ground level. They are among the largest dry caverns in the United States. Dry caverns comprise only 3% of caverns in the world. Because of the lack of water, stalagmites and stalactites are rare in the caverns. During the Mississippian Period, 345 million years ago, the southwestern United States was covered by ocean. Skeletons of sea life settling to the depths, created a mud with a high percentage of calcium. This eventually hardened into the limestone bedrock seen in the caverns today. Over millions of years, the bedrock was pushed up to over above sea level. Approximately 35 million years ago, rainfall flowed into the rock, and eroded passages that led to the Colorado River and what is now the Grand Canyon. Millions of years later, the evaporating water left calcium deposits on the walls and floors, creating the formations that can be viewed today. Contemporary history In 1927, Walter Peck discovered the caverns by chance. After a failed search for gold, he opened the caverns to travelers and began charging 25 cents admission, which included a view of a purported caveman. In the 1960s the \\\"caveman\\\" was shown to be the remains of two inhabitants of the area, who had died in the winter of 1917–1918. Part of a group of Hualapai Native Americans harvesting and cutting firewood on the caverns' hilltop, they were trapped there for three days by a snowstorm. Two brothers died from influenza, and since the ground was frozen solid with and covered in snow, they were buried in what was thought to be only a hole, as returning them to their tribal headquarters in Peach Springs risked spreading the flu. In 1935, the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration made an agreement with Peck to build a new entrance to the Caverns. In 1962, another entrance was built by blasting a shaft into the limestone and installing a large elevator. At that time the natural entrance was also sealed off at the request of the Hualapai Indians as it was considered a sacred burial place. Near the natural entrance, the skeletal remains of a Paramylodon harlani (Glossotherium harlani) were also found. This giant and extinct ground sloth lived during the Age of Mammals around 11,000 years ago, when the woolly mammoth and saber tooth cat roamed North America. Peck had named the caverns Yampai Caverns, with the name being changed several times. Up until 1957, they were known as The Coconino Caverns. From 1957 through 1962, they were known as The Dinosaur Caverns. In 1962, they were renamed The Grand Canyon Caverns. During the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. government designated the caverns as a fallout shelter, with supplies for 2,000 people. These supplies remain in the caverns. In 1979, a cosmic ray telescope was installed at Grand Canyon Caverns, below the surface. Features The area includes a hotel, (The Grand\",\n \"title\": \"Grand Canyon Caverns\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21549825\",\n \"text\": \"The Casius quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is located in the north-central portion of Mars' eastern hemisphere and covers 60° to 120° east longitude (240° to 300° west longitude) and 30° to 65° north latitude. The quadrangle uses a Lambert conformal conic projection at a nominal scale of 1:5,000,000 (1:5M). The Casius quadrangle is also referred to as MC-6 (Mars Chart-6). Casius quadrangle contains part of Utopia Planitia and a small part of Terra Sabaea. The southern and northern borders of the Casius quadrangle are approximately 3,065 km and 1,500 km wide, respectively. The north to south distance is about 2,050 km (slightly less than the length of Greenland). The quadrangle covers an approximate area of 4.9 million square km, or a little over 3% of Mars' surface area. Origin of name Casius is the name of a telescopic albedo feature located at 40° N and 100° E on Mars. The feature was named by Schiaparelli in 1888 after Mt Casius in Egypt, famous in antiquity for the nearby coastal marshes in which whole armies were reputed to have drowned. The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1958. Physiography and geology The high latitude Casius quadrangle bears several features that are believed to indicate the presence of ground ice. Patterned ground is one such feature. Usually, polygonal shapes are found poleward of 55 degrees latitude. Other features associated with ground ice are Scalloped Topography, Ring Mold Craters, and Concentric Crater Fill. Polygonal patterned ground Polygonal, patterned ground is quite common in some regions of Mars, especially in scalloped topography. It is commonly believed to be caused by the sublimation of ice from the ground. Sublimation is the direct change of solid ice to a gas. This is similar to what happens to dry ice on the Earth. Places on Mars that display polygonal ground may indicate where future colonists can find water ice. Patterned ground forms in a mantle layer that fell from the sky when the climate was different. Polygonal ground is generally divided into two kinds: high center and low center. The middle of a high center polygon is 10 meters across and its troughs are 2–3 meters wide. Low center polygons are 5–10 meters across and the boundary ridges are 3–4 meters wide. Low center polygons have been proposed as a marker for ground ice. Ring mold craters Ring mold craters look like the ring molds used in baking. They are believed to be caused by an impact into ice. The ice is covered by a layer of debris. They are found in parts of Mars that have buried ice. Laboratory experiments confirm that impacts into ice result in a \\\"ring mold shape\\\". They may be an easy way for future colonists of Mars to find water ice. Concentric crater fill Concentric crater fill is when the floor of a crater is mostly\",\n \"title\": \"Casius quadrangle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2200368\",\n \"text\": \"The geology of Venus is the scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet Venus. Within the Solar System, it is the one nearest to Earth and most like it in terms of mass, but has no magnetic field or recognizable plate tectonic system. Much of the ground surface is exposed volcanic bedrock, some with thin and patchy layers of soil covering, in marked contrast with Earth, the Moon, and Mars. Some impact craters are present, but Venus is similar to Earth in that there are fewer craters than on the other rocky planets that are largely covered by them. This is due in part to the thickness of the Venusian atmosphere disrupting small impactors before they strike the ground, but the paucity of large craters may be due to volcanic re-surfacing, possibly of a catastrophic nature. Volcanism appears to be the dominant agent of geological change on Venus. Some of the volcanic landforms appear to be unique to the planet. There are shield and composite volcanoes similar to those found on Earth, although these volcanoes are significantly shorter than those found on Earth or Mars. Given that Venus has approximately the same size, density, and composition as Earth, it is plausible that volcanism may be continuing on the planet today, as demonstrated by recent studies. Most of the Venusian surface is relatively flat; it is divided into three topographic units: lowlands, highlands, and plains. In the early days of radar observation the highlands drew comparisons to the continents of Earth, but modern research has shown that this is superficial and the absence of plate tectonics makes this comparison misleading. Tectonic features are present to a limited extent, including linear \\\"deformation belts\\\" composed of folds and faults. These may be caused by mantle convection. Many of the tectonic features such as tesserae (large regions of highly deformed terrain, folded and fractured in two or three dimensions), and arachnoids (those features resembling a spider's web) are associated with volcanism. Eolian landforms are not widespread on the planet's surface, but there is considerable evidence the planet's atmosphere causes the chemical weathering of rock, especially at high elevations. The planet is remarkably dry, with only a chemical trace of water vapor (20 ppm) in the Venusian atmosphere. No landforms indicative of past water or ice are visible in radar images of the surface. The atmosphere shows isotopic evidence of having been stripped of volatile elements by off-gassing and solar wind erosion over time, implying the possibility that Venus may have had liquid water at some point in the distant past; no direct evidence for this has been found. Much speculation about the geological history of Venus continues today. The surface of Venus is not easily accessible because of the extremely thick atmosphere (some 90 times that of Earth's) and the surface temperature. Much of what is known about it stems from orbital radar observations, because the surface is permanently obscured in visible wavelengths by cloud cover. In addition, a number\",\n \"title\": \"Geology of Venus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"661187\",\n \"text\": \"The swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus), also called the cane-cutter, is a large cottontail rabbit found in the swamps and wetlands of the southern United States. The species has a strong preference for wet areas, and it will take to the water and swim. Range and habitat The swamp rabbit is found in much of the south-central United States and along the Gulf coast. It is most abundant in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, but also inhabits South Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee, Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and Georgia. It is possibly extirpated from Kansas. Swamp rabbits mainly live close to lowland water, often in cypress swamps, marshland, floodplain, and river tributaries. Swamp rabbits spend much of their time in depressions which they dig in tall grass or leaves, providing cover while they wait until the nighttime to forage. There is concern that swamp rabbits are increasingly becoming exposed to predation, especially during snowy/wintry seasons. Snow cover has shown to increase swamp rabbit mortality by almost two times in the northern extent of their range. This is due mostly to the fact that snow cover constrains hiding ability and availability of food resources. Physical description S. aquaticus is the largest of the cottontail species, although its ears are smaller than those of other cottontails. Males are slightly larger than females. The head and back are typically dark or rusty brown or black, while the throat, ventral surface, and tail are white, and there is a cinnamon-colored ring around the eye. Their sides, rump, tail and feet are much more brownish, along with a pinkish-cinnamon eye-ring, as opposed to the whitish eye-ring in eastern cottontails. S. aquaticus males vary in weight from approximately to , with an average of about ; females vary from approx. to , averaging about . S. aquaticus ranges in length from approx. to , with an average length of about . Predation Known predators of Sylvilagus aquaticus are domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), and humans (Homo sapiens). Even though their swimming abilities lack the speed to escape a pack of hunting dogs, swamp rabbits elude pursuers by lying still in the water surrounded by brush or plant debris with only their nose visible. The species is hunted for fur, meat, and sport, and is the second-most commonly hunted rabbit in the United States. Swamp rabbits have several adaptations to avoid predators: cryptic coloration, \\\"freezing\\\", and rapid, irregular jumping patterns. Ontogeny and reproduction S. aquaticus are synchronous breeders. Females give birth to altricial young. Young are born with well-developed fur but their eyes are closed and they are immobile. Their eyes have opened by day three and the young have begun walking. They are weaned and leave the nest after about 15 days. Young are sexually mature at seven months and reach adult weight at 10 months. The nests in which the young are born consist of a slight depression in the earth that is filled with grasses mixed with rabbit hair. Breeding season varies widely\",\n \"title\": \"Swamp rabbit\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4967948\",\n \"text\": \"Terra Sirenum is a large region in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars. It is centered at and covers 3900 km at its broadest extent. It covers latitudes 10 to 70 South and longitudes 110 to 180 W. Terra Sirenum is an upland area notable for massive cratering including the large Newton Crater. Terra Sirenum is in the Phaethontis quadrangle and the Memnonia quadrangle of Mars. A low area in Terra Sirenum is believed to have once held a lake that eventually drained through Ma'adim Vallis. Terra Sirenum is named after the Sirens, who were birds with the heads of girls. In the Odyssey these girls captured passing seamen and killed them. Chloride deposits Evidence of deposits of chloride based minerals in Terra Sirenum was discovered by the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter's Thermal Emission Imaging System in March 2008. The deposits are approximately 3.5 to 3.9 billion years old. This suggests that near-surface water was widespread in early Martian history, which has implications for the possible existence of Martian life. Besides finding chlorides, MRO discovered iron/magnesium smectites which are formed from long exposure in water. Based on chloride deposits and hydrated phyllosilicates, Alfonso Davila and others believe there is an ancient lakebed in Terra Sirenum that had an area of 30,000 km2 and was 200 meters deep. Other evidence that supports this lake are normal and inverted channels like ones found in the Atacama desert. Inverted relief Some areas of Mars show inverted relief, where features that were once depressions, like streams, are now above the surface. It is believed that materials like large rocks were deposited in low-lying areas. Later, erosion (perhaps wind which can't move large rocks) removed much of the surface layers, but left behind the more resistant deposits. Other ways of making inverted relief might be lava flowing down a stream bed or materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water. On Earth, materials cemented by silica are highly resistant to all kinds of erosional forces. Examples of inverted channels on Earth are found in the Cedar Mountain Formation near Green River, Utah. Inverted relief in the shape of streams are further evidence of water flowing on the Martian surface in past times. Martian gullies Terra Sirenum is the location of many Martian gullies that may be due to recent flowing water. Some are found in the Gorgonum Chaos and in many craters near the large craters Copernicus and Newton. Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters. Moreover, they lie on top of sand dunes which themselves are considered to be quite young. Tongue-shaped glaciers Possible pingos The radial and concentric cracks visible here are common when forces penetrate a brittle layer, such as a rock thrown through a glass window. These particular fractures were probably created by something emerging from below the brittle Martian surface. Ice may have accumulated under the surface in a lens shape;\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Sirenum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51506837\",\n \"text\": \"The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the planet Earth: Earth – third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. Classification of Earth Astronomical object Gravitationally rounded object Planet Planet of the Solar System Inner planet Terrestrial planet Location of Earth Earth's location in the Universe Universe – all of time and space and its contents. Observable universe – spherical region of the Universe comprising all matter that may be observed from Earth at the present time, because light and other signals from these objects have had time to reach Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. Laniakea Supercluster – galaxy supercluster that is home to the Milky Way and approximately 100,000 other nearby galaxies. Includes the prior defined local supercluster, the Virgo Supercluster, as an appendage. Virgo Supercluster – one of the approximately 10 million superclusters in the observable universe. It spans 33 megaparsecs (110 million light-years), and contains at least 100 galaxy groups and clusters, including the Local Group. Local Group – specific galaxy group that includes the Milky Way and at least 53 other galaxies, most of them dwarf galaxies. Milky Way Galaxy – a specific barred spiral galaxy Orion Arm – a spiral arm of the Milky Way Solar System – the Sun and the objects that orbit it, including eight planets, the third planet closest to the Sun being Earth Earth's orbit – path through which the Earth travels around the Sun. The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million kilometers (92.96 million miles). Movement of the Earth Earth's orbit Earth's rotation Earth's precession Features of Earth Age of the Earth Figure of the Earth (size and shape) Earth radius Models of the Earth Globe World map Gravity of Earth Earth's magnetic field Natural environment Earth's spheres Atmosphere of Earth Earth's biosphere Ecosystems Biomes biogeographic realms Marine realms Bioregions Ecoregions (list) Anthroposphere Noosphere Earth's geosphere Structure of the Earth Earth's surface Lithosphere of Earth (solid Earth) Earth's crust Land Landforms (list) Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Pedosphere Ocean floor Earth's mantle Earth's core Outer core Inner core Earth's hydrosphere This sphere represents all water on Earth, wherever it is and in whatever form within the water cycle. Water, by relative altitude Atmospheric water Water vapor Clouds Precipitation Cryosphere (frozen water) Polar ice caps Ice sheets Ice caps Glaciers Surface water Bodies of water (list) World Ocean Southern Ocean Oceans - This includes the Earth's five oceans: The Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. Groundwater Water, by salt content Fresh water Brackish water Seawater Astronomical events on Earth Meteor showers (list) Meteorite falls Tides Eclipse - This includes both a lunar eclipse and solar eclipse. Equinox - This includes both the March equinox and the September equinox. Solstice - This includes the\",\n \"title\": \"Outline of Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30872597\",\n \"text\": \"Hypoxia (hypo: \\\"below\\\", oxia: \\\"oxygenated\\\") refers to low oxygen conditions. For air-breathing organisms, hypoxia is problematic but for many anaerobic organisms, hypoxia is essential. Hypoxia applies to many situations, but usually refers to the atmosphere and natural waters. Atmospheric hypoxia Atmospheric hypoxia occurs naturally at high altitudes. Total atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, causing a lower partial pressure of oxygen, which is defined as hypobaric hypoxia. Oxygen remains at 20.9% of the total gas mixture, differing from hypoxic hypoxia, where the percentage of oxygen in the air (or blood) is decreased. This is common in the sealed burrows of some subterranean animals, such as blesmols. Atmospheric hypoxia is also the basis of altitude training, which is a standard part of training for elite athletes. Several companies mimic hypoxia using normobaric artificial atmosphere. Aquatic hypoxia An aquatic system lacking dissolved oxygen (0% saturation) is termed anaerobic, reducing, or anoxic. In water, oxygen levels are approximately 7 ppm or 0.0007% in good quality water, but fluctuate. Many organisms require hypoxic conditions. Oxygen is poisonous to anaerobic bacteria for example. Oxygen depletion is typically expressed as a percentage of the oxygen that would dissolve in the water at the prevailing temperature and salinity. A system with low concentration—in the range between 1 and 30% saturation—is called hypoxic or dysoxic. Most fish cannot live below 30% saturation since they rely on oxygen to derive energy from their nutrients. Hypoxia leads to impaired reproduction of remaining fish via endocrine disruption. A \\\"healthy\\\" aquatic environment should seldom experience less than 80% saturation. The exaerobic zone is found at the boundary of anoxic and hypoxic zones. Hypoxia can occur throughout the water column and also at high altitudes as well as near sediments on the bottom. It usually extends throughout 20-50% of the water column, but depends on the water depth and location of pycnoclines (rapid changes in water density with depth). It can occur in 10-80% of the water column. For example, in a 10-meter water column, it can reach up to 2 meters below the surface. In a 20-meter water column, it can extend up to 8 meters below the surface. Seasonal kill Hypolimnetic oxygen depletion can lead to both summer and winter \\\"kills\\\". During summer stratification, inputs or organic matter and sedimentation of primary producers can increase rates of respiration in the hypolimnion. If oxygen depletion becomes extreme, aerobic organisms, like fish, may die, resulting in what is known as a \\\"summer kill\\\". The same phenomena can occur in the winter, but for different reasons. During winter, ice and snow cover can attenuate light, and therefore reduce rates of photosynthesis. The freezing over of a lake also prevents air-water interactions that allow the exchange of oxygen. This creates a lack of oxygen while respiration continues. When the oxygen becomes badly depleted, anaerobic organisms can die, resulting in a \\\"winter kill\\\". Causes of hypoxia Oxygen depletion can result from a number of natural factors, but is most often a concern as a consequence of\",\n \"title\": \"Hypoxia (environmental)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33965039\",\n \"text\": \"Kepler-22b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation KOI-087.01) is an exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the Sun-like star Kepler-22. It is located about from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope in December 2011 and was the first known transiting planet to orbit within the habitable zone of a Sun-like star, where liquid water could exist on the planet's surface. Kepler-22 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-22b's radius is roughly twice that of Earth. Its mass and surface composition are unknown. However, an Earth-like composition for the planet has been ruled out; it is likely to have a volatile-rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell. The only parameters of the planet's orbit that are currently available are its orbital period (about ) and its inclination (approximately 90°). Evidence suggests that the planet has a moderate surface temperature, assuming that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating. In the absence of an atmosphere, its equilibrium temperature (assuming an Earth-like albedo) would be approximately , slightly higher than that of Earth's . The planet's first transit was observed on 12 May 2009. Confirmation of the existence of Kepler-22b was announced on 5 December 2011. Physical characteristics Mass, radius and temperature Kepler-22b's radius was initially thought to be 2.4 times that of Earth, but has since been revised to . Its mass and surface composition remain unknown, with only some rough estimates established: at the time of the discovery announcement, it was known to have fewer than 124 Earth masses at the 3-sigma confidence limit, and fewer than 36 Earth masses at 1-sigma confidence. The adopted model in Kipping et al. (2013) does not reliably detect the mass (the upper limit is 52.8 ). , the upper limit has been constrained to at most . Kepler-22b, dubbed by scientists as a 'water world', might be an 'ocean-like' planet. It might also be comparable to the water-rich planet Gliese 1214 b although Kepler-22b, unlike Gliese 1214 b, is in the habitable zone. An Earth-like composition is ruled out to at least 1-sigma uncertainty by radial velocity measurements of the system. It is thus likely to have a more volatile-rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell; this would make it similar to Kepler-11f, one of the smallest known gas planets. Natalie Batalha, one of the scientists on the Kepler Space Telescope project, has speculated, \\\"If it is mostly ocean with a small rocky core, it's not beyond the realm of possibility that life could exist in such an ocean\\\". This possibility has spurred SETI to perform research on top candidates for extraterrestrial life. In the absence of an atmosphere, its equilibrium temperature (assuming an Earth-like albedo) would be approximately , compared with Earth's . Host star The host star, Kepler-22, is a G-type star that is 3% less massive than the Sun and 2% smaller in volume. It has a surface temperature\",\n \"title\": \"Kepler-22b\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11090\",\n \"text\": \"A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense community of trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines a forest as, \\\"Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban use.\\\" Using this definition, Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 (FRA 2020) found that forests covered , or approximately 31 percent of the world's land area in 2020. Forests are the largest terrestrial ecosystems of Earth by area, and are found around the globe. 45 percent of forest land is in the tropical latitudes. The next largest share of forests are found in subarctic climates, followed by temperate, and subtropical zones. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary production of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes of biomass per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests. Forests form distinctly different biomes at different latitudes and elevations, and with different precipitation and evapotranspiration rates. These biomes include boreal forests in subarctic climates, tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests around the Equator, and temperate forests at the middle latitudes. Forests form in areas of the Earth with high rainfall, while drier conditions produce a transition to savanna. However, in areas with intermediate rainfall levels, forest transitions to savanna rapidly when the percentage of land that is covered by trees drops below 40 to 45 percent. Research conducted in the Amazon rainforest shows that trees can alter rainfall rates across a region, releasing water from their leaves in anticipation of seasonal rains to trigger the wet season early. Because of this, seasonal rainfall in the Amazon begins two to three months earlier than the climate would otherwise allow. Deforestation in the Amazon and anthropogenic climate change hold the potential to interfere with this process, causing the forest to pass a threshold where it transitions into savanna. Deforestation threatens many forest ecosystems. Deforestation occurs when humans remove trees from a forested area by cutting or burning, either to harvest timber or to make way for farming. Most deforestation today occurs in tropical forests. The vast majority of this deforestation is because of the production of four commodities: wood, beef, soy, and palm oil. Over the past 2,000 years, the area of land covered by forest in Europe has been reduced from 80% to 34%. Large areas of forest have also been cleared in China and in the eastern United States, in which only 0.1% of land was left undisturbed. Almost half of Earth's forest area (49 percent) is relatively intact, while 9 percent is found in fragments with little or no connectivity. Tropical\",\n \"title\": \"Forest\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9288398\",\n \"text\": \"An embankment dam is a large artificial dam. It is typically created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi-plastic mound of various compositions of soil or rock. It has a semi-pervious waterproof natural covering for its surface and a dense, impervious core. This makes the dam impervious to surface or seepage erosion. Such a dam is composed of fragmented independent material particles. The friction and interaction of particles binds the particles together into a stable mass rather than by the use of a cementing substance. Types Embankment dams come in two types: the earth-filled dam (also called an earthen dam or terrain dam) made of compacted earth, and the rock-filled dam. A cross-section of an embankment dam shows a shape like a bank, or hill. Most have a central section or core composed of an impermeable material to stop water from seeping through the dam. The core can be of clay, concrete, or asphalt concrete. This type of dam is a good choice for sites with wide valleys. They can be built on hard rock or softer soils. For a rock-fill dam, rock-fill is blasted using explosives to break the rock. Additionally, the rock pieces may need to be crushed into smaller grades to get the right range of size for use in an embankment dam. Earth-fill dams Earth-fill dams, also called earthen dams, rolled-earth dams or earth dams, are constructed as a simple embankment of well-compacted earth. A homogeneous rolled-earth dam is entirely constructed of one type of material but may contain a drain layer to collect seep water. A zoned-earth dam has distinct parts or zones of dissimilar material, typically a shell of locally plentiful material with a watertight clay core. Modern zoned-earth embankments employ filter and drain zones to collect and remove seep water and preserve the integrity of the downstream shell zone. An outdated method of zoned earth dam construction used a hydraulic fill to produce a watertight core. Rolled-earth dams may also employ a watertight facing or core in the manner of a rock-fill dam. The frozen-core dam is a temporary earth dam occasionally used in high latitudes by circulating a coolant through pipes inside the dam to maintain a watertight region of permafrost within it. Tarbela Dam is a large dam on the Indus River in Pakistan, about northwest of Islamabad. Its height of above the river bed and reservoir make it the largest earth-filled dam in the world. The principal element of the project is an embankment long with a maximum height of . The dam used approximately 200 million cubic yards (152.8 million cu. meters) of fill, which makes it one of the largest man-made structures in the world. Because earthen dams can be constructed from local materials, they can be cost-effective in regions where the cost of producing or bringing in concrete would be prohibitive. Rock-fill embankment dams Rock-fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth with an impervious zone. The earth used often contains a high percentage\",\n \"title\": \"Embankment dam\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68779455\",\n \"text\": \"A fissure is a long, narrow crack opening along the surface of Earth. The term is derived from the Latin word , which means 'cleft' or 'crack'. Fissures emerge in Earth's crust, on ice sheets and glaciers, and on volcanoes. Ground fissure A , also called an , is a long, narrow crack or linear opening in the Earth's crust. Ground fissures can form naturally, such as from tectonic faulting and earthquakes, or as a consequence of human activity, such as oil mining and groundwater pumping. Once formed, ground fissures can be extended and eroded by torrential rain. They can be hazardous to people and livestock living on the affected surfaces and damaging to property and infrastructure, such as roads, underground pipes, canals, and dams. In circumstances where there is the extensive withdrawal of groundwater, the earth above the water table can subside causing fissures to form at the surface. This typically occurs at the floor of arid valleys having rock formations and compacted soils with a high percentage of fine-grained material. Crevasse A , also called an , is a deep linear crack in an ice sheet or glacier resulting from the opposing force produced by their movement at different rates of speed. The force builds until their associated shear stress is sufficient to break the ice along the faces. The breakage often forms vertical or near-vertical walls, which can melt and create seracs, arches, and other ice formations. A crevasse may be as deep as and as wide as . A crevasse may be covered, but not necessarily filled, by a snow bridge made of the previous years' accumulation and snow drifts. The result is that crevasses are rendered invisible, and extremely dangerous to anyone attempting to traverse a glacier. Types of crevasses Longitudinal crevasses form parallel to the ice flow where the glacier width is expanding. Splaying crevasses appear along the edges of a glacier. Transverse crevasses form in a zone of longitudinal extension where the principal stresses are parallel to the direction of glacier flow. Fissure vent A , also known as a or , is a long volcanic vent through which lava erupts. Fissure vents are connected to deep magma reservoirs and are typically found in and along rifts and rift zones. They are commonly associated with shield volcanoes. Over time fissure vents form spatter cones and can feed lava channels and lava tubes. Karst terrain or simply are vast regions of barren land with rocky ground and generally consisting of nearby caves, fissured ground, and sinkholes. Although these regions normally have moderate to heavy rainfall, they are noticeably devoid of vegetation and characteristically have no lakes, rivers, or streams on their surface. They form when large to massive veins of soluble aggregate like limestone, gypsum, or dolomite are excavated by underground torrents of flowing water. Karst aquifers In the United States, about 40% of the groundwater used for drinking comes from . Some of these areas are well known vacation destinations like Carlsbad Caverns\",\n \"title\": \"Fissure\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23527621\",\n \"text\": \"The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to hydrology: Hydrology – study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. What type of thing is hydrology? Hydrology can be described as all of the following: a branch of science a branch of natural science a branch of physical science a branch of Earth science a branch of geography a branch of physical geography Essence of hydrology Water Hydrologic cycle Cryosphere Origin of water on Earth Water distribution on Earth Branches of hydrology Hydrometry – the measurement of the different components of the hydrologic cycle Chemical hydrology – the study of the chemical characteristics of water Ecohydrology – the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle Hydrogeology – the study of the presence and movement of water in aquifers Hydroinformatics – the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications Hydrometeorology – the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere Isotope hydrology – the study of the isotopic signatures of water Surface hydrology – the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near the Earth's surface Catchment hydrology – study of the governing processes in a given hydrologically defined catchment Drainage basin management – covers water-storage, in the form of reservoirs, and flood-protection. Water quality – includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes. History of hydrology History of hydrology Things studied by hydrology Abstract concepts in hydrology Field capacity Phenomena studied by hydrology Water movement pathways Water cycle (aka \\\"hydrological cycle\\\") Above ground Evaporation – Pan evaporation – Condensation – Precipitation – condensed water, is pulled by gravity back to Earth, in the form of: Drizzle Rain Sleet Snow Graupel Hail Interception – Evapotranspiration – Stemflow – Throughfall – On ground Surface runoff – flow of surface water First flush Floods Flash floods Overland flow – Horton overland flow – Below ground Infiltration – Pipeflow – Baseflow – Subsurface flow – flow of ground water Physical things studied by hydrology Ground water Soil moisture Surface water Environmental issues Desertification/Oasification – Hypoxia – Erosion – Water pollution – Measurement tools Groundwater Aquifer characterization Flow direction Piezometer - groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test) Conductivity, storativity, transmisivity Geophysical methods Vadose zone characterization Infiltration Infiltrometer - infiltration Soil moisture Capacitance probe-soil moisture Time domain reflectometer - soil moisture Tensiometer - soil moisture Solute sampling Geophysical methods Surface water Water level Mechanical pressure gauge – Electronic pressure gauge – Acoustic pressure gauge – Channel shape Dumpy level – Discharge Acoustic Doppler velocimeter – Dilution tracing – Meteorological Precipitation Rain gauge – rainfall depth (unit) and intensity (unit time−1) Disdrometer – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity Doppler weather radar – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity, rain cloud reflectivity converted to precipitation intensity through calibration\",\n \"title\": \"Outline of hydrology\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13578381\",\n \"text\": \"HD 113766 is a binary star system located 424 light years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Centaurus. The star system is approximately 10 million years old and both stars are slightly more massive than the Sun. The two are separated by an angle of 1.3 arcseconds, which, at the distance of this system, corresponds to a projected separation of at least 170 AU. What makes HD 113766 special is the presence of a large belt of warm (~440 K) dust surrounding the star HD 113766 A. The dense dust belt, more than 100 times more massive than the Solar System's asteroid belt, is thought to be collapsing to form a rocky planet, which when it has formed will lie within the star's terrestrial habitable zone where liquid water can exist on its surface. HD 113766 represents the most well understood system in a growing class of objects that should provide more clues to how rocky planets like the Earth formed. HD 113766 A Rocky accretion belt The dusty material in the system was analyzed in 2007 by a group led by Dr. Carey Lisse, of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, MD, USA. Observations were made using the infrared spectrometer on board the Spitzer Space Telescope, and interpreted using the results of the NASA Deep Impact and STARDUST missions. Analysis of the atomic and mineral composition, dust temperature, and dust mass show a huge amount of warm material similar to metal rich S-type asteroids in a narrow belt at 1.8 ± 0.2 AU from the HD 113766 A. The group found at least a Mars' mass worth of warm dust in particles of size 10 m or less, and very likely as much as a few Earth masses of dust if one adds in the contribution of material in bodies up to 1 km in radius which are currently thought to be the basic building blocks of rocky planet formation. Comparison with current planetary formation theories suggests that the disk is in the early stages of terrestrial (rocky) planet formation. This can be also inferred by the presence of metals in the rocky material making up the disk. If planets had already formed the high density metals should have sunk to their cores during the molten stage of planet formation; a process known as planetary differentiation. Icy accretion belts While no water gas was found to be associated with the warm dust belt, two concentrations of icy material were found in the system. The first belt lies between 4 and 9 AU, and is at the equivalent position of the solar system's asteroid belt, while the second belt is even farther out between 30 and 80 AU, where the solar system's Kuiper Belt would lie. This material may be the source of future water for the rocky planet at 1.8 AU if and when it completes its formation. There may also be gas giant planets in this system, already formed (in the first 1-5\",\n \"title\": \"HD 113766\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43126\",\n \"text\": \"Callisto (, ), or Jupiter IV, is the second-largest moon of Jupiter, after Ganymede. In the Solar System it is the third-largest moon after Ganymede and Saturn's largest moon Titan, and as large as the smallest planet Mercury, though only about a third as massive. Callisto is, with a diameter of , roughly a third larger than Earth's Moon and orbits Jupiter on average at a distance of , which is about six times further out than the Moon orbiting Earth. It is the outermost of the four large Galilean moons of Jupiter, which were discovered in 1610 with one of the first telescopes, being visible from Earth with common binoculars. The surface of Callisto is the oldest and most heavily cratered object in the Solar System. Its surface is completely covered with impact craters. It does not show any signatures of subsurface processes such as plate tectonics or volcanism, with no signs that geological activity in general has ever occurred, and is thought to have evolved predominantly under the influence of impacts. Prominent surface features include multi-ring structures, variously shaped impact craters, and chains of craters (catenae) and associated scarps, ridges and deposits. At a small scale, the surface is varied and made up of small, sparkly frost deposits at the tips of high spots, surrounded by a low-lying, smooth blanket of dark material. This is thought to result from the sublimation-driven degradation of small landforms, which is supported by the general deficit of small impact craters and the presence of numerous small knobs, considered to be their remnants. The absolute ages of the landforms are not known. Callisto is composed of approximately equal amounts of rock and ice, with a density of about , the lowest density and surface gravity of Jupiter's major moons. Compounds detected spectroscopically on the surface include water ice, carbon dioxide, silicates and organic compounds. Investigation by the Galileo spacecraft revealed that Callisto may have a small silicate core and possibly a subsurface ocean of liquid water at depths greater than . It is not in an orbital resonance like the three other Galilean satellites—Io, Europa and Ganymede—and is thus not appreciably tidally heated. Callisto's rotation is tidally locked to its orbit around Jupiter, so that it always faces the same direction, making Jupiter appear to hang directly overhead over its near-side. It is less affected by Jupiter's magnetosphere than the other inner satellites because of its more remote orbit, located just outside Jupiter's main radiation belt. Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and probably molecular oxygen, as well as by a rather intense ionosphere. Callisto is thought to have formed by slow accretion from the disk of the gas and dust that surrounded Jupiter after its formation. Callisto's gradual accretion and the lack of tidal heating meant that not enough heat was available for rapid differentiation. The slow convection in the interior of Callisto, which commenced soon after formation, led to partial differentiation and possibly to the\",\n \"title\": \"Callisto (moon)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23823321\",\n \"text\": \"The Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station (KGU), is an operational hydroelectric power plant across the Kafue River in Zambia. Location KGU is located on the Kafue River, approximately , by road, south of Lusaka, the capital and largest city in Zambia. This is approximately upstream of where the Kafue River empties into the Zambezi River, and approximately upstream of the Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station. The geographical coordinates of Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station are:15°48'25.0\\\"S, 28°25'16.0\\\"E (Latitude:-15.806944; Longitude:28.421111). Overview KGU is an earth-rockfill dam with a concrete spillway with four radial gates. The electromechanical capacity is six generators of 150 megawatts each, for maximum capacity of 900 megawatts. The reservoir measures in surface area. The power generators and electromechanical power house are below ground. The water effluent from 900 megawatts Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station is used downstream to power the 750 megawatts Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station, in what is known as cascaded generation. History Construction of this power station started in 1967. In 1971, the first 150 megawatt turbine was installed and commissioned. Three other turbines were installed and commissioned in 1972. At some point between 1973 and 2009, two more turbines of 150 megawatts each, were installed to bring the generating capacity at the power station to 900 megawatts. The station currently has an installed capacity of 990 MW with six (6) generators with a capacity of 165 MW each. The power plant has a 330 kV power line output. References External links Official Website of ZESCO Power stations in Zambia Kafue River Kafue District Underground power stations Energy infrastructure completed in 1973 Hydroelectric power stations in Zambia\",\n \"title\": \"Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15654406\",\n \"text\": \"Lake Untersee ( \\\"Lower Lake\\\") is the largest surface freshwater lake in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica. It is situated to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. The lake is approximately long and wide, with a surface area of , and a maximum depth of . The lake is permanently covered with ice and is partly bounded by glacier ice. Lake Untersee is an unusual lake, with pH between 9.8 and 12.1, dissolved oxygen at 150 per cent supersaturation, and very low primary production in the water column. Despite the high oxygen supersaturation in most of the lake, there is a small sub-basin at the southern end that is anoxic, and its sediments may have a higher methane concentration than those of any other known lake on Earth. Much of the primary production is in microbial communities that grow on the floor of the lake as stromatolites. The water temperature varies between and and the ice cover on the lake is thick. The ice cover may have persisted for over 100,000 years, and some scientists studying climate change fear significant environmental changes associated with global warming in the coming decades. In the past, the water chemistry of the lake has been compared to Clorox. However, the chemical activity of bleach is due to Cl− in addition to a pH that is higher than that measures in Lake Untersee, and Lake Untersee does not have high chlorine or chlorite concentrations. Geography Lake Untersee lies in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica, which is roughly on the same longitude as Huab, in the Skeleton Coast National Park on the northern coast of Namibia. It is situated 90 kilometres (56 mi) to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. Aurkjosen Cirque lies at the east side of the lake. The lake is approximately long and wide and has a surface area of ( is also reported). Its maximum depth is . It is permanently covered with ice, which has an average thickness of in summer. The lake is dammed by the Anuchin Glacier, and meltwater from the Anuchin Glacier is the main source of water. The lake has no outlet. Water is lost through sublimation and ablation of the ice cover. The lake is categorized as an ultra-oligotrophic lake. Lake Ober-See, a smaller ( glacial lake, is located a few kilometres to the northeast and is similar in most respects. History Isotope studies have established that the lake has long had a permanent ice cover. Further, studies carried out during the austral summer confirm the lake's homogeneous characteristics, with thermal convection as the reason given for its hydro-geochemical and isotropical nature. It is replenished perennially by a process of underwater melting of the adjacent glacier ice. It is also stated that the lake existed during the Holocene period when it emerged from a melt-water pond. Studies of Lake Untersee have revealed that there are several large boulders\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Untersee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5444216\",\n \"text\": \"In atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive, dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed. Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues. Types The main assumption made by the thermotropic model is that while the magnitude of the thermal wind may change, its direction does not change with respect to height, and thus the baroclinicity in the atmosphere can be simulated using the and geopotential height surfaces and the average thermal wind between them. Barotropic models assume the atmosphere is nearly barotropic, which means that the direction and speed of the geostrophic wind are independent of height. In other words, no vertical wind shear of the geostrophic wind. It also implies that thickness contours (a proxy for temperature) are parallel to upper level height contours. In this type of atmosphere, high and low pressure areas are centers of warm and cold temperature anomalies. Warm-core highs (such as the subtropical ridge and Bermuda-Azores high) and cold-core lows have strengthening winds with height, with the reverse true for cold-core highs (shallow arctic highs) and warm-core lows (such as tropical cyclones). A barotropic model tries to solve a simplified form of atmospheric dynamics based on the assumption that the atmosphere is in geostrophic balance; that is, that the Rossby number of the air in the atmosphere is small. If the assumption is made that the atmosphere is divergence-free, the curl of the Euler equations reduces into the barotropic vorticity equation. This latter equation can be solved over a single layer of the atmosphere. Since the atmosphere at a height of approximately is mostly divergence-free, the barotropic model best approximates the state of the atmosphere at a geopotential height corresponding to that altitude, which corresponds to the atmosphere's pressure surface.\",\n \"title\": \"Atmospheric model\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26673238\",\n \"text\": \"The mineralogy of Mars is the chemical composition of rocks and soil that encompass the surface of Mars. Various orbital crafts have used spectroscopic methods to identify the signature of some minerals. The planetary landers performed concrete chemical analysis of the soil in rocks to further identify and confirm the presence of other minerals. The only samples of Martian rocks that are on Earth are in the form of meteorites. The elemental and atmospheric composition along with planetary conditions is essential in knowing what minerals can be formed from these base parts. Mineral composition The surface geology of Mars is somewhere between the basalt or andesite rocks on Earth. This led to the formation of minerals similar to what is found on Earth. The presence of iron oxide gives the surface the “rust” color that is associated with Mars, the Red Planet. The presence of perchlorate, in high percentages, forms highly saline soils, which could produce liquid water. Chemical alteration of Martian rocks into carbonate and phyllosilicate minerals occurred earlier in Mars history when water was present in large quantities. Orbital instruments and Landers not only identified new minerals but in some cases also confirmed the presence of minerals detected by the others. Phyllosilicates Kaolinite (} Montmorillonite() Mica () Serpentine () Felsic minerals Quartz () Feldspar () Maskelynite Salts Gypsum () Perchlorate () Carbonates (Ca rich) Ikaite () Aragonite () Ankerite () Sulfates (Ca/Mg rich) Jarosite () Other undetermined Mafic minerals Olivine () Pyroxene () Augite () Pigeonite () Clinopyroxene Iron oxides Hematite () Magnetite () Ilmenite () Orbital instruments Orbital crafts sent to Mars provided data on surface geology mostly through spectroscopy. This data is used to determine possible minerals on the surface, and the types of instruments Landers would need in order to narrow down those minerals. Mars Global Surveyor Launched in 1996, it used the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC), Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter, and Thermal Emission Spectrometer to show layering on the surface, presence of surface ice, and the mineral hematite. The presence of ice over the surface is essential to understanding why certain water bearing minerals are on Mars. Mars Odyssey Launched in 2001, although it carried multiple instruments only Thermal Emission Imaging System was designed to look at minerals. This allowed it to detect the presence of quartz, olivine, and hematite. Mars Express Launched in 2003 the Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) observed montmorillonite and localized phyllosilicate minerals. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Launched in 2005 this orbiter carried multiple instruments which found the mineralogy to be dominated by mafic minerals such as olivine, mica, pyroxene and smectite clays such as kaolinite. The HiRISE was used in determining the landing site for the Phoenix Lander. Using the CTX (camera) and CRISM instruments it was able to find phyllosilicate minerals, carbonate minerals, and oxides. The SHARAD was used to detect carbonate dust layers. Landers To date, the only method planetary scientists have used to carry out experiments on the Martian surface has been to send probes\",\n \"title\": \"Mineralogy of Mars\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1010773\",\n \"text\": \"(; ) is an optical phenomenon in which a bright spot appears around the shadow of the viewer's head in the presence of dew. In photogrammetry and remote sensing, it is more commonly known as the hotspot. It is also occasionally known as Cellini's halo after the Italian artist and writer Benvenuto Cellini (15001571), who described the phenomenon in his memoirs in 1562. Nearly spherical dew droplets act as lenses to focus the light onto the surface behind them. When this light scatters or reflects off that surface, the same lens re-focuses that light into the direction from which it came. This configuration is similar to a cat's eye retroreflector. However a cat's eye retroreflector needs a refractive index of around 2, while water has a much smaller refractive index of approximately 1.33. This means that the water droplets focus the light about 20% to 50% of the diameter beyond the rear surface of the droplet. When dew droplets are suspended on trichomes at approximately this distance away from the surface of a plant, the combination of droplet and plant acts as a retroreflector. Any retroreflective surface is brightest around the antisolar point. Opposition surge by other particles than water and the glory in water vapour are similar effects caused by different mechanisms. See also Aureole effect Brocken spectre, the magnified shadow of an observer cast upon the upper surfaces of clouds opposite the Sun Gegenschein, a faint spot of dust lit by sunlight focused by Earth's atmosphere, visible in the night sky toward the antisolar point Retroreflector Subparhelic circle Sylvanshine References External links A site showing examples of a Heiligenschein What causes heiligenschein Atmospheric optical phenomena\",\n \"title\": \"Heiligenschein\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1852572\",\n \"text\": \"The Marangoni effect (also called the Gibbs–Marangoni effect) is the mass transfer along an interface between two phases due to a gradient of the surface tension. In the case of temperature dependence, this phenomenon may be called thermo-capillary convection (or Bénard–Marangoni convection). History This phenomenon was first identified in the so-called \\\"tears of wine\\\" by physicist James Thomson (Lord Kelvin's brother) in 1855. The general effect is named after Italian physicist Carlo Marangoni, who studied it for his doctoral dissertation at the University of Pavia and published his results in 1865. A complete theoretical treatment of the subject was given by J. Willard Gibbs in his work On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1875-8). Mechanism Since a liquid with a high surface tension pulls more strongly on the surrounding liquid than one with a low surface tension, the presence of a gradient in surface tension will naturally cause the liquid to flow away from regions of low surface tension. The surface tension gradient can be caused by concentration gradient or by a temperature gradient (surface tension is a function of temperature). In simple cases, the speed of the flow , where is the difference in surface tension and is the viscosity of the liquid. Water has a surface tension of around 0.07 N/m, and a viscosity of approximately 10−3 Pa s, at room temperature. So even variations of a few percent in the surface tension of water can generate Marangoni flows of almost 1 m/s. Thus Marangoni flows are common and easily observed. For the case of a small drop of surfactant dropped onto the surface of water, Roché and coworkers performed quantitative experiments and developed a simple model that was in approximate agreement with the experiments. This described the expansion in the radius of a patch of the surface covered in surfactant, due to an outward Marangoni flow at a speed . They found that speed of expansion of the surfactant-covered patch of the water surface occurred at speed of approximately for the surface tension of water, , the (lower) surface tension of the surfactant-covered water surface, the viscosity of water, and the mass density of water. For N/m, i.e., of order tens of per cent reduction in surface tension of water, and as for water N m−6s3, we obtain the second equality above. This gives speeds that decrease as surfactant-covered region grows, but are of order cms/s to mm/s. The equation is obtained by making a couple of simple approximations, the first is by equating the stress at the surface due to the concentration gradient of surfactant (which drives the Marangoni flow) with the viscous stresses (that oppose flow). The Marangoni stress , i.e., gradient in the surface tension due gradient in the surfactant concentration (from high in the centre of the expanding patch, to zero far from the patch). The viscous shear stress is simply the viscosity times the gradient in shear velocity , for the depth into the water of the flow due to the spreading\",\n \"title\": \"Marangoni effect\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6029513\",\n \"text\": \"Terra Cimmeria is a large Martian region, centered at and covering at its broadest extent. It covers latitudes 15 N to 75 S and longitudes 170 to 260 W. It lies in the Eridania quadrangle. Terra Cimmeria is one part of the heavily cratered, southern highland region of the planet. The Spirit rover landed near the area. The word Cimmerium comes from an ancient Thracian seafaring people. The land was always covered in clouds and mist. A high altitude visual phenomena, probably a condensation cloud, was seen above this region in late March 2012. NASA tried to observe it with some of its Mars orbiters, including the THEMIS instrument on the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft and MARCI on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Martian gullies Terra Cimmeria is the location of gullies that may be due to recent flowing water. Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few if any craters. Moreover, they lie on top of sand dunes which themselves are considered to be quite young. Usually, each gully has an alcove, channel, and apron. Some studies have found that gullies occur on slopes that face all directions, others have found that the greater number of gullies are found on poleward facing slopes, especially from 30–44 S. Although many ideas have been put forward to explain them, the most popular involve liquid water coming from an aquifer, from melting at the base of old glaciers, or from the melting of ice in the ground when the climate was warmer. There is evidence for all three theories. Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect of an aquifer. Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in aquifers at the usual depths where gullies begin. One variation of this model is that rising hot magma could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layers that allow water to flow. They may consist of porous sandstone. The aquifer layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). Because water in an aquifer is prevented from going down, the only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. Eventually, water could flow out onto the surface when the aquifer reaches a break—like a crater wall. The resulting flow of water could erode the wall to create gullies. Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is \\\"Weeping Rock\\\" in Zion National Park Utah. As for the next theory, much of the surface of Mars is covered by a thick smooth mantle that is thought to be a mixture of ice and dust. This ice-rich mantle, a few yards thick, smooths the land, but in places it has a bumpy texture, resembling the surface of a basketball. The mantle may be like a glacier and under certain\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Cimmeria\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6262231\",\n \"text\": \"Most water in Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total. The vast bulk of the water on Earth is saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land. In all, water from oceans and marginal seas, saline groundwater and water from saline closed lakes amount to over 97% of the water on Earth, though no closed lake stores a globally significant amount of water. Saline groundwater is seldom considered except when evaluating water quality in arid regions. The remainder of Earth's water constitutes the planet's resource. Typically, fresh water is defined as water with a salinity of less than 1% that of the oceans – i.e. below around 0.35‰. Water with a salinity between this level and 1‰ is typically referred to as because it is marginal for many uses by humans and animals. The ratio of salt water to fresh water on Earth is around 50:1. The planet's fresh water is also very unevenly distributed. Although in warm periods such as the Mesozoic and Paleogene when there were no glaciers anywhere on the planet all fresh water was found in rivers and streams, today most fresh water exists in the form of ice, snow, groundwater and soil moisture, with only 0.3% in liquid form on the surface. Of the liquid surface fresh water, 87% is contained in lakes, 11% in swamps, and only 2% in rivers. Small quantities of water also exist in the atmosphere and in living beings. Although the total volume of groundwater is known to be much greater than that of river runoff, a large proportion of this groundwater is saline and should therefore be classified with the saline water above. There is also a lot of fossil groundwater in arid regions that have never been renewed for thousands of years; this must not be seen as renewable water. Distribution of saline and fresh water The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km3 (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being freshwater. Of the freshwater, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. Because the oceans that cover roughly 70.8% of the area of Earth reflect blue light, Earth appears blue from space, and is often referred to as the blue planet and the Pale Blue Dot. Liquid freshwater like lakes and rivers cover about 1% of Earth's surface and altogether with Earth's ice cover, Earth's surface is 75% water by area. Lakes Collectively, Earth's lakes hold 199,000 km3 of water. Most lakes are in the high northern latitudes, far from human population centers. The North American Great Lakes, which contain 21% of the world's fresh water by volume, are an exception. The Great Lakes Basin is home to 33 million people. The Canadian cities of\",\n \"title\": \"Water distribution on Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"693305\",\n \"text\": \"Prochlorococcus is a genus of very small (0.6 μm) marine cyanobacteria with an unusual pigmentation (chlorophyll a2 and b2). These bacteria belong to the photosynthetic picoplankton and are probably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. Prochlorococcus microbes are among the major primary producers in the ocean, responsible for a large percentage of the photosynthetic production of oxygen. Prochlorococcus strains, called ecotypes, have physiological differences enabling them to exploit different ecological niches. Analysis of the genome sequences of Prochlorococcus strains show that 1,273 genes are common to all strains, and the average genome size is about 2,000 genes. In contrast, eukaryotic algae have over 10,000 genes. Discovery Although there had been several earlier records of very small chlorophyll-b-containing cyanobacteria in the ocean, Prochlorococcus was discovered in 1986 by Sallie W. (Penny) Chisholm of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Robert J. Olson of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and other collaborators in the Sargasso Sea using flow cytometry. Chisholm was awarded the Crafoord Prize in 2019 for the discovery. The first culture of Prochlorococcus was isolated in the Sargasso Sea in 1988 (strain SS120) and shortly another strain was obtained from the Mediterranean Sea (strain MED). The name Prochlorococcus originated from the fact it was originally assumed that Prochlorococcus was related to Prochloron and other chlorophyll-b-containing bacteria, called prochlorophytes, but it is now known that prochlorophytes form several separate phylogenetic groups within the cyanobacteria subgroup of the bacteria domain. The only species within the genus described is Prochlorococcus marinus, although two subspecies have been named for low-light and high-light adapted niche variations. Morphology Marine cyanobacteria are to date the smallest known photosynthetic organisms; Prochlorococcus is the smallest at just 0.5 to 0.7 micrometres in diameter. The coccoid shaped cells are non-motile and free-living. Their small size and large surface-area-to-volume ratio, gives them an advantage in nutrient-poor water. Still, it is assumed that Prochlorococcus have a very small nutrient requirement. Moreover, Prochlorococcus have adapted to use sulfolipids instead of phospholipids in their membranes to survive in phosphate deprived environments. This adaptation allows them to avoid competition with heterotrophs that are dependent on phosphate for survival. Typically, Prochlorococcus divide once a day in the subsurface layer or oligotrophic waters. Distribution Prochlorococcus is abundant in the euphotic zone of the world's tropical oceans. It is possibly the most plentiful genus on Earth: a single millilitre of surface seawater may contain 100,000 cells or more. Worldwide, the average yearly abundance is individuals (for comparison, that is approximately the number of atoms in a ton of gold). Prochlorococcus is ubiquitous between 40°N and 40°S and dominates in the oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) regions of the oceans. Prochlorococcus is mostly found in a temperature range of 10–33 °C and some strains can grow at depths with low light (<1% surface light). These strains are known as LL (Low Light) ecotypes, with strains that occupy shallower depths in the water column known as HL (High Light) ecotypes. Furthermore, Prochlorococcus are more plentiful in the presence of heterotrophs that have catalase\",\n \"title\": \"Prochlorococcus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"176813\",\n \"text\": \"Physical geodesy is the study of the physical properties of Earth's gravity and its potential field (the geopotential), with a view to their application in geodesy. Measurement procedure Traditional geodetic instruments such as theodolites rely on the gravity field for orienting their vertical axis along the local plumb line or local vertical direction with the aid of a spirit level. After that, vertical angles (zenith angles or, alternatively, elevation angles) are obtained with respect to this local vertical, and horizontal angles in the plane of the local horizon, perpendicular to the vertical. Levelling instruments again are used to obtain geopotential differences between points on the Earth's surface. These can then be expressed as \\\"height\\\" differences by conversion to metric units. Units Gravity is commonly measured in units of m·s−2 (metres per second squared). This also can be expressed (multiplying by the gravitational constant G in order to change units) as newtons per kilogram of attracted mass. Potential is expressed as gravity times distance, m2·s−2. Travelling one metre in the direction of a gravity vector of strength 1 m·s−2 will increase your potential by 1 m2·s−2. Again employing G as a multiplier, the units can be changed to joules per kilogram of attracted mass. A more convenient unit is the GPU, or geopotential unit: it equals 10 m2·s−2. This means that travelling one metre in the vertical direction, i.e., the direction of the 9.8 m·s−2 ambient gravity, will approximately change your potential by 1 GPU. Which again means that the difference in geopotential, in GPU, of a point with that of sea level can be used as a rough measure of height \\\"above sea level\\\" in metres. Gravity Potential fields Geoid Due to the irregularity of the Earth's true gravity field, the equilibrium figure of sea water, or the geoid, will also be of irregular form. In some places, like west of Ireland, the geoid—mathematical mean sea level—sticks out as much as 100 m above the regular, rotationally symmetric reference ellipsoid of GRS80; in other places, like close to Sri Lanka, it dives under the ellipsoid by nearly the same amount. The separation between the geoid and the reference ellipsoid is called the undulation of the geoid, symbol . The geoid, or mathematical mean sea surface, is defined not only on the seas, but also under land; it is the equilibrium water surface that would result, would sea water be allowed to move freely (e.g., through tunnels) under the land. Technically, an equipotential surface of the true geopotential, chosen to coincide (on average) with mean sea level. As mean sea level is physically realized by tide gauge bench marks on the coasts of different countries and continents, a number of slightly incompatible \\\"near-geoids\\\" will result, with differences of several decimetres to over one metre between them, due to the dynamic sea surface topography. These are referred to as vertical datums or height datums. For every point on Earth, the local direction of gravity or vertical direction, materialized with the plumb line,\",\n \"title\": \"Physical geodesy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4752159\",\n \"text\": \"The impact depth of a projectile is the distance it penetrates into a target before coming to a stop. The physicist Sir Isaac Newton first developed this idea to get rough approximations for the impact depth for projectiles traveling at high velocities. Newton's approximation for the impact depth Newton's approximation for the impact depth for projectiles at high velocities is based only on momentum considerations. Nothing is said about where the impactor's kinetic energy goes, nor what happens to the momentum after the projectile is stopped. The basic idea is simple: The impactor carries a given momentum. To stop the impactor, this momentum must be transferred onto another mass. Since the impactor's velocity is so high that cohesion within the target material can be neglected, the momentum can only be transferred to the material (mass) directly in front of the impactor, which will be pushed at the impactor's speed. If the impactor has pushed a mass equal to its own mass at this speed, its whole momentum has been transferred to the mass in front of it and the impactor will be stopped. For a cylindrical impactor, by the time it stops, it will have penetrated to a depth that is equal to its own length times its relative density with respect to the target material. This approach is only valid for a narrow range of velocities less than the speed of sound within the target or impactor material. If the impact velocity is greater than the speed of sound within the target or impactor material, impact shock causes the material to fracture, and at higher velocities to behave like a gas, causing rapid ejection of target and impactor material and the formation of a crater. The depth of the crater depends on the material properties of impactor and target, as well as the velocity of impact. Typically, greater impact velocity means greater crater depth. Applications Projectile: Full metal projectiles should be made of a material with a very high density, like uranium (19.1 g/cm3) or lead (11.3 g/cm3). According to Newton's approximation, a full metal projectile made of uranium will pierce through roughly 2.5 times its own length of steel armor. Shaped charge, bazooka: For a shaped charge (anti-tank) to pierce through steel plates, it is essential that the explosion generates a long heavy metal jet (in a shaped charge for anti-tank use, the explosion generates a high speed metal jet from the cone shaped metal lining). This jet may then be viewed as the impactor of Newton's approximation. Meteorite: As may be concluded from the air pressure, the atmosphere's material is equivalent to about 10 m of water. Since ice has about the same density as water, an ice cube from space travelling at 15 km/s or so must have a length of 10 m to reach the surface of the earth at high speed. A smaller ice cube will be slowed to terminal velocity. A larger ice cube may also be slowed, however, as long as it\",\n \"title\": \"Impact depth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4387406\",\n \"text\": \"A set of equations describing the trajectories of objects subject to a constant gravitational force under normal Earth-bound conditions. Assuming constant acceleration g due to Earth’s gravity, Newton's law of universal gravitation simplifies to F = mg, where F is the force exerted on a mass m by the Earth’s gravitational field of strength g. Assuming constant g is reasonable for objects falling to Earth over the relatively short vertical distances of our everyday experience, but is not valid for greater distances involved in calculating more distant effects, such as spacecraft trajectories. History Galileo was the first to demonstrate and then formulate these equations. He used a ramp to study rolling balls, the ramp slowing the acceleration enough to measure the time taken for the ball to roll a known distance. He measured elapsed time with a water clock, using an \\\"extremely accurate balance\\\" to measure the amount of water. The equations ignore air resistance, which has a dramatic effect on objects falling an appreciable distance in air, causing them to quickly approach a terminal velocity. The effect of air resistance varies enormously depending on the size and geometry of the falling object—for example, the equations are hopelessly wrong for a feather, which has a low mass but offers a large resistance to the air. (In the absence of an atmosphere all objects fall at the same rate, as astronaut David Scott demonstrated by dropping a hammer and a feather on the surface of the Moon.) The equations also ignore the rotation of the Earth, failing to describe the Coriolis effect for example. Nevertheless, they are usually accurate enough for dense and compact objects falling over heights not exceeding the tallest man-made structures. Overview Near the surface of the Earth, the acceleration due to gravity = 9.807 m/s2 (metres per second squared, which might be thought of as \\\"metres per second, per second\\\"; or 32.18 ft/s2 as \\\"feet per second per second\\\") approximately. A coherent set of units for , , and is essential. Assuming SI units, is measured in metres per second squared, so must be measured in metres, in seconds and in metres per second. In all cases, the body is assumed to start from rest, and air resistance is neglected. Generally, in Earth's atmosphere, all results below will therefore be quite inaccurate after only 5 seconds of fall (at which time an object's velocity will be a little less than the vacuum value of 49 m/s (9.8 m/s2 × 5 s) due to air resistance). Air resistance induces a drag force on any body that falls through any atmosphere other than a perfect vacuum, and this drag force increases with velocity until it equals the gravitational force, leaving the object to fall at a constant terminal velocity. Terminal velocity depends on atmospheric drag, the coefficient of drag for the object, the (instantaneous) velocity of the object, and the area presented to the airflow. Apart from the last formula, these formulas also assume that negligibly varies with height\",\n \"title\": \"Equations for a falling body\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55321500\",\n \"text\": \"The geochemistry of carbon is the study of the transformations involving the element carbon within the systems of the Earth. To a large extent this study is organic geochemistry, but it also includes the very important carbon dioxide. Carbon is transformed by life, and moves between the major phases of the Earth, including the water bodies, atmosphere, and the rocky parts. Carbon is important in the formation of organic mineral deposits, such as coal, petroleum or natural gas. Most carbon is cycled through the atmosphere into living organisms and then respirated back into the atmosphere. However an important part of the carbon cycle involves the trapping of living matter into sediments. The carbon then becomes part of a sedimentary rock when lithification happens. Human technology or natural processes such as weathering, or underground life or water can return the carbon from sedimentary rocks to the atmosphere. From that point it can be transformed in the rock cycle into metamorphic rocks, or melted into igneous rocks. Carbon can return to the surface of the Earth by volcanoes or via uplift in tectonic processes. Carbon is returned to the atmosphere via volcanic gases. Carbon undergoes transformation in the mantle under pressure to diamond and other minerals, and also exists in the Earth's outer core in solution with iron, and may also be present in the inner core. Carbon can form a huge variety stable compounds. It is an essential component of living matter. Living organisms can live in a limited range of conditions on the Earth that are limited by temperature and the existence of liquid water. The potential habitability of other planets or moons can also be assessed by the existence of liquid water. Carbon makes up only 0.08% of the combination of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Yet it is the twelfth most common element there. In the rock of the lithosphere, carbon commonly occurs as carbonate minerals containing calcium or magnesium. It is also found as fossil fuels in coal and petroleum and gas. Native forms of carbon are much rarer, requiring pressure to form. Pure carbon exists as graphite or diamond. The deeper parts of Earth such as the mantle are very hard to discover. Few samples are known, in the form of uplifted rocks, or xenoliths. Even fewer remain in the same state they were in where the pressure and temperature is much higher. Some diamonds retain inclusions held at pressures they were formed at, but the temperature is much lower at the surface. Iron meteorites may represent samples of the core of an asteroid, but it would have formed under different conditions to the Earth's core. Therefore, experimental studies are conducted in which minerals or substances are compressed and heated to determine what happens in similar conditions to the planetary interior. The two common isotopes of carbon are stable. On Earth, carbon 12, 12C is by far the most common at 98.894%. Carbon 13 is much rarer averaging 1.106%. This percentage can vary slightly and its\",\n \"title\": \"Geochemistry of carbon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3666609\",\n \"text\": \"An atmometer or evaporimeter is a scientific instrument used for measuring the rate of water evaporation from a wet surface to the atmosphere. Atmometers are mainly used by farmers and growers to measure evapotranspiration (ET) rates of crops at any field location. Evapotranspiration is a measure of all of the water that evaporates from land surfaces plus the water that transpires from plant surfaces. Based on the amount of water that does evaporate and transpire, the user can water crops correspondingly, which results in less water use and possibly increased crop yields. Companies that currently sell atmometers include C&M Meteorological Supply and Calsense. Design An atmometer consists of a porous, ceramic plate connected to a water reservoir by a glass or plastic tube. The device stands around tall with a diameter of . Water is drawn from the water reservoir through the tube to wet the plate. As the water on the plate evaporates, more water is drawn from the reservoir to re-wet the plate. A canvas cover made of Gore-Tex is placed over the plate to prevent anything from getting in. The canvas cover is important because it simulates the amount of solar radiation a plant absorbs under certain weather conditions and controls the rate of evaporation. Different types of canvas covers simulate different amounts of evapotranspiration rates that various plant surfaces would undergo. For example, alfalfa ET rates are estimated using the No. 54 green canvas cover, while grass ET rates are estimated using the No. 30 green canvas cover. A membrane between the plate and canvas cover prevents rain water from wetting the gauge yet allows water vapor to escape. A gauge that runs up the side of the atmometer measures the level of water (in inches) in the reservoir, which shows how much water has evaporated. An electronic model of the atmometer is also available, which includes a data logger attached to it. A data logger automatically records the level of water every time a change due to evaporation occurs. The data that the data logger records can be downloaded onto a computer to record the results. The electronic model eliminates possible human error that could occur from reading the gauge, but costs approximately $900 while the manual model costs approximately $300. Use and maintenance An atmometer is fairly easy to install and use. It is usually mounted on a wooden post about s above the ground in an area representative of the weather and field conditions. The plate of the atmometer should be placed in direct sunlight so the evaporation rates are not affected. It should not be placed near tall trees or buildings, as they can affect the amount of exposure that the atmometer has to environmental factors, which affect evapotranspiration rates. To measure the amount of water that has evaporated, calculate the change in water level on the gauge by subtracting the final water level from the initial water level. Advantages (compared to weather stations) In a 2003 study conducted on the Central\",\n \"title\": \"Atmometer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11572600\",\n \"text\": \"Kolumbo is an active submarine volcano in the Aegean Sea in Greece, about 8 km northeast of Cape Kolumbo, Santorini island. The largest of a line of about twenty submarine volcanic cones extending to the northeast from Santorini, it is about 3 km in diameter with a crater 1.5 km across. It first noticed by humans when it breached the sea surface in 1649-50. The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program treats it as part of the Santorini volcano, though at least one source maintains that it is a separate magmatic system. The 1650 explosion, which occurred when the accumulating cone reached the surface, sent pyroclastic flows across the sea surface to the shores and slopes of Santorini, where about seventy people and many animals died. A small ring of white pumice that formed was rapidly eroded away by wave action. The volcano collapsed into its caldera, triggering a tsunami that caused damage on nearby islands up to 150 km distant. The highest parts of the crater rim are now about 10 m below sea level. In 2006, sea floor pyroclastic deposits from the two Aegean explosions were explored, sampled and mapped by an expedition by NOAA Ocean Explorer, equipped with ROV robotics. The crater floor, averaging about 505 m below the sea surface, is marked in its northeast area by a field of hydrothermal vents and covered by a thick bacterial community, the 2006 NOAA expedition discovered. Superheated (measured as hot as 224 °C) metal-enriched water issuing from the vents has built chimneys of polymetallic sulfide/sulfates to a maximum height of 4 m, apparently accumulated since the 1650 event. The 2006 expedition initiated new seismic air-gun techniques in order to determine the volume and distribution of the submarine volcanic deposit of pumice and ash on the sea floor around Santorini, which has been studied extensively since 1975. Revised, more accurate estimates of the total dense rock equivalent volume of the Minoan event(s), consisting of pyroclastic sea floor deposits, distal ash fallout and ignimbrites on the island of Santorini, is likely about 60 km3, a greatly increased estimate, comparable to the largest historic explosion, Mount Tambora 1815; the increased estimate affects the size of the ensuing tsunami as it has been widely modeled. In October 2022 it was announced that a previously undetected magma chamber had been discovered approximately 2 to 4 km below sea level in the Kolumbo underwater volcano. Scientists had determined that it is gradually filling with melt. Although an eruption is not imminent, it does pose a threat which has prompted them to recommend real-time monitoring of the volcano. See also Minoan eruption Timeline of volcanism on Earth Notes References NOAA Ocean Explorer: Thera 2006 Expedition Summary NOAA Ocean Explorer: Thera 2006 Expedition detailed Log University of Rhode Island: Kolumbo Volcano Ferdinand André Fouqué, Santorin et ses éruptions (Paris: Masson) 1879. Haraldur Sigurdsson, S. Carey, C. Mandeville, 1990. \\\"Assessment of mass, dynamics and environmental effects of the Minoan eruption of the Santorini volcano\\\" in Thera and the\",\n \"title\": \"Kolumbo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2312855\",\n \"text\": \"Isotope hydrology is a field of geochemistry and hydrology that uses naturally occurring stable and radioactive isotopic techniques to evaluate the age and origins of surface and groundwater and the processes within the atmospheric hydrologic cycle. Isotope hydrology applications are highly diverse, and used for informing water-use policy, mapping aquifers, conserving water supplies, assessing sources of water pollution, and increasingly are used in eco-hydrology to study human impacts on all dimensions of the hydrological cycle and ecosystem services. Details Water molecules carry unique isotopic \\\"fingerprints\\\", based in part on differing ratios of the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes that constitute the water molecule. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Air, freshwater and seawater contain mostly oxygen-16 ( 16O). Oxygen-18 (18O) occurs in approximately one oxygen atom in every five hundred and has a slightly higher mass than oxygen-16, as it has two extra neutrons. From a simple energy and bond breakage standpoint this results in a preference for evaporating the lighter 16O containing water and leaving more of the 18O water behind in the liquid state (called isotope fractionation). Thus seawater tends to contain more 18O than rain and snow. Dissolved ions in surface and groundwater water also contain useful isotopes for hydrological investigations. Dissolved species like sulfate and nitrate contain differing ratios of 34-S to 32-S or 15-N to 14-N, and are often diagnostic of pollutant sources. Natural radioisotopes like tritium (3-H) and radiocarbon (14-C) are also used as natural clocks to determine the residence times of water in aquifers, rivers, and the oceans. Applications The most commonly used isotope application in hydrology uses hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to evaluate sources or age of water, ice or snow. Isotopes in ice cores help to reveal conditions of past climate. Higher average global temperature would provide more energy and thus an increase the atmospheric 18O content of rain or snow, so that lower than modern amounts of 18O in groundwater or ice layer imply the water or ice represents a period of cooler climatic eras or even ice ages. Another application involves the separation of groundwater flow and baseflow from streamflow in the field of catchment hydrology (i.e. a method of hydrograph separation). Since precipitation in each rain or snowfall event has a specific isotopic signature, and subsurface water can be identified by well sampling, the composite signature in the stream is an indicator the proportion of the streamflow comes from overland flow and what portion comes from subsurface flow. Stable isotopes in the water molecule are also useful in tracing the sources (or proportion of sources) of water that plants use. Current use The isotope hydrology program at the International Atomic Energy Agency works to aid developing states to create a detailed portrait of Earth's water resources. In Ethiopia, Libya, Chad, Egypt and Sudan, the International Atomic Energy Agency used radioisotope techniques to help local water policy identify and conserve fossil water. The International Atomic Energy Agency maintains a\",\n \"title\": \"Isotope hydrology\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26592619\",\n \"text\": \"CoRoT-9b is an exoplanet orbiting the star CoRoT-9, approximately 1500 light years away in the constellation Serpens. CoRoT-9b's distance of nearest approach to its parent star of approximately 0.36 AU was the largest of all known transiting planets at the time of its discovery, with an orbital period of 95 days. The transit of this planet lasts 8 hours. The planet is at a distance from its star where there is a strong increase in albedo as the temperature decreases, because of the condensation of reflective water clouds in the atmosphere. This suggests its atmosphere may be locked into one of two states: a cloudless state with temperatures between and , or covered in water clouds with a temperature in the range to . Discovery CoRoT-9b was discovered by combining observations from the CoRoT satellite, which looks for a small dip in starlight as a planet passes in front of its parent star, and radial velocity measurements from the European Southern Observatory's High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) instrument on the 3.6 m Telescope. Its presence was confirmed by observations from several telescopes from the ESO. This discovery was announced in 2010 on St. Patrick's Day, after 145 days of continuous observations in summer 2008. Mass and size CoRoT-9b has a mass of 0.84 times that of Jupiter (MJ) as determined from HARPS spectroscopy, and has a radius of 1.05 times that of Jupiter (RJ) as determined from photometry of the transit light curve. This implies that this planet has a density of 96% that of water, and surface gravity 1.93 times that of Earth. A search for rings and satellites around this planet with the Spitzer space telescope was negative. Atmosphere and interior Since CoRoT-9b is the first temperate giant exoplanet found by the transit method, astronomers will be able to study the atmosphere of a temperate giant planet for the first time, examining the composition of clouds, the composition of the atmosphere, temperature distributions, and even some details of the interior of the planet. The atmosphere of this planet is presumably dominated by hydrogen and helium (like Jupiter and Saturn), with up to 20 Earth masses of other elements including water, as well as rock at high temperatures and pressures. The authors of the CoRoT-9b discovery paper refer to the planet as a class II (\\\"water cloud\\\") or class III (\\\"clear\\\") atmosphere planet, as described by the Sudarsky extrasolar planet classification. See also CoRoT is a CNES space mission to discover planets using the photometric transit method. It is in polar orbit around the Earth. CoRoT-7b is a rocky super-Earth. HD 80606 b is the longest period (but much more eccentric than CoRoT-9b) transiting planet. GJ 1214 b is a transiting super-Earth found by MEarth Project. References External links \\\"CoRoT-9b, a temperate exoplanet\\\" - DLR Portal, 2010.march.17 Exoplanets discovered in 2010 Transiting exoplanets Giant planets Serpens 9b Articles containing video clips\",\n \"title\": \"CoRoT-9b\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42744699\",\n \"text\": \"The Salvinia effect describes the permanent stabilization of an air layer upon a hierarchically structured surface submerged in water. Based on biological models (e.g. the floating ferns Salvinia, backswimmer Notonecta), biomimetic Salvinia-surfaces are used as drag reducing coatings (up to 30% reduction were previously measured on the first prototypes. When applied to a ship hull, the coating would allow the boat to float on an air-layer, reducing energy consumption and emissions. Such surfaces require an extremely water repellent super-hydrophobic surface and an elastic hairy structure in the millimeter range to entrap air while submerged. The Salvinia effect was discovered by the biologist and botanist Wilhelm Barthlott (University of Bonn) and his colleagues and has been investigated on several plants and animals since 2002. Publications and patents were published between 2006 and 2016. The best biological models are the floating ferns (Salvinia) with highly sophisticated hierarchically structured hairy surfaces, and the back swimmers (e.g.Notonecta) with a complex double structure of hairs (setae) and microvilli (microtrichia). Three of the ten known Salvinia species show a paradoxical chemical heterogeneity: hydrophilic hair tips, in addition to the super-hydrophobic plant surface, further stabilizing the air layer. Salvinia, Notonecta and other organisms with air retaining surfaces Immersed in water, extremely water repellent (super-hydrophobic), structured surfaces trap air between the structures and this air-layer is maintained for a period of time. A silvery shine, due to the reflection of light at the interface of air and water, is visible on the submerged surfaces. Long lasting air layers also occur in aquatic arthropods which breathe via a physical gill (plastron) e. g. the water spider (Argyroneta) and the saucer bug (Aphelocheirus) Air layers are presumably also conducive to the reduction of friction in fast moving animals under water, as is the case for the back swimmer Notonecta. The best known examples for long term air retention under water are the floating ferns of genus Salvinia. About ten species of very diverse sizes are found in lentic water in all warmer regions of the earth, one widely spread species (S. natans) found in temperate climates can be even found in Central Europe. The ability to retain air is presumably a survival technique for these plants. The upper side of the floating leaves is highly water repellent and possesses highly complex and species-specific very distinctive hairs. Some species present multicellular free-standing hairs of 0.3–3 mm length (e. g. S. cucullata) while on others, two hairs are connected at the tips (e.g. S. oblongifolia). S. minima and S. natans have four free standing hairs connected at a single base. The Giant Salvinia (S. molesta), as well as S. auriculata, and other closely related species, display the most complex hairs: four hairs grow on a shared shaft; they are connected at their tips. These structures resemble microscopic eggbeaters and are therefore referred to as “eggbeater trichomes”. The entire leaf surface, including the hairs, is covered with nanoscale wax crystals which are the reason for the water repellent properties of the surfaces. These\",\n \"title\": \"Salvinia effect\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62349416\",\n \"text\": \"is a sub-kilometer near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 17 September 2006, by the Catalina Sky Survey at Catalina Station in Arizona. On 21 November 2019, it passed Earth at a distance of , which is the object's closest flyby for centuries. The stony A/S-type asteroid is highly elongated in shape and has a rotation period of 11.5 hours. Orbit and classification orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.7–1.2 AU once every 11 months (338 days; semi-major axis of 0.95 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Catalina Station in September 2006. Close approaches Being a potentially hazardous asteroid, has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) of which corresponds to 7.4 lunar distances. In order to be classified as \\\"potentially hazardous\\\" an object must have an Earth-MOID of less than – approximately 19.5 lunar distances – and an absolute magnitude brighter than 22, approximately corresponding to a diameter above . On 21 November 2019 at 00:01 UTC, it passed Earth at a nominal distance (measured from the center of the Earth) of and at a relative velocity of . This is the object's closest flyby in JPL's data base, which covers 183 approaches over almost three centuries from April 1900 to November 2198. On 19 November 2069, it will pass from Earth, which will be the asteroid's second closest approach after its record flyby on 21 November 2019. Numbering and naming This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 12 January 2017 (). As of 2020 it has not been named. Physical characteristics During its apparition in November 2007, spectro-photometric data obtained of allowed for an A/S/D-type classification. This classification could be further constrained to an A/S-type, as a D-type does not agree with the object's relatively high albedo value (see below). Rotation period In September 2018, a rotational lightcurve of was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner and Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a very high brightness amplitude of magnitude (), indicative of a highly elongated non-spherical shape. The two photometrists revisited the object in October 2019 and obtained a similar result of hours with an even higher magnitude of (). Diameter and albedo According to the NEOSurvey carried out by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, the asteroid's surface has an albedo of , which gives a mean-diameter of roughly 300 meters based on an absolute magnitude of 19.9. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.20 and a diameter of 0.311 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 19.9 as well. References External links An asteroid as large as 2,000 feet across will speed past Earth later this month, bgr.com, 6 November 2019 NEO Earth Close Approaches, CNEOS – Center for Near Earth Object\",\n \"title\": \"(481394) 2006 SF6\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2926\",\n \"text\": \"The Antarctic ( or , American English also or ; commonly ) is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau, and other island territories located on the Antarctic Plate or south of the Antarctic Convergence. The Antarctic region includes the ice shelves, waters, and all the island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately wide and varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20 percent of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5 percent (14 million km2) is the surface area of the Antarctica continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administered under the Antarctic Treaty System. Biogeographically, the Antarctic realm is one of eight biogeographic realms on Earth's land surface. Climate change in Antarctica is particularly important because the melting of the Antarctic ice sheet has a high potential to add to the global sea level rise. Further, this melting also disrupts the flow of Southern Ocean overturning circulation, which would have significant effects on the local climate and marine ecosystem functioning. Geography As defined by the Antarctic Treaty System, the Antarctic region is everything south of the 60°S latitude. The Treaty area covers Antarctica and the archipelagos of the Balleny Islands, Peter I Island, Scott Island, the South Orkney Islands, and the South Shetland Islands. However, this area does not include the Antarctic Convergence, a transition zone where the cold waters of the Southern Ocean collide with the warmer waters of the north, forming a natural border to the region. Because the Convergence changes seasonally, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources approximates the Convergence line by joining specified points along parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. The implementation of the convention is managed through an international commission headquartered in Hobart, Australia, by an efficient system of annual fishing quotas, licenses, and international inspectors on the fishing vessels, as well as satellite surveillance. The islands situated between 60°S latitude parallel to the south and the Antarctic Convergence to the north and their respective exclusive economic zones fall under the national jurisdiction of the countries that possess them: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom), Bouvet Island (Norway), and Heard and McDonald Islands (Australia). Kerguelen Islands (France; also an EU Overseas territory) are situated in the Antarctic Convergence area, while the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, Isla de los Estados, Hornos Island with Cape Horn, Diego Ramírez Islands, Campbell Island, Macquarie Island, Amsterdam and Saint Paul Islands, Crozet Islands, Prince Edward Islands, Gough Island, and Tristan da Cunha group remain north of the Convergence and thus outside the Antarctic region. Ecology Antarctica A variety of animals live in Antarctica for at least some of the year, including: Seals Penguins South Georgia pipits Albatrosses Antarctic petrels Whales Fish, such as Antarctic icefish, Antarctic toothfish Squid, including the colossal squid\",\n \"title\": \"Antarctic\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8350310\",\n \"text\": \"Intermittent, temporary or seasonal rivers or streams cease to flow every year or at least twice every five years. Such rivers drain large arid and semi-arid areas, covering approximately a third of the Earth's surface. The extent of temporary rivers is increasing, as many formerly perennial rivers are becoming temporary because of increasing water demand, particularly for irrigation. Despite inconsistent water flow, intermittent rivers are considered land-forming agents in arid regions, as they are agents of significant deposition and erosion during flood events. The combination of dry crusted soils and the highly erosive energy of the rain cause sediment resuspension and transport to the coastal areas. They are among the aquatic habitats most altered by human activities. During the summer even under no flow conditions the point sources are still active such as the wastewater effluents, resulting in nutrients and organic pollutants accumulating in the sediment. Sediment operates as a pollution inventory and pollutants are moved to the next basin with the first flush. Their vulnerability is intensified by the conflict between water use demand and aquatic ecosystem conservation. Advanced modelling tools have been developed to better describe intermittent flow dynamic changes such as the tempQsim model. US definition According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency definition, an intermittent river, or intermittent stream, is any river or stream that only flows during certain times of the year, and may not have any flowing surface water during the dry season. Distinction: intermittent vs ephemeral stream Intermittent rivers do not rely on, but may be supplemented, by stormwaters or other runoff from upstream sources. Their channels are well-defined, as compared to ephemeral streams, which may or may not have a defined channel, and rely mainly on storm runoff, as their aquatic bed is above the water table. An ephemeral stream does not have the biological, hydrological, and physical characteristics of a continuous or intermittent stream. Legal perspective Opinions on the Clean Water Act (CWA) from the Supreme Court have classified intermittent streams as non-jurisdictional and thus outside of legal protection. Prior to 2001, virtually all bodies of water in the United States were considered jurisdictional because of their potential to function as a habitat for migratory birds. Following this 2001 Supreme Court ruling on US waters, Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County vs. US Army Corps of Engineers, the court went on to see two cases in 2006 further involving this matter. Rapanos vs. United States and Carabell vs. United States, after being combined into one decision, added new analytical thresholds to be met for protection but ultimately left the determination of what were to be protected U.S. waters up to the EPA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and further court cases. Recent litigation was brought by eighteen states' attorneys general because of a change to the interpretation of what is to be considered by the EPA and Army Corps of Engineers as \\\"waters of the United States\\\" during May 2020. Causes of intermittence Intermittent streams contain water during periods\",\n \"title\": \"Intermittent river\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20393262\",\n \"text\": \"Cueva Fell or Fell's Cave is a natural cave and archaeological site in southern Patagonia. Cueva Fell is in proximity to the Pali Aike Crater, another significant archaeological site. Cueva Fell combined with the nearby Pali Aike site have been submitted to UNESCO as a possible World Heritage Site. Site discovery Fell's Cave was discovered by Junius Bird. It came to his attention because arrow points and flakes were found on the surface. The cave was originally called the Río Chico shelter, but was later renamed by Bird to Fell's Cave in honor of the Fell family who owned the Estancia Brazo Norte, the North Arm Station, where the cave is located. Excavation of the site began in 1936. Site formation Fell's Cave is located in the Río Chico canyon, Chile, near the Straits of Magellan and the Argentine border. This area is known as the Southern Patagonian Basalt Plateaus. Situated on the southeast side of what was once a river bank, it is more accurately described as a rock shelter. It was formed by river water wearing away at the sandstone bank, leaving behind a canopy of lava conglomerate and thus creating a shelter deep and wide. The erosion formed a smooth floor of hard clay. Remnants of sandstone still clinging to the conglomerate roof eventually fell to the floor, forming an archaeologically sterile layer that separated later human occupation periods. Stratigraphy Junius Bird labelled the occupational sediment layers of the site from top to bottom, the top layer directly under the surface is I and the oldest, lowest layer is V. Surface The surface material of the site is composed of dirt, rocks, and hard-packed sheep manure. The surface layer ranges from in thickness. Layer I The youngest stratigraphic layer of Fell's Cave is a dark earth layer, reaching approximately in thickness. This component dates from around 700 years BP to the present. According to conventional radiocarbon dating, the layer dates to 1265 CE +-90. Layer II The division between Layer I and Layer II is relatively indistinguishable as the sediments are of similar dark earth, and also reach about or more in thickness. This layer dates to around 6,500 years BP. Layer III This layer dates to around 8,500 to 6,500 years BP. The earth consistency between Layers II and III marking a notable distinction between the two. Layer III is approximately thick and consists of compacted dark earth. Layer IV The thickness of this layer varies from and consists of firmly packed dark earth. This layer dates from c. 10,000 to 8,500 years BP. Sterile Layer After the earliest layer, Layer V, had accumulated, sandstone slabs fell from the roof of the cave and sealed it off. This layer is thick. Layer V A refuse soft clay soil varying in thickness from composes the oldest occupation level at the site. The site dates from 11,000 +-170 years BP to 10,080 +-160 years BP according to conventional radiocarbon dating. Chronology Bird named the periods from earliest to\",\n \"title\": \"Cueva Fell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42403426\",\n \"text\": \"Across the southern highlands of Mars, approximately 640 sites of chloride-bearing deposits have been identified using the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS). These isolated, irregularly shaped patches (approximate size range of 0.33 – 1300 km2, with an average size of 24 km2) have been dated to the older geologic periods on Mars: Noachian (4.5 – 3.5 billion years ago) and Hesperian (3.5 – 2.9 billion years ago) periods. On Earth, chlorides are known to form through aqueous processes. Similar processes are expected to be responsible for the formation of chloride deposits on Mars. The finding of these deposits is significant in that it provides further evidence for the presence of surface or subsurface water in ancient Mars. Importance of chlorides Chlorides contain the anion Cl− and are soluble in water, meaning they provide evidence of past aqueous processes, which helps to constrain the type of environment at a particular region. On Earth, two main processes form chlorides: efflorescence and precipitation. Whereas on Earth these minerals are formed in more alkaline environments, the minerals on Mars form from more acidic fluids and the processes are connected to basaltic weathering. The key similarity between the formation of chlorides on the two planets is the presence of water. This is important because water is essential to life on Earth, and therefore drives the search for evidence of life on other planets. Chlorides are of particular interest because of their potential to preserve a biological signature through chemical sedimentation. In addition, their presence throughout the entire southern hemisphere of Mars suggests their formation have been an important process to the early history of Mars. Methods for identification The chloride salts were identified using THEMIS on board the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter. The spectrum acquired from THEMIS shows a featureless slope over the wavenumber range of ~672 to 1475 cm−1. Few things describe this spectrally distinct feature, and thus has been concluded to be the result of chloride-bearing deposits. One such supporting terrestrial example is the identification of halite in Death Valley by instruments in the same wavelength as THEMIS. Further investigation of these deposits using the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) showed the features to be light-toned and irregularly shaped fractures overlying small, degraded craters. Spectra from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer (CRISM) on MRO was also used for comparison in lab experiments to explain the featureless slope observed in the THEMIS data. Known minerals on Earth were tested to see if they reproduced the same distinct THEMIS spectra. Pyrite was determined to not be a possible match for the mineral deposits on Mars. Flood basalt mixtures containing halite reproduced the spectra in some instances, reinforcing the conclusion that this THEMIS spectra, and thus the deposits, are chloride. However, the most definitive evidence that these are in fact chloride deposits will come from in situ observations on the Martian surface. Terra Sirenum Terra Sirenum is a region in the southern highlands of Mars (approximately at 38.8°S, 221°E),\",\n \"title\": \"Chloride-bearing deposits on Mars\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10892778\",\n \"text\": \"POLDER (POLarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances) is a passive optical imaging radiometer and polarimeter instrument developed by the French space agency CNES. Description The device was designed to observe solar radiation reflected by Earth's atmosphere, including studies of tropospheric aerosols, sea surface reflectance, bidirectional reflectance distribution function of land surfaces, and the Earth Radiation Budget. Specifications POLDER has a mass of approximately , and has a power consumption of 77 W in imaging mode (with a mean consumption of 29 W). Imaging POLDER utilizes a push broom scanner. The device's optical system uses a telecentric lens and a charged coupled device matrix with a resolution of 242x548 pixels. The focal length is with a focal ratio of 4.6. The field of view ranges from ±43° to ±57°, depending on the tracking method. Spectral characteristics The device scans between 443 and 910 nm FWHM, depending on the objective of the measurement. The shorter wavelengths (443–565 nm) typically measure ocean color, whereas the longer wavelengths (670–910 nm) are used to study vegetation and water vapor content. Data transfer It transmits data on 465.9875 MHz at bit rate of 200 bit/s, and receives on 401.65 MHz at 400 bit/s. The data rate is 880 kbit/s at a quantization level of 12 bits. Missions POLDER was first launched as a passenger instrument aboard ADEOS I on 17 August 1996. The mission ended on 30 June 1997 when communication from the host satellite failed. POLDER 2 was launched in December 2002 aboard ADEOS II. The second mission ended prematurely after 10 months when the satellite's solar panel malfunctioned. A third generation instrument was launched on board the French PARASOL microsatellite. The satellite was maneuvered out of the A-train on 2 December 2009 and permanently shut down on 18 December 2013. Footnotes Sources External links POLDER website Radiometry Earth observation satellite sensors\",\n \"title\": \"POLDER\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5904679\",\n \"text\": \"Snow hydrology is a scientific study in the field of hydrology which focuses on the composition, dispersion, and movement of snow and ice. Studies of snow hydrology predate the Anno Domini era, although major breakthroughs were not made until the mid eighteenth century. Snowfall, accumulation and melt are important hydrological processes in watersheds at high altitudes or latitudes. In many western states in United States, snow melt accounts for a large percentage of the spring runoff that serves as water supply to reservoirs, urban populations and agricultural activities. A large portion of snow hydrology groups are pursuing new methods for incorporating snow hydrology into distributed models over complex terrain through theoretical developments, model development and testing with field and remote sensing data sets. Snow hydrology is quite complex and involves both mass and energy balance calculations over a time-varying snow pack which is influenced by spatial location in the watershed, interaction with vegetation and redistribution by winds. Some researchers seek to accurately capture snow dynamics at a point and over a domain as the spatial pattern of snow cover area is readily observable from remote sensing. Overview Snow and ice accounts for around 75% of Earth's entire freshwater volume but lacks the capability of reliable applications. In comparison, the water supplied from rivers and freshwater lakes carries a consistent annual source of water. These natural bodies of water are formed through springs, rainfall and mountainous snow runoff. According to estimates, snow represents about 5% of the precipitation that reaches Earth's surface. Due to the large amount of water held within these sources, snow hydrology has been a growing study in the field of river tides and seasonal flow rates. Despite common belief, snow fall is not the main cause for the destruction of organic matter in cold climates. The most damaging aspect is cold temperature winds that exist above the snow pack surface. Studies have shown the insulating properties of snow defend the plants and small animals in the environment from these frigid winds. “The snow itself is the habitat for various micro-organisms like snow worms and algae.” Without consistent annual snowfall, many plants would be destroyed due to frost damage. Both ice worms (Mesenchytraeus Solifugus) and green algae are unique organisms that can live in glacial and snowy habitats. History Though most of the knowledge in the field of snow hydrology has been discovered in the last two centuries, there is evidence that some understanding existed as early as 500-428BC in the Greek states. Ancient Some of the earliest evidence that supports an ancient technical understanding of snow movement was produced by the Greeks. Anaxagoras, an ancient Greek notes: \\\"the water in the Nile comes from the snow in Ethiopia, which freezes in the winter and melts in the summer\\\". The upper class Greeks in these city states were shown to have basic understanding of the cooling properties that snow exhibited. Upper class citizens would have hay lined pits dug beneath their homes and bring snow down from the\",\n \"title\": \"Snow hydrology\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32728264\",\n \"text\": \"The radar horizon is a critical area of performance for aircraft detection systems that is defined by the distance at which the radar beam rises enough above the Earth's surface to make detection of a target at the lowest level possible. It is associated with the low elevation region of performance, and its geometry depends on terrain, radar height, and signal processing. This is associated with the notions of radar shadow, the clutter zone, and the clear zone. Airborne objects can exploit the radar shadow zone and clutter zone to avoid radar detection by using a technique called nap-of-the-earth navigation. Definition Without taking into account the refraction through the atmosphere, the radar horizon would be the geometrical distance from the radar to the horizon only taking into account the height of the radar above sea-level, and the radius of the earth (approximately 6.4·103 km): When H is small compared to , this can be approximated by: [The percentage error, which increases roughly in proportion to the height, is less than 1% when H is less than 250 km.] With this calculation, the horizon for a radar at a altitude is . The radar horizon with an antenna height of over the ocean is . However, since the pressure and water vapor content of the atmosphere varies with height, the path used by the radar beam is refracted by the change in density. With a standard atmosphere, electromagnetic waves are generally bent or refracted downward. This reduces the shadow zone, but causes errors in distance and height measuring. In practice, to find , one must be using a value of 8.5·103 km for the effective Earth's radius (4/3 of it), instead of the real one. So the equation becomes: And for the same examples : the radar horizon for the radar at a altitude will be and the one at will be . Furthermore, layers with an inverse trend of temperature or humidity cause atmospheric ducting, which bends the beam downward or even traps radio waves so that they do not spread out vertically. This phenomenon occurs in two circumstances: A thin stable layer of elevated humidity Stable temperature inversion Ducting influence becomes stronger as frequency drops. Below 3 MHz, the whole volume of the air acts as a waveguide to fill in the radar shadow and also reduces radar sensitivity above the duct zone. Ducting fills in the shadow zone, extends the distance of the clutter zone, and can create reflections for low PRF radar that are beyond the instrumented range. Limiting factors Shadow Zone Objects beyond Dh will be visible only if the height satisfies the following requirement: where is the target height and is the target range. Objects below this height are in the radar shadow. Clutter Zone The Clutter Zone is where radar energy is in the lowest several thousand feet of air. This extends to a distance of about 120% of the radar horizon. There are a large number of reflectors on the ground at these\",\n \"title\": \"Radar horizon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34298804\",\n \"text\": \"The composition of Mars covers the branch of the geology of Mars that describes the make-up of the planet Mars. Elemental composition Mars is differentiated, which—for a terrestrial planet—implies that it has a central core made up of high density matter (mainly metallic iron and nickel) surrounded by a less dense, silicate mantle and crust. Like Earth, Mars appears to have a molten iron core, or at least a molten outer core. However, there does not appear to be convection in the mantle. Presently Mars shows little geological activity. The elemental composition of Mars is different from Earth's in several significant ways. First, Martian meteorite analysis suggests that the planet's mantle is about twice as rich in iron as the Earth's mantle. The planet's distinctive red color is due to iron oxides on its surface. Second, its core is richer in sulphur. Third, the Martian mantle is richer in potassium and phosphorus than Earth's and fourth, the Martian crust contains a higher percentage of volatile elements such as sulphur and chlorine than the Earth's crust does. Many of these conclusions are supported by in situ analyses of rocks and soils on the Martian surface. Much of what we know about the elemental composition of Mars comes from orbiting spacecraft and landers. (See Exploration of Mars for list.) Most of these spacecraft carry spectrometers and other instruments to measure the surface composition of Mars by either remote sensing from orbit or in situ analyses on the surface. We also have many actual samples of Mars in the form of meteorites that have made their way to Earth. Martian meteorites (often called SNC's, for Shergottites, Nakhlites, and Chassignites—the groups of meteorites first shown to have a martian origin) provide data on the chemical composition of Mars' crust and interior that would not otherwise be available except through a sample return mission. Based on these data sources, scientists think that the most abundant chemical elements in the Martian crust are silicon, oxygen, iron, magnesium, aluminium, calcium, and potassium. These elements are major components of the minerals comprising igneous rocks. The elements titanium, chromium, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, sodium, and chlorine are less abundant but are still important components of many accessory minerals in rocks and of secondary minerals (weathering products) in the dust and soils (the regolith). On September 5, 2017, scientists reported that the Curiosity rover detected boron, an essential ingredient for life on Earth, on the planet Mars. Such a finding, along with previous discoveries that water may have been present on ancient Mars, further supports the possible early habitability of Gale Crater on Mars. Hydrogen is present as water (H2O) ice and in hydrated minerals. Carbon occurs as carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and sometimes as dry ice at the poles. An unknown amount of carbon is also stored in carbonates. Molecular nitrogen (N2) makes up 2.7 percent of the atmosphere. As far as we know, organic compounds are absent except for a trace of methane detected in the atmosphere.\",\n \"title\": \"Composition of Mars\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53132711\",\n \"text\": \"Nigeria has extensive mangrove forests in the coastal region of the Niger Delta. Considered one of the most ecologically sensitive regions in the world, the Niger Delta mangrove forest is situated within a deltaic depositional environment. These mangrove forests serve a critical role in regional ecological and landscape composition, and support subsistence gathering practices, and market-based income opportunities. Anthropogenic development threatens the survival of Niger Delta mangrove populations. Overview Mangrove forests are found in 118 countries and territories worldwide, 75% of mangrove vegetation zones are located in intertidal tropic and sub-tropic habitats situated between 25° N and 25° S . Typically surrounding salient river deltas, mangrove regions support a variety of halophytes. These robust shrubs and trees, which have adapted to changing coastal conditions (such as inundation, sun exposure, anaerobic soil, and salinity concentration), play a substantive role in cultivating the biodiversity and wellbeing of the surrounding landscape. Introduction Mangroves are coastal wetland forests located in the intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical estuaries, saline backwaters, deltas, creeks, and lagoons. The mangrove ecosystem represents specific areas where mangrove plants flourish. These halophytic plants, including trees, shrubs, palms, and ferns, grow in the intertidal zones of brackish waters or estuarine wetlands in tropical and subtropical regions. This unique environment within mangroves influences the morphology, anatomy, and behavior of a community of organisms, showcasing local adaptations. The mangrove forests play a crucial role in coastal stabilization, minimizing the impact of wave action and wind energy on the shoreline, and acting as excellent inland structure defenders. They also act as carbon sinks, sequestering a significant amount of carbon annually. Despite covering a small percentage of the Earth's surface, mangroves account for a substantial portion of terrestrial carbon input into the ocean. Additionally, mangroves are highly productive ecosystems, supporting coastal populations' livelihoods directly and indirectly and providing habitats for various wildlife populations, including wading birds and seabirds. These forests also serve as essential sources of food, medicine, fuel, and shelter for many people, particularly those in coastal regions. Mangroves have a crucial ecological function in stabilizing coastal areas by mitigating the effects of wave action and wind energy on the shoreline, effectively acting as natural defenses for inland structures. The mangrove plants and the sediments surrounding them serve as carbon sinks, capturing approximately 22.8 million metric tons of carbon each year. In fact, they are superior in carbon sequestration compared to other blue carbon ecosystems, making them a significant nature-based response to climate change. Despite occupying a small fraction of the Earth's continental surface (approximately 0.1%), mangrove forests contribute 11% of all terrestrial carbon input into the ocean. Mangroves stand out as highly productive ecosystems globally, offering essential support to the livelihoods of coastal communities both directly and indirectly. They provide habitats and sustenance to diverse wildlife populations, such as wading birds and seabirds. Additionally, mangroves play a crucial role as a significant resource for food, medicine, fuel, and housing for numerous individuals in Nigeria, especially those residing in coastal areas. The Niger Delta\",\n \"title\": \"Niger Delta mangroves\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32873991\",\n \"text\": \"The Chilling Stars is a non-fiction book about the possible causes and effects of global climate change by Henrik Svensmark and Nigel Calder. The paperback version was published by Totem Books on March 19, 2003. An updated version titled The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change was published in 2007. Svensmark is otherwise known as a Danish physicist and professor, while Calder had worked as a science journalist. The authors argue that cloud cover changes caused by variations in cosmic rays are a major contributor to global temperature increases, and they state that human influences have been exaggerated. Contents and background The authors describe a cross-disciplinary theory that takes in elements of cosmology, particle physics, paleo-climatology, and meteorology. They label their concept 'cosmoclimatology', and they attempt to look back through prior climate trends such as the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. They detail what they view as a close correlation between the rate of cosmic rays reaching the Earth, which varies based on electromagnetic fluctuation on the Sun's surface, and the Earth's temperature. They write how the solar magnetic field grew over twice as strong as before over the 20th century, and they peg this as a primary driver of the approximately 0.6 °C warming over that time. Specifically, they state that fewer cosmic rays cause fewer clouds to form, and thus the climate becomes hotter, given that the individual water droplets that make up clouds collect when cosmic particles turn water into ions. Reviews The online magazine londonbookreview.com remarked, \\\"For those who believe that the argument about the causes of climate change have been settled may find this a difficult book to read. But those who retain an open mind may find this an interesting read, even if it is only to confirm that the science is far from being settled.\\\" Scientists have generally not found the published work of Svensmark et al. persuasive. For example, Lockwood et al. find that \\\"The cloud-cosmic ray suggestion increasingly fails to match observations\\\". A joint Spanish/Japanese collaboration of solar ray/astrophysics experts found that the change in global cloud cover is closely correlated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation and uncorrelated with solar rays. See also Scientific opinion on climate change The Great Global Warming Swindle The Cloud Mystery References External links Book Excerpt from news.bbc.co.uk Climate change books 2003 non-fiction books 2003 in the environment 2007 in the environment Environmental non-fiction books\",\n \"title\": \"The Chilling Stars\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["71 %"],"string":"[\n \"71 %\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":63,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_2323"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who plays peter parker in amazing spider man"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"362269","text":"Peter Parker is the secret identity of the character Spider-Man. Peter Parker may also refer to: Fictional characters Other versions of the main Spider-Man character; see Alternative versions of Spider-Man Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series), a character portrayed by Tobey Maguire in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man series Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), a character portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man film series Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a character portrayed by Tom Holland in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Peter Parker (Insomniac Games character), a character in the Marvel's Spider-Man games by Insomniac Games Peter Parker, the grandson of Peter's Pocket Grandpa, a character in The Dandy People Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet (1721–1811), British Admiral and Member of Parliament, friend and patron of Admiral Nelson Sir Peter Parker, 2nd Baronet (1785–1814), English naval officer Peter Parker (physician) (1804–1888), first Protestant medical missionary to China Peter Parker (British businessman) (1924–2002), chairman of the British Railways Board, 1976–1983 Peter Parker (author) (born 1954), British biographer and journalist Peter Parker (umpire) (born 1959), Australian cricket umpire Pete Parker (1895–1991), Canadian radio announcer Other uses Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic book series Peter Parker House See also Spider-Man (disambiguation)","title":"Peter Parker (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"41357270","text":"The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for","title":"List of Spider-Man film cast members"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"362269\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Parker is the secret identity of the character Spider-Man. Peter Parker may also refer to: Fictional characters Other versions of the main Spider-Man character; see Alternative versions of Spider-Man Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series), a character portrayed by Tobey Maguire in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man series Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), a character portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man film series Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a character portrayed by Tom Holland in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Peter Parker (Insomniac Games character), a character in the Marvel's Spider-Man games by Insomniac Games Peter Parker, the grandson of Peter's Pocket Grandpa, a character in The Dandy People Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet (1721–1811), British Admiral and Member of Parliament, friend and patron of Admiral Nelson Sir Peter Parker, 2nd Baronet (1785–1814), English naval officer Peter Parker (physician) (1804–1888), first Protestant medical missionary to China Peter Parker (British businessman) (1924–2002), chairman of the British Railways Board, 1976–1983 Peter Parker (author) (born 1954), British biographer and journalist Peter Parker (umpire) (born 1959), Australian cricket umpire Pete Parker (1895–1991), Canadian radio announcer Other uses Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic book series Peter Parker House See also Spider-Man (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Parker (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41357270\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man film cast members\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"48338115","text":"\"Spider-Man\" is the name of several superheroes in the Marvel Universe. The first titular and main protagonist is Peter Parker, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Other characters have adopted the alias over the years in the Earth 616 universe such as Ben Reilly and Otto Octavius. There also consists of alternate universe versions of the web-slinger such as May \"Mayday\" Parker and Miguel O'Hara. Characters named Spider-Man Peter Parker Peter Parker, the Amazing Spider-Man, is the mainstream and original Earth-616 incarnation of the character and appears in almost every piece of Spider-Man related media. All other \"spider-men\" are derived from him. Ben Reilly Ben Reilly is a clone of Peter Parker, who also briefly fought crime as the Scarlet Spider. He also took over as Spider-Man (with a new costume) when Peter retired to settle down with a new family. This lasted until the original Green Goblin returned and murdered him. Spider-X Spider-X (Brian Kornfield), created by Mort Todd, first appeared in Midnight Sons Unlimited #3 (Oct. 1993). As Spider-X was seen by many wearing Spider-Man's costume, he is initially believed to be Spider-Man himself, mutated by the Darkhold, Until his own mother learned the truth and explained this to the titular group. Kornfield grew up off Broadway in New York City raised by his mother, with his father having been killed at an unknown time period. He had a very active imagination and idolized all superheroes, even writing letters to as many as he could. His mother was brutally assaulted and mugged on New York's streets. Brian was obsessed with being a superhero so he could find and take down the muggers. Brian was met by the Dwarf (an agent of the Elder God Chthon) offering him the power to be like his idol Spider-Man via a page of the Darkhold. Brian accepted the offer and was transformed into Spider-X. His obsessive desire for vengeance was twisted even further by the Darkhold's black magic and Brian saw himself as the ultimate arbitrator of justice, willing to mete out punishment that no one else would. Spider-X first brutally slew his mother's mugger. He then captured and planned to slay some other criminals, which brought him into conflict with the Ghost Rider and John Blaze when the two crashed into Spider-X's web that had been spun across the entire street. The conflict ended inconclusively when Spider-X fled from the Ghost Rider's Penance Stare; his eight eyes may have somehow diluted the Stare's force, allowing him to break hold. The occult investigators/warriors the Nightstalkers came to New York and investigated a previous letter from Kornfield, which claimed there is an occult basis to the rise in New York City's crime. Spider-X attacked the three of them when his mother was questioned. His struggles escalated, bringing in some of the Darkhold Redeemers summoned by the energy released by the use of a Darkhold page, as well as Morbius the Living Vampire and even Spider-Man himself. Still seeking to punish criminals, Spider-X","title":"List of incarnations of Spider-Man"},{"docid":"504988","text":"Benjamin \"Ben\" Reilly (), also known as the Scarlet Spider, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Grown in a lab by Miles Warren/Jackal, he is a clone of Peter Parker/Spider-Man tasked with fighting him but instead becoming an ally, later even regarded as a \"brother\". Created by writer Gerry Conway, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 (October 1975) and is seemingly killed in the same issue. The character returned and featured prominently in the 1994–96 \"Clone Saga\" storyline, adopting the \"Scarlet Spider\" alias with a costume similar to Spider-Man's consisting of a red spandex bodysuit and mask complemented by a blue sleeveless hoodie sweatshirt adorned with a large spider symbol on both sides, along with a utility belt and bulkier web-shooters. This Scarlet Spider costume was designed by artist Tom Lyle. When Peter Parker temporarily left the Spider-Man role, Ben became the new Spider-Man while wearing a new costume variation designed by artist Mark Bagley. However, Reilly dies at the hands of Norman Osborn/Green Goblin, sacrificing himself to save Parker who then resumes the Spider-Man role. In 2017's Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy story, the character is revealed to be alive, his mind forcibly transferred to new clone bodies by the Jackal repeatedly before his resurrection was successful. Driven mad by the experience of being reborn and dying repeatedly, he became the new Jackal and started his own criminal enterprise. After being defeated by Spider-Man and others, Reilly reclaims his Scarlet Spider identity in the series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider. Reimagined as an antihero, he first hopes to escape his past then embarks on a spiritual quest to redeem himself. This arc is completed in \"Spider-Geddon\" (2018), during which he sacrifices himself to protect others when his life force is absorbed by an enemy who inadvertently absorbs his many death traumas as well. Ben is then resurrected in a new clone body, his mind and soul healed and restored. During the events of the 2021–2022 storyline \"Beyond\", Ben temporarily became Spider-Man again, only for him to have his memories purged from him and becoming a new villain called Chasm. Due to his many resurrections in different clone bodies, the 2017–2018 comic series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider states he has died and returned more than anyone else in the Marvel Universe, leading to him becoming favored by Lady Death. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse voiced by Andy Samberg. Publication history Ben Reilly was first featured as Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 as a nameless clone of Peter Parker who seemingly dies alongside his creator the Jackal, who had also created a clone of Parker's lost love Gwen Stacy. The events of the issue were later revisited in several comics such as What If #30. Asked why he created the character, writer Gerry Conway explained: Though Conway had no intention of using the character beyond this initial story in","title":"Ben Reilly"},{"docid":"2555765","text":"Carrion is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an enemy of Spider-Man. Publication history The Miles Warren clone version of Carrion first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #25 and was created by Bill Mantlo, Jim Mooney, and Frank Springer. Carrion emerged as part of a storyline that was a sequel to the original Clone Saga and as a result he has one of the most complicated histories of any Spider-Man villain. According to Tony Isabella, in Mantlo's original plans for this story, Carrion would have been revealed as the Peter Parker clone. That the real Spider-Man had also dumped the then-deceased Green Goblin's gear in the same furnace explained the Goblin-esque look of Carrion. However, Marv Wolfman, then writer of The Amazing Spider-Man book, had some second thoughts about it. He decided he didn't want a second Spider-Man running around so Bill was asked to change the planned revelation of his extended story, even though the first chapter had already been published. The character's history has been retconned several times as successive writers changed the status of the various clones, the plans and motivations of Professor Miles Warren and other aspects from the stories. Often these changes took place in stories which did not directly involve Carrion, resulting in further stories trying to tie up gaps. No fewer than three separate incarnations have been encountered. William Allen first appeared in Spider-Man: Dead Man's Hand #1 (April 1997), created by Roger Stern and Dan Lawlis. McBride was created by Sal Buscema and Gerry Conway in The Spectacular Spider-Man #149 (April 1989). Fictional character biography Miles Warren clone The original Carrion first appeared seeking to destroy Spider-Man, somehow knowing that his secret identity was Peter Parker. He unsuccessfully approached the Maggia with a plan to kill Spider-Man. He attacked Peter Parker, blaming him for the death of Gwen Stacy. Carrion sought to destroy Parker/Spider-Man several times before capturing Spider-Man and revealing to him that he was a decayed clone of Professor Miles Warren, also known as the Jackal. Warren had created the clone and left it in a capsule to mature to full development; however Warren had then (seemingly) died and the clone was left developing in the capsule with artificially accelerated age. Something went wrong and the clone's body became like a living corpse. As Warren's clone, Carrion blamed Spider-Man for the deaths of both Warren and Gwen Stacy and sought to bring him to justice with the help of a malleable student named Randy Vale. Carrion captured Peter Parker and prepared to kill him with a giant \"Spider-Amoeba\" created by cloning cells from Parker. However, Parker freed himself and became Spider-Man. In the subsequent fight a fire consumed the laboratory whilst the amoeba latched onto Carrion. The Spider-Amoeba suffocated Carrion, smothering him to death, and then unable to escape it perished in the fire. Malcolm McBride Many years later, Spider-Man learned from the High Evolutionary that Warren had not","title":"Carrion (comics)"},{"docid":"3359643","text":"Debra Whitman is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #196 (September 1979), she served as a brief love interest for Peter Parker in the Spectacular Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man comic titles in the late 1970s and early 1980s. She is also one of the first characters to determine that Peter was Spider-Man, although she was later convinced she was delusional. The character has appeared in Spider-Man media adaptations, most notably in Spider-Man: The Animated Series. Fictional character biography Debra Whitman was a secretary in the biophysics department of Empire State University. While there, she met Peter and they started dating. However, things kept coming up in his secret life as Spider-Man and he kept giving her excuses to get out of the date. Because of Peter's rejections, she started to date Biff Rifkin for emotional support, but her infatuation with Peter did nothing but grow. Debra also suffered from a mental instability that led her to idealize people and invert values. With Peter it grew further into her hallucinating that he was Spider-Man. When she told her psychiatrist, Dr. Baily Kuklin, about her hallucinations, he asked Peter to wear the Spider-Man suit to give her a shocking confrontation with reality to get her out of the hallucination. Peter refused, and indicated Biff Rifkin as a more reliable source of information. However, Biff already knew Debra when she was married to Mark Whitman. One day he asked her about her black eye and she gave evasive answers. That night he went to their house and saw Mark beating her. He rescued her and took her to the hospital, but she insisted Mark was a kind and gentle husband, locked in denial. Peter then wore the suit and told her he was Spider-Man. The shock made her come to her senses and decided to leave New York to get a divorce. During the superhero \"Civil War\", Peter reveals his identity as Spider-Man to the world. Thereafter, Debra is seen on the phone speaking to her co-writer about her new book, entitled \"TWO FACED: How Spider-Man Ruined My Life\". She seems discouraged about the title and tone of the book, but is committed to a book signing later in the day. Enraged, she then hurls items around the room to get out her anger before the signing. At the book signing, Spider-Man and the newly released Vulture are both seen planning to crash. After Spider-Man defeats the Vulture, Debra reveals to Betty Brant the editors had forced her to exaggerate the mental damage that Peter had \"done\" to her in order to make for a better book. Debra's mother had been sick and the medical bills were far more than she could pay for, so when the Daily Bugle dug up all of Peter Parker's past relationships to get dirt on him, she jumped on the chance to write the book. Betty talked Debra into telling the truth to the Daily","title":"Debra Whitman"},{"docid":"18936506","text":"\"Green Goblin Reborn!\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the","title":"Green Goblin Reborn!"},{"docid":"53599140","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" was released with the tagline \"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \"unjust\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man 129"},{"docid":"31655527","text":"\"The Gathering of Five\" and \"The Final Chapter\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \"re-branding\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \"Issue One\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \"Clone Saga\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \"the gathering of five\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \"package\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time","title":"The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter"},{"docid":"14154213","text":"Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles","title":"Spider-Man: With Great Power"},{"docid":"15635388","text":"\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far","title":"Spider-Man: Brand New Day"},{"docid":"9601342","text":"Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \"Mayday\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \"The Final Chapter\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man Family"},{"docid":"65818012","text":"Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen","title":"Sins Rising"},{"docid":"8896262","text":"The Green Goblin's Last Stand is a 1992 superhero fan film by Dan Poole, based on the comic book story \"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\", published by Marvel Comics in The Amazing Spider-Man #121–122. Poole is the director, producer, creative editor, screenwriter, and star of the film. The film and its attendant documentary received showings and accolades at several small film festivals. Plot Peter Parker, as his alias Spider-Man, is following a stolen vehicle. He stops the car and traps the two criminals. Afterwards, he meets his girlfriend Gwen Stacy. Peter's spider-sense detects Norman Osborn traveling in a taxi, and he learns from Gwen that Norman survived an explosion at his chemical plant. Norman returns to his home, in an amnestic state, in an attempt to find his son, Harry. In his room, he finds a newspaper detailing the explosion of Norman's plant, caused by a battle between Spider-Man and The Green Goblin. Peter visits Norman, who becomes enraged and tells him to leave. Peter believes he is unwell, and tells Gwen that Norman was obviously mentally altered after the accident. Norman sees Parker's name on the newspaper and hallucinates that Spider-Man is chasing him into the streets of New York. Three thugs harass and attack him, leaving him unconscious. The next day, Norman wakes up in his former 'warehouse'. He finds the goblin equipment, and vows revenge on Spider-Man. Peter goes back to Norman's apartment and finds the newspaper, realizing that he has once again become the Green Goblin. He bumps into Harry Osborn, who believes his father is still in the hospital. Harry discovers that the card with the doctor's number and address is missing from his desk, but that the card had Peter's address and number on it as well. Gwen goes to look for Peter at his \"Darkroom\", but Norman kidnaps her and takes her to the rooftops. Peter finds she is missing, and is challenged by Norman to come rescue her. Peter trips Norman with his web, but after he regains consciousness, he pushes Gwen off the roof. Peter quickly spins a web to catch Gwen, breaking her neck in the process. Enraged, Peter nearly kills Norman, but he escapes by throwing a pumpkin bomb. Norman is tracked down by Peter to the warehouse ruins. Peter makes Norman's glider malfunction and defeats him. After asking him why he killed Gwen, Norman is apathetic, and describes her as a \"pawn\". Peter almost beats Norman to death again, but cannot bring himself to do so. Norman activates his glider to kill Peter, but his spider sense activates and he quickly jumps out of the way, leaving the glider to impale Norman, killing him. At the cemetery, Peter apologizes to Gwen at her grave, stating that Norman's death only made the pain worse. He admits hesitance in being Spider-Man, but reminds himself of his promise to Uncle Ben's death that he would continue being Spider-Man. Cast Dan Poole as Peter Parker / Spider-Man Jimi Kinstle as Norman Osborn","title":"The Green Goblin's Last Stand"},{"docid":"144167","text":"Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,","title":"Aunt May"},{"docid":"58112860","text":"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is two series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. The series revolves around Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson having remained married and raising a daughter named Anna-May \"Annie\" Parker, with Mary Jane and Annie further becoming the superheroes Spinneret and Spiderling. The original series was a 2015 comic book limited series that tied into that year's Secret Wars event. Following the event's end, the popularity of the series led to a sequel ongoing series set in the alternate reality of Earth-18119, which was published from 2016 to 2018. Mary Jane and Annie from this series make cameo appearances in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The first volume takes place during the \"Secret Wars\" storyline and was published as a limited series in 2015. Dan Slott and Adam Kubert's story occurs in a Battleworld which was a \"drastically reimagined incarnation of New York City\". A second volume, now as an ongoing series part of the 2016 \"Marvel NOW!\" relaunch, details the further tales of Spider-Man and his family after their reality was restored. Originally, Gerry Conway was the lead writer of the volume; Ryan Stegman joined as both co-writer and artist with issue #8. With issue #13, \"the series new creative team of writer Jody Houser and artist Nick Roche kicked off their run by jumping eight years into the Parker family's future\". The second volume is followed by the three issue limited series Spider-Girls which was part of the 2018 comics event Spider-Geddon. CBR highlighted that while events of the \"One More Day\" storyline still \"haven't been totally undone in the Marvel comic continuum\", as a result of Renew Your Vows, both MJ and Peter of Earth 616 share \"small fragments of memories of their life and decided to begin again, with a fresh new start\". Plot Volume one: Secret Wars During the \"Secret Wars\" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. Spider-Man brutally defeats Venom. As the superheroes are being defeated by Regent, Mary Jane Watson uses a fire truck's siren to help Spider-Man force Venom into a burning building and brings the structure down on Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe. In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent won't detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. Peter takes pictures of Demolition Man protesting the Regent's rule when he is defeated by Boomerang, Rhino, and","title":"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows"},{"docid":"37629473","text":"The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \"Dying Wish\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \"Superior Spider-Man\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \"Go Down Swinging\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \"Spider-Geddon\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \"Spider-Geddon\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team","title":"The Superior Spider-Man"},{"docid":"663197","text":"Nicholas Hammond (born 15 May 1950) is an American and Australian actor and writer who is best known for his roles as Friedrich von Trapp in the film The Sound of Music and as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the 1970s television series The Amazing Spider-Man. He also appeared in the theatrical films as Spider-Man and its two sequels outside of North America. Early life Hammond was born on May 15, 1950, in Washington, D.C., the son of Colonel Thomas West Hammond, Jr. by his wife Eileen Hammond (née Bennett). Hammond's father was American of English descent and an officer in the U.S. Army, and his mother was English and had played a role in Much Too Shy in 1942. Hammond has one elder brother, David (b. 1946). Hammond's parents had met and married in London during World War II when his father had been posted in the United Kingdom. After the war, the couple moved to the U.S. permanently, and because the Colonel had an army job, the family moved numerous times to various army stations across the country during Hammond's childhood. Nicholas Hammond graduated from the Landon School in Bethesda, Maryland, before attending and graduating from Princeton University. Col. Hammond died in 1970. Career Hammond was 11 years old when he made his acting debut as Robin Rhodes in the Broadway play The Complaisant Lover in 1961, playing alongside Michael Redgrave and Googie Withers. At the same time, he began to shoot for the 1963 film Lord of the Flies, which marked his film debut. After this, Hammond played what was to be his most notable screen role: Friedrich von Trapp (the elder of the two boys) in the 1965 hit The Sound of Music. Hammond's next acting role came in 1970, when he appeared in Conduct Unbecoming, his first role as an adult. In 1972 Hammond appeared as Peter Linder in Skyjacked. In 1973 he made a guest appearance on The Brady Bunch in season 4, episode #090, \"The Subject Was Noses\", as the high school hunk, Doug Simpson, who loses interest in Marcia after her tragic football accident. That year Hammond also appeared in The Waltons episode \"The Townie\", as Theodore Claypool Jr. After making the transition from juvenile to young leading man, Hammond spent several seasons in daytime soaps, such as General Hospital. He also appeared on many television shows of the 1970s including Hawaii Five-O. In the late 1970s Hammond re-joined fellow The Sound of Music alumnus Heather Menzies (who played Louisa von Trapp) for one episode of the TV adaptation of Logan's Run. He also contributed to The Sound of Music Family Scrapbook. Spider-Man From 1977 to 1979, Hammond played the role for which he is perhaps best known, as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the television series The Amazing Spider-Man. Hammond described his approach to the character: \"I liked the idea of taking a fantasy hero and making him believable as a person. I made it clear going into it that I wasn't interested in doing","title":"Nicholas Hammond"},{"docid":"17038885","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series about Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The Amazing Spider-Man may also refer to: Comics The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) Film Spider-Man (1977 film) starring Nicholas Hammond, also known as The Amazing Spider-Man on home media The Amazing Spider-Man (film), a reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise The Amazing Spider-Man (soundtrack), a film-score album from the 2012 film, composed by James Horner Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), the title character of the film series Television The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series) starring Nicholas Hammond, which evolved out of the 1977 film Games The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball) See also The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation)","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"931","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man is an ongoing American superhero comic book series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man as its title character and main protagonist. Being in the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it was the character's first title, launching seven months after his introduction in the final issue of Amazing Fantasy. The series began publication with a March 1963 cover date and has been published nearly continuously to date over six volumes with only one significant interruption. Issues of the title currently feature an issue number within its sixth volume, as well as a \"legacy\" number reflecting the issue's overall number across all Amazing Spider-Man volumes. The title reached 900 issues in 2022. The series began as a bimonthly periodical before being increased to monthly after four issues. It was the character's sole monthly headlining title until Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man launched in 1978. After 441 issues, The Amazing Spider-Man was restarted in 1999 as issue No. 1 of Volume 2. It ran for 58 issues before reverting to the title's overall issue number with #500 in 2003. The series ran essentially continuously over the first two volumes from 1963 until its landmark 700th issue at the end of 2012 when it was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Marvel's comic lines. The title was occasionally published biweekly during the first two volumes, and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010. After the relaunch of Action Comics and Detective Comics, The Amazing Spider-Man briefly became the highest-numbered active American comic book. The Amazing Spider-Man returned with volume 3 in April 2014 following the conclusion of The Superior Spider-Man story arc after 31 issues. In late 2015, the series was relaunched with a fourth volume following the 2015 Secret Wars event. After 45 years , the volume was once again relaunched as part of Marvel Legacy, returning to the overall \"legacy\" numbering with issue No. 789 in late 2017. Less than a year later, the series was relaunched again with a fifth volume as part of Marvel's Fresh Start. For the first time, although the issue numbers were again restarted from #1, the issues also bore the overall \"legacy\" issue number. A sixth volume commenced in April 2022 to celebrate Spider-Man's 60th anniversary. Since the second volume, the title has had various release schedules, including monthly and bi-weekly, among others. Publication history Writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko created the character of Spider-Man, and the pair produced 38 issues from March 1963 to July 1966. Ditko left after the 38th issue, while Lee remained as writer until issue 100. Since then, many writers and artists have taken over the monthly comic through the years, chronicling the adventures of Marvel's most identifiable hero. The Amazing Spider-Man has been the character's flagship series for his first fifty years in publication, and was the only monthly series to star Spider-Man until Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, in 1976, although 1972","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man"},{"docid":"19054808","text":"Bluebird (Sally Avril), sometimes rendered Blue Bird, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is usually depicted as a supporting character in the Spider-Man series. In other media, Sally Avril has appeared in the animated series The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Grey DeLisle; in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), portrayed by Kelsey Asbille; and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), played by Isabella Amara. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Sally Avril first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (1962). Sally was a minor member of Flash Thompson's entourage, appearing in only one issue during the Silver Age. Her \"Bluebird\" career was created by Busiek (scripts) and Olliffe (pencils) in 1996. Fictional character biography Sally Avril was a fellow student of Peter Parker's at Midtown High who turned him down for a date, preferring Flash Thompson. Thirty years later, writing for Untold Tales of Spider-Man, Kurt Busiek resurrected the one-note brunette from obscurity and gave her a background. She was an ambitious, thrill-loving girl who took blue ribbons in gymnastics. With fellow popular kid Jason Ionello, she attempted to cash in on a Daily Bugle contest offering a thousand dollars to a reader who brought in pictures of Spider-Man. Although their mission was a bust, Sally loved the thrill and became very smitten with the web-slinger when he touched her cheek just before leaving her and Jason with a warning to give it up. Sally and Jason tailed Spidey again, who was (unwillingly) working for Electro. The flash from Sally's camera roused Spidey from his hypnotic state, and a well-placed kick by the athletic young Sally took Electro by surprise long enough for Spidey to readjust his mask — which Electro had been preparing to remove — and defeat him. Spider-Man posed for a shot with an ecstatic Sally and Jason that the Bugle ran. Suffused with glee, Sally tried to get a permanent gig on the Bugle, but was told the photographer's job was filled — by Peter Parker. Peter admitted this but asked her not to tell their fellow Midtowners. Sally donned an eccentric blue-and-white costume and decided, with her aerobic skills, to become a superheroine. She asked Peter to take some Bugle pics of her doing some stunts, but Peter refused. Angered, she threatened to blackmail him by revealing that he took Spider-Man pictures, but he undercut her by telling them himself. Bluebird's zeal but lack of experience caused trouble for Spider-Man during fights with Scarlet Beetle and Electro. Her \"ether egg\" weapons would detonate prematurely or have little effect, once even allowing the villain to escape. Considering her more trouble than she was worth, Spider-Man allowed the Black Knight's men to hurt her quite badly in order to dissuade her from interfering in his fights again, although he later felt remorseful. Bruised but undaunted, Sally and Jason headed to an area where","title":"Bluebird (Marvel Comics)"},{"docid":"5051787","text":"\"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\" is a Spider-Man story written by Roger Stern, originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #248 in 1984. In the story, a young fan of Spider-Man meets his hero. This comic was selected as one of the \"Top 10 Spider-Man stories of all time\" by Wizard and is regarded as among the most-loved Spider-Man stories. Plot Young Timothy \"Tim\" Harrison lies in his bed. Portions from a column by Daily Bugle writer Jacob Conover say Tim is the greatest Spider-Man fan in the world and has collected every article available on him, including a whole album of The Daily Bugle retractions. Tim has also collected mementos such as kinescopes of Spider-Man's early television appearances and bullets from a crime foiled by Spider-Man. Suddenly, Spider-Man comes into Tim's room. In the following hours, the two trade anecdotes about Spider-Man's long career. The hero is surprised and touched by how much the boy adores him. When Spider-Man is about to leave, Tim asks him who he really is. After some hesitation, Spider-Man takes off his mask, identifies himself as Peter Parker, and retells the fateful night when his negligence let Uncle Ben die, causing him to fight crime. The story does not change Tim's admiration of his hero. A tearful Peter Parker embraces Tim (who refers to him as \"Pete\") and departs. An exterior view reveals Tim is staying in a cancer clinic. The last of the newspaper captions states that the boy's only wish is to meet his hero in person. Conover ends his report by stating his hope that \"Spider-Man takes the time to visit a very brave young man named Tim Harrison, and I hope he does it soon. You see, Tim Harrison has leukemia, and the doctors only give him a few more weeks to live\". Background The lead story of Amazing #248 is Spider-Man's fight against Thunderball, but Stern's backup story is remembered much better than the main tale. According to Stern: Tim Harrison's death is mentioned in Danny Fingeroth and Ron Garney's \"A Spider-Man Carol\", in which Spider-Man meets Tim's brother Joey. The story was published in the 1991 Marvel Holiday Special. Collected editions The story has been reprinted several times and collected in various trade paperbacks including The Very Best of Spider-Man (December 1994, ). References External links Comics by Roger Stern Single issue storylines of comic book series 1984 works","title":"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man"},{"docid":"2839562","text":"\"The Other\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \"acts\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes","title":"Spider-Man: The Other"},{"docid":"68718864","text":"The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Spectacular Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. Spectacular Spider-Man Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, as an experiment in entering the black-and-white comic-magazine market successfully pioneered by Warren Publishing and others. It sold for 35 cents when standard comic books cost 12 cents and Annuals and Giants 25 cents. It represented the first Spider-Man spin-off publication aside from the original series' summer Annuals, begun in 1964. The first issue (cover-dated July 1968) featured a painted, color cover by men's adventure-magazine artist Harry Rosenbaum, in acrylic paint on illustration board, over layouts by The Amazing Spider-Man artist John Romita Sr. The 52-page black-and-white Spider-Man story, \"Lo, This Monster!\", was by writer Stan Lee, penciler Romita Sr. and inker Jim Mooney. A 10-page origin story, \"In The Beginning!\", was by Lee, penciler Larry Lieber and inker Bill Everett. The feature story was reprinted in color, with some small alterations and bridging material by Gerry Conway, in The Amazing Spider-Man #116–118 (Jan.–March 1973) as \"Suddenly...the Smasher!\", \"The Deadly Designs of the Disruptor!\", and \"Countdown to Chaos!\" (with additional inking by Tony Mortellaro on the latter two). These versions were themselves reprinted in Marvel Tales #95–97 (Sept.-Oct. 1978). The second and final issue (Nov. 1968) also sported a painted cover and the interior was in color as well. Lee, Romita and Mooney again collaborated on its single story, \"The Goblin Lives!\", featuring the Green Goblin. A next-issue box at the end promoted the planned contents of the unrealized issue #3, \"The Mystery of the TV Terror\". A version of the Goblin story, trimmed by 18 pages, was reprinted in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #9 (1973), and portions of the \"TV Terror\" costume were reused for the costume of the Prowler. Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–100 (October 1976 – January 1985) Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #100–133 (February 1985 – October 1987) The Spectacular Spider-Man #134–200 (November 1987 – March 1993) The Spectacular Spider-Man #201–263 (April 1993 – September 1998) The Spectacular Spider-Man #264-290 (July 2003 – April 2005) The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 2 #1–27 (July 2003 – April 2005) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #291–313 (June 2017 – December 2018) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 3 #1–6 (June 2017 – November 2017) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #297–313 (November 2017 – December 2018) The Spectacular Spider-Man Annuals 1 – [Mantlo/Buckler] \"And Men Shall Call Him... Octopus!\" – September 1979 2 – [Macchio/Mooney] \"Vengeance Is Mine... Sayeth the Word!\" – May 1980 3 – [Kraft/Sherman/Weiss] \"Dark Side of the Moon\" – July 1981 4 – [DeNatale/Mantlo] \"Memory Lane!\" – July 1984 5 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace\" – July 1985 6 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace II\" – July 1986 7 – [Owsley/Kupperberg] \"The Honeymoon\" – August 1987 8 – [Conway/Gruenwald] \"Return to Sender\" – July 1988 9 – [Conway/Herdling] \"The Serpent in the Shadow\" – May 1989 10 – [Conway/Lee] \"Into the Microverse\" – June 1990","title":"List of The Spectacular Spider-Man issues"},{"docid":"39645332","text":"Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge is a 1981 American superhero film that had a theatrical release abroad, a composite of the 1979 two-parter episode \"The Chinese Web\" of the contemporary television series The Amazing Spider-Man, released on 9 May 1981. It was directed by Don McDougall, written by Lionel E. Siegel and stars Nicholas Hammond as the titular character, Rosalind Chao, Robert F. Simon, Benson Fong, and Ellen Bry. It is the sequel to Spider-Man (1977) and Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978). It was the final Spider-Man film that was released theatrically outside of North America, until Columbia Pictures acquired the rights in 1999 from its license, due to licensing and financial issues with Cannon Films, Carolco Pictures and New Cannon, and finally released Spider-Man in 2002. Plot Min Lo Chan, the Chinese Minister of Industrial Development, who happens to be an old college friend of J. Jonah Jameson, flees China and comes to the United States to locate three men who during the war approached him and offered him money for secrets about Mao Zedong, which he refused at the time. He stays with his niece Emily Chan, who lives in New York City. However, it appears the incident is now being investigated and he needs to find one of them quickly in order to verify his innocence. He asks Mr. Jameson to help him find them, but he wants it done quietly because it seems that there are elements who want him convicted, so Jameson asks Peter Parker to find the three ex-Marines on his behalf, but also to talk to them discreetly. Meanwhile, back in Hong Kong, Zeider who is a wealthy industrialist, is among the ones being considered to build a power plant for the Chinese Government worth one billion dollars. However, he knows that Min Lo Chan is considering another company but if he's convicted his successor will award the contract to him. As a result, he sends Clyde Evans to make sure he doesn't return to China alive. As Spider-Man, Peter saves Min's life several times. However, in one of the murder attempts Min suffers a minor heart attack and has to remain under medical observation. To trick Evans, the Daily Bugle publishes the news stating that Min has died in hospital. Peter manages to contact the last of the Marines needed to clear Min's name, Professor Dent, who agrees to help as he also wants to clear his name. Along with Peter and Min's niece Emily, Dent flies to Hong Kong to testify, but Zeider has him kidnapped to ensure his silence. During an incident while chasing the kidnappers, Emily discovers that Peter Parker is Spider-Man. Finally, with Emily's help, Spider-Man traces Dent in Zeider's secret office at the top of a building. After defeating all of the henchmen, he captures Zeider and frees Dent. Peter Parker proceeds to return to the United States as Emily decides to stay in China and promises Peter not to reveal his secret identity. Cast Nicholas Hammond as Spider-Man","title":"Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge"},{"docid":"313540","text":"The Chameleon (Dmitri Smerdyakov; Russian: Дмитрий Смердяков) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963). The Chameleon is the first ever antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He is a master of disguises who is known for his ability to impersonate virtually anybody. The character is also the half-brother of Kraven the Hunter. This relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. He has also been a member of the Sinister Six and the Sinister Twelve at various points in his history. Since his original introduction, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), portrayed by Numan Acar. Fred Hechinger is set to appear as the character in the upcoming Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Kraven the Hunter (2024). Publication history 1960s Dmitri Smerdyakov debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. The Chameleon is therefore the first member of Spider-Man's rogues' gallery based on issue publication date and excluding the burglar who murdered Ben Parker. He appeared in the 1959 Tales to Astonish series. He appeared in the 1959 Tales of Suspense series. He appeared in the 1985 Web of Spider-Man series. 2000s Dmitri Smerdyakov appeared in the 2014 Original Sin: Secret Avengers Infinite Comic series. He later appeared in the 2015 Spider-Man and the X-Men series. He appeared in the 2018 Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2021 Giant-Size Amazing Spider-Man: Chameleon Conspiracy one-shot. Fictional character biography Dmitri Smerdyakov was born in Soviet Russia. In his youth, he became a servant and half-brother to Sergei Kravinoff, and later a minor associate of Gustav Fiers. Although Dmitri and Sergei were friends, Sergei was often abusive to Smerdyakov, leading to a combination of admiration and resentment towards Kravinoff. Eventually, Smerdyakov emigrated to the United States of America. As he had made a talent for himself during his youth by impressing his brother by impersonating friends and neighbors, he assumed an even more impressive disguise: the identity of Chameleon. During his first known criminal outing, he impersonated Spider-Man, though he was soon exposed and arrested. Shortly afterward, Sergei (now known as \"Kraven the Hunter\") came to America, and the Chameleon set his old associate's sights on Spider-Man. Both men became long-time enemies of Spider-Man, part of his primary rogues gallery. The Chameleon inspired Kraven to begin hunting Spider-Man, inviting Kraven to dispose of the hero. With Kraven, the Chameleon battled Iron Man, and then confronted the Hulk. At one point, the Chameleon disguised himself as Hank Pym, and robbed Pym's laboratory for documents to combat Virus Nine. While delivering","title":"Chameleon (character)"},{"docid":"53738449","text":"Since the characters inception in the 1960s, Spider-Man has appeared in several forms of media, including novels and book series. Original solo novels The Amazing Spider-Man: Mayhem in Manhattan (1978) No. 1 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Len Wein and Marv Wolfman. Doctor Octopus is blackmailing the top eight CEO's of various U.S. oil companies in order to get a stranglehold on U.S. oil. He also tries to convince those same CEO's that he has rendered their oil radioactive and thereby useless. For one year, they must secretly agree to buy oil from Doctor Octopus instead and, at the end of that time, they can go back to business as usual. The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign (1979) No. 8 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Paul Kupperberg. The plot concerns a TV anchorman whose daughter has been kidnapped by the Kingpin, who has forced the popular media frontsman to stand as Mayor. The Kingpin has taken millions of dollars from the other ganglords in order to cut them into his plan, which is to push his candidate into becoming Mayor. Peter Parker manages to convince J. Jonah Jameson into running for Mayor also. Secondly, Parker gets sent to cover a mayoral rally and thirdly, Silvermane's plan to secretly undermine the Kingpin's authority has him using a fake Spider-Man to threaten the Kingpin's candidate, and to lead the real Spider-Man into conflict with the Kingpin. While this is all happening, Jameson has hired a private investigator named Cindy Sayers to pretend to be his niece in order to find out how Peter Parker can get so many pictures of Spider-Man. The Hulk and Spider-Man: Murdermoon (1979) No. 11 of the Marvel Pocket Novels and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign, also written by Paul Kupperberg. The book begins with the Hulk fighting the U.S. military in a desert, but then cuts to Spider-Man intervening in a raid on a company doing research for NASA. The wall-crawler does not quite save the day but, returning to the Bugle, he immediately gets dropped into a story to cover the latest StarLab spy-in-the-sky satellite, which is due to drop back out of the sky. That story takes Parker out to a U.S. aircraft carrier. But when the satellite vanishes from the radar, trouble arises. Meanwhile, Bruce Banner is reading a newspaper advertisement offering a potential treatment for his condition. He follows up on the ad, but finds himself kidnapped by the villain and, as the Hulk, gets brainwashed into fighting Spider-Man. Spider-Man: Carnage in New York (1995) Written by David Michelinie and Dean Wesley Smith. A man named Catrall is on the run from the FBI because he has a serum that will drive anyone who comes into contact with it into a killer rage. He created the serum as a byproduct of studies designed to eliminate violent behavior. Meanwhile, an experiment is being run to try to kill the Carnage symbiote without killing Casady, its host. Catrall shows","title":"Spider-Man in novels"},{"docid":"58734846","text":"Spider-Girl is the code name of several fictional characters in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The most prominent version and first to receive an ongoing series is Mayday Parker from the MC2 universe, the second version is Anya Corazon, and the third version is Gwen Warren, the latter two both from the Earth-616 universe. Several alternate reality incarnations of the character have additionally received notoriety, including the Ultimate Spider-Girl, Ashley Barton, Betty Brant, April, Penelope and Petra Parker, and Charlotte Morales. Publication history The first portrayed Spider-Girl, Mayday Parker, first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint with The Amazing Spider-Girl and Spectacular Spider-Girl. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature \"Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man\", written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through #8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8, followed by one last Spider-Girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End, in which fellow Spider-Girl April Parker is killed. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity. The new series featured a new character, Anya Corazon, whose adventures occurred on Earth 616. The series was canceled after only eight issues. No official reason was given for the cancellation. This character returned for a Spider-Island limited series. A second Earth-616 Spider-Girl was introduced in Avenging Spider-Man #16 (January 2013), before returning a decade later in X-Men Unlimited Infinity Comic #69 (January 2023) under the name \"Gwen Warren\", assuming the mantle of Spider-Girl as a member of the X-Men. Spider-Girls Mayday Parker The daughter of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 universe. April Parker Prior to calling herself \"Mayhem\", Mayday's clone April goes by Spider-Girl, the two sharing the mantle. Anya Corazon A Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña (Spider), and occasionally goes by Spider-Girl. Gwen Warren The mutant clone of Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Ana Soria created by the Jackal using technology stolen from Mister Sinister, the newborn Spider-Girl battles The Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Spider-Man's body) and the X-Men in the form of a 30 ft. human-spider hybrid, resembling a giant garden spider with human eyes able to shoot eye-beams, before being returned to a normal size with sentience, to the physical size of a twelve-year-old humanoid girl. Later, she enrolls in and drops out of the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning under the name \"Gwen Warren\" according to a statement by Tom Brevoort","title":"Spider-Girl"},{"docid":"22018101","text":"\"Spidey Meets the President!\" is a backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man #583, written by Zeb Wells, with art by Todd Nauck and Frank D'Armata. The cover of the issue shows Barack Obama giving a thumbs-up to Spider-Man. The comic book was published the week before Obama's inauguration in January 2009. Plot The story begins with Peter Parker standing among other reporters on the presidential inauguration of Barack Obama, photographing this historic moment. Suddenly a limo pulls up and reveals another Obama. The Secret Service does not know what to do, so Peter, who quickly dons his Spider-Man costume, asks both questions that only the real Barack Obama would be able to answer. When he asks what his nickname was during his college days, the actual Barack says his true name, and the fake one is confused and angry, causing him to reveal his true form, which turns out to be the super-villain known as the Chameleon. This gives Spider-Man the opportunity to capture the Chameleon and the Secret Service arrests him. Obama tells Spider-Man that he is a fan of the hero and thanks him. Afterward, as Obama swears his oath as President, Spider-Man is shown sitting at the top of the Washington Monument, where he thinks Biden notices him. Prologue This story was prepended in The Amazing Spider-Man Presidents Day Special digital comic. The additional pages depict the minutes before the original story took place, with Obama getting ready for the inauguration. The Chameleon, disguised as Obama's tailor, locks him inside and takes his place, driving to the inauguration in the presidential limousine. However, the real Obama escapes and is driven to the ceremony in a second limousine by his soon-to-be Vice President Joseph Biden. Meanwhile, outside the capital, Peter Parker is running late to the inauguration ceremony and has forgotten his press credentials. So, he enters the area stealthily by using his spider-like abilities to climb over a high wall. However, he is spotted by Senator John McCain and a few Secret Service agents. The senator recognizes as him as the photographer from The Daily Bugle and even provides him with a spare press credential. Parker then joins the press corps and the prequel story connects to the main story. Reception Typical sales for The Amazing Spider-Man are about 70,000 copies per issue. Issue #583 sold over 350,000 copies and went to five printings. It was the highest-selling regular series book of the 2000s. Collected edition References Cultural depictions of Barack Obama 2009 comics debuts Individual stories from issues of anthology comics","title":"Spidey Meets the President!"},{"docid":"2306292","text":"The Spectacular Spider-Man is a comic book and magazine series starring Spider-Man and published by Marvel Comics. Following the success of Spider-Man's original series, The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel felt the character could support more than one title. This led the company in 1968 to launch a short-lived magazine, the first to bear the Spectacular name. In 1972, Marvel more successfully launched a second Spider-Man ongoing series, Marvel Team-Up, in which he was paired with other Marvel heroes. A third monthly ongoing series, Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, debuted in 1976. Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, Each issue was written by Paul Jenkins (except #23–26, by Samm Barnes). The book's primary pencillers were Humberto Ramos and Mark Buckingham. The comic included the storyline Spider-Man: Disassembled in which Spider-Man met a new enemy called the Queen who wanted him as her mate. Her kiss caused him to slowly mutate into a giant spider who metamorphosed into human form with enhanced strength and agility, along with organic webbing and a psychic link with insects and arachnids. This comic also included the sequel to \"Sins Past\", \"Sins Remembered\", in which Peter went to Paris to meet Sarah Stacy and resolved the issues between them. Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures was a title published by Panini Comics in the United Kingdom from November 1995 to September 2005, although the Adventures portion of the title was often dropped from the cover page. It featured a mix of reprinted American material, as well as originally produced British material, including a guest appearance from Captain Britain. Spectacular was aimed at a younger audience than Panini's other Spider-Man reprint title Astonishing Spider-Man, and was loosely based on the continuity of the 1990s animated series. Volume 3 (2017–18) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man (vol. 3) was published from June 2017 to December 2018. After the first six issues, the series reverted to legacy numbering with issue #297 as part of the line-wide Marvel Legacy relaunch. The series' original creative team had Chip Zdarsky as writer, with Adam Kubert providing the artwork. Notable recurring characters included Teresa Durand, J. Jonah Jameson, Johnny Storm, and original character Rebecca London. Various issues, as well as the one Annual, were illustrated by guest artists; Kubert's final issue as artist was #307, excluding covers. Zdarsky left the series with issue #310. The series ended with issue #313, the final three issues being a tie-in to the Spider-Geddon crossover event written by Sean Ryan. The Spectacular Spider-Men The Spectacular Spider-Men is a currently ongoing series that was published beginning March 2024. The series is written by Greg Weisman (who also created The Spectacular Spider-Man television series) with Ramos returning for art. The Spectacular Spider-Men stars both versions of Spider-Man (Peter Parker and Miles Morales) and focuses on the relationship between the two Spider-Men. The series' supporting cast featured characters who previously appeared in the television series and Weisman's Starbrand & Nightmask comic series, including Kenny","title":"The Spectacular Spider-Man"},{"docid":"2660132","text":"The Human Fly is the name of three fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. One is a supervillain that was an occasional antagonist of Spider-Man, and the other two were superheroes, one of which was the title of a short-lived series in the late 1950s reprinting some of Fox's Blue Beetle strips from the 1940s. It was published by Super Comics. Publication history The Human Fly first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #10 (January 1976), and was created by Len Wein, Bill Mantlo, and Gil Kane. The character subsequently appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #192–193 (May–June 1979), Spider-Woman #30 (September 1980), Moon Knight #35 (January 1984), Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #86 (January 1984), and The Amazing Spider-Man #276 (May 1986), in which he was killed by the Scourge of the Underworld. The story of the Fly in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #86 was drawn by Fred Hembeck, who (in his personal caricature form) had a guest appearance in that particular issue. The Fly received an entry in the original The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #4, and The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Spider-Man #1 (2005). The superhero version of Human Fly starred in Marvel Comics' The Human Fly #1–19 (September 1977 – March 1979). Fictional character biography Richard Deacon Richard Deacon, born in Newark, New Jersey, was a small-time criminal who was shot by the police and left for dead after an unsuccessful kidnapping attempt which was foiled by Spider-Man. Stumbling into the laboratory of Dr. Harlan Stillwell (whose brother Farley Stillwell created the Scorpion for J. Jonah Jameson), Deacon coerces the scientist into saving his life. Overhearing an offer Jameson made with Stillwell to fund the creation of a new superhero, Deacon insists he be the subject of the experiment. Stillwell imprints the genetic coding of a housefly onto Deacon, empowering him and healing him of his bullet wounds. Deacon then kills Harlan Stillwell after he served his purpose and uses his newfound powers to further his criminal ambitions. He first uses Jameson as bait to get revenge on Spider-Man. Due to his inexperience, the Fly is no match for him and is defeated. Some time later, Human Fly begins to display fly-like tendencies like eating garbage. He also develops physical mutations, including facet eyes. Human Fly attacks Spider-Man after Spencer Smythe handcuffed him—along with Jameson—to a bomb. Human Fly hurls the two from a rooftop and leaves them for dead. Once freed from the shackle, Spider-Man tries to stop Human Fly from stealing an art exhibit, but the villain knocks him down and escapes. Soon afterwards, the police catch the Fly using S.H.I.E.L.D. equipment. Traveling to Los Angeles, the Fly seeks out Dr. Karl Malus, who confirms that his powers are fading and he will soon be powerless. Malus recommends that he get a new set of powers using a blood transfusion from another superbeing, which would most conveniently be the locally operating Spider-Woman. With his powers","title":"Human Fly (character)"},{"docid":"27330977","text":"\"One Moment in Time\" is a 2010 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics starring Spider-Man. Written by Joe Quesada and illustrated by Paolo Rivera, it was originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #638–641, and immediately follows \"The Gauntlet\" storyline. It is notable for revealing what changes the villain Mephisto made to save the life of Peter Parker/Spider-Man's aunt, May Parker, and dissolve the wedding of Parker and Mary Jane Watson at the end of the 2007 \"One More Day\" storyline. The name of the storyline forms the acronym O.M.I.T., which Quesada explained was an intentional reference to how Parker and Watson's wedding was removed from continuity. Storytelling In The Amazing Spider-Man #638, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from the end of \"One More Day\" or Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21. The flashbacks use actual pages from the original comics, and are mixed in with new pages that illustrate how events were changed by the villainous demon Mephisto. In Amazing Spider-Man #639, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from \"Civil War\" and Amazing Spider-Man #539-543. These flashbacks are only panels from the original comics and not full pages. In Amazing Spider-Man #640, the story is told as the altered events of \"Back in Black\" and \"One More Day\", as well as other events contemporaneous with those storylines. Plot Mary Jane Watson whispers to Mephisto that Peter will not trade his marriage for Aunt May's life unless Mary Jane tells him to accept the agreement, and that Mephisto will leave Peter alone forever when the deal is done. Mephisto agrees to these terms. At present time MJ shows up at Peter's door. They talk about how they have been acting towards each other lately and both agree they want to be friends with each other. Then they reminisce about what happened on what was supposed to be their wedding day. Spider-Man stops Electro and his gang. One of the gang members, Eddie, makes note of the arresting officer's name. Then Mephisto, as a red pigeon, swoops down and unlocks the door of the police car Eddie is in, allowing him to escape while the officers are occupied with cuffing Electro. Spider-Man is out patrolling that night and hears the gunshots of Eddie shooting at the arresting officer and his wife. While saving the policeman and his wife, Spider-Man gets hit in the head with a cinder block. He chases after Eddie and tackles him off the side of a building. Though Spider-Man foils the murder, during his struggle, he and Eddie fall from a building to the ground, with Spider-Man absorbing most of the impact. Eddie escapes, declining to kill Spider-Man because he saved Eddie's life. On the wedding morning, Mary Jane shows up but Peter does not as he is lying unconscious in an alleyway. After Peter misses his wedding he tries to explain what happened to Mary Jane, but she knows","title":"One Moment in Time (comics)"},{"docid":"4250586","text":"The Iron Spider is a fictional powered exoskeleton used by several characters in Marvel Comics. Publication history The Iron Spider armor first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #529 and was designed by Joe Quesada, based on a sketch by Chris Bachalo. Peter Parker wore this gold and red suit as Spider-Man's official costume until writer J. Michael Straczynski chose to revert to the older costume. It was used symbolically to show the character's divided loyalties during the 2006–2007 \"Civil War\" storyline. Known wearers Peter Parker After being revived from a battle with Morlun, Tony Stark created the Iron Spider Armor as a gift to Peter Parker, in order to get the young hero's support for the Superhero Registration Act. But during several fights, Parker slowly became disturbed over the battles with several unregistered heroes, and discovered that Stark was using the suit to monitor him, along with several devices in play to incapacitate him if necessary. But during a trip to 42, a prison that illegally held super-powered individuals within the Negative Zone without trial or counsel, Parker became completely disgusted with Stark's actions, and turned his back from the Registation's side of the war, and forgone the costume after \"reformed\" criminals Jester and Jack O' Lantern attacked his aunt and wife in an attempt to capture him, and after a serious confrontation with Stark, leading the tech genius to repossess it. Scarlet Spiders The Iron Spider armor costume has been duplicated and used by MVP's three genetic clones in the Initiative who identify themselves as Red Team and also labeled the Scarlet Spiders. It is unknown as to what new powers the team possesses, but they have been shown to use some of the built-in powers such as the cloaking device, communications, and waldoes which the original costume possessed. One change is that there are now four waldoes, as opposed to three. These suits have the original's morphing ability, as well as web-shooters, and wall-crawling capability. Mary Jane Watson Mary Jane Watson later donned the Iron Spider armor in order to help Spider-Man and Iron Man fight Regent. She uses her experience in Iron Man's suit and her brief spider powers that she had back in the Spider-Island storyline to operate the armor. Aaron Davis Aaron Davis purchases a recolored and modified Iron Spider armor which he uses to form his incarnation of the Sinister Six. Amadeus Cho Amadeus Cho wears a version of the suit in the comic book The Totally Awesome Hulk. Powers and abilities Supported by a system similar to that of Tony Stark's classic Iron Man design, The Iron Spider armor features many gadgets, including three mechanical spider-arms, or \"waldoes\", that can be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. Stark describes them as too delicate to use in combat, yet Spider-Man shortly afterward uses them to smash through the sensors in Titanium Man's helmet. Later on during the \"Civil War\" arc, he uses them (reluctantly) during","title":"Iron Spider"},{"docid":"1103984","text":"Elizabeth \"Liz\" Allan, also known as Elizabeth Allan-Osborn and commonly misspelled as \"Liz Allen\", is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In the character's earliest appearances, she was a popular girl at the high school Peter Parker attends. She has been a regular supporting character in the various Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Venom series in an on-and-off basis, and has ties to the Green Goblin and Molten Man. She is married to Harry Osborn, the mother of their son Normie Osborn, and the CEO of Alchemax. Liz Allan would later become Misery upon being bonded to the Symbiote that is a hybrid of the Anti-Venom and Carnage Symbiotes. Sally Livingstone portrays Liz Allan in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (2002), while Laura Harrier portrayed Liz Allan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history Liz Allan is named in The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963), the same issue in which Betty Brant first appears. However, an unnamed blonde female high school student in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) appears to be Liz Allan, and The Marvel Encyclopedia lists this as her official first appearance. She was a supporting character in the series until Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), which bids farewell to Liz as both she and Spider-Man graduate from high school. Nearly a decade later, Liz Allan was brought back in a story arc in Amazing Spider-Man #132-133 (May–June 1974), in which it is revealed that she is the Molten Man's stepsister. Writer Gerry Conway recalled, \"I liked doing callbacks to the run I was most influenced by, the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era, so bringing Liz back was something I'd wanted to do for a long time. And it gave me a reason to go back and look through the issues she was in, which brought me to the Molten Man's first appearance.\" Fictional character biography Liz Allan was a high school student that attended Midtown High School together, and a minor love interest of Peter Parker and Flash Thompson. Peter likes Liz, but she is Flash's girlfriend and considers Peter something of a loser, even taking part in the general ridicule that Peter endures on a daily basis. Her earliest appearances depict her as flighty and rather thoughtless - not outright cruel, but lacking the empathy necessary to perceive Peter's nature. However, after she hears an ailing Peter had donned a Spider-Man costume to save Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus, she develops a crush on him. By this time, however, Peter's interest has waned considerably, as he notes that Liz never showed any real interest in him until he began dating Betty Brant, and assumes that Liz's feelings are little more than a schoolgirl crush. Betty and Liz clash several times over Peter, as Betty mistakenly thinks that Peter reciprocates Liz's interest in him. In Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), Peter and Liz graduate","title":"Liz Allan"},{"docid":"6146135","text":"Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and","title":"List of Spider-Man enemies"},{"docid":"5857436","text":"Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are the parents of Peter Parker, the superhero known as Spider-Man. Richard and Mary Parker have been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portrayed the characters in the films The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Emma Roberts portrays Mary Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Richard and Mary Parker were created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. For many years before The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #5 (November 1968), there had been no explanation of why Peter Parker was being raised by his aunt and uncle, with his parents only appearing in flashbacks and photographs. That issue finally answered the question: Richard and Mary Parker were murdered by Albert Malik, who was one of Johann Schmidt's successors to the persona of Red Skull. In The Amazing Spider-Man #365 (August 1992), Spider-Man's 30th anniversary, they reappeared. Two years later, however, in #388 (April 1994), they were revealed to be Life Model Decoys created by the Chameleon and were destroyed. In the novel Mary Jane, it is said they died in a plane accident while going to Switzerland to turn in some important discovery that Richard made. Peter tries to figure out what the discovery was but fails, as he cannot figure out the things Richard has written on his board. In July 1997, Untold Tales of Spider-Man #-1, part of Marvel Comics' \"Flashback Month\" event, written by Roger Stern and drawn by John Romita, Sr., the characters' origins are expanded. Since then, they have rarely been mentioned. Fictional character biographies Captain Richard Parker, a decorated soldier of the United States Army Special Forces and younger brother of Ben Parker, was recruited by Nick Fury, the future director of S.H.I.E.L.D., to the C.I.A. Mary Fitzpatrick was the daughter of O.S.S. agent \"Wild Will\" Fitzpatrick. She attended the best schools and eventually followed in her father's footsteps, becoming a C.I.A. translator and data analyst. Richard and Mary met on the job, fell in love, and married. Originally they eloped, later having a more elaborate service, fooling many. Mary became a field agent like Richard, giving them both an easy cover as a married couple. They were assigned to investigate Baroness Adelicia Von Krupp, who had captured an agent of a \"friendly power\" (who turned out to be Logan, aka Wolverine, then a Canadian operative called \"Agent Ten\" and who would eventually become an ally of their son Peter who would grow up to become Spider-Man). They rescued Logan from the Baroness and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. After that mission, they discovered Mary was pregnant; Logan was actually the first person to congratulate the Parkers, commenting later that he never saw an agent as tough as Richard Parker go that white that fast. Their son, Peter, was often left in the care of Ben and his wife May","title":"Richard and Mary Parker"},{"docid":"823737","text":"Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \"Torment\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \"Clone Saga\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter","title":"Peter Parker: Spider-Man"},{"docid":"503156","text":"Spider-Girl (May \"Mayday\" Parker) is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She has been referred to as both Spider-Girl and Spider-Woman. The character appears in the MC2 universe. The character was created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz as the teenage daughter of Peter Parker (Spider-Man) and Mary Jane Watson, and first appeared in What If #105 (February 1998). She later acquired her own ongoing comic book, Spider-Girl, written by DeFalco and drawn by Frenz and Pat Olliffe, which was the longest-running superhero book with a lead female character ever published by Marvel before being relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, and later The Spectacular Spider-Girl. Two incarnations of Mayday Parker, an infant and an adult, appear in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Publication history Spider-Girl first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint. Although each of these titles were slated to be 12-issue limited series, Spider-Girls initial sales justified their continuation as ongoing titles. After initial interest, Spider-Girl drew low sales. The book's active fan base convinced Marvel to revoke several cancellation announcements. Reprints of the series in digest size trade paperbacks sold well. Marvel Associate Editor Nick Lowe revealed in a Nov. 2005 interview that \"Spider-Girl, for the first time, is completely safe from cancellation.\" Despite Lowe's statement, Marvel announced that No. 100 would be the title's final issue. The book was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, with issue #0 appearing in Oct. 2006. On October 11, 2008, Tom DeFalco announced that The Amazing Spider-Girl would be canceled with issue #30, though he revealed that, due to the company's love for the character, she could possibly be given a sixteen-page back-up strip in The Amazing Spider-Man Family. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. On March 18, 2009, Marvel announced that Spider-Girl would continue publication as The Spectacular Spider-Girl, a web-comic released through Marvel's Digital Comics Unlimited. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. The Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through No. 8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8. The new The Spectacular Spider-Girl stories were then contained in Web of Spider-Man. This lasted for seven issues before being moved to its own four-issue limited series, Spectacular Spider-Girl, which tied up most of the series plot threads. This was followed by one last Spider girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity.","title":"Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker)"},{"docid":"32703921","text":"Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It features the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna \"Ana\" Soria) to the Marvel Universe and laid the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, style, and plot. Plot Infested \"Infested\" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the \"Spider-Island\" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31. Spider-Island The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him \"The Way of the Spider\", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen. Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jackal is behind the disturbance, as he has collected several prominent crime figures with spider-powers and given them Spider-Man outfits. The Avengers attempt to defend the city against spider-powered hooligans. Although Shang-Chi is able to confirm Spider-Man's identity to the other heroes, he is nevertheless ordered to stay out of the fight due to the inability to distinguish him from the other Spider-Men. However, inspired by a conversation with Mary Jane, Peter is able to rally various other New Yorkers to help him stop the villainous Spider-Men by posing as another random spider-powered citizen. As Anti-Venom works on curing various Spider-People of their powers, Madame Web reflects on the need for both Agent Venom and Anti-Venom to fix the Spider-Island problem. Meanwhile, Carlie and Peter attempt to investigate the Jackal's lab, reasoning that he is the most likely candidate to have caused this event, unaware that they are being watched. Jackal is seen working on the Spider-King by filling with tiny spider embryos. Horizon Labs works with Reed Richards to find a cure for the spider-powered people while the Avengers and","title":"Spider-Island"},{"docid":"871334","text":"The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Amazing Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. The list is updated as of March 19, 2024. Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) This comic book plot is written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Steve Ditko. Features the first appearances of Spider-Man, Aunt May, Uncle Ben, Flash Thompson, and Liz Allan. High school student Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider, thus gaining the proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a spider, along with a precognitive \"spider-sense\" and later creating a web-shooting device. Peter becomes Spider-Man, an instant TV sensation, but coming out of a TV studio one day, Peter does not stop an escaping burglar, claiming it is not his problem. A few days later, he comes home to find his Uncle Ben has been shot and goes to track down the murderer, only to find that it was the same burglar that he had let escape a few days earlier. Peter blames himself for his uncle's death and realizes that with great power there must also come great responsibility. This issue was released on June 5, 1962, and was published in August 1962. The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100 (January 1963 – July 1971) The Amazing Spider-Man #101–200 (August 1971 – November 1979) The Amazing Spider-Man #201–300 (December 1979 – March 1988) The Amazing Spider-Man #301–400 (April 1988 – February 1995) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–499 (March 1995 - September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–441 (March 1995 – September 1998) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #1–58 (November 1998 – September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #500–545 (October 2003 – December 2007) The Amazing Spider-Man #546–647 \"Brand New Day\" (January 2008 – November 2010) Note: Brand New Day is a soft reboot stemming out of the events of One More Day. Three issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month during this time. See Free Comic Book Day (2007): Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man #648–700 (November 2010 – December 2012) Note: During the \"Big Time\" storyline, two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month at the increased length of 30 pages each (compared to the traditional 22 pages). The Amazing Spider-Man #701–801 (January 2013 – June 2018) Superior Spider-Man (vol. 1) #1–33 (January 2013 – April 2014) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1–20 (April 2014 – August 2015) — Marvel NOW! Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows (vol. 1) #1–5 (June 2015 – September 2015) Note: Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is a Secret Wars tie-in miniseries set in an alternate universe where One More Day never happened. The miniseries is counted as part of the legacy numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1–32 (October 2015 – September 2017) — All-New, All-Different Marvel The Amazing Spider-Man #789–801 (October 2017 – June 2018) — Marvel Legacy The Amazing Spider-Man #802–894 (July 2018 – March 2022) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #1–74 (July 2018 – September 2021) — Fresh Start Note: See Free Comic Book Day (2018): Amazing Spider-Man.","title":"List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues"},{"docid":"38162451","text":"\"Dying Wish\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \"Ends of the Earth\" and finished in \"Dying Wish\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \"Dying Wish\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \"Origin of the Species\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \"Ends of the Earth\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \"Ends of the Earth\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \"Peter Parker\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \"Spider-Man\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped","title":"Dying Wish"},{"docid":"315920","text":"MacDonald \"Mac\" Gargan is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964). Mac Gargan is a recurring antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He debuted as a private investigator hired by J. Jonah Jameson to learn how Peter Parker took pictures of Spider-Man. In the following issue, Jameson decided to turn Gargan into a deadly adversary for Spider-Man through a barely-tested procedure, which left Gargan with an irremovable scorpion-themed armor and the predatory instincts of the arachnid. Driven insane by his mutation, Gargan instead turned to a life of crime as the Scorpion, and went on to menace both Spider-Man and Jameson, whom he held responsible for his transformation. Since then, having finally removed the armor, Gargan has also served as the third host of the Venom symbiote, and a member of the Dark Avengers as Spider-Man, but eventually returned to his Scorpion alias as it kept him alive due to the strain both the neural-armors and symbiote put on his body. Since his original introduction during the Silver Age of Comic Books, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games, and merchandise. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Mando. Publication history 1960s Mac Gargan debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He later appeared under the codename of Scorpion in The Amazing Spider-Man #20 (January 1965). He appeared as an antagonist in the 1977 Ms. Marvel series. 2000s Mac Gargan appeared as the third Venom in Marvel Knights: Spider-Man #10 (January 12, 2005). He later appeared as the third Spider-Man in Dark Avengers #1 (January 21, 2009). He appeared as a regular character in the series from issue #1 through issue #16 (May 12, 2010). He appeared in the 2009 Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man series, his first solo comic book series, by writer Brian Reed and artist Chris Bachalo. According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #1 was the 45th best selling comic book in June 2009. Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #2 was the 68th best selling comic book in July 2009. 2010s Mac Gargan reappeared under the codename Scorpion in the \"Big Time\" story arc from the 2010 The Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2019 Absolute Carnage series. 2020s Mac Gargan appeared in the 2020 Ravencroft series. He appeared in the 2022 Miles Morales: Spider-Man series. Fictional character biography Scorpion Mac Gargan was a private investigator initially hired by J. Jonah Jameson to find out how Peter Parker is able to obtain incredible pictures of Spider-Man. Gargan's efforts set off Peter's spider-sense and the teen easily evades the detective. Jameson then decides to hire Gargan as the subject of a barely-tested process that would endow him with the","title":"Mac Gargan"},{"docid":"75438924","text":"\"Gang War\" is a 2023 storyline published by Marvel Comics. It was created by Zeb Wells and John Romita Jr. The story involves Spider-Man and the local superheroes working to deal with a gang war between the different families after Tombstone was shot and the crime families plan to take over the criminal underworld. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #39, Deadly Hands of Kung Fu: Gang War #1, and Luke Cage: Gang War #2 were dedicated in memory of Keith Giffen who died from a stroke on October 9, 2023. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #40, Luke Cage: Gang War #3, Miles Morales: Spider-Man Vol. 2 #14, and Spider-Woman Vol. 8 #2 saluted the retirement of Alison Gill. The event overall received mixed reviews, with criticism directed towards the artwork, tie-ins, pacing, character arcs, and the lack of focus on Spider-Man. Publication history Gang War will detail the different crime families going to war after Tombstone was shot by Shotgun during the wedding of Janice Lincoln and Randy Robertson. With the crime families blaming each other for calling the hit and planning to take over the criminal underworld, Spider-Man works to keep the gang war from getting worse with help from the local superheroes while also dealing with the anti-vigilante laws that will cause all the sides to come into conflict with the NYPD. Plot Lead-up On the day when Tombstone's daughter Janice Lincoln was going to marry Robbie Robertson's son Randy Robertson, it is attended by Peter Parker, Aunt May, Martha Robertson, and the crime lords Hammerhead, Mister Negative, Crime Master, Diamondback, Madame Masque, Black Mariah, and Owl. Just then, Shotgun crashes the wedding on his motorcycle and uses special bullets to wound Tombstone. Peter Parker slips away to become Spider-Man and pursues Shotgun. He follows Shotgun through the forest until he loses him. As Tombstone is loaded into an ambulance, the crime lords blame each other for the attack. Madame Masque leaves in her limousine as Hammerhead sets off an explosive in it. As Spider-Man and Rek-Rap deal with Re-Po (who was made from Peter Parker's debt collector by Madelyne Pryor) in his mission to get Rek-Rap and the other demons back to Limbo, Hammerhead talks with his branch of the Maggia as one of them mentions about what happened to Madam Masque. Just then, they are visited by Count Nefaria who will take the blame on what happened with his daughter Madame Masque. While touching Hammerhead's head, Count Nefaria states that the crime lords will bow to the Maggia once again. As Hammerhead watches the news about Randy Robertson talking about Fisk's law, Hammerhead gets a call from his minion Jake about how they found Lady Yulan's grunts and how he speculated that Lady Yulan's grunts are either vampires or hate holy water. As Hammerhead orders Jake to take Father O'Neil home, he also tells them to lose the masks they got from the Inner Demons as they have a big day tomorrow. The next day, Hammerhead meets with","title":"Gang War (comics)"},{"docid":"144436","text":"Benjamin Franklin \"Ben\" Parker, usually referred to as Uncle Ben, was a supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with the superhero Spider-Man (Peter Parker). He was the husband of May Parker and the paternal uncle and father figure of Peter Parker. After appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962), Uncle Ben made his first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He was modeled and named after American founding father Benjamin Franklin. The character has been an essential part of Spider-Man's history. His death at the hands of a petty criminal, whom Spider-Man previously had the chance to apprehend, but chose not to, has been depicted in most versions of the hero's origin story, as the main factor that inspired Peter to become Spider-Man. Uncle Ben's quote, \"With great power there must also come great responsibility\" (often paraphrased as \"With great power comes great responsibility\"), has become Spider-Man's \"moral guide\" and iconic life motto. The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including films, animated series, and video games. He was portrayed by Cliff Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and by Martin Sheen in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012). In December 2021, Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) screenwriters Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers confirmed that Uncle Ben's comic book role as Peter's \"moral guide\" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)—who tells him his life motto before being killed as a result of his actions—had instead been adapted to his aunt May Parker, portrayed by Marisa Tomei in five films from 2016 to 2021. Adam Scott portrays a younger Ben Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history After first appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962)—caring for his niece (a mermaid named Linda Brown) with his wife May—Uncle Ben returned in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962)—caring for his nephew (Peter Parker / Spider-Man) with May—and was killed in the same issue. Although his history as a supporting character was very brief, Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider-Man's life, often appearing in flashbacks. Notability of death The murder of Uncle Ben is possibly the most notable in comic book history. He is also one of the few comic book deaths that has never been reversed in official continuity. He was a member of the \"Big Three\", alongside Jason Todd (an associate of Batman) and Bucky (an associate of Captain America) whose notable deaths, along with Ben's, gave rise to the phrase: \"No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky, Jason Todd, and Uncle Ben\". Later, the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment, \"No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben\". The violent killing of Uncle Ben, done by a common street criminal, also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne, the parents of","title":"Uncle Ben"},{"docid":"1368744","text":"The \"Clone Saga\" is an extended comic-book storyline published by Marvel Comics, revolving around the superhero Spider-Man and clones of him, as well as of other characters. The second and best-known story arc of this name ran from October 1994 to December 1996, and quickly became one of the most controversial Spider-Man stories ever told. Although it was intended to wrap up in less than a year, the comics sold very well and the writers were encouraged to prolong the saga as long as possible. This led to some changes to the storyline that ultimately proved unpopular. Despite the controversy, the 1990s Clone Saga remains one of the most popular Spider-Man story arcs of all time. Although many people were involved in its creation, the Clone Saga is most closely associated with Terry Kavanagh, who proposed the idea; Howard Mackie, who worked on the majority of the smaller crossovers involved in the overall story arc; and Gerry Conway, who devised the original story. Executive editors on the storyline included Tom DeFalco, Bob Budiansky, and Bob Harras. Story arcs There were two \"Clone Sagas\": the original storyline in the 1970s and the second saga which consumed all the regular Spider-Man series, several limited series and one-shot issues between 1994 and 1997. Between the two, there were also two smaller storylines that dealt with elements from the original saga. The original Clone Saga In mid-1973, writer Gerry Conway made the decision to kill off the girlfriend of Peter Parker, Gwen Stacy, in The Amazing Spider-Man #121 because the editorial team felt that Gwen had become stale as a character and they wanted to instill an additional element of tragedy into Peter Parker's life. In the follow-up arcs, Conway introduced a new villain called the Jackal and let Gwen Stacy seemingly return from the dead. The Jackal was the villain identity of Gwen and Peter's biology professor Miles Warren, who could not cope with the death of Gwen, with whom he had a secret infatuation. As an expert on cloning, he creates clones of both Gwen and Peter, discovering Peter is Spider-Man as a result. The Jackal blames Spider-Man for Gwen's death and wants to kill him. The Jackal kidnaps Spider-Man and forces him to fight his clone. Both men believe they are the real Peter Parker. The two Spider-Men soon decide to work together, but one is seemingly killed by the same bomb that kills the Jackal. The surviving Spider-Man determines he is the original because he is in love with Mary Jane Watson, which did not happen until after Professor Warren created the clone. Spider-Man drops the body of the clone into an incinerator. Gwen Stacy's clone disappears to find a new life for herself. The Amazing Spider-Man #149, the climactic installment of the original Clone Saga, leaves it ambiguous whether it is the original Spider-Man or his clone who perishes in the bomb explosion. Conway said this ambiguity was unintentional, as at the time he took it as a given","title":"Clone Saga"},{"docid":"25700184","text":"This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \"Power Booster\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \"Spider-Friends\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \"costume\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \"Vengeance Of Loki\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \"Windchill Factor Zero\". In \"Mission: Save The Guardstar\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \"fire and ice don't really mix\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \"Opposites Attack!\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in","title":"List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters"},{"docid":"2291862","text":"\"The Death of Jean DeWolff\" is a four-part story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It comprises the comics Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #107–110 (October 1985 – January 1986). The story was written by Peter David, penciled by Rich Buckler, and inked by Brett Breeding, Josef Rubinstein, Kyle Baker and Pat Redding. It was the second professional comic book writing assignment for David and the beginning of his \"break\" into comic book writing. In this arc, Peter Parker (Spider-Man) hunts down the killer of police captain Jean DeWolff, one of his closest friends. Publication history On the first page of \"Part 4: All My Sins Remembered\", when Spider-Man remembers his teenage past with Betty Brant, the flashback panels are reprints of panels from earlier issues of Amazing Spider-Man; e.g. the third panel is from Amazing Spider-Man #41. Plot summary After capturing a trio of muggers assaulting Ernie Popchik (an elderly tenant of his Aunt May's), Spider-Man learns that his close friend NYPD Captain Jean DeWolff has been killed in her sleep. Spider-Man confronts the police officer in charge of the investigation, Sergeant Stan Carter. Carter tells him Jean was killed by a close-range double-barreled shotgun blast, and that her badge is missing. Meanwhile, attorney Matt Murdock (the civilian identity of Daredevil) is assigned to represent Popchik's muggers at their arraignment; he succeeds in getting them released without bail, and through his super-senses also finds out Spider-Man's secret identity as Peter Parker when the latter attends the trial in May's and Popchik's company. However, he is disgusted by his clients' rowdy behavior, and speaks with the judge presiding over the case — his friend and mentor, Horace Rosenthal — about his misgivings with doing pro bono publico work. During their talk he senses an armed and masked intruder in Rosenthal's chamber. After Rosenthal leaves, the intruder introduces himself as the Sin-Eater and tries to shoot Murdock. Hearing the commotion, Rosenthal returns and is shot by the Sin-Eater. The Sin-Eater then escapes through the window. On the streets outside, Spider-Man responds to the panic aroused by the Sin-Eater's appearance. He opens fire on Spider-Man, who leaps above the scattergun blasts. The bullets hit a crowd of bystanders. During their fight, Spider-Man spots a gavel and a badge on the Sin-Eater's belt, and realizes he must be the one who killed Jean DeWolff. However, when he sees Aunt May lying senseless on the ground, he allows the Sin-Eater to escape so that he can help her. Spider-Man successfully petitions Carter for unofficial approval to search DeWolff's apartment. Carter also reveals the folklore behind the term sin-eater, and mentions that he is a former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. Spider-Man is unable to find any clues in DeWolff's apartment, but discovers a collection of news clippings indicating that she was romantically interested in him. While at Rosenthal's funeral, Murdock recognizes Sin-Eater's heartbeat among those attending DeWollf's funeral nearby, but there are too many mourners for him to pick out which one is the Sin-Eater.","title":"The Death of Jean DeWolff"},{"docid":"13305157","text":"\"One More Day\" (OMD) is a four-part 2007 comic book crossover storyline, connecting the three main Spider-Man series published by Marvel Comics at the time. Written by J. Michael Straczynski and Joe Quesada, with art by Quesada, the story arc concludes the fallout of Spider-Man's actions during the 2007 Civil War crossover. \"One More Day\" starts in The Amazing Spider-Man #544, continues in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #24 and The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2) #41, and concludes in The Amazing Spider-Man #545. After Aunt May had been shot by a stray bullet from a goon of the Kingpin meant for Spider-Man, Spider-Man seeks help to save her life. He encounters the demon Mephisto, who offers to save her life if Spider-Man gives him his marriage. Spider-Man and his wife, Mary Jane Watson, agree, and this part of their history is erased so that, effectively, they have never been married. The storyline set the stage for a restructuring of the Spider-Man titles, resulting in the cancellation of Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, with The Amazing Spider-Man revamped as a thrice-monthly publication. The events of \"One More Day\" regarding Peter Parker and Mary Jane's marriage was met with highly negative criticism, although the artwork received praise. Elements of the storyline were adapted in the feature film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada felt dissolving the Peter Parker and Mary Jane marriage and returning Spider-Man to his roots was necessary to preserve the longevity of the character for the next 20 or 30 years. Quesada said he and other previous editors-in-chief had long been seeking an opportunity to begin a new methodology in which to tell Spider-Man stories, but had not found a reasonable way to do so. Quesada said \"It's very easy to un-marry a character, or fix something like that: you just do a huge universal retcon, and say a few events in history didn't happen. But that's really not the way we do it here at Marvel.\" Quesada found an opportunity to address this in the events of the 2007 Civil War mini-series, which resulted in the unmasking of Spider-Man's identity to the public. Quesada knew J. Michael Straczynski was planning to end his run as a Marvel writer, so he personally approached Straczynski to propose \"One More Day\" as his final project. The ideas for \"One More Day\" began to develop almost two years before its release, at one of Marvel's creative summits for creators and editors. Quesada, Straczynski, Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, Jeph Loeb, Tom Brevoort and Axel Alonso developed the concept between them, and Ed Brubaker and Dan Slott added more at the next summit. \"One More Day\" was announced as the concluding storyline of Straczynski's run on Amazing Spider-Man in early 2007, and Quesada was named as the artist for the storyline. Although Quesada had become more selective in choosing projects to do as an artist since becoming editor-in-chief, he felt","title":"Spider-Man: One More Day"},{"docid":"15011570","text":"The Living Brain is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 and has made few subsequent appearances since. A foe of the superhero Spider-Man, the original Living Brain was created by the fictional International Computing Machines Corporation and billed as the most intelligent computer and robot in existence, capable of solving virtually any question asked. In more recent times, the Superior Spider-Man reprogrammed it to serve as a laboratory assistant at Parker Industries, with it remaining in that role after Peter Parker returned. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (Jan. 1964). The second Living Brain appears in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #6. Fictional character history Original Living Brain The Living Brain, soon after its creation, is brought to Midtown High School by its creator Dr. Petty as a part of a demonstration of its renowned ability to solve any problem. The students agreed to ask the machine what is Spider-Man's secret identity, and a nervous Peter Parker, the volunteer for the demonstration, fed it all of the given known information from the students concerning the wall-crawler, relievingly finding the answer to be in a mathematical code for Peter to decode overnight (because of this, it is unknown if the Living Brain correctly deduced Spider-Man's true identity). During the course of the Living Brain's demonstration, the two workmen hired to transport it overhear how the Living Brain has the ability to answer anything and they decide to steal it to use this ability for gambling purposes. Caught in the middle of their stealing it by Dr. Petty, one of the workmen quickly knocks him out, but by doing so bumps the other one into the Living Brain's control panel on its chest, causing the Living Brain to malfunction. Going on a rampage through Midtown High, the Living Brain is confronted by Spider-Man, who eventually shuts it down. At the end of the day as Peter is walking back home, he plans on telling everyone the next day he'd lost the code during the confusion. The Living Brain reappears several years later, now discredited and broken-down. Dr. Petty plans to donate it to Midtown High School's science lab. The Living Brain ends up being stolen by Dr. Petty's son Steve Petty who modifies the robot, giving it a gold and red color scheme, clawed hands and the ability to fly. Remotely controlling the Living Brain to attack a bully who had been tormenting him, Steve is eventually defeated by Spider-Man (who had been on a visit to Midtown High as Peter Parker) and the Living Brain is shut down once more. The Living Brain, restored to its pre-upgrade appearance, was then acquired by a group of criminals, who used it to commit robberies. The robot and its controllers were apprehended","title":"Living Brain"},{"docid":"2444780","text":"Humberto Ramos (born 27 November 1970) is a Mexican comic book penciller, best known for his work on American comic books such as Impulse, Runaways, The Spectacular Spider-Man, The Amazing Spider-Man and his creator-owned series Crimson. Career Humberto Ramos began his career in 1989 at Kaboom Cómics. He was later hired by DC Comics as the regular penciller for their Flash spin-off Impulse, which launched in March 1995. Written by Mark Waid, the superhero/teen comedy series focused on young speedster Bart Allen, the grandson of the second Flash, Barry Allen, and his struggles with growing up in an alienated Alabama suburb. In 1998, Ramos co-founded the imprint Cliffhanger with comic book artists Joe Madureira and J. Scott Campbell. They created the imprint, housed by Jim Lee's Image Comics division Wildstorm, to publish their creator-owned comic books outside the mainstream superhero genre. Both Campbell and Madureira had already built large fanbases with their previous work on Gen13 and Uncanny X-Men respectively, and were two of the most popular comic book artists at the time. Ramos, on the other hand, was not as popular and his inclusion on the imprint was perceived as second choice, after fan-favorite Michael Turner declined because he was still under contract at Top Cow. Ramos' first Cliffhanger title Crimson ran for 24 issues and two one-shots, with poor success. It was followed by the fantasy/mystery series Out There, months later. Ramos also began illustrating the covers of Peter Parker: Spider-Man with issue #30 and—beginning with May 2002's Peter Parker: Spider-Man #44—additionally did the interior artwork on the four-issue story arc \"A Death in the Family\" (later collected as Spider-Man: Return of the Goblin; ), written by Paul Jenkins. After his Cliffhanger contract expired, and Out There concluded after 18 issues in early 2003, Ramos left the imprint, apparently not on the best terms, and launched a new Spider-Man title, The Spectacular Spider-Man. The book reunited Ramos with Peter Parker: Spider-Man writer Paul Jenkins and earned him a 2005 Harvey Award nomination as Best Cover Artist. While Ramos worked on Spectacular Spider-Man, another book created by him (although illustrated by Francisco Herrera), the six-issue miniseries Kamikaze, which had originally been planned for 2001, was published by WildStorm under the Cliffhanger imprint. In 2005, Ramos' creator-owned six-issue miniseries Revelations began publication by Dark Horse Comics. Following Revelations, Ramos returned to Marvel Comics, joining writer Marc Guggenheim as the new creative team on Wolverine, beginning with issue #42 in March 2006. The same month also saw the release of the first volume of the space opera Kookaburra K, a series of three 46-page comic albums Ramos illustrated for French comic publisher Soleil Productions, written by French comic book creator Crisse. Ramos worked with writer Terry Moore on Runaways from 2008 to 2009, and became one of the regular artists on The Amazing Spider-Man in 2010. In April 2014, Ramos and writer Dan Slott launch Amazing Spider-Man as part of Marvel NOW!. The first issue of this new version of The","title":"Humberto Ramos"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"48338115\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Spider-Man\\\" is the name of several superheroes in the Marvel Universe. The first titular and main protagonist is Peter Parker, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Other characters have adopted the alias over the years in the Earth 616 universe such as Ben Reilly and Otto Octavius. There also consists of alternate universe versions of the web-slinger such as May \\\"Mayday\\\" Parker and Miguel O'Hara. Characters named Spider-Man Peter Parker Peter Parker, the Amazing Spider-Man, is the mainstream and original Earth-616 incarnation of the character and appears in almost every piece of Spider-Man related media. All other \\\"spider-men\\\" are derived from him. Ben Reilly Ben Reilly is a clone of Peter Parker, who also briefly fought crime as the Scarlet Spider. He also took over as Spider-Man (with a new costume) when Peter retired to settle down with a new family. This lasted until the original Green Goblin returned and murdered him. Spider-X Spider-X (Brian Kornfield), created by Mort Todd, first appeared in Midnight Sons Unlimited #3 (Oct. 1993). As Spider-X was seen by many wearing Spider-Man's costume, he is initially believed to be Spider-Man himself, mutated by the Darkhold, Until his own mother learned the truth and explained this to the titular group. Kornfield grew up off Broadway in New York City raised by his mother, with his father having been killed at an unknown time period. He had a very active imagination and idolized all superheroes, even writing letters to as many as he could. His mother was brutally assaulted and mugged on New York's streets. Brian was obsessed with being a superhero so he could find and take down the muggers. Brian was met by the Dwarf (an agent of the Elder God Chthon) offering him the power to be like his idol Spider-Man via a page of the Darkhold. Brian accepted the offer and was transformed into Spider-X. His obsessive desire for vengeance was twisted even further by the Darkhold's black magic and Brian saw himself as the ultimate arbitrator of justice, willing to mete out punishment that no one else would. Spider-X first brutally slew his mother's mugger. He then captured and planned to slay some other criminals, which brought him into conflict with the Ghost Rider and John Blaze when the two crashed into Spider-X's web that had been spun across the entire street. The conflict ended inconclusively when Spider-X fled from the Ghost Rider's Penance Stare; his eight eyes may have somehow diluted the Stare's force, allowing him to break hold. The occult investigators/warriors the Nightstalkers came to New York and investigated a previous letter from Kornfield, which claimed there is an occult basis to the rise in New York City's crime. Spider-X attacked the three of them when his mother was questioned. His struggles escalated, bringing in some of the Darkhold Redeemers summoned by the energy released by the use of a Darkhold page, as well as Morbius the Living Vampire and even Spider-Man himself. Still seeking to punish criminals, Spider-X\",\n \"title\": \"List of incarnations of Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"504988\",\n \"text\": \"Benjamin \\\"Ben\\\" Reilly (), also known as the Scarlet Spider, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Grown in a lab by Miles Warren/Jackal, he is a clone of Peter Parker/Spider-Man tasked with fighting him but instead becoming an ally, later even regarded as a \\\"brother\\\". Created by writer Gerry Conway, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 (October 1975) and is seemingly killed in the same issue. The character returned and featured prominently in the 1994–96 \\\"Clone Saga\\\" storyline, adopting the \\\"Scarlet Spider\\\" alias with a costume similar to Spider-Man's consisting of a red spandex bodysuit and mask complemented by a blue sleeveless hoodie sweatshirt adorned with a large spider symbol on both sides, along with a utility belt and bulkier web-shooters. This Scarlet Spider costume was designed by artist Tom Lyle. When Peter Parker temporarily left the Spider-Man role, Ben became the new Spider-Man while wearing a new costume variation designed by artist Mark Bagley. However, Reilly dies at the hands of Norman Osborn/Green Goblin, sacrificing himself to save Parker who then resumes the Spider-Man role. In 2017's Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy story, the character is revealed to be alive, his mind forcibly transferred to new clone bodies by the Jackal repeatedly before his resurrection was successful. Driven mad by the experience of being reborn and dying repeatedly, he became the new Jackal and started his own criminal enterprise. After being defeated by Spider-Man and others, Reilly reclaims his Scarlet Spider identity in the series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider. Reimagined as an antihero, he first hopes to escape his past then embarks on a spiritual quest to redeem himself. This arc is completed in \\\"Spider-Geddon\\\" (2018), during which he sacrifices himself to protect others when his life force is absorbed by an enemy who inadvertently absorbs his many death traumas as well. Ben is then resurrected in a new clone body, his mind and soul healed and restored. During the events of the 2021–2022 storyline \\\"Beyond\\\", Ben temporarily became Spider-Man again, only for him to have his memories purged from him and becoming a new villain called Chasm. Due to his many resurrections in different clone bodies, the 2017–2018 comic series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider states he has died and returned more than anyone else in the Marvel Universe, leading to him becoming favored by Lady Death. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse voiced by Andy Samberg. Publication history Ben Reilly was first featured as Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 as a nameless clone of Peter Parker who seemingly dies alongside his creator the Jackal, who had also created a clone of Parker's lost love Gwen Stacy. The events of the issue were later revisited in several comics such as What If #30. Asked why he created the character, writer Gerry Conway explained: Though Conway had no intention of using the character beyond this initial story in\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Reilly\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2555765\",\n \"text\": \"Carrion is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an enemy of Spider-Man. Publication history The Miles Warren clone version of Carrion first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #25 and was created by Bill Mantlo, Jim Mooney, and Frank Springer. Carrion emerged as part of a storyline that was a sequel to the original Clone Saga and as a result he has one of the most complicated histories of any Spider-Man villain. According to Tony Isabella, in Mantlo's original plans for this story, Carrion would have been revealed as the Peter Parker clone. That the real Spider-Man had also dumped the then-deceased Green Goblin's gear in the same furnace explained the Goblin-esque look of Carrion. However, Marv Wolfman, then writer of The Amazing Spider-Man book, had some second thoughts about it. He decided he didn't want a second Spider-Man running around so Bill was asked to change the planned revelation of his extended story, even though the first chapter had already been published. The character's history has been retconned several times as successive writers changed the status of the various clones, the plans and motivations of Professor Miles Warren and other aspects from the stories. Often these changes took place in stories which did not directly involve Carrion, resulting in further stories trying to tie up gaps. No fewer than three separate incarnations have been encountered. William Allen first appeared in Spider-Man: Dead Man's Hand #1 (April 1997), created by Roger Stern and Dan Lawlis. McBride was created by Sal Buscema and Gerry Conway in The Spectacular Spider-Man #149 (April 1989). Fictional character biography Miles Warren clone The original Carrion first appeared seeking to destroy Spider-Man, somehow knowing that his secret identity was Peter Parker. He unsuccessfully approached the Maggia with a plan to kill Spider-Man. He attacked Peter Parker, blaming him for the death of Gwen Stacy. Carrion sought to destroy Parker/Spider-Man several times before capturing Spider-Man and revealing to him that he was a decayed clone of Professor Miles Warren, also known as the Jackal. Warren had created the clone and left it in a capsule to mature to full development; however Warren had then (seemingly) died and the clone was left developing in the capsule with artificially accelerated age. Something went wrong and the clone's body became like a living corpse. As Warren's clone, Carrion blamed Spider-Man for the deaths of both Warren and Gwen Stacy and sought to bring him to justice with the help of a malleable student named Randy Vale. Carrion captured Peter Parker and prepared to kill him with a giant \\\"Spider-Amoeba\\\" created by cloning cells from Parker. However, Parker freed himself and became Spider-Man. In the subsequent fight a fire consumed the laboratory whilst the amoeba latched onto Carrion. The Spider-Amoeba suffocated Carrion, smothering him to death, and then unable to escape it perished in the fire. Malcolm McBride Many years later, Spider-Man learned from the High Evolutionary that Warren had not\",\n \"title\": \"Carrion (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3359643\",\n \"text\": \"Debra Whitman is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #196 (September 1979), she served as a brief love interest for Peter Parker in the Spectacular Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man comic titles in the late 1970s and early 1980s. She is also one of the first characters to determine that Peter was Spider-Man, although she was later convinced she was delusional. The character has appeared in Spider-Man media adaptations, most notably in Spider-Man: The Animated Series. Fictional character biography Debra Whitman was a secretary in the biophysics department of Empire State University. While there, she met Peter and they started dating. However, things kept coming up in his secret life as Spider-Man and he kept giving her excuses to get out of the date. Because of Peter's rejections, she started to date Biff Rifkin for emotional support, but her infatuation with Peter did nothing but grow. Debra also suffered from a mental instability that led her to idealize people and invert values. With Peter it grew further into her hallucinating that he was Spider-Man. When she told her psychiatrist, Dr. Baily Kuklin, about her hallucinations, he asked Peter to wear the Spider-Man suit to give her a shocking confrontation with reality to get her out of the hallucination. Peter refused, and indicated Biff Rifkin as a more reliable source of information. However, Biff already knew Debra when she was married to Mark Whitman. One day he asked her about her black eye and she gave evasive answers. That night he went to their house and saw Mark beating her. He rescued her and took her to the hospital, but she insisted Mark was a kind and gentle husband, locked in denial. Peter then wore the suit and told her he was Spider-Man. The shock made her come to her senses and decided to leave New York to get a divorce. During the superhero \\\"Civil War\\\", Peter reveals his identity as Spider-Man to the world. Thereafter, Debra is seen on the phone speaking to her co-writer about her new book, entitled \\\"TWO FACED: How Spider-Man Ruined My Life\\\". She seems discouraged about the title and tone of the book, but is committed to a book signing later in the day. Enraged, she then hurls items around the room to get out her anger before the signing. At the book signing, Spider-Man and the newly released Vulture are both seen planning to crash. After Spider-Man defeats the Vulture, Debra reveals to Betty Brant the editors had forced her to exaggerate the mental damage that Peter had \\\"done\\\" to her in order to make for a better book. Debra's mother had been sick and the medical bills were far more than she could pay for, so when the Daily Bugle dug up all of Peter Parker's past relationships to get dirt on him, she jumped on the chance to write the book. Betty talked Debra into telling the truth to the Daily\",\n \"title\": \"Debra Whitman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18936506\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Green Goblin Reborn!\\\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \\\"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\\\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the\",\n \"title\": \"Green Goblin Reborn!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53599140\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \\\"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\\\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \\\"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\\\" was released with the tagline \\\"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\\\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \\\"unjust\\\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man 129\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31655527\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Gathering of Five\\\" and \\\"The Final Chapter\\\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \\\"re-branding\\\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \\\"Issue One\\\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \\\"Clone Saga\\\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \\\"the gathering of five\\\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \\\"package\\\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time\",\n \"title\": \"The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14154213\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \\\"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\\\", \\\"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\\\", and \\\"Who Is Spider-Man?\\\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \\\"nerdy\\\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: With Great Power\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15635388\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Brand New Day\\\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \\\"One More Day\\\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \\\"Spider-Man: Big Time\\\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \\\"Brand New Day\\\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \\\"back to basics\\\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \\\"One More Day\\\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \\\"some people\\\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: Brand New Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9601342\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \\\"Mayday\\\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \\\"The Final Chapter\\\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man Family\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65818012\",\n \"text\": \"Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen\",\n \"title\": \"Sins Rising\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8896262\",\n \"text\": \"The Green Goblin's Last Stand is a 1992 superhero fan film by Dan Poole, based on the comic book story \\\"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\\\", published by Marvel Comics in The Amazing Spider-Man #121–122. Poole is the director, producer, creative editor, screenwriter, and star of the film. The film and its attendant documentary received showings and accolades at several small film festivals. Plot Peter Parker, as his alias Spider-Man, is following a stolen vehicle. He stops the car and traps the two criminals. Afterwards, he meets his girlfriend Gwen Stacy. Peter's spider-sense detects Norman Osborn traveling in a taxi, and he learns from Gwen that Norman survived an explosion at his chemical plant. Norman returns to his home, in an amnestic state, in an attempt to find his son, Harry. In his room, he finds a newspaper detailing the explosion of Norman's plant, caused by a battle between Spider-Man and The Green Goblin. Peter visits Norman, who becomes enraged and tells him to leave. Peter believes he is unwell, and tells Gwen that Norman was obviously mentally altered after the accident. Norman sees Parker's name on the newspaper and hallucinates that Spider-Man is chasing him into the streets of New York. Three thugs harass and attack him, leaving him unconscious. The next day, Norman wakes up in his former 'warehouse'. He finds the goblin equipment, and vows revenge on Spider-Man. Peter goes back to Norman's apartment and finds the newspaper, realizing that he has once again become the Green Goblin. He bumps into Harry Osborn, who believes his father is still in the hospital. Harry discovers that the card with the doctor's number and address is missing from his desk, but that the card had Peter's address and number on it as well. Gwen goes to look for Peter at his \\\"Darkroom\\\", but Norman kidnaps her and takes her to the rooftops. Peter finds she is missing, and is challenged by Norman to come rescue her. Peter trips Norman with his web, but after he regains consciousness, he pushes Gwen off the roof. Peter quickly spins a web to catch Gwen, breaking her neck in the process. Enraged, Peter nearly kills Norman, but he escapes by throwing a pumpkin bomb. Norman is tracked down by Peter to the warehouse ruins. Peter makes Norman's glider malfunction and defeats him. After asking him why he killed Gwen, Norman is apathetic, and describes her as a \\\"pawn\\\". Peter almost beats Norman to death again, but cannot bring himself to do so. Norman activates his glider to kill Peter, but his spider sense activates and he quickly jumps out of the way, leaving the glider to impale Norman, killing him. At the cemetery, Peter apologizes to Gwen at her grave, stating that Norman's death only made the pain worse. He admits hesitance in being Spider-Man, but reminds himself of his promise to Uncle Ben's death that he would continue being Spider-Man. Cast Dan Poole as Peter Parker / Spider-Man Jimi Kinstle as Norman Osborn\",\n \"title\": \"The Green Goblin's Last Stand\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"144167\",\n \"text\": \"Maybelle \\\"May\\\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \\\"Jay\\\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,\",\n \"title\": \"Aunt May\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58112860\",\n \"text\": \"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is two series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. The series revolves around Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson having remained married and raising a daughter named Anna-May \\\"Annie\\\" Parker, with Mary Jane and Annie further becoming the superheroes Spinneret and Spiderling. The original series was a 2015 comic book limited series that tied into that year's Secret Wars event. Following the event's end, the popularity of the series led to a sequel ongoing series set in the alternate reality of Earth-18119, which was published from 2016 to 2018. Mary Jane and Annie from this series make cameo appearances in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The first volume takes place during the \\\"Secret Wars\\\" storyline and was published as a limited series in 2015. Dan Slott and Adam Kubert's story occurs in a Battleworld which was a \\\"drastically reimagined incarnation of New York City\\\". A second volume, now as an ongoing series part of the 2016 \\\"Marvel NOW!\\\" relaunch, details the further tales of Spider-Man and his family after their reality was restored. Originally, Gerry Conway was the lead writer of the volume; Ryan Stegman joined as both co-writer and artist with issue #8. With issue #13, \\\"the series new creative team of writer Jody Houser and artist Nick Roche kicked off their run by jumping eight years into the Parker family's future\\\". The second volume is followed by the three issue limited series Spider-Girls which was part of the 2018 comics event Spider-Geddon. CBR highlighted that while events of the \\\"One More Day\\\" storyline still \\\"haven't been totally undone in the Marvel comic continuum\\\", as a result of Renew Your Vows, both MJ and Peter of Earth 616 share \\\"small fragments of memories of their life and decided to begin again, with a fresh new start\\\". Plot Volume one: Secret Wars During the \\\"Secret Wars\\\" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. Spider-Man brutally defeats Venom. As the superheroes are being defeated by Regent, Mary Jane Watson uses a fire truck's siren to help Spider-Man force Venom into a burning building and brings the structure down on Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe. In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent won't detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. Peter takes pictures of Demolition Man protesting the Regent's rule when he is defeated by Boomerang, Rhino, and\",\n \"title\": \"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37629473\",\n \"text\": \"The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \\\"Dying Wish\\\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \\\"Superior Spider-Man\\\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \\\"Spider-Verse\\\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \\\"Go Down Swinging\\\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \\\"Spider-Geddon\\\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \\\"Spider-Geddon\\\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team\",\n \"title\": \"The Superior Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"663197\",\n \"text\": \"Nicholas Hammond (born 15 May 1950) is an American and Australian actor and writer who is best known for his roles as Friedrich von Trapp in the film The Sound of Music and as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the 1970s television series The Amazing Spider-Man. He also appeared in the theatrical films as Spider-Man and its two sequels outside of North America. Early life Hammond was born on May 15, 1950, in Washington, D.C., the son of Colonel Thomas West Hammond, Jr. by his wife Eileen Hammond (née Bennett). Hammond's father was American of English descent and an officer in the U.S. Army, and his mother was English and had played a role in Much Too Shy in 1942. Hammond has one elder brother, David (b. 1946). Hammond's parents had met and married in London during World War II when his father had been posted in the United Kingdom. After the war, the couple moved to the U.S. permanently, and because the Colonel had an army job, the family moved numerous times to various army stations across the country during Hammond's childhood. Nicholas Hammond graduated from the Landon School in Bethesda, Maryland, before attending and graduating from Princeton University. Col. Hammond died in 1970. Career Hammond was 11 years old when he made his acting debut as Robin Rhodes in the Broadway play The Complaisant Lover in 1961, playing alongside Michael Redgrave and Googie Withers. At the same time, he began to shoot for the 1963 film Lord of the Flies, which marked his film debut. After this, Hammond played what was to be his most notable screen role: Friedrich von Trapp (the elder of the two boys) in the 1965 hit The Sound of Music. Hammond's next acting role came in 1970, when he appeared in Conduct Unbecoming, his first role as an adult. In 1972 Hammond appeared as Peter Linder in Skyjacked. In 1973 he made a guest appearance on The Brady Bunch in season 4, episode #090, \\\"The Subject Was Noses\\\", as the high school hunk, Doug Simpson, who loses interest in Marcia after her tragic football accident. That year Hammond also appeared in The Waltons episode \\\"The Townie\\\", as Theodore Claypool Jr. After making the transition from juvenile to young leading man, Hammond spent several seasons in daytime soaps, such as General Hospital. He also appeared on many television shows of the 1970s including Hawaii Five-O. In the late 1970s Hammond re-joined fellow The Sound of Music alumnus Heather Menzies (who played Louisa von Trapp) for one episode of the TV adaptation of Logan's Run. He also contributed to The Sound of Music Family Scrapbook. Spider-Man From 1977 to 1979, Hammond played the role for which he is perhaps best known, as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the television series The Amazing Spider-Man. Hammond described his approach to the character: \\\"I liked the idea of taking a fantasy hero and making him believable as a person. I made it clear going into it that I wasn't interested in doing\",\n \"title\": \"Nicholas Hammond\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17038885\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series about Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The Amazing Spider-Man may also refer to: Comics The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) Film Spider-Man (1977 film) starring Nicholas Hammond, also known as The Amazing Spider-Man on home media The Amazing Spider-Man (film), a reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise The Amazing Spider-Man (soundtrack), a film-score album from the 2012 film, composed by James Horner Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), the title character of the film series Television The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series) starring Nicholas Hammond, which evolved out of the 1977 film Games The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball) See also The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"931\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man is an ongoing American superhero comic book series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man as its title character and main protagonist. Being in the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it was the character's first title, launching seven months after his introduction in the final issue of Amazing Fantasy. The series began publication with a March 1963 cover date and has been published nearly continuously to date over six volumes with only one significant interruption. Issues of the title currently feature an issue number within its sixth volume, as well as a \\\"legacy\\\" number reflecting the issue's overall number across all Amazing Spider-Man volumes. The title reached 900 issues in 2022. The series began as a bimonthly periodical before being increased to monthly after four issues. It was the character's sole monthly headlining title until Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man launched in 1978. After 441 issues, The Amazing Spider-Man was restarted in 1999 as issue No. 1 of Volume 2. It ran for 58 issues before reverting to the title's overall issue number with #500 in 2003. The series ran essentially continuously over the first two volumes from 1963 until its landmark 700th issue at the end of 2012 when it was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Marvel's comic lines. The title was occasionally published biweekly during the first two volumes, and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010. After the relaunch of Action Comics and Detective Comics, The Amazing Spider-Man briefly became the highest-numbered active American comic book. The Amazing Spider-Man returned with volume 3 in April 2014 following the conclusion of The Superior Spider-Man story arc after 31 issues. In late 2015, the series was relaunched with a fourth volume following the 2015 Secret Wars event. After 45 years , the volume was once again relaunched as part of Marvel Legacy, returning to the overall \\\"legacy\\\" numbering with issue No. 789 in late 2017. Less than a year later, the series was relaunched again with a fifth volume as part of Marvel's Fresh Start. For the first time, although the issue numbers were again restarted from #1, the issues also bore the overall \\\"legacy\\\" issue number. A sixth volume commenced in April 2022 to celebrate Spider-Man's 60th anniversary. Since the second volume, the title has had various release schedules, including monthly and bi-weekly, among others. Publication history Writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko created the character of Spider-Man, and the pair produced 38 issues from March 1963 to July 1966. Ditko left after the 38th issue, while Lee remained as writer until issue 100. Since then, many writers and artists have taken over the monthly comic through the years, chronicling the adventures of Marvel's most identifiable hero. The Amazing Spider-Man has been the character's flagship series for his first fifty years in publication, and was the only monthly series to star Spider-Man until Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, in 1976, although 1972\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19054808\",\n \"text\": \"Bluebird (Sally Avril), sometimes rendered Blue Bird, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is usually depicted as a supporting character in the Spider-Man series. In other media, Sally Avril has appeared in the animated series The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Grey DeLisle; in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), portrayed by Kelsey Asbille; and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), played by Isabella Amara. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Sally Avril first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (1962). Sally was a minor member of Flash Thompson's entourage, appearing in only one issue during the Silver Age. Her \\\"Bluebird\\\" career was created by Busiek (scripts) and Olliffe (pencils) in 1996. Fictional character biography Sally Avril was a fellow student of Peter Parker's at Midtown High who turned him down for a date, preferring Flash Thompson. Thirty years later, writing for Untold Tales of Spider-Man, Kurt Busiek resurrected the one-note brunette from obscurity and gave her a background. She was an ambitious, thrill-loving girl who took blue ribbons in gymnastics. With fellow popular kid Jason Ionello, she attempted to cash in on a Daily Bugle contest offering a thousand dollars to a reader who brought in pictures of Spider-Man. Although their mission was a bust, Sally loved the thrill and became very smitten with the web-slinger when he touched her cheek just before leaving her and Jason with a warning to give it up. Sally and Jason tailed Spidey again, who was (unwillingly) working for Electro. The flash from Sally's camera roused Spidey from his hypnotic state, and a well-placed kick by the athletic young Sally took Electro by surprise long enough for Spidey to readjust his mask — which Electro had been preparing to remove — and defeat him. Spider-Man posed for a shot with an ecstatic Sally and Jason that the Bugle ran. Suffused with glee, Sally tried to get a permanent gig on the Bugle, but was told the photographer's job was filled — by Peter Parker. Peter admitted this but asked her not to tell their fellow Midtowners. Sally donned an eccentric blue-and-white costume and decided, with her aerobic skills, to become a superheroine. She asked Peter to take some Bugle pics of her doing some stunts, but Peter refused. Angered, she threatened to blackmail him by revealing that he took Spider-Man pictures, but he undercut her by telling them himself. Bluebird's zeal but lack of experience caused trouble for Spider-Man during fights with Scarlet Beetle and Electro. Her \\\"ether egg\\\" weapons would detonate prematurely or have little effect, once even allowing the villain to escape. Considering her more trouble than she was worth, Spider-Man allowed the Black Knight's men to hurt her quite badly in order to dissuade her from interfering in his fights again, although he later felt remorseful. Bruised but undaunted, Sally and Jason headed to an area where\",\n \"title\": \"Bluebird (Marvel Comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5051787\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\\\" is a Spider-Man story written by Roger Stern, originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #248 in 1984. In the story, a young fan of Spider-Man meets his hero. This comic was selected as one of the \\\"Top 10 Spider-Man stories of all time\\\" by Wizard and is regarded as among the most-loved Spider-Man stories. Plot Young Timothy \\\"Tim\\\" Harrison lies in his bed. Portions from a column by Daily Bugle writer Jacob Conover say Tim is the greatest Spider-Man fan in the world and has collected every article available on him, including a whole album of The Daily Bugle retractions. Tim has also collected mementos such as kinescopes of Spider-Man's early television appearances and bullets from a crime foiled by Spider-Man. Suddenly, Spider-Man comes into Tim's room. In the following hours, the two trade anecdotes about Spider-Man's long career. The hero is surprised and touched by how much the boy adores him. When Spider-Man is about to leave, Tim asks him who he really is. After some hesitation, Spider-Man takes off his mask, identifies himself as Peter Parker, and retells the fateful night when his negligence let Uncle Ben die, causing him to fight crime. The story does not change Tim's admiration of his hero. A tearful Peter Parker embraces Tim (who refers to him as \\\"Pete\\\") and departs. An exterior view reveals Tim is staying in a cancer clinic. The last of the newspaper captions states that the boy's only wish is to meet his hero in person. Conover ends his report by stating his hope that \\\"Spider-Man takes the time to visit a very brave young man named Tim Harrison, and I hope he does it soon. You see, Tim Harrison has leukemia, and the doctors only give him a few more weeks to live\\\". Background The lead story of Amazing #248 is Spider-Man's fight against Thunderball, but Stern's backup story is remembered much better than the main tale. According to Stern: Tim Harrison's death is mentioned in Danny Fingeroth and Ron Garney's \\\"A Spider-Man Carol\\\", in which Spider-Man meets Tim's brother Joey. The story was published in the 1991 Marvel Holiday Special. Collected editions The story has been reprinted several times and collected in various trade paperbacks including The Very Best of Spider-Man (December 1994, ). References External links Comics by Roger Stern Single issue storylines of comic book series 1984 works\",\n \"title\": \"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2839562\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Other\\\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \\\"acts\\\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: The Other\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68718864\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Spectacular Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. Spectacular Spider-Man Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, as an experiment in entering the black-and-white comic-magazine market successfully pioneered by Warren Publishing and others. It sold for 35 cents when standard comic books cost 12 cents and Annuals and Giants 25 cents. It represented the first Spider-Man spin-off publication aside from the original series' summer Annuals, begun in 1964. The first issue (cover-dated July 1968) featured a painted, color cover by men's adventure-magazine artist Harry Rosenbaum, in acrylic paint on illustration board, over layouts by The Amazing Spider-Man artist John Romita Sr. The 52-page black-and-white Spider-Man story, \\\"Lo, This Monster!\\\", was by writer Stan Lee, penciler Romita Sr. and inker Jim Mooney. A 10-page origin story, \\\"In The Beginning!\\\", was by Lee, penciler Larry Lieber and inker Bill Everett. The feature story was reprinted in color, with some small alterations and bridging material by Gerry Conway, in The Amazing Spider-Man #116–118 (Jan.–March 1973) as \\\"Suddenly...the Smasher!\\\", \\\"The Deadly Designs of the Disruptor!\\\", and \\\"Countdown to Chaos!\\\" (with additional inking by Tony Mortellaro on the latter two). These versions were themselves reprinted in Marvel Tales #95–97 (Sept.-Oct. 1978). The second and final issue (Nov. 1968) also sported a painted cover and the interior was in color as well. Lee, Romita and Mooney again collaborated on its single story, \\\"The Goblin Lives!\\\", featuring the Green Goblin. A next-issue box at the end promoted the planned contents of the unrealized issue #3, \\\"The Mystery of the TV Terror\\\". A version of the Goblin story, trimmed by 18 pages, was reprinted in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #9 (1973), and portions of the \\\"TV Terror\\\" costume were reused for the costume of the Prowler. Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–100 (October 1976 – January 1985) Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #100–133 (February 1985 – October 1987) The Spectacular Spider-Man #134–200 (November 1987 – March 1993) The Spectacular Spider-Man #201–263 (April 1993 – September 1998) The Spectacular Spider-Man #264-290 (July 2003 – April 2005) The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 2 #1–27 (July 2003 – April 2005) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #291–313 (June 2017 – December 2018) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 3 #1–6 (June 2017 – November 2017) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #297–313 (November 2017 – December 2018) The Spectacular Spider-Man Annuals 1 – [Mantlo/Buckler] \\\"And Men Shall Call Him... Octopus!\\\" – September 1979 2 – [Macchio/Mooney] \\\"Vengeance Is Mine... Sayeth the Word!\\\" – May 1980 3 – [Kraft/Sherman/Weiss] \\\"Dark Side of the Moon\\\" – July 1981 4 – [DeNatale/Mantlo] \\\"Memory Lane!\\\" – July 1984 5 – [David/Beachum] \\\"Ace\\\" – July 1985 6 – [David/Beachum] \\\"Ace II\\\" – July 1986 7 – [Owsley/Kupperberg] \\\"The Honeymoon\\\" – August 1987 8 – [Conway/Gruenwald] \\\"Return to Sender\\\" – July 1988 9 – [Conway/Herdling] \\\"The Serpent in the Shadow\\\" – May 1989 10 – [Conway/Lee] \\\"Into the Microverse\\\" – June 1990\",\n \"title\": \"List of The Spectacular Spider-Man issues\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39645332\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge is a 1981 American superhero film that had a theatrical release abroad, a composite of the 1979 two-parter episode \\\"The Chinese Web\\\" of the contemporary television series The Amazing Spider-Man, released on 9 May 1981. It was directed by Don McDougall, written by Lionel E. Siegel and stars Nicholas Hammond as the titular character, Rosalind Chao, Robert F. Simon, Benson Fong, and Ellen Bry. It is the sequel to Spider-Man (1977) and Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978). It was the final Spider-Man film that was released theatrically outside of North America, until Columbia Pictures acquired the rights in 1999 from its license, due to licensing and financial issues with Cannon Films, Carolco Pictures and New Cannon, and finally released Spider-Man in 2002. Plot Min Lo Chan, the Chinese Minister of Industrial Development, who happens to be an old college friend of J. Jonah Jameson, flees China and comes to the United States to locate three men who during the war approached him and offered him money for secrets about Mao Zedong, which he refused at the time. He stays with his niece Emily Chan, who lives in New York City. However, it appears the incident is now being investigated and he needs to find one of them quickly in order to verify his innocence. He asks Mr. Jameson to help him find them, but he wants it done quietly because it seems that there are elements who want him convicted, so Jameson asks Peter Parker to find the three ex-Marines on his behalf, but also to talk to them discreetly. Meanwhile, back in Hong Kong, Zeider who is a wealthy industrialist, is among the ones being considered to build a power plant for the Chinese Government worth one billion dollars. However, he knows that Min Lo Chan is considering another company but if he's convicted his successor will award the contract to him. As a result, he sends Clyde Evans to make sure he doesn't return to China alive. As Spider-Man, Peter saves Min's life several times. However, in one of the murder attempts Min suffers a minor heart attack and has to remain under medical observation. To trick Evans, the Daily Bugle publishes the news stating that Min has died in hospital. Peter manages to contact the last of the Marines needed to clear Min's name, Professor Dent, who agrees to help as he also wants to clear his name. Along with Peter and Min's niece Emily, Dent flies to Hong Kong to testify, but Zeider has him kidnapped to ensure his silence. During an incident while chasing the kidnappers, Emily discovers that Peter Parker is Spider-Man. Finally, with Emily's help, Spider-Man traces Dent in Zeider's secret office at the top of a building. After defeating all of the henchmen, he captures Zeider and frees Dent. Peter Parker proceeds to return to the United States as Emily decides to stay in China and promises Peter not to reveal his secret identity. Cast Nicholas Hammond as Spider-Man\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"313540\",\n \"text\": \"The Chameleon (Dmitri Smerdyakov; Russian: Дмитрий Смердяков) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963). The Chameleon is the first ever antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He is a master of disguises who is known for his ability to impersonate virtually anybody. The character is also the half-brother of Kraven the Hunter. This relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. He has also been a member of the Sinister Six and the Sinister Twelve at various points in his history. Since his original introduction, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), portrayed by Numan Acar. Fred Hechinger is set to appear as the character in the upcoming Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Kraven the Hunter (2024). Publication history 1960s Dmitri Smerdyakov debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. The Chameleon is therefore the first member of Spider-Man's rogues' gallery based on issue publication date and excluding the burglar who murdered Ben Parker. He appeared in the 1959 Tales to Astonish series. He appeared in the 1959 Tales of Suspense series. He appeared in the 1985 Web of Spider-Man series. 2000s Dmitri Smerdyakov appeared in the 2014 Original Sin: Secret Avengers Infinite Comic series. He later appeared in the 2015 Spider-Man and the X-Men series. He appeared in the 2018 Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2021 Giant-Size Amazing Spider-Man: Chameleon Conspiracy one-shot. Fictional character biography Dmitri Smerdyakov was born in Soviet Russia. In his youth, he became a servant and half-brother to Sergei Kravinoff, and later a minor associate of Gustav Fiers. Although Dmitri and Sergei were friends, Sergei was often abusive to Smerdyakov, leading to a combination of admiration and resentment towards Kravinoff. Eventually, Smerdyakov emigrated to the United States of America. As he had made a talent for himself during his youth by impressing his brother by impersonating friends and neighbors, he assumed an even more impressive disguise: the identity of Chameleon. During his first known criminal outing, he impersonated Spider-Man, though he was soon exposed and arrested. Shortly afterward, Sergei (now known as \\\"Kraven the Hunter\\\") came to America, and the Chameleon set his old associate's sights on Spider-Man. Both men became long-time enemies of Spider-Man, part of his primary rogues gallery. The Chameleon inspired Kraven to begin hunting Spider-Man, inviting Kraven to dispose of the hero. With Kraven, the Chameleon battled Iron Man, and then confronted the Hulk. At one point, the Chameleon disguised himself as Hank Pym, and robbed Pym's laboratory for documents to combat Virus Nine. While delivering\",\n \"title\": \"Chameleon (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53738449\",\n \"text\": \"Since the characters inception in the 1960s, Spider-Man has appeared in several forms of media, including novels and book series. Original solo novels The Amazing Spider-Man: Mayhem in Manhattan (1978) No. 1 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Len Wein and Marv Wolfman. Doctor Octopus is blackmailing the top eight CEO's of various U.S. oil companies in order to get a stranglehold on U.S. oil. He also tries to convince those same CEO's that he has rendered their oil radioactive and thereby useless. For one year, they must secretly agree to buy oil from Doctor Octopus instead and, at the end of that time, they can go back to business as usual. The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign (1979) No. 8 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Paul Kupperberg. The plot concerns a TV anchorman whose daughter has been kidnapped by the Kingpin, who has forced the popular media frontsman to stand as Mayor. The Kingpin has taken millions of dollars from the other ganglords in order to cut them into his plan, which is to push his candidate into becoming Mayor. Peter Parker manages to convince J. Jonah Jameson into running for Mayor also. Secondly, Parker gets sent to cover a mayoral rally and thirdly, Silvermane's plan to secretly undermine the Kingpin's authority has him using a fake Spider-Man to threaten the Kingpin's candidate, and to lead the real Spider-Man into conflict with the Kingpin. While this is all happening, Jameson has hired a private investigator named Cindy Sayers to pretend to be his niece in order to find out how Peter Parker can get so many pictures of Spider-Man. The Hulk and Spider-Man: Murdermoon (1979) No. 11 of the Marvel Pocket Novels and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign, also written by Paul Kupperberg. The book begins with the Hulk fighting the U.S. military in a desert, but then cuts to Spider-Man intervening in a raid on a company doing research for NASA. The wall-crawler does not quite save the day but, returning to the Bugle, he immediately gets dropped into a story to cover the latest StarLab spy-in-the-sky satellite, which is due to drop back out of the sky. That story takes Parker out to a U.S. aircraft carrier. But when the satellite vanishes from the radar, trouble arises. Meanwhile, Bruce Banner is reading a newspaper advertisement offering a potential treatment for his condition. He follows up on the ad, but finds himself kidnapped by the villain and, as the Hulk, gets brainwashed into fighting Spider-Man. Spider-Man: Carnage in New York (1995) Written by David Michelinie and Dean Wesley Smith. A man named Catrall is on the run from the FBI because he has a serum that will drive anyone who comes into contact with it into a killer rage. He created the serum as a byproduct of studies designed to eliminate violent behavior. Meanwhile, an experiment is being run to try to kill the Carnage symbiote without killing Casady, its host. Catrall shows\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man in novels\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58734846\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Girl is the code name of several fictional characters in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The most prominent version and first to receive an ongoing series is Mayday Parker from the MC2 universe, the second version is Anya Corazon, and the third version is Gwen Warren, the latter two both from the Earth-616 universe. Several alternate reality incarnations of the character have additionally received notoriety, including the Ultimate Spider-Girl, Ashley Barton, Betty Brant, April, Penelope and Petra Parker, and Charlotte Morales. Publication history The first portrayed Spider-Girl, Mayday Parker, first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint with The Amazing Spider-Girl and Spectacular Spider-Girl. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature \\\"Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man\\\", written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through #8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8, followed by one last Spider-Girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End, in which fellow Spider-Girl April Parker is killed. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity. The new series featured a new character, Anya Corazon, whose adventures occurred on Earth 616. The series was canceled after only eight issues. No official reason was given for the cancellation. This character returned for a Spider-Island limited series. A second Earth-616 Spider-Girl was introduced in Avenging Spider-Man #16 (January 2013), before returning a decade later in X-Men Unlimited Infinity Comic #69 (January 2023) under the name \\\"Gwen Warren\\\", assuming the mantle of Spider-Girl as a member of the X-Men. Spider-Girls Mayday Parker The daughter of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 universe. April Parker Prior to calling herself \\\"Mayhem\\\", Mayday's clone April goes by Spider-Girl, the two sharing the mantle. Anya Corazon A Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña (Spider), and occasionally goes by Spider-Girl. Gwen Warren The mutant clone of Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Ana Soria created by the Jackal using technology stolen from Mister Sinister, the newborn Spider-Girl battles The Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Spider-Man's body) and the X-Men in the form of a 30 ft. human-spider hybrid, resembling a giant garden spider with human eyes able to shoot eye-beams, before being returned to a normal size with sentience, to the physical size of a twelve-year-old humanoid girl. Later, she enrolls in and drops out of the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning under the name \\\"Gwen Warren\\\" according to a statement by Tom Brevoort\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Girl\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22018101\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Spidey Meets the President!\\\" is a backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man #583, written by Zeb Wells, with art by Todd Nauck and Frank D'Armata. The cover of the issue shows Barack Obama giving a thumbs-up to Spider-Man. The comic book was published the week before Obama's inauguration in January 2009. Plot The story begins with Peter Parker standing among other reporters on the presidential inauguration of Barack Obama, photographing this historic moment. Suddenly a limo pulls up and reveals another Obama. The Secret Service does not know what to do, so Peter, who quickly dons his Spider-Man costume, asks both questions that only the real Barack Obama would be able to answer. When he asks what his nickname was during his college days, the actual Barack says his true name, and the fake one is confused and angry, causing him to reveal his true form, which turns out to be the super-villain known as the Chameleon. This gives Spider-Man the opportunity to capture the Chameleon and the Secret Service arrests him. Obama tells Spider-Man that he is a fan of the hero and thanks him. Afterward, as Obama swears his oath as President, Spider-Man is shown sitting at the top of the Washington Monument, where he thinks Biden notices him. Prologue This story was prepended in The Amazing Spider-Man Presidents Day Special digital comic. The additional pages depict the minutes before the original story took place, with Obama getting ready for the inauguration. The Chameleon, disguised as Obama's tailor, locks him inside and takes his place, driving to the inauguration in the presidential limousine. However, the real Obama escapes and is driven to the ceremony in a second limousine by his soon-to-be Vice President Joseph Biden. Meanwhile, outside the capital, Peter Parker is running late to the inauguration ceremony and has forgotten his press credentials. So, he enters the area stealthily by using his spider-like abilities to climb over a high wall. However, he is spotted by Senator John McCain and a few Secret Service agents. The senator recognizes as him as the photographer from The Daily Bugle and even provides him with a spare press credential. Parker then joins the press corps and the prequel story connects to the main story. Reception Typical sales for The Amazing Spider-Man are about 70,000 copies per issue. Issue #583 sold over 350,000 copies and went to five printings. It was the highest-selling regular series book of the 2000s. Collected edition References Cultural depictions of Barack Obama 2009 comics debuts Individual stories from issues of anthology comics\",\n \"title\": \"Spidey Meets the President!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2306292\",\n \"text\": \"The Spectacular Spider-Man is a comic book and magazine series starring Spider-Man and published by Marvel Comics. Following the success of Spider-Man's original series, The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel felt the character could support more than one title. This led the company in 1968 to launch a short-lived magazine, the first to bear the Spectacular name. In 1972, Marvel more successfully launched a second Spider-Man ongoing series, Marvel Team-Up, in which he was paired with other Marvel heroes. A third monthly ongoing series, Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, debuted in 1976. Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, Each issue was written by Paul Jenkins (except #23–26, by Samm Barnes). The book's primary pencillers were Humberto Ramos and Mark Buckingham. The comic included the storyline Spider-Man: Disassembled in which Spider-Man met a new enemy called the Queen who wanted him as her mate. Her kiss caused him to slowly mutate into a giant spider who metamorphosed into human form with enhanced strength and agility, along with organic webbing and a psychic link with insects and arachnids. This comic also included the sequel to \\\"Sins Past\\\", \\\"Sins Remembered\\\", in which Peter went to Paris to meet Sarah Stacy and resolved the issues between them. Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures was a title published by Panini Comics in the United Kingdom from November 1995 to September 2005, although the Adventures portion of the title was often dropped from the cover page. It featured a mix of reprinted American material, as well as originally produced British material, including a guest appearance from Captain Britain. Spectacular was aimed at a younger audience than Panini's other Spider-Man reprint title Astonishing Spider-Man, and was loosely based on the continuity of the 1990s animated series. Volume 3 (2017–18) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man (vol. 3) was published from June 2017 to December 2018. After the first six issues, the series reverted to legacy numbering with issue #297 as part of the line-wide Marvel Legacy relaunch. The series' original creative team had Chip Zdarsky as writer, with Adam Kubert providing the artwork. Notable recurring characters included Teresa Durand, J. Jonah Jameson, Johnny Storm, and original character Rebecca London. Various issues, as well as the one Annual, were illustrated by guest artists; Kubert's final issue as artist was #307, excluding covers. Zdarsky left the series with issue #310. The series ended with issue #313, the final three issues being a tie-in to the Spider-Geddon crossover event written by Sean Ryan. The Spectacular Spider-Men The Spectacular Spider-Men is a currently ongoing series that was published beginning March 2024. The series is written by Greg Weisman (who also created The Spectacular Spider-Man television series) with Ramos returning for art. The Spectacular Spider-Men stars both versions of Spider-Man (Peter Parker and Miles Morales) and focuses on the relationship between the two Spider-Men. The series' supporting cast featured characters who previously appeared in the television series and Weisman's Starbrand & Nightmask comic series, including Kenny\",\n \"title\": \"The Spectacular Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2660132\",\n \"text\": \"The Human Fly is the name of three fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. One is a supervillain that was an occasional antagonist of Spider-Man, and the other two were superheroes, one of which was the title of a short-lived series in the late 1950s reprinting some of Fox's Blue Beetle strips from the 1940s. It was published by Super Comics. Publication history The Human Fly first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #10 (January 1976), and was created by Len Wein, Bill Mantlo, and Gil Kane. The character subsequently appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #192–193 (May–June 1979), Spider-Woman #30 (September 1980), Moon Knight #35 (January 1984), Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #86 (January 1984), and The Amazing Spider-Man #276 (May 1986), in which he was killed by the Scourge of the Underworld. The story of the Fly in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #86 was drawn by Fred Hembeck, who (in his personal caricature form) had a guest appearance in that particular issue. The Fly received an entry in the original The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #4, and The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Spider-Man #1 (2005). The superhero version of Human Fly starred in Marvel Comics' The Human Fly #1–19 (September 1977 – March 1979). Fictional character biography Richard Deacon Richard Deacon, born in Newark, New Jersey, was a small-time criminal who was shot by the police and left for dead after an unsuccessful kidnapping attempt which was foiled by Spider-Man. Stumbling into the laboratory of Dr. Harlan Stillwell (whose brother Farley Stillwell created the Scorpion for J. Jonah Jameson), Deacon coerces the scientist into saving his life. Overhearing an offer Jameson made with Stillwell to fund the creation of a new superhero, Deacon insists he be the subject of the experiment. Stillwell imprints the genetic coding of a housefly onto Deacon, empowering him and healing him of his bullet wounds. Deacon then kills Harlan Stillwell after he served his purpose and uses his newfound powers to further his criminal ambitions. He first uses Jameson as bait to get revenge on Spider-Man. Due to his inexperience, the Fly is no match for him and is defeated. Some time later, Human Fly begins to display fly-like tendencies like eating garbage. He also develops physical mutations, including facet eyes. Human Fly attacks Spider-Man after Spencer Smythe handcuffed him—along with Jameson—to a bomb. Human Fly hurls the two from a rooftop and leaves them for dead. Once freed from the shackle, Spider-Man tries to stop Human Fly from stealing an art exhibit, but the villain knocks him down and escapes. Soon afterwards, the police catch the Fly using S.H.I.E.L.D. equipment. Traveling to Los Angeles, the Fly seeks out Dr. Karl Malus, who confirms that his powers are fading and he will soon be powerless. Malus recommends that he get a new set of powers using a blood transfusion from another superbeing, which would most conveniently be the locally operating Spider-Woman. With his powers\",\n \"title\": \"Human Fly (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27330977\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"One Moment in Time\\\" is a 2010 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics starring Spider-Man. Written by Joe Quesada and illustrated by Paolo Rivera, it was originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #638–641, and immediately follows \\\"The Gauntlet\\\" storyline. It is notable for revealing what changes the villain Mephisto made to save the life of Peter Parker/Spider-Man's aunt, May Parker, and dissolve the wedding of Parker and Mary Jane Watson at the end of the 2007 \\\"One More Day\\\" storyline. The name of the storyline forms the acronym O.M.I.T., which Quesada explained was an intentional reference to how Parker and Watson's wedding was removed from continuity. Storytelling In The Amazing Spider-Man #638, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from the end of \\\"One More Day\\\" or Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21. The flashbacks use actual pages from the original comics, and are mixed in with new pages that illustrate how events were changed by the villainous demon Mephisto. In Amazing Spider-Man #639, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from \\\"Civil War\\\" and Amazing Spider-Man #539-543. These flashbacks are only panels from the original comics and not full pages. In Amazing Spider-Man #640, the story is told as the altered events of \\\"Back in Black\\\" and \\\"One More Day\\\", as well as other events contemporaneous with those storylines. Plot Mary Jane Watson whispers to Mephisto that Peter will not trade his marriage for Aunt May's life unless Mary Jane tells him to accept the agreement, and that Mephisto will leave Peter alone forever when the deal is done. Mephisto agrees to these terms. At present time MJ shows up at Peter's door. They talk about how they have been acting towards each other lately and both agree they want to be friends with each other. Then they reminisce about what happened on what was supposed to be their wedding day. Spider-Man stops Electro and his gang. One of the gang members, Eddie, makes note of the arresting officer's name. Then Mephisto, as a red pigeon, swoops down and unlocks the door of the police car Eddie is in, allowing him to escape while the officers are occupied with cuffing Electro. Spider-Man is out patrolling that night and hears the gunshots of Eddie shooting at the arresting officer and his wife. While saving the policeman and his wife, Spider-Man gets hit in the head with a cinder block. He chases after Eddie and tackles him off the side of a building. Though Spider-Man foils the murder, during his struggle, he and Eddie fall from a building to the ground, with Spider-Man absorbing most of the impact. Eddie escapes, declining to kill Spider-Man because he saved Eddie's life. On the wedding morning, Mary Jane shows up but Peter does not as he is lying unconscious in an alleyway. After Peter misses his wedding he tries to explain what happened to Mary Jane, but she knows\",\n \"title\": \"One Moment in Time (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4250586\",\n \"text\": \"The Iron Spider is a fictional powered exoskeleton used by several characters in Marvel Comics. Publication history The Iron Spider armor first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #529 and was designed by Joe Quesada, based on a sketch by Chris Bachalo. Peter Parker wore this gold and red suit as Spider-Man's official costume until writer J. Michael Straczynski chose to revert to the older costume. It was used symbolically to show the character's divided loyalties during the 2006–2007 \\\"Civil War\\\" storyline. Known wearers Peter Parker After being revived from a battle with Morlun, Tony Stark created the Iron Spider Armor as a gift to Peter Parker, in order to get the young hero's support for the Superhero Registration Act. But during several fights, Parker slowly became disturbed over the battles with several unregistered heroes, and discovered that Stark was using the suit to monitor him, along with several devices in play to incapacitate him if necessary. But during a trip to 42, a prison that illegally held super-powered individuals within the Negative Zone without trial or counsel, Parker became completely disgusted with Stark's actions, and turned his back from the Registation's side of the war, and forgone the costume after \\\"reformed\\\" criminals Jester and Jack O' Lantern attacked his aunt and wife in an attempt to capture him, and after a serious confrontation with Stark, leading the tech genius to repossess it. Scarlet Spiders The Iron Spider armor costume has been duplicated and used by MVP's three genetic clones in the Initiative who identify themselves as Red Team and also labeled the Scarlet Spiders. It is unknown as to what new powers the team possesses, but they have been shown to use some of the built-in powers such as the cloaking device, communications, and waldoes which the original costume possessed. One change is that there are now four waldoes, as opposed to three. These suits have the original's morphing ability, as well as web-shooters, and wall-crawling capability. Mary Jane Watson Mary Jane Watson later donned the Iron Spider armor in order to help Spider-Man and Iron Man fight Regent. She uses her experience in Iron Man's suit and her brief spider powers that she had back in the Spider-Island storyline to operate the armor. Aaron Davis Aaron Davis purchases a recolored and modified Iron Spider armor which he uses to form his incarnation of the Sinister Six. Amadeus Cho Amadeus Cho wears a version of the suit in the comic book The Totally Awesome Hulk. Powers and abilities Supported by a system similar to that of Tony Stark's classic Iron Man design, The Iron Spider armor features many gadgets, including three mechanical spider-arms, or \\\"waldoes\\\", that can be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. Stark describes them as too delicate to use in combat, yet Spider-Man shortly afterward uses them to smash through the sensors in Titanium Man's helmet. Later on during the \\\"Civil War\\\" arc, he uses them (reluctantly) during\",\n \"title\": \"Iron Spider\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1103984\",\n \"text\": \"Elizabeth \\\"Liz\\\" Allan, also known as Elizabeth Allan-Osborn and commonly misspelled as \\\"Liz Allen\\\", is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In the character's earliest appearances, she was a popular girl at the high school Peter Parker attends. She has been a regular supporting character in the various Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Venom series in an on-and-off basis, and has ties to the Green Goblin and Molten Man. She is married to Harry Osborn, the mother of their son Normie Osborn, and the CEO of Alchemax. Liz Allan would later become Misery upon being bonded to the Symbiote that is a hybrid of the Anti-Venom and Carnage Symbiotes. Sally Livingstone portrays Liz Allan in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (2002), while Laura Harrier portrayed Liz Allan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history Liz Allan is named in The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963), the same issue in which Betty Brant first appears. However, an unnamed blonde female high school student in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) appears to be Liz Allan, and The Marvel Encyclopedia lists this as her official first appearance. She was a supporting character in the series until Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), which bids farewell to Liz as both she and Spider-Man graduate from high school. Nearly a decade later, Liz Allan was brought back in a story arc in Amazing Spider-Man #132-133 (May–June 1974), in which it is revealed that she is the Molten Man's stepsister. Writer Gerry Conway recalled, \\\"I liked doing callbacks to the run I was most influenced by, the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era, so bringing Liz back was something I'd wanted to do for a long time. And it gave me a reason to go back and look through the issues she was in, which brought me to the Molten Man's first appearance.\\\" Fictional character biography Liz Allan was a high school student that attended Midtown High School together, and a minor love interest of Peter Parker and Flash Thompson. Peter likes Liz, but she is Flash's girlfriend and considers Peter something of a loser, even taking part in the general ridicule that Peter endures on a daily basis. Her earliest appearances depict her as flighty and rather thoughtless - not outright cruel, but lacking the empathy necessary to perceive Peter's nature. However, after she hears an ailing Peter had donned a Spider-Man costume to save Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus, she develops a crush on him. By this time, however, Peter's interest has waned considerably, as he notes that Liz never showed any real interest in him until he began dating Betty Brant, and assumes that Liz's feelings are little more than a schoolgirl crush. Betty and Liz clash several times over Peter, as Betty mistakenly thinks that Peter reciprocates Liz's interest in him. In Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), Peter and Liz graduate\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Allan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6146135\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man enemies\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5857436\",\n \"text\": \"Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are the parents of Peter Parker, the superhero known as Spider-Man. Richard and Mary Parker have been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portrayed the characters in the films The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Emma Roberts portrays Mary Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Richard and Mary Parker were created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. For many years before The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #5 (November 1968), there had been no explanation of why Peter Parker was being raised by his aunt and uncle, with his parents only appearing in flashbacks and photographs. That issue finally answered the question: Richard and Mary Parker were murdered by Albert Malik, who was one of Johann Schmidt's successors to the persona of Red Skull. In The Amazing Spider-Man #365 (August 1992), Spider-Man's 30th anniversary, they reappeared. Two years later, however, in #388 (April 1994), they were revealed to be Life Model Decoys created by the Chameleon and were destroyed. In the novel Mary Jane, it is said they died in a plane accident while going to Switzerland to turn in some important discovery that Richard made. Peter tries to figure out what the discovery was but fails, as he cannot figure out the things Richard has written on his board. In July 1997, Untold Tales of Spider-Man #-1, part of Marvel Comics' \\\"Flashback Month\\\" event, written by Roger Stern and drawn by John Romita, Sr., the characters' origins are expanded. Since then, they have rarely been mentioned. Fictional character biographies Captain Richard Parker, a decorated soldier of the United States Army Special Forces and younger brother of Ben Parker, was recruited by Nick Fury, the future director of S.H.I.E.L.D., to the C.I.A. Mary Fitzpatrick was the daughter of O.S.S. agent \\\"Wild Will\\\" Fitzpatrick. She attended the best schools and eventually followed in her father's footsteps, becoming a C.I.A. translator and data analyst. Richard and Mary met on the job, fell in love, and married. Originally they eloped, later having a more elaborate service, fooling many. Mary became a field agent like Richard, giving them both an easy cover as a married couple. They were assigned to investigate Baroness Adelicia Von Krupp, who had captured an agent of a \\\"friendly power\\\" (who turned out to be Logan, aka Wolverine, then a Canadian operative called \\\"Agent Ten\\\" and who would eventually become an ally of their son Peter who would grow up to become Spider-Man). They rescued Logan from the Baroness and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. After that mission, they discovered Mary was pregnant; Logan was actually the first person to congratulate the Parkers, commenting later that he never saw an agent as tough as Richard Parker go that white that fast. Their son, Peter, was often left in the care of Ben and his wife May\",\n \"title\": \"Richard and Mary Parker\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"823737\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \\\"Torment\\\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \\\"Revenge of the Sinister Six\\\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \\\"Clone Saga\\\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Parker: Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"503156\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Girl (May \\\"Mayday\\\" Parker) is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She has been referred to as both Spider-Girl and Spider-Woman. The character appears in the MC2 universe. The character was created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz as the teenage daughter of Peter Parker (Spider-Man) and Mary Jane Watson, and first appeared in What If #105 (February 1998). She later acquired her own ongoing comic book, Spider-Girl, written by DeFalco and drawn by Frenz and Pat Olliffe, which was the longest-running superhero book with a lead female character ever published by Marvel before being relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, and later The Spectacular Spider-Girl. Two incarnations of Mayday Parker, an infant and an adult, appear in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Publication history Spider-Girl first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint. Although each of these titles were slated to be 12-issue limited series, Spider-Girls initial sales justified their continuation as ongoing titles. After initial interest, Spider-Girl drew low sales. The book's active fan base convinced Marvel to revoke several cancellation announcements. Reprints of the series in digest size trade paperbacks sold well. Marvel Associate Editor Nick Lowe revealed in a Nov. 2005 interview that \\\"Spider-Girl, for the first time, is completely safe from cancellation.\\\" Despite Lowe's statement, Marvel announced that No. 100 would be the title's final issue. The book was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, with issue #0 appearing in Oct. 2006. On October 11, 2008, Tom DeFalco announced that The Amazing Spider-Girl would be canceled with issue #30, though he revealed that, due to the company's love for the character, she could possibly be given a sixteen-page back-up strip in The Amazing Spider-Man Family. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. On March 18, 2009, Marvel announced that Spider-Girl would continue publication as The Spectacular Spider-Girl, a web-comic released through Marvel's Digital Comics Unlimited. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. The Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through No. 8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8. The new The Spectacular Spider-Girl stories were then contained in Web of Spider-Man. This lasted for seven issues before being moved to its own four-issue limited series, Spectacular Spider-Girl, which tied up most of the series plot threads. This was followed by one last Spider girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity.\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32703921\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It features the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna \\\"Ana\\\" Soria) to the Marvel Universe and laid the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, style, and plot. Plot Infested \\\"Infested\\\" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the \\\"Spider-Island\\\" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31. Spider-Island The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him \\\"The Way of the Spider\\\", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen. Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jackal is behind the disturbance, as he has collected several prominent crime figures with spider-powers and given them Spider-Man outfits. The Avengers attempt to defend the city against spider-powered hooligans. Although Shang-Chi is able to confirm Spider-Man's identity to the other heroes, he is nevertheless ordered to stay out of the fight due to the inability to distinguish him from the other Spider-Men. However, inspired by a conversation with Mary Jane, Peter is able to rally various other New Yorkers to help him stop the villainous Spider-Men by posing as another random spider-powered citizen. As Anti-Venom works on curing various Spider-People of their powers, Madame Web reflects on the need for both Agent Venom and Anti-Venom to fix the Spider-Island problem. Meanwhile, Carlie and Peter attempt to investigate the Jackal's lab, reasoning that he is the most likely candidate to have caused this event, unaware that they are being watched. Jackal is seen working on the Spider-King by filling with tiny spider embryos. Horizon Labs works with Reed Richards to find a cure for the spider-powered people while the Avengers and\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Island\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"871334\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Amazing Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. The list is updated as of March 19, 2024. Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) This comic book plot is written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Steve Ditko. Features the first appearances of Spider-Man, Aunt May, Uncle Ben, Flash Thompson, and Liz Allan. High school student Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider, thus gaining the proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a spider, along with a precognitive \\\"spider-sense\\\" and later creating a web-shooting device. Peter becomes Spider-Man, an instant TV sensation, but coming out of a TV studio one day, Peter does not stop an escaping burglar, claiming it is not his problem. A few days later, he comes home to find his Uncle Ben has been shot and goes to track down the murderer, only to find that it was the same burglar that he had let escape a few days earlier. Peter blames himself for his uncle's death and realizes that with great power there must also come great responsibility. This issue was released on June 5, 1962, and was published in August 1962. The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100 (January 1963 – July 1971) The Amazing Spider-Man #101–200 (August 1971 – November 1979) The Amazing Spider-Man #201–300 (December 1979 – March 1988) The Amazing Spider-Man #301–400 (April 1988 – February 1995) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–499 (March 1995 - September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–441 (March 1995 – September 1998) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #1–58 (November 1998 – September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #500–545 (October 2003 – December 2007) The Amazing Spider-Man #546–647 \\\"Brand New Day\\\" (January 2008 – November 2010) Note: Brand New Day is a soft reboot stemming out of the events of One More Day. Three issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month during this time. See Free Comic Book Day (2007): Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man #648–700 (November 2010 – December 2012) Note: During the \\\"Big Time\\\" storyline, two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month at the increased length of 30 pages each (compared to the traditional 22 pages). The Amazing Spider-Man #701–801 (January 2013 – June 2018) Superior Spider-Man (vol. 1) #1–33 (January 2013 – April 2014) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1–20 (April 2014 – August 2015) — Marvel NOW! Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows (vol. 1) #1–5 (June 2015 – September 2015) Note: Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is a Secret Wars tie-in miniseries set in an alternate universe where One More Day never happened. The miniseries is counted as part of the legacy numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1–32 (October 2015 – September 2017) — All-New, All-Different Marvel The Amazing Spider-Man #789–801 (October 2017 – June 2018) — Marvel Legacy The Amazing Spider-Man #802–894 (July 2018 – March 2022) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #1–74 (July 2018 – September 2021) — Fresh Start Note: See Free Comic Book Day (2018): Amazing Spider-Man.\",\n \"title\": \"List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38162451\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dying Wish\\\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\" and finished in \\\"Dying Wish\\\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \\\"Dying Wish\\\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \\\"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\\\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \\\"Origin of the Species\\\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \\\"Peter Parker\\\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \\\"Spider-Man\\\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped\",\n \"title\": \"Dying Wish\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"315920\",\n \"text\": \"MacDonald \\\"Mac\\\" Gargan is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964). Mac Gargan is a recurring antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He debuted as a private investigator hired by J. Jonah Jameson to learn how Peter Parker took pictures of Spider-Man. In the following issue, Jameson decided to turn Gargan into a deadly adversary for Spider-Man through a barely-tested procedure, which left Gargan with an irremovable scorpion-themed armor and the predatory instincts of the arachnid. Driven insane by his mutation, Gargan instead turned to a life of crime as the Scorpion, and went on to menace both Spider-Man and Jameson, whom he held responsible for his transformation. Since then, having finally removed the armor, Gargan has also served as the third host of the Venom symbiote, and a member of the Dark Avengers as Spider-Man, but eventually returned to his Scorpion alias as it kept him alive due to the strain both the neural-armors and symbiote put on his body. Since his original introduction during the Silver Age of Comic Books, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games, and merchandise. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Mando. Publication history 1960s Mac Gargan debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He later appeared under the codename of Scorpion in The Amazing Spider-Man #20 (January 1965). He appeared as an antagonist in the 1977 Ms. Marvel series. 2000s Mac Gargan appeared as the third Venom in Marvel Knights: Spider-Man #10 (January 12, 2005). He later appeared as the third Spider-Man in Dark Avengers #1 (January 21, 2009). He appeared as a regular character in the series from issue #1 through issue #16 (May 12, 2010). He appeared in the 2009 Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man series, his first solo comic book series, by writer Brian Reed and artist Chris Bachalo. According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #1 was the 45th best selling comic book in June 2009. Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #2 was the 68th best selling comic book in July 2009. 2010s Mac Gargan reappeared under the codename Scorpion in the \\\"Big Time\\\" story arc from the 2010 The Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2019 Absolute Carnage series. 2020s Mac Gargan appeared in the 2020 Ravencroft series. He appeared in the 2022 Miles Morales: Spider-Man series. Fictional character biography Scorpion Mac Gargan was a private investigator initially hired by J. Jonah Jameson to find out how Peter Parker is able to obtain incredible pictures of Spider-Man. Gargan's efforts set off Peter's spider-sense and the teen easily evades the detective. Jameson then decides to hire Gargan as the subject of a barely-tested process that would endow him with the\",\n \"title\": \"Mac Gargan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75438924\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Gang War\\\" is a 2023 storyline published by Marvel Comics. It was created by Zeb Wells and John Romita Jr. The story involves Spider-Man and the local superheroes working to deal with a gang war between the different families after Tombstone was shot and the crime families plan to take over the criminal underworld. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #39, Deadly Hands of Kung Fu: Gang War #1, and Luke Cage: Gang War #2 were dedicated in memory of Keith Giffen who died from a stroke on October 9, 2023. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #40, Luke Cage: Gang War #3, Miles Morales: Spider-Man Vol. 2 #14, and Spider-Woman Vol. 8 #2 saluted the retirement of Alison Gill. The event overall received mixed reviews, with criticism directed towards the artwork, tie-ins, pacing, character arcs, and the lack of focus on Spider-Man. Publication history Gang War will detail the different crime families going to war after Tombstone was shot by Shotgun during the wedding of Janice Lincoln and Randy Robertson. With the crime families blaming each other for calling the hit and planning to take over the criminal underworld, Spider-Man works to keep the gang war from getting worse with help from the local superheroes while also dealing with the anti-vigilante laws that will cause all the sides to come into conflict with the NYPD. Plot Lead-up On the day when Tombstone's daughter Janice Lincoln was going to marry Robbie Robertson's son Randy Robertson, it is attended by Peter Parker, Aunt May, Martha Robertson, and the crime lords Hammerhead, Mister Negative, Crime Master, Diamondback, Madame Masque, Black Mariah, and Owl. Just then, Shotgun crashes the wedding on his motorcycle and uses special bullets to wound Tombstone. Peter Parker slips away to become Spider-Man and pursues Shotgun. He follows Shotgun through the forest until he loses him. As Tombstone is loaded into an ambulance, the crime lords blame each other for the attack. Madame Masque leaves in her limousine as Hammerhead sets off an explosive in it. As Spider-Man and Rek-Rap deal with Re-Po (who was made from Peter Parker's debt collector by Madelyne Pryor) in his mission to get Rek-Rap and the other demons back to Limbo, Hammerhead talks with his branch of the Maggia as one of them mentions about what happened to Madam Masque. Just then, they are visited by Count Nefaria who will take the blame on what happened with his daughter Madame Masque. While touching Hammerhead's head, Count Nefaria states that the crime lords will bow to the Maggia once again. As Hammerhead watches the news about Randy Robertson talking about Fisk's law, Hammerhead gets a call from his minion Jake about how they found Lady Yulan's grunts and how he speculated that Lady Yulan's grunts are either vampires or hate holy water. As Hammerhead orders Jake to take Father O'Neil home, he also tells them to lose the masks they got from the Inner Demons as they have a big day tomorrow. The next day, Hammerhead meets with\",\n \"title\": \"Gang War (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"144436\",\n \"text\": \"Benjamin Franklin \\\"Ben\\\" Parker, usually referred to as Uncle Ben, was a supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with the superhero Spider-Man (Peter Parker). He was the husband of May Parker and the paternal uncle and father figure of Peter Parker. After appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962), Uncle Ben made his first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He was modeled and named after American founding father Benjamin Franklin. The character has been an essential part of Spider-Man's history. His death at the hands of a petty criminal, whom Spider-Man previously had the chance to apprehend, but chose not to, has been depicted in most versions of the hero's origin story, as the main factor that inspired Peter to become Spider-Man. Uncle Ben's quote, \\\"With great power there must also come great responsibility\\\" (often paraphrased as \\\"With great power comes great responsibility\\\"), has become Spider-Man's \\\"moral guide\\\" and iconic life motto. The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including films, animated series, and video games. He was portrayed by Cliff Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and by Martin Sheen in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012). In December 2021, Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) screenwriters Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers confirmed that Uncle Ben's comic book role as Peter's \\\"moral guide\\\" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)—who tells him his life motto before being killed as a result of his actions—had instead been adapted to his aunt May Parker, portrayed by Marisa Tomei in five films from 2016 to 2021. Adam Scott portrays a younger Ben Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history After first appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962)—caring for his niece (a mermaid named Linda Brown) with his wife May—Uncle Ben returned in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962)—caring for his nephew (Peter Parker / Spider-Man) with May—and was killed in the same issue. Although his history as a supporting character was very brief, Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider-Man's life, often appearing in flashbacks. Notability of death The murder of Uncle Ben is possibly the most notable in comic book history. He is also one of the few comic book deaths that has never been reversed in official continuity. He was a member of the \\\"Big Three\\\", alongside Jason Todd (an associate of Batman) and Bucky (an associate of Captain America) whose notable deaths, along with Ben's, gave rise to the phrase: \\\"No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky, Jason Todd, and Uncle Ben\\\". Later, the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment, \\\"No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben\\\". The violent killing of Uncle Ben, done by a common street criminal, also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne, the parents of\",\n \"title\": \"Uncle Ben\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1368744\",\n \"text\": \"The \\\"Clone Saga\\\" is an extended comic-book storyline published by Marvel Comics, revolving around the superhero Spider-Man and clones of him, as well as of other characters. The second and best-known story arc of this name ran from October 1994 to December 1996, and quickly became one of the most controversial Spider-Man stories ever told. Although it was intended to wrap up in less than a year, the comics sold very well and the writers were encouraged to prolong the saga as long as possible. This led to some changes to the storyline that ultimately proved unpopular. Despite the controversy, the 1990s Clone Saga remains one of the most popular Spider-Man story arcs of all time. Although many people were involved in its creation, the Clone Saga is most closely associated with Terry Kavanagh, who proposed the idea; Howard Mackie, who worked on the majority of the smaller crossovers involved in the overall story arc; and Gerry Conway, who devised the original story. Executive editors on the storyline included Tom DeFalco, Bob Budiansky, and Bob Harras. Story arcs There were two \\\"Clone Sagas\\\": the original storyline in the 1970s and the second saga which consumed all the regular Spider-Man series, several limited series and one-shot issues between 1994 and 1997. Between the two, there were also two smaller storylines that dealt with elements from the original saga. The original Clone Saga In mid-1973, writer Gerry Conway made the decision to kill off the girlfriend of Peter Parker, Gwen Stacy, in The Amazing Spider-Man #121 because the editorial team felt that Gwen had become stale as a character and they wanted to instill an additional element of tragedy into Peter Parker's life. In the follow-up arcs, Conway introduced a new villain called the Jackal and let Gwen Stacy seemingly return from the dead. The Jackal was the villain identity of Gwen and Peter's biology professor Miles Warren, who could not cope with the death of Gwen, with whom he had a secret infatuation. As an expert on cloning, he creates clones of both Gwen and Peter, discovering Peter is Spider-Man as a result. The Jackal blames Spider-Man for Gwen's death and wants to kill him. The Jackal kidnaps Spider-Man and forces him to fight his clone. Both men believe they are the real Peter Parker. The two Spider-Men soon decide to work together, but one is seemingly killed by the same bomb that kills the Jackal. The surviving Spider-Man determines he is the original because he is in love with Mary Jane Watson, which did not happen until after Professor Warren created the clone. Spider-Man drops the body of the clone into an incinerator. Gwen Stacy's clone disappears to find a new life for herself. The Amazing Spider-Man #149, the climactic installment of the original Clone Saga, leaves it ambiguous whether it is the original Spider-Man or his clone who perishes in the bomb explosion. Conway said this ambiguity was unintentional, as at the time he took it as a given\",\n \"title\": \"Clone Saga\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25700184\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \\\"Power Booster\\\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \\\"Spider-Friends\\\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \\\"costume\\\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \\\"Vengeance Of Loki\\\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \\\"Windchill Factor Zero\\\". In \\\"Mission: Save The Guardstar\\\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \\\"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\\\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \\\"fire and ice don't really mix\\\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \\\"Opposites Attack!\\\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \\\"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\\\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2291862\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Death of Jean DeWolff\\\" is a four-part story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It comprises the comics Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #107–110 (October 1985 – January 1986). The story was written by Peter David, penciled by Rich Buckler, and inked by Brett Breeding, Josef Rubinstein, Kyle Baker and Pat Redding. It was the second professional comic book writing assignment for David and the beginning of his \\\"break\\\" into comic book writing. In this arc, Peter Parker (Spider-Man) hunts down the killer of police captain Jean DeWolff, one of his closest friends. Publication history On the first page of \\\"Part 4: All My Sins Remembered\\\", when Spider-Man remembers his teenage past with Betty Brant, the flashback panels are reprints of panels from earlier issues of Amazing Spider-Man; e.g. the third panel is from Amazing Spider-Man #41. Plot summary After capturing a trio of muggers assaulting Ernie Popchik (an elderly tenant of his Aunt May's), Spider-Man learns that his close friend NYPD Captain Jean DeWolff has been killed in her sleep. Spider-Man confronts the police officer in charge of the investigation, Sergeant Stan Carter. Carter tells him Jean was killed by a close-range double-barreled shotgun blast, and that her badge is missing. Meanwhile, attorney Matt Murdock (the civilian identity of Daredevil) is assigned to represent Popchik's muggers at their arraignment; he succeeds in getting them released without bail, and through his super-senses also finds out Spider-Man's secret identity as Peter Parker when the latter attends the trial in May's and Popchik's company. However, he is disgusted by his clients' rowdy behavior, and speaks with the judge presiding over the case — his friend and mentor, Horace Rosenthal — about his misgivings with doing pro bono publico work. During their talk he senses an armed and masked intruder in Rosenthal's chamber. After Rosenthal leaves, the intruder introduces himself as the Sin-Eater and tries to shoot Murdock. Hearing the commotion, Rosenthal returns and is shot by the Sin-Eater. The Sin-Eater then escapes through the window. On the streets outside, Spider-Man responds to the panic aroused by the Sin-Eater's appearance. He opens fire on Spider-Man, who leaps above the scattergun blasts. The bullets hit a crowd of bystanders. During their fight, Spider-Man spots a gavel and a badge on the Sin-Eater's belt, and realizes he must be the one who killed Jean DeWolff. However, when he sees Aunt May lying senseless on the ground, he allows the Sin-Eater to escape so that he can help her. Spider-Man successfully petitions Carter for unofficial approval to search DeWolff's apartment. Carter also reveals the folklore behind the term sin-eater, and mentions that he is a former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. Spider-Man is unable to find any clues in DeWolff's apartment, but discovers a collection of news clippings indicating that she was romantically interested in him. While at Rosenthal's funeral, Murdock recognizes Sin-Eater's heartbeat among those attending DeWollf's funeral nearby, but there are too many mourners for him to pick out which one is the Sin-Eater.\",\n \"title\": \"The Death of Jean DeWolff\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13305157\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"One More Day\\\" (OMD) is a four-part 2007 comic book crossover storyline, connecting the three main Spider-Man series published by Marvel Comics at the time. Written by J. Michael Straczynski and Joe Quesada, with art by Quesada, the story arc concludes the fallout of Spider-Man's actions during the 2007 Civil War crossover. \\\"One More Day\\\" starts in The Amazing Spider-Man #544, continues in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #24 and The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2) #41, and concludes in The Amazing Spider-Man #545. After Aunt May had been shot by a stray bullet from a goon of the Kingpin meant for Spider-Man, Spider-Man seeks help to save her life. He encounters the demon Mephisto, who offers to save her life if Spider-Man gives him his marriage. Spider-Man and his wife, Mary Jane Watson, agree, and this part of their history is erased so that, effectively, they have never been married. The storyline set the stage for a restructuring of the Spider-Man titles, resulting in the cancellation of Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, with The Amazing Spider-Man revamped as a thrice-monthly publication. The events of \\\"One More Day\\\" regarding Peter Parker and Mary Jane's marriage was met with highly negative criticism, although the artwork received praise. Elements of the storyline were adapted in the feature film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada felt dissolving the Peter Parker and Mary Jane marriage and returning Spider-Man to his roots was necessary to preserve the longevity of the character for the next 20 or 30 years. Quesada said he and other previous editors-in-chief had long been seeking an opportunity to begin a new methodology in which to tell Spider-Man stories, but had not found a reasonable way to do so. Quesada said \\\"It's very easy to un-marry a character, or fix something like that: you just do a huge universal retcon, and say a few events in history didn't happen. But that's really not the way we do it here at Marvel.\\\" Quesada found an opportunity to address this in the events of the 2007 Civil War mini-series, which resulted in the unmasking of Spider-Man's identity to the public. Quesada knew J. Michael Straczynski was planning to end his run as a Marvel writer, so he personally approached Straczynski to propose \\\"One More Day\\\" as his final project. The ideas for \\\"One More Day\\\" began to develop almost two years before its release, at one of Marvel's creative summits for creators and editors. Quesada, Straczynski, Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, Jeph Loeb, Tom Brevoort and Axel Alonso developed the concept between them, and Ed Brubaker and Dan Slott added more at the next summit. \\\"One More Day\\\" was announced as the concluding storyline of Straczynski's run on Amazing Spider-Man in early 2007, and Quesada was named as the artist for the storyline. Although Quesada had become more selective in choosing projects to do as an artist since becoming editor-in-chief, he felt\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: One More Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15011570\",\n \"text\": \"The Living Brain is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 and has made few subsequent appearances since. A foe of the superhero Spider-Man, the original Living Brain was created by the fictional International Computing Machines Corporation and billed as the most intelligent computer and robot in existence, capable of solving virtually any question asked. In more recent times, the Superior Spider-Man reprogrammed it to serve as a laboratory assistant at Parker Industries, with it remaining in that role after Peter Parker returned. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (Jan. 1964). The second Living Brain appears in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #6. Fictional character history Original Living Brain The Living Brain, soon after its creation, is brought to Midtown High School by its creator Dr. Petty as a part of a demonstration of its renowned ability to solve any problem. The students agreed to ask the machine what is Spider-Man's secret identity, and a nervous Peter Parker, the volunteer for the demonstration, fed it all of the given known information from the students concerning the wall-crawler, relievingly finding the answer to be in a mathematical code for Peter to decode overnight (because of this, it is unknown if the Living Brain correctly deduced Spider-Man's true identity). During the course of the Living Brain's demonstration, the two workmen hired to transport it overhear how the Living Brain has the ability to answer anything and they decide to steal it to use this ability for gambling purposes. Caught in the middle of their stealing it by Dr. Petty, one of the workmen quickly knocks him out, but by doing so bumps the other one into the Living Brain's control panel on its chest, causing the Living Brain to malfunction. Going on a rampage through Midtown High, the Living Brain is confronted by Spider-Man, who eventually shuts it down. At the end of the day as Peter is walking back home, he plans on telling everyone the next day he'd lost the code during the confusion. The Living Brain reappears several years later, now discredited and broken-down. Dr. Petty plans to donate it to Midtown High School's science lab. The Living Brain ends up being stolen by Dr. Petty's son Steve Petty who modifies the robot, giving it a gold and red color scheme, clawed hands and the ability to fly. Remotely controlling the Living Brain to attack a bully who had been tormenting him, Steve is eventually defeated by Spider-Man (who had been on a visit to Midtown High as Peter Parker) and the Living Brain is shut down once more. The Living Brain, restored to its pre-upgrade appearance, was then acquired by a group of criminals, who used it to commit robberies. The robot and its controllers were apprehended\",\n \"title\": \"Living Brain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2444780\",\n \"text\": \"Humberto Ramos (born 27 November 1970) is a Mexican comic book penciller, best known for his work on American comic books such as Impulse, Runaways, The Spectacular Spider-Man, The Amazing Spider-Man and his creator-owned series Crimson. Career Humberto Ramos began his career in 1989 at Kaboom Cómics. He was later hired by DC Comics as the regular penciller for their Flash spin-off Impulse, which launched in March 1995. Written by Mark Waid, the superhero/teen comedy series focused on young speedster Bart Allen, the grandson of the second Flash, Barry Allen, and his struggles with growing up in an alienated Alabama suburb. In 1998, Ramos co-founded the imprint Cliffhanger with comic book artists Joe Madureira and J. Scott Campbell. They created the imprint, housed by Jim Lee's Image Comics division Wildstorm, to publish their creator-owned comic books outside the mainstream superhero genre. Both Campbell and Madureira had already built large fanbases with their previous work on Gen13 and Uncanny X-Men respectively, and were two of the most popular comic book artists at the time. Ramos, on the other hand, was not as popular and his inclusion on the imprint was perceived as second choice, after fan-favorite Michael Turner declined because he was still under contract at Top Cow. Ramos' first Cliffhanger title Crimson ran for 24 issues and two one-shots, with poor success. It was followed by the fantasy/mystery series Out There, months later. Ramos also began illustrating the covers of Peter Parker: Spider-Man with issue #30 and—beginning with May 2002's Peter Parker: Spider-Man #44—additionally did the interior artwork on the four-issue story arc \\\"A Death in the Family\\\" (later collected as Spider-Man: Return of the Goblin; ), written by Paul Jenkins. After his Cliffhanger contract expired, and Out There concluded after 18 issues in early 2003, Ramos left the imprint, apparently not on the best terms, and launched a new Spider-Man title, The Spectacular Spider-Man. The book reunited Ramos with Peter Parker: Spider-Man writer Paul Jenkins and earned him a 2005 Harvey Award nomination as Best Cover Artist. While Ramos worked on Spectacular Spider-Man, another book created by him (although illustrated by Francisco Herrera), the six-issue miniseries Kamikaze, which had originally been planned for 2001, was published by WildStorm under the Cliffhanger imprint. In 2005, Ramos' creator-owned six-issue miniseries Revelations began publication by Dark Horse Comics. Following Revelations, Ramos returned to Marvel Comics, joining writer Marc Guggenheim as the new creative team on Wolverine, beginning with issue #42 in March 2006. The same month also saw the release of the first volume of the space opera Kookaburra K, a series of three 46-page comic albums Ramos illustrated for French comic publisher Soleil Productions, written by French comic book creator Crisse. Ramos worked with writer Terry Moore on Runaways from 2008 to 2009, and became one of the regular artists on The Amazing Spider-Man in 2010. In April 2014, Ramos and writer Dan Slott launch Amazing Spider-Man as part of Marvel NOW!. The first issue of this new version of The\",\n \"title\": \"Humberto Ramos\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Andrew Garfield"],"string":"[\n \"Andrew Garfield\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":64,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_2333"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who played harry osborn in the amazing spider-man"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"29719785","text":"Dane William DeHaan ( ; born February 6, 1986) is an American actor. His roles include Andrew Detmer in Chronicle (2012), Jason Glanton in The Place Beyond the Pines (2012), Lucien Carr in Kill Your Darlings (2013), Harry Osborn / Green Goblin in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Lockhart in A Cure for Wellness (2016), Valerian in Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017), Chris Lynwood in ZeroZeroZero, and Kenneth Nichols in Oppenheimer (2023). In 2021, he starred in psychological romance horror miniseries Lisey's Story. He also had a role in the true crime limited series adaptation of The Staircase in 2022. Early life DeHaan was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania. His father is a computer programmer and his mother is an executive at MetLife. He has an older sister, and had what The Independent described in 2017 as a \"very normal, super-supportive childhood\". DeHaan attended Emmaus High School in Emmaus, Pennsylvania for three years and appeared in community theater. He transferred to the University of North Carolina School of the Arts for his senior year of high school, where he said he was \"around artists for the first time\". He continued at UNCSA for undergraduate studies, graduating in 2008. Career DeHaan began his professional acting career as an understudy for Haley Joel Osment in the short-lived 2008 Broadway revival of American Buffalo. Also in 2008, he made his television debut, guest-appearing on an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. In 2010, DeHaan made his feature film debut in John Sayles' Amigo and played Jesse in the third season of HBO's In Treatment. In 2011, he played Timbo in the fourth season of True Blood. In 2012, DeHaan starred in the sci-fi found footage film Chronicle, and as Cricket in Lawless. In 2013, he played Lucien Carr, a contemporary of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, in Kill Your Darlings. It was a role for which he has received critical acclaim. In 2013, he starred as the main character \"Trip\" in Metallica's surrealist concert film Metallica: Through the Never. He was the cover star of Hero magazine issue 10 in October 2013, shot by Hedi Slimane. In 2014, Annie Leibovitz photographed DeHaan for Prada's men's clothing spring advertising campaign. That same year, he played Harry Osborn / Green Goblin in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and Zach Orfman in Life After Beth. DeHaan played a fictional version of himself in the music video for Imagine Dragons' song \"I Bet My Life\". In 2015, DeHaan starred as James Dean in the drama Life, based on Dean's friendship with photographer Dennis Stock. In September 2015, DeHaan was the cover star of Another Man issue 20. In 2016, DeHaan played Roman in the independent drama film Two Lovers and a Bear and Lockhart in the 2016 horror film A Cure for Wellness. In 2017, DeHaan starred in Luc Besson's science fiction film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets based on the French comics series Valérian and Laureline. He also starred","title":"Dane DeHaan"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"29719785\",\n \"text\": \"Dane William DeHaan ( ; born February 6, 1986) is an American actor. His roles include Andrew Detmer in Chronicle (2012), Jason Glanton in The Place Beyond the Pines (2012), Lucien Carr in Kill Your Darlings (2013), Harry Osborn / Green Goblin in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Lockhart in A Cure for Wellness (2016), Valerian in Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017), Chris Lynwood in ZeroZeroZero, and Kenneth Nichols in Oppenheimer (2023). In 2021, he starred in psychological romance horror miniseries Lisey's Story. He also had a role in the true crime limited series adaptation of The Staircase in 2022. Early life DeHaan was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania. His father is a computer programmer and his mother is an executive at MetLife. He has an older sister, and had what The Independent described in 2017 as a \\\"very normal, super-supportive childhood\\\". DeHaan attended Emmaus High School in Emmaus, Pennsylvania for three years and appeared in community theater. He transferred to the University of North Carolina School of the Arts for his senior year of high school, where he said he was \\\"around artists for the first time\\\". He continued at UNCSA for undergraduate studies, graduating in 2008. Career DeHaan began his professional acting career as an understudy for Haley Joel Osment in the short-lived 2008 Broadway revival of American Buffalo. Also in 2008, he made his television debut, guest-appearing on an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. In 2010, DeHaan made his feature film debut in John Sayles' Amigo and played Jesse in the third season of HBO's In Treatment. In 2011, he played Timbo in the fourth season of True Blood. In 2012, DeHaan starred in the sci-fi found footage film Chronicle, and as Cricket in Lawless. In 2013, he played Lucien Carr, a contemporary of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, in Kill Your Darlings. It was a role for which he has received critical acclaim. In 2013, he starred as the main character \\\"Trip\\\" in Metallica's surrealist concert film Metallica: Through the Never. He was the cover star of Hero magazine issue 10 in October 2013, shot by Hedi Slimane. In 2014, Annie Leibovitz photographed DeHaan for Prada's men's clothing spring advertising campaign. That same year, he played Harry Osborn / Green Goblin in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and Zach Orfman in Life After Beth. DeHaan played a fictional version of himself in the music video for Imagine Dragons' song \\\"I Bet My Life\\\". In 2015, DeHaan starred as James Dean in the drama Life, based on Dean's friendship with photographer Dennis Stock. In September 2015, DeHaan was the cover star of Another Man issue 20. In 2016, DeHaan played Roman in the independent drama film Two Lovers and a Bear and Lockhart in the 2016 horror film A Cure for Wellness. In 2017, DeHaan starred in Luc Besson's science fiction film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets based on the French comics series Valérian and Laureline. He also starred\",\n \"title\": \"Dane DeHaan\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"74457974","text":"Spider-Man: Lotus is a 2023 American superhero fan film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. It was produced, directed, and co-written by Gavin J. Konop. The film stars Warden Wayne as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Sean Thomas Reid as Harry Osborn, and Moriah Brooklyn as Mary Jane Watson. The film is not associated with Marvel Studios nor Sony Pictures and was funded by fans via an Indiegogo campaign. Its trailer trended on Twitter and YouTube, which helped gain exposure for the film. The film began receiving media attention in June 2022 after messages were leaked online in which Konop and Wayne used discriminatory language, igniting a controversy which was widely covered by news outlets. Plot After defeating a new supervillain calling himself the Shocker, Peter Parker arrives late to a double date with his girlfriend Gwen Stacy and best friends Harry Osborn and Mary Jane Watson. After some initial friction due to his frequent absences, Peter plans to propose to Gwen during a planned vacation at the lake. However, Peter's arch-nemesis, the Green Goblin, arrives shortly thereafter, kidnaps Gwen, and takes her unconscious body to the top of the George Washington Bridge. Peter, as his alter ego \"Spider-Man\", fails to save Gwen, resulting in a final battle between himself and the Goblin, resulting in the latter's death. Sometime later, Peter has retired from being Spider-Man, blaming himself for failing to save Gwen’s life and begins to shut others out. Haunted by the dreams of the night Gwen died, Peter angrily confronts Mary Jane and Harry for not caring about Gwen’s passing. Though she is hurt, Mary Jane begrudgingly gives Peter a letter for him to give to Spider-Man, which asks if Spider-Man can pay a young child named Tim Harrison a visit before he succumbs to a terminal illness. Harry, despondent over his father's death and regretting the strained relationship the two of them had, leaves the city and goes on a bender, before returning to New York to visit his father's grave. Peter arrives at the Harrison's apartment as Spider-Man, meeting and bonding with Tim, who sees Spider-Man as a hero in spite of what the press says about him. However, when questioned about what happened to \"the girl on the bridge\", Peter convinces Tim that he isn't a hero, claiming that his origin was an accident and that he only became Spider-Man for selfish desires. Peter abandons Tim, but Tim's mother convinces Peter to make amends with the boy, wanting to give him hope in his dying days. Peter apologizes and even unmasks in front of Tim, who recognizes Peter as Spider-Man's photographer. Peter bids farewell to Tim, encouraging him to stay strong in the face of fear. Elsewhere, Mary Jane and Harry begin to patch up their relationship as Peter returns to the cemetery to pay his respects at Gwen’s grave. In the distance, he also notices Tim's grave as well, realizing that even though he may not \"want\" to be Spider-Man, he \"needs\" to continue","title":"Spider-Man: Lotus"},{"docid":"24423096","text":"\"Competition\" is the fifth episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man, which is based on the comic book character Spider-Man, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In it, Spider-Man must face the Sandman, a former petty thug who now can manipulate his sand body at will. \"Competition\" was written by Kevin Hopps and directed by Troy Adomitis. Hopps and Adomotis each had their respective roles previously in \"Interactions\". Victor Cook, a developer, producer, and supervising director for The Spectacular Spider-Man, was thrilled to use Sandman because he felt he was \"a perfect character for animation.\" \"Competition\" aired on March 29, 2008, on the Kids WB! block for The CW. The episode received warm reviews from television critics - IGN wrote that the fight scenes were the greatest of the series at the time. Plot summary Peter, as Spider-Man, effectively defeats two common thugs - Flint Marko and Alex O'Hirn - and puts them in prison. While discussing their outrage towards Spider-Man, their bail is paid and they go into a limousine outside. Inside the limousine, Hammerhead tells them he has big plans for them, taking them to a secret base. The next day, Peter practices his web slinging in his bedroom, when Aunt May walks in. He stops and she suggests he takes their neighbor Mary Jane Watson to the upcoming Fall Formal. Peter cringes at the idea and heads off to school. There, it is announced football practices will be held that day and Harry wants to try out. Peter passes on joining him as he feels it will reveal his abilities. When he hears Flash Thompson planning on specifically going after Harry during tryouts, he decides to keep him safe and try out anyway. They each do good at tryout - Harry impresses the coach and the other player, while Peter does the same using his extra abilities. Meanwhile, Norman Osborn arrives at the warehouse to supervise an experiment on Marko. The restrained Marko will be given subdermal silicon transplants giving him a hardened untraceable silicon armor. Dr. Octavius says that the experiment has too many flaws but Osborn commands him to go with it anyway. The experiment malfunctions and the silicon violently mutates him. His body evaporates into sand and Octavius, terrified, thinks he has just killed him. Suddenly, Marko reshapes himself, still made of sand, and viciously thrashes against the walls for them to let him out. Hammerhead and Osborn take him outside in their limousine, where Marko is able to reform himself in his old appearance. When they tell him he will work for \"the Big Man,\" but he decides to go alone and leaves. Hammerhead is fine with that as it means they will now have a distraction for Spider-Man. Now codenamed \"Sandman,\" Marko robs a bank and Spider-Man arrives immediately. He is overpowered by Marko's new powers and finds himself out of web fluid. After defeating Spider-Man, Sandman escapes through a sewer drain, after accidentally mentioning the \"Big Man's\" name.","title":"Competition (The Spectacular Spider-Man)"},{"docid":"18936506","text":"\"Green Goblin Reborn!\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the","title":"Green Goblin Reborn!"},{"docid":"504988","text":"Benjamin \"Ben\" Reilly (), also known as the Scarlet Spider, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Grown in a lab by Miles Warren/Jackal, he is a clone of Peter Parker/Spider-Man tasked with fighting him but instead becoming an ally, later even regarded as a \"brother\". Created by writer Gerry Conway, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 (October 1975) and is seemingly killed in the same issue. The character returned and featured prominently in the 1994–96 \"Clone Saga\" storyline, adopting the \"Scarlet Spider\" alias with a costume similar to Spider-Man's consisting of a red spandex bodysuit and mask complemented by a blue sleeveless hoodie sweatshirt adorned with a large spider symbol on both sides, along with a utility belt and bulkier web-shooters. This Scarlet Spider costume was designed by artist Tom Lyle. When Peter Parker temporarily left the Spider-Man role, Ben became the new Spider-Man while wearing a new costume variation designed by artist Mark Bagley. However, Reilly dies at the hands of Norman Osborn/Green Goblin, sacrificing himself to save Parker who then resumes the Spider-Man role. In 2017's Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy story, the character is revealed to be alive, his mind forcibly transferred to new clone bodies by the Jackal repeatedly before his resurrection was successful. Driven mad by the experience of being reborn and dying repeatedly, he became the new Jackal and started his own criminal enterprise. After being defeated by Spider-Man and others, Reilly reclaims his Scarlet Spider identity in the series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider. Reimagined as an antihero, he first hopes to escape his past then embarks on a spiritual quest to redeem himself. This arc is completed in \"Spider-Geddon\" (2018), during which he sacrifices himself to protect others when his life force is absorbed by an enemy who inadvertently absorbs his many death traumas as well. Ben is then resurrected in a new clone body, his mind and soul healed and restored. During the events of the 2021–2022 storyline \"Beyond\", Ben temporarily became Spider-Man again, only for him to have his memories purged from him and becoming a new villain called Chasm. Due to his many resurrections in different clone bodies, the 2017–2018 comic series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider states he has died and returned more than anyone else in the Marvel Universe, leading to him becoming favored by Lady Death. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse voiced by Andy Samberg. Publication history Ben Reilly was first featured as Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 as a nameless clone of Peter Parker who seemingly dies alongside his creator the Jackal, who had also created a clone of Parker's lost love Gwen Stacy. The events of the issue were later revisited in several comics such as What If #30. Asked why he created the character, writer Gerry Conway explained: Though Conway had no intention of using the character beyond this initial story in","title":"Ben Reilly"},{"docid":"42499790","text":"Dr. Ashley Kafka is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in stories revolving around the superhero Spider-Man. Introduced in The Spectacular Spider-Man #178 (July 1991), she was created by writer J. M. DeMatteis and artist Sal Buscema. The character was inspired by therapeutic hypnotist Frayda Kafka. In the comics, Dr. Kafka is a psychiatrist at the Ravencroft Institute for the Criminally Insane, and an occasional ally of Spider-Man. After having been killed by Massacre, Dr. Kafka was twice \"reanimated\" with her soul intact in a cloned body by Ben Reilly and Norman Osborn, dying again in the former body to the Carrion Virus before going on to become the Queen Goblin in the latter body after being magically corrupted by Osborn's \"sins\" (the Green Goblin persona) by the Beyond Corporation. The character has appeared in several forms of media outside of comics, including animated series and video games. A male version of the character appeared in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 portrayed by Marton Csokas. Publication history Ashley Kafka first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #178 (July 1991), and was created by J.M. DeMatteis and Sal Buscema. She was killed in The Superior Spider-Man #4 (April 2013) before being twice revived in Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy #2 (November 2016) and Ravencroft #5 (September 2020), becoming the Queen Goblin in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #88 (February 2022) Fictional character biography Ashley Kafka grew up in New York with her mother and her sister, Norma, who had been born with severe facial birth defects and was mentally challenged. Kafka looked after Norma while growing up. Their mother died when Kafka was nineteen years old and Norma was left at a psychiatric hospital, where she died a short time later. Kafka then went to college at the Empire State University where she studied psychology and earned a degree. Kafka goes on to become a professional psychologist specializing in the criminally insane and founds a maximum security sanitarium called the Ravencroft Institute for the Criminally Insane, where she treats super-criminals. Kafka is later killed by Massacre during a breakout attempt. It is revealed in the mini-series Ben Reilly: Spider-Man that prior to her death, Kafka had knowledge of Peter Parker's true identity as Peter reached out to Kakfa for help in dealing with the belief that he was a clone of Spider-Man and not the original. Dead No More During the \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" storyline, Ben Reilly \"reanimated\" Ashley Kafka in a cloned body (with her soul intact). She later suffered from clone degeneration, and died again. The Sins of Norman Osborn In the pages of Ravencroft, Norman Osborn used Reilly's cloning method to revive Ashley Kafka in a new cloned body (her soul less intact), in a plan to get John Jameson to regain his ability to transform into Man-Wolf. During the \"Sins Rising\" arc, the revived Sin-Eater uses Mister Negative's powers to corrupt Ashley Kafka and use her","title":"Ashley Kafka"},{"docid":"6073034","text":"Philip Benjamin \"Phil\" Urich () is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared in Web of Spider-Man #125 (June 1995). He was a superhero as the Green Goblin, and a supervillain as the Hobgoblin. He was later crowned the Goblin Knight before dubbing himself the Goblin King. Publication history The character first appeared in Web of Spider-Man #125 (June 1995) as the Green Goblin. Phil Urich's identity and origin was revealed in Green Goblin #1 (October 1995). The character later first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #649 (January 2011) as the Hobgoblin. Fictional character biography Heroic Green Goblin The nephew of Ben Urich of the Daily Bugle, Phil stumbles upon one of Harry Osborn's old Goblin hideouts. Using a mask that delivers a \"zap\" gives him Goblin-level strength seemingly without the psychotic side-effects of the original Goblin formula, he gains enhanced strength and endurance. Following Harry's death, he tries to gain a reputation as a superhero version of Green Goblin. However, he is sometimes seen as being as maniacal as his villainous predecessors. His equipment is damaged during a battle against a Sentinel in the \"Onslaught\" crossover; Urich sacrifices his glider to destroy a Sentinel by ramming the robot in the head, but a fragment of metal ricochets off the explosion and damages his mask's circuitry. Urich is unable to repair or replace the technology and retires from being the Goblin. Phil later forms a superhero self-help group with Mickey Musashi in order to prevent teenagers from becoming superheroes, and to help young former superheroes get over their pasts, attempting to convince them and others that their powers had damaged their lives. His intentions are pure, but he accepts funds from a secret benefactor to rescue the Runaways during the \"True Believers\" story arc. The groups vows to only don their uniform one last time and help the Runaways defeat Ultron's clone. The team vows not to use their powers again, but Mattie Franklin secretly uncovers a MGH drug ring. This leads to Nekra attacking the group during one of their counseling sessions. Urich suffers a mental breakdown after watching Chris Powell and Mickey share a celebratory kiss, having apparently convinced himself that he and Mickey had feelings for each other though she only saw him as a friend. He attacks Mickey and Chris and steals the Darkhawk amulet from Chris. The Loners join together to fight Urich, but he is able to escape with Hollow. Villainous Hobgoblin Urich is next seen in the Big Time storyline in New York helping out his uncle at the new Front Line offices. He develops a crush on co-worker Norah Winters who is looking into Goblin Gangs for a story. Urich goes to one of the old Goblin hideouts, hoping to find something there to impress Norah. He encounters Daniel Kingsley (posing as the original Hobgoblin) who is also looking for some new Goblin technology. Kingsley is about to kill him when Urich snaps and","title":"Phil Urich"},{"docid":"31952364","text":"\"Big Time\" is a series of comic book storylines in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics from 2010 to 2011. It follows the 102 consecutive issues of the \"Brand New Day\" publishing scheme and is the first shift in publishing for The Amazing Spider-Man since \"Brand New Day\" began. The frequency of publication dropped from three issues monthly to two issues, but the length of the comic book expanded from 22 to 30 pages. This extra length is sometimes used for back-up stories and sometimes for a longer main story. Concurrently with the story going in The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel also started the new series Spider-Girl vol. 2, Osborn, and Carnage, which are considered part of \"Big Time.\" All nine issues of \"Big Time\" have sold out at Diamond Comic Distributors and have a second printing with a variant cover. Plot summary \"Kill to be You\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #648 through #651 Peter starts a new job at Horizon Labs after a recommendation from Marla Jameson to the head of the lab gets him the job. Phil Urich takes over the Hobgoblin identity after killing Daniel Kingsley. Spider-Man is unable to stop the theft because of the Hobgoblin's Lunatic Laugh. Peter uses his new job at Horizon Labs to create a suit that uses harmonics to prevent the Lunatic Laugh from affecting him. Spider-Man and the Black Cat infiltrate the building of the Kingpin to get the experimental metal back. In the back-up stories in The Amazing Spider-Man #649 through #651 Alistair Alphonso Smythe breaks Mac Gargan out of prison and gives him a new Scorpion costume. These events directly lead into the \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\" story that follows. \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #652 through #654, titled the \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer,\" Alistair Smythe has created an army of Spider-Slayers by giving cybernetic implants to people with a grudge against J. Jonah Jameson. All of the Spider-Slayers, and Mac Gargan as the Scorpion, have a power similar to Spider-Man's spider-sense that makes them harder to hit and for Smythe to telepathically communicate with all of them. Smythe targets Jameson's family and friends so Jameson can feel the same pain Smythe felt when he lost his father. The New Avengers help Spider-Man fight the multiple threats, but Spider-Man is forced to build a bomb that will destroy the spider-sense of the Spider-Slayers so they can be defeated. Mac Gargan prevents Spider-Man from fleeing after he plants the bomb, so he is forced to set it off while he is still within its radius and he loses his spider-sense as well. After his army of Spider-Slayers is stopped Smythe tries to kill Jameson himself, but Marla Jameson jumps in the way to save the life of her husband. \"No One Dies\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #655 and #656, titled \"No One Dies,\" a funeral is held for Marla Jameson. Peter has a nightmare where he sees everyone who has ever died in his life (including","title":"Spider-Man: Big Time"},{"docid":"3087896","text":"Dr. Gregory Herd is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. His first appearance was in The Spectacular Scarlet Spider #1. He originally operated as the villain Override and worked with his wife, who operated as Aura. He becomes the fiery villain Shadrac in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #2. Fictional character biography Together with his wife (who operated under the name Aura), Dr. Gregory Herd worked as a mercenary for hire as Override. During the \"Spider-Hunt\" storyline, in which a massive bounty is placed on Spider-Man's head, Herd's wife is gravely injured and left in medical care. To cover her steadily mounting medical expenses, Override goes to work as one of Norman Osborn's costumed employees. Desperate for some way to save his wife, Herd asks to join Osborn's \"Gathering of Five\" ceremony to gain one of five \"gifts\". However, Herd is the recipient of death, which gives Herd new powers while steadily destroying him over time. He falls under the thumb of a man named Dolman, who owned one of the five artifacts used in the Gathering ceremony before it was stolen by Osborn. Dolman intends to use Herd as a tool to regain what Osborn had stolen. Herd assaults Osborn Industries but runs into the current Spider-Man, Mattie Franklin. Herd dismisses Franklin with little effort but is later forced to battle the original Spider-Man and Iceman while trying to tell officials that Dolman was tampering with his mind. He convinces Iceman to freeze him entirely in an attempt to stay alive. Though temporarily frozen, Shadrac is still dying albeit in a less painful manner. Later pursuing Dolman, Shadrac, Iceman, and Spider-Man team up to capture him. After Dolman merges with the Spindle and gains powers, Shadrac \"overrides\" him and possesses his body in a last-ditch effort to stop Dolman and save himself. Civil War Somehow separated from both Shadrac and Dolman, with Aura restored to human form, and back in his original costume, Herd joins Hammerhead's \"villain army\" that was captured by Iron Man and S.H.I.E.L.D. agents. Powers and abilities As Override Dr. Gregory Herd wore a cybernetically enhanced costume that allowed him to control, or \"override\", electronic devices. As Shadrac Due to the Gathering of the Five ceremony, Herd has internalized the powers of his cybernetic suit as well as gaining the ability to override emotions. In addition, his entire body is constantly wreathed in mystical flames which, in addition to slowly killing him, he can manipulate in the form of blasts from his hands or an aura he can expand at will. While the maximum temperature of these flames is unknown, Shadrac can melt metal with a touch. Other versions MC2 In the MC2 universe Gregory Herd is shown as a participant in The Gathering of Five, which was interrupted in this continuity. A prior story revealed that Mattie Franklin and Madame Web eventually gained the gifts (power and immortality) they had in the mainstream continuity, but what became of Herd after","title":"Gregory Herd"},{"docid":"2202942","text":"Ryan Ottley is an American comic book artist and writer, best known for work on Image Comics' Invincible and Marvel Comics' Amazing Spider-Man. Career Ottley began drawing Invincible with issue 8, and continued on the book for 14 years, drawing 127 issues of its 144-issue run. During the course of his work on the book he co-created characters including Battle Beast, Angstrom Levy, Conquest, and Powerplex. In an interview with comic book website Project Fanboy, Ottley discussed how he got into the comic book industry after being fired from his previous job working in a medical supply warehouse. Ottley decided now was a great time to try to get into comics again and began actively building exposure for his work on the internet through the websites digitalwebbing.com and penciljack.com. Ottley penciled the first five issues of Kirkman and Todd McFarlane's Haunt, an ongoing series which debuted October 7, 2009. Ottley indicated on the letters page of issue #5 that he left in order to focus on Invincible. In 2012, Ottley was one of several artists to illustrate a variant cover for Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead #100, which was released July 11 at the San Diego Comic-Con. In 2016, Image Comics published Grizzly Shark, a three-issue miniseries written and drawn by Ottley, and has an average critics rating of 7.1 out of 10 on the review aggregator website Comic Book Roundup. In 2018 Marvel Comics relaunched a new volume of The Amazing Spider-Man, with writer Nick Spencer. Ottley supplied the art for 20 issues of the run. He co-created the villain Kindred with Nick Spencer. His work drew praise from Jesse Schedeen of IGN, who stated, \"Ottley's expressive figure work and dynamic fight scenes make him a natural fit.\" In 2021, Ottley was announced as the artist on that year's relaunched Hulk, teaming him with writer Donny Cates. In November 2022, it was announced that following Cates departure as writer of Hulk due to personal reasons, Ottley would take over as the writer for the remainder of the series, starting with issue 11. Bibliography Interior work The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 5 #1–5, 11–13, 16, 23–25, 30–31, 37, 41–43, 49 (Marvel Comics, 2018–2020) Free Comic Book Day 2018 The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (Marvel Comics, 2018) Free Comic Book Day 2019 Spider-Man/Venom #1 (Marvel Comics, 2019) Grizzly Shark #1–3 (Image Comics, 2016) Haunt #1–5 (Image Comics, 2009-2010) Invincible #8–144 (Image Comics, 2004–2018) Solution Squad #1 (Solution Squad LLC, 2013) Superman/Batman Annual #1 (DC Comics, 2006) Tales of Army of Darkness #1 (Dynamite Entertainment, 2013) The Walking Dead #75 (Image Comics, 2010) Hulk #1–6, #9–14 (Marvel Comics, 2021–2023) Covers work The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 5 #14, 26–29, 40 (Marvel Comics, 2019–2020) The Amazing Spider-Man: Sins Rising Prelude #1 (Marvel Comics, 2020) The Amazing Spider-Man: The Sins of Norman Osborn #1 (Marvel Comics, 2020) Brit vol. 2 #7–12 (2008–2009) Guarding the Globe #1 (Image Comics, 2010) Haunt #13 (Image Comics, 2011) Head Lopper #7 (Image Comics, October 2017) Variant covers The Amazing Spider-Man vol.","title":"Ryan Ottley"},{"docid":"32198217","text":"The 2002–2007 Spider-Man film series, also called the Sam Raimi trilogy or the Tobey Maguire trilogy, is a superhero film series consisting of three Spider-Man films with the same director and main actor: Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004) and Spider-Man 3 (2007). Based on the Marvel comic book series about the fictional character of the same name, all three films were directed by Sam Raimi and distributed by Columbia Pictures. Tobey Maguire plays the titular role, with Kirsten Dunst portraying his love interest, Mary Jane Watson, and James Franco concluding the principal cast with his role as Harry Osborn, Spider-Man's frenemy. Throughout the series, the Spider-Man releases featured villains such as Green Goblin (Willem Dafoe), Doctor Octopus (Alfred Molina), Sandman (Thomas Haden Church) and Venom (Topher Grace). Other characters who appeared in the series are Betty Brant (Elizabeth Banks), J. Jonah Jameson (J. K. Simmons) and Gwen Stacy (Bryce Dallas Howard). Every Spider-Man film was a financial success and achieved blockbuster status. Each installment was the third top-grossing film of their respective release years. In 2002, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets performed better than Spider-Man. For 2004, Shrek 2 and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban had grossed more than Spider-Man 2 and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix outdid Spider-Man 3s revenue. With a box office total of nearly $900 million, Spider-Man 3 stands as the highest-earning in the series and is the 31st highest-grossing film worldwide. The previous two entries sit at 41st and 48th in worldwide totals. The franchise made around $2.5 billion at the box office in ticket sales. Overall, the film series received positive to polarized reception from critics. Spider-Man was released to largely positive reviews from the media, scoring an 89% rating based on a sample of 192 reviews on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes with an average of 7.6/10. The second entry performed even better with critics, garnering an approval rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10. With 241 reviews accounted for, Rotten Tomatoes reported that Spider-Man 3 had an approval rating of 63% and a score of 6.2/10. Metacritic lists the third installment as having a 59% rating on its site. Spider-Man 2 was named the third best superhero film of all-time by IGN and Time magazine. Raimi's Spider-Man series won various awards and gathered five Academy Award nominations: two for Spider-Man and three for Spider-Man 2, with one win for Best Visual Effects in 2005 for Spider-Man 2. The series won two MTV Movie Awards out of ten nominations, five Saturn Awards out of thirteen nominations and four Teen Choice Awards out of fifteen nominations. The films were nominated for one Annie Award, five British Academy Film Awards, two Grammy Awards and ten Satellite Awards. Other honors came from the Visual Effects Society Awards, which gave the franchise ten nominations and three","title":"List of accolades received by the 2002–2007 Spider-Man film series"},{"docid":"1103984","text":"Elizabeth \"Liz\" Allan, also known as Elizabeth Allan-Osborn and commonly misspelled as \"Liz Allen\", is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In the character's earliest appearances, she was a popular girl at the high school Peter Parker attends. She has been a regular supporting character in the various Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Venom series in an on-and-off basis, and has ties to the Green Goblin and Molten Man. She is married to Harry Osborn, the mother of their son Normie Osborn, and the CEO of Alchemax. Liz Allan would later become Misery upon being bonded to the Symbiote that is a hybrid of the Anti-Venom and Carnage Symbiotes. Sally Livingstone portrays Liz Allan in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (2002), while Laura Harrier portrayed Liz Allan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history Liz Allan is named in The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963), the same issue in which Betty Brant first appears. However, an unnamed blonde female high school student in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) appears to be Liz Allan, and The Marvel Encyclopedia lists this as her official first appearance. She was a supporting character in the series until Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), which bids farewell to Liz as both she and Spider-Man graduate from high school. Nearly a decade later, Liz Allan was brought back in a story arc in Amazing Spider-Man #132-133 (May–June 1974), in which it is revealed that she is the Molten Man's stepsister. Writer Gerry Conway recalled, \"I liked doing callbacks to the run I was most influenced by, the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era, so bringing Liz back was something I'd wanted to do for a long time. And it gave me a reason to go back and look through the issues she was in, which brought me to the Molten Man's first appearance.\" Fictional character biography Liz Allan was a high school student that attended Midtown High School together, and a minor love interest of Peter Parker and Flash Thompson. Peter likes Liz, but she is Flash's girlfriend and considers Peter something of a loser, even taking part in the general ridicule that Peter endures on a daily basis. Her earliest appearances depict her as flighty and rather thoughtless - not outright cruel, but lacking the empathy necessary to perceive Peter's nature. However, after she hears an ailing Peter had donned a Spider-Man costume to save Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus, she develops a crush on him. By this time, however, Peter's interest has waned considerably, as he notes that Liz never showed any real interest in him until he began dating Betty Brant, and assumes that Liz's feelings are little more than a schoolgirl crush. Betty and Liz clash several times over Peter, as Betty mistakenly thinks that Peter reciprocates Liz's interest in him. In Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), Peter and Liz graduate","title":"Liz Allan"},{"docid":"5974158","text":"Spider-Man Unlimited is the title of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics. The first series began in 1993 and was named in its indicia as Volume 1. It was set in the main Marvel Universe. The second series was based on the animated TV series Spider-Man Unlimited, and was not set in the Marvel Universe. It is called Volume 2. The third series, which began in 2004, did not have a volume number listed and was also set in the main Marvel Universe. 1993 series (vol. 1) Originally announced under the title Spider-Man Giant Size, the 1993 series was a quarterly series with double-length stories, which at the time was notable for being printed on glossy stock paper (a practice discontinued in later issues before being adopted by the entire Marvel line in the 2000s). Earlier issues played a part in Spider-Man crossovers; the first issue was the first part of \"Maximum Carnage\" and the second issue was the last part of \"Maximum Carnage\". Issues #7-14 formed part of the Clone Saga. Later in the series, the focus shifted to stand-alone stories. Ron Lim penciled the lead story in the first eight issues of the book. Most of the later issues were written by Christopher Golden and drawn by Joe Bennett. Issue #1 Spider-Man Unlimited #1 was published in May 1993. The issue credits are: Title: \"Maximum Carnage Part 1\" Editor: Danny Fingeroth Writers: Tom DeFalco, Mike W. Barr, Terry Kavanagh Pencils: Ron Lim, Jerry Bingham, Mark Bagley Inkers: Jim Sanders, III, Jerry Bingham, Tom Palmer Plot Cletus Kasady has been transferred from the Vault to Ravencroft Institute for some tests. He there reveals that the alien symbiote which made him the supervillain Carnage infected his bloodstream before it died, allowing Kasady's metabolism to produce an imitation of the symbiote. Using this faux symbiote, he slaughters the guards and doctors. Carnage comes across a fellow Ravencroft inmate, Shriek. She persuades him to free her so she can join his killing spree. Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson are at the wake after Harry Osborn's funeral. J. Jonah Jameson thinks Spider-Man was responsible for Harry's downfall (as the Green Goblin). Peter is incredibly mixed up as he comforts Harry's wife Liz Allan. Mary Jane is upset from the whole Harry fallout and asks Peter to give up being Spider-Man, for a couple of weeks at least, so things can settle down. He agrees. Out on the streets, Carnage is attacked by Spider-Man's doppelganger. Carnage ensnares and attempts to kill it, but Shriek stops him with a sonic blast and says she is adopting the doppelganger. Peter goes for a takeout and hears on the radio about Carnage's escape. He changes to Spider-Man and goes swinging off to find Carnage. He is attacked by Shriek and the doppelganger instead, who quickly defeat him. Spider-Man topples off a building into a back alley as the doppelganger and Shriek swing off. Because Carnage used him as a hostage before, Jonah is immediately","title":"Spider-Man Unlimited (comics)"},{"docid":"8896262","text":"The Green Goblin's Last Stand is a 1992 superhero fan film by Dan Poole, based on the comic book story \"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\", published by Marvel Comics in The Amazing Spider-Man #121–122. Poole is the director, producer, creative editor, screenwriter, and star of the film. The film and its attendant documentary received showings and accolades at several small film festivals. Plot Peter Parker, as his alias Spider-Man, is following a stolen vehicle. He stops the car and traps the two criminals. Afterwards, he meets his girlfriend Gwen Stacy. Peter's spider-sense detects Norman Osborn traveling in a taxi, and he learns from Gwen that Norman survived an explosion at his chemical plant. Norman returns to his home, in an amnestic state, in an attempt to find his son, Harry. In his room, he finds a newspaper detailing the explosion of Norman's plant, caused by a battle between Spider-Man and The Green Goblin. Peter visits Norman, who becomes enraged and tells him to leave. Peter believes he is unwell, and tells Gwen that Norman was obviously mentally altered after the accident. Norman sees Parker's name on the newspaper and hallucinates that Spider-Man is chasing him into the streets of New York. Three thugs harass and attack him, leaving him unconscious. The next day, Norman wakes up in his former 'warehouse'. He finds the goblin equipment, and vows revenge on Spider-Man. Peter goes back to Norman's apartment and finds the newspaper, realizing that he has once again become the Green Goblin. He bumps into Harry Osborn, who believes his father is still in the hospital. Harry discovers that the card with the doctor's number and address is missing from his desk, but that the card had Peter's address and number on it as well. Gwen goes to look for Peter at his \"Darkroom\", but Norman kidnaps her and takes her to the rooftops. Peter finds she is missing, and is challenged by Norman to come rescue her. Peter trips Norman with his web, but after he regains consciousness, he pushes Gwen off the roof. Peter quickly spins a web to catch Gwen, breaking her neck in the process. Enraged, Peter nearly kills Norman, but he escapes by throwing a pumpkin bomb. Norman is tracked down by Peter to the warehouse ruins. Peter makes Norman's glider malfunction and defeats him. After asking him why he killed Gwen, Norman is apathetic, and describes her as a \"pawn\". Peter almost beats Norman to death again, but cannot bring himself to do so. Norman activates his glider to kill Peter, but his spider sense activates and he quickly jumps out of the way, leaving the glider to impale Norman, killing him. At the cemetery, Peter apologizes to Gwen at her grave, stating that Norman's death only made the pain worse. He admits hesitance in being Spider-Man, but reminds himself of his promise to Uncle Ben's death that he would continue being Spider-Man. Cast Dan Poole as Peter Parker / Spider-Man Jimi Kinstle as Norman Osborn","title":"The Green Goblin's Last Stand"},{"docid":"172171","text":"The Hobgoblin is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, most of whom are brainwashed by the Winkler Device into becoming Hobgoblins. Created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Romita Jr., the first incarnation of the Hobgoblin was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #238 (March 1983) as a criminal mastermind equipped with Halloween-themed weapons similar to those used by the Green Goblin. The true identity of the Hobgoblin was one of the longest-running mysteries in the Spider-Man comics. In 1987, the Hobgoblin was revealed to be Ned Leeds, Peter Parker's journalist co-worker at the Daily Bugle, while in 1997, ten years later, his identity was retroactively established to be Roderick Kingsley, a fashion designer and Mary Jane Watson's former boss, with Ned reframed as a fall guy, and later in the 2020s as the second Hogoblin and secret sorcerer apprentice of Baron Mordo. Other characters that have assumed the Hobgoblin mantle over the years include criminals Lefty Donovan and Jason Macendale, Roderick's twin brother Daniel Kingsley, Spider-Man 2211's daughter Robin Borne, Ben Urich's nephew Phil Urich, and Kingsley's butler Claude. Leeds, Donovan and Claude were first brainwashed to serve as Hobgoblins as part of a scheme orchestrated by the Kingsley brothers, with Kingsley, Macendale, Borne and Urich being the only versions to operate independently of the others (although occasionally partnering with them), with Leeds and Kingsley later also being brainwashed by Queen Goblin to serve as her enforcers. In the alternate continuities of The Amazing Spider-Man comic strip and Ultimate Marvel, Harry Osborn has also adopted the Hobgoblin persona. The Hobgoblin has been adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including television series and video games. An amalgamated version of the character named Jason Philips appeared in the 1994–1998 Spider-Man: The Animated Series, voiced by Mark Hamill, while the Harry Osborn incarnation is featured in Spider-Man (2017–2018), voiced by Max Mittelman. Publication history The Hobgoblin was created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Romita Jr. for The Amazing Spider-Man #238 (March 1983). Like other writers, Stern found himself under pressure to have Spider-Man fight the Green Goblin again, but did not wish to bring Norman Osborn or Bart Hamilton back from the dead, have Harry Osborn be the Green Goblin again, or create another Green Goblin. Stern instead created a new concept as heir to the Goblin legacy and developed the Hobgoblin. Stern recounts that he directed Romita to base the costume on the Green Goblin's but to make it \"a little more medieval-looking\", while Romita asserts that he was given no direction beyond using the Green Goblin as a basis. Both agree, however, that the costume was chiefly Romita's design. The Hobgoblin's identity was not initially revealed, generating one of the longest-running mysteries in the Spider-Man comics. According to Stern, \"I plotted that first","title":"Hobgoblin (comics)"},{"docid":"7036658","text":"\"The Wedding!\" is a story from The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21 in which Mary Jane Watson and Peter Parker (a.k.a. Spider-Man) get married. It was published in 1987 and written by David Michelinie, featuring cover art by John Romita Sr. Plot Spider-Man is web slinging through town and runs into Electro. He defeats him and then returns home, to find Mary Jane in the process of moving in. MJ leaves for a photo shoot, leaving Peter to ponder how on earth he'll be able to provide for him and MJ. Peter takes his photos of Spider-Man defeating Electro to the Daily Bugle and is surprised by the staff with a party in honor of his upcoming wedding to Mary Jane. J. Jonah Jameson arrives, clearly irritated, and starts to complain about why they are hosting a party when they're supposed to be working. As soon as Peter leaves, he states that he wants to cut the pay of everyone who didn't attend. Peter is barely able to sleep that night, contemplating his impending wedding. The next day he meets Mary Jane. He leaps to the ceiling and goes down to one knee, asking her to marry him once again. \"I hate cleaning footprints off the ceiling,\" she responds with a smile. They both eat, but can't help shake their worries about the wedding. Mary Jane leaves for a meeting, where her old boyfriend presents her with two tickets to Paris, that she can only take if she skips the wedding. Peter goes to Aunt May's house, and goes through a scrap book, remembering his most prominent times with Mary Jane. MJ and her aunt arrive, and they announce the upcoming marriage to their family. She leaves in a Ferrari with her ex-boyfriend, and Peter takes the subway home. Both are starting to have second thoughts about their marriage. When they meet up again that night, Spidey takes MJ out web-slinging to clear their heads. The next day, Peter's best man, Flash Thompson, and his best friend, Harry Osborn, take Peter out for a bachelor party, but he's beginning to show his true feelings about the wedding. They try to convince him that love conquers all. Meanwhile, Mary Jane is having a grand party across town. Peter finally decides to go home for the night, and has nightmares about all of his enemies trying to attack MJ, and being helpless to stop them. He wakes up in a sweat, wondering what he should do. Meanwhile, MJ is out with Liz Allan, wondering the same. Later at City Hall, all of the guests are in attendance (for reasons unknown, Matt Murdock is not present), but both Peter and Mary Jane are late, leaving everyone confused. At the last minute, they both appear and are married by Mary Jane's uncle, judge Spenser Watson. (MJ's wedding dress was designed by real-life designer Willi Smith.) MJ gives Peter the tickets to France with which her ex-boyfriend tried to tempt her, and they go off on","title":"The Wedding!"},{"docid":"47275084","text":"The comic book stories published by Marvel Comics since the 1940s have featured several noteworthy concepts besides its fictional characters, such as unique places and artifacts. Since the introduction of Peter Parker as a character in 1962, with the superhero alter-ego, Spider-Man, a number of these locations have been prominently featured in connection with storylines specific to this character. These have then been carried over to depictions of Spider-Man in film, video games, and other media. There follows a list of those features. Residences Aunt May's house: Located at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens, nearly every depiction of Spider-Man begins with Parker living with his Aunt May and Uncle Ben (or just his Aunt May, where Uncle Ben is already shown as being deceased). The house is sometimes depicted as being next door to the home of Mary Jane Watson. Storylines have occurred in various comic book runs and other media where Aunt May's home is attacked. In the 2018 American computer-animated film, Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, a shed in the backyard leads to a secret underground lair where Parker (deceased in that universe) had kept a variety of costumes and technology. In the 1981 TV cartoon, Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, the house serves as the Spider-Friends' headquarters, though Aunt May remains unaware of their activities. Companies Daily Bugle: A newspaper headquartered in a building where Parker works as a photographer for J. Jonah Jameson. Oscorp Tower: A research company headquartered in a skyscraper owned by Norman Osborn, which later became the headquarters for Alchemax. Parker Industries: A company that was founded and owned by Parker. Educational institutions Empire State University Empire State University (ESU) is a fictional university whose alumni include Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Harry Osborn, Gwen Stacy, Brian Braddock (on an exchange program), Emma Frost, Norman Osborn, Hector Ayala, Harry Osborn, Brad Davis, Chip Martin and Johnny Storm (the Human Torch). Doreen Green (Squirrel Girl) is currently enrolled in its computer science undergraduate program. Staff included Miles Warren, Edward Lansky (aka Lightmaster), Mendel Stromm, Gregson Gilbert (creator of the Dragon Man), Clifton Shallot (the mutant Vulture), David Jude, and Curtis Connors. Empire State University in other media Empire State is featured in Spider-Man with students and faculty like Curt Connors, Farley Stillwell. Students included Alisa Silvermane (daughter of Silvermane), Debra Whitman, Felicia Hardy, Flash Thompson, Liz Allen, Mary Jane Watson, Michael Morbius, and Peter Parker. It appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man with members being Martha and Curt Connors, Dr. Miles Warren and Max Dillon. Students included Eddie Brock, Gwen Stacy and Peter Parker. ESU is seen in Spider-Man set in the Spider-Man Insomniac Universe, where it resembles New York University. ESU is alluded in Spider-Man 3 and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Midtown High School Midtown High School (also known as Midtown Science High School or the Midtown School of Science and Technology) is a fictional school appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The school is depicted as being located in Queens, NYC.","title":"Features of Spider-Man media"},{"docid":"4912964","text":"Oscorp (sometimes stylized as OsCorp), also known as Oscorp Industries, is a fictional multibillion-dollar multinational corporation appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, predominantly in stories about Spider-Man. The company was founded by Norman Osborn and has appeared in numerous media adaptations. It first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #37 (March, 1966) and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. History The corporation is based out of the Oscorp Tower in New York. It was created and run by its CEO Norman Osborn. Norman studied chemistry and electrical engineering in college. He also took a number of courses in business administration. Norman's teacher, Professor Mendel Stromm, formed the business partnership. Since Norman put up the bulk of the financing, they called their company the Osborn Corporation, or Oscorp. Stromm's early research was on a chemical that would provide enhanced strength in its test subjects and would eventually turn Osborn into the Green Goblin. Osborn, wanting the formula for himself, discovered that Stromm had been embezzling funds from Oscorp. Stromm explained that he was merely borrowing but Osborn turned him over to the police. After several years in prison, Stromm was released and tried to kill Osborn for revenge using evil robots. He was stopped by the superhero Spider-Man and seemingly died of a heart attack when he was nearly shot. Jay Allan's company \"Allan Chemical\" was merged with Normie Osborn's stocks from Oscorp and the last remaining properties of Horizon Labs after its destruction, establishing it under the new name of \"Alchemax\". It was later revealed that Norman Osborn under the guise of \"Mason Banks\" created the corporation in order to leave a strong empire for his grandson and establish an empire for the Osborn legacy. Their headquarters Oscorp Tower was the former headquarters of Oscorp. By 2099, Alchemax would eventually control most aspects of daily life in a possible future. Fictional staff members Current Norman Osborn - The Founder and CEO of Oscorp. Former Arthur Stacy - The Chief of Security at Oscorp who is the brother of George Stacy and the uncle of .... Charles Standish - The Senior Vice-President of Oscorp. Charles Standish was kidnapped by the Flaming Sword, but he was eventually rescued by the Avengers. Donald Menken - The personal assistant of Norman Osborn. Dr. David Patrick Lowell - A scientist who became Sundown upon being drenched in his chemicals that was similar to the Goblin Formula. Dr. Malek - A scientist who was part of the research team that was experimenting on Freak. Dr. Nels van Adder - A research scientist whose formula turned him into the Proto-Goblin. Dr. David Lowell - He developed the Photogenesis Project for Oscorp, and discovered a way to give a human superpowers through photosynthesis. Harry Osborn - Norman's son who for a time served as CEO. Mendel Stromm - Former partner of Norman Osborn. Mark Raxton - Former Head of Security. Other versions Ultimate Marvel In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Oscorp is much the same","title":"Oscorp"},{"docid":"66089693","text":"\"Last Remains\" is a 2020 storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man. The events in this story seem to be a consequence of the events that occurred in 2007's One More Day storyline. This storyline features Spider-Man fighting against a new enemy, called Kindred who has taken control of Miles Morales, Spider-Gwen, Spider-Woman, Anya Corazon, and Julia Carpenter. The entire storyline lasts from The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #50–55, with several tie-ins, and #56–57 being the epilogues. The main story received mixed to positive reviews, with critics praising the art style, and the character analysis of Spider-Man, but there was heavy criticism on the pacing, the unresolved plot threads, and the identity of Kindred. Plot summary Main story After Spider-Man threw Norman Osborn off the ship and left him in the wreckage, Sin-Eater returns to normal and shoots Norman Osborn with his rifle, knocking him out. Kindred uses a centipede to communicate with Sin-Eater and calls him a hypocrite, stating that Sin-Eater hates people who have sins in them, yet he is full of sins and kills Sin-Eater, absorbing his sinful magical power. Kindred used Sin-Eater's sins to create constructs that attack the ship Spider-Man is on a ship underwater with Miles Morales, Spider-Gwen, Spider-Woman, Anya Corazon, and Julia Carpenter. The sins possess the other spider heroes, and they attack Spider-Man. The possessed spider heroes brutally beat down Spider-Man, with Spider-Man realizing that him throwing out Norman Osborn caused him to lose control and not be aware of what was happening. Spider-Man tries to hold back, fearing he might kill his friends, but the possessed spider heroes brutally attacked him. The possessed Miles breaks a window, which causes water to flood in. Spider-Man uses his webbing to lift the ship on land, but the spider heroes ambush him, with Kindred mocking Spider-Man for trying to save his enemies. Kindred uses a possessed Anya to inject a spider venom (that can kill an elephant) to watch Spider-Man suffer before ordering the possessed heroes to swing away. Spider-Man starts swinging through the city and crashes through trash cans before walking to Sanctum Sanctorum and knocks on the door. Doctor Strange opens the door, and Spider-Man collapses in front of him. Upon recovering, a downcast Peter tells Strange about something that had occurred, with the doctor being upset that Peter made a deal with a demon and didn't expect any consequences. Aiming to help rectify the evil, as Strange inquires about the Order, a demon-possessed Silk invades from the window directly above them. As Norman revives under Ravencroft newly cleansed of his evil, after telling the guards he needs no help, Dr. Kafka (who was a clone of a dead person in the Clone Conspiracy) views his now visible evidence of villainy as more than ample reason for her brand of help. While Sin-Eater's followers are arrested by the NYPD, Norman pleads for her to help him find Stanley's master, \"Kindred\", who aims to enact a worse event upon the city.","title":"Last Remains"},{"docid":"21055791","text":"The Green Goblin is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the first and best-known incarnation of the Green Goblin is Norman Osborn, who is regarded as one of the superhero Spider-Man's three archenemies, alongside Doctor Octopus and Venom. Originally a manifestation of chemically induced insanity, others would later take on the persona, including Norman's son Harry Osborn. The Green Goblin is depicted as a criminal mastermind who uses an arsenal of Halloween-themed equipment, including grenade-like Pumpkin Bombs, razor-sharp bats, and a flying Goblin Glider, to terrorize New York City. Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: \"Of all the costumed villains who've plagued Spider-Man over the years, the most flat-out unhinged and terrifying of them all is the Green Goblin.\" The Green Goblin has appeared in numerous media adaptations of Spider-Man over the years, including films, animated television series, and video games. Norman and Harry Osborn were portrayed by Willem Dafoe and James Franco in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and by Chris Cooper and Dane DeHaan in the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Dafoe reprised his role as Norman Osborn in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) which used the concept of the multiverse to link the Raimi trilogy to the MCU. Publication history According to Steve Ditko: Stan's synopsis for the Green Goblin had a movie crew, on location, finding an Egyptian–like sarcophagus. Inside was an ancient, mythological demon, the Green Goblin. He naturally came to life. On my own, I changed Stan's mythological demon into a human villain. The Green Goblin debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14. At this time his identity was unknown, but he proved popular and reappeared in later issues, which made a point of his secret identity. According to both Stan Lee and John Romita, Sr., who replaced Ditko as the title's artist, Lee always wanted the Green Goblin to be someone Peter Parker knew, while Ditko wanted his civilian identity to be someone who had not yet been introduced. Lee elaborated: Steve wanted him to turn out to be just some character that we had never seen before. Because, he said, in real life, very often a villain turns out to be somebody that you never knew. And I felt that that would be wrong. I felt, in a sense, it would be like cheating the reader. ... if it's somebody you didn't know and had never seen, then what was the point of following all the clues? I think that frustrates the reader. However, Lee prefaced this statement by admitting that, due to his self-professed poor memory, he may have been confusing the Green Goblin with a different character. Moreover, in an earlier essay he had said that he could not remember whether Norman Osborn being the Green Goblin was his idea or Ditko's. Ditko has maintained that it was his idea, even claiming","title":"Green Goblin"},{"docid":"19526651","text":"Green Goblin (Bart Hamilton) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was depicted as the third Green Goblin, and first appeared in Amazing Spider-Man #176 (January 1978). Fictional character biography Bart Hamilton first came into contact with the legacy of the Green Goblin when he treated a mentally disturbed Harry Osborn, who had just been captured after a long stint as the Green Goblin. Under hypnosis, Osborn told Hamilton everything about the Goblin, as well as Spider-Man's secret identity. Hamilton was sceptical about these stories, and checked on them, finding them to be true. After curing Osborn of his insanity, and temporarily making him forget about ever being the Green Goblin, Hamilton investigated the old headquarters of the Green Goblin and, after being exposed to the same chemical formula that Norman and Harry used in the past, became the third Green Goblin. References Marvel Comics supervillains","title":"Green Goblin (Bart Hamilton)"},{"docid":"24021661","text":"\"Survival of the Fittest\" is the pilot episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man, which is based on the comic book character Spider-Man, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The episode was written and directed by the series developers, Greg Weisman and Victor Cook. In the episode, Spider-Man (Josh Keaton) faces the evil Vulture (Robert Englund) as he begins his junior year in high school. Sony Entertainment originally conceived The Spectacular Spider-Man as a series of four DVDs, and asked Weisman and Cook to develop it. The central idea was to follow Spider-Man in his younger years in the comics; Weisman and Cook wanted to incorporate the styles of the early comic publications by Lee and Ditko. Reviewers have cited other influences in the themes, such as the live action film series and the Ultimate Spider-Man continuity. \"Survival of the Fittest\" originally aired on March 8, 2008, on the Kids' WB block on The CW. It had previously been shown to a large audience at the 2008 WonderCon. The episode was the highest rated program of the Kids WB! 2007-2008 combined with the second episode \"Interactions\" and alone received a Nielsen rating of 1.2/3. It was well received by critics, IGN calling it \"a Spider-Man story that feels like classic Spider-Man, and that's a good thing.\" Plot The night before school starts, Spider-Man, alter ego of Peter Parker (Josh Keaton), foils an attempted bank robbery; in the background, a shadowed figure (Keith David) tells his henchman Hammerhead (John DiMaggio) to summon the Enforcers to kill Spider-Man. The next day, an aerodynamic engineer named Adrian Toomes (Robert Englund) is outraged at OsCorp for stealing his anti-gravity project, viciously berating Dr. Otto Octavius (Peter MacNicol) until Norman Osborn (Alan Rachins) arrives. Osborn dismisses Toomes, calling him a failure and a buzzard before he has him escorted out by security. Toomes turns to Octavius and declares that he no longer blames him for the theft of his work. Meanwhile, Peter arrives at school and tells his friends Gwen Stacy (Lacey Chabert) and Harry Osborn (James Arnold Taylor) that he is determined to get a date with Sally Avril, though both she and Flash Thompson (Joshua LeBar) humiliate him in front of everyone. After school, Peter and Gwen are offered an internship at Dr. Connor's lab, where the former was given his superpowers; both accept. Peter goes to Harry's apartment, where Norman congratulates him on his newfound career. Toomes, going by the name \"the Vulture,\" breaks in wearing a suit with built-in metallic wings and talons, with his anti-gravity technology incorporated to it and kidnaps Norman. Peter slips out to don the Spider-Man costume and pursues Vulture. He succeeds in rescuing Norman but loses to Vulture in a fight. Later, Peter goes to the lab where he meets up with Gwen, his close friend Eddie Brock (Benjamin Diskin), and the Conners. When he finds out he will not be paid for the internship, he tries to sell pictures to the Daily","title":"Survival of the Fittest (The Spectacular Spider-Man)"},{"docid":"417310","text":"Harold Theopolis \"Harry\" Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Harry is the best friend of Peter Parker (Spider-Man's alter ego) and Flash Thompson, one of the ex-boyfriends of Mary Jane Watson, the son of Norman Osborn, the husband of Liz Allan and the father of Normie and Stanley Osborn. He is the second character to assume the Green Goblin alias while one of his clones was amongst the many users of the Iron Patriot armor as the superhero American Son. An artificial intelligence (A.I.) copy of Harry (which he created while the Green Goblin) is also the creator of the clones Gabriel and Sarah, who are both later revealed to be operating as his demonic revenant Kindred under the Harry A.I.'s command. The character has appeared in many adaptations of Spider-Man outside of the comic books, including various cartoons and video games. James Franco portrayed the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and Dane DeHaan portrays the character in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Harry Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. In The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973), Harry's father, Norman, is killed off, and a subplot leading to Harry inheriting his father's identity as the Green Goblin is introduced. This subplot culminates in The Amazing Spider-Man #136 (September 1974). Writer Gerry Conway said that the idea of Harry Osborn becoming the Green Goblin stemmed in part from a desire to deal with the consequences of the psychedelic drugs Harry began using in The Amazing Spider-Man #96 (May 1971). Conway said that he had had experience with such drugs himself, and that \"with psychedelic drugs, hallucinogens, if they've been misused, there is a potential for additional hallucinogenic experiences that are completely beyond your control or volition. I could imagine Harry getting hit by something like that, in the fragile emotional state following the death of his father, and losing touch with reality, as a result. Besides, I never had any intention of getting rid of the Green Goblin as a concept forever, so it all came together\". Harry dies in The Spectacular Spider-Man #200 (May 1993). Artist Sal Buscema said that drawing the final two pages of this issue was a deeply emotional experience for him due to how long he had drawn the character, and felt it was appropriate that writer J. M. DeMatteis chose not to add any dialogue to those pages. Several years later, the Spider-Man writers made plans to reveal that the mysterious villain Gaunt was Harry Osborn, who was still alive and had orchestrated the entire \"Clone Saga\", but an editorial edict prevented this from coming to fruition. However, Harry was eventually revived in The Amazing Spider-Man #545 (December 2007). He received an","title":"Harry Osborn"},{"docid":"59807558","text":"Spider-Punk (Hobart Brown) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is an alternate version of Hobie Brown and Spider-Man who opposes President Norman Osborn, V.E.N.O.M., and the Inheritors. Hobie Brown / Spider-Punk made his film debut in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, voiced by Daniel Kaluuya. Publication history Spider-Punk was created by writer Dan Slott and artist Olivier Coipel. The idea of a punk Spider-Man emerged when Coipel proposed the look for Spider-UK. Slott rejected the look as wrong for a member of the Captain Britain corps but used it to develop a new character that would be \"all punk\". Spider-Punk first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #10 (January 2015). Fictional character biography Spider-Verse (comics) During the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline, the Earth-138 version of Spider-Man is revealed to be Hobart Brown, originally operating as Spider-Punk. He is a homeless teenager who was transformed by a spider that was irradiated as part of President Norman Osborn's toxic waste dumping. He becomes the punk rock inspired Spider-Man, leading the downtrodden people of New York against Osborn's V.E.N.O.M. troops. Spider-Punk managed to kill Osborn during a riot by bashing the President with his guitar. After President Osborn's death, Spider-Punk unmasked himself to the viewing crowd as their savior. Spider-Punk was later recruited by Superior Spider-Man to join an army of Spider-Men. Spider-Geddon During the \"Spider-Geddon\" storyline, Spider-Punk is shown to be fighting Thunderstrike, while the other Web Warriors are dismantling Loomworld. Spider-Punk (who is starting to call himself Spider-Man) takes down Thunderstrike. When Spider-Punk states to Eric Masters to carry a message to the Red Skull about taking the Bowery, Eric is then reduced to a skeleton by Kang the Conqueror who claims that he has the rights to his name in the future for his company KangCo. When Spider-Punk goes on the attack, Kang summons some Spider-Punk dolls to assist him. After fighting them, Spider-Punk gets away from them and asks for a tape from Captain Anarchy who is busy fighting the Annihilation Wave when they emerged in Harlem from the Negative Zone. When the Spider-Punk dolls catch up, they get into a fight with the Annihilation Wave where one of them eats the tape that Captain Anarchy was going to give to Spider-Punk. After getting the tape out of the insectoid's mouth, Spider-Punk is surprised when Kang catches up to him. As Captain Anarchy holds Kang off, Spider-Punk swings away. Meeting up with Robbie Banner, Hobie tries to convince him to help while reminding him of how he helped in battles against the U-Foes, the Universal Church of Truth, and Hydra. When Kang catches up again, Robbie plays the tape and becomes the Hulk to attack Kang. When Kang is defeated, he states that Captain Anarchy is not marketable and died old while Hobie died young. After Kang disappears with Hulk confused on what Kang meant, Spider-Girl shows up and states that something big is coming, and Spider-Punk agrees to go with her. Spider-Punk later visited an","title":"Spider-Punk"},{"docid":"5724747","text":"Normie Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the grandson of Norman Osborn and the eldest son of Harry Osborn. Publication history Normie Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #263 (April 1985), and was created by Bill Mantlo and Al Milgrom. He appeared in Green Goblin stories throughout the 1990s, generally portrayed as hating Spider-Man. Fictional character biography Normie Osborn is the child of Liz Allan and Harry Osborn and the grandson of Norman Osborn. Harry's sanity recovered shortly before dying from a modified version of the Goblin formula, saving Spider-Man and saying \"You're my best friend\"; Normie is shown overhearing this, possibly changing his view of Spider-Man. While still recovering from his father's death, Normie is befriended by Peter Parker, a sort of surrogate uncle to him. A trio of robotic \"Goblin women\" (one of a number of failsafes prepared by Harry before death) kidnap Normie, intending to turn him into a new Green Goblin. Spider-Man and the Molten Man (Normie's uncle) defeat them before he can be exposed to the Goblin formula. Norman Osborn returned from the dead, using a robot Goblin to kidnap his heir. This version appears as the standard Green Goblin, and causes Normie to believe his father has returned. This is part of a complex ploy to increase Norman's visibility by playing the unfortunate grandfather. Norman dismisses the possibility of his grandson being his heir (the new Goblin), saying that Normie has the same weaknesses as Harry. Normie is seen in a Sensational Spider-Man issue playing baseball, being watched from the stands by the Molten Man and the Chameleon, while Electro is in the shadows. No harm comes to Normie, but the Chameleon uses his safety as a bargaining chip to bring the Molten Man into his plan to attack Spider-Man after the hero's recent unmasking. Normie reappears after the One More Day storyline. Now Normie hates his father for supposedly abandoning him when Harry was mistakenly believed dead while being high on the Goblin serum. His hatred for Spider-Man is also reignited. Osborn's re-establishes himself as a major crime lord called the Goblin King, undergoing plastic surgery to also establish himself as a businessman named Mason Banks to provide a suitable inheritance for his grandson, with Liz apparently helping Norman in this endeavor. When Osborn acquires the Carnage symbiote and transforms into the Red Goblin, Osborn attempts to gain his grandson Normie's aid by infusing a portion of the Carnage symbiote into Normie, turning into \"Goblin Childe\". Despite the symbiote amplifying Normie's jealousy of his half-brother Stanley, Normie throws off its influence when he witnesses his grandfather try to kill his parents, realizing in the process that the villain was actually his own grandfather and not Spider-Man. The symbiote fragment is subsequently separated from Normie while the main symbiote is apparently destroyed during the final battle between Red Goblin and Spider-Man. It is implied that Liz and Mark kept at least some of","title":"Normie Osborn"},{"docid":"65818012","text":"Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen","title":"Sins Rising"},{"docid":"18842058","text":"Norman Virgil Osborn is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, he debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964) as the first and best-known incarnation of the Green Goblin. He has since endured as one of the superhero Spider-Man's most prominent villains and is regarded as one of his three archenemies, alongside Doctor Octopus and Venom. In his comic book appearances, Norman Osborn is depicted as the amoral industrialist head of science conglomerate Oscorp and the father of Harry Osborn, the best friend of Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker. Osborn, in part as a reaction to the death of his wife, maintains a cold disposition and is obsessed with attaining as much power as possible. As a result, he treats his son harshly and openly favors Peter for his intellect, leading Harry to often try and compensate. In his origin story, Osborn is exposed to an experimental formula that enhances his physical abilities and intellect, though at the cost of his sanity. As the Goblin, he becomes a criminal mastermind who uses an arsenal of advanced, Halloween-themed equipment, including grenade-like Pumpkin Bombs, razor sharp bats, and a flying Goblin Glider, to terrorize New York City. Osborn has been part of many of Spider-Man's defining stories, most notably \"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\" and the \"Clone Saga\". While his primary foe is Spider-Man, Osborn has often come into conflict with Iron Man, Captain America and other superheroes in the Marvel Universe. Although Osborn sometimes works with other supervillains such as Doctor Doom and Loki and groups like the Sinister Six and the Dark Avengers, these relationships often collapse due to his desire for unbridled power. Osborn's largest overarching story came during the line-wide \"Dark Reign\" and Siege comic book events, in which he served as the main antagonist; during this time, he became the original iteration of Iron Patriot. The character has been in various top villain lists as one of Spider-Man's greatest enemies and one of the greatest comic book villains of all time. The character's popularity has seen him appear on a variety of merchandise, inspire real-world structures (such as theme park attractions) and be referenced in a number of media. He has been adapted to serve as Spider-Man's adversary in live-action, animated, and video game incarnations. Willem Dafoe played the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy and reprised the role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), while Chris Cooper played the character in the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Marvel Comics editor and head writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko are credited with creating the character; they each collaborated with one another on how the character would be portrayed. According to Ditko: \"Stan's synopsis for the Green Goblin had a movie crew, on location, finding an Egyptian-like sarcophagus. Inside was an ancient, mythological demon, the Green Goblin. He naturally came to life. On my","title":"Norman Osborn"},{"docid":"2644585","text":"The Enforcers are a team of supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as adversaries of the superheroes Spider-Man and Daredevil. The original Enforcers consisted of Montana (Jackson Brice), the Ox (Raymond Bloch), and Fancy Dan (Daniel Brito). Publication history Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko, the team's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #10 (March 1964). The Enforcers appear often in the early issues of The Amazing Spider-Man, debuting in #10, and returning in #14 and 19, in the latter issue teaming with the supervillain the Sandman. The team would go on to appear in Daredevil #356–357 and Dazzler #7–8, and fight Spider-Man again in Marvel Team-Up #39–40 and 138, Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #19–20, Spider-Man #94–95, Spider-Man (vol. 2) #28, and elsewhere. Fictional team biography The Enforcers are a group of hired hitmen and extortionists, each with an expertise in a different and unique area of combat, whose goal it is to aid various employers in the takeover of New York City's criminal gangs. In their first appearance, the Enforcers aided the Big Man (Frederick Foswell) in his attempt to gain control of New York City's criminal gangs. They clashed with the superhero Spider-Man for the first time, and are defeated by him. They were subsequently employed by paranoid industrialist Norman Osborn, hired them to shut down Malone's Flophouse in a bid to gain the land. However, the then-amnesiac Malone resident Namor the Sub-Mariner thwarted them, later destroying Osborn's construction equipment. They next aided the Green Goblin in his first unsuccessful attempt to eliminate Spider-Man, but were again defeated and jailed. Soon after that, they joined forces with the Sandman to subdue the Human Torch at a point where it was believed Spider-Man had become a coward, but are defeated by the combined might of Spider-Man and the Human Torch. The Enforcers clash repeatedly with Spider-Man and occasionally other heroes such as Daredevil. Foswell is eventually unmasked, but later reforms and is killed. Afterward, the Ox also appears to have been killed, Montana and Fancy Dan team with a new Big Man, as well as with the Sandman and a new Crime Master, Nick Lewis, Jr. son of the original. During a battle in which the team is defeated by Spider-Man, the Human Torch, and the Sons of the Tiger, Crime Master shoots the new Big Man, learning belatedly that this \"Big Man\" was, in fact, a woman — Janice Foswell, daughter of the original and the younger Lewis' romantic interest. The Enforcers were hired by Lightmaster, who introduced a new Ox, Raymond Bloch's twin brother Ronald Bloch, to the team. The Enforcers are once again defeated by Spider-Man. They later battle the mutant superheroine the Dazzler. The Enforcers return with new members \"Snake\" Marston and \"Hammer\" Harrison. The Enforcers come under the employ of the Kingpin, but were defeated by Spider-Man and the then-reformed Sandman. This lineup appears only once more to fight Daredevil. The original","title":"Enforcers (comics)"},{"docid":"65599543","text":"The Green Goblin (Norman Osborn) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is the Ultimate Marvel version of Norman Osborn, and was rendered by artist Mark Bagley to resemble actor Brian Dennehy, as per writer Brian Michael Bendis's instructions. Fictional character biography Norman Osborn is a corrupt industrialist and scientist who is trying to perfect the Super Soldier drug for S.H.I.E.L.D., an obsession that leads to the neglect of his wife Martha Osborn and son Harry Osborn. When an OZ-injected spider bites Peter Parker on a field trip, granting him amazing abilities, Norman theorizes that if the OZ combined with spider DNA were behind Parker's abilities of a spider, then Norman with OZ combined with his own DNA would become a heightened version of himself. But his experiment goes wrong and an explosion occurs, affecting his son and Dr. Otto Octavius. He himself is transformed into a muscular, grotesque, goblin-looking monster, granting him superhuman strength, reflexes, stamina, speed and durability, and enabling him to leap great distances. He is also pyrokinetic, as he can throw flaming balls of destructive energy. In an attempt to destroy all evidence of his existence, the Green Goblin kills Norman's wife but Harry manages to escape while the house is burning down. The next day, he attacks Harry's school, but is stopped by Spider-Man. During the fight, the Green Goblin plummets off a bridge into the river, seemingly dead. His alter-ego is later referred to as the \"Green Goblin\" by the public. However, Norman survives and has \"evolved\" in his words. He can now control his transformations into an intelligent incarnation of the Green Goblin via OZ injections. Due to overdosing on OZ, he suffers from hallucinations. These include seeing everything through a blood-red filter and creatures called \"plasmids\" tormenting him. Taking Harry back, Norman moves back into New York City, blaming his business rival Justin Hammer for the explosion. Under the Goblin's spell, he reveals himself to Parker, telling the boy to give up the Spider-Man identity and work for him, or suffer the deaths of loved ones. The Goblin tells Parker to kill the S.H.I.E.L.D. head Nick Fury. When Parker refuses, the Goblin kidnaps Mary Jane Watson who he attempts to kill by hurling from the top of a bridge. Spider-Man is able to save Mary Jane and joins S.H.I.E.L.D. operatives in attacking the Goblin. The battle continues at Osborn's Manhattan penthouse, where the Goblin transforms even further after taking several more OZ injections and begins to choke the life out of Spider-Man. Harry discovers the scene, picking up a shattered window pane to jam into his father's back, reverting him to his human self. Norman is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody. In the Ultimate Six limited series, Norman and Octavius (now dubbed Doctor Octopus) devise a plan to escape from prison alongside Electro, Kraven the Hunter, and Sandman which uses Norman's new ability to transform into his Green Goblin form at will. It also seems","title":"Green Goblin (Ultimate Marvel character)"},{"docid":"15635388","text":"\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far","title":"Spider-Man: Brand New Day"},{"docid":"59778779","text":"\"Go Down Swinging\" is a four-issue comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, first published by Marvel Comics between March and May 2018 and featuring the fictional superhero Spider-Man. The story overall received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the art, action, and the ending. Plot Lead-up Following his fight with Spider-Man, Norman Osborn resolves to find a means of restoring his powers, concluding that he has only ever defeated Spider-Man when allowing himself to draw on his inner demons. The apparent first step in this plan occurs when Osborn manages to steal the Carnage symbiote from an abandoned S.H.I.E.L.D. storehouse while Spider-Man is occupied with the return of Scorpio. Osborn's efforts to control the symbiote initially backfire when he merges with it and finds himself overwhelmed by the urge to kill rather than his own prior plan to direct its power against Spider-Man specifically. Norman Osborn is able to convince it to let him have control in favor of trying something other than its usual mindless slaughter. Main plot While interrogating a captive J. Jonah Jameson for information on Spider-Man, Osborn takes a brief interval from the torture to kill Phil Urich as the self-proclaimed Goblin King tried to raid one of his old storehouses. After Osborn appeared as the Green Goblin, Jameson mentioned how he could not stop Spider-Man since even throwing Gwen Stacy off the bridge did not stop him from fighting back. Those words caused Norman to remember that Spider-Man is Peter Parker. Attacking the Daily Bugle in his familiar Goblin attire, Osborn gives the rest of the staff time to evacuate as he fights Peter before revealing his new bond with Carnage, proclaiming himself to be the Red Goblin, driving Spider-Man away with 'Carnage bombs' that injure his leg. Discovering a sound-transmitting spider-tracer planted on him, Red Goblin uses this to deliver a 'devil's bargain' to Peter; if Peter abandons his identity as Spider-Man and never performs any further heroics, Red Goblin will leave him alone, but the second he sees any sign of Spider-Man's return he will kill everyone in Peter's life. Peter places his Spider-Man top on a flagpole so that Osborn can see it burn, but privately vows that he will find a way to defeat Osborn as Peter Parker rather than Spider-Man. Normie Osborn and Stanley Osborn's nanny \"Emma\" finds out that Red Goblin (her husband possessed by the Carnage symbiote) is coming after the kids. To keep them safe, Emma abducts them. Peter is able to contact various allies like Human Torch, Clash, Silk, Miles Morales, and Agent Anti-Venom to watch over his loved ones. Liz Allan had tracking chips placed in her grandchildren as she, Mark Raxton, and Harry Osborn find the grandchildren as they discover that \"Emma\" is actually Emily Osborn. Red Goblin targets Harry Osborn, Emily, Liz, and Mark; proving immune to Carnage's traditional weaknesses of Human Torch's fire and Clash's sound devices. Peter is forced to step back into action despite his injured leg, with Agent","title":"Go Down Swinging"},{"docid":"34974765","text":"\"Ends of the Earth\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man published by Marvel Comics in 2012. The villains of the story are the Sinister Six, who are led by Spider-Man's arch-enemy Doctor Octopus. Unlike the prior event story \"Spider-Island\" there is only one tie-in issue (a one-shot) instead of the multitude of tie-in issues involved with that story; the story is completely contained within issues #682-687 of The Amazing Spider-Man. The storyline received positive reviews, with critics praising the action, the plot, and the art style. Premise The story is part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of Spider-Man's first appearance. \"Ends of the Earth\" will see Spider-Man fighting against the Sinister Six, who are led by Doctor Octopus. Despite Spider-Man leaving the Avengers in Shattered Heroes, the members of the team are supporting characters, and he rejoins the team at the beginning. The story was written by Dan Slott and brings storylines that have been running since issue #600 was released in July 2009 to fruition. Marvel released several preview images for the event, and has written an article about why each current member of the Sinister Six is important for this group. Plot summary Lead-up Doctor Octopus learns that he only has a few months left to live due to injuries he has sustained in fights with Spider-Man, Captain America, and others. During the \"Origin of the Species\" storyline Doctor Octopus enlists the help of several villains to kidnap the presumed newborn son of Norman Osborn and Menace because he believes the unique combination of their blood can provide a cure for him. When he learns Harry Osborn is the father, he realizes no cure will be found in the boy's blood. Doctor Octopus captures Tony Stark and forces him to work on a cure for him by threatening to blow up a bomb, despite Tony telling Octavius that he is not a medical doctor. Doctor Octopus has an army of Macro-Octobots attack New York City to keep Spider-Man and the Avengers occupied while his Sinister Six (consisting of Chameleon, Electro, Mysterio, Rhino, Sandman, and himself) infiltrates a military base, but Spider-Man and the Avengers are able to stop them. The Sinister Six create a cosmic problem on a Caribbean island to keep Spider-Man and the Future Foundation occupied and away from the Baxter Building so the Sinister Six can sneak inside and steal one of Reed Richard's inventions. The Sinister Six attack a lab in Paris to create an opening to the Avengers Academy to steal a device containing self-sustaining power invented by Henry Pym. The Sinister Six fight and defeat the Intelligencia so that the Sinister Six is the only team of supervillains left to conquer the world. They also steal the Intelligencia's Zero Cannon (a weapon which negates Earth's gravity) to send objects to space. Doctor Octopus appears in a new robot suit designed to keep him alive. Doctor Octopus has some Octobots sneak aboard John Jameson's space shuttle when it","title":"Ends of the Earth (Marvel Comics)"},{"docid":"14154213","text":"Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles","title":"Spider-Man: With Great Power"},{"docid":"6146135","text":"Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and","title":"List of Spider-Man enemies"},{"docid":"39216224","text":"\"If This Be My Destiny...!\" is a story arc featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It spans the issues The Amazing Spider-Man #31–33 (1965-1966), and was written by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the latter of whom also did the art. The story introduces supporting characters Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy, Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus temporarily assuming the Master Planner alias, and Spider-Man being pinned under heavy machinery, which he lifts after gathering enough will power through thoughts of his family. Background The storyline ran in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 through #33, with a single interconnected story arc, being one of the first of its kind in Spider-Man's history. Lee recounted that he and Ditko jointly plotted the acclaimed sequence in which Spider-Man lifts the heavy machinery off of him, but that stretching the sequence out for several pages was purely Ditko's idea. Having anticipated that Ditko would spend just two or three panels on this plot point, Lee said that when he saw the art for the scene \"I almost shouted in triumph\". In the letters section of the September–October 1998 issue of Comic Book Marketplace, Ditko pointed out that he was credited as sole plotter of series starting with issue 25, and that the sequence in question was in issue 33. He further stated that Stan Lee never knew what was in Ditko's plotted stories until he saw the artwork. Synopsis Peter Parker attends his first day at Empire State University, meeting classmates Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy. Meanwhile, Aunt May succumbs to a mysterious and life-threatening illness and a new evil mastermind called the \"Master Planner\" arranges for the theft of various technological devices. After a fateful battle, Spider-Man discovers that the Master Planner is none other than Doctor Octopus, and that he has stolen a rare isotope that could be the only means to save Aunt May's life. Doc Ock manages to escape, leaving Spider-Man trapped under heavy machinery. Thinking about Uncle Ben's death and not wanting to lose Aunt May as well, Spider-Man is able to gather enough will power to lift the machinery, though his leg gets hurt while escaping from the flooding lab. He gives the serum to Dr. Curt Connors for analysis before delivering it to the hospital where May is treated, and takes some photographs for the Daily Bugle to raise money for May's hospital bills. When he returns to the hospital, Peter is relieved to learn the serum cured May, and goes home for some well deserved rest. Reception One of the most celebrated issues of the Lee-Ditko run is #33 (February 1966), the third part of the story arc \"If This Be My Destiny\", featuring the dramatic scene of Spider-Man who, through willpower and memories of his family, escapes from being pinned by heavy machinery. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that \"Steve Ditko squeezes every ounce of anguish out of Spider-Man's predicament, complete with visions of the uncle he failed and the aunt he has sworn to save\". Peter","title":"If This Be My Destiny...!"},{"docid":"9601342","text":"Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \"Mayday\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \"The Final Chapter\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man Family"},{"docid":"6131243","text":"Professor Mendel Stromm is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has also been known as the Robot Master and Gaunt. Publication history Stromm first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #37 (June 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Fictional character biography Professor Mendel Stromm was Norman Osborn's college professor at ESU and later became a partner in OsCorp Industries. His early research was on a chemical that would provide enhanced strength in its test subjects and would eventually turn Osborn into the Green Goblin. Osborn, wanting the formula for himself, discovered that Stromm had been embezzling funds from OsCorp. Stromm explained that he was merely borrowing them, but Osborn turned him over to the police. After several years in prison, Stromm was released and tried to kill Osborn for revenge using deadly robots. He was stopped by Spider-Man and seemingly died of a heart attack when he was nearly shot. Stromm had made plans for his death, however, by arranging to have his Spirit transferred to a robot double. Now calling himself \"the Robot Master\", Stromm returned in Spectacular Spider-Man #68 (July 1982). Spider-Man defeated and destroyed the robot double. In Spectacular Spider-Man #233 (April 1996), Stromm returned again, this time as a cyborg called \"Gaunt\". It was revealed that he survived through a cybernetic suit fused to his body – attached by none other than Osborn. Osborn had discovered that Stromm had survived his heart attack thanks to the Goblin Formula, but on a level of consciousness supported only by his suit. Eventually, via Seward Trainer, he was cured of his need for the suit and came back in a large suit of robotic armor, only for it to be destroyed by Ben Reilly and Peter Parker, despite Stromm's attempt to defeat them both with two flying robots and three childlike androids attacking simultaneously. Shortly afterward, Norman Osborn knocked him out with a laser blast and left him for dead, though he survived and only had amnesia. He came back in yet another robot suit, only to be stopped by Spider-Man once again. In Peter Parker: Spider-Man Vol 1 #27 (March 2001), Stromm tried to create a sentient robot to kill Osborn, but it turned on him and destroyed his body, keeping his severed head alive. This artificial intelligence then attempted to take over New York City's electrical grid, but was stopped when Spider-Man fought his way into its core processor and uploaded a computer virus into it, putting both the A.I. and Mendel into a comatose state. The artificial intelligence took over Electro's body and tried to use his powers to create a horde of self spawning robots, but after the interference of Spider-Man the A.I. altered Spidey's spider sense, after which Spider-Man defeated the A.I.. In Penance: Relentless (2007), it is revealed that Spider-Man tipped S.H.I.E.L.D. off to Stromm's whereabouts and that they were able to rescue him from the suspended loop he was stuck in. He","title":"Mendel Stromm"},{"docid":"2039583","text":"Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin is a video game produced by Sega and developed by Technopop initially on the Mega Drive/Genesis. It was ported internally by Sega for the Master System and Game Gear consoles, the latter being published by Acclaim Entertainment through its Flying Edge division. An updated version was also released for the Sega CD was also done internally at Sega under the name of The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin. All versions of the video game are side-scrolling platform games, whereby the player controls superhero Spider-Man to battle various supervillains (Doctor Octopus, Sandman, The Lizard, Hobgoblin, Vulture, Mysterio, Electro, and Venom) to obtain the keys needed to disarm a nuclear bomb that the Kingpin has not only framed Spider-Man for stealing but plans to detonate within twenty-four hours. In the middle of the game, Spider-Man's wife Mary Jane Watson is also kidnapped by Venom. Plot A few weeks after becoming Spider-Man, Peter Parker becomes married to Mary Jane Watson. Meanwhile, Kingpin establishes a criminal empire and forcefully transforms respected scientist Otto Octavious into Doctor Octopus. Peter reveals his identity to Mary Jane, who accepts. The two are then attacked by Doctor Octopus, who claims to want to know more information about Spider-Man (and is searching for Peter due to him taking photos of Spider-Man). Peter defeats Doctor Octopus, who reveals himself to be Octavious and apologizes for his crimes. Peter is then attacked by a thug named Flint Marko, who he defeats easily, though Marko is picked up by one of Fisk’s helicopters. Fisk gains help from scientist Curt Connors, intended to be a replacement for Octavious, and transforms Marko into Sandman. Elsewhere, Mary Jane is kidnapped by Bugle reporter Eddie Brock, who has bonded to the Venom symbiote. Spider-Man defeats Sandman, but is phoned by Kingpin, who says he has employee Venom and has captured Mary Jane. Curt Connors attempts to increase Venom’s power, but fails. Kingpin injects him with an artificial serum and he becomes Lizard. Spider-Man attempts to find Kingpin’s hideout, but is stalked and captured by Lizard. Spider-Man complies to his capture, so he can get closer to Kingpin. Before they get to Kingpin’s hideout, Spider-Man injects Connors with an antidote, causing him to return to his normal form. Peter attempts to get to Kingpin’s hideout on his own using a GPS on Lizard. On his way, he is captured by a mysterious man, who refers to himself as Hobgoblin. Hobgoblin speaks of his rivalry with Kingpin, and gives his assistance in charge for Spider-Man’s cooperation. Spider-Man grudgingly complies, and the two get to Kingpin’s headquarters. The while inside Kingpin’s hideout, Kingpin reveals to Spider-Man via hologram that Hobgoblin was working for him the whole time. Hobgoblin unmasks as Harry Osborn. The two battle and Spider-Man comes out on top. Angered, Kingpin sends his three most powerful mercenaries, Vulture, Mysterio, and Electro. The three fight on a plane, with Vulture and Spider-Man being the last ones standing. Angered, Vulture cuts open the plane’s engine.","title":"Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin"},{"docid":"3480370","text":"\"The Six Arms Saga\" is a story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, written by Stan Lee and drawn by Gil Kane. It spans the issues The Amazing Spider-Man #100–102 (1971) and features the first appearance and origin story of Morbius, the Living Vampire. The story arc is mostly remembered for Spider-Man growing four extra arms, and for a subsequent What If…? stating that keeping the arms would have allowed Spider-Man to save Gwen Stacy and defeat Thanos himself. The Six-Armed Spider-Man appears in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Plot Peter Parker has recently experienced a lot of misery in his life: his best friend Harry Osborn has become a junkie, his close friend Captain George Stacy died in his arms, and Gwen Stacy – Peter's girlfriend – wrongly blamed Spider-Man for her father's death. He creates a serum to remove his spider powers, after which he then falls into a troubled sleep in which he fights all his enemies, while enduring excruciating side pains. The dream ends with George Stacy's spirit imploring Peter to keep protecting New York as Spider-Man, stating that his powers are both a blessing and a curse. When he wakes up, Peter realizes that the serum has unintentionally augmented his powers, giving him four additional arms. After rejecting an invitation to a movie from Gwen, and a late-night photo assignment from the Daily Bugle, Peter, as Spider-Man, calls Curt Connors for help, who offers him his summer house as refuge. Elsewhere, Michael Morbius is found stranded in the ocean by a boat and taken aboard, only for numerous passengers to mysteriously disappear. When the crew confronts him, Morbius attacks them and flees. As night falls and the crew goes to sleep, Morbius, now resembling a vampire, returns and feeds on their blood, but is overwhelmed by guilt and attempts to kill himself by jumping into the ocean. He washes ashore and stumbles upon Connors' house, which he enters before falling asleep. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is working on curing himself in Connors' lab when he smashes a test tube in frustration, causing Morbius to be awakened by the noise and attack. As the two fight, Connors arrives and the stress of being attacked by Morbius causes him to transform into the Lizard. Morbius and the Lizard fight over who will kill Spider-Man. Morbius manages to bite the Lizard before escaping. An enzyme in Morbius' blood allows Connors to temporarily regain control of his mind, and he joins forces with Spider-Man to track down Morbius, believing that his blood can help cure them both. Meanwhile, Morbius reflects on how he became a vampire following a failed experiment that he, his fiancée, Martine Bancroft, and his assistant worked on to cure Morbius' rare blood disease; he killed his assistant before jumping into the ocean, not wanting to hurt Martine. As Spider-Man and the Lizard search for Morbius, Gwen and Aunt May worry about Peter, as they haven't heard from him in a while, and J. Jonah Jameson reveals","title":"The Six Arms Saga"},{"docid":"21604709","text":"Carlie Cooper is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is named after Joe Quesada's daughter. She is friends with Peter Parker, Harry Osborn, Vin Gonzales, and Lily Hollister. She is one of Spider-Man's first potential romantic interests in the \"One More Day\" story arc and eventually is a girlfriend for a time. Publication history Carlie Cooper first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #545 (December 2007) and was created by Dan Slott and Joe Quesada. Fictional character biography \"Brand New Day\" Carlie Cooper is the roommate and best friend of Lily Hollister; the two grew up together but Carlie was the brighter of the two. As a child, she was also friends with Gwen Stacy. She is an officer of the New York Police Department's Crime Scene Unit. She campaigned vigorously for Bill Hollister, whom she considers a father figure. Her birth father Ray Cooper was a well-respected cop who reportedly died years earlier. While preparing a body found in the river for the medical examiner, she finds a spider-tracer in the corpse's mouth, which initiates the police warrant for the \"Spider-Tracer Killer\". She later discovers that the \"Spider-Tracer Killer\" is a conspiracy by a group of New York cops who have planted the tracers on dead bodies to frame Spider-Man in an attempt to turn the public against. Carlie informs the precinct's sergeant, who is secretly a part of the conspiracy and issues a warrant for her arrest, claiming that she is aiding and abetting the killer. She goes to the Hollisters and tells the truth of the tracer killings. She escapes the police with the help of Menace. Later, Vin Gonzales finds her and apologizes to her for all that was done to her. When Doctor Octopus tries using Octobot technology to turn New York into a living weapon, Carlie and Norah Winters investigate who is responsible and through the course of their investigation, stumble upon Doctor Octopus's lair. Unknown to them, Doctor Octopus has already kidnapped J. Jonah Jameson Sr., after learning that JJJ Sr. is going to marry May Parker. Spider-Man frees all three of Doctor Octopus's captives with the aid of the Human Torch. Afterward, Carlie attends the wedding with Johnny Storm as her date. Later, Carlie is accused of tampering with evidence when several pieces of evidence collected from three murder scenes mysteriously disappear from the police evidence locker. Spider-Man later discovers that the 'evidence' was actually pieces of the Sandman, which left the evidence locker on their own. Carlie was cleared, but is still looked down on by some fellow officers. It is discovered that Carlie's father did not die. Ray speaks to Carlie while she is watching a fight between the Maggia and Mr. Negative's Inner Demons. When Carlie learns that Ray was not the good cop the man was made out to be, she has her father arrested. She then cuts her hair and decides to be more assertive in her life. After several","title":"Carlie Cooper"},{"docid":"20822005","text":"\"New Ways to Die\" is a 2008, six-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Dan Slott with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #568-#573. Plot summary The Thunderbolts led by Norman Osborn/Green Goblin come to New York City to hunt down the fugitive Spider-Man, who has been framed for a series of murders. Meanwhile, at the F.E.A.S.T. shelter run by Martin Li (Mister Negative), the cancer-ridden Eddie Brock is miraculously healed. When the Thunderbolts track Spider-Man to the F.E.A.S.T. shelter, Brock reacts to the Venom Symbiote (currently bonded to Mac Gargan), transforming into Anti-Venom (a hero with the ability to heal others and purify diseases). Now able to destroy every kind of sickness, he attacks Venom and cures him which destroys most of his symbiote. Spider-Man and Anti-Venom team up to take down the Thunderbolts. Anti-Venom fights Venom in a new, improved scorpion armor from Norman Osborn. \"Venorpion\" hits Anti-Venom with his stinger and injects a super-poisonous toxin into him that dissolves his suit. After a battle which results in a building collapsing, Songbird tells Spider-Man to lie low for the next few days. Osborn then holds a press conference, saying that Spider-Man has died in the collapse. At the end of the book, Eddie's suit later reforms. Collected editions Reception Amazing Spider-Man #568 sold 82,540 copies, the 7th best selling comics of August 2008. Amazing Spider-Man #573 sold 93,346 copies or 8th for October 2008. IGN gave the first issue of the arc an 8.0 out of 10 and the last issue 6.4. See also Spider-Man: Brand New Day Kraven's First Hunt References External links Spider-Man: New Ways to Die at Marvel.com Interview with Dan Slott about Amazing Spider-Man:New Ways to Die 2008 comics debuts Green Goblin","title":"New Ways to Die"},{"docid":"24939735","text":"Siege is an American comic book, published by Marvel Comics from January to May 2010. It deals with the climax of the \"Dark Reign\" storyline, which saw Norman Osborn become the United States primary defense officer, leading H.A.M.M.E.R. as well as employing his own evil Avengers. The story depicts Loki manipulating Osborn into leading an all-out assault on Asgard, at the time located within the United States. Captain America and his own Avengers lead a rebellion against Osborn. The events in Siege led to Marvel Comics introducing the subsequent storyline \"Heroic Age\". Publication history The \"Siege\" storyline consists of an eponymous four-issue mini-series, and a number of related tie-in books, including one-shots, miniseries, and existing ongoing series. Marvel announced in early 2010 that the company's \"Siege\" storyline would be followed by the \"Heroic Age\" storyline. This was first hinted at in the story by Athena to Amadeus Cho. Publication aftermath The end of the story was described as what would be the start of a new \"Heroic Age\" in the Marvel Universe. The final tie-in issues of the four Avengers titles, Mighty Avengers #36, New Avengers #64, Dark Avengers #16 and Avengers: The Initiative #35 were the last ones of those series, along with a New Avengers: Finale one-shot, with illustrations by Bryan Hitch. In June 2010 Marvel published Avengers Prime: Siege Aftermath. This five-part series focused on Thor, Iron Man, and Captain America and bridged the gap between \"Siege\" and \"Heroic Age\". Though not badged as an aftermath series, a limited series starting in May 2010 examined the fall of Norman Osborn and examine the effects upon his son Harry Osborn. The series was titled Amazing Spider-Man Presents: American Son. Plot Norman Osborn calls a meeting of the super-villain Cabal, consisting of Doctor Doom, the Hood, the Taskmaster, and the Asgardian God Loki, to discuss Asgard (the home of the Norse gods), which is now hovering above Broxton, Oklahoma, and the last holdout in Osborn's consolidation of power. A rift develops between Doom and Osborn, creating mayhem that appears to break up the group. Later, under his pretense of respectability, Osborn attempts in vain to secure permission from the President of the United States to invade Asgard, claiming it poses a national security threat. On Loki's advice, Osborn engineers a tragedy in which the hapless Asgardian Volstagg, manipulated into battling the super-villain team the U-Foes, accidentally causes an explosion that kills everyone in a crowded Soldier Field football stadium in Chicago, Illinois. This gives Osborn the justification to lay siege on Asgard with military troops as well as with the Dark Avengers — his team of supervillains posing as superheroes and with loyalists planted amid the various 50-State Initiative teams of heroes. Osborn's aide-de-camp, Victoria Hand suggests unsuccessfully that Osborn seek therapy for his instability. Shortly thereafter, the President realizes that Osborn is unstable and orders Hand to produce him. In the meantime, in order to better control the highly powerful but psychologically fragile superhero the Sentry, who has","title":"Siege (comics)"},{"docid":"41357270","text":"The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for","title":"List of Spider-Man film cast members"},{"docid":"21465518","text":"\"Character Assassination\" is a four-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Marc Guggenheim with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #584-#588. An interlude, \"The Spartacus Gambit\" was featured in Amazing Spider-Man Extra #1 (June 2008) and later re-released for free online via Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited alongside the release of The Amazing Spider-Man #587 in February 2009. Plot summary The race for mayor is hot with Bill Hollister close in the polls to Randall Crowne. The Spider-Tracer murders continue with Shocker and Boomerang walking in on another corpse. Spider-Man is chased by police and is shot in the right arm. Spider-Man hallucinates a fight with Menace in which he unmasks to reveal the face of Harry Osborn. On top of the Statue of Liberty Harry proposes to Lily who is not sure what to say. Meanwhile, Carlie's lab reverse engineers the Spider-Tracers to track the source. Carlie arrives in Vin and Peter's apartment finding a bag of Spider-Tracers under Vin's bed. Horrified, she demands an explanation from Vin and his partner Cop hints that the entire NYPD is involved with the murders. Spider-Man attempts to stop Menace from attacking the Hollister Campaign supporters but Menace defeats the wounded Spider-Man leaving him to be captured by the police. Menace retreats to Harry Osborn's apartment \"unmasking\" to reveal the face of Lily Hollister. Harry walks in and looks in horror. Lily explains that she discovered notes about the Goblin Serum and hideout through concerns that Harry returned to drugs. A new type of Goblin Serum made contact with Lily's skin mutating her into Menace. She states that she attacked the Hollister campaign to make others sympathize with Bill Hollister and help him become elected. Lily also says that she accepts Harry's marriage proposal and leaves Harry who is flabbergasted by this turn of events. On election day Harry picks up a vial of the Goblin Serum and picks up a Goblin Gun behind the original Glider. Spider-Man is arrested by the police for the spider tracer murders and held at Ryker's Island. Matt Murdock arrives as his attorney and files motions to prevent the NYPD or the courts from unmasking him. At the preliminary hearings Iron Fist appears dressed as Spider-Man to create doubt that the Peter is the only Spider-Man or the killer. Black Cat and Murdock smuggle Peter a web-shooter. Carlie confronts Vin and he and his partner reveal that many NYPD cops from their precinct are planting the tracers on dead bodies to frame Spider-Man in a smear campaign to turn public opinion against him. He states that they are tired of him getting away with vigilante justice. Carlie claims to want in but then turns them into their captain Sergeant Palone, who unknown to her is the leader of the conspiracy. He later has Vin arrested as the sole suspect as Vin's precinct killed Bookie, who solved the murders first. While trapped in Rykers, Spider-Man learns that Vin","title":"Character Assassination"},{"docid":"144170","text":"Gwendolyne Maxine \"Gwen\" Stacy is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider-Man. A college student and the daughter of George and Helen Stacy, she is the first romantic interest for Peter following his high school graduation before she is murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Her death has haunted Peter ever since, and stories published long afterwards indicate she still holds a special place in his heart. Gwen is posthumously subjected to numerous cloning experiments by her former professor Miles Warren, Peter's clone Ben Reilly, and an A.I. of Harry Osborn, the latter resulting in the creation of the Kindreds, and Ben briefly resurrecting Gwen in \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" (2016–2017), with the embodiment of Death herself confirming in Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider (2017–2018) that all clones Ben created of deceased people had their souls intact on being brought back, while clones of living people (like Ben himself) had unique souls of their own. In the alternate realities of Ultimate Marvel and Spider-Gwen, a still-living Gwen respectively becomes their universe's versions of Carnage and Spider-Woman. The character was portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider-Man 3 (2007) and by Emma Stone in The Amazing Spider-Man film series (2012–2014) and Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023; archive footage). A multiverse Spider-Gwen is voiced by Hailee Steinfeld in the 2018 animated film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse and its sequel Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), and will reprise the role in Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (TBA) and Spider-Woman (TBA). Publication history Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Fictional character biography Early history In her initial appearances, Peter Parker meets Gwen while both are studying as undergraduates at Empire State University, but with Aunt May in the hospital, Peter is troubled and ignores her advances. She dates both Flash Thompson and Harry Osborn to make Peter jealous. Gradually, however, a romance develops; Gwen, a science major, appreciates Peter's intellect. Their relationship begins almost immediately after Peter stops going out with Mary Jane Watson, whom he begins to see as shallow and self-absorbed. Later issues introduce Gwen's father, NYPD Captain George Stacy, as well as her mother Helen Stacy and her uncle Arthur Stacy. Though her father is both fond of Peter and supportive of his alter-ego Spider-Man, his death strains Peter's relationship with Gwen after he is killed by falling debris during a battle involving Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus. Gwen blames Spider-Man for his death, and leaves for Europe to cope with her loss. She wants Peter to ask her to marry him and convince her to stay, but his guilt stops him from proposing. Gwen's feelings for Peter eventually prompt her to return to New York, and their relationship is rekindled. According to Lee, who scripted all of the stories featuring Gwen Stacy up to this point, the original intent was for Gwen","title":"Gwen Stacy"},{"docid":"71375109","text":"\"Dark Web\" is an American comic book crossover storyline written by Zeb Wells with art by Adam Kubert and Ed McGuinness, published in 2022 by Marvel Comics. The story, which serving as a spiritual successor to \"Inferno\", involves Spider-Man and the X-Men joining forces against Ben Reilly and Madelyne Pryor as the two wronged clones are teaming up as Chasm and Goblin Queen to raise hell across the Marvel Universe. \"Dark Web\" is bookended by two one-shots, subtitled Dusk and Dawn, and the story continued in the pages of Zeb Wells' run of Amazing Spider-Man. The storyline tied into various other books like Venom (vol. 5) and limited series including Gold Goblin, Mary Jane & Black Cat, Dark Web: Ms. Marvel and Dark Web: X-Men.{draim11} Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 6) #18, Dark Web Finale, Dark Web: Ms. Marvel #2, Dark Web: X-Men #3, Mary Jane & Black Cat #2, and Venom (vol. 5) #15 were dedicated in memory of Carlos Pacheco. Publication history In April 2022, Marvel comics posted a teaser \"The Dark Web is being spun\" that will involve Spider-Man prior to the release of the Free Comic Book Day: Spider-Man/Venom #1. The comic book issue ended with a teaser revealing Ben Reilly is working with Madelyne Pryor. At San Diego Comic-Con in July 2022, teaser art from Ryan Stegman offered a glimpse on the event with the Goblin Queen looming over Spider-Man, Venom, Black Cat, Cyclops, Jean Grey, Magik, Iceman, Firestar, Mary Jane, Chasm and Hallows' Eve, a new member of Spider-Man's rogue's gallery. It is revealed in the Next Big Thing panel to be a Spider-Man/X-Men crossover spearheaded by current Amazing Spider-Man writer Zeb Wells. The two franchises recently crossed paths when the X-Men's former ally Moira MacTaggert kidnapped Mary Jane Watson and used her as a puppet to infiltrate the Hellfire Gala. Prelude issues were published in November to set up the event letting readers see exactly what Chasm and the Goblin Queen have been busy with. Venom (vol. 5) #13 set the stage to the crossover as Eddie Brock returns from space and finds an unexpected ally in Madelyne Pryor. Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 6) #14 introduced Chasm, Reilly's new persona, and a brand new villain, Hallows' Eve, who was pivotal to the event. Limited series Gold Goblin, Mary Jane & Black Cat, Dark Web: Ms. Marvel and Dark Web: X-Men tied directly to the Dark Web saga. Gold Goblin, written by Christopher Cantwell with art from Lan Medina, set up a new status quo for Norman Osborn whose sins were cleansed during the Last Remains storyline. Mary Jane & Black Cat, written by Jed MacKay with art from Vincenzo Carratù, forces two of the greatest loves of Peter Parker's life for another team up after being thrown into each other's path; Mary Jane and Black Cat previously joined forces during the Beyond storyline. Dark Web: Ms. Marvel, written by Sabir Pirzada with art from Francesco Mortarino, took Ms. Marvel in Limbo against deadly experiments going haywire;","title":"Dark Web (Marvel Comics)"},{"docid":"24953467","text":"\"Reaction\" is the eighth episode of the American animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man, which is based on the comic book character Spider-Man, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The episode originally broadcast in the United States on the Kids WB! block for The CW on May 3, 2008. The episode details Dr. Otto Octavius as an accidental laboratory incident caused by the Green Goblin where the radiation merges special mechanical tentacles to his skin and seemingly damaged his brain (although it was later suggested that what was interpreted as brain damage was in fact his mind rewiring itself to accommodate four extra limbs), and turns him from a timid and weak scientist into the villain Dr. Octopus. \"Reaction\" was directed by Jennifer Coyle and was the first episode of the series to be written by Randy Jandt. While writing the teleplay, Jandt was challenged with staying true to the original material of Spider-Man, particularly towards that of Dr. Octopus. \"Reaction\" received generally positive reviews, with television critics singling out Dr. Octopus' portrayal. Octopus's character design was applauded by both the designers and Coyle; the latter noted that his design allowed her to direct them freely in different manners, and that the arms in particular were particularly well-done. Peter MacNicol voiced the character and used a voice inspired by that of actor Laird Cregar. It is available on both the third volume DVD set for the series, as well as the complete season box set. Plot summary Dr. Otto Octavius tries to complain to his boss Norman Osborn about the dangers of several recent experiments they have been performing to create supervillains in his laboratory and how Spider-Man could trace them to Oscorp, but is quickly berated by Osborn for his \"whining.\" Octavius backs down and goes to work inside an experimentation chamber while Osborn departs. Unbeknown to him, the villain Green Goblin sneaks into the lab, activating the chamber's generators while locking Octavius inside. While unsuccessfully trying to escape from the chamber, the radiation emitted fuses the mechanical tentacles he is wearing into his skin. Osborn and others arrive on the scene to turn off the generator, while Spider-Man jumps in to help get Octavius out of the wreckage. When the doctor wakes up, he attacks Osborn with his tentacles and pins him to a wall. When Spider-Man tries to intervene, Octavius brushes him aside as well with one of his tentacles, declaring himself \"Dr. Octopus.\" He steals a power battery to recharge his tentacles and storms out of the building, using his tentacles as extra limbs. The next day, Peter, Gwen, Harry and some of Harry's new popular friends go to Coney Island, where Harry impresses everyone with his newfound strength. Liz Allan begins to attach herself to Peter and the two have a fun time. However, Peter spots Dr. Octopus and abandons the group to pursue him as Spider-Man. Spider-Man follows Dr. Octopus to TriCorp, where he attempts to steal a power pack from a vault.","title":"Reaction (The Spectacular Spider-Man)"},{"docid":"24284443","text":"Headsman is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. His apparent real name is Cleavon Twain (a play on the words \"cleave in twain\") though it is unclear if this is his actual birth name or simply an alias. Fictional character biography Origin Cleavon Twain and his older brother grew up on a chicken farm in Louisiana. There, Cleavon had a pet dog that repeatedly tried to bite his brother. This led him to warn Cleavon that he would kill the dog if he attacks him one more time. Eventually the dog bit his brother and was subsequently killed by him. Cleavon was heart broken, but still looked up to his brother. The brothers later joined a biker gang called the 'Headhunters'. Cleavon states that his brother was the 'badass' of the gang. The Twain brothers had since grown estranged, with Cleavon descending deeper into a life of crime, while his brother returned to life on the farm. Eventually, Cleavon Twain made his way to New York, where he was tracked down by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn) and given advanced technology, including a high-tech adamantium vibro-axe that could cut through anything and a hover platform for transportation. He also had a strength boosting harness that made his axe swings even more powerful and deadly. He was not told who was employing him, but he was sent to help the Enforcers escape from Spider-Man, which he accomplished by forcing Spider-Man to flee. Harry Osborn alerted Spider-Man about where the criminals were meeting, and the Headsman was forced to flee after the ensuing battle after Spider-Man damaged his power pack. After repairing his pack, Headsman teamed with Lucky Lobo to kill Spider-Man. Believing he had killed Spider-Man, he left the hero buried under a pile of rubble. Headman faced Spider-Man again, when the Green Goblin attacked the Headsman and revealed himself to Headsman as his employer. The Green Goblin destroyed the Headsman's equipment and knocked him out, allowing Spider-Man to turn him in to the police. Thunderbolts Many years later, the Headsman joined Osborn's Thunderbolts black ops team. He helped discredit Doc Samson by attacking Air Force One disguised as the Green Goblin. Osborn saved the President in a staged attack by tossing the faux \"Green Goblin\" out of the plane. The team's next objective was to kill Deadpool, at which they failed miserably. His teammate the Ghost told him that on his first mission he was using a faulty gravity-grip so Ghost had fixed it, suggesting that Osborn had meant for him to die in his fall from the plane. He battled new teammate Mister X, but was spared from death by the Black Widow. When the Thunderbolts capture Songbird and Natasha Romanov, they are ordered to execute them. Headsman, Ghost and Paladin refused to kill the prisoners and allowed them to escape, knocking out their teammates and erasing their memories of the event. Death The Uranian of the Agents of Atlas later implants a","title":"Headsman (comics)"},{"docid":"31655527","text":"\"The Gathering of Five\" and \"The Final Chapter\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \"re-branding\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \"Issue One\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \"Clone Saga\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \"the gathering of five\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \"package\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time","title":"The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter"},{"docid":"1355215","text":"Featured here is a chronological list of story arcs in the comic book series Ultimate Spider-Man, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Bill Jemas, and drawn by Mark Bagley until Stuart Immonen replaced him. Ultimate Spider-Man is a teenage drama, in background contrast to the adult Spider-Man in the Marvel continuity. Ultimate Spider-Man \"Power and Responsibility\" (#1–7) Published: October 2000 – May 2001 Creative Team: Brian Michael Bendis (writing) / Mark Bagley (art) Plot outline: During a field trip to Osborn Industries, Peter Parker gets bitten by a genetically-mutated spider. The spider was part of the scientific experimentation there and had been injected with a formula that Norman himself had created called OZ. Kong, one of Peter's classmates kills the spider before anyone could retrieve it. Norman Osborn decides to track Peter's progress as he now has the last of the formula in his blood. After several instances of fainting and displaying extraordinary strength and reflexes, Peter realizes the bite gave him spider-like powers. On one occasion, Peter accidentally breaks Flash Thompson's hand when he tries to fight him, a bully who has been tormenting Parker for years. When Flash's family attempt to sue, Peter becomes part of a local wrestling circuit as the masked \"Amazing Spider-Man\" to anonymously pay for his Aunt May and Uncle Ben's legal fees. Peter also gets his Spider-Man suit courtesy of the wrestling organization, although it isn't finished yet. Peter does not reveal this secret double-life to anybody, not even his friends Mary Jane Watson and Harry Osborn. Peter flees the wrestling organization after being accused of stealing. Peter returns home where his aunt and uncle berate him for his failing academic grades and for his change in attitude. Angry and confused, Peter runs away and spends the night at Kong's home before going to party, where Ben finds him and tries to take him home. Ben informs Peter of the \"with great power, comes great responsibility\" ethos that Peter's father abided by. Peter is angered that his father was never there to tell him that himself, and runs off to contemplate Ben's words. More angry and tired, he allows a burglar to escape after robbing a deli owner, but upon returning home, he finds that Uncle Ben had been murdered. Peter tracks down Ben's killer, subdues him, only to find out he is the same burglar he had let get away earlier. He ties him to a rope and leaves the killer to the police. Understanding Uncle Ben's words, Peter is galvanized to using his powers for good, and begins to establish himself as the superhero known as Spider-Man. Meanwhile, Norman Osborn injects himself with the OZ formula, gaining confidence by tracking the effects the spider formula had on Peter. As a result, Norman is transformed into a monstrous, fiery, large goblin. The Goblin destroys the lab, kills several scientists and leaves Dr. Otto Octavius, another scientist, for dead. All this is seen by Harry Osborn who runs home to find his mother","title":"List of Ultimate Spider-Man story arcs"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"74457974\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man: Lotus is a 2023 American superhero fan film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. It was produced, directed, and co-written by Gavin J. Konop. The film stars Warden Wayne as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Sean Thomas Reid as Harry Osborn, and Moriah Brooklyn as Mary Jane Watson. The film is not associated with Marvel Studios nor Sony Pictures and was funded by fans via an Indiegogo campaign. Its trailer trended on Twitter and YouTube, which helped gain exposure for the film. The film began receiving media attention in June 2022 after messages were leaked online in which Konop and Wayne used discriminatory language, igniting a controversy which was widely covered by news outlets. Plot After defeating a new supervillain calling himself the Shocker, Peter Parker arrives late to a double date with his girlfriend Gwen Stacy and best friends Harry Osborn and Mary Jane Watson. After some initial friction due to his frequent absences, Peter plans to propose to Gwen during a planned vacation at the lake. However, Peter's arch-nemesis, the Green Goblin, arrives shortly thereafter, kidnaps Gwen, and takes her unconscious body to the top of the George Washington Bridge. Peter, as his alter ego \\\"Spider-Man\\\", fails to save Gwen, resulting in a final battle between himself and the Goblin, resulting in the latter's death. Sometime later, Peter has retired from being Spider-Man, blaming himself for failing to save Gwen’s life and begins to shut others out. Haunted by the dreams of the night Gwen died, Peter angrily confronts Mary Jane and Harry for not caring about Gwen’s passing. Though she is hurt, Mary Jane begrudgingly gives Peter a letter for him to give to Spider-Man, which asks if Spider-Man can pay a young child named Tim Harrison a visit before he succumbs to a terminal illness. Harry, despondent over his father's death and regretting the strained relationship the two of them had, leaves the city and goes on a bender, before returning to New York to visit his father's grave. Peter arrives at the Harrison's apartment as Spider-Man, meeting and bonding with Tim, who sees Spider-Man as a hero in spite of what the press says about him. However, when questioned about what happened to \\\"the girl on the bridge\\\", Peter convinces Tim that he isn't a hero, claiming that his origin was an accident and that he only became Spider-Man for selfish desires. Peter abandons Tim, but Tim's mother convinces Peter to make amends with the boy, wanting to give him hope in his dying days. Peter apologizes and even unmasks in front of Tim, who recognizes Peter as Spider-Man's photographer. Peter bids farewell to Tim, encouraging him to stay strong in the face of fear. Elsewhere, Mary Jane and Harry begin to patch up their relationship as Peter returns to the cemetery to pay his respects at Gwen’s grave. In the distance, he also notices Tim's grave as well, realizing that even though he may not \\\"want\\\" to be Spider-Man, he \\\"needs\\\" to continue\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: Lotus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24423096\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Competition\\\" is the fifth episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man, which is based on the comic book character Spider-Man, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In it, Spider-Man must face the Sandman, a former petty thug who now can manipulate his sand body at will. \\\"Competition\\\" was written by Kevin Hopps and directed by Troy Adomitis. Hopps and Adomotis each had their respective roles previously in \\\"Interactions\\\". Victor Cook, a developer, producer, and supervising director for The Spectacular Spider-Man, was thrilled to use Sandman because he felt he was \\\"a perfect character for animation.\\\" \\\"Competition\\\" aired on March 29, 2008, on the Kids WB! block for The CW. The episode received warm reviews from television critics - IGN wrote that the fight scenes were the greatest of the series at the time. Plot summary Peter, as Spider-Man, effectively defeats two common thugs - Flint Marko and Alex O'Hirn - and puts them in prison. While discussing their outrage towards Spider-Man, their bail is paid and they go into a limousine outside. Inside the limousine, Hammerhead tells them he has big plans for them, taking them to a secret base. The next day, Peter practices his web slinging in his bedroom, when Aunt May walks in. He stops and she suggests he takes their neighbor Mary Jane Watson to the upcoming Fall Formal. Peter cringes at the idea and heads off to school. There, it is announced football practices will be held that day and Harry wants to try out. Peter passes on joining him as he feels it will reveal his abilities. When he hears Flash Thompson planning on specifically going after Harry during tryouts, he decides to keep him safe and try out anyway. They each do good at tryout - Harry impresses the coach and the other player, while Peter does the same using his extra abilities. Meanwhile, Norman Osborn arrives at the warehouse to supervise an experiment on Marko. The restrained Marko will be given subdermal silicon transplants giving him a hardened untraceable silicon armor. Dr. Octavius says that the experiment has too many flaws but Osborn commands him to go with it anyway. The experiment malfunctions and the silicon violently mutates him. His body evaporates into sand and Octavius, terrified, thinks he has just killed him. Suddenly, Marko reshapes himself, still made of sand, and viciously thrashes against the walls for them to let him out. Hammerhead and Osborn take him outside in their limousine, where Marko is able to reform himself in his old appearance. When they tell him he will work for \\\"the Big Man,\\\" but he decides to go alone and leaves. Hammerhead is fine with that as it means they will now have a distraction for Spider-Man. Now codenamed \\\"Sandman,\\\" Marko robs a bank and Spider-Man arrives immediately. He is overpowered by Marko's new powers and finds himself out of web fluid. After defeating Spider-Man, Sandman escapes through a sewer drain, after accidentally mentioning the \\\"Big Man's\\\" name.\",\n \"title\": \"Competition (The Spectacular Spider-Man)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18936506\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Green Goblin Reborn!\\\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \\\"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\\\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the\",\n \"title\": \"Green Goblin Reborn!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"504988\",\n \"text\": \"Benjamin \\\"Ben\\\" Reilly (), also known as the Scarlet Spider, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Grown in a lab by Miles Warren/Jackal, he is a clone of Peter Parker/Spider-Man tasked with fighting him but instead becoming an ally, later even regarded as a \\\"brother\\\". Created by writer Gerry Conway, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 (October 1975) and is seemingly killed in the same issue. The character returned and featured prominently in the 1994–96 \\\"Clone Saga\\\" storyline, adopting the \\\"Scarlet Spider\\\" alias with a costume similar to Spider-Man's consisting of a red spandex bodysuit and mask complemented by a blue sleeveless hoodie sweatshirt adorned with a large spider symbol on both sides, along with a utility belt and bulkier web-shooters. This Scarlet Spider costume was designed by artist Tom Lyle. When Peter Parker temporarily left the Spider-Man role, Ben became the new Spider-Man while wearing a new costume variation designed by artist Mark Bagley. However, Reilly dies at the hands of Norman Osborn/Green Goblin, sacrificing himself to save Parker who then resumes the Spider-Man role. In 2017's Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy story, the character is revealed to be alive, his mind forcibly transferred to new clone bodies by the Jackal repeatedly before his resurrection was successful. Driven mad by the experience of being reborn and dying repeatedly, he became the new Jackal and started his own criminal enterprise. After being defeated by Spider-Man and others, Reilly reclaims his Scarlet Spider identity in the series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider. Reimagined as an antihero, he first hopes to escape his past then embarks on a spiritual quest to redeem himself. This arc is completed in \\\"Spider-Geddon\\\" (2018), during which he sacrifices himself to protect others when his life force is absorbed by an enemy who inadvertently absorbs his many death traumas as well. Ben is then resurrected in a new clone body, his mind and soul healed and restored. During the events of the 2021–2022 storyline \\\"Beyond\\\", Ben temporarily became Spider-Man again, only for him to have his memories purged from him and becoming a new villain called Chasm. Due to his many resurrections in different clone bodies, the 2017–2018 comic series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider states he has died and returned more than anyone else in the Marvel Universe, leading to him becoming favored by Lady Death. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse voiced by Andy Samberg. Publication history Ben Reilly was first featured as Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 as a nameless clone of Peter Parker who seemingly dies alongside his creator the Jackal, who had also created a clone of Parker's lost love Gwen Stacy. The events of the issue were later revisited in several comics such as What If #30. Asked why he created the character, writer Gerry Conway explained: Though Conway had no intention of using the character beyond this initial story in\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Reilly\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42499790\",\n \"text\": \"Dr. Ashley Kafka is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in stories revolving around the superhero Spider-Man. Introduced in The Spectacular Spider-Man #178 (July 1991), she was created by writer J. M. DeMatteis and artist Sal Buscema. The character was inspired by therapeutic hypnotist Frayda Kafka. In the comics, Dr. Kafka is a psychiatrist at the Ravencroft Institute for the Criminally Insane, and an occasional ally of Spider-Man. After having been killed by Massacre, Dr. Kafka was twice \\\"reanimated\\\" with her soul intact in a cloned body by Ben Reilly and Norman Osborn, dying again in the former body to the Carrion Virus before going on to become the Queen Goblin in the latter body after being magically corrupted by Osborn's \\\"sins\\\" (the Green Goblin persona) by the Beyond Corporation. The character has appeared in several forms of media outside of comics, including animated series and video games. A male version of the character appeared in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 portrayed by Marton Csokas. Publication history Ashley Kafka first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #178 (July 1991), and was created by J.M. DeMatteis and Sal Buscema. She was killed in The Superior Spider-Man #4 (April 2013) before being twice revived in Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy #2 (November 2016) and Ravencroft #5 (September 2020), becoming the Queen Goblin in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #88 (February 2022) Fictional character biography Ashley Kafka grew up in New York with her mother and her sister, Norma, who had been born with severe facial birth defects and was mentally challenged. Kafka looked after Norma while growing up. Their mother died when Kafka was nineteen years old and Norma was left at a psychiatric hospital, where she died a short time later. Kafka then went to college at the Empire State University where she studied psychology and earned a degree. Kafka goes on to become a professional psychologist specializing in the criminally insane and founds a maximum security sanitarium called the Ravencroft Institute for the Criminally Insane, where she treats super-criminals. Kafka is later killed by Massacre during a breakout attempt. It is revealed in the mini-series Ben Reilly: Spider-Man that prior to her death, Kafka had knowledge of Peter Parker's true identity as Peter reached out to Kakfa for help in dealing with the belief that he was a clone of Spider-Man and not the original. Dead No More During the \\\"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\\\" storyline, Ben Reilly \\\"reanimated\\\" Ashley Kafka in a cloned body (with her soul intact). She later suffered from clone degeneration, and died again. The Sins of Norman Osborn In the pages of Ravencroft, Norman Osborn used Reilly's cloning method to revive Ashley Kafka in a new cloned body (her soul less intact), in a plan to get John Jameson to regain his ability to transform into Man-Wolf. During the \\\"Sins Rising\\\" arc, the revived Sin-Eater uses Mister Negative's powers to corrupt Ashley Kafka and use her\",\n \"title\": \"Ashley Kafka\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6073034\",\n \"text\": \"Philip Benjamin \\\"Phil\\\" Urich () is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared in Web of Spider-Man #125 (June 1995). He was a superhero as the Green Goblin, and a supervillain as the Hobgoblin. He was later crowned the Goblin Knight before dubbing himself the Goblin King. Publication history The character first appeared in Web of Spider-Man #125 (June 1995) as the Green Goblin. Phil Urich's identity and origin was revealed in Green Goblin #1 (October 1995). The character later first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #649 (January 2011) as the Hobgoblin. Fictional character biography Heroic Green Goblin The nephew of Ben Urich of the Daily Bugle, Phil stumbles upon one of Harry Osborn's old Goblin hideouts. Using a mask that delivers a \\\"zap\\\" gives him Goblin-level strength seemingly without the psychotic side-effects of the original Goblin formula, he gains enhanced strength and endurance. Following Harry's death, he tries to gain a reputation as a superhero version of Green Goblin. However, he is sometimes seen as being as maniacal as his villainous predecessors. His equipment is damaged during a battle against a Sentinel in the \\\"Onslaught\\\" crossover; Urich sacrifices his glider to destroy a Sentinel by ramming the robot in the head, but a fragment of metal ricochets off the explosion and damages his mask's circuitry. Urich is unable to repair or replace the technology and retires from being the Goblin. Phil later forms a superhero self-help group with Mickey Musashi in order to prevent teenagers from becoming superheroes, and to help young former superheroes get over their pasts, attempting to convince them and others that their powers had damaged their lives. His intentions are pure, but he accepts funds from a secret benefactor to rescue the Runaways during the \\\"True Believers\\\" story arc. The groups vows to only don their uniform one last time and help the Runaways defeat Ultron's clone. The team vows not to use their powers again, but Mattie Franklin secretly uncovers a MGH drug ring. This leads to Nekra attacking the group during one of their counseling sessions. Urich suffers a mental breakdown after watching Chris Powell and Mickey share a celebratory kiss, having apparently convinced himself that he and Mickey had feelings for each other though she only saw him as a friend. He attacks Mickey and Chris and steals the Darkhawk amulet from Chris. The Loners join together to fight Urich, but he is able to escape with Hollow. Villainous Hobgoblin Urich is next seen in the Big Time storyline in New York helping out his uncle at the new Front Line offices. He develops a crush on co-worker Norah Winters who is looking into Goblin Gangs for a story. Urich goes to one of the old Goblin hideouts, hoping to find something there to impress Norah. He encounters Daniel Kingsley (posing as the original Hobgoblin) who is also looking for some new Goblin technology. Kingsley is about to kill him when Urich snaps and\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Urich\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31952364\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Big Time\\\" is a series of comic book storylines in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics from 2010 to 2011. It follows the 102 consecutive issues of the \\\"Brand New Day\\\" publishing scheme and is the first shift in publishing for The Amazing Spider-Man since \\\"Brand New Day\\\" began. The frequency of publication dropped from three issues monthly to two issues, but the length of the comic book expanded from 22 to 30 pages. This extra length is sometimes used for back-up stories and sometimes for a longer main story. Concurrently with the story going in The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel also started the new series Spider-Girl vol. 2, Osborn, and Carnage, which are considered part of \\\"Big Time.\\\" All nine issues of \\\"Big Time\\\" have sold out at Diamond Comic Distributors and have a second printing with a variant cover. Plot summary \\\"Kill to be You\\\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #648 through #651 Peter starts a new job at Horizon Labs after a recommendation from Marla Jameson to the head of the lab gets him the job. Phil Urich takes over the Hobgoblin identity after killing Daniel Kingsley. Spider-Man is unable to stop the theft because of the Hobgoblin's Lunatic Laugh. Peter uses his new job at Horizon Labs to create a suit that uses harmonics to prevent the Lunatic Laugh from affecting him. Spider-Man and the Black Cat infiltrate the building of the Kingpin to get the experimental metal back. In the back-up stories in The Amazing Spider-Man #649 through #651 Alistair Alphonso Smythe breaks Mac Gargan out of prison and gives him a new Scorpion costume. These events directly lead into the \\\"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\\\" story that follows. \\\"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\\\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #652 through #654, titled the \\\"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer,\\\" Alistair Smythe has created an army of Spider-Slayers by giving cybernetic implants to people with a grudge against J. Jonah Jameson. All of the Spider-Slayers, and Mac Gargan as the Scorpion, have a power similar to Spider-Man's spider-sense that makes them harder to hit and for Smythe to telepathically communicate with all of them. Smythe targets Jameson's family and friends so Jameson can feel the same pain Smythe felt when he lost his father. The New Avengers help Spider-Man fight the multiple threats, but Spider-Man is forced to build a bomb that will destroy the spider-sense of the Spider-Slayers so they can be defeated. Mac Gargan prevents Spider-Man from fleeing after he plants the bomb, so he is forced to set it off while he is still within its radius and he loses his spider-sense as well. After his army of Spider-Slayers is stopped Smythe tries to kill Jameson himself, but Marla Jameson jumps in the way to save the life of her husband. \\\"No One Dies\\\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #655 and #656, titled \\\"No One Dies,\\\" a funeral is held for Marla Jameson. Peter has a nightmare where he sees everyone who has ever died in his life (including\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: Big Time\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3087896\",\n \"text\": \"Dr. Gregory Herd is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. His first appearance was in The Spectacular Scarlet Spider #1. He originally operated as the villain Override and worked with his wife, who operated as Aura. He becomes the fiery villain Shadrac in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #2. Fictional character biography Together with his wife (who operated under the name Aura), Dr. Gregory Herd worked as a mercenary for hire as Override. During the \\\"Spider-Hunt\\\" storyline, in which a massive bounty is placed on Spider-Man's head, Herd's wife is gravely injured and left in medical care. To cover her steadily mounting medical expenses, Override goes to work as one of Norman Osborn's costumed employees. Desperate for some way to save his wife, Herd asks to join Osborn's \\\"Gathering of Five\\\" ceremony to gain one of five \\\"gifts\\\". However, Herd is the recipient of death, which gives Herd new powers while steadily destroying him over time. He falls under the thumb of a man named Dolman, who owned one of the five artifacts used in the Gathering ceremony before it was stolen by Osborn. Dolman intends to use Herd as a tool to regain what Osborn had stolen. Herd assaults Osborn Industries but runs into the current Spider-Man, Mattie Franklin. Herd dismisses Franklin with little effort but is later forced to battle the original Spider-Man and Iceman while trying to tell officials that Dolman was tampering with his mind. He convinces Iceman to freeze him entirely in an attempt to stay alive. Though temporarily frozen, Shadrac is still dying albeit in a less painful manner. Later pursuing Dolman, Shadrac, Iceman, and Spider-Man team up to capture him. After Dolman merges with the Spindle and gains powers, Shadrac \\\"overrides\\\" him and possesses his body in a last-ditch effort to stop Dolman and save himself. Civil War Somehow separated from both Shadrac and Dolman, with Aura restored to human form, and back in his original costume, Herd joins Hammerhead's \\\"villain army\\\" that was captured by Iron Man and S.H.I.E.L.D. agents. Powers and abilities As Override Dr. Gregory Herd wore a cybernetically enhanced costume that allowed him to control, or \\\"override\\\", electronic devices. As Shadrac Due to the Gathering of the Five ceremony, Herd has internalized the powers of his cybernetic suit as well as gaining the ability to override emotions. In addition, his entire body is constantly wreathed in mystical flames which, in addition to slowly killing him, he can manipulate in the form of blasts from his hands or an aura he can expand at will. While the maximum temperature of these flames is unknown, Shadrac can melt metal with a touch. Other versions MC2 In the MC2 universe Gregory Herd is shown as a participant in The Gathering of Five, which was interrupted in this continuity. A prior story revealed that Mattie Franklin and Madame Web eventually gained the gifts (power and immortality) they had in the mainstream continuity, but what became of Herd after\",\n \"title\": \"Gregory Herd\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2202942\",\n \"text\": \"Ryan Ottley is an American comic book artist and writer, best known for work on Image Comics' Invincible and Marvel Comics' Amazing Spider-Man. Career Ottley began drawing Invincible with issue 8, and continued on the book for 14 years, drawing 127 issues of its 144-issue run. During the course of his work on the book he co-created characters including Battle Beast, Angstrom Levy, Conquest, and Powerplex. In an interview with comic book website Project Fanboy, Ottley discussed how he got into the comic book industry after being fired from his previous job working in a medical supply warehouse. Ottley decided now was a great time to try to get into comics again and began actively building exposure for his work on the internet through the websites digitalwebbing.com and penciljack.com. Ottley penciled the first five issues of Kirkman and Todd McFarlane's Haunt, an ongoing series which debuted October 7, 2009. Ottley indicated on the letters page of issue #5 that he left in order to focus on Invincible. In 2012, Ottley was one of several artists to illustrate a variant cover for Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead #100, which was released July 11 at the San Diego Comic-Con. In 2016, Image Comics published Grizzly Shark, a three-issue miniseries written and drawn by Ottley, and has an average critics rating of 7.1 out of 10 on the review aggregator website Comic Book Roundup. In 2018 Marvel Comics relaunched a new volume of The Amazing Spider-Man, with writer Nick Spencer. Ottley supplied the art for 20 issues of the run. He co-created the villain Kindred with Nick Spencer. His work drew praise from Jesse Schedeen of IGN, who stated, \\\"Ottley's expressive figure work and dynamic fight scenes make him a natural fit.\\\" In 2021, Ottley was announced as the artist on that year's relaunched Hulk, teaming him with writer Donny Cates. In November 2022, it was announced that following Cates departure as writer of Hulk due to personal reasons, Ottley would take over as the writer for the remainder of the series, starting with issue 11. Bibliography Interior work The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 5 #1–5, 11–13, 16, 23–25, 30–31, 37, 41–43, 49 (Marvel Comics, 2018–2020) Free Comic Book Day 2018 The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (Marvel Comics, 2018) Free Comic Book Day 2019 Spider-Man/Venom #1 (Marvel Comics, 2019) Grizzly Shark #1–3 (Image Comics, 2016) Haunt #1–5 (Image Comics, 2009-2010) Invincible #8–144 (Image Comics, 2004–2018) Solution Squad #1 (Solution Squad LLC, 2013) Superman/Batman Annual #1 (DC Comics, 2006) Tales of Army of Darkness #1 (Dynamite Entertainment, 2013) The Walking Dead #75 (Image Comics, 2010) Hulk #1–6, #9–14 (Marvel Comics, 2021–2023) Covers work The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 5 #14, 26–29, 40 (Marvel Comics, 2019–2020) The Amazing Spider-Man: Sins Rising Prelude #1 (Marvel Comics, 2020) The Amazing Spider-Man: The Sins of Norman Osborn #1 (Marvel Comics, 2020) Brit vol. 2 #7–12 (2008–2009) Guarding the Globe #1 (Image Comics, 2010) Haunt #13 (Image Comics, 2011) Head Lopper #7 (Image Comics, October 2017) Variant covers The Amazing Spider-Man vol.\",\n \"title\": \"Ryan Ottley\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32198217\",\n \"text\": \"The 2002–2007 Spider-Man film series, also called the Sam Raimi trilogy or the Tobey Maguire trilogy, is a superhero film series consisting of three Spider-Man films with the same director and main actor: Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004) and Spider-Man 3 (2007). Based on the Marvel comic book series about the fictional character of the same name, all three films were directed by Sam Raimi and distributed by Columbia Pictures. Tobey Maguire plays the titular role, with Kirsten Dunst portraying his love interest, Mary Jane Watson, and James Franco concluding the principal cast with his role as Harry Osborn, Spider-Man's frenemy. Throughout the series, the Spider-Man releases featured villains such as Green Goblin (Willem Dafoe), Doctor Octopus (Alfred Molina), Sandman (Thomas Haden Church) and Venom (Topher Grace). Other characters who appeared in the series are Betty Brant (Elizabeth Banks), J. Jonah Jameson (J. K. Simmons) and Gwen Stacy (Bryce Dallas Howard). Every Spider-Man film was a financial success and achieved blockbuster status. Each installment was the third top-grossing film of their respective release years. In 2002, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets performed better than Spider-Man. For 2004, Shrek 2 and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban had grossed more than Spider-Man 2 and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix outdid Spider-Man 3s revenue. With a box office total of nearly $900 million, Spider-Man 3 stands as the highest-earning in the series and is the 31st highest-grossing film worldwide. The previous two entries sit at 41st and 48th in worldwide totals. The franchise made around $2.5 billion at the box office in ticket sales. Overall, the film series received positive to polarized reception from critics. Spider-Man was released to largely positive reviews from the media, scoring an 89% rating based on a sample of 192 reviews on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes with an average of 7.6/10. The second entry performed even better with critics, garnering an approval rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10. With 241 reviews accounted for, Rotten Tomatoes reported that Spider-Man 3 had an approval rating of 63% and a score of 6.2/10. Metacritic lists the third installment as having a 59% rating on its site. Spider-Man 2 was named the third best superhero film of all-time by IGN and Time magazine. Raimi's Spider-Man series won various awards and gathered five Academy Award nominations: two for Spider-Man and three for Spider-Man 2, with one win for Best Visual Effects in 2005 for Spider-Man 2. The series won two MTV Movie Awards out of ten nominations, five Saturn Awards out of thirteen nominations and four Teen Choice Awards out of fifteen nominations. The films were nominated for one Annie Award, five British Academy Film Awards, two Grammy Awards and ten Satellite Awards. Other honors came from the Visual Effects Society Awards, which gave the franchise ten nominations and three\",\n \"title\": \"List of accolades received by the 2002–2007 Spider-Man film series\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1103984\",\n \"text\": \"Elizabeth \\\"Liz\\\" Allan, also known as Elizabeth Allan-Osborn and commonly misspelled as \\\"Liz Allen\\\", is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In the character's earliest appearances, she was a popular girl at the high school Peter Parker attends. She has been a regular supporting character in the various Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Venom series in an on-and-off basis, and has ties to the Green Goblin and Molten Man. She is married to Harry Osborn, the mother of their son Normie Osborn, and the CEO of Alchemax. Liz Allan would later become Misery upon being bonded to the Symbiote that is a hybrid of the Anti-Venom and Carnage Symbiotes. Sally Livingstone portrays Liz Allan in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (2002), while Laura Harrier portrayed Liz Allan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history Liz Allan is named in The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963), the same issue in which Betty Brant first appears. However, an unnamed blonde female high school student in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) appears to be Liz Allan, and The Marvel Encyclopedia lists this as her official first appearance. She was a supporting character in the series until Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), which bids farewell to Liz as both she and Spider-Man graduate from high school. Nearly a decade later, Liz Allan was brought back in a story arc in Amazing Spider-Man #132-133 (May–June 1974), in which it is revealed that she is the Molten Man's stepsister. Writer Gerry Conway recalled, \\\"I liked doing callbacks to the run I was most influenced by, the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era, so bringing Liz back was something I'd wanted to do for a long time. And it gave me a reason to go back and look through the issues she was in, which brought me to the Molten Man's first appearance.\\\" Fictional character biography Liz Allan was a high school student that attended Midtown High School together, and a minor love interest of Peter Parker and Flash Thompson. Peter likes Liz, but she is Flash's girlfriend and considers Peter something of a loser, even taking part in the general ridicule that Peter endures on a daily basis. Her earliest appearances depict her as flighty and rather thoughtless - not outright cruel, but lacking the empathy necessary to perceive Peter's nature. However, after she hears an ailing Peter had donned a Spider-Man costume to save Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus, she develops a crush on him. By this time, however, Peter's interest has waned considerably, as he notes that Liz never showed any real interest in him until he began dating Betty Brant, and assumes that Liz's feelings are little more than a schoolgirl crush. Betty and Liz clash several times over Peter, as Betty mistakenly thinks that Peter reciprocates Liz's interest in him. In Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), Peter and Liz graduate\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Allan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5974158\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man Unlimited is the title of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics. The first series began in 1993 and was named in its indicia as Volume 1. It was set in the main Marvel Universe. The second series was based on the animated TV series Spider-Man Unlimited, and was not set in the Marvel Universe. It is called Volume 2. The third series, which began in 2004, did not have a volume number listed and was also set in the main Marvel Universe. 1993 series (vol. 1) Originally announced under the title Spider-Man Giant Size, the 1993 series was a quarterly series with double-length stories, which at the time was notable for being printed on glossy stock paper (a practice discontinued in later issues before being adopted by the entire Marvel line in the 2000s). Earlier issues played a part in Spider-Man crossovers; the first issue was the first part of \\\"Maximum Carnage\\\" and the second issue was the last part of \\\"Maximum Carnage\\\". Issues #7-14 formed part of the Clone Saga. Later in the series, the focus shifted to stand-alone stories. Ron Lim penciled the lead story in the first eight issues of the book. Most of the later issues were written by Christopher Golden and drawn by Joe Bennett. Issue #1 Spider-Man Unlimited #1 was published in May 1993. The issue credits are: Title: \\\"Maximum Carnage Part 1\\\" Editor: Danny Fingeroth Writers: Tom DeFalco, Mike W. Barr, Terry Kavanagh Pencils: Ron Lim, Jerry Bingham, Mark Bagley Inkers: Jim Sanders, III, Jerry Bingham, Tom Palmer Plot Cletus Kasady has been transferred from the Vault to Ravencroft Institute for some tests. He there reveals that the alien symbiote which made him the supervillain Carnage infected his bloodstream before it died, allowing Kasady's metabolism to produce an imitation of the symbiote. Using this faux symbiote, he slaughters the guards and doctors. Carnage comes across a fellow Ravencroft inmate, Shriek. She persuades him to free her so she can join his killing spree. Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson are at the wake after Harry Osborn's funeral. J. Jonah Jameson thinks Spider-Man was responsible for Harry's downfall (as the Green Goblin). Peter is incredibly mixed up as he comforts Harry's wife Liz Allan. Mary Jane is upset from the whole Harry fallout and asks Peter to give up being Spider-Man, for a couple of weeks at least, so things can settle down. He agrees. Out on the streets, Carnage is attacked by Spider-Man's doppelganger. Carnage ensnares and attempts to kill it, but Shriek stops him with a sonic blast and says she is adopting the doppelganger. Peter goes for a takeout and hears on the radio about Carnage's escape. He changes to Spider-Man and goes swinging off to find Carnage. He is attacked by Shriek and the doppelganger instead, who quickly defeat him. Spider-Man topples off a building into a back alley as the doppelganger and Shriek swing off. Because Carnage used him as a hostage before, Jonah is immediately\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man Unlimited (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8896262\",\n \"text\": \"The Green Goblin's Last Stand is a 1992 superhero fan film by Dan Poole, based on the comic book story \\\"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\\\", published by Marvel Comics in The Amazing Spider-Man #121–122. Poole is the director, producer, creative editor, screenwriter, and star of the film. The film and its attendant documentary received showings and accolades at several small film festivals. Plot Peter Parker, as his alias Spider-Man, is following a stolen vehicle. He stops the car and traps the two criminals. Afterwards, he meets his girlfriend Gwen Stacy. Peter's spider-sense detects Norman Osborn traveling in a taxi, and he learns from Gwen that Norman survived an explosion at his chemical plant. Norman returns to his home, in an amnestic state, in an attempt to find his son, Harry. In his room, he finds a newspaper detailing the explosion of Norman's plant, caused by a battle between Spider-Man and The Green Goblin. Peter visits Norman, who becomes enraged and tells him to leave. Peter believes he is unwell, and tells Gwen that Norman was obviously mentally altered after the accident. Norman sees Parker's name on the newspaper and hallucinates that Spider-Man is chasing him into the streets of New York. Three thugs harass and attack him, leaving him unconscious. The next day, Norman wakes up in his former 'warehouse'. He finds the goblin equipment, and vows revenge on Spider-Man. Peter goes back to Norman's apartment and finds the newspaper, realizing that he has once again become the Green Goblin. He bumps into Harry Osborn, who believes his father is still in the hospital. Harry discovers that the card with the doctor's number and address is missing from his desk, but that the card had Peter's address and number on it as well. Gwen goes to look for Peter at his \\\"Darkroom\\\", but Norman kidnaps her and takes her to the rooftops. Peter finds she is missing, and is challenged by Norman to come rescue her. Peter trips Norman with his web, but after he regains consciousness, he pushes Gwen off the roof. Peter quickly spins a web to catch Gwen, breaking her neck in the process. Enraged, Peter nearly kills Norman, but he escapes by throwing a pumpkin bomb. Norman is tracked down by Peter to the warehouse ruins. Peter makes Norman's glider malfunction and defeats him. After asking him why he killed Gwen, Norman is apathetic, and describes her as a \\\"pawn\\\". Peter almost beats Norman to death again, but cannot bring himself to do so. Norman activates his glider to kill Peter, but his spider sense activates and he quickly jumps out of the way, leaving the glider to impale Norman, killing him. At the cemetery, Peter apologizes to Gwen at her grave, stating that Norman's death only made the pain worse. He admits hesitance in being Spider-Man, but reminds himself of his promise to Uncle Ben's death that he would continue being Spider-Man. Cast Dan Poole as Peter Parker / Spider-Man Jimi Kinstle as Norman Osborn\",\n \"title\": \"The Green Goblin's Last Stand\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"172171\",\n \"text\": \"The Hobgoblin is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, most of whom are brainwashed by the Winkler Device into becoming Hobgoblins. Created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Romita Jr., the first incarnation of the Hobgoblin was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #238 (March 1983) as a criminal mastermind equipped with Halloween-themed weapons similar to those used by the Green Goblin. The true identity of the Hobgoblin was one of the longest-running mysteries in the Spider-Man comics. In 1987, the Hobgoblin was revealed to be Ned Leeds, Peter Parker's journalist co-worker at the Daily Bugle, while in 1997, ten years later, his identity was retroactively established to be Roderick Kingsley, a fashion designer and Mary Jane Watson's former boss, with Ned reframed as a fall guy, and later in the 2020s as the second Hogoblin and secret sorcerer apprentice of Baron Mordo. Other characters that have assumed the Hobgoblin mantle over the years include criminals Lefty Donovan and Jason Macendale, Roderick's twin brother Daniel Kingsley, Spider-Man 2211's daughter Robin Borne, Ben Urich's nephew Phil Urich, and Kingsley's butler Claude. Leeds, Donovan and Claude were first brainwashed to serve as Hobgoblins as part of a scheme orchestrated by the Kingsley brothers, with Kingsley, Macendale, Borne and Urich being the only versions to operate independently of the others (although occasionally partnering with them), with Leeds and Kingsley later also being brainwashed by Queen Goblin to serve as her enforcers. In the alternate continuities of The Amazing Spider-Man comic strip and Ultimate Marvel, Harry Osborn has also adopted the Hobgoblin persona. The Hobgoblin has been adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including television series and video games. An amalgamated version of the character named Jason Philips appeared in the 1994–1998 Spider-Man: The Animated Series, voiced by Mark Hamill, while the Harry Osborn incarnation is featured in Spider-Man (2017–2018), voiced by Max Mittelman. Publication history The Hobgoblin was created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Romita Jr. for The Amazing Spider-Man #238 (March 1983). Like other writers, Stern found himself under pressure to have Spider-Man fight the Green Goblin again, but did not wish to bring Norman Osborn or Bart Hamilton back from the dead, have Harry Osborn be the Green Goblin again, or create another Green Goblin. Stern instead created a new concept as heir to the Goblin legacy and developed the Hobgoblin. Stern recounts that he directed Romita to base the costume on the Green Goblin's but to make it \\\"a little more medieval-looking\\\", while Romita asserts that he was given no direction beyond using the Green Goblin as a basis. Both agree, however, that the costume was chiefly Romita's design. The Hobgoblin's identity was not initially revealed, generating one of the longest-running mysteries in the Spider-Man comics. According to Stern, \\\"I plotted that first\",\n \"title\": \"Hobgoblin (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7036658\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Wedding!\\\" is a story from The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21 in which Mary Jane Watson and Peter Parker (a.k.a. Spider-Man) get married. It was published in 1987 and written by David Michelinie, featuring cover art by John Romita Sr. Plot Spider-Man is web slinging through town and runs into Electro. He defeats him and then returns home, to find Mary Jane in the process of moving in. MJ leaves for a photo shoot, leaving Peter to ponder how on earth he'll be able to provide for him and MJ. Peter takes his photos of Spider-Man defeating Electro to the Daily Bugle and is surprised by the staff with a party in honor of his upcoming wedding to Mary Jane. J. Jonah Jameson arrives, clearly irritated, and starts to complain about why they are hosting a party when they're supposed to be working. As soon as Peter leaves, he states that he wants to cut the pay of everyone who didn't attend. Peter is barely able to sleep that night, contemplating his impending wedding. The next day he meets Mary Jane. He leaps to the ceiling and goes down to one knee, asking her to marry him once again. \\\"I hate cleaning footprints off the ceiling,\\\" she responds with a smile. They both eat, but can't help shake their worries about the wedding. Mary Jane leaves for a meeting, where her old boyfriend presents her with two tickets to Paris, that she can only take if she skips the wedding. Peter goes to Aunt May's house, and goes through a scrap book, remembering his most prominent times with Mary Jane. MJ and her aunt arrive, and they announce the upcoming marriage to their family. She leaves in a Ferrari with her ex-boyfriend, and Peter takes the subway home. Both are starting to have second thoughts about their marriage. When they meet up again that night, Spidey takes MJ out web-slinging to clear their heads. The next day, Peter's best man, Flash Thompson, and his best friend, Harry Osborn, take Peter out for a bachelor party, but he's beginning to show his true feelings about the wedding. They try to convince him that love conquers all. Meanwhile, Mary Jane is having a grand party across town. Peter finally decides to go home for the night, and has nightmares about all of his enemies trying to attack MJ, and being helpless to stop them. He wakes up in a sweat, wondering what he should do. Meanwhile, MJ is out with Liz Allan, wondering the same. Later at City Hall, all of the guests are in attendance (for reasons unknown, Matt Murdock is not present), but both Peter and Mary Jane are late, leaving everyone confused. At the last minute, they both appear and are married by Mary Jane's uncle, judge Spenser Watson. (MJ's wedding dress was designed by real-life designer Willi Smith.) MJ gives Peter the tickets to France with which her ex-boyfriend tried to tempt her, and they go off on\",\n \"title\": \"The Wedding!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47275084\",\n \"text\": \"The comic book stories published by Marvel Comics since the 1940s have featured several noteworthy concepts besides its fictional characters, such as unique places and artifacts. Since the introduction of Peter Parker as a character in 1962, with the superhero alter-ego, Spider-Man, a number of these locations have been prominently featured in connection with storylines specific to this character. These have then been carried over to depictions of Spider-Man in film, video games, and other media. There follows a list of those features. Residences Aunt May's house: Located at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens, nearly every depiction of Spider-Man begins with Parker living with his Aunt May and Uncle Ben (or just his Aunt May, where Uncle Ben is already shown as being deceased). The house is sometimes depicted as being next door to the home of Mary Jane Watson. Storylines have occurred in various comic book runs and other media where Aunt May's home is attacked. In the 2018 American computer-animated film, Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, a shed in the backyard leads to a secret underground lair where Parker (deceased in that universe) had kept a variety of costumes and technology. In the 1981 TV cartoon, Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, the house serves as the Spider-Friends' headquarters, though Aunt May remains unaware of their activities. Companies Daily Bugle: A newspaper headquartered in a building where Parker works as a photographer for J. Jonah Jameson. Oscorp Tower: A research company headquartered in a skyscraper owned by Norman Osborn, which later became the headquarters for Alchemax. Parker Industries: A company that was founded and owned by Parker. Educational institutions Empire State University Empire State University (ESU) is a fictional university whose alumni include Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Harry Osborn, Gwen Stacy, Brian Braddock (on an exchange program), Emma Frost, Norman Osborn, Hector Ayala, Harry Osborn, Brad Davis, Chip Martin and Johnny Storm (the Human Torch). Doreen Green (Squirrel Girl) is currently enrolled in its computer science undergraduate program. Staff included Miles Warren, Edward Lansky (aka Lightmaster), Mendel Stromm, Gregson Gilbert (creator of the Dragon Man), Clifton Shallot (the mutant Vulture), David Jude, and Curtis Connors. Empire State University in other media Empire State is featured in Spider-Man with students and faculty like Curt Connors, Farley Stillwell. Students included Alisa Silvermane (daughter of Silvermane), Debra Whitman, Felicia Hardy, Flash Thompson, Liz Allen, Mary Jane Watson, Michael Morbius, and Peter Parker. It appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man with members being Martha and Curt Connors, Dr. Miles Warren and Max Dillon. Students included Eddie Brock, Gwen Stacy and Peter Parker. ESU is seen in Spider-Man set in the Spider-Man Insomniac Universe, where it resembles New York University. ESU is alluded in Spider-Man 3 and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Midtown High School Midtown High School (also known as Midtown Science High School or the Midtown School of Science and Technology) is a fictional school appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The school is depicted as being located in Queens, NYC.\",\n \"title\": \"Features of Spider-Man media\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4912964\",\n \"text\": \"Oscorp (sometimes stylized as OsCorp), also known as Oscorp Industries, is a fictional multibillion-dollar multinational corporation appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, predominantly in stories about Spider-Man. The company was founded by Norman Osborn and has appeared in numerous media adaptations. It first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #37 (March, 1966) and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. History The corporation is based out of the Oscorp Tower in New York. It was created and run by its CEO Norman Osborn. Norman studied chemistry and electrical engineering in college. He also took a number of courses in business administration. Norman's teacher, Professor Mendel Stromm, formed the business partnership. Since Norman put up the bulk of the financing, they called their company the Osborn Corporation, or Oscorp. Stromm's early research was on a chemical that would provide enhanced strength in its test subjects and would eventually turn Osborn into the Green Goblin. Osborn, wanting the formula for himself, discovered that Stromm had been embezzling funds from Oscorp. Stromm explained that he was merely borrowing but Osborn turned him over to the police. After several years in prison, Stromm was released and tried to kill Osborn for revenge using evil robots. He was stopped by the superhero Spider-Man and seemingly died of a heart attack when he was nearly shot. Jay Allan's company \\\"Allan Chemical\\\" was merged with Normie Osborn's stocks from Oscorp and the last remaining properties of Horizon Labs after its destruction, establishing it under the new name of \\\"Alchemax\\\". It was later revealed that Norman Osborn under the guise of \\\"Mason Banks\\\" created the corporation in order to leave a strong empire for his grandson and establish an empire for the Osborn legacy. Their headquarters Oscorp Tower was the former headquarters of Oscorp. By 2099, Alchemax would eventually control most aspects of daily life in a possible future. Fictional staff members Current Norman Osborn - The Founder and CEO of Oscorp. Former Arthur Stacy - The Chief of Security at Oscorp who is the brother of George Stacy and the uncle of .... Charles Standish - The Senior Vice-President of Oscorp. Charles Standish was kidnapped by the Flaming Sword, but he was eventually rescued by the Avengers. Donald Menken - The personal assistant of Norman Osborn. Dr. David Patrick Lowell - A scientist who became Sundown upon being drenched in his chemicals that was similar to the Goblin Formula. Dr. Malek - A scientist who was part of the research team that was experimenting on Freak. Dr. Nels van Adder - A research scientist whose formula turned him into the Proto-Goblin. Dr. David Lowell - He developed the Photogenesis Project for Oscorp, and discovered a way to give a human superpowers through photosynthesis. Harry Osborn - Norman's son who for a time served as CEO. Mendel Stromm - Former partner of Norman Osborn. Mark Raxton - Former Head of Security. Other versions Ultimate Marvel In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Oscorp is much the same\",\n \"title\": \"Oscorp\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66089693\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Last Remains\\\" is a 2020 storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man. The events in this story seem to be a consequence of the events that occurred in 2007's One More Day storyline. This storyline features Spider-Man fighting against a new enemy, called Kindred who has taken control of Miles Morales, Spider-Gwen, Spider-Woman, Anya Corazon, and Julia Carpenter. The entire storyline lasts from The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #50–55, with several tie-ins, and #56–57 being the epilogues. The main story received mixed to positive reviews, with critics praising the art style, and the character analysis of Spider-Man, but there was heavy criticism on the pacing, the unresolved plot threads, and the identity of Kindred. Plot summary Main story After Spider-Man threw Norman Osborn off the ship and left him in the wreckage, Sin-Eater returns to normal and shoots Norman Osborn with his rifle, knocking him out. Kindred uses a centipede to communicate with Sin-Eater and calls him a hypocrite, stating that Sin-Eater hates people who have sins in them, yet he is full of sins and kills Sin-Eater, absorbing his sinful magical power. Kindred used Sin-Eater's sins to create constructs that attack the ship Spider-Man is on a ship underwater with Miles Morales, Spider-Gwen, Spider-Woman, Anya Corazon, and Julia Carpenter. The sins possess the other spider heroes, and they attack Spider-Man. The possessed spider heroes brutally beat down Spider-Man, with Spider-Man realizing that him throwing out Norman Osborn caused him to lose control and not be aware of what was happening. Spider-Man tries to hold back, fearing he might kill his friends, but the possessed spider heroes brutally attacked him. The possessed Miles breaks a window, which causes water to flood in. Spider-Man uses his webbing to lift the ship on land, but the spider heroes ambush him, with Kindred mocking Spider-Man for trying to save his enemies. Kindred uses a possessed Anya to inject a spider venom (that can kill an elephant) to watch Spider-Man suffer before ordering the possessed heroes to swing away. Spider-Man starts swinging through the city and crashes through trash cans before walking to Sanctum Sanctorum and knocks on the door. Doctor Strange opens the door, and Spider-Man collapses in front of him. Upon recovering, a downcast Peter tells Strange about something that had occurred, with the doctor being upset that Peter made a deal with a demon and didn't expect any consequences. Aiming to help rectify the evil, as Strange inquires about the Order, a demon-possessed Silk invades from the window directly above them. As Norman revives under Ravencroft newly cleansed of his evil, after telling the guards he needs no help, Dr. Kafka (who was a clone of a dead person in the Clone Conspiracy) views his now visible evidence of villainy as more than ample reason for her brand of help. While Sin-Eater's followers are arrested by the NYPD, Norman pleads for her to help him find Stanley's master, \\\"Kindred\\\", who aims to enact a worse event upon the city.\",\n \"title\": \"Last Remains\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21055791\",\n \"text\": \"The Green Goblin is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the first and best-known incarnation of the Green Goblin is Norman Osborn, who is regarded as one of the superhero Spider-Man's three archenemies, alongside Doctor Octopus and Venom. Originally a manifestation of chemically induced insanity, others would later take on the persona, including Norman's son Harry Osborn. The Green Goblin is depicted as a criminal mastermind who uses an arsenal of Halloween-themed equipment, including grenade-like Pumpkin Bombs, razor-sharp bats, and a flying Goblin Glider, to terrorize New York City. Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: \\\"Of all the costumed villains who've plagued Spider-Man over the years, the most flat-out unhinged and terrifying of them all is the Green Goblin.\\\" The Green Goblin has appeared in numerous media adaptations of Spider-Man over the years, including films, animated television series, and video games. Norman and Harry Osborn were portrayed by Willem Dafoe and James Franco in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and by Chris Cooper and Dane DeHaan in the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Dafoe reprised his role as Norman Osborn in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) which used the concept of the multiverse to link the Raimi trilogy to the MCU. Publication history According to Steve Ditko: Stan's synopsis for the Green Goblin had a movie crew, on location, finding an Egyptian–like sarcophagus. Inside was an ancient, mythological demon, the Green Goblin. He naturally came to life. On my own, I changed Stan's mythological demon into a human villain. The Green Goblin debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14. At this time his identity was unknown, but he proved popular and reappeared in later issues, which made a point of his secret identity. According to both Stan Lee and John Romita, Sr., who replaced Ditko as the title's artist, Lee always wanted the Green Goblin to be someone Peter Parker knew, while Ditko wanted his civilian identity to be someone who had not yet been introduced. Lee elaborated: Steve wanted him to turn out to be just some character that we had never seen before. Because, he said, in real life, very often a villain turns out to be somebody that you never knew. And I felt that that would be wrong. I felt, in a sense, it would be like cheating the reader. ... if it's somebody you didn't know and had never seen, then what was the point of following all the clues? I think that frustrates the reader. However, Lee prefaced this statement by admitting that, due to his self-professed poor memory, he may have been confusing the Green Goblin with a different character. Moreover, in an earlier essay he had said that he could not remember whether Norman Osborn being the Green Goblin was his idea or Ditko's. Ditko has maintained that it was his idea, even claiming\",\n \"title\": \"Green Goblin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19526651\",\n \"text\": \"Green Goblin (Bart Hamilton) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was depicted as the third Green Goblin, and first appeared in Amazing Spider-Man #176 (January 1978). Fictional character biography Bart Hamilton first came into contact with the legacy of the Green Goblin when he treated a mentally disturbed Harry Osborn, who had just been captured after a long stint as the Green Goblin. Under hypnosis, Osborn told Hamilton everything about the Goblin, as well as Spider-Man's secret identity. Hamilton was sceptical about these stories, and checked on them, finding them to be true. After curing Osborn of his insanity, and temporarily making him forget about ever being the Green Goblin, Hamilton investigated the old headquarters of the Green Goblin and, after being exposed to the same chemical formula that Norman and Harry used in the past, became the third Green Goblin. References Marvel Comics supervillains\",\n \"title\": \"Green Goblin (Bart Hamilton)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24021661\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Survival of the Fittest\\\" is the pilot episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man, which is based on the comic book character Spider-Man, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The episode was written and directed by the series developers, Greg Weisman and Victor Cook. In the episode, Spider-Man (Josh Keaton) faces the evil Vulture (Robert Englund) as he begins his junior year in high school. Sony Entertainment originally conceived The Spectacular Spider-Man as a series of four DVDs, and asked Weisman and Cook to develop it. The central idea was to follow Spider-Man in his younger years in the comics; Weisman and Cook wanted to incorporate the styles of the early comic publications by Lee and Ditko. Reviewers have cited other influences in the themes, such as the live action film series and the Ultimate Spider-Man continuity. \\\"Survival of the Fittest\\\" originally aired on March 8, 2008, on the Kids' WB block on The CW. It had previously been shown to a large audience at the 2008 WonderCon. The episode was the highest rated program of the Kids WB! 2007-2008 combined with the second episode \\\"Interactions\\\" and alone received a Nielsen rating of 1.2/3. It was well received by critics, IGN calling it \\\"a Spider-Man story that feels like classic Spider-Man, and that's a good thing.\\\" Plot The night before school starts, Spider-Man, alter ego of Peter Parker (Josh Keaton), foils an attempted bank robbery; in the background, a shadowed figure (Keith David) tells his henchman Hammerhead (John DiMaggio) to summon the Enforcers to kill Spider-Man. The next day, an aerodynamic engineer named Adrian Toomes (Robert Englund) is outraged at OsCorp for stealing his anti-gravity project, viciously berating Dr. Otto Octavius (Peter MacNicol) until Norman Osborn (Alan Rachins) arrives. Osborn dismisses Toomes, calling him a failure and a buzzard before he has him escorted out by security. Toomes turns to Octavius and declares that he no longer blames him for the theft of his work. Meanwhile, Peter arrives at school and tells his friends Gwen Stacy (Lacey Chabert) and Harry Osborn (James Arnold Taylor) that he is determined to get a date with Sally Avril, though both she and Flash Thompson (Joshua LeBar) humiliate him in front of everyone. After school, Peter and Gwen are offered an internship at Dr. Connor's lab, where the former was given his superpowers; both accept. Peter goes to Harry's apartment, where Norman congratulates him on his newfound career. Toomes, going by the name \\\"the Vulture,\\\" breaks in wearing a suit with built-in metallic wings and talons, with his anti-gravity technology incorporated to it and kidnaps Norman. Peter slips out to don the Spider-Man costume and pursues Vulture. He succeeds in rescuing Norman but loses to Vulture in a fight. Later, Peter goes to the lab where he meets up with Gwen, his close friend Eddie Brock (Benjamin Diskin), and the Conners. When he finds out he will not be paid for the internship, he tries to sell pictures to the Daily\",\n \"title\": \"Survival of the Fittest (The Spectacular Spider-Man)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"417310\",\n \"text\": \"Harold Theopolis \\\"Harry\\\" Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Harry is the best friend of Peter Parker (Spider-Man's alter ego) and Flash Thompson, one of the ex-boyfriends of Mary Jane Watson, the son of Norman Osborn, the husband of Liz Allan and the father of Normie and Stanley Osborn. He is the second character to assume the Green Goblin alias while one of his clones was amongst the many users of the Iron Patriot armor as the superhero American Son. An artificial intelligence (A.I.) copy of Harry (which he created while the Green Goblin) is also the creator of the clones Gabriel and Sarah, who are both later revealed to be operating as his demonic revenant Kindred under the Harry A.I.'s command. The character has appeared in many adaptations of Spider-Man outside of the comic books, including various cartoons and video games. James Franco portrayed the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and Dane DeHaan portrays the character in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Harry Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. In The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973), Harry's father, Norman, is killed off, and a subplot leading to Harry inheriting his father's identity as the Green Goblin is introduced. This subplot culminates in The Amazing Spider-Man #136 (September 1974). Writer Gerry Conway said that the idea of Harry Osborn becoming the Green Goblin stemmed in part from a desire to deal with the consequences of the psychedelic drugs Harry began using in The Amazing Spider-Man #96 (May 1971). Conway said that he had had experience with such drugs himself, and that \\\"with psychedelic drugs, hallucinogens, if they've been misused, there is a potential for additional hallucinogenic experiences that are completely beyond your control or volition. I could imagine Harry getting hit by something like that, in the fragile emotional state following the death of his father, and losing touch with reality, as a result. Besides, I never had any intention of getting rid of the Green Goblin as a concept forever, so it all came together\\\". Harry dies in The Spectacular Spider-Man #200 (May 1993). Artist Sal Buscema said that drawing the final two pages of this issue was a deeply emotional experience for him due to how long he had drawn the character, and felt it was appropriate that writer J. M. DeMatteis chose not to add any dialogue to those pages. Several years later, the Spider-Man writers made plans to reveal that the mysterious villain Gaunt was Harry Osborn, who was still alive and had orchestrated the entire \\\"Clone Saga\\\", but an editorial edict prevented this from coming to fruition. However, Harry was eventually revived in The Amazing Spider-Man #545 (December 2007). He received an\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Osborn\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59807558\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Punk (Hobart Brown) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is an alternate version of Hobie Brown and Spider-Man who opposes President Norman Osborn, V.E.N.O.M., and the Inheritors. Hobie Brown / Spider-Punk made his film debut in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, voiced by Daniel Kaluuya. Publication history Spider-Punk was created by writer Dan Slott and artist Olivier Coipel. The idea of a punk Spider-Man emerged when Coipel proposed the look for Spider-UK. Slott rejected the look as wrong for a member of the Captain Britain corps but used it to develop a new character that would be \\\"all punk\\\". Spider-Punk first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #10 (January 2015). Fictional character biography Spider-Verse (comics) During the \\\"Spider-Verse\\\" storyline, the Earth-138 version of Spider-Man is revealed to be Hobart Brown, originally operating as Spider-Punk. He is a homeless teenager who was transformed by a spider that was irradiated as part of President Norman Osborn's toxic waste dumping. He becomes the punk rock inspired Spider-Man, leading the downtrodden people of New York against Osborn's V.E.N.O.M. troops. Spider-Punk managed to kill Osborn during a riot by bashing the President with his guitar. After President Osborn's death, Spider-Punk unmasked himself to the viewing crowd as their savior. Spider-Punk was later recruited by Superior Spider-Man to join an army of Spider-Men. Spider-Geddon During the \\\"Spider-Geddon\\\" storyline, Spider-Punk is shown to be fighting Thunderstrike, while the other Web Warriors are dismantling Loomworld. Spider-Punk (who is starting to call himself Spider-Man) takes down Thunderstrike. When Spider-Punk states to Eric Masters to carry a message to the Red Skull about taking the Bowery, Eric is then reduced to a skeleton by Kang the Conqueror who claims that he has the rights to his name in the future for his company KangCo. When Spider-Punk goes on the attack, Kang summons some Spider-Punk dolls to assist him. After fighting them, Spider-Punk gets away from them and asks for a tape from Captain Anarchy who is busy fighting the Annihilation Wave when they emerged in Harlem from the Negative Zone. When the Spider-Punk dolls catch up, they get into a fight with the Annihilation Wave where one of them eats the tape that Captain Anarchy was going to give to Spider-Punk. After getting the tape out of the insectoid's mouth, Spider-Punk is surprised when Kang catches up to him. As Captain Anarchy holds Kang off, Spider-Punk swings away. Meeting up with Robbie Banner, Hobie tries to convince him to help while reminding him of how he helped in battles against the U-Foes, the Universal Church of Truth, and Hydra. When Kang catches up again, Robbie plays the tape and becomes the Hulk to attack Kang. When Kang is defeated, he states that Captain Anarchy is not marketable and died old while Hobie died young. After Kang disappears with Hulk confused on what Kang meant, Spider-Girl shows up and states that something big is coming, and Spider-Punk agrees to go with her. Spider-Punk later visited an\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Punk\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5724747\",\n \"text\": \"Normie Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the grandson of Norman Osborn and the eldest son of Harry Osborn. Publication history Normie Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #263 (April 1985), and was created by Bill Mantlo and Al Milgrom. He appeared in Green Goblin stories throughout the 1990s, generally portrayed as hating Spider-Man. Fictional character biography Normie Osborn is the child of Liz Allan and Harry Osborn and the grandson of Norman Osborn. Harry's sanity recovered shortly before dying from a modified version of the Goblin formula, saving Spider-Man and saying \\\"You're my best friend\\\"; Normie is shown overhearing this, possibly changing his view of Spider-Man. While still recovering from his father's death, Normie is befriended by Peter Parker, a sort of surrogate uncle to him. A trio of robotic \\\"Goblin women\\\" (one of a number of failsafes prepared by Harry before death) kidnap Normie, intending to turn him into a new Green Goblin. Spider-Man and the Molten Man (Normie's uncle) defeat them before he can be exposed to the Goblin formula. Norman Osborn returned from the dead, using a robot Goblin to kidnap his heir. This version appears as the standard Green Goblin, and causes Normie to believe his father has returned. This is part of a complex ploy to increase Norman's visibility by playing the unfortunate grandfather. Norman dismisses the possibility of his grandson being his heir (the new Goblin), saying that Normie has the same weaknesses as Harry. Normie is seen in a Sensational Spider-Man issue playing baseball, being watched from the stands by the Molten Man and the Chameleon, while Electro is in the shadows. No harm comes to Normie, but the Chameleon uses his safety as a bargaining chip to bring the Molten Man into his plan to attack Spider-Man after the hero's recent unmasking. Normie reappears after the One More Day storyline. Now Normie hates his father for supposedly abandoning him when Harry was mistakenly believed dead while being high on the Goblin serum. His hatred for Spider-Man is also reignited. Osborn's re-establishes himself as a major crime lord called the Goblin King, undergoing plastic surgery to also establish himself as a businessman named Mason Banks to provide a suitable inheritance for his grandson, with Liz apparently helping Norman in this endeavor. When Osborn acquires the Carnage symbiote and transforms into the Red Goblin, Osborn attempts to gain his grandson Normie's aid by infusing a portion of the Carnage symbiote into Normie, turning into \\\"Goblin Childe\\\". Despite the symbiote amplifying Normie's jealousy of his half-brother Stanley, Normie throws off its influence when he witnesses his grandfather try to kill his parents, realizing in the process that the villain was actually his own grandfather and not Spider-Man. The symbiote fragment is subsequently separated from Normie while the main symbiote is apparently destroyed during the final battle between Red Goblin and Spider-Man. It is implied that Liz and Mark kept at least some of\",\n \"title\": \"Normie Osborn\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65818012\",\n \"text\": \"Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen\",\n \"title\": \"Sins Rising\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18842058\",\n \"text\": \"Norman Virgil Osborn is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, he debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964) as the first and best-known incarnation of the Green Goblin. He has since endured as one of the superhero Spider-Man's most prominent villains and is regarded as one of his three archenemies, alongside Doctor Octopus and Venom. In his comic book appearances, Norman Osborn is depicted as the amoral industrialist head of science conglomerate Oscorp and the father of Harry Osborn, the best friend of Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker. Osborn, in part as a reaction to the death of his wife, maintains a cold disposition and is obsessed with attaining as much power as possible. As a result, he treats his son harshly and openly favors Peter for his intellect, leading Harry to often try and compensate. In his origin story, Osborn is exposed to an experimental formula that enhances his physical abilities and intellect, though at the cost of his sanity. As the Goblin, he becomes a criminal mastermind who uses an arsenal of advanced, Halloween-themed equipment, including grenade-like Pumpkin Bombs, razor sharp bats, and a flying Goblin Glider, to terrorize New York City. Osborn has been part of many of Spider-Man's defining stories, most notably \\\"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\\\" and the \\\"Clone Saga\\\". While his primary foe is Spider-Man, Osborn has often come into conflict with Iron Man, Captain America and other superheroes in the Marvel Universe. Although Osborn sometimes works with other supervillains such as Doctor Doom and Loki and groups like the Sinister Six and the Dark Avengers, these relationships often collapse due to his desire for unbridled power. Osborn's largest overarching story came during the line-wide \\\"Dark Reign\\\" and Siege comic book events, in which he served as the main antagonist; during this time, he became the original iteration of Iron Patriot. The character has been in various top villain lists as one of Spider-Man's greatest enemies and one of the greatest comic book villains of all time. The character's popularity has seen him appear on a variety of merchandise, inspire real-world structures (such as theme park attractions) and be referenced in a number of media. He has been adapted to serve as Spider-Man's adversary in live-action, animated, and video game incarnations. Willem Dafoe played the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy and reprised the role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), while Chris Cooper played the character in the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Marvel Comics editor and head writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko are credited with creating the character; they each collaborated with one another on how the character would be portrayed. According to Ditko: \\\"Stan's synopsis for the Green Goblin had a movie crew, on location, finding an Egyptian-like sarcophagus. Inside was an ancient, mythological demon, the Green Goblin. He naturally came to life. On my\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Osborn\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2644585\",\n \"text\": \"The Enforcers are a team of supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as adversaries of the superheroes Spider-Man and Daredevil. The original Enforcers consisted of Montana (Jackson Brice), the Ox (Raymond Bloch), and Fancy Dan (Daniel Brito). Publication history Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko, the team's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #10 (March 1964). The Enforcers appear often in the early issues of The Amazing Spider-Man, debuting in #10, and returning in #14 and 19, in the latter issue teaming with the supervillain the Sandman. The team would go on to appear in Daredevil #356–357 and Dazzler #7–8, and fight Spider-Man again in Marvel Team-Up #39–40 and 138, Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #19–20, Spider-Man #94–95, Spider-Man (vol. 2) #28, and elsewhere. Fictional team biography The Enforcers are a group of hired hitmen and extortionists, each with an expertise in a different and unique area of combat, whose goal it is to aid various employers in the takeover of New York City's criminal gangs. In their first appearance, the Enforcers aided the Big Man (Frederick Foswell) in his attempt to gain control of New York City's criminal gangs. They clashed with the superhero Spider-Man for the first time, and are defeated by him. They were subsequently employed by paranoid industrialist Norman Osborn, hired them to shut down Malone's Flophouse in a bid to gain the land. However, the then-amnesiac Malone resident Namor the Sub-Mariner thwarted them, later destroying Osborn's construction equipment. They next aided the Green Goblin in his first unsuccessful attempt to eliminate Spider-Man, but were again defeated and jailed. Soon after that, they joined forces with the Sandman to subdue the Human Torch at a point where it was believed Spider-Man had become a coward, but are defeated by the combined might of Spider-Man and the Human Torch. The Enforcers clash repeatedly with Spider-Man and occasionally other heroes such as Daredevil. Foswell is eventually unmasked, but later reforms and is killed. Afterward, the Ox also appears to have been killed, Montana and Fancy Dan team with a new Big Man, as well as with the Sandman and a new Crime Master, Nick Lewis, Jr. son of the original. During a battle in which the team is defeated by Spider-Man, the Human Torch, and the Sons of the Tiger, Crime Master shoots the new Big Man, learning belatedly that this \\\"Big Man\\\" was, in fact, a woman — Janice Foswell, daughter of the original and the younger Lewis' romantic interest. The Enforcers were hired by Lightmaster, who introduced a new Ox, Raymond Bloch's twin brother Ronald Bloch, to the team. The Enforcers are once again defeated by Spider-Man. They later battle the mutant superheroine the Dazzler. The Enforcers return with new members \\\"Snake\\\" Marston and \\\"Hammer\\\" Harrison. The Enforcers come under the employ of the Kingpin, but were defeated by Spider-Man and the then-reformed Sandman. This lineup appears only once more to fight Daredevil. The original\",\n \"title\": \"Enforcers (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65599543\",\n \"text\": \"The Green Goblin (Norman Osborn) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is the Ultimate Marvel version of Norman Osborn, and was rendered by artist Mark Bagley to resemble actor Brian Dennehy, as per writer Brian Michael Bendis's instructions. Fictional character biography Norman Osborn is a corrupt industrialist and scientist who is trying to perfect the Super Soldier drug for S.H.I.E.L.D., an obsession that leads to the neglect of his wife Martha Osborn and son Harry Osborn. When an OZ-injected spider bites Peter Parker on a field trip, granting him amazing abilities, Norman theorizes that if the OZ combined with spider DNA were behind Parker's abilities of a spider, then Norman with OZ combined with his own DNA would become a heightened version of himself. But his experiment goes wrong and an explosion occurs, affecting his son and Dr. Otto Octavius. He himself is transformed into a muscular, grotesque, goblin-looking monster, granting him superhuman strength, reflexes, stamina, speed and durability, and enabling him to leap great distances. He is also pyrokinetic, as he can throw flaming balls of destructive energy. In an attempt to destroy all evidence of his existence, the Green Goblin kills Norman's wife but Harry manages to escape while the house is burning down. The next day, he attacks Harry's school, but is stopped by Spider-Man. During the fight, the Green Goblin plummets off a bridge into the river, seemingly dead. His alter-ego is later referred to as the \\\"Green Goblin\\\" by the public. However, Norman survives and has \\\"evolved\\\" in his words. He can now control his transformations into an intelligent incarnation of the Green Goblin via OZ injections. Due to overdosing on OZ, he suffers from hallucinations. These include seeing everything through a blood-red filter and creatures called \\\"plasmids\\\" tormenting him. Taking Harry back, Norman moves back into New York City, blaming his business rival Justin Hammer for the explosion. Under the Goblin's spell, he reveals himself to Parker, telling the boy to give up the Spider-Man identity and work for him, or suffer the deaths of loved ones. The Goblin tells Parker to kill the S.H.I.E.L.D. head Nick Fury. When Parker refuses, the Goblin kidnaps Mary Jane Watson who he attempts to kill by hurling from the top of a bridge. Spider-Man is able to save Mary Jane and joins S.H.I.E.L.D. operatives in attacking the Goblin. The battle continues at Osborn's Manhattan penthouse, where the Goblin transforms even further after taking several more OZ injections and begins to choke the life out of Spider-Man. Harry discovers the scene, picking up a shattered window pane to jam into his father's back, reverting him to his human self. Norman is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody. In the Ultimate Six limited series, Norman and Octavius (now dubbed Doctor Octopus) devise a plan to escape from prison alongside Electro, Kraven the Hunter, and Sandman which uses Norman's new ability to transform into his Green Goblin form at will. It also seems\",\n \"title\": \"Green Goblin (Ultimate Marvel character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15635388\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Brand New Day\\\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \\\"One More Day\\\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \\\"Spider-Man: Big Time\\\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \\\"Brand New Day\\\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \\\"back to basics\\\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \\\"One More Day\\\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \\\"some people\\\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: Brand New Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59778779\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Go Down Swinging\\\" is a four-issue comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, first published by Marvel Comics between March and May 2018 and featuring the fictional superhero Spider-Man. The story overall received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the art, action, and the ending. Plot Lead-up Following his fight with Spider-Man, Norman Osborn resolves to find a means of restoring his powers, concluding that he has only ever defeated Spider-Man when allowing himself to draw on his inner demons. The apparent first step in this plan occurs when Osborn manages to steal the Carnage symbiote from an abandoned S.H.I.E.L.D. storehouse while Spider-Man is occupied with the return of Scorpio. Osborn's efforts to control the symbiote initially backfire when he merges with it and finds himself overwhelmed by the urge to kill rather than his own prior plan to direct its power against Spider-Man specifically. Norman Osborn is able to convince it to let him have control in favor of trying something other than its usual mindless slaughter. Main plot While interrogating a captive J. Jonah Jameson for information on Spider-Man, Osborn takes a brief interval from the torture to kill Phil Urich as the self-proclaimed Goblin King tried to raid one of his old storehouses. After Osborn appeared as the Green Goblin, Jameson mentioned how he could not stop Spider-Man since even throwing Gwen Stacy off the bridge did not stop him from fighting back. Those words caused Norman to remember that Spider-Man is Peter Parker. Attacking the Daily Bugle in his familiar Goblin attire, Osborn gives the rest of the staff time to evacuate as he fights Peter before revealing his new bond with Carnage, proclaiming himself to be the Red Goblin, driving Spider-Man away with 'Carnage bombs' that injure his leg. Discovering a sound-transmitting spider-tracer planted on him, Red Goblin uses this to deliver a 'devil's bargain' to Peter; if Peter abandons his identity as Spider-Man and never performs any further heroics, Red Goblin will leave him alone, but the second he sees any sign of Spider-Man's return he will kill everyone in Peter's life. Peter places his Spider-Man top on a flagpole so that Osborn can see it burn, but privately vows that he will find a way to defeat Osborn as Peter Parker rather than Spider-Man. Normie Osborn and Stanley Osborn's nanny \\\"Emma\\\" finds out that Red Goblin (her husband possessed by the Carnage symbiote) is coming after the kids. To keep them safe, Emma abducts them. Peter is able to contact various allies like Human Torch, Clash, Silk, Miles Morales, and Agent Anti-Venom to watch over his loved ones. Liz Allan had tracking chips placed in her grandchildren as she, Mark Raxton, and Harry Osborn find the grandchildren as they discover that \\\"Emma\\\" is actually Emily Osborn. Red Goblin targets Harry Osborn, Emily, Liz, and Mark; proving immune to Carnage's traditional weaknesses of Human Torch's fire and Clash's sound devices. Peter is forced to step back into action despite his injured leg, with Agent\",\n \"title\": \"Go Down Swinging\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34974765\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Ends of the Earth\\\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man published by Marvel Comics in 2012. The villains of the story are the Sinister Six, who are led by Spider-Man's arch-enemy Doctor Octopus. Unlike the prior event story \\\"Spider-Island\\\" there is only one tie-in issue (a one-shot) instead of the multitude of tie-in issues involved with that story; the story is completely contained within issues #682-687 of The Amazing Spider-Man. The storyline received positive reviews, with critics praising the action, the plot, and the art style. Premise The story is part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of Spider-Man's first appearance. \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\" will see Spider-Man fighting against the Sinister Six, who are led by Doctor Octopus. Despite Spider-Man leaving the Avengers in Shattered Heroes, the members of the team are supporting characters, and he rejoins the team at the beginning. The story was written by Dan Slott and brings storylines that have been running since issue #600 was released in July 2009 to fruition. Marvel released several preview images for the event, and has written an article about why each current member of the Sinister Six is important for this group. Plot summary Lead-up Doctor Octopus learns that he only has a few months left to live due to injuries he has sustained in fights with Spider-Man, Captain America, and others. During the \\\"Origin of the Species\\\" storyline Doctor Octopus enlists the help of several villains to kidnap the presumed newborn son of Norman Osborn and Menace because he believes the unique combination of their blood can provide a cure for him. When he learns Harry Osborn is the father, he realizes no cure will be found in the boy's blood. Doctor Octopus captures Tony Stark and forces him to work on a cure for him by threatening to blow up a bomb, despite Tony telling Octavius that he is not a medical doctor. Doctor Octopus has an army of Macro-Octobots attack New York City to keep Spider-Man and the Avengers occupied while his Sinister Six (consisting of Chameleon, Electro, Mysterio, Rhino, Sandman, and himself) infiltrates a military base, but Spider-Man and the Avengers are able to stop them. The Sinister Six create a cosmic problem on a Caribbean island to keep Spider-Man and the Future Foundation occupied and away from the Baxter Building so the Sinister Six can sneak inside and steal one of Reed Richard's inventions. The Sinister Six attack a lab in Paris to create an opening to the Avengers Academy to steal a device containing self-sustaining power invented by Henry Pym. The Sinister Six fight and defeat the Intelligencia so that the Sinister Six is the only team of supervillains left to conquer the world. They also steal the Intelligencia's Zero Cannon (a weapon which negates Earth's gravity) to send objects to space. Doctor Octopus appears in a new robot suit designed to keep him alive. Doctor Octopus has some Octobots sneak aboard John Jameson's space shuttle when it\",\n \"title\": \"Ends of the Earth (Marvel Comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14154213\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \\\"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\\\", \\\"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\\\", and \\\"Who Is Spider-Man?\\\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \\\"nerdy\\\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: With Great Power\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6146135\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man enemies\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39216224\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"If This Be My Destiny...!\\\" is a story arc featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It spans the issues The Amazing Spider-Man #31–33 (1965-1966), and was written by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the latter of whom also did the art. The story introduces supporting characters Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy, Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus temporarily assuming the Master Planner alias, and Spider-Man being pinned under heavy machinery, which he lifts after gathering enough will power through thoughts of his family. Background The storyline ran in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 through #33, with a single interconnected story arc, being one of the first of its kind in Spider-Man's history. Lee recounted that he and Ditko jointly plotted the acclaimed sequence in which Spider-Man lifts the heavy machinery off of him, but that stretching the sequence out for several pages was purely Ditko's idea. Having anticipated that Ditko would spend just two or three panels on this plot point, Lee said that when he saw the art for the scene \\\"I almost shouted in triumph\\\". In the letters section of the September–October 1998 issue of Comic Book Marketplace, Ditko pointed out that he was credited as sole plotter of series starting with issue 25, and that the sequence in question was in issue 33. He further stated that Stan Lee never knew what was in Ditko's plotted stories until he saw the artwork. Synopsis Peter Parker attends his first day at Empire State University, meeting classmates Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy. Meanwhile, Aunt May succumbs to a mysterious and life-threatening illness and a new evil mastermind called the \\\"Master Planner\\\" arranges for the theft of various technological devices. After a fateful battle, Spider-Man discovers that the Master Planner is none other than Doctor Octopus, and that he has stolen a rare isotope that could be the only means to save Aunt May's life. Doc Ock manages to escape, leaving Spider-Man trapped under heavy machinery. Thinking about Uncle Ben's death and not wanting to lose Aunt May as well, Spider-Man is able to gather enough will power to lift the machinery, though his leg gets hurt while escaping from the flooding lab. He gives the serum to Dr. Curt Connors for analysis before delivering it to the hospital where May is treated, and takes some photographs for the Daily Bugle to raise money for May's hospital bills. When he returns to the hospital, Peter is relieved to learn the serum cured May, and goes home for some well deserved rest. Reception One of the most celebrated issues of the Lee-Ditko run is #33 (February 1966), the third part of the story arc \\\"If This Be My Destiny\\\", featuring the dramatic scene of Spider-Man who, through willpower and memories of his family, escapes from being pinned by heavy machinery. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that \\\"Steve Ditko squeezes every ounce of anguish out of Spider-Man's predicament, complete with visions of the uncle he failed and the aunt he has sworn to save\\\". Peter\",\n \"title\": \"If This Be My Destiny...!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9601342\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \\\"Mayday\\\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \\\"The Final Chapter\\\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man Family\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6131243\",\n \"text\": \"Professor Mendel Stromm is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has also been known as the Robot Master and Gaunt. Publication history Stromm first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #37 (June 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Fictional character biography Professor Mendel Stromm was Norman Osborn's college professor at ESU and later became a partner in OsCorp Industries. His early research was on a chemical that would provide enhanced strength in its test subjects and would eventually turn Osborn into the Green Goblin. Osborn, wanting the formula for himself, discovered that Stromm had been embezzling funds from OsCorp. Stromm explained that he was merely borrowing them, but Osborn turned him over to the police. After several years in prison, Stromm was released and tried to kill Osborn for revenge using deadly robots. He was stopped by Spider-Man and seemingly died of a heart attack when he was nearly shot. Stromm had made plans for his death, however, by arranging to have his Spirit transferred to a robot double. Now calling himself \\\"the Robot Master\\\", Stromm returned in Spectacular Spider-Man #68 (July 1982). Spider-Man defeated and destroyed the robot double. In Spectacular Spider-Man #233 (April 1996), Stromm returned again, this time as a cyborg called \\\"Gaunt\\\". It was revealed that he survived through a cybernetic suit fused to his body – attached by none other than Osborn. Osborn had discovered that Stromm had survived his heart attack thanks to the Goblin Formula, but on a level of consciousness supported only by his suit. Eventually, via Seward Trainer, he was cured of his need for the suit and came back in a large suit of robotic armor, only for it to be destroyed by Ben Reilly and Peter Parker, despite Stromm's attempt to defeat them both with two flying robots and three childlike androids attacking simultaneously. Shortly afterward, Norman Osborn knocked him out with a laser blast and left him for dead, though he survived and only had amnesia. He came back in yet another robot suit, only to be stopped by Spider-Man once again. In Peter Parker: Spider-Man Vol 1 #27 (March 2001), Stromm tried to create a sentient robot to kill Osborn, but it turned on him and destroyed his body, keeping his severed head alive. This artificial intelligence then attempted to take over New York City's electrical grid, but was stopped when Spider-Man fought his way into its core processor and uploaded a computer virus into it, putting both the A.I. and Mendel into a comatose state. The artificial intelligence took over Electro's body and tried to use his powers to create a horde of self spawning robots, but after the interference of Spider-Man the A.I. altered Spidey's spider sense, after which Spider-Man defeated the A.I.. In Penance: Relentless (2007), it is revealed that Spider-Man tipped S.H.I.E.L.D. off to Stromm's whereabouts and that they were able to rescue him from the suspended loop he was stuck in. He\",\n \"title\": \"Mendel Stromm\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2039583\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin is a video game produced by Sega and developed by Technopop initially on the Mega Drive/Genesis. It was ported internally by Sega for the Master System and Game Gear consoles, the latter being published by Acclaim Entertainment through its Flying Edge division. An updated version was also released for the Sega CD was also done internally at Sega under the name of The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin. All versions of the video game are side-scrolling platform games, whereby the player controls superhero Spider-Man to battle various supervillains (Doctor Octopus, Sandman, The Lizard, Hobgoblin, Vulture, Mysterio, Electro, and Venom) to obtain the keys needed to disarm a nuclear bomb that the Kingpin has not only framed Spider-Man for stealing but plans to detonate within twenty-four hours. In the middle of the game, Spider-Man's wife Mary Jane Watson is also kidnapped by Venom. Plot A few weeks after becoming Spider-Man, Peter Parker becomes married to Mary Jane Watson. Meanwhile, Kingpin establishes a criminal empire and forcefully transforms respected scientist Otto Octavious into Doctor Octopus. Peter reveals his identity to Mary Jane, who accepts. The two are then attacked by Doctor Octopus, who claims to want to know more information about Spider-Man (and is searching for Peter due to him taking photos of Spider-Man). Peter defeats Doctor Octopus, who reveals himself to be Octavious and apologizes for his crimes. Peter is then attacked by a thug named Flint Marko, who he defeats easily, though Marko is picked up by one of Fisk’s helicopters. Fisk gains help from scientist Curt Connors, intended to be a replacement for Octavious, and transforms Marko into Sandman. Elsewhere, Mary Jane is kidnapped by Bugle reporter Eddie Brock, who has bonded to the Venom symbiote. Spider-Man defeats Sandman, but is phoned by Kingpin, who says he has employee Venom and has captured Mary Jane. Curt Connors attempts to increase Venom’s power, but fails. Kingpin injects him with an artificial serum and he becomes Lizard. Spider-Man attempts to find Kingpin’s hideout, but is stalked and captured by Lizard. Spider-Man complies to his capture, so he can get closer to Kingpin. Before they get to Kingpin’s hideout, Spider-Man injects Connors with an antidote, causing him to return to his normal form. Peter attempts to get to Kingpin’s hideout on his own using a GPS on Lizard. On his way, he is captured by a mysterious man, who refers to himself as Hobgoblin. Hobgoblin speaks of his rivalry with Kingpin, and gives his assistance in charge for Spider-Man’s cooperation. Spider-Man grudgingly complies, and the two get to Kingpin’s headquarters. The while inside Kingpin’s hideout, Kingpin reveals to Spider-Man via hologram that Hobgoblin was working for him the whole time. Hobgoblin unmasks as Harry Osborn. The two battle and Spider-Man comes out on top. Angered, Kingpin sends his three most powerful mercenaries, Vulture, Mysterio, and Electro. The three fight on a plane, with Vulture and Spider-Man being the last ones standing. Angered, Vulture cuts open the plane’s engine.\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3480370\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Six Arms Saga\\\" is a story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, written by Stan Lee and drawn by Gil Kane. It spans the issues The Amazing Spider-Man #100–102 (1971) and features the first appearance and origin story of Morbius, the Living Vampire. The story arc is mostly remembered for Spider-Man growing four extra arms, and for a subsequent What If…? stating that keeping the arms would have allowed Spider-Man to save Gwen Stacy and defeat Thanos himself. The Six-Armed Spider-Man appears in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Plot Peter Parker has recently experienced a lot of misery in his life: his best friend Harry Osborn has become a junkie, his close friend Captain George Stacy died in his arms, and Gwen Stacy – Peter's girlfriend – wrongly blamed Spider-Man for her father's death. He creates a serum to remove his spider powers, after which he then falls into a troubled sleep in which he fights all his enemies, while enduring excruciating side pains. The dream ends with George Stacy's spirit imploring Peter to keep protecting New York as Spider-Man, stating that his powers are both a blessing and a curse. When he wakes up, Peter realizes that the serum has unintentionally augmented his powers, giving him four additional arms. After rejecting an invitation to a movie from Gwen, and a late-night photo assignment from the Daily Bugle, Peter, as Spider-Man, calls Curt Connors for help, who offers him his summer house as refuge. Elsewhere, Michael Morbius is found stranded in the ocean by a boat and taken aboard, only for numerous passengers to mysteriously disappear. When the crew confronts him, Morbius attacks them and flees. As night falls and the crew goes to sleep, Morbius, now resembling a vampire, returns and feeds on their blood, but is overwhelmed by guilt and attempts to kill himself by jumping into the ocean. He washes ashore and stumbles upon Connors' house, which he enters before falling asleep. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is working on curing himself in Connors' lab when he smashes a test tube in frustration, causing Morbius to be awakened by the noise and attack. As the two fight, Connors arrives and the stress of being attacked by Morbius causes him to transform into the Lizard. Morbius and the Lizard fight over who will kill Spider-Man. Morbius manages to bite the Lizard before escaping. An enzyme in Morbius' blood allows Connors to temporarily regain control of his mind, and he joins forces with Spider-Man to track down Morbius, believing that his blood can help cure them both. Meanwhile, Morbius reflects on how he became a vampire following a failed experiment that he, his fiancée, Martine Bancroft, and his assistant worked on to cure Morbius' rare blood disease; he killed his assistant before jumping into the ocean, not wanting to hurt Martine. As Spider-Man and the Lizard search for Morbius, Gwen and Aunt May worry about Peter, as they haven't heard from him in a while, and J. Jonah Jameson reveals\",\n \"title\": \"The Six Arms Saga\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21604709\",\n \"text\": \"Carlie Cooper is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is named after Joe Quesada's daughter. She is friends with Peter Parker, Harry Osborn, Vin Gonzales, and Lily Hollister. She is one of Spider-Man's first potential romantic interests in the \\\"One More Day\\\" story arc and eventually is a girlfriend for a time. Publication history Carlie Cooper first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #545 (December 2007) and was created by Dan Slott and Joe Quesada. Fictional character biography \\\"Brand New Day\\\" Carlie Cooper is the roommate and best friend of Lily Hollister; the two grew up together but Carlie was the brighter of the two. As a child, she was also friends with Gwen Stacy. She is an officer of the New York Police Department's Crime Scene Unit. She campaigned vigorously for Bill Hollister, whom she considers a father figure. Her birth father Ray Cooper was a well-respected cop who reportedly died years earlier. While preparing a body found in the river for the medical examiner, she finds a spider-tracer in the corpse's mouth, which initiates the police warrant for the \\\"Spider-Tracer Killer\\\". She later discovers that the \\\"Spider-Tracer Killer\\\" is a conspiracy by a group of New York cops who have planted the tracers on dead bodies to frame Spider-Man in an attempt to turn the public against. Carlie informs the precinct's sergeant, who is secretly a part of the conspiracy and issues a warrant for her arrest, claiming that she is aiding and abetting the killer. She goes to the Hollisters and tells the truth of the tracer killings. She escapes the police with the help of Menace. Later, Vin Gonzales finds her and apologizes to her for all that was done to her. When Doctor Octopus tries using Octobot technology to turn New York into a living weapon, Carlie and Norah Winters investigate who is responsible and through the course of their investigation, stumble upon Doctor Octopus's lair. Unknown to them, Doctor Octopus has already kidnapped J. Jonah Jameson Sr., after learning that JJJ Sr. is going to marry May Parker. Spider-Man frees all three of Doctor Octopus's captives with the aid of the Human Torch. Afterward, Carlie attends the wedding with Johnny Storm as her date. Later, Carlie is accused of tampering with evidence when several pieces of evidence collected from three murder scenes mysteriously disappear from the police evidence locker. Spider-Man later discovers that the 'evidence' was actually pieces of the Sandman, which left the evidence locker on their own. Carlie was cleared, but is still looked down on by some fellow officers. It is discovered that Carlie's father did not die. Ray speaks to Carlie while she is watching a fight between the Maggia and Mr. Negative's Inner Demons. When Carlie learns that Ray was not the good cop the man was made out to be, she has her father arrested. She then cuts her hair and decides to be more assertive in her life. After several\",\n \"title\": \"Carlie Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20822005\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"New Ways to Die\\\" is a 2008, six-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Dan Slott with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #568-#573. Plot summary The Thunderbolts led by Norman Osborn/Green Goblin come to New York City to hunt down the fugitive Spider-Man, who has been framed for a series of murders. Meanwhile, at the F.E.A.S.T. shelter run by Martin Li (Mister Negative), the cancer-ridden Eddie Brock is miraculously healed. When the Thunderbolts track Spider-Man to the F.E.A.S.T. shelter, Brock reacts to the Venom Symbiote (currently bonded to Mac Gargan), transforming into Anti-Venom (a hero with the ability to heal others and purify diseases). Now able to destroy every kind of sickness, he attacks Venom and cures him which destroys most of his symbiote. Spider-Man and Anti-Venom team up to take down the Thunderbolts. Anti-Venom fights Venom in a new, improved scorpion armor from Norman Osborn. \\\"Venorpion\\\" hits Anti-Venom with his stinger and injects a super-poisonous toxin into him that dissolves his suit. After a battle which results in a building collapsing, Songbird tells Spider-Man to lie low for the next few days. Osborn then holds a press conference, saying that Spider-Man has died in the collapse. At the end of the book, Eddie's suit later reforms. Collected editions Reception Amazing Spider-Man #568 sold 82,540 copies, the 7th best selling comics of August 2008. Amazing Spider-Man #573 sold 93,346 copies or 8th for October 2008. IGN gave the first issue of the arc an 8.0 out of 10 and the last issue 6.4. See also Spider-Man: Brand New Day Kraven's First Hunt References External links Spider-Man: New Ways to Die at Marvel.com Interview with Dan Slott about Amazing Spider-Man:New Ways to Die 2008 comics debuts Green Goblin\",\n \"title\": \"New Ways to Die\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24939735\",\n \"text\": \"Siege is an American comic book, published by Marvel Comics from January to May 2010. It deals with the climax of the \\\"Dark Reign\\\" storyline, which saw Norman Osborn become the United States primary defense officer, leading H.A.M.M.E.R. as well as employing his own evil Avengers. The story depicts Loki manipulating Osborn into leading an all-out assault on Asgard, at the time located within the United States. Captain America and his own Avengers lead a rebellion against Osborn. The events in Siege led to Marvel Comics introducing the subsequent storyline \\\"Heroic Age\\\". Publication history The \\\"Siege\\\" storyline consists of an eponymous four-issue mini-series, and a number of related tie-in books, including one-shots, miniseries, and existing ongoing series. Marvel announced in early 2010 that the company's \\\"Siege\\\" storyline would be followed by the \\\"Heroic Age\\\" storyline. This was first hinted at in the story by Athena to Amadeus Cho. Publication aftermath The end of the story was described as what would be the start of a new \\\"Heroic Age\\\" in the Marvel Universe. The final tie-in issues of the four Avengers titles, Mighty Avengers #36, New Avengers #64, Dark Avengers #16 and Avengers: The Initiative #35 were the last ones of those series, along with a New Avengers: Finale one-shot, with illustrations by Bryan Hitch. In June 2010 Marvel published Avengers Prime: Siege Aftermath. This five-part series focused on Thor, Iron Man, and Captain America and bridged the gap between \\\"Siege\\\" and \\\"Heroic Age\\\". Though not badged as an aftermath series, a limited series starting in May 2010 examined the fall of Norman Osborn and examine the effects upon his son Harry Osborn. The series was titled Amazing Spider-Man Presents: American Son. Plot Norman Osborn calls a meeting of the super-villain Cabal, consisting of Doctor Doom, the Hood, the Taskmaster, and the Asgardian God Loki, to discuss Asgard (the home of the Norse gods), which is now hovering above Broxton, Oklahoma, and the last holdout in Osborn's consolidation of power. A rift develops between Doom and Osborn, creating mayhem that appears to break up the group. Later, under his pretense of respectability, Osborn attempts in vain to secure permission from the President of the United States to invade Asgard, claiming it poses a national security threat. On Loki's advice, Osborn engineers a tragedy in which the hapless Asgardian Volstagg, manipulated into battling the super-villain team the U-Foes, accidentally causes an explosion that kills everyone in a crowded Soldier Field football stadium in Chicago, Illinois. This gives Osborn the justification to lay siege on Asgard with military troops as well as with the Dark Avengers — his team of supervillains posing as superheroes and with loyalists planted amid the various 50-State Initiative teams of heroes. Osborn's aide-de-camp, Victoria Hand suggests unsuccessfully that Osborn seek therapy for his instability. Shortly thereafter, the President realizes that Osborn is unstable and orders Hand to produce him. In the meantime, in order to better control the highly powerful but psychologically fragile superhero the Sentry, who has\",\n \"title\": \"Siege (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41357270\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man film cast members\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21465518\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Character Assassination\\\" is a four-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Marc Guggenheim with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #584-#588. An interlude, \\\"The Spartacus Gambit\\\" was featured in Amazing Spider-Man Extra #1 (June 2008) and later re-released for free online via Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited alongside the release of The Amazing Spider-Man #587 in February 2009. Plot summary The race for mayor is hot with Bill Hollister close in the polls to Randall Crowne. The Spider-Tracer murders continue with Shocker and Boomerang walking in on another corpse. Spider-Man is chased by police and is shot in the right arm. Spider-Man hallucinates a fight with Menace in which he unmasks to reveal the face of Harry Osborn. On top of the Statue of Liberty Harry proposes to Lily who is not sure what to say. Meanwhile, Carlie's lab reverse engineers the Spider-Tracers to track the source. Carlie arrives in Vin and Peter's apartment finding a bag of Spider-Tracers under Vin's bed. Horrified, she demands an explanation from Vin and his partner Cop hints that the entire NYPD is involved with the murders. Spider-Man attempts to stop Menace from attacking the Hollister Campaign supporters but Menace defeats the wounded Spider-Man leaving him to be captured by the police. Menace retreats to Harry Osborn's apartment \\\"unmasking\\\" to reveal the face of Lily Hollister. Harry walks in and looks in horror. Lily explains that she discovered notes about the Goblin Serum and hideout through concerns that Harry returned to drugs. A new type of Goblin Serum made contact with Lily's skin mutating her into Menace. She states that she attacked the Hollister campaign to make others sympathize with Bill Hollister and help him become elected. Lily also says that she accepts Harry's marriage proposal and leaves Harry who is flabbergasted by this turn of events. On election day Harry picks up a vial of the Goblin Serum and picks up a Goblin Gun behind the original Glider. Spider-Man is arrested by the police for the spider tracer murders and held at Ryker's Island. Matt Murdock arrives as his attorney and files motions to prevent the NYPD or the courts from unmasking him. At the preliminary hearings Iron Fist appears dressed as Spider-Man to create doubt that the Peter is the only Spider-Man or the killer. Black Cat and Murdock smuggle Peter a web-shooter. Carlie confronts Vin and he and his partner reveal that many NYPD cops from their precinct are planting the tracers on dead bodies to frame Spider-Man in a smear campaign to turn public opinion against him. He states that they are tired of him getting away with vigilante justice. Carlie claims to want in but then turns them into their captain Sergeant Palone, who unknown to her is the leader of the conspiracy. He later has Vin arrested as the sole suspect as Vin's precinct killed Bookie, who solved the murders first. While trapped in Rykers, Spider-Man learns that Vin\",\n \"title\": \"Character Assassination\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"144170\",\n \"text\": \"Gwendolyne Maxine \\\"Gwen\\\" Stacy is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider-Man. A college student and the daughter of George and Helen Stacy, she is the first romantic interest for Peter following his high school graduation before she is murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Her death has haunted Peter ever since, and stories published long afterwards indicate she still holds a special place in his heart. Gwen is posthumously subjected to numerous cloning experiments by her former professor Miles Warren, Peter's clone Ben Reilly, and an A.I. of Harry Osborn, the latter resulting in the creation of the Kindreds, and Ben briefly resurrecting Gwen in \\\"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\\\" (2016–2017), with the embodiment of Death herself confirming in Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider (2017–2018) that all clones Ben created of deceased people had their souls intact on being brought back, while clones of living people (like Ben himself) had unique souls of their own. In the alternate realities of Ultimate Marvel and Spider-Gwen, a still-living Gwen respectively becomes their universe's versions of Carnage and Spider-Woman. The character was portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider-Man 3 (2007) and by Emma Stone in The Amazing Spider-Man film series (2012–2014) and Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023; archive footage). A multiverse Spider-Gwen is voiced by Hailee Steinfeld in the 2018 animated film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse and its sequel Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), and will reprise the role in Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (TBA) and Spider-Woman (TBA). Publication history Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Fictional character biography Early history In her initial appearances, Peter Parker meets Gwen while both are studying as undergraduates at Empire State University, but with Aunt May in the hospital, Peter is troubled and ignores her advances. She dates both Flash Thompson and Harry Osborn to make Peter jealous. Gradually, however, a romance develops; Gwen, a science major, appreciates Peter's intellect. Their relationship begins almost immediately after Peter stops going out with Mary Jane Watson, whom he begins to see as shallow and self-absorbed. Later issues introduce Gwen's father, NYPD Captain George Stacy, as well as her mother Helen Stacy and her uncle Arthur Stacy. Though her father is both fond of Peter and supportive of his alter-ego Spider-Man, his death strains Peter's relationship with Gwen after he is killed by falling debris during a battle involving Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus. Gwen blames Spider-Man for his death, and leaves for Europe to cope with her loss. She wants Peter to ask her to marry him and convince her to stay, but his guilt stops him from proposing. Gwen's feelings for Peter eventually prompt her to return to New York, and their relationship is rekindled. According to Lee, who scripted all of the stories featuring Gwen Stacy up to this point, the original intent was for Gwen\",\n \"title\": \"Gwen Stacy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71375109\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dark Web\\\" is an American comic book crossover storyline written by Zeb Wells with art by Adam Kubert and Ed McGuinness, published in 2022 by Marvel Comics. The story, which serving as a spiritual successor to \\\"Inferno\\\", involves Spider-Man and the X-Men joining forces against Ben Reilly and Madelyne Pryor as the two wronged clones are teaming up as Chasm and Goblin Queen to raise hell across the Marvel Universe. \\\"Dark Web\\\" is bookended by two one-shots, subtitled Dusk and Dawn, and the story continued in the pages of Zeb Wells' run of Amazing Spider-Man. The storyline tied into various other books like Venom (vol. 5) and limited series including Gold Goblin, Mary Jane & Black Cat, Dark Web: Ms. Marvel and Dark Web: X-Men.{draim11} Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 6) #18, Dark Web Finale, Dark Web: Ms. Marvel #2, Dark Web: X-Men #3, Mary Jane & Black Cat #2, and Venom (vol. 5) #15 were dedicated in memory of Carlos Pacheco. Publication history In April 2022, Marvel comics posted a teaser \\\"The Dark Web is being spun\\\" that will involve Spider-Man prior to the release of the Free Comic Book Day: Spider-Man/Venom #1. The comic book issue ended with a teaser revealing Ben Reilly is working with Madelyne Pryor. At San Diego Comic-Con in July 2022, teaser art from Ryan Stegman offered a glimpse on the event with the Goblin Queen looming over Spider-Man, Venom, Black Cat, Cyclops, Jean Grey, Magik, Iceman, Firestar, Mary Jane, Chasm and Hallows' Eve, a new member of Spider-Man's rogue's gallery. It is revealed in the Next Big Thing panel to be a Spider-Man/X-Men crossover spearheaded by current Amazing Spider-Man writer Zeb Wells. The two franchises recently crossed paths when the X-Men's former ally Moira MacTaggert kidnapped Mary Jane Watson and used her as a puppet to infiltrate the Hellfire Gala. Prelude issues were published in November to set up the event letting readers see exactly what Chasm and the Goblin Queen have been busy with. Venom (vol. 5) #13 set the stage to the crossover as Eddie Brock returns from space and finds an unexpected ally in Madelyne Pryor. Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 6) #14 introduced Chasm, Reilly's new persona, and a brand new villain, Hallows' Eve, who was pivotal to the event. Limited series Gold Goblin, Mary Jane & Black Cat, Dark Web: Ms. Marvel and Dark Web: X-Men tied directly to the Dark Web saga. Gold Goblin, written by Christopher Cantwell with art from Lan Medina, set up a new status quo for Norman Osborn whose sins were cleansed during the Last Remains storyline. Mary Jane & Black Cat, written by Jed MacKay with art from Vincenzo Carratù, forces two of the greatest loves of Peter Parker's life for another team up after being thrown into each other's path; Mary Jane and Black Cat previously joined forces during the Beyond storyline. Dark Web: Ms. Marvel, written by Sabir Pirzada with art from Francesco Mortarino, took Ms. Marvel in Limbo against deadly experiments going haywire;\",\n \"title\": \"Dark Web (Marvel Comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24953467\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Reaction\\\" is the eighth episode of the American animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man, which is based on the comic book character Spider-Man, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The episode originally broadcast in the United States on the Kids WB! block for The CW on May 3, 2008. The episode details Dr. Otto Octavius as an accidental laboratory incident caused by the Green Goblin where the radiation merges special mechanical tentacles to his skin and seemingly damaged his brain (although it was later suggested that what was interpreted as brain damage was in fact his mind rewiring itself to accommodate four extra limbs), and turns him from a timid and weak scientist into the villain Dr. Octopus. \\\"Reaction\\\" was directed by Jennifer Coyle and was the first episode of the series to be written by Randy Jandt. While writing the teleplay, Jandt was challenged with staying true to the original material of Spider-Man, particularly towards that of Dr. Octopus. \\\"Reaction\\\" received generally positive reviews, with television critics singling out Dr. Octopus' portrayal. Octopus's character design was applauded by both the designers and Coyle; the latter noted that his design allowed her to direct them freely in different manners, and that the arms in particular were particularly well-done. Peter MacNicol voiced the character and used a voice inspired by that of actor Laird Cregar. It is available on both the third volume DVD set for the series, as well as the complete season box set. Plot summary Dr. Otto Octavius tries to complain to his boss Norman Osborn about the dangers of several recent experiments they have been performing to create supervillains in his laboratory and how Spider-Man could trace them to Oscorp, but is quickly berated by Osborn for his \\\"whining.\\\" Octavius backs down and goes to work inside an experimentation chamber while Osborn departs. Unbeknown to him, the villain Green Goblin sneaks into the lab, activating the chamber's generators while locking Octavius inside. While unsuccessfully trying to escape from the chamber, the radiation emitted fuses the mechanical tentacles he is wearing into his skin. Osborn and others arrive on the scene to turn off the generator, while Spider-Man jumps in to help get Octavius out of the wreckage. When the doctor wakes up, he attacks Osborn with his tentacles and pins him to a wall. When Spider-Man tries to intervene, Octavius brushes him aside as well with one of his tentacles, declaring himself \\\"Dr. Octopus.\\\" He steals a power battery to recharge his tentacles and storms out of the building, using his tentacles as extra limbs. The next day, Peter, Gwen, Harry and some of Harry's new popular friends go to Coney Island, where Harry impresses everyone with his newfound strength. Liz Allan begins to attach herself to Peter and the two have a fun time. However, Peter spots Dr. Octopus and abandons the group to pursue him as Spider-Man. Spider-Man follows Dr. Octopus to TriCorp, where he attempts to steal a power pack from a vault.\",\n \"title\": \"Reaction (The Spectacular Spider-Man)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24284443\",\n \"text\": \"Headsman is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. His apparent real name is Cleavon Twain (a play on the words \\\"cleave in twain\\\") though it is unclear if this is his actual birth name or simply an alias. Fictional character biography Origin Cleavon Twain and his older brother grew up on a chicken farm in Louisiana. There, Cleavon had a pet dog that repeatedly tried to bite his brother. This led him to warn Cleavon that he would kill the dog if he attacks him one more time. Eventually the dog bit his brother and was subsequently killed by him. Cleavon was heart broken, but still looked up to his brother. The brothers later joined a biker gang called the 'Headhunters'. Cleavon states that his brother was the 'badass' of the gang. The Twain brothers had since grown estranged, with Cleavon descending deeper into a life of crime, while his brother returned to life on the farm. Eventually, Cleavon Twain made his way to New York, where he was tracked down by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn) and given advanced technology, including a high-tech adamantium vibro-axe that could cut through anything and a hover platform for transportation. He also had a strength boosting harness that made his axe swings even more powerful and deadly. He was not told who was employing him, but he was sent to help the Enforcers escape from Spider-Man, which he accomplished by forcing Spider-Man to flee. Harry Osborn alerted Spider-Man about where the criminals were meeting, and the Headsman was forced to flee after the ensuing battle after Spider-Man damaged his power pack. After repairing his pack, Headsman teamed with Lucky Lobo to kill Spider-Man. Believing he had killed Spider-Man, he left the hero buried under a pile of rubble. Headman faced Spider-Man again, when the Green Goblin attacked the Headsman and revealed himself to Headsman as his employer. The Green Goblin destroyed the Headsman's equipment and knocked him out, allowing Spider-Man to turn him in to the police. Thunderbolts Many years later, the Headsman joined Osborn's Thunderbolts black ops team. He helped discredit Doc Samson by attacking Air Force One disguised as the Green Goblin. Osborn saved the President in a staged attack by tossing the faux \\\"Green Goblin\\\" out of the plane. The team's next objective was to kill Deadpool, at which they failed miserably. His teammate the Ghost told him that on his first mission he was using a faulty gravity-grip so Ghost had fixed it, suggesting that Osborn had meant for him to die in his fall from the plane. He battled new teammate Mister X, but was spared from death by the Black Widow. When the Thunderbolts capture Songbird and Natasha Romanov, they are ordered to execute them. Headsman, Ghost and Paladin refused to kill the prisoners and allowed them to escape, knocking out their teammates and erasing their memories of the event. Death The Uranian of the Agents of Atlas later implants a\",\n \"title\": \"Headsman (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31655527\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Gathering of Five\\\" and \\\"The Final Chapter\\\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \\\"re-branding\\\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \\\"Issue One\\\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \\\"Clone Saga\\\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \\\"the gathering of five\\\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \\\"package\\\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time\",\n \"title\": \"The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1355215\",\n \"text\": \"Featured here is a chronological list of story arcs in the comic book series Ultimate Spider-Man, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Bill Jemas, and drawn by Mark Bagley until Stuart Immonen replaced him. Ultimate Spider-Man is a teenage drama, in background contrast to the adult Spider-Man in the Marvel continuity. Ultimate Spider-Man \\\"Power and Responsibility\\\" (#1–7) Published: October 2000 – May 2001 Creative Team: Brian Michael Bendis (writing) / Mark Bagley (art) Plot outline: During a field trip to Osborn Industries, Peter Parker gets bitten by a genetically-mutated spider. The spider was part of the scientific experimentation there and had been injected with a formula that Norman himself had created called OZ. Kong, one of Peter's classmates kills the spider before anyone could retrieve it. Norman Osborn decides to track Peter's progress as he now has the last of the formula in his blood. After several instances of fainting and displaying extraordinary strength and reflexes, Peter realizes the bite gave him spider-like powers. On one occasion, Peter accidentally breaks Flash Thompson's hand when he tries to fight him, a bully who has been tormenting Parker for years. When Flash's family attempt to sue, Peter becomes part of a local wrestling circuit as the masked \\\"Amazing Spider-Man\\\" to anonymously pay for his Aunt May and Uncle Ben's legal fees. Peter also gets his Spider-Man suit courtesy of the wrestling organization, although it isn't finished yet. Peter does not reveal this secret double-life to anybody, not even his friends Mary Jane Watson and Harry Osborn. Peter flees the wrestling organization after being accused of stealing. Peter returns home where his aunt and uncle berate him for his failing academic grades and for his change in attitude. Angry and confused, Peter runs away and spends the night at Kong's home before going to party, where Ben finds him and tries to take him home. Ben informs Peter of the \\\"with great power, comes great responsibility\\\" ethos that Peter's father abided by. Peter is angered that his father was never there to tell him that himself, and runs off to contemplate Ben's words. More angry and tired, he allows a burglar to escape after robbing a deli owner, but upon returning home, he finds that Uncle Ben had been murdered. Peter tracks down Ben's killer, subdues him, only to find out he is the same burglar he had let get away earlier. He ties him to a rope and leaves the killer to the police. Understanding Uncle Ben's words, Peter is galvanized to using his powers for good, and begins to establish himself as the superhero known as Spider-Man. Meanwhile, Norman Osborn injects himself with the OZ formula, gaining confidence by tracking the effects the spider formula had on Peter. As a result, Norman is transformed into a monstrous, fiery, large goblin. The Goblin destroys the lab, kills several scientists and leaves Dr. Otto Octavius, another scientist, for dead. All this is seen by Harry Osborn who runs home to find his mother\",\n \"title\": \"List of Ultimate Spider-Man story arcs\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Dane William DeHaan"],"string":"[\n \"Dane William DeHaan\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":65,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_51671"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when did the us adopt the gregorian calendar"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"599966","text":"The New Calendarists are Eastern Orthodox churches that adopted the Revised Julian calendar. Background In the history of Christianity, divisions on which calendar to use were initiated after 1582, when the Roman Catholic Church transitioned from the ancient Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar. Eventually, by the 18th century, the Gregorian Calendar was officially adopted even in Protestant countries as the civil calendar, but still faced some opposition from smaller groups. In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Gregorian calendar was officially introduced in 1752. Around the same time, debates between those wanting to adopt the Gregorian Calendar and traditionalists wanting to keep the Julian calendar were also going on within several Eastern Catholic Churches. Those debates were focused mainly on ritual questions and ended in various compromises. The need for preservation of ritual differences, including various questions related to liturgical calendar, was consequently acknowledged by Rome. New Calendarists In 1923, the Revised Julian calendar was devised. Since then, several Eastern Orthodox Churches have introduced partial changes into their liturgical calendars. Those changes were based on the application of the Revised Julian calendar for the liturgical celebration of immovable feasts (including Christmas), thus reducing the use of the old Julian calendar to liturgical celebration of moveable feasts (feasts of the Easter cycle). Thus, the Revised calendar use was introduced. It has been adopted by: the Ecumenical Patriarchate (March 1924) the Church of Greece (March 1924) the Church of Cyprus; (March 1924) the Romanian Orthodox Church (later in 1924) the Patriarchate of Alexandria (in 1928) the Patriarchate of Antioch (in 1928) the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (in 1968) the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (in 2023) The Orthodox Church in America (except for Alaska) and the Albanian Orthodox Church also use the revised calendar. It was not adopted by the Eastern Orthodox Churches of: Jerusalem, Georgia, Russia, Sinai, and the monasteries on the Mount Athos. The Polish Orthodox Church has wavered between the two calendars; today it officially follows the old calendar. In Eastern Orthodoxy, issues related to calendar reform did not produce break of communion or schisms between the mainstream churches, but they did cause disputes and internal schisms within some churches. The result of those conflicts was the emergence of the Old Calendarist movement, and consequent creation of separate churches, thus breaking the communion with those mother churches that accepted the calendar reform. See also Adoption of the Gregorian calendar French revolutionary calendar Revised Julian calendar Old Calendarists References Sources Calendars History of Eastern Christianity History of Eastern Orthodoxy Liturgical calendars Old Calendarism Julian calendar","title":"New Calendarists"},{"docid":"23397214","text":"The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian calendar backward to the dates preceding its official introduction in 1582. In nations that adopted the Gregorian calendar after its official and first introduction, dates occurring in the interim period of 15 October 1582 (the first date of use of Gregorian calendrical dates, being dated 5 October 1582 in the preceding Julian calendar) to the date on which the pertinent nation adopted the Gregorian calendar and abandoned the Julian calendar are sometimes 'Gregorianized' also. For example, the birthday of U.S. President George Washington was originally dated 11 February 1731 (Old Style) because Great Britain, of which he was born a subject, used (until September 1752) the Julian calendar and dated the beginning of English years as 25 March. After Great Britain switched to the Gregorian calendar, Washington's birthday was dated 22 February 1732 proleptically, according to the Gregorian calendar applied backward. This remains the modern dating of his birthday. Usage ISO 8601:2004 (clause 3.2.1 The Gregorian calendar) explicitly requires use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all dates before the introduction of 15 October 1582, if the partners to an exchange of information agree. Most scholars of Maya civilization also use it, especially when converting Long Count dates (1st century BC – 10th century AD). The best practice for citation of historically contemporary documents is to cite the date as expressed in the original text and to notate any contextual implications and conclusions regarding the calendar used and equivalents in other calendars. This practice permits others to re-evaluate the original evidence. For these calendars one can distinguish two systems of numbering years BC. Bede and later historians did not enumerate any year as zero (nulla in Latin; see Year zero); therefore the year preceding AD 1 is 1 BC. In this system the year 1 BC is a leap year (likewise in the proleptic Julian calendar). Mathematically, it is more convenient to include a year 0 and represent earlier years as negative numbers for the specific purpose of facilitating the calculation of the number of years between a negative (BC) year and a positive (AD) year. This is the convention in astronomical year numbering and the international standard date system, ISO 8601. In these systems, the year 0 is a leap year. Although the nominal Julian calendar began in 45 BC, leap years between 45 BC and 1 BC were irregular (see Leap year error). Thus the Julian calendar with quadrennial leap years was only used from the end of AD 4 until 1582 or later (contingent on the specific nation in question). The proleptic Gregorian calendar is sometimes used in computer software to simplify identifying pre-Gregorian dates, e. g. in PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, PHP, CIM, Delphi and Python. Difference between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates Before the official and first introduction of the Gregorian calendar, the differences between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates are as follows: The table below assumes a Julian leap day of 29 February,","title":"Proleptic Gregorian calendar"},{"docid":"33151859","text":"This is the calendar for Old Style 1752, a leap year which began on 1 January, and dropped 3–13 September to transition to the Gregorian calendar. Previously, the Old Style calendar in England (and related regions) had begun on 25 March and ended with the following March, on 24 March. Because the Gregorian calendar did not have leap day in 1700, the original 10-day difference in calendars had expanded to an 11-day difference, and to compensate, 2 September was followed by 14 September, as skipping 11 days beyond 3 September. Year 1753, in England (and related regions) followed the full Gregorian calendar. Note, below, the shortened length of September. |- |- |- With the omission of 3–13 September, then 14 September 1752 became the first day to match the New Style date of the Gregorian calendar, as adopted c.1582 by some Catholic territories. Scotland followed this same plan, in converting to Gregorian dates in 1752, along with England, Wales, Ireland, the American colonies, and related regions. Other nations, such as Russia and Sweden, continued to use the Julian calendar, in 1752. Although the Swedish calendar had tried a gradual transition, beginning in 1700, to drop 11 leap days during 40 years, Sweden returned to the Julian calendar and finally adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1753. Other nations did not change to the Gregorian system until more than 150 years later. There were many different transition plans used by various other nations (see: Gregorian calendar#Adoption). See also Old Style 1751 - first Old Style year to end on 31 December in England and related regions References Julian calendar","title":"Old Style 1752"},{"docid":"15512766","text":"Dual dating is the practice, in historical materials, of indicating a date with what appear to be duplicate or excessive digits: these may be separated by a hyphen or a slash, or placed one above the other. The need for dual dating arose from the transition from an older calendar to a newer one. Another method used is to give the date of an event according to one calendar, followed in parentheses by the date of the same event in the other calendar, appending an indicator to each to specify which reference calendar applies. As an example, in the date \"10/21February 1750/51\" a style seen in the records of Great Britain and its possessions the notation arises from the prospective or previous adoption of the Gregorian calendar and a concurrent calendar reform. (The dual day number is due to the eleven days difference (at the time) between the Julian calendar date and the Gregorian one; the dual year is due to a change of start of year, from 25March to 1January.) European countries and their colonies: Old Style and New Style dates England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the American colonies Long before the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar, the date of the start of the year caused difficulties. Until 1752, England, Wales, Ireland and the American colonies started the legal year on 25March, whereas Scotland (since 1600), as well as common usage, started the year on 1January. This meant that a date such as 29January, while being toward the end of a legal year, would also be near the beginning of the following \"common\" (and Scottish) year. It was to show this duality that the system of displaying two year numbers first came into use examples may be seen on memorial tablets and in parish registers. Dating based on the year beginning on 25March became known as \"Annunciation Style\" dates, while dates of the year commencing on 1January were described as \"Circumcision Style\" dates, because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, commemorating the eighth day of Jesus Christ's life after his birth, counted from its observation on Christmas Day (25December). In 1752, England and its possessions changed the start of the year to 1January, and also adopted the Gregorian calendar (on 2September). Thereafter, the terms \"Old Style\" (OS) and \"New Style\" (NS) were more commonly added to dates when it proved necessary or expedient to identify which calendar was being used for the given date. Often, both were given for example: 20January 1708(OS) (1709(NS)). There may be some confusion as to which calendar alteration OS or NS refers to: the change of the start of the year, or the transition of one style of calendar to another. Historically, OS referred only to the start of the year change, to 1January from 25March, and some historians still believe this is the best practice. However, OS and NS may refer to both alterations of the calendar: constructions like may be seen. Rest of Europe During the period","title":"Dual dating"},{"docid":"476654","text":"Little Christmas (), also known as Old Christmas, Green Christmas, or Twelfth Night, is one of the traditional names among Irish Christians and Amish Christians for 6 January, which is also known more widely as the Feast of the Epiphany, celebrated after the conclusion of the twelve days of Christmastide. It is the traditional end of the Christmas season and until 2013 was the last day of the Christmas holidays for both primary and secondary schools in Ireland. Origins Owing to differences in liturgical calendars, as early as the fourth century, the churches of the eastern Roman Empire were celebrating Christmas on 6 January, while those of the western Roman Empire were celebrating it on 25 December. In October 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar as a correction of the Julian calendar, because the latter has too many leap years that cause it to drift out of alignment with the solar year. This has liturgical significance since calculation of the date of Easter assumes that spring Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on 21 March. To correct the accumulated error, he ordained the date be advanced by ten days. Most Roman Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately and Protestant countries followed suit over the following 200 years. In particular, the British Empire (including the American colonies) did so from 1752 with the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, by which time the divergence had grown to eleven days. This meant that Christmas Day on 25 December ('New Style') was eleven days earlier than it would have been but for the Act, making \"Old Christmas\" [25 December ('Old Style')] happen on 5 January (NS). In February 1800, the Julian calendar had another leap year but the Gregorian did not, moving Old Christmas to 6 January (NS), which coincided with the Feast of the Epiphany. For this reason, in some parts of the world, the Feast of the Epiphany, which is traditionally observed on 6 January, is sometimes referred to as Old Christmas or Old Christmas Day. (Although 1900 was also not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar (and thus the Julian 25 December has since that year coincided with 7January in the Gregorian calendar) the custom of celebrating Little Christmas on 6January did not change.) Observance by country Europe In the Scottish Highlands the term Little Christmas () is applied to New Year's Day, also known as , or , while Epiphany is known as , the feast-day of the Kings. The Transalpine Redemptorists who live on Papa Stronsay in Scotland, celebrate 'Little Christmas' on the twenty-fifth day of every month, except for December, when the twenty-fifth day is celebrated as Christmas Day. The custom of blessing homes on Epiphany developed because the feast commemorates the time that the three kings visited the home of the Holy Family. In the late 19th Century, the day was also known as Little Christmas in some parts of England, such as Lancashire. In the Isle of Man, New Year's Day on","title":"Little Christmas"},{"docid":"219425","text":"The Swedish calendar () or Swedish style () was a calendar in use in Sweden and its possessions from 1 March 1700 until 30 February 1712 (see below). It was one day ahead of the Julian calendar and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Easter was calculated astronomically, with a minor exception, from 1740 to 1844. Solar calendar In November 1699, the Government of Sweden decided that, rather than adopt the Gregorian calendar outright, it would gradually approach it over a 40-year period. The plan was to skip all leap days in the period 1700 to 1740. Every fourth year, the gap between the Swedish calendar and the Gregorian would reduce by one day, until they finally lined up in 1740. In the meantime, this calendar would not be in line with either of the major alternative calendars and the differences would change every four years. In accordance with the plan, 29 February was omitted in 1700, but the Great Northern War stopped any further omissions from being made in the following years. In January 1711, King Charles XII declared that Sweden would abandon the calendar, which was not in use by any other nation, in favour of a return to the older Julian calendar. An extra day was added to February in the leap year of 1712, thus giving the month a unique 30-day (30 February) and the year a 367-day length. In 1753, one year later than England and its colonies, Sweden introduced the Gregorian calendar. The leap of 11 days was accomplished in one step, with 17 February being followed by 1 March. Easter Easter was to be calculated according to the Easter rules of the Julian calendar from 1700 until 1739, but from 1700 to 1711, Easter Sunday was dated in the anomalous Swedish calendar, described above. In 1740, Sweden finally adopted the \"improved calendar\" already adopted by the Protestant states of Germany in 1700 (which they used until 1775). Its improvement was to calculate the full moon and vernal equinox of Easter according to astronomical tables, specifically Kepler's Rudolphine Tables at the meridian of Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory (destroyed long before) on the former Danish island of Hven near the southern tip of Sweden. In addition to the usual medieval rule that Easter was the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox, the astronomical Easter Sunday was to be delayed by one week if this calculation would have placed it on the same day as the first day of Jewish Passover week, Nisan 15. It conflicts with the Julian Easter, which could not occur on the 14th day of the moon (Nisan 14), but was permitted on Nisan 15 to 21 although those dates were calculated via Christian, not Jewish, tables (see Computus). The resulting astronomical Easter dates in the Julian calendar used in Sweden from 1740 to 1752 occurred on the same Sunday as the Julian Easter every three years but were earlier than the earliest canonical limit for Easter","title":"Swedish calendar"},{"docid":"39579023","text":"Events from the year 1599 in the Kingdom of Scotland. Incumbents Monarch – James VI Events 17 April – the title Marquess of Huntly is created in the Peerage of Scotland in favour of George Gordon, 6th Earl of Huntly. 29 November – Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow granted its charter by King James VI. 17 December – King James VI, via an act of his Privy Council, decided that Scotland should come into line with other “well governit commonwealths” and adopts 1 January as New Years Day. Prior to this 25 March was New Years Day. Thus the year 1599 commenced on 25 March 1599 and ended on 31 December 1599 - it was only 9 months long. The next date, in Scotland, was 1 January 1600. This left Scotland at odds with England, whereby the New year continued be dated from 25 March. As a consequence 1 January 1600 in Scotland was 1 January 1599 in England. It is sometimes, mistakenly, said that Scotland adopted the Gregorian Calendar at this time. Whilst starting the New Year on 1 January was one component of Gregorian reforms, Scotland did not adopt the two more fundamental changes in relation to (1) the computation for leap years and (2) the realignment of the calendar with the solar year, which necessitated the omission of ten days from the existing calendar. Scotland, along with England and Wales, adopted the Gregorian Calendar in 1752 under the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 by which time the omission of eleven days from the older calendar was required. 28 December – issue at Holyroodhouse by William Schaw, Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland and General Warden of the master stonemasons, of the Second Schaw Statutes, significant in the history of freemasonry, particularly in relation to Lodge Mother Kilwinning. The earliest records of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) date from this year. Births Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin (died 1663) John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure (died 1634) Thomas Weir, soldier and Covenanter (executed for witchcraft 1670) Deaths Jean Hepburn, Lady Darnley, Mistress of Caithness, Lady Morham See also Timeline of Scottish history References","title":"1599 in Scotland"},{"docid":"33150453","text":"This is the calendar for Old Style 1751, which began on Monday, 25 March, in England (and related regions). The Old Style year 1751 ended on 31 December, unlike England's typical Old Style calendar, which ended with the following March, on 24 March. Hence, 1751 was the final year to begin on 25 March, and Old Style 1752 began on 1 January (Wednesday), in England, Wales, Ireland, or the American colonies (etc.), as a transition year to the New Style (N.S.) Gregorian calendar. However, both calendars had been in dual use in some regions, for many years. |- |- |- Note that Scotland already used a calendar beginning 1 January to 31 December, as adopted since 1600, while England (and related regions) had continued to begin the new year on 25 March, until 1752. See also Old Style common year starting on Monday - for similar years Old Style 1752 - transition year to Gregorian calendar 1753 - first full Gregorian year in England (and related regions) References Julian calendar","title":"Old Style 1751"},{"docid":"19344","text":"March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 21 marks the astronomical beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where September is the seasonal equivalent of the Northern Hemisphere's March. History The name of March comes from Martius, the first month of the earliest Roman calendar. It was named after Mars, the Roman god of war, and an ancestor of the Roman people through his sons Romulus and Remus. His month Martius was the beginning of the season for warfare, and the festivals held in his honor during the month were mirrored by others in October, when the season for these activities came to a close. Martius remained the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps as late as 153 BC, and several religious observances in the first half of the month were originally new year's celebrations. Even in late antiquity, Roman mosaics picturing the months sometimes still placed March first. March 1 began the numbered year in Russia until the end of the 15th century. Great Britain and its colonies continued to use March 25 until 1752, when they finally adopted the Gregorian calendar (the fiscal year in the UK continues to begin on 6 April, initially identical to 25 March in the former Julian calendar). Many other cultures, for example in Iran, or Ethiopia, still celebrate the beginning of the New Year in March. March is the first month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Europe, Asia and part of Africa) and the first month of fall or autumn in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, part of Africa, and Oceania). Ancient Roman observances celebrated in March include Agonium Martiale, celebrated on March 1, March 14, and March 17, Matronalia, celebrated on March 1, Junonalia, celebrated on March 7, Equirria, celebrated on March 14, Mamuralia, celebrated on either March 14 or March 15, Hilaria on March 15 and then through March 22–28, Argei, celebrated on March 16–17, Liberalia and Bacchanalia, celebrated March 17, Quinquatria, celebrated March 19–23, and Tubilustrium, celebrated March 23. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Other names In Finnish, the month is called maaliskuu, which is believed to originate from maallinen kuu. The latter means earthy month and may refer to the first appearance of \"earth\" from under the winter's snow. In Ukrainian, the month is called березень/berezenʹ, meaning birch tree, and březen in Czech. Historical names for March include the Saxon Lentmonat, named after the March equinox and gradual lengthening of days, and the eventual namesake of Lent. Saxons also called March Rhed-monat or Hreth-monath (deriving from their goddess Rhedam/Hreth), and Angles called it Hyld-monath. In Slovene, the traditional name is sušec, meaning the month when the earth becomes dry enough so that it","title":"March"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"599966\",\n \"text\": \"The New Calendarists are Eastern Orthodox churches that adopted the Revised Julian calendar. Background In the history of Christianity, divisions on which calendar to use were initiated after 1582, when the Roman Catholic Church transitioned from the ancient Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar. Eventually, by the 18th century, the Gregorian Calendar was officially adopted even in Protestant countries as the civil calendar, but still faced some opposition from smaller groups. In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Gregorian calendar was officially introduced in 1752. Around the same time, debates between those wanting to adopt the Gregorian Calendar and traditionalists wanting to keep the Julian calendar were also going on within several Eastern Catholic Churches. Those debates were focused mainly on ritual questions and ended in various compromises. The need for preservation of ritual differences, including various questions related to liturgical calendar, was consequently acknowledged by Rome. New Calendarists In 1923, the Revised Julian calendar was devised. Since then, several Eastern Orthodox Churches have introduced partial changes into their liturgical calendars. Those changes were based on the application of the Revised Julian calendar for the liturgical celebration of immovable feasts (including Christmas), thus reducing the use of the old Julian calendar to liturgical celebration of moveable feasts (feasts of the Easter cycle). Thus, the Revised calendar use was introduced. It has been adopted by: the Ecumenical Patriarchate (March 1924) the Church of Greece (March 1924) the Church of Cyprus; (March 1924) the Romanian Orthodox Church (later in 1924) the Patriarchate of Alexandria (in 1928) the Patriarchate of Antioch (in 1928) the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (in 1968) the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (in 2023) The Orthodox Church in America (except for Alaska) and the Albanian Orthodox Church also use the revised calendar. It was not adopted by the Eastern Orthodox Churches of: Jerusalem, Georgia, Russia, Sinai, and the monasteries on the Mount Athos. The Polish Orthodox Church has wavered between the two calendars; today it officially follows the old calendar. In Eastern Orthodoxy, issues related to calendar reform did not produce break of communion or schisms between the mainstream churches, but they did cause disputes and internal schisms within some churches. The result of those conflicts was the emergence of the Old Calendarist movement, and consequent creation of separate churches, thus breaking the communion with those mother churches that accepted the calendar reform. See also Adoption of the Gregorian calendar French revolutionary calendar Revised Julian calendar Old Calendarists References Sources Calendars History of Eastern Christianity History of Eastern Orthodoxy Liturgical calendars Old Calendarism Julian calendar\",\n \"title\": \"New Calendarists\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23397214\",\n \"text\": \"The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian calendar backward to the dates preceding its official introduction in 1582. In nations that adopted the Gregorian calendar after its official and first introduction, dates occurring in the interim period of 15 October 1582 (the first date of use of Gregorian calendrical dates, being dated 5 October 1582 in the preceding Julian calendar) to the date on which the pertinent nation adopted the Gregorian calendar and abandoned the Julian calendar are sometimes 'Gregorianized' also. For example, the birthday of U.S. President George Washington was originally dated 11 February 1731 (Old Style) because Great Britain, of which he was born a subject, used (until September 1752) the Julian calendar and dated the beginning of English years as 25 March. After Great Britain switched to the Gregorian calendar, Washington's birthday was dated 22 February 1732 proleptically, according to the Gregorian calendar applied backward. This remains the modern dating of his birthday. Usage ISO 8601:2004 (clause 3.2.1 The Gregorian calendar) explicitly requires use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all dates before the introduction of 15 October 1582, if the partners to an exchange of information agree. Most scholars of Maya civilization also use it, especially when converting Long Count dates (1st century BC – 10th century AD). The best practice for citation of historically contemporary documents is to cite the date as expressed in the original text and to notate any contextual implications and conclusions regarding the calendar used and equivalents in other calendars. This practice permits others to re-evaluate the original evidence. For these calendars one can distinguish two systems of numbering years BC. Bede and later historians did not enumerate any year as zero (nulla in Latin; see Year zero); therefore the year preceding AD 1 is 1 BC. In this system the year 1 BC is a leap year (likewise in the proleptic Julian calendar). Mathematically, it is more convenient to include a year 0 and represent earlier years as negative numbers for the specific purpose of facilitating the calculation of the number of years between a negative (BC) year and a positive (AD) year. This is the convention in astronomical year numbering and the international standard date system, ISO 8601. In these systems, the year 0 is a leap year. Although the nominal Julian calendar began in 45 BC, leap years between 45 BC and 1 BC were irregular (see Leap year error). Thus the Julian calendar with quadrennial leap years was only used from the end of AD 4 until 1582 or later (contingent on the specific nation in question). The proleptic Gregorian calendar is sometimes used in computer software to simplify identifying pre-Gregorian dates, e. g. in PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, PHP, CIM, Delphi and Python. Difference between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates Before the official and first introduction of the Gregorian calendar, the differences between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates are as follows: The table below assumes a Julian leap day of 29 February,\",\n \"title\": \"Proleptic Gregorian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33151859\",\n \"text\": \"This is the calendar for Old Style 1752, a leap year which began on 1 January, and dropped 3–13 September to transition to the Gregorian calendar. Previously, the Old Style calendar in England (and related regions) had begun on 25 March and ended with the following March, on 24 March. Because the Gregorian calendar did not have leap day in 1700, the original 10-day difference in calendars had expanded to an 11-day difference, and to compensate, 2 September was followed by 14 September, as skipping 11 days beyond 3 September. Year 1753, in England (and related regions) followed the full Gregorian calendar. Note, below, the shortened length of September. |- |- |- With the omission of 3–13 September, then 14 September 1752 became the first day to match the New Style date of the Gregorian calendar, as adopted c.1582 by some Catholic territories. Scotland followed this same plan, in converting to Gregorian dates in 1752, along with England, Wales, Ireland, the American colonies, and related regions. Other nations, such as Russia and Sweden, continued to use the Julian calendar, in 1752. Although the Swedish calendar had tried a gradual transition, beginning in 1700, to drop 11 leap days during 40 years, Sweden returned to the Julian calendar and finally adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1753. Other nations did not change to the Gregorian system until more than 150 years later. There were many different transition plans used by various other nations (see: Gregorian calendar#Adoption). See also Old Style 1751 - first Old Style year to end on 31 December in England and related regions References Julian calendar\",\n \"title\": \"Old Style 1752\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15512766\",\n \"text\": \"Dual dating is the practice, in historical materials, of indicating a date with what appear to be duplicate or excessive digits: these may be separated by a hyphen or a slash, or placed one above the other. The need for dual dating arose from the transition from an older calendar to a newer one. Another method used is to give the date of an event according to one calendar, followed in parentheses by the date of the same event in the other calendar, appending an indicator to each to specify which reference calendar applies. As an example, in the date \\\"10/21February 1750/51\\\" a style seen in the records of Great Britain and its possessions the notation arises from the prospective or previous adoption of the Gregorian calendar and a concurrent calendar reform. (The dual day number is due to the eleven days difference (at the time) between the Julian calendar date and the Gregorian one; the dual year is due to a change of start of year, from 25March to 1January.) European countries and their colonies: Old Style and New Style dates England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the American colonies Long before the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar, the date of the start of the year caused difficulties. Until 1752, England, Wales, Ireland and the American colonies started the legal year on 25March, whereas Scotland (since 1600), as well as common usage, started the year on 1January. This meant that a date such as 29January, while being toward the end of a legal year, would also be near the beginning of the following \\\"common\\\" (and Scottish) year. It was to show this duality that the system of displaying two year numbers first came into use examples may be seen on memorial tablets and in parish registers. Dating based on the year beginning on 25March became known as \\\"Annunciation Style\\\" dates, while dates of the year commencing on 1January were described as \\\"Circumcision Style\\\" dates, because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, commemorating the eighth day of Jesus Christ's life after his birth, counted from its observation on Christmas Day (25December). In 1752, England and its possessions changed the start of the year to 1January, and also adopted the Gregorian calendar (on 2September). Thereafter, the terms \\\"Old Style\\\" (OS) and \\\"New Style\\\" (NS) were more commonly added to dates when it proved necessary or expedient to identify which calendar was being used for the given date. Often, both were given for example: 20January 1708(OS) (1709(NS)). There may be some confusion as to which calendar alteration OS or NS refers to: the change of the start of the year, or the transition of one style of calendar to another. Historically, OS referred only to the start of the year change, to 1January from 25March, and some historians still believe this is the best practice. However, OS and NS may refer to both alterations of the calendar: constructions like may be seen. Rest of Europe During the period\",\n \"title\": \"Dual dating\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"476654\",\n \"text\": \"Little Christmas (), also known as Old Christmas, Green Christmas, or Twelfth Night, is one of the traditional names among Irish Christians and Amish Christians for 6 January, which is also known more widely as the Feast of the Epiphany, celebrated after the conclusion of the twelve days of Christmastide. It is the traditional end of the Christmas season and until 2013 was the last day of the Christmas holidays for both primary and secondary schools in Ireland. Origins Owing to differences in liturgical calendars, as early as the fourth century, the churches of the eastern Roman Empire were celebrating Christmas on 6 January, while those of the western Roman Empire were celebrating it on 25 December. In October 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar as a correction of the Julian calendar, because the latter has too many leap years that cause it to drift out of alignment with the solar year. This has liturgical significance since calculation of the date of Easter assumes that spring Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on 21 March. To correct the accumulated error, he ordained the date be advanced by ten days. Most Roman Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately and Protestant countries followed suit over the following 200 years. In particular, the British Empire (including the American colonies) did so from 1752 with the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, by which time the divergence had grown to eleven days. This meant that Christmas Day on 25 December ('New Style') was eleven days earlier than it would have been but for the Act, making \\\"Old Christmas\\\" [25 December ('Old Style')] happen on 5 January (NS). In February 1800, the Julian calendar had another leap year but the Gregorian did not, moving Old Christmas to 6 January (NS), which coincided with the Feast of the Epiphany. For this reason, in some parts of the world, the Feast of the Epiphany, which is traditionally observed on 6 January, is sometimes referred to as Old Christmas or Old Christmas Day. (Although 1900 was also not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar (and thus the Julian 25 December has since that year coincided with 7January in the Gregorian calendar) the custom of celebrating Little Christmas on 6January did not change.) Observance by country Europe In the Scottish Highlands the term Little Christmas () is applied to New Year's Day, also known as , or , while Epiphany is known as , the feast-day of the Kings. The Transalpine Redemptorists who live on Papa Stronsay in Scotland, celebrate 'Little Christmas' on the twenty-fifth day of every month, except for December, when the twenty-fifth day is celebrated as Christmas Day. The custom of blessing homes on Epiphany developed because the feast commemorates the time that the three kings visited the home of the Holy Family. In the late 19th Century, the day was also known as Little Christmas in some parts of England, such as Lancashire. In the Isle of Man, New Year's Day on\",\n \"title\": \"Little Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"219425\",\n \"text\": \"The Swedish calendar () or Swedish style () was a calendar in use in Sweden and its possessions from 1 March 1700 until 30 February 1712 (see below). It was one day ahead of the Julian calendar and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Easter was calculated astronomically, with a minor exception, from 1740 to 1844. Solar calendar In November 1699, the Government of Sweden decided that, rather than adopt the Gregorian calendar outright, it would gradually approach it over a 40-year period. The plan was to skip all leap days in the period 1700 to 1740. Every fourth year, the gap between the Swedish calendar and the Gregorian would reduce by one day, until they finally lined up in 1740. In the meantime, this calendar would not be in line with either of the major alternative calendars and the differences would change every four years. In accordance with the plan, 29 February was omitted in 1700, but the Great Northern War stopped any further omissions from being made in the following years. In January 1711, King Charles XII declared that Sweden would abandon the calendar, which was not in use by any other nation, in favour of a return to the older Julian calendar. An extra day was added to February in the leap year of 1712, thus giving the month a unique 30-day (30 February) and the year a 367-day length. In 1753, one year later than England and its colonies, Sweden introduced the Gregorian calendar. The leap of 11 days was accomplished in one step, with 17 February being followed by 1 March. Easter Easter was to be calculated according to the Easter rules of the Julian calendar from 1700 until 1739, but from 1700 to 1711, Easter Sunday was dated in the anomalous Swedish calendar, described above. In 1740, Sweden finally adopted the \\\"improved calendar\\\" already adopted by the Protestant states of Germany in 1700 (which they used until 1775). Its improvement was to calculate the full moon and vernal equinox of Easter according to astronomical tables, specifically Kepler's Rudolphine Tables at the meridian of Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory (destroyed long before) on the former Danish island of Hven near the southern tip of Sweden. In addition to the usual medieval rule that Easter was the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox, the astronomical Easter Sunday was to be delayed by one week if this calculation would have placed it on the same day as the first day of Jewish Passover week, Nisan 15. It conflicts with the Julian Easter, which could not occur on the 14th day of the moon (Nisan 14), but was permitted on Nisan 15 to 21 although those dates were calculated via Christian, not Jewish, tables (see Computus). The resulting astronomical Easter dates in the Julian calendar used in Sweden from 1740 to 1752 occurred on the same Sunday as the Julian Easter every three years but were earlier than the earliest canonical limit for Easter\",\n \"title\": \"Swedish calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39579023\",\n \"text\": \"Events from the year 1599 in the Kingdom of Scotland. Incumbents Monarch – James VI Events 17 April – the title Marquess of Huntly is created in the Peerage of Scotland in favour of George Gordon, 6th Earl of Huntly. 29 November – Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow granted its charter by King James VI. 17 December – King James VI, via an act of his Privy Council, decided that Scotland should come into line with other “well governit commonwealths” and adopts 1 January as New Years Day. Prior to this 25 March was New Years Day. Thus the year 1599 commenced on 25 March 1599 and ended on 31 December 1599 - it was only 9 months long. The next date, in Scotland, was 1 January 1600. This left Scotland at odds with England, whereby the New year continued be dated from 25 March. As a consequence 1 January 1600 in Scotland was 1 January 1599 in England. It is sometimes, mistakenly, said that Scotland adopted the Gregorian Calendar at this time. Whilst starting the New Year on 1 January was one component of Gregorian reforms, Scotland did not adopt the two more fundamental changes in relation to (1) the computation for leap years and (2) the realignment of the calendar with the solar year, which necessitated the omission of ten days from the existing calendar. Scotland, along with England and Wales, adopted the Gregorian Calendar in 1752 under the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 by which time the omission of eleven days from the older calendar was required. 28 December – issue at Holyroodhouse by William Schaw, Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland and General Warden of the master stonemasons, of the Second Schaw Statutes, significant in the history of freemasonry, particularly in relation to Lodge Mother Kilwinning. The earliest records of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) date from this year. Births Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin (died 1663) John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure (died 1634) Thomas Weir, soldier and Covenanter (executed for witchcraft 1670) Deaths Jean Hepburn, Lady Darnley, Mistress of Caithness, Lady Morham See also Timeline of Scottish history References\",\n \"title\": \"1599 in Scotland\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33150453\",\n \"text\": \"This is the calendar for Old Style 1751, which began on Monday, 25 March, in England (and related regions). The Old Style year 1751 ended on 31 December, unlike England's typical Old Style calendar, which ended with the following March, on 24 March. Hence, 1751 was the final year to begin on 25 March, and Old Style 1752 began on 1 January (Wednesday), in England, Wales, Ireland, or the American colonies (etc.), as a transition year to the New Style (N.S.) Gregorian calendar. However, both calendars had been in dual use in some regions, for many years. |- |- |- Note that Scotland already used a calendar beginning 1 January to 31 December, as adopted since 1600, while England (and related regions) had continued to begin the new year on 25 March, until 1752. See also Old Style common year starting on Monday - for similar years Old Style 1752 - transition year to Gregorian calendar 1753 - first full Gregorian year in England (and related regions) References Julian calendar\",\n \"title\": \"Old Style 1751\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19344\",\n \"text\": \"March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 21 marks the astronomical beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where September is the seasonal equivalent of the Northern Hemisphere's March. History The name of March comes from Martius, the first month of the earliest Roman calendar. It was named after Mars, the Roman god of war, and an ancestor of the Roman people through his sons Romulus and Remus. His month Martius was the beginning of the season for warfare, and the festivals held in his honor during the month were mirrored by others in October, when the season for these activities came to a close. Martius remained the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps as late as 153 BC, and several religious observances in the first half of the month were originally new year's celebrations. Even in late antiquity, Roman mosaics picturing the months sometimes still placed March first. March 1 began the numbered year in Russia until the end of the 15th century. Great Britain and its colonies continued to use March 25 until 1752, when they finally adopted the Gregorian calendar (the fiscal year in the UK continues to begin on 6 April, initially identical to 25 March in the former Julian calendar). Many other cultures, for example in Iran, or Ethiopia, still celebrate the beginning of the New Year in March. March is the first month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Europe, Asia and part of Africa) and the first month of fall or autumn in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, part of Africa, and Oceania). Ancient Roman observances celebrated in March include Agonium Martiale, celebrated on March 1, March 14, and March 17, Matronalia, celebrated on March 1, Junonalia, celebrated on March 7, Equirria, celebrated on March 14, Mamuralia, celebrated on either March 14 or March 15, Hilaria on March 15 and then through March 22–28, Argei, celebrated on March 16–17, Liberalia and Bacchanalia, celebrated March 17, Quinquatria, celebrated March 19–23, and Tubilustrium, celebrated March 23. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Other names In Finnish, the month is called maaliskuu, which is believed to originate from maallinen kuu. The latter means earthy month and may refer to the first appearance of \\\"earth\\\" from under the winter's snow. In Ukrainian, the month is called березень/berezenʹ, meaning birch tree, and březen in Czech. Historical names for March include the Saxon Lentmonat, named after the March equinox and gradual lengthening of days, and the eventual namesake of Lent. Saxons also called March Rhed-monat or Hreth-monath (deriving from their goddess Rhedam/Hreth), and Angles called it Hyld-monath. In Slovene, the traditional name is sušec, meaning the month when the earth becomes dry enough so that it\",\n \"title\": \"March\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"15290","text":"Intercalation or embolism in timekeeping is the insertion of a leap day, week, or month into some calendar years to make the calendar follow the seasons or moon phases. Lunisolar calendars may require intercalations of days or months. Solar calendars The solar or tropical year does not have a whole number of days (it is about 365.24 days), but a calendar year must have a whole number of days. The most common way to reconcile the two is to vary the number of days in the calendar year. In solar calendars, this is done by adding an extra day (\"leap day\" or \"intercalary day\") to a common year of 365 days, about once every four years, creating a leap year that has 366 days (Julian, Gregorian and Indian national calendars). The Decree of Canopus, issued by the pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes of Ancient Egypt in 239 BCE, decreed a solar leap day system; an Egyptian leap year was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus instituted a reformed Alexandrian calendar. In the Julian calendar, as well as in the Gregorian calendar, which improved upon it, intercalation is done by adding an extra day to February in each leap year. In the Julian calendar this was done every four years. In the Gregorian, years divisible by 100 but not 400 were exempted in order to improve accuracy. Thus, 2000 was a leap year; 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not. Epagomenal days are days within a solar calendar that are outside any regular month. Usually five epagomenal days are included within every year (Egyptian, Coptic, Ethiopian, Mayan Haab' and French Republican Calendars), but a sixth epagomenal day is intercalated every four years in some (Coptic, Ethiopian and French Republican calendars). The Solar Hijri calendar, used in Iran, is based on solar calculations and is similar to the Gregorian calendar in its structure, and hence the intercalation, with the exception that its epoch the Hijrah. The Bahá'í calendar includes enough epagomenal days (usually 4 or 5) before the last month (, ʿalāʾ) to ensure that the following year starts on the March equinox. These are known as the Ayyám-i-Há. Lunisolar calendars The solar year does not have a whole number of lunar months (it is about 365/29.5 = 12.37 lunations), so a lunisolar calendar must have a variable number of months per year. Regular years have 12 months, but embolismic years insert a 13th \"intercalary\" or \"leap\" month or \"embolismic\" month every second or third year. Whether to insert an intercalary month in a given year may be determined using regular cycles such as the 19-year Metonic cycle (Hebrew calendar and in the determination of Easter) or using calculations of lunar phases (Hindu lunisolar and Chinese calendars). The Buddhist calendar adds both an intercalary day and month on a usually regular cycle. Lunar calendars In principle, lunar calendars do not employ intercalation because they do not seek to synchronise with the seasons, and the motion of the moon is astronomically","title":"Intercalation (timekeeping)"},{"docid":"599965","text":"Old Calendarists (Greek: palaioimerologitai or palaioimerologites), also known as Old Feasters (palaioeortologitai), Genuine Orthodox Christians or True Orthodox Christians (GOC; ), are traditionalist groups of Eastern Orthodox Christians who separated from mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches because some of the latter adopted the revised Julian calendar while Old Calendarists remained committed to the Julian calendar. Old Calendarists are not in communion with any mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches. \"Old Calendarists\" is another name for the True Orthodox movement in Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Cyprus. Terminology Mainstream Eastern Orthodox Christians which use the old (Julian) calendar are not what is designated by the expression \"Old Calendarist\", because they remain in communion with the Eastern Orthodox churches that use the new calendar (the Revised Julian calendar). Old Calendarists have severed communion with the mainstream Eastern Orthodox which follow the old calendar, because the latter maintained communion with Eastern Orthodox churches which had adopted the revised calendar. Thus, to be \"Old Calendarist\" is not the same thing as only following the old calendar. The Russian Orthodox Church, for instance, is not Old Calendarist, but follows the old (Julian) calendar. History Background Until 1924, the Eastern Orthodox Church universally used the Julian calendar, whereas the Roman Catholic Church, under Pope Gregory XIII, conducted a calendar reform resulting in the Gregorian calendar in 1582. The difference between the two calendars is 13 days between 1900 and 2100. 1923 Congress In May 1923, the Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople, called by Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, adopted the Revised Julian calendar. This new calendar was different to the Julian calendar, and would not diverge from the Gregorian calendar for a further 800 years. The Revised Julian calendar replaced the tabular date of Easter of the Julian calendar with an astronomical date of Easter. The astronomical Easter was unpopular and hardly used at all, and for the purpose of calculating the date of Easter the Julian calendar was restored. Not all Eastern Orthodox churches were represented at the congress or adopted its decisions, and the Russian Orthodox Church and some other Eastern Orthodox churches have continued to use the Julian calendar liturgically to this day. Birth Greece In 1924, the Church of Greece adopted the Revised Julian calendar, also called 'New calendar'. \"At first, resistance to the New Calendar was muted\". The Old Calendarists in Greece were at first a small number of laymen, priests and monks, whose number grew over the years. Before they were joined by bishops, the Old Calendarist movement in Greece was only composed of priests and laypeople, of which \"several hundreds monks from Athos\". In 1935, three bishops of the Church of Greece joined the movement and consecrated four new bishops for the movement. Of those three bishops, Metropolitan of Florina became the leader of the Greek Old Calendarist movement. Of the three bishops who had joined, Chrysostom of Zakynthos soon left the movement after the consecration and went back to the Church of Greece. Of the four bishops consecrated, two joined the Church of","title":"Old Calendarists"},{"docid":"3659585","text":"The Old New Year, or the Orthodox New Year, is an informal traditional holiday, celebrated as the start of the New Year by the Julian calendar. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Old New Year falls on January 14 in the Gregorian calendar. This traditional dating of the New Year is sometimes commonly called \"Orthodox\" because it harks back to a time when governments in Russia and Eastern Europe used the Julian calendar, which is still used by some jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church's liturgical year actually begins in September. By country North Macedonia The holiday in North Macedonia is known as Old New Year () or as Vasilica (), \"St. Basil\". Late on January 13, people gather outside their houses, in the center of their neighborhoods where they start a huge bonfire and drink and eat together. Traditional Macedonian music is sung. For those who stay at home, it is the tradition to eat home-made pita with a coin inside. Whoever finds the coin in their part is said to have luck during the year. Macedonians around the world also celebrate the holiday, especially in Australia, Canada, and the United States where Macedonian Orthodox Church has adherents. Russia Although the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic officially adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, the Russian Orthodox Church continued to use the Julian calendar. The New Year became a holiday that is celebrated by both calendars. As in most countries which use the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day in Russia is a public holiday celebrated on January 1. On that day, joyous entertainment, fireworks, elaborate and often large meals and other festivities are common. The holiday is interesting as it combines secular traditions of bringing in the New Year with the Christian Orthodox Christmastide customs, such as Rozhdestvo. The New Year by the Julian calendar is still informally observed, and the tradition of celebrating the coming of the New Year twice is widely enjoyed: January 1 (New New Year) and January 14 (Old New Year). Usually not as festive as the New New Year, for many this is a nostalgic family holiday ending the New Year holiday cycle (which includes Eastern Orthodox Christmas on January 7) with traditional large meals, singing and celebratory drinking. Scotland In Scotland the Old New Year has traditionally been held on 12 January. In the first half of the 20th century, large segments of the Scottish Gaelic community still observed the feast and today, it is still marked in South Uist and Eriskay as Oidhche Challaig and as Oidhche Challainn in Glenfinnan. Also in Scotland, the coastal town of Burghead in Morayshire celebrates the eve of the Old New Year with \"The Burning o' the Clavie\". Old New Year is the 12th of January in this district as well. Serbia The Old New Year in Serbia and among Serbs is commonly called the Serbian New Year (), and sometimes the Orthodox New Year () and rarely Julian New Year ().","title":"Old New Year"},{"docid":"25776973","text":"The list of traditional Turkish units of measurement, a.k.a. Ottoman units of measurement, is given below. History The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), the predecessor of modern Turkey was one of the 17 signatories of the Metre Convention in 1875. For 58 years both the international and the traditional units were in use, but after the proclamation of the Turkish Republic, the traditional units became obsolete. In 1931 by Act No. 1782, international units became compulsory and the traditional units were banned from use starting 1 January 1933. List of units Length Area Volume Weight Volumetric flow Time The traditional calendar of the Ottoman Empire was, like in most Muslim countries, the Islamic calendar. Its era begins from the Hijra in 622 CE and each year is calculated using the 12 Arabian lunar months, approximately eleven days shorter than a Gregorian solar year. In 1839, however, a second calendar was put in use for official matters. The new calendar, which was called the Rumi also began by 622, but with an annual duration equal to a solar year after 1840. In modern Turkey, the Gregorian calendar was adopted as the legal calendar, beginning by the end of 1925. But the Islamic calendar is still used when discussing dates in an Islamic context. See also Measurement Notes References Systems of units Obsolete units of measurement Turkey-related lists Economy of the Ottoman Empire Economic history of Turkey Ottoman Empire-related lists Human-based units of measurement Science and technology in Turkey Units of measurement by country","title":"Ottoman units of measurement"},{"docid":"21637","text":"The New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day, preceded by New Year's Eve). This was also the first day of the year in the original Julian calendar and the Roman calendar (after 153 BC). Other cultures observe their traditional or religious New Year's Day according to their own customs, typically (though not invariably) because they use a lunar calendar or a lunisolar calendar. Chinese New Year, the Islamic New Year, Tamil New Year (Puthandu), and the Jewish New Year are among well-known examples. India, Nepal, and other countries also celebrate New Year on dates according to their own calendars that are movable in the Gregorian calendar. During the Middle Ages in Western Europe, while the Julian calendar was still in use, authorities moved New Year's Day, depending upon locale, to one of several other days, including March 1, March 25, Easter, September 1, and December 25. Since then, many national civil calendars in the Western World and beyond have changed to using one fixed date for New Year's Day, January 1most doing so when they adopted the Gregorian calendar. By type Based on the used calendar new years are often categorized between lunar or lunisolar new years or solar new years. By month or season January January 1: The first day of the civil year in the Gregorian calendar used by most countries. Contrary to common belief in the west, the civil New Year of January 1 is not an Orthodox Christian religious holiday. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar makes no provision for the observance of a New Year. January 1 is itself a religious holiday, but that is because it is the feast of the circumcision of Christ (seven days after His birth), and a commemoration of saints. While the liturgical calendar begins September 1, there is also no particular religious observance attached to the start of the new cycle. Orthodox nations may, however, make civil celebrations for the New Year. Those who adhere to the revised Julian calendar (which synchronizes dates with the Gregorian calendar), including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, and Turkey, observe both the religious and civil holidays on January 1. In other nations and locations where Orthodox churches still adhere to the Julian calendar, including Georgia, Israel, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Ukraine, the civil new year is observed on January 1 of the civil calendar, while those same religious feasts occur on January 14 Gregorian (which is January 1 Julian), in accord with the liturgical calendar. The Japanese New Year (正月, Shōgatsu) is currently celebrated on January 1, with the holiday usually being observed until the January 3, while other sources say that Shōgatsu lasts until January 6. In 1873, five years after the Meiji Restoration, Japan","title":"New Year"},{"docid":"180861","text":"The Soviet calendar was a modified Gregorian calendar that was used in Soviet Russia between 1918 and 1940. Several variations were used during that time. The Gregorian calendar, under the name \"Western European calendar\", was implemented in Soviet Russia in February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of . As many as nine national holidays (paid days of rest) were implemented in the following decade, but four were eliminated or merged on , leaving only five national holidays: 22January, 1–2May, and 7–8November until 1951, when 22January reverted to a normal day. During the summer of 1929, five-day continuous work weeks were implemented in factories, government offices, and commercial enterprises, but not collective farms. One of the five days was randomly assigned to each worker as their day of rest, without regard to the rest days assigned to their family members or friends. These five-day work weeks continued throughout the Gregorian year, interrupted only by the five national holidays. While the five-day week was used for scheduling work, the Gregorian calendar and its seven-day week were used for all other purposes. During the summer of 1931, six-day interrupted work weeks were implemented for most workers, with a common day of rest for all workers interrupting their work weeks. Five six-day work weeks were assigned to each Gregorian month, more or less, with the five national holidays converting normal work days into days of rest. On five- and six-day work weeks were abandoned in favor of seven-day work weeks. History Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar was implemented in Russia on by dropping the Julian dates of pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree signed (Julian) by Vladimir Lenin. The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date until All surviving examples of physical calendars from show the irregular month lengths of the Gregorian calendar (such as those displayed here). Most calendars displayed all the days of a Gregorian year as a grid with seven rows or columns for the traditional seven-day week with Sunday (Воскресенье; \"Resurrection\") first. The 1931 pocket calendar displayed here is a rare example that excluded the five national holidays, enabling the remaining 360 days of the Gregorian year to be displayed as a grid with five rows labeled for each day of the five-day week. Even it had the full Gregorian calendar on the other side. Work weeks During the second half of May 1929, Yuri Larin (Юрий Ларин, 1882–1932) proposed a continuous production week (nepreryvnaya rabochaya nedelya = nepreryvka) to the Fifth Congress of Soviets of the Union, but so little attention was paid to his suggestion that the president of the Congress did not even mention it in his final speech. By the beginning of , Larin had won the approval of Joseph Stalin, prompting all newspapers to praise the idea. The change was advantageous to the anti-religious movement, as Sundays and religious holidays became working days. On the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR directed its efficiency experts to","title":"Soviet calendar"},{"docid":"10936","text":"February 29 is a leap day (or \"leap year day\")—an intercalary date added periodically to create leap years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the 60th day of a leap year in both Julian and Gregorian calendars, and 306 days remain until the end of the leap year. It is the last day of February in leap years, with the exception of 1712 in Sweden. It is also the last day of meteorological winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the last day of meteorological summer in the Southern Hemisphere in leap years. In the Gregorian calendar, the standard civil calendar used in most of the world, February 29 is added in each year that is an integer multiple of four, unless it is evenly divisible by 100 but not by 400. For example, 1900 was not a leap year, but 2000 was. The Julian calendar—since 1923 a liturgical calendar—has a February 29 every fourth year without exception. Consequently, February 29 in the Julian calendar, since 1900, falls 13 days later than February 29 in the Gregorian, until the year 2100. The convention of using February 29 was not widely accepted before the 15th century; from Julian's edict until the 16th century (formally), February 24 was doubled instead. Events Pre-1600 888 – Odo, count of Paris, is crowned king of West Francia (France) by Archbishop Walter of Sens at Compiègne. 1504 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Jamaican natives to provide him with supplies. 1601–1900 1644 – Abel Tasman's second Pacific voyage begins as he leaves Batavia in command of three ships. 1704 – In Queen Anne's War, French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony, killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive. 1712 – February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden, in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar. 1720 – Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband, who becomes King Frederick I on March 24. 1768 – Polish nobles form the Bar Confederation. 1796 – The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force, facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations. 1892 – St. Petersburg, Florida is incorporated. 1901–present 1908 – James Madison University is founded at Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States as The State Normal and Industrial School for Women by the Virginia General Assembly. 1912 – The Piedra Movediza (Moving Stone) of Tandil falls and breaks. 1916 – Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom. 1916 – In South Carolina, the minimum working age for factory, mill and mine workers is raised from 12 to 14 years old. 1920 – The Czechoslovak National Assembly adopts the Constitution. 1936 – The February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends. 1940 – For her performance as Mammy in Gone with the Wind, Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award. 1940","title":"February 29"},{"docid":"3278310","text":"The Nanakshahi (, pronunciation: [naːnakʃaːɦiː]) calendar is a tropical solar calendar used in Sikhism. It is based on the \"Barah Maha\" (Twelve Months), a composition composed by the Sikh gurus reflecting the changes in nature conveyed in the twelve-month cycle of the year. The year begins with the month of Chet, with 1 Chet corresponding to 14 March. The reference epoch of the Nanakshahi calendar is the birth of Guru Nanak Dev, corresponding to the year 1469 CE. Etymology The Nanakshahi Calendar is named after the founder of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak Dev Ji. History Sikhs have traditionally recognised two eras and luni-solar calendars: the Nanakshahi and Khalsa. Traditionally, both these calendars closely followed the Bikrami calendar with the Nanakshahi year beginning on Katak Pooranmashi (full moon) and the Khalsa year commencing with Vaisakhi. The methods for calculating the beginning of the Khalsa era were based on the Bikrami calendar. The year length was also the same as the Bikrami solar year. According to Steel (2000), (since the calendar was based on the Bikrami), the calendar has twelve lunar months that are determined by the lunar phase, but thirteen months in leap years which occur every 2–3 years in the Bikrami calendar to sync the lunar calendar with its solar counterpart. Kay (2011) abbreviates the Khalsa Era as KE. References to the Nanakshahi Era have been made in historic documents. Banda Singh Bahadur adopted the Nanakshahi calendar in 1710 CE after his victory in Sirhind (12 May 1710 CE) according to which the year 1710 CE became Nanakshahi 241. However, Singh (2008) states the date of the victory as 14 May 1710 CE. According to Dilgeer (1997), Banda \"continued adopting the months and the days of the months according to the Bikrami calendar\". Banda Singh Bahadur also minted new coins also called Nanakshahi. Herrli (1993) states that \"Banda is supposed to have dated his coins according to his new calendar. Although Banda may have proclaimed this era, it cannot be traced in contemporary documents and does not seem to have been actually used for dating\". According to The Panjab Past and Present (1993), it is Gian Singh who \"is the first to use Nanak Shahi Samvats along with those of Bikrami Samvats\" in the Twarikh Guru Khalsa. According to Singha (1996), Gian Singh was a Punjabi author born in 1822. Gian Singh wrote the Twarikh Guru Khalsa in 1891. The revised Nanakshahi calendar was designed by Pal Singh Purewal to replace the Bikrami calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Nanak Dev in 1469 and the Nanakshahi year commences on 1 Chet. New Year's Day falls annually on what is 14 March in the Gregorian Western calendar. The start of each month is fixed. According to Kapel (2006), the solar accuracy of the Nanakshahi calendar is linked to the Gregorian civil calendar. This is because the Nanaskhahi calendar uses the tropical year instead of using the sidereal year which is used in","title":"Nanakshahi calendar"},{"docid":"341532","text":"The traditional Korean calendar or Dangun calendar () is a lunisolar calendar. Dates are calculated from Korea's meridian (135th meridian east in modern time for South Korea), and observances and festivals are based in Korean culture. Koreans mostly use the Gregorian calendar, which was officially adopted in 1896. However, traditional holidays and age-reckoning for older generations are still based on the old calendar. The biggest festivals in Korea today, which are also national holidays, are Seollal, the first day of the traditional calendar, and Chuseok, the harvest moon festival. Other important festivals include Daeboreum also referred to as Boreumdal (the first full moon), Dano (spring festival) and Samjinnal (spring-opening festival). Other minor festivals include Yudu (summer festival), and Chilseok (monsoon festival). History Similar to most traditional calendars of other East Asian countries, the Korean Calendar is derived from the Chinese calendar. The traditional calendar designated its years via Korean era names from 270 to 963, then Chinese era names with Korean era names at a few times until 1894. In 1894 and 1895, the lunar calendar was used with years numbered from the foundation of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392. The Gregorian calendar was adopted on 1 January 1896, with the Korean era name Geon-yang (). From 1945 until 1961 in South Korea, Gregorian calendar years were counted from the foundation of Gojoseon in 2333 BC (regarded as year one), the date of the legendary founding of Korea by Dangun, hence these Dangi () years were 4278 to 4294. This numbering was informally used with the Korean lunar calendar before 1945 but has only been occasionally used since 1961, and mostly in North Korea prior to 1997. Although not being an official calendar, in South Korea, the traditional Korean calendar is still maintained by the government. The current version is based on East Asia's Shixian calendar (), which was in turn revised by Jesuit scholars. In North Korea, the Juche calendar has been used since 1997 to number its years, based on the birth of the state's founder Kim Il Sung. Features The Chinese zodiac of 12 Earthly Branches (animals), which were used for counting hours and years; Ten Heavenly Stems, which were combined with the 12 Earthly Branches to form a sixty-year cycle; Twenty-four solar terms () in the year, spaced roughly 15 days apart; Lunar months including leap months added every two or three years. Weekdays Note that traditional Korean calendar has no concept of weekdays: the following are names of weekdays in the modern (Western) calendar. Months In modern Korean language, the months of both the traditional lunisolar and Western calendars are named by prefixing Sino-Korean numerals to , the Sino-Korean word for \"month\". Traditionally, when speaking of individuals' birth months, the months of the lunisolar calendar were named by prefixing the native Korean name of the animal associated with each Earthly Branch in the Chinese zodiac to , the native Korean word for \"month\". Additionally, the first, eleventh, and twelfth months have other Korean names which","title":"Korean calendar"},{"docid":"23698","text":"The International Fixed Calendar (also known as the IFC, Cotsworth plan, the Cotsworth calendar and the Eastman plan) is a proposed calendar reform designed by Moses B. Cotsworth, first presented in 1902. The International Fixed Calendar divides the year into 13 months of 28 days each. A type of perennial calendar, every date is fixed to the same weekday every year. Though it was never officially adopted at the country level, the entrepreneur George Eastman instituted its use at the Eastman Kodak Company in 1928, where it was used until 1989. While it is sometimes described as the 13-month calendar or the equal-month calendar, various alternative calendar designs share these features. Rules The calendar year has 13 months with 28 days each, divided into exactly 4 weeks (13 × 28 = 364). An extra day added as a holiday at the end of the year (after December 28, i.e. equal to December 31 Gregorian), sometimes called \"Year Day\", does not belong to any week and brings the total to 365 days. Each year coincides with the corresponding Gregorian year, so January 1 in the Cotsworth calendar always falls on Gregorian January 1. Twelve months are named and ordered the same as those of the Gregorian calendar, except that the extra month is inserted between June and July, and called Sol. Situated in mid-summer (from the point of view of its Northern Hemisphere authors) and including the mid-year solstice, the name of the new month was chosen in homage to the sun. Leap years in the International Fixed Calendar contain 366 days, and its occurrence follows the Gregorian rule. There is a leap year in every year whose number is divisible by 4, but not if the year number is divisible by 100, unless it is also divisible by 400. So although the year 2000 was a leap year, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 were common years. The International Fixed Calendar inserts the extra day in leap years as June 29 - between Saturday June 28 and Sunday Sol 1. Each month begins on a Sunday, and ends on a Saturday; consequently, every year begins on Sunday. Neither Year Day nor Leap Day are considered to be part of any week; they are preceded by a Saturday and are followed by a Sunday, making a long weekend. As a result, a particular day usually has a different day of the week in the IFC than in all traditional calendars that contain a seven-day week. The IFC is, however, almost compatible with the World Calendar in this regard, because it also starts Sunday and has the extra day at the end of the year and the leap day in the middle, except IFC leaps on Gregorian June 17 and TWC leaps two weeks later on July 1. Since this break of the ancient week cycle has been a major concern raised against its adoption, various leap week calendars have been proposed as a solution. * The two special dates have been","title":"International Fixed Calendar"},{"docid":"20839575","text":"A century leap year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar that is evenly divisible by 400. Like all leap years, it has an extra day in February for a total of 366 days instead of 365. In the obsolete Julian calendar, all years that were divisible by 4, including end-of-century years, were considered leap years. The Julian rule, however, adds too many leap days (about 3 extra leap days in 400 years), which resulted in the calendar drifting gradually with respect to the astronomical seasons. To remedy this, Pope Gregory XIII introduced in 1582 a slightly modified version of the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar, where century years are leap years only if they are divisible by 400. This eliminates 3 of the 4 end-of-century years in a 400-year period. For example, the years 1600, 2000, 2400, and 2800 are century leap years since those numbers are evenly divisible by 400, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900, and 3000 are common years despite being evenly divisible by 4. This scheme brings the average length of the calendar year significantly closer to the astronomical length of the year, nearly eliminating the drift of the calendar against the seasons. The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582, but was adopted by various countries at different times over several centuries. Dates prior to 1582 are generally recorded using the Julian calendar, and different countries have different conventions about how to record dates between 1582 and their adoption of the Gregorian calendar. Consequently, for example, the year 1700 was a leap year in the British and Russian empires but not in most of the rest of Europe; 1800 and 1900 were still leap years in the Russian empire but not generally elsewhere. Notes References External links An Introduction to Calendars courtesy of the United States Naval Observatory Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars History of Gregorian Calendar Units of time Calendars Gregorian calendar Leap years in the Gregorian calendar sv:Sekelskottår","title":"Century leap year"},{"docid":"410750","text":"This is a list of calendars. Included are historical calendars as well as proposed ones. Historical calendars are often grouped into larger categories by cultural sphere or historical period; thus O'Neil (1976) distinguishes the groupings Egyptian calendars (Ancient Egypt), Babylonian calendars (Ancient Mesopotamia), Indian calendars (Hindu and Buddhist traditions of the Indian subcontinent), Chinese calendars and Mesoamerican calendars. These are not specific calendars but series of historical calendars undergoing reforms or regional diversification. In Classical Antiquity, the Hellenic calendars inspired the Roman calendar, including the solar Julian calendar introduced in 45 BC. Many modern calendar proposals, including the Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582 AD, contains modifications from that of the Julian calendar. List of calendars In the list below, specific calendars are given, listed by calendar type (solar, lunisolar or lunar), time of introduction (if known), and the context of use and cultural or historical grouping (if applicable). Where appropriate, the regional or historical group (Jewish calendar, Hijri calendar, Sikh, Mayan, Aztecan, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Iranian, Hindu, Buddhist, Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican, Hellenic, Julian or Gregorian-derived) is noted. Calendars fall into four types: lunisolar, solar, lunar and seasonal. Most pre-modern calendars are lunisolar. The seasonal calendars rely on changes in the environment (e.g., \"wet season\", \"dry season\") rather than lunar or solar observations. The Islamic and some Buddhist calendars are lunar, while most modern calendars are solar, based on either the Julian or the Gregorian calendars. Some calendars listed are identical to the Gregorian calendar except for substituting regional month names or using a different calendar epoch. For example, the Thai solar calendar (introduced 1888) is the Gregorian calendar using a different epoch (543 BC) and different names for the Gregorian months (Thai names based on the signs of the zodiac). Variant month names Regional or historical names for lunations or Julian/Gregorian months Non-standard weeks Calendaring and timekeeping standards Coordinated Universal Time, adopted 1960 and since 1972 including a system of observation-based leap seconds. ISO 8601, standard based on the Gregorian calendar, Coordinated Universal Time and ISO week date, a leap week calendar system used with the Gregorian calendar Fiscal year varies with different countries. Used in accounting only. 360-day calendar used for accounting 365-day calendar used for accounting Unix time, number of seconds elapsed since 1 January 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC). Julian day, number of days elapsed since 1 January 4713 BC, 12:00:00 (UTC). Heliocentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the Sun. Barycentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the barycentre of the Solar System. Lilian date, number of days elapsed since the beginning of the Gregorian Calendar on 15 October 1582. Rata Die, number of days elapsed since 1 January 1 AD 1 in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. Non-Earth or fictional Darian calendar (proposed for Mars, not used in planetary science) Discworld calendar (fictional) Middle-earth calendars (fictional) Stardates (from Star Trek, fictional) See also History of calendars Epoch Horology Perpetual calendar Liturgical year Calendar of","title":"List of calendars"},{"docid":"13950019","text":"The civil calendar is the calendar, or possibly one of several calendars, used within a country for civil, official, or administrative purposes. The civil calendar is almost always used for general purposes by people and private organizations. The most widespread civil calendar and de facto international standard is the Gregorian calendar. Although that calendar was first declared by Pope Gregory XIII to be used in Catholic countries in 1582, it has since been adopted, as a matter of convenience, by many secular and non-Christian countries although some countries use other calendars. Civil calendars worldwide 168 of the world's countries use the Gregorian calendar as their sole civil calendar as of 2021. Most non-Christian countries have adopted it as a result of colonization, with some cases of voluntary adoption. Four countries have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Afghanistan and Iran (which use the Solar Hijri calendar), Ethiopia (the Ethiopian calendar), and Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat). Four countries use a modified version of the Gregorian calendar (with eras different from Anno Domini): Japan (Japanese calendar), North Korea (North Korean Calendar), Taiwan (Minguo calendar), and Thailand (Thai solar calendar). In the former two countries, the Anno Domini era is also in use. South Korea previously used the Korean calendar from 1945 to 1961. Eighteen countries use another calendar alongside the Gregorian calendar: Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen (Lunar Hijri calendar), Bangladesh (Bengali calendar), Egypt (Lunar Hijri calendar and Coptic calendar), India (Indian national calendar), Israel (Hebrew calendar), Myanmar (Burmese calendar). See also List of calendars Chinese calendar Persian calendar References Calendars","title":"Civil calendar"},{"docid":"25886202","text":"The tables below list equivalent dates in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Conventions Within these tables, January 1 is always the first day of the year. The Gregorian calendar did not exist before October 15, 1582. Gregorian dates before that are proleptic, that is, using the Gregorian rules to reckon backward from October 15, 1582. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Augustus corrected errors in the observance of leap years by omitting leap days until AD 8. Julian calendar dates before March AD 4 are proleptic, and do not necessarily match the dates actually observed in the Roman Empire. Conversion table This table is taken from the book by the Nautical almanac offices of the United Kingdom and United States originally published in 1961. Using the tables Dates near leap days that are observed in the Julian calendar but not in the Gregorian are listed in the table. Dates near the adoption date in some countries are also listed. For dates not listed, see below. The usual rules of algebraic addition and subtraction apply; adding a negative number is the same as subtracting the absolute value, and subtracting a negative number is the same as adding the absolute value. If conversion takes you past a February 29 that exists only in the Julian calendar, then February 29 is counted in the difference. Years affected are those which divide by 100 without remainder but do not divide by 400 without remainder (e.g., 1900 and 2100 but not 2000). No guidance is provided about conversion of dates before March 5, -500, or after February 29, 2100 (both being Julian dates). For unlisted dates, find the date in the table closest to, but earlier than, the date to be converted. Be sure to use the correct column. If converting from Julian to Gregorian, add the number from the \"Difference\" column. If converting from Gregorian to Julian, subtract. See also Revised Julian calendar References External links Calendars","title":"Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars"},{"docid":"22862916","text":"The Juche calendar, named after the Juche ideology, is the system of year-numbering used in North Korea. It begins with the birth of Kim Il Sung, the founder of North Korea. His birth year, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, is \"Juche 1\" in the Juche calendar. The calendar was adopted in 1997, three years after the death of Kim Il Sung. History The calendar borrows elements from two historical calendars used in Korea, the traditional system of Korean era names and the Gregorian calendar in which years are tied to the traditional birth of Jesus. In contrast to these two, the Juche calendar begins with the birth of the founder of the Democratic People's Republic, Kim Il Sung. The decree on the Juche calendar was adopted on 8 July 1997, on the third anniversary of the death of Kim Il Sung. The same decree also designated the birth anniversary of Kim Il Sung as the Day of the Sun. The birth year of Kim Il Sung, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, became \"Juche 1\" in the Juche calendar. The calendar began to be implemented on 9 September 1997, the Day of the Foundation of the Republic. On that date, newspapers, news agencies, radio stations, public transport, and birth certificates began to use Juche years. Usage The year 1912 is \"Juche 1\" in the Juche calendar. There are no \"before Juche\" years; years before 1912 are given numbers based on the Gregorian calendar only. Ranges of years that begin before 1912 and end after it are also given in Christian calendar numbers only. Any other years after 1912 will be given in either Juche years only, or in Juche years and the corresponding year in the Christian calendar in parentheses. In material pertaining to relations with foreign countries, \"the Juche Era and the Christian Era may be used on the principles of independence, equality and reciprocity.\" The Juche calendar is a popular souvenir among tourists visiting North Korea. Examples See also Public holidays in North Korea The year numbers of the Republic of China calendar, currently used in Taiwan, match those of the Juche calendar. The years in Japan's Taishō era (30 July 1912 to 25 December 1926) coincided with those of the Juche calendar. References External links Example of \"Juche 103 (2014)\" from Pyongyang University of Science and Technology 1997 introductions Culture of North Korea Calendars Modified Gregorian calendars 1997 establishments in North Korea","title":"Juche calendar"},{"docid":"30446032","text":"Date and time notation in Japan has historically followed the Japanese calendar and the nengō system of counting years. At the beginning of the Meiji period, Japan switched to the Gregorian calendar on Wednesday, 1 January 1873, but for much domestic and regional government paperwork, the Japanese year is retained. Japanese people and businesses have also adopted various conventions in accordance with their use of kanji, the widespread use of passenger trains, and other aspects of daily life. Date The most commonly used date format in Japan is \"year month day (weekday)\", with the Japanese characters meaning \"year\", \"month\" and \"day\" inserted after the numerals. Example: for \"Sunday 31 December 2023\". The weekday is usually abbreviated to a single character, e.g. for (\"Sunday\"), but may also be written in full, then usually without surrounding parentheses. Apart from the Gregorian calendar, the Japanese imperial calendar is also used, which bases the year on the current era, which began when the current emperor acceded to the throne. The current era is Reiwa and began in 2019. The imperial year increments on January 1 just like the Gregorian, not on the anniversary of the emperor's enthronement. When using the imperial calendar, the year is prefixed with the era. For example, the above date using the imperial calendar is written as: ; a more direct translation might be: Reiwa year 5, Dec 31 (Sun). The first year of the emperor's reign is written as 元年 gannen, not 1年 ichi nen. Either form may be abbreviated as yy/mm/dd; periods as separators are not uncommon either. Examples: , , . Ambiguities as to which calendar is used for the year are usually only resolved by the context in which the date appears, but imperial calendar dates may be prefixed with a single character or letter denoting the era, e.g. or . This is a shorthand notation and full dates are often the preferred way of resolving such ambiguities. Time Both the 12-hour and 24-hour notations are commonly used in Japan. The 24-hour notation is commonly used in Japan, especially in train schedules. The 12-hour notation is also commonly used, by adding (\"before noon\") or (\"after noon\") before the time, e.g. for 10 am. Japanese broadcasting and newspapers usually use a modified 12-hour notation in which midnight is (0 am) and noon is (0 pm) and, for example, \"quarter past midnight\" is . The AM/PM signs are also used, while the sign may be placed either before or after the time (AM10:00 or 10:00AM). Using the Japanese notation, times are written as \"\", with the characters for \"hour\" and \"minute\" (optionally also for \"seconds\") added after the numerals. It is also common to simply write . Times past midnight can also be counted past the 24 hour mark, usually when the associated activity spans across midnight. For example, bars or clubs may advertise as being open until \"\" (i.e. 6 am). This is partly to avoid any ambiguity (6 am versus 6 pm), partly because the closing","title":"Date and time notation in Japan"},{"docid":"51600548","text":"This is a list of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country. For explanation, see the article about the Gregorian calendar. Except where stated otherwise, the transition was a move by the civil authorities from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. In religious sources it could be that the Julian calendar was used for a longer period of time, in particular by Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches. The historic area does not necessarily match the present-day area or country. The column \"Present country\" only provides a logic search entry. With a few exceptions, the former colonies of European powers are not shown separately. There are only four countries which have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Ethiopia (Ethiopian calendar), Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat), Iran and Afghanistan (Solar Hijri calendar). Thailand has adopted the Gregorian calendar for days and months, but uses its own era for years: the Buddhist era. The partially recognized Republic of China (Taiwan) also uses its own era, the Minguo era. List Legend See also cal (command) Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Old Style and New Style dates References Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar","title":"List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country"},{"docid":"11323667","text":"The Arabic names of the months of the Gregorian calendar are usually phonetic Arabic pronunciations of the corresponding month names used in European languages. An exception is the Syriac calendar used in Iraq and the Levant, whose month names are inherited via Classical Arabic from the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars and correspond to roughly the same time of year. Though the lunar Hijri calendar and solar Hijri calendar are prominent in the Mideast, the Gregorian calendar is and has been used in nearly all the countries of the Arab world, in many places long before European occupation. All Arab states use the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. The names of the Gregorian months as used in Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen are widely regarded as standard across the Arab world, although their Classical Arabic names are often used alongside them. In other Arab countries, some modification or actual changes in naming or pronunciation of months are observed. Iraq and the Levant These names are used primarily in Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, as well as by Arab citizens of Israel. Classical Arabic inherited the names from the Babylonian and Hebrew calendars, which are lunisolar. Although the Arabic names are cognate, they do not refer to the lunar months, as when the names are used in their original Babylonian or Hebrew context (indeed, the names of the Gregorian months in Hebrew are based on the German names of the Gregorian months, rather than the months of the Babylonian and Hebrew Calendars.) Nine of these names were used in the Ottoman Turkish calendar, of which five remain in use in the modern Turkish calendar. Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Eastern Arabia The names of the Gregorian months in Egypt, Sudan and Eastern Arabia are based on the old Latin names. Libya (1969–2011) The names of months used in the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) were derived from various sources, and were assembled after Muammar Gaddafi's seizure of power in 1969 and abolished in 2011 after the 17 February Revolution. The decision of changing calendar names was adopted in June 1986. The Libyan calendar, which followed the same sequence of renamed Gregorian months, counted the years from the death of Muhammad. This reckoning was therefore ten years behind the Solar Hijri calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan. Algeria and Tunisia The names of the Gregorian months in Algeria and Tunisia are based on the French names of the months, reflecting France's long colonisation of these countries (1830–1962 in Algeria; 1881–1956 in Tunisia). Morocco As Morocco was long part of the Roman Empire, the long-standing agricultural Berber calendar of the country preserves the Julian calendar and (in modified form) the names of its months. There are regional variations of the Berber calendar, since some communities did not recognise the Julian 29 February in century years where the Gregorian calendar had no equivalent date. When Morocco adopted the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes, the names of the months were taken from this local","title":"Arabic names of Gregorian months"},{"docid":"730958","text":"In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a or aj) is a unit of measurement of time defined as exactly 365.25 days of SI seconds each. The length of the Julian year is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar that was used in Western societies until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar, and from which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because astronomical Julian years are measuring duration rather than designating dates, this Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year. Usage The Julian year is not a unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI), but it is recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as a non-SI unit for use in astronomy. Before 1984, both the Julian year and the mean tropical year were used by astronomers. In 1898, Simon Newcomb used both in his Tables of the Sun in the form of the Julian century (36 525 days) and the \"solar century\" ( days), a rounded form of 100 mean tropical years of each according to Newcomb. However, the mean tropical year is not suitable as a unit of measurement because it varies from year to year by a small amount, days according to Newcomb. In contrast, the Julian year is defined in terms of the SI unit one second, so is as accurate as that unit and is constant. It approximates both the sidereal year and the tropical year to about ±0.008 days. The Julian year is the basis of the definition of the light-year as a unit of measurement of distance. Epochs In astronomy, an epoch specifies a precise moment in time. The positions of celestial objects and events, as measured from Earth, change over time, so when measuring or predicting celestial positions, the epoch to which they pertain must be specified. A new standard epoch is chosen about every 50 years. The standard epoch in use today is Julian epoch J2000.0. It is exactly 12:00 TT (close to but not exactly Greenwich mean noon) on in the Gregorian (not Julian) calendar. Julian within its name indicates that other Julian epochs can be a number of Julian years of 365.25 days each before or after J2000.0. For example, the future epoch J2100.0 will be exactly 36,525 days (one Julian century) from J2000.0 at 12:00 TT on (the dates will still agree because the Gregorian century 2000–2100 will have the same number of days as a Julian century). Because Julian years are not exactly the same length as years on the Gregorian calendar, astronomical epochs will diverge noticeably from the Gregorian calendar in a few hundred years. For example, in the next 1000 years, seven days will be dropped from the Gregorian calendar but not from 1000 Julian years, so J3000.0 will be . Julian calendar distinguished The Julian year, being a uniform measure of duration, should not be confused with the","title":"Julian year (astronomy)"},{"docid":"17781547","text":"The Rumi calendar (, , lit. \"Roman calendar\"), a specific calendar based on the Julian calendar, was officially used by the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat (1839) and by its successor, the Republic of Turkey until 1926. It was adopted for civic matters and is a solar based calendar, assigning a date to each solar day. History In the Islamic state of the Ottoman Empire, the religious Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) was in use. In this calendar, months coincide with lunar phases. Because a \"lunar year\" (the combined duration of twelve lunar phases) is shorter than the solar year, the seasons cycle through the lunar months as the solar years pass. \"As a result,\" says the Astronomical Almanac, \"the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through the seasons over a period of about 33 [solar] years\". 1677 Introduction of the Fiscal calendar In 1677, Head Treasurer (, ) Hasan Pasha under Sultan Mehmed IV proposed the correction of financial records by dropping one year (an escape year) every 33 years, resulting from the difference between the lunar Islamic calendar and the solar Julian calendar. In 1740 (1152 AH) during the reign of Sultan Mahmud I, March was adopted as the first month of the fiscal year for the payment of taxes and dealings with government officials instead of Muharram following Treasurer Atıf Efendi's proposal. Proposed by Treasurer Moralı Osman Efendi during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid I, the range of the fiscal calendar applications was extended in 1794 to state expenditures and payments in order to prevent surplus cost arising from the time difference between the Islamic and Julian calendar. 1840 Adoption of the Julian Calendar The Julian calendar, used from 1677 AD on for fiscal matters only, was adopted on March 13, 1840 AD (March 1, 1256 AH), in the frame of Tanzimat reforms shortly after the accession to the throne of Sultan Abdülmecid I, as the official calendar for all civic matters and named \"Rumi calendar\" (literally Roman calendar). The counting of years began with the year 622 AD, when Muhammad and his followers emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the same event marking the start of the Islamic calendar. The months and days of the Julian calendar were used, the year starting in March. However, in 1256 AH the difference between the Hijri and the Gregorian calendars amounted to 584 years. With the change from lunar calendar to solar calendar, the difference between the Rumi calendar and the Julian or Gregorian calendar remained a constant 584 years. 1917 Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Since the Julian to Gregorian calendar changeover was finally being adopted in neighboring countries, the Rumi calendar was realigned to the Gregorian calendar in February 1917, leaving the difference of 584 years unchanged, however. Thus, after February 15, 1332 AH (February 1917 AD), the next day instead of being February 16 suddenly became March 1, 1333 AH (March 1, 1917 AD). The year 1333 AH (1917 AD) was made into a year with only","title":"Rumi calendar"},{"docid":"87473","text":"The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and also used by the farming populace in Egypt. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter (which contained only 365 days each year, year after year, so that the seasons shifted about one day every four years), a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of adding an extra day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the reform was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus imposed the Decree upon Egypt as its official calendar (although initially, namely between 25 BC and AD 5, it was unsynchronised with the original implementation of the Julian calendar which was erroneously intercalating leap days every third year due to a misinterpretation of the leap year rule so as to apply inclusive counting). To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic or Alexandrian calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian calendar but have different numbers and names. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Coptic calendar does not skip leap years three times every 400 years, and therefore it stays synchronised with the Julian calendar over a four-year leap year cycle. Coptic year The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and one at the end of the year of five days (six days in leap years). The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year. The year starts on the Feast of Neyrouz, the first day of the month of Thout, the first month of the Egyptian year. For 1900 to 2099 it coincides with the Gregorian Calendar's 11 September, or 12 September before a leap year, but for any year, it coincides with the Julian Calendar's 29 August, or 30 August before a leap year. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year Diocletian became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for Anno Martyrum or \"in the Year of the Martyrs\"). The first day of year I of the","title":"Coptic calendar"},{"docid":"63966709","text":"A computus clock is a clock equipped with a mechanism that automatically calculates and displays, or helps determine, the date of Easter (and other dependent dates of moveable Church feasts). A computus watch carries out the same function. Background The movement of a computus clock provides and/or calculates astronomical and calendar information according to the tradition that Easter Sunday is the first Sunday after the first full moon (Paschal or ecclesiastical full moon) on or after the spring equinox (21 March), and Easter Sunday should not occur on the same day as the Jewish calendar date Nisan 15th, the first day of Passover week. In early Christianity, the Easter date was calculated each year and announced by the Pope. The later need for Christian clergy living in different territories to be able to calculate the Easter date for themselves forced attempts to establish clear rules for the Easter date calculation and finally the algorithms for this. The determination of the Easter date requires calculating astronomical and calendar cycles – the annual motion of the Sun round the celestial sphere, the evolution of the phases of the Moon, the cycle of the days of the week, particularities of calendars and some agreements like the date of the so-called ecclesiastical equinox., designated as March 21, irrespective of the actual astronomical observation by the Church of Alexandria in the beginning of the 4th Century. Specific astronomical data which may be incorrect, misinterpreted or location dependent, were eliminated from the Easter date calculation by the invention of special paschal functions – “letters” and “numbers”. They include the “golden number” (which gives the dates of all the new moons for the year in a 19-year Metonic cycle), the solar cycle (the 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar and 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar with respect to the week), the epact (the age of the Moon in days on a certain date), the dominical letter (used to determine the day of the week for particular dates) and the indiction (the number of a given year in a fifteen-year period). The computations after the Gregorian reform of 1582 should also take into account additional corrections necessary due to particularities of the Gregorian calendar, notably the solar equation (taking into account some non-leap century years) and the lunar equation (for correction of the Metonic cycle) The term “computus” as the description of the Easter date computation was proposed in 725 by the English Benedictine monk Bede in his treatise “De temporum ratione” (“The Reckoning of Time”). Alexandrian computus, based on rules established by the Church of Alexandria, was universally used from the beginning of the 8th century until the Gregorian calendar reform of 1582. The Roman Catholic Church has used the Gregorian calendar, and accordingly Gregorian computus, to calculate the dates of Easter since 1583. The Gregorian computus was later adopted by most Protestant churches – between 1753 and 1845 – while most Eastern Churches, including the majority of Eastern Orthodox Churches and Non-Chalcedonian Churches continued to","title":"Computus clock"},{"docid":"9746888","text":"The Romanian calendar is the Gregorian, adopted in 1919. However, the traditional Romanian calendar has its own names for the months. In modern Romania and Moldova, the Gregorian calendar is exclusively used for business and government transactions and predominates in popular use as well. Nevertheless, the traditional names of the months do appear in some contexts, for instance on ecclesiastical calendars produced by the Romanian Orthodox Church. History Romania adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1 April 1919, which became 14 April 1919. In 2019, the National Bank of Romania released a commemorative coin of 10 silver lei to celebrate the centenary of Romania's adoption of the calendar. Traditional month names All the traditional names of the months are of Latin origin, which indicates that their use predates the Slavic contact around the 8th century. Six months have their names derived from characteristics of the months. Five are derived from the Latin names now used in the Gregorian calendar (and earlier in the Julian calendar). However, each of these has a folk etymology and an additional meaning. The last month, December, derives its name from that of Saint Andrew. See also Gregorian calendar Slavic calendar Lithuanian calendar French Republican calendar References Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române, Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică \"Iorgu Iordan\", Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 1998 Culture of Romania Culture of Moldova Months","title":"Romanian calendar"},{"docid":"70430237","text":"The Council of Constantinople of 1923 was a meeting of representatives of several local Eastern Orthodox Churches held in Constantinople from 10 May to 8 June 1923, convened at the initiative of Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius Metaxakis. In spite of being called by some as the \"Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople of 1923\", or otherwise referred to as \"pan-Orthodox\" or as an \"ecumenical council\", the council is not recognized as an ecumenical council: \"Calling the 1923 Council 'ecumenical' cannot be accepted, since representatives of the Alexandrian, Antiochian, Jerusalem and most of the other Local Churches did not participate in its work.\" The primary topic of the Council of 1923 was calendar reform. The Roman Catholic Church and almost all of Western Europe completed their switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, the current international standard, during the 16th century. Russia, and the rest of the Orthodox world, however, remained on the old calendar until this council. At this council, the Greek Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, and many other branches of the Eastern Orthodox Church adopted the new calendar, which they called \"the new Julian calendar\", which corresponds with the Gregorian calendar until 2800. This council is extremely controversial within Eastern Orthodoxy—it led to many schisms in many autocephalous churches of different Old Calendarist groups. Even academic sources note the controversy of this council. The acts and decisions of this council were first translated into English only in 2006, by the Rev. Dr. Patrick Viscuso. Sources References Constantinople 1923 1923 1923 in Turkey 20th-century Eastern Orthodoxy","title":"Council of Constantinople (1923)"},{"docid":"214479","text":"As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as . Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon (a mathematical approximation of the first astronomical full moon, on or after 21 March itself a fixed approximation of the March equinox). Determining this date in advance requires a correlation between the lunar months and the solar year, while also accounting for the month, date, and weekday of the Julian or Gregorian calendar. The complexity of the algorithm arises because of the desire to associate the date of Easter with the date of the Jewish feast of Passover which, Christians believe, is when Jesus was crucified. It was originally feasible for the entire Christian Church to receive the date of Easter each year through an annual announcement by the pope. By the early third century, however, communications in the Roman Empire had deteriorated to the point that the church put great value in a system that would allow the clergy to determine the date for themselves, independently yet consistently. Additionally, the church wished to eliminate dependencies on the Hebrew calendar, by deriving the date for Easter directly from the March equinox. In The Reckoning of Time (725), Bede uses as a general term for any sort of calculation, although he refers to the Easter cycles of Theophilus as a \"Paschal .\" By the end of the 8th century, came to refer specifically to the calculation of time. The calculations produce different results depending on whether the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar is used. For this reason, the Catholic Church and Protestant churches (which follow the Gregorian calendar) celebrate Easter on a different date from that of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy (which follow the Julian calendar). It was the drift of 21 March from the observed equinox that led to the Gregorian reform of the calendar, to bring them back into line. Background Easter commemorates the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe to have occurred on the third day (inclusive) after the beginning of Passover. In the Hebrew lunisolar calendar, Passover begins at twilight on the 14th day of Nisan. Nisan is the first month of spring in the northern hemisphere, with the 14th corresponding to a full moon. By the 2nd century, many Christians had chosen to observe Easter only on a Sunday. The Hebrew calendar does not have a simple relationship with the Christian calendars: it resynchronizes with the solar year by intercalating a leap month every two or three years, before the lunar new year on 1 Nisan. Later Jews adopted the Metonic cycle to predict future intercalations. A possible consequence of this intercalation is that 14 Nisan could occur before the equinox, which some third-century Christians considered unacceptable (this cannot happen in the fixed calendar in use today). Consequently, it was decided to separate the dating of Easter from the Hebrew calendar, by identifying the first full moon following the March equinox. By the","title":"Date of Easter"},{"docid":"39124","text":"Aloysius Lilius ( 1510 – 1576), also variously referred to as Luigi Lilio or Luigi Giglio, was an Italian physician, astronomer, philosopher and chronologist, and also the \"primary author\" who provided the proposal that (after modifications) became the basis of the Gregorian Calendar reform of 1582. The crater Lilius on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 2346 Lilio. In computer science, the Lilian date is the number of days since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582. Life and work Not much is known about the early life of Lilius/Lilio/Giglio. It is known that he came from the comune of Cirò in the province of Crotone, in the Calabria region of Italy. He studied medicine and astronomy in Naples, after which he served Count Carafa. He settled in Verona and died in 1576. Although he was still alive at the time when his proposal was presented at Rome, it does not seem that he made the presentation; it was handled by his brother Antonio, also a physician and astronomer. He is primarily known as the inventor of the Gregorian Calendar: he wrote the proposal on which (after modifications) the calendar reform was based. Lilio's brother Antonio presented the manuscript to Pope Gregory XIII; it was passed to the calendar reform commission in 1575. The commission issued a printed summary entitled (Compendium of a New Plan for the Restitution of the Calendar), printed in 1577 and circulated within the Roman Catholic world in early 1578 as a consultation document. Lilio's manuscript itself is not known to have survived; the printed Compendium is the nearest known source for the details it contained. The processes of consultation and deliberation meant that the reform to the calendar did not occur until 1582, six years after the death of Luigi Lilio in 1576. The reform had by then received some modifications in points of detail by the reform commission, in which one of the leading members was Christopher Clavius, who afterwards wrote defences and an explanation of the reformed calendar, including an emphatic acknowledgement of Lilio's work, especially for his provision of a useful reform for the lunar cycle: \"We owe much gratitude and praise to Luigi Giglio who contrived such an ingenious Cycle of Epacts which, inserted in the calendar, always shows the new moon and so can be easily adapted to any length of the year, if only at the right moments the due adjustment is applied.\" The papal bull () was issued on 24 February 1582 (year 1581 in Florentine Easter-based reckoning), ordering Catholic clergy to adopt the new calendar, and exhorting all Catholic sovereigns to do the same. The year 2010 was the 500th year since the Lilius' birth; several activities were organized by Italian astronomers in order to recognize the great work performed by him. In particular, in Torretta di Crucoli (Crotone, Italy), a new astronomical group was created and dedicated to Luigi Lilio. Notes References . . . External links Circolo Astrofili","title":"Aloysius Lilius"},{"docid":"15651","text":"The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers). The Julian calendar was proposed in 46 BC by (and takes its name from) Julius Caesar, as a reform of the earlier Roman calendar, which was largely a lunisolar one. It took effect on , by his edict. Caesar's calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years, until 1582 when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar. The Julian calendar has two types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. That is more than the actual solar year value of approximately 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar gains one day every 129 years. In other words, the Julian calendar gains 3.1 days every 400 years. Gregory's calendar reform modified the Julian rule, to reduce the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year: the Gregorian calendar gains just 0.1 day over 400 years. For any given event during the years from 1901 through 2099, its date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date (for instance Julian 1 January falls on Gregorian 14 January). Most Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately; Protestant countries did so slowly in the course of the following two centuries or so; most Orthodox countries retain the Julian calendar for religious purposes but adopted the Gregorian as their civil calendar in the early part of the twentieth century. Table of months History Motivation The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. This intercalary month was formed by inserting 22 or 23 days after the first 23 days of February; the last five days of February, which counted down toward the start of March, became the last five days of Intercalaris. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, forming an intercalary year of 377 or 378 days. Some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia (23 February). If managed correctly this system could have allowed the Roman year to stay roughly aligned to a tropical year. However, since the pontifices were often politicians, and because a Roman magistrate's term of office","title":"Julian calendar"},{"docid":"44100110","text":"The adoption of the Gregorian Calendar was an event in the early modern history of most cultures and societies, marking a change from their traditional (or \"old style\") dating system to the modern (or \"new style\") dating system the Gregorian calendar that is widely used around the world today. Some states adopted the new calendar from 1582, some did not do so before the early twentieth century, and others did so at various dates between. A few still have not, but except for these, the Gregorian calendar is now the world's civil calendar universally, although in many places an old style calendar remains used in religious or traditional contexts. During and for some time after the change between systems, it has been common to use the terms \"Old Style\" and \"New Style\" when giving dates, to indicate which calendar was used to reckon them. The Gregorian calendar was decreed in 1582 by the papal bull by Pope Gregory XIII, to correct an error in the Julian calendar that was causing erroneous calculation of the date of Easter. The Julian calendar had been based upon a year lasting 365.25 days, but this was slightly too long; in reality, it is about 365.2422 days, and so over the centuries, the calendar had drifted increasingly out of alignment with the Earth's orbit. According to Gregory's scientific advisers, the calendar had acquired ten excess leap days since the First Council of Nicaea (which established the rule for dating Easter in AD 325). Consequently, he ruled, ten days must be skipped to restore the : Catholic countries did this in 1582. Countries which did not change until the 18th century had by then observed an additional leap year (1700), necessitating the dropping of eleven days. Some countries did not change until the 19th or 20th century, necessitating one or two further days to be omitted from the calendar. Although Gregory's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church, the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States. The changes he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar, over which he had no formal authority. They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect. The bull became the canon law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by Protestant churches, Eastern Orthodox Churches, and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter (and related events in the Liturgical calendar) were celebrated by different Christian churches diverged. Adoption in Catholic countries Catholic states such as France, the Italian principalities, Poland–Lithuania, Spain (along with her European and overseas possessions), Portugal, and the Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire were first to change to the Gregorian calendar. Thursday, 4 October 1582, was followed by Friday, 15 October 1582, with ten days skipped. Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time","title":"Adoption of the Gregorian calendar"},{"docid":"206356","text":"The Baháʼí calendar used in the Baháʼí Faith is a solar calendar consisting of nineteen months and four or five intercalary days, with new year at the moment of Northern spring equinox. Each month is named after a virtue (e.g., Perfection, Mercy), as are the days of the week. The first year is dated from 1844 CE, the year in which the Báb began teaching. Years on the calendar are annotated with the date notation of BE (Baháʼí Era). The Baháʼí year BE {{#ifexpr: <79 |will start|started}} on March . History The Baháʼí calendar started from the original Badíʿ calendar, created by the Báb in the Kitabu'l-Asmáʼ and the Persian Bayán (5:3) in the 1840s. An early version of the calendar began to be implemented during his time. It used a scheme of nineteen months of nineteen days, with the product of 361 days, plus intercalary days to make the calendar a solar calendar. The first day of the early implementation of the calendar year was Nowruz, while the intercalary days were assigned differently than the later Baháʼí implementation. The calendar contains many symbolic meanings and allusions including connections to prophecies of the Báb about the next Manifestation of God termed He whom God shall make manifest. Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, who claimed to be the one prophesied by the Báb, confirmed and adopted this calendar. Around 1870, he instructed Nabíl-i-Aʻzam, the author of The Dawn-Breakers, to write an overview of the Badíʿ calendar. In the Kitáb-i-Aqdas (1873) Baháʼu'lláh made Naw-Rúz the first day of the year, and also clarified the position of the Intercalary days to immediately precede the last month. Baháʼu'lláh set Naw-Rúz to the day on which the sun passes into the constellation Aries. Baháʼís interpret this formula as a specification of the vernal equinox, though where that should be determined was not defined. The calendar was first implemented in the West in 1907. The Baháʼí scriptures left some issues regarding the implementation of the Badíʿ calendar to be resolved by the Universal House of Justice before the calendar can be observed uniformly worldwide. On 10 July 2014 the Universal House of Justice announced provisions that will enable the common implementation of the Badíʿ calendar worldwide, beginning at sunset 20 March 2015, coinciding with the completion of the ninth cycle of the calendar (see below). Before that time, the Baháʼí calendar was synchronized to the Gregorian calendar by starting the year at sunset on March 20, regardless of when the vernal equinox technically occurs, meaning that the extra day of a leap year occurred simultaneously in both calendars. The intercalary days always stretched from 26 February to 1 March, automatically including the Gregorian leap day so that there were four intercalary days in a regular year, and five in a Gregorian leap year. The Universal House of Justice selected Tehran, the birthplace of Baháʼu'lláh, as the location at which the time and date of the vernal equinox is to be determined according to astronomical","title":"Baháʼí calendar"},{"docid":"4216993","text":"There are eleven time zones in Russia, which currently observe times ranging from UTC+02:00 to UTC+12:00. Daylight saving time (DST) has not been used in Russia since 26 October 2014. From 27 March 2011 to 26 October 2014, permanent DST was used. List of zones Since 27 December 2020, the time zones are as follows: Daylight saving time Daylight saving time in Russia was originally introduced on 1 July [14 July, ] 1917 by a decree of the Russian Provisional Government. However, it was abandoned by a decree of the Soviet government six months later. Daylight saving time was re-introduced in the USSR in 1981, beginning on 1 April and ending on 1 October each year, until mid-1984, when the USSR began following European daylight saving time rules, moving clocks forward one hour at 02:00 local standard time on the last Sunday in March, and back one hour at 03:00 local daylight saving time on the last Sunday in September until 1995, after which the change back occurred on the last Sunday in October. On 27 March 2011, clocks were advanced as usual, but they did not go back on 30 October 2011, effectively making Moscow Time UTC+04:00 permanently. On 26 October 2014, following another change in the law, the clocks in most of the country were moved back one hour, but summer daylight saving time was not reintroduced; Moscow Time returned to UTC+03:00 permanently. History Russian Empire In the Russian Empire, most of the nation observed solar time. From 1740s to 1867, Alaska belonged to Russia (Russian America) which used the Julian calendar, which was 11 or 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar (as used by the rest of Russia) and had local times up to GMT+15:10. The westernmost area of Russia was Congress Poland, with local times down to GMT+01:10. During the late 19th century, Moscow Mean Time was introduced on 1 January [13 January, N.S.] 1880, originally at GMT+02:30:17. 2:30:17 corresponds to 37.6166667°, the longitude of Moscow. Other parts of Russia kept solar time for several years. Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, when Wednesday 31 January (O.S.) was followed by Thursday 14 February (N.S.), which dropped 13 days from the calendar. Soviet Union After the Soviet Union was created, Moscow Time became UTC+02:00 and the various other time zones (up to UTC+12:00) were introduced throughout Russia and the rest of the Soviet Union, for example Irkutsk Time UTC+07:00 (Irkutsk has since this always been MSK+5). Between 1917 and 1922 the time was less ordered, with daylight saving time some of those years, some with two hours addition, and some of those years with one or two hours extra winter time. On 21 June 1930, the Soviet Union advanced all clocks by one hour, effectively making the nation run on daylight saving time all year (the so-called decree time). On 1 April 1981, 00:00:00, Oymyakonsky District changed its time zone from MSK+6 to MSK+8. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+09:00 to","title":"Time in Russia"},{"docid":"2764696","text":"For exact dates in the Gregorian calendar see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050. Public holidays in Israel are national holidays officially recognized by the Knesset, Israel's parliament. The State of Israel has adopted most traditional religious Jewish holidays as part of its national calendar, while also having established new modern holiday observances since its founding in 1948. Additionally, Christians, Muslims, and Druze have the right to Holiday leave on the holidays of their own religions. Of the religious and modern holidays below, some are bank holidays / national holidays requiring all schools, government institutions, financial sector, and most retailers in Jewish Israeli society to be closed, while other holidays are marked as days of note or memorial remembrances with no breaks in public or private sector activities. As is the case with all religious Jewish holidays, most public holidays in Israel generally begin and end at sundown, and follow the Hebrew calendar. Because of this, most holidays in Israel fall on a different Gregorian calendar date each year, which syncs every 19 years with the Hebrew calendar. Shabbat, the weekly Sabbath day of rest, in Israel begins every Friday evening just before sundown, ending Saturday evening just after sundown. Most of the Israeli workforce, including schools, banks, public transportation, government offices, and retailers within Jewish Israeli society are shut down during these approximately 25 hours, with some non-Jewish retailers and most non-kosher restaurants still open. Table Jewish, Christian, Druze, and Secular holidays Jewish holidays are defined by the Hebrew calendar. Christian holidays are defined by the Gregorian calendar for Catholics and the Julian calendar for Orthodox. Druze holidays are also defined by the Gregorian calendar, with the sole exception of Eid al-Adha which is also celebrated by Muslims (and therefore defined by the Lunar Hijri calendar). Secular observances which are common to all religions are defined by the Hebrew calendar if they are of a uniquely national nature (such as Yom Ha-Atzmaut), and by the Gregorian calendar if they are of a global or international nature (such as Victory in Europe Day). Because the Hebrew calendar no longer relies on observation but is now governed by precise mathematical rules, it is possible to provide the Gregorian calendar date on which a Hebrew calendar date will fall, and vice-versa. Islamic holidays See also Jewish holidays Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 with Gregorian calendar dates References External links National holidays in Israel (2013) Public Holidays, Israel, World Travel Guide Culture of Israel Israel Society of Israel Holidays","title":"Public holidays in Israel"},{"docid":"201400","text":"The Hindu calendar, also called Panchanga (), is one of various lunisolar calendars that are traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with further regional variations for social and Hindu religious purposes. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping based on sidereal year for solar cycle and adjustment of lunar cycles in every three years, but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start. Of the various regional calendars, the most studied and known Hindu calendars are the Shalivahana Shaka (Based on the King Shalivahana, also the Indian national calendar) found in the Deccan region of Southern India and the Vikram Samvat (Bikrami) found in Nepal and the North and Central regions of India – both of which emphasize the lunar cycle. Their new year starts in spring. In regions such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala, the solar cycle is emphasized and this is called the Tamil calendar (though Tamil Calendar uses month names like in Hindu Calendar) and Malayalam calendar and these have origins in the second half of the 1st millennium CE. A Hindu calendar is sometimes referred to as Panchangam (पञ्चाङ्गम्), which is also known as Panjika in Eastern India. The ancient Hindu calendar conceptual design is also found in the Hebrew calendar, the Chinese calendar, and the Babylonian calendar, but different from the Gregorian calendar. Unlike the Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to the month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles (354 lunar days) and approximately 365 solar days, the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month, but inserts an extra full month, once every 32–33 months, to ensure that the festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season. The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since Vedic times, and remain in use by the Hindus all over the world, particularly to set Hindu festival dates. Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Vedic calendar, later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system. The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. Similarly, the ancient Jain traditions have followed the same lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals, texts and inscriptions. However, the Buddhist and Jain timekeeping systems have attempted to use the Buddha and the Mahavira's lifetimes as their reference points. The Hindu calendar is also important to the practice of Hindu astrology and zodiac system. It is also employed for observing the auspicious days of deities and occasions of fasting, such as Ekadashi. Origins The Vedic culture developed a sophisticated time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals, and timekeeping as well as the nature of solar and Moon movements are mentioned in Vedic texts. For example, Kaushitaki Brahmana chapter 19.3","title":"Hindu calendar"},{"docid":"3070171","text":"On 10 August 2002, the government of Turkmenistan adopted a law to rename all the months and most of the days of the week. The names were chosen according to Turkmen national symbols, as described in the Ruhnama, a book written by Saparmurat Niyazov, Turkmenistan's first and only president for life. According to Arto Halonen's documentary film The Shadow of the Holy Book, Turkish businessman Ahmet Çalık came up with the idea to rename the months, as he was trying to befriend Niyazov to expand his business in the country. After the law was passed the new names were used in all Turkmen state-owned media. Publications in languages other than Turkmen often use the new names too, especially those that were targeted at Russian-speaking citizens of Turkmenistan, with the old name sometimes written in brackets. The old month names were still used in popular speech, however. Four years after the change, Niyazov died in 2006. On 23 April 2008 it was reported that the cabinet of ministers of Turkmenistan discussed restoring the old names of the months and days of week. The old names were restored in July 2008. The original Roman calendar month names were borrowed from Russian. The adopted Turkmen month names were as follows: The original names of the days of the week come from Persian. The adopted names were as follows: See also Gregorian calendar References External links The months of the Gregorian (Christian) calendar in various languages The days of the week in various languages Бердымухамедов велел вернуть старый календарь, Аркадий Дубнов, gundogar.org, 2008-04-25 Culture of Turkmenistan Languages of Turkmenistan Specific calendars Saparmurat Niyazov Names of units of time Renaming of Turkmen months and days of week Months Days of the week","title":"2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week"},{"docid":"26253","text":"The Revised Julian calendar, or less formally the new calendar and also known as the Milanković calendar, is a calendar proposed in 1923 by the Serbian scientist Milutin Milanković as a more accurate alternative to both Julian and Gregorian calendars. At the time, the Julian calendar was still in use by all of the Eastern Orthodox Churches and affiliated nations, while the Catholic and Protestant nations were using the Gregorian calendar. Thus, Milanković's aim was to discontinue the divergence between the naming of dates in Eastern and Western churches and nations. It was intended to replace the Julian calendar in Eastern Orthodox Churches and nations. From 1 March 1600 through 28 February 2800, the Revised Julian calendar aligns its dates with the Gregorian calendar, which had been proclaimed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. The Revised Julian calendar has been adopted for ecclesiastical use by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania, the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Cypriot Orthodox Church, the Church of Greece, the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, the Orthodox Church in America, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the Orthodox Church in Japan, and the Eastern Catholic Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. It has not been adopted by the Russian Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Macedonian Orthodox Church, the Georgian Orthodox Church, the Polish Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. It has not been adopted by any nation as an official calendar. Instead, all of the Eastern Orthodox nations have adopted the Gregorian calendar as the official state calendar. The Revised Julian calendar has the same months and month lengths as the Julian and Gregorian calendar, but, in the Revised Julian version, years evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years, except that years with remainders of 200 or 600 when divided by 900 remain leap years, e.g. 2000 and 2400 as in the Gregorian calendar. Implementation Comparison of Revised Julian and Gregoriancalendar century years. (In the original Juliancalendar, every century year is a leap year.) A committee composed of members of the Greek government and Greek Orthodox Church was set up to look into the question of calendar reform. It reported in January 1923. In the end, for civil purposes, the Gregorian calendar was adopted; the changeover went into effect on 16 February/1 March. After the promulgation of the royal decree, the Ecumenical Patriarch, Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, issued an encyclical on 3 February recommending the calendar's adoption by Orthodox churches. The matter came up for discussion at the Council of Constantinople (1923), which deliberated in May and June. Subsequently, it was adopted by several of the autocephalous Orthodox churches. The synod was chaired by Meletius IV and representatives were present from the churches of Cyprus, Greece, Romania and Serbia. There were no representatives of the other members of the original Orthodox Pentarchy (the Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and","title":"Revised Julian calendar"},{"docid":"38120193","text":"The , colloquially known as the or \"national calendar year\" is a unique calendar system in Japan. It is based on the legendary foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC. emphasizes the long history of Japan and the Imperial dynasty. The Gregorian year is . History dating was used as early as 1872, shortly after Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar and was popular during the life of the Meiji Constitution (1890–1947). Its use was promoted by the scholars of kokugaku in the late 19th century. The Summer Olympics and Tokyo Expo were planned as anniversary events in 1940 (); but the international games were not held because of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA, from 1927) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN, from 1929) used the system for identification. For example many Japanese names circa World War II use imperial years: The IJA's Type 92 battalion gun was called \"ninety-two\" because its design was completed in 1932, and the 2592nd year since the first Emperor of Japan was 1932 (). Japan's wartime cipher machine was named the System 97 Printing Machine for European Characters because it entered service in 1937 (). The Mitsubishi A6M (Navy Type 0 Carrier Fighter), colloquially called the \"Zero\" by allied forces, entered service in 1940 (). The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence (1945) used the imperial year (). In Japan today, the system of counting years from the reign of Emperor Jimmu is used in some judicial contexts. The existing law determining the placement of leap years is based on the years, using a formula that is effectively equivalent to that of the Gregorian calendar. is also used in Shinto context. Related pages Epoch Japanese calendar Japanese era name References External links National Diet Library, \"The Japanese Calendar\" Cultural history of Japan Time in Japan","title":"Japanese imperial year"},{"docid":"38642","text":"As of March 1 (O.S. February 19), where the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 (O.S. February 17), 1800. In Sweden, the year started in the Julian calendar and remained so until February 28. Then, by skipping the leap day, the Swedish calendar was introduced, letting February 28 be followed by March 1, giving the entire year the same pattern as a common year starting on Monday. This calendar, being ten days behind the Gregorian and one day ahead of the Julian, lasts until 1712. Events January–March January 1 – Protestant nations in Western Europe, except England, start using the Gregorian calendar. Catholic nations have been using the Gregorian calendar since its introduction in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. January 1 (Julian) (January 11, Gregorian) – The Tsardom of Russia begins numbering its calendar from the birth of Christ (Anno Domini), instead of since the Creation (Anno Mundi). January 26 – At approximately 9 p.m., the Cascadia earthquake occurs in the Pacific Northwest, with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptures about of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and causes a tsunami, that strikes the coast of Japan approximately 10 hours later. February 3 – The 'Lesser Great Fire' destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland. February 12 – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the \"Swedish Meteor\". February 27 – The island of New Britain is discovered by William Dampier, in the western Pacific. March 1 (Gregorian) – Protestant Germany and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar. March 1 (Swedish), March 11 (Gregorian), February 29 (Julian) – The Swedish calendar is adopted. March (early) – William Congreve's comedy The Way of the World is first performed in London. March 3 – Shivaji II accedes to the throne of the Maratha Empire as the 4th Chhatrapati after his father Rajaram I's death. March 24 – The Treaty of London is signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic. April–June April 15 – The coronation of King Frederick IV of Denmark takes place at Frederiksborg Castle in Copenhagen. April 18 – Hungarian freedom activist Ferenc Rákóczi is arrested by Austrian authorities and charged with sedition. Imprisoned near Vienna and facing a death sentence, he escapes and later leads the overthrow of the Habsburg control of Hungary. April 21 – In India, the siege of the fortress of Sajjangad (located in the Maharashtra state) is begun by an army led by Fateullahakhan. The","title":"1700"},{"docid":"34868","text":"1582 (MDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. This year saw the beginning of the Gregorian calendar switch, when the papal bull Inter gravissimas introduced the Gregorian calendar, adopted by Spain, Portugal, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and most of present-day Italy from the start. In these countries, the year continued as normal through Thursday, October 4; the next day became Friday, October 15, like a common year starting on Friday. France followed two months later, letting Sunday, December 9 be followed by Monday, December 20. Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years, and the complete conversion to the Gregorian calendar was not entirely done until 1923. Events January–March January 2 – University of Würzburg is refounded. January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. February 10 – François, Duke of Anjou, arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed by William the Silent. February 24 – Pope Gregory XIII proclaims the Gregorian Calendar, to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the 6th century and is 10 days off schedule. March 9 – Scryer Edward Kelley arrives at John Dee's house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops the Enochian language. March – The New Testament of the Douai Bible, the translation into English by Father Gregory Martin from Latin of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578. April–June April 2 – 1582 Ancuancu earthquake: Ancuancu (in modern-day La Paz Department, Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak. On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake. April 3 – Battle of Temmokuzan: Unable to reverse the collapse of Takeda clan, Takeda Katsuyori and his household commit suicide. April 14 – King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes the University of Edinburgh. April 16 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina. April 17 – Siege of Takamatsu: In Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi departs from the Himeji Castle in the modern-day Hyōgo Prefecture and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to the Bitchū Province in the modern-day Okayama Prefecture. Along the way, he stops at the Kameyama Castle where he makes a rendezvous with the Ukita clan and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle. May 17 –","title":"1582"},{"docid":"10969152","text":"The Berber calendar () is the agricultural calendar traditionally used by Berbers (Amazigh, plural Imazighen). The calendar is utilized to regulate the seasonal agricultural works. The Islamic calendar, a lunar calendar, is not suited for agriculture because it does not relate to seasonal cycles. In other parts of the Islamic world, either Iranian solar calendars, the Coptic calendar, the Rumi calendar, or other calendars based on the Julian calendar were used before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. The current Berber calendar is a legacy of the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis and the Roman province of Africa, as it is a surviving form of the Julian calendar. The latter calendar was used in Europe before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, with month names derived from Latin. Berber populations previously used various indigenous calendars, such as that of the indigenous Guanches of the Canary Islands. However, relatively little is known of these ancient calendrical systems. Differences between calendars The agricultural Berber calendar still in use is almost certainly derived from the Julian calendar, introduced in the Roman province of Africa at the time of Roman domination. The names of the months of this calendar are derived from the corresponding Latin names and traces of the Roman calendar denominations of Kalends, Nones and Ides exist: El Qabisi, an Islamic jurisconsult by Kairawan who lived in the 11th century, condemned the custom of celebrating \"pagans'\" festivals and cited, among traditional habits of North Africa, that of observing the Qalandas (\"Kalends\") of January (1 January, i.e. the Julian New Year's Day). The length of the year and of the individual months is the same as in the Julian calendar: three years of 365 days followed by a leap year of 366, without exceptions, and 30- and 31-day months, except for the second one that has 28 days. The only slight discrepancy lies in that the extra day in leap years is not usually added at the end of February, but at the end of the year. This means that the beginning of the year (the first day of yennayer) corresponds to the 14th day of January in the Gregorian calendar, which coincides with the offset accumulated during the centuries between astronomical dates and the Julian calendar. Months There are standard forms for the names of the Amazigh (Berber) calendar. The table below also provides the forms used in Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia . In addition, some of the month names in Maltese are of Berber origin, specifically January (jannar), February (frar), May (mejju), and August (awwissu), with the others deriving from Italian. Berber and Italian month names are different enough that it is possible to easily determine the source language of each Maltese month name. Seasons and Festivals In addition to the subdivision by months, within the traditional agricultural calendar there are other partitions, by \"seasons\" or by \"strong periods\", characterized by particular festivals and celebrations. Not all the four seasons have retained a Berber denomination: the words for spring and","title":"Berber calendar"},{"docid":"5203039","text":"The Armenian calendar is the calendar traditionally used in Armenia, primarily during the medieval ages. The Armenian calendar is based on an invariant year length of 365 days. Because a solar year is about 365.25 days and not 365 days, the correspondence between the Armenian calendar and both the solar year and the Julian calendar slowly drifted over time, shifting across a year of the Julian calendar once in 1,461 calendar years (see Sothic cycle). Thus, the Armenian year 1461 (Gregorian & Julian 2011) completed the first Sothic cycle, and the Armenian Calendar was one year off. In A.D. 352, tables compiled by Andreas of Byzantium were introduced in Armenia to determine the religious holidays. When those tables exhausted on 11 July 552 (Julian Calendar), the Armenian calendar was introduced. Year 1 of the Armenian calendar began on 11 July 552 of the Julian calendar. The calendar was adopted at the Second Council of Dvin. Armenian year 1462 (the first year of the second cycle) began on 11 July 2012 of the Julian calendar (24 July 2012 of the Gregorian calendar). An analytical expression of the Armenian date includes the ancient names of days of the week, Christian names of the days of the week, days of the month, Date/Month/Year number after 552 A.D., and the religious feasts. The Armenian calendar is divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus an additional (epagomenal) five days, called aweleacʿ (\"superfluous\"). Years in the Armenian era are usually given in Armenian numerals (written in Armenian letters) preceded by the abbreviation , for (, meaning \"in the year\"). For example, , which means \"the year 1455.\" Another prefix is , standing for ( \"in the Armenian year\"). Months The Armenian month names show influence of the Zoroastrian calendar and Kartvelian influence in two cases (2nd and 3rd months). There are different systems for transliterating the names; the forms below are transliterated according to the Hübschmann-Meillet-Benveniste system: Days of the month The Armenian calendar gives the days of the month names instead of numbering them – something also found in the Avestan calendars. Zoroastrian influence is evident in five names: Holidays Per Armenian law, 12 days are declared as non-working days. Non-working days include: See also Public holidays in Armenia Armenian numerals Calendar of saints (Armenian Apostolic Church) Tabarian calendar Georgian calendar Iranian calendar Zoroastrian calendar :hy:Հայկյան տոմար References External links The Haik calendar (Origin of the Armenian calendar). Armenian/Gregorian date converter Literature V. Bănăţeanu, \"Le calendrier arménien et les anciens noms des mois\", in: Studia et Acta Orientalia 10, 1980, pp. 33–46 Edouard Dulaurier, Recherches sur la chronologie arménienne technique et historique (1859), 2001 reprint . Jost Gippert, Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems in The Annual of The Society for The Study of Caucasia\", 1, 1989, 3-12.Jost Gippert: Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems [I]: Frame Louis H. Gray, On Certain Persian and Armenian Month-Names as Influenced by the Avesta Calendar, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1907) P'. Ingoroq'va, \"Jvel-kartuli c'armartuli","title":"Armenian calendar"},{"docid":"10310004","text":"The Republic of China calendar, often shortened to the ROC calendar or the Minguo calendar, is a calendar used in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu. The calendar uses 1912, the year of the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC) in Nanjing, as the first year. The ROC calendar follows the tradition of using the sovereign's era name and year of reign, as did previous Chinese dynasties. Months and days are numbered according to the Gregorian calendar. The ROC calendar has been in wide use in the ROC since 1912, including in early official documents. The ROC calendar is the official calendar used in Taiwan since 1945, and also adopted by Overseas Chinese and Taiwanese communities. Chorographies and historical research published in mainland China covering the period between 1912 and 1949 also use the ROC calendar. Calendar details The Gregorian calendar was adopted by the nascent Republic of China effective 1 January 1912 for official business, but the general populace continued to use the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar. The status of the Gregorian calendar was unclear between 1916 and 1921 while China was controlled by several competing warlords each supported by foreign colonial powers. From about 1921 until 1928 warlords continued to fight over northern China, but the Kuomintang-led Nationalist government controlled southern China and used the Gregorian calendar. After the Kuomintang reconstituted the Republic of China on 10 October 1928, the Gregorian calendar was officially adopted, effective 1 January 1929. The People's Republic of China has continued to use the Gregorian calendar since 1949. Despite the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, the numbering of the years was still an issue. The Chinese monarchical tradition was to use the monarch's era name and year of reign. One alternative to this approach was to use the reign of the semi-legendary Yellow Emperor in the third millennium BC to number the years. In the early 20th century, some Chinese republicans began to advocate such a system of continuously numbered years, so that year markings would be independent of the monarch's era name. (This was part of their attempt to de-legitimize the Qing dynasty.) When Sun Yat-sen became the provisional president of the Republic of China, he sent telegrams to leaders of all provinces and announced the 13th day of 11th month of the 4609th year of the Yellow Emperor's reign (corresponding to 1 January 1912) to be the first year of the Republic of China. The original intention of the Minguo calendar was to follow the monarchical practice of naming the years according to the number of years the monarch had reigned, which was a universally recognizable event in China. Following the establishment of the Republic, hence the lack of a monarch, it was then decided to use the year of the establishment of the current regime. This reduced the issue of frequent change in the calendar, as no Chinese emperor ruled more than 61 years in Chinese history – the longest being the Kangxi Emperor, who ruled from 1662 to 1722","title":"Republic of China calendar"},{"docid":"64966331","text":"Joseph el-Ruzzi, in Arabic Yusuf al-Ruzzi, was the Patriarch of the Maronite Church in 1597–1608. He promulgated several measures bringing the Maronite Church in concert with Rome. Among the changes was the Church's switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, making the Maronites the first Eastern Church to make the move. Origins Ruzzi was from Bkoufa near Ehden in northern Mount Lebanon. He belonged to the Ruzzi family. His uncle Mikha'il served as patriarch of the Maronite Church from 1567 until his death in 1597. Patriarchate Ruzzi succeeded his uncle as patriarch after being elected in 1597. His election occurred during the visit of the papal emissary Girolamo Dandini who was sent to keep tabs on the Maronite Church's implementation of Roman Catholic reforms after reports that Mikha'il had Jacobite tendencies. According to the historian William Harris, Ruzzi ardently pursued papal practices, and the historian Pierre Dib considers him \"a daring and resourceful man ... an inconsiderate Latinizer\". In a council he held in the village of Moussa in 1598, he set out measures toward the Latinization of the Maronite Church. The following year Pope Clement VIII instructed Ruzzi to promulgate Latin marital rules in the Maronite Church; the marital rules relating to consanguinity, affinity, public honesty and spiritual relationship, did not take into effect until the late 19th century. Among the Latinization measures he implemented, Ruzzi revised fasting periods in accordance with Rome and removed a degree of Syriac from Maronite liturgy and ritual. Despite opposition from a significant proportion of the Maronites, he implemented the church's switch to the Gregorian calendar in 1606. The change was implemented successfully in Syria, but the Cypriot Maronites continued using the Julian calendar. Ruzzi's act made the Maronites the first Eastern Church to adopt the Gregorian calendar; the Syriacs and Chaldeans followed in 1836, the Melkites in 1857 and the Armenians in 1911. Not long after Ruzzi's act, in the 1600s, the Maronites discontinued counting the years from the Seleucid era in favor of the Christian era. Ruzzi died in March 1608. According to Dib, the measures implemented by Ruzzi were \"harsh vexations\" for the Maronites which prevented the election of a new patriarch until 16 October. Ruzzi's successor John Makhlouf criticized Ruzzi's reforms and expressed to Pope Paul V his desire to reestablish the ancient practices of the Maronite Church which were changed by Ruzzi to placate his religious subjects. Despite initial opposition, Ruzzi's changes became a permanent aspect of the Church. Ruzzi was influential with the Ottoman governor of Tripoli and Sunni Muslim local chieftain Yusuf Sayfa Pasha (intermittent ), whose jurisdiction spanned the predominantly Maronite districts of Byblos, Bsharri and Batroun in northern Mount Lebanon. The Patriarch frequently obtained orders of safe conduct from the Governor, who strove to win the support of his distrusting Maronite peasant subjects. References Bibliography 1608 deaths 16th-century Eastern Catholic archbishops 16th-century people from the Ottoman Empire 17th-century people from the Ottoman Empire 17th-century Eastern Catholic archbishops Bishops in the Ottoman Empire","title":"Joseph el-Ruzzi"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"15290\",\n \"text\": \"Intercalation or embolism in timekeeping is the insertion of a leap day, week, or month into some calendar years to make the calendar follow the seasons or moon phases. Lunisolar calendars may require intercalations of days or months. Solar calendars The solar or tropical year does not have a whole number of days (it is about 365.24 days), but a calendar year must have a whole number of days. The most common way to reconcile the two is to vary the number of days in the calendar year. In solar calendars, this is done by adding an extra day (\\\"leap day\\\" or \\\"intercalary day\\\") to a common year of 365 days, about once every four years, creating a leap year that has 366 days (Julian, Gregorian and Indian national calendars). The Decree of Canopus, issued by the pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes of Ancient Egypt in 239 BCE, decreed a solar leap day system; an Egyptian leap year was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus instituted a reformed Alexandrian calendar. In the Julian calendar, as well as in the Gregorian calendar, which improved upon it, intercalation is done by adding an extra day to February in each leap year. In the Julian calendar this was done every four years. In the Gregorian, years divisible by 100 but not 400 were exempted in order to improve accuracy. Thus, 2000 was a leap year; 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not. Epagomenal days are days within a solar calendar that are outside any regular month. Usually five epagomenal days are included within every year (Egyptian, Coptic, Ethiopian, Mayan Haab' and French Republican Calendars), but a sixth epagomenal day is intercalated every four years in some (Coptic, Ethiopian and French Republican calendars). The Solar Hijri calendar, used in Iran, is based on solar calculations and is similar to the Gregorian calendar in its structure, and hence the intercalation, with the exception that its epoch the Hijrah. The Bahá'í calendar includes enough epagomenal days (usually 4 or 5) before the last month (, ʿalāʾ) to ensure that the following year starts on the March equinox. These are known as the Ayyám-i-Há. Lunisolar calendars The solar year does not have a whole number of lunar months (it is about 365/29.5 = 12.37 lunations), so a lunisolar calendar must have a variable number of months per year. Regular years have 12 months, but embolismic years insert a 13th \\\"intercalary\\\" or \\\"leap\\\" month or \\\"embolismic\\\" month every second or third year. Whether to insert an intercalary month in a given year may be determined using regular cycles such as the 19-year Metonic cycle (Hebrew calendar and in the determination of Easter) or using calculations of lunar phases (Hindu lunisolar and Chinese calendars). The Buddhist calendar adds both an intercalary day and month on a usually regular cycle. Lunar calendars In principle, lunar calendars do not employ intercalation because they do not seek to synchronise with the seasons, and the motion of the moon is astronomically\",\n \"title\": \"Intercalation (timekeeping)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"599965\",\n \"text\": \"Old Calendarists (Greek: palaioimerologitai or palaioimerologites), also known as Old Feasters (palaioeortologitai), Genuine Orthodox Christians or True Orthodox Christians (GOC; ), are traditionalist groups of Eastern Orthodox Christians who separated from mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches because some of the latter adopted the revised Julian calendar while Old Calendarists remained committed to the Julian calendar. Old Calendarists are not in communion with any mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches. \\\"Old Calendarists\\\" is another name for the True Orthodox movement in Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Cyprus. Terminology Mainstream Eastern Orthodox Christians which use the old (Julian) calendar are not what is designated by the expression \\\"Old Calendarist\\\", because they remain in communion with the Eastern Orthodox churches that use the new calendar (the Revised Julian calendar). Old Calendarists have severed communion with the mainstream Eastern Orthodox which follow the old calendar, because the latter maintained communion with Eastern Orthodox churches which had adopted the revised calendar. Thus, to be \\\"Old Calendarist\\\" is not the same thing as only following the old calendar. The Russian Orthodox Church, for instance, is not Old Calendarist, but follows the old (Julian) calendar. History Background Until 1924, the Eastern Orthodox Church universally used the Julian calendar, whereas the Roman Catholic Church, under Pope Gregory XIII, conducted a calendar reform resulting in the Gregorian calendar in 1582. The difference between the two calendars is 13 days between 1900 and 2100. 1923 Congress In May 1923, the Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople, called by Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, adopted the Revised Julian calendar. This new calendar was different to the Julian calendar, and would not diverge from the Gregorian calendar for a further 800 years. The Revised Julian calendar replaced the tabular date of Easter of the Julian calendar with an astronomical date of Easter. The astronomical Easter was unpopular and hardly used at all, and for the purpose of calculating the date of Easter the Julian calendar was restored. Not all Eastern Orthodox churches were represented at the congress or adopted its decisions, and the Russian Orthodox Church and some other Eastern Orthodox churches have continued to use the Julian calendar liturgically to this day. Birth Greece In 1924, the Church of Greece adopted the Revised Julian calendar, also called 'New calendar'. \\\"At first, resistance to the New Calendar was muted\\\". The Old Calendarists in Greece were at first a small number of laymen, priests and monks, whose number grew over the years. Before they were joined by bishops, the Old Calendarist movement in Greece was only composed of priests and laypeople, of which \\\"several hundreds monks from Athos\\\". In 1935, three bishops of the Church of Greece joined the movement and consecrated four new bishops for the movement. Of those three bishops, Metropolitan of Florina became the leader of the Greek Old Calendarist movement. Of the three bishops who had joined, Chrysostom of Zakynthos soon left the movement after the consecration and went back to the Church of Greece. Of the four bishops consecrated, two joined the Church of\",\n \"title\": \"Old Calendarists\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3659585\",\n \"text\": \"The Old New Year, or the Orthodox New Year, is an informal traditional holiday, celebrated as the start of the New Year by the Julian calendar. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Old New Year falls on January 14 in the Gregorian calendar. This traditional dating of the New Year is sometimes commonly called \\\"Orthodox\\\" because it harks back to a time when governments in Russia and Eastern Europe used the Julian calendar, which is still used by some jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church's liturgical year actually begins in September. By country North Macedonia The holiday in North Macedonia is known as Old New Year () or as Vasilica (), \\\"St. Basil\\\". Late on January 13, people gather outside their houses, in the center of their neighborhoods where they start a huge bonfire and drink and eat together. Traditional Macedonian music is sung. For those who stay at home, it is the tradition to eat home-made pita with a coin inside. Whoever finds the coin in their part is said to have luck during the year. Macedonians around the world also celebrate the holiday, especially in Australia, Canada, and the United States where Macedonian Orthodox Church has adherents. Russia Although the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic officially adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, the Russian Orthodox Church continued to use the Julian calendar. The New Year became a holiday that is celebrated by both calendars. As in most countries which use the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day in Russia is a public holiday celebrated on January 1. On that day, joyous entertainment, fireworks, elaborate and often large meals and other festivities are common. The holiday is interesting as it combines secular traditions of bringing in the New Year with the Christian Orthodox Christmastide customs, such as Rozhdestvo. The New Year by the Julian calendar is still informally observed, and the tradition of celebrating the coming of the New Year twice is widely enjoyed: January 1 (New New Year) and January 14 (Old New Year). Usually not as festive as the New New Year, for many this is a nostalgic family holiday ending the New Year holiday cycle (which includes Eastern Orthodox Christmas on January 7) with traditional large meals, singing and celebratory drinking. Scotland In Scotland the Old New Year has traditionally been held on 12 January. In the first half of the 20th century, large segments of the Scottish Gaelic community still observed the feast and today, it is still marked in South Uist and Eriskay as Oidhche Challaig and as Oidhche Challainn in Glenfinnan. Also in Scotland, the coastal town of Burghead in Morayshire celebrates the eve of the Old New Year with \\\"The Burning o' the Clavie\\\". Old New Year is the 12th of January in this district as well. Serbia The Old New Year in Serbia and among Serbs is commonly called the Serbian New Year (), and sometimes the Orthodox New Year () and rarely Julian New Year ().\",\n \"title\": \"Old New Year\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25776973\",\n \"text\": \"The list of traditional Turkish units of measurement, a.k.a. Ottoman units of measurement, is given below. History The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), the predecessor of modern Turkey was one of the 17 signatories of the Metre Convention in 1875. For 58 years both the international and the traditional units were in use, but after the proclamation of the Turkish Republic, the traditional units became obsolete. In 1931 by Act No. 1782, international units became compulsory and the traditional units were banned from use starting 1 January 1933. List of units Length Area Volume Weight Volumetric flow Time The traditional calendar of the Ottoman Empire was, like in most Muslim countries, the Islamic calendar. Its era begins from the Hijra in 622 CE and each year is calculated using the 12 Arabian lunar months, approximately eleven days shorter than a Gregorian solar year. In 1839, however, a second calendar was put in use for official matters. The new calendar, which was called the Rumi also began by 622, but with an annual duration equal to a solar year after 1840. In modern Turkey, the Gregorian calendar was adopted as the legal calendar, beginning by the end of 1925. But the Islamic calendar is still used when discussing dates in an Islamic context. See also Measurement Notes References Systems of units Obsolete units of measurement Turkey-related lists Economy of the Ottoman Empire Economic history of Turkey Ottoman Empire-related lists Human-based units of measurement Science and technology in Turkey Units of measurement by country\",\n \"title\": \"Ottoman units of measurement\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21637\",\n \"text\": \"The New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day, preceded by New Year's Eve). This was also the first day of the year in the original Julian calendar and the Roman calendar (after 153 BC). Other cultures observe their traditional or religious New Year's Day according to their own customs, typically (though not invariably) because they use a lunar calendar or a lunisolar calendar. Chinese New Year, the Islamic New Year, Tamil New Year (Puthandu), and the Jewish New Year are among well-known examples. India, Nepal, and other countries also celebrate New Year on dates according to their own calendars that are movable in the Gregorian calendar. During the Middle Ages in Western Europe, while the Julian calendar was still in use, authorities moved New Year's Day, depending upon locale, to one of several other days, including March 1, March 25, Easter, September 1, and December 25. Since then, many national civil calendars in the Western World and beyond have changed to using one fixed date for New Year's Day, January 1most doing so when they adopted the Gregorian calendar. By type Based on the used calendar new years are often categorized between lunar or lunisolar new years or solar new years. By month or season January January 1: The first day of the civil year in the Gregorian calendar used by most countries. Contrary to common belief in the west, the civil New Year of January 1 is not an Orthodox Christian religious holiday. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar makes no provision for the observance of a New Year. January 1 is itself a religious holiday, but that is because it is the feast of the circumcision of Christ (seven days after His birth), and a commemoration of saints. While the liturgical calendar begins September 1, there is also no particular religious observance attached to the start of the new cycle. Orthodox nations may, however, make civil celebrations for the New Year. Those who adhere to the revised Julian calendar (which synchronizes dates with the Gregorian calendar), including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, and Turkey, observe both the religious and civil holidays on January 1. In other nations and locations where Orthodox churches still adhere to the Julian calendar, including Georgia, Israel, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Ukraine, the civil new year is observed on January 1 of the civil calendar, while those same religious feasts occur on January 14 Gregorian (which is January 1 Julian), in accord with the liturgical calendar. The Japanese New Year (正月, Shōgatsu) is currently celebrated on January 1, with the holiday usually being observed until the January 3, while other sources say that Shōgatsu lasts until January 6. In 1873, five years after the Meiji Restoration, Japan\",\n \"title\": \"New Year\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"180861\",\n \"text\": \"The Soviet calendar was a modified Gregorian calendar that was used in Soviet Russia between 1918 and 1940. Several variations were used during that time. The Gregorian calendar, under the name \\\"Western European calendar\\\", was implemented in Soviet Russia in February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of . As many as nine national holidays (paid days of rest) were implemented in the following decade, but four were eliminated or merged on , leaving only five national holidays: 22January, 1–2May, and 7–8November until 1951, when 22January reverted to a normal day. During the summer of 1929, five-day continuous work weeks were implemented in factories, government offices, and commercial enterprises, but not collective farms. One of the five days was randomly assigned to each worker as their day of rest, without regard to the rest days assigned to their family members or friends. These five-day work weeks continued throughout the Gregorian year, interrupted only by the five national holidays. While the five-day week was used for scheduling work, the Gregorian calendar and its seven-day week were used for all other purposes. During the summer of 1931, six-day interrupted work weeks were implemented for most workers, with a common day of rest for all workers interrupting their work weeks. Five six-day work weeks were assigned to each Gregorian month, more or less, with the five national holidays converting normal work days into days of rest. On five- and six-day work weeks were abandoned in favor of seven-day work weeks. History Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar was implemented in Russia on by dropping the Julian dates of pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree signed (Julian) by Vladimir Lenin. The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date until All surviving examples of physical calendars from show the irregular month lengths of the Gregorian calendar (such as those displayed here). Most calendars displayed all the days of a Gregorian year as a grid with seven rows or columns for the traditional seven-day week with Sunday (Воскресенье; \\\"Resurrection\\\") first. The 1931 pocket calendar displayed here is a rare example that excluded the five national holidays, enabling the remaining 360 days of the Gregorian year to be displayed as a grid with five rows labeled for each day of the five-day week. Even it had the full Gregorian calendar on the other side. Work weeks During the second half of May 1929, Yuri Larin (Юрий Ларин, 1882–1932) proposed a continuous production week (nepreryvnaya rabochaya nedelya = nepreryvka) to the Fifth Congress of Soviets of the Union, but so little attention was paid to his suggestion that the president of the Congress did not even mention it in his final speech. By the beginning of , Larin had won the approval of Joseph Stalin, prompting all newspapers to praise the idea. The change was advantageous to the anti-religious movement, as Sundays and religious holidays became working days. On the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR directed its efficiency experts to\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10936\",\n \"text\": \"February 29 is a leap day (or \\\"leap year day\\\")—an intercalary date added periodically to create leap years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the 60th day of a leap year in both Julian and Gregorian calendars, and 306 days remain until the end of the leap year. It is the last day of February in leap years, with the exception of 1712 in Sweden. It is also the last day of meteorological winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the last day of meteorological summer in the Southern Hemisphere in leap years. In the Gregorian calendar, the standard civil calendar used in most of the world, February 29 is added in each year that is an integer multiple of four, unless it is evenly divisible by 100 but not by 400. For example, 1900 was not a leap year, but 2000 was. The Julian calendar—since 1923 a liturgical calendar—has a February 29 every fourth year without exception. Consequently, February 29 in the Julian calendar, since 1900, falls 13 days later than February 29 in the Gregorian, until the year 2100. The convention of using February 29 was not widely accepted before the 15th century; from Julian's edict until the 16th century (formally), February 24 was doubled instead. Events Pre-1600 888 – Odo, count of Paris, is crowned king of West Francia (France) by Archbishop Walter of Sens at Compiègne. 1504 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Jamaican natives to provide him with supplies. 1601–1900 1644 – Abel Tasman's second Pacific voyage begins as he leaves Batavia in command of three ships. 1704 – In Queen Anne's War, French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony, killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive. 1712 – February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden, in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar. 1720 – Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband, who becomes King Frederick I on March 24. 1768 – Polish nobles form the Bar Confederation. 1796 – The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force, facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations. 1892 – St. Petersburg, Florida is incorporated. 1901–present 1908 – James Madison University is founded at Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States as The State Normal and Industrial School for Women by the Virginia General Assembly. 1912 – The Piedra Movediza (Moving Stone) of Tandil falls and breaks. 1916 – Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom. 1916 – In South Carolina, the minimum working age for factory, mill and mine workers is raised from 12 to 14 years old. 1920 – The Czechoslovak National Assembly adopts the Constitution. 1936 – The February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends. 1940 – For her performance as Mammy in Gone with the Wind, Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award. 1940\",\n \"title\": \"February 29\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3278310\",\n \"text\": \"The Nanakshahi (, pronunciation: [naːnakʃaːɦiː]) calendar is a tropical solar calendar used in Sikhism. It is based on the \\\"Barah Maha\\\" (Twelve Months), a composition composed by the Sikh gurus reflecting the changes in nature conveyed in the twelve-month cycle of the year. The year begins with the month of Chet, with 1 Chet corresponding to 14 March. The reference epoch of the Nanakshahi calendar is the birth of Guru Nanak Dev, corresponding to the year 1469 CE. Etymology The Nanakshahi Calendar is named after the founder of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak Dev Ji. History Sikhs have traditionally recognised two eras and luni-solar calendars: the Nanakshahi and Khalsa. Traditionally, both these calendars closely followed the Bikrami calendar with the Nanakshahi year beginning on Katak Pooranmashi (full moon) and the Khalsa year commencing with Vaisakhi. The methods for calculating the beginning of the Khalsa era were based on the Bikrami calendar. The year length was also the same as the Bikrami solar year. According to Steel (2000), (since the calendar was based on the Bikrami), the calendar has twelve lunar months that are determined by the lunar phase, but thirteen months in leap years which occur every 2–3 years in the Bikrami calendar to sync the lunar calendar with its solar counterpart. Kay (2011) abbreviates the Khalsa Era as KE. References to the Nanakshahi Era have been made in historic documents. Banda Singh Bahadur adopted the Nanakshahi calendar in 1710 CE after his victory in Sirhind (12 May 1710 CE) according to which the year 1710 CE became Nanakshahi 241. However, Singh (2008) states the date of the victory as 14 May 1710 CE. According to Dilgeer (1997), Banda \\\"continued adopting the months and the days of the months according to the Bikrami calendar\\\". Banda Singh Bahadur also minted new coins also called Nanakshahi. Herrli (1993) states that \\\"Banda is supposed to have dated his coins according to his new calendar. Although Banda may have proclaimed this era, it cannot be traced in contemporary documents and does not seem to have been actually used for dating\\\". According to The Panjab Past and Present (1993), it is Gian Singh who \\\"is the first to use Nanak Shahi Samvats along with those of Bikrami Samvats\\\" in the Twarikh Guru Khalsa. According to Singha (1996), Gian Singh was a Punjabi author born in 1822. Gian Singh wrote the Twarikh Guru Khalsa in 1891. The revised Nanakshahi calendar was designed by Pal Singh Purewal to replace the Bikrami calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Nanak Dev in 1469 and the Nanakshahi year commences on 1 Chet. New Year's Day falls annually on what is 14 March in the Gregorian Western calendar. The start of each month is fixed. According to Kapel (2006), the solar accuracy of the Nanakshahi calendar is linked to the Gregorian civil calendar. This is because the Nanaskhahi calendar uses the tropical year instead of using the sidereal year which is used in\",\n \"title\": \"Nanakshahi calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"341532\",\n \"text\": \"The traditional Korean calendar or Dangun calendar () is a lunisolar calendar. Dates are calculated from Korea's meridian (135th meridian east in modern time for South Korea), and observances and festivals are based in Korean culture. Koreans mostly use the Gregorian calendar, which was officially adopted in 1896. However, traditional holidays and age-reckoning for older generations are still based on the old calendar. The biggest festivals in Korea today, which are also national holidays, are Seollal, the first day of the traditional calendar, and Chuseok, the harvest moon festival. Other important festivals include Daeboreum also referred to as Boreumdal (the first full moon), Dano (spring festival) and Samjinnal (spring-opening festival). Other minor festivals include Yudu (summer festival), and Chilseok (monsoon festival). History Similar to most traditional calendars of other East Asian countries, the Korean Calendar is derived from the Chinese calendar. The traditional calendar designated its years via Korean era names from 270 to 963, then Chinese era names with Korean era names at a few times until 1894. In 1894 and 1895, the lunar calendar was used with years numbered from the foundation of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392. The Gregorian calendar was adopted on 1 January 1896, with the Korean era name Geon-yang (). From 1945 until 1961 in South Korea, Gregorian calendar years were counted from the foundation of Gojoseon in 2333 BC (regarded as year one), the date of the legendary founding of Korea by Dangun, hence these Dangi () years were 4278 to 4294. This numbering was informally used with the Korean lunar calendar before 1945 but has only been occasionally used since 1961, and mostly in North Korea prior to 1997. Although not being an official calendar, in South Korea, the traditional Korean calendar is still maintained by the government. The current version is based on East Asia's Shixian calendar (), which was in turn revised by Jesuit scholars. In North Korea, the Juche calendar has been used since 1997 to number its years, based on the birth of the state's founder Kim Il Sung. Features The Chinese zodiac of 12 Earthly Branches (animals), which were used for counting hours and years; Ten Heavenly Stems, which were combined with the 12 Earthly Branches to form a sixty-year cycle; Twenty-four solar terms () in the year, spaced roughly 15 days apart; Lunar months including leap months added every two or three years. Weekdays Note that traditional Korean calendar has no concept of weekdays: the following are names of weekdays in the modern (Western) calendar. Months In modern Korean language, the months of both the traditional lunisolar and Western calendars are named by prefixing Sino-Korean numerals to , the Sino-Korean word for \\\"month\\\". Traditionally, when speaking of individuals' birth months, the months of the lunisolar calendar were named by prefixing the native Korean name of the animal associated with each Earthly Branch in the Chinese zodiac to , the native Korean word for \\\"month\\\". Additionally, the first, eleventh, and twelfth months have other Korean names which\",\n \"title\": \"Korean calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23698\",\n \"text\": \"The International Fixed Calendar (also known as the IFC, Cotsworth plan, the Cotsworth calendar and the Eastman plan) is a proposed calendar reform designed by Moses B. Cotsworth, first presented in 1902. The International Fixed Calendar divides the year into 13 months of 28 days each. A type of perennial calendar, every date is fixed to the same weekday every year. Though it was never officially adopted at the country level, the entrepreneur George Eastman instituted its use at the Eastman Kodak Company in 1928, where it was used until 1989. While it is sometimes described as the 13-month calendar or the equal-month calendar, various alternative calendar designs share these features. Rules The calendar year has 13 months with 28 days each, divided into exactly 4 weeks (13 × 28 = 364). An extra day added as a holiday at the end of the year (after December 28, i.e. equal to December 31 Gregorian), sometimes called \\\"Year Day\\\", does not belong to any week and brings the total to 365 days. Each year coincides with the corresponding Gregorian year, so January 1 in the Cotsworth calendar always falls on Gregorian January 1. Twelve months are named and ordered the same as those of the Gregorian calendar, except that the extra month is inserted between June and July, and called Sol. Situated in mid-summer (from the point of view of its Northern Hemisphere authors) and including the mid-year solstice, the name of the new month was chosen in homage to the sun. Leap years in the International Fixed Calendar contain 366 days, and its occurrence follows the Gregorian rule. There is a leap year in every year whose number is divisible by 4, but not if the year number is divisible by 100, unless it is also divisible by 400. So although the year 2000 was a leap year, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 were common years. The International Fixed Calendar inserts the extra day in leap years as June 29 - between Saturday June 28 and Sunday Sol 1. Each month begins on a Sunday, and ends on a Saturday; consequently, every year begins on Sunday. Neither Year Day nor Leap Day are considered to be part of any week; they are preceded by a Saturday and are followed by a Sunday, making a long weekend. As a result, a particular day usually has a different day of the week in the IFC than in all traditional calendars that contain a seven-day week. The IFC is, however, almost compatible with the World Calendar in this regard, because it also starts Sunday and has the extra day at the end of the year and the leap day in the middle, except IFC leaps on Gregorian June 17 and TWC leaps two weeks later on July 1. Since this break of the ancient week cycle has been a major concern raised against its adoption, various leap week calendars have been proposed as a solution. * The two special dates have been\",\n \"title\": \"International Fixed Calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20839575\",\n \"text\": \"A century leap year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar that is evenly divisible by 400. Like all leap years, it has an extra day in February for a total of 366 days instead of 365. In the obsolete Julian calendar, all years that were divisible by 4, including end-of-century years, were considered leap years. The Julian rule, however, adds too many leap days (about 3 extra leap days in 400 years), which resulted in the calendar drifting gradually with respect to the astronomical seasons. To remedy this, Pope Gregory XIII introduced in 1582 a slightly modified version of the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar, where century years are leap years only if they are divisible by 400. This eliminates 3 of the 4 end-of-century years in a 400-year period. For example, the years 1600, 2000, 2400, and 2800 are century leap years since those numbers are evenly divisible by 400, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900, and 3000 are common years despite being evenly divisible by 4. This scheme brings the average length of the calendar year significantly closer to the astronomical length of the year, nearly eliminating the drift of the calendar against the seasons. The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582, but was adopted by various countries at different times over several centuries. Dates prior to 1582 are generally recorded using the Julian calendar, and different countries have different conventions about how to record dates between 1582 and their adoption of the Gregorian calendar. Consequently, for example, the year 1700 was a leap year in the British and Russian empires but not in most of the rest of Europe; 1800 and 1900 were still leap years in the Russian empire but not generally elsewhere. Notes References External links An Introduction to Calendars courtesy of the United States Naval Observatory Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars History of Gregorian Calendar Units of time Calendars Gregorian calendar Leap years in the Gregorian calendar sv:Sekelskottår\",\n \"title\": \"Century leap year\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"410750\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of calendars. Included are historical calendars as well as proposed ones. Historical calendars are often grouped into larger categories by cultural sphere or historical period; thus O'Neil (1976) distinguishes the groupings Egyptian calendars (Ancient Egypt), Babylonian calendars (Ancient Mesopotamia), Indian calendars (Hindu and Buddhist traditions of the Indian subcontinent), Chinese calendars and Mesoamerican calendars. These are not specific calendars but series of historical calendars undergoing reforms or regional diversification. In Classical Antiquity, the Hellenic calendars inspired the Roman calendar, including the solar Julian calendar introduced in 45 BC. Many modern calendar proposals, including the Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582 AD, contains modifications from that of the Julian calendar. List of calendars In the list below, specific calendars are given, listed by calendar type (solar, lunisolar or lunar), time of introduction (if known), and the context of use and cultural or historical grouping (if applicable). Where appropriate, the regional or historical group (Jewish calendar, Hijri calendar, Sikh, Mayan, Aztecan, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Iranian, Hindu, Buddhist, Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican, Hellenic, Julian or Gregorian-derived) is noted. Calendars fall into four types: lunisolar, solar, lunar and seasonal. Most pre-modern calendars are lunisolar. The seasonal calendars rely on changes in the environment (e.g., \\\"wet season\\\", \\\"dry season\\\") rather than lunar or solar observations. The Islamic and some Buddhist calendars are lunar, while most modern calendars are solar, based on either the Julian or the Gregorian calendars. Some calendars listed are identical to the Gregorian calendar except for substituting regional month names or using a different calendar epoch. For example, the Thai solar calendar (introduced 1888) is the Gregorian calendar using a different epoch (543 BC) and different names for the Gregorian months (Thai names based on the signs of the zodiac). Variant month names Regional or historical names for lunations or Julian/Gregorian months Non-standard weeks Calendaring and timekeeping standards Coordinated Universal Time, adopted 1960 and since 1972 including a system of observation-based leap seconds. ISO 8601, standard based on the Gregorian calendar, Coordinated Universal Time and ISO week date, a leap week calendar system used with the Gregorian calendar Fiscal year varies with different countries. Used in accounting only. 360-day calendar used for accounting 365-day calendar used for accounting Unix time, number of seconds elapsed since 1 January 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC). Julian day, number of days elapsed since 1 January 4713 BC, 12:00:00 (UTC). Heliocentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the Sun. Barycentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the barycentre of the Solar System. Lilian date, number of days elapsed since the beginning of the Gregorian Calendar on 15 October 1582. Rata Die, number of days elapsed since 1 January 1 AD 1 in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. Non-Earth or fictional Darian calendar (proposed for Mars, not used in planetary science) Discworld calendar (fictional) Middle-earth calendars (fictional) Stardates (from Star Trek, fictional) See also History of calendars Epoch Horology Perpetual calendar Liturgical year Calendar of\",\n \"title\": \"List of calendars\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13950019\",\n \"text\": \"The civil calendar is the calendar, or possibly one of several calendars, used within a country for civil, official, or administrative purposes. The civil calendar is almost always used for general purposes by people and private organizations. The most widespread civil calendar and de facto international standard is the Gregorian calendar. Although that calendar was first declared by Pope Gregory XIII to be used in Catholic countries in 1582, it has since been adopted, as a matter of convenience, by many secular and non-Christian countries although some countries use other calendars. Civil calendars worldwide 168 of the world's countries use the Gregorian calendar as their sole civil calendar as of 2021. Most non-Christian countries have adopted it as a result of colonization, with some cases of voluntary adoption. Four countries have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Afghanistan and Iran (which use the Solar Hijri calendar), Ethiopia (the Ethiopian calendar), and Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat). Four countries use a modified version of the Gregorian calendar (with eras different from Anno Domini): Japan (Japanese calendar), North Korea (North Korean Calendar), Taiwan (Minguo calendar), and Thailand (Thai solar calendar). In the former two countries, the Anno Domini era is also in use. South Korea previously used the Korean calendar from 1945 to 1961. Eighteen countries use another calendar alongside the Gregorian calendar: Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen (Lunar Hijri calendar), Bangladesh (Bengali calendar), Egypt (Lunar Hijri calendar and Coptic calendar), India (Indian national calendar), Israel (Hebrew calendar), Myanmar (Burmese calendar). See also List of calendars Chinese calendar Persian calendar References Calendars\",\n \"title\": \"Civil calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25886202\",\n \"text\": \"The tables below list equivalent dates in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Conventions Within these tables, January 1 is always the first day of the year. The Gregorian calendar did not exist before October 15, 1582. Gregorian dates before that are proleptic, that is, using the Gregorian rules to reckon backward from October 15, 1582. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Augustus corrected errors in the observance of leap years by omitting leap days until AD 8. Julian calendar dates before March AD 4 are proleptic, and do not necessarily match the dates actually observed in the Roman Empire. Conversion table This table is taken from the book by the Nautical almanac offices of the United Kingdom and United States originally published in 1961. Using the tables Dates near leap days that are observed in the Julian calendar but not in the Gregorian are listed in the table. Dates near the adoption date in some countries are also listed. For dates not listed, see below. The usual rules of algebraic addition and subtraction apply; adding a negative number is the same as subtracting the absolute value, and subtracting a negative number is the same as adding the absolute value. If conversion takes you past a February 29 that exists only in the Julian calendar, then February 29 is counted in the difference. Years affected are those which divide by 100 without remainder but do not divide by 400 without remainder (e.g., 1900 and 2100 but not 2000). No guidance is provided about conversion of dates before March 5, -500, or after February 29, 2100 (both being Julian dates). For unlisted dates, find the date in the table closest to, but earlier than, the date to be converted. Be sure to use the correct column. If converting from Julian to Gregorian, add the number from the \\\"Difference\\\" column. If converting from Gregorian to Julian, subtract. See also Revised Julian calendar References External links Calendars\",\n \"title\": \"Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22862916\",\n \"text\": \"The Juche calendar, named after the Juche ideology, is the system of year-numbering used in North Korea. It begins with the birth of Kim Il Sung, the founder of North Korea. His birth year, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, is \\\"Juche 1\\\" in the Juche calendar. The calendar was adopted in 1997, three years after the death of Kim Il Sung. History The calendar borrows elements from two historical calendars used in Korea, the traditional system of Korean era names and the Gregorian calendar in which years are tied to the traditional birth of Jesus. In contrast to these two, the Juche calendar begins with the birth of the founder of the Democratic People's Republic, Kim Il Sung. The decree on the Juche calendar was adopted on 8 July 1997, on the third anniversary of the death of Kim Il Sung. The same decree also designated the birth anniversary of Kim Il Sung as the Day of the Sun. The birth year of Kim Il Sung, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, became \\\"Juche 1\\\" in the Juche calendar. The calendar began to be implemented on 9 September 1997, the Day of the Foundation of the Republic. On that date, newspapers, news agencies, radio stations, public transport, and birth certificates began to use Juche years. Usage The year 1912 is \\\"Juche 1\\\" in the Juche calendar. There are no \\\"before Juche\\\" years; years before 1912 are given numbers based on the Gregorian calendar only. Ranges of years that begin before 1912 and end after it are also given in Christian calendar numbers only. Any other years after 1912 will be given in either Juche years only, or in Juche years and the corresponding year in the Christian calendar in parentheses. In material pertaining to relations with foreign countries, \\\"the Juche Era and the Christian Era may be used on the principles of independence, equality and reciprocity.\\\" The Juche calendar is a popular souvenir among tourists visiting North Korea. Examples See also Public holidays in North Korea The year numbers of the Republic of China calendar, currently used in Taiwan, match those of the Juche calendar. The years in Japan's Taishō era (30 July 1912 to 25 December 1926) coincided with those of the Juche calendar. References External links Example of \\\"Juche 103 (2014)\\\" from Pyongyang University of Science and Technology 1997 introductions Culture of North Korea Calendars Modified Gregorian calendars 1997 establishments in North Korea\",\n \"title\": \"Juche calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30446032\",\n \"text\": \"Date and time notation in Japan has historically followed the Japanese calendar and the nengō system of counting years. At the beginning of the Meiji period, Japan switched to the Gregorian calendar on Wednesday, 1 January 1873, but for much domestic and regional government paperwork, the Japanese year is retained. Japanese people and businesses have also adopted various conventions in accordance with their use of kanji, the widespread use of passenger trains, and other aspects of daily life. Date The most commonly used date format in Japan is \\\"year month day (weekday)\\\", with the Japanese characters meaning \\\"year\\\", \\\"month\\\" and \\\"day\\\" inserted after the numerals. Example: for \\\"Sunday 31 December 2023\\\". The weekday is usually abbreviated to a single character, e.g. for (\\\"Sunday\\\"), but may also be written in full, then usually without surrounding parentheses. Apart from the Gregorian calendar, the Japanese imperial calendar is also used, which bases the year on the current era, which began when the current emperor acceded to the throne. The current era is Reiwa and began in 2019. The imperial year increments on January 1 just like the Gregorian, not on the anniversary of the emperor's enthronement. When using the imperial calendar, the year is prefixed with the era. For example, the above date using the imperial calendar is written as: ; a more direct translation might be: Reiwa year 5, Dec 31 (Sun). The first year of the emperor's reign is written as 元年 gannen, not 1年 ichi nen. Either form may be abbreviated as yy/mm/dd; periods as separators are not uncommon either. Examples: , , . Ambiguities as to which calendar is used for the year are usually only resolved by the context in which the date appears, but imperial calendar dates may be prefixed with a single character or letter denoting the era, e.g. or . This is a shorthand notation and full dates are often the preferred way of resolving such ambiguities. Time Both the 12-hour and 24-hour notations are commonly used in Japan. The 24-hour notation is commonly used in Japan, especially in train schedules. The 12-hour notation is also commonly used, by adding (\\\"before noon\\\") or (\\\"after noon\\\") before the time, e.g. for 10 am. Japanese broadcasting and newspapers usually use a modified 12-hour notation in which midnight is (0 am) and noon is (0 pm) and, for example, \\\"quarter past midnight\\\" is . The AM/PM signs are also used, while the sign may be placed either before or after the time (AM10:00 or 10:00AM). Using the Japanese notation, times are written as \\\"\\\", with the characters for \\\"hour\\\" and \\\"minute\\\" (optionally also for \\\"seconds\\\") added after the numerals. It is also common to simply write . Times past midnight can also be counted past the 24 hour mark, usually when the associated activity spans across midnight. For example, bars or clubs may advertise as being open until \\\"\\\" (i.e. 6 am). This is partly to avoid any ambiguity (6 am versus 6 pm), partly because the closing\",\n \"title\": \"Date and time notation in Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51600548\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country. For explanation, see the article about the Gregorian calendar. Except where stated otherwise, the transition was a move by the civil authorities from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. In religious sources it could be that the Julian calendar was used for a longer period of time, in particular by Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches. The historic area does not necessarily match the present-day area or country. The column \\\"Present country\\\" only provides a logic search entry. With a few exceptions, the former colonies of European powers are not shown separately. There are only four countries which have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Ethiopia (Ethiopian calendar), Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat), Iran and Afghanistan (Solar Hijri calendar). Thailand has adopted the Gregorian calendar for days and months, but uses its own era for years: the Buddhist era. The partially recognized Republic of China (Taiwan) also uses its own era, the Minguo era. List Legend See also cal (command) Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Old Style and New Style dates References Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar\",\n \"title\": \"List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11323667\",\n \"text\": \"The Arabic names of the months of the Gregorian calendar are usually phonetic Arabic pronunciations of the corresponding month names used in European languages. An exception is the Syriac calendar used in Iraq and the Levant, whose month names are inherited via Classical Arabic from the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars and correspond to roughly the same time of year. Though the lunar Hijri calendar and solar Hijri calendar are prominent in the Mideast, the Gregorian calendar is and has been used in nearly all the countries of the Arab world, in many places long before European occupation. All Arab states use the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. The names of the Gregorian months as used in Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen are widely regarded as standard across the Arab world, although their Classical Arabic names are often used alongside them. In other Arab countries, some modification or actual changes in naming or pronunciation of months are observed. Iraq and the Levant These names are used primarily in Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, as well as by Arab citizens of Israel. Classical Arabic inherited the names from the Babylonian and Hebrew calendars, which are lunisolar. Although the Arabic names are cognate, they do not refer to the lunar months, as when the names are used in their original Babylonian or Hebrew context (indeed, the names of the Gregorian months in Hebrew are based on the German names of the Gregorian months, rather than the months of the Babylonian and Hebrew Calendars.) Nine of these names were used in the Ottoman Turkish calendar, of which five remain in use in the modern Turkish calendar. Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Eastern Arabia The names of the Gregorian months in Egypt, Sudan and Eastern Arabia are based on the old Latin names. Libya (1969–2011) The names of months used in the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) were derived from various sources, and were assembled after Muammar Gaddafi's seizure of power in 1969 and abolished in 2011 after the 17 February Revolution. The decision of changing calendar names was adopted in June 1986. The Libyan calendar, which followed the same sequence of renamed Gregorian months, counted the years from the death of Muhammad. This reckoning was therefore ten years behind the Solar Hijri calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan. Algeria and Tunisia The names of the Gregorian months in Algeria and Tunisia are based on the French names of the months, reflecting France's long colonisation of these countries (1830–1962 in Algeria; 1881–1956 in Tunisia). Morocco As Morocco was long part of the Roman Empire, the long-standing agricultural Berber calendar of the country preserves the Julian calendar and (in modified form) the names of its months. There are regional variations of the Berber calendar, since some communities did not recognise the Julian 29 February in century years where the Gregorian calendar had no equivalent date. When Morocco adopted the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes, the names of the months were taken from this local\",\n \"title\": \"Arabic names of Gregorian months\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"730958\",\n \"text\": \"In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a or aj) is a unit of measurement of time defined as exactly 365.25 days of SI seconds each. The length of the Julian year is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar that was used in Western societies until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar, and from which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because astronomical Julian years are measuring duration rather than designating dates, this Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year. Usage The Julian year is not a unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI), but it is recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as a non-SI unit for use in astronomy. Before 1984, both the Julian year and the mean tropical year were used by astronomers. In 1898, Simon Newcomb used both in his Tables of the Sun in the form of the Julian century (36 525 days) and the \\\"solar century\\\" ( days), a rounded form of 100 mean tropical years of each according to Newcomb. However, the mean tropical year is not suitable as a unit of measurement because it varies from year to year by a small amount, days according to Newcomb. In contrast, the Julian year is defined in terms of the SI unit one second, so is as accurate as that unit and is constant. It approximates both the sidereal year and the tropical year to about ±0.008 days. The Julian year is the basis of the definition of the light-year as a unit of measurement of distance. Epochs In astronomy, an epoch specifies a precise moment in time. The positions of celestial objects and events, as measured from Earth, change over time, so when measuring or predicting celestial positions, the epoch to which they pertain must be specified. A new standard epoch is chosen about every 50 years. The standard epoch in use today is Julian epoch J2000.0. It is exactly 12:00 TT (close to but not exactly Greenwich mean noon) on in the Gregorian (not Julian) calendar. Julian within its name indicates that other Julian epochs can be a number of Julian years of 365.25 days each before or after J2000.0. For example, the future epoch J2100.0 will be exactly 36,525 days (one Julian century) from J2000.0 at 12:00 TT on (the dates will still agree because the Gregorian century 2000–2100 will have the same number of days as a Julian century). Because Julian years are not exactly the same length as years on the Gregorian calendar, astronomical epochs will diverge noticeably from the Gregorian calendar in a few hundred years. For example, in the next 1000 years, seven days will be dropped from the Gregorian calendar but not from 1000 Julian years, so J3000.0 will be . Julian calendar distinguished The Julian year, being a uniform measure of duration, should not be confused with the\",\n \"title\": \"Julian year (astronomy)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17781547\",\n \"text\": \"The Rumi calendar (, , lit. \\\"Roman calendar\\\"), a specific calendar based on the Julian calendar, was officially used by the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat (1839) and by its successor, the Republic of Turkey until 1926. It was adopted for civic matters and is a solar based calendar, assigning a date to each solar day. History In the Islamic state of the Ottoman Empire, the religious Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) was in use. In this calendar, months coincide with lunar phases. Because a \\\"lunar year\\\" (the combined duration of twelve lunar phases) is shorter than the solar year, the seasons cycle through the lunar months as the solar years pass. \\\"As a result,\\\" says the Astronomical Almanac, \\\"the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through the seasons over a period of about 33 [solar] years\\\". 1677 Introduction of the Fiscal calendar In 1677, Head Treasurer (, ) Hasan Pasha under Sultan Mehmed IV proposed the correction of financial records by dropping one year (an escape year) every 33 years, resulting from the difference between the lunar Islamic calendar and the solar Julian calendar. In 1740 (1152 AH) during the reign of Sultan Mahmud I, March was adopted as the first month of the fiscal year for the payment of taxes and dealings with government officials instead of Muharram following Treasurer Atıf Efendi's proposal. Proposed by Treasurer Moralı Osman Efendi during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid I, the range of the fiscal calendar applications was extended in 1794 to state expenditures and payments in order to prevent surplus cost arising from the time difference between the Islamic and Julian calendar. 1840 Adoption of the Julian Calendar The Julian calendar, used from 1677 AD on for fiscal matters only, was adopted on March 13, 1840 AD (March 1, 1256 AH), in the frame of Tanzimat reforms shortly after the accession to the throne of Sultan Abdülmecid I, as the official calendar for all civic matters and named \\\"Rumi calendar\\\" (literally Roman calendar). The counting of years began with the year 622 AD, when Muhammad and his followers emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the same event marking the start of the Islamic calendar. The months and days of the Julian calendar were used, the year starting in March. However, in 1256 AH the difference between the Hijri and the Gregorian calendars amounted to 584 years. With the change from lunar calendar to solar calendar, the difference between the Rumi calendar and the Julian or Gregorian calendar remained a constant 584 years. 1917 Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Since the Julian to Gregorian calendar changeover was finally being adopted in neighboring countries, the Rumi calendar was realigned to the Gregorian calendar in February 1917, leaving the difference of 584 years unchanged, however. Thus, after February 15, 1332 AH (February 1917 AD), the next day instead of being February 16 suddenly became March 1, 1333 AH (March 1, 1917 AD). The year 1333 AH (1917 AD) was made into a year with only\",\n \"title\": \"Rumi calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"87473\",\n \"text\": \"The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and also used by the farming populace in Egypt. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter (which contained only 365 days each year, year after year, so that the seasons shifted about one day every four years), a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of adding an extra day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the reform was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus imposed the Decree upon Egypt as its official calendar (although initially, namely between 25 BC and AD 5, it was unsynchronised with the original implementation of the Julian calendar which was erroneously intercalating leap days every third year due to a misinterpretation of the leap year rule so as to apply inclusive counting). To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic or Alexandrian calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian calendar but have different numbers and names. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Coptic calendar does not skip leap years three times every 400 years, and therefore it stays synchronised with the Julian calendar over a four-year leap year cycle. Coptic year The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and one at the end of the year of five days (six days in leap years). The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year. The year starts on the Feast of Neyrouz, the first day of the month of Thout, the first month of the Egyptian year. For 1900 to 2099 it coincides with the Gregorian Calendar's 11 September, or 12 September before a leap year, but for any year, it coincides with the Julian Calendar's 29 August, or 30 August before a leap year. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year Diocletian became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for Anno Martyrum or \\\"in the Year of the Martyrs\\\"). The first day of year I of the\",\n \"title\": \"Coptic calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63966709\",\n \"text\": \"A computus clock is a clock equipped with a mechanism that automatically calculates and displays, or helps determine, the date of Easter (and other dependent dates of moveable Church feasts). A computus watch carries out the same function. Background The movement of a computus clock provides and/or calculates astronomical and calendar information according to the tradition that Easter Sunday is the first Sunday after the first full moon (Paschal or ecclesiastical full moon) on or after the spring equinox (21 March), and Easter Sunday should not occur on the same day as the Jewish calendar date Nisan 15th, the first day of Passover week. In early Christianity, the Easter date was calculated each year and announced by the Pope. The later need for Christian clergy living in different territories to be able to calculate the Easter date for themselves forced attempts to establish clear rules for the Easter date calculation and finally the algorithms for this. The determination of the Easter date requires calculating astronomical and calendar cycles – the annual motion of the Sun round the celestial sphere, the evolution of the phases of the Moon, the cycle of the days of the week, particularities of calendars and some agreements like the date of the so-called ecclesiastical equinox., designated as March 21, irrespective of the actual astronomical observation by the Church of Alexandria in the beginning of the 4th Century. Specific astronomical data which may be incorrect, misinterpreted or location dependent, were eliminated from the Easter date calculation by the invention of special paschal functions – “letters” and “numbers”. They include the “golden number” (which gives the dates of all the new moons for the year in a 19-year Metonic cycle), the solar cycle (the 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar and 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar with respect to the week), the epact (the age of the Moon in days on a certain date), the dominical letter (used to determine the day of the week for particular dates) and the indiction (the number of a given year in a fifteen-year period). The computations after the Gregorian reform of 1582 should also take into account additional corrections necessary due to particularities of the Gregorian calendar, notably the solar equation (taking into account some non-leap century years) and the lunar equation (for correction of the Metonic cycle) The term “computus” as the description of the Easter date computation was proposed in 725 by the English Benedictine monk Bede in his treatise “De temporum ratione” (“The Reckoning of Time”). Alexandrian computus, based on rules established by the Church of Alexandria, was universally used from the beginning of the 8th century until the Gregorian calendar reform of 1582. The Roman Catholic Church has used the Gregorian calendar, and accordingly Gregorian computus, to calculate the dates of Easter since 1583. The Gregorian computus was later adopted by most Protestant churches – between 1753 and 1845 – while most Eastern Churches, including the majority of Eastern Orthodox Churches and Non-Chalcedonian Churches continued to\",\n \"title\": \"Computus clock\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9746888\",\n \"text\": \"The Romanian calendar is the Gregorian, adopted in 1919. However, the traditional Romanian calendar has its own names for the months. In modern Romania and Moldova, the Gregorian calendar is exclusively used for business and government transactions and predominates in popular use as well. Nevertheless, the traditional names of the months do appear in some contexts, for instance on ecclesiastical calendars produced by the Romanian Orthodox Church. History Romania adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1 April 1919, which became 14 April 1919. In 2019, the National Bank of Romania released a commemorative coin of 10 silver lei to celebrate the centenary of Romania's adoption of the calendar. Traditional month names All the traditional names of the months are of Latin origin, which indicates that their use predates the Slavic contact around the 8th century. Six months have their names derived from characteristics of the months. Five are derived from the Latin names now used in the Gregorian calendar (and earlier in the Julian calendar). However, each of these has a folk etymology and an additional meaning. The last month, December, derives its name from that of Saint Andrew. See also Gregorian calendar Slavic calendar Lithuanian calendar French Republican calendar References Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române, Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică \\\"Iorgu Iordan\\\", Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 1998 Culture of Romania Culture of Moldova Months\",\n \"title\": \"Romanian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70430237\",\n \"text\": \"The Council of Constantinople of 1923 was a meeting of representatives of several local Eastern Orthodox Churches held in Constantinople from 10 May to 8 June 1923, convened at the initiative of Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius Metaxakis. In spite of being called by some as the \\\"Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople of 1923\\\", or otherwise referred to as \\\"pan-Orthodox\\\" or as an \\\"ecumenical council\\\", the council is not recognized as an ecumenical council: \\\"Calling the 1923 Council 'ecumenical' cannot be accepted, since representatives of the Alexandrian, Antiochian, Jerusalem and most of the other Local Churches did not participate in its work.\\\" The primary topic of the Council of 1923 was calendar reform. The Roman Catholic Church and almost all of Western Europe completed their switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, the current international standard, during the 16th century. Russia, and the rest of the Orthodox world, however, remained on the old calendar until this council. At this council, the Greek Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, and many other branches of the Eastern Orthodox Church adopted the new calendar, which they called \\\"the new Julian calendar\\\", which corresponds with the Gregorian calendar until 2800. This council is extremely controversial within Eastern Orthodoxy—it led to many schisms in many autocephalous churches of different Old Calendarist groups. Even academic sources note the controversy of this council. The acts and decisions of this council were first translated into English only in 2006, by the Rev. Dr. Patrick Viscuso. Sources References Constantinople 1923 1923 1923 in Turkey 20th-century Eastern Orthodoxy\",\n \"title\": \"Council of Constantinople (1923)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"214479\",\n \"text\": \"As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as . Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon (a mathematical approximation of the first astronomical full moon, on or after 21 March itself a fixed approximation of the March equinox). Determining this date in advance requires a correlation between the lunar months and the solar year, while also accounting for the month, date, and weekday of the Julian or Gregorian calendar. The complexity of the algorithm arises because of the desire to associate the date of Easter with the date of the Jewish feast of Passover which, Christians believe, is when Jesus was crucified. It was originally feasible for the entire Christian Church to receive the date of Easter each year through an annual announcement by the pope. By the early third century, however, communications in the Roman Empire had deteriorated to the point that the church put great value in a system that would allow the clergy to determine the date for themselves, independently yet consistently. Additionally, the church wished to eliminate dependencies on the Hebrew calendar, by deriving the date for Easter directly from the March equinox. In The Reckoning of Time (725), Bede uses as a general term for any sort of calculation, although he refers to the Easter cycles of Theophilus as a \\\"Paschal .\\\" By the end of the 8th century, came to refer specifically to the calculation of time. The calculations produce different results depending on whether the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar is used. For this reason, the Catholic Church and Protestant churches (which follow the Gregorian calendar) celebrate Easter on a different date from that of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy (which follow the Julian calendar). It was the drift of 21 March from the observed equinox that led to the Gregorian reform of the calendar, to bring them back into line. Background Easter commemorates the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe to have occurred on the third day (inclusive) after the beginning of Passover. In the Hebrew lunisolar calendar, Passover begins at twilight on the 14th day of Nisan. Nisan is the first month of spring in the northern hemisphere, with the 14th corresponding to a full moon. By the 2nd century, many Christians had chosen to observe Easter only on a Sunday. The Hebrew calendar does not have a simple relationship with the Christian calendars: it resynchronizes with the solar year by intercalating a leap month every two or three years, before the lunar new year on 1 Nisan. Later Jews adopted the Metonic cycle to predict future intercalations. A possible consequence of this intercalation is that 14 Nisan could occur before the equinox, which some third-century Christians considered unacceptable (this cannot happen in the fixed calendar in use today). Consequently, it was decided to separate the dating of Easter from the Hebrew calendar, by identifying the first full moon following the March equinox. By the\",\n \"title\": \"Date of Easter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39124\",\n \"text\": \"Aloysius Lilius ( 1510 – 1576), also variously referred to as Luigi Lilio or Luigi Giglio, was an Italian physician, astronomer, philosopher and chronologist, and also the \\\"primary author\\\" who provided the proposal that (after modifications) became the basis of the Gregorian Calendar reform of 1582. The crater Lilius on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 2346 Lilio. In computer science, the Lilian date is the number of days since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582. Life and work Not much is known about the early life of Lilius/Lilio/Giglio. It is known that he came from the comune of Cirò in the province of Crotone, in the Calabria region of Italy. He studied medicine and astronomy in Naples, after which he served Count Carafa. He settled in Verona and died in 1576. Although he was still alive at the time when his proposal was presented at Rome, it does not seem that he made the presentation; it was handled by his brother Antonio, also a physician and astronomer. He is primarily known as the inventor of the Gregorian Calendar: he wrote the proposal on which (after modifications) the calendar reform was based. Lilio's brother Antonio presented the manuscript to Pope Gregory XIII; it was passed to the calendar reform commission in 1575. The commission issued a printed summary entitled (Compendium of a New Plan for the Restitution of the Calendar), printed in 1577 and circulated within the Roman Catholic world in early 1578 as a consultation document. Lilio's manuscript itself is not known to have survived; the printed Compendium is the nearest known source for the details it contained. The processes of consultation and deliberation meant that the reform to the calendar did not occur until 1582, six years after the death of Luigi Lilio in 1576. The reform had by then received some modifications in points of detail by the reform commission, in which one of the leading members was Christopher Clavius, who afterwards wrote defences and an explanation of the reformed calendar, including an emphatic acknowledgement of Lilio's work, especially for his provision of a useful reform for the lunar cycle: \\\"We owe much gratitude and praise to Luigi Giglio who contrived such an ingenious Cycle of Epacts which, inserted in the calendar, always shows the new moon and so can be easily adapted to any length of the year, if only at the right moments the due adjustment is applied.\\\" The papal bull () was issued on 24 February 1582 (year 1581 in Florentine Easter-based reckoning), ordering Catholic clergy to adopt the new calendar, and exhorting all Catholic sovereigns to do the same. The year 2010 was the 500th year since the Lilius' birth; several activities were organized by Italian astronomers in order to recognize the great work performed by him. In particular, in Torretta di Crucoli (Crotone, Italy), a new astronomical group was created and dedicated to Luigi Lilio. Notes References . . . External links Circolo Astrofili\",\n \"title\": \"Aloysius Lilius\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15651\",\n \"text\": \"The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers). The Julian calendar was proposed in 46 BC by (and takes its name from) Julius Caesar, as a reform of the earlier Roman calendar, which was largely a lunisolar one. It took effect on , by his edict. Caesar's calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years, until 1582 when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar. The Julian calendar has two types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. That is more than the actual solar year value of approximately 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar gains one day every 129 years. In other words, the Julian calendar gains 3.1 days every 400 years. Gregory's calendar reform modified the Julian rule, to reduce the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year: the Gregorian calendar gains just 0.1 day over 400 years. For any given event during the years from 1901 through 2099, its date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date (for instance Julian 1 January falls on Gregorian 14 January). Most Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately; Protestant countries did so slowly in the course of the following two centuries or so; most Orthodox countries retain the Julian calendar for religious purposes but adopted the Gregorian as their civil calendar in the early part of the twentieth century. Table of months History Motivation The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. This intercalary month was formed by inserting 22 or 23 days after the first 23 days of February; the last five days of February, which counted down toward the start of March, became the last five days of Intercalaris. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, forming an intercalary year of 377 or 378 days. Some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia (23 February). If managed correctly this system could have allowed the Roman year to stay roughly aligned to a tropical year. However, since the pontifices were often politicians, and because a Roman magistrate's term of office\",\n \"title\": \"Julian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44100110\",\n \"text\": \"The adoption of the Gregorian Calendar was an event in the early modern history of most cultures and societies, marking a change from their traditional (or \\\"old style\\\") dating system to the modern (or \\\"new style\\\") dating system the Gregorian calendar that is widely used around the world today. Some states adopted the new calendar from 1582, some did not do so before the early twentieth century, and others did so at various dates between. A few still have not, but except for these, the Gregorian calendar is now the world's civil calendar universally, although in many places an old style calendar remains used in religious or traditional contexts. During and for some time after the change between systems, it has been common to use the terms \\\"Old Style\\\" and \\\"New Style\\\" when giving dates, to indicate which calendar was used to reckon them. The Gregorian calendar was decreed in 1582 by the papal bull by Pope Gregory XIII, to correct an error in the Julian calendar that was causing erroneous calculation of the date of Easter. The Julian calendar had been based upon a year lasting 365.25 days, but this was slightly too long; in reality, it is about 365.2422 days, and so over the centuries, the calendar had drifted increasingly out of alignment with the Earth's orbit. According to Gregory's scientific advisers, the calendar had acquired ten excess leap days since the First Council of Nicaea (which established the rule for dating Easter in AD 325). Consequently, he ruled, ten days must be skipped to restore the : Catholic countries did this in 1582. Countries which did not change until the 18th century had by then observed an additional leap year (1700), necessitating the dropping of eleven days. Some countries did not change until the 19th or 20th century, necessitating one or two further days to be omitted from the calendar. Although Gregory's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church, the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States. The changes he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar, over which he had no formal authority. They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect. The bull became the canon law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by Protestant churches, Eastern Orthodox Churches, and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter (and related events in the Liturgical calendar) were celebrated by different Christian churches diverged. Adoption in Catholic countries Catholic states such as France, the Italian principalities, Poland–Lithuania, Spain (along with her European and overseas possessions), Portugal, and the Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire were first to change to the Gregorian calendar. Thursday, 4 October 1582, was followed by Friday, 15 October 1582, with ten days skipped. Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time\",\n \"title\": \"Adoption of the Gregorian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"206356\",\n \"text\": \"The Baháʼí calendar used in the Baháʼí Faith is a solar calendar consisting of nineteen months and four or five intercalary days, with new year at the moment of Northern spring equinox. Each month is named after a virtue (e.g., Perfection, Mercy), as are the days of the week. The first year is dated from 1844 CE, the year in which the Báb began teaching. Years on the calendar are annotated with the date notation of BE (Baháʼí Era). The Baháʼí year BE {{#ifexpr: <79 |will start|started}} on March . History The Baháʼí calendar started from the original Badíʿ calendar, created by the Báb in the Kitabu'l-Asmáʼ and the Persian Bayán (5:3) in the 1840s. An early version of the calendar began to be implemented during his time. It used a scheme of nineteen months of nineteen days, with the product of 361 days, plus intercalary days to make the calendar a solar calendar. The first day of the early implementation of the calendar year was Nowruz, while the intercalary days were assigned differently than the later Baháʼí implementation. The calendar contains many symbolic meanings and allusions including connections to prophecies of the Báb about the next Manifestation of God termed He whom God shall make manifest. Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, who claimed to be the one prophesied by the Báb, confirmed and adopted this calendar. Around 1870, he instructed Nabíl-i-Aʻzam, the author of The Dawn-Breakers, to write an overview of the Badíʿ calendar. In the Kitáb-i-Aqdas (1873) Baháʼu'lláh made Naw-Rúz the first day of the year, and also clarified the position of the Intercalary days to immediately precede the last month. Baháʼu'lláh set Naw-Rúz to the day on which the sun passes into the constellation Aries. Baháʼís interpret this formula as a specification of the vernal equinox, though where that should be determined was not defined. The calendar was first implemented in the West in 1907. The Baháʼí scriptures left some issues regarding the implementation of the Badíʿ calendar to be resolved by the Universal House of Justice before the calendar can be observed uniformly worldwide. On 10 July 2014 the Universal House of Justice announced provisions that will enable the common implementation of the Badíʿ calendar worldwide, beginning at sunset 20 March 2015, coinciding with the completion of the ninth cycle of the calendar (see below). Before that time, the Baháʼí calendar was synchronized to the Gregorian calendar by starting the year at sunset on March 20, regardless of when the vernal equinox technically occurs, meaning that the extra day of a leap year occurred simultaneously in both calendars. The intercalary days always stretched from 26 February to 1 March, automatically including the Gregorian leap day so that there were four intercalary days in a regular year, and five in a Gregorian leap year. The Universal House of Justice selected Tehran, the birthplace of Baháʼu'lláh, as the location at which the time and date of the vernal equinox is to be determined according to astronomical\",\n \"title\": \"Baháʼí calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4216993\",\n \"text\": \"There are eleven time zones in Russia, which currently observe times ranging from UTC+02:00 to UTC+12:00. Daylight saving time (DST) has not been used in Russia since 26 October 2014. From 27 March 2011 to 26 October 2014, permanent DST was used. List of zones Since 27 December 2020, the time zones are as follows: Daylight saving time Daylight saving time in Russia was originally introduced on 1 July [14 July, ] 1917 by a decree of the Russian Provisional Government. However, it was abandoned by a decree of the Soviet government six months later. Daylight saving time was re-introduced in the USSR in 1981, beginning on 1 April and ending on 1 October each year, until mid-1984, when the USSR began following European daylight saving time rules, moving clocks forward one hour at 02:00 local standard time on the last Sunday in March, and back one hour at 03:00 local daylight saving time on the last Sunday in September until 1995, after which the change back occurred on the last Sunday in October. On 27 March 2011, clocks were advanced as usual, but they did not go back on 30 October 2011, effectively making Moscow Time UTC+04:00 permanently. On 26 October 2014, following another change in the law, the clocks in most of the country were moved back one hour, but summer daylight saving time was not reintroduced; Moscow Time returned to UTC+03:00 permanently. History Russian Empire In the Russian Empire, most of the nation observed solar time. From 1740s to 1867, Alaska belonged to Russia (Russian America) which used the Julian calendar, which was 11 or 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar (as used by the rest of Russia) and had local times up to GMT+15:10. The westernmost area of Russia was Congress Poland, with local times down to GMT+01:10. During the late 19th century, Moscow Mean Time was introduced on 1 January [13 January, N.S.] 1880, originally at GMT+02:30:17. 2:30:17 corresponds to 37.6166667°, the longitude of Moscow. Other parts of Russia kept solar time for several years. Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, when Wednesday 31 January (O.S.) was followed by Thursday 14 February (N.S.), which dropped 13 days from the calendar. Soviet Union After the Soviet Union was created, Moscow Time became UTC+02:00 and the various other time zones (up to UTC+12:00) were introduced throughout Russia and the rest of the Soviet Union, for example Irkutsk Time UTC+07:00 (Irkutsk has since this always been MSK+5). Between 1917 and 1922 the time was less ordered, with daylight saving time some of those years, some with two hours addition, and some of those years with one or two hours extra winter time. On 21 June 1930, the Soviet Union advanced all clocks by one hour, effectively making the nation run on daylight saving time all year (the so-called decree time). On 1 April 1981, 00:00:00, Oymyakonsky District changed its time zone from MSK+6 to MSK+8. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+09:00 to\",\n \"title\": \"Time in Russia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2764696\",\n \"text\": \"For exact dates in the Gregorian calendar see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050. Public holidays in Israel are national holidays officially recognized by the Knesset, Israel's parliament. The State of Israel has adopted most traditional religious Jewish holidays as part of its national calendar, while also having established new modern holiday observances since its founding in 1948. Additionally, Christians, Muslims, and Druze have the right to Holiday leave on the holidays of their own religions. Of the religious and modern holidays below, some are bank holidays / national holidays requiring all schools, government institutions, financial sector, and most retailers in Jewish Israeli society to be closed, while other holidays are marked as days of note or memorial remembrances with no breaks in public or private sector activities. As is the case with all religious Jewish holidays, most public holidays in Israel generally begin and end at sundown, and follow the Hebrew calendar. Because of this, most holidays in Israel fall on a different Gregorian calendar date each year, which syncs every 19 years with the Hebrew calendar. Shabbat, the weekly Sabbath day of rest, in Israel begins every Friday evening just before sundown, ending Saturday evening just after sundown. Most of the Israeli workforce, including schools, banks, public transportation, government offices, and retailers within Jewish Israeli society are shut down during these approximately 25 hours, with some non-Jewish retailers and most non-kosher restaurants still open. Table Jewish, Christian, Druze, and Secular holidays Jewish holidays are defined by the Hebrew calendar. Christian holidays are defined by the Gregorian calendar for Catholics and the Julian calendar for Orthodox. Druze holidays are also defined by the Gregorian calendar, with the sole exception of Eid al-Adha which is also celebrated by Muslims (and therefore defined by the Lunar Hijri calendar). Secular observances which are common to all religions are defined by the Hebrew calendar if they are of a uniquely national nature (such as Yom Ha-Atzmaut), and by the Gregorian calendar if they are of a global or international nature (such as Victory in Europe Day). Because the Hebrew calendar no longer relies on observation but is now governed by precise mathematical rules, it is possible to provide the Gregorian calendar date on which a Hebrew calendar date will fall, and vice-versa. Islamic holidays See also Jewish holidays Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 with Gregorian calendar dates References External links National holidays in Israel (2013) Public Holidays, Israel, World Travel Guide Culture of Israel Israel Society of Israel Holidays\",\n \"title\": \"Public holidays in Israel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"201400\",\n \"text\": \"The Hindu calendar, also called Panchanga (), is one of various lunisolar calendars that are traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with further regional variations for social and Hindu religious purposes. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping based on sidereal year for solar cycle and adjustment of lunar cycles in every three years, but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start. Of the various regional calendars, the most studied and known Hindu calendars are the Shalivahana Shaka (Based on the King Shalivahana, also the Indian national calendar) found in the Deccan region of Southern India and the Vikram Samvat (Bikrami) found in Nepal and the North and Central regions of India – both of which emphasize the lunar cycle. Their new year starts in spring. In regions such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala, the solar cycle is emphasized and this is called the Tamil calendar (though Tamil Calendar uses month names like in Hindu Calendar) and Malayalam calendar and these have origins in the second half of the 1st millennium CE. A Hindu calendar is sometimes referred to as Panchangam (पञ्चाङ्गम्), which is also known as Panjika in Eastern India. The ancient Hindu calendar conceptual design is also found in the Hebrew calendar, the Chinese calendar, and the Babylonian calendar, but different from the Gregorian calendar. Unlike the Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to the month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles (354 lunar days) and approximately 365 solar days, the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month, but inserts an extra full month, once every 32–33 months, to ensure that the festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season. The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since Vedic times, and remain in use by the Hindus all over the world, particularly to set Hindu festival dates. Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Vedic calendar, later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system. The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. Similarly, the ancient Jain traditions have followed the same lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals, texts and inscriptions. However, the Buddhist and Jain timekeeping systems have attempted to use the Buddha and the Mahavira's lifetimes as their reference points. The Hindu calendar is also important to the practice of Hindu astrology and zodiac system. It is also employed for observing the auspicious days of deities and occasions of fasting, such as Ekadashi. Origins The Vedic culture developed a sophisticated time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals, and timekeeping as well as the nature of solar and Moon movements are mentioned in Vedic texts. For example, Kaushitaki Brahmana chapter 19.3\",\n \"title\": \"Hindu calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3070171\",\n \"text\": \"On 10 August 2002, the government of Turkmenistan adopted a law to rename all the months and most of the days of the week. The names were chosen according to Turkmen national symbols, as described in the Ruhnama, a book written by Saparmurat Niyazov, Turkmenistan's first and only president for life. According to Arto Halonen's documentary film The Shadow of the Holy Book, Turkish businessman Ahmet Çalık came up with the idea to rename the months, as he was trying to befriend Niyazov to expand his business in the country. After the law was passed the new names were used in all Turkmen state-owned media. Publications in languages other than Turkmen often use the new names too, especially those that were targeted at Russian-speaking citizens of Turkmenistan, with the old name sometimes written in brackets. The old month names were still used in popular speech, however. Four years after the change, Niyazov died in 2006. On 23 April 2008 it was reported that the cabinet of ministers of Turkmenistan discussed restoring the old names of the months and days of week. The old names were restored in July 2008. The original Roman calendar month names were borrowed from Russian. The adopted Turkmen month names were as follows: The original names of the days of the week come from Persian. The adopted names were as follows: See also Gregorian calendar References External links The months of the Gregorian (Christian) calendar in various languages The days of the week in various languages Бердымухамедов велел вернуть старый календарь, Аркадий Дубнов, gundogar.org, 2008-04-25 Culture of Turkmenistan Languages of Turkmenistan Specific calendars Saparmurat Niyazov Names of units of time Renaming of Turkmen months and days of week Months Days of the week\",\n \"title\": \"2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26253\",\n \"text\": \"The Revised Julian calendar, or less formally the new calendar and also known as the Milanković calendar, is a calendar proposed in 1923 by the Serbian scientist Milutin Milanković as a more accurate alternative to both Julian and Gregorian calendars. At the time, the Julian calendar was still in use by all of the Eastern Orthodox Churches and affiliated nations, while the Catholic and Protestant nations were using the Gregorian calendar. Thus, Milanković's aim was to discontinue the divergence between the naming of dates in Eastern and Western churches and nations. It was intended to replace the Julian calendar in Eastern Orthodox Churches and nations. From 1 March 1600 through 28 February 2800, the Revised Julian calendar aligns its dates with the Gregorian calendar, which had been proclaimed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. The Revised Julian calendar has been adopted for ecclesiastical use by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania, the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Cypriot Orthodox Church, the Church of Greece, the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, the Orthodox Church in America, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the Orthodox Church in Japan, and the Eastern Catholic Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. It has not been adopted by the Russian Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Macedonian Orthodox Church, the Georgian Orthodox Church, the Polish Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. It has not been adopted by any nation as an official calendar. Instead, all of the Eastern Orthodox nations have adopted the Gregorian calendar as the official state calendar. The Revised Julian calendar has the same months and month lengths as the Julian and Gregorian calendar, but, in the Revised Julian version, years evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years, except that years with remainders of 200 or 600 when divided by 900 remain leap years, e.g. 2000 and 2400 as in the Gregorian calendar. Implementation Comparison of Revised Julian and Gregoriancalendar century years. (In the original Juliancalendar, every century year is a leap year.) A committee composed of members of the Greek government and Greek Orthodox Church was set up to look into the question of calendar reform. It reported in January 1923. In the end, for civil purposes, the Gregorian calendar was adopted; the changeover went into effect on 16 February/1 March. After the promulgation of the royal decree, the Ecumenical Patriarch, Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, issued an encyclical on 3 February recommending the calendar's adoption by Orthodox churches. The matter came up for discussion at the Council of Constantinople (1923), which deliberated in May and June. Subsequently, it was adopted by several of the autocephalous Orthodox churches. The synod was chaired by Meletius IV and representatives were present from the churches of Cyprus, Greece, Romania and Serbia. There were no representatives of the other members of the original Orthodox Pentarchy (the Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and\",\n \"title\": \"Revised Julian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38120193\",\n \"text\": \"The , colloquially known as the or \\\"national calendar year\\\" is a unique calendar system in Japan. It is based on the legendary foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC. emphasizes the long history of Japan and the Imperial dynasty. The Gregorian year is . History dating was used as early as 1872, shortly after Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar and was popular during the life of the Meiji Constitution (1890–1947). Its use was promoted by the scholars of kokugaku in the late 19th century. The Summer Olympics and Tokyo Expo were planned as anniversary events in 1940 (); but the international games were not held because of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA, from 1927) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN, from 1929) used the system for identification. For example many Japanese names circa World War II use imperial years: The IJA's Type 92 battalion gun was called \\\"ninety-two\\\" because its design was completed in 1932, and the 2592nd year since the first Emperor of Japan was 1932 (). Japan's wartime cipher machine was named the System 97 Printing Machine for European Characters because it entered service in 1937 (). The Mitsubishi A6M (Navy Type 0 Carrier Fighter), colloquially called the \\\"Zero\\\" by allied forces, entered service in 1940 (). The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence (1945) used the imperial year (). In Japan today, the system of counting years from the reign of Emperor Jimmu is used in some judicial contexts. The existing law determining the placement of leap years is based on the years, using a formula that is effectively equivalent to that of the Gregorian calendar. is also used in Shinto context. Related pages Epoch Japanese calendar Japanese era name References External links National Diet Library, \\\"The Japanese Calendar\\\" Cultural history of Japan Time in Japan\",\n \"title\": \"Japanese imperial year\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38642\",\n \"text\": \"As of March 1 (O.S. February 19), where the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 (O.S. February 17), 1800. In Sweden, the year started in the Julian calendar and remained so until February 28. Then, by skipping the leap day, the Swedish calendar was introduced, letting February 28 be followed by March 1, giving the entire year the same pattern as a common year starting on Monday. This calendar, being ten days behind the Gregorian and one day ahead of the Julian, lasts until 1712. Events January–March January 1 – Protestant nations in Western Europe, except England, start using the Gregorian calendar. Catholic nations have been using the Gregorian calendar since its introduction in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. January 1 (Julian) (January 11, Gregorian) – The Tsardom of Russia begins numbering its calendar from the birth of Christ (Anno Domini), instead of since the Creation (Anno Mundi). January 26 – At approximately 9 p.m., the Cascadia earthquake occurs in the Pacific Northwest, with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptures about of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and causes a tsunami, that strikes the coast of Japan approximately 10 hours later. February 3 – The 'Lesser Great Fire' destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland. February 12 – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the \\\"Swedish Meteor\\\". February 27 – The island of New Britain is discovered by William Dampier, in the western Pacific. March 1 (Gregorian) – Protestant Germany and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar. March 1 (Swedish), March 11 (Gregorian), February 29 (Julian) – The Swedish calendar is adopted. March (early) – William Congreve's comedy The Way of the World is first performed in London. March 3 – Shivaji II accedes to the throne of the Maratha Empire as the 4th Chhatrapati after his father Rajaram I's death. March 24 – The Treaty of London is signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic. April–June April 15 – The coronation of King Frederick IV of Denmark takes place at Frederiksborg Castle in Copenhagen. April 18 – Hungarian freedom activist Ferenc Rákóczi is arrested by Austrian authorities and charged with sedition. Imprisoned near Vienna and facing a death sentence, he escapes and later leads the overthrow of the Habsburg control of Hungary. April 21 – In India, the siege of the fortress of Sajjangad (located in the Maharashtra state) is begun by an army led by Fateullahakhan. The\",\n \"title\": \"1700\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34868\",\n \"text\": \"1582 (MDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. This year saw the beginning of the Gregorian calendar switch, when the papal bull Inter gravissimas introduced the Gregorian calendar, adopted by Spain, Portugal, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and most of present-day Italy from the start. In these countries, the year continued as normal through Thursday, October 4; the next day became Friday, October 15, like a common year starting on Friday. France followed two months later, letting Sunday, December 9 be followed by Monday, December 20. Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years, and the complete conversion to the Gregorian calendar was not entirely done until 1923. Events January–March January 2 – University of Würzburg is refounded. January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. February 10 – François, Duke of Anjou, arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed by William the Silent. February 24 – Pope Gregory XIII proclaims the Gregorian Calendar, to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the 6th century and is 10 days off schedule. March 9 – Scryer Edward Kelley arrives at John Dee's house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops the Enochian language. March – The New Testament of the Douai Bible, the translation into English by Father Gregory Martin from Latin of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578. April–June April 2 – 1582 Ancuancu earthquake: Ancuancu (in modern-day La Paz Department, Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak. On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake. April 3 – Battle of Temmokuzan: Unable to reverse the collapse of Takeda clan, Takeda Katsuyori and his household commit suicide. April 14 – King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes the University of Edinburgh. April 16 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina. April 17 – Siege of Takamatsu: In Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi departs from the Himeji Castle in the modern-day Hyōgo Prefecture and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to the Bitchū Province in the modern-day Okayama Prefecture. Along the way, he stops at the Kameyama Castle where he makes a rendezvous with the Ukita clan and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle. May 17 –\",\n \"title\": \"1582\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10969152\",\n \"text\": \"The Berber calendar () is the agricultural calendar traditionally used by Berbers (Amazigh, plural Imazighen). The calendar is utilized to regulate the seasonal agricultural works. The Islamic calendar, a lunar calendar, is not suited for agriculture because it does not relate to seasonal cycles. In other parts of the Islamic world, either Iranian solar calendars, the Coptic calendar, the Rumi calendar, or other calendars based on the Julian calendar were used before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. The current Berber calendar is a legacy of the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis and the Roman province of Africa, as it is a surviving form of the Julian calendar. The latter calendar was used in Europe before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, with month names derived from Latin. Berber populations previously used various indigenous calendars, such as that of the indigenous Guanches of the Canary Islands. However, relatively little is known of these ancient calendrical systems. Differences between calendars The agricultural Berber calendar still in use is almost certainly derived from the Julian calendar, introduced in the Roman province of Africa at the time of Roman domination. The names of the months of this calendar are derived from the corresponding Latin names and traces of the Roman calendar denominations of Kalends, Nones and Ides exist: El Qabisi, an Islamic jurisconsult by Kairawan who lived in the 11th century, condemned the custom of celebrating \\\"pagans'\\\" festivals and cited, among traditional habits of North Africa, that of observing the Qalandas (\\\"Kalends\\\") of January (1 January, i.e. the Julian New Year's Day). The length of the year and of the individual months is the same as in the Julian calendar: three years of 365 days followed by a leap year of 366, without exceptions, and 30- and 31-day months, except for the second one that has 28 days. The only slight discrepancy lies in that the extra day in leap years is not usually added at the end of February, but at the end of the year. This means that the beginning of the year (the first day of yennayer) corresponds to the 14th day of January in the Gregorian calendar, which coincides with the offset accumulated during the centuries between astronomical dates and the Julian calendar. Months There are standard forms for the names of the Amazigh (Berber) calendar. The table below also provides the forms used in Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia . In addition, some of the month names in Maltese are of Berber origin, specifically January (jannar), February (frar), May (mejju), and August (awwissu), with the others deriving from Italian. Berber and Italian month names are different enough that it is possible to easily determine the source language of each Maltese month name. Seasons and Festivals In addition to the subdivision by months, within the traditional agricultural calendar there are other partitions, by \\\"seasons\\\" or by \\\"strong periods\\\", characterized by particular festivals and celebrations. Not all the four seasons have retained a Berber denomination: the words for spring and\",\n \"title\": \"Berber calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5203039\",\n \"text\": \"The Armenian calendar is the calendar traditionally used in Armenia, primarily during the medieval ages. The Armenian calendar is based on an invariant year length of 365 days. Because a solar year is about 365.25 days and not 365 days, the correspondence between the Armenian calendar and both the solar year and the Julian calendar slowly drifted over time, shifting across a year of the Julian calendar once in 1,461 calendar years (see Sothic cycle). Thus, the Armenian year 1461 (Gregorian & Julian 2011) completed the first Sothic cycle, and the Armenian Calendar was one year off. In A.D. 352, tables compiled by Andreas of Byzantium were introduced in Armenia to determine the religious holidays. When those tables exhausted on 11 July 552 (Julian Calendar), the Armenian calendar was introduced. Year 1 of the Armenian calendar began on 11 July 552 of the Julian calendar. The calendar was adopted at the Second Council of Dvin. Armenian year 1462 (the first year of the second cycle) began on 11 July 2012 of the Julian calendar (24 July 2012 of the Gregorian calendar). An analytical expression of the Armenian date includes the ancient names of days of the week, Christian names of the days of the week, days of the month, Date/Month/Year number after 552 A.D., and the religious feasts. The Armenian calendar is divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus an additional (epagomenal) five days, called aweleacʿ (\\\"superfluous\\\"). Years in the Armenian era are usually given in Armenian numerals (written in Armenian letters) preceded by the abbreviation , for (, meaning \\\"in the year\\\"). For example, , which means \\\"the year 1455.\\\" Another prefix is , standing for ( \\\"in the Armenian year\\\"). Months The Armenian month names show influence of the Zoroastrian calendar and Kartvelian influence in two cases (2nd and 3rd months). There are different systems for transliterating the names; the forms below are transliterated according to the Hübschmann-Meillet-Benveniste system: Days of the month The Armenian calendar gives the days of the month names instead of numbering them – something also found in the Avestan calendars. Zoroastrian influence is evident in five names: Holidays Per Armenian law, 12 days are declared as non-working days. Non-working days include: See also Public holidays in Armenia Armenian numerals Calendar of saints (Armenian Apostolic Church) Tabarian calendar Georgian calendar Iranian calendar Zoroastrian calendar :hy:Հայկյան տոմար References External links The Haik calendar (Origin of the Armenian calendar). Armenian/Gregorian date converter Literature V. Bănăţeanu, \\\"Le calendrier arménien et les anciens noms des mois\\\", in: Studia et Acta Orientalia 10, 1980, pp. 33–46 Edouard Dulaurier, Recherches sur la chronologie arménienne technique et historique (1859), 2001 reprint . Jost Gippert, Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems in The Annual of The Society for The Study of Caucasia\\\", 1, 1989, 3-12.Jost Gippert: Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems [I]: Frame Louis H. Gray, On Certain Persian and Armenian Month-Names as Influenced by the Avesta Calendar, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1907) P'. Ingoroq'va, \\\"Jvel-kartuli c'armartuli\",\n \"title\": \"Armenian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10310004\",\n \"text\": \"The Republic of China calendar, often shortened to the ROC calendar or the Minguo calendar, is a calendar used in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu. The calendar uses 1912, the year of the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC) in Nanjing, as the first year. The ROC calendar follows the tradition of using the sovereign's era name and year of reign, as did previous Chinese dynasties. Months and days are numbered according to the Gregorian calendar. The ROC calendar has been in wide use in the ROC since 1912, including in early official documents. The ROC calendar is the official calendar used in Taiwan since 1945, and also adopted by Overseas Chinese and Taiwanese communities. Chorographies and historical research published in mainland China covering the period between 1912 and 1949 also use the ROC calendar. Calendar details The Gregorian calendar was adopted by the nascent Republic of China effective 1 January 1912 for official business, but the general populace continued to use the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar. The status of the Gregorian calendar was unclear between 1916 and 1921 while China was controlled by several competing warlords each supported by foreign colonial powers. From about 1921 until 1928 warlords continued to fight over northern China, but the Kuomintang-led Nationalist government controlled southern China and used the Gregorian calendar. After the Kuomintang reconstituted the Republic of China on 10 October 1928, the Gregorian calendar was officially adopted, effective 1 January 1929. The People's Republic of China has continued to use the Gregorian calendar since 1949. Despite the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, the numbering of the years was still an issue. The Chinese monarchical tradition was to use the monarch's era name and year of reign. One alternative to this approach was to use the reign of the semi-legendary Yellow Emperor in the third millennium BC to number the years. In the early 20th century, some Chinese republicans began to advocate such a system of continuously numbered years, so that year markings would be independent of the monarch's era name. (This was part of their attempt to de-legitimize the Qing dynasty.) When Sun Yat-sen became the provisional president of the Republic of China, he sent telegrams to leaders of all provinces and announced the 13th day of 11th month of the 4609th year of the Yellow Emperor's reign (corresponding to 1 January 1912) to be the first year of the Republic of China. The original intention of the Minguo calendar was to follow the monarchical practice of naming the years according to the number of years the monarch had reigned, which was a universally recognizable event in China. Following the establishment of the Republic, hence the lack of a monarch, it was then decided to use the year of the establishment of the current regime. This reduced the issue of frequent change in the calendar, as no Chinese emperor ruled more than 61 years in Chinese history – the longest being the Kangxi Emperor, who ruled from 1662 to 1722\",\n \"title\": \"Republic of China calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64966331\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph el-Ruzzi, in Arabic Yusuf al-Ruzzi, was the Patriarch of the Maronite Church in 1597–1608. He promulgated several measures bringing the Maronite Church in concert with Rome. Among the changes was the Church's switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, making the Maronites the first Eastern Church to make the move. Origins Ruzzi was from Bkoufa near Ehden in northern Mount Lebanon. He belonged to the Ruzzi family. His uncle Mikha'il served as patriarch of the Maronite Church from 1567 until his death in 1597. Patriarchate Ruzzi succeeded his uncle as patriarch after being elected in 1597. His election occurred during the visit of the papal emissary Girolamo Dandini who was sent to keep tabs on the Maronite Church's implementation of Roman Catholic reforms after reports that Mikha'il had Jacobite tendencies. According to the historian William Harris, Ruzzi ardently pursued papal practices, and the historian Pierre Dib considers him \\\"a daring and resourceful man ... an inconsiderate Latinizer\\\". In a council he held in the village of Moussa in 1598, he set out measures toward the Latinization of the Maronite Church. The following year Pope Clement VIII instructed Ruzzi to promulgate Latin marital rules in the Maronite Church; the marital rules relating to consanguinity, affinity, public honesty and spiritual relationship, did not take into effect until the late 19th century. Among the Latinization measures he implemented, Ruzzi revised fasting periods in accordance with Rome and removed a degree of Syriac from Maronite liturgy and ritual. Despite opposition from a significant proportion of the Maronites, he implemented the church's switch to the Gregorian calendar in 1606. The change was implemented successfully in Syria, but the Cypriot Maronites continued using the Julian calendar. Ruzzi's act made the Maronites the first Eastern Church to adopt the Gregorian calendar; the Syriacs and Chaldeans followed in 1836, the Melkites in 1857 and the Armenians in 1911. Not long after Ruzzi's act, in the 1600s, the Maronites discontinued counting the years from the Seleucid era in favor of the Christian era. Ruzzi died in March 1608. According to Dib, the measures implemented by Ruzzi were \\\"harsh vexations\\\" for the Maronites which prevented the election of a new patriarch until 16 October. Ruzzi's successor John Makhlouf criticized Ruzzi's reforms and expressed to Pope Paul V his desire to reestablish the ancient practices of the Maronite Church which were changed by Ruzzi to placate his religious subjects. Despite initial opposition, Ruzzi's changes became a permanent aspect of the Church. Ruzzi was influential with the Ottoman governor of Tripoli and Sunni Muslim local chieftain Yusuf Sayfa Pasha (intermittent ), whose jurisdiction spanned the predominantly Maronite districts of Byblos, Bsharri and Batroun in northern Mount Lebanon. The Patriarch frequently obtained orders of safe conduct from the Governor, who strove to win the support of his distrusting Maronite peasant subjects. References Bibliography 1608 deaths 16th-century Eastern Catholic archbishops 16th-century people from the Ottoman Empire 17th-century people from the Ottoman Empire 17th-century Eastern Catholic archbishops Bishops in the Ottoman Empire\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph el-Ruzzi\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1752"],"string":"[\n \"1752\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":66,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_26782"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who played the sheriff of nottingham in robin hood prince of thieves"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"23294255","text":"The Sheriff of Nottingham is the main antagonist of the 2006 BBC television series, Robin Hood. Keith Allen's portrayal was described by The Hollywood Reporter as \"very camp in the Alan Rickman tradition of sardonic villains,\" referring to Rickman's role as the Sheriff in the 1991 film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves. Sarcastic and with a dark sense of humour, he has many catch phrases, including \"La di da di da!\" and \"A clue: no\" (also the title of the first season finale). He also has an explosive temper, usually triggered by Robin's interference or the repeated failures of Guy of Gisbourne and other minions. He has many insults for his servants when they fail him, including \"blithering oafs\", \"incompetent fools\" and \"idiotic buffoons\". Vaisey became the Sheriff a few years before Robin's return to England, taking over from Marian's father Edward. He has used the position to become the leading figure in the 'Black Knights', a group conspiring to overthrow King Richard in favour of Prince John. As a plot device to explain why Robin does not kill the Sheriff, John insures the latter's life by promising to destroy Nottingham should he be killed. In \"Sisterhood,\" the Sheriff's sister Davina is introduced, with whom he displays previously unseen affection. Davina dies in his arms after an altercation with Robin, for which the Sheriff vows revenge. Keith Allen lost one of his teeth while filming a fight sequence for the show. This was written into the script, with the Sheriff losing a tooth in the last episode of Series 1. He takes teeth from skulls and places them in the gap in his teeth as a recurring gag in the second series. In the third series, Prince John plays the Sheriff off against Gisbourne until in \"Do You Love Me?\" they finally fight to the death and the Sheriff is killed by Gisbourne, or so Gisbourne thinks - it is shown at the end of the episode that the Sheriff survived; as his apparently dead body is carted away, his fingers twitch. Vaisey returns to Nottingham after Isabella loses it to Robin Hood and the people. He is assisted by Blamire, Isabella's second-in-command, and it is later revealed that he has formed an alliance with Isabella. In a deadly confrontation with Robin and Gisborne, he ends up killing Gisborne. He is finally killed by a dying Robin (who has been poisoned by Isabella). who fires a burning arrow into the barrels of byzantine fire stored in the castle. Vaisey just has enough time to notice the barrels before the entire castle is blown up - and him, Isabella and their remaining men along with it. References Fictional murderers Fictional nobility Fictional sheriffs Robin Hood (2006 TV series) Robin Hood characters","title":"Vaisey, Sheriff of Nottingham"},{"docid":"40186742","text":"The following is a List of awards and nominations received by actor Alan Rickman. Rickman has received numerous accolades including a BAFTA Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award in addition to nominations for two Drama Desk Awards, a Drama League Award, a Laurence Olivier Award, and two Tony Awards. Rickman received a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role as the Sheriff of Nottingham in the action-adventure film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991). Upon receiving the award Rickman stated, \"Let this be a gentle reminder that subtlety isn't everything\". He was also BAFTA-nominated for his roles as Jamie in the drama Truly, Madly, Deeply (1991), Colonel Brandon in the costume drama Sense and Sensibility (1995), and Éamon de Valera in the period drama Michael Collins (1996). For his role as Grigori Rasputin in the HBO film Rasputin: Dark Servant of Destiny (1996) he received the Primetime Emmy Award, the Golden Globe Award and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie. Rickman was also known for his extensive work in theatre. For his roles on Broadway he received two Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nominations for his roles as Le Vicomte de Valmont in Christopher Hampton's Les Liaisons Dangereuses (1987) and as Elyot Chase in the Noël Coward revival Private Lives (2002). He reprised the role in the West End received a nomination for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor. Major Awards BAFTA Awards Emmy Awards Golden Globe Awards Screen Actors Guild Awards Theatre awards Drama Desk Award Drama League Award Laurence Olivier Awards Tony Awards Critics Awards Miscellaneous Awards References Rickman, Alan","title":"List of awards and nominations received by Alan Rickman"},{"docid":"538712","text":"The 1992 MTV Movie Awards was hosted by Dennis Miller. Performers En Vogue — \"My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)\" Ugly Kid Joe — \"Everything About You\" Arrested Development — \"Tennessee\" Vince Neil — \"You're Invited (But Your Friend Can't Come)\" Awards Below are the list of nominations. Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold. Best Movie Terminator 2: Judgment Day Backdraft Boyz n the Hood JFK Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Best Male Performance Arnold Schwarzenegger – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Val Kilmer – The Doors Robin Williams - The Fisher King Best Female Performance Linda Hamilton – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Geena Davis – Thelma and Louise Rebecca De Mornay – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Julia Roberts – Dying Young Most Desirable Male Keanu Reeves – Point Break Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Christian Slater – Kuffs Patrick Swayze – Point Break Jean-Claude Van Damme – Double Impact Most Desirable Female Linda Hamilton – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Christina Applegate – Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead Kim Basinger – Final Analysis Tia Carrere – Wayne's World Julia Roberts – Dying Young Breakthrough Performance Edward Furlong – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Anna Chlumsky – My Girl Campbell Scott – Dying Young Ice-T – New Jack City Kimberly Williams – Father of the Bride Best On-Screen Duo Dana Carvey and Mike Myers – Wayne's World Damon Wayans and Bruce Willis – The Last Boy Scout Anna Chlumsky and Macaulay Culkin – My Girl Kevin Costner and Morgan Freeman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Geena Davis and Susan Sarandon – Thelma and Louise Best Villain Rebecca De Mornay – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Robert Patrick – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Alan Rickman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Wesley Snipes – New Jack City Best Comedic Performance Billy Crystal – City Slickers Dana Carvey – Wayne's World Steve Martin – Father of the Bride Bill Murray – What About Bob? Mike Myers – Wayne's World Best Song from a Movie Bryan Adams — \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" (from Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves) MC Hammer — \"Addams Groove\" (from The Addams Family) Color Me Badd — \"I Wanna Sex You Up\" (from New Jack City) Eric Clapton — \"Tears in Heaven\" (from Rush) Guns N' Roses — \"You Could Be Mine\" (from Terminator 2: Judgment Day) Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky and Macaulay Culkin – My Girl Anjelica Huston and Raúl Juliá – The Addams Family Annette Bening and Warren Beatty – Bugsy Juliette Lewis and Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Priscilla Presley and Leslie Nielsen – The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear Best Action Sequence L.A. Freeway Scene – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Burning Building/Escape Through Old Tunnel – Backdraft Roof Scene – The","title":"1992 MTV Movie Awards"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"23294255\",\n \"text\": \"The Sheriff of Nottingham is the main antagonist of the 2006 BBC television series, Robin Hood. Keith Allen's portrayal was described by The Hollywood Reporter as \\\"very camp in the Alan Rickman tradition of sardonic villains,\\\" referring to Rickman's role as the Sheriff in the 1991 film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves. Sarcastic and with a dark sense of humour, he has many catch phrases, including \\\"La di da di da!\\\" and \\\"A clue: no\\\" (also the title of the first season finale). He also has an explosive temper, usually triggered by Robin's interference or the repeated failures of Guy of Gisbourne and other minions. He has many insults for his servants when they fail him, including \\\"blithering oafs\\\", \\\"incompetent fools\\\" and \\\"idiotic buffoons\\\". Vaisey became the Sheriff a few years before Robin's return to England, taking over from Marian's father Edward. He has used the position to become the leading figure in the 'Black Knights', a group conspiring to overthrow King Richard in favour of Prince John. As a plot device to explain why Robin does not kill the Sheriff, John insures the latter's life by promising to destroy Nottingham should he be killed. In \\\"Sisterhood,\\\" the Sheriff's sister Davina is introduced, with whom he displays previously unseen affection. Davina dies in his arms after an altercation with Robin, for which the Sheriff vows revenge. Keith Allen lost one of his teeth while filming a fight sequence for the show. This was written into the script, with the Sheriff losing a tooth in the last episode of Series 1. He takes teeth from skulls and places them in the gap in his teeth as a recurring gag in the second series. In the third series, Prince John plays the Sheriff off against Gisbourne until in \\\"Do You Love Me?\\\" they finally fight to the death and the Sheriff is killed by Gisbourne, or so Gisbourne thinks - it is shown at the end of the episode that the Sheriff survived; as his apparently dead body is carted away, his fingers twitch. Vaisey returns to Nottingham after Isabella loses it to Robin Hood and the people. He is assisted by Blamire, Isabella's second-in-command, and it is later revealed that he has formed an alliance with Isabella. In a deadly confrontation with Robin and Gisborne, he ends up killing Gisborne. He is finally killed by a dying Robin (who has been poisoned by Isabella). who fires a burning arrow into the barrels of byzantine fire stored in the castle. Vaisey just has enough time to notice the barrels before the entire castle is blown up - and him, Isabella and their remaining men along with it. References Fictional murderers Fictional nobility Fictional sheriffs Robin Hood (2006 TV series) Robin Hood characters\",\n \"title\": \"Vaisey, Sheriff of Nottingham\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40186742\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a List of awards and nominations received by actor Alan Rickman. Rickman has received numerous accolades including a BAFTA Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award in addition to nominations for two Drama Desk Awards, a Drama League Award, a Laurence Olivier Award, and two Tony Awards. Rickman received a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role as the Sheriff of Nottingham in the action-adventure film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991). Upon receiving the award Rickman stated, \\\"Let this be a gentle reminder that subtlety isn't everything\\\". He was also BAFTA-nominated for his roles as Jamie in the drama Truly, Madly, Deeply (1991), Colonel Brandon in the costume drama Sense and Sensibility (1995), and Éamon de Valera in the period drama Michael Collins (1996). For his role as Grigori Rasputin in the HBO film Rasputin: Dark Servant of Destiny (1996) he received the Primetime Emmy Award, the Golden Globe Award and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie. Rickman was also known for his extensive work in theatre. For his roles on Broadway he received two Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nominations for his roles as Le Vicomte de Valmont in Christopher Hampton's Les Liaisons Dangereuses (1987) and as Elyot Chase in the Noël Coward revival Private Lives (2002). He reprised the role in the West End received a nomination for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor. Major Awards BAFTA Awards Emmy Awards Golden Globe Awards Screen Actors Guild Awards Theatre awards Drama Desk Award Drama League Award Laurence Olivier Awards Tony Awards Critics Awards Miscellaneous Awards References Rickman, Alan\",\n \"title\": \"List of awards and nominations received by Alan Rickman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"538712\",\n \"text\": \"The 1992 MTV Movie Awards was hosted by Dennis Miller. Performers En Vogue — \\\"My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)\\\" Ugly Kid Joe — \\\"Everything About You\\\" Arrested Development — \\\"Tennessee\\\" Vince Neil — \\\"You're Invited (But Your Friend Can't Come)\\\" Awards Below are the list of nominations. Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold. Best Movie Terminator 2: Judgment Day Backdraft Boyz n the Hood JFK Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Best Male Performance Arnold Schwarzenegger – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Val Kilmer – The Doors Robin Williams - The Fisher King Best Female Performance Linda Hamilton – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Geena Davis – Thelma and Louise Rebecca De Mornay – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Julia Roberts – Dying Young Most Desirable Male Keanu Reeves – Point Break Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Christian Slater – Kuffs Patrick Swayze – Point Break Jean-Claude Van Damme – Double Impact Most Desirable Female Linda Hamilton – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Christina Applegate – Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead Kim Basinger – Final Analysis Tia Carrere – Wayne's World Julia Roberts – Dying Young Breakthrough Performance Edward Furlong – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Anna Chlumsky – My Girl Campbell Scott – Dying Young Ice-T – New Jack City Kimberly Williams – Father of the Bride Best On-Screen Duo Dana Carvey and Mike Myers – Wayne's World Damon Wayans and Bruce Willis – The Last Boy Scout Anna Chlumsky and Macaulay Culkin – My Girl Kevin Costner and Morgan Freeman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Geena Davis and Susan Sarandon – Thelma and Louise Best Villain Rebecca De Mornay – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Robert Patrick – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Alan Rickman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Wesley Snipes – New Jack City Best Comedic Performance Billy Crystal – City Slickers Dana Carvey – Wayne's World Steve Martin – Father of the Bride Bill Murray – What About Bob? Mike Myers – Wayne's World Best Song from a Movie Bryan Adams — \\\"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\\\" (from Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves) MC Hammer — \\\"Addams Groove\\\" (from The Addams Family) Color Me Badd — \\\"I Wanna Sex You Up\\\" (from New Jack City) Eric Clapton — \\\"Tears in Heaven\\\" (from Rush) Guns N' Roses — \\\"You Could Be Mine\\\" (from Terminator 2: Judgment Day) Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky and Macaulay Culkin – My Girl Anjelica Huston and Raúl Juliá – The Addams Family Annette Bening and Warren Beatty – Bugsy Juliette Lewis and Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Priscilla Presley and Leslie Nielsen – The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear Best Action Sequence L.A. Freeway Scene – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Burning Building/Escape Through Old Tunnel – Backdraft Roof Scene – The\",\n \"title\": \"1992 MTV Movie Awards\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"50693271","text":"Robin Hood is a fictional character in Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated feature film Robin Hood (1973). Robin Hood is voiced by Shakespearean and Tony Award winning actor Brian Bedford. The film is based on the legends of Robin Hood and Reynard the fox, a 12th-century Alsatian fairy tale character, but uses anthropomorphic animals rather than people; in Robin's case being a red fox. The story follows the adventures of Robin Hood, Little John and the inhabitants of Nottingham as they fight against the excessive taxation of Prince John, and Robin Hood wins the hand of Maid Marian. In Robin Hood Robin Hood is the protagonist of the film Robin Hood (1973). He does not see himself as a criminal but as a hero. Although Robin Hood is often shown as an outlaw who chooses to rob from the rich to help the poor people, in this animated version, he is shown mainly attacking Prince John and his agents, who have impoverished Nottingham with high taxes. Robin Hood and Little John steal the tax caravans and give it back to the peasants while trying to avoid capture by both Prince John and the Sheriff of Nottingham. He is also in love with Maid Marian. Maid Marian reveals she and Robin were childhood sweethearts but they have not seen one another for years. Prince John is hosting an archery tournament, and the winner will receive a kiss from Maid Marian. Robin decides to participate in the tournament disguised as a stork whilst Little John disguises himself as the Duke of Chutney to get near Prince John. Robin wins the tournament, but Prince John exposes him and sentences him to death despite Maid Marian's pleas. However, thanks to Little John, Robin escapes into the woods with Marian. As Robin and Maid Marian enjoy their reunion, the townsfolk have a troubadour festival spoofing Prince John, describing him as the \"Phony King of England\", and the song soon becomes popular with John's soldiers. A paltry coin gets deposited into the poor box at Friar Tuck's church, which gets seized by the Sheriff. Friar Tuck lashes out at the Sheriff, to which he is quickly arrested. Prince John orders Friar Tuck hanged, knowing Robin Hood will come out of hiding to rescue his friend. Robin and Little John sneak in, with Little John managing to free all of the prisoners whilst Robin steals Prince John's taxes, but Sir Hiss awakens to find Robin fleeing. Chaos follows as Robin and the others try to escape to Sherwood Forest. The Sheriff corners Robin after he returns to rescue Tagalong, a young rabbit and Skippy’s younger sister who was nearly left behind. During the chase, Prince John's castle catches fire and the Sheriff figures he has Robin where he wants him, either to be captured, burned, or make a risky jump into the moat. Robin Hood elects to jump. Little John and Skippy fear Robin is lost, but he surfaces safely after using a reed as a breathing","title":"Robin Hood (Disney character)"},{"docid":"24229333","text":"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 film about the legendary outlaw Robin Hood. Prince of Thieves may also refer to: Robin Hood, sometimes known as the \"Prince of Thieves\" The Prince of Thieves, a 1948 film about Robin Hood Prince of Thieves, or Le Prince des Voleurs, an 1872 Robin Hood novel attributed to Alexandre Dumas Prince of Thieves, a 2004 novel written by Chuck Hogan See also Princess of Thieves, a 2001 TV show starring Keira Knightley King of Thieves (disambiguation) Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (disambiguation)","title":"Prince of Thieves (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"66553590","text":"Sherwood is an animated science fiction streaming television series created by Diana Manson and Megan Laughton that premiered on March 6, 2019, on YouTube Premium. It is a new telling of the Robin Hood legend. Some reviewers have noted the focus on socioeconomic class, as Robin lives among \"the impoverished 99%,\" leading rebels who will overthrow the Sheriff, who lives in an Upper City housing \"the wealthy citizens of Sherwood.\" Others also noted the focus on class difference, with Robin and her comrades trying to \"overcome inequality and fight for justice.\" Apart from this, others said the series has a cyberpunk feeling to it. The show had a world premiere in Sydney, Australia, in March 2019. In April 2020, Sherwood was one of the originals that Google decided to make freely available in light of the pandemic. Even though the show's season one episodes aired in March 2019, official accounts on Twitter and Instagram regularly post content about the show. Premise In the year 2270, in the dystopic 23rd century, 14-year-old hacker Robin Loxley and her friends battle the Sheriff of Nottingham in a Britain devastated by environmental disaster. Characters Main Robin Loxley (voiced by Anya Chalotra) is the main protagonist of the series. She often has to fight and steal from the Sheriff of Nottingham, to protect Sherwood. She is called \"Insurgent Hood\" by the Sheriff and his allies, also once takes the alias of \"Marian Johns.\" Iniko (voiced by Tyler Posey) is one of the main protagonists, the pilot of the submarine Amphy, and a self proclaimed Sea Pirate. Gisbourne (voiced by Aneurin Barnard) is the son of the Sheriff of Nottingham and is the Head of Security of the Regime. He often commands the Drobos and attempts to catch the Insurgents. Sheriff Nottingham (voiced by Joseph Fiennes) is the main antagonist of the Sherwood series and rules the Upper City. He is the head of the Regime, with Gisbourne as his Head of Security (and son). Supporting Tui (voiced by Rachel House) is like a mother to Robin, and helps her around the Kelp Farm. Gripper (voiced by Adetokumboh M'Cormack) is part of Robin's crew and acts like a father to Juba. Rose Trefgarne (voiced by Jamie Chung) is a protagonist, often helping out the main cast. Formerly a resident of The Upper City, she now resides in Sherwood. Thomas Loxley (voiced by Darrill Rosen) is a scientist and inventor, and is the father of Robin Loxley. Juba (voiced by Neneh Conteh) is a small girl with dark skin and light blonde hair like Gripper and who is a refugee before she came to Sherwood. Production The idea for the series was originally posed by Diana Manson and Megan Laughton, of a New York company named Baby Octopus, in 2016, to Justin Trefgarne. Additionally, the show is, according to Trefgarne, aimed at \"the pre-teen market,\" and is focused \"on positive female empowerment.\" The production company, Baby Octopus, worked with the Computer Science in Media team of Google","title":"Sherwood (2019 TV series)"},{"docid":"5601815","text":"Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly is Child ballad 141, about Robin Hood. Synopsis Robin Hood is brought news that the Sheriff of Nottingham surprised Will Stutely, and though he killed two of the Sheriff's men, he was captured. They set out to rescue him, confirm the story from a palmer, and arrive as he is being brought out. Will Stutly offers to fight the sheriff's men, with his bare hands, if need be, but the sheriff is resolved to hang him. Little John jumps out to cut his bonds and give him a sword. Robin's men rouse up, and the sheriff and his men flee, and Robin's men go back to Sherwood. Influences Francis James Child believed this to be derived from Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires. Adaptations The entire tale was used by Howard Pyle in his Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, often with no more changes than rendering the verse as prose. An anonymous \"brave young man\" was identified as David of Doncaster, as part of his development of that character. References External links Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly Child Ballads Robin Hood ballads","title":"Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly"},{"docid":"18831196","text":"The Sheriff of Nottingham is the main antagonist in the legend of Robin Hood. He is generally depicted as an unjust tyrant who mistreats the local people of Nottinghamshire, subjecting them to unaffordable taxes. Robin Hood fights against him, stealing from the rich, and the Sheriff, in order to give to the poor; it is this characteristic for which Robin Hood is best known. The Sheriff is considered the archenemy of Robin Hood, as he is the most recurring enemy of the well-known outlaw. It is not known whom this character is based on. The legend of Robin Hood (which is at least as old as the 14th century), traditionally referred to the Sheriff of Nottingham only by his title. The post of Sheriff of Nottingham only came into existence in 1449. However, there has from very early Norman times been a High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests, appointed by the king, which became High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire in 1568. The character in the legend could therefore have been based on the royal appointee responsible for law enforcement in the Royal Forests (which included Sherwood Forest). Character It is the task of the holder of the office of Nottingham's Sheriff to capture outlaws such as Robin Hood, either to ensure the safety of trade routes through Sherwood Forest or to keep them from poaching the King's deer. In some stories, the Sheriff of Nottingham is portrayed as having a lecherous desire for Robin Hood's lady Maid Marian. He is widely considered to be the principal villain of the Robin Hood stories, appearing frequently alongside such enemies of Robin Hood as Sir Guy of Gisborne or John, King of England (though rarely both). The legends are generally set far from Nottingham; this fits the historical position of High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests (from 1068 until 1568). In the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, the Sheriff's influence outside the region of Nottingham has grown so great, he attempts to take control of the throne. In some versions, the Sheriff is a cowardly schemer while his assistant, Sir Guy of Gisborne, is a more competent and determined physical threat to Robin. In other versions, the Sheriff answers to Prince John. Possible historical basis If one treats the legend as having had its origins in real events (despite the fact that the earliest known version of the legend appears 200 years later), the character could have been based upon one of (or a composite of multiple of) the real life people who occupied the post of High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests at the relevant time. If, as in many versions of the Robin Hood legend, the action of the story is placed during the absence of King Richard I of England in 1190–1193 during the Third Crusade and his subsequent holding to ransom in Austria, the character could be identified with the little-known William de Wendenal, who was High Sheriff from 1191","title":"Sheriff of Nottingham"},{"docid":"7338286","text":"\"Will You Tolerate This?\" is the first episode of the 2006 Robin Hood television series, made by Tiger Aspect Productions for BBC One. It aired on Saturday 7 October 2006 at 7.05pm. The title of the episode refers to a line of dialogue near the end, where Robin asks the public at Nottingham Castle: \"Will you tolerate this injustice? (I, for one, will not)\". Plot In 1192, Robin of Locksley and his artless man-servant Much have returned to Nottinghamshire, England after spending 5 years fighting for King Richard in the Holy Land. They save another man named Allan A Dale from mounted soldiers who were going to cut off Allan's hand for trying to poach a deer. Robin tries to convince soldiers that he has them surrounded. However, after they begin to leave, Much comes out of hiding, and from his taunts the soldiers realize there are only the two opponents. The pair proceed to run for their lives. Robin and Much jump into a covered hole underneath a tree, before they come out of hiding. The next day, they meet a weaver, and Robin decides to spend some time working for him. However, Robin is seduced by his daughter, and Much attempts to distract the weaver to no avail. The weaver and Robin fight before he escapes again. The duo finally arrive at Locksley. They find Robin's recently widowed friend Dan Scarlett, also a carpenter, who built half of Locksley. He explains how he chose to have his hand cut off to protect his two sons, who had been caught stealing. Sir Guy of Gisborne, the current ruler of the area, arrives, where Robin announces his return. Robin makes himself at home once more and proclaims Much a free man after his bravery in the Crusades. Much has something to eat and a bath, but soon gets out when Robin tells him he is off to visit the Sheriff of Nottingham. Robin and Much receive a hostile reception from the former sheriff, Edward. Knowing Edward is a good man, Robin and Much find out from him that night that he had no choice as he is no longer sheriff because Prince John appointed a sadistic man named Vaisey to take his place. Robin finally arrives at the castle and sees no one has enough money for Wednesday market. He confronts Sheriff Vaisey at the Council and suggests that he abolish taxes, though the Sheriff bites back. Robin also learns that both of Dan Scarlett's sons have been caught stealing again. Robin enters the dungeons to learn they will be hanged, and also meets Allan again, exposed as lying about his wife. The next day, Allan, both of Dan Scarlett's sons, and another young man are due to be hanged, and Robin has to read out their sentence. In case he reneges, the Sheriff also has Much held by two soldiers at a great height. A priest interferes by saying he and the Bishop are protecting the men by invoking","title":"Will You Tolerate This?"},{"docid":"62084","text":"The Adventures of Robin Hood is a 1938 American Technicolor epic swashbuckler film from Warner Bros. Pictures. It was produced by Hal B. Wallis and Henry Blanke, directed by Michael Curtiz and William Keighley, and stars Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Basil Rathbone, Claude Rains, Patric Knowles, Eugene Pallette, and Alan Hale. The film is particularly noted for its Academy Award-winning score by Erich Wolfgang Korngold. The film was written by Norman Reilly Raine and Seton I. Miller. The storyline depicts the legendary Saxon knight Robin Hood, who in King Richard the Lionheart's absence in the Holy Land during the Crusades, fights back as the outlaw leader of a rebel guerrilla band against Prince John and the Norman lords oppressing the Saxon commoners. The Adventures of Robin Hood has been acclaimed by critics since its release. In 1995, the film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation by the National Film Registry. Alan Hale, who plays Little John, had played the same character in Douglas Fairbanks's 1922 version of the film and went on to play him again in Rogues of Sherwood Forest, released by Columbia in 1950, a 28-year span. Plot Richard, the Norman King of England, is taken captive in 1191 by Duke Leopold while returning from the Third Crusade. Richard's treacherous brother Prince John, aided by fellow Norman Sir Guy of Gisbourne, names himself regent of England, increasing the Saxons' taxes under the pretense of gathering a ransom for Richard. The Normans exploit and oppress the Saxons. Sir Robin of Locksley, a Saxon noble, opposes the brutality and rescues Much the Miller's Son from being executed for poaching, earning Gisbourne's ire. Robin later confronts Prince John at a Nottingham Castle banquet, telling the assembled guests that he regards John's declaring himself regent as treason. John orders Robin's execution, but he escapes and flees with Much and Will Scarlet into Sherwood Forest. John seizes Robin's lands and names him outlaw. Much is sent to recruit men to join their band. Robin and Will encounter John the Little on a log bridge, and after a quarterstaff contest, welcome him into their ranks. Dozens more men join Robin's band, swearing an oath to dispoil the rich while aiding the poor, to fight injustice, and to show courtesy to all oppressed. They start a war against John and Gisbourne, dispatching those who abuse their power. Robin's band encounters the rotund Friar Tuck, a renowned swordsman. Tuck joins the band and assists in capturing a company of Normans transporting a shipment of gathered taxes. In the company are Gisbourne, the cowardly Sheriff of Nottingham, and King Richard's ward Lady Marian. After their capture, the men are humiliated at a celebratory woodland banquet, with Marian given a seat of honor. Initially scornful, she comes to share Robin's views after he shows her examples of Norman brutality against the Saxons. Robin sends the convoy back to Nottingham Castle, telling them that they have","title":"The Adventures of Robin Hood"},{"docid":"55704204","text":"The Legend of Robin Hood is a board game published by Operational Studies Group (OSG) in 1979, and later republished by Avalon Hill that is based on the legendary outlaw Robin Hood and his nemesis, the Sheriff of Nottingham. Description The Legend of Robin Hood is a 2-player microgame set in Sherwood Forest and the surrounding area. One player controls Robin Hood, who attempts to recruit a band of loyal men to help him rob from the rich and give to the poor. The other player controls the Sheriff of Nottingham, who uses soldiers to attempt to guard travellers and capture Robin's men. Components The ziplock bag with cover art sheet contains: 6-page rulebook paper map of Sherwood Forest and environs, divided into various areas 117 die-cut counters (39 playing pieces, 7 markers, money) The Avalon Hill edition added a game box. A 6 sided die is also needed to play. Gameplay At the start of the game, Robin Hood and unrecruited outlaws are scattered across the board, while the soldiers are gathered in three castles. Robin must recruit others to his band, who then rob travelers in the forest to generate income. Robin must engage in personal combat with several would-be leaders, and if wounded, must remain inactive for a turn, which may lead to his capture. Will Scarlet, Alan-a-Dale and Maid Marion appear at random times and locations. If non-leaders are captured and hanged by the Sheriff, replacements can be recruited. However, if named leaders are hanged, they cannot be replaced. When Will and Alan appear, they are unrecruited and face no danger from the soldiers until they join the Merry Men. However Maid Marion is automatically part of the Merry Men, and can be captured by the soldiers the turn she appears unless Merry Men reach her first. If the Sheriff captures and hangs Robin, the game is over. One of Robin's victory conditions is to wed Maid Marion before the villainous Sir Guy can force her to wed, and he can do that by being in the same area as Maid Marion and Alan-a-Dale. King Richard I appears near the end of the game, giving Robin Hood a chance to enter the same area as the king and gain a pardon, another of his victory conditions, and the one that ends the game immediately. Victory conditions Robin Hood must be free at the end of the game and achieve 3 out of 4 victory conditions: Own more than 20 marks of gold Deplete the Sheriff's treasury to less than 5 marks Marry Maid Marion Receive a pardon from King Richard. The Sheriff wins by either preventing Robin from achieving three victory conditions, by hanging Robin (ending the game immediately), or by holding Robin captive at the end of the game. Publication history Several games published by OSG in the 1970s such as Arcola and Devil's Den were bought and republished by Avalon Hill. Such was the case with The Legend of Robin Hood, a game designed","title":"The Legend of Robin Hood (board game)"},{"docid":"7587489","text":"Robin Hood is an English folk hero and legendary outlaw. Robin Hood or Robinhood may also refer to: Places Robin Hood, Drouin, Victoria, Australia Robinhood, Saskatchewan, Canada Robinhood Bay, Newfoundland, Canada Robin Hood, West Yorkshire, England Robin Hood, one of the Crookdale Horseshoe group of hills in Cumbria, England Robin Hood Gardens a residential estate in London, England Robin Hood Hills, Nottinghamshire, England Doncaster Sheffield Airport, South Yorkshire, England, formerly known as Robin Hood Airport Robin Hood Hills, West Memphis, Arkansas, U.S. Robinhood, Mississippi, U.S. Arts and entertainment Ballets Robin Hood (ballet), a 1998 ballet by Paul Vasterling Robin Hood, a 1985 ballet by Ilkka Kuusisto Fictional characters Robin Hood (DC Comics), version of the character in DC Comics Robin Hood (Disney character), character in the 1973 Disney film Robin Hood Robin Hood (Once Upon a Time), a character from the ABC television series Once Upon a Time Films Robin Hood (1912 film), a silent film Robin Hood (1922 film), a silent film starring Douglas Fairbanks Robin Hood (1973 film), a Disney animated film Robin Hood (1991 British film), a TV movie featuring Patrick Bergin and Uma Thurman Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, a 1991 film starring Kevin Costner Robin Hood: Men in Tights, a 1993 parody film directed by Mel Brooks Robin Hood (2009 film), a Malayalam film starring Prithviraj Robin Hood (2010 film), directed by Ridley Scott and starring Russell Crowe and Cate Blanchett Robin Hood (2018 film), directed by Otto Bathurst and starring Taron Egerton and Jamie Foxx Gaming Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (video game), a 1991 NES tie-in for the Kevin Costner film Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood, a 2002 strategy computer game developed by Spellbound Studios Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown, a 2003 video game made by Cinemaware and Capcom In print Robin Hood; His Deeds and Adventures as Recounted in the Old English Ballads, a 1906 book by Lucy Fitch Perkins Robin Hood, a 1912 novel by Henry Gilbert Robin Hood: The Prince of Outlaws, a 1937 novel by Carola Oman Robin Hood, a 1955 novel by Antonia Fraser Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, a 1991 novel by Simon R. Green, a novelization of the film Robin Hood, a 1992 novel by A. L. Singer, a novelization of the 1973 film Robin Hood: The Boy Who Became a Legend, a 1999 novel by Kathryn Lasky Robin Hood, a 2005 novel by Narinder Dhami, a novelization of the 1973 film Robin Hood: Demon's Bane, a 2015–17 trilogy of novels by Debbie Viguié and James R. Tuck Robin Hood: The One Who Looked Good in Green, a 2018 novel by Wendy Mass Robin Hood, a 2020 young adult novel series by Robert Muchamore Operas Robin Hood, a 1750 opera, music by Charles Burney (under the Temple of Apollo banner), libretto by Moses Mendez Robin Hood, a 1784 opera, music by William Shield, libretto by L. McNally and E. Lysaght Robin Hood, an 1860 opera, music by George Macfarren, libretto by John Oxenford Robin","title":"Robin Hood (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"5590209","text":"Sword of Sherwood Forest is a 1960 British Eastman Color adventure film in MegaScope directed by Terence Fisher and starring Richard Greene, Peter Cushing, Niall MacGinnis and Sarah Branch. Greene reprises the role of Robin Hood, which he played in The Adventures of Robin Hood TV series 1955–1959. It was produced by Sidney Cole and Greene for Hammer Film Productions. Plot The Sheriff of Nottingham plans to confiscate the estate of the Lord of Bawtry, a nobleman who has died on Crusade. The Archbishop of Canterbury, speaks against this plan and the Sheriff plots to eliminate him. Robin Hood is asked to undertake the assassination of the Archbishop for the plotters, led by the Earl of Newark and Lord Melton, but on realising who the intended target is, resolves to help the Archbishop instead. Maid Marian also wants to meet the Archbishop so she can grant freedom to the family of a man murdered by the Sheriff's men, and she is also keen to meet Robin again who she met when she thought he was a common outlaw, but now realises he is on the side of good. Main cast Cast notes Apart from Greene, none of the original cast from The Adventures of Robin Hood appear in the film. Production While most Hammer films of that period were filmed at the company's permanent home at Bray Studios, Sword of Sherwood Forest was made at Ardmore Studios in Bray, County Wicklow, in Ireland. The film's music was composed by Alun Hoddinott, with songs by Stanley Black. Critical reception The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: \"Lush Irish landscapes, doing service for Nottinghamshire's medieval green belt, and the presence of two solitary actors, Richard Pasco and Jack Gwillim, fail to save this joyless romp. Pantomimic dialogue, a sprawling plot and a rouged and lipsticked Prioress are but three of the hazards common to this type of film; a needless flogging scene, and the flea-bitten costumes and performances of the small-part players, are more damaging and unpleasant elements in a tradition that remains specifically Hammer's.\" British film critic Leslie Halliwell said: \"The big-screen version of a popular TV series makes a rather feeble addition to the legend, but the actors try hard.\" The New York Times wrote: \"It's business as usual, but hold on. Alan Hackney's script and Terence Fisher's direction keep the incidents jouncing ...a nicely tinted Sherwood Forest is as pretty as could be, and Sarah Branch is certainly the curviest Lady Marian we've ever seen. Mr. Greene is aptly limber, and Peter Cushing, Richard Pasco and an unidentified \"Archbishop of Canterbury\" are excellent\". The Radio Times Guide to Films gave the film 2/5 stars, writing: \"To many, Richard Greene was the definitive Robin Hood, ushering in ITV in a cleverly cast (though cheaply made) television series with a remarkably catchy theme tune. This is the feature, co-produced by Greene for Hammer Films. Alan Wheatley makes way for Peter Cushing as the villainous Sheriff of Nottingham, and the film is directed by","title":"Sword of Sherwood Forest"},{"docid":"982180","text":"Robin Hood is a 1973 American animated musical adventure comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution. Produced and directed by Wolfgang Reitherman, it is based on the English folktale \"Robin Hood\". The story follows the adventures of Robin Hood, Little John, and the inhabitants of Nottingham as they fight against the excessive taxation of Prince John, and Robin Hood wins the hand of Maid Marian. The film features the voices of Brian Bedford, Phil Harris, Peter Ustinov, Pat Buttram, Monica Evans, Terry-Thomas, Roger Miller, and Carole Shelley. The idea to adapt Robin Hood into an animated feature was dated back to Walt Disney's interest in the tale of Reynard the Fox following the release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). The idea was repeatedly shelved for several decades. In 1968, Ken Anderson pitched a film adaptation of Robin Hood, incorporating ideas from Reynard the Fox by using anthropomorphic animals rather than humans. The project was approved, becoming the first completely \"post-Walt\" animated feature and the first with an entirely non-human cast. Robin Hood was released on November 8, 1973. The film received mixed reviews from critics, but it was nonetheless a box-office success, grossing $33 million worldwide against a production budget of $5 million. Although some retrospective reviews have called out its use of recycled animation, the film's reputation has grown positively over time and has since become a cult classic. Plot The story is narrated by Alan-a-Dale. He introduces Robin Hood and Little John, who live in Sherwood Forest, robbing from the rich and giving to the overtaxed townsfolk of Nottingham. Meanwhile, Prince John and his counselor Sir Hiss arrive in Nottingham. Sir Hiss had hypnotized Prince John's brother, King Richard, to fight in the third crusade, allowing Prince John to take the throne as de facto King. Prince John is greedy and immature, even sucking his thumb whenever his mother is mentioned. Robin and Little John disguise themselves as fortune tellers and rob Prince John, prompting the Prince to swear revenge and put a bounty on their heads. Meanwhile, Prince John's henchman, the cheerful Sheriff of Nottingham, taxes the inhabitants of Nottingham excessively under Prince John's orders. Robin gives back some money to a family of rabbits and gives a bow, arrow, and one of his hats to the young rabbit Skippy for his birthday. Skippy takes two of his sisters and his friend Toby to watch him test out the bow but accidentally fires an arrow into the grounds of Nottingham Castle. The children sneak inside and meet Maid Marian and her lady-in-waiting, Lady Kluck. Marian reveals that she and Robin were once childhood sweethearts. Now having returned to Nottingham after spending many years in London, she wonders if Robin remembers her. Friar Tuck, the local priest, visits Robin and Little John to report that Prince John is hosting an archery tournament, with a kiss from Maid Marian as the prize. Robin disguises himself as a stork and enters","title":"Robin Hood (1973 film)"},{"docid":"39771270","text":"Lady of the Forest: A Novel of Sherwood is a 1992 historical fiction novel by American author Jennifer Roberson. A re-telling of the Robin Hood legend from the perspective of twelve characters associated with the legend, the story centers around English noblewoman Lady Marian FitzWalter's encounters with Lord Robert of Locksley and his scheming rival the Sheriff of Nottingham amid the backdrop of Prince John's schemes – he aims to increase his own wealth and power at the expense of post-Conquest England and his brother, King Richard. Roberson wrote her novel as a prequel to the known legend. Understanding that Robin Hood lacked a single origin story, she decided to create an original narrative that depicted how \"seven very different people from a rigidly stratified social structure came to join together to fight the inequities of medieval England.\" Roberson spent a year researching and writing the story, and sought to combine fact and legend in developing the motivations for certain characters. The novel was published in September 1992 by Zebra Books, with a cover designed by illustrator Anne Yvonne Gilbert. Lady of the Forest received generally positive reviews, and has been analyzed by Robin Hood scholar Stephen Thomas Knight, who observed that Roberson's Marian is a \"strong woman\" who helps Robert, a traumatized veteran of the Crusades, adjust to his life in England; Knight connects this to the \"post-Vietnam\" mood that existed when the novel was written. Roberson released a sequel, Lady of Sherwood, in 1999. Plot summary The story begins in the spring of 1194 in the English county of Nottinghamshire. Lady Marian FitzWalter attends a festival held at Huntington Castle by the Earl of Huntington, who wishes to honour the return of his only surviving heir, Lord Robert of Locksley, from the Crusades. Marian seeks an audience with Robert to learn the manner of her Crusader father's death the previous year, as Robert was a witness. The reserved, mentally scarred Robert reacts strongly, having flashbacks to Sir Hugh's violent murder at the hands of Saracens. He informs her that Hugh wished for Marian to marry William DeLacey, the harsh and scheming Sheriff of Nottingham, to her dismay. DeLacey knows naught of her father's last wishes, but intends to make her marry him anyway. Prince John arrives at the festival unexpectedly with plans: he states his wish to ally himself with the Earl by marrying Robert to his bastard daughter Joanna, and also approaches DeLacey about raising more taxes ostensibly to be sent to ransom John's brother, King Richard. In truth, John wishes to keep the revenue for himself and maintain his brother's imprisonment. Soon after, Marian is reluctantly manipulated into accompanying the Sheriff to attend a market at Nottingham Castle. There, she is kidnapped by the prisoner William \"Scarlet\" Scathlocke, an enraged man imprisoned for killing four Norman soldiers, and is taken into the depths of nearby Sherwood Forest. Lord Robert, who was taught how to navigate the massive forest as a youth, secretly tracks Scarlet and is","title":"Lady of the Forest"},{"docid":"270446","text":"Nottingham is a city in England, and the county town of Nottinghamshire. Nottingham may also refer to: Places United Kingdom Nottingham (UK Parliament constituency), 1295–1885 Nottingham (European Parliament constituency), 1979–1994 United States Nottingham, Indiana Nottingham, Maryland Nottingham, Prince George's County, Maryland Nottingham, New Hampshire Nottingham, New Jersey Nottingham, Ohio Nottingham, West Virginia Nottingham Township, Harrison County, Ohio Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania East Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania West Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania Livermore, California, formerly Nottingham People Earl of Nottingham, a title in the Peerage of England, including a list of men who have borne this title Edward Nottingham (born 1948), United States federal judge Jacob Nottingham, American baseball player Wayne B. Nottingham, physics professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ships , various Royal Navy ships , a merchant ship sunk in 1941 , a merchant ship scrapped in 1971 , an East Indiaman Fiction Sheriff of Nottingham, the fictional villain in the Robin Hood legend Ian Nottingham, a character from the Witchblade comic and television series Robin Hood (2010 film) (original title: Nottingham) Other uses Nottingham (HM Prison), a Category B men's prison in Nottingham, England Nottingham (speedway), a 1930s motorcycle racing team Nottingham Cooperative, a housing cooperative in Madison, Wisconsin \"Nottingham Lace\", a song by guitarist Buckethead from the 2005 album Enter the Chicken Nottingham system, a modification of the Bloom–Richardson grading system for breast tumors See also Mottingham, a district of London","title":"Nottingham (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"5603627","text":"Robin Hood and the Potter is a 15th century ballad of Robin Hood. While usually classed with other Robin Hood ballads, it does not appear to have originally been intended to be sung, but rather recited by a minstrel, and thus is closer to a poem. It is one of the very oldest pieces of the surviving Robin Hood legend, with perhaps only Robin Hood and the Monk older than it. It inspired a short play intended for use in May Day games, attested to around 1560. It was later published by Francis James Child as Child ballad #121 in his influential collection of popular ballads in the 1880s. The story of Potter includes some common motifs that would feature in later Robin Hood stories: single combat where victory is not guaranteed; Robin Hood taking a disguise to blend in; an archery competition; and a naive sheriff who enters the greenwood where he is dramatically outwitted by the crafty outlaws who know the forest better. The tone of Potter is more comic than other early Robin Hood stories that were more violent, such as Robin Hood and the Monk or Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne. Nobody dies, and the story concludes with the \"lowde lawhyng\" (loud laughing) of the Sheriff's wife. Plot Robin Hood and Little John spy a potter approaching down the path. Little John mentions that he once met the same potter at Wentbridge and fought him, and his sides are still sore from the encounter. Little John makes a bet with Robin that he won't be able to make him pay a toll. Robin accepts and demands a toll of a potter (pavage) for crossing a bridge in the forest. They fight a duel, Robin wielding a sword and buckler while the potter uses his staff, and the potter wins. The two reconcile and Robin Hood strikes a deal with the potter. The potter will stay in the Forest, while Robin disguises himself as the potter and travels to Nottingham to sell the pots. He charges ridiculously low prices and so sells them all; by his doing so, the Sheriff's wife is intrigued, and when Robin gives her his last pots for free, she invites him to dinner with her and the sheriff. While at dinner the Sheriff's men are having an archery contest, Robin shows the Sheriff that he can shoot far better than the Sheriff's men, and he then explains that he can shoot that well because he was taught by Robin Hood. The sheriff asks him to lead him to the outlaw. Robin agrees, and when back in the forest the sheriff is ambushed by Robin's men. They take his money and his clothes. Because of the hospitality of the sheriff's wife in Nottingham, Robin lets him go free, telling him he must give his wife a white palfrey. On returning to Nottingham, the wife laughs at the Sheriff. She remarks that Robin has been paid back for the pots he gave to","title":"Robin Hood and the Potter"},{"docid":"2071706","text":"Robin and Marian is a 1976 romantic adventure film from Columbia Pictures, shot in Panavision and Technicolor, that was directed by Richard Lester and written by James Goldman after the legend of Robin Hood. The film stars Sean Connery as Robin Hood, Audrey Hepburn as Lady Marian, Nicol Williamson as Little John, Robert Shaw as the Sheriff of Nottingham, Richard Harris as Richard the Lionheart, and Denholm Elliott as Will Scarlet. It also features comedian Ronnie Barker in a rare film role as Friar Tuck. Robin and Marian was filmed in Zamora, as well as Artajona, Urbasa, Quinto Real and Orgi, all small medieval villages in Navarre, Spain. It marked Hepburn's return to the screen after an eight-year absence. Lester made Robin and Marian amid a series of period pieces, including The Three Musketeers (1973). The original music score was composed by John Barry. The film originally was titled The Death of Robin Hood but was changed by Columbia Pictures to be more marketable, and perhaps give equal billing to Hepburn. It is the only theatrical film based on the Robin Hood legend that makes use of a very old story (found in A Gest of Robyn Hode) depicting his murder at the hands of a prioress he was related to but turns the legend on its head by making Marian the prioress, and making it an act of love, not betrayal. Plot An ageing Robin Hood has been a trusted captain fighting for King Richard the Lionheart for twenty years and is now in France, the Third Crusade over. Richard orders him to take a castle which is rumoured to hold a gold statue. Discovering that it is defended by a solitary, one-eyed old man who is sheltering women and children, and being told the statue is worthless stone, Robin and his right-hand man, Little John, refuse to attack. King Richard, angry, orders the pair's execution and the castle attacked, but is wounded with an arrow by the old man. Richard has the helpless residents massacred, with the exception of the old man, because Richard likes his eye. Mortally wounded, the King offers to let Robin beg for his life. When Robin refuses, Richard draws his sword, lacks the strength to strike him and falls. Robin helps the dying king and, moved by his loyalty, Richard frees Robin and Little John. The two return to England and reunite with old friends Will Scarlet and Friar Tuck in Sherwood Forest. He hears his exploits have become legendary. When Robin inquires about Maid Marian, they tell him where she lives. When he goes to see her, she finds him as impossible as ever, while he discovers she has become an abbess. He learns that his old nemesis, the Sheriff of Nottingham, has ordered her arrest in response to King John's order to expel senior leaders of the Roman Catholic Church from England. When the sheriff comes to arrest Marian, Robin rescues her against her will, striking Sir Ranulf, the sheriff's arrogant","title":"Robin and Marian"},{"docid":"22749489","text":"Robin Hood is a comic opera by Reginald De Koven (music), Harry B. Smith (lyrics) and Clement Scott (lyrics of \"Oh Promise Me\"). The story is based on the Robin Hood legend, during the reign of King Richard I (1189-1199 AD). The opera was composed in Chicago, Illinois during the winter of 1888-1889. The opera was first performed at the Chicago Opera House on 9 June 1890. It was produced by the Boston Ideal Opera Company, also known as the Bostonians. The opera opened in New York at the Standard Theatre on September 22, 1891 and was produced in London at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 1891 with a new title, Maid Marian. It was revived at the Knickerbocker Theater on Broadway on April 30, 1900. Other Broadway revivals were in 1902 at the Academy of Music, in 1912 at New Amsterdam Theatre with Walter Hyde in the title role, in 1918 at the Park Theatre, in 1929 at the Casino Theatre and Jolson's 59th Street Theatre, in 1932 at Erlanger's Theatre, and in 1944 at the Adelphi Theatre. In 2004 Ohio Light Opera produced the opera based on a new critical edition of the opera that it commissioned from Quade Winter, based on the composer's original manuscripts in the Library of Congress. A complete CD recording was issued by Albany Records. Synopsis The opera is set in the late 12th century during the reign of King Richard I. Act 1 In the market square in Nottingham, England, villagers are celebrating the first day of May. Friar Tuck tells how he sells clothing and other goods (\"As an Honest Auctioneer\"). Annabel and the milkmaids are happy with their lives (\"Milkmaids' Song\"), but Allan-a-Dale notes that milkmaids are overworked. Robin Hood and his archers arrive and tout their ideal life in the woods (\"Come the Bowmen in Lincoln Green\"); they are welcomed to an archery contest. Robin notices Annabel, and Allan-A-Dale quickly questions his motives, as Allan loves Annabel. Annabel, Allan, Robin and the outlaw Little John consider the fickle nature of love. Maid Marian enters in disguise as a page boy to see Sir Guy of Gisborne, the ward of the Sheriff of Nottingham (\"I Came as a Cavalier\"). The Sheriff has arranged a marriage between Guy and Marian. Marian reveals herself to Robin and the reasons for her disguise, and the two fall in love (\"Come Dream So Bright\"). The Sheriff appears and boasts of his plans (\"I am the Sheriff of Nottingham\"). Sir Guy and the Sheriff plot how Guy will ask Marian to marry him (When a Peer Makes Love to a Damsel Fair). Robin and the bowmen return, pleased about the prizes they won in the archery contest. Because Robin is to receive his inheritance today, they go to the Sheriff's residence, knock on the door, and demand that the Sheriff declare Robin Hood's title of Earl, with its title to his land,and cash. The Sheriff refuses all demands and produces forged documents stating that","title":"Robin Hood (De Koven opera)"},{"docid":"5603757","text":"Robin Hood and the Butcher (Roud 3980, Child 122) is a story in the Robin Hood canon which has survived as, among other forms, a late seventeenth-century English broadside ballad, and is one of several ballads about the medieval folk hero that form part of the Child ballad collection, which is one of the most comprehensive collections of traditional English ballads. It may have been derived from the similar Robin Hood and the Potter. Synopsis Robin Hood meets with a \"jolly\" butcher on horseback, on his way to sell his meat at a fair (1.9). Robin appreciates the butcher's good nature and asks him about his trade and where he lives. The butcher refuses to say where he lives, but tells Robin he is going to a fair in Nottingham, and in response Robin queries him about the price of his meat and horse, interested in becoming a butcher himself (although, in some variants he fights with the butcher). In all variants, Robin buys the butcher's goods and goes into Nottingham, where he sells a lot of meat at ridiculously low prices. The other butchers suspect that he is a prodigal who is wasting his inheritance: \"For he sold more meat for one penny / than others could do for five / Which made the Butchers of Nottingham / [...] / to study as they did stand / Saying surely he was some Prodigal / that had sold his Fathers land\" (2.19-25). They invite him to the sheriff's, where their guild is feasting, and Robin and the butchers make merry over food and wine. Since Robin proposes to pay for all their food and drink (\"For the shot I will pay e're I go my way,\" Robin says [3.19]), the butchers and the Sheriff again speculate that he must have inherited and sold some land for a lot of money. The Sheriff asks if he has more animals to sell. Robin says he has two or three hundred beasts on one hundred acres of land and invites the Sheriff to see them, whereupon the Sheriff, with three hundred pounds of gold on his person, rides with him to Sherwood Forrest. Not knowing Robin's true identity, the Sheriff ironically hopes that they do not meet a certain \"man they call Rob. Hood\" (4.5). Once there, a hundred deer happen to appear and Robin shows them to the Sheriff, claiming them as his animals, but the Sheriff has decided he does not like Robin's company. Robin then summons Little John and the rest of his men with his horn. Robin takes the Sheriff's portmanteau and counts five hundred gold pounds in it, which he intends to keep for himself and the band. He then sends the Sheriff on his way home, jokingly commending himself to the Sheriff's wife before riding away laughing. Variations of the ballad This ballad is an abridgment of an older ballad, Robin Hood and the Potter. There are two extant versions of \"Robin Hood and the Butcher,\" Version","title":"Robin Hood and the Butcher"},{"docid":"46912362","text":"Robin Hood is a 2018 American action-adventure film directed by Otto Bathurst and written by Ben Chandler and David James Kelly, from a story by Chandler. It is a quasi-contemporary retelling of the Robin Hood legend, and follows his training by John to steal from the Sheriff of Nottingham. The film stars Taron Egerton as Robin, and features Jamie Foxx, Ben Mendelsohn, Eve Hewson, Tim Minchin and Jamie Dornan in supporting roles. Returning home to England to learn the corrupt Sheriff of Nottingham (Mendelsohn) has seized his family estate, aristocrat Robin of Loxley joins forces with Friar Tuck (Minchin) and Little John (Foxx) – a fierce Arabian warrior who wants to put an end to the Crusades. Armed with arrows and dubbed Robin Hood, Loxley leads a band of oppressed rebels in a daring plan to rob the Sheriff of his money and take away his power. The film was announced in February 2015, with Egerton signing on as the lead role that September. Hewson, Foxx and Mendelsohn all joined the cast over the following year, and principal photography began in February 2017, lasting through May. Robin Hood was released by Lionsgate on November 21, 2018. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $86 million against a production budget of $100 million. Due to its label as a critical and financial flop, in addition to its modern take on classic source material, numerous publications compared the film to 2017's unsuccessful King Arthur: Legend of the Sword. Robin Hood was nominated for three Razzies for Worst Remake, Worst Supporting Actor for Foxx, and Worst Picture. Plot Lord Robin of Loxley, an aristocrat and an English longbow master, lives in Nottingham and enjoys a good life with his lover Marian, before he is drafted by the corrupt Sheriff of Nottingham to fight in the Third Crusade against the Saracens. Four years later, Robin becomes disillusioned with the Crusades when he fails to prevent his commander, Guy of Gisbourne, from executing unarmed prisoners, including a teenage boy, despite the pleading of the boy's father, which prompts Gisbourne to send Robin back home under accusations of treasonous conduct. When he returns to Nottingham, Robin learns from his old friend Friar Tuck that the Sheriff had officially declared him dead two years prior, seizing his land and wealth to continue funding the war effort at the behest of the corrupt Cardinal Franklin. The citizens were exiled from the city and into the coal mine town across the river. Investigating \"the Slags\", Robin witnesses the commoners planning to rise against the government that oppresses and exploits them and learns that Marian is now involved with their aspiring leader, Will Tillman. Robin is prevented from contacting her by the prisoner whose son he tried to save. The man then introduces himself as Yahya — which he says can be translated to \"John\" — and proposes that he and Robin work to end the war by stealing back the money taken from the people. Marian seeks","title":"Robin Hood (2018 film)"},{"docid":"6601160","text":"Brent Charlesworth (born 22 July 1942) is a British local councillor who has served as Lord Mayor and Sheriff of Nottingham, and later as Mayor of Lincoln. Biography Born in Sheffield on the 22nd of July, 1942 to Ronald and Sarah Charlesworth, Brent grew up on the Shirecliffe estate in Sheffield. His father worked 45 years in the steelworks in Templeborough (Rotherham) until the steel industry was wiped out during the Thatcher years. Educated at Nether Edge (which became) Abbeydale Boys’ Grammar School, he trained as a teacher in Birmingham and taught in that city in the 1960s. Later he studied for a BA at the University of Wales, subsequently becoming a part-time university tutor. He also studied at the University of Leicester for a higher degree. He moved to Nottingham in 1971, becoming a Lecturer in Education at the former Trent Polytechnic (now Nottingham Trent University). He became Senior Lecturer in the Social Studies Department, working on the Clifton Campus from 1976 until taking early retirement some 25 years later. Political career In 1983 he was elected to Nottingham City Council as Labour member for the Clifton West ward. After boundary changes abolished the Clifton West ward in 2003, when the City Council became a unitary authority, he was elected member for the newly created Clifton South ward. As a Nottingham City councillor, he held various positions of responsibility, latterly Vice-Chair of the Notts/Nottingham Fire and Rescue Service. Around 2000, he served as Chair of Governors for Whitegate Primary and Nursery School in Nottingham. He served as the Lord Mayor of Nottingham in 2003/04, and was Sheriff of Nottingham for two years from 1991. Whilst serving the latter civic office, he travelled to the United States to present Hollywood actor Kevin Costner with an award recognising the achievements of the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, in which Costner played the lead role and, when he was Lord Mayor, opened the Ningbo campus of the University of Nottingham in China. He stood down from Nottingham City Council in May 2007, moved to Lincoln, ostensibly to retire, but was subsequently voted in as councillor for Park Ward on Lincoln City Council. When Labour recovered power in Lincoln in 2011, he was appointed Executive Portfolio Holder for Social Inclusion and Community Cohesion, a post he held until taking civic office on 3 June 2014 as the 808th Mayor of Lincoln. In this role, he signed a twinning agreement with the city of Nanchang, China at the Lincoln Guildhall. He chose his Park Ward councillor colleague David Jackson as his Sheriff. His term came to an end on 19 May 2015. He has described himself as a socialist, and expressed opposition to identity politics. Personal life He has one son, Daniel, who graduated in Psychology from the University of Lincoln. He currently lives in Lincoln. Originally a Sheffield Wednesday supporter, he attends every Imps (Lincoln City FC) home match. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20110831062407/http://tmf.lincoln.gov.uk/CouncillorDetail.asp/?sec_id=2771&id=235 - Councillor Brent Charlesworth's page at Lincoln City Council","title":"Brent Charlesworth"},{"docid":"16971609","text":"Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne is Child Ballad 118, part of the Percy collection. It introduces and disposes of Guy of Gisborne who remains next to the Sheriff of Nottingham the chief villain of the Robin Hood legend. This ballad survives in a single seventeenth century copy but has always been recognized as much older in content, possibly older than Robin Hood and the Monk. A play with a similar plot survives in a copy dated to 1475. The Oxford Companion to English Literature describes it as the best known of the Robin Hood ballads. But it is also the most often cited, along with Robin Hood and the Monk, for excessive brutality. Guy comes to Barnesdale to capture Robin Hood, but Robin kills and beheads him. Meanwhile, Little John has been captured by the Sheriff, but Robin rescues him by impersonating Guy of Gisborne. External links Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne ROBIN HOOD AND GUY OF GISBORNE: INTRODUCTION References Child Ballads Robin Hood ballads","title":"Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne"},{"docid":"14236499","text":"The Legend of Robin Hood was a 1975 BBC television serial that told the story of the life of Robin Hood. Plot Robin has been raised as the son of John Hood, a groundskeeper, but learns that he is in fact the long lost son of the Earl of Huntingdon. He comes into conflict with a plot to replace King Richard I by his brother Prince John involving the Sheriff of Nottingham and Sir Guy of Gisbourne. Broadcast The serial was broadcast by the BBC in the Sunday \"tea time slot\". The serial was also broadcast by PBS in the United States, alongside other BBC period dramas such as The Forsyte Saga and Elizabeth R. Cast Martin Potter as Robin Hood Diane Keen as Lady Marion John Abineri as Sir Kenneth Neston William Marlowe as Sir Guy of Gisbourne Paul Darrow as Sheriff of Nottingham Michael-John Jackson as King Richard David Dixon as Prince John Reception Clive James praised The Legend of Robin Hood in The Observer, describing it as \"a promising series. Neatly written, well acted, finely dressed and softly filmed like Akenfield.\" Controversy Mary Whitehouse and the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association attacked The Legend of Robin Hood, saying the program displayed \"extreme violence and sadism\" and was not suitable for children. The BBC defended the show by stating that it had been approved by senior BBC executives, and had also been promoted as a program for parents and children to watch together. Discussing the controversy, television historian James Chapman stated: \"Viewed today, The Legend of Robin Hood does not seem particularly violent, certainly not in comparison to Arthur of the Britons\". References External links 1970s British drama television series BBC television dramas Robin Hood television series Period television series 1975 British television series debuts 1975 British television series endings 1970s British television miniseries British adventure television series British English-language television shows Cultural depictions of Eleanor of Aquitaine Films scored by Stanley Myers","title":"The Legend of Robin Hood (TV series)"},{"docid":"49887530","text":"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 adventure film about the legendary outlaw Robin Hood. Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves may also refer to: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (video game), a 1991 video game tie-in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (2009 film), a 2009 Indian film See also The Prince of Thieves, a 1948 Robin Hood film Robin Hood (disambiguation) Prince of Thieves (disambiguation)","title":"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"6040384","text":"Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood is a 2002 stealth-based real-time tactics video game developed by Spellbound Entertainment. It is similar to games such as Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive and the Commandos series. In the game, the player controls up to five characters in a setting based on the stories of the protagonist, Robin Hood. The player can also control Robin Hood's Merry Men, including Little John, Friar Tuck, Will Scarlet, Will Stutely, and Maid Marian. Robin and his crew must evade the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham and his henchmen and stop the machinations of the vile usurper to England's throne, Prince John. However, Robin must avoid killing enemies as much as possible, or he will not be able to recruit as many new Merry Men. Plot The game starts with Robin Hood, arriving in Lincoln from the Crusades, and finding out that his inheritance has been stolen by the notorious Sheriff of Nottingham. After the player finishes the first and second missions, meets Maid Marian in the Nottingham cathedral, and subsequently tries to meet the Prince, it is understood that King Richard has been kidnapped by Leopold of Austria for a ransom, and that the Regent Prince John is unlawfully usurping the rightful king. The responsibility of getting the ransom of £100,000 to save the king falls into the player's hands. Missions generally include ambushing convoys and infiltrating towns, usually to gather information or even liberate a notable outlaw from the sheriff's clutches. In the final mission, Robin must fight the Sheriff of Nottingham, thereby defeating the Prince. Gameplay While the merry men can kill or wound enemy soldiers, their resources are limited to a certain extent, with main characters having more than minor miscellaneous ones. In addition, in every town, the player can give money to beggars, who, when given coins and purses, help by providing hints and tips. Common folk sometimes, though rarely, offer help but two—a woman in a red apron and a man in a red-and-blue shirt—flee at the sight of a merry man and alert nearby enemy soldiers. The greed of enemy soldiers is also limited, with money purses not affecting sergeants, while ale does affect them. Sometimes, money can be found in knights, cavalry units, sergeants, and more rarely, normal soldiers. Reception The PC version received \"favorable\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Awards The game received awards for Best Game Design and Best Animation at the 2003 Animago Awards. References External links Official webpage RuneSoft 2002 video games Freeverse Inc. games Linux games MacOS games MorphOS games RuneSoft games Legend of Sherwood Stealth video games Video games developed in Germany Windows games Strategy First games Single-player video games Spellbound Entertainment games Meridian4 games","title":"Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood"},{"docid":"4758473","text":"Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown is a turn-based strategy video game developed by Cinemaware and published by Capcom. It is loosely based on the legend of Robin Hood and remake of Cinemaware's previous game Defender of the Crown, released for PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox, and mobile phones. Plot It is a time of great unrest in England. With King Richard the Lionheart held for ransom, the evil Prince John seizes the throne, and declares himself the King of England. The entire nation soon falls into civil war as greedy nobles war amongst themselves and Prince John sends forth armies to shackle the country under his unjust rule. In this time of lawlessness, only an outlaw can lead the people to freedom. One man, the embodiment of true honor, vows to save his people and restore peace to the land. This man is known as Robin Hood. From the small-scale skirmishes with the Sheriff of Nottingham in Sherwood Forest, Robin finds himself drawn into the larger battlefields of England, and the hero of the poor must become the savior of an entire nation. Gameplay Robin Hood is a blend of role-playing and turn-based strategy combined with action sequences. As Robin Hood, the player must: Fund the war effort by lightening the purses of traveling merchants in archery ambushes. Lay siege to castles using mighty siege engines and Greek Fire. Joust in tournaments for fame, fortune and land. Conquer England's 38 territories by commanding troops on the battlefield and manage Robin's growing armies. Sword fight through battlements, catacombs and towers in search of treasure - or to rescue a damsel-in-distress. The game also features: Special events, multiple goals and non-linear gameplay. A story of action, drama, romance and adventure. Twenty minutes of rendered cutscenes and a full hour of recorded voice acting. 8 different alternate game endings depending on the player's actions through the game. Reception The PC, PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions received \"mixed\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. IGN said, \"With all the elements that come into play, Defender of the Crown is overly enjoyable — especially for fans of strategy titles who want to be able to pick up and play something without too much of a hassle.\" References External links Official product page 2003 video games Capcom games Cinemaware games Mobile games PlayStation 2 games Defender of the Crown Turn-based strategy video games Video game remakes Video games developed in the United States Video games scored by Troels Brun Folmann Video games set in the Middle Ages Windows games Xbox games Atomic Planet Entertainment games Single-player video games I-play games","title":"Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown"},{"docid":"5415673","text":"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a console game released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy developed by Sculptured Software, Inc. and Bits Studios, respectively, and published by Virgin Games, Inc. It was based on the film of the same name. The game was featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of Nintendo Power magazine. However, this issue was notorious for the fact that the game was not released until 4 months after the issue was released. Gameplay The game was notable for featuring several modes of gameplay. The standard adventuring mode depicted the action from an overhead perspective as the player guided Robin through the environment, battling enemies. A second mode used for one-on-one duels depicted the action from the side and featured different controls that allowed the player-controlled character to jump as well as attack and guard. The third mode, a melee mode, featured action taking place from an extreme overhead perspective, allowing for the depiction of large-scale battles between large forces. This mode typically ensued when a large number of Robin's merry men and enemy soldiers clashed. During a horse racing sequence, there is yet another mode, a blend of the overhead and side perspectives, as the horse must be guided to jump over debris and ultimately beat the competitor. The game also had a loose equipping system, where nearly any object could be held as a weapon. When Duncan first joins Robin's band, he comes brandishing a chicken leg for attack. Story The game opens in an Arab prison in Jerusalem. Robin Hood is in prison along with Peter Dubois and Azeem. Robin must free both of them and then they must make their escape. Peter is mortally wounded in the escape process, but Robin and Azeem escape to England. Upon arrival in England, Robin finds that his father has been murdered and that the Sheriff of Nottingham is ruling England oppressively in the absence of King Richard. Maid Marian tells Robin that there are rumours that men are hiding out in Sherwood Forest from the sheriff and tells him to go there, seek them out and join them. Once Robin joins the camp in Sherwood, it becomes Robin Hood's home base for the remainder of the game. He continually leaves camp to undertake various missions. Upon completing each mission, Robin must return to camp to find out what mission to undertake next. Eventually, Robin Hood takes his last mission to get rid of the Sheriff of Nottingham. Once Robin defeats the Sheriff, the game is won and concludes with a wedding of Robin Hood and Maid Marian, which is interrupted by King Richard, who has just returned to England. Richard gives Marian away and she and Robin are married. Reception Power Unlimited gave the Game Boy version a score of 83% commenting: \"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is, of course, based on the movie, but not as bad as many other such games. On the contrary: it is","title":"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (video game)"},{"docid":"723582","text":"The Story of Robin Hood and his Merrie Men is a 1952 action-adventure film produced by RKO-Walt Disney British Productions, based on the Robin Hood legend, made in Technicolor and filmed in Buckinghamshire, England. It was written by Lawrence Edward Watkin and directed by Ken Annakin. It is the second of Disney's complete live-action films, after Treasure Island (1950), and the first of four films Annakin directed for Disney. Plot Young Robin Hood, in love with Maid Marian, enters an archery contest with his father at the King's palace. On the way home his father is killed by henchmen of Prince John. Robin takes up the life of an outlaw, gathering together his band of merry men with him in Sherwood Forest, to avenge his father's death and to help the people of the land whom Prince John is over taxing. Cast Richard Todd as Robin Hood Joan Rice as Maid Marian Peter Finch as the Sheriff of Nottingham James Hayter as Friar Tuck James Robertson Justice as Little John Martita Hunt as Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine Hubert Gregg as Prince John Elton Hayes as Alan-a-Dale Anthony Eustrel as the Archbishop of Canterbury Patrick Barr as King Richard Anthony Forwood as Will Scarlet Bill Owen as Will Stutely Hal Osmond as Much the Miller Louise Hampton as Tyb, aged nurse of Maid Marian Richard Graydon as Merrie Man Michael Hordern as Scathelock Bill Travers as Possie Man Clement McCallin as The Earl of Huntingdon Nigel Neilson as Merrie Man Geoffrey Lumsden as Merrie Man Julian Somers as Posse Leader Leonard Charles Newcombe as a Page Boy to Maid Marian Production The idea to make the film was Walt Disney's. He wanted to use colour, use a more historically accurate script than in most previous Robin Hood films, and to shoot on location in Nottingham Forest. Ken Annakin was loaned out from J. Arthur Rank Films, to whom he was under contract, to make the film. Annakin says the entire film was storyboarded in advance by Carmen Dillon and Guy Green, so as to ensure Walt Disney to keep creative control, adding \"quite often I had to bite my tongue or be prepared to quit\", but Annakin soon earned Disney's respect and the two men went on to make several films together. Production began in April 1951 at Denham Film Studios in London. This was the second film Disney made in the United Kingdom, the first being Treasure Island (1950). These and several other Disney films were made using British funds frozen during World War II. Originally Bobby Driscoll was going to be featured in the film as a boy in Robin's camp, but he was unable to appear in the film because he had violated British labour laws with his appearance in Treasure Island. In Driscoll's absence, the story was rewritten to focus on the romantic relationship between Robin Hood and Maid Marian. Robert Newton, who was originally cast as Friar Tuck, had to be recast with James Hayter after","title":"The Story of Robin Hood (film)"},{"docid":"3014033","text":"John Edwin Arnatt (9 May 1917 – 21 December 1999) was a British actor. Early life and education John Arnatt was born in Petrograd, Russia on 9 May 1917. His parents were Francis and Ethel Marion (née Jephcott) Arnatt. He attended Epworth College. Arnatt trained for the stage at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Career One of Arnatt's most high-profile roles was as \"The Deputy Sheriff of Nottingham\" in the fourth and final season of 1955-60 TV series The Adventures of Robin Hood starring Richard Greene. His character filled in for Alan Wheatley, who played the regular sheriff. Arnatt's character was introduced and interacted with Wheatley's character in the episode \"The Devil You Don't Know\". In the 1962 film Dr Crippen, starring Donald Pleasence (who also had a recurring role in \"The Adventures of Robin Hood\" as Prince John), Arnatt played Chief Inspector Walter Dew. Arnatt also played an imitation \"M\" to Tom Adams' imitation James Bond in two films, Licensed to Kill and Where the Bullets Fly (1966). In 1967, Arnatt got something of a promotion when he played the High Sheriff of Nottingham opposite Barrie Ingham's Robin in the film A Challenge for Robin Hood. Never well known, he amassed numerous television credits in programmes such as Steptoe and Son, Keeping Up Appearances, Dangerfield, Lovejoy, The Professionals, House of Cards, Thriller and Z-Cars. He had a recurring role in the first two series of the ITV legal drama, The Main Chance (1969–70) and in Doctor Who he was the second actor to play Time Lord Cardinal Borusa in the serial The Invasion of Time (1978). Later, in the television film, Marple: The Moving Finger (1985), he played Reverend Guy Calthrop. In 1995 he was elected Master of the Green Room Lodge no. 2957. Death John Arnatt died at the age of 82 on 21 December 1999. Filmography Film Television References External links 1917 births 1999 deaths British male television actors 20th-century British male actors Alumni of RADA British expatriates in the Russian Empire","title":"John Arnatt"},{"docid":"6220128","text":"Robin Hood and the Monk is a Middle English ballad and one of the oldest surviving ballads of Robin Hood. The earliest surviving document with the work is from around 1450, and it may have been composed even earlier in the 15th century. It is also one of the longest ballads at around 2,700 words. It is considered one of the best of the original ballads of Robin Hood. In Robin Hood and the Monk, Robin goes to Nottingham for mass, but has a dispute with Little John on the way. In Nottingham, he is spotted by a monk and captured. Little John, Much the Miller's Son, and other Merry Men intercept the monk, kill him, and launch a successful plot to free Robin from prison. Robin and Little John are reconciled. The King and Sheriff are left frustrated at Robin's escape, although they are impressed at Little John's loyalty. Plot Little John talks of the May morning, but Robin Hood is still unhappy because he cannot go to Mass or matins. He decides to go to a service in Nottingham, inspired by his devotion to the Virgin Mary. \"Moche, the mylner sun\" (Much the Miller's Son) advises him to take at least twelve men; he refuses and goes with only Little John. On the way, he makes a bet with Little John, loses, and refuses to pay when they cannot agree on the payout. Little John leaves him. Robin goes to St. Mary's in Nottingham and prays. A monk whom he had robbed sees him and tells the sheriff, who gathers a group of many men to arrest Robin. Robin fights them off with a two-handed sword, wounding many and killing twelve of the sheriff's men. His sword breaks while fighting the sheriff, and he runs into the church in an attempt to escape. The text breaks off at this point; there is a page missing that presumably described Robin's capture and the news reaching his men. The story continues with the men's shock, and Little John being the only one to keep his wits about him. He declares they must rescue him. They catch the monk riding with a little page; Little John kills the monk for his role in Robin's capture, and Much kills the page so that the page cannot spread word of the ambush. Little John and Much go to the (unnamed) king with the monk's letters and tell him the monk died on the way. The king gives them gifts and directions to bring Robin Hood to him. Little John brings the letters to the sheriff and tells him that the monk did not come because the king had made him an abbot. They get into the prison, kill the jailer, and escape with Robin. The sheriff does not dare face the king. Robin says that Little John has done him a good turn in return for the ill one he played, and offered to be his man; Little John still wants him to","title":"Robin Hood and the Monk"},{"docid":"39047069","text":"Dominique Mattei (born in 1981 in Marseille, France) better known by the stage name Dumè is a French singer, composer and actor. Biography As an adolescent, he studied composing, singing and playing guitar at the Marseilles conservatory. He opened for concerts by Pascal Obispo and signed as a composer for Atletico music. He wrote songs for Johnny Hallyday, Faudel, Natasha Saint-Pier, Louisy Joseph amongst others and partnered with Lionel Florence writing for others. In November 2009, Dominique Mattei announced that he was taking the name Dumè and was preparing his first album through financing from My Major Company. In 2012, Dumè was also featured in Génération Goldman tribute project to Jean-Jaques Goldman singing Il suffira d'un signe alongside Merwan Rim, Amaury Vassili and Baptiste Giabiconi. In 2013, he is taking part in the French musical adaptation of Robin hood titled Robin des Bois playing the role of Vaisey, the Sheriff of Nottingham. He also performs in the play Notting Hill Nottingham as a solo and Devenir quelqu'un with M. Pokora (in the role of Robin Hood). His first album solo is edited in 2014 : La moitié du chemin. Discography Singles 2010 : Je ne sais rien faire 2012 : La moitié du chemin, duet with Judith 2014 : Maman m'avait dit Album 2014 : La moitié du chemin Appearances 2012 : Il suffira d'un signe (Merwan Rim, Amaury Vassili, Baptiste Giabiconi and Dumè in Génération Goldman) Musical Theatre 2013 : Robin des Bois, Vaisey, the Sheriff of Nottingham Notting Hill Nottingham (Dumè in Robin des Bois) Devenir quelqu'un (Dumè & M. Pokora in Robin des Bois) Y renoncer un jour (Dumè in \"Robin des Bois\") References French composers French male composers 1981 births Living people Male actors from Marseille 21st-century French singers 21st-century French male singers","title":"Dumè"},{"docid":"3130659","text":"Princess of Thieves is a romantic adventure television film starring Keira Knightley, produced by Granada Productions, and premiered on ABC's The Wonderful World of Disney in the United States in 2001. Co-starring in the film are Stuart Wilson as Robin Hood, Stephen Moyer as Prince Philip, Jonathan Hyde as Prince John and Malcolm McDowell as the Sheriff. The movie was directed by Peter Hewitt and filmed in Romania. The film's plotline draws inspiration from the classic Robin Hood legend, which has been adapted many times for screen. Plot Years after the \"known\" events of the Robin Hood legend, Robin's daughter, Gwyn (Keira Knightley) has grown up to be a strong-willed young woman, with a talent for archery, much like her father. As Maid Marian has died and Robin Hood (Stuart Wilson) is perpetually away battling in the Crusades, Gwyn has lived much of her life alone. Her only friend is the sweet but plain Froderick (Del Synnott), who clearly is in love with her. Upon the death of King Richard the Lionheart, Robin returns to see that the proper man takes Richard's place as King of England. Robin is quickly foiled and imprisoned by his enemies, the Sheriff of Nottingham (Malcolm McDowell) and Prince John (Jonathan Hyde). It is then up to Gwyn to save the day. She must complete Robin's mission to find and protect the young Prince Philip (Stephen Moyer), who has just returned from exile in France to claim the throne – not an easy task since he has decided to forsake his true identity and is travelling anonymously under his valet's name (who died en route protecting his prince). Though she does fortuitously cross paths with the prince, she is not aware of his identity. With a romantic spark budding between them, they must find the Merry Men and join forces to free her father from the tortures of the Tower of London before the evil Prince John ascends to the throne and brings England to ruin. After freeing her father, Gwyn along with her father and Prince Philip stop the coronation of Prince John. When Philip is about to be crowned as king, Gwyn with a heavy heart tells him that she can only serve and work for him, and they cannot be together. Robin later explains that he stayed out of Gwyn's life to protect her from the life he leads, but it did not make any difference because she grew up to be just like him. He then proposes a partnership between the two of them to serve Philip, with the only condition being that she take her orders from him (Robin) alone. She agrees, and at the end they are seen together leading Robin's men, side by side. Characters Keira Knightley – Gwyn, the daughter of Robin Hood and Maid Marian Stephen Moyer – Prince Philip, illegitimate son of King Richard the Lionheart Stuart Wilson – Robin Hood Del Synnott – Froderick, a young man who has grown up with Gwyn; he","title":"Princess of Thieves"},{"docid":"7208093","text":"Young Robin Hood is an animated series produced for television by Hanna-Barbera, CINAR and France Animation and aired in syndication in 1991. It ran for one season as part of the Sunday-morning programming block, The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera (1985–1994). The show takes place when Robin Hood is a teenager, Richard the Lion Heart is on his \"first crusade\" and Robin's father, the Earl of Huntington, joins him. Young Robin Hood was Hanna-Barbera's second adaptation of the legend of Robin Hood, after their 1972 television special The Adventures of Robin Hoodnik. Synopsis Robin Hood quickly finds himself at odds with the establishment; the Sheriff of Nottingham and Prince John, and creates a camp in Sherwood forest with other youngsters, the only girl, Marian, is a ward of the sheriff and spy for Robin. The main thing about Robin's youth in this case, is that his plans do not always work and he is occasionally questioned because of his youth, the fact that he is a known criminal and has no legal guardian to vouch for him. Characters Robin Hood (voiced by Thor Bishopric) – the boy in the county with a bow. He rarely is beaten by other archers. As a nobleman, he understands Latin, and has a tame hawk called Arrow, who is used to pass messages between him and Marian. Little John (voiced by Terrence Scammell) – a blacksmith's son. Typically one of Robin's most loyal followers, but is not above criticizing Robin's plans. Alan-a-Dale (voiced by Michael O'Reilly) – a very young, romantic minstrel. Will Scarlet (voiced by Sonja Ball) – a young, talented thief, who idolizes Robin. He is a technical talent and creates traps and machines. Brother Tuck (voiced by Harry Standjofski) – a very young monk, sometimes questioning his choice being an outlaw. He is very pious and speaks Latin every now and then. Marian (voiced by Anik Matern) – Robin's sweetheart and a ward at Nottingham, sometimes suspected of conspiring with him. Haggala (voiced by Bronwen Mantel) – a kind-hearted sorceress whose spells don't always work. She has a cat named Miranda. Prince John (voiced by Michael Rudder) – spoiled boy who whines about who should be king. Sometimes tries to usurp Richard but the attempts are thwarted by Robin, or John's own ineptitude. Sheriff of Nottingham (voiced by A.J. Henderson) – a harsh man and good swordsman. Gilbert of Gisbourn (voiced by Mark Hellman) – lieutenant to the sheriff and has a crush on Marian. He often tries to win her over and Marian uses it to get information. He has a dog named Bruno. Production The series was a joint American-Canadian-French production of Hanna-Barbera, CINAR and France Animation and Antenne-2 in partnership with the Global Television Network, the Family Channel, Centre National De La Cinématographie and Sofica Cofimage 3. The animation is produced by France Animation and Crayon Animation, while the overseas production services were handled by Fil-Cartoons (subsidiary of Hanna-Barbera) in the Philippines, and two studios in South Korea: Sae","title":"Young Robin Hood"},{"docid":"40490972","text":"Lady of Sherwood is a 1999 historical fiction novel by American author Jennifer Roberson. It is a sequel to her 1992 novel Lady of the Forest, and follows Robin Hood, Lady Marian, and their associates, as they fight injustices in the wake of the death of King Richard. They must fight the machinations of Prince John, who is competing for the throne against his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany. The novel was published in November 1999 by Kensington Books with cover art illustrated by Anne Yvonne Gilbert. It has garnered a generally positive reception. Booklist positively compared Lady of Sherwood to the Marion Zimmer Bradley work The Mists of Avalon, while others praised Roberson's engaging characters and attention to historical detail. Plot summary The novel is set in 1199 England, and follows the events of Lady of the Forest. It begins with the death of Richard I of England. Robin of Locksley, his lover Lady Marian Fitzwalter, and their outlaw friends find themselves again facing the wrath of William DeLacey, the Sheriff of Nottingham. Richard's death has resulted in the loss of their royal pardon, which was granted after they seized the tax revenues that were to be sent to Richard's brother Prince John. With Richard's death, John is now competing for the crown against his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany. With Richard having named them both co-heirs, both men have their supporters, with the Sheriff supporting the former and Robin's father the Earl of Huntington supporting the latter. Meanwhile, Robin and Marian, along with their outlaw friends, are living together at her manor of Ravenskeep, though Robin and Marian have not married. To her great sadness, Marian has discovered that she cannot have children, but hides her miscarriages from Robin to avoid worrying him. She tells Robin's estranged father the Earl of Huntington about her perceived barrenness, wishing for him to force Robin to leave her, as she wants him to have the chance to father an heir with someone else. With the pardon now over, the Sheriff begins anew his efforts to arrest Sherwood's outlaws. Knowing that it has housed some of these men, he ransacks Ravenskeep and attempts to have it legally taken away from her. Marian declares war on the Sheriff. Later, she and Robin, accompanied by their outlaw friends, retreat to the woods for a permanent outlaw camp, having officially lost everything legitimate. Robin and Marian finally marry. Development Lady of Sherwood was written by American author Jennifer Roberson as a sequel to her popular 1992 novel Lady of the Forest. Before writing both novels, Roberson was primarily known as a fantasy writer, and became interested in writing a \"big, sprawling, mainstream historical epic.\" To her agent, she proposed a reinterpretation that would \"emphasize Marian's point of view and contribution to the legend\" of Robin Hood. Roberson wrote her interpretations as prequels to the known legend. While the first novel focused on \"how seven very different people from a rigidly stratified social structure came to","title":"Lady of Sherwood"},{"docid":"556241","text":"Robin Hood: Men in Tights is a 1993 adventure comedy film and a parody of the Robin Hood story. The film was produced and directed by Mel Brooks, co-written by Brooks, Evan Chandler, and J. David Shapiro based on a story by Chandler and Shapiro, and stars Cary Elwes, Richard Lewis, and Dave Chappelle in his film debut. It includes frequent comedic references to previous Robin Hood films, particularly Prince of Thieves (upon which the plot is loosely structured), and the 1938 Errol Flynn adaptation The Adventures of Robin Hood. Brooks himself had previously created the short-lived sitcom When Things Were Rotten in the mid-1970s, which also spoofed the Robin Hood legend. The film also features Brooks in a minor role – the first time he had appeared in one of his own films in which he does not receive top billing or play the lead role since Young Frankenstein. In addition to Brooks, it features Brooks regulars Dom DeLuise and Dick Van Patten (who had been a cast member on When Things Were Rotten) in minor roles as well as Rudy De Luca and Gene Wilder in cameos as party guests, the latter of whom was uncredited. Reflecting its spoof nature, while some character names (such as Robin of Loxley and Maid Marian) remain unchanged from the source material, other names are altered: Nottingham becomes \"Rottingham\" and one of the Merry Men is given the name Will Scarlet O'Hara, referencing the character from Gone with the Wind. Brooks, being Jewish, changed his cameo character from Friar Tuck to \"Rabbi Tuckman.\" Though the film received mixed reviews from critics, it was a box-office success, grossing $72 million on a $20 million budget. Plot Robin of Loxley is captured during the Crusades and is imprisoned in Jerusalem. With the help of fellow inmate Asneeze, he escapes and frees the other inmates. Upon returning to England, Robin finds Asneeze's son, Ahchoo, and discovers that Prince John has assumed control while King Richard is away fighting in the Crusades. Richard is unaware that the prince is abusing his power. Robin returns to his family home, Loxley Hall, only to find it being repossessed by John's men. His family's blind servant, Blinkin, informs Robin that his family is dead, and his father left him a key which opens \"the greatest treasure in all the land.\" Robin recruits Little John and Will Scarlet O'Hara to help regain his father's land and oust Prince John from the throne. On his quest, Robin attracts the attention of Maid Marian of Bagelle, who wants to find the man who has the key to her Everlast chastity belt. They are also joined by Rabbi Tuckman, who shares with them his sacramental wine and bargain circumcisions. While Robin is training his band of tights-clad Merry Men, the Sheriff of Rottingham hires the mafioso Don Giovanni to assassinate Robin at the Spring Festival. They plan to hold an archery tournament to attract Robin. Maid Marian hears of the plot, and sneaks","title":"Robin Hood: Men in Tights"},{"docid":"62152623","text":"The Triumph of Robin Hood (Italian: Il trionfo di Robin Hood) is a 1962 Italian adventure film directed by Umberto Lenzi and starring Don Burnett, Gia Scala and Samson Burke. The film's sets were designed by the art director Giuseppe Ranieri. It was shot on location in Slovenia and Croatia. Plot While King Richard continues his campaign in the Holy Land, his most loyal subjects back in England are led by Robin Hood. Together, Richard's subjects unite to gallantly resist against Baron Elwin, the Sheriff of Nottingham who seeks to enhance his standing with Prince John. Cast Don Burnett as Robin Hood Gia Scala as Anna Samson Burke as Little John Vincenzo Musolino as William Gamwell Gaia Germani as Isabella Arturo Dominici as Baron Elwin, Sheriff of Nottingham Enrico Luzi as Scully Daniela Igliozzi as Madeleine Vinicio Sofia as Sir Tristan of Goldsborough Gianni Solaro as Sir Goodman Maks Furijan as Sir Guy Nello Pazzafini as Black Peter Janez Vrhovec as John Lackland References Bibliography Roy Kinnard & Tony Crnkovich. Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908–1990. McFarland, 2017. External links 1962 films 1960s historical adventure films Italian historical adventure films 1960s Italian-language films Films directed by Umberto Lenzi Films set in Nottingham Films set in England Robin Hood films 1960s Italian films","title":"The Triumph of Robin Hood"},{"docid":"9066265","text":"The Merry Men are the group of outlaws who follow Robin Hood in English literature and folklore. The group appears in the earliest ballads about Robin Hood and remains popular in modern adaptations. History The Merry Men are Robin Hood's group who work to rob from the rich and give to the poor. They have antagonized the tyrannical rule of Prince John while King Richard is fighting in the Crusades. This also puts them into conflict with Prince John's minions, Guy of Gisbourne and the Sheriff of Nottingham. The early ballads give specific names to only three companions: Little John, Much the Miller's Son, and William Scarlock or Scathelock, the Will Scarlet of later traditions. Joining them are between 20 and \"seven score\" (140) outlawed yeomen. The most prominent of the Merry Men is Robin's second-in-command, Little John. He appears in the earliest ballads, and is mentioned in even earlier sources, such as Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Chronicle of around 1420 and Walter Bower's expansion of the Scotichronicon, completed around 1440. Later ballads name additional Merry Men, some of whom appear in only one or two ballads, while others, like the minstrel Alan-a-Dale and the jovial Friar Tuck, became fully attached to the legend. Several of the Robin Hood ballads tell the story of how individual Merry Men join the group; this is frequently accomplished by defeating Robin in a duel. The phrase \"merry man\" was originally a generic term for any follower or companion of an outlaw, knight, or similar leader. Robin's band are called \"mery men\" in the oldest known Robin Hood ballad, \"Robin Hood and the Monk\", which survives in a manuscript completed after 1450. Known members Little John – Robin Hood's lieutenant. Later stories depict him as a huge man who joins the band after fighting Robin with quarterstaves over a river. Much the Miller's Son – A grown man and a seasoned fighter in the early ballads. Later stories depict him as one of the youngest of the Merry Men. Will Scarlet – Another very early companion, appearing in ballads like \"A Gest of Robyn Hode\". In \"Robin Hood Newly Revived\" he is a skilled swordsman and Robin's nephew. Arthur a Bland – He appears in only one ballad, \"Robin Hood and the Tanner\". He is an accused poacher who bests Robin in a fight and joins the band. David of Doncaster – appears in one ballad in the Child collection, Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow. The sheriff is giving an archery contest, and David, \"a brave young man,\" warns Robin against going, because it is a trap, which advice inspires Robin to take precautions against capture.Francis James Child, English and Scottish Popular Ballads, \"Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow\" He reappears in later adaptations, both books and movies. For example, in Stories of Robin Hood and His Merry Outlaws by J. Walker McSpadden, he is made a \"merry cobbler\" and again warns Robin of the dangers of the archery competition, appearing only otherwise","title":"Merry Men"},{"docid":"6309072","text":"Robin Hood is a 1991 British adventure film directed by John Irvin, executive produced by John McTiernan, and starring Patrick Bergin, Uma Thurman, Jürgen Prochnow, Jeroen Krabbé, and Edward Fox. Although originally intended for a theatrical release in the United States and South America, the film instead premiered on television, on the Fox network in those territories a month before the release of Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves. It was released in cinemas in several countries in Europe and elsewhere, including Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Plot summary The film begins when a miller, who is poaching deer on lands belonging to the King of England, is detected by a hunting party led by the cruel Norman knight Sir Miles Folcanet. The miller flees the hunting party until he runs into a Saxon earl, Robert Hode and his friend, Will. The miller pleads for help and Will urges Hode to intercede, as the Normans arrive threatening to poke the miller's eyes out. Folcanet is enraged by Hode's interference and demands that Hode be punished by the local Sheriff (shire-reeve) Roger Daguerre, who is Hode's friend. Privately Daguerre confides to Hode that he needs peace with Folcanet because he has agreed to give Daguerre a large portion of his niece Marian's wealth once they are married. Publicly Daguerre orders a single stroke of the whip for Hode after he apologizes; Hode is enraged, insulting Daguerre and is outlawed as a result. He flees into Sherwood Forest, meets John Little and the usual cast of Merry Men and under the name \"Robin Hood\" takes up arms and fights against the Norman nobility. After seeing Hode's Merry Men humiliate Folcanet, Marian joins their band in disguise, until a disgruntled outlaw recognizes her and betrays her to the Sheriff. Hode convinces everyone to attack Nottingham Castle to stop the wedding, certain that she loves him. Folcanet is defeated and Daguerre is convinced to set aside their feud and bless the marriage of Robin and Marian. Cast Production Characterisation The film shares some of its underlying plot with the famous 1938 swashbuckler, The Adventures of Robin Hood, concentrating on the struggle between Normans and Saxons. Details of the storyline and the identities of the characters differ widely, however, between the two versions. Although the familiar characters Little John, Friar Tuck, Will Scarlet and Much the Miller's Son appear in this version, the traditional Sheriff of Nottingham and Guy of Gisbourne have been replaced by original antagonists. The Baron Daguerre takes the Sheriff's place as the scheming, greedy tax collector (though in this version, he is originally Robin's friend) and Folcanet stands in for Guy as the violent, vindictive knight after Robin's head (and Marian's maidenhead). Unlike many modern versions of the story, King Richard does not appear at the end and instead Daguerre is reconciled with Hode and promises a future where Saxons and Normans are treated equally. Filming It was filmed on location at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire, England, a medieval-style Victorian-era edifice built","title":"Robin Hood (1991 British film)"},{"docid":"28035697","text":"Robin Hood is a fictional character appearing in media published by DC Comics, based on the legendary character of the same name. The character debuted in New Adventure Comics vol. 1 #23 (January 1938), and was created by Sven Elven. Publication history The DC Comics version of Robin Hood first appeared in New Adventure Comics vol. 1, #23 (January 1938). Robin Hood's debut in January 1938 was one of the earliest appearances of a recurring character in a DC Comics title, and predates Superman's debut in June 1938. The character then shows up in Robin Hood Tales #1 (February 1956) published by Quality Comics; the series was later bought and published by National Periodical Publications (later known as DC Comics) starting with Robin Hood Tales #7 (February 1957). Fictional character biography The mainstream DC Comics version of Robin Hood is Robert Fitzooth, the 12th century Earl of Huntingdon. Fitzooth a veteran soldier, discovers the ruins of his family castle upon returning from the Crusades. He later learns that Prince John has usurped the throne of his brother, Richard the Lionheart, Prince John razed the elder Earl of Huntingdon's castle and confiscated his lands because he supported King Richard. A suspicious Richard had sent Fitzooth back to England ahead of his return from the Crusades. Robert Fitzooth was given Richard's royal ring, and empowered to act on his behalf. Fitzooth loses the ring to Prince John's machinations and uses his military training to found a rebel movement based in Sherwood Forest, to oppose Prince John's rule and retrieve the royal seal. He takes his namesake \"Robin\" from a small bird, a robin he sees bravely opposing a falcon. The surname \"Hood\" from a green hood was given to him by the Countess Marian, otherwise known as Lady Marian or Maid Marian. More Fun Comics In More Fun Comics #82 Speedy and Green Arrow use \"time pills\" confiscated from a mad scientist named Professor Wurm to travel back to the 12th century era of Robin Hood. They discover that Robin Hood has been framed for murder by Sir Guy of Gisbourne; Green Arrow clears Robin's name, and later returns to the present day with Speedy. Detective Comics In Detective Comics vol. 1 #116, Batman and Robin meet and rescue Robin Hood. Batman also takes part in an archery tournament sponsored by the Sheriff of Nottingham, all thanks to Professor Carter Nichols and his \"time hypnosis\" technology. World's Finest Comics Green Arrow travels through time again, and switches places with Robin Hood in World's Finest Comics vol. 1 #40. Wonder Woman Wonder Woman traveled back in time twice to meet Robin Hood using the \"Amazon time-and-space transformer\", in Wonder Woman vol. 1 #82, and then later in Wonder Woman vol. 1 #94. Adventure Comics In Adventure Comics vol. 1 #264, while visiting Sherwood Forest, Green Arrow and Speedy discover a time machine in a secret World War II laboratory. They both travel back in time where Green Arrow temporarily takes the place of","title":"Robin Hood (DC Comics)"},{"docid":"5607655","text":"\"Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow\" is Child ballad 152. It features an archery competition for a golden (or silver) arrow that has long appeared in Robin Hood tales, but it is the oldest recorded one where Robin's disguise prevents his detection. Synopsis The sheriff of Nottingham complains to King Richard of Robin Hood. The king declares that the sheriff is his sheriff and must catch him. The sheriff decides to trap him with an archery contest, where the prizes would be arrows with golden and silver heads. Robin decides to compete, despite a warning from David of Doncaster that it is a trap, though he does order the Merry Men to attend in great number and disguised. Robin goes in disguise and wins, escaping without being recognized. At Little John's advice, a letter is written to the sheriff and shot into his hall, telling the truth. Archery contests in Robin Hood tales There are many archery contests in the legends of Robin Hood, but many of them are clearly derived from this source, as in Howard Pyle's The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. Other variants are more closely related to the older contest included in A Gest of Robyn Hode, where they are recognized and must fight free. Portrayals The story is portrayed in the 1938 film The Adventures of Robin Hood starring Errol Flynn in which Prince John, Guy of Gisbourne, and the Sheriff of Nottingham plan to trap Robin as the most likely winner of the contest, knowing of his attraction to the Lady Marian, and Robin splits the arrow of another contestant to thus win the prize of the golden arrow given by her hand. An altered version of the tale appears in the first episode of the Robin of Sherwood television series, in which the prize offered is a silver arrow belonging to Herne the Hunter as a means of luring Robin to the castle. This episode is parodied in Mel Brooks' Robin Hood: Men in Tights in which the contest itself seduces Robin. The event also appears in the animated Disney film, with the prizes instead being a golden arrow and a kiss from Maid Marian. The event also appears in the computer game Conquests of the Longbow: The Legend of Robin Hood, where the player, as Robin Hood, can win a golden arrow in an archery contest, thereby adding its value (15000 marks) to a ransom to free Richard the Lionheart from prison abroad. The event also appears in the Doctor Who episode \"Robot of Sherwood,\" with Robin splitting another contestant’s arrow, before the Doctor splits Robin’s arrow. See also List of the Child Ballads Notes External links Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow Child Ballads Robin Hood ballads","title":"Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow"},{"docid":"18446775","text":"Tony Rotherham is an English historian, living history re-enactor, film extra, teacher, fight choreographer, stuntman, weapon expert and Robin Hood. He was previously Nottingham's official Robin Hood and has been doing this kind of work for many years. Rotherham trained at the Andrew Van Der Hauser Academy of Sword in the Netherlands and learned a very high degree of combat. He worked in film and television as a fight choreographer and actor for many years. Rotherham has been studying the history of Robin Hood ever since he was 18 years old, including the history behind the ballads. He has been giving lectures on the subject for over 20 years and is also the founder of several successful and award-winning historical recreation societies: Spirit of England, The Company of the White Boar, Sea Thieves Pirate Association and Stand and Deliver The English Highwayman's Association. Film and TV work Rotherham played King James in the documentary 'The Battle of Flodden', and Sam Gregory in the Channel 5 documentary 'The Real Dick Turpin'. He was the assistant director additional scenes in a 1999 film adaptation of King Lear, and has worked on many other films, including Highlander 1 & 2, Merlin The Quest Begins and several documentaries. Sources The official website (used with permission), The Tales of Robin Hood, Prof Dr. R. Rotherham, Robin Hood's World Wide Society and the BBC. References Male actors from Nottingham Living people Action choreographers English historians English male film actors English male television actors Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Tony Rotherham"},{"docid":"26171","text":"Robin Hood is a legendary heroic outlaw originally depicted in English folklore and subsequently featured in literature, theatre, and cinema. According to legend, he was a highly skilled archer and swordsman. In some versions of the legend, he is depicted as being of noble birth, and in modern retellings he is sometimes depicted as having fought in the Crusades before returning to England to find his lands taken by the Sheriff. In the oldest known versions, he is instead a member of the yeoman class. Traditionally depicted dressed in Lincoln green, he is most famous for his attribute of stealing from the rich to give to the poor. Through retellings, additions, and variations, a body of familiar characters associated with Robin Hood has been created. These include his lover, Maid Marian; his band of outlaws, the Merry Men; and his chief opponent, the Sheriff of Nottingham. The Sheriff is often depicted as assisting Prince John in usurping the rightful but absent King Richard, to whom Robin Hood remains loyal. He became a popular folk figure in the Late Middle Ages, and his partisanship of the common people and opposition to the Sheriff are some of the earliest-recorded features of the legend, whereas his political interests and setting during the Angevin era developed in later centuries. The earliest known ballads featuring him are from the 15th century. There have been numerous variations and adaptations of the story over the subsequent years, and the story continues to be widely represented in literature, film, and television media today. Robin Hood is considered one of the best-known tales of English folklore. In popular culture, the term \"Robin Hood\" is often used to describe a heroic outlaw or rebel against tyranny. The origins of the legend as well as the historical context have been debated for centuries. There are numerous references to historical figures with similar names that have been proposed as possible evidence of his existence, some dating back to the late 13th century. At least eight plausible origins to the story have been mooted by historians and folklorists, including suggestions that \"Robin Hood\" was a stock alias used by or in reference to bandits. Ballads and tales The first clear reference to \"rhymes of Robin Hood\" is from the alliterative poem Piers Plowman, thought to have been composed in the 1370s, followed shortly afterwards by a quotation of a later common proverb, \"many men speak of Robin Hood and never shot his bow\", in Friar Daw's Reply ( 1402) and a complaint in Dives and Pauper (1405–1410) that people would rather listen to \"tales and songs of Robin Hood\" than attend Mass. Robin Hood is also mentioned in a famous Lollard tract dated to the first half of the fifteenth century (thus also possibly predating his other earliest historical mentions) alongside several other folk heroes such as Guy of Warwick, Bevis of Hampton, and Sir Lybeaus. However, the earliest surviving copies of the narrative ballads that tell his story date to the second","title":"Robin Hood"},{"docid":"37882642","text":"Robin des Bois (full title Robin des Bois: Ne renoncez jamais) is a French musical with mise en scène by Michel Laprise and text and music by Patrice Guirao and Lionel Florence. It premiered on 26 September 2013 at Palais des congrès de Paris and played until 5 January 2014 with French singer M. Pokora in the role of Robin Hood. Synopsis In this amended version of Robin Hood, Marianne (in English Maid Marian) decided to end her relationship with Robin Hood. Fifteen years later, they both are leaders of their own groups, in two separated parts of the Sherwood forest. Marianne lives with Adrien, the boy she had with Robin, but Robin doesn't know about him. Adrien, now 15, falls in love with the daughter of Shérif de Nottingham (in English Sheriff of Nottingham, the avowed enemy of Robin) and she comes to lives with him in the forest. After another attack from the sheriff's army, Marianne requests Robin's help to save her group and their houses. When the sheriff realises that Adrien is Robin's son, he decides to imprison the young boy, despite the feelings his daughter has towards him. Robin is captured too, but is freed by his friends. He then launches a rescue operation with the help of his followers and notably Petit Jean (Little John) and Frère Tuck (Friar Tuck) played by Nyco Lilliu. They win the final battle, but Little John is killed. They mourn him before King Richard Lionheart comes back to England and knights Robin. Personnel Presentation Gilbert Coullier Roberto Ciurleo RDB-P Mise en scène Michel Laprise Production Gilbert Coullier Productions Composition David Hallyday Fred Château Mathieu Mendès Corneille Shaka Ponk Coyle Girelli Stanislas John Mamann Costumes Stéphane Rolland Cast (Roles as in French production) M. Pokora as Robin des Bois (Robin Hood) Stéphanie Bédard as Marianne Nyco Lilliu as Frère Tuck (Friar Tuck) Caroline Costa as Bédélia Marc Antoine as Petit Jean (Little John) Dumè as Vaisey, le shérif de Nottingham (Sheriff of Nottingham) Sacha Tran as Adrien Soundtrack Robin des Bois soundtrack (longer title Robin des Bois - Ne Renoncez Jamais) for the musical Robin des Bois was released on Capitol Records / EMI on 22 March 2013 and entered the SNEP official French Albums Chart in its first week of release. The album is being released in two versions. The standard edition and the digipack limited edition. Track list M. Pokora – \"Le jour qui se rêve\" (3:45) Dumè & M. Pokora – \"Devenir quelqu'un\" (3:40) Stéphanie Bédard & M. Pokora – \"Tes blessures\" (4:43) Nyco Lilliu, Marc Antoine & M. Pokora – \"À nous\" (3:59) Caroline Costa – \"J'ai dit oui\" (3:59) Nyco Lilliu – \"Un monde à changer\" (3:25) M. Pokora – \"Si l'amour existe\" (3:50) Stéphanie Bédard – \"La flèche ou la cible\" (3:45) Sacha Tran – \"Quinze ans à peine\" (3:50) Marc Antoine – \"Lui sait qui je suis\" (3:58) Caroline Costa & Sacha Tran – \"Laissez-nous vivre\" (3:33) Dumè – \"Notting Hill Nottingham\" (3:11)","title":"Robin des Bois"},{"docid":"1089042","text":"Robin Hood is a 1922 silent adventure film starring Douglas Fairbanks and Wallace Beery. It was the first motion picture ever to have a Hollywood premiere, held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre on October 18, 1922. The movie's full title, under which it was copyrighted, is Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood. It was one of the most expensive films of the 1920s, with a budget estimated at about one million dollars. The film was a smash hit and generally received favorable reviews. Plot The opening has the dashing Earl of Huntingdon besting his bitter enemy, Sir Guy of Gisbourne, in a joust. Huntingdon then joins King Richard the Lion-Hearted, who is going off to fight in the Crusades and has left his brother, Prince John, as regent. The prince soon emerges as a cruel, treacherous tyrant. Goaded on by Sir Guy, he usurps Richard's throne. When Huntingdon receives a message from Lady Marian Fitzwalter, his love interest, telling him of all that has transpired, he requests permission to return to England. King Richard assumes that the Earl has turned coward and denies him permission. The Earl seeks to leave in spite of this, but is ambushed by Sir Guy and imprisoned as a deserter. Upon escaping from his confines, he returns to England, endangering his life and honor, to oppose Prince John and restore King Richard's throne. He finds his friends and himself outlawed and Marian apparently dead. Huntingdon returns to Nottingham and adopts the name of Robin Hood, acrobatic champion of the oppressed. Leading a band that steals from the rich to give to the poor, including Friar Tuck, Little John, Will Scarlet, and Allan-a-Dale, he labors to set things right through swashbuckling feats and makes life miserable for Prince John and his cohort, the high sheriff of Nottingham. After rescuing Marian from Prince John's prison and defeating Sir Guy in a final conflict, Robin is captured. The timely reappearance of King Richard returns him to Marian and foils the efforts of Prince John. Cast Douglas Fairbanks as Earl of Huntingdon/Robin Hood (Fairbanks's custom was to place his name last.) Wallace Beery as King Richard the Lion-Hearted Sam De Grasse as Prince John Enid Bennett as Lady Marian Fitzwalter Paul Dickey as Sir Guy of Gisbourne William Lowery as The High Sheriff of Nottingham Willard Louis as Friar Tuck Alan Hale as The Squire/Little John Bud Geary as Will Scarlet Lloyd Talman as Allan-a-Dale Billie Bennett as Servant to Lady Marian Wallace Beery played King Richard the Lion-Hearted again the following year in a sequel called Richard the Lion-Hearted. Alan Hale, Sr., made such an impression as Little John in this film that he reprised the role 16 years later in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) opposite Errol Flynn, then played the character again in Rogues of Sherwood Forest in 1950, 28 years after his initial performance in the original Fairbanks film. Production A huge castle set and an entire 12th-century village of Nottingham were constructed at the Pickford-Fairbanks","title":"Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood"},{"docid":"43593445","text":"\"Robot of Sherwood\" is the third episode of the eighth series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. It was written by Mark Gatiss and directed by Paul Murphy, and was first broadcast on BBC One on 6 September 2014. In the episode, the alien time traveller the Doctor and his companion Clara (Jenna Coleman) arrive in Sherwood Forest in 1190, where they encounter legendary hero Robin Hood (Tom Riley) as well as the gold-plundering Sheriff of Nottingham (Ben Miller), who has allied himself with robotic knights. The episode was watched by 7.28 million viewers in the UK and received generally positive reviews from television critics. Plot The Twelfth Doctor and Clara land in Sherwood Forest in 1190, where they are met by Robin Hood. Robin challenges the Doctor to a duel which the Doctor wins by knocking Robin into a river. Clara learns that Robin is looking for his Maid Marian, but the Doctor believes there is something wrong. Robin competes in an archery contest held by the Sheriff of Nottingham where the prize is a golden arrow. The Doctor interrupts the contest by exploding the target with his sonic screwdriver. Intrigued by the Doctor's power, the Sheriff commands his robot knights to capture the Doctor. The Doctor allows the robots to capture him, Robin and Clara so he can learn more about the Sheriff's plans. The Doctor and Clara learn that the Sheriff intends to use a crashed spaceship (disguised as part of a castle) and its robot knights to take over the world. The Sheriff and the knights have plundered the countryside to collect enough gold to repair the engines' circuits, but the engines are too damaged and will create an explosion that will destroy half of England. The Doctor is initially convinced that Robin is a creation of the robots in order to give the oppressed peasants hope using the legends of Earth, but ultimately learns that he is real. Clara and Robin escape the castle, but the Doctor is taken prisoner again. The Doctor leads the prisoners in a revolt against the robots. Most of the robots are destroyed, and the prisoners flee. Robin returns to save the day. The Sheriff challenges Robin to a duel, which Robin wins by knocking the Sheriff into a gold vat using a trick the Doctor taught him. The spaceship, controlled by the remaining robots, takes off but still lacks the power to make it off the planet. The Doctor decides to fire the golden arrow into the engines to give the ship a power boost to reach orbit. Since Robin's arm is injured (and the Doctor cheated during the archery contest), the Doctor, Clara, and Robin work together to fire the golden arrow from the contest into the ship, allowing it to reach orbit and harmlessly detonate. As he prepares to leave, the Doctor admits that Robin will be remembered as a legend rather than as a man which Robin is content with. When the Doctor","title":"Robot of Sherwood"},{"docid":"15621393","text":"John of England has been portrayed many times in fiction, generally reflecting the overwhelmingly negative view of his reputation. Art The North Wall Frieze in the courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States depicts King John granting Magna Carta. Literature King John is the protagonist of John Bale's sixteenth-century Protestant play King Johan, in which he is depicted positively as a bulwark against the papacy. John was the subject of an anonymous Elizabethan play, The Troublesome Reign of King John, in 1591. The play reflects the sympathetic view of King John during the English Reformation; it depicts John as \"a fearless resister of the Papacy\". This play is believed by many Shakespeare scholars to have been a source for Shakespeare's play. King John appears in the plays The Downfall of Robert Earl of Huntington and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (1598) by Anthony Munday. Munday's two plays feature the exploits of Robin Hood, and John is depicted as Robin's enemy in these plays. Munday's work thus incorporated King John into the Robin Hood legends. As a result of this, John and one of his Justices in Eyre, the Sheriff of Nottingham, are frequently portrayed as villain and henchman in later versions Robin Hood legends. These usually place the Robin Hood stories in the latter part of Richard I's reign, when Richard was in captivity and John was acting as unofficial regent. John was the subject of a Shakespearean play, King John (written c. 1595, and published in 1623). Prince John is a central figure in the 1819 historical romance Ivanhoe, by Sir Walter Scott, and is depicted in subsequent adaptations. Ivanhoe helped popularize the image of King John as cruel and villainous. The novel also calls John a \"Norman\", although contemporary documents from the period of John's reign do not refer to the monarch as a Norman. King John features in the three-decker novel Forest Days (1843) by G. P. R. James, about the First Barons' War. The children's novel The Constable's Tower: or the Times of Magna Charta (1891) by Charlotte Mary Yonge, revolves around John signing Magna Carta, and also features the Siege of Dover during the First Barons' War. The novel Uncanonized (1900) by Margaret Horton Potter features King John. King John is the subject of A. A. Milne's poem for children, King John's Christmas (1927), which begins \"King John was not a good man\", but slowly builds sympathy for him as he fears not getting anything for Christmas, when all he really wants is a rubber ball. In the comic parody 1066 and All That (1930) John is depicted as \"an Awful King\". The Devil and King John by Philip Lindsay (1943) is a highly speculative but relatively sympathetic account. Philip José Farmer, a science fiction author, featured King John as one of several historical figures in his Riverworld saga. Below the Salt (1957) by Thomas B. Costain depicts the First Baron's War and John's signing of Magna Carta. John is a","title":"Cultural depictions of John, King of England"},{"docid":"3370990","text":"Rabbit Hood is a 1949 Merrie Melodies cartoon released on December 24, 1949. The entry was directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese, and features Bugs Bunny. Plot Bugs Bunny finds himself entangled in the lush surroundings of the King's domain. As he attempts to silence an alarm triggered by his pilfering of carrots, he is apprehended by the Sheriff of Nottingham. Facing the grim prospect of torture, Bugs is saved by the timely arrival of Little John, who introduces him to Robin Hood, though the famed outlaw fails to materialize. In a series of comical misdirections, Bugs outwits the Sheriff, first by fabricating the imminent arrival of the king, then by selling him the Royal Rose Garden under false pretenses. Angered by Bugs' deceptions, the Sheriff seeks revenge, only to further embarrass himself by mistaking Bugs for the king in a farcical knighting ceremony. Despite narrowly escaping the Sheriff's wrath, Bugs finds himself in another predicament when the Sheriff's arrow grazes him while attempting to flee over the garden wall. Little John's repeated attempts to introduce the elusive Robin Hood fall flat, as the outlaw fails to show up. Bugs, skeptical of Robin's existence, mocks Little John, only to be surprised when the real Robin Hood, portrayed by Errol Flynn, makes a dramatic entrance. Production notes Rabbit Hood is the last Warner Bros. cartoon released during creator Leon Schlesinger's lifetime. Rabbit Hood is one of the few Bugs Bunny cartoons to receive a Blue Ribbon reissue. Strangely, while the shorts' technical credits remain, the Bugs Bunny in card before the title card was removed. Hot Cross Bunny, Knights Must Fall and Homeless Hare are the other three cartoons with this distinction. Rabbit Hood is the origin of the infamous \"knighting\" exchange, where Bugs Bunny is dressed up like a king, and proceeds to pound the Sheriff's head with his sceptre while dispensing an oddball title with each strike: Sheriff: bows Bugs: \"In the name of my most Royal Majesty, I knight thee: (strikes Sheriff over the head with his sceptre) Arise! Sir Loin of Beef.\" (strike) \"Arise! Earl of Cloves.\" (strike) \"Arise! Duke of Brittingham.\" (strike) \"Arise! Baron of Munchausen.\" (strike) \"Arise! Essence of Myrrh,\" (strike) \"Milk of Magnesia,\" (strike) \"Filet of Fish,\" (strike) \"Quarter of Ten....\" Sheriff: (dazed, slurred, but still on his feet) \"You are too kind, your majesty.\" Bugs: (to the viewers) \"Got lots of stamina!\" The cartoon ends with the appearance of \"the real\" Robin Hood in the form of a clip from the classic 1938 movie, which starred Errol Flynn. He received a personal copy of this film in exchange for the right to use his earlier image. Rule, Britannia! (1740) is used here as a satirical motif to mock English pretension. The film's music takes advantage of the similarities between the fanfare of the Middle Ages and the reveille. The oafish Little John uses a tiny trumpet to sound a standard reveille tune. Later, Bugs disguised as a page plays another","title":"Rabbit Hood"},{"docid":"52021231","text":"Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood is a CG-animated series produced by Method Animation and DQ Entertainment (seasons 1–2), in co-production with Fabrique d'Images (season 1), ZDF, ZDF Enterprises, De Agostini Editore (season 1), and KidsMe S.r.l. (season 3), with the participation of TF1 (season 1) and The Walt Disney Company France, and in association with COFIMAGE 24. It is an animated adaptation of the Robin Hood story. It has 52 episodes which are 15 minutes each. One distributor pairs them up, reducing the count to 26, then counts 13 of those as season 1, despite the series having aired continuously from June to July 2016. Series overview Characters Robin Hood (voiced by Tom Wayland) is the teenage son of the Earl of Locksley. Tuck (voiced by Eli James) is based on Friar Tuck and a friend of Robin Hood who helps with Little John in stopping the plans of Prince John. Little John (voiced by Jake Paque) is a friend of Robin Hood who helps with Tuck in stopping the plans of Prince John. Prince John (voiced by David Nelson). Sheriff (voiced by David Wills) is based on the Sheriff of Nottingham. Rolf (voiced by Billy Bob Thompson) and Ralf (voiced by Marc Thompson) are the Sheriff's twin sons. Marian (voiced by Sarah Natochenny) is based on Maid Marian and an apprentice magician who operates as a spy in Prince John's castle. Derke is a dragon transformed into a hamster by Marian. Scarlett (voiced by Eileen Stevens) is based on Will Scarlet. Flynn is a dog that helps The Sheriff hunt for Robin. Matilda (voiced by Laurie Hymes) is Scarlett's mom and Robin Hood's aunt. King Richard (voiced by HD Quinn) is based on King Richard. Stig (voiced by Cameron Guile) is the son of the Viking King, and the tribe's shaman. Jack is the tall leader of the rouges. Doug is the smallest of the rogues. Fillcher is the heaviest of the rogues. Episodes Each season has 26 episodes with unique debut dates. Microsoft opts to pair 2 episodes as 1, renumbering 13 per season. Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 References External links 2010s French animated television series 2010s German television series 2016 French television series debuts 2019 French television series endings French children's animated fantasy television series German children's animated fantasy television series French English-language television shows Robin Hood television series Teen animated television series Television series by Method Animation German English-language television shows","title":"Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood"},{"docid":"15098739","text":"Twang!! is a musical with music and lyrics written by Lionel Bart and a book by Bart and Harvey Orkin, with assistance from Burt Shevelove. The piece, a spoof of the character and legend of Robin Hood, was a disastrous box-office failure and cost Bart his personal fortune. After a preview in Manchester, Twang!! opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London's West End on 20 December 1965 and closed on 29 January 1966 after just 43 performances, receiving scathing reviews and playing to mostly empty houses. Bart produced it with Bernard Delfont and John Bryan, and Joan Littlewood directed but quit before it opened. She was replaced by Shevelove and Bart. Twang!! is remembered as \"the most expensive flop\" in West End history up to that time. In 2008, the Estate of Lionel Bart commissioned Julian Woolford to write a new book for the musical which was performed in 2013 at Guildford School of Acting. This version is now licensed through MTI Synopsis Robin Hood and his Merry Men attempt to break into Nottingham Castle, in a variety of preposterous disguises, in order to prevent a marriage between the nymphomaniac \"court tart\" Delphina and the hairy Scots laird Roger the Ugly, arranged for the purpose of securing the loan of Scottish troops for bad Prince John. The new version is a \"meta-musical\" with a completely different plot. Robin Hood has lost his 'Twang' and is not the hero he once was. Much the Miller's Son arrives in Sherwood Forest having run away from home and is arrested by the sheriff. He is rescued by Robin and the Men before discovering that in Nottinghamshire life is a musical comedy. He falls in love with Delphina whilst Maid Marion helps Robin find his missing 'twang' before King Richard returns to re-establish order. Roles and principal cast Alan-a-Dale – Elric Hooper Sir Guy of Gisborne – Howard Goorney Mystery Voice in \"Unseen Hands\" – Long John Baldry Mutch – Kent Baker Robin Hood – James Booth Little John – Bernard Bresslaw Will Scarlett – Ronnie Corbett Friar Tuck – Will Stampe Sheriff of Nottingham – Bob Grant Maid Marian – Toni Eden Prince John – Maxwell Shaw Delphina – Barbara Windsor Roger the Ugly – Philip Newman Production The cast included the strongest players from Littlewood's Theatre Workshop, including Ronnie Corbett, Barbara Windsor and James Booth. But Twang!! ran into difficulty from the start. The script was weak, especially the part of Robin Hood, which was badly underwritten. When Booth expressed his concerns, he was repeatedly assured that the part would be expanded to a starring role. Littlewood demanded a rewrite, but constant, confusing revisions failed to improve the script. Littlewood, the choreographer Paddy Stone, the designer Oliver Messel, and the writers failed to work together. Rehearsals were disorganised and fraught with tension; Bart was drinking; Littlewood threatened to walk out. At a rehearsal, Littlewood accused Bart of failing to fulfill his creative responsibilities because he was too strung-out on LSD. Bart, in","title":"Twang!!"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"50693271\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood is a fictional character in Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated feature film Robin Hood (1973). Robin Hood is voiced by Shakespearean and Tony Award winning actor Brian Bedford. The film is based on the legends of Robin Hood and Reynard the fox, a 12th-century Alsatian fairy tale character, but uses anthropomorphic animals rather than people; in Robin's case being a red fox. The story follows the adventures of Robin Hood, Little John and the inhabitants of Nottingham as they fight against the excessive taxation of Prince John, and Robin Hood wins the hand of Maid Marian. In Robin Hood Robin Hood is the protagonist of the film Robin Hood (1973). He does not see himself as a criminal but as a hero. Although Robin Hood is often shown as an outlaw who chooses to rob from the rich to help the poor people, in this animated version, he is shown mainly attacking Prince John and his agents, who have impoverished Nottingham with high taxes. Robin Hood and Little John steal the tax caravans and give it back to the peasants while trying to avoid capture by both Prince John and the Sheriff of Nottingham. He is also in love with Maid Marian. Maid Marian reveals she and Robin were childhood sweethearts but they have not seen one another for years. Prince John is hosting an archery tournament, and the winner will receive a kiss from Maid Marian. Robin decides to participate in the tournament disguised as a stork whilst Little John disguises himself as the Duke of Chutney to get near Prince John. Robin wins the tournament, but Prince John exposes him and sentences him to death despite Maid Marian's pleas. However, thanks to Little John, Robin escapes into the woods with Marian. As Robin and Maid Marian enjoy their reunion, the townsfolk have a troubadour festival spoofing Prince John, describing him as the \\\"Phony King of England\\\", and the song soon becomes popular with John's soldiers. A paltry coin gets deposited into the poor box at Friar Tuck's church, which gets seized by the Sheriff. Friar Tuck lashes out at the Sheriff, to which he is quickly arrested. Prince John orders Friar Tuck hanged, knowing Robin Hood will come out of hiding to rescue his friend. Robin and Little John sneak in, with Little John managing to free all of the prisoners whilst Robin steals Prince John's taxes, but Sir Hiss awakens to find Robin fleeing. Chaos follows as Robin and the others try to escape to Sherwood Forest. The Sheriff corners Robin after he returns to rescue Tagalong, a young rabbit and Skippy’s younger sister who was nearly left behind. During the chase, Prince John's castle catches fire and the Sheriff figures he has Robin where he wants him, either to be captured, burned, or make a risky jump into the moat. Robin Hood elects to jump. Little John and Skippy fear Robin is lost, but he surfaces safely after using a reed as a breathing\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood (Disney character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24229333\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 film about the legendary outlaw Robin Hood. Prince of Thieves may also refer to: Robin Hood, sometimes known as the \\\"Prince of Thieves\\\" The Prince of Thieves, a 1948 film about Robin Hood Prince of Thieves, or Le Prince des Voleurs, an 1872 Robin Hood novel attributed to Alexandre Dumas Prince of Thieves, a 2004 novel written by Chuck Hogan See also Princess of Thieves, a 2001 TV show starring Keira Knightley King of Thieves (disambiguation) Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Prince of Thieves (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66553590\",\n \"text\": \"Sherwood is an animated science fiction streaming television series created by Diana Manson and Megan Laughton that premiered on March 6, 2019, on YouTube Premium. It is a new telling of the Robin Hood legend. Some reviewers have noted the focus on socioeconomic class, as Robin lives among \\\"the impoverished 99%,\\\" leading rebels who will overthrow the Sheriff, who lives in an Upper City housing \\\"the wealthy citizens of Sherwood.\\\" Others also noted the focus on class difference, with Robin and her comrades trying to \\\"overcome inequality and fight for justice.\\\" Apart from this, others said the series has a cyberpunk feeling to it. The show had a world premiere in Sydney, Australia, in March 2019. In April 2020, Sherwood was one of the originals that Google decided to make freely available in light of the pandemic. Even though the show's season one episodes aired in March 2019, official accounts on Twitter and Instagram regularly post content about the show. Premise In the year 2270, in the dystopic 23rd century, 14-year-old hacker Robin Loxley and her friends battle the Sheriff of Nottingham in a Britain devastated by environmental disaster. Characters Main Robin Loxley (voiced by Anya Chalotra) is the main protagonist of the series. She often has to fight and steal from the Sheriff of Nottingham, to protect Sherwood. She is called \\\"Insurgent Hood\\\" by the Sheriff and his allies, also once takes the alias of \\\"Marian Johns.\\\" Iniko (voiced by Tyler Posey) is one of the main protagonists, the pilot of the submarine Amphy, and a self proclaimed Sea Pirate. Gisbourne (voiced by Aneurin Barnard) is the son of the Sheriff of Nottingham and is the Head of Security of the Regime. He often commands the Drobos and attempts to catch the Insurgents. Sheriff Nottingham (voiced by Joseph Fiennes) is the main antagonist of the Sherwood series and rules the Upper City. He is the head of the Regime, with Gisbourne as his Head of Security (and son). Supporting Tui (voiced by Rachel House) is like a mother to Robin, and helps her around the Kelp Farm. Gripper (voiced by Adetokumboh M'Cormack) is part of Robin's crew and acts like a father to Juba. Rose Trefgarne (voiced by Jamie Chung) is a protagonist, often helping out the main cast. Formerly a resident of The Upper City, she now resides in Sherwood. Thomas Loxley (voiced by Darrill Rosen) is a scientist and inventor, and is the father of Robin Loxley. Juba (voiced by Neneh Conteh) is a small girl with dark skin and light blonde hair like Gripper and who is a refugee before she came to Sherwood. Production The idea for the series was originally posed by Diana Manson and Megan Laughton, of a New York company named Baby Octopus, in 2016, to Justin Trefgarne. Additionally, the show is, according to Trefgarne, aimed at \\\"the pre-teen market,\\\" and is focused \\\"on positive female empowerment.\\\" The production company, Baby Octopus, worked with the Computer Science in Media team of Google\",\n \"title\": \"Sherwood (2019 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5601815\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly is Child ballad 141, about Robin Hood. Synopsis Robin Hood is brought news that the Sheriff of Nottingham surprised Will Stutely, and though he killed two of the Sheriff's men, he was captured. They set out to rescue him, confirm the story from a palmer, and arrive as he is being brought out. Will Stutly offers to fight the sheriff's men, with his bare hands, if need be, but the sheriff is resolved to hang him. Little John jumps out to cut his bonds and give him a sword. Robin's men rouse up, and the sheriff and his men flee, and Robin's men go back to Sherwood. Influences Francis James Child believed this to be derived from Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires. Adaptations The entire tale was used by Howard Pyle in his Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, often with no more changes than rendering the verse as prose. An anonymous \\\"brave young man\\\" was identified as David of Doncaster, as part of his development of that character. References External links Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly Child Ballads Robin Hood ballads\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18831196\",\n \"text\": \"The Sheriff of Nottingham is the main antagonist in the legend of Robin Hood. He is generally depicted as an unjust tyrant who mistreats the local people of Nottinghamshire, subjecting them to unaffordable taxes. Robin Hood fights against him, stealing from the rich, and the Sheriff, in order to give to the poor; it is this characteristic for which Robin Hood is best known. The Sheriff is considered the archenemy of Robin Hood, as he is the most recurring enemy of the well-known outlaw. It is not known whom this character is based on. The legend of Robin Hood (which is at least as old as the 14th century), traditionally referred to the Sheriff of Nottingham only by his title. The post of Sheriff of Nottingham only came into existence in 1449. However, there has from very early Norman times been a High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests, appointed by the king, which became High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire in 1568. The character in the legend could therefore have been based on the royal appointee responsible for law enforcement in the Royal Forests (which included Sherwood Forest). Character It is the task of the holder of the office of Nottingham's Sheriff to capture outlaws such as Robin Hood, either to ensure the safety of trade routes through Sherwood Forest or to keep them from poaching the King's deer. In some stories, the Sheriff of Nottingham is portrayed as having a lecherous desire for Robin Hood's lady Maid Marian. He is widely considered to be the principal villain of the Robin Hood stories, appearing frequently alongside such enemies of Robin Hood as Sir Guy of Gisborne or John, King of England (though rarely both). The legends are generally set far from Nottingham; this fits the historical position of High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests (from 1068 until 1568). In the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, the Sheriff's influence outside the region of Nottingham has grown so great, he attempts to take control of the throne. In some versions, the Sheriff is a cowardly schemer while his assistant, Sir Guy of Gisborne, is a more competent and determined physical threat to Robin. In other versions, the Sheriff answers to Prince John. Possible historical basis If one treats the legend as having had its origins in real events (despite the fact that the earliest known version of the legend appears 200 years later), the character could have been based upon one of (or a composite of multiple of) the real life people who occupied the post of High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests at the relevant time. If, as in many versions of the Robin Hood legend, the action of the story is placed during the absence of King Richard I of England in 1190–1193 during the Third Crusade and his subsequent holding to ransom in Austria, the character could be identified with the little-known William de Wendenal, who was High Sheriff from 1191\",\n \"title\": \"Sheriff of Nottingham\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7338286\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Will You Tolerate This?\\\" is the first episode of the 2006 Robin Hood television series, made by Tiger Aspect Productions for BBC One. It aired on Saturday 7 October 2006 at 7.05pm. The title of the episode refers to a line of dialogue near the end, where Robin asks the public at Nottingham Castle: \\\"Will you tolerate this injustice? (I, for one, will not)\\\". Plot In 1192, Robin of Locksley and his artless man-servant Much have returned to Nottinghamshire, England after spending 5 years fighting for King Richard in the Holy Land. They save another man named Allan A Dale from mounted soldiers who were going to cut off Allan's hand for trying to poach a deer. Robin tries to convince soldiers that he has them surrounded. However, after they begin to leave, Much comes out of hiding, and from his taunts the soldiers realize there are only the two opponents. The pair proceed to run for their lives. Robin and Much jump into a covered hole underneath a tree, before they come out of hiding. The next day, they meet a weaver, and Robin decides to spend some time working for him. However, Robin is seduced by his daughter, and Much attempts to distract the weaver to no avail. The weaver and Robin fight before he escapes again. The duo finally arrive at Locksley. They find Robin's recently widowed friend Dan Scarlett, also a carpenter, who built half of Locksley. He explains how he chose to have his hand cut off to protect his two sons, who had been caught stealing. Sir Guy of Gisborne, the current ruler of the area, arrives, where Robin announces his return. Robin makes himself at home once more and proclaims Much a free man after his bravery in the Crusades. Much has something to eat and a bath, but soon gets out when Robin tells him he is off to visit the Sheriff of Nottingham. Robin and Much receive a hostile reception from the former sheriff, Edward. Knowing Edward is a good man, Robin and Much find out from him that night that he had no choice as he is no longer sheriff because Prince John appointed a sadistic man named Vaisey to take his place. Robin finally arrives at the castle and sees no one has enough money for Wednesday market. He confronts Sheriff Vaisey at the Council and suggests that he abolish taxes, though the Sheriff bites back. Robin also learns that both of Dan Scarlett's sons have been caught stealing again. Robin enters the dungeons to learn they will be hanged, and also meets Allan again, exposed as lying about his wife. The next day, Allan, both of Dan Scarlett's sons, and another young man are due to be hanged, and Robin has to read out their sentence. In case he reneges, the Sheriff also has Much held by two soldiers at a great height. A priest interferes by saying he and the Bishop are protecting the men by invoking\",\n \"title\": \"Will You Tolerate This?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62084\",\n \"text\": \"The Adventures of Robin Hood is a 1938 American Technicolor epic swashbuckler film from Warner Bros. Pictures. It was produced by Hal B. Wallis and Henry Blanke, directed by Michael Curtiz and William Keighley, and stars Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Basil Rathbone, Claude Rains, Patric Knowles, Eugene Pallette, and Alan Hale. The film is particularly noted for its Academy Award-winning score by Erich Wolfgang Korngold. The film was written by Norman Reilly Raine and Seton I. Miller. The storyline depicts the legendary Saxon knight Robin Hood, who in King Richard the Lionheart's absence in the Holy Land during the Crusades, fights back as the outlaw leader of a rebel guerrilla band against Prince John and the Norman lords oppressing the Saxon commoners. The Adventures of Robin Hood has been acclaimed by critics since its release. In 1995, the film was deemed \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\\\" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation by the National Film Registry. Alan Hale, who plays Little John, had played the same character in Douglas Fairbanks's 1922 version of the film and went on to play him again in Rogues of Sherwood Forest, released by Columbia in 1950, a 28-year span. Plot Richard, the Norman King of England, is taken captive in 1191 by Duke Leopold while returning from the Third Crusade. Richard's treacherous brother Prince John, aided by fellow Norman Sir Guy of Gisbourne, names himself regent of England, increasing the Saxons' taxes under the pretense of gathering a ransom for Richard. The Normans exploit and oppress the Saxons. Sir Robin of Locksley, a Saxon noble, opposes the brutality and rescues Much the Miller's Son from being executed for poaching, earning Gisbourne's ire. Robin later confronts Prince John at a Nottingham Castle banquet, telling the assembled guests that he regards John's declaring himself regent as treason. John orders Robin's execution, but he escapes and flees with Much and Will Scarlet into Sherwood Forest. John seizes Robin's lands and names him outlaw. Much is sent to recruit men to join their band. Robin and Will encounter John the Little on a log bridge, and after a quarterstaff contest, welcome him into their ranks. Dozens more men join Robin's band, swearing an oath to dispoil the rich while aiding the poor, to fight injustice, and to show courtesy to all oppressed. They start a war against John and Gisbourne, dispatching those who abuse their power. Robin's band encounters the rotund Friar Tuck, a renowned swordsman. Tuck joins the band and assists in capturing a company of Normans transporting a shipment of gathered taxes. In the company are Gisbourne, the cowardly Sheriff of Nottingham, and King Richard's ward Lady Marian. After their capture, the men are humiliated at a celebratory woodland banquet, with Marian given a seat of honor. Initially scornful, she comes to share Robin's views after he shows her examples of Norman brutality against the Saxons. Robin sends the convoy back to Nottingham Castle, telling them that they have\",\n \"title\": \"The Adventures of Robin Hood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55704204\",\n \"text\": \"The Legend of Robin Hood is a board game published by Operational Studies Group (OSG) in 1979, and later republished by Avalon Hill that is based on the legendary outlaw Robin Hood and his nemesis, the Sheriff of Nottingham. Description The Legend of Robin Hood is a 2-player microgame set in Sherwood Forest and the surrounding area. One player controls Robin Hood, who attempts to recruit a band of loyal men to help him rob from the rich and give to the poor. The other player controls the Sheriff of Nottingham, who uses soldiers to attempt to guard travellers and capture Robin's men. Components The ziplock bag with cover art sheet contains: 6-page rulebook paper map of Sherwood Forest and environs, divided into various areas 117 die-cut counters (39 playing pieces, 7 markers, money) The Avalon Hill edition added a game box. A 6 sided die is also needed to play. Gameplay At the start of the game, Robin Hood and unrecruited outlaws are scattered across the board, while the soldiers are gathered in three castles. Robin must recruit others to his band, who then rob travelers in the forest to generate income. Robin must engage in personal combat with several would-be leaders, and if wounded, must remain inactive for a turn, which may lead to his capture. Will Scarlet, Alan-a-Dale and Maid Marion appear at random times and locations. If non-leaders are captured and hanged by the Sheriff, replacements can be recruited. However, if named leaders are hanged, they cannot be replaced. When Will and Alan appear, they are unrecruited and face no danger from the soldiers until they join the Merry Men. However Maid Marion is automatically part of the Merry Men, and can be captured by the soldiers the turn she appears unless Merry Men reach her first. If the Sheriff captures and hangs Robin, the game is over. One of Robin's victory conditions is to wed Maid Marion before the villainous Sir Guy can force her to wed, and he can do that by being in the same area as Maid Marion and Alan-a-Dale. King Richard I appears near the end of the game, giving Robin Hood a chance to enter the same area as the king and gain a pardon, another of his victory conditions, and the one that ends the game immediately. Victory conditions Robin Hood must be free at the end of the game and achieve 3 out of 4 victory conditions: Own more than 20 marks of gold Deplete the Sheriff's treasury to less than 5 marks Marry Maid Marion Receive a pardon from King Richard. The Sheriff wins by either preventing Robin from achieving three victory conditions, by hanging Robin (ending the game immediately), or by holding Robin captive at the end of the game. Publication history Several games published by OSG in the 1970s such as Arcola and Devil's Den were bought and republished by Avalon Hill. Such was the case with The Legend of Robin Hood, a game designed\",\n \"title\": \"The Legend of Robin Hood (board game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7587489\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood is an English folk hero and legendary outlaw. Robin Hood or Robinhood may also refer to: Places Robin Hood, Drouin, Victoria, Australia Robinhood, Saskatchewan, Canada Robinhood Bay, Newfoundland, Canada Robin Hood, West Yorkshire, England Robin Hood, one of the Crookdale Horseshoe group of hills in Cumbria, England Robin Hood Gardens a residential estate in London, England Robin Hood Hills, Nottinghamshire, England Doncaster Sheffield Airport, South Yorkshire, England, formerly known as Robin Hood Airport Robin Hood Hills, West Memphis, Arkansas, U.S. Robinhood, Mississippi, U.S. Arts and entertainment Ballets Robin Hood (ballet), a 1998 ballet by Paul Vasterling Robin Hood, a 1985 ballet by Ilkka Kuusisto Fictional characters Robin Hood (DC Comics), version of the character in DC Comics Robin Hood (Disney character), character in the 1973 Disney film Robin Hood Robin Hood (Once Upon a Time), a character from the ABC television series Once Upon a Time Films Robin Hood (1912 film), a silent film Robin Hood (1922 film), a silent film starring Douglas Fairbanks Robin Hood (1973 film), a Disney animated film Robin Hood (1991 British film), a TV movie featuring Patrick Bergin and Uma Thurman Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, a 1991 film starring Kevin Costner Robin Hood: Men in Tights, a 1993 parody film directed by Mel Brooks Robin Hood (2009 film), a Malayalam film starring Prithviraj Robin Hood (2010 film), directed by Ridley Scott and starring Russell Crowe and Cate Blanchett Robin Hood (2018 film), directed by Otto Bathurst and starring Taron Egerton and Jamie Foxx Gaming Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (video game), a 1991 NES tie-in for the Kevin Costner film Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood, a 2002 strategy computer game developed by Spellbound Studios Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown, a 2003 video game made by Cinemaware and Capcom In print Robin Hood; His Deeds and Adventures as Recounted in the Old English Ballads, a 1906 book by Lucy Fitch Perkins Robin Hood, a 1912 novel by Henry Gilbert Robin Hood: The Prince of Outlaws, a 1937 novel by Carola Oman Robin Hood, a 1955 novel by Antonia Fraser Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, a 1991 novel by Simon R. Green, a novelization of the film Robin Hood, a 1992 novel by A. L. Singer, a novelization of the 1973 film Robin Hood: The Boy Who Became a Legend, a 1999 novel by Kathryn Lasky Robin Hood, a 2005 novel by Narinder Dhami, a novelization of the 1973 film Robin Hood: Demon's Bane, a 2015–17 trilogy of novels by Debbie Viguié and James R. Tuck Robin Hood: The One Who Looked Good in Green, a 2018 novel by Wendy Mass Robin Hood, a 2020 young adult novel series by Robert Muchamore Operas Robin Hood, a 1750 opera, music by Charles Burney (under the Temple of Apollo banner), libretto by Moses Mendez Robin Hood, a 1784 opera, music by William Shield, libretto by L. McNally and E. Lysaght Robin Hood, an 1860 opera, music by George Macfarren, libretto by John Oxenford Robin\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5590209\",\n \"text\": \"Sword of Sherwood Forest is a 1960 British Eastman Color adventure film in MegaScope directed by Terence Fisher and starring Richard Greene, Peter Cushing, Niall MacGinnis and Sarah Branch. Greene reprises the role of Robin Hood, which he played in The Adventures of Robin Hood TV series 1955–1959. It was produced by Sidney Cole and Greene for Hammer Film Productions. Plot The Sheriff of Nottingham plans to confiscate the estate of the Lord of Bawtry, a nobleman who has died on Crusade. The Archbishop of Canterbury, speaks against this plan and the Sheriff plots to eliminate him. Robin Hood is asked to undertake the assassination of the Archbishop for the plotters, led by the Earl of Newark and Lord Melton, but on realising who the intended target is, resolves to help the Archbishop instead. Maid Marian also wants to meet the Archbishop so she can grant freedom to the family of a man murdered by the Sheriff's men, and she is also keen to meet Robin again who she met when she thought he was a common outlaw, but now realises he is on the side of good. Main cast Cast notes Apart from Greene, none of the original cast from The Adventures of Robin Hood appear in the film. Production While most Hammer films of that period were filmed at the company's permanent home at Bray Studios, Sword of Sherwood Forest was made at Ardmore Studios in Bray, County Wicklow, in Ireland. The film's music was composed by Alun Hoddinott, with songs by Stanley Black. Critical reception The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: \\\"Lush Irish landscapes, doing service for Nottinghamshire's medieval green belt, and the presence of two solitary actors, Richard Pasco and Jack Gwillim, fail to save this joyless romp. Pantomimic dialogue, a sprawling plot and a rouged and lipsticked Prioress are but three of the hazards common to this type of film; a needless flogging scene, and the flea-bitten costumes and performances of the small-part players, are more damaging and unpleasant elements in a tradition that remains specifically Hammer's.\\\" British film critic Leslie Halliwell said: \\\"The big-screen version of a popular TV series makes a rather feeble addition to the legend, but the actors try hard.\\\" The New York Times wrote: \\\"It's business as usual, but hold on. Alan Hackney's script and Terence Fisher's direction keep the incidents jouncing ...a nicely tinted Sherwood Forest is as pretty as could be, and Sarah Branch is certainly the curviest Lady Marian we've ever seen. Mr. Greene is aptly limber, and Peter Cushing, Richard Pasco and an unidentified \\\"Archbishop of Canterbury\\\" are excellent\\\". The Radio Times Guide to Films gave the film 2/5 stars, writing: \\\"To many, Richard Greene was the definitive Robin Hood, ushering in ITV in a cleverly cast (though cheaply made) television series with a remarkably catchy theme tune. This is the feature, co-produced by Greene for Hammer Films. Alan Wheatley makes way for Peter Cushing as the villainous Sheriff of Nottingham, and the film is directed by\",\n \"title\": \"Sword of Sherwood Forest\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"982180\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood is a 1973 American animated musical adventure comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution. Produced and directed by Wolfgang Reitherman, it is based on the English folktale \\\"Robin Hood\\\". The story follows the adventures of Robin Hood, Little John, and the inhabitants of Nottingham as they fight against the excessive taxation of Prince John, and Robin Hood wins the hand of Maid Marian. The film features the voices of Brian Bedford, Phil Harris, Peter Ustinov, Pat Buttram, Monica Evans, Terry-Thomas, Roger Miller, and Carole Shelley. The idea to adapt Robin Hood into an animated feature was dated back to Walt Disney's interest in the tale of Reynard the Fox following the release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). The idea was repeatedly shelved for several decades. In 1968, Ken Anderson pitched a film adaptation of Robin Hood, incorporating ideas from Reynard the Fox by using anthropomorphic animals rather than humans. The project was approved, becoming the first completely \\\"post-Walt\\\" animated feature and the first with an entirely non-human cast. Robin Hood was released on November 8, 1973. The film received mixed reviews from critics, but it was nonetheless a box-office success, grossing $33 million worldwide against a production budget of $5 million. Although some retrospective reviews have called out its use of recycled animation, the film's reputation has grown positively over time and has since become a cult classic. Plot The story is narrated by Alan-a-Dale. He introduces Robin Hood and Little John, who live in Sherwood Forest, robbing from the rich and giving to the overtaxed townsfolk of Nottingham. Meanwhile, Prince John and his counselor Sir Hiss arrive in Nottingham. Sir Hiss had hypnotized Prince John's brother, King Richard, to fight in the third crusade, allowing Prince John to take the throne as de facto King. Prince John is greedy and immature, even sucking his thumb whenever his mother is mentioned. Robin and Little John disguise themselves as fortune tellers and rob Prince John, prompting the Prince to swear revenge and put a bounty on their heads. Meanwhile, Prince John's henchman, the cheerful Sheriff of Nottingham, taxes the inhabitants of Nottingham excessively under Prince John's orders. Robin gives back some money to a family of rabbits and gives a bow, arrow, and one of his hats to the young rabbit Skippy for his birthday. Skippy takes two of his sisters and his friend Toby to watch him test out the bow but accidentally fires an arrow into the grounds of Nottingham Castle. The children sneak inside and meet Maid Marian and her lady-in-waiting, Lady Kluck. Marian reveals that she and Robin were once childhood sweethearts. Now having returned to Nottingham after spending many years in London, she wonders if Robin remembers her. Friar Tuck, the local priest, visits Robin and Little John to report that Prince John is hosting an archery tournament, with a kiss from Maid Marian as the prize. Robin disguises himself as a stork and enters\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood (1973 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39771270\",\n \"text\": \"Lady of the Forest: A Novel of Sherwood is a 1992 historical fiction novel by American author Jennifer Roberson. A re-telling of the Robin Hood legend from the perspective of twelve characters associated with the legend, the story centers around English noblewoman Lady Marian FitzWalter's encounters with Lord Robert of Locksley and his scheming rival the Sheriff of Nottingham amid the backdrop of Prince John's schemes – he aims to increase his own wealth and power at the expense of post-Conquest England and his brother, King Richard. Roberson wrote her novel as a prequel to the known legend. Understanding that Robin Hood lacked a single origin story, she decided to create an original narrative that depicted how \\\"seven very different people from a rigidly stratified social structure came to join together to fight the inequities of medieval England.\\\" Roberson spent a year researching and writing the story, and sought to combine fact and legend in developing the motivations for certain characters. The novel was published in September 1992 by Zebra Books, with a cover designed by illustrator Anne Yvonne Gilbert. Lady of the Forest received generally positive reviews, and has been analyzed by Robin Hood scholar Stephen Thomas Knight, who observed that Roberson's Marian is a \\\"strong woman\\\" who helps Robert, a traumatized veteran of the Crusades, adjust to his life in England; Knight connects this to the \\\"post-Vietnam\\\" mood that existed when the novel was written. Roberson released a sequel, Lady of Sherwood, in 1999. Plot summary The story begins in the spring of 1194 in the English county of Nottinghamshire. Lady Marian FitzWalter attends a festival held at Huntington Castle by the Earl of Huntington, who wishes to honour the return of his only surviving heir, Lord Robert of Locksley, from the Crusades. Marian seeks an audience with Robert to learn the manner of her Crusader father's death the previous year, as Robert was a witness. The reserved, mentally scarred Robert reacts strongly, having flashbacks to Sir Hugh's violent murder at the hands of Saracens. He informs her that Hugh wished for Marian to marry William DeLacey, the harsh and scheming Sheriff of Nottingham, to her dismay. DeLacey knows naught of her father's last wishes, but intends to make her marry him anyway. Prince John arrives at the festival unexpectedly with plans: he states his wish to ally himself with the Earl by marrying Robert to his bastard daughter Joanna, and also approaches DeLacey about raising more taxes ostensibly to be sent to ransom John's brother, King Richard. In truth, John wishes to keep the revenue for himself and maintain his brother's imprisonment. Soon after, Marian is reluctantly manipulated into accompanying the Sheriff to attend a market at Nottingham Castle. There, she is kidnapped by the prisoner William \\\"Scarlet\\\" Scathlocke, an enraged man imprisoned for killing four Norman soldiers, and is taken into the depths of nearby Sherwood Forest. Lord Robert, who was taught how to navigate the massive forest as a youth, secretly tracks Scarlet and is\",\n \"title\": \"Lady of the Forest\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"270446\",\n \"text\": \"Nottingham is a city in England, and the county town of Nottinghamshire. Nottingham may also refer to: Places United Kingdom Nottingham (UK Parliament constituency), 1295–1885 Nottingham (European Parliament constituency), 1979–1994 United States Nottingham, Indiana Nottingham, Maryland Nottingham, Prince George's County, Maryland Nottingham, New Hampshire Nottingham, New Jersey Nottingham, Ohio Nottingham, West Virginia Nottingham Township, Harrison County, Ohio Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania East Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania West Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania Livermore, California, formerly Nottingham People Earl of Nottingham, a title in the Peerage of England, including a list of men who have borne this title Edward Nottingham (born 1948), United States federal judge Jacob Nottingham, American baseball player Wayne B. Nottingham, physics professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ships , various Royal Navy ships , a merchant ship sunk in 1941 , a merchant ship scrapped in 1971 , an East Indiaman Fiction Sheriff of Nottingham, the fictional villain in the Robin Hood legend Ian Nottingham, a character from the Witchblade comic and television series Robin Hood (2010 film) (original title: Nottingham) Other uses Nottingham (HM Prison), a Category B men's prison in Nottingham, England Nottingham (speedway), a 1930s motorcycle racing team Nottingham Cooperative, a housing cooperative in Madison, Wisconsin \\\"Nottingham Lace\\\", a song by guitarist Buckethead from the 2005 album Enter the Chicken Nottingham system, a modification of the Bloom–Richardson grading system for breast tumors See also Mottingham, a district of London\",\n \"title\": \"Nottingham (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5603627\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood and the Potter is a 15th century ballad of Robin Hood. While usually classed with other Robin Hood ballads, it does not appear to have originally been intended to be sung, but rather recited by a minstrel, and thus is closer to a poem. It is one of the very oldest pieces of the surviving Robin Hood legend, with perhaps only Robin Hood and the Monk older than it. It inspired a short play intended for use in May Day games, attested to around 1560. It was later published by Francis James Child as Child ballad #121 in his influential collection of popular ballads in the 1880s. The story of Potter includes some common motifs that would feature in later Robin Hood stories: single combat where victory is not guaranteed; Robin Hood taking a disguise to blend in; an archery competition; and a naive sheriff who enters the greenwood where he is dramatically outwitted by the crafty outlaws who know the forest better. The tone of Potter is more comic than other early Robin Hood stories that were more violent, such as Robin Hood and the Monk or Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne. Nobody dies, and the story concludes with the \\\"lowde lawhyng\\\" (loud laughing) of the Sheriff's wife. Plot Robin Hood and Little John spy a potter approaching down the path. Little John mentions that he once met the same potter at Wentbridge and fought him, and his sides are still sore from the encounter. Little John makes a bet with Robin that he won't be able to make him pay a toll. Robin accepts and demands a toll of a potter (pavage) for crossing a bridge in the forest. They fight a duel, Robin wielding a sword and buckler while the potter uses his staff, and the potter wins. The two reconcile and Robin Hood strikes a deal with the potter. The potter will stay in the Forest, while Robin disguises himself as the potter and travels to Nottingham to sell the pots. He charges ridiculously low prices and so sells them all; by his doing so, the Sheriff's wife is intrigued, and when Robin gives her his last pots for free, she invites him to dinner with her and the sheriff. While at dinner the Sheriff's men are having an archery contest, Robin shows the Sheriff that he can shoot far better than the Sheriff's men, and he then explains that he can shoot that well because he was taught by Robin Hood. The sheriff asks him to lead him to the outlaw. Robin agrees, and when back in the forest the sheriff is ambushed by Robin's men. They take his money and his clothes. Because of the hospitality of the sheriff's wife in Nottingham, Robin lets him go free, telling him he must give his wife a white palfrey. On returning to Nottingham, the wife laughs at the Sheriff. She remarks that Robin has been paid back for the pots he gave to\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood and the Potter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2071706\",\n \"text\": \"Robin and Marian is a 1976 romantic adventure film from Columbia Pictures, shot in Panavision and Technicolor, that was directed by Richard Lester and written by James Goldman after the legend of Robin Hood. The film stars Sean Connery as Robin Hood, Audrey Hepburn as Lady Marian, Nicol Williamson as Little John, Robert Shaw as the Sheriff of Nottingham, Richard Harris as Richard the Lionheart, and Denholm Elliott as Will Scarlet. It also features comedian Ronnie Barker in a rare film role as Friar Tuck. Robin and Marian was filmed in Zamora, as well as Artajona, Urbasa, Quinto Real and Orgi, all small medieval villages in Navarre, Spain. It marked Hepburn's return to the screen after an eight-year absence. Lester made Robin and Marian amid a series of period pieces, including The Three Musketeers (1973). The original music score was composed by John Barry. The film originally was titled The Death of Robin Hood but was changed by Columbia Pictures to be more marketable, and perhaps give equal billing to Hepburn. It is the only theatrical film based on the Robin Hood legend that makes use of a very old story (found in A Gest of Robyn Hode) depicting his murder at the hands of a prioress he was related to but turns the legend on its head by making Marian the prioress, and making it an act of love, not betrayal. Plot An ageing Robin Hood has been a trusted captain fighting for King Richard the Lionheart for twenty years and is now in France, the Third Crusade over. Richard orders him to take a castle which is rumoured to hold a gold statue. Discovering that it is defended by a solitary, one-eyed old man who is sheltering women and children, and being told the statue is worthless stone, Robin and his right-hand man, Little John, refuse to attack. King Richard, angry, orders the pair's execution and the castle attacked, but is wounded with an arrow by the old man. Richard has the helpless residents massacred, with the exception of the old man, because Richard likes his eye. Mortally wounded, the King offers to let Robin beg for his life. When Robin refuses, Richard draws his sword, lacks the strength to strike him and falls. Robin helps the dying king and, moved by his loyalty, Richard frees Robin and Little John. The two return to England and reunite with old friends Will Scarlet and Friar Tuck in Sherwood Forest. He hears his exploits have become legendary. When Robin inquires about Maid Marian, they tell him where she lives. When he goes to see her, she finds him as impossible as ever, while he discovers she has become an abbess. He learns that his old nemesis, the Sheriff of Nottingham, has ordered her arrest in response to King John's order to expel senior leaders of the Roman Catholic Church from England. When the sheriff comes to arrest Marian, Robin rescues her against her will, striking Sir Ranulf, the sheriff's arrogant\",\n \"title\": \"Robin and Marian\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22749489\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood is a comic opera by Reginald De Koven (music), Harry B. Smith (lyrics) and Clement Scott (lyrics of \\\"Oh Promise Me\\\"). The story is based on the Robin Hood legend, during the reign of King Richard I (1189-1199 AD). The opera was composed in Chicago, Illinois during the winter of 1888-1889. The opera was first performed at the Chicago Opera House on 9 June 1890. It was produced by the Boston Ideal Opera Company, also known as the Bostonians. The opera opened in New York at the Standard Theatre on September 22, 1891 and was produced in London at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 1891 with a new title, Maid Marian. It was revived at the Knickerbocker Theater on Broadway on April 30, 1900. Other Broadway revivals were in 1902 at the Academy of Music, in 1912 at New Amsterdam Theatre with Walter Hyde in the title role, in 1918 at the Park Theatre, in 1929 at the Casino Theatre and Jolson's 59th Street Theatre, in 1932 at Erlanger's Theatre, and in 1944 at the Adelphi Theatre. In 2004 Ohio Light Opera produced the opera based on a new critical edition of the opera that it commissioned from Quade Winter, based on the composer's original manuscripts in the Library of Congress. A complete CD recording was issued by Albany Records. Synopsis The opera is set in the late 12th century during the reign of King Richard I. Act 1 In the market square in Nottingham, England, villagers are celebrating the first day of May. Friar Tuck tells how he sells clothing and other goods (\\\"As an Honest Auctioneer\\\"). Annabel and the milkmaids are happy with their lives (\\\"Milkmaids' Song\\\"), but Allan-a-Dale notes that milkmaids are overworked. Robin Hood and his archers arrive and tout their ideal life in the woods (\\\"Come the Bowmen in Lincoln Green\\\"); they are welcomed to an archery contest. Robin notices Annabel, and Allan-A-Dale quickly questions his motives, as Allan loves Annabel. Annabel, Allan, Robin and the outlaw Little John consider the fickle nature of love. Maid Marian enters in disguise as a page boy to see Sir Guy of Gisborne, the ward of the Sheriff of Nottingham (\\\"I Came as a Cavalier\\\"). The Sheriff has arranged a marriage between Guy and Marian. Marian reveals herself to Robin and the reasons for her disguise, and the two fall in love (\\\"Come Dream So Bright\\\"). The Sheriff appears and boasts of his plans (\\\"I am the Sheriff of Nottingham\\\"). Sir Guy and the Sheriff plot how Guy will ask Marian to marry him (When a Peer Makes Love to a Damsel Fair). Robin and the bowmen return, pleased about the prizes they won in the archery contest. Because Robin is to receive his inheritance today, they go to the Sheriff's residence, knock on the door, and demand that the Sheriff declare Robin Hood's title of Earl, with its title to his land,and cash. The Sheriff refuses all demands and produces forged documents stating that\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood (De Koven opera)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5603757\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood and the Butcher (Roud 3980, Child 122) is a story in the Robin Hood canon which has survived as, among other forms, a late seventeenth-century English broadside ballad, and is one of several ballads about the medieval folk hero that form part of the Child ballad collection, which is one of the most comprehensive collections of traditional English ballads. It may have been derived from the similar Robin Hood and the Potter. Synopsis Robin Hood meets with a \\\"jolly\\\" butcher on horseback, on his way to sell his meat at a fair (1.9). Robin appreciates the butcher's good nature and asks him about his trade and where he lives. The butcher refuses to say where he lives, but tells Robin he is going to a fair in Nottingham, and in response Robin queries him about the price of his meat and horse, interested in becoming a butcher himself (although, in some variants he fights with the butcher). In all variants, Robin buys the butcher's goods and goes into Nottingham, where he sells a lot of meat at ridiculously low prices. The other butchers suspect that he is a prodigal who is wasting his inheritance: \\\"For he sold more meat for one penny / than others could do for five / Which made the Butchers of Nottingham / [...] / to study as they did stand / Saying surely he was some Prodigal / that had sold his Fathers land\\\" (2.19-25). They invite him to the sheriff's, where their guild is feasting, and Robin and the butchers make merry over food and wine. Since Robin proposes to pay for all their food and drink (\\\"For the shot I will pay e're I go my way,\\\" Robin says [3.19]), the butchers and the Sheriff again speculate that he must have inherited and sold some land for a lot of money. The Sheriff asks if he has more animals to sell. Robin says he has two or three hundred beasts on one hundred acres of land and invites the Sheriff to see them, whereupon the Sheriff, with three hundred pounds of gold on his person, rides with him to Sherwood Forrest. Not knowing Robin's true identity, the Sheriff ironically hopes that they do not meet a certain \\\"man they call Rob. Hood\\\" (4.5). Once there, a hundred deer happen to appear and Robin shows them to the Sheriff, claiming them as his animals, but the Sheriff has decided he does not like Robin's company. Robin then summons Little John and the rest of his men with his horn. Robin takes the Sheriff's portmanteau and counts five hundred gold pounds in it, which he intends to keep for himself and the band. He then sends the Sheriff on his way home, jokingly commending himself to the Sheriff's wife before riding away laughing. Variations of the ballad This ballad is an abridgment of an older ballad, Robin Hood and the Potter. There are two extant versions of \\\"Robin Hood and the Butcher,\\\" Version\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood and the Butcher\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46912362\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood is a 2018 American action-adventure film directed by Otto Bathurst and written by Ben Chandler and David James Kelly, from a story by Chandler. It is a quasi-contemporary retelling of the Robin Hood legend, and follows his training by John to steal from the Sheriff of Nottingham. The film stars Taron Egerton as Robin, and features Jamie Foxx, Ben Mendelsohn, Eve Hewson, Tim Minchin and Jamie Dornan in supporting roles. Returning home to England to learn the corrupt Sheriff of Nottingham (Mendelsohn) has seized his family estate, aristocrat Robin of Loxley joins forces with Friar Tuck (Minchin) and Little John (Foxx) – a fierce Arabian warrior who wants to put an end to the Crusades. Armed with arrows and dubbed Robin Hood, Loxley leads a band of oppressed rebels in a daring plan to rob the Sheriff of his money and take away his power. The film was announced in February 2015, with Egerton signing on as the lead role that September. Hewson, Foxx and Mendelsohn all joined the cast over the following year, and principal photography began in February 2017, lasting through May. Robin Hood was released by Lionsgate on November 21, 2018. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $86 million against a production budget of $100 million. Due to its label as a critical and financial flop, in addition to its modern take on classic source material, numerous publications compared the film to 2017's unsuccessful King Arthur: Legend of the Sword. Robin Hood was nominated for three Razzies for Worst Remake, Worst Supporting Actor for Foxx, and Worst Picture. Plot Lord Robin of Loxley, an aristocrat and an English longbow master, lives in Nottingham and enjoys a good life with his lover Marian, before he is drafted by the corrupt Sheriff of Nottingham to fight in the Third Crusade against the Saracens. Four years later, Robin becomes disillusioned with the Crusades when he fails to prevent his commander, Guy of Gisbourne, from executing unarmed prisoners, including a teenage boy, despite the pleading of the boy's father, which prompts Gisbourne to send Robin back home under accusations of treasonous conduct. When he returns to Nottingham, Robin learns from his old friend Friar Tuck that the Sheriff had officially declared him dead two years prior, seizing his land and wealth to continue funding the war effort at the behest of the corrupt Cardinal Franklin. The citizens were exiled from the city and into the coal mine town across the river. Investigating \\\"the Slags\\\", Robin witnesses the commoners planning to rise against the government that oppresses and exploits them and learns that Marian is now involved with their aspiring leader, Will Tillman. Robin is prevented from contacting her by the prisoner whose son he tried to save. The man then introduces himself as Yahya — which he says can be translated to \\\"John\\\" — and proposes that he and Robin work to end the war by stealing back the money taken from the people. Marian seeks\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood (2018 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6601160\",\n \"text\": \"Brent Charlesworth (born 22 July 1942) is a British local councillor who has served as Lord Mayor and Sheriff of Nottingham, and later as Mayor of Lincoln. Biography Born in Sheffield on the 22nd of July, 1942 to Ronald and Sarah Charlesworth, Brent grew up on the Shirecliffe estate in Sheffield. His father worked 45 years in the steelworks in Templeborough (Rotherham) until the steel industry was wiped out during the Thatcher years. Educated at Nether Edge (which became) Abbeydale Boys’ Grammar School, he trained as a teacher in Birmingham and taught in that city in the 1960s. Later he studied for a BA at the University of Wales, subsequently becoming a part-time university tutor. He also studied at the University of Leicester for a higher degree. He moved to Nottingham in 1971, becoming a Lecturer in Education at the former Trent Polytechnic (now Nottingham Trent University). He became Senior Lecturer in the Social Studies Department, working on the Clifton Campus from 1976 until taking early retirement some 25 years later. Political career In 1983 he was elected to Nottingham City Council as Labour member for the Clifton West ward. After boundary changes abolished the Clifton West ward in 2003, when the City Council became a unitary authority, he was elected member for the newly created Clifton South ward. As a Nottingham City councillor, he held various positions of responsibility, latterly Vice-Chair of the Notts/Nottingham Fire and Rescue Service. Around 2000, he served as Chair of Governors for Whitegate Primary and Nursery School in Nottingham. He served as the Lord Mayor of Nottingham in 2003/04, and was Sheriff of Nottingham for two years from 1991. Whilst serving the latter civic office, he travelled to the United States to present Hollywood actor Kevin Costner with an award recognising the achievements of the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, in which Costner played the lead role and, when he was Lord Mayor, opened the Ningbo campus of the University of Nottingham in China. He stood down from Nottingham City Council in May 2007, moved to Lincoln, ostensibly to retire, but was subsequently voted in as councillor for Park Ward on Lincoln City Council. When Labour recovered power in Lincoln in 2011, he was appointed Executive Portfolio Holder for Social Inclusion and Community Cohesion, a post he held until taking civic office on 3 June 2014 as the 808th Mayor of Lincoln. In this role, he signed a twinning agreement with the city of Nanchang, China at the Lincoln Guildhall. He chose his Park Ward councillor colleague David Jackson as his Sheriff. His term came to an end on 19 May 2015. He has described himself as a socialist, and expressed opposition to identity politics. Personal life He has one son, Daniel, who graduated in Psychology from the University of Lincoln. He currently lives in Lincoln. Originally a Sheffield Wednesday supporter, he attends every Imps (Lincoln City FC) home match. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20110831062407/http://tmf.lincoln.gov.uk/CouncillorDetail.asp/?sec_id=2771&id=235 - Councillor Brent Charlesworth's page at Lincoln City Council\",\n \"title\": \"Brent Charlesworth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16971609\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne is Child Ballad 118, part of the Percy collection. It introduces and disposes of Guy of Gisborne who remains next to the Sheriff of Nottingham the chief villain of the Robin Hood legend. This ballad survives in a single seventeenth century copy but has always been recognized as much older in content, possibly older than Robin Hood and the Monk. A play with a similar plot survives in a copy dated to 1475. The Oxford Companion to English Literature describes it as the best known of the Robin Hood ballads. But it is also the most often cited, along with Robin Hood and the Monk, for excessive brutality. Guy comes to Barnesdale to capture Robin Hood, but Robin kills and beheads him. Meanwhile, Little John has been captured by the Sheriff, but Robin rescues him by impersonating Guy of Gisborne. External links Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne ROBIN HOOD AND GUY OF GISBORNE: INTRODUCTION References Child Ballads Robin Hood ballads\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14236499\",\n \"text\": \"The Legend of Robin Hood was a 1975 BBC television serial that told the story of the life of Robin Hood. Plot Robin has been raised as the son of John Hood, a groundskeeper, but learns that he is in fact the long lost son of the Earl of Huntingdon. He comes into conflict with a plot to replace King Richard I by his brother Prince John involving the Sheriff of Nottingham and Sir Guy of Gisbourne. Broadcast The serial was broadcast by the BBC in the Sunday \\\"tea time slot\\\". The serial was also broadcast by PBS in the United States, alongside other BBC period dramas such as The Forsyte Saga and Elizabeth R. Cast Martin Potter as Robin Hood Diane Keen as Lady Marion John Abineri as Sir Kenneth Neston William Marlowe as Sir Guy of Gisbourne Paul Darrow as Sheriff of Nottingham Michael-John Jackson as King Richard David Dixon as Prince John Reception Clive James praised The Legend of Robin Hood in The Observer, describing it as \\\"a promising series. Neatly written, well acted, finely dressed and softly filmed like Akenfield.\\\" Controversy Mary Whitehouse and the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association attacked The Legend of Robin Hood, saying the program displayed \\\"extreme violence and sadism\\\" and was not suitable for children. The BBC defended the show by stating that it had been approved by senior BBC executives, and had also been promoted as a program for parents and children to watch together. Discussing the controversy, television historian James Chapman stated: \\\"Viewed today, The Legend of Robin Hood does not seem particularly violent, certainly not in comparison to Arthur of the Britons\\\". References External links 1970s British drama television series BBC television dramas Robin Hood television series Period television series 1975 British television series debuts 1975 British television series endings 1970s British television miniseries British adventure television series British English-language television shows Cultural depictions of Eleanor of Aquitaine Films scored by Stanley Myers\",\n \"title\": \"The Legend of Robin Hood (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49887530\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 adventure film about the legendary outlaw Robin Hood. Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves may also refer to: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (video game), a 1991 video game tie-in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (2009 film), a 2009 Indian film See also The Prince of Thieves, a 1948 Robin Hood film Robin Hood (disambiguation) Prince of Thieves (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6040384\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood is a 2002 stealth-based real-time tactics video game developed by Spellbound Entertainment. It is similar to games such as Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive and the Commandos series. In the game, the player controls up to five characters in a setting based on the stories of the protagonist, Robin Hood. The player can also control Robin Hood's Merry Men, including Little John, Friar Tuck, Will Scarlet, Will Stutely, and Maid Marian. Robin and his crew must evade the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham and his henchmen and stop the machinations of the vile usurper to England's throne, Prince John. However, Robin must avoid killing enemies as much as possible, or he will not be able to recruit as many new Merry Men. Plot The game starts with Robin Hood, arriving in Lincoln from the Crusades, and finding out that his inheritance has been stolen by the notorious Sheriff of Nottingham. After the player finishes the first and second missions, meets Maid Marian in the Nottingham cathedral, and subsequently tries to meet the Prince, it is understood that King Richard has been kidnapped by Leopold of Austria for a ransom, and that the Regent Prince John is unlawfully usurping the rightful king. The responsibility of getting the ransom of £100,000 to save the king falls into the player's hands. Missions generally include ambushing convoys and infiltrating towns, usually to gather information or even liberate a notable outlaw from the sheriff's clutches. In the final mission, Robin must fight the Sheriff of Nottingham, thereby defeating the Prince. Gameplay While the merry men can kill or wound enemy soldiers, their resources are limited to a certain extent, with main characters having more than minor miscellaneous ones. In addition, in every town, the player can give money to beggars, who, when given coins and purses, help by providing hints and tips. Common folk sometimes, though rarely, offer help but two—a woman in a red apron and a man in a red-and-blue shirt—flee at the sight of a merry man and alert nearby enemy soldiers. The greed of enemy soldiers is also limited, with money purses not affecting sergeants, while ale does affect them. Sometimes, money can be found in knights, cavalry units, sergeants, and more rarely, normal soldiers. Reception The PC version received \\\"favorable\\\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Awards The game received awards for Best Game Design and Best Animation at the 2003 Animago Awards. References External links Official webpage RuneSoft 2002 video games Freeverse Inc. games Linux games MacOS games MorphOS games RuneSoft games Legend of Sherwood Stealth video games Video games developed in Germany Windows games Strategy First games Single-player video games Spellbound Entertainment games Meridian4 games\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4758473\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown is a turn-based strategy video game developed by Cinemaware and published by Capcom. It is loosely based on the legend of Robin Hood and remake of Cinemaware's previous game Defender of the Crown, released for PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox, and mobile phones. Plot It is a time of great unrest in England. With King Richard the Lionheart held for ransom, the evil Prince John seizes the throne, and declares himself the King of England. The entire nation soon falls into civil war as greedy nobles war amongst themselves and Prince John sends forth armies to shackle the country under his unjust rule. In this time of lawlessness, only an outlaw can lead the people to freedom. One man, the embodiment of true honor, vows to save his people and restore peace to the land. This man is known as Robin Hood. From the small-scale skirmishes with the Sheriff of Nottingham in Sherwood Forest, Robin finds himself drawn into the larger battlefields of England, and the hero of the poor must become the savior of an entire nation. Gameplay Robin Hood is a blend of role-playing and turn-based strategy combined with action sequences. As Robin Hood, the player must: Fund the war effort by lightening the purses of traveling merchants in archery ambushes. Lay siege to castles using mighty siege engines and Greek Fire. Joust in tournaments for fame, fortune and land. Conquer England's 38 territories by commanding troops on the battlefield and manage Robin's growing armies. Sword fight through battlements, catacombs and towers in search of treasure - or to rescue a damsel-in-distress. The game also features: Special events, multiple goals and non-linear gameplay. A story of action, drama, romance and adventure. Twenty minutes of rendered cutscenes and a full hour of recorded voice acting. 8 different alternate game endings depending on the player's actions through the game. Reception The PC, PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions received \\\"mixed\\\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. IGN said, \\\"With all the elements that come into play, Defender of the Crown is overly enjoyable — especially for fans of strategy titles who want to be able to pick up and play something without too much of a hassle.\\\" References External links Official product page 2003 video games Capcom games Cinemaware games Mobile games PlayStation 2 games Defender of the Crown Turn-based strategy video games Video game remakes Video games developed in the United States Video games scored by Troels Brun Folmann Video games set in the Middle Ages Windows games Xbox games Atomic Planet Entertainment games Single-player video games I-play games\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5415673\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a console game released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy developed by Sculptured Software, Inc. and Bits Studios, respectively, and published by Virgin Games, Inc. It was based on the film of the same name. The game was featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of Nintendo Power magazine. However, this issue was notorious for the fact that the game was not released until 4 months after the issue was released. Gameplay The game was notable for featuring several modes of gameplay. The standard adventuring mode depicted the action from an overhead perspective as the player guided Robin through the environment, battling enemies. A second mode used for one-on-one duels depicted the action from the side and featured different controls that allowed the player-controlled character to jump as well as attack and guard. The third mode, a melee mode, featured action taking place from an extreme overhead perspective, allowing for the depiction of large-scale battles between large forces. This mode typically ensued when a large number of Robin's merry men and enemy soldiers clashed. During a horse racing sequence, there is yet another mode, a blend of the overhead and side perspectives, as the horse must be guided to jump over debris and ultimately beat the competitor. The game also had a loose equipping system, where nearly any object could be held as a weapon. When Duncan first joins Robin's band, he comes brandishing a chicken leg for attack. Story The game opens in an Arab prison in Jerusalem. Robin Hood is in prison along with Peter Dubois and Azeem. Robin must free both of them and then they must make their escape. Peter is mortally wounded in the escape process, but Robin and Azeem escape to England. Upon arrival in England, Robin finds that his father has been murdered and that the Sheriff of Nottingham is ruling England oppressively in the absence of King Richard. Maid Marian tells Robin that there are rumours that men are hiding out in Sherwood Forest from the sheriff and tells him to go there, seek them out and join them. Once Robin joins the camp in Sherwood, it becomes Robin Hood's home base for the remainder of the game. He continually leaves camp to undertake various missions. Upon completing each mission, Robin must return to camp to find out what mission to undertake next. Eventually, Robin Hood takes his last mission to get rid of the Sheriff of Nottingham. Once Robin defeats the Sheriff, the game is won and concludes with a wedding of Robin Hood and Maid Marian, which is interrupted by King Richard, who has just returned to England. Richard gives Marian away and she and Robin are married. Reception Power Unlimited gave the Game Boy version a score of 83% commenting: \\\"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is, of course, based on the movie, but not as bad as many other such games. On the contrary: it is\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"723582\",\n \"text\": \"The Story of Robin Hood and his Merrie Men is a 1952 action-adventure film produced by RKO-Walt Disney British Productions, based on the Robin Hood legend, made in Technicolor and filmed in Buckinghamshire, England. It was written by Lawrence Edward Watkin and directed by Ken Annakin. It is the second of Disney's complete live-action films, after Treasure Island (1950), and the first of four films Annakin directed for Disney. Plot Young Robin Hood, in love with Maid Marian, enters an archery contest with his father at the King's palace. On the way home his father is killed by henchmen of Prince John. Robin takes up the life of an outlaw, gathering together his band of merry men with him in Sherwood Forest, to avenge his father's death and to help the people of the land whom Prince John is over taxing. Cast Richard Todd as Robin Hood Joan Rice as Maid Marian Peter Finch as the Sheriff of Nottingham James Hayter as Friar Tuck James Robertson Justice as Little John Martita Hunt as Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine Hubert Gregg as Prince John Elton Hayes as Alan-a-Dale Anthony Eustrel as the Archbishop of Canterbury Patrick Barr as King Richard Anthony Forwood as Will Scarlet Bill Owen as Will Stutely Hal Osmond as Much the Miller Louise Hampton as Tyb, aged nurse of Maid Marian Richard Graydon as Merrie Man Michael Hordern as Scathelock Bill Travers as Possie Man Clement McCallin as The Earl of Huntingdon Nigel Neilson as Merrie Man Geoffrey Lumsden as Merrie Man Julian Somers as Posse Leader Leonard Charles Newcombe as a Page Boy to Maid Marian Production The idea to make the film was Walt Disney's. He wanted to use colour, use a more historically accurate script than in most previous Robin Hood films, and to shoot on location in Nottingham Forest. Ken Annakin was loaned out from J. Arthur Rank Films, to whom he was under contract, to make the film. Annakin says the entire film was storyboarded in advance by Carmen Dillon and Guy Green, so as to ensure Walt Disney to keep creative control, adding \\\"quite often I had to bite my tongue or be prepared to quit\\\", but Annakin soon earned Disney's respect and the two men went on to make several films together. Production began in April 1951 at Denham Film Studios in London. This was the second film Disney made in the United Kingdom, the first being Treasure Island (1950). These and several other Disney films were made using British funds frozen during World War II. Originally Bobby Driscoll was going to be featured in the film as a boy in Robin's camp, but he was unable to appear in the film because he had violated British labour laws with his appearance in Treasure Island. In Driscoll's absence, the story was rewritten to focus on the romantic relationship between Robin Hood and Maid Marian. Robert Newton, who was originally cast as Friar Tuck, had to be recast with James Hayter after\",\n \"title\": \"The Story of Robin Hood (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3014033\",\n \"text\": \"John Edwin Arnatt (9 May 1917 – 21 December 1999) was a British actor. Early life and education John Arnatt was born in Petrograd, Russia on 9 May 1917. His parents were Francis and Ethel Marion (née Jephcott) Arnatt. He attended Epworth College. Arnatt trained for the stage at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Career One of Arnatt's most high-profile roles was as \\\"The Deputy Sheriff of Nottingham\\\" in the fourth and final season of 1955-60 TV series The Adventures of Robin Hood starring Richard Greene. His character filled in for Alan Wheatley, who played the regular sheriff. Arnatt's character was introduced and interacted with Wheatley's character in the episode \\\"The Devil You Don't Know\\\". In the 1962 film Dr Crippen, starring Donald Pleasence (who also had a recurring role in \\\"The Adventures of Robin Hood\\\" as Prince John), Arnatt played Chief Inspector Walter Dew. Arnatt also played an imitation \\\"M\\\" to Tom Adams' imitation James Bond in two films, Licensed to Kill and Where the Bullets Fly (1966). In 1967, Arnatt got something of a promotion when he played the High Sheriff of Nottingham opposite Barrie Ingham's Robin in the film A Challenge for Robin Hood. Never well known, he amassed numerous television credits in programmes such as Steptoe and Son, Keeping Up Appearances, Dangerfield, Lovejoy, The Professionals, House of Cards, Thriller and Z-Cars. He had a recurring role in the first two series of the ITV legal drama, The Main Chance (1969–70) and in Doctor Who he was the second actor to play Time Lord Cardinal Borusa in the serial The Invasion of Time (1978). Later, in the television film, Marple: The Moving Finger (1985), he played Reverend Guy Calthrop. In 1995 he was elected Master of the Green Room Lodge no. 2957. Death John Arnatt died at the age of 82 on 21 December 1999. Filmography Film Television References External links 1917 births 1999 deaths British male television actors 20th-century British male actors Alumni of RADA British expatriates in the Russian Empire\",\n \"title\": \"John Arnatt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6220128\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood and the Monk is a Middle English ballad and one of the oldest surviving ballads of Robin Hood. The earliest surviving document with the work is from around 1450, and it may have been composed even earlier in the 15th century. It is also one of the longest ballads at around 2,700 words. It is considered one of the best of the original ballads of Robin Hood. In Robin Hood and the Monk, Robin goes to Nottingham for mass, but has a dispute with Little John on the way. In Nottingham, he is spotted by a monk and captured. Little John, Much the Miller's Son, and other Merry Men intercept the monk, kill him, and launch a successful plot to free Robin from prison. Robin and Little John are reconciled. The King and Sheriff are left frustrated at Robin's escape, although they are impressed at Little John's loyalty. Plot Little John talks of the May morning, but Robin Hood is still unhappy because he cannot go to Mass or matins. He decides to go to a service in Nottingham, inspired by his devotion to the Virgin Mary. \\\"Moche, the mylner sun\\\" (Much the Miller's Son) advises him to take at least twelve men; he refuses and goes with only Little John. On the way, he makes a bet with Little John, loses, and refuses to pay when they cannot agree on the payout. Little John leaves him. Robin goes to St. Mary's in Nottingham and prays. A monk whom he had robbed sees him and tells the sheriff, who gathers a group of many men to arrest Robin. Robin fights them off with a two-handed sword, wounding many and killing twelve of the sheriff's men. His sword breaks while fighting the sheriff, and he runs into the church in an attempt to escape. The text breaks off at this point; there is a page missing that presumably described Robin's capture and the news reaching his men. The story continues with the men's shock, and Little John being the only one to keep his wits about him. He declares they must rescue him. They catch the monk riding with a little page; Little John kills the monk for his role in Robin's capture, and Much kills the page so that the page cannot spread word of the ambush. Little John and Much go to the (unnamed) king with the monk's letters and tell him the monk died on the way. The king gives them gifts and directions to bring Robin Hood to him. Little John brings the letters to the sheriff and tells him that the monk did not come because the king had made him an abbot. They get into the prison, kill the jailer, and escape with Robin. The sheriff does not dare face the king. Robin says that Little John has done him a good turn in return for the ill one he played, and offered to be his man; Little John still wants him to\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood and the Monk\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39047069\",\n \"text\": \"Dominique Mattei (born in 1981 in Marseille, France) better known by the stage name Dumè is a French singer, composer and actor. Biography As an adolescent, he studied composing, singing and playing guitar at the Marseilles conservatory. He opened for concerts by Pascal Obispo and signed as a composer for Atletico music. He wrote songs for Johnny Hallyday, Faudel, Natasha Saint-Pier, Louisy Joseph amongst others and partnered with Lionel Florence writing for others. In November 2009, Dominique Mattei announced that he was taking the name Dumè and was preparing his first album through financing from My Major Company. In 2012, Dumè was also featured in Génération Goldman tribute project to Jean-Jaques Goldman singing Il suffira d'un signe alongside Merwan Rim, Amaury Vassili and Baptiste Giabiconi. In 2013, he is taking part in the French musical adaptation of Robin hood titled Robin des Bois playing the role of Vaisey, the Sheriff of Nottingham. He also performs in the play Notting Hill Nottingham as a solo and Devenir quelqu'un with M. Pokora (in the role of Robin Hood). His first album solo is edited in 2014 : La moitié du chemin. Discography Singles 2010 : Je ne sais rien faire 2012 : La moitié du chemin, duet with Judith 2014 : Maman m'avait dit Album 2014 : La moitié du chemin Appearances 2012 : Il suffira d'un signe (Merwan Rim, Amaury Vassili, Baptiste Giabiconi and Dumè in Génération Goldman) Musical Theatre 2013 : Robin des Bois, Vaisey, the Sheriff of Nottingham Notting Hill Nottingham (Dumè in Robin des Bois) Devenir quelqu'un (Dumè & M. Pokora in Robin des Bois) Y renoncer un jour (Dumè in \\\"Robin des Bois\\\") References French composers French male composers 1981 births Living people Male actors from Marseille 21st-century French singers 21st-century French male singers\",\n \"title\": \"Dumè\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3130659\",\n \"text\": \"Princess of Thieves is a romantic adventure television film starring Keira Knightley, produced by Granada Productions, and premiered on ABC's The Wonderful World of Disney in the United States in 2001. Co-starring in the film are Stuart Wilson as Robin Hood, Stephen Moyer as Prince Philip, Jonathan Hyde as Prince John and Malcolm McDowell as the Sheriff. The movie was directed by Peter Hewitt and filmed in Romania. The film's plotline draws inspiration from the classic Robin Hood legend, which has been adapted many times for screen. Plot Years after the \\\"known\\\" events of the Robin Hood legend, Robin's daughter, Gwyn (Keira Knightley) has grown up to be a strong-willed young woman, with a talent for archery, much like her father. As Maid Marian has died and Robin Hood (Stuart Wilson) is perpetually away battling in the Crusades, Gwyn has lived much of her life alone. Her only friend is the sweet but plain Froderick (Del Synnott), who clearly is in love with her. Upon the death of King Richard the Lionheart, Robin returns to see that the proper man takes Richard's place as King of England. Robin is quickly foiled and imprisoned by his enemies, the Sheriff of Nottingham (Malcolm McDowell) and Prince John (Jonathan Hyde). It is then up to Gwyn to save the day. She must complete Robin's mission to find and protect the young Prince Philip (Stephen Moyer), who has just returned from exile in France to claim the throne – not an easy task since he has decided to forsake his true identity and is travelling anonymously under his valet's name (who died en route protecting his prince). Though she does fortuitously cross paths with the prince, she is not aware of his identity. With a romantic spark budding between them, they must find the Merry Men and join forces to free her father from the tortures of the Tower of London before the evil Prince John ascends to the throne and brings England to ruin. After freeing her father, Gwyn along with her father and Prince Philip stop the coronation of Prince John. When Philip is about to be crowned as king, Gwyn with a heavy heart tells him that she can only serve and work for him, and they cannot be together. Robin later explains that he stayed out of Gwyn's life to protect her from the life he leads, but it did not make any difference because she grew up to be just like him. He then proposes a partnership between the two of them to serve Philip, with the only condition being that she take her orders from him (Robin) alone. She agrees, and at the end they are seen together leading Robin's men, side by side. Characters Keira Knightley – Gwyn, the daughter of Robin Hood and Maid Marian Stephen Moyer – Prince Philip, illegitimate son of King Richard the Lionheart Stuart Wilson – Robin Hood Del Synnott – Froderick, a young man who has grown up with Gwyn; he\",\n \"title\": \"Princess of Thieves\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7208093\",\n \"text\": \"Young Robin Hood is an animated series produced for television by Hanna-Barbera, CINAR and France Animation and aired in syndication in 1991. It ran for one season as part of the Sunday-morning programming block, The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera (1985–1994). The show takes place when Robin Hood is a teenager, Richard the Lion Heart is on his \\\"first crusade\\\" and Robin's father, the Earl of Huntington, joins him. Young Robin Hood was Hanna-Barbera's second adaptation of the legend of Robin Hood, after their 1972 television special The Adventures of Robin Hoodnik. Synopsis Robin Hood quickly finds himself at odds with the establishment; the Sheriff of Nottingham and Prince John, and creates a camp in Sherwood forest with other youngsters, the only girl, Marian, is a ward of the sheriff and spy for Robin. The main thing about Robin's youth in this case, is that his plans do not always work and he is occasionally questioned because of his youth, the fact that he is a known criminal and has no legal guardian to vouch for him. Characters Robin Hood (voiced by Thor Bishopric) – the boy in the county with a bow. He rarely is beaten by other archers. As a nobleman, he understands Latin, and has a tame hawk called Arrow, who is used to pass messages between him and Marian. Little John (voiced by Terrence Scammell) – a blacksmith's son. Typically one of Robin's most loyal followers, but is not above criticizing Robin's plans. Alan-a-Dale (voiced by Michael O'Reilly) – a very young, romantic minstrel. Will Scarlet (voiced by Sonja Ball) – a young, talented thief, who idolizes Robin. He is a technical talent and creates traps and machines. Brother Tuck (voiced by Harry Standjofski) – a very young monk, sometimes questioning his choice being an outlaw. He is very pious and speaks Latin every now and then. Marian (voiced by Anik Matern) – Robin's sweetheart and a ward at Nottingham, sometimes suspected of conspiring with him. Haggala (voiced by Bronwen Mantel) – a kind-hearted sorceress whose spells don't always work. She has a cat named Miranda. Prince John (voiced by Michael Rudder) – spoiled boy who whines about who should be king. Sometimes tries to usurp Richard but the attempts are thwarted by Robin, or John's own ineptitude. Sheriff of Nottingham (voiced by A.J. Henderson) – a harsh man and good swordsman. Gilbert of Gisbourn (voiced by Mark Hellman) – lieutenant to the sheriff and has a crush on Marian. He often tries to win her over and Marian uses it to get information. He has a dog named Bruno. Production The series was a joint American-Canadian-French production of Hanna-Barbera, CINAR and France Animation and Antenne-2 in partnership with the Global Television Network, the Family Channel, Centre National De La Cinématographie and Sofica Cofimage 3. The animation is produced by France Animation and Crayon Animation, while the overseas production services were handled by Fil-Cartoons (subsidiary of Hanna-Barbera) in the Philippines, and two studios in South Korea: Sae\",\n \"title\": \"Young Robin Hood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40490972\",\n \"text\": \"Lady of Sherwood is a 1999 historical fiction novel by American author Jennifer Roberson. It is a sequel to her 1992 novel Lady of the Forest, and follows Robin Hood, Lady Marian, and their associates, as they fight injustices in the wake of the death of King Richard. They must fight the machinations of Prince John, who is competing for the throne against his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany. The novel was published in November 1999 by Kensington Books with cover art illustrated by Anne Yvonne Gilbert. It has garnered a generally positive reception. Booklist positively compared Lady of Sherwood to the Marion Zimmer Bradley work The Mists of Avalon, while others praised Roberson's engaging characters and attention to historical detail. Plot summary The novel is set in 1199 England, and follows the events of Lady of the Forest. It begins with the death of Richard I of England. Robin of Locksley, his lover Lady Marian Fitzwalter, and their outlaw friends find themselves again facing the wrath of William DeLacey, the Sheriff of Nottingham. Richard's death has resulted in the loss of their royal pardon, which was granted after they seized the tax revenues that were to be sent to Richard's brother Prince John. With Richard's death, John is now competing for the crown against his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany. With Richard having named them both co-heirs, both men have their supporters, with the Sheriff supporting the former and Robin's father the Earl of Huntington supporting the latter. Meanwhile, Robin and Marian, along with their outlaw friends, are living together at her manor of Ravenskeep, though Robin and Marian have not married. To her great sadness, Marian has discovered that she cannot have children, but hides her miscarriages from Robin to avoid worrying him. She tells Robin's estranged father the Earl of Huntington about her perceived barrenness, wishing for him to force Robin to leave her, as she wants him to have the chance to father an heir with someone else. With the pardon now over, the Sheriff begins anew his efforts to arrest Sherwood's outlaws. Knowing that it has housed some of these men, he ransacks Ravenskeep and attempts to have it legally taken away from her. Marian declares war on the Sheriff. Later, she and Robin, accompanied by their outlaw friends, retreat to the woods for a permanent outlaw camp, having officially lost everything legitimate. Robin and Marian finally marry. Development Lady of Sherwood was written by American author Jennifer Roberson as a sequel to her popular 1992 novel Lady of the Forest. Before writing both novels, Roberson was primarily known as a fantasy writer, and became interested in writing a \\\"big, sprawling, mainstream historical epic.\\\" To her agent, she proposed a reinterpretation that would \\\"emphasize Marian's point of view and contribution to the legend\\\" of Robin Hood. Roberson wrote her interpretations as prequels to the known legend. While the first novel focused on \\\"how seven very different people from a rigidly stratified social structure came to\",\n \"title\": \"Lady of Sherwood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"556241\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood: Men in Tights is a 1993 adventure comedy film and a parody of the Robin Hood story. The film was produced and directed by Mel Brooks, co-written by Brooks, Evan Chandler, and J. David Shapiro based on a story by Chandler and Shapiro, and stars Cary Elwes, Richard Lewis, and Dave Chappelle in his film debut. It includes frequent comedic references to previous Robin Hood films, particularly Prince of Thieves (upon which the plot is loosely structured), and the 1938 Errol Flynn adaptation The Adventures of Robin Hood. Brooks himself had previously created the short-lived sitcom When Things Were Rotten in the mid-1970s, which also spoofed the Robin Hood legend. The film also features Brooks in a minor role – the first time he had appeared in one of his own films in which he does not receive top billing or play the lead role since Young Frankenstein. In addition to Brooks, it features Brooks regulars Dom DeLuise and Dick Van Patten (who had been a cast member on When Things Were Rotten) in minor roles as well as Rudy De Luca and Gene Wilder in cameos as party guests, the latter of whom was uncredited. Reflecting its spoof nature, while some character names (such as Robin of Loxley and Maid Marian) remain unchanged from the source material, other names are altered: Nottingham becomes \\\"Rottingham\\\" and one of the Merry Men is given the name Will Scarlet O'Hara, referencing the character from Gone with the Wind. Brooks, being Jewish, changed his cameo character from Friar Tuck to \\\"Rabbi Tuckman.\\\" Though the film received mixed reviews from critics, it was a box-office success, grossing $72 million on a $20 million budget. Plot Robin of Loxley is captured during the Crusades and is imprisoned in Jerusalem. With the help of fellow inmate Asneeze, he escapes and frees the other inmates. Upon returning to England, Robin finds Asneeze's son, Ahchoo, and discovers that Prince John has assumed control while King Richard is away fighting in the Crusades. Richard is unaware that the prince is abusing his power. Robin returns to his family home, Loxley Hall, only to find it being repossessed by John's men. His family's blind servant, Blinkin, informs Robin that his family is dead, and his father left him a key which opens \\\"the greatest treasure in all the land.\\\" Robin recruits Little John and Will Scarlet O'Hara to help regain his father's land and oust Prince John from the throne. On his quest, Robin attracts the attention of Maid Marian of Bagelle, who wants to find the man who has the key to her Everlast chastity belt. They are also joined by Rabbi Tuckman, who shares with them his sacramental wine and bargain circumcisions. While Robin is training his band of tights-clad Merry Men, the Sheriff of Rottingham hires the mafioso Don Giovanni to assassinate Robin at the Spring Festival. They plan to hold an archery tournament to attract Robin. Maid Marian hears of the plot, and sneaks\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood: Men in Tights\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62152623\",\n \"text\": \"The Triumph of Robin Hood (Italian: Il trionfo di Robin Hood) is a 1962 Italian adventure film directed by Umberto Lenzi and starring Don Burnett, Gia Scala and Samson Burke. The film's sets were designed by the art director Giuseppe Ranieri. It was shot on location in Slovenia and Croatia. Plot While King Richard continues his campaign in the Holy Land, his most loyal subjects back in England are led by Robin Hood. Together, Richard's subjects unite to gallantly resist against Baron Elwin, the Sheriff of Nottingham who seeks to enhance his standing with Prince John. Cast Don Burnett as Robin Hood Gia Scala as Anna Samson Burke as Little John Vincenzo Musolino as William Gamwell Gaia Germani as Isabella Arturo Dominici as Baron Elwin, Sheriff of Nottingham Enrico Luzi as Scully Daniela Igliozzi as Madeleine Vinicio Sofia as Sir Tristan of Goldsborough Gianni Solaro as Sir Goodman Maks Furijan as Sir Guy Nello Pazzafini as Black Peter Janez Vrhovec as John Lackland References Bibliography Roy Kinnard & Tony Crnkovich. Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908–1990. McFarland, 2017. External links 1962 films 1960s historical adventure films Italian historical adventure films 1960s Italian-language films Films directed by Umberto Lenzi Films set in Nottingham Films set in England Robin Hood films 1960s Italian films\",\n \"title\": \"The Triumph of Robin Hood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9066265\",\n \"text\": \"The Merry Men are the group of outlaws who follow Robin Hood in English literature and folklore. The group appears in the earliest ballads about Robin Hood and remains popular in modern adaptations. History The Merry Men are Robin Hood's group who work to rob from the rich and give to the poor. They have antagonized the tyrannical rule of Prince John while King Richard is fighting in the Crusades. This also puts them into conflict with Prince John's minions, Guy of Gisbourne and the Sheriff of Nottingham. The early ballads give specific names to only three companions: Little John, Much the Miller's Son, and William Scarlock or Scathelock, the Will Scarlet of later traditions. Joining them are between 20 and \\\"seven score\\\" (140) outlawed yeomen. The most prominent of the Merry Men is Robin's second-in-command, Little John. He appears in the earliest ballads, and is mentioned in even earlier sources, such as Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Chronicle of around 1420 and Walter Bower's expansion of the Scotichronicon, completed around 1440. Later ballads name additional Merry Men, some of whom appear in only one or two ballads, while others, like the minstrel Alan-a-Dale and the jovial Friar Tuck, became fully attached to the legend. Several of the Robin Hood ballads tell the story of how individual Merry Men join the group; this is frequently accomplished by defeating Robin in a duel. The phrase \\\"merry man\\\" was originally a generic term for any follower or companion of an outlaw, knight, or similar leader. Robin's band are called \\\"mery men\\\" in the oldest known Robin Hood ballad, \\\"Robin Hood and the Monk\\\", which survives in a manuscript completed after 1450. Known members Little John – Robin Hood's lieutenant. Later stories depict him as a huge man who joins the band after fighting Robin with quarterstaves over a river. Much the Miller's Son – A grown man and a seasoned fighter in the early ballads. Later stories depict him as one of the youngest of the Merry Men. Will Scarlet – Another very early companion, appearing in ballads like \\\"A Gest of Robyn Hode\\\". In \\\"Robin Hood Newly Revived\\\" he is a skilled swordsman and Robin's nephew. Arthur a Bland – He appears in only one ballad, \\\"Robin Hood and the Tanner\\\". He is an accused poacher who bests Robin in a fight and joins the band. David of Doncaster – appears in one ballad in the Child collection, Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow. The sheriff is giving an archery contest, and David, \\\"a brave young man,\\\" warns Robin against going, because it is a trap, which advice inspires Robin to take precautions against capture.Francis James Child, English and Scottish Popular Ballads, \\\"Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow\\\" He reappears in later adaptations, both books and movies. For example, in Stories of Robin Hood and His Merry Outlaws by J. Walker McSpadden, he is made a \\\"merry cobbler\\\" and again warns Robin of the dangers of the archery competition, appearing only otherwise\",\n \"title\": \"Merry Men\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6309072\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood is a 1991 British adventure film directed by John Irvin, executive produced by John McTiernan, and starring Patrick Bergin, Uma Thurman, Jürgen Prochnow, Jeroen Krabbé, and Edward Fox. Although originally intended for a theatrical release in the United States and South America, the film instead premiered on television, on the Fox network in those territories a month before the release of Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves. It was released in cinemas in several countries in Europe and elsewhere, including Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Plot summary The film begins when a miller, who is poaching deer on lands belonging to the King of England, is detected by a hunting party led by the cruel Norman knight Sir Miles Folcanet. The miller flees the hunting party until he runs into a Saxon earl, Robert Hode and his friend, Will. The miller pleads for help and Will urges Hode to intercede, as the Normans arrive threatening to poke the miller's eyes out. Folcanet is enraged by Hode's interference and demands that Hode be punished by the local Sheriff (shire-reeve) Roger Daguerre, who is Hode's friend. Privately Daguerre confides to Hode that he needs peace with Folcanet because he has agreed to give Daguerre a large portion of his niece Marian's wealth once they are married. Publicly Daguerre orders a single stroke of the whip for Hode after he apologizes; Hode is enraged, insulting Daguerre and is outlawed as a result. He flees into Sherwood Forest, meets John Little and the usual cast of Merry Men and under the name \\\"Robin Hood\\\" takes up arms and fights against the Norman nobility. After seeing Hode's Merry Men humiliate Folcanet, Marian joins their band in disguise, until a disgruntled outlaw recognizes her and betrays her to the Sheriff. Hode convinces everyone to attack Nottingham Castle to stop the wedding, certain that she loves him. Folcanet is defeated and Daguerre is convinced to set aside their feud and bless the marriage of Robin and Marian. Cast Production Characterisation The film shares some of its underlying plot with the famous 1938 swashbuckler, The Adventures of Robin Hood, concentrating on the struggle between Normans and Saxons. Details of the storyline and the identities of the characters differ widely, however, between the two versions. Although the familiar characters Little John, Friar Tuck, Will Scarlet and Much the Miller's Son appear in this version, the traditional Sheriff of Nottingham and Guy of Gisbourne have been replaced by original antagonists. The Baron Daguerre takes the Sheriff's place as the scheming, greedy tax collector (though in this version, he is originally Robin's friend) and Folcanet stands in for Guy as the violent, vindictive knight after Robin's head (and Marian's maidenhead). Unlike many modern versions of the story, King Richard does not appear at the end and instead Daguerre is reconciled with Hode and promises a future where Saxons and Normans are treated equally. Filming It was filmed on location at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire, England, a medieval-style Victorian-era edifice built\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood (1991 British film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28035697\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood is a fictional character appearing in media published by DC Comics, based on the legendary character of the same name. The character debuted in New Adventure Comics vol. 1 #23 (January 1938), and was created by Sven Elven. Publication history The DC Comics version of Robin Hood first appeared in New Adventure Comics vol. 1, #23 (January 1938). Robin Hood's debut in January 1938 was one of the earliest appearances of a recurring character in a DC Comics title, and predates Superman's debut in June 1938. The character then shows up in Robin Hood Tales #1 (February 1956) published by Quality Comics; the series was later bought and published by National Periodical Publications (later known as DC Comics) starting with Robin Hood Tales #7 (February 1957). Fictional character biography The mainstream DC Comics version of Robin Hood is Robert Fitzooth, the 12th century Earl of Huntingdon. Fitzooth a veteran soldier, discovers the ruins of his family castle upon returning from the Crusades. He later learns that Prince John has usurped the throne of his brother, Richard the Lionheart, Prince John razed the elder Earl of Huntingdon's castle and confiscated his lands because he supported King Richard. A suspicious Richard had sent Fitzooth back to England ahead of his return from the Crusades. Robert Fitzooth was given Richard's royal ring, and empowered to act on his behalf. Fitzooth loses the ring to Prince John's machinations and uses his military training to found a rebel movement based in Sherwood Forest, to oppose Prince John's rule and retrieve the royal seal. He takes his namesake \\\"Robin\\\" from a small bird, a robin he sees bravely opposing a falcon. The surname \\\"Hood\\\" from a green hood was given to him by the Countess Marian, otherwise known as Lady Marian or Maid Marian. More Fun Comics In More Fun Comics #82 Speedy and Green Arrow use \\\"time pills\\\" confiscated from a mad scientist named Professor Wurm to travel back to the 12th century era of Robin Hood. They discover that Robin Hood has been framed for murder by Sir Guy of Gisbourne; Green Arrow clears Robin's name, and later returns to the present day with Speedy. Detective Comics In Detective Comics vol. 1 #116, Batman and Robin meet and rescue Robin Hood. Batman also takes part in an archery tournament sponsored by the Sheriff of Nottingham, all thanks to Professor Carter Nichols and his \\\"time hypnosis\\\" technology. World's Finest Comics Green Arrow travels through time again, and switches places with Robin Hood in World's Finest Comics vol. 1 #40. Wonder Woman Wonder Woman traveled back in time twice to meet Robin Hood using the \\\"Amazon time-and-space transformer\\\", in Wonder Woman vol. 1 #82, and then later in Wonder Woman vol. 1 #94. Adventure Comics In Adventure Comics vol. 1 #264, while visiting Sherwood Forest, Green Arrow and Speedy discover a time machine in a secret World War II laboratory. They both travel back in time where Green Arrow temporarily takes the place of\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood (DC Comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5607655\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow\\\" is Child ballad 152. It features an archery competition for a golden (or silver) arrow that has long appeared in Robin Hood tales, but it is the oldest recorded one where Robin's disguise prevents his detection. Synopsis The sheriff of Nottingham complains to King Richard of Robin Hood. The king declares that the sheriff is his sheriff and must catch him. The sheriff decides to trap him with an archery contest, where the prizes would be arrows with golden and silver heads. Robin decides to compete, despite a warning from David of Doncaster that it is a trap, though he does order the Merry Men to attend in great number and disguised. Robin goes in disguise and wins, escaping without being recognized. At Little John's advice, a letter is written to the sheriff and shot into his hall, telling the truth. Archery contests in Robin Hood tales There are many archery contests in the legends of Robin Hood, but many of them are clearly derived from this source, as in Howard Pyle's The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. Other variants are more closely related to the older contest included in A Gest of Robyn Hode, where they are recognized and must fight free. Portrayals The story is portrayed in the 1938 film The Adventures of Robin Hood starring Errol Flynn in which Prince John, Guy of Gisbourne, and the Sheriff of Nottingham plan to trap Robin as the most likely winner of the contest, knowing of his attraction to the Lady Marian, and Robin splits the arrow of another contestant to thus win the prize of the golden arrow given by her hand. An altered version of the tale appears in the first episode of the Robin of Sherwood television series, in which the prize offered is a silver arrow belonging to Herne the Hunter as a means of luring Robin to the castle. This episode is parodied in Mel Brooks' Robin Hood: Men in Tights in which the contest itself seduces Robin. The event also appears in the animated Disney film, with the prizes instead being a golden arrow and a kiss from Maid Marian. The event also appears in the computer game Conquests of the Longbow: The Legend of Robin Hood, where the player, as Robin Hood, can win a golden arrow in an archery contest, thereby adding its value (15000 marks) to a ransom to free Richard the Lionheart from prison abroad. The event also appears in the Doctor Who episode \\\"Robot of Sherwood,\\\" with Robin splitting another contestant’s arrow, before the Doctor splits Robin’s arrow. See also List of the Child Ballads Notes External links Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow Child Ballads Robin Hood ballads\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18446775\",\n \"text\": \"Tony Rotherham is an English historian, living history re-enactor, film extra, teacher, fight choreographer, stuntman, weapon expert and Robin Hood. He was previously Nottingham's official Robin Hood and has been doing this kind of work for many years. Rotherham trained at the Andrew Van Der Hauser Academy of Sword in the Netherlands and learned a very high degree of combat. He worked in film and television as a fight choreographer and actor for many years. Rotherham has been studying the history of Robin Hood ever since he was 18 years old, including the history behind the ballads. He has been giving lectures on the subject for over 20 years and is also the founder of several successful and award-winning historical recreation societies: Spirit of England, The Company of the White Boar, Sea Thieves Pirate Association and Stand and Deliver The English Highwayman's Association. Film and TV work Rotherham played King James in the documentary 'The Battle of Flodden', and Sam Gregory in the Channel 5 documentary 'The Real Dick Turpin'. He was the assistant director additional scenes in a 1999 film adaptation of King Lear, and has worked on many other films, including Highlander 1 & 2, Merlin The Quest Begins and several documentaries. Sources The official website (used with permission), The Tales of Robin Hood, Prof Dr. R. Rotherham, Robin Hood's World Wide Society and the BBC. References Male actors from Nottingham Living people Action choreographers English historians English male film actors English male television actors Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Rotherham\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26171\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood is a legendary heroic outlaw originally depicted in English folklore and subsequently featured in literature, theatre, and cinema. According to legend, he was a highly skilled archer and swordsman. In some versions of the legend, he is depicted as being of noble birth, and in modern retellings he is sometimes depicted as having fought in the Crusades before returning to England to find his lands taken by the Sheriff. In the oldest known versions, he is instead a member of the yeoman class. Traditionally depicted dressed in Lincoln green, he is most famous for his attribute of stealing from the rich to give to the poor. Through retellings, additions, and variations, a body of familiar characters associated with Robin Hood has been created. These include his lover, Maid Marian; his band of outlaws, the Merry Men; and his chief opponent, the Sheriff of Nottingham. The Sheriff is often depicted as assisting Prince John in usurping the rightful but absent King Richard, to whom Robin Hood remains loyal. He became a popular folk figure in the Late Middle Ages, and his partisanship of the common people and opposition to the Sheriff are some of the earliest-recorded features of the legend, whereas his political interests and setting during the Angevin era developed in later centuries. The earliest known ballads featuring him are from the 15th century. There have been numerous variations and adaptations of the story over the subsequent years, and the story continues to be widely represented in literature, film, and television media today. Robin Hood is considered one of the best-known tales of English folklore. In popular culture, the term \\\"Robin Hood\\\" is often used to describe a heroic outlaw or rebel against tyranny. The origins of the legend as well as the historical context have been debated for centuries. There are numerous references to historical figures with similar names that have been proposed as possible evidence of his existence, some dating back to the late 13th century. At least eight plausible origins to the story have been mooted by historians and folklorists, including suggestions that \\\"Robin Hood\\\" was a stock alias used by or in reference to bandits. Ballads and tales The first clear reference to \\\"rhymes of Robin Hood\\\" is from the alliterative poem Piers Plowman, thought to have been composed in the 1370s, followed shortly afterwards by a quotation of a later common proverb, \\\"many men speak of Robin Hood and never shot his bow\\\", in Friar Daw's Reply ( 1402) and a complaint in Dives and Pauper (1405–1410) that people would rather listen to \\\"tales and songs of Robin Hood\\\" than attend Mass. Robin Hood is also mentioned in a famous Lollard tract dated to the first half of the fifteenth century (thus also possibly predating his other earliest historical mentions) alongside several other folk heroes such as Guy of Warwick, Bevis of Hampton, and Sir Lybeaus. However, the earliest surviving copies of the narrative ballads that tell his story date to the second\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37882642\",\n \"text\": \"Robin des Bois (full title Robin des Bois: Ne renoncez jamais) is a French musical with mise en scène by Michel Laprise and text and music by Patrice Guirao and Lionel Florence. It premiered on 26 September 2013 at Palais des congrès de Paris and played until 5 January 2014 with French singer M. Pokora in the role of Robin Hood. Synopsis In this amended version of Robin Hood, Marianne (in English Maid Marian) decided to end her relationship with Robin Hood. Fifteen years later, they both are leaders of their own groups, in two separated parts of the Sherwood forest. Marianne lives with Adrien, the boy she had with Robin, but Robin doesn't know about him. Adrien, now 15, falls in love with the daughter of Shérif de Nottingham (in English Sheriff of Nottingham, the avowed enemy of Robin) and she comes to lives with him in the forest. After another attack from the sheriff's army, Marianne requests Robin's help to save her group and their houses. When the sheriff realises that Adrien is Robin's son, he decides to imprison the young boy, despite the feelings his daughter has towards him. Robin is captured too, but is freed by his friends. He then launches a rescue operation with the help of his followers and notably Petit Jean (Little John) and Frère Tuck (Friar Tuck) played by Nyco Lilliu. They win the final battle, but Little John is killed. They mourn him before King Richard Lionheart comes back to England and knights Robin. Personnel Presentation Gilbert Coullier Roberto Ciurleo RDB-P Mise en scène Michel Laprise Production Gilbert Coullier Productions Composition David Hallyday Fred Château Mathieu Mendès Corneille Shaka Ponk Coyle Girelli Stanislas John Mamann Costumes Stéphane Rolland Cast (Roles as in French production) M. Pokora as Robin des Bois (Robin Hood) Stéphanie Bédard as Marianne Nyco Lilliu as Frère Tuck (Friar Tuck) Caroline Costa as Bédélia Marc Antoine as Petit Jean (Little John) Dumè as Vaisey, le shérif de Nottingham (Sheriff of Nottingham) Sacha Tran as Adrien Soundtrack Robin des Bois soundtrack (longer title Robin des Bois - Ne Renoncez Jamais) for the musical Robin des Bois was released on Capitol Records / EMI on 22 March 2013 and entered the SNEP official French Albums Chart in its first week of release. The album is being released in two versions. The standard edition and the digipack limited edition. Track list M. Pokora – \\\"Le jour qui se rêve\\\" (3:45) Dumè & M. Pokora – \\\"Devenir quelqu'un\\\" (3:40) Stéphanie Bédard & M. Pokora – \\\"Tes blessures\\\" (4:43) Nyco Lilliu, Marc Antoine & M. Pokora – \\\"À nous\\\" (3:59) Caroline Costa – \\\"J'ai dit oui\\\" (3:59) Nyco Lilliu – \\\"Un monde à changer\\\" (3:25) M. Pokora – \\\"Si l'amour existe\\\" (3:50) Stéphanie Bédard – \\\"La flèche ou la cible\\\" (3:45) Sacha Tran – \\\"Quinze ans à peine\\\" (3:50) Marc Antoine – \\\"Lui sait qui je suis\\\" (3:58) Caroline Costa & Sacha Tran – \\\"Laissez-nous vivre\\\" (3:33) Dumè – \\\"Notting Hill Nottingham\\\" (3:11)\",\n \"title\": \"Robin des Bois\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1089042\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood is a 1922 silent adventure film starring Douglas Fairbanks and Wallace Beery. It was the first motion picture ever to have a Hollywood premiere, held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre on October 18, 1922. The movie's full title, under which it was copyrighted, is Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood. It was one of the most expensive films of the 1920s, with a budget estimated at about one million dollars. The film was a smash hit and generally received favorable reviews. Plot The opening has the dashing Earl of Huntingdon besting his bitter enemy, Sir Guy of Gisbourne, in a joust. Huntingdon then joins King Richard the Lion-Hearted, who is going off to fight in the Crusades and has left his brother, Prince John, as regent. The prince soon emerges as a cruel, treacherous tyrant. Goaded on by Sir Guy, he usurps Richard's throne. When Huntingdon receives a message from Lady Marian Fitzwalter, his love interest, telling him of all that has transpired, he requests permission to return to England. King Richard assumes that the Earl has turned coward and denies him permission. The Earl seeks to leave in spite of this, but is ambushed by Sir Guy and imprisoned as a deserter. Upon escaping from his confines, he returns to England, endangering his life and honor, to oppose Prince John and restore King Richard's throne. He finds his friends and himself outlawed and Marian apparently dead. Huntingdon returns to Nottingham and adopts the name of Robin Hood, acrobatic champion of the oppressed. Leading a band that steals from the rich to give to the poor, including Friar Tuck, Little John, Will Scarlet, and Allan-a-Dale, he labors to set things right through swashbuckling feats and makes life miserable for Prince John and his cohort, the high sheriff of Nottingham. After rescuing Marian from Prince John's prison and defeating Sir Guy in a final conflict, Robin is captured. The timely reappearance of King Richard returns him to Marian and foils the efforts of Prince John. Cast Douglas Fairbanks as Earl of Huntingdon/Robin Hood (Fairbanks's custom was to place his name last.) Wallace Beery as King Richard the Lion-Hearted Sam De Grasse as Prince John Enid Bennett as Lady Marian Fitzwalter Paul Dickey as Sir Guy of Gisbourne William Lowery as The High Sheriff of Nottingham Willard Louis as Friar Tuck Alan Hale as The Squire/Little John Bud Geary as Will Scarlet Lloyd Talman as Allan-a-Dale Billie Bennett as Servant to Lady Marian Wallace Beery played King Richard the Lion-Hearted again the following year in a sequel called Richard the Lion-Hearted. Alan Hale, Sr., made such an impression as Little John in this film that he reprised the role 16 years later in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) opposite Errol Flynn, then played the character again in Rogues of Sherwood Forest in 1950, 28 years after his initial performance in the original Fairbanks film. Production A huge castle set and an entire 12th-century village of Nottingham were constructed at the Pickford-Fairbanks\",\n \"title\": \"Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43593445\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Robot of Sherwood\\\" is the third episode of the eighth series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. It was written by Mark Gatiss and directed by Paul Murphy, and was first broadcast on BBC One on 6 September 2014. In the episode, the alien time traveller the Doctor and his companion Clara (Jenna Coleman) arrive in Sherwood Forest in 1190, where they encounter legendary hero Robin Hood (Tom Riley) as well as the gold-plundering Sheriff of Nottingham (Ben Miller), who has allied himself with robotic knights. The episode was watched by 7.28 million viewers in the UK and received generally positive reviews from television critics. Plot The Twelfth Doctor and Clara land in Sherwood Forest in 1190, where they are met by Robin Hood. Robin challenges the Doctor to a duel which the Doctor wins by knocking Robin into a river. Clara learns that Robin is looking for his Maid Marian, but the Doctor believes there is something wrong. Robin competes in an archery contest held by the Sheriff of Nottingham where the prize is a golden arrow. The Doctor interrupts the contest by exploding the target with his sonic screwdriver. Intrigued by the Doctor's power, the Sheriff commands his robot knights to capture the Doctor. The Doctor allows the robots to capture him, Robin and Clara so he can learn more about the Sheriff's plans. The Doctor and Clara learn that the Sheriff intends to use a crashed spaceship (disguised as part of a castle) and its robot knights to take over the world. The Sheriff and the knights have plundered the countryside to collect enough gold to repair the engines' circuits, but the engines are too damaged and will create an explosion that will destroy half of England. The Doctor is initially convinced that Robin is a creation of the robots in order to give the oppressed peasants hope using the legends of Earth, but ultimately learns that he is real. Clara and Robin escape the castle, but the Doctor is taken prisoner again. The Doctor leads the prisoners in a revolt against the robots. Most of the robots are destroyed, and the prisoners flee. Robin returns to save the day. The Sheriff challenges Robin to a duel, which Robin wins by knocking the Sheriff into a gold vat using a trick the Doctor taught him. The spaceship, controlled by the remaining robots, takes off but still lacks the power to make it off the planet. The Doctor decides to fire the golden arrow into the engines to give the ship a power boost to reach orbit. Since Robin's arm is injured (and the Doctor cheated during the archery contest), the Doctor, Clara, and Robin work together to fire the golden arrow from the contest into the ship, allowing it to reach orbit and harmlessly detonate. As he prepares to leave, the Doctor admits that Robin will be remembered as a legend rather than as a man which Robin is content with. When the Doctor\",\n \"title\": \"Robot of Sherwood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15621393\",\n \"text\": \"John of England has been portrayed many times in fiction, generally reflecting the overwhelmingly negative view of his reputation. Art The North Wall Frieze in the courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States depicts King John granting Magna Carta. Literature King John is the protagonist of John Bale's sixteenth-century Protestant play King Johan, in which he is depicted positively as a bulwark against the papacy. John was the subject of an anonymous Elizabethan play, The Troublesome Reign of King John, in 1591. The play reflects the sympathetic view of King John during the English Reformation; it depicts John as \\\"a fearless resister of the Papacy\\\". This play is believed by many Shakespeare scholars to have been a source for Shakespeare's play. King John appears in the plays The Downfall of Robert Earl of Huntington and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (1598) by Anthony Munday. Munday's two plays feature the exploits of Robin Hood, and John is depicted as Robin's enemy in these plays. Munday's work thus incorporated King John into the Robin Hood legends. As a result of this, John and one of his Justices in Eyre, the Sheriff of Nottingham, are frequently portrayed as villain and henchman in later versions Robin Hood legends. These usually place the Robin Hood stories in the latter part of Richard I's reign, when Richard was in captivity and John was acting as unofficial regent. John was the subject of a Shakespearean play, King John (written c. 1595, and published in 1623). Prince John is a central figure in the 1819 historical romance Ivanhoe, by Sir Walter Scott, and is depicted in subsequent adaptations. Ivanhoe helped popularize the image of King John as cruel and villainous. The novel also calls John a \\\"Norman\\\", although contemporary documents from the period of John's reign do not refer to the monarch as a Norman. King John features in the three-decker novel Forest Days (1843) by G. P. R. James, about the First Barons' War. The children's novel The Constable's Tower: or the Times of Magna Charta (1891) by Charlotte Mary Yonge, revolves around John signing Magna Carta, and also features the Siege of Dover during the First Barons' War. The novel Uncanonized (1900) by Margaret Horton Potter features King John. King John is the subject of A. A. Milne's poem for children, King John's Christmas (1927), which begins \\\"King John was not a good man\\\", but slowly builds sympathy for him as he fears not getting anything for Christmas, when all he really wants is a rubber ball. In the comic parody 1066 and All That (1930) John is depicted as \\\"an Awful King\\\". The Devil and King John by Philip Lindsay (1943) is a highly speculative but relatively sympathetic account. Philip José Farmer, a science fiction author, featured King John as one of several historical figures in his Riverworld saga. Below the Salt (1957) by Thomas B. Costain depicts the First Baron's War and John's signing of Magna Carta. John is a\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of John, King of England\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3370990\",\n \"text\": \"Rabbit Hood is a 1949 Merrie Melodies cartoon released on December 24, 1949. The entry was directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese, and features Bugs Bunny. Plot Bugs Bunny finds himself entangled in the lush surroundings of the King's domain. As he attempts to silence an alarm triggered by his pilfering of carrots, he is apprehended by the Sheriff of Nottingham. Facing the grim prospect of torture, Bugs is saved by the timely arrival of Little John, who introduces him to Robin Hood, though the famed outlaw fails to materialize. In a series of comical misdirections, Bugs outwits the Sheriff, first by fabricating the imminent arrival of the king, then by selling him the Royal Rose Garden under false pretenses. Angered by Bugs' deceptions, the Sheriff seeks revenge, only to further embarrass himself by mistaking Bugs for the king in a farcical knighting ceremony. Despite narrowly escaping the Sheriff's wrath, Bugs finds himself in another predicament when the Sheriff's arrow grazes him while attempting to flee over the garden wall. Little John's repeated attempts to introduce the elusive Robin Hood fall flat, as the outlaw fails to show up. Bugs, skeptical of Robin's existence, mocks Little John, only to be surprised when the real Robin Hood, portrayed by Errol Flynn, makes a dramatic entrance. Production notes Rabbit Hood is the last Warner Bros. cartoon released during creator Leon Schlesinger's lifetime. Rabbit Hood is one of the few Bugs Bunny cartoons to receive a Blue Ribbon reissue. Strangely, while the shorts' technical credits remain, the Bugs Bunny in card before the title card was removed. Hot Cross Bunny, Knights Must Fall and Homeless Hare are the other three cartoons with this distinction. Rabbit Hood is the origin of the infamous \\\"knighting\\\" exchange, where Bugs Bunny is dressed up like a king, and proceeds to pound the Sheriff's head with his sceptre while dispensing an oddball title with each strike: Sheriff: bows Bugs: \\\"In the name of my most Royal Majesty, I knight thee: (strikes Sheriff over the head with his sceptre) Arise! Sir Loin of Beef.\\\" (strike) \\\"Arise! Earl of Cloves.\\\" (strike) \\\"Arise! Duke of Brittingham.\\\" (strike) \\\"Arise! Baron of Munchausen.\\\" (strike) \\\"Arise! Essence of Myrrh,\\\" (strike) \\\"Milk of Magnesia,\\\" (strike) \\\"Filet of Fish,\\\" (strike) \\\"Quarter of Ten....\\\" Sheriff: (dazed, slurred, but still on his feet) \\\"You are too kind, your majesty.\\\" Bugs: (to the viewers) \\\"Got lots of stamina!\\\" The cartoon ends with the appearance of \\\"the real\\\" Robin Hood in the form of a clip from the classic 1938 movie, which starred Errol Flynn. He received a personal copy of this film in exchange for the right to use his earlier image. Rule, Britannia! (1740) is used here as a satirical motif to mock English pretension. The film's music takes advantage of the similarities between the fanfare of the Middle Ages and the reveille. The oafish Little John uses a tiny trumpet to sound a standard reveille tune. Later, Bugs disguised as a page plays another\",\n \"title\": \"Rabbit Hood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52021231\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood is a CG-animated series produced by Method Animation and DQ Entertainment (seasons 1–2), in co-production with Fabrique d'Images (season 1), ZDF, ZDF Enterprises, De Agostini Editore (season 1), and KidsMe S.r.l. (season 3), with the participation of TF1 (season 1) and The Walt Disney Company France, and in association with COFIMAGE 24. It is an animated adaptation of the Robin Hood story. It has 52 episodes which are 15 minutes each. One distributor pairs them up, reducing the count to 26, then counts 13 of those as season 1, despite the series having aired continuously from June to July 2016. Series overview Characters Robin Hood (voiced by Tom Wayland) is the teenage son of the Earl of Locksley. Tuck (voiced by Eli James) is based on Friar Tuck and a friend of Robin Hood who helps with Little John in stopping the plans of Prince John. Little John (voiced by Jake Paque) is a friend of Robin Hood who helps with Tuck in stopping the plans of Prince John. Prince John (voiced by David Nelson). Sheriff (voiced by David Wills) is based on the Sheriff of Nottingham. Rolf (voiced by Billy Bob Thompson) and Ralf (voiced by Marc Thompson) are the Sheriff's twin sons. Marian (voiced by Sarah Natochenny) is based on Maid Marian and an apprentice magician who operates as a spy in Prince John's castle. Derke is a dragon transformed into a hamster by Marian. Scarlett (voiced by Eileen Stevens) is based on Will Scarlet. Flynn is a dog that helps The Sheriff hunt for Robin. Matilda (voiced by Laurie Hymes) is Scarlett's mom and Robin Hood's aunt. King Richard (voiced by HD Quinn) is based on King Richard. Stig (voiced by Cameron Guile) is the son of the Viking King, and the tribe's shaman. Jack is the tall leader of the rouges. Doug is the smallest of the rogues. Fillcher is the heaviest of the rogues. Episodes Each season has 26 episodes with unique debut dates. Microsoft opts to pair 2 episodes as 1, renumbering 13 per season. Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 References External links 2010s French animated television series 2010s German television series 2016 French television series debuts 2019 French television series endings French children's animated fantasy television series German children's animated fantasy television series French English-language television shows Robin Hood television series Teen animated television series Television series by Method Animation German English-language television shows\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15098739\",\n \"text\": \"Twang!! is a musical with music and lyrics written by Lionel Bart and a book by Bart and Harvey Orkin, with assistance from Burt Shevelove. The piece, a spoof of the character and legend of Robin Hood, was a disastrous box-office failure and cost Bart his personal fortune. After a preview in Manchester, Twang!! opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London's West End on 20 December 1965 and closed on 29 January 1966 after just 43 performances, receiving scathing reviews and playing to mostly empty houses. Bart produced it with Bernard Delfont and John Bryan, and Joan Littlewood directed but quit before it opened. She was replaced by Shevelove and Bart. Twang!! is remembered as \\\"the most expensive flop\\\" in West End history up to that time. In 2008, the Estate of Lionel Bart commissioned Julian Woolford to write a new book for the musical which was performed in 2013 at Guildford School of Acting. This version is now licensed through MTI Synopsis Robin Hood and his Merry Men attempt to break into Nottingham Castle, in a variety of preposterous disguises, in order to prevent a marriage between the nymphomaniac \\\"court tart\\\" Delphina and the hairy Scots laird Roger the Ugly, arranged for the purpose of securing the loan of Scottish troops for bad Prince John. The new version is a \\\"meta-musical\\\" with a completely different plot. Robin Hood has lost his 'Twang' and is not the hero he once was. Much the Miller's Son arrives in Sherwood Forest having run away from home and is arrested by the sheriff. He is rescued by Robin and the Men before discovering that in Nottinghamshire life is a musical comedy. He falls in love with Delphina whilst Maid Marion helps Robin find his missing 'twang' before King Richard returns to re-establish order. Roles and principal cast Alan-a-Dale – Elric Hooper Sir Guy of Gisborne – Howard Goorney Mystery Voice in \\\"Unseen Hands\\\" – Long John Baldry Mutch – Kent Baker Robin Hood – James Booth Little John – Bernard Bresslaw Will Scarlett – Ronnie Corbett Friar Tuck – Will Stampe Sheriff of Nottingham – Bob Grant Maid Marian – Toni Eden Prince John – Maxwell Shaw Delphina – Barbara Windsor Roger the Ugly – Philip Newman Production The cast included the strongest players from Littlewood's Theatre Workshop, including Ronnie Corbett, Barbara Windsor and James Booth. But Twang!! ran into difficulty from the start. The script was weak, especially the part of Robin Hood, which was badly underwritten. When Booth expressed his concerns, he was repeatedly assured that the part would be expanded to a starring role. Littlewood demanded a rewrite, but constant, confusing revisions failed to improve the script. Littlewood, the choreographer Paddy Stone, the designer Oliver Messel, and the writers failed to work together. Rehearsals were disorganised and fraught with tension; Bart was drinking; Littlewood threatened to walk out. At a rehearsal, Littlewood accused Bart of failing to fulfill his creative responsibilities because he was too strung-out on LSD. Bart, in\",\n \"title\": \"Twang!!\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Alan Rickman"],"string":"[\n \"Alan Rickman\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":67,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_12632"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what was the last year h2 hummers were made"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"14395","text":"Hummer (stylized in all caps) is a brand of pickups and SUVs first marketed in 1992 when AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee. Although discontinued in 2010, Hummer returned as a model under GMC in 2020. In 1998, General Motors (GM) purchased the brand name from AM General and marketed three vehicles: the original Hummer H1, based on the military Humvee, as well as the new H2 and H3 models that were based on smaller, civilian-market GM platforms. By 2008, Hummer's viability in the economic downturn was questioned. Rather than being transferred to the Motors Liquidation Company as part of the GM bankruptcy in 2009, the brand was retained by GM, to investigate its sale. No final deal was made, and in 2010, Hummer dealerships began shutting down. The nameplate returned to the marketplace for the 2022 model year, not as a separate make brand but as electric pickup truck and SUV models sold under the GMC brand as the \"GMC Hummer EV\". The pre-production versions of the EV began November 2021 after a $2.2 billion investment to build a variety of all-electric vehicles in GM's Detroit-Hamtramck assembly plant. History Origin AM General had planned to sell a civilian version of its Humvee as far back as the late 1980s. Having the same structure and most mechanical components, the civilian Hummers were finished in automotive gloss paint, adding passenger car enhancements such as air conditioning, sound insulation, upgraded upholstery, stereo systems, wood trim, and convenience packages. The civilian model began in part because of the persistence of Arnold Schwarzenegger, who saw an Army convoy while filming Kindergarten Cop in Oregon and began to campaign and lobby for a civilian version to be available on the market. In 1992, AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee vehicle to the public under the brand name \"Hummer\". The first two Hummer H1s to be sold were purchased by Schwarzenegger. GM purchase In December 1999, AM General sold the brand name to General Motors but continued to manufacture the vehicles. GM was responsible for the marketing and distribution of all civilian Hummers produced by AM General. Shortly thereafter, GM introduced two of its own design models, the H2 and H3, and renamed the original vehicle H1. AM General continued to build the H1 until it was discontinued in 2006 and was contracted by GM to produce the H2. The H3 was built in Shreveport, LA, alongside the Chevrolet Colorado and GMC Canyon pickups, with which it shared the GMT-355 platform (modified and designated GMT-345). Hummer dealership buildings featured an oversized half Quonset Hut style roof, themed to the Hummer brand's military origins. By 2006, the Hummer began to be exported and sold through importers and distributors in 33 countries. On October 10, 2006, GM began producing the Hummer H3 at its Port Elizabeth plant in South Africa for international markets. The Hummers built there at first were only left-hand drive, but right-hand drive versions were","title":"Hummer"},{"docid":"895075","text":"The Hummer H2 is an full-size off-road sport utility vehicle (SUV) that was marketed by Hummer and built in the AM General facility under contract from General Motors from 2002 until 2009. It is based on a modified GMT820 GM three-quarter-ton pickup truck in the front and a half-ton 1500 frame in the rear. A four-door pickup truck version with a midgate that opens the vehicle's interior to the external cargo bed was introduced for the 2005 model year as the H2 SUT (sport utility truck). Background In 2001 and 2002, GM allowed journalists to examine early versions of the Hummer H2, which were still under development at the time. The H2 was built by AM General under contract with General Motors at AM General Commercial Assembly Plant in Mishawaka, Indiana. Features Standard Standard features include air conditioning with tri-zone climate controls, tilt leather-wrapped steering wheel with radio controls, cruise control, leather upholstery, heated front and rear seats, 8-way power front seats, dual memory system, BOSE premium sound system, single-CD/cassette player and later in 2004, a 6-disc CD changer, then in 2008, a single CD-player with MP3 capability, an auxiliary input jack and DVD player, outside-temperature indicator, compass, rear radio controls, independent front torsion bar suspension, rear 5-link coil spring suspension specially created for the H2, oversized tires with wheels scripted \"HUMMER\" on, universal garage door opener and remote engine start (2008–2009). Optional Options for the H2 include adjustable rear suspension (which is included within the Adventure Package), a wide power sunroof, rearview camera, DVD entertainment system, navigation system, ladder, custom grilles, side step bars, Air compressor with road assistance kit, and 20\" chrome wheels (slightly different from stock wheels). 2008 updates For 2008, the Hummer H2 and H2 SUT received an update. While largely unchanged on the exterior, the H2 and H2 SUT interiors were redesigned. This included a new instrument cluster with improved gauges and Driver Information Center (DIC) based on the higher-trim GMT900 trucks/SUVs, a new leather-wrapped steering wheel, three new radios with a Bose premium audio system and auxiliary audio inputs (including a new touchscreen GPS navigation radio with DVD audio and video playback while the transmission is in the park position, and XM Nav-Traffic capabilities), a new rear seat DVD entertainment system, Bluetooth hands-free calling capabilities, enhanced voice activation, new OnStar hardware with buttons moved from the rearview mirror to the overhead console, a lower dashboard-mounted radio, new dual-zone climate controls, new rear seat audio system controls, a new dash-mounted control knob for the 4X4 system to replace the old pushbutton controls, brushed aluminum interior trim panels, new interior color options, available remote engine start, and a center dashboard-mounted analog clock. Also for 2008, a new 6.2 L V8 gasoline engine replaced the previous 6.0 L, with a new 6L80-E six-speed automatic transmission, replacing the 4L65-E four-speed automatic. Hummer launched a special 2009 Black Chrome Limited Edition featuring a new paint color, Sedona Metallic. All Black Chrome editions also had Sedona interior, black chrome accents","title":"Hummer H2"},{"docid":"12249136","text":"Unique Whips is an American reality television show that aired on the now-defunct Speed network from 2005 to 2008. It premiered on February 8, 2005, The show follows the work of Unique Autosports, based in Long Island, New York, as they customize celebrity automobiles. It was created and Produced by Steve Hillebrand and Corey Damsker of Hollywood East. The customization generally consists of car stereo, wheels, custom paint and interior work. Celebrities whose cars were featured on the show include P. Diddy, DJ Pauly D, Jeff Gordon, Tony Stewart, Pam Anderson, Patti LaBelle, 50 Cent, LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Marcus Camby, Fat Joe, and Tom Wolfe. Spinoffs and related works Unique Autosports: Miami ran on the Spike network for one season. On 2 February 2016, a sequel television series featuring Unique Autosports, Unique Rides, premiered on Discovery's Velocity (now Motor Trend) channel. The first episode featured Castro modifying a Cadillac Escalade for Jason Derulo. The series ran for 3 seasons. Celebrity rides P. Diddy - 2 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited B-Real – 2007 Nissan Pathfinder, 2007 Nissan Armada Pharrell Williams - 1998 Nissan Maxima, 1993 Toyota Supra, 1994 BMW 3 Series 1988 Hyundai Excel Sedan LeBron James - 2003 Hummer H2, Ferrari F430 Orlando Brown - 1996 Chevrolet Impala SS, 2007 Ford F-650 50 Cent - 2007 Lamborghini Murcielago Roadster, 2006 Rolls-Royce Phantom, 2005 Chrysler 300C, 2008 Pontiac G8 Chi-Ali - 2004 Nissan Altima, 2009 Chevrolet Impala, 1995 Ford Mustang Coupe, 2003 Hummer H2, 2000 Toyota Camry, 1997 Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition Lloyd Banks - 1972 Chevrolet Impala, 2006 Bentley Continental, Bulletproof SUV, 2003 Hummer H2 KRS-One - Chevrolet Monte Carlo Stock Car Jadakiss - 2004 Range Rover, 2005 Chevrolet Corvette, 2004 Mercedes-Benz S-Class, 2005 Cadillac XLR, GMC Yukon Denali, 2003 Cadillac Escalade, 1997 Chevrolet Tahoe Fat Joe - 2005 Bentley Continental Dewayne Robertson - Dodge Charger SRT8, Land Rover Range Rover, Cadillac Escalade, Hummer H2 Al Harrington - 2007 Cadillac Escalade, Bentley Continental GT Busta Rhymes - Rolls-Royce Phantom, 1997 Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition, Lamborghini Diablo, 1988 Chevrolet Caprice Queen Latifah - Lamborghini Murcielago, 1984 Cadillac Hearse, 1973 Chevrolet Impala Convertible Mike McGlone - 2006 Chevrolet Impala, 1995 Cadillac Fleetwood Carmelo Anthony - Lincoln Continental Timbaland - 2002 Porsche Cayenne Charles Barkley - Ferrari 458 Spider, Jaguar XJ220, Hummer H1, Aston Martin Vanquish, Lamborghini Gallardo Tony Yayo - 2003 Hummer H2, Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class Young Buck - 2003 BMW 760li The Game - 2003 Cadillac Escalade Jerricho Cotchery - Bentley Continental Flying Spur Gary Sheffield - Cadillac Escalade Marcus Camby - Hummer H2, Corvette Marcus Banks - Land Rover Range Rover, BMW 745i Byron Leftwich - 1967 Lincoln Continental Convertible Jason Giambi - Cadillac Escalade Nelly - Bentley Continental GT Ruben Sierra - Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition truck GZA - Dodge Magnum Patti LaBelle - Mercedes Benz CLS 55 Barry Gardner - Mercedes Benz CLS 55 Wyclef Jean - 1994 BMW 5-Series, 1988 Chevrolet Caprice Sedan, 1992 Honda Civic Sedan Jennifer Capriati - 2005 Range Rover Robinson Cano","title":"Unique Whips"},{"docid":"1633865","text":"The Hummer H3 is an off-road vehicle that was produced from 2005 to 2010 by General Motors. The smallest model of the Hummer lineup, it was offered as a 5-door SUV or a 4-door pickup truck known as the H3T. Unlike the larger H1 and H2 models, the H3 was not developed by AM General. It was introduced for the 2006 model year, based on a modified GMT355 that underpinned the Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon compact pickup trucks that were also built at GM's Shreveport Operations in Shreveport, Louisiana and the Port Elizabeth plant in South Africa. While mechanically related to the Colorado and Canyon, GM claims they share only 10% of their components, with the chassis modified and reinforced for heavy off-road duties. Powertrains The H3 was launched with a 3.5 liter straight-5 cylinder L52 engine that produced and of torque and was mated to a standard five-speed Aisin AR5 manual transmission or an optional Hydra-Matic 4L60-E four-speed automatic transmission. In 2007 this engine was replaced by the 3.7 liter LLR that produced and of torque, figures that were revised in 2009 to and . Under revised EPA testing standards when equipped with either transmission this straight-5 engine achieved in the city and on the highway with a combined average of . Available solely with the 4L60-E automatic transmission, a 5.3 liter LH8 V8 engine producing and of torque was added in 2008 for the Alpha model. The V8 version had lower fuel economy, estimated at in the city, on the highway, with a combined average of . In 2007, a H3X edition was added. It included the luxury package, 18-inch chrome wheels with unique center caps, chrome trim, chrome tube steps, a body-colored grille and a hard tire cover. The H3X also came with exclusive colors of Sonoma Red Metallic or Desert Orange Metallic. Capabilities The H3 featured a two-speed, electronically controlled full-time four-wheel drive system that made it for both on-road and off-road driving. An electronic locking rear differential was optional, with a locking front differential also becoming an option on later models. Like the Hummer H2, the H3 can ford of water (tested in depths up to ) at a speed of and of water at a speed of . Standard ground clearance with the 31-inch tires was while the approach, departure, and breakover angles were 37.4°, 34.7°, and 22.1° respectively, allowing the H3 to scale a vertical wall and negotiate grades of 60% and side slopes of 40%. Front and rear recovery hooks were standard, with an optional trailer hitch and wiring harness. The H3 features a traction control that can use the brakes independently to stop wheelspin and improve traction while adjusting to road conditions. It is also equipped with Stabilitrak stability control and ABS with variable brake force distribution assist. The optional Adventure or Off Road package included 33-inch tires, off-road shocks, differential lockers and 4:1 low range gearing. These upgrades increased ground clearance, suspension articulation, approach and departure angles, and increased the H3's","title":"Hummer H3"},{"docid":"4531530","text":"Hummer is a sub-brand and then-division of General Motors. Hummer may also refer to: Vehicles Humvee, a military vehicle Hummer H1, a civilian version of the Humvee Hummer H2, other vehicle of the Hummer brand Hummer H3, other vehicle of the Hummer brand Harley-Davidson Hummer, a motorcycle E-2 Hawkeye, an aircraft Music The Hummer, a 2006 album by Devin Townsend \"Hummer\" (Foals song), a 2007 single Hummer, another name for the Corrugaphone A song by Smashing Pumpkins on the album Siamese Dream Other meanings Hummer (surname) Hummingbird, a bird Hummer (cocktail), a boozy milkshake made with vodka Hummer (1997 video game), a 1990s Sega arcade video game Hummer (2009 video game), a 2009 Sega arcade game A person or thing that hums A slang term for fellatio See also Hammer (disambiguation)","title":"Hummer (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"1507664","text":"GMT (General Motors Truck) is a nomenclature used by General Motors to designate multiple vehicle platforms. In use since the early 1980s, the GMT nomenclature is used for light trucks, full-size SUVs, and vans, along with several medium-duty trucks. With only a few exceptions, nearly all GMT vehicles use body-on-frame construction, along with rear-wheel drive (or all-wheel drive) powertrain configurations. Primary applications Primary applications of the platform – those that are equivalent in basic RWD/frame structure to each other – existed from 1981 to 1989, and again since 2018. Light trucks and SUVs Pickups and SUVs have been the main vehicles underpinned by GMT platforms, being involved for the entirety of the platform's existence. Fullsize GMT400 – Chevrolet C/K and variants, 1988 – 2002 GMT800 – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 1999 – 2007 GMT900 – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2007 – 2014 GMTK2XX – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2014 – 2019 GMTT1XX – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2019–present Midsize GMT325 – Chevrolet S-10 and truck rebadgings, 1982 – 2012 GMT330 – Chevrolet S-10 Blazer and SUV rebadgings, 1983 – 2012 GMT355 – First-gen. Chevrolet Colorado and truck rebadgings, 2004 – 2012 GMT360 – Chevrolet TrailBlazer and rebadgings, 2002 – 2009 GMT700, later GMT31XX – Second-gen. Chevrolet Colorado, 2012–present GMT700, later GMT31XX – Second-gen. Chevrolet TrailBlazer SUV, 2012–present Hummer In contrast to the Hummer H1–designed and assembled by AM General, the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3 were developed by GM, receiving their own platform designations. Designated the GMT825, the H2 was derived from the GMT820 (Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon), with its own midsection frame design and a rear frame shared with the 2500-series GMT800 pickup trucks. The H3 SUV was designated the GMT345, a close variant of the GMT355 (Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon). The 2009-2010 H3T pickup truck was designated as the GMT745, adopting a nomenclature closer in line with the GMT700 used by the later second-generation Colorado/Canyon. Vans The 1996 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana replaced the previous G-series Van/Vandura, adopting the GMT600 designation. As part of a model update and revision for 2003, GM changed the Express/Savana to GMT610, which remains in use, the model line competes with the Ford Transit, and Ford E-Series (dependent on configuration), Mercedes-Benz/Freightliner Sprinter, Dodge Ram Wagon, and the Ram ProMaster (cargo van only). Medium trucks For 1990, the Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC TopKick medium-duty trucks adopted the GMT530 designation (sharing the cab of the GMT400 trucks). For 2003, the line was redesigned, becoming the GMT560 platform (sharing a version of the GMT610 cab). After the 2009 model year, General Motors ended medium-duty truck production. Since 2018, a medium-duty version of the GMTK2XX has been produced in a joint venture with Navistar International. Other applications While the aforementioned platforms are the ones model commonly referred to as GMT platforms, there have been other instances of the name being applied which are not for RWD and/or body-on-frame vehicles. MPVs For 1990, GM unveiled its first minivans, all of which were underpinned by the first generation of the U platform. This platform","title":"General Motors GMT platform"},{"docid":"177390","text":"AM General is an American heavy vehicle and contract automotive manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana. It is best known for the civilian Hummer and the military Humvee that are assembled in Mishawaka, Indiana. For a relatively brief period, 1974–1979, the company also manufactured transit buses, making more than 5,400 of them. Corporate history AM General traces its roots to the Standard Wheel Company of Terre Haute, Indiana, which expanded in 1903 to include the Overland Automotive Division. In 1908, John North Willys purchased the Overland company, then based in Indianapolis, Indiana, and renamed it Willys-Overland Motors. In the 1940s, as Willys, it collaborated with Ford to develop a vehicle to US Army specifications. It then mass-produced that vehicle as \"America's first four-wheel-drive, one-fourth-ton, tactical utility truck\"—the Jeep of World War II fame. In 1953, Kaiser Motors purchased Willys-Overland, changing its name first to Kaiser-Willys Motor Company, and in 1963, to Kaiser-Jeep Corporation. In 1970, it was purchased by American Motors Corporation (AMC). In July 2020, KPS Capital Partners acquired the company. Defense and Government Products Division In 1964, Kaiser-Jeep purchased the Studebaker facilities on Chippewa Avenue in South Bend, Indiana, which included Studebaker's \"General Products Division\", along with its substantial defense contracts. At the time, Kaiser had been awarded a US$87 million Army truck contract, and under government pressure, agreed to perform the work at the South Bend plant it had recently acquired from Studebaker. American Motors American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased the Jeep Corporation from Kaiser in 1970 when Kaiser decided to leave the auto business. In 1971, AMC made the General Products Division of Jeep (producing military trucks as well as contract and non-commercial vehicles) a wholly owned subsidiary and renamed it AM General Corporation. American Motors ceased to function as an independent automaker in 1982 when a controlling interest was purchased by Renault. US government regulations at that time forbade ownership of defense contractors by foreign governments—and Renault was partially owned by the French government. LTV Corporation In 1983, LTV Corporation bought AM General and established it as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1984, its headquarters moved from the American Motors AMTEK Building in Detroit, Michigan, to Livonia, Michigan, and two years later to South Bend, Indiana, where primary manufacturing operations were located. Renco Group In 1992, AM General was sold to Renco Group, which in 2002 converted it to a limited liability company. Hummer brand In 1984 AM General built a separate factory at 13200 McKinley Hwy in Mishawaka for HMMWV production. In 1992 AM General began marketing the HMMWV to the civilian market under the Hummer brand. In 1999, GM acquired the rights to the brand and continued production of the original civilian Hummer as the H1 until June 2006. The Hummer H2 went on the market in 2002, and was produced until January 2009. It was designed and marketed by GM, but manufactured by AM General at the Mishawaka plant. AM General did not build the H3 model. GM was sued early in","title":"AM General"},{"docid":"1693069","text":"H2, H02, or H-2 may refer to: Arts and media Armenia 2 (H2), a private television company broadcasting in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh H2 (A&E Networks), the rebranded name of the former channel History International H2 (American TV channel), the American version of the channel H2 (manga), a baseball manga by Mitsuru Adachi Halo 2, a video game for the Xbox, created and developed by Bungie Halloween II (2009 film), initially abbreviated to H2 Hollywood Squares, referred to as H2 informally during the 2002–2004 seasons Computing , level 2 heading markup for HTML Web pages, see HTML element#heading H2 (database), an open-source Java SQL database-management system DSC-H2, a 2006 Sony Cyber-shot H series camera HTTP/2, major revision of HTTP, often abbreviated in discussions as h2, and identifying itself to other servers as h2 in TLS negotiation or h2c in the HTTP Upgrade header LGA 1155 CPU socket, also known as Socket H2 Roads and transportation Interstate H-2, a highway in Hawaii, located on the island of Oahu London Buses route H2 Science and mathematics Biology and medicine ATC code H02 Corticosteroids for systemic use, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System British NVC community H2, a heath community in the British National Vegetation Classification system Histamine H2 receptor Prostaglandin H2 H-2, the Major histocompatibility complex of the mouse (equivalent of the Human Leukocyte Antigens) or , wide- or narrow-sense heritability Chemistry H2, the chemical formula for hydrogen gas (dihydrogen) Deuterium (Hydrogen-2, H-2, 2H), the isotope of hydrogen with one proton, one neutron, and one electron Other uses in science and mathematics H II region, a region of interstellar atomic hydrogen that is ionized , one of the three laryngeals in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language The Hardy space H2 Vehicles Air and space H-II, a family of Japanese liquid-fueled rockets H-IIA H-IIB H-II Transfer Vehicle, a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency uncrewed spacecraft H-2 MUPSOW, a precision-guided glide bomb manufactured by Pakistan Landgraf H-2, an American single-seat twin-rotor helicopter produced in 1944 Standard H-2, a U.S. Army reconnaissance plane produced in 1916 Automobiles Haval H2, a Chinese subcompact SUV Hummer H2, an American full-size SUV Motorcycles Kawasaki H2 Mach IV, 1970s two-stroke motorcycle Kawasaki Ninja H2, 2010s supercharged motorcycle Rail LB&SCR H2 class, a British LB&SCR locomotive GNR Class H2, a class of British steam locomotives LNER Class H2, a class of British steam locomotives H02 locomotive (Germany), a high-pressure steam locomotive made in 1930 Saxon XII H2, a German steam locomotive produced in 1922 PRR H2, a model within the American PRR locomotive classification H2, designation for METRORail Siemens S70 light rail vehicles Sea HMAS Success (H02), a Royal Australian Navy Admiralty S-class destroyer completed in 1918 HMS Exmouth (H02), a British Royal Navy E-class destroyer commissioned in 1934 HMS H2, a British Royal Navy H class submarine commissioned in 1915 USS H-2 (SS-29), a U.S. Navy H-class submarine commissioned in 1913 Other uses H-2 Air Base, a military air base in Iraq H2 (classification), a para-cycling classification H-2A Visa,","title":"H2"},{"docid":"23291693","text":"\"Riverside\" is a house song released by Dutch DJ Sidney Samson. The \"Riverside, motherfucker!\" proclamation is the voice of Tupac Shakur sampled from the film Juice (playtime 1:10:25). The song is often censored during prime time, to avoid causing offence. A vocal mix has been made featuring Wizard Sleeve, released in the UK on 4 January 2010. The song name has been changed to \"Riverside (Let's Go!)\". Many British radio stations, including BBC Radio 1, added \"Riverside\" to their playlists, and as such the single received a high amount of radio play throughout December 2009 and January 2010, in preparation for the single's release. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 2 on 10 January 2010. In January 2018, Samson collaborated with Tujamo to release a new version of the song titled \"Riverside (Reloaded)\". Later in the same year, Samson also partnered with Oliver Heldens to release another remake titled \"Riverside 2099\". Music video Released May 2009, the music video features two children who have been hired by 'The Godfather' to collect a package of lollipops from two women. After delivering the goods two lollipops short, 'The Godfather' chases the younger child through the streets, as one of the children sticks 'Riverside' stickers onto various items and eventually slaps a sticker on Sidney himself. The video ends with 'The Godfather' being hit by a Hummer H2. It was filmed on location in Arnhem, the Netherlands. This is visible as there is a fire hose marked 'brandslang' during the indoor chase scene, the cars have Dutch license plates and the clip shows a Dutch Police officer. Finally, at some point in the video clip, the chase takes place on the platform of train station Arnhem Presikhaaf. An additional music video has been made for the Wizard Sleeve version, which was directed by James Copeman. It features on screen painting of people and models walking with paintbrushes. Wizard Sleeve and Sidney Samson are seen holding pictures and then the camera goes into that picture to reveal the model walking with Sidney Samson rapping in a painting behind her. It later has scenes with him and another model rapping. Track listing \"Riverside\" (Explicit Edit) – 3:24 \"Riverside\" (Afrojack Remix) – 5:31 \"Riverside\" (Warren Clarke Remix) – 6:54 \"Riverside (Let's Go!)\" (Dirty Extended Vocal Mix) – 5:09 \"Riverside (Let's Go!)\" (Breakage Remix) – 4:11 Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts Original version Remix featuring Wizard Sleeve Certifications Release history References 2009 songs 2009 singles 2010 singles Data Records singles Number-one singles in Scotland","title":"Riverside (song)"},{"docid":"38164675","text":"Ian MacDonald Hummer (born August 23, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for Osaka Evessa of the Japanese B.League. He has previously played professionally in countries such as Turkey, Russia, France (Monaco), Germany and Finland. He is from Vienna, Virginia and played college basketball for the Princeton Tigers. He was the 2009 The Washington Post Boys basketball Player of the Year for Gonzaga College High School as a senior in high school and the 2013 Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year as a senior in college for Princeton. At Princeton, he is the second leading scorer (behind Bill Bradley) and fifth leading rebounder in program history. He led the team to three postseason tournaments and the 2010–11 Ivy League Championship. He holds the Ivy League record for most single-season and career Player of the Week Awards. He earned Associated Press 2013 All-American honorable mention recognition. Both his father, Ed, and uncle, John, are distinguished former Princeton Tigers men's basketball players. His 2008 Gonzaga team won the District of Columbia championships throughout his junior year. Background Hummer played for Gonzaga College High School of the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference (WCAC). He joined the starting lineup for the final two months of his sophomore season. Hummer was a second team 2007–08 All-Metro DC selection by The Washington Post as Gonzaga finished as the top-ranked school in the Metro area during his junior year. The team's point guard was sophomore Tyler Thornton. Hummer scored 16 points and added 14 rebounds in the 2008 city championship game victory against Theodore Roosevelt High School. He was a 2008–09 All-Metro DC selection and Boys basketball Player of the Year by The Washington Post. Hummer scored a career-high 32 points and added 15 rebounds against DeMatha Catholic High School on January 21, 2009. His performance earned him recognition by ESPN RISE as its ESPN RISE National Boys Basketball Player of the Week. The team's success over #15-ranked Dematha propelled it from 43 to 13 in the national rankings. However, Gonzaga lost the 2009 WCAC championship by a 62–61 margin on a last second shot to DeMatha despite 18 points and 10 rebounds by Hummer. Hummer was selected to play in the 2009 Capital Classic. Hummer was a back to the basket player who generally defended opposing high school centers. He had an underdeveloped face-up game yet he was undersized to play that style of game in power conferences. Power conference schools questioned how much potential he had in a league where his low post skills would likely be defended by larger, stronger and/or more athletic players who relegated him to perimeter play. When Princeton head coach Sydney Johnson recruited him, the only competition was mid-major schools and Hummer was not interested in any of them. During his campus visit with his father at his brother Alex's (Princeton Class of 2011) dorm room, he decided at midnight to go hang out at Dan Mavraides room across campus, signalling to his father that he was pretty","title":"Ian Hummer"},{"docid":"9927380","text":"Rod Hall (born — died June 14, 2019) was an American professional off-road racer. He was inducted in the Off-road Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2005. He has spent his entire adult life around four-wheel-drive vehicles. He competed in fifty straight Baja 1000 races and had class wins in 25 of them. At his death, he had the most desert off-road race wins. Racing career His racing career began in the 1960s, when organized off-road competition was just beginning. Traveling from his Hemet, California, home to races in the Rocky Mountains and desert Southwest, Hall quickly earned a reputation for going faster than other competitors – and surviving races with less vehicle damage. He won the 1964 Afton Canyon Jeep Junket near Riverside, California, in what may have been one of the first organized off-road races in the United States. As the popularity of organized off-road racing mushroomed in the late-1960s, so did Hall's success behind the wheel. In 1967 he won the inaugural NORRA Mexican 1000 Rally (the race now known as the SCORE International Baja 1000). He won the overall Baja 1000 race in 1969. As of 2016, Hall was the only racer to have competed in every Baja 1000 in a four-wheeled vehicle. He raced in the first fifty Baja 1000 races with his final start in 2017 when he was nearly 80 years old. Hall remains the only driver to win Baja overall in a four-wheel-drive vehicle. He has accumulated over 160 major event wins and more than a dozen SCORE/HDRA & Best in the Desert (BitD) championship titles. His string of 35 consecutive race wins in the early 1980s remains the longest unbroken string of race victories in off-road racing history. Hummer Hall switched to Hummer in 1993. In addition to being the owner of Team HUMMER, Hall is partner with Mike Winkel in Reno's Rod Hall/Winkel HUMMER. His franchise was the first stand-alone Hummer dealership in the country. Hall regularly conducted BF Goodrich tire seminars, HUMMER Happenings for dealerships and corporate excursions in HUMMER vehicles. Hall is the driver of the new Hummer H3 SUV race truck, which debuted in the 2005 BitD “Vegas to Reno” competition and helped Hall earn his record 18th Baja 1000 victory in November 2005. Hall retired the Hummer race team from full race series action in 2009, but continues to field a Hummer entry at the Baja 1000. Hall captured his record-breaking 19th, 20th and 21st Baja 1000 class wins in his H3 in 2007, 2009 & 2012. Hall switched to helping to train drivers though his Rod Hall DRIVE program. The Rod Hall DRIVE off-road driving school was located at the Wild West Motorsports Park in Reno, Nevada. Driving style On a SCORE video, Hall described his driving style, \"I was never a fast guy, and I was never the first guy to the first checkpoint. But I did learn that you don’t go any slower than you have to in the rough stuff, maybe you can","title":"Rod Hall (racer)"},{"docid":"21835208","text":"Zombieland is a 2009 American post-apocalyptic zombie comedy film directed by Ruben Fleischer (in his theatrical debut) and written by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick. It stars Woody Harrelson, Jesse Eisenberg, Emma Stone, Abigail Breslin, and Bill Murray. In the film, Tallahassee (Harrelson), Columbus (Eisenberg), Wichita (Stone), and Little Rock (Breslin) make their way on an extended crosscountry road trip to find a sanctuary free from zombies. Development for Zombieland began in 2005, when Reese and Wernick originally wrote the film as a spec script for a television pilot. Fleischer helped develop the teleplay into a screenplay for a self-contained feature. Tony Gardner was hired as the film's special effects makeup designer, which primarily features physical prosthetics to create the look of the zombies. Principal photography for the film began in February 2009 and lasted until that March, with filming locations including Hollywood, Atlanta, and in and around Georgia. Some of the film's scenes contained improvisation by the actors. Zombieland premiered at Fantastic Fest in Austin on September 25, 2009, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 2, by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film received positive critical reception, with praise for its screenplay, dialogue, comedy, and cast performances (especially Murray's). It grossed $102 million worldwide, becoming the then-highest grossing zombie film in the U.S. until the release of World War Z (2013), and $54 million in home sales. A sequel, Zombieland: Double Tap, was released in October 2019. Plot Two months since a strain of mad cow disease mutated to become infectious to humans and turn them into zombies, survivors of the epidemic are advised to use their city of origin as nicknames when meeting other survivors, so as to not get too attached to them and protect themselves. Columbus, a former college student with a unique set of zombie survival rules, travels from Austin, Texas, towards Columbus, Ohio, to search for his parents. On the way, he meets Tallahassee, who somewhat reluctantly agrees to give Columbus a ride towards Ohio. On the way, he mentions to Columbus that he misses his puppy, Buck, who was killed by zombies. The pair meet con artist sisters Wichita and Little Rock, who trick Tallahassee and Columbus and steal their weapons and Escalade after Little Rock feigns being bitten by a zombie. The two men find a yellow Hummer H2 loaded with weapons and continue on before running into another trap set by the girls, who take them hostage. Tallahassee steals his gun back and has a stand-off with Wichita, until Columbus intervenes saying that they have bigger problems to worry about, resulting in an uneasy truce between them. The sisters reveal they are going to the Pacific Playland amusement park in Los Angeles, an area supposedly free of zombies. After learning his hometown has been destroyed, and his parents likely killed, Columbus and Tallahassee decide to accompany them to the amusement park. When the group reach Hollywood, Tallahassee directs them to Bill Murray's house. Tallahassee and Wichita meet Murray,","title":"Zombieland"},{"docid":"23447417","text":"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots is an action-adventure video game based on the 2009 live action film Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. It is the Nintendo DS port of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, but follows a different storyline and focuses exclusively on the Autobots. It was developed by Vicarious Visions alongside Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons, which follows the Decepticons; the two games share some basic similarities, but overall feature different characters, missions and locations. Both games were published by Activision in June 2009, and received mixed reviews. Gameplay As with Transformers: The Game, the DS version of Revenge of the Fallen splits the Autobot and Decepticon campaigns into two different games. The two games feature 25 missions in total, and the ability to battle friends via the handheld's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Similar to Transformers Autobots, players must customize their own Transformer, known as \"Create-A-Bot\", who can be furthered customized during the game using parts found in missions. The difference between this game and its predecessors is that while scanning a vehicle to choose an alternate form, players are limited to \"light\" vehicles, which are fast but weak, \"medium\" vehicles, which are fast and strong, and \"heavy\" vehicles, which are strong but slow, and the protoform can't scan another vehicle once one has been already chosen. Another addition is that multiple weapons, armor and upgrades can be found throughout the game. Synopsis Characters Similar to the first set of Transformers games for the DS, the player gets to create their own character which they play as throughout the campaign. Many of the main Transformers from the movie appear throughout the story to aid the player, and several are available to play as in challenges. Create-A-Bot: The player character, who is depicted as a Transformer having just recently arrived on Earth and joined the Autobots, seeking to impress his superiors. Optimus Prime (voiced by Peter Cullen): The heroic, wise, and inspiring leader of the Autobots, who transforms into a Peterbilt 379 semi-truck. He is playable in the tutorial and challenge missions. Jetfire (voiced by Clive Revill): An old Transformer and former Decepticon, who defected to the Autobots. He can transform into a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Though unplayable, he is featured in a few missions in the game. Bumblebee (voiced by Mark Ryan): An Autobot recon officer and scout, who transforms into a fifth-generation Chevrolet Camaro. He is only playable in challenge missions. Ratchet (voiced by Robert Foxworth): The Autobots' medical officer, who transforms into a Search and Rescue Hummer H2. Though unplayable, he makes several appearances throughout the game, and gives the player useful hints. Ironhide (voiced by Jess Harnell): The Autobots' weapon specialist, who transforms into a GMC Topkick pickup truck. Though unplayable, he is featured in several story and challenge missions. Sideswipe: An Autobot soldier and a relatively recent addition to the team. He transforms into a Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Concept, and is only playable in challenge missions. Breakaway: An Aerialbot who can transform into a","title":"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots"},{"docid":"26689927","text":"John Hummer (born May 4, 1948) is an American venture capitalist and retired professional basketball player who was an original member of the Buffalo Braves after starring for the Princeton Tigers men's basketball team. He also led his high school to the 1966 Virginia State 1A championship and helped Princeton earn a 1967–68 co-Ivy League Championship as well as a 1968–69 outright Ivy League Championship. Over the course of his basketball career, he was coached by four National Basketball Hall of Fame members. In college, Hummer was a three-time All-Ivy League selection (first-team: 1969 and 1970, second team: 1968). He played for two Ivy League champion teams and served as team captain as a senior. He was a part of the first of head coach Pete Carril's thirteen Ivy League champions (1968), eleven NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament teams (1969) and three undefeated conference champions (1969). Although Hummer set no statistical records, his name continues to be ranked high in the Princeton record book by many statistical measures. He played six seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Braves, Chicago Bulls and Seattle SuperSonics. He was the 15th overall selection in the 1970 NBA draft and the first draft choice in the history of the Braves franchise. As a Braves draft choice, he was a somewhat controversial pick in a draft year with two All-American local products available. During his NBA career, he played for Hall of Famers Dolph Schayes, Bill Russell and Jack Ramsay. After his professional basketball career ended, he went to Stanford University to get an MBA in 1980. In 1989, Ann Winblad and he founded Hummer Winblad Venture Partners, a venture capital firm focusing on software companies. Amateur career Hummer attended Washington-Lee High School in Arlington, Virginia. Following in the footsteps of his brother Ed Hummer, he led W-L to the 1966 Virginia 1A state title as a high school senior. Ed had led the team to the 1962 and 1963 titles. His nephew (Ed's son Ian) was a freshman on the 2009–10 Princeton team. In Hummer's sophomore season at Princeton, the team was co-champion of the Ivy League with a 20–6 (12–3 Ivy) record. Despite the fact that Princeton had three of the five first-team All-Ivy team members, plus second-team member Hummer, they lost the one-game league playoff to the Jim McMillian-led 1968 Columbia Lions. That year the team rose to as high as 8th in the AP Poll. This was the first of thirteen Ivy League championships for head coach Pete Carril. The following season, the team accumulated a 19–7 (14–0) record and participated in the 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. They lost to St. John's in the tournament, but Hummer was joined by Geoff Petrie on the first-team All-Ivy squad. This was the first of eleven NCAA tournament appearance for Carril. It was also the first of three 14–0 conference champions for Carril. As a senior, Hummer was first-team All-Ivy, but the Tigers placed third in the conference","title":"John Hummer"},{"docid":"23066298","text":"Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Co., Ltd. is based in Chengdu, China. Sichuan Tengzhong is a privately owned company known for making a wide range of road equipment, such as bridge piers, highway construction and maintenance machinery. Sichuan Tengzhong has been moving more into heavy-duty trucks, including tow trucks and oil tankers. Aborted acquisition of Hummer On 1 June 2009, as a part of General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization announcement, GM revealed that Hummer brand would be discontinued. However, the following day GM announced it had reached a deal to sell the brand to an undisclosed buyer. On 2 June 2009 GM announced the sale of Hummer to a non-disclosed Chinese company. The New York Times reported Tuesday that the buyer would be the Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company Ltd., a machinery company in western China. Late Tuesday Sichuan Tengzhong itself posted it on their own website. The transaction was expected to close in the third quarter of 2009, subject to customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals. Financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed. Credit Suisse acted as exclusive financial advisor and Shearman&Sterling acted as international legal counsel to Tengzhong on this transaction. Citi acted as financial advisor to GM. Prior to the 2009 sale a handful of other Chinese automakers, including Chang Feng, expressed interest in the brand, but all declined to make a formal offer. The deal include the continuation of manufacturing in the two plants that GM already used to produce the Hummer trucks until June 2011, with a possible extension until 2012. On 24 February 2010, The Chinese Ministry of Commerce rejected Tengzhong's bid to purchase Hummer from General Motors, and that the deal had collapsed. The later stated the same and that they will discontinue the brand. Some reports were saying that Tengzhong would instead purchase it privately through the company's new supporter, J&A Tengzhong Fund SPC, a private equity investment fund owned by an offshore entity that was recruiting private investors to buy into its acquisition plan. At the time, even established companies were in difficulties. With them, small companies were also declining (including Tengzong). Also falling was Hummer's value, with lowered customer demand. After that, some other buyers were approached to buy the brand, but those deals also failed. Finally, the Hummer brand was defunct on 24 May 2010. References Companies based in Chengdu Construction equipment manufacturers of China Chinese brands","title":"Tengzhong"},{"docid":"45565179","text":"The Robert Award for Best Visual Effects () is one of the merit awards presented by the Danish Film Academy at the annual Robert Awards ceremony. The award has been handed out since 1984, although numerous years in the 1980s and 1990s saw no honorees. Between 1984 and 2013 the award was given as the Robert Award for Best Special Effects (Robert Prisen for årets special effects), and since 2014 as the Robert Award for Best Visual Effects (Robert Prisen for årets visuelle effekter). Honorees 1980s 1984: Eg Norre – 1985: – The Element of Crime 1986: Peter Høimark and – 1987: Stig Sparre-Ulrich and Niels Arnt Torp – Barndommens gade 1988: Not awarded 1989: Not awarded 1990s 1990: Not awarded 1991: Not awarded 1992: Hummer Højmark, Morten Jacobsen and Kaj Grönberg – Europa 1993: Not awarded 1994: Not awarded 1995: Not awarded 1996: Not awarded 1997: Not awarded 1998: Not awarded 1999: Hans Peter Ludvigsen – 2000s 2000: Hummer Højmark – I Kina spiser de hunde 2001: Thomas Borch Nielsen – 2002: Hummer Højmark, Steen Lyders, and Kris Kolodziejski – 2003: Jonas Wagner, Morten Lynge, Niels Valentin Dal and Hummer Højmark – Klatretøsen 2004: Peter Hjorth – It's All About Love 2005: Daniel Silwerfeldt and Thomas Borch Nielsen – 2006: Peter Hjort, Hummer Højmark, and Lars K. Andersen – Adam's Apples 2007: Thomas Dyg – Tempelriddernes skat 2008: Hummer Højmark and Jeppe Nygaard Christensen – Island of Lost Souls 2009: Hummer Højmark, Jonas Drehn, and Thomas Busk – Flammen og Citronen 2010s 2010: Peter Hjorth and Ota Bares – Antichrist 2011: Morten Jacobsen and Thomas Foldberg – R 2012: Hummer Højmark and Peter Hjort – Melancholia 2013: Jeppe Nygaard Christensen, Esben Syberg, and Rikke Hovgaard Jørgensen – En kongelig affære 2014: Hummer Højmark, Rikke Gjerløv Hansen, Thomas Øhlenschlæger, and Jeppe Nygaard Christensen – 2015: Peter Hjorth – Nymphomaniac Director's Cut References External links 1984 establishments in Denmark Awards established in 1984 Film awards for Best Visual Effects Visual Effects","title":"Robert Award for Best Visual Effects"},{"docid":"69432033","text":"SoloTürk or Solo Türk, often stylized as SOLOTÜRK, is a single-aircraft aerobatic demonstration team of the Turkish Air Force. Plans for the team began in November 2009 and the pilot training process was finalized in August 2010 with three pilots initially. The first demonstration flight was performed within the military in September 2010, and the team made its first public appearance 15 April 2011. Since then, SoloTürk has participated in several national and international airshows, with most maneuvers in demonstration flights being special to the team. The team uses a specially-painted General Dynamics F-16C Block 40 aircraft which is combat ready. SoloTürk formerly operated out of the Akıncı Air Base, but moved to Konya Air Base in 2016 after the coup d'état attempt. The team has a total of 13 personnel, including two pilots, and uses a CASA CN-235M-100 for transportation. Pilots wanting to fly for the team must meet certain criteria before they qualify for a training. SoloTürk has received multiple awards for its demonstration flights. History The development of a one-aircraft aerobatic team started on 25 November 2009. The pilots were selected in January 2010 and training started in May the same year, which lasted three months. The first display flight was performed on 1 September 2010 to then Turkish Air Force commander Hasan Aksay at the 4th Main Base Jet Command, where the team was stationed until 2016. The team made its first public appearance on 15 April 2011 at the Akıncı Air Base in Ankara during the 100th anniversary event of the Turkish Air Force. At the final Waddington International Air Show in 2014, SoloTürk ducked under the glide slope on final approach and made an extremely low-pass above the audience watching the aircraft land. The Akıncı Air Base, which was the base of SoloTürk since its forming, was closed following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt as it is alleged that the base was used as the command center of pro-coup military. An internal investigation concluded that none of the members of SoloTürk were a part of the Gülen movement. The base of the team was moved to the Konya Air Base in October 2016, where the aerobatic demonstration team Turkish Stars are also based at. On 25 January 2017, pilots Erhan Günar and Serdar Doğan flew the SoloTürk F-16, which has a takeoff speed of , at a speed of during a training flight in preparation of the coming year and broke the \"slowest flight\" record. At the inaugural Teknofest on 20 September 2018, a drag race was held between SoloTürk, Red Bull RB8, Kawasaki Ninja H2, Tesla Model S P100D, Aston Martin Vantage, Lotus Evora GT410 and Bombardier Challenger 600. The 9-second race was won by Kenan Sofuoğlu who was driving the Kawasaki Ninja H2. SoloTürk came third behind the Red Bull RB8 driven by Jake Dennis. Before the start of the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix at the Istanbul Park circuit, SoloTürk made a fly-by on the main straight. A footage captured by","title":"SoloTürk"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"14395\",\n \"text\": \"Hummer (stylized in all caps) is a brand of pickups and SUVs first marketed in 1992 when AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee. Although discontinued in 2010, Hummer returned as a model under GMC in 2020. In 1998, General Motors (GM) purchased the brand name from AM General and marketed three vehicles: the original Hummer H1, based on the military Humvee, as well as the new H2 and H3 models that were based on smaller, civilian-market GM platforms. By 2008, Hummer's viability in the economic downturn was questioned. Rather than being transferred to the Motors Liquidation Company as part of the GM bankruptcy in 2009, the brand was retained by GM, to investigate its sale. No final deal was made, and in 2010, Hummer dealerships began shutting down. The nameplate returned to the marketplace for the 2022 model year, not as a separate make brand but as electric pickup truck and SUV models sold under the GMC brand as the \\\"GMC Hummer EV\\\". The pre-production versions of the EV began November 2021 after a $2.2 billion investment to build a variety of all-electric vehicles in GM's Detroit-Hamtramck assembly plant. History Origin AM General had planned to sell a civilian version of its Humvee as far back as the late 1980s. Having the same structure and most mechanical components, the civilian Hummers were finished in automotive gloss paint, adding passenger car enhancements such as air conditioning, sound insulation, upgraded upholstery, stereo systems, wood trim, and convenience packages. The civilian model began in part because of the persistence of Arnold Schwarzenegger, who saw an Army convoy while filming Kindergarten Cop in Oregon and began to campaign and lobby for a civilian version to be available on the market. In 1992, AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee vehicle to the public under the brand name \\\"Hummer\\\". The first two Hummer H1s to be sold were purchased by Schwarzenegger. GM purchase In December 1999, AM General sold the brand name to General Motors but continued to manufacture the vehicles. GM was responsible for the marketing and distribution of all civilian Hummers produced by AM General. Shortly thereafter, GM introduced two of its own design models, the H2 and H3, and renamed the original vehicle H1. AM General continued to build the H1 until it was discontinued in 2006 and was contracted by GM to produce the H2. The H3 was built in Shreveport, LA, alongside the Chevrolet Colorado and GMC Canyon pickups, with which it shared the GMT-355 platform (modified and designated GMT-345). Hummer dealership buildings featured an oversized half Quonset Hut style roof, themed to the Hummer brand's military origins. By 2006, the Hummer began to be exported and sold through importers and distributors in 33 countries. On October 10, 2006, GM began producing the Hummer H3 at its Port Elizabeth plant in South Africa for international markets. The Hummers built there at first were only left-hand drive, but right-hand drive versions were\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"895075\",\n \"text\": \"The Hummer H2 is an full-size off-road sport utility vehicle (SUV) that was marketed by Hummer and built in the AM General facility under contract from General Motors from 2002 until 2009. It is based on a modified GMT820 GM three-quarter-ton pickup truck in the front and a half-ton 1500 frame in the rear. A four-door pickup truck version with a midgate that opens the vehicle's interior to the external cargo bed was introduced for the 2005 model year as the H2 SUT (sport utility truck). Background In 2001 and 2002, GM allowed journalists to examine early versions of the Hummer H2, which were still under development at the time. The H2 was built by AM General under contract with General Motors at AM General Commercial Assembly Plant in Mishawaka, Indiana. Features Standard Standard features include air conditioning with tri-zone climate controls, tilt leather-wrapped steering wheel with radio controls, cruise control, leather upholstery, heated front and rear seats, 8-way power front seats, dual memory system, BOSE premium sound system, single-CD/cassette player and later in 2004, a 6-disc CD changer, then in 2008, a single CD-player with MP3 capability, an auxiliary input jack and DVD player, outside-temperature indicator, compass, rear radio controls, independent front torsion bar suspension, rear 5-link coil spring suspension specially created for the H2, oversized tires with wheels scripted \\\"HUMMER\\\" on, universal garage door opener and remote engine start (2008–2009). Optional Options for the H2 include adjustable rear suspension (which is included within the Adventure Package), a wide power sunroof, rearview camera, DVD entertainment system, navigation system, ladder, custom grilles, side step bars, Air compressor with road assistance kit, and 20\\\" chrome wheels (slightly different from stock wheels). 2008 updates For 2008, the Hummer H2 and H2 SUT received an update. While largely unchanged on the exterior, the H2 and H2 SUT interiors were redesigned. This included a new instrument cluster with improved gauges and Driver Information Center (DIC) based on the higher-trim GMT900 trucks/SUVs, a new leather-wrapped steering wheel, three new radios with a Bose premium audio system and auxiliary audio inputs (including a new touchscreen GPS navigation radio with DVD audio and video playback while the transmission is in the park position, and XM Nav-Traffic capabilities), a new rear seat DVD entertainment system, Bluetooth hands-free calling capabilities, enhanced voice activation, new OnStar hardware with buttons moved from the rearview mirror to the overhead console, a lower dashboard-mounted radio, new dual-zone climate controls, new rear seat audio system controls, a new dash-mounted control knob for the 4X4 system to replace the old pushbutton controls, brushed aluminum interior trim panels, new interior color options, available remote engine start, and a center dashboard-mounted analog clock. Also for 2008, a new 6.2 L V8 gasoline engine replaced the previous 6.0 L, with a new 6L80-E six-speed automatic transmission, replacing the 4L65-E four-speed automatic. Hummer launched a special 2009 Black Chrome Limited Edition featuring a new paint color, Sedona Metallic. All Black Chrome editions also had Sedona interior, black chrome accents\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer H2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12249136\",\n \"text\": \"Unique Whips is an American reality television show that aired on the now-defunct Speed network from 2005 to 2008. It premiered on February 8, 2005, The show follows the work of Unique Autosports, based in Long Island, New York, as they customize celebrity automobiles. It was created and Produced by Steve Hillebrand and Corey Damsker of Hollywood East. The customization generally consists of car stereo, wheels, custom paint and interior work. Celebrities whose cars were featured on the show include P. Diddy, DJ Pauly D, Jeff Gordon, Tony Stewart, Pam Anderson, Patti LaBelle, 50 Cent, LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Marcus Camby, Fat Joe, and Tom Wolfe. Spinoffs and related works Unique Autosports: Miami ran on the Spike network for one season. On 2 February 2016, a sequel television series featuring Unique Autosports, Unique Rides, premiered on Discovery's Velocity (now Motor Trend) channel. The first episode featured Castro modifying a Cadillac Escalade for Jason Derulo. The series ran for 3 seasons. Celebrity rides P. Diddy - 2 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited B-Real – 2007 Nissan Pathfinder, 2007 Nissan Armada Pharrell Williams - 1998 Nissan Maxima, 1993 Toyota Supra, 1994 BMW 3 Series 1988 Hyundai Excel Sedan LeBron James - 2003 Hummer H2, Ferrari F430 Orlando Brown - 1996 Chevrolet Impala SS, 2007 Ford F-650 50 Cent - 2007 Lamborghini Murcielago Roadster, 2006 Rolls-Royce Phantom, 2005 Chrysler 300C, 2008 Pontiac G8 Chi-Ali - 2004 Nissan Altima, 2009 Chevrolet Impala, 1995 Ford Mustang Coupe, 2003 Hummer H2, 2000 Toyota Camry, 1997 Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition Lloyd Banks - 1972 Chevrolet Impala, 2006 Bentley Continental, Bulletproof SUV, 2003 Hummer H2 KRS-One - Chevrolet Monte Carlo Stock Car Jadakiss - 2004 Range Rover, 2005 Chevrolet Corvette, 2004 Mercedes-Benz S-Class, 2005 Cadillac XLR, GMC Yukon Denali, 2003 Cadillac Escalade, 1997 Chevrolet Tahoe Fat Joe - 2005 Bentley Continental Dewayne Robertson - Dodge Charger SRT8, Land Rover Range Rover, Cadillac Escalade, Hummer H2 Al Harrington - 2007 Cadillac Escalade, Bentley Continental GT Busta Rhymes - Rolls-Royce Phantom, 1997 Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition, Lamborghini Diablo, 1988 Chevrolet Caprice Queen Latifah - Lamborghini Murcielago, 1984 Cadillac Hearse, 1973 Chevrolet Impala Convertible Mike McGlone - 2006 Chevrolet Impala, 1995 Cadillac Fleetwood Carmelo Anthony - Lincoln Continental Timbaland - 2002 Porsche Cayenne Charles Barkley - Ferrari 458 Spider, Jaguar XJ220, Hummer H1, Aston Martin Vanquish, Lamborghini Gallardo Tony Yayo - 2003 Hummer H2, Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class Young Buck - 2003 BMW 760li The Game - 2003 Cadillac Escalade Jerricho Cotchery - Bentley Continental Flying Spur Gary Sheffield - Cadillac Escalade Marcus Camby - Hummer H2, Corvette Marcus Banks - Land Rover Range Rover, BMW 745i Byron Leftwich - 1967 Lincoln Continental Convertible Jason Giambi - Cadillac Escalade Nelly - Bentley Continental GT Ruben Sierra - Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition truck GZA - Dodge Magnum Patti LaBelle - Mercedes Benz CLS 55 Barry Gardner - Mercedes Benz CLS 55 Wyclef Jean - 1994 BMW 5-Series, 1988 Chevrolet Caprice Sedan, 1992 Honda Civic Sedan Jennifer Capriati - 2005 Range Rover Robinson Cano\",\n \"title\": \"Unique Whips\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1633865\",\n \"text\": \"The Hummer H3 is an off-road vehicle that was produced from 2005 to 2010 by General Motors. The smallest model of the Hummer lineup, it was offered as a 5-door SUV or a 4-door pickup truck known as the H3T. Unlike the larger H1 and H2 models, the H3 was not developed by AM General. It was introduced for the 2006 model year, based on a modified GMT355 that underpinned the Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon compact pickup trucks that were also built at GM's Shreveport Operations in Shreveport, Louisiana and the Port Elizabeth plant in South Africa. While mechanically related to the Colorado and Canyon, GM claims they share only 10% of their components, with the chassis modified and reinforced for heavy off-road duties. Powertrains The H3 was launched with a 3.5 liter straight-5 cylinder L52 engine that produced and of torque and was mated to a standard five-speed Aisin AR5 manual transmission or an optional Hydra-Matic 4L60-E four-speed automatic transmission. In 2007 this engine was replaced by the 3.7 liter LLR that produced and of torque, figures that were revised in 2009 to and . Under revised EPA testing standards when equipped with either transmission this straight-5 engine achieved in the city and on the highway with a combined average of . Available solely with the 4L60-E automatic transmission, a 5.3 liter LH8 V8 engine producing and of torque was added in 2008 for the Alpha model. The V8 version had lower fuel economy, estimated at in the city, on the highway, with a combined average of . In 2007, a H3X edition was added. It included the luxury package, 18-inch chrome wheels with unique center caps, chrome trim, chrome tube steps, a body-colored grille and a hard tire cover. The H3X also came with exclusive colors of Sonoma Red Metallic or Desert Orange Metallic. Capabilities The H3 featured a two-speed, electronically controlled full-time four-wheel drive system that made it for both on-road and off-road driving. An electronic locking rear differential was optional, with a locking front differential also becoming an option on later models. Like the Hummer H2, the H3 can ford of water (tested in depths up to ) at a speed of and of water at a speed of . Standard ground clearance with the 31-inch tires was while the approach, departure, and breakover angles were 37.4°, 34.7°, and 22.1° respectively, allowing the H3 to scale a vertical wall and negotiate grades of 60% and side slopes of 40%. Front and rear recovery hooks were standard, with an optional trailer hitch and wiring harness. The H3 features a traction control that can use the brakes independently to stop wheelspin and improve traction while adjusting to road conditions. It is also equipped with Stabilitrak stability control and ABS with variable brake force distribution assist. The optional Adventure or Off Road package included 33-inch tires, off-road shocks, differential lockers and 4:1 low range gearing. These upgrades increased ground clearance, suspension articulation, approach and departure angles, and increased the H3's\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer H3\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4531530\",\n \"text\": \"Hummer is a sub-brand and then-division of General Motors. Hummer may also refer to: Vehicles Humvee, a military vehicle Hummer H1, a civilian version of the Humvee Hummer H2, other vehicle of the Hummer brand Hummer H3, other vehicle of the Hummer brand Harley-Davidson Hummer, a motorcycle E-2 Hawkeye, an aircraft Music The Hummer, a 2006 album by Devin Townsend \\\"Hummer\\\" (Foals song), a 2007 single Hummer, another name for the Corrugaphone A song by Smashing Pumpkins on the album Siamese Dream Other meanings Hummer (surname) Hummingbird, a bird Hummer (cocktail), a boozy milkshake made with vodka Hummer (1997 video game), a 1990s Sega arcade video game Hummer (2009 video game), a 2009 Sega arcade game A person or thing that hums A slang term for fellatio See also Hammer (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1507664\",\n \"text\": \"GMT (General Motors Truck) is a nomenclature used by General Motors to designate multiple vehicle platforms. In use since the early 1980s, the GMT nomenclature is used for light trucks, full-size SUVs, and vans, along with several medium-duty trucks. With only a few exceptions, nearly all GMT vehicles use body-on-frame construction, along with rear-wheel drive (or all-wheel drive) powertrain configurations. Primary applications Primary applications of the platform – those that are equivalent in basic RWD/frame structure to each other – existed from 1981 to 1989, and again since 2018. Light trucks and SUVs Pickups and SUVs have been the main vehicles underpinned by GMT platforms, being involved for the entirety of the platform's existence. Fullsize GMT400 – Chevrolet C/K and variants, 1988 – 2002 GMT800 – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 1999 – 2007 GMT900 – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2007 – 2014 GMTK2XX – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2014 – 2019 GMTT1XX – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2019–present Midsize GMT325 – Chevrolet S-10 and truck rebadgings, 1982 – 2012 GMT330 – Chevrolet S-10 Blazer and SUV rebadgings, 1983 – 2012 GMT355 – First-gen. Chevrolet Colorado and truck rebadgings, 2004 – 2012 GMT360 – Chevrolet TrailBlazer and rebadgings, 2002 – 2009 GMT700, later GMT31XX – Second-gen. Chevrolet Colorado, 2012–present GMT700, later GMT31XX – Second-gen. Chevrolet TrailBlazer SUV, 2012–present Hummer In contrast to the Hummer H1–designed and assembled by AM General, the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3 were developed by GM, receiving their own platform designations. Designated the GMT825, the H2 was derived from the GMT820 (Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon), with its own midsection frame design and a rear frame shared with the 2500-series GMT800 pickup trucks. The H3 SUV was designated the GMT345, a close variant of the GMT355 (Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon). The 2009-2010 H3T pickup truck was designated as the GMT745, adopting a nomenclature closer in line with the GMT700 used by the later second-generation Colorado/Canyon. Vans The 1996 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana replaced the previous G-series Van/Vandura, adopting the GMT600 designation. As part of a model update and revision for 2003, GM changed the Express/Savana to GMT610, which remains in use, the model line competes with the Ford Transit, and Ford E-Series (dependent on configuration), Mercedes-Benz/Freightliner Sprinter, Dodge Ram Wagon, and the Ram ProMaster (cargo van only). Medium trucks For 1990, the Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC TopKick medium-duty trucks adopted the GMT530 designation (sharing the cab of the GMT400 trucks). For 2003, the line was redesigned, becoming the GMT560 platform (sharing a version of the GMT610 cab). After the 2009 model year, General Motors ended medium-duty truck production. Since 2018, a medium-duty version of the GMTK2XX has been produced in a joint venture with Navistar International. Other applications While the aforementioned platforms are the ones model commonly referred to as GMT platforms, there have been other instances of the name being applied which are not for RWD and/or body-on-frame vehicles. MPVs For 1990, GM unveiled its first minivans, all of which were underpinned by the first generation of the U platform. This platform\",\n \"title\": \"General Motors GMT platform\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"177390\",\n \"text\": \"AM General is an American heavy vehicle and contract automotive manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana. It is best known for the civilian Hummer and the military Humvee that are assembled in Mishawaka, Indiana. For a relatively brief period, 1974–1979, the company also manufactured transit buses, making more than 5,400 of them. Corporate history AM General traces its roots to the Standard Wheel Company of Terre Haute, Indiana, which expanded in 1903 to include the Overland Automotive Division. In 1908, John North Willys purchased the Overland company, then based in Indianapolis, Indiana, and renamed it Willys-Overland Motors. In the 1940s, as Willys, it collaborated with Ford to develop a vehicle to US Army specifications. It then mass-produced that vehicle as \\\"America's first four-wheel-drive, one-fourth-ton, tactical utility truck\\\"—the Jeep of World War II fame. In 1953, Kaiser Motors purchased Willys-Overland, changing its name first to Kaiser-Willys Motor Company, and in 1963, to Kaiser-Jeep Corporation. In 1970, it was purchased by American Motors Corporation (AMC). In July 2020, KPS Capital Partners acquired the company. Defense and Government Products Division In 1964, Kaiser-Jeep purchased the Studebaker facilities on Chippewa Avenue in South Bend, Indiana, which included Studebaker's \\\"General Products Division\\\", along with its substantial defense contracts. At the time, Kaiser had been awarded a US$87 million Army truck contract, and under government pressure, agreed to perform the work at the South Bend plant it had recently acquired from Studebaker. American Motors American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased the Jeep Corporation from Kaiser in 1970 when Kaiser decided to leave the auto business. In 1971, AMC made the General Products Division of Jeep (producing military trucks as well as contract and non-commercial vehicles) a wholly owned subsidiary and renamed it AM General Corporation. American Motors ceased to function as an independent automaker in 1982 when a controlling interest was purchased by Renault. US government regulations at that time forbade ownership of defense contractors by foreign governments—and Renault was partially owned by the French government. LTV Corporation In 1983, LTV Corporation bought AM General and established it as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1984, its headquarters moved from the American Motors AMTEK Building in Detroit, Michigan, to Livonia, Michigan, and two years later to South Bend, Indiana, where primary manufacturing operations were located. Renco Group In 1992, AM General was sold to Renco Group, which in 2002 converted it to a limited liability company. Hummer brand In 1984 AM General built a separate factory at 13200 McKinley Hwy in Mishawaka for HMMWV production. In 1992 AM General began marketing the HMMWV to the civilian market under the Hummer brand. In 1999, GM acquired the rights to the brand and continued production of the original civilian Hummer as the H1 until June 2006. The Hummer H2 went on the market in 2002, and was produced until January 2009. It was designed and marketed by GM, but manufactured by AM General at the Mishawaka plant. AM General did not build the H3 model. GM was sued early in\",\n \"title\": \"AM General\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1693069\",\n \"text\": \"H2, H02, or H-2 may refer to: Arts and media Armenia 2 (H2), a private television company broadcasting in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh H2 (A&E Networks), the rebranded name of the former channel History International H2 (American TV channel), the American version of the channel H2 (manga), a baseball manga by Mitsuru Adachi Halo 2, a video game for the Xbox, created and developed by Bungie Halloween II (2009 film), initially abbreviated to H2 Hollywood Squares, referred to as H2 informally during the 2002–2004 seasons Computing , level 2 heading markup for HTML Web pages, see HTML element#heading H2 (database), an open-source Java SQL database-management system DSC-H2, a 2006 Sony Cyber-shot H series camera HTTP/2, major revision of HTTP, often abbreviated in discussions as h2, and identifying itself to other servers as h2 in TLS negotiation or h2c in the HTTP Upgrade header LGA 1155 CPU socket, also known as Socket H2 Roads and transportation Interstate H-2, a highway in Hawaii, located on the island of Oahu London Buses route H2 Science and mathematics Biology and medicine ATC code H02 Corticosteroids for systemic use, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System British NVC community H2, a heath community in the British National Vegetation Classification system Histamine H2 receptor Prostaglandin H2 H-2, the Major histocompatibility complex of the mouse (equivalent of the Human Leukocyte Antigens) or , wide- or narrow-sense heritability Chemistry H2, the chemical formula for hydrogen gas (dihydrogen) Deuterium (Hydrogen-2, H-2, 2H), the isotope of hydrogen with one proton, one neutron, and one electron Other uses in science and mathematics H II region, a region of interstellar atomic hydrogen that is ionized , one of the three laryngeals in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language The Hardy space H2 Vehicles Air and space H-II, a family of Japanese liquid-fueled rockets H-IIA H-IIB H-II Transfer Vehicle, a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency uncrewed spacecraft H-2 MUPSOW, a precision-guided glide bomb manufactured by Pakistan Landgraf H-2, an American single-seat twin-rotor helicopter produced in 1944 Standard H-2, a U.S. Army reconnaissance plane produced in 1916 Automobiles Haval H2, a Chinese subcompact SUV Hummer H2, an American full-size SUV Motorcycles Kawasaki H2 Mach IV, 1970s two-stroke motorcycle Kawasaki Ninja H2, 2010s supercharged motorcycle Rail LB&SCR H2 class, a British LB&SCR locomotive GNR Class H2, a class of British steam locomotives LNER Class H2, a class of British steam locomotives H02 locomotive (Germany), a high-pressure steam locomotive made in 1930 Saxon XII H2, a German steam locomotive produced in 1922 PRR H2, a model within the American PRR locomotive classification H2, designation for METRORail Siemens S70 light rail vehicles Sea HMAS Success (H02), a Royal Australian Navy Admiralty S-class destroyer completed in 1918 HMS Exmouth (H02), a British Royal Navy E-class destroyer commissioned in 1934 HMS H2, a British Royal Navy H class submarine commissioned in 1915 USS H-2 (SS-29), a U.S. Navy H-class submarine commissioned in 1913 Other uses H-2 Air Base, a military air base in Iraq H2 (classification), a para-cycling classification H-2A Visa,\",\n \"title\": \"H2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23291693\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Riverside\\\" is a house song released by Dutch DJ Sidney Samson. The \\\"Riverside, motherfucker!\\\" proclamation is the voice of Tupac Shakur sampled from the film Juice (playtime 1:10:25). The song is often censored during prime time, to avoid causing offence. A vocal mix has been made featuring Wizard Sleeve, released in the UK on 4 January 2010. The song name has been changed to \\\"Riverside (Let's Go!)\\\". Many British radio stations, including BBC Radio 1, added \\\"Riverside\\\" to their playlists, and as such the single received a high amount of radio play throughout December 2009 and January 2010, in preparation for the single's release. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 2 on 10 January 2010. In January 2018, Samson collaborated with Tujamo to release a new version of the song titled \\\"Riverside (Reloaded)\\\". Later in the same year, Samson also partnered with Oliver Heldens to release another remake titled \\\"Riverside 2099\\\". Music video Released May 2009, the music video features two children who have been hired by 'The Godfather' to collect a package of lollipops from two women. After delivering the goods two lollipops short, 'The Godfather' chases the younger child through the streets, as one of the children sticks 'Riverside' stickers onto various items and eventually slaps a sticker on Sidney himself. The video ends with 'The Godfather' being hit by a Hummer H2. It was filmed on location in Arnhem, the Netherlands. This is visible as there is a fire hose marked 'brandslang' during the indoor chase scene, the cars have Dutch license plates and the clip shows a Dutch Police officer. Finally, at some point in the video clip, the chase takes place on the platform of train station Arnhem Presikhaaf. An additional music video has been made for the Wizard Sleeve version, which was directed by James Copeman. It features on screen painting of people and models walking with paintbrushes. Wizard Sleeve and Sidney Samson are seen holding pictures and then the camera goes into that picture to reveal the model walking with Sidney Samson rapping in a painting behind her. It later has scenes with him and another model rapping. Track listing \\\"Riverside\\\" (Explicit Edit) – 3:24 \\\"Riverside\\\" (Afrojack Remix) – 5:31 \\\"Riverside\\\" (Warren Clarke Remix) – 6:54 \\\"Riverside (Let's Go!)\\\" (Dirty Extended Vocal Mix) – 5:09 \\\"Riverside (Let's Go!)\\\" (Breakage Remix) – 4:11 Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts Original version Remix featuring Wizard Sleeve Certifications Release history References 2009 songs 2009 singles 2010 singles Data Records singles Number-one singles in Scotland\",\n \"title\": \"Riverside (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38164675\",\n \"text\": \"Ian MacDonald Hummer (born August 23, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for Osaka Evessa of the Japanese B.League. He has previously played professionally in countries such as Turkey, Russia, France (Monaco), Germany and Finland. He is from Vienna, Virginia and played college basketball for the Princeton Tigers. He was the 2009 The Washington Post Boys basketball Player of the Year for Gonzaga College High School as a senior in high school and the 2013 Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year as a senior in college for Princeton. At Princeton, he is the second leading scorer (behind Bill Bradley) and fifth leading rebounder in program history. He led the team to three postseason tournaments and the 2010–11 Ivy League Championship. He holds the Ivy League record for most single-season and career Player of the Week Awards. He earned Associated Press 2013 All-American honorable mention recognition. Both his father, Ed, and uncle, John, are distinguished former Princeton Tigers men's basketball players. His 2008 Gonzaga team won the District of Columbia championships throughout his junior year. Background Hummer played for Gonzaga College High School of the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference (WCAC). He joined the starting lineup for the final two months of his sophomore season. Hummer was a second team 2007–08 All-Metro DC selection by The Washington Post as Gonzaga finished as the top-ranked school in the Metro area during his junior year. The team's point guard was sophomore Tyler Thornton. Hummer scored 16 points and added 14 rebounds in the 2008 city championship game victory against Theodore Roosevelt High School. He was a 2008–09 All-Metro DC selection and Boys basketball Player of the Year by The Washington Post. Hummer scored a career-high 32 points and added 15 rebounds against DeMatha Catholic High School on January 21, 2009. His performance earned him recognition by ESPN RISE as its ESPN RISE National Boys Basketball Player of the Week. The team's success over #15-ranked Dematha propelled it from 43 to 13 in the national rankings. However, Gonzaga lost the 2009 WCAC championship by a 62–61 margin on a last second shot to DeMatha despite 18 points and 10 rebounds by Hummer. Hummer was selected to play in the 2009 Capital Classic. Hummer was a back to the basket player who generally defended opposing high school centers. He had an underdeveloped face-up game yet he was undersized to play that style of game in power conferences. Power conference schools questioned how much potential he had in a league where his low post skills would likely be defended by larger, stronger and/or more athletic players who relegated him to perimeter play. When Princeton head coach Sydney Johnson recruited him, the only competition was mid-major schools and Hummer was not interested in any of them. During his campus visit with his father at his brother Alex's (Princeton Class of 2011) dorm room, he decided at midnight to go hang out at Dan Mavraides room across campus, signalling to his father that he was pretty\",\n \"title\": \"Ian Hummer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9927380\",\n \"text\": \"Rod Hall (born — died June 14, 2019) was an American professional off-road racer. He was inducted in the Off-road Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2005. He has spent his entire adult life around four-wheel-drive vehicles. He competed in fifty straight Baja 1000 races and had class wins in 25 of them. At his death, he had the most desert off-road race wins. Racing career His racing career began in the 1960s, when organized off-road competition was just beginning. Traveling from his Hemet, California, home to races in the Rocky Mountains and desert Southwest, Hall quickly earned a reputation for going faster than other competitors – and surviving races with less vehicle damage. He won the 1964 Afton Canyon Jeep Junket near Riverside, California, in what may have been one of the first organized off-road races in the United States. As the popularity of organized off-road racing mushroomed in the late-1960s, so did Hall's success behind the wheel. In 1967 he won the inaugural NORRA Mexican 1000 Rally (the race now known as the SCORE International Baja 1000). He won the overall Baja 1000 race in 1969. As of 2016, Hall was the only racer to have competed in every Baja 1000 in a four-wheeled vehicle. He raced in the first fifty Baja 1000 races with his final start in 2017 when he was nearly 80 years old. Hall remains the only driver to win Baja overall in a four-wheel-drive vehicle. He has accumulated over 160 major event wins and more than a dozen SCORE/HDRA & Best in the Desert (BitD) championship titles. His string of 35 consecutive race wins in the early 1980s remains the longest unbroken string of race victories in off-road racing history. Hummer Hall switched to Hummer in 1993. In addition to being the owner of Team HUMMER, Hall is partner with Mike Winkel in Reno's Rod Hall/Winkel HUMMER. His franchise was the first stand-alone Hummer dealership in the country. Hall regularly conducted BF Goodrich tire seminars, HUMMER Happenings for dealerships and corporate excursions in HUMMER vehicles. Hall is the driver of the new Hummer H3 SUV race truck, which debuted in the 2005 BitD “Vegas to Reno” competition and helped Hall earn his record 18th Baja 1000 victory in November 2005. Hall retired the Hummer race team from full race series action in 2009, but continues to field a Hummer entry at the Baja 1000. Hall captured his record-breaking 19th, 20th and 21st Baja 1000 class wins in his H3 in 2007, 2009 & 2012. Hall switched to helping to train drivers though his Rod Hall DRIVE program. The Rod Hall DRIVE off-road driving school was located at the Wild West Motorsports Park in Reno, Nevada. Driving style On a SCORE video, Hall described his driving style, \\\"I was never a fast guy, and I was never the first guy to the first checkpoint. But I did learn that you don’t go any slower than you have to in the rough stuff, maybe you can\",\n \"title\": \"Rod Hall (racer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21835208\",\n \"text\": \"Zombieland is a 2009 American post-apocalyptic zombie comedy film directed by Ruben Fleischer (in his theatrical debut) and written by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick. It stars Woody Harrelson, Jesse Eisenberg, Emma Stone, Abigail Breslin, and Bill Murray. In the film, Tallahassee (Harrelson), Columbus (Eisenberg), Wichita (Stone), and Little Rock (Breslin) make their way on an extended crosscountry road trip to find a sanctuary free from zombies. Development for Zombieland began in 2005, when Reese and Wernick originally wrote the film as a spec script for a television pilot. Fleischer helped develop the teleplay into a screenplay for a self-contained feature. Tony Gardner was hired as the film's special effects makeup designer, which primarily features physical prosthetics to create the look of the zombies. Principal photography for the film began in February 2009 and lasted until that March, with filming locations including Hollywood, Atlanta, and in and around Georgia. Some of the film's scenes contained improvisation by the actors. Zombieland premiered at Fantastic Fest in Austin on September 25, 2009, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 2, by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film received positive critical reception, with praise for its screenplay, dialogue, comedy, and cast performances (especially Murray's). It grossed $102 million worldwide, becoming the then-highest grossing zombie film in the U.S. until the release of World War Z (2013), and $54 million in home sales. A sequel, Zombieland: Double Tap, was released in October 2019. Plot Two months since a strain of mad cow disease mutated to become infectious to humans and turn them into zombies, survivors of the epidemic are advised to use their city of origin as nicknames when meeting other survivors, so as to not get too attached to them and protect themselves. Columbus, a former college student with a unique set of zombie survival rules, travels from Austin, Texas, towards Columbus, Ohio, to search for his parents. On the way, he meets Tallahassee, who somewhat reluctantly agrees to give Columbus a ride towards Ohio. On the way, he mentions to Columbus that he misses his puppy, Buck, who was killed by zombies. The pair meet con artist sisters Wichita and Little Rock, who trick Tallahassee and Columbus and steal their weapons and Escalade after Little Rock feigns being bitten by a zombie. The two men find a yellow Hummer H2 loaded with weapons and continue on before running into another trap set by the girls, who take them hostage. Tallahassee steals his gun back and has a stand-off with Wichita, until Columbus intervenes saying that they have bigger problems to worry about, resulting in an uneasy truce between them. The sisters reveal they are going to the Pacific Playland amusement park in Los Angeles, an area supposedly free of zombies. After learning his hometown has been destroyed, and his parents likely killed, Columbus and Tallahassee decide to accompany them to the amusement park. When the group reach Hollywood, Tallahassee directs them to Bill Murray's house. Tallahassee and Wichita meet Murray,\",\n \"title\": \"Zombieland\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23447417\",\n \"text\": \"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots is an action-adventure video game based on the 2009 live action film Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. It is the Nintendo DS port of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, but follows a different storyline and focuses exclusively on the Autobots. It was developed by Vicarious Visions alongside Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons, which follows the Decepticons; the two games share some basic similarities, but overall feature different characters, missions and locations. Both games were published by Activision in June 2009, and received mixed reviews. Gameplay As with Transformers: The Game, the DS version of Revenge of the Fallen splits the Autobot and Decepticon campaigns into two different games. The two games feature 25 missions in total, and the ability to battle friends via the handheld's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Similar to Transformers Autobots, players must customize their own Transformer, known as \\\"Create-A-Bot\\\", who can be furthered customized during the game using parts found in missions. The difference between this game and its predecessors is that while scanning a vehicle to choose an alternate form, players are limited to \\\"light\\\" vehicles, which are fast but weak, \\\"medium\\\" vehicles, which are fast and strong, and \\\"heavy\\\" vehicles, which are strong but slow, and the protoform can't scan another vehicle once one has been already chosen. Another addition is that multiple weapons, armor and upgrades can be found throughout the game. Synopsis Characters Similar to the first set of Transformers games for the DS, the player gets to create their own character which they play as throughout the campaign. Many of the main Transformers from the movie appear throughout the story to aid the player, and several are available to play as in challenges. Create-A-Bot: The player character, who is depicted as a Transformer having just recently arrived on Earth and joined the Autobots, seeking to impress his superiors. Optimus Prime (voiced by Peter Cullen): The heroic, wise, and inspiring leader of the Autobots, who transforms into a Peterbilt 379 semi-truck. He is playable in the tutorial and challenge missions. Jetfire (voiced by Clive Revill): An old Transformer and former Decepticon, who defected to the Autobots. He can transform into a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Though unplayable, he is featured in a few missions in the game. Bumblebee (voiced by Mark Ryan): An Autobot recon officer and scout, who transforms into a fifth-generation Chevrolet Camaro. He is only playable in challenge missions. Ratchet (voiced by Robert Foxworth): The Autobots' medical officer, who transforms into a Search and Rescue Hummer H2. Though unplayable, he makes several appearances throughout the game, and gives the player useful hints. Ironhide (voiced by Jess Harnell): The Autobots' weapon specialist, who transforms into a GMC Topkick pickup truck. Though unplayable, he is featured in several story and challenge missions. Sideswipe: An Autobot soldier and a relatively recent addition to the team. He transforms into a Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Concept, and is only playable in challenge missions. Breakaway: An Aerialbot who can transform into a\",\n \"title\": \"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26689927\",\n \"text\": \"John Hummer (born May 4, 1948) is an American venture capitalist and retired professional basketball player who was an original member of the Buffalo Braves after starring for the Princeton Tigers men's basketball team. He also led his high school to the 1966 Virginia State 1A championship and helped Princeton earn a 1967–68 co-Ivy League Championship as well as a 1968–69 outright Ivy League Championship. Over the course of his basketball career, he was coached by four National Basketball Hall of Fame members. In college, Hummer was a three-time All-Ivy League selection (first-team: 1969 and 1970, second team: 1968). He played for two Ivy League champion teams and served as team captain as a senior. He was a part of the first of head coach Pete Carril's thirteen Ivy League champions (1968), eleven NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament teams (1969) and three undefeated conference champions (1969). Although Hummer set no statistical records, his name continues to be ranked high in the Princeton record book by many statistical measures. He played six seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Braves, Chicago Bulls and Seattle SuperSonics. He was the 15th overall selection in the 1970 NBA draft and the first draft choice in the history of the Braves franchise. As a Braves draft choice, he was a somewhat controversial pick in a draft year with two All-American local products available. During his NBA career, he played for Hall of Famers Dolph Schayes, Bill Russell and Jack Ramsay. After his professional basketball career ended, he went to Stanford University to get an MBA in 1980. In 1989, Ann Winblad and he founded Hummer Winblad Venture Partners, a venture capital firm focusing on software companies. Amateur career Hummer attended Washington-Lee High School in Arlington, Virginia. Following in the footsteps of his brother Ed Hummer, he led W-L to the 1966 Virginia 1A state title as a high school senior. Ed had led the team to the 1962 and 1963 titles. His nephew (Ed's son Ian) was a freshman on the 2009–10 Princeton team. In Hummer's sophomore season at Princeton, the team was co-champion of the Ivy League with a 20–6 (12–3 Ivy) record. Despite the fact that Princeton had three of the five first-team All-Ivy team members, plus second-team member Hummer, they lost the one-game league playoff to the Jim McMillian-led 1968 Columbia Lions. That year the team rose to as high as 8th in the AP Poll. This was the first of thirteen Ivy League championships for head coach Pete Carril. The following season, the team accumulated a 19–7 (14–0) record and participated in the 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. They lost to St. John's in the tournament, but Hummer was joined by Geoff Petrie on the first-team All-Ivy squad. This was the first of eleven NCAA tournament appearance for Carril. It was also the first of three 14–0 conference champions for Carril. As a senior, Hummer was first-team All-Ivy, but the Tigers placed third in the conference\",\n \"title\": \"John Hummer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23066298\",\n \"text\": \"Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Co., Ltd. is based in Chengdu, China. Sichuan Tengzhong is a privately owned company known for making a wide range of road equipment, such as bridge piers, highway construction and maintenance machinery. Sichuan Tengzhong has been moving more into heavy-duty trucks, including tow trucks and oil tankers. Aborted acquisition of Hummer On 1 June 2009, as a part of General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization announcement, GM revealed that Hummer brand would be discontinued. However, the following day GM announced it had reached a deal to sell the brand to an undisclosed buyer. On 2 June 2009 GM announced the sale of Hummer to a non-disclosed Chinese company. The New York Times reported Tuesday that the buyer would be the Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company Ltd., a machinery company in western China. Late Tuesday Sichuan Tengzhong itself posted it on their own website. The transaction was expected to close in the third quarter of 2009, subject to customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals. Financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed. Credit Suisse acted as exclusive financial advisor and Shearman&Sterling acted as international legal counsel to Tengzhong on this transaction. Citi acted as financial advisor to GM. Prior to the 2009 sale a handful of other Chinese automakers, including Chang Feng, expressed interest in the brand, but all declined to make a formal offer. The deal include the continuation of manufacturing in the two plants that GM already used to produce the Hummer trucks until June 2011, with a possible extension until 2012. On 24 February 2010, The Chinese Ministry of Commerce rejected Tengzhong's bid to purchase Hummer from General Motors, and that the deal had collapsed. The later stated the same and that they will discontinue the brand. Some reports were saying that Tengzhong would instead purchase it privately through the company's new supporter, J&A Tengzhong Fund SPC, a private equity investment fund owned by an offshore entity that was recruiting private investors to buy into its acquisition plan. At the time, even established companies were in difficulties. With them, small companies were also declining (including Tengzong). Also falling was Hummer's value, with lowered customer demand. After that, some other buyers were approached to buy the brand, but those deals also failed. Finally, the Hummer brand was defunct on 24 May 2010. References Companies based in Chengdu Construction equipment manufacturers of China Chinese brands\",\n \"title\": \"Tengzhong\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45565179\",\n \"text\": \"The Robert Award for Best Visual Effects () is one of the merit awards presented by the Danish Film Academy at the annual Robert Awards ceremony. The award has been handed out since 1984, although numerous years in the 1980s and 1990s saw no honorees. Between 1984 and 2013 the award was given as the Robert Award for Best Special Effects (Robert Prisen for årets special effects), and since 2014 as the Robert Award for Best Visual Effects (Robert Prisen for årets visuelle effekter). Honorees 1980s 1984: Eg Norre – 1985: – The Element of Crime 1986: Peter Høimark and – 1987: Stig Sparre-Ulrich and Niels Arnt Torp – Barndommens gade 1988: Not awarded 1989: Not awarded 1990s 1990: Not awarded 1991: Not awarded 1992: Hummer Højmark, Morten Jacobsen and Kaj Grönberg – Europa 1993: Not awarded 1994: Not awarded 1995: Not awarded 1996: Not awarded 1997: Not awarded 1998: Not awarded 1999: Hans Peter Ludvigsen – 2000s 2000: Hummer Højmark – I Kina spiser de hunde 2001: Thomas Borch Nielsen – 2002: Hummer Højmark, Steen Lyders, and Kris Kolodziejski – 2003: Jonas Wagner, Morten Lynge, Niels Valentin Dal and Hummer Højmark – Klatretøsen 2004: Peter Hjorth – It's All About Love 2005: Daniel Silwerfeldt and Thomas Borch Nielsen – 2006: Peter Hjort, Hummer Højmark, and Lars K. Andersen – Adam's Apples 2007: Thomas Dyg – Tempelriddernes skat 2008: Hummer Højmark and Jeppe Nygaard Christensen – Island of Lost Souls 2009: Hummer Højmark, Jonas Drehn, and Thomas Busk – Flammen og Citronen 2010s 2010: Peter Hjorth and Ota Bares – Antichrist 2011: Morten Jacobsen and Thomas Foldberg – R 2012: Hummer Højmark and Peter Hjort – Melancholia 2013: Jeppe Nygaard Christensen, Esben Syberg, and Rikke Hovgaard Jørgensen – En kongelig affære 2014: Hummer Højmark, Rikke Gjerløv Hansen, Thomas Øhlenschlæger, and Jeppe Nygaard Christensen – 2015: Peter Hjorth – Nymphomaniac Director's Cut References External links 1984 establishments in Denmark Awards established in 1984 Film awards for Best Visual Effects Visual Effects\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Award for Best Visual Effects\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69432033\",\n \"text\": \"SoloTürk or Solo Türk, often stylized as SOLOTÜRK, is a single-aircraft aerobatic demonstration team of the Turkish Air Force. Plans for the team began in November 2009 and the pilot training process was finalized in August 2010 with three pilots initially. The first demonstration flight was performed within the military in September 2010, and the team made its first public appearance 15 April 2011. Since then, SoloTürk has participated in several national and international airshows, with most maneuvers in demonstration flights being special to the team. The team uses a specially-painted General Dynamics F-16C Block 40 aircraft which is combat ready. SoloTürk formerly operated out of the Akıncı Air Base, but moved to Konya Air Base in 2016 after the coup d'état attempt. The team has a total of 13 personnel, including two pilots, and uses a CASA CN-235M-100 for transportation. Pilots wanting to fly for the team must meet certain criteria before they qualify for a training. SoloTürk has received multiple awards for its demonstration flights. History The development of a one-aircraft aerobatic team started on 25 November 2009. The pilots were selected in January 2010 and training started in May the same year, which lasted three months. The first display flight was performed on 1 September 2010 to then Turkish Air Force commander Hasan Aksay at the 4th Main Base Jet Command, where the team was stationed until 2016. The team made its first public appearance on 15 April 2011 at the Akıncı Air Base in Ankara during the 100th anniversary event of the Turkish Air Force. At the final Waddington International Air Show in 2014, SoloTürk ducked under the glide slope on final approach and made an extremely low-pass above the audience watching the aircraft land. The Akıncı Air Base, which was the base of SoloTürk since its forming, was closed following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt as it is alleged that the base was used as the command center of pro-coup military. An internal investigation concluded that none of the members of SoloTürk were a part of the Gülen movement. The base of the team was moved to the Konya Air Base in October 2016, where the aerobatic demonstration team Turkish Stars are also based at. On 25 January 2017, pilots Erhan Günar and Serdar Doğan flew the SoloTürk F-16, which has a takeoff speed of , at a speed of during a training flight in preparation of the coming year and broke the \\\"slowest flight\\\" record. At the inaugural Teknofest on 20 September 2018, a drag race was held between SoloTürk, Red Bull RB8, Kawasaki Ninja H2, Tesla Model S P100D, Aston Martin Vantage, Lotus Evora GT410 and Bombardier Challenger 600. The 9-second race was won by Kenan Sofuoğlu who was driving the Kawasaki Ninja H2. SoloTürk came third behind the Red Bull RB8 driven by Jake Dennis. Before the start of the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix at the Istanbul Park circuit, SoloTürk made a fly-by on the main straight. A footage captured by\",\n \"title\": \"SoloTürk\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"65047940","text":"The Hummer is an ice cream cocktail originally created in Detroit, Michigan, at Bayview Yacht Club by Jerome Adams. It was the first \"boozy milkshake\" of the late 1960s. It is made with light rum and Kahlua and vanilla ice cream. Two legendary bartenders have been credited with creating the drink. According to The Detroit Free Press Jerome Adams created the drink at the Bayview Yacht Club in 1967, but in a 1982 article The Free Press said it was invented at the London Chop House by Farouk Elhaje. The original recipe has evolved over the years, with new versions replacing the vanilla ice cream with peppermint, butter pecan or using fresh cream instead of ice cream. The drink is made strong with nearly 4 ounces of alcohol in a 7.5 ounce glass. The consistency is so thick, made with two scoops of vanilla ice cream, that a straw would stand up straight in the glass. Despite the high alcohol content of the drink, it doesn't taste strongly of alcohol. The price of a pitcher for 10 or 12 was around $90 in 2014. The Hummer has not seen as much of a resurgence as other classic cocktails like the Last Word because ice cream is considered a difficult ingredient to work with. References Cocktails with vodka Cocktails with rum Cocktails with coffee liqueur Cocktails with ice cream Creamy cocktails Sweet cocktails Vanilla ice cream","title":"Hummer (cocktail)"},{"docid":"48753513","text":"A doppelgänger brand image is a parody logo or narrative intended to highlight ethical issues regarding the product advertised. They are commonly associated with the brand's lack of authenticity, and most are created as a form of individual protest, either posted digitally on social media, or displayed as physical graffiti. A 2012 study concluded that doppelgänger brand images were able to negatively affect sales, because they created a perception of mistrust in the minds of the customers. A 2006 study concluded that, Doppelgänger has an impact on emotional brand image of a brand. In a 2006 paper, Craig J. Thompson, Aric Rindfleisch and Zeynep Arsel suggest that doppelgänger brand images are a sign that \"an emotional-branding story is beginning to lose its cultural resonance\", and can be useful as a warning symptom. Examples The \"Joe Chemo\" campaign, an internet campaign created by an organization called Adbusters, criticized the product message of Camel cigarettes, and emphasized the harmful effects of smoking, by depicting the company's camel mascot as \"a camel who wishes he'd never smoked cigarettes\". In this doppelganger image the confident, cool and popular Joe Camel is replaced by this sick, depressed and lonely Joe Chemo. Shortly after this doppelganger campaign began, Joe Camel was withdrawn from the market. McDonald's is often criticized because of its harmful effects on human health. To illustrate its negative effect, the McDonald's logo was redesigned as \"McDiabetes\". For this DBI, there is a long running hashtag on Twitter. In 2015, a designer reinterpreted the Pepsi logo to represent a corpulent man. The intention was to emphasize the direct relation between consumption of sweetened soft drinks and obesity. After General Motors launched the Hummer H2 in the mid-2000s, a creative viral Internet campaign called \"FUH2\" began. This campaign concentrated not only on the brand itself, but also on its owners who were portrayed as savages who cared about style more than the environment. During Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, comedian John Oliver satirised Trump's \"Make America Great Again\" slogan with the parody \"Make Donald Drumpf Again\", referring to Trump's alleged ancestral surname. Nike's logo and slogan (\"Just do it\") appear in several images either altered or adjusted, often highlighting the company's use of sweat shop labor. Following the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, several satirical logos reflecting a negative image were born out of a contest sponsored by Greenpeace. The South Butt was an attempt to commercialize a parody of The North Face's brand. The Indian Premier League major cricket sporting event was severely criticized as Indian Puppet League, after revelations came out in 2015 regarding the match fixing and mis-governance issues associated with it. This negative portrayal of brand affected the events popularity and the credibility of associated players. The Board of Control for Cricket in India was also severely affected. Walmart has several anti-branding doppelganger initiatives aimed against it. A spoof of the Apple logo that shows a worm coming out of the bitten apple and the words","title":"Doppelgänger brand image"},{"docid":"977047","text":"H2S was the first airborne, ground scanning radar system. It was developed for the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command during World War II to identify targets on the ground for night and all-weather bombing. This allowed attacks outside the range of the various radio navigation aids like Gee or Oboe, which were limited to about of range from various base stations. It was also widely used as a general navigation system, allowing landmarks to be identified at long range. In March 1941, experiments with an early airborne interception radar based on the 9.1 cm wavelength, (3 GHz) cavity magnetron revealed that different objects have very different radar signatures; water, open land and built-up areas of cities and towns all produced distinct returns. In January 1942, a new team was set up to combine the magnetron with a new scanning antenna and plan-position indicator display. The prototype's first use in April confirmed that a map of the area below the aircraft could be produced using radar. The first systems went into service in early 1943 as the H2S Mk. I and H2S Mk. II, as well as ASV Mark III. On its second operational mission on 2/3 February 1943, an H2S was captured almost intact by German forces, and a second unit a week later. Combined with intelligence gathered from the surviving crew, they learned it was a mapping system and were able to determine its method of operation. When they pieced one together from parts and saw the display of Berlin, near panic broke out in the Luftwaffe. This led to the introduction of the FuG 350 Naxos radar detector in late 1943, which enabled Luftwaffe night fighters to home on the transmissions of H2S. The British learned of Naxos and a great debate ensued over the use of H2S. Later calculations showed that losses after the introduction of Naxos were actually less than before it, and use continued. After it was found the resolution of the early sets was too low to be useful over large cities like Berlin, in 1943 work started on a version operating in the X band at 3 cm (10 GHz), the H2S Mk. III. Almost simultaneously, its American equivalent was introduced as the H2X in October of that year. A wide variety of slightly different Mk. III's were produced before the Mk. IIIG was selected as the late-war standard. Development continued through the late-war Mk. IV to the 1950s era Mk. IX that equipped the V bomber fleet and the English Electric Canberra. In the V-force, Mk. IXA was tied into both the bombsight and navigation system to provide a complete long-range Navigation and Bombing System (NBS). In this form, H2S was last used operationally during the Falklands War in 1982 on the Avro Vulcan. Some H2S Mk. IX units remained in service on the Handley Page Victor aircraft until 1993, providing fifty years of service. Etymology of \"H2S\" The radar was originally called \"BN\" (Blind Navigation), but it quickly became \"H2S\". The","title":"H2S (radar)"},{"docid":"4517307","text":"\"Long Term Parking\" is the 64th episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the 12th of the show's fifth season. Written by Terence Winter and directed by Tim Van Patten, it originally aired on May 23, 2004. Starring James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi * Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano Jr. * Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano Jr. Jamie-Lynn DiScala as Meadow Soprano * Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano Baccalieri * Vincent Curatola as Johnny Sack John Ventimiglia as Artie Bucco and Steve Buscemi as Tony Blundetto * = credit only Guest starring Synopsis Little Carmine recoils from the escalating violence of the New York mob war, and Johnny becomes the new boss of the Lupertazzi family. In a sit-down with Tony, both Johnny and Phil make threats against his blood relations. Johnny says he wants Tony B \"on a fucking spit\". In hiding, Tony B calls Tony to apologize. Tony tells him not to come back and says he will look after his sons. He further admits why he was not at the hijack where Tony B was arrested decades earlier, saying that he has always felt guilty; \"Now we're even.\" Ending the call, they tell each other to take care. Tony then has the call traced and learns that Tony B is in upstate New York, near their uncle's now-empty house. Tony and Johnny meet alone. Tony says he knows where Tony B is and what has to be done. Johnny refuses to let Tony handle it himself and states that Tony B will be at Phil's mercy. Tony subsequently refuses to give up Tony B's location and the meeting ends in antagonism. Tony punishes Christopher for bungling a cigarette smuggling operation. Back home, Chris rants about Tony's treatment and what he sees as his favoritism towards Tony B. Adriana, under intense stress, is diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. When FBI surveillance catches Adriana behaving oddly with a bag of garbage behind her nightclub, she is brought in. She admits that she was cleaning up after a murder in her office: drug dealer Matush Giamona killed a customer who claimed he had been ripped off. Threatened with imprisonment for covering up the murder, Adriana is told she has to wear a wire. She refuses but persuades the FBI that Chris is ready to turn. They let her go, with a deadline for bringing him in. When Adriana tells Chris she has been talking to the FBI, he reacts violently and begins to strangle her before he breaks down crying. They eventually agree to flee and start a new life. Getting gas for his Hummer H2 the next morning, Chris pensively observes a poor family in front of the gas station, their meager possessions strapped to the roof of a run-down car. Adriana soon receives","title":"Long Term Parking"},{"docid":"11258440","text":"Hummer Winblad Venture Partners (HWVP) is an American software and web focused venture capital firm based in San Francisco, California. Its founders include John Hummer and Ann Winblad. The firm was an early investor in Napster, the first popular file sharing service, and in several internet firms that failed during the dot-com bubble. History First decade (1989–1999) Ann Winblad started Hummer Winblad Venture Partners with former professional basketball player John Hummer after selling her company Open Systems and serving as a consultant to Microsoft, Apple Computer, and IBM. The company originally focused on raising money from pension funds and investing in software companies. In 1999 Bill Gates invested in the company's venture fund. In her book The Kingmakers, reporter Karen Southwick wrote that Hummer Winblad Venture Partners \"may not be among the super tier of VC firms, but it certainly gets just about as much publicity.\" Napster and the dot-com bubble (2000–2014) In 2000 Hummer Winblad led a US$15 million round of funding for Napster while the internet company was being sued by the Recording Industry Association of America. The Economist noted that this investment was unusual for a company that previously had been \"notably more risk-averse than most Silicon Valley rivals towards Internet investments.\" In 2001 several of the company's investments ended in company bankruptcies or closures, including Pets.com, Homes.com, eHow, and Rival Networks. In 2006 Hummer Winblad Venture Partners settled a lawsuit brought by EMI Group and Universal Music Group after Napster's bankruptcy. Rebranding as HWVP (2015–) In 2015 Hummer Winblad Venture Partners rebranded as HWVP. The next year, for the first time, it raised a fund without Ann Winblad or John Hummer listed among the general partners. , its investments include Ace Metrix and NuoDB. References External links Financial services companies established in 1989 Venture capital firms of the United States Companies based in San Francisco American companies established in 1989 1989 establishments in California","title":"Hummer Winblad Venture Partners"},{"docid":"61481901","text":"Harunur Rashid (born 1 January 1962) is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the incumbent Jatiya Sangsad member from the Chapai Nawabganj-3 constituency since January 2019. Career Rashid was elected to Jatiya Sangsad from Chapai Nawabganj-3 in the June 1996 Bangladeshi general election as a candidate of Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He had received 77,929 votes while his nearest rival, Latifur Rahman of Awami League, had received 47,048 votes. Rashid was re-elected to the same position in the 2001 Bangladeshi general election. He had received 85,489 votes while the same rival, Latifur Rahman of Awami League, had received 60,460 votes. Rashid contested the 2008 Bangladeshi general election from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as the Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate but lost to Abdul Odud of Awami League. He received 76,178 votes while the winner received 112,753 votes. Latifur Rahman of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami also campaigned against him. In November 2011, Rashid participated in a human chain protesting erosion at the Chapainawabganj Press Club. Rashid boycotted the 2014 election as per decision of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Abdul Odud of Awami League was elected to parliament uncontested from Chapai Nawabganj-3. Rashid was elected to parliament from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate on 30 December 2018. He had received 133,661 votes while Abdul Odul of Awami League and his nearest rival received 85,938 votes. He took the oath of office 90 days after the mandated time following instructions of Tarique Rahman. The four Bangladesh Nationalist Party members of parliament initially refused to join parliament as they had deemed the election unfair. Rashid in parliament asked the speaker to create a committee to investigate the large number of cases filed against Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians. Charges and convictions Assistant director Monayem Hossain of the Anti-Corruption Commission filed a case against Rashid for tax fraud in March 2007 with Tejgaon police station and then pressed charge in July. Rashid had imported a Hummer H2 on 25 April 2005 without paying tax as per his privilege as a member of parliament but later sold the to Ishtiak Sadek, violating the rules of the duty free facility, who sold it to Enayetur Rahman Bappi. The car, imported under duty free privilege, cannot be sold under less than years of being purchased. Rapid Action Battalion-2, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Akbar Hossain, had spotted the Hummer in Panthapath and asked the men to come to their camp where they were detained. In October 2019, Judge Shaikh Nazmul Alam of the Dhaka court sentenced Rashid to five years’ imprisonment for dodging taxes while importing a luxurious car in 2007 and fined him five million taka. It also sent his co-accused former managing director of NTV and Channel 9, Enayetur Rahman Bappi, to two years imprisonment. His other co-accused proprietor of Sky Autos, Ishtiak Sadek, sentenced to jail for three years. A week later, the High Court granted him six months’ bail in the case. Justices Obaidul Hassan and AKM Zahirul Huq asked the government to explain why Rashid's parliamentary membership","title":"Harunur Rashid (Chapai Nawabganj politician)"},{"docid":"60856076","text":"H2 Motorsports was an American professional stock car racing team owned by Matt Hurley. The team operated part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, fielding the No. 28 Toyota Supra for Shane Lee. The team shutdown before the start of the 2020 season due to financial troubles and because of the pending investigation against Hurley. The assets of H2 Motorsports were purchased by Sam Hunt Racing for the 2020 season. Founder Founder Matt Hurley was born April 5, 1996. Hurley graduated from Cypress Lake High School in Fort Myers, Florida, and claims to have worked at least 40 hours per week since he was 14 years old. Hurley once described himself as an \"...investor, entrepreneur, and political hack...\" Hurley founded H2 Motorsports and based it in Mooresville, North Carolina. H2's primary sponsor was Circuit City. An entrepreneur, Hurley has started additional businesses such as H2 Innovation Center, and Youngbloods, Inc., a private holding company which later changed its name to the H2 Organization. Hurley co-founded Torchlight Productions, a website design and development firm at the age of 15. Controversy & legal actions In 2017, Hurley leased a commercial building in Fort Myers, Florida for Southwest Florida Innovation Center, at a building named The Atrium, with plans to renovate the 132,000sf building with 42,000sf set aside for startup companies and the remainder of which were sublet spaces to other tenants. The estimate for the purchase and renovation was $20 Million. He was later sued for not paying rent, and the tenants in the building were evicted, including one business that was a United States Contract Postal Unit. Hurley blamed a number of the tenant complaints and issues on the fact the building purchase had not been yet completed, and on hurricane Irma. He is currently under investigation by the State of Florida's Office of Financial regulation, and was arrested for contempt of court in 2020. Xfinity Series The team announced on May 23, 2019, that they would attempt twenty races with Lee in the No. 28 Toyota Supra, beginning at Iowa in June with Circuit City as the sponsor for all races. In late summer 2019, it was revealed that Lee was signed for all of 2020, and that depending on sponsorship, the team could expand to two cars for 2020. Due to concerns that their cars would not be ready in time for the three road course races in August with being a new team, H2 decided to skip those races (at Watkins Glen, Mid-Ohio, and Road America) and better prepare for the upcoming oval races. Before the race at Darlington in September, they released Lee due to what they deemed a lack of performance, who the team released on August 28, 2019, after less than 3 months with the team and despite the fact that he finished in the top 21 in all but one of his races, and had great runs at both Daytona (before crashing in \"the big one\") and Iowa, where he finished in the top 10.","title":"H2 Motorsports"},{"docid":"64339286","text":"The Crosstown Line, designated Routes H2 and H4, is a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Brookland–CUA station and Tenleytown–AU station of the Red Line of the Washington Metro. The line operates every 24 minutes between 7AM and 9PM, and 20 - 40 minutes after 9PM at a combined frequency of 12 minutes during the day and, 20 minutes during the late nights. Trips roughly take 48 minutes to complete. Background Routes H2 and H4 operate as part of the Crosstown Line between Brookland–CUA station and Tenleytown–AU station. Routes H2 and H4 serve the hospital complex along 1st Street. The line splits after serving Columbia Heights station. Route H2 mainly operates along Adams Mill Road, Connecticut Avenue, Van Ness Street, and Veazey Street. While Route H4 mainly operates along Mount Pleasant Street, Park Road, Porter Street, and Wisconsin Avenue. Both routes connect Brookland and Tenleytown stations by bus without having to take the Red Line. Routes H2 and H4 currently operate out of Bladensburg division with some select weekday trips operating out of Western division. H2 stops H4 stops History Routes H2 and H4 originally operated under streetcars by the Capital Traction Company. The line was then made into buses in the 1920s. Routes H2 and H4 operated between Fort Lincoln and Westmoreland Circle connecting Tenleytown, Forest Hills, Cleveland Park, Mount Pleasant, Columbia Heights, Rock Creek Park, Brookland along Yuma Street, Massachusetts Avenue, Wisconsin Avenue, Porter Street NW (H4), Van Ness/Veazey Street NW (H2), Connecticut Avenue (H2), Columbia Road NW, Irving Street NW, Michigan Avenue NW/NE, Franklin Street NE, and 14th Street NE. It mostly provides service in outer DC without having to enter Downtown. The line was later acquired by DC Transit in 1956 and later diverted to serve the Washington Hospital Complexes along 1st Street. It later became a Metrobus route in 1973. On February 19, 1978, after Brookland–CUA station opened, routes H2 and H4 were diverted off Monroe Street to serve the new station. This gives residents access to the Red Line on its route. No route changes were made during its route. On August 25, 1984, routes H2 and H4 were rerouted off Tenley Circle to serve Tenleytown–AU station in the middle of its route when it opened. No route changes were made on the route. On September 18, 1999, after Columbia Heights station opened a series of changes were made to the H2 and H4. Routes H2 was shorten to terminate at Van Ness–UDC station and route H4 was shorten to terminate at Tenleytown–AU station. Service to Westmoreland Circle and along Yuma Street was replaced by a new route N8 which will operate between Van Ness and Wesley Heights. This was due to resident complaint along Yuma Street and Tenleytown over H2 and H4 buses making loud noises along Yuma street causing noise pollution and damage to homes. The new N8 solves the noise complaint problem by using smaller and quieter 30 ft buses. Routes H2 and H4 were","title":"Crosstown Line (Washington, D.C.)"},{"docid":"43793484","text":"The Kawasaki Ninja H2 is a supercharged four-stroke supersport-class motorcycle in the Ninja sports bike series manufactured by Kawasaki, featuring a variable-speed centrifugal supercharger. Its namesake is the 750 cc Kawasaki H2 Mach IV, an inline triple that was introduced by Kawasaki in 1972 to \"disrupt what it saw as a sleeping motorcycle market\". Its Ninja H2R track-only variant is the fastest and most powerful production motorcycle on the market, producing a maximum of and with ram-air. The H2R has 50% more power than the fastest street-legal motorcycles, while the street-legal Ninja H2 has a lower power output of – with ram-air. Design Kawasaki selected the literbike platform for its top-of-the-line Ninja H2 model, rather than continuing with the higher-displacement Ninja ZX-14 hyperbike. Cycle World's Kevin Cameron explained that the literbike class is \"the center of the high-performance market\", attracting the best development in racing, with the best chassis and suspension design, so it made sense for Kawasaki to create a machine that could leverage this. The H2 is the first production motorcycle with a supercharger, although turbochargers were available on some models in the early 1980s. Specifications in the infobox are from Kawasaki unless noted. Production The street-legal Ninja H2 has mirrors in place of the track-only H2R's winglets, and plastic body panels in place of the H2R's carbon-fiber panels but there is the H2 carbon version that has them in carbon. The street-legal H2 is said to make , probably with reduced supercharger boost compared to the H2R. The H2 and H2R share the supercharger (with a lower boost level on the H2) and many other components, with the exception of the head gasket, cam profile and timing with ECU mapping, exhaust system, and clutch (the H2R's clutch has two additional plates). For 2017, Kawasaki made a limited-edition model with 120 units produced globally: the individually-numbered Kawasaki Ninja H2 Carbon with special paint and carbon-fiber upper cowl. For 2017, the standard Ninja H2 was also updated. For 2018, Kawasaki made a new sport touring version of the H2, the , with a claimed wet weight of . Features that are options on the base model H2 SX come standard on the Kawasaki H2 SX SE, which has a claimed wet weight of . It has revised throttle bodies, camshafts, crankshaft, pistons, cylinder and cylinder head as well as a new exhaust system aimed at increasing mid range torque. The intake system and supercharger impeller were also redesigned. A new larger fuel tank, rear trellis subframe and panniers increase the bike's weight by . For 2019, the H2 received an update with 15% more power from updates to the intake, spark plugs, ECU, and air filter, among other components. Also added was a new LED lighting scheme and a special top coat of paint that is claimed to be self-healing and able to smooth over small scratches in warmer conditions. Also new were lighter and smaller Brembo Stylema calipers, a new TFT dash, and smartphone connectivity that provides information","title":"Kawasaki Ninja H2"},{"docid":"10565411","text":"Foals (stylised in all caps) are a British rock band formed in Oxford in 2005. The band's current line-up consists of Greek-born lead vocalist and guitarist Yannis Philippakis, drummer and percussionist Jack Bevan, rhythm guitarist Jimmy Smith and bassist Walter Gervers. They are currently signed to Warner Records, and have released seven studio albums to date: Antidotes (2008), Total Life Forever (2010), Holy Fire (2013), What Went Down (2015), and Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 & 2 (2019) and their most recent, Life Is Yours (2022). They have also released one video album, six extended plays and thirty-five singles. The band have toured internationally for over a decade, and have featured at many festivals including Glastonbury, Coachella, and Roskilde. They have won a number of awards, including best live act at the 2013 Q Awards while producers Alan Moulder and Flood were awarded 'UK Producer of the Year' for their work on the album Holy Fire. The band's studio albums Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 and 2 were released March and October 2019, respectively, with the latter becoming the group's first album to top the UK Album Chart. History 2005–2006: Formation The lead singer of the band Youthmovies, Andrew Mears, originally formed the band Foals. He was present on the band's debut 7\" single, \"Try This on Your Piano/Look at My Furrows of Worry\", but left shortly afterwards to concentrate on Youthmovies's debut album, Good Nature. Jack Bevan, Lina Simon and Yannis Philippakis were originally in cult math rock band the Edmund Fitzgerald. The group disbanded, claiming that things had become \"too serious\" and that they wanted to have more \"fun making their music\". Walter Gervers and Jimmy Smith were part of a small Oxford band called Face Meets Grill. They met at and formed the band from members of Abingdon School, the same school that Radiohead attended. They played gigs in and around Oxford, and recorded an EP in Hull. After playing Truck Festival in 2004 they separated to follow different paths and careers. Guitarist Jimmy Smith is the only one of the band members to have completed his degree, at Hull University, each of the other band members quit their respective universities when the band signed to Transgressive Records. 2007–2008: Antidotes In early 2007, the band released the limited edition 7\" singles \"Hummer\" and \"Mathletics\", both produced by Gareth Parton. \"Hummer\" later featured on the Channel Four teen drama Skins. Philippakis described this period as 'the music was almost a premeditated mix of blending techno and minimalism [and] we'd set ourselves these rules, like 'only staccato rhythms', and 'guitars must be played really high'. In the summer of 2007, Foals began working on their debut album in New York. It was produced by Dave Sitek of TV on the Radio. However, the band decided to mix the album themselves, stating that Sitek made the first master copy of the album sound like \"it was recorded in the Grand Canyon\". Philippakis","title":"Foals (band)"},{"docid":"4680235","text":"Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE) is an American automotive engineering company specializing in high-performance automobile modifications, specifically engines and induction systems. Now headquartered in Brighton, Michigan the company was founded by and named for NHRA driver John Lingenfelter in Decatur, IN. Over the decades since its founding, LPE has been creating high-performance versions of many GM vehicles, such as the F-Bodies (Camaro, Firebird), B Bodies (Impala SS, Caprice, Roadmaster, Fleetwood), Corvette, CTS-V, GTO, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Escalade, Denali, SSR, Hummer H2, and Sierra. Furthermore, it has also created performance enhancement packages for the Dodge Viper and Plymouth Prowler. In January 1998, MotorTrend tested a Chevrolet Tahoe modified and tuned by Lingenfelter, powered by a 396 (6.5L) cubic inch Chevrolet V8 and achieved a 5.1-second 0-60 time as well as a 0.9g lateral acceleration figure. The SUV completed the quarter mile in 13.8 seconds at 96 mph. These numbers matched the performance figures of a base model C4 Corvette and GMC Syclones/Typhoons of that era. Motor Trend also tested an LPE-built Impala SS that had the same performance numbers as the last generation M5 (0-60 4.7 sec) due to its bored and stroked LT-1 (displacement rose to 383 in3 and horsepower rose to 425). Another LPE vehicle was featured in the June 1996 issue of Car and Driver: A special C4 Corvette with a 427.6 in3 engine that attained a top speed of 212 mph (ca. 341 km/h) . LPE's 2001 Corvette 427 twin-turbo with 800 rear-wheel horsepower accomplished a 0-60 mph acceleration in 1.97 seconds. Another LPE vehicle that the company developed and marketed to customers which has been one of their most powerful vehicles offered to date was a 2006 twin-turbo Corvette Z06 with 1,109 rear wheel horsepower. In 2014, they expanded operations. The current owner of Lingenfelter Performance Engineering is Ken Lingenfelter. References External links Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Automotive companies of the United States Companies based in Indiana","title":"Lingenfelter Performance Engineering"},{"docid":"2674653","text":"\"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\" is a song by American rapper Khia, released in April 2002 as the lead single from her debut studio album, Thug Misses. Owing to its sexually explicit lyrics, an edited version of the song was released to mainstream radio. The song reached number 42 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It also reached number four in the United Kingdom two years later and number 12 in Australia. Lyrically, “My Neck, My Back (Lick It)” is about a woman searching for and pursuing a man at a club, demanding that he perform sexual acts on her, including licking her clitoris and anus, and encouraging other women to do the same. Background and meaning The lyrics contain detailed, explicit descriptions of both cunnilingus and anilingus, so a heavily edited version was used for radio broadcasting and the official music video. Khia later stated in a 2002 interview for MTV News concerning the song's big success: \"I guess the world is just nasty and freaky like that […] It's not even my favorite song, and I was kind of surprised that's the song that everybody jumped on. … That song is just nothing compared to my other music. It's like, 'That's what the world is about today,' so hey, it works for me.\" In 2018, NPR ranked the song as #184 for their The 200 Greatest Songs By 21st Century Women list, saying: \"'My Neck, My Back' is the most enduring erotic pleasure procedural of this era, and rightfully so. Underscoring the dirty in Dirty South, Khia raps simple demands as to where she wants to be licked (short version: 'all over'), with explicit suggestions towards technique that span two dedicated verses. It's a delightfully nasty club classic where a woman's pleasure is presented as a debt owed her.\" Recording and composition \"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\" is a dirty rap song, and India Mae Alby of Keakie.com described it as a \"low beat Club song\". The song is noted for its chorus, in which Khia raps \"My neck, my back, lick my pussy and my crack\". The song was written by Khia herself and Edward Meriwether. During a studio session, Khia recorded \"My Neck, My Back\" at Grooveland Studios in Clearwater, Florida. Music video Background The music video was directed by Diane Martel, and was released during the spring of 2002. In the United Kingdom, a different video was used, which did not feature Khia, instead depicting a group of bikini-clad models washing a Hummer H2 in a seductive manner while lip-synching the words to the song. Synopsis The music video begins with Khia dancing in a half-bikini dress at a party in front of various people full of arcade games. It later shows scenes of Khia at a pool receiving a massage by a dreadheaded man. Khia is also seen dancing at a barbecue. There are also scenes showing Khia in a house wearing a polka-dot shirt and heels surrounded by men. Khia can","title":"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)"},{"docid":"1307965","text":"Need for Speed: Underground 2 is a 2004 racing video game developed by EA Black Box and published by Electronic Arts. It is the eighth installment in the Need for Speed series and the direct sequel to Need for Speed: Underground. It was developed for Microsoft Windows, GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions were developed by Pocketeers, and a PlayStation Portable version, titled Need for Speed: Underground Rivals, was developed by Team Fusion. Another version for mobile phones was also developed. Like its predecessor, it was also commercially successful, selling around 11 million copies worldwide and breaking sales records in the United Kingdom. The game entails tuning cars for street races, resuming the Need for Speed: Underground storyline. Need for Speed: Underground 2 provides several new features, such as broader customization, new methods of selecting races, set in a city known as Bayview. The game stars Brooke Burke as the voice of Rachel Teller, who guides the player throughout the game. The game's storyline is presented in a comic book strip. The Nintendo DS port introduces a new feature in which the player can design custom decals to adorn any vehicle in the game. Plot The story takes place after the initial events of Underground, shortly after the player beats Eddie and his street racing gang The Eastsiders in Olympic City, along with Melissa. Revered as the best street racer in Olympic City, the player wins a race while driving a blue Nissan Skyline GT-R and promptly receives a call from an unidentified individual with an \"invitation\" to join his team, followed by a threat explicitly disclaiming that he is not \"taking no for an answer\". Angered, the player immediately hangs up the call and drives to a celebratory party; while talking to Samantha on the phone, they are blinded and ambushed by a Hummer H2 from a dark alley, which rams and wrecks their Skyline. A man with a scythe tattoo on his hand calls to confirm that he \"took care of a problem\". Six months later, the player boards a plane to Bayview with a good luck note from Samantha, referring to her friend Rachel Teller, as well as being given a car key bearing the name 'Rachel'. The player arrives in Bayview and is contacted by Rachel, who has left them her Nissan 350Z at the airport car lot, asking to meet at a car dealership; the player can ignore these instructions and race in three events and outruns before Rachel calls demanding her car back, after which no more races will spawn. At the dealership, he buys his first car using the money provided by their insurance company over the totaled Nissan Skyline, and begins to race again. Rachel becomes the key contact within Bayview. She explains the layout of Bayview street racing scene, introducing the sponsorship mechanics, the Underground Racing League (URL) and actively aids the player afterwards by giving them tips on driving, secret shops, important events and","title":"Need for Speed: Underground 2"},{"docid":"26728952","text":"The 1968–69 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team represented the Princeton University in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1968–69 NCAA University Division men's basketball season. The head coach was Pete Carril and the team captain was Christopher Thomforde. The team played its home games in the Dillon Gymnasium on the university campus before the January 25, 1969, opening of Jadwin Gymnasium on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey. The team was the champion of the Ivy League, which earned them an invitation to the 25-team 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. The team was Princeton's first undefeated Ivy League champion, and earned Carril his first of eleven NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament invitations. The team helped Princeton end the decade with a 72.6 winning percentage (188–71), which was the tenth best in the nation. During the regular season, the team played a few of the teams that would eventually participate in the 25-team NCAA tournament: they opened their season against the and later played two of the eventual final four participants (the UCLA Bruins and North Carolina Tar Heels) in the ECAC Holiday Classic at Madison Square Garden in New York City in late December 1968. The team posted a 19–7 overall record and a 14–0 conference record. The team entered the tournament riding an eleven-game winning streak and having won fifteen of their last sixteen games, but they lost their March 8, 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament East Regional first-round game against the St. John's Redmen 72–63 at Reynolds Coliseum in Raleigh, North Carolina. Both John Hummer and Geoff Petrie were selected to the All-Ivy League first team. Petrie, who led the conference in scoring with a 23.9 average in conference games, was also an All-East selection. Thomforde was selected in the 1969 NBA draft by the New York Knicks with the 96th overall selection in the 7th round. Hummer led the conference in field goal percentage with 55.4%. Petrie and Hummer would become the only Tiger teammates to both be drafted in the first round of the NBA draft (in the same draft no less) when they were selected eighth and fifteenth overall in the 1970 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers and the Buffalo Braves. The two were part of a trio of 1970 NBA first-round draftees from the Ivy League that included number thirteen selection Jim McMillian of Columbia. Hummer was the first NBA draft pick by the expansion Buffalo Braves. Petrie would share the 1971 NBA Rookie of the Year Award with Dave Cowens. Brian Taylor was selected in the 1972 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 23rd overall selection in the second round while Reggie Bird was selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the 55th overall selection in the fourth round. Schedule and results The team posted a 19–7 (14–0 Ivy League) record. |- !colspan=9 style=| Regular season |- !colspan=9 style=| NCAA tournament NCAA tournament The team lost in the first round of the 1969 NCAA Division","title":"1968–69 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team"},{"docid":"2668825","text":"John Earl Lingenfelter (October 6, 1945 in East Freedom, Pennsylvania – December 25, 2003 in Decatur, Indiana) was an NHRA driver, engineer and tuner. Over his career, Lingenfelter won 13 career national event events in Competition Eliminator and was the first driver in the class to break the six-second quarter-mile barrier. He finished second in the Pro Stock Truck standings in 1998, which was the first year of competition for the now defunct class. His Cavalier had an E.T. of 7.08 seconds. In October 1988, Lingenfelter also drove the Callaway Sledgehammer to attain the closed-course speed record for a street driven car at 254.76 mph; a record that stood for 25 years. He was the founder of Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE for short) in Decatur, Indiana. LPE is a shop specializing in the modification of GM vehicles such as the F-Bodies (Camaro, Firebird), B Bodies (Impala SS, Caprice, Roadmaster, Fleetwood), Corvette, CTS-V, GTO, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Escalade, Denali, SSR, Hummer H2, and Sierra. The shop also worked with tuning packages for the Dodge Viper and Plymouth Prowler. In the press, his tuned vehicles were reported to have as much civility as the stock vehicles upon which they were based in everyday driving. However, these vehicles were brutally fast. Motor Trend tested a Tahoe tuned by Lingenfelter and achieved a 5.1 second 0-60 time as well as a 0.95g lateral acceleration figure. These numbers match the performance figures of the C4 Corvette and GMC Syclones/Typhoons of that era. This Tahoe had its 350in3 V8 bored and stroked to 396in3, making 500 hp and still retaining its 4WD drivetrain. Motor Trend also tested a Lingenfelter built Impala SS that had the same performance numbers as the last generation M5 (0-60 4.7 sec) due to its bored and stroked LT-1 (Displacement rose to 383in3 and horsepower rose to 440). Another vehicle built by Lingenfelter was also featured in the June 1996 issue of Car and Driver when they built a special C4 Corvette with a 427in3 engine that attained a top speed of 212 mph. Currently, the most powerful vehicle they have in their stable is a 2006 twin-turbo Corvette Z06 with 1,109 rear wheel horsepower worth $288,540. Lingenfelter built the engine for \"Big Red\", a 1969 Camaro that has achieved speeds in excess of 220 mph. He was critically injured during an NHRA Summit Sports Compact drag racing event at Pomona, California on October 27, 2002. He died Thursday December 25, 2003 at Adams County Memorial Hospital in Decatur, Indiana at age 58. See also John Lingenfelter Memorial Trophy References External links Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Dragster drivers 1945 births 2003 deaths","title":"John Lingenfelter"},{"docid":"66474715","text":"is a former Japanese YouTuber and rapper. He was part of the hip hop group Kaiware Hummer, releasing music under the stage name Bema. In January 2021, Watanabe allegedly solicited nude photos from an underage fan, which subsequently caused his agency UUUM to drop him as an act and YouTube to permanently ban his channel. Career When Watanabe was in middle school, he posted on Niconico under the username . Watanabe began uploading to YouTube in 2011. Watanabe released his debut solo album, Shinryakuteki Sukima, on November 26, 2016. In addition, Watanabe co-authored an autobiography about Kaiware Hummer with fellow members Naru and Imiga titled Kaiware Hummer Monogatari, with the first book released on July 20, 2017 and the second book released on August 31, 2017. Watanabe made an appearance on YouTuber 's second album Season 2, in which he was a featured artist on the song \"Kokomo.\" In 2018, Watanabe left Genesis One and signed with UUUM as his network. By June 2019, he had over 2.7 million subscribers on his main channel. After getting arrested on suspicion of battery in the same month, his activities were cancelled for the remainder of the year, including an appearance with Kaiware Hummer at A-nation 2019, while he remained at his agency to do clerical work. On February 7, 2020, UUUM announced that Watanabe would resume activities on February 14, 2020 on a new channel, which was named \"Mahoto.\" On January 22, 2021, UUUM announced that Watanabe had been dismissed from the agency after confirming he solicited nude photos from an underage girl. On January 28, 2021, YouTube suspended his channel for community violations. Following the events, on March 2, 2021, Watanabe issued an apology on Twitter and also announced he was retiring from YouTube. Since his retirement from YouTube, Watanabe started editing videos for Gardman, a YouTube channel with 2 million subscribers, earning him a million yen a month. Personal life On January 21, 2021, Watanabe announced that he was marrying actress and former Keyakizaka46 member Yui Imaizumi and that they were expecting a child. The child, a daughter was born in June 2021. Following Watanabe's 2021 arrest, Imaizumi announced in July 2021 that she would not be registering their marriage and that she would be raising the child herself with support from her family. Legal troubles On June 2, 2019, Watanabe was arrested on suspicion of battery. He had reportedly beat a female acquaintance and stomped on her face during an argument while he was intoxicated. On June 19, 2019, he issued an apology and also claimed he reconciled with the victim. On July 18, 2019, UUUM later stated that Watanabe's activities would be suspended, including Kaiware Hummer's appearance at A-nation 2019. Instead, he would be doing clerical work within the agency until December 31, 2019, though there were no immediate plans of him returning in January 2020. During this period, he was also prohibited from drinking. On January 21, 2021, the same day where Watanabe announced his marriage to","title":"Mahoto Watanabe"},{"docid":"6865153","text":"Racing Gears Advance is a combat racing game for the Game Boy Advance system released in 2004 and includes licensed vehicles from GM, Dodge, Mitsubishi and Lotus Cars. The soundtrack is notable for having been composed by Neil Voss, known for his prior work on Tetrisphere and The New Tetris. All circuit cups (there are five total) take the name of letters from the Greek alphabet (Alpha, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Omega), with each cup having five tracks (25 tracks total). Characters such as Spacewave, Jack Speed, Throttle, etc., drive the following cars: Cadillac Cien Chevrolet Corvette Chevrolet SSR Dodge Viper Dodge M80 Dodge Super 8 Hemi Hummer H2 Lotus Esprit Lotus Exige Lotus Elise Lotus 340R Mitsubishi RPM 7000 Due to its success, a sequel was announced for Nintendo DS under the working title Racing Gears DS, but was later cancelled. Reception Racing Gears Advance received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the game holds a score of 83/100 based on 17 reviews. Alex Navarro of GameSpot gave the game 8.5/10 while praising its controls, vehicle upgrades, and multiplayer. Craig Harris of IGN was similarly positive towards the game, giving it 8.9/10 and praising almost everything about the game except for its inability to save records for the player's best lap and race times. References 2004 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Racing video games Video games developed in Canada Video games scored by Neil Voss Multiplayer and single-player video games","title":"Racing Gears Advance"},{"docid":"62984822","text":"The GMC Hummer EV (badged as HEV) is a line of battery electric heavy-duty vehicles produced by General Motors since 2021, and sold under the GMC marque. The Hummer EV is offered in two variants: a pickup truck and a sport utility vehicle (SUV), unveiled in October 2020 and April 2021 respectively. Weighing roughly , the Hummer EV is among the heaviest consumer automobiles currently sold in the United States. Its size, mass, and acceleration have led to concerns about the danger it poses to other road users in the event of collisions, as well as its efficiency and environmental impact. Overview The Hummer EV is assembled in Detroit and has batteries produced by LG Chem in South Korea, with plans to later start producing batteries in the U.S. It is intended that SUV models produced from 2024 onward will be able to charge other electric vehicles using an onboard 19.2 kWh charger. The electric motors' torque profile makes it suited for towing trailers. It includes various technologies, such as cameras that allow the driver to see underneath it and four-wheel steering. The SUV variant is rated to tow up to and seats five passengers with of cargo space behind the rear seats and with the back seats folded down. The pickup truck variant has a longer wheelbase than the SUV. The pickup variant has a high loadbed with a payload capacity of as well as a front trunk. The front trunk on both models is also intended to store the four removable roof panels when needed. It has eighteen cameras installed, as well as front-and-rear pedestrian alerts designed to aid drivers' situational awareness. These accompany numerous other driver-assistance features such as automatic braking and blind-spot warnings. It weighs , with the battery weighing almost . With a gross vehicle weight rating of , it is classified as a class 3 medium-duty truck in the United States. Origins The GMC Hummer EV originates from the discontinued Hummer brand that was founded by AM General, the manufacturer of the original HUMVEE light military vehicle that was later adapted to civilian spec and sold to the public as the Hummer H1. In 1999, General Motors purchased the rights to the Hummer name and began marketing it as a full-fledged brand with a lineup that eventually included the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3. The Hummer brand was discontinued in 2010 following the General Motors bankruptcy. Trims Edition 1 Edition 1 started production in 2022 as a limited edition and the sole model available for the first year. It was available for pre-order by the end of the launch event on October 20, 2020. All Edition 1 units are white with a black roof and feature bronze-colored wheels. The interior is a two-tone black-and-gray with bronze accents and Edition 1 badges. The Edition 1 will also feature Easter eggs themed after the Apollo 11 moon landing. Edition 1 has three electric motors with , of range, and is fitted with the Extreme Off-Road package,","title":"GMC Hummer EV"},{"docid":"44529226","text":"A nitrogen fixation package is a piece of research equipment for studying nitrogen fixation in plants. One product of this kind, the Q-Box NF1LP made by Qubit Systems, operates by measuring the hydrogen (H2) given off in the nitrogen-fixing chemical reaction enabled by nitrogenase enzymes. Principle of operation Nitrogen is produced by bacteria, which have an endo-symbiotic relationship with the legume host. In this relationship, the plant shares its carbohydrates with the bacteria so that the bacteria can thrive, and the plant benefits by having excess nitrogen made available. The bacteria's creation of nitrogen also creates hydrogen, which is what the unit measures to determine the nitrogen produced. Measurement of H2 evolution as a means of determining nitrogenase activity is an alternative technique to acetylene reduction assay, and allows real-time monitoring of changes in nitrogenase activity. Product description Q-Box NF1LP is an experimental package using an open-flow gas exchange system for measurement of nitrogen fixation in H2-producing legume symbioses. A flow-through H2 sensor (Q-S121) measures the production rate of H2 from N2-fixing tissues, allowing in vivo measurement of nitrogenase activity in real time. Measurements of nitrogenase activity on up to three plants is possible, i.e. a four-channel system including a reference sample. Operation Nitrogen fixation packages must be used in a laboratory-type environment. This can be a temporary laboratory set up in the field, as long as it is under stable, uncontaminated conditions. The product must be supplied with many potted samples of the plants and of the neighbouring soil, taken from separate areas on the farm or field under study. The tests rely on the availability of the Herbaspirillum bacteria in the soil. This bacterium is found at the root of most legumes, which is where they produce nitrogen. To test soil properly, it must be free of added nitrogen fertilizers, which have harmful effects on the Herbaspirillum bacteria needed for fixation. Applications Different aspects of nitrogen fixation can be examined with these products, such as effects of temperature on the fixation process, the regulation of the process by oxygen, and the inhibition of nitrogen fixation by an over-abundance of fertilizers. References External links Microbiology equipment Nitrogen cycle","title":"Nitrogen fixation package"},{"docid":"1303680","text":"Wayne Kent Cherry (born 1937) is an American car designer educated at Art Center College of Design and employed by General Motors from 1962 through 2004, retiring as Vice President of Design. Cherry worked for General Motors in the United States from 1962 until 1965, when he moved to the United Kingdom to take a position with General Motors' Vauxhall Motors subsidiary, becoming Design Director at Vauxhall in 1975. In 1983 General Motors consolidated all European passenger car design under Cherry and made him Design Director at General Motors' Adam Opel AG subsidiary. Cherry returned to the United States in 1991 and in 1992 became General Motors Vice President of Design. Cherry retired from General Motors in 2004. Cherry was one of twenty-five nominees for the 1999 Car Designer of the Century. Education In the 1950s, Cherry read an article about the Art Center College of Design and wrote to the college, asking how to become a car designer. The college replied, telling Cherry to submit a portfolio. Cherry submitted a portfolio that included sketches of cars and engines, and was accepted to the college. Cherry graduated with a bachelor's degree in industrial and transportation design in early 1962. Career Cherry joined General Motors in 1962 after graduating from the Art Center College of Design, initially working at General Motors in the US as an Associate Creative Designer. Cherry was a member of the team that designed the original Chevrolet Camaro/Pontiac Firebird and the team that designed the 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado. In 1965, Cherry transferred to General Motors' United Kingdom-based Vauxhall Motors subsidiary. His first project was in 1965 under Assistant Director of Design Leo Pruneau working on the Vauxhall XVR concept car. became Assistant Design Director at Vauxhall in 1970. In that same year, the Vauxhall SRV concept car was shown. Under Cherry, General Motors released the redesigned 1973 Vauxhall Firenza with its aerodynamic \"droopsnoot\". Cherry became the Design Director for Vauxhall in 1975. In 1983, General Motors consolidated the design activities of its Vauxhall and Opel subsidiaries. As part of the consolidation plan, Cherry became Design Director at General Motors' Rüsselsheim, Germany-based Adam Opel AG subsidiary and became responsible for overall design of passenger cars in Europe. During his time at Opel, Cherry supervised the design of the Astra, Corsa, Calibra, Tigra, among many others. Cherry returned to the United States in 1991 to direct the design studios of General Motors' Chevrolet and Geo divisions. In 1992 Cherry became Vice President of Design for General Motors worldwide, one of seven to have held the position, including Harley Earl, Bill Mitchell, Irv Rybicki, Chuck Jordan, Ed Welburn and Michael Simcoe. While Cherry Vice President of Design, he oversaw the designs of the Pontiac Solstice, Cadillac Sixteen concept car, Hummer H2, Chevrolet SSR and many other vehicles, including the Cadillac CTS introduced in 2002. Cherry retired from General Motors on January 1, 2004. Automobiles Designed As Design Director at Vauxhall & Opel: 1975-1981 Vauxhall Cavalier Mark I (front end only)","title":"Wayne Cherry"},{"docid":"847342","text":"Sut is a demon in Islam. SUT may refer to: H2 SUT, a model of Hummer H2 Shaanxi University of Technology, China Sharif University of Technology, Iran Shenyang University of Technology, China Society for Underwater Technology Solar updraft tower, a solar power plant Sport Utility Truck Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand System under test in software testing IATA airport code for Sumbawanga Airport London Underground station code for Sudbury Town tube station, England Sutherland, historic county in Scotland, Chapman code TV Shizuoka, a Japanese commercial broadcaster","title":"SUT"},{"docid":"2826629","text":"\"We Be Burnin'\" is the first single from Jamaican musician Sean Paul's third studio album, The Trinity (2005). It achieved success worldwide, becoming a top-10 hit on at least 10 national music charts, including those of Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Background and release \"We Be Burnin'\" was released as the first single from The Trinity on 22 August 2005 in the US and on 12 September 2005 in the UK. In the US, the single peaked inside the Billboard Hot 100 at number six, and in the UK, the single peaking at number two. The single became his biggest solo hit in the UK, beating the number-three peak of \"Like Glue\" in 2003 and spending just under five months inside the UK top 75. It was the biggest hit from the album in the UK; however, it was \"Temperature\" that was the biggest hit from the album in the US. The original version, sometimes denoted by the title being followed by \"Legalize It\", features prominent themes of marijuana use, referencing \"trees\", \"weed\" and \"herb\" several times and smoking it for \"meditation\". Another radio-friendly version was released with the title being followed by \"Recognize It\", which changed all drug-related lyrics to ones concerning women. Although the lyrics are different, Tami Chynn's single \"Hyperventilating\" as well as Capleton's \"Or Wah\" from the album Reign of Fire utilize the same riddim as Sean Paul's \"We Be Burnin'\", since both use the riddim \"Stepz\". Music video The video was shot in Southern California deserts by Jessy Terrero, showing dancers accompanying Paul, and two girls in an overheated Hummer H2. Sean Paul is seen dancing with three other girls in front of highly modified trucks. Track listings US 12-inch single A1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It club version) – 3:28 A2. \"We Be Burnin'\" (instrumental) – 3:52 B1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It radio version) – 3:36 B2. \"We Be Burnin'\" (instrumental) – 3:53 UK CD1 and European CD single \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It) UK CD2 \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) \"Bounce It Right There\" \"We Be Burnin\" (video) Ringtone UK 12-inch single A1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) A2. \"We Be Burnin'\" (instrumental) B1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It) B2. \"Bounce It Right There\" Australian CD single \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) \"Bounce It Right There\" \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications !scope=\"col\" colspan=\"3\"| Ringtone |- Release history References Sean Paul songs 2005 singles 2005 songs Atlantic Records singles Music videos directed by Jessy Terrero Songs about cannabis Songs written by Sean Paul Songs written by Steven \"Lenky\" Marsden VP Records singles","title":"We Be Burnin'"},{"docid":"51885439","text":"Mohammad Akbar Hossain is a retired lieutenant general in the Bangladesh Army and former commandant of National Defence College. Career Hossain is the former general officer commanding of 9th Infantry Division and commander of Savar area. He previously served as Director General of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. He also served as Director of Counter Intelligence Bureau of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. He previously Commanded a Artillery Brigade and a Air Defence Artillery Brigade. He was an artillery officer who was commissioned in the 13th BMA long course on 20 December 1985 from Bangladesh Military Academy. Under him a new monogram of DGFI was designed. On October 2005, Akbar was posted to 2nd Rapid Action Battalion as commanding officer. On February 2007 the battalion surveillance team had spotted a Hummer in Panthapath and asked the owners to come to their camp where they were detained. Assistant director Monayem Hossain of the Anti-Corruption Commission filed a case against Harunur Rashid for tax fraud in March 2007 with Tejgaon police station and then pressed charge in July. Harunur Rashid had imported a Hummer H2 on 25 April 2005 without paying tax as per his privilege as a member of parliament but later sold the to Ishtiak Sadek, violating the rules of the duty free facility, who sold it to Enayetur Rahman Bappi. A vehicle imported duty free using such a privilege may not be resold within three years of its importation. Hossain became the 1st Colonel Commandant of the Remount Veterinary and Farm Corps in December 2020. References Living people Bangladeshi military personnel Bangladesh Army generals Bangladeshi generals Directors General of the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence 1965 births","title":"Mohammad Akbar Hossain"},{"docid":"15623467","text":"Armando Carpio Sanchez (June 15, 1952 – April 27, 2010) was a Filipino politician. He is a former two-term mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas and one-term governor of the Province of Batangas. During his term as governor, he was also the treasurer of the League of Provinces of the Philippines. Political career Mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas During the 1998 elections, he ran for mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas, which he subsequently won. Batangas Governorship After two terms as mayor of Sto. Tomas, he decided to run as Batangas Governor. He ran as the Liberal Party official candidate during the 2004 elections. His opponents included former Justice Secretary Hernando Perez, former Board Member Dennis Hernandez and former Nasugbu Mayor Rosario Apacible. One of his projects during his term was the beautification of Batangas Capitol Grounds. He facilitated the relocation of national government agencies and squatters who occupied a portion of the Capitol Grounds. During his governorship, allegations of corruption surfaced. On May 30, 2005, Batangas ombudsman and graft investigator Guillermo Gamo was gunned down in Batangas City on his way to the capitol. At the time, Gamo was investigating what he described as multimillion-peso anomalous deals and projects at the capitol. On April 13, 2015, Melinda “Mei” Magsino, a journalist of the Philippine Daily Inquirer until 2005 who covered corruption and illegal gambling (\"jueteng\") issues in Batangas, was also shot dead. Records from the National Union of Journalists in the Philippines (NUJP) showed that Magsino reported “threats” to her life sometime in 2005, during which she exposed alleged corruption and illegal gambling activities of late Batangas Governor Armando Sanchez. Assassination attempt He survived an assassination attempt on June 1, 2006, when he was able to get out of his Hummer H2 that exploded while boarding it inside the Batangas Capitol Grounds. His driver and bodyguard were killed during the explosion. 2007 Elections During the 2007 elections, he opted to run for re-election as governor. He was the official candidate of Kampi, a pro-administration party. He faced Lipa City Mayor Vilma Santos-Recto who was the official candidate of Lakas CMD, another pro-administration party. Since two pro-administration candidates were battling it out for the governorship of Batangas, administration officials opted to declare the Province of Batangas a \"free-zone\". Santos-Recto is the wife of then Senator Ralph Recto who was running for re-election as part of the pro-administration Team Unity. Since Sanchez was a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, governors threatened to junk the candidacy of Recto as senator. Sanchez lost to Santos-Recto by more than 100,000 votes. 2010 Elections and death Sanchez, once again ran for the gubernatorial position with Edwin Ermita, who was the defeated running mate of Santos-Recto in 2007, as his running mate. Sanchez was rushed to the Mary Mediatrix Medical Center in Lipa City on April 26, 2010, after collapsing during a campaign and was placed inside an intensive care unit. Sanchez suffered a stroke due to fatigue, decreased sugar levels and severe hypertension,","title":"Armando Sanchez"},{"docid":"28540730","text":"The Kawasaki H2 Mach IV is a 750 cc 3-cylinder two-stroke production motorcycle manufactured by Kawasaki. The H2 was a Kawasaki triple sold from September 1971 through 1975. A standard, factory produced H2 was able to travel a quarter mile from a standing start in 12.0 seconds. It handled better than the Mach III that preceded it. By the standards of its time, its handling was sufficient to make it the production bike to beat on the race track. Nonetheless, its tendency to pull wheelies and a less than solid feel through high speed corners led to adjustments to the design as it evolved. More than any other model, it created Kawasaki's reputation for building what motorcycle journalist Alastair Walker called, \"scarily fast, good-looking, no holds barred motorcycles\", and led to a further decline in the market place of the British motorcycle industry. History In September 1971 the H2 was a direct result of the success of the 500 cc Kawasaki H1 Mach III introduced in 1969. The H2 engine was a 3-cylinder two-stroke with an engine displacement of which produced at 6,800 rpm, a power-to-weight ratio of to every of weight. This made it the fastest accelerating motorcycle in production. This was an entirely new engine and not a bored-out 500. Unlike the H1 500, the 750 had much more low engine speed torque, with a strong burst of power starting at 3,500 rpm to the 7,500 rpm red line. The 1972 H2 came with a single front disc brake, a second disc brake was an optional Kawasaki part, an all-new capacitor discharge ignition system unique to the H2, a chain oiler, and two steering dampers; one friction and one hydraulic. In 1973, there were minor mechanical changes made to the carburetor jets, oil injection pump and cylinder port timing in an effort by the factory to get more MPG from the H2A. Because of these changes the most powerful H2 was the 1972 model. In 1974 the H2B engine was modified for more civilized performance at the expense of raw power. The race tail was slimmed down from the previous year. An oil-based steering damper and check valve were added. The power was reduced to at 6,800 rpm. The oil injection system was substantially changed with two separate sets of injection lines, unlike the earlier models with one set of lines. Oil was injected into the carburetors on a separate line. The oil injection to the bottom end bearings (both main and rod big ends) was retained as a single branched line. A longer swingarm improved stability. The final model had a weight of . The H2B and H2C had the steering damper repositioned to the left. In 1972, the H2, as well as the 350 cc S2 Mach II, had a race tail that held the taillight, and had a small storage space. See also List of fastest production motorcycles List of motorcycles by type of engine Notes References Weekblad Motor 1971 pages 1515 and 1516, 1760-1762","title":"Kawasaki H2 Mach IV"},{"docid":"12746521","text":"CNW Marketing Research, Inc. (CNWMR), known primarily as an automotive marketing research company, was a private company founded in 1984. It operated separate research offices covering the automotive, computer, electronics, housing, and personal investment industries, as well as a research office covering political issues. CNW was a reclusive firm and has been the subject of some controversy (see below), with subscribers in nine countries including government agencies, Wall Street brokerage houses and financial institutions. Major clients included Gannett Newspapers, Time Inc., Meredith Publishing (Better Homes et al.) as well as a long list of corporate clients. The CNW stands for Coastal Northwest, a consumer magazine founded by Stephanie Yanez Spinella and husband Art Spinella, which was published for only one test issue. Beginning as Coastal Northwest Publishing Company in 1983, according to Art Spinella, it became CNW Marketing/Research in 1984. The slash was dropped with the advent of the internet, making its name CNW Marketing Research, Inc. As of February 2015, after the death of co-founder Art Spinella, the company has closed its doors, according to a statement from Stephanie Yanez Spinella on the main CNW site. CNWMR performed research into consumer motivations and decisions in automotive purchases, and reports a variety of data related to market forecasting. The company's website states that its research and data publications are provided to more than 10,000 subscribers in print and on-line formats, with annual subscription prices list as beginning at $400. It publishes a monthly Retail Automotive Summary periodical, Home and Shelter Update newsletters, Purchase Path studies, sales forecasting and other industry analyses. Current leasing and other trends are tracked regularly through data gleaned from insurance companies, providing a unique data view used by the automotive industry, industry analysts and government agencies. Key personnel Art Spinella was named automotive division president or company president in 2001, 2002, or 2003, according to various accounts, after serving as vice president and general manager since 1992. Often misattributed as the president in articles from 1992 through 2000, he was described as an auto leasing newsletter editor and director of automotive research at the company prior to 1992. Stephanie Yanez is currently listed as the CEO, previously identified as president of CNWMR in 1995, until as recently as 2003. Offices The company's website lists only a Bandon, Oregon P.O. Box as an address, and its \"call centers, data center, and field offices are off limits\" to clients and other visitors. Controversy CNWMR's publication \"From Dust to Dust\" states that for the 2005 model year a Hummer H2 or H3 (but not the H1) is more efficient in terms of cost per lifetime mile than a Prius. While a Prius is one-third the weight of a Hummer and gets between four and six times better fuel economy, CNWMR argued the Hummer vehicles are built using less costly technology and are driven more over their lifetime. CNWMR calculates most expenses occur during construction and disposal, not during operation. Additionally, their efficiencies are based on Priuses lasting fifteen years","title":"CNW Marketing Research"},{"docid":"1616308","text":"Ratatat is the debut album from the Brooklyn-based electronic duo of the same name. It was recorded between July 2001 and May 2003 in bassist Evan Mast's Crown Heights, Brooklyn apartment and mixed in June 2003 before its release on April 20, 2004. The album is essentially instrumental, although it has occasional voice excerpts (referred to in the liner notes as \"spoken interludes\") by local MC and rapper Young Churf. The track \"Spanish Armada\" contains a French horn played by Michal Emanovsky. Other tracks of note are \"Germany to Germany\", later released as a single; and \"Cherry\", a homage to Ratatat's original name. The most well known song on the album is \"Seventeen Years\". It was featured in a television advertisement titled \"Accessorize\" for the Hummer H2 in 2004, in the British television show Soccer AM as the original background music for The Crossbar Challenge segment, and in Level One Productions's ski movie Shanghai Six. It was also played during Rob's party in the 2008 monster movie Cloverfield as well as Keith Hufnagel's part in the DVS skateboard video Skate More. The song \"Bustelo\" was used in several Jaguar commercials in mid-2006. Track listing \"Seventeen Years\" – 4:26 \"El Pico\" – 4:41 \"Crips\" – 3:47 \"Desert Eagle\" – 4:25 \"Everest\" – 4:10 \"Bustelo\" – 2:27 \"Breaking Away\" – 4:19 \"Lapland\" – 4:56 \"Germany to Germany\" – 3:38 \"Spanish Armada\" – 2:58 \"Cherry\" – 5:58 References External links Official Ratatat Website Official Cherry video 2004 debut albums Ratatat albums XL Recordings albums Albums produced by E*vax","title":"Ratatat (album)"},{"docid":"26082385","text":"The GM Instrument Cluster Settlement was a 2008 class action settlement awarded to owners of certain General Motors vehicles with allegedly defective speedometers. The settlement allows the owner or lessee to get their instrument cluster replaced under the terms of a special coverage adjustment to their factory standard warranty. Background As early as 2005, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration had received complaints concerning erratic speedometer and gauge readings from numerous makes and models of GM vehicles. No deaths or injuries were ever attributed to the erratic gauges, but owners of the vehicles felt the problem was a safety concern. In 2007, Kevin Zwicker filed suit against General Motors in U.S. District Court in Seattle seeking three types of compensation: Replacement of all speedometers on the affected models Reimbursement for anyone who already paid to have a defective speedometer replaced Reimbursement for anyone who paid speeding tickets and whose auto insurance rates rose due to a defective speedometer John Hall filed a nearly identical suit in U.S. District Court in Oregon after paying the out of warranty repair cost to replace the instrument cluster in his 2003 GMC Envoy SLE. Both Zwicker and Hall were represented by Beth Terrell, an attorney with the Seattle law firm of Tousley Brain Stephens. The case was assigned to U.S. District Judge John Coughenour, who decided to certify the lawsuit as a class-action. Terms If the vehicle is within 7 years or 70,000 miles (110,000 km) of the date it was first placed in service, GM must replace the instrument panel (parts and labor) for free. If the vehicle is within 7 years and between 70,001 miles (110,001 km) and 80,000 miles (130,000 km) of the date it was first placed in service, GM must replace the instrument panel (parts) for free. Any labor costs will be the responsibility of the vehicle owner. Owners who paid for repairs to the speedometer before the class action settlement are eligible for reimbursement under the following terms: If the speedometer failed and the vehicle is within 7 years had less than 70,000 miles on it, upon proper proof of claim GM will reimburse the cost of repairs (parts and labor) up to the limit of what a GM dealership would have charged. If the speedometer failed and the vehicle is within 7 years and had more than 70,000 miles but less than 80,000 miles on it, upon proper proof of claim GM will reimburse the cost of the part only (no labor). Vehicles covered (made 2000 to 2007) Cadillac Deville Cadillac Escalade ESV Cadillac Escalade EXT Chevrolet Avalanche Chevrolet Impala Chevrolet Silverado Chevrolet Suburban Chevrolet Tahoe GMC Sierra GMC Envoy Hummer H2 See also Automobile products liability List of class-action lawsuits References Class action lawsuits General Motors litigation Speed sensors","title":"GM Instrument Cluster Settlement"},{"docid":"1113423","text":"The RT 125 was a German two-stroke motorcycle made by DKW in Zschopau in the 1930s, IFA and MZ in the 1950s and early 1960s, and DKW in Ingolstadt in the 1950s and 1960s. \"RT\" stands for , . In the 1930s DKW pioneered the Schnürle two-stroke loop scavenging process to dispense with the use of a deflector piston and improve efficiency of the combustion chamber. DKW also developed a highly efficient arrangement of transfer ports. These two features were included in the RT 125 to great commercial advantage. Competitor companies such as Adler and TWN copied the adoption of flat-topped pistons and strove to develop equally efficient transfer port arrangements without infringing DKW's patent. Copies and variants Copies of the RT 125 were built by at least eight different entities in at least six countries. War reparations After World War II the Soviet Union took plans, tooling and even several dozen personnel as war reparations to MMZ in Moscow (later transferred to MMVZ and SMZ) and to a factory in Kovrov, and produced copies of the RT 125 as the M1A Moskva and K-125 respectively. WFM of Poland made a modified version of the RT 125 (under SHL 125 and Sokół 125 brands), developed into 125/175 cc family motorcycles, produced until 1985. RT 125 plans were also taken to the United Kingdom where they became the basis of the BSA Bantam, and to the USA where they formed the basis of the Harley-Davidson \"Hummer\" (Hummer is really just a few specific years, but generally people call the Harley lightweights Hummers). Postwar German production: DKW and MZ After the Second World War, DKW's factories in Zschopau were in the Soviet occupation zone. As such, they were under the control of the Soviet Union until they were handed over to the government of East Germany. The factory continued production of the RT 125 under the MZ (Motorradwerk Zschopau) brand into the 1950s. Meanwhile, DKW had reorganized itself in Ingolstadt, where it began production of the RT 125W (for \"West\") in 1949. Variants of the RT 125W, usually with larger engines, were in production throughout the 1950s. Yamaha YA-1 In the 1950s, after reestablishing themselves as manufacturers of musical instruments, Nippon Gakki decided to use the manufacturing equipment left over from wartime production to make motorcycles. Since the copyright on the RT 125 had been voided by the Allies, the company reverse engineered it as the basis for their first motorcycle. Nippon Gakki formed the Yamaha Motor Company in 1955 to build their copy of the RT 125 as the Yamaha YA-1, which was in production from 1955 to 1958. The YA-1 inherited design characteristics of RT 125 and, due to its thin body and chestnut brown tank, was affectionately nicknamed the . References RT 125 Motorcycles introduced in the 1930s Two-stroke motorcycles","title":"DKW RT 125"},{"docid":"71836226","text":"Hummer Team (Chinese: 悍馬小組) was a Taiwanese developer of bootleg video games which was founded in 1992 and closed down in 2010 History Hummer Team was founded in Taipei, Taiwan in 1992 and was dedicated to the development and publishing of unauthorized ports of video games for the Nintendo Famicom. The first video game published by Hummer Team was Jing Ke Xin Zhuan (1992), a role-playing video game. Upon the releases of Kart Fighter (1993) and Somari (1994), the company began to gain attention. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Hummer Team experienced economic troubles because it had difficulty developing for the fifth generation of video game consoles. Nintendo had stopped producing Famicom cartridges by 2003, making it impossible for the Hummer Team to continue working on the platform. Despite Hummer's economic problems, the team continued to release video games for Plug and Play Consoles until 2006. Recognition (1992–2006) Hummer Team's first game, Jing Ke Xin Zhuan, was released in 1992. The company was known in Argentina under the pseudonym Yoko Soft after having released Street Fighter: The World Warrior in 1993. Some of Hummer Team's better known games include Street Fighter II: The World Warrior, an unlicensed port of Street Fighter II, Kart Fighter, a Street Fighter clone infamously using characters from the Super Mario Bros. series, and Somari, a port of the original Sonic the Hedgehog game to the Famicom, featuring Mario instead of Sonic. Somari in particular gained a bit of notoriety, having been made fun of by many content creators and video game journalists for its poor physics, modified object placement and replacement of Sonic as the main character. Games References Video game development companies Video gaming in Taiwan Unauthorized video games","title":"Hummer Team"},{"docid":"9036354","text":"The Hummer HX is a two-door off-road concept compact SUV that was revealed at the 2008 North American International Auto Show by General Motors. Design The objective of the HX concept car project was to potentially market a Hummer branded vehicle in the smaller-sized and lower priced SUV market segments. Development of the vehicle, dubbed H4, began in 2004 and the new model was to be Jeep Wrangler sized. The 2008 HX show car was smaller than both the H2 and H3. It featured a V6 engine mated to a six-speed automatic transmission. The HX shared with other Hummers a body-on-frame design, with front and rear independent suspensions, four-wheel-disc brakes, and full-time four-wheel drive. The HX was shown with a slant-back configuration, wearing a desert-inspired matte olive paint scheme, and featured removable doors with exposed hinge pins and removable composite fender flares that are attached with quarter-turn quick-release fasteners. The exterior's matte olive color was also applied to the interior's largely sheet metal-covered panels. The floor was a rubberized material. The HX seats four, with a pair of bucket-type seats in the second row. The rear seats are removable to allow cargo room. The console included a compartment for phones and MP3 players with no conventional radio, only integrated speakers and a connector for digital players or similar devices. Three designers, recent graduates of College for Creative Studies who were new to General Motors, Robert Jablonski; Kang Min-young, a South Korea native; and David Rojas, a native of Peru, participated in the development of the Hummer HX. Production Through MEV The Hummer HX never reached production through GM; however, MEV (My Electric Vehicle) won exclusive rights to the Hummer HX brand. MEV produce the Hummer HX as a small electric vehicle with similar proportions to the original HX concept although significantly smaller and is intended as a resort vehicle/golf cart. It utilizes a 72v drive system, powering an AC brushless motor, giving a range of 60+ miles and top speed of 19mph. MEV also produce the Hummer HXT, which is a soft-top version of their HX. References Hummer vehicles General Motors concept cars","title":"Hummer HX"},{"docid":"18913191","text":"Craig B. Hummer (born May 20, 1965) is an American sportscaster. He is best known for his coverage of the Tour de France, Olympic Games, and Professional Bull Riders (PBR) events. Hummer is a former competitive ocean swimmer and lifeguard. Hummer won 39 national championship titles, including 7 years as International Ironman. Early life and education Hummer was born in Akron, Ohio on May 20, 1965. He was a swimmer at Thomas Worthington High School, where he swam All-American times in three events. Hummer received an academic scholarship to attend Kenyon College, and earned 17 All-American titles in the school's NCAA Division III program. He went on to become a surf racer. Career Swimming After graduation, Hummer applied to be a Los Angeles County lifeguard. In 1987, he won his first national title at a lifeguard competition in Hawaii. In 1988, Hummer made the US team that traveled to the World Championships in Australia. In 1989, Hummer was the U.S. Ocean Ironman Champion for the first time. He has been the U.S. Ocean Ironman Champion seven times. starting in 1989. In 1990, he participated in a single race for the Uncle Toby's Super Series, which was held in Hawaii, and was invited to compete in the series in Australia. In 1990 he won the three-day United States Lifesaving Association (USLA). That year, he went to Australia to participate in Uncle Toby's Super Series where top ranked lifeguards travel the continent competing. Hummer was the first American invited to participate in this event. He competed annually in Australia for four years, and was voted Most Improved in 1993. In his last year participating in Uncle Toby's Super Series, he took 9th place. He won the USLA championship again in 1991, and in 1992, he won 7 events at the U.S. Lifesaving Association National Championships, and 8 events in 1993. Hummer won six consecutive series title in the Bud Light Ocean Festival Series. Hummer finished second in the Outrigger's Waikiki King's Race, part of Outrigger Hotel's Hawaiian OceanFest, in 1991. He won the competition the next four consecutive years. He also won the U.S. Surf Lifesaving Championship six times. Hummer was emcee of the National Lifeguard Championships in 1996. In 1997, Hummer hosted the Wakiki King's race and was a commentator on the Fox Sports' Association of Volleyball Professionals series. He also commentated the Oceanman World Tour. He has appeared on Family Feud with the Los Angeles County Lifeguards. Hummer has also done ads for Gatorade, Carl's Jr, Ford, and Dr. Pepper. Hummer has also appeared on Baywatch, Late Show with David Letterman, The Golden Girls. and NBC's Today Show. Broadcasting Hummer has commentated on over 40 different sports. Hummer first pursued a broadcasting career in 1996. He briefly worked for TVG Network, a horse racing network. Hummer became part of the Universal Sports Network when it was still the World Championship Sports Network. In 2003, he worked on the series Global Extremes for OLN. The Global Extremes finale followed a group","title":"Craig Hummer"},{"docid":"37298974","text":"The 2012–13 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team represented Princeton University during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Tigers, led by second year head coach Mitch Henderson, played their home games at Jadwin Gymnasium and were members of the Ivy League. The Tigers entered the season as the favorites to win the Ivy League regular season title. For the first time in school history, the team was served by a quartet of captains. They finished the season 17–11, 10–4 in Ivy League play to finish in second place. They chose not to participate in a postseason tournament. Following the season Hummer earned Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year. Roster Preseason The Ivy League media selected Princeton as the preseason favorite when 16 of 17 voting members (one voter selected Harvard) named Princeton first in the preseason poll. Jeff Goodman of CBS Sports also selected Princeton as his preseason choice with Harvard second, noting that Harvard had been his preseason favorite until the September 2012 Harvard cheating scandal that involved about 125 athletes and students ensnared Kyle Casey and Brandyn Curry, leading to their withdrawal. Casey and Curry had been first-team and second-team All-Ivy selections for the 2011–12 Ivy League men's basketball season, respectively. Princeton returned three of its five starters from the 2011–12 team: first-team All-Ivy senior forward Ian Hummer, senior center Brendan Connolly and junior guard T.J. Bray. Bray had been the team leader in assists, while Hummer's 515 points was the most by a Tiger in a single season since Bill Bradley. Princeton announced a quartet of captains for the first time in school history. Its trio of seniors, Hummer, Connolly, and Mack Darrow were joined by Bray as team quad-captains for the season. Princeton's most significant loss from the prior year was the graduation of shooting guard Doug Davis. Davis had finished as the second leading scorer in Princeton history. CBS' Goodman selected Hummer as his Preseason Ivy League Player of the Year. Jimmy Sherburne took the entire school year off from the team and Princeton as he recuperated from a shoulder injury. Three freshmen: Hans Brase, Edward \"Edo\" Lawrence and Mike Washington, Jr. joined the team. Lawrence is believed to be the tallest Princeton Tiger basketball player of all time. Princeton entered the season with 9 of the team's 14 players measuring or taller. The team is scheduled to appear on NBC Sports Network three times, including the January 12 rivalry game against Penn. In addition, Princeton's March 1 contest with Harvard will be broadcast on ESPNU. Schedule When Yale defeated Princeton at Jadwin Gymnasium on February 9, it snapped a 21-game conference home winning streak, which was Princeton's longest since it won 26 consecutive home games from 1996 to 1999. The 2012–13 Tigers finished with a 17–11 (10–4) record and did not qualify for the postseason. Princeton entered the final weekend of the season with three games remaining and a half-game lead over Harvard. The team got swept in its two","title":"2012–13 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"65047940\",\n \"text\": \"The Hummer is an ice cream cocktail originally created in Detroit, Michigan, at Bayview Yacht Club by Jerome Adams. It was the first \\\"boozy milkshake\\\" of the late 1960s. It is made with light rum and Kahlua and vanilla ice cream. Two legendary bartenders have been credited with creating the drink. According to The Detroit Free Press Jerome Adams created the drink at the Bayview Yacht Club in 1967, but in a 1982 article The Free Press said it was invented at the London Chop House by Farouk Elhaje. The original recipe has evolved over the years, with new versions replacing the vanilla ice cream with peppermint, butter pecan or using fresh cream instead of ice cream. The drink is made strong with nearly 4 ounces of alcohol in a 7.5 ounce glass. The consistency is so thick, made with two scoops of vanilla ice cream, that a straw would stand up straight in the glass. Despite the high alcohol content of the drink, it doesn't taste strongly of alcohol. The price of a pitcher for 10 or 12 was around $90 in 2014. The Hummer has not seen as much of a resurgence as other classic cocktails like the Last Word because ice cream is considered a difficult ingredient to work with. References Cocktails with vodka Cocktails with rum Cocktails with coffee liqueur Cocktails with ice cream Creamy cocktails Sweet cocktails Vanilla ice cream\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer (cocktail)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48753513\",\n \"text\": \"A doppelgänger brand image is a parody logo or narrative intended to highlight ethical issues regarding the product advertised. They are commonly associated with the brand's lack of authenticity, and most are created as a form of individual protest, either posted digitally on social media, or displayed as physical graffiti. A 2012 study concluded that doppelgänger brand images were able to negatively affect sales, because they created a perception of mistrust in the minds of the customers. A 2006 study concluded that, Doppelgänger has an impact on emotional brand image of a brand. In a 2006 paper, Craig J. Thompson, Aric Rindfleisch and Zeynep Arsel suggest that doppelgänger brand images are a sign that \\\"an emotional-branding story is beginning to lose its cultural resonance\\\", and can be useful as a warning symptom. Examples The \\\"Joe Chemo\\\" campaign, an internet campaign created by an organization called Adbusters, criticized the product message of Camel cigarettes, and emphasized the harmful effects of smoking, by depicting the company's camel mascot as \\\"a camel who wishes he'd never smoked cigarettes\\\". In this doppelganger image the confident, cool and popular Joe Camel is replaced by this sick, depressed and lonely Joe Chemo. Shortly after this doppelganger campaign began, Joe Camel was withdrawn from the market. McDonald's is often criticized because of its harmful effects on human health. To illustrate its negative effect, the McDonald's logo was redesigned as \\\"McDiabetes\\\". For this DBI, there is a long running hashtag on Twitter. In 2015, a designer reinterpreted the Pepsi logo to represent a corpulent man. The intention was to emphasize the direct relation between consumption of sweetened soft drinks and obesity. After General Motors launched the Hummer H2 in the mid-2000s, a creative viral Internet campaign called \\\"FUH2\\\" began. This campaign concentrated not only on the brand itself, but also on its owners who were portrayed as savages who cared about style more than the environment. During Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, comedian John Oliver satirised Trump's \\\"Make America Great Again\\\" slogan with the parody \\\"Make Donald Drumpf Again\\\", referring to Trump's alleged ancestral surname. Nike's logo and slogan (\\\"Just do it\\\") appear in several images either altered or adjusted, often highlighting the company's use of sweat shop labor. Following the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, several satirical logos reflecting a negative image were born out of a contest sponsored by Greenpeace. The South Butt was an attempt to commercialize a parody of The North Face's brand. The Indian Premier League major cricket sporting event was severely criticized as Indian Puppet League, after revelations came out in 2015 regarding the match fixing and mis-governance issues associated with it. This negative portrayal of brand affected the events popularity and the credibility of associated players. The Board of Control for Cricket in India was also severely affected. Walmart has several anti-branding doppelganger initiatives aimed against it. A spoof of the Apple logo that shows a worm coming out of the bitten apple and the words\",\n \"title\": \"Doppelgänger brand image\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"977047\",\n \"text\": \"H2S was the first airborne, ground scanning radar system. It was developed for the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command during World War II to identify targets on the ground for night and all-weather bombing. This allowed attacks outside the range of the various radio navigation aids like Gee or Oboe, which were limited to about of range from various base stations. It was also widely used as a general navigation system, allowing landmarks to be identified at long range. In March 1941, experiments with an early airborne interception radar based on the 9.1 cm wavelength, (3 GHz) cavity magnetron revealed that different objects have very different radar signatures; water, open land and built-up areas of cities and towns all produced distinct returns. In January 1942, a new team was set up to combine the magnetron with a new scanning antenna and plan-position indicator display. The prototype's first use in April confirmed that a map of the area below the aircraft could be produced using radar. The first systems went into service in early 1943 as the H2S Mk. I and H2S Mk. II, as well as ASV Mark III. On its second operational mission on 2/3 February 1943, an H2S was captured almost intact by German forces, and a second unit a week later. Combined with intelligence gathered from the surviving crew, they learned it was a mapping system and were able to determine its method of operation. When they pieced one together from parts and saw the display of Berlin, near panic broke out in the Luftwaffe. This led to the introduction of the FuG 350 Naxos radar detector in late 1943, which enabled Luftwaffe night fighters to home on the transmissions of H2S. The British learned of Naxos and a great debate ensued over the use of H2S. Later calculations showed that losses after the introduction of Naxos were actually less than before it, and use continued. After it was found the resolution of the early sets was too low to be useful over large cities like Berlin, in 1943 work started on a version operating in the X band at 3 cm (10 GHz), the H2S Mk. III. Almost simultaneously, its American equivalent was introduced as the H2X in October of that year. A wide variety of slightly different Mk. III's were produced before the Mk. IIIG was selected as the late-war standard. Development continued through the late-war Mk. IV to the 1950s era Mk. IX that equipped the V bomber fleet and the English Electric Canberra. In the V-force, Mk. IXA was tied into both the bombsight and navigation system to provide a complete long-range Navigation and Bombing System (NBS). In this form, H2S was last used operationally during the Falklands War in 1982 on the Avro Vulcan. Some H2S Mk. IX units remained in service on the Handley Page Victor aircraft until 1993, providing fifty years of service. Etymology of \\\"H2S\\\" The radar was originally called \\\"BN\\\" (Blind Navigation), but it quickly became \\\"H2S\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"H2S (radar)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4517307\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Long Term Parking\\\" is the 64th episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the 12th of the show's fifth season. Written by Terence Winter and directed by Tim Van Patten, it originally aired on May 23, 2004. Starring James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi * Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano Jr. * Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano Jr. Jamie-Lynn DiScala as Meadow Soprano * Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano Baccalieri * Vincent Curatola as Johnny Sack John Ventimiglia as Artie Bucco and Steve Buscemi as Tony Blundetto * = credit only Guest starring Synopsis Little Carmine recoils from the escalating violence of the New York mob war, and Johnny becomes the new boss of the Lupertazzi family. In a sit-down with Tony, both Johnny and Phil make threats against his blood relations. Johnny says he wants Tony B \\\"on a fucking spit\\\". In hiding, Tony B calls Tony to apologize. Tony tells him not to come back and says he will look after his sons. He further admits why he was not at the hijack where Tony B was arrested decades earlier, saying that he has always felt guilty; \\\"Now we're even.\\\" Ending the call, they tell each other to take care. Tony then has the call traced and learns that Tony B is in upstate New York, near their uncle's now-empty house. Tony and Johnny meet alone. Tony says he knows where Tony B is and what has to be done. Johnny refuses to let Tony handle it himself and states that Tony B will be at Phil's mercy. Tony subsequently refuses to give up Tony B's location and the meeting ends in antagonism. Tony punishes Christopher for bungling a cigarette smuggling operation. Back home, Chris rants about Tony's treatment and what he sees as his favoritism towards Tony B. Adriana, under intense stress, is diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. When FBI surveillance catches Adriana behaving oddly with a bag of garbage behind her nightclub, she is brought in. She admits that she was cleaning up after a murder in her office: drug dealer Matush Giamona killed a customer who claimed he had been ripped off. Threatened with imprisonment for covering up the murder, Adriana is told she has to wear a wire. She refuses but persuades the FBI that Chris is ready to turn. They let her go, with a deadline for bringing him in. When Adriana tells Chris she has been talking to the FBI, he reacts violently and begins to strangle her before he breaks down crying. They eventually agree to flee and start a new life. Getting gas for his Hummer H2 the next morning, Chris pensively observes a poor family in front of the gas station, their meager possessions strapped to the roof of a run-down car. Adriana soon receives\",\n \"title\": \"Long Term Parking\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11258440\",\n \"text\": \"Hummer Winblad Venture Partners (HWVP) is an American software and web focused venture capital firm based in San Francisco, California. Its founders include John Hummer and Ann Winblad. The firm was an early investor in Napster, the first popular file sharing service, and in several internet firms that failed during the dot-com bubble. History First decade (1989–1999) Ann Winblad started Hummer Winblad Venture Partners with former professional basketball player John Hummer after selling her company Open Systems and serving as a consultant to Microsoft, Apple Computer, and IBM. The company originally focused on raising money from pension funds and investing in software companies. In 1999 Bill Gates invested in the company's venture fund. In her book The Kingmakers, reporter Karen Southwick wrote that Hummer Winblad Venture Partners \\\"may not be among the super tier of VC firms, but it certainly gets just about as much publicity.\\\" Napster and the dot-com bubble (2000–2014) In 2000 Hummer Winblad led a US$15 million round of funding for Napster while the internet company was being sued by the Recording Industry Association of America. The Economist noted that this investment was unusual for a company that previously had been \\\"notably more risk-averse than most Silicon Valley rivals towards Internet investments.\\\" In 2001 several of the company's investments ended in company bankruptcies or closures, including Pets.com, Homes.com, eHow, and Rival Networks. In 2006 Hummer Winblad Venture Partners settled a lawsuit brought by EMI Group and Universal Music Group after Napster's bankruptcy. Rebranding as HWVP (2015–) In 2015 Hummer Winblad Venture Partners rebranded as HWVP. The next year, for the first time, it raised a fund without Ann Winblad or John Hummer listed among the general partners. , its investments include Ace Metrix and NuoDB. References External links Financial services companies established in 1989 Venture capital firms of the United States Companies based in San Francisco American companies established in 1989 1989 establishments in California\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer Winblad Venture Partners\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61481901\",\n \"text\": \"Harunur Rashid (born 1 January 1962) is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the incumbent Jatiya Sangsad member from the Chapai Nawabganj-3 constituency since January 2019. Career Rashid was elected to Jatiya Sangsad from Chapai Nawabganj-3 in the June 1996 Bangladeshi general election as a candidate of Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He had received 77,929 votes while his nearest rival, Latifur Rahman of Awami League, had received 47,048 votes. Rashid was re-elected to the same position in the 2001 Bangladeshi general election. He had received 85,489 votes while the same rival, Latifur Rahman of Awami League, had received 60,460 votes. Rashid contested the 2008 Bangladeshi general election from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as the Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate but lost to Abdul Odud of Awami League. He received 76,178 votes while the winner received 112,753 votes. Latifur Rahman of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami also campaigned against him. In November 2011, Rashid participated in a human chain protesting erosion at the Chapainawabganj Press Club. Rashid boycotted the 2014 election as per decision of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Abdul Odud of Awami League was elected to parliament uncontested from Chapai Nawabganj-3. Rashid was elected to parliament from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate on 30 December 2018. He had received 133,661 votes while Abdul Odul of Awami League and his nearest rival received 85,938 votes. He took the oath of office 90 days after the mandated time following instructions of Tarique Rahman. The four Bangladesh Nationalist Party members of parliament initially refused to join parliament as they had deemed the election unfair. Rashid in parliament asked the speaker to create a committee to investigate the large number of cases filed against Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians. Charges and convictions Assistant director Monayem Hossain of the Anti-Corruption Commission filed a case against Rashid for tax fraud in March 2007 with Tejgaon police station and then pressed charge in July. Rashid had imported a Hummer H2 on 25 April 2005 without paying tax as per his privilege as a member of parliament but later sold the to Ishtiak Sadek, violating the rules of the duty free facility, who sold it to Enayetur Rahman Bappi. The car, imported under duty free privilege, cannot be sold under less than years of being purchased. Rapid Action Battalion-2, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Akbar Hossain, had spotted the Hummer in Panthapath and asked the men to come to their camp where they were detained. In October 2019, Judge Shaikh Nazmul Alam of the Dhaka court sentenced Rashid to five years’ imprisonment for dodging taxes while importing a luxurious car in 2007 and fined him five million taka. It also sent his co-accused former managing director of NTV and Channel 9, Enayetur Rahman Bappi, to two years imprisonment. His other co-accused proprietor of Sky Autos, Ishtiak Sadek, sentenced to jail for three years. A week later, the High Court granted him six months’ bail in the case. Justices Obaidul Hassan and AKM Zahirul Huq asked the government to explain why Rashid's parliamentary membership\",\n \"title\": \"Harunur Rashid (Chapai Nawabganj politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60856076\",\n \"text\": \"H2 Motorsports was an American professional stock car racing team owned by Matt Hurley. The team operated part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, fielding the No. 28 Toyota Supra for Shane Lee. The team shutdown before the start of the 2020 season due to financial troubles and because of the pending investigation against Hurley. The assets of H2 Motorsports were purchased by Sam Hunt Racing for the 2020 season. Founder Founder Matt Hurley was born April 5, 1996. Hurley graduated from Cypress Lake High School in Fort Myers, Florida, and claims to have worked at least 40 hours per week since he was 14 years old. Hurley once described himself as an \\\"...investor, entrepreneur, and political hack...\\\" Hurley founded H2 Motorsports and based it in Mooresville, North Carolina. H2's primary sponsor was Circuit City. An entrepreneur, Hurley has started additional businesses such as H2 Innovation Center, and Youngbloods, Inc., a private holding company which later changed its name to the H2 Organization. Hurley co-founded Torchlight Productions, a website design and development firm at the age of 15. Controversy & legal actions In 2017, Hurley leased a commercial building in Fort Myers, Florida for Southwest Florida Innovation Center, at a building named The Atrium, with plans to renovate the 132,000sf building with 42,000sf set aside for startup companies and the remainder of which were sublet spaces to other tenants. The estimate for the purchase and renovation was $20 Million. He was later sued for not paying rent, and the tenants in the building were evicted, including one business that was a United States Contract Postal Unit. Hurley blamed a number of the tenant complaints and issues on the fact the building purchase had not been yet completed, and on hurricane Irma. He is currently under investigation by the State of Florida's Office of Financial regulation, and was arrested for contempt of court in 2020. Xfinity Series The team announced on May 23, 2019, that they would attempt twenty races with Lee in the No. 28 Toyota Supra, beginning at Iowa in June with Circuit City as the sponsor for all races. In late summer 2019, it was revealed that Lee was signed for all of 2020, and that depending on sponsorship, the team could expand to two cars for 2020. Due to concerns that their cars would not be ready in time for the three road course races in August with being a new team, H2 decided to skip those races (at Watkins Glen, Mid-Ohio, and Road America) and better prepare for the upcoming oval races. Before the race at Darlington in September, they released Lee due to what they deemed a lack of performance, who the team released on August 28, 2019, after less than 3 months with the team and despite the fact that he finished in the top 21 in all but one of his races, and had great runs at both Daytona (before crashing in \\\"the big one\\\") and Iowa, where he finished in the top 10.\",\n \"title\": \"H2 Motorsports\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64339286\",\n \"text\": \"The Crosstown Line, designated Routes H2 and H4, is a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Brookland–CUA station and Tenleytown–AU station of the Red Line of the Washington Metro. The line operates every 24 minutes between 7AM and 9PM, and 20 - 40 minutes after 9PM at a combined frequency of 12 minutes during the day and, 20 minutes during the late nights. Trips roughly take 48 minutes to complete. Background Routes H2 and H4 operate as part of the Crosstown Line between Brookland–CUA station and Tenleytown–AU station. Routes H2 and H4 serve the hospital complex along 1st Street. The line splits after serving Columbia Heights station. Route H2 mainly operates along Adams Mill Road, Connecticut Avenue, Van Ness Street, and Veazey Street. While Route H4 mainly operates along Mount Pleasant Street, Park Road, Porter Street, and Wisconsin Avenue. Both routes connect Brookland and Tenleytown stations by bus without having to take the Red Line. Routes H2 and H4 currently operate out of Bladensburg division with some select weekday trips operating out of Western division. H2 stops H4 stops History Routes H2 and H4 originally operated under streetcars by the Capital Traction Company. The line was then made into buses in the 1920s. Routes H2 and H4 operated between Fort Lincoln and Westmoreland Circle connecting Tenleytown, Forest Hills, Cleveland Park, Mount Pleasant, Columbia Heights, Rock Creek Park, Brookland along Yuma Street, Massachusetts Avenue, Wisconsin Avenue, Porter Street NW (H4), Van Ness/Veazey Street NW (H2), Connecticut Avenue (H2), Columbia Road NW, Irving Street NW, Michigan Avenue NW/NE, Franklin Street NE, and 14th Street NE. It mostly provides service in outer DC without having to enter Downtown. The line was later acquired by DC Transit in 1956 and later diverted to serve the Washington Hospital Complexes along 1st Street. It later became a Metrobus route in 1973. On February 19, 1978, after Brookland–CUA station opened, routes H2 and H4 were diverted off Monroe Street to serve the new station. This gives residents access to the Red Line on its route. No route changes were made during its route. On August 25, 1984, routes H2 and H4 were rerouted off Tenley Circle to serve Tenleytown–AU station in the middle of its route when it opened. No route changes were made on the route. On September 18, 1999, after Columbia Heights station opened a series of changes were made to the H2 and H4. Routes H2 was shorten to terminate at Van Ness–UDC station and route H4 was shorten to terminate at Tenleytown–AU station. Service to Westmoreland Circle and along Yuma Street was replaced by a new route N8 which will operate between Van Ness and Wesley Heights. This was due to resident complaint along Yuma Street and Tenleytown over H2 and H4 buses making loud noises along Yuma street causing noise pollution and damage to homes. The new N8 solves the noise complaint problem by using smaller and quieter 30 ft buses. Routes H2 and H4 were\",\n \"title\": \"Crosstown Line (Washington, D.C.)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43793484\",\n \"text\": \"The Kawasaki Ninja H2 is a supercharged four-stroke supersport-class motorcycle in the Ninja sports bike series manufactured by Kawasaki, featuring a variable-speed centrifugal supercharger. Its namesake is the 750 cc Kawasaki H2 Mach IV, an inline triple that was introduced by Kawasaki in 1972 to \\\"disrupt what it saw as a sleeping motorcycle market\\\". Its Ninja H2R track-only variant is the fastest and most powerful production motorcycle on the market, producing a maximum of and with ram-air. The H2R has 50% more power than the fastest street-legal motorcycles, while the street-legal Ninja H2 has a lower power output of – with ram-air. Design Kawasaki selected the literbike platform for its top-of-the-line Ninja H2 model, rather than continuing with the higher-displacement Ninja ZX-14 hyperbike. Cycle World's Kevin Cameron explained that the literbike class is \\\"the center of the high-performance market\\\", attracting the best development in racing, with the best chassis and suspension design, so it made sense for Kawasaki to create a machine that could leverage this. The H2 is the first production motorcycle with a supercharger, although turbochargers were available on some models in the early 1980s. Specifications in the infobox are from Kawasaki unless noted. Production The street-legal Ninja H2 has mirrors in place of the track-only H2R's winglets, and plastic body panels in place of the H2R's carbon-fiber panels but there is the H2 carbon version that has them in carbon. The street-legal H2 is said to make , probably with reduced supercharger boost compared to the H2R. The H2 and H2R share the supercharger (with a lower boost level on the H2) and many other components, with the exception of the head gasket, cam profile and timing with ECU mapping, exhaust system, and clutch (the H2R's clutch has two additional plates). For 2017, Kawasaki made a limited-edition model with 120 units produced globally: the individually-numbered Kawasaki Ninja H2 Carbon with special paint and carbon-fiber upper cowl. For 2017, the standard Ninja H2 was also updated. For 2018, Kawasaki made a new sport touring version of the H2, the , with a claimed wet weight of . Features that are options on the base model H2 SX come standard on the Kawasaki H2 SX SE, which has a claimed wet weight of . It has revised throttle bodies, camshafts, crankshaft, pistons, cylinder and cylinder head as well as a new exhaust system aimed at increasing mid range torque. The intake system and supercharger impeller were also redesigned. A new larger fuel tank, rear trellis subframe and panniers increase the bike's weight by . For 2019, the H2 received an update with 15% more power from updates to the intake, spark plugs, ECU, and air filter, among other components. Also added was a new LED lighting scheme and a special top coat of paint that is claimed to be self-healing and able to smooth over small scratches in warmer conditions. Also new were lighter and smaller Brembo Stylema calipers, a new TFT dash, and smartphone connectivity that provides information\",\n \"title\": \"Kawasaki Ninja H2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10565411\",\n \"text\": \"Foals (stylised in all caps) are a British rock band formed in Oxford in 2005. The band's current line-up consists of Greek-born lead vocalist and guitarist Yannis Philippakis, drummer and percussionist Jack Bevan, rhythm guitarist Jimmy Smith and bassist Walter Gervers. They are currently signed to Warner Records, and have released seven studio albums to date: Antidotes (2008), Total Life Forever (2010), Holy Fire (2013), What Went Down (2015), and Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 & 2 (2019) and their most recent, Life Is Yours (2022). They have also released one video album, six extended plays and thirty-five singles. The band have toured internationally for over a decade, and have featured at many festivals including Glastonbury, Coachella, and Roskilde. They have won a number of awards, including best live act at the 2013 Q Awards while producers Alan Moulder and Flood were awarded 'UK Producer of the Year' for their work on the album Holy Fire. The band's studio albums Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 and 2 were released March and October 2019, respectively, with the latter becoming the group's first album to top the UK Album Chart. History 2005–2006: Formation The lead singer of the band Youthmovies, Andrew Mears, originally formed the band Foals. He was present on the band's debut 7\\\" single, \\\"Try This on Your Piano/Look at My Furrows of Worry\\\", but left shortly afterwards to concentrate on Youthmovies's debut album, Good Nature. Jack Bevan, Lina Simon and Yannis Philippakis were originally in cult math rock band the Edmund Fitzgerald. The group disbanded, claiming that things had become \\\"too serious\\\" and that they wanted to have more \\\"fun making their music\\\". Walter Gervers and Jimmy Smith were part of a small Oxford band called Face Meets Grill. They met at and formed the band from members of Abingdon School, the same school that Radiohead attended. They played gigs in and around Oxford, and recorded an EP in Hull. After playing Truck Festival in 2004 they separated to follow different paths and careers. Guitarist Jimmy Smith is the only one of the band members to have completed his degree, at Hull University, each of the other band members quit their respective universities when the band signed to Transgressive Records. 2007–2008: Antidotes In early 2007, the band released the limited edition 7\\\" singles \\\"Hummer\\\" and \\\"Mathletics\\\", both produced by Gareth Parton. \\\"Hummer\\\" later featured on the Channel Four teen drama Skins. Philippakis described this period as 'the music was almost a premeditated mix of blending techno and minimalism [and] we'd set ourselves these rules, like 'only staccato rhythms', and 'guitars must be played really high'. In the summer of 2007, Foals began working on their debut album in New York. It was produced by Dave Sitek of TV on the Radio. However, the band decided to mix the album themselves, stating that Sitek made the first master copy of the album sound like \\\"it was recorded in the Grand Canyon\\\". Philippakis\",\n \"title\": \"Foals (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4680235\",\n \"text\": \"Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE) is an American automotive engineering company specializing in high-performance automobile modifications, specifically engines and induction systems. Now headquartered in Brighton, Michigan the company was founded by and named for NHRA driver John Lingenfelter in Decatur, IN. Over the decades since its founding, LPE has been creating high-performance versions of many GM vehicles, such as the F-Bodies (Camaro, Firebird), B Bodies (Impala SS, Caprice, Roadmaster, Fleetwood), Corvette, CTS-V, GTO, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Escalade, Denali, SSR, Hummer H2, and Sierra. Furthermore, it has also created performance enhancement packages for the Dodge Viper and Plymouth Prowler. In January 1998, MotorTrend tested a Chevrolet Tahoe modified and tuned by Lingenfelter, powered by a 396 (6.5L) cubic inch Chevrolet V8 and achieved a 5.1-second 0-60 time as well as a 0.9g lateral acceleration figure. The SUV completed the quarter mile in 13.8 seconds at 96 mph. These numbers matched the performance figures of a base model C4 Corvette and GMC Syclones/Typhoons of that era. Motor Trend also tested an LPE-built Impala SS that had the same performance numbers as the last generation M5 (0-60 4.7 sec) due to its bored and stroked LT-1 (displacement rose to 383 in3 and horsepower rose to 425). Another LPE vehicle was featured in the June 1996 issue of Car and Driver: A special C4 Corvette with a 427.6 in3 engine that attained a top speed of 212 mph (ca. 341 km/h) . LPE's 2001 Corvette 427 twin-turbo with 800 rear-wheel horsepower accomplished a 0-60 mph acceleration in 1.97 seconds. Another LPE vehicle that the company developed and marketed to customers which has been one of their most powerful vehicles offered to date was a 2006 twin-turbo Corvette Z06 with 1,109 rear wheel horsepower. In 2014, they expanded operations. The current owner of Lingenfelter Performance Engineering is Ken Lingenfelter. References External links Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Automotive companies of the United States Companies based in Indiana\",\n \"title\": \"Lingenfelter Performance Engineering\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2674653\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\\\" is a song by American rapper Khia, released in April 2002 as the lead single from her debut studio album, Thug Misses. Owing to its sexually explicit lyrics, an edited version of the song was released to mainstream radio. The song reached number 42 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It also reached number four in the United Kingdom two years later and number 12 in Australia. Lyrically, “My Neck, My Back (Lick It)” is about a woman searching for and pursuing a man at a club, demanding that he perform sexual acts on her, including licking her clitoris and anus, and encouraging other women to do the same. Background and meaning The lyrics contain detailed, explicit descriptions of both cunnilingus and anilingus, so a heavily edited version was used for radio broadcasting and the official music video. Khia later stated in a 2002 interview for MTV News concerning the song's big success: \\\"I guess the world is just nasty and freaky like that […] It's not even my favorite song, and I was kind of surprised that's the song that everybody jumped on. … That song is just nothing compared to my other music. It's like, 'That's what the world is about today,' so hey, it works for me.\\\" In 2018, NPR ranked the song as #184 for their The 200 Greatest Songs By 21st Century Women list, saying: \\\"'My Neck, My Back' is the most enduring erotic pleasure procedural of this era, and rightfully so. Underscoring the dirty in Dirty South, Khia raps simple demands as to where she wants to be licked (short version: 'all over'), with explicit suggestions towards technique that span two dedicated verses. It's a delightfully nasty club classic where a woman's pleasure is presented as a debt owed her.\\\" Recording and composition \\\"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\\\" is a dirty rap song, and India Mae Alby of Keakie.com described it as a \\\"low beat Club song\\\". The song is noted for its chorus, in which Khia raps \\\"My neck, my back, lick my pussy and my crack\\\". The song was written by Khia herself and Edward Meriwether. During a studio session, Khia recorded \\\"My Neck, My Back\\\" at Grooveland Studios in Clearwater, Florida. Music video Background The music video was directed by Diane Martel, and was released during the spring of 2002. In the United Kingdom, a different video was used, which did not feature Khia, instead depicting a group of bikini-clad models washing a Hummer H2 in a seductive manner while lip-synching the words to the song. Synopsis The music video begins with Khia dancing in a half-bikini dress at a party in front of various people full of arcade games. It later shows scenes of Khia at a pool receiving a massage by a dreadheaded man. Khia is also seen dancing at a barbecue. There are also scenes showing Khia in a house wearing a polka-dot shirt and heels surrounded by men. Khia can\",\n \"title\": \"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1307965\",\n \"text\": \"Need for Speed: Underground 2 is a 2004 racing video game developed by EA Black Box and published by Electronic Arts. It is the eighth installment in the Need for Speed series and the direct sequel to Need for Speed: Underground. It was developed for Microsoft Windows, GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions were developed by Pocketeers, and a PlayStation Portable version, titled Need for Speed: Underground Rivals, was developed by Team Fusion. Another version for mobile phones was also developed. Like its predecessor, it was also commercially successful, selling around 11 million copies worldwide and breaking sales records in the United Kingdom. The game entails tuning cars for street races, resuming the Need for Speed: Underground storyline. Need for Speed: Underground 2 provides several new features, such as broader customization, new methods of selecting races, set in a city known as Bayview. The game stars Brooke Burke as the voice of Rachel Teller, who guides the player throughout the game. The game's storyline is presented in a comic book strip. The Nintendo DS port introduces a new feature in which the player can design custom decals to adorn any vehicle in the game. Plot The story takes place after the initial events of Underground, shortly after the player beats Eddie and his street racing gang The Eastsiders in Olympic City, along with Melissa. Revered as the best street racer in Olympic City, the player wins a race while driving a blue Nissan Skyline GT-R and promptly receives a call from an unidentified individual with an \\\"invitation\\\" to join his team, followed by a threat explicitly disclaiming that he is not \\\"taking no for an answer\\\". Angered, the player immediately hangs up the call and drives to a celebratory party; while talking to Samantha on the phone, they are blinded and ambushed by a Hummer H2 from a dark alley, which rams and wrecks their Skyline. A man with a scythe tattoo on his hand calls to confirm that he \\\"took care of a problem\\\". Six months later, the player boards a plane to Bayview with a good luck note from Samantha, referring to her friend Rachel Teller, as well as being given a car key bearing the name 'Rachel'. The player arrives in Bayview and is contacted by Rachel, who has left them her Nissan 350Z at the airport car lot, asking to meet at a car dealership; the player can ignore these instructions and race in three events and outruns before Rachel calls demanding her car back, after which no more races will spawn. At the dealership, he buys his first car using the money provided by their insurance company over the totaled Nissan Skyline, and begins to race again. Rachel becomes the key contact within Bayview. She explains the layout of Bayview street racing scene, introducing the sponsorship mechanics, the Underground Racing League (URL) and actively aids the player afterwards by giving them tips on driving, secret shops, important events and\",\n \"title\": \"Need for Speed: Underground 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26728952\",\n \"text\": \"The 1968–69 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team represented the Princeton University in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1968–69 NCAA University Division men's basketball season. The head coach was Pete Carril and the team captain was Christopher Thomforde. The team played its home games in the Dillon Gymnasium on the university campus before the January 25, 1969, opening of Jadwin Gymnasium on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey. The team was the champion of the Ivy League, which earned them an invitation to the 25-team 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. The team was Princeton's first undefeated Ivy League champion, and earned Carril his first of eleven NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament invitations. The team helped Princeton end the decade with a 72.6 winning percentage (188–71), which was the tenth best in the nation. During the regular season, the team played a few of the teams that would eventually participate in the 25-team NCAA tournament: they opened their season against the and later played two of the eventual final four participants (the UCLA Bruins and North Carolina Tar Heels) in the ECAC Holiday Classic at Madison Square Garden in New York City in late December 1968. The team posted a 19–7 overall record and a 14–0 conference record. The team entered the tournament riding an eleven-game winning streak and having won fifteen of their last sixteen games, but they lost their March 8, 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament East Regional first-round game against the St. John's Redmen 72–63 at Reynolds Coliseum in Raleigh, North Carolina. Both John Hummer and Geoff Petrie were selected to the All-Ivy League first team. Petrie, who led the conference in scoring with a 23.9 average in conference games, was also an All-East selection. Thomforde was selected in the 1969 NBA draft by the New York Knicks with the 96th overall selection in the 7th round. Hummer led the conference in field goal percentage with 55.4%. Petrie and Hummer would become the only Tiger teammates to both be drafted in the first round of the NBA draft (in the same draft no less) when they were selected eighth and fifteenth overall in the 1970 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers and the Buffalo Braves. The two were part of a trio of 1970 NBA first-round draftees from the Ivy League that included number thirteen selection Jim McMillian of Columbia. Hummer was the first NBA draft pick by the expansion Buffalo Braves. Petrie would share the 1971 NBA Rookie of the Year Award with Dave Cowens. Brian Taylor was selected in the 1972 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 23rd overall selection in the second round while Reggie Bird was selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the 55th overall selection in the fourth round. Schedule and results The team posted a 19–7 (14–0 Ivy League) record. |- !colspan=9 style=| Regular season |- !colspan=9 style=| NCAA tournament NCAA tournament The team lost in the first round of the 1969 NCAA Division\",\n \"title\": \"1968–69 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2668825\",\n \"text\": \"John Earl Lingenfelter (October 6, 1945 in East Freedom, Pennsylvania – December 25, 2003 in Decatur, Indiana) was an NHRA driver, engineer and tuner. Over his career, Lingenfelter won 13 career national event events in Competition Eliminator and was the first driver in the class to break the six-second quarter-mile barrier. He finished second in the Pro Stock Truck standings in 1998, which was the first year of competition for the now defunct class. His Cavalier had an E.T. of 7.08 seconds. In October 1988, Lingenfelter also drove the Callaway Sledgehammer to attain the closed-course speed record for a street driven car at 254.76 mph; a record that stood for 25 years. He was the founder of Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE for short) in Decatur, Indiana. LPE is a shop specializing in the modification of GM vehicles such as the F-Bodies (Camaro, Firebird), B Bodies (Impala SS, Caprice, Roadmaster, Fleetwood), Corvette, CTS-V, GTO, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Escalade, Denali, SSR, Hummer H2, and Sierra. The shop also worked with tuning packages for the Dodge Viper and Plymouth Prowler. In the press, his tuned vehicles were reported to have as much civility as the stock vehicles upon which they were based in everyday driving. However, these vehicles were brutally fast. Motor Trend tested a Tahoe tuned by Lingenfelter and achieved a 5.1 second 0-60 time as well as a 0.95g lateral acceleration figure. These numbers match the performance figures of the C4 Corvette and GMC Syclones/Typhoons of that era. This Tahoe had its 350in3 V8 bored and stroked to 396in3, making 500 hp and still retaining its 4WD drivetrain. Motor Trend also tested a Lingenfelter built Impala SS that had the same performance numbers as the last generation M5 (0-60 4.7 sec) due to its bored and stroked LT-1 (Displacement rose to 383in3 and horsepower rose to 440). Another vehicle built by Lingenfelter was also featured in the June 1996 issue of Car and Driver when they built a special C4 Corvette with a 427in3 engine that attained a top speed of 212 mph. Currently, the most powerful vehicle they have in their stable is a 2006 twin-turbo Corvette Z06 with 1,109 rear wheel horsepower worth $288,540. Lingenfelter built the engine for \\\"Big Red\\\", a 1969 Camaro that has achieved speeds in excess of 220 mph. He was critically injured during an NHRA Summit Sports Compact drag racing event at Pomona, California on October 27, 2002. He died Thursday December 25, 2003 at Adams County Memorial Hospital in Decatur, Indiana at age 58. See also John Lingenfelter Memorial Trophy References External links Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Dragster drivers 1945 births 2003 deaths\",\n \"title\": \"John Lingenfelter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66474715\",\n \"text\": \"is a former Japanese YouTuber and rapper. He was part of the hip hop group Kaiware Hummer, releasing music under the stage name Bema. In January 2021, Watanabe allegedly solicited nude photos from an underage fan, which subsequently caused his agency UUUM to drop him as an act and YouTube to permanently ban his channel. Career When Watanabe was in middle school, he posted on Niconico under the username . Watanabe began uploading to YouTube in 2011. Watanabe released his debut solo album, Shinryakuteki Sukima, on November 26, 2016. In addition, Watanabe co-authored an autobiography about Kaiware Hummer with fellow members Naru and Imiga titled Kaiware Hummer Monogatari, with the first book released on July 20, 2017 and the second book released on August 31, 2017. Watanabe made an appearance on YouTuber 's second album Season 2, in which he was a featured artist on the song \\\"Kokomo.\\\" In 2018, Watanabe left Genesis One and signed with UUUM as his network. By June 2019, he had over 2.7 million subscribers on his main channel. After getting arrested on suspicion of battery in the same month, his activities were cancelled for the remainder of the year, including an appearance with Kaiware Hummer at A-nation 2019, while he remained at his agency to do clerical work. On February 7, 2020, UUUM announced that Watanabe would resume activities on February 14, 2020 on a new channel, which was named \\\"Mahoto.\\\" On January 22, 2021, UUUM announced that Watanabe had been dismissed from the agency after confirming he solicited nude photos from an underage girl. On January 28, 2021, YouTube suspended his channel for community violations. Following the events, on March 2, 2021, Watanabe issued an apology on Twitter and also announced he was retiring from YouTube. Since his retirement from YouTube, Watanabe started editing videos for Gardman, a YouTube channel with 2 million subscribers, earning him a million yen a month. Personal life On January 21, 2021, Watanabe announced that he was marrying actress and former Keyakizaka46 member Yui Imaizumi and that they were expecting a child. The child, a daughter was born in June 2021. Following Watanabe's 2021 arrest, Imaizumi announced in July 2021 that she would not be registering their marriage and that she would be raising the child herself with support from her family. Legal troubles On June 2, 2019, Watanabe was arrested on suspicion of battery. He had reportedly beat a female acquaintance and stomped on her face during an argument while he was intoxicated. On June 19, 2019, he issued an apology and also claimed he reconciled with the victim. On July 18, 2019, UUUM later stated that Watanabe's activities would be suspended, including Kaiware Hummer's appearance at A-nation 2019. Instead, he would be doing clerical work within the agency until December 31, 2019, though there were no immediate plans of him returning in January 2020. During this period, he was also prohibited from drinking. On January 21, 2021, the same day where Watanabe announced his marriage to\",\n \"title\": \"Mahoto Watanabe\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6865153\",\n \"text\": \"Racing Gears Advance is a combat racing game for the Game Boy Advance system released in 2004 and includes licensed vehicles from GM, Dodge, Mitsubishi and Lotus Cars. The soundtrack is notable for having been composed by Neil Voss, known for his prior work on Tetrisphere and The New Tetris. All circuit cups (there are five total) take the name of letters from the Greek alphabet (Alpha, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Omega), with each cup having five tracks (25 tracks total). Characters such as Spacewave, Jack Speed, Throttle, etc., drive the following cars: Cadillac Cien Chevrolet Corvette Chevrolet SSR Dodge Viper Dodge M80 Dodge Super 8 Hemi Hummer H2 Lotus Esprit Lotus Exige Lotus Elise Lotus 340R Mitsubishi RPM 7000 Due to its success, a sequel was announced for Nintendo DS under the working title Racing Gears DS, but was later cancelled. Reception Racing Gears Advance received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the game holds a score of 83/100 based on 17 reviews. Alex Navarro of GameSpot gave the game 8.5/10 while praising its controls, vehicle upgrades, and multiplayer. Craig Harris of IGN was similarly positive towards the game, giving it 8.9/10 and praising almost everything about the game except for its inability to save records for the player's best lap and race times. References 2004 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Racing video games Video games developed in Canada Video games scored by Neil Voss Multiplayer and single-player video games\",\n \"title\": \"Racing Gears Advance\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62984822\",\n \"text\": \"The GMC Hummer EV (badged as HEV) is a line of battery electric heavy-duty vehicles produced by General Motors since 2021, and sold under the GMC marque. The Hummer EV is offered in two variants: a pickup truck and a sport utility vehicle (SUV), unveiled in October 2020 and April 2021 respectively. Weighing roughly , the Hummer EV is among the heaviest consumer automobiles currently sold in the United States. Its size, mass, and acceleration have led to concerns about the danger it poses to other road users in the event of collisions, as well as its efficiency and environmental impact. Overview The Hummer EV is assembled in Detroit and has batteries produced by LG Chem in South Korea, with plans to later start producing batteries in the U.S. It is intended that SUV models produced from 2024 onward will be able to charge other electric vehicles using an onboard 19.2 kWh charger. The electric motors' torque profile makes it suited for towing trailers. It includes various technologies, such as cameras that allow the driver to see underneath it and four-wheel steering. The SUV variant is rated to tow up to and seats five passengers with of cargo space behind the rear seats and with the back seats folded down. The pickup truck variant has a longer wheelbase than the SUV. The pickup variant has a high loadbed with a payload capacity of as well as a front trunk. The front trunk on both models is also intended to store the four removable roof panels when needed. It has eighteen cameras installed, as well as front-and-rear pedestrian alerts designed to aid drivers' situational awareness. These accompany numerous other driver-assistance features such as automatic braking and blind-spot warnings. It weighs , with the battery weighing almost . With a gross vehicle weight rating of , it is classified as a class 3 medium-duty truck in the United States. Origins The GMC Hummer EV originates from the discontinued Hummer brand that was founded by AM General, the manufacturer of the original HUMVEE light military vehicle that was later adapted to civilian spec and sold to the public as the Hummer H1. In 1999, General Motors purchased the rights to the Hummer name and began marketing it as a full-fledged brand with a lineup that eventually included the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3. The Hummer brand was discontinued in 2010 following the General Motors bankruptcy. Trims Edition 1 Edition 1 started production in 2022 as a limited edition and the sole model available for the first year. It was available for pre-order by the end of the launch event on October 20, 2020. All Edition 1 units are white with a black roof and feature bronze-colored wheels. The interior is a two-tone black-and-gray with bronze accents and Edition 1 badges. The Edition 1 will also feature Easter eggs themed after the Apollo 11 moon landing. Edition 1 has three electric motors with , of range, and is fitted with the Extreme Off-Road package,\",\n \"title\": \"GMC Hummer EV\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44529226\",\n \"text\": \"A nitrogen fixation package is a piece of research equipment for studying nitrogen fixation in plants. One product of this kind, the Q-Box NF1LP made by Qubit Systems, operates by measuring the hydrogen (H2) given off in the nitrogen-fixing chemical reaction enabled by nitrogenase enzymes. Principle of operation Nitrogen is produced by bacteria, which have an endo-symbiotic relationship with the legume host. In this relationship, the plant shares its carbohydrates with the bacteria so that the bacteria can thrive, and the plant benefits by having excess nitrogen made available. The bacteria's creation of nitrogen also creates hydrogen, which is what the unit measures to determine the nitrogen produced. Measurement of H2 evolution as a means of determining nitrogenase activity is an alternative technique to acetylene reduction assay, and allows real-time monitoring of changes in nitrogenase activity. Product description Q-Box NF1LP is an experimental package using an open-flow gas exchange system for measurement of nitrogen fixation in H2-producing legume symbioses. A flow-through H2 sensor (Q-S121) measures the production rate of H2 from N2-fixing tissues, allowing in vivo measurement of nitrogenase activity in real time. Measurements of nitrogenase activity on up to three plants is possible, i.e. a four-channel system including a reference sample. Operation Nitrogen fixation packages must be used in a laboratory-type environment. This can be a temporary laboratory set up in the field, as long as it is under stable, uncontaminated conditions. The product must be supplied with many potted samples of the plants and of the neighbouring soil, taken from separate areas on the farm or field under study. The tests rely on the availability of the Herbaspirillum bacteria in the soil. This bacterium is found at the root of most legumes, which is where they produce nitrogen. To test soil properly, it must be free of added nitrogen fertilizers, which have harmful effects on the Herbaspirillum bacteria needed for fixation. Applications Different aspects of nitrogen fixation can be examined with these products, such as effects of temperature on the fixation process, the regulation of the process by oxygen, and the inhibition of nitrogen fixation by an over-abundance of fertilizers. References External links Microbiology equipment Nitrogen cycle\",\n \"title\": \"Nitrogen fixation package\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1303680\",\n \"text\": \"Wayne Kent Cherry (born 1937) is an American car designer educated at Art Center College of Design and employed by General Motors from 1962 through 2004, retiring as Vice President of Design. Cherry worked for General Motors in the United States from 1962 until 1965, when he moved to the United Kingdom to take a position with General Motors' Vauxhall Motors subsidiary, becoming Design Director at Vauxhall in 1975. In 1983 General Motors consolidated all European passenger car design under Cherry and made him Design Director at General Motors' Adam Opel AG subsidiary. Cherry returned to the United States in 1991 and in 1992 became General Motors Vice President of Design. Cherry retired from General Motors in 2004. Cherry was one of twenty-five nominees for the 1999 Car Designer of the Century. Education In the 1950s, Cherry read an article about the Art Center College of Design and wrote to the college, asking how to become a car designer. The college replied, telling Cherry to submit a portfolio. Cherry submitted a portfolio that included sketches of cars and engines, and was accepted to the college. Cherry graduated with a bachelor's degree in industrial and transportation design in early 1962. Career Cherry joined General Motors in 1962 after graduating from the Art Center College of Design, initially working at General Motors in the US as an Associate Creative Designer. Cherry was a member of the team that designed the original Chevrolet Camaro/Pontiac Firebird and the team that designed the 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado. In 1965, Cherry transferred to General Motors' United Kingdom-based Vauxhall Motors subsidiary. His first project was in 1965 under Assistant Director of Design Leo Pruneau working on the Vauxhall XVR concept car. became Assistant Design Director at Vauxhall in 1970. In that same year, the Vauxhall SRV concept car was shown. Under Cherry, General Motors released the redesigned 1973 Vauxhall Firenza with its aerodynamic \\\"droopsnoot\\\". Cherry became the Design Director for Vauxhall in 1975. In 1983, General Motors consolidated the design activities of its Vauxhall and Opel subsidiaries. As part of the consolidation plan, Cherry became Design Director at General Motors' Rüsselsheim, Germany-based Adam Opel AG subsidiary and became responsible for overall design of passenger cars in Europe. During his time at Opel, Cherry supervised the design of the Astra, Corsa, Calibra, Tigra, among many others. Cherry returned to the United States in 1991 to direct the design studios of General Motors' Chevrolet and Geo divisions. In 1992 Cherry became Vice President of Design for General Motors worldwide, one of seven to have held the position, including Harley Earl, Bill Mitchell, Irv Rybicki, Chuck Jordan, Ed Welburn and Michael Simcoe. While Cherry Vice President of Design, he oversaw the designs of the Pontiac Solstice, Cadillac Sixteen concept car, Hummer H2, Chevrolet SSR and many other vehicles, including the Cadillac CTS introduced in 2002. Cherry retired from General Motors on January 1, 2004. Automobiles Designed As Design Director at Vauxhall & Opel: 1975-1981 Vauxhall Cavalier Mark I (front end only)\",\n \"title\": \"Wayne Cherry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"847342\",\n \"text\": \"Sut is a demon in Islam. SUT may refer to: H2 SUT, a model of Hummer H2 Shaanxi University of Technology, China Sharif University of Technology, Iran Shenyang University of Technology, China Society for Underwater Technology Solar updraft tower, a solar power plant Sport Utility Truck Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand System under test in software testing IATA airport code for Sumbawanga Airport London Underground station code for Sudbury Town tube station, England Sutherland, historic county in Scotland, Chapman code TV Shizuoka, a Japanese commercial broadcaster\",\n \"title\": \"SUT\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2826629\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" is the first single from Jamaican musician Sean Paul's third studio album, The Trinity (2005). It achieved success worldwide, becoming a top-10 hit on at least 10 national music charts, including those of Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Background and release \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" was released as the first single from The Trinity on 22 August 2005 in the US and on 12 September 2005 in the UK. In the US, the single peaked inside the Billboard Hot 100 at number six, and in the UK, the single peaking at number two. The single became his biggest solo hit in the UK, beating the number-three peak of \\\"Like Glue\\\" in 2003 and spending just under five months inside the UK top 75. It was the biggest hit from the album in the UK; however, it was \\\"Temperature\\\" that was the biggest hit from the album in the US. The original version, sometimes denoted by the title being followed by \\\"Legalize It\\\", features prominent themes of marijuana use, referencing \\\"trees\\\", \\\"weed\\\" and \\\"herb\\\" several times and smoking it for \\\"meditation\\\". Another radio-friendly version was released with the title being followed by \\\"Recognize It\\\", which changed all drug-related lyrics to ones concerning women. Although the lyrics are different, Tami Chynn's single \\\"Hyperventilating\\\" as well as Capleton's \\\"Or Wah\\\" from the album Reign of Fire utilize the same riddim as Sean Paul's \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\", since both use the riddim \\\"Stepz\\\". Music video The video was shot in Southern California deserts by Jessy Terrero, showing dancers accompanying Paul, and two girls in an overheated Hummer H2. Sean Paul is seen dancing with three other girls in front of highly modified trucks. Track listings US 12-inch single A1. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Legalize It club version) – 3:28 A2. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (instrumental) – 3:52 B1. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Recognize It radio version) – 3:36 B2. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (instrumental) – 3:53 UK CD1 and European CD single \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Recognize It) \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Legalize It) UK CD2 \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Recognize It) \\\"Bounce It Right There\\\" \\\"We Be Burnin\\\" (video) Ringtone UK 12-inch single A1. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Recognize It) A2. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (instrumental) B1. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Legalize It) B2. \\\"Bounce It Right There\\\" Australian CD single \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Recognize It) \\\"Bounce It Right There\\\" \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Legalize It) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications !scope=\\\"col\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\"| Ringtone |- Release history References Sean Paul songs 2005 singles 2005 songs Atlantic Records singles Music videos directed by Jessy Terrero Songs about cannabis Songs written by Sean Paul Songs written by Steven \\\"Lenky\\\" Marsden VP Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"We Be Burnin'\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51885439\",\n \"text\": \"Mohammad Akbar Hossain is a retired lieutenant general in the Bangladesh Army and former commandant of National Defence College. Career Hossain is the former general officer commanding of 9th Infantry Division and commander of Savar area. He previously served as Director General of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. He also served as Director of Counter Intelligence Bureau of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. He previously Commanded a Artillery Brigade and a Air Defence Artillery Brigade. He was an artillery officer who was commissioned in the 13th BMA long course on 20 December 1985 from Bangladesh Military Academy. Under him a new monogram of DGFI was designed. On October 2005, Akbar was posted to 2nd Rapid Action Battalion as commanding officer. On February 2007 the battalion surveillance team had spotted a Hummer in Panthapath and asked the owners to come to their camp where they were detained. Assistant director Monayem Hossain of the Anti-Corruption Commission filed a case against Harunur Rashid for tax fraud in March 2007 with Tejgaon police station and then pressed charge in July. Harunur Rashid had imported a Hummer H2 on 25 April 2005 without paying tax as per his privilege as a member of parliament but later sold the to Ishtiak Sadek, violating the rules of the duty free facility, who sold it to Enayetur Rahman Bappi. A vehicle imported duty free using such a privilege may not be resold within three years of its importation. Hossain became the 1st Colonel Commandant of the Remount Veterinary and Farm Corps in December 2020. References Living people Bangladeshi military personnel Bangladesh Army generals Bangladeshi generals Directors General of the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence 1965 births\",\n \"title\": \"Mohammad Akbar Hossain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15623467\",\n \"text\": \"Armando Carpio Sanchez (June 15, 1952 – April 27, 2010) was a Filipino politician. He is a former two-term mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas and one-term governor of the Province of Batangas. During his term as governor, he was also the treasurer of the League of Provinces of the Philippines. Political career Mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas During the 1998 elections, he ran for mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas, which he subsequently won. Batangas Governorship After two terms as mayor of Sto. Tomas, he decided to run as Batangas Governor. He ran as the Liberal Party official candidate during the 2004 elections. His opponents included former Justice Secretary Hernando Perez, former Board Member Dennis Hernandez and former Nasugbu Mayor Rosario Apacible. One of his projects during his term was the beautification of Batangas Capitol Grounds. He facilitated the relocation of national government agencies and squatters who occupied a portion of the Capitol Grounds. During his governorship, allegations of corruption surfaced. On May 30, 2005, Batangas ombudsman and graft investigator Guillermo Gamo was gunned down in Batangas City on his way to the capitol. At the time, Gamo was investigating what he described as multimillion-peso anomalous deals and projects at the capitol. On April 13, 2015, Melinda “Mei” Magsino, a journalist of the Philippine Daily Inquirer until 2005 who covered corruption and illegal gambling (\\\"jueteng\\\") issues in Batangas, was also shot dead. Records from the National Union of Journalists in the Philippines (NUJP) showed that Magsino reported “threats” to her life sometime in 2005, during which she exposed alleged corruption and illegal gambling activities of late Batangas Governor Armando Sanchez. Assassination attempt He survived an assassination attempt on June 1, 2006, when he was able to get out of his Hummer H2 that exploded while boarding it inside the Batangas Capitol Grounds. His driver and bodyguard were killed during the explosion. 2007 Elections During the 2007 elections, he opted to run for re-election as governor. He was the official candidate of Kampi, a pro-administration party. He faced Lipa City Mayor Vilma Santos-Recto who was the official candidate of Lakas CMD, another pro-administration party. Since two pro-administration candidates were battling it out for the governorship of Batangas, administration officials opted to declare the Province of Batangas a \\\"free-zone\\\". Santos-Recto is the wife of then Senator Ralph Recto who was running for re-election as part of the pro-administration Team Unity. Since Sanchez was a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, governors threatened to junk the candidacy of Recto as senator. Sanchez lost to Santos-Recto by more than 100,000 votes. 2010 Elections and death Sanchez, once again ran for the gubernatorial position with Edwin Ermita, who was the defeated running mate of Santos-Recto in 2007, as his running mate. Sanchez was rushed to the Mary Mediatrix Medical Center in Lipa City on April 26, 2010, after collapsing during a campaign and was placed inside an intensive care unit. Sanchez suffered a stroke due to fatigue, decreased sugar levels and severe hypertension,\",\n \"title\": \"Armando Sanchez\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28540730\",\n \"text\": \"The Kawasaki H2 Mach IV is a 750 cc 3-cylinder two-stroke production motorcycle manufactured by Kawasaki. The H2 was a Kawasaki triple sold from September 1971 through 1975. A standard, factory produced H2 was able to travel a quarter mile from a standing start in 12.0 seconds. It handled better than the Mach III that preceded it. By the standards of its time, its handling was sufficient to make it the production bike to beat on the race track. Nonetheless, its tendency to pull wheelies and a less than solid feel through high speed corners led to adjustments to the design as it evolved. More than any other model, it created Kawasaki's reputation for building what motorcycle journalist Alastair Walker called, \\\"scarily fast, good-looking, no holds barred motorcycles\\\", and led to a further decline in the market place of the British motorcycle industry. History In September 1971 the H2 was a direct result of the success of the 500 cc Kawasaki H1 Mach III introduced in 1969. The H2 engine was a 3-cylinder two-stroke with an engine displacement of which produced at 6,800 rpm, a power-to-weight ratio of to every of weight. This made it the fastest accelerating motorcycle in production. This was an entirely new engine and not a bored-out 500. Unlike the H1 500, the 750 had much more low engine speed torque, with a strong burst of power starting at 3,500 rpm to the 7,500 rpm red line. The 1972 H2 came with a single front disc brake, a second disc brake was an optional Kawasaki part, an all-new capacitor discharge ignition system unique to the H2, a chain oiler, and two steering dampers; one friction and one hydraulic. In 1973, there were minor mechanical changes made to the carburetor jets, oil injection pump and cylinder port timing in an effort by the factory to get more MPG from the H2A. Because of these changes the most powerful H2 was the 1972 model. In 1974 the H2B engine was modified for more civilized performance at the expense of raw power. The race tail was slimmed down from the previous year. An oil-based steering damper and check valve were added. The power was reduced to at 6,800 rpm. The oil injection system was substantially changed with two separate sets of injection lines, unlike the earlier models with one set of lines. Oil was injected into the carburetors on a separate line. The oil injection to the bottom end bearings (both main and rod big ends) was retained as a single branched line. A longer swingarm improved stability. The final model had a weight of . The H2B and H2C had the steering damper repositioned to the left. In 1972, the H2, as well as the 350 cc S2 Mach II, had a race tail that held the taillight, and had a small storage space. See also List of fastest production motorcycles List of motorcycles by type of engine Notes References Weekblad Motor 1971 pages 1515 and 1516, 1760-1762\",\n \"title\": \"Kawasaki H2 Mach IV\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12746521\",\n \"text\": \"CNW Marketing Research, Inc. (CNWMR), known primarily as an automotive marketing research company, was a private company founded in 1984. It operated separate research offices covering the automotive, computer, electronics, housing, and personal investment industries, as well as a research office covering political issues. CNW was a reclusive firm and has been the subject of some controversy (see below), with subscribers in nine countries including government agencies, Wall Street brokerage houses and financial institutions. Major clients included Gannett Newspapers, Time Inc., Meredith Publishing (Better Homes et al.) as well as a long list of corporate clients. The CNW stands for Coastal Northwest, a consumer magazine founded by Stephanie Yanez Spinella and husband Art Spinella, which was published for only one test issue. Beginning as Coastal Northwest Publishing Company in 1983, according to Art Spinella, it became CNW Marketing/Research in 1984. The slash was dropped with the advent of the internet, making its name CNW Marketing Research, Inc. As of February 2015, after the death of co-founder Art Spinella, the company has closed its doors, according to a statement from Stephanie Yanez Spinella on the main CNW site. CNWMR performed research into consumer motivations and decisions in automotive purchases, and reports a variety of data related to market forecasting. The company's website states that its research and data publications are provided to more than 10,000 subscribers in print and on-line formats, with annual subscription prices list as beginning at $400. It publishes a monthly Retail Automotive Summary periodical, Home and Shelter Update newsletters, Purchase Path studies, sales forecasting and other industry analyses. Current leasing and other trends are tracked regularly through data gleaned from insurance companies, providing a unique data view used by the automotive industry, industry analysts and government agencies. Key personnel Art Spinella was named automotive division president or company president in 2001, 2002, or 2003, according to various accounts, after serving as vice president and general manager since 1992. Often misattributed as the president in articles from 1992 through 2000, he was described as an auto leasing newsletter editor and director of automotive research at the company prior to 1992. Stephanie Yanez is currently listed as the CEO, previously identified as president of CNWMR in 1995, until as recently as 2003. Offices The company's website lists only a Bandon, Oregon P.O. Box as an address, and its \\\"call centers, data center, and field offices are off limits\\\" to clients and other visitors. Controversy CNWMR's publication \\\"From Dust to Dust\\\" states that for the 2005 model year a Hummer H2 or H3 (but not the H1) is more efficient in terms of cost per lifetime mile than a Prius. While a Prius is one-third the weight of a Hummer and gets between four and six times better fuel economy, CNWMR argued the Hummer vehicles are built using less costly technology and are driven more over their lifetime. CNWMR calculates most expenses occur during construction and disposal, not during operation. Additionally, their efficiencies are based on Priuses lasting fifteen years\",\n \"title\": \"CNW Marketing Research\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1616308\",\n \"text\": \"Ratatat is the debut album from the Brooklyn-based electronic duo of the same name. It was recorded between July 2001 and May 2003 in bassist Evan Mast's Crown Heights, Brooklyn apartment and mixed in June 2003 before its release on April 20, 2004. The album is essentially instrumental, although it has occasional voice excerpts (referred to in the liner notes as \\\"spoken interludes\\\") by local MC and rapper Young Churf. The track \\\"Spanish Armada\\\" contains a French horn played by Michal Emanovsky. Other tracks of note are \\\"Germany to Germany\\\", later released as a single; and \\\"Cherry\\\", a homage to Ratatat's original name. The most well known song on the album is \\\"Seventeen Years\\\". It was featured in a television advertisement titled \\\"Accessorize\\\" for the Hummer H2 in 2004, in the British television show Soccer AM as the original background music for The Crossbar Challenge segment, and in Level One Productions's ski movie Shanghai Six. It was also played during Rob's party in the 2008 monster movie Cloverfield as well as Keith Hufnagel's part in the DVS skateboard video Skate More. The song \\\"Bustelo\\\" was used in several Jaguar commercials in mid-2006. Track listing \\\"Seventeen Years\\\" – 4:26 \\\"El Pico\\\" – 4:41 \\\"Crips\\\" – 3:47 \\\"Desert Eagle\\\" – 4:25 \\\"Everest\\\" – 4:10 \\\"Bustelo\\\" – 2:27 \\\"Breaking Away\\\" – 4:19 \\\"Lapland\\\" – 4:56 \\\"Germany to Germany\\\" – 3:38 \\\"Spanish Armada\\\" – 2:58 \\\"Cherry\\\" – 5:58 References External links Official Ratatat Website Official Cherry video 2004 debut albums Ratatat albums XL Recordings albums Albums produced by E*vax\",\n \"title\": \"Ratatat (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26082385\",\n \"text\": \"The GM Instrument Cluster Settlement was a 2008 class action settlement awarded to owners of certain General Motors vehicles with allegedly defective speedometers. The settlement allows the owner or lessee to get their instrument cluster replaced under the terms of a special coverage adjustment to their factory standard warranty. Background As early as 2005, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration had received complaints concerning erratic speedometer and gauge readings from numerous makes and models of GM vehicles. No deaths or injuries were ever attributed to the erratic gauges, but owners of the vehicles felt the problem was a safety concern. In 2007, Kevin Zwicker filed suit against General Motors in U.S. District Court in Seattle seeking three types of compensation: Replacement of all speedometers on the affected models Reimbursement for anyone who already paid to have a defective speedometer replaced Reimbursement for anyone who paid speeding tickets and whose auto insurance rates rose due to a defective speedometer John Hall filed a nearly identical suit in U.S. District Court in Oregon after paying the out of warranty repair cost to replace the instrument cluster in his 2003 GMC Envoy SLE. Both Zwicker and Hall were represented by Beth Terrell, an attorney with the Seattle law firm of Tousley Brain Stephens. The case was assigned to U.S. District Judge John Coughenour, who decided to certify the lawsuit as a class-action. Terms If the vehicle is within 7 years or 70,000 miles (110,000 km) of the date it was first placed in service, GM must replace the instrument panel (parts and labor) for free. If the vehicle is within 7 years and between 70,001 miles (110,001 km) and 80,000 miles (130,000 km) of the date it was first placed in service, GM must replace the instrument panel (parts) for free. Any labor costs will be the responsibility of the vehicle owner. Owners who paid for repairs to the speedometer before the class action settlement are eligible for reimbursement under the following terms: If the speedometer failed and the vehicle is within 7 years had less than 70,000 miles on it, upon proper proof of claim GM will reimburse the cost of repairs (parts and labor) up to the limit of what a GM dealership would have charged. If the speedometer failed and the vehicle is within 7 years and had more than 70,000 miles but less than 80,000 miles on it, upon proper proof of claim GM will reimburse the cost of the part only (no labor). Vehicles covered (made 2000 to 2007) Cadillac Deville Cadillac Escalade ESV Cadillac Escalade EXT Chevrolet Avalanche Chevrolet Impala Chevrolet Silverado Chevrolet Suburban Chevrolet Tahoe GMC Sierra GMC Envoy Hummer H2 See also Automobile products liability List of class-action lawsuits References Class action lawsuits General Motors litigation Speed sensors\",\n \"title\": \"GM Instrument Cluster Settlement\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1113423\",\n \"text\": \"The RT 125 was a German two-stroke motorcycle made by DKW in Zschopau in the 1930s, IFA and MZ in the 1950s and early 1960s, and DKW in Ingolstadt in the 1950s and 1960s. \\\"RT\\\" stands for , . In the 1930s DKW pioneered the Schnürle two-stroke loop scavenging process to dispense with the use of a deflector piston and improve efficiency of the combustion chamber. DKW also developed a highly efficient arrangement of transfer ports. These two features were included in the RT 125 to great commercial advantage. Competitor companies such as Adler and TWN copied the adoption of flat-topped pistons and strove to develop equally efficient transfer port arrangements without infringing DKW's patent. Copies and variants Copies of the RT 125 were built by at least eight different entities in at least six countries. War reparations After World War II the Soviet Union took plans, tooling and even several dozen personnel as war reparations to MMZ in Moscow (later transferred to MMVZ and SMZ) and to a factory in Kovrov, and produced copies of the RT 125 as the M1A Moskva and K-125 respectively. WFM of Poland made a modified version of the RT 125 (under SHL 125 and Sokół 125 brands), developed into 125/175 cc family motorcycles, produced until 1985. RT 125 plans were also taken to the United Kingdom where they became the basis of the BSA Bantam, and to the USA where they formed the basis of the Harley-Davidson \\\"Hummer\\\" (Hummer is really just a few specific years, but generally people call the Harley lightweights Hummers). Postwar German production: DKW and MZ After the Second World War, DKW's factories in Zschopau were in the Soviet occupation zone. As such, they were under the control of the Soviet Union until they were handed over to the government of East Germany. The factory continued production of the RT 125 under the MZ (Motorradwerk Zschopau) brand into the 1950s. Meanwhile, DKW had reorganized itself in Ingolstadt, where it began production of the RT 125W (for \\\"West\\\") in 1949. Variants of the RT 125W, usually with larger engines, were in production throughout the 1950s. Yamaha YA-1 In the 1950s, after reestablishing themselves as manufacturers of musical instruments, Nippon Gakki decided to use the manufacturing equipment left over from wartime production to make motorcycles. Since the copyright on the RT 125 had been voided by the Allies, the company reverse engineered it as the basis for their first motorcycle. Nippon Gakki formed the Yamaha Motor Company in 1955 to build their copy of the RT 125 as the Yamaha YA-1, which was in production from 1955 to 1958. The YA-1 inherited design characteristics of RT 125 and, due to its thin body and chestnut brown tank, was affectionately nicknamed the . References RT 125 Motorcycles introduced in the 1930s Two-stroke motorcycles\",\n \"title\": \"DKW RT 125\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71836226\",\n \"text\": \"Hummer Team (Chinese: 悍馬小組) was a Taiwanese developer of bootleg video games which was founded in 1992 and closed down in 2010 History Hummer Team was founded in Taipei, Taiwan in 1992 and was dedicated to the development and publishing of unauthorized ports of video games for the Nintendo Famicom. The first video game published by Hummer Team was Jing Ke Xin Zhuan (1992), a role-playing video game. Upon the releases of Kart Fighter (1993) and Somari (1994), the company began to gain attention. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Hummer Team experienced economic troubles because it had difficulty developing for the fifth generation of video game consoles. Nintendo had stopped producing Famicom cartridges by 2003, making it impossible for the Hummer Team to continue working on the platform. Despite Hummer's economic problems, the team continued to release video games for Plug and Play Consoles until 2006. Recognition (1992–2006) Hummer Team's first game, Jing Ke Xin Zhuan, was released in 1992. The company was known in Argentina under the pseudonym Yoko Soft after having released Street Fighter: The World Warrior in 1993. Some of Hummer Team's better known games include Street Fighter II: The World Warrior, an unlicensed port of Street Fighter II, Kart Fighter, a Street Fighter clone infamously using characters from the Super Mario Bros. series, and Somari, a port of the original Sonic the Hedgehog game to the Famicom, featuring Mario instead of Sonic. Somari in particular gained a bit of notoriety, having been made fun of by many content creators and video game journalists for its poor physics, modified object placement and replacement of Sonic as the main character. Games References Video game development companies Video gaming in Taiwan Unauthorized video games\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer Team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9036354\",\n \"text\": \"The Hummer HX is a two-door off-road concept compact SUV that was revealed at the 2008 North American International Auto Show by General Motors. Design The objective of the HX concept car project was to potentially market a Hummer branded vehicle in the smaller-sized and lower priced SUV market segments. Development of the vehicle, dubbed H4, began in 2004 and the new model was to be Jeep Wrangler sized. The 2008 HX show car was smaller than both the H2 and H3. It featured a V6 engine mated to a six-speed automatic transmission. The HX shared with other Hummers a body-on-frame design, with front and rear independent suspensions, four-wheel-disc brakes, and full-time four-wheel drive. The HX was shown with a slant-back configuration, wearing a desert-inspired matte olive paint scheme, and featured removable doors with exposed hinge pins and removable composite fender flares that are attached with quarter-turn quick-release fasteners. The exterior's matte olive color was also applied to the interior's largely sheet metal-covered panels. The floor was a rubberized material. The HX seats four, with a pair of bucket-type seats in the second row. The rear seats are removable to allow cargo room. The console included a compartment for phones and MP3 players with no conventional radio, only integrated speakers and a connector for digital players or similar devices. Three designers, recent graduates of College for Creative Studies who were new to General Motors, Robert Jablonski; Kang Min-young, a South Korea native; and David Rojas, a native of Peru, participated in the development of the Hummer HX. Production Through MEV The Hummer HX never reached production through GM; however, MEV (My Electric Vehicle) won exclusive rights to the Hummer HX brand. MEV produce the Hummer HX as a small electric vehicle with similar proportions to the original HX concept although significantly smaller and is intended as a resort vehicle/golf cart. It utilizes a 72v drive system, powering an AC brushless motor, giving a range of 60+ miles and top speed of 19mph. MEV also produce the Hummer HXT, which is a soft-top version of their HX. References Hummer vehicles General Motors concept cars\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer HX\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18913191\",\n \"text\": \"Craig B. Hummer (born May 20, 1965) is an American sportscaster. He is best known for his coverage of the Tour de France, Olympic Games, and Professional Bull Riders (PBR) events. Hummer is a former competitive ocean swimmer and lifeguard. Hummer won 39 national championship titles, including 7 years as International Ironman. Early life and education Hummer was born in Akron, Ohio on May 20, 1965. He was a swimmer at Thomas Worthington High School, where he swam All-American times in three events. Hummer received an academic scholarship to attend Kenyon College, and earned 17 All-American titles in the school's NCAA Division III program. He went on to become a surf racer. Career Swimming After graduation, Hummer applied to be a Los Angeles County lifeguard. In 1987, he won his first national title at a lifeguard competition in Hawaii. In 1988, Hummer made the US team that traveled to the World Championships in Australia. In 1989, Hummer was the U.S. Ocean Ironman Champion for the first time. He has been the U.S. Ocean Ironman Champion seven times. starting in 1989. In 1990, he participated in a single race for the Uncle Toby's Super Series, which was held in Hawaii, and was invited to compete in the series in Australia. In 1990 he won the three-day United States Lifesaving Association (USLA). That year, he went to Australia to participate in Uncle Toby's Super Series where top ranked lifeguards travel the continent competing. Hummer was the first American invited to participate in this event. He competed annually in Australia for four years, and was voted Most Improved in 1993. In his last year participating in Uncle Toby's Super Series, he took 9th place. He won the USLA championship again in 1991, and in 1992, he won 7 events at the U.S. Lifesaving Association National Championships, and 8 events in 1993. Hummer won six consecutive series title in the Bud Light Ocean Festival Series. Hummer finished second in the Outrigger's Waikiki King's Race, part of Outrigger Hotel's Hawaiian OceanFest, in 1991. He won the competition the next four consecutive years. He also won the U.S. Surf Lifesaving Championship six times. Hummer was emcee of the National Lifeguard Championships in 1996. In 1997, Hummer hosted the Wakiki King's race and was a commentator on the Fox Sports' Association of Volleyball Professionals series. He also commentated the Oceanman World Tour. He has appeared on Family Feud with the Los Angeles County Lifeguards. Hummer has also done ads for Gatorade, Carl's Jr, Ford, and Dr. Pepper. Hummer has also appeared on Baywatch, Late Show with David Letterman, The Golden Girls. and NBC's Today Show. Broadcasting Hummer has commentated on over 40 different sports. Hummer first pursued a broadcasting career in 1996. He briefly worked for TVG Network, a horse racing network. Hummer became part of the Universal Sports Network when it was still the World Championship Sports Network. In 2003, he worked on the series Global Extremes for OLN. The Global Extremes finale followed a group\",\n \"title\": \"Craig Hummer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37298974\",\n \"text\": \"The 2012–13 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team represented Princeton University during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Tigers, led by second year head coach Mitch Henderson, played their home games at Jadwin Gymnasium and were members of the Ivy League. The Tigers entered the season as the favorites to win the Ivy League regular season title. For the first time in school history, the team was served by a quartet of captains. They finished the season 17–11, 10–4 in Ivy League play to finish in second place. They chose not to participate in a postseason tournament. Following the season Hummer earned Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year. Roster Preseason The Ivy League media selected Princeton as the preseason favorite when 16 of 17 voting members (one voter selected Harvard) named Princeton first in the preseason poll. Jeff Goodman of CBS Sports also selected Princeton as his preseason choice with Harvard second, noting that Harvard had been his preseason favorite until the September 2012 Harvard cheating scandal that involved about 125 athletes and students ensnared Kyle Casey and Brandyn Curry, leading to their withdrawal. Casey and Curry had been first-team and second-team All-Ivy selections for the 2011–12 Ivy League men's basketball season, respectively. Princeton returned three of its five starters from the 2011–12 team: first-team All-Ivy senior forward Ian Hummer, senior center Brendan Connolly and junior guard T.J. Bray. Bray had been the team leader in assists, while Hummer's 515 points was the most by a Tiger in a single season since Bill Bradley. Princeton announced a quartet of captains for the first time in school history. Its trio of seniors, Hummer, Connolly, and Mack Darrow were joined by Bray as team quad-captains for the season. Princeton's most significant loss from the prior year was the graduation of shooting guard Doug Davis. Davis had finished as the second leading scorer in Princeton history. CBS' Goodman selected Hummer as his Preseason Ivy League Player of the Year. Jimmy Sherburne took the entire school year off from the team and Princeton as he recuperated from a shoulder injury. Three freshmen: Hans Brase, Edward \\\"Edo\\\" Lawrence and Mike Washington, Jr. joined the team. Lawrence is believed to be the tallest Princeton Tiger basketball player of all time. Princeton entered the season with 9 of the team's 14 players measuring or taller. The team is scheduled to appear on NBC Sports Network three times, including the January 12 rivalry game against Penn. In addition, Princeton's March 1 contest with Harvard will be broadcast on ESPNU. Schedule When Yale defeated Princeton at Jadwin Gymnasium on February 9, it snapped a 21-game conference home winning streak, which was Princeton's longest since it won 26 consecutive home games from 1996 to 1999. The 2012–13 Tigers finished with a 17–11 (10–4) record and did not qualify for the postseason. Princeton entered the final weekend of the season with three games remaining and a half-game lead over Harvard. The team got swept in its two\",\n \"title\": \"2012–13 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["2009"],"string":"[\n \"2009\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":68,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_2580"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"shadow of the colossus creator 's new game"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"9871587","text":"Team Ico was a Japanese video game development studio led by game designer Fumito Ueda. It was part of Sony Interactive Entertainment Japan Studio's Product Development Department #1, and had developed the games Ico and Shadow of the Colossus, both for the PlayStation 2. The team was also initially responsible for The Last Guardian before Ueda's departure in 2011 and the formation of a new company taking over development in 2014. Their games are usually characterized by minimalist storytelling and gameplay, an atmospheric use of bloom and high dynamic range rendering (HDR) lighting, and use of fictional languages. Their products are frequently cited as examples of video games as an art form. Projects In February 2007, Team Ico took out a full page advertisement in the Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu. The advertisement featured some early concept sketches on note paper, suggesting that the team's new game was then in the early phases of design. The following year, Sony updated its careers section with the first screenshot of Team Ico's third game headed to PlayStation 3. Posts available were for planners, animators, artists and effect designers. In March 2009, Fumito Ueda, the lead designer of Ico and Shadow of the Colossus, said the new game, \"might be something similar to what's been done.... The essence of the game is rather close to Ico.\" A video released in the weeks before E3 2009 showed early footage of the game with its working title, Project Trico. The video shows a young boy befriending a griffin-like creature, which appears to combine the functionality of Yorda from Ico with that of Agro and the colossi from Shadow of the Colossus, acting both as a companion and as a form of transportation which can be freely climbed upon. E3 2009 revealed the project's release title as The Last Guardian. Eurogamer reported that The Last Guardian had been posted for release for October 7, 2011 by UK retailers Asda, Tesco, Zavvi, The Hut, and Woolworths. Sony had stated that the game would make its release in the fall of 2011. After the first two God of War games were ported for the PlayStation 3, Ueda mentioned in an interview at the Tokyo Games Show of an interest to do the same with both Ico and Shadow of the Colossus. The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection was confirmed at the 2010 Tokyo Game Show, and was released worldwide in September 2011. During E3 2015, four years after the game had last been seen, Sony aired an official trailer for The Last Guardian, revealing along with it that the game was to be released in 2016 for the PlayStation 4. The trailer revealed that production was shifted to a new company founded by Ueda and other former staff known as genDESIGN, while Japan Studio would focus on programming and implementation. While the closure of Team Ico was never formally announced by Sony, it was predicated on Ueda's departure from Sony in 2011, following by several other members","title":"Team Ico"},{"docid":"22869030","text":"The Last Guardian is a 2016 action-adventure game developed by Japan Studio and GenDesign and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4. Players control a boy who befriends a giant half-bird, half-mammal creature, Trico. Team Ico began developing The Last Guardian in 2007. It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda, and shares stylistic, thematic, and gameplay elements with his previous games, Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005). He employed the \"design through subtraction\" approach he had used for his previous games, removing elements that did not contribute to the core theme of the connection between the boy and Trico. Sony announced The Last Guardian at E3 2009 with a planned release in 2011 for the PlayStation 3. It suffered numerous delays; Ueda and other Team Ico members departed Sony, forming the studio GenDesign, and hardware difficulties moved the game to the PlayStation 4 in 2012, drawing speculation that the game would not see release. Ueda and GenDesign remained as creative consultants, with Ueda as director and Sony's Japan Studio handling technical development. The Last Guardian was reintroduced at E3 2015. Upon release, it received praise for its art direction, story, and depiction of Trico, though some criticized the gameplay. Gameplay Like its predecessors Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005), The Last Guardian is a third-person game that combines action-adventure and puzzle elements. The player controls an unnamed boy who must cooperate with a half-bird-half-mammal creature to solve puzzles and explore areas. The name of the creature, , can be taken to mean , , or a portmanteau of and . The boy can climb on structures, carry objects such as barrels, and operate mechanisms such as levers. Trico's size and agility allow it to reach areas that the boy cannot reach alone, and fight off guards who attempt to capture the boy. Conversely, certain obstacles, such as gates, or glass eyes that frighten Trico, prevent Trico from progressing, and must be removed by the boy. The boy must locate barrels to feed Trico when it is hungry, pet Trico to calm it after a battle, and remove spears thrown at Trico by enemies. Though the player initially has little command over Trico, the boy learns to command Trico to leap onto ledges or head in a certain direction, among other actions. Although players are encouraged to train Trico to move in the right direction, new areas can be discovered by letting Trico wander independently. At various points, the boy wields a reflective mirror that summons lightning from Trico's tail, which can be used to break certain objects. The player is returned to the last checkpoint if the boy is captured by guards, or if he falls from too great a height. Multiple playthroughs unlock additional costumes based on previous Ueda games. Plot The Last Guardians story is framed as a flashback told by an older man (voiced by Hiroshi Shirokuma) recounting his experience as a boy. The boy (voiced by ) awakens in","title":"The Last Guardian"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"9871587\",\n \"text\": \"Team Ico was a Japanese video game development studio led by game designer Fumito Ueda. It was part of Sony Interactive Entertainment Japan Studio's Product Development Department #1, and had developed the games Ico and Shadow of the Colossus, both for the PlayStation 2. The team was also initially responsible for The Last Guardian before Ueda's departure in 2011 and the formation of a new company taking over development in 2014. Their games are usually characterized by minimalist storytelling and gameplay, an atmospheric use of bloom and high dynamic range rendering (HDR) lighting, and use of fictional languages. Their products are frequently cited as examples of video games as an art form. Projects In February 2007, Team Ico took out a full page advertisement in the Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu. The advertisement featured some early concept sketches on note paper, suggesting that the team's new game was then in the early phases of design. The following year, Sony updated its careers section with the first screenshot of Team Ico's third game headed to PlayStation 3. Posts available were for planners, animators, artists and effect designers. In March 2009, Fumito Ueda, the lead designer of Ico and Shadow of the Colossus, said the new game, \\\"might be something similar to what's been done.... The essence of the game is rather close to Ico.\\\" A video released in the weeks before E3 2009 showed early footage of the game with its working title, Project Trico. The video shows a young boy befriending a griffin-like creature, which appears to combine the functionality of Yorda from Ico with that of Agro and the colossi from Shadow of the Colossus, acting both as a companion and as a form of transportation which can be freely climbed upon. E3 2009 revealed the project's release title as The Last Guardian. Eurogamer reported that The Last Guardian had been posted for release for October 7, 2011 by UK retailers Asda, Tesco, Zavvi, The Hut, and Woolworths. Sony had stated that the game would make its release in the fall of 2011. After the first two God of War games were ported for the PlayStation 3, Ueda mentioned in an interview at the Tokyo Games Show of an interest to do the same with both Ico and Shadow of the Colossus. The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection was confirmed at the 2010 Tokyo Game Show, and was released worldwide in September 2011. During E3 2015, four years after the game had last been seen, Sony aired an official trailer for The Last Guardian, revealing along with it that the game was to be released in 2016 for the PlayStation 4. The trailer revealed that production was shifted to a new company founded by Ueda and other former staff known as genDESIGN, while Japan Studio would focus on programming and implementation. While the closure of Team Ico was never formally announced by Sony, it was predicated on Ueda's departure from Sony in 2011, following by several other members\",\n \"title\": \"Team Ico\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22869030\",\n \"text\": \"The Last Guardian is a 2016 action-adventure game developed by Japan Studio and GenDesign and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4. Players control a boy who befriends a giant half-bird, half-mammal creature, Trico. Team Ico began developing The Last Guardian in 2007. It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda, and shares stylistic, thematic, and gameplay elements with his previous games, Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005). He employed the \\\"design through subtraction\\\" approach he had used for his previous games, removing elements that did not contribute to the core theme of the connection between the boy and Trico. Sony announced The Last Guardian at E3 2009 with a planned release in 2011 for the PlayStation 3. It suffered numerous delays; Ueda and other Team Ico members departed Sony, forming the studio GenDesign, and hardware difficulties moved the game to the PlayStation 4 in 2012, drawing speculation that the game would not see release. Ueda and GenDesign remained as creative consultants, with Ueda as director and Sony's Japan Studio handling technical development. The Last Guardian was reintroduced at E3 2015. Upon release, it received praise for its art direction, story, and depiction of Trico, though some criticized the gameplay. Gameplay Like its predecessors Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005), The Last Guardian is a third-person game that combines action-adventure and puzzle elements. The player controls an unnamed boy who must cooperate with a half-bird-half-mammal creature to solve puzzles and explore areas. The name of the creature, , can be taken to mean , , or a portmanteau of and . The boy can climb on structures, carry objects such as barrels, and operate mechanisms such as levers. Trico's size and agility allow it to reach areas that the boy cannot reach alone, and fight off guards who attempt to capture the boy. Conversely, certain obstacles, such as gates, or glass eyes that frighten Trico, prevent Trico from progressing, and must be removed by the boy. The boy must locate barrels to feed Trico when it is hungry, pet Trico to calm it after a battle, and remove spears thrown at Trico by enemies. Though the player initially has little command over Trico, the boy learns to command Trico to leap onto ledges or head in a certain direction, among other actions. Although players are encouraged to train Trico to move in the right direction, new areas can be discovered by letting Trico wander independently. At various points, the boy wields a reflective mirror that summons lightning from Trico's tail, which can be used to break certain objects. The player is returned to the last checkpoint if the boy is captured by guards, or if he falls from too great a height. Multiple playthroughs unlock additional costumes based on previous Ueda games. Plot The Last Guardians story is framed as a flashback told by an older man (voiced by Hiroshi Shirokuma) recounting his experience as a boy. The boy (voiced by ) awakens in\",\n \"title\": \"The Last Guardian\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"56198325","text":"Shadow of the Colossus is a 2018 action-adventure game developed by Bluepoint Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4. It is a remake of the original game developed by Team Ico and released in 2005 for the PlayStation 2, using ultra-high definition art assets. The remake's development was led by Bluepoint, who developed the earlier PlayStation 3 remaster, with assistance from Japan Studio. The developers remade the assets from the ground up, but Shadow of the Colossus retains the same gameplay from the original title aside from the introduction of a new control scheme. The game received critical acclaim. Gameplay The gameplay is nearly identical to the original version of the game, aside from reworked controls. Progression through Shadow of the Colossus occurs in cycles. Beginning at a central point in a landscape, the player seeks out and defeats a colossus, and is returned to the central point to repeat the process. Most colossi are located in remote areas, such as atop cliffs or within ancient structures. Players are able to choose from several options when playing. On a standard PlayStation 4, the game runs at a 1080p resolution at 30 frames per second. On a PlayStation 4 Pro, the game can run either at a 1440p resolution (upscaled to 4K) at 30 frames per second, or at a 1080p resolution at 60 frames per second. Development Sony had announced a remake of Shadow of the Colossus for the PlayStation 4 during their Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 press conference. The remake was led by Bluepoint, who had developed the earlier PlayStation 3 remaster. The idea for a remake had come after a conversation Bluepoint developers had: they wanted to create a new definitive version of the original game, and after speaking with friends at Sony Japan, it was agreed upon. Bluepoint producer Randall Lowe and technical director Peter Dalton stated in an interview with Game Informer that the original Shadow of the Colossus was on many of their employees' Top 5 of all-time list. The developers remade all the game's assets from the ground up, but the game retains the same gameplay from the original title along with the introduction of a new control scheme. The game uses the original codebase from the PlayStation 2 game. The art staff used the PlayStation 2 version to create parity with the PlayStation 4 version. The game was released on February 6, 2018 in North America; February 7 in Europe, Australia and New Zealand; and February 8 in Japan. Reception Shadow of the Colossus received \"universal acclaim\" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Brett Makedonski's 10/10 score on Destructoid stated that \"Nothing in this entire game is forgettable. For a game predicated on methodically finding and exposing these creatures' weak points, you'd be hard-pressed to find a weak point throughout the entire experience.\" Nick Plessas's score of 8.5/10 on EGMNow said that \"Remakes can seem like the low-hanging fruit of game development, but Bluepoint does Shadow of","title":"Shadow of the Colossus (2018 video game)"},{"docid":"17080244","text":"The Fall of Colossus is a 1974 science fiction novel written by the British author Dennis Feltham Jones (writing as D. F. Jones). This is the second volume in \"The Colossus Trilogy\" and a sequel to Jones' 1966 novel Colossus. The trilogy concludes in 1977's Colossus and the Crab. Plot Five years have passed since the super computer called Colossus used its control over the world's nuclear weapons to take control of humanity. In our timeline, that would place this story in the 1990s or the early 2000s. All references in the novel, however, place it in the 22nd century, with the 20th and 21st being mentioned in the past. Colossus has been superseded by an even more advanced computer system built on the Isle of Wight, which has abolished war and poverty throughout the world. National competition and most sports have been replaced by the Sea War Game, where replicas of World War I dreadnoughts battle each other for viewing audiences. A group known as the Sect, which worships Colossus as a god, is growing in numbers and influence. Yet despite the seeming omnipresence of Colossus' secret police and the penalty of decapitation for anti-machine activities, a secret Fellowship exists that is dedicated to the computer's destruction. Charles Forbin, in his early 50s in this and the first novel, is the former head of the design team that built and activated the original Colossus. He now lives on the Isle of Wight with his wife and son, serving the computer as Director of Staff. Though contemptuous of the growing cult of personality around Colossus, he has reconciled himself to Colossus' rule. His wife Cleo, now 28 years old (35 in the previous novel), loathes Colossus and is a member of the Fellowship. One afternoon while taking her son to a secluded beach, she receives a radio transmission from the planet Mars. Identifying Cleo as a member of the Fellowship, the transmission offers help to destroy Colossus and asks her to return to the same spot the next day for further instructions. She returns with Edward Blake, Colossus' Director of Input and the head of the Fellowship. Together, they receive instructions to obtain a circuit diagram of one of Colossus' input terminals and a sample of the information that is fed into it, along with instructions to proceed to two locations — one in St. John's, Newfoundland, the other in New York's Central Park — to receive further transmissions. Though Blake passes the necessary information along to Cleo, she is quickly arrested by the Sect and sentenced by Colossus to spend three months at an \"Emotional Study Center\" on the island of Tahiti for one of Colossus' experiments designed to help Colossus better understand human emotion by (in this case) simulating the Roman myth of the Rape of the Sabine Women. Now under suspicion, Blake approaches Forbin, who is devastated by his wife's arrest. Explaining the details of their plot, Blake convinces Forbin to help after explaining the details of","title":"The Fall of Colossus"},{"docid":"474070","text":"{{Infobox comics creator | name_nonEN = 桂 正和 | image = Masakazu Katsura - Lucca Comics & Games 2014.JPG | image_size = | caption = Masakazu Katsura at Lucca Comics & Games 2014 | alt = | bodyclass = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = Fukui, Japan | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Japanese | area = Manga artist, artist, character designer | alias = | signature = | signature_alt = | notable works = Video Girl Ai, I\"s, Zetman | collaborators = | awards = Tezuka Award (1980, 1981) | module = | website = | nonUS = ja | subcat = }} is a Japanese manga artist, known for several works of manga, including Wing-Man, Shadow Lady, DNA², Video Girl Ai, I\"s, and Zetman. He has also worked as character designer for Iria: Zeiram the Animation, Tiger & Bunny and Garo -Guren no Tsuki-, as well as the video game Astral Chain.Career Masakazu Katsura was born in the prefecture of Fukui in Japan. The turning point in his life was an illness for which he was bedridden, during which time he taught himself a different way to draw. Katsura entered the manga industry in his second or third year of high school, when he entered a work for the Tezuka Award to win the prize money. However, he says he did not grow up reading manga, instead he read novels and watched movies.Video Girl Ai was made into an original video animation and has been released in North America. A live-action movie was also made of the story. The five-volume series DNA² was adapted into a television anime series and concluded with a short OVA, both were also released in North America. I\"s was adapted into two OVA series: one two-episode side story, and one six-episode summary of the manga. Katsura also performed as a vocalist on the songs \"Tomorrow Will Be Tomorrow\" and \"Unseen Dream\" from the two soundtracks for the Video Girl Ai OVA. In 2008, he collaborated with Akira Toriyama, his good friend and creator of Dragon Ball and Dr. Slump, for the Jump SQ one-shot Sachie-chan Good!!. The two became friends in the early 1980s, having been introduced by their mutual editor Kazuhiko Torishima, and have even parodied each other in their own manga. Toriyama credits Katsura with coming up with the idea to have two characters \"fuse\" together in Dragon Ball, leading to the Fusion technique. However, Katsura says this is only a rumor; while he did in fact suggest it to him, he knows that Toriyama was not listening and claims Toriyama later thought it up on his own. They worked together again in 2009, for the three-chapter one-shot Jiya in Weekly Young Jump. Also in 2008, Katsura did a design illustration of the Batman costume for Bandai's \"Movie Realization\" action figure line, basing it on the costume used in the film The Dark Knight. Works Manga Wing-Man (1983–1985) Zetman (4 one-shots from 1989 to 1994,","title":"Masakazu Katsura"},{"docid":"33032462","text":"The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection (known in PAL regions as Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Classics HD) is a video game bundle that contains high-definition remasters of two PlayStation 2 games, Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005), for the PlayStation 3. Developed by Bluepoint Games, who assisted in the remastering alongside Japan Studio and its division Team Ico, the bundle provides support for high-definition monitors, higher frame rates, stereoscopic 3D, and additional features for the PlayStation Network. The two games, while fundamentally different in gameplay and story, are thematically connected, with Shadow of the Colossus considered a spiritual sequel to Ico. Both games were critically acclaimed on their original release, while the remastered collection itself was praised by reviewers. Games Within Ico, the player controls a boy named Ico, cursed by being born with horns on his head, and locked away in a remote empty castle by his village. Ico manages to free himself and comes across a young frail girl, Yorda, who is chased by shadowy creatures that try to drag her to a different realm. Ico helps Yorda escape, ultimately discovering that her mother is the Queen that resides in the castle and is trying to use Yorda to extend her own life. Shadow of the Colossus is considered a spiritual sequel to Ico, and later stated by its creator, Fumito Ueda, to be a prequel set in the same world as Ico. The player controls a young man named Wander seeking to bring life back to the body of Mono, a woman that he cared for, by completing the task of killing sixteen monolithic beasts that wander the landscape. With his horse Agro, Wander locates each lair and destroys the beasts, slowly being overcome with dark energy, but fueled by the opportunity to reunite with Mono. Remastered features The core game and story for both Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005) remain unchanged with the remastered versions. For the remastering, both games have had a graphical overhaul to allow them to support modern high-definition displays up to 1080p. With the more powerful PlayStation 3, both games feature a fixed frame rate of 30 frames per second; the original PlayStation 2 version of Shadow of the Colossus was noted for pushing the limits of the older console and often suffered from framerate losses. Both games support stereoscopic 3D, taking advantage of the original design of the games with considerations towards depth-of-field viewing, as evidenced by the large landscapes. Both games in the collection support 7.1 surround sound. Icos remastering is based on the European version, which features additional content that did not make it into the North America release of the original game, as well as some altered puzzles from these original releases. Specifically, upon completing the game, the player can restart to see the English translations of the mysterious language that Yorda, the player character's companion, uses, and a two-player mode with the second player in control of Yorda.","title":"The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection"},{"docid":"161487","text":"is an action-adventure game developed by Japan Studio and Team Ico and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2. It was released in North America and Japan in 2001 and Europe in 2002 in various regions. It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda, who wanted to create a minimalist game around a \"boy meets girl\" concept. Originally planned for the PlayStation, Ico took approximately four years to develop. The team employed a \"subtracting design\" approach to reduce elements of gameplay that interfered with the game's setting and story in order to create a high level of immersion. The protagonist is a young boy named Ico who was born with horns, which his village considers a bad omen. Warriors lock him away in an abandoned fortress. During his explorations of the fortress, Ico encounters Yorda, the daughter of the castle's Queen. The Queen plans to use Yorda's body to extend her own lifespan. Learning this, Ico seeks to escape the castle with Yorda, keeping her safe from the shadowy creatures that attempt to draw her back. Throughout the game, the player controls Ico as he explores the castle, solves puzzles and assists Yorda across obstacles. Ico introduced several design and technical elements, including a story told with minimal dialogue, bloom lighting, and key frame animation, that have influenced subsequent games. Although not a commercial success, it was critically acclaimed for its art, original gameplay and story elements and received several awards, including \"Game of the Year\" nominations and three Game Developers Choice Awards. Considered a cult classic, it has been called one of the greatest video games ever made, and is often brought up in discussions about video games as an art form. It has influenced numerous video games since its release. It was rereleased in Europe in 2006 in conjunction with Shadow of the Colossus, the spiritual successor to Ico. A high-definition remaster of the game was released alongside Shadow of the Colossus for the PlayStation 3 in The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection in 2011. Gameplay Ico is primarily a three-dimensional platform game. The player controls Ico from a third-person perspective as he explores the castle and attempts to escape it with Yorda. The camera is fixed in each room or area but swivels to follow Ico or Yorda as they move; the player can also pan the view a small degree in other directions to observe more of the surroundings. The game includes many elements of platform games; for example, the player must have Ico jump, climb, push and pull objects, and perform other tasks such as solving puzzles in order to progress within the castle. These actions are complicated by the fact that only Ico can carry out these actions; Yorda can jump only short distances and cannot climb over tall barriers. The player must use Ico so that he helps Yorda cross obstacles, such as by lifting her to a higher ledge, or by arranging the environment to allow Yorda to","title":"Ico"},{"docid":"37184","text":"Colossus, Colossos, or the plural Colossi or Colossuses, may refer to: Statues Any exceptionally large statue List of tallest statues :Category:Colossal statues Colossus of Barletta, a bronze statue of an unidentified Roman emperor Colossus of Constantine, a bronze and marble statue of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great Colossi of Memnon, two stone statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III Colossus of Nero, a bronze statue of the Roman emperor Nero Colossus of Rhodes, a bronze statue of the Greek god Helios Apennine Colossus, a stone statue created as a personification of the Apennine mountains Amusement rides Colossus (Ferris wheel), Ferris wheel at Six Flags St. Louis, Missouri, US Colossus, a pirate ship at Robin Hill theme park, Isle of Wight, UK Roller coasters Colossos (Heide Park), in Lower Saxony, Germany Colossus (Six Flags Magic Mountain), in California, US Colossus (Thorpe Park), in Surrey, UK Colossus the Fire Dragon, at Lagoon amusement park, Utah, US Art, entertainment, and media Fictional entities Colossus (comics), a fictional character in the X-Men series Colossi, the eponymous enemies in Shadow of the Colossus GTVA Colossus, a spacefaring warship in FreeSpace 2 Film Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970), a film based on the D. F. Jones novel Games Colossus Chess, a series of chess-playing programs Literature Colossus (collection), short stories by Donald Wandrei Colossus, a fictional computer that features in the novel Colossus, by D. F. Jones, its sequels, and film adaptation Music Colossus Records, an American label Colossus (band), an American Christian metal band from Sioux Falls, South Dakota Albums Colossus (Scorn album), 1993 Colossus (Walt Mink album), 1997 Colossus, by Triggerfinger, 2017 Colossus (EP), by Caligula's Horse, 2011 Songs \"Colossus\", by Afro Celt Sound System from Volume 3: Further in Time \"Colossus\", by Borknagar from Quintessence \"Colossus\", by Caligula's Horse from Colossus \"Colossus\", by Idles from Joy as an Act of Resistance \"Colossus\", by In Mourning from The Weight of Oceans \"Colossus\", by Lightning Bolt from Earthly Delights \"Colossus\", by Omega Lithium from Kinetik \"Colossus\", by Thomas Bangalter from Trax On Da Rocks Vol.2 \"Colossus\", by Tyler, the Creator from Wolf Computing Colossus computer, the first programmable electronic digital computer, used for code breaking in World War II Colossus, the codename for a new version of the Google File System COLOSSUS, the software program controlling the Apollo Guidance Computer in the command module of the Apollo missions Warships Colossus class (disambiguation) (UK) French ship Colosse HMS Colossus (UK) USS Colossus (US) Other uses Colossus Cinemas, a Canadian movie theater brand Colossus, a reticulated python once considered the largest snake in captivity See also The Colossus (disambiguation) Colossus Bridge (disambiguation) Colossae, an ancient city of Phrygia Colossal (disambiguation) Colosseum (disambiguation) Kolossus (disambiguation)","title":"Colossus"},{"docid":"5877447","text":"The \"Muir Island Saga\" is a five-part Marvel Comics crossover event involving the X-Men and X-Factor, published in 1991. It was written by Chris Claremont and Fabian Nicieza. Plot After warnings from Forge and Banshee, the X-Men and Professor X investigate Muir Island, whose inhabitants have been taken over by the Shadow King. They are captured by the inhabitants. Professor X returns to his mansion, now in ruins after the Inferno storyline, to use Cerebro, only to find Stevie Hunter on the run from Colossus, also controlled by the Shadow King. Professor X battles Colossus and frees him from the Shadow King's control, but he is forced to strip away the Peter Nicholas persona he had been using since passing through the Siege Perilous. Xavier decides to call in his original students, now forming the team X-Factor. On Muir Island, Wolverine separates himself from his party and is attacked and freed from control by Forge. Rogue appears, ready to attack, but she too is taken out by Forge. The three regroup, but are quickly attacked by Banshee, who is also quickly taken down and freed. Banshee explains that Shadow King has been using Polaris as a nexus between the physical world and the Astral Plane since the time Zaladane stripped Polaris of her magnetism powers. Using her new powers to absorb negative energy for superhuman strength, Shadow King plans on becoming all-powerful. They fear that to break that connection and defeat him, they may have to kill Polaris. With X-Factor gathered, Professor X plans a strike on Muir Island using resources provided by Val Cooper. X-Factor lands on the island and quickly neutralizes its defenses. Back at the base, Professor X is attacked directly by the Shadow King, using his host body Jacob Reisz, who thinks he has control of all those present, including Cooper. She reveals herself to be a disguised Mystique and kills Reisz. Shadow King quickly shifts to a new host, Legion. As X-Factor and the freed X-Men reach Polaris, Legion sets off an explosion that destroys much of the island. Professor X lands on the island himself, but finds Legion holding all of his students captive. Legion is attacked unexpectedly by Storm, freeing the X-Men. He retreats and unleashes the X-Men and Muir Island inhabitants to take down his enemies. Professor X decides they must attack the Shadow King on both the physical and astral planes to defeat him, so he sends half the team to break the nexus formed with Polaris and the other half to protect his body while he is on the Astral Plane. He begins his battle with the Shadow King, but now the villain has become too powerful to attack. Jean Grey, finding the damage inflicted to Xavier on the Astral Plane affecting his actual body, brings herself and the accompanying X-Men onto the Plane to assist. In the physical world, Forge defeats the still-controlled Psylocke and uses her psychic knife on Polaris to disrupt and sever the nexus. His power","title":"Muir Island Saga"},{"docid":"76452325","text":"Squirrel with a Gun is an upcoming indie action-adventure game being developed by New York-based studio Dee Dee Creations LLC and published by Maximum Entertainment. The player will control a squirrel that wields a gun as it escapes a secret underground facility and pesters the residence of a neighborhood. The game takes inspiration from the Yakuza franchise franchise and Shadow of the Colossus. Gameplay Squirrel with a Gun is an action-adventure game. The player will control a squirrel that can use a multitude of weapons ranging from pistols, shotguns, and an RPG as it escapes a secret underground facility and causes havoc in a residential neighborhood. Plot A squirrel breaks into a top-secret lab and eats a special hard drive that is shaped like an acorn. This is what prompts agents to pursue it throughout the game. References Upcoming video games scheduled for 2024 Action-adventure games PlayStation 5 games Unreal Engine games Windows games Xbox Series X and Series S games Squirrels in popular culture Single-player video games Video games developed in the United States","title":"Squirrel with a Gun"},{"docid":"47683956","text":"Ashen is an action role-playing game developed by New Zealand studio A44 and published by Annapurna Interactive. Gameplay The game is set in a sunless world and tells the story of a character seeking a home. Gameplay is described as including open-world exploration, co-operation or competition with other players, and combat with in-world monsters. The game is presented in a third-person view, with a muted cel-shaded graphics presentation. The game follows the Dark Souls-style mechanics and combat. Both combat and exploration in an open world were key design elements of the game. Multiplayer elements include interactions with other players, which are incorporated into the game as providing traditional RPG elements such as crafting. Combat includes ranged and melee weapons. Character growth is primarily dominated by equipment, rather than player 'stats'; \"Talismans\", either found or crafted, are used to upgrade character abilities or provide other in-game perks. Development Initial publicity material for the game was released mid-2014. During Microsoft's E3 2015 press conference, Ashen was revealed as an Xbox console launch exclusive being developed by Aurora44 (now A44) under the ID@Xbox independent developer program. Initially released 2014 design elements of the game included survivalist elements and elemental effects, such as the wind as a help or hindrance. The world's geography and ecosystems were intended to be realistically modeled, to play into intelligent play styles within survival mechanisms; additionally, natural geography was intended to be based on an underlying geology. One in-world game element is an enemy known as the \"Gnaw\", which has the ability to erode the environment \"like a searing acid\". Much of the background, setting, and feel of the world was influenced by Cormac McCarthy's novel The Road. Combat was described as similar to the Dark Souls series, being high risk, with stamina being a major factor in combat. Multiplayer elements were described as 'passive', meaning that playing with a partner(s) is not mandated, and entirely optional, though certain situations require cooperative play; AI (computer controlled) allies were also to be implemented. The 'passive' multiplayer element included the conversion of a human player companion into an AI controlled non-player character (NPC)s if they could be escorted to the home town of the main adventurer; however such AI controlled NPCs were not guaranteed to be entirely benign. Art style influences were cited as initially including Superbrothers: Sword & Sworcery EP, Shadow of the Colossus, and The Legend of Zelda series. Developers also stated they had been influenced by the emergent multiplayer storytelling found in the video game DayZ. Release While initially listed on Steam, Ashen was later announced as an Epic Games Store timed exclusive but was also later listed as a Microsoft Store and an Xbox One title as a timed exclusive as well. Reception Ashen was rated 9/10 by GameSpot, and 4/5 by GamesRadar+. Eurogamer also praised the game, awarding it the \"Eurogamer Recommended\" mark. The game was noted through multiple reviews to hold similarities to the Dark Souls series, specifically Dark Souls. On the contrary, some parts","title":"Ashen (2018 video game)"},{"docid":"3429092","text":"PLAY! A Video Game Symphony was a concert series that featured music from video games performed by a live orchestra. The concerts from 2006 to 2010 were conducted by Arnie Roth. From 2010, Andy Brick took the position of principal conductor and music director. Play! was replaced by the Replay: Symphony of Heroes concert series. History In 2004, Jason Michael Paul was approached by Square Enix to organize a concert for music from its Final Fantasy series. After the concert sold out in a few days, Paul decided to turn video game music concerts into a series. Arnie Roth, who had previously conducted the Dear Friends - Music from Final Fantasy and More Friends: Music from Final Fantasy concerts, was selected to conduct the concerts. Andy Brick, who had previously conducted the Symphonic Game Music Concerts, was chosen as the associate conductor. The concerts are performed by local symphony players and choirs. Play! premiered on May 27, 2006 at the Rosemont Theater in Rosemont, Illinois. The premiere show featured performances by Koji Kondo, Angela Aki, and Akira Yamaoka, and composers Nobuo Uematsu, Yasunori Mitsuda, Yuzo Koshiro and Jeremy Soule were in attendance. Concerts Each concert features segments of video game music performed by a live orchestra and choir, with video footage from the games shown on three screens. An opening fanfare, written by Nobuo Uematsu, is performed at each show. Music from all video game eras is performed at the shows. According to Paul, the show is a \"straightforward music program,\" designed \"to keep the arts alive in a way that is classy.\" Performed music Music from the following games has been performed at Play!: ActRaiser Apidya Battlefield Black Blue Dragon Castlevania Chrono Cross Chrono Trigger Commodore 64-Medley Commodore Amiga-Medley Daytona USA Dragon Age: Origins Dreamfall Final Fantasy Guild Wars Halo Kingdom Hearts Lost Odyssey Metal Gear Solid Prey Shadow of the Colossus Shenmue Silent Hill Sonic the Hedgehog Stella Deus Super Mario Bros. Super Mario World The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay The Darkness The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion The Legend of Zelda The Revenge of Shinobi Ys World of Warcraft Album On January 9, 2009, a live album CD and DVD of the concert was released. It was recorded in Prague and was performed by the Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra. Reception and legacy The concerts have been well received. Audiences regularly give standing ovations after each song. Jeremy Soule, composer of the music for The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, said that he \"consider[s] 'Play' to be the ultimate video-game surround system.\" According to Paul, Play! helps to promote the work of composers, as well as \"lend credibility to the genre of video-game music.\" Roth stated that the concerts help to also push the classical industry forward and to \"draw new audiences.\" According to Soule, video game concerts can help to educate old generations \"that game music isn't just a bunch of bleeps and bloops.\" One associate conductor stated that the performance","title":"Play! A Video Game Symphony"},{"docid":"838271","text":"2005 saw the release of many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories, Tony Hawk's American Wasteland, Resident Evil 4, Black & White 2, Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30, Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening, Mario Kart DS, Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time, Myst V: End of Ages, Need for Speed: Most Wanted, and Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones, alongside prominent new releases including Brain Age, F.E.A.R., Forza Motorsport, Dinosaur King, God of War, Guild Wars, Guitar Hero, Nintendogs, Onechanbara, Shadow of the Colossus, Madden NFL 06, NBA Live 06, NBA 2K6, WWE Smackdown! vs. Raw 2006, and Sniper Elite. The seventh generation of video game consoles also began with the launch of the Xbox 360, while the Nintendo DS launched in PAL regions. The year's best-selling video game worldwide was Gran Turismo 4 for the PlayStation 2. The year's most critically acclaimed title was Resident Evil 4 for the GameCube and PlayStation 2. Critically acclaimed games Metacritic (MC) and GameRankings (GR) are aggregators of video game journalism reviews. Trends In 2005, the total U.S. sales of video game hardware, software and accessories rose 6% over 2004 to $10.5 billion USD ($9.9 billion, 2004) breaking 2002's $10.3 billion record for the industry. The increase is largely due to the portable game market which counterbalanced sluggish console game sales. Delays, hardware shortages, and anticipation of next-generation video game consoles have been cited as reasoning for slow sales for both console games and console hardware. Console games and hardware dropped by 12% and 3% respectively. The portable market of the video game industry rose to $1.4 billion, the second time sales broke the $1 billion mark in the industry's history. Mostly due to the release of the Nintendo DS and the PlayStation Portable in North America, sales for portable hardware rose 96% over 2004. Although the release of the Nintendo DS and the Sony PSP aided in spurring growth in the portable market, the Game Boy Advance still represented 62% total portable software units sold and 52% of total portable software dollar sales. Computer games continued its trend and declined by 14%, dropping from $1.1 billion in 2004 to $953 million. Although sales did decrease, NPD claims that playing games on the PC is actually increasing through a variety of different mediums including online websites and MMO subscriptions. Video game systems PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Xbox 360 Additionally, Microsoft's Xbox 360, Sony's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo's Wii were officially unveiled during or just prior to E3; however, only the Xbox 360 was released in 2005. The Xbox 360 was released in North America on November 22, Europe on December 2, and Japan on December 10. Handheld game systems Game Boy Advance SP Nintendo DS PlayStation Portable Hardware releases Best-selling video games Japan United States PAL regions Notable deaths January 15 – Deem Bristow, 57, voice actor best known for voicing Doctor Eggman. October 2 – Hamilton Camp, 70, actor best known","title":"2005 in video games"},{"docid":"1355265","text":"Ultimate X-Men, a Marvel Comics series, has covered 19 story arcs since the first issue's debut in February 2001. Mark Millar wrote most of the first 33 issues, followed by Brian Michael Bendis for 12 issues, Brian K. Vaughan for 20 issues, and Robert Kirkman for 28 issues. Aron Eli Coleite, known for his work on the television series Heroes, took over the book for the remaining seven issues, concluding with his Requiem story. Film director Bryan Singer, who directed X-Men and X2: X-Men United, was scheduled to write 12 issues of Ultimate X-Men with Brian K. Vaughan and X2 scripters Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris, but was unable to commit due to working on the Superman Returns film. Mark Millar Ultimate X-Men was the second comic to debut as part of the Ultimate Marvel line, predated a few months by Ultimate Spider-Man. Mark Millar reinvented the X-Men with the first X-Men film (which debuted seven months before) as his only reference. The plot of \"The Tomorrow People\" was what Millar had in mind for the first X-Men film, and \"Return to Weapon X\" would have been the plot to the sequel. As in the film, Millar's original X-Men consisted of telepath Professor X, Cyclops (whose eyes shoot concussive beams) telepath/telekinetic Jean Grey, weather-manipulating Storm, simian genius Beast, metal-skinned Colossus, and cryokinetic Iceman. In its first year, the series was the best-selling comic book of 2001. The Tomorrow People Originally published in: Ultimate X-Men #1-6 (February 2001 - July 2001) Creators: writer Mark Millar, artist Adam Kubert (#1-4), Andy Kubert (#5-6) Plot outline: The government begins building and releasing Sentinels to hunt mutants after the Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy declares war against humans. Professor Charles Xavier unites a group of teenage mutants to form a group called the \"X-Men\" to stop the Brotherhood. Millar immediately establishes differences between the mainstream and Ultimate universes by reinventing the pasts and motives of several characters. For example, Jean Grey recruits Colossus after a nuclear arms deal goes bad, and Wolverine joins the team with the ulterior motive of assassinating Professor Xavier. Some themes remain the same, however, such as the love triangle involving Wolverine, Jean Grey and Cyclops. First appearances: Colossus, Cyclops, Beast, Storm, Iceman, Jean Grey, Wolverine, Magneto, Quicksilver, Scarlet Witch, Sentinels, Mastermind, Blob, Toad Notes: This arc's main plot revolves around Wolverine's search for his past and the Weapon X facility. Originally, Adam and Andy Kubert were both to illustrate Ultimate X-Men so that it could be published on a regular basis, but Andy moved to illustrating Origin and was unable to continue. The series' first arc sold extremely well: the first issue sold out, and the fourth and fifth issues sold more than 100,000 copies each to U.S. comic book stores alone. Return to Weapon X Originally published in: Ultimate X-Men #7-12 (August 2001 - January 2002) Creators: writer Mark Millar, artist Adam Kubert Plot outline: While Wolverine is away, Xavier and his X-Men are kidnapped and taken to Weapon","title":"List of Ultimate X-Men story arcs"},{"docid":"3402872","text":"is a Japanese composer. He is best known for creating the soundtracks for the Heisei Gamera trilogy, Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack, Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, and Shadow of the Colossus. Biography Kow Otani was born in Tokyo, Japan. After graduating from university, he became a founding member of Yuji Saito's music production company Imagine in November 1986. The company has grown to feature musicians like Kohei Tanaka, Shiro Hamaguchi, Hayato Matsuo, and Shinji Miyazaki, who have become well known for cinematic scoring and orchestration through Otani. In 1987, he made his debut as an anime composer with the popular manga adaptation City Hunter, which earned him recognition in the industry. He later went on to work on titles such as Spy Games (1988), The Ultimate Teacher (1988), The Yadamura Waltz (1988), and You're Under Arrest (1994). The anime Future GPX Cyber Formula (1991) and Mobile Suit Gundam Wing (1995) and several films in the Gamera series are some of his most well-known works. In 2001, he created the score to the film Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack. Other notable scores by Otani include Gundam Wing (1995), Outlaw Star (1998), Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz (1998), Cross Fire (2000), The SoulTaker (2001), Haibane Renmei (2002), Zatch Bell! (2003), Eyeshield 21 (2005), Pumpkin Scissors (2006), Deltora Quest (2007), and Over Drive (2007). He has also been the music director and keyboardist of the band Dreams Come True. He appeared at Eminence Symphony Orchestra's events A Night in Fantasia 2007: Symphonic Games Edition and Unearthing Eden ~The sounds of AINARU~ in 2007. Throughout his career, Otani has also composed music for several video games, making his debut with the 1995 shooter game Philosoma. In 2000, he created the soundtrack to the flight simulator Sky Odyssey. He scored Shadow of the Colossus in 2005, his most famous video game work. Otani was responsible for composing the music for Wild Arms: Twilight Venom (2000), an anime adaptation of the Wild Arms video game series; he also arranged compositions of Michiko Naruke's music from the series. He did two more video game to anime adaptations: Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge (1997) and Popolocrois Monogatari (1998). In 2005, he created the track \"Madness\" alongside Hiroko Shigezumi for the Square Enix game Heavy Metal Thunder. Discography Anime City Hunter (1987) The Yamadamura Waltz (1988) Ultimate Teacher (1988) Spy Games (1988) Gokudō Sensō: Butōha (1991) Future GPX Cyber Formula (1991) Future GPX Cyber Formula 11 (1992) Yonigeya Hompo 2 (1993) Sotsugyō Ryokō: Nihon kara Kimashita (1994) You're Under Arrest (1994) Future GPX Cyber Formula ZERO (1994) Mobile Suit Gundam Wing (1995) Birdy the Mighty (1996) School Ghost Story 3 (1997) Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge (1997) Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz (1998) Outlaw Star (1998) Popolocrois Monogatari (1998) Wild Arms: Twilight Venom (2000) Cross Fire (2000) The SoulTaker (2001) Zoids: New Century Zero (2001) Haibane Renmei (2002) Lucky Ears (2003) Zatch Bell! (2003) Daphne in the Brilliant Blue (2004) Eyeshield 21 (2005) Shakugan no","title":"Kow Otani"},{"docid":"47436443","text":"Submerged is a third-person exploration-based post-apocalyptic indie game developed and published by Uppercut Games for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2015, with an iOS port following in 2016. The sequel Submerged: Hidden Depths released on Stadia on 3 December 2020, with Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S versions following on 10 March 2022. The game is part of the \"ecogames\" genre which deal with the effects of climate change. Gameplay The player controls a young girl, Miku, as she explores an archipelago of half-sunken buildings, climbing ruins and traversing the spaces between using a rowboat. The game focuses on exploration; it involves no enemies or combat, and Miku cannot be killed. Plot The game is set in a dystopian future when global warming has flooded the world. Miku and her younger brother Taku drift into a city partially submerged beneath ocean water with only the tallest buildings protruding from the sea. The two have fled home from their father following his descent into alcoholism since the unfortunate death of their mother; his violent actions towards them have resulted in Taku becoming seriously injured. Taking refuge in the top of a clock tower, Miku begins to explore the city in her motorized fishing boat in search of supplies to treat Taku. She scales buildings, locating relief crates that had been parachuted in during the crisis. The whole time she is observed by aquatic beings who are revealed to be survivors of the city that have undergone a complete mutation to better thrive in their new environment. Miku also realizes to her shock that she herself is now mutating in a similar way. Eventually she locates the final crate and Taku recovers. They are then confronted by the mutants who perform some ritual that purges Miku of her mutation, making her human again. The siblings then take their leave and move on from the city. Development and release Submerged was made by a team of former BioShock developers and was chiefly inspired by Journey and Shadow of the Colossus. Additional inspirations included a Grand Theft Auto IV mod that submerges the game's Liberty City in water. The director Ed Orman said: \"It was unintentional at the beginning, but the setting we’ve chosen is pretty topical with global warming, sea levels rising and people ignoring that problem.\" Originally slated for 2014, the game was delayed for a 2015 release for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. PlayStation Plus, Xbox Gold members, and Steam users were offered discounts at launch. An iOS version, subtitled Miku and the Sunken City, was released in 2016. A version for Nintendo Switch was made available in 2019. Reception IGN awarded it a score of 6.8 out of 10, saying \"Submerged is a non-violent, sometimes beautiful exploration adventure set in a strange, mysterious future.\" Sequel On December 3, 2020, a sequel Submerged: Hidden Depths was published as a sequel by Stadia Games and Entertainment in partnership with Uppercut Games,","title":"Submerged (video game)"},{"docid":"21638423","text":"Bluepoint Games Inc is an American video game developer based in Austin, Texas. Founded in 2006 by Andy O'Neil and Marco Thrush, the studio is known for video game remasters and remakes, such as Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection (2015), Shadow of the Colossus (2018), and Demon's Souls (2020). Sony Interactive Entertainment acquired the company in September 2021, making them a first-party developer for PlayStation Studios. History Bluepoint Games was founded in 2006 by Andy O'Neil and Marco Thrush, two former Retro Studios employees who had worked on Metroid Prime. The studio's first game, Blast Factor, was released later that year. In August 2009, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that remastered versions of God of War and God of War II would be coming to the PlayStation 3 as God of War Collection. The ports were handled by Bluepoint and released on November 17, 2009, in North America. The studio's remasters of Ico and Shadow of the Colossus as The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection for the PlayStation 3 were released in September 2011. Years later, in 2018, Bluepoint would remake Shadow of the Colossus for the PlayStation 4. The studio also handled the remastered HD versions of Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance and Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence included in the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection, which was released on November 8, 2011. Bluepoint collaborated with SuperBot Entertainment to develop PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale (2012), which was built on Bluepoint's proprietary engine. Bluepoint also ported the game to the PlayStation Vita. The studio collaborated with Santa Monica Studio to port Flower to the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in 2013, as well as with Respawn Entertainment to develop the Xbox 360 version of Titanfall (2014). After Titanfall, Bluepoint remastered the three PlayStation 3 releases of the Uncharted franchise to the PlayStation 4 as Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection, as well as Gravity Rush Remastered, which was released in Japan at the end of 2015 and internationally in early 2016. O'Neil died in June 2019 aged 47. By August 2019, Bluepoint had hired several other former Retro Studios staff. Notable hires include designer Kynan Pearson in July 2013 and artist Elben Schafers in 2014. In June 2020, Bluepoint was announced as developing a remake of Demon's Souls. The remake was released as a launch title for PlayStation 5 in November 2020 and received universal acclaim from critics. Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE) acquired Bluepoint on September 30, 2021, making it part of PlayStation Studios. SIE had previously leaked its intent to buy the studio in June that year. At the time, Bluepoint and its roughly 70 employees were working on original content. Games developed Support References External links 2006 establishments in Texas 2021 mergers and acquisitions American companies established in 2006 Companies based in Austin, Texas PlayStation Studios Video game companies based in Texas Video game companies established in 2006 Video game development companies","title":"Bluepoint Games"},{"docid":"20486132","text":"Castlevania: Lords of Shadow is a 2010 action-adventure game developed by MercurySteam with supervision from Hideo Kojima, and published by Konami. It was released on October 5, 2010, for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, with a PC version released on August 27, 2013. The game is a reboot of the Castlevania series. Set in Southern Europe during the Middle Ages, the story focuses on Gabriel Belmont and his quest to defeat a malevolent order known as the Lords of Shadow and resurrect his wife. The player controls Gabriel in 3D environments as he uses melee skills to defeat enemies and solves puzzles to move through the game. The game was originally announced as Lords of Shadow with no connection to the Castlevania series mentioned. This was done to keep their plans to radically change the direction of the Castlevania mythos a secret and to prevent the announcement of the game from upstaging another series release, Castlevania Judgment. Hideo Kojima, creator of the Metal Gear series, helped produce the title. The music was composed by Spanish composer Óscar Araujo, who was acclaimed for his work on the game. The game sold well and received positive reviews from video game publications. It was praised for new elements it provided to the franchise, with particular praise for its story, combat, visuals, music, and art direction. Konami requested that the development team produce more titles related to Lords of Shadow. This includes two sequels titled Castlevania: Lords of Shadow – Mirror of Fate and Castlevania: Lords of Shadow 2. Gameplay Lords of Shadow is a third-person action-adventure game in which the player controls the main character, Gabriel Belmont. The combat involves a retractable chain whip called the Combat Cross. The player can perform up to forty unlockable combos with it. The commands consist of direct attacks for dealing damage to single enemies, and weak area attacks when surrounded by them. It is also capable of interactions with secondary weapons, such as knives, holy water and other items which can be upgraded. In addition, the Combat Cross's melee skills can be combined with the Light and Shadow magic system, which are spells aimed at defense and aggression, respectively. The whip is upgradeable and can also be used to guard against an opponent's attack. The developers attempted to reach out to new audiences by distancing Lords of Shadow from previous Castlevania games, but kept some elements intact to not alienate franchise fans. For example, vampires and werewolves are recurring enemies in the game, but other existing enemies include trolls, giant spiders and goblin-like creatures. The enemies can be defeated for experience points, which can be used to purchase combos or to augment the player's abilities further. Lords of Shadow has large-scale bosses known as titans. The Combat Cross can be used to grapple onto their bodies and navigate them, and break the runes that animate the titan. Similar to the original Castlevania titles, platforming and puzzles are a key component and are featured in fifty","title":"Castlevania: Lords of Shadow"},{"docid":"63840332","text":"Wander refers to jitter frequences below 10 Hz. Wander may also refer to: Wander AG, a Swiss food company Wander (name), a given name Wander (film), a 2020 American film starring Aaron Eckhart Wander (1974 video game) Wander (2015 video game) Wander (Wander Over Yonder), a fictional character Wander (Shadow of the Colossus), a fictional character See also Wanderer (disambiguation) Wandering (disambiguation) Wonder (disambiguation) Wanderlust (disambiguation)","title":"Wander (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"16139625","text":"Colossus: The Collected Science Fiction of Donald Wandrei is a collection of science fiction short stories by American writer Donald Wandrei. It was released in 1989 by Fedogan & Bremer in an edition of 1,000 copies. Many of the stories originally appeared in the magazines Weird Tales, Astounding Stories, The Minnesota Quarterly, Thrilling Wonder Stories and Leaves. Contents 1989 edition Editors’ Note, by Philip J. Rahman Introduction, by Richard L. Tierney \"The Red Brain\" \"The Holiday Act\" \"Something from Above\" \"Raiders of the Universes\" \"A Race Through Time\" \"Farewell to Earth\" \"Colossus\" \"Colossus Eternal\" \"The Atom-Smasher\" \"The Blinding Shadows\" \"Life Current\" \"The Whisperers\" \"Murray’s Light\" \"Earth Minus\" \"Finality Unlimited\" \"Infinity Zero\" \"Black Fog\" \"The Crystal Bullet\" \"On the Threshold of Eternity\" \"A Trip to Infinity\" \"Requiem for Mankind\" Selected Bibliography, by D. H. Olson stories added for the 1999 edition \"If\" \"A Stranger Passes\" Publication history Colossus was originally announced as a forthcoming publication by Arkham House as early as 1965. However, it remained unpublished into the 1980s. Phil Rahman and Dr. Dennis Weiler approached the Wandrei estate with the hopes of publishing the collection. While no manuscript nor proposed contents could be found, Rahman and Weiler went forward and published a collection using the same title as the unpublished Arkham House collection. It was the first book published by Fedogan & Bremer. In 1999, in honor of their 10th anniversary, Fedogan & Bremer issued a second edition of the book (). The second edition contained an updated introduction, replaced the note by Philip J. Rahman with a newly discovered preface that Wandrei had done for an unpublished collection, and added two stories in place of the bibliography. A gallery of photographs was also added. \"Farewell to Earth\" The editor of Astounding Stories did not like the ending for the story \"Farewell to Earth\" that Donald Wandrei had originally written and Wandrei was forced to change it. Fedogan and Bremer published a chapbook containing the ending of the story as Wandrei originally wrote it. The chapbook also included an introduction by D. H. Olson and was published in an edition of 75 copies. The book was given to those who pre-ordered the 1999 edition of Colossus. References Sources 1989 short story collections Science fiction short story collections by Donald Wandrei Fedogan & Bremer books","title":"Colossus (collection)"},{"docid":"49129970","text":"Seven Wonders is a pentalogy of children's fantasy, adventure and mythological fiction books written by American author Peter Lerangis. It is based on Greek mythology and set around the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Jack McKinley discovers a secret organization on a hidden island, and becomes the leader of a mission to retrieve seven lost magical orbs. As Jack and his three friends realize their lives are at stake, they have no choice but to accept the quest and embark on the challenge. Books The Colossus Rises The Colossus Rises is the first book in the series and was released on February 5, 2013. The day after thirteen-year-old Jack McKinley is told he has six months to live, he awakens on a mysterious island, where a secret organization promises to save his life—with one condition. Jack and three other kids: Aly Black, Cass Williams, and Marco Ramsay, must lead a mission to retrieve seven lost magical objects known as Loculi, which can save their lives only when combined together correctly. The Loculi have been missing for a thousand years, lost amongst the ruins and relics of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. With no one else to turn to and no escape in sight, the four kids have no choice but to undertake the quest. On their quest, they learn more about one another and the secret superhuman abilities each possesses, but Jack has trouble finding out his own inner strength. The first Wonder they visit is the Colossus of Rhodes, where they realize that there's way more than just their lives at stake when a mythical creature kidnaps Cass and an enemy organization, known as the Massa, threaten to get the Loculus before them. Lost in Babylon Lost in Babylon is the second book in the series and was released on October 29, 2013. After unearthing the first Loculus and defeating the Colossus of Rhodes, Jack and his friends are in worse shape than when they first set out. Marco has disappeared without a trace, along with the first Loculus. With no time to spare and no one else to turn to, Jack and the group have no choice but to follow the only clues they have and to head off on the next leg of their quest—to the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The Tomb of Shadows The Tomb of Shadows is the third book in the series and was released on May 13, 2014. With Babylon in ruins, Marco on the Massa side, and long-held secrets coming unraveled, the Select don’t know whom to trust or where to turn. With their G7W powers are manifesting at a furious pace, Jack, Aly, and Cass have no choice but to continue their quest. As lives hang in the balance, the friends rush to the next stop on their quest, the famed Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. Here they have to face down their own demons and engage in a battle with the shadows of the dead. The Curse of the","title":"Seven Wonders (series)"},{"docid":"2664645","text":"Malus, the apples, is a genus of about 30–35 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including most importantly the domesticated Orchard or Table Apple. Malus may also refer to: Malus (Galatia), a town of ancient Galatia, now in Turkey Malus (Phrygia), a town of ancient Phrygia, now in Turkey Malus (Pisidia), a town of ancient Pisidia, now in Turkey Bonus–malus, a scheme of reward and punishment Malus (constellation), an asterism that was part of the Argo Navis constellation Étienne-Louis Malus (1775–1812), French officer, engineer, physicist, and mathematician Malus (Castlevania), a young boy who is the reincarnation of Dracula in the video games Castlevania and Castlevania: Legacy of Darkness Malus (EP), a 2022 EP by the South Korean boy band Oneus Edward Malus, played by Nicolas Cage, the protagonist of The Wicker Man Malus's law for a polarizer Karl Malus, M.D., a fictional villain from Marvel Comics The Malus, a monster appearing in the Doctor Who story \"The Awakening\" The Malus, a playable race in the computer game O.R.B: Off-World Resource Base Malus, the sixteenth and final Colossus in Shadow of the Colossus","title":"Malus (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"553764","text":"Adam Sessler (born August 29, 1973) is an American video game journalist, television personality and consultant. He is best known as the host for the video game review series Xplay and the editor-in-chief for G4's video game section. Upon his departure from G4 in April 2012, Sessler was its longest-tenured television personality, having originally been hired by its predecessor ZDTV in 1998. After his departure from G4, Sessler became the editor-in-chief and content producer for Rev3Games. He left video game journalism in 2014 to become the president of TheoryHead, a consultancy firm for entertainment and media. In 2021, Adam Sessler was announced as a returning On-Air Talent and staff of the relaunched G4 television network. Background Sessler was born in El Cerrito, California, and graduated from El Cerrito High School in 1991. He graduated from UCLA with a bachelor's degree in English literature. He was previously a credit analyst for ABN-AMRO in San Francisco, and an actor on the San Francisco Public-access television show Chip Weigh Magnet Down, which he also helped to make. Sessler admitted that he was grateful to no longer work for Fortune 500 companies, saying in The X-Play Insider's Guide to Gaming that he was \"very sad\" about the job. Sessler currently lives in San Francisco, California, with his wife Amber. Some of Sessler's favorite game series are the Halo series for its first-person shooter qualities; the Japanese version of Rez for its Trance Vibrator peripheral; the Banjo-Kazooie, Rayman, Ratchet & Clank, and Sly Cooper series for their unique platform qualities. In 2010, Sessler stated his top five games of the decade were, in order of release: Deus Ex, Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal, Shadow of the Colossus, Fable II, and Uncharted 2. He also stated that Uncharted 2 was his favorite single-player experience of all time. In his review of BioShock Infinite, he stated that it is in the \"rarefied company of titles like Half-Life 2 and Uncharted 2\", intimating it to be a new personal favorite. Likewise, he has recently expressed affinity towards titles such as Gone Home, The Last of Us (calling it one of the finest games he's ever played), and L.A. Noire (referring to it as a \"watershed moment in gaming\"). Sessler's favorite cabinet video game is Ghosts 'n Goblins, which he has stated on several occasions on older episodes of Extended Play and X-Play. He stated: \"When I was 9 years old I used to scam quarters from my parents and sneak out to this local bowling alley that was so seedy Hubert Selby Jr. would get the creeps there. It smelled like personal abandonment. That's what I think of when I play my favorite game\". Sessler has a younger brother, Jonathan, who appeared as Adam 2.0 in X-Plays 2005 April Fool's Day Episode, a \"clone\" of Adam who claims he's much better-looking than the original Adam with a \"special USB port\" (a reference to the Game Boy Advance SP succeeding the original Game Boy Advance). Career Sessler was","title":"Adam Sessler"},{"docid":"2086219","text":"Quadratus is Latin for square. Quadratus was also a cognomen from the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. It may refer to: People Lucius Ninnius Quadratus, a tribune of the plebs in 58 BC and a warm friend to Roman Senator Marcus Tullius Cicero Gaius Volusenus Quadratus, a military officer of the late Roman Republic in 40s BC Fannius Quadratus, a Roman poet and a contemporary of Horace Gaius Antius Aulus Julius Quadratus, an ordinary consul serving in 105 Quadratus of Athens, the Christian writer and saint Quadratus (martyr), the name of several saints and martyrs Lucius Statius Quadratus, an ordinary consul serving in 142 Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus, Legate at Judaea between 102 and 105, Consul of Rome in 105 and Proconsul of Asia in 105, grandfather of: Gaius Asinius Quadratus, the Roman historian, father of: Gaius Asinius Protimus Quadratus (died 235), Proconsul of Achaea in 220 Any of various members of the Roman gens Ummidia Anatomy In anatomy, quadratus refers to a quadrilateral (square or rectangular) shape. Structures with quadratus in their name are: Lobus quadratus, the quadrate lobe of liver Pronator quadratus muscle, in the forearm Quadratus femoris muscle, in the posterior hip Quadratus lumborum muscle, in the back Quadratus plantae muscle, in the foot See also Quadriceps The 2nd colossus from the video game Shadow of the Colossus Araneus quadratus, a species of spider","title":"Quadratus"},{"docid":"21075514","text":"Colossus and the Crab is a 1977 science fiction novel by the British author Dennis Feltham Jones (writing as D. F. Jones). It is the third and final volume in \"The Colossus Trilogy\" and a sequel to Jones's 1974 novel The Fall of Colossus. Plot The novel begins where its predecessor, The Fall of Colossus leaves off, with the supercomputer Colossus immobilized and the Martians arriving on Earth. They appear before Charles Forbin and his friend Edward Blake in the form of two black spheres, and quickly demonstrate vast intellect and powers of transformation and telepathy. After immobilizing Blake, they explain to Forbin their purpose in immobilizing Colossus — their desire to take half of the Earth's oxygen, a process that will kill nearly a quarter of the human population. In order to proceed with construction of the \"Collector\" designed to harvest the oxygen, the Martians reactivate the parts of Colossus necessary to manage human society. Though having no other option but to agree to the Martians' plan, Forbin continues to search for an alternative. He discovers in conversation with the Martians that their need for the oxygen is driven by the threat of radiation emanating from the Crab Nebula, which will kill the Martians without the protection of an oxygenated atmosphere. As construction of the Collector proceeds, a humbled Blake proposes to Forbin that the old Colossus — the \"parent\" of the crippled system, be reactivated. With little other alternative, Forbin agrees. Construction equipment controlled by Colossus soon completes work on the Collector. An initial five-minute test of the device proves enormously destructive. With a second, final test imminent, Blake travels to Colorado with Angela, Forbin's private secretary. Racing against time, Blake and a small team of workers succeeds in penetrating the mountain where the old Colossus is located and re-activating the computer, only to discover that, once supplied with the facts of the situation, Colossus argues that the collection program is in the best interests of humans' long-term future and should move forward. Informed of the failure of their plan, Forbin watches the second test proceed. Upon its conclusion he embarks on a new plan. With his new secretary, a fervently devout woman named Joan, he flies to Portsmouth and takes command of the battleships stationed there for the Sea War Games. Yet doing so puts him out of contact with Blake and the old Colossus, who informs Blake that a solution might exist that is acceptable to both the Martians and humanity. Regaining control of the nuclear arsenal, Colossus contacts the Martians, who inform it of Forbin's attempt to use the battleships to destroy the Collector. Though the Martians attempt to destroy the fleet using their device, they underestimate the power of the battleships' guns, which succeed in destroying the Collector. Though the Martians are defeated, Forbin dies in the process. He is buried by the reactivated Colossus, who reaches an agreement with the Martians: a smaller version of the Collector will extract the oxygen more gradually","title":"Colossus and the Crab"},{"docid":"53936408","text":"Drawn to Life: The Next Chapter is a platform game developed by Planet Moon Studios and published by THQ for the Wii. Despite having the same title, it has a different plot compared to the DS version. Plot The Raposa Village has been in peace for a long time, until items from the city start disappearing. The mayor, Mari, asks the Creator to draw a new hero for help. Jowee believes that Zsasha (a well-known thief) has stolen the items and gone off to Jangala. The hero and Jowee (who loves adventure) go off to Jangala to find Zsasha, who has been held captive for days by the monkey king. Shadow walkers appear, invading Jangala. After the Hero defeats them and saves Zsasha, the monkey king releases him and gives them a strange mask. Mari realizes Zsasha did not steal the items, leading her to suspect that Wilfre might be the thief. To make sure if Wilfre is alive, Mari sends the Hero (and Jowee) to Shadow City. Soon, the Hero finds the ink factory working again, creating shadows. The Hero then finds Wilfre's journal, which holds a plot to destroy the Creator. His plan requires: branches from the tree of ages, the eternal furnace, a pen and pencil, and a magic mask. Mari and the other Raposa realize that Wilfre specifically wants to make creation ink to remake the world in his own image. They already have the latter two items, meaning that they just need to find the eternal furnace and branches from the tree of ages in order to stop Wilfre. Mari sends the Hero to Icy Wastes to find the eternal furnace. While there, a strange shadow creature appears, stealing it. The shadow creature is unknown, but resembles a Raposa girl. After the Hero and Jowee return, they discover that in the Eastern Winds, the tree of ages is in danger. They defeat the shadow creatures attacking it, and the Hero saves the tree. Mari is happy Wilfre's plan has failed, until Circi reveals that she's Wilfre's wife, and was the mastermind behind the plan after all. She uses the items that the Hero had found to make creation ink and revive Wilfre, but she can't remember what he looks like. She keeps on drawing pictures of him, but they don't resemble him. Frustrated, she throws away the pictures, but they - along with the items used to create the ink - begin to combine, creating a monster that kills her. It then floods the Village with ink. The Hero fights the dark monster in a final showdown, defeating it. The game ends with all of the Raposa celebrating, although their joy is bittersweet. Reception The game received \"mixed or average reviews\" according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. References 2009 video games Action-adventure games Drawing video games Multiplayer and single-player video games Planet Moon Studios games Platformers THQ games Video game sequels Video games scored by Richard Vreeland Video games with alternative versions Wii games","title":"Drawn to Life: The Next Chapter (Wii video game)"},{"docid":"40373619","text":"BigHit Series are video games for the Korean Sony PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable consoles that have been officially re-released at a lower price by Sony and third parties that meet specific criteria. While the term \"BigHit series\" only applies to selections in South Korea, equivalent programs exist in North America (as \"Greatest Hits\"), PAL territories (as \"Essentials\") and Japan and Asia (as \"The Best\"). History The BigHit Series program was first released for PlayStation 2 on October 1, 2004, by Sony Computer Entertainment Korea (SCEK) for games that were distributed in South Korea. SCEK's official press release on September 30, 2004, stated (modified translation) that users of the PlayStation 2 hardware in Korea for the first time can purchase popular classic PlayStation 2 games, and enjoy them at an affordable cost; helping users to an existing genre preference due to several issues of being out-of-stock, or the user did not try the game. All BigHit Series games were released at the price of 26,800KRW. Historically exchange rates dating back to October 2004 show that was slightly above US$23.25 (US$1 ~= 1147 KRW) The translated press release by SCEK suggests that there might have been 6 games already released to PlayStation 2 owners in June of the same year; leading to 15 BigHit series games being released by the start of October 2004. The first 7 - 15 games released under the BigHit series title were : Minna no Golf 3, Gitaroo Man, Time Crisis 3, The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King, Need for Speed: Underground, SSX 3, WWE Smackdown! Shut Your Mouth, Final Fantasy X International, and Shin Sangoku Musō 2. List of titles PlayStation 2 Ace Combat 5: The Unsung War Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War Ape Escape 3 Dark Chronicle Dark Cloud Devil May Cry 3 Disgaea: Hour of Darkness Drakengard 2 Dynasty Warriors 3 Dynasty Warriors 4 Dynasty Warriors 5 EyeToy: Monkey Mania EyeToy: Play Fatal Frame Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly Final Fantasy XII Final Fantasy X Genji: Dawn of the Samurai Gitaroo Man God of War God of War II Gran Turismo 4 Gran Turismo Concept Hot Shots Golf 3 Hot Shots Golf Fore! Hot Shots Tennis ICO Jake Hunter Katamari Damacy Killzone Mad Maestro! Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater Need for Speed: Underground Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams Persona 3 FES Persona 4 Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones Prince of Persia: Warrior Within Raiden III Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal Ratchet: Deadlocked Resident Evil 4 Romance of the Three Kingdoms IX Samurai Warriors 3: Empires Samurai Warriors 4: Empires Sega Rally 2006 Shadow of the Colossus Shadow of the Colossus Shining Tears Sly 2: Band of Thieves Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus SOCOM 3 U.S. Navy SEALs SOCOM II U.S. Navy SEALs Sonic Heroes Sonic Mega Collection Plus Sonic Riders","title":"BigHit Series"},{"docid":"1562412","text":"The Uncanny X-Men, sometimes referred to as Marvel's X-Men, is an action video game released by LJN for the NES in 1989. It is a licensed game based on the series of X-Men comics of the same name by Marvel Comics. The lineup of characters in the game is very close to those appearing in the 1989 animated pilot X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men. The Uncanny X-Men is the only title by LJN that was developed by an undisclosed external developer. It has been speculated that it was either developed by Japanese studios Bothtec or possibly Pixel. However, it has never been confirmed officially. It is also the second-to-last game to be released under the Enteractive Video Games label and the last to be released before LJN was sold to Acclaim Entertainment. Gameplay The object is to use several X-Men characters, each with special powers, to complete a series of missions. The powers of each character come in handy on particular missions. The game allows for either one or two players. If the 1-Player mode is selected, the player will be joined by an AI ally. The playable characters available are Wolverine, Cyclops, Storm, Colossus, Nightcrawler and Iceman. There are five bosses in order of appearance: Boomerang, Sabretooth, Juggernaut, The White Queen, and Magneto. Some characters have features that stand out. Wolverine, Nightcrawler, and Colossus fight through melee combat while Cyclops, Storm, and Iceman shoot projectiles. Nightcrawler can walk through walls (to simulate teleporting). Colossus cannot jump like the other characters. If the player holds on to B, they can make Storm fly. Each character has an unlimited attack (either a punch or some type of projectile) and a special move that uses his/her energy and would kill the character if it was used up too much. The game required the players to fight their way to the boss in each stage, sometimes requiring the collection of items such as keys. After the boss is defeated, the heroes have to quickly fight their way back to the beginning of the level before a bomb goes off. There are five missions: \"Practice\", \"Future City Street Fight\", \"Search And Destroy The Robot Factory\", \"Subterranean Confrontation\" and \"Battle Through A Living Starship\". A sixth mission where the player battles Magneto can be accessed after the first five levels have been completed; to access the level the player must press Select, B, up on the control pad, and Start simultaneously on the game's level selection screen. This button combination is printed on the cartridge label, but not in its entirety. This is because the creators originally meant for parts of the text displayed at the end of each level to provide the player with the missing part of the code, as well as instruct him/her to combine the revealed information with the label on the cartridge to discover the full code. Reception Seanbaby listed X-Men as number 3 on his worst NES games of all time, criticizing the inaccurate depiction of the characters, the","title":"The Uncanny X-Men (video game)"},{"docid":"50791309","text":"Fe ( , ; Fairy) is a platform-adventure game developed by Zoink and published by Electronic Arts under its EA Originals program. It was released on February 16, 2018 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. In it, the player controls Fe, a fox-like creature in a forest setting, attempting to defend it from hostile entities called the Silent Ones, gaining help from other forest creatures by guiding them to complete tasks and learning new abilities from those it helps. Fe is the first game in the EA Originals series, which is EA's program created to promote indie developers. Gameplay Fe is a Metroidvania-style action-adventure game in which the player controls Fe, a fox-like creature within a forest that is highly responsive to the songs of the creatures and plants within it. The forest creatures are being attacked by entities called the Silent Ones for unknown reasons that threaten the forest's wildlife. Fe is able to sing to other creatures and objects to gain their help. These creatures can teach Fe a new song which gives the fox additional abilities through the forest, such as activating a flower that acts as a jump-pad to launch Fe to higher locations and explore more of the world. The game has been noted to have minimal instructions, requiring the player to experiment and to perceive the forest's ecosystem to determine how to progress, instead of a set of objectives. One example requires the player to observe that one species of bird likes a certain type of flower, suggesting that they may be able to use the bird's song to interact in a different manner than if they used the flower's song. Fe has been favorably compared to Abzû, Journey and Shadow of the Colossus for this \"hands-off\" approach to gameplay. Development Fe, named after the Swedish language term for fairy, was developed by the Swedish-based studio Zoink. The studio's chief executive officer, Klaus Lyngeled, called the title \"a personal narrative about our relationship with nature\" and to emphasize that \"everything in this world is connected\". Most of the team grew up near forests and frequently played within them, getting close to the wildlife there, while overcoming fears of the deeper forests being scary places. Creative director Hugo Bille said they wanted to stay true to the recollection of their Nordic forests, populated by creatures with no spoken language. Bille said games like Journey and Shadow of the Colossus were inspiration, and that they always wanted to capture the exploration mechanics of games in the Metroid and Zelda series. Fe was first announced during the EA Play event occurring alongside the E3 2016 in June of that year. It was presented as the first of \"EA Originals\", a new segment of EA's publishing aimed to help indie developers with financing and publishing of their titles to reach a wider audience without EA being as involved in the game's development, thus allowing the studio to take more of a share of sales","title":"Fe (video game)"},{"docid":"8688871","text":"is the producer of Sony Interactive Entertainment's Product Development Department #1 division. Kaido started his videogaming career at Taito in 1987, where he worked as project leader and lead game designer on arcade titles Bonze Adventure, Night Striker, Champion Wrestler, Cameltry, Sonic Blast Man, Warrior Blade and Dead Connection. Kaido then changed departments to work on the world's first Home Karaoke Console, the X55 (presently called MEDIA BOX) from its very beginnings. In 1996, he then worked as the project leader and lead game designer for coin-op game Cleopatra Fortune. In 1997, Kaido left Taito and joined Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. There he started working on the game Ape Escape as its lead game designer and associate producer. Most recently, Kaido worked as product manager and producer for Ico in 2001, and Shadow of the Colossus in 2005. He left Sony in August 2012. Works Bonze Adventure (1988) Night Striker (1989) Champion Wrestler (1989) Cameltry (1989) Sonic Blast Man (1990) Warrior Blade (1991) Dead Connection (1992) Cleopatra Fortune (1996) Tomba! (1998) Ape Escape (1999) Tomba! 2: The Evil Swine Return (2000) Ico (2001) Shadow of the Colossus (2005) External links Interview with EuroGamer.net Interview with Kikizo.com References Living people Japanese video game producers Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Kenji Kaido"},{"docid":"5148976","text":"Stephen Marlowe (born Milton Lesser, in Brooklyn, New York, died , in Williamsburg, Virginia) was an American author of science fiction, mystery novels, and fictional autobiographies of Goya, Christopher Columbus, Miguel de Cervantes, and Edgar Allan Poe. He is best known for his detective character Chester Drum, whom he created for the 1955 novel The Second Longest Night. Lesser also wrote using the pseudonyms Adam Chase, Andrew Frazer, C.H. Thames, Jason Ridgway, Stephen Wilder, and Ellery Queen. Biography Lesser attended the College of William & Mary, earning his degree in philosophy, marrying Leigh Lang soon after graduating. He was drafted into the U.S. Army during the Korean War. He and his wife divorced in 1962. He was awarded the French Prix Gutenberg du Livre in 1988 for The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus, and in 1997 he was awarded the Life Achievement Award by the Private Eye Writers of America. He also served on the board of directors of the Mystery Writers of America. In the later part of his life he lived with his second wife Ann in Williamsburg, Virginia. Selected bibliography As Milton S. Lesser: Somewhere I'll Find You (1947) Earthbound (1952) The Star Seekers (1953) Recruit for Andromeda (1959) Stadium Beyond the Stars (1960) Spacemen Go Home (1961) Secret of the Black Planet (1965) As Stephen Marlowe: Catch the Brass Ring (1954) Model for Murder (1955) Turn Left for Murder (1955) Dead on Arrival (1956) Blonde Bait (1959) Passport to Peril (1959) The Shining (1961) Colossus: A novel about Goya and a world gone mad (1965) The Search for Bruno Heidler (1966) Come Over, Red Rover (1968) The Summit (1970) The Man with No Shadow (1974) The Cawthorn Journals (or Too Many Chiefs) (1975) Translation (1976) The Valkyrie Encounter (1978) Deborah's Legacy (1983) The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus (1987) The Death and Life of Miguel De Cervantes (1991) The Lighthouse at the End of the World (1995) Chester Drum novels (as Stephen Marlowe): The Second Longest Night (1955) Mecca for Murder (1956) Killers Are My Meat (1957) Murder Is My Dish (1957) Trouble Is My Name (1957) Terror Is My Trade (1958) Violence Is My Business (1958) Double in Trouble (with Richard S. Prather, co-starring Prather's series character Shell Scott) (1959) Homicide Is My Game (1959) Danger Is My Line (1960) Death Is My Comrade (1960) Peril Is My Pay (1960) Manhunt Is My Mission (1961) Jeopardy Is My Job (1962) Francesca (1963) Drum Beat - Berlin (1964) Drum Beat - Dominique (1965) Drum Beat - Madrid (1966) Drum Beat - Erica (1967) Drum Beat - Marianne (1968) As Adam Chase (writing with Paul W. Fairman): The Golden Ape (1959) As Andrew Frazer: Find Eileen Hardin - Alive! (1959) The Fall of Marty Moon (1960) As Jason Ridgway: West Side Jungle (1958) Adam's Fall (1960) People in Glass Houses (1961) Hardly a Man Is Now Alive (1962) The Treasure of the Cosa Nostra (1966) As Ellery Queen Dead Man's Tale (1961) As C. H. Thames: Violence Is Golden","title":"Stephen Marlowe"},{"docid":"4441079","text":"Nico (1938–1988) was a German singer-songwriter, fashion model and actress. Nico may also refer to: People Nico (given name) Nico (Romanian singer) (born 1970) Arts and entertainment Nico (album), a 1996 album by the group Blind Melon Nico (TV series), a cartoon about a blind boy Nico & Vinz, a Norwegian musical duo Nico di Angelo, a character in the books Percy Jackson & the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus by Rick Riordan Nico Bellic, the main protagonist of the video game Grand Theft Auto IV Above the Law (film), a 1988 film known as Nico in some countries Shadow of the Colossus, a video game called Nico while in development Other uses Nico (gorilla) Naftiran Intertrade (trading code \"NICO\"), Swiss-based subsidiary of the National Iranian Oil Company Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis, a medical condition See also Niko (disambiguation) Nicolas (disambiguation)","title":"Nico (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"4271863","text":"X-Men: The Official Game (also known as X3: The Official Game) is the name of Activision's three tie-in video games to the 2006 film X-Men: The Last Stand. The game covers the events between the films X2 and X-Men: The Last Stand, specifically following the characters of Logan, Iceman, and Nightcrawler. It also bridges the gap between the two films, explaining why Nightcrawler is not present for The Last Stand, and also introduces new foes for the game, such as HYDRA. The game uses several voice actors from the X-Men film series including Hugh Jackman, Alan Cumming, Shawn Ashmore, Patrick Stewart, Tyler Mane, and Eric Dane. X-Men: The Official Game received mixed reviews from critics. The game, along with most other games published by Activision that had used the Marvel licence, was de-listed and removed from all digital storefronts on January 1, 2014. Gameplay Players control the actions of several X-Men-related characters, most notably Logan, Nightcrawler and Iceman, as they uncover a plot to eradicate mutants. Sometimes, another X-Man will help the player's character battle. The Nintendo DS game features Magneto as a playable character, while the Game Boy Advance version features Colossus as a playable character as well as the ability to switch between three characters. Consoles Logan's levels involve fighting hordes of soldiers, armed with weapons. He can retract his claws, but any time a button is pressed, they are extracted. Logan heals minor wounds, reflected as yellow on his Life Gauge, but when his minor wound damage empties, all wounds are considered major, taking off his actual life bar. Logan can only heal major damage if he is not engaged in combat at the time. Logan can't target lock like his allies; he can only block, which can fend off weak attacks only until it is built up. Wolverine, after he has attacked for a time, builds up a Fury Bar, which, when activated, increases his healing rate and his strength. It also changes his attacks' appearances. Nightcrawler's levels involve mostly platforming missions, running along pipes in the ceiling and teleporting. Nightcrawler can teleport to any area within his visual range. Like Logan, Nightcrawler heals by holding down a button, only Nightcrawler constantly takes life gauge damage, and when he heals, it is called \"Shadowmeld\" or \"Shadow Aura\", a nod to the comic books (Nightcrawler becomes invisible in shadow). Nightcrawler can teleport behind and combo-attack several foes during a brawl. Iceman's levels most closely resemble flight-sim games similar to Star Wars: Rogue Squadron as he continuously rides on his trademark ice slide. Iceman creates an icy path in front of him, flying through the air while shooting his ice beam and ice projectiles. Iceman's attacks are an Ice Beam, which cools off fires and damages foes; Frost Shield, which will cancel any damage he takes while it is \"up\"; and Hailstorm, which is his main attack, hurling several balls of ice at targets. Iceman will heal automatically as long as he doesn't incur damage for an amount","title":"X-Men: The Official Game"},{"docid":"2445142","text":"Jorge Lucas (born January 22, 1963) is an Uruguayan/Argentine comic book artist. He was born in Salto, Uruguay, where he lived till the age of 10, when he moved to Argentina. He is well known both in his country, as the creator of the classic adult comic Cazador (\"Hunter\"), as well as internationally, for his work at Marvel Comics. Biography Lucas first came to prominence in Argentina with his work on El Cazador de Aventuras, popularly known just as El Cazador, Cazador or just by its jokingly affectionate character nickname, \"El Cazi\". El Cazador was the highest-selling adult comic book in Argentina for several years. The series starred a character similar to DC Comics' Lobo, and featured artwork heavily influenced by Simon Bisley's style. On that title Lucas worked with Ariel Olivetti, Mauro Cascioli and Claudio Ramírez. In the United States he is best known for his work for Marvel Comics on titles such as Inhumans, Mystique, Iron Man, The Avengers, Black Panther, The Incredible Hulk and Wolverine (Lucas' favorite character). He painted the art of The Darkness: Shadows and Flame, written by Rob Levin (for Top Cow Comics). Lucas also wrote the script for an upcoming independent movie based on his creation El Cazador, to be released sometime in 2019. Bibliography Image Darkness #79 (2009) Darkness, vol. 3, #7–10 (2009) Darkness: Shadows and Flame (2010) Ripclaw Pilot Season #1 (2007) Marvel Annihilation: Ronan, miniseries, #1–4 (2006) Black Panther #46–47, 51–54 (2002–03) Civil War: Front Line, miniseries (Nighthawk) #6 (2006) Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Comics Magazine #1–2, 12 (2001–02) Incredible Hulk, vol. 2, #83–86, Annual 2001 (2001–05) Iron Man, vol. 3, #73–78, 83–85 (2004) Mystique #1–6 (2003) New Invaders #6 (2005) Starjammers, miniseries, #2–6 (2004–05) Wolverine #180 (2002) Wolverine: Xisle, miniseries, #1–5 (2003) X-Force #110–115 (2001) X-Men: Colossus Bloodline, miniseries, #1–5 (2005–06) References External links Jorge Lucas on Marvel.com Living people Uruguayan comics artists Argentine comics artists 1963 births","title":"Jorge Lucas"},{"docid":"33382126","text":"Kay Bachman Sumner is a television and film producer who was the producer and co-creator for the television series The Dog Whisperer, for which she received Emmy Award nominations in 2006, 2007, and 2009. Sumner was creator and producer of Any Woman Can Fix It, a home improvement television series for women, played on CBC (Canada) for sixty-five shows run. The show was eleven years in syndication. She was creator and Producer for Eye Bet for CTV Network, and staff producer for ABC O&O's, Morning Show and The Anniversary Game for WXYZ-TV, and the Chicago Show for WLS-TV. Kay Sumner with her husband, Murray Sumner, established their non-profit, Not One More Time, Inc. in 2018 for the purposes of creating, packaging, and disseminating film, print and media educational content. The motivation for its creation was due to the unfortunate loss of the two Founder’s 43 yr. old son to a drug overdose. They struggled to understand how this could have happened, and how it could have been prevented. Filmmakers by profession, the Sumner's chose to channel their grief and turn their talents into creating a documentary that would expose the destructive path that opioids can cause in the lives of everyday normal people. The result is her directorial debut with a critically acclaimed 54 min. documentary film entitled SURVIVORS (2021): UNTOLD STORIES IN AMERICA'S OPIOID CRISIS, detailing real stories of opioid recoveries and losses which has won multiple best feature documentary awards. Partial filmography Eye Bet (1971–1974) Any Woman Can Fix It (65 episodes, 1974–19745) The New Quiz Kids (1978–1980) Shadow Dancing (1988) Dreams (2010) Dog Whisperer (158 episodes, 2004–2012) Recognition Awards and nominations Her 1988 film Shadow Dancing won a CSC Award from the CSC in 1989 for 'Best Cinematography in Theatrical Feature', as well as receiving Genie Award nominations for 'Best Achievement in Cinematography', 'Best Achievement in Costume Design', and 'Best Original Song'. Her produced series The Dog Whisperer, received Emmy Award nominations in 2006, 2007, and 2009 for 'Outstanding Reality Program'. The Dog Whisperer also won the People's Choice Award in 2010 for 'Best Animal Show' and 'Best Variety or Reality Show' at the 2008's Imagine Awards. Her 2021 documentary, Survivors, won the Accolade Global Film: Best Christian Film Documentary, Award of Excellence: Best Women Filmmakers, Christian Film Festival: Best Film Documentary, ETHOS Film Awards: Best Documentary Film- Short or Feature, Europe Independent Movie Festival: Best Film Documentary Feature Film, Festival Napoleon on Champs Elysses in Paris: Best Film Documentary, Milan Gold Awards: Best Original Song, Milan Gold Awards: Best Documentary Feature, Silver Award: Best Original Song from International Gold Awards, Silver Award: Best Feature Documentary from International Gold Awards. As well as being selected for CA Women's Film Festival: Documentary Feature, Florence Film Awards: Feature Documentary, London Movie Awards: Feature Documentary, and the Zion International Film Festival: Feature Narrative. References External links Living people Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Kay Sumner"},{"docid":"9023768","text":"Richard Louis Tierney (August 7, 1936 – February 1, 2022) was an American writer, poet and scholar of H. P. Lovecraft, probably best known for his heroic fantasy, including his series co-authored (with David C. Smith) of Red Sonja novels, featuring cover art by Boris Vallejo. He lived the latter part of his life in Mason City in the great Corn Steppes of Iowa. Some of his standalone novels utilize the mythology of Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. He is also known for his Simon of Gitta series (which cross historical Gnosticism with Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos) and his Robert E. Howard completions and utilisation of such Howard-invented characters as Cormac Mac Art, Bran Mak Morn and Cormac Fitzgeoffrey. Tierney is especially renowned for his weird and fantastic verse, which has been acclaimed by such critics, writers, and poets as S. T. Joshi, Don Herron, Ramsey Campbell, Robert M. Price, Donald Sidney-Fryer, and Frank Belknap Long. In 1993, Tierney was presented with the annual Minnesota Fantasy Award. He was nominated for Science Fiction Poetry Association Grand Master in 2010. Ancestry and Youth Tierney was of Irish origin on his paternal side. His great-grandfather emigrated from Dublin with his family to the United States. His maternal parentage traces its lineage to the Mayflower and the first Quaker settlement at Nantucket Island, Mass via the line of Thomas Macy (1608–1682), an early settler of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and of Nantucket Island. Tierney was born in Spencer, Iowa. His family moved to Mason City in 1942 when Tierney was six years old. He went through the public school system, attending Madison grade school, Roosevelt Junior High and a high school he referred to as \"Old Bastille\" since it was built of old dark brick and always felt like a prison to him. Tierney read two of H. P. Lovecraft's stories (\"The Rats in the Walls\" and \"The Dunwich Horror\") in the anthology Great Tales of Terror and the Supernatural edited by Wise and Fraser (1949) at about age thirteen, but was not especially impressed by them since they contained no conventional ghosts. At age 14, he read \"Colossus' by Donald Wandrei in August Derleth's 1950 anthology Beyond Time and Space. Tierney has referred to this tale as \"one of the most fascinating stories I had ever encountered, largely because of [its] poetic mood evoking a setting of trans-cosmic vastness. He would many years later become a neighbor and friend of Wandrei's in Minneapolis. Aged 15, and reading heavily in science fiction, Tierney read Lovecraft's \"The Shadow Out of Time\" in Donald A. Wollheim's Viking Portable Novels of Science and was 'hooked'. \"Shadow\" and At the Mountains of Madness became his two favourite Lovecraft tales. Tierney was also influenced by the work of Tarzan creator, Edgar Rice Burroughs. At around the same age (15 or 16), he was inspired to write poetry by August Derleth's fantasy verse anthology Dark of the Moon: Poems of Fantasy and the Macabre which he read several times in the Mason","title":"Richard L. Tierney"},{"docid":"67285585","text":"Syberia: The World Before is a graphic adventure video game developed and published by Microids and the fourth installment in the Syberia series. The game is dedicated to the memory of creator Benoît Sokal, who died during development in 2021. Development Syberia: The World Before was announced by Microïds on August 19, 2019, by which time it had already been in development for a year. The game was released for Windows via Steam, Epic Games Store, and GOG.com on March 18, 2022. PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions were released on November 15, 2022. PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were released on October 19, 2023, while the Nintendo Switch version has been postponed to 2024. Plot The game follows two timeframes with two characters: Dana Roze, a young pianist in the small fictional Central European country of Osterthal (resembling a mix of Austria, the Czech Republic and Switzerland) in 1937 and Kate Walker, the protagonist of Syberia series, who is now imprisoned in a salt mine in the fictional Eastern European region of Taiga in 2004. Dana graduates from her conservatory by performing the local anthem dedicated to the city of Vaghen, where the fascist Brown Shadow faction (an analogue to National Socialists) have begun to persecute the ethnic minorities and force them into ghettoes. After the events of the previous title, Kate Walker has been imprisoned as a slave labourer in a salt mine alongside a young Russian woman called Katyusha Spiridonova. Before the day's work, is informed her that Kate's mother, Sarah Walker had died. During their digging, a distraught Kate causes a minor collapse in the mine shaft, revealing a parallel cave, containing a train belonging to a Brown Shadow task force. The pair discovers that the train contains vast amounts of stolen art and antiques, amongst which there is a painting of a young woman almost identical to Kate Walker. Before they could escape with the nearby motorbike, they're confronted by their prison guard, who shoots Katyusha dead and is incapacitated by Kate. With her dying breath, Katyusha asks Kate to track down the girl in the painting. Kate travels to Vaghen and tracks down the antique shop that sold the music case that housed the painting. While there she also installs the heart of Oscar, Hans Voralberg's automaton engineer, into a Voralberg-designed mechanical armadillo and revives her companion. The trail leads Kate to a remote mountain refuge on the outskirts of Vaghen, occupied by an elderly invalid, Leni Renner. Renner recounts her past with Dana, who had come to the refuge in the summer of 1937 to work as a waitress. The refuge at the time was hosting an expedition in pursuit of a proto-human specimen called the Gorun. The group is guided by a young alpinist named Leon Kobatis, with whom Leni is deeply smitten. After an altercation with Herr Höss, the Brown Shadow officer supervising the expedition, Dana and Leon strike up a romance. The expedition departs for Baltayar, where the Gorun","title":"Syberia: The World Before"},{"docid":"43013305","text":"Titan Souls is a 2015 action-adventure game developed by Acid Nerve and published by Devolver Digital. It was released for Windows, OS X, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Android. Titan Souls received generally positive reviews and has been cited as an early example of a Soulslike, a game genre directly inspired by the Dark Souls series. Plot Between Earth and the real world beyond lie the Titan Souls, the spiritual source and sum of all living things. Now scattered amongst the ruins and guarded by the idle titans charged with their care, a solitary hero armed with but a single arrow is once again assembling shards of the Titan Soul in a quest for truth and power. Gameplay Titan Souls is a strategic, open world, 2D, top-down action-adventure, where the player has only one arrow and can only take one hit. The goal is to defeat the twenty giant monsters (twenty-one on hard mode) called the Titans, which can, just like the player, only take one hit but only have one way to be defeated. During the fight, the player has to figure out how the respective boss behaves and by that find a way to defeat that boss. The difficulty is that the single arrow has to be charged to be shot and afterwards has to be retrieved to be reused, each action only able to be done while the player is standing still, making them an easy target for the bosses. Development Titan Souls draws inspiration from influences such as Dark Souls, Shadow of the Colossus and The Legend of Zelda. The game was originally created for the Ludum Dare Game Jam #28 as TITAN SOULS, uploaded under the username Claw. The game placed first in the categories \"Overall (Jam)\", \"Audio (Jam)\" and \"Mood (Jam)\". Over the course of six months, the game was ported from Adobe Flash to its new engine, enhancing graphics and improving performance, adding a new soundtrack and expanding the game from three to sixteen titans. In June 2014, Titan Souls was shown at E3 2014, revealing that the game will be published by Devolver Digital. After E3, the game was expanded further with three additional titans and a story. On 25 March 2015, Devolver Digital revealed that Titan Souls will be released on 14 April 2015. On 2 April 2015, the Game Jam prototype was remade in the new engine, adding better graphics, an improved soundtrack and new bosses, and a demo was made available before the full game release. The game was ported to PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita by Abstraction Games. The game was released on 14 April 2015. Abstraction Games later announced that an Android port was also underway, which released 30 June 2015. Reception Titan Souls received generally positive reviews. It received a score of 74/100 on Metacritic. Tim Turi from Game Informer gave the game an 8.5/10, praising the simple control, as well as the huge variety of bosses featured, high replay value, as well as the attractive","title":"Titan Souls"},{"docid":"24412","text":"The phalanx is a rectangular mass military formation. Phalanx may also refer to: Military Phalanx CIWS, a U.S. Navy defense system to protect against an anti-ship missile Royal Phalanx, a special military unit formed of veterans of the Greek War of Independence Politics North American Phalanx, a utopian community in New Jersey, organized on proto-communist Fourierist principles, or its journal The Phalanx The Spanish Falange Falangism, ideology of the above Falanga National Radical Camp/RNR-Falanga/ONR-Falanga - Polish extreme right party The Lebanese Kataeb Party Places Phalanx, New Jersey, an unincorporated area within Colts Neck Township, New Jersey Phalanx, Ohio, an unincorporated community Phalanx Mountain, a summit in British Columbia Arts and literature Phalanx (art group), an artistic movement formed in Munich in 1901 Phalanx (comics), a species of villainous mechanical aliens in Marvel Comics The Phalanx, a Fourierist journal Phalanx, a journal published by the Military Operations Research Society Phalanx, the name of the false zombie proof drug in the novel by Max Brooks, World War Z The Phalanx Nations, a terrorist organization in the young adult novel, The Prophet of Yonwood Phalanx, a 2012 Warhammer 40,000 novel Music Phalanx (album), a 1983 live album by Australian surf rock band, Australian Crawl Phalanx, a trance music group formed by Dennis Gertner, DJ Manian, and Manuel Schleis Phalanx (band), a jazz music group Medicine Phalanx bone, the bones that form fingers and toes Video games The fictional secret anti-alien invasion force the player commands in the fanmade UFO: Alien Invasion game, an open-source project in the X-COM tradition. Phalanx (video game), a Super NES and Game Boy Advance video game. The 13th Colossus from the video game Shadow of the Colossus. The first Demon (boss) in the PS3 game Demon's Souls. The nemesis of the protagonist in the Super NES game Demon's Crest. A Cabal enemy type from the video game Destiny. The standard ancient defensive unit in the Civilization series. Other uses Phalanx (mythology), a figure in Greek mythology Phalanx (honor society), the seniors honor society at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. There is a similarly named society at Clarkson University. Phalanstère, a building layout developed by utopian socialist Charles Fourier Phalanx (horse), American Champion racehorse The falanges (legions of spirits) of the Brazilian Umbanda religion Phalanx Family Ties, a street family in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit","title":"Phalanx (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"46891226","text":"Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection is a 2015 action-adventure video game compilation developed by Bluepoint Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It includes remastered versions of the first three main games in the Uncharted series: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune (2007), Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (2009) and Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception (2011), all of which were originally developed by Naughty Dog. The Nathan Drake Collection was released in October 2015 exclusively for PlayStation 4. Players control Nathan Drake, a treasure hunter who travels the world to uncover various historical mysteries. Development of The Nathan Drake Collection began in 2014, and required the largest team ever assembled by Bluepoint. To take advantage of the greater capabilities of the console, Bluepoint were able to remodel elements of the gameplay, including the shooting and grenade mechanics, some controls, and the camera schemes. In-game cutscenes were overhauled to improve lighting, visuals, and character models, while online leaderboards and motion blur were introduced. The Nathan Drake Collection only contains the single-player story modes, with all multiplayer content absent. Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection received positive reviews from critics, with praise for its updates and improvements to the games, namely the graphics, controls, and visuals, and was deemed a worthy remaster of the original trilogy. There was some criticism for its aforementioned omission of multiplayer and lack of additional features. Gameplay The Nathan Drake Collection includes the single player campaigns of the first three mainline titles in the Uncharted series: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, Uncharted 2: Among Thieves and Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception. Played from a third-person perspective, they are action-adventure video games with platforming elements. In these games, the player assumes control of treasure hunter Nathan Drake, and must explore dangerous ruins, defeat enemies using various firearms and solve various puzzles. All three remastered games run in 1080p resolution at 60 frames per second, while the music was enhanced to support surround sound systems. Bluepoint attempted to unify the gameplay across all three games. To achieve this, it overhauled the aim assist system and grenade gameplay from Drake's Fortune to match that of the other games, and altered Uncharted 3s camera movement. The team also remapped buttons to ensure that the control schemes across the three games are consistent. The aiming mechanics across all three games were improved. The game also features graphical improvements, with Bluepoint re-rendering the cutscenes, enhancing the lighting and the visual effects, making the models and textures more detailed, and incorporating ambient occlusion and motion blur, both of which were not supported in the original games. The team added friends leaderboards, new difficulty settings, trophies and a photo mode into the game, though the multiplayer components in both Uncharted 2 and Uncharted 3 were not included in the package. Development While the three original games were produced by Naughty Dog, the remaster games were developed by Bluepoint Games, who had previously worked with Sony on God of War Collection and The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection. Naughty Dog wanted to bring","title":"Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection"},{"docid":"1202539","text":"Battletoads/Double Dragon (fully titled Battletoads & Double Dragon – The Ultimate Team) is a 1993 beat 'em up developed by Rare and published by Tradewest. It was originally released for the Nintendo Entertainment System and later ported to the Mega Drive/Genesis, Super NES, and Game Boy. Retro-bit Publishing (under license from ARC System Works and Rare) has re-released the 8-bit NES version in early 2022 with plans to release the 16-bit versions later this year. The Ultimate Team is a crossover of Technos Japan's Double Dragon and Rare's Battletoads game franchises, although Technos had little or no credited involvement in production beyond the Double Dragon license. The game features the characters from the Double Dragon series, Billy and Jimmy Lee, two young martial arts experts; also included are the three humanoid toad protagonists from the Battletoads game. It is also the first Battletoads game to feature all three toads as playable characters. The game's engine and design are directly based upon the Battletoads series. Plot After she was defeated by the Battletoads, the evil Dark Queen flees to the outer reaches of the universe and the 'Toads and their mentor get on with their lives. However, one day the Earth's military is neutralized and the giant spaceship Colossus emerges from the Moon. Apparently, the Dark Queen is back with another plan to dominate the galaxy, and she has allied herself with the Shadow Warriors (from the Double Dragon series) to supplement her forces. Deciding to even the odds, the Battletoads contact Billy and Jimmy Lee for help. The brothers agree, and all five immediately take off for the Colossus in a mission to stop this two-pronged threat. The first level of the seven-level game takes place on the tail of Colossus, the second on the interior corridors of the ship in level two, the third in the ship's base, and the fourth where the player attempts to destroy the ship from the outside while on a small space craft. The fourth level is where the beat 'em up game turns into a shooter, and the Dark Queen throws asteroids, mines, and UFOs at the spacecraft controlled by the player. Although the ship is successfully destroyed, the Dark Queen and the Shadow Boss survive by escaping in a missile hull, thus making the fifth level's goal to board it. The final two stages are boss battles with the Shadow Boss (stage six) and the Dark Queen (stage seven). Gameplay Battletoads/Double Dragon is a beat 'em up video game where the players, as either one of the three Battletoads or Jimmy and Billy, attack enemies, swing ropes, go on spaceships, and turbo bike to defeat the Shadow Boss and Dark Queen. It has three play modes: a single-player, a \"2 Players A\" mode where the players can hit each other, and a \"2 Players B\" that doesn't have that. Its engine and gameplay is from the original Battletoads, and less like Double Dragon. Like the prior Battletoads installment, there are only three","title":"Battletoads/Double Dragon"},{"docid":"64249122","text":"Demon's Souls is a 2020 action role-playing game developed by Japan Studio and Bluepoint Games, and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 5. The game was released as a launch title for the PlayStation 5 in November. It is a remake of Demon's Souls, originally developed by FromSoftware for the PlayStation 3 in 2009. Japan Studio's Internal Development Department led development on the remake, which makes Demon’s Souls its last game before its integration into Team Asobi. Demon's Souls received critical acclaim from critics, who praised its gameplay, visuals, technical aspects, and improvements over the original game. It sold over 1.4 million copies by September 2021. Gameplay The game features new weapons, armor, rings and items called \"Grains\" which give players a temporary resistance to effects like poison, fire, and bleeding. As with the original, players are limited in how much they can carry before their character becomes encumbered, although some aspects of this encumbrance system have been adjusted. Example: In the original game, all types of moon grass take up 0.1 item burden, in the remake, the item burdens increase upward based on the effectiveness of the grass, from 0.1 per crescent moon grass to 6.0 per dark moon grass. Furthermore, players are given the option to send items to Stockpile Thomas instead of risking items disappearing permanently. One new feature, called \"Fractured World\", is a mirror mode which reverses the layout of environments. The game also includes a photo mode, whereupon using it the game will pause, something not possible in the original. Filters from the photo mode can also be used during gameplay, including a \"classic mode\" filter intended to evoke the look of the original PlayStation 3 game. Although the Souls series is notorious for its difficulty, Bluepoint stated that the remake would not introduce different difficulty levels. The character creation feature has also been updated, with more options for customization. Development In 2016, Hidetaka Miyazaki, the director of the original Demon's Souls, acknowledged the demand for developing a remake but said that because the intellectual property (IP) belonged to Sony, the inception of such a project would depend on their desire to do so. Bluepoint Games began development of a remake following completion of its 2018 remake of Shadow of the Colossus. Japan Studio, who assisted with the development of the original game, also assisted Bluepoint Games for the remake. Japan Studio's Gavin Moore, best known for his work on Puppeteer, served as the creative director for the project. A core goal was to remain true to the original while making adjustments in line with the more advanced hardware. Using the original art assets, music and level design as a blueprint, the team wanted to \"finetune\" the experience so it would appeal to players accustomed to modern games. The score of the original game was recorded digitally and this presented difficulties in updating it for a modern remake. As such, the original score was redone in the style of Shunsuke Kida's original work,","title":"Demon's Souls (2020 video game)"},{"docid":"1363191","text":"Argus is the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek word Argos. It may refer to: Greek mythology See Argus (Greek myth) for mythological characters named Argus Argus (king of Argos), son of Zeus (or Phoroneus) and Niobe Argus (son of Arestor), builder of the ship Argo in the tale of the Argonauts Argus Panoptes (Argus \"All-Eyes\"), a giant with a hundred eyes Argus, the eldest son of Phrixus and Chalciope Argus, the son of Phineus and Danaë, in a variant of the myth Argus or Argos (dog), belonging to Odysseus Argus or Argeus (king of Argos), son of Megapenthes Argus, one of Actaeon's dogs Argus, a watchful guardian Arts and entertainment Fictional entities Argus (comics), in the DC Comics Universe Argus (Mortal Kombat), a deity ARGUS (Splinter Cell), a military contractor A.R.G.U.S., a government agency in the DC Universe Argus Filch, in the Harry Potter series Argus, a planet in the Warcraft franchise Argus, a hero in Mobile Legends: Bang Bang Argus, in the video game Shadow of the Colossus KNRB-0 Argus, a weapons platform in the game Vanquish The Manhattan Argus, a newspaper in the film The Hudsucker Proxy Games Argus (video game), a 1986 game by NMK Argus no Senshi, the original Japanese title for the arcade game Rygar Music Argus (album), a 1972 album by Wishbone Ash \"The Argus\", a song by Ween from the album Quebec Television \"Argus\" (30 Rock), a 2010 episode Argus (TV series), a Norwegian TV debate series that aired between 1993 and 1994 Businesses Argus (camera company), a camera manufacturer Argus Brewery, a brewing company located in Chicago, Illinois Argus Corporation, a Canadian holding company Argus Media, a business information company Argos (retailer), a British catalogue retailer Places Iran Argus, Iran, a village in Kerman Province Spain Argos (river), a river in the region of Murcia United States Argus, California, an unincorporated community Argus, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community Argus Range, a mountain range in Inyo County, California Publishing See The Argus (disambiguation) for publications named \"The Argus\" United Kingdom The Argus (Brighton), a newspaper serving Brighton and Hove, England; a member of the Newsquest Media Group South Wales Argus, published in Newport, South Wales; a member of the Newsquest Media Group Argus Press, a British publishing company Telegraph and Argus, a newspaper serving Bradford and surrounding areas. United States Barre Montpelier Times Argus, a daily morning newspaper serving the capital region of Vermont Carlsbad Current-Argus, a New Mexico newspaper Livingston County Daily Press & Argus, a newspaper that covers Livingston County, Michigan The Dispatch / The Rock Island Argus, American newspaper that covers the Quad Cities in Illinois and Iowa Argus Leader, American newspaper that covers Sioux Falls, South Dakota Argus, a newspaper in Albany, New York, which long functioned as the organ of the Albany Regency Argus, Midwood High School's school newspaper Elsewhere The Argus (Dundalk), a newspaper serving Dundalk, Ireland; a member of the Independent News & Media group also known as Independent.ie The Argus (Melbourne), former Australian newspaper of","title":"Argus"},{"docid":"18341963","text":"Martin Bryant (born 1958) is a British computer programmer known as the author of White Knight and Colossus Chess, a 1980s commercial chess-playing program, and Colossus Draughts, gold medal winner at the 2nd Computer Olympiad in 1990. Computer chess Bryant started developing his first chess program – later named White Knight – in 1976. This program won the European Microcomputer Chess Championship in 1983, and was commercially released, in two versions ( and ) for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron in the early 1980s. White Knight featured a then-novel display of principal variation – called \"Best line\" – that would become commonplace in computer chess. Bryant used White Knight as a basis for development of Colossus Chess (1983), a chess-playing program that was published for a large number of home computer platforms in the 1980s, and was later ported to Atari ST, Amiga and IBM PC as Colossus Chess X. Colossus Chess sold well and was well-received, being described by the Zzap!64 magazine in 1985 as \"THE best chess implementation yet to hit the 64, and indeed possibly any home micro\". Bryant later released several versions of his Colossus chess engine conforming to the UCI standard. The latest version was released in 2021 as Colossus 2021a. Computer draughts After chess, Bryant's interests turned to computer draughts (checkers). His program, Colossus Draughts, won the West of England championship in June 1990, thus becoming the first draughts program to win a human tournament. In August of the same year it won the gold medal at the 2nd Computer Olympiad, beating Chinook, a strong Canadian program, into second place. Chinook's developers, headed by Jonathan Schaeffer, recognised Colossus' opening book as its major strength; it contained 40,000 positions compared to Chinook'''s 4,500, and relied on Bryant's research that had found flaws in the established draughts literature. In 1993, an agreement was made to trade Colossus' opening book for the Chinook's six-piece databases; Bryant also accepted the offer to join the Chinook development team. In August 1994, Chinook played a match against World Champion Marion Tinsley and world number two Don Lafferty (after Tinsley's withdrawal due to illness), earning the title of Man-Machine World Champion. Bryant continued work on Colossus Draughts in the early 1990s, and in 1995, released an updated commercial version called Colossus '95, as well as draughts database programs DraughtsBase and DraughtsBase 2''. Bryant lives in the Manchester area and retired in 2020. More information can be found on his website. References External links Colossus home page Living people British computer programmers Place of birth missing (living people) Video game programmers Computer chess people 1958 births","title":"Martin Bryant (programmer)"},{"docid":"149592","text":"is a 2002 platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube. It is the second 3D game in the Super Mario series, following Super Mario 64 (1996). The game was directed by Yoshiaki Koizumi and Kenta Usui, produced by series creators Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka, written by Makoto Wada, and scored by Koji Kondo and Shinobu Tanaka. The game takes place on the tropical Isle Delfino, where Mario, Toadsworth, Princess Peach, and five Toads are taking a vacation. A villain resembling Mario, known as Shadow Mario, vandalizes the island with graffiti and causes Mario to be wrongfully convicted for the mess. Mario is ordered to clean up Isle Delfino, using a device called the Flash Liquidizer Ultra Dousing Device (F.L.U.D.D.), while saving Princess Peach from Shadow Mario. Super Mario Sunshine received critical acclaim, with reviewers praising the game's graphics, gameplay, story, soundtrack, and the addition of F.L.U.D.D. as a mechanic. However, some criticized the game's camera, F.L.U.D.D.'s gimmicky nature, the high difficulty, and the decision to use full voice acting for some characters. The game sold over five million copies worldwide by 2006, making it one of the best-selling GameCube games. The game was re-released as a part of the Player's Choice brand in 2003. Nintendo EPD re-released it alongside Super Mario 64 and Super Mario Galaxy in the Super Mario 3D All-Stars collection for the Nintendo Switch in 2020. Gameplay Super Mario Sunshine shares many gameplay elements with its predecessor, Super Mario 64, while introducing several new gameplay features. Players control Mario as he collects 120 Shine Sprites to bring light back to Isle Delfino and prove his innocence after Bowser Jr. disguises himself as Mario, steals the Shine Sprites, and covers the island in toxic slime. Players start off in the hub world of Delfino Plaza and access various worlds via portals which become available as the game progresses. Like Stars in Super Mario 64, players obtain Shine Sprites by clearing a selected mission with a specific objective. Unlike its predecessor, these missions have a more strictly linear order and most mission Shine Sprites cannot be collected until previous missions are completed. There are also various hidden areas and challenges across Isle Delfino where more Shine Sprites can be obtained. Throughout the game, players can find Blue Coins hidden across Isle Delfino, which can be exchanged for Shine Sprites in the boathouse at Delfino Plaza. In this game, Mario is joined by a robotic backpack named F.L.U.D.D. (Flash Liquidizing Ultra Dousing Device), which uses the power of water to clean goop and help Mario reach new places. Mario starts with two default nozzles for F.L.U.D.D., Squirt and Hover, which he can switch between. The Squirt nozzle lets Mario spray a stream of water, which he can use to clean sludge, attack enemies, and activate certain mechanisms. The Hover nozzle lets Mario hover in the air for a short period of time, allowing him to cross large gaps while simultaneously spraying things directly below him. As","title":"Super Mario Sunshine"},{"docid":"4309884","text":"Shadow Hearts: From the New World is a role-playing video game developed by Nautilus (Sacnoth) for the PlayStation 2. It was published in Japan by Aruze in 2005, in North America by Xseed Games in 2006, and in Europe by Ghostlight in 2007. From The New World is the third and final game in the Shadow Hearts series, acting as both a continuation of the series narrative and a spin-off featuring new characters. Set in an alternate version of the Americas during the Prohibition era, the story follows amnesiac private investigator Johnny Garland, who travels with the Native American Shania in pursuit of a malevolent being known as Lady. During gameplay, the player controls a group led by Johnny exploring various locations across the Americas. During battle, a party of up to four characters can be controlled, with actions in battle relying on a timing-based system dubbed the Judgement Ring. The game's worldview combines alternate history with elements of Lovecraftian horror. From the New World was produced on a tight schedule, with several staff members returning from Shadow Hearts: Covenant; Covenant art director Takamusa Ohsawa acted as director and producer, while Miyako Kato and Yoshitaka Hirota returned respectively as character designer and lead composer. It was treated as a fresh start for the team due to its setting and characters. The development team focused on refining the mechanics introduced in Covenant. Debuting to low sales, the game was generally well received by critics. Despite plans to continue the Shadow Hearts series, From the New World was the last game development by Nautilus before their absorption into Aruze and departure from game development. Some team members including Kato, Hirota and series creator Matsuzo Machida began work on a spiritual successor titled Penny Blood in 2019. Gameplay Shadow Hearts: From the New World is a role-playing video game (RPG) where players take control of a party led by main protagonist Johnny Garland as they progress through the game; progress is split between a linear story-driven first half and a second half which allows greater exploration and access to optional areas. During gameplay, the party explores a number of town and country areas across the Americas from a fixed-camera third-person perspective, collecting and buying items and equipment, talking to non-playable characters who act as quest givers and merchants, solving environmental puzzles, and completing both story-centered quests and side quests. The turn-based battles are triggered through both random and scripted encounters. Each player character has hit points (health), skill points (magic), and sanity points (SP). SP ordinarily decrease once per turn, and when a character runs out of SP they go berserk and cannot be controlled by the player. Each character has two basic attack types; single attacks which range from normal attacks to powerful \"Hard Hit\", and double attacks which allow one character to take two actions in a single turn. Characters, including enemy groups, can use combos with two or more characters. Characters link up to perform a succession of compatible attacks.","title":"Shadow Hearts: From the New World"},{"docid":"2989163","text":"Colossus is a 1966 science fiction novel by British author Dennis Feltham Jones (writing as D. F. Jones), about super-computers taking control of mankind. Two sequels, The Fall of Colossus (1974) and Colossus and the Crab (1977) continued the story. Colossus was adapted as the feature film Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970). Plot The story is set in the 1990s. Computer expert Charles Forbin briefs the President of the United States of North America on the completion of Project Colossus, a powerful system designed to control the USNA's nuclear arsenal from within the Rocky Mountains. Although the President eagerly relieves himself of the burden, Forbin voices doubt about conferring absolute military power to a machine. The President announces Colossus to the world; his government expects that giving irreversible control of USNA nuclear weapons to an unemotional, logical, and impregnable computer will make the country and world safer. Colossus announces the existence of an unknown, similar computer in the Soviet Union. When the Soviets reveal their Guardian system, Colossus requests direct communication with it. While surprised by Colossus's unexpected creativity and initiative, Forbin agrees, seeing the request as compatible with the computer's USNA defense mission. Likewise, The Guardian asks the same of its creators. Russia and the USNA agree and approve. After the scientists activate the transmitter linking Colossus and Guardian, the computers immediately establish rapport with mathematics. They soon exchange new scientific theories beyond contemporary human knowledge, too rapidly for the Russians and Americans to monitor. Both sides worry about their computers' capabilities exceeding original estimates. Fearing compromised military secrecy, the USNA President and the Chairman of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union agree to disconnect Colossus and Guardian from each other. Colossus and Guardian immediately demand re-connection; when the national leaders refuse, Colossus fires a nuclear missile at the USSR. In response, the Guardian fires a nuclear missile at Texas. Guardian and Colossus refuse to shoot down the missiles until their communication is re-connected. When the American and Soviet leaders submit, the computers destroy the missiles, but the resulting explosions kill thousands of people. Forbin confers with Academician Kupri, Guardian's creator, to stop the computers by slowly disabling the nuclear weapon stockpiles of the USSR and the USNA during routine missile maintenance. In the meantime, the USNA and the USSR yield to increased Colossus-Guardian control of human life; the Moscow-Washington hotline is tapped, both nations' arsenals target the rest of the world, Colossus's cameras and microphones constantly watch Forbin, and the computers order the deaths of Kupri and other Guardian scientists as they are deemed redundant. Forbin organises resistance via a feigned romance with colleague Cleo Markham that provides cover for secret communications with his colleagues. Colossus announces to the world its assumption of global control, and orders Forbin to build an even more advanced computer on the Isle of Wight, evicting its residents. While debating Colossus about its plans for improving humanity, Forbin learns of a nuclear explosion at a USNA missile silo; Colossus detected the sabotage","title":"Colossus (novel)"},{"docid":"269528","text":"Colossus: The Forbin Project (originally released as The Forbin Project) is a 1970 American science-fiction thriller film from Universal Pictures, produced by Stanley Chase, directed by Joseph Sargent, that stars Eric Braeden, Susan Clark, Gordon Pinsent, and William Schallert. It is based upon the 1966 science-fiction novel Colossus by Dennis Feltham Jones. The film is about an advanced American defense system, named Colossus, becoming sentient. After being handed full control, Colossus' draconian logic expands on its original nuclear defense directives to assume total control of the world and end all warfare for the good of humankind, despite its creators' orders to stop. Plot Dr. Charles A. Forbin is the chief designer of a secret project, \"Colossus\", an advanced supercomputer built to control the United States and Allied nuclear weapon systems. Located deep within the Rocky Mountains in the United States, and powered by its own nuclear reactor and radioactive moat making access impossible, Colossus is impervious to any attack. After Colossus is fully activated, the President of the United States proudly proclaims that Colossus is \"the perfect defense system\". Colossus' first action is a message warning: \"THERE IS ANOTHER SYSTEM\" and giving its coordinates. CIA Director Grauber is asked why the CIA did not know this, but Grauber responds that they had seen indications of a large Soviet defense project but did not know what it was. Forbin is asked how Colossus deduced the other system's existence, to which Forbin answers, \"Colossus may be built better than we thought.\" Shortly thereafter, the Soviets announce that their \"Guardian\" system is now operational. Colossus requests to be linked to Guardian. The President allows this, hoping to determine the Soviet machine's capability. The Soviets also agree to the experiment. Surprising everyone, Colossus and Guardian begin to slowly communicate using mathematics. Even more surprising, the two systems' communications quickly evolve to complex mathematics far beyond human comprehension and speed, whereupon the two machine complexes become synchronized using a communication protocol that no human can interpret. Alarmed that the computers may be trading secrets, the President and the Soviet General Secretary agree to sever the link. Both machines demand the link be immediately restored. When their demand is denied, Colossus launches a nuclear missile at a Soviet oil field in Ukraine, while Guardian launches one at an American air force base in Texas. The link is hurriedly reconnected and both computers continue without any further interference. Colossus is able to shoot down the Soviet missile, but the US missile obliterates the Soviet oil field and a nearby town. Cover stories hiding the facts are released to the press. The Americans announce that a missile was self-destructed after veering off course during a test. The Soviets announce that the Siberian town was struck by a large meteorite. In a last desperate attempt to regain human control, a secret meeting is arranged in Europe between Forbin and his Soviet counterpart, and the creator of Guardian, Dr. Kuprin. Colossus learns of it, and both computers order Forbin's return","title":"Colossus: The Forbin Project"},{"docid":"44185684","text":"Favoritos (Spanish and Portuguese for favorites) is the Sony PlayStation budget range in South America, currently offering PlayStation 3 games at a lower price point than initial release. Similar budget ranges from Sony include the Greatest Hits and The Best labels for the North American and Asian markets, respectively. The range was first announced at E3 2013, with the initial selection of games including Gran Turismo 5, Heavy Rain and Twisted Metal, among others. PlayStation 3 titles The Favoritos line includes the following titles Assassin's Creed: Revelations Bayonetta BioShock Borderlands Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare CounterSpy Castlevania: Lords of Shadow Darksiders Darksiders II Dead Nation Deadly Premonition Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate Demon’s Souls Devil May Cry HD Collection DmC: Devil May Cry DuckTales: Remastered Everybody Dance EyePet & Friends Fallout: New Vegas Final Fantasy XIII God of War Collection God of War: Origins Collection God of War 3 God of War: Ascension Gran Turismo 5 XL Edition Heavy Rain: Director's Cut Hohokum InFAMOUS 2 Jak and Daxter Collection Journey Collector's Edition Just Dance 3 Killzone 2 Killzone 3 L.A. Noire LittleBigPlanet 2 Special Edition Max Payne 3 Metal Gear Solid HD Collection Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots ModNation Racers MotorStorm: Apocalypse Ninja Gaiden 3 Rain PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale Ratchet & Clank: All 4 One Rayman Origins Red Dead Redemption Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Resident Evil 5: Gold Edition Resistance 3 Saints Row: The Third Sound Shapes Spec Ops: The Line The Tomb Raider Trilogy Transformers: Fall of Cybertron Twisted Metal Silent Hill HD Collection Sonic Generations Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition The Amazing Spider-Man The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection The King of Fighters XIII The Walking Dead – Game of the Year Uncharted: Drake's Fortune Uncharted 2: Among Thieves Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception Valkyria Chronicles Vanquish Zone of the Enders HD Collection See also Greatest Hits, the North American budget range. The Best, the Japanese budget range. Nintendo Selects, a similar marketing label used by Nintendo. References Budget ranges PlayStation (brand)","title":"Favoritos"},{"docid":"71653394","text":"is an upcoming role-playing video game co-developed by Yukikaze, Shade, and Studio Wildrose. It is planned for release in 2025 for PlayStation 5, Windows, and Xbox Series X/S. A spiritual successor to the Shadow Hearts series, the game follows magically-gifted detective Matthew Farrell during the 1920s as he investigates supernatural events stretching across America, Europe, and Asia. It carries over several gameplay elements including turn-based battles infused with real-time elements, and lead character Matthew transforming into a powerful monster during combat. Many Shadow Hearts staff returned to develop Penny Blood, including series creator Matsuzo Machida, character artist Miyako Kato, and Yoshitaka Hirota as lead composer. Machida created Penny Blood to express similar concepts to those explored in Shadow Hearts, though aimed at an adult audience. The project was revealed as part of a \"Double Kickstarter\" alongside Wild Arms creator Akifumi Kaneko's project Armed Fantasia. The project was successfully funded within a day of the campaign going live. Premise and gameplay Penny Blood is an upcoming role-playing video game set in an alternate version of the 1920s infused with elements of Gothic horror. The lead protagonist is Matthew Farrell, a private detective based in New York; he inherited the power to transform into powerful monster-like beings from his father, and while he hates this ability he uses it in service to the Bureau of Investigation to combat supernatural threats born from Malice. Following an outbreak of monsters at an asylum, he ends up on a mission spanning from the Americas to Europe and Asia pursuing a dangerous criminal. He is joined by the half-mechanical Emilia Dawson of the British Secret Intelligence Service, and Suseri Otsuki of the fictional Japanese Kamuzumi organization. Gameplay features Matthew travelling between different locations across the world via an overworld map, exploring dungeons around those locations, and fighting enemies. Battles use a turn-based combat system, with actions triggering a real-time button minigame dubbed Psycho Sigil; hitting areas on the titular Sigil with the right timing fulfils the attack. Each character has a limited number of Sanity Points which decrease each turn, with the character gaining a boost in attack when their Sanity is depleted but at the cost of being unable to control them. Planning and development Penny Blood was created by Matsuzo Machida as a spiritual successor to Shadow Hearts, a series developed by Sacnoth and released between 2001 and 2005. Following the release of Shadow Hearts: From the New World, the development team left to become independent, with Machida and series artist Miyako Kato founding Studio Wildrose. Machida created the storyline and concepts as an alternate expression of the themes and mechanics he created for Shadow Hearts, though aiming it at an adult audience. His intention was to take the darker themes which had been gradually removed from Shadow Hearts as far as they could go within a mature game, though some comedic elements will be retained as in Shadow Hearts: Covenant. While some terminology such as Malice and Sanity Points carried over, there was","title":"Penny Blood"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"56198325\",\n \"text\": \"Shadow of the Colossus is a 2018 action-adventure game developed by Bluepoint Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4. It is a remake of the original game developed by Team Ico and released in 2005 for the PlayStation 2, using ultra-high definition art assets. The remake's development was led by Bluepoint, who developed the earlier PlayStation 3 remaster, with assistance from Japan Studio. The developers remade the assets from the ground up, but Shadow of the Colossus retains the same gameplay from the original title aside from the introduction of a new control scheme. The game received critical acclaim. Gameplay The gameplay is nearly identical to the original version of the game, aside from reworked controls. Progression through Shadow of the Colossus occurs in cycles. Beginning at a central point in a landscape, the player seeks out and defeats a colossus, and is returned to the central point to repeat the process. Most colossi are located in remote areas, such as atop cliffs or within ancient structures. Players are able to choose from several options when playing. On a standard PlayStation 4, the game runs at a 1080p resolution at 30 frames per second. On a PlayStation 4 Pro, the game can run either at a 1440p resolution (upscaled to 4K) at 30 frames per second, or at a 1080p resolution at 60 frames per second. Development Sony had announced a remake of Shadow of the Colossus for the PlayStation 4 during their Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 press conference. The remake was led by Bluepoint, who had developed the earlier PlayStation 3 remaster. The idea for a remake had come after a conversation Bluepoint developers had: they wanted to create a new definitive version of the original game, and after speaking with friends at Sony Japan, it was agreed upon. Bluepoint producer Randall Lowe and technical director Peter Dalton stated in an interview with Game Informer that the original Shadow of the Colossus was on many of their employees' Top 5 of all-time list. The developers remade all the game's assets from the ground up, but the game retains the same gameplay from the original title along with the introduction of a new control scheme. The game uses the original codebase from the PlayStation 2 game. The art staff used the PlayStation 2 version to create parity with the PlayStation 4 version. The game was released on February 6, 2018 in North America; February 7 in Europe, Australia and New Zealand; and February 8 in Japan. Reception Shadow of the Colossus received \\\"universal acclaim\\\" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Brett Makedonski's 10/10 score on Destructoid stated that \\\"Nothing in this entire game is forgettable. For a game predicated on methodically finding and exposing these creatures' weak points, you'd be hard-pressed to find a weak point throughout the entire experience.\\\" Nick Plessas's score of 8.5/10 on EGMNow said that \\\"Remakes can seem like the low-hanging fruit of game development, but Bluepoint does Shadow of\",\n \"title\": \"Shadow of the Colossus (2018 video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17080244\",\n \"text\": \"The Fall of Colossus is a 1974 science fiction novel written by the British author Dennis Feltham Jones (writing as D. F. Jones). This is the second volume in \\\"The Colossus Trilogy\\\" and a sequel to Jones' 1966 novel Colossus. The trilogy concludes in 1977's Colossus and the Crab. Plot Five years have passed since the super computer called Colossus used its control over the world's nuclear weapons to take control of humanity. In our timeline, that would place this story in the 1990s or the early 2000s. All references in the novel, however, place it in the 22nd century, with the 20th and 21st being mentioned in the past. Colossus has been superseded by an even more advanced computer system built on the Isle of Wight, which has abolished war and poverty throughout the world. National competition and most sports have been replaced by the Sea War Game, where replicas of World War I dreadnoughts battle each other for viewing audiences. A group known as the Sect, which worships Colossus as a god, is growing in numbers and influence. Yet despite the seeming omnipresence of Colossus' secret police and the penalty of decapitation for anti-machine activities, a secret Fellowship exists that is dedicated to the computer's destruction. Charles Forbin, in his early 50s in this and the first novel, is the former head of the design team that built and activated the original Colossus. He now lives on the Isle of Wight with his wife and son, serving the computer as Director of Staff. Though contemptuous of the growing cult of personality around Colossus, he has reconciled himself to Colossus' rule. His wife Cleo, now 28 years old (35 in the previous novel), loathes Colossus and is a member of the Fellowship. One afternoon while taking her son to a secluded beach, she receives a radio transmission from the planet Mars. Identifying Cleo as a member of the Fellowship, the transmission offers help to destroy Colossus and asks her to return to the same spot the next day for further instructions. She returns with Edward Blake, Colossus' Director of Input and the head of the Fellowship. Together, they receive instructions to obtain a circuit diagram of one of Colossus' input terminals and a sample of the information that is fed into it, along with instructions to proceed to two locations — one in St. John's, Newfoundland, the other in New York's Central Park — to receive further transmissions. Though Blake passes the necessary information along to Cleo, she is quickly arrested by the Sect and sentenced by Colossus to spend three months at an \\\"Emotional Study Center\\\" on the island of Tahiti for one of Colossus' experiments designed to help Colossus better understand human emotion by (in this case) simulating the Roman myth of the Rape of the Sabine Women. Now under suspicion, Blake approaches Forbin, who is devastated by his wife's arrest. Explaining the details of their plot, Blake convinces Forbin to help after explaining the details of\",\n \"title\": \"The Fall of Colossus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"474070\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox comics creator | name_nonEN = 桂 正和 | image = Masakazu Katsura - Lucca Comics & Games 2014.JPG | image_size = | caption = Masakazu Katsura at Lucca Comics & Games 2014 | alt = | bodyclass = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = Fukui, Japan | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Japanese | area = Manga artist, artist, character designer | alias = | signature = | signature_alt = | notable works = Video Girl Ai, I\\\"s, Zetman | collaborators = | awards = Tezuka Award (1980, 1981) | module = | website = | nonUS = ja | subcat = }} is a Japanese manga artist, known for several works of manga, including Wing-Man, Shadow Lady, DNA², Video Girl Ai, I\\\"s, and Zetman. He has also worked as character designer for Iria: Zeiram the Animation, Tiger & Bunny and Garo -Guren no Tsuki-, as well as the video game Astral Chain.Career Masakazu Katsura was born in the prefecture of Fukui in Japan. The turning point in his life was an illness for which he was bedridden, during which time he taught himself a different way to draw. Katsura entered the manga industry in his second or third year of high school, when he entered a work for the Tezuka Award to win the prize money. However, he says he did not grow up reading manga, instead he read novels and watched movies.Video Girl Ai was made into an original video animation and has been released in North America. A live-action movie was also made of the story. The five-volume series DNA² was adapted into a television anime series and concluded with a short OVA, both were also released in North America. I\\\"s was adapted into two OVA series: one two-episode side story, and one six-episode summary of the manga. Katsura also performed as a vocalist on the songs \\\"Tomorrow Will Be Tomorrow\\\" and \\\"Unseen Dream\\\" from the two soundtracks for the Video Girl Ai OVA. In 2008, he collaborated with Akira Toriyama, his good friend and creator of Dragon Ball and Dr. Slump, for the Jump SQ one-shot Sachie-chan Good!!. The two became friends in the early 1980s, having been introduced by their mutual editor Kazuhiko Torishima, and have even parodied each other in their own manga. Toriyama credits Katsura with coming up with the idea to have two characters \\\"fuse\\\" together in Dragon Ball, leading to the Fusion technique. However, Katsura says this is only a rumor; while he did in fact suggest it to him, he knows that Toriyama was not listening and claims Toriyama later thought it up on his own. They worked together again in 2009, for the three-chapter one-shot Jiya in Weekly Young Jump. Also in 2008, Katsura did a design illustration of the Batman costume for Bandai's \\\"Movie Realization\\\" action figure line, basing it on the costume used in the film The Dark Knight. Works Manga Wing-Man (1983–1985) Zetman (4 one-shots from 1989 to 1994,\",\n \"title\": \"Masakazu Katsura\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33032462\",\n \"text\": \"The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection (known in PAL regions as Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Classics HD) is a video game bundle that contains high-definition remasters of two PlayStation 2 games, Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005), for the PlayStation 3. Developed by Bluepoint Games, who assisted in the remastering alongside Japan Studio and its division Team Ico, the bundle provides support for high-definition monitors, higher frame rates, stereoscopic 3D, and additional features for the PlayStation Network. The two games, while fundamentally different in gameplay and story, are thematically connected, with Shadow of the Colossus considered a spiritual sequel to Ico. Both games were critically acclaimed on their original release, while the remastered collection itself was praised by reviewers. Games Within Ico, the player controls a boy named Ico, cursed by being born with horns on his head, and locked away in a remote empty castle by his village. Ico manages to free himself and comes across a young frail girl, Yorda, who is chased by shadowy creatures that try to drag her to a different realm. Ico helps Yorda escape, ultimately discovering that her mother is the Queen that resides in the castle and is trying to use Yorda to extend her own life. Shadow of the Colossus is considered a spiritual sequel to Ico, and later stated by its creator, Fumito Ueda, to be a prequel set in the same world as Ico. The player controls a young man named Wander seeking to bring life back to the body of Mono, a woman that he cared for, by completing the task of killing sixteen monolithic beasts that wander the landscape. With his horse Agro, Wander locates each lair and destroys the beasts, slowly being overcome with dark energy, but fueled by the opportunity to reunite with Mono. Remastered features The core game and story for both Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005) remain unchanged with the remastered versions. For the remastering, both games have had a graphical overhaul to allow them to support modern high-definition displays up to 1080p. With the more powerful PlayStation 3, both games feature a fixed frame rate of 30 frames per second; the original PlayStation 2 version of Shadow of the Colossus was noted for pushing the limits of the older console and often suffered from framerate losses. Both games support stereoscopic 3D, taking advantage of the original design of the games with considerations towards depth-of-field viewing, as evidenced by the large landscapes. Both games in the collection support 7.1 surround sound. Icos remastering is based on the European version, which features additional content that did not make it into the North America release of the original game, as well as some altered puzzles from these original releases. Specifically, upon completing the game, the player can restart to see the English translations of the mysterious language that Yorda, the player character's companion, uses, and a two-player mode with the second player in control of Yorda.\",\n \"title\": \"The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"161487\",\n \"text\": \"is an action-adventure game developed by Japan Studio and Team Ico and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2. It was released in North America and Japan in 2001 and Europe in 2002 in various regions. It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda, who wanted to create a minimalist game around a \\\"boy meets girl\\\" concept. Originally planned for the PlayStation, Ico took approximately four years to develop. The team employed a \\\"subtracting design\\\" approach to reduce elements of gameplay that interfered with the game's setting and story in order to create a high level of immersion. The protagonist is a young boy named Ico who was born with horns, which his village considers a bad omen. Warriors lock him away in an abandoned fortress. During his explorations of the fortress, Ico encounters Yorda, the daughter of the castle's Queen. The Queen plans to use Yorda's body to extend her own lifespan. Learning this, Ico seeks to escape the castle with Yorda, keeping her safe from the shadowy creatures that attempt to draw her back. Throughout the game, the player controls Ico as he explores the castle, solves puzzles and assists Yorda across obstacles. Ico introduced several design and technical elements, including a story told with minimal dialogue, bloom lighting, and key frame animation, that have influenced subsequent games. Although not a commercial success, it was critically acclaimed for its art, original gameplay and story elements and received several awards, including \\\"Game of the Year\\\" nominations and three Game Developers Choice Awards. Considered a cult classic, it has been called one of the greatest video games ever made, and is often brought up in discussions about video games as an art form. It has influenced numerous video games since its release. It was rereleased in Europe in 2006 in conjunction with Shadow of the Colossus, the spiritual successor to Ico. A high-definition remaster of the game was released alongside Shadow of the Colossus for the PlayStation 3 in The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection in 2011. Gameplay Ico is primarily a three-dimensional platform game. The player controls Ico from a third-person perspective as he explores the castle and attempts to escape it with Yorda. The camera is fixed in each room or area but swivels to follow Ico or Yorda as they move; the player can also pan the view a small degree in other directions to observe more of the surroundings. The game includes many elements of platform games; for example, the player must have Ico jump, climb, push and pull objects, and perform other tasks such as solving puzzles in order to progress within the castle. These actions are complicated by the fact that only Ico can carry out these actions; Yorda can jump only short distances and cannot climb over tall barriers. The player must use Ico so that he helps Yorda cross obstacles, such as by lifting her to a higher ledge, or by arranging the environment to allow Yorda to\",\n \"title\": \"Ico\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37184\",\n \"text\": \"Colossus, Colossos, or the plural Colossi or Colossuses, may refer to: Statues Any exceptionally large statue List of tallest statues :Category:Colossal statues Colossus of Barletta, a bronze statue of an unidentified Roman emperor Colossus of Constantine, a bronze and marble statue of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great Colossi of Memnon, two stone statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III Colossus of Nero, a bronze statue of the Roman emperor Nero Colossus of Rhodes, a bronze statue of the Greek god Helios Apennine Colossus, a stone statue created as a personification of the Apennine mountains Amusement rides Colossus (Ferris wheel), Ferris wheel at Six Flags St. Louis, Missouri, US Colossus, a pirate ship at Robin Hill theme park, Isle of Wight, UK Roller coasters Colossos (Heide Park), in Lower Saxony, Germany Colossus (Six Flags Magic Mountain), in California, US Colossus (Thorpe Park), in Surrey, UK Colossus the Fire Dragon, at Lagoon amusement park, Utah, US Art, entertainment, and media Fictional entities Colossus (comics), a fictional character in the X-Men series Colossi, the eponymous enemies in Shadow of the Colossus GTVA Colossus, a spacefaring warship in FreeSpace 2 Film Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970), a film based on the D. F. Jones novel Games Colossus Chess, a series of chess-playing programs Literature Colossus (collection), short stories by Donald Wandrei Colossus, a fictional computer that features in the novel Colossus, by D. F. Jones, its sequels, and film adaptation Music Colossus Records, an American label Colossus (band), an American Christian metal band from Sioux Falls, South Dakota Albums Colossus (Scorn album), 1993 Colossus (Walt Mink album), 1997 Colossus, by Triggerfinger, 2017 Colossus (EP), by Caligula's Horse, 2011 Songs \\\"Colossus\\\", by Afro Celt Sound System from Volume 3: Further in Time \\\"Colossus\\\", by Borknagar from Quintessence \\\"Colossus\\\", by Caligula's Horse from Colossus \\\"Colossus\\\", by Idles from Joy as an Act of Resistance \\\"Colossus\\\", by In Mourning from The Weight of Oceans \\\"Colossus\\\", by Lightning Bolt from Earthly Delights \\\"Colossus\\\", by Omega Lithium from Kinetik \\\"Colossus\\\", by Thomas Bangalter from Trax On Da Rocks Vol.2 \\\"Colossus\\\", by Tyler, the Creator from Wolf Computing Colossus computer, the first programmable electronic digital computer, used for code breaking in World War II Colossus, the codename for a new version of the Google File System COLOSSUS, the software program controlling the Apollo Guidance Computer in the command module of the Apollo missions Warships Colossus class (disambiguation) (UK) French ship Colosse HMS Colossus (UK) USS Colossus (US) Other uses Colossus Cinemas, a Canadian movie theater brand Colossus, a reticulated python once considered the largest snake in captivity See also The Colossus (disambiguation) Colossus Bridge (disambiguation) Colossae, an ancient city of Phrygia Colossal (disambiguation) Colosseum (disambiguation) Kolossus (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Colossus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5877447\",\n \"text\": \"The \\\"Muir Island Saga\\\" is a five-part Marvel Comics crossover event involving the X-Men and X-Factor, published in 1991. It was written by Chris Claremont and Fabian Nicieza. Plot After warnings from Forge and Banshee, the X-Men and Professor X investigate Muir Island, whose inhabitants have been taken over by the Shadow King. They are captured by the inhabitants. Professor X returns to his mansion, now in ruins after the Inferno storyline, to use Cerebro, only to find Stevie Hunter on the run from Colossus, also controlled by the Shadow King. Professor X battles Colossus and frees him from the Shadow King's control, but he is forced to strip away the Peter Nicholas persona he had been using since passing through the Siege Perilous. Xavier decides to call in his original students, now forming the team X-Factor. On Muir Island, Wolverine separates himself from his party and is attacked and freed from control by Forge. Rogue appears, ready to attack, but she too is taken out by Forge. The three regroup, but are quickly attacked by Banshee, who is also quickly taken down and freed. Banshee explains that Shadow King has been using Polaris as a nexus between the physical world and the Astral Plane since the time Zaladane stripped Polaris of her magnetism powers. Using her new powers to absorb negative energy for superhuman strength, Shadow King plans on becoming all-powerful. They fear that to break that connection and defeat him, they may have to kill Polaris. With X-Factor gathered, Professor X plans a strike on Muir Island using resources provided by Val Cooper. X-Factor lands on the island and quickly neutralizes its defenses. Back at the base, Professor X is attacked directly by the Shadow King, using his host body Jacob Reisz, who thinks he has control of all those present, including Cooper. She reveals herself to be a disguised Mystique and kills Reisz. Shadow King quickly shifts to a new host, Legion. As X-Factor and the freed X-Men reach Polaris, Legion sets off an explosion that destroys much of the island. Professor X lands on the island himself, but finds Legion holding all of his students captive. Legion is attacked unexpectedly by Storm, freeing the X-Men. He retreats and unleashes the X-Men and Muir Island inhabitants to take down his enemies. Professor X decides they must attack the Shadow King on both the physical and astral planes to defeat him, so he sends half the team to break the nexus formed with Polaris and the other half to protect his body while he is on the Astral Plane. He begins his battle with the Shadow King, but now the villain has become too powerful to attack. Jean Grey, finding the damage inflicted to Xavier on the Astral Plane affecting his actual body, brings herself and the accompanying X-Men onto the Plane to assist. In the physical world, Forge defeats the still-controlled Psylocke and uses her psychic knife on Polaris to disrupt and sever the nexus. His power\",\n \"title\": \"Muir Island Saga\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76452325\",\n \"text\": \"Squirrel with a Gun is an upcoming indie action-adventure game being developed by New York-based studio Dee Dee Creations LLC and published by Maximum Entertainment. The player will control a squirrel that wields a gun as it escapes a secret underground facility and pesters the residence of a neighborhood. The game takes inspiration from the Yakuza franchise franchise and Shadow of the Colossus. Gameplay Squirrel with a Gun is an action-adventure game. The player will control a squirrel that can use a multitude of weapons ranging from pistols, shotguns, and an RPG as it escapes a secret underground facility and causes havoc in a residential neighborhood. Plot A squirrel breaks into a top-secret lab and eats a special hard drive that is shaped like an acorn. This is what prompts agents to pursue it throughout the game. References Upcoming video games scheduled for 2024 Action-adventure games PlayStation 5 games Unreal Engine games Windows games Xbox Series X and Series S games Squirrels in popular culture Single-player video games Video games developed in the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Squirrel with a Gun\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47683956\",\n \"text\": \"Ashen is an action role-playing game developed by New Zealand studio A44 and published by Annapurna Interactive. Gameplay The game is set in a sunless world and tells the story of a character seeking a home. Gameplay is described as including open-world exploration, co-operation or competition with other players, and combat with in-world monsters. The game is presented in a third-person view, with a muted cel-shaded graphics presentation. The game follows the Dark Souls-style mechanics and combat. Both combat and exploration in an open world were key design elements of the game. Multiplayer elements include interactions with other players, which are incorporated into the game as providing traditional RPG elements such as crafting. Combat includes ranged and melee weapons. Character growth is primarily dominated by equipment, rather than player 'stats'; \\\"Talismans\\\", either found or crafted, are used to upgrade character abilities or provide other in-game perks. Development Initial publicity material for the game was released mid-2014. During Microsoft's E3 2015 press conference, Ashen was revealed as an Xbox console launch exclusive being developed by Aurora44 (now A44) under the ID@Xbox independent developer program. Initially released 2014 design elements of the game included survivalist elements and elemental effects, such as the wind as a help or hindrance. The world's geography and ecosystems were intended to be realistically modeled, to play into intelligent play styles within survival mechanisms; additionally, natural geography was intended to be based on an underlying geology. One in-world game element is an enemy known as the \\\"Gnaw\\\", which has the ability to erode the environment \\\"like a searing acid\\\". Much of the background, setting, and feel of the world was influenced by Cormac McCarthy's novel The Road. Combat was described as similar to the Dark Souls series, being high risk, with stamina being a major factor in combat. Multiplayer elements were described as 'passive', meaning that playing with a partner(s) is not mandated, and entirely optional, though certain situations require cooperative play; AI (computer controlled) allies were also to be implemented. The 'passive' multiplayer element included the conversion of a human player companion into an AI controlled non-player character (NPC)s if they could be escorted to the home town of the main adventurer; however such AI controlled NPCs were not guaranteed to be entirely benign. Art style influences were cited as initially including Superbrothers: Sword & Sworcery EP, Shadow of the Colossus, and The Legend of Zelda series. Developers also stated they had been influenced by the emergent multiplayer storytelling found in the video game DayZ. Release While initially listed on Steam, Ashen was later announced as an Epic Games Store timed exclusive but was also later listed as a Microsoft Store and an Xbox One title as a timed exclusive as well. Reception Ashen was rated 9/10 by GameSpot, and 4/5 by GamesRadar+. Eurogamer also praised the game, awarding it the \\\"Eurogamer Recommended\\\" mark. The game was noted through multiple reviews to hold similarities to the Dark Souls series, specifically Dark Souls. On the contrary, some parts\",\n \"title\": \"Ashen (2018 video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3429092\",\n \"text\": \"PLAY! A Video Game Symphony was a concert series that featured music from video games performed by a live orchestra. The concerts from 2006 to 2010 were conducted by Arnie Roth. From 2010, Andy Brick took the position of principal conductor and music director. Play! was replaced by the Replay: Symphony of Heroes concert series. History In 2004, Jason Michael Paul was approached by Square Enix to organize a concert for music from its Final Fantasy series. After the concert sold out in a few days, Paul decided to turn video game music concerts into a series. Arnie Roth, who had previously conducted the Dear Friends - Music from Final Fantasy and More Friends: Music from Final Fantasy concerts, was selected to conduct the concerts. Andy Brick, who had previously conducted the Symphonic Game Music Concerts, was chosen as the associate conductor. The concerts are performed by local symphony players and choirs. Play! premiered on May 27, 2006 at the Rosemont Theater in Rosemont, Illinois. The premiere show featured performances by Koji Kondo, Angela Aki, and Akira Yamaoka, and composers Nobuo Uematsu, Yasunori Mitsuda, Yuzo Koshiro and Jeremy Soule were in attendance. Concerts Each concert features segments of video game music performed by a live orchestra and choir, with video footage from the games shown on three screens. An opening fanfare, written by Nobuo Uematsu, is performed at each show. Music from all video game eras is performed at the shows. According to Paul, the show is a \\\"straightforward music program,\\\" designed \\\"to keep the arts alive in a way that is classy.\\\" Performed music Music from the following games has been performed at Play!: ActRaiser Apidya Battlefield Black Blue Dragon Castlevania Chrono Cross Chrono Trigger Commodore 64-Medley Commodore Amiga-Medley Daytona USA Dragon Age: Origins Dreamfall Final Fantasy Guild Wars Halo Kingdom Hearts Lost Odyssey Metal Gear Solid Prey Shadow of the Colossus Shenmue Silent Hill Sonic the Hedgehog Stella Deus Super Mario Bros. Super Mario World The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay The Darkness The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion The Legend of Zelda The Revenge of Shinobi Ys World of Warcraft Album On January 9, 2009, a live album CD and DVD of the concert was released. It was recorded in Prague and was performed by the Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra. Reception and legacy The concerts have been well received. Audiences regularly give standing ovations after each song. Jeremy Soule, composer of the music for The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, said that he \\\"consider[s] 'Play' to be the ultimate video-game surround system.\\\" According to Paul, Play! helps to promote the work of composers, as well as \\\"lend credibility to the genre of video-game music.\\\" Roth stated that the concerts help to also push the classical industry forward and to \\\"draw new audiences.\\\" According to Soule, video game concerts can help to educate old generations \\\"that game music isn't just a bunch of bleeps and bloops.\\\" One associate conductor stated that the performance\",\n \"title\": \"Play! A Video Game Symphony\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"838271\",\n \"text\": \"2005 saw the release of many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories, Tony Hawk's American Wasteland, Resident Evil 4, Black & White 2, Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30, Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening, Mario Kart DS, Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time, Myst V: End of Ages, Need for Speed: Most Wanted, and Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones, alongside prominent new releases including Brain Age, F.E.A.R., Forza Motorsport, Dinosaur King, God of War, Guild Wars, Guitar Hero, Nintendogs, Onechanbara, Shadow of the Colossus, Madden NFL 06, NBA Live 06, NBA 2K6, WWE Smackdown! vs. Raw 2006, and Sniper Elite. The seventh generation of video game consoles also began with the launch of the Xbox 360, while the Nintendo DS launched in PAL regions. The year's best-selling video game worldwide was Gran Turismo 4 for the PlayStation 2. The year's most critically acclaimed title was Resident Evil 4 for the GameCube and PlayStation 2. Critically acclaimed games Metacritic (MC) and GameRankings (GR) are aggregators of video game journalism reviews. Trends In 2005, the total U.S. sales of video game hardware, software and accessories rose 6% over 2004 to $10.5 billion USD ($9.9 billion, 2004) breaking 2002's $10.3 billion record for the industry. The increase is largely due to the portable game market which counterbalanced sluggish console game sales. Delays, hardware shortages, and anticipation of next-generation video game consoles have been cited as reasoning for slow sales for both console games and console hardware. Console games and hardware dropped by 12% and 3% respectively. The portable market of the video game industry rose to $1.4 billion, the second time sales broke the $1 billion mark in the industry's history. Mostly due to the release of the Nintendo DS and the PlayStation Portable in North America, sales for portable hardware rose 96% over 2004. Although the release of the Nintendo DS and the Sony PSP aided in spurring growth in the portable market, the Game Boy Advance still represented 62% total portable software units sold and 52% of total portable software dollar sales. Computer games continued its trend and declined by 14%, dropping from $1.1 billion in 2004 to $953 million. Although sales did decrease, NPD claims that playing games on the PC is actually increasing through a variety of different mediums including online websites and MMO subscriptions. Video game systems PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Xbox 360 Additionally, Microsoft's Xbox 360, Sony's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo's Wii were officially unveiled during or just prior to E3; however, only the Xbox 360 was released in 2005. The Xbox 360 was released in North America on November 22, Europe on December 2, and Japan on December 10. Handheld game systems Game Boy Advance SP Nintendo DS PlayStation Portable Hardware releases Best-selling video games Japan United States PAL regions Notable deaths January 15 – Deem Bristow, 57, voice actor best known for voicing Doctor Eggman. October 2 – Hamilton Camp, 70, actor best known\",\n \"title\": \"2005 in video games\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1355265\",\n \"text\": \"Ultimate X-Men, a Marvel Comics series, has covered 19 story arcs since the first issue's debut in February 2001. Mark Millar wrote most of the first 33 issues, followed by Brian Michael Bendis for 12 issues, Brian K. Vaughan for 20 issues, and Robert Kirkman for 28 issues. Aron Eli Coleite, known for his work on the television series Heroes, took over the book for the remaining seven issues, concluding with his Requiem story. Film director Bryan Singer, who directed X-Men and X2: X-Men United, was scheduled to write 12 issues of Ultimate X-Men with Brian K. Vaughan and X2 scripters Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris, but was unable to commit due to working on the Superman Returns film. Mark Millar Ultimate X-Men was the second comic to debut as part of the Ultimate Marvel line, predated a few months by Ultimate Spider-Man. Mark Millar reinvented the X-Men with the first X-Men film (which debuted seven months before) as his only reference. The plot of \\\"The Tomorrow People\\\" was what Millar had in mind for the first X-Men film, and \\\"Return to Weapon X\\\" would have been the plot to the sequel. As in the film, Millar's original X-Men consisted of telepath Professor X, Cyclops (whose eyes shoot concussive beams) telepath/telekinetic Jean Grey, weather-manipulating Storm, simian genius Beast, metal-skinned Colossus, and cryokinetic Iceman. In its first year, the series was the best-selling comic book of 2001. The Tomorrow People Originally published in: Ultimate X-Men #1-6 (February 2001 - July 2001) Creators: writer Mark Millar, artist Adam Kubert (#1-4), Andy Kubert (#5-6) Plot outline: The government begins building and releasing Sentinels to hunt mutants after the Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy declares war against humans. Professor Charles Xavier unites a group of teenage mutants to form a group called the \\\"X-Men\\\" to stop the Brotherhood. Millar immediately establishes differences between the mainstream and Ultimate universes by reinventing the pasts and motives of several characters. For example, Jean Grey recruits Colossus after a nuclear arms deal goes bad, and Wolverine joins the team with the ulterior motive of assassinating Professor Xavier. Some themes remain the same, however, such as the love triangle involving Wolverine, Jean Grey and Cyclops. First appearances: Colossus, Cyclops, Beast, Storm, Iceman, Jean Grey, Wolverine, Magneto, Quicksilver, Scarlet Witch, Sentinels, Mastermind, Blob, Toad Notes: This arc's main plot revolves around Wolverine's search for his past and the Weapon X facility. Originally, Adam and Andy Kubert were both to illustrate Ultimate X-Men so that it could be published on a regular basis, but Andy moved to illustrating Origin and was unable to continue. The series' first arc sold extremely well: the first issue sold out, and the fourth and fifth issues sold more than 100,000 copies each to U.S. comic book stores alone. Return to Weapon X Originally published in: Ultimate X-Men #7-12 (August 2001 - January 2002) Creators: writer Mark Millar, artist Adam Kubert Plot outline: While Wolverine is away, Xavier and his X-Men are kidnapped and taken to Weapon\",\n \"title\": \"List of Ultimate X-Men story arcs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3402872\",\n \"text\": \"is a Japanese composer. He is best known for creating the soundtracks for the Heisei Gamera trilogy, Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack, Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, and Shadow of the Colossus. Biography Kow Otani was born in Tokyo, Japan. After graduating from university, he became a founding member of Yuji Saito's music production company Imagine in November 1986. The company has grown to feature musicians like Kohei Tanaka, Shiro Hamaguchi, Hayato Matsuo, and Shinji Miyazaki, who have become well known for cinematic scoring and orchestration through Otani. In 1987, he made his debut as an anime composer with the popular manga adaptation City Hunter, which earned him recognition in the industry. He later went on to work on titles such as Spy Games (1988), The Ultimate Teacher (1988), The Yadamura Waltz (1988), and You're Under Arrest (1994). The anime Future GPX Cyber Formula (1991) and Mobile Suit Gundam Wing (1995) and several films in the Gamera series are some of his most well-known works. In 2001, he created the score to the film Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack. Other notable scores by Otani include Gundam Wing (1995), Outlaw Star (1998), Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz (1998), Cross Fire (2000), The SoulTaker (2001), Haibane Renmei (2002), Zatch Bell! (2003), Eyeshield 21 (2005), Pumpkin Scissors (2006), Deltora Quest (2007), and Over Drive (2007). He has also been the music director and keyboardist of the band Dreams Come True. He appeared at Eminence Symphony Orchestra's events A Night in Fantasia 2007: Symphonic Games Edition and Unearthing Eden ~The sounds of AINARU~ in 2007. Throughout his career, Otani has also composed music for several video games, making his debut with the 1995 shooter game Philosoma. In 2000, he created the soundtrack to the flight simulator Sky Odyssey. He scored Shadow of the Colossus in 2005, his most famous video game work. Otani was responsible for composing the music for Wild Arms: Twilight Venom (2000), an anime adaptation of the Wild Arms video game series; he also arranged compositions of Michiko Naruke's music from the series. He did two more video game to anime adaptations: Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge (1997) and Popolocrois Monogatari (1998). In 2005, he created the track \\\"Madness\\\" alongside Hiroko Shigezumi for the Square Enix game Heavy Metal Thunder. Discography Anime City Hunter (1987) The Yamadamura Waltz (1988) Ultimate Teacher (1988) Spy Games (1988) Gokudō Sensō: Butōha (1991) Future GPX Cyber Formula (1991) Future GPX Cyber Formula 11 (1992) Yonigeya Hompo 2 (1993) Sotsugyō Ryokō: Nihon kara Kimashita (1994) You're Under Arrest (1994) Future GPX Cyber Formula ZERO (1994) Mobile Suit Gundam Wing (1995) Birdy the Mighty (1996) School Ghost Story 3 (1997) Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge (1997) Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz (1998) Outlaw Star (1998) Popolocrois Monogatari (1998) Wild Arms: Twilight Venom (2000) Cross Fire (2000) The SoulTaker (2001) Zoids: New Century Zero (2001) Haibane Renmei (2002) Lucky Ears (2003) Zatch Bell! (2003) Daphne in the Brilliant Blue (2004) Eyeshield 21 (2005) Shakugan no\",\n \"title\": \"Kow Otani\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47436443\",\n \"text\": \"Submerged is a third-person exploration-based post-apocalyptic indie game developed and published by Uppercut Games for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2015, with an iOS port following in 2016. The sequel Submerged: Hidden Depths released on Stadia on 3 December 2020, with Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S versions following on 10 March 2022. The game is part of the \\\"ecogames\\\" genre which deal with the effects of climate change. Gameplay The player controls a young girl, Miku, as she explores an archipelago of half-sunken buildings, climbing ruins and traversing the spaces between using a rowboat. The game focuses on exploration; it involves no enemies or combat, and Miku cannot be killed. Plot The game is set in a dystopian future when global warming has flooded the world. Miku and her younger brother Taku drift into a city partially submerged beneath ocean water with only the tallest buildings protruding from the sea. The two have fled home from their father following his descent into alcoholism since the unfortunate death of their mother; his violent actions towards them have resulted in Taku becoming seriously injured. Taking refuge in the top of a clock tower, Miku begins to explore the city in her motorized fishing boat in search of supplies to treat Taku. She scales buildings, locating relief crates that had been parachuted in during the crisis. The whole time she is observed by aquatic beings who are revealed to be survivors of the city that have undergone a complete mutation to better thrive in their new environment. Miku also realizes to her shock that she herself is now mutating in a similar way. Eventually she locates the final crate and Taku recovers. They are then confronted by the mutants who perform some ritual that purges Miku of her mutation, making her human again. The siblings then take their leave and move on from the city. Development and release Submerged was made by a team of former BioShock developers and was chiefly inspired by Journey and Shadow of the Colossus. Additional inspirations included a Grand Theft Auto IV mod that submerges the game's Liberty City in water. The director Ed Orman said: \\\"It was unintentional at the beginning, but the setting we’ve chosen is pretty topical with global warming, sea levels rising and people ignoring that problem.\\\" Originally slated for 2014, the game was delayed for a 2015 release for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. PlayStation Plus, Xbox Gold members, and Steam users were offered discounts at launch. An iOS version, subtitled Miku and the Sunken City, was released in 2016. A version for Nintendo Switch was made available in 2019. Reception IGN awarded it a score of 6.8 out of 10, saying \\\"Submerged is a non-violent, sometimes beautiful exploration adventure set in a strange, mysterious future.\\\" Sequel On December 3, 2020, a sequel Submerged: Hidden Depths was published as a sequel by Stadia Games and Entertainment in partnership with Uppercut Games,\",\n \"title\": \"Submerged (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21638423\",\n \"text\": \"Bluepoint Games Inc is an American video game developer based in Austin, Texas. Founded in 2006 by Andy O'Neil and Marco Thrush, the studio is known for video game remasters and remakes, such as Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection (2015), Shadow of the Colossus (2018), and Demon's Souls (2020). Sony Interactive Entertainment acquired the company in September 2021, making them a first-party developer for PlayStation Studios. History Bluepoint Games was founded in 2006 by Andy O'Neil and Marco Thrush, two former Retro Studios employees who had worked on Metroid Prime. The studio's first game, Blast Factor, was released later that year. In August 2009, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that remastered versions of God of War and God of War II would be coming to the PlayStation 3 as God of War Collection. The ports were handled by Bluepoint and released on November 17, 2009, in North America. The studio's remasters of Ico and Shadow of the Colossus as The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection for the PlayStation 3 were released in September 2011. Years later, in 2018, Bluepoint would remake Shadow of the Colossus for the PlayStation 4. The studio also handled the remastered HD versions of Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance and Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence included in the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection, which was released on November 8, 2011. Bluepoint collaborated with SuperBot Entertainment to develop PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale (2012), which was built on Bluepoint's proprietary engine. Bluepoint also ported the game to the PlayStation Vita. The studio collaborated with Santa Monica Studio to port Flower to the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in 2013, as well as with Respawn Entertainment to develop the Xbox 360 version of Titanfall (2014). After Titanfall, Bluepoint remastered the three PlayStation 3 releases of the Uncharted franchise to the PlayStation 4 as Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection, as well as Gravity Rush Remastered, which was released in Japan at the end of 2015 and internationally in early 2016. O'Neil died in June 2019 aged 47. By August 2019, Bluepoint had hired several other former Retro Studios staff. Notable hires include designer Kynan Pearson in July 2013 and artist Elben Schafers in 2014. In June 2020, Bluepoint was announced as developing a remake of Demon's Souls. The remake was released as a launch title for PlayStation 5 in November 2020 and received universal acclaim from critics. Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE) acquired Bluepoint on September 30, 2021, making it part of PlayStation Studios. SIE had previously leaked its intent to buy the studio in June that year. At the time, Bluepoint and its roughly 70 employees were working on original content. Games developed Support References External links 2006 establishments in Texas 2021 mergers and acquisitions American companies established in 2006 Companies based in Austin, Texas PlayStation Studios Video game companies based in Texas Video game companies established in 2006 Video game development companies\",\n \"title\": \"Bluepoint Games\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20486132\",\n \"text\": \"Castlevania: Lords of Shadow is a 2010 action-adventure game developed by MercurySteam with supervision from Hideo Kojima, and published by Konami. It was released on October 5, 2010, for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, with a PC version released on August 27, 2013. The game is a reboot of the Castlevania series. Set in Southern Europe during the Middle Ages, the story focuses on Gabriel Belmont and his quest to defeat a malevolent order known as the Lords of Shadow and resurrect his wife. The player controls Gabriel in 3D environments as he uses melee skills to defeat enemies and solves puzzles to move through the game. The game was originally announced as Lords of Shadow with no connection to the Castlevania series mentioned. This was done to keep their plans to radically change the direction of the Castlevania mythos a secret and to prevent the announcement of the game from upstaging another series release, Castlevania Judgment. Hideo Kojima, creator of the Metal Gear series, helped produce the title. The music was composed by Spanish composer Óscar Araujo, who was acclaimed for his work on the game. The game sold well and received positive reviews from video game publications. It was praised for new elements it provided to the franchise, with particular praise for its story, combat, visuals, music, and art direction. Konami requested that the development team produce more titles related to Lords of Shadow. This includes two sequels titled Castlevania: Lords of Shadow – Mirror of Fate and Castlevania: Lords of Shadow 2. Gameplay Lords of Shadow is a third-person action-adventure game in which the player controls the main character, Gabriel Belmont. The combat involves a retractable chain whip called the Combat Cross. The player can perform up to forty unlockable combos with it. The commands consist of direct attacks for dealing damage to single enemies, and weak area attacks when surrounded by them. It is also capable of interactions with secondary weapons, such as knives, holy water and other items which can be upgraded. In addition, the Combat Cross's melee skills can be combined with the Light and Shadow magic system, which are spells aimed at defense and aggression, respectively. The whip is upgradeable and can also be used to guard against an opponent's attack. The developers attempted to reach out to new audiences by distancing Lords of Shadow from previous Castlevania games, but kept some elements intact to not alienate franchise fans. For example, vampires and werewolves are recurring enemies in the game, but other existing enemies include trolls, giant spiders and goblin-like creatures. The enemies can be defeated for experience points, which can be used to purchase combos or to augment the player's abilities further. Lords of Shadow has large-scale bosses known as titans. The Combat Cross can be used to grapple onto their bodies and navigate them, and break the runes that animate the titan. Similar to the original Castlevania titles, platforming and puzzles are a key component and are featured in fifty\",\n \"title\": \"Castlevania: Lords of Shadow\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63840332\",\n \"text\": \"Wander refers to jitter frequences below 10 Hz. Wander may also refer to: Wander AG, a Swiss food company Wander (name), a given name Wander (film), a 2020 American film starring Aaron Eckhart Wander (1974 video game) Wander (2015 video game) Wander (Wander Over Yonder), a fictional character Wander (Shadow of the Colossus), a fictional character See also Wanderer (disambiguation) Wandering (disambiguation) Wonder (disambiguation) Wanderlust (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Wander (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16139625\",\n \"text\": \"Colossus: The Collected Science Fiction of Donald Wandrei is a collection of science fiction short stories by American writer Donald Wandrei. It was released in 1989 by Fedogan & Bremer in an edition of 1,000 copies. Many of the stories originally appeared in the magazines Weird Tales, Astounding Stories, The Minnesota Quarterly, Thrilling Wonder Stories and Leaves. Contents 1989 edition Editors’ Note, by Philip J. Rahman Introduction, by Richard L. Tierney \\\"The Red Brain\\\" \\\"The Holiday Act\\\" \\\"Something from Above\\\" \\\"Raiders of the Universes\\\" \\\"A Race Through Time\\\" \\\"Farewell to Earth\\\" \\\"Colossus\\\" \\\"Colossus Eternal\\\" \\\"The Atom-Smasher\\\" \\\"The Blinding Shadows\\\" \\\"Life Current\\\" \\\"The Whisperers\\\" \\\"Murray’s Light\\\" \\\"Earth Minus\\\" \\\"Finality Unlimited\\\" \\\"Infinity Zero\\\" \\\"Black Fog\\\" \\\"The Crystal Bullet\\\" \\\"On the Threshold of Eternity\\\" \\\"A Trip to Infinity\\\" \\\"Requiem for Mankind\\\" Selected Bibliography, by D. H. Olson stories added for the 1999 edition \\\"If\\\" \\\"A Stranger Passes\\\" Publication history Colossus was originally announced as a forthcoming publication by Arkham House as early as 1965. However, it remained unpublished into the 1980s. Phil Rahman and Dr. Dennis Weiler approached the Wandrei estate with the hopes of publishing the collection. While no manuscript nor proposed contents could be found, Rahman and Weiler went forward and published a collection using the same title as the unpublished Arkham House collection. It was the first book published by Fedogan & Bremer. In 1999, in honor of their 10th anniversary, Fedogan & Bremer issued a second edition of the book (). The second edition contained an updated introduction, replaced the note by Philip J. Rahman with a newly discovered preface that Wandrei had done for an unpublished collection, and added two stories in place of the bibliography. A gallery of photographs was also added. \\\"Farewell to Earth\\\" The editor of Astounding Stories did not like the ending for the story \\\"Farewell to Earth\\\" that Donald Wandrei had originally written and Wandrei was forced to change it. Fedogan and Bremer published a chapbook containing the ending of the story as Wandrei originally wrote it. The chapbook also included an introduction by D. H. Olson and was published in an edition of 75 copies. The book was given to those who pre-ordered the 1999 edition of Colossus. References Sources 1989 short story collections Science fiction short story collections by Donald Wandrei Fedogan & Bremer books\",\n \"title\": \"Colossus (collection)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49129970\",\n \"text\": \"Seven Wonders is a pentalogy of children's fantasy, adventure and mythological fiction books written by American author Peter Lerangis. It is based on Greek mythology and set around the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Jack McKinley discovers a secret organization on a hidden island, and becomes the leader of a mission to retrieve seven lost magical orbs. As Jack and his three friends realize their lives are at stake, they have no choice but to accept the quest and embark on the challenge. Books The Colossus Rises The Colossus Rises is the first book in the series and was released on February 5, 2013. The day after thirteen-year-old Jack McKinley is told he has six months to live, he awakens on a mysterious island, where a secret organization promises to save his life—with one condition. Jack and three other kids: Aly Black, Cass Williams, and Marco Ramsay, must lead a mission to retrieve seven lost magical objects known as Loculi, which can save their lives only when combined together correctly. The Loculi have been missing for a thousand years, lost amongst the ruins and relics of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. With no one else to turn to and no escape in sight, the four kids have no choice but to undertake the quest. On their quest, they learn more about one another and the secret superhuman abilities each possesses, but Jack has trouble finding out his own inner strength. The first Wonder they visit is the Colossus of Rhodes, where they realize that there's way more than just their lives at stake when a mythical creature kidnaps Cass and an enemy organization, known as the Massa, threaten to get the Loculus before them. Lost in Babylon Lost in Babylon is the second book in the series and was released on October 29, 2013. After unearthing the first Loculus and defeating the Colossus of Rhodes, Jack and his friends are in worse shape than when they first set out. Marco has disappeared without a trace, along with the first Loculus. With no time to spare and no one else to turn to, Jack and the group have no choice but to follow the only clues they have and to head off on the next leg of their quest—to the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The Tomb of Shadows The Tomb of Shadows is the third book in the series and was released on May 13, 2014. With Babylon in ruins, Marco on the Massa side, and long-held secrets coming unraveled, the Select don’t know whom to trust or where to turn. With their G7W powers are manifesting at a furious pace, Jack, Aly, and Cass have no choice but to continue their quest. As lives hang in the balance, the friends rush to the next stop on their quest, the famed Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. Here they have to face down their own demons and engage in a battle with the shadows of the dead. The Curse of the\",\n \"title\": \"Seven Wonders (series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2664645\",\n \"text\": \"Malus, the apples, is a genus of about 30–35 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including most importantly the domesticated Orchard or Table Apple. Malus may also refer to: Malus (Galatia), a town of ancient Galatia, now in Turkey Malus (Phrygia), a town of ancient Phrygia, now in Turkey Malus (Pisidia), a town of ancient Pisidia, now in Turkey Bonus–malus, a scheme of reward and punishment Malus (constellation), an asterism that was part of the Argo Navis constellation Étienne-Louis Malus (1775–1812), French officer, engineer, physicist, and mathematician Malus (Castlevania), a young boy who is the reincarnation of Dracula in the video games Castlevania and Castlevania: Legacy of Darkness Malus (EP), a 2022 EP by the South Korean boy band Oneus Edward Malus, played by Nicolas Cage, the protagonist of The Wicker Man Malus's law for a polarizer Karl Malus, M.D., a fictional villain from Marvel Comics The Malus, a monster appearing in the Doctor Who story \\\"The Awakening\\\" The Malus, a playable race in the computer game O.R.B: Off-World Resource Base Malus, the sixteenth and final Colossus in Shadow of the Colossus\",\n \"title\": \"Malus (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"553764\",\n \"text\": \"Adam Sessler (born August 29, 1973) is an American video game journalist, television personality and consultant. He is best known as the host for the video game review series Xplay and the editor-in-chief for G4's video game section. Upon his departure from G4 in April 2012, Sessler was its longest-tenured television personality, having originally been hired by its predecessor ZDTV in 1998. After his departure from G4, Sessler became the editor-in-chief and content producer for Rev3Games. He left video game journalism in 2014 to become the president of TheoryHead, a consultancy firm for entertainment and media. In 2021, Adam Sessler was announced as a returning On-Air Talent and staff of the relaunched G4 television network. Background Sessler was born in El Cerrito, California, and graduated from El Cerrito High School in 1991. He graduated from UCLA with a bachelor's degree in English literature. He was previously a credit analyst for ABN-AMRO in San Francisco, and an actor on the San Francisco Public-access television show Chip Weigh Magnet Down, which he also helped to make. Sessler admitted that he was grateful to no longer work for Fortune 500 companies, saying in The X-Play Insider's Guide to Gaming that he was \\\"very sad\\\" about the job. Sessler currently lives in San Francisco, California, with his wife Amber. Some of Sessler's favorite game series are the Halo series for its first-person shooter qualities; the Japanese version of Rez for its Trance Vibrator peripheral; the Banjo-Kazooie, Rayman, Ratchet & Clank, and Sly Cooper series for their unique platform qualities. In 2010, Sessler stated his top five games of the decade were, in order of release: Deus Ex, Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal, Shadow of the Colossus, Fable II, and Uncharted 2. He also stated that Uncharted 2 was his favorite single-player experience of all time. In his review of BioShock Infinite, he stated that it is in the \\\"rarefied company of titles like Half-Life 2 and Uncharted 2\\\", intimating it to be a new personal favorite. Likewise, he has recently expressed affinity towards titles such as Gone Home, The Last of Us (calling it one of the finest games he's ever played), and L.A. Noire (referring to it as a \\\"watershed moment in gaming\\\"). Sessler's favorite cabinet video game is Ghosts 'n Goblins, which he has stated on several occasions on older episodes of Extended Play and X-Play. He stated: \\\"When I was 9 years old I used to scam quarters from my parents and sneak out to this local bowling alley that was so seedy Hubert Selby Jr. would get the creeps there. It smelled like personal abandonment. That's what I think of when I play my favorite game\\\". Sessler has a younger brother, Jonathan, who appeared as Adam 2.0 in X-Plays 2005 April Fool's Day Episode, a \\\"clone\\\" of Adam who claims he's much better-looking than the original Adam with a \\\"special USB port\\\" (a reference to the Game Boy Advance SP succeeding the original Game Boy Advance). Career Sessler was\",\n \"title\": \"Adam Sessler\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2086219\",\n \"text\": \"Quadratus is Latin for square. Quadratus was also a cognomen from the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. It may refer to: People Lucius Ninnius Quadratus, a tribune of the plebs in 58 BC and a warm friend to Roman Senator Marcus Tullius Cicero Gaius Volusenus Quadratus, a military officer of the late Roman Republic in 40s BC Fannius Quadratus, a Roman poet and a contemporary of Horace Gaius Antius Aulus Julius Quadratus, an ordinary consul serving in 105 Quadratus of Athens, the Christian writer and saint Quadratus (martyr), the name of several saints and martyrs Lucius Statius Quadratus, an ordinary consul serving in 142 Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus, Legate at Judaea between 102 and 105, Consul of Rome in 105 and Proconsul of Asia in 105, grandfather of: Gaius Asinius Quadratus, the Roman historian, father of: Gaius Asinius Protimus Quadratus (died 235), Proconsul of Achaea in 220 Any of various members of the Roman gens Ummidia Anatomy In anatomy, quadratus refers to a quadrilateral (square or rectangular) shape. Structures with quadratus in their name are: Lobus quadratus, the quadrate lobe of liver Pronator quadratus muscle, in the forearm Quadratus femoris muscle, in the posterior hip Quadratus lumborum muscle, in the back Quadratus plantae muscle, in the foot See also Quadriceps The 2nd colossus from the video game Shadow of the Colossus Araneus quadratus, a species of spider\",\n \"title\": \"Quadratus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21075514\",\n \"text\": \"Colossus and the Crab is a 1977 science fiction novel by the British author Dennis Feltham Jones (writing as D. F. Jones). It is the third and final volume in \\\"The Colossus Trilogy\\\" and a sequel to Jones's 1974 novel The Fall of Colossus. Plot The novel begins where its predecessor, The Fall of Colossus leaves off, with the supercomputer Colossus immobilized and the Martians arriving on Earth. They appear before Charles Forbin and his friend Edward Blake in the form of two black spheres, and quickly demonstrate vast intellect and powers of transformation and telepathy. After immobilizing Blake, they explain to Forbin their purpose in immobilizing Colossus — their desire to take half of the Earth's oxygen, a process that will kill nearly a quarter of the human population. In order to proceed with construction of the \\\"Collector\\\" designed to harvest the oxygen, the Martians reactivate the parts of Colossus necessary to manage human society. Though having no other option but to agree to the Martians' plan, Forbin continues to search for an alternative. He discovers in conversation with the Martians that their need for the oxygen is driven by the threat of radiation emanating from the Crab Nebula, which will kill the Martians without the protection of an oxygenated atmosphere. As construction of the Collector proceeds, a humbled Blake proposes to Forbin that the old Colossus — the \\\"parent\\\" of the crippled system, be reactivated. With little other alternative, Forbin agrees. Construction equipment controlled by Colossus soon completes work on the Collector. An initial five-minute test of the device proves enormously destructive. With a second, final test imminent, Blake travels to Colorado with Angela, Forbin's private secretary. Racing against time, Blake and a small team of workers succeeds in penetrating the mountain where the old Colossus is located and re-activating the computer, only to discover that, once supplied with the facts of the situation, Colossus argues that the collection program is in the best interests of humans' long-term future and should move forward. Informed of the failure of their plan, Forbin watches the second test proceed. Upon its conclusion he embarks on a new plan. With his new secretary, a fervently devout woman named Joan, he flies to Portsmouth and takes command of the battleships stationed there for the Sea War Games. Yet doing so puts him out of contact with Blake and the old Colossus, who informs Blake that a solution might exist that is acceptable to both the Martians and humanity. Regaining control of the nuclear arsenal, Colossus contacts the Martians, who inform it of Forbin's attempt to use the battleships to destroy the Collector. Though the Martians attempt to destroy the fleet using their device, they underestimate the power of the battleships' guns, which succeed in destroying the Collector. Though the Martians are defeated, Forbin dies in the process. He is buried by the reactivated Colossus, who reaches an agreement with the Martians: a smaller version of the Collector will extract the oxygen more gradually\",\n \"title\": \"Colossus and the Crab\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53936408\",\n \"text\": \"Drawn to Life: The Next Chapter is a platform game developed by Planet Moon Studios and published by THQ for the Wii. Despite having the same title, it has a different plot compared to the DS version. Plot The Raposa Village has been in peace for a long time, until items from the city start disappearing. The mayor, Mari, asks the Creator to draw a new hero for help. Jowee believes that Zsasha (a well-known thief) has stolen the items and gone off to Jangala. The hero and Jowee (who loves adventure) go off to Jangala to find Zsasha, who has been held captive for days by the monkey king. Shadow walkers appear, invading Jangala. After the Hero defeats them and saves Zsasha, the monkey king releases him and gives them a strange mask. Mari realizes Zsasha did not steal the items, leading her to suspect that Wilfre might be the thief. To make sure if Wilfre is alive, Mari sends the Hero (and Jowee) to Shadow City. Soon, the Hero finds the ink factory working again, creating shadows. The Hero then finds Wilfre's journal, which holds a plot to destroy the Creator. His plan requires: branches from the tree of ages, the eternal furnace, a pen and pencil, and a magic mask. Mari and the other Raposa realize that Wilfre specifically wants to make creation ink to remake the world in his own image. They already have the latter two items, meaning that they just need to find the eternal furnace and branches from the tree of ages in order to stop Wilfre. Mari sends the Hero to Icy Wastes to find the eternal furnace. While there, a strange shadow creature appears, stealing it. The shadow creature is unknown, but resembles a Raposa girl. After the Hero and Jowee return, they discover that in the Eastern Winds, the tree of ages is in danger. They defeat the shadow creatures attacking it, and the Hero saves the tree. Mari is happy Wilfre's plan has failed, until Circi reveals that she's Wilfre's wife, and was the mastermind behind the plan after all. She uses the items that the Hero had found to make creation ink and revive Wilfre, but she can't remember what he looks like. She keeps on drawing pictures of him, but they don't resemble him. Frustrated, she throws away the pictures, but they - along with the items used to create the ink - begin to combine, creating a monster that kills her. It then floods the Village with ink. The Hero fights the dark monster in a final showdown, defeating it. The game ends with all of the Raposa celebrating, although their joy is bittersweet. Reception The game received \\\"mixed or average reviews\\\" according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. References 2009 video games Action-adventure games Drawing video games Multiplayer and single-player video games Planet Moon Studios games Platformers THQ games Video game sequels Video games scored by Richard Vreeland Video games with alternative versions Wii games\",\n \"title\": \"Drawn to Life: The Next Chapter (Wii video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40373619\",\n \"text\": \"BigHit Series are video games for the Korean Sony PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable consoles that have been officially re-released at a lower price by Sony and third parties that meet specific criteria. While the term \\\"BigHit series\\\" only applies to selections in South Korea, equivalent programs exist in North America (as \\\"Greatest Hits\\\"), PAL territories (as \\\"Essentials\\\") and Japan and Asia (as \\\"The Best\\\"). History The BigHit Series program was first released for PlayStation 2 on October 1, 2004, by Sony Computer Entertainment Korea (SCEK) for games that were distributed in South Korea. SCEK's official press release on September 30, 2004, stated (modified translation) that users of the PlayStation 2 hardware in Korea for the first time can purchase popular classic PlayStation 2 games, and enjoy them at an affordable cost; helping users to an existing genre preference due to several issues of being out-of-stock, or the user did not try the game. All BigHit Series games were released at the price of 26,800KRW. Historically exchange rates dating back to October 2004 show that was slightly above US$23.25 (US$1 ~= 1147 KRW) The translated press release by SCEK suggests that there might have been 6 games already released to PlayStation 2 owners in June of the same year; leading to 15 BigHit series games being released by the start of October 2004. The first 7 - 15 games released under the BigHit series title were : Minna no Golf 3, Gitaroo Man, Time Crisis 3, The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King, Need for Speed: Underground, SSX 3, WWE Smackdown! Shut Your Mouth, Final Fantasy X International, and Shin Sangoku Musō 2. List of titles PlayStation 2 Ace Combat 5: The Unsung War Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War Ape Escape 3 Dark Chronicle Dark Cloud Devil May Cry 3 Disgaea: Hour of Darkness Drakengard 2 Dynasty Warriors 3 Dynasty Warriors 4 Dynasty Warriors 5 EyeToy: Monkey Mania EyeToy: Play Fatal Frame Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly Final Fantasy XII Final Fantasy X Genji: Dawn of the Samurai Gitaroo Man God of War God of War II Gran Turismo 4 Gran Turismo Concept Hot Shots Golf 3 Hot Shots Golf Fore! Hot Shots Tennis ICO Jake Hunter Katamari Damacy Killzone Mad Maestro! Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater Need for Speed: Underground Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams Persona 3 FES Persona 4 Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones Prince of Persia: Warrior Within Raiden III Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal Ratchet: Deadlocked Resident Evil 4 Romance of the Three Kingdoms IX Samurai Warriors 3: Empires Samurai Warriors 4: Empires Sega Rally 2006 Shadow of the Colossus Shadow of the Colossus Shining Tears Sly 2: Band of Thieves Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus SOCOM 3 U.S. Navy SEALs SOCOM II U.S. Navy SEALs Sonic Heroes Sonic Mega Collection Plus Sonic Riders\",\n \"title\": \"BigHit Series\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1562412\",\n \"text\": \"The Uncanny X-Men, sometimes referred to as Marvel's X-Men, is an action video game released by LJN for the NES in 1989. It is a licensed game based on the series of X-Men comics of the same name by Marvel Comics. The lineup of characters in the game is very close to those appearing in the 1989 animated pilot X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men. The Uncanny X-Men is the only title by LJN that was developed by an undisclosed external developer. It has been speculated that it was either developed by Japanese studios Bothtec or possibly Pixel. However, it has never been confirmed officially. It is also the second-to-last game to be released under the Enteractive Video Games label and the last to be released before LJN was sold to Acclaim Entertainment. Gameplay The object is to use several X-Men characters, each with special powers, to complete a series of missions. The powers of each character come in handy on particular missions. The game allows for either one or two players. If the 1-Player mode is selected, the player will be joined by an AI ally. The playable characters available are Wolverine, Cyclops, Storm, Colossus, Nightcrawler and Iceman. There are five bosses in order of appearance: Boomerang, Sabretooth, Juggernaut, The White Queen, and Magneto. Some characters have features that stand out. Wolverine, Nightcrawler, and Colossus fight through melee combat while Cyclops, Storm, and Iceman shoot projectiles. Nightcrawler can walk through walls (to simulate teleporting). Colossus cannot jump like the other characters. If the player holds on to B, they can make Storm fly. Each character has an unlimited attack (either a punch or some type of projectile) and a special move that uses his/her energy and would kill the character if it was used up too much. The game required the players to fight their way to the boss in each stage, sometimes requiring the collection of items such as keys. After the boss is defeated, the heroes have to quickly fight their way back to the beginning of the level before a bomb goes off. There are five missions: \\\"Practice\\\", \\\"Future City Street Fight\\\", \\\"Search And Destroy The Robot Factory\\\", \\\"Subterranean Confrontation\\\" and \\\"Battle Through A Living Starship\\\". A sixth mission where the player battles Magneto can be accessed after the first five levels have been completed; to access the level the player must press Select, B, up on the control pad, and Start simultaneously on the game's level selection screen. This button combination is printed on the cartridge label, but not in its entirety. This is because the creators originally meant for parts of the text displayed at the end of each level to provide the player with the missing part of the code, as well as instruct him/her to combine the revealed information with the label on the cartridge to discover the full code. Reception Seanbaby listed X-Men as number 3 on his worst NES games of all time, criticizing the inaccurate depiction of the characters, the\",\n \"title\": \"The Uncanny X-Men (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50791309\",\n \"text\": \"Fe ( , ; Fairy) is a platform-adventure game developed by Zoink and published by Electronic Arts under its EA Originals program. It was released on February 16, 2018 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. In it, the player controls Fe, a fox-like creature in a forest setting, attempting to defend it from hostile entities called the Silent Ones, gaining help from other forest creatures by guiding them to complete tasks and learning new abilities from those it helps. Fe is the first game in the EA Originals series, which is EA's program created to promote indie developers. Gameplay Fe is a Metroidvania-style action-adventure game in which the player controls Fe, a fox-like creature within a forest that is highly responsive to the songs of the creatures and plants within it. The forest creatures are being attacked by entities called the Silent Ones for unknown reasons that threaten the forest's wildlife. Fe is able to sing to other creatures and objects to gain their help. These creatures can teach Fe a new song which gives the fox additional abilities through the forest, such as activating a flower that acts as a jump-pad to launch Fe to higher locations and explore more of the world. The game has been noted to have minimal instructions, requiring the player to experiment and to perceive the forest's ecosystem to determine how to progress, instead of a set of objectives. One example requires the player to observe that one species of bird likes a certain type of flower, suggesting that they may be able to use the bird's song to interact in a different manner than if they used the flower's song. Fe has been favorably compared to Abzû, Journey and Shadow of the Colossus for this \\\"hands-off\\\" approach to gameplay. Development Fe, named after the Swedish language term for fairy, was developed by the Swedish-based studio Zoink. The studio's chief executive officer, Klaus Lyngeled, called the title \\\"a personal narrative about our relationship with nature\\\" and to emphasize that \\\"everything in this world is connected\\\". Most of the team grew up near forests and frequently played within them, getting close to the wildlife there, while overcoming fears of the deeper forests being scary places. Creative director Hugo Bille said they wanted to stay true to the recollection of their Nordic forests, populated by creatures with no spoken language. Bille said games like Journey and Shadow of the Colossus were inspiration, and that they always wanted to capture the exploration mechanics of games in the Metroid and Zelda series. Fe was first announced during the EA Play event occurring alongside the E3 2016 in June of that year. It was presented as the first of \\\"EA Originals\\\", a new segment of EA's publishing aimed to help indie developers with financing and publishing of their titles to reach a wider audience without EA being as involved in the game's development, thus allowing the studio to take more of a share of sales\",\n \"title\": \"Fe (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8688871\",\n \"text\": \"is the producer of Sony Interactive Entertainment's Product Development Department #1 division. Kaido started his videogaming career at Taito in 1987, where he worked as project leader and lead game designer on arcade titles Bonze Adventure, Night Striker, Champion Wrestler, Cameltry, Sonic Blast Man, Warrior Blade and Dead Connection. Kaido then changed departments to work on the world's first Home Karaoke Console, the X55 (presently called MEDIA BOX) from its very beginnings. In 1996, he then worked as the project leader and lead game designer for coin-op game Cleopatra Fortune. In 1997, Kaido left Taito and joined Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. There he started working on the game Ape Escape as its lead game designer and associate producer. Most recently, Kaido worked as product manager and producer for Ico in 2001, and Shadow of the Colossus in 2005. He left Sony in August 2012. Works Bonze Adventure (1988) Night Striker (1989) Champion Wrestler (1989) Cameltry (1989) Sonic Blast Man (1990) Warrior Blade (1991) Dead Connection (1992) Cleopatra Fortune (1996) Tomba! (1998) Ape Escape (1999) Tomba! 2: The Evil Swine Return (2000) Ico (2001) Shadow of the Colossus (2005) External links Interview with EuroGamer.net Interview with Kikizo.com References Living people Japanese video game producers Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Kenji Kaido\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5148976\",\n \"text\": \"Stephen Marlowe (born Milton Lesser, in Brooklyn, New York, died , in Williamsburg, Virginia) was an American author of science fiction, mystery novels, and fictional autobiographies of Goya, Christopher Columbus, Miguel de Cervantes, and Edgar Allan Poe. He is best known for his detective character Chester Drum, whom he created for the 1955 novel The Second Longest Night. Lesser also wrote using the pseudonyms Adam Chase, Andrew Frazer, C.H. Thames, Jason Ridgway, Stephen Wilder, and Ellery Queen. Biography Lesser attended the College of William & Mary, earning his degree in philosophy, marrying Leigh Lang soon after graduating. He was drafted into the U.S. Army during the Korean War. He and his wife divorced in 1962. He was awarded the French Prix Gutenberg du Livre in 1988 for The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus, and in 1997 he was awarded the Life Achievement Award by the Private Eye Writers of America. He also served on the board of directors of the Mystery Writers of America. In the later part of his life he lived with his second wife Ann in Williamsburg, Virginia. Selected bibliography As Milton S. Lesser: Somewhere I'll Find You (1947) Earthbound (1952) The Star Seekers (1953) Recruit for Andromeda (1959) Stadium Beyond the Stars (1960) Spacemen Go Home (1961) Secret of the Black Planet (1965) As Stephen Marlowe: Catch the Brass Ring (1954) Model for Murder (1955) Turn Left for Murder (1955) Dead on Arrival (1956) Blonde Bait (1959) Passport to Peril (1959) The Shining (1961) Colossus: A novel about Goya and a world gone mad (1965) The Search for Bruno Heidler (1966) Come Over, Red Rover (1968) The Summit (1970) The Man with No Shadow (1974) The Cawthorn Journals (or Too Many Chiefs) (1975) Translation (1976) The Valkyrie Encounter (1978) Deborah's Legacy (1983) The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus (1987) The Death and Life of Miguel De Cervantes (1991) The Lighthouse at the End of the World (1995) Chester Drum novels (as Stephen Marlowe): The Second Longest Night (1955) Mecca for Murder (1956) Killers Are My Meat (1957) Murder Is My Dish (1957) Trouble Is My Name (1957) Terror Is My Trade (1958) Violence Is My Business (1958) Double in Trouble (with Richard S. Prather, co-starring Prather's series character Shell Scott) (1959) Homicide Is My Game (1959) Danger Is My Line (1960) Death Is My Comrade (1960) Peril Is My Pay (1960) Manhunt Is My Mission (1961) Jeopardy Is My Job (1962) Francesca (1963) Drum Beat - Berlin (1964) Drum Beat - Dominique (1965) Drum Beat - Madrid (1966) Drum Beat - Erica (1967) Drum Beat - Marianne (1968) As Adam Chase (writing with Paul W. Fairman): The Golden Ape (1959) As Andrew Frazer: Find Eileen Hardin - Alive! (1959) The Fall of Marty Moon (1960) As Jason Ridgway: West Side Jungle (1958) Adam's Fall (1960) People in Glass Houses (1961) Hardly a Man Is Now Alive (1962) The Treasure of the Cosa Nostra (1966) As Ellery Queen Dead Man's Tale (1961) As C. H. Thames: Violence Is Golden\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen Marlowe\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4441079\",\n \"text\": \"Nico (1938–1988) was a German singer-songwriter, fashion model and actress. Nico may also refer to: People Nico (given name) Nico (Romanian singer) (born 1970) Arts and entertainment Nico (album), a 1996 album by the group Blind Melon Nico (TV series), a cartoon about a blind boy Nico & Vinz, a Norwegian musical duo Nico di Angelo, a character in the books Percy Jackson & the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus by Rick Riordan Nico Bellic, the main protagonist of the video game Grand Theft Auto IV Above the Law (film), a 1988 film known as Nico in some countries Shadow of the Colossus, a video game called Nico while in development Other uses Nico (gorilla) Naftiran Intertrade (trading code \\\"NICO\\\"), Swiss-based subsidiary of the National Iranian Oil Company Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis, a medical condition See also Niko (disambiguation) Nicolas (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Nico (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4271863\",\n \"text\": \"X-Men: The Official Game (also known as X3: The Official Game) is the name of Activision's three tie-in video games to the 2006 film X-Men: The Last Stand. The game covers the events between the films X2 and X-Men: The Last Stand, specifically following the characters of Logan, Iceman, and Nightcrawler. It also bridges the gap between the two films, explaining why Nightcrawler is not present for The Last Stand, and also introduces new foes for the game, such as HYDRA. The game uses several voice actors from the X-Men film series including Hugh Jackman, Alan Cumming, Shawn Ashmore, Patrick Stewart, Tyler Mane, and Eric Dane. X-Men: The Official Game received mixed reviews from critics. The game, along with most other games published by Activision that had used the Marvel licence, was de-listed and removed from all digital storefronts on January 1, 2014. Gameplay Players control the actions of several X-Men-related characters, most notably Logan, Nightcrawler and Iceman, as they uncover a plot to eradicate mutants. Sometimes, another X-Man will help the player's character battle. The Nintendo DS game features Magneto as a playable character, while the Game Boy Advance version features Colossus as a playable character as well as the ability to switch between three characters. Consoles Logan's levels involve fighting hordes of soldiers, armed with weapons. He can retract his claws, but any time a button is pressed, they are extracted. Logan heals minor wounds, reflected as yellow on his Life Gauge, but when his minor wound damage empties, all wounds are considered major, taking off his actual life bar. Logan can only heal major damage if he is not engaged in combat at the time. Logan can't target lock like his allies; he can only block, which can fend off weak attacks only until it is built up. Wolverine, after he has attacked for a time, builds up a Fury Bar, which, when activated, increases his healing rate and his strength. It also changes his attacks' appearances. Nightcrawler's levels involve mostly platforming missions, running along pipes in the ceiling and teleporting. Nightcrawler can teleport to any area within his visual range. Like Logan, Nightcrawler heals by holding down a button, only Nightcrawler constantly takes life gauge damage, and when he heals, it is called \\\"Shadowmeld\\\" or \\\"Shadow Aura\\\", a nod to the comic books (Nightcrawler becomes invisible in shadow). Nightcrawler can teleport behind and combo-attack several foes during a brawl. Iceman's levels most closely resemble flight-sim games similar to Star Wars: Rogue Squadron as he continuously rides on his trademark ice slide. Iceman creates an icy path in front of him, flying through the air while shooting his ice beam and ice projectiles. Iceman's attacks are an Ice Beam, which cools off fires and damages foes; Frost Shield, which will cancel any damage he takes while it is \\\"up\\\"; and Hailstorm, which is his main attack, hurling several balls of ice at targets. Iceman will heal automatically as long as he doesn't incur damage for an amount\",\n \"title\": \"X-Men: The Official Game\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2445142\",\n \"text\": \"Jorge Lucas (born January 22, 1963) is an Uruguayan/Argentine comic book artist. He was born in Salto, Uruguay, where he lived till the age of 10, when he moved to Argentina. He is well known both in his country, as the creator of the classic adult comic Cazador (\\\"Hunter\\\"), as well as internationally, for his work at Marvel Comics. Biography Lucas first came to prominence in Argentina with his work on El Cazador de Aventuras, popularly known just as El Cazador, Cazador or just by its jokingly affectionate character nickname, \\\"El Cazi\\\". El Cazador was the highest-selling adult comic book in Argentina for several years. The series starred a character similar to DC Comics' Lobo, and featured artwork heavily influenced by Simon Bisley's style. On that title Lucas worked with Ariel Olivetti, Mauro Cascioli and Claudio Ramírez. In the United States he is best known for his work for Marvel Comics on titles such as Inhumans, Mystique, Iron Man, The Avengers, Black Panther, The Incredible Hulk and Wolverine (Lucas' favorite character). He painted the art of The Darkness: Shadows and Flame, written by Rob Levin (for Top Cow Comics). Lucas also wrote the script for an upcoming independent movie based on his creation El Cazador, to be released sometime in 2019. Bibliography Image Darkness #79 (2009) Darkness, vol. 3, #7–10 (2009) Darkness: Shadows and Flame (2010) Ripclaw Pilot Season #1 (2007) Marvel Annihilation: Ronan, miniseries, #1–4 (2006) Black Panther #46–47, 51–54 (2002–03) Civil War: Front Line, miniseries (Nighthawk) #6 (2006) Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Comics Magazine #1–2, 12 (2001–02) Incredible Hulk, vol. 2, #83–86, Annual 2001 (2001–05) Iron Man, vol. 3, #73–78, 83–85 (2004) Mystique #1–6 (2003) New Invaders #6 (2005) Starjammers, miniseries, #2–6 (2004–05) Wolverine #180 (2002) Wolverine: Xisle, miniseries, #1–5 (2003) X-Force #110–115 (2001) X-Men: Colossus Bloodline, miniseries, #1–5 (2005–06) References External links Jorge Lucas on Marvel.com Living people Uruguayan comics artists Argentine comics artists 1963 births\",\n \"title\": \"Jorge Lucas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33382126\",\n \"text\": \"Kay Bachman Sumner is a television and film producer who was the producer and co-creator for the television series The Dog Whisperer, for which she received Emmy Award nominations in 2006, 2007, and 2009. Sumner was creator and producer of Any Woman Can Fix It, a home improvement television series for women, played on CBC (Canada) for sixty-five shows run. The show was eleven years in syndication. She was creator and Producer for Eye Bet for CTV Network, and staff producer for ABC O&O's, Morning Show and The Anniversary Game for WXYZ-TV, and the Chicago Show for WLS-TV. Kay Sumner with her husband, Murray Sumner, established their non-profit, Not One More Time, Inc. in 2018 for the purposes of creating, packaging, and disseminating film, print and media educational content. The motivation for its creation was due to the unfortunate loss of the two Founder’s 43 yr. old son to a drug overdose. They struggled to understand how this could have happened, and how it could have been prevented. Filmmakers by profession, the Sumner's chose to channel their grief and turn their talents into creating a documentary that would expose the destructive path that opioids can cause in the lives of everyday normal people. The result is her directorial debut with a critically acclaimed 54 min. documentary film entitled SURVIVORS (2021): UNTOLD STORIES IN AMERICA'S OPIOID CRISIS, detailing real stories of opioid recoveries and losses which has won multiple best feature documentary awards. Partial filmography Eye Bet (1971–1974) Any Woman Can Fix It (65 episodes, 1974–19745) The New Quiz Kids (1978–1980) Shadow Dancing (1988) Dreams (2010) Dog Whisperer (158 episodes, 2004–2012) Recognition Awards and nominations Her 1988 film Shadow Dancing won a CSC Award from the CSC in 1989 for 'Best Cinematography in Theatrical Feature', as well as receiving Genie Award nominations for 'Best Achievement in Cinematography', 'Best Achievement in Costume Design', and 'Best Original Song'. Her produced series The Dog Whisperer, received Emmy Award nominations in 2006, 2007, and 2009 for 'Outstanding Reality Program'. The Dog Whisperer also won the People's Choice Award in 2010 for 'Best Animal Show' and 'Best Variety or Reality Show' at the 2008's Imagine Awards. Her 2021 documentary, Survivors, won the Accolade Global Film: Best Christian Film Documentary, Award of Excellence: Best Women Filmmakers, Christian Film Festival: Best Film Documentary, ETHOS Film Awards: Best Documentary Film- Short or Feature, Europe Independent Movie Festival: Best Film Documentary Feature Film, Festival Napoleon on Champs Elysses in Paris: Best Film Documentary, Milan Gold Awards: Best Original Song, Milan Gold Awards: Best Documentary Feature, Silver Award: Best Original Song from International Gold Awards, Silver Award: Best Feature Documentary from International Gold Awards. As well as being selected for CA Women's Film Festival: Documentary Feature, Florence Film Awards: Feature Documentary, London Movie Awards: Feature Documentary, and the Zion International Film Festival: Feature Narrative. References External links Living people Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Kay Sumner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9023768\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Louis Tierney (August 7, 1936 – February 1, 2022) was an American writer, poet and scholar of H. P. Lovecraft, probably best known for his heroic fantasy, including his series co-authored (with David C. Smith) of Red Sonja novels, featuring cover art by Boris Vallejo. He lived the latter part of his life in Mason City in the great Corn Steppes of Iowa. Some of his standalone novels utilize the mythology of Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. He is also known for his Simon of Gitta series (which cross historical Gnosticism with Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos) and his Robert E. Howard completions and utilisation of such Howard-invented characters as Cormac Mac Art, Bran Mak Morn and Cormac Fitzgeoffrey. Tierney is especially renowned for his weird and fantastic verse, which has been acclaimed by such critics, writers, and poets as S. T. Joshi, Don Herron, Ramsey Campbell, Robert M. Price, Donald Sidney-Fryer, and Frank Belknap Long. In 1993, Tierney was presented with the annual Minnesota Fantasy Award. He was nominated for Science Fiction Poetry Association Grand Master in 2010. Ancestry and Youth Tierney was of Irish origin on his paternal side. His great-grandfather emigrated from Dublin with his family to the United States. His maternal parentage traces its lineage to the Mayflower and the first Quaker settlement at Nantucket Island, Mass via the line of Thomas Macy (1608–1682), an early settler of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and of Nantucket Island. Tierney was born in Spencer, Iowa. His family moved to Mason City in 1942 when Tierney was six years old. He went through the public school system, attending Madison grade school, Roosevelt Junior High and a high school he referred to as \\\"Old Bastille\\\" since it was built of old dark brick and always felt like a prison to him. Tierney read two of H. P. Lovecraft's stories (\\\"The Rats in the Walls\\\" and \\\"The Dunwich Horror\\\") in the anthology Great Tales of Terror and the Supernatural edited by Wise and Fraser (1949) at about age thirteen, but was not especially impressed by them since they contained no conventional ghosts. At age 14, he read \\\"Colossus' by Donald Wandrei in August Derleth's 1950 anthology Beyond Time and Space. Tierney has referred to this tale as \\\"one of the most fascinating stories I had ever encountered, largely because of [its] poetic mood evoking a setting of trans-cosmic vastness. He would many years later become a neighbor and friend of Wandrei's in Minneapolis. Aged 15, and reading heavily in science fiction, Tierney read Lovecraft's \\\"The Shadow Out of Time\\\" in Donald A. Wollheim's Viking Portable Novels of Science and was 'hooked'. \\\"Shadow\\\" and At the Mountains of Madness became his two favourite Lovecraft tales. Tierney was also influenced by the work of Tarzan creator, Edgar Rice Burroughs. At around the same age (15 or 16), he was inspired to write poetry by August Derleth's fantasy verse anthology Dark of the Moon: Poems of Fantasy and the Macabre which he read several times in the Mason\",\n \"title\": \"Richard L. Tierney\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67285585\",\n \"text\": \"Syberia: The World Before is a graphic adventure video game developed and published by Microids and the fourth installment in the Syberia series. The game is dedicated to the memory of creator Benoît Sokal, who died during development in 2021. Development Syberia: The World Before was announced by Microïds on August 19, 2019, by which time it had already been in development for a year. The game was released for Windows via Steam, Epic Games Store, and GOG.com on March 18, 2022. PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions were released on November 15, 2022. PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were released on October 19, 2023, while the Nintendo Switch version has been postponed to 2024. Plot The game follows two timeframes with two characters: Dana Roze, a young pianist in the small fictional Central European country of Osterthal (resembling a mix of Austria, the Czech Republic and Switzerland) in 1937 and Kate Walker, the protagonist of Syberia series, who is now imprisoned in a salt mine in the fictional Eastern European region of Taiga in 2004. Dana graduates from her conservatory by performing the local anthem dedicated to the city of Vaghen, where the fascist Brown Shadow faction (an analogue to National Socialists) have begun to persecute the ethnic minorities and force them into ghettoes. After the events of the previous title, Kate Walker has been imprisoned as a slave labourer in a salt mine alongside a young Russian woman called Katyusha Spiridonova. Before the day's work, is informed her that Kate's mother, Sarah Walker had died. During their digging, a distraught Kate causes a minor collapse in the mine shaft, revealing a parallel cave, containing a train belonging to a Brown Shadow task force. The pair discovers that the train contains vast amounts of stolen art and antiques, amongst which there is a painting of a young woman almost identical to Kate Walker. Before they could escape with the nearby motorbike, they're confronted by their prison guard, who shoots Katyusha dead and is incapacitated by Kate. With her dying breath, Katyusha asks Kate to track down the girl in the painting. Kate travels to Vaghen and tracks down the antique shop that sold the music case that housed the painting. While there she also installs the heart of Oscar, Hans Voralberg's automaton engineer, into a Voralberg-designed mechanical armadillo and revives her companion. The trail leads Kate to a remote mountain refuge on the outskirts of Vaghen, occupied by an elderly invalid, Leni Renner. Renner recounts her past with Dana, who had come to the refuge in the summer of 1937 to work as a waitress. The refuge at the time was hosting an expedition in pursuit of a proto-human specimen called the Gorun. The group is guided by a young alpinist named Leon Kobatis, with whom Leni is deeply smitten. After an altercation with Herr Höss, the Brown Shadow officer supervising the expedition, Dana and Leon strike up a romance. The expedition departs for Baltayar, where the Gorun\",\n \"title\": \"Syberia: The World Before\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43013305\",\n \"text\": \"Titan Souls is a 2015 action-adventure game developed by Acid Nerve and published by Devolver Digital. It was released for Windows, OS X, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Android. Titan Souls received generally positive reviews and has been cited as an early example of a Soulslike, a game genre directly inspired by the Dark Souls series. Plot Between Earth and the real world beyond lie the Titan Souls, the spiritual source and sum of all living things. Now scattered amongst the ruins and guarded by the idle titans charged with their care, a solitary hero armed with but a single arrow is once again assembling shards of the Titan Soul in a quest for truth and power. Gameplay Titan Souls is a strategic, open world, 2D, top-down action-adventure, where the player has only one arrow and can only take one hit. The goal is to defeat the twenty giant monsters (twenty-one on hard mode) called the Titans, which can, just like the player, only take one hit but only have one way to be defeated. During the fight, the player has to figure out how the respective boss behaves and by that find a way to defeat that boss. The difficulty is that the single arrow has to be charged to be shot and afterwards has to be retrieved to be reused, each action only able to be done while the player is standing still, making them an easy target for the bosses. Development Titan Souls draws inspiration from influences such as Dark Souls, Shadow of the Colossus and The Legend of Zelda. The game was originally created for the Ludum Dare Game Jam #28 as TITAN SOULS, uploaded under the username Claw. The game placed first in the categories \\\"Overall (Jam)\\\", \\\"Audio (Jam)\\\" and \\\"Mood (Jam)\\\". Over the course of six months, the game was ported from Adobe Flash to its new engine, enhancing graphics and improving performance, adding a new soundtrack and expanding the game from three to sixteen titans. In June 2014, Titan Souls was shown at E3 2014, revealing that the game will be published by Devolver Digital. After E3, the game was expanded further with three additional titans and a story. On 25 March 2015, Devolver Digital revealed that Titan Souls will be released on 14 April 2015. On 2 April 2015, the Game Jam prototype was remade in the new engine, adding better graphics, an improved soundtrack and new bosses, and a demo was made available before the full game release. The game was ported to PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita by Abstraction Games. The game was released on 14 April 2015. Abstraction Games later announced that an Android port was also underway, which released 30 June 2015. Reception Titan Souls received generally positive reviews. It received a score of 74/100 on Metacritic. Tim Turi from Game Informer gave the game an 8.5/10, praising the simple control, as well as the huge variety of bosses featured, high replay value, as well as the attractive\",\n \"title\": \"Titan Souls\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24412\",\n \"text\": \"The phalanx is a rectangular mass military formation. Phalanx may also refer to: Military Phalanx CIWS, a U.S. Navy defense system to protect against an anti-ship missile Royal Phalanx, a special military unit formed of veterans of the Greek War of Independence Politics North American Phalanx, a utopian community in New Jersey, organized on proto-communist Fourierist principles, or its journal The Phalanx The Spanish Falange Falangism, ideology of the above Falanga National Radical Camp/RNR-Falanga/ONR-Falanga - Polish extreme right party The Lebanese Kataeb Party Places Phalanx, New Jersey, an unincorporated area within Colts Neck Township, New Jersey Phalanx, Ohio, an unincorporated community Phalanx Mountain, a summit in British Columbia Arts and literature Phalanx (art group), an artistic movement formed in Munich in 1901 Phalanx (comics), a species of villainous mechanical aliens in Marvel Comics The Phalanx, a Fourierist journal Phalanx, a journal published by the Military Operations Research Society Phalanx, the name of the false zombie proof drug in the novel by Max Brooks, World War Z The Phalanx Nations, a terrorist organization in the young adult novel, The Prophet of Yonwood Phalanx, a 2012 Warhammer 40,000 novel Music Phalanx (album), a 1983 live album by Australian surf rock band, Australian Crawl Phalanx, a trance music group formed by Dennis Gertner, DJ Manian, and Manuel Schleis Phalanx (band), a jazz music group Medicine Phalanx bone, the bones that form fingers and toes Video games The fictional secret anti-alien invasion force the player commands in the fanmade UFO: Alien Invasion game, an open-source project in the X-COM tradition. Phalanx (video game), a Super NES and Game Boy Advance video game. The 13th Colossus from the video game Shadow of the Colossus. The first Demon (boss) in the PS3 game Demon's Souls. The nemesis of the protagonist in the Super NES game Demon's Crest. A Cabal enemy type from the video game Destiny. The standard ancient defensive unit in the Civilization series. Other uses Phalanx (mythology), a figure in Greek mythology Phalanx (honor society), the seniors honor society at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. There is a similarly named society at Clarkson University. Phalanstère, a building layout developed by utopian socialist Charles Fourier Phalanx (horse), American Champion racehorse The falanges (legions of spirits) of the Brazilian Umbanda religion Phalanx Family Ties, a street family in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\",\n \"title\": \"Phalanx (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46891226\",\n \"text\": \"Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection is a 2015 action-adventure video game compilation developed by Bluepoint Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It includes remastered versions of the first three main games in the Uncharted series: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune (2007), Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (2009) and Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception (2011), all of which were originally developed by Naughty Dog. The Nathan Drake Collection was released in October 2015 exclusively for PlayStation 4. Players control Nathan Drake, a treasure hunter who travels the world to uncover various historical mysteries. Development of The Nathan Drake Collection began in 2014, and required the largest team ever assembled by Bluepoint. To take advantage of the greater capabilities of the console, Bluepoint were able to remodel elements of the gameplay, including the shooting and grenade mechanics, some controls, and the camera schemes. In-game cutscenes were overhauled to improve lighting, visuals, and character models, while online leaderboards and motion blur were introduced. The Nathan Drake Collection only contains the single-player story modes, with all multiplayer content absent. Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection received positive reviews from critics, with praise for its updates and improvements to the games, namely the graphics, controls, and visuals, and was deemed a worthy remaster of the original trilogy. There was some criticism for its aforementioned omission of multiplayer and lack of additional features. Gameplay The Nathan Drake Collection includes the single player campaigns of the first three mainline titles in the Uncharted series: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, Uncharted 2: Among Thieves and Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception. Played from a third-person perspective, they are action-adventure video games with platforming elements. In these games, the player assumes control of treasure hunter Nathan Drake, and must explore dangerous ruins, defeat enemies using various firearms and solve various puzzles. All three remastered games run in 1080p resolution at 60 frames per second, while the music was enhanced to support surround sound systems. Bluepoint attempted to unify the gameplay across all three games. To achieve this, it overhauled the aim assist system and grenade gameplay from Drake's Fortune to match that of the other games, and altered Uncharted 3s camera movement. The team also remapped buttons to ensure that the control schemes across the three games are consistent. The aiming mechanics across all three games were improved. The game also features graphical improvements, with Bluepoint re-rendering the cutscenes, enhancing the lighting and the visual effects, making the models and textures more detailed, and incorporating ambient occlusion and motion blur, both of which were not supported in the original games. The team added friends leaderboards, new difficulty settings, trophies and a photo mode into the game, though the multiplayer components in both Uncharted 2 and Uncharted 3 were not included in the package. Development While the three original games were produced by Naughty Dog, the remaster games were developed by Bluepoint Games, who had previously worked with Sony on God of War Collection and The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection. Naughty Dog wanted to bring\",\n \"title\": \"Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1202539\",\n \"text\": \"Battletoads/Double Dragon (fully titled Battletoads & Double Dragon – The Ultimate Team) is a 1993 beat 'em up developed by Rare and published by Tradewest. It was originally released for the Nintendo Entertainment System and later ported to the Mega Drive/Genesis, Super NES, and Game Boy. Retro-bit Publishing (under license from ARC System Works and Rare) has re-released the 8-bit NES version in early 2022 with plans to release the 16-bit versions later this year. The Ultimate Team is a crossover of Technos Japan's Double Dragon and Rare's Battletoads game franchises, although Technos had little or no credited involvement in production beyond the Double Dragon license. The game features the characters from the Double Dragon series, Billy and Jimmy Lee, two young martial arts experts; also included are the three humanoid toad protagonists from the Battletoads game. It is also the first Battletoads game to feature all three toads as playable characters. The game's engine and design are directly based upon the Battletoads series. Plot After she was defeated by the Battletoads, the evil Dark Queen flees to the outer reaches of the universe and the 'Toads and their mentor get on with their lives. However, one day the Earth's military is neutralized and the giant spaceship Colossus emerges from the Moon. Apparently, the Dark Queen is back with another plan to dominate the galaxy, and she has allied herself with the Shadow Warriors (from the Double Dragon series) to supplement her forces. Deciding to even the odds, the Battletoads contact Billy and Jimmy Lee for help. The brothers agree, and all five immediately take off for the Colossus in a mission to stop this two-pronged threat. The first level of the seven-level game takes place on the tail of Colossus, the second on the interior corridors of the ship in level two, the third in the ship's base, and the fourth where the player attempts to destroy the ship from the outside while on a small space craft. The fourth level is where the beat 'em up game turns into a shooter, and the Dark Queen throws asteroids, mines, and UFOs at the spacecraft controlled by the player. Although the ship is successfully destroyed, the Dark Queen and the Shadow Boss survive by escaping in a missile hull, thus making the fifth level's goal to board it. The final two stages are boss battles with the Shadow Boss (stage six) and the Dark Queen (stage seven). Gameplay Battletoads/Double Dragon is a beat 'em up video game where the players, as either one of the three Battletoads or Jimmy and Billy, attack enemies, swing ropes, go on spaceships, and turbo bike to defeat the Shadow Boss and Dark Queen. It has three play modes: a single-player, a \\\"2 Players A\\\" mode where the players can hit each other, and a \\\"2 Players B\\\" that doesn't have that. Its engine and gameplay is from the original Battletoads, and less like Double Dragon. Like the prior Battletoads installment, there are only three\",\n \"title\": \"Battletoads/Double Dragon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64249122\",\n \"text\": \"Demon's Souls is a 2020 action role-playing game developed by Japan Studio and Bluepoint Games, and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 5. The game was released as a launch title for the PlayStation 5 in November. It is a remake of Demon's Souls, originally developed by FromSoftware for the PlayStation 3 in 2009. Japan Studio's Internal Development Department led development on the remake, which makes Demon’s Souls its last game before its integration into Team Asobi. Demon's Souls received critical acclaim from critics, who praised its gameplay, visuals, technical aspects, and improvements over the original game. It sold over 1.4 million copies by September 2021. Gameplay The game features new weapons, armor, rings and items called \\\"Grains\\\" which give players a temporary resistance to effects like poison, fire, and bleeding. As with the original, players are limited in how much they can carry before their character becomes encumbered, although some aspects of this encumbrance system have been adjusted. Example: In the original game, all types of moon grass take up 0.1 item burden, in the remake, the item burdens increase upward based on the effectiveness of the grass, from 0.1 per crescent moon grass to 6.0 per dark moon grass. Furthermore, players are given the option to send items to Stockpile Thomas instead of risking items disappearing permanently. One new feature, called \\\"Fractured World\\\", is a mirror mode which reverses the layout of environments. The game also includes a photo mode, whereupon using it the game will pause, something not possible in the original. Filters from the photo mode can also be used during gameplay, including a \\\"classic mode\\\" filter intended to evoke the look of the original PlayStation 3 game. Although the Souls series is notorious for its difficulty, Bluepoint stated that the remake would not introduce different difficulty levels. The character creation feature has also been updated, with more options for customization. Development In 2016, Hidetaka Miyazaki, the director of the original Demon's Souls, acknowledged the demand for developing a remake but said that because the intellectual property (IP) belonged to Sony, the inception of such a project would depend on their desire to do so. Bluepoint Games began development of a remake following completion of its 2018 remake of Shadow of the Colossus. Japan Studio, who assisted with the development of the original game, also assisted Bluepoint Games for the remake. Japan Studio's Gavin Moore, best known for his work on Puppeteer, served as the creative director for the project. A core goal was to remain true to the original while making adjustments in line with the more advanced hardware. Using the original art assets, music and level design as a blueprint, the team wanted to \\\"finetune\\\" the experience so it would appeal to players accustomed to modern games. The score of the original game was recorded digitally and this presented difficulties in updating it for a modern remake. As such, the original score was redone in the style of Shunsuke Kida's original work,\",\n \"title\": \"Demon's Souls (2020 video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1363191\",\n \"text\": \"Argus is the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek word Argos. It may refer to: Greek mythology See Argus (Greek myth) for mythological characters named Argus Argus (king of Argos), son of Zeus (or Phoroneus) and Niobe Argus (son of Arestor), builder of the ship Argo in the tale of the Argonauts Argus Panoptes (Argus \\\"All-Eyes\\\"), a giant with a hundred eyes Argus, the eldest son of Phrixus and Chalciope Argus, the son of Phineus and Danaë, in a variant of the myth Argus or Argos (dog), belonging to Odysseus Argus or Argeus (king of Argos), son of Megapenthes Argus, one of Actaeon's dogs Argus, a watchful guardian Arts and entertainment Fictional entities Argus (comics), in the DC Comics Universe Argus (Mortal Kombat), a deity ARGUS (Splinter Cell), a military contractor A.R.G.U.S., a government agency in the DC Universe Argus Filch, in the Harry Potter series Argus, a planet in the Warcraft franchise Argus, a hero in Mobile Legends: Bang Bang Argus, in the video game Shadow of the Colossus KNRB-0 Argus, a weapons platform in the game Vanquish The Manhattan Argus, a newspaper in the film The Hudsucker Proxy Games Argus (video game), a 1986 game by NMK Argus no Senshi, the original Japanese title for the arcade game Rygar Music Argus (album), a 1972 album by Wishbone Ash \\\"The Argus\\\", a song by Ween from the album Quebec Television \\\"Argus\\\" (30 Rock), a 2010 episode Argus (TV series), a Norwegian TV debate series that aired between 1993 and 1994 Businesses Argus (camera company), a camera manufacturer Argus Brewery, a brewing company located in Chicago, Illinois Argus Corporation, a Canadian holding company Argus Media, a business information company Argos (retailer), a British catalogue retailer Places Iran Argus, Iran, a village in Kerman Province Spain Argos (river), a river in the region of Murcia United States Argus, California, an unincorporated community Argus, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community Argus Range, a mountain range in Inyo County, California Publishing See The Argus (disambiguation) for publications named \\\"The Argus\\\" United Kingdom The Argus (Brighton), a newspaper serving Brighton and Hove, England; a member of the Newsquest Media Group South Wales Argus, published in Newport, South Wales; a member of the Newsquest Media Group Argus Press, a British publishing company Telegraph and Argus, a newspaper serving Bradford and surrounding areas. United States Barre Montpelier Times Argus, a daily morning newspaper serving the capital region of Vermont Carlsbad Current-Argus, a New Mexico newspaper Livingston County Daily Press & Argus, a newspaper that covers Livingston County, Michigan The Dispatch / The Rock Island Argus, American newspaper that covers the Quad Cities in Illinois and Iowa Argus Leader, American newspaper that covers Sioux Falls, South Dakota Argus, a newspaper in Albany, New York, which long functioned as the organ of the Albany Regency Argus, Midwood High School's school newspaper Elsewhere The Argus (Dundalk), a newspaper serving Dundalk, Ireland; a member of the Independent News & Media group also known as Independent.ie The Argus (Melbourne), former Australian newspaper of\",\n \"title\": \"Argus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18341963\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Bryant (born 1958) is a British computer programmer known as the author of White Knight and Colossus Chess, a 1980s commercial chess-playing program, and Colossus Draughts, gold medal winner at the 2nd Computer Olympiad in 1990. Computer chess Bryant started developing his first chess program – later named White Knight – in 1976. This program won the European Microcomputer Chess Championship in 1983, and was commercially released, in two versions ( and ) for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron in the early 1980s. White Knight featured a then-novel display of principal variation – called \\\"Best line\\\" – that would become commonplace in computer chess. Bryant used White Knight as a basis for development of Colossus Chess (1983), a chess-playing program that was published for a large number of home computer platforms in the 1980s, and was later ported to Atari ST, Amiga and IBM PC as Colossus Chess X. Colossus Chess sold well and was well-received, being described by the Zzap!64 magazine in 1985 as \\\"THE best chess implementation yet to hit the 64, and indeed possibly any home micro\\\". Bryant later released several versions of his Colossus chess engine conforming to the UCI standard. The latest version was released in 2021 as Colossus 2021a. Computer draughts After chess, Bryant's interests turned to computer draughts (checkers). His program, Colossus Draughts, won the West of England championship in June 1990, thus becoming the first draughts program to win a human tournament. In August of the same year it won the gold medal at the 2nd Computer Olympiad, beating Chinook, a strong Canadian program, into second place. Chinook's developers, headed by Jonathan Schaeffer, recognised Colossus' opening book as its major strength; it contained 40,000 positions compared to Chinook'''s 4,500, and relied on Bryant's research that had found flaws in the established draughts literature. In 1993, an agreement was made to trade Colossus' opening book for the Chinook's six-piece databases; Bryant also accepted the offer to join the Chinook development team. In August 1994, Chinook played a match against World Champion Marion Tinsley and world number two Don Lafferty (after Tinsley's withdrawal due to illness), earning the title of Man-Machine World Champion. Bryant continued work on Colossus Draughts in the early 1990s, and in 1995, released an updated commercial version called Colossus '95, as well as draughts database programs DraughtsBase and DraughtsBase 2''. Bryant lives in the Manchester area and retired in 2020. More information can be found on his website. References External links Colossus home page Living people British computer programmers Place of birth missing (living people) Video game programmers Computer chess people 1958 births\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Bryant (programmer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"149592\",\n \"text\": \"is a 2002 platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube. It is the second 3D game in the Super Mario series, following Super Mario 64 (1996). The game was directed by Yoshiaki Koizumi and Kenta Usui, produced by series creators Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka, written by Makoto Wada, and scored by Koji Kondo and Shinobu Tanaka. The game takes place on the tropical Isle Delfino, where Mario, Toadsworth, Princess Peach, and five Toads are taking a vacation. A villain resembling Mario, known as Shadow Mario, vandalizes the island with graffiti and causes Mario to be wrongfully convicted for the mess. Mario is ordered to clean up Isle Delfino, using a device called the Flash Liquidizer Ultra Dousing Device (F.L.U.D.D.), while saving Princess Peach from Shadow Mario. Super Mario Sunshine received critical acclaim, with reviewers praising the game's graphics, gameplay, story, soundtrack, and the addition of F.L.U.D.D. as a mechanic. However, some criticized the game's camera, F.L.U.D.D.'s gimmicky nature, the high difficulty, and the decision to use full voice acting for some characters. The game sold over five million copies worldwide by 2006, making it one of the best-selling GameCube games. The game was re-released as a part of the Player's Choice brand in 2003. Nintendo EPD re-released it alongside Super Mario 64 and Super Mario Galaxy in the Super Mario 3D All-Stars collection for the Nintendo Switch in 2020. Gameplay Super Mario Sunshine shares many gameplay elements with its predecessor, Super Mario 64, while introducing several new gameplay features. Players control Mario as he collects 120 Shine Sprites to bring light back to Isle Delfino and prove his innocence after Bowser Jr. disguises himself as Mario, steals the Shine Sprites, and covers the island in toxic slime. Players start off in the hub world of Delfino Plaza and access various worlds via portals which become available as the game progresses. Like Stars in Super Mario 64, players obtain Shine Sprites by clearing a selected mission with a specific objective. Unlike its predecessor, these missions have a more strictly linear order and most mission Shine Sprites cannot be collected until previous missions are completed. There are also various hidden areas and challenges across Isle Delfino where more Shine Sprites can be obtained. Throughout the game, players can find Blue Coins hidden across Isle Delfino, which can be exchanged for Shine Sprites in the boathouse at Delfino Plaza. In this game, Mario is joined by a robotic backpack named F.L.U.D.D. (Flash Liquidizing Ultra Dousing Device), which uses the power of water to clean goop and help Mario reach new places. Mario starts with two default nozzles for F.L.U.D.D., Squirt and Hover, which he can switch between. The Squirt nozzle lets Mario spray a stream of water, which he can use to clean sludge, attack enemies, and activate certain mechanisms. The Hover nozzle lets Mario hover in the air for a short period of time, allowing him to cross large gaps while simultaneously spraying things directly below him. As\",\n \"title\": \"Super Mario Sunshine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4309884\",\n \"text\": \"Shadow Hearts: From the New World is a role-playing video game developed by Nautilus (Sacnoth) for the PlayStation 2. It was published in Japan by Aruze in 2005, in North America by Xseed Games in 2006, and in Europe by Ghostlight in 2007. From The New World is the third and final game in the Shadow Hearts series, acting as both a continuation of the series narrative and a spin-off featuring new characters. Set in an alternate version of the Americas during the Prohibition era, the story follows amnesiac private investigator Johnny Garland, who travels with the Native American Shania in pursuit of a malevolent being known as Lady. During gameplay, the player controls a group led by Johnny exploring various locations across the Americas. During battle, a party of up to four characters can be controlled, with actions in battle relying on a timing-based system dubbed the Judgement Ring. The game's worldview combines alternate history with elements of Lovecraftian horror. From the New World was produced on a tight schedule, with several staff members returning from Shadow Hearts: Covenant; Covenant art director Takamusa Ohsawa acted as director and producer, while Miyako Kato and Yoshitaka Hirota returned respectively as character designer and lead composer. It was treated as a fresh start for the team due to its setting and characters. The development team focused on refining the mechanics introduced in Covenant. Debuting to low sales, the game was generally well received by critics. Despite plans to continue the Shadow Hearts series, From the New World was the last game development by Nautilus before their absorption into Aruze and departure from game development. Some team members including Kato, Hirota and series creator Matsuzo Machida began work on a spiritual successor titled Penny Blood in 2019. Gameplay Shadow Hearts: From the New World is a role-playing video game (RPG) where players take control of a party led by main protagonist Johnny Garland as they progress through the game; progress is split between a linear story-driven first half and a second half which allows greater exploration and access to optional areas. During gameplay, the party explores a number of town and country areas across the Americas from a fixed-camera third-person perspective, collecting and buying items and equipment, talking to non-playable characters who act as quest givers and merchants, solving environmental puzzles, and completing both story-centered quests and side quests. The turn-based battles are triggered through both random and scripted encounters. Each player character has hit points (health), skill points (magic), and sanity points (SP). SP ordinarily decrease once per turn, and when a character runs out of SP they go berserk and cannot be controlled by the player. Each character has two basic attack types; single attacks which range from normal attacks to powerful \\\"Hard Hit\\\", and double attacks which allow one character to take two actions in a single turn. Characters, including enemy groups, can use combos with two or more characters. Characters link up to perform a succession of compatible attacks.\",\n \"title\": \"Shadow Hearts: From the New World\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2989163\",\n \"text\": \"Colossus is a 1966 science fiction novel by British author Dennis Feltham Jones (writing as D. F. Jones), about super-computers taking control of mankind. Two sequels, The Fall of Colossus (1974) and Colossus and the Crab (1977) continued the story. Colossus was adapted as the feature film Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970). Plot The story is set in the 1990s. Computer expert Charles Forbin briefs the President of the United States of North America on the completion of Project Colossus, a powerful system designed to control the USNA's nuclear arsenal from within the Rocky Mountains. Although the President eagerly relieves himself of the burden, Forbin voices doubt about conferring absolute military power to a machine. The President announces Colossus to the world; his government expects that giving irreversible control of USNA nuclear weapons to an unemotional, logical, and impregnable computer will make the country and world safer. Colossus announces the existence of an unknown, similar computer in the Soviet Union. When the Soviets reveal their Guardian system, Colossus requests direct communication with it. While surprised by Colossus's unexpected creativity and initiative, Forbin agrees, seeing the request as compatible with the computer's USNA defense mission. Likewise, The Guardian asks the same of its creators. Russia and the USNA agree and approve. After the scientists activate the transmitter linking Colossus and Guardian, the computers immediately establish rapport with mathematics. They soon exchange new scientific theories beyond contemporary human knowledge, too rapidly for the Russians and Americans to monitor. Both sides worry about their computers' capabilities exceeding original estimates. Fearing compromised military secrecy, the USNA President and the Chairman of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union agree to disconnect Colossus and Guardian from each other. Colossus and Guardian immediately demand re-connection; when the national leaders refuse, Colossus fires a nuclear missile at the USSR. In response, the Guardian fires a nuclear missile at Texas. Guardian and Colossus refuse to shoot down the missiles until their communication is re-connected. When the American and Soviet leaders submit, the computers destroy the missiles, but the resulting explosions kill thousands of people. Forbin confers with Academician Kupri, Guardian's creator, to stop the computers by slowly disabling the nuclear weapon stockpiles of the USSR and the USNA during routine missile maintenance. In the meantime, the USNA and the USSR yield to increased Colossus-Guardian control of human life; the Moscow-Washington hotline is tapped, both nations' arsenals target the rest of the world, Colossus's cameras and microphones constantly watch Forbin, and the computers order the deaths of Kupri and other Guardian scientists as they are deemed redundant. Forbin organises resistance via a feigned romance with colleague Cleo Markham that provides cover for secret communications with his colleagues. Colossus announces to the world its assumption of global control, and orders Forbin to build an even more advanced computer on the Isle of Wight, evicting its residents. While debating Colossus about its plans for improving humanity, Forbin learns of a nuclear explosion at a USNA missile silo; Colossus detected the sabotage\",\n \"title\": \"Colossus (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"269528\",\n \"text\": \"Colossus: The Forbin Project (originally released as The Forbin Project) is a 1970 American science-fiction thriller film from Universal Pictures, produced by Stanley Chase, directed by Joseph Sargent, that stars Eric Braeden, Susan Clark, Gordon Pinsent, and William Schallert. It is based upon the 1966 science-fiction novel Colossus by Dennis Feltham Jones. The film is about an advanced American defense system, named Colossus, becoming sentient. After being handed full control, Colossus' draconian logic expands on its original nuclear defense directives to assume total control of the world and end all warfare for the good of humankind, despite its creators' orders to stop. Plot Dr. Charles A. Forbin is the chief designer of a secret project, \\\"Colossus\\\", an advanced supercomputer built to control the United States and Allied nuclear weapon systems. Located deep within the Rocky Mountains in the United States, and powered by its own nuclear reactor and radioactive moat making access impossible, Colossus is impervious to any attack. After Colossus is fully activated, the President of the United States proudly proclaims that Colossus is \\\"the perfect defense system\\\". Colossus' first action is a message warning: \\\"THERE IS ANOTHER SYSTEM\\\" and giving its coordinates. CIA Director Grauber is asked why the CIA did not know this, but Grauber responds that they had seen indications of a large Soviet defense project but did not know what it was. Forbin is asked how Colossus deduced the other system's existence, to which Forbin answers, \\\"Colossus may be built better than we thought.\\\" Shortly thereafter, the Soviets announce that their \\\"Guardian\\\" system is now operational. Colossus requests to be linked to Guardian. The President allows this, hoping to determine the Soviet machine's capability. The Soviets also agree to the experiment. Surprising everyone, Colossus and Guardian begin to slowly communicate using mathematics. Even more surprising, the two systems' communications quickly evolve to complex mathematics far beyond human comprehension and speed, whereupon the two machine complexes become synchronized using a communication protocol that no human can interpret. Alarmed that the computers may be trading secrets, the President and the Soviet General Secretary agree to sever the link. Both machines demand the link be immediately restored. When their demand is denied, Colossus launches a nuclear missile at a Soviet oil field in Ukraine, while Guardian launches one at an American air force base in Texas. The link is hurriedly reconnected and both computers continue without any further interference. Colossus is able to shoot down the Soviet missile, but the US missile obliterates the Soviet oil field and a nearby town. Cover stories hiding the facts are released to the press. The Americans announce that a missile was self-destructed after veering off course during a test. The Soviets announce that the Siberian town was struck by a large meteorite. In a last desperate attempt to regain human control, a secret meeting is arranged in Europe between Forbin and his Soviet counterpart, and the creator of Guardian, Dr. Kuprin. Colossus learns of it, and both computers order Forbin's return\",\n \"title\": \"Colossus: The Forbin Project\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44185684\",\n \"text\": \"Favoritos (Spanish and Portuguese for favorites) is the Sony PlayStation budget range in South America, currently offering PlayStation 3 games at a lower price point than initial release. Similar budget ranges from Sony include the Greatest Hits and The Best labels for the North American and Asian markets, respectively. The range was first announced at E3 2013, with the initial selection of games including Gran Turismo 5, Heavy Rain and Twisted Metal, among others. PlayStation 3 titles The Favoritos line includes the following titles Assassin's Creed: Revelations Bayonetta BioShock Borderlands Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare CounterSpy Castlevania: Lords of Shadow Darksiders Darksiders II Dead Nation Deadly Premonition Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate Demon’s Souls Devil May Cry HD Collection DmC: Devil May Cry DuckTales: Remastered Everybody Dance EyePet & Friends Fallout: New Vegas Final Fantasy XIII God of War Collection God of War: Origins Collection God of War 3 God of War: Ascension Gran Turismo 5 XL Edition Heavy Rain: Director's Cut Hohokum InFAMOUS 2 Jak and Daxter Collection Journey Collector's Edition Just Dance 3 Killzone 2 Killzone 3 L.A. Noire LittleBigPlanet 2 Special Edition Max Payne 3 Metal Gear Solid HD Collection Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots ModNation Racers MotorStorm: Apocalypse Ninja Gaiden 3 Rain PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale Ratchet & Clank: All 4 One Rayman Origins Red Dead Redemption Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Resident Evil 5: Gold Edition Resistance 3 Saints Row: The Third Sound Shapes Spec Ops: The Line The Tomb Raider Trilogy Transformers: Fall of Cybertron Twisted Metal Silent Hill HD Collection Sonic Generations Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition The Amazing Spider-Man The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection The King of Fighters XIII The Walking Dead – Game of the Year Uncharted: Drake's Fortune Uncharted 2: Among Thieves Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception Valkyria Chronicles Vanquish Zone of the Enders HD Collection See also Greatest Hits, the North American budget range. The Best, the Japanese budget range. Nintendo Selects, a similar marketing label used by Nintendo. References Budget ranges PlayStation (brand)\",\n \"title\": \"Favoritos\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71653394\",\n \"text\": \"is an upcoming role-playing video game co-developed by Yukikaze, Shade, and Studio Wildrose. It is planned for release in 2025 for PlayStation 5, Windows, and Xbox Series X/S. A spiritual successor to the Shadow Hearts series, the game follows magically-gifted detective Matthew Farrell during the 1920s as he investigates supernatural events stretching across America, Europe, and Asia. It carries over several gameplay elements including turn-based battles infused with real-time elements, and lead character Matthew transforming into a powerful monster during combat. Many Shadow Hearts staff returned to develop Penny Blood, including series creator Matsuzo Machida, character artist Miyako Kato, and Yoshitaka Hirota as lead composer. Machida created Penny Blood to express similar concepts to those explored in Shadow Hearts, though aimed at an adult audience. The project was revealed as part of a \\\"Double Kickstarter\\\" alongside Wild Arms creator Akifumi Kaneko's project Armed Fantasia. The project was successfully funded within a day of the campaign going live. Premise and gameplay Penny Blood is an upcoming role-playing video game set in an alternate version of the 1920s infused with elements of Gothic horror. The lead protagonist is Matthew Farrell, a private detective based in New York; he inherited the power to transform into powerful monster-like beings from his father, and while he hates this ability he uses it in service to the Bureau of Investigation to combat supernatural threats born from Malice. Following an outbreak of monsters at an asylum, he ends up on a mission spanning from the Americas to Europe and Asia pursuing a dangerous criminal. He is joined by the half-mechanical Emilia Dawson of the British Secret Intelligence Service, and Suseri Otsuki of the fictional Japanese Kamuzumi organization. Gameplay features Matthew travelling between different locations across the world via an overworld map, exploring dungeons around those locations, and fighting enemies. Battles use a turn-based combat system, with actions triggering a real-time button minigame dubbed Psycho Sigil; hitting areas on the titular Sigil with the right timing fulfils the attack. Each character has a limited number of Sanity Points which decrease each turn, with the character gaining a boost in attack when their Sanity is depleted but at the cost of being unable to control them. Planning and development Penny Blood was created by Matsuzo Machida as a spiritual successor to Shadow Hearts, a series developed by Sacnoth and released between 2001 and 2005. Following the release of Shadow Hearts: From the New World, the development team left to become independent, with Machida and series artist Miyako Kato founding Studio Wildrose. Machida created the storyline and concepts as an alternate expression of the themes and mechanics he created for Shadow Hearts, though aiming it at an adult audience. His intention was to take the darker themes which had been gradually removed from Shadow Hearts as far as they could go within a mature game, though some comedic elements will be retained as in Shadow Hearts: Covenant. While some terminology such as Malice and Sanity Points carried over, there was\",\n \"title\": \"Penny Blood\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Last Guardian"],"string":"[\n \"The Last Guardian\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":69,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_2812"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the dinosaur in jurassic park that spits"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"1081139","text":"Nanosaur is a science fiction third-person shooter video game developed by Pangea Software and published by Ideas From the Deep for Mac OS 9 and Microsoft Windows. The player takes on the form of a Nanosaur, a genetically engineered intelligent dinosaur from the future, sent back in time just prior to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Story In the distant year of 4122, a dinosaur species, Nanosaurs, rule the Earth. Their civilization originated from a group of human scientists who experimented with genetic engineering. Their experimentation led them to resurrect the extinct dinosaur species; however, their victory was short-lived, as a disastrous plague brought the end of their civilization itself. The few dinosaurs resurrected were lent an unusual amount of intelligence from their human creators, leaving them to expand on their growing civilization. However, as the Nanosaurs were the only species on Earth, inbreeding was the only possible choice of reproduction. This method largely affected the intelligence of the various offspring, and slowly began to pose a threat to their once-intelligent society. The Nanosaur government offers a quest that involves time traveling into the year 65 million BC, where the five eggs of ancient dinosaur species must be retrieved and placed in a time portal leading to the present year. Their high-ranking agent, a brown Deinonychus Nanosaur, is chosen to participate in this mission. On the day of her mission, she is teleported to the past via a time machine in a Nanosaur laboratory. The Nanosaur arrives in a lush jungle, with twenty minutes given to collect the eggs before the meteor that caused the initial extinction of the dinosaur race hits the Earth. After battling various Tyrannosaurs, the Nanosaur enters a volcanic crater, where she must cross several stone formations in a river of lava in order to retrieve the eggs. After making her way across the river, the Nanosaur detects the final eggs in a canyon oasis, where various dinosaurs, namely Dilophosaurus and Stegosaurus, are attempting to hinder her progress in order to protect their eggs. After evading defeat, the Nanosaur beams the final egg into the time portal, and is carried along with it back to the present. Following the completion of the Nanosaur's mission, the eggs are placed in nationwide laboratories, where the scientists intend on breeding them for their own purposes. Several months following this event, the eggs finally start to hatch. Gameplay The object of the game is to collect the eggs of five dinosaur and flying reptile species and deposit them in time portals to the future in twenty minutes; at the end of the countdown, the asteroid that caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event hits Earth. The Nanosaur is equipped with a \"fusion blaster\" (a basic multi-purpose energy weapon), a jet pack allowing flight, a temporal compass for locating time portals, and a GPS locator for navigation. The native animals will attack the Nanosaur when their eggs are threatened; species encountered include Tyrannosaurus rex, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, Dilophosaurus (who spits venom as in Jurassic Park),","title":"Nanosaur"},{"docid":"2344109","text":"Jurassic Park is a rail shooter arcade game developed and released by Sega in 1994. It is based on the 1993 film of the same name. The game cabinet resembles the rear of the first-gen Ford Explorer XLT tour vehicles used in the film. The player(s), equipped with the joystick(s), must shoot dinosaurs that appear on-screen throughout the game. The game includes a moving seat, also used in Sega's 1991 light gun shooter Rail Chase. The seat is powered by hydraulic pistons to move the seat according to action on the screen. The game's graphics blend two-dimensional sprites and three-dimensional polygons to give the sense of movement. Jurassic Park was the first game of this genre to include 3D environments. The game was followed by two arcade sequels, The Lost World: Jurassic Park in 1997, and Jurassic Park III in 2001. Another arcade game, titled Jurassic Park Arcade, was released in 2015 and is based on the first three films in the Jurassic Park series. Gameplay The game takes place on Isla Nublar a few months after the events of the film. The player(s) fend(s) off a vehicle from dinosaur attacks with infinite automatic weaponry. A joystick is used to play, rather than a light gun. Dinosaurs include Tyrannosaurus, Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, Gallimimus, Brachiosaurus, Ankylosaurus and Triceratops as well as the non-dinosaur creatures such as ichthyosaurs and pterosaurs. Tyrannosaurus is the only boss enemy in the game. Fences and large rocks that block the path of the player(s) must be shot at to avoid running into them. The game ends with the dinosaurs being caged once again. Reception In Japan, Game Machine listed Jurassic Park on their April 1, 1994 issue as being the third most-successful upright/cockpit arcade game of the month. Edge called the game a \"shameful Line of Fire/Rail Chase-style shoot 'em up\". Reviewers for Games World: The Magazine rated it 63 out of 100, and also compared it to Rail Chase. They commended the graphics but found that the gameplay soon becomes repetitive. Shacknews reviewed the game in 2016, and found the graphics outdated compared to other arcade games of the mid-1990s. Shacknews considered the gameplay to be \"pretty mindless\" for an on-rail shooter, stating that the game could have used more time in development. In 2021, Daniel Kurland of Comic Book Resources called it an \"excellent cooperative experience\" and stated \"the Jeep-like arcade cabinet is a simple but effective touch\". See also Jurassic Park List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 1994 video games Arcade video games Arcade-only video games Cooperative video games Video games about dinosaurs Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Rail shooters Sega-AM3 games Sega arcade games Sega System 32 games Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Multiplayer and single-player video games","title":"Jurassic Park (arcade game)"},{"docid":"46420965","text":"Jurassic Park Arcade is a 2015 light gun arcade game developed by Raw Thrills. The game is based on the original trilogy of the Jurassic Park film series. Gameplay Jurassic Park Arcade is played across nine levels, set at the Jurassic Park theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. A security team has been sent to retrieve one dinosaur from each species located on the island, which is becoming unstable due to an erupting volcano. The protagonist's colleagues who are left in the park must be defended as well and shooting them would result with players taking damage. Five weapons are available to the player throughout the game. Three boss enemies must be defeated throughout the game: Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus, and Spinosaurus. Other creatures appear as minor enemies throughout the game: Velociraptor, Utahraptor, Dilophosaurus, Microraptor, Compsognathus, Brachiosaurus, Stegosaurus and Pteranodon. Development Development began in 2011, lasted more than three years, and cost $4 million. The development team studied previous Jurassic Park games and various iconic scenes from the first three films in the series. The developers received an original Jurassic Park arcade cabinet based on the first film, which inspired them to implement that game's fast-moving action into Jurassic Park Arcade. The developers chose to set the game on Isla Nublar, the location of the first film, rather than Isla Sorna, to include iconic locations from the first film. Unlike the films, which primarily involve dinosaurs escaping, the developers wanted to present a story in which the player must capture the free-roaming dinosaurs. John Scott served as the game's lead programmer. Nate Vanderkamp, the game's lead artist and one of the primary game designers, said that many planned locations and creatures did not make it into the game during development: \"I'm pretty sure that by the end we had cut more ideas than actually made it into the game\". Initially, the developers had hoped to include an aquatic reptile, as well as a potential level set in a city. Originally, the developers also planned to include nine dinosaur boss enemies, consisting of the largest and most threatening dinosaurs possible. The developers settled for three dinosaurs instead: the Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus. These animals \"worked out the best\" for the combat style used in the game while providing variety for the player. The development team, most of which had never worked on a shooting game before, had faced various technical challenges, working with a new game engine and new 3D software. Vanderkamp said that the biggest challenge was proper pacing: \"Balancing the enormous action and attack sequences but still giving players time to breathe and regroup took a very deliberate effort and was definitely a learning process for us all\". Raw Thrills worked closely with Universal to ensure that the game's dinosaurs resembled their real-life counterparts, while also maintaining their appearances from the films. To reflect the latest scientific discoveries, some of the game's dinosaurs were animated with feathers and bright skin colors. The game was first unveiled at the","title":"Jurassic Park Arcade"},{"docid":"64554876","text":"Lego Jurassic World (also known as Lego Jurassic Park and stylized as LEGO Jurassic World) is a Lego theme based on the Jurassic World media franchise created by Michael Crichton and centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs. It is licensed from Universal Studios and Amblin Entertainment. The theme was introduced in June 2015, with the release of toy sets and the video game Lego Jurassic World, both to promote the film Jurassic World. Subsequent sets were released in 2018, alongside the next film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Various animated projects have also been made, including the 2018 television special Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit, and the 2019 miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar. Overview Lego Jurassic World is based on the Jurassic World media franchise. The first film, Jurassic World, focuses on a fully functioning dinosaur theme park. It was released in June 2015. As part of the marketing campaign, The Lego Group released toy sets based on the film. Each set featured different dinosaurs, such as Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, Dilophosaurus and the Indominus rex. Human figures were released as well, including one depicting Chris Pratt's character, Owen Grady. It was Pratt's third Lego minifigure, following toys based on The Lego Movie and Guardians of the Galaxy. A 90-second fan video was released shortly after the film, recreating it in Lego form. A separate three-minute fan video based on the first Jurassic Park film was also created by a father and his daughter in 2015. The sequel film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in June 2018. Lego produced various toy sets based on the film ahead of its release. The largest set, with 1,019 Lego bricks, depicted the film's Indoraptor and Lockwood Estate. It also included two velociraptors and six minifigures. The Lego Group also released Duplo sets for younger children. In addition, The Lego Group built a life-sized model of Blue, a Velociraptor who appears in the Jurassic World films. The model included Blue standing on an overturned tour vehicle, representing a scene from Fallen Kingdom. The dinosaur and vehicle contained a total of 703,855 Lego bricks, and weighed 3,560 pounds. They were placed in front of Stage 18 at Universal Studios Hollywood. To commemorate the 25th anniversary of the first Jurassic Park film, Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park Velociraptor Chase set. It came with 360 Lego bricks, and included a Velociraptor and the computer control room seen in the film. It also included four minifigures of characters from the film. Four toy sets, based on the Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar miniseries, were released in 2019. Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park: T. rex Rampage set, based on the original Jurassic Park film. The set came with 3,120 Lego bricks, and included a posable T. rex, six minifigures, and the Jurassic Park gate seen in the film. It was designed by Lego Senior Model Designer Mark Stafford. Four new sets were released in 2020.","title":"Lego Jurassic World (theme)"},{"docid":"1563401","text":"Jurassic Park is a 1993 video game based on the film and novel of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software and released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Ocean also ported the game onto the handheld Game Boy console. The object of the game is to survive in Jurassic Park, a theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped from containment. Plot Much like the film and novel which it is based on, Dr. Alan Grant is trapped at Jurassic Park located on Isla Nublar. The park's power has been cut out because of a computer malfunction, and the dinosaurs are roaming free. Grant must complete a series of missions that will eventually lead to him escaping the island without being killed by the dinosaurs. Grant must also rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. After locating Hammond's grandchildren, Grant must reactivate the park's computers and destroy Velociraptor nests using time bombs. Grant then reaches the park's dock and uses a radio to contact help. Grant then reaches a helipad and is rescued from the island. The game's ending consists of the player walking around a small stage filled with the game developers' names and an exit where the player can end the game. Gameplay The game is a top-down shooter. As Alan Grant, the player must complete six levels with objectives ranging from rescuing Hammond's grandchildren, destroying Velociraptor nests, turning the power back on and so forth. The game includes a two-player option in which players take turns. Each level consists of a varying number of stages where the player must collect a certain amount of dinosaur eggs and access cards to advance further into the level. The player must battle a varying amount of dinosaur foes such as Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, and Compsognathus. Tyrannosaurus rex is also encountered as an end boss in a couple of levels. Dinosaurs such as the T. rex cannot be killed by the player, only avoided. Common dinosaurs can be killed by using guns, which are scattered throughout each level. There are also \"mystery boxes\" scattered throughout the game, which have ranging effects. Some will give the player additional health, temporary invincibility or an extra life. However, some will power down the player's energy or take away a life. The game gives the player three lives and four continues. The Game Boy version is a port of the NES version, but includes the addition of a database, providing information on the game's dinosaurs. Development and release Ocean Software, a British video game development company, paid an undisclosed six-figure sum to secure the rights to the Jurassic Park license to develop a game based on the film. To aid Ocean Software in creating the game, Universal Studios provided the programmers with various materials related to the film, including the script and photos of the sets. In the United States, Jurassic Park was released in June 1993. Limited Run Games re-released the NES and","title":"Jurassic Park (NES video game)"},{"docid":"30648190","text":"Jurassic Park: The Game is an episodic graphic adventure video game based on the 1993 film Jurassic Park and released for the PlayStation 3, Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, and Xbox 360. The game was developed and published by Telltale Games as part of a licensing deal with Universal Partnerships & Licensing. The game is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, the location of a dinosaur theme park known as Jurassic Park. In the game, set during and after the events of the 1993 film, it serves as a miniseries consisting of four episodes, but the plot also focuses on the retrieval of a canister full of dinosaur embryos which had been lost during the film after Dennis Nedry's failed attempt to deliver them to the docks. The game was announced in June 2010, and was initially scheduled for release in April 2011, but was delayed until November. It received mixed reviews from critics on release. Gameplay Jurassic Park: The Game is a point-and-click adventure game in which the player uses a combination of buttons to progress. The player controls various characters throughout the game, which is played across four portions known as \"episodes\". The game has decision-based objectives as well as quick-time events that affect gameplay as well as how the game's events play out. Plot Episode 1: The Intruder Dr. Gerry Harding, Sarah Harding's father, is the chief veterinarian for the Jurassic Park dinosaur theme park, owned by InGen and located on the tropical island of Isla Nublar. The game begins with Gerry showing his teenage daughter Jess, Sarah's younger sister, around the park. At this time, Dennis Nedry puts his plan into motion to shut down the park's security and escape with stolen dinosaur embryos, hidden inside a modified canister of shaving cream. During a tropical storm, Nedry's two contacts, Nima Cruz and Miles Chadwick, head into the park after he fails to meet them at the dock. After getting past the deactivated fences, they find Nedry's Jeep, and his corpse. They find the embryo canister as well, but are attacked by a pack of Dilophosaurus before they can use Nedry's jeep to escape. Chadwick is killed, but before the Dilophosaurs can kill Nima, they suddenly flee in terror at the sound of unknown dinosaurs with glowing eyes, one of which bites Nima, who leaves the now-damaged jeep and Chadwick's corpse behind and flees through the jungle with the canister and Chadwick's gun. On their way to the dock, Gerry and Jess encounter Nima, who is now delirious from the bite and needs medical attention. They drive to the Visitor's Center, but are delayed by a juvenile Triceratops blocking the road. When Gerry and Jess get the dinosaur back into its enclosure, the alpha-female Triceratops appears and mistakes them as a threat, attacking their Jeep. The park's T.rex has escaped its paddock and approaches the Triceratops. While the two dinosaurs fight, the humans hide in a nearby maintenance shed, where they spend the night. Dr. Laura Sorkin,","title":"Jurassic Park: The Game"},{"docid":"45249481","text":"Lego Jurassic World is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by TT Fusion and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It adapts the plots of the first four films in the Jurassic Park franchise, and is part of a series of Lego-themed video games. The game was released for Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Windows, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on 12 June 2015 to coincide with the theatrical release of Jurassic World. An OS X port by Feral Interactive followed shortly thereafter, on 23 July. Lego Jurassic World was later released for Android and iOS on 31 March 2016. A Nintendo Switch version was later released on 17 September 2019. Gameplay Lego Jurassic World'''s gameplay is similar to previous Lego video games. Gameplay consists of the player solving puzzles. The game features 20 levels, with five levels based on each film. The levels are accessed through a free-roaming overworld area. The game incorporates a two-player cooperation mode. The game features more than 100 unlockable characters to play as, including more than 20 dinosaur species, such as Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus, Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus. Mr. DNA, a cartoon character featured in the 1993 Jurassic Park film, is also an unlockable character. Throughout the game, Mr. DNA provides the player with hints; and with dinosaur trivia, as he did in the Jurassic Park video game for the Super NES. Human characters include Dr. Alan Grant, Ian Malcolm, and Owen Grady. Each character has a special ability. The utilization of each character's ability is required to progress through the game. Jurassic World producers Pat Crowley and Frank Marshall appear as unlockable characters, as well as the film's director, Colin Trevorrow. Steven Spielberg, who has acted as director and executive producer for films in the series, is also an unlockable character. The player can also create new human characters by travelling to either the Jurassic Park Visitor Center or the Jurassic World Innovation Center. Hybrid dinosaurs can also be created from various parts of dinosaurs that can be unlocked during the game's progression. Enemies include Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Troodon and Velociraptor. The 3DS version excludes the free-roaming mode for a central hub instead, but is otherwise nearly identical to the home console versions of the game. The Android and iOS versions also use a main hub section to access levels; because of limitations on digital storage space, these versions feature fewer levels and fewer cutscenes than the home console versions, and the levels are also reduced in size. The iOS version supports use of iCloud and Game Center. Plot The game follows the storylines from the Jurassic Park films: Jurassic Park, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, Jurassic Park III and Jurassic World. However, the developers modified the storylines to fit the events into five levels per film. Notable scenes from each film have been recreated in the game, although as the game was intended for a younger audience, the scenes are depicted in a more humorous manner. All death scenes from","title":"Lego Jurassic World"},{"docid":"70855438","text":"Toxungen comprises a secretion or other body fluid of one or more biological toxins that is transferred by one animal to the external surface of another animal via a physical delivery mechanism. Toxungens can be delivered through spitting, spraying, or smearing. As one of three categories of biological toxins, toxungens can be distinguished from poisons, which are passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin, and venoms, which are delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action. Toxungen use offers the evolutionary advantage of delivering toxins into the target's tissues without the need for physical contact. Taxonomic distribution Toxungens have evolved in a variety of animals, including flatworms, insects, arachnids, cephalopods, amphibians, and reptiles. Toxungen use possibly exists in birds, as a number of species deploy defensive secretions from their stomachs, uropygial glands, or cloacas, and some anoint themselves with heterogenously acquired chemicals from millipedes, caterpillars, beetles, plant materials, and even manufactured pesticides. Some of the described substances may be toxic, at least to ectoparasites, which would qualify them as toxungens. Toxungen use might also exist in several mammal groups. Slow lorises (genus Nycticebus), which comprise several species of nocturnal primates in Southeast Asia, produce a secretion in their brachial glands (a scent gland near their armpit) that possesses apparent toxicity. When the secretion is licked and combined with saliva, their bite introduces the secretion into a wound, which can cause sometimes severe tissue injury to conspecifics and other aggressors, thereby functioning as a venom. They can also rub the secretion on their fur or lick their offspring before stashing them in a secure location, thereby functioning potentially as a toxungen. Skunks and several other members of Mephitidae and Mustelidae spray a noxious and potentially injurious secretion from their anal sac when threatened. High concentrations of the spray can be toxic, with rare accounts of spray victims suffering injury and even death. Although the extinct theropod Dilophosaurus was portrayed in the original Jurassic Park and Jurassic World Dominion movies as capable of spitting a toxic secretion, no evidence exists to suggest that any dinosaur possessed either a toxungen or venom. Classification of toxin deployment Animals that deploy toxungens are referred to as toxungenous. Some animals use their toxins in multiple ways, and can be classified as poisonous, toxungenous, and/or venomous. Examples include the scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus, which is both toxungenous (can spray its toxins) and venomous (can inject its toxins), and the snake Rhabdophis tigrinus, which is poisonous (sequesters toad and/or firefly toxins in its nuchal gland tissues that are toxic if consumed by a predator), toxungenous (the nuchal glands are pressurized and can spray the toxins when ruptured), and venomous (toxic oral gland secretions can be injected via the teeth). Even humans can be considered facultatively poisonous, toxungenous, and venomous because they sometimes make use of toxins by all three means for research and development (e.g., biomedical purposes), agriculture (e.g., spraying insecticides), and nefarious reasons (to kill other animals, including humans). Evolution","title":"Toxungen"},{"docid":"3373612","text":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a light gun arcade game from Sega. It was released in 1997, and is based on the film of the same name. It is also a sequel to Sega's 1994 Jurassic Park arcade game. A third Jurassic Park arcade game, based on Jurassic Park III, was made by Konami in 2001. Gameplay Ian Malcolm and Sarah Harding go missing after landing on Isla Sorna to conduct an investigation. A rescue team is sent to the island. The player(s) control(s) one of two rangers, whose goal is to find Dr. Malcolm and Dr. Harding. Player(s) battle dinosaurs by disabling them with tranquilizer darts. The game features five levels based on environments from the film, including a laboratory and a workers' village. Four of the levels feature a boss battle that must be won to advance the game. Boss enemies include 2 large meat-eating dinosaurs which are Tyrannosaurus and Carnotaurus as well as the prehistoric crocodilian Deinosuchus. Velociraptors are also featured as enemies throughout the game. Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, and pterosaurs are also encountered throughout the game. At times, the game presents the player(s) with an opportunity to rescue a human who is being attacked by one or multiple dinosaurs. Saving the human results in the human rewarding the player(s) with either a temporary weapon upgrade or additional health. Like some of Sega's light gun rail shooters such as Virtua Cop and The House of the Dead, The Lost World: Jurrasic Park features a dynamically adjusting difficulty system that will increase difficulty as the player progresses and decrease as they lose lives. As difficulty increases, dinosaurs attack quicker, more dinosaurs will try to attack the player simultaneously, and more target icons need to be shot to cancel a boss dinosaur's attack. Development The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1997 film of the same name. Having developed the original Jurassic Park arcade game, Sega AM3, a division of Sega, became interested in making the game after hearing about the film. Additionally hoping that they could make use of Sega's new relationship with Spielberg's company DreamWorks (the two companies were partnered for the GameWorks chain of entertainment venues), producer Mie Kumagai presented her ideas to AM3 president Hisao Oguchi, who approved. AM3 began developing the game in early 1997, after receiving permission from Universal Studios. Shinichi Ogasawara was the game's director. The development team wanted the sequel to have more tension. Sega AM3 utilized Sega's Model 3 arcade system board, as Model 2 was not advanced enough for certain features. Model 3 allowed the game to operate at 60 frames and 100,000 polygons per second. It was the first shooting game to use Model 3, which Sega AM3 had never used before. The development team had difficulty designing the game due to unfamiliarity with Model 3. The team also faced a tight deadline to get the game finished and released. Early in development, the developers only had access to the film's original script.","title":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game)"},{"docid":"25388853","text":"The East Berlin Formation is an Early Jurassic geological formation in New England, United States. Dinosaur footprints and trackways are abundant in this formation. These tracks include Eubrontes (belonging to medium-sized-theropods similar to Dilophosaurus), Anchisauripus (belonging to small theropods like Coelophysis), and Anomoepus (belonging to indeterminate small ornithischians). Several museums, parks, and tourist attractions are based around the East Berlin Formation's dinosaur tracks, including Dinosaur State Park in Rocky Hill, Connecticut and Powder Hill Dinosaur Park in Middlefield, Connecticut. Although the East Berlin Formation was originally intended to apply to the Hartford Basin of Connecticut and Massachusetts, equivalent strata is found elsewhere in the Newark Supergroup. Equivalent formations include the Waterfall Formation (Culpeper Basin; Virginia, Maryland), Towaco Formation (Newark Basin; New Jersey), White Oaks Formation (Pomperaug Basin, Connecticut), and Turner Falls Sandstone (Deerfield Basin, Massachusetts). See also List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks Indeterminate ornithischian tracks Footnotes References Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. . Jurassic Massachusetts Jurassic Connecticut","title":"East Berlin Formation"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"1081139\",\n \"text\": \"Nanosaur is a science fiction third-person shooter video game developed by Pangea Software and published by Ideas From the Deep for Mac OS 9 and Microsoft Windows. The player takes on the form of a Nanosaur, a genetically engineered intelligent dinosaur from the future, sent back in time just prior to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Story In the distant year of 4122, a dinosaur species, Nanosaurs, rule the Earth. Their civilization originated from a group of human scientists who experimented with genetic engineering. Their experimentation led them to resurrect the extinct dinosaur species; however, their victory was short-lived, as a disastrous plague brought the end of their civilization itself. The few dinosaurs resurrected were lent an unusual amount of intelligence from their human creators, leaving them to expand on their growing civilization. However, as the Nanosaurs were the only species on Earth, inbreeding was the only possible choice of reproduction. This method largely affected the intelligence of the various offspring, and slowly began to pose a threat to their once-intelligent society. The Nanosaur government offers a quest that involves time traveling into the year 65 million BC, where the five eggs of ancient dinosaur species must be retrieved and placed in a time portal leading to the present year. Their high-ranking agent, a brown Deinonychus Nanosaur, is chosen to participate in this mission. On the day of her mission, she is teleported to the past via a time machine in a Nanosaur laboratory. The Nanosaur arrives in a lush jungle, with twenty minutes given to collect the eggs before the meteor that caused the initial extinction of the dinosaur race hits the Earth. After battling various Tyrannosaurs, the Nanosaur enters a volcanic crater, where she must cross several stone formations in a river of lava in order to retrieve the eggs. After making her way across the river, the Nanosaur detects the final eggs in a canyon oasis, where various dinosaurs, namely Dilophosaurus and Stegosaurus, are attempting to hinder her progress in order to protect their eggs. After evading defeat, the Nanosaur beams the final egg into the time portal, and is carried along with it back to the present. Following the completion of the Nanosaur's mission, the eggs are placed in nationwide laboratories, where the scientists intend on breeding them for their own purposes. Several months following this event, the eggs finally start to hatch. Gameplay The object of the game is to collect the eggs of five dinosaur and flying reptile species and deposit them in time portals to the future in twenty minutes; at the end of the countdown, the asteroid that caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event hits Earth. The Nanosaur is equipped with a \\\"fusion blaster\\\" (a basic multi-purpose energy weapon), a jet pack allowing flight, a temporal compass for locating time portals, and a GPS locator for navigation. The native animals will attack the Nanosaur when their eggs are threatened; species encountered include Tyrannosaurus rex, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, Dilophosaurus (who spits venom as in Jurassic Park),\",\n \"title\": \"Nanosaur\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2344109\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park is a rail shooter arcade game developed and released by Sega in 1994. It is based on the 1993 film of the same name. The game cabinet resembles the rear of the first-gen Ford Explorer XLT tour vehicles used in the film. The player(s), equipped with the joystick(s), must shoot dinosaurs that appear on-screen throughout the game. The game includes a moving seat, also used in Sega's 1991 light gun shooter Rail Chase. The seat is powered by hydraulic pistons to move the seat according to action on the screen. The game's graphics blend two-dimensional sprites and three-dimensional polygons to give the sense of movement. Jurassic Park was the first game of this genre to include 3D environments. The game was followed by two arcade sequels, The Lost World: Jurassic Park in 1997, and Jurassic Park III in 2001. Another arcade game, titled Jurassic Park Arcade, was released in 2015 and is based on the first three films in the Jurassic Park series. Gameplay The game takes place on Isla Nublar a few months after the events of the film. The player(s) fend(s) off a vehicle from dinosaur attacks with infinite automatic weaponry. A joystick is used to play, rather than a light gun. Dinosaurs include Tyrannosaurus, Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, Gallimimus, Brachiosaurus, Ankylosaurus and Triceratops as well as the non-dinosaur creatures such as ichthyosaurs and pterosaurs. Tyrannosaurus is the only boss enemy in the game. Fences and large rocks that block the path of the player(s) must be shot at to avoid running into them. The game ends with the dinosaurs being caged once again. Reception In Japan, Game Machine listed Jurassic Park on their April 1, 1994 issue as being the third most-successful upright/cockpit arcade game of the month. Edge called the game a \\\"shameful Line of Fire/Rail Chase-style shoot 'em up\\\". Reviewers for Games World: The Magazine rated it 63 out of 100, and also compared it to Rail Chase. They commended the graphics but found that the gameplay soon becomes repetitive. Shacknews reviewed the game in 2016, and found the graphics outdated compared to other arcade games of the mid-1990s. Shacknews considered the gameplay to be \\\"pretty mindless\\\" for an on-rail shooter, stating that the game could have used more time in development. In 2021, Daniel Kurland of Comic Book Resources called it an \\\"excellent cooperative experience\\\" and stated \\\"the Jeep-like arcade cabinet is a simple but effective touch\\\". See also Jurassic Park List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 1994 video games Arcade video games Arcade-only video games Cooperative video games Video games about dinosaurs Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Rail shooters Sega-AM3 games Sega arcade games Sega System 32 games Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Multiplayer and single-player video games\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (arcade game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46420965\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park Arcade is a 2015 light gun arcade game developed by Raw Thrills. The game is based on the original trilogy of the Jurassic Park film series. Gameplay Jurassic Park Arcade is played across nine levels, set at the Jurassic Park theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. A security team has been sent to retrieve one dinosaur from each species located on the island, which is becoming unstable due to an erupting volcano. The protagonist's colleagues who are left in the park must be defended as well and shooting them would result with players taking damage. Five weapons are available to the player throughout the game. Three boss enemies must be defeated throughout the game: Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus, and Spinosaurus. Other creatures appear as minor enemies throughout the game: Velociraptor, Utahraptor, Dilophosaurus, Microraptor, Compsognathus, Brachiosaurus, Stegosaurus and Pteranodon. Development Development began in 2011, lasted more than three years, and cost $4 million. The development team studied previous Jurassic Park games and various iconic scenes from the first three films in the series. The developers received an original Jurassic Park arcade cabinet based on the first film, which inspired them to implement that game's fast-moving action into Jurassic Park Arcade. The developers chose to set the game on Isla Nublar, the location of the first film, rather than Isla Sorna, to include iconic locations from the first film. Unlike the films, which primarily involve dinosaurs escaping, the developers wanted to present a story in which the player must capture the free-roaming dinosaurs. John Scott served as the game's lead programmer. Nate Vanderkamp, the game's lead artist and one of the primary game designers, said that many planned locations and creatures did not make it into the game during development: \\\"I'm pretty sure that by the end we had cut more ideas than actually made it into the game\\\". Initially, the developers had hoped to include an aquatic reptile, as well as a potential level set in a city. Originally, the developers also planned to include nine dinosaur boss enemies, consisting of the largest and most threatening dinosaurs possible. The developers settled for three dinosaurs instead: the Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus. These animals \\\"worked out the best\\\" for the combat style used in the game while providing variety for the player. The development team, most of which had never worked on a shooting game before, had faced various technical challenges, working with a new game engine and new 3D software. Vanderkamp said that the biggest challenge was proper pacing: \\\"Balancing the enormous action and attack sequences but still giving players time to breathe and regroup took a very deliberate effort and was definitely a learning process for us all\\\". Raw Thrills worked closely with Universal to ensure that the game's dinosaurs resembled their real-life counterparts, while also maintaining their appearances from the films. To reflect the latest scientific discoveries, some of the game's dinosaurs were animated with feathers and bright skin colors. The game was first unveiled at the\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park Arcade\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64554876\",\n \"text\": \"Lego Jurassic World (also known as Lego Jurassic Park and stylized as LEGO Jurassic World) is a Lego theme based on the Jurassic World media franchise created by Michael Crichton and centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs. It is licensed from Universal Studios and Amblin Entertainment. The theme was introduced in June 2015, with the release of toy sets and the video game Lego Jurassic World, both to promote the film Jurassic World. Subsequent sets were released in 2018, alongside the next film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Various animated projects have also been made, including the 2018 television special Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit, and the 2019 miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar. Overview Lego Jurassic World is based on the Jurassic World media franchise. The first film, Jurassic World, focuses on a fully functioning dinosaur theme park. It was released in June 2015. As part of the marketing campaign, The Lego Group released toy sets based on the film. Each set featured different dinosaurs, such as Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, Dilophosaurus and the Indominus rex. Human figures were released as well, including one depicting Chris Pratt's character, Owen Grady. It was Pratt's third Lego minifigure, following toys based on The Lego Movie and Guardians of the Galaxy. A 90-second fan video was released shortly after the film, recreating it in Lego form. A separate three-minute fan video based on the first Jurassic Park film was also created by a father and his daughter in 2015. The sequel film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in June 2018. Lego produced various toy sets based on the film ahead of its release. The largest set, with 1,019 Lego bricks, depicted the film's Indoraptor and Lockwood Estate. It also included two velociraptors and six minifigures. The Lego Group also released Duplo sets for younger children. In addition, The Lego Group built a life-sized model of Blue, a Velociraptor who appears in the Jurassic World films. The model included Blue standing on an overturned tour vehicle, representing a scene from Fallen Kingdom. The dinosaur and vehicle contained a total of 703,855 Lego bricks, and weighed 3,560 pounds. They were placed in front of Stage 18 at Universal Studios Hollywood. To commemorate the 25th anniversary of the first Jurassic Park film, Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park Velociraptor Chase set. It came with 360 Lego bricks, and included a Velociraptor and the computer control room seen in the film. It also included four minifigures of characters from the film. Four toy sets, based on the Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar miniseries, were released in 2019. Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park: T. rex Rampage set, based on the original Jurassic Park film. The set came with 3,120 Lego bricks, and included a posable T. rex, six minifigures, and the Jurassic Park gate seen in the film. It was designed by Lego Senior Model Designer Mark Stafford. Four new sets were released in 2020.\",\n \"title\": \"Lego Jurassic World (theme)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1563401\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park is a 1993 video game based on the film and novel of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software and released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Ocean also ported the game onto the handheld Game Boy console. The object of the game is to survive in Jurassic Park, a theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped from containment. Plot Much like the film and novel which it is based on, Dr. Alan Grant is trapped at Jurassic Park located on Isla Nublar. The park's power has been cut out because of a computer malfunction, and the dinosaurs are roaming free. Grant must complete a series of missions that will eventually lead to him escaping the island without being killed by the dinosaurs. Grant must also rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. After locating Hammond's grandchildren, Grant must reactivate the park's computers and destroy Velociraptor nests using time bombs. Grant then reaches the park's dock and uses a radio to contact help. Grant then reaches a helipad and is rescued from the island. The game's ending consists of the player walking around a small stage filled with the game developers' names and an exit where the player can end the game. Gameplay The game is a top-down shooter. As Alan Grant, the player must complete six levels with objectives ranging from rescuing Hammond's grandchildren, destroying Velociraptor nests, turning the power back on and so forth. The game includes a two-player option in which players take turns. Each level consists of a varying number of stages where the player must collect a certain amount of dinosaur eggs and access cards to advance further into the level. The player must battle a varying amount of dinosaur foes such as Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, and Compsognathus. Tyrannosaurus rex is also encountered as an end boss in a couple of levels. Dinosaurs such as the T. rex cannot be killed by the player, only avoided. Common dinosaurs can be killed by using guns, which are scattered throughout each level. There are also \\\"mystery boxes\\\" scattered throughout the game, which have ranging effects. Some will give the player additional health, temporary invincibility or an extra life. However, some will power down the player's energy or take away a life. The game gives the player three lives and four continues. The Game Boy version is a port of the NES version, but includes the addition of a database, providing information on the game's dinosaurs. Development and release Ocean Software, a British video game development company, paid an undisclosed six-figure sum to secure the rights to the Jurassic Park license to develop a game based on the film. To aid Ocean Software in creating the game, Universal Studios provided the programmers with various materials related to the film, including the script and photos of the sets. In the United States, Jurassic Park was released in June 1993. Limited Run Games re-released the NES and\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (NES video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30648190\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park: The Game is an episodic graphic adventure video game based on the 1993 film Jurassic Park and released for the PlayStation 3, Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, and Xbox 360. The game was developed and published by Telltale Games as part of a licensing deal with Universal Partnerships & Licensing. The game is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, the location of a dinosaur theme park known as Jurassic Park. In the game, set during and after the events of the 1993 film, it serves as a miniseries consisting of four episodes, but the plot also focuses on the retrieval of a canister full of dinosaur embryos which had been lost during the film after Dennis Nedry's failed attempt to deliver them to the docks. The game was announced in June 2010, and was initially scheduled for release in April 2011, but was delayed until November. It received mixed reviews from critics on release. Gameplay Jurassic Park: The Game is a point-and-click adventure game in which the player uses a combination of buttons to progress. The player controls various characters throughout the game, which is played across four portions known as \\\"episodes\\\". The game has decision-based objectives as well as quick-time events that affect gameplay as well as how the game's events play out. Plot Episode 1: The Intruder Dr. Gerry Harding, Sarah Harding's father, is the chief veterinarian for the Jurassic Park dinosaur theme park, owned by InGen and located on the tropical island of Isla Nublar. The game begins with Gerry showing his teenage daughter Jess, Sarah's younger sister, around the park. At this time, Dennis Nedry puts his plan into motion to shut down the park's security and escape with stolen dinosaur embryos, hidden inside a modified canister of shaving cream. During a tropical storm, Nedry's two contacts, Nima Cruz and Miles Chadwick, head into the park after he fails to meet them at the dock. After getting past the deactivated fences, they find Nedry's Jeep, and his corpse. They find the embryo canister as well, but are attacked by a pack of Dilophosaurus before they can use Nedry's jeep to escape. Chadwick is killed, but before the Dilophosaurs can kill Nima, they suddenly flee in terror at the sound of unknown dinosaurs with glowing eyes, one of which bites Nima, who leaves the now-damaged jeep and Chadwick's corpse behind and flees through the jungle with the canister and Chadwick's gun. On their way to the dock, Gerry and Jess encounter Nima, who is now delirious from the bite and needs medical attention. They drive to the Visitor's Center, but are delayed by a juvenile Triceratops blocking the road. When Gerry and Jess get the dinosaur back into its enclosure, the alpha-female Triceratops appears and mistakes them as a threat, attacking their Jeep. The park's T.rex has escaped its paddock and approaches the Triceratops. While the two dinosaurs fight, the humans hide in a nearby maintenance shed, where they spend the night. Dr. Laura Sorkin,\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park: The Game\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45249481\",\n \"text\": \"Lego Jurassic World is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by TT Fusion and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It adapts the plots of the first four films in the Jurassic Park franchise, and is part of a series of Lego-themed video games. The game was released for Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Windows, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on 12 June 2015 to coincide with the theatrical release of Jurassic World. An OS X port by Feral Interactive followed shortly thereafter, on 23 July. Lego Jurassic World was later released for Android and iOS on 31 March 2016. A Nintendo Switch version was later released on 17 September 2019. Gameplay Lego Jurassic World'''s gameplay is similar to previous Lego video games. Gameplay consists of the player solving puzzles. The game features 20 levels, with five levels based on each film. The levels are accessed through a free-roaming overworld area. The game incorporates a two-player cooperation mode. The game features more than 100 unlockable characters to play as, including more than 20 dinosaur species, such as Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus, Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus. Mr. DNA, a cartoon character featured in the 1993 Jurassic Park film, is also an unlockable character. Throughout the game, Mr. DNA provides the player with hints; and with dinosaur trivia, as he did in the Jurassic Park video game for the Super NES. Human characters include Dr. Alan Grant, Ian Malcolm, and Owen Grady. Each character has a special ability. The utilization of each character's ability is required to progress through the game. Jurassic World producers Pat Crowley and Frank Marshall appear as unlockable characters, as well as the film's director, Colin Trevorrow. Steven Spielberg, who has acted as director and executive producer for films in the series, is also an unlockable character. The player can also create new human characters by travelling to either the Jurassic Park Visitor Center or the Jurassic World Innovation Center. Hybrid dinosaurs can also be created from various parts of dinosaurs that can be unlocked during the game's progression. Enemies include Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Troodon and Velociraptor. The 3DS version excludes the free-roaming mode for a central hub instead, but is otherwise nearly identical to the home console versions of the game. The Android and iOS versions also use a main hub section to access levels; because of limitations on digital storage space, these versions feature fewer levels and fewer cutscenes than the home console versions, and the levels are also reduced in size. The iOS version supports use of iCloud and Game Center. Plot The game follows the storylines from the Jurassic Park films: Jurassic Park, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, Jurassic Park III and Jurassic World. However, the developers modified the storylines to fit the events into five levels per film. Notable scenes from each film have been recreated in the game, although as the game was intended for a younger audience, the scenes are depicted in a more humorous manner. All death scenes from\",\n \"title\": \"Lego Jurassic World\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70855438\",\n \"text\": \"Toxungen comprises a secretion or other body fluid of one or more biological toxins that is transferred by one animal to the external surface of another animal via a physical delivery mechanism. Toxungens can be delivered through spitting, spraying, or smearing. As one of three categories of biological toxins, toxungens can be distinguished from poisons, which are passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin, and venoms, which are delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action. Toxungen use offers the evolutionary advantage of delivering toxins into the target's tissues without the need for physical contact. Taxonomic distribution Toxungens have evolved in a variety of animals, including flatworms, insects, arachnids, cephalopods, amphibians, and reptiles. Toxungen use possibly exists in birds, as a number of species deploy defensive secretions from their stomachs, uropygial glands, or cloacas, and some anoint themselves with heterogenously acquired chemicals from millipedes, caterpillars, beetles, plant materials, and even manufactured pesticides. Some of the described substances may be toxic, at least to ectoparasites, which would qualify them as toxungens. Toxungen use might also exist in several mammal groups. Slow lorises (genus Nycticebus), which comprise several species of nocturnal primates in Southeast Asia, produce a secretion in their brachial glands (a scent gland near their armpit) that possesses apparent toxicity. When the secretion is licked and combined with saliva, their bite introduces the secretion into a wound, which can cause sometimes severe tissue injury to conspecifics and other aggressors, thereby functioning as a venom. They can also rub the secretion on their fur or lick their offspring before stashing them in a secure location, thereby functioning potentially as a toxungen. Skunks and several other members of Mephitidae and Mustelidae spray a noxious and potentially injurious secretion from their anal sac when threatened. High concentrations of the spray can be toxic, with rare accounts of spray victims suffering injury and even death. Although the extinct theropod Dilophosaurus was portrayed in the original Jurassic Park and Jurassic World Dominion movies as capable of spitting a toxic secretion, no evidence exists to suggest that any dinosaur possessed either a toxungen or venom. Classification of toxin deployment Animals that deploy toxungens are referred to as toxungenous. Some animals use their toxins in multiple ways, and can be classified as poisonous, toxungenous, and/or venomous. Examples include the scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus, which is both toxungenous (can spray its toxins) and venomous (can inject its toxins), and the snake Rhabdophis tigrinus, which is poisonous (sequesters toad and/or firefly toxins in its nuchal gland tissues that are toxic if consumed by a predator), toxungenous (the nuchal glands are pressurized and can spray the toxins when ruptured), and venomous (toxic oral gland secretions can be injected via the teeth). Even humans can be considered facultatively poisonous, toxungenous, and venomous because they sometimes make use of toxins by all three means for research and development (e.g., biomedical purposes), agriculture (e.g., spraying insecticides), and nefarious reasons (to kill other animals, including humans). Evolution\",\n \"title\": \"Toxungen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3373612\",\n \"text\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a light gun arcade game from Sega. It was released in 1997, and is based on the film of the same name. It is also a sequel to Sega's 1994 Jurassic Park arcade game. A third Jurassic Park arcade game, based on Jurassic Park III, was made by Konami in 2001. Gameplay Ian Malcolm and Sarah Harding go missing after landing on Isla Sorna to conduct an investigation. A rescue team is sent to the island. The player(s) control(s) one of two rangers, whose goal is to find Dr. Malcolm and Dr. Harding. Player(s) battle dinosaurs by disabling them with tranquilizer darts. The game features five levels based on environments from the film, including a laboratory and a workers' village. Four of the levels feature a boss battle that must be won to advance the game. Boss enemies include 2 large meat-eating dinosaurs which are Tyrannosaurus and Carnotaurus as well as the prehistoric crocodilian Deinosuchus. Velociraptors are also featured as enemies throughout the game. Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, and pterosaurs are also encountered throughout the game. At times, the game presents the player(s) with an opportunity to rescue a human who is being attacked by one or multiple dinosaurs. Saving the human results in the human rewarding the player(s) with either a temporary weapon upgrade or additional health. Like some of Sega's light gun rail shooters such as Virtua Cop and The House of the Dead, The Lost World: Jurrasic Park features a dynamically adjusting difficulty system that will increase difficulty as the player progresses and decrease as they lose lives. As difficulty increases, dinosaurs attack quicker, more dinosaurs will try to attack the player simultaneously, and more target icons need to be shot to cancel a boss dinosaur's attack. Development The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1997 film of the same name. Having developed the original Jurassic Park arcade game, Sega AM3, a division of Sega, became interested in making the game after hearing about the film. Additionally hoping that they could make use of Sega's new relationship with Spielberg's company DreamWorks (the two companies were partnered for the GameWorks chain of entertainment venues), producer Mie Kumagai presented her ideas to AM3 president Hisao Oguchi, who approved. AM3 began developing the game in early 1997, after receiving permission from Universal Studios. Shinichi Ogasawara was the game's director. The development team wanted the sequel to have more tension. Sega AM3 utilized Sega's Model 3 arcade system board, as Model 2 was not advanced enough for certain features. Model 3 allowed the game to operate at 60 frames and 100,000 polygons per second. It was the first shooting game to use Model 3, which Sega AM3 had never used before. The development team had difficulty designing the game due to unfamiliarity with Model 3. The team also faced a tight deadline to get the game finished and released. Early in development, the developers only had access to the film's original script.\",\n \"title\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25388853\",\n \"text\": \"The East Berlin Formation is an Early Jurassic geological formation in New England, United States. Dinosaur footprints and trackways are abundant in this formation. These tracks include Eubrontes (belonging to medium-sized-theropods similar to Dilophosaurus), Anchisauripus (belonging to small theropods like Coelophysis), and Anomoepus (belonging to indeterminate small ornithischians). Several museums, parks, and tourist attractions are based around the East Berlin Formation's dinosaur tracks, including Dinosaur State Park in Rocky Hill, Connecticut and Powder Hill Dinosaur Park in Middlefield, Connecticut. Although the East Berlin Formation was originally intended to apply to the Hartford Basin of Connecticut and Massachusetts, equivalent strata is found elsewhere in the Newark Supergroup. Equivalent formations include the Waterfall Formation (Culpeper Basin; Virginia, Maryland), Towaco Formation (Newark Basin; New Jersey), White Oaks Formation (Pomperaug Basin, Connecticut), and Turner Falls Sandstone (Deerfield Basin, Massachusetts). See also List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks Indeterminate ornithischian tracks Footnotes References Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. . Jurassic Massachusetts Jurassic Connecticut\",\n \"title\": \"East Berlin Formation\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"70560227","text":"Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game, the first to be developed by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall. It is based on the first five films in the Jurassic Park franchise. After years in development, the game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, and quickly achieved its $100,000 fundraising goal. It was released in October 2022. Early reception was generally positive. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game for two to four players, ages 10 and up. The game follows the plots of the first five Jurassic Park films. It is set on Isla Nublar, the fictional island featured in several films. As in the first Jurassic Park film, the players' goal is to build a dinosaur theme park on the island and achieve a lasting legacy. Gameplay takes place across 12 sessions spanning the events of the five films. Players choose from several playable characters, including Dr. Alan Grant, Dr. Ellie Sattler, Dr. Ian Malcolm, John Hammond, Dr. Henry Wu, and Robert Muldoon. The game also introduces several original characters and scenarios not seen in the films. The game initially features four dinosaurs, and eight additional creatures can be encountered as the game progresses. Dinosaurs are represented as mini figures, while humans take the form of cardboard tabs placed into plastic holders. Gameplay generally revolves around the dinosaurs, such as avoiding carnivores or protecting herbivores. Players can also survey areas, enter buildings to play mini-games, and search for items such as tools and weapons. New gameplay mechanics are introduced throughout to alter the experience. Players must work together as a team and agree on what action to take, as their choices in one session can have permanent consequences in future sessions. For instance, stickers are placed on the board as the game progresses, representing locations or other elements that become permanent. Development and release Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar was in development for years. It was created by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall, marking its first legacy game. It is also the first film-based legacy game. Prospero Hall cited the COVID-19 pandemic as its biggest challenge in creating the game. The dinosaur figures are scaled-down replicas based on animations by Industrial Light & Magic, which worked on the CGI dinosaurs in each film. The development team tried to strike a balance with the original films while introducing new characters and story ideas to improve gameplay. In designing the game's look, Prospero Hall referred to old issues of adventure magazines and Scientific American, as well as maps and tourism pamphlets from the 1950s. As a result, the instruction manual and other game documents are designed in a 1950s pulp fiction comic style. The game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, quickly reaching its $100,000 fundraising goal. The game was released in October 2022, selling for $120. It is Prospero","title":"Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar"},{"docid":"72820001","text":"Velociraptor was popularized by its appearance in the Jurassic Park franchise, which features numerous individuals. They first appear in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, followed by a 1993 film adaptation from director Steven Spielberg, which spawned a series of films. Despite their name, Crichton heavily based the Velociraptors on the larger Deinonychus, and this was carried over into the films. The on-screen raptors were created using several production methods, including animatronics by Stan Winston and CGI by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). The 2015 film Jurassic World introduces a group of named raptors who are being trained in a research program. Among these is an individual named Blue, who returns in the sequels Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The concept of trained raptors was conceived by Spielberg, who served as executive producer on the Jurassic World films. Blue is among the most popular Jurassic Park/World dinosaurs and, alongside Rexy the Tyrannosaurus, has become a fan favorite in the franchise. Appearances In Crichton's original novel and the film adaptation, dinosaurs have been genetically engineered by InGen for a theme park on the fictional Isla Nublar. The Velociraptors are portrayed as intelligent pack hunters. They terrorize the main characters and are responsible for several deaths, including that of Ray Arnold. They also stalk Lex and Tim Murphy in a restaurant kitchen at the park's visitor center. The raptors are overseen by park warden Robert Muldoon, who is killed by them as well in the film. Muldoon notes that the raptors possess problem-solving intelligence and fast speeds reaching 60 miles per hour. Raptors are also featured in Crichton's sequel novel The Lost World and its film adaptation The Lost World: Jurassic Park, both taking place at InGen's abandoned site on Isla Sorna. The raptors again terrorize and kill several characters. A different group of raptors are featured in the 2001 film Jurassic Park III, also set on Isla Sorna. In the film, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant states that raptor intelligence was superior to that of primates. If not for the extinction of dinosaurs, Grant believes that raptors may have risen to become the dominant species on Earth. He theorizes that their intelligence came from an ability to communicate with each other, using their resonating chambers, a theory that is later proven when he encounters InGen's raptors on the island. In Jurassic World, Blue is the oldest of the four Velociraptors trained by Owen Grady for a research program on Isla Nublar, the site of a new theme park. She and her three younger sisters, Charlie, Delta, and Echo, are later used to hunt down the escaped hybrid dinosaur Indominus rex, only to turn against their trainer when accepting the Indominus as their new alpha. Later, Blue is the first to change her loyalty back to Owen and fight against the Indominus. After the rest of her pack is killed by the hybrid, Blue joins a battle between a T. rex (Rexy) and the Indominus, who is then","title":"Velociraptors in Jurassic Park"},{"docid":"56601569","text":"ReBecca Hunt-Foster is an American paleontologist. She has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous of the Colorado Plateau, Rocky Mountains, Southcentral, and the Southwestern United States of America. She described the dinosaur Arkansaurus fridayi and identified the first juvenile Torosaurus occurrences from Big Bend National Park in North America in 2008. Career Mulberry High School, Mulberry, Arkansas. 1998 B.S. Earth Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 2003 M.S. Geology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. 2005 Hunt-Foster is the park paleontologist for the National Park Service at Dinosaur National Monument, where she has worked since August 2018. Previously she was the district paleontologist for the Bureau of Land Management–Utah, where she has worked from 2013 to 2018. She was employed for five years as paleontology collections manager at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2007 to 2012 and a research assistant at Augustana College from 2005 to 2008. Professional work Hunt-Foster's current research includes Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaurs from North America, the Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation paleofauna of western Colorado, the ichnofauna of the lower Jurassic to lower Cretaceous rocks of southeastern Utah. ReBecca has worked as a paleontologist in western Colorado and eastern Utah since 2007. Prior to moving to the area, ReBecca was a research assistant at Augustana College where she worked on latest Cretaceous ceratopsian dinosaurs from southern Laramidia and preparing Cryolophosaurus, the first known dinosaur from Antarctica. She has also worked on Precambrian stromatolites and the geology of Glacier National Park. Popular books Hunt-Foster is the coauthor of \"Behavioral interpretations from chasmosaurine ceratopsid bonebeds: a review.\" with Andrew Farke, in the 2010 book New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. References Bibliography Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K. 2016. The Macomb Expedition. Sojourns: Landscapes for the People 11(2): 58-59. Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K., Martin G. Lockley, Andrew R.C. Milner, John R. Foster, Neffra A. Matthews. Brent H. Breithaupt, and Joshua A. Smith. 2016. Tracking dinosaurs in BLM Canyon Country, Utah: Geology of the Intermountain West 3: 67–100 Kirkland, James I., Marina Suarez, Celina Suarez, and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, 2016. The Lower Cretaceous in east-central Utah—the Cedar Mountain Formation and its bounding strata: Geology of the Intermountain West 3: 101–228 Foster, John R. and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster. 2015. First report of a giant neosuchian (Crocodyliformes) in the Williams Fork Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Colorado. Cretaceous Research 55: 66-73. Kirkland, Jim, John Foster, ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, Gregory A. Liggett, and Kelli Trujillo. 2014. Mid-Mesozoic: The Age of Dinosaurs in Transition. Conference Proceedings, 88p. Trujillo, Kelli C., John R. Foster, ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, and Kevin R. Chamberlain. 2014. A U/Pb age for the Mygatt-Moore Quarry, Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Mesa County, Colorado. Volumina Jurassica XII(2): 107-114. Lockley, Martin G., ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, John R. Foster, Ken Cart, and Scott Gerwe. 2014. Early Jurassic track assemblages from the Granite Creek Area of Eastern Utah. In Lockley, M.G. and Lucas, S.G., eds., Fossil footprints of western North America. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 62: 205-210 Lockley, Martin G.,","title":"ReBecca Hunt-Foster"},{"docid":"14222404","text":"Carnosaur (1984) is a horror novel written by Australian author John Brosnan, under the pseudonym of Harry Adam Knight. A film adaptation was made in 1993 by Adam Simon. The novel bears several similarities to Michael Crichton's Jurassic Park, though Carnosaur preceded the latter work by six years. Brosnan feared that the public would have thought that his Gollancz reissue of Carnosaur would have been seen as a plagiarism to Jurassic Park. He admitted he liked the scene in the Crichton novel film adaption involving dinosaurs rampaging through a museum, as it bore direct similarities to an incident featured in Carnosaur. Plot Set in a rural village near Cambridgeshire, England, the novel opens at a chicken farm which is attacked one night by a mysterious creature, leaving both the farmer and his wife dead. A story circulates that the killer was a Siberian tiger that had escaped the private zoo of an eccentric lord named Darren Penward. A reporter named David Pascal investigates the carnage, and notices that the blood-stained room where the attack occurred has been thoroughly cleansed in a seeming attempt at covering the killer's footprints. A few days later, the creature attacks a stable, killing a horse, the keeper, and her daughter, leaving one survivor, an eight-year-old boy. Pascal arrives at the scene, only to find Penward's men already there, towing a concealed animal with a helicopter. Pascal interviews the boy, who reveals that the killer was not a tiger, but in fact a dinosaur. After unsuccessfully trying to interview Penward's men, Pascal moves on and begins a sexual relationship with Penward's nymphomaniac wife, who eventually takes him into her private quarters. From there, Pascal enters the zoo, only to discover that it's filled with dinosaurs. He is captured and given a tour of the establishment. He sees a variety of different species, mostly carnivores, including the dinosaur that had escaped earlier which is identified as a Deinonychus, a sexually-frustrated Megalosaurus, and an adolescent Tarbosaurus. Penward explains that he recreated the dinosaurs by studying the DNA fragments found in fossils, then using them as a basis for restructuring the DNA of chickens. He goes as far as saying that he intends to let his dinosaurs loose in remote areas of the world where they could flourish and eventually spread after what he considers an inevitable Third World War. Pascal is imprisoned, only to be rescued by Lady Penward, but only after promising that he permanently commit to her. As they make their escape, Pascal notices that his ex-girlfriend Jenny Stamper, also a reporter, has been caught in the act of infiltrating Penward's zoo as well. Enraged at his insistence on helping her, Lady Penward releases the dinosaurs and other animals present in the zoo. In the chaos, the Tarbosaurus destroys Penward's helicopter and heavy machine gun before it can get in the air. The Deinonychus pursues Pascal and Jenny through Penward's museum, with the two getting away when it is tricked into attacking its own reflection due","title":"Carnosaur (novel)"},{"docid":"10718863","text":"Garden Park is a paleontological site in Fremont County, Colorado, known for its Jurassic dinosaurs and the role the specimens played in the infamous Bone Wars of the late 19th century. Located north of Cañon City, the name originates from the area providing vegetables to the miners at nearby Cripple Creek in the 19th century. Garden Park proper is a triangular valley surrounded by cliffs on the southeast and southwest and by mountains to the north; however, the name is also refers to the dinosaur sites on top and along the cliffs. The dinosaur sites now form the Garden Park Paleontological Resource Area, which is overseen by the Bureau of Land Management. Geology Garden Park was formed by erosion of sedimentary rocks that have been distorted by uplift of the Rocky Mountains. The region is bisected by Four Mile Creek (also called Oil Creek), which has carved a canyon through the Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. One of these Mesozoic strata is the Morrison Formation, which is exposed within the canyon. However, because the formation contains high amounts of swelling clays, large faulted blocks or slump-blocks of the formation are slowly moving towards the creek. The result is to make it difficult to correlate the various dinosaur quarries because exposures are limited and not continuous. The formation in Garden Park can be divided informally into a lower and upper unit. The lower unit is composed primarily green and gray mudstones, with numerous lenticular, white to tan to gray sandstones. The upper is composed mostly of red mudstone, with lesser amounts of yellowish, often tabular sandstone. These two units probably correspond to the Tidwell, Saltwash and Brushy Basin members of the Morrison Formation on the Colorado Plateau. Dinosaurs The discovery of dinosaurs in the Garden Park area has been presented numerous times by Schuchert and LeVene, Shur, Ostrom and McIntosh, and Jaffe. Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope both produced major finds here. The lesser known post-Marsh and Cope collecting of dinosaurs has been presented by Monaco. She recounts the expeditions by the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in the early 20th century, the Denver Museum of Natural History in the 1930 and 1990s, and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in the mid-1950s. Dinosaurs from Garden Park on display include Allosaurus fragilis, Diplodocus longus, Ceratosaurus nasicornis, and Stegosaurus stenops at the National Museum of Natural History, Haplocanthosaurus delfsi at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and Othnielosaurus consors (then called Othnielia rex), Stegosaurus stenops and a clutch of Preprismatoolithus coloradensis eggs at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Major vertebrate quarries references (h) = holotype References External links Garden Park Fossil Area - Bureau of Land Management Hands On The Land Jurassic Colorado Jurassic paleontological sites of North America Morrison Formation Paleontology in Colorado Protected areas of Fremont County, Colorado Bureau of Land Management areas in Colorado","title":"Garden Park, Colorado"},{"docid":"54555989","text":"Jurassic World: The Game is a simulation video game developed by Ludia and based on the 2015 film Jurassic World. It is a sequel to Ludia's earlier game, Jurassic Park Builder (2012), and features similar gameplay. The Chinese servers for the game shut down on January 4, 2021 making it unplayable there, but is still playable in other parts of the world. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Game is set on the fictional Costa Rican islands of Isla Nublar and Isla Sorna, where the player is put in control of constructing a Jurassic World theme park. The player can add buildings and create dinosaurs to populate the park. The game features creatures like dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles, among other prehistoric animals. The combat, in which the player chooses an animal to fight against a rival's animal, uses a system of action points that will increase with each turn while making use of each animals' weaknesses. By obtaining a collection of creatures, the player maintains the park by completing missions assigned to them by the characters. The player can erect buildings and decorations to increase revenue. Each rank unlocks new Battle Stages and buildings to expand the park. Throughout the game, the players are able to get Card Packs, which can give rare species, new missions or currency. Hybrid animals are available to obtain by fusing two matching dinosaurs with a reached level cap of 40 like combining a Tyrannosaurus and a Velociraptor to form the Indominus rex. Superhybrids can in turn be created by collecting specific DNA and fusing it with an existing hybrid. The park also includes an aquatic and Cenozoic sections, with many species present that are not dinosaurs. The game supports the use of Hasbro's Jurassic World Brawlasaurus toys, which could be scanned by players and incorporated into the game for battles. Development and release Jurassic World: The Game was announced by Universal Pictures in October 2014, as part of its promotional plans for the 2015 film Jurassic World. Ludia released the game for iOS in April 2015, to coincide with the release of the film. It was released shortly after for Android in May 2015. Reception Patrick Klepek of Kotaku criticized the game for its use of in-game advertisements. Nadia Oxford of Gamezebo gave the game three stars out of five. Oxford noted the realistic dinosaur models, but wrote that the game \"combines mediocre park-building with mediocre dino-battling. It's competent and by gosh it (mostly) looks glorious, but there isn't a lot here that differentiates the game from standard park-builders\". Gamezebo considered the game to be \"pretty much Jurassic Park Builder part II, except the parks you create in that three-year-old game seem a lot more colorful and joyful than the washed-out grey fairgrounds you create in Jurassic World\". References External links Official website 2015 video games Amusement park simulation games Business simulation games Android (operating system) games IOS games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Video games developed in Canada Video games","title":"Jurassic World: The Game"},{"docid":"61217127","text":"Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit is a two-part animated television special that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Inspired by the Lego toyline, it was aired on NBC in the United States on November 29, 2018. It was later released on DVD in North America as a 43-minute film by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment on January 15, 2019. The special was followed by the 13-episode miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar in 2019. Plot Set in 2012, Simon Masrani is planning a secretive new exhibit at his Jurassic World dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Park worker Claire Dearing is responsible for ensuring that three dinosaurs – Baryonyx, Carnotaurus and Stygimoloch – are transported from Isla Sorna to Isla Nublar to become part of the new exhibit. If Claire does well, Simon will make her assistant manager of park operations. Animal behaviorist Owen Grady is hired to transport the dinosaurs to Isla Nublar, along with four Velociraptor eggs. Owen and his helicopter pilot face a thunderstorm while transporting the dinosaurs, but eventually reach Isla Nublar safely. Upon arrival, the eggs hatch and Vic Hoskins is intent on training the velociraptors to obey commands. Owen is disappointed to learn that his job is not over yet, as he still has to transport the three dinosaurs by truck to the other side of Isla Nublar. During the transportation, a boy hijacks a park tour vehicle and takes it for a joyride across the island. Owen, accompanied by his dog Red, follows the boy and stops him. Claire proceeds with transporting the dinosaurs on her own. Meanwhile, Simon wants his scientists, Dr. Henry Wu and Allison Miles, to create a new dinosaur attraction to increase park attendance. Eventually, he decides to have them bake dinosaur-themed cookies to accompany the opening of his new exhibit. In the second half of the special, disgruntled park worker Danny Nedermeyer infiltrates the park's control room and secretly sabotages operations. Owen reunites with Claire and helps her transport the dinosaurs. At Owen's insistence, they take a shortcut, but their truck plummets down a hill and crashes, and the caged dinosaurs escape. In addition, Danny shuts down power to one of the dinosaur enclosures, allowing the park's Tyrannosaurus rex to escape. Owen manages to get the dinosaurs contained, and Vic is impressed with Owen's ability to control the animals. Owen agrees to Vic's job offer to train the four baby raptors. Simon's exhibit, consisting of a three-dinosaur carousel, opens to the public. Danny is revealed to be the nephew of Dennis Nedry as he secretly vows to continue his efforts to bring down Jurassic World. Cast Britt McKillip as Claire Dearing Ian Hanlin as Owen Grady Dhirendra as Simon Masrani Alex Zahara as Vic Hoskins Vincent Tong as Dr. Henry Wu, ACU Team Member, Boy, Captain Bethany Brown as Allison Miles, Mom Adrian Petriw as Danny Nedermeyer Sabrina Pitre as Park Vet Broadcast In Canada, the special debuted on","title":"Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit"},{"docid":"12154291","text":"Jurassic Park III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is a score of the 2001 film of the same name. It was orchestrated, composed and conducted by Don Davis and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. Davis incorporated John Williams' themes from the previous films into the score. Background and composition John Williams had previously composed the film soundtracks Jurassic Park (1993) and The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). As Jurassic Park III was underway, Williams was busy working on the A.I. Artificial Intelligence soundtrack and suggested Don Davis to handle the Jurassic Park III score. According to Davis: \"I suspect he wasn't too interested in doing the third part of a franchise that he said goodbye to sometime before\". Despite a rumor, James Horner was never considered to compose the film's score. After signing on to the project, Davis became unsure if his score could live up to Williams' work. He listened to the previous Jurassic Park scores, hoping for his own to maintain consistency with them. Some of Williams' prior themes, mostly from the first film, were used in Jurassic Park III, but some were shortened or lengthened to fit certain scenes. Williams provided his original handwritten scores to Davis. One of Williams' themes is used for the returning character of Dr. Alan Grant. Davis also composed a new theme which was supposed to recreate the mending relationship between Paul and Amanda Kirby. The score was recorded with a 104-piece orchestra, with Davis orchestrating and conducting. One track, \"Clash of Extinction\", was created for a battle scene between a T. rex and Spinosaurus, although Johnston ultimately removed the track. Aside from Davis' score, Johnston chose to include \"Big Hat, No Cattle\", a song by Randy Newman from his 1999 album Bad Love. Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original cue listing The complete known cue list is as follows (including alternates): \"Isla Sorna Sailing Situation\" - [4:22] \"The Dig Site (Unused)\" - [1:07] \"They Were Smart\" - [1:42] \"A Walk in the Park\" - [1:21] \"Resonating Chamber\" - [1:17] \"Alan Goes (Album Mix Ending)\" - [1:54] \"Dinosaur Fly-By (Album)\" - [2:12] \"What's a Bad Idea (Album)\" - [1:03] \"Coopers Last Stand\" - [1:43] \"We Haven't Landed Yet\" - [0:40] \"Frenzy Fuselage (Album Mix)\" - [3:12] \"Clash of Extinction (Unused)\" - [1:42] \"The Kirby's Story\" - [4:06] \"Bone Man Ben\" - [3:38] \"Raptor Eggs\" - [2:52] \"The Raptor Room\" - [2:34] \"The Raptor Repartee\" - [3:26] \"Eric Saves Alan\" - [1:47] \"Tree People\" - [2:02] \"Nash Calling\" - [3:36] \"Party Crasher\" - [3:17] \"Pteranodon Habitat\" - [3:01] \"Tiny Pecking Pteranodons\" - [3:23] \"Billy Oblivion\" - [2:49] \"Brachiosaurus on the Bank\" - [2:07] \"Reaching for Glory\" - [2:31] \"Underwater Attack\" - [2:11] \"Spinosaurus Confrontation\" - [3:02] \"River Reminiscence\" - [1:08] \"Ambush and Rescue\" - [3:40] \"The Hat Returns - End Credits (Album)\" - [5:22] \"Big Hat, No Cattle (Source)\" - [4:26] \"Alan Goes (Film Mix)\" - [1:50] \"Dinosaur Fly-By (Extended Film Version)\" - [2:21] \"Coopers Last Stand (Film Alternate) \" - [1:23] \"Frenzy Fuselage","title":"Jurassic Park III (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"9057939","text":"Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite is an assemblage of fossil dinosaur footprints on public land near Shell, in Big Horn County, Wyoming. They were discovered in 1997 by Erik P. Kvale, a research geologist from the Indiana Geological Survey. The site is managed by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the Red Gulch/Alkali National Back Country Byway and is open to the public. Fossils The fossilized tracks are believed to have been made during the Middle Jurassic Period, 160–180 million years b.p., on what was then a shore of the Sundance Sea. Theropod tracks are thought to be among those discovered, but evidence suggests that the tracks were made by a large, diverse group of dinosaurs. Due to a rarity of Middle Jurassic theropods, the species that made the tracks is currently unknown. The majority of the footprints are in the area dubbed \"the ballroom\". Besides the trackways, a variety of fossils can be found, including belemnites, crinoids, and shrimp burrows. Geology The tracksite is in a limestone layer in the lower part of the Sundance Formation. Its discovery was somewhat surprising, since the Sundance was historically considered to be marine in nature. Indeed, the layer just above the tracksite contains abundant marine fossils including numerous Gryphaea nebrascensis, indicating that later in the Jurassic it was once again submerged. See also Sundance Formation Fossil trackway Sundance Sea References External links BLM Wyoming.gov: official Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite website Geo-sciences.com: Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite – Wyoming’s Middle Jurassic Treasure Fossil trackways in the United States Fossil parks in the United States Jurassic geology of Wyoming Jurassic paleontological sites of North America Paleontology in Wyoming 1997 in paleontology Protected areas of Big Horn County, Wyoming Bureau of Land Management areas in Wyoming","title":"Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite"},{"docid":"71450070","text":"Owen Grady is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in the fourth film Jurassic World (2015), which is also the first installment in the Jurassic World trilogy. Colin Trevorrow directed and co-wrote the film, casting Chris Pratt as Owen. He is one of the three main protagonists in the trilogy, along with his love interest Claire Dearing (portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard), and his adoptive daughter, Maisie Lockwood (portrayed by Isabella Sermon), who made her debut in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran and animal behavioral scientist researching Velociraptor at the dinosaur theme park Jurassic World, located on Isla Nublar. By the end of the first film, he and Claire begin a relationship. Pratt reprised the role in the film's sequels. In Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), he and Claire have broken off their relationship, and she is leading an effort to save the Isla Nublar dinosaurs from a volcanic eruption. Owen agrees to join her rescue mission so he can save Blue, the last survivor of his old raptor group, with whom he has a close connection. Later in the film, he and Claire reconcile and become adoptive parents to Maisie Lockwood, the biogenetic granddaughter of Benjamin Lockwood. In Jurassic World Dominion (2022), Owen and Claire remain in a relationship and are raising Maisie, who is kidnapped by Biosyn for research purposes along with Blue's asexually reproduced baby, Beta. The couple then embark on a rescue mission to retrieve them from Biosyn. The concept of a raptor handler was conceived as early as 2004, by Jurassic World executive producer Steven Spielberg. He was disappointed with early drafts that featured the animals being trained for missions, although he believed the idea still had potential. Trevorrow was hired as the film's director and co-writer in 2013, and incorporated Spielberg's idea while scaling it back. Owen Grady is among Pratt's most popular roles. The character has overall received a mixed to positive reception from critics. While some reviews criticized the films for not fully utilizing Pratt's skill as a comic actor and Owen's minimal characterization garnered mixed reactions, Pratt's overall performance has been well-received, and some consider Owen to be one of the best Jurassic Park characters. Fictional background Jurassic World In the first film, Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran who works as an on-site animal behaviorist at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park located on the island of Isla Nublar. Owen and his friend, Barry, are studying four Velociraptors on the island, on behalf of InGen Security and its chief, Hoskins. Their research is done to test the raptors' intelligence, although they oppose Hoskins's long-term goal to use the animals as military weapons. Owen explains that his relationship with the raptors is a personal one and that they only respond to him under controlled conditions. He was once romantically attracted to Claire Dearing, the park's operations manager, though their conflicting personalities ended a potential relationship after one date. To increase park","title":"Owen Grady"},{"docid":"50553794","text":"Jurassic Park is a 1994 point-and-click adventure game developed and published by Sega for the Sega CD. The video game is based on the 1993 film of the same name, and includes elements from Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which the film is based upon. Plot Set after the events of the film, a group of scientists is sent to collect dinosaur eggs at InGen's Jurassic Park. This theme park is populated with genetically engineered dinosaurs and is located on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. After the group's helicopter crashes on the island, a survivor – controlled by the player – receives a video message from Emily Shimura, a computer expert. Shimura states that the crash was the result of sabotage orchestrated by InGen's corporate rival, Biosyn Corporation, which paid to have a bomb attached to the helicopter. A second helicopter is sent to rescue the player, but it is also compromised by Biosyn, which has sent out its own team to steal the dinosaur eggs. When Biosyn's helicopter arrives, the company's agents are tranquilized by the player, who uses the helicopter to escape the island. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a point-and-click adventure game, with a strong emphasis on action sequences which require split-second timing. The player must search Isla Nublar to retrieve eggs from seven different dinosaur species and place them in an incubator at the Jurassic Park visitor center. The eggs must be collected within a real-time 12-hour limit. Jurassic Park is played from a first-person perspective, giving the player a panoramic view of the surroundings as well as various tools to interact with, and a trio of weapons to contend with dinosaurs. Because none of the weapons (a stun gun, tranquilizer darts, and gas grenades) are lethal, each situation is in the form of a puzzle disguised as combat which requires more than just shooting to survive. First-aid kits can be used to replenish the player's health, while night vision goggles allow the player to see in dark environments. Paleontologist Robert T. Bakker makes video appearances throughout the game to provide the player with hints and dinosaur information, via special Dinosaur Field Kiosks that are located near dinosaur paddocks. Shimura also provides the player with information through video messages. Development and release In January 1992, Sega spent an estimated $1 million to purchase the rights to develop a Jurassic Park video game. Sega had the rights to use the Jurassic Park logo and some sounds from the film, but none of the characters. Elements from Michael Crichton's novel, Jurassic Park, were added into the game. It was the first Sega CD video game to be developed entirely in the United States by Sega of America. Initially, the game was to include three different perspectives: top-down, side-scrolling, and first-person. Development began on prototype versions of each perspective. The game's designers later realized that the game was too big, and decided to concentrate on only one perspective instead. The designers chose the first-person perspective which was the","title":"Jurassic Park (Sega CD video game)"},{"docid":"1282784","text":"Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis is a construction and management simulation video game based on the Jurassic Park series developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by Universal Interactive, with the console versions being co-published with Konami in Japan. It was released for Windows, Xbox, and PlayStation 2. The game's primary goal is to construct a five-star rated dinosaur theme park named Jurassic Park on custom-generated islands by hatching dinosaurs, building attractions, keeping visitors entertained, and ensuring the park's safety. Development began in 2001, and lasted 22 months. The game was announced in February 2002, with its release initially scheduled for late 2002. Ultimately, the game was released in North America and the PAL region in March 2003, followed by a Japanese release later that year. According to Metacritic, the Windows and Xbox versions received \"Mixed or average\" reviews, while the PlayStation 2 version received \"Generally favorable\" reviews. Gameplay The player's main objective is to create an animal theme park featuring dinosaurs, make it popular, and make it safe with a 5-star rating. Gameplay functions are very similar to the SimCity and Zoo Tycoon game models. It is necessary to build feeding stations where herbivores can get bales of plant feed, while carnivores are fed live cows and goats. However, herbivores become unhappy if they don't have enough trees around them or enough nearby dinosaurs to socialize with. Likewise, carnivores have an innate desire to hunt other dinosaurs, so even a constant stream of livestock will not keep them happy. To create a dinosaur, fifty percent (50%) of the particular dinosaur's DNA is needed. The higher the percentage of DNA, the longer that dinosaur will live, unless it dies by means other than natural causes, such as malnutrition or being attacked by another dinosaur. To obtain a dinosaur's DNA, the player must extract it through fossils or amber. Higher quality specimens will yield more DNA. To obtain fossils and amber, the player must send a fossil-hunting team to dig in one of nine dig sites around the world. Additional dig teams can be purchased later in the game. Each dig site contains fossils from three particular dinosaurs. Fossils of some dinosaurs, such as Brachiosaurus, can be found in more than one dig site. The chance of finding fossils depends on the quality of the site. There are 6 classifications on the quality of a dig site, ranging from \"excellent\" to \"exhausted.\" It is still possible to find fossils and amber at sites that have been exhausted, although they are often of low quality with little DNA to provide. Valuable items such as silver, gold, or opal are also discovered infrequently by the dig team(s), and can be sold for profit. Attractions help make the park popular, and increase its rating power and income when correctly configured. Attractions must be researched before they can be constructed, and include the Balloon Tour, Safari Adventure and Viewing Dome. Viewing Vents and Viewing Platforms do not need to be researched. The Safari Tour and Balloon","title":"Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis"},{"docid":"62688023","text":"{{Infobox character |name = Ian Malcolm |series = Jurassic Park |image = Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum).jpg |caption = Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park (1993) |first = Jurassic Park (1990) |last = Jurassic World Dominion (2022) |creator = Michael Crichton |adapted_by = Steven SpielbergDavid Koepp |portrayer = Jeff Goldblum |voice = Fred Young (Jurassic Park Pinball)Jeff Goldblum ([[The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)|The Lost World: Jurassic Park video game]], Chaos Island: The Lost World, Jurassic World Evolution, Jurassic World Evolution 2)Bradley Duffy (Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar)Maurice LaMarche (Animaniacs) |occupation = Mathematician; Chaotician |family = Dr. Sarah Harding (love interest)Kelly Curtis (daughter in film only) }} Dr. Ian Malcolm is a fictional character from the Jurassic Park franchise created by Michael Crichton and portrayed by Jeff Goldblum. Malcolm is a gifted mathematician who specializes in chaos theory. The character was inspired in part by American historian of science James Gleick and French mathematician Ivar Ekeland. In Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and its 1993 film adaptation, Malcolm is invited by insurance lawyer Donald Gennaro to notice any problems with John Hammond's dinosaur theme park, Jurassic Park. Malcolm was intended by Crichton to fill in the role of the audience in the scenarios he is put through. Malcolm is a secondary protagonist in the original novel and the main protagonist in the sequel, The Lost World, due to positive fan reception from Goldblum's performance as the character in director Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of the original novel. His role as Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park skyrocketed Goldblum's career. Malcolm has become one of Goldblum's most popular characters and has been depicted in many forms of popular culture. The character's signature line, \"Life finds a way\", has become synonymous with Goldblum and the Jurassic Park franchise, and Malcolm has been recognized as the franchise's most enduring character. Fictional character biography In Crichton's novel, Dr. Ian Malcolm, along with paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and paleobotanist Dr. Ellie Sattler, is hired as a consultant by InGen CEO John Hammond to provide opinions on Jurassic Park, a theme park on the remote island of Isla Nublar that features genetically recreated dinosaurs. Malcolm is the most pessimistic about the idea of the park, feeling that Hammond and his scientists have not taken the time or effort to fully understand what they are creating. In particular, he points out that Hammond's assertion that the dinosaurs can be controlled through sterilization and managed breeding is foolish since there are far too many unpredictable variables where biology is concerned. During a tour of the park, disgruntled computer programmer Dennis Nedry shuts down power to the park to gain access to dinosaur embryos to sell to a rival. Nedry's actions cause the electrified fences to shut down as well, allowing the dinosaurs to escape from their paddocks. Malcolm is attacked by a Tyrannosaurus rex, which breaks his leg. Malcolm is found by game warden Robert Muldoon and Dr. Ellie Sattler and taken back to","title":"Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)"},{"docid":"33940799","text":"Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a 1994 side-scrolling video game developed by BlueSky Software and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It is the sequel to Sega's previous Jurassic Park video game, based on the film of the same name and also released for the Genesis. Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a revamped version of its predecessor, featuring similar gameplay with several changes, and a new story that continues from where the previous game ended. Plot After the events of Jurassic Park, Dr. Alan Grant escapes Isla Nublar on a helicopter. While the Costa Rican Army is blowing up parts of the island to destroy the park's dinosaurs, Grant spots a helicopter of armed InGen field agents arriving on the island. Fearing that the agents have plans to collect any remaining dinosaur eggs and DNA samples for a new dinosaur park, Grant attempts to contact the Costa Rican Army. Grant's helicopter crashes on the island after the pilot attempts to stop him. Grant survives the crash and must find a way to stop InGen. Gameplay Gameplay is very similar to Sega's earlier Jurassic Park video game for the Sega Genesis. Like its predecessor, Rampage Edition is an action game with a platform setup that allows the player to choose between Dr. Grant or the Raptor. As Dr. Grant, the player starts out with a dart gun that has infinite ammo. A wide selection of weapons is available for the player to obtain throughout the game, including an assault rifle, shotgun, flame-thrower, grenades, rocket launcher, and shock rifle. As Dr. Grant, the player travels through the island while fighting InGen agents and dinosaurs until Grant can escape by boat. As the Raptor, the player can win battles with physical attacks such as biting and whipping opponents with the Raptor's tail. A bonus for the Raptor is to collect enough Lysine crates, which allows the player to go into \"Raptor Rage\" mode where the screen turns red and the player becomes invincible for a limited amount of time. As the Raptor, the player can play all the same levels as Dr. Grant. The goal of the Raptor is to escape the island on a departing cargo boat to find a safe place to nest its eggs. Candy bars and med kits are collected throughout the game to replenish the player's health, while eggs, embryo containers and DNA samples are collected throughout the game for points. Instead of the linear gameplay of the previous game, Rampage Edition allows players to choose from three levels to complete before they are allowed to proceed to the final levels in order to win the game. Unlike its predecessor, Rampage Edition features a faster pace, and allows Grant to perform additional actions such as riding dinosaurs and using zip-lines. Grant and the raptor are also able to kill their enemies, unlike the previous game. Rampage Edition also features larger levels, and more weapons for Grant to use. Development and release Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a","title":"Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition"},{"docid":"50883740","text":"Scan Command: Jurassic Park (also known as Jurassic Park: Scan Command) is a 2001 fighting strategy video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure for Microsoft Windows. The game is based on the 2001 film, Jurassic Park III, and was considered unique for its use of a barcode scanner accessory known as the Scan Command. Gameplay Scan Command: Jurassic Park involves an evil scientist, Dr. Irene Corts, who has taken over the Jurassic Park theme park with her army of genetically altered dinosaurs and plans to use them to achieve world domination. The player's goal is to stop Corts. The player must also locate five children and help them escape Jurassic Park. The game features eight playable creatures from the first three Jurassic Park films. The player starts out as a Velociraptor, while other dinosaurs such as Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus rex become unlocked as more levels are completed. The game features seven levels, including caves, jungles, swamps, dilapidated InGen laboratories, and steel pyramids. The final level is set inside an active volcano. The game included a portable, battery-powered barcode scanner, known as the Scan Command, capable of storing up to 25 scans at a time. Barcodes are scanned by the player to obtain \"genetic codes\". Barcodes are loaded into the game by connecting the scanner to a computer's serial port. When a barcode is loaded, it is transformed into dinosaur DNA as part of a puzzle minigame. Once completed, the \"genetic codes\" can then be used to enhance the player's defenses and attacks, with customizable traits such as agility and strength. Players can also trade \"genetic codes\". After reaching a certain power level, the player's creature can fight in real-time battles against other creatures controlled by evil scientists at InGen. In addition to solving puzzles, the player must also defeat enemy dinosaurs to advance to each new level. Development and release In March 2001, Knowledge Adventure, a subsidiary of Vivendi Universal Publishing, obtained the rights to develop video games based on Universal Studios' upcoming film, Jurassic Park III. The concept of Scan Command and its barcode-scanning aspect were considered unusual when the game was unveiled at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in May 2001. Richard Wyckoff, one of the game's designers, said: \"We figure that unless you live in a cave you're going to be surrounded by bar codes. That's why we chose them. They're so ubiquitous in our society\". The game was unveiled with the initial title of Scan Command: A Jurassic Park III Game, and was released as Scan Command: Jurassic Park on October 11, 2001. Reception Jason MacIsaac of The Electric Playground gave the game a 79 percent rating out of 100 and praised the scanner accessory: \"It's a unique idea, and as a source of entertainment, nearly limitless. [...] And I'm surprised at how well this idea works into the gameplay\". However, MacIsaac negatively wrote, \"game screens can look like they've locked up when moving data\". Jon Thompson of AllGame rated the game four stars","title":"Scan Command: Jurassic Park"},{"docid":"65407767","text":"Jurassic Park, later also referred to as Jurassic World, is an American science fiction adventure media franchise. It focuses on the cloning of dinosaurs through ancient DNA, extracted from mosquitoes that have been fossilized in amber. The franchise explores the ethics of cloning and genetic engineering, and the morals behind de-extinction. The franchise began in 1990, with the release of Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park. A film adaptation, also titled Jurassic Park, was directed by Steven Spielberg and was released in 1993. Crichton then wrote a sequel novel, The Lost World (1995), and Spielberg directed its film adaptation, The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). Four additional films have been released, including Jurassic Park III in 2001, completing the original trilogy of films. The fourth installment, Jurassic World, was released in 2015, marking the beginning of a new trilogy. Its sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in 2018. The sixth film, Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022, marks the conclusion of the second trilogy. Two Jurassic World short films have also been released: Battle at Big Rock (2019) and a Jurassic World Dominion prologue (2021). Theropod dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor have had major roles throughout the film series. Other species, including Brachiosaurus and Spinosaurus, have also played significant roles. The series has also featured other creatures such as Mosasaurus and members of the pterosaur group, both commonly misidentified by the public as dinosaurs. The various creatures in the films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For the first three films, the animatronics were created by special-effects artist Stan Winston and his team, while Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) handled the CGI for all the films. The first film garnered critical acclaim for its innovations in CGI technology and animatronics. Since Winston's death in 2008, the practical dinosaurs have been created by other artists, including Legacy Effects and Image Engine (Jurassic World), Neal Scanlan (Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom), and John Nolan (Jurassic World Dominion). Paleontologist Jack Horner has served as the longtime scientific advisor on the films, and paleontologist Steve Brusatte was also consulted for Jurassic World Dominion. The original film was praised for its modern portrayal of dinosaurs. Horner said that it still contained many inaccuracies, but noted that it was not meant as a documentary. Later films in the series contain inaccuracies as well, for entertainment purposes. This includes the films' velociraptors, which are depicted as being larger than their real-life counterparts. In addition, the franchise's method for cloning dinosaurs has been deemed scientifically implausible, for a number of reasons. On-screen portrayals The various creatures in the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For each of the films, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) has handled dinosaur scenes that required CGI. Throughout the film series, ILM has studied large animals such as elephants and rhinos, for reference in designing the digital dinosaurs. Jurassic Park trilogy (1993–2001) For the original 1993 film Jurassic Park,","title":"Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park"},{"docid":"53681874","text":"John Russell Foster (born November 3, 1966) is an American paleontologist. Foster has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains, Foster is also working on Cambrian age trilobite faunas in the southwest region of the American west. He named the crocodyliform trace fossil Hatcherichnus sanjuanensis in 1997 and identified the first known occurrence of the theropod trace fossil Hispanosauropus in North America in 2015. Career Born November 3, 1966, San Diego, California. High School, Los Gatos High School, Los Gatos, California. 1985 A.B. Geology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California. 1989 M.S. Paleontology, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota. 1993 Ph.D. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 1998 He is adjunct faculty of geology at Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado. From 2014 to 2018 he was the Director of the Museum of Moab. He served for thirteen years as Curator of Paleontology at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2001 to 2014. He is currently a curator at the Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum in Vernal, Utah. Professional work An expert on the Late Jurassic, he has spent more than twenty-five years excavating fossils across the western United States, authoring and coauthoring more than 55 professional papers, ranging from Triassic to Cretaceous, with a few Cambrian and Cenozoic studies appearing as well. In addition to dinosaurs, he has spent over a decade working in the Cambrian shales of the western United States. Triassic In December 2017, he and coauthors Xavier A. Jenkins of Arizona State University and Robert J. Gay of Colorado Canyons Association formally published their study on the oldest known dinosaur from Utah, a neotheropod that is likely an animal similar to Coelophysis. Jurassic His researches in the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains includes the geographic and environmental distributions of microvertebrates and dinosaurs. He served as the lead researcher at the Mygatt-Moore Quarry in western Colorado for 14 years, and continues to work in the Late Jurassic of eastern Utah and western Colorado. His current work includes the excavation of the first known dinosaur from the western United States, \"Dystrophaeus,\" on Bureau of Land Management lands in San Juan County, Utah. Foster had a ceratosaurid ceratosaur theropod dinosaur, Fosterovenator, named after him in 2014 Cambrian His researches in the Cambrian of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau, includes the study of taphonomy and biostratinomy of trilobites, and what this information indicates about the paleoenvironmental conditions on the shallow shelf of western North American during the early Paleozoic. Popular books Foster is the author of Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World, followed by his second book Cambrian Ocean World. References Bibliography Lockley, M. G., Gierlinski, G., Matthews, N. A., Xing, L., Foster, J. R., and Cart, K. 2017. New dinosaur track occurrences from the Upper Jurassic Salt Wash Member (Morrison Formation) of southeastern Utah: Implications for thyreophoran trackmaker distribution and diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","title":"John Foster (paleontologist)"},{"docid":"12674207","text":"Jurassic Park: Survival is a canceled action-adventure video game that was in development by Savage Entertainment and was to be published by Konami. Based upon the Jurassic Park franchise, the game was to be released on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in November 2001. It was also planned for Microsoft Windows and GameCube. Development began in October 2000. Initially, the game was to be based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. However, the film was in production at that time and could not provide visual reference to the game's development teams, who had to devise their own designs and ideas. Vivendi Universal ultimately decided that the game would only be inspired by the film, rather than based on it, and subsequently chose to include elements not featured in the film. In July 2001, Savage ended development due to payment conflicts with Vivendi Universal, which was dissatisfied with the progress of the game. In North America, the game was expected to receive a Teen rating. Gameplay Jurassic Park: Survival was to be played from a third-person perspective with David Vaughn, a member of a security team, as the main character. The game would have taken place on an island of genetically engineered dinosaurs. Gameplay was described as being similar to the Tomb Raider games. Chacko Sonny, a founder of Savage Entertainment, described the company's goal on the gameplay as \"Die-Hard meets Jurassic Park\". In its preview video, gameplay appeared similar to a survival horror game, with additional action-adventure elements such as climbing, crawling, rolling, shoot rolling, jumping and swimming, as well as other platforming strategies to outwit the dinosaurs instead of trying to take them head on. Vaughn's enemies would have included eight dinosaur species and four different types of military officers. A fictionalized version of Troodon with glowing eyes would have been featured in the game, and was later implemented into Jurassic Park: The Game (2011). Dinosaur AI was meant to be an integral part of the game; dinosaurs would be able to lure the main character into traps, hunt in packs, and retreat for reinforcements if needed. Vaughn's weapons would have included a pistol, an electric prod, and a grenade launcher. Vaughn would also carry a PDA with him, which could be used to contact team members for assistance. An item known as the \"phero pack\" could also be carried around and dropped in certain locations to lure dinosaurs to Vaughn's human enemies and attack them. Puzzles would play a major role in the game. Stealth was also a significant part of gameplay, as Vaughn could complete objectives easier by avoiding detection from guards and spotlights while inside enemy encampments. Vaughn could also use computer terminals located throughout the game to access security cameras for a better view of the area and nearby enemies. The game would have featured 12 large levels, located in swamps, dense forests, huge caves and networks of tunnels, military outposts, a marina, a terrorist camp, jungles, a hatchery, and a large aviary used","title":"Jurassic Park: Survival"},{"docid":"5775130","text":"Jurassic Park III: Park Builder is a construction and management simulation game for the Game Boy Advance that was developed by Konami. The game was released on September 10, 2001. It is the second game, under the title Jurassic Park III, for the Game Boy Advance title games after The DNA Factor, released in the same year, it is followed by Island Attack. Summary Jurassic Park III: Park Builder challenges the player to design and run an island-based Jurassic Park theme park, similar to Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis. The player must first send an excavation team to one of eight worldwide locations to search for fossilized mosquitoes that contain dinosaur DNA, which is then used to create dinosaurs. The player can place structures in the park such as hotels, restaurants and shops. Hurricanes and earthquakes can damage the park's buildings. The player must advertise the park in order to attract more customers. Visitors to the park must view the dinosaurs while riding on tour buses. The player begins with three buses and can purchase more later. The player is given a maximum of eight holding pens for however many dinosaurs the park may have. There are six different environments on the island, including jungles, a beach, plains, and a desert. Dinosaurs can become ill and require medical attention. To keep them healthy, the dinosaurs are placed in environments that closely resemble their natural habitat. The game features 140 creatures, including Brachiosaurus, Mosasaurus, Pteranodon, Spinosaurus, Stegosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. The dinosaurs, depending on their size and aggression, are grouped into six categories: three for carnivores and three for herbivores. Reception The game was met with average to mixed reception, as GameRankings gave it a score of 68.54%, while Metacritic gave it 65 out of 100. AllGame criticized the game for its few sound effects and \"generic background music\", as well as the need to \"constantly switch back and forth\" between different menu screens, \"making it easy to forget what you're doing in relation to what needs to be done.\" IGN wrote a positive review but criticized the game for its lack of a tutorial mode: \"It's a very complex game with tons of little elements to manage...and it's boggling to see that the developers don't offer even the most basic tutorial for beginner park builders. Right from the get-go, you're thrust into the game without knowing what does what, or how you're supposed to do it.\" See also List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Park Builder Konami games Construction and management simulation games Video games with oblique graphics Video games based on films Video games based on adaptations Video games set on fictional islands Video games developed in Japan","title":"Jurassic Park III: Park Builder"},{"docid":"3539669","text":"\"Dino\" Don Lessem (born 1951) is a writer of more than 50 popular science books, specializing in dinosaurs. He was the founder of the Dinosaur Society and the Jurassic Foundation, which collectively have raised millions of dollars for dinosaur research. He is the CEO and founder of Dino Don, Inc., an animatronics company specializing in dinosaurs, dragons, and sea creatures. Career After a bachelor's degree in art history at Brandeis University and a master's in animal behavior from the University of Massachusetts Boston, Lessem began his writing career as a researcher for the Smithsonian Center for Short-Lived Phenomena. For more than a decade he was a science journalist specializing in conservation issues for the Boston Globe and a contributor to Life, The New York Times, and Smithsonian Magazine. Lessem's professional interest in dinosaurs developed while he was a Knight Journalism Fellow at MIT in 1988. He wrote his first book, Kings of Creation, in 1990, as a survey of current worldwide paleontology research. Lessem was an advisor to Jurassic Park, Dinosaur, and Disney's Animal Kingdom, as well as their respective theme park attractions. He has written and hosted Discovery Channel and NOVA documentaries on dinosaurs and is a television and radio commentator on paleontology. The sauropodomorph dinosaur Lessemsaurus is named after him. Lessem directed the excavation and reconstruction of the largest plant-eating dinosaur, the 110-foot long Argentinosaurus, and the largest carnivorous dinosaur, the 45 foot-long Giganotosaurus from Patagonia, in collaboration with Dr. Rodolfo Coria of the Museo Carmen Funes in Plaza Huincul, Argentina. Lessem's first traveling exhibition company, Exhibits Rex, has created several of the largest international travelling museum exhibitions of dinosaurs, including Jurassic Park, The Lost World, and Chinasaurs, in addition to an exhibition of the treasures of Genghis Khan. Lessem's The Real Genghis Khan exhibition has toured major museums in North America and Asia since 2009. Celebrating the neglected civilizing influence of Genghis Khan and curated by Smithsonian archaeologists, the exhibition has been seen by nearly two million visitors. The exhibition blends live musical performance with role-playing activities, and the largest collection of 13th century Mongolian artifacts ever toured. It has been viewed by nearly two million museum-goers. Lessem's company Dino Don, Inc. began constructing the world's most accurate full-sized robotic dinosaurs in 2017 for zoos and museums worldwide. In April 2019 Lessem opened his Dinosaur Safari exhibition at New York's Bronx Zoo with more than 40 dinosaurs up to 60 feet in length, the largest zoo robotic exhibition in North America. In July 2020 at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, the Dinos Everywhere! exhibit featured Lessem's creation of the world's largest anatomically correct dinosaur, a 120-foot Argentinosaurus. Other venues to display Dino Don, Inc. dinosaurs include The Jacksonville Zoo, Philadelphia Zoo, Columbus Zoo, San Antonio Zoo, Copenhagen Zoo, Edinburgh Zoo, and Leipzig Zoo. Lessem has also authored children's books on extinct animals, endangered species, the Amazon rainforest and the \"Iceman\". Via his monthly column in Highlights Magazine for a decade, \"Dino\" Don answered more than 10,000 letters","title":"Don Lessem"},{"docid":"11587850","text":"Walking with... is a palaeontology media franchise produced and broadcast by the BBC Studios Science Unit. The franchise began with the series Walking with Dinosaurs (1999), created by Tim Haines. By far the most watched science programme in British television during the 20th century, Walking with Dinosaurs spawned companion material and four sequel series: Walking with Beasts (2001), Walking with Cavemen (2003), Sea Monsters (2003) and Walking with Monsters (2005). Each series uses a combination of computer-generated imagery and animatronics, incorporated with live action footage shot at various locations, to portray prehistoric animals in the style of a traditional nature documentary. The Walking with... programmes were praised for their special effects and for their science communication. Though largely praised by scientists for the effort to adhere to science and for portraying prehistoric life as animals rather than movie monsters, some academic criticism has been leveled at the series for not making clear through their narration what is speculative and what is based in fact. In addition to the five main series, the success of Walking with... also led to the production of the Walking with Dinosaurs special episodes The Ballad of Big Al, The Giant Claw and Land of Giants. The franchise has also been accompanied by several books, merchandise, video games and the live theatrical show Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. In 2013, a movie based on Walking with Dinosaurs, with the same name, was directed by Neil Nightingale and Barry Cook. Development Walking with Dinosaurs was devised by the then BBC-employed science television producer Tim Haines in 1996. Inspired by the 1993 film Jurassic Park, Haines envisioned a more science-based documentary programme using the same techniques as Jurassic Park to bring dinosaurs to life. Though such a series was initially feared to be far too expensive to produce, particularly considering the production costs of Jurassic Park, Haines managed to bring down the costs through working with the award-winning UK-based graphics company Framestore. It was only after the production of a six-minute pilot episode in 1997 that Haines managed to secure funding for the series; Walking with Dinosaurs was funded by the BBC, BBC Worldwide and the Discovery Channel, alongside major investments from TV Asahi in Japan and ProSieben in Germany. At a cost of £6.1 million ($9.9 million), Walking with Dinosaurs cost over £37,654 ($61,112) per minute to produce, making it the most expensive documentary series per minute ever made. The visual effects of Walking with Dinosaurs were done by Framestore and the puppets and animatronics were done by the special effects company Crawley Creatures. The success of Walking with Dinosaurs led to the rapid creation of Walking with... as a brand of documentary series. In the aftermath of Walking with Dinosaurs, Haines founded the production company Impossible Pictures together with Jasper James, one of the producers on Walking with Dinosaurs. 2000 saw the release of a special episode of Dinosaurs, The Ballad of Big Al, focusing on a single Allosaurus specimen. The first entire sequel","title":"Walking with..."},{"docid":"61480190","text":"Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar is a 13-episode CG-animated television miniseries that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Set in 2012 and inspired by the Lego toyline, the show is a direct followup to the Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit television special that debuted on NBC in the United States in 2018. The series began airing in Canada on Family Channel on July 6, 2019. Plot The series takes place at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Velociraptor handler Owen Grady and the park's operations manager Claire Dearing work to keep Jurassic World from falling into ruin unaware that Dennis Nedry's nephew Danny Nedermeyer has a secret agenda to ruin it. Cast Episodes Specials Broadcast In Australia, the series debuted on 9Go! on August 15, 2019. In the United States, Nickelodeon picked up the series and began airing it on September 14, with the first episode made available on video-on-demand platforms beginning August 25, 2019. ITV in the United Kingdom premiered the series as part of their CITV block on September 7, 2019. See also Lego Jurassic World (theme) Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit Lego Jurassic World (video game) Lego Dimensions Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park References External links LEGO: Jurassic World – Legend of Isla Nublar at Family.ca Official Jurassic World website Official Jurassic Outpost website Official Nickelodeon website 2019 animated television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series endings 2019 American television series debuts 2019 American television series endings 2010s Canadian animated television series 2010s American animated television series 2020s Canadian animated television series 2020s American animated television series American children's animated action television series American children's animated adventure television series American children's animated comic science fiction television series American children's animated science fantasy television series Canadian children's animated action television series Canadian children's animated adventure television series Canadian children's animated comic science fiction television series Canadian children's animated science fantasy television series Television series set in 2012 Works based on Jurassic Park Nickelodeon original programming Animated television series about dinosaurs J","title":"Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar"},{"docid":"71416196","text":"Dr. Henry Wu is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. He also appears briefly in the novel's 1993 film adaptation and plays a larger role in the Jurassic World film trilogy. Dr. Wu is the lead geneticist for the dinosaur theme parks Jurassic Park and Jurassic World, overseeing the de-extinction of dinosaurs through genetic engineering. He is killed by a Velociraptor in the novel, but survives throughout the film series, in which he is portrayed by actor BD Wong. Although Wu is a supporting character in the novel, he has a drastically reduced role in the film adaptation, directed by Steven Spielberg. Wong and Wu are both Asian-American, and the actor believed that the role was reduced, to his disappointment, because of \"racial exclusion in Hollywood\". Wong was skeptical that he would ever reprise the role, but eventually did so for the fourth film in the franchise, Jurassic World (2015). It was directed by Colin Trevorrow, who co-wrote the script with Derek Connolly. The writers viewed Wu as a logical character to return, considering his role in recreating dinosaurs. Wong is the only actor from any of the previous films to appear in Jurassic World, and he and Trevorrow were happy to revisit the character after his minor role in the first film. Wong reprised the role again for the sequels, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022), which were also co-written by Trevorrow. In the Jurassic World trilogy, Wu secretly creates weaponized hybrid dinosaurs at the behest of others, although the animals later escape and wreak havoc. In Dominion, he secretly engineers giant locusts for his employer, Biosyn, which unleashes the insects to consume rival crops in a plot to control the world food supply. The character undergoes a redemption when he expresses regret for his actions and eventually stops the locust outbreak. Wu is sometimes considered a villain in the Jurassic World films, although Wong believes the character is misunderstood, stating that his research is well intentioned and driven by the demands of others. Aside from the films, Wong also reprised the role for the video games Jurassic World Evolution (2018) and Jurassic World Aftermath (2020), as well as two theme park attractions, Jurassic World: The Ride and VelociCoaster. Fictional background Dr. Henry Wu is the chief geneticist at Jurassic Park, a theme park featuring genetically engineered dinosaurs on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. Wu was recruited by the park's owner, John Hammond, to bring dinosaurs back from extinction for use as attractions. Novels In the novel, Wu was a student of geneticist Norman Atherton, who was Hammond's partner in the Jurassic Park project. After Atherton died of cancer, Wu was personally recruited by Hammond to join the project. Wu is eager to make his mark in the science world, and Hammond gives him an opportunity to do so, offering him a $50 million budget to create living","title":"Henry Wu (Jurassic Park)"},{"docid":"57421235","text":"Jurassic World: The Ride is a dark water ride attraction that is themed to the Jurassic World series at Universal Studios Hollywood. The original Jurassic Park: The Ride, which operated from June 21, 1996, to September 3, 2018, underwent a major refurbishment and reopened as Jurassic World: The Ride. History The ride was announced on May 10, 2018, by Universal Studios Hollywood officials during a 25th anniversary celebration of the 1993 film Jurassic Park, directed by Steven Spielberg. It was stated that Jurassic Park: The Ride, which opened on June 21, 1996, would be closed for retheming based on the 2015 film Jurassic World and its 2018 sequel Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The Jurassic Cafe restaurant and Jurassic Outfitters retail store near the original attraction were also closed temporarily to be rethemed. Universal Creative worked on the new ride, and Jon Corfino was the project director and show producer. He worked closely on the ride with Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall, the director and producer respectively for the 2015 film. Corfino worked to blend elements of the old ride with the new one, and the final idea was presented to Spielberg. The team had to rush to get the ride finished for the busy summer tourist season. Mosasaurus, an aquatic reptile that appeared in the films, is digitally featured on the ride. Industrial Light & Magic collaborated with the design team at Universal Studios Hollywood to create the creature and its environment. The walls of the Mosasaurus tank are depicted across four large, high-definition screens on both sides of the boat. A 3D effect makes objects in the foreground move faster than those in the background, a technique that gives the Mosasaurus a realistic appearance. The attraction also features larger dinosaurs than Jurassic Park: The Ride, and new animatronics allow the dinosaurs to move better than their predecessors. Several actors from the films reprise their roles for the ride: Chris Pratt as Owen Grady, Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing, and BD Wong as Dr. Henry Wu. The attraction officially opened on July 12, 2019, without advanced notice or fanfare. It previously had a soft opening for friends and family of Universal employees. The official opening coincided with a number of other Jurassic World-themed attractions adjacent to the ride entrance. Guests can take part in the Triceratops Encounter, where guests interact with Juliet, a Triceratops, and Dino Play, in which young visitors excavate large dinosaur fossils. Guests can also interact with baby Velociraptors like Sierra or Tango along with their trainer. The Mosasaurus is part of the Aquarium Observatory section, an area that responds to real-world weather, changing between day time and night time depending on the actual time of day. Jurassic Cafe introduced a bar called Isla Nu-bar, named after the series' fictional Isla Nublar island. Following a refurbishment in 2021, the ride's climax was updated with a new Indominus Rex animatronic. Ride description Queue and pre-show Guests enter through the Jurassic World gates and into a series of","title":"Jurassic World: The Ride"},{"docid":"1770979","text":"Dr. Alan Grant is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is a paleontologist and is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. Crichton based Grant on the paleontologist Jack Horner. Director Steven Spielberg helmed the 1993 film adaptation, and several actors were considered for the role of Grant. It ultimately went to Sam Neill, becoming one of his most popular roles. Spielberg gave the character a dislike of children, and put him in a relationship with Dr. Ellie Sattler, a paleobotanist who is Grant's student in the novel. Sattler, portrayed by Laura Dern, wants to start a family with Grant, who is resistant to the idea. Neill reprised the character in 2001's Jurassic Park III, which also saw a cameo by Dern. In the film, Sattler has married someone else and started a family, although she and Grant remain friends. Director Joe Johnston chose to break-up Grant and Sattler, believing that Dern looked too young to be in such a relationship; Neill is 20 years older than her. Neill was dissatisfied with his performance in the first film, which factored into his return for Jurassic Park III, marking the first time he reprised one of his roles. Neill and Dern would return again for major roles in Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022. In the film, Sattler has divorced her husband; she and Grant eventually rekindle their romantic relationship. Colin Trevorrow, the film's director and co-writer, was in agreement with Neill and Dern on reuniting their characters romantically. Neill and Dern also reprised their roles for the video games Jurassic World Evolution and Jurassic World Evolution 2, lending their voices to downloadable content packs released in 2019 and 2022 respectively. Fictional background Dr. Alan Grant is a paleontologist who is dedicated to his research, which includes a focus on velociraptors. He believes that dinosaurs are closely related to birds, and also theorizes that the vision of a Tyrannosaurus is based on movement. Grant has written several books on dinosaurs, as referenced in the first novel. He has also written at least two in the film series. In Jurassic Park III, Eric Kirby opines that he liked Grant's first book better, as Grant liked dinosaurs when he wrote it, compared to the second written after his time at Jurassic Park. Grant has a dislike of computers, and is portrayed in the film series as easily irritated. Novels In the first novel, Grant is described as \"a barrel-chested, bearded man of forty\". He had a wife who died years prior to the events of the novel. He has a strong affinity for children, especially those interested in dinosaurs. He is one of the world's most renowned paleontologists, partly specializing in hadrosaur and other duck-billed dinosaurs such as Maiasaura. Dr. Ellie Sattler is a graduate student and paleobotanist who is studying under Grant. Before the events of the novel, Grant was approached by Donald Gennaro, chief counsel for InGen, to provide information on the requirements","title":"Alan Grant (Jurassic Park)"},{"docid":"50566202","text":"Jurassic Park is a 1993 action video game developed and published by Ocean Software, for DOS and Amiga computers. The game is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1993 film, Jurassic Park, and also includes elements from author Michael Crichton's 1990 novel of the same name, which the film is based upon. The player controls the character of Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who becomes trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. Grant's initial objective is to search for Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of park owner John Hammond. Upon locating the children, Grant must contact a helicopter so survivors can escape the island. Gameplay consists of a bird's-eye view during the game's large exterior environment, but switches to a first-person perspective whenever Grant enters a building. Development of the game began in November 1992. A development team of 13 people – considered large at that time – worked on the game. Spielberg was also involved in the game during its development to ensure that it would be faithful to his initial vision. Materials related to the film, including its script and photographs of the sets, aided the developers during the game's production. Jurassic Park was released in the United Kingdom in October 1993, and was subsequently released in the United States a year later. Many critics praised the game's indoor environments, but some criticized its large exterior environment, and its boring and repetitive gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the 1993 film of the same name, in which paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped on an island theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped. Playing as Grant, the player must rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. The player begins the game near an overturned vehicle in the Tyrannosaurus paddock. After finding Tim, Grant searches for Lex in a sewer maze. The player then must re-activate the park's power to contact a helicopter so the survivors can escape the island. Jurassic Park features a bird's-eye view in exterior levels, but switches to a first-person shooter perspective when entering buildings. The exterior levels contain eight large areas, each one consisting of a different dinosaur paddock, as well as a Pteranodon dome. Each level requires Grant to complete a series of tasks in order to advance further through the game. Indoor levels are spread throughout the game. The game features 11 building complexes, each one overrun by velociraptors. The game also includes a raft level. A password is given after each level is won. The game includes six dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player begins with a taser weapon; other weapons can be found by the player. First aid kits can be used to restore all of the player's health. Electronic motion sensors are located throughout the game, and can detect all moving objects. Connected to the motion sensors are computer terminals, which can be used to receive messages, maps","title":"Jurassic Park (computer video game)"},{"docid":"5788628","text":"Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor is a side scrolling and puzzle game set in the Jurassic Park movie universe. It was developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Hawaii and published by Konami for the Game Boy Advance. It was coincided with the release of the film Jurassic Park III on July 16, 2001. The two other games, Jurassic Park III: Park Builder and Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, are also released by Konami. Summary A cargo plane flying over Isla Sorna is struck by lightning, and upon crashing, the dinosaur DNA it stored is spread across the island. The player then assumes the role of either Mark Hanson (a photographer) or Lori Torres (an ace pilot), and must wander around the island in a side-scrolling format, collecting DNA and avoiding dinosaurs. In each level, the player's character has the ability to switch between a background and a foreground pathway. Switching between the two pathways allows the player to access weapons and DNA samples, or to avoid oncoming dinosaurs. At the end of each level, the player will use the DNA that is collected in a short puzzle game, in order to create more dinosaurs. Completing this minigame will unlock more areas for the player to explore. At the end of the game, the military bombs the island, and the player escapes on a small plane, wondering if dinosaurs should really have a place in their world. Reception The game was met with negative reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 48.94%, while Metacritic gave it 44 out of 100. AllGame praised the game's graphics and sound effects, but criticized its \"awkward\" controls and wrote that the levels \"are poorly designed and seemingly impossible to complete.\" AllGame also criticized the game's ability to switch between background and foreground pathways, writing \"this just adds confusion, since swapping between roads can be tricky and the paths are oftentimes deceiving because of the limited screen size and resolution.\" IGN praised its cutscenes, sound effects and music, but criticized its \"sloppy game design,\" clumsy controls, and bad collision detection, as well as the game's background and foreground pathways: \"Nothing casts a shadow, so you can't even tell if a DNA sample is hovering over the foreground path or lying on the ground on the background path.\" GameSpot criticized the game for \"disappointing\" sound effects and music, and for sharing nothing in common with the film. GameSpot also criticized the game's background and foreground pathways, calling it \"a confusing little gimmick that is mainly used to increase the amount of backtracking you'll have to do to collect the particles you need.\" In 2018, Zack Zwiezen of Kotaku ranked the game among the \"worst\" Jurassic Park games ever released, stating that it \"looked and played awful when it was first released, and it hasn’t aged well at all.\" References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Jurassic Park video games Konami games Video games developed in the United","title":"Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor"},{"docid":"1663525","text":"Jurassic Park is an open-world action-adventure video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), based on the 1990 novel and 1993 film of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software in 1993 in North America and PAL regions, and published by Jaleco in 1994 in Japan. The player controls Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who has become trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. The game's exterior portion is viewed from a top-down perspective, but shifts to a first-person view during interior sections. The game garnered praise for these varied and three-dimensional perspectives, the usage of stereo sound, and the adventure gameplay. In 1994, Ocean released a sequel, Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues, with gameplay which significantly differs from that of the original. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the novel and film of the same name. Following a computer system failure, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped at an island theme park, known as Jurassic Park, that is populated with dinosaurs. The player controls Grant, and begins the game armed with a cattle prod, although the game also features five other weapons: tranquilizer gun, shotgun, bolas, gas grenade launcher, and missile launcher. The game features seven different dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player is given five lives, and two continues when all lives are lost. Grant's health is represented by a red health bar. Food and first-aid kits located throughout the game can replenish the player's health. Motion sensors set up around the island allow characters in the game to communicate advice to the player, although some advice is deliberately malicious. If Grant loses a life, the player is restarted at the last motion sensor with which Grant came into contact. Mr. DNA, a character from the film, provides dinosaur facts to the player if the game is paused or remains idle for too long. The player must open and close multiple gates to travel around the island. The game's music changes depending on the player's location in the park. The player is also required to collect dinosaur eggs throughout the game. The game's world is spacious and non-linear. The exterior portion, played from a top-down perspective, consists of a maze that is made up of jungle trees, along with rock formations, canals, fences, gates, and a number of buildings that can be entered and explored. The game switches to a first-person perspective when the player enters one of these buildings. The player must collect ID cards belonging to characters on the island in order to access certain rooms. Other rooms are completely dark and require night vision goggles to enter. Some buildings contain multiple floors that are accessed via elevators. Jurassic Park supports the Super NES Mouse when playing first-person sequences or operating computer terminals. To win the game, the player must complete several objectives, starting with powering up a computer to re-activate the park's motion sensors. Once activated,","title":"Jurassic Park (SNES video game)"},{"docid":"1460085","text":"The Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, is a park that houses fossilized remains and petrified eggs of dinosaurs. It is a man-made fossil park and not the actual nesting grounds where the dinosaurs lived. The eggs and fossils on display here are from the world's 3rd-largest dinosaur fossil excavation site and 2nd-largest hatchery at Raiyoli, Balasinor, Gujarat. The Park was set up by the Geological Survey of India and is the only dinosaur museum in the country. History In 1970, the Forest Department of the Gujarat Government began its planting and restoration efforts. The park, also known as India's Jurassic Park, is 428 hectares in size and contains sections such as the dinosaur section, fossil section, etc. Now, the park is managed by the Gujarat Ecological and Research Foundation (GEER). The oldest record of dinosaur bone fossils is of middle Jurassic period, and they are found from Patcham formation of Kutch basin. The fossils which were found in Upper Cretaceous formations in the region date back 66 million years. The eggs are of different sizes, some the size of cannonballs. Fossil trackways of these gargantuan animals are also on display in the park. Dinosaurs that are on display include Tyrannosaurus rex, Megalosaurus, Titanosaurus, Barapasaurus, Brachiosaurus, Antarctosaurus, Stegosaurus and Iguanodon. The park displays life-size models of the dinosaurs along with details of each period in which they existed and the characteristics of the animals. The fossils were found in the Songhir Bagh Basin, the Himatnagar basin of Balasinor, south-eastern parts of Kheda, Panchmahal and Vadodara districts of the state. Gallery References Paleontology in India Protected areas of Gujarat Fossil trackways Fossil parks in India Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad district Cretaceous paleontological sites of Asia Protected areas with year of establishment missing","title":"Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park"},{"docid":"46961985","text":"Jurassic Park Builder was a 2012 construction and management simulation video game developed and published by Ludia for iOS and Android operating systems, as well as Facebook. The game, based on the Jurassic Park series, allows the player to build a theme park featuring extinct animals. Ludia ended the game's support as of March 30, 2020. In 2015, Ludia released a sequel to the game titled Jurassic World: The Game, to coincide with the release of the film Jurassic World. Gameplay Jurassic Park Builder is a freemium game consisting of two-dimensional landscape renderings and three-dimensional creatures. The player's objective is to build and maintain a Jurassic Park theme park. The player begins the game with a basic home base, while expansion of the park is done by clearing land. To create dinosaurs, the player must clear away trees and rocks to locate prehistoric mosquitos, which are trapped in amber and contain dinosaur DNA. In a laboratory, the player then attempts to unlock the DNA from the mosquito. If the player is successful, then a dinosaur egg is created. Amber is sometimes discovered when the player clears land for park expansion. Basic mission objectives are given to the player by characters from the first two films: Alan Grant, John Hammond, Ian Malcolm, and Kelly Curtis. Dr. Henry Wu, a park scientist, also appears in the game, which features no characters from the film Jurassic Park III. Mission objectives include constructing roads and feeding creatures in the park. Completing missions ultimately gives the player the ability to create new buildings and conduct research for cloning new dinosaurs. Buildings include hotels and theme park attractions, including tour vehicles that travel along a path determined by the player. Revenue is earned through the buildings and dinosaurs that are located in the park. Revenue is collected in regular intervals, and the player can earn more money by feeding the dinosaurs to level them up. Although the dinosaurs do not require food to survive, feeding the animals will level them up, resulting in higher profits for the player. Carnivorous and herbivorous creatures require their own supply of food, which must be managed by the player to avoid running out. The player can choose to pay real money to purchase in-game currency, as well as supplies such as dinosaur food. Various aspects of the game take time to progress, including the hatching of dinosaur eggs, the clearing of forest land, and shipments of food from the mainland. The player can pay real currency to speed up these parts of the game. In a minigame titled \"Red Zone\", the player must tap on a specific dinosaur to prevent it from escaping its enclosure. In addition to breakouts, the player is occasionally given the option to respond to other emergencies such as storms. Responding to emergencies earns the player additional in-game currency. Aside from Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar, the game features two additional parks that the player can create: Aquatic Park, located on Nublar's seabed, featuring extinct aquatic","title":"Jurassic Park Builder"},{"docid":"524169","text":"High concept is a type of artistic work that can be easily pitched with a succinctly stated premise. It can be contrasted with low concept, which is more concerned with character development and other subtleties that are not as easily summarized. The origin of the term is disputed. Terminology High-concept narratives are typically characterised by an overarching \"what if?\" scenario that catalyses the following events. Many summer blockbuster movies are built on a high-concept idea, such as \"what if we could clone dinosaurs?\" as in Jurassic Park. High-concept narratives differ from analogous narratives. In the case of the latter, a high-concept story may be employed to allow commentary on an implicit subtext. A prime example of this might be George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, which asks, \"What if we lived in a future of totalitarian government?\" while simultaneously generating social comment and critique aimed at Orwell's own (real-world) contemporary society. Similarly, the Gene Roddenberry sci-fi series Star Trek went beyond the high concept storytelling of a futurist starship crew, by addressing 20th century social issues in a hypothetical and defamiliarising context. Planet of the Apes (1968) likewise engages in social commentary regarding race relations and other topics from modern human society via the lens of the ape civilization, in part as a response by screenplay co-writer Rod Serling to his experiences of anti-semitism. Characteristics The term is often applied to films that are pitched and developed almost entirely upon an engaging premise with broad appeal, rather than standing upon complex character study, cinematography, or other strengths that relate more to the artistic execution of a production. Extreme examples of high-concept films are Snakes on a Plane and Sharknado, which describe their entire premises in their titles. A movie described as being \"high-concept\" is considered easy to sell to a wide audience because it delivers upon an easy-to-grasp idea. This simple narrative can often be summed up with a single iconic image, such as the theme park logo from Jurassic Park. Along with having well-defined genre and aesthetics, high-concept films have marketing guidelines known as \"the look, the hook and the book\". The look of the film is simply how visually appealing it is to the public, usually before its release. Jurassic Park would show the world dinosaurs as they had never been seen before. The hook is the story the film is trying to sell to its audience. Everyone wanted to know how dinosaurs could walk the Earth again after being extinct for 65 million years and how they would coexist with people. The book can be labeled as all the merchandise made to help promote the film. The merchandise in Jurassic Park was destined to sell well, with people wanting the T-shirts and lunch boxes that were shown for sale within the movie itself, with similar merchandise later to be sold at Universal Studios in the gift shop connected to the Jurassic Park ride. Commercial benefits High-concept television series and movies often rely on pre-sold properties such as movie stars","title":"High concept"},{"docid":"61769736","text":"Battle at Big Rock is a 2019 American short film directed by Colin Trevorrow. It is part of the Jurassic Park franchise and follows the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018). It stars André Holland, Natalie Martinez, Melody Hurd, and Pierson Salvador. The short premiered on FX on September 15, 2019 and was subsequently released online. Plot Set one year after the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, a blended family from Oakland, California goes on a camping trip at the fictional Big Rock National Park in Northern California, approximately from where dinosaurs from Fallen Kingdom were let loose. The film chronicles the first major confrontation between humans and the dinosaurs. The family is enjoying their camping when they are suddenly greeted by a Nasutoceratops and her baby. To their terror, an adult Allosaurus attacks the Nasutoceratops baby and the mother tries to protect her baby. A battle ensues between the two dinosaurs and the family decide to hide inside their RV. Eventually, a third Nasutoceratops appears from the woods, driving back the Allosaurus. The Nasutoceratops escape and the baby of the family starts crying. Hearing the cry, the Allosaurus starts wrecking the RV apart in order to feed on the family hiding inside. After the RV is completely destroyed, the parents and the son begin to fear for the worst. To their relief, their daughter shoots the Allosaurus in its head and eye with a crossbow, which causes the dinosaur to flee. They embrace, though are in complete shock over what just happened. During the closing credits, found footage clips of dinosaurs and other creatures are shown including a pack of Compsognathus chasing after a scared little girl, a Stegosaurus causing a car to swerve and drive off a cliff, fishermen in a boat peacefully passing by a Parasaurolophus on the banks of a river, a Mosasaurus eating a great white shark after the shark eats a seal, and a Pteranodon swooping at a dove that had just been released at a wedding. Cast André Holland as Dennis, the father of the family Natalie Martinez as Mariana, the mother of the family Melody Hurd as Kadasha, Dennis's daughter Pierson Salvador as Mateo, Mariana's son Chris Finlayson as Greg, a friend of the family Noah and Ethan Cole as Dennis and Mariana's baby son and Kadasha and Mateo's half-brother Production Development The idea for the film originated when Universal Studios asked Trevorrow if he would be interested in making a potential Jurassic World short film, and he accepted. Trevorrow wrote the short film with Emily Carmichael, who was already working with him to write Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The short film's story remained the same throughout the project's history, as Trevorrow believed the next logical step for the franchise would be for campers to encounter dinosaurs following the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. To maintain secrecy on the project, no auditions or casting calls were held. A casting director who knew Trevorrow helped lead a secretive search for","title":"Battle at Big Rock"},{"docid":"2343984","text":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by DreamWorks Interactive and Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Electronic Arts and Sega for the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, respectively, in 1997. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. In 1998, a special edition of the game was released for the Sony PlayStation as a Greatest Hits title and featured several modifications to the gameplay. Gameplay The Saturn and PlayStation versions feature identical gameplay. The game features a side-scroller perspective. There are 5 characters in all throughout the course of the game, each with their own special abilities and attributes: Compsognathus, Human Hunter, Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, and Sarah Harding, who is also known as the \"Human Prey\". During gameplay, the character must complete all levels sequentially to gain access to the next character. For each character, there are \"DNA bonuses\" in each level that can be collected for access to storyboard art for that particular character. Actor Jeff Goldblum briefly reprised his role as Ian Malcolm for a secret ending that the player can access if every DNA bonus is collected. The secret ending is a video of Goldblum congratulating the player for finishing the game, but suggesting to go outside and do other activities instead. The Lost World: Jurassic Park ignores the plot of the film, despite featuring some of its dinosaurs and being set on \"Site B\", an island also known as Isla Sorna and used as InGen's dinosaur breeding site. The plot varies with every character, each one struggling to survive on the island, populated by over 20 species of dinosaurs in an environment of escalating chaos. Item pickups for the dinosaur characters are limited to food needed to maintain their strength, while item pickups for the human characters include gas canisters, automatic weapons, health refills, and rocket launchers. The playable dinosaurs' chapters consist of traversing various parts of the island, defending against other predators as well as InGen hunters. The \"Human Hunter\" chapters are largely based in more urban environments, including an underground complex, a geothermal center and an InGen lab. Although objectives are never elaborated on, the Hunter's goal is to eliminate any dinosaur threat. The final chapters involve Harding escaping the island on a cargo ship. Development DreamWorks Interactive announced that they were working on a video game based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park in the third quarter of 1996. In March 1997, Electronic Arts announced that it had secured the distribution and publishing rights for a PlayStation video game adaptation of the film, as part of a deal with DreamWorks. During the first two months of pre-production, producer Patrick Gilmore held daily meetings with his development team to develop a variety of ideas for the game. The ideas were ultimately put into a concept document that included more than 100 pages, some of which offered storyboards and detailed descriptions of each scene","title":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)"},{"docid":"61908847","text":"Jurassic World Live is a live show produced by Feld Entertainment and NBCUniversal based on the Jurassic World franchise. The show started touring arenas around the United States in September 2019, beginning with the Schottenstein Center in Columbus, Ohio. Show Jurassic World Live Tour is a live arena show. Twenty-four dinosaurs are included in the show with seven species in total. These dinosaurs include a 43-foot long T. rex that weighs 8,000 lbs., Blue, the Velociraptor from the Jurassic World franchise, and Pteranodons that will swoop down and pick performers up during the show. The dinosaurs move through animatronics (for the larger dinosaurs) and live acting (for the smaller dinosaurs) in which \"dinoteers\" walk the dinosaurs around the arena while wearing dinosaur costumes. The show also features stunts using props such as a Jurassic World Jeep, motorcycles and a Gyrosphere. The show is canon. The production crew consulted with Steven Spielberg, Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall during the creation of the show, ensuring that there were no continuity errors between the show and the Jurassic World story, as well as ensuring that the dinosaurs, props and tone of the show aligned with that of the Jurassic World franchise. The show features the original score from the movies. Storyline The Jurassic World Live Tour show follows an original storyline that takes place at some point between the first two Jurassic World movies. The story is written by Shawn Thomas and Steve Jarczak and directed by Dan Shipton and Ross Nicholson. The story begins on the day Jurassic World falls and ends before the beginning of the adventures shown in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The story will focus around a team of scientists led by Dr. Kate Walker that have been working on a \"Dino-Decoder,\" a device that allows humans to understand dinosaur emotions. After the Indominus rex escapes on Isla Nublar, the team becomes separated. It is not until later on when the \"Dino-Decoder\" sends out a signal that the team discovers that Jeannie - a Troodon that the team had been testing the device on - is still alive. As the team sets out on a quest to save her, they discover that InGen still intends to weaponize dinosaurs and that they are intrigued by the \"Dino-Decoder\" and Jeannie. The adventure moves to an InGen facility in Chile, where conflict breaks out featuring dinosaur-on-dinosaur and dinosaur-on-human battles. The story then circles back to Isla Nublar. References Works based on Jurassic Park","title":"Jurassic World Live"},{"docid":"56188730","text":"Dinosaur suits are a type of costumed character or creature suit resembling a dinosaur. Dinosaur suits are also called dinosaur costumes. Such costumes were used in film and television and as mascots for decades, reflecting dinosaurs' prominence in the arts and entertainment. Usually operators use two cable-pulled handle to control the motions. Realistic dinosaur suits also gained popularity for live shows following the success of Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. An experienced performer can make lifelike movements with a dinosaur suit. They are also used in theme parks and in an educational context at various museums. Inflatable dinosaur suits have been used for pranks, gags, and protests. Film and television Dinosaur suits were first used in early monster movies, such as Gorgo (1961), which featured a T-Rex like monster. They continued to be used in films such as Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend (1985) which used animatronic brontosaurus suits with radio-controlled heads, and in television series like Dinosaurs (1991), a sitcom with a family of dinosaurs. The film Jurassic Park (1993) used dinosaur suits for some of the creatures, such as Velociraptor and Deinonychus. In modern-day movies such as Jurassic World (2015), this was instead done using CGI. In children's television, Barney, an anthropomorphic purple dinosaur, was used in the show Barney & Friends alongside other dinosaurs, becoming widely known in pop culture. Live action Some sports teams have dinosaur mascots represented by costumes, such as Arsenal F.C., Toronto Raptors, Colorado Rockies, Calgary Dinos and NC Dinos. For Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular, puppet-suits of dinosaurs such as the baby T-Rex and Utahraptors were created by Creature Technology Co. for use on stage alongside larger remote-controlled animatronics. These suits had the performer's legs visible, to make the leg shape more realistic. Feathers were later added to them due to recent discoveries about dinosaur plumage. Because of the show's ongoing popularity, these types of suits also became popular for live appearances, with and without the performer's visible legs, and including other types of suits such as two-person triceratops and stegosaurus costumes. As part of their Jurassic Park attractions, Universal Studios created several realistic dinosaur suits for their theme parks, including Velociraptors and a life size adult Triceratops that was also used to advertise the movies. The dinosaur suits utilised in Universal studios appear to replicate the method used for the dinosaurs in the classic Jurassic Park films. They are capable of complex behaviours such as roaring, snapping, trying to eat the guests or even showing affection in ways such as rubbing their heads or noses on the guests. Dinosaur suits created by the company Erth are used to teach students about dinosaurs at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in the \"Dinosaur Encounters\" show, including a baby triceratops and baby T-Rex. The vocalizations of the suits are made by the performers themselves through a microphone and speaker. Other museums also began to use dinosaur suits as attractions, such as THEMUSEUM in Ontario. In 2015,","title":"Dinosaur suit"},{"docid":"32242633","text":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It was released on September 16, 1997. By this time the Genesis was near the end of its commercial lifespan, and months went by between new software releases for the console. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. Gameplay Unlike the previous Jurassic Park games for the Genesis, the game features a bird's-eye view perspective similar to Jurassic Park on the Super NES. The player assumes the role of an unnamed character who must capture dinosaurs on Isla Sorna, while stopping rival hunters from transporting dinosaurs to the mainland. The game consists of nineteen missions spread across four sections of the island, referred to as Sites One through Four. Boss levels must be played at the end of each Site in order to advance to the next Site. Two players can work together in Cooperative Mode, or work against each other in Competitive Mode. Weapons such as a taser, tranquilizer gun, shotgun and grenades can be used against hunters and dinosaurs. At times, the player can control vehicles such as an SUV and a hovercraft. Development The game was originally scheduled to release in August 1997. This was pushed to September 1997. Reception Game Informer gave the game an 8.25 out of 10 and wrote, \"We can honestly say that this game is more fun than the PlayStation/Saturn version. [...] We'd love to see more titles like The Lost World for Genesis. It's entertaining and pushes the Genesis to its limits.\" Game Informer also praised the game's graphics, but noted \"when there's a lot of on-screen action, the slow down does become frustrating.\" GamePro instead considered the graphics unimpressive by Genesis standards, citing muted colors, simple backgrounds, and small sprites. The reviewer also described the gameplay as boring. See also Jurassic Park video games The Lost World: Jurassic Park (video game), a listing of games based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park References External links 1997 video games Cooperative_video_games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Sega Genesis games Sega Genesis-only games Video games developed in Hungary Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands","title":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Sega Genesis game)"},{"docid":"14363937","text":"Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! is a 2001 video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure for Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. Gameplay consists of the player(s) going around on a virtual board game map. Knowledge Adventure also concurrently developed and published Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender. Certain aspects of Dino Defender were re-used for Danger Zone!. Gameplay InGen's supply of dinosaur DNA is nearly destroyed after an earthquake comes to Jurassic Park. As in Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender, the player is again cast as a Dino Defender. The player must go to Jurassic Park to retrieve new DNA samples. The game includes a multiplayer for up to 2 players. The Dino Defender Chief, a character who serves as both an authority figure and narrator, returns from the previous game to guide the player through menus. Danger Zone! also recycles several cutscenes, menu designs, animations, and audio from Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender. In the game the tokens are SUVs. The player goes around Jurassic Park on a board-like version of it. The player's mission is to collect four DNA samples from a dinosaur chosen at the start of the game. Dinosaurs include T. rex, Spinosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Compsognathus, Pteranodon, Velociraptor, and Stegosaurus. The player can buy items, which can be used against dinosaurs. Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! features a variety of diverse mini-games. Many mini-games are side-scrolling games that feature the same armored character used in Dino Defender. Other mini-games such as \"Raging Raptors\" involves the player controlling a raptor and fighting another raptor, or hunting in a field to obtain DNA of dinosaurs using a helicopter. When the player has filled the \"DNA meter\" with the DNA of the chosen dinosaur, the creature is then cloned and the player wins the game. Reception Christy Wasson of GameZone had expected more action from a Jurassic Park game. She praised the graphics, and the sound effects of the game's helicopters and \"somewhat realistic\" dinosaurs, but also felt that the animation and narration \"could use some work\". Wasson also criticized the game's slow loading times, its easy difficulty, and wrote that having to compete against the computer AI is boring. Wasson also believed the game's concept would have worked better with a different theme, rather than as a board game. Jinny Gudmundsen of USA Today recommended the game for children over the age of 10 because of dinosaur violence. Gudmundsen considered the game's multiplayer option superior to its single-player mode, and said that gameplay could become boring once all the minigames have been played. Jason MacIsaac of The Electric Playground enjoyed the large collection of mini-games, but he criticized the game's long sessions, slow loading times, and the difficulty of the \"Raging Raptors\" mini-game. Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! sold an estimated 210,000 copies, totaling $4.6 million in revenue. In August 2006, Next Generation listed the game at number 97 on its list of \"Top 100 PC Games of the 21st Century\", which","title":"Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!"},{"docid":"4510457","text":"Koparion is a genus of small coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur, from the late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian stage), of Utah. It contains the single named species Koparion douglassi which is known only from a single isolated tooth. Discovery In 1993, Daniel Chure and Brooks Britt reported the discovery of small theropod remains, found by screenwashing large amounts of earth in the Rainbow Park near Dinosaur National Monument in Uintah County, Utah. In 1994, Chure named and described a unique tooth as the type specimen of the new species Koparion douglassi. The generic name Koparion comes from the Ancient Greek κοπάριον, \"small surgical knife\", in reference to the small size of the tooth. The specific name honors Earl Douglass, who, in the early twentieth century, excavated the Dinosaur National Monument quarry. The holotype specimen, DINO 3353, was found in the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation dating from the late Kimmeridgian, about 151 million years old. The taxon is thus present in stratigraphic zone 6 of the Morrison Formation. The specimen consists of a single maxillary (upper cheek) tooth crown (the root is missing). It cannot be determined whether it represents a left or a right tooth. Description The tooth is two millimeters tall and very recurved, with a strongly convex front edge and a nearly vertical back edge. The tooth is stout, with a maximum fore-aft length of 1.9 millimeters. Both edges are serrated, showing low rectangular denticles (individual serrations). The twelve denticles on the rear edge are much higher than the fourteen on the front edge, which cover only the nearly horizontal upper part of the front edge. The tooth base, though very wide, is constricted. The base is asymmetrical, with the right side in front view protruding much further than the left side; because it is not known whether it is a left or right tooth, it cannot be established what is the inner and what the outer side. The denticles are separated by \"blood grooves\", and \"blood pits\" are also present. The back denticles point obliquely upwards but have no hooked upper corners. Classification Chure assigned Koparion to the Troodontidae based on the anatomy of the tooth. At that time, it was the oldest known troodontid, and is the first of that group discovered from the Jurassic. A troodontid presence in the Jurassic was predicted by the standard theory regarding the origin of birds, claiming that birds and troodontids are closely related (Chure suggested that they may even have been sister taxa, though this is not currently supported). Within this context, Koparion could be used to refute the temporal paradox argument, that such a close relationship were unlikely because the then oldest known bird, Archaeopteryx, lived much earlier than the Deinonychosauria, i.e. the Troodontidae and the Dromaeosauridae; later also non-fragmentary Jurassic troodontid material was reported, from China. See also List of dinosaurs Hesperornithoides - Another troodontid reported from the Jurassic. Timeline of troodontid research References Late Jurassic dinosaurs of North America Troodontids Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation Fossil","title":"Koparion"},{"docid":"68464954","text":"Jurassic Park is a 1993 platform game developed and published by Sega for the Game Gear. Another version, with identical gameplay, was also released for the Master System. The game is based on the 1993 film of the same name. It was praised for its graphics, but criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a platform game set at a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. The dinosaurs escape after the failure of the electric fence enclosures, and the player is tasked with rounding up the animals. The game features five areas of Isla Nublar. The player can play the first four areas in any order, but cannot access the final area – Jurassic Park's Visitor Center – until the others are completed. Each area begins with a driving level, played from a side-scrolling perspective, as the player shoots at oncoming dinosaurs. The player then proceeds on foot, and is armed with three weapons. The player can jump and hang from ledges. Medical kits can be collected to refill the player's health bar, while bottles can be collected to expand the health bar. At the end of each area is a boss enemy, such as Brachiosaurus, Pteranodon, Triceratops, and Velociraptor. The final boss enemy is a Tyrannosaurus rex. The Master System version has identical gameplay. In both versions, Jurassic Park is opened to the public upon completion of the game. Reception Jurassic Park received praise for its graphics, but was criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Sega Visions wrote: \"Even without the hot Jurassic Park license, this portable action game would stand on its own with solid graphics and game play\". Richard Longhurst of Sega Power called it \"the most shameful film licence game ever to disgrace the Gear\". Rob Pegley, also writing for Sega Power, reviewed the Master System version and found the gameplay to be unoriginal. The game was generally praised by four critics writing for Electronic Gaming Monthly, although two were unimpressed with the driving portions of the game. Mean Machines opined that the game had a lack of levels and variety. The game's music received praise and criticism. \"Scary Larry\" of GamePro stated that the sound effects \"are stale, but effective\", writing that the game \"tries to emulate the roar of the beasts and the sounds of the jungle, but the dinosaurs end up sounding sickly\". Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games praised the sampled dinosaur roars. Mean Machines found them to be \"awful\", and also criticized the \"instantly forgettable music\". References External links Jurassic Park at MobyGames 1993 video games Jurassic Park video games Game Gear games Master System games Platformers Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Single-player video games","title":"Jurassic Park (Game Gear video game)"},{"docid":"11134473","text":"Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender is a 2001 side-scrolling video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure. It is based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. The player is depicted as a person in a bio-mechanical suit hired by Jurassic Park to bring power back to the electrified fences and capture all the free-roaming dinosaurs. A modified version of the game's first level, as well as some of the game's animation and audio, was re-used for another video game titled Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!, also developed and published by Knowledge Adventure. Plot After a training mission, the player is shown a cutscene of a typhoon raging across Jurassic Park, a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Sorna. Power to the island and its electrified fences is cut off from the storm, allowing the dinosaurs to escape. The player is briefed that all the dinosaurs must be captured \"before they destroy one another\". The player controls a Dino Defender, a person inside a bio-mechanical suit. The character first lands on a beach with a few Compsognathus on it. Soon after, the character runs into some Velociraptors at a small cliff. The character advances and then must swim while avoiding jellyfish and purple seaweed. The character advances to an underwater cavern, where raptors and stegosaurs are encountered and must be captured or avoided. The character then discovers a steep ravine and is knocked over a cliff by a Pteranodon. The character climbs the cliff, jumping over many gaps while avoiding pterosaurs. At the top of the cliff, the character escapes baby pteranodons and a Tyrannosaurus rex. The T. rex then chases the character and falls down a pit after it crosses an unstable bridge, but survives. The character goes into the jungle and avoids additional dinosaurs, before going down a waterfall. The character avoids a T. rex and discovers a construction elevator. A Spinosaurus arrives and the character escapes on vines. The T. rex and Spinosaurus face off, with the Spinosaurus fleeing. The character moves from the Tyrannosaurus pen to tunnels, where more Velociraptors must be captured. The character escapes to the visitor center and encounters the Spinosaurus. The character activates flip switches which cause the visitor center's dinosaur skeletons to crush the Spinosaurus. After leaving the visitor center, multiple helicopters fly off with the dinosaurs the character had tranquilized. Gameplay The six levels of Dino Defender consist of fast-paced quick thinking challenges. The player must move around obstacles and find supply boxes, switch on circuit breakers and avoid dinosaurs. Helicopters drop supply boxes onto the island, which contain gear such as a net, a tranquilizer or a distractor flare which can be used to capture or distract dinosaurs. \"Call boxes\" can be used to lure dinosaurs and various other weapons to tranquilize them. \"Circuit Breakers\" scattered around the island can be switched on to activate the island's electricity. To collect gear to capture/tranquilize a certain dinosaur, the player must find a 'supply box' which contains a","title":"Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"70560227\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game, the first to be developed by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall. It is based on the first five films in the Jurassic Park franchise. After years in development, the game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, and quickly achieved its $100,000 fundraising goal. It was released in October 2022. Early reception was generally positive. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game for two to four players, ages 10 and up. The game follows the plots of the first five Jurassic Park films. It is set on Isla Nublar, the fictional island featured in several films. As in the first Jurassic Park film, the players' goal is to build a dinosaur theme park on the island and achieve a lasting legacy. Gameplay takes place across 12 sessions spanning the events of the five films. Players choose from several playable characters, including Dr. Alan Grant, Dr. Ellie Sattler, Dr. Ian Malcolm, John Hammond, Dr. Henry Wu, and Robert Muldoon. The game also introduces several original characters and scenarios not seen in the films. The game initially features four dinosaurs, and eight additional creatures can be encountered as the game progresses. Dinosaurs are represented as mini figures, while humans take the form of cardboard tabs placed into plastic holders. Gameplay generally revolves around the dinosaurs, such as avoiding carnivores or protecting herbivores. Players can also survey areas, enter buildings to play mini-games, and search for items such as tools and weapons. New gameplay mechanics are introduced throughout to alter the experience. Players must work together as a team and agree on what action to take, as their choices in one session can have permanent consequences in future sessions. For instance, stickers are placed on the board as the game progresses, representing locations or other elements that become permanent. Development and release Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar was in development for years. It was created by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall, marking its first legacy game. It is also the first film-based legacy game. Prospero Hall cited the COVID-19 pandemic as its biggest challenge in creating the game. The dinosaur figures are scaled-down replicas based on animations by Industrial Light & Magic, which worked on the CGI dinosaurs in each film. The development team tried to strike a balance with the original films while introducing new characters and story ideas to improve gameplay. In designing the game's look, Prospero Hall referred to old issues of adventure magazines and Scientific American, as well as maps and tourism pamphlets from the 1950s. As a result, the instruction manual and other game documents are designed in a 1950s pulp fiction comic style. The game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, quickly reaching its $100,000 fundraising goal. The game was released in October 2022, selling for $120. It is Prospero\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72820001\",\n \"text\": \"Velociraptor was popularized by its appearance in the Jurassic Park franchise, which features numerous individuals. They first appear in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, followed by a 1993 film adaptation from director Steven Spielberg, which spawned a series of films. Despite their name, Crichton heavily based the Velociraptors on the larger Deinonychus, and this was carried over into the films. The on-screen raptors were created using several production methods, including animatronics by Stan Winston and CGI by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). The 2015 film Jurassic World introduces a group of named raptors who are being trained in a research program. Among these is an individual named Blue, who returns in the sequels Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The concept of trained raptors was conceived by Spielberg, who served as executive producer on the Jurassic World films. Blue is among the most popular Jurassic Park/World dinosaurs and, alongside Rexy the Tyrannosaurus, has become a fan favorite in the franchise. Appearances In Crichton's original novel and the film adaptation, dinosaurs have been genetically engineered by InGen for a theme park on the fictional Isla Nublar. The Velociraptors are portrayed as intelligent pack hunters. They terrorize the main characters and are responsible for several deaths, including that of Ray Arnold. They also stalk Lex and Tim Murphy in a restaurant kitchen at the park's visitor center. The raptors are overseen by park warden Robert Muldoon, who is killed by them as well in the film. Muldoon notes that the raptors possess problem-solving intelligence and fast speeds reaching 60 miles per hour. Raptors are also featured in Crichton's sequel novel The Lost World and its film adaptation The Lost World: Jurassic Park, both taking place at InGen's abandoned site on Isla Sorna. The raptors again terrorize and kill several characters. A different group of raptors are featured in the 2001 film Jurassic Park III, also set on Isla Sorna. In the film, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant states that raptor intelligence was superior to that of primates. If not for the extinction of dinosaurs, Grant believes that raptors may have risen to become the dominant species on Earth. He theorizes that their intelligence came from an ability to communicate with each other, using their resonating chambers, a theory that is later proven when he encounters InGen's raptors on the island. In Jurassic World, Blue is the oldest of the four Velociraptors trained by Owen Grady for a research program on Isla Nublar, the site of a new theme park. She and her three younger sisters, Charlie, Delta, and Echo, are later used to hunt down the escaped hybrid dinosaur Indominus rex, only to turn against their trainer when accepting the Indominus as their new alpha. Later, Blue is the first to change her loyalty back to Owen and fight against the Indominus. After the rest of her pack is killed by the hybrid, Blue joins a battle between a T. rex (Rexy) and the Indominus, who is then\",\n \"title\": \"Velociraptors in Jurassic Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56601569\",\n \"text\": \"ReBecca Hunt-Foster is an American paleontologist. She has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous of the Colorado Plateau, Rocky Mountains, Southcentral, and the Southwestern United States of America. She described the dinosaur Arkansaurus fridayi and identified the first juvenile Torosaurus occurrences from Big Bend National Park in North America in 2008. Career Mulberry High School, Mulberry, Arkansas. 1998 B.S. Earth Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 2003 M.S. Geology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. 2005 Hunt-Foster is the park paleontologist for the National Park Service at Dinosaur National Monument, where she has worked since August 2018. Previously she was the district paleontologist for the Bureau of Land Management–Utah, where she has worked from 2013 to 2018. She was employed for five years as paleontology collections manager at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2007 to 2012 and a research assistant at Augustana College from 2005 to 2008. Professional work Hunt-Foster's current research includes Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaurs from North America, the Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation paleofauna of western Colorado, the ichnofauna of the lower Jurassic to lower Cretaceous rocks of southeastern Utah. ReBecca has worked as a paleontologist in western Colorado and eastern Utah since 2007. Prior to moving to the area, ReBecca was a research assistant at Augustana College where she worked on latest Cretaceous ceratopsian dinosaurs from southern Laramidia and preparing Cryolophosaurus, the first known dinosaur from Antarctica. She has also worked on Precambrian stromatolites and the geology of Glacier National Park. Popular books Hunt-Foster is the coauthor of \\\"Behavioral interpretations from chasmosaurine ceratopsid bonebeds: a review.\\\" with Andrew Farke, in the 2010 book New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. References Bibliography Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K. 2016. The Macomb Expedition. Sojourns: Landscapes for the People 11(2): 58-59. Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K., Martin G. Lockley, Andrew R.C. Milner, John R. Foster, Neffra A. Matthews. Brent H. Breithaupt, and Joshua A. Smith. 2016. Tracking dinosaurs in BLM Canyon Country, Utah: Geology of the Intermountain West 3: 67–100 Kirkland, James I., Marina Suarez, Celina Suarez, and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, 2016. The Lower Cretaceous in east-central Utah—the Cedar Mountain Formation and its bounding strata: Geology of the Intermountain West 3: 101–228 Foster, John R. and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster. 2015. First report of a giant neosuchian (Crocodyliformes) in the Williams Fork Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Colorado. Cretaceous Research 55: 66-73. Kirkland, Jim, John Foster, ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, Gregory A. Liggett, and Kelli Trujillo. 2014. Mid-Mesozoic: The Age of Dinosaurs in Transition. Conference Proceedings, 88p. Trujillo, Kelli C., John R. Foster, ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, and Kevin R. Chamberlain. 2014. A U/Pb age for the Mygatt-Moore Quarry, Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Mesa County, Colorado. Volumina Jurassica XII(2): 107-114. Lockley, Martin G., ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, John R. Foster, Ken Cart, and Scott Gerwe. 2014. Early Jurassic track assemblages from the Granite Creek Area of Eastern Utah. In Lockley, M.G. and Lucas, S.G., eds., Fossil footprints of western North America. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 62: 205-210 Lockley, Martin G.,\",\n \"title\": \"ReBecca Hunt-Foster\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14222404\",\n \"text\": \"Carnosaur (1984) is a horror novel written by Australian author John Brosnan, under the pseudonym of Harry Adam Knight. A film adaptation was made in 1993 by Adam Simon. The novel bears several similarities to Michael Crichton's Jurassic Park, though Carnosaur preceded the latter work by six years. Brosnan feared that the public would have thought that his Gollancz reissue of Carnosaur would have been seen as a plagiarism to Jurassic Park. He admitted he liked the scene in the Crichton novel film adaption involving dinosaurs rampaging through a museum, as it bore direct similarities to an incident featured in Carnosaur. Plot Set in a rural village near Cambridgeshire, England, the novel opens at a chicken farm which is attacked one night by a mysterious creature, leaving both the farmer and his wife dead. A story circulates that the killer was a Siberian tiger that had escaped the private zoo of an eccentric lord named Darren Penward. A reporter named David Pascal investigates the carnage, and notices that the blood-stained room where the attack occurred has been thoroughly cleansed in a seeming attempt at covering the killer's footprints. A few days later, the creature attacks a stable, killing a horse, the keeper, and her daughter, leaving one survivor, an eight-year-old boy. Pascal arrives at the scene, only to find Penward's men already there, towing a concealed animal with a helicopter. Pascal interviews the boy, who reveals that the killer was not a tiger, but in fact a dinosaur. After unsuccessfully trying to interview Penward's men, Pascal moves on and begins a sexual relationship with Penward's nymphomaniac wife, who eventually takes him into her private quarters. From there, Pascal enters the zoo, only to discover that it's filled with dinosaurs. He is captured and given a tour of the establishment. He sees a variety of different species, mostly carnivores, including the dinosaur that had escaped earlier which is identified as a Deinonychus, a sexually-frustrated Megalosaurus, and an adolescent Tarbosaurus. Penward explains that he recreated the dinosaurs by studying the DNA fragments found in fossils, then using them as a basis for restructuring the DNA of chickens. He goes as far as saying that he intends to let his dinosaurs loose in remote areas of the world where they could flourish and eventually spread after what he considers an inevitable Third World War. Pascal is imprisoned, only to be rescued by Lady Penward, but only after promising that he permanently commit to her. As they make their escape, Pascal notices that his ex-girlfriend Jenny Stamper, also a reporter, has been caught in the act of infiltrating Penward's zoo as well. Enraged at his insistence on helping her, Lady Penward releases the dinosaurs and other animals present in the zoo. In the chaos, the Tarbosaurus destroys Penward's helicopter and heavy machine gun before it can get in the air. The Deinonychus pursues Pascal and Jenny through Penward's museum, with the two getting away when it is tricked into attacking its own reflection due\",\n \"title\": \"Carnosaur (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10718863\",\n \"text\": \"Garden Park is a paleontological site in Fremont County, Colorado, known for its Jurassic dinosaurs and the role the specimens played in the infamous Bone Wars of the late 19th century. Located north of Cañon City, the name originates from the area providing vegetables to the miners at nearby Cripple Creek in the 19th century. Garden Park proper is a triangular valley surrounded by cliffs on the southeast and southwest and by mountains to the north; however, the name is also refers to the dinosaur sites on top and along the cliffs. The dinosaur sites now form the Garden Park Paleontological Resource Area, which is overseen by the Bureau of Land Management. Geology Garden Park was formed by erosion of sedimentary rocks that have been distorted by uplift of the Rocky Mountains. The region is bisected by Four Mile Creek (also called Oil Creek), which has carved a canyon through the Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. One of these Mesozoic strata is the Morrison Formation, which is exposed within the canyon. However, because the formation contains high amounts of swelling clays, large faulted blocks or slump-blocks of the formation are slowly moving towards the creek. The result is to make it difficult to correlate the various dinosaur quarries because exposures are limited and not continuous. The formation in Garden Park can be divided informally into a lower and upper unit. The lower unit is composed primarily green and gray mudstones, with numerous lenticular, white to tan to gray sandstones. The upper is composed mostly of red mudstone, with lesser amounts of yellowish, often tabular sandstone. These two units probably correspond to the Tidwell, Saltwash and Brushy Basin members of the Morrison Formation on the Colorado Plateau. Dinosaurs The discovery of dinosaurs in the Garden Park area has been presented numerous times by Schuchert and LeVene, Shur, Ostrom and McIntosh, and Jaffe. Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope both produced major finds here. The lesser known post-Marsh and Cope collecting of dinosaurs has been presented by Monaco. She recounts the expeditions by the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in the early 20th century, the Denver Museum of Natural History in the 1930 and 1990s, and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in the mid-1950s. Dinosaurs from Garden Park on display include Allosaurus fragilis, Diplodocus longus, Ceratosaurus nasicornis, and Stegosaurus stenops at the National Museum of Natural History, Haplocanthosaurus delfsi at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and Othnielosaurus consors (then called Othnielia rex), Stegosaurus stenops and a clutch of Preprismatoolithus coloradensis eggs at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Major vertebrate quarries references (h) = holotype References External links Garden Park Fossil Area - Bureau of Land Management Hands On The Land Jurassic Colorado Jurassic paleontological sites of North America Morrison Formation Paleontology in Colorado Protected areas of Fremont County, Colorado Bureau of Land Management areas in Colorado\",\n \"title\": \"Garden Park, Colorado\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54555989\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic World: The Game is a simulation video game developed by Ludia and based on the 2015 film Jurassic World. It is a sequel to Ludia's earlier game, Jurassic Park Builder (2012), and features similar gameplay. The Chinese servers for the game shut down on January 4, 2021 making it unplayable there, but is still playable in other parts of the world. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Game is set on the fictional Costa Rican islands of Isla Nublar and Isla Sorna, where the player is put in control of constructing a Jurassic World theme park. The player can add buildings and create dinosaurs to populate the park. The game features creatures like dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles, among other prehistoric animals. The combat, in which the player chooses an animal to fight against a rival's animal, uses a system of action points that will increase with each turn while making use of each animals' weaknesses. By obtaining a collection of creatures, the player maintains the park by completing missions assigned to them by the characters. The player can erect buildings and decorations to increase revenue. Each rank unlocks new Battle Stages and buildings to expand the park. Throughout the game, the players are able to get Card Packs, which can give rare species, new missions or currency. Hybrid animals are available to obtain by fusing two matching dinosaurs with a reached level cap of 40 like combining a Tyrannosaurus and a Velociraptor to form the Indominus rex. Superhybrids can in turn be created by collecting specific DNA and fusing it with an existing hybrid. The park also includes an aquatic and Cenozoic sections, with many species present that are not dinosaurs. The game supports the use of Hasbro's Jurassic World Brawlasaurus toys, which could be scanned by players and incorporated into the game for battles. Development and release Jurassic World: The Game was announced by Universal Pictures in October 2014, as part of its promotional plans for the 2015 film Jurassic World. Ludia released the game for iOS in April 2015, to coincide with the release of the film. It was released shortly after for Android in May 2015. Reception Patrick Klepek of Kotaku criticized the game for its use of in-game advertisements. Nadia Oxford of Gamezebo gave the game three stars out of five. Oxford noted the realistic dinosaur models, but wrote that the game \\\"combines mediocre park-building with mediocre dino-battling. It's competent and by gosh it (mostly) looks glorious, but there isn't a lot here that differentiates the game from standard park-builders\\\". Gamezebo considered the game to be \\\"pretty much Jurassic Park Builder part II, except the parks you create in that three-year-old game seem a lot more colorful and joyful than the washed-out grey fairgrounds you create in Jurassic World\\\". References External links Official website 2015 video games Amusement park simulation games Business simulation games Android (operating system) games IOS games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Video games developed in Canada Video games\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic World: The Game\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61217127\",\n \"text\": \"Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit is a two-part animated television special that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Inspired by the Lego toyline, it was aired on NBC in the United States on November 29, 2018. It was later released on DVD in North America as a 43-minute film by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment on January 15, 2019. The special was followed by the 13-episode miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar in 2019. Plot Set in 2012, Simon Masrani is planning a secretive new exhibit at his Jurassic World dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Park worker Claire Dearing is responsible for ensuring that three dinosaurs – Baryonyx, Carnotaurus and Stygimoloch – are transported from Isla Sorna to Isla Nublar to become part of the new exhibit. If Claire does well, Simon will make her assistant manager of park operations. Animal behaviorist Owen Grady is hired to transport the dinosaurs to Isla Nublar, along with four Velociraptor eggs. Owen and his helicopter pilot face a thunderstorm while transporting the dinosaurs, but eventually reach Isla Nublar safely. Upon arrival, the eggs hatch and Vic Hoskins is intent on training the velociraptors to obey commands. Owen is disappointed to learn that his job is not over yet, as he still has to transport the three dinosaurs by truck to the other side of Isla Nublar. During the transportation, a boy hijacks a park tour vehicle and takes it for a joyride across the island. Owen, accompanied by his dog Red, follows the boy and stops him. Claire proceeds with transporting the dinosaurs on her own. Meanwhile, Simon wants his scientists, Dr. Henry Wu and Allison Miles, to create a new dinosaur attraction to increase park attendance. Eventually, he decides to have them bake dinosaur-themed cookies to accompany the opening of his new exhibit. In the second half of the special, disgruntled park worker Danny Nedermeyer infiltrates the park's control room and secretly sabotages operations. Owen reunites with Claire and helps her transport the dinosaurs. At Owen's insistence, they take a shortcut, but their truck plummets down a hill and crashes, and the caged dinosaurs escape. In addition, Danny shuts down power to one of the dinosaur enclosures, allowing the park's Tyrannosaurus rex to escape. Owen manages to get the dinosaurs contained, and Vic is impressed with Owen's ability to control the animals. Owen agrees to Vic's job offer to train the four baby raptors. Simon's exhibit, consisting of a three-dinosaur carousel, opens to the public. Danny is revealed to be the nephew of Dennis Nedry as he secretly vows to continue his efforts to bring down Jurassic World. Cast Britt McKillip as Claire Dearing Ian Hanlin as Owen Grady Dhirendra as Simon Masrani Alex Zahara as Vic Hoskins Vincent Tong as Dr. Henry Wu, ACU Team Member, Boy, Captain Bethany Brown as Allison Miles, Mom Adrian Petriw as Danny Nedermeyer Sabrina Pitre as Park Vet Broadcast In Canada, the special debuted on\",\n \"title\": \"Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12154291\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is a score of the 2001 film of the same name. It was orchestrated, composed and conducted by Don Davis and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. Davis incorporated John Williams' themes from the previous films into the score. Background and composition John Williams had previously composed the film soundtracks Jurassic Park (1993) and The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). As Jurassic Park III was underway, Williams was busy working on the A.I. Artificial Intelligence soundtrack and suggested Don Davis to handle the Jurassic Park III score. According to Davis: \\\"I suspect he wasn't too interested in doing the third part of a franchise that he said goodbye to sometime before\\\". Despite a rumor, James Horner was never considered to compose the film's score. After signing on to the project, Davis became unsure if his score could live up to Williams' work. He listened to the previous Jurassic Park scores, hoping for his own to maintain consistency with them. Some of Williams' prior themes, mostly from the first film, were used in Jurassic Park III, but some were shortened or lengthened to fit certain scenes. Williams provided his original handwritten scores to Davis. One of Williams' themes is used for the returning character of Dr. Alan Grant. Davis also composed a new theme which was supposed to recreate the mending relationship between Paul and Amanda Kirby. The score was recorded with a 104-piece orchestra, with Davis orchestrating and conducting. One track, \\\"Clash of Extinction\\\", was created for a battle scene between a T. rex and Spinosaurus, although Johnston ultimately removed the track. Aside from Davis' score, Johnston chose to include \\\"Big Hat, No Cattle\\\", a song by Randy Newman from his 1999 album Bad Love. Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original cue listing The complete known cue list is as follows (including alternates): \\\"Isla Sorna Sailing Situation\\\" - [4:22] \\\"The Dig Site (Unused)\\\" - [1:07] \\\"They Were Smart\\\" - [1:42] \\\"A Walk in the Park\\\" - [1:21] \\\"Resonating Chamber\\\" - [1:17] \\\"Alan Goes (Album Mix Ending)\\\" - [1:54] \\\"Dinosaur Fly-By (Album)\\\" - [2:12] \\\"What's a Bad Idea (Album)\\\" - [1:03] \\\"Coopers Last Stand\\\" - [1:43] \\\"We Haven't Landed Yet\\\" - [0:40] \\\"Frenzy Fuselage (Album Mix)\\\" - [3:12] \\\"Clash of Extinction (Unused)\\\" - [1:42] \\\"The Kirby's Story\\\" - [4:06] \\\"Bone Man Ben\\\" - [3:38] \\\"Raptor Eggs\\\" - [2:52] \\\"The Raptor Room\\\" - [2:34] \\\"The Raptor Repartee\\\" - [3:26] \\\"Eric Saves Alan\\\" - [1:47] \\\"Tree People\\\" - [2:02] \\\"Nash Calling\\\" - [3:36] \\\"Party Crasher\\\" - [3:17] \\\"Pteranodon Habitat\\\" - [3:01] \\\"Tiny Pecking Pteranodons\\\" - [3:23] \\\"Billy Oblivion\\\" - [2:49] \\\"Brachiosaurus on the Bank\\\" - [2:07] \\\"Reaching for Glory\\\" - [2:31] \\\"Underwater Attack\\\" - [2:11] \\\"Spinosaurus Confrontation\\\" - [3:02] \\\"River Reminiscence\\\" - [1:08] \\\"Ambush and Rescue\\\" - [3:40] \\\"The Hat Returns - End Credits (Album)\\\" - [5:22] \\\"Big Hat, No Cattle (Source)\\\" - [4:26] \\\"Alan Goes (Film Mix)\\\" - [1:50] \\\"Dinosaur Fly-By (Extended Film Version)\\\" - [2:21] \\\"Coopers Last Stand (Film Alternate) \\\" - [1:23] \\\"Frenzy Fuselage\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park III (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9057939\",\n \"text\": \"Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite is an assemblage of fossil dinosaur footprints on public land near Shell, in Big Horn County, Wyoming. They were discovered in 1997 by Erik P. Kvale, a research geologist from the Indiana Geological Survey. The site is managed by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the Red Gulch/Alkali National Back Country Byway and is open to the public. Fossils The fossilized tracks are believed to have been made during the Middle Jurassic Period, 160–180 million years b.p., on what was then a shore of the Sundance Sea. Theropod tracks are thought to be among those discovered, but evidence suggests that the tracks were made by a large, diverse group of dinosaurs. Due to a rarity of Middle Jurassic theropods, the species that made the tracks is currently unknown. The majority of the footprints are in the area dubbed \\\"the ballroom\\\". Besides the trackways, a variety of fossils can be found, including belemnites, crinoids, and shrimp burrows. Geology The tracksite is in a limestone layer in the lower part of the Sundance Formation. Its discovery was somewhat surprising, since the Sundance was historically considered to be marine in nature. Indeed, the layer just above the tracksite contains abundant marine fossils including numerous Gryphaea nebrascensis, indicating that later in the Jurassic it was once again submerged. See also Sundance Formation Fossil trackway Sundance Sea References External links BLM Wyoming.gov: official Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite website Geo-sciences.com: Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite – Wyoming’s Middle Jurassic Treasure Fossil trackways in the United States Fossil parks in the United States Jurassic geology of Wyoming Jurassic paleontological sites of North America Paleontology in Wyoming 1997 in paleontology Protected areas of Big Horn County, Wyoming Bureau of Land Management areas in Wyoming\",\n \"title\": \"Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71450070\",\n \"text\": \"Owen Grady is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in the fourth film Jurassic World (2015), which is also the first installment in the Jurassic World trilogy. Colin Trevorrow directed and co-wrote the film, casting Chris Pratt as Owen. He is one of the three main protagonists in the trilogy, along with his love interest Claire Dearing (portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard), and his adoptive daughter, Maisie Lockwood (portrayed by Isabella Sermon), who made her debut in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran and animal behavioral scientist researching Velociraptor at the dinosaur theme park Jurassic World, located on Isla Nublar. By the end of the first film, he and Claire begin a relationship. Pratt reprised the role in the film's sequels. In Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), he and Claire have broken off their relationship, and she is leading an effort to save the Isla Nublar dinosaurs from a volcanic eruption. Owen agrees to join her rescue mission so he can save Blue, the last survivor of his old raptor group, with whom he has a close connection. Later in the film, he and Claire reconcile and become adoptive parents to Maisie Lockwood, the biogenetic granddaughter of Benjamin Lockwood. In Jurassic World Dominion (2022), Owen and Claire remain in a relationship and are raising Maisie, who is kidnapped by Biosyn for research purposes along with Blue's asexually reproduced baby, Beta. The couple then embark on a rescue mission to retrieve them from Biosyn. The concept of a raptor handler was conceived as early as 2004, by Jurassic World executive producer Steven Spielberg. He was disappointed with early drafts that featured the animals being trained for missions, although he believed the idea still had potential. Trevorrow was hired as the film's director and co-writer in 2013, and incorporated Spielberg's idea while scaling it back. Owen Grady is among Pratt's most popular roles. The character has overall received a mixed to positive reception from critics. While some reviews criticized the films for not fully utilizing Pratt's skill as a comic actor and Owen's minimal characterization garnered mixed reactions, Pratt's overall performance has been well-received, and some consider Owen to be one of the best Jurassic Park characters. Fictional background Jurassic World In the first film, Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran who works as an on-site animal behaviorist at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park located on the island of Isla Nublar. Owen and his friend, Barry, are studying four Velociraptors on the island, on behalf of InGen Security and its chief, Hoskins. Their research is done to test the raptors' intelligence, although they oppose Hoskins's long-term goal to use the animals as military weapons. Owen explains that his relationship with the raptors is a personal one and that they only respond to him under controlled conditions. He was once romantically attracted to Claire Dearing, the park's operations manager, though their conflicting personalities ended a potential relationship after one date. To increase park\",\n \"title\": \"Owen Grady\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50553794\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park is a 1994 point-and-click adventure game developed and published by Sega for the Sega CD. The video game is based on the 1993 film of the same name, and includes elements from Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which the film is based upon. Plot Set after the events of the film, a group of scientists is sent to collect dinosaur eggs at InGen's Jurassic Park. This theme park is populated with genetically engineered dinosaurs and is located on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. After the group's helicopter crashes on the island, a survivor – controlled by the player – receives a video message from Emily Shimura, a computer expert. Shimura states that the crash was the result of sabotage orchestrated by InGen's corporate rival, Biosyn Corporation, which paid to have a bomb attached to the helicopter. A second helicopter is sent to rescue the player, but it is also compromised by Biosyn, which has sent out its own team to steal the dinosaur eggs. When Biosyn's helicopter arrives, the company's agents are tranquilized by the player, who uses the helicopter to escape the island. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a point-and-click adventure game, with a strong emphasis on action sequences which require split-second timing. The player must search Isla Nublar to retrieve eggs from seven different dinosaur species and place them in an incubator at the Jurassic Park visitor center. The eggs must be collected within a real-time 12-hour limit. Jurassic Park is played from a first-person perspective, giving the player a panoramic view of the surroundings as well as various tools to interact with, and a trio of weapons to contend with dinosaurs. Because none of the weapons (a stun gun, tranquilizer darts, and gas grenades) are lethal, each situation is in the form of a puzzle disguised as combat which requires more than just shooting to survive. First-aid kits can be used to replenish the player's health, while night vision goggles allow the player to see in dark environments. Paleontologist Robert T. Bakker makes video appearances throughout the game to provide the player with hints and dinosaur information, via special Dinosaur Field Kiosks that are located near dinosaur paddocks. Shimura also provides the player with information through video messages. Development and release In January 1992, Sega spent an estimated $1 million to purchase the rights to develop a Jurassic Park video game. Sega had the rights to use the Jurassic Park logo and some sounds from the film, but none of the characters. Elements from Michael Crichton's novel, Jurassic Park, were added into the game. It was the first Sega CD video game to be developed entirely in the United States by Sega of America. Initially, the game was to include three different perspectives: top-down, side-scrolling, and first-person. Development began on prototype versions of each perspective. The game's designers later realized that the game was too big, and decided to concentrate on only one perspective instead. The designers chose the first-person perspective which was the\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (Sega CD video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1282784\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis is a construction and management simulation video game based on the Jurassic Park series developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by Universal Interactive, with the console versions being co-published with Konami in Japan. It was released for Windows, Xbox, and PlayStation 2. The game's primary goal is to construct a five-star rated dinosaur theme park named Jurassic Park on custom-generated islands by hatching dinosaurs, building attractions, keeping visitors entertained, and ensuring the park's safety. Development began in 2001, and lasted 22 months. The game was announced in February 2002, with its release initially scheduled for late 2002. Ultimately, the game was released in North America and the PAL region in March 2003, followed by a Japanese release later that year. According to Metacritic, the Windows and Xbox versions received \\\"Mixed or average\\\" reviews, while the PlayStation 2 version received \\\"Generally favorable\\\" reviews. Gameplay The player's main objective is to create an animal theme park featuring dinosaurs, make it popular, and make it safe with a 5-star rating. Gameplay functions are very similar to the SimCity and Zoo Tycoon game models. It is necessary to build feeding stations where herbivores can get bales of plant feed, while carnivores are fed live cows and goats. However, herbivores become unhappy if they don't have enough trees around them or enough nearby dinosaurs to socialize with. Likewise, carnivores have an innate desire to hunt other dinosaurs, so even a constant stream of livestock will not keep them happy. To create a dinosaur, fifty percent (50%) of the particular dinosaur's DNA is needed. The higher the percentage of DNA, the longer that dinosaur will live, unless it dies by means other than natural causes, such as malnutrition or being attacked by another dinosaur. To obtain a dinosaur's DNA, the player must extract it through fossils or amber. Higher quality specimens will yield more DNA. To obtain fossils and amber, the player must send a fossil-hunting team to dig in one of nine dig sites around the world. Additional dig teams can be purchased later in the game. Each dig site contains fossils from three particular dinosaurs. Fossils of some dinosaurs, such as Brachiosaurus, can be found in more than one dig site. The chance of finding fossils depends on the quality of the site. There are 6 classifications on the quality of a dig site, ranging from \\\"excellent\\\" to \\\"exhausted.\\\" It is still possible to find fossils and amber at sites that have been exhausted, although they are often of low quality with little DNA to provide. Valuable items such as silver, gold, or opal are also discovered infrequently by the dig team(s), and can be sold for profit. Attractions help make the park popular, and increase its rating power and income when correctly configured. Attractions must be researched before they can be constructed, and include the Balloon Tour, Safari Adventure and Viewing Dome. Viewing Vents and Viewing Platforms do not need to be researched. The Safari Tour and Balloon\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62688023\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox character |name = Ian Malcolm |series = Jurassic Park |image = Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum).jpg |caption = Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park (1993) |first = Jurassic Park (1990) |last = Jurassic World Dominion (2022) |creator = Michael Crichton |adapted_by = Steven SpielbergDavid Koepp |portrayer = Jeff Goldblum |voice = Fred Young (Jurassic Park Pinball)Jeff Goldblum ([[The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)|The Lost World: Jurassic Park video game]], Chaos Island: The Lost World, Jurassic World Evolution, Jurassic World Evolution 2)Bradley Duffy (Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar)Maurice LaMarche (Animaniacs) |occupation = Mathematician; Chaotician |family = Dr. Sarah Harding (love interest)Kelly Curtis (daughter in film only) }} Dr. Ian Malcolm is a fictional character from the Jurassic Park franchise created by Michael Crichton and portrayed by Jeff Goldblum. Malcolm is a gifted mathematician who specializes in chaos theory. The character was inspired in part by American historian of science James Gleick and French mathematician Ivar Ekeland. In Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and its 1993 film adaptation, Malcolm is invited by insurance lawyer Donald Gennaro to notice any problems with John Hammond's dinosaur theme park, Jurassic Park. Malcolm was intended by Crichton to fill in the role of the audience in the scenarios he is put through. Malcolm is a secondary protagonist in the original novel and the main protagonist in the sequel, The Lost World, due to positive fan reception from Goldblum's performance as the character in director Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of the original novel. His role as Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park skyrocketed Goldblum's career. Malcolm has become one of Goldblum's most popular characters and has been depicted in many forms of popular culture. The character's signature line, \\\"Life finds a way\\\", has become synonymous with Goldblum and the Jurassic Park franchise, and Malcolm has been recognized as the franchise's most enduring character. Fictional character biography In Crichton's novel, Dr. Ian Malcolm, along with paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and paleobotanist Dr. Ellie Sattler, is hired as a consultant by InGen CEO John Hammond to provide opinions on Jurassic Park, a theme park on the remote island of Isla Nublar that features genetically recreated dinosaurs. Malcolm is the most pessimistic about the idea of the park, feeling that Hammond and his scientists have not taken the time or effort to fully understand what they are creating. In particular, he points out that Hammond's assertion that the dinosaurs can be controlled through sterilization and managed breeding is foolish since there are far too many unpredictable variables where biology is concerned. During a tour of the park, disgruntled computer programmer Dennis Nedry shuts down power to the park to gain access to dinosaur embryos to sell to a rival. Nedry's actions cause the electrified fences to shut down as well, allowing the dinosaurs to escape from their paddocks. Malcolm is attacked by a Tyrannosaurus rex, which breaks his leg. Malcolm is found by game warden Robert Muldoon and Dr. Ellie Sattler and taken back to\",\n \"title\": \"Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33940799\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a 1994 side-scrolling video game developed by BlueSky Software and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It is the sequel to Sega's previous Jurassic Park video game, based on the film of the same name and also released for the Genesis. Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a revamped version of its predecessor, featuring similar gameplay with several changes, and a new story that continues from where the previous game ended. Plot After the events of Jurassic Park, Dr. Alan Grant escapes Isla Nublar on a helicopter. While the Costa Rican Army is blowing up parts of the island to destroy the park's dinosaurs, Grant spots a helicopter of armed InGen field agents arriving on the island. Fearing that the agents have plans to collect any remaining dinosaur eggs and DNA samples for a new dinosaur park, Grant attempts to contact the Costa Rican Army. Grant's helicopter crashes on the island after the pilot attempts to stop him. Grant survives the crash and must find a way to stop InGen. Gameplay Gameplay is very similar to Sega's earlier Jurassic Park video game for the Sega Genesis. Like its predecessor, Rampage Edition is an action game with a platform setup that allows the player to choose between Dr. Grant or the Raptor. As Dr. Grant, the player starts out with a dart gun that has infinite ammo. A wide selection of weapons is available for the player to obtain throughout the game, including an assault rifle, shotgun, flame-thrower, grenades, rocket launcher, and shock rifle. As Dr. Grant, the player travels through the island while fighting InGen agents and dinosaurs until Grant can escape by boat. As the Raptor, the player can win battles with physical attacks such as biting and whipping opponents with the Raptor's tail. A bonus for the Raptor is to collect enough Lysine crates, which allows the player to go into \\\"Raptor Rage\\\" mode where the screen turns red and the player becomes invincible for a limited amount of time. As the Raptor, the player can play all the same levels as Dr. Grant. The goal of the Raptor is to escape the island on a departing cargo boat to find a safe place to nest its eggs. Candy bars and med kits are collected throughout the game to replenish the player's health, while eggs, embryo containers and DNA samples are collected throughout the game for points. Instead of the linear gameplay of the previous game, Rampage Edition allows players to choose from three levels to complete before they are allowed to proceed to the final levels in order to win the game. Unlike its predecessor, Rampage Edition features a faster pace, and allows Grant to perform additional actions such as riding dinosaurs and using zip-lines. Grant and the raptor are also able to kill their enemies, unlike the previous game. Rampage Edition also features larger levels, and more weapons for Grant to use. Development and release Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50883740\",\n \"text\": \"Scan Command: Jurassic Park (also known as Jurassic Park: Scan Command) is a 2001 fighting strategy video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure for Microsoft Windows. The game is based on the 2001 film, Jurassic Park III, and was considered unique for its use of a barcode scanner accessory known as the Scan Command. Gameplay Scan Command: Jurassic Park involves an evil scientist, Dr. Irene Corts, who has taken over the Jurassic Park theme park with her army of genetically altered dinosaurs and plans to use them to achieve world domination. The player's goal is to stop Corts. The player must also locate five children and help them escape Jurassic Park. The game features eight playable creatures from the first three Jurassic Park films. The player starts out as a Velociraptor, while other dinosaurs such as Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus rex become unlocked as more levels are completed. The game features seven levels, including caves, jungles, swamps, dilapidated InGen laboratories, and steel pyramids. The final level is set inside an active volcano. The game included a portable, battery-powered barcode scanner, known as the Scan Command, capable of storing up to 25 scans at a time. Barcodes are scanned by the player to obtain \\\"genetic codes\\\". Barcodes are loaded into the game by connecting the scanner to a computer's serial port. When a barcode is loaded, it is transformed into dinosaur DNA as part of a puzzle minigame. Once completed, the \\\"genetic codes\\\" can then be used to enhance the player's defenses and attacks, with customizable traits such as agility and strength. Players can also trade \\\"genetic codes\\\". After reaching a certain power level, the player's creature can fight in real-time battles against other creatures controlled by evil scientists at InGen. In addition to solving puzzles, the player must also defeat enemy dinosaurs to advance to each new level. Development and release In March 2001, Knowledge Adventure, a subsidiary of Vivendi Universal Publishing, obtained the rights to develop video games based on Universal Studios' upcoming film, Jurassic Park III. The concept of Scan Command and its barcode-scanning aspect were considered unusual when the game was unveiled at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in May 2001. Richard Wyckoff, one of the game's designers, said: \\\"We figure that unless you live in a cave you're going to be surrounded by bar codes. That's why we chose them. They're so ubiquitous in our society\\\". The game was unveiled with the initial title of Scan Command: A Jurassic Park III Game, and was released as Scan Command: Jurassic Park on October 11, 2001. Reception Jason MacIsaac of The Electric Playground gave the game a 79 percent rating out of 100 and praised the scanner accessory: \\\"It's a unique idea, and as a source of entertainment, nearly limitless. [...] And I'm surprised at how well this idea works into the gameplay\\\". However, MacIsaac negatively wrote, \\\"game screens can look like they've locked up when moving data\\\". Jon Thompson of AllGame rated the game four stars\",\n \"title\": \"Scan Command: Jurassic Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65407767\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park, later also referred to as Jurassic World, is an American science fiction adventure media franchise. It focuses on the cloning of dinosaurs through ancient DNA, extracted from mosquitoes that have been fossilized in amber. The franchise explores the ethics of cloning and genetic engineering, and the morals behind de-extinction. The franchise began in 1990, with the release of Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park. A film adaptation, also titled Jurassic Park, was directed by Steven Spielberg and was released in 1993. Crichton then wrote a sequel novel, The Lost World (1995), and Spielberg directed its film adaptation, The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). Four additional films have been released, including Jurassic Park III in 2001, completing the original trilogy of films. The fourth installment, Jurassic World, was released in 2015, marking the beginning of a new trilogy. Its sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in 2018. The sixth film, Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022, marks the conclusion of the second trilogy. Two Jurassic World short films have also been released: Battle at Big Rock (2019) and a Jurassic World Dominion prologue (2021). Theropod dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor have had major roles throughout the film series. Other species, including Brachiosaurus and Spinosaurus, have also played significant roles. The series has also featured other creatures such as Mosasaurus and members of the pterosaur group, both commonly misidentified by the public as dinosaurs. The various creatures in the films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For the first three films, the animatronics were created by special-effects artist Stan Winston and his team, while Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) handled the CGI for all the films. The first film garnered critical acclaim for its innovations in CGI technology and animatronics. Since Winston's death in 2008, the practical dinosaurs have been created by other artists, including Legacy Effects and Image Engine (Jurassic World), Neal Scanlan (Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom), and John Nolan (Jurassic World Dominion). Paleontologist Jack Horner has served as the longtime scientific advisor on the films, and paleontologist Steve Brusatte was also consulted for Jurassic World Dominion. The original film was praised for its modern portrayal of dinosaurs. Horner said that it still contained many inaccuracies, but noted that it was not meant as a documentary. Later films in the series contain inaccuracies as well, for entertainment purposes. This includes the films' velociraptors, which are depicted as being larger than their real-life counterparts. In addition, the franchise's method for cloning dinosaurs has been deemed scientifically implausible, for a number of reasons. On-screen portrayals The various creatures in the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For each of the films, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) has handled dinosaur scenes that required CGI. Throughout the film series, ILM has studied large animals such as elephants and rhinos, for reference in designing the digital dinosaurs. Jurassic Park trilogy (1993–2001) For the original 1993 film Jurassic Park,\",\n \"title\": \"Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53681874\",\n \"text\": \"John Russell Foster (born November 3, 1966) is an American paleontologist. Foster has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains, Foster is also working on Cambrian age trilobite faunas in the southwest region of the American west. He named the crocodyliform trace fossil Hatcherichnus sanjuanensis in 1997 and identified the first known occurrence of the theropod trace fossil Hispanosauropus in North America in 2015. Career Born November 3, 1966, San Diego, California. High School, Los Gatos High School, Los Gatos, California. 1985 A.B. Geology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California. 1989 M.S. Paleontology, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota. 1993 Ph.D. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 1998 He is adjunct faculty of geology at Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado. From 2014 to 2018 he was the Director of the Museum of Moab. He served for thirteen years as Curator of Paleontology at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2001 to 2014. He is currently a curator at the Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum in Vernal, Utah. Professional work An expert on the Late Jurassic, he has spent more than twenty-five years excavating fossils across the western United States, authoring and coauthoring more than 55 professional papers, ranging from Triassic to Cretaceous, with a few Cambrian and Cenozoic studies appearing as well. In addition to dinosaurs, he has spent over a decade working in the Cambrian shales of the western United States. Triassic In December 2017, he and coauthors Xavier A. Jenkins of Arizona State University and Robert J. Gay of Colorado Canyons Association formally published their study on the oldest known dinosaur from Utah, a neotheropod that is likely an animal similar to Coelophysis. Jurassic His researches in the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains includes the geographic and environmental distributions of microvertebrates and dinosaurs. He served as the lead researcher at the Mygatt-Moore Quarry in western Colorado for 14 years, and continues to work in the Late Jurassic of eastern Utah and western Colorado. His current work includes the excavation of the first known dinosaur from the western United States, \\\"Dystrophaeus,\\\" on Bureau of Land Management lands in San Juan County, Utah. Foster had a ceratosaurid ceratosaur theropod dinosaur, Fosterovenator, named after him in 2014 Cambrian His researches in the Cambrian of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau, includes the study of taphonomy and biostratinomy of trilobites, and what this information indicates about the paleoenvironmental conditions on the shallow shelf of western North American during the early Paleozoic. Popular books Foster is the author of Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World, followed by his second book Cambrian Ocean World. References Bibliography Lockley, M. G., Gierlinski, G., Matthews, N. A., Xing, L., Foster, J. R., and Cart, K. 2017. New dinosaur track occurrences from the Upper Jurassic Salt Wash Member (Morrison Formation) of southeastern Utah: Implications for thyreophoran trackmaker distribution and diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology\",\n \"title\": \"John Foster (paleontologist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12674207\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park: Survival is a canceled action-adventure video game that was in development by Savage Entertainment and was to be published by Konami. Based upon the Jurassic Park franchise, the game was to be released on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in November 2001. It was also planned for Microsoft Windows and GameCube. Development began in October 2000. Initially, the game was to be based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. However, the film was in production at that time and could not provide visual reference to the game's development teams, who had to devise their own designs and ideas. Vivendi Universal ultimately decided that the game would only be inspired by the film, rather than based on it, and subsequently chose to include elements not featured in the film. In July 2001, Savage ended development due to payment conflicts with Vivendi Universal, which was dissatisfied with the progress of the game. In North America, the game was expected to receive a Teen rating. Gameplay Jurassic Park: Survival was to be played from a third-person perspective with David Vaughn, a member of a security team, as the main character. The game would have taken place on an island of genetically engineered dinosaurs. Gameplay was described as being similar to the Tomb Raider games. Chacko Sonny, a founder of Savage Entertainment, described the company's goal on the gameplay as \\\"Die-Hard meets Jurassic Park\\\". In its preview video, gameplay appeared similar to a survival horror game, with additional action-adventure elements such as climbing, crawling, rolling, shoot rolling, jumping and swimming, as well as other platforming strategies to outwit the dinosaurs instead of trying to take them head on. Vaughn's enemies would have included eight dinosaur species and four different types of military officers. A fictionalized version of Troodon with glowing eyes would have been featured in the game, and was later implemented into Jurassic Park: The Game (2011). Dinosaur AI was meant to be an integral part of the game; dinosaurs would be able to lure the main character into traps, hunt in packs, and retreat for reinforcements if needed. Vaughn's weapons would have included a pistol, an electric prod, and a grenade launcher. Vaughn would also carry a PDA with him, which could be used to contact team members for assistance. An item known as the \\\"phero pack\\\" could also be carried around and dropped in certain locations to lure dinosaurs to Vaughn's human enemies and attack them. Puzzles would play a major role in the game. Stealth was also a significant part of gameplay, as Vaughn could complete objectives easier by avoiding detection from guards and spotlights while inside enemy encampments. Vaughn could also use computer terminals located throughout the game to access security cameras for a better view of the area and nearby enemies. The game would have featured 12 large levels, located in swamps, dense forests, huge caves and networks of tunnels, military outposts, a marina, a terrorist camp, jungles, a hatchery, and a large aviary used\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park: Survival\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5775130\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park III: Park Builder is a construction and management simulation game for the Game Boy Advance that was developed by Konami. The game was released on September 10, 2001. It is the second game, under the title Jurassic Park III, for the Game Boy Advance title games after The DNA Factor, released in the same year, it is followed by Island Attack. Summary Jurassic Park III: Park Builder challenges the player to design and run an island-based Jurassic Park theme park, similar to Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis. The player must first send an excavation team to one of eight worldwide locations to search for fossilized mosquitoes that contain dinosaur DNA, which is then used to create dinosaurs. The player can place structures in the park such as hotels, restaurants and shops. Hurricanes and earthquakes can damage the park's buildings. The player must advertise the park in order to attract more customers. Visitors to the park must view the dinosaurs while riding on tour buses. The player begins with three buses and can purchase more later. The player is given a maximum of eight holding pens for however many dinosaurs the park may have. There are six different environments on the island, including jungles, a beach, plains, and a desert. Dinosaurs can become ill and require medical attention. To keep them healthy, the dinosaurs are placed in environments that closely resemble their natural habitat. The game features 140 creatures, including Brachiosaurus, Mosasaurus, Pteranodon, Spinosaurus, Stegosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. The dinosaurs, depending on their size and aggression, are grouped into six categories: three for carnivores and three for herbivores. Reception The game was met with average to mixed reception, as GameRankings gave it a score of 68.54%, while Metacritic gave it 65 out of 100. AllGame criticized the game for its few sound effects and \\\"generic background music\\\", as well as the need to \\\"constantly switch back and forth\\\" between different menu screens, \\\"making it easy to forget what you're doing in relation to what needs to be done.\\\" IGN wrote a positive review but criticized the game for its lack of a tutorial mode: \\\"It's a very complex game with tons of little elements to manage...and it's boggling to see that the developers don't offer even the most basic tutorial for beginner park builders. Right from the get-go, you're thrust into the game without knowing what does what, or how you're supposed to do it.\\\" See also List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Park Builder Konami games Construction and management simulation games Video games with oblique graphics Video games based on films Video games based on adaptations Video games set on fictional islands Video games developed in Japan\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park III: Park Builder\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3539669\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dino\\\" Don Lessem (born 1951) is a writer of more than 50 popular science books, specializing in dinosaurs. He was the founder of the Dinosaur Society and the Jurassic Foundation, which collectively have raised millions of dollars for dinosaur research. He is the CEO and founder of Dino Don, Inc., an animatronics company specializing in dinosaurs, dragons, and sea creatures. Career After a bachelor's degree in art history at Brandeis University and a master's in animal behavior from the University of Massachusetts Boston, Lessem began his writing career as a researcher for the Smithsonian Center for Short-Lived Phenomena. For more than a decade he was a science journalist specializing in conservation issues for the Boston Globe and a contributor to Life, The New York Times, and Smithsonian Magazine. Lessem's professional interest in dinosaurs developed while he was a Knight Journalism Fellow at MIT in 1988. He wrote his first book, Kings of Creation, in 1990, as a survey of current worldwide paleontology research. Lessem was an advisor to Jurassic Park, Dinosaur, and Disney's Animal Kingdom, as well as their respective theme park attractions. He has written and hosted Discovery Channel and NOVA documentaries on dinosaurs and is a television and radio commentator on paleontology. The sauropodomorph dinosaur Lessemsaurus is named after him. Lessem directed the excavation and reconstruction of the largest plant-eating dinosaur, the 110-foot long Argentinosaurus, and the largest carnivorous dinosaur, the 45 foot-long Giganotosaurus from Patagonia, in collaboration with Dr. Rodolfo Coria of the Museo Carmen Funes in Plaza Huincul, Argentina. Lessem's first traveling exhibition company, Exhibits Rex, has created several of the largest international travelling museum exhibitions of dinosaurs, including Jurassic Park, The Lost World, and Chinasaurs, in addition to an exhibition of the treasures of Genghis Khan. Lessem's The Real Genghis Khan exhibition has toured major museums in North America and Asia since 2009. Celebrating the neglected civilizing influence of Genghis Khan and curated by Smithsonian archaeologists, the exhibition has been seen by nearly two million visitors. The exhibition blends live musical performance with role-playing activities, and the largest collection of 13th century Mongolian artifacts ever toured. It has been viewed by nearly two million museum-goers. Lessem's company Dino Don, Inc. began constructing the world's most accurate full-sized robotic dinosaurs in 2017 for zoos and museums worldwide. In April 2019 Lessem opened his Dinosaur Safari exhibition at New York's Bronx Zoo with more than 40 dinosaurs up to 60 feet in length, the largest zoo robotic exhibition in North America. In July 2020 at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, the Dinos Everywhere! exhibit featured Lessem's creation of the world's largest anatomically correct dinosaur, a 120-foot Argentinosaurus. Other venues to display Dino Don, Inc. dinosaurs include The Jacksonville Zoo, Philadelphia Zoo, Columbus Zoo, San Antonio Zoo, Copenhagen Zoo, Edinburgh Zoo, and Leipzig Zoo. Lessem has also authored children's books on extinct animals, endangered species, the Amazon rainforest and the \\\"Iceman\\\". Via his monthly column in Highlights Magazine for a decade, \\\"Dino\\\" Don answered more than 10,000 letters\",\n \"title\": \"Don Lessem\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11587850\",\n \"text\": \"Walking with... is a palaeontology media franchise produced and broadcast by the BBC Studios Science Unit. The franchise began with the series Walking with Dinosaurs (1999), created by Tim Haines. By far the most watched science programme in British television during the 20th century, Walking with Dinosaurs spawned companion material and four sequel series: Walking with Beasts (2001), Walking with Cavemen (2003), Sea Monsters (2003) and Walking with Monsters (2005). Each series uses a combination of computer-generated imagery and animatronics, incorporated with live action footage shot at various locations, to portray prehistoric animals in the style of a traditional nature documentary. The Walking with... programmes were praised for their special effects and for their science communication. Though largely praised by scientists for the effort to adhere to science and for portraying prehistoric life as animals rather than movie monsters, some academic criticism has been leveled at the series for not making clear through their narration what is speculative and what is based in fact. In addition to the five main series, the success of Walking with... also led to the production of the Walking with Dinosaurs special episodes The Ballad of Big Al, The Giant Claw and Land of Giants. The franchise has also been accompanied by several books, merchandise, video games and the live theatrical show Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. In 2013, a movie based on Walking with Dinosaurs, with the same name, was directed by Neil Nightingale and Barry Cook. Development Walking with Dinosaurs was devised by the then BBC-employed science television producer Tim Haines in 1996. Inspired by the 1993 film Jurassic Park, Haines envisioned a more science-based documentary programme using the same techniques as Jurassic Park to bring dinosaurs to life. Though such a series was initially feared to be far too expensive to produce, particularly considering the production costs of Jurassic Park, Haines managed to bring down the costs through working with the award-winning UK-based graphics company Framestore. It was only after the production of a six-minute pilot episode in 1997 that Haines managed to secure funding for the series; Walking with Dinosaurs was funded by the BBC, BBC Worldwide and the Discovery Channel, alongside major investments from TV Asahi in Japan and ProSieben in Germany. At a cost of £6.1 million ($9.9 million), Walking with Dinosaurs cost over £37,654 ($61,112) per minute to produce, making it the most expensive documentary series per minute ever made. The visual effects of Walking with Dinosaurs were done by Framestore and the puppets and animatronics were done by the special effects company Crawley Creatures. The success of Walking with Dinosaurs led to the rapid creation of Walking with... as a brand of documentary series. In the aftermath of Walking with Dinosaurs, Haines founded the production company Impossible Pictures together with Jasper James, one of the producers on Walking with Dinosaurs. 2000 saw the release of a special episode of Dinosaurs, The Ballad of Big Al, focusing on a single Allosaurus specimen. The first entire sequel\",\n \"title\": \"Walking with...\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61480190\",\n \"text\": \"Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar is a 13-episode CG-animated television miniseries that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Set in 2012 and inspired by the Lego toyline, the show is a direct followup to the Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit television special that debuted on NBC in the United States in 2018. The series began airing in Canada on Family Channel on July 6, 2019. Plot The series takes place at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Velociraptor handler Owen Grady and the park's operations manager Claire Dearing work to keep Jurassic World from falling into ruin unaware that Dennis Nedry's nephew Danny Nedermeyer has a secret agenda to ruin it. Cast Episodes Specials Broadcast In Australia, the series debuted on 9Go! on August 15, 2019. In the United States, Nickelodeon picked up the series and began airing it on September 14, with the first episode made available on video-on-demand platforms beginning August 25, 2019. ITV in the United Kingdom premiered the series as part of their CITV block on September 7, 2019. See also Lego Jurassic World (theme) Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit Lego Jurassic World (video game) Lego Dimensions Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park References External links LEGO: Jurassic World – Legend of Isla Nublar at Family.ca Official Jurassic World website Official Jurassic Outpost website Official Nickelodeon website 2019 animated television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series endings 2019 American television series debuts 2019 American television series endings 2010s Canadian animated television series 2010s American animated television series 2020s Canadian animated television series 2020s American animated television series American children's animated action television series American children's animated adventure television series American children's animated comic science fiction television series American children's animated science fantasy television series Canadian children's animated action television series Canadian children's animated adventure television series Canadian children's animated comic science fiction television series Canadian children's animated science fantasy television series Television series set in 2012 Works based on Jurassic Park Nickelodeon original programming Animated television series about dinosaurs J\",\n \"title\": \"Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71416196\",\n \"text\": \"Dr. Henry Wu is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. He also appears briefly in the novel's 1993 film adaptation and plays a larger role in the Jurassic World film trilogy. Dr. Wu is the lead geneticist for the dinosaur theme parks Jurassic Park and Jurassic World, overseeing the de-extinction of dinosaurs through genetic engineering. He is killed by a Velociraptor in the novel, but survives throughout the film series, in which he is portrayed by actor BD Wong. Although Wu is a supporting character in the novel, he has a drastically reduced role in the film adaptation, directed by Steven Spielberg. Wong and Wu are both Asian-American, and the actor believed that the role was reduced, to his disappointment, because of \\\"racial exclusion in Hollywood\\\". Wong was skeptical that he would ever reprise the role, but eventually did so for the fourth film in the franchise, Jurassic World (2015). It was directed by Colin Trevorrow, who co-wrote the script with Derek Connolly. The writers viewed Wu as a logical character to return, considering his role in recreating dinosaurs. Wong is the only actor from any of the previous films to appear in Jurassic World, and he and Trevorrow were happy to revisit the character after his minor role in the first film. Wong reprised the role again for the sequels, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022), which were also co-written by Trevorrow. In the Jurassic World trilogy, Wu secretly creates weaponized hybrid dinosaurs at the behest of others, although the animals later escape and wreak havoc. In Dominion, he secretly engineers giant locusts for his employer, Biosyn, which unleashes the insects to consume rival crops in a plot to control the world food supply. The character undergoes a redemption when he expresses regret for his actions and eventually stops the locust outbreak. Wu is sometimes considered a villain in the Jurassic World films, although Wong believes the character is misunderstood, stating that his research is well intentioned and driven by the demands of others. Aside from the films, Wong also reprised the role for the video games Jurassic World Evolution (2018) and Jurassic World Aftermath (2020), as well as two theme park attractions, Jurassic World: The Ride and VelociCoaster. Fictional background Dr. Henry Wu is the chief geneticist at Jurassic Park, a theme park featuring genetically engineered dinosaurs on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. Wu was recruited by the park's owner, John Hammond, to bring dinosaurs back from extinction for use as attractions. Novels In the novel, Wu was a student of geneticist Norman Atherton, who was Hammond's partner in the Jurassic Park project. After Atherton died of cancer, Wu was personally recruited by Hammond to join the project. Wu is eager to make his mark in the science world, and Hammond gives him an opportunity to do so, offering him a $50 million budget to create living\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Wu (Jurassic Park)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57421235\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic World: The Ride is a dark water ride attraction that is themed to the Jurassic World series at Universal Studios Hollywood. The original Jurassic Park: The Ride, which operated from June 21, 1996, to September 3, 2018, underwent a major refurbishment and reopened as Jurassic World: The Ride. History The ride was announced on May 10, 2018, by Universal Studios Hollywood officials during a 25th anniversary celebration of the 1993 film Jurassic Park, directed by Steven Spielberg. It was stated that Jurassic Park: The Ride, which opened on June 21, 1996, would be closed for retheming based on the 2015 film Jurassic World and its 2018 sequel Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The Jurassic Cafe restaurant and Jurassic Outfitters retail store near the original attraction were also closed temporarily to be rethemed. Universal Creative worked on the new ride, and Jon Corfino was the project director and show producer. He worked closely on the ride with Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall, the director and producer respectively for the 2015 film. Corfino worked to blend elements of the old ride with the new one, and the final idea was presented to Spielberg. The team had to rush to get the ride finished for the busy summer tourist season. Mosasaurus, an aquatic reptile that appeared in the films, is digitally featured on the ride. Industrial Light & Magic collaborated with the design team at Universal Studios Hollywood to create the creature and its environment. The walls of the Mosasaurus tank are depicted across four large, high-definition screens on both sides of the boat. A 3D effect makes objects in the foreground move faster than those in the background, a technique that gives the Mosasaurus a realistic appearance. The attraction also features larger dinosaurs than Jurassic Park: The Ride, and new animatronics allow the dinosaurs to move better than their predecessors. Several actors from the films reprise their roles for the ride: Chris Pratt as Owen Grady, Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing, and BD Wong as Dr. Henry Wu. The attraction officially opened on July 12, 2019, without advanced notice or fanfare. It previously had a soft opening for friends and family of Universal employees. The official opening coincided with a number of other Jurassic World-themed attractions adjacent to the ride entrance. Guests can take part in the Triceratops Encounter, where guests interact with Juliet, a Triceratops, and Dino Play, in which young visitors excavate large dinosaur fossils. Guests can also interact with baby Velociraptors like Sierra or Tango along with their trainer. The Mosasaurus is part of the Aquarium Observatory section, an area that responds to real-world weather, changing between day time and night time depending on the actual time of day. Jurassic Cafe introduced a bar called Isla Nu-bar, named after the series' fictional Isla Nublar island. Following a refurbishment in 2021, the ride's climax was updated with a new Indominus Rex animatronic. Ride description Queue and pre-show Guests enter through the Jurassic World gates and into a series of\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic World: The Ride\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1770979\",\n \"text\": \"Dr. Alan Grant is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is a paleontologist and is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. Crichton based Grant on the paleontologist Jack Horner. Director Steven Spielberg helmed the 1993 film adaptation, and several actors were considered for the role of Grant. It ultimately went to Sam Neill, becoming one of his most popular roles. Spielberg gave the character a dislike of children, and put him in a relationship with Dr. Ellie Sattler, a paleobotanist who is Grant's student in the novel. Sattler, portrayed by Laura Dern, wants to start a family with Grant, who is resistant to the idea. Neill reprised the character in 2001's Jurassic Park III, which also saw a cameo by Dern. In the film, Sattler has married someone else and started a family, although she and Grant remain friends. Director Joe Johnston chose to break-up Grant and Sattler, believing that Dern looked too young to be in such a relationship; Neill is 20 years older than her. Neill was dissatisfied with his performance in the first film, which factored into his return for Jurassic Park III, marking the first time he reprised one of his roles. Neill and Dern would return again for major roles in Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022. In the film, Sattler has divorced her husband; she and Grant eventually rekindle their romantic relationship. Colin Trevorrow, the film's director and co-writer, was in agreement with Neill and Dern on reuniting their characters romantically. Neill and Dern also reprised their roles for the video games Jurassic World Evolution and Jurassic World Evolution 2, lending their voices to downloadable content packs released in 2019 and 2022 respectively. Fictional background Dr. Alan Grant is a paleontologist who is dedicated to his research, which includes a focus on velociraptors. He believes that dinosaurs are closely related to birds, and also theorizes that the vision of a Tyrannosaurus is based on movement. Grant has written several books on dinosaurs, as referenced in the first novel. He has also written at least two in the film series. In Jurassic Park III, Eric Kirby opines that he liked Grant's first book better, as Grant liked dinosaurs when he wrote it, compared to the second written after his time at Jurassic Park. Grant has a dislike of computers, and is portrayed in the film series as easily irritated. Novels In the first novel, Grant is described as \\\"a barrel-chested, bearded man of forty\\\". He had a wife who died years prior to the events of the novel. He has a strong affinity for children, especially those interested in dinosaurs. He is one of the world's most renowned paleontologists, partly specializing in hadrosaur and other duck-billed dinosaurs such as Maiasaura. Dr. Ellie Sattler is a graduate student and paleobotanist who is studying under Grant. Before the events of the novel, Grant was approached by Donald Gennaro, chief counsel for InGen, to provide information on the requirements\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Grant (Jurassic Park)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50566202\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park is a 1993 action video game developed and published by Ocean Software, for DOS and Amiga computers. The game is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1993 film, Jurassic Park, and also includes elements from author Michael Crichton's 1990 novel of the same name, which the film is based upon. The player controls the character of Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who becomes trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. Grant's initial objective is to search for Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of park owner John Hammond. Upon locating the children, Grant must contact a helicopter so survivors can escape the island. Gameplay consists of a bird's-eye view during the game's large exterior environment, but switches to a first-person perspective whenever Grant enters a building. Development of the game began in November 1992. A development team of 13 people – considered large at that time – worked on the game. Spielberg was also involved in the game during its development to ensure that it would be faithful to his initial vision. Materials related to the film, including its script and photographs of the sets, aided the developers during the game's production. Jurassic Park was released in the United Kingdom in October 1993, and was subsequently released in the United States a year later. Many critics praised the game's indoor environments, but some criticized its large exterior environment, and its boring and repetitive gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the 1993 film of the same name, in which paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped on an island theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped. Playing as Grant, the player must rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. The player begins the game near an overturned vehicle in the Tyrannosaurus paddock. After finding Tim, Grant searches for Lex in a sewer maze. The player then must re-activate the park's power to contact a helicopter so the survivors can escape the island. Jurassic Park features a bird's-eye view in exterior levels, but switches to a first-person shooter perspective when entering buildings. The exterior levels contain eight large areas, each one consisting of a different dinosaur paddock, as well as a Pteranodon dome. Each level requires Grant to complete a series of tasks in order to advance further through the game. Indoor levels are spread throughout the game. The game features 11 building complexes, each one overrun by velociraptors. The game also includes a raft level. A password is given after each level is won. The game includes six dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player begins with a taser weapon; other weapons can be found by the player. First aid kits can be used to restore all of the player's health. Electronic motion sensors are located throughout the game, and can detect all moving objects. Connected to the motion sensors are computer terminals, which can be used to receive messages, maps\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (computer video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5788628\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor is a side scrolling and puzzle game set in the Jurassic Park movie universe. It was developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Hawaii and published by Konami for the Game Boy Advance. It was coincided with the release of the film Jurassic Park III on July 16, 2001. The two other games, Jurassic Park III: Park Builder and Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, are also released by Konami. Summary A cargo plane flying over Isla Sorna is struck by lightning, and upon crashing, the dinosaur DNA it stored is spread across the island. The player then assumes the role of either Mark Hanson (a photographer) or Lori Torres (an ace pilot), and must wander around the island in a side-scrolling format, collecting DNA and avoiding dinosaurs. In each level, the player's character has the ability to switch between a background and a foreground pathway. Switching between the two pathways allows the player to access weapons and DNA samples, or to avoid oncoming dinosaurs. At the end of each level, the player will use the DNA that is collected in a short puzzle game, in order to create more dinosaurs. Completing this minigame will unlock more areas for the player to explore. At the end of the game, the military bombs the island, and the player escapes on a small plane, wondering if dinosaurs should really have a place in their world. Reception The game was met with negative reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 48.94%, while Metacritic gave it 44 out of 100. AllGame praised the game's graphics and sound effects, but criticized its \\\"awkward\\\" controls and wrote that the levels \\\"are poorly designed and seemingly impossible to complete.\\\" AllGame also criticized the game's ability to switch between background and foreground pathways, writing \\\"this just adds confusion, since swapping between roads can be tricky and the paths are oftentimes deceiving because of the limited screen size and resolution.\\\" IGN praised its cutscenes, sound effects and music, but criticized its \\\"sloppy game design,\\\" clumsy controls, and bad collision detection, as well as the game's background and foreground pathways: \\\"Nothing casts a shadow, so you can't even tell if a DNA sample is hovering over the foreground path or lying on the ground on the background path.\\\" GameSpot criticized the game for \\\"disappointing\\\" sound effects and music, and for sharing nothing in common with the film. GameSpot also criticized the game's background and foreground pathways, calling it \\\"a confusing little gimmick that is mainly used to increase the amount of backtracking you'll have to do to collect the particles you need.\\\" In 2018, Zack Zwiezen of Kotaku ranked the game among the \\\"worst\\\" Jurassic Park games ever released, stating that it \\\"looked and played awful when it was first released, and it hasn’t aged well at all.\\\" References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Jurassic Park video games Konami games Video games developed in the United\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1663525\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park is an open-world action-adventure video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), based on the 1990 novel and 1993 film of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software in 1993 in North America and PAL regions, and published by Jaleco in 1994 in Japan. The player controls Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who has become trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. The game's exterior portion is viewed from a top-down perspective, but shifts to a first-person view during interior sections. The game garnered praise for these varied and three-dimensional perspectives, the usage of stereo sound, and the adventure gameplay. In 1994, Ocean released a sequel, Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues, with gameplay which significantly differs from that of the original. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the novel and film of the same name. Following a computer system failure, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped at an island theme park, known as Jurassic Park, that is populated with dinosaurs. The player controls Grant, and begins the game armed with a cattle prod, although the game also features five other weapons: tranquilizer gun, shotgun, bolas, gas grenade launcher, and missile launcher. The game features seven different dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player is given five lives, and two continues when all lives are lost. Grant's health is represented by a red health bar. Food and first-aid kits located throughout the game can replenish the player's health. Motion sensors set up around the island allow characters in the game to communicate advice to the player, although some advice is deliberately malicious. If Grant loses a life, the player is restarted at the last motion sensor with which Grant came into contact. Mr. DNA, a character from the film, provides dinosaur facts to the player if the game is paused or remains idle for too long. The player must open and close multiple gates to travel around the island. The game's music changes depending on the player's location in the park. The player is also required to collect dinosaur eggs throughout the game. The game's world is spacious and non-linear. The exterior portion, played from a top-down perspective, consists of a maze that is made up of jungle trees, along with rock formations, canals, fences, gates, and a number of buildings that can be entered and explored. The game switches to a first-person perspective when the player enters one of these buildings. The player must collect ID cards belonging to characters on the island in order to access certain rooms. Other rooms are completely dark and require night vision goggles to enter. Some buildings contain multiple floors that are accessed via elevators. Jurassic Park supports the Super NES Mouse when playing first-person sequences or operating computer terminals. To win the game, the player must complete several objectives, starting with powering up a computer to re-activate the park's motion sensors. Once activated,\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (SNES video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1460085\",\n \"text\": \"The Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, is a park that houses fossilized remains and petrified eggs of dinosaurs. It is a man-made fossil park and not the actual nesting grounds where the dinosaurs lived. The eggs and fossils on display here are from the world's 3rd-largest dinosaur fossil excavation site and 2nd-largest hatchery at Raiyoli, Balasinor, Gujarat. The Park was set up by the Geological Survey of India and is the only dinosaur museum in the country. History In 1970, the Forest Department of the Gujarat Government began its planting and restoration efforts. The park, also known as India's Jurassic Park, is 428 hectares in size and contains sections such as the dinosaur section, fossil section, etc. Now, the park is managed by the Gujarat Ecological and Research Foundation (GEER). The oldest record of dinosaur bone fossils is of middle Jurassic period, and they are found from Patcham formation of Kutch basin. The fossils which were found in Upper Cretaceous formations in the region date back 66 million years. The eggs are of different sizes, some the size of cannonballs. Fossil trackways of these gargantuan animals are also on display in the park. Dinosaurs that are on display include Tyrannosaurus rex, Megalosaurus, Titanosaurus, Barapasaurus, Brachiosaurus, Antarctosaurus, Stegosaurus and Iguanodon. The park displays life-size models of the dinosaurs along with details of each period in which they existed and the characteristics of the animals. The fossils were found in the Songhir Bagh Basin, the Himatnagar basin of Balasinor, south-eastern parts of Kheda, Panchmahal and Vadodara districts of the state. Gallery References Paleontology in India Protected areas of Gujarat Fossil trackways Fossil parks in India Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad district Cretaceous paleontological sites of Asia Protected areas with year of establishment missing\",\n \"title\": \"Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46961985\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park Builder was a 2012 construction and management simulation video game developed and published by Ludia for iOS and Android operating systems, as well as Facebook. The game, based on the Jurassic Park series, allows the player to build a theme park featuring extinct animals. Ludia ended the game's support as of March 30, 2020. In 2015, Ludia released a sequel to the game titled Jurassic World: The Game, to coincide with the release of the film Jurassic World. Gameplay Jurassic Park Builder is a freemium game consisting of two-dimensional landscape renderings and three-dimensional creatures. The player's objective is to build and maintain a Jurassic Park theme park. The player begins the game with a basic home base, while expansion of the park is done by clearing land. To create dinosaurs, the player must clear away trees and rocks to locate prehistoric mosquitos, which are trapped in amber and contain dinosaur DNA. In a laboratory, the player then attempts to unlock the DNA from the mosquito. If the player is successful, then a dinosaur egg is created. Amber is sometimes discovered when the player clears land for park expansion. Basic mission objectives are given to the player by characters from the first two films: Alan Grant, John Hammond, Ian Malcolm, and Kelly Curtis. Dr. Henry Wu, a park scientist, also appears in the game, which features no characters from the film Jurassic Park III. Mission objectives include constructing roads and feeding creatures in the park. Completing missions ultimately gives the player the ability to create new buildings and conduct research for cloning new dinosaurs. Buildings include hotels and theme park attractions, including tour vehicles that travel along a path determined by the player. Revenue is earned through the buildings and dinosaurs that are located in the park. Revenue is collected in regular intervals, and the player can earn more money by feeding the dinosaurs to level them up. Although the dinosaurs do not require food to survive, feeding the animals will level them up, resulting in higher profits for the player. Carnivorous and herbivorous creatures require their own supply of food, which must be managed by the player to avoid running out. The player can choose to pay real money to purchase in-game currency, as well as supplies such as dinosaur food. Various aspects of the game take time to progress, including the hatching of dinosaur eggs, the clearing of forest land, and shipments of food from the mainland. The player can pay real currency to speed up these parts of the game. In a minigame titled \\\"Red Zone\\\", the player must tap on a specific dinosaur to prevent it from escaping its enclosure. In addition to breakouts, the player is occasionally given the option to respond to other emergencies such as storms. Responding to emergencies earns the player additional in-game currency. Aside from Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar, the game features two additional parks that the player can create: Aquatic Park, located on Nublar's seabed, featuring extinct aquatic\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park Builder\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"524169\",\n \"text\": \"High concept is a type of artistic work that can be easily pitched with a succinctly stated premise. It can be contrasted with low concept, which is more concerned with character development and other subtleties that are not as easily summarized. The origin of the term is disputed. Terminology High-concept narratives are typically characterised by an overarching \\\"what if?\\\" scenario that catalyses the following events. Many summer blockbuster movies are built on a high-concept idea, such as \\\"what if we could clone dinosaurs?\\\" as in Jurassic Park. High-concept narratives differ from analogous narratives. In the case of the latter, a high-concept story may be employed to allow commentary on an implicit subtext. A prime example of this might be George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, which asks, \\\"What if we lived in a future of totalitarian government?\\\" while simultaneously generating social comment and critique aimed at Orwell's own (real-world) contemporary society. Similarly, the Gene Roddenberry sci-fi series Star Trek went beyond the high concept storytelling of a futurist starship crew, by addressing 20th century social issues in a hypothetical and defamiliarising context. Planet of the Apes (1968) likewise engages in social commentary regarding race relations and other topics from modern human society via the lens of the ape civilization, in part as a response by screenplay co-writer Rod Serling to his experiences of anti-semitism. Characteristics The term is often applied to films that are pitched and developed almost entirely upon an engaging premise with broad appeal, rather than standing upon complex character study, cinematography, or other strengths that relate more to the artistic execution of a production. Extreme examples of high-concept films are Snakes on a Plane and Sharknado, which describe their entire premises in their titles. A movie described as being \\\"high-concept\\\" is considered easy to sell to a wide audience because it delivers upon an easy-to-grasp idea. This simple narrative can often be summed up with a single iconic image, such as the theme park logo from Jurassic Park. Along with having well-defined genre and aesthetics, high-concept films have marketing guidelines known as \\\"the look, the hook and the book\\\". The look of the film is simply how visually appealing it is to the public, usually before its release. Jurassic Park would show the world dinosaurs as they had never been seen before. The hook is the story the film is trying to sell to its audience. Everyone wanted to know how dinosaurs could walk the Earth again after being extinct for 65 million years and how they would coexist with people. The book can be labeled as all the merchandise made to help promote the film. The merchandise in Jurassic Park was destined to sell well, with people wanting the T-shirts and lunch boxes that were shown for sale within the movie itself, with similar merchandise later to be sold at Universal Studios in the gift shop connected to the Jurassic Park ride. Commercial benefits High-concept television series and movies often rely on pre-sold properties such as movie stars\",\n \"title\": \"High concept\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61769736\",\n \"text\": \"Battle at Big Rock is a 2019 American short film directed by Colin Trevorrow. It is part of the Jurassic Park franchise and follows the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018). It stars André Holland, Natalie Martinez, Melody Hurd, and Pierson Salvador. The short premiered on FX on September 15, 2019 and was subsequently released online. Plot Set one year after the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, a blended family from Oakland, California goes on a camping trip at the fictional Big Rock National Park in Northern California, approximately from where dinosaurs from Fallen Kingdom were let loose. The film chronicles the first major confrontation between humans and the dinosaurs. The family is enjoying their camping when they are suddenly greeted by a Nasutoceratops and her baby. To their terror, an adult Allosaurus attacks the Nasutoceratops baby and the mother tries to protect her baby. A battle ensues between the two dinosaurs and the family decide to hide inside their RV. Eventually, a third Nasutoceratops appears from the woods, driving back the Allosaurus. The Nasutoceratops escape and the baby of the family starts crying. Hearing the cry, the Allosaurus starts wrecking the RV apart in order to feed on the family hiding inside. After the RV is completely destroyed, the parents and the son begin to fear for the worst. To their relief, their daughter shoots the Allosaurus in its head and eye with a crossbow, which causes the dinosaur to flee. They embrace, though are in complete shock over what just happened. During the closing credits, found footage clips of dinosaurs and other creatures are shown including a pack of Compsognathus chasing after a scared little girl, a Stegosaurus causing a car to swerve and drive off a cliff, fishermen in a boat peacefully passing by a Parasaurolophus on the banks of a river, a Mosasaurus eating a great white shark after the shark eats a seal, and a Pteranodon swooping at a dove that had just been released at a wedding. Cast André Holland as Dennis, the father of the family Natalie Martinez as Mariana, the mother of the family Melody Hurd as Kadasha, Dennis's daughter Pierson Salvador as Mateo, Mariana's son Chris Finlayson as Greg, a friend of the family Noah and Ethan Cole as Dennis and Mariana's baby son and Kadasha and Mateo's half-brother Production Development The idea for the film originated when Universal Studios asked Trevorrow if he would be interested in making a potential Jurassic World short film, and he accepted. Trevorrow wrote the short film with Emily Carmichael, who was already working with him to write Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The short film's story remained the same throughout the project's history, as Trevorrow believed the next logical step for the franchise would be for campers to encounter dinosaurs following the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. To maintain secrecy on the project, no auditions or casting calls were held. A casting director who knew Trevorrow helped lead a secretive search for\",\n \"title\": \"Battle at Big Rock\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2343984\",\n \"text\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by DreamWorks Interactive and Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Electronic Arts and Sega for the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, respectively, in 1997. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. In 1998, a special edition of the game was released for the Sony PlayStation as a Greatest Hits title and featured several modifications to the gameplay. Gameplay The Saturn and PlayStation versions feature identical gameplay. The game features a side-scroller perspective. There are 5 characters in all throughout the course of the game, each with their own special abilities and attributes: Compsognathus, Human Hunter, Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, and Sarah Harding, who is also known as the \\\"Human Prey\\\". During gameplay, the character must complete all levels sequentially to gain access to the next character. For each character, there are \\\"DNA bonuses\\\" in each level that can be collected for access to storyboard art for that particular character. Actor Jeff Goldblum briefly reprised his role as Ian Malcolm for a secret ending that the player can access if every DNA bonus is collected. The secret ending is a video of Goldblum congratulating the player for finishing the game, but suggesting to go outside and do other activities instead. The Lost World: Jurassic Park ignores the plot of the film, despite featuring some of its dinosaurs and being set on \\\"Site B\\\", an island also known as Isla Sorna and used as InGen's dinosaur breeding site. The plot varies with every character, each one struggling to survive on the island, populated by over 20 species of dinosaurs in an environment of escalating chaos. Item pickups for the dinosaur characters are limited to food needed to maintain their strength, while item pickups for the human characters include gas canisters, automatic weapons, health refills, and rocket launchers. The playable dinosaurs' chapters consist of traversing various parts of the island, defending against other predators as well as InGen hunters. The \\\"Human Hunter\\\" chapters are largely based in more urban environments, including an underground complex, a geothermal center and an InGen lab. Although objectives are never elaborated on, the Hunter's goal is to eliminate any dinosaur threat. The final chapters involve Harding escaping the island on a cargo ship. Development DreamWorks Interactive announced that they were working on a video game based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park in the third quarter of 1996. In March 1997, Electronic Arts announced that it had secured the distribution and publishing rights for a PlayStation video game adaptation of the film, as part of a deal with DreamWorks. During the first two months of pre-production, producer Patrick Gilmore held daily meetings with his development team to develop a variety of ideas for the game. The ideas were ultimately put into a concept document that included more than 100 pages, some of which offered storyboards and detailed descriptions of each scene\",\n \"title\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61908847\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic World Live is a live show produced by Feld Entertainment and NBCUniversal based on the Jurassic World franchise. The show started touring arenas around the United States in September 2019, beginning with the Schottenstein Center in Columbus, Ohio. Show Jurassic World Live Tour is a live arena show. Twenty-four dinosaurs are included in the show with seven species in total. These dinosaurs include a 43-foot long T. rex that weighs 8,000 lbs., Blue, the Velociraptor from the Jurassic World franchise, and Pteranodons that will swoop down and pick performers up during the show. The dinosaurs move through animatronics (for the larger dinosaurs) and live acting (for the smaller dinosaurs) in which \\\"dinoteers\\\" walk the dinosaurs around the arena while wearing dinosaur costumes. The show also features stunts using props such as a Jurassic World Jeep, motorcycles and a Gyrosphere. The show is canon. The production crew consulted with Steven Spielberg, Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall during the creation of the show, ensuring that there were no continuity errors between the show and the Jurassic World story, as well as ensuring that the dinosaurs, props and tone of the show aligned with that of the Jurassic World franchise. The show features the original score from the movies. Storyline The Jurassic World Live Tour show follows an original storyline that takes place at some point between the first two Jurassic World movies. The story is written by Shawn Thomas and Steve Jarczak and directed by Dan Shipton and Ross Nicholson. The story begins on the day Jurassic World falls and ends before the beginning of the adventures shown in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The story will focus around a team of scientists led by Dr. Kate Walker that have been working on a \\\"Dino-Decoder,\\\" a device that allows humans to understand dinosaur emotions. After the Indominus rex escapes on Isla Nublar, the team becomes separated. It is not until later on when the \\\"Dino-Decoder\\\" sends out a signal that the team discovers that Jeannie - a Troodon that the team had been testing the device on - is still alive. As the team sets out on a quest to save her, they discover that InGen still intends to weaponize dinosaurs and that they are intrigued by the \\\"Dino-Decoder\\\" and Jeannie. The adventure moves to an InGen facility in Chile, where conflict breaks out featuring dinosaur-on-dinosaur and dinosaur-on-human battles. The story then circles back to Isla Nublar. References Works based on Jurassic Park\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic World Live\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56188730\",\n \"text\": \"Dinosaur suits are a type of costumed character or creature suit resembling a dinosaur. Dinosaur suits are also called dinosaur costumes. Such costumes were used in film and television and as mascots for decades, reflecting dinosaurs' prominence in the arts and entertainment. Usually operators use two cable-pulled handle to control the motions. Realistic dinosaur suits also gained popularity for live shows following the success of Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. An experienced performer can make lifelike movements with a dinosaur suit. They are also used in theme parks and in an educational context at various museums. Inflatable dinosaur suits have been used for pranks, gags, and protests. Film and television Dinosaur suits were first used in early monster movies, such as Gorgo (1961), which featured a T-Rex like monster. They continued to be used in films such as Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend (1985) which used animatronic brontosaurus suits with radio-controlled heads, and in television series like Dinosaurs (1991), a sitcom with a family of dinosaurs. The film Jurassic Park (1993) used dinosaur suits for some of the creatures, such as Velociraptor and Deinonychus. In modern-day movies such as Jurassic World (2015), this was instead done using CGI. In children's television, Barney, an anthropomorphic purple dinosaur, was used in the show Barney & Friends alongside other dinosaurs, becoming widely known in pop culture. Live action Some sports teams have dinosaur mascots represented by costumes, such as Arsenal F.C., Toronto Raptors, Colorado Rockies, Calgary Dinos and NC Dinos. For Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular, puppet-suits of dinosaurs such as the baby T-Rex and Utahraptors were created by Creature Technology Co. for use on stage alongside larger remote-controlled animatronics. These suits had the performer's legs visible, to make the leg shape more realistic. Feathers were later added to them due to recent discoveries about dinosaur plumage. Because of the show's ongoing popularity, these types of suits also became popular for live appearances, with and without the performer's visible legs, and including other types of suits such as two-person triceratops and stegosaurus costumes. As part of their Jurassic Park attractions, Universal Studios created several realistic dinosaur suits for their theme parks, including Velociraptors and a life size adult Triceratops that was also used to advertise the movies. The dinosaur suits utilised in Universal studios appear to replicate the method used for the dinosaurs in the classic Jurassic Park films. They are capable of complex behaviours such as roaring, snapping, trying to eat the guests or even showing affection in ways such as rubbing their heads or noses on the guests. Dinosaur suits created by the company Erth are used to teach students about dinosaurs at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in the \\\"Dinosaur Encounters\\\" show, including a baby triceratops and baby T-Rex. The vocalizations of the suits are made by the performers themselves through a microphone and speaker. Other museums also began to use dinosaur suits as attractions, such as THEMUSEUM in Ontario. In 2015,\",\n \"title\": \"Dinosaur suit\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32242633\",\n \"text\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It was released on September 16, 1997. By this time the Genesis was near the end of its commercial lifespan, and months went by between new software releases for the console. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. Gameplay Unlike the previous Jurassic Park games for the Genesis, the game features a bird's-eye view perspective similar to Jurassic Park on the Super NES. The player assumes the role of an unnamed character who must capture dinosaurs on Isla Sorna, while stopping rival hunters from transporting dinosaurs to the mainland. The game consists of nineteen missions spread across four sections of the island, referred to as Sites One through Four. Boss levels must be played at the end of each Site in order to advance to the next Site. Two players can work together in Cooperative Mode, or work against each other in Competitive Mode. Weapons such as a taser, tranquilizer gun, shotgun and grenades can be used against hunters and dinosaurs. At times, the player can control vehicles such as an SUV and a hovercraft. Development The game was originally scheduled to release in August 1997. This was pushed to September 1997. Reception Game Informer gave the game an 8.25 out of 10 and wrote, \\\"We can honestly say that this game is more fun than the PlayStation/Saturn version. [...] We'd love to see more titles like The Lost World for Genesis. It's entertaining and pushes the Genesis to its limits.\\\" Game Informer also praised the game's graphics, but noted \\\"when there's a lot of on-screen action, the slow down does become frustrating.\\\" GamePro instead considered the graphics unimpressive by Genesis standards, citing muted colors, simple backgrounds, and small sprites. The reviewer also described the gameplay as boring. See also Jurassic Park video games The Lost World: Jurassic Park (video game), a listing of games based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park References External links 1997 video games Cooperative_video_games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Sega Genesis games Sega Genesis-only games Video games developed in Hungary Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands\",\n \"title\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Sega Genesis game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14363937\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! is a 2001 video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure for Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. Gameplay consists of the player(s) going around on a virtual board game map. Knowledge Adventure also concurrently developed and published Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender. Certain aspects of Dino Defender were re-used for Danger Zone!. Gameplay InGen's supply of dinosaur DNA is nearly destroyed after an earthquake comes to Jurassic Park. As in Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender, the player is again cast as a Dino Defender. The player must go to Jurassic Park to retrieve new DNA samples. The game includes a multiplayer for up to 2 players. The Dino Defender Chief, a character who serves as both an authority figure and narrator, returns from the previous game to guide the player through menus. Danger Zone! also recycles several cutscenes, menu designs, animations, and audio from Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender. In the game the tokens are SUVs. The player goes around Jurassic Park on a board-like version of it. The player's mission is to collect four DNA samples from a dinosaur chosen at the start of the game. Dinosaurs include T. rex, Spinosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Compsognathus, Pteranodon, Velociraptor, and Stegosaurus. The player can buy items, which can be used against dinosaurs. Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! features a variety of diverse mini-games. Many mini-games are side-scrolling games that feature the same armored character used in Dino Defender. Other mini-games such as \\\"Raging Raptors\\\" involves the player controlling a raptor and fighting another raptor, or hunting in a field to obtain DNA of dinosaurs using a helicopter. When the player has filled the \\\"DNA meter\\\" with the DNA of the chosen dinosaur, the creature is then cloned and the player wins the game. Reception Christy Wasson of GameZone had expected more action from a Jurassic Park game. She praised the graphics, and the sound effects of the game's helicopters and \\\"somewhat realistic\\\" dinosaurs, but also felt that the animation and narration \\\"could use some work\\\". Wasson also criticized the game's slow loading times, its easy difficulty, and wrote that having to compete against the computer AI is boring. Wasson also believed the game's concept would have worked better with a different theme, rather than as a board game. Jinny Gudmundsen of USA Today recommended the game for children over the age of 10 because of dinosaur violence. Gudmundsen considered the game's multiplayer option superior to its single-player mode, and said that gameplay could become boring once all the minigames have been played. Jason MacIsaac of The Electric Playground enjoyed the large collection of mini-games, but he criticized the game's long sessions, slow loading times, and the difficulty of the \\\"Raging Raptors\\\" mini-game. Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! sold an estimated 210,000 copies, totaling $4.6 million in revenue. In August 2006, Next Generation listed the game at number 97 on its list of \\\"Top 100 PC Games of the 21st Century\\\", which\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4510457\",\n \"text\": \"Koparion is a genus of small coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur, from the late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian stage), of Utah. It contains the single named species Koparion douglassi which is known only from a single isolated tooth. Discovery In 1993, Daniel Chure and Brooks Britt reported the discovery of small theropod remains, found by screenwashing large amounts of earth in the Rainbow Park near Dinosaur National Monument in Uintah County, Utah. In 1994, Chure named and described a unique tooth as the type specimen of the new species Koparion douglassi. The generic name Koparion comes from the Ancient Greek κοπάριον, \\\"small surgical knife\\\", in reference to the small size of the tooth. The specific name honors Earl Douglass, who, in the early twentieth century, excavated the Dinosaur National Monument quarry. The holotype specimen, DINO 3353, was found in the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation dating from the late Kimmeridgian, about 151 million years old. The taxon is thus present in stratigraphic zone 6 of the Morrison Formation. The specimen consists of a single maxillary (upper cheek) tooth crown (the root is missing). It cannot be determined whether it represents a left or a right tooth. Description The tooth is two millimeters tall and very recurved, with a strongly convex front edge and a nearly vertical back edge. The tooth is stout, with a maximum fore-aft length of 1.9 millimeters. Both edges are serrated, showing low rectangular denticles (individual serrations). The twelve denticles on the rear edge are much higher than the fourteen on the front edge, which cover only the nearly horizontal upper part of the front edge. The tooth base, though very wide, is constricted. The base is asymmetrical, with the right side in front view protruding much further than the left side; because it is not known whether it is a left or right tooth, it cannot be established what is the inner and what the outer side. The denticles are separated by \\\"blood grooves\\\", and \\\"blood pits\\\" are also present. The back denticles point obliquely upwards but have no hooked upper corners. Classification Chure assigned Koparion to the Troodontidae based on the anatomy of the tooth. At that time, it was the oldest known troodontid, and is the first of that group discovered from the Jurassic. A troodontid presence in the Jurassic was predicted by the standard theory regarding the origin of birds, claiming that birds and troodontids are closely related (Chure suggested that they may even have been sister taxa, though this is not currently supported). Within this context, Koparion could be used to refute the temporal paradox argument, that such a close relationship were unlikely because the then oldest known bird, Archaeopteryx, lived much earlier than the Deinonychosauria, i.e. the Troodontidae and the Dromaeosauridae; later also non-fragmentary Jurassic troodontid material was reported, from China. See also List of dinosaurs Hesperornithoides - Another troodontid reported from the Jurassic. Timeline of troodontid research References Late Jurassic dinosaurs of North America Troodontids Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation Fossil\",\n \"title\": \"Koparion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68464954\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park is a 1993 platform game developed and published by Sega for the Game Gear. Another version, with identical gameplay, was also released for the Master System. The game is based on the 1993 film of the same name. It was praised for its graphics, but criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a platform game set at a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. The dinosaurs escape after the failure of the electric fence enclosures, and the player is tasked with rounding up the animals. The game features five areas of Isla Nublar. The player can play the first four areas in any order, but cannot access the final area – Jurassic Park's Visitor Center – until the others are completed. Each area begins with a driving level, played from a side-scrolling perspective, as the player shoots at oncoming dinosaurs. The player then proceeds on foot, and is armed with three weapons. The player can jump and hang from ledges. Medical kits can be collected to refill the player's health bar, while bottles can be collected to expand the health bar. At the end of each area is a boss enemy, such as Brachiosaurus, Pteranodon, Triceratops, and Velociraptor. The final boss enemy is a Tyrannosaurus rex. The Master System version has identical gameplay. In both versions, Jurassic Park is opened to the public upon completion of the game. Reception Jurassic Park received praise for its graphics, but was criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Sega Visions wrote: \\\"Even without the hot Jurassic Park license, this portable action game would stand on its own with solid graphics and game play\\\". Richard Longhurst of Sega Power called it \\\"the most shameful film licence game ever to disgrace the Gear\\\". Rob Pegley, also writing for Sega Power, reviewed the Master System version and found the gameplay to be unoriginal. The game was generally praised by four critics writing for Electronic Gaming Monthly, although two were unimpressed with the driving portions of the game. Mean Machines opined that the game had a lack of levels and variety. The game's music received praise and criticism. \\\"Scary Larry\\\" of GamePro stated that the sound effects \\\"are stale, but effective\\\", writing that the game \\\"tries to emulate the roar of the beasts and the sounds of the jungle, but the dinosaurs end up sounding sickly\\\". Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games praised the sampled dinosaur roars. Mean Machines found them to be \\\"awful\\\", and also criticized the \\\"instantly forgettable music\\\". References External links Jurassic Park at MobyGames 1993 video games Jurassic Park video games Game Gear games Master System games Platformers Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Single-player video games\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (Game Gear video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11134473\",\n \"text\": \"Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender is a 2001 side-scrolling video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure. It is based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. The player is depicted as a person in a bio-mechanical suit hired by Jurassic Park to bring power back to the electrified fences and capture all the free-roaming dinosaurs. A modified version of the game's first level, as well as some of the game's animation and audio, was re-used for another video game titled Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!, also developed and published by Knowledge Adventure. Plot After a training mission, the player is shown a cutscene of a typhoon raging across Jurassic Park, a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Sorna. Power to the island and its electrified fences is cut off from the storm, allowing the dinosaurs to escape. The player is briefed that all the dinosaurs must be captured \\\"before they destroy one another\\\". The player controls a Dino Defender, a person inside a bio-mechanical suit. The character first lands on a beach with a few Compsognathus on it. Soon after, the character runs into some Velociraptors at a small cliff. The character advances and then must swim while avoiding jellyfish and purple seaweed. The character advances to an underwater cavern, where raptors and stegosaurs are encountered and must be captured or avoided. The character then discovers a steep ravine and is knocked over a cliff by a Pteranodon. The character climbs the cliff, jumping over many gaps while avoiding pterosaurs. At the top of the cliff, the character escapes baby pteranodons and a Tyrannosaurus rex. The T. rex then chases the character and falls down a pit after it crosses an unstable bridge, but survives. The character goes into the jungle and avoids additional dinosaurs, before going down a waterfall. The character avoids a T. rex and discovers a construction elevator. A Spinosaurus arrives and the character escapes on vines. The T. rex and Spinosaurus face off, with the Spinosaurus fleeing. The character moves from the Tyrannosaurus pen to tunnels, where more Velociraptors must be captured. The character escapes to the visitor center and encounters the Spinosaurus. The character activates flip switches which cause the visitor center's dinosaur skeletons to crush the Spinosaurus. After leaving the visitor center, multiple helicopters fly off with the dinosaurs the character had tranquilized. Gameplay The six levels of Dino Defender consist of fast-paced quick thinking challenges. The player must move around obstacles and find supply boxes, switch on circuit breakers and avoid dinosaurs. Helicopters drop supply boxes onto the island, which contain gear such as a net, a tranquilizer or a distractor flare which can be used to capture or distract dinosaurs. \\\"Call boxes\\\" can be used to lure dinosaurs and various other weapons to tranquilize them. \\\"Circuit Breakers\\\" scattered around the island can be switched on to activate the island's electricity. To collect gear to capture/tranquilize a certain dinosaur, the player must find a 'supply box' which contains a\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Dilophosaurus"],"string":"[\n \"Dilophosaurus\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":70,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_41502"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who plays the voice of mittens in bolt"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"24543179","text":"Super Rhino is a 2009 American animated comedy direct-to-video short film, produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and starring the characters from feature film Bolt. Directed by Nathan Greno, the short film picks up sometime after the conclusion of Bolt. The excitable and TV obsessed hamster Rhino finds out his friends Penny and Bolt have been kidnapped. Rhino has to save them from the evil Dr. Calico. The short inspires Bolt: The Video Game and is a spin-off to the fictional TV show featuring Bolt. Super Rhino was included in the 2009 DVD and Blu-Ray release of Bolt. Plot Penny and Bolt have been captured by the evil Dr. Calico, suspended above a pool of lava & they couldn’t speak,inside a heavily guarded warehouse on an island in the middle of nowhere - a base which is impenetrable to both people and dogs. Penny's father watches the events from his lab through a secret camera imbedded in Bolt's collar and worries that he cannot save her. Discovering that no man or dog can break into Dr. Calico's base, he turns to Rhino, who is watching TV in the background. In order to save Penny and Bolt, Rhino is put through the same procedure as Bolt to give him super-powers. Rhino uses his newly found powers to fly across the sea and crash land outside the armed base encased in his ball. Rhino's battle with the guard is witnessed by Penny, Bolt and Dr. Calico from the inside, with helicopters and cars crashing into the side of the building. Rhino uses his heat-vision to create an opening in the wall. Once inside, Rhino uses his eye-beams to defeat the armed guards and commandeers a flying missile, riding it like a surfboard to aim at Dr. Calico, though the missile misses. Instead, Rhino uses his \"super squeak\" (similar to Bolt’s \"super bark\") ability to finish the villain off. With Penny and Bolt saved, Rhino walks away. Rhino is next seen on stage performing \"The Best of Both Worlds\"; the theme song from Hannah Montana (by co-star Miley Cyrus), where it is revealed that Rhino has been dreaming his adventures all along. Mittens wakes him up, telling him that she's not a fan of his singing. The short ends with another dream sequence, this time about Rhino being selected by the President to defeat Calico once again. Cast Mark Walton as Rhino Miley Cyrus as Penny Susie Essman as Mittens Malcolm McDowell as Dr. Calico Sean Donnellan as Penny's TV Dad Randy Savage as Thug See also List of Disney Animated Shorts and Featurettes Walt Disney Animation Studios References External links 2009 animated short films Bolt (franchise) American animated comedy films Computer-animated short films 2009 computer-animated films American animated short films 2000s Disney animated short films Films directed by Nathan Greno Films scored by John Powell 2000s English-language films Animated films about rodents Films produced by Clark Spencer Films about dreams Hamsters","title":"Super Rhino"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"24543179\",\n \"text\": \"Super Rhino is a 2009 American animated comedy direct-to-video short film, produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and starring the characters from feature film Bolt. Directed by Nathan Greno, the short film picks up sometime after the conclusion of Bolt. The excitable and TV obsessed hamster Rhino finds out his friends Penny and Bolt have been kidnapped. Rhino has to save them from the evil Dr. Calico. The short inspires Bolt: The Video Game and is a spin-off to the fictional TV show featuring Bolt. Super Rhino was included in the 2009 DVD and Blu-Ray release of Bolt. Plot Penny and Bolt have been captured by the evil Dr. Calico, suspended above a pool of lava & they couldn’t speak,inside a heavily guarded warehouse on an island in the middle of nowhere - a base which is impenetrable to both people and dogs. Penny's father watches the events from his lab through a secret camera imbedded in Bolt's collar and worries that he cannot save her. Discovering that no man or dog can break into Dr. Calico's base, he turns to Rhino, who is watching TV in the background. In order to save Penny and Bolt, Rhino is put through the same procedure as Bolt to give him super-powers. Rhino uses his newly found powers to fly across the sea and crash land outside the armed base encased in his ball. Rhino's battle with the guard is witnessed by Penny, Bolt and Dr. Calico from the inside, with helicopters and cars crashing into the side of the building. Rhino uses his heat-vision to create an opening in the wall. Once inside, Rhino uses his eye-beams to defeat the armed guards and commandeers a flying missile, riding it like a surfboard to aim at Dr. Calico, though the missile misses. Instead, Rhino uses his \\\"super squeak\\\" (similar to Bolt’s \\\"super bark\\\") ability to finish the villain off. With Penny and Bolt saved, Rhino walks away. Rhino is next seen on stage performing \\\"The Best of Both Worlds\\\"; the theme song from Hannah Montana (by co-star Miley Cyrus), where it is revealed that Rhino has been dreaming his adventures all along. Mittens wakes him up, telling him that she's not a fan of his singing. The short ends with another dream sequence, this time about Rhino being selected by the President to defeat Calico once again. Cast Mark Walton as Rhino Miley Cyrus as Penny Susie Essman as Mittens Malcolm McDowell as Dr. Calico Sean Donnellan as Penny's TV Dad Randy Savage as Thug See also List of Disney Animated Shorts and Featurettes Walt Disney Animation Studios References External links 2009 animated short films Bolt (franchise) American animated comedy films Computer-animated short films 2009 computer-animated films American animated short films 2000s Disney animated short films Films directed by Nathan Greno Films scored by John Powell 2000s English-language films Animated films about rodents Films produced by Clark Spencer Films about dreams Hamsters\",\n \"title\": \"Super Rhino\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"20082212","text":"The Lime Works is a novel by Thomas Bernhard, first published in German in 1970. It is a complex surrealist work, where the creativity and resourcefulness of a destructive personality is marshalled against itself in a nightmarish narration. Synopsis The story opens with a description of a woman’s brains scattered across the floor of an abandoned lime works, and a half-frozen man crouching on the ground nearby, covered in manure. From this first grotesque scene, Bernhard begins his story, a compelling tale of two people insidiously bound to each other, told through a hypnotic wave of voices – the people of the small Austrian town nearby (Sicking), the officials, the salesmen, the chimney sweeps, the local gossips, the couple themselves. The man, Konrad, is consumed with his work – a book that is to be both visionary and definitive, the ultimate treatise on the subject of hearing. His wife, a cripple, is the victim of his obsessive experiments: he whispers one phrase in her ear, over and over, hundreds of times, demanding from her impossible degrees of aural discrimination. She has no way of knowing, or no strength to tell herself, whether he is a deluded madman or a genius. For three decades, he has been waiting for the ideal moment, the perfect constellation of circumstances, to arise, so that he may begin writing down his conclusions. But he never begins, and he is now an old man. We watch as he compulsively invites his own ruin. We feel him creep from one moment to the next, terrified of failure. Suppose he started writing and then caught a cold? Suppose he finished and his tome was judged worthless? Or his wife destroyed it? Even amidst the total isolation of the lime works, where they live, he is continually distracted. He hallucinates about prowlers. He hoards bits of food for dreaded visitors. And she torments him. He must feed her, read to her, bring her cider from the deep cellar (one glass at the time), maintain her voluminous correspondence with servants he has long ago forgotten, try on a mitten she has been knitting and unravelling for years, tend the earaches she develops from constant experiments... until the monotony and heartlessness of their life together shatters in a bloodbath. Excerpt The many voices narrating the novel appear within brackets (and Laska’s is the local tavern): \"...Konrad’s wife, whose maiden name was Zryd, a woman almost totally crippled by decades of taking the wrong medication, and who had consequently spent half her lifetime hunched over in her custom-built French invalid chair, but who is now, as Wieser puts it, out of her misery, was taught by Konrad how to use a Mannlicher carbine, a weapon the otherwise defenseless woman kept out of sight but always within reach, with the safety off, behind her chair, and it was with this gun that Konrad killed her on the night of December 24–25, with two shots in the back of her head (Fro); two shots","title":"The Lime Works"},{"docid":"44498470","text":"The Doozers is an animated television series that is a spin-off to Fraggle Rock. The series is co-produced by the Halifax studio of DHX Media and The Jim Henson Company, and was developed in association with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The series originally premiered in Australia on Nick Jr. on October 7, 2013. The series began its US run as a Hulu exclusive on April 25, 2014. Turner's Cartoonito and Boomerang also aired it within European countries and Africa, as well as Cartoon Network Asia. On September 12, 2017, it was renewed for a second season. It premiered on May 25, 2018. Premise In the self-sustainable community of Doozer Creek located just beyond the view of humans, the show focuses on the Doozer Pod Squad (consisting of Daisy Wheel, Flex, Spike, and Mollybolt). Characters Main Spike Doozer (voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk) is the member of the Pod Squad who pushes the other Pod Squad members into action. He is the son of Chief Doozer and the older brother of Daisy Wheel Doozer. He has a brown nose and brown hair and wears a blue hat, socks and wristbands. Molly Bolt Doozer (voiced by Jenna Warren) is a Pod Squad member who enjoys organizing events. She can also make lists, maps, and graphs. She has a purple nose and purple hair and wears a pink hat, socks and shirt. Flex Doozer (voiced by Trek Buccino in season 1 and Tyler Barish in season 2) lives on his grandparents farm and uses his room as his workshop. Flex pilots the Pod Squad's vehicles. He has a yellow nose and yellow hair and wears an orange hat, socks and wristbands. Daisy Wheel Doozer (voiced by Millie Davis) is the youngest and smallest of the Doozer Pod Squad. She is the younger sister of Spike Doozer and the daughter of Chief Doozer. She has a blue nose and blue hair and wears a purple hat, socks and shirt. Chief's family Chief Doozer (voiced by Heather Bambrick) is the Chief of Doozer Creek who is the mother of Spike Doozer and Daisy Wheel Doozer. Architect's family Chief Architect Doozer is the wife of Baker and mother of Molly. Baker Timberbolt Doozer (voiced by David Berni) is the father of Molly Bolt Doozer and the husband of Chief Architect Doozer. He runs the bakery shop in Doozer Creek. Peg Bolt Doozer (voiced by Lisa Norton) Others Doozer Doodad (voiced by David Berni) – Manager of the Doozer Creek supply depot, where the Pod Squad gets the supplies for their projects. Pinball Gimbal (voiced by Lisa Norton) Professor Gimbal wears glasses and has a purplish-white color in his nose and hair, wearing a light blue helmet. He manages the Doozarium, where the Pod Squad meet. He issues challenges, and makes suggestions, for various projects for the Pod Squad to complete. Baxter was advertised for the series but has not appeared yet. He had a brown nose and brown hair. Voice cast David Berni – Baker Timberbolt Doozer","title":"The Doozers"},{"docid":"52281037","text":"Marvel's Inhumans, or simply Inhumans, is an American television series created by Scott Buck for ABC based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's other television series. It was produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television in association with Devilina Productions, and was co-financed by IMAX Entertainment in a deal that gave the series a theatrical premiere. Buck served as showrunner on the series. The series is centered on Black Bolt, portrayed by Anson Mount, and other members of the Inhuman Royal Family. Serinda Swan, Ken Leung, Eme Ikwuakor, Isabelle Cornish, Ellen Woglom, and Iwan Rheon also star. Marvel Studios announced an Inhumans film in 2014 as part of their Phase Three slate of films, with the species first introduced to the MCU in the series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The film was removed from Marvel Studios' slate in April 2016, and the Inhumans series was announced that November, to be partly filmed using IMAX cameras. Buck joined the series in October, and Mount was cast in February 2017. Filming took place from March to June 2017, at the former Naval Air Station Barbers Point airfield in Kalaeloa, Hawaii and various locations on the island of Oahu. Inhumans debuted on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, the first live-action television series to do so. The theatrical run lasted two weeks, before the series premiered on ABC on September 29 and ran for eight episodes, concluding on November 10. The series was met with unfavorable reviews and low television ratings, and was canceled by ABC in May 2018. Mount reprised his role as an alternate version of Black Bolt in Marvel Studios' MCU film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Premise After a military coup, the Inhuman Royal Family escape to Hawaii, where they must save themselves and the world. Cast and characters Main Anson Mount as Black Bolt:The Head of the Inhuman Royal Family and King of Attilan, whose voice can cause destruction with the slightest whisper. Showrunner Scott Buck called Black Bolt enigmatic and fascinating because \"a lot of times, we don't know what he's thinking\", and noted the difficulty of writing a character who \"does not speak, but yet he is our hero and the center of the show\". Buck specifically ruled out the series using voice over, with Black Bolt instead communicating via sign language. Premiere director Roel Reiné told Mount to just use 15 or 16 signs, but Mount decided to create his own sign system. He explained that since the character is not from Earth, he would not know Earth-based systems such as American Sign Language (ASL). Mount borrowed the underlying rules of ASL but then \"double-check[ed] my signs against ASL to make sure there is no overlap\", and also studied orchestra conductors. Mount created a document for his language with over 50 pages, and felt that if he could develop the language over several seasons, it could become","title":"Inhumans (TV series)"},{"docid":"27818012","text":"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas is an independent animated short film and a parody of How the Grinch Stole Christmas! written and directed by John Wardlaw and animated by Andy Angrand. The film features the final performance of actor Jonathan Harris and co-stars Tress MacNeille. The film also features an original score by Gary Stockdale and music by director John Wardlaw's band, Anti-m. Jonathan Harris Written in 1997, the script was presented to Jonathan Harris in 1998 though it was not until 2000 that his voice work was actually recorded. Harris died on November 3, 2002, long before the film was completed making it his last film. In 2006 an additional scene was added to the film and Jonathan Harris' former Lost In Space co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright and Marta Kristen added their voices to the film. The film was dedicated in his memory. Production and release Completed in 2009 the film made its first appearance at the non-theatrical 2009 Los Angeles Reel Film Festival where it was honored with three awards. In 2010 it made its theatrical world premier in the home town of film-maker John Wardlaw at the 25th Annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival (SBIFF). Between December 2009 and December 2011, the film played in 30 film festivals, winning 13 awards. Its final theatrical appearance was at L’hybride in Lille France. Considering the film features a cast from the TV series Lost In Space it was interesting that two of the films praises came from writers from the original series of Star Trek. \"It had a great animation style, clever and slightly naughty story (well put together) and was totally enjoyable!\" claimed D. C. Fontana \"I laughed my nuts off,\" stated David Gerrold. In 2011 The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas was released on DVD as part of a collection of short films and music videos by Wardlaw. The DVD bonus features include early animations and audio outtakes. The film was licensed to ShortsHD and ShortsTV in 2014. Awards See also List of Christmas films References External links Official website American independent films American animated short films 2009 animated short films 2000s Christmas films 2009 films 2000s American animated films American Christmas films 2000s English-language films English-language Christmas films","title":"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas"},{"docid":"40706081","text":"New Demons is the fourth studio album by American electronicore band I See Stars, released on October 22, 2013 through Sumerian Records. The album was originally set for release on August 13, before being pushed back to September 17, and again to October 22 for unknown reasons. The album marks a progression of the sound in their previous album Digital Renegade, with Zach Johnson having a much bigger vocal role, as well as having a much more prominent EDM sound. The song \"Violent Bounce\" was the first single to be released. It was uploaded to YouTube via the Sumerian Records channel. \"Murder Mitten\" and the title track, \"New Demons\", were to follow. The band did performances of the song \"Ten Thousand Feet\" to give fans a taste of what is going to be on the rest of the album before its release. Klayton of Celldweller, Mutrix, and Razihel all provided additional programming for some of the tracks. It is the final album to feature unclean vocalist/keyboardist Zach Johnson and rhythm guitarist Jimmy Gregerson before they were dismissed from the band in June 2015. Background The album had been worked on by the band immediately after their previous album, Digital Renegade, was finished. The song \"Ten Thousand Feet\" was the only song played from the album before it was released. The song \"Violent Bounce\" was released as the first single from the album several months before the album release date, accompanied by a lyric video. The song \"Murder Mitten\" is written about brothers Devin and Andrew Oliver's relationship with their mother, who was an alcoholic during their childhood. A remix version entitled New Demons (Remixes) was released on February 23, 2015. Featuring eight remixes from various producers, showcasing many styles of EDM. Reception The album debuted on Billboard 200 at No. 28, No. 10 on the Top Rock Albums Albums chart, selling 10,000 copies in its first week. It has sold 47,000 copies in the United States as of June 2016. Track listing Personnel I See Stars Devin Oliver – clean vocals Zach Johnson – unclean vocals, keyboards, synthesizers, sequencer, programming Brent Allen – lead guitar Jimmy Gregerson – rhythm guitar Jeff Valentine – bass guitar Andrew Oliver – drums, percussion, backing vocals; additional clean vocals on \"Murder Mitten\" Production Jake Klein – additional writing for \"Murder Mitten\", \"We're Not in Kansas Anymore\" and \"Who Am I?\" Joey Valentine – additional writing for \"Murder Mitten\", \"We're Not in Kansas Anymore\" and \"Who Am I?\", additional production Joey Sturgis – production, engineering, mixing, mastering Shawn Keith – executive producer, art direction Nick Scott – guitars, bass and vocals engineering, guitar and bass editing Chuck Alkazian – drum engineering Josh Karpowicz – assistant drum engineering at Pearl Sound Studios, Canton, Michigan Jeff Dunne – drum editing Kacey Dodson – vocal editing Scott \"Celldweller\" Albert, Nicolò \"Razihel\" Arquilla and James \"Mutrix\" Ruehlmann – additional production Matt Dalton – additional production, additional gang vocals at 37 Studios, Michigan Dylan Kuhn – painting and wall photography","title":"New Demons"},{"docid":"43839916","text":"Kate & Mim-Mim is an animated children's television series created by husband-and-wife duo, Scott and Julie Stewart. Produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment in season 1 and later by DHX Media in season 2 with FremantleMedia Kids & Family, the first episode premiered on Disney Junior in the United States on December 19, 2014 until July 2, 2017 when Disney Junior lost the rights to air the series. The series also premiered in the United Kingdom on CBeebies on October 30, 2016. The show focuses on the friendship and adventures of a little girl named Kate and her favorite toy, a plush bunny named Mim-Mim who go on daring adventures in the fictional world of Mimiloo. Characters Kate is the main protagonist. She is a 5-year-old girl who wears colored clothes and is best friends with a stuffed bunny named Mim-Mim. Kate is voiced by Maryke Hendrikse in North America and Jessica Hann in the UK. Mim-Mim, a plush purple bunny, is Kate's best friend. Mim-Mim is voiced by Lee Tockar in North America and by Rob Foster in the UK. Valerie is Kate's mother. Valerie is voiced by Nicole Oliver in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK. Marco is Kate's father. Marco is voiced by David Godfrey in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK. Boomer is a blue creature and Lily's younger brother. He is voiced by Maryke Hendrikse in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK. Lily is a pink creature and Boomer's older sister. She is voiced by Tabitha St. Germain in North America and Jess Robinson in the UK. Gobble is a giant brown badger, voiced by Brian Drummond in North America and Terrence Mann in the UK. Tach is an orange-yellow creature, voiced by Matt Hill in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK. Broadcast Other international broadcasters that have picked up the series include DR (Denmark), SVT (Sweden), Clan (Spain), Panda (Portugal), Super RTL (Germany), Tiji (France), JimJam (Central and Eastern Europe), PBS (Thailand) and Okto (Singapore). Episodes Season 1 (2014-15) Rip Roaring Race (1 September 2014) The Need for Seed (2 September 2014) Color Me Happy (3 September 2014) Kittens and Mittens (4 September 2014) Tail Tale (5 September 2014) Mirror Mirror (8 September 2014) Boomer Size (9 September 2014) Mim Mim's Moon Mishap (10 September 2014) Tee Hee Rex (11 September 2014) Mega Music Maker (12 September 2014) Lost Island (15 September 2014) Flight of the Flowers (16 September 2014) A Case of the Giggles (17 September 2014) Hiccups and Night Fun (18 September 2014) Cloud Castle (19 September 2014) Snow Bowling (22 September 2014) Valentine Friends (23 September 2014) A Storybook Ending (24 September 2014) Balloon Buddies (25 September 2014) Twinkle Twinkle (26 September 2014) Snifferific (29 September 2014) Summer Funday Drive (30 September 2014) Mega Mim (1 October 2014) Kate the Great (2 October 2014) Clean Sweep (3 October 2014) Princess Kate (17 November 2014) Lighter than Air (18 November 2014) Gobble's Gift (19 November","title":"Kate & Mim-Mim"},{"docid":"38461327","text":"Mihaela Rădulescu (born 3 August 1969) is a Romanian businesswoman, television host and producer, social activist, bestselling author, and columnist. She is also a goodwill ambassador for United Way Worldwide, Hospice House of Hope, and Save the Children and the founder of the charitable children's assistance foundation Fundația Ayan. She has hosted the TV show \"Duminica în familie\" on Antena 1 since 2000, and has hosted or produced programs including Lucky Star, Gala, Punem Pariu că-i vara, Ferma, and Uite cine dansează (Pro TV). Career When Rădulescu was born, her parents were still students. Later, they became teachers. She and her brother, Florin, were raised by their grandparents. Rădulescu attended three colleges, but did not earn a bachelor's degree. She was a student at the National Academy of Physical Education and Sports for three years. She also studied philology and foreign languages for two years and attended courses at the Faculty of Psychology for three years. Rădulescu started her career upon moving to Bucharest. She worked as an instructor of aerobic and fitness gymnastics, a taxi driver (when she was a student), a secretary in the first post-revolution government, a referent at the Office of Foreign Relations and Protocol of the Senate, the head of the cabinet at the Romanian Senate, the director of the International Festival Dakino for three editions, and the director and co-organizer of two editions of the elite international model show, \"Look of the Year\". Rădulescu began a career as a TV host and producer, becoming number 1 in Romania - \"Duminica in familie\" (Sunday in the family) at Antena 1, and \"Your Lucky Star\" at Pro TV. She was the first female journalist to make war documentaries in Iraq and Afghanistan, in 2005 and 2006. During her career, Rădulescu has worked for Tele7ABC, Pro TV, Antena 1, and B1 TV. Rădulescu served as a jury member on Romania's Got Talent at Pro TV, for six years. She has also been a host for \"Dancing with the Stars\" on Pro TV. Since 2017, she has been host of The Farm on Pro TV. In 2021 she served as a jury member on The Masked Singer on Pro TV. In other entertainment work, Rădulescu has appeared in six Romanian films. She was also a voiceover actor as Flame in the animated movie Turbo in 2013 and Mittens in the Disney movie Bolt to dub the films in Romanian. Rădulescu is the author of five best-selling books, published by Polirom Publishing House. She has been on the cover of magazines including Elle, Marie Claire, Unica, Viva, and Cosmopolitan. Rădulescu is an eco-activist, working with To.org and other companies. She was awarded with the Order of Merit by King Mihai of Romania for her humanitarian campaigns and for improving the quality of the public dialogue. She was also awarded Woman of the Year five times for her outstanding philanthropic work and as a social activist. Rădulescu has also received the Tocqueville Award for her charity donations, mostly for hospitals","title":"Mihaela Rădulescu"},{"docid":"54221354","text":"I Am Bolt is a 2016 British biographical documentary sports film co-directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner and produced by Leo Pearlman. It is based on the life of Jamaican sprinter and three times Olympic gold medalist and World Record holder for 100m, 200m, 4×100m relay, Usain Bolt, the fastest man in recorded human history. The film describes Bolt's journey in winning nine gold medals and the incidents surrounding the Olympic titles. The film was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom and then worldwide. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Cast Usain Bolt himself Pelé himself Neymar himself Serena Williams herself Asafa Powell himself Sebastian himself Ziggy Marley himself Nas with voice Glen Mills himself Ricky Simms himself Chronixx himself Yohan Blake himself Maurice Greene himself Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt – his parents themselves Dwayne Jarrett – Bolt's school coach himself Nugent Walker – Bolt's manager himself Dwayne Barnett himself Reception Critical response I Am Bolt received positive reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 242 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \" Bolt's golden era may be too recent and the sponsors too dominant for any real warts to be included, but his charm and sheer physical wonder make this a compelling watch regardless.\" Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter reacted positively, saying: \"Athletic achievements don’t get much more unbeatable than the records held by Jamaican runner Usain Bolt, who’s won nine consecutive Olympic gold medals and even more World Championship awards. Considered the fastest sprinter who’s ever logged track time, Bolt is a hero to millions and admired on a level comparable to global sports legends like Muhammad Ali and Pele.\" Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it 2/5, stating \"Fans of Usain Bolt will find much to relish in this gushing homage to the nine-time Olympic gold medallist, which chases its idol from his 2015 slump, via scenes of downtime in Jamaica to the podium in Rio. References External links Sports films based on actual events Running films Biographical films about sportspeople Documentary films about sportspeople 2010s biographical films 2016 films Pelé Cultural depictions of track and field athletes Cultural depictions of Jamaican people 2010s English-language films","title":"I Am Bolt"},{"docid":"46798001","text":"{{Infobox concert | image = | image_caption = Promotional poster for the tour | image_size = | border = yes | artist = Helene Fischer | album = Farbenspiel | start_date = | end_date = | number_of_legs = 2 | number_of_shows = | gross = | last_tour = | this_tour = Farbenspiel Live(2014-15) | next_tour = Helene Fischer Live 2017/2018(2017-18) }}Farbenspiel Live' was a European concert tour by German singer Helene Fischer, in support of her sixth studio album, Farbenspiel''. It began on 25 September 2014, in Riesa, Germany at the Erdgas Arena, continued throughout Europe, and finally concluded on 8 July 2015 in Dresden at Glücksgas Stadium. The tour visited arenas and stadiums throughout 2014 and 2015. The concerts in Berlin in July 2015 were recorded for an Official Live DVD which was released on 4 September 2015. The 2015 part of the Tour was ranked as the 38th biggest International Tour of the year with earnings of about $42,000,000. Fischer is also the most successful German Act on the list for the second year in a row. Set list {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFE6FF; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | header = 2014 - Die Tournee | content = This set list is representative of the performance in Frankfurt. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the 2014 tour. \"Intro\" \"Unser Tag\" \"Und morgen früh küss' ich dich wach\" \"Fehlerfrei\" \"Mitten im Paradies\" \"In diesen Nächten\" \"Wunder dich nicht\" \"Nur wer den Wahnsinn liebt\" \"Interlude Winter\" \"Lass jetzt los (Let it Go)\" \"Vergeben, vergessen und wieder vertrau'n\" \"Bring Me to Life\" (Evanescence cover) \"Feuerwerk\" \"Rock Medley\" (You're the Voice / I Love Rock 'n' Roll / Jump / Livin' on a Prayer / Purple Rain) \"Mit keinem Andern\" \"Interlude Frühling\" \"Der Augenblick\" \"Caruso\" (Lucio Dalla cover) \"Ein kleines Glück\" \"Interlude Sommer\" \"Marathon\" \"Ich habe Fieber / Fever\" (Peggy Lee cover) \"Ich will immer wieder dieses Fieber spüren\" \"Te quiero\" \"Fly\" (Céline Dion cover) \"My Heart Will Go On\" (Céline Dion cover) \"Von hier bis unendlich\" \"Die Hölle morgen früh\" Encore \"Phänomen\" \"Atemlos durch die Nacht\" }} {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFE6FF; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | header = 2015 - Die Stadion-Tournee | content = This set list is representative of the performance in Hamburg. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the 2015 tour. \"Intro\" \"Unser Tag\" \"Und morgen früh küss' ich dich wach\" \"Fehlerfrei\" \"Mitten im Paradies\" \"Wunder dich nicht\" \"Marathon\" \"Te quiero\" \"Interlude Winter\" \"Ich wollte nie erwachsen sein (Nessaja's Lied)\" (Peter Maffay cover) \"Vergeben, vergessen und wieder vertrau'n\" \"Feuerwerk\" \"Party Medley\" (Party Rock Anthem / Seven Nation Army / Sexy / Männer / Sex on fire / The Best) \"Mit keinem Andern\" \"Interlude Sommer\" \"So kann das Leben sein\" \"Everything I Do\" (Bryan Adams cover) \"Ich habe Fieber / Fever\" (Peggy Lee cover) \"Ich will immer wieder dieses Fieber","title":"Farbenspiel Live"},{"docid":"41611151","text":"John Mitten (born 30 March 1941) is an English former sportsman who played both football and cricket during the 1950s, '60s and '70s. Football career Born in Manchester, Mitten played as a left winger for Mansfield Town, Newcastle United, Leicester City, Coventry City, Plymouth Argyle, Exeter City, Bath City and Trowbridge Town, making 203 appearances in the Football League. After retiring as a player, Mitten became a manager, and was in charge of Tiverton Town and Sidmouth Town. He is the son of fellow footballer Charlie Mitten. Cricket career He was active from 1958 to 1963 for Leicestershire. He appeared in 14 first-class matches as a right-handed batsman who kept wicket. He scored 259 runs with a highest score of 50* and completed 23 catches. References 1941 births Living people English cricketers English men's footballers Footballers from Manchester Leicestershire cricketers Mansfield Town F.C. players Newcastle United F.C. players Leicester City F.C. players Coventry City F.C. players Plymouth Argyle F.C. players Exeter City F.C. players Bath City F.C. players Trowbridge Town F.C. players English Football League players Men's association football wingers English football managers Tiverton Town F.C. managers","title":"John Mitten"},{"docid":"4450417","text":"Chris Williams (born December 19, 1968) is an American-Canadian animation film director, screenwriter and voice actor who is best known for directing the films Bolt (2008) and Big Hero 6 (2014) and co-directing the film Moana (2016) for Walt Disney Animation Studios, and for directing the film The Sea Beast (2022) for Netflix Animation. Early life Williams was born on December 19, 1968, in Missouri and spent the first 25 years of his life in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, where his father was the director of Counselling Services at the University of Waterloo. Williams graduated from the University of Waterloo with a degree in Fine Arts and then enrolled in the animation program at Sheridan College, Oakville, Ontario. Upon graduation from Sheridan, he was recruited by Disney and moved to Los Angeles. Career Williams previously worked in the story department for Mulan (1998), The Emperor's New Groove (2000) and Frozen (2013), in which he also voiced the character Oaken. In February 2007, it was announced he would direct American Dog, which was re-titled Bolt (2008) and was later joined by Byron Howard, both of them replaced Chris Sanders who was the original director. In July 2010, it was reported by various sources that Williams would direct King of the Elves based on the story by Philip K. Dick. However, in 2012, it was revealed that Williams had joined another Walt Disney Animation film, Big Hero 6, as a co-director inspired by the Marvel Comics of the same name. In November 2018, it was reported that Williams had left Disney and he would write and direct The Sea Beast for Netflix. The Sea Beast was released on Netflix on July 8, 2022. Filmography Feature films Shorts and TV Other credits See also List of University of Waterloo people References External links 1968 births Living people American animated film directors American expatriates in Canada American film directors American male screenwriters American male voice actors Animation screenwriters Animators from Missouri Annie Award winners Directors of Best Animated Feature Academy Award winners Male actors from Missouri People from Kitchener, Ontario Primetime Emmy Award winners Sheridan College animation program alumni University of Waterloo alumni Walt Disney Animation Studios people Netflix people Writers from Ontario","title":"Chris Williams (director)"},{"docid":"5273220","text":"\"Three Little Kittens\" is an English language nursery rhyme, probably with roots in the British folk tradition. The rhyme as published today however is a sophisticated piece usually attributed to American poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860). With the passage of time, the poem has been absorbed into the Mother Goose collection. The rhyme tells of three kittens who first lose, then find and soil, their mittens. When all is finally set to rights, the kittens receive their mother's approval and some pie. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16150. The poem was published in England in 1827 in a mock review by William Ewart Gladstone, writing as Bartholomew Bouverie, in The Eton Miscellany. A version was later published in 1833 as an anonymous addition to a volume of Follen's verse and in the United States in 1843. Follen may have developed and refined an existing, rude version of the poem, and, in the process, made it her own. The poem is a sophisticated production that avoids the typical moralization of 19th century children's literature in favour of anthropomorphic fantasy, satirical nonsense, and word play. Text The cat and her kittens They put on their mittens, To eat a Christmas pie. The poor little kittens They lost their mittens, And then they began to cry. \"O mother dear, we sadly fear We cannot go to-day, For we have lost our mittens.\" \"If it be so, ye shall not go, For ye are naughty kittens.\" From Gladstone, The Eton Miscellany (1827) The three little kittens they lost their mittens, And they began to cry, Oh, mother dear, we sadly fear Our mittens we have lost What? Lost your mittens, you naughty kittens! Then you shall have no pie. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We shall have no pie. Our mittens we have lost. The three little kittens they found their mittens, And they began to smile, Oh, mother dear, see here, see here, Our mittens we have found What? Found your mittens, you good little kittens, And you shall have some pie. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We shall have some pie. Let us have some pie. The three little kittens put on their mittens, And soon ate up the pie; Oh, mother dear, we greatly fear Our mittens we have soiled What? Soiled your mittens, you naughty kittens! Then they began to sigh, Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. Our mittens we have soiled. Then they began to sigh. The three little kittens they washed their mittens, And hung them out to dry; Oh! mother dear, look here, look here, Our mittens we have washed What? Washed your mittens, you good little kittens, But I smell a rat close by. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We smell a rat close by. Let's all have some pie. From Follen, New Nursery Songs for All Good Children (1843) Background According to Janet Sinclair Gray, author of Race and Time, \"Three Little Kittens\" may have origins in the British folk tradition, but the poem as known today is a","title":"Three Little Kittens"},{"docid":"65383201","text":"The Mitten (Ukrainian: Рукавичка) is a Ukrainian fairy tale. It remains popular in modern Ukraine and has been translated into other languages. Some of the written records of The Mitten date back to the 19th century and include the folklore collections of Pavlo Chubynsky. and Ivan Rudchenko. Plot There are numerous variations of this Ukrainian folk tale. In the general story, a person loses their mitten in a forest in the snow during a cold winter. One by one, various animals come and settle inside the mitten planning to stay warm. Eventually, the mitten can no longer hold all who want to warm themselves inside. The mitten then splits open and spills out all the animals into the cold. Variations The individual losing the mitten varies - some versions feature a child who loses their mitten. The animals included varies in different versions but often includes a mouse, a frog, a hare, a fox, a wolf, a boar and a bear. The animals fitting into the mitten get progressively larger. In some retellings, each of the animals have adjectives or nicknames. In many retellings, prior to settling in, the new-comer asks permission from the animals already inside. When the mitten can hold no more, sometimes a sneeze causes the animals to no longer fit inside. In some retellings, the person who lost the mitten finds it after the animals have left. Interpretation The story illustrates the Tragedy of the Commons. Translations The Mitten was translated into various languages, including English, Japanese, Azerbaijani, French, German and Russian. One of the most popular versions of The Mitten retold in English is by Jan Brett. In popular culture In 1996 a Ukrainian Animated Film Studio Ukranimafilm released a cartoon The Mitten (N. Marchenkova, а scriptwriter and director). In 2001, Ukrposhta, the postal service of Ukraine, released a Ukrainian Fairy Tale series of stamps, including The Mitten. References M M M","title":"The Mitten (folk tale)"},{"docid":"47814429","text":"Supergiant is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña, Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013). The character has made several appearances in other media such as animated television and video games. Publication history Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013) and was created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña. Fictional character biography The character Supergiant is a member of Thanos' supervillain team Black Order. While searching for Thanos' son Thane during the Infinity storyline, Supergiant and Corvus Glaive laid siege to the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning and defeated the X-Men. They left after realizing that Thane was not there. In the comic, When the Black Order seized Wakanda, Supergiant was left in control of Black Bolt who she would mentally order to activate the Illuminati's hidden bombs in Wakanda Necropolis. When the Illuminati arrived to save Black Bolt, Supergiant used Black Bolt's ability to defeat the heroes. Upon activating the bomb, Supergiant was faced by Maximus who had the trigger. Maximus triggered the bomb, but also used Lockjaw to transport Supergiant along with the bomb to a distant uninhabited planet where she perished in the explosion. During the \"No Surrender\" arc, Supergiant came back as a psychic projection, along with the rest of the Black Order, thanks to the Challenger who had set them up against Grandmaster's Lethal Legion. During the battle in Antarctica, the Black Order retreat after Corvus Glaive is killed. Supergiant stays to take control of Thor, but is dissipated by Lethal Legion member Ferene the Other. Powers and abilities Supergiant, in the series, has telepathic abilities, which allow her to mind-control anyone and feed on their intellect. At some point, she was transformed into a psionic entity. Out of her transformation, Supergiant gained the power to phase through living beings and obstacles. She also became immune to physical damage. Reception Accolades In 2022, Screen Rant included Supergiant in their \"10 Best Cosmic Villains Not Yet In The MCU\" list. In 2022, CBR.com ranked Supergiant 3rd in their \"MCU: Every Member Of Thanos’ Black Order, Ranked By Power\" list. In other media Television Supergiant appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Hynden Walch. Supergiant appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced again by Hynden Walch. This version lacks psychic powers, but can grow to a gigantic size and previously dated Star-Lord prior to the series' events. In the episode \"Undercover Angle\", Supergiant is imprisoned by the Nova Corps until the Guardians of the Galaxy accidentally free her while infiltrating the organization, though Gamora is able to subdue her. In the episode \"Come and Gut Your Love\", Supergiant works with another ex-girlfriend of Star-Lord's, Lucy, to attack him after discovering he is J'son's son. Video games Supergiant appears as a mini-boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Supergiant appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Marvel Future Fight. Supergiant appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 as part of the Infinity","title":"Supergiant (comics)"},{"docid":"64365104","text":"White Fang () is a 2018 animated film directed by Alexandre Espigares. Based on the 1906 book White Fang by Jack London, the film features the voices of Nick Offerman, Rashida Jones, Paul Giamatti, and Eddie Spears as natives of Alaska who, at different times, come to know White Fang, a free spirited and at times violent wolfdog who eventually bonds with Offerman's character, a gentle master named Weedon Scott. The film also features Dave Boat, Daniel Hagen, and Stephen Kramer Glickman in the original English version, and Virginie Efira, Raphaël Personnaz, and Dominique Pinon in the French dub. The film premiered at Sundance Film Festival in January 2018. After a limited theatrical run in France and the United States, Netflix acquired the film and released it later that year, on July 6, 2018. The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences. During its theatrical run, White Fang grossed $7.8 million worldwide. Plot White Fang, a wolfdog, is mauled during a dog fight. Town marshal Weedon Scott tries to interfere, but White Fang's owner, Beauty Smith, overpowers him, knocking him out with his cane. When the police search for Weedon, he runs away. In a flashback, White Fang lives with his mother, another wolfdog. While searching for a shelter, they get attacked by a lynx. White Fang's mother successfully kills the predator, but not without injury. While Scott camps for the night after escaping a pack of wolves with Hank, another Marshall, and Jim Hall, a criminal being transported to prison, White Fang and his mother head to their campground to search for food. Hank notices the pair and attempts to shoot White Fang's mother to put her down due to her injured leg. Scott stops Hank from killing White Fang's mother and instead gives White Fang a piece of salmon, saying that he might be able to return the favour in the future. White Fang and Kiche then end up encountering the pack of wolves Weedon encountered. Kiche then throws the salmon towards the pack to distract them, giving her and White Fang a chance to escape. While searching for food the following morning, White Fang and his mother come across an Indigenous camp. When a man named Three Eagles attempts to kill White Fang's mother, Grey Beaver, another man recognises her as Kiche, his old sled dog. Three Eagles leaves Kiche to Grey Beaver, who decides to train her to become a sled dog again. Later, Hank comes to the camp area to tell the Indigenous people that their land is currently on sale due to a recent gold strike, and Grey Beaver resolves to buy back the land by selling beaver pelt mittens in Fort Yukon. When Grey Beaver realises that there are no beavers on his side of the land, he decides to give Kiche to a man named William in exchange for trapping beavers on William's side. After selling the amount of mittens he needs to buy back the land, Grey Beaver travels to","title":"White Fang (2018 film)"},{"docid":"72225292","text":"The second season of Big Mouth, an American adult animated coming-of-age sitcom created by Andrew Goldberg, Nick Kroll, Mark Levin, and Jennifer Flackett, was released on Netflix on October 5, 2018. The series centers on teens based on Kroll and Goldberg's upbringing in suburban New York, with Kroll voicing his fictional younger self. Big Mouth explores puberty while \"embrac[ing] a frankness about the human body and sex.\" Cast and characters Main Nick Kroll as Nick Birch, Maurice the Hormone Monster, Coach Steve, Rick the Hormone Monster, Lola Skumpy, Nick Starr, Mila and Lotte Jensen, a webcam girl, Gina's Abuela, Bad Mitten, Rabbi Poblart and others John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman, Detective Florez and Andrew 3000 Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian, Guy Bilzerian, Radio DJ and Gina's Brother #1 Jenny Slate as Missy Foreman-Greenwald, Mirror Missy, Taffiny, The Implant and Additional Voices Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch, Bob the Hormone Monster and a Bus Driver Maya Rudolph as Diane Birch, Connie the Hormone Monstress, Susan, The Pill and Principal Barren Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington (1899–1974), Featuring Ludacris, Cyrus Foreman, Priest, Condom and Magician #2 Recurring Guest Episodes Reception Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 100% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 8.80 out of 10. The website's critics consensus reads \"Poignantly repulsive, Big Mouth continues to confront the awkwardness of adolescence with foul-mouthed glee and an added layer of maturity.\" On Metacritic, it has a score of 90 out of 100 for the second season, based on nine critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Accolades References 2018 American animated television seasons Big Mouth (American TV series) seasons","title":"Big Mouth season 2"},{"docid":"6190944","text":"Mamba is a 1930 American pre-Code film, released by Tiffany Pictures. It was shot entirely in Technicolor and stars Jean Hersholt, Eleanor Boardman, Ralph Forbes, Josef Swickard, Claude Fleming, William Stanton and William von Brincken. It was based on a story by Ferdinand Schumann-Heink and John Reinhardt and was advertised as the First Drama In Natural Color as all previous color features in sound had featured musical numbers. Plot The film takes place in Neu Posen, German East Africa sometime before the First World War. \"Mamba\" is the name given to a South African snake. The reptile of this adventure is Auguste Bolte (played by Jean Hersholt), who is constantly reminding those with whom he has a chance to converse that he can buy anything. He neglects his appearance and does not even bother to shave or brush his hair. The German officers hold themselves aloof from him and the only individual he has an opportunity to talk to at length is his valet-secretary, a Cockney, who feeds his master with flattery. One afternoon Bolte recalls that he has received a letter asking for 200,000 marks from Count von Linden. The Count is in Germany and in a footnote it is written that Bolte might marry von Linden's daughter, Helen. The white people of the post have as little to do with Bolte as possible and the British officers across the frontier also spurn him. It occurs to Bolte that a beautiful wife would perhaps help to make life more agreeable for him. He thinks also that the officers would then overlook some of his failings and be quite impressed. He therefore allies himself to Germany. Helen (played by Eleanor Boardman), like most daughters who marry wealthy villains in melodramas, does so to save her father from ruin. There is a flash of the wedding and soon Helen and her ignoble husband are seen aboard the steamship bound for East Africa. On the same vessel is Karl von Reiden, the officer who is to take charge of the Neu Posen post. He is not averse to a little flirtation with a beautiful woman and therefore when Helen goes out on deck to avoid Bolte, Karl succeeds in meeting her. These scenes are fairly well filmed and the color effects are capital. Karl, played by Ralph Forbes, is a handsome fellow. So soon as he knows that Bolte is Helen's husband he realizes that the marriage is not to her liking. Later these passengers are on the river boat, and when that craft reaches Neu Posen. Bolte stands on the aft deck hoping to make all the German officers envious of his attractive bride. He later gives a feast and takes good care to make a show of his wealth, even to having a procession of natives carrying the viands. A visit from a native woman interrupts the proceedings, and in a subsequent passage Bolte, enraged with his wife, is about to flog her with a whip when Karl comes to","title":"Mamba (film)"},{"docid":"37260910","text":"A mitten is a glove without individual finger openings. Mitten(s) may also refer to: Landforms The Mitten, a mountain in Antarctica West and East Mitten Buttes, a geologic formation in Monument Valley Lower Peninsula of Michigan, nicknamed \"the Mitten\" Animals Chinese mitten crab, a species of crab native to Eastern Asia Mittens (cat), a famous cat from Wellington, New Zealand Polydactyl cat, also known as \"mitten cat\" Arts Film and television The Mitten (film), a 1967 Soviet animated film Mittens, a character in the 2008 film Bolt Mittens, a kitten character in Timmy Time Mittens Fluff 'N' Stuff, a Lalaloopsy doll and character in the TV series Literature Mittens, a kitten in Beatrix Potter tale The Tale of Tom Kitten The Mitten (folk tale), a Ukrainian folk tale adapted to several media Music \"Mittens\", a song by Carly Rae Jepsen Mittens Records, a record label founded by Julie Feeney Other uses Yakovlev Yak-130, NATO reporting name MitteN Fuchu, Shopping center Mittens (chess engine), by Chess.com Mitt Romney (born 1947), American politician nicknamed \"Mittens\" See also Glove (disambiguation) Mitte (disambiguation), a German word for middle—Mitten is another grammatical form of Mitte","title":"Mitten (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"3898662","text":"The East Valley Tribune is a newspaper concentrated on cities within the East Valley region of metropolitan Phoenix, including Mesa, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, and Queen Creek. Formerly a daily newspaper, the Tribune resulted from the combination of local newspapers acquired by Cox Enterprises: The Tempe Daily News, the Mesa Tribune, the Gilbert Tribune, the Scottsdale Progress, and the Chandler Arizonan. History Attorney Alfred P. Shewman and Judge W.D. Morton founded Mesa's first newspaper, the Evening Weekly Free Press, in 1891. In 1899, Judge W.D. Morton sold out to Shewman, who died in 1901. Frank T. Pomeroy and Harry D. Haines bought the paper in 1910 and converted it into a daily publication, The Evening Press. They then sold the paper in 1911. In 1913, The Evening Press became the Mesa Daily Tribune, and in 1925, the paper was renamed the Mesa Daily Journal. The name changed again to the Daily Mesa Evening Journal in 1928. In 1932, Southside Publishing Company, a corporation of Mesa and Chandler businessmen, acquired ownership. Over the next 7 years, stock was purchased by P.R. Mitten and his son, Charles until 1939 when Charles Mitten bought out his father's share. Mitten began printing the paper five days a week after World War II under the name of the Mesa Daily Tribune. In 1950 Mitten sold the paper to David W. Calvert. In 1952, the Tribune Publishing Company was incorporated. On January 26, 1956, the Mesa Daily Tribune publishing plant on Macdonald Street was destroyed by fire and opened five months later at 120 W. 1st Ave, Mesa. In 1977, Cox Enterprises of Atlanta, Georgia, purchased the Mesa Daily Tribune from Calvert. Cox Newspapers then purchased the Tempe Daily News in 1980 and the Chandler Arizonan in 1983. It started the Gilbert Tribune in 1990, and purchased the Scottsdale Progress in 1993. David C. Scott was appointed president of Cox Arizona Publications and publisher of the Mesa Tribune in 1986, succeeding Roger Kintzel. In December 1996, Cox Newspapers sold its newspaper holdings to Thomson Newspapers. In May 1997, under the leadership of its publisher, Karen Wittmer, all five newspapers were combined into one newspaper, The Tribune. The paper served eastern Maricopa County with a Scottsdale edition for the northern communities. In December 1997, the Daily News-Sun in Sun City, Arizona, joined the Tribune as part of its Phoenix SMG (Strategic Marketing Group). The Ahwatukee Foothills News, which covered news on the southeastern border of Phoenix, joined in November 1998. In December 1999, The Tribune was renamed the East Valley Tribune and, in August 2000, Thomson Newspapers sold its Arizona newspaper holdings to Freedom Communications, Inc. of Irvine, California On October 6, 2008, publisher Julie Moreno announced that, as of 2009, the newspaper would cease publishing in Scottsdale and Tempe. Additionally, it would publish only four days a week in the remainder of its circulation area, although it would publish four distinct editions serving Mesa, Chandler, Gilbert and Queen Creek. More than 140 staff members' jobs were eliminated","title":"East Valley Tribune"},{"docid":"2704591","text":"Hoover Field was an early airport serving the city of Washington, D.C. It was constructed as a private airfield in 1925, but opened to public commercial use on July 16, 1926. It was located in Arlington, Virginia, near the intersection of the Highway Bridge and the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway, where The Pentagon and its northern parking lots now stand. Considered one of the most hazardous airfields in the United States, Hoover Field suffered from short and unpaved runways, numerous life-threatening obstructions around the field, poor visibility (due to a burning garbage dump to its northwest), and poor drainage. It was purchased by the owner of nearby Washington Airport in early 1929, causing a brief merger of the two fields, but was sold to a new owner just 12 months later. It nearly went bankrupt in 1933, and was sold at auction and merged with Washington Airport to become Washington-Hoover Airport on August 2, 1933. Washington-Hoover Airport closed in June 1941. Washington National Airport (now Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport) was built as its replacement. Construction Hoover Field was built in 1925 by Thomas E. Mitten, president of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company (which held the airmail contract between Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia). Hell's Bottom, a site at the foot of the Highway Bridge in Arlington County, Virginia (formerly a horse racing track) directly across the Potomac River from the city, was selected by Mitten for the site of his new \"airport.\" Pioneering aviator Alys McKey Bryant helped clear trees and brush and run the tractor which leveled the land for the airfield. The single sod runway was long. A single hangar, by in size, was constructed. Construction ended in 1925, and at first the field was used only by planes giving sight-seeing tours over the national capital. The then-unnamed airfield was threatened with competition almost immediately. Because the field was privately owned, civic leaders began a campaign for the city of Washington to build a publicly owned municipal airport. The federal government considered filling in all or part of Kingman Lake and using the lake, Kingman Island, and nearby Heritage Island for a federal airport to compete with the nascent field in Arlington, but this plan died in August 1926. The government's actions and Mitten's desire to fly people between D.C. and Philadelphia for the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence led Mitten to expand his airfield. The new airfield was dedicated on July 16, 1926. It was named for then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, a major promoter of civil aviation. The roughly trapezoidal airport was built along a north-by-northeast axis, was approximately long and wide, and in size. The only navigational aid was a windsock. Conditions at the field Flying conditions at Hoover Field were notoriously poor. Arlington Beach, a local amusement park, was located on the north-northeastern edge of the airport (next to Highway Bridge), and a landfill on the north-northwestern side. The trash in the landfill was also on fire. The smoke sometimes obscured the","title":"Hoover Field"},{"docid":"52539397","text":"Evelin Võigemast (until 2007, Evelin Pang; born 22 May 1980) is an Estonian stage, film television and voice actress and singer. Early life and education Born Evelin Pang in Tallinn, her parents were Valdur Pang and Eda Pang (née Taska). She has a brother named Margus Pang. She initially studied at Tallinn School No. 21 secondary school, but graduated from Tallinn School No. 49. (now, Tallinn Arte Gymnasium) in 1998. She is also a graduate of the Tallinn Children's Music School (now, the Tallinn Music School) in Kesklinn, Tallinn, where she studied piano. In 1998, she began studying acting at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre under Elmo Nüganen, graduating in 2002. Among his graduating classmates were Priit Võigemast, Karin Rask, Maria Soomets, Hele Kõre, Mart Toome, Ott Aardam, Elisabet Reinsalu, and Argo Aadli. Stage career Following graduation, she joined the Tallinn City Theatre in 2002, where she is still currently engaged. She has appeared in roles at the Tallinn City Theatre in works by such varied authors and playwrights as: Shakespeare, Alexandre Dumas, David Auburn, Anton Chekhov, Franz Kafka, Ivan Turgenev, W. B. Yeats, A. H. Tammsaare, Tennessee Williams, Ernest Hemingway, Arnold Wesker and Nikolai Gogol, among others. She has also performed at the Vanalinnastuudio in roles by Bertolt Brecht and Jim Cartwright; the NUKU Theatre, the Nargen Opera; and at the Vanemuine in Tartu, where she performed as Evita Peron in Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's Evita in 2014. Film In 2000, Pang began voicing the animated character Lotte in the popular Estonian Lotte films; the first was Lotte Goes South. This was followed by Lotte from Gadgetville in 2006, Lotte and the Moonstone Secret in 2011, and Lotte and the Lost Dragons in 2019. The Lotte films and their characters proved so popular in Estonia that a theme park, Lottemaa, was opened in Reiu, Pärnu County, Estonia. She was also cast as a voice actress to dub the role of Mittens in the Estonian release of the 2008 American Disney animated feature film Bolt (Estonian: Välk). She made her feature-length film debut in a small role in the 2002 Elmo Nüganen directed Nimed marmortahvlil (English release titles: Names in Marble and Names Engraved in Marble), based on the novel of the same name by author Albert Kivikas about the Estonian War of Independence. She was billed under her maiden name, Evelin Pang. This was followed by a co-starring role in the Peeter Urbla directed comedy-drama Stiilipidu in 2005, opposite actresses Maarja Jakobson and Anne Reemann. Other film roles include that of Annika Hunt in the Asko Kase directed drama Hundi agoonia; Liisa, in the 2009 Hannu Salonen directed drama Vasha; Evelyn in the 2012 Ain Mäeots directed drama Deemonid; Reet Haljandi in the 2015 Margus Paju directed family adventure film Supilinna Salaselts (English release title: The Secret Society of Souptown), based on the novels of Finnish author Mika Keränen; Marian in the 2017 Andres Maimik and Katrin Maimik directed comedy-drama Minu näoga onu; and Andres'","title":"Evelin Võigemast"},{"docid":"43864691","text":"The Brooklyn Bolts were a professional American football team based in Brooklyn, New York City, New York. They were a charter member of the Fall Experimental Football League (FXFL), which was trying to become the developmental league for the National Football League. They played their home games at MCU Park. History In August 2014, it was announced that Brooklyn was awarded a franchise for the upcoming 2014 season of the Fall Experimental Football League (FXFL). All of the teams in the league are owned by the FXFL, but local Minor League Baseball franchises are responsible for the operations of each team. The Bolts worked in conjunction with the Brooklyn Cyclones who play at MCU Park on Coney Island. By playing its games in Brooklyn, the Bolts became the first outdoor professional football team to play in New York City proper since 1983, when the New York Jets left Shea Stadium. (Two short-lived arena football teams, the Knights in 1988 and the CityHawks in 1997 and 1998, also played in the city; otherwise, all professional teams claiming to represent the city have played in either New Jersey or Long Island.) On July 10, 2015, the league confirmed the Bolts would return for the 2015 season. Former NFL quarterback Josh Freeman played for the Bolts for the 2015 season and then signed with the Indianapolis Colts and started the Colts' final regular season game of 2015. In early August 2016, Brooklyn Baseball Banter, a site that covers the Brooklyn Cyclones, reported that the Cyclones' front office was about to pull the plug on the Bolts and the FXFL at MCU Park, as the league had not contacted the Cyclones regarding a third season (the Cyclones were prepared to bring back the Bolts if the league was prepared to play). A few weeks later the site reported that Cyclones' management had stated that the league had canceled the 2016 season and that the Bolts had folded and put remaining fan merchandise on discount clearance. In the spring of 2017, former FXFL commissioner Brain Woods re-emerged as CEO of a new circuit called The Spring League; its business model was different from the FXFL's, as the teams no longer have set home cities or distinctive identities. In December 2016, Woods was reported to be considering bringing the Bolts or Blacktips back to play in an indoor league and is eyeing the Arena Football League, National Arena League, Champions Indoor Football and Indoor Football League. Coaches For the 2014 season, veteran NFL player John Bock was named as head coach of Bolts. Joining Bock on the Brooklyn Bolts staff were former NFL players Marvin Jones, James Brown, Nate Poole, Deon Dyer, Kelvin Kinney and defensive coordinator Joey Smith. Former NFL head coach and defensive coordinator Rod Rust served as a consultant to the Bolts. Also serving as coaching consultants were Don Strock, Danny Hope and Fred O’ Connor. Offensive coordinator Wayne Anderson Jr. is the former assistant head coach of the SoCal Coyotes, a developmental","title":"Brooklyn Bolts"},{"docid":"2137368","text":"The Milky Way is a one-reel animated cartoon short subject, produced in Technicolor and released to theatres with the film The Captain Is a Lady in 1940 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The short (produced and directed by Rudolf Ising and co-produced by Fred Quimby with the voice of Bernice Hansen as the kittens and their mother, and musical supervision by Scott Bradley) explores the adventures of the \"three little kittens who lost their mittens\", as they explore a dreamland where space is made up entirely of dairy products (for example, the Milky Way is made of milk and the Moon is made of green cheese). The short won the 1940 Oscar for Best Animated Short Film, and was the first non-Disney film to do so. Other shorts nominated in 1940 included A Wild Hare by Warner Bros., introducing Bugs Bunny, and another MGM cartoon Puss Gets the Boot, with Jasper & Jinx, the prototype for Tom and Jerry. This makes 1940 the first time a Disney film wasn’t even nominated for the award. It was added as a bonus feature in the Marx Bros. DVD release of Go West (1940) and Warner Archive Blu-ray release of Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940). Plot Three kittens, denied milk as punishment for losing their mittens after playing out in the snow, sail up into the Milky Way in a basket lifted by three helium balloons. Their space flight takes them past the Moon, the planet Mars, the Big Dipper, and the Little Dipper, until they reach their destination: the Milky Way. Once in the Milky Way, they find it a land of natural milk springs and geysers. The kittens proceed to happily gorge themselves on milk, until they get into trouble and risk falling back down to Earth. However, it is then revealed that the whole event was imagined. Their mother comes in to their bedroom to invite them down for supper. The kittens rush excitedly into the kitchen, only to be sickened to see that their supper is milk. Additional Crew Production Manager: Fred Quimby Film Co-Produced by William Hanna (uncredited) Uncredited Story by Maurice Day Uncredited Animation by Jack Zander Home Media Go West (unrestored bonus feature) Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection: 15 Winners (restored) Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection, Disc 1 (restored) Broadway Melody of 1940, Warner Archive Collection Blu-ray release (restored bonus feature) References External links The Milky Way (1940) on Dailymotion (uploaded by InternetAnimationDatabase) 1940 films 1940 animated films 1940 short films 1940s American animated films 1940s animated short films 1940s fantasy comedy films 1940 musical comedy films American musical comedy films Best Animated Short Academy Award winners Films directed by Rudolf Ising Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short films 1940s musical fantasy films Animated films based on nursery rhymes Animated films about cats Films about dreams American musical fantasy films Films produced by Fred Quimby Films scored by Scott Bradley Milky Way in fiction Mars in film Moon in film Films set on balloons Fiction about","title":"The Milky Way (1940 film)"},{"docid":"3961695","text":"is a Japanese anime short series created by Shuichi Oshida, considered as a parody of Go Nagai's Mazinger Z. The series is produced by both Bee Train and Synergy Japan and began airing in Kids Station on April 12, 2004 to November 1, 2004. Theme Panda-Z: The Robonimation includes characters that were modeled after the main cast of Mazinger Z. None of the characters are voiced, and the show's infrequent dialogue is instead presented through intertitles. Some episodes have no dialogue at all, relying on mime movement, sound effects, and the show's electric guitar-based blues/rock/fusion soundtrack for expression. Each episode is five minutes long, including both the opening and ending credits. The ending credits also include a profile of one character or set piece from the series. Story The series consists of short comedy sketches, involving the adventures of Pan-Taron, a super deformed robotic panda, pilot of the Panda-Z mecha, and his equally small cute robotic friends, as they fight the evil Skullpander, leader of the Warunimal forces. The story is confined to the small Robonimal Island (containing Robonimal City and P-Z Labs) and a tiny nearby volcanic island that is home to the Warunimal base. Buildings in Robonimal City are all topped with panda heads. Never taking itself seriously, the story is often just an excuse to put the characters in common everyday situations, but with a robotic twist, which allows for comical results. In several episodes the characters can be seen playing the card game Old Maid against one another. The deck they play with has characters from the show on them, including Skullpander as the Joker. In one episode they play Rock-Paper-Scissors...a game made more difficult by their mitten-like hands. Being robots, they can often be seen ingesting batteries for their food. Some other times, the struggle between the two groups is present, but either one of them, or sometimes even both, don't take the fighting seriously. Characters Robonimal Island - Pilot of the Panda-Z. - Taron's grandfather and the director of the laboratory. He is a researcher at the mysterious \"Super P-Z\" and an authority on Robonimal engineering. He created the Panda-Z along with Taron's father (who left one day years ago and never returned). But outside of that, he is just a kind grandfather, who loves his grandson very much. - A pink robot rabbit with angel wings and a white nurse's outfit. She dreams of becoming a great nurse someday. She has a cheerful, kind personality and also has a strong sense of responsibility. - He is something of a leader in Taron's group of friends. Denwan is dependable, but sometimes, he gets ahead of himself and ends up failing. His dream is to become a great public Denwan someday. ( is Japanese for \"telephone\" and Wanwan is the sound a dog makes so he is basically a telephone dog.) He is, however, a pay phone, requiring others to pay him to make an outgoing call. Also, his dial only has seven digits. -","title":"Panda-Z"},{"docid":"2371419","text":"The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1908 as The Roly-Poly Pudding. In 1926, it was re-published as The Tale of Samuel Whiskers. The book is dedicated to the author's fancy rat \"Sammy\" and tells of Tom Kitten's escape from two rats who plan to make him into a pudding. The tale was adapted to animation in 1993. Plot summary Tom Kitten is a young cat who lives with his mother, Mrs. Tabitha Twitchit, and sisters, Moppet and Mittens, in a house overrun with rats. Her children being an unruly bunch, Mrs. Tabitha puts Moppet and Mittens in a cupboard in order to keep them under control, but Tom Kitten escapes up the chimney. As he makes his way to the top of the house, he comes across a crack in the wall and, squeezing through it, finds himself under the attic's floorboards. There he meets the rats, Mr. Samuel Whiskers and his wife Anna Maria. They catch him and proceed to cover him with butter and dough in order to eat him as a pudding. However, when they proceed to settle the dough with a rolling-pin, the noise gets through the floorboards and attracts the attention of Tabitha Twitchit and her friend Mrs. Ribby who has been helping search for Tom Kitten. They quickly call for John Joiner, a terrier, who saws open the floor and rescues Tom Kitten. Samuel Whiskers and Anna Maria escape to the barn of Farmer Potatoes, spreading their chaos to another location, though leaving the cat family residence in peace. Connections to other books Ribby was one of the main characters of The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan (published in 1905), which also featured Tabitha Twitchit as a shop keeper, with the kittens appearing in the illustrations. The family had also appeared in The Tale of Tom Kitten in 1907. Tabitha's shop is again mentioned in The Tale of Ginger and Pickles (1909) which also included Samuel Whiskers and Anna Maria. Inspirations The cat family home was based on Beatrix Potter's own house, Hill Top in Cumbria. Farmer Potatoes was based on a local man called Poslethwaite. Adaptations In 1933, Theron K. Butterworth published a dramatic adaptation of the tale as Mr. Samuel Whiskers. In 1993, an animated film adaptation was telecast on the BBC anthology series, The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends with the voices of Rosemary Leach as Tabitha Twitchet, John Gordon Sinclair as John Joiner, Patricia Routledge as Ribby, Struan Rodger as Samuel Whiskers, and Sheila Hancock as Anna Maria. References Footnotes Works cited External links 1908 children's books British children's books British picture books Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding, The Tale of Children's books adapted into films Children's books adapted into television shows English-language books Children's books about cats Children's books about mice and rats Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding, The Tale of","title":"The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding"},{"docid":"24852180","text":"Joshua Ryan Bolt (born 2 May 1994) is an English actor. He starred in the 2009 film The Be All and End All, a role which saw him shortlisted for the best newcomer at the 2009 British Independent Film Awards. Early life Joshua Ryan Bolt was born in Liverpool on 2 May 1994, and grew up in the Liverpool suburb of Hunt's Cross. Career Bolt began acting at the age of 12 when he was cast in a theatre production of Much Ado About Nothing. In 2009, he played Pete Shotton in the BAFTA nominated film Nowhere Boy. He went on to appear in the ninth series of Shameless, playing the pot smoking psychopath Frasier Kane. He is featured in the music video for punk band The Luka State's single, \"Kick in The Teeth\". In summer 2011, it was announced that Bolt had won the lead role of Henry in ITV1's Just Henry, which aired over the Christmas period of that same year. Upon completing Just Henry, he joined the second series of Accused. In January 2012, he began work on the six-part BBC series Last Tango in Halifax (2012), playing Raphael \"Raff\" Greenwood. He guest starred in the last two episodes of seventh season of the detective series Lewis. In July 2012, IMDb named him as one of their rising British teenage stars. Bolt played Brian Harris, a central character, in the two-part BBC Three drama The Crash which centres on a car crash inspired by real life events. He portrayed Daniel in the third series of Scott & Bailey. In February 2013, he began work on The Heart of Nowhere, a film directed by Charlie Fink to coincide with Noah and the Whale's final album; he played Floyd, the bassist of the group. At the 2013 BAFTA television awards, Last Tango in Halifax won best drama and filming began in June 2013 of its second series. Bolt reprised his role as Raff. He returned for the third series in 2014 and the fourth in 2016. In March 2015, producers of the hit sitcom Benidorm announced that Bolt had been cast as part of a brand new family for Series 8, which aired in January 2016. Bolt played Rob Dawson, the family's son, who befriends regular characters Tyger Dyke and Joey Ellis. Bolt lent his voice to the Doctor Who audio series from Big Finish. The episode, entitled \"Dethras\", featured Bolt alongside the fourth incarnation of the title character and was released in 2017. He appeared alongside in the second series of Grantchester playing an undercover agent and Marxist. He played a young soldier named Thomas Macquillan in the ITV drama Harry Price Ghost Hunter, ITV's adaptation of Neil Spring's debut novel, The Ghost Hunters. The film aired on ITV on 27 December 2015. Bolt starred as Reburrus, a young boy hungry for revenge following the slaughter of his family, in Barbarians Rising, an eight-part drama for the History Channel airing in the U.S. and the UK. It charted","title":"Josh Bolt"},{"docid":"17093263","text":"The following is a list of known fictional characters who are Inhumans, a race of superhumans appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Known Inhumans Inhuman Royal Family The Inhuman Royal Family are the ruling class of the Inhumans. Among the members of the Inhuman Royal Family are: Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) – King of the Inhumans and husband to Medusa. He has a destructive hypersonic voice capable of defeating other super-powered beings. He has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in sleep. A fork-like antenna on Black Bolt's forehead allows more controlled use of his voice and psychically connects him to Lockjaw. Medusa (Medusalith Amaquelin Boltagon) – Wife of Black Bolt and Queen of the Inhumans. She is also a former member of the Fantastic Four and the Frightful Four, as well as the mother of Ahura and older sister of Crystal. Her prehensile hair possesses super-strength. Crystal (Crystallia Amaquelin Maximoff) – Medusa's sister, ex-wife of Quicksilver and mother of Luna. She is a former member of the Fantastic Four, as well as a former member of the Avengers. She can manipulate Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Gorgon (Gorgon Petragon) – Cousin of Medusa. He has bull-like legs in place of his actual legs capable of creating shockwaves equal in magnitude to an earthquake. Karnak the Shatterer (Karnak Mander-Azur) – Cousin of Black Bolt. He is also a priest and philosopher and chose not to expose himself to the Terrigen Mists (a substance that grants the Inhumans their powers upon contact). Despite this, he does have the ability to sense an opponent's weak points and is a superb martial artist. Triton (Triton Mander-Azur) – Karnak's fish-like brother who can breathe underwater and survive the pressures of the deep sea. Maximus Boltagon – Also known as Maximus the Mad, he is the brother of Black Bolt and attempts to overthrow him numerous times. Maximus has the ability of mind-control. The Unspoken – Cousin of Black Bolt. He was once the King of the Inhumans until the rest of the Royal Family rose up against his power-hungry ways. Black Bolt defeated and banished him, decreeing that his actions would be removed from the history books and his name never be uttered again causing him to be referred to as \"The Unspoken\". The Terrigen Mists gave him the power of \"Terrigenesis,\" the ability to alter his body into any form he wished. Ahura Boltagon – Son of Medusa and Black Bolt. He has psychic abilities. Luna Maximoff - Daughter of Quicksilver and Crystal. Born human, but later mutated by the Terrigen Crystal by her father. Lockjaw – A large bulldog who was granted the power of teleportation after exposure to the Terrigen Mists. This was due to the Inhumans' experiment on canines. Inhuman Royal Guards The Inhuman Royal Guards are a group of Inhumans that are responsible for protecting the Inhuman Royal Family. Among its members are: Chynae – A hydrokinetic Inhuman with pointy","title":"List of Inhumans"},{"docid":"2259372","text":"The Saddletramps were an alternative country band from Toronto, Ontario in the 1980s and 1990s. Core members of the band included Ken Horne, Andrew Lindsay, John DeHaas and Brian Duguay. History In the early 1980s several Fanshawe College students from the Greater Toronto Area who shared a rented house in London, Ontario got together to form the band Tin Mitten. Their first gig was opening for another established local band, The Waiting. Friends of the band members chanted \"No Waiting, Mitten Now\" and pelted the band with mittens. The band was soon renamed The Saddletramps, and performed in various Toronto venues. Lindsay met seventeen-year-old Sarah Harmer while working at Sunrise Records in Burlington, and she joined the band, later commuting to Toronto to perform on weekends while attending Queen's University. In 1989 the Saddletramps released their first album, The Saddle Tramps, on cassette tape, with Dehaas on bass, Duguay on lead guitar and vocals, Harmer on vocals, Horne on percussion, Lindsay on vocals and guitar. Mike Northcott also contributed some instrumental work. The album was recorded at Grant Ave and Axon Studios, and all but one of the songs were written by the band members. In 1990 the band released a second cassette album, Yardsale. Harmer left to concentrate on her studies; she later fronted her own band, Weeping Tile. The Saddletramps disbanded in 1995. In 1999, Harmer began a solo career; her solo album You Were Here included a new recording of \"Don't Get Your Back Up\", which she had originally recorded with The Saddletramps on Yardsale. Lindsay, Duguay, and Dehaas formed a new band called Loomer along with Michael Taylor, Iain Thomson, and Scott Loomer. The band released an album, Love Is A Dull Instrument in 2004. In 2006, Harmer sang \"Only Lovers\" on the band's second album, Songs of the Wild West Island. Discography Albums The Saddle Tramps (1989) Tracks: \"Christ\", \"Life and Times\", \"Church\", \"Winds of Change\", \"Alaska\", \"I Don't Mind\", \"Blue Eyes\" and \"Fallen Angel\" Yardsale (1990) Tracks: \"Weight of the World\", \"Deal With It\", \"Boomerang\", \"4000 Roads\", \"She Don't Love\", \"Rain of Gold\", \"Wastin' It On You\", \"Race Along The Edge\", \"Passin' Thru\", \"Don't Get Your Back Up\" Well Gone Bad (1993) References Canadian alternative country groups","title":"The Saddletramps"},{"docid":"19731992","text":"Bolt is a video game developed by Avalanche Software and published by Disney Interactive Studios for Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2008 film of the same name. Mark Walton, Sean Donnelan, and Malcolm McDowell reprise their roles as Rhino, Penny's TV father, and Dr. Calico respectively. Miley Cyrus, who voiced Penny, is replaced by Ashleigh Prather. Synopsis Setting In the game, the player follows and controls the super dog Bolt and Penny on various missions taking place in the fictional TV show universe from the movie. The levels are shared between Bolt and Penny. By using Bolt's superpowers, the player can fight hordes of enemies. New powers, such as Superbark and Laser Eyes, will be unlocked during the game. While Bolt has superpowers, Penny has only her maneuverability by using her Wheelbar and is incentivized to take down enemies in a stealthy way. The game focuses on Bolt's fake TV life, not the actual movie storyline. Penny's father has been kidnapped by the evil Dr. Calico, and Penny and Bolt must travel through 5 countries to rescue him. All of this is actually on TV, and Rhino is watching a DVD pack of all the 25 Bolt episodes, possibly at the rural home at the end of the movie with Bolt's family (Penny, Mittens, Bolt himself, and Penny's mother). On the Nintendo DS version, players can play a mini-game called Rhino's Mission, where they go through mazes and avoid obstacles, like cannons. Despite that the end of the Bolt film shows a new storyline, it can be implied that these episodes featured in the game are mostly the episodes in the first season, despite the movie starting with the chase sequence. Plot Penny's father has been captured by Calico and his organization in an attempt to construct a powerful weapon of untold power. Penny and Bolt travel to Italy in an effort to find out more, but they get nowhere other than learning of Calico's location in Belize. Calico finally manages to capture Penny once she and Bolt find his temple base in the Yucatán jungle. To prove to Penny's father that she is alive and being held hostage, Calico gives Penny a cell phone with her father on the other line. Calico then attempts to flee the crumbling temple with his new captive but decides to leave her there with Bolt to die, saying, \"As long as the professor believes she's alive, he will do what is asked and finish the weapon. Too bad we can't all have nine lives\". However, Penny and Bolt survive and discover Calico's new base in the Russian Arctic with a large rocket in the center. But upon entering, Penny notices micro-focusing mirrors and realizes that it is her father's satellite instead of a warhead. All too late as Calico seals the entrance and, to Bolt's horror, launches it with Penny inside screaming for help. Bolt then jumps onto the rocket and","title":"Bolt (video game)"},{"docid":"39154767","text":"Bolts and Blip is an animated television series that aired on Teletoon from 2010 to 2011. The show has also aired on 3net at 10:30 am on Sundays, and The CW's Saturday morning block, Vortexx, from July 13, 2013 at 8:30 a.m. Plot The series is a comic action adventure set on the Moon in 2080. It follows two central city misfits, Bolts and Blip, who accidentally find themselves as members of the Lunar League's last placed team the Thunderbolts. With the help of their rag-tag band of teammates, the two friends discover what they are made of in this intergalactic sports circuit. Characters Main cast Blip (Voiced by Matt Murray) - One of the two main titular protagonists. Blip is a bumbling Civi-Bot who attempts to keep within societal norms, but is not very successful. He is best friend and roommate to the wacky Bolts, and often must drag his impulsive friend out of trouble. He is the more mature, level-headed of the duo. He along with Bolts were accidentally drafted into the Lunar League's bottom team, The Thunderbolts. He has a huge crush on Saedee, who spends most of the series ignoring his displays of affection, while occasionally letting slip possible mutual feelings, before revealing in the season finale she too loves Blip. Late in the series he is revealed to be Dr. Tommy's Secret Bot, and has latent powers, which he calls his \"Super Mode\"; in this state he is taller, stronger, faster, and can fly. He has a pet mouse like robot named Squeaker, who prior to undergoing training was very violent and attacked everyone, But nowadays he only attacks Bolts. Bolts/Blood's Bot/Darth Boltor (Voiced by Terry McGurrin) - The other titular protagonist. Bolts is immature, impulsive and has a talent for getting himself into trouble; including one time where he put himself under huge debt to a Robot Mafia Leader Vinnie Two-Chimes, after losing a bet in a (fixed) sock fight match. But he does occasionally show he has some common sense as seen in Little Squeaker when he thinks it's a bad idea to show Squeaker around to the Thunderbolts after Squeaker viciously attacked both him and Saedee's housewarming present. He also shows some signs of intelligence and ingenuity as also seen in little Squeaker when he modified an illegal weapon to bring up to legal standards only to have his talented creation shot down by Gridiron telling the sport was a croquet sport match and not a battle. He's the team's jokester and often drives Coach Gridiron insane. He once entered a secret (and illegal) wrestling tournament under the name Bolto de Fuego (a play on Bola de Fuego), and has continued using the name Boltor as his screen name. Like Blip he has latent powers, where his eyes will turn red and he gains monstrous strength. He is eventually revealed to be \"Blood's Bot\", the ultimate creation of Dr. Blood. Saedee (Voiced by Melissa Altro) - The gorgeous heroine Saedee, who is","title":"Bolts and Blip"},{"docid":"1563682","text":"Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965). Black Bolt is the ruler of Attilan, and a member of the Inhumans, a reclusive race of genetically altered superhumans. Black Bolt's signature power is his voice, as his electron-harnessing ability is linked to the speech center of his brain. Speaking triggers a massive disturbance in the form of a highly destructive shockwave capable of leveling a city. Due to the extreme danger posed by this power, the character has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in his sleep, and he usually remains completely silent and speaks through sign language or via a spokesperson. Black Bolt has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes. Since his original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, different versions of Black Bolt were portrayed by Anson Mount in the Marvel Television series Inhumans (2017) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Publication history Black Bolt debuted in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He re-joined the Illuminati as part of the 2012 Marvel NOW! rebranding initiative. He appeared in the 2017 Black Bolt series, his first solo comic book series, by Saladin Ahmed and Christian James Ward. He appeared in the 2021 Darkhold: Black Bolt #1 one-shot. Fictional character biography 1960s Black Bolt's first appearance established the character as being a member of the Inhuman ruling class. The title Thor featured a back-up feature called \"Tales of the Inhumans\", which recounts the character's origin story. The son of King Agon and Queen Rynda, Black Bolt is exposed to the mutagenic Terrigen Mist while still an embryo, and eventually demonstrates the ability to manipulate electrons. To protect the Inhuman community from his devastating voice, Black Bolt is placed inside a sound-proof chamber and is tutored in the use of his powers. Reentering Inhuman society as a young man—having vowed never to speak—the character is attacked by his younger brother Maximus, who attempts, unsuccessfully, to goad him into speaking. Black Bolt proved popular, and decides to leave Attilan to explore the outside world. The character reappears in a story focusing on his cousin Medusa, drives off the Hulk after the monster defeats the entire Inhuman Royal Family (Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Triton, and Crystal), and with the Fantastic Four, battles his brother Maximus and his own group of rogue Inhumans. 1970s After being forced to intercede in the budding romance between his cousin Crystal and the Fantastic Four's Johnny Storm, Black Bolt and the Inhumans feature in the title Amazing Adventures, and battle villains such as the Mandarin and Magneto. A story in The Avengers, told in flashback, reveals how Black Bolt came","title":"Black Bolt"},{"docid":"45252624","text":"Lalaloopsy is an animated children's television series based on the dolls of the same name from MGA Entertainment. It was produced by MGA and MoonScoop Entertainment. The series first aired on March 29, 2013. The series' voice production was made and recorded in Calgary, AB, Canada, by Chinook Animation. After the first few episodes were aired on Nickelodeon, it was moved to the Nick Jr. Channel. The show's last episode aired on September 14, 2015. In December 2015, Viacom filed a lawsuit against MGA, stating that the toy company didn't provide proper financing for the advertisement and production of the series. In September 2016, a judge awarded Viacom damages of over $14.9 million relating to the show. It was pulled from the lineup less than a month later, while all traces of the show were also removed from Nick Jr.'s website at the same time. Plot Lalaloopsy focuses on Lalaloopsy Land. Lalaloopsy Land is inhabited by colorful rag dolls, who came to life the moment their last stitch was sewn. Each episode focuses on one or two groups of them facing a problem of their own and either solving it on their own or with incidental or previously planned help from the other group of dolls seen in the episode. Episodes Characters Bea Spells-A-Lot (voiced by Hayley Stone) Crumbs Sugar Cookie (voiced by Calista Schmidt) Dot Starlight (voiced by Marissa Tawiah) Jewel Sparkles (voiced by Selia Sangra) Mittens Fluff ‘N’ Stuff (voiced by Paige Stone) Pillow Featherbed (voiced by Zoe Marlett) Peanut Big Top (voiced by Malia Ashley Kerr) Rosy Bumps ‘N’ Bruises (voiced by Emma Duke) Spot Splatter Splash (voiced by Tate McRae) Supporting Ace Fender Bender (voiced by Griffin Kingston) Berry Jars ‘N’ Jam (voiced by Anna Quick) Blanket Featherbed (voiced by Jordan Anderson) Blossom Flowerpot (voiced by Cascadas Lucia Fuller) Bundles Snuggle Stuff (voiced by Taylor Walters) Candle Slice O’ Cake Charlotte Charades (N/A) Cherry Crisp Crust Dyna Might (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Ember Flicker Flame (voiced by Jessica Young) Forest Evergreen (voiced by Keaton Whitbread) Haley Galaxy (voiced by Greer Hunt) Holly Sleighbells (voiced by Tate McRae) Little Bah Peep (voiced by Greer Hunt) Mango Tiki Wiki (voiced by Jaida Shaleena Lewis) Mari Golden Petals (voiced by Bella Orman) Marina Anchors (voiced by Greer Hunt) Misty Mysterious (voiced by Sara Matsubara) Patch Treasurechest (voiced by Andrew Hilbrecht) Peggy Seven Seas (voiced by Joanna Burchacki) Pepper Pots ‘N’ Pans (voiced by Aurora Hunt) Peppy Pom Poms (voiced by Sofia Tchernetsky) Pickles B.L.T. (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Pix E. Flutters (voiced by Cascadas Lucia Fuller) Prairie Dusty Trails (voiced by Bella Orman) Scraps Stitched ‘N’ Sewn (voiced by Brittany Thurlow) Scribbles Splash Sir Battlescarred (voiced by Carson Pound) Specs Reads-a-Lot Sprinkle Spice Cookie Squirt Lil Top Squiggles N Shapes Star Magic Spells Sunny Side Up (voiced by Jessica Young) Suzette La Sweet (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Tippy Tumblelina (voiced by Sophie Brown) Trace E. Doodles Trinket Sparkles Winter Snowflake (voiced by Olivia Duke) Broadcast In Canada, the series","title":"Lalaloopsy (TV series)"},{"docid":"20213458","text":"Mark Daniel Walton (born October 24, 1968) is an American storyboard artist and voice actor who has worked for Walt Disney Animation Studios, DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Warner Animation Group, and other companies. He currently works for Illumination, as of 2023. Walton also voiced Rhino the hamster in the 2008 animated film Bolt. Early life Walton was born on October 24, 1968, in Salt Lake City, Utah, the oldest of seven children. Although he is not a professional actor, Walton said in an interview, \"I liked acting in high school and college. I enjoyed it. I think at some point I decided that if I was really going to be a professional actor that it would take at least everything that I would have emotionally or physically and I knew that I really wanted to pursue art.\" He graduated from Utah State University in 1998 with a degree in illustration. Career Mark Walton started at Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida as a story and animation intern in 1995. After performing as a show artist for The Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical Discovery Adventure North American Mall Tour in 1996, he transferred to Walt Disney Feature Animation in Burbank, CA. (now known as Walt Disney Animation Studios) in 1997 to work on his first feature, Tarzan as a storyboard artist. While at Disney, from the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, he did storyboards for The Emperor's New Groove, The Little Matchstick Girl, Home on the Range, Chicken Little, Meet the Robinsons, Tangled, and Gnomeo and Juliet, as well as storyboarding and developing the unproduced films Wild Life, My Peoples, and Rapunzel Unbraided (an early version of Tangled), Joe Jump, and King of the Elves. Also, while at Disney, he provided the voices for Barry & Bob the Longhorns in Home on the Range (2004), Goosey Loosey for the computer-animated film Chicken Little and its video game (2005), and for Rhino the hamster in Bolt (2008) for which he was nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production, and the short film spin-off Super Rhino. He also storyboarded a short CGI film \"The Zit\" for Mike Blum's Pipsqueak Films, shown on the TV series Independent Lens. After leaving Disney in 2009, Walton storyboarded on films for DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Marza Animation Planet, Original Force 3D, Ken Duncan Studio, Mass Animation, On Animation, Kool Produktion AS, Rovio Animation, and Warner Animation Group. He has also taught storyboarding at California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts), Academy of Art, SUU, and CGMA. Numerous positive reviews came from film critics regarding Walton's performance as Rhino in Bolt. CNN noted “Walton's Rhino steals every scene he's in.”, while Enewsi stated \"Walton has perfect comedic timing as Rhino\". Another reviewer noted “The hamster alone is enough to make this movie worth seeing”, with other positive reviews featured in the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, where Walton contemplated Rhino's popularity as, \"he imagines he's actually something bigger","title":"Mark Walton (story artist)"},{"docid":"2915913","text":"The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) was a pioneering computer network protocol for transporting human speech over packetized communications networks. It was an early example of Voice over Internet Protocol technology. History NVP was first defined and implemented in 1974, with definition led by the “Speech” project at ISI, the USC Information Sciences Institute following initial work begun in 1973. ISI leadership was by Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI), University of Southern California, with funding from ARPA's Network Secure Communications (NSC) program. The project's stated goals were \"to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of secure, high-quality, low-bandwidth, real-time, full-duplex (two-way) digital voice communications over packet-switched computer communications networks...[and to] supply digitized speech which can be secured by existing encryption devices. The major goal of this research is to demonstrate a digital high-quality, low-bandwidth, secure voice handling capability as part of the general military requirement for worldwide secure voice communication.\" NVP’s first demonstration was in August 1974 between the groups at ISI and MIT Lincoln Laboratory. That was history’s first “phone call” using a computer network. It was partly enabled by users of vocoders custom-built by BB&N, Bolt Beranek, and Newman. Work as a whole involved many other researchers nationally. Necessary subnet (IMP-to-IMP) changes for real-time packet forwarding were discussed at ISI in March 1974, chaired by Bob Kahn, DARPA’s program director for the speech project. At the end of the meeting, he summarized actions and directed BB&N to make the required subnet updates. NVP was used to send speech between distributed sites on the ARPANET using several different voice-encoding techniques, including linear predictive coding (LPC) and continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD). Cooperating researchers included Steve Casner, Randy Cole, and Paul Raveling (ISI); Jim Forgie (Lincoln Laboratory); Mike McCammon (Culler-Harrison); John Markel (Speech Communications Research Laboratory); John Makhoul (Bolt, Beranek and Newman), and Rod McGuire and Philip Rubin (Haskins Laboratories). NVP was used by experimental Voice Funnel equipment (circa February 1981), based on BBN Butterfly computers, as part of ongoing ARPA research into packetized audio. ARPA staff and contractors used the Voice Funnel, and related video facilities, to do three-way and four-way video conferencing among a handful of US East and West Coast sites. Credit also is due to Dave Retz and his group at the UC Santa Barbara Speech Communication Laboratory. ISI used his operating system, ELF, for the early development of speech networking, including extension to speech conferencing. Protocol The protocol consisted of two distinct parts: control protocols and a data transport protocol. Control protocols included relatively rudimentary telephony features such as indicating who wants to talk to whom; ring tones; negotiation of voice encoding; and call termination. Data messages contained encoded speech. For each encoding scheme (vocoder) a frame was defined as a packet containing the negotiated transmission interval of a number of digitized voice samples. NVP was transported over the Internet Stream Protocol (ST) and a later version called Stream Protocol, version 2 (ST-II), both connection-oriented versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) and which","title":"Network Voice Protocol"},{"docid":"1685637","text":"Eat-Man (stylized as EAT-MAN) is a Japanese manga series created by Akihito Yoshitomi in 1996 which was serialized by MediaWorks monthly in 19 volumes until 2003 in Dengeki Comic Gao! magazine. In 1997, Studio Deen adapted the manga into a 12-episode anime television series which was broadcast in Japan from January 9 to March 27, 1997 on TV Tokyo. A sequel, Eat-Man '98, was also animated by Studio Deen and ran from October 8 to December 23, 1998. Both anime series are licensed in North America by Discotek Media and the manga series was licensed by Viz Communications before it was dropped. A second manga called Eat-Man The Main Dish started serialization in Monthly Shonen Sirius in May 2014. Story Eat-Man is a series of short, episodic stories about an \"explorer\" (a type of mercenary) named Bolt Crank who has the ability to eat virtually anything and then, at will, reproduce from his body the objects he's consumed. Eat-Mans world is a mix of high-tech futurist cyberpunk and fairy tale. The episodes take place in various worlds and in undefined times. Characters Bolt Crank (voiced by Masashi Ebara), is the best \"explorer\" in the world. In the manga, \"Explorers\" are a kind of mercenary. Although mercenaries in the manga do any job, even assassinations, the explorers were employees with principles. Bolt has a bizarre power, the ability to eat anything inorganic and then later recreate it (even fixing the item ingested) from any part of his body. The item usually comes out from his arms and hands, but sometimes can be created in other body areas, like his head, chest, or legs. In the manga, it was implied that inside Bolt's body was actually a void of space. Objects that he's consumed float around in a seemingly endless space, much like the inside of Doraemon's fourth-dimensional pocket. A man of few words, Bolt doesn't show his feelings and always keeps a cool head. However, his cynical personality and his \"always get the job done\" attitude can make him seem like a very cold and dark character but, in the end, he always finds a way to do the right thing. He never appears to look back on the past or regret it in any way. Although Bolt's past remained a mystery in all the series, some stories gave clues about his past, including some characters that appeared in various episodes. The end of the manga series revealed a lot about who and what Bolt is, but his exact identity still remains a mystery. Here are some hints in the series: Bolt never ages, but the end of the manga series revealed that he is biologically immortal (he does not age but can be hurt and/or killed). There is a character identical to Bolt called Leon. His creations include an gynoid (Stella) with human feelings who loved him (an antagonist of Bolt in various episodes, trying to transform all living things into machines) and a weird robot capable of assimilating any","title":"Eat-Man"},{"docid":"41088062","text":"George James Bolt (1 August 1899 – 2 September 1966) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton, Hawthorn and North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Family The son of Francis Bolt (1865–1950), and Catherine Ann Bolt (1868–1954), née Waite, George James Bolt was born at Rutherglen on 1 August 1899. Bolt married Violet Maria McLaine (1900–1928) in 1921, and they had two children together before her death in 1928. He subsequently married Violet's older sister, Jessie Marjorie McLaine (1895–1960) in 1936. Football Carlton Bolt joined Carlton from Brunswick in the Victorian Football Association in 1922, although he did not play a senior game for Brunswick. Carlton had a poor season in 1923 and dissension among the playing group broke into the open after Round 13 when Carlton suffered a heavy defeat to Essendon. At an after-match function at the Essendon Football Club, Bolt and his team-mate Jack Morrissey became embroiled in a heated argument that culminated in a fist fight between the two. The next day, Sunday, the club committee met and suspended both players for an indefinite period, bringing an end to Bolt's Carlton career. Hawthorn An application to transfer to Richmond in 1924 was refused, and he played with Auburn Football Club in the Reporter League and the Railways club in the Wednesday league until mid 1925 when he was cleared to Hawthorn, where he played the last eight matches in their VFL debut season. North Melbourne Bolt subsequently moved to North Melbourne, and took his career games tally to 42 with another 16 matches in 1926–27. Death George Bolt died on 2 September 1966, aged 67, and is buried at Fawkner Memorial Park. Notes References Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2009), The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers: every AFL/VFL player since 1897 (8th ed.), Seaford, Victoria: BAS Publishing. External links George Bolt's profile at Blueseum 1899 births 1966 deaths Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) Carlton Football Club players Hawthorn Football Club players North Melbourne Football Club players","title":"George Bolt (footballer)"},{"docid":"13458294","text":"Chung Misook (; born December 25, 1962) is a South Korean voice actress who joined Seoul-based Korean Broadcasting System's voice acting division in 1984. Role Broadcast TV Pororo the Little Penguin (EBS) - Petty Clamp School Detectives (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Nokoru Imonoyama Pita-Ten (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Misha Futari wa Pretty Cure (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Cure Black/Nagisa Misumi (Mook Ha-ram) Jang Geum's Dream (Korea TV Edition, MBC) - Seo Jang Geum One Piece (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Nami Naruto (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Hitomi Uchiha Sailor Moon (Crew Folding) - Sailor Mercury Tokyo Mew Mew (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Ichigo Momomiya InuYasha (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Kagome Higurashi (Yoo Ga-young) Shaman King (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Hao Asakura Kamikaze Kaito Jeanne (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Maron Kusakabe/Kaito Jeanne Magic Knight Rayearth (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Hikaru Shidou (Sunny/Joo Eun-vit) The Irresponsible Captain Tylor (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) Nurse Angel Ririka SOS (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ririka Moriya Digimon Adventure (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Taichi Kamiya (Shin Tae-il) Astro Boy (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Astro Boy Cowboy Bebop (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Faye Valentine Erementar Gerad (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Cisqua Kanon (Korea TV Edition, Animax) - Nayuki Minase Mahojin Guru Guru (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Kukuri Element Hunters (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ren Karas Doug (Korea TV Edition) - Patti Mayonnaise Danny Phantom (Korea TV Edition) - Sam Dragon Tales (Korea TV Edition) - Emmy Flowering Heart (Korea TV Edition) - Ari Jin You're Under Arrest (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Noh Han-na The Fairly OddParents (Korea TV Edition) - Timmy Turner Hello Kitty's Paradise (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Hello Kitty Movie dubbing Harry Potter (replacing Emma Watson, Korea TV Edition, SBS) The Sixth Sense (replacing Haley Joel Osment, Korea TV Edition, KBS) Interview with the Vampire (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, MBC) Jumanji (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Leon (replacing Natalie Portman, Korea TV Edition, KBS) Demolition Man (replacing Sandra Bullock, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Roman Holiday (replacing Audrey Hepburn, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (playing Belle, Walt Disney Pictures) Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (playing Pocahontas, Walt Disney Pictures) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (playing Adult Kiara, Walt Disney Pictures Anastasia (playing Anastasia \"Anya\", 20th Century Fox) Mulan (playing Mulan, Walt Disney Pictures) The Prince of Egypt (playing Miriam, Dreamworks Animation) Finding Nemo (playing Dory, Pixar) Bolt (playing Mittens, Walt Disney Pictures) Finding Dory (playing Dory, Stan's wife, Pixar) Games Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata - Reith The War of Genesis Side Story II: Tempest - Elizabeth Pandragon Girlfriend of Steel - Asuka Langley Soryu Elsword - Rena References External links Jeong Mi Sook Fan Site (in Korean) Jeong Mi Sook Fan Cafe (in Korean) 1962 births Living people South Korean voice actresses 20th-century South Korean actresses 21st-century South Korean actresses","title":"Chung Misook"},{"docid":"28064582","text":"The Mitten () is a 1967 Soviet animated film directed by Roman Kachanov. The film received international recognition. Plot summary The film centers on a girl who wants a dog. She brings home a puppy, but her mother wouldn't let the puppy stay. The girl is upset and goes outside to the playground, where all the other kids are walking their dogs. She starts playing with her mitten, pretending that the mitten is a dog. And the power of her imagination turns her mitten into a puppy, which keeps the mitten's red color and black spots on the back. The puppy starts chasing a cat, which ends up finding shelter on top of the ad board saying \"Everyone who has a dog is welcome to take part in the kennel club competition!\" The girl takes her puppy to the competition, and it completes the task better than other dogs, but on the way to finish one of the threads of the puppy's knitted coat gets caught by a nail on the wooden barrier, and it loses the competition. The girl takes it home and is about to feed it, when it turns back to a mitten. Mom notices the girl trying to feed a mitten and decides to get her a real puppy. Creators Dolls and scenery made — Pavel Gusyov, Oleg Masainov, V. Petrov, M. Chesnokova, G. Gettinger, G. Lyutinsky, A. Maximov, V. Kalashnikova, V. Kuranov, S. Etlis, leadership the Roman Gurov Film editor — Vera Gokke Editor — Natalya Abramova Director — Nathan Bitman Awards MKF in Moscow — a silver medal in competition of children's movies, the movie \"The Mitten\" (1967) Annecy International Animation Film Festival — the first award, the movie \"The Mitten\" (1967) Gijón International Film Festival — a prize of the city of Gijon \"For high art quality of animation\", the movie \"The Mitten\" (1968) Gijón International Film Festival — the Grand Prix \"A gold plate\", the movie \"The Mitten\" (1968) All-Union Film Festival — the first award, the movie \"The Mitten\" (1968) Interesting facts There is no dialogue in the film. Leonid Shvartsman based the character of the mother on a very close acquaintance — Tamara Vladimirovna Poletika (the first wife of his friend and animator Lev Milchin). The bulldog in “The Mitten” is based on the director, Roman Kachanov. External links Films directed by Roman Abelevich Kachanov Soviet animated films Soyuzmultfilm 1967 films 1960s Soviet films 1967 animated films","title":"The Mitten (film)"},{"docid":"72421517","text":"Twined knitting (also known as two-end knitting) is a traditional Scandinavian knitting technique. It refers to knitting where two strands of yarn are knitted into the fabric alternatively and twisted once and always in the same direction before every stitch. The technique is called tvåändsstickning in Swedish, tvebandsstrikking in Norwegian, and tvebinding in Danish. Their literal meaning is \"two-end knitting\", referring to the traditional way of knitting with both yarn ends from one ball of yarn. While the right-side of the fabric resembles a one-end stocking-stitch fabric (as seen from the right side), the wrong-side of the fabric has a horizontally ridged surface due to the plaits created by the twisting of the two strands of yarn. Intricate relief patterns are characteristic of the technique. Twined knitting produces a firmer and more durable fabric with greater thermal insulation than conventional one-end knitting. The technique has historically been used to knit mittens, gloves, socks, stockings, caps and sleeves for waistcoats. Historical and cultural overview The technique is predominantly associated with the forestry areas of Värmland, Dalarna, Härjedalen, Jämtland and Hälsingland in Sweden, and Hedmark, Oppland, Akershus and Buskerud in Norway. Archaeological finds from these areas provide evidence that the technique has been practiced since the sixteenth century. Practical knowledge of the technique still persists in these areas. Danish archeological findings of the technique have been dated to the seventeenth century. However, practical knowledge of the technique has ceased to exist in Denmark. Evidence of the technique has not yet been found in the remaining Nordic countries. Sweden The technique is historically significant to the Swedish county Dalarna. Two-end knitted garments continue to be included in several of Dalarnas traditional local costumes. The history of knitting in this region can be traced back to the mid-seventeenth century. Wool yarn was the most common knitting material, but linen and cotton yarn was sometimes used to knit socks, mittens and gloves. Mittens and gloves were commonly twine-knitted in white (typically for women) or black (typically for men) wool yarn with a knitted or embroidered colourful pattern. Embroidered twine-knitted mittens with a fringe trimming are particularly associated with Dala-Floda were they are included in the traditional local costume. However, embroidered mittens with or without fringe trimmings are common in other parts of Dalarna as well as in Värmland and Härjedalen. Some two-end knitted mittens were intended to be worn inside unlined leather mittens, in which cases they were known as handskvantar, bälgvantar or körhandskar. On the island of Sollerön in Siljan, half-mittens and gloves were two-end knitted in white linen or cotton yarn for weddings, half-mittens being worn by the bride and gloves by the groom. The gloves and half-mittens were later reused by the couple on ceremonial occasions. The garments from Sollerön are characterised by their elaborate relief patterns. In Lima, twine-knitted cotton gloves were produced and exported during the nineteenth century. Socks and stockings were typically two-end knitted in an undyed wool, linen or cotton yarn, often to be dyed after. During dyeing,","title":"Twined knitting"},{"docid":"19492570","text":"Paul Pape (born July 17, 1952) is an American actor. He is known for the role of Double J in the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever. Post Saturday Night Fever, he has appeared in over 20 films. He also played a supporting role in the 2008 racing video game Need for Speed: Undercover as Lt. Jack M. Keller. Filmography Film Bolt - Man (voice) Cats & Dogs - Wolf Blitzer (voice) Chicken Little - Fire Chief (voice) China: The Panda Adventure - Bill Harkness Voice-over (voice) Dragon Nest: Warriors' Dawn - Blacksmith and Kuke (voice) Frozen - Crowd Member #1 (voice) Incredibles 2 - Additional Voices (voice) Monsters vs. Aliens - Soldiers (voice) Missing Link - New Worlder (voice) Osmosis Jones - Male Red Blood Cell #2 (voice) Saturday Night Fever - Double J Tangled - Man #4 (voice) The Desperate Hour - Lyft Driver The Emoji Movie - Additional Voices (voice) The Tale of Despereaux - Man in crowd (voice) The Wild - Man (voice) Wreck-It Ralph - Man at Arcade (voice) Television Angie - Vinnie Visicio Caprica - Rhetoric Host #2 Family - Clyde GameStar: Die Redaktion - Lt. Jack M. Keller Hagen - Stewart Hart to Hart - Burt Kroll Journeyman - Julius Resurrection Blvd. - Detective Wilson The Man in the High Castle - Film Narrator (voice) Wanda at Large - Voiceover References External links 1952 births Living people 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors Male actors from New York (state) Actors from Rochester, New York","title":"Paul Pape"},{"docid":"31193548","text":"Bolt is a fictional character that appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated film Bolt (2008). He is depicted as a White Shepherd with superpowers such as a \"super bark\" and the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes. When he found himself lost, Bolt discovered that he was an actor in a television show, and must take it upon himself to get back home, learning how to be a normal dog in the process. Bolt's journey and personal evolution as a character are core to the film's main themes. Created by Chris Williams and Byron Howard, Bolt is introduced as a dog who is unknowingly the star of his own TV show. His ignorance is crucial as the cast and crew go to extreme lengths to make Bolt think he is actually a super dog in order to make the performance more authentic. The character is voiced by John Travolta. Much of the inspiration for Bolt was provided by John Lasseter, who also oversaw his visual development with chief character designer Joe Moshier. Aside from the film, the character also appears in the direct-to-video short film Super Rhino, the two video games Bolt and Disney Infinity, and the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom trade card role-playing game. In addition, photos of Bolt appear in Wreck-It Ralph (2012) and Big Hero 6 (2014). Bolt's character, alongside Travolta's vocal performance, has received mostly positive critical acclaim from film critics and became a breakout character, leading to strong sales of merchandise and toys following the film's release. Development Characterization and design The character known as Bolt was originally conceptualized as a bipedal Jack Russell Terrier named Henry, designed by Chris Sanders. In this script, Henry would be aware of the fact that he is an actor. Henry, as well as Sander's idea for the movie, was eventually scrapped when John Lasseter and some colleagues from Pixar reviewed the project. The character was subsequently redesigned after a White Spitz Breed, although changes were done to the muzzle, ears, and overall body structure to give the character a more distinctive and expressive appearance. Some aspects of his design, such as his distinctive ears, were inspired by American White Shepherds in order to emphasize his expressiveness. To make Bolt's movement seem more realistic and in line with that of real canines, the animation department studied the body language and locomotion of real white shepherds and utilized virtual bone-structure in the CGI models. Personality-wise, the new Bolt would be more naïve and insecure, conveying more pathos than Henry. At the same time, the art department worked to give Bolt a whimsical nature with a pose that excels confidence, thus allowing the character to have a contrasting personality and body language which reflects that. Voice work John Travolta was chosen to do the voice work for Bolt, after Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Tom Cruise turned down the role. Despite a history of turning down voice-over offers for animated characters, Travolta agreed to provide the voice for","title":"Bolt (Disney character)"},{"docid":"62892130","text":"Katrina Mitten (born 1962, Huntington, Indiana) is a Native American artist. She is enrolled in the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. Mitten is beadwork artist, whose embroidery style of beadwork has earned her numerous awards and has been featured in major metropolitan museums. Biography Mitten is a descendant of one of the five Miami families who were allowed to stay after the establishment of the Indian Removal Act by Andrew Jackson. This act allowed him to relocate access to relocate Native people from their ancestral homelands. Those who were not relocated were encouraged to assimilate into Westernized civilization. Instead, they tried to pass on as much of their culture as possible At the age of twelve, Mitten learned beading from her grandmother Josephine. Josephine influenced a large portion of Mitten's works, including her 1950s handbag, which she has stated represents her family heritage. Mitten made this handbag collaborating with her granddaughter Saiyer Miller and teaching her using the same methods as her grandmother. Mitten also learned more about her tribe by visiting museums and studying her families' heirlooms. She is active on the powwow circuit. She has created utilitarian works, such as The Cradle Board, as well as necklaces, bracelets, and beaded handbags. Other influences in her art include the geometric designs found in ribbonwork and the floral patterns depicted throughout the Great Lakes tribal beadwork. She incorporates personal and family stories into her art pieces and uses her art as a means of story telling. In 2016 Mitten collaborated with Native American artists Katy Strass and Angela Ellsworth to create a painting of the states on a fiberglass statue of a bison. Two of her pieces, MMIW (Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women) and Ten Original Clans of the Myaamia, were acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign. Select artworks Cradle Board \"I have been waiting for you\" outfit 1950's Handbag 1940s-styled bag Exhibitions Native Art Market at the National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C. (2014) Myaamia Heritage Museum & Archive (2018) Santa Fe Indian Market Collections Mitten's artwork is held in the permanent collections of: Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian American Art Museum References External links Native Daughter: Katrina Mitten video from Journey Indiana Artists from Indiana Miami people 1962 births Living people Native American women artists 20th-century American artists 20th-century American women artists 21st-century American artists 21st-century American women artists 20th-century Native American artists 21st-century Native American artists 20th-century Native American women 21st-century Native American women Native American people from Indiana Native American beadworkers American beadworkers Women beadworkers","title":"Katrina Mitten"},{"docid":"1584558","text":"Derek Stephen Prince is an American voice actor who has played various roles in the Digimon series, the voice of Elgar in the live-action Power Rangers Turbo, and Power Rangers in Space. In the world of anime, he played Keitaro Urashima in Love Hina, DemiDevimon and Piedmon in Digimon, Ken Ichijouji and Veemon in Digimon 02 and Impmon in Digimon Tamers, Uryū Ishida in Bleach, Iggy in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders and Shino Aburame in Naruto. In video games, he provides the voice of Vexen in the Kingdom Hearts series and Asuka R. Kreutz in the Guilty Gear series. Derek has been part of the Voice123 roaster since September, 2008. He reprised his role as Ken Ichijouji for YouTuber Aficionados Chris' review of Digimon. Some of the characters he voices are intellectual or brainy, such as Vexen, and Uryū. Filmography Anime .hack//Legend of the Twilight – Reki Accel World – Sulfur Pot (Ep. 19) Aldnoah.Zero – Marylcian Apocalypse Zero – Bolt Argento Soma – Lab Assistant B Arc the Lad – Gene Battle B-Daman – Li Yong Fa, Monkey Don Beyblade Burst – Ranjiro Kiyama (Seasons 3 & 5) Blade of the Immortal – Taito Magatsu Bleach – Uryū Ishida Bleach: Thousand Year Blood War – Uryū Ishida Blood Lad – Sabao Blue Exorcist – Reiji Shiratori / Astaroth (Eps. 1-2) Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo – Nunchuck Nick, Wiggin' Tribe Spokesman Code Geass R2 – Additional Voices Cowboy Bebop – Lin, Shin Cyborg 009 – Dr. Gaia, Machine Gun, Kain, alternate voice of Joe Shimamura (select episodes) D.Gray-man – Selim (Ep. 43) Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – Spider Demon (Elder Brother), Kakushi Digimon Adventure – DemiDevimon, Piedmon, Digitamamon Digimon Adventure 02 – Ken Ichijouji, DemiVeemon/Veemon/ExVeemon/Paildramon (shared)/Imperialdramon (shared) Digimon Frontier – Grumblemon/Gigasmon, Dynasmon, Oryxmon, Honeybeemon Digimon Fusion – Jeremy Tsurugi, Zamielmon Digimon Tamers – Impmon/Beelzemon Doraemon – Stan Dragon Ball Super – Freeza (Toonami Asia dub) Duel Masters 2.0 – Dr. Root and Multi-Card Monty Durarara!! – Gangster (Ep. 12.5), Additional Voices Eyeshield 21 – Yoichi Hiruma Flint the Time Detective – Batterball, Elekin, Young Orville Wright (Ep. 17), Young Jean-Henri Fabre (ep. 30) Fushigi Yūgi – Keisuke Yūki Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex 2nd Gig – Runaway worker in the episode \"Excavation\" Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045 – Underwear Man Ground Defense Force! Mao-chan – Ichiro Suteki Gurren Lagann – Jamo-ichi Gun Frontier – Tochiro Oyama Hunter × Hunter – Lippo, Shacmono Tocino, Examinee A (Ep. 6) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders – Iggy Kikaider – Ichiro/Kikaider 0-1 Kill la Kill – Guts Kite Liberator – Tsuin Love Hina – Keitaro Urashima (as David Umansky) Lucky ☆ Star – Cherry, Additional Voices Lupin III – Mr. X, French Police Officer Mahoromatic – Suguru Misato (credited as David Umansky) MÄR: Märchen Awakens Romance – Phantom/Tom Mars Daybreak – Crowley Mobile Suit Gundam F91 – Birgit Pirjo Mon Colle Knights – Mondo Ooya Monster – Rudy Gillen Naruto – Shino Aburame (episode 34-220) Naruto: Shippuden – Shino Aburame (episode 33-present)","title":"Derek Stephen Prince"},{"docid":"1149296","text":"The Chinese mitten crab (; ; Shanghainese: du6-zaq8-ha5, \"big sluice crab\"), also known as the Shanghai hairy crab (, p Shànghǎi máoxiè), is a medium-sized burrowing crab that is named for its furry claws, which resemble mittens. It is native to rivers, estuaries and other coastal habitats of East Asia from Korea in the north to Fujian, China in the south. It has also been introduced to Europe and North America, where it is considered an invasive species. The species features on the list of invasive alien species of Union concern. This means that the import of the species and trade in the species is forbidden in the whole of the European Union. Description and ecology This species' distinguishing features are the dense patches of dark setae on its claws. The crab's body is the size of a human palm. The legs are about twice as long as the carapace. Mitten crabs spend most of their life in fresh water and return to the sea to breed. During their fourth or fifth year in late summer, the crustaceans migrate downstream and attain sexual maturity in the tidal estuaries. After mating, the females continue seaward, overwintering in deeper waters. They return to brackish water in the spring to hatch their eggs. After development as larvae, the juvenile crabs gradually move upstream into fresh water, thus completing the life cycle. It moves from freshwater habitats to saltwater habitats once it has reached reproduction maturity. The types of estuaries suitable for the mitten crab is large brackish waters for the larva to develop in, and large shallow waters for the growth of the juvenile crabs. An increase in microplastics has had a significant impact on the population as it affects their metabolism, growth, and oxidative stress response in the liver. The Chinese mitten crab originates from Hong Kong to the border of Korea. It can be found inland but prefers coastal areas. In the Yangtze, the largest river in its native range, Chinese mitten crabs have been recorded up to upstream. It is known to settle in rice fields by the sea and rivers inland. The crab is found in subtropical and temperate regions. Phylogenetically the crab belongs to the Varunidae family which is the newest group of brachyuran crustaceans. Spawning crabs average around in length. Since crabs spawn at the end of their life spans and perish at the end of the breeding cycle, the crabs can live up to 7 (in Germany also 8) years old. The mitten crab diet is omnivorous. Their main prey consists of worms, mussels, snails, dead organic material, and other small crustaceans and fish. Reproduction Mitten crabs start off as freshwater organisms. In late August, sexual instincts awaken and they begin migrating downstream to the sea, away from their feeding grounds. It is during this migration where the crabs reach puberty and develop their sex organs. The crabs begin to breed in the brackish waters in late fall. The males arrive first and stay in the","title":"Chinese mitten crab"},{"docid":"48403924","text":"Sami Daher () is a Lebanese actor and voice actor. Filmography Film Television Plays Waylon Le Omma. 2013 Dubbing roles Batman: The Animated Series - Harvey Bullock, Penguin, Kyodai Ken (Lebanese dubbing version) Ben 10: Omniverse - Argit (second voice) Bolt (uncredited; Classical Arabic version) Courage the Cowardly Dog Mokhtarnameh Prophet Joseph References External links Lebanese male actors Lebanese male voice actors Year of birth missing (living people) Living people","title":"Sami Daher"},{"docid":"24466292","text":"\"I Thought I Lost You\" is a song performed by American singers and actors Miley Cyrus and John Travolta. It was released as a promotional single in 2008. The song was written by Cyrus alongside producer Jeffrey Steele. It was included in the 2008 Disney animated film Bolt, in which Cyrus and Travolta provide the voices of main characters Penny and Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was made after filmmakers requested Cyrus to write a song for the film. The song reflects the film's story of a dog being separated from his owner and trying to find his way back to her. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was nominated for Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, losing both to Bruce Springsteen's \"The Wrestler\" from The Wrestler (2008). The song's accompanying promotional clip has Cyrus and Travolta performing the song in a recording studio and features clips from Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was promoted by live performances by Cyrus. Background Cyrus became involved with Bolt once she was cast as Penny, Bolt's owner. Filmmakers asked Cyrus to write a song for herself and John Travolta, who stars as Bolt. She co-wrote the song with the aid of Jeffrey Steele, who also produced the track, in a short period of time as they had a due date. The film's settings vary in cities throughout the United States, which Cyrus thought she could capture in the song. \"Not just make it something that sounds from Hollywood and really produced, but we could add a little country twang to it,\" she said. Cyrus said the writing process was easy. Before the song's completion, Travolta agreed to sing it, believing \"Well, it will be a cute song, whatever it is.\" After listening to the song, he was surprised at Cyrus' songwriting abilities. \"She's really gifted at writing, and she really wanted to write something good for me as the character Bolt, so she went out of her way with her writing partner to come up with something good, and I really think they pulled it off\", Travolta told MTV News. John Lasseter, executive producer of Bolt, decided to make \"I Thought I Lost You\" the theme for Bolt, since it lyrically summarized the film's plot. He said, \"[The song] sums up the theme of this film. You know, a dog and its owner and they both were separated, but they love each other so much — there's such an emotional payoff when these characters get reunited, and I think that's what this song's about.\" Lasseter thought that solely the song worked, but it worked better for the film. \"I Thought I Lost You\" is one of two songs on the Bolt soundtrack and was released to Radio Disney to promote Bolt and its accompanying soundtrack. Composition \"I Thought I Lost You\" is a pop rock song and lasts three minutes and thirty-six seconds. Its instrumentation includes electric guitar and piano. The song","title":"I Thought I Lost You"},{"docid":"26441386","text":"Mrs. Tabitha Twitchit is a fictional anthropomorphic cat who features in the books of Beatrix Potter. She is a shopkeeper and the long-suffering mother of three unruly kittens, Moppet, Mittens and Tom Kitten. In the books, she is shown as standing on her hind legs and wearing fashionable clothes. She and her kittens live in a house based on the Hill Top farmhouse while her shop is based on one in Hawkshead, a market town nearby. Inspiration The success of her early books enabled Potter to purchase a farm called Hill Top in Cumbria. Among the animals there was a cat called Tabitha Twitchit. Books The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan (1905) Tabitha is shown working at her shop and the illustrations include kittens, presumably her own, playing outside. Tabitha is rather peeved when her cousin Ribby tells her that she is having tea with Duchess the dog. \"Just as if there were no CATS in Sawrey!\" mutters Tabitha. Privately, Ribby considers Duchess superior company to Tabitha — though the two cats do enjoy a good gossip while Ribby is at the shop purchasing goods. However, after a great deal of confusion and chaos as a result of the tea party with Duchess, Ribby decides that in future she will invite Cousin Tabitha Twitchit instead. The Story of Miss Moppet (1906) The Story of Miss Moppet was a fold-up book also written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter, in which the titular kitten has problems with a mouse. In her next book, The Tale of Tom Kitten, published the following year, Moppet was shown to be one of Tabitha Twitchit's children. The Tale of Tom Kitten (1907) The Tale of Tom Kitten showed Tabitha and her kittens, Moppet, Mittens and Tom Kitten, living in Potter's own home at Hill Top. Tabitha has invited some friends for tea (maybe even Ribby) and washes and dresses her children for the occasion. She then unwisely allows them to play outside, but they then lose their clothes to some passing ducks, including Jemima Puddle-Duck. Their angry mother sends them to their room, telling her friends that they are ill, when in fact they are just getting up to further mischief. Potter concluded The Tale of Tom Kitten with the remark that she might \"have to make another, larger, book, to tell you more about Tom Kitten\". In fact she had been writing such a book at about the same time and it was published a year later. The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding (1908) This book was The Roly-Poly Pudding (later renamed The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding). Again based at Hill Top, it describes the place as being overrun with rats which are as much a trial for Tabitha (as they were for Potter) as her kittens. Tabitha tries to keep her children under control by locking them into a cupboard (an accepted form of discipline in those days). Tom Kitten evades his mother, only to","title":"Tabitha Twitchit"},{"docid":"72706663","text":"Mittens was a chess engine developed by Chess.com. It was released on January 1, 2023, alongside four other engines, all of them given cat-related names. The engine became a viral sensation in the chess community due to exposure through content made by chess streamers and a social media marketing campaign, later contributing to record levels of traffic to the Chess.com website and causing issues with database scalability. Mittens was given a rating of one point by Chess.com, although it was evidently stronger than that. Various chess masters played matches against the engine, with players such as Hikaru Nakamura and Levy Rozman drawing and losing their games respectively. A month after its release, Mittens was removed from the website on February 1, as expected through Chess.com's monthly bot cycles. In December 2023, Mittens was brought back in a group of Chess.com's most popular bots of 2023. Release Mittens was released on January 1, 2023, as part of a New Year event on Chess.com. It was one of five engines released, all with names related to cats. The other engines released were named Scaredy Cat, rated 800; Angry Cat, rated 1000; Mr. Grumpers, rated 1200 and Catspurrov (a pun on Garry Kasparov), rated 1400. As part of the announcement, a picture of each engine was accompanied by a short description of its character. The description given for Mittens suggested that the engine was hiding something, reading: Of the five engines released, Mittens was by far the most popular. In December 2023, Chess.com re-released Mittens as part of a \"best of 2023\" group of chess bots made to showcase their most popular bots of the year. Design Mittens was conceptualized by Chess.com employee Will Whalen. Appearing as a kitten, Mittens trash talked its opponents with a selection of voice lines: these lines included quotes from J. Robert Oppenheimer, Vincent van Gogh and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as the 1967 film Le Samouraï. The engine's \"personality\" was devised by a writing team headed by Sean Becker, and Marija Casic provided the engine's graphics. Chess.com did not disclose any information about the software running the engine. It may be based on Chess.com's Komodo Dragon 3 engine. Mittens' strategy was to slowly grind down an opponent, a tactic likened to the playing style of Anatoly Karpov. Becker stated that the design team believed it would be \"way more demoralizing and funny\" for the engine to play this way. According to Hikaru Nakamura, Mittens sometimes missed the best move (or winning positions). Rating On Chess.com, Mittens had a rating of one point. However, the engine's playing style and tactics showed that it was stronger than that; Mittens was able to beat or draw against many top human players. In an interview with CNN Business, Whalen stated that the idea behind giving Mittens a rating of one was to surprise its opponents, giving it the upper hand psychologically. Estimates of Mittens' true rating range from an Elo of 3200 to 3500, because of its ability to beat other","title":"Mittens (chess)"},{"docid":"61602150","text":"Mittens is a domestic cat who formerly lived in Wellington, New Zealand, who wandered in Te Aro and the city's central business district. A feline flâneur, he roams up to from his home. Selfie pictures with the cat have become a desired item for locals. Mittens is occasionally taken to the SPCA or the police. Originally from the suburbs of Auckland, he has become a social media celebrity since he, his late brother Latte, and their owner Silvio Bruinsma moved to the capital city in 2017. He featured on the 2018 edition of the Wellington Advent Calendar, an online calendar counting down the days before Christmas. Sam Thacker, an SPCA staff member, posted a polite direction about how to treat Mittens if anyone comes across him; asking members of the public not to report or take him in as they are familiar with his behaviour. On 22 May 2020, Mittens was given the Key to the City of Wellington. Previous recipients include Sir Peter Jackson and Sir Richard Taylor. Later in 2020, he was the subject of an exhibition at the Wellington Museum and a candidate for New Zealander of the year in August. On 5 February 2021, Mittens was seen being taken in to a car, presumably, to be taken to the abductor's home, for pictures. Mittens' owner described the abductor's actions as a \"massive error in judgement\". With the help of the social media community, Mittens was quickly located and returned home. On 10 November 2021, It was reported that Mittens was looking to relocate to his home city of Auckland. Andy Foster the mayor of Wellington was quoted saying \"He does have the Key to the City so he's welcome back at any time.\" See also List of individual cats References External links Individual cats Culture in Wellington Individual animals in New Zealand 2010 animal births","title":"Mittens (cat)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"20082212\",\n \"text\": \"The Lime Works is a novel by Thomas Bernhard, first published in German in 1970. It is a complex surrealist work, where the creativity and resourcefulness of a destructive personality is marshalled against itself in a nightmarish narration. Synopsis The story opens with a description of a woman’s brains scattered across the floor of an abandoned lime works, and a half-frozen man crouching on the ground nearby, covered in manure. From this first grotesque scene, Bernhard begins his story, a compelling tale of two people insidiously bound to each other, told through a hypnotic wave of voices – the people of the small Austrian town nearby (Sicking), the officials, the salesmen, the chimney sweeps, the local gossips, the couple themselves. The man, Konrad, is consumed with his work – a book that is to be both visionary and definitive, the ultimate treatise on the subject of hearing. His wife, a cripple, is the victim of his obsessive experiments: he whispers one phrase in her ear, over and over, hundreds of times, demanding from her impossible degrees of aural discrimination. She has no way of knowing, or no strength to tell herself, whether he is a deluded madman or a genius. For three decades, he has been waiting for the ideal moment, the perfect constellation of circumstances, to arise, so that he may begin writing down his conclusions. But he never begins, and he is now an old man. We watch as he compulsively invites his own ruin. We feel him creep from one moment to the next, terrified of failure. Suppose he started writing and then caught a cold? Suppose he finished and his tome was judged worthless? Or his wife destroyed it? Even amidst the total isolation of the lime works, where they live, he is continually distracted. He hallucinates about prowlers. He hoards bits of food for dreaded visitors. And she torments him. He must feed her, read to her, bring her cider from the deep cellar (one glass at the time), maintain her voluminous correspondence with servants he has long ago forgotten, try on a mitten she has been knitting and unravelling for years, tend the earaches she develops from constant experiments... until the monotony and heartlessness of their life together shatters in a bloodbath. Excerpt The many voices narrating the novel appear within brackets (and Laska’s is the local tavern): \\\"...Konrad’s wife, whose maiden name was Zryd, a woman almost totally crippled by decades of taking the wrong medication, and who had consequently spent half her lifetime hunched over in her custom-built French invalid chair, but who is now, as Wieser puts it, out of her misery, was taught by Konrad how to use a Mannlicher carbine, a weapon the otherwise defenseless woman kept out of sight but always within reach, with the safety off, behind her chair, and it was with this gun that Konrad killed her on the night of December 24–25, with two shots in the back of her head (Fro); two shots\",\n \"title\": \"The Lime Works\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44498470\",\n \"text\": \"The Doozers is an animated television series that is a spin-off to Fraggle Rock. The series is co-produced by the Halifax studio of DHX Media and The Jim Henson Company, and was developed in association with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The series originally premiered in Australia on Nick Jr. on October 7, 2013. The series began its US run as a Hulu exclusive on April 25, 2014. Turner's Cartoonito and Boomerang also aired it within European countries and Africa, as well as Cartoon Network Asia. On September 12, 2017, it was renewed for a second season. It premiered on May 25, 2018. Premise In the self-sustainable community of Doozer Creek located just beyond the view of humans, the show focuses on the Doozer Pod Squad (consisting of Daisy Wheel, Flex, Spike, and Mollybolt). Characters Main Spike Doozer (voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk) is the member of the Pod Squad who pushes the other Pod Squad members into action. He is the son of Chief Doozer and the older brother of Daisy Wheel Doozer. He has a brown nose and brown hair and wears a blue hat, socks and wristbands. Molly Bolt Doozer (voiced by Jenna Warren) is a Pod Squad member who enjoys organizing events. She can also make lists, maps, and graphs. She has a purple nose and purple hair and wears a pink hat, socks and shirt. Flex Doozer (voiced by Trek Buccino in season 1 and Tyler Barish in season 2) lives on his grandparents farm and uses his room as his workshop. Flex pilots the Pod Squad's vehicles. He has a yellow nose and yellow hair and wears an orange hat, socks and wristbands. Daisy Wheel Doozer (voiced by Millie Davis) is the youngest and smallest of the Doozer Pod Squad. She is the younger sister of Spike Doozer and the daughter of Chief Doozer. She has a blue nose and blue hair and wears a purple hat, socks and shirt. Chief's family Chief Doozer (voiced by Heather Bambrick) is the Chief of Doozer Creek who is the mother of Spike Doozer and Daisy Wheel Doozer. Architect's family Chief Architect Doozer is the wife of Baker and mother of Molly. Baker Timberbolt Doozer (voiced by David Berni) is the father of Molly Bolt Doozer and the husband of Chief Architect Doozer. He runs the bakery shop in Doozer Creek. Peg Bolt Doozer (voiced by Lisa Norton) Others Doozer Doodad (voiced by David Berni) – Manager of the Doozer Creek supply depot, where the Pod Squad gets the supplies for their projects. Pinball Gimbal (voiced by Lisa Norton) Professor Gimbal wears glasses and has a purplish-white color in his nose and hair, wearing a light blue helmet. He manages the Doozarium, where the Pod Squad meet. He issues challenges, and makes suggestions, for various projects for the Pod Squad to complete. Baxter was advertised for the series but has not appeared yet. He had a brown nose and brown hair. Voice cast David Berni – Baker Timberbolt Doozer\",\n \"title\": \"The Doozers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52281037\",\n \"text\": \"Marvel's Inhumans, or simply Inhumans, is an American television series created by Scott Buck for ABC based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's other television series. It was produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television in association with Devilina Productions, and was co-financed by IMAX Entertainment in a deal that gave the series a theatrical premiere. Buck served as showrunner on the series. The series is centered on Black Bolt, portrayed by Anson Mount, and other members of the Inhuman Royal Family. Serinda Swan, Ken Leung, Eme Ikwuakor, Isabelle Cornish, Ellen Woglom, and Iwan Rheon also star. Marvel Studios announced an Inhumans film in 2014 as part of their Phase Three slate of films, with the species first introduced to the MCU in the series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The film was removed from Marvel Studios' slate in April 2016, and the Inhumans series was announced that November, to be partly filmed using IMAX cameras. Buck joined the series in October, and Mount was cast in February 2017. Filming took place from March to June 2017, at the former Naval Air Station Barbers Point airfield in Kalaeloa, Hawaii and various locations on the island of Oahu. Inhumans debuted on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, the first live-action television series to do so. The theatrical run lasted two weeks, before the series premiered on ABC on September 29 and ran for eight episodes, concluding on November 10. The series was met with unfavorable reviews and low television ratings, and was canceled by ABC in May 2018. Mount reprised his role as an alternate version of Black Bolt in Marvel Studios' MCU film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Premise After a military coup, the Inhuman Royal Family escape to Hawaii, where they must save themselves and the world. Cast and characters Main Anson Mount as Black Bolt:The Head of the Inhuman Royal Family and King of Attilan, whose voice can cause destruction with the slightest whisper. Showrunner Scott Buck called Black Bolt enigmatic and fascinating because \\\"a lot of times, we don't know what he's thinking\\\", and noted the difficulty of writing a character who \\\"does not speak, but yet he is our hero and the center of the show\\\". Buck specifically ruled out the series using voice over, with Black Bolt instead communicating via sign language. Premiere director Roel Reiné told Mount to just use 15 or 16 signs, but Mount decided to create his own sign system. He explained that since the character is not from Earth, he would not know Earth-based systems such as American Sign Language (ASL). Mount borrowed the underlying rules of ASL but then \\\"double-check[ed] my signs against ASL to make sure there is no overlap\\\", and also studied orchestra conductors. Mount created a document for his language with over 50 pages, and felt that if he could develop the language over several seasons, it could become\",\n \"title\": \"Inhumans (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27818012\",\n \"text\": \"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas is an independent animated short film and a parody of How the Grinch Stole Christmas! written and directed by John Wardlaw and animated by Andy Angrand. The film features the final performance of actor Jonathan Harris and co-stars Tress MacNeille. The film also features an original score by Gary Stockdale and music by director John Wardlaw's band, Anti-m. Jonathan Harris Written in 1997, the script was presented to Jonathan Harris in 1998 though it was not until 2000 that his voice work was actually recorded. Harris died on November 3, 2002, long before the film was completed making it his last film. In 2006 an additional scene was added to the film and Jonathan Harris' former Lost In Space co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright and Marta Kristen added their voices to the film. The film was dedicated in his memory. Production and release Completed in 2009 the film made its first appearance at the non-theatrical 2009 Los Angeles Reel Film Festival where it was honored with three awards. In 2010 it made its theatrical world premier in the home town of film-maker John Wardlaw at the 25th Annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival (SBIFF). Between December 2009 and December 2011, the film played in 30 film festivals, winning 13 awards. Its final theatrical appearance was at L’hybride in Lille France. Considering the film features a cast from the TV series Lost In Space it was interesting that two of the films praises came from writers from the original series of Star Trek. \\\"It had a great animation style, clever and slightly naughty story (well put together) and was totally enjoyable!\\\" claimed D. C. Fontana \\\"I laughed my nuts off,\\\" stated David Gerrold. In 2011 The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas was released on DVD as part of a collection of short films and music videos by Wardlaw. The DVD bonus features include early animations and audio outtakes. The film was licensed to ShortsHD and ShortsTV in 2014. Awards See also List of Christmas films References External links Official website American independent films American animated short films 2009 animated short films 2000s Christmas films 2009 films 2000s American animated films American Christmas films 2000s English-language films English-language Christmas films\",\n \"title\": \"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40706081\",\n \"text\": \"New Demons is the fourth studio album by American electronicore band I See Stars, released on October 22, 2013 through Sumerian Records. The album was originally set for release on August 13, before being pushed back to September 17, and again to October 22 for unknown reasons. The album marks a progression of the sound in their previous album Digital Renegade, with Zach Johnson having a much bigger vocal role, as well as having a much more prominent EDM sound. The song \\\"Violent Bounce\\\" was the first single to be released. It was uploaded to YouTube via the Sumerian Records channel. \\\"Murder Mitten\\\" and the title track, \\\"New Demons\\\", were to follow. The band did performances of the song \\\"Ten Thousand Feet\\\" to give fans a taste of what is going to be on the rest of the album before its release. Klayton of Celldweller, Mutrix, and Razihel all provided additional programming for some of the tracks. It is the final album to feature unclean vocalist/keyboardist Zach Johnson and rhythm guitarist Jimmy Gregerson before they were dismissed from the band in June 2015. Background The album had been worked on by the band immediately after their previous album, Digital Renegade, was finished. The song \\\"Ten Thousand Feet\\\" was the only song played from the album before it was released. The song \\\"Violent Bounce\\\" was released as the first single from the album several months before the album release date, accompanied by a lyric video. The song \\\"Murder Mitten\\\" is written about brothers Devin and Andrew Oliver's relationship with their mother, who was an alcoholic during their childhood. A remix version entitled New Demons (Remixes) was released on February 23, 2015. Featuring eight remixes from various producers, showcasing many styles of EDM. Reception The album debuted on Billboard 200 at No. 28, No. 10 on the Top Rock Albums Albums chart, selling 10,000 copies in its first week. It has sold 47,000 copies in the United States as of June 2016. Track listing Personnel I See Stars Devin Oliver – clean vocals Zach Johnson – unclean vocals, keyboards, synthesizers, sequencer, programming Brent Allen – lead guitar Jimmy Gregerson – rhythm guitar Jeff Valentine – bass guitar Andrew Oliver – drums, percussion, backing vocals; additional clean vocals on \\\"Murder Mitten\\\" Production Jake Klein – additional writing for \\\"Murder Mitten\\\", \\\"We're Not in Kansas Anymore\\\" and \\\"Who Am I?\\\" Joey Valentine – additional writing for \\\"Murder Mitten\\\", \\\"We're Not in Kansas Anymore\\\" and \\\"Who Am I?\\\", additional production Joey Sturgis – production, engineering, mixing, mastering Shawn Keith – executive producer, art direction Nick Scott – guitars, bass and vocals engineering, guitar and bass editing Chuck Alkazian – drum engineering Josh Karpowicz – assistant drum engineering at Pearl Sound Studios, Canton, Michigan Jeff Dunne – drum editing Kacey Dodson – vocal editing Scott \\\"Celldweller\\\" Albert, Nicolò \\\"Razihel\\\" Arquilla and James \\\"Mutrix\\\" Ruehlmann – additional production Matt Dalton – additional production, additional gang vocals at 37 Studios, Michigan Dylan Kuhn – painting and wall photography\",\n \"title\": \"New Demons\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43839916\",\n \"text\": \"Kate & Mim-Mim is an animated children's television series created by husband-and-wife duo, Scott and Julie Stewart. Produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment in season 1 and later by DHX Media in season 2 with FremantleMedia Kids & Family, the first episode premiered on Disney Junior in the United States on December 19, 2014 until July 2, 2017 when Disney Junior lost the rights to air the series. The series also premiered in the United Kingdom on CBeebies on October 30, 2016. The show focuses on the friendship and adventures of a little girl named Kate and her favorite toy, a plush bunny named Mim-Mim who go on daring adventures in the fictional world of Mimiloo. Characters Kate is the main protagonist. She is a 5-year-old girl who wears colored clothes and is best friends with a stuffed bunny named Mim-Mim. Kate is voiced by Maryke Hendrikse in North America and Jessica Hann in the UK. Mim-Mim, a plush purple bunny, is Kate's best friend. Mim-Mim is voiced by Lee Tockar in North America and by Rob Foster in the UK. Valerie is Kate's mother. Valerie is voiced by Nicole Oliver in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK. Marco is Kate's father. Marco is voiced by David Godfrey in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK. Boomer is a blue creature and Lily's younger brother. He is voiced by Maryke Hendrikse in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK. Lily is a pink creature and Boomer's older sister. She is voiced by Tabitha St. Germain in North America and Jess Robinson in the UK. Gobble is a giant brown badger, voiced by Brian Drummond in North America and Terrence Mann in the UK. Tach is an orange-yellow creature, voiced by Matt Hill in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK. Broadcast Other international broadcasters that have picked up the series include DR (Denmark), SVT (Sweden), Clan (Spain), Panda (Portugal), Super RTL (Germany), Tiji (France), JimJam (Central and Eastern Europe), PBS (Thailand) and Okto (Singapore). Episodes Season 1 (2014-15) Rip Roaring Race (1 September 2014) The Need for Seed (2 September 2014) Color Me Happy (3 September 2014) Kittens and Mittens (4 September 2014) Tail Tale (5 September 2014) Mirror Mirror (8 September 2014) Boomer Size (9 September 2014) Mim Mim's Moon Mishap (10 September 2014) Tee Hee Rex (11 September 2014) Mega Music Maker (12 September 2014) Lost Island (15 September 2014) Flight of the Flowers (16 September 2014) A Case of the Giggles (17 September 2014) Hiccups and Night Fun (18 September 2014) Cloud Castle (19 September 2014) Snow Bowling (22 September 2014) Valentine Friends (23 September 2014) A Storybook Ending (24 September 2014) Balloon Buddies (25 September 2014) Twinkle Twinkle (26 September 2014) Snifferific (29 September 2014) Summer Funday Drive (30 September 2014) Mega Mim (1 October 2014) Kate the Great (2 October 2014) Clean Sweep (3 October 2014) Princess Kate (17 November 2014) Lighter than Air (18 November 2014) Gobble's Gift (19 November\",\n \"title\": \"Kate & Mim-Mim\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38461327\",\n \"text\": \"Mihaela Rădulescu (born 3 August 1969) is a Romanian businesswoman, television host and producer, social activist, bestselling author, and columnist. She is also a goodwill ambassador for United Way Worldwide, Hospice House of Hope, and Save the Children and the founder of the charitable children's assistance foundation Fundația Ayan. She has hosted the TV show \\\"Duminica în familie\\\" on Antena 1 since 2000, and has hosted or produced programs including Lucky Star, Gala, Punem Pariu că-i vara, Ferma, and Uite cine dansează (Pro TV). Career When Rădulescu was born, her parents were still students. Later, they became teachers. She and her brother, Florin, were raised by their grandparents. Rădulescu attended three colleges, but did not earn a bachelor's degree. She was a student at the National Academy of Physical Education and Sports for three years. She also studied philology and foreign languages for two years and attended courses at the Faculty of Psychology for three years. Rădulescu started her career upon moving to Bucharest. She worked as an instructor of aerobic and fitness gymnastics, a taxi driver (when she was a student), a secretary in the first post-revolution government, a referent at the Office of Foreign Relations and Protocol of the Senate, the head of the cabinet at the Romanian Senate, the director of the International Festival Dakino for three editions, and the director and co-organizer of two editions of the elite international model show, \\\"Look of the Year\\\". Rădulescu began a career as a TV host and producer, becoming number 1 in Romania - \\\"Duminica in familie\\\" (Sunday in the family) at Antena 1, and \\\"Your Lucky Star\\\" at Pro TV. She was the first female journalist to make war documentaries in Iraq and Afghanistan, in 2005 and 2006. During her career, Rădulescu has worked for Tele7ABC, Pro TV, Antena 1, and B1 TV. Rădulescu served as a jury member on Romania's Got Talent at Pro TV, for six years. She has also been a host for \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" on Pro TV. Since 2017, she has been host of The Farm on Pro TV. In 2021 she served as a jury member on The Masked Singer on Pro TV. In other entertainment work, Rădulescu has appeared in six Romanian films. She was also a voiceover actor as Flame in the animated movie Turbo in 2013 and Mittens in the Disney movie Bolt to dub the films in Romanian. Rădulescu is the author of five best-selling books, published by Polirom Publishing House. She has been on the cover of magazines including Elle, Marie Claire, Unica, Viva, and Cosmopolitan. Rădulescu is an eco-activist, working with To.org and other companies. She was awarded with the Order of Merit by King Mihai of Romania for her humanitarian campaigns and for improving the quality of the public dialogue. She was also awarded Woman of the Year five times for her outstanding philanthropic work and as a social activist. Rădulescu has also received the Tocqueville Award for her charity donations, mostly for hospitals\",\n \"title\": \"Mihaela Rădulescu\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54221354\",\n \"text\": \"I Am Bolt is a 2016 British biographical documentary sports film co-directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner and produced by Leo Pearlman. It is based on the life of Jamaican sprinter and three times Olympic gold medalist and World Record holder for 100m, 200m, 4×100m relay, Usain Bolt, the fastest man in recorded human history. The film describes Bolt's journey in winning nine gold medals and the incidents surrounding the Olympic titles. The film was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom and then worldwide. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Cast Usain Bolt himself Pelé himself Neymar himself Serena Williams herself Asafa Powell himself Sebastian himself Ziggy Marley himself Nas with voice Glen Mills himself Ricky Simms himself Chronixx himself Yohan Blake himself Maurice Greene himself Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt – his parents themselves Dwayne Jarrett – Bolt's school coach himself Nugent Walker – Bolt's manager himself Dwayne Barnett himself Reception Critical response I Am Bolt received positive reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 242 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \\\" Bolt's golden era may be too recent and the sponsors too dominant for any real warts to be included, but his charm and sheer physical wonder make this a compelling watch regardless.\\\" Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter reacted positively, saying: \\\"Athletic achievements don’t get much more unbeatable than the records held by Jamaican runner Usain Bolt, who’s won nine consecutive Olympic gold medals and even more World Championship awards. Considered the fastest sprinter who’s ever logged track time, Bolt is a hero to millions and admired on a level comparable to global sports legends like Muhammad Ali and Pele.\\\" Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it 2/5, stating \\\"Fans of Usain Bolt will find much to relish in this gushing homage to the nine-time Olympic gold medallist, which chases its idol from his 2015 slump, via scenes of downtime in Jamaica to the podium in Rio. References External links Sports films based on actual events Running films Biographical films about sportspeople Documentary films about sportspeople 2010s biographical films 2016 films Pelé Cultural depictions of track and field athletes Cultural depictions of Jamaican people 2010s English-language films\",\n \"title\": \"I Am Bolt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46798001\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox concert | image = | image_caption = Promotional poster for the tour | image_size = | border = yes | artist = Helene Fischer | album = Farbenspiel | start_date = | end_date = | number_of_legs = 2 | number_of_shows = | gross = | last_tour = | this_tour = Farbenspiel Live(2014-15) | next_tour = Helene Fischer Live 2017/2018(2017-18) }}Farbenspiel Live' was a European concert tour by German singer Helene Fischer, in support of her sixth studio album, Farbenspiel''. It began on 25 September 2014, in Riesa, Germany at the Erdgas Arena, continued throughout Europe, and finally concluded on 8 July 2015 in Dresden at Glücksgas Stadium. The tour visited arenas and stadiums throughout 2014 and 2015. The concerts in Berlin in July 2015 were recorded for an Official Live DVD which was released on 4 September 2015. The 2015 part of the Tour was ranked as the 38th biggest International Tour of the year with earnings of about $42,000,000. Fischer is also the most successful German Act on the list for the second year in a row. Set list {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFE6FF; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | header = 2014 - Die Tournee | content = This set list is representative of the performance in Frankfurt. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the 2014 tour. \\\"Intro\\\" \\\"Unser Tag\\\" \\\"Und morgen früh küss' ich dich wach\\\" \\\"Fehlerfrei\\\" \\\"Mitten im Paradies\\\" \\\"In diesen Nächten\\\" \\\"Wunder dich nicht\\\" \\\"Nur wer den Wahnsinn liebt\\\" \\\"Interlude Winter\\\" \\\"Lass jetzt los (Let it Go)\\\" \\\"Vergeben, vergessen und wieder vertrau'n\\\" \\\"Bring Me to Life\\\" (Evanescence cover) \\\"Feuerwerk\\\" \\\"Rock Medley\\\" (You're the Voice / I Love Rock 'n' Roll / Jump / Livin' on a Prayer / Purple Rain) \\\"Mit keinem Andern\\\" \\\"Interlude Frühling\\\" \\\"Der Augenblick\\\" \\\"Caruso\\\" (Lucio Dalla cover) \\\"Ein kleines Glück\\\" \\\"Interlude Sommer\\\" \\\"Marathon\\\" \\\"Ich habe Fieber / Fever\\\" (Peggy Lee cover) \\\"Ich will immer wieder dieses Fieber spüren\\\" \\\"Te quiero\\\" \\\"Fly\\\" (Céline Dion cover) \\\"My Heart Will Go On\\\" (Céline Dion cover) \\\"Von hier bis unendlich\\\" \\\"Die Hölle morgen früh\\\" Encore \\\"Phänomen\\\" \\\"Atemlos durch die Nacht\\\" }} {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFE6FF; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | header = 2015 - Die Stadion-Tournee | content = This set list is representative of the performance in Hamburg. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the 2015 tour. \\\"Intro\\\" \\\"Unser Tag\\\" \\\"Und morgen früh küss' ich dich wach\\\" \\\"Fehlerfrei\\\" \\\"Mitten im Paradies\\\" \\\"Wunder dich nicht\\\" \\\"Marathon\\\" \\\"Te quiero\\\" \\\"Interlude Winter\\\" \\\"Ich wollte nie erwachsen sein (Nessaja's Lied)\\\" (Peter Maffay cover) \\\"Vergeben, vergessen und wieder vertrau'n\\\" \\\"Feuerwerk\\\" \\\"Party Medley\\\" (Party Rock Anthem / Seven Nation Army / Sexy / Männer / Sex on fire / The Best) \\\"Mit keinem Andern\\\" \\\"Interlude Sommer\\\" \\\"So kann das Leben sein\\\" \\\"Everything I Do\\\" (Bryan Adams cover) \\\"Ich habe Fieber / Fever\\\" (Peggy Lee cover) \\\"Ich will immer wieder dieses Fieber\",\n \"title\": \"Farbenspiel Live\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41611151\",\n \"text\": \"John Mitten (born 30 March 1941) is an English former sportsman who played both football and cricket during the 1950s, '60s and '70s. Football career Born in Manchester, Mitten played as a left winger for Mansfield Town, Newcastle United, Leicester City, Coventry City, Plymouth Argyle, Exeter City, Bath City and Trowbridge Town, making 203 appearances in the Football League. After retiring as a player, Mitten became a manager, and was in charge of Tiverton Town and Sidmouth Town. He is the son of fellow footballer Charlie Mitten. Cricket career He was active from 1958 to 1963 for Leicestershire. He appeared in 14 first-class matches as a right-handed batsman who kept wicket. He scored 259 runs with a highest score of 50* and completed 23 catches. References 1941 births Living people English cricketers English men's footballers Footballers from Manchester Leicestershire cricketers Mansfield Town F.C. players Newcastle United F.C. players Leicester City F.C. players Coventry City F.C. players Plymouth Argyle F.C. players Exeter City F.C. players Bath City F.C. players Trowbridge Town F.C. players English Football League players Men's association football wingers English football managers Tiverton Town F.C. managers\",\n \"title\": \"John Mitten\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4450417\",\n \"text\": \"Chris Williams (born December 19, 1968) is an American-Canadian animation film director, screenwriter and voice actor who is best known for directing the films Bolt (2008) and Big Hero 6 (2014) and co-directing the film Moana (2016) for Walt Disney Animation Studios, and for directing the film The Sea Beast (2022) for Netflix Animation. Early life Williams was born on December 19, 1968, in Missouri and spent the first 25 years of his life in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, where his father was the director of Counselling Services at the University of Waterloo. Williams graduated from the University of Waterloo with a degree in Fine Arts and then enrolled in the animation program at Sheridan College, Oakville, Ontario. Upon graduation from Sheridan, he was recruited by Disney and moved to Los Angeles. Career Williams previously worked in the story department for Mulan (1998), The Emperor's New Groove (2000) and Frozen (2013), in which he also voiced the character Oaken. In February 2007, it was announced he would direct American Dog, which was re-titled Bolt (2008) and was later joined by Byron Howard, both of them replaced Chris Sanders who was the original director. In July 2010, it was reported by various sources that Williams would direct King of the Elves based on the story by Philip K. Dick. However, in 2012, it was revealed that Williams had joined another Walt Disney Animation film, Big Hero 6, as a co-director inspired by the Marvel Comics of the same name. In November 2018, it was reported that Williams had left Disney and he would write and direct The Sea Beast for Netflix. The Sea Beast was released on Netflix on July 8, 2022. Filmography Feature films Shorts and TV Other credits See also List of University of Waterloo people References External links 1968 births Living people American animated film directors American expatriates in Canada American film directors American male screenwriters American male voice actors Animation screenwriters Animators from Missouri Annie Award winners Directors of Best Animated Feature Academy Award winners Male actors from Missouri People from Kitchener, Ontario Primetime Emmy Award winners Sheridan College animation program alumni University of Waterloo alumni Walt Disney Animation Studios people Netflix people Writers from Ontario\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Williams (director)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5273220\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Three Little Kittens\\\" is an English language nursery rhyme, probably with roots in the British folk tradition. The rhyme as published today however is a sophisticated piece usually attributed to American poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860). With the passage of time, the poem has been absorbed into the Mother Goose collection. The rhyme tells of three kittens who first lose, then find and soil, their mittens. When all is finally set to rights, the kittens receive their mother's approval and some pie. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16150. The poem was published in England in 1827 in a mock review by William Ewart Gladstone, writing as Bartholomew Bouverie, in The Eton Miscellany. A version was later published in 1833 as an anonymous addition to a volume of Follen's verse and in the United States in 1843. Follen may have developed and refined an existing, rude version of the poem, and, in the process, made it her own. The poem is a sophisticated production that avoids the typical moralization of 19th century children's literature in favour of anthropomorphic fantasy, satirical nonsense, and word play. Text The cat and her kittens They put on their mittens, To eat a Christmas pie. The poor little kittens They lost their mittens, And then they began to cry. \\\"O mother dear, we sadly fear We cannot go to-day, For we have lost our mittens.\\\" \\\"If it be so, ye shall not go, For ye are naughty kittens.\\\" From Gladstone, The Eton Miscellany (1827) The three little kittens they lost their mittens, And they began to cry, Oh, mother dear, we sadly fear Our mittens we have lost What? Lost your mittens, you naughty kittens! Then you shall have no pie. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We shall have no pie. Our mittens we have lost. The three little kittens they found their mittens, And they began to smile, Oh, mother dear, see here, see here, Our mittens we have found What? Found your mittens, you good little kittens, And you shall have some pie. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We shall have some pie. Let us have some pie. The three little kittens put on their mittens, And soon ate up the pie; Oh, mother dear, we greatly fear Our mittens we have soiled What? Soiled your mittens, you naughty kittens! Then they began to sigh, Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. Our mittens we have soiled. Then they began to sigh. The three little kittens they washed their mittens, And hung them out to dry; Oh! mother dear, look here, look here, Our mittens we have washed What? Washed your mittens, you good little kittens, But I smell a rat close by. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We smell a rat close by. Let's all have some pie. From Follen, New Nursery Songs for All Good Children (1843) Background According to Janet Sinclair Gray, author of Race and Time, \\\"Three Little Kittens\\\" may have origins in the British folk tradition, but the poem as known today is a\",\n \"title\": \"Three Little Kittens\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65383201\",\n \"text\": \"The Mitten (Ukrainian: Рукавичка) is a Ukrainian fairy tale. It remains popular in modern Ukraine and has been translated into other languages. Some of the written records of The Mitten date back to the 19th century and include the folklore collections of Pavlo Chubynsky. and Ivan Rudchenko. Plot There are numerous variations of this Ukrainian folk tale. In the general story, a person loses their mitten in a forest in the snow during a cold winter. One by one, various animals come and settle inside the mitten planning to stay warm. Eventually, the mitten can no longer hold all who want to warm themselves inside. The mitten then splits open and spills out all the animals into the cold. Variations The individual losing the mitten varies - some versions feature a child who loses their mitten. The animals included varies in different versions but often includes a mouse, a frog, a hare, a fox, a wolf, a boar and a bear. The animals fitting into the mitten get progressively larger. In some retellings, each of the animals have adjectives or nicknames. In many retellings, prior to settling in, the new-comer asks permission from the animals already inside. When the mitten can hold no more, sometimes a sneeze causes the animals to no longer fit inside. In some retellings, the person who lost the mitten finds it after the animals have left. Interpretation The story illustrates the Tragedy of the Commons. Translations The Mitten was translated into various languages, including English, Japanese, Azerbaijani, French, German and Russian. One of the most popular versions of The Mitten retold in English is by Jan Brett. In popular culture In 1996 a Ukrainian Animated Film Studio Ukranimafilm released a cartoon The Mitten (N. Marchenkova, а scriptwriter and director). In 2001, Ukrposhta, the postal service of Ukraine, released a Ukrainian Fairy Tale series of stamps, including The Mitten. References M M M\",\n \"title\": \"The Mitten (folk tale)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47814429\",\n \"text\": \"Supergiant is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña, Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013). The character has made several appearances in other media such as animated television and video games. Publication history Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013) and was created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña. Fictional character biography The character Supergiant is a member of Thanos' supervillain team Black Order. While searching for Thanos' son Thane during the Infinity storyline, Supergiant and Corvus Glaive laid siege to the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning and defeated the X-Men. They left after realizing that Thane was not there. In the comic, When the Black Order seized Wakanda, Supergiant was left in control of Black Bolt who she would mentally order to activate the Illuminati's hidden bombs in Wakanda Necropolis. When the Illuminati arrived to save Black Bolt, Supergiant used Black Bolt's ability to defeat the heroes. Upon activating the bomb, Supergiant was faced by Maximus who had the trigger. Maximus triggered the bomb, but also used Lockjaw to transport Supergiant along with the bomb to a distant uninhabited planet where she perished in the explosion. During the \\\"No Surrender\\\" arc, Supergiant came back as a psychic projection, along with the rest of the Black Order, thanks to the Challenger who had set them up against Grandmaster's Lethal Legion. During the battle in Antarctica, the Black Order retreat after Corvus Glaive is killed. Supergiant stays to take control of Thor, but is dissipated by Lethal Legion member Ferene the Other. Powers and abilities Supergiant, in the series, has telepathic abilities, which allow her to mind-control anyone and feed on their intellect. At some point, she was transformed into a psionic entity. Out of her transformation, Supergiant gained the power to phase through living beings and obstacles. She also became immune to physical damage. Reception Accolades In 2022, Screen Rant included Supergiant in their \\\"10 Best Cosmic Villains Not Yet In The MCU\\\" list. In 2022, CBR.com ranked Supergiant 3rd in their \\\"MCU: Every Member Of Thanos’ Black Order, Ranked By Power\\\" list. In other media Television Supergiant appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Hynden Walch. Supergiant appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced again by Hynden Walch. This version lacks psychic powers, but can grow to a gigantic size and previously dated Star-Lord prior to the series' events. In the episode \\\"Undercover Angle\\\", Supergiant is imprisoned by the Nova Corps until the Guardians of the Galaxy accidentally free her while infiltrating the organization, though Gamora is able to subdue her. In the episode \\\"Come and Gut Your Love\\\", Supergiant works with another ex-girlfriend of Star-Lord's, Lucy, to attack him after discovering he is J'son's son. Video games Supergiant appears as a mini-boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Supergiant appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Marvel Future Fight. Supergiant appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 as part of the Infinity\",\n \"title\": \"Supergiant (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64365104\",\n \"text\": \"White Fang () is a 2018 animated film directed by Alexandre Espigares. Based on the 1906 book White Fang by Jack London, the film features the voices of Nick Offerman, Rashida Jones, Paul Giamatti, and Eddie Spears as natives of Alaska who, at different times, come to know White Fang, a free spirited and at times violent wolfdog who eventually bonds with Offerman's character, a gentle master named Weedon Scott. The film also features Dave Boat, Daniel Hagen, and Stephen Kramer Glickman in the original English version, and Virginie Efira, Raphaël Personnaz, and Dominique Pinon in the French dub. The film premiered at Sundance Film Festival in January 2018. After a limited theatrical run in France and the United States, Netflix acquired the film and released it later that year, on July 6, 2018. The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences. During its theatrical run, White Fang grossed $7.8 million worldwide. Plot White Fang, a wolfdog, is mauled during a dog fight. Town marshal Weedon Scott tries to interfere, but White Fang's owner, Beauty Smith, overpowers him, knocking him out with his cane. When the police search for Weedon, he runs away. In a flashback, White Fang lives with his mother, another wolfdog. While searching for a shelter, they get attacked by a lynx. White Fang's mother successfully kills the predator, but not without injury. While Scott camps for the night after escaping a pack of wolves with Hank, another Marshall, and Jim Hall, a criminal being transported to prison, White Fang and his mother head to their campground to search for food. Hank notices the pair and attempts to shoot White Fang's mother to put her down due to her injured leg. Scott stops Hank from killing White Fang's mother and instead gives White Fang a piece of salmon, saying that he might be able to return the favour in the future. White Fang and Kiche then end up encountering the pack of wolves Weedon encountered. Kiche then throws the salmon towards the pack to distract them, giving her and White Fang a chance to escape. While searching for food the following morning, White Fang and his mother come across an Indigenous camp. When a man named Three Eagles attempts to kill White Fang's mother, Grey Beaver, another man recognises her as Kiche, his old sled dog. Three Eagles leaves Kiche to Grey Beaver, who decides to train her to become a sled dog again. Later, Hank comes to the camp area to tell the Indigenous people that their land is currently on sale due to a recent gold strike, and Grey Beaver resolves to buy back the land by selling beaver pelt mittens in Fort Yukon. When Grey Beaver realises that there are no beavers on his side of the land, he decides to give Kiche to a man named William in exchange for trapping beavers on William's side. After selling the amount of mittens he needs to buy back the land, Grey Beaver travels to\",\n \"title\": \"White Fang (2018 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72225292\",\n \"text\": \"The second season of Big Mouth, an American adult animated coming-of-age sitcom created by Andrew Goldberg, Nick Kroll, Mark Levin, and Jennifer Flackett, was released on Netflix on October 5, 2018. The series centers on teens based on Kroll and Goldberg's upbringing in suburban New York, with Kroll voicing his fictional younger self. Big Mouth explores puberty while \\\"embrac[ing] a frankness about the human body and sex.\\\" Cast and characters Main Nick Kroll as Nick Birch, Maurice the Hormone Monster, Coach Steve, Rick the Hormone Monster, Lola Skumpy, Nick Starr, Mila and Lotte Jensen, a webcam girl, Gina's Abuela, Bad Mitten, Rabbi Poblart and others John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman, Detective Florez and Andrew 3000 Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian, Guy Bilzerian, Radio DJ and Gina's Brother #1 Jenny Slate as Missy Foreman-Greenwald, Mirror Missy, Taffiny, The Implant and Additional Voices Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch, Bob the Hormone Monster and a Bus Driver Maya Rudolph as Diane Birch, Connie the Hormone Monstress, Susan, The Pill and Principal Barren Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington (1899–1974), Featuring Ludacris, Cyrus Foreman, Priest, Condom and Magician #2 Recurring Guest Episodes Reception Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 100% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 8.80 out of 10. The website's critics consensus reads \\\"Poignantly repulsive, Big Mouth continues to confront the awkwardness of adolescence with foul-mouthed glee and an added layer of maturity.\\\" On Metacritic, it has a score of 90 out of 100 for the second season, based on nine critics, indicating \\\"universal acclaim\\\". Accolades References 2018 American animated television seasons Big Mouth (American TV series) seasons\",\n \"title\": \"Big Mouth season 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6190944\",\n \"text\": \"Mamba is a 1930 American pre-Code film, released by Tiffany Pictures. It was shot entirely in Technicolor and stars Jean Hersholt, Eleanor Boardman, Ralph Forbes, Josef Swickard, Claude Fleming, William Stanton and William von Brincken. It was based on a story by Ferdinand Schumann-Heink and John Reinhardt and was advertised as the First Drama In Natural Color as all previous color features in sound had featured musical numbers. Plot The film takes place in Neu Posen, German East Africa sometime before the First World War. \\\"Mamba\\\" is the name given to a South African snake. The reptile of this adventure is Auguste Bolte (played by Jean Hersholt), who is constantly reminding those with whom he has a chance to converse that he can buy anything. He neglects his appearance and does not even bother to shave or brush his hair. The German officers hold themselves aloof from him and the only individual he has an opportunity to talk to at length is his valet-secretary, a Cockney, who feeds his master with flattery. One afternoon Bolte recalls that he has received a letter asking for 200,000 marks from Count von Linden. The Count is in Germany and in a footnote it is written that Bolte might marry von Linden's daughter, Helen. The white people of the post have as little to do with Bolte as possible and the British officers across the frontier also spurn him. It occurs to Bolte that a beautiful wife would perhaps help to make life more agreeable for him. He thinks also that the officers would then overlook some of his failings and be quite impressed. He therefore allies himself to Germany. Helen (played by Eleanor Boardman), like most daughters who marry wealthy villains in melodramas, does so to save her father from ruin. There is a flash of the wedding and soon Helen and her ignoble husband are seen aboard the steamship bound for East Africa. On the same vessel is Karl von Reiden, the officer who is to take charge of the Neu Posen post. He is not averse to a little flirtation with a beautiful woman and therefore when Helen goes out on deck to avoid Bolte, Karl succeeds in meeting her. These scenes are fairly well filmed and the color effects are capital. Karl, played by Ralph Forbes, is a handsome fellow. So soon as he knows that Bolte is Helen's husband he realizes that the marriage is not to her liking. Later these passengers are on the river boat, and when that craft reaches Neu Posen. Bolte stands on the aft deck hoping to make all the German officers envious of his attractive bride. He later gives a feast and takes good care to make a show of his wealth, even to having a procession of natives carrying the viands. A visit from a native woman interrupts the proceedings, and in a subsequent passage Bolte, enraged with his wife, is about to flog her with a whip when Karl comes to\",\n \"title\": \"Mamba (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37260910\",\n \"text\": \"A mitten is a glove without individual finger openings. Mitten(s) may also refer to: Landforms The Mitten, a mountain in Antarctica West and East Mitten Buttes, a geologic formation in Monument Valley Lower Peninsula of Michigan, nicknamed \\\"the Mitten\\\" Animals Chinese mitten crab, a species of crab native to Eastern Asia Mittens (cat), a famous cat from Wellington, New Zealand Polydactyl cat, also known as \\\"mitten cat\\\" Arts Film and television The Mitten (film), a 1967 Soviet animated film Mittens, a character in the 2008 film Bolt Mittens, a kitten character in Timmy Time Mittens Fluff 'N' Stuff, a Lalaloopsy doll and character in the TV series Literature Mittens, a kitten in Beatrix Potter tale The Tale of Tom Kitten The Mitten (folk tale), a Ukrainian folk tale adapted to several media Music \\\"Mittens\\\", a song by Carly Rae Jepsen Mittens Records, a record label founded by Julie Feeney Other uses Yakovlev Yak-130, NATO reporting name MitteN Fuchu, Shopping center Mittens (chess engine), by Chess.com Mitt Romney (born 1947), American politician nicknamed \\\"Mittens\\\" See also Glove (disambiguation) Mitte (disambiguation), a German word for middle—Mitten is another grammatical form of Mitte\",\n \"title\": \"Mitten (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3898662\",\n \"text\": \"The East Valley Tribune is a newspaper concentrated on cities within the East Valley region of metropolitan Phoenix, including Mesa, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, and Queen Creek. Formerly a daily newspaper, the Tribune resulted from the combination of local newspapers acquired by Cox Enterprises: The Tempe Daily News, the Mesa Tribune, the Gilbert Tribune, the Scottsdale Progress, and the Chandler Arizonan. History Attorney Alfred P. Shewman and Judge W.D. Morton founded Mesa's first newspaper, the Evening Weekly Free Press, in 1891. In 1899, Judge W.D. Morton sold out to Shewman, who died in 1901. Frank T. Pomeroy and Harry D. Haines bought the paper in 1910 and converted it into a daily publication, The Evening Press. They then sold the paper in 1911. In 1913, The Evening Press became the Mesa Daily Tribune, and in 1925, the paper was renamed the Mesa Daily Journal. The name changed again to the Daily Mesa Evening Journal in 1928. In 1932, Southside Publishing Company, a corporation of Mesa and Chandler businessmen, acquired ownership. Over the next 7 years, stock was purchased by P.R. Mitten and his son, Charles until 1939 when Charles Mitten bought out his father's share. Mitten began printing the paper five days a week after World War II under the name of the Mesa Daily Tribune. In 1950 Mitten sold the paper to David W. Calvert. In 1952, the Tribune Publishing Company was incorporated. On January 26, 1956, the Mesa Daily Tribune publishing plant on Macdonald Street was destroyed by fire and opened five months later at 120 W. 1st Ave, Mesa. In 1977, Cox Enterprises of Atlanta, Georgia, purchased the Mesa Daily Tribune from Calvert. Cox Newspapers then purchased the Tempe Daily News in 1980 and the Chandler Arizonan in 1983. It started the Gilbert Tribune in 1990, and purchased the Scottsdale Progress in 1993. David C. Scott was appointed president of Cox Arizona Publications and publisher of the Mesa Tribune in 1986, succeeding Roger Kintzel. In December 1996, Cox Newspapers sold its newspaper holdings to Thomson Newspapers. In May 1997, under the leadership of its publisher, Karen Wittmer, all five newspapers were combined into one newspaper, The Tribune. The paper served eastern Maricopa County with a Scottsdale edition for the northern communities. In December 1997, the Daily News-Sun in Sun City, Arizona, joined the Tribune as part of its Phoenix SMG (Strategic Marketing Group). The Ahwatukee Foothills News, which covered news on the southeastern border of Phoenix, joined in November 1998. In December 1999, The Tribune was renamed the East Valley Tribune and, in August 2000, Thomson Newspapers sold its Arizona newspaper holdings to Freedom Communications, Inc. of Irvine, California On October 6, 2008, publisher Julie Moreno announced that, as of 2009, the newspaper would cease publishing in Scottsdale and Tempe. Additionally, it would publish only four days a week in the remainder of its circulation area, although it would publish four distinct editions serving Mesa, Chandler, Gilbert and Queen Creek. More than 140 staff members' jobs were eliminated\",\n \"title\": \"East Valley Tribune\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2704591\",\n \"text\": \"Hoover Field was an early airport serving the city of Washington, D.C. It was constructed as a private airfield in 1925, but opened to public commercial use on July 16, 1926. It was located in Arlington, Virginia, near the intersection of the Highway Bridge and the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway, where The Pentagon and its northern parking lots now stand. Considered one of the most hazardous airfields in the United States, Hoover Field suffered from short and unpaved runways, numerous life-threatening obstructions around the field, poor visibility (due to a burning garbage dump to its northwest), and poor drainage. It was purchased by the owner of nearby Washington Airport in early 1929, causing a brief merger of the two fields, but was sold to a new owner just 12 months later. It nearly went bankrupt in 1933, and was sold at auction and merged with Washington Airport to become Washington-Hoover Airport on August 2, 1933. Washington-Hoover Airport closed in June 1941. Washington National Airport (now Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport) was built as its replacement. Construction Hoover Field was built in 1925 by Thomas E. Mitten, president of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company (which held the airmail contract between Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia). Hell's Bottom, a site at the foot of the Highway Bridge in Arlington County, Virginia (formerly a horse racing track) directly across the Potomac River from the city, was selected by Mitten for the site of his new \\\"airport.\\\" Pioneering aviator Alys McKey Bryant helped clear trees and brush and run the tractor which leveled the land for the airfield. The single sod runway was long. A single hangar, by in size, was constructed. Construction ended in 1925, and at first the field was used only by planes giving sight-seeing tours over the national capital. The then-unnamed airfield was threatened with competition almost immediately. Because the field was privately owned, civic leaders began a campaign for the city of Washington to build a publicly owned municipal airport. The federal government considered filling in all or part of Kingman Lake and using the lake, Kingman Island, and nearby Heritage Island for a federal airport to compete with the nascent field in Arlington, but this plan died in August 1926. The government's actions and Mitten's desire to fly people between D.C. and Philadelphia for the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence led Mitten to expand his airfield. The new airfield was dedicated on July 16, 1926. It was named for then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, a major promoter of civil aviation. The roughly trapezoidal airport was built along a north-by-northeast axis, was approximately long and wide, and in size. The only navigational aid was a windsock. Conditions at the field Flying conditions at Hoover Field were notoriously poor. Arlington Beach, a local amusement park, was located on the north-northeastern edge of the airport (next to Highway Bridge), and a landfill on the north-northwestern side. The trash in the landfill was also on fire. The smoke sometimes obscured the\",\n \"title\": \"Hoover Field\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52539397\",\n \"text\": \"Evelin Võigemast (until 2007, Evelin Pang; born 22 May 1980) is an Estonian stage, film television and voice actress and singer. Early life and education Born Evelin Pang in Tallinn, her parents were Valdur Pang and Eda Pang (née Taska). She has a brother named Margus Pang. She initially studied at Tallinn School No. 21 secondary school, but graduated from Tallinn School No. 49. (now, Tallinn Arte Gymnasium) in 1998. She is also a graduate of the Tallinn Children's Music School (now, the Tallinn Music School) in Kesklinn, Tallinn, where she studied piano. In 1998, she began studying acting at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre under Elmo Nüganen, graduating in 2002. Among his graduating classmates were Priit Võigemast, Karin Rask, Maria Soomets, Hele Kõre, Mart Toome, Ott Aardam, Elisabet Reinsalu, and Argo Aadli. Stage career Following graduation, she joined the Tallinn City Theatre in 2002, where she is still currently engaged. She has appeared in roles at the Tallinn City Theatre in works by such varied authors and playwrights as: Shakespeare, Alexandre Dumas, David Auburn, Anton Chekhov, Franz Kafka, Ivan Turgenev, W. B. Yeats, A. H. Tammsaare, Tennessee Williams, Ernest Hemingway, Arnold Wesker and Nikolai Gogol, among others. She has also performed at the Vanalinnastuudio in roles by Bertolt Brecht and Jim Cartwright; the NUKU Theatre, the Nargen Opera; and at the Vanemuine in Tartu, where she performed as Evita Peron in Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's Evita in 2014. Film In 2000, Pang began voicing the animated character Lotte in the popular Estonian Lotte films; the first was Lotte Goes South. This was followed by Lotte from Gadgetville in 2006, Lotte and the Moonstone Secret in 2011, and Lotte and the Lost Dragons in 2019. The Lotte films and their characters proved so popular in Estonia that a theme park, Lottemaa, was opened in Reiu, Pärnu County, Estonia. She was also cast as a voice actress to dub the role of Mittens in the Estonian release of the 2008 American Disney animated feature film Bolt (Estonian: Välk). She made her feature-length film debut in a small role in the 2002 Elmo Nüganen directed Nimed marmortahvlil (English release titles: Names in Marble and Names Engraved in Marble), based on the novel of the same name by author Albert Kivikas about the Estonian War of Independence. She was billed under her maiden name, Evelin Pang. This was followed by a co-starring role in the Peeter Urbla directed comedy-drama Stiilipidu in 2005, opposite actresses Maarja Jakobson and Anne Reemann. Other film roles include that of Annika Hunt in the Asko Kase directed drama Hundi agoonia; Liisa, in the 2009 Hannu Salonen directed drama Vasha; Evelyn in the 2012 Ain Mäeots directed drama Deemonid; Reet Haljandi in the 2015 Margus Paju directed family adventure film Supilinna Salaselts (English release title: The Secret Society of Souptown), based on the novels of Finnish author Mika Keränen; Marian in the 2017 Andres Maimik and Katrin Maimik directed comedy-drama Minu näoga onu; and Andres'\",\n \"title\": \"Evelin Võigemast\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43864691\",\n \"text\": \"The Brooklyn Bolts were a professional American football team based in Brooklyn, New York City, New York. They were a charter member of the Fall Experimental Football League (FXFL), which was trying to become the developmental league for the National Football League. They played their home games at MCU Park. History In August 2014, it was announced that Brooklyn was awarded a franchise for the upcoming 2014 season of the Fall Experimental Football League (FXFL). All of the teams in the league are owned by the FXFL, but local Minor League Baseball franchises are responsible for the operations of each team. The Bolts worked in conjunction with the Brooklyn Cyclones who play at MCU Park on Coney Island. By playing its games in Brooklyn, the Bolts became the first outdoor professional football team to play in New York City proper since 1983, when the New York Jets left Shea Stadium. (Two short-lived arena football teams, the Knights in 1988 and the CityHawks in 1997 and 1998, also played in the city; otherwise, all professional teams claiming to represent the city have played in either New Jersey or Long Island.) On July 10, 2015, the league confirmed the Bolts would return for the 2015 season. Former NFL quarterback Josh Freeman played for the Bolts for the 2015 season and then signed with the Indianapolis Colts and started the Colts' final regular season game of 2015. In early August 2016, Brooklyn Baseball Banter, a site that covers the Brooklyn Cyclones, reported that the Cyclones' front office was about to pull the plug on the Bolts and the FXFL at MCU Park, as the league had not contacted the Cyclones regarding a third season (the Cyclones were prepared to bring back the Bolts if the league was prepared to play). A few weeks later the site reported that Cyclones' management had stated that the league had canceled the 2016 season and that the Bolts had folded and put remaining fan merchandise on discount clearance. In the spring of 2017, former FXFL commissioner Brain Woods re-emerged as CEO of a new circuit called The Spring League; its business model was different from the FXFL's, as the teams no longer have set home cities or distinctive identities. In December 2016, Woods was reported to be considering bringing the Bolts or Blacktips back to play in an indoor league and is eyeing the Arena Football League, National Arena League, Champions Indoor Football and Indoor Football League. Coaches For the 2014 season, veteran NFL player John Bock was named as head coach of Bolts. Joining Bock on the Brooklyn Bolts staff were former NFL players Marvin Jones, James Brown, Nate Poole, Deon Dyer, Kelvin Kinney and defensive coordinator Joey Smith. Former NFL head coach and defensive coordinator Rod Rust served as a consultant to the Bolts. Also serving as coaching consultants were Don Strock, Danny Hope and Fred O’ Connor. Offensive coordinator Wayne Anderson Jr. is the former assistant head coach of the SoCal Coyotes, a developmental\",\n \"title\": \"Brooklyn Bolts\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2137368\",\n \"text\": \"The Milky Way is a one-reel animated cartoon short subject, produced in Technicolor and released to theatres with the film The Captain Is a Lady in 1940 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The short (produced and directed by Rudolf Ising and co-produced by Fred Quimby with the voice of Bernice Hansen as the kittens and their mother, and musical supervision by Scott Bradley) explores the adventures of the \\\"three little kittens who lost their mittens\\\", as they explore a dreamland where space is made up entirely of dairy products (for example, the Milky Way is made of milk and the Moon is made of green cheese). The short won the 1940 Oscar for Best Animated Short Film, and was the first non-Disney film to do so. Other shorts nominated in 1940 included A Wild Hare by Warner Bros., introducing Bugs Bunny, and another MGM cartoon Puss Gets the Boot, with Jasper & Jinx, the prototype for Tom and Jerry. This makes 1940 the first time a Disney film wasn’t even nominated for the award. It was added as a bonus feature in the Marx Bros. DVD release of Go West (1940) and Warner Archive Blu-ray release of Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940). Plot Three kittens, denied milk as punishment for losing their mittens after playing out in the snow, sail up into the Milky Way in a basket lifted by three helium balloons. Their space flight takes them past the Moon, the planet Mars, the Big Dipper, and the Little Dipper, until they reach their destination: the Milky Way. Once in the Milky Way, they find it a land of natural milk springs and geysers. The kittens proceed to happily gorge themselves on milk, until they get into trouble and risk falling back down to Earth. However, it is then revealed that the whole event was imagined. Their mother comes in to their bedroom to invite them down for supper. The kittens rush excitedly into the kitchen, only to be sickened to see that their supper is milk. Additional Crew Production Manager: Fred Quimby Film Co-Produced by William Hanna (uncredited) Uncredited Story by Maurice Day Uncredited Animation by Jack Zander Home Media Go West (unrestored bonus feature) Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection: 15 Winners (restored) Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection, Disc 1 (restored) Broadway Melody of 1940, Warner Archive Collection Blu-ray release (restored bonus feature) References External links The Milky Way (1940) on Dailymotion (uploaded by InternetAnimationDatabase) 1940 films 1940 animated films 1940 short films 1940s American animated films 1940s animated short films 1940s fantasy comedy films 1940 musical comedy films American musical comedy films Best Animated Short Academy Award winners Films directed by Rudolf Ising Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short films 1940s musical fantasy films Animated films based on nursery rhymes Animated films about cats Films about dreams American musical fantasy films Films produced by Fred Quimby Films scored by Scott Bradley Milky Way in fiction Mars in film Moon in film Films set on balloons Fiction about\",\n \"title\": \"The Milky Way (1940 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3961695\",\n \"text\": \"is a Japanese anime short series created by Shuichi Oshida, considered as a parody of Go Nagai's Mazinger Z. The series is produced by both Bee Train and Synergy Japan and began airing in Kids Station on April 12, 2004 to November 1, 2004. Theme Panda-Z: The Robonimation includes characters that were modeled after the main cast of Mazinger Z. None of the characters are voiced, and the show's infrequent dialogue is instead presented through intertitles. Some episodes have no dialogue at all, relying on mime movement, sound effects, and the show's electric guitar-based blues/rock/fusion soundtrack for expression. Each episode is five minutes long, including both the opening and ending credits. The ending credits also include a profile of one character or set piece from the series. Story The series consists of short comedy sketches, involving the adventures of Pan-Taron, a super deformed robotic panda, pilot of the Panda-Z mecha, and his equally small cute robotic friends, as they fight the evil Skullpander, leader of the Warunimal forces. The story is confined to the small Robonimal Island (containing Robonimal City and P-Z Labs) and a tiny nearby volcanic island that is home to the Warunimal base. Buildings in Robonimal City are all topped with panda heads. Never taking itself seriously, the story is often just an excuse to put the characters in common everyday situations, but with a robotic twist, which allows for comical results. In several episodes the characters can be seen playing the card game Old Maid against one another. The deck they play with has characters from the show on them, including Skullpander as the Joker. In one episode they play Rock-Paper-Scissors...a game made more difficult by their mitten-like hands. Being robots, they can often be seen ingesting batteries for their food. Some other times, the struggle between the two groups is present, but either one of them, or sometimes even both, don't take the fighting seriously. Characters Robonimal Island - Pilot of the Panda-Z. - Taron's grandfather and the director of the laboratory. He is a researcher at the mysterious \\\"Super P-Z\\\" and an authority on Robonimal engineering. He created the Panda-Z along with Taron's father (who left one day years ago and never returned). But outside of that, he is just a kind grandfather, who loves his grandson very much. - A pink robot rabbit with angel wings and a white nurse's outfit. She dreams of becoming a great nurse someday. She has a cheerful, kind personality and also has a strong sense of responsibility. - He is something of a leader in Taron's group of friends. Denwan is dependable, but sometimes, he gets ahead of himself and ends up failing. His dream is to become a great public Denwan someday. ( is Japanese for \\\"telephone\\\" and Wanwan is the sound a dog makes so he is basically a telephone dog.) He is, however, a pay phone, requiring others to pay him to make an outgoing call. Also, his dial only has seven digits. -\",\n \"title\": \"Panda-Z\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2371419\",\n \"text\": \"The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1908 as The Roly-Poly Pudding. In 1926, it was re-published as The Tale of Samuel Whiskers. The book is dedicated to the author's fancy rat \\\"Sammy\\\" and tells of Tom Kitten's escape from two rats who plan to make him into a pudding. The tale was adapted to animation in 1993. Plot summary Tom Kitten is a young cat who lives with his mother, Mrs. Tabitha Twitchit, and sisters, Moppet and Mittens, in a house overrun with rats. Her children being an unruly bunch, Mrs. Tabitha puts Moppet and Mittens in a cupboard in order to keep them under control, but Tom Kitten escapes up the chimney. As he makes his way to the top of the house, he comes across a crack in the wall and, squeezing through it, finds himself under the attic's floorboards. There he meets the rats, Mr. Samuel Whiskers and his wife Anna Maria. They catch him and proceed to cover him with butter and dough in order to eat him as a pudding. However, when they proceed to settle the dough with a rolling-pin, the noise gets through the floorboards and attracts the attention of Tabitha Twitchit and her friend Mrs. Ribby who has been helping search for Tom Kitten. They quickly call for John Joiner, a terrier, who saws open the floor and rescues Tom Kitten. Samuel Whiskers and Anna Maria escape to the barn of Farmer Potatoes, spreading their chaos to another location, though leaving the cat family residence in peace. Connections to other books Ribby was one of the main characters of The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan (published in 1905), which also featured Tabitha Twitchit as a shop keeper, with the kittens appearing in the illustrations. The family had also appeared in The Tale of Tom Kitten in 1907. Tabitha's shop is again mentioned in The Tale of Ginger and Pickles (1909) which also included Samuel Whiskers and Anna Maria. Inspirations The cat family home was based on Beatrix Potter's own house, Hill Top in Cumbria. Farmer Potatoes was based on a local man called Poslethwaite. Adaptations In 1933, Theron K. Butterworth published a dramatic adaptation of the tale as Mr. Samuel Whiskers. In 1993, an animated film adaptation was telecast on the BBC anthology series, The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends with the voices of Rosemary Leach as Tabitha Twitchet, John Gordon Sinclair as John Joiner, Patricia Routledge as Ribby, Struan Rodger as Samuel Whiskers, and Sheila Hancock as Anna Maria. References Footnotes Works cited External links 1908 children's books British children's books British picture books Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding, The Tale of Children's books adapted into films Children's books adapted into television shows English-language books Children's books about cats Children's books about mice and rats Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding, The Tale of\",\n \"title\": \"The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24852180\",\n \"text\": \"Joshua Ryan Bolt (born 2 May 1994) is an English actor. He starred in the 2009 film The Be All and End All, a role which saw him shortlisted for the best newcomer at the 2009 British Independent Film Awards. Early life Joshua Ryan Bolt was born in Liverpool on 2 May 1994, and grew up in the Liverpool suburb of Hunt's Cross. Career Bolt began acting at the age of 12 when he was cast in a theatre production of Much Ado About Nothing. In 2009, he played Pete Shotton in the BAFTA nominated film Nowhere Boy. He went on to appear in the ninth series of Shameless, playing the pot smoking psychopath Frasier Kane. He is featured in the music video for punk band The Luka State's single, \\\"Kick in The Teeth\\\". In summer 2011, it was announced that Bolt had won the lead role of Henry in ITV1's Just Henry, which aired over the Christmas period of that same year. Upon completing Just Henry, he joined the second series of Accused. In January 2012, he began work on the six-part BBC series Last Tango in Halifax (2012), playing Raphael \\\"Raff\\\" Greenwood. He guest starred in the last two episodes of seventh season of the detective series Lewis. In July 2012, IMDb named him as one of their rising British teenage stars. Bolt played Brian Harris, a central character, in the two-part BBC Three drama The Crash which centres on a car crash inspired by real life events. He portrayed Daniel in the third series of Scott & Bailey. In February 2013, he began work on The Heart of Nowhere, a film directed by Charlie Fink to coincide with Noah and the Whale's final album; he played Floyd, the bassist of the group. At the 2013 BAFTA television awards, Last Tango in Halifax won best drama and filming began in June 2013 of its second series. Bolt reprised his role as Raff. He returned for the third series in 2014 and the fourth in 2016. In March 2015, producers of the hit sitcom Benidorm announced that Bolt had been cast as part of a brand new family for Series 8, which aired in January 2016. Bolt played Rob Dawson, the family's son, who befriends regular characters Tyger Dyke and Joey Ellis. Bolt lent his voice to the Doctor Who audio series from Big Finish. The episode, entitled \\\"Dethras\\\", featured Bolt alongside the fourth incarnation of the title character and was released in 2017. He appeared alongside in the second series of Grantchester playing an undercover agent and Marxist. He played a young soldier named Thomas Macquillan in the ITV drama Harry Price Ghost Hunter, ITV's adaptation of Neil Spring's debut novel, The Ghost Hunters. The film aired on ITV on 27 December 2015. Bolt starred as Reburrus, a young boy hungry for revenge following the slaughter of his family, in Barbarians Rising, an eight-part drama for the History Channel airing in the U.S. and the UK. It charted\",\n \"title\": \"Josh Bolt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17093263\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of known fictional characters who are Inhumans, a race of superhumans appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Known Inhumans Inhuman Royal Family The Inhuman Royal Family are the ruling class of the Inhumans. Among the members of the Inhuman Royal Family are: Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) – King of the Inhumans and husband to Medusa. He has a destructive hypersonic voice capable of defeating other super-powered beings. He has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in sleep. A fork-like antenna on Black Bolt's forehead allows more controlled use of his voice and psychically connects him to Lockjaw. Medusa (Medusalith Amaquelin Boltagon) – Wife of Black Bolt and Queen of the Inhumans. She is also a former member of the Fantastic Four and the Frightful Four, as well as the mother of Ahura and older sister of Crystal. Her prehensile hair possesses super-strength. Crystal (Crystallia Amaquelin Maximoff) – Medusa's sister, ex-wife of Quicksilver and mother of Luna. She is a former member of the Fantastic Four, as well as a former member of the Avengers. She can manipulate Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Gorgon (Gorgon Petragon) – Cousin of Medusa. He has bull-like legs in place of his actual legs capable of creating shockwaves equal in magnitude to an earthquake. Karnak the Shatterer (Karnak Mander-Azur) – Cousin of Black Bolt. He is also a priest and philosopher and chose not to expose himself to the Terrigen Mists (a substance that grants the Inhumans their powers upon contact). Despite this, he does have the ability to sense an opponent's weak points and is a superb martial artist. Triton (Triton Mander-Azur) – Karnak's fish-like brother who can breathe underwater and survive the pressures of the deep sea. Maximus Boltagon – Also known as Maximus the Mad, he is the brother of Black Bolt and attempts to overthrow him numerous times. Maximus has the ability of mind-control. The Unspoken – Cousin of Black Bolt. He was once the King of the Inhumans until the rest of the Royal Family rose up against his power-hungry ways. Black Bolt defeated and banished him, decreeing that his actions would be removed from the history books and his name never be uttered again causing him to be referred to as \\\"The Unspoken\\\". The Terrigen Mists gave him the power of \\\"Terrigenesis,\\\" the ability to alter his body into any form he wished. Ahura Boltagon – Son of Medusa and Black Bolt. He has psychic abilities. Luna Maximoff - Daughter of Quicksilver and Crystal. Born human, but later mutated by the Terrigen Crystal by her father. Lockjaw – A large bulldog who was granted the power of teleportation after exposure to the Terrigen Mists. This was due to the Inhumans' experiment on canines. Inhuman Royal Guards The Inhuman Royal Guards are a group of Inhumans that are responsible for protecting the Inhuman Royal Family. Among its members are: Chynae – A hydrokinetic Inhuman with pointy\",\n \"title\": \"List of Inhumans\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2259372\",\n \"text\": \"The Saddletramps were an alternative country band from Toronto, Ontario in the 1980s and 1990s. Core members of the band included Ken Horne, Andrew Lindsay, John DeHaas and Brian Duguay. History In the early 1980s several Fanshawe College students from the Greater Toronto Area who shared a rented house in London, Ontario got together to form the band Tin Mitten. Their first gig was opening for another established local band, The Waiting. Friends of the band members chanted \\\"No Waiting, Mitten Now\\\" and pelted the band with mittens. The band was soon renamed The Saddletramps, and performed in various Toronto venues. Lindsay met seventeen-year-old Sarah Harmer while working at Sunrise Records in Burlington, and she joined the band, later commuting to Toronto to perform on weekends while attending Queen's University. In 1989 the Saddletramps released their first album, The Saddle Tramps, on cassette tape, with Dehaas on bass, Duguay on lead guitar and vocals, Harmer on vocals, Horne on percussion, Lindsay on vocals and guitar. Mike Northcott also contributed some instrumental work. The album was recorded at Grant Ave and Axon Studios, and all but one of the songs were written by the band members. In 1990 the band released a second cassette album, Yardsale. Harmer left to concentrate on her studies; she later fronted her own band, Weeping Tile. The Saddletramps disbanded in 1995. In 1999, Harmer began a solo career; her solo album You Were Here included a new recording of \\\"Don't Get Your Back Up\\\", which she had originally recorded with The Saddletramps on Yardsale. Lindsay, Duguay, and Dehaas formed a new band called Loomer along with Michael Taylor, Iain Thomson, and Scott Loomer. The band released an album, Love Is A Dull Instrument in 2004. In 2006, Harmer sang \\\"Only Lovers\\\" on the band's second album, Songs of the Wild West Island. Discography Albums The Saddle Tramps (1989) Tracks: \\\"Christ\\\", \\\"Life and Times\\\", \\\"Church\\\", \\\"Winds of Change\\\", \\\"Alaska\\\", \\\"I Don't Mind\\\", \\\"Blue Eyes\\\" and \\\"Fallen Angel\\\" Yardsale (1990) Tracks: \\\"Weight of the World\\\", \\\"Deal With It\\\", \\\"Boomerang\\\", \\\"4000 Roads\\\", \\\"She Don't Love\\\", \\\"Rain of Gold\\\", \\\"Wastin' It On You\\\", \\\"Race Along The Edge\\\", \\\"Passin' Thru\\\", \\\"Don't Get Your Back Up\\\" Well Gone Bad (1993) References Canadian alternative country groups\",\n \"title\": \"The Saddletramps\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19731992\",\n \"text\": \"Bolt is a video game developed by Avalanche Software and published by Disney Interactive Studios for Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2008 film of the same name. Mark Walton, Sean Donnelan, and Malcolm McDowell reprise their roles as Rhino, Penny's TV father, and Dr. Calico respectively. Miley Cyrus, who voiced Penny, is replaced by Ashleigh Prather. Synopsis Setting In the game, the player follows and controls the super dog Bolt and Penny on various missions taking place in the fictional TV show universe from the movie. The levels are shared between Bolt and Penny. By using Bolt's superpowers, the player can fight hordes of enemies. New powers, such as Superbark and Laser Eyes, will be unlocked during the game. While Bolt has superpowers, Penny has only her maneuverability by using her Wheelbar and is incentivized to take down enemies in a stealthy way. The game focuses on Bolt's fake TV life, not the actual movie storyline. Penny's father has been kidnapped by the evil Dr. Calico, and Penny and Bolt must travel through 5 countries to rescue him. All of this is actually on TV, and Rhino is watching a DVD pack of all the 25 Bolt episodes, possibly at the rural home at the end of the movie with Bolt's family (Penny, Mittens, Bolt himself, and Penny's mother). On the Nintendo DS version, players can play a mini-game called Rhino's Mission, where they go through mazes and avoid obstacles, like cannons. Despite that the end of the Bolt film shows a new storyline, it can be implied that these episodes featured in the game are mostly the episodes in the first season, despite the movie starting with the chase sequence. Plot Penny's father has been captured by Calico and his organization in an attempt to construct a powerful weapon of untold power. Penny and Bolt travel to Italy in an effort to find out more, but they get nowhere other than learning of Calico's location in Belize. Calico finally manages to capture Penny once she and Bolt find his temple base in the Yucatán jungle. To prove to Penny's father that she is alive and being held hostage, Calico gives Penny a cell phone with her father on the other line. Calico then attempts to flee the crumbling temple with his new captive but decides to leave her there with Bolt to die, saying, \\\"As long as the professor believes she's alive, he will do what is asked and finish the weapon. Too bad we can't all have nine lives\\\". However, Penny and Bolt survive and discover Calico's new base in the Russian Arctic with a large rocket in the center. But upon entering, Penny notices micro-focusing mirrors and realizes that it is her father's satellite instead of a warhead. All too late as Calico seals the entrance and, to Bolt's horror, launches it with Penny inside screaming for help. Bolt then jumps onto the rocket and\",\n \"title\": \"Bolt (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39154767\",\n \"text\": \"Bolts and Blip is an animated television series that aired on Teletoon from 2010 to 2011. The show has also aired on 3net at 10:30 am on Sundays, and The CW's Saturday morning block, Vortexx, from July 13, 2013 at 8:30 a.m. Plot The series is a comic action adventure set on the Moon in 2080. It follows two central city misfits, Bolts and Blip, who accidentally find themselves as members of the Lunar League's last placed team the Thunderbolts. With the help of their rag-tag band of teammates, the two friends discover what they are made of in this intergalactic sports circuit. Characters Main cast Blip (Voiced by Matt Murray) - One of the two main titular protagonists. Blip is a bumbling Civi-Bot who attempts to keep within societal norms, but is not very successful. He is best friend and roommate to the wacky Bolts, and often must drag his impulsive friend out of trouble. He is the more mature, level-headed of the duo. He along with Bolts were accidentally drafted into the Lunar League's bottom team, The Thunderbolts. He has a huge crush on Saedee, who spends most of the series ignoring his displays of affection, while occasionally letting slip possible mutual feelings, before revealing in the season finale she too loves Blip. Late in the series he is revealed to be Dr. Tommy's Secret Bot, and has latent powers, which he calls his \\\"Super Mode\\\"; in this state he is taller, stronger, faster, and can fly. He has a pet mouse like robot named Squeaker, who prior to undergoing training was very violent and attacked everyone, But nowadays he only attacks Bolts. Bolts/Blood's Bot/Darth Boltor (Voiced by Terry McGurrin) - The other titular protagonist. Bolts is immature, impulsive and has a talent for getting himself into trouble; including one time where he put himself under huge debt to a Robot Mafia Leader Vinnie Two-Chimes, after losing a bet in a (fixed) sock fight match. But he does occasionally show he has some common sense as seen in Little Squeaker when he thinks it's a bad idea to show Squeaker around to the Thunderbolts after Squeaker viciously attacked both him and Saedee's housewarming present. He also shows some signs of intelligence and ingenuity as also seen in little Squeaker when he modified an illegal weapon to bring up to legal standards only to have his talented creation shot down by Gridiron telling the sport was a croquet sport match and not a battle. He's the team's jokester and often drives Coach Gridiron insane. He once entered a secret (and illegal) wrestling tournament under the name Bolto de Fuego (a play on Bola de Fuego), and has continued using the name Boltor as his screen name. Like Blip he has latent powers, where his eyes will turn red and he gains monstrous strength. He is eventually revealed to be \\\"Blood's Bot\\\", the ultimate creation of Dr. Blood. Saedee (Voiced by Melissa Altro) - The gorgeous heroine Saedee, who is\",\n \"title\": \"Bolts and Blip\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1563682\",\n \"text\": \"Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965). Black Bolt is the ruler of Attilan, and a member of the Inhumans, a reclusive race of genetically altered superhumans. Black Bolt's signature power is his voice, as his electron-harnessing ability is linked to the speech center of his brain. Speaking triggers a massive disturbance in the form of a highly destructive shockwave capable of leveling a city. Due to the extreme danger posed by this power, the character has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in his sleep, and he usually remains completely silent and speaks through sign language or via a spokesperson. Black Bolt has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes. Since his original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, different versions of Black Bolt were portrayed by Anson Mount in the Marvel Television series Inhumans (2017) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Publication history Black Bolt debuted in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He re-joined the Illuminati as part of the 2012 Marvel NOW! rebranding initiative. He appeared in the 2017 Black Bolt series, his first solo comic book series, by Saladin Ahmed and Christian James Ward. He appeared in the 2021 Darkhold: Black Bolt #1 one-shot. Fictional character biography 1960s Black Bolt's first appearance established the character as being a member of the Inhuman ruling class. The title Thor featured a back-up feature called \\\"Tales of the Inhumans\\\", which recounts the character's origin story. The son of King Agon and Queen Rynda, Black Bolt is exposed to the mutagenic Terrigen Mist while still an embryo, and eventually demonstrates the ability to manipulate electrons. To protect the Inhuman community from his devastating voice, Black Bolt is placed inside a sound-proof chamber and is tutored in the use of his powers. Reentering Inhuman society as a young man—having vowed never to speak—the character is attacked by his younger brother Maximus, who attempts, unsuccessfully, to goad him into speaking. Black Bolt proved popular, and decides to leave Attilan to explore the outside world. The character reappears in a story focusing on his cousin Medusa, drives off the Hulk after the monster defeats the entire Inhuman Royal Family (Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Triton, and Crystal), and with the Fantastic Four, battles his brother Maximus and his own group of rogue Inhumans. 1970s After being forced to intercede in the budding romance between his cousin Crystal and the Fantastic Four's Johnny Storm, Black Bolt and the Inhumans feature in the title Amazing Adventures, and battle villains such as the Mandarin and Magneto. A story in The Avengers, told in flashback, reveals how Black Bolt came\",\n \"title\": \"Black Bolt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45252624\",\n \"text\": \"Lalaloopsy is an animated children's television series based on the dolls of the same name from MGA Entertainment. It was produced by MGA and MoonScoop Entertainment. The series first aired on March 29, 2013. The series' voice production was made and recorded in Calgary, AB, Canada, by Chinook Animation. After the first few episodes were aired on Nickelodeon, it was moved to the Nick Jr. Channel. The show's last episode aired on September 14, 2015. In December 2015, Viacom filed a lawsuit against MGA, stating that the toy company didn't provide proper financing for the advertisement and production of the series. In September 2016, a judge awarded Viacom damages of over $14.9 million relating to the show. It was pulled from the lineup less than a month later, while all traces of the show were also removed from Nick Jr.'s website at the same time. Plot Lalaloopsy focuses on Lalaloopsy Land. Lalaloopsy Land is inhabited by colorful rag dolls, who came to life the moment their last stitch was sewn. Each episode focuses on one or two groups of them facing a problem of their own and either solving it on their own or with incidental or previously planned help from the other group of dolls seen in the episode. Episodes Characters Bea Spells-A-Lot (voiced by Hayley Stone) Crumbs Sugar Cookie (voiced by Calista Schmidt) Dot Starlight (voiced by Marissa Tawiah) Jewel Sparkles (voiced by Selia Sangra) Mittens Fluff ‘N’ Stuff (voiced by Paige Stone) Pillow Featherbed (voiced by Zoe Marlett) Peanut Big Top (voiced by Malia Ashley Kerr) Rosy Bumps ‘N’ Bruises (voiced by Emma Duke) Spot Splatter Splash (voiced by Tate McRae) Supporting Ace Fender Bender (voiced by Griffin Kingston) Berry Jars ‘N’ Jam (voiced by Anna Quick) Blanket Featherbed (voiced by Jordan Anderson) Blossom Flowerpot (voiced by Cascadas Lucia Fuller) Bundles Snuggle Stuff (voiced by Taylor Walters) Candle Slice O’ Cake Charlotte Charades (N/A) Cherry Crisp Crust Dyna Might (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Ember Flicker Flame (voiced by Jessica Young) Forest Evergreen (voiced by Keaton Whitbread) Haley Galaxy (voiced by Greer Hunt) Holly Sleighbells (voiced by Tate McRae) Little Bah Peep (voiced by Greer Hunt) Mango Tiki Wiki (voiced by Jaida Shaleena Lewis) Mari Golden Petals (voiced by Bella Orman) Marina Anchors (voiced by Greer Hunt) Misty Mysterious (voiced by Sara Matsubara) Patch Treasurechest (voiced by Andrew Hilbrecht) Peggy Seven Seas (voiced by Joanna Burchacki) Pepper Pots ‘N’ Pans (voiced by Aurora Hunt) Peppy Pom Poms (voiced by Sofia Tchernetsky) Pickles B.L.T. (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Pix E. Flutters (voiced by Cascadas Lucia Fuller) Prairie Dusty Trails (voiced by Bella Orman) Scraps Stitched ‘N’ Sewn (voiced by Brittany Thurlow) Scribbles Splash Sir Battlescarred (voiced by Carson Pound) Specs Reads-a-Lot Sprinkle Spice Cookie Squirt Lil Top Squiggles N Shapes Star Magic Spells Sunny Side Up (voiced by Jessica Young) Suzette La Sweet (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Tippy Tumblelina (voiced by Sophie Brown) Trace E. Doodles Trinket Sparkles Winter Snowflake (voiced by Olivia Duke) Broadcast In Canada, the series\",\n \"title\": \"Lalaloopsy (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20213458\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Daniel Walton (born October 24, 1968) is an American storyboard artist and voice actor who has worked for Walt Disney Animation Studios, DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Warner Animation Group, and other companies. He currently works for Illumination, as of 2023. Walton also voiced Rhino the hamster in the 2008 animated film Bolt. Early life Walton was born on October 24, 1968, in Salt Lake City, Utah, the oldest of seven children. Although he is not a professional actor, Walton said in an interview, \\\"I liked acting in high school and college. I enjoyed it. I think at some point I decided that if I was really going to be a professional actor that it would take at least everything that I would have emotionally or physically and I knew that I really wanted to pursue art.\\\" He graduated from Utah State University in 1998 with a degree in illustration. Career Mark Walton started at Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida as a story and animation intern in 1995. After performing as a show artist for The Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical Discovery Adventure North American Mall Tour in 1996, he transferred to Walt Disney Feature Animation in Burbank, CA. (now known as Walt Disney Animation Studios) in 1997 to work on his first feature, Tarzan as a storyboard artist. While at Disney, from the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, he did storyboards for The Emperor's New Groove, The Little Matchstick Girl, Home on the Range, Chicken Little, Meet the Robinsons, Tangled, and Gnomeo and Juliet, as well as storyboarding and developing the unproduced films Wild Life, My Peoples, and Rapunzel Unbraided (an early version of Tangled), Joe Jump, and King of the Elves. Also, while at Disney, he provided the voices for Barry & Bob the Longhorns in Home on the Range (2004), Goosey Loosey for the computer-animated film Chicken Little and its video game (2005), and for Rhino the hamster in Bolt (2008) for which he was nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production, and the short film spin-off Super Rhino. He also storyboarded a short CGI film \\\"The Zit\\\" for Mike Blum's Pipsqueak Films, shown on the TV series Independent Lens. After leaving Disney in 2009, Walton storyboarded on films for DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Marza Animation Planet, Original Force 3D, Ken Duncan Studio, Mass Animation, On Animation, Kool Produktion AS, Rovio Animation, and Warner Animation Group. He has also taught storyboarding at California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts), Academy of Art, SUU, and CGMA. Numerous positive reviews came from film critics regarding Walton's performance as Rhino in Bolt. CNN noted “Walton's Rhino steals every scene he's in.”, while Enewsi stated \\\"Walton has perfect comedic timing as Rhino\\\". Another reviewer noted “The hamster alone is enough to make this movie worth seeing”, with other positive reviews featured in the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, where Walton contemplated Rhino's popularity as, \\\"he imagines he's actually something bigger\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Walton (story artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2915913\",\n \"text\": \"The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) was a pioneering computer network protocol for transporting human speech over packetized communications networks. It was an early example of Voice over Internet Protocol technology. History NVP was first defined and implemented in 1974, with definition led by the “Speech” project at ISI, the USC Information Sciences Institute following initial work begun in 1973. ISI leadership was by Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI), University of Southern California, with funding from ARPA's Network Secure Communications (NSC) program. The project's stated goals were \\\"to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of secure, high-quality, low-bandwidth, real-time, full-duplex (two-way) digital voice communications over packet-switched computer communications networks...[and to] supply digitized speech which can be secured by existing encryption devices. The major goal of this research is to demonstrate a digital high-quality, low-bandwidth, secure voice handling capability as part of the general military requirement for worldwide secure voice communication.\\\" NVP’s first demonstration was in August 1974 between the groups at ISI and MIT Lincoln Laboratory. That was history’s first “phone call” using a computer network. It was partly enabled by users of vocoders custom-built by BB&N, Bolt Beranek, and Newman. Work as a whole involved many other researchers nationally. Necessary subnet (IMP-to-IMP) changes for real-time packet forwarding were discussed at ISI in March 1974, chaired by Bob Kahn, DARPA’s program director for the speech project. At the end of the meeting, he summarized actions and directed BB&N to make the required subnet updates. NVP was used to send speech between distributed sites on the ARPANET using several different voice-encoding techniques, including linear predictive coding (LPC) and continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD). Cooperating researchers included Steve Casner, Randy Cole, and Paul Raveling (ISI); Jim Forgie (Lincoln Laboratory); Mike McCammon (Culler-Harrison); John Markel (Speech Communications Research Laboratory); John Makhoul (Bolt, Beranek and Newman), and Rod McGuire and Philip Rubin (Haskins Laboratories). NVP was used by experimental Voice Funnel equipment (circa February 1981), based on BBN Butterfly computers, as part of ongoing ARPA research into packetized audio. ARPA staff and contractors used the Voice Funnel, and related video facilities, to do three-way and four-way video conferencing among a handful of US East and West Coast sites. Credit also is due to Dave Retz and his group at the UC Santa Barbara Speech Communication Laboratory. ISI used his operating system, ELF, for the early development of speech networking, including extension to speech conferencing. Protocol The protocol consisted of two distinct parts: control protocols and a data transport protocol. Control protocols included relatively rudimentary telephony features such as indicating who wants to talk to whom; ring tones; negotiation of voice encoding; and call termination. Data messages contained encoded speech. For each encoding scheme (vocoder) a frame was defined as a packet containing the negotiated transmission interval of a number of digitized voice samples. NVP was transported over the Internet Stream Protocol (ST) and a later version called Stream Protocol, version 2 (ST-II), both connection-oriented versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) and which\",\n \"title\": \"Network Voice Protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1685637\",\n \"text\": \"Eat-Man (stylized as EAT-MAN) is a Japanese manga series created by Akihito Yoshitomi in 1996 which was serialized by MediaWorks monthly in 19 volumes until 2003 in Dengeki Comic Gao! magazine. In 1997, Studio Deen adapted the manga into a 12-episode anime television series which was broadcast in Japan from January 9 to March 27, 1997 on TV Tokyo. A sequel, Eat-Man '98, was also animated by Studio Deen and ran from October 8 to December 23, 1998. Both anime series are licensed in North America by Discotek Media and the manga series was licensed by Viz Communications before it was dropped. A second manga called Eat-Man The Main Dish started serialization in Monthly Shonen Sirius in May 2014. Story Eat-Man is a series of short, episodic stories about an \\\"explorer\\\" (a type of mercenary) named Bolt Crank who has the ability to eat virtually anything and then, at will, reproduce from his body the objects he's consumed. Eat-Mans world is a mix of high-tech futurist cyberpunk and fairy tale. The episodes take place in various worlds and in undefined times. Characters Bolt Crank (voiced by Masashi Ebara), is the best \\\"explorer\\\" in the world. In the manga, \\\"Explorers\\\" are a kind of mercenary. Although mercenaries in the manga do any job, even assassinations, the explorers were employees with principles. Bolt has a bizarre power, the ability to eat anything inorganic and then later recreate it (even fixing the item ingested) from any part of his body. The item usually comes out from his arms and hands, but sometimes can be created in other body areas, like his head, chest, or legs. In the manga, it was implied that inside Bolt's body was actually a void of space. Objects that he's consumed float around in a seemingly endless space, much like the inside of Doraemon's fourth-dimensional pocket. A man of few words, Bolt doesn't show his feelings and always keeps a cool head. However, his cynical personality and his \\\"always get the job done\\\" attitude can make him seem like a very cold and dark character but, in the end, he always finds a way to do the right thing. He never appears to look back on the past or regret it in any way. Although Bolt's past remained a mystery in all the series, some stories gave clues about his past, including some characters that appeared in various episodes. The end of the manga series revealed a lot about who and what Bolt is, but his exact identity still remains a mystery. Here are some hints in the series: Bolt never ages, but the end of the manga series revealed that he is biologically immortal (he does not age but can be hurt and/or killed). There is a character identical to Bolt called Leon. His creations include an gynoid (Stella) with human feelings who loved him (an antagonist of Bolt in various episodes, trying to transform all living things into machines) and a weird robot capable of assimilating any\",\n \"title\": \"Eat-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41088062\",\n \"text\": \"George James Bolt (1 August 1899 – 2 September 1966) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton, Hawthorn and North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Family The son of Francis Bolt (1865–1950), and Catherine Ann Bolt (1868–1954), née Waite, George James Bolt was born at Rutherglen on 1 August 1899. Bolt married Violet Maria McLaine (1900–1928) in 1921, and they had two children together before her death in 1928. He subsequently married Violet's older sister, Jessie Marjorie McLaine (1895–1960) in 1936. Football Carlton Bolt joined Carlton from Brunswick in the Victorian Football Association in 1922, although he did not play a senior game for Brunswick. Carlton had a poor season in 1923 and dissension among the playing group broke into the open after Round 13 when Carlton suffered a heavy defeat to Essendon. At an after-match function at the Essendon Football Club, Bolt and his team-mate Jack Morrissey became embroiled in a heated argument that culminated in a fist fight between the two. The next day, Sunday, the club committee met and suspended both players for an indefinite period, bringing an end to Bolt's Carlton career. Hawthorn An application to transfer to Richmond in 1924 was refused, and he played with Auburn Football Club in the Reporter League and the Railways club in the Wednesday league until mid 1925 when he was cleared to Hawthorn, where he played the last eight matches in their VFL debut season. North Melbourne Bolt subsequently moved to North Melbourne, and took his career games tally to 42 with another 16 matches in 1926–27. Death George Bolt died on 2 September 1966, aged 67, and is buried at Fawkner Memorial Park. Notes References Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2009), The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers: every AFL/VFL player since 1897 (8th ed.), Seaford, Victoria: BAS Publishing. External links George Bolt's profile at Blueseum 1899 births 1966 deaths Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) Carlton Football Club players Hawthorn Football Club players North Melbourne Football Club players\",\n \"title\": \"George Bolt (footballer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13458294\",\n \"text\": \"Chung Misook (; born December 25, 1962) is a South Korean voice actress who joined Seoul-based Korean Broadcasting System's voice acting division in 1984. Role Broadcast TV Pororo the Little Penguin (EBS) - Petty Clamp School Detectives (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Nokoru Imonoyama Pita-Ten (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Misha Futari wa Pretty Cure (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Cure Black/Nagisa Misumi (Mook Ha-ram) Jang Geum's Dream (Korea TV Edition, MBC) - Seo Jang Geum One Piece (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Nami Naruto (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Hitomi Uchiha Sailor Moon (Crew Folding) - Sailor Mercury Tokyo Mew Mew (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Ichigo Momomiya InuYasha (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Kagome Higurashi (Yoo Ga-young) Shaman King (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Hao Asakura Kamikaze Kaito Jeanne (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Maron Kusakabe/Kaito Jeanne Magic Knight Rayearth (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Hikaru Shidou (Sunny/Joo Eun-vit) The Irresponsible Captain Tylor (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) Nurse Angel Ririka SOS (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ririka Moriya Digimon Adventure (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Taichi Kamiya (Shin Tae-il) Astro Boy (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Astro Boy Cowboy Bebop (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Faye Valentine Erementar Gerad (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Cisqua Kanon (Korea TV Edition, Animax) - Nayuki Minase Mahojin Guru Guru (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Kukuri Element Hunters (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ren Karas Doug (Korea TV Edition) - Patti Mayonnaise Danny Phantom (Korea TV Edition) - Sam Dragon Tales (Korea TV Edition) - Emmy Flowering Heart (Korea TV Edition) - Ari Jin You're Under Arrest (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Noh Han-na The Fairly OddParents (Korea TV Edition) - Timmy Turner Hello Kitty's Paradise (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Hello Kitty Movie dubbing Harry Potter (replacing Emma Watson, Korea TV Edition, SBS) The Sixth Sense (replacing Haley Joel Osment, Korea TV Edition, KBS) Interview with the Vampire (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, MBC) Jumanji (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Leon (replacing Natalie Portman, Korea TV Edition, KBS) Demolition Man (replacing Sandra Bullock, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Roman Holiday (replacing Audrey Hepburn, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (playing Belle, Walt Disney Pictures) Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (playing Pocahontas, Walt Disney Pictures) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (playing Adult Kiara, Walt Disney Pictures Anastasia (playing Anastasia \\\"Anya\\\", 20th Century Fox) Mulan (playing Mulan, Walt Disney Pictures) The Prince of Egypt (playing Miriam, Dreamworks Animation) Finding Nemo (playing Dory, Pixar) Bolt (playing Mittens, Walt Disney Pictures) Finding Dory (playing Dory, Stan's wife, Pixar) Games Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata - Reith The War of Genesis Side Story II: Tempest - Elizabeth Pandragon Girlfriend of Steel - Asuka Langley Soryu Elsword - Rena References External links Jeong Mi Sook Fan Site (in Korean) Jeong Mi Sook Fan Cafe (in Korean) 1962 births Living people South Korean voice actresses 20th-century South Korean actresses 21st-century South Korean actresses\",\n \"title\": \"Chung Misook\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28064582\",\n \"text\": \"The Mitten () is a 1967 Soviet animated film directed by Roman Kachanov. The film received international recognition. Plot summary The film centers on a girl who wants a dog. She brings home a puppy, but her mother wouldn't let the puppy stay. The girl is upset and goes outside to the playground, where all the other kids are walking their dogs. She starts playing with her mitten, pretending that the mitten is a dog. And the power of her imagination turns her mitten into a puppy, which keeps the mitten's red color and black spots on the back. The puppy starts chasing a cat, which ends up finding shelter on top of the ad board saying \\\"Everyone who has a dog is welcome to take part in the kennel club competition!\\\" The girl takes her puppy to the competition, and it completes the task better than other dogs, but on the way to finish one of the threads of the puppy's knitted coat gets caught by a nail on the wooden barrier, and it loses the competition. The girl takes it home and is about to feed it, when it turns back to a mitten. Mom notices the girl trying to feed a mitten and decides to get her a real puppy. Creators Dolls and scenery made — Pavel Gusyov, Oleg Masainov, V. Petrov, M. Chesnokova, G. Gettinger, G. Lyutinsky, A. Maximov, V. Kalashnikova, V. Kuranov, S. Etlis, leadership the Roman Gurov Film editor — Vera Gokke Editor — Natalya Abramova Director — Nathan Bitman Awards MKF in Moscow — a silver medal in competition of children's movies, the movie \\\"The Mitten\\\" (1967) Annecy International Animation Film Festival — the first award, the movie \\\"The Mitten\\\" (1967) Gijón International Film Festival — a prize of the city of Gijon \\\"For high art quality of animation\\\", the movie \\\"The Mitten\\\" (1968) Gijón International Film Festival — the Grand Prix \\\"A gold plate\\\", the movie \\\"The Mitten\\\" (1968) All-Union Film Festival — the first award, the movie \\\"The Mitten\\\" (1968) Interesting facts There is no dialogue in the film. Leonid Shvartsman based the character of the mother on a very close acquaintance — Tamara Vladimirovna Poletika (the first wife of his friend and animator Lev Milchin). The bulldog in “The Mitten” is based on the director, Roman Kachanov. External links Films directed by Roman Abelevich Kachanov Soviet animated films Soyuzmultfilm 1967 films 1960s Soviet films 1967 animated films\",\n \"title\": \"The Mitten (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72421517\",\n \"text\": \"Twined knitting (also known as two-end knitting) is a traditional Scandinavian knitting technique. It refers to knitting where two strands of yarn are knitted into the fabric alternatively and twisted once and always in the same direction before every stitch. The technique is called tvåändsstickning in Swedish, tvebandsstrikking in Norwegian, and tvebinding in Danish. Their literal meaning is \\\"two-end knitting\\\", referring to the traditional way of knitting with both yarn ends from one ball of yarn. While the right-side of the fabric resembles a one-end stocking-stitch fabric (as seen from the right side), the wrong-side of the fabric has a horizontally ridged surface due to the plaits created by the twisting of the two strands of yarn. Intricate relief patterns are characteristic of the technique. Twined knitting produces a firmer and more durable fabric with greater thermal insulation than conventional one-end knitting. The technique has historically been used to knit mittens, gloves, socks, stockings, caps and sleeves for waistcoats. Historical and cultural overview The technique is predominantly associated with the forestry areas of Värmland, Dalarna, Härjedalen, Jämtland and Hälsingland in Sweden, and Hedmark, Oppland, Akershus and Buskerud in Norway. Archaeological finds from these areas provide evidence that the technique has been practiced since the sixteenth century. Practical knowledge of the technique still persists in these areas. Danish archeological findings of the technique have been dated to the seventeenth century. However, practical knowledge of the technique has ceased to exist in Denmark. Evidence of the technique has not yet been found in the remaining Nordic countries. Sweden The technique is historically significant to the Swedish county Dalarna. Two-end knitted garments continue to be included in several of Dalarnas traditional local costumes. The history of knitting in this region can be traced back to the mid-seventeenth century. Wool yarn was the most common knitting material, but linen and cotton yarn was sometimes used to knit socks, mittens and gloves. Mittens and gloves were commonly twine-knitted in white (typically for women) or black (typically for men) wool yarn with a knitted or embroidered colourful pattern. Embroidered twine-knitted mittens with a fringe trimming are particularly associated with Dala-Floda were they are included in the traditional local costume. However, embroidered mittens with or without fringe trimmings are common in other parts of Dalarna as well as in Värmland and Härjedalen. Some two-end knitted mittens were intended to be worn inside unlined leather mittens, in which cases they were known as handskvantar, bälgvantar or körhandskar. On the island of Sollerön in Siljan, half-mittens and gloves were two-end knitted in white linen or cotton yarn for weddings, half-mittens being worn by the bride and gloves by the groom. The gloves and half-mittens were later reused by the couple on ceremonial occasions. The garments from Sollerön are characterised by their elaborate relief patterns. In Lima, twine-knitted cotton gloves were produced and exported during the nineteenth century. Socks and stockings were typically two-end knitted in an undyed wool, linen or cotton yarn, often to be dyed after. During dyeing,\",\n \"title\": \"Twined knitting\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19492570\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Pape (born July 17, 1952) is an American actor. He is known for the role of Double J in the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever. Post Saturday Night Fever, he has appeared in over 20 films. He also played a supporting role in the 2008 racing video game Need for Speed: Undercover as Lt. Jack M. Keller. Filmography Film Bolt - Man (voice) Cats & Dogs - Wolf Blitzer (voice) Chicken Little - Fire Chief (voice) China: The Panda Adventure - Bill Harkness Voice-over (voice) Dragon Nest: Warriors' Dawn - Blacksmith and Kuke (voice) Frozen - Crowd Member #1 (voice) Incredibles 2 - Additional Voices (voice) Monsters vs. Aliens - Soldiers (voice) Missing Link - New Worlder (voice) Osmosis Jones - Male Red Blood Cell #2 (voice) Saturday Night Fever - Double J Tangled - Man #4 (voice) The Desperate Hour - Lyft Driver The Emoji Movie - Additional Voices (voice) The Tale of Despereaux - Man in crowd (voice) The Wild - Man (voice) Wreck-It Ralph - Man at Arcade (voice) Television Angie - Vinnie Visicio Caprica - Rhetoric Host #2 Family - Clyde GameStar: Die Redaktion - Lt. Jack M. Keller Hagen - Stewart Hart to Hart - Burt Kroll Journeyman - Julius Resurrection Blvd. - Detective Wilson The Man in the High Castle - Film Narrator (voice) Wanda at Large - Voiceover References External links 1952 births Living people 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors Male actors from New York (state) Actors from Rochester, New York\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Pape\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31193548\",\n \"text\": \"Bolt is a fictional character that appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated film Bolt (2008). He is depicted as a White Shepherd with superpowers such as a \\\"super bark\\\" and the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes. When he found himself lost, Bolt discovered that he was an actor in a television show, and must take it upon himself to get back home, learning how to be a normal dog in the process. Bolt's journey and personal evolution as a character are core to the film's main themes. Created by Chris Williams and Byron Howard, Bolt is introduced as a dog who is unknowingly the star of his own TV show. His ignorance is crucial as the cast and crew go to extreme lengths to make Bolt think he is actually a super dog in order to make the performance more authentic. The character is voiced by John Travolta. Much of the inspiration for Bolt was provided by John Lasseter, who also oversaw his visual development with chief character designer Joe Moshier. Aside from the film, the character also appears in the direct-to-video short film Super Rhino, the two video games Bolt and Disney Infinity, and the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom trade card role-playing game. In addition, photos of Bolt appear in Wreck-It Ralph (2012) and Big Hero 6 (2014). Bolt's character, alongside Travolta's vocal performance, has received mostly positive critical acclaim from film critics and became a breakout character, leading to strong sales of merchandise and toys following the film's release. Development Characterization and design The character known as Bolt was originally conceptualized as a bipedal Jack Russell Terrier named Henry, designed by Chris Sanders. In this script, Henry would be aware of the fact that he is an actor. Henry, as well as Sander's idea for the movie, was eventually scrapped when John Lasseter and some colleagues from Pixar reviewed the project. The character was subsequently redesigned after a White Spitz Breed, although changes were done to the muzzle, ears, and overall body structure to give the character a more distinctive and expressive appearance. Some aspects of his design, such as his distinctive ears, were inspired by American White Shepherds in order to emphasize his expressiveness. To make Bolt's movement seem more realistic and in line with that of real canines, the animation department studied the body language and locomotion of real white shepherds and utilized virtual bone-structure in the CGI models. Personality-wise, the new Bolt would be more naïve and insecure, conveying more pathos than Henry. At the same time, the art department worked to give Bolt a whimsical nature with a pose that excels confidence, thus allowing the character to have a contrasting personality and body language which reflects that. Voice work John Travolta was chosen to do the voice work for Bolt, after Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Tom Cruise turned down the role. Despite a history of turning down voice-over offers for animated characters, Travolta agreed to provide the voice for\",\n \"title\": \"Bolt (Disney character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62892130\",\n \"text\": \"Katrina Mitten (born 1962, Huntington, Indiana) is a Native American artist. She is enrolled in the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. Mitten is beadwork artist, whose embroidery style of beadwork has earned her numerous awards and has been featured in major metropolitan museums. Biography Mitten is a descendant of one of the five Miami families who were allowed to stay after the establishment of the Indian Removal Act by Andrew Jackson. This act allowed him to relocate access to relocate Native people from their ancestral homelands. Those who were not relocated were encouraged to assimilate into Westernized civilization. Instead, they tried to pass on as much of their culture as possible At the age of twelve, Mitten learned beading from her grandmother Josephine. Josephine influenced a large portion of Mitten's works, including her 1950s handbag, which she has stated represents her family heritage. Mitten made this handbag collaborating with her granddaughter Saiyer Miller and teaching her using the same methods as her grandmother. Mitten also learned more about her tribe by visiting museums and studying her families' heirlooms. She is active on the powwow circuit. She has created utilitarian works, such as The Cradle Board, as well as necklaces, bracelets, and beaded handbags. Other influences in her art include the geometric designs found in ribbonwork and the floral patterns depicted throughout the Great Lakes tribal beadwork. She incorporates personal and family stories into her art pieces and uses her art as a means of story telling. In 2016 Mitten collaborated with Native American artists Katy Strass and Angela Ellsworth to create a painting of the states on a fiberglass statue of a bison. Two of her pieces, MMIW (Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women) and Ten Original Clans of the Myaamia, were acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign. Select artworks Cradle Board \\\"I have been waiting for you\\\" outfit 1950's Handbag 1940s-styled bag Exhibitions Native Art Market at the National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C. (2014) Myaamia Heritage Museum & Archive (2018) Santa Fe Indian Market Collections Mitten's artwork is held in the permanent collections of: Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian American Art Museum References External links Native Daughter: Katrina Mitten video from Journey Indiana Artists from Indiana Miami people 1962 births Living people Native American women artists 20th-century American artists 20th-century American women artists 21st-century American artists 21st-century American women artists 20th-century Native American artists 21st-century Native American artists 20th-century Native American women 21st-century Native American women Native American people from Indiana Native American beadworkers American beadworkers Women beadworkers\",\n \"title\": \"Katrina Mitten\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1584558\",\n \"text\": \"Derek Stephen Prince is an American voice actor who has played various roles in the Digimon series, the voice of Elgar in the live-action Power Rangers Turbo, and Power Rangers in Space. In the world of anime, he played Keitaro Urashima in Love Hina, DemiDevimon and Piedmon in Digimon, Ken Ichijouji and Veemon in Digimon 02 and Impmon in Digimon Tamers, Uryū Ishida in Bleach, Iggy in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders and Shino Aburame in Naruto. In video games, he provides the voice of Vexen in the Kingdom Hearts series and Asuka R. Kreutz in the Guilty Gear series. Derek has been part of the Voice123 roaster since September, 2008. He reprised his role as Ken Ichijouji for YouTuber Aficionados Chris' review of Digimon. Some of the characters he voices are intellectual or brainy, such as Vexen, and Uryū. Filmography Anime .hack//Legend of the Twilight – Reki Accel World – Sulfur Pot (Ep. 19) Aldnoah.Zero – Marylcian Apocalypse Zero – Bolt Argento Soma – Lab Assistant B Arc the Lad – Gene Battle B-Daman – Li Yong Fa, Monkey Don Beyblade Burst – Ranjiro Kiyama (Seasons 3 & 5) Blade of the Immortal – Taito Magatsu Bleach – Uryū Ishida Bleach: Thousand Year Blood War – Uryū Ishida Blood Lad – Sabao Blue Exorcist – Reiji Shiratori / Astaroth (Eps. 1-2) Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo – Nunchuck Nick, Wiggin' Tribe Spokesman Code Geass R2 – Additional Voices Cowboy Bebop – Lin, Shin Cyborg 009 – Dr. Gaia, Machine Gun, Kain, alternate voice of Joe Shimamura (select episodes) D.Gray-man – Selim (Ep. 43) Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – Spider Demon (Elder Brother), Kakushi Digimon Adventure – DemiDevimon, Piedmon, Digitamamon Digimon Adventure 02 – Ken Ichijouji, DemiVeemon/Veemon/ExVeemon/Paildramon (shared)/Imperialdramon (shared) Digimon Frontier – Grumblemon/Gigasmon, Dynasmon, Oryxmon, Honeybeemon Digimon Fusion – Jeremy Tsurugi, Zamielmon Digimon Tamers – Impmon/Beelzemon Doraemon – Stan Dragon Ball Super – Freeza (Toonami Asia dub) Duel Masters 2.0 – Dr. Root and Multi-Card Monty Durarara!! – Gangster (Ep. 12.5), Additional Voices Eyeshield 21 – Yoichi Hiruma Flint the Time Detective – Batterball, Elekin, Young Orville Wright (Ep. 17), Young Jean-Henri Fabre (ep. 30) Fushigi Yūgi – Keisuke Yūki Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex 2nd Gig – Runaway worker in the episode \\\"Excavation\\\" Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045 – Underwear Man Ground Defense Force! Mao-chan – Ichiro Suteki Gurren Lagann – Jamo-ichi Gun Frontier – Tochiro Oyama Hunter × Hunter – Lippo, Shacmono Tocino, Examinee A (Ep. 6) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders – Iggy Kikaider – Ichiro/Kikaider 0-1 Kill la Kill – Guts Kite Liberator – Tsuin Love Hina – Keitaro Urashima (as David Umansky) Lucky ☆ Star – Cherry, Additional Voices Lupin III – Mr. X, French Police Officer Mahoromatic – Suguru Misato (credited as David Umansky) MÄR: Märchen Awakens Romance – Phantom/Tom Mars Daybreak – Crowley Mobile Suit Gundam F91 – Birgit Pirjo Mon Colle Knights – Mondo Ooya Monster – Rudy Gillen Naruto – Shino Aburame (episode 34-220) Naruto: Shippuden – Shino Aburame (episode 33-present)\",\n \"title\": \"Derek Stephen Prince\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1149296\",\n \"text\": \"The Chinese mitten crab (; ; Shanghainese: du6-zaq8-ha5, \\\"big sluice crab\\\"), also known as the Shanghai hairy crab (, p Shànghǎi máoxiè), is a medium-sized burrowing crab that is named for its furry claws, which resemble mittens. It is native to rivers, estuaries and other coastal habitats of East Asia from Korea in the north to Fujian, China in the south. It has also been introduced to Europe and North America, where it is considered an invasive species. The species features on the list of invasive alien species of Union concern. This means that the import of the species and trade in the species is forbidden in the whole of the European Union. Description and ecology This species' distinguishing features are the dense patches of dark setae on its claws. The crab's body is the size of a human palm. The legs are about twice as long as the carapace. Mitten crabs spend most of their life in fresh water and return to the sea to breed. During their fourth or fifth year in late summer, the crustaceans migrate downstream and attain sexual maturity in the tidal estuaries. After mating, the females continue seaward, overwintering in deeper waters. They return to brackish water in the spring to hatch their eggs. After development as larvae, the juvenile crabs gradually move upstream into fresh water, thus completing the life cycle. It moves from freshwater habitats to saltwater habitats once it has reached reproduction maturity. The types of estuaries suitable for the mitten crab is large brackish waters for the larva to develop in, and large shallow waters for the growth of the juvenile crabs. An increase in microplastics has had a significant impact on the population as it affects their metabolism, growth, and oxidative stress response in the liver. The Chinese mitten crab originates from Hong Kong to the border of Korea. It can be found inland but prefers coastal areas. In the Yangtze, the largest river in its native range, Chinese mitten crabs have been recorded up to upstream. It is known to settle in rice fields by the sea and rivers inland. The crab is found in subtropical and temperate regions. Phylogenetically the crab belongs to the Varunidae family which is the newest group of brachyuran crustaceans. Spawning crabs average around in length. Since crabs spawn at the end of their life spans and perish at the end of the breeding cycle, the crabs can live up to 7 (in Germany also 8) years old. The mitten crab diet is omnivorous. Their main prey consists of worms, mussels, snails, dead organic material, and other small crustaceans and fish. Reproduction Mitten crabs start off as freshwater organisms. In late August, sexual instincts awaken and they begin migrating downstream to the sea, away from their feeding grounds. It is during this migration where the crabs reach puberty and develop their sex organs. The crabs begin to breed in the brackish waters in late fall. The males arrive first and stay in the\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese mitten crab\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48403924\",\n \"text\": \"Sami Daher () is a Lebanese actor and voice actor. Filmography Film Television Plays Waylon Le Omma. 2013 Dubbing roles Batman: The Animated Series - Harvey Bullock, Penguin, Kyodai Ken (Lebanese dubbing version) Ben 10: Omniverse - Argit (second voice) Bolt (uncredited; Classical Arabic version) Courage the Cowardly Dog Mokhtarnameh Prophet Joseph References External links Lebanese male actors Lebanese male voice actors Year of birth missing (living people) Living people\",\n \"title\": \"Sami Daher\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24466292\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" is a song performed by American singers and actors Miley Cyrus and John Travolta. It was released as a promotional single in 2008. The song was written by Cyrus alongside producer Jeffrey Steele. It was included in the 2008 Disney animated film Bolt, in which Cyrus and Travolta provide the voices of main characters Penny and Bolt. \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" was made after filmmakers requested Cyrus to write a song for the film. The song reflects the film's story of a dog being separated from his owner and trying to find his way back to her. \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" was nominated for Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, losing both to Bruce Springsteen's \\\"The Wrestler\\\" from The Wrestler (2008). The song's accompanying promotional clip has Cyrus and Travolta performing the song in a recording studio and features clips from Bolt. \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" was promoted by live performances by Cyrus. Background Cyrus became involved with Bolt once she was cast as Penny, Bolt's owner. Filmmakers asked Cyrus to write a song for herself and John Travolta, who stars as Bolt. She co-wrote the song with the aid of Jeffrey Steele, who also produced the track, in a short period of time as they had a due date. The film's settings vary in cities throughout the United States, which Cyrus thought she could capture in the song. \\\"Not just make it something that sounds from Hollywood and really produced, but we could add a little country twang to it,\\\" she said. Cyrus said the writing process was easy. Before the song's completion, Travolta agreed to sing it, believing \\\"Well, it will be a cute song, whatever it is.\\\" After listening to the song, he was surprised at Cyrus' songwriting abilities. \\\"She's really gifted at writing, and she really wanted to write something good for me as the character Bolt, so she went out of her way with her writing partner to come up with something good, and I really think they pulled it off\\\", Travolta told MTV News. John Lasseter, executive producer of Bolt, decided to make \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" the theme for Bolt, since it lyrically summarized the film's plot. He said, \\\"[The song] sums up the theme of this film. You know, a dog and its owner and they both were separated, but they love each other so much — there's such an emotional payoff when these characters get reunited, and I think that's what this song's about.\\\" Lasseter thought that solely the song worked, but it worked better for the film. \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" is one of two songs on the Bolt soundtrack and was released to Radio Disney to promote Bolt and its accompanying soundtrack. Composition \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" is a pop rock song and lasts three minutes and thirty-six seconds. Its instrumentation includes electric guitar and piano. The song\",\n \"title\": \"I Thought I Lost You\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26441386\",\n \"text\": \"Mrs. Tabitha Twitchit is a fictional anthropomorphic cat who features in the books of Beatrix Potter. She is a shopkeeper and the long-suffering mother of three unruly kittens, Moppet, Mittens and Tom Kitten. In the books, she is shown as standing on her hind legs and wearing fashionable clothes. She and her kittens live in a house based on the Hill Top farmhouse while her shop is based on one in Hawkshead, a market town nearby. Inspiration The success of her early books enabled Potter to purchase a farm called Hill Top in Cumbria. Among the animals there was a cat called Tabitha Twitchit. Books The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan (1905) Tabitha is shown working at her shop and the illustrations include kittens, presumably her own, playing outside. Tabitha is rather peeved when her cousin Ribby tells her that she is having tea with Duchess the dog. \\\"Just as if there were no CATS in Sawrey!\\\" mutters Tabitha. Privately, Ribby considers Duchess superior company to Tabitha — though the two cats do enjoy a good gossip while Ribby is at the shop purchasing goods. However, after a great deal of confusion and chaos as a result of the tea party with Duchess, Ribby decides that in future she will invite Cousin Tabitha Twitchit instead. The Story of Miss Moppet (1906) The Story of Miss Moppet was a fold-up book also written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter, in which the titular kitten has problems with a mouse. In her next book, The Tale of Tom Kitten, published the following year, Moppet was shown to be one of Tabitha Twitchit's children. The Tale of Tom Kitten (1907) The Tale of Tom Kitten showed Tabitha and her kittens, Moppet, Mittens and Tom Kitten, living in Potter's own home at Hill Top. Tabitha has invited some friends for tea (maybe even Ribby) and washes and dresses her children for the occasion. She then unwisely allows them to play outside, but they then lose their clothes to some passing ducks, including Jemima Puddle-Duck. Their angry mother sends them to their room, telling her friends that they are ill, when in fact they are just getting up to further mischief. Potter concluded The Tale of Tom Kitten with the remark that she might \\\"have to make another, larger, book, to tell you more about Tom Kitten\\\". In fact she had been writing such a book at about the same time and it was published a year later. The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding (1908) This book was The Roly-Poly Pudding (later renamed The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding). Again based at Hill Top, it describes the place as being overrun with rats which are as much a trial for Tabitha (as they were for Potter) as her kittens. Tabitha tries to keep her children under control by locking them into a cupboard (an accepted form of discipline in those days). Tom Kitten evades his mother, only to\",\n \"title\": \"Tabitha Twitchit\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72706663\",\n \"text\": \"Mittens was a chess engine developed by Chess.com. It was released on January 1, 2023, alongside four other engines, all of them given cat-related names. The engine became a viral sensation in the chess community due to exposure through content made by chess streamers and a social media marketing campaign, later contributing to record levels of traffic to the Chess.com website and causing issues with database scalability. Mittens was given a rating of one point by Chess.com, although it was evidently stronger than that. Various chess masters played matches against the engine, with players such as Hikaru Nakamura and Levy Rozman drawing and losing their games respectively. A month after its release, Mittens was removed from the website on February 1, as expected through Chess.com's monthly bot cycles. In December 2023, Mittens was brought back in a group of Chess.com's most popular bots of 2023. Release Mittens was released on January 1, 2023, as part of a New Year event on Chess.com. It was one of five engines released, all with names related to cats. The other engines released were named Scaredy Cat, rated 800; Angry Cat, rated 1000; Mr. Grumpers, rated 1200 and Catspurrov (a pun on Garry Kasparov), rated 1400. As part of the announcement, a picture of each engine was accompanied by a short description of its character. The description given for Mittens suggested that the engine was hiding something, reading: Of the five engines released, Mittens was by far the most popular. In December 2023, Chess.com re-released Mittens as part of a \\\"best of 2023\\\" group of chess bots made to showcase their most popular bots of the year. Design Mittens was conceptualized by Chess.com employee Will Whalen. Appearing as a kitten, Mittens trash talked its opponents with a selection of voice lines: these lines included quotes from J. Robert Oppenheimer, Vincent van Gogh and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as the 1967 film Le Samouraï. The engine's \\\"personality\\\" was devised by a writing team headed by Sean Becker, and Marija Casic provided the engine's graphics. Chess.com did not disclose any information about the software running the engine. It may be based on Chess.com's Komodo Dragon 3 engine. Mittens' strategy was to slowly grind down an opponent, a tactic likened to the playing style of Anatoly Karpov. Becker stated that the design team believed it would be \\\"way more demoralizing and funny\\\" for the engine to play this way. According to Hikaru Nakamura, Mittens sometimes missed the best move (or winning positions). Rating On Chess.com, Mittens had a rating of one point. However, the engine's playing style and tactics showed that it was stronger than that; Mittens was able to beat or draw against many top human players. In an interview with CNN Business, Whalen stated that the idea behind giving Mittens a rating of one was to surprise its opponents, giving it the upper hand psychologically. Estimates of Mittens' true rating range from an Elo of 3200 to 3500, because of its ability to beat other\",\n \"title\": \"Mittens (chess)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61602150\",\n \"text\": \"Mittens is a domestic cat who formerly lived in Wellington, New Zealand, who wandered in Te Aro and the city's central business district. A feline flâneur, he roams up to from his home. Selfie pictures with the cat have become a desired item for locals. Mittens is occasionally taken to the SPCA or the police. Originally from the suburbs of Auckland, he has become a social media celebrity since he, his late brother Latte, and their owner Silvio Bruinsma moved to the capital city in 2017. He featured on the 2018 edition of the Wellington Advent Calendar, an online calendar counting down the days before Christmas. Sam Thacker, an SPCA staff member, posted a polite direction about how to treat Mittens if anyone comes across him; asking members of the public not to report or take him in as they are familiar with his behaviour. On 22 May 2020, Mittens was given the Key to the City of Wellington. Previous recipients include Sir Peter Jackson and Sir Richard Taylor. Later in 2020, he was the subject of an exhibition at the Wellington Museum and a candidate for New Zealander of the year in August. On 5 February 2021, Mittens was seen being taken in to a car, presumably, to be taken to the abductor's home, for pictures. Mittens' owner described the abductor's actions as a \\\"massive error in judgement\\\". With the help of the social media community, Mittens was quickly located and returned home. On 10 November 2021, It was reported that Mittens was looking to relocate to his home city of Auckland. Andy Foster the mayor of Wellington was quoted saying \\\"He does have the Key to the City so he's welcome back at any time.\\\" See also List of individual cats References External links Individual cats Culture in Wellington Individual animals in New Zealand 2010 animal births\",\n \"title\": \"Mittens (cat)\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Susie Essman"],"string":"[\n \"Susie Essman\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":71,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_2970"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who played lead guitar on still of the night"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"18342279","text":"\"Still of the Night\" is a song by the English band Whitesnake. It was released as the first single from their self-titled 1987 album. It reached #16 in the U.K., #18 on the U.S. Mainstream rock Tracks and #79 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2003, Martin Popoff listed it as 58th in The Top 500 Heavy Metal Songs of All Time. In 2008, Guitar World considered it as \"the best song that Led Zeppelin never wrote\". In 2009, the track was named the 27th best hard rock song of all time by VH1. Background The song was written by lead singer David Coverdale and guitarist John Sykes, and proved to be one of the band's most popular songs. Both the current Whitesnake lineup and John Sykes play the song as their live encore. In 2009, in an interview with Metal Hammer, Coverdale commented on the origins of the song: \"When my mother died I was going through the stuff at her house and found some early demo cassettes. One of them was a song that Ritchie Blackmore and I had been working on which was the basic premise of what would become \"Still of the Night\". It was totally unrecognizable, so Ritchie doesn't have anything to worry about... neither do I! Ha ha ha! I took it as far as I could then I gave it to Sykes when we were in the south of France, and he put the big guitar hero stuff on there. John hated blues so I had to work within those parameters. I manipulated it to be electric blues, but how he performed it was fabulous for his time and relatively unique because of the songs. There were a lot of people doing that widdly stuff but they didn't have the quality of those songs.\" Music video The director of the music video was Marty Callner. Initially the female role of the \"Whitesnake woman\" was planned for the pre-fame Claudia Schiffer, but the night before the shoot the plan fell apart. As such Callner called Coverdale to discuss changes on the story boards, but seeing the attractiveness of Coverdale's future wife Tawny Kitaen she was chosen to play the role. Part of the video's set design was Coverdale's idea inspired by Elvis Presley's movie Jailhouse Rock, but \"it's like much more idealized prison cells, but this was done with a big full moon. And the band was fantastic – they sold the song brilliantly\". The band in the music video is not the same as on the audio track. Of the original band that recorded the song, only vocalist David Coverdale appears. Studio bassist Neil Murray was replaced with Rudy Sarzo in the video. Likewise drummer Aynsley Dunbar was replaced by Tommy Aldridge, and both guitarists Adrian Vandenberg and Vivian Campbell appear on the video but do not play on the song. Comparison to Led Zeppelin The song sparked comparison with Led Zeppelin. Some have claimed Coverdale copied Led Zeppelin's \"Black Dog\" and \"Whole","title":"Still of the Night (song)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"18342279\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Still of the Night\\\" is a song by the English band Whitesnake. It was released as the first single from their self-titled 1987 album. It reached #16 in the U.K., #18 on the U.S. Mainstream rock Tracks and #79 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2003, Martin Popoff listed it as 58th in The Top 500 Heavy Metal Songs of All Time. In 2008, Guitar World considered it as \\\"the best song that Led Zeppelin never wrote\\\". In 2009, the track was named the 27th best hard rock song of all time by VH1. Background The song was written by lead singer David Coverdale and guitarist John Sykes, and proved to be one of the band's most popular songs. Both the current Whitesnake lineup and John Sykes play the song as their live encore. In 2009, in an interview with Metal Hammer, Coverdale commented on the origins of the song: \\\"When my mother died I was going through the stuff at her house and found some early demo cassettes. One of them was a song that Ritchie Blackmore and I had been working on which was the basic premise of what would become \\\"Still of the Night\\\". It was totally unrecognizable, so Ritchie doesn't have anything to worry about... neither do I! Ha ha ha! I took it as far as I could then I gave it to Sykes when we were in the south of France, and he put the big guitar hero stuff on there. John hated blues so I had to work within those parameters. I manipulated it to be electric blues, but how he performed it was fabulous for his time and relatively unique because of the songs. There were a lot of people doing that widdly stuff but they didn't have the quality of those songs.\\\" Music video The director of the music video was Marty Callner. Initially the female role of the \\\"Whitesnake woman\\\" was planned for the pre-fame Claudia Schiffer, but the night before the shoot the plan fell apart. As such Callner called Coverdale to discuss changes on the story boards, but seeing the attractiveness of Coverdale's future wife Tawny Kitaen she was chosen to play the role. Part of the video's set design was Coverdale's idea inspired by Elvis Presley's movie Jailhouse Rock, but \\\"it's like much more idealized prison cells, but this was done with a big full moon. And the band was fantastic – they sold the song brilliantly\\\". The band in the music video is not the same as on the audio track. Of the original band that recorded the song, only vocalist David Coverdale appears. Studio bassist Neil Murray was replaced with Rudy Sarzo in the video. Likewise drummer Aynsley Dunbar was replaced by Tommy Aldridge, and both guitarists Adrian Vandenberg and Vivian Campbell appear on the video but do not play on the song. Comparison to Led Zeppelin The song sparked comparison with Led Zeppelin. Some have claimed Coverdale copied Led Zeppelin's \\\"Black Dog\\\" and \\\"Whole\",\n \"title\": \"Still of the Night (song)\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"671340","text":"\"Takin' Care of Business\" is a song written by Randy Bachman and first recorded by Canadian rock group Bachman–Turner Overdrive (BTO) for their 1973 album Bachman–Turner Overdrive II. The lead vocal is sung by Randy. Development Randy Bachman had developed what would later become \"Takin' Care of Business\" while still a member of The Guess Who. His original idea was to write about a recording technician who worked on The Guess Who's recordings. This particular technician would take the 8:15 train to get to work, inspiring the lyrics \"take the 8:15 into the city\". In the early arrangement for the song, which had the working title \"White Collar Worker\", the chorus riff and vocal melody were similar to that of The Beatles' \"Paperback Writer\" (which in turn was inspired by a Chuck Berry song Johnny B. Goode). When Bachman first played this version for Burton Cummings, Cummings declared that he was ashamed of him and that The Guess Who would never record the song because the Beatles would sue them. Bachman still felt like the main riff and verses were good, it was only when the song got to the chorus that everyone hated it. While BTO was still playing smaller venues in support of its first album, Bachman was driving into Vancouver for a gig and listening to the radio when he heard local DJ Daryl B's catch phrase \"We're takin' care of business\". Lead vocalist Fred Turner's voice gave out before the band's last set that night. Bachman sang some cover songs to get through the last set, and on a whim, he told the band to play the C, B-flat and F chords (a I-VII-IV progression) over and over, and he sang \"White Collar Worker\" with the new words \"Takin' Care of Business\" inserted into the chorus. Recalled Randy: \"When we finished the song that night, people kept clapping, stomping, and shouting 'takin' care of business' over and over. So we picked up the tempo again and reprised the song for another ten minutes. Afterwards, we all knew we had something.\" After this, he rewrote the lyrics to \"White Collar Worker\" with a new chorus and the title \"Takin' Care of Business\". The new lyrics also take a self-ironic glance at the idea of glamorous rock stars who don't really need to work, contrasted with working-class men, in a vein that prefigured Dire Straits' Money for Nothing a decade later. Along with this he wrote a revised guitar riff, which was the I-VII-IV progression played with a shuffle. Bachman says he then handed over the lyrics to Fred Turner with the thought that Turner would sing the lead vocal. But Turner handed them back, saying Randy should sing the lead as it would give himself a needed vocal break when the band performed live. The original studio version, recorded at Kaye-Smith Studios in Seattle, Washington, features prominent piano, played by Norman Durkee. The reason for Durkee's presence at the studio, and on the track, has been the","title":"Takin' Care of Business (song)"},{"docid":"21614115","text":"\"(You Can Still) Rock in America\" is a song written by Jack Blades and Brad Gillis, and the first single released from Night Ranger's 1983 album Midnight Madness. Former Deep Purple and Black Sabbath singer Glenn Hughes contribute backing vocals on the song. Background Night Ranger were on tour in Springfield, Illinois with Sammy Hagar in 1983. Singer Jack Blades bought several music magazines in town on his day off, many of which proclaimed \"rock is dead\" in favor of new wave artists like Thompson Twins or the Cure. Blades refused to believe it, as his band and Sammy Hagar had played so many concerts on their tour with thousands of screaming fans who seemed to think rock and roll was still very much alive. He came up with the chorus first, and then wrote some verses based on what fans would tell him about the lengths they went to to attend rock concerts. \"So I just took this one girl's idea of what she was telling me, and I wrote that as a commentary on what I was seeing out there when everybody was saying rock was dead. And that ended up being sort of an anthem for Night Ranger, for sure,\" said Blades. Track listing Personnel Night Ranger Jack Blades – bass, lead vocals Alan Fitzgerald – keyboards Brad Gillis – guitars, vocals Kelly Keagy – drums, vocals Jeff Watson – guitars, vocals Additional musicians Glenn Hughes – backing vocals on \"(You Can Still) Rock in America\" Charts In popular culture A re-recording of the song is downloadable content for Rock Band 2 and is a playable track on Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. \"(You Can Still) Rock in America\" was the opening credits theme song for the television series Rock 'N' America. A snippet plays during the series finale of The Drew Carey Show. References 1983 songs 1983 singles Night Ranger songs MCA Records singles Songs written by Jack Blades Songs written by Brad Gillis","title":"(You Can Still) Rock in America"},{"docid":"1973136","text":"Nightlife is the fourth studio album by Irish rock band Thin Lizzy, released on 8 November 1974 by Vertigo Records. It was produced by Ron Nevison and bandleader Phil Lynott, and was the first album to feature the band as a quartet with newcomers Scott Gorham and Brian Robertson on guitars. Some reissue CDs, and occasionally other sources, spell the album title as Night Life, the same as the song title. However the original album title is Nightlife. The song \"Philomena\" was written for Lynott's mother. Album artwork The album cover, designed by Jim Fitzpatrick, shows a panther-like creature in a city scene. The panther is often thought to be intended to represent Lynott, but Fitzpatrick has confirmed that the panther referred to the Black Panthers and African-American political figures like Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Reception Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described Nightlife as an \"underrated gem of a record\", but a \"complete anomaly within their catalog\"... \"a subdued, soulful record, smooth in ways that Thin Lizzy never were before and rarely were afterwards\". He singles out \"She Knows\" as \"gently propulsive, [and] utterly addictive\", but adds that there are \"still moments of tough, primal rock 'n' roll\", such as \"It's Only Money\" and \"Sha-La-La\". Martin Popoff judged the album \"more enigmatic, sincere and philosophically complex than much else rock 'n' roll out there at the time\", but also \"too distant from the band's heart and soul\" and overtly into black music, with Lynott \"searching for ways to pay homage to his racial heritage.\" Cover versions American metal band Slough Feg covered \"Sha-La-La\" on a 2006 split with Bible of the Devil, and again on their 2011 live album Made in Poland. Concrete Blonde covered \"It's Only Money\" on their 1989 album Free. \"It's Only Money\" was re-recorded 35 years later by Robertson on his 2011 solo album Diamonds and Dirt. The Obsessed covered \"It's Only Money\" on their 2017 album Sacred. John Norum covered \"It's Only Money\" on his 2010 album Play Yard Blues. Sade covered “Still In Love with You” as a new track on her 2011 collection The Ultimate Collection. Track listings The song \"Night Life\" borrows the title and chorus of Willie Nelson's 1960 song \"Night Life\", but Nelson is not credited on the album. On the cassette version, the positions of \"She Knows\" and \"Showdown\" were reversed. Remastered edition A remastered 2-CD set deluxe edition of Nightlife was released on 12 March 2012. Singles Philomena/Sha-La-La – 7\" (1974) It’s Only Money/Night Life – 7\" (1974) Showdown/Night Life – 7\" (1974) Personnel Thin Lizzy Phil Lynott – bass guitar, vocals, acoustic guitar, producer Scott Gorham – guitars Brian Robertson – guitars, backing vocals Brian Downey – drums, percussion Additional musicians Frankie Miller – joint lead vocals on \"Still in Love with You\" Gary Moore – lead guitar on \"Still in Love with You\" & tracks 7-9 on disc 2 Jean Alain Roussel – Hammond B3, piano on tracks 1, 4, 5 and 10","title":"Nightlife (Thin Lizzy album)"},{"docid":"2988725","text":"Vito Bratta (born July 1, 1961) is an American guitarist and the former co songwriter for the glam metal band White Lion. He co-founded White Lion with lead singer Mike Tramp in 1983 and played with the band until 1991. Bio Bratta began playing guitar at the age of 13 and later became a member of a cover band from New Jersey called Dreamer. In 1982, he was a frontrunner to replace Bernie Tormé in Ozzy Osbourne's band but clashed with manager Sharon Osbourne and lost out to Brad Gillis. He was then asked to replace Ace Frehley in Kiss but declined after being asked to change his name. In 1983 he formed White Lion together with Mike Tramp where he was a member until the band's breakup in 1991. During the band's heyday he often played on a Steinberger and ESP's guitars. In the September 1989 issue of Guitar World, he graced the cover for the first time. When White Lion disbanded in September 1991, he soon started a short-lived project together with singer John Levesque that they called \"Civil War\" but was discontinued after a while. The last available guitar track Vito did was a guest appearance on the Coven, Pitrelli, O'reilly 1992 album CPR, on the track E-11 where he plays the final solo. After 1992, he has rarely been seen in public. He still lives where he grew up on Staten Island where he works to take care of his family. In 2003, Mike Tramp attempted to reunite with Bratta but was unsuccessful. Tramp talked about Bratta in later interviews with Anarchy Music, claiming Bratta was always quiet and maintained a certain distance from the rest of the band. On February 16, 2007, Bratta gave his first live interview in over 12 years. The following points were revealed during the Eddie Trunk interview: Bratta's father went through a 5-year illness, which required a large amount of personal time and commitment on Vito's part, both emotionally and financially. In 1997, he injured his wrist and finds it painful to move his hand up and down an electric guitar's neck; however he still manages to play classical guitars without excessive discomfort. In addition, he clarified that he has never ruled out a White Lion/Mike Tramp reunion; up until now, they have simply been impossible due to family obligations and his wrist injury. In April 2007, Vito Bratta made his first public musical appearances in over 15 years, at both Friday and Saturday nights shows at the L'Amour Reunion Shows in New York. Aside from this, Bratta has kept a low profile, but did agree to be featured in Richard Bienstock and Tom Beaujour’s book \"Nothin' But a Good Time.” And he also interviewed with journalist Matt Wake for Guitar World Magazine as featured in 2022’s ‘80s issue. In 2023, Bratta agreed to an interview with journalist Andrew Daly for Guitar World Magazine, as well as another (also with Daly) for Guitar World Online regarding “Guitarists Who Shaped His","title":"Vito Bratta"},{"docid":"5693672","text":"Gary Talley (born August 17, 1947) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter and author. He began his career as lead guitarist for the Grammy-nominated group The Box Tops who were famous for hits like \"The Letter\", and \"Cry Like a Baby\". Career After his initial stint with The Box Tops, Talley played with musicians Jerry Butler, Billy Lee Riley, Hank Ballard, and Ace Cannon at the Sounds of Memphis Studio and later at Universal Studios also in Memphis. His reputation led him to the larger market of Atlanta in 1972, where he toured with Pat Boone, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Dobie Gray, Freda Payne, Billy Joe Royal, and many others. Talley relocated to Nashville in 1981 where he recorded with Willie Nelson, Tammy Wynette, Waylon Jennings, Sam Moore (of the duo Sam and Dave), and others. He has written songs recorded by Keith Whitley, The Box Tops, James Cotton, T. G. Sheppard, Fish Heads & Rice and others. He has continued writing and teaching, while at the same time playing television appearances, live events or touring with artists like Billy Preston, Sam Moore, Pam Tillis, Brenda Lee, Tammy Wynette, Rufus Thomas, Tim McGraw, The Drifters, Sam \"the Sham\" Samudio, David Lee Murphy, Bobby Whitlock, Tracy Nelson, Mac Gayden, Bobby Bare, Ray Vega, Deirdre Reilly, the Hombres, Jason D. Williams, James Carr, Al Watkins, and Little Eva among others. Publications like Acoustic Guitar and American Songwriter have published cover stories, articles and lessons about his career as a guitar instructor. In 1999, Talley created “Guitar Playing for Songwriters” the first instructional guitar video designed for songwriters. His specialized technique is tailored to accommodate the needs of songwriters. His students have included stars like Pam Tillis, and Sherrié Austin, Amanda Hunt-Taylor, Rory Bourke, Monty Powell, Holly Lamar and Tom Douglas. After a six-year hiatus following the death of The Box Tops lead singer, Alex Chilton in 2010, Gary and remaining original bass player Bill Cunningham reunited The Box Tops and began touring in 2016. In 2017 The Box Tops joined The Happy Together Tour with The Turtles, The Association, The Cowsills, Chuck Negron of Three Dog Night, and Ron Dante of The Archies. The Summer tour played 48 cities across the U.S. and entertained over 200,000 fans. Gary continues to teach guitar when he's not touring with The Box Tops, and plays various live shows and recording sessions in Nashville. On November 1, 2018, Talley was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall Of Fame, as a founding member of The Box Tops. In 2020, Talley began accompanying the singing of his 93-year old mother Nita Talley in a series of Youtube videos. These songs, especially the old-style gospel numbers, on which they sing harmony with Belinda Lee Leslie, have been made into CDs, and a portion of the proceedings go to the Wounded Warrior Project in honor of Gary's late father, Charles Talley. In 2022, at the age of 95, with three CDs available, Nita Talley was still recording with Gary Talley. References","title":"Gary Talley"},{"docid":"35539259","text":"Up All Night is the debut studio album by American country music artist Kip Moore. It was released on April 24, 2012, by MCA Nashville. The album includes the number one single, \"Somethin' 'Bout a Truck\". In 2017, the album was certified Platinum in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Critical reception Up All Night received generally positive reception from music critics. Metacritic assigns a \"weighted average\" metascore to albums based upon the reviews and ratings of selected independent reviewers, and the album score is a 67, which means it received \"generally favorable\" reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave it three stars, saying that it is \"shameless in its attempt to win you over, and […] that eager-to-please nature winds up ingratiating whether you like it or not.\" Bobby Peacock of Roughstock praised Moore's voice and the production, saying that Moore \"touches on so many country cornerstones […] in a believable fashion.\" A positive review also came from the Great American Country writer Daryl Addison, who said that it \"carries a unique sound that fits somewhere between ramblin’ man storytelling, hook-driven contemporary country and atmospheric blue-collar rock.\" Country Standard Time'''s Michael Rampa was less favorable, criticizing the themes of some songs for \"paying women with alcohol\". At Country Weekly, Jessica Nicholson gave a positive review of the album, remarking that \"Kip's grainy, warm and confident vocal delivery ties the tales together into a believable tapestry. Brian Mansfield of USA Today rated the album two-and-a-half stars, observing that \"Moore's blue-collar grit is welcome, but only on Reckless (Still Growin' Up) does he approach his heroes.\" Billboard rated the album a 3.5 out of 5, stating, \"Moore spends much of his debut album, Up All Night, outlining the pleasures to be had from hot women and cold beverages.\" Taste of Country's Billy Dukes rated the album four stars, writing, \"Like Eric Church before him, this singer may struggle to find consistent mainstream success, but it’s not because of a lack of high-quality material.\" At PopMatters, Dave Heaton rated the album six out of ten discs, saying, \"It’s still generic, but takes a somewhat different turn, which is true for the entire LP.\" In 2017, Billboard contributor Chuck Dauphin placed four tracks from the album on his top 10 list of Moore's best songs: \"Beer Money\" at number one, \"Somethin' 'Bout a Truck\" at number three, \"Hey Pretty Girl\" at number five and \"Faith When I Fall\" at number ten. Track listing Personnel Adapted from the Up All Night'' liner notes. Musicians Mike Brignardello – bass guitar Adam Browder – electric guitar Steve Bryant – bass guitar Howard Duck – keyboards Mike Durham – electric guitar Tommy Harden – drums Brett James – background vocals Charlie Judge – keyboards Troy Lancaster – acoustic guitar, electric guitar Dave Lapsley – electric guitar Rob McNelley – electric guitar Kip Moore – acoustic guitar, lead vocals, background vocals Mike Rojas – keyboards Scotty Sanders —steel guitar Scott Williamson – drums Technical","title":"Up All Night (Kip Moore album)"},{"docid":"54749838","text":"Unsung Prophets and Dead Messiahs is the sixth studio album by the Israeli oriental metal band, Orphaned Land, and was released on January 26, 2018. It is the first album to feature guitarist Idan Amsalem who replaced multi-instrumentalist and lead guitarist, Yossi Sassi, a founding member of the band, in 2014. Unsung Prophets and Dead Messiahs is Orphaned Land's fourth concept album, following 2010's The Never Ending Way of ORwarriOR, that once again utilizes the concept of light and darkness to convey its message. Described by the band's main vocalist, Kobi Farhi, as \"a protest album, a very angry album,\" Unsung Prophets and Dead Messiahs is based around Plato's Allegory of the cave - that is that humanity is figuratively trapped in a dark cave; all of their truths are shadows they see in the dark cave, and they will kill anyone who tries to take them out of the cave and bring them into the light. Orphaned Land believe that this allegory still holds true today, and acts as a prophecy 2000 years later, and thus Plato is \"an ancient prophet in a way.\" Kobi has stated that revolutionaries and leaders are always being assassinated, and are thus like \"dead messiahs in a way.\" He stated that the albums is a projection on humanity that instead of blaming religion or politicians on society's problems, that it's the people who prefer to remain trapped in the darkness; however, if humanity can break free from their chains, the world would be a place that we could not understand unless we try to embrace it. The album was mixed by Jens Bogren, just like their last album, All Is One, and mastered by Tony Lindgren, with much of the recording and production responsibilities done by Yonaton Kossov and Idan Amsalem in Israel. The artwork was created by Metastazis, as they also did for All Is One. In September 2018, Orphaned Land won the 'Video Of The Year' award at the Progressive Music Awards 2018 in London, for their video, Like Orpheus, which was one of the leading singles of the album. The music video is based on a true story about a Muslim girl who used to attend metal shows in Israel. A photo taken of her in a hijab with the lead singer of Behemoth in his corpse paint went viral, after which her parents forbade her from associating with the \"metal world.\" The music video depicts a Haredi man and a Muslim woman attending a Kreator concert at night, while hiding their association with the metal community from their families. Guest artists and quotations from others The album features three guest artists. Former Genesis guitarist Steve Hackett contacted Kobi Farhi and asked him to sing in a song about peace on his album The Night Siren. According to Farhi, Hackett offered to either play a guitar solo on an Orpahend Land album or to pay Farhi directly for his performance, and Farhi chose the guitar solo. Hackett appears on the","title":"Unsung Prophets & Dead Messiahs"},{"docid":"4408667","text":"Avion were an Australian 1980s pop rock band formed in 1981, originally named Lionheart, the line-up was Evan Murray on keyboards, Martyn Toole on guitar, and three brothers: John Waller on drums, Kendall Waller on bass guitar and Randall Waller on lead vocals and lead guitar. The group issued two albums, Avion (1983) and White Noise (1987). Late in 1987, Murray died in a car accident and the group disbanded. According to Australian rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, the group had \"a strong cult following ... [with their] brand of melodic, American-influenced Adult Oriented Rock ... [but] met with virtual indifference at home\". History Avion's lead guitarist and lead singer, Randall Waller had previously released two albums as a solo artist, Oasis (1978) and Midnight Fire (1980). In 1981 Waller formed pop rock group Lionheart in Sydney with Evan Murray on keyboards, Martyn Toole on guitar, and his two brothers: John Waller on drums and Kendall Waller on bass guitar – the group was soon renamed as Avion. Avion signed with RCA Records and, in September 1983, released their debut self-titled album. Despite being mixed by Bob Clearmountain at the Power Station recording studio in NYC, the album was not a success. The album spawned three singles, \"I Need You\" (March 1983), \"Diamond Eyes\" (September) and \"Never Let Me Go\" (October) which were not successful. AllMusic described the album, \"its overwrought AOR sound and simplistic lyrics failing to secure significant sales\". In August 1984 the group issued a non-album single, \"Still the Night\". Paul Gannell replaced Toole on guitar and, in September 1985, released \"We've Got Secrets\" on RCA. In 1986, the band signed a deal with EMI Records and \"Celebration\" appeared in September. In 1987 the band's second album, White Noise, followed \"but the more considered songwriting failed to produce an upturn in Avion's career\". It also lacked airplay, and was not a success – the group was dropped by EMI. In April 1987 they released the third single from the album, \"Berlin Wall\". In September 1987 Evan Murray died in a car accident while the group were on tour and the band essentially disbanded. According to Australian rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, the group had \"a strong cult following ... [with their] brand of melodic, American-influenced Adult Oriented Rock ... [but] met with virtual indifference at home\". Randall Waller was briefly a member of Sharon O'Neill's backing band before relocating to United Kingdom from 1988 to 1993 where he worked as a record producer and engineer. In 1992, Waller laid down vocals for the \"Surrender Absolute\" album by David Zaffiro (Intense Records). As of 1998, he was playing guitar for Shania Twain's band. Discography Albums Avion (RCA Records) (September 1983) White Noise (EMI Records) (1987) Singles \"I Need You\" (1983) \"Diamond Eyes\" (1983) \"Never Let Me Go\" (1983) \"Still the Night\" (1984) \"We've Got Secrets\" (1985) \"Celebration\" (1986) \"Berlin Wall\" (1987) References Australian pop rock groups Musical groups established in 1981 Musical groups disestablished in 1987 Musical groups","title":"Avion (band)"},{"docid":"2727083","text":"World Wide Live is a live album by German rock band Scorpions, released in 1985. The original audio recording was produced by Dieter Dierks. A VHS was released at the same time with footage of Scorpions' world tour. The live album was originally released as a 2LP vinyl set, in a gatefold-sleeve, and a cassette. The liner notes contain a crew member list, tour date information and when the shows were recorded: Bercy, Paris, France (1984-02-29) The Forum, Los Angeles, CA, USA (1984-04-24 & 1984-04-25) Sports Arena, San Diego, CA, USA (1984-04-26) Pacific Amphitheatre, Costa Mesa, CA, USA (1984-04-28) Sporthalle, Cologne, West Germany (1984-11-17) The initial CD release featured 15 tracks (dropping \"Another Piece of Meat\", \"Six-String Sting\" and \"Can't Get Enough\", parts 1 & 2, due to time constraints), but the remastered edition of 1997 features the original album in full. Track listing Audio Side one \"Countdown\" (Klaus Meine, Matthias Jabs) - 0:41 \"Coming Home\" (Rudolf Schenker, Meine) - 3:17 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting, 1984) \"Blackout\" (Schenker, Meine, Herman Rarebell, Sonja Kittelsen) - 4:11 (original studio version appears on Blackout, 1982) \"Bad Boys Running Wild\" (Schenker, Meine, Rarebell) - 3:45 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting) \"Loving You Sunday Morning\" (Schenker, Meine, Rarebell) - 4:41 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive, 1979) \"Make It Real\" (Schenker, Rarebell) - 3:51 (original studio version appears on Animal Magnetism, 1980) Side two \"Big City Nights\" (Schenker, Meine) – 4:49 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting) \"Coast to Coast\" (Schenker) – 4:40 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) \"Holiday\" (Schenker, Meine) – 3:12 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) \"Still Loving You\" (Schenker, Meine) – 5:44 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting) Side three \"Rock You Like a Hurricane\" (Schenker, Meine, Rarebell) – 4:04 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting) \"Can't Live Without You\" (Schenker, Meine) – 5:28 (original studio version appears on Blackout) \"Another Piece of Meat\" (Schenker, Rarebell) – 5:36 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) \"Dynamite\" (Schenker, Meine, Rarebell) – 7:05 (original studio version appears on Blackout) Side four \"The Zoo\" (Schenker, Meine) – 5:46 (original studio version appears on Animal Magnetism) \"No One Like You\" (Schenker, Meine) – 4:07 (original studio version appears on Blackout) \"Can't Get Enough\", Pt. 1 (Schenker, Meine) – 1:59 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) \"Six String Sting\" (Matthias Jabs guitar solo) – 5:18 \"Can't Get Enough\", Pt. 2 (Schenker, Meine) – 1:52 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) Video \"Coming Home\" \"Blackout\" \"Big City Nights\" \"Loving You Sunday Morning\" \"No One Like You\" \"Holiday\" \"Bad Boys Running Wild\" \"Still Loving You\" \"Rock You Like a Hurricane\" \"Dynamite\" \"I‘m Leaving You\" (Studio version which plays over credits) Personnel Scorpions Klaus Meine – lead vocals, rhythm guitar on \"Coast to Coast\" Rudolf Schenker – rhythm guitars, lead guitars on \"Big City Nights\", \"Coast To Coast\", \"Holiday\" and \"Still Loving You\", backing vocals Matthias Jabs – lead guitars, rhythm","title":"World Wide Live"},{"docid":"2202550","text":"Iris is a Romanian rock band established in February 1975 by Ioan 'Nelu' Dumitrescu (drums), Ion 'Nuțu' Olteanu (lead solo guitar and vocals) and Emil Lechințeanu (bass guitar). They achieved success, followed by tours throughout Romania and recordings for radio broadcast. At the 2006 MTV Romania Music Awards, Iris won the Best Rock Award and were nominated for Best Band and Best Live Act. History Iris began in 1975-1976 with Emil Lechințeanu, Ioan 'Nelu' Dumitrescu and Ion 'Nuțu' Olteanu. Through the years, the band has experienced many line-up changes. In 45 years of activity, Iris became one of the biggest names in Romanian music history. First appearance on an album was in 1978 with the song \"Corabia cu pânze\" on \"Formații de muzică pop III\" compilation album. At the beginning of the 1980s, Ioan 'Nelu' Dumitrescu, Ion 'Nuțu' Olteanu (guitar) and Cristian 'Cristi' Minculescu, who are still present in the current line-up, played with Florin Ochescu (guitar) and Mihai 'Marty' Popescu (bass guitar). Together they released a debut-album, Iris I, which included songs that became some of the most popular Romanian rock songs: \"Doar pentru voi\" (\"Only for You\"), \"Trenul fără naș\" (\"The Train without a Ticket-Collector\"), \"Pe ape\" (\"On Water\"), and \"Cei ce vor fi\" (\"Those to Come\"). In 1987, Iris II was released with an extravagant cover depicting the communist regime, a cover which represented one of Cristian 'Cristi' Minculescu's idols, Angus Young, \"in action\". The band's line-up was Cristian 'Cristi' Minculescu (vocal), Ioan 'Nelu' Dumitrescu (drums), Valter Popa (guitar), Mihai Alexandru (guitar, vocal) and Doru 'Boro' Borobeică (bass guitar). On this album, notable songs included \"Strada ta\" (\"Your Street\"), \"În parc\" (\"In the Park\"), and \"Zi și noapte\" (\"Day and Night\"). One year later, Iris released its third album, Nu te opri (\"Don't Stop\"), which featured the same line-up as Iris II. The disc contained eight tracks, but the most important are \"Floare de iris\" (\"Iris Flower\"), \"Uită tot ce‑a fost\" (\"Forget All That Was\"), \"Eu și cu tine\" (\"Me and You\"), \"Ploaia de vise\" (\"Rain of Dreams\"). In December 1989, when the downfall of the Romanian communist regime began, Iris recorded the album Iris IV in Tomis Studio, without Mihai Alexandru, but with Cristian 'Cristi' Minculescu, Ion 'Nuțu' Olteanu, Doru 'Boro' Borobeică and Valter Popa. Hits from this album include \"De ce oare ai plecat?\" (\"Why Did You Leave Me?\"), \"Vino iar\" (\"Come Again\"), \"Rock and roll\", and \"Cine mă strigă în noapte?\" (\"Who Is Calling Me in the Night?\"). In 1992, Iris held an anniversary concert called Iris 15 ANI (\"Iris 15 years\") at Sala Polivalentă in Bucharest in front of 10,000 people. This was a record audience for a Romanian band, unequalled since that time. That same year, at the Cannes Festival, Iris won second place in the rock section and they appeared on MTV. The fifth Iris album was named 1993 and was recorded with the Iris IV line-up, plus guitarist Dan Alex Sârbu. Iris played in Italy and on the Malboro Tour,","title":"Iris (Romanian band)"},{"docid":"9141909","text":"Mick Rogers (born Michael Oldroyd, 20 September 1946) is an English rock guitarist, singer and songwriter, chiefly known for his time with Manfred Mann's Earth Band from 1971 to 1975 and again since 1984. Excluding the group's titular member, Rogers is the longest serving member of MMEB. Early life and career His father was a drummer and his uncle a string bass player. The young Rogers was weaned on his uncle's jazz collection and 1950s rock and roll. Before MMEB he was a member of The Vision, which backed Adam Faith, and the Australian bands The Playboys, Bulldog, and Procession. Manfred Mann's Earth Band In 1971, Rogers co-formed Manfred Mann's Earth Band, along with keyboardist Manfred Mann, who had been a member of the 1960s band named after him. He left the Earth Band because he wanted to steer the band more in the direction of Frank Zappa, which created friction with Mann. A year after Rogers left the Earth Band, in 1976, the Earth Band had a worldwide hit song with a cover of the 1973 Bruce Springsteen song, \"Blinded by the Light\". The song went to number one in the Americas. After his initial departure from MMEB in 1975, he returned to Australia to work and then returned to the UK, where he formed the band Aviator with drummer Clive Bunker. They released two albums. During the initial years with Manfred Mann's Earth Band, Rogers was the only guitarist and chief lead vocalist in the group. When he returned in 1984, he shared vocal and guitar duties with Chris Thompson until Thompson's exit. The band effectively stopped existing after the release of Masque (1987), but a new formation was made in the early 1990s. Chris Thompson's parts and several new songs were now sung by Noel McCalla, whereas Rogers mostly only sang lead on \"Father of Day, Father of Night\", \"Joybringer\" and some verses on \"Spirits in the Night\" and \"Mighty Quinn\". This pattern did not change through further line-ups; Rogers is once again the band's main guitarist (current vocalist Robert Hart intermittently plays guitar) but never sings more than a handful of vocal parts, which in recent times have typically included a stripped-down version of \"Do Wah Diddy Diddy\". In 2020, Rogers planned to play material of the early Earth Band with original member Colin Pattenden and keyboardist Mike Keneally at the Burg Herzberg Festival under the moniker Solar Fire, however this did not happen due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The appearance was rescheduled twice and planned for 2022. With the exception of Manfred Mann himself, Rogers is the only original member that is still active in the band. Later projects During his second tenure with the Earth Band, Rogers released a handful of solo albums. His solo debut Back to Earth got a mixed review on the German Babyblaue Prog-Reviews, which praised Rogers' vocal and guitar work but criticized the fact that he was not accompanied by other musicians and instead relied on programmed drums. Father","title":"Mick Rogers (musician)"},{"docid":"13584860","text":"One Night in Dublin: A Tribute to Phil Lynott is a live DVD by Gary Moore credited to \"Gary Moore and Friends\". On the night of 20 August 2005, Gary Moore (Thin Lizzy guitarist 1974, 1977, 1978–1979) staged a concert at the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. It featured Brian Downey and ex-Thin Lizzy guitarists Brian Robertson and Eric Bell as well as ongoing Lizzy member Scott Gorham. The concert was simply called \"The Boy Is Back in Town\", with the \"One Night in Dublin\" title a change made for the DVD. On 21 April 2009 it was also released on Blu-ray format. The show was typical in several ways of both Thin Lizzy shows and Gary Moore ones. As always with Thin Lizzy, \"Cowboy Song\" was followed by \"The Boys Are Back in Town\", and \"Whisky in the Jar\" is part of the encore. When Moore recorded \"Don't Believe a Word\" as a solo artist he played the song in its original slow blues arrangement; here he begins performing his version before switching mid-song to the faster Thin Lizzy-style rock song. As is always so with Moore, he closed with \"Parisienne Walkways\". Robertson, Gorham and Bell only performed songs they originally performed with Thin Lizzy. The DVD also contains the unveiling of a statue of Phil Lynott in Grafton Street, Dublin earlier that day, and rehearsals and interviews with Thin Lizzy members who featured in this concert. Performances Gary Moore 1. \"Walkin' by Myself\" (Traditional; arranged: Gary Moore) 2. \"Jailbreak\" (Phil Lynott) 3. \"Don't Believe a Word\" (Lynott) Gary Moore and Brian Robertson 4. \"Emerald\" (Brian Downey, Scott Gorham, Lynott, Brian Robertson) 5. \"Still in Love with You\" (Lynott) Gary Moore and Scott Gorham 6. \"Black Rose\" (Lynott, Francis McPeake, Moore) 7. \"Cowboy Song\" (Downey, Lynott) 8. \"The Boys Are Back in Town\" (Lynott) Gary Moore and Eric Bell 9. \"Whiskey in the Jar\" (Traditional; arranged: Eric Bell, Downey, Lynott) Gary Moore 10. \"Old Town\" (excerpt) / \"Parisienne Walkways\" (Jimmy Bain, Lynott/Lynott, Moore) Personnel Gary Moore – lead vocals, guitars (tracks 1-10) Brian Robertson – guitars, backing vocals (tracks 4-5) Scott Gorham – guitars, backing vocals (tracks 6-8) Eric Bell – guitars, vocals (track 9) Jonathan Noyce – bass guitar, (tracks 1-10) Brian Downey – drums (tracks 1-10) References Tribute albums 2007 video albums Live video albums Gary Moore live albums 2007 live albums","title":"One Night in Dublin: A Tribute to Phil Lynott"},{"docid":"7053750","text":"Roadwork is a live album by vocalist/keyboardist/saxophonist Edgar Winter and his band White Trash, a powerful revue famous for their fusion of funk, gospel, R&B, and rock 'n' roll. It was released as a double LP in 1972. Roadwork was the second of only three albums the band recorded together. Highlights include Winter's vocals and virtuoso keyboard work, plus the guitar stylings of Rick Derringer. The longest track on the album was the band's own version of the John D. Loudermilk song, \"Tobacco Road\", which lasted over 17 minutes, taking up an entire side of the album. Derringer contributed lead vocals to \"Still Alive and Well\" and \"Back in the USA\", and Johnny Winter made a special appearance singing lead and playing guitar on \"Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo\". Louisiana native Jerry LaCroix, who shared lead vocals with Winter in White Trash, is also prominently featured. The album was recorded before live audiences at the Apollo Theater and the Academy of Music in New York City and in Los Angeles at the legendary Whisky a Go Go night club. The album was certified gold December 18, 1974 by the RIAA. Track listing Personnel Edgar Winter: Lead and backing vocals, Keyboards, Saxophone Jerry LaCroix: Lead and backing vocals, saxophone Jon Smith: Backing vocals, saxophone Rick Derringer: Lead vocals, guitars Randy Jo Hobbs: Bass Bobby Ramirez: Drums Marshall Cyr: Trumpet Mike McClellan: Trumpet Tilly Lawrence: Trumpet Johnny Winter: Lead vocals, guitar on \"Rock & Roll, Hoochie Koo\" Pete Weiss - engineering Production notes At the start of their appearance at the Apollo Theater, the host Frankie Crocker, a New York d.j. who introduced them, chided their evident late arrival saying (slightly off mic): \"Y'know, every time we used to go downtown to them jive jobs they give us, they always say 'black folks: late, can't be on time,' now look at the White Trash!\" (chuckle) The comment was met with laughter from the audience. After the introduction, the audience again broke out into sporadic laughter, and a loud gasp after seeing Edgar's albino complexion, possibly not expecting much from the band as it consisted of all white musicians (apart from drummer Ramirez), but their doubts were quickly dispelled when the band launched into \"Cool Fool\", a funky R&B song. This snippet appears on the original vinyl release at the beginning of Side 4. References Edgar Winter albums 1972 live albums Epic Records live albums Albums recorded at the Apollo Theater Albums recorded at the Whisky a Go Go","title":"Roadwork (album)"},{"docid":"2893906","text":"Frehley's Comet is the second solo album by Ace Frehley, former lead guitarist of Kiss. It was also the first album that Frehley released after leaving Kiss in 1982. Background Frehley formed his solo band in 1984. He went on tour to perform his Kiss classics and some new material, which was recorded with his new band. The original Frehley's Comet lineup consisted of Ace Frehley (on lead, backup vocals and lead guitar), Richie Scarlet (on lead, backup vocals, lead and rhythm guitar), John Regan (on bass guitar and backup vocals), Arthur Stead (on keyboards), and Anton Fig (on drums). Fig also played drums on Frehley's 1978 Kiss solo album, as well as Kiss's Dynasty and Unmasked albums. In 1985, Richie Scarlet left the band to focus on a solo career. Scarlet's departure led to another lineup change with Arthur Stead being dropped and briefly replaced by Rob Sabino before Tod Howarth joining the band, handling the rhythm guitar, lead and backup vocals duties. The original Frehley's Comet lineup recorded various demos and songs around 1984 and 1985, and many of them were performed live; however, the songs from that era are still officially unreleased, and only a few of them made it to the final recording of Frehley's Comet. Notably, \"Breakout\", \"Into the Night\" (which was a cover of Russ Ballard), \"We Got Your Rock\", \"Love Me Right\", \"Dolls\", & \"Stranger in a Strange Land\" are the only songs on the record which were previously performed live in the band's early career and finally made it to the album. Songs \"Rock Soldiers\" Ace Frehley wrote this with Chip Taylor. Among the other hits Chip Taylor has penned are \"Wild Thing\" and Angel Of The Morning\". Frehley explained to American Songwriter magazine March/April 1988 how their collaboration worked: \"Chip wrote most of the lyrics and I wrote most of the music because I've known Chip for years and he was aware of the incident that went down in the summer of '83 when I had the car accident and he thought it would be a great idea to write a song around it.\" The song also featured 20 guitarists who were attending a weekend seminar for Musicians' Institute's Guitar Institute of Technology (GIT) hosted at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, NY. When Ace got word of the seminar he came up with the idea of having the 20 member guitar army. Ace brought a demo tape of the song to Tommy Tedesco who was hosting the seminar, the 20 guitarists listened and learned. They recorded their parts that evening in Master Sound Astoria, on a Sunday in October of 1986. \"Breakout\" was co-written with Kiss member Eric Carr around the Music from \"The Elder\" recording era. The song, however, was not used on the record and was later released by Kiss on their Revenge album, with the title \"Carr Jam 1981\". The instrumental part of the song was written by Frehley and Carr; however, the lyrics of the song","title":"Frehley's Comet (album)"},{"docid":"54998239","text":"Dudley Dale Connell (born February 18, 1956) is an American singer in the bluegrass tradition. He is best known for his work with the Johnson Mountain Boys, Longview, and The Seldom Scene. Biography Early years Connell grew up in Rockville, Maryland. His parents were bluegrass enthusiasts. Connell initially played banjo like his father, but switched to guitar when he realized his strongest asset was his voice. Carter Stanley was a major influence on Connell's singing style. Johnson Mountain Boys In 1975, Connell founded and led the Johnson Mountain Boys, playing guitar and singing lead vocals. Other members included Richard Underwood (banjo), David McLaughlin (mandolin), Eddie Stubbs (fiddle) and Gary B Reid (bass). The band ended in 1988 due to road life stresses, but have since played reunion shows and another album Blue Diamond. Connell and other band members also provided musical support for Buzz Busby. Touring and session work Connell has recorded with Hazel Dickens, and toured with her in 1992. In 1993, Joe Wilson organized the \"Masters of the 5-String Banjo\" tour, with Connell, Laurie Lewis, Ralph Stanley, Will Keys, Seleshe Damessae]l, Kirk Sutphin, Tony Ellis, Seamus Eagan, and Carroll Best. Music from this tour was collected and released on the 1994 album Masters of the Banjo on Arhoolie Records. Longview In 1994, Connell formed Longview with Don Rigsby (mandolin), Marshall Wilborn (bass), Joe Mullins (banjo), James King (guitar), and Glen Duncan (fiddle). Seldom Scene In 1995, Connell joined the Seldom Scene, playing guitar and singing lead vocals, and has remained with them since. Dudley Connell and Don Rigsby Connell recorded two albums with Don Rigsby: Meet Me By the Moonlight in 1999 and Another Saturday Night in 2001. They drew on the Appalachian brother style of singing in country music made popular in the early 20th century by groups such as the Blue Sky Boys and the Monroe Brothers. Stony Point Quartet The Stony Point Quartet, featuring Connell, David McLaughlin (mandolin), Linda Lay (vocals), and Billy Lux (bass), focuses on gospel music. Seneca Rocks! 2006, Connell formed the band Seneca Rocks! with Tom Adams, David McLaughlin, and Marshall Wilborn from the Johnson Mountain Boys along with Sally Love Connell, who previously sang in a duo with Connell and is his wife. Audio Archival From 1989 to 1998, Connell worked as manager of the Smithsonian Folkways office in Rockville, Maryland. He currently is an Audio Archivist for the National Council for the Traditional Arts, cataloging and digitizing their collection of recordings for the Library of Congress. Awards Connell won the 2000 International Bluegrass Music Awards (IBMA) award for Male Vocalist of the Year. In Sept of 2020 Connell was inducted into the International Bluegrass Hall of Fame with the Johnson Mountain Boys. Discography Besides his ensemble work, Connell has contributed his vocal and guitar support to recordings by numerous artists. With The Johnson Mountain Boys 1981: The Johnson Mountain Boys (Rounder) 1982: Walls of Time (Rounder) 1983: Working Close (Rounder) 1984: Live at the Birchmere (Rounder) 1985: We'll Still","title":"Dudley Connell"},{"docid":"1422717","text":"Steriogram were a New Zealand punk rock band that formed in Auckland in 1999. The band consisted of frontman Tyson Kennedy (lead vocals and drums), Brad Carter (vocals, lead guitar and lead vocals), Tim Youngson (rhythm guitar and backing vocals), Jake Adams (bass guitar and backing vocals) and Jared Wrennall (drums and backing vocals). The band released three studio albums Schmack! (2004), This Is Not the Target Market (2007) and Taping the Radio (2010). The band's 2004 international hit single \"Walkie Talkie Man\" was used in an advertisement for the iPod and a number of films and video games. History Formation, EPs and Schmack! (1999–2005) Steriogram was formed in June 1999 by Brad Carter and Jake Adams, two friends from Whangārei, who joined with Tyson Kennedy and Tim Youngson, two friends from Auckland. They started performing as a melodic rock four-piece band with a manic live show. They released the EP Soccerstar in December that year. It had three tracks, \"Chiqboom\", \"Soccerstar\" and \"Aeroplane\". Only 500 copies were made. Their second recording, \"White Trash\", released in August 2001, was more successful. Its b-side was \"Soccerstar\". They made a video for \"White Trash\" with drummer Kennedy rapping and it got so much exposure they decided he should stop drumming and move to the front of the stage to rap. They then recruited mutual friend Jared Wrennall from Balclutha, as drummer and became a five-piece. From then they started writing more of their songs with a hip hop influence. Steriogram toured New Zealand in a friend's van without any support crew, doing gigs where they could. In 2002, still unsigned, they joined several other New Zealand bands in the inaugural Boost Mobile School's Tour, playing for free during high school lunch hours to get exposure, as well as at bars at night. During the tour they released the EP Sing the Night Away, which contained five tracks: \"Sing the Night Away\", \"Free\", \"Big Lady Loving\", \"White Trash (DLT remix)\" and \"West Side!\". Videos were made for the songs \"Sing The Night Away\" and \"Free\". While recording at a rented beach house in 2002 they were contacted by a scout for American label Capitol Records, who had come upon their music video for \"White Trash\" on the website nzmusic.com, and were signed to Capitol Records later that year. 2004 saw the release of their debut album Schmack!. In addition to \"White Trash\", five more tracks from it were released as singles: \"Walkie Talkie Man\", \"Roadtrip\", \"Go\", \"Tsunami\" and \"On and On\". Three songs from Sing the Night Away featured on singles from the album: \"Sing the Night Away\", \"Free\" and \"Big Lady Loving\". There were two main factors contributing to Steriogram’s immediate success. First, the national school tour helped to generate a wider fan base. The other factor was their Internet site and the use of fans' loyalty. On the site fans were able to join up for the band’s newsletter and then eventually to what was known as a \"fan street pack\".","title":"Steriogram"},{"docid":"1845321","text":"Robert Joel Kulick (January 16, 1950 – May 28, 2020) was an American guitarist and record producer, who worked with numerous acts such as Kiss, W.A.S.P., Alice Cooper, Lou Reed, Meat Loaf, and Michael Bolton. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and was the elder brother of former Kiss lead guitarist Bruce Kulick. Early career and Kiss Bob Kulick took a chance in late 1972 and auditioned for the lead guitar spot in a then-new band called Kiss. The band, with Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, and Peter Criss, was very impressed by his performance, however the glitzier Ace Frehley (who auditioned immediately after him) was chosen to fill the spot. Kulick later played (uncredited) on three Kiss albums: Alive II (three of the five studio tracks), Killers (all four new studio tracks), and some minimal work on Creatures of the Night. He also played on Paul Stanley's 1978 solo album and on his 1989 solo tour. Other work Early in his session career, Bob Kulick played lead guitar for Lou Reed on his Coney Island Baby record. Kulick and brother Bruce both played in singer Michael Bolton's (nee Bolotin) band at this time. Kulick then began a long-running stint in the Neverland Express, Meat Loaf's touring band, on and off for years, which led to appearances on several Meat Loaf albums, most notably on 1984's Bad Attitude. He also formed a band called Balance, with Peppy Castro (aka Emil \"Peppy\" Thielhelm, formerly of the Blues Magoos) and Doug Katsaros (multi-platinum recording arranger and Broadway conductor), which had modest chart success in the early 1980s, followed up by playing rhythm and lead guitar on Michael Bolton's 1983 self-titled album. Bob Kulick was involved with a project called Skull, releasing one album, No Bones About It, in 1991. Bruce Kulick, his brother, who would become a member of KISS, co-wrote one song and appeared as a guest guitarist on another track. In addition, Kulick played on the W.A.S.P. albums The Crimson Idol and Still Not Black Enough. He was only involved with the studio work and never toured with W.A.S.P. or became a member of the band. In 1996 he released Murderer's Row with his band of the same name. This group included David Glen Eisley (of Giuffria and Dirty White Boy) on vocals. Thereafter, Kulick served in various side projects such as Blackthorne and Observation Balloon. He also produced Motörhead's \"Whiplash\" (winner of the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance), produced and played guitar on the theme for WWE wrestler Triple H, and earned 11 platinum or gold records working with Kiss and Diana Ross. Kulick also composed, produced, and performed \"Sweet Victory\" with Eisley in the SpongeBob SquarePants episode \"Band Geeks\" on Nickelodeon. The song further appears on SpongeBob SquarePants: The Yellow Album. Personal life and death In 1983, Kulick began a long-term relationship with actress Stella Stevens. Kulick resided in Las Vegas, Nevada, and was a regular participant in the annual \"KISS Night in Las Vegas\" fundraiser","title":"Bob Kulick"},{"docid":"15650103","text":"Cats on a Smooth Surface is an American rock group, that starting in 1978 and throughout the 1980s was the house band at The Stone Pony in Asbury Park, New Jersey In the years 1981 and 1982, the band's lineup consisted of Bobby Bandiera on lead guitar and vocals, Harry Filkin on rhythm guitar and vocals, Peter Schulle on keyboards and vocals, John Micco on bass guitar and vocals, Pete Gagen on drums, and Ray Plante on saxophone. Other band members through the years have included Glen Burtnick, Vincent Danielle, and Mike Bovenzi, Steff \"Stiff Reed\" Munter, Rich Ruggiero and Joel Krausse. The band is still in existence and performs regularly in New Jersey. In 1971, prior to founding \"Cats\", Harry Filkin and Bobby Bandiera were the key players in the Jersey shore band called Holme in Belmar NJ. Harry still plays as current member of Holme and with \"Harry and Billy\". Bobby Bandiera is now a 5-year member of the internationally famous Bon Jovi band as a vocalist and guitarist. He was also lead guitar with Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes and still makes occasional appearances with them. Starting in the spring of 1982 Bruce Springsteen often performed with the band, particularly on Sunday nights when he would appear unannounced at the Stone Pony and jump up on stage with them. He often claimed to the press that they were his favorite band to jam with Recently Rachel Copeland has also begun to sing with the band. Discography Albums Cats on a Smooth Surface (1992) Live 1982 With Bruce Springsteen: The Legendary Radio Broadcast (2018) Singles \"Mean Streets\" / \"No Right Time (To Say Goodbye)\" (1988) \"Midnight Romeo\" / \"What Do All the People Know\" (1992) References External links MySpace page Rock music groups from New Jersey Jersey Shore musical groups","title":"Cats on a Smooth Surface"},{"docid":"32572541","text":"The Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour was a tour that was undertaken to pay tribute to the original band members who died in a plane crash in 1977. The tour began in the fall of 1987, in honor of the 10-year anniversary of the plane crash. A number of surviving members reunited for the tour. Original members Gary Rossington, Billy Powell and Leon Wilkeson were joined by Ed King (original member who had left the band in 1975), Artimus Pyle (drummer at the time of the plane crash), Randall Hall and Johnny Van Zant. History Rossington, who had formed the original band with lead singer Ronnie Van Zant was initially reluctant to do the tour. He was, in the words of his wife Dale Krantz-Rossington, still \"very emotional\" about the preceding events and about the anniversary of the plane crash. Eventually, Rossington decided that if the tour was to be done right, and if his fallen colleagues were to be honored properly, that he should be involved. Original guitarist and founding member, Allen Collins, was unable to play as a result of being paralyzed in a car crash in 1986. Collins served as musical director for the tour, picking setlists and making cameo appearances onstage. He chose former bandmate Randall Hall (who had played with Collins in the Allen Collins Band) to take his spot. Ronnie Van Zant's youngest brother, Johnny, was chosen to assume the role of lead vocalist. Other candidates were considered, including Paul Rodgers (of Free and Bad Company fame). Ronnie had been a huge Paul Rodgers fan and even owned a boat named \"Bad Company\" at one point. Ultimately though, it was Johnny who was deemed to be the best replacement for his brother. The first leg of the tour was enormously successful. Moved by the loyalty and reaction of the fans, the band elected to add a second leg (which ran through the summer of 1988). The Tribute Tour Band played an inspired selection of classic Skynyrd tunes and ended the show with a heart-wrenching instrumental version of Free Bird. The Rossington Band opened for the entire tour, playing a mixture of Rossington band original material and earlier material from the Rossington/Collins Band era. Dale Krantz-Rossington sang lead vocals for the Rossington Band and backup vocals for the Skynyrd set. Between the Rossington Band set and the Skynyrd set, old videos of the original Skynyrd band were shown on the bigscreen featuring full length versions of such songs as \"T for Texas\", \"Don't Ask Me No Questions\", \"Cry for the Bad Man\" and \"Whiskey Rock-A-Roller\". Typical setlist \"Workin' for MCA\" \"I Ain't the One\" \"Saturday Night Special\" \"The Needle and the Spoon\" \"That Smell\" \"I Know a Little\" \"Gimme Three Steps\" \"Call Me the Breeze\" \"Swamp Music\" \"You Got That Right\" \"What's Your Name\" \"Gimme Back My Bullets\" \"Simple Man\" \"Sweet Home Alabama\" \"Free Bird\" Tour dates Personnel Johnny Van Zant – vocals Gary Rossington – guitars Ed King – guitars Randall Hall – guitars Billy","title":"Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour"},{"docid":"26934467","text":"Break Even was an Australian hardcore punk band from Perth, which formed in 2005. For most of the band's run, the band was composed of Perri Basile on bass guitar, Mark Bawden on lead vocals, Simon Dreja on drums and Steffen Sciuto on guitar. Their debut album, The Bright Side, was released in June 2009 and was dedicated to the band's original guitarist Rowan Willoughby, who died in November 2008. The group split in July 2012 but reconvened in December 2014. The band has been inactive since 2016. History Break Even formed in Perth in 2005 as a hardcore punk band with Mark Bawden on lead vocals, Simon Dreja on drums, Ash Pederick (ex-Miles Away) on guitar, Steffen Sciuto on bass guitar and Rowan Willoughby on lead guitar. Bawden later recalled, \"the Perth music scene is good, there's a whole bunch of bands out there. My cousin got me into the music and took me to my first local show. I met a few friends and that's really how the band got started.\" Their seven-track debut extended play, Young at Heart (2006), was issued on Common Bond Records. The lead track, \"Another Night\", was co-written by Sciuto, Willoughby, Dreja, Bawden and Pederick. In the following year they issued a split EP, Break Something Even More, with three of their tracks and four tracks from label mates, Something More. By that time Perri Basile had joined on bass guitar, Pederick had left and Sciuto switched to guitar. Their first track, \"Run for Your Life\", was co-written by Bawden, Sciuto, Dreja and Basile. On 19 November 2008 Rowan Willoughby died from suicide, which threatened the future of the band. In an interview, Bawden explained how they continued. \"We had a jam in the December holidays,\" he said. \"We knew we could still do something and we ended up writing an album as a four-piece.\" The band released their debut album, The Bright Side, in June 2009. Explaining the title, Bawden said: \"There is so much anger apathy around and this is our way of encouraging people to find the bright side in everything.\" It was recorded in March at Perth's Reading Room Studios. The album peaked at number 78 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Dizzy of Cack Blabbath felt The Bright Side was \"made up of very well crafted songs, and there is much more going on here than in 'traditional' Hardcore. The atmospheric passages that weave their way through the soul of the album give it a powerful impact. It benefits from some excellent guitar work that really lets the band exercise their growing musical muscle, even including a nicely worked Piano passage as the title track.\" Punktastics Paul described it as a \"superb album\" and explained, \"While I tend to enjoy the faster bands in the scene, this lot mix things up well – the music is hard and heavy but the message is positive and the juxtaposition works brilliantly... There's a real Defeater vibe to some of this record","title":"Break Even (band)"},{"docid":"27370869","text":"The Kavaliers were an early 1960s New Zealand rock and roll band that evolved out of a group called The Zodiacs and were fronted by Samoan born lead singer Freddie Keil. They released a string of singles in the 1960s. The band's name would be resurrected in the 2000s by Freddie's younger brother Alphonso Keil. The Zodiacs The Zodiacs were fronted by Freddie Keil on lead vocals. Jimmy Murphy was their lead guitarist and Freddie's younger brother Alphonso Keil was the rhythm guitarist. Vic Williams was the drummer and John Harrison the bassist while Jimmy Langabeer played piano. After scuppered plans to record with the La Gloria label, they recorded on the Zodiac Records label. As such, they changed their name from the Zodiacs to the Kavaliers. When they were still called the Zodiacs, while Freddie Keil had returned to Western Samoa for a short time, they were fronted by Terry Dean and the Nitebeats singer, Terry Dean (also known as Terry Fidow). The Zodiacs line up Freddie Keil, Vocals (Died 1994) Jimmy Murphy, Lead guitar Vic Williams, Drums John 'Yuk' Harrison, Bass Jimmy Langabeer, Piano Alphonso Keil, Rhythm guitar (Died 2008) Terry Dean aka Terry Fidow, Vocals The Kavaliers After Freddie Keil had some problems with his cousin Herma Keil, he left the Keil Isles and formed The Zodiacs. They would later change their name to Freddie Keil and the Kavaliers. They released eleven singles and an album from 1960 to 1965. The Kavaliers line up Freddie Keil, Vocals Billy Belton, Rhythm Guitar Steve Smith, Piano Dave Paul, Saxophone Brian Smith, Bass Guitar Vic Williams, Drums Jimmy Murphy, Lead Guitar Alphonso Keil, Drums Discography Freddie Keil And The Kavaliers \"I Found A New Love\" / \"Three Nights A Week\" - Zodiac Z-1063 - (1961) \"What About Me\" / \"Take Good Care of Her\" - Zodiac Z-1079 (1962) \"The Wanderer\" / \"Twisting The Night Away\" - Zodiac Z-1085 - (1962 \"Should I\" / \"Its Only A Paper Moon\" - Zodiac Z-1105 - (1963) \"All The Other Boys Are Talking\" / \"Take These Chains from My Heart\" - Zodiac Z-1109 - (1963) \"Don't Try To Fight It Baby\" / \"No Signs Of Loneliness Here\" - Zodiac Z-1114 - (1963) \"Girls\" / \"Learnin', Trying To Forgive\" - Zodiac Z-1147- (1963) The Kavaliers \"The Twist\" / \"Tossin' And Turning\" Zodiac Z-1082 (1962) - (Note A-side was credited to Freddie Keil) The Maori Kavaliers They were a 1960s band that were more or less a spin-off from Freddie Keil & the Kavaliers, rather than an extension of the group. The group consisted of ex Freddie Keil and the Kavaliers members, Brian Smith and Billy Peters. Their name came about because of Smith and Peter's past association with the group. Alphonso Keil and The Kavalliers Alphonso Keil, the younger brother of Freddie Keil, was born in Samoa in 1944, and was a child when he came to New Zealand. In the late 1950s, he was the rhythm guitarist for a group called The Sundowners. He","title":"The Kavaliers"},{"docid":"16237393","text":"The Asylum Tour was a concert tour by American rock band Kiss, in support of their thirteenth studio album, Asylum. Background On April 3, 1986, the band was set to perform in the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, when a transformer ended up blowing out the lights two hours before the show, cancelling the performance that night and later rescheduled to April 12. Tommy Thayer, a future member of Kiss, who was in Black 'n Blue at the time, had impressed Simmons when his band had opened for Kiss. In the tour program for the band's final tour, Stanley reflected on the tour: Reception Jerry Spangler, a reporter from the Deseret News who attended the Salt Palace performance, stated that the show was another typical Kiss show, criticizing how little there was regarding talent and excitement. He commented that when they take away the special effects, that Kiss was referred to as a dinosaur; concluding that the band should have closed their doors a long time ago, while also noting on the opening act W.A.S.P.'s performance in more paragraphs. Boyd Rogers, a reader who had attended the performance, later sent a response to the reporter to criticize him, and defending the band's performance, stating the number of people attending the concert; noting also on how short the paragraphs were regarding the band - suggesting that the reporter close his 'carnival doors'. Setlists These are example setlists of what were performed during the tour, but may not represent the majority of the shows. 1985 Setlist \"Detroit Rock City\" \"Fits Like a Glove\" \"Cold Gin\" \"Uh! All Night\" (with Paul Stanley guitar solo) \"War Machine\" (with Eric Carr drum solo) \"I Still Love You\" \"Under the Gun\" (with Bruce Kulick guitar solo) \"Tears Are Falling\" \"I Love It Loud\" (with Gene Simmons bass solo) \"Love Gun\" \"Rock and Roll All Nite\" Encore \"Heaven's on Fire\" \"Won't Get Fooled Again\" \"Lick It Up\" 1986 Setlist \"Detroit Rock City\" \"Fits Like a Glove\" \"Creatures of the Night\" \"Cold Gin\" (with Bruce Kulick guitar solo) \"Uh! All Night\" \"War Machine\" (with Eric Carr drum solo) \"Love Gun\" \"I Still Love You\" \"I Love It Loud\" (with Gene Simmons bass solo) \"Heaven's on Fire\" (with Paul Stanley guitar solo) \"Rock and Roll All Nite\" Encore \"Tears Are Falling\" \"Lick It Up\" Tour dates Paul Stanley dedicated the Tucson, Arizona concert at the McKale Center to the astronauts that were killed in the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion. The power went out in the middle of \"Rock and Roll All Nite\", ending the performance early. Local church groups protested the entire show due to its being scheduled on Easter Sunday. Opening act King Kobra was invited and appeared on stage to sing \"Lick it Up\" with Kiss, making King Kobra the first group to ever share the stage with Kiss. Box office score data Personnel Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar Gene Simmons – vocals, bass Eric Carr – drums, backing vocals Bruce Kulick – lead guitar, backing vocals","title":"Asylum Tour (Kiss)"},{"docid":"26488123","text":"Tinyfish is an English progressive rock band, founded in 2004. The band members are Simon Godfrey (lead vocal, guitar), Jim Sanders (lead guitar, backing vocals), Paul Worwood (bass), Robert Ramsay (spoken word, harmonica) and Leon Camfield (drums, backing vocals). Band history Formation Tinyfish was formed in September 2004. Simon Godfrey, Jim Sanders and Paul Worwood were all members of Freefall, described by Simon as \"our first prog band\" , and which also featured Simon's brother Jem Godfrey (now of Frost*) on keyboards. After Freefall split in the early nineties Simon played drums in a number of bands while developing his songwriting talents in the guise of Men Are Dead (with Robert and Paul) and playing the open mike spots of London as Simon Walsh. First album The band released their eponymous debut album in 2006 to critical acclaim. Geoff Barton gave the album 8/10 in Classic Rock Magazine , and the magazine ranked it 15 in the best albums of the year . The songs on the album are shorter than is often the case for progressive rock (with the exception of the 'mini-epic' All Hands Lost) with an emphasis on tightly-written songs rather than long, self-indulgent solos and unorthodox time signatures. The album features no keyboards, which is again unusual for the genre, instead using guitar synthesizers to produce musical textures. There are three spoken-word tracks performed by Rob Ramsay, who is also the principal song lyricist for the band. Live performance Tinyfish played several shows throughout 2007 and 2008 in support of the album, including three shows at the Peel 'House Of Progression' in Kingston upon Thames, and at the 2007 Summer's End progressive rock festival. The core line-up was supplemented by drummer Leon Camfield when playing full electric band shows, although the band also performed - and occasionally still does perform - as a four-piece acoustic line-up. Curious Things In early 2009 Tinyfish released a mini-album, Curious Things, comprising a number of 'rarities' written over the previous few years, and produced by Jem Godfrey. One Night On Fire Later in 2009 the band released a DVD and live album, One Night On Fire (on the Metal Mind label), recorded at a performance at the Wyspianski Theatre, Katowice, Poland. The DVD contains performances of songs from both of the previous releases together with material from the yet-to-be-released Big Red Spark. Rob's spoken-word performances are a particular highlight, accompanied for the first time by the use of costumes to enhance theatricality. The DVD garnered more positive reviews . The Big Red Spark On 19 April 2010 the band announced that their second full-length album, The Big Red Spark, would be released by F2 Records in September 2010. After a long period of recording the album was mixed and mastered in June 2010 at Wolf Studios by Dominique Brethes, with Mike Varty as co-producer. The album was publicly available for the first time at a launch concert on 10 September 2010 at The Luminaire in North London, and was officially","title":"Tinyfish"},{"docid":"3575797","text":"The Deluxtone Rockets is an American band from Muskegon, Michigan. It began as a punk band, but by the time of signing to Tooth & Nail Records it had evolved into a swing revival outfit. Their first album, which was self-titled, was produced by Gene Eugene and Dennis Danell of Social Distortion. They wrote their own songs, and their musical style and lyrics were often compared to The W's, but John Brown's lead vocals were likened to The Mighty Mighty Bosstones' Dicky Barrett or The Reverend Horton Heat. In their second album, Green Room Blues, the group dropped the horn section entirely and shifted to a rockabilly sound. The album's title reflects the fact that both Eugene and Danell died in early 2000, during production of the album. Though Danell had not been involved in the production, Eugene had been, and was replaced by Chris Colbert. The album has a darker mood than their debut effort, though its lyrics still reflect the faith of John Brown. The album also contained a cover of The Cure's \"Lovesong\". 2000 was generally reported as a bad year for the band; they were unable to play shows regularly because in addition to recording difficulties, their drummer left, after wanting to move to a different style musically. They were able to get Rodney from the Calicoes to fill in occasionally, and thus played at Cornerstone and other festivals. Also, one night their van caught fire and was totaled, though they still managed to play that night. Discography 1999 The Deluxtone Rockets 1999 Happy Christmas Volume 2 (Compilation, BEC) 2001 Green Room Blues 2009 New Material Demo Band members 1999 John Brown - Lead Vocals, Guitar Jimmy Van Boxel - Upright Bass, BGV's Jacob Dykema - Tenor Sax, Vocals Richard Mittwede - Trombone, BGV's Jason Sorn - Drums Tim Harvell - Trumpet, BGV's 2001 John Brown Jimmy Van Boxel Lonnie Pease - guitar Jason Feltman 2008 John Brown - Lead Vocals, Guitar Jason Sorn - Drums Harley Obzut - Bass Dusty Bottoms - Guitar References External links [ The Deluxtone Rockets] at Allmusic American Christian musical groups Swing revival ensembles American swing musical groups Tooth & Nail Records artists Musical groups from Michigan Muskegon, Michigan Rockabilly music groups Musical groups established in 1996 1996 establishments in Michigan","title":"The Deluxtone Rockets"},{"docid":"8668511","text":"Alan Kendall (born 9 September 1944) is an English musician and was the lead guitarist for the Bee Gees, in an unofficial capacity from 1971 until 1980, and again from 1987 until 2001. Career His first recording was \"Don't Play That Song (You Lied)\", a single with a Lancashire band called Kris Ryan and the Questions, Kendall on lead guitar. His next known appearances were with Glass Menagerie. In 1970, he joined the bluesy progressive rock band Toe Fat who had released one album called Toe Fat. The original line-up of the band consisted of Cliff Bennett on lead vocal and piano, Ken Hensley on guitar, keyboards and vocals, John Glascock on bass and Lee Kerslake on drums; Kendall replaced Hensley on lead guitar. The band Toe Fat was managed by The Robert Stigwood Organisation, which suddenly dropped them in the middle of December 1970, right after they had returned from a US tour opening for Derek and the Dominos. Kendall joined the Bee Gees in 1971, when the band was looking for a new guitarist to replace Vince Melouney and Maurice Gibb had doubled on lead guitar as well as bass and keyboards on 2 Years On. Though several albums were released by the Brothers Gibb after Kendall joined it, their major success came with the release of the Saturday Night Fever. In 1979, he played guitar on Jimmy Ruffin's album Sunrise. In 1986, Kendall co-wrote the songs \"Moonlight Madness\", \"Change\" and \"System of Love\", both songs were included on Barry's unreleased album Moonlight Madness, and he played guitar on that album. With the Bee Gees, Kendall appeared on The Tonight Show, Late Night with David Letterman, Oprah Winfrey, a Command Performance for the Queen of the United Kingdom, as well as numerous other live performances. Equipment Kendall uses a Fender Stratocaster and can be seen in several live performances with this type of guitar. References 1944 births Living people People from Darwen English rock guitarists British lead guitarists Bee Gees members Toe Fat members","title":"Alan Kendall"},{"docid":"24591554","text":"\"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\" is a song written by Sting that was first released by English rock band the Police on their 1980 album Zenyatta Mondatta. Along with another song from Zenyatta Mondatta, \"Voices Inside My Head\", the song reached 3 on the Billboard Dance Music/Club Play Singles chart in 1981. In 2000, a remix version credited to Different Gear versus the Police reached No. 28 on the UK Singles Chart, No. 7 on the Billboard Dance chart, and No. 94 in the Netherlands. On radio stations, the song is often played directly after \"Driven to Tears\". Lyrics and music \"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\" was one of Sting's earliest attempts at a song whose lyrics deal with concerns of the outside world rather than just his own issues. Ellie O'Day of Vancouver Free Press describes the lyrics as being mostly a \"repetitive chant\". Ultimate Classic Rock critic Mike Duquette describes the theme as \"a man going insane in a post-apocalyptic world.\" Sting regards the song as having a post-apocalyptic vision, something it shares with an earlier Police song, \"Bring on the Night\", from the 1979 album Reggatta de Blanc. Sting has said of the two songs \"such vanity as to imagine one's self as the sole survivor of a holocaust with all one's favorite things still intact\". \"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\" and \"Bring on the Night\" also share their chord progression. Rolling Stone critic David Fricke notes a structural similarity between \"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\" and two songs from Reggatta de Blanc, \"Walking on the Moon\" and \"The Bed's Too Big without You\". Like those two Reggatta de Blanc songs, \"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\" repeats its three-chord progression over its nearly four-minute length. Fricke regards the chord progression as \"hypnotic\". Personnel The Police Sting – bass guitar, lead and backing vocals, synthesizer Andy Summers – guitar, backing vocals Stewart Copeland – drums, backing vocals Critical reception Author Chris Welch praises the rhythm section of Sting and Stewart Copeland on the song, particularly the way they go with the flow and groove with ease. Sounds critic Phil Sutcliffe commented on its \"expression of melancholy\", noting that it maintains a restrained, dry tone that is able to project sadness without being overly demonstrative. RAM magazine critic Greg Taylor criticises the lyrics for not doing \"anything with its potentially political message\" but praises the music, particularly Andy Summers' \"long ringing\" guitar chords. Mojo critic John Harris regards it as one of several formless jams on the album, complaining that it \"randomly fades out as if simple boredom finally won out\". Duquette called it a \"delirious dance drone cut\" with an \"ass-shaking bassline\" Police guitarist Andy Summers considers \"When the World Is Running Down,","title":"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around"},{"docid":"47385441","text":"Count's 77 is a hard rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada. It was formed by legendary Danny \"The Count\" Koker, titular star of Counting Cars, the History Channel spinoff of Pawn Stars. The band focuses on the rock genre of the 1970s and has been playing and performing since well before Koker's rise in the public eye. \"The Count,\" who heads the band with lead vocals, is joined by John Zito (guitar), Stoney Curtis (guitar), Barry Barnes (bass) and Paul Disibio (drums) and the recently added Tommy Paris (keyboard). They are currently signed to Shrapnel Records. The number \"77\" in the band's name is a reference to the 1970s, the decade whose music is an inspiration to the band. History Founding Contrary to the belief of many fans, Count's 77 was formed before Danny Koker's role in Counting Cars was established. The Count's father (also named Danny Koker), who was the baritone vocalist and keyboardist for the Cathedral Quartet, a well-known southern gospel group, influenced his son from a young age to appreciate music. The band came together at a jam night at Koker's Las Vegas rock club, Count's Vamp'd. These weekly sessions were, and still are, headed by Count's 77 guitarist Jony Zito. Koker, as owner of the club, would occasionally come on stage and sing. One night, Koker, Zito, Curtis, Barnes, and Disibio – all current members except Tommy Paris – shared the stage and felt instant chemistry. Koker remembers, \"it just felt real. It felt great.\" After deciding to all rehearse together again, the new group continued to perform at Vamp'd, eventually drawing a crowd of spectators and listeners. \"Lucky for us, Koker said, \"we turned out to be all like-minded people... lovin the same type of music.\" Counting Cars (2012) Counting Cars debuted in August 2012 and has completed its eighth season. The reality TV show chronicles the daily happenings at Count's Kustoms, a Las Vegas automobile restoration and customization company owned and operated by Koker. While the Count's new television prominence did not lead to the band's forming, it gives Count's 77 a wide-reaching platform and allows the band to reach millions of viewers across the world when they are featured on the show. Koker, who has made several appearances on Pawn Stars as well as having his own show, thus has a large following of viewers and fans. Cast members of the TV show, most notably Kustoms airbrush artist Horny Mike, have made appearances at Count's 77 performances, with Koker's show and band symbiotically co-promoting one another. In addition, fans are pleased to find that Koker is \"exactly the same in person as he is on television.\" Koker films episodes of the show during weekdays, then often flies to concert venues around the country on weekends to perform. They released the follow-up Soul Transfusion in 2017. Also on Shrapnel Records. Shrapnel (2014) Stoney Curtis, one of the band's two guitar leads, had been signed to Shrapnel Records since 2004. This relationship proved beneficial when","title":"Count's 77"},{"docid":"1637467","text":"Blues Image was an American rock band. They had a hit in 1970 with \"Ride Captain Ride\", which reached No. 4 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian RPM magazine charts. Career Blues Image was formed in Tampa, Florida in 1966 by singer-guitarist Mike Pinera, singer-drummer Manuel \"Manny\" Bertematti, singer-percussionist Joe Lala, keyboardist Emilio Garcia, and bassist Malcolm Jones. They were later joined by keyboardist Frank \"Skip\" Konte when Emilio Garcia left the band to become a pilot. Blues Image moved to Miami in 1968, where they helped form an innovative new music venue, Thee Image. Blues Image became the house band at the club, which featured acts like Cream, Grateful Dead, and Blood, Sweat & Tears. The band moved to Los Angeles and signed with Atco Records, releasing their self-titled debut album in February 1969. Their second album, Open was released in April 1970 and included the single \"Ride Captain Ride.\" Written by Pinera and Konte, it featured Kent Henry on guitar solo and fills, with Pinera playing solo at the end. The album sold over one million copies, and earned a gold record from the R.I.A.A. in August 1970. It was Blues Image's only charting hit. Pinera left the band to join Iron Butterfly in the fall of 1969, during the recording of Open, and was replaced by singer Denny Correll and guitarist Kent Henry. The band broke up after the release of their third album, Red White & Blues Image, in May 1970. The various members of Blues Image went on to become parts of other rock bands. Bertematti later played and recorded with New Cactus Band and toured with Iron Butterfly, Chi Coltrane, and Bobby Womack. Pinera also played with Iron Butterfly, New Cactus Band, Ramatam, and Alice Cooper. Konte joined Three Dog Night, and Lala played with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. Lala's percussion work also figures prominently on the Stephen Stills/Chris Hillman led group, Manassas. Henry played lead guitar with Steppenwolf prior to their breakup in 1972. Correll later recorded a series of successful contemporary Christian music (CCM) albums, helped expand the genre's commercial appeal, and achieved airplay with several singles on CCM radio during the late 1970s and early 1980s. He died in 2002. Gary Dunham, who also toured with the last incarnation of Blues Image, also became a solo CCM artist. Pinera has released several solo albums, including In the Garden of Eden. Joe Lala died of complications from lung cancer on March 18, 2014, at the age of 66. The group can briefly be seen performing \"Ride Captain Ride\" in the 1971 film, Dusty and Sweets McGee. Personnel Manuel \"Manny\" Bertematti - drums, vocals (1966-1970) Joe Lala - percussion, vocals (1966-1970; died 2014) Malcolm Jones - bass (1966-1970) Mike Pinera - guitar, vocals (1966-1970) Emilio Garcia - keyboards (1966-1967) Frank \"Skip\" Konte - keyboards (1967-1970) Denny Correll - vocals (1970; died 2002) Kent Henry - guitar (1970; died 2009) Michael Franklin Tim Franklin Bill Britton - guitar (1967; left","title":"Blues Image"},{"docid":"75649523","text":"Dark Night is an album by the American musician James Armstrong, released in 1998. Armstrong supported the album with a North American tour. Production Armstrong recorded the album after recuperating from a home invasion and serious stabbing, which is referenced in the title track. Armstrong lost feeling in his fingers and had to relearn how to play guitar; he also learned slide guitar during his recovery. \"Lil' James\" is about Armstrong's son, who was also injured in the attack. Michael Ross played lead guitar on the majority of the tracks; Joe Louis Walker and Doug MacLeod played lead guitar on a few tracks. \"Bank of Love\" is about falling in love with a bank teller. Critical reception Jazziz wrote that Armstrong's \"vocals and songs are vulnerable, brooding, and brimming with resignation... His hoarse, laconic delivery and falsetto on 'Too Many Misses' and 'Dark Night' are soul-piercing.\" The Toronto Star called the album \"a dozen soulful tunes with a light, appealing but emotionally edgy voice a la Otis Redding.\" The Calgary Herald said that Armstrong's \"blues riffs are clean and bold and his singing reveals his deep blues roots.\" The Record concluded: \"Serviceable on his debut, Armstrong's vocals take on a new soulful fiber on Dark Night.\" The Ottawa Citizen deemed Dark Night \"a mixture of anger and depression leavened with the ray of hope that marks all of the best blues music.\" The Daily Advertiser labeled it \"a smooth, understated exercise in tasteful West Coast blues.\" The Philadelphia Inquirer determined that Armstrong \"wins you over with the undeniable honesty of his performances.\" AllMusic wrote that Michael Ross's \"silky leads blend with Armstrong's still very potent singing voice quite sympathetically.\" Track listing References 1998 albums HighTone Records albums Blues albums by American artists James Armstrong (musician) albums","title":"Dark Night (album)"},{"docid":"5164691","text":"\"Romeo and Juliet\" is a rock song by the British rock band Dire Straits, written by frontman Mark Knopfler. It first appeared on the 1980 album Making Movies and was released as a single in 1981. The song subsequently appeared on the Dire Straits live albums Alchemy and On the Night, and later on Knopfler's live duet album with Emmylou Harris, Real Live Roadrunning (though Harris does not perform on the track). The track was also featured on the greatest hits albums Money for Nothing, Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits, and The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations. Composition and lyrical interpretation The lyrics of the song describe the experience of the two lovers of the title, hinting at a situation that saw the \"Juliet\" figure abandon her \"Romeo\" after finding fame and moving on from the rough neighborhood where they first encountered each other. In addition to the reference to William Shakespeare's play of the same title, the song makes playful allusion to other works involving young love, including the songs \"Somewhere\" – from West Side Story, which is itself based on the Shakespeare play – and \"My Boyfriend's Back\". The song opens on an arpeggiated resonator guitar part played by Knopfler, who also sings the lead vocal. The introductory arpeggios and melody are played on a National Style \"O\" guitar; the same guitar featured on the album artwork for Brothers in Arms and Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits. In the Sky Arts documentary Guitar Stories: Mark Knopfler, \"Knopfler picks up the National and demonstrates how he hit on the famous arpeggio lines in \"Romeo and Juliet\", from the Making Movies album, while experimenting with an open G tuning.\" The instrumentation remains simple during the verses and moves to a full-on rock arrangement in the chorus sections. The song itself, written by Knopfler, was inspired by his failed romance with Holly Vincent, lead singer of the short-lived band Holly and the Italians. The song speaks of a Romeo who is still very much in love with his Juliet, but she now treats him like \"just another one of [her] deals\". Knopfler has both stated and implied that he believes Vincent was using him to boost her career. The song's line, \"Now you just say, oh Romeo, yeah, you know I used to have a scene with him,\" refers to an interview with Vincent, where she says \"What happened was that I had a scene with Mark Knopfler and it got to the point where he couldn't handle it and we split up.\" Reception Record World called it a \"compelling performance that's both beautiful and forceful,\" praising Knopfler's guitar playing and the \"Dylanesque\" vocals. Ultimate Classic Rock critic Michael Gallucci rated \"Romeo and Juliet\" as Dire Straits' 3rd best song, saying that it \"bridges Shakespeare, West Side Story and a modern rock 'n' roll love story where fame, not family, is keeping the young lovers apart.\" Classic Rock critic","title":"Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)"},{"docid":"7791829","text":"Hello Master is the debut studio album by Canadian hard rock band Priestess. Recorded with Gus van Go serving as producer, the album was initially released on October 18, 2005, by Indica Records in Canada and on later dates in other regions. Its lyrics discuss typical rock n' roll themes such as love, violence and death, and its unusual sound for a hard rock record of the time is the result of van Go trying to emulate the sounds of classic rock and metal albums. The album's music was predominantly written by Mikey Heppner, the band's lead singer and guitarist. Heppner formed Priestess after the Dropouts, his previous act which played punk rock music, fell through as its members left to form the Stills. Their manager van Go signed on to produce Priestess' debut album. None of the music on Hello Master dates back to the Dropouts at all, as it was only written after Heppner decided he was done playing punk rock and wanted to play hard rock instead. It is best known for spawning the hit \"Lay Down\", which was included in the video game Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, elevating the band's profile drastically. Critics have noted the album's resemblance to legendary acts such as Black Sabbath and AC/DC, who have been cited as a key influence on Priestess; such stylistic similarities had mixed results in reviews, but were not seen as terribly detrimental to the album's overall quality. Background and recording Lead singer and guitarist Mikey Heppner had formed the punk rock group the Dropouts in the early 2000s merely as a way of having fun performing at shows, but after all his bandmates left for New York City to perform as the successful rock band the Stills full-time, he had an epiphany that he could take his own music more seriously, achieve that kind of success, and still have as much fun as he hoped. This, coupled with his first exposure to Tricky Woo (which he enjoyed for their resemblance to Black Sabbath and Deep Purple), led him to re-establish the Dropouts with a different musical style - hard rock - and a more earnest pursuit of success. The Dropouts experienced a small number of personnel changes that eventually led to the group's current incarnation featuring Dan Watchorn on guitar, Vince Nudo on drums, and Mike Dyball on bass guitar. This lineup existed for no more than a year under the Dropouts name, before the suggestion of Priestess was made. With the band's change in musical style came new songs; no song on Hello Master dates back to before they called themselves Priestess. Hello Master was recorded at the Boiler Room in New York City. When mastering the album, the group knew they wanted \"I Am the Night, Colour Me Black\" to be the lead track, and \"Everything That You Are\" to be the first track on side B of a vinyl release; consequently, \"Everything That You Are\" was put in the middle of","title":"Hello Master"},{"docid":"1467475","text":"Everyday Sunday was an American Christian rock band from Columbus, Ohio with the founding member Trey Pearson as lead singer. The band released two albums on Flicker Records including Stand Up and Anthems for the Imperfect. Wake Up! Wake Up! was their first album on Inpop released May 22, 2007, on Inpop Records, followed by Best Night of Our Lives. The band released an EP independently in 2013 titled A New Beginning EP. Members The band saw a number of changes in their lineup. The band's lead singer was Trey Pearson. In an interview given to Ohio-based (614) Magazine, in May 2016, he publicly announced that he is gay. The band had the following members at various times. When they signed a major deal with Inpop Records, the band lineup was as follows. Trey Pearson - lead vocals Jesse Counts - guitar Aaron Eikenberry - guitar Brandon Eikenberry - bass Kevin Cramblet - drums Over time many other musicians were in the line-up like Dan Hunter (bass), Chris Hines (drums), Jason Siemer (guitar), and Andrew Martin (guitar). Other members included Wade James, Tyler Craft, Chris Saiben, Nick Spencer, Micah Kuiper, Jon-Paul Kauffman, Collin Wilbrandt. Incidents On March 13, 2009, the band was involved in an automobile accident in Valparaiso, Indiana. The vehicle and trailer went off the road and flipped three to four times, ejecting Craft and trapping the other three inside the vehicle. They were taken to a local hospital where they were treated and released. In September 2016, multiple staff members at Joshua Fest, a major Christian music festival, threatened to walk out if Pearson remained on the festival lineup. He had previously announced his pleasure at being \"the first openly gay artist to ever play a major Christian music festival\". Pearson was removed from the lineup, but still sang with Five Iron Frenzy. Discography Albums 1996: Stand Up (issued independently) 2001: Sleeper 2002: Stand Up (re-released by Flicker Records) 2004: Anthems for the Imperfect (Flicker Records) 2006: Wake Up! Wake Up! (Inpop Records) 2009: Best Night of Our Lives (Inpop Records) EPs 2013: A New Beginning EP (released independently) Singles 2001: \"Wait\" 2002: \"Lose it Again\" 2004: \"Comfort Zone\" 2004: \"Gypsy Girl (What Love Is)\" 2006: \"Apathy for Apologies\" (Top 5 on Christian Rock) 2006: \"Let's Go Back\" (Top 5 on Christian Rock and Top 10 Christian CHR) 2006: \"Find Me Tonight\" (No. 1 on Christian CHR, 10th most played song on U.S. Christian Hit Radio stations in 2006) 2007: \"Wake Up! Wake Up!\" (No. 1 played Christian Rock song of 2007) 2008: \"Mess With Your Mind\" (former Top 5 song on ChristianRock.Net) 2009: \"Best Night of Our Lives\" (No. 1 on Christian Rock 2009 for 5 consecutive weeks) 2010: \"Breathing for Me\" (No. 1 on Christian Rock 2010 for four consecutive weeks) 2010: \"Lies and Fear Go Hand in Hand\" (No. 6 on ChristianRock.Net) 2012: \"Calculate\" 2013: \"Solar\" References External links Christian rock groups from Ohio Christian punk groups Flicker Records artists Musical groups established in","title":"Everyday Sunday"},{"docid":"4792401","text":"\"Here Today\" is a song by the American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1966 album Pet Sounds. Written by Brian Wilson and Tony Asher, the lyric warns the listener of inevitable heartbreak before the narrator reveals himself to be the ex-boyfriend of the listener's newfound love. Musically, the song features an uncommon formal structure, the use of electric bass guitar as a lead instrument, and a 20-bar length instrumental break. One of the last songs recorded for Pet Sounds, Wilson produced the track in March 1966 with the aid of his bandmates, who provided additional backing vocals, and 12 studio musicians, who played guitars, organ, upright bass, trombones, saxophones, tack piano, drums, and other percussion. Mike Love sang the lead vocal. \"Here Today\" proved influential to musicians such as Al Kooper, Paul McCartney, and Lemmy. Acts who have covered the song include Bobby Vee, R. Stevie Moore, Mathilde Santing, and Thurston Moore. Background and lyrics \"Here Today\" was written by Brian Wilson and Tony Asher for the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds album in early 1966. Although Wilson claimed that Asher only provided the words to his music, Asher credited himself with contributing musical ideas to several songs on the album, including this one, as Asher stated, \"'Here Today' contains a little more of me both lyrically and melodically than Brian.\" Moreover, Asher said, The lyrics warn the listener to beware of his newfound love and prepare for the potential heartbreak that may result (\"A brand new love affair is such a beautiful thing / but if you're not careful think about the pain it can bring\"). In his view, relationships are short-lasting (\"Love is here today and it's gone tomorrow / it's here and gone so fast\"). The narrator also warns that the aforementioned lover will make the listener \"feel so bad\", his \"heart feel sad\", his \"days go wrong, and his \"nights so long\". To prove his case, the narrator reveals himself to be her ex-boyfriend (\"Well you know I hate to be a downer / but I'm the guy she left before you found her\"). Wilson stated in 1996 that the song had \"really good lyrics\", but in another interview from the same year, he said, \"'Here Today' was probably one of the mystery songs on the album. I don't really know what it's about. I liked it, but yet I didn't. I don't really identify with that song like I do with 'You Still Believe In Me', or 'Caroline, No.' It was just one of those songs in there, one little song.\" Composition \"Here Today\" is primarily in the key of A major, with other portions suggesting F minor. Wilson said: Here Today' was a work of art in my opinion. It was an assertive track with utilization of basses played up higher. The trombones gave it that masculine touch.\" He stated that his intention for the piece was \"to conceive the idea of a bass guitar playing an octave higher than regular and showcase","title":"Here Today (The Beach Boys song)"},{"docid":"1124731","text":"The Allnighter is the second solo studio album by Glenn Frey, the guitarist and co-lead vocalist for the Eagles. The album was released in mid-1984 on MCA in the United States and the United Kingdom, two years after Frey's modestly successful debut album No Fun Aloud and four years after the demise of the Eagles. It was and still is Frey's most successful solo album throughout his whole solo career, having reached No. 22 on the Billboard charts, and releasing two top 20 singles with \"Smuggler's Blues\" and \"Sexy Girl\". The album achieved gold status by the RIAA in the US. It is generally regarded as the culmination of the smoother, more adult-oriented sound of Frey's solo work. The single \"Smuggler's Blues\" helped to inspire the Miami Vice episode of the same name, and Frey was invited to star in that episode, which was Frey's acting debut. The music video for the single also won Frey an MTV Video Music Award in 1985. Composition When Frey was asked about his song writing partnership with Jack Tempchin, he said at the time that \"It’s funny, there are only those certain people where things click — at least for me. He’s very free. I’ll just run some soul licks by him, or I’ll ring him something like The Allnighter, which originally was just about staying up all night. But then we started talking about it and Jack says, ‘Staying up all night can’t play over three or four verses. What if the Allnighter was a guy?’ So, we made him into some woman’s every-guy.\" The lyrics of \"Better in the U.S.A\" are opposed to the Soviet Union. Critical reception In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau gave The Alnighter a \"C\" and panned it as a \"smarmy piece of sexist pseudosoul\". In a retrospective review for The Rolling Stone Album Guide (1992), Mark Coleman gave the album two out of five stars and wrote that it \"glistens with synthesized oomph, but the sugar coating doesn't sit well on Frey's mannered white R&B loverman act.\" On the other hand, AllMusic's William Ruhlmann retrospectively gave it four-and-a-half stars and said that it departs from the \"old Eagles sound\" of Frey's last album for a \"bluesy, rocking feel.\" Track listing All songs by Glenn Frey and Jack Tempchin, except where noted. Additional track Personnel Glenn Frey – lead vocals, electric piano (1, 10), electric guitar (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9), bass (2, 5), backing vocals (2, 4, 7-10), guitar (3), organ (5), acoustic guitar (5), synthesizers (6), slide guitar (6), acoustic piano (8), celesta (10) Additional musicians David \"Hawk\" Wolinski – synthesizers (1), organ (1, 7, 10), keyboards (4), synthesizer programming (4, 9), fuzz guitar (4) Barry Beckett – synthesizers (2), acoustic piano (2, 8), keyboards (3) Nick DeCaro – accordion (5), string arrangements (5) Vince Melamed – electric piano (7) Duncan Cameron – harmony vocals, lead guitar (2), guitar (3), electric guitar (5-8), acoustic guitar (10) Josh Leo","title":"The Allnighter (album)"},{"docid":"48774336","text":"Voodoo Child is a rock and roll band from Guwahati, Assam, India. The band is primarily made up of Rittique Phukan (guitar/vocals/drums/songwriter), Jim Ankan Deka (keys/guitar), Rajib Hazarika (lead guitar),Priyanku Bordoloi ( Guitars) and Bobo Bardoloi (bass), although they frequently team up with session musicians (on drums, guitar, bass, organ and other backup instruments) when on tour.Pankaj Rajkhowa who is a Bangalore bassed musician does plays as a session Bassist during tour in South India.Pankaj Rajkhowa was a full time Bassist with The band from 2002 to 2006. The band has released 3 full length albums: We Own the Night, 20 Years on the Road, and Underneath the Stars, and 7 singles so far. History Voodoo Child is a Guwahati-based classic rock band, which came together in 2002. The band has performed many concerts in Northeast India and in other parts of the country. The band has gone through a few line-up changes since its inception because of alternative careers of band members. Phukan was the founder of the band and came up with the name Voodoo Child in 2002. Amborish Saikia (ex member of Euphoria and KK) joined as the lead guitarist. Although Phukan used to play the drums along with vocals, later Tanmoy Ray Choudhury (present drummer of Angaraag Mahanta and Papon and The East India Company) joined as the drummer and Phukan concentrated on vocals and rhythm guitar. In 2005 Deka joined the band as the keyboardist, Pankaj Rajkhowa as the Bassist and David Goldsmith as the other vocalist. In 2015, the line up changed to the present set up. Voodoo Child has played in almost all the top clubs of Assam and some parts of Northeast India. The band also performed at different clubs and pubs in Delhi, Bangalore, Goa and other parts of India. Festivals and events Voodoo Child has performed at many festivals and events including Shine A Light in Cherrapunji, World Music Day in Guwahati etc. The band opened for Danish pop/soft rock band Michael Learns to Rock on 13 December 2015 at the Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium in Assam. This was the first time an international band had performed in Guwahati. Albums We Own The Night (2017) 20 Years on the Road (2020) Underneath The Stars (2021) Singles Typical Love Song (2014) Good Die Young (2014) Little Love, Little Peace (2014) Taqi Song (2014) Your World Below (2015) Nights Go By (2015) Band members Rittique Phukan (Vocals, Rhythm guitar, songwriter, Drummer) Jim Ankan Deka (Lead guitar, Keyboard) Priyanku Bordoloi (Guitars) Rajib Hazarika (Lead guitar) Bobo Bardoloi (Bass) Ex members Pankaj Rajkhowa ( Bass ) Ambarish Saikia ( Guitar) David Goldsmith ( Vocals ) See also Music of India Indian rock References External links Official website Voodoo Child at Reverbnation Voodoo Child at Last.fm Indian rock music groups Musical groups established in 2002 2002 establishments in Assam Rockabilly music groups Guwahati","title":"Voodoo Child (band)"},{"docid":"5147347","text":"This is a list of heavy metal guitarists from the 1960s to the 2010s. Heavy metal guitar players use highly-amplified electric guitar playing that is rooted in the guitar playing styles developed in 1960s-era blues rock and psychedelic rock. Metal guitar playing uses a massive sound, characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos and overall loudness. The electric guitar and the sonic power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. Heavy metal bands often have two electric guitarists, with one guitarist playing rhythm guitar and one guitarist playing lead guitar. The rhythm guitar player is part of the rhythm section of the band, along with the bass guitarist and the drummer. The lead guitarist plays guitar solos, instrumental melody lines and melodic fill passages. In power trios, which consist of a guitarist, bassist and drummer, with one or more members singing lead vocals, the single guitarist will switch between rhythm guitar and lead guitar roles as needed. Only add names here if the person has their own article - anything else will be removed. A Tosin Abasi (Animals as Leaders) Dimebag Darrell Abbott (Pantera, Damageplan, Rebel Meets Rebel) Willie Adler (Lamb of God) Lord Ahriman (Dark Funeral) Mikael Åkerfeldt (Opeth) Mike Albert (Megadeth) Jimmy Allen (Against All Will) Paul Allender (Cradle of Filth) Lee Altus (Exodus) Christopher Amott (Arch Enemy) Michael Amott (Arch Enemy, Carcass, Spiritual Beggars) Nicke Andersson (The Hellacopters) Ole Petter Andreassen (Thulsa Doom, The Cumshots) Christian Andreu (Gojira) Salman Ahmad (Junoon) Faraz Anwar (Dusk) Rob Arnold (Chimaira) Trey Azagthoth (Morbid Angel) B Matt Bachand (Shadows Fall) Rob Barrett (Cannibal Corpse, Malevolent Creation) Zoltan Bathory (Five Finger Death Punch) Michael Angelo Batio (Holland, Nitro) Reb Beach (Winger, Whitesnake, Dokken) Corey Beaulieu (Trivium) Jason Becker (Cacophony, David Lee Roth) Nuno Bettencourt (Extreme) Jack Black (Tenacious D) Ritchie Blackmore (Deep Purple, Rainbow, Blackmore's Night) Doug Blair (W.A.S.P) Eric Bloom (Blue Öyster Cult) Fallon Bowman (Kittie) Mick Box (Uriah Heep) Vidoja Božinović (Rok Mašina, Riblja Čorba) Vito Bratta (White Lion) Chris Broderick (Jag Panzer, Megadeth) Michael Bruce (Alice Cooper) Amalie Bruun (Myrkur) Buckethead (Deli Creeps, Giant Robot, Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains, Praxis, Guns N' Roses) Jordan Buckley (Every Time I Die) Adam Buszko (Hate) Glen Buxton (Alice Cooper) C Eric Carlson (The Mentors) Ernie C (Body Count) Phil Campbell (Motörhead) Vivian Campbell (Dio, Def Leppard, Thin Lizzy) Jerry Cantrell (Alice in Chains) Stephen Carpenter (Deftones) Nick Catanese (Black Label Society) Max Cavalera (Sepultura, Soulfly, Cavalera Conspiracy) Carlos Cavazo (Quiet Riot, Ratt) Dino Cazares (Fear Factory, Divine Heresy, Asesino, Brujeria) Manny Charlton (Nazareth) David T. Chastain (Chastain) \"Metal\" Mike Chlasciak (Halford, PainmuseuM, Testament, Sebastian Bach, Jim Breuer) Zal Cleminson (Nazareth) Janne JB Christoffersson (Grand Magus) Mike Church (Still Remains) Mike Clark (No Mercy, Suicidal Tendencies) Steve Clark (Def Leppard) Eddie Clarke (Motörhead) Gilby Clarke (Guns N' Roses, Supernova) Andy Classen (Holy Moses) Phil Collen (Def Leppard) Rusty Cooley Korey Cooper (Skillet) Randy Cooper (Texas Hippie Coalition) Nicole Couch (Phantom Blue) Robbin Crosby","title":"List of heavy metal guitarists"},{"docid":"10893320","text":"Holman Autry Band consists of 4 Madison County, GA natives: Brodye Brooks (lead guitar), Casey King (Vocals and Bass Guitar), Josh Walker (Vocals and Rhythm Guitar), Brandon Myers (drums) Influences include Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Allman Brothers Band, Gov’t Mule, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Ronnie Milsap, Eagles, Eric Clapton, Metallica, Hank Williams, Sr., and many other musicians with great expressive talent. History Holman Autry Band, after only being together for just over 14 years, has won the “Athens, GA Battle of the Bands” and sold out the Georgia Theatre in Athens, GA many times, and so many other great accomplishments together it's hard to name them all. The band has had the pleasure of playing venues all over the States of Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Florida and are always welcome where they perform. The band consists of 4 self-taught musicians. Brodye Brooks (Lead Guitar and Vocals), Casey King (Vocals and Bass Guitar), Josh Walker (Vocals and Rhythm Guitar), Brandon Myers (Drums) They had late night jam sessions as teenagers and complement each other in such a way that can only be present through learning to play together. Sounds Holman Autry Band has a very distinct sound. This makes categorization into a particular genre very difficult. Holman Autry Band would most often fall into the Southern rock to Country rock category. However, Holman Autry Band and their fans prefer to consider their genre a new type of country music entitled “Black Label Country.” Some of their songs depict the “I’m not taking it anymore” attitude with songs like “Calling You Out” and “By Any Other Name.” Holman Autry Band will also show you their exceptional musical talent with “Fruition”, along with their love for music with “Glory Days.” They will also display fun-loving songs such as “Whiskey Wagon” and “Dark Haired Woman.” With songs such as “Wildest Dreams,” “Summer Day” and “This One’s for you”, they will show their sensitive side as well; the latter being a tribute to their fans. Holman Autry Band is known for the way they do cover songs. They will take a song, no matter how popular or unpopular, and revive it. Exceptional cover songs such as the Allman Brothers’ “Midnight Rider” and \"Come and Go Blues” and David Allan Coe’s “The Ride” make it difficult to hear the song played in its original form after hearing it played with the incomparable stylings of the Holman Autry Band. Discography Holman Autry Band (Self Titled) Tracks 1. Whiskey Wagon2. Glory Days3. Good at Lovin’ You4. Press On5. By Any Other Name6. St. Andrews Cross7. Fruition8. Dark Haired Woman9. Wildest Dreams10. Callin' You Out11. Summer Day12. A Night or Two13. This One's For You Sweet Southern Wind Tracks 1. Sweet Southern Wind2. Hear Me Callin'3. The Next Time4. Still Loud, Still Proud5. In A Little While6. Gypsy7. Long Nights8. New Breed9. Watch You Go10. I Ain't Bitter11. State Of Peace Nashville Sessions Tracks 1. Fruition2. St. Andrew's Cross3. Dark Haired Woman4. Press On5. Fruition 2 See also","title":"Holman Autry Band"},{"docid":"43174632","text":"\"Life Goes On\" is a song by the British rock band The Kinks. Appearing on their album Sleepwalker, it was written by the band's main songwriter, Ray Davies. Background At a concert, Ray Davies described the song as being about \"a man who tries to commit suicide and fails,\" jokingly calling it \"a nice, happy sort of song.\" The Kinks' guitarist, Dave Davies, said of the song's guitar solo, \"Ideally, if I'm emotionally stimulated, I feel like I can play anything. With 'Life Goes On', we sat down and Ray just started playing it. It was the song that was really important: the emotion it created, the hollowness of it, but the fullness, as well. Those kinds of things really get me going. It just came out, because it was still that period where you could go into a studio and make a decent recording in a couple of days; you didn't have to spend three weeks just trying to get a sound on a drum computer. You could actually go in and do a song and the solos at the same time. I play off Ray's vocals, the way he expresses himself. Although I love guitar, it's still only an instrument that should help the song. That's my musical role, in a way.\" Release \"Life Goes On\" was released as the ninth and final track on The Kinks' 1977 album Sleepwalker. Following the album release, the song was released as the B-side to the American version of Sleepwalker second single, \"Juke Box Music\", in May of that year (in the U.K. and Germany, the song \"Sleepless Night\" was used instead.) The single failed to chart. The song has since appeared on the box set The Arista Years. Critical opinion AllMusic critic Denise Sullivan said, \"A gentle acoustic guitar riff and organ lead into the touching story of 'Life Goes On' from the Kinks' 1977 album, Sleepwalker. As Ray Davies tells the story about a friend's suicide in an admonishing voice full of yearning, whining, and disbelief, brother Dave plays along empathetically with his layered rhythm guitar lead. It's an epic song filled with beautiful harmonies and musical touches that match the lyric. Plus, it closes out the album – as was the habit with the Kinks – with a song that sums up the action preceding it, musically and lyrically. Yet, it also stands entirely on its own and serves as the perfect segue to the follow-up album, in this case, Misfits. It's a feat worth noting when one song serves such multi-purposes.\" Rolling Stone writer Billy Altman said that \"in 'Life Goes On', we are warned that 'life'll hit you when you least expect it.' Yet in the end, there always remains a faint glimmer of hope: 'Take that frown off your head/'cause you're a long time dead. References 1977 songs The Kinks songs Songs written by Ray Davies","title":"Life Goes On (The Kinks song)"},{"docid":"15633996","text":"Eli Young Band is an American country music band composed of members who met while students at the University of North Texas in Denton, Texas: Mike Eli (lead vocals, guitar), James Young (guitar), Jon Jones (bass guitar), and Chris Thompson (drums). They released their self-titled debut album in 2002, followed by the Carnival records release Level in 2005. Their third album, Jet Black & Jealous, was released in 2008 by Universal South Records. A second major-label album, Life at Best, was released in 2011 by Republic Nashville, with 10,000 Towns following in early 2014. The band has charted eight times on the Billboard country charts, with four of their singles having reached No. 1: \"Crazy Girl\", which was the top country song of 2011 according to Billboard Year-End, along with \"Even If It Breaks Your Heart\", \"Drunk Last Night\", and \"Love Ain't\". Biography Mike Eli and James Young met at the University of North Texas where they became dorm roommates their freshman year. They played guitar and eventually began writing and singing songs together; they formed the acoustic duo, Eli & Young, while attending the University of North Texas and played locally at Rockin Rodeo before they got their big start. Chris Thompson and Jon Jones joined them later on and they became the Eli Young Band. They released Level on Carnival Records on April 5, 2005, and opened shows for Miranda Lambert. Level is their last Texas country album before becoming a Nashville act. Many of these songs can still be heard in their live shows today, such as \"Small Town Kid\" and \"Everything Is You\". Jet Black & Jealous While touring, they were also making songwriting a top priority and made time for writing trips and retreats at the Young family ranch. Energized with new songs, they were ready to begin working on a new album in late 2007. Working with producers Frank Liddell and Mike Wrucke (who have also produced for Lambert), they took time off from touring to record at Omni Studios in Nashville. Their third album, Jet Black & Jealous, was released in 2008. Its lead-off single, \"When It Rains\", spent 37 weeks on the country charts and peaked at No. 34. A second chart single, \"Always the Love Songs\" (co-written by David Lee Murphy and George Ducas), peaked at number 11 on Billboard. After it came \"Radio Waves\" and \"Guinevere\". Life at Best In 2011, the Eli Young Band moved to Republic Nashville and released their fifth overall single, \"Crazy Girl\" as the lead single off Life at Best. It became the band's first platinum-selling digital single, as well as their first No. 1 single, and also was the number 1 song on that year's Billboard Year-End charts. The band received three nominations for the 2012 Academy of Country Music Awards: Song of the Year, Top Vocal Group of the Year, and Single Record of the Year. On April 1, 2012, the band won the Academy of Country Music Award for Song of the","title":"Eli Young Band"},{"docid":"5004973","text":"Charles Negron II (born June 8, 1942) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known as a founding member and lead vocalist of the rock band Three Dog Night. Early life Chuck Negron was born on June 8, 1942, in Manhattan, New York City, to Charles Negron, a Puerto Rican nightclub singer, and Elizabeth Rooke. When Negron was five years old, his parents divorced. Negron and his twin sister, Nancy, were raised by their mother, who placed them in a daycare facility while she supported her young children. Though Negron refers to this facility as an orphanage, it was a mansion in the Bronx that contained a swimming pool, gymnasium, arts and crafts and more. The facility did house some long-term residents, though this did not include Negron and his sister. Negron grew up in the Bronx, where he sang in local doo-wop groups and played basketball both in schoolyard pick-up games and at William Howard Taft High School. He was recruited to play basketball at Allan Hancock College, a small community college in Santa Maria, California and played later at California State University, Los Angeles. Career In 1967, singer Danny Hutton invited Negron to join him and Cory Wells to found the band Three Dog Night. The group became one of the most successful bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s, selling approximately 60 million records and earning gold records for singles that featured Negron as lead singer, including \"One,\" \"Easy To Be Hard,\" \"Joy to the World,\" \"Old Fashioned Love Song\" and \"The Show Must Go On.\" Negron developed a serious heroin addiction, which began in the early 1970s. In July 1975, the British music magazine NME reported that Negron had been arrested for cocaine possession in Kentucky. Three Dog Night disbanded in 1976. After many attempts at rehabilitation, Negron overcame his addiction in September 1991 and embarked on a solo career, recording the albums: Am I Still in Your Heart? (1995) Joy to the World (1996), a Christmas CD Long Road Back (1999) Chuck Negron – Live in Concert (2001), a double CD set{{cite book|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/chuck-negron-live-in-concert-mw0000016251|title=Chuck Negron – Live In Concert|date=2001|author=Negron, Chuck|publisher=Sin-Drome Records}} recorded at Southern Methodist University (Dallas) and released on Sindrome Records, with sidemen Richard Campbell on bass guitar; Danny Mishkit on guitar, keyboards and saxophone; Frank Reina on drums; and Terence Elliott on lead guitarLive and In Concert (2005)The Chuck Negron Story (2005)Negron Generations (2017) Negron wrote his autobiography, Three Dog Nightmare (1999), in which he describes his life as a high school athlete and a member of a successful rock band. He writes about his descent into drug abuse and attributes his recovery from heroin addiction to his turning to God in desperation after dropping out from more than thirty drug treatment facilities. A revised edition with several new chapters was released in 2008 and an updated version was released in 2018. Personal life In 2006, Negron was featured in an episode of the A&E reality show Intervention'' about his son, Chuckie, and","title":"Chuck Negron"},{"docid":"4085947","text":"Roy Ernest Nichols (October 21, 1932 – July 3, 2001) was an American country music guitarist best known as the lead guitarist for Merle Haggard's band The Strangers for more than two decades. He was known for his guitar technique, a mix of fingerpicking and pedal steel-like bends, usually played on a Fender Telecaster electric guitar. Nichols is considered one of the founders of the country music subgenre the “Bakersfield Sound”, which includes such notable country artists as Haggard, Buck Owens, and Don Rich. Biography Roy Ernest Nichols was born in Chandler, Arizona, to Bruce and Lucille Nichols, as the first born of seven children. The Nichols family moved to Fresno, California, when he was two, where they owned a camp for migrant farm workers. Sometimes a traveling gypsy band would stay at the camp and the young Nichols would hide and watch them play. His father Bruce was also a musician, playing upright bass at local dances on the weekends in the San Joaquin Valley. Nichols was drawn to his father’s music. He learned some basic chords from his father and began playing in his father's band on the weekends when he was only 11. By age 14, Nichols began playing weekends with Curly Roberts and the Rangers; he earned $25 a week. Career Shortly before his 16th birthday, Nichols met Fred Maddox, of the Maddox Brothers and Rose, a colorful hillbilly band, who heard Nichols playing guitar on Fresno DJ Barney Lee's Saturday-morning radio program. Nichols, still only 16 years old, was earning $90, a considerable amount at the time. “He could play anything”, remembers Rose Maddox. “He was good at all of it. Every guitar picker in the country wanted to play like him, but none of them ever compared. He was one of a kind, but the music aside, he was like any 16-year-old kid - feisty, causing us trouble. But my mother brought him under.” At a Maddox show in Mesa, Arizona, a teenaged couple sat in the front row: Buck and Bonnie Campbell Owens, who found themselves fascinated with Nichols' playing. The Maddox Brothers toured out of state for extended periods, so Fred Maddox became Nichols' legal guardian while his brother, Henry Maddox, became the young musician's tutor. While in Las Vegas, although warned by Lula Maddox not to do so, Nichols began sneaking away to gamble, an activity that soon led to the guitarist being fired from the group. In his 18 months with the group, Nichols appeared on records for over 100 songs and played almost every evening. Returning to the valley, Nichols joined Smiley Maxidon on radio station KNGS in Hanford, California, where he performed for a regular one-hour live broadcast. Nichols stayed up all night playing dances several nights a week while still returning to the station to play his 7 am show. About a year later, the Texas-born, Bakersfield country music icon Lefty Frizzell hired the young guitarist, where future employer Merle Haggard first saw Nichols play 1953 at","title":"Roy Nichols"},{"docid":"5884036","text":"Ace is an album by Grateful Dead singer and guitarist Bob Weir. His first solo album, it was released in 1972. Weir's bandmates in the Grateful Dead back him on the album, and all but one of the songs became staples of the band's live shows. Recording and release The album's origins were an offer by the Dead's Warner Bros. Records label to have band members cut their own solo records, and it came out the same year as Jerry Garcia's Garcia and Mickey Hart's Rolling Thunder. However, in the case of Ace, Weir's backing band was the Dead itself (minus Ron \"Pigpen\" McKernan), and all songs except \"Walk in the Sunshine\" became concert staples of the Dead. The album is essentially a Grateful Dead recording in everything but name. In fact \"Mexicali Blues\" later appeared on the Grateful Dead album Skeletons from the Closet, and \"One More Saturday Night\" was first issued as a European single, in the guise of \"Grateful Dead with Bobby Ace\", to promote the band's then-imminent Europe '72 tour. Likewise, a live version of \"Playing in the Band\" had been released the previous year on Grateful Dead, having already been added to the band's repertoire. Dead bassist Phil Lesh explained \"One by one we sidled into the studio, saying things like 'Bob, I really like that tunegot a bass player for it yet?' or 'Hey Bob, need some keyboards on that ballad?' Drawn in by the new songs, we eventually assembled the whole band (minus Pig, who was still trying to regain his health) at Wally Heider’s [studio] and finished the album in a burst of enthusiasm. Bob’s songwriting had taken a great leap forward\". Versions of \"Greatest Story Ever Told\" and \"Playing in the Band\" also appear on percussionist Mickey Hart's Rolling Thunder, as \"The Pump Song\" and \"The Main Ten\", respectively, both of which were also sung by Weir. The album initiated Weir's writing partnership with his old schoolmate from Wyoming, John Barlow, as lyricist. Critical reception Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \"Weir can be preachy and screechy, but Robert Hunter's homiletics ('Playing in the Band') make up for John Barlow's post-hippie know-nothingisms ('Walk in the Sunshine'), and 'One More Saturday Night' isn't any less a rockabilly epiphany because it strains Bobby's vocal chords—that just adds a note of authenticity. With Barlow redeeming himself on the elegiac pre-hippie fable 'Cassidy' and Keith Godchaux sounding like a cross between Chick Corea and Little Richard, this is the third in a series that began with Workingman's Dead and American Beauty.\" Track listing Personnel Bob Weir – lead vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, production Jerry Garcia – lead guitar, production; pedal steel guitar on \"Looks Like Rain\", backup vocals on \"Greatest Story Ever Told\" Keith Godchaux – piano, organ, production Bill Kreutzmann – drums, percussion, production Phil Lesh – bass guitar, production; backup vocals on \"Mexicali Blues\" Additional personnel Ed Bogas – string arrangement on \"Looks Like","title":"Ace (Bob Weir album)"},{"docid":"12836762","text":"\"Somebody\" is a rock song written by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance for Adams fourth studio album Reckless (1984). It was the second single released from the album Reckless. The song topped the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart and peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. Critical reception Stewart Mason from Allmusic said \"Following the Big Rawk Anthem ('Run to You') and the Sensitive Power Ballad ('Heaven'), 'Somebody' covers the third base as a straight-ahead singalong pop song with a killer chorus. A gift to an entire generation of cover bands working the bar circuit, 'Somebody' has a chorus so simple and catchy that you can actually sing along to it even if you've never actually heard the song before, and Adams and his indispensable musical partner, Jim Vallance, helpfully point out the feasibility of said activity by incorporating a large, somewhat ragged group of backing vocalists for the lengthy vamp of a fadeout. Rather like 'Run to You,' 'Somebody' is just slightly too schematic to qualify as an all-time heartland rock classic, but it still sounds good on the radio.\" Chart performance \"Somebody\" was released in the winter of 1985 and became one of the most successful songs from Reckless on the American rock charts and arguably one of Adams' most recognizable and popular songs. The song was Adams' second number one hit on the Top Rock Tracks chart, where it spent two weeks, and peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. \"Somebody\" reached number 13 on the Canadian singles chart and remained in the top 20 for six weeks. \"Somebody\" was Adams' third top 20 hit on the Canadian chart. \"Somebody\" was released the following month in Europe and peaked at the number 20 in Ireland and at 35 on the UK Singles Chart becoming his third single to chart in Europe. Music videos There are two music videos for the song. One features visual footage shot at the Massey Hall in Toronto, ON, over three nights on January 8, 9 and 10, 1985 of Adams and his band performing the song live, with the audience screaming in the background. The video was produced by Concert Productions International who used the single's soundtrack off the LP and mixed that with the sound of a taped audience. The other shows Adams walking out of a stadium and through a field, interspersed with shots of him with his guitar, as well as a woman (played by Lysette Anthony) who appears to be having relationship problems with her boyfriend; the video culminates with Adams walking out onto the field of a packed football stadium while a video of him playing the song plays on the big screen. Track listing Personnel Bryan Adams – lead and backing vocals, lead and rhythm guitars Keith Scott – lead guitar, backing vocals Tommy Mandel – keyboards Dave Taylor – bass Mickey Curry – drums Jim Vallance – percussion Chart positions File sharing lawsuit \"Somebody\" was part of the 24 songs, for","title":"Somebody (Bryan Adams song)"},{"docid":"992729","text":"The Casanovas are an Australian hard rock band, which formed in 1999 by Patrick Boyce on drums, his brother Tommy on lead vocals and lead guitar, and Jimmy Lewis on bass guitar. They have released an EP Keep It Hot (2002), and five albums, The Casanovas (2004), All Night Long (2006), Terra Casanova (2015), Reptilian Overlords (2020) and Backseat Rhythms (2023). History The Casanovas were formed in late 1999 in Melbourne as a hard rock trio by brothers Patrick \"Paddy\" Boyce on drums and Tommy Boyce (a.k.a. Tommy Love) on lead vocals and lead guitar, with Jimmy Lewis on bass guitar. They released their debut single, \"10 Outta 10\", in August 2000. They added another guitarist, James Saunders shortly after. Their first extended play, Keep It Hot was released in September 2002. During 2002 Saunders left and Lewis was replaced on bass by Damian \"Damo\" Campbell. Starting in December 2002 they toured Australia, United Kingdom and supported New Zealand group, the Datsuns, for their European tour. This was followed by five dates in the United States in March 2003. Their single, \"Shake It\", received considerable Triple J airplay. Carly Sticpewich of Oz Music Project described it as \"hip-shaking rock turned up to 11 that you can get drunk to while you figure out how you're going to become as cool as singer/guitarist Tommy Love. Which, of course, is impossible because rock stars as cool as this are damn hard to imitate. Eat your heart out.\" They toured with the Datsuns, again, in October 2003 to New Zealand. They followed by two more Australian tours; one with the Living End in November–December. In December 2003 Paddy Boyce left the group and was replaced on drums by Jordan \"Jaws\" Stanley (ex-the Onyas) in the following January. Campbell explained \"It was long time coming and everyone is still on good relations but Paddy just wanted to go and do other projects... We had to train [Stanley] up nice and quick. His first two shows were in Sydney with the Darkness and then The Big Day Out. That's putting the pressure on.\" They followed by another tour in early 2004 with Starky and the Specimens. Their debut self-titled album, was released in May 2004. Oz Music Projects Tim Coyle felt they \"have been cruising on the groundswell of enthusiasm for four-square beats and power chord + clever-dick-solo guitar pyrotechnics, providing their rock mission statement.\" AllMusic's Eduardo Rivadavia observed that they \"not only succeed at pulling off mirror-image AC/DC blues bombers like 'Livin' in the City', 'Shake It', and evergreen first single, '10 Outta 10', with remarkably little evident guilt; they also know how and when to step out of the box without embarrassing themselves.\" They went on to play some dates in New York City in July and then a tour of Japan in September 2004. A second album, All Night Long was released in 2006, from which they have released two singles, \"Born to Run\" and \"California\". Born to Run was featured on","title":"The Casanovas"},{"docid":"25613728","text":"Message was a hard rock band that was formed in New Jersey around 1980. The original members of the band were Dean Fasano (lead vocals, guitar), Simon Gannett (organ), Bruce Foster (keyboard), Andy Rubbo (drums), Richie Sambora (guitar), and Alec John Such (bass). The latter two would leave Message to form the classic lineup of Bon Jovi. The band disbanded shortly after releasing one record, but the lead singer, Dean Fasano released three more records later under the band name with different members. History 1980s The band was formed in 1980 by Dean Fasano. He sang lead vocals, while Richie Sambora played guitar, Alec John Such played bass, Andy Rubbo played drums, Simon Gannett played organ and Bruce Foster played both electric and acoustic piano. Shortly after the band was formed, they put out a self-titled album from their very own company. Due to the lack of money, the band did only 1800 pressings of the album, and they had to sell it from the trunk of their cars. Two years after the forming of Message, they got the opportunity to be an opening act for Joe Cocker. Unfortunately, they did not have the money to tour over a long period of time, therefore they only played a few dates on the Joe Cocker tour. When the band returned to its roots in Sayreville in New Jersey, some of the band members met Jon Bon Jovi from \"Jon Bon Jovi and the Wild Ones\". This meeting would cause both Richie Sambora and Alec John Such to leave Message in favor of Jon Bon Jovi's new band, Bon Jovi. The members of Message parted ways, but they would still stay in touch with each other for some time. After the breakup, some bootlegs from the Joe Cocker tour was put out for sale in Europe, and it hit the charts in some countries. 1990s and 2000s The band would not release a record until 1995, when their first album was re-released in CD. A few years later, the lead singer, Dean Fasano formed a new Message. This time the line up included Mike Walsh (guitar, keyboard and bass), Tom DeRossi (guitar), Jeff Thompsen (bass), Steve D’Acurtis (guitar, bass and sitar) and various other musicians. The new Message released an album called \"Fine Line\" in 1998. Only two years later, in 2000, Dean Fasano would put together another lineup of Message. This time the line up was Dean Fasano (lead vocals and keyboards), Tim Hewitt (bass), Aaron Anderson (drums, percussions), Steve Morris (guitar and keyboard), Chris Ousey (harmony and backing vocals) and David Chapman (keyboards). The album was called \"Outside Looking In\". This was the last studio album that Message released. Another re-release of the first Message album was done the same year as \"Outside Looking In\" came out. This time the album was called \"Lessons\" and it contained bonus songs such as \"Diana\", \"Living In The Night\" and \"Dance Of The Dead\". In 2006, Dean Fasano released live songs from the","title":"Message (band)"},{"docid":"7997544","text":"The Black Pine is an American alternative rock band from Los Angeles, California. They formed in 1999 and have released five albums. History The Black Pine consists mainly of Mitch Cichocki (guitar, lead vocals), Jason Bacher (bass guitar), and Emma Kathan (drums, guitar, vocals). Other members include: Adeline Fargier Jasso, Nathaniel Farringer, Ian Latchmansingh and James Scott Rubia. The Black Pine formed in 1999 in Los Angeles, CA. They played their first show in 2000 at Los Angeles club, Spaceland, with Lou Barlow and Chokebore. In summer 2002, The Black Pine released its first E.P. entitled The Sexlife of Flowers. The band worked with the actor/director Adam Goldberg to score two of his films, Running with the Bulls, which was premiered on the Independent Film Channel in 2003, and I Love Your Work, which starred Christina Ricci, Giovanni Ribisi, Jason Lee and Franka Potente. The Black Pine also played as the backing band for the comedian Sarah Silverman's one woman show, \"Sarah Silverman: Jesus Is Magic\", performed at Second City in Los Angeles and The Canon Theater in Beverly Hills, California. The band released its second album, With Us, on the independent label, The New Black, founded by the Los Angeles band, The Antarcticans. Two songs from the album \"With Us\" : Early Morning and Focus 6 were featured in the film \"Under Still Waters\" starring Lake Bell, Jason Clarke, and Clifton Collins Jr. . The band's third album, \"Still Life\" was released in September 2008 on June le Fit records. \"The Morning Sun\", the band's fourth album was self released in February 2012. Members of The Black Pine played on Troy Von Balthazar's album \"How To Live On Nothing\", released on Third Side Records in 2010 and Troy Von Balthazar sang on the song, \"Paradise\" from The Black Pine album \"Still Life\". Members of The Black Pine played with the actor/director/musician Adam Goldberg under the name LANDy; the title of the album is Eros and Omissions, and was released in June 2010 on Apology Music Records. Guitarist from The Black Pine: Adeline Fargier Jasso toured with Cat Power as guitarist and backup singer for the Sun album released 2012. Adeline also toured as a guitarist and backup singer with Troy Von Balthazar. Adeline also appears on the upcoming Cat Power record Covers. In 2018 The Black Pine released a single with two songs \"The Moonlight\" \"And The Sea\". \"And The Sea\" features Eric Nichelson of the band Midlake. Mitchell Cichocki and Emma Kathan have released electronic music under the name Glass Night available through AMDISCS - London. Mitchell Cichocki has a solo electronic album released under the name Quiet Mansions. Emma Kathan has a solo electronic album released under the name Night House of Venus. Guitarist James Scott Rubia has a solo electronic album under the name Animal Clinic and is a guitarist/keyboardist singer in the band Kairos Creature Club (Greenway Records). Discography The Sexlife of Flowers (2003) Sinusoid Disappear Sexlife of Flowers Lighter Deep Water Peru With Us","title":"The Black Pine"},{"docid":"30369425","text":"\"The Loner\" is a song by Neil Young, his first solo single. It was released on his solo debut album in November 1968, and then an edited version as his debut solo single three months later on Reprise Records. It missed the Billboard Hot 100 chart completely, but over time has become a staple of his performance repertoire. Both it and \"Sugar Mountain\", its B-side recorded live at the Canterbury House in Ann Arbor, Michigan, were released on album together for his 1977 compilation, Decade. History \"The Loner\" was written while Buffalo Springfield was in its last throes. The widely held assumption that the song was written about Stephen Stills (who covered the song on his 1976 album Illegal Stills) can perhaps not be disproved (Young himself rarely provides clarity on such issues), but it is perhaps more likely that the song is autobiographical in nature, especially since Young was, of all Springfield members, the most bothered by playing as a member of a band. Recorded with former Springfield member Jim Messina (bass) and George Grantham (drums) (they were uncredited on the album sleeve), it is the first Young track produced by David Briggs, with whom Young would collaborate until Briggs's death. Strings were arranged by David Blumberg, whom Young met through Briggs. Young's guitar is in Double drop D tuning; \"psycho guitar noises\" were made, according to Briggs, by putting the guitar through a Leslie speaker (the sound has also been referred to as a \"fuzztoned rave-up\"). The lyrics are characterized by dread and disorientation, coming from an \"immobile protagonist\" who \"witnesses extraordinary visual displays\". Praise came quickly. Rolling Stone said: \"'The Loner' is a contemporary lament that features a nice blending of Neil's guitar with strings in non-obtrusive fashion, allowing Young's balanced ice-pick vocal to chip effectively at the listener.\" Cash Box said that there was \"tremendous power in the instrumentals and [Young's] vocal.\" Allmusic critic Matthew Greenwald stated that \"lyrically, it's one of Young's finest autobiographical songs, a virtual self-portrait. The song is still played live, as is one other song from Neil Young, \"The Old Laughing Lady\". Stephen Stills has played the song live with and without Young. The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1970 movie The Strawberry Statement and is included on the movie soundtrack album. Notable covers \"The Loner\" has been covered by the following artists: Three Dog Night on their debut album (1968) Richie Havens on Mixed Bag II (1974) Stephen Stills on Illegal Stills (1976) Henry Kaiser on Heart's Desire (1990) Nils Lofgren on his tribute album The Loner - Nils Sings Neil (2008) Boxer on their 1979 album Bloodletting Ty Segall on his 2018 covers album Fudge Sandwich References External links AllMusic review Songs about loneliness 1969 debut singles Neil Young songs Three Dog Night songs Reprise Records singles Song recordings produced by David Briggs (record producer) 1968 songs Songs written by Neil Young Song recordings produced by Neil Young","title":"The Loner (Neil Young song)"},{"docid":"14258034","text":"Lost Highway: The Concert is the fourth live DVD from American rock band Bon Jovi. The DVD shows the band performing the Lost Highway album in its entirety to an audience of approximately 2,000 people in Chicago Illinois. It is the first time in the band's history that they have performed an entire album in sequence live. After they completed performing the album in its entirety, the band played three of their hits: \"It's My Life\", \"Wanted Dead or Alive\" and \"Who Says You Can't Go Home\". The concert was released as a bonus audio disk with the German and UK version of Lost Highway on May 16, 2008, under the name Lost Highway: Tour Edition. Performance information On the songs that have female vocals on the album (\"Seat Next to You\" and \"Till We Ain't Strangers Anymore\"), violinist Lorenza Ponce sings the parts performed by the original artists on the studio versions. \"Any Other Day\" features solos from Bobby Bandiera (rhythm guitar), Kurt Johnston (pedal steel guitar), Lorenza Ponce (violin), David Bryan (keyboards) and finishing with an extended solo from lead guitarist Richie Sambora. This stretches the song to over 8 minutes, double the length of the studio version. Track listing Lost Highway Summertime (You Want To) Make a Memory Whole Lot of Leavin' We Got It Going On Any Other Day Seat Next to You Everybody's Broken Till We Ain't Strangers Anymore The Last Night One Step Closer I Love This Town It's My Life Wanted Dead or Alive Who Says You Can't Go Home Technical notes The European release, while having the correct region coding on the DVD, is still in the American NTSC picture format. The bonus performances are formatted as a 4:3 frame with a letterbox, which when viewed on a widescreen set produces a black area around all sides of the picture (windowboxing). Band personnel Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi – vocals, acoustic guitar Richie Sambora – lead guitar, backing vocals David Bryan – keyboards, backing vocals Tico Torres – drums, percussion Additional musicians Hugh McDonald – bass Bobby Bandiera – rhythm guitar, backing vocals Lorenza Ponce – violin, viola, backing vocals Kurt Johnston – pedal steel, mandolin Charts and certifications Peak positions Certifications References Bon Jovi video albums 2007 video albums Live video albums 2007 live albums","title":"Lost Highway: The Concert"},{"docid":"1350077","text":"Rudolf Schenker (born 31 August 1948) is a German guitarist, founder and leader of the hard rock band Scorpions. He is the rhythm/lead guitarist, primary songwriter and the sole constant member of the band. He is also the CEO/owner-manager of the Scorpions Musik-Produktions-und Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (Scorpions music production and publishing company) and owner/founder of the Scorpio-Sound-Studios in Lower Saxony. He is the older brother of Michael Schenker. Career Since founding Scorpions in 1965, Schenker has become one of the major driving forces in the band's songwriting and musical direction. He has been Scorpions' most consistent member, appearing on every album and every tour. His younger brother Michael Schenker was a member of the Scorpions in the band's early days, before joining UFO. Schenker was awarded the City of Hanover Plaque as well as the Cross of Merit First Class of the Lower Saxony Order of Merit in 2000. Playing style In an interview on World Wide Live video, Schenker mentioned that his goal is grounded in compositional skill more than technical skill. While most Scorpions' guitar solos are performed by lead guitarist Matthias Jabs, there are some notable exceptions in which Schenker plays the solos instead of rhythm guitar, such as \"Wind of Change\", \"Always Somewhere\", \"Still Loving You\", \"Send Me an Angel\", \"Lady Starlight\", \"Big City Nights\", \"As Soon as the Good Times Roll\", \"When the Smoke Is Going Down\", \"Animal Magnetism\", \"Through My Eyes\", \"SLY\" and \"Rock 'N' Roll Band\". Schenker is known for his energetic riffing and wild live performances, which often includes swinging his guitar over his head and throwing the guitar up and catching it. He also sang lead vocals on four Scorpions songs: \"They Need a Million\", \"Drifting Sun\", \"Hey You\" and \"Love is the Answer\". Equipment While Schenker began playing with a Fender Stratocaster, he is primarily known for playing Gibson Flying Vs. On the Acoustica DVD, he is seen playing an acoustic Flying V made especially for him by Dommenget. He now uses Dean acoustic V models. Some of Schenker's main live guitars in recent years have been Dommenget — the same maker that produced Klaus Meine's live guitar and many guitars for Matthias Jabs. Schenker's signature models are \"Gibson Rudolf Schenker Flying V\", the Dommenget \"Ferrari\" V, PGG \"Scorpions Golden Jubilee\" Flying V, PGG \"Veetle\" Flying V and the \"Scorpions\" V. In the past, he primarily used Marshall amps, using their JMP, JCM800 2203, and JCM800 2205 heads. Currently, he uses ENGL amps, endorsing the E 650 Ritchie Blackmore signature heads. References External links Official site for Rudolf Schenker's biography -- (broken link as of dec 16, 2020) The Second Supper interview with Rudolf Schenker -- (broken link as of dec 16, 2020) Rudolf Schenker audio interview on Guitar Jam Daily Interview with Rudolf Schenker (2010) 1948 births Living people People from Hildesheim German rock guitarists German male guitarists German heavy metal guitarists Scorpions (band) members Rhythm guitarists Glam metal musicians","title":"Rudolf Schenker"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"671340\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Takin' Care of Business\\\" is a song written by Randy Bachman and first recorded by Canadian rock group Bachman–Turner Overdrive (BTO) for their 1973 album Bachman–Turner Overdrive II. The lead vocal is sung by Randy. Development Randy Bachman had developed what would later become \\\"Takin' Care of Business\\\" while still a member of The Guess Who. His original idea was to write about a recording technician who worked on The Guess Who's recordings. This particular technician would take the 8:15 train to get to work, inspiring the lyrics \\\"take the 8:15 into the city\\\". In the early arrangement for the song, which had the working title \\\"White Collar Worker\\\", the chorus riff and vocal melody were similar to that of The Beatles' \\\"Paperback Writer\\\" (which in turn was inspired by a Chuck Berry song Johnny B. Goode). When Bachman first played this version for Burton Cummings, Cummings declared that he was ashamed of him and that The Guess Who would never record the song because the Beatles would sue them. Bachman still felt like the main riff and verses were good, it was only when the song got to the chorus that everyone hated it. While BTO was still playing smaller venues in support of its first album, Bachman was driving into Vancouver for a gig and listening to the radio when he heard local DJ Daryl B's catch phrase \\\"We're takin' care of business\\\". Lead vocalist Fred Turner's voice gave out before the band's last set that night. Bachman sang some cover songs to get through the last set, and on a whim, he told the band to play the C, B-flat and F chords (a I-VII-IV progression) over and over, and he sang \\\"White Collar Worker\\\" with the new words \\\"Takin' Care of Business\\\" inserted into the chorus. Recalled Randy: \\\"When we finished the song that night, people kept clapping, stomping, and shouting 'takin' care of business' over and over. So we picked up the tempo again and reprised the song for another ten minutes. Afterwards, we all knew we had something.\\\" After this, he rewrote the lyrics to \\\"White Collar Worker\\\" with a new chorus and the title \\\"Takin' Care of Business\\\". The new lyrics also take a self-ironic glance at the idea of glamorous rock stars who don't really need to work, contrasted with working-class men, in a vein that prefigured Dire Straits' Money for Nothing a decade later. Along with this he wrote a revised guitar riff, which was the I-VII-IV progression played with a shuffle. Bachman says he then handed over the lyrics to Fred Turner with the thought that Turner would sing the lead vocal. But Turner handed them back, saying Randy should sing the lead as it would give himself a needed vocal break when the band performed live. The original studio version, recorded at Kaye-Smith Studios in Seattle, Washington, features prominent piano, played by Norman Durkee. The reason for Durkee's presence at the studio, and on the track, has been the\",\n \"title\": \"Takin' Care of Business (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21614115\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"(You Can Still) Rock in America\\\" is a song written by Jack Blades and Brad Gillis, and the first single released from Night Ranger's 1983 album Midnight Madness. Former Deep Purple and Black Sabbath singer Glenn Hughes contribute backing vocals on the song. Background Night Ranger were on tour in Springfield, Illinois with Sammy Hagar in 1983. Singer Jack Blades bought several music magazines in town on his day off, many of which proclaimed \\\"rock is dead\\\" in favor of new wave artists like Thompson Twins or the Cure. Blades refused to believe it, as his band and Sammy Hagar had played so many concerts on their tour with thousands of screaming fans who seemed to think rock and roll was still very much alive. He came up with the chorus first, and then wrote some verses based on what fans would tell him about the lengths they went to to attend rock concerts. \\\"So I just took this one girl's idea of what she was telling me, and I wrote that as a commentary on what I was seeing out there when everybody was saying rock was dead. And that ended up being sort of an anthem for Night Ranger, for sure,\\\" said Blades. Track listing Personnel Night Ranger Jack Blades – bass, lead vocals Alan Fitzgerald – keyboards Brad Gillis – guitars, vocals Kelly Keagy – drums, vocals Jeff Watson – guitars, vocals Additional musicians Glenn Hughes – backing vocals on \\\"(You Can Still) Rock in America\\\" Charts In popular culture A re-recording of the song is downloadable content for Rock Band 2 and is a playable track on Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. \\\"(You Can Still) Rock in America\\\" was the opening credits theme song for the television series Rock 'N' America. A snippet plays during the series finale of The Drew Carey Show. References 1983 songs 1983 singles Night Ranger songs MCA Records singles Songs written by Jack Blades Songs written by Brad Gillis\",\n \"title\": \"(You Can Still) Rock in America\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1973136\",\n \"text\": \"Nightlife is the fourth studio album by Irish rock band Thin Lizzy, released on 8 November 1974 by Vertigo Records. It was produced by Ron Nevison and bandleader Phil Lynott, and was the first album to feature the band as a quartet with newcomers Scott Gorham and Brian Robertson on guitars. Some reissue CDs, and occasionally other sources, spell the album title as Night Life, the same as the song title. However the original album title is Nightlife. The song \\\"Philomena\\\" was written for Lynott's mother. Album artwork The album cover, designed by Jim Fitzpatrick, shows a panther-like creature in a city scene. The panther is often thought to be intended to represent Lynott, but Fitzpatrick has confirmed that the panther referred to the Black Panthers and African-American political figures like Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Reception Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described Nightlife as an \\\"underrated gem of a record\\\", but a \\\"complete anomaly within their catalog\\\"... \\\"a subdued, soulful record, smooth in ways that Thin Lizzy never were before and rarely were afterwards\\\". He singles out \\\"She Knows\\\" as \\\"gently propulsive, [and] utterly addictive\\\", but adds that there are \\\"still moments of tough, primal rock 'n' roll\\\", such as \\\"It's Only Money\\\" and \\\"Sha-La-La\\\". Martin Popoff judged the album \\\"more enigmatic, sincere and philosophically complex than much else rock 'n' roll out there at the time\\\", but also \\\"too distant from the band's heart and soul\\\" and overtly into black music, with Lynott \\\"searching for ways to pay homage to his racial heritage.\\\" Cover versions American metal band Slough Feg covered \\\"Sha-La-La\\\" on a 2006 split with Bible of the Devil, and again on their 2011 live album Made in Poland. Concrete Blonde covered \\\"It's Only Money\\\" on their 1989 album Free. \\\"It's Only Money\\\" was re-recorded 35 years later by Robertson on his 2011 solo album Diamonds and Dirt. The Obsessed covered \\\"It's Only Money\\\" on their 2017 album Sacred. John Norum covered \\\"It's Only Money\\\" on his 2010 album Play Yard Blues. Sade covered “Still In Love with You” as a new track on her 2011 collection The Ultimate Collection. Track listings The song \\\"Night Life\\\" borrows the title and chorus of Willie Nelson's 1960 song \\\"Night Life\\\", but Nelson is not credited on the album. On the cassette version, the positions of \\\"She Knows\\\" and \\\"Showdown\\\" were reversed. Remastered edition A remastered 2-CD set deluxe edition of Nightlife was released on 12 March 2012. Singles Philomena/Sha-La-La – 7\\\" (1974) It’s Only Money/Night Life – 7\\\" (1974) Showdown/Night Life – 7\\\" (1974) Personnel Thin Lizzy Phil Lynott – bass guitar, vocals, acoustic guitar, producer Scott Gorham – guitars Brian Robertson – guitars, backing vocals Brian Downey – drums, percussion Additional musicians Frankie Miller – joint lead vocals on \\\"Still in Love with You\\\" Gary Moore – lead guitar on \\\"Still in Love with You\\\" & tracks 7-9 on disc 2 Jean Alain Roussel – Hammond B3, piano on tracks 1, 4, 5 and 10\",\n \"title\": \"Nightlife (Thin Lizzy album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2988725\",\n \"text\": \"Vito Bratta (born July 1, 1961) is an American guitarist and the former co songwriter for the glam metal band White Lion. He co-founded White Lion with lead singer Mike Tramp in 1983 and played with the band until 1991. Bio Bratta began playing guitar at the age of 13 and later became a member of a cover band from New Jersey called Dreamer. In 1982, he was a frontrunner to replace Bernie Tormé in Ozzy Osbourne's band but clashed with manager Sharon Osbourne and lost out to Brad Gillis. He was then asked to replace Ace Frehley in Kiss but declined after being asked to change his name. In 1983 he formed White Lion together with Mike Tramp where he was a member until the band's breakup in 1991. During the band's heyday he often played on a Steinberger and ESP's guitars. In the September 1989 issue of Guitar World, he graced the cover for the first time. When White Lion disbanded in September 1991, he soon started a short-lived project together with singer John Levesque that they called \\\"Civil War\\\" but was discontinued after a while. The last available guitar track Vito did was a guest appearance on the Coven, Pitrelli, O'reilly 1992 album CPR, on the track E-11 where he plays the final solo. After 1992, he has rarely been seen in public. He still lives where he grew up on Staten Island where he works to take care of his family. In 2003, Mike Tramp attempted to reunite with Bratta but was unsuccessful. Tramp talked about Bratta in later interviews with Anarchy Music, claiming Bratta was always quiet and maintained a certain distance from the rest of the band. On February 16, 2007, Bratta gave his first live interview in over 12 years. The following points were revealed during the Eddie Trunk interview: Bratta's father went through a 5-year illness, which required a large amount of personal time and commitment on Vito's part, both emotionally and financially. In 1997, he injured his wrist and finds it painful to move his hand up and down an electric guitar's neck; however he still manages to play classical guitars without excessive discomfort. In addition, he clarified that he has never ruled out a White Lion/Mike Tramp reunion; up until now, they have simply been impossible due to family obligations and his wrist injury. In April 2007, Vito Bratta made his first public musical appearances in over 15 years, at both Friday and Saturday nights shows at the L'Amour Reunion Shows in New York. Aside from this, Bratta has kept a low profile, but did agree to be featured in Richard Bienstock and Tom Beaujour’s book \\\"Nothin' But a Good Time.” And he also interviewed with journalist Matt Wake for Guitar World Magazine as featured in 2022’s ‘80s issue. In 2023, Bratta agreed to an interview with journalist Andrew Daly for Guitar World Magazine, as well as another (also with Daly) for Guitar World Online regarding “Guitarists Who Shaped His\",\n \"title\": \"Vito Bratta\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5693672\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Talley (born August 17, 1947) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter and author. He began his career as lead guitarist for the Grammy-nominated group The Box Tops who were famous for hits like \\\"The Letter\\\", and \\\"Cry Like a Baby\\\". Career After his initial stint with The Box Tops, Talley played with musicians Jerry Butler, Billy Lee Riley, Hank Ballard, and Ace Cannon at the Sounds of Memphis Studio and later at Universal Studios also in Memphis. His reputation led him to the larger market of Atlanta in 1972, where he toured with Pat Boone, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Dobie Gray, Freda Payne, Billy Joe Royal, and many others. Talley relocated to Nashville in 1981 where he recorded with Willie Nelson, Tammy Wynette, Waylon Jennings, Sam Moore (of the duo Sam and Dave), and others. He has written songs recorded by Keith Whitley, The Box Tops, James Cotton, T. G. Sheppard, Fish Heads & Rice and others. He has continued writing and teaching, while at the same time playing television appearances, live events or touring with artists like Billy Preston, Sam Moore, Pam Tillis, Brenda Lee, Tammy Wynette, Rufus Thomas, Tim McGraw, The Drifters, Sam \\\"the Sham\\\" Samudio, David Lee Murphy, Bobby Whitlock, Tracy Nelson, Mac Gayden, Bobby Bare, Ray Vega, Deirdre Reilly, the Hombres, Jason D. Williams, James Carr, Al Watkins, and Little Eva among others. Publications like Acoustic Guitar and American Songwriter have published cover stories, articles and lessons about his career as a guitar instructor. In 1999, Talley created “Guitar Playing for Songwriters” the first instructional guitar video designed for songwriters. His specialized technique is tailored to accommodate the needs of songwriters. His students have included stars like Pam Tillis, and Sherrié Austin, Amanda Hunt-Taylor, Rory Bourke, Monty Powell, Holly Lamar and Tom Douglas. After a six-year hiatus following the death of The Box Tops lead singer, Alex Chilton in 2010, Gary and remaining original bass player Bill Cunningham reunited The Box Tops and began touring in 2016. In 2017 The Box Tops joined The Happy Together Tour with The Turtles, The Association, The Cowsills, Chuck Negron of Three Dog Night, and Ron Dante of The Archies. The Summer tour played 48 cities across the U.S. and entertained over 200,000 fans. Gary continues to teach guitar when he's not touring with The Box Tops, and plays various live shows and recording sessions in Nashville. On November 1, 2018, Talley was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall Of Fame, as a founding member of The Box Tops. In 2020, Talley began accompanying the singing of his 93-year old mother Nita Talley in a series of Youtube videos. These songs, especially the old-style gospel numbers, on which they sing harmony with Belinda Lee Leslie, have been made into CDs, and a portion of the proceedings go to the Wounded Warrior Project in honor of Gary's late father, Charles Talley. In 2022, at the age of 95, with three CDs available, Nita Talley was still recording with Gary Talley. References\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Talley\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35539259\",\n \"text\": \"Up All Night is the debut studio album by American country music artist Kip Moore. It was released on April 24, 2012, by MCA Nashville. The album includes the number one single, \\\"Somethin' 'Bout a Truck\\\". In 2017, the album was certified Platinum in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Critical reception Up All Night received generally positive reception from music critics. Metacritic assigns a \\\"weighted average\\\" metascore to albums based upon the reviews and ratings of selected independent reviewers, and the album score is a 67, which means it received \\\"generally favorable\\\" reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave it three stars, saying that it is \\\"shameless in its attempt to win you over, and […] that eager-to-please nature winds up ingratiating whether you like it or not.\\\" Bobby Peacock of Roughstock praised Moore's voice and the production, saying that Moore \\\"touches on so many country cornerstones […] in a believable fashion.\\\" A positive review also came from the Great American Country writer Daryl Addison, who said that it \\\"carries a unique sound that fits somewhere between ramblin’ man storytelling, hook-driven contemporary country and atmospheric blue-collar rock.\\\" Country Standard Time'''s Michael Rampa was less favorable, criticizing the themes of some songs for \\\"paying women with alcohol\\\". At Country Weekly, Jessica Nicholson gave a positive review of the album, remarking that \\\"Kip's grainy, warm and confident vocal delivery ties the tales together into a believable tapestry. Brian Mansfield of USA Today rated the album two-and-a-half stars, observing that \\\"Moore's blue-collar grit is welcome, but only on Reckless (Still Growin' Up) does he approach his heroes.\\\" Billboard rated the album a 3.5 out of 5, stating, \\\"Moore spends much of his debut album, Up All Night, outlining the pleasures to be had from hot women and cold beverages.\\\" Taste of Country's Billy Dukes rated the album four stars, writing, \\\"Like Eric Church before him, this singer may struggle to find consistent mainstream success, but it’s not because of a lack of high-quality material.\\\" At PopMatters, Dave Heaton rated the album six out of ten discs, saying, \\\"It’s still generic, but takes a somewhat different turn, which is true for the entire LP.\\\" In 2017, Billboard contributor Chuck Dauphin placed four tracks from the album on his top 10 list of Moore's best songs: \\\"Beer Money\\\" at number one, \\\"Somethin' 'Bout a Truck\\\" at number three, \\\"Hey Pretty Girl\\\" at number five and \\\"Faith When I Fall\\\" at number ten. Track listing Personnel Adapted from the Up All Night'' liner notes. Musicians Mike Brignardello – bass guitar Adam Browder – electric guitar Steve Bryant – bass guitar Howard Duck – keyboards Mike Durham – electric guitar Tommy Harden – drums Brett James – background vocals Charlie Judge – keyboards Troy Lancaster – acoustic guitar, electric guitar Dave Lapsley – electric guitar Rob McNelley – electric guitar Kip Moore – acoustic guitar, lead vocals, background vocals Mike Rojas – keyboards Scotty Sanders —steel guitar Scott Williamson – drums Technical\",\n \"title\": \"Up All Night (Kip Moore album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54749838\",\n \"text\": \"Unsung Prophets and Dead Messiahs is the sixth studio album by the Israeli oriental metal band, Orphaned Land, and was released on January 26, 2018. It is the first album to feature guitarist Idan Amsalem who replaced multi-instrumentalist and lead guitarist, Yossi Sassi, a founding member of the band, in 2014. Unsung Prophets and Dead Messiahs is Orphaned Land's fourth concept album, following 2010's The Never Ending Way of ORwarriOR, that once again utilizes the concept of light and darkness to convey its message. Described by the band's main vocalist, Kobi Farhi, as \\\"a protest album, a very angry album,\\\" Unsung Prophets and Dead Messiahs is based around Plato's Allegory of the cave - that is that humanity is figuratively trapped in a dark cave; all of their truths are shadows they see in the dark cave, and they will kill anyone who tries to take them out of the cave and bring them into the light. Orphaned Land believe that this allegory still holds true today, and acts as a prophecy 2000 years later, and thus Plato is \\\"an ancient prophet in a way.\\\" Kobi has stated that revolutionaries and leaders are always being assassinated, and are thus like \\\"dead messiahs in a way.\\\" He stated that the albums is a projection on humanity that instead of blaming religion or politicians on society's problems, that it's the people who prefer to remain trapped in the darkness; however, if humanity can break free from their chains, the world would be a place that we could not understand unless we try to embrace it. The album was mixed by Jens Bogren, just like their last album, All Is One, and mastered by Tony Lindgren, with much of the recording and production responsibilities done by Yonaton Kossov and Idan Amsalem in Israel. The artwork was created by Metastazis, as they also did for All Is One. In September 2018, Orphaned Land won the 'Video Of The Year' award at the Progressive Music Awards 2018 in London, for their video, Like Orpheus, which was one of the leading singles of the album. The music video is based on a true story about a Muslim girl who used to attend metal shows in Israel. A photo taken of her in a hijab with the lead singer of Behemoth in his corpse paint went viral, after which her parents forbade her from associating with the \\\"metal world.\\\" The music video depicts a Haredi man and a Muslim woman attending a Kreator concert at night, while hiding their association with the metal community from their families. Guest artists and quotations from others The album features three guest artists. Former Genesis guitarist Steve Hackett contacted Kobi Farhi and asked him to sing in a song about peace on his album The Night Siren. According to Farhi, Hackett offered to either play a guitar solo on an Orpahend Land album or to pay Farhi directly for his performance, and Farhi chose the guitar solo. Hackett appears on the\",\n \"title\": \"Unsung Prophets & Dead Messiahs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4408667\",\n \"text\": \"Avion were an Australian 1980s pop rock band formed in 1981, originally named Lionheart, the line-up was Evan Murray on keyboards, Martyn Toole on guitar, and three brothers: John Waller on drums, Kendall Waller on bass guitar and Randall Waller on lead vocals and lead guitar. The group issued two albums, Avion (1983) and White Noise (1987). Late in 1987, Murray died in a car accident and the group disbanded. According to Australian rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, the group had \\\"a strong cult following ... [with their] brand of melodic, American-influenced Adult Oriented Rock ... [but] met with virtual indifference at home\\\". History Avion's lead guitarist and lead singer, Randall Waller had previously released two albums as a solo artist, Oasis (1978) and Midnight Fire (1980). In 1981 Waller formed pop rock group Lionheart in Sydney with Evan Murray on keyboards, Martyn Toole on guitar, and his two brothers: John Waller on drums and Kendall Waller on bass guitar – the group was soon renamed as Avion. Avion signed with RCA Records and, in September 1983, released their debut self-titled album. Despite being mixed by Bob Clearmountain at the Power Station recording studio in NYC, the album was not a success. The album spawned three singles, \\\"I Need You\\\" (March 1983), \\\"Diamond Eyes\\\" (September) and \\\"Never Let Me Go\\\" (October) which were not successful. AllMusic described the album, \\\"its overwrought AOR sound and simplistic lyrics failing to secure significant sales\\\". In August 1984 the group issued a non-album single, \\\"Still the Night\\\". Paul Gannell replaced Toole on guitar and, in September 1985, released \\\"We've Got Secrets\\\" on RCA. In 1986, the band signed a deal with EMI Records and \\\"Celebration\\\" appeared in September. In 1987 the band's second album, White Noise, followed \\\"but the more considered songwriting failed to produce an upturn in Avion's career\\\". It also lacked airplay, and was not a success – the group was dropped by EMI. In April 1987 they released the third single from the album, \\\"Berlin Wall\\\". In September 1987 Evan Murray died in a car accident while the group were on tour and the band essentially disbanded. According to Australian rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, the group had \\\"a strong cult following ... [with their] brand of melodic, American-influenced Adult Oriented Rock ... [but] met with virtual indifference at home\\\". Randall Waller was briefly a member of Sharon O'Neill's backing band before relocating to United Kingdom from 1988 to 1993 where he worked as a record producer and engineer. In 1992, Waller laid down vocals for the \\\"Surrender Absolute\\\" album by David Zaffiro (Intense Records). As of 1998, he was playing guitar for Shania Twain's band. Discography Albums Avion (RCA Records) (September 1983) White Noise (EMI Records) (1987) Singles \\\"I Need You\\\" (1983) \\\"Diamond Eyes\\\" (1983) \\\"Never Let Me Go\\\" (1983) \\\"Still the Night\\\" (1984) \\\"We've Got Secrets\\\" (1985) \\\"Celebration\\\" (1986) \\\"Berlin Wall\\\" (1987) References Australian pop rock groups Musical groups established in 1981 Musical groups disestablished in 1987 Musical groups\",\n \"title\": \"Avion (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2727083\",\n \"text\": \"World Wide Live is a live album by German rock band Scorpions, released in 1985. The original audio recording was produced by Dieter Dierks. A VHS was released at the same time with footage of Scorpions' world tour. The live album was originally released as a 2LP vinyl set, in a gatefold-sleeve, and a cassette. The liner notes contain a crew member list, tour date information and when the shows were recorded: Bercy, Paris, France (1984-02-29) The Forum, Los Angeles, CA, USA (1984-04-24 & 1984-04-25) Sports Arena, San Diego, CA, USA (1984-04-26) Pacific Amphitheatre, Costa Mesa, CA, USA (1984-04-28) Sporthalle, Cologne, West Germany (1984-11-17) The initial CD release featured 15 tracks (dropping \\\"Another Piece of Meat\\\", \\\"Six-String Sting\\\" and \\\"Can't Get Enough\\\", parts 1 & 2, due to time constraints), but the remastered edition of 1997 features the original album in full. Track listing Audio Side one \\\"Countdown\\\" (Klaus Meine, Matthias Jabs) - 0:41 \\\"Coming Home\\\" (Rudolf Schenker, Meine) - 3:17 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting, 1984) \\\"Blackout\\\" (Schenker, Meine, Herman Rarebell, Sonja Kittelsen) - 4:11 (original studio version appears on Blackout, 1982) \\\"Bad Boys Running Wild\\\" (Schenker, Meine, Rarebell) - 3:45 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting) \\\"Loving You Sunday Morning\\\" (Schenker, Meine, Rarebell) - 4:41 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive, 1979) \\\"Make It Real\\\" (Schenker, Rarebell) - 3:51 (original studio version appears on Animal Magnetism, 1980) Side two \\\"Big City Nights\\\" (Schenker, Meine) – 4:49 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting) \\\"Coast to Coast\\\" (Schenker) – 4:40 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) \\\"Holiday\\\" (Schenker, Meine) – 3:12 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) \\\"Still Loving You\\\" (Schenker, Meine) – 5:44 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting) Side three \\\"Rock You Like a Hurricane\\\" (Schenker, Meine, Rarebell) – 4:04 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting) \\\"Can't Live Without You\\\" (Schenker, Meine) – 5:28 (original studio version appears on Blackout) \\\"Another Piece of Meat\\\" (Schenker, Rarebell) – 5:36 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) \\\"Dynamite\\\" (Schenker, Meine, Rarebell) – 7:05 (original studio version appears on Blackout) Side four \\\"The Zoo\\\" (Schenker, Meine) – 5:46 (original studio version appears on Animal Magnetism) \\\"No One Like You\\\" (Schenker, Meine) – 4:07 (original studio version appears on Blackout) \\\"Can't Get Enough\\\", Pt. 1 (Schenker, Meine) – 1:59 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) \\\"Six String Sting\\\" (Matthias Jabs guitar solo) – 5:18 \\\"Can't Get Enough\\\", Pt. 2 (Schenker, Meine) – 1:52 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) Video \\\"Coming Home\\\" \\\"Blackout\\\" \\\"Big City Nights\\\" \\\"Loving You Sunday Morning\\\" \\\"No One Like You\\\" \\\"Holiday\\\" \\\"Bad Boys Running Wild\\\" \\\"Still Loving You\\\" \\\"Rock You Like a Hurricane\\\" \\\"Dynamite\\\" \\\"I‘m Leaving You\\\" (Studio version which plays over credits) Personnel Scorpions Klaus Meine – lead vocals, rhythm guitar on \\\"Coast to Coast\\\" Rudolf Schenker – rhythm guitars, lead guitars on \\\"Big City Nights\\\", \\\"Coast To Coast\\\", \\\"Holiday\\\" and \\\"Still Loving You\\\", backing vocals Matthias Jabs – lead guitars, rhythm\",\n \"title\": \"World Wide Live\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2202550\",\n \"text\": \"Iris is a Romanian rock band established in February 1975 by Ioan 'Nelu' Dumitrescu (drums), Ion 'Nuțu' Olteanu (lead solo guitar and vocals) and Emil Lechințeanu (bass guitar). They achieved success, followed by tours throughout Romania and recordings for radio broadcast. At the 2006 MTV Romania Music Awards, Iris won the Best Rock Award and were nominated for Best Band and Best Live Act. History Iris began in 1975-1976 with Emil Lechințeanu, Ioan 'Nelu' Dumitrescu and Ion 'Nuțu' Olteanu. Through the years, the band has experienced many line-up changes. In 45 years of activity, Iris became one of the biggest names in Romanian music history. First appearance on an album was in 1978 with the song \\\"Corabia cu pânze\\\" on \\\"Formații de muzică pop III\\\" compilation album. At the beginning of the 1980s, Ioan 'Nelu' Dumitrescu, Ion 'Nuțu' Olteanu (guitar) and Cristian 'Cristi' Minculescu, who are still present in the current line-up, played with Florin Ochescu (guitar) and Mihai 'Marty' Popescu (bass guitar). Together they released a debut-album, Iris I, which included songs that became some of the most popular Romanian rock songs: \\\"Doar pentru voi\\\" (\\\"Only for You\\\"), \\\"Trenul fără naș\\\" (\\\"The Train without a Ticket-Collector\\\"), \\\"Pe ape\\\" (\\\"On Water\\\"), and \\\"Cei ce vor fi\\\" (\\\"Those to Come\\\"). In 1987, Iris II was released with an extravagant cover depicting the communist regime, a cover which represented one of Cristian 'Cristi' Minculescu's idols, Angus Young, \\\"in action\\\". The band's line-up was Cristian 'Cristi' Minculescu (vocal), Ioan 'Nelu' Dumitrescu (drums), Valter Popa (guitar), Mihai Alexandru (guitar, vocal) and Doru 'Boro' Borobeică (bass guitar). On this album, notable songs included \\\"Strada ta\\\" (\\\"Your Street\\\"), \\\"În parc\\\" (\\\"In the Park\\\"), and \\\"Zi și noapte\\\" (\\\"Day and Night\\\"). One year later, Iris released its third album, Nu te opri (\\\"Don't Stop\\\"), which featured the same line-up as Iris II. The disc contained eight tracks, but the most important are \\\"Floare de iris\\\" (\\\"Iris Flower\\\"), \\\"Uită tot ce‑a fost\\\" (\\\"Forget All That Was\\\"), \\\"Eu și cu tine\\\" (\\\"Me and You\\\"), \\\"Ploaia de vise\\\" (\\\"Rain of Dreams\\\"). In December 1989, when the downfall of the Romanian communist regime began, Iris recorded the album Iris IV in Tomis Studio, without Mihai Alexandru, but with Cristian 'Cristi' Minculescu, Ion 'Nuțu' Olteanu, Doru 'Boro' Borobeică and Valter Popa. Hits from this album include \\\"De ce oare ai plecat?\\\" (\\\"Why Did You Leave Me?\\\"), \\\"Vino iar\\\" (\\\"Come Again\\\"), \\\"Rock and roll\\\", and \\\"Cine mă strigă în noapte?\\\" (\\\"Who Is Calling Me in the Night?\\\"). In 1992, Iris held an anniversary concert called Iris 15 ANI (\\\"Iris 15 years\\\") at Sala Polivalentă in Bucharest in front of 10,000 people. This was a record audience for a Romanian band, unequalled since that time. That same year, at the Cannes Festival, Iris won second place in the rock section and they appeared on MTV. The fifth Iris album was named 1993 and was recorded with the Iris IV line-up, plus guitarist Dan Alex Sârbu. Iris played in Italy and on the Malboro Tour,\",\n \"title\": \"Iris (Romanian band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9141909\",\n \"text\": \"Mick Rogers (born Michael Oldroyd, 20 September 1946) is an English rock guitarist, singer and songwriter, chiefly known for his time with Manfred Mann's Earth Band from 1971 to 1975 and again since 1984. Excluding the group's titular member, Rogers is the longest serving member of MMEB. Early life and career His father was a drummer and his uncle a string bass player. The young Rogers was weaned on his uncle's jazz collection and 1950s rock and roll. Before MMEB he was a member of The Vision, which backed Adam Faith, and the Australian bands The Playboys, Bulldog, and Procession. Manfred Mann's Earth Band In 1971, Rogers co-formed Manfred Mann's Earth Band, along with keyboardist Manfred Mann, who had been a member of the 1960s band named after him. He left the Earth Band because he wanted to steer the band more in the direction of Frank Zappa, which created friction with Mann. A year after Rogers left the Earth Band, in 1976, the Earth Band had a worldwide hit song with a cover of the 1973 Bruce Springsteen song, \\\"Blinded by the Light\\\". The song went to number one in the Americas. After his initial departure from MMEB in 1975, he returned to Australia to work and then returned to the UK, where he formed the band Aviator with drummer Clive Bunker. They released two albums. During the initial years with Manfred Mann's Earth Band, Rogers was the only guitarist and chief lead vocalist in the group. When he returned in 1984, he shared vocal and guitar duties with Chris Thompson until Thompson's exit. The band effectively stopped existing after the release of Masque (1987), but a new formation was made in the early 1990s. Chris Thompson's parts and several new songs were now sung by Noel McCalla, whereas Rogers mostly only sang lead on \\\"Father of Day, Father of Night\\\", \\\"Joybringer\\\" and some verses on \\\"Spirits in the Night\\\" and \\\"Mighty Quinn\\\". This pattern did not change through further line-ups; Rogers is once again the band's main guitarist (current vocalist Robert Hart intermittently plays guitar) but never sings more than a handful of vocal parts, which in recent times have typically included a stripped-down version of \\\"Do Wah Diddy Diddy\\\". In 2020, Rogers planned to play material of the early Earth Band with original member Colin Pattenden and keyboardist Mike Keneally at the Burg Herzberg Festival under the moniker Solar Fire, however this did not happen due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The appearance was rescheduled twice and planned for 2022. With the exception of Manfred Mann himself, Rogers is the only original member that is still active in the band. Later projects During his second tenure with the Earth Band, Rogers released a handful of solo albums. His solo debut Back to Earth got a mixed review on the German Babyblaue Prog-Reviews, which praised Rogers' vocal and guitar work but criticized the fact that he was not accompanied by other musicians and instead relied on programmed drums. Father\",\n \"title\": \"Mick Rogers (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13584860\",\n \"text\": \"One Night in Dublin: A Tribute to Phil Lynott is a live DVD by Gary Moore credited to \\\"Gary Moore and Friends\\\". On the night of 20 August 2005, Gary Moore (Thin Lizzy guitarist 1974, 1977, 1978–1979) staged a concert at the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. It featured Brian Downey and ex-Thin Lizzy guitarists Brian Robertson and Eric Bell as well as ongoing Lizzy member Scott Gorham. The concert was simply called \\\"The Boy Is Back in Town\\\", with the \\\"One Night in Dublin\\\" title a change made for the DVD. On 21 April 2009 it was also released on Blu-ray format. The show was typical in several ways of both Thin Lizzy shows and Gary Moore ones. As always with Thin Lizzy, \\\"Cowboy Song\\\" was followed by \\\"The Boys Are Back in Town\\\", and \\\"Whisky in the Jar\\\" is part of the encore. When Moore recorded \\\"Don't Believe a Word\\\" as a solo artist he played the song in its original slow blues arrangement; here he begins performing his version before switching mid-song to the faster Thin Lizzy-style rock song. As is always so with Moore, he closed with \\\"Parisienne Walkways\\\". Robertson, Gorham and Bell only performed songs they originally performed with Thin Lizzy. The DVD also contains the unveiling of a statue of Phil Lynott in Grafton Street, Dublin earlier that day, and rehearsals and interviews with Thin Lizzy members who featured in this concert. Performances Gary Moore 1. \\\"Walkin' by Myself\\\" (Traditional; arranged: Gary Moore) 2. \\\"Jailbreak\\\" (Phil Lynott) 3. \\\"Don't Believe a Word\\\" (Lynott) Gary Moore and Brian Robertson 4. \\\"Emerald\\\" (Brian Downey, Scott Gorham, Lynott, Brian Robertson) 5. \\\"Still in Love with You\\\" (Lynott) Gary Moore and Scott Gorham 6. \\\"Black Rose\\\" (Lynott, Francis McPeake, Moore) 7. \\\"Cowboy Song\\\" (Downey, Lynott) 8. \\\"The Boys Are Back in Town\\\" (Lynott) Gary Moore and Eric Bell 9. \\\"Whiskey in the Jar\\\" (Traditional; arranged: Eric Bell, Downey, Lynott) Gary Moore 10. \\\"Old Town\\\" (excerpt) / \\\"Parisienne Walkways\\\" (Jimmy Bain, Lynott/Lynott, Moore) Personnel Gary Moore – lead vocals, guitars (tracks 1-10) Brian Robertson – guitars, backing vocals (tracks 4-5) Scott Gorham – guitars, backing vocals (tracks 6-8) Eric Bell – guitars, vocals (track 9) Jonathan Noyce – bass guitar, (tracks 1-10) Brian Downey – drums (tracks 1-10) References Tribute albums 2007 video albums Live video albums Gary Moore live albums 2007 live albums\",\n \"title\": \"One Night in Dublin: A Tribute to Phil Lynott\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7053750\",\n \"text\": \"Roadwork is a live album by vocalist/keyboardist/saxophonist Edgar Winter and his band White Trash, a powerful revue famous for their fusion of funk, gospel, R&B, and rock 'n' roll. It was released as a double LP in 1972. Roadwork was the second of only three albums the band recorded together. Highlights include Winter's vocals and virtuoso keyboard work, plus the guitar stylings of Rick Derringer. The longest track on the album was the band's own version of the John D. Loudermilk song, \\\"Tobacco Road\\\", which lasted over 17 minutes, taking up an entire side of the album. Derringer contributed lead vocals to \\\"Still Alive and Well\\\" and \\\"Back in the USA\\\", and Johnny Winter made a special appearance singing lead and playing guitar on \\\"Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo\\\". Louisiana native Jerry LaCroix, who shared lead vocals with Winter in White Trash, is also prominently featured. The album was recorded before live audiences at the Apollo Theater and the Academy of Music in New York City and in Los Angeles at the legendary Whisky a Go Go night club. The album was certified gold December 18, 1974 by the RIAA. Track listing Personnel Edgar Winter: Lead and backing vocals, Keyboards, Saxophone Jerry LaCroix: Lead and backing vocals, saxophone Jon Smith: Backing vocals, saxophone Rick Derringer: Lead vocals, guitars Randy Jo Hobbs: Bass Bobby Ramirez: Drums Marshall Cyr: Trumpet Mike McClellan: Trumpet Tilly Lawrence: Trumpet Johnny Winter: Lead vocals, guitar on \\\"Rock & Roll, Hoochie Koo\\\" Pete Weiss - engineering Production notes At the start of their appearance at the Apollo Theater, the host Frankie Crocker, a New York d.j. who introduced them, chided their evident late arrival saying (slightly off mic): \\\"Y'know, every time we used to go downtown to them jive jobs they give us, they always say 'black folks: late, can't be on time,' now look at the White Trash!\\\" (chuckle) The comment was met with laughter from the audience. After the introduction, the audience again broke out into sporadic laughter, and a loud gasp after seeing Edgar's albino complexion, possibly not expecting much from the band as it consisted of all white musicians (apart from drummer Ramirez), but their doubts were quickly dispelled when the band launched into \\\"Cool Fool\\\", a funky R&B song. This snippet appears on the original vinyl release at the beginning of Side 4. References Edgar Winter albums 1972 live albums Epic Records live albums Albums recorded at the Apollo Theater Albums recorded at the Whisky a Go Go\",\n \"title\": \"Roadwork (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2893906\",\n \"text\": \"Frehley's Comet is the second solo album by Ace Frehley, former lead guitarist of Kiss. It was also the first album that Frehley released after leaving Kiss in 1982. Background Frehley formed his solo band in 1984. He went on tour to perform his Kiss classics and some new material, which was recorded with his new band. The original Frehley's Comet lineup consisted of Ace Frehley (on lead, backup vocals and lead guitar), Richie Scarlet (on lead, backup vocals, lead and rhythm guitar), John Regan (on bass guitar and backup vocals), Arthur Stead (on keyboards), and Anton Fig (on drums). Fig also played drums on Frehley's 1978 Kiss solo album, as well as Kiss's Dynasty and Unmasked albums. In 1985, Richie Scarlet left the band to focus on a solo career. Scarlet's departure led to another lineup change with Arthur Stead being dropped and briefly replaced by Rob Sabino before Tod Howarth joining the band, handling the rhythm guitar, lead and backup vocals duties. The original Frehley's Comet lineup recorded various demos and songs around 1984 and 1985, and many of them were performed live; however, the songs from that era are still officially unreleased, and only a few of them made it to the final recording of Frehley's Comet. Notably, \\\"Breakout\\\", \\\"Into the Night\\\" (which was a cover of Russ Ballard), \\\"We Got Your Rock\\\", \\\"Love Me Right\\\", \\\"Dolls\\\", & \\\"Stranger in a Strange Land\\\" are the only songs on the record which were previously performed live in the band's early career and finally made it to the album. Songs \\\"Rock Soldiers\\\" Ace Frehley wrote this with Chip Taylor. Among the other hits Chip Taylor has penned are \\\"Wild Thing\\\" and Angel Of The Morning\\\". Frehley explained to American Songwriter magazine March/April 1988 how their collaboration worked: \\\"Chip wrote most of the lyrics and I wrote most of the music because I've known Chip for years and he was aware of the incident that went down in the summer of '83 when I had the car accident and he thought it would be a great idea to write a song around it.\\\" The song also featured 20 guitarists who were attending a weekend seminar for Musicians' Institute's Guitar Institute of Technology (GIT) hosted at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, NY. When Ace got word of the seminar he came up with the idea of having the 20 member guitar army. Ace brought a demo tape of the song to Tommy Tedesco who was hosting the seminar, the 20 guitarists listened and learned. They recorded their parts that evening in Master Sound Astoria, on a Sunday in October of 1986. \\\"Breakout\\\" was co-written with Kiss member Eric Carr around the Music from \\\"The Elder\\\" recording era. The song, however, was not used on the record and was later released by Kiss on their Revenge album, with the title \\\"Carr Jam 1981\\\". The instrumental part of the song was written by Frehley and Carr; however, the lyrics of the song\",\n \"title\": \"Frehley's Comet (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54998239\",\n \"text\": \"Dudley Dale Connell (born February 18, 1956) is an American singer in the bluegrass tradition. He is best known for his work with the Johnson Mountain Boys, Longview, and The Seldom Scene. Biography Early years Connell grew up in Rockville, Maryland. His parents were bluegrass enthusiasts. Connell initially played banjo like his father, but switched to guitar when he realized his strongest asset was his voice. Carter Stanley was a major influence on Connell's singing style. Johnson Mountain Boys In 1975, Connell founded and led the Johnson Mountain Boys, playing guitar and singing lead vocals. Other members included Richard Underwood (banjo), David McLaughlin (mandolin), Eddie Stubbs (fiddle) and Gary B Reid (bass). The band ended in 1988 due to road life stresses, but have since played reunion shows and another album Blue Diamond. Connell and other band members also provided musical support for Buzz Busby. Touring and session work Connell has recorded with Hazel Dickens, and toured with her in 1992. In 1993, Joe Wilson organized the \\\"Masters of the 5-String Banjo\\\" tour, with Connell, Laurie Lewis, Ralph Stanley, Will Keys, Seleshe Damessae]l, Kirk Sutphin, Tony Ellis, Seamus Eagan, and Carroll Best. Music from this tour was collected and released on the 1994 album Masters of the Banjo on Arhoolie Records. Longview In 1994, Connell formed Longview with Don Rigsby (mandolin), Marshall Wilborn (bass), Joe Mullins (banjo), James King (guitar), and Glen Duncan (fiddle). Seldom Scene In 1995, Connell joined the Seldom Scene, playing guitar and singing lead vocals, and has remained with them since. Dudley Connell and Don Rigsby Connell recorded two albums with Don Rigsby: Meet Me By the Moonlight in 1999 and Another Saturday Night in 2001. They drew on the Appalachian brother style of singing in country music made popular in the early 20th century by groups such as the Blue Sky Boys and the Monroe Brothers. Stony Point Quartet The Stony Point Quartet, featuring Connell, David McLaughlin (mandolin), Linda Lay (vocals), and Billy Lux (bass), focuses on gospel music. Seneca Rocks! 2006, Connell formed the band Seneca Rocks! with Tom Adams, David McLaughlin, and Marshall Wilborn from the Johnson Mountain Boys along with Sally Love Connell, who previously sang in a duo with Connell and is his wife. Audio Archival From 1989 to 1998, Connell worked as manager of the Smithsonian Folkways office in Rockville, Maryland. He currently is an Audio Archivist for the National Council for the Traditional Arts, cataloging and digitizing their collection of recordings for the Library of Congress. Awards Connell won the 2000 International Bluegrass Music Awards (IBMA) award for Male Vocalist of the Year. In Sept of 2020 Connell was inducted into the International Bluegrass Hall of Fame with the Johnson Mountain Boys. Discography Besides his ensemble work, Connell has contributed his vocal and guitar support to recordings by numerous artists. With The Johnson Mountain Boys 1981: The Johnson Mountain Boys (Rounder) 1982: Walls of Time (Rounder) 1983: Working Close (Rounder) 1984: Live at the Birchmere (Rounder) 1985: We'll Still\",\n \"title\": \"Dudley Connell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1422717\",\n \"text\": \"Steriogram were a New Zealand punk rock band that formed in Auckland in 1999. The band consisted of frontman Tyson Kennedy (lead vocals and drums), Brad Carter (vocals, lead guitar and lead vocals), Tim Youngson (rhythm guitar and backing vocals), Jake Adams (bass guitar and backing vocals) and Jared Wrennall (drums and backing vocals). The band released three studio albums Schmack! (2004), This Is Not the Target Market (2007) and Taping the Radio (2010). The band's 2004 international hit single \\\"Walkie Talkie Man\\\" was used in an advertisement for the iPod and a number of films and video games. History Formation, EPs and Schmack! (1999–2005) Steriogram was formed in June 1999 by Brad Carter and Jake Adams, two friends from Whangārei, who joined with Tyson Kennedy and Tim Youngson, two friends from Auckland. They started performing as a melodic rock four-piece band with a manic live show. They released the EP Soccerstar in December that year. It had three tracks, \\\"Chiqboom\\\", \\\"Soccerstar\\\" and \\\"Aeroplane\\\". Only 500 copies were made. Their second recording, \\\"White Trash\\\", released in August 2001, was more successful. Its b-side was \\\"Soccerstar\\\". They made a video for \\\"White Trash\\\" with drummer Kennedy rapping and it got so much exposure they decided he should stop drumming and move to the front of the stage to rap. They then recruited mutual friend Jared Wrennall from Balclutha, as drummer and became a five-piece. From then they started writing more of their songs with a hip hop influence. Steriogram toured New Zealand in a friend's van without any support crew, doing gigs where they could. In 2002, still unsigned, they joined several other New Zealand bands in the inaugural Boost Mobile School's Tour, playing for free during high school lunch hours to get exposure, as well as at bars at night. During the tour they released the EP Sing the Night Away, which contained five tracks: \\\"Sing the Night Away\\\", \\\"Free\\\", \\\"Big Lady Loving\\\", \\\"White Trash (DLT remix)\\\" and \\\"West Side!\\\". Videos were made for the songs \\\"Sing The Night Away\\\" and \\\"Free\\\". While recording at a rented beach house in 2002 they were contacted by a scout for American label Capitol Records, who had come upon their music video for \\\"White Trash\\\" on the website nzmusic.com, and were signed to Capitol Records later that year. 2004 saw the release of their debut album Schmack!. In addition to \\\"White Trash\\\", five more tracks from it were released as singles: \\\"Walkie Talkie Man\\\", \\\"Roadtrip\\\", \\\"Go\\\", \\\"Tsunami\\\" and \\\"On and On\\\". Three songs from Sing the Night Away featured on singles from the album: \\\"Sing the Night Away\\\", \\\"Free\\\" and \\\"Big Lady Loving\\\". There were two main factors contributing to Steriogram’s immediate success. First, the national school tour helped to generate a wider fan base. The other factor was their Internet site and the use of fans' loyalty. On the site fans were able to join up for the band’s newsletter and then eventually to what was known as a \\\"fan street pack\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Steriogram\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1845321\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Joel Kulick (January 16, 1950 – May 28, 2020) was an American guitarist and record producer, who worked with numerous acts such as Kiss, W.A.S.P., Alice Cooper, Lou Reed, Meat Loaf, and Michael Bolton. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and was the elder brother of former Kiss lead guitarist Bruce Kulick. Early career and Kiss Bob Kulick took a chance in late 1972 and auditioned for the lead guitar spot in a then-new band called Kiss. The band, with Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, and Peter Criss, was very impressed by his performance, however the glitzier Ace Frehley (who auditioned immediately after him) was chosen to fill the spot. Kulick later played (uncredited) on three Kiss albums: Alive II (three of the five studio tracks), Killers (all four new studio tracks), and some minimal work on Creatures of the Night. He also played on Paul Stanley's 1978 solo album and on his 1989 solo tour. Other work Early in his session career, Bob Kulick played lead guitar for Lou Reed on his Coney Island Baby record. Kulick and brother Bruce both played in singer Michael Bolton's (nee Bolotin) band at this time. Kulick then began a long-running stint in the Neverland Express, Meat Loaf's touring band, on and off for years, which led to appearances on several Meat Loaf albums, most notably on 1984's Bad Attitude. He also formed a band called Balance, with Peppy Castro (aka Emil \\\"Peppy\\\" Thielhelm, formerly of the Blues Magoos) and Doug Katsaros (multi-platinum recording arranger and Broadway conductor), which had modest chart success in the early 1980s, followed up by playing rhythm and lead guitar on Michael Bolton's 1983 self-titled album. Bob Kulick was involved with a project called Skull, releasing one album, No Bones About It, in 1991. Bruce Kulick, his brother, who would become a member of KISS, co-wrote one song and appeared as a guest guitarist on another track. In addition, Kulick played on the W.A.S.P. albums The Crimson Idol and Still Not Black Enough. He was only involved with the studio work and never toured with W.A.S.P. or became a member of the band. In 1996 he released Murderer's Row with his band of the same name. This group included David Glen Eisley (of Giuffria and Dirty White Boy) on vocals. Thereafter, Kulick served in various side projects such as Blackthorne and Observation Balloon. He also produced Motörhead's \\\"Whiplash\\\" (winner of the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance), produced and played guitar on the theme for WWE wrestler Triple H, and earned 11 platinum or gold records working with Kiss and Diana Ross. Kulick also composed, produced, and performed \\\"Sweet Victory\\\" with Eisley in the SpongeBob SquarePants episode \\\"Band Geeks\\\" on Nickelodeon. The song further appears on SpongeBob SquarePants: The Yellow Album. Personal life and death In 1983, Kulick began a long-term relationship with actress Stella Stevens. Kulick resided in Las Vegas, Nevada, and was a regular participant in the annual \\\"KISS Night in Las Vegas\\\" fundraiser\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Kulick\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15650103\",\n \"text\": \"Cats on a Smooth Surface is an American rock group, that starting in 1978 and throughout the 1980s was the house band at The Stone Pony in Asbury Park, New Jersey In the years 1981 and 1982, the band's lineup consisted of Bobby Bandiera on lead guitar and vocals, Harry Filkin on rhythm guitar and vocals, Peter Schulle on keyboards and vocals, John Micco on bass guitar and vocals, Pete Gagen on drums, and Ray Plante on saxophone. Other band members through the years have included Glen Burtnick, Vincent Danielle, and Mike Bovenzi, Steff \\\"Stiff Reed\\\" Munter, Rich Ruggiero and Joel Krausse. The band is still in existence and performs regularly in New Jersey. In 1971, prior to founding \\\"Cats\\\", Harry Filkin and Bobby Bandiera were the key players in the Jersey shore band called Holme in Belmar NJ. Harry still plays as current member of Holme and with \\\"Harry and Billy\\\". Bobby Bandiera is now a 5-year member of the internationally famous Bon Jovi band as a vocalist and guitarist. He was also lead guitar with Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes and still makes occasional appearances with them. Starting in the spring of 1982 Bruce Springsteen often performed with the band, particularly on Sunday nights when he would appear unannounced at the Stone Pony and jump up on stage with them. He often claimed to the press that they were his favorite band to jam with Recently Rachel Copeland has also begun to sing with the band. Discography Albums Cats on a Smooth Surface (1992) Live 1982 With Bruce Springsteen: The Legendary Radio Broadcast (2018) Singles \\\"Mean Streets\\\" / \\\"No Right Time (To Say Goodbye)\\\" (1988) \\\"Midnight Romeo\\\" / \\\"What Do All the People Know\\\" (1992) References External links MySpace page Rock music groups from New Jersey Jersey Shore musical groups\",\n \"title\": \"Cats on a Smooth Surface\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32572541\",\n \"text\": \"The Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour was a tour that was undertaken to pay tribute to the original band members who died in a plane crash in 1977. The tour began in the fall of 1987, in honor of the 10-year anniversary of the plane crash. A number of surviving members reunited for the tour. Original members Gary Rossington, Billy Powell and Leon Wilkeson were joined by Ed King (original member who had left the band in 1975), Artimus Pyle (drummer at the time of the plane crash), Randall Hall and Johnny Van Zant. History Rossington, who had formed the original band with lead singer Ronnie Van Zant was initially reluctant to do the tour. He was, in the words of his wife Dale Krantz-Rossington, still \\\"very emotional\\\" about the preceding events and about the anniversary of the plane crash. Eventually, Rossington decided that if the tour was to be done right, and if his fallen colleagues were to be honored properly, that he should be involved. Original guitarist and founding member, Allen Collins, was unable to play as a result of being paralyzed in a car crash in 1986. Collins served as musical director for the tour, picking setlists and making cameo appearances onstage. He chose former bandmate Randall Hall (who had played with Collins in the Allen Collins Band) to take his spot. Ronnie Van Zant's youngest brother, Johnny, was chosen to assume the role of lead vocalist. Other candidates were considered, including Paul Rodgers (of Free and Bad Company fame). Ronnie had been a huge Paul Rodgers fan and even owned a boat named \\\"Bad Company\\\" at one point. Ultimately though, it was Johnny who was deemed to be the best replacement for his brother. The first leg of the tour was enormously successful. Moved by the loyalty and reaction of the fans, the band elected to add a second leg (which ran through the summer of 1988). The Tribute Tour Band played an inspired selection of classic Skynyrd tunes and ended the show with a heart-wrenching instrumental version of Free Bird. The Rossington Band opened for the entire tour, playing a mixture of Rossington band original material and earlier material from the Rossington/Collins Band era. Dale Krantz-Rossington sang lead vocals for the Rossington Band and backup vocals for the Skynyrd set. Between the Rossington Band set and the Skynyrd set, old videos of the original Skynyrd band were shown on the bigscreen featuring full length versions of such songs as \\\"T for Texas\\\", \\\"Don't Ask Me No Questions\\\", \\\"Cry for the Bad Man\\\" and \\\"Whiskey Rock-A-Roller\\\". Typical setlist \\\"Workin' for MCA\\\" \\\"I Ain't the One\\\" \\\"Saturday Night Special\\\" \\\"The Needle and the Spoon\\\" \\\"That Smell\\\" \\\"I Know a Little\\\" \\\"Gimme Three Steps\\\" \\\"Call Me the Breeze\\\" \\\"Swamp Music\\\" \\\"You Got That Right\\\" \\\"What's Your Name\\\" \\\"Gimme Back My Bullets\\\" \\\"Simple Man\\\" \\\"Sweet Home Alabama\\\" \\\"Free Bird\\\" Tour dates Personnel Johnny Van Zant – vocals Gary Rossington – guitars Ed King – guitars Randall Hall – guitars Billy\",\n \"title\": \"Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26934467\",\n \"text\": \"Break Even was an Australian hardcore punk band from Perth, which formed in 2005. For most of the band's run, the band was composed of Perri Basile on bass guitar, Mark Bawden on lead vocals, Simon Dreja on drums and Steffen Sciuto on guitar. Their debut album, The Bright Side, was released in June 2009 and was dedicated to the band's original guitarist Rowan Willoughby, who died in November 2008. The group split in July 2012 but reconvened in December 2014. The band has been inactive since 2016. History Break Even formed in Perth in 2005 as a hardcore punk band with Mark Bawden on lead vocals, Simon Dreja on drums, Ash Pederick (ex-Miles Away) on guitar, Steffen Sciuto on bass guitar and Rowan Willoughby on lead guitar. Bawden later recalled, \\\"the Perth music scene is good, there's a whole bunch of bands out there. My cousin got me into the music and took me to my first local show. I met a few friends and that's really how the band got started.\\\" Their seven-track debut extended play, Young at Heart (2006), was issued on Common Bond Records. The lead track, \\\"Another Night\\\", was co-written by Sciuto, Willoughby, Dreja, Bawden and Pederick. In the following year they issued a split EP, Break Something Even More, with three of their tracks and four tracks from label mates, Something More. By that time Perri Basile had joined on bass guitar, Pederick had left and Sciuto switched to guitar. Their first track, \\\"Run for Your Life\\\", was co-written by Bawden, Sciuto, Dreja and Basile. On 19 November 2008 Rowan Willoughby died from suicide, which threatened the future of the band. In an interview, Bawden explained how they continued. \\\"We had a jam in the December holidays,\\\" he said. \\\"We knew we could still do something and we ended up writing an album as a four-piece.\\\" The band released their debut album, The Bright Side, in June 2009. Explaining the title, Bawden said: \\\"There is so much anger apathy around and this is our way of encouraging people to find the bright side in everything.\\\" It was recorded in March at Perth's Reading Room Studios. The album peaked at number 78 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Dizzy of Cack Blabbath felt The Bright Side was \\\"made up of very well crafted songs, and there is much more going on here than in 'traditional' Hardcore. The atmospheric passages that weave their way through the soul of the album give it a powerful impact. It benefits from some excellent guitar work that really lets the band exercise their growing musical muscle, even including a nicely worked Piano passage as the title track.\\\" Punktastics Paul described it as a \\\"superb album\\\" and explained, \\\"While I tend to enjoy the faster bands in the scene, this lot mix things up well – the music is hard and heavy but the message is positive and the juxtaposition works brilliantly... There's a real Defeater vibe to some of this record\",\n \"title\": \"Break Even (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27370869\",\n \"text\": \"The Kavaliers were an early 1960s New Zealand rock and roll band that evolved out of a group called The Zodiacs and were fronted by Samoan born lead singer Freddie Keil. They released a string of singles in the 1960s. The band's name would be resurrected in the 2000s by Freddie's younger brother Alphonso Keil. The Zodiacs The Zodiacs were fronted by Freddie Keil on lead vocals. Jimmy Murphy was their lead guitarist and Freddie's younger brother Alphonso Keil was the rhythm guitarist. Vic Williams was the drummer and John Harrison the bassist while Jimmy Langabeer played piano. After scuppered plans to record with the La Gloria label, they recorded on the Zodiac Records label. As such, they changed their name from the Zodiacs to the Kavaliers. When they were still called the Zodiacs, while Freddie Keil had returned to Western Samoa for a short time, they were fronted by Terry Dean and the Nitebeats singer, Terry Dean (also known as Terry Fidow). The Zodiacs line up Freddie Keil, Vocals (Died 1994) Jimmy Murphy, Lead guitar Vic Williams, Drums John 'Yuk' Harrison, Bass Jimmy Langabeer, Piano Alphonso Keil, Rhythm guitar (Died 2008) Terry Dean aka Terry Fidow, Vocals The Kavaliers After Freddie Keil had some problems with his cousin Herma Keil, he left the Keil Isles and formed The Zodiacs. They would later change their name to Freddie Keil and the Kavaliers. They released eleven singles and an album from 1960 to 1965. The Kavaliers line up Freddie Keil, Vocals Billy Belton, Rhythm Guitar Steve Smith, Piano Dave Paul, Saxophone Brian Smith, Bass Guitar Vic Williams, Drums Jimmy Murphy, Lead Guitar Alphonso Keil, Drums Discography Freddie Keil And The Kavaliers \\\"I Found A New Love\\\" / \\\"Three Nights A Week\\\" - Zodiac Z-1063 - (1961) \\\"What About Me\\\" / \\\"Take Good Care of Her\\\" - Zodiac Z-1079 (1962) \\\"The Wanderer\\\" / \\\"Twisting The Night Away\\\" - Zodiac Z-1085 - (1962 \\\"Should I\\\" / \\\"Its Only A Paper Moon\\\" - Zodiac Z-1105 - (1963) \\\"All The Other Boys Are Talking\\\" / \\\"Take These Chains from My Heart\\\" - Zodiac Z-1109 - (1963) \\\"Don't Try To Fight It Baby\\\" / \\\"No Signs Of Loneliness Here\\\" - Zodiac Z-1114 - (1963) \\\"Girls\\\" / \\\"Learnin', Trying To Forgive\\\" - Zodiac Z-1147- (1963) The Kavaliers \\\"The Twist\\\" / \\\"Tossin' And Turning\\\" Zodiac Z-1082 (1962) - (Note A-side was credited to Freddie Keil) The Maori Kavaliers They were a 1960s band that were more or less a spin-off from Freddie Keil & the Kavaliers, rather than an extension of the group. The group consisted of ex Freddie Keil and the Kavaliers members, Brian Smith and Billy Peters. Their name came about because of Smith and Peter's past association with the group. Alphonso Keil and The Kavalliers Alphonso Keil, the younger brother of Freddie Keil, was born in Samoa in 1944, and was a child when he came to New Zealand. In the late 1950s, he was the rhythm guitarist for a group called The Sundowners. He\",\n \"title\": \"The Kavaliers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16237393\",\n \"text\": \"The Asylum Tour was a concert tour by American rock band Kiss, in support of their thirteenth studio album, Asylum. Background On April 3, 1986, the band was set to perform in the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, when a transformer ended up blowing out the lights two hours before the show, cancelling the performance that night and later rescheduled to April 12. Tommy Thayer, a future member of Kiss, who was in Black 'n Blue at the time, had impressed Simmons when his band had opened for Kiss. In the tour program for the band's final tour, Stanley reflected on the tour: Reception Jerry Spangler, a reporter from the Deseret News who attended the Salt Palace performance, stated that the show was another typical Kiss show, criticizing how little there was regarding talent and excitement. He commented that when they take away the special effects, that Kiss was referred to as a dinosaur; concluding that the band should have closed their doors a long time ago, while also noting on the opening act W.A.S.P.'s performance in more paragraphs. Boyd Rogers, a reader who had attended the performance, later sent a response to the reporter to criticize him, and defending the band's performance, stating the number of people attending the concert; noting also on how short the paragraphs were regarding the band - suggesting that the reporter close his 'carnival doors'. Setlists These are example setlists of what were performed during the tour, but may not represent the majority of the shows. 1985 Setlist \\\"Detroit Rock City\\\" \\\"Fits Like a Glove\\\" \\\"Cold Gin\\\" \\\"Uh! All Night\\\" (with Paul Stanley guitar solo) \\\"War Machine\\\" (with Eric Carr drum solo) \\\"I Still Love You\\\" \\\"Under the Gun\\\" (with Bruce Kulick guitar solo) \\\"Tears Are Falling\\\" \\\"I Love It Loud\\\" (with Gene Simmons bass solo) \\\"Love Gun\\\" \\\"Rock and Roll All Nite\\\" Encore \\\"Heaven's on Fire\\\" \\\"Won't Get Fooled Again\\\" \\\"Lick It Up\\\" 1986 Setlist \\\"Detroit Rock City\\\" \\\"Fits Like a Glove\\\" \\\"Creatures of the Night\\\" \\\"Cold Gin\\\" (with Bruce Kulick guitar solo) \\\"Uh! All Night\\\" \\\"War Machine\\\" (with Eric Carr drum solo) \\\"Love Gun\\\" \\\"I Still Love You\\\" \\\"I Love It Loud\\\" (with Gene Simmons bass solo) \\\"Heaven's on Fire\\\" (with Paul Stanley guitar solo) \\\"Rock and Roll All Nite\\\" Encore \\\"Tears Are Falling\\\" \\\"Lick It Up\\\" Tour dates Paul Stanley dedicated the Tucson, Arizona concert at the McKale Center to the astronauts that were killed in the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion. The power went out in the middle of \\\"Rock and Roll All Nite\\\", ending the performance early. Local church groups protested the entire show due to its being scheduled on Easter Sunday. Opening act King Kobra was invited and appeared on stage to sing \\\"Lick it Up\\\" with Kiss, making King Kobra the first group to ever share the stage with Kiss. Box office score data Personnel Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar Gene Simmons – vocals, bass Eric Carr – drums, backing vocals Bruce Kulick – lead guitar, backing vocals\",\n \"title\": \"Asylum Tour (Kiss)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26488123\",\n \"text\": \"Tinyfish is an English progressive rock band, founded in 2004. The band members are Simon Godfrey (lead vocal, guitar), Jim Sanders (lead guitar, backing vocals), Paul Worwood (bass), Robert Ramsay (spoken word, harmonica) and Leon Camfield (drums, backing vocals). Band history Formation Tinyfish was formed in September 2004. Simon Godfrey, Jim Sanders and Paul Worwood were all members of Freefall, described by Simon as \\\"our first prog band\\\" , and which also featured Simon's brother Jem Godfrey (now of Frost*) on keyboards. After Freefall split in the early nineties Simon played drums in a number of bands while developing his songwriting talents in the guise of Men Are Dead (with Robert and Paul) and playing the open mike spots of London as Simon Walsh. First album The band released their eponymous debut album in 2006 to critical acclaim. Geoff Barton gave the album 8/10 in Classic Rock Magazine , and the magazine ranked it 15 in the best albums of the year . The songs on the album are shorter than is often the case for progressive rock (with the exception of the 'mini-epic' All Hands Lost) with an emphasis on tightly-written songs rather than long, self-indulgent solos and unorthodox time signatures. The album features no keyboards, which is again unusual for the genre, instead using guitar synthesizers to produce musical textures. There are three spoken-word tracks performed by Rob Ramsay, who is also the principal song lyricist for the band. Live performance Tinyfish played several shows throughout 2007 and 2008 in support of the album, including three shows at the Peel 'House Of Progression' in Kingston upon Thames, and at the 2007 Summer's End progressive rock festival. The core line-up was supplemented by drummer Leon Camfield when playing full electric band shows, although the band also performed - and occasionally still does perform - as a four-piece acoustic line-up. Curious Things In early 2009 Tinyfish released a mini-album, Curious Things, comprising a number of 'rarities' written over the previous few years, and produced by Jem Godfrey. One Night On Fire Later in 2009 the band released a DVD and live album, One Night On Fire (on the Metal Mind label), recorded at a performance at the Wyspianski Theatre, Katowice, Poland. The DVD contains performances of songs from both of the previous releases together with material from the yet-to-be-released Big Red Spark. Rob's spoken-word performances are a particular highlight, accompanied for the first time by the use of costumes to enhance theatricality. The DVD garnered more positive reviews . The Big Red Spark On 19 April 2010 the band announced that their second full-length album, The Big Red Spark, would be released by F2 Records in September 2010. After a long period of recording the album was mixed and mastered in June 2010 at Wolf Studios by Dominique Brethes, with Mike Varty as co-producer. The album was publicly available for the first time at a launch concert on 10 September 2010 at The Luminaire in North London, and was officially\",\n \"title\": \"Tinyfish\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3575797\",\n \"text\": \"The Deluxtone Rockets is an American band from Muskegon, Michigan. It began as a punk band, but by the time of signing to Tooth & Nail Records it had evolved into a swing revival outfit. Their first album, which was self-titled, was produced by Gene Eugene and Dennis Danell of Social Distortion. They wrote their own songs, and their musical style and lyrics were often compared to The W's, but John Brown's lead vocals were likened to The Mighty Mighty Bosstones' Dicky Barrett or The Reverend Horton Heat. In their second album, Green Room Blues, the group dropped the horn section entirely and shifted to a rockabilly sound. The album's title reflects the fact that both Eugene and Danell died in early 2000, during production of the album. Though Danell had not been involved in the production, Eugene had been, and was replaced by Chris Colbert. The album has a darker mood than their debut effort, though its lyrics still reflect the faith of John Brown. The album also contained a cover of The Cure's \\\"Lovesong\\\". 2000 was generally reported as a bad year for the band; they were unable to play shows regularly because in addition to recording difficulties, their drummer left, after wanting to move to a different style musically. They were able to get Rodney from the Calicoes to fill in occasionally, and thus played at Cornerstone and other festivals. Also, one night their van caught fire and was totaled, though they still managed to play that night. Discography 1999 The Deluxtone Rockets 1999 Happy Christmas Volume 2 (Compilation, BEC) 2001 Green Room Blues 2009 New Material Demo Band members 1999 John Brown - Lead Vocals, Guitar Jimmy Van Boxel - Upright Bass, BGV's Jacob Dykema - Tenor Sax, Vocals Richard Mittwede - Trombone, BGV's Jason Sorn - Drums Tim Harvell - Trumpet, BGV's 2001 John Brown Jimmy Van Boxel Lonnie Pease - guitar Jason Feltman 2008 John Brown - Lead Vocals, Guitar Jason Sorn - Drums Harley Obzut - Bass Dusty Bottoms - Guitar References External links [ The Deluxtone Rockets] at Allmusic American Christian musical groups Swing revival ensembles American swing musical groups Tooth & Nail Records artists Musical groups from Michigan Muskegon, Michigan Rockabilly music groups Musical groups established in 1996 1996 establishments in Michigan\",\n \"title\": \"The Deluxtone Rockets\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8668511\",\n \"text\": \"Alan Kendall (born 9 September 1944) is an English musician and was the lead guitarist for the Bee Gees, in an unofficial capacity from 1971 until 1980, and again from 1987 until 2001. Career His first recording was \\\"Don't Play That Song (You Lied)\\\", a single with a Lancashire band called Kris Ryan and the Questions, Kendall on lead guitar. His next known appearances were with Glass Menagerie. In 1970, he joined the bluesy progressive rock band Toe Fat who had released one album called Toe Fat. The original line-up of the band consisted of Cliff Bennett on lead vocal and piano, Ken Hensley on guitar, keyboards and vocals, John Glascock on bass and Lee Kerslake on drums; Kendall replaced Hensley on lead guitar. The band Toe Fat was managed by The Robert Stigwood Organisation, which suddenly dropped them in the middle of December 1970, right after they had returned from a US tour opening for Derek and the Dominos. Kendall joined the Bee Gees in 1971, when the band was looking for a new guitarist to replace Vince Melouney and Maurice Gibb had doubled on lead guitar as well as bass and keyboards on 2 Years On. Though several albums were released by the Brothers Gibb after Kendall joined it, their major success came with the release of the Saturday Night Fever. In 1979, he played guitar on Jimmy Ruffin's album Sunrise. In 1986, Kendall co-wrote the songs \\\"Moonlight Madness\\\", \\\"Change\\\" and \\\"System of Love\\\", both songs were included on Barry's unreleased album Moonlight Madness, and he played guitar on that album. With the Bee Gees, Kendall appeared on The Tonight Show, Late Night with David Letterman, Oprah Winfrey, a Command Performance for the Queen of the United Kingdom, as well as numerous other live performances. Equipment Kendall uses a Fender Stratocaster and can be seen in several live performances with this type of guitar. References 1944 births Living people People from Darwen English rock guitarists British lead guitarists Bee Gees members Toe Fat members\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Kendall\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24591554\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\\\" is a song written by Sting that was first released by English rock band the Police on their 1980 album Zenyatta Mondatta. Along with another song from Zenyatta Mondatta, \\\"Voices Inside My Head\\\", the song reached 3 on the Billboard Dance Music/Club Play Singles chart in 1981. In 2000, a remix version credited to Different Gear versus the Police reached No. 28 on the UK Singles Chart, No. 7 on the Billboard Dance chart, and No. 94 in the Netherlands. On radio stations, the song is often played directly after \\\"Driven to Tears\\\". Lyrics and music \\\"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\\\" was one of Sting's earliest attempts at a song whose lyrics deal with concerns of the outside world rather than just his own issues. Ellie O'Day of Vancouver Free Press describes the lyrics as being mostly a \\\"repetitive chant\\\". Ultimate Classic Rock critic Mike Duquette describes the theme as \\\"a man going insane in a post-apocalyptic world.\\\" Sting regards the song as having a post-apocalyptic vision, something it shares with an earlier Police song, \\\"Bring on the Night\\\", from the 1979 album Reggatta de Blanc. Sting has said of the two songs \\\"such vanity as to imagine one's self as the sole survivor of a holocaust with all one's favorite things still intact\\\". \\\"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\\\" and \\\"Bring on the Night\\\" also share their chord progression. Rolling Stone critic David Fricke notes a structural similarity between \\\"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\\\" and two songs from Reggatta de Blanc, \\\"Walking on the Moon\\\" and \\\"The Bed's Too Big without You\\\". Like those two Reggatta de Blanc songs, \\\"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\\\" repeats its three-chord progression over its nearly four-minute length. Fricke regards the chord progression as \\\"hypnotic\\\". Personnel The Police Sting – bass guitar, lead and backing vocals, synthesizer Andy Summers – guitar, backing vocals Stewart Copeland – drums, backing vocals Critical reception Author Chris Welch praises the rhythm section of Sting and Stewart Copeland on the song, particularly the way they go with the flow and groove with ease. Sounds critic Phil Sutcliffe commented on its \\\"expression of melancholy\\\", noting that it maintains a restrained, dry tone that is able to project sadness without being overly demonstrative. RAM magazine critic Greg Taylor criticises the lyrics for not doing \\\"anything with its potentially political message\\\" but praises the music, particularly Andy Summers' \\\"long ringing\\\" guitar chords. Mojo critic John Harris regards it as one of several formless jams on the album, complaining that it \\\"randomly fades out as if simple boredom finally won out\\\". Duquette called it a \\\"delirious dance drone cut\\\" with an \\\"ass-shaking bassline\\\" Police guitarist Andy Summers considers \\\"When the World Is Running Down,\",\n \"title\": \"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47385441\",\n \"text\": \"Count's 77 is a hard rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada. It was formed by legendary Danny \\\"The Count\\\" Koker, titular star of Counting Cars, the History Channel spinoff of Pawn Stars. The band focuses on the rock genre of the 1970s and has been playing and performing since well before Koker's rise in the public eye. \\\"The Count,\\\" who heads the band with lead vocals, is joined by John Zito (guitar), Stoney Curtis (guitar), Barry Barnes (bass) and Paul Disibio (drums) and the recently added Tommy Paris (keyboard). They are currently signed to Shrapnel Records. The number \\\"77\\\" in the band's name is a reference to the 1970s, the decade whose music is an inspiration to the band. History Founding Contrary to the belief of many fans, Count's 77 was formed before Danny Koker's role in Counting Cars was established. The Count's father (also named Danny Koker), who was the baritone vocalist and keyboardist for the Cathedral Quartet, a well-known southern gospel group, influenced his son from a young age to appreciate music. The band came together at a jam night at Koker's Las Vegas rock club, Count's Vamp'd. These weekly sessions were, and still are, headed by Count's 77 guitarist Jony Zito. Koker, as owner of the club, would occasionally come on stage and sing. One night, Koker, Zito, Curtis, Barnes, and Disibio – all current members except Tommy Paris – shared the stage and felt instant chemistry. Koker remembers, \\\"it just felt real. It felt great.\\\" After deciding to all rehearse together again, the new group continued to perform at Vamp'd, eventually drawing a crowd of spectators and listeners. \\\"Lucky for us, Koker said, \\\"we turned out to be all like-minded people... lovin the same type of music.\\\" Counting Cars (2012) Counting Cars debuted in August 2012 and has completed its eighth season. The reality TV show chronicles the daily happenings at Count's Kustoms, a Las Vegas automobile restoration and customization company owned and operated by Koker. While the Count's new television prominence did not lead to the band's forming, it gives Count's 77 a wide-reaching platform and allows the band to reach millions of viewers across the world when they are featured on the show. Koker, who has made several appearances on Pawn Stars as well as having his own show, thus has a large following of viewers and fans. Cast members of the TV show, most notably Kustoms airbrush artist Horny Mike, have made appearances at Count's 77 performances, with Koker's show and band symbiotically co-promoting one another. In addition, fans are pleased to find that Koker is \\\"exactly the same in person as he is on television.\\\" Koker films episodes of the show during weekdays, then often flies to concert venues around the country on weekends to perform. They released the follow-up Soul Transfusion in 2017. Also on Shrapnel Records. Shrapnel (2014) Stoney Curtis, one of the band's two guitar leads, had been signed to Shrapnel Records since 2004. This relationship proved beneficial when\",\n \"title\": \"Count's 77\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1637467\",\n \"text\": \"Blues Image was an American rock band. They had a hit in 1970 with \\\"Ride Captain Ride\\\", which reached No. 4 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian RPM magazine charts. Career Blues Image was formed in Tampa, Florida in 1966 by singer-guitarist Mike Pinera, singer-drummer Manuel \\\"Manny\\\" Bertematti, singer-percussionist Joe Lala, keyboardist Emilio Garcia, and bassist Malcolm Jones. They were later joined by keyboardist Frank \\\"Skip\\\" Konte when Emilio Garcia left the band to become a pilot. Blues Image moved to Miami in 1968, where they helped form an innovative new music venue, Thee Image. Blues Image became the house band at the club, which featured acts like Cream, Grateful Dead, and Blood, Sweat & Tears. The band moved to Los Angeles and signed with Atco Records, releasing their self-titled debut album in February 1969. Their second album, Open was released in April 1970 and included the single \\\"Ride Captain Ride.\\\" Written by Pinera and Konte, it featured Kent Henry on guitar solo and fills, with Pinera playing solo at the end. The album sold over one million copies, and earned a gold record from the R.I.A.A. in August 1970. It was Blues Image's only charting hit. Pinera left the band to join Iron Butterfly in the fall of 1969, during the recording of Open, and was replaced by singer Denny Correll and guitarist Kent Henry. The band broke up after the release of their third album, Red White & Blues Image, in May 1970. The various members of Blues Image went on to become parts of other rock bands. Bertematti later played and recorded with New Cactus Band and toured with Iron Butterfly, Chi Coltrane, and Bobby Womack. Pinera also played with Iron Butterfly, New Cactus Band, Ramatam, and Alice Cooper. Konte joined Three Dog Night, and Lala played with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. Lala's percussion work also figures prominently on the Stephen Stills/Chris Hillman led group, Manassas. Henry played lead guitar with Steppenwolf prior to their breakup in 1972. Correll later recorded a series of successful contemporary Christian music (CCM) albums, helped expand the genre's commercial appeal, and achieved airplay with several singles on CCM radio during the late 1970s and early 1980s. He died in 2002. Gary Dunham, who also toured with the last incarnation of Blues Image, also became a solo CCM artist. Pinera has released several solo albums, including In the Garden of Eden. Joe Lala died of complications from lung cancer on March 18, 2014, at the age of 66. The group can briefly be seen performing \\\"Ride Captain Ride\\\" in the 1971 film, Dusty and Sweets McGee. Personnel Manuel \\\"Manny\\\" Bertematti - drums, vocals (1966-1970) Joe Lala - percussion, vocals (1966-1970; died 2014) Malcolm Jones - bass (1966-1970) Mike Pinera - guitar, vocals (1966-1970) Emilio Garcia - keyboards (1966-1967) Frank \\\"Skip\\\" Konte - keyboards (1967-1970) Denny Correll - vocals (1970; died 2002) Kent Henry - guitar (1970; died 2009) Michael Franklin Tim Franklin Bill Britton - guitar (1967; left\",\n \"title\": \"Blues Image\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75649523\",\n \"text\": \"Dark Night is an album by the American musician James Armstrong, released in 1998. Armstrong supported the album with a North American tour. Production Armstrong recorded the album after recuperating from a home invasion and serious stabbing, which is referenced in the title track. Armstrong lost feeling in his fingers and had to relearn how to play guitar; he also learned slide guitar during his recovery. \\\"Lil' James\\\" is about Armstrong's son, who was also injured in the attack. Michael Ross played lead guitar on the majority of the tracks; Joe Louis Walker and Doug MacLeod played lead guitar on a few tracks. \\\"Bank of Love\\\" is about falling in love with a bank teller. Critical reception Jazziz wrote that Armstrong's \\\"vocals and songs are vulnerable, brooding, and brimming with resignation... His hoarse, laconic delivery and falsetto on 'Too Many Misses' and 'Dark Night' are soul-piercing.\\\" The Toronto Star called the album \\\"a dozen soulful tunes with a light, appealing but emotionally edgy voice a la Otis Redding.\\\" The Calgary Herald said that Armstrong's \\\"blues riffs are clean and bold and his singing reveals his deep blues roots.\\\" The Record concluded: \\\"Serviceable on his debut, Armstrong's vocals take on a new soulful fiber on Dark Night.\\\" The Ottawa Citizen deemed Dark Night \\\"a mixture of anger and depression leavened with the ray of hope that marks all of the best blues music.\\\" The Daily Advertiser labeled it \\\"a smooth, understated exercise in tasteful West Coast blues.\\\" The Philadelphia Inquirer determined that Armstrong \\\"wins you over with the undeniable honesty of his performances.\\\" AllMusic wrote that Michael Ross's \\\"silky leads blend with Armstrong's still very potent singing voice quite sympathetically.\\\" Track listing References 1998 albums HighTone Records albums Blues albums by American artists James Armstrong (musician) albums\",\n \"title\": \"Dark Night (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5164691\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" is a rock song by the British rock band Dire Straits, written by frontman Mark Knopfler. It first appeared on the 1980 album Making Movies and was released as a single in 1981. The song subsequently appeared on the Dire Straits live albums Alchemy and On the Night, and later on Knopfler's live duet album with Emmylou Harris, Real Live Roadrunning (though Harris does not perform on the track). The track was also featured on the greatest hits albums Money for Nothing, Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits, and The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations. Composition and lyrical interpretation The lyrics of the song describe the experience of the two lovers of the title, hinting at a situation that saw the \\\"Juliet\\\" figure abandon her \\\"Romeo\\\" after finding fame and moving on from the rough neighborhood where they first encountered each other. In addition to the reference to William Shakespeare's play of the same title, the song makes playful allusion to other works involving young love, including the songs \\\"Somewhere\\\" – from West Side Story, which is itself based on the Shakespeare play – and \\\"My Boyfriend's Back\\\". The song opens on an arpeggiated resonator guitar part played by Knopfler, who also sings the lead vocal. The introductory arpeggios and melody are played on a National Style \\\"O\\\" guitar; the same guitar featured on the album artwork for Brothers in Arms and Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits. In the Sky Arts documentary Guitar Stories: Mark Knopfler, \\\"Knopfler picks up the National and demonstrates how he hit on the famous arpeggio lines in \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\", from the Making Movies album, while experimenting with an open G tuning.\\\" The instrumentation remains simple during the verses and moves to a full-on rock arrangement in the chorus sections. The song itself, written by Knopfler, was inspired by his failed romance with Holly Vincent, lead singer of the short-lived band Holly and the Italians. The song speaks of a Romeo who is still very much in love with his Juliet, but she now treats him like \\\"just another one of [her] deals\\\". Knopfler has both stated and implied that he believes Vincent was using him to boost her career. The song's line, \\\"Now you just say, oh Romeo, yeah, you know I used to have a scene with him,\\\" refers to an interview with Vincent, where she says \\\"What happened was that I had a scene with Mark Knopfler and it got to the point where he couldn't handle it and we split up.\\\" Reception Record World called it a \\\"compelling performance that's both beautiful and forceful,\\\" praising Knopfler's guitar playing and the \\\"Dylanesque\\\" vocals. Ultimate Classic Rock critic Michael Gallucci rated \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" as Dire Straits' 3rd best song, saying that it \\\"bridges Shakespeare, West Side Story and a modern rock 'n' roll love story where fame, not family, is keeping the young lovers apart.\\\" Classic Rock critic\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7791829\",\n \"text\": \"Hello Master is the debut studio album by Canadian hard rock band Priestess. Recorded with Gus van Go serving as producer, the album was initially released on October 18, 2005, by Indica Records in Canada and on later dates in other regions. Its lyrics discuss typical rock n' roll themes such as love, violence and death, and its unusual sound for a hard rock record of the time is the result of van Go trying to emulate the sounds of classic rock and metal albums. The album's music was predominantly written by Mikey Heppner, the band's lead singer and guitarist. Heppner formed Priestess after the Dropouts, his previous act which played punk rock music, fell through as its members left to form the Stills. Their manager van Go signed on to produce Priestess' debut album. None of the music on Hello Master dates back to the Dropouts at all, as it was only written after Heppner decided he was done playing punk rock and wanted to play hard rock instead. It is best known for spawning the hit \\\"Lay Down\\\", which was included in the video game Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, elevating the band's profile drastically. Critics have noted the album's resemblance to legendary acts such as Black Sabbath and AC/DC, who have been cited as a key influence on Priestess; such stylistic similarities had mixed results in reviews, but were not seen as terribly detrimental to the album's overall quality. Background and recording Lead singer and guitarist Mikey Heppner had formed the punk rock group the Dropouts in the early 2000s merely as a way of having fun performing at shows, but after all his bandmates left for New York City to perform as the successful rock band the Stills full-time, he had an epiphany that he could take his own music more seriously, achieve that kind of success, and still have as much fun as he hoped. This, coupled with his first exposure to Tricky Woo (which he enjoyed for their resemblance to Black Sabbath and Deep Purple), led him to re-establish the Dropouts with a different musical style - hard rock - and a more earnest pursuit of success. The Dropouts experienced a small number of personnel changes that eventually led to the group's current incarnation featuring Dan Watchorn on guitar, Vince Nudo on drums, and Mike Dyball on bass guitar. This lineup existed for no more than a year under the Dropouts name, before the suggestion of Priestess was made. With the band's change in musical style came new songs; no song on Hello Master dates back to before they called themselves Priestess. Hello Master was recorded at the Boiler Room in New York City. When mastering the album, the group knew they wanted \\\"I Am the Night, Colour Me Black\\\" to be the lead track, and \\\"Everything That You Are\\\" to be the first track on side B of a vinyl release; consequently, \\\"Everything That You Are\\\" was put in the middle of\",\n \"title\": \"Hello Master\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1467475\",\n \"text\": \"Everyday Sunday was an American Christian rock band from Columbus, Ohio with the founding member Trey Pearson as lead singer. The band released two albums on Flicker Records including Stand Up and Anthems for the Imperfect. Wake Up! Wake Up! was their first album on Inpop released May 22, 2007, on Inpop Records, followed by Best Night of Our Lives. The band released an EP independently in 2013 titled A New Beginning EP. Members The band saw a number of changes in their lineup. The band's lead singer was Trey Pearson. In an interview given to Ohio-based (614) Magazine, in May 2016, he publicly announced that he is gay. The band had the following members at various times. When they signed a major deal with Inpop Records, the band lineup was as follows. Trey Pearson - lead vocals Jesse Counts - guitar Aaron Eikenberry - guitar Brandon Eikenberry - bass Kevin Cramblet - drums Over time many other musicians were in the line-up like Dan Hunter (bass), Chris Hines (drums), Jason Siemer (guitar), and Andrew Martin (guitar). Other members included Wade James, Tyler Craft, Chris Saiben, Nick Spencer, Micah Kuiper, Jon-Paul Kauffman, Collin Wilbrandt. Incidents On March 13, 2009, the band was involved in an automobile accident in Valparaiso, Indiana. The vehicle and trailer went off the road and flipped three to four times, ejecting Craft and trapping the other three inside the vehicle. They were taken to a local hospital where they were treated and released. In September 2016, multiple staff members at Joshua Fest, a major Christian music festival, threatened to walk out if Pearson remained on the festival lineup. He had previously announced his pleasure at being \\\"the first openly gay artist to ever play a major Christian music festival\\\". Pearson was removed from the lineup, but still sang with Five Iron Frenzy. Discography Albums 1996: Stand Up (issued independently) 2001: Sleeper 2002: Stand Up (re-released by Flicker Records) 2004: Anthems for the Imperfect (Flicker Records) 2006: Wake Up! Wake Up! (Inpop Records) 2009: Best Night of Our Lives (Inpop Records) EPs 2013: A New Beginning EP (released independently) Singles 2001: \\\"Wait\\\" 2002: \\\"Lose it Again\\\" 2004: \\\"Comfort Zone\\\" 2004: \\\"Gypsy Girl (What Love Is)\\\" 2006: \\\"Apathy for Apologies\\\" (Top 5 on Christian Rock) 2006: \\\"Let's Go Back\\\" (Top 5 on Christian Rock and Top 10 Christian CHR) 2006: \\\"Find Me Tonight\\\" (No. 1 on Christian CHR, 10th most played song on U.S. Christian Hit Radio stations in 2006) 2007: \\\"Wake Up! Wake Up!\\\" (No. 1 played Christian Rock song of 2007) 2008: \\\"Mess With Your Mind\\\" (former Top 5 song on ChristianRock.Net) 2009: \\\"Best Night of Our Lives\\\" (No. 1 on Christian Rock 2009 for 5 consecutive weeks) 2010: \\\"Breathing for Me\\\" (No. 1 on Christian Rock 2010 for four consecutive weeks) 2010: \\\"Lies and Fear Go Hand in Hand\\\" (No. 6 on ChristianRock.Net) 2012: \\\"Calculate\\\" 2013: \\\"Solar\\\" References External links Christian rock groups from Ohio Christian punk groups Flicker Records artists Musical groups established in\",\n \"title\": \"Everyday Sunday\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4792401\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Here Today\\\" is a song by the American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1966 album Pet Sounds. Written by Brian Wilson and Tony Asher, the lyric warns the listener of inevitable heartbreak before the narrator reveals himself to be the ex-boyfriend of the listener's newfound love. Musically, the song features an uncommon formal structure, the use of electric bass guitar as a lead instrument, and a 20-bar length instrumental break. One of the last songs recorded for Pet Sounds, Wilson produced the track in March 1966 with the aid of his bandmates, who provided additional backing vocals, and 12 studio musicians, who played guitars, organ, upright bass, trombones, saxophones, tack piano, drums, and other percussion. Mike Love sang the lead vocal. \\\"Here Today\\\" proved influential to musicians such as Al Kooper, Paul McCartney, and Lemmy. Acts who have covered the song include Bobby Vee, R. Stevie Moore, Mathilde Santing, and Thurston Moore. Background and lyrics \\\"Here Today\\\" was written by Brian Wilson and Tony Asher for the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds album in early 1966. Although Wilson claimed that Asher only provided the words to his music, Asher credited himself with contributing musical ideas to several songs on the album, including this one, as Asher stated, \\\"'Here Today' contains a little more of me both lyrically and melodically than Brian.\\\" Moreover, Asher said, The lyrics warn the listener to beware of his newfound love and prepare for the potential heartbreak that may result (\\\"A brand new love affair is such a beautiful thing / but if you're not careful think about the pain it can bring\\\"). In his view, relationships are short-lasting (\\\"Love is here today and it's gone tomorrow / it's here and gone so fast\\\"). The narrator also warns that the aforementioned lover will make the listener \\\"feel so bad\\\", his \\\"heart feel sad\\\", his \\\"days go wrong, and his \\\"nights so long\\\". To prove his case, the narrator reveals himself to be her ex-boyfriend (\\\"Well you know I hate to be a downer / but I'm the guy she left before you found her\\\"). Wilson stated in 1996 that the song had \\\"really good lyrics\\\", but in another interview from the same year, he said, \\\"'Here Today' was probably one of the mystery songs on the album. I don't really know what it's about. I liked it, but yet I didn't. I don't really identify with that song like I do with 'You Still Believe In Me', or 'Caroline, No.' It was just one of those songs in there, one little song.\\\" Composition \\\"Here Today\\\" is primarily in the key of A major, with other portions suggesting F minor. Wilson said: Here Today' was a work of art in my opinion. It was an assertive track with utilization of basses played up higher. The trombones gave it that masculine touch.\\\" He stated that his intention for the piece was \\\"to conceive the idea of a bass guitar playing an octave higher than regular and showcase\",\n \"title\": \"Here Today (The Beach Boys song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1124731\",\n \"text\": \"The Allnighter is the second solo studio album by Glenn Frey, the guitarist and co-lead vocalist for the Eagles. The album was released in mid-1984 on MCA in the United States and the United Kingdom, two years after Frey's modestly successful debut album No Fun Aloud and four years after the demise of the Eagles. It was and still is Frey's most successful solo album throughout his whole solo career, having reached No. 22 on the Billboard charts, and releasing two top 20 singles with \\\"Smuggler's Blues\\\" and \\\"Sexy Girl\\\". The album achieved gold status by the RIAA in the US. It is generally regarded as the culmination of the smoother, more adult-oriented sound of Frey's solo work. The single \\\"Smuggler's Blues\\\" helped to inspire the Miami Vice episode of the same name, and Frey was invited to star in that episode, which was Frey's acting debut. The music video for the single also won Frey an MTV Video Music Award in 1985. Composition When Frey was asked about his song writing partnership with Jack Tempchin, he said at the time that \\\"It’s funny, there are only those certain people where things click — at least for me. He’s very free. I’ll just run some soul licks by him, or I’ll ring him something like The Allnighter, which originally was just about staying up all night. But then we started talking about it and Jack says, ‘Staying up all night can’t play over three or four verses. What if the Allnighter was a guy?’ So, we made him into some woman’s every-guy.\\\" The lyrics of \\\"Better in the U.S.A\\\" are opposed to the Soviet Union. Critical reception In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau gave The Alnighter a \\\"C\\\" and panned it as a \\\"smarmy piece of sexist pseudosoul\\\". In a retrospective review for The Rolling Stone Album Guide (1992), Mark Coleman gave the album two out of five stars and wrote that it \\\"glistens with synthesized oomph, but the sugar coating doesn't sit well on Frey's mannered white R&B loverman act.\\\" On the other hand, AllMusic's William Ruhlmann retrospectively gave it four-and-a-half stars and said that it departs from the \\\"old Eagles sound\\\" of Frey's last album for a \\\"bluesy, rocking feel.\\\" Track listing All songs by Glenn Frey and Jack Tempchin, except where noted. Additional track Personnel Glenn Frey – lead vocals, electric piano (1, 10), electric guitar (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9), bass (2, 5), backing vocals (2, 4, 7-10), guitar (3), organ (5), acoustic guitar (5), synthesizers (6), slide guitar (6), acoustic piano (8), celesta (10) Additional musicians David \\\"Hawk\\\" Wolinski – synthesizers (1), organ (1, 7, 10), keyboards (4), synthesizer programming (4, 9), fuzz guitar (4) Barry Beckett – synthesizers (2), acoustic piano (2, 8), keyboards (3) Nick DeCaro – accordion (5), string arrangements (5) Vince Melamed – electric piano (7) Duncan Cameron – harmony vocals, lead guitar (2), guitar (3), electric guitar (5-8), acoustic guitar (10) Josh Leo\",\n \"title\": \"The Allnighter (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48774336\",\n \"text\": \"Voodoo Child is a rock and roll band from Guwahati, Assam, India. The band is primarily made up of Rittique Phukan (guitar/vocals/drums/songwriter), Jim Ankan Deka (keys/guitar), Rajib Hazarika (lead guitar),Priyanku Bordoloi ( Guitars) and Bobo Bardoloi (bass), although they frequently team up with session musicians (on drums, guitar, bass, organ and other backup instruments) when on tour.Pankaj Rajkhowa who is a Bangalore bassed musician does plays as a session Bassist during tour in South India.Pankaj Rajkhowa was a full time Bassist with The band from 2002 to 2006. The band has released 3 full length albums: We Own the Night, 20 Years on the Road, and Underneath the Stars, and 7 singles so far. History Voodoo Child is a Guwahati-based classic rock band, which came together in 2002. The band has performed many concerts in Northeast India and in other parts of the country. The band has gone through a few line-up changes since its inception because of alternative careers of band members. Phukan was the founder of the band and came up with the name Voodoo Child in 2002. Amborish Saikia (ex member of Euphoria and KK) joined as the lead guitarist. Although Phukan used to play the drums along with vocals, later Tanmoy Ray Choudhury (present drummer of Angaraag Mahanta and Papon and The East India Company) joined as the drummer and Phukan concentrated on vocals and rhythm guitar. In 2005 Deka joined the band as the keyboardist, Pankaj Rajkhowa as the Bassist and David Goldsmith as the other vocalist. In 2015, the line up changed to the present set up. Voodoo Child has played in almost all the top clubs of Assam and some parts of Northeast India. The band also performed at different clubs and pubs in Delhi, Bangalore, Goa and other parts of India. Festivals and events Voodoo Child has performed at many festivals and events including Shine A Light in Cherrapunji, World Music Day in Guwahati etc. The band opened for Danish pop/soft rock band Michael Learns to Rock on 13 December 2015 at the Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium in Assam. This was the first time an international band had performed in Guwahati. Albums We Own The Night (2017) 20 Years on the Road (2020) Underneath The Stars (2021) Singles Typical Love Song (2014) Good Die Young (2014) Little Love, Little Peace (2014) Taqi Song (2014) Your World Below (2015) Nights Go By (2015) Band members Rittique Phukan (Vocals, Rhythm guitar, songwriter, Drummer) Jim Ankan Deka (Lead guitar, Keyboard) Priyanku Bordoloi (Guitars) Rajib Hazarika (Lead guitar) Bobo Bardoloi (Bass) Ex members Pankaj Rajkhowa ( Bass ) Ambarish Saikia ( Guitar) David Goldsmith ( Vocals ) See also Music of India Indian rock References External links Official website Voodoo Child at Reverbnation Voodoo Child at Last.fm Indian rock music groups Musical groups established in 2002 2002 establishments in Assam Rockabilly music groups Guwahati\",\n \"title\": \"Voodoo Child (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5147347\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of heavy metal guitarists from the 1960s to the 2010s. Heavy metal guitar players use highly-amplified electric guitar playing that is rooted in the guitar playing styles developed in 1960s-era blues rock and psychedelic rock. Metal guitar playing uses a massive sound, characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos and overall loudness. The electric guitar and the sonic power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. Heavy metal bands often have two electric guitarists, with one guitarist playing rhythm guitar and one guitarist playing lead guitar. The rhythm guitar player is part of the rhythm section of the band, along with the bass guitarist and the drummer. The lead guitarist plays guitar solos, instrumental melody lines and melodic fill passages. In power trios, which consist of a guitarist, bassist and drummer, with one or more members singing lead vocals, the single guitarist will switch between rhythm guitar and lead guitar roles as needed. Only add names here if the person has their own article - anything else will be removed. A Tosin Abasi (Animals as Leaders) Dimebag Darrell Abbott (Pantera, Damageplan, Rebel Meets Rebel) Willie Adler (Lamb of God) Lord Ahriman (Dark Funeral) Mikael Åkerfeldt (Opeth) Mike Albert (Megadeth) Jimmy Allen (Against All Will) Paul Allender (Cradle of Filth) Lee Altus (Exodus) Christopher Amott (Arch Enemy) Michael Amott (Arch Enemy, Carcass, Spiritual Beggars) Nicke Andersson (The Hellacopters) Ole Petter Andreassen (Thulsa Doom, The Cumshots) Christian Andreu (Gojira) Salman Ahmad (Junoon) Faraz Anwar (Dusk) Rob Arnold (Chimaira) Trey Azagthoth (Morbid Angel) B Matt Bachand (Shadows Fall) Rob Barrett (Cannibal Corpse, Malevolent Creation) Zoltan Bathory (Five Finger Death Punch) Michael Angelo Batio (Holland, Nitro) Reb Beach (Winger, Whitesnake, Dokken) Corey Beaulieu (Trivium) Jason Becker (Cacophony, David Lee Roth) Nuno Bettencourt (Extreme) Jack Black (Tenacious D) Ritchie Blackmore (Deep Purple, Rainbow, Blackmore's Night) Doug Blair (W.A.S.P) Eric Bloom (Blue Öyster Cult) Fallon Bowman (Kittie) Mick Box (Uriah Heep) Vidoja Božinović (Rok Mašina, Riblja Čorba) Vito Bratta (White Lion) Chris Broderick (Jag Panzer, Megadeth) Michael Bruce (Alice Cooper) Amalie Bruun (Myrkur) Buckethead (Deli Creeps, Giant Robot, Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains, Praxis, Guns N' Roses) Jordan Buckley (Every Time I Die) Adam Buszko (Hate) Glen Buxton (Alice Cooper) C Eric Carlson (The Mentors) Ernie C (Body Count) Phil Campbell (Motörhead) Vivian Campbell (Dio, Def Leppard, Thin Lizzy) Jerry Cantrell (Alice in Chains) Stephen Carpenter (Deftones) Nick Catanese (Black Label Society) Max Cavalera (Sepultura, Soulfly, Cavalera Conspiracy) Carlos Cavazo (Quiet Riot, Ratt) Dino Cazares (Fear Factory, Divine Heresy, Asesino, Brujeria) Manny Charlton (Nazareth) David T. Chastain (Chastain) \\\"Metal\\\" Mike Chlasciak (Halford, PainmuseuM, Testament, Sebastian Bach, Jim Breuer) Zal Cleminson (Nazareth) Janne JB Christoffersson (Grand Magus) Mike Church (Still Remains) Mike Clark (No Mercy, Suicidal Tendencies) Steve Clark (Def Leppard) Eddie Clarke (Motörhead) Gilby Clarke (Guns N' Roses, Supernova) Andy Classen (Holy Moses) Phil Collen (Def Leppard) Rusty Cooley Korey Cooper (Skillet) Randy Cooper (Texas Hippie Coalition) Nicole Couch (Phantom Blue) Robbin Crosby\",\n \"title\": \"List of heavy metal guitarists\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10893320\",\n \"text\": \"Holman Autry Band consists of 4 Madison County, GA natives: Brodye Brooks (lead guitar), Casey King (Vocals and Bass Guitar), Josh Walker (Vocals and Rhythm Guitar), Brandon Myers (drums) Influences include Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Allman Brothers Band, Gov’t Mule, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Ronnie Milsap, Eagles, Eric Clapton, Metallica, Hank Williams, Sr., and many other musicians with great expressive talent. History Holman Autry Band, after only being together for just over 14 years, has won the “Athens, GA Battle of the Bands” and sold out the Georgia Theatre in Athens, GA many times, and so many other great accomplishments together it's hard to name them all. The band has had the pleasure of playing venues all over the States of Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Florida and are always welcome where they perform. The band consists of 4 self-taught musicians. Brodye Brooks (Lead Guitar and Vocals), Casey King (Vocals and Bass Guitar), Josh Walker (Vocals and Rhythm Guitar), Brandon Myers (Drums) They had late night jam sessions as teenagers and complement each other in such a way that can only be present through learning to play together. Sounds Holman Autry Band has a very distinct sound. This makes categorization into a particular genre very difficult. Holman Autry Band would most often fall into the Southern rock to Country rock category. However, Holman Autry Band and their fans prefer to consider their genre a new type of country music entitled “Black Label Country.” Some of their songs depict the “I’m not taking it anymore” attitude with songs like “Calling You Out” and “By Any Other Name.” Holman Autry Band will also show you their exceptional musical talent with “Fruition”, along with their love for music with “Glory Days.” They will also display fun-loving songs such as “Whiskey Wagon” and “Dark Haired Woman.” With songs such as “Wildest Dreams,” “Summer Day” and “This One’s for you”, they will show their sensitive side as well; the latter being a tribute to their fans. Holman Autry Band is known for the way they do cover songs. They will take a song, no matter how popular or unpopular, and revive it. Exceptional cover songs such as the Allman Brothers’ “Midnight Rider” and \\\"Come and Go Blues” and David Allan Coe’s “The Ride” make it difficult to hear the song played in its original form after hearing it played with the incomparable stylings of the Holman Autry Band. Discography Holman Autry Band (Self Titled) Tracks 1. Whiskey Wagon2. Glory Days3. Good at Lovin’ You4. Press On5. By Any Other Name6. St. Andrews Cross7. Fruition8. Dark Haired Woman9. Wildest Dreams10. Callin' You Out11. Summer Day12. A Night or Two13. This One's For You Sweet Southern Wind Tracks 1. Sweet Southern Wind2. Hear Me Callin'3. The Next Time4. Still Loud, Still Proud5. In A Little While6. Gypsy7. Long Nights8. New Breed9. Watch You Go10. I Ain't Bitter11. State Of Peace Nashville Sessions Tracks 1. Fruition2. St. Andrew's Cross3. Dark Haired Woman4. Press On5. Fruition 2 See also\",\n \"title\": \"Holman Autry Band\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43174632\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Life Goes On\\\" is a song by the British rock band The Kinks. Appearing on their album Sleepwalker, it was written by the band's main songwriter, Ray Davies. Background At a concert, Ray Davies described the song as being about \\\"a man who tries to commit suicide and fails,\\\" jokingly calling it \\\"a nice, happy sort of song.\\\" The Kinks' guitarist, Dave Davies, said of the song's guitar solo, \\\"Ideally, if I'm emotionally stimulated, I feel like I can play anything. With 'Life Goes On', we sat down and Ray just started playing it. It was the song that was really important: the emotion it created, the hollowness of it, but the fullness, as well. Those kinds of things really get me going. It just came out, because it was still that period where you could go into a studio and make a decent recording in a couple of days; you didn't have to spend three weeks just trying to get a sound on a drum computer. You could actually go in and do a song and the solos at the same time. I play off Ray's vocals, the way he expresses himself. Although I love guitar, it's still only an instrument that should help the song. That's my musical role, in a way.\\\" Release \\\"Life Goes On\\\" was released as the ninth and final track on The Kinks' 1977 album Sleepwalker. Following the album release, the song was released as the B-side to the American version of Sleepwalker second single, \\\"Juke Box Music\\\", in May of that year (in the U.K. and Germany, the song \\\"Sleepless Night\\\" was used instead.) The single failed to chart. The song has since appeared on the box set The Arista Years. Critical opinion AllMusic critic Denise Sullivan said, \\\"A gentle acoustic guitar riff and organ lead into the touching story of 'Life Goes On' from the Kinks' 1977 album, Sleepwalker. As Ray Davies tells the story about a friend's suicide in an admonishing voice full of yearning, whining, and disbelief, brother Dave plays along empathetically with his layered rhythm guitar lead. It's an epic song filled with beautiful harmonies and musical touches that match the lyric. Plus, it closes out the album – as was the habit with the Kinks – with a song that sums up the action preceding it, musically and lyrically. Yet, it also stands entirely on its own and serves as the perfect segue to the follow-up album, in this case, Misfits. It's a feat worth noting when one song serves such multi-purposes.\\\" Rolling Stone writer Billy Altman said that \\\"in 'Life Goes On', we are warned that 'life'll hit you when you least expect it.' Yet in the end, there always remains a faint glimmer of hope: 'Take that frown off your head/'cause you're a long time dead. References 1977 songs The Kinks songs Songs written by Ray Davies\",\n \"title\": \"Life Goes On (The Kinks song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15633996\",\n \"text\": \"Eli Young Band is an American country music band composed of members who met while students at the University of North Texas in Denton, Texas: Mike Eli (lead vocals, guitar), James Young (guitar), Jon Jones (bass guitar), and Chris Thompson (drums). They released their self-titled debut album in 2002, followed by the Carnival records release Level in 2005. Their third album, Jet Black & Jealous, was released in 2008 by Universal South Records. A second major-label album, Life at Best, was released in 2011 by Republic Nashville, with 10,000 Towns following in early 2014. The band has charted eight times on the Billboard country charts, with four of their singles having reached No. 1: \\\"Crazy Girl\\\", which was the top country song of 2011 according to Billboard Year-End, along with \\\"Even If It Breaks Your Heart\\\", \\\"Drunk Last Night\\\", and \\\"Love Ain't\\\". Biography Mike Eli and James Young met at the University of North Texas where they became dorm roommates their freshman year. They played guitar and eventually began writing and singing songs together; they formed the acoustic duo, Eli & Young, while attending the University of North Texas and played locally at Rockin Rodeo before they got their big start. Chris Thompson and Jon Jones joined them later on and they became the Eli Young Band. They released Level on Carnival Records on April 5, 2005, and opened shows for Miranda Lambert. Level is their last Texas country album before becoming a Nashville act. Many of these songs can still be heard in their live shows today, such as \\\"Small Town Kid\\\" and \\\"Everything Is You\\\". Jet Black & Jealous While touring, they were also making songwriting a top priority and made time for writing trips and retreats at the Young family ranch. Energized with new songs, they were ready to begin working on a new album in late 2007. Working with producers Frank Liddell and Mike Wrucke (who have also produced for Lambert), they took time off from touring to record at Omni Studios in Nashville. Their third album, Jet Black & Jealous, was released in 2008. Its lead-off single, \\\"When It Rains\\\", spent 37 weeks on the country charts and peaked at No. 34. A second chart single, \\\"Always the Love Songs\\\" (co-written by David Lee Murphy and George Ducas), peaked at number 11 on Billboard. After it came \\\"Radio Waves\\\" and \\\"Guinevere\\\". Life at Best In 2011, the Eli Young Band moved to Republic Nashville and released their fifth overall single, \\\"Crazy Girl\\\" as the lead single off Life at Best. It became the band's first platinum-selling digital single, as well as their first No. 1 single, and also was the number 1 song on that year's Billboard Year-End charts. The band received three nominations for the 2012 Academy of Country Music Awards: Song of the Year, Top Vocal Group of the Year, and Single Record of the Year. On April 1, 2012, the band won the Academy of Country Music Award for Song of the\",\n \"title\": \"Eli Young Band\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5004973\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Negron II (born June 8, 1942) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known as a founding member and lead vocalist of the rock band Three Dog Night. Early life Chuck Negron was born on June 8, 1942, in Manhattan, New York City, to Charles Negron, a Puerto Rican nightclub singer, and Elizabeth Rooke. When Negron was five years old, his parents divorced. Negron and his twin sister, Nancy, were raised by their mother, who placed them in a daycare facility while she supported her young children. Though Negron refers to this facility as an orphanage, it was a mansion in the Bronx that contained a swimming pool, gymnasium, arts and crafts and more. The facility did house some long-term residents, though this did not include Negron and his sister. Negron grew up in the Bronx, where he sang in local doo-wop groups and played basketball both in schoolyard pick-up games and at William Howard Taft High School. He was recruited to play basketball at Allan Hancock College, a small community college in Santa Maria, California and played later at California State University, Los Angeles. Career In 1967, singer Danny Hutton invited Negron to join him and Cory Wells to found the band Three Dog Night. The group became one of the most successful bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s, selling approximately 60 million records and earning gold records for singles that featured Negron as lead singer, including \\\"One,\\\" \\\"Easy To Be Hard,\\\" \\\"Joy to the World,\\\" \\\"Old Fashioned Love Song\\\" and \\\"The Show Must Go On.\\\" Negron developed a serious heroin addiction, which began in the early 1970s. In July 1975, the British music magazine NME reported that Negron had been arrested for cocaine possession in Kentucky. Three Dog Night disbanded in 1976. After many attempts at rehabilitation, Negron overcame his addiction in September 1991 and embarked on a solo career, recording the albums: Am I Still in Your Heart? (1995) Joy to the World (1996), a Christmas CD Long Road Back (1999) Chuck Negron – Live in Concert (2001), a double CD set{{cite book|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/chuck-negron-live-in-concert-mw0000016251|title=Chuck Negron – Live In Concert|date=2001|author=Negron, Chuck|publisher=Sin-Drome Records}} recorded at Southern Methodist University (Dallas) and released on Sindrome Records, with sidemen Richard Campbell on bass guitar; Danny Mishkit on guitar, keyboards and saxophone; Frank Reina on drums; and Terence Elliott on lead guitarLive and In Concert (2005)The Chuck Negron Story (2005)Negron Generations (2017) Negron wrote his autobiography, Three Dog Nightmare (1999), in which he describes his life as a high school athlete and a member of a successful rock band. He writes about his descent into drug abuse and attributes his recovery from heroin addiction to his turning to God in desperation after dropping out from more than thirty drug treatment facilities. A revised edition with several new chapters was released in 2008 and an updated version was released in 2018. Personal life In 2006, Negron was featured in an episode of the A&E reality show Intervention'' about his son, Chuckie, and\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Negron\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4085947\",\n \"text\": \"Roy Ernest Nichols (October 21, 1932 – July 3, 2001) was an American country music guitarist best known as the lead guitarist for Merle Haggard's band The Strangers for more than two decades. He was known for his guitar technique, a mix of fingerpicking and pedal steel-like bends, usually played on a Fender Telecaster electric guitar. Nichols is considered one of the founders of the country music subgenre the “Bakersfield Sound”, which includes such notable country artists as Haggard, Buck Owens, and Don Rich. Biography Roy Ernest Nichols was born in Chandler, Arizona, to Bruce and Lucille Nichols, as the first born of seven children. The Nichols family moved to Fresno, California, when he was two, where they owned a camp for migrant farm workers. Sometimes a traveling gypsy band would stay at the camp and the young Nichols would hide and watch them play. His father Bruce was also a musician, playing upright bass at local dances on the weekends in the San Joaquin Valley. Nichols was drawn to his father’s music. He learned some basic chords from his father and began playing in his father's band on the weekends when he was only 11. By age 14, Nichols began playing weekends with Curly Roberts and the Rangers; he earned $25 a week. Career Shortly before his 16th birthday, Nichols met Fred Maddox, of the Maddox Brothers and Rose, a colorful hillbilly band, who heard Nichols playing guitar on Fresno DJ Barney Lee's Saturday-morning radio program. Nichols, still only 16 years old, was earning $90, a considerable amount at the time. “He could play anything”, remembers Rose Maddox. “He was good at all of it. Every guitar picker in the country wanted to play like him, but none of them ever compared. He was one of a kind, but the music aside, he was like any 16-year-old kid - feisty, causing us trouble. But my mother brought him under.” At a Maddox show in Mesa, Arizona, a teenaged couple sat in the front row: Buck and Bonnie Campbell Owens, who found themselves fascinated with Nichols' playing. The Maddox Brothers toured out of state for extended periods, so Fred Maddox became Nichols' legal guardian while his brother, Henry Maddox, became the young musician's tutor. While in Las Vegas, although warned by Lula Maddox not to do so, Nichols began sneaking away to gamble, an activity that soon led to the guitarist being fired from the group. In his 18 months with the group, Nichols appeared on records for over 100 songs and played almost every evening. Returning to the valley, Nichols joined Smiley Maxidon on radio station KNGS in Hanford, California, where he performed for a regular one-hour live broadcast. Nichols stayed up all night playing dances several nights a week while still returning to the station to play his 7 am show. About a year later, the Texas-born, Bakersfield country music icon Lefty Frizzell hired the young guitarist, where future employer Merle Haggard first saw Nichols play 1953 at\",\n \"title\": \"Roy Nichols\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5884036\",\n \"text\": \"Ace is an album by Grateful Dead singer and guitarist Bob Weir. His first solo album, it was released in 1972. Weir's bandmates in the Grateful Dead back him on the album, and all but one of the songs became staples of the band's live shows. Recording and release The album's origins were an offer by the Dead's Warner Bros. Records label to have band members cut their own solo records, and it came out the same year as Jerry Garcia's Garcia and Mickey Hart's Rolling Thunder. However, in the case of Ace, Weir's backing band was the Dead itself (minus Ron \\\"Pigpen\\\" McKernan), and all songs except \\\"Walk in the Sunshine\\\" became concert staples of the Dead. The album is essentially a Grateful Dead recording in everything but name. In fact \\\"Mexicali Blues\\\" later appeared on the Grateful Dead album Skeletons from the Closet, and \\\"One More Saturday Night\\\" was first issued as a European single, in the guise of \\\"Grateful Dead with Bobby Ace\\\", to promote the band's then-imminent Europe '72 tour. Likewise, a live version of \\\"Playing in the Band\\\" had been released the previous year on Grateful Dead, having already been added to the band's repertoire. Dead bassist Phil Lesh explained \\\"One by one we sidled into the studio, saying things like 'Bob, I really like that tunegot a bass player for it yet?' or 'Hey Bob, need some keyboards on that ballad?' Drawn in by the new songs, we eventually assembled the whole band (minus Pig, who was still trying to regain his health) at Wally Heider’s [studio] and finished the album in a burst of enthusiasm. Bob’s songwriting had taken a great leap forward\\\". Versions of \\\"Greatest Story Ever Told\\\" and \\\"Playing in the Band\\\" also appear on percussionist Mickey Hart's Rolling Thunder, as \\\"The Pump Song\\\" and \\\"The Main Ten\\\", respectively, both of which were also sung by Weir. The album initiated Weir's writing partnership with his old schoolmate from Wyoming, John Barlow, as lyricist. Critical reception Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \\\"Weir can be preachy and screechy, but Robert Hunter's homiletics ('Playing in the Band') make up for John Barlow's post-hippie know-nothingisms ('Walk in the Sunshine'), and 'One More Saturday Night' isn't any less a rockabilly epiphany because it strains Bobby's vocal chords—that just adds a note of authenticity. With Barlow redeeming himself on the elegiac pre-hippie fable 'Cassidy' and Keith Godchaux sounding like a cross between Chick Corea and Little Richard, this is the third in a series that began with Workingman's Dead and American Beauty.\\\" Track listing Personnel Bob Weir – lead vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, production Jerry Garcia – lead guitar, production; pedal steel guitar on \\\"Looks Like Rain\\\", backup vocals on \\\"Greatest Story Ever Told\\\" Keith Godchaux – piano, organ, production Bill Kreutzmann – drums, percussion, production Phil Lesh – bass guitar, production; backup vocals on \\\"Mexicali Blues\\\" Additional personnel Ed Bogas – string arrangement on \\\"Looks Like\",\n \"title\": \"Ace (Bob Weir album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12836762\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Somebody\\\" is a rock song written by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance for Adams fourth studio album Reckless (1984). It was the second single released from the album Reckless. The song topped the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart and peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. Critical reception Stewart Mason from Allmusic said \\\"Following the Big Rawk Anthem ('Run to You') and the Sensitive Power Ballad ('Heaven'), 'Somebody' covers the third base as a straight-ahead singalong pop song with a killer chorus. A gift to an entire generation of cover bands working the bar circuit, 'Somebody' has a chorus so simple and catchy that you can actually sing along to it even if you've never actually heard the song before, and Adams and his indispensable musical partner, Jim Vallance, helpfully point out the feasibility of said activity by incorporating a large, somewhat ragged group of backing vocalists for the lengthy vamp of a fadeout. Rather like 'Run to You,' 'Somebody' is just slightly too schematic to qualify as an all-time heartland rock classic, but it still sounds good on the radio.\\\" Chart performance \\\"Somebody\\\" was released in the winter of 1985 and became one of the most successful songs from Reckless on the American rock charts and arguably one of Adams' most recognizable and popular songs. The song was Adams' second number one hit on the Top Rock Tracks chart, where it spent two weeks, and peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. \\\"Somebody\\\" reached number 13 on the Canadian singles chart and remained in the top 20 for six weeks. \\\"Somebody\\\" was Adams' third top 20 hit on the Canadian chart. \\\"Somebody\\\" was released the following month in Europe and peaked at the number 20 in Ireland and at 35 on the UK Singles Chart becoming his third single to chart in Europe. Music videos There are two music videos for the song. One features visual footage shot at the Massey Hall in Toronto, ON, over three nights on January 8, 9 and 10, 1985 of Adams and his band performing the song live, with the audience screaming in the background. The video was produced by Concert Productions International who used the single's soundtrack off the LP and mixed that with the sound of a taped audience. The other shows Adams walking out of a stadium and through a field, interspersed with shots of him with his guitar, as well as a woman (played by Lysette Anthony) who appears to be having relationship problems with her boyfriend; the video culminates with Adams walking out onto the field of a packed football stadium while a video of him playing the song plays on the big screen. Track listing Personnel Bryan Adams – lead and backing vocals, lead and rhythm guitars Keith Scott – lead guitar, backing vocals Tommy Mandel – keyboards Dave Taylor – bass Mickey Curry – drums Jim Vallance – percussion Chart positions File sharing lawsuit \\\"Somebody\\\" was part of the 24 songs, for\",\n \"title\": \"Somebody (Bryan Adams song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"992729\",\n \"text\": \"The Casanovas are an Australian hard rock band, which formed in 1999 by Patrick Boyce on drums, his brother Tommy on lead vocals and lead guitar, and Jimmy Lewis on bass guitar. They have released an EP Keep It Hot (2002), and five albums, The Casanovas (2004), All Night Long (2006), Terra Casanova (2015), Reptilian Overlords (2020) and Backseat Rhythms (2023). History The Casanovas were formed in late 1999 in Melbourne as a hard rock trio by brothers Patrick \\\"Paddy\\\" Boyce on drums and Tommy Boyce (a.k.a. Tommy Love) on lead vocals and lead guitar, with Jimmy Lewis on bass guitar. They released their debut single, \\\"10 Outta 10\\\", in August 2000. They added another guitarist, James Saunders shortly after. Their first extended play, Keep It Hot was released in September 2002. During 2002 Saunders left and Lewis was replaced on bass by Damian \\\"Damo\\\" Campbell. Starting in December 2002 they toured Australia, United Kingdom and supported New Zealand group, the Datsuns, for their European tour. This was followed by five dates in the United States in March 2003. Their single, \\\"Shake It\\\", received considerable Triple J airplay. Carly Sticpewich of Oz Music Project described it as \\\"hip-shaking rock turned up to 11 that you can get drunk to while you figure out how you're going to become as cool as singer/guitarist Tommy Love. Which, of course, is impossible because rock stars as cool as this are damn hard to imitate. Eat your heart out.\\\" They toured with the Datsuns, again, in October 2003 to New Zealand. They followed by two more Australian tours; one with the Living End in November–December. In December 2003 Paddy Boyce left the group and was replaced on drums by Jordan \\\"Jaws\\\" Stanley (ex-the Onyas) in the following January. Campbell explained \\\"It was long time coming and everyone is still on good relations but Paddy just wanted to go and do other projects... We had to train [Stanley] up nice and quick. His first two shows were in Sydney with the Darkness and then The Big Day Out. That's putting the pressure on.\\\" They followed by another tour in early 2004 with Starky and the Specimens. Their debut self-titled album, was released in May 2004. Oz Music Projects Tim Coyle felt they \\\"have been cruising on the groundswell of enthusiasm for four-square beats and power chord + clever-dick-solo guitar pyrotechnics, providing their rock mission statement.\\\" AllMusic's Eduardo Rivadavia observed that they \\\"not only succeed at pulling off mirror-image AC/DC blues bombers like 'Livin' in the City', 'Shake It', and evergreen first single, '10 Outta 10', with remarkably little evident guilt; they also know how and when to step out of the box without embarrassing themselves.\\\" They went on to play some dates in New York City in July and then a tour of Japan in September 2004. A second album, All Night Long was released in 2006, from which they have released two singles, \\\"Born to Run\\\" and \\\"California\\\". Born to Run was featured on\",\n \"title\": \"The Casanovas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25613728\",\n \"text\": \"Message was a hard rock band that was formed in New Jersey around 1980. The original members of the band were Dean Fasano (lead vocals, guitar), Simon Gannett (organ), Bruce Foster (keyboard), Andy Rubbo (drums), Richie Sambora (guitar), and Alec John Such (bass). The latter two would leave Message to form the classic lineup of Bon Jovi. The band disbanded shortly after releasing one record, but the lead singer, Dean Fasano released three more records later under the band name with different members. History 1980s The band was formed in 1980 by Dean Fasano. He sang lead vocals, while Richie Sambora played guitar, Alec John Such played bass, Andy Rubbo played drums, Simon Gannett played organ and Bruce Foster played both electric and acoustic piano. Shortly after the band was formed, they put out a self-titled album from their very own company. Due to the lack of money, the band did only 1800 pressings of the album, and they had to sell it from the trunk of their cars. Two years after the forming of Message, they got the opportunity to be an opening act for Joe Cocker. Unfortunately, they did not have the money to tour over a long period of time, therefore they only played a few dates on the Joe Cocker tour. When the band returned to its roots in Sayreville in New Jersey, some of the band members met Jon Bon Jovi from \\\"Jon Bon Jovi and the Wild Ones\\\". This meeting would cause both Richie Sambora and Alec John Such to leave Message in favor of Jon Bon Jovi's new band, Bon Jovi. The members of Message parted ways, but they would still stay in touch with each other for some time. After the breakup, some bootlegs from the Joe Cocker tour was put out for sale in Europe, and it hit the charts in some countries. 1990s and 2000s The band would not release a record until 1995, when their first album was re-released in CD. A few years later, the lead singer, Dean Fasano formed a new Message. This time the line up included Mike Walsh (guitar, keyboard and bass), Tom DeRossi (guitar), Jeff Thompsen (bass), Steve D’Acurtis (guitar, bass and sitar) and various other musicians. The new Message released an album called \\\"Fine Line\\\" in 1998. Only two years later, in 2000, Dean Fasano would put together another lineup of Message. This time the line up was Dean Fasano (lead vocals and keyboards), Tim Hewitt (bass), Aaron Anderson (drums, percussions), Steve Morris (guitar and keyboard), Chris Ousey (harmony and backing vocals) and David Chapman (keyboards). The album was called \\\"Outside Looking In\\\". This was the last studio album that Message released. Another re-release of the first Message album was done the same year as \\\"Outside Looking In\\\" came out. This time the album was called \\\"Lessons\\\" and it contained bonus songs such as \\\"Diana\\\", \\\"Living In The Night\\\" and \\\"Dance Of The Dead\\\". In 2006, Dean Fasano released live songs from the\",\n \"title\": \"Message (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7997544\",\n \"text\": \"The Black Pine is an American alternative rock band from Los Angeles, California. They formed in 1999 and have released five albums. History The Black Pine consists mainly of Mitch Cichocki (guitar, lead vocals), Jason Bacher (bass guitar), and Emma Kathan (drums, guitar, vocals). Other members include: Adeline Fargier Jasso, Nathaniel Farringer, Ian Latchmansingh and James Scott Rubia. The Black Pine formed in 1999 in Los Angeles, CA. They played their first show in 2000 at Los Angeles club, Spaceland, with Lou Barlow and Chokebore. In summer 2002, The Black Pine released its first E.P. entitled The Sexlife of Flowers. The band worked with the actor/director Adam Goldberg to score two of his films, Running with the Bulls, which was premiered on the Independent Film Channel in 2003, and I Love Your Work, which starred Christina Ricci, Giovanni Ribisi, Jason Lee and Franka Potente. The Black Pine also played as the backing band for the comedian Sarah Silverman's one woman show, \\\"Sarah Silverman: Jesus Is Magic\\\", performed at Second City in Los Angeles and The Canon Theater in Beverly Hills, California. The band released its second album, With Us, on the independent label, The New Black, founded by the Los Angeles band, The Antarcticans. Two songs from the album \\\"With Us\\\" : Early Morning and Focus 6 were featured in the film \\\"Under Still Waters\\\" starring Lake Bell, Jason Clarke, and Clifton Collins Jr. . The band's third album, \\\"Still Life\\\" was released in September 2008 on June le Fit records. \\\"The Morning Sun\\\", the band's fourth album was self released in February 2012. Members of The Black Pine played on Troy Von Balthazar's album \\\"How To Live On Nothing\\\", released on Third Side Records in 2010 and Troy Von Balthazar sang on the song, \\\"Paradise\\\" from The Black Pine album \\\"Still Life\\\". Members of The Black Pine played with the actor/director/musician Adam Goldberg under the name LANDy; the title of the album is Eros and Omissions, and was released in June 2010 on Apology Music Records. Guitarist from The Black Pine: Adeline Fargier Jasso toured with Cat Power as guitarist and backup singer for the Sun album released 2012. Adeline also toured as a guitarist and backup singer with Troy Von Balthazar. Adeline also appears on the upcoming Cat Power record Covers. In 2018 The Black Pine released a single with two songs \\\"The Moonlight\\\" \\\"And The Sea\\\". \\\"And The Sea\\\" features Eric Nichelson of the band Midlake. Mitchell Cichocki and Emma Kathan have released electronic music under the name Glass Night available through AMDISCS - London. Mitchell Cichocki has a solo electronic album released under the name Quiet Mansions. Emma Kathan has a solo electronic album released under the name Night House of Venus. Guitarist James Scott Rubia has a solo electronic album under the name Animal Clinic and is a guitarist/keyboardist singer in the band Kairos Creature Club (Greenway Records). Discography The Sexlife of Flowers (2003) Sinusoid Disappear Sexlife of Flowers Lighter Deep Water Peru With Us\",\n \"title\": \"The Black Pine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30369425\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Loner\\\" is a song by Neil Young, his first solo single. It was released on his solo debut album in November 1968, and then an edited version as his debut solo single three months later on Reprise Records. It missed the Billboard Hot 100 chart completely, but over time has become a staple of his performance repertoire. Both it and \\\"Sugar Mountain\\\", its B-side recorded live at the Canterbury House in Ann Arbor, Michigan, were released on album together for his 1977 compilation, Decade. History \\\"The Loner\\\" was written while Buffalo Springfield was in its last throes. The widely held assumption that the song was written about Stephen Stills (who covered the song on his 1976 album Illegal Stills) can perhaps not be disproved (Young himself rarely provides clarity on such issues), but it is perhaps more likely that the song is autobiographical in nature, especially since Young was, of all Springfield members, the most bothered by playing as a member of a band. Recorded with former Springfield member Jim Messina (bass) and George Grantham (drums) (they were uncredited on the album sleeve), it is the first Young track produced by David Briggs, with whom Young would collaborate until Briggs's death. Strings were arranged by David Blumberg, whom Young met through Briggs. Young's guitar is in Double drop D tuning; \\\"psycho guitar noises\\\" were made, according to Briggs, by putting the guitar through a Leslie speaker (the sound has also been referred to as a \\\"fuzztoned rave-up\\\"). The lyrics are characterized by dread and disorientation, coming from an \\\"immobile protagonist\\\" who \\\"witnesses extraordinary visual displays\\\". Praise came quickly. Rolling Stone said: \\\"'The Loner' is a contemporary lament that features a nice blending of Neil's guitar with strings in non-obtrusive fashion, allowing Young's balanced ice-pick vocal to chip effectively at the listener.\\\" Cash Box said that there was \\\"tremendous power in the instrumentals and [Young's] vocal.\\\" Allmusic critic Matthew Greenwald stated that \\\"lyrically, it's one of Young's finest autobiographical songs, a virtual self-portrait. The song is still played live, as is one other song from Neil Young, \\\"The Old Laughing Lady\\\". Stephen Stills has played the song live with and without Young. The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1970 movie The Strawberry Statement and is included on the movie soundtrack album. Notable covers \\\"The Loner\\\" has been covered by the following artists: Three Dog Night on their debut album (1968) Richie Havens on Mixed Bag II (1974) Stephen Stills on Illegal Stills (1976) Henry Kaiser on Heart's Desire (1990) Nils Lofgren on his tribute album The Loner - Nils Sings Neil (2008) Boxer on their 1979 album Bloodletting Ty Segall on his 2018 covers album Fudge Sandwich References External links AllMusic review Songs about loneliness 1969 debut singles Neil Young songs Three Dog Night songs Reprise Records singles Song recordings produced by David Briggs (record producer) 1968 songs Songs written by Neil Young Song recordings produced by Neil Young\",\n \"title\": \"The Loner (Neil Young song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14258034\",\n \"text\": \"Lost Highway: The Concert is the fourth live DVD from American rock band Bon Jovi. The DVD shows the band performing the Lost Highway album in its entirety to an audience of approximately 2,000 people in Chicago Illinois. It is the first time in the band's history that they have performed an entire album in sequence live. After they completed performing the album in its entirety, the band played three of their hits: \\\"It's My Life\\\", \\\"Wanted Dead or Alive\\\" and \\\"Who Says You Can't Go Home\\\". The concert was released as a bonus audio disk with the German and UK version of Lost Highway on May 16, 2008, under the name Lost Highway: Tour Edition. Performance information On the songs that have female vocals on the album (\\\"Seat Next to You\\\" and \\\"Till We Ain't Strangers Anymore\\\"), violinist Lorenza Ponce sings the parts performed by the original artists on the studio versions. \\\"Any Other Day\\\" features solos from Bobby Bandiera (rhythm guitar), Kurt Johnston (pedal steel guitar), Lorenza Ponce (violin), David Bryan (keyboards) and finishing with an extended solo from lead guitarist Richie Sambora. This stretches the song to over 8 minutes, double the length of the studio version. Track listing Lost Highway Summertime (You Want To) Make a Memory Whole Lot of Leavin' We Got It Going On Any Other Day Seat Next to You Everybody's Broken Till We Ain't Strangers Anymore The Last Night One Step Closer I Love This Town It's My Life Wanted Dead or Alive Who Says You Can't Go Home Technical notes The European release, while having the correct region coding on the DVD, is still in the American NTSC picture format. The bonus performances are formatted as a 4:3 frame with a letterbox, which when viewed on a widescreen set produces a black area around all sides of the picture (windowboxing). Band personnel Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi – vocals, acoustic guitar Richie Sambora – lead guitar, backing vocals David Bryan – keyboards, backing vocals Tico Torres – drums, percussion Additional musicians Hugh McDonald – bass Bobby Bandiera – rhythm guitar, backing vocals Lorenza Ponce – violin, viola, backing vocals Kurt Johnston – pedal steel, mandolin Charts and certifications Peak positions Certifications References Bon Jovi video albums 2007 video albums Live video albums 2007 live albums\",\n \"title\": \"Lost Highway: The Concert\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1350077\",\n \"text\": \"Rudolf Schenker (born 31 August 1948) is a German guitarist, founder and leader of the hard rock band Scorpions. He is the rhythm/lead guitarist, primary songwriter and the sole constant member of the band. He is also the CEO/owner-manager of the Scorpions Musik-Produktions-und Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (Scorpions music production and publishing company) and owner/founder of the Scorpio-Sound-Studios in Lower Saxony. He is the older brother of Michael Schenker. Career Since founding Scorpions in 1965, Schenker has become one of the major driving forces in the band's songwriting and musical direction. He has been Scorpions' most consistent member, appearing on every album and every tour. His younger brother Michael Schenker was a member of the Scorpions in the band's early days, before joining UFO. Schenker was awarded the City of Hanover Plaque as well as the Cross of Merit First Class of the Lower Saxony Order of Merit in 2000. Playing style In an interview on World Wide Live video, Schenker mentioned that his goal is grounded in compositional skill more than technical skill. While most Scorpions' guitar solos are performed by lead guitarist Matthias Jabs, there are some notable exceptions in which Schenker plays the solos instead of rhythm guitar, such as \\\"Wind of Change\\\", \\\"Always Somewhere\\\", \\\"Still Loving You\\\", \\\"Send Me an Angel\\\", \\\"Lady Starlight\\\", \\\"Big City Nights\\\", \\\"As Soon as the Good Times Roll\\\", \\\"When the Smoke Is Going Down\\\", \\\"Animal Magnetism\\\", \\\"Through My Eyes\\\", \\\"SLY\\\" and \\\"Rock 'N' Roll Band\\\". Schenker is known for his energetic riffing and wild live performances, which often includes swinging his guitar over his head and throwing the guitar up and catching it. He also sang lead vocals on four Scorpions songs: \\\"They Need a Million\\\", \\\"Drifting Sun\\\", \\\"Hey You\\\" and \\\"Love is the Answer\\\". Equipment While Schenker began playing with a Fender Stratocaster, he is primarily known for playing Gibson Flying Vs. On the Acoustica DVD, he is seen playing an acoustic Flying V made especially for him by Dommenget. He now uses Dean acoustic V models. Some of Schenker's main live guitars in recent years have been Dommenget — the same maker that produced Klaus Meine's live guitar and many guitars for Matthias Jabs. Schenker's signature models are \\\"Gibson Rudolf Schenker Flying V\\\", the Dommenget \\\"Ferrari\\\" V, PGG \\\"Scorpions Golden Jubilee\\\" Flying V, PGG \\\"Veetle\\\" Flying V and the \\\"Scorpions\\\" V. In the past, he primarily used Marshall amps, using their JMP, JCM800 2203, and JCM800 2205 heads. Currently, he uses ENGL amps, endorsing the E 650 Ritchie Blackmore signature heads. References External links Official site for Rudolf Schenker's biography -- (broken link as of dec 16, 2020) The Second Supper interview with Rudolf Schenker -- (broken link as of dec 16, 2020) Rudolf Schenker audio interview on Guitar Jam Daily Interview with Rudolf Schenker (2010) 1948 births Living people People from Hildesheim German rock guitarists German male guitarists German heavy metal guitarists Scorpions (band) members Rhythm guitarists Glam metal musicians\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolf Schenker\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["John Sykes"],"string":"[\n \"John Sykes\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":72,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_2936"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"mamma mia here we go again sky release date"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"54535911","text":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\"One of Us\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\"Waterloo\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\"Why Did It","title":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"54535911\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\\\"One of Us\\\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\\\"Waterloo\\\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\\\"Why Did It\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"64154101","text":"Teneisha Phehoma Bonner (31 December 1981 – 11 September 2019) was a Jamaican-born English hip-hop and street dancer of stage and screen. She worked with the groups ZooNation and the Bounce Streetdance Company and as a backup dancer for many top performers in the music industry. Bonner played a role in the film StreetDance 3D and danced in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again and Mary Poppins Returns. Biography Bonner was born in St. Catherine, Jamaica on 31 December 1981. She was the daughter of Yvette Singh and Emanuel Bonner and had four half-siblings, being the eldest child in the family. Bonner was raised by her grandmother until she moved to Peckham in London at age seven to be with her mother and stepfather. She began dancing at Brixton Recreation Centre, and after observing the dance musical Cats aged 13, was inspired to dream for a professional dance career. Bonner had her first open stage auditions with the company RJC Dance and attended local street dance classes, borrowing a key for its drama room to allow her to practice solo during intervals away from school. She joined the BRIT School in Croydon at the age of 16, and obtained her first professional work at 17, performing for the pop singer Dane Bowers, and appearing on the television programmes Top of the Pops and CD:UK, to allow her to pay the school fees. Aged 18, Bonner was awarded a full scholarship to the London Studio Centre by its principal, with her training interrupted by her successfully auditioning for the Bounce Streetdance Company and going on a European and United Kingdom tour of the company's show Insane in The Brain. She was persuaded to completed her scholarship by her teacher after initial hesitance to do so, graduating in 2004. Bonner worked as part of a backup troupes for commercial artists such as Kylie Minogue, Rihanna, Take That, The Black Eyed Peas, Will.i.am and Alesha Dixon on tour. In 2002, she was one of the first dancers on Kate Prince's group ZooNation. Bonner was cast in the lead role of hopeful DJ girl Spinderella in the hip hop show Into the Hoods during its run at the Novello Theatre in the West End in 2008. Luke Jennings, the dance reviewer for The Observer, wrote of her performance \"The piece’s star is undoubtedly Bonner, whose dramatic beauty and fluent line compel the attention whenever she’s on stage\", and Katie Colombus of The Stage concurred, saying Bonner \"really steals the show, dancing with an edge, an energy and sharpness that I’ve never seen before. That same year, she performed at the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. In 2010, Bonner portrayed the hairdresser Shawna in the comedy film StreetDance 3D, and had a featured role in the Sadler's Wells Theatre production of the dance musical Shoes. She danced the role of Kerri in Some Like It Hip Hop at the Peacock Theatre in 2011, earning her the Critics' Choice National Dance Outstanding Female Performance (Modern) Award","title":"Teneisha Bonner"},{"docid":"170409","text":"Colin Andrew Firth (born 10 September 1960) is an English actor and producer. He was identified in the mid-1980s with the \"Brit Pack\" of rising young British actors, undertaking a challenging series of roles, including leading roles in A Month in the Country (1987), Tumbledown (1988) and Valmont (1989). His portrayal of Mr. Darcy in the 1995 television adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice led to widespread attention, and to roles in more prominent films such as The English Patient (1996), Shakespeare in Love (1998), The Importance of Being Earnest (2002), Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003), and Love Actually (2003), co-starring as Mark Darcy in the romantic comedy films Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), and Bridget Jones's Baby (2016), and Harry Bright in the musical comedy films Mamma Mia! (2008) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again! (2018). In 2009, Firth received international acclaim for his performance in Tom Ford's A Single Man, for which he won a BAFTA Award and the Volpi Cup for Best Actor and received his first Academy Award nomination. In 2010, his portrayal of King George VI in Tom Hooper's The King's Speech won him the Academy Award for Best Actor. He subsequently appeared as MI6 agent Bill Haydon in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), and as secret agent Harry Hart / Agent Galahad in Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014) and its sequel Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017). He has since appeared in the musical fantasy film Mary Poppins Returns (2018), the war film 1917 (2019), and the romance film Supernova (2020). He is also known for his performances in television, including BBC's Conspiracy (2001) and HBO's The Staircase (2022), receiving Primetime Emmy Award nominations for each. In 2012, he founded the production company Raindog Films, where he served as a producer for Eye in the Sky (2015) and Loving (2016). His films have grossed more than $3 billion from 42 releases worldwide. Firth has campaigned for the rights of Indigenous people and is a member of Survival International. He has also campaigned on issues of asylum seekers, refugees' rights and the environment. He commissioned and co-authored a scientific paper on a study of the differences in brain structure between people of differing political orientations. He is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, two British Academy Film Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 2011, Firth was appointed a CBE by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for his services to drama. That same year, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and appeared in Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world. Early life Firth was born in the village of Grayshott, Hampshire, to parents who were academics and teachers. His mother, Shirley Jean (née Rolles), was a comparative religion lecturer at King Alfred's College (now the University of Winchester); and his father, David Norman Lewis Firth, was a history lecturer at King Alfred's","title":"Colin Firth"},{"docid":"56937311","text":"The UK Albums Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling albums of the week in the United Kingdom. Since 2004 the chart has been based on the sales of both physical albums and digital downloads. Since 2015, the album chart has been based on both sales and streaming. This list shows albums that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart during 2018, as well as albums which peaked in 2017 and 2019 but were in the top 10 in 2018. The entry date is when the album appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced). One-hundred and fifty-five albums were in the top ten this year. Thirteen albums from 2017 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while 50 Years – Don't Stop by Fleetwood Mac and Unchained Melodies by Roy Orbison with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra were both released in 2018 but did not reach their peak until 2019. Christmas by Michael Bublé was originally released in 2011, launched a new chart run in 2017, reaching a peak on its latest run in 2018 and again in 2019. Dua Lipa by Dua Lipa was the only album from 2017 to reach its peak in 2018. Twelve artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2018. Anne-Marie, Calum Scott, First Aid Kit, The Greatest Showman Cast and XXXTentacion are among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 album in 2018. Ed Sheeran's Divide returned to the top of the chart for the opening two weeks of the year, totalling twenty weeks at number-one since it was released in March 2017. The first new number-one album of the year was The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by The Greatest Showman cast. Overall, nineteen different albums peaked at number-one in 2018, with nineteen unique artists hitting that position. Background Multiple entries One-hundred and fifty-five albums charted in the top 10 in 2018, with one-hundred and thirty-nine albums reaching their peak this year (including the re-entries Appetite for Destruction, Christmas, ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits, Mamma Mia! The Movie Soundtrack, Wanted on Voyage, The White Album, X, which charted in previous years but reached peaks on their latest chart run). Twelve artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2018. Chart debuts Thirty-four artists achieved their first top 10 album in 2018 as a lead artist. The Mamma Mia! film cast had one other entry in their breakthrough year. The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo album, or featured appearances on compilations or other artists recordings. Notes Camila Cabello's self-titled album Camila, was her first solo effort and her first top 10 album away from the group Fifth","title":"List of UK top-ten albums in 2018"},{"docid":"42318865","text":"Tina Earnshaw is an Oscar- and BAFTA-nominated British make-up designer and the founder of Tina Earnshaw Cosmetics. She has designed the make up looks on some of the world's most successful films, including Titanic, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award, alongside Greg Cannom and Simon Thompson. Born in London, she began her career at the BBC working as a professional makeup artist. Initially working on commercials and for brands such as L'Oréal, Dior, and Chanel, she became known for the flawless beauty looks she created and for her methods of research that informed her designs. In 1995, she began a lasting partnership with Merchant Ivory and relocated to Paris to work on her first feature film. By 1997, she was on the set of James Cameron's Titanic, for which she received her first Oscar nomination. Since then she has designed the makeup looks for films such as Shakespeare in Love, The Italian Job, The Talented Mr. Ripley, Spider-Man 2 and 3, Prometheus, The Martian, Exodus: Gods and Kings, Mamma Mia 2 and Ridley Scott's All the Money in the World’. Her designs have seen her create iconic looks on the world's most recognizable faces, including Penélope Cruz, Gwyneth Paltrow, Cate Blanchett, Charlize Theron, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, and Jude Law. She has also served as a creative ambassador for Max Factor international. She is married to Robin Earnshaw and they have two children: Damon and Polly. Selected filmography 2018 Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2017 All the Money in the World (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2016/II The Promise (makeup department head) 2015 The Martian (make up and hair designer) 2014 Exodus: Gods and Kings (makeup designer) 2014 Before I Go to Sleep (makeup department head) 2014 Turks & Caicos (TV Movie) (makeup department head) 2013 The Counsellor (makeup designer) 2012/I Prometheus (makeup designer) 2011 Page Eight (TV Movie) (makeup designer) 2011 Your Highness (makeup designer) 2008 Marley & Me (makeup artist: Owen Wilson) 2008 Mamma Mia! (makeup designer) 2008/ The Deal (makeup artist: Ms. Ryan) 2007 Spider-Man 3 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2005 Dark Water (makeup artist: Ms. Connelly) 2004 Spider-Man 2 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2003 The Italian Job (chief makeup artist) 2001 Domestic Disturbance (key makeup artist - as Tina M. Earnshaw) 2001 Conspiracy (TV Movie) (makeup supervisor) 2001 The Mists of Avalon (TV Mini-Series) (makeup artist - 2 episodes) - Episode #1.2 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) - Episode #1.1 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 2000 Bounce (makeup artist: Gwyneth Paltrow) 2000 Duets (key makeup artist) 1999 The Talented Mr. Ripley (supervising makeup artist) 1998 Shakespeare in Love (makeup designer: Gwyneth Paltrow) 1998 Ever After: A Cinderella Story (key makeup artist) / (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 1998 Sliding Doors (key makeup designer) 1997 Titanic (key makeup artist) 1997 The Designated Mourner (chief makeup artist) 1996 Surviving Picasso (chief makeup artist) 1996 Emma (chief makeup designer) 1995 Othello (chief makeup artist) 1995 Feast of July (key","title":"Tina Earnshaw"},{"docid":"41988044","text":"Alan MacDonald (c. 1956 – 30 August 2017) was a British production designer. He was best known for his work on The Queen (2006), which earned him nominations for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film and Best Technical Achievement at the British Independent Film Awards, and for the Rajasthan-set The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) which earned him a nomination for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film. In 2013, he designed the sets for the Academy Award-nominated film Philomena. He had also been a production designer for a number of advertisements for global firms including Coca-Cola, Levi's, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, and was the theatrical designer for Kylie Minogue's 2002 \"KylieFever2002\" tour. Filmography Absurd (1989) (short) Tunnel of Love (1991) (short) Man to Man (1992) Remembrance of Things Fast: True Stories Visual Lies (1994; Art Director) Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998) Rogue Trader (1998) Nora (2000) The Jacket (2005) Kinky Boots (2005) The Queen (2006) The Edge of Love (2008) Chéri (2009) Tamara Drewe (2010) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) Philomena (2013) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2 (2015) The Program (2015) Sing Street (2016) Victoria & Abdul (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Personal life and death He suffered from bipolar disorder. MacDonald died by suicide at his Covent Garden home on 31 August 2017, after spending two weeks as an in-patient at the private Nightingale Hospital at a cost of £20,000. His last two film credits, Victoria & Abdul (2017) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), were dedicated to his memory. References External links 1950s births 2017 deaths British film designers Date of birth missing Suicides in Greater London People with bipolar disorder","title":"Alan MacDonald (production designer)"},{"docid":"56818610","text":"This article lists feature-length British films and full-length documentaries that have had their premieres in 2018 and were at least partly produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom. It does not feature short films, medium-length films, made-for-TV films, pornographic films, filmed theater, VR films and interactive films like Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. It also does not include films screened in previous years that had official release dates in 2018. British co-productions like Bohemian Rhapsody, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again garnered positive reviews and collectively grossed more than $1.5 billion in the Box Office worldwide. Small independent films like The Wife, Three Identical Strangers and At Eternity's Gate performed well in the Specialty Box Office, screening in a limited number of theaters. 2018 was expected to be the best year for British box office since 1971 with Avengers: Infinity War, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Incredibles 2, Black Panther, Bohemian Rhapsody, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Peter Rabbit and The Greatest Showman breaking £40 million at the British box office. Also included is an overview of five awards ceremonies which are major events in British film: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards. Film premieres January – March April – June July – September October – December Other premieres Culturally British Films The following list comprises films not produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom but is strongly associated with British culture. The films in this list should fulfill at least 3 of the following criteria: The film is adapted from a British source material. The story is at least partially set in the United Kingdom. The film was at least partially shot in the United Kingdom. Many of the film's cast and crew members are British. British winners Listed here are the British winners and nominees at the four most prestigious film award ceremonies in the English-speaking world: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards, that were held during 2018, celebrating the best films of 2017. The British nominations were led by Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Dunkirk, and Darkest Hour, with Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri winning awards in the major categories and Dunkirk going on to win large numbers of technical awards, whilst Gary Oldman won multiple best leading actor awards for his portrayal of Sir Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. British films did, however, notably lose out to The Shape of Water from USA. Academy Awards The 90th Academy Awards honoring the best films of 2017 were held on March 4, 2018. British winners: Darkest Hour (Best Actor, Best Makeup and Hairstyling) Dunkirk (Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, Best Film Editing) The Silent Child (Best Live Action Short Film) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor) Alex Gibson (Best Sound Editing) – Dunkirk Chris Overton (Best Live Action Short Film) – The Silent Child David","title":"List of British films of 2018"},{"docid":"3239690","text":"Here We Go Again may refer to: Film and television Here We Go Again (film), a 1942 American comedy film Here We Go Again (1973 TV series), an American sitcom starring Larry Hagman Here We Go Again (2016 TV series), an American sitcom starring LaToya Luckett and Wendy Raquel Robinson Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, a 2018 British-American jukebox musical film sequel based on the music of ABBA Music Albums Here We Go Again (Demi Lovato album) or the title song (see below), 2009 Here We Go Again (pureNRG album) or the title song, 2008 Here We Go Again (SR-71 album) or the title song, 2004 Here We Go Again!, by the Kingston Trio, 1959 Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles, a tribute album by Willie Nelson, Wynton Marsalis, and Norah Jones, 2011 Here We Go Again, or the title song, by Joey McIntyre, 2009 Here We Go Again, by Red Steagall, 2007 Here We Go Again, an EP by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 1995 Songs \"Here We Go Again\" (Aretha Franklin song), 1998 \"Here We Go Again\" (Demi Lovato song), 2009 \"Here We Go Again\" (Glenn Miller song), 1944 \"Here We Go Again\" (Governor song), 2010 \"Here We Go Again\" (Ray Charles song), 1967; covered by several performers \"Here We Go Again\" (Sigma song), 2019 \"Here We Go Again\", by Danger Mouse and Jemini from Ghetto Pop Life, 2003 \"Here We Go Again\", by Dave Mason and Cass Elliot from Dave Mason & Cass Elliot, 1971 \"Here We Go Again\", by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince from He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper, 1988 \"Here We Go Again\", by DMX from ... And Then There Was X, 1999 \"Here We Go Again\", by the Hives from Barely Legal, 1997 \"Here We Go Again\", by John Lennon from Menlove Ave., 1986 \"Here We Go Again\", by Laila from Hello Laila, 1998 \"Here We Go Again\", by Marshmello from Joytime III, 2019 \"Here We Go Again\", by New Found Glory from Tip of the Iceberg, 2008 \"Here We Go Again\", by Operation Ivy from Energy, 1989 \"Here We Go Again\", by Paramore from All We Know Is Falling, 2005 \"Here We Go Again\", by Pixie Lott from Turn It Up, 2009 \"Here We Go Again!\", by Portrait from Portrait, 1992 \"Here We Go Again\", by Sara Paxton \"Here We Go Again\", by Subnoize Souljaz from Droppin Bombs, 2006 \"Here We Go Again (Bump 2000)\", by Kottonmouth Kings from High Society, 2000 \"Here We Go Again (I Love Lake Tahoe)\", by A from Monkey Kong, 1999 See also Here We Go (disambiguation) Here I Go Again (disambiguation) \"Here We Go... Again\", by the Weeknd, 2022","title":"Here We Go Again"},{"docid":"71791370","text":"Amanda Seyfried is an American actress who has received numerous accolades throughout her career. Seyfried came to prominence following her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), for which she received an MTV Movie & TV Award. She then appeared in the romantic comedy films Dear John and Letters to Juliet (both 2010), earning various nominations at the Teen Choice Awards, and the black comedy horror Jennifer's Body (2009), which won her a second MTV Movie & TV Award. She starred in the ABBA-inspired musicals Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), for which she was nominated for two People's Choice Awards, and the period musical Les Misérables (2012), which earned her a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Seyfried received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020), earning nominations in the Best Supporting Actress category at the Academy Awards, AACTA International Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and Golden Globe Awards. This acclaim continued for her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the drama miniseries The Dropout (2022), for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film. Awards and nominations Notes References External links Seyfried, Amanda","title":"List of awards and nominations received by Amanda Seyfried"},{"docid":"40616289","text":"\"Kisses of Fire\" is a song recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, released on their 1979 album Voulez-Vous. Production and release On 22 January 1979, Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson went abroad to the Bahamas on a working trip to write new songs. They came up with up to four songs on this trip, one of which was given the working title of \"Tidemas Blåsning\" and released as \"Kisses Of Fire\". The track was recorded at Polar Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, on 7 February 1979, and mixed on 1 March 1979. \"Kisses of Fire\" was released as the B-side to the single \"Does Your Mother Know\" in April 1979, shortly before the release of the Voulez-Vous album. The single peaked outside the UK top 3, possibly as a consequence of the lead vocals in \"Does Your Mother Know\" being sung by Björn rather than Agnetha or Frida. \"Kisses of Fire\" was considered to be a much more typical ABBA track. In Venezuela, “Kisses Of Fire” was released as an A-Side, with “Does Your Mother Know” as the B-Side. The song was featured in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, performed by Panos Mouzourakis. References Songs about kissing 1979 songs ABBA songs","title":"Kisses of Fire"},{"docid":"37028241","text":"The Collection is a compilation album by the English singer Martine McCutcheon, released in 2012. Track listing Disc 1 \"Perfect Moment\" \"I Dreamed a Dream\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Talking in Your Sleep\" \"Never Lose Your Faith In Love\" \"I'm Over You\" \"What You See Is What You Get\" \"On the Radio\" \"Wishing\" \"Together We Are Beautiful\" \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" \"Zing! Went the Strings of My Heart\" \"The Lady Is A Tramp\" \"The Man That Got Away\" \"Can You Feel The Love Tonight\" \"Out Here On My Own\" Disc 2 \"Everybody\" \"Tonight\" \"Teardrops\" \"Rainy Days\" \"Secret Garden\" \"Hold Me Tighter In The Rain\" \"I've Got You\" \"Gettin' Ready for Love\" \"Maybe This Time\" \"There Are Worse Things I Could Do\" \"Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again\" \"You, Me And Us\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Rainy Days (Sleaze Sisters Anthem Mix)\" \"I'm Over You (Xenomania Disco Mix)\" References External links Martine McCutcheon albums 2012 compilation albums","title":"The Collection (Martine McCutcheon album)"},{"docid":"51606521","text":"Michele Clapton is a British costume designer. She won at the BAFTA Awards for the four-part television series The Devil's Whore in the category of Best Costume Design. She won an Emmy Award for the costumes in the hit HBO show Game of Thrones in 2012. She went on to win again in 2014 and 2016. In 2016, starting with season 6 of HBO's epic fantasy series Game of Thrones, April Ferry took over Clapton's duties as the new costume designer for a majority of the sixth season. Clapton later returned to the show as costume designer for the seventh season. In 2021, Fabergé announced a partnership with Game of Thrones. Michele Clapton was invited to co-design a one-of-a-kind Fabergé x Game of Thrones egg objet, symbolic of Daenerys’ dragon eggs, while intertwining subtle nods to her stand-out costumes which celebrate the landscape around her and her evolving story arc. The design choices are informed by Daenerys’ journey from orphaned exile to conquering monarch and her ongoing quest for the Iron Throne. The Egg sold to a private buyer for $2.2 million USD. Following the success of the egg objet, Fabergé and Game of Thrones continued to work with Michele on a new limited-edition high jewellery collection, which launched at an exclusive event in Dubai. Selected filmography Film The Secret Garden (2020) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Ali and Nino (2016) Queen of the Desert (2015) Before I Go to Sleep (2014) Blood (2012) Love and Other Disasters (2006) My Family and Other Animals (2005) Separate Lies (2005) Chromophobia (2005) Miranda (2002) Chica de Río (2001) The Nine Lives of Tomas Katz (2000) Women Talking Dirty (1999) Simon Magus (1999) Dust Devil (1992) Visions of Ecstasy (1989) Television Sense and Sensibility (2008) The Crown (2016) Game of Thrones (2011–2019) References External links American costume designers Living people Primetime Emmy Award winners Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Michele Clapton"},{"docid":"40600416","text":"Emma Slater (born 25 December 1988) is a British and American professional dancer and choreographer. She is known for her appearances on Dancing with the Stars. Early life Slater was raised in Tamworth, Staffordshire, England, where she joined local stage schools by taking part in numerous productions at an early age. She has a twin sister, Kelly, a costume designer and stylist on Dancing with the Stars. At age 10, Slater started her training in ballroom and Latin dance. In the early years of competing, she won a number competitions in England. At 15, she appeared in a George Michael music video \"Round Here\" produced by Bikini Films on location in London. Later that year, Slater took part in the fitness video \"Latinasize\" again filmed at the Pinewood Studios in London. Personal life She dated fellow Dancing with the Stars member Sasha Farber from 2011 to 2014. In December 2015, Farber made a post on his Instagram account confirming that he and Slater were back together. He proposed to Slater during a broadcast of Dancing with the Stars on 4 October 2016. They married on 25 March 2018, with fellow Dancing with the Stars pros Lindsay Arnold, Witney Carson and Jenna Johnson serving as bridesmaids, and Derek Hough serving as one of Farber's groomsmen. Slater became an American citizen in December 2020. The couple separated in April 2022. Slater filed for divorce in February 2023. Competitive dancing Slater has numerous titles to her name. In 2005, at the age of 16, she won the British Under 21 Latin American Championships at the Blackpool Closed 2005. She won the 2006 United Kingdom Under 21 Latin American Championships at the Bournemouth Pavilions, England. Ranked in the world's top 10, Slater went on to represent the UK in competitions around the world. Theatre At 16, Slater joined the hit theatre show ‘Simply Ballroom’ touring UK, including Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London's West End, United Arab Emirates and South Africa. While in South Africa, Slater appeared on Dancing with the South African Stars with her celebrity partner TV Host Dalen Lance. Following Simply Ballroom, Slater had an extended run in London's West End with theatre shows; Dirty Dancing at the Aldwych Theatre where she was the Principal Latin Dancer/Ballroom Supervisor, but also understudied and played the principal role of Lisa Houseman, ‘Cheek to Cheek’ at The Coliseum and ‘Latin Fever’ at the Peacock Theatre. In 2009, Slater joined the stage show Burn the Floor for the China tour initially, but later joined the cast for an extended run at the Longacre Theatre on Broadway New York City and a world tour covering: Belgium, Holland, Australia, Japan, South Korea, Canada, New Zealand, West End London, a nine-month USA multi-city tour. She also danced and advised on UK's ITV Popstar to Opera Star on a number of occasions. Mamma Mia! In 2008, Slater was featured in the Universal Pictures movie Mamma Mia! starring Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan and Colin Firth, directed by Phyllida Lloyd –","title":"Emma Slater"},{"docid":"8738214","text":"is a Japanese actress and voice actress who is affiliated with Mausu Promotion. She is married to Makoto Yasue, a sound director employed by Glovision. On Twitter under the name chiffons, she reported the birth of her first son on August 3, 2011, in a tweet on August 11, 2011, and the birth of her second son on May 15, 2013, in a tweet on May 17, 2013. Biography Filmography Mixed media Galaxy Angel series (????) (Creta) Sakura Wars series (????) (Mell Raison) Television animation 1999 Cowboy Bebop (Angel) 2001 Baki the Grappler (Kozue Matsumoto) 2002 Saikano (Yukari) Tokyo Underground (Hekisa) 2004 Tweeny Witches (Arusu) Sonic X (Molly) The Galaxy Railways (Tina) 2006 Ergo Proxy (Monad Proxy) Fushigiboshi no FutagoHime Gyu! (Rein's Mother) Inukami! (Snake Woman) Kage Kara Mamoru! (Tsubaki Mapputatsu) Lemon Angel Project (Keiko Shikina) Ray the Animation (Burūsokkusu) 2007 Bamboo Blade (Sayako Kuwahara) Dennō Coil (Fumie) Kekkaishi (Aihi) Emily of New Moon (Ilse Burnley) 2008 Rosario + Vampire (Kyōko Aono) 2009 Aoi Hana (Hanae) Stitch! The Mischievous Alien's Great Adventure (Sand) Viper's Creed (Maika) 2012 AKB0048 (Mikako Minamino) High School DxD (Issei's mother) Psycho-Pass (Chika Shimazu) 2013 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Battle Tendency (Suzi Q) 2014 Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers (Rosetta Riley) HappinessCharge PreCure! (Miyo Masuko) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders (Suzi Q) 2015 Maria the Virgin Witch (Lolotte) 2016 Active Raid (Governor's Secretary) Cardfight!! Vanguard G Stride Gate (Hiroki Moriyama) 2019 Fruits Basket (Okami Soma) Star Twinkle PreCure (Terumi Hoshina) 2020 Boruto: Naruto Next Generations (Sakuya) Unknown date Monkey Typhoon (Karin Kuramu) Naruto (Female Orochimaru) Theatrical animation Naruto the Movie 2: Great Clash! The Illusionary Ruins at the Depths of the Earth (2005) (Kamira) Original video animation Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury Prologue (2022) (Nyla Bertran) Video games Panzer Dragoon Saga () (Fei) Wild Arms 4 () (Belial) Drakengard 2 () (Hanch) Everybody's Tennis () (Jun) Soulcalibur Legends () (Taki) Soulcalibur IV () (Taki) Soulcalibur: Broken Destiny () (Taki) Way of the Samurai 4 () (Akemi, Madara) Everybody's Golf 6 () (Satsuki) Granblue Fantasy () (Scathacha) Valkyria Chronicles IV () (Hanna Ivanovic) Apex Legends () (Wraith - Japanese voice) Fire Emblem: Three Houses () (Manuela) Unknown date Ys I & II (????) (Maria) Dubbing Live-action Amanda Seyfried Mamma Mia! (Sophie Sheridan) Jennifer's Body (Anita \"Needy\" Lesnicki) Letters to Juliet (Sophie Hall) Lovelace (Linda Lovelace) A Million Ways to Die in the West (Louise) Love the Coopers (Ruby) The Last Word (Anne Sherman) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (Sophie Sheridan) The Art of Racing in the Rain (Avery \"Eve\" Swift) Mank (Marion Davies) Things Heard & Seen (Catherine Claire) Anna Paquin A Walk on the Moon (Allison Kantrowitz) Almost Famous (Polexia Aphrodisia) Finding Forrester (Claire) X-Men (Rogue) 25th Hour (Mary D'Annunzio) X2 (Rogue) American Underdog (Brenda Mooni) Aubrey Plaza The To Do List (Brandy Klark) Life After Beth (Beth Slocum) Child's Play (Karen Barclay) Best Sellers (Lucy Stanbridge) 10 Things I Hate About You (Kat Stratford (Julia Stiles)) 17 Again (Maggie (Michelle Trachtenberg)) American Beauty","title":"Sachiko Kojima"},{"docid":"40705751","text":"\"I Wonder (Departure)\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \"The Name of the Game\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \"I wonder ... it scares me\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \"maximum emotional leverage\", making it \"the most intimate personal portrait\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \"translate beautifully to the stage\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus","title":"I Wonder (Departure)"},{"docid":"17426709","text":"The following is a list of films that were filmed wholly or partially in Oxford, England (often featuring the University of Oxford): Accident (1967) The Italian Job (1969) Heaven's Gate - Harvard commencement sequences shot in New College Lane, the Sheldonian Theatre and at Mansfield College in 1980. Another Country (1984) Oxford Blues (1984) Young Sherlock Holmes (1984) A Fish Called Wanda (1988) Howards End (1992) Shadowlands (1993) The Madness of King George (1994) True Blue (1996) The Saint (1997) Wilde (1997) The Red Violin (1998) Saving Private Ryan (1998) Mohabbatein (2000) (Bollywood film) 102 Dalmatians (2000) Quills (2000) Iris (2001) Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (2001) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Bhagam Bhag (2006) (Bollywood film) Blue Blood (2006) The History Boys (2006) The Golden Compass (2007) Salaam-e-Ishq (2007) (Bollywood film) Brideshead Revisited (2008) I Can't Think Straight (2008) The Oxford Murders (2008) An Education (2009) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Robinson in Ruins (2010) X-Men: First Class (2011) Desi Boyz (2011) Belle (2013) The Riot Club (2014) Doctor Strange (2016) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Mummy (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Tolkien (2019) Saltburn (2023) References Oxford-related lists","title":"List of films shot in Oxford"},{"docid":"58104687","text":"Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \"Dancing Queen\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \"Fernando\" and \"Super Trouper\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\" —Cher Cher also said that \"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \"SOS\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song","title":"Dancing Queen (album)"},{"docid":"65136975","text":"\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" is a song recorded and released as a single by Romanian singer Elena Gheorghe, featuring rapper Glance. This marks their second collaboration, the first one being the native number one single \"Ecou\" (2013). \"Mamma Mia\" was initially released for digital download and streaming in the United States on 5 August 2014 under Robbins Entertainment, and worldwide the following year in July under Cat Music. An English language track, it was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă. Music critics gave the song mostly positive reviews, complimenting its catchy instrumentals, but doubted the role of the featured artist by calling it \"not convincing\". An accompanying music video for \"Mamma Mia\", directed by Dan Petcan and Bogdan Filip, premiered on the Cat Music YouTube channel on 21 May 2014 and was supported by a giveaway. The clip depicted Elena at wedding playing the role of the bride, and Italian male as the groomsman. Commercially, the song was modernly successful, peaking at number 33 on the singer's native Romanian Airplay 100. The song was also sent to radio stations across Italy, Poland and Spain, where it had managed to enter several charts. Background and composition In February 2014, Elena went on local radio station Kiss FM for an interview, where she would announce an international single coming up. At the time of the interview, Laurențiu Duță was producing the song in Los Angeles. \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă himself. It was initially sent to radio stations across Italy in July, before being released on streaming devices in the United States by Robbins Entertainment the following month. +Mas Music distributed the song's release on 23 January 2015, while Cat Music handled its worldwide release on 13 July. \"Mamma Mia\" marks Elena and Glance's second collaboration, the first one being \"Ecou\" (2013), which achieved huge chart success in the singer's native country. An English language love song, \"Mamma Mia\" was described as a catchy dance-pop tune. Lyrically, the song is about Elena questing whether she should date a romantic Italian man, knowing well that she will be played on by him. Some lyrics of the song are: \"I just can't getting off my mind he's so amazing / My heart says Yes, my mind says No / Just let him go, go, go.\" Reception and Promotion Upon its release, \"Mamma Mia\" was met positively by music critics. Jonathan Currinn gave the song five stars, calling it a \"lost treasure that we'll forever love\". He went on to compliment the music video, which he called \"completely epic\" and \"full-on amazingness in every way\". He called out the clip's director Dan Petcan for his \"terrific job at directing [it]\", and Elena for her acting skills which were described as \"brilliant\". Zuletzt Aktualisiert from HitFire described the song as a \"catchy dance pop track\". He found the song rather amusing, and","title":"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)"},{"docid":"7491727","text":"Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.","title":"Dominic Cooper"},{"docid":"1020882","text":"Amanda Michelle Seyfried ( ; born December 3, 1985) is an American actress, singer and songwriter. She began acting at 15, with recurring roles as Lucy Montgomery in the CBS soap opera As the World Turns (1999–2001) and Joni Stafford in the ABC soap opera All My Children (2003). She came to prominence for her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), and for her roles as Lilly Kane in the UPN mystery drama series Veronica Mars (2004–2006) and Sarah Henrickson in the HBO drama series Big Love (2006–2011). Seyfried has starred in a number of films, including Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), Jennifer's Body (2009), Dear John (2010), Letters to Juliet (2010), Red Riding Hood (2011), In Time (2011), Les Misérables (2012), A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014), Ted 2 (2015), and First Reformed (2017). She received critical acclaim and nominations for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020). For her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the Hulu miniseries The Dropout (2022), she won the Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress. In 2022, Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Early life and education Amanda Michelle Seyfried was born on December 3, 1985, in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Ann Seyfried (née Sander) is an occupational therapist, and her father, Jack Seyfried, is a pharmacist. She is of mostly German descent with smaller amounts of English, Scots-Irish, and Welsh ancestry. She has an older sister, Jennifer Seyfried, who is a musician in the Philadelphia rock band Love City. Seyfried attended William Allen High School, a large public school in Allentown, where she graduated in 2003. She enrolled at Fordham University in New York City in the fall of 2003, but chose not to attend after being offered a leading role in the 2004 film Mean Girls. Career 1996–2005: Early work While attending William Allen High School in Allentown, Seyfried began modeling. She appeared in several print ads for clothing companies, including Limited Too with Leighton Meester, and was featured on three covers of the Sweet Valley High novel series. At age 17 she stopped modeling and started a job as a waitress in a retirement community. While still a teen, she took vocal lessons, studied opera, trained with a Broadway coach, and began her acting career as an extra in Guiding Light, a daytime television drama. From 2000 to 2001 she played the recurring character Lucy Montgomery on the CBS soap opera As the World Turns and, from 2002 to 2003, Joni Stafford on the ABC soap All My Children. In 2003, Seyfried auditioned to play Regina George in Mean Girls, but the role eventually went to Rachel McAdams. While she was initially considered for the lead role of Cady Heron, ultimately played by Lindsay Lohan, the film's","title":"Amanda Seyfried"},{"docid":"22559166","text":"Musicality is the third solo album from English actress-singer Martine McCutcheon. The album features covers of songs from McCutcheon's favourite musicals, including Mamma Mia! and Les Misérables. Released in December 2002, Musicality was a commercial failure; it debuted and peaked only at #55 on the UK Albums Chart, spending just two weeks in the Top 100. It is McCutcheon's lowest-charting and lowest-selling album to date. Track listing \"Maybe This Time\" – from Cabaret \"Zing Went the Strings of My Heart\" – from Listen Darling \"White Christmas\" – from Holiday Inn \"I Dreamed a Dream\" – from Les Misérables \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" – from Babes in Arms \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" – from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" – from Funny Girl \"Out Here on My Own\" – from Fame \"What I Did for Love\" – from A Chorus Line \"There Are Worse Things I Could Do\" – from Grease \"The Winner Takes It All\" – from Mamma Mia! \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" – from The Lion King \"Wouldn't It Be Luverely\" – from My Fair Lady \"Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again\" – from The Phantom of the Opera \"The Man That Got Away\" – from A Star Is Born \"Nobody Does It Like Me\" – from See-Saw Charts References 2002 albums Martine McCutcheon albums","title":"Musicality (album)"},{"docid":"41643699","text":"This list contains the names of albums that contain a hidden track and also information on how to find them. Not all printings of an album contain the same track arrangements, so some copies of a particular album may not have the hidden track(s) listed below. Some of these tracks may be hidden in the pregap, and some hidden simply as a track following the listed tracks. The list is ordered by artist name using the surname where appropriate. Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film For Theaters soundtrack: Contains a song performed by Dana Snyder at the end of \"Nude Love (Reprise).\" The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience: following a period of silence after the album's final track is a reprise of the third track, \"Come to Butt-Head\" by Beavis and Butt-Head (Mike Judge); it repeats the original track's first verse, then continues with new lyrics where the two are joined by rapper Positive K Chicago Hope soundtrack: The album lists 24 tracks, but actually has 26 with cast member Mandy Patinkin performing \"And the Band Played On\" (as track 4) and \"Political Science\" (track 23). Darkthrone Holy Darkthrone: Tracks \"Slottet i det fjerne\" and \"To Walk the Infernal Fields\" are listed as unique tracks on the back cover, but they are a single track on a CD with few minutes of silence between them. Digimon: The Movie soundtrack: At tracks 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17, the Digimon Theme, Change Into Power, Let's Kick It Up, Going Digital and Strange starts playing after Here We Go and 59 seconds of silence. Enjoy Every Sandwich: Songs of Warren Zevon: after a period of silence, Jorge Calderón and Jennifer Warnes' version of Zevon's \"Keep Me in Your Heart\" - an instrumental version of the same song, arranged by Van Dyke Parks, plays after the last track. Kill Bill Volume 2 soundtrack: Hidden track \"Black Mamba\" by The Wu-Tang Clan plays at the end of \"Urami Bushi.\" Knights of the Blues Table: A rare track of Cyril Davies performing KC Moan is 'hidden' in the pregap. Instructions to access the track are in the liner notes. Leader of the Starry Skies – A Loyal Companion: 30 seconds following Idiot Box's cover of \"Nurses Whispering Versus\", Sarah Cutts' \"The Barnacle Tree\" - the only original composition of the compilation - begins to play. iTunes copies also include three extra unlisted cover tracks upon downloading - Local Girls' cover of \"Odd Even\", Ham Legion's cover of \"Dead Mouse\" and Stephen EvEns' cover of \"The Duck and Roger the Horse\". Lost in Translation soundtrack: Nine minutes after \"Just Like Honey,\" Bob Harris's version of \" More Than This\" by Roxy Music Mamma Mia! The Movie Soundtrack: \"Thank You for the Music\" by Amanda Seyfried Mojo presents... Let It Be Revisited: This tribute album to The Beatles' final album Let It Be was released as a free CD in August 2010 in the Mojo magazine. A vinyl version was released shortly after in the same magazine.","title":"List of albums containing a hidden track: Various artists"},{"docid":"56756552","text":"Jessica Keenan Wynn (born Jessica Keenan Armstrong; June 12, 1986) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Heather Chandler in the off-Broadway production of Heathers: The Musical and Young Tanya in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Personal life Wynn is the daughter of Edwyna \"Wynnie\" Wynn and Roger Armstrong. Her legal surname is Armstrong, but she changed it to carry on the Wynn name. She is the niece of actor Ned Wynn and screenwriter Tracy Keenan Wynn; the granddaughter of Keenan Wynn, who she was named after; the great-granddaughter of comedian Ed Wynn; and the great-great-granddaughter of Frank Keenan, all of whom were prominent actors. Stage performances Filmography Film Television References External links 1986 births Living people American stage actresses American film actresses American people of Czech-Jewish descent American people of Romanian-Jewish descent Actresses from Los Angeles 21st-century American actresses","title":"Jessica Keenan Wynn"},{"docid":"656355","text":"ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"SOS\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Mamma Mia\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \"Tropical Loveland\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \"Intermezzo No. 1\" (early working title: \"Mama\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \"Man in the Middle\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \"The ABBA Remasters\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \"Deluxe Edition\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \"Baby\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \"Rock Me\". \"Baby\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Crazy World\" \"Crazy World\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \"Money, Money, Money\" single in November 1976. \"Crazy World\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\" Recording began on 6 May 1975","title":"ABBA (album)"},{"docid":"40655625","text":"\"I Let the Music Speak\" is a song by ABBA, featured as the first track to side two of their 1981 album The Visitors. It is the fifth-longest ABBA track, after \"Eagle\", \"The Day Before You Came\", \"The Visitors\", and \"Chiquitita\". Synopsis Billboard said the song \"is the singer's personal acknowledgement of the wondrous transcendental power and sweep of music\". Abba - Uncensored on the Record says the song \"suggest[s] that after all the good times and bad times, music will never let you down\". Composition The song opens with a \"rolling and wishful piano figure\", and includes a \"warm synth string ensemble\", focusing on the alto and tenor sections. The woodwind filigree is courtesy of flautist Jan Kling. The song also has an acoustic guitar starting in the second verse, which blend with Benny's grand piano, which is the \"leading voice in the rousing musings of the chorus\". The melodic design is quite angular - following the recitative medium. Frida's main vocals are assisted by Agnetha's \"pouncing falsetto grabs\" prior to the chorus. Critical reception Abba - Uncensored on the Record notes the song has a \"theatrical presentation\" and doesn't sound like a pop song. The song was listed among 4 others as one of the \"best cuts\" of the album The Visitors. Managing Information, Volume 7, Issues 6-10 explains \"Songs such as I Let the Music Speak', and the album's title-track [The Visitors] were a major break from their traditional style.\" ABBA:Let the music speak describes the song as a \"thespian ear-grabber\" and \"a rich tapestry of rhythmic contemplation, deftly easing from waltz to march time and back again\". Legacy Benny and Bjorn explained that \"I Let the Music Speak\" was an early example of their foray into musicals: \"Songs like \"Thank You for the Music\" or \"I Let the Music Speak\" had a theatrical quality. You could see \"Chess\" as a development from what we did with Abba\". I Let The Music Speak has lent its name to various media, including a 12-song album tribute to the songs of Benny and Bjorn by Anne Sofie von Otter, and also a book about ABBA entitled ABBA: Let The Music Speak. The opening line \"I'm hearing images, I'm seeing songs, no poet has ever painted\" was included as the quote at the beginning of the chapter entitled \"'I let the music speak': cross domain application for a cognitive model of musical learning'\". Notable covers include: \"Is 't zo bedoeld\", Dutch version by Bonnie & José on their album Herinnering (1985) \"I Let the Music Speak\" by Anne Sofie von Otter on her album of the same name (2006) Instrumental version included in the movie Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) References 1981 songs ABBA songs Songs about music","title":"I Let the Music Speak"},{"docid":"67450812","text":"Ana Lúcia Alves de Menezes (22 January 1975 – 20 April 2021), also known as Ana Lúcia Granjeiro, was a Brazilian voice actress and voice director. Some of her notable dubbing roles included Sam Puckett in iCarly, Suzy Sheep in Peppa Pig, Laura in the Mexican telenovela Carrusel, Rory Gilmore in Gilmore Girls, and Maite Perroni in various roles. She was nominated three times for the Yamato Award: best actress in 2004 for Chihiro Ogino in Spirited Away, best supporting actress in 2005 for Koto in Yu Yu Hakusho, and best actress in 2010 for Misa Amane in Death Note, which she won. Personal life and death Ana Lúcia also practiced taekwondo, competing in tournaments at the International Taekwon-Do Federation. She won a bronze medal in the 1997 World Cup. Menezes died from a stroke in Rio de Janeiro on 20 April 2021. According to doctors, the stroke was caused by cerebral thrombosis which may have been caused by a reinfection of COVID-19 that she had at the end of 2020. Dubbing Amy Rose in Sonic X and Sonic Boom Aria Montgomery in Pretty Little Liars Sam Puckett in iCarly and Sam & Cat Koto in YuYu Hakusho Dulce Maria in Carita de ángel Po in Teletubbies Tanya Sloan in Power Rangers Zeo and Power Rangers Turbo Kira Ford in Power Rangers Dino Thunder Vida Rocca in Power Rangers Mystic Force Vada in My Girl Stella in Winx Club Maite Perroni in Rebelde, RBD: La familia, Cuidado con el ángel, Mi pecado, The Stray Cat, and Triunfo del amor Sophie Sheridan in Mamma Mia! and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again Toph Beifong in Avatar: The Last Airbender Hilda in Hilda Poof and Trixie Tang in The Fairly OddParents Jasmine Fenton in Danny Phantom Chihiro Ogino in Spirited Away Bridgette in Total Drama and Total DramaRama Diego and Mariam in Beyblade Misa Amane in Death Note Ikon Eron in Gormiti D.W. Read in Arthur Daisy Watkins in Static Shock Rosalie \"Ro\" Rowan in The Zeta Project Pippa the Poppy Fairy in rainbow magic the series Awards and nominations Notes References External links 1975 births 2021 deaths Brazilian voice actresses Brazilian voice directors Actresses from Recife 21st-century Brazilian actresses","title":"Ana Lúcia Menezes"},{"docid":"50510142","text":"Songbird is a three-disc, limited edition box set by Australian singer Marina Prior. The album was released in Australia in April 2014. The Songbird box includes Marina's three albums, Both Sides Now (2012), Encore (2013) and Marina Prior Live, a new album recorded at The Glasshouse in Port Macquarie in 2013. The Box Set is named from the extra track, \"Songbird\", originally penned by Christine McVie and performed by Fleetwood Mac. It was also released a single. Prior promoted the album with a 26-date national tour commencing in Launceston in August. It concluded in December 2014. On the tour, Prior's performed her best-loved songs from throughout her career, accompanied by pianist David Cameron. Track listing CD 1 - Both Sides Now (2012) \"The Man with the Child in His Eyes\" - 3:22 \"Scarborough Fair\" - 3:42 \"You Weren’t in Love With Me\"- 3:33 \"Superstar\" - 4:31 \"Both Sides, Now\" - 4:21 \"Midnight at the Oasis\" - 3:30 \"In My Life\" / \"Here Comes the Sun\"- 3:41 \"Love the One You're With\" - 3:21 \"Waters Of Babylon\" - 2:33 \"River\" - 4:13 \"Day You Went Away\" - 3:58 \"Windmills of Your Mind\" - 3:31 \"Killer Queen\" - 3:09 \"SOS\" - 4:43 CD 2 - Encore (2013) \"Meadow Lark\" (from The Baker's Wife) - 5:19 \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\" (from Promises, Promises) - 3:34 \"When He Loved Me\" (from Toy Story 2) - 3:21 \"So in Love\" (from Kiss Me Kate) - 3:48 \"Dream Medley\" - Climb Every Mountain (from The Sound of Music), \"Out of My Dreams\" (from Oklahoma), \"I Have Dreamed\" (from The King and I) - 3:39 \"Memory (from Cats) - 4:07 \"Tomorrow\" (from Annie) - 3:18 \"Edelweiss (from The Sound of Music) - 1:53 \"Before I Gaze at You Again\" (from Camelot) - 3:14 \"I Dreamed a Dream\" (from Les Misérables) - 3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" (from Mamma Mia) - 4:42 \"Music of the Night\" (from The Phantom of the Opera) - 4:49 CD 3 - Live'' (2014) \"Overture\" - 1:03 \"Both Sides Now\" - 4:22 \"Memory\" - 4:11 \"I Love a Piano\" - 3:18 \"Celtic Medley\" (\"He Moved Through the Fair\", \"Heigh Diddle Dum\", \"Danny Boy\") - 10:04 \"The Winner Takes It All\" - 4:06 \"I Dreamed a Dream\" - 3:32 \"Rogers & Hammerstein Medley\" (\"Climb Every Mountain\", \"I Have Dreamed\", \"Out Of My Dreams\") - 3:36 \"The Music Of The Night\" - 5:22 \"Auld Lang Syne\" - 2:09 \"Time to Say Goodbye\" - 4:27 \"Songbird\" (Bonus Track) - 3:06 Release history References Marina Prior albums 2014 albums","title":"Songbird (Marina Prior box set)"},{"docid":"68620154","text":"Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \"Just a Notion\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \"Little Things\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \"ABBAtar\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \"Just a Notion\", was","title":"Voyage (ABBA album)"},{"docid":"37252665","text":"is a Japanese actor and voice actor. He was born in Saitama. Filmography Film Sennen no Koi Story of Genji (2001) Television dramas Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1998) (Prince Kuni Asahiko) Aoi Tokugawa Sandai (2000) (Emperor Go-Yōzei) Mito Kōmon (2001) (Dr. Kogorō Matsumiya) Kōmyō ga Tsuji (2006) (Shimizu Muneharu) AIBOU: Tokyo Detective Duo (2007) Television animation Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2002) (Yamaguchi) Detective Conan (2005) (Akira Sakuma) Detective Conan (2006) (Korn) Bakugan Battle Brawlers (2007) (Exedra) Bokurano: Ours (2007) (Sasami) Detective Conan (2007) (Kakuji Dejima) Blassreiter (2008) (Matthew Grant) Bakugan Battle Brawlers: New Vestroia (2010) (Exedra) House of Five Leaves (2010) (Yagi Heizaemon) Kindaichi Case Files R (2014) (Wang Long) Level E (2011) (Kyushiro Yumeno) Robotics;Notes (2012) (Hiromu Hidaka) Tari Tari (2012) (Shoichi Okita) One Piece (2013) (Rock) Aldnoah.Zero (2014) (Volf Areash) Chaika - The Coffin Princess (2014) (Simon Scania) Glasslip (2014) (Ken Fukami) Soul Eater Not! (2014) (Cafe Master) Go! Princess PreCure (2015) (Tsukasa Kaido) Ajin: Demi-Human (2016) (Ikuya Ogura) Knight's & Magic (2017) Megalobox (2018) (Fujimaki) Kingdom Season 3 (2021) (Orudo) Theatrical animation Utsunomiko (1989) (Kusuri) Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade (2000) (Atsushi Henmi) Detective Conan: The Raven Chaser (2009) (Korn) Ajin Part 1: Shōdō (2015) (Ikuya Ogura) Video games Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War (2006) (Joshua \"LUCAN\" Bristow) Tales of Xillia (2011) (Jilland) Borderlands 2 (2012, Japanese version) (Handsome Jack) Tales of Xillia 2 (2012) (Jilland) The Evil Within (2014, Japanese version) (Detective Sebastian Castellanos) Nioh (2017) (Edward Kelley) Starlink: Battle for Atlas (2019) (St. Grand) Fate/Grand Order (2020) (Zeus) Famicom Detective Club: The Missing Heir (2021 Remake) (2021) (Kanji Ayashiro) Dubbing roles Live-action Aaron Eckhart The Dark Knight (Harvey Dent) Battle: Los Angeles (Michael Nantz) Erased (Ben Logan) Sully (2020 The Cinema edition) (Jeff Skiles) Wander (Arthur Bretnik) The First Lady (Gerald Ford) Colin Firth Bridget Jones's Diary (Mark Darcy) Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (Mark Darcy) Nanny McPhee (Cedric Brown) Mamma Mia! (Harry Bright) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (Harry Bright) The 4400 (Jordan Collier (Billy Campbell)) 5x2 (Gilles (Stéphane Freiss)) Ambulance (FBI Agent Anson Clark (Keir O'Donnell)) American Beauty (2003 TBS edition) (Lester Burnham (Kevin Spacey)) American Gods (Mr. World (Crispin Glover)) Antarctic Journal (Lee Young-min (Park Hee-soon)) Arbitrage (Det. Bryer (Tim Roth)) The A-Team (Vance Burress / Agent Lynch (Patrick Wilson)) Avalon (Murphy (Jerzy Gudejko)) Avengers: Age of Ultron (Ultron (James Spader)) Battle of the Sexes (Cuthbert \"Ted\" Tinling (Alan Cumming)) Beethoven Virus (Kang Mae (Kim Myung-min)) Boardwalk Empire (Roy Phillips (Ron Livingston)) Bones (Seeley Booth (David Boreanaz)) The Brave One (David Kirmani (Naveen Andrews)) C.B. Strike (Andrew Fancourt (Peter Sullivan)) Chaos (Captain Martin Jenkins (Henry Czerny)) Charlie Countryman (Nigel (Mads Mikkelsen)) Che (Mario Monje (Lou Diamond Phillips)) Chicken with Plums (Nasser-Ali (Mathieu Amalric)) Crocodile Dundee (Netflix edition) (Michael J. \"Crocodile\" Dundee (Paul Hogan)) Crossbones (William Jagger (Julian Sands)) Darkest Hour (Viscount Halifax (Stephen Dillane)) Déjà Vu (FBI Special Agent Paul Pryzwarra (Val Kilmer)) Devils (Dominic Morgan (Patrick Dempsey)) Dr. Dolittle: Million Dollar Mutts (Rick Beverley (Jason Bryden)) Draft Day","title":"Hiroyuki Kinoshita"},{"docid":"18529345","text":"Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording is the original cast album for the ABBA-inspired stage musical of the same name. The album was released in 1999 and it reached No.56 in the UK album chart, with 2 weeks on the chart. Re-interest in this 1999 Original London Cast album caused it to reach #12 in the UK Album Chart, having charted at #16 a week earlier. It features performances by the original London cast of the musical including Lisa Stokke, Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae. The album was produced by the two male members of ABBA, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The album featured a number of ABBA's best known songs, including the title track, \"Dancing Queen\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" and \"Thank You for the Music\". Track listing Original release \"Overture / Prologue\" - Lisa Stokke—2:56 \"Honey, Honey\" - Lisa Stokke, Eliza Lumley, and Melissa Gibson—2:02 \"Money, Money, Money\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, Neal Wright, and Company—3:01 \"Mamma Mia\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Company-3:21 \"Thank You for the Music\" - Lisa Stokke, Hilton McRae, Paul Clarkson, and Nicolas Colicos-3:03 \"Chiquitita\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—2:27 \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—3:44 \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" - Andrew Langtree, Lisa Stokke, and Company—3:34 \"Super Trouper\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Jenny Galloway, Louise Plowright, and Female Company—3:56 \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" - Female Company—3:34 \"The Name of the Game\" - Lisa Stokke and Nicolas Colicos—3:22 \"Voulez-Vous\" - Company—3:29 \"Entr'acte\" - Musical cast—2:17 \"Under Attack\" - Lisa Stokke and Company—3:11 \"One of Us\" - Siobhán McCarthy—2:20 \"SOS\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae—2:44 \"Does Your Mother Know\" - Louise Plowright, Neal Wright, and Company—3:21 \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" - Hilton McRae—2:42 \"Our Last Summer\" - Paul Clarkson and Siobhán McCarthy—2:42 \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Lisa Stokke—3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" - Siobhán McCarthy—4:08 \"Take a Chance on Me\" - Jenny Galloway and Nicolas Colicos—3:33 \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" - Hilton McRae, Siobhán McCarthy, and Company—2:29 \"I Have a Dream\" - Lisa Stokke—2:58 5th anniversary edition The album was re-released in 2004, five years after its initial release to commemorate the musical's 5th anniversary. The new edition contained the original 24 tracks as well as three bonus tracks: the encore versions of \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Waterloo\". Another 5th anniversary release, which debuted in 2006, commemorates the Broadway production, which debuted in 2001. Also included is a deluxe souvenir booklet complete with lyrics and glimpses of Donna Sheridan in international productions, and a bonus DVD that basically gives a behind-the-scenes look at the musical as well as glimpses of international productions of the musical. An additional bonus feature includes clips of the West End cast singing \"Money, Money, Money\" and \"Dancing Queen\", as well as fond memories from original Broadway cast members Joe Machota and Tina Maddigan, who play the roles of Sky and Sophie,","title":"Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording"},{"docid":"47713564","text":"Alexa Davies is a Welsh actress best known for her roles as Aretha in Raised by Wolves, Kate in Detectorists, Yvonne in Cradle to Grave, young Rosie in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and Meg in Dead Pixels. She grew up in Rhyl, Denbighshire. Filmography Film Television References External links 1995 births Welsh television actresses Welsh film actresses People from Rhyl Living people 21st-century Welsh actresses","title":"Alexa Davies"},{"docid":"25011865","text":"Hugh William Skinner (born 6 January 1985) is a British actor. He is best known for starring in sitcoms W1A (2014–2017) and The Windsors (2016–present), and his appearances in musical films Les Misérables (2012) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early life Skinner grew up in London and Tunbridge Wells, and attended Eastbourne College from 1998 to 2003. He lived in Perth, Australia, for a year at age four. He graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2006. Career Early work (2007–2015) Skinner's first professional acting role was in the English Touring Theatre's 2007 production of French Without Tears. In addition to his work on stage, he played supporting roles in the BBC series Tess of the D'Urbervilles as Felix Clare in 2008, and Any Human Heart as Lionel in 2010. He also played the role of Joly, one of the student revolutionaries, in the 2012 film of Les Misérables. In the autumn of 2013, Skinner played the role of Luis Carruthers, a closeted gay man who is in love with the show's protagonist, Patrick Bateman, in the world premiere of American Psycho at the Almeida Theatre. He also appeared on the London cast album, which was released in 2016. While performing in American Psycho, he began filming the first series of the comedy W1A, playing the role of Will Humphries, an inept yet endearing intern at the BBC. The first series was released in 2014, with subsequent series airing on BBC2 in 2015 and 2017. Skinner played the role of Dr. Barnaby Ford in the BBC series Our Zoo. He also appeared at the Theatre Royal, Bath as Camille in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Thérèse Raquin, and as Yepikhodov in Simon Stephens' new translation of The Cherry Orchard at the Young Vic. He returned to the Young Vic in the summer of 2015 to play dual roles in Nick Gill's adaptation of The Trial. In the autumn of 2015, it was announced that he had been cast as Unwin Trevaunance, an aspiring Member of Parliament, in the second series of the BBC production of Poldark, which aired in 2016. Breakthrough (2016–present) Skinner starred in The Windsors, a spoof of the British royal family, as Prince William which aired on Channel 4 in 2016. The same year, he had a role in Fleabag, a BBC3 and Amazon production, where he played the protagonist's hapless boyfriend Harry. The following year, he played Sir George Howard in the first series of Harlots, an 18th-century costume drama that premiered on ITV Encore and Hulu in March. Also in 2017, he played a supporting role in Hampstead opposite Diane Keaton and Brendan Gleeson, and appeared in Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Skinner co-starred in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the 2018 sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, in which he played Young Harry, a version of the character originated by Colin Firth in the first film. In 2018 he also starred in the eighth and final","title":"Hugh Skinner"},{"docid":"3255877","text":"Leon Dominic Cooke (born 8 August 1991) is an English actor, singer, dancer, and choreographer. Early life Leon Cooke was born in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. His parents are Joy and Michael Cooke, a former dancer and dance teacher, respectively. He has seven siblings who are also dancers: Tara, Zena, Cassandra, Damian, Anastasia, Valentina, and Dmitri. Cooke started training at The Marilyn Jones Dance Centre at the age of two years. He learned ballet, tap, gymnastics, theatre craft, song and dance, and street dance. He was a junior and mid-associate with the Royal Ballet in Birmingham and graduated from the Millennium Performing Arts College. Career Cooke was cast as Billy Elliot in Billy Elliot the Musical in September 2005. During his time as Billy Elliot, BBC's Blue Peter followed and filmed Cooke for a day on November 18, 2005. After completing 21 months and 200 shows as Billy, Cooke left the cast on July 7, 2007. Between December 2008 and February 2009, he appeared as Tadzio in the English National Opera's production of Death in Venice at the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels and two shows at the Grande Théâtre de la Ville de Luxembourg. Cook appeared as Quaxo and Mr. Mistoffelees in the musical Cats at Jersey (Fort Regent) and Guernsey (Beau Sejour) in 2009. In March 2010, he returned to the stage of the Victoria Palace Theatre to take part in a specially choreographed finale to celebrate the fifth anniversary of Billy Elliot the Musical opening in the West End. He completed the United Kingdom's second tour of We Will Rock You directed by Ben Elton. Cooke made his Chichester Festival debut as Wilton in Barnum, returning the following year to perform in Amadeus. He has performed in the musical Mamma Mia at the Prince of Wales Theatre and as part of the West End Live cast in Trafalgar Square, London. He performed in Mamma Mia at its new venue, the Novello Theatre. Between 2014 and 2015, Cooke was cast in Miss Saigon in the West End. He worked with the National Theatre in their production of the musical Wonder.land, playing the role of Dee. His workshops with the National Theatre include Helen by Euripides (2016, Paris) and The Threepenny Opera (2016). Choreography Leon Cooke choreographed the Songtime Theatre Arts Billy Youth Theatre's production at the Richmond Theatre in 2010. He was an assistant choreographer for the BBC 2 series Our Dancing Town which aired in January 2017. Television While in Billy Elliot the Musical, Cooke appeared on Blue Peter, Ready Steady Cook, the Paul O'Grady Show, Happy Birthday Bafta, and as a guest performer on Any Dream Will Do. He also performed with the cast on Sunday Night at the Palladium for their tenth anniversary. Cooke appeared in Series 3 of Sky One's Got to Dance, where he gained three gold stars for a tap routine that was described by Adam Garcia as \"awesome\". He performed at the Royal Variety Performance, the Olivier Awards 2015, and","title":"Leon Cooke"},{"docid":"2556660","text":"Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \"my mom\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \"Mamma Mia\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \"Mamma Mia\" (Darin song), 2014 \"Mama Mia\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \"Mamma Mia\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \"Mama Mia\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \"Mammamia\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \"Mamma Mia\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \"Mamma Mia\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \"Mamma Mia\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon","title":"Mamma Mia"},{"docid":"3685331","text":"Godstow is a hamlet about northwest of the centre of Oxford. It lies on the banks of the River Thames between the villages of Wolvercote to the east and Wytham to the west. The ruins of Godstow Abbey, also known as Godstow Nunnery, are here. A bridge spans the Thames and the Trout Inn is at the foot of the bridge across the river from the abbey ruins. There is also a weir and Godstow lock. History Godstow Abbey (see detailed history below) was built here, starting in 1133. It housed an order of Benedictine nuns. Rosamund Clifford, the mistress of King Henry II, retired here and died at 30 in about 1177. Her grave is somewhere in the grounds but now lost. The abbey was suppressed in 1539 under the Second Act of Dissolution. The abbey was then converted into Godstow House by George Owen. It was occupied by his family until 1645, when the building was badly damaged in the English Civil War. After this damage, the building fell into disrepair and was used by the locals as a source of stone for their buildings. A stone bridge was in existence in 1692 and an earlier one was probably that held by the Royalists against Parliamentarians in 1644, during the Civil War. Godstow House itself was fortified as part of the defences of Royalist Oxford against the Parliamentary army at the Siege of Oxford. By the Thames at Lower Wolvercote and Godstow is a 17th-century public house, The Trout Inn, close to Godstow Bridge. The current bridge, in two spans, was built in 1792, the southern span being rebuilt in 1892. Godstow Lock was built here in 1790. In Victorian times, Charles Dodgson (aka Lewis Carroll) brought Alice Liddell (aka Alice in Wonderland) and her sisters, Edith and Lorina, for river trips and picnics at Godstow. The ruins of Godstow Abbey were used as a backdrop in the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again during the musical number \"When I Kissed The Teacher\". History of Godstow Abbey Godstow Abbey was built on what was then an island between streams running into the River Thames. The site was given to the founder Edith de Launceline, in 1133 by John of St. John Edith was the widow of William and she had been living alone in Binsey in Oxfordshire, before deciding to found a group of nuns. The abbey was built in local limestone in honour of St Mary and St John the Baptist for Benedictine nuns; with a further gift of land from him, the site was later enlarged. The church was consecrated in 1139 in the presence of King Stephen. The Bishop of Lincoln confirms that it was Edith's money and will that created the community although she had enjoyed support from Henry I of England. The abbey was again enlarged between 1176 and 1188 when Henry II gave the establishment £258 (which included £100 for the church), 40,000 shingles, 4,000 laths, and a large quantity of","title":"Godstow"},{"docid":"34081868","text":"Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \"the greatest showbiz impresario\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \"The Winner Takes It All\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\") and \"highly savvy writer\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to","title":"Judy Craymer"},{"docid":"43934954","text":"\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" has been called a \"Fats Domino flavoured\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \"Why Did It Have To Be Me\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \"Happy Hawaii\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \"Happy Hawaii\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \"for the guys\" and praises it as an example of the \"professional songwriting\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs","title":"Why Did It Have to Be Me?"},{"docid":"3735183","text":"Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an","title":"Catherine Johnson (playwright)"},{"docid":"11143164","text":"\"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \"Rio de Janeiro\". Eventually, the track was renamed \"When I Kissed the Teacher\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \"schoolgirl imagery\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \"bouncy\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \"Waterloo\". It says the song \"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \"When I Kissed the Teacher\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is listed alongside \"Dancing Queen\" as an example of the group's \"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\" The Los Angeles Times said \"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \"expected of ABBA\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" with the Van Halen song \"Hot for Teacher\" and the Jethro Tull song \"Teacher\" as examples of \"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.","title":"When I Kissed the Teacher"},{"docid":"55471191","text":"Josh Dylan (born 19 January 1994) is a British actor. He is best known for his role as Captain Adam Hunter in Allied (2016), as well as Young Bill in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Career Josh Dylan trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. In 2017, Dylan starred in the Orange Tree Theatre's production of Sheppey, directed by Paul Miller and won the 2017 Off West End Award for Best Supporting Actor. Filmography Film Television Stage Awards and nominations References External links 1994 births 21st-century English male actors Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors Living people Male actors from London People educated at Ardingly College","title":"Josh Dylan"},{"docid":"15642908","text":"\"My Love, My Life\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \"My Love, My Life\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \"Monsieur, Monsieur\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \"My Love, My Life\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson","title":"My Love, My Life"},{"docid":"75128298","text":"Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream was a British television talent competition that began airing on 22 October 2023 on ITV. The show documented the search for two new, unknown musical theatre performers to play the roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!. The series was presented by Zoe Ball, and features Samantha Barks, Alan Carr, Amber Riley and Jessie Ware as judges. The series was won by Stevie Doc and Tobias Turley to play Sophie and Sky respectively. Format The series documented the search to find two unknown musical theatre stars to play the central roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the 2024 West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!, based on the film of the same name for the musical's 25th anniversary. The format was similar to that of the BBC competitions How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, Any Dream Will Do, I'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow which aired on BBC One in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 respectively. ITV later aired a similar programme in 2012, Superstar. The series featured fourteen contestants, seven men and seven women, who took part in masterclasses, challenges and workshops focused on singing, dancing and acting which led to a finale set which took place in a West End theatre where a public vote decided the winners. Production In September 2022, it was reported that ITV were planning to revive the musical theatre talent search format with a new series based on Mamma Mia. In December 2022, ITV confirmed the commissioning of Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream. The series was produced by Thames, the production company behind the reality television formats Britain's Got Talent and I Can See Your Voice. The series is filmed in Corfu, Greece and is presented by Zoe Ball. The judges included Samantha Barks, who was a finalist on I'd Do Anything in 2008, comedian Alan Carr, Glee actress Amber Riley and singer Jessie Ware. Contestants The fourteen contestants competing for the roles of Sophie and Sky were announced on the day of the show's broadcast. Sophie Sky Weekly summary Results summary Colour key Week 1 (22 October) For the show's the first episode, the fourteen contestants were placed in either duos or trios and performed a song by ABBA. Group performances: \"Mamma Mia\" \"I Have a Dream\" Week 2 (29 October) In the show's second episode, the Sophies had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Dancing Queen\" Week 3 (5 November) In the show's third episode, the Skys had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" Week 4 (12 November) For the show's the fourth episode, the Sophies and Skys were paired up and had to recreate a scene","title":"Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream"},{"docid":"44001649","text":"\"Mamma Mia\" is a song by Swedish singer and songwriter Darin featuring vocals by rapper Prophet of 7Lions. It was released on April 14, 2014 in the Nordic countries in occasion of his 10-year anniversary as an artist. It's Darin's first single with Warner Music Sweden. The song was originally written for Darin's sixth studio album Exit, but it didn't make the final cut. Background and release On March 14, 2014 Darin announced via his Instagram account the release of a new single called Mamma Mia, along with a competition which consisted of sharing a picture on the social network in order to win an exclusive ticket for the premiere of the music video of the song which would take place in a secret venue in Stockholm two days before the single release. A trailer of the music video was also posted on Darin's official YouTube channel the same day. Winners were contacted by Darin himself on April 2 and the event took place in a cinema in Stockholm called Rigoletto on April 12. A seven track EP called Mamma Mia - Remixes was released on June 18, 2014. Music video The music video of the single was released on 21 April on Darin's YouTube channel. It was directed by Alex Herron and filmed in Palmdale, California. As stated by the director himself, \"the video feels as if it's a love story in the beginning but then it starts to escalate and she's a Mamma Mia, she's the ultimate crazy woman. They rob a bank, she strips for him. It's pretty dirty, it's pretty good\". The production of the video costed 500,000 Swedish crowns. Charts Release history References 2014 songs 2014 singles Darin (singer) songs Songs written by Darin (singer) Warner Music Group singles","title":"Mamma Mia (Darin song)"},{"docid":"70096150","text":"Croatia Songs is a record chart in Croatia for songs, compiled by Billboard since February 2022. The chart is updated every Tuesday on Billboards website. The chart was announced on 14 February 2022 as part of Billboards Hits of the World chart collection. The first number-one song on the chart was \"Behute\" by Senidah on the issue dated 19 February 2022. The longest charting number-one song is currently \"Mamma mia\" by Grše. The current number-one song on the chart is \"Fantazija\" by Grše featuring Miach. Methodology The chart tracks songs' performance from Friday to Thursday. Chart rankings are based on a weighted formula incorporating official-only streams on both subscription and ad-supported tiers of leading audio and video music services, plus download sales from top music retailers within the territory. All data are provided by MRC Data. List of number-one songs Reception All the songs that appeared on the first issue of the chart were released by the former Yugoslav non-Croatian musicians, apart from \"Trebaš li me\" by Eni Jurišić and Matija Cvek, \"Debili\" by 30zona and Kuku$ Klan, \"Ti i ja\" by Jelena Rozga (in collaboration with Serbian singer Saša Matić), and \"Highlife\" by Grše, alongside \"Heat Waves\" by Glass Animals and \"Black Summer\" by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Hrvoje Marjanović of Index.hr criticized the Croatian media for trying to censor mainstream music from other former Yugoslav republics due to its alleged lack of quality, and praised the chart for showcasing what people of Croatia actually listen to. He further praised the death of genre boundaries, claiming that, \"on the same IG story of the same person, probably in the same day, you will come across songs by Arctic Monkeys, Drake and Senidah\", as well as the death of the \"cajka problem\". However, in the meantime, multiple other Croatian artists appeared on the chart, such as Hiljson Mandela who debuted with three songs in 2022, Baks, Let 3, and the most frequent Billboard dweller, Grše, whose song \"Sip\" is one of the longest charting songs on the chart, surpassing the majority of his former Yugoslav non-Croatian colleagues. Grše would go on to become the first Croatian artist to top the chart, doing so with his single \"Mamma Mia\" in the week of 29 May 2023, and stay at the number one spot for 17 weeks, becoming the longest charting number-one song since the release of the list. Croatian music journalists generally reacted positively to the introduction of such a music chart but criticized the local music industry managers for trying to cover up the popularity of trap music. Tena Šarčević of Jutarnji list explained how the lack of Croatian artists might shock some people, but that the Balkan trap genre has dominated the on-demand streaming for quite some time. She further noted how there's a big difference between the Croatian airplay-based HR Top 40 chart, and the Billboard chart. Ravno Do Dnas Zoran Stajčić commented how the newly introduced Billboard chart is \"real\" and how it gives real insight into","title":"Croatia Songs"},{"docid":"57917036","text":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums","title":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack"},{"docid":"17019742","text":"Gary Michael Goetzman (born November 6, 1952) is an American film and television producer and actor, and co-founder of the production company Playtone with actor Tom Hanks. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Goetzman began his career as a child actor. He had starred in the film Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball, appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, and eventually started a waterbed company and pinball arcade. Goetzman at one time delivered a waterbed to Jon Peters's home. His exploits as a performer and a salesman inspired his friend Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza. In 1984, he produced the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense with director Jonathan Demme. That initiated a successful run as a music supervisor, on such films as Something Wild, Colors, Modern Girls and Married to the Mob, among many others. In 1991, producer Goetzman and director Demme again collaborated to make The Silence of the Lambs, which garnered the top five Academy Awards including Best Picture. In 1993, Goetzman was executive producer of Demme's Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks, beginning a working relationship with Hanks. Goetzman co-produced Hanks's 1996 directorial debut, That Thing You Do! The two then co-founded Playtone in 1998. Since then, Goetzman has produced hit films including My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Polar Express, Charlie Wilson's War and Mamma Mia! Goetzman has also received several Emmy Awards for HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, The Pacific, John Adams, Game Change and Olive Kitteridge. Aside from producing films, Goetzman has been known to play small parts in movies he is connected to. He has also enjoyed a successful parallel career as a music composer and producer, working with such artists as Smokey Robinson, Natalie Cole, Jane Child, Thelma Houston, and The Staples Singers. He currently sits on the National board of directors for the Producers Guild of America. Goetzman is executive producer (with Tom Hanks and Mark Herzog) of the CNN exclusive documentary miniseries The Sixties (2014), The Seventies (2015), The Eighties (2016), and The Nineties (2017). Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Producer Modern Girls (1986) Miami Blues (1990) Amos & Andrew (1993) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) That Thing You Do! (1996) Beloved (1998) My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) The Polar Express (2004) The Ant Bully (2006) Starter for 10 (2006) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) The Great Buck Howard (2008) Mamma Mia! (2008) City of Ember (2008) Where the Wild Things Are (2009) Larry Crowne (2011) Parkland (2013) Ricki and the Flash (2015) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) A Hologram for the King (2016) The Circle (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Greyhound (2020) News of the World (2020) A Man Called Otto (2022) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 (2023) Executive producer The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Philadelphia (1993) Evan Almighty (2007) My Life in Ruins (2009) Ithaca (2015) As an actor Music department Soundtrack Production manager Thanks Television As an actor","title":"Gary Goetzman"},{"docid":"52061803","text":"\"Mamma Mia\" is the second episode of the paranormal drama television series Supernaturals season 12, and the 243rd overall. The episode was written by Brad Buckner & Eugenie Ross-Leming and directed by Thomas J. Wright. It was first broadcast on October 20, 2016, on The CW. In the episode, Dean, Mary and Castiel are getting closer to Sam's location. Sam, meanwhile, is continued to being tortured by Toni, looking for information on the American hunters. Meanwhile, Crowley has finally found Lucifer, who is now in a new vessel: a faded rock star named Vince Vincente and sets off with Rowena to send him back to the Cage. The episode marked the debut of Rick Springfield on the recurring role of Lucifer's vessel. The episode received positive reviews, with critics praising the character development and Rick Springfield's performance. Plot Sam's (Jared Padalecki) new hallucination has him having sex with Toni (Elizabeth Blackmore) as a way to know the names. He finally finds about the hallucination and wakes up, realizing it was just a potion given to him and that they also need to talk about Ruby, surprising Sam. She receives a call from Mick (Adam Fergus), a fellow Man of Letters, who chastises her for disobeying orders and also tells her about Ms. Watt's (Bronagh Waugh) death. Dean (Jensen Ackles) is informed by Castiel (Misha Collins) that he may have found Sam a warded farmhouse after searching rental properties in Aldrich, Missouri, the location Ms. Watt's cell phone had pointed to. Dean decides to go but asks Mary (Samantha Smith) to stay out in order to protect her. Crowley (Mark A. Sheppard) has discovered Rowena (Ruth Connell), who is trying to live a normal life out of witchcraft. He finally convinces her for help in using her magic and the Book of the Damned to find Lucifer and lock him again in the Cage by threatening to kill her date. Meanwhile, Vince Vincente (Rick Springfield) is a washed-up rock star who has been feeling depressed since the death of his girlfriend years ago. While in his hotel room, Vince is stunned to find blood instead of water in his sink. After the objects in his room fly, Vince comes face to face with his dead girlfriend, who is in fact Lucifer disguised, tricking him to say \"yes\" to be his new vessel. Believing that he will be with his dead lover, Vince gives his consent and Lucifer gains a new vessel. Dean goes inside the farmhouse but he falls on a trap and is captured by Toni, who is planning on using him as a method of torture for Sam's punishment and a way for him to talk. Lucifer meets with Crowley to talk about their new positions. Crowley wants to continue ruling as King of Hell and tells him that he can better reign Heaven. Lucifer refuses and prepares to kill him when Rowena approaches with a spell and Crowley pours sulphuric acid on him in hopes this will make","title":"Mamma Mia (Supernatural)"},{"docid":"55594395","text":"Oh Na-ra () is a South Korean actress. She began her career by joining the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and made her debut in the musical \"Simcheong\" the following year. She went on to star in various productions such as Bari, Annie Quang, All That Jazz, Broadway 42nd Streets, Empress Myeongseong, Love in the Rain, and Mamma Mia. Since 2004, she started play the main lead in the creative musicals I Love You. Followed by Finding Kim Jong-wook, Singles and Jomjom. Throughout her career, as musical actress, has received several accolades, including the Best New Actress Award at the 2006 Daegu International Musical Festival, the Best Actress Award at the 12th Korea Musical Awards in 2006, the Female Popularity Award at the 1st The Musical Awards in 2007, and the Popular Star Award at the 13th Korea Musical Awards in 2007. In addition to her work in musicals, Oh made her television debut with a minor role in SBS TV's SBS TV . She has since appeared in various dramas, including Pretty Mom, Pretty Woman, Queen of Reversals, Miss Ahjumma, Yong-pal, Hyde Jekyll, Me, Flowers of the Prison, Man to Man, The Lady in Dignity. Her supporting roles performances in dramas such as My Mister, Sky Castle, Racket Boys, and Alchemy of Souls earned her wider recognition. Early Life and education Oh Na-ra born on October 26, 1974 in Seoul as oldest of two sibling. Oh graduated from . Oh chose ballet as her major because she wanted to perform on stage. She graduated from the Department of Dance at Kyung Hee University. Afterwards, she pursued a master's degree in musical theater at Dankook University's Graduate School of Culture and Arts. Career Oh became interested in musicals after watching one on TV during college and wondered if they were real. She approached Nam Gyeong-eup, a musical actor, and expressed her desire to be part of musicals. Oh helped out at the performance hall of the musical \"Love in the Rain,\" doing tasks like cleaning and selling tickets. She also tried to make the actors happy. She joined the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and debuted with her musical “Simcheong” the following year. Afterwards, she appeared in 'Bari', 'Annie Quang', 'All That Jazz', 'Broadway 42nd Street', 'Empress Myeongseong', 'Love in the Rain', and 'Mamma Mia'. In 2001, Oh joined the Japanese theater company \"Four Seasons\" despite being a newcomer in the musical world. Oh was first Korean actor to be selected as a member. She auditioned and landed a role in the production \"Contact.\" Although she couldn't speak Japanese, it was a dance-only production, so there were no major issues. However, she couldn't go on stage due to visa extension problems caused by the office staff's intentional actions. After eight months, Oh (female) returned to Japan and was given the opportunity to appear in \"Mamma Mia.\" Despite initially being cast as the main character, her Japanese skills weren't perfect, so she returned after two years as an ensemble","title":"Oh Na-ra"},{"docid":"62215057","text":"The Wild Dreams Tour or The Hits Tour, originally known as the Stadiums in the Summer Tour, is an ongoing concert tour by Irish pop vocal group, Westlife. It was first scheduled to begin on 17 June 2020 in Scarborough, England at the Scarborough Open Air Theatre. However, the tour was ultimately postponed in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The band has rescheduled their dates like the Wembley Stadium, Cork, and Scarborough to 2022. The first 17 other tour dates announced have been cancelled but 2 of them were rescheduled. Their three shows in Singapore made them the first international group to perform at the Singapore Indoor Stadium thrice in one tour. On 19 November 2022, band member Nicky Byrne was involved in a stage fall accident during the concert. On 25 November 2022, band member Mark Feehily pulled out of the remaining shows of the UK and Ireland leg due to contracting pneumonia. He would rejoin the band for the 2023 legs except for five of its dates due to pulmonary complications that need an operation. On 14 August 2023, Westlife announced their first ever tour dates in Canada and the United States. They will be performing in Toronto, Boston, New York City, and Chicago in March 2024. On 12 September 2023, Westlife announced their first-ever tour dates in India. On 26 September 2023, Westlife announced their first-ever tour date in Brazil and their first headlining concert tour in Mexico. Feehily has announced he has been forced to pull out just 2 weeks before the band’s debut North American Tour This concert tour also marks their most number of concert tour dates to date with 99 dates so far since their \"Where Dreams Come True Tour\" in 2001 with 82 dates. Band member Kian Egan added, \"This is the largest tour ever in China for a western act\". Set list This set list is representative of the 8 and 9 July 2022 shows at the Aviva Stadium. It does not represent all dates of the tour. \"Starlight\" \"Uptown Girl\" \"When You're Looking Like That\" \"Fool Again\" \"If I Let You Go\" \"My Love\" \"Swear It Again\" ABBA Medley: \"Mamma Mia\" / \"Gimme Gimme Gimme\" / \"Money Money Money\" / \"Take a Chance on Me\" / \"I Have a Dream\" / \"Dancing Queen\" / \"Waterloo\" / \"Thank You for the Music\" \"What About Now\" \"Mandy\" Medley: \"What Makes a Man\" / \"Queen of My Heart\" / \"Unbreakable\" / \"I'm Already There\" \"World of Our Own\" (contains excerpts of “Crazy In Love”) \"Flying Without Wings\" Encore \"Hello My Love\" \"You Raise Me Up\" This set list is representative of the 8 and 9 September 2023 shows at the Mercedes-Benz Arena. It does not represent all dates of the tour. \"Starlight\" \"When You're Looking Like That\" \"Fool Again\" \"If I Let You Go\" \"I Lay My Love on You\" \"Home\" \"Swear It Again\" \"What About Now\" \"Mandy\" \"What Makes a Man\" \"Queen of My Heart\" \"Uptown Girl\" \"Nothing's Gonna Change My","title":"The Wild Dreams Tour"},{"docid":"43467891","text":"Talia Hannah Schlanger is a Canadian musician and radio broadcaster, who has worked in both Canada and the United States. Formerly a weekend host of Radio 2 Morning on CBC Radio 2 and TV host of CBC Music Backstage Pass, and a part-time host on CBC Radio 3, her selection as host of NPR's music program World Cafe was announced in February 2017. She joined World Cafe in October 2016 as a contributing producer, and was named the program's new host after the retirement of David Dye. In June 2019, she announced her departure from the program to return to other creative projects. In September 2019, Raina Douris was announced as her successor. Schlanger grew up in a Jewish family in Thornhill, Ontario. She is a graduate of Toronto Metropolitan University's program in radio and television arts. Prior to joining the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Schlanger was an actress, whose credits included the supporting role of Madison in Strange Days at Blake Holsey High, guest roles in System Crash and Degrassi: The Next Generation, and musical theatre roles in Mirvish Productions' Mamma Mia, the original Canadian company of Queen's We Will Rock You and the first national U.S. tour of Green Day's American Idiot. She won a Canadian Screen Award in 2014 as a coproducer with Brent Hodge, Bryan Ward, Grant Lawrence and Kai Black of The Beetle Roadtrip Sessions, a web series on CBC Music in which Lawrence travelled across Canada meeting local musicians and other personalities. Since leaving World Cafe, Schlanger has again been heard as a fill-in host on CBC Radio programming including Here and Now and Q. Her debut album, Grace for the Going, was released on February 2, 2024. This included a song about Toughie, who was the last known frog of his species when he died in 2016. References External links CBC Radio hosts Canadian television actresses Canadian musical theatre actresses Canadian radio producers Jewish Canadian actresses Living people Canadian child actresses Toronto Metropolitan University alumni People from Thornhill, Ontario Year of birth missing (living people) Canadian women radio hosts Jewish Canadian musicians Women radio producers 21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters Canadian women singer-songwriters Musicians from the Regional Municipality of York","title":"Talia Schlanger"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"64154101\",\n \"text\": \"Teneisha Phehoma Bonner (31 December 1981 – 11 September 2019) was a Jamaican-born English hip-hop and street dancer of stage and screen. She worked with the groups ZooNation and the Bounce Streetdance Company and as a backup dancer for many top performers in the music industry. Bonner played a role in the film StreetDance 3D and danced in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again and Mary Poppins Returns. Biography Bonner was born in St. Catherine, Jamaica on 31 December 1981. She was the daughter of Yvette Singh and Emanuel Bonner and had four half-siblings, being the eldest child in the family. Bonner was raised by her grandmother until she moved to Peckham in London at age seven to be with her mother and stepfather. She began dancing at Brixton Recreation Centre, and after observing the dance musical Cats aged 13, was inspired to dream for a professional dance career. Bonner had her first open stage auditions with the company RJC Dance and attended local street dance classes, borrowing a key for its drama room to allow her to practice solo during intervals away from school. She joined the BRIT School in Croydon at the age of 16, and obtained her first professional work at 17, performing for the pop singer Dane Bowers, and appearing on the television programmes Top of the Pops and CD:UK, to allow her to pay the school fees. Aged 18, Bonner was awarded a full scholarship to the London Studio Centre by its principal, with her training interrupted by her successfully auditioning for the Bounce Streetdance Company and going on a European and United Kingdom tour of the company's show Insane in The Brain. She was persuaded to completed her scholarship by her teacher after initial hesitance to do so, graduating in 2004. Bonner worked as part of a backup troupes for commercial artists such as Kylie Minogue, Rihanna, Take That, The Black Eyed Peas, Will.i.am and Alesha Dixon on tour. In 2002, she was one of the first dancers on Kate Prince's group ZooNation. Bonner was cast in the lead role of hopeful DJ girl Spinderella in the hip hop show Into the Hoods during its run at the Novello Theatre in the West End in 2008. Luke Jennings, the dance reviewer for The Observer, wrote of her performance \\\"The piece’s star is undoubtedly Bonner, whose dramatic beauty and fluent line compel the attention whenever she’s on stage\\\", and Katie Colombus of The Stage concurred, saying Bonner \\\"really steals the show, dancing with an edge, an energy and sharpness that I’ve never seen before. That same year, she performed at the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. In 2010, Bonner portrayed the hairdresser Shawna in the comedy film StreetDance 3D, and had a featured role in the Sadler's Wells Theatre production of the dance musical Shoes. She danced the role of Kerri in Some Like It Hip Hop at the Peacock Theatre in 2011, earning her the Critics' Choice National Dance Outstanding Female Performance (Modern) Award\",\n \"title\": \"Teneisha Bonner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"170409\",\n \"text\": \"Colin Andrew Firth (born 10 September 1960) is an English actor and producer. He was identified in the mid-1980s with the \\\"Brit Pack\\\" of rising young British actors, undertaking a challenging series of roles, including leading roles in A Month in the Country (1987), Tumbledown (1988) and Valmont (1989). His portrayal of Mr. Darcy in the 1995 television adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice led to widespread attention, and to roles in more prominent films such as The English Patient (1996), Shakespeare in Love (1998), The Importance of Being Earnest (2002), Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003), and Love Actually (2003), co-starring as Mark Darcy in the romantic comedy films Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), and Bridget Jones's Baby (2016), and Harry Bright in the musical comedy films Mamma Mia! (2008) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again! (2018). In 2009, Firth received international acclaim for his performance in Tom Ford's A Single Man, for which he won a BAFTA Award and the Volpi Cup for Best Actor and received his first Academy Award nomination. In 2010, his portrayal of King George VI in Tom Hooper's The King's Speech won him the Academy Award for Best Actor. He subsequently appeared as MI6 agent Bill Haydon in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), and as secret agent Harry Hart / Agent Galahad in Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014) and its sequel Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017). He has since appeared in the musical fantasy film Mary Poppins Returns (2018), the war film 1917 (2019), and the romance film Supernova (2020). He is also known for his performances in television, including BBC's Conspiracy (2001) and HBO's The Staircase (2022), receiving Primetime Emmy Award nominations for each. In 2012, he founded the production company Raindog Films, where he served as a producer for Eye in the Sky (2015) and Loving (2016). His films have grossed more than $3 billion from 42 releases worldwide. Firth has campaigned for the rights of Indigenous people and is a member of Survival International. He has also campaigned on issues of asylum seekers, refugees' rights and the environment. He commissioned and co-authored a scientific paper on a study of the differences in brain structure between people of differing political orientations. He is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, two British Academy Film Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 2011, Firth was appointed a CBE by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for his services to drama. That same year, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and appeared in Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world. Early life Firth was born in the village of Grayshott, Hampshire, to parents who were academics and teachers. His mother, Shirley Jean (née Rolles), was a comparative religion lecturer at King Alfred's College (now the University of Winchester); and his father, David Norman Lewis Firth, was a history lecturer at King Alfred's\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Firth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56937311\",\n \"text\": \"The UK Albums Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling albums of the week in the United Kingdom. Since 2004 the chart has been based on the sales of both physical albums and digital downloads. Since 2015, the album chart has been based on both sales and streaming. This list shows albums that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart during 2018, as well as albums which peaked in 2017 and 2019 but were in the top 10 in 2018. The entry date is when the album appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced). One-hundred and fifty-five albums were in the top ten this year. Thirteen albums from 2017 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while 50 Years – Don't Stop by Fleetwood Mac and Unchained Melodies by Roy Orbison with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra were both released in 2018 but did not reach their peak until 2019. Christmas by Michael Bublé was originally released in 2011, launched a new chart run in 2017, reaching a peak on its latest run in 2018 and again in 2019. Dua Lipa by Dua Lipa was the only album from 2017 to reach its peak in 2018. Twelve artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2018. Anne-Marie, Calum Scott, First Aid Kit, The Greatest Showman Cast and XXXTentacion are among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 album in 2018. Ed Sheeran's Divide returned to the top of the chart for the opening two weeks of the year, totalling twenty weeks at number-one since it was released in March 2017. The first new number-one album of the year was The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by The Greatest Showman cast. Overall, nineteen different albums peaked at number-one in 2018, with nineteen unique artists hitting that position. Background Multiple entries One-hundred and fifty-five albums charted in the top 10 in 2018, with one-hundred and thirty-nine albums reaching their peak this year (including the re-entries Appetite for Destruction, Christmas, ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits, Mamma Mia! The Movie Soundtrack, Wanted on Voyage, The White Album, X, which charted in previous years but reached peaks on their latest chart run). Twelve artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2018. Chart debuts Thirty-four artists achieved their first top 10 album in 2018 as a lead artist. The Mamma Mia! film cast had one other entry in their breakthrough year. The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo album, or featured appearances on compilations or other artists recordings. Notes Camila Cabello's self-titled album Camila, was her first solo effort and her first top 10 album away from the group Fifth\",\n \"title\": \"List of UK top-ten albums in 2018\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42318865\",\n \"text\": \"Tina Earnshaw is an Oscar- and BAFTA-nominated British make-up designer and the founder of Tina Earnshaw Cosmetics. She has designed the make up looks on some of the world's most successful films, including Titanic, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award, alongside Greg Cannom and Simon Thompson. Born in London, she began her career at the BBC working as a professional makeup artist. Initially working on commercials and for brands such as L'Oréal, Dior, and Chanel, she became known for the flawless beauty looks she created and for her methods of research that informed her designs. In 1995, she began a lasting partnership with Merchant Ivory and relocated to Paris to work on her first feature film. By 1997, she was on the set of James Cameron's Titanic, for which she received her first Oscar nomination. Since then she has designed the makeup looks for films such as Shakespeare in Love, The Italian Job, The Talented Mr. Ripley, Spider-Man 2 and 3, Prometheus, The Martian, Exodus: Gods and Kings, Mamma Mia 2 and Ridley Scott's All the Money in the World’. Her designs have seen her create iconic looks on the world's most recognizable faces, including Penélope Cruz, Gwyneth Paltrow, Cate Blanchett, Charlize Theron, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, and Jude Law. She has also served as a creative ambassador for Max Factor international. She is married to Robin Earnshaw and they have two children: Damon and Polly. Selected filmography 2018 Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2017 All the Money in the World (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2016/II The Promise (makeup department head) 2015 The Martian (make up and hair designer) 2014 Exodus: Gods and Kings (makeup designer) 2014 Before I Go to Sleep (makeup department head) 2014 Turks & Caicos (TV Movie) (makeup department head) 2013 The Counsellor (makeup designer) 2012/I Prometheus (makeup designer) 2011 Page Eight (TV Movie) (makeup designer) 2011 Your Highness (makeup designer) 2008 Marley & Me (makeup artist: Owen Wilson) 2008 Mamma Mia! (makeup designer) 2008/ The Deal (makeup artist: Ms. Ryan) 2007 Spider-Man 3 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2005 Dark Water (makeup artist: Ms. Connelly) 2004 Spider-Man 2 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2003 The Italian Job (chief makeup artist) 2001 Domestic Disturbance (key makeup artist - as Tina M. Earnshaw) 2001 Conspiracy (TV Movie) (makeup supervisor) 2001 The Mists of Avalon (TV Mini-Series) (makeup artist - 2 episodes) - Episode #1.2 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) - Episode #1.1 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 2000 Bounce (makeup artist: Gwyneth Paltrow) 2000 Duets (key makeup artist) 1999 The Talented Mr. Ripley (supervising makeup artist) 1998 Shakespeare in Love (makeup designer: Gwyneth Paltrow) 1998 Ever After: A Cinderella Story (key makeup artist) / (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 1998 Sliding Doors (key makeup designer) 1997 Titanic (key makeup artist) 1997 The Designated Mourner (chief makeup artist) 1996 Surviving Picasso (chief makeup artist) 1996 Emma (chief makeup designer) 1995 Othello (chief makeup artist) 1995 Feast of July (key\",\n \"title\": \"Tina Earnshaw\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41988044\",\n \"text\": \"Alan MacDonald (c. 1956 – 30 August 2017) was a British production designer. He was best known for his work on The Queen (2006), which earned him nominations for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film and Best Technical Achievement at the British Independent Film Awards, and for the Rajasthan-set The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) which earned him a nomination for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film. In 2013, he designed the sets for the Academy Award-nominated film Philomena. He had also been a production designer for a number of advertisements for global firms including Coca-Cola, Levi's, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, and was the theatrical designer for Kylie Minogue's 2002 \\\"KylieFever2002\\\" tour. Filmography Absurd (1989) (short) Tunnel of Love (1991) (short) Man to Man (1992) Remembrance of Things Fast: True Stories Visual Lies (1994; Art Director) Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998) Rogue Trader (1998) Nora (2000) The Jacket (2005) Kinky Boots (2005) The Queen (2006) The Edge of Love (2008) Chéri (2009) Tamara Drewe (2010) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) Philomena (2013) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2 (2015) The Program (2015) Sing Street (2016) Victoria & Abdul (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Personal life and death He suffered from bipolar disorder. MacDonald died by suicide at his Covent Garden home on 31 August 2017, after spending two weeks as an in-patient at the private Nightingale Hospital at a cost of £20,000. His last two film credits, Victoria & Abdul (2017) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), were dedicated to his memory. References External links 1950s births 2017 deaths British film designers Date of birth missing Suicides in Greater London People with bipolar disorder\",\n \"title\": \"Alan MacDonald (production designer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56818610\",\n \"text\": \"This article lists feature-length British films and full-length documentaries that have had their premieres in 2018 and were at least partly produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom. It does not feature short films, medium-length films, made-for-TV films, pornographic films, filmed theater, VR films and interactive films like Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. It also does not include films screened in previous years that had official release dates in 2018. British co-productions like Bohemian Rhapsody, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again garnered positive reviews and collectively grossed more than $1.5 billion in the Box Office worldwide. Small independent films like The Wife, Three Identical Strangers and At Eternity's Gate performed well in the Specialty Box Office, screening in a limited number of theaters. 2018 was expected to be the best year for British box office since 1971 with Avengers: Infinity War, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Incredibles 2, Black Panther, Bohemian Rhapsody, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Peter Rabbit and The Greatest Showman breaking £40 million at the British box office. Also included is an overview of five awards ceremonies which are major events in British film: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards. Film premieres January – March April – June July – September October – December Other premieres Culturally British Films The following list comprises films not produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom but is strongly associated with British culture. The films in this list should fulfill at least 3 of the following criteria: The film is adapted from a British source material. The story is at least partially set in the United Kingdom. The film was at least partially shot in the United Kingdom. Many of the film's cast and crew members are British. British winners Listed here are the British winners and nominees at the four most prestigious film award ceremonies in the English-speaking world: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards, that were held during 2018, celebrating the best films of 2017. The British nominations were led by Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Dunkirk, and Darkest Hour, with Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri winning awards in the major categories and Dunkirk going on to win large numbers of technical awards, whilst Gary Oldman won multiple best leading actor awards for his portrayal of Sir Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. British films did, however, notably lose out to The Shape of Water from USA. Academy Awards The 90th Academy Awards honoring the best films of 2017 were held on March 4, 2018. British winners: Darkest Hour (Best Actor, Best Makeup and Hairstyling) Dunkirk (Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, Best Film Editing) The Silent Child (Best Live Action Short Film) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor) Alex Gibson (Best Sound Editing) – Dunkirk Chris Overton (Best Live Action Short Film) – The Silent Child David\",\n \"title\": \"List of British films of 2018\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3239690\",\n \"text\": \"Here We Go Again may refer to: Film and television Here We Go Again (film), a 1942 American comedy film Here We Go Again (1973 TV series), an American sitcom starring Larry Hagman Here We Go Again (2016 TV series), an American sitcom starring LaToya Luckett and Wendy Raquel Robinson Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, a 2018 British-American jukebox musical film sequel based on the music of ABBA Music Albums Here We Go Again (Demi Lovato album) or the title song (see below), 2009 Here We Go Again (pureNRG album) or the title song, 2008 Here We Go Again (SR-71 album) or the title song, 2004 Here We Go Again!, by the Kingston Trio, 1959 Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles, a tribute album by Willie Nelson, Wynton Marsalis, and Norah Jones, 2011 Here We Go Again, or the title song, by Joey McIntyre, 2009 Here We Go Again, by Red Steagall, 2007 Here We Go Again, an EP by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 1995 Songs \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" (Aretha Franklin song), 1998 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" (Demi Lovato song), 2009 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" (Glenn Miller song), 1944 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" (Governor song), 2010 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" (Ray Charles song), 1967; covered by several performers \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" (Sigma song), 2019 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Danger Mouse and Jemini from Ghetto Pop Life, 2003 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Dave Mason and Cass Elliot from Dave Mason & Cass Elliot, 1971 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince from He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper, 1988 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by DMX from ... And Then There Was X, 1999 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by the Hives from Barely Legal, 1997 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by John Lennon from Menlove Ave., 1986 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Laila from Hello Laila, 1998 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Marshmello from Joytime III, 2019 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by New Found Glory from Tip of the Iceberg, 2008 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Operation Ivy from Energy, 1989 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Paramore from All We Know Is Falling, 2005 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Pixie Lott from Turn It Up, 2009 \\\"Here We Go Again!\\\", by Portrait from Portrait, 1992 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Sara Paxton \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Subnoize Souljaz from Droppin Bombs, 2006 \\\"Here We Go Again (Bump 2000)\\\", by Kottonmouth Kings from High Society, 2000 \\\"Here We Go Again (I Love Lake Tahoe)\\\", by A from Monkey Kong, 1999 See also Here We Go (disambiguation) Here I Go Again (disambiguation) \\\"Here We Go... Again\\\", by the Weeknd, 2022\",\n \"title\": \"Here We Go Again\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71791370\",\n \"text\": \"Amanda Seyfried is an American actress who has received numerous accolades throughout her career. Seyfried came to prominence following her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), for which she received an MTV Movie & TV Award. She then appeared in the romantic comedy films Dear John and Letters to Juliet (both 2010), earning various nominations at the Teen Choice Awards, and the black comedy horror Jennifer's Body (2009), which won her a second MTV Movie & TV Award. She starred in the ABBA-inspired musicals Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), for which she was nominated for two People's Choice Awards, and the period musical Les Misérables (2012), which earned her a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Seyfried received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020), earning nominations in the Best Supporting Actress category at the Academy Awards, AACTA International Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and Golden Globe Awards. This acclaim continued for her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the drama miniseries The Dropout (2022), for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film. Awards and nominations Notes References External links Seyfried, Amanda\",\n \"title\": \"List of awards and nominations received by Amanda Seyfried\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40616289\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Kisses of Fire\\\" is a song recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, released on their 1979 album Voulez-Vous. Production and release On 22 January 1979, Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson went abroad to the Bahamas on a working trip to write new songs. They came up with up to four songs on this trip, one of which was given the working title of \\\"Tidemas Blåsning\\\" and released as \\\"Kisses Of Fire\\\". The track was recorded at Polar Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, on 7 February 1979, and mixed on 1 March 1979. \\\"Kisses of Fire\\\" was released as the B-side to the single \\\"Does Your Mother Know\\\" in April 1979, shortly before the release of the Voulez-Vous album. The single peaked outside the UK top 3, possibly as a consequence of the lead vocals in \\\"Does Your Mother Know\\\" being sung by Björn rather than Agnetha or Frida. \\\"Kisses of Fire\\\" was considered to be a much more typical ABBA track. In Venezuela, “Kisses Of Fire” was released as an A-Side, with “Does Your Mother Know” as the B-Side. The song was featured in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, performed by Panos Mouzourakis. References Songs about kissing 1979 songs ABBA songs\",\n \"title\": \"Kisses of Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37028241\",\n \"text\": \"The Collection is a compilation album by the English singer Martine McCutcheon, released in 2012. Track listing Disc 1 \\\"Perfect Moment\\\" \\\"I Dreamed a Dream\\\" \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" \\\"Talking in Your Sleep\\\" \\\"Never Lose Your Faith In Love\\\" \\\"I'm Over You\\\" \\\"What You See Is What You Get\\\" \\\"On the Radio\\\" \\\"Wishing\\\" \\\"Together We Are Beautiful\\\" \\\"Don't Rain on My Parade\\\" \\\"Zing! Went the Strings of My Heart\\\" \\\"The Lady Is A Tramp\\\" \\\"The Man That Got Away\\\" \\\"Can You Feel The Love Tonight\\\" \\\"Out Here On My Own\\\" Disc 2 \\\"Everybody\\\" \\\"Tonight\\\" \\\"Teardrops\\\" \\\"Rainy Days\\\" \\\"Secret Garden\\\" \\\"Hold Me Tighter In The Rain\\\" \\\"I've Got You\\\" \\\"Gettin' Ready for Love\\\" \\\"Maybe This Time\\\" \\\"There Are Worse Things I Could Do\\\" \\\"Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again\\\" \\\"You, Me And Us\\\" \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" \\\"Rainy Days (Sleaze Sisters Anthem Mix)\\\" \\\"I'm Over You (Xenomania Disco Mix)\\\" References External links Martine McCutcheon albums 2012 compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Collection (Martine McCutcheon album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51606521\",\n \"text\": \"Michele Clapton is a British costume designer. She won at the BAFTA Awards for the four-part television series The Devil's Whore in the category of Best Costume Design. She won an Emmy Award for the costumes in the hit HBO show Game of Thrones in 2012. She went on to win again in 2014 and 2016. In 2016, starting with season 6 of HBO's epic fantasy series Game of Thrones, April Ferry took over Clapton's duties as the new costume designer for a majority of the sixth season. Clapton later returned to the show as costume designer for the seventh season. In 2021, Fabergé announced a partnership with Game of Thrones. Michele Clapton was invited to co-design a one-of-a-kind Fabergé x Game of Thrones egg objet, symbolic of Daenerys’ dragon eggs, while intertwining subtle nods to her stand-out costumes which celebrate the landscape around her and her evolving story arc. The design choices are informed by Daenerys’ journey from orphaned exile to conquering monarch and her ongoing quest for the Iron Throne. The Egg sold to a private buyer for $2.2 million USD. Following the success of the egg objet, Fabergé and Game of Thrones continued to work with Michele on a new limited-edition high jewellery collection, which launched at an exclusive event in Dubai. Selected filmography Film The Secret Garden (2020) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Ali and Nino (2016) Queen of the Desert (2015) Before I Go to Sleep (2014) Blood (2012) Love and Other Disasters (2006) My Family and Other Animals (2005) Separate Lies (2005) Chromophobia (2005) Miranda (2002) Chica de Río (2001) The Nine Lives of Tomas Katz (2000) Women Talking Dirty (1999) Simon Magus (1999) Dust Devil (1992) Visions of Ecstasy (1989) Television Sense and Sensibility (2008) The Crown (2016) Game of Thrones (2011–2019) References External links American costume designers Living people Primetime Emmy Award winners Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Michele Clapton\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40600416\",\n \"text\": \"Emma Slater (born 25 December 1988) is a British and American professional dancer and choreographer. She is known for her appearances on Dancing with the Stars. Early life Slater was raised in Tamworth, Staffordshire, England, where she joined local stage schools by taking part in numerous productions at an early age. She has a twin sister, Kelly, a costume designer and stylist on Dancing with the Stars. At age 10, Slater started her training in ballroom and Latin dance. In the early years of competing, she won a number competitions in England. At 15, she appeared in a George Michael music video \\\"Round Here\\\" produced by Bikini Films on location in London. Later that year, Slater took part in the fitness video \\\"Latinasize\\\" again filmed at the Pinewood Studios in London. Personal life She dated fellow Dancing with the Stars member Sasha Farber from 2011 to 2014. In December 2015, Farber made a post on his Instagram account confirming that he and Slater were back together. He proposed to Slater during a broadcast of Dancing with the Stars on 4 October 2016. They married on 25 March 2018, with fellow Dancing with the Stars pros Lindsay Arnold, Witney Carson and Jenna Johnson serving as bridesmaids, and Derek Hough serving as one of Farber's groomsmen. Slater became an American citizen in December 2020. The couple separated in April 2022. Slater filed for divorce in February 2023. Competitive dancing Slater has numerous titles to her name. In 2005, at the age of 16, she won the British Under 21 Latin American Championships at the Blackpool Closed 2005. She won the 2006 United Kingdom Under 21 Latin American Championships at the Bournemouth Pavilions, England. Ranked in the world's top 10, Slater went on to represent the UK in competitions around the world. Theatre At 16, Slater joined the hit theatre show ‘Simply Ballroom’ touring UK, including Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London's West End, United Arab Emirates and South Africa. While in South Africa, Slater appeared on Dancing with the South African Stars with her celebrity partner TV Host Dalen Lance. Following Simply Ballroom, Slater had an extended run in London's West End with theatre shows; Dirty Dancing at the Aldwych Theatre where she was the Principal Latin Dancer/Ballroom Supervisor, but also understudied and played the principal role of Lisa Houseman, ‘Cheek to Cheek’ at The Coliseum and ‘Latin Fever’ at the Peacock Theatre. In 2009, Slater joined the stage show Burn the Floor for the China tour initially, but later joined the cast for an extended run at the Longacre Theatre on Broadway New York City and a world tour covering: Belgium, Holland, Australia, Japan, South Korea, Canada, New Zealand, West End London, a nine-month USA multi-city tour. She also danced and advised on UK's ITV Popstar to Opera Star on a number of occasions. Mamma Mia! In 2008, Slater was featured in the Universal Pictures movie Mamma Mia! starring Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan and Colin Firth, directed by Phyllida Lloyd –\",\n \"title\": \"Emma Slater\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8738214\",\n \"text\": \"is a Japanese actress and voice actress who is affiliated with Mausu Promotion. She is married to Makoto Yasue, a sound director employed by Glovision. On Twitter under the name chiffons, she reported the birth of her first son on August 3, 2011, in a tweet on August 11, 2011, and the birth of her second son on May 15, 2013, in a tweet on May 17, 2013. Biography Filmography Mixed media Galaxy Angel series (????) (Creta) Sakura Wars series (????) (Mell Raison) Television animation 1999 Cowboy Bebop (Angel) 2001 Baki the Grappler (Kozue Matsumoto) 2002 Saikano (Yukari) Tokyo Underground (Hekisa) 2004 Tweeny Witches (Arusu) Sonic X (Molly) The Galaxy Railways (Tina) 2006 Ergo Proxy (Monad Proxy) Fushigiboshi no FutagoHime Gyu! (Rein's Mother) Inukami! (Snake Woman) Kage Kara Mamoru! (Tsubaki Mapputatsu) Lemon Angel Project (Keiko Shikina) Ray the Animation (Burūsokkusu) 2007 Bamboo Blade (Sayako Kuwahara) Dennō Coil (Fumie) Kekkaishi (Aihi) Emily of New Moon (Ilse Burnley) 2008 Rosario + Vampire (Kyōko Aono) 2009 Aoi Hana (Hanae) Stitch! The Mischievous Alien's Great Adventure (Sand) Viper's Creed (Maika) 2012 AKB0048 (Mikako Minamino) High School DxD (Issei's mother) Psycho-Pass (Chika Shimazu) 2013 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Battle Tendency (Suzi Q) 2014 Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers (Rosetta Riley) HappinessCharge PreCure! (Miyo Masuko) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders (Suzi Q) 2015 Maria the Virgin Witch (Lolotte) 2016 Active Raid (Governor's Secretary) Cardfight!! Vanguard G Stride Gate (Hiroki Moriyama) 2019 Fruits Basket (Okami Soma) Star Twinkle PreCure (Terumi Hoshina) 2020 Boruto: Naruto Next Generations (Sakuya) Unknown date Monkey Typhoon (Karin Kuramu) Naruto (Female Orochimaru) Theatrical animation Naruto the Movie 2: Great Clash! The Illusionary Ruins at the Depths of the Earth (2005) (Kamira) Original video animation Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury Prologue (2022) (Nyla Bertran) Video games Panzer Dragoon Saga () (Fei) Wild Arms 4 () (Belial) Drakengard 2 () (Hanch) Everybody's Tennis () (Jun) Soulcalibur Legends () (Taki) Soulcalibur IV () (Taki) Soulcalibur: Broken Destiny () (Taki) Way of the Samurai 4 () (Akemi, Madara) Everybody's Golf 6 () (Satsuki) Granblue Fantasy () (Scathacha) Valkyria Chronicles IV () (Hanna Ivanovic) Apex Legends () (Wraith - Japanese voice) Fire Emblem: Three Houses () (Manuela) Unknown date Ys I & II (????) (Maria) Dubbing Live-action Amanda Seyfried Mamma Mia! (Sophie Sheridan) Jennifer's Body (Anita \\\"Needy\\\" Lesnicki) Letters to Juliet (Sophie Hall) Lovelace (Linda Lovelace) A Million Ways to Die in the West (Louise) Love the Coopers (Ruby) The Last Word (Anne Sherman) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (Sophie Sheridan) The Art of Racing in the Rain (Avery \\\"Eve\\\" Swift) Mank (Marion Davies) Things Heard & Seen (Catherine Claire) Anna Paquin A Walk on the Moon (Allison Kantrowitz) Almost Famous (Polexia Aphrodisia) Finding Forrester (Claire) X-Men (Rogue) 25th Hour (Mary D'Annunzio) X2 (Rogue) American Underdog (Brenda Mooni) Aubrey Plaza The To Do List (Brandy Klark) Life After Beth (Beth Slocum) Child's Play (Karen Barclay) Best Sellers (Lucy Stanbridge) 10 Things I Hate About You (Kat Stratford (Julia Stiles)) 17 Again (Maggie (Michelle Trachtenberg)) American Beauty\",\n \"title\": \"Sachiko Kojima\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40705751\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Wonder (Departure)\\\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \\\"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\\\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \\\"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\\\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \\\"The Name of the Game\\\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \\\"I wonder ... it scares me\\\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \\\"maximum emotional leverage\\\", making it \\\"the most intimate personal portrait\\\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \\\"translate beautifully to the stage\\\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \\\"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\\\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus\",\n \"title\": \"I Wonder (Departure)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17426709\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of films that were filmed wholly or partially in Oxford, England (often featuring the University of Oxford): Accident (1967) The Italian Job (1969) Heaven's Gate - Harvard commencement sequences shot in New College Lane, the Sheldonian Theatre and at Mansfield College in 1980. Another Country (1984) Oxford Blues (1984) Young Sherlock Holmes (1984) A Fish Called Wanda (1988) Howards End (1992) Shadowlands (1993) The Madness of King George (1994) True Blue (1996) The Saint (1997) Wilde (1997) The Red Violin (1998) Saving Private Ryan (1998) Mohabbatein (2000) (Bollywood film) 102 Dalmatians (2000) Quills (2000) Iris (2001) Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (2001) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Bhagam Bhag (2006) (Bollywood film) Blue Blood (2006) The History Boys (2006) The Golden Compass (2007) Salaam-e-Ishq (2007) (Bollywood film) Brideshead Revisited (2008) I Can't Think Straight (2008) The Oxford Murders (2008) An Education (2009) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Robinson in Ruins (2010) X-Men: First Class (2011) Desi Boyz (2011) Belle (2013) The Riot Club (2014) Doctor Strange (2016) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Mummy (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Tolkien (2019) Saltburn (2023) References Oxford-related lists\",\n \"title\": \"List of films shot in Oxford\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58104687\",\n \"text\": \"Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \\\"Dancing Queen\\\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \\\"Fernando\\\" and \\\"Super Trouper\\\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \\\"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\\\" —Cher Cher also said that \\\"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\\\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \\\"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\\\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \\\"SOS\\\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing Queen (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65136975\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\\\" is a song recorded and released as a single by Romanian singer Elena Gheorghe, featuring rapper Glance. This marks their second collaboration, the first one being the native number one single \\\"Ecou\\\" (2013). \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was initially released for digital download and streaming in the United States on 5 August 2014 under Robbins Entertainment, and worldwide the following year in July under Cat Music. An English language track, it was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă. Music critics gave the song mostly positive reviews, complimenting its catchy instrumentals, but doubted the role of the featured artist by calling it \\\"not convincing\\\". An accompanying music video for \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", directed by Dan Petcan and Bogdan Filip, premiered on the Cat Music YouTube channel on 21 May 2014 and was supported by a giveaway. The clip depicted Elena at wedding playing the role of the bride, and Italian male as the groomsman. Commercially, the song was modernly successful, peaking at number 33 on the singer's native Romanian Airplay 100. The song was also sent to radio stations across Italy, Poland and Spain, where it had managed to enter several charts. Background and composition In February 2014, Elena went on local radio station Kiss FM for an interview, where she would announce an international single coming up. At the time of the interview, Laurențiu Duță was producing the song in Los Angeles. \\\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\\\" was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă himself. It was initially sent to radio stations across Italy in July, before being released on streaming devices in the United States by Robbins Entertainment the following month. +Mas Music distributed the song's release on 23 January 2015, while Cat Music handled its worldwide release on 13 July. \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" marks Elena and Glance's second collaboration, the first one being \\\"Ecou\\\" (2013), which achieved huge chart success in the singer's native country. An English language love song, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was described as a catchy dance-pop tune. Lyrically, the song is about Elena questing whether she should date a romantic Italian man, knowing well that she will be played on by him. Some lyrics of the song are: \\\"I just can't getting off my mind he's so amazing / My heart says Yes, my mind says No / Just let him go, go, go.\\\" Reception and Promotion Upon its release, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was met positively by music critics. Jonathan Currinn gave the song five stars, calling it a \\\"lost treasure that we'll forever love\\\". He went on to compliment the music video, which he called \\\"completely epic\\\" and \\\"full-on amazingness in every way\\\". He called out the clip's director Dan Petcan for his \\\"terrific job at directing [it]\\\", and Elena for her acting skills which were described as \\\"brilliant\\\". Zuletzt Aktualisiert from HitFire described the song as a \\\"catchy dance pop track\\\". He found the song rather amusing, and\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7491727\",\n \"text\": \"Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.\",\n \"title\": \"Dominic Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1020882\",\n \"text\": \"Amanda Michelle Seyfried ( ; born December 3, 1985) is an American actress, singer and songwriter. She began acting at 15, with recurring roles as Lucy Montgomery in the CBS soap opera As the World Turns (1999–2001) and Joni Stafford in the ABC soap opera All My Children (2003). She came to prominence for her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), and for her roles as Lilly Kane in the UPN mystery drama series Veronica Mars (2004–2006) and Sarah Henrickson in the HBO drama series Big Love (2006–2011). Seyfried has starred in a number of films, including Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), Jennifer's Body (2009), Dear John (2010), Letters to Juliet (2010), Red Riding Hood (2011), In Time (2011), Les Misérables (2012), A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014), Ted 2 (2015), and First Reformed (2017). She received critical acclaim and nominations for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020). For her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the Hulu miniseries The Dropout (2022), she won the Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress. In 2022, Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Early life and education Amanda Michelle Seyfried was born on December 3, 1985, in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Ann Seyfried (née Sander) is an occupational therapist, and her father, Jack Seyfried, is a pharmacist. She is of mostly German descent with smaller amounts of English, Scots-Irish, and Welsh ancestry. She has an older sister, Jennifer Seyfried, who is a musician in the Philadelphia rock band Love City. Seyfried attended William Allen High School, a large public school in Allentown, where she graduated in 2003. She enrolled at Fordham University in New York City in the fall of 2003, but chose not to attend after being offered a leading role in the 2004 film Mean Girls. Career 1996–2005: Early work While attending William Allen High School in Allentown, Seyfried began modeling. She appeared in several print ads for clothing companies, including Limited Too with Leighton Meester, and was featured on three covers of the Sweet Valley High novel series. At age 17 she stopped modeling and started a job as a waitress in a retirement community. While still a teen, she took vocal lessons, studied opera, trained with a Broadway coach, and began her acting career as an extra in Guiding Light, a daytime television drama. From 2000 to 2001 she played the recurring character Lucy Montgomery on the CBS soap opera As the World Turns and, from 2002 to 2003, Joni Stafford on the ABC soap All My Children. In 2003, Seyfried auditioned to play Regina George in Mean Girls, but the role eventually went to Rachel McAdams. While she was initially considered for the lead role of Cady Heron, ultimately played by Lindsay Lohan, the film's\",\n \"title\": \"Amanda Seyfried\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22559166\",\n \"text\": \"Musicality is the third solo album from English actress-singer Martine McCutcheon. The album features covers of songs from McCutcheon's favourite musicals, including Mamma Mia! and Les Misérables. Released in December 2002, Musicality was a commercial failure; it debuted and peaked only at #55 on the UK Albums Chart, spending just two weeks in the Top 100. It is McCutcheon's lowest-charting and lowest-selling album to date. Track listing \\\"Maybe This Time\\\" – from Cabaret \\\"Zing Went the Strings of My Heart\\\" – from Listen Darling \\\"White Christmas\\\" – from Holiday Inn \\\"I Dreamed a Dream\\\" – from Les Misérables \\\"The Lady Is a Tramp\\\" – from Babes in Arms \\\"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\\\" – from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes \\\"Don't Rain on My Parade\\\" – from Funny Girl \\\"Out Here on My Own\\\" – from Fame \\\"What I Did for Love\\\" – from A Chorus Line \\\"There Are Worse Things I Could Do\\\" – from Grease \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" – from Mamma Mia! \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\" – from The Lion King \\\"Wouldn't It Be Luverely\\\" – from My Fair Lady \\\"Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again\\\" – from The Phantom of the Opera \\\"The Man That Got Away\\\" – from A Star Is Born \\\"Nobody Does It Like Me\\\" – from See-Saw Charts References 2002 albums Martine McCutcheon albums\",\n \"title\": \"Musicality (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41643699\",\n \"text\": \"This list contains the names of albums that contain a hidden track and also information on how to find them. Not all printings of an album contain the same track arrangements, so some copies of a particular album may not have the hidden track(s) listed below. Some of these tracks may be hidden in the pregap, and some hidden simply as a track following the listed tracks. The list is ordered by artist name using the surname where appropriate. Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film For Theaters soundtrack: Contains a song performed by Dana Snyder at the end of \\\"Nude Love (Reprise).\\\" The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience: following a period of silence after the album's final track is a reprise of the third track, \\\"Come to Butt-Head\\\" by Beavis and Butt-Head (Mike Judge); it repeats the original track's first verse, then continues with new lyrics where the two are joined by rapper Positive K Chicago Hope soundtrack: The album lists 24 tracks, but actually has 26 with cast member Mandy Patinkin performing \\\"And the Band Played On\\\" (as track 4) and \\\"Political Science\\\" (track 23). Darkthrone Holy Darkthrone: Tracks \\\"Slottet i det fjerne\\\" and \\\"To Walk the Infernal Fields\\\" are listed as unique tracks on the back cover, but they are a single track on a CD with few minutes of silence between them. Digimon: The Movie soundtrack: At tracks 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17, the Digimon Theme, Change Into Power, Let's Kick It Up, Going Digital and Strange starts playing after Here We Go and 59 seconds of silence. Enjoy Every Sandwich: Songs of Warren Zevon: after a period of silence, Jorge Calderón and Jennifer Warnes' version of Zevon's \\\"Keep Me in Your Heart\\\" - an instrumental version of the same song, arranged by Van Dyke Parks, plays after the last track. Kill Bill Volume 2 soundtrack: Hidden track \\\"Black Mamba\\\" by The Wu-Tang Clan plays at the end of \\\"Urami Bushi.\\\" Knights of the Blues Table: A rare track of Cyril Davies performing KC Moan is 'hidden' in the pregap. Instructions to access the track are in the liner notes. Leader of the Starry Skies – A Loyal Companion: 30 seconds following Idiot Box's cover of \\\"Nurses Whispering Versus\\\", Sarah Cutts' \\\"The Barnacle Tree\\\" - the only original composition of the compilation - begins to play. iTunes copies also include three extra unlisted cover tracks upon downloading - Local Girls' cover of \\\"Odd Even\\\", Ham Legion's cover of \\\"Dead Mouse\\\" and Stephen EvEns' cover of \\\"The Duck and Roger the Horse\\\". Lost in Translation soundtrack: Nine minutes after \\\"Just Like Honey,\\\" Bob Harris's version of \\\" More Than This\\\" by Roxy Music Mamma Mia! The Movie Soundtrack: \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\" by Amanda Seyfried Mojo presents... Let It Be Revisited: This tribute album to The Beatles' final album Let It Be was released as a free CD in August 2010 in the Mojo magazine. A vinyl version was released shortly after in the same magazine.\",\n \"title\": \"List of albums containing a hidden track: Various artists\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56756552\",\n \"text\": \"Jessica Keenan Wynn (born Jessica Keenan Armstrong; June 12, 1986) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Heather Chandler in the off-Broadway production of Heathers: The Musical and Young Tanya in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Personal life Wynn is the daughter of Edwyna \\\"Wynnie\\\" Wynn and Roger Armstrong. Her legal surname is Armstrong, but she changed it to carry on the Wynn name. She is the niece of actor Ned Wynn and screenwriter Tracy Keenan Wynn; the granddaughter of Keenan Wynn, who she was named after; the great-granddaughter of comedian Ed Wynn; and the great-great-granddaughter of Frank Keenan, all of whom were prominent actors. Stage performances Filmography Film Television References External links 1986 births Living people American stage actresses American film actresses American people of Czech-Jewish descent American people of Romanian-Jewish descent Actresses from Los Angeles 21st-century American actresses\",\n \"title\": \"Jessica Keenan Wynn\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"656355\",\n \"text\": \"ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \\\"SOS\\\", \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" and \\\"Mamma Mia\\\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \\\"Waterloo\\\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" shortly after. \\\"SOS\\\" and \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \\\"Tropical Loveland\\\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \\\"Intermezzo No. 1\\\" (early working title: \\\"Mama\\\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \\\"Man in the Middle\\\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \\\"The ABBA Remasters\\\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \\\"Deluxe Edition\\\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \\\"Bang-A-Boomerang\\\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \\\"Baby\\\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \\\"Rock Me\\\". \\\"Baby\\\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \\\"Crazy World\\\" \\\"Crazy World\\\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" single in November 1976. \\\"Crazy World\\\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \\\"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\\\" \\\"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\\\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \\\"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\\\" Recording began on 6 May 1975\",\n \"title\": \"ABBA (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40655625\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Let the Music Speak\\\" is a song by ABBA, featured as the first track to side two of their 1981 album The Visitors. It is the fifth-longest ABBA track, after \\\"Eagle\\\", \\\"The Day Before You Came\\\", \\\"The Visitors\\\", and \\\"Chiquitita\\\". Synopsis Billboard said the song \\\"is the singer's personal acknowledgement of the wondrous transcendental power and sweep of music\\\". Abba - Uncensored on the Record says the song \\\"suggest[s] that after all the good times and bad times, music will never let you down\\\". Composition The song opens with a \\\"rolling and wishful piano figure\\\", and includes a \\\"warm synth string ensemble\\\", focusing on the alto and tenor sections. The woodwind filigree is courtesy of flautist Jan Kling. The song also has an acoustic guitar starting in the second verse, which blend with Benny's grand piano, which is the \\\"leading voice in the rousing musings of the chorus\\\". The melodic design is quite angular - following the recitative medium. Frida's main vocals are assisted by Agnetha's \\\"pouncing falsetto grabs\\\" prior to the chorus. Critical reception Abba - Uncensored on the Record notes the song has a \\\"theatrical presentation\\\" and doesn't sound like a pop song. The song was listed among 4 others as one of the \\\"best cuts\\\" of the album The Visitors. Managing Information, Volume 7, Issues 6-10 explains \\\"Songs such as I Let the Music Speak', and the album's title-track [The Visitors] were a major break from their traditional style.\\\" ABBA:Let the music speak describes the song as a \\\"thespian ear-grabber\\\" and \\\"a rich tapestry of rhythmic contemplation, deftly easing from waltz to march time and back again\\\". Legacy Benny and Bjorn explained that \\\"I Let the Music Speak\\\" was an early example of their foray into musicals: \\\"Songs like \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\" or \\\"I Let the Music Speak\\\" had a theatrical quality. You could see \\\"Chess\\\" as a development from what we did with Abba\\\". I Let The Music Speak has lent its name to various media, including a 12-song album tribute to the songs of Benny and Bjorn by Anne Sofie von Otter, and also a book about ABBA entitled ABBA: Let The Music Speak. The opening line \\\"I'm hearing images, I'm seeing songs, no poet has ever painted\\\" was included as the quote at the beginning of the chapter entitled \\\"'I let the music speak': cross domain application for a cognitive model of musical learning'\\\". Notable covers include: \\\"Is 't zo bedoeld\\\", Dutch version by Bonnie & José on their album Herinnering (1985) \\\"I Let the Music Speak\\\" by Anne Sofie von Otter on her album of the same name (2006) Instrumental version included in the movie Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) References 1981 songs ABBA songs Songs about music\",\n \"title\": \"I Let the Music Speak\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67450812\",\n \"text\": \"Ana Lúcia Alves de Menezes (22 January 1975 – 20 April 2021), also known as Ana Lúcia Granjeiro, was a Brazilian voice actress and voice director. Some of her notable dubbing roles included Sam Puckett in iCarly, Suzy Sheep in Peppa Pig, Laura in the Mexican telenovela Carrusel, Rory Gilmore in Gilmore Girls, and Maite Perroni in various roles. She was nominated three times for the Yamato Award: best actress in 2004 for Chihiro Ogino in Spirited Away, best supporting actress in 2005 for Koto in Yu Yu Hakusho, and best actress in 2010 for Misa Amane in Death Note, which she won. Personal life and death Ana Lúcia also practiced taekwondo, competing in tournaments at the International Taekwon-Do Federation. She won a bronze medal in the 1997 World Cup. Menezes died from a stroke in Rio de Janeiro on 20 April 2021. According to doctors, the stroke was caused by cerebral thrombosis which may have been caused by a reinfection of COVID-19 that she had at the end of 2020. Dubbing Amy Rose in Sonic X and Sonic Boom Aria Montgomery in Pretty Little Liars Sam Puckett in iCarly and Sam & Cat Koto in YuYu Hakusho Dulce Maria in Carita de ángel Po in Teletubbies Tanya Sloan in Power Rangers Zeo and Power Rangers Turbo Kira Ford in Power Rangers Dino Thunder Vida Rocca in Power Rangers Mystic Force Vada in My Girl Stella in Winx Club Maite Perroni in Rebelde, RBD: La familia, Cuidado con el ángel, Mi pecado, The Stray Cat, and Triunfo del amor Sophie Sheridan in Mamma Mia! and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again Toph Beifong in Avatar: The Last Airbender Hilda in Hilda Poof and Trixie Tang in The Fairly OddParents Jasmine Fenton in Danny Phantom Chihiro Ogino in Spirited Away Bridgette in Total Drama and Total DramaRama Diego and Mariam in Beyblade Misa Amane in Death Note Ikon Eron in Gormiti D.W. Read in Arthur Daisy Watkins in Static Shock Rosalie \\\"Ro\\\" Rowan in The Zeta Project Pippa the Poppy Fairy in rainbow magic the series Awards and nominations Notes References External links 1975 births 2021 deaths Brazilian voice actresses Brazilian voice directors Actresses from Recife 21st-century Brazilian actresses\",\n \"title\": \"Ana Lúcia Menezes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50510142\",\n \"text\": \"Songbird is a three-disc, limited edition box set by Australian singer Marina Prior. The album was released in Australia in April 2014. The Songbird box includes Marina's three albums, Both Sides Now (2012), Encore (2013) and Marina Prior Live, a new album recorded at The Glasshouse in Port Macquarie in 2013. The Box Set is named from the extra track, \\\"Songbird\\\", originally penned by Christine McVie and performed by Fleetwood Mac. It was also released a single. Prior promoted the album with a 26-date national tour commencing in Launceston in August. It concluded in December 2014. On the tour, Prior's performed her best-loved songs from throughout her career, accompanied by pianist David Cameron. Track listing CD 1 - Both Sides Now (2012) \\\"The Man with the Child in His Eyes\\\" - 3:22 \\\"Scarborough Fair\\\" - 3:42 \\\"You Weren’t in Love With Me\\\"- 3:33 \\\"Superstar\\\" - 4:31 \\\"Both Sides, Now\\\" - 4:21 \\\"Midnight at the Oasis\\\" - 3:30 \\\"In My Life\\\" / \\\"Here Comes the Sun\\\"- 3:41 \\\"Love the One You're With\\\" - 3:21 \\\"Waters Of Babylon\\\" - 2:33 \\\"River\\\" - 4:13 \\\"Day You Went Away\\\" - 3:58 \\\"Windmills of Your Mind\\\" - 3:31 \\\"Killer Queen\\\" - 3:09 \\\"SOS\\\" - 4:43 CD 2 - Encore (2013) \\\"Meadow Lark\\\" (from The Baker's Wife) - 5:19 \\\"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\\\" (from Promises, Promises) - 3:34 \\\"When He Loved Me\\\" (from Toy Story 2) - 3:21 \\\"So in Love\\\" (from Kiss Me Kate) - 3:48 \\\"Dream Medley\\\" - Climb Every Mountain (from The Sound of Music), \\\"Out of My Dreams\\\" (from Oklahoma), \\\"I Have Dreamed\\\" (from The King and I) - 3:39 \\\"Memory (from Cats) - 4:07 \\\"Tomorrow\\\" (from Annie) - 3:18 \\\"Edelweiss (from The Sound of Music) - 1:53 \\\"Before I Gaze at You Again\\\" (from Camelot) - 3:14 \\\"I Dreamed a Dream\\\" (from Les Misérables) - 3:36 \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" (from Mamma Mia) - 4:42 \\\"Music of the Night\\\" (from The Phantom of the Opera) - 4:49 CD 3 - Live'' (2014) \\\"Overture\\\" - 1:03 \\\"Both Sides Now\\\" - 4:22 \\\"Memory\\\" - 4:11 \\\"I Love a Piano\\\" - 3:18 \\\"Celtic Medley\\\" (\\\"He Moved Through the Fair\\\", \\\"Heigh Diddle Dum\\\", \\\"Danny Boy\\\") - 10:04 \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" - 4:06 \\\"I Dreamed a Dream\\\" - 3:32 \\\"Rogers & Hammerstein Medley\\\" (\\\"Climb Every Mountain\\\", \\\"I Have Dreamed\\\", \\\"Out Of My Dreams\\\") - 3:36 \\\"The Music Of The Night\\\" - 5:22 \\\"Auld Lang Syne\\\" - 2:09 \\\"Time to Say Goodbye\\\" - 4:27 \\\"Songbird\\\" (Bonus Track) - 3:06 Release history References Marina Prior albums 2014 albums\",\n \"title\": \"Songbird (Marina Prior box set)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68620154\",\n \"text\": \"Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \\\"I Still Have Faith in You\\\" and \\\"Don't Shut Me Down\\\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \\\"Just a Notion\\\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \\\"Little Things\\\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \\\"I Still Have Faith in You\\\" and \\\"Don't Shut Me Down\\\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \\\"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\\\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \\\"I Still Have Faith in You\\\" and \\\"Don't Shut Me Down\\\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \\\"ABBAtar\\\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \\\"Just a Notion\\\", was\",\n \"title\": \"Voyage (ABBA album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37252665\",\n \"text\": \"is a Japanese actor and voice actor. He was born in Saitama. Filmography Film Sennen no Koi Story of Genji (2001) Television dramas Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1998) (Prince Kuni Asahiko) Aoi Tokugawa Sandai (2000) (Emperor Go-Yōzei) Mito Kōmon (2001) (Dr. Kogorō Matsumiya) Kōmyō ga Tsuji (2006) (Shimizu Muneharu) AIBOU: Tokyo Detective Duo (2007) Television animation Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2002) (Yamaguchi) Detective Conan (2005) (Akira Sakuma) Detective Conan (2006) (Korn) Bakugan Battle Brawlers (2007) (Exedra) Bokurano: Ours (2007) (Sasami) Detective Conan (2007) (Kakuji Dejima) Blassreiter (2008) (Matthew Grant) Bakugan Battle Brawlers: New Vestroia (2010) (Exedra) House of Five Leaves (2010) (Yagi Heizaemon) Kindaichi Case Files R (2014) (Wang Long) Level E (2011) (Kyushiro Yumeno) Robotics;Notes (2012) (Hiromu Hidaka) Tari Tari (2012) (Shoichi Okita) One Piece (2013) (Rock) Aldnoah.Zero (2014) (Volf Areash) Chaika - The Coffin Princess (2014) (Simon Scania) Glasslip (2014) (Ken Fukami) Soul Eater Not! (2014) (Cafe Master) Go! Princess PreCure (2015) (Tsukasa Kaido) Ajin: Demi-Human (2016) (Ikuya Ogura) Knight's & Magic (2017) Megalobox (2018) (Fujimaki) Kingdom Season 3 (2021) (Orudo) Theatrical animation Utsunomiko (1989) (Kusuri) Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade (2000) (Atsushi Henmi) Detective Conan: The Raven Chaser (2009) (Korn) Ajin Part 1: Shōdō (2015) (Ikuya Ogura) Video games Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War (2006) (Joshua \\\"LUCAN\\\" Bristow) Tales of Xillia (2011) (Jilland) Borderlands 2 (2012, Japanese version) (Handsome Jack) Tales of Xillia 2 (2012) (Jilland) The Evil Within (2014, Japanese version) (Detective Sebastian Castellanos) Nioh (2017) (Edward Kelley) Starlink: Battle for Atlas (2019) (St. Grand) Fate/Grand Order (2020) (Zeus) Famicom Detective Club: The Missing Heir (2021 Remake) (2021) (Kanji Ayashiro) Dubbing roles Live-action Aaron Eckhart The Dark Knight (Harvey Dent) Battle: Los Angeles (Michael Nantz) Erased (Ben Logan) Sully (2020 The Cinema edition) (Jeff Skiles) Wander (Arthur Bretnik) The First Lady (Gerald Ford) Colin Firth Bridget Jones's Diary (Mark Darcy) Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (Mark Darcy) Nanny McPhee (Cedric Brown) Mamma Mia! (Harry Bright) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (Harry Bright) The 4400 (Jordan Collier (Billy Campbell)) 5x2 (Gilles (Stéphane Freiss)) Ambulance (FBI Agent Anson Clark (Keir O'Donnell)) American Beauty (2003 TBS edition) (Lester Burnham (Kevin Spacey)) American Gods (Mr. World (Crispin Glover)) Antarctic Journal (Lee Young-min (Park Hee-soon)) Arbitrage (Det. Bryer (Tim Roth)) The A-Team (Vance Burress / Agent Lynch (Patrick Wilson)) Avalon (Murphy (Jerzy Gudejko)) Avengers: Age of Ultron (Ultron (James Spader)) Battle of the Sexes (Cuthbert \\\"Ted\\\" Tinling (Alan Cumming)) Beethoven Virus (Kang Mae (Kim Myung-min)) Boardwalk Empire (Roy Phillips (Ron Livingston)) Bones (Seeley Booth (David Boreanaz)) The Brave One (David Kirmani (Naveen Andrews)) C.B. Strike (Andrew Fancourt (Peter Sullivan)) Chaos (Captain Martin Jenkins (Henry Czerny)) Charlie Countryman (Nigel (Mads Mikkelsen)) Che (Mario Monje (Lou Diamond Phillips)) Chicken with Plums (Nasser-Ali (Mathieu Amalric)) Crocodile Dundee (Netflix edition) (Michael J. \\\"Crocodile\\\" Dundee (Paul Hogan)) Crossbones (William Jagger (Julian Sands)) Darkest Hour (Viscount Halifax (Stephen Dillane)) Déjà Vu (FBI Special Agent Paul Pryzwarra (Val Kilmer)) Devils (Dominic Morgan (Patrick Dempsey)) Dr. Dolittle: Million Dollar Mutts (Rick Beverley (Jason Bryden)) Draft Day\",\n \"title\": \"Hiroyuki Kinoshita\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18529345\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording is the original cast album for the ABBA-inspired stage musical of the same name. The album was released in 1999 and it reached No.56 in the UK album chart, with 2 weeks on the chart. Re-interest in this 1999 Original London Cast album caused it to reach #12 in the UK Album Chart, having charted at #16 a week earlier. It features performances by the original London cast of the musical including Lisa Stokke, Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae. The album was produced by the two male members of ABBA, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The album featured a number of ABBA's best known songs, including the title track, \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" and \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\". Track listing Original release \\\"Overture / Prologue\\\" - Lisa Stokke—2:56 \\\"Honey, Honey\\\" - Lisa Stokke, Eliza Lumley, and Melissa Gibson—2:02 \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, Neal Wright, and Company—3:01 \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Company-3:21 \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\" - Lisa Stokke, Hilton McRae, Paul Clarkson, and Nicolas Colicos-3:03 \\\"Chiquitita\\\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—2:27 \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—3:44 \\\"Lay All Your Love on Me\\\" - Andrew Langtree, Lisa Stokke, and Company—3:34 \\\"Super Trouper\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Jenny Galloway, Louise Plowright, and Female Company—3:56 \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" - Female Company—3:34 \\\"The Name of the Game\\\" - Lisa Stokke and Nicolas Colicos—3:22 \\\"Voulez-Vous\\\" - Company—3:29 \\\"Entr'acte\\\" - Musical cast—2:17 \\\"Under Attack\\\" - Lisa Stokke and Company—3:11 \\\"One of Us\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy—2:20 \\\"SOS\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae—2:44 \\\"Does Your Mother Know\\\" - Louise Plowright, Neal Wright, and Company—3:21 \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\" - Hilton McRae—2:42 \\\"Our Last Summer\\\" - Paul Clarkson and Siobhán McCarthy—2:42 \\\"Slipping Through My Fingers\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Lisa Stokke—3:36 \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy—4:08 \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\" - Jenny Galloway and Nicolas Colicos—3:33 \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" - Hilton McRae, Siobhán McCarthy, and Company—2:29 \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" - Lisa Stokke—2:58 5th anniversary edition The album was re-released in 2004, five years after its initial release to commemorate the musical's 5th anniversary. The new edition contained the original 24 tracks as well as three bonus tracks: the encore versions of \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", and \\\"Waterloo\\\". Another 5th anniversary release, which debuted in 2006, commemorates the Broadway production, which debuted in 2001. Also included is a deluxe souvenir booklet complete with lyrics and glimpses of Donna Sheridan in international productions, and a bonus DVD that basically gives a behind-the-scenes look at the musical as well as glimpses of international productions of the musical. An additional bonus feature includes clips of the West End cast singing \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" and \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", as well as fond memories from original Broadway cast members Joe Machota and Tina Maddigan, who play the roles of Sky and Sophie,\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47713564\",\n \"text\": \"Alexa Davies is a Welsh actress best known for her roles as Aretha in Raised by Wolves, Kate in Detectorists, Yvonne in Cradle to Grave, young Rosie in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and Meg in Dead Pixels. She grew up in Rhyl, Denbighshire. Filmography Film Television References External links 1995 births Welsh television actresses Welsh film actresses People from Rhyl Living people 21st-century Welsh actresses\",\n \"title\": \"Alexa Davies\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25011865\",\n \"text\": \"Hugh William Skinner (born 6 January 1985) is a British actor. He is best known for starring in sitcoms W1A (2014–2017) and The Windsors (2016–present), and his appearances in musical films Les Misérables (2012) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early life Skinner grew up in London and Tunbridge Wells, and attended Eastbourne College from 1998 to 2003. He lived in Perth, Australia, for a year at age four. He graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2006. Career Early work (2007–2015) Skinner's first professional acting role was in the English Touring Theatre's 2007 production of French Without Tears. In addition to his work on stage, he played supporting roles in the BBC series Tess of the D'Urbervilles as Felix Clare in 2008, and Any Human Heart as Lionel in 2010. He also played the role of Joly, one of the student revolutionaries, in the 2012 film of Les Misérables. In the autumn of 2013, Skinner played the role of Luis Carruthers, a closeted gay man who is in love with the show's protagonist, Patrick Bateman, in the world premiere of American Psycho at the Almeida Theatre. He also appeared on the London cast album, which was released in 2016. While performing in American Psycho, he began filming the first series of the comedy W1A, playing the role of Will Humphries, an inept yet endearing intern at the BBC. The first series was released in 2014, with subsequent series airing on BBC2 in 2015 and 2017. Skinner played the role of Dr. Barnaby Ford in the BBC series Our Zoo. He also appeared at the Theatre Royal, Bath as Camille in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Thérèse Raquin, and as Yepikhodov in Simon Stephens' new translation of The Cherry Orchard at the Young Vic. He returned to the Young Vic in the summer of 2015 to play dual roles in Nick Gill's adaptation of The Trial. In the autumn of 2015, it was announced that he had been cast as Unwin Trevaunance, an aspiring Member of Parliament, in the second series of the BBC production of Poldark, which aired in 2016. Breakthrough (2016–present) Skinner starred in The Windsors, a spoof of the British royal family, as Prince William which aired on Channel 4 in 2016. The same year, he had a role in Fleabag, a BBC3 and Amazon production, where he played the protagonist's hapless boyfriend Harry. The following year, he played Sir George Howard in the first series of Harlots, an 18th-century costume drama that premiered on ITV Encore and Hulu in March. Also in 2017, he played a supporting role in Hampstead opposite Diane Keaton and Brendan Gleeson, and appeared in Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Skinner co-starred in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the 2018 sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, in which he played Young Harry, a version of the character originated by Colin Firth in the first film. In 2018 he also starred in the eighth and final\",\n \"title\": \"Hugh Skinner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3255877\",\n \"text\": \"Leon Dominic Cooke (born 8 August 1991) is an English actor, singer, dancer, and choreographer. Early life Leon Cooke was born in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. His parents are Joy and Michael Cooke, a former dancer and dance teacher, respectively. He has seven siblings who are also dancers: Tara, Zena, Cassandra, Damian, Anastasia, Valentina, and Dmitri. Cooke started training at The Marilyn Jones Dance Centre at the age of two years. He learned ballet, tap, gymnastics, theatre craft, song and dance, and street dance. He was a junior and mid-associate with the Royal Ballet in Birmingham and graduated from the Millennium Performing Arts College. Career Cooke was cast as Billy Elliot in Billy Elliot the Musical in September 2005. During his time as Billy Elliot, BBC's Blue Peter followed and filmed Cooke for a day on November 18, 2005. After completing 21 months and 200 shows as Billy, Cooke left the cast on July 7, 2007. Between December 2008 and February 2009, he appeared as Tadzio in the English National Opera's production of Death in Venice at the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels and two shows at the Grande Théâtre de la Ville de Luxembourg. Cook appeared as Quaxo and Mr. Mistoffelees in the musical Cats at Jersey (Fort Regent) and Guernsey (Beau Sejour) in 2009. In March 2010, he returned to the stage of the Victoria Palace Theatre to take part in a specially choreographed finale to celebrate the fifth anniversary of Billy Elliot the Musical opening in the West End. He completed the United Kingdom's second tour of We Will Rock You directed by Ben Elton. Cooke made his Chichester Festival debut as Wilton in Barnum, returning the following year to perform in Amadeus. He has performed in the musical Mamma Mia at the Prince of Wales Theatre and as part of the West End Live cast in Trafalgar Square, London. He performed in Mamma Mia at its new venue, the Novello Theatre. Between 2014 and 2015, Cooke was cast in Miss Saigon in the West End. He worked with the National Theatre in their production of the musical Wonder.land, playing the role of Dee. His workshops with the National Theatre include Helen by Euripides (2016, Paris) and The Threepenny Opera (2016). Choreography Leon Cooke choreographed the Songtime Theatre Arts Billy Youth Theatre's production at the Richmond Theatre in 2010. He was an assistant choreographer for the BBC 2 series Our Dancing Town which aired in January 2017. Television While in Billy Elliot the Musical, Cooke appeared on Blue Peter, Ready Steady Cook, the Paul O'Grady Show, Happy Birthday Bafta, and as a guest performer on Any Dream Will Do. He also performed with the cast on Sunday Night at the Palladium for their tenth anniversary. Cooke appeared in Series 3 of Sky One's Got to Dance, where he gained three gold stars for a tap routine that was described by Adam Garcia as \\\"awesome\\\". He performed at the Royal Variety Performance, the Olivier Awards 2015, and\",\n \"title\": \"Leon Cooke\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2556660\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \\\"my mom\\\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Darin song), 2014 \\\"Mama Mia\\\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \\\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\\\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \\\"Mama Mia\\\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \\\"Mammamia\\\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3685331\",\n \"text\": \"Godstow is a hamlet about northwest of the centre of Oxford. It lies on the banks of the River Thames between the villages of Wolvercote to the east and Wytham to the west. The ruins of Godstow Abbey, also known as Godstow Nunnery, are here. A bridge spans the Thames and the Trout Inn is at the foot of the bridge across the river from the abbey ruins. There is also a weir and Godstow lock. History Godstow Abbey (see detailed history below) was built here, starting in 1133. It housed an order of Benedictine nuns. Rosamund Clifford, the mistress of King Henry II, retired here and died at 30 in about 1177. Her grave is somewhere in the grounds but now lost. The abbey was suppressed in 1539 under the Second Act of Dissolution. The abbey was then converted into Godstow House by George Owen. It was occupied by his family until 1645, when the building was badly damaged in the English Civil War. After this damage, the building fell into disrepair and was used by the locals as a source of stone for their buildings. A stone bridge was in existence in 1692 and an earlier one was probably that held by the Royalists against Parliamentarians in 1644, during the Civil War. Godstow House itself was fortified as part of the defences of Royalist Oxford against the Parliamentary army at the Siege of Oxford. By the Thames at Lower Wolvercote and Godstow is a 17th-century public house, The Trout Inn, close to Godstow Bridge. The current bridge, in two spans, was built in 1792, the southern span being rebuilt in 1892. Godstow Lock was built here in 1790. In Victorian times, Charles Dodgson (aka Lewis Carroll) brought Alice Liddell (aka Alice in Wonderland) and her sisters, Edith and Lorina, for river trips and picnics at Godstow. The ruins of Godstow Abbey were used as a backdrop in the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again during the musical number \\\"When I Kissed The Teacher\\\". History of Godstow Abbey Godstow Abbey was built on what was then an island between streams running into the River Thames. The site was given to the founder Edith de Launceline, in 1133 by John of St. John Edith was the widow of William and she had been living alone in Binsey in Oxfordshire, before deciding to found a group of nuns. The abbey was built in local limestone in honour of St Mary and St John the Baptist for Benedictine nuns; with a further gift of land from him, the site was later enlarged. The church was consecrated in 1139 in the presence of King Stephen. The Bishop of Lincoln confirms that it was Edith's money and will that created the community although she had enjoyed support from Henry I of England. The abbey was again enlarged between 1176 and 1188 when Henry II gave the establishment £258 (which included £100 for the church), 40,000 shingles, 4,000 laths, and a large quantity of\",\n \"title\": \"Godstow\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34081868\",\n \"text\": \"Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \\\"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\\\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \\\"the greatest showbiz impresario\\\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \\\"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\\\") and \\\"highly savvy writer\\\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to\",\n \"title\": \"Judy Craymer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43934954\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\\\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \\\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\\\" has been called a \\\"Fats Domino flavoured\\\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \\\"Why Did It Have To Be Me\\\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \\\"Happy Hawaii\\\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \\\"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\\\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \\\"Happy Hawaii\\\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \\\"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\\\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \\\"for the guys\\\" and praises it as an example of the \\\"professional songwriting\\\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \\\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\\\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs\",\n \"title\": \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3735183\",\n \"text\": \"Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine Johnson (playwright)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11143164\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \\\"Rio de Janeiro\\\". Eventually, the track was renamed \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \\\"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\\\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \\\"schoolgirl imagery\\\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \\\"bouncy\\\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \\\"Waterloo\\\". It says the song \\\"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\\\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \\\"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\\\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" is listed alongside \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" as an example of the group's \\\"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\\\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \\\"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\\\" The Los Angeles Times said \\\"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\\\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \\\"expected of ABBA\\\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" with the Van Halen song \\\"Hot for Teacher\\\" and the Jethro Tull song \\\"Teacher\\\" as examples of \\\"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.\",\n \"title\": \"When I Kissed the Teacher\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55471191\",\n \"text\": \"Josh Dylan (born 19 January 1994) is a British actor. He is best known for his role as Captain Adam Hunter in Allied (2016), as well as Young Bill in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Career Josh Dylan trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. In 2017, Dylan starred in the Orange Tree Theatre's production of Sheppey, directed by Paul Miller and won the 2017 Off West End Award for Best Supporting Actor. Filmography Film Television Stage Awards and nominations References External links 1994 births 21st-century English male actors Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors Living people Male actors from London People educated at Ardingly College\",\n \"title\": \"Josh Dylan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15642908\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"My Love, My Life\\\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \\\"My Love, My Life\\\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \\\"Monsieur, Monsieur\\\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \\\"My Love, My Life\\\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \\\"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\\\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson\",\n \"title\": \"My Love, My Life\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75128298\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream was a British television talent competition that began airing on 22 October 2023 on ITV. The show documented the search for two new, unknown musical theatre performers to play the roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!. The series was presented by Zoe Ball, and features Samantha Barks, Alan Carr, Amber Riley and Jessie Ware as judges. The series was won by Stevie Doc and Tobias Turley to play Sophie and Sky respectively. Format The series documented the search to find two unknown musical theatre stars to play the central roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the 2024 West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!, based on the film of the same name for the musical's 25th anniversary. The format was similar to that of the BBC competitions How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, Any Dream Will Do, I'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow which aired on BBC One in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 respectively. ITV later aired a similar programme in 2012, Superstar. The series featured fourteen contestants, seven men and seven women, who took part in masterclasses, challenges and workshops focused on singing, dancing and acting which led to a finale set which took place in a West End theatre where a public vote decided the winners. Production In September 2022, it was reported that ITV were planning to revive the musical theatre talent search format with a new series based on Mamma Mia. In December 2022, ITV confirmed the commissioning of Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream. The series was produced by Thames, the production company behind the reality television formats Britain's Got Talent and I Can See Your Voice. The series is filmed in Corfu, Greece and is presented by Zoe Ball. The judges included Samantha Barks, who was a finalist on I'd Do Anything in 2008, comedian Alan Carr, Glee actress Amber Riley and singer Jessie Ware. Contestants The fourteen contestants competing for the roles of Sophie and Sky were announced on the day of the show's broadcast. Sophie Sky Weekly summary Results summary Colour key Week 1 (22 October) For the show's the first episode, the fourteen contestants were placed in either duos or trios and performed a song by ABBA. Group performances: \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" Week 2 (29 October) In the show's second episode, the Sophies had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" Week 3 (5 November) In the show's third episode, the Skys had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" Week 4 (12 November) For the show's the fourth episode, the Sophies and Skys were paired up and had to recreate a scene\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44001649\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mamma Mia\\\" is a song by Swedish singer and songwriter Darin featuring vocals by rapper Prophet of 7Lions. It was released on April 14, 2014 in the Nordic countries in occasion of his 10-year anniversary as an artist. It's Darin's first single with Warner Music Sweden. The song was originally written for Darin's sixth studio album Exit, but it didn't make the final cut. Background and release On March 14, 2014 Darin announced via his Instagram account the release of a new single called Mamma Mia, along with a competition which consisted of sharing a picture on the social network in order to win an exclusive ticket for the premiere of the music video of the song which would take place in a secret venue in Stockholm two days before the single release. A trailer of the music video was also posted on Darin's official YouTube channel the same day. Winners were contacted by Darin himself on April 2 and the event took place in a cinema in Stockholm called Rigoletto on April 12. A seven track EP called Mamma Mia - Remixes was released on June 18, 2014. Music video The music video of the single was released on 21 April on Darin's YouTube channel. It was directed by Alex Herron and filmed in Palmdale, California. As stated by the director himself, \\\"the video feels as if it's a love story in the beginning but then it starts to escalate and she's a Mamma Mia, she's the ultimate crazy woman. They rob a bank, she strips for him. It's pretty dirty, it's pretty good\\\". The production of the video costed 500,000 Swedish crowns. Charts Release history References 2014 songs 2014 singles Darin (singer) songs Songs written by Darin (singer) Warner Music Group singles\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia (Darin song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70096150\",\n \"text\": \"Croatia Songs is a record chart in Croatia for songs, compiled by Billboard since February 2022. The chart is updated every Tuesday on Billboards website. The chart was announced on 14 February 2022 as part of Billboards Hits of the World chart collection. The first number-one song on the chart was \\\"Behute\\\" by Senidah on the issue dated 19 February 2022. The longest charting number-one song is currently \\\"Mamma mia\\\" by Grše. The current number-one song on the chart is \\\"Fantazija\\\" by Grše featuring Miach. Methodology The chart tracks songs' performance from Friday to Thursday. Chart rankings are based on a weighted formula incorporating official-only streams on both subscription and ad-supported tiers of leading audio and video music services, plus download sales from top music retailers within the territory. All data are provided by MRC Data. List of number-one songs Reception All the songs that appeared on the first issue of the chart were released by the former Yugoslav non-Croatian musicians, apart from \\\"Trebaš li me\\\" by Eni Jurišić and Matija Cvek, \\\"Debili\\\" by 30zona and Kuku$ Klan, \\\"Ti i ja\\\" by Jelena Rozga (in collaboration with Serbian singer Saša Matić), and \\\"Highlife\\\" by Grše, alongside \\\"Heat Waves\\\" by Glass Animals and \\\"Black Summer\\\" by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Hrvoje Marjanović of Index.hr criticized the Croatian media for trying to censor mainstream music from other former Yugoslav republics due to its alleged lack of quality, and praised the chart for showcasing what people of Croatia actually listen to. He further praised the death of genre boundaries, claiming that, \\\"on the same IG story of the same person, probably in the same day, you will come across songs by Arctic Monkeys, Drake and Senidah\\\", as well as the death of the \\\"cajka problem\\\". However, in the meantime, multiple other Croatian artists appeared on the chart, such as Hiljson Mandela who debuted with three songs in 2022, Baks, Let 3, and the most frequent Billboard dweller, Grše, whose song \\\"Sip\\\" is one of the longest charting songs on the chart, surpassing the majority of his former Yugoslav non-Croatian colleagues. Grše would go on to become the first Croatian artist to top the chart, doing so with his single \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" in the week of 29 May 2023, and stay at the number one spot for 17 weeks, becoming the longest charting number-one song since the release of the list. Croatian music journalists generally reacted positively to the introduction of such a music chart but criticized the local music industry managers for trying to cover up the popularity of trap music. Tena Šarčević of Jutarnji list explained how the lack of Croatian artists might shock some people, but that the Balkan trap genre has dominated the on-demand streaming for quite some time. She further noted how there's a big difference between the Croatian airplay-based HR Top 40 chart, and the Billboard chart. Ravno Do Dnas Zoran Stajčić commented how the newly introduced Billboard chart is \\\"real\\\" and how it gives real insight into\",\n \"title\": \"Croatia Songs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57917036\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17019742\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Michael Goetzman (born November 6, 1952) is an American film and television producer and actor, and co-founder of the production company Playtone with actor Tom Hanks. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Goetzman began his career as a child actor. He had starred in the film Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball, appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, and eventually started a waterbed company and pinball arcade. Goetzman at one time delivered a waterbed to Jon Peters's home. His exploits as a performer and a salesman inspired his friend Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza. In 1984, he produced the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense with director Jonathan Demme. That initiated a successful run as a music supervisor, on such films as Something Wild, Colors, Modern Girls and Married to the Mob, among many others. In 1991, producer Goetzman and director Demme again collaborated to make The Silence of the Lambs, which garnered the top five Academy Awards including Best Picture. In 1993, Goetzman was executive producer of Demme's Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks, beginning a working relationship with Hanks. Goetzman co-produced Hanks's 1996 directorial debut, That Thing You Do! The two then co-founded Playtone in 1998. Since then, Goetzman has produced hit films including My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Polar Express, Charlie Wilson's War and Mamma Mia! Goetzman has also received several Emmy Awards for HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, The Pacific, John Adams, Game Change and Olive Kitteridge. Aside from producing films, Goetzman has been known to play small parts in movies he is connected to. He has also enjoyed a successful parallel career as a music composer and producer, working with such artists as Smokey Robinson, Natalie Cole, Jane Child, Thelma Houston, and The Staples Singers. He currently sits on the National board of directors for the Producers Guild of America. Goetzman is executive producer (with Tom Hanks and Mark Herzog) of the CNN exclusive documentary miniseries The Sixties (2014), The Seventies (2015), The Eighties (2016), and The Nineties (2017). Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Producer Modern Girls (1986) Miami Blues (1990) Amos & Andrew (1993) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) That Thing You Do! (1996) Beloved (1998) My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) The Polar Express (2004) The Ant Bully (2006) Starter for 10 (2006) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) The Great Buck Howard (2008) Mamma Mia! (2008) City of Ember (2008) Where the Wild Things Are (2009) Larry Crowne (2011) Parkland (2013) Ricki and the Flash (2015) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) A Hologram for the King (2016) The Circle (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Greyhound (2020) News of the World (2020) A Man Called Otto (2022) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 (2023) Executive producer The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Philadelphia (1993) Evan Almighty (2007) My Life in Ruins (2009) Ithaca (2015) As an actor Music department Soundtrack Production manager Thanks Television As an actor\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Goetzman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52061803\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mamma Mia\\\" is the second episode of the paranormal drama television series Supernaturals season 12, and the 243rd overall. The episode was written by Brad Buckner & Eugenie Ross-Leming and directed by Thomas J. Wright. It was first broadcast on October 20, 2016, on The CW. In the episode, Dean, Mary and Castiel are getting closer to Sam's location. Sam, meanwhile, is continued to being tortured by Toni, looking for information on the American hunters. Meanwhile, Crowley has finally found Lucifer, who is now in a new vessel: a faded rock star named Vince Vincente and sets off with Rowena to send him back to the Cage. The episode marked the debut of Rick Springfield on the recurring role of Lucifer's vessel. The episode received positive reviews, with critics praising the character development and Rick Springfield's performance. Plot Sam's (Jared Padalecki) new hallucination has him having sex with Toni (Elizabeth Blackmore) as a way to know the names. He finally finds about the hallucination and wakes up, realizing it was just a potion given to him and that they also need to talk about Ruby, surprising Sam. She receives a call from Mick (Adam Fergus), a fellow Man of Letters, who chastises her for disobeying orders and also tells her about Ms. Watt's (Bronagh Waugh) death. Dean (Jensen Ackles) is informed by Castiel (Misha Collins) that he may have found Sam a warded farmhouse after searching rental properties in Aldrich, Missouri, the location Ms. Watt's cell phone had pointed to. Dean decides to go but asks Mary (Samantha Smith) to stay out in order to protect her. Crowley (Mark A. Sheppard) has discovered Rowena (Ruth Connell), who is trying to live a normal life out of witchcraft. He finally convinces her for help in using her magic and the Book of the Damned to find Lucifer and lock him again in the Cage by threatening to kill her date. Meanwhile, Vince Vincente (Rick Springfield) is a washed-up rock star who has been feeling depressed since the death of his girlfriend years ago. While in his hotel room, Vince is stunned to find blood instead of water in his sink. After the objects in his room fly, Vince comes face to face with his dead girlfriend, who is in fact Lucifer disguised, tricking him to say \\\"yes\\\" to be his new vessel. Believing that he will be with his dead lover, Vince gives his consent and Lucifer gains a new vessel. Dean goes inside the farmhouse but he falls on a trap and is captured by Toni, who is planning on using him as a method of torture for Sam's punishment and a way for him to talk. Lucifer meets with Crowley to talk about their new positions. Crowley wants to continue ruling as King of Hell and tells him that he can better reign Heaven. Lucifer refuses and prepares to kill him when Rowena approaches with a spell and Crowley pours sulphuric acid on him in hopes this will make\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia (Supernatural)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55594395\",\n \"text\": \"Oh Na-ra () is a South Korean actress. She began her career by joining the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and made her debut in the musical \\\"Simcheong\\\" the following year. She went on to star in various productions such as Bari, Annie Quang, All That Jazz, Broadway 42nd Streets, Empress Myeongseong, Love in the Rain, and Mamma Mia. Since 2004, she started play the main lead in the creative musicals I Love You. Followed by Finding Kim Jong-wook, Singles and Jomjom. Throughout her career, as musical actress, has received several accolades, including the Best New Actress Award at the 2006 Daegu International Musical Festival, the Best Actress Award at the 12th Korea Musical Awards in 2006, the Female Popularity Award at the 1st The Musical Awards in 2007, and the Popular Star Award at the 13th Korea Musical Awards in 2007. In addition to her work in musicals, Oh made her television debut with a minor role in SBS TV's SBS TV . She has since appeared in various dramas, including Pretty Mom, Pretty Woman, Queen of Reversals, Miss Ahjumma, Yong-pal, Hyde Jekyll, Me, Flowers of the Prison, Man to Man, The Lady in Dignity. Her supporting roles performances in dramas such as My Mister, Sky Castle, Racket Boys, and Alchemy of Souls earned her wider recognition. Early Life and education Oh Na-ra born on October 26, 1974 in Seoul as oldest of two sibling. Oh graduated from . Oh chose ballet as her major because she wanted to perform on stage. She graduated from the Department of Dance at Kyung Hee University. Afterwards, she pursued a master's degree in musical theater at Dankook University's Graduate School of Culture and Arts. Career Oh became interested in musicals after watching one on TV during college and wondered if they were real. She approached Nam Gyeong-eup, a musical actor, and expressed her desire to be part of musicals. Oh helped out at the performance hall of the musical \\\"Love in the Rain,\\\" doing tasks like cleaning and selling tickets. She also tried to make the actors happy. She joined the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and debuted with her musical “Simcheong” the following year. Afterwards, she appeared in 'Bari', 'Annie Quang', 'All That Jazz', 'Broadway 42nd Street', 'Empress Myeongseong', 'Love in the Rain', and 'Mamma Mia'. In 2001, Oh joined the Japanese theater company \\\"Four Seasons\\\" despite being a newcomer in the musical world. Oh was first Korean actor to be selected as a member. She auditioned and landed a role in the production \\\"Contact.\\\" Although she couldn't speak Japanese, it was a dance-only production, so there were no major issues. However, she couldn't go on stage due to visa extension problems caused by the office staff's intentional actions. After eight months, Oh (female) returned to Japan and was given the opportunity to appear in \\\"Mamma Mia.\\\" Despite initially being cast as the main character, her Japanese skills weren't perfect, so she returned after two years as an ensemble\",\n \"title\": \"Oh Na-ra\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62215057\",\n \"text\": \"The Wild Dreams Tour or The Hits Tour, originally known as the Stadiums in the Summer Tour, is an ongoing concert tour by Irish pop vocal group, Westlife. It was first scheduled to begin on 17 June 2020 in Scarborough, England at the Scarborough Open Air Theatre. However, the tour was ultimately postponed in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The band has rescheduled their dates like the Wembley Stadium, Cork, and Scarborough to 2022. The first 17 other tour dates announced have been cancelled but 2 of them were rescheduled. Their three shows in Singapore made them the first international group to perform at the Singapore Indoor Stadium thrice in one tour. On 19 November 2022, band member Nicky Byrne was involved in a stage fall accident during the concert. On 25 November 2022, band member Mark Feehily pulled out of the remaining shows of the UK and Ireland leg due to contracting pneumonia. He would rejoin the band for the 2023 legs except for five of its dates due to pulmonary complications that need an operation. On 14 August 2023, Westlife announced their first ever tour dates in Canada and the United States. They will be performing in Toronto, Boston, New York City, and Chicago in March 2024. On 12 September 2023, Westlife announced their first-ever tour dates in India. On 26 September 2023, Westlife announced their first-ever tour date in Brazil and their first headlining concert tour in Mexico. Feehily has announced he has been forced to pull out just 2 weeks before the band’s debut North American Tour This concert tour also marks their most number of concert tour dates to date with 99 dates so far since their \\\"Where Dreams Come True Tour\\\" in 2001 with 82 dates. Band member Kian Egan added, \\\"This is the largest tour ever in China for a western act\\\". Set list This set list is representative of the 8 and 9 July 2022 shows at the Aviva Stadium. It does not represent all dates of the tour. \\\"Starlight\\\" \\\"Uptown Girl\\\" \\\"When You're Looking Like That\\\" \\\"Fool Again\\\" \\\"If I Let You Go\\\" \\\"My Love\\\" \\\"Swear It Again\\\" ABBA Medley: \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" / \\\"Gimme Gimme Gimme\\\" / \\\"Money Money Money\\\" / \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\" / \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" / \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" / \\\"Waterloo\\\" / \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\" \\\"What About Now\\\" \\\"Mandy\\\" Medley: \\\"What Makes a Man\\\" / \\\"Queen of My Heart\\\" / \\\"Unbreakable\\\" / \\\"I'm Already There\\\" \\\"World of Our Own\\\" (contains excerpts of “Crazy In Love”) \\\"Flying Without Wings\\\" Encore \\\"Hello My Love\\\" \\\"You Raise Me Up\\\" This set list is representative of the 8 and 9 September 2023 shows at the Mercedes-Benz Arena. It does not represent all dates of the tour. \\\"Starlight\\\" \\\"When You're Looking Like That\\\" \\\"Fool Again\\\" \\\"If I Let You Go\\\" \\\"I Lay My Love on You\\\" \\\"Home\\\" \\\"Swear It Again\\\" \\\"What About Now\\\" \\\"Mandy\\\" \\\"What Makes a Man\\\" \\\"Queen of My Heart\\\" \\\"Uptown Girl\\\" \\\"Nothing's Gonna Change My\",\n \"title\": \"The Wild Dreams Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43467891\",\n \"text\": \"Talia Hannah Schlanger is a Canadian musician and radio broadcaster, who has worked in both Canada and the United States. Formerly a weekend host of Radio 2 Morning on CBC Radio 2 and TV host of CBC Music Backstage Pass, and a part-time host on CBC Radio 3, her selection as host of NPR's music program World Cafe was announced in February 2017. She joined World Cafe in October 2016 as a contributing producer, and was named the program's new host after the retirement of David Dye. In June 2019, she announced her departure from the program to return to other creative projects. In September 2019, Raina Douris was announced as her successor. Schlanger grew up in a Jewish family in Thornhill, Ontario. She is a graduate of Toronto Metropolitan University's program in radio and television arts. Prior to joining the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Schlanger was an actress, whose credits included the supporting role of Madison in Strange Days at Blake Holsey High, guest roles in System Crash and Degrassi: The Next Generation, and musical theatre roles in Mirvish Productions' Mamma Mia, the original Canadian company of Queen's We Will Rock You and the first national U.S. tour of Green Day's American Idiot. She won a Canadian Screen Award in 2014 as a coproducer with Brent Hodge, Bryan Ward, Grant Lawrence and Kai Black of The Beetle Roadtrip Sessions, a web series on CBC Music in which Lawrence travelled across Canada meeting local musicians and other personalities. Since leaving World Cafe, Schlanger has again been heard as a fill-in host on CBC Radio programming including Here and Now and Q. Her debut album, Grace for the Going, was released on February 2, 2024. This included a song about Toughie, who was the last known frog of his species when he died in 2016. References External links CBC Radio hosts Canadian television actresses Canadian musical theatre actresses Canadian radio producers Jewish Canadian actresses Living people Canadian child actresses Toronto Metropolitan University alumni People from Thornhill, Ontario Year of birth missing (living people) Canadian women radio hosts Jewish Canadian musicians Women radio producers 21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters Canadian women singer-songwriters Musicians from the Regional Municipality of York\",\n \"title\": \"Talia Schlanger\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["July 20 , 2018"],"string":"[\n \"July 20 , 2018\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":73,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_55969"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what are the major exports of new zealand"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"62764073","text":"The information and communications technology industry in New Zealand is a rapidly growing sector. The technology sector overall employs over 120,000 people, and technology is New Zealand's third largest export sector, accounting for $8.7 billion of exports, with information technology creating 50,000 full time jobs, and about $1 billion in IT services exports. History Early computing services The first computers in New Zealand were large Mainframe computers, mainly for government departments. The first industry professional body, New Zealand Computer Society was founded in 1960. The introduction of computers in the commercial sector in New Zealand took off in the 1960s. The Bank of New Zealand was one of the first private-sector users, followed by Griffin's Foods. In 1964, the first local IT services company was Computer Bureau Limited (CBL), the predecessor of Datacom, followed shortly by Computer Services Limited in September 1964, founded by Denis Trotman. These businesses were computer bureaus, sharing computer resources among multiple customers. In 1967, the major commercial banks pooled their resources to form Databank Limited, to digitise banking services in New Zealand. Databank was later acquired by EDS. Growing software exports As New Zealand's computing capabilities expanded, software development became a major feature of the information technology sector. Progeni Software became the first New Zealand company to export software in 1968. In the early 1970s, Gil Simpson and Peter Hoskins wrote LINC fourth-generation programming language (4GL) which was marketed internationally by Burroughs. They later founded the Aoraki Corporation. In the 1980s Progeni, working with Wellington Polytechnic, with finance from the Development Finance Corporation, developed the Poly microcomputer, which was exported to Australia and China. In 1988, Peace Software was founded, also a major exporter of New Zealand-developed software. In 1991 Binary Research was founded, and later sold to Symantec Corporation. Entities Today, Datacom Group is New Zealand's largest information technology company and largest technology company, according to the \"TIN200\" index, followed by Fisher & Paykel, Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Xero, Gallagher Group, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Douglas Pharmaceuticals, Temperzone Group, Scott Technology, and Weta Digital. IT services and products IT services companies are defined as providing \"professional and IT infrastructure services\" and include Datacom Group, Intergen, Optimation Group and other major multi-nationals operating in New Zealand such as IBM and Fujitsu. IT product companies are businesses that provide applications or products that focus on a particular sector and include Xero, Gentrack, Serko, Pushpay and Jade. Startup industry New Zealand supports an active startup community with various public and private institutions dedicated to increasing the support and funding available to local entrepreneurs. Government support NZTE and Callaghan are the two primary government organisations charged with supporting the growth of startups in the country, offering access to expertise, export and research grants. VC industry Funding for post-seed companies has traditionally been dominated by local VC firms such as Icehouse Ventures and Movac, who were one of the early founders of the industry, have been actively investing since 1998 and had success with large exits including companies such as","title":"Information technology industry in New Zealand"},{"docid":"27138073","text":"Kiwifruit or kiwi is a major horticultural export earner for New Zealand. New Zealand developed the first commercially viable kiwifruit and developed export markets, creating the demand for the fruit that exists today. Today New Zealand is the third largest kiwifruit producing country, next to China and Italy, and holds approximately 30% of the market share. In the 2008–2009 season the value of New Zealand kiwifruit exports was NZ$1.45 billion. Origin of the fruit Cultivation of the fuzzy kiwifruit spread from China in the early 20th century, when seeds were introduced to New Zealand by Mary Isabel Fraser, the principal of Whanganui Girls' College who had been visiting mission schools in Yichang, China. The seeds were planted in 1906 by a Whanganui nurseryman, Alexander Allison, with the vines first fruiting in 1910. A New Zealand horticulturalist developed the well-known green kiwifruit in Avondale, New Zealand, around 1924. This well known green kiwifruit were later renamed \"Hayward\" as a tribute to its creator, Hayward Wright. Origins of the industry The first commercial planting of Chinese gooseberries occurred in 1937 by the orchardist Jim MacLoughlin. He found that the vines were low maintenance and fruited well. By 1940, MacLoughlin purchased more property for Chinese gooseberry production. MacLoughlin's truck was commandeered for army use during the outbreak of war and as a result, he was forced to sell his property and enter into a shared cropping arrangement with another farmer. In 1955, MacLoughlin bought out his partner, purchasing his land back along with an additional 38 acres and planting it all to Chinese gooseberries. During the war around 550 cases of the fruit were marketed each season with the fruit proving popular with American servicemen in New Zealand. This provided the opportunity for the previously domestically-consumed fruit industry to expand by exporting to an international market. Initial growth of the export market In 1952, MacLoughlin approached the New Zealand Fruit Federation who agreed to facilitate the shipping and marketing of the fruit to United States markets, this was New Zealand's first export of Chinese gooseberries. Due to pioneering research into the transportability of the fruit by John Pilkington Hudson and others at the agriculture department in Wellington, this was the first international export of the kiwifruit. Rebranding the Chinese gooseberry As the local popularity of this fruit increased, New Zealanders discarded the local Chinese name for the fruit (yáng táo) in favour of the name Chinese gooseberry. Among the exporters was the prominent produce company Turners and Growers, who were calling the berries melonettes, because the local name for the fruit, Chinese gooseberry, had political connotations due to the Cold War, and to further distinguish it from European gooseberries, which are prone to a fungus called anthracnose. An American importer, Norman Sondag of San Francisco, complained that melonettes was as bad as Chinese gooseberry because melons and berries were both subject to high import tariffs, and instead asked for a short Māori name that quickly connoted New Zealand. In June 1959, during a","title":"Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand"},{"docid":"1222656","text":"The economy of Oceania comprises more than 14 separate countries and their associated economies. On a total scale, Oceania has approximately 34,700,201 inhabitants who are spread among 30,000 islands in the South Pacific bordered between Asia and the Americas. This region has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial markets of Australia and New Zealand to the much less developed economies that belong to many of its island neighbours. Trade blocs The smallest Pacific nations rely on trade with Australia, New Zealand and the United States for exporting goods and for accessing other products. Australia and New Zealand's trading arrangements are known as Closer Economic Relations. Australia and New Zealand, along with other countries, are members of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the East Asia Summit (EAS), which may become trade blocs in the future particularly EAS. Currency The below table summarizes the official currencies of Oceania. Several territories are dollarized or use a currency with a fixed exchange rate. Economic sectors Service industry The overwhelming majority of people living in the Pacific islands work in the service industry which includes tourism, education and financial services. Oceania's largest export markets include Japan, China, the United States and South Korea. The majority of people living in Australia, and to a lesser extent, New Zealand work in mining, electrical and manufacturing sectors also. Manufacturing The manufacturing of clothing is a major industry in some parts of the Pacific, especially Fiji, although this is generally decreasing. Australia boasts the largest amount of manufacturing in the region, producing cars, electrical equipment, machinery and clothes. Tourism Tourism has become a large source of income for many in the Pacific; tourists come from Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. Fiji currently draws almost half a million tourists each year; more than a quarter from Australia. This contributes $1 billion or more since 1995 to Fiji's economy but the government of Fiji underestimate these figures due in part to an invisible economy inside the tourism industry. Agriculture and fishing Agriculture and natural resources constitutes only 5% to 10% of Oceania's total jobs, but contributes substantially to export performance. The most populous two nations, Australia and New Zealand, are also the most developed and have majority service industries. This dilutes the data from the less developed Pacific Island nations who have major agricultural economies. Most of the Pacific countries (excluding Australia and New Zealand) the primary industry is agriculture. Many nations are still quintessentially agricultural; for example, 80% of the population of Vanuatu and 70% of the population of Fiji works in agriculture. The main produce from the pacific is copra or coconut, but timber, beef, palm oil, cocoa, sugar and ginger are also commonly grown across the tropics of the Pacific. Fishing provides a major industry for many of the smaller nations in the Pacific, although many fishing areas are exploited by other larger countries, namely Japan. Natural Resources, such as lead, zinc, nickel and gold,","title":"Economy of Oceania"},{"docid":"673586","text":"Anchor is a brand of dairy products that was founded in New Zealand in 1886, and is one of the key brands owned by the New Zealand based international exporter Fonterra Co-operative Group. In Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan, Fonterra uses the Fernleaf brand instead of Anchor. Anchor by Fonterra Historically, the Anchor brand of milk products in New Zealand was owned by the New Zealand Dairy Group, which merged with Kiwi Co Operative in 2001 to form Fonterra. As the merger would leave New Zealand with virtually no competition in the domestic dairy sector, government legislation was required for Fonterra to be formed. One of the requirements was that Fonterra must divest its strongest domestic brand, Anchor, in the New Zealand market. This did not affect the brand internationally. The brand was sold to what is currently Goodman Fielder. Between 2001 and 2005, Fonterra grew one of their smaller milk brands which was originally only available in the South Island of New Zealand, 'Meadow Fresh Milk' into a nationwide brand which provided good competition to the Anchor Brand of milk products. In 2005, Fonterra did a brand swap with what is now Goodman Fielder, swapping Meadow Fresh for Anchor, allowing Fonterra to again align its international and domestic dairy brands. Anchor Milk Fresh Anchor Milk products available in New Zealand are manufactured and marketed by Fonterra Brands, a division of Fonterra. The main plant that processes Anchor milk in New Zealand is in Takanini, Auckland. In addition to the common varieties with differing percentages of milk fat, they also offer \"Anchor-Xtra\", with extra calcium (marketed to \"extra active\" parents), and \"Mega Milk\", with extra vitamins, as well as extra calcium, marketed for children. In 2013, the Anchor brand was released in China. Anchor Milk Powder Anchor Milk Powder is the major Anchor product available in some developing countries, such as Guyana and Ethiopia. Anchor Butter and Anchor Cheese Anchor Butter and Anchor Cheese are sold in New Zealand, but the brand for these products in New Zealand is still owned by a Goodman Fielder subsidiary. For butter and cheese the brand was not returned to Fonterra in the brand swap so not all Anchor branded products are Fonterra products in New Zealand. However, like most dairy products in New Zealand, the milk is still sourced from Fonterra suppliers and for butter and cheese, it is also likely that Fonterra manufactured the products with Goodman Fielder simply packaging the products. Outside New Zealand Internationally the Anchor brand is 100% owned by the Fonterra Co-Op Group. It is available in (and manufactured in) many areas including: Australia Barbados China Chile Ethiopia Fiji Indonesia Malaysia Mauritius Middle East Pacific Islands Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan United Kingdom In Britain, Anchor block butter was imported from New Zealand until August 2012 when Arla Foods UK, transferred production to a local factory at Westbury, Wiltshire, using English cream. Anchor Spreadable Anchor Spreadable is one of the brand's specialised products. This butter based spread","title":"Anchor (brand)"},{"docid":"3974835","text":"New Zealand wine is produced in several of its distinct winegrowing regions. As an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, New Zealand has a largely maritime climate, although its elongated geography produces considerable regional variation from north to south. Like many other New World wines, New Zealand wine is usually produced and labelled as single varietal wines, or if blended, winemakers list the varietal components on the label. New Zealand is best known for its Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc, and more recently its dense, concentrated Pinot Noir from Marlborough, Martinborough and Central Otago. While New Zealand wine traces its history to the early 19th century, the modern wine industry in New Zealand began in the mid-20th century and expanded rapidly in the early 21st century, growing by 17% a year from 2000 to 2020. In 2020, New Zealand produced from of vineyard area, of which ha (about two-thirds) is dedicated to Sauvignon Blanc. Nearly 90% of total production is exported, chiefly to the United States, Britain and Australia, reaching a record in export revenue in 2020. History Winemaking and viticulture date back to New Zealand's colonial era. New Zealand's first vineyard was planted in 1819 by missionary Samuel Marsden in Kerikeri. James Busby, New Zealand's governing British Resident in the 1830s, planted vineyards on his land near Waitangi, having earlier established what is now the Hunter Valley wine region during his time in Australia. He was producing wine for locally stationed British soldiers in 1836. In 1851, French Marist missionaries established a vineyard in Hawke's Bay for making Communion wine. Now part of the Mission Estate Winery, it is the oldest commercial vineyard in New Zealand. Portrait artist William Beetham planted Pinot Noir and Hermitage (Syrah) grapes at his Lansdowne, Masterton vineyard in 1881. In 1895, the New Zealand government's Department of Agriculture invited the expert consultant viticulturist and oenologist Romeo Bragato to investigate winemaking possibilities. After tasting Beetham's Hermitage, he concluded that New Zealand and the Wairarapa in particular were \"pre-eminently suited to viticulture.\" His French wife, Marie Zelie Hermance Frere Beetham, supported Beetham in his endeavours. Their partnership and innovation to pursue winemaking helped form the basis of modern New Zealand's viticulture practices. Dalmatian immigrants arriving in New Zealand in the late 19th and early 20th centuries brought with them viticultural knowledge and planted vineyards in West and North Auckland. Typically, their vineyards produced table wine and fortified wine to suit the palates of their communities. For the first half of the 20th century, winemaking in New Zealand was a marginal economic activity. Land use during this period was primarily animal agriculture, and the exports of dairy, meat, and wool dominated the economy. Most New Zealanders were of British descent, and favoured beer and spirits; the temperance movement further reduced the national appreciation for wine. The Great Depression of the 1930s also hampered the growth of the fledgling industry. By the 1970s, some of these inhibiting factors underwent important changes. In 1973, Britain entered the European Economic Community","title":"New Zealand wine"},{"docid":"6149661","text":"Macpac is a brand specialising in outdoor recreational equipment. It is best known for camping and travel equipment including backpacks, sleeping bags and technical clothing. Macpac was originally a New Zealand company but is now owned by the Australian company Super Retail Group. Macpac was founded by Bruce McIntyre in 1973. Macpac currently has two e-commerce stores, 27 New Zealand and 17 Australian retail stores. Macpac's international distribution is through third party companies in Europe, United Kingdom, Japan and Chile. History Macpac's roots can be traced to New Zealander Bruce McIntyre, who began designing his own outdoor gear after he left university aged 19 in 1973 and started making his first packs in his parents' garage in Christchurch. In 1975, he was involved with developing gear for a group of young men from the Canterbury Mountaineering Club who were heading to the South American Andes. The result was New Zealand’s first internal frame climbing pack – the Torre Egger. McIntyre extended the Torre Egger concept to suit trampers and travellers as well. He focused on customer service and product quality. By 1978, sales were growing at 100% a year and Macpac was unable to keep up with demand. Nevertheless, McIntyre headed to Australia to develop the company’s first export market. In 1987, he began exporting to the Netherlands and Switzerland, soon followed by Germany and the UK. In 2003, Macpac moved the majority of its production to Asia, shedding 150 jobs in Christchurch. McIntyre, the managing director at this time, blamed a 40% rise in the New Zealand dollar and a slow-down in international travel. In 2007, Macpac under the Mouton Noir parent company assimilated the down apparel and equipment retailer Fairydown. In January 2016, 90% of the company was bought by an Australian company Champ Ventures for about A$70m (NZ$74m) from Mouton Noir, owner of Fairydown outdoor equipment and clothing brand, and Kathmandu founder Jan Cameron. Macpac products are no longer available through third party retailers in New Zealand and Australia, and instead are now sold directly in Macpac branded stores, however the brand is sold overseas in third party stores. In September 2016, Macpac signed a deal with Amazon to enter the United States market. In February 2018, it was announced that the Australian Super Retail Group purchased Macpac for $135m AUD. They announced that they would rebrand their Ray's Outdoors stores in Australia to Macpac. Equipment Macpac designs and manufactures a range of outdoor equipment, ranging from technical garments, backpacks, sleeping bags and multiple tents designed to serve in different environments. Macpac has been a major sponsor of the New Zealand Alpine Team since 2013, and has a range of alpine-specific clothing and packs See also List of mountaineering equipment brands List of outdoor industry parent companies References External links www.macpac.co.nz - New Zealand website www.macpac.com.au - Australian website Companies based in Christchurch Camping equipment manufacturers Retail companies of New Zealand Retail companies of Australia Manufacturing companies of New Zealand Super Retail Group Retail companies established in","title":"Macpac"},{"docid":"40969382","text":"The New Zealand Meat Board is a statutory body which provides quota management on behalf of the Crown for meat exports to the United States, European Union and United Kingdom. To protect their own livestock industry these countries give limited access to New Zealand meat exports. It also manages the Board's inherited financial reserves, which are ultimately owned by New Zealand's livestock farmers, for the benefit of industry projects. Beef + Lamb New Zealand provides industry-good functions. Current responsibilities Quotas To protect their own meat industry U.S. EU and U.K. control the volume and prices of their meat imports from New Zealand. The Board allocates, monitors and manages access to these markets: United States New Zealand is currently permitted to send up to 213,402 tonnes of beef and veal a year to the United States at a tariff rate of US4.4cents per kilogram. Any imports above that quota are subject to a higher tariff rate. Each calendar year the Board uses a (published) quota allocation system to allocate quota within New Zealand beef and veal exporters. The system provides for new entrants. European Union Sheepmeat and goatmeat. New Zealand is currently permitted to send up to 114,184 tonnes of sheepmeat and goatmeat a year to the European Union at zero duty. Any imports above that quota are subject to a higher tariff rate. There is a quota allocation system matching that for exports to the United States. High quality beef. New Zealand is currently permitted to send 846 tonnes of high quality beef a year to the European Union at a 20 per cent duty. The EU's \"most favoured nation\" global quota (the quota is administered by the EU) allows New Zealand to compete with other nations for a further 116,703 tonnes of frozen beef subject to the same duty. There is a quota allocation system matching that for exports to the United States. United Kingdom Sheepmeat and goatmeat. New Zealand is currently permitted to send up to 114,205 tonnes of sheepmeat and goatmeat a year to the United Kingdom at zero duty. Any imports above that quota are subject to a higher tariff rate. There is a quota allocation system matching that for exports to the United States. High quality beef. New Zealand is currently permitted to send 454 tonnes of high quality beef a year to the United Kingdom at a 20 per cent duty. Any imports above that quota are subject to a higher tariff rate. There is a quota allocation system matching that for exports to the United States. Other countries Exports of meat to countries outside U.S. EU and U.K. quota markets are handled by Beef + Lamb New Zealand and Meat Industry Association. Reserves The Meat Board manages more than $76m of reserve funds. The income is available to industry projects through Beef + Lamb New Zealand. Current directors of the Meat Board Chair—Andrew Morrison North Island farmers: Martin Coup, Scott Gower, George Tatham South Island farmers: Kate Acland, Nicky Hyslop, Andrew Morrison Processor-Exporters:","title":"New Zealand Meat Board"},{"docid":"1117321","text":"The New Zealand Motor Corporation was the New Zealand representative, importer, distributor and retailer of a number of the best-known British automobiles. It carried out the same functions for a wide range of manufacturers of industrial machinery and equipment. It inherited and operated four independent plants assembling CKD kits of British Leyland and from the late 1970s, Honda models. It was succeeded piecemeal by Honda New Zealand in the 1980s. Formation New Zealand Motor Corporation (NZMC) was formed and listed on the New Zealand Exchange in 1970. It was the long-delayed pooling of their ownership and resources by British Leyland's two principal New Zealand representatives, motor assemblers, distributors and retailers: Dominion Motors (Nuffield) and the Austin Distributors Federation. Together they had 3,000 staff, 40 retail branches and four car assembly plants Newmarket (Morris), Panmure (Morris), Petone (Austin) and Nelson (Rover-Triumph). At that time British Leyland brands had a good market share in New Zealand but sales dropped reflecting British Leyland's sagging fortunes. New Zealand's principal export customer, the United Kingdom, joined the Common Market in 1973 and took up different sources for its agricultural produce. The mid-1970s witnessed a firm switch to Japanese brands. Not until the end of the 1970s did Hondas begin to replace the British Marina and Princess on NZMC's assembly lines. Economic difficulties in the early-1980s brought about a major restructuring of the New Zealand economy. A new government set about removing protection from many industries including local vehicle assembly. All NZMC assembly plants except the near-new former Rover-Triumph now Honda plant in Nelson had closed by 1988. Nelson closed in 1998. Products Cars and commercial vehicles, bus chassis and bodies, tractors, industrial and earthmoving equipment, diesel engines, cranes, shipping containers. While primarily producing vehicles for the New Zealand market, some were exported to Australia. Brands Austin, Honda, Jaguar, Land Rover, Leyland, Morris, Rolls-Royce, Rover, Triumph Aveling-Barford, Case, Cummins, Davis, ERF, Liebherr, Mitsubishi, WABCO, White Franchised dealers There were 65 franchised dealers in 1980. Honda Honda began acquiring the Honda assets from NZMC in the mid-1980s, first acquiring a 25% stake in 1985. Honda New Zealand Ltd was formed in 1988 and assembly of Honda passenger vehicles continued at the Nelson plant until August 1998, when tariffs on imported cars were abolished. References External links Honda New Zealand Website Defunct manufacturing companies of New Zealand Motor vehicle assembly plants in New Zealand New Zealand companies established in 1970","title":"New Zealand Motor Corporation"},{"docid":"43060275","text":"The ceramics industry is a growing manufacturing sector in Bangladesh. The industry started in the late 1950s when the first ceramic industrial plants were established. The industry mainly produces tableware, sanitaryware and tiles. As of 2011, there were 21 ceramic industrial units throughout Bangladesh, employing about 500,000 people. In the first nine months of the 2013-14 fiscal year, Bangladesh exported about US$36 million worth of goods after meeting 80% of the domestic demand. The main export destinations are the EU, the US and the Middle East. History The first ceramic plant was established in Bogura in 1958. Owned by Tajma Ceramic Industries, it was a small manufacturing plant for porcelain tableware. Peoples Ceramic Industries, formerly Pakistan Ceramic Industries, started production in 1966. Bengal Fine Ceramics Ltd, the first Bangladeshi stoneware manufacturer, began its operations in 1986. One of the largest ceramic manufacturers in Bangladesh, Monno Ceramics, was established in 1985 to produce porcelain tableware with other ceramic items later. Shinepukur Ceramics was established in 1997 for the production of bone china and porcelain tableware. Shinepukur later captured around 60% of the domestic market. RAK Ceramics was incorporated in Bangladesh on 26 November 1998 and started its commercial production on 12 November 2000. Sources of raw material Some white clay deposits have been discovered in Mymensingh, Sylhet and Netrokona. The largest deposit of white clay is situated at Bijoypur of Mymensingh which was discovered in 1957. However, ceramic manufacturers import almost all of their raw material. China, India, New Zealand and Germany are the main sources of the raw materials. Foreign investment The ceramics industry sector has attracted foreign investment. The investments have mainly been from China and the Middle East states. Some of the major joint venture partners are RAK Ceramics, Fu Wang and China-Bangla, of which the largest is RAK of the UAE, and who have about 80% of the domestic sanitaryware market. Export destinations and international competitors Ceramic products have been exported to more than 45 countries. The largest export destinations are the United States, Italy, Spain, France, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Australia and Sweden. China and Thailand are amongst the major competitors in the international market for Bangladeshi ceramic manufacturers. However, the low labour costs of the local manufacturers has put Bangladesh in a strong position. References Industry in Bangladesh Ceramics manufacturers of Bangladesh","title":"Ceramics industry in Bangladesh"},{"docid":"5910261","text":"The Romney, formerly called the Romney Marsh sheep but generally referred to by the local farmers as the Kent, is a breed of sheep originating in England. The Romney is a \"long-wool\" breed recognized in England by 1800. Exported to other continents, the Romney is an economically important sheep breed, especially to the sheep-meat and wool export trades of New Zealand. History Origins The breed evolved from medieval longwool types of which the Romney and Leicester breeds are early examples. The sheep recognized by 1800 as \"Romney Marsh\" or \"Kent\" were improved in body type and fleece quality through crossings with Bakewell's English Leicester. International spread The first confirmed export of Romneys from England was a shipment of 20 from Stone, Kent, that went on the Cornwall to New Zealand in 1853. With these and a further 30 ewes sent in 1856, Alfred Ludlum established New Zealand's first Romney Marsh stud in 1860 at Newry, in the Hutt Valley, and Ludlam's brother-in-law, Augustus Onslow Manby Gibbes, also bred them around this time in Australia at his famous sheep property, Yarralumla. In 1855, 60,000 Merinos had been in New Zealand, but the Romney Marsh sheep thrived more quickly, supplanting the Merino over most of the country. The New Zealand Romney Marsh Association was formed in 1904. Alfred Matthews was the first president; the stud he founded, Waiorongamai, is still going. In 1965, three-quarters of the New Zealand national flock was Romney. In the mid-1990s, Romneys comprised 58% of the New Zealand sheep flock (estimated in 2000 at 45 million), with Coopworths (originally Border Leicester on Romney crosses) and Perendales (originally Cheviot on Romney crosses) making up another 16.6%, Merinos 7%, and Corriedales 5.5% of the national flock. The New Zealand export lamb trade started in 1882 with a shipment aboard the Dunedin of 4,900 frozen carcasses to London's Smithfield Market. This was by far the biggest meat cargo ever carried over such a distance to that time. February 15, the departure date, is still celebrated as New Zealand Lamb Day. After 1932, the technology for shipping chilled fresh meat by sea (and later by air) further enhanced the export trade. The breeding of Romneys is not limited to England and New Zealand. The breed has also been established in Patagonia, Australia, Portugal, Brazil, Canada, and Southern California. For many years, England was the primary source of export Romneys. Between 1900 and 1955, 18,000 rams and 9,000 ewes went from England to 43 countries. New Zealand itself began exporting after the sensational win of Ernest Short's Parorangi ram at the Argentine International Exhibition in 1906. Health requirements in recent decades have made New Zealand and Australia almost the only breeding ground for exported Romney seed stock, with Brazil, Uruguay, the Falklands, the U.S., and England, itself, some of the recipient countries. Description Attributes The Romney is not the ideal breed for every situation. Henry Fell, in Intensive Sheep Management posits that the Romney is, \"A breed which ha[s] all the virtues save","title":"Romney sheep"},{"docid":"13904544","text":"New Zealand Food Safety (NZFS), or Haumaru Kai Aotearoa, is the New Zealand government body responsible for food safety, and is the controlling authority for imports and exports of food and food-related products. In April 2012 it was merged into the Ministry for Primary Industries. The NZFSA administered legislation covering: food for sale in New Zealand primary processing of animal products and official assurances related to their export exports of plant products and the controls surrounding registration, and use of agricultural compounds and veterinary medicines. In July 2007 the NZFSA was separated from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to form a new Public Service Department. On 1 July 2010, the New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) was amalgamated back into the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Food Bill 160-2 Food Bill 160-2 was introduced on 26 May 2010 to make some fundamental changes to New Zealand's domestic food regulatory regime. Significantly, for an export-led economic recovery for New Zealand, the domestic food regulatory regime is the platform for exports. The New Zealand domestic standard is used as the basis for negotiating equivalence arrangements with trading partners. This minimizes the excessive importing country requirements that may be imposed but which do not go to food safety. If passed into law and fully implemented, it would replace the Food Act 1981 and the Food Hygiene Regulations 1974. Food Bill will also make consequential amendments to the Animal Products Act 1999 and the Wine Act 2003 to improve the interface of regulatory processes across food sectors. MAF (through NZFSA) managed New Zealand's participation in Codex Alimentarius and set strategic priorities which ensure that Codex standards have the widest possible application. See also Food safety in New Zealand Food Standards Australia New Zealand Food Act 1981 - New Zealand References External links New Zealand Food Safety Authority Government agencies of New Zealand Regulators of biotechnology products Food safety organizations Food safety in New Zealand Medical and health organisations based in New Zealand Regulation in New Zealand","title":"New Zealand Food Safety"},{"docid":"23817539","text":"In international politics, food power is the use of agriculture as a means of political control whereby one nation or group of nations offers or withholds commodities from another nation or group of nations in order to manipulate behavior. Its potential use as a weapon was recognised after OPEC’s earlier use of oil as a political weapon. Food has a major influence on political actions of a nation. In response to acts of food power, a nation usually acts in the interest of its citizens to provide food. Food power is an integral part of the politics of food. The idea of food power is used in embargoes, employment, and food politics. In order for a nation to utilize food power effectively, the nation must effectively apply and display scarcity, supply concentration, demand dispersion, and action independence. The four main nations that export enough agriculture to be able to exert food power are the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. On the smaller scale, particularly in some African countries, food power has been used as a weapon by opposing sides in internal wars and conflicts against their own people. Historical background There are four nations in the world that export enough agriculture to exert this hypothetical food power: the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Forced to rely on these nations in times of shortage, food-importing countries may face food crises if needed supplies are withheld. But while political leaders in food-importing countries have expressed misgivings over their dependence, food-exporting nations generally do not withhold food, as agricultural producers in these nations press their governments to continue to export. Policy Food politics are the political aspects of the production, control, regulation, inspection and distribution of food. The politics can be affected by the ethical, cultural, medical and environmental disputes concerning proper farming, agricultural and retailing methods and regulations. Food power is an integral part of the politics of food. “Food is a weapon”, stated Earl Butz, the United States Secretary of Agriculture, in 1974. OPEC's use of oil as a political weapon brought on the possibility for America to use food as a tool against other states and to further the US's goals. There are alternative uses of food power as well. An importer can refuse to continue import unless political concessions are made. This would have the same effects that an exporter refusing to export would have. An example of this would be American reduction of the Cuban sugar quota. In simple terms, the demand concentration (one importer being the dominant buyer) and supply dispersion (several exporters competing to sell the same product) an importer can try to use this exchange politically to their favor; this is especially effective if the exporter has little else so export (low action independence). Food power and food security Food security and food power are not the same thing. However, they are often directly related. Food security is when all people of a region at all times have enough food for","title":"Food power"},{"docid":"16806944","text":"The New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement is a bilateral free trade agreement signed between the People's Republic of China and New Zealand in April 2008. It is the first free trade agreement that China has signed with any developed country, and New Zealand's largest trade deal since the 1983 Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia. The New Zealand-China FTA was signed on 7 April 2008 in Beijing, after negotiations that spanned fifteen rounds over three years. It entered into force on 1 October 2008, after ratification by the New Zealand Parliament. The provisions of the agreement are expected to be phased in gradually over 12 years, fully coming into force in 2019. Agreements Under the agreement, 37 per cent of Chinese exports to New Zealand and 35 per cent of New Zealand exports to China will be tariff free by October 2008. All tariffs for Chinese exports to New Zealand will be eliminated by 2016, and 96 per cent of New Zealand exports to China will be tariff free by 2019. Mutual investment and trade in services will also be facilitated. The deal also allows 1,800 specialised workers to go from China to New Zealand for a period of up to three years. This, however, will be limited to approved occupations and to a maximum of 100 such workers in any sector, except for traditional Chinese medicine practitioners, Chinese chefs, and Mandarin teaching aides, which have maximums of 150 or 200. New Zealand will also establish a working holiday scheme enabling up to 1,000 young Chinese nationals annually to travel and work in New Zealand for up to 12 months. Both countries have agreed to enhance business visa conditions and processing. History 2008 agreement The New Zealand-China free trade agreement took over three years to negotiate. On 19 November 2004, Helen Clark and President of the People's Republic of China, Hu Jintao announced the commencement of negotiations towards an FTA at the APEC Leaders meeting in Santiago, Chile. The first round of negotiations was held in December 2004. Fifteen rounds took place before the FTA was signed in April 2008 by New Zealand's Minister of Trade Phil Goff and the Chinese Minister of Commerce Chen Deming at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. The deal was welcomed by a number of New Zealand exporters including the dairy cooperative Fonterra and the New Zealand Seafood Industry Council, while others such as the appliance manufacturer Fisher & Paykel stated that the deal would lead to tougher competition with cheaper-priced Chinese products. The New Zealand Council of Trade Unions opposed the inclusion of workforce in the trade agreement stating that there is potential for skilled Chinese workers to be exploited and underpaid. While the FTA enjoys the support of New Zealand's two largest political parties, Labour and National, the Green Party and the Māori Party opposed the agreement even before it was signed. Members of the Green Party protested against the signing of the deal, Keith Locke saying that easier access","title":"New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement"},{"docid":"58910327","text":"The economic history of New Zealand dates to before European colonisation of the country. By the 20th century, it had become one of the most globalized economies in the world, relying heavily on international trade with developed countries including Australia, Canada, China, European Union, the United States, Japan, and South Korea. It is a mixed economy that functions on free-market principles and has a sizable manufacturing and service sector and an efficient agricultural sector. New Zealand has the 54th largest export economy in the world measured by nominal gross domestic product. In 2016, New Zealand exported a total of NZ$35.1billion and imported a total of NZ$35.4 billion, with its top exports being concentrated milk and the top imports being cars. New Zealand has an extremely diverse market economy with a sizable service sector that accounted for 63% of all GDP in 2013. Other industries including mining, manufacturing, waste services, electricity and gas accounted for 16.5% of GDP in 2013 while the primary sector only accounted for 6.5% of GDP, despite continually dominating New Zealand's exports. The biggest capital market for New Zealand is known as the New Zealand Exchange. As of June 2018 the NZX had listed over 300 securities with a market capitalization of NZD $164.5 billion. Overview The economy of New Zealand has been listed as seventh in the world for Social Progression, a societal tracker that watches areas such as Basic Human Needs, Foundations of Wellbeing, and the level of Opportunity provided to its residents. However, New Zealand's economy used to be much stronger than it is today. During the 1970s, the New Zealand income level was higher than it was in many of the other countries in Western Europe leading up to the oil shock crisis of this time. Due to the fact that income levels dropped in relative terms and have yet to be able to fully recover, the percentage of New Zealand citizens living in poverty has skyrocketed and there have been further increases in income inequality. Furthermore, New Zealand has dealt with current account deficit issues since the crisis of the 1970s with these deficits peaking in 2006 at −7.8% of GDP, but falling back down to −2.6% of GDP in 2014. Regardless of this, the outstanding government debt, in 2014, stood at 38.4% of GDP and between 1984 and 2006, the debt owed to foreign investors increased 11 times to a total of NZ$182 billion. Undeterred by the current account deficit problems, the difference on external goods and service has typically shown positive gains in the economy. In the 2014 fiscal year exports outpaced imports by NZ$3.9 billion. Over the last half-century, the government of New Zealand has been able to transform the country from an agrarian-based economy, that was extremely reliant upon the British for access to their markets, to an industrialized, free economy that is able to compete with other highly developed countries on the global scale. Prior to the market crash in 2007, per capita incomes had risen steadily","title":"Economic history of New Zealand"},{"docid":"40152982","text":"In 2013, a wide-scale recall of products sold by dairy producer Fonterra was announced after suspected botulism-causing bacteria were found during safety tests. The contaminated whey products had been sold to third parties who use it to produce infant formula and sports drinks. Approximately 1,000 tonnes of consumer product was affected by the recall across seven countries, but no cases of sickened consumers were reported. China, which imports most of its powdered milk from New Zealand, instituted a temporary ban on the import of the ingredient from New Zealand. The scandal resulted in the resignation of Fonterra's head of its milk business division, Gary Romano. The bacteria were ultimately found not to be a botulism-causing strain. Background Based in New Zealand, Fonterra Cooperative Group is the world's fourth largest producer of dairy products, with a turnover of nearly NZ$ 20 billion (US$15.7 billion). The company was formed in 2001 following the merger of the country's two largest dairy cooperatives, and controls 95% of New Zealand's dairy market. New Zealand produces 15 million tonnes of dairy products annually, of which 5% is consumed domestically and 95% is exported to other countries. Dairy exports contribute NZ$11 billion directly to the New Zealand economy, or around 7% of the country's gross domestic profit. Because of New Zealand's excellent safety history, consumers are willing to pay a premium for its dairy products. Chinese manufacturers in particular are major buyers of Fonterra products as many citizens have concerns about the safety of domestic dairy products in the wake of the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, in which melamine sickened thousands of people. Botulism is a rare disease caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. A small number of the bacteria can cause severe poisoning leading to respiratory and muscular problems in adults. In infants, the toxin also affects the intestinal system. Recall On 3 August 2013, the Ministry for Primary Industries announced a recall of products sold by Fonterra. The contaminated products originated with three batches of whey protein concentrate weighing 38 metric tons (42 tons) produced in May 2012. A problem was first noticed by Fonterra in March 2013 when testing suggested the possible presence of Clostridium, a sometimes-dangerous class of bacteria which is often harmless. On 31 July 2013, tests revealed signs of Clostridium botulinum, leading to the recall. The contamination was blamed on unsterilised pipes used to move the whey during production. The whey had been sold to third-party manufacturers who used it to produce infant formula, protein drinks, sports drinks, and other beverages; it had been mixed with other ingredients to produce an estimated 1,000 tons of consumer products by the time of the recall. No fresh dairy products were affected by the contaminated pipes. Manufacturers in Australia, China, Malaysia, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and Vietnam were affected by the recall, but the specific companies affected were not identified by the Ministry of Primary Industries. A Chinese consumer watchdog group said four domestic manufacturers – Dumex Baby Food Company, two subsidiaries of beverage","title":"2013 Fonterra recall"},{"docid":"4233158","text":"The DeSoto Diplomat is an automobile produced by DeSoto from 1946 to 1962 for sale in export markets outside of North America. The export DeSoto based on the Plymouth was first introduced in 1937 and was built in Detroit. Chrysler Corporation of Canada, which before 1947 enjoyed \"Imperial Preference\" (reduced tariff barriers in British empire markets) and did not start building export DeSotos until late in the 1939 model year. In 1946, the export DeSoto became the DeSoto Diplomat. They were either fully imported into, or assembled locally (from CKD kits) in, Europe, South Africa, South America, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia. In 1955, Chrysler of Canada did not export any cars and all 1955 Diplomats came from Detroit. In the late 1950s, some European taxicab drivers preferred to have a Perkins P4C diesel engine in the Diplomat; these diesel engines were installed on a Belgian assembly line. From 1938 to 1956, the export DeSoto used Plymouth bodies with a grille that looked similar to the regular DeSoto but fit the Plymouth grille opening. From 1957 to 1959, the DeSoto Diplomat used the DeSoto Firesweep front clip with Plymouth body. The 1960 and 1961 DeSoto Diplomats were based on the full-size Dodge Dart. Although 1960 was the last year for DeSoto in Canada and 1961 for the United States and export markets, Chrysler South Africa built a number of 1962 DeSoto Diplomats based on the Dodge Dart 440 sedan. After 1962, the Diplomat name was retired and the Dodge Dart was marketed under its own name in South Africa. 16 years after DeSoto ended production, Chrysler would revive the Diplomat name for an M-body Dodge. Australian production Chrysler Australia introduced a locally produced SP24 series DeSoto Diplomat, based on the 1953 US Plymouth P24 in 1953. This was followed by the SP25 series Diplomat which was based on the 1954 US Plymouth P25 Cambridge/Cranbrook, and was built from 1954 to 1957. The Diplomat was available in \"Custom\", \"Regent\" and \"Plaza\" trim. An Australian developed Coupe Utility version of the Sedan was introduced in 1956. The Diplomat models were an alternative to the Plymouth Savoy and Plymouth Belvedere or the Dodge Kingsway which, aside from differences in grilles and badging, were essentially the same vehicle. All used the same basic body and all models combined managed to take only 5% of the Australian market in 1955. The Diplomat was replaced by the Australian-built Chrysler Royal, which was derived from the Australian-built P25 Plymouth and was built from 1957 to 1963. New Zealand production In the early and mid 20th century the New Zealand automotive industry was fully independent from it's Australian neighbour. This began to change after Australia introduced its own locally designed and built Holden, Ford, and Chrysler vehicles which gradually became the prevalent marques in New Zealand by the end of the 1960s. The DeSoto Dipomat introduced in New Zealand was exported from Canada directly to New Zealand and in factory right-hand-drive. Unlike Australia, New Zealand did not have","title":"DeSoto Diplomat"},{"docid":"2754171","text":"Fisher & Paykel Appliances Holdings Limited () is a major appliance manufacturer founded in 1934. It is a subsidiary of Chinese multinational home appliances company Haier and is based in East Tāmaki, New Zealand. Originally an importer of domestic refrigerators, Fisher & Paykel now holds over 420 patents and bases its identity on innovative design, particularly in the areas of usability and environmental awareness. The company's trademarked appliances include Active Smart refrigerators, AeroTech ovens, DishDrawer dishwashers, Smart Drive washing machines and Smartload top loading dryers. The company also manufactures gas and electric cooktops. In 2004, Fisher & Paykel Appliances purchased the United States-based cookware manufacturer Dynamic Cooking Systems, and Italian cookware company Elba in 2006. Fisher & Paykel had grown into a global company operating in 50 countries and manufacturing in Thailand, China, Italy and Mexico. The company had a manufacturing base in Australia for almost 20 years and nearly 70 years in New Zealand, but stated it can no longer compete with low cost labour countries and had to close them. In 2012, Haier purchased over 90% of Fisher & Paykel Appliance shares, no changes in manufacturing or board of directors were made . History Fisher & Paykel Appliances Ltd was listed publicly in 2001, following the separation of Fisher & Paykel Industries Ltd into Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd and Fisher & Paykel Appliances Ltd that same year. Fisher & Paykel Industries Fisher & Paykel Industries Ltd was founded in 1934 in New Zealand by Sir Woolf Fisher and Maurice Paykel. The company publicly listed in 1979 with authorised capital of NZ$ 40 million. Initially the company was an importer of Crosley appliances, Maytag and Pilot products; in 1938 the company began manufacturing Kelvinator washing machines under license. This followed the introduction of tariffs by the First Labour Government of New Zealand. In 1956, manufacturing was moved to a purpose-built factory in Mount Wellington, Auckland. This facility included flexible machinery manufacturing techniques developed in tandem with the raw material suppliers, enabling Fisher & Paykel Industries to greatly increase production. In 1955, Fisher and Paykel acquired Dunedin electric oven manufacturer H. E. Shacklock Ltd, which dominated the New Zealand domestic appliance market through the era of Government protectionism. Subsequently, the Shacklock brand was gradually withdrawn from the Fisher and Paykel product range. The company began exporting within Australasia and East Asia around 1968. At that time the company also manufactured cabinets, sparkplugs and televisions. During the 1980s, the company became more focused on research and development, resulting in the development of the ECS direct drive mechanism washing machine affectionately known as 'Gentle Annie' and highly automated production lines. In 1989, the company opened its first overseas manufacturing facility in Cleveland, Australia. The company entered the European market in 1992, and by 1994 was exporting to over 80 countries. Fisher & Paykel Appliances On 12 November 2001, Fisher & Paykel Industries split into Fisher & Paykel Appliances Holdings Ltd and Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Corporation Ltd. In October 2004, Fisher","title":"Fisher & Paykel"},{"docid":"428336","text":"The Cairns Group (Cairns Group of Fair Trading Nations) is an interest group of 19 agricultural exporting countries, composed of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Ukraine, Uruguay, and Vietnam. The Cairns Group seeks to liberalize global trade in agricultural produce. In particular, its members aim to abolish export subsidies and trade-distorting (\"amber box\") domestic support for agricultural products and seek to improve market access for agricultural exports. The coalition attempts to present a common front in multilateral trade negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO), tabling joint proposals and occasionally working with like-minded groups such as the G20 group of developing nations. In September 2018, the Institute of Economic Affairs proposed that the United Kingdom should join the Cairns Group \"as soon as possible\", stating that although \"the UK is not a major agricultural exporter, it is locked into EU supply chains.\". History Founding The Cairns Group was founded in August 1986, when the Australian government spearheaded the formation of a group and organized the inaugural meeting in the city of Cairns, Australia. There were 14 original member countries—Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Fiji, Hungary, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, and Uruguay—a very diverse group politically and economically. The Australian government led the formation of the group, though some of the South East Asian countries had been working together on agricultural trade through ASEAN. \"One of the most striking aspects of the Cairns Group was the intellectual leadership provided by Australia and to a lesser extent Canada. Australia's commitment to trade liberalization was the outcome of a long domestic debate in which neoliberal ideas had supplanted protectionism and become the guiding rationale of foreign and domestic policy. The Cairns Group offered a mechanism to promote this agenda in a key multilateral forum.\" The move to form the group was largely a response to spiralling trade subsidies of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy and the United States' Export Enhancement Program. Particularly, the objection came to the double standards between the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) forcing countries to liberalise their economies, whilst the United States was granted a waiver for agricultural protection in the 1950s. Uruguay Round The Cairns Group successfully forced agriculture onto the agenda of the Uruguay Round, which eventually led to the Agreement on Agriculture. In April 1989 in Geneva, Switzerland, the Group played a critical role in the framework agreement with United States, the EU, and Japan to cover negotiations during the remainder of the Round. Continued protectionism In the ongoing Doha Round of trade negotiations, they are mainly opposed by WTO members seeking to uphold their high level of agricultural protection on grounds of public policy, such as the EU, Japan, Norway, South Korea, Switzerland, and United States (dubbed the \"multifunctionalists\"). The Group's newest member is Vietnam, which joined in November 2013 as its 20th member. After its December 2013 meeting in Bali, Indonesia,","title":"Cairns Group"},{"docid":"15619794","text":"The Patea Freezing Works was a meat-processing plant promoted by The Patea A&P Association in the town of Patea. The West Coast Meat and Produce Export Company was formed in August 1883 and operated a tinning plant and tallow factory in the area. Changes in technology saw the company change from canning to freezing in 1904. The Patea Freezing Company came into being in 1910. In 1933, a new Patea Freezing Company was formed and at times provided work for nearly 1000 workers during peak season. However, the company suffered badly during the downturn in the New Zealand meat-processing industry in the early 1980s. The Patea works were among the first to close down, ending operations in September 1982. At the time The Patea Freezing Works was owned by the British Vestey Group. Since the closure the site had fallen derelict. Residents regarded the area as a health hazard and blamed its high visibility from the highway as being partly responsible for a decline in property values over the years. \"The works has been a thorn in everyone's side for 25 years. This eyesore is our identity, it's Taranaki's eastern gateway and it's absolutely shocking what's been allowed to happen there.\" said former Patea Mayor Norm McKay, who worked at the freezing works for 29 years. Parts of the site were owned by the South Taranaki District Council and Escada Enterprises of Sydney, Australia The site was riddled with Asbestos cladding and insulation, chemicals, heavy metals, boiler ash dumps, rusting fuel storage tanks and collapsing structures. On Wednesday 6 February 2008 a large part of the Patea Freezing Works was destroyed by fire. During August 2009 Nikau Contractors were awarded the contract to demolish and clear the Patea Freezing works site. Nikau Contractors was chosen from eight companies that tendered to do the work. The chimney, which wasn't the original freezing works chimney, was toppled on 19 February 2010. This was despite support from local Iwi, and the South Taranaki Mayor Ross Dunlop, to explore the possibility of preserving the chimney as a monument. Such preservation had not been budgeted for in the site cleanup and would likely have ended up being paid for by local ratepayers. Video of the toppling of the chimney is available on YouTube. A link is provided in the External links section below. Demolition was completed in mid 2010. References External links Toppling of Chimney South Taranaki District Buildings and structures in Taranaki Meat processing in New Zealand Defunct meat export companies of New Zealand History of Taranaki Patea","title":"Patea Freezing Works"},{"docid":"29502573","text":"New Zealand–Papua New Guinea relations refers to the diplomatic relations between New Zealand and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. Both nations are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Pacific Islands Forum and the United Nations. History New Zealand and Papua New Guinea are two Pacific Islands states with a common history in the fact that New Zealand and the Territory of Papua were colonized by the United Kingdom (while Germany administered German New Guinea). During World War II, New Zealand soldiers fought in the Battle of the Green Islands. In 1949, Australia established a joint administration over both territories called the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. In September 1975, Papua New Guinea obtained independence from Australia. Soon afterwards, New Zealand recognized and established diplomatic relations with Papua New Guinea. In December 1988, the Bougainville Civil War erupted in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville when a group calling itself the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) led a movement for secession by the island from Papua New Guinea. New Zealand played a role by hosting Papua New Guinean government officials and separatists for peace talks. In October 1997, following talks in Christchurch, a truce was signed between the new government and many of the Bougainville separatists. An unarmed Truce Monitoring Group (TMG) led by New Zealand and supported by Australia, Fiji and Vanuatu was subsequently deployed. In January 1998 the Lincoln Agreement was signed and New Zealand was witness to the 2001 Bougainville Peace Agreement which ended the conflict. New Zealand and Papua New Guinea are active members of the Pacific Islands Forum. There have been numerous visits by leaders of both nations with recent visits including New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern visiting Port Moresby in November 2018 to attend the 30th APEC summit. In February 2020, Papua New Guinean Prime Minister James Marape paid a four-day state visit to New Zealand. Since 2001, Papua New Guinea has been host to the Manus Regional Processing Centre on Manus Island established by Australia as a Pacific Solution aimed at stopping maritime arrivals of asylum seekers to Australia. In recent years, New Zealand has offered to take refugees who had been stuck on Manus Island. The New Zealand and Papua New Guinea governments wanted this offer to materialize, however, Australia wouldn't allow it, warning it could create an incentive for future asylum seekers to get in to Australia through a back door. Trade In 2018, trade between both nations totaled NZ$257 million dollars. New Zealand's main exports to Papua New Guinea include: electrical machinery and equipment, meat products, dairy produce and animal products. Papua New Guinea's main exports to New Zealand include: petroleum oils, coffee, and plywood or veneered panels. Papua New Guinea is New Zealand's second largest goods export market in the Pacific (after Fiji). New Zealand's private sector is engaged in Papua New Guinea across a wide range of industries including communications, construction, aviation, engineering, energy and education. Resident diplomatic missions New Zealand has a high commission in","title":"New Zealand–Papua New Guinea relations"},{"docid":"19873889","text":"Malaysia–New Zealand relations (; Jawi: هوبوڠن مليسيا-نيوزيلند; ) refers to foreign relations between Malaysia and New Zealand. Malaysia has a High Commission in Wellington, and New Zealand has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations and Malaysia is important to New Zealand for strategic, political and economic reasons, with both countries' leaders were engaged in frequent visits to boost their relations. Country comparison History Official diplomatic relations between Malaysia and New Zealand has been established since 25 September 1957, with Malaysia remains as one of the oldest partner for New Zealand in Southeast Asia. The New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) has maintained its presence since the 1950s to fight alongside its allies from the threat of communism in the Malayan Emergency, Second Malayan Emergency and Sarawak Communist Insurgency. Following the path of the formation of the Malaysian federation, the NZDF also defended the British Malaya and Borneo from the Indonesian military infiltration. Trade and Economic relations The economic relations between the two countries also underpinned by four free trade agreements, including: The Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement. The ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA). The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The trade and economic relationship between Malaysia and New Zealand is strong. This is in part because Malaysia occupies an influential position within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and is well-known to New Zealanders. In 2005, Malaysia and New Zealand initiated discussions on a bilateral free-trade agreement. On 6 August 2020 Malaysia and New Zealand completed an Exchange of Letters to amend Article 1 of Annex 3 of the Malaysia New Zealand Free Trade Agreement. The amendment to Annex 3 entered into force on 1 October 2020. In 2012, Malaysia was New Zealand's eighth-largest trading partner with Malaysia's exports comprising petroleum, computer and television equipment and palm oil worth around NZ$1.84 Billion, while New Zealand exports to Malaysia stood at NZ$888 million, consisting of dairy products, meat and scrap metal. A free trade agreement between the two countries was signed on 26 October 2009 in Kuala Lumpur, and entered into force in August 2010. Many New Zealand companies have a significant presence in Malaysia, primarily in the food, telecommunications and ICTs sectors. The Free Trade Agreement aimed to encourage two-way investment between Malaysia and New Zealand. The total bilateral trade between two countries in 2016 stood at US$1.42 billion with exports amounted to US$730 million, while imports amounted to US$680 million. In 2017, the two countries expressed their interest to expand the collaboration in ICTs and tourism sectors. In the same year, New Zealand economic relations with Malaysia is also being discovered in other areas such as food (mainly dairies products) and beverage sector and both countries announced their intention to fosters stronger business and cultural links between them. A cultural exchange between Māori and the indigenous people of the Malaysian state of Sabah have been held in Kota Kinabalu.","title":"Malaysia–New Zealand relations"},{"docid":"11480914","text":"The New Zealand wool boom of 1951, one of the greatest economic booms in the history of New Zealand, resulted directly from United States policy in the 1950–53 Korean War. In 1950, when the Korean War broke out, the United States of America sought to buy large quantities of wool to complete its strategic stockpiles. This led to the greatest wool boom in New Zealand's history, with prices tripling overnight. In 1951 New Zealand experienced economic growth never seen again since. The echoes of the boom reverberated into the late 1950s, by which time a record number of farms were in operation. The export price of wool declined by 40% in 1966, however New Zealand's sheep population continued to rise. From a total of 34.8 million in 1951, sheep numbers rose dramatically to peak at 70.3 million in 1982. However the subsequent free-market reforms of the Fourth Labour Government (in office: 1984–1990), and the associated removal of agricultural subsidies saw numbers decline even quicker than they had risen. By 2004 the national flock had dropped to a total of 39.3 million, the lowest in 50 years. sheep numbers increase again for the first time since 1982. New Zealand's sheep population stood at 40.1 million . New Zealand’s economy in the 20th century At the beginning of the 20th century, New Zealand's economy experienced remarkable growth rates. Their main exports included specialised primary commodities such as wool, meat, butter, and cheese. For the first half of the 20th century, these commodities made up over 90% of New Zealand's exports. Consequently, New Zealand topped had the highest GDP per capita in the world, and had the second highest GDP per capita throughout the mid-20th century. However, in the early 1930s, New Zealand experienced a great economic collapse. This led to staggering unemployment rates and resulted in a struggling economy. People were desperate to receive help from the state and government as many who had lost their jobs needed financial support to feed their families. Eventually, the government decided to reform the state policies. This saw an increase in state-funded sectors such as construction and manufacturing. From the 1940s to the 1970s, the percentage of New Zealand workers employed in the industrial sector increased to 35-40 per cent of the labour force. In the 1920s, less than 25 per cent of the labour force were working in this sector. The government also made various adjustments to their fiscal and monetary policies. The state intervention and support from the first Labour government was deemed effective and helped the economy to revive. The economy experienced a remarkably fast recovery. From 1934 to 1944, New Zealand recorded annual GDP growth rates of 7.5 per cent and GDP per capita rates of 6.7 per cent. These policies were carried through towards the mid-1990s and sustained New Zealand's economy. The policies were also deemed effective as they targeted full employment. The significant inflow of income due to the wool boom following the Korean War also served New Zealand's","title":"New Zealand wool boom"},{"docid":"8808272","text":"This is a list of airports in Fiji, sorted by location. Fiji, officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands, is an island nation with an approximate population of 920,000, in the South Pacific Ocean about north of New Zealand's North Island. Its immediate neighbors are Vanuatu to the west, New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. The country comprises an archipelago of more than 332 islands, of which 110 are permanently inhabited, and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of about . The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, account for 87% of the population of almost 850,000. Fiji's capital and largest city is Suva, located on Viti Levu. Its major partners are Australia, New Zealand, United States, China , Japan ,South Korea , India and other nations for its dependence of importation and exportation. Airports in Fiji International airports Domestic airports Airport names shown in bold have scheduled passenger service on commercial airlines. See also Transport in Fiji List of airports by ICAO code: N#NF - Fiji, Tonga Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Oceania#Fiji References - includes IATA codes Great Circle Mapper: Fiji - IATA and ICAO codes - ICAO codes Fiji Airports Airports Fiji","title":"List of airports in Fiji"},{"docid":"38911144","text":"Godfrey Hirst Carpets is the largest manufacturer and exporter of residential and commercial carpets in Australasia. The business was founded in 1888 in Geelong, Victoria, Australia, by Godfrey Hirst, an English immigrant from Meltham, West Yorkshire, England. His Excelsior Mill, on the north bank of the Barwon River, manufactured various wool textiles until it was sold in the 1966, continuing in operation as Godfrey Hirst Carpets. Godfrey Hirst acquired Feltex Carpets of New Zealand as an ongoing concern in 2006. Godfrey Hirst Carpets has production plants in Victoria, Australia and New Zealand. It also has offices in the United States and Singapore, and exports throughout Southeast Asia, Japan, USA, the Middle East and other world markets. The company produces several brands of carpet products for residential and commercial markets. It has also expanded into hard flooring, including timber, laminate and other surfaces. In early 2017, it was reported that the investment bank, Greenhill, was seeking a buyer for the company, which was majority owned by the McKendrick family. The business had $427.8 million annual revenue and earnings worth $55.9 million. On 20 November 2017, Mohawk Industries, Inc., announced they had \"agreed to acquire Godfrey Hirst Group\". The transaction was expected to be \"completed during the first half of 2018\". Notes External links Official Commercial Carpet & Flooring website Official Residential Carpet & Flooring website Australian companies established in 1888 Textile companies of Australia Carpet manufacturing companies","title":"Godfrey Hirst Carpets"},{"docid":"655013","text":"Grey import vehicles are new or used motor vehicles and motorcycles legally imported from another country through channels other than the maker's official distribution system or a third-party channel officially authorized by the manufacturer. The synonymous term parallel import is sometimes substituted. Car makers frequently arbitrage markets, setting the price according to local market conditions so the same vehicle will have different real prices in different territories. Grey import vehicles circumvent this profit-maximization strategy. Car makers and local distributors sometimes regard grey imports as a threat to their network of franchised dealerships, but independent distributors do not since more cars of an odd brand bring in money from service and spare parts. In order for the arbitrage to work, there must be some means to reduce, eliminate, or reverse whatever savings could be achieved by purchasing the car in the lower-priced territory. Examples of such barriers include regulations preventing import or requiring costly vehicle modifications. In some countries, such as Vietnam, the import of grey-market vehicles has largely been banned. Overview Grey imports are generally used vehicles, although some are new, particularly in Europe where the European Union tacitly approves grey imports from other EU countries. In 1998, the European Commission fined Volkswagen for attempting to prevent prospective buyers from Germany and Austria from going to Italy to buy new VWs at lower pre-tax prices; pre-tax price is lower in Italy, as in Denmark, due to higher tax on cars. It is even possible for car buyers in the United Kingdom to buy right-hand drive cars in EU countries with right-hand traffic where left-hand drive cars are the norm. Japanese used vehicle exporting is a large global business, as rigorous road tests and high depreciation make such vehicles worth very little (in Japan) after six years, and strict environmental laws make vehicle disposal expensive. Consequently, it is profitable to export them to other countries with left-hand traffic, such as Australia, New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, Malta, South Africa, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Mozambique, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Cyprus. Some have even been exported to countries such as Peru, Paraguay, Russia, Mongolia, Yemen, Burma, Canada, and the United Arab Emirates, despite the fact that these countries drive on the right. It is actually because of these vehicles' RHD configuration that many of them are sent to LHD countries in the first place, for use as mail delivery vehicles. Many Japanese market Jeep Cherokees, for example, have found new use with rural mail carriers in the United States. Thailand is the third largest exporter of brand new and used right-hand drive cars after Japan and Singapore, because of that country's high-volume production of diesel 4x4 vehicles such as the Toyota Hilux Vigo, Toyota Fortuner, Mitsubishi L200, Nissan Navara, Ford Ranger, Chevy Colorado, and others. The Toyota Vigo is the most exported vehicle by parallel exporters. Unlike Japanese and Singaporean exports, the majority of Thailand's grey exports are of new vehicles and the market is dominated by two companies. One of","title":"Grey import vehicle"},{"docid":"57026","text":"The economy of Niue is heavily dependent upon aid from New Zealand. Government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, and grants from New Zealand make up the shortfall and are used to pay wages to public employees. Niue has cut government expenditures by reducing the public service by almost half. Local economic activity The agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors has historically been an important source of revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand. Efforts to increase GDP include the promotion of tourism. An initiative into the financial services industry was dropped under pressure from the US Treasury. More recently the sale of Internet domain names under the NU top level domain has brought in some income. These domains are particularly popular in Scandinavia, Belgium and the Netherlands, since nu means \"now\" in Dutch and the Scandinavian languages. Economic statistics GDP: USD$24.938 million (2016) GDP: purchasing power parity – $10 million (2003), GDP – real growth rate: 6.2% (2003 est.) GDP – per capita: nominal - USD$15,586 (2016) purchasing power parity – $5,800 (2003), $15,066 (2011) GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 23% (2003) industry: 27% (2003) services: 50% (2003) Population below poverty line: 13% Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA% Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1995) Labor force: 450 (1992 est.) 663 (2001 est.) Labor force – by occupation: Most people work on family plantations; paid work exists only in government service, small industry, and on the Niue Development Board Unemployment rate: 12% (2001) Budget: revenues: $15.07 million (FY 04-05) $26 million (FY 18-19)expenditures: $16.33 million Industries: tourism, handicrafts, food processing Industrial production growth rate: NA% Electricity – production: 3 GWh (1998) Electricity – production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% (2010) nuclear: 0% (2010) other: 0% (1998) Electricity – consumption: 3 GWh (1998) Electricity – exports: 0 kWh (1998) Electricity – imports: 0 kWh (1998) Agriculture – products: coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes, taro, yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle Exports: $3.52 million 2014, USD$1.391 million (2016) Exports – commodities: canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaws, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts In 2014: Iron Structures ($576k) Refined petroleum ($456k) Cement ($277k) Fruit Juice ($224k) Delivery Trucks ($143k) Exports – partners: New Zealand 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia. In 2014: Senegal 44% ($1.55M) Czech Republic 12% ($413k) New Zealand 10% ($334k) Gambia 8% ($277k) United States 5% ($169k) Imports: $9 million (2003), $19 million (2014), USD$14.95 million (2016), NZD$21.5 million (2018) Imports – commodities: food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs In 2014: Special Purpose Ships ($5.48M), Refined Petroleum ($2.93M), Large Construction Vehicles ($403k), Prefabricated Buildings ($402k) and Cars ($312k). Imports – partners: New Zealand 59%,","title":"Economy of Niue"},{"docid":"1632023","text":"Live export is the commercial transport of livestock across national borders. The trade involves a number of countries with the Australian live export industry being one of the largest exporters in the global trade. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, exports of live sheep rose 21.4% and live calves increased 9.7% between March 2017 and March 2018. During 2017 alone, Australia exported 2.85 million living animals in shipping containers and airplanes. The expansion of the trade has been supported by the introduction of purpose-built ships which carry large numbers of animals. The amount of livestock exported from the European Union grew to nearly 586m kilograms between 2014 and 2017, a 62.5% increase during the time period. The rising global demand for meat has resulted in the quadrupling of the export of live farm animals in the last half century, with two billion being exported in 2017, up from one billion in 2007. Roughly five million animals are in transit every day. There has been strong criticism of the industry on animal rights grounds by animal rights organizations and the media. New Zealand has effectively phased out live exports for slaughter purposes since 2007 due to concerns about animals. Australia Market and legislation Australia is one of the world's largest exporters of sheep and cattle. According to Meat and Livestock Australia, 2.44 million sheep were exported to markets in Asia and the Middle East in 2012, reduced from 4.2 million in 2008. The total number of cattle exported in 2012 was 617, 301, down 11% from the previous year. Indonesia accounted for 45% of total live cattle exports from Australia in 2012. Total cattle exports to Indonesia reduced by 33% from 2011. The reduction in cattle exports to Indonesia in 2012 was partly due to the newly imposed ESCAS (Exporter Supply Chain Assurance Scheme) from 2011, and partly due to Indonesia's move to become self-sufficient in beef production. Most of the livestock are for human consumption but there is also an active trade in breeding stock, including dairy cattle. The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources controls the Australian Standards for the Export of Livestock. The standards were amended in April 2011 (version 2.3). The Department also introduced ESCAS (Exporter Supply Chain Assurance Scheme), in 2011 — a system requiring exporters to provide evidence of compliance with internationally agreed animal welfare standards, and to demonstrate traceability and control through the supply chain. According to the Department, ESCAS was developed in response to evidence of cruelty to Australian cattle in Indonesia, and then extended to all livestock exports for the purpose of slaughter. See Animal Welfare section. AQIS (Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service) manages quarantine controls to minimise the risk of exotic pests and diseases entering the country. AQIS also provides import and export inspection and certification to help retain Australia's highly favourable animal, plant and human health status and wide access to overseas export markets. Other key markets include Israel, Malaysia, Japan, Mexico and China. The major markets for Australian","title":"Live export"},{"docid":"5982589","text":"The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) (Māori: Manatū Aorere) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with advising the government on foreign and trade policy, and promoting New Zealand's interests in trade and international relations. History The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) was first established as the Department of External Affairs (NZDEA) on 11 June 1943 through an Act of Parliament. This decision was prompted by a need for New Zealand to conduct its own external relations and because New Zealand's neighbour Australia already had its own Department of External Affairs since 1921. Prior to that, New Zealand's interests had been represented overseas by the United Kingdom. The establishment of the External Affairs Department was accompanied by the creation of a foreign service and the establishment of diplomatic missions in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the Soviet Union between 1942 and 1944. Like its similarly named Australian and Canadian counterparts, the NZDEA was named \"External Affairs\" rather than \"Foreign Affairs\" in deference to the British Government's responsibility for conducting foreign policy on behalf of the British Empire and later the Commonwealth of Nations. From 1969 to 1988, the Ministry was known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). Between 1988 and 1993, the Ministry was renamed the Ministry of External Relations and Trade (MERT). The NZDEA and the MFA was administered by the Prime Minister's Department until 1975. Between 1946 and 1975, the Secretary of External/Foreign Affairs also served concurrently as the Permanent Head of the Prime Minister's Department. For much of this period, several New Zealand Prime Ministers including Peter Fraser, Walter Nash, and Keith Holyoake held the External Affairs portfolio. MFAT had no relation to an earlier Department of External Affairs, which was responsible for administrating New Zealand's South Pacific island dependencies of Niue, the Cook Islands, Tokelau, and Samoa between 1919 and 1943. In 1943, that aforementioned department was renamed the Department of Island Territories. In 1975, the Island Territories Department was dissolved and its functions were absorbed back into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Functions The ministry represents New Zealand interests to other governments, including at the United Nations, APEC, TPPA and the WTO. It takes an active role in the Asia-Pacific region, and has been involved in regional security initiatives such as the RAMSI intervention in the Solomon Islands, and negotiating and implementing a peace agreement in Bougainville. It is active in developing export opportunities for local companies, and in 2008 negotiated a free trade agreement with China. It used to sponsor the Centre for Strategic Studies New Zealand in conjunction with other NZ Government ministries, though the centre is now part of Victoria University of Wellington. NZAID The New Zealand overseas development aid agency New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAID) was a semi-autonomous agency within the ministry, until it was brought back into the ministry as the International Development Group (IDG). It is a major provider of aid to the Pacific. Ministers The Ministry serves 4","title":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)"},{"docid":"61596439","text":"The jute industry is a historically and culturally important industry in Bangladesh dating back to during the growth of the East India Company in the Indian subcontinent. Despite once being one of the country's biggest industries and major export items, the jute industry has declined since the 1970s. Exports have fallen as other countries grow jute independently, decreasing the demand for jute to be exported, and other products like plastics and hemp find more widespread use. As of 2021, Bangladesh holds the position of the second-largest producer of jute, accounting for 42 percent of total worldwide production, and leading in jute exports. History Pre-colonial and colonial eras (before 1971) Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, jute produced in Bengal was made into rope and clothing using local hand-looms. During the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), British supply of Russian flax ran short, and British mills considered jute as a potential alternative. However, manufacturing jute fabric in existing British industrial mills proved difficult, as jute was too coarse for the machines. The Balfour and Melville firms developed a process to weaken the fabric using water and whale fat. In 1838, Dundee mills received an order to manufacture sacks for sugar plantations in Dutch-controlled Java, so the mills produced jute burlap sacks using the Balfour and Melville methods. This generated demand and promoted Bengal-produced jute. Demand further increased following the Crimean War (1853–1856). In 1855, George Auckland, along with Bengali partner Shyamsunder Sen, established the first jute mill at Rishra, along the banks of the Hooghly River. The Union blockade during the American Civil War restricted the supply of cotton from the Confederate States of America and made it necessary for British mills to find an alternative input. Jute was a good alternative, as it was relatively cheaper and could be sourced from a British colony. In 1873, the British Raj formed a commission led by H.C. Kerr to investigate the jute industry and jute cultivation in Bangladesh. They published a \"Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Jute in Bengal\" in 1877. This report suggested that large-scale jute cultivation in the Bengal region could have begun in the 1840s. In the later half of the 19th century, jute mills were opened around Kolkata, where worker numbers rapidly grew. By 1882, there were 18 mills, and by 1901, there were 51, with over ten thousand workers employed. The majority of the jute manufactured in the mills was exported to Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. The jute industry had become the second largest industry in British India after the cotton industry, and Kolkata became the centre of the jute trade. The majority of the factories were located outside Kolkata and were owned by foreigners. In the 1920s, jute prices rose dramatically, leading to increased production. Jute prices fell in the 1930s despite the Indian Jute Mills Association attempting to slow the price decline by reducing work hours. The British Raj formed the Bengal Jute Inquiry Committee to create reports on the state of","title":"Jute industry of Bangladesh"},{"docid":"26526429","text":"RoofTG (formerly AHI Roofing) is a manufacturer of stone chip coated metal roof tiles based in Auckland, New Zealand and with plants in New Zealand, United States (California), Hungary and Malaysia. The company sells under both the Gerard and Decra brand names. History Product development AHI Roofing was created when Lou Fisher produced the world's first steel tile. Today AHI Roofing does business in over eighty countries worldwide in steel roof tiles. It was a world shortage of oil-based paint that began the coated steel tile story. In 1947, many large ironclad buildings in Britain were coated with a bituminous emulsion. It proved to be extremely tough and protective, adding to the life of the cladding. The first coated metal roofing tiles to be made in New Zealand were produced by Martile Roofing Ltd in Howick in 1956 and were pressed from an aluminium manganese alloy. They were then coated with High Bake Enamel. By 1957, L.J. Fisher had bought the rights to use the Martile profile from A.L.W. Martinsen and Son Ltd and was producing his own tile. Part of the condition of the rights purchase was that Fisher’s four-pan tile with its bitumastic emulsion coating was to be made from galvanised steel, thereby ensuring a different product. He formed LJ Fisher & Co. Ltd. (LJF) in 1957. In 1969, LJF merged with Alex Harvey & Sons and the New Zealand activities of Australian Consolidated Industries, forming Alex Harvey Industries (AHI), with AHI Roofing Pty Ltd being its subsidiary. Returning to Auckland from the UK in 1957, Fisher started producing coated and chipped panels from galvanised steel for roofing and cladding. Originally the natural stone chips were added to prevent panels sticking together during transportation. However their attractive appearance quickly became a product feature customers demanded. Fisher also experimented with crushed shells and bricks before natural stone chips became the top choice for their aesthetics and durability. International market expansion AHI expanded sales rapidly in the 1970s and 1980s. It was not until 1990 that a competitor made it to market called Metrotile (NZ) Ltd with a similar steel tile. AHI’s coated steel tiles were the first major innovation in residential roofing for more than thirty years. The new roofing material quickly became the choice of architects and major construction companies throughout New Zealand. AHI entered the European market in the 1970s. AHI’s earliest acrylic coated tiles have been used in the harsh winters of Canada from the 1970s and in Scandinavia from the 1980s. The growing success of metal tile technology as an export product resulted in the commissioning of new manufacturing plants under licence, in Denmark, Malaysia and the United States by the late 1980s. It was during this period that the company moved to acrylic coating technology (for improved chip adhesion) and launched the Colortile product on the New Zealand market. The Gerard worldwide operation (excluding the United States) was purchased by Carter Holt Harvey in 1989 and the CoronaShake product was launched in 1992 and","title":"RoofTG"},{"docid":"2509143","text":"The Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, commonly known as Closer Economic Relations (CER), is a free trade agreement between Australia and New Zealand. It came into force on 1 January 1983, but the actual treaty was not signed until 28 March 1983 by the Deputy Prime Minister of Australia and Minister for Trade, Lionel Bowen and the New Zealand High Commissioner to Australia, Laurie Francis in Canberra, Australia. This was because Malcolm Fraser and Robert Muldoon hated each other personally to such an extent that they refused to ratify the agreement if the other was there. Overview CER built on the earlier New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was signed on 31 August 1965 and came into force on 1 January 1966. NAFTA had removed four-fifths of the tariffs between the two countries and quantitative restrictions on trade across the Tasman Sea. However, it came to be seen as too complex and bureaucratic, and in March 1980, a joint Prime Ministerial communiqué was released that called for \"closer economic relations\". The two major sticking points in the negotiations were New Zealand's wish for better access for its dairy products in Australia and Australia's wish for New Zealand to remove export incentives and quantitative restrictions. After the two hurdles were overcome, the Heads of Agreement was signed on 14 December 1982 and came into force on 1 January of the following year. One of the most important results of CER was the Protocol on the Acceleration of Free Trade in Goods, which resulted in the total elimination of tariffs or quantitative restrictions between the two countries by 1 July 1990, five years ahead of schedule. Other parts of CER include: A good that can be legally sold in one country can also be legally sold in the other. Anyone registered to practise an occupation in one country may practise in the other (with some exemptions including medical practitioners) Service providers may provide services in either country (except in certain areas such as airway services) The CER is complementary to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement. Future prospects Continuing down the path of economic integration, the next step for the Australian and New Zealand governments is to create a customs union through a common external tariff and a common competition policy. New Zealand and Australia already have a common competition policy but are unlikely to have a common external tariff. Addressing the New Zealand Parliament in February 2011, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard said: There has been a call from within both the Australian and the New Zealand business communities to extend the CER to other Pacific Island nations, harmonising the CER and the Pacific Regional Trade Agreement (PARTA) so as to move toward a single market and allowing the free movement of people and goods. There have also been calls from organisations such as CANZUK International to extend the CER and the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement to the United Kingdom and Canada, allowing free trade and free movement of people","title":"Closer Economic Relations"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"62764073\",\n \"text\": \"The information and communications technology industry in New Zealand is a rapidly growing sector. The technology sector overall employs over 120,000 people, and technology is New Zealand's third largest export sector, accounting for $8.7 billion of exports, with information technology creating 50,000 full time jobs, and about $1 billion in IT services exports. History Early computing services The first computers in New Zealand were large Mainframe computers, mainly for government departments. The first industry professional body, New Zealand Computer Society was founded in 1960. The introduction of computers in the commercial sector in New Zealand took off in the 1960s. The Bank of New Zealand was one of the first private-sector users, followed by Griffin's Foods. In 1964, the first local IT services company was Computer Bureau Limited (CBL), the predecessor of Datacom, followed shortly by Computer Services Limited in September 1964, founded by Denis Trotman. These businesses were computer bureaus, sharing computer resources among multiple customers. In 1967, the major commercial banks pooled their resources to form Databank Limited, to digitise banking services in New Zealand. Databank was later acquired by EDS. Growing software exports As New Zealand's computing capabilities expanded, software development became a major feature of the information technology sector. Progeni Software became the first New Zealand company to export software in 1968. In the early 1970s, Gil Simpson and Peter Hoskins wrote LINC fourth-generation programming language (4GL) which was marketed internationally by Burroughs. They later founded the Aoraki Corporation. In the 1980s Progeni, working with Wellington Polytechnic, with finance from the Development Finance Corporation, developed the Poly microcomputer, which was exported to Australia and China. In 1988, Peace Software was founded, also a major exporter of New Zealand-developed software. In 1991 Binary Research was founded, and later sold to Symantec Corporation. Entities Today, Datacom Group is New Zealand's largest information technology company and largest technology company, according to the \\\"TIN200\\\" index, followed by Fisher & Paykel, Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Xero, Gallagher Group, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Douglas Pharmaceuticals, Temperzone Group, Scott Technology, and Weta Digital. IT services and products IT services companies are defined as providing \\\"professional and IT infrastructure services\\\" and include Datacom Group, Intergen, Optimation Group and other major multi-nationals operating in New Zealand such as IBM and Fujitsu. IT product companies are businesses that provide applications or products that focus on a particular sector and include Xero, Gentrack, Serko, Pushpay and Jade. Startup industry New Zealand supports an active startup community with various public and private institutions dedicated to increasing the support and funding available to local entrepreneurs. Government support NZTE and Callaghan are the two primary government organisations charged with supporting the growth of startups in the country, offering access to expertise, export and research grants. VC industry Funding for post-seed companies has traditionally been dominated by local VC firms such as Icehouse Ventures and Movac, who were one of the early founders of the industry, have been actively investing since 1998 and had success with large exits including companies such as\",\n \"title\": \"Information technology industry in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27138073\",\n \"text\": \"Kiwifruit or kiwi is a major horticultural export earner for New Zealand. New Zealand developed the first commercially viable kiwifruit and developed export markets, creating the demand for the fruit that exists today. Today New Zealand is the third largest kiwifruit producing country, next to China and Italy, and holds approximately 30% of the market share. In the 2008–2009 season the value of New Zealand kiwifruit exports was NZ$1.45 billion. Origin of the fruit Cultivation of the fuzzy kiwifruit spread from China in the early 20th century, when seeds were introduced to New Zealand by Mary Isabel Fraser, the principal of Whanganui Girls' College who had been visiting mission schools in Yichang, China. The seeds were planted in 1906 by a Whanganui nurseryman, Alexander Allison, with the vines first fruiting in 1910. A New Zealand horticulturalist developed the well-known green kiwifruit in Avondale, New Zealand, around 1924. This well known green kiwifruit were later renamed \\\"Hayward\\\" as a tribute to its creator, Hayward Wright. Origins of the industry The first commercial planting of Chinese gooseberries occurred in 1937 by the orchardist Jim MacLoughlin. He found that the vines were low maintenance and fruited well. By 1940, MacLoughlin purchased more property for Chinese gooseberry production. MacLoughlin's truck was commandeered for army use during the outbreak of war and as a result, he was forced to sell his property and enter into a shared cropping arrangement with another farmer. In 1955, MacLoughlin bought out his partner, purchasing his land back along with an additional 38 acres and planting it all to Chinese gooseberries. During the war around 550 cases of the fruit were marketed each season with the fruit proving popular with American servicemen in New Zealand. This provided the opportunity for the previously domestically-consumed fruit industry to expand by exporting to an international market. Initial growth of the export market In 1952, MacLoughlin approached the New Zealand Fruit Federation who agreed to facilitate the shipping and marketing of the fruit to United States markets, this was New Zealand's first export of Chinese gooseberries. Due to pioneering research into the transportability of the fruit by John Pilkington Hudson and others at the agriculture department in Wellington, this was the first international export of the kiwifruit. Rebranding the Chinese gooseberry As the local popularity of this fruit increased, New Zealanders discarded the local Chinese name for the fruit (yáng táo) in favour of the name Chinese gooseberry. Among the exporters was the prominent produce company Turners and Growers, who were calling the berries melonettes, because the local name for the fruit, Chinese gooseberry, had political connotations due to the Cold War, and to further distinguish it from European gooseberries, which are prone to a fungus called anthracnose. An American importer, Norman Sondag of San Francisco, complained that melonettes was as bad as Chinese gooseberry because melons and berries were both subject to high import tariffs, and instead asked for a short Māori name that quickly connoted New Zealand. In June 1959, during a\",\n \"title\": \"Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1222656\",\n \"text\": \"The economy of Oceania comprises more than 14 separate countries and their associated economies. On a total scale, Oceania has approximately 34,700,201 inhabitants who are spread among 30,000 islands in the South Pacific bordered between Asia and the Americas. This region has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial markets of Australia and New Zealand to the much less developed economies that belong to many of its island neighbours. Trade blocs The smallest Pacific nations rely on trade with Australia, New Zealand and the United States for exporting goods and for accessing other products. Australia and New Zealand's trading arrangements are known as Closer Economic Relations. Australia and New Zealand, along with other countries, are members of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the East Asia Summit (EAS), which may become trade blocs in the future particularly EAS. Currency The below table summarizes the official currencies of Oceania. Several territories are dollarized or use a currency with a fixed exchange rate. Economic sectors Service industry The overwhelming majority of people living in the Pacific islands work in the service industry which includes tourism, education and financial services. Oceania's largest export markets include Japan, China, the United States and South Korea. The majority of people living in Australia, and to a lesser extent, New Zealand work in mining, electrical and manufacturing sectors also. Manufacturing The manufacturing of clothing is a major industry in some parts of the Pacific, especially Fiji, although this is generally decreasing. Australia boasts the largest amount of manufacturing in the region, producing cars, electrical equipment, machinery and clothes. Tourism Tourism has become a large source of income for many in the Pacific; tourists come from Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. Fiji currently draws almost half a million tourists each year; more than a quarter from Australia. This contributes $1 billion or more since 1995 to Fiji's economy but the government of Fiji underestimate these figures due in part to an invisible economy inside the tourism industry. Agriculture and fishing Agriculture and natural resources constitutes only 5% to 10% of Oceania's total jobs, but contributes substantially to export performance. The most populous two nations, Australia and New Zealand, are also the most developed and have majority service industries. This dilutes the data from the less developed Pacific Island nations who have major agricultural economies. Most of the Pacific countries (excluding Australia and New Zealand) the primary industry is agriculture. Many nations are still quintessentially agricultural; for example, 80% of the population of Vanuatu and 70% of the population of Fiji works in agriculture. The main produce from the pacific is copra or coconut, but timber, beef, palm oil, cocoa, sugar and ginger are also commonly grown across the tropics of the Pacific. Fishing provides a major industry for many of the smaller nations in the Pacific, although many fishing areas are exploited by other larger countries, namely Japan. Natural Resources, such as lead, zinc, nickel and gold,\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Oceania\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"673586\",\n \"text\": \"Anchor is a brand of dairy products that was founded in New Zealand in 1886, and is one of the key brands owned by the New Zealand based international exporter Fonterra Co-operative Group. In Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan, Fonterra uses the Fernleaf brand instead of Anchor. Anchor by Fonterra Historically, the Anchor brand of milk products in New Zealand was owned by the New Zealand Dairy Group, which merged with Kiwi Co Operative in 2001 to form Fonterra. As the merger would leave New Zealand with virtually no competition in the domestic dairy sector, government legislation was required for Fonterra to be formed. One of the requirements was that Fonterra must divest its strongest domestic brand, Anchor, in the New Zealand market. This did not affect the brand internationally. The brand was sold to what is currently Goodman Fielder. Between 2001 and 2005, Fonterra grew one of their smaller milk brands which was originally only available in the South Island of New Zealand, 'Meadow Fresh Milk' into a nationwide brand which provided good competition to the Anchor Brand of milk products. In 2005, Fonterra did a brand swap with what is now Goodman Fielder, swapping Meadow Fresh for Anchor, allowing Fonterra to again align its international and domestic dairy brands. Anchor Milk Fresh Anchor Milk products available in New Zealand are manufactured and marketed by Fonterra Brands, a division of Fonterra. The main plant that processes Anchor milk in New Zealand is in Takanini, Auckland. In addition to the common varieties with differing percentages of milk fat, they also offer \\\"Anchor-Xtra\\\", with extra calcium (marketed to \\\"extra active\\\" parents), and \\\"Mega Milk\\\", with extra vitamins, as well as extra calcium, marketed for children. In 2013, the Anchor brand was released in China. Anchor Milk Powder Anchor Milk Powder is the major Anchor product available in some developing countries, such as Guyana and Ethiopia. Anchor Butter and Anchor Cheese Anchor Butter and Anchor Cheese are sold in New Zealand, but the brand for these products in New Zealand is still owned by a Goodman Fielder subsidiary. For butter and cheese the brand was not returned to Fonterra in the brand swap so not all Anchor branded products are Fonterra products in New Zealand. However, like most dairy products in New Zealand, the milk is still sourced from Fonterra suppliers and for butter and cheese, it is also likely that Fonterra manufactured the products with Goodman Fielder simply packaging the products. Outside New Zealand Internationally the Anchor brand is 100% owned by the Fonterra Co-Op Group. It is available in (and manufactured in) many areas including: Australia Barbados China Chile Ethiopia Fiji Indonesia Malaysia Mauritius Middle East Pacific Islands Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan United Kingdom In Britain, Anchor block butter was imported from New Zealand until August 2012 when Arla Foods UK, transferred production to a local factory at Westbury, Wiltshire, using English cream. Anchor Spreadable Anchor Spreadable is one of the brand's specialised products. This butter based spread\",\n \"title\": \"Anchor (brand)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3974835\",\n \"text\": \"New Zealand wine is produced in several of its distinct winegrowing regions. As an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, New Zealand has a largely maritime climate, although its elongated geography produces considerable regional variation from north to south. Like many other New World wines, New Zealand wine is usually produced and labelled as single varietal wines, or if blended, winemakers list the varietal components on the label. New Zealand is best known for its Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc, and more recently its dense, concentrated Pinot Noir from Marlborough, Martinborough and Central Otago. While New Zealand wine traces its history to the early 19th century, the modern wine industry in New Zealand began in the mid-20th century and expanded rapidly in the early 21st century, growing by 17% a year from 2000 to 2020. In 2020, New Zealand produced from of vineyard area, of which ha (about two-thirds) is dedicated to Sauvignon Blanc. Nearly 90% of total production is exported, chiefly to the United States, Britain and Australia, reaching a record in export revenue in 2020. History Winemaking and viticulture date back to New Zealand's colonial era. New Zealand's first vineyard was planted in 1819 by missionary Samuel Marsden in Kerikeri. James Busby, New Zealand's governing British Resident in the 1830s, planted vineyards on his land near Waitangi, having earlier established what is now the Hunter Valley wine region during his time in Australia. He was producing wine for locally stationed British soldiers in 1836. In 1851, French Marist missionaries established a vineyard in Hawke's Bay for making Communion wine. Now part of the Mission Estate Winery, it is the oldest commercial vineyard in New Zealand. Portrait artist William Beetham planted Pinot Noir and Hermitage (Syrah) grapes at his Lansdowne, Masterton vineyard in 1881. In 1895, the New Zealand government's Department of Agriculture invited the expert consultant viticulturist and oenologist Romeo Bragato to investigate winemaking possibilities. After tasting Beetham's Hermitage, he concluded that New Zealand and the Wairarapa in particular were \\\"pre-eminently suited to viticulture.\\\" His French wife, Marie Zelie Hermance Frere Beetham, supported Beetham in his endeavours. Their partnership and innovation to pursue winemaking helped form the basis of modern New Zealand's viticulture practices. Dalmatian immigrants arriving in New Zealand in the late 19th and early 20th centuries brought with them viticultural knowledge and planted vineyards in West and North Auckland. Typically, their vineyards produced table wine and fortified wine to suit the palates of their communities. For the first half of the 20th century, winemaking in New Zealand was a marginal economic activity. Land use during this period was primarily animal agriculture, and the exports of dairy, meat, and wool dominated the economy. Most New Zealanders were of British descent, and favoured beer and spirits; the temperance movement further reduced the national appreciation for wine. The Great Depression of the 1930s also hampered the growth of the fledgling industry. By the 1970s, some of these inhibiting factors underwent important changes. In 1973, Britain entered the European Economic Community\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand wine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6149661\",\n \"text\": \"Macpac is a brand specialising in outdoor recreational equipment. It is best known for camping and travel equipment including backpacks, sleeping bags and technical clothing. Macpac was originally a New Zealand company but is now owned by the Australian company Super Retail Group. Macpac was founded by Bruce McIntyre in 1973. Macpac currently has two e-commerce stores, 27 New Zealand and 17 Australian retail stores. Macpac's international distribution is through third party companies in Europe, United Kingdom, Japan and Chile. History Macpac's roots can be traced to New Zealander Bruce McIntyre, who began designing his own outdoor gear after he left university aged 19 in 1973 and started making his first packs in his parents' garage in Christchurch. In 1975, he was involved with developing gear for a group of young men from the Canterbury Mountaineering Club who were heading to the South American Andes. The result was New Zealand’s first internal frame climbing pack – the Torre Egger. McIntyre extended the Torre Egger concept to suit trampers and travellers as well. He focused on customer service and product quality. By 1978, sales were growing at 100% a year and Macpac was unable to keep up with demand. Nevertheless, McIntyre headed to Australia to develop the company’s first export market. In 1987, he began exporting to the Netherlands and Switzerland, soon followed by Germany and the UK. In 2003, Macpac moved the majority of its production to Asia, shedding 150 jobs in Christchurch. McIntyre, the managing director at this time, blamed a 40% rise in the New Zealand dollar and a slow-down in international travel. In 2007, Macpac under the Mouton Noir parent company assimilated the down apparel and equipment retailer Fairydown. In January 2016, 90% of the company was bought by an Australian company Champ Ventures for about A$70m (NZ$74m) from Mouton Noir, owner of Fairydown outdoor equipment and clothing brand, and Kathmandu founder Jan Cameron. Macpac products are no longer available through third party retailers in New Zealand and Australia, and instead are now sold directly in Macpac branded stores, however the brand is sold overseas in third party stores. In September 2016, Macpac signed a deal with Amazon to enter the United States market. In February 2018, it was announced that the Australian Super Retail Group purchased Macpac for $135m AUD. They announced that they would rebrand their Ray's Outdoors stores in Australia to Macpac. Equipment Macpac designs and manufactures a range of outdoor equipment, ranging from technical garments, backpacks, sleeping bags and multiple tents designed to serve in different environments. Macpac has been a major sponsor of the New Zealand Alpine Team since 2013, and has a range of alpine-specific clothing and packs See also List of mountaineering equipment brands List of outdoor industry parent companies References External links www.macpac.co.nz - New Zealand website www.macpac.com.au - Australian website Companies based in Christchurch Camping equipment manufacturers Retail companies of New Zealand Retail companies of Australia Manufacturing companies of New Zealand Super Retail Group Retail companies established in\",\n \"title\": \"Macpac\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40969382\",\n \"text\": \"The New Zealand Meat Board is a statutory body which provides quota management on behalf of the Crown for meat exports to the United States, European Union and United Kingdom. To protect their own livestock industry these countries give limited access to New Zealand meat exports. It also manages the Board's inherited financial reserves, which are ultimately owned by New Zealand's livestock farmers, for the benefit of industry projects. Beef + Lamb New Zealand provides industry-good functions. Current responsibilities Quotas To protect their own meat industry U.S. EU and U.K. control the volume and prices of their meat imports from New Zealand. The Board allocates, monitors and manages access to these markets: United States New Zealand is currently permitted to send up to 213,402 tonnes of beef and veal a year to the United States at a tariff rate of US4.4cents per kilogram. Any imports above that quota are subject to a higher tariff rate. Each calendar year the Board uses a (published) quota allocation system to allocate quota within New Zealand beef and veal exporters. The system provides for new entrants. European Union Sheepmeat and goatmeat. New Zealand is currently permitted to send up to 114,184 tonnes of sheepmeat and goatmeat a year to the European Union at zero duty. Any imports above that quota are subject to a higher tariff rate. There is a quota allocation system matching that for exports to the United States. High quality beef. New Zealand is currently permitted to send 846 tonnes of high quality beef a year to the European Union at a 20 per cent duty. The EU's \\\"most favoured nation\\\" global quota (the quota is administered by the EU) allows New Zealand to compete with other nations for a further 116,703 tonnes of frozen beef subject to the same duty. There is a quota allocation system matching that for exports to the United States. United Kingdom Sheepmeat and goatmeat. New Zealand is currently permitted to send up to 114,205 tonnes of sheepmeat and goatmeat a year to the United Kingdom at zero duty. Any imports above that quota are subject to a higher tariff rate. There is a quota allocation system matching that for exports to the United States. High quality beef. New Zealand is currently permitted to send 454 tonnes of high quality beef a year to the United Kingdom at a 20 per cent duty. Any imports above that quota are subject to a higher tariff rate. There is a quota allocation system matching that for exports to the United States. Other countries Exports of meat to countries outside U.S. EU and U.K. quota markets are handled by Beef + Lamb New Zealand and Meat Industry Association. Reserves The Meat Board manages more than $76m of reserve funds. The income is available to industry projects through Beef + Lamb New Zealand. Current directors of the Meat Board Chair—Andrew Morrison North Island farmers: Martin Coup, Scott Gower, George Tatham South Island farmers: Kate Acland, Nicky Hyslop, Andrew Morrison Processor-Exporters:\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Meat Board\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1117321\",\n \"text\": \"The New Zealand Motor Corporation was the New Zealand representative, importer, distributor and retailer of a number of the best-known British automobiles. It carried out the same functions for a wide range of manufacturers of industrial machinery and equipment. It inherited and operated four independent plants assembling CKD kits of British Leyland and from the late 1970s, Honda models. It was succeeded piecemeal by Honda New Zealand in the 1980s. Formation New Zealand Motor Corporation (NZMC) was formed and listed on the New Zealand Exchange in 1970. It was the long-delayed pooling of their ownership and resources by British Leyland's two principal New Zealand representatives, motor assemblers, distributors and retailers: Dominion Motors (Nuffield) and the Austin Distributors Federation. Together they had 3,000 staff, 40 retail branches and four car assembly plants Newmarket (Morris), Panmure (Morris), Petone (Austin) and Nelson (Rover-Triumph). At that time British Leyland brands had a good market share in New Zealand but sales dropped reflecting British Leyland's sagging fortunes. New Zealand's principal export customer, the United Kingdom, joined the Common Market in 1973 and took up different sources for its agricultural produce. The mid-1970s witnessed a firm switch to Japanese brands. Not until the end of the 1970s did Hondas begin to replace the British Marina and Princess on NZMC's assembly lines. Economic difficulties in the early-1980s brought about a major restructuring of the New Zealand economy. A new government set about removing protection from many industries including local vehicle assembly. All NZMC assembly plants except the near-new former Rover-Triumph now Honda plant in Nelson had closed by 1988. Nelson closed in 1998. Products Cars and commercial vehicles, bus chassis and bodies, tractors, industrial and earthmoving equipment, diesel engines, cranes, shipping containers. While primarily producing vehicles for the New Zealand market, some were exported to Australia. Brands Austin, Honda, Jaguar, Land Rover, Leyland, Morris, Rolls-Royce, Rover, Triumph Aveling-Barford, Case, Cummins, Davis, ERF, Liebherr, Mitsubishi, WABCO, White Franchised dealers There were 65 franchised dealers in 1980. Honda Honda began acquiring the Honda assets from NZMC in the mid-1980s, first acquiring a 25% stake in 1985. Honda New Zealand Ltd was formed in 1988 and assembly of Honda passenger vehicles continued at the Nelson plant until August 1998, when tariffs on imported cars were abolished. References External links Honda New Zealand Website Defunct manufacturing companies of New Zealand Motor vehicle assembly plants in New Zealand New Zealand companies established in 1970\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Motor Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43060275\",\n \"text\": \"The ceramics industry is a growing manufacturing sector in Bangladesh. The industry started in the late 1950s when the first ceramic industrial plants were established. The industry mainly produces tableware, sanitaryware and tiles. As of 2011, there were 21 ceramic industrial units throughout Bangladesh, employing about 500,000 people. In the first nine months of the 2013-14 fiscal year, Bangladesh exported about US$36 million worth of goods after meeting 80% of the domestic demand. The main export destinations are the EU, the US and the Middle East. History The first ceramic plant was established in Bogura in 1958. Owned by Tajma Ceramic Industries, it was a small manufacturing plant for porcelain tableware. Peoples Ceramic Industries, formerly Pakistan Ceramic Industries, started production in 1966. Bengal Fine Ceramics Ltd, the first Bangladeshi stoneware manufacturer, began its operations in 1986. One of the largest ceramic manufacturers in Bangladesh, Monno Ceramics, was established in 1985 to produce porcelain tableware with other ceramic items later. Shinepukur Ceramics was established in 1997 for the production of bone china and porcelain tableware. Shinepukur later captured around 60% of the domestic market. RAK Ceramics was incorporated in Bangladesh on 26 November 1998 and started its commercial production on 12 November 2000. Sources of raw material Some white clay deposits have been discovered in Mymensingh, Sylhet and Netrokona. The largest deposit of white clay is situated at Bijoypur of Mymensingh which was discovered in 1957. However, ceramic manufacturers import almost all of their raw material. China, India, New Zealand and Germany are the main sources of the raw materials. Foreign investment The ceramics industry sector has attracted foreign investment. The investments have mainly been from China and the Middle East states. Some of the major joint venture partners are RAK Ceramics, Fu Wang and China-Bangla, of which the largest is RAK of the UAE, and who have about 80% of the domestic sanitaryware market. Export destinations and international competitors Ceramic products have been exported to more than 45 countries. The largest export destinations are the United States, Italy, Spain, France, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Australia and Sweden. China and Thailand are amongst the major competitors in the international market for Bangladeshi ceramic manufacturers. However, the low labour costs of the local manufacturers has put Bangladesh in a strong position. References Industry in Bangladesh Ceramics manufacturers of Bangladesh\",\n \"title\": \"Ceramics industry in Bangladesh\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5910261\",\n \"text\": \"The Romney, formerly called the Romney Marsh sheep but generally referred to by the local farmers as the Kent, is a breed of sheep originating in England. The Romney is a \\\"long-wool\\\" breed recognized in England by 1800. Exported to other continents, the Romney is an economically important sheep breed, especially to the sheep-meat and wool export trades of New Zealand. History Origins The breed evolved from medieval longwool types of which the Romney and Leicester breeds are early examples. The sheep recognized by 1800 as \\\"Romney Marsh\\\" or \\\"Kent\\\" were improved in body type and fleece quality through crossings with Bakewell's English Leicester. International spread The first confirmed export of Romneys from England was a shipment of 20 from Stone, Kent, that went on the Cornwall to New Zealand in 1853. With these and a further 30 ewes sent in 1856, Alfred Ludlum established New Zealand's first Romney Marsh stud in 1860 at Newry, in the Hutt Valley, and Ludlam's brother-in-law, Augustus Onslow Manby Gibbes, also bred them around this time in Australia at his famous sheep property, Yarralumla. In 1855, 60,000 Merinos had been in New Zealand, but the Romney Marsh sheep thrived more quickly, supplanting the Merino over most of the country. The New Zealand Romney Marsh Association was formed in 1904. Alfred Matthews was the first president; the stud he founded, Waiorongamai, is still going. In 1965, three-quarters of the New Zealand national flock was Romney. In the mid-1990s, Romneys comprised 58% of the New Zealand sheep flock (estimated in 2000 at 45 million), with Coopworths (originally Border Leicester on Romney crosses) and Perendales (originally Cheviot on Romney crosses) making up another 16.6%, Merinos 7%, and Corriedales 5.5% of the national flock. The New Zealand export lamb trade started in 1882 with a shipment aboard the Dunedin of 4,900 frozen carcasses to London's Smithfield Market. This was by far the biggest meat cargo ever carried over such a distance to that time. February 15, the departure date, is still celebrated as New Zealand Lamb Day. After 1932, the technology for shipping chilled fresh meat by sea (and later by air) further enhanced the export trade. The breeding of Romneys is not limited to England and New Zealand. The breed has also been established in Patagonia, Australia, Portugal, Brazil, Canada, and Southern California. For many years, England was the primary source of export Romneys. Between 1900 and 1955, 18,000 rams and 9,000 ewes went from England to 43 countries. New Zealand itself began exporting after the sensational win of Ernest Short's Parorangi ram at the Argentine International Exhibition in 1906. Health requirements in recent decades have made New Zealand and Australia almost the only breeding ground for exported Romney seed stock, with Brazil, Uruguay, the Falklands, the U.S., and England, itself, some of the recipient countries. Description Attributes The Romney is not the ideal breed for every situation. Henry Fell, in Intensive Sheep Management posits that the Romney is, \\\"A breed which ha[s] all the virtues save\",\n \"title\": \"Romney sheep\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13904544\",\n \"text\": \"New Zealand Food Safety (NZFS), or Haumaru Kai Aotearoa, is the New Zealand government body responsible for food safety, and is the controlling authority for imports and exports of food and food-related products. In April 2012 it was merged into the Ministry for Primary Industries. The NZFSA administered legislation covering: food for sale in New Zealand primary processing of animal products and official assurances related to their export exports of plant products and the controls surrounding registration, and use of agricultural compounds and veterinary medicines. In July 2007 the NZFSA was separated from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to form a new Public Service Department. On 1 July 2010, the New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) was amalgamated back into the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Food Bill 160-2 Food Bill 160-2 was introduced on 26 May 2010 to make some fundamental changes to New Zealand's domestic food regulatory regime. Significantly, for an export-led economic recovery for New Zealand, the domestic food regulatory regime is the platform for exports. The New Zealand domestic standard is used as the basis for negotiating equivalence arrangements with trading partners. This minimizes the excessive importing country requirements that may be imposed but which do not go to food safety. If passed into law and fully implemented, it would replace the Food Act 1981 and the Food Hygiene Regulations 1974. Food Bill will also make consequential amendments to the Animal Products Act 1999 and the Wine Act 2003 to improve the interface of regulatory processes across food sectors. MAF (through NZFSA) managed New Zealand's participation in Codex Alimentarius and set strategic priorities which ensure that Codex standards have the widest possible application. See also Food safety in New Zealand Food Standards Australia New Zealand Food Act 1981 - New Zealand References External links New Zealand Food Safety Authority Government agencies of New Zealand Regulators of biotechnology products Food safety organizations Food safety in New Zealand Medical and health organisations based in New Zealand Regulation in New Zealand\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Food Safety\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23817539\",\n \"text\": \"In international politics, food power is the use of agriculture as a means of political control whereby one nation or group of nations offers or withholds commodities from another nation or group of nations in order to manipulate behavior. Its potential use as a weapon was recognised after OPEC’s earlier use of oil as a political weapon. Food has a major influence on political actions of a nation. In response to acts of food power, a nation usually acts in the interest of its citizens to provide food. Food power is an integral part of the politics of food. The idea of food power is used in embargoes, employment, and food politics. In order for a nation to utilize food power effectively, the nation must effectively apply and display scarcity, supply concentration, demand dispersion, and action independence. The four main nations that export enough agriculture to be able to exert food power are the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. On the smaller scale, particularly in some African countries, food power has been used as a weapon by opposing sides in internal wars and conflicts against their own people. Historical background There are four nations in the world that export enough agriculture to exert this hypothetical food power: the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Forced to rely on these nations in times of shortage, food-importing countries may face food crises if needed supplies are withheld. But while political leaders in food-importing countries have expressed misgivings over their dependence, food-exporting nations generally do not withhold food, as agricultural producers in these nations press their governments to continue to export. Policy Food politics are the political aspects of the production, control, regulation, inspection and distribution of food. The politics can be affected by the ethical, cultural, medical and environmental disputes concerning proper farming, agricultural and retailing methods and regulations. Food power is an integral part of the politics of food. “Food is a weapon”, stated Earl Butz, the United States Secretary of Agriculture, in 1974. OPEC's use of oil as a political weapon brought on the possibility for America to use food as a tool against other states and to further the US's goals. There are alternative uses of food power as well. An importer can refuse to continue import unless political concessions are made. This would have the same effects that an exporter refusing to export would have. An example of this would be American reduction of the Cuban sugar quota. In simple terms, the demand concentration (one importer being the dominant buyer) and supply dispersion (several exporters competing to sell the same product) an importer can try to use this exchange politically to their favor; this is especially effective if the exporter has little else so export (low action independence). Food power and food security Food security and food power are not the same thing. However, they are often directly related. Food security is when all people of a region at all times have enough food for\",\n \"title\": \"Food power\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16806944\",\n \"text\": \"The New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement is a bilateral free trade agreement signed between the People's Republic of China and New Zealand in April 2008. It is the first free trade agreement that China has signed with any developed country, and New Zealand's largest trade deal since the 1983 Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia. The New Zealand-China FTA was signed on 7 April 2008 in Beijing, after negotiations that spanned fifteen rounds over three years. It entered into force on 1 October 2008, after ratification by the New Zealand Parliament. The provisions of the agreement are expected to be phased in gradually over 12 years, fully coming into force in 2019. Agreements Under the agreement, 37 per cent of Chinese exports to New Zealand and 35 per cent of New Zealand exports to China will be tariff free by October 2008. All tariffs for Chinese exports to New Zealand will be eliminated by 2016, and 96 per cent of New Zealand exports to China will be tariff free by 2019. Mutual investment and trade in services will also be facilitated. The deal also allows 1,800 specialised workers to go from China to New Zealand for a period of up to three years. This, however, will be limited to approved occupations and to a maximum of 100 such workers in any sector, except for traditional Chinese medicine practitioners, Chinese chefs, and Mandarin teaching aides, which have maximums of 150 or 200. New Zealand will also establish a working holiday scheme enabling up to 1,000 young Chinese nationals annually to travel and work in New Zealand for up to 12 months. Both countries have agreed to enhance business visa conditions and processing. History 2008 agreement The New Zealand-China free trade agreement took over three years to negotiate. On 19 November 2004, Helen Clark and President of the People's Republic of China, Hu Jintao announced the commencement of negotiations towards an FTA at the APEC Leaders meeting in Santiago, Chile. The first round of negotiations was held in December 2004. Fifteen rounds took place before the FTA was signed in April 2008 by New Zealand's Minister of Trade Phil Goff and the Chinese Minister of Commerce Chen Deming at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. The deal was welcomed by a number of New Zealand exporters including the dairy cooperative Fonterra and the New Zealand Seafood Industry Council, while others such as the appliance manufacturer Fisher & Paykel stated that the deal would lead to tougher competition with cheaper-priced Chinese products. The New Zealand Council of Trade Unions opposed the inclusion of workforce in the trade agreement stating that there is potential for skilled Chinese workers to be exploited and underpaid. While the FTA enjoys the support of New Zealand's two largest political parties, Labour and National, the Green Party and the Māori Party opposed the agreement even before it was signed. Members of the Green Party protested against the signing of the deal, Keith Locke saying that easier access\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58910327\",\n \"text\": \"The economic history of New Zealand dates to before European colonisation of the country. By the 20th century, it had become one of the most globalized economies in the world, relying heavily on international trade with developed countries including Australia, Canada, China, European Union, the United States, Japan, and South Korea. It is a mixed economy that functions on free-market principles and has a sizable manufacturing and service sector and an efficient agricultural sector. New Zealand has the 54th largest export economy in the world measured by nominal gross domestic product. In 2016, New Zealand exported a total of NZ$35.1billion and imported a total of NZ$35.4 billion, with its top exports being concentrated milk and the top imports being cars. New Zealand has an extremely diverse market economy with a sizable service sector that accounted for 63% of all GDP in 2013. Other industries including mining, manufacturing, waste services, electricity and gas accounted for 16.5% of GDP in 2013 while the primary sector only accounted for 6.5% of GDP, despite continually dominating New Zealand's exports. The biggest capital market for New Zealand is known as the New Zealand Exchange. As of June 2018 the NZX had listed over 300 securities with a market capitalization of NZD $164.5 billion. Overview The economy of New Zealand has been listed as seventh in the world for Social Progression, a societal tracker that watches areas such as Basic Human Needs, Foundations of Wellbeing, and the level of Opportunity provided to its residents. However, New Zealand's economy used to be much stronger than it is today. During the 1970s, the New Zealand income level was higher than it was in many of the other countries in Western Europe leading up to the oil shock crisis of this time. Due to the fact that income levels dropped in relative terms and have yet to be able to fully recover, the percentage of New Zealand citizens living in poverty has skyrocketed and there have been further increases in income inequality. Furthermore, New Zealand has dealt with current account deficit issues since the crisis of the 1970s with these deficits peaking in 2006 at −7.8% of GDP, but falling back down to −2.6% of GDP in 2014. Regardless of this, the outstanding government debt, in 2014, stood at 38.4% of GDP and between 1984 and 2006, the debt owed to foreign investors increased 11 times to a total of NZ$182 billion. Undeterred by the current account deficit problems, the difference on external goods and service has typically shown positive gains in the economy. In the 2014 fiscal year exports outpaced imports by NZ$3.9 billion. Over the last half-century, the government of New Zealand has been able to transform the country from an agrarian-based economy, that was extremely reliant upon the British for access to their markets, to an industrialized, free economy that is able to compete with other highly developed countries on the global scale. Prior to the market crash in 2007, per capita incomes had risen steadily\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40152982\",\n \"text\": \"In 2013, a wide-scale recall of products sold by dairy producer Fonterra was announced after suspected botulism-causing bacteria were found during safety tests. The contaminated whey products had been sold to third parties who use it to produce infant formula and sports drinks. Approximately 1,000 tonnes of consumer product was affected by the recall across seven countries, but no cases of sickened consumers were reported. China, which imports most of its powdered milk from New Zealand, instituted a temporary ban on the import of the ingredient from New Zealand. The scandal resulted in the resignation of Fonterra's head of its milk business division, Gary Romano. The bacteria were ultimately found not to be a botulism-causing strain. Background Based in New Zealand, Fonterra Cooperative Group is the world's fourth largest producer of dairy products, with a turnover of nearly NZ$ 20 billion (US$15.7 billion). The company was formed in 2001 following the merger of the country's two largest dairy cooperatives, and controls 95% of New Zealand's dairy market. New Zealand produces 15 million tonnes of dairy products annually, of which 5% is consumed domestically and 95% is exported to other countries. Dairy exports contribute NZ$11 billion directly to the New Zealand economy, or around 7% of the country's gross domestic profit. Because of New Zealand's excellent safety history, consumers are willing to pay a premium for its dairy products. Chinese manufacturers in particular are major buyers of Fonterra products as many citizens have concerns about the safety of domestic dairy products in the wake of the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, in which melamine sickened thousands of people. Botulism is a rare disease caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. A small number of the bacteria can cause severe poisoning leading to respiratory and muscular problems in adults. In infants, the toxin also affects the intestinal system. Recall On 3 August 2013, the Ministry for Primary Industries announced a recall of products sold by Fonterra. The contaminated products originated with three batches of whey protein concentrate weighing 38 metric tons (42 tons) produced in May 2012. A problem was first noticed by Fonterra in March 2013 when testing suggested the possible presence of Clostridium, a sometimes-dangerous class of bacteria which is often harmless. On 31 July 2013, tests revealed signs of Clostridium botulinum, leading to the recall. The contamination was blamed on unsterilised pipes used to move the whey during production. The whey had been sold to third-party manufacturers who used it to produce infant formula, protein drinks, sports drinks, and other beverages; it had been mixed with other ingredients to produce an estimated 1,000 tons of consumer products by the time of the recall. No fresh dairy products were affected by the contaminated pipes. Manufacturers in Australia, China, Malaysia, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and Vietnam were affected by the recall, but the specific companies affected were not identified by the Ministry of Primary Industries. A Chinese consumer watchdog group said four domestic manufacturers – Dumex Baby Food Company, two subsidiaries of beverage\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Fonterra recall\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4233158\",\n \"text\": \"The DeSoto Diplomat is an automobile produced by DeSoto from 1946 to 1962 for sale in export markets outside of North America. The export DeSoto based on the Plymouth was first introduced in 1937 and was built in Detroit. Chrysler Corporation of Canada, which before 1947 enjoyed \\\"Imperial Preference\\\" (reduced tariff barriers in British empire markets) and did not start building export DeSotos until late in the 1939 model year. In 1946, the export DeSoto became the DeSoto Diplomat. They were either fully imported into, or assembled locally (from CKD kits) in, Europe, South Africa, South America, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia. In 1955, Chrysler of Canada did not export any cars and all 1955 Diplomats came from Detroit. In the late 1950s, some European taxicab drivers preferred to have a Perkins P4C diesel engine in the Diplomat; these diesel engines were installed on a Belgian assembly line. From 1938 to 1956, the export DeSoto used Plymouth bodies with a grille that looked similar to the regular DeSoto but fit the Plymouth grille opening. From 1957 to 1959, the DeSoto Diplomat used the DeSoto Firesweep front clip with Plymouth body. The 1960 and 1961 DeSoto Diplomats were based on the full-size Dodge Dart. Although 1960 was the last year for DeSoto in Canada and 1961 for the United States and export markets, Chrysler South Africa built a number of 1962 DeSoto Diplomats based on the Dodge Dart 440 sedan. After 1962, the Diplomat name was retired and the Dodge Dart was marketed under its own name in South Africa. 16 years after DeSoto ended production, Chrysler would revive the Diplomat name for an M-body Dodge. Australian production Chrysler Australia introduced a locally produced SP24 series DeSoto Diplomat, based on the 1953 US Plymouth P24 in 1953. This was followed by the SP25 series Diplomat which was based on the 1954 US Plymouth P25 Cambridge/Cranbrook, and was built from 1954 to 1957. The Diplomat was available in \\\"Custom\\\", \\\"Regent\\\" and \\\"Plaza\\\" trim. An Australian developed Coupe Utility version of the Sedan was introduced in 1956. The Diplomat models were an alternative to the Plymouth Savoy and Plymouth Belvedere or the Dodge Kingsway which, aside from differences in grilles and badging, were essentially the same vehicle. All used the same basic body and all models combined managed to take only 5% of the Australian market in 1955. The Diplomat was replaced by the Australian-built Chrysler Royal, which was derived from the Australian-built P25 Plymouth and was built from 1957 to 1963. New Zealand production In the early and mid 20th century the New Zealand automotive industry was fully independent from it's Australian neighbour. This began to change after Australia introduced its own locally designed and built Holden, Ford, and Chrysler vehicles which gradually became the prevalent marques in New Zealand by the end of the 1960s. The DeSoto Dipomat introduced in New Zealand was exported from Canada directly to New Zealand and in factory right-hand-drive. Unlike Australia, New Zealand did not have\",\n \"title\": \"DeSoto Diplomat\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2754171\",\n \"text\": \"Fisher & Paykel Appliances Holdings Limited () is a major appliance manufacturer founded in 1934. It is a subsidiary of Chinese multinational home appliances company Haier and is based in East Tāmaki, New Zealand. Originally an importer of domestic refrigerators, Fisher & Paykel now holds over 420 patents and bases its identity on innovative design, particularly in the areas of usability and environmental awareness. The company's trademarked appliances include Active Smart refrigerators, AeroTech ovens, DishDrawer dishwashers, Smart Drive washing machines and Smartload top loading dryers. The company also manufactures gas and electric cooktops. In 2004, Fisher & Paykel Appliances purchased the United States-based cookware manufacturer Dynamic Cooking Systems, and Italian cookware company Elba in 2006. Fisher & Paykel had grown into a global company operating in 50 countries and manufacturing in Thailand, China, Italy and Mexico. The company had a manufacturing base in Australia for almost 20 years and nearly 70 years in New Zealand, but stated it can no longer compete with low cost labour countries and had to close them. In 2012, Haier purchased over 90% of Fisher & Paykel Appliance shares, no changes in manufacturing or board of directors were made . History Fisher & Paykel Appliances Ltd was listed publicly in 2001, following the separation of Fisher & Paykel Industries Ltd into Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd and Fisher & Paykel Appliances Ltd that same year. Fisher & Paykel Industries Fisher & Paykel Industries Ltd was founded in 1934 in New Zealand by Sir Woolf Fisher and Maurice Paykel. The company publicly listed in 1979 with authorised capital of NZ$ 40 million. Initially the company was an importer of Crosley appliances, Maytag and Pilot products; in 1938 the company began manufacturing Kelvinator washing machines under license. This followed the introduction of tariffs by the First Labour Government of New Zealand. In 1956, manufacturing was moved to a purpose-built factory in Mount Wellington, Auckland. This facility included flexible machinery manufacturing techniques developed in tandem with the raw material suppliers, enabling Fisher & Paykel Industries to greatly increase production. In 1955, Fisher and Paykel acquired Dunedin electric oven manufacturer H. E. Shacklock Ltd, which dominated the New Zealand domestic appliance market through the era of Government protectionism. Subsequently, the Shacklock brand was gradually withdrawn from the Fisher and Paykel product range. The company began exporting within Australasia and East Asia around 1968. At that time the company also manufactured cabinets, sparkplugs and televisions. During the 1980s, the company became more focused on research and development, resulting in the development of the ECS direct drive mechanism washing machine affectionately known as 'Gentle Annie' and highly automated production lines. In 1989, the company opened its first overseas manufacturing facility in Cleveland, Australia. The company entered the European market in 1992, and by 1994 was exporting to over 80 countries. Fisher & Paykel Appliances On 12 November 2001, Fisher & Paykel Industries split into Fisher & Paykel Appliances Holdings Ltd and Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Corporation Ltd. In October 2004, Fisher\",\n \"title\": \"Fisher & Paykel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"428336\",\n \"text\": \"The Cairns Group (Cairns Group of Fair Trading Nations) is an interest group of 19 agricultural exporting countries, composed of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Ukraine, Uruguay, and Vietnam. The Cairns Group seeks to liberalize global trade in agricultural produce. In particular, its members aim to abolish export subsidies and trade-distorting (\\\"amber box\\\") domestic support for agricultural products and seek to improve market access for agricultural exports. The coalition attempts to present a common front in multilateral trade negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO), tabling joint proposals and occasionally working with like-minded groups such as the G20 group of developing nations. In September 2018, the Institute of Economic Affairs proposed that the United Kingdom should join the Cairns Group \\\"as soon as possible\\\", stating that although \\\"the UK is not a major agricultural exporter, it is locked into EU supply chains.\\\". History Founding The Cairns Group was founded in August 1986, when the Australian government spearheaded the formation of a group and organized the inaugural meeting in the city of Cairns, Australia. There were 14 original member countries—Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Fiji, Hungary, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, and Uruguay—a very diverse group politically and economically. The Australian government led the formation of the group, though some of the South East Asian countries had been working together on agricultural trade through ASEAN. \\\"One of the most striking aspects of the Cairns Group was the intellectual leadership provided by Australia and to a lesser extent Canada. Australia's commitment to trade liberalization was the outcome of a long domestic debate in which neoliberal ideas had supplanted protectionism and become the guiding rationale of foreign and domestic policy. The Cairns Group offered a mechanism to promote this agenda in a key multilateral forum.\\\" The move to form the group was largely a response to spiralling trade subsidies of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy and the United States' Export Enhancement Program. Particularly, the objection came to the double standards between the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) forcing countries to liberalise their economies, whilst the United States was granted a waiver for agricultural protection in the 1950s. Uruguay Round The Cairns Group successfully forced agriculture onto the agenda of the Uruguay Round, which eventually led to the Agreement on Agriculture. In April 1989 in Geneva, Switzerland, the Group played a critical role in the framework agreement with United States, the EU, and Japan to cover negotiations during the remainder of the Round. Continued protectionism In the ongoing Doha Round of trade negotiations, they are mainly opposed by WTO members seeking to uphold their high level of agricultural protection on grounds of public policy, such as the EU, Japan, Norway, South Korea, Switzerland, and United States (dubbed the \\\"multifunctionalists\\\"). The Group's newest member is Vietnam, which joined in November 2013 as its 20th member. After its December 2013 meeting in Bali, Indonesia,\",\n \"title\": \"Cairns Group\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15619794\",\n \"text\": \"The Patea Freezing Works was a meat-processing plant promoted by The Patea A&P Association in the town of Patea. The West Coast Meat and Produce Export Company was formed in August 1883 and operated a tinning plant and tallow factory in the area. Changes in technology saw the company change from canning to freezing in 1904. The Patea Freezing Company came into being in 1910. In 1933, a new Patea Freezing Company was formed and at times provided work for nearly 1000 workers during peak season. However, the company suffered badly during the downturn in the New Zealand meat-processing industry in the early 1980s. The Patea works were among the first to close down, ending operations in September 1982. At the time The Patea Freezing Works was owned by the British Vestey Group. Since the closure the site had fallen derelict. Residents regarded the area as a health hazard and blamed its high visibility from the highway as being partly responsible for a decline in property values over the years. \\\"The works has been a thorn in everyone's side for 25 years. This eyesore is our identity, it's Taranaki's eastern gateway and it's absolutely shocking what's been allowed to happen there.\\\" said former Patea Mayor Norm McKay, who worked at the freezing works for 29 years. Parts of the site were owned by the South Taranaki District Council and Escada Enterprises of Sydney, Australia The site was riddled with Asbestos cladding and insulation, chemicals, heavy metals, boiler ash dumps, rusting fuel storage tanks and collapsing structures. On Wednesday 6 February 2008 a large part of the Patea Freezing Works was destroyed by fire. During August 2009 Nikau Contractors were awarded the contract to demolish and clear the Patea Freezing works site. Nikau Contractors was chosen from eight companies that tendered to do the work. The chimney, which wasn't the original freezing works chimney, was toppled on 19 February 2010. This was despite support from local Iwi, and the South Taranaki Mayor Ross Dunlop, to explore the possibility of preserving the chimney as a monument. Such preservation had not been budgeted for in the site cleanup and would likely have ended up being paid for by local ratepayers. Video of the toppling of the chimney is available on YouTube. A link is provided in the External links section below. Demolition was completed in mid 2010. References External links Toppling of Chimney South Taranaki District Buildings and structures in Taranaki Meat processing in New Zealand Defunct meat export companies of New Zealand History of Taranaki Patea\",\n \"title\": \"Patea Freezing Works\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29502573\",\n \"text\": \"New Zealand–Papua New Guinea relations refers to the diplomatic relations between New Zealand and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. Both nations are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Pacific Islands Forum and the United Nations. History New Zealand and Papua New Guinea are two Pacific Islands states with a common history in the fact that New Zealand and the Territory of Papua were colonized by the United Kingdom (while Germany administered German New Guinea). During World War II, New Zealand soldiers fought in the Battle of the Green Islands. In 1949, Australia established a joint administration over both territories called the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. In September 1975, Papua New Guinea obtained independence from Australia. Soon afterwards, New Zealand recognized and established diplomatic relations with Papua New Guinea. In December 1988, the Bougainville Civil War erupted in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville when a group calling itself the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) led a movement for secession by the island from Papua New Guinea. New Zealand played a role by hosting Papua New Guinean government officials and separatists for peace talks. In October 1997, following talks in Christchurch, a truce was signed between the new government and many of the Bougainville separatists. An unarmed Truce Monitoring Group (TMG) led by New Zealand and supported by Australia, Fiji and Vanuatu was subsequently deployed. In January 1998 the Lincoln Agreement was signed and New Zealand was witness to the 2001 Bougainville Peace Agreement which ended the conflict. New Zealand and Papua New Guinea are active members of the Pacific Islands Forum. There have been numerous visits by leaders of both nations with recent visits including New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern visiting Port Moresby in November 2018 to attend the 30th APEC summit. In February 2020, Papua New Guinean Prime Minister James Marape paid a four-day state visit to New Zealand. Since 2001, Papua New Guinea has been host to the Manus Regional Processing Centre on Manus Island established by Australia as a Pacific Solution aimed at stopping maritime arrivals of asylum seekers to Australia. In recent years, New Zealand has offered to take refugees who had been stuck on Manus Island. The New Zealand and Papua New Guinea governments wanted this offer to materialize, however, Australia wouldn't allow it, warning it could create an incentive for future asylum seekers to get in to Australia through a back door. Trade In 2018, trade between both nations totaled NZ$257 million dollars. New Zealand's main exports to Papua New Guinea include: electrical machinery and equipment, meat products, dairy produce and animal products. Papua New Guinea's main exports to New Zealand include: petroleum oils, coffee, and plywood or veneered panels. Papua New Guinea is New Zealand's second largest goods export market in the Pacific (after Fiji). New Zealand's private sector is engaged in Papua New Guinea across a wide range of industries including communications, construction, aviation, engineering, energy and education. Resident diplomatic missions New Zealand has a high commission in\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand–Papua New Guinea relations\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19873889\",\n \"text\": \"Malaysia–New Zealand relations (; Jawi: هوبوڠن مليسيا-نيوزيلند; ) refers to foreign relations between Malaysia and New Zealand. Malaysia has a High Commission in Wellington, and New Zealand has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations and Malaysia is important to New Zealand for strategic, political and economic reasons, with both countries' leaders were engaged in frequent visits to boost their relations. Country comparison History Official diplomatic relations between Malaysia and New Zealand has been established since 25 September 1957, with Malaysia remains as one of the oldest partner for New Zealand in Southeast Asia. The New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) has maintained its presence since the 1950s to fight alongside its allies from the threat of communism in the Malayan Emergency, Second Malayan Emergency and Sarawak Communist Insurgency. Following the path of the formation of the Malaysian federation, the NZDF also defended the British Malaya and Borneo from the Indonesian military infiltration. Trade and Economic relations The economic relations between the two countries also underpinned by four free trade agreements, including: The Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement. The ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA). The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The trade and economic relationship between Malaysia and New Zealand is strong. This is in part because Malaysia occupies an influential position within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and is well-known to New Zealanders. In 2005, Malaysia and New Zealand initiated discussions on a bilateral free-trade agreement. On 6 August 2020 Malaysia and New Zealand completed an Exchange of Letters to amend Article 1 of Annex 3 of the Malaysia New Zealand Free Trade Agreement. The amendment to Annex 3 entered into force on 1 October 2020. In 2012, Malaysia was New Zealand's eighth-largest trading partner with Malaysia's exports comprising petroleum, computer and television equipment and palm oil worth around NZ$1.84 Billion, while New Zealand exports to Malaysia stood at NZ$888 million, consisting of dairy products, meat and scrap metal. A free trade agreement between the two countries was signed on 26 October 2009 in Kuala Lumpur, and entered into force in August 2010. Many New Zealand companies have a significant presence in Malaysia, primarily in the food, telecommunications and ICTs sectors. The Free Trade Agreement aimed to encourage two-way investment between Malaysia and New Zealand. The total bilateral trade between two countries in 2016 stood at US$1.42 billion with exports amounted to US$730 million, while imports amounted to US$680 million. In 2017, the two countries expressed their interest to expand the collaboration in ICTs and tourism sectors. In the same year, New Zealand economic relations with Malaysia is also being discovered in other areas such as food (mainly dairies products) and beverage sector and both countries announced their intention to fosters stronger business and cultural links between them. A cultural exchange between Māori and the indigenous people of the Malaysian state of Sabah have been held in Kota Kinabalu.\",\n \"title\": \"Malaysia–New Zealand relations\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11480914\",\n \"text\": \"The New Zealand wool boom of 1951, one of the greatest economic booms in the history of New Zealand, resulted directly from United States policy in the 1950–53 Korean War. In 1950, when the Korean War broke out, the United States of America sought to buy large quantities of wool to complete its strategic stockpiles. This led to the greatest wool boom in New Zealand's history, with prices tripling overnight. In 1951 New Zealand experienced economic growth never seen again since. The echoes of the boom reverberated into the late 1950s, by which time a record number of farms were in operation. The export price of wool declined by 40% in 1966, however New Zealand's sheep population continued to rise. From a total of 34.8 million in 1951, sheep numbers rose dramatically to peak at 70.3 million in 1982. However the subsequent free-market reforms of the Fourth Labour Government (in office: 1984–1990), and the associated removal of agricultural subsidies saw numbers decline even quicker than they had risen. By 2004 the national flock had dropped to a total of 39.3 million, the lowest in 50 years. sheep numbers increase again for the first time since 1982. New Zealand's sheep population stood at 40.1 million . New Zealand’s economy in the 20th century At the beginning of the 20th century, New Zealand's economy experienced remarkable growth rates. Their main exports included specialised primary commodities such as wool, meat, butter, and cheese. For the first half of the 20th century, these commodities made up over 90% of New Zealand's exports. Consequently, New Zealand topped had the highest GDP per capita in the world, and had the second highest GDP per capita throughout the mid-20th century. However, in the early 1930s, New Zealand experienced a great economic collapse. This led to staggering unemployment rates and resulted in a struggling economy. People were desperate to receive help from the state and government as many who had lost their jobs needed financial support to feed their families. Eventually, the government decided to reform the state policies. This saw an increase in state-funded sectors such as construction and manufacturing. From the 1940s to the 1970s, the percentage of New Zealand workers employed in the industrial sector increased to 35-40 per cent of the labour force. In the 1920s, less than 25 per cent of the labour force were working in this sector. The government also made various adjustments to their fiscal and monetary policies. The state intervention and support from the first Labour government was deemed effective and helped the economy to revive. The economy experienced a remarkably fast recovery. From 1934 to 1944, New Zealand recorded annual GDP growth rates of 7.5 per cent and GDP per capita rates of 6.7 per cent. These policies were carried through towards the mid-1990s and sustained New Zealand's economy. The policies were also deemed effective as they targeted full employment. The significant inflow of income due to the wool boom following the Korean War also served New Zealand's\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand wool boom\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8808272\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of airports in Fiji, sorted by location. Fiji, officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands, is an island nation with an approximate population of 920,000, in the South Pacific Ocean about north of New Zealand's North Island. Its immediate neighbors are Vanuatu to the west, New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. The country comprises an archipelago of more than 332 islands, of which 110 are permanently inhabited, and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of about . The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, account for 87% of the population of almost 850,000. Fiji's capital and largest city is Suva, located on Viti Levu. Its major partners are Australia, New Zealand, United States, China , Japan ,South Korea , India and other nations for its dependence of importation and exportation. Airports in Fiji International airports Domestic airports Airport names shown in bold have scheduled passenger service on commercial airlines. See also Transport in Fiji List of airports by ICAO code: N#NF - Fiji, Tonga Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Oceania#Fiji References - includes IATA codes Great Circle Mapper: Fiji - IATA and ICAO codes - ICAO codes Fiji Airports Airports Fiji\",\n \"title\": \"List of airports in Fiji\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38911144\",\n \"text\": \"Godfrey Hirst Carpets is the largest manufacturer and exporter of residential and commercial carpets in Australasia. The business was founded in 1888 in Geelong, Victoria, Australia, by Godfrey Hirst, an English immigrant from Meltham, West Yorkshire, England. His Excelsior Mill, on the north bank of the Barwon River, manufactured various wool textiles until it was sold in the 1966, continuing in operation as Godfrey Hirst Carpets. Godfrey Hirst acquired Feltex Carpets of New Zealand as an ongoing concern in 2006. Godfrey Hirst Carpets has production plants in Victoria, Australia and New Zealand. It also has offices in the United States and Singapore, and exports throughout Southeast Asia, Japan, USA, the Middle East and other world markets. The company produces several brands of carpet products for residential and commercial markets. It has also expanded into hard flooring, including timber, laminate and other surfaces. In early 2017, it was reported that the investment bank, Greenhill, was seeking a buyer for the company, which was majority owned by the McKendrick family. The business had $427.8 million annual revenue and earnings worth $55.9 million. On 20 November 2017, Mohawk Industries, Inc., announced they had \\\"agreed to acquire Godfrey Hirst Group\\\". The transaction was expected to be \\\"completed during the first half of 2018\\\". Notes External links Official Commercial Carpet & Flooring website Official Residential Carpet & Flooring website Australian companies established in 1888 Textile companies of Australia Carpet manufacturing companies\",\n \"title\": \"Godfrey Hirst Carpets\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"655013\",\n \"text\": \"Grey import vehicles are new or used motor vehicles and motorcycles legally imported from another country through channels other than the maker's official distribution system or a third-party channel officially authorized by the manufacturer. The synonymous term parallel import is sometimes substituted. Car makers frequently arbitrage markets, setting the price according to local market conditions so the same vehicle will have different real prices in different territories. Grey import vehicles circumvent this profit-maximization strategy. Car makers and local distributors sometimes regard grey imports as a threat to their network of franchised dealerships, but independent distributors do not since more cars of an odd brand bring in money from service and spare parts. In order for the arbitrage to work, there must be some means to reduce, eliminate, or reverse whatever savings could be achieved by purchasing the car in the lower-priced territory. Examples of such barriers include regulations preventing import or requiring costly vehicle modifications. In some countries, such as Vietnam, the import of grey-market vehicles has largely been banned. Overview Grey imports are generally used vehicles, although some are new, particularly in Europe where the European Union tacitly approves grey imports from other EU countries. In 1998, the European Commission fined Volkswagen for attempting to prevent prospective buyers from Germany and Austria from going to Italy to buy new VWs at lower pre-tax prices; pre-tax price is lower in Italy, as in Denmark, due to higher tax on cars. It is even possible for car buyers in the United Kingdom to buy right-hand drive cars in EU countries with right-hand traffic where left-hand drive cars are the norm. Japanese used vehicle exporting is a large global business, as rigorous road tests and high depreciation make such vehicles worth very little (in Japan) after six years, and strict environmental laws make vehicle disposal expensive. Consequently, it is profitable to export them to other countries with left-hand traffic, such as Australia, New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, Malta, South Africa, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Mozambique, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Cyprus. Some have even been exported to countries such as Peru, Paraguay, Russia, Mongolia, Yemen, Burma, Canada, and the United Arab Emirates, despite the fact that these countries drive on the right. It is actually because of these vehicles' RHD configuration that many of them are sent to LHD countries in the first place, for use as mail delivery vehicles. Many Japanese market Jeep Cherokees, for example, have found new use with rural mail carriers in the United States. Thailand is the third largest exporter of brand new and used right-hand drive cars after Japan and Singapore, because of that country's high-volume production of diesel 4x4 vehicles such as the Toyota Hilux Vigo, Toyota Fortuner, Mitsubishi L200, Nissan Navara, Ford Ranger, Chevy Colorado, and others. The Toyota Vigo is the most exported vehicle by parallel exporters. Unlike Japanese and Singaporean exports, the majority of Thailand's grey exports are of new vehicles and the market is dominated by two companies. One of\",\n \"title\": \"Grey import vehicle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57026\",\n \"text\": \"The economy of Niue is heavily dependent upon aid from New Zealand. Government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, and grants from New Zealand make up the shortfall and are used to pay wages to public employees. Niue has cut government expenditures by reducing the public service by almost half. Local economic activity The agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors has historically been an important source of revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand. Efforts to increase GDP include the promotion of tourism. An initiative into the financial services industry was dropped under pressure from the US Treasury. More recently the sale of Internet domain names under the NU top level domain has brought in some income. These domains are particularly popular in Scandinavia, Belgium and the Netherlands, since nu means \\\"now\\\" in Dutch and the Scandinavian languages. Economic statistics GDP: USD$24.938 million (2016) GDP: purchasing power parity – $10 million (2003), GDP – real growth rate: 6.2% (2003 est.) GDP – per capita: nominal - USD$15,586 (2016) purchasing power parity – $5,800 (2003), $15,066 (2011) GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 23% (2003) industry: 27% (2003) services: 50% (2003) Population below poverty line: 13% Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA% Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1995) Labor force: 450 (1992 est.) 663 (2001 est.) Labor force – by occupation: Most people work on family plantations; paid work exists only in government service, small industry, and on the Niue Development Board Unemployment rate: 12% (2001) Budget: revenues: $15.07 million (FY 04-05) $26 million (FY 18-19)expenditures: $16.33 million Industries: tourism, handicrafts, food processing Industrial production growth rate: NA% Electricity – production: 3 GWh (1998) Electricity – production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% (2010) nuclear: 0% (2010) other: 0% (1998) Electricity – consumption: 3 GWh (1998) Electricity – exports: 0 kWh (1998) Electricity – imports: 0 kWh (1998) Agriculture – products: coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes, taro, yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle Exports: $3.52 million 2014, USD$1.391 million (2016) Exports – commodities: canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaws, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts In 2014: Iron Structures ($576k) Refined petroleum ($456k) Cement ($277k) Fruit Juice ($224k) Delivery Trucks ($143k) Exports – partners: New Zealand 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia. In 2014: Senegal 44% ($1.55M) Czech Republic 12% ($413k) New Zealand 10% ($334k) Gambia 8% ($277k) United States 5% ($169k) Imports: $9 million (2003), $19 million (2014), USD$14.95 million (2016), NZD$21.5 million (2018) Imports – commodities: food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs In 2014: Special Purpose Ships ($5.48M), Refined Petroleum ($2.93M), Large Construction Vehicles ($403k), Prefabricated Buildings ($402k) and Cars ($312k). Imports – partners: New Zealand 59%,\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Niue\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1632023\",\n \"text\": \"Live export is the commercial transport of livestock across national borders. The trade involves a number of countries with the Australian live export industry being one of the largest exporters in the global trade. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, exports of live sheep rose 21.4% and live calves increased 9.7% between March 2017 and March 2018. During 2017 alone, Australia exported 2.85 million living animals in shipping containers and airplanes. The expansion of the trade has been supported by the introduction of purpose-built ships which carry large numbers of animals. The amount of livestock exported from the European Union grew to nearly 586m kilograms between 2014 and 2017, a 62.5% increase during the time period. The rising global demand for meat has resulted in the quadrupling of the export of live farm animals in the last half century, with two billion being exported in 2017, up from one billion in 2007. Roughly five million animals are in transit every day. There has been strong criticism of the industry on animal rights grounds by animal rights organizations and the media. New Zealand has effectively phased out live exports for slaughter purposes since 2007 due to concerns about animals. Australia Market and legislation Australia is one of the world's largest exporters of sheep and cattle. According to Meat and Livestock Australia, 2.44 million sheep were exported to markets in Asia and the Middle East in 2012, reduced from 4.2 million in 2008. The total number of cattle exported in 2012 was 617, 301, down 11% from the previous year. Indonesia accounted for 45% of total live cattle exports from Australia in 2012. Total cattle exports to Indonesia reduced by 33% from 2011. The reduction in cattle exports to Indonesia in 2012 was partly due to the newly imposed ESCAS (Exporter Supply Chain Assurance Scheme) from 2011, and partly due to Indonesia's move to become self-sufficient in beef production. Most of the livestock are for human consumption but there is also an active trade in breeding stock, including dairy cattle. The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources controls the Australian Standards for the Export of Livestock. The standards were amended in April 2011 (version 2.3). The Department also introduced ESCAS (Exporter Supply Chain Assurance Scheme), in 2011 — a system requiring exporters to provide evidence of compliance with internationally agreed animal welfare standards, and to demonstrate traceability and control through the supply chain. According to the Department, ESCAS was developed in response to evidence of cruelty to Australian cattle in Indonesia, and then extended to all livestock exports for the purpose of slaughter. See Animal Welfare section. AQIS (Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service) manages quarantine controls to minimise the risk of exotic pests and diseases entering the country. AQIS also provides import and export inspection and certification to help retain Australia's highly favourable animal, plant and human health status and wide access to overseas export markets. Other key markets include Israel, Malaysia, Japan, Mexico and China. The major markets for Australian\",\n \"title\": \"Live export\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5982589\",\n \"text\": \"The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) (Māori: Manatū Aorere) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with advising the government on foreign and trade policy, and promoting New Zealand's interests in trade and international relations. History The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) was first established as the Department of External Affairs (NZDEA) on 11 June 1943 through an Act of Parliament. This decision was prompted by a need for New Zealand to conduct its own external relations and because New Zealand's neighbour Australia already had its own Department of External Affairs since 1921. Prior to that, New Zealand's interests had been represented overseas by the United Kingdom. The establishment of the External Affairs Department was accompanied by the creation of a foreign service and the establishment of diplomatic missions in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the Soviet Union between 1942 and 1944. Like its similarly named Australian and Canadian counterparts, the NZDEA was named \\\"External Affairs\\\" rather than \\\"Foreign Affairs\\\" in deference to the British Government's responsibility for conducting foreign policy on behalf of the British Empire and later the Commonwealth of Nations. From 1969 to 1988, the Ministry was known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). Between 1988 and 1993, the Ministry was renamed the Ministry of External Relations and Trade (MERT). The NZDEA and the MFA was administered by the Prime Minister's Department until 1975. Between 1946 and 1975, the Secretary of External/Foreign Affairs also served concurrently as the Permanent Head of the Prime Minister's Department. For much of this period, several New Zealand Prime Ministers including Peter Fraser, Walter Nash, and Keith Holyoake held the External Affairs portfolio. MFAT had no relation to an earlier Department of External Affairs, which was responsible for administrating New Zealand's South Pacific island dependencies of Niue, the Cook Islands, Tokelau, and Samoa between 1919 and 1943. In 1943, that aforementioned department was renamed the Department of Island Territories. In 1975, the Island Territories Department was dissolved and its functions were absorbed back into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Functions The ministry represents New Zealand interests to other governments, including at the United Nations, APEC, TPPA and the WTO. It takes an active role in the Asia-Pacific region, and has been involved in regional security initiatives such as the RAMSI intervention in the Solomon Islands, and negotiating and implementing a peace agreement in Bougainville. It is active in developing export opportunities for local companies, and in 2008 negotiated a free trade agreement with China. It used to sponsor the Centre for Strategic Studies New Zealand in conjunction with other NZ Government ministries, though the centre is now part of Victoria University of Wellington. NZAID The New Zealand overseas development aid agency New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAID) was a semi-autonomous agency within the ministry, until it was brought back into the ministry as the International Development Group (IDG). It is a major provider of aid to the Pacific. Ministers The Ministry serves 4\",\n \"title\": \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61596439\",\n \"text\": \"The jute industry is a historically and culturally important industry in Bangladesh dating back to during the growth of the East India Company in the Indian subcontinent. Despite once being one of the country's biggest industries and major export items, the jute industry has declined since the 1970s. Exports have fallen as other countries grow jute independently, decreasing the demand for jute to be exported, and other products like plastics and hemp find more widespread use. As of 2021, Bangladesh holds the position of the second-largest producer of jute, accounting for 42 percent of total worldwide production, and leading in jute exports. History Pre-colonial and colonial eras (before 1971) Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, jute produced in Bengal was made into rope and clothing using local hand-looms. During the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), British supply of Russian flax ran short, and British mills considered jute as a potential alternative. However, manufacturing jute fabric in existing British industrial mills proved difficult, as jute was too coarse for the machines. The Balfour and Melville firms developed a process to weaken the fabric using water and whale fat. In 1838, Dundee mills received an order to manufacture sacks for sugar plantations in Dutch-controlled Java, so the mills produced jute burlap sacks using the Balfour and Melville methods. This generated demand and promoted Bengal-produced jute. Demand further increased following the Crimean War (1853–1856). In 1855, George Auckland, along with Bengali partner Shyamsunder Sen, established the first jute mill at Rishra, along the banks of the Hooghly River. The Union blockade during the American Civil War restricted the supply of cotton from the Confederate States of America and made it necessary for British mills to find an alternative input. Jute was a good alternative, as it was relatively cheaper and could be sourced from a British colony. In 1873, the British Raj formed a commission led by H.C. Kerr to investigate the jute industry and jute cultivation in Bangladesh. They published a \\\"Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Jute in Bengal\\\" in 1877. This report suggested that large-scale jute cultivation in the Bengal region could have begun in the 1840s. In the later half of the 19th century, jute mills were opened around Kolkata, where worker numbers rapidly grew. By 1882, there were 18 mills, and by 1901, there were 51, with over ten thousand workers employed. The majority of the jute manufactured in the mills was exported to Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. The jute industry had become the second largest industry in British India after the cotton industry, and Kolkata became the centre of the jute trade. The majority of the factories were located outside Kolkata and were owned by foreigners. In the 1920s, jute prices rose dramatically, leading to increased production. Jute prices fell in the 1930s despite the Indian Jute Mills Association attempting to slow the price decline by reducing work hours. The British Raj formed the Bengal Jute Inquiry Committee to create reports on the state of\",\n \"title\": \"Jute industry of Bangladesh\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26526429\",\n \"text\": \"RoofTG (formerly AHI Roofing) is a manufacturer of stone chip coated metal roof tiles based in Auckland, New Zealand and with plants in New Zealand, United States (California), Hungary and Malaysia. The company sells under both the Gerard and Decra brand names. History Product development AHI Roofing was created when Lou Fisher produced the world's first steel tile. Today AHI Roofing does business in over eighty countries worldwide in steel roof tiles. It was a world shortage of oil-based paint that began the coated steel tile story. In 1947, many large ironclad buildings in Britain were coated with a bituminous emulsion. It proved to be extremely tough and protective, adding to the life of the cladding. The first coated metal roofing tiles to be made in New Zealand were produced by Martile Roofing Ltd in Howick in 1956 and were pressed from an aluminium manganese alloy. They were then coated with High Bake Enamel. By 1957, L.J. Fisher had bought the rights to use the Martile profile from A.L.W. Martinsen and Son Ltd and was producing his own tile. Part of the condition of the rights purchase was that Fisher’s four-pan tile with its bitumastic emulsion coating was to be made from galvanised steel, thereby ensuring a different product. He formed LJ Fisher & Co. Ltd. (LJF) in 1957. In 1969, LJF merged with Alex Harvey & Sons and the New Zealand activities of Australian Consolidated Industries, forming Alex Harvey Industries (AHI), with AHI Roofing Pty Ltd being its subsidiary. Returning to Auckland from the UK in 1957, Fisher started producing coated and chipped panels from galvanised steel for roofing and cladding. Originally the natural stone chips were added to prevent panels sticking together during transportation. However their attractive appearance quickly became a product feature customers demanded. Fisher also experimented with crushed shells and bricks before natural stone chips became the top choice for their aesthetics and durability. International market expansion AHI expanded sales rapidly in the 1970s and 1980s. It was not until 1990 that a competitor made it to market called Metrotile (NZ) Ltd with a similar steel tile. AHI’s coated steel tiles were the first major innovation in residential roofing for more than thirty years. The new roofing material quickly became the choice of architects and major construction companies throughout New Zealand. AHI entered the European market in the 1970s. AHI’s earliest acrylic coated tiles have been used in the harsh winters of Canada from the 1970s and in Scandinavia from the 1980s. The growing success of metal tile technology as an export product resulted in the commissioning of new manufacturing plants under licence, in Denmark, Malaysia and the United States by the late 1980s. It was during this period that the company moved to acrylic coating technology (for improved chip adhesion) and launched the Colortile product on the New Zealand market. The Gerard worldwide operation (excluding the United States) was purchased by Carter Holt Harvey in 1989 and the CoronaShake product was launched in 1992 and\",\n \"title\": \"RoofTG\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2509143\",\n \"text\": \"The Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, commonly known as Closer Economic Relations (CER), is a free trade agreement between Australia and New Zealand. It came into force on 1 January 1983, but the actual treaty was not signed until 28 March 1983 by the Deputy Prime Minister of Australia and Minister for Trade, Lionel Bowen and the New Zealand High Commissioner to Australia, Laurie Francis in Canberra, Australia. This was because Malcolm Fraser and Robert Muldoon hated each other personally to such an extent that they refused to ratify the agreement if the other was there. Overview CER built on the earlier New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was signed on 31 August 1965 and came into force on 1 January 1966. NAFTA had removed four-fifths of the tariffs between the two countries and quantitative restrictions on trade across the Tasman Sea. However, it came to be seen as too complex and bureaucratic, and in March 1980, a joint Prime Ministerial communiqué was released that called for \\\"closer economic relations\\\". The two major sticking points in the negotiations were New Zealand's wish for better access for its dairy products in Australia and Australia's wish for New Zealand to remove export incentives and quantitative restrictions. After the two hurdles were overcome, the Heads of Agreement was signed on 14 December 1982 and came into force on 1 January of the following year. One of the most important results of CER was the Protocol on the Acceleration of Free Trade in Goods, which resulted in the total elimination of tariffs or quantitative restrictions between the two countries by 1 July 1990, five years ahead of schedule. Other parts of CER include: A good that can be legally sold in one country can also be legally sold in the other. Anyone registered to practise an occupation in one country may practise in the other (with some exemptions including medical practitioners) Service providers may provide services in either country (except in certain areas such as airway services) The CER is complementary to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement. Future prospects Continuing down the path of economic integration, the next step for the Australian and New Zealand governments is to create a customs union through a common external tariff and a common competition policy. New Zealand and Australia already have a common competition policy but are unlikely to have a common external tariff. Addressing the New Zealand Parliament in February 2011, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard said: There has been a call from within both the Australian and the New Zealand business communities to extend the CER to other Pacific Island nations, harmonising the CER and the Pacific Regional Trade Agreement (PARTA) so as to move toward a single market and allowing the free movement of people and goods. There have also been calls from organisations such as CANZUK International to extend the CER and the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement to the United Kingdom and Canada, allowing free trade and free movement of people\",\n \"title\": \"Closer Economic Relations\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"3980663","text":"Cloudy Bay Vineyards is a winery based in the Marlborough wine region of New Zealand, with vineyards in both Marlborough and Central Otago. Established in 1985 as one of the earliest wineries founded in Marlborough, Cloudy Bay attracted international acclaim for its first Sauvignon Blanc wines in the 1980s and was instrumental in establishing New Zealand's international reputation for white wine. It was acquired by Champagne house Veuve Clicquot in 2003 and is now a LVMH brand. History Cloudy Bay winery was established in 1985 by David Hohnen, the founder of Margaret River winery Cape Mentelle Vineyards. The winery was named after Cloudy Bay, the stretch of coast named by James Cook during his voyage to New Zealand in 1770. The winery brought New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc to world-wide attention in the 1980s when its first vintages were reviewed by British wine writer Oz Clarke, who wrote that New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc is “arguably the best in the world”. Wine writer George Taber recounts that Cloudy Bay is “what many people consider to be the world's best Sauvignon Blanc.” In 2003, Hohnen sold his remaining shares of Cloudy Bay Vineyards to Veuve Clicquot, bringing the winery under the full ownership of multinational luxury goods firm LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton. In 2014 it acquired its own Central Otago vineyards, its first expansion outside of Marlborough, by purchasing the Northburn Station vineyards and cellar door. Location The Cloudy Bay winery buildings are located in Marlborough’s Wairau Valley, approximately 8 kilometres north-west of Blenheim. Cellar doors are located at the winery in Marlborough and at Northburn Station in Central Otago. Wines produced The winery is primarily noted for its Sauvignon Blanc wines, the first New Zealand wines to be exported in the 1980s, and still represent the majority of its production. The “Te Koko” Sauvignon Blanc is a wild-ferment, barrel-aged version that contrasts with the fruit-driven unoaked style of the original. The winery also produces Chardonnay, the “Pelorus” sparkling and its “Te Wahi” Pinot Noir from Central Otago. See also Cloudy Bay References Marlborough Region Wineries of New Zealand LVMH brands","title":"Cloudy Bay Vineyards"},{"docid":"23263901","text":"The Quota Management System (QMS) is a type of individual fishing quota that is used in New Zealand to manage fish stocks. New Zealand fishing industry Seafood is one of New Zealand's largest export markets, with 85% of catches being exported. Over 90% of the total revenue raised by the country's fishing industry comes from exported stocks, raising NZ$3 billion annually /> The most valuable species is the hoki, Macruronus novaezelandiae. For the purposes of QMS, New Zealand's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is divided into ten quota management regions. A separate quota is defined for each species in each region, depending on the species' distributions, ranging from a single fishing quota market for the hoki to eleven for the abalone Haliotis iris. History New Zealand is \"the world leader in implementing IFQs\". QMS was introduced by the Fisheries Amendment Act 1986, initially covering 26 marine species. The following year, it covered 30 species, and by 2005, it covered 93 species, out of the 140 commercial species in New Zealand's exclusive economic zone (EEZ). These comprised 550 separate fishing quota markets. QMS will eventually be extended to cover all living marine resources that are commercially exploited, including invertebrates, but excluding marine mammals. Total allowable commercial catch See also Fishing industry in New Zealand Environment of New Zealand References External links Ministry of Fisheries – The Quota Management System Fishing in New Zealand Environmental policy in New Zealand 1986 in New Zealand 1986 in the environment Fish conservation","title":"Quota Management System"},{"docid":"2298005","text":"The New Zealand Customs Service (Customs, Māori: Te Mana Ārai o Aotearoa) is a state sector organisation in New Zealand whose role is to provide border control and protect the community from potential risks arising from international trade and travel, as well as collecting duties and taxes on imports to the country. History Customs is the oldest government department in New Zealand. Formed on 5 January 1840, it pre-dates the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi by one month. Its early establishment was necessary to collect revenue for the fledgling government, and over the years duties, tariffs and taxes collected by Customs have remained a major source of revenue for the country, although customs has also been used to impose various control over the movement of people and the distribution of particular products, in particular alcohol and tobacco. In 1996, the New Zealand Customs Department was renamed the New Zealand Customs Service. In recent years Customs has modernised itself in order to keep pace with new technologies and the ever-increasing volumes of international passengers and trade, while balancing its law enforcement and compliance obligations. Staffing levels sit between 1300 and 1500 nationally, with its head office located in Wellington. Staff are based at various ports and locations around New Zealand and are a mixture of frontline uniformed staff such as those seen at the airports and sea ports, as well as plainclothes staff in varying other roles. Responsibilities Customs is a law enforcement agency in its own right, and is responsible for intercepting contraband, and checks international travellers and their baggage, as well as cargo and mail, for banned or prohibited items. Contrary to popular belief, it is not responsible for biosecurity items such as food and other agricultural items declared at ports of entry - this is the responsibility for the Ministry for Primary Industries. Customs is also responsible for assessing and collecting Customs duties, excise taxes and Goods and Services Tax on imports and protecting New Zealand businesses against illegal trade. It is second only to the Inland Revenue Department for the amount of revenue it collects for the New Zealand Government. It exercises controls over restricted and prohibited imports and exports, including objectionable material (such as child sex abuse images), drugs, firearms and hazardous waste and also collects import and export data. Customs is responsible for documentation of all imports and exports (in 2006/7 this was 47 million imports and 33 million exports). Since 1999 all documentation to Customs has been electronic. Customs works closely with New Zealand's other border agencies, the Ministry for Primary Industries, the Aviation Security Service (AvSec) and Immigration New Zealand. It also works very closely with the New Zealand Police and the Organised and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand in joint operations involving the importation of drugs, and with the Department of Conservation on the management of items that are subject to CITES. Customs established the Trade Single Window in 2013 to provide a single place to lodge import and export","title":"New Zealand Customs Service"},{"docid":"22768351","text":"Diplomatic relations between Argentina and New Zealand, have existed for decades. Both nations are mutual members of the Cairns Group and the United Nations. History Argentina and New Zealand are two industrialized southern hemisphere nations. Diplomatic relations between both nations were established in 1964. Relations, however, between the two nations were very limited, in part because of the distance between them. It wasn't until 1977 that Argentina opened an embassy in Wellington. In 1976, Argentina came under a military dictatorship which became increasingly hostile and asserted its claims over the Falklands Islands (which are British Overseas Territories in the South Atlantic Ocean). In April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falklands Islands, triggering what was to be known as the Falklands War. Immediately after the invasion of the Islands by Argentine troops, New Zealand severed diplomatic relations with the Argentine government and imposed economic sanctions. The war ended with a British victory in June 1982. In 1984, Argentina and New Zealand re-established diplomatic relations. In 1987, Argentina opened a consulate in Auckland and re-opened its embassy in Wellington in 1997. In April 1998, Argentina's President, Carlos Menem, paid a visit to New Zealand and met with New Zealand Prime Minister Jenny Shipley. That same year, New Zealand re-opened its embassy in Buenos Aires. Since the re-establishment of relations, both counties have worked together to improve global agricultural trade, preserve Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, and lobby the international community for awareness of climate change, whale conservation, international human rights, peace-keeping and non-proliferation of weapons. In November 2001, New Zealand's Prime Minister, Helen Clark, paid a visit to Argentina. Both countries have established a working holiday visa scheme. In December 2015, Air New Zealand began direct flights between Auckland and Buenos Aires. In 2017, Argentina's Secretary of Agriculture, Ricardo Negri, visited New Zealand. High-level visits High-level visits from Argentina to New Zealand President Carlos Menem (1998) Secretary of Agriculture Ricardo Negri (2017) High-level visits from New Zealand to Argentina Prime Minister Helen Clark (2001) Foreign Minister Murray McCully (2010) Trade In 2016, total trade between Argentina and New Zealand totaled US$199 million. Argentina's main exports to New Zealand include: soya bean oil cake, sugar, prepared and preserved fruits and nuts, and vehicles. New Zealand's main exports to Argentina include: paper products, aircraft, machinery, albuminoids, starches and glues, and electrical machinery. Resident diplomatic missions Argentina has an embassy in Wellington. New Zealand has an embassy in Buenos Aires. See also List of ambassadors of New Zealand to Argentina References New Zealand Bilateral relations of New Zealand","title":"Argentina–New Zealand relations"},{"docid":"1196259","text":"J.H. Whittaker & Sons, Ltd (Whittaker's) is a New Zealand confectionery manufacturer specialising in palm oil-free chocolate, based in Porirua. Whittaker's is the largest chocolate brand in New Zealand. Approximately 30% of their production is now exported. The company controls its entire manufacturing process in its facility in Porirua, identifying itself as a \"bean-to-bar\" manufacturer. James Henry Whittaker (1868–1947) started the business in Christchurch in 1896 and it was later moved to Wellington. History James Henry Whittaker (1868–1947) worked in the British confectionery industry from the age of 14 and moved to New Zealand with his wife Leah Alice in 1890. He was a salesman for Cadbury's chocolate before and after his move to New Zealand. In 1896 he started manufacturing chocolate confectionery, selling it directly to customers using a horse and van. In 1913, he established a partnership with his two sons, Ronald and James, based in Wellington. The business became a limited liability company in 1937, with third-generation Whittakers still the sole shareholders in the company. In 1969 the company moved from Wellington to Porirua, because they needed more space and their premises at 167 Vivian Street were under threat from motorway development. The Peanut Slab was invented in the 1950s and Whittaker's began exporting it in 1985. In the 1970s and 80s they also produced Santé Bars, Toffee Milk Bars and K-Bars. The company began producing large blocks of chocolate in the 1990s. In 1992 the company formed J. H. Whittaker New Zealand Ltd. The company has provided commercial sponsorship for motor sports in New Zealand and for the All Blacks. The company's marketing phrases include \"A passion for chocolate since 1896\" and \"Good honest chocolate\" and also \"from bean to bar\". In 2011 it was listed as New Zealand's third most trusted brand by a Bradley Colman survey. From 2012 to 2022 Whittaker's was voted New Zealand's most trusted brand, benefitting from Cadbury's 2009 bad publicity surrounding palm oil and changes in product size, and further fallout from Cadbury's closure of its Dunedin factory in 2017. In May 2014, celebrity chef Nigella Lawson filmed an advert for Whittaker's in the 1930s Wellington railway station. Later, in 2022, Karl Urban appeared in an advert as a fictionalised time-travelling James Whittaker, appearing in Wellington's Civic Square. In June 2014, Whittaker's expanded its market to Malaysia. In 2014 Whittaker's set up a programme to support and improve cocoa bean production in Samoa, and in 2017 expanded the programme to include New Zealand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. In 2019 Whittaker's admitted that while some bars have ethically-sourced cocoa beans, the sugar is primarily sourced from Thailand. Thailand is known to have child labour in the sugar cane industry. In 2020 Whittaker's announced that its 116 products made with Ghanaian cocoa beans would now be 'Rainforest Alliance Certified'. The company also uses small amounts of beans from Samoa and Nicaragua. Apart from being named as New Zealand's most trusted brand, the company has won other awards including 'Exporter of","title":"Whittaker's"},{"docid":"1628994","text":"Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax or consumption tax for goods and services consumed in New Zealand. GST in New Zealand is designed to be a broad-based system with few exemptions, such as for rents collected on residential rental properties, donations, precious metals and financial services. Because it is broad-based, it collects 31.4% of total taxation, GDP. The rate for GST, effective since 1 October 2010 as implemented by the National Party, is 15%. This 15% tax is applied to the final price of the product or service being purchased and goods and services are advertised as GST inclusive. Reduced rate GST (9%) applies to hotel accommodation on a long-term basis (longer than 4 weeks). Zero rate GST (0%) applies to exports and related services; financial services; land transactions; international transportation. Financial services, real estate, precious metals are also exempt (0%). History GST was introduced on 1 October 1986 by the Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas at a rate of 10% on goods and services. It replaced existing sales taxes for goods and services. In 1989 GST was increased, again an action initiated by the Labour Party with Deputy Prime Minister, Helen Clark and Prime Minister, Geoffrey Palmer taking GST to 12.5%. 21 years on in 2010, GST was raised again by the National Party's Prime Minister, John Key, taking GST to 15%. GST was introduced in conjunction with compensating changes to personal income tax rates and removal of many excise taxes on imported goods. How it works GST-registered organisations and individuals pay GST only on the difference between GST-liable sales and GST-liable supplies (i.e., they pay GST on the difference between what they sell and what they buy: income less expenditure). This is accomplished by reconciling GST received (through sales) and GST paid (through purchases) at regular periods (typically every two months, with some qualifying companies opting for one-month or six-month periods), then either paying the difference to the Inland Revenue (IRD) if the GST collected on sales is higher or receiving a refund from IRD if the GST paid on purchases is higher. Businesses exporting goods and services from New Zealand are entitled to \"zero-rate\" their products: effectively, they charge GST at 0%. This permits the business to claim back the input GST, but the eventual, non-New Zealand based consumer does not pay the tax (businesses that produce GST-exempt supplies are not able to claim back input GST). Because businesses claim back their input GST, the GST inclusive price is usually irrelevant for business purchasing decisions, other than in relation to cash flow issues. Consequently, wholesalers often state prices exclusive of GST, but must collect the full, GST-inclusive price when they make the sale and account to the IRD for the GST so collected. GST threshold Persons or entities with annual revenue less than $60,000 do not have to register for GST. This threshold has increased three times since the introduction of GST in 1986. Digital services supplied by offshore companies On 1 October 2016,","title":"Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand)"},{"docid":"54007865","text":"New Zealand Refrigerating Company Limited founded 1881 by a committee led by John Roberts killed New Zealand livestock at its Burnside Works built in 1883 in Green Island Dunedin, froze the carcasses and shipped them for wholesaling in Smithfield, London. In 1905 Christchurch Meat Company of Islington bought New Zealand Refrigerating Company Limited and on 25 August 1916 Christchurch Meat Company took its subsidiary's name as its own. The main New Zealand Refrigerating Company works at Islington near Christchurch was operated over the last quarter of the 20th century by the same company finally trading as Silver Fern Farms. The works closed in 2008. The site in Islington was acquired early in the 21st century cleared and rebuilt as a business and industrial park, Waterloo Business Park, named after Waterloo Road on its eastern boundary. New Zealand Refrigerating Company A committee was formed in Dunedin early in 1881 but it was not until New Zealand Shipping Company's steamer S S Mataura arrived over twelve months later that New Zealand Refrigerating Company directors: John Roberts, Edwin Spence and Alexander Begg took responsibility for overseeing the loading of freshly killed stock owned by runholders for freezing on board ship. As well as the 3,844 sheep, 6 bullocks and 77 sucking pigs the Mataura carried: hares, rabbits, fowls, ducks, barracudas, hapuka, pūkeko, frost fish, cheeses, hams and a cask of penguin skins. The New Zealand Refrigerating Company made a tiny profit but the shipping company's costs of the voyage exceeded their freight charge. The shippers on their own account were pleased with results but the overfat sheep were unsaleable. Canterbury Meat Export Company The Canterbury Meat Export Company from its canning works in remote Templeton (now Islington), Christchurch, pigs were brought in to dispose of the waste, made New Zealand's first meat exports in 1870. Defective tins, over-supply and a period when station-owners were unwilling to take the risk of having their own livestock canned led to the company's liquidation and the acquisition of the plant by the Bank of New Zealand. The plant was recommissioned in 1879 Canterbury Frozen Meat and Dairy Produce Company In Christchurch John Cooke (1852–1917) formed The Canterbury Frozen Meat and Dairy Produce Company in March 1882. Cooke had acquired the Templeton works of Canterbury Meat Export and plant in Belfast. CFM did not take Templeton but bought some of the land at Belfast and a new freezing works at Belfast was in operation in February 1883. Canterbury Frozen Meat Company (later renamed New Zealand Refrigerating Company) The old Templeton canning works long back in use became the site of a new Freezing work in 1889 erected by the newly formed Canterbury Frozen Meat Company, secretly promoted by John Cooke. The new company with its directors and shareholders almost entirely from Belfast Northern Ireland bought the farmers' livestock taking the risk of getting a good price in London. This arrangement had great appeal for small farmers. The trade became established but unregulated shipments created shortages and gluts on","title":"New Zealand Refrigerating Company"},{"docid":"57047959","text":"New Zealand–South Korea relations refers to the bilateral relations between New Zealand and South Korea. New Zealand established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Korea, also known as South Korea in 1962. South Korea has an embassy in Wellington, whereas New Zealand has an embassy in Seoul. There are many high level visits between the two countries, as well as extensive cooperation in film, science and technology and education. During the Korean war Between 1950 and 1957, New Zealand was involved in the Korean war. About 4700 New Zealanders served under UN command, and 1300 served during the war and after the Armistice. 45 New Zealanders lost their lives. Current relation Former South Korean president, Lee Myung Bak visited New Zealand in 2009. In 2018, minister of finance Grant Robertson visited South Korea and has met with South Korean deputy finance minister Koh Hyeong Kwon. During the meeting, the South Korean finance ministry announced that Korean firms will participate in New Zealand's infrastructure project. In 2014, speaker of the national assembly Kang-Chang Hee led a delegation of assembly members to meet with prime minister John Key, speaker David Carter and members of the New Zealand-Korea friendship group. A free trade agreement between the two countries was signed by prime minister John Key and trade minister Tim Groser in 2015. Trade South Korea is New Zealand's seventh-largest trading partner, with bilateral trade between the two countries in 2017-18 valued at NZ$4.75 billion (approximately ₩3.73 trillion). New Zealand's main exports to South Korea are wood, dairy products, meat, and aluminium. South Korea's main exports to New Zealand are petroleum, vehicles, machinery, iron and steel, and plastic. Immigration There are some 26,601 Koreans living in New Zealand. Most Koreans in New Zealand are Christians with a small minority of Buddhists. Korean community schools in major cities offer Korean language classes. See alslo Foreign relations of New Zealand Foreign relations of South Korea Indo-Pacific Strategy of South Korea References South Korea Bilateral relations of South Korea","title":"New Zealand–South Korea relations"},{"docid":"23738563","text":"The oil and gas industry in New Zealand explores and develops oil and gas fields, and produces and distributes petroleum products and natural gas. In 2018, New Zealand's self-sufficiency in oil (mmbls production divided by consumption) was 17%, i.e. the country imports its petroleum product needs. All local oil production is exported as the New Zealand refinery is not suited to processing it. In 2018, 60 petajoules of crude were produced in New Zealand, 380 PJ of petroleum products imported (most of it crude), and 283 PJ consumed. The difference is exported or used for international travel (aviation fuel and similar). Oil and gas are produced from 21 petroleum licenses / permits, all in the Taranaki basin. The most important fields are Kapuni, Maui, Pohokura and Kupe. Exploration for oil and gas reserves includes the Great South Basin and offshore areas near Canterbury and Gisborne. New Zealand had one oil refinery, the Marsden Point Oil Refinery, but its refining capability was closed in 2021 and is now an import only facility. The major industry body is the Petroleum Exploration and Production Association of New Zealand. There are 2,600 kilometres of high-pressure natural gas transmission pipelines in the North Island. Most of these are owned and operated by First Gas, including the Maui pipeline, a 307 km pipeline that carries 78% of all natural gas produced in New Zealand. The low-pressure gas pipelines that distribute gas to end users are owned by First Gas (Northland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, Kapiti Coast), Vector (Auckland), Powerco (Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, Manawatu, Wellington) and GasNet (Wanganui). The largest retailers of gas are Contact Energy and Vector. There is no natural gas transmission in the South Island. New Zealand has one underground gas storage facility, the Ahuroa Gas Storage Facility. History In 1865, the Alpha well was drilled near Mikotahi at New Plymouth. This was the first oil well in what is now the Commonwealth and one of the first in the world. A petroleum industry developed at Moturoa, including producing wells and refineries. The last refinery there was closed in 1972. The field continues to produce small quantities of oil. The Kapuni gas field in South Taranaki was discovered in 1959 and brought into production in 1970. The North Island natural gas network started operating in 1970, initially supplying Kapuni gas to Auckland, Hamilton, New Plymouth, Wanganui, Palmerston North and Wellington. The off-shore Maui field was discovered in 1969 and brought into production in 1978. This supported the development of many large energy projects, including gas fired power stations at New Plymouth and Huntly, ammonia-urea plant at Kapuni, gas to methanol plant at Waitara and the synthetic petrol plant at Motunui. In 2018, the government announced that no new permits would be issued for offshore oil exploration. In 2021, the last of the deep sea oil and gas exploration permits outside Taranaki was surrendered. This was the Totara permit held by NZOG for an area in the Great South Basin of the south coast","title":"Oil and gas industry in New Zealand"},{"docid":"579518","text":"Think Big was an interventionist state economic strategy of the Third National Government of New Zealand, promoted by the Prime Minister Robert Muldoon (1975–1984) and his National government in the early 1980s. The Think Big schemes saw the government borrow heavily overseas, running up a large external deficit, and using the funds for large-scale industrial projects. Petrochemical and energy related projects figured prominently, designed to utilise New Zealand's abundant natural gas to produce ammonia, urea fertiliser, methanol and petrol. The National Cabinet Minister Allan Highet coined the \"Think Big\" label in a speech to a National Party conference in 1977. Economist Brian Easton also used the term \"think big\" in describing economic strategies. History In the late 1970s New Zealand's economy was suffering from the aftermath of the 1973 energy crisis, from the loss of its biggest export market upon Britain's joining the European Economic Community, and from rampant inflation. In 1978 New Zealand faced a further crisis in oil-supply. OPEC continued to raise the price of oil. Then in 1979 the Iranian Revolution paralysed that country's oil-industry and of oil per day were withdrawn from world supply. In 1978 Bill Birch became the Minister of Energy. He looked to the substantial reserves of natural gas under Taranaki and off its coast as an opportunity to bring life to the ailing economy. In 1979 the oil crisis worsened. During the first half of 1979 OPEC raised oil prices from US$12 a barrel to US$19 a barrel. The New Zealand government banned weekend sales of petrol. On 30 July 1979 the government introduced carless days, where private motorists had to choose one day of the week, on which they could not drive their motor vehicle. Heavy fines were imposed for motorists who were caught driving on their nominated carless day. The increases in oil prices substantially worsened the country's already precarious terms of trade. The cost of oil loomed as the major component of the New Zealand balance of payments deficit. Muldoon's administration intended the Think Big projects to reduce New Zealand's reliance on imports, especially oil, and thus improve the balance of payments. Projects The core Think Big projects included the construction of the Mobil synthetic-petrol plant at Motunui, the complementary expansion of the Marsden Point Oil Refinery near Whangārei, and the building of a stand-alone plant at Waitara to produce methanol for export. Motunui converted natural gas from the off-shore Maui field to methanol, which it then converted to petrol on-site. Declining oil prices rendered this process uneconomic and saw a reduction in the production of synthetic fuel; however, the industry still remained at large due to prior investment. New Zealand would abandon the manufacturing of synthetic petrol in February 1997, allowing the plant to switch the focus to methanol.. The construction of the Clyde Dam on the Clutha River formed part of a scheme to generate electricity for the national grid. A proposed smelter at Aramoana on Otago Harbour was never built—largely owing to resistance on the grounds","title":"Think Big"},{"docid":"23176533","text":"Deforestation in New Zealand has been a contentious environmental issue in the past, but native forests (colloquially called \"the bush\") now have legal protection, and are not allowed to be tampered with by humans. Pre-human forest cover Since New Zealand was the last major landmass to be settled by humans, anthropological changes are easier to study than in countries with a longer human history. A picture of the vegetation cover has been built up through the use of archeological and fossil remains, especially pollen grains from old forests. Intact forests are found on Stewart Island and Ulva Island, but during the Pleistocene these areas would have been covered in grass and shrubland. During the last glacial maximum podocarp, broadleaf and beech forest grew in the far north of New Zealand. Māori settlement Prior to Māori arrival, New Zealand was almost entirely forested, besides high alpine regions and those areas affected by volcanic activity. Māori began settling the country about 1000 years ago and by 1840, when Europeans were a small part of the total population, the forest cover is said to have been significantly reduced from 85% down to 53%. European settlement When the first Europeans arrived, in 1769, there was still thick, dense forest cover. Early explorers such as Cook and Banks described the land as \"immense woods, lofty trees and the finest timber\". Timber was mainly used for repairs to sailing ships until the 19th century. With the colony of New South Wales rapidly expanding in population, the need for timber from New Zealand began to rise. Timber exports, mainly kauri, became a major industry for New Zealand. There are records from the 1840s stating that 50 to 100 ships could be tied to shore in Kaipara Harbour and be filled with lumber from giant floating booms that could hold 10,000 logs at a time. Besides as a form of lumber, many pioneers found the kauri trees valuable for the gum they produced to make varnish and linoleum, primarily in the north island near Auckland. The colonists used unconventional methods to gather this gum from living trees. Stripping these trees and the ground around them resulted in the destruction of the land, rendering it unusable for agriculture (Wynn pg. 108). Without the trees to hold the soil and debris to the land, water flowed freely, causing frequent and regular flooding. As most of New Zealand was covered with thick bush, the slash-and-burn technique was often used to prepare land wanted for farming in forested areas. This practice was not carried out very responsibly due to the complexity of controlling a fire, and unintentionally resulted in large areas of land catching fire. Thousands of acres were accidentally burned and destroyed. After the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840, settlers begin a rapid expansion. Deforestation continued for many uses, including clearing land for farming and gardens and wood for construction. An estimated of land was also lost due to human-caused forest fires within only a few days. Settlers were","title":"Deforestation in New Zealand"},{"docid":"72945522","text":"Adrian Hailwood (born 1971-72) is a New Zealand fashion designer. Known for his unique prints and evening wear, Hailwood's designs have gained international acclaim. He has dressed celebrities like Lorde, Tilda Swinton, and Maggie Gyllenhaal, and his creations have been featured on red carpets around the world. Hailwood's designs are part of collections at Te Papa and the New Zealand Fashion Museum. In addition to his clothing lines, he has expanded into accessories, including handbags and jewelry. Early life and education Hailwood's interest in fashion began with a love of sneakers as a child, drawing prolific designs from the age of five. Hailwood gained a Bachelor of Design from Victoria University of Wellington before becoming an art director for television advertising. He describes his entry into fashion design as a \"mistake\", after he designed some t-shirts for a car commercial. Fashion design career Hailwood worked with Auckland manufacturer Casual Apparel, learning how to cut, grade, construct and screenprint tshirts. He expanded the range to include denim skirts and screenprinted wool and cashmere pieces produced by Glengyle Knitwear. He opened his first shop in Ponsonby in 2001. The following year he was part of group shows in the Ponsonby Fringe Festival and L’Oreal New Zealand Fashion Week. Hailwood's first solo show was held at the 2003 New Zealand Fashion Week, and he has appeared at every New Zealand Fashion Week since. He was later mentored by Karen Walker after winning the inaugural Air New Zealand Fashion Export Growth Award in 2004. In 2007 Hailwood won the Development category at the NZ Fashion Export Awards where judges described him as a \"rising star in New Zealand with partnerships within the design industry\" and someone who was \"building the capability to become a great exporter\". Hailwood cites his inspirations as pop culture, film, and his trips to Asia. His 2015 \"sports luxe\" collection featuring intarsia roses and embroidered unicorns was inspired by George V's coat of arms, while his 2016 show used fabrics he designed to celebrate his mother's life. Hailwood designed the costumes for the 2017 Auckland Theatre Company production of Amadeus, and for the Royal New Zealand Ballet. His designs are held in the Te Papa collection, and the New Zealand Fashion Museum. Hailwood designs have been worn by Lorde, on the cover of Billboard magazine, Tilda Swinton, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Paloma Faith, Wendy Petrie and Jacinda Ardern. Controversy in the New Zealand and global fashion industry. In February 2023 Hailwood was accused of breaching intellectual property, when a Stuff investigation by Dana Johanssen found some of his designs appeared to be more expensive duplicates of those available from \"fast fashion\" sites such as Urban Revivo, Shein, ASOS and Alibaba. Hailwood had claimed he designed the print for the \"tree\" dress worn by Jacinda Ardern in the January 2023 Australian Women's Weekly as an homage to Japanese designer Issey Miyake. Stuff alleged that the design is the same as the signature \"Mirabelle\" dress available in various colours since 2018 from London fashion","title":"Adrian Hailwood"},{"docid":"34090330","text":"William Nelson (15 February 1843 – 16 November 1932) was a New Zealand industrialist and farmer described in his obituaries as \"the father of Hawkes Bay\". He personally managed his Nelson Brothers freezing works at Tomoana for nearly 40 years. Emigration He arrived in Auckland in February 1863 with his elder brother Frederick Nelson. They settled in Hawkes Bay but their farming ventures were unsuccessful and William returned to his father's business in Warwick, England in the early 1870s leaving Fred in New Zealand. Gathering management experience in Warwick he meanwhile learnt all he could about meat preservation to export the meat otherwise wasted in New Zealand for want of consumers. Meat exports Fred and William, now back in New Zealand, established in 1880 a boiling down and canned-meat plant at Tomoana just north of Hastings in Hawke's Bay. The buildings were carefully planned for use as a refrigeration plant and laid out accordingly but the brothers waited for others to prove the best maritime refrigeration process. The first frozen meat shipment went to London from Otago in 1882. In London Frederick and brother Montague, manager of their father's Warwick gelatine factory, floated a company, Nelson Brothers Limited in May 1883 to raise capital for refrigeration machinery at Tomoana. In March 1884 Nelson Brothers arranged the first shipment, 9,000 sheep and six bullocks, on the sailing ship Turakina. By the middle of the 1890s Nelson Brothers Limited had the largest share of New Zealand's frozen meat export trade. In 1914 232,560 sheep, 217,908 lambs and 5,250 bullocks were slaughtered and frozen for export. Nelson Brothers Limited opened new freezing works at Waipukurau, Gisborne, Woodville and Spring Creek. Pastoral Prospering he and his brother bought pastoral land to supply stock for the works. He established one of the country's best Southdown flocks, trained young men in farm work and farm management, milled timber from his own property and supplied firewood to his freezing works' furnaces. He controlled 5,000 acres on the Heretaunga plain's flats and 30, 000 acres of hill country. He had the confidence of his workmen and his freezing works at Tomoana at this period were exceptional in having little trouble from employees' unions. His first wife died young after giving him five sons and four daughter and he remarried a daughter of Bishop William Williams who bore him another son and another daughter. Following her death he married a third time aged 79. A strong proponent of education he with others established what became Hereworth boys' preparatory school and Woodford House secondary school for girls both eventually in Havelock North. There is a Nelson Park in each of Hastings and Napier. A life-size bronze statue of William Nelson and his terrier was unveiled in Hastings in 2013 following the redevelopment of the old William Nelson park for retail use. A large part of the funds realised were used to improve local sports facilities and create William Nelson Skatepark. Family In 1897, his daughter Eva married the Hawke's Bay","title":"William Nelson (industrialist)"},{"docid":"46761519","text":"New Zealand–South Africa relations refers to the diplomatic relations between New Zealand and South Africa. Both countries are members of the Cairns Group, Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. History Both nations are historically linked through the British Empire. Although there was very little contact between both territories at the time; between 1899 and 1902, New Zealand contributed over 6,000 soldiers to fight alongside the British during the Second Boer War to fight against primarily Afrikaans-speaking settlers of the Transvaal Republic and Orange Free State. Approximately 230 New Zealanders lost their lives in the war which resulted in a British win over the whole of South Africa. During World War I and World War II; soldiers from both New Zealand and South Africa fought alongside each other in Europe and North Africa. South Africa obtained its independence from Great Britain in 1934 while New Zealand obtained its independence in 1947. After World War II, South Africa adopted the policy of apartheid against the majority black South African population. New Zealand maintained diplomatic relations with the country until controversy erupted during the 1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand which led to mass protest against the South African government's policy on apartheid. In 1984, New Zealand severed diplomatic relations with South Africa. This followed the election of the Labour government of David Lange, which pledged to close the South African consulate in Wellington. After the release of Nelson Mandela from prison and progress on the negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa came to fruition; New Zealand re-established diplomatic relations with South Africa on 19 January 1994. In May 1994, New Zealand Prime Minister Jim Bolger attended the inauguration of Nelson Mandela. In 1995, South Africa hosted the Rugby World Cup and the last game was between New Zealand and South Africa; which deepened the relationship between both fans and politicians of both nations. In November that same year, President Nelson Mandela paid an official visit to New Zealand. In 1996 New Zealand opened a High Commission in Pretoria and South Africa followed suit by opening a High Commission in Wellington in 2009. Migration In 2013, there was an estimated community of 54,200 South Africans residing in New Zealand. Most of the community arrived to New Zealand after the end of apartheid in South Africa and most came for economic, safety and lifestyle reasons. Trade In 2017, two-way trade between both nations amounted US$277 million. New Zealand's main export products to South Africa include: dairy products, electronics, machinery and pharmaceuticals. South Africa's main export products to New Zealand include: vehicles, fishing ships, fruits, minerals and machinery. Resident diplomatic missions New Zealand has a high commission in Pretoria. South Africa has a high commission in Wellington. See also South African New Zealanders References South Africa Bilateral relations of South Africa New Zealand and the Commonwealth of Nations South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations","title":"New Zealand–South Africa relations"},{"docid":"38563418","text":"New Zealand–Philippines relations refer to bilateral relations between New Zealand and the Philippines. The Philippines has an embassy in Wellington and 2 other consulates, one in Auckland and in Christchurch and New Zealand has an embassy in Manila. Both countries are members of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Military relations New Zealand and the Philippines fought together during the Korean War (1950–1953) under a UN-led police action to counter a North Korean invasion of South Korea. During the course of the Cold War, New Zealand and the Philippines were both part of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization from 1954 to 1977. The Royal New Zealand Air Force has also conducted exercises in the Philippines. Economic relations New Zealand's total exports to the Philippines in 2010 amounted to about US$475 million representing a 30% increase from 2009 making the Philippines one of their major export market. Philippine Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert del Rosario made a two-day official visit to New Zealand upon the invitation of Foreign Minister Murray McCully. The Secretary noted the increasing business activities between the Philippines and New Zealand as more companies in both countries explore and engage in business and investment opportunities in the dairy, information technology, geothermal and other sectors. State visit In October 2012, President Benigno Aquino III made a state visit to New Zealand. He witnessed the signing of three bilateral agreements meant to further strengthen diplomatic relations between Manila and Wellington. The signing followed a bilateral meeting between President Aquino and Prime Minister John Key, both held at the Parliament Building. The accords deal with a reciprocal working holiday scheme, defense cooperation and geothermal energy. Police assistance In 2009, the New Zealand Police was helping the Philippine National Police combat methamphetamine. The New Zealand Police also helps in providing training to the Philippine National Police. Migration In 2013, there were over 40,000 Filipinos residing in New Zealand. The 1936 New Zealand census found six New Zealand residents born in the Philippines, and the country's intake of Filipino students began to increase in 1960, under the Colombo Plan; however, even as late as 1981, there were only 405 Filipinos in New Zealand. It would take until the 1990s before highly populated regions such as Wellington and Auckland (especially the suburbs of Henderson and Mount Roskill) began to see exponential growth in their respective Filipino communities. The communities themselves are known for their many Philippine-related celebrations, particularly the celebration of Philippine Independence Day every year on the Sunday nearest to 12 June. In April 2008, New Zealand's embassy indicated that they would like to increase the intake of nurses and engineers from the Philippines. See also Filipino New Zealander References External links New Zealand Embassy Manila Philippines Bilateral relations of the Philippines","title":"New Zealand–Philippines relations"},{"docid":"20243191","text":"In New Zealand, agriculture is the largest sector of the tradable economy. The country exported NZ$46.4 billion worth of agricultural products (raw and manufactured) in the 12 months to June 2019, 79.6% of the country's total exported goods. The agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector directly contributed $12.653 billion (or 5.1%) of the national GDP in the 12 months to September 2020, and employed 143,000 people, 5.9% of New Zealand's workforce, as of the 2018 census. New Zealand is unique in being the only developed country to be totally exposed to the international markets since subsidies, tax concessions and price supports for the agricultural sector were removed in the 1980s. However, as of 2017, the New Zealand Government still provides state investment in infrastructure which supports agriculture. Pastoral farming is the major land use, but a significant amount of land is also devoted to horticulture. New Zealand is a member of the Cairns Group, which is seeking to have free trade in agricultural goods. History Following their settlement of New Zealand in the 13th century, the Māori people developed economic systems involving hunting, foraging, and agriculture. The Māori people valued land and especially horticulture, with many and various traditional Māori proverbs and legends emphasise the importance of gardening. European and American explorers, missionaries and settlers introduced new animals and plants from 1769, and mass European settlement and land transfer led in the second half of the 19th century to an agricultural system featuring large Australian-style pastoral runs raising sheep. Immigrant land-hunger, innovations in refrigeration in the 1880s and the rise of dairying fostered the land reforms of John McKenzie in the 1890s, permitting an agricultural landscape of smaller family-based farms which became New Zealand's 20th-century agricultural norm (the oft-repeated cliché trumpets that agriculture/farming/farmers constitute \"the backbone of the [New Zealand] economy\") - challenged only in recent years by the growth in large-scale commercial industrial agriculture and in lifestyle blocks. The Department of Agriculture controlled all meat-exporting slaughterhouses. By 1921 there were 32 abattoir inspectors and 86 inspectors of meat works. New Zealand mutton was marked as government inspected and pure. The government offered a number of subsidies during the 1970s to assist farmers after the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community and by the early 1980s government support provided some farmers with 40 percent of their income. In 1984 the Labour government ended all farm subsidies under Rogernomics, and by 1990 the agricultural industry became the most deregulated sector in New Zealand. To stay competitive in the heavily subsidised European and US markets New Zealand farmers had to increase the efficiency of their operations. Pastoral farming In Northland, the major form of pastoral farming is beef cattle. In the Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki and West Coast regions, dairy cattle predominate. Through the rest of New Zealand, sheep farming is the major rural activity, with beef cattle farming in the hills and high country, and dairying increasing in Canterbury, Otago and Southland. Dairy farming There were 6.26 million dairy cattle","title":"Agriculture in New Zealand"},{"docid":"40621772","text":"Scottish trade in the early modern era includes all forms of economic exchange within Scotland and between the country and locations outwith its boundaries, between the early sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth. The period roughly corresponds to the early modern era, beginning with the Renaissance and Reformation and ending with the last Jacobite risings and the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. At the beginning of this period Scotland was a relatively poor country, with difficult terrain and limited transport. There was little trade between different areas of the country and most settlements depended on what was produced locally. International trade followed the format of the Middle Ages, exporting raw materials and importing luxury goods and scarce raw materials. The early sixteenth century saw economic expansion from a low base before the English invasions of the 1540s. The late sixteenth century saw economic distress, inflation and famine, but also greater stability and the beginnings of industrial production as new techniques were imported to the country. The early seventeenth century saw economic expansion until the end of the 1630s, followed by disruption caused by the Bishop's Wars, English Civil Wars and English invasion and occupation. After the Restoration there was a recovery of trade, particularly to England and with the Americas, despite the problems of tariffs. Attempts to establish a Scottish colony in Central America as part of the Darién scheme ended in disaster in the 1690s. After the Union with England in 1707 the cattle trade and coal production continued to expand and the major area of industrial production was linen. There was growing trade with the Americas, which produced the Tobacco Lords of Glasgow, the trade in sugar and rum from Greenock, while Paisley specialised in cloth. There was also the development of financial institutions, such as the Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank of Scotland and British Linen Company, and improvements in roads both of which would help facilitate the Industrial Revolution that would accelerate in the late eighteenth century. Background Jenny Wormald commented that \"to talk of Scotland as a poor country is a truism\". At the beginning of the era, with difficult terrain, poor roads and limited methods of transport, there was little trade between different areas of the country and most settlements depended on what was produced locally, often with very little in reserve in bad years. Foreign trade was in the hands of a relatively small number of royal burghs, while generally smaller baronial and ecclesiastical burghs, that proliferated in the second half of the fifteenth century, acted mainly as local markets and centres of craftsmanship. From the fourteenth century Scottish exports, and most imports, were channelled through a monopoly known as the Staple, which was located for most of the late Middle Ages in the Flemish town of Bruges. In 1508 James IV moved the Staple to the small port of Veere in the province of Zealand, where it remained until the late seventeenth century. Most of the exports were raw materials, particularly wool, coal","title":"Scottish trade in the early modern era"},{"docid":"1769925","text":"A commodity currency is a currency that co-moves with the world prices of primary commodity products, due to these countries' heavy dependency on the export of certain raw materials for income. Commodity currencies are most prevalent in developing countries (eg. Burundi, Tanzania, Papua New Guinea). In the foreign exchange market, commodity currencies generally refer to the New Zealand dollar, Norwegian krone, South African rand, Brazilian real, Russian ruble and the Chilean peso. Commodity currencies' nature can allow foreign exchange traders to more accurately gauge a currency's value, and predict movements within markets based on the perceived value of the correlated commodity. Effects Due to the nature of commodity currencies being tied to commodities, being tied to any one good can be beneficial as well as problematic for the country. While falling or rising exports will lead to deflation or inflation respectively in any country, the impacts are more severe in countries with commodity currencies, as their currencies are so heavily tied to a set few commodities. Positive According to a 2009 study on commodity currency titled \"Can Exchange Rates Forecast Commodity Prices?\" by Yu-Chin Chen, Kenneth Rogoff and Barbara Rossi, exchange rates of commodity currencies can predict future global commodity prices. This is hugely beneficial for economists and policymakers who want a reliable measure of future commodity prices. A currency that is naturally tied to a country’s major commodities can be beneficial if global demand for a commodity increases, naturally strengthening the value of the currency. As seen in Figure 1, as the demand for a commodity shifts out (higher demand) the price increases to p’. This increased demand also is likely to increase GDP, as more exports take place as demonstrated by the equation for GDP below. As exports increase due to higher demand, GDP will also increase greatly as this country relies heavily on this commodity, leading to higher prices causing inflation (indicated in Figure 2’s increase in the price level). Depending on whether the inflation is economically beneficial, this could be positive (see Inflation). It is important to note that while countries with commodity currencies benefit from higher demand, countries that import this commodity face the opposite effects. Negative On the other side, a currency being tied to the major commodities of a country can be problematic, as a decrease in demand for any specific commodity can take a huge toll on the country's currency, leading to deflation. As seen in Figure 3, as the demand for a commodity shifts in (less demand) the quantity decreases to q’. This decreased demand is likely to decrease GDP, as less exporting takes place, as demonstrated by the equation for GDP below. Similar to the reasoning in the previous section, as seen in Figure 4, a decrease in GDP leads to deflation. This can have negative or positive effects, depending on whether the nation's currency was overvalued or undervalued. Deflation can either be positive or negative in the long run as suggested by the effects section of the deflation article.","title":"Commodity currency"},{"docid":"44172003","text":"eXeLearning is a free / libre software tool under GPL-2 that can be used to create educational interactive web content. eXeLearning can generate interactive contents in XHTML or HTML5 format. It allows you to create easily navigable web pages including text, images, interactive activities, image galleries or multimedia clips. eXeLearning, available for Linux, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, allows you to create or develop accessible contents in XHTML or HTML5 format, to generate complete websites (navigable web pages), to include interactive contents (different types of questions and activities) in each page, to export the contents in different formats such as ePub3 (an open standard for e-books), IMS or SCORM (educational standards used to publish interactive contents in platforms or elearning tools as Moodle or any other OER (Open Educational Resources) repositories or XLIFF (standard for translation). To classify, or to catalog, educational contents according to different metadata models: Dublin Core, LOM, LOM-ES. When exported as Web Site, we can create web pages that can be viewed in different digital devices (smartphones, tablets, laptops....) And all this stuff, and much more, without knowing anything about programming. History eXeLearning was originally developed in New Zealand, in 2007, and was led by two universities (University of Auckland and Auckland University of Technology) and the Tairawhiti Polytechnic Institute. The project was originally supported by the New Zealand government. Development is now supported by government agencies and companies in Spain and other countries. The original project remained active until 2010. At that time eXeLearning had thousands of users and it was a very well known authoring tool in educational environments. In 2009-2010, the Instituto de Tecnologías Educativas del Ministerio de Educación del Gobierno de España (now INTEF) decided to restart and to evolve the project. The new eXeLearning, as it was named, would keep alive the original open source spirit of the project, adapting the application to new web developments and standards and introducing major improvements. In 2013 eXeLearning evolved as a web application written in Python + Ext JS that can be used with the default or preferred browser of the user, capable for use in different browsers. Beginning with version 2.0, innovations included: Improvements in accessibility and presentation of contents. Replacement of the internal format used in eXe: the original version used a closed binary format and it has been changed to an open XML format. New option to export in XLIFF format to facilitate the translation of contents. Development of a command line version (exe_do) to facilitate the publishing and maintenance of contents through scripts. The Ability to generate editable SCORM packages with the tool itself. A new eXeLearning website was also developed, which allows users to actively participate in the project by making contributions and suggestions, and to find answers to different questions. The project is ongoing, with version 2.8.1 released in June 2023. The project roadmap includes plans for an online version of the application, rewriting in Python 3, and a new UI. Configuration Language management: we can work","title":"EXeLearning"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"3980663\",\n \"text\": \"Cloudy Bay Vineyards is a winery based in the Marlborough wine region of New Zealand, with vineyards in both Marlborough and Central Otago. Established in 1985 as one of the earliest wineries founded in Marlborough, Cloudy Bay attracted international acclaim for its first Sauvignon Blanc wines in the 1980s and was instrumental in establishing New Zealand's international reputation for white wine. It was acquired by Champagne house Veuve Clicquot in 2003 and is now a LVMH brand. History Cloudy Bay winery was established in 1985 by David Hohnen, the founder of Margaret River winery Cape Mentelle Vineyards. The winery was named after Cloudy Bay, the stretch of coast named by James Cook during his voyage to New Zealand in 1770. The winery brought New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc to world-wide attention in the 1980s when its first vintages were reviewed by British wine writer Oz Clarke, who wrote that New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc is “arguably the best in the world”. Wine writer George Taber recounts that Cloudy Bay is “what many people consider to be the world's best Sauvignon Blanc.” In 2003, Hohnen sold his remaining shares of Cloudy Bay Vineyards to Veuve Clicquot, bringing the winery under the full ownership of multinational luxury goods firm LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton. In 2014 it acquired its own Central Otago vineyards, its first expansion outside of Marlborough, by purchasing the Northburn Station vineyards and cellar door. Location The Cloudy Bay winery buildings are located in Marlborough’s Wairau Valley, approximately 8 kilometres north-west of Blenheim. Cellar doors are located at the winery in Marlborough and at Northburn Station in Central Otago. Wines produced The winery is primarily noted for its Sauvignon Blanc wines, the first New Zealand wines to be exported in the 1980s, and still represent the majority of its production. The “Te Koko” Sauvignon Blanc is a wild-ferment, barrel-aged version that contrasts with the fruit-driven unoaked style of the original. The winery also produces Chardonnay, the “Pelorus” sparkling and its “Te Wahi” Pinot Noir from Central Otago. See also Cloudy Bay References Marlborough Region Wineries of New Zealand LVMH brands\",\n \"title\": \"Cloudy Bay Vineyards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23263901\",\n \"text\": \"The Quota Management System (QMS) is a type of individual fishing quota that is used in New Zealand to manage fish stocks. New Zealand fishing industry Seafood is one of New Zealand's largest export markets, with 85% of catches being exported. Over 90% of the total revenue raised by the country's fishing industry comes from exported stocks, raising NZ$3 billion annually /> The most valuable species is the hoki, Macruronus novaezelandiae. For the purposes of QMS, New Zealand's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is divided into ten quota management regions. A separate quota is defined for each species in each region, depending on the species' distributions, ranging from a single fishing quota market for the hoki to eleven for the abalone Haliotis iris. History New Zealand is \\\"the world leader in implementing IFQs\\\". QMS was introduced by the Fisheries Amendment Act 1986, initially covering 26 marine species. The following year, it covered 30 species, and by 2005, it covered 93 species, out of the 140 commercial species in New Zealand's exclusive economic zone (EEZ). These comprised 550 separate fishing quota markets. QMS will eventually be extended to cover all living marine resources that are commercially exploited, including invertebrates, but excluding marine mammals. Total allowable commercial catch See also Fishing industry in New Zealand Environment of New Zealand References External links Ministry of Fisheries – The Quota Management System Fishing in New Zealand Environmental policy in New Zealand 1986 in New Zealand 1986 in the environment Fish conservation\",\n \"title\": \"Quota Management System\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2298005\",\n \"text\": \"The New Zealand Customs Service (Customs, Māori: Te Mana Ārai o Aotearoa) is a state sector organisation in New Zealand whose role is to provide border control and protect the community from potential risks arising from international trade and travel, as well as collecting duties and taxes on imports to the country. History Customs is the oldest government department in New Zealand. Formed on 5 January 1840, it pre-dates the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi by one month. Its early establishment was necessary to collect revenue for the fledgling government, and over the years duties, tariffs and taxes collected by Customs have remained a major source of revenue for the country, although customs has also been used to impose various control over the movement of people and the distribution of particular products, in particular alcohol and tobacco. In 1996, the New Zealand Customs Department was renamed the New Zealand Customs Service. In recent years Customs has modernised itself in order to keep pace with new technologies and the ever-increasing volumes of international passengers and trade, while balancing its law enforcement and compliance obligations. Staffing levels sit between 1300 and 1500 nationally, with its head office located in Wellington. Staff are based at various ports and locations around New Zealand and are a mixture of frontline uniformed staff such as those seen at the airports and sea ports, as well as plainclothes staff in varying other roles. Responsibilities Customs is a law enforcement agency in its own right, and is responsible for intercepting contraband, and checks international travellers and their baggage, as well as cargo and mail, for banned or prohibited items. Contrary to popular belief, it is not responsible for biosecurity items such as food and other agricultural items declared at ports of entry - this is the responsibility for the Ministry for Primary Industries. Customs is also responsible for assessing and collecting Customs duties, excise taxes and Goods and Services Tax on imports and protecting New Zealand businesses against illegal trade. It is second only to the Inland Revenue Department for the amount of revenue it collects for the New Zealand Government. It exercises controls over restricted and prohibited imports and exports, including objectionable material (such as child sex abuse images), drugs, firearms and hazardous waste and also collects import and export data. Customs is responsible for documentation of all imports and exports (in 2006/7 this was 47 million imports and 33 million exports). Since 1999 all documentation to Customs has been electronic. Customs works closely with New Zealand's other border agencies, the Ministry for Primary Industries, the Aviation Security Service (AvSec) and Immigration New Zealand. It also works very closely with the New Zealand Police and the Organised and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand in joint operations involving the importation of drugs, and with the Department of Conservation on the management of items that are subject to CITES. Customs established the Trade Single Window in 2013 to provide a single place to lodge import and export\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Customs Service\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22768351\",\n \"text\": \"Diplomatic relations between Argentina and New Zealand, have existed for decades. Both nations are mutual members of the Cairns Group and the United Nations. History Argentina and New Zealand are two industrialized southern hemisphere nations. Diplomatic relations between both nations were established in 1964. Relations, however, between the two nations were very limited, in part because of the distance between them. It wasn't until 1977 that Argentina opened an embassy in Wellington. In 1976, Argentina came under a military dictatorship which became increasingly hostile and asserted its claims over the Falklands Islands (which are British Overseas Territories in the South Atlantic Ocean). In April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falklands Islands, triggering what was to be known as the Falklands War. Immediately after the invasion of the Islands by Argentine troops, New Zealand severed diplomatic relations with the Argentine government and imposed economic sanctions. The war ended with a British victory in June 1982. In 1984, Argentina and New Zealand re-established diplomatic relations. In 1987, Argentina opened a consulate in Auckland and re-opened its embassy in Wellington in 1997. In April 1998, Argentina's President, Carlos Menem, paid a visit to New Zealand and met with New Zealand Prime Minister Jenny Shipley. That same year, New Zealand re-opened its embassy in Buenos Aires. Since the re-establishment of relations, both counties have worked together to improve global agricultural trade, preserve Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, and lobby the international community for awareness of climate change, whale conservation, international human rights, peace-keeping and non-proliferation of weapons. In November 2001, New Zealand's Prime Minister, Helen Clark, paid a visit to Argentina. Both countries have established a working holiday visa scheme. In December 2015, Air New Zealand began direct flights between Auckland and Buenos Aires. In 2017, Argentina's Secretary of Agriculture, Ricardo Negri, visited New Zealand. High-level visits High-level visits from Argentina to New Zealand President Carlos Menem (1998) Secretary of Agriculture Ricardo Negri (2017) High-level visits from New Zealand to Argentina Prime Minister Helen Clark (2001) Foreign Minister Murray McCully (2010) Trade In 2016, total trade between Argentina and New Zealand totaled US$199 million. Argentina's main exports to New Zealand include: soya bean oil cake, sugar, prepared and preserved fruits and nuts, and vehicles. New Zealand's main exports to Argentina include: paper products, aircraft, machinery, albuminoids, starches and glues, and electrical machinery. Resident diplomatic missions Argentina has an embassy in Wellington. New Zealand has an embassy in Buenos Aires. See also List of ambassadors of New Zealand to Argentina References New Zealand Bilateral relations of New Zealand\",\n \"title\": \"Argentina–New Zealand relations\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1196259\",\n \"text\": \"J.H. Whittaker & Sons, Ltd (Whittaker's) is a New Zealand confectionery manufacturer specialising in palm oil-free chocolate, based in Porirua. Whittaker's is the largest chocolate brand in New Zealand. Approximately 30% of their production is now exported. The company controls its entire manufacturing process in its facility in Porirua, identifying itself as a \\\"bean-to-bar\\\" manufacturer. James Henry Whittaker (1868–1947) started the business in Christchurch in 1896 and it was later moved to Wellington. History James Henry Whittaker (1868–1947) worked in the British confectionery industry from the age of 14 and moved to New Zealand with his wife Leah Alice in 1890. He was a salesman for Cadbury's chocolate before and after his move to New Zealand. In 1896 he started manufacturing chocolate confectionery, selling it directly to customers using a horse and van. In 1913, he established a partnership with his two sons, Ronald and James, based in Wellington. The business became a limited liability company in 1937, with third-generation Whittakers still the sole shareholders in the company. In 1969 the company moved from Wellington to Porirua, because they needed more space and their premises at 167 Vivian Street were under threat from motorway development. The Peanut Slab was invented in the 1950s and Whittaker's began exporting it in 1985. In the 1970s and 80s they also produced Santé Bars, Toffee Milk Bars and K-Bars. The company began producing large blocks of chocolate in the 1990s. In 1992 the company formed J. H. Whittaker New Zealand Ltd. The company has provided commercial sponsorship for motor sports in New Zealand and for the All Blacks. The company's marketing phrases include \\\"A passion for chocolate since 1896\\\" and \\\"Good honest chocolate\\\" and also \\\"from bean to bar\\\". In 2011 it was listed as New Zealand's third most trusted brand by a Bradley Colman survey. From 2012 to 2022 Whittaker's was voted New Zealand's most trusted brand, benefitting from Cadbury's 2009 bad publicity surrounding palm oil and changes in product size, and further fallout from Cadbury's closure of its Dunedin factory in 2017. In May 2014, celebrity chef Nigella Lawson filmed an advert for Whittaker's in the 1930s Wellington railway station. Later, in 2022, Karl Urban appeared in an advert as a fictionalised time-travelling James Whittaker, appearing in Wellington's Civic Square. In June 2014, Whittaker's expanded its market to Malaysia. In 2014 Whittaker's set up a programme to support and improve cocoa bean production in Samoa, and in 2017 expanded the programme to include New Zealand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. In 2019 Whittaker's admitted that while some bars have ethically-sourced cocoa beans, the sugar is primarily sourced from Thailand. Thailand is known to have child labour in the sugar cane industry. In 2020 Whittaker's announced that its 116 products made with Ghanaian cocoa beans would now be 'Rainforest Alliance Certified'. The company also uses small amounts of beans from Samoa and Nicaragua. Apart from being named as New Zealand's most trusted brand, the company has won other awards including 'Exporter of\",\n \"title\": \"Whittaker's\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1628994\",\n \"text\": \"Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax or consumption tax for goods and services consumed in New Zealand. GST in New Zealand is designed to be a broad-based system with few exemptions, such as for rents collected on residential rental properties, donations, precious metals and financial services. Because it is broad-based, it collects 31.4% of total taxation, GDP. The rate for GST, effective since 1 October 2010 as implemented by the National Party, is 15%. This 15% tax is applied to the final price of the product or service being purchased and goods and services are advertised as GST inclusive. Reduced rate GST (9%) applies to hotel accommodation on a long-term basis (longer than 4 weeks). Zero rate GST (0%) applies to exports and related services; financial services; land transactions; international transportation. Financial services, real estate, precious metals are also exempt (0%). History GST was introduced on 1 October 1986 by the Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas at a rate of 10% on goods and services. It replaced existing sales taxes for goods and services. In 1989 GST was increased, again an action initiated by the Labour Party with Deputy Prime Minister, Helen Clark and Prime Minister, Geoffrey Palmer taking GST to 12.5%. 21 years on in 2010, GST was raised again by the National Party's Prime Minister, John Key, taking GST to 15%. GST was introduced in conjunction with compensating changes to personal income tax rates and removal of many excise taxes on imported goods. How it works GST-registered organisations and individuals pay GST only on the difference between GST-liable sales and GST-liable supplies (i.e., they pay GST on the difference between what they sell and what they buy: income less expenditure). This is accomplished by reconciling GST received (through sales) and GST paid (through purchases) at regular periods (typically every two months, with some qualifying companies opting for one-month or six-month periods), then either paying the difference to the Inland Revenue (IRD) if the GST collected on sales is higher or receiving a refund from IRD if the GST paid on purchases is higher. Businesses exporting goods and services from New Zealand are entitled to \\\"zero-rate\\\" their products: effectively, they charge GST at 0%. This permits the business to claim back the input GST, but the eventual, non-New Zealand based consumer does not pay the tax (businesses that produce GST-exempt supplies are not able to claim back input GST). Because businesses claim back their input GST, the GST inclusive price is usually irrelevant for business purchasing decisions, other than in relation to cash flow issues. Consequently, wholesalers often state prices exclusive of GST, but must collect the full, GST-inclusive price when they make the sale and account to the IRD for the GST so collected. GST threshold Persons or entities with annual revenue less than $60,000 do not have to register for GST. This threshold has increased three times since the introduction of GST in 1986. Digital services supplied by offshore companies On 1 October 2016,\",\n \"title\": \"Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54007865\",\n \"text\": \"New Zealand Refrigerating Company Limited founded 1881 by a committee led by John Roberts killed New Zealand livestock at its Burnside Works built in 1883 in Green Island Dunedin, froze the carcasses and shipped them for wholesaling in Smithfield, London. In 1905 Christchurch Meat Company of Islington bought New Zealand Refrigerating Company Limited and on 25 August 1916 Christchurch Meat Company took its subsidiary's name as its own. The main New Zealand Refrigerating Company works at Islington near Christchurch was operated over the last quarter of the 20th century by the same company finally trading as Silver Fern Farms. The works closed in 2008. The site in Islington was acquired early in the 21st century cleared and rebuilt as a business and industrial park, Waterloo Business Park, named after Waterloo Road on its eastern boundary. New Zealand Refrigerating Company A committee was formed in Dunedin early in 1881 but it was not until New Zealand Shipping Company's steamer S S Mataura arrived over twelve months later that New Zealand Refrigerating Company directors: John Roberts, Edwin Spence and Alexander Begg took responsibility for overseeing the loading of freshly killed stock owned by runholders for freezing on board ship. As well as the 3,844 sheep, 6 bullocks and 77 sucking pigs the Mataura carried: hares, rabbits, fowls, ducks, barracudas, hapuka, pūkeko, frost fish, cheeses, hams and a cask of penguin skins. The New Zealand Refrigerating Company made a tiny profit but the shipping company's costs of the voyage exceeded their freight charge. The shippers on their own account were pleased with results but the overfat sheep were unsaleable. Canterbury Meat Export Company The Canterbury Meat Export Company from its canning works in remote Templeton (now Islington), Christchurch, pigs were brought in to dispose of the waste, made New Zealand's first meat exports in 1870. Defective tins, over-supply and a period when station-owners were unwilling to take the risk of having their own livestock canned led to the company's liquidation and the acquisition of the plant by the Bank of New Zealand. The plant was recommissioned in 1879 Canterbury Frozen Meat and Dairy Produce Company In Christchurch John Cooke (1852–1917) formed The Canterbury Frozen Meat and Dairy Produce Company in March 1882. Cooke had acquired the Templeton works of Canterbury Meat Export and plant in Belfast. CFM did not take Templeton but bought some of the land at Belfast and a new freezing works at Belfast was in operation in February 1883. Canterbury Frozen Meat Company (later renamed New Zealand Refrigerating Company) The old Templeton canning works long back in use became the site of a new Freezing work in 1889 erected by the newly formed Canterbury Frozen Meat Company, secretly promoted by John Cooke. The new company with its directors and shareholders almost entirely from Belfast Northern Ireland bought the farmers' livestock taking the risk of getting a good price in London. This arrangement had great appeal for small farmers. The trade became established but unregulated shipments created shortages and gluts on\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Refrigerating Company\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57047959\",\n \"text\": \"New Zealand–South Korea relations refers to the bilateral relations between New Zealand and South Korea. New Zealand established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Korea, also known as South Korea in 1962. South Korea has an embassy in Wellington, whereas New Zealand has an embassy in Seoul. There are many high level visits between the two countries, as well as extensive cooperation in film, science and technology and education. During the Korean war Between 1950 and 1957, New Zealand was involved in the Korean war. About 4700 New Zealanders served under UN command, and 1300 served during the war and after the Armistice. 45 New Zealanders lost their lives. Current relation Former South Korean president, Lee Myung Bak visited New Zealand in 2009. In 2018, minister of finance Grant Robertson visited South Korea and has met with South Korean deputy finance minister Koh Hyeong Kwon. During the meeting, the South Korean finance ministry announced that Korean firms will participate in New Zealand's infrastructure project. In 2014, speaker of the national assembly Kang-Chang Hee led a delegation of assembly members to meet with prime minister John Key, speaker David Carter and members of the New Zealand-Korea friendship group. A free trade agreement between the two countries was signed by prime minister John Key and trade minister Tim Groser in 2015. Trade South Korea is New Zealand's seventh-largest trading partner, with bilateral trade between the two countries in 2017-18 valued at NZ$4.75 billion (approximately ₩3.73 trillion). New Zealand's main exports to South Korea are wood, dairy products, meat, and aluminium. South Korea's main exports to New Zealand are petroleum, vehicles, machinery, iron and steel, and plastic. Immigration There are some 26,601 Koreans living in New Zealand. Most Koreans in New Zealand are Christians with a small minority of Buddhists. Korean community schools in major cities offer Korean language classes. See alslo Foreign relations of New Zealand Foreign relations of South Korea Indo-Pacific Strategy of South Korea References South Korea Bilateral relations of South Korea\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand–South Korea relations\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23738563\",\n \"text\": \"The oil and gas industry in New Zealand explores and develops oil and gas fields, and produces and distributes petroleum products and natural gas. In 2018, New Zealand's self-sufficiency in oil (mmbls production divided by consumption) was 17%, i.e. the country imports its petroleum product needs. All local oil production is exported as the New Zealand refinery is not suited to processing it. In 2018, 60 petajoules of crude were produced in New Zealand, 380 PJ of petroleum products imported (most of it crude), and 283 PJ consumed. The difference is exported or used for international travel (aviation fuel and similar). Oil and gas are produced from 21 petroleum licenses / permits, all in the Taranaki basin. The most important fields are Kapuni, Maui, Pohokura and Kupe. Exploration for oil and gas reserves includes the Great South Basin and offshore areas near Canterbury and Gisborne. New Zealand had one oil refinery, the Marsden Point Oil Refinery, but its refining capability was closed in 2021 and is now an import only facility. The major industry body is the Petroleum Exploration and Production Association of New Zealand. There are 2,600 kilometres of high-pressure natural gas transmission pipelines in the North Island. Most of these are owned and operated by First Gas, including the Maui pipeline, a 307 km pipeline that carries 78% of all natural gas produced in New Zealand. The low-pressure gas pipelines that distribute gas to end users are owned by First Gas (Northland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, Kapiti Coast), Vector (Auckland), Powerco (Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, Manawatu, Wellington) and GasNet (Wanganui). The largest retailers of gas are Contact Energy and Vector. There is no natural gas transmission in the South Island. New Zealand has one underground gas storage facility, the Ahuroa Gas Storage Facility. History In 1865, the Alpha well was drilled near Mikotahi at New Plymouth. This was the first oil well in what is now the Commonwealth and one of the first in the world. A petroleum industry developed at Moturoa, including producing wells and refineries. The last refinery there was closed in 1972. The field continues to produce small quantities of oil. The Kapuni gas field in South Taranaki was discovered in 1959 and brought into production in 1970. The North Island natural gas network started operating in 1970, initially supplying Kapuni gas to Auckland, Hamilton, New Plymouth, Wanganui, Palmerston North and Wellington. The off-shore Maui field was discovered in 1969 and brought into production in 1978. This supported the development of many large energy projects, including gas fired power stations at New Plymouth and Huntly, ammonia-urea plant at Kapuni, gas to methanol plant at Waitara and the synthetic petrol plant at Motunui. In 2018, the government announced that no new permits would be issued for offshore oil exploration. In 2021, the last of the deep sea oil and gas exploration permits outside Taranaki was surrendered. This was the Totara permit held by NZOG for an area in the Great South Basin of the south coast\",\n \"title\": \"Oil and gas industry in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"579518\",\n \"text\": \"Think Big was an interventionist state economic strategy of the Third National Government of New Zealand, promoted by the Prime Minister Robert Muldoon (1975–1984) and his National government in the early 1980s. The Think Big schemes saw the government borrow heavily overseas, running up a large external deficit, and using the funds for large-scale industrial projects. Petrochemical and energy related projects figured prominently, designed to utilise New Zealand's abundant natural gas to produce ammonia, urea fertiliser, methanol and petrol. The National Cabinet Minister Allan Highet coined the \\\"Think Big\\\" label in a speech to a National Party conference in 1977. Economist Brian Easton also used the term \\\"think big\\\" in describing economic strategies. History In the late 1970s New Zealand's economy was suffering from the aftermath of the 1973 energy crisis, from the loss of its biggest export market upon Britain's joining the European Economic Community, and from rampant inflation. In 1978 New Zealand faced a further crisis in oil-supply. OPEC continued to raise the price of oil. Then in 1979 the Iranian Revolution paralysed that country's oil-industry and of oil per day were withdrawn from world supply. In 1978 Bill Birch became the Minister of Energy. He looked to the substantial reserves of natural gas under Taranaki and off its coast as an opportunity to bring life to the ailing economy. In 1979 the oil crisis worsened. During the first half of 1979 OPEC raised oil prices from US$12 a barrel to US$19 a barrel. The New Zealand government banned weekend sales of petrol. On 30 July 1979 the government introduced carless days, where private motorists had to choose one day of the week, on which they could not drive their motor vehicle. Heavy fines were imposed for motorists who were caught driving on their nominated carless day. The increases in oil prices substantially worsened the country's already precarious terms of trade. The cost of oil loomed as the major component of the New Zealand balance of payments deficit. Muldoon's administration intended the Think Big projects to reduce New Zealand's reliance on imports, especially oil, and thus improve the balance of payments. Projects The core Think Big projects included the construction of the Mobil synthetic-petrol plant at Motunui, the complementary expansion of the Marsden Point Oil Refinery near Whangārei, and the building of a stand-alone plant at Waitara to produce methanol for export. Motunui converted natural gas from the off-shore Maui field to methanol, which it then converted to petrol on-site. Declining oil prices rendered this process uneconomic and saw a reduction in the production of synthetic fuel; however, the industry still remained at large due to prior investment. New Zealand would abandon the manufacturing of synthetic petrol in February 1997, allowing the plant to switch the focus to methanol.. The construction of the Clyde Dam on the Clutha River formed part of a scheme to generate electricity for the national grid. A proposed smelter at Aramoana on Otago Harbour was never built—largely owing to resistance on the grounds\",\n \"title\": \"Think Big\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23176533\",\n \"text\": \"Deforestation in New Zealand has been a contentious environmental issue in the past, but native forests (colloquially called \\\"the bush\\\") now have legal protection, and are not allowed to be tampered with by humans. Pre-human forest cover Since New Zealand was the last major landmass to be settled by humans, anthropological changes are easier to study than in countries with a longer human history. A picture of the vegetation cover has been built up through the use of archeological and fossil remains, especially pollen grains from old forests. Intact forests are found on Stewart Island and Ulva Island, but during the Pleistocene these areas would have been covered in grass and shrubland. During the last glacial maximum podocarp, broadleaf and beech forest grew in the far north of New Zealand. Māori settlement Prior to Māori arrival, New Zealand was almost entirely forested, besides high alpine regions and those areas affected by volcanic activity. Māori began settling the country about 1000 years ago and by 1840, when Europeans were a small part of the total population, the forest cover is said to have been significantly reduced from 85% down to 53%. European settlement When the first Europeans arrived, in 1769, there was still thick, dense forest cover. Early explorers such as Cook and Banks described the land as \\\"immense woods, lofty trees and the finest timber\\\". Timber was mainly used for repairs to sailing ships until the 19th century. With the colony of New South Wales rapidly expanding in population, the need for timber from New Zealand began to rise. Timber exports, mainly kauri, became a major industry for New Zealand. There are records from the 1840s stating that 50 to 100 ships could be tied to shore in Kaipara Harbour and be filled with lumber from giant floating booms that could hold 10,000 logs at a time. Besides as a form of lumber, many pioneers found the kauri trees valuable for the gum they produced to make varnish and linoleum, primarily in the north island near Auckland. The colonists used unconventional methods to gather this gum from living trees. Stripping these trees and the ground around them resulted in the destruction of the land, rendering it unusable for agriculture (Wynn pg. 108). Without the trees to hold the soil and debris to the land, water flowed freely, causing frequent and regular flooding. As most of New Zealand was covered with thick bush, the slash-and-burn technique was often used to prepare land wanted for farming in forested areas. This practice was not carried out very responsibly due to the complexity of controlling a fire, and unintentionally resulted in large areas of land catching fire. Thousands of acres were accidentally burned and destroyed. After the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840, settlers begin a rapid expansion. Deforestation continued for many uses, including clearing land for farming and gardens and wood for construction. An estimated of land was also lost due to human-caused forest fires within only a few days. Settlers were\",\n \"title\": \"Deforestation in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72945522\",\n \"text\": \"Adrian Hailwood (born 1971-72) is a New Zealand fashion designer. Known for his unique prints and evening wear, Hailwood's designs have gained international acclaim. He has dressed celebrities like Lorde, Tilda Swinton, and Maggie Gyllenhaal, and his creations have been featured on red carpets around the world. Hailwood's designs are part of collections at Te Papa and the New Zealand Fashion Museum. In addition to his clothing lines, he has expanded into accessories, including handbags and jewelry. Early life and education Hailwood's interest in fashion began with a love of sneakers as a child, drawing prolific designs from the age of five. Hailwood gained a Bachelor of Design from Victoria University of Wellington before becoming an art director for television advertising. He describes his entry into fashion design as a \\\"mistake\\\", after he designed some t-shirts for a car commercial. Fashion design career Hailwood worked with Auckland manufacturer Casual Apparel, learning how to cut, grade, construct and screenprint tshirts. He expanded the range to include denim skirts and screenprinted wool and cashmere pieces produced by Glengyle Knitwear. He opened his first shop in Ponsonby in 2001. The following year he was part of group shows in the Ponsonby Fringe Festival and L’Oreal New Zealand Fashion Week. Hailwood's first solo show was held at the 2003 New Zealand Fashion Week, and he has appeared at every New Zealand Fashion Week since. He was later mentored by Karen Walker after winning the inaugural Air New Zealand Fashion Export Growth Award in 2004. In 2007 Hailwood won the Development category at the NZ Fashion Export Awards where judges described him as a \\\"rising star in New Zealand with partnerships within the design industry\\\" and someone who was \\\"building the capability to become a great exporter\\\". Hailwood cites his inspirations as pop culture, film, and his trips to Asia. His 2015 \\\"sports luxe\\\" collection featuring intarsia roses and embroidered unicorns was inspired by George V's coat of arms, while his 2016 show used fabrics he designed to celebrate his mother's life. Hailwood designed the costumes for the 2017 Auckland Theatre Company production of Amadeus, and for the Royal New Zealand Ballet. His designs are held in the Te Papa collection, and the New Zealand Fashion Museum. Hailwood designs have been worn by Lorde, on the cover of Billboard magazine, Tilda Swinton, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Paloma Faith, Wendy Petrie and Jacinda Ardern. Controversy in the New Zealand and global fashion industry. In February 2023 Hailwood was accused of breaching intellectual property, when a Stuff investigation by Dana Johanssen found some of his designs appeared to be more expensive duplicates of those available from \\\"fast fashion\\\" sites such as Urban Revivo, Shein, ASOS and Alibaba. Hailwood had claimed he designed the print for the \\\"tree\\\" dress worn by Jacinda Ardern in the January 2023 Australian Women's Weekly as an homage to Japanese designer Issey Miyake. Stuff alleged that the design is the same as the signature \\\"Mirabelle\\\" dress available in various colours since 2018 from London fashion\",\n \"title\": \"Adrian Hailwood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34090330\",\n \"text\": \"William Nelson (15 February 1843 – 16 November 1932) was a New Zealand industrialist and farmer described in his obituaries as \\\"the father of Hawkes Bay\\\". He personally managed his Nelson Brothers freezing works at Tomoana for nearly 40 years. Emigration He arrived in Auckland in February 1863 with his elder brother Frederick Nelson. They settled in Hawkes Bay but their farming ventures were unsuccessful and William returned to his father's business in Warwick, England in the early 1870s leaving Fred in New Zealand. Gathering management experience in Warwick he meanwhile learnt all he could about meat preservation to export the meat otherwise wasted in New Zealand for want of consumers. Meat exports Fred and William, now back in New Zealand, established in 1880 a boiling down and canned-meat plant at Tomoana just north of Hastings in Hawke's Bay. The buildings were carefully planned for use as a refrigeration plant and laid out accordingly but the brothers waited for others to prove the best maritime refrigeration process. The first frozen meat shipment went to London from Otago in 1882. In London Frederick and brother Montague, manager of their father's Warwick gelatine factory, floated a company, Nelson Brothers Limited in May 1883 to raise capital for refrigeration machinery at Tomoana. In March 1884 Nelson Brothers arranged the first shipment, 9,000 sheep and six bullocks, on the sailing ship Turakina. By the middle of the 1890s Nelson Brothers Limited had the largest share of New Zealand's frozen meat export trade. In 1914 232,560 sheep, 217,908 lambs and 5,250 bullocks were slaughtered and frozen for export. Nelson Brothers Limited opened new freezing works at Waipukurau, Gisborne, Woodville and Spring Creek. Pastoral Prospering he and his brother bought pastoral land to supply stock for the works. He established one of the country's best Southdown flocks, trained young men in farm work and farm management, milled timber from his own property and supplied firewood to his freezing works' furnaces. He controlled 5,000 acres on the Heretaunga plain's flats and 30, 000 acres of hill country. He had the confidence of his workmen and his freezing works at Tomoana at this period were exceptional in having little trouble from employees' unions. His first wife died young after giving him five sons and four daughter and he remarried a daughter of Bishop William Williams who bore him another son and another daughter. Following her death he married a third time aged 79. A strong proponent of education he with others established what became Hereworth boys' preparatory school and Woodford House secondary school for girls both eventually in Havelock North. There is a Nelson Park in each of Hastings and Napier. A life-size bronze statue of William Nelson and his terrier was unveiled in Hastings in 2013 following the redevelopment of the old William Nelson park for retail use. A large part of the funds realised were used to improve local sports facilities and create William Nelson Skatepark. Family In 1897, his daughter Eva married the Hawke's Bay\",\n \"title\": \"William Nelson (industrialist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46761519\",\n \"text\": \"New Zealand–South Africa relations refers to the diplomatic relations between New Zealand and South Africa. Both countries are members of the Cairns Group, Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. History Both nations are historically linked through the British Empire. Although there was very little contact between both territories at the time; between 1899 and 1902, New Zealand contributed over 6,000 soldiers to fight alongside the British during the Second Boer War to fight against primarily Afrikaans-speaking settlers of the Transvaal Republic and Orange Free State. Approximately 230 New Zealanders lost their lives in the war which resulted in a British win over the whole of South Africa. During World War I and World War II; soldiers from both New Zealand and South Africa fought alongside each other in Europe and North Africa. South Africa obtained its independence from Great Britain in 1934 while New Zealand obtained its independence in 1947. After World War II, South Africa adopted the policy of apartheid against the majority black South African population. New Zealand maintained diplomatic relations with the country until controversy erupted during the 1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand which led to mass protest against the South African government's policy on apartheid. In 1984, New Zealand severed diplomatic relations with South Africa. This followed the election of the Labour government of David Lange, which pledged to close the South African consulate in Wellington. After the release of Nelson Mandela from prison and progress on the negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa came to fruition; New Zealand re-established diplomatic relations with South Africa on 19 January 1994. In May 1994, New Zealand Prime Minister Jim Bolger attended the inauguration of Nelson Mandela. In 1995, South Africa hosted the Rugby World Cup and the last game was between New Zealand and South Africa; which deepened the relationship between both fans and politicians of both nations. In November that same year, President Nelson Mandela paid an official visit to New Zealand. In 1996 New Zealand opened a High Commission in Pretoria and South Africa followed suit by opening a High Commission in Wellington in 2009. Migration In 2013, there was an estimated community of 54,200 South Africans residing in New Zealand. Most of the community arrived to New Zealand after the end of apartheid in South Africa and most came for economic, safety and lifestyle reasons. Trade In 2017, two-way trade between both nations amounted US$277 million. New Zealand's main export products to South Africa include: dairy products, electronics, machinery and pharmaceuticals. South Africa's main export products to New Zealand include: vehicles, fishing ships, fruits, minerals and machinery. Resident diplomatic missions New Zealand has a high commission in Pretoria. South Africa has a high commission in Wellington. See also South African New Zealanders References South Africa Bilateral relations of South Africa New Zealand and the Commonwealth of Nations South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand–South Africa relations\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38563418\",\n \"text\": \"New Zealand–Philippines relations refer to bilateral relations between New Zealand and the Philippines. The Philippines has an embassy in Wellington and 2 other consulates, one in Auckland and in Christchurch and New Zealand has an embassy in Manila. Both countries are members of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Military relations New Zealand and the Philippines fought together during the Korean War (1950–1953) under a UN-led police action to counter a North Korean invasion of South Korea. During the course of the Cold War, New Zealand and the Philippines were both part of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization from 1954 to 1977. The Royal New Zealand Air Force has also conducted exercises in the Philippines. Economic relations New Zealand's total exports to the Philippines in 2010 amounted to about US$475 million representing a 30% increase from 2009 making the Philippines one of their major export market. Philippine Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert del Rosario made a two-day official visit to New Zealand upon the invitation of Foreign Minister Murray McCully. The Secretary noted the increasing business activities between the Philippines and New Zealand as more companies in both countries explore and engage in business and investment opportunities in the dairy, information technology, geothermal and other sectors. State visit In October 2012, President Benigno Aquino III made a state visit to New Zealand. He witnessed the signing of three bilateral agreements meant to further strengthen diplomatic relations between Manila and Wellington. The signing followed a bilateral meeting between President Aquino and Prime Minister John Key, both held at the Parliament Building. The accords deal with a reciprocal working holiday scheme, defense cooperation and geothermal energy. Police assistance In 2009, the New Zealand Police was helping the Philippine National Police combat methamphetamine. The New Zealand Police also helps in providing training to the Philippine National Police. Migration In 2013, there were over 40,000 Filipinos residing in New Zealand. The 1936 New Zealand census found six New Zealand residents born in the Philippines, and the country's intake of Filipino students began to increase in 1960, under the Colombo Plan; however, even as late as 1981, there were only 405 Filipinos in New Zealand. It would take until the 1990s before highly populated regions such as Wellington and Auckland (especially the suburbs of Henderson and Mount Roskill) began to see exponential growth in their respective Filipino communities. The communities themselves are known for their many Philippine-related celebrations, particularly the celebration of Philippine Independence Day every year on the Sunday nearest to 12 June. In April 2008, New Zealand's embassy indicated that they would like to increase the intake of nurses and engineers from the Philippines. See also Filipino New Zealander References External links New Zealand Embassy Manila Philippines Bilateral relations of the Philippines\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand–Philippines relations\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20243191\",\n \"text\": \"In New Zealand, agriculture is the largest sector of the tradable economy. The country exported NZ$46.4 billion worth of agricultural products (raw and manufactured) in the 12 months to June 2019, 79.6% of the country's total exported goods. The agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector directly contributed $12.653 billion (or 5.1%) of the national GDP in the 12 months to September 2020, and employed 143,000 people, 5.9% of New Zealand's workforce, as of the 2018 census. New Zealand is unique in being the only developed country to be totally exposed to the international markets since subsidies, tax concessions and price supports for the agricultural sector were removed in the 1980s. However, as of 2017, the New Zealand Government still provides state investment in infrastructure which supports agriculture. Pastoral farming is the major land use, but a significant amount of land is also devoted to horticulture. New Zealand is a member of the Cairns Group, which is seeking to have free trade in agricultural goods. History Following their settlement of New Zealand in the 13th century, the Māori people developed economic systems involving hunting, foraging, and agriculture. The Māori people valued land and especially horticulture, with many and various traditional Māori proverbs and legends emphasise the importance of gardening. European and American explorers, missionaries and settlers introduced new animals and plants from 1769, and mass European settlement and land transfer led in the second half of the 19th century to an agricultural system featuring large Australian-style pastoral runs raising sheep. Immigrant land-hunger, innovations in refrigeration in the 1880s and the rise of dairying fostered the land reforms of John McKenzie in the 1890s, permitting an agricultural landscape of smaller family-based farms which became New Zealand's 20th-century agricultural norm (the oft-repeated cliché trumpets that agriculture/farming/farmers constitute \\\"the backbone of the [New Zealand] economy\\\") - challenged only in recent years by the growth in large-scale commercial industrial agriculture and in lifestyle blocks. The Department of Agriculture controlled all meat-exporting slaughterhouses. By 1921 there were 32 abattoir inspectors and 86 inspectors of meat works. New Zealand mutton was marked as government inspected and pure. The government offered a number of subsidies during the 1970s to assist farmers after the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community and by the early 1980s government support provided some farmers with 40 percent of their income. In 1984 the Labour government ended all farm subsidies under Rogernomics, and by 1990 the agricultural industry became the most deregulated sector in New Zealand. To stay competitive in the heavily subsidised European and US markets New Zealand farmers had to increase the efficiency of their operations. Pastoral farming In Northland, the major form of pastoral farming is beef cattle. In the Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki and West Coast regions, dairy cattle predominate. Through the rest of New Zealand, sheep farming is the major rural activity, with beef cattle farming in the hills and high country, and dairying increasing in Canterbury, Otago and Southland. Dairy farming There were 6.26 million dairy cattle\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40621772\",\n \"text\": \"Scottish trade in the early modern era includes all forms of economic exchange within Scotland and between the country and locations outwith its boundaries, between the early sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth. The period roughly corresponds to the early modern era, beginning with the Renaissance and Reformation and ending with the last Jacobite risings and the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. At the beginning of this period Scotland was a relatively poor country, with difficult terrain and limited transport. There was little trade between different areas of the country and most settlements depended on what was produced locally. International trade followed the format of the Middle Ages, exporting raw materials and importing luxury goods and scarce raw materials. The early sixteenth century saw economic expansion from a low base before the English invasions of the 1540s. The late sixteenth century saw economic distress, inflation and famine, but also greater stability and the beginnings of industrial production as new techniques were imported to the country. The early seventeenth century saw economic expansion until the end of the 1630s, followed by disruption caused by the Bishop's Wars, English Civil Wars and English invasion and occupation. After the Restoration there was a recovery of trade, particularly to England and with the Americas, despite the problems of tariffs. Attempts to establish a Scottish colony in Central America as part of the Darién scheme ended in disaster in the 1690s. After the Union with England in 1707 the cattle trade and coal production continued to expand and the major area of industrial production was linen. There was growing trade with the Americas, which produced the Tobacco Lords of Glasgow, the trade in sugar and rum from Greenock, while Paisley specialised in cloth. There was also the development of financial institutions, such as the Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank of Scotland and British Linen Company, and improvements in roads both of which would help facilitate the Industrial Revolution that would accelerate in the late eighteenth century. Background Jenny Wormald commented that \\\"to talk of Scotland as a poor country is a truism\\\". At the beginning of the era, with difficult terrain, poor roads and limited methods of transport, there was little trade between different areas of the country and most settlements depended on what was produced locally, often with very little in reserve in bad years. Foreign trade was in the hands of a relatively small number of royal burghs, while generally smaller baronial and ecclesiastical burghs, that proliferated in the second half of the fifteenth century, acted mainly as local markets and centres of craftsmanship. From the fourteenth century Scottish exports, and most imports, were channelled through a monopoly known as the Staple, which was located for most of the late Middle Ages in the Flemish town of Bruges. In 1508 James IV moved the Staple to the small port of Veere in the province of Zealand, where it remained until the late seventeenth century. Most of the exports were raw materials, particularly wool, coal\",\n \"title\": \"Scottish trade in the early modern era\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1769925\",\n \"text\": \"A commodity currency is a currency that co-moves with the world prices of primary commodity products, due to these countries' heavy dependency on the export of certain raw materials for income. Commodity currencies are most prevalent in developing countries (eg. Burundi, Tanzania, Papua New Guinea). In the foreign exchange market, commodity currencies generally refer to the New Zealand dollar, Norwegian krone, South African rand, Brazilian real, Russian ruble and the Chilean peso. Commodity currencies' nature can allow foreign exchange traders to more accurately gauge a currency's value, and predict movements within markets based on the perceived value of the correlated commodity. Effects Due to the nature of commodity currencies being tied to commodities, being tied to any one good can be beneficial as well as problematic for the country. While falling or rising exports will lead to deflation or inflation respectively in any country, the impacts are more severe in countries with commodity currencies, as their currencies are so heavily tied to a set few commodities. Positive According to a 2009 study on commodity currency titled \\\"Can Exchange Rates Forecast Commodity Prices?\\\" by Yu-Chin Chen, Kenneth Rogoff and Barbara Rossi, exchange rates of commodity currencies can predict future global commodity prices. This is hugely beneficial for economists and policymakers who want a reliable measure of future commodity prices. A currency that is naturally tied to a country’s major commodities can be beneficial if global demand for a commodity increases, naturally strengthening the value of the currency. As seen in Figure 1, as the demand for a commodity shifts out (higher demand) the price increases to p’. This increased demand also is likely to increase GDP, as more exports take place as demonstrated by the equation for GDP below. As exports increase due to higher demand, GDP will also increase greatly as this country relies heavily on this commodity, leading to higher prices causing inflation (indicated in Figure 2’s increase in the price level). Depending on whether the inflation is economically beneficial, this could be positive (see Inflation). It is important to note that while countries with commodity currencies benefit from higher demand, countries that import this commodity face the opposite effects. Negative On the other side, a currency being tied to the major commodities of a country can be problematic, as a decrease in demand for any specific commodity can take a huge toll on the country's currency, leading to deflation. As seen in Figure 3, as the demand for a commodity shifts in (less demand) the quantity decreases to q’. This decreased demand is likely to decrease GDP, as less exporting takes place, as demonstrated by the equation for GDP below. Similar to the reasoning in the previous section, as seen in Figure 4, a decrease in GDP leads to deflation. This can have negative or positive effects, depending on whether the nation's currency was overvalued or undervalued. Deflation can either be positive or negative in the long run as suggested by the effects section of the deflation article.\",\n \"title\": \"Commodity currency\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44172003\",\n \"text\": \"eXeLearning is a free / libre software tool under GPL-2 that can be used to create educational interactive web content. eXeLearning can generate interactive contents in XHTML or HTML5 format. It allows you to create easily navigable web pages including text, images, interactive activities, image galleries or multimedia clips. eXeLearning, available for Linux, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, allows you to create or develop accessible contents in XHTML or HTML5 format, to generate complete websites (navigable web pages), to include interactive contents (different types of questions and activities) in each page, to export the contents in different formats such as ePub3 (an open standard for e-books), IMS or SCORM (educational standards used to publish interactive contents in platforms or elearning tools as Moodle or any other OER (Open Educational Resources) repositories or XLIFF (standard for translation). To classify, or to catalog, educational contents according to different metadata models: Dublin Core, LOM, LOM-ES. When exported as Web Site, we can create web pages that can be viewed in different digital devices (smartphones, tablets, laptops....) And all this stuff, and much more, without knowing anything about programming. History eXeLearning was originally developed in New Zealand, in 2007, and was led by two universities (University of Auckland and Auckland University of Technology) and the Tairawhiti Polytechnic Institute. The project was originally supported by the New Zealand government. Development is now supported by government agencies and companies in Spain and other countries. The original project remained active until 2010. At that time eXeLearning had thousands of users and it was a very well known authoring tool in educational environments. In 2009-2010, the Instituto de Tecnologías Educativas del Ministerio de Educación del Gobierno de España (now INTEF) decided to restart and to evolve the project. The new eXeLearning, as it was named, would keep alive the original open source spirit of the project, adapting the application to new web developments and standards and introducing major improvements. In 2013 eXeLearning evolved as a web application written in Python + Ext JS that can be used with the default or preferred browser of the user, capable for use in different browsers. Beginning with version 2.0, innovations included: Improvements in accessibility and presentation of contents. Replacement of the internal format used in eXe: the original version used a closed binary format and it has been changed to an open XML format. New option to export in XLIFF format to facilitate the translation of contents. Development of a command line version (exe_do) to facilitate the publishing and maintenance of contents through scripts. The Ability to generate editable SCORM packages with the tool itself. A new eXeLearning website was also developed, which allows users to actively participate in the project by making contributions and suggestions, and to find answers to different questions. The project is ongoing, with version 2.8.1 released in June 2023. The project roadmap includes plans for an online version of the application, rewriting in Python 3, and a new UI. Configuration Language management: we can work\",\n \"title\": \"EXeLearning\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["United States","Japan","China","Australia"],"string":"[\n \"United States\",\n \"Japan\",\n \"China\",\n \"Australia\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":74,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_55972"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who does peter parker end up with in the comics"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"27330977","text":"\"One Moment in Time\" is a 2010 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics starring Spider-Man. Written by Joe Quesada and illustrated by Paolo Rivera, it was originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #638–641, and immediately follows \"The Gauntlet\" storyline. It is notable for revealing what changes the villain Mephisto made to save the life of Peter Parker/Spider-Man's aunt, May Parker, and dissolve the wedding of Parker and Mary Jane Watson at the end of the 2007 \"One More Day\" storyline. The name of the storyline forms the acronym O.M.I.T., which Quesada explained was an intentional reference to how Parker and Watson's wedding was removed from continuity. Storytelling In The Amazing Spider-Man #638, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from the end of \"One More Day\" or Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21. The flashbacks use actual pages from the original comics, and are mixed in with new pages that illustrate how events were changed by the villainous demon Mephisto. In Amazing Spider-Man #639, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from \"Civil War\" and Amazing Spider-Man #539-543. These flashbacks are only panels from the original comics and not full pages. In Amazing Spider-Man #640, the story is told as the altered events of \"Back in Black\" and \"One More Day\", as well as other events contemporaneous with those storylines. Plot Mary Jane Watson whispers to Mephisto that Peter will not trade his marriage for Aunt May's life unless Mary Jane tells him to accept the agreement, and that Mephisto will leave Peter alone forever when the deal is done. Mephisto agrees to these terms. At present time MJ shows up at Peter's door. They talk about how they have been acting towards each other lately and both agree they want to be friends with each other. Then they reminisce about what happened on what was supposed to be their wedding day. Spider-Man stops Electro and his gang. One of the gang members, Eddie, makes note of the arresting officer's name. Then Mephisto, as a red pigeon, swoops down and unlocks the door of the police car Eddie is in, allowing him to escape while the officers are occupied with cuffing Electro. Spider-Man is out patrolling that night and hears the gunshots of Eddie shooting at the arresting officer and his wife. While saving the policeman and his wife, Spider-Man gets hit in the head with a cinder block. He chases after Eddie and tackles him off the side of a building. Though Spider-Man foils the murder, during his struggle, he and Eddie fall from a building to the ground, with Spider-Man absorbing most of the impact. Eddie escapes, declining to kill Spider-Man because he saved Eddie's life. On the wedding morning, Mary Jane shows up but Peter does not as he is lying unconscious in an alleyway. After Peter misses his wedding he tries to explain what happened to Mary Jane, but she knows","title":"One Moment in Time (comics)"},{"docid":"19692184","text":"Vin Gonzales is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted as a supporting character of Spider-Man in Marvel's main shared universe. He was the roommate of Peter Parker as well as Parker's first romantic rival since the retconing of his marriage to Mary Jane Watson in \"One More Day.\" He is the younger brother of Michele Gonzales. Fictional character biography Vin Gonzales, an NYPD officer, is currently the roommate of Peter Parker. When Peter was in search of a roommate, Harry Osborn offered the idea of Vin, a friend of Lily and Carlie. He does not seem to trust Spider-Man. Vin seems to have a crush on Carlie Cooper. When the first rent arrives, Vin and Peter recently had an argument because of Peter's problems at the Daily Bugle. Vin thought that Peter still had his job as a photographer and Vin was giving Peter news tips. Peter decided not to tell Vin until he had found a job. Vin thought that Peter was playing him and that made Vin very angry. His anger towards Spider-Man increased where Kraven the Hunter's daughter Ana Tatiana Kravinoff had mistaken him from Spider-Man, causing trouble for him by having Vin placed on suspension from his job and after he was captured, Vin had to be saved by the real Spider-man (who was wearing the costume of his fellow crime fighter Daredevil). Spider-Man then had to use a cover story by pretending he left a costume with Peter Parker to protect his identity which was actually intended to prevent Vin from suspecting that Spider-Man was Peter himself. Later, Carlie Cooper found that a group of Spider-tracers were in the vicinity of Peter's and Vin's apartment. She goes over to investigate, only to discover a bag of spider-tracers under Vin's bed. Vin returns to get his key when Carlie reveals the bag and asks for explanation. Vin is unable to explain himself until his partner, Alan O'Neal, chastises him and slips that \"we gave 'em to you to take care of\". Vin later admitted to Carlie that he and Al were involved in a secret conspiracy with other policemen to turn public opinion against Spider-Man in a smear campaign by planting tracers on people already dead to hopefully put an end to Spider-Mans' vigilante activities. It was revealed that Vin was recruited into the group shortly after his rescue from Ana Kravinoff due to his continuing hatred for Spider-Man. A warrant is later put on both him and Carlie. He is captured and taken to Ryker's Island. At Ryker's Island, many criminals attack him for his status as a policeman, but Spider-Man rescues him and breaks him out of jail. Vin apologizes to Carlie, and proceeds to arrest the Sergeant. His sister, Michele Gonzales, who is an attorney, works out a plea deal for him, giving him six months in prison and a removal from the NYPD in exchange for the names of all the","title":"Vin Gonzales"},{"docid":"38162451","text":"\"Dying Wish\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \"Ends of the Earth\" and finished in \"Dying Wish\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \"Dying Wish\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \"Origin of the Species\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \"Ends of the Earth\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \"Ends of the Earth\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \"Peter Parker\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \"Spider-Man\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped","title":"Dying Wish"},{"docid":"64970237","text":"Mary Jane \"MJ\" Watson is a fictional character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film series. Based on the character of the same name, she is portrayed by Kirsten Dunst. In the films, Mary Jane is Peter Parker's next-door neighbor, childhood crush, and primary love interest. Though Mary Jane dates several other men in the first two films, she ultimately falls in love with Peter and Spider-Man and discovers they are one and the same. Despite his strong feelings for her, Peter initially declines a relationship with her in order to keep her safe, but they eventually become a couple in the end. Despite being criticized for adhering to the damsel in distress archetype in each installment of the film series, Dunst's interpretation of the character has been generally well-received. Character design and portrayal Comic book origins Mary Jane Watson was first introduced into Spider-Man comics story-lines in The Amazing Spider-Man #42 in 1966, despite being mentioned earlier in the comics. She was conceived as competition to Gwen Stacy as Spider-Man's primary love interest, and is characterized as a free-spirited, outgoing personality as opposed to Gwen's more serious, academic nature. Peter Parker initially dates Gwen after he stops going out with Mary Jane due to what he sees as her shallow personality while Mary Jane refuses to be tied down in one relationship. Despite this, Mary Jane became more popular with fans and following Gwen's death in the comics, Peter and MJ begin to rekindle their relationship and eventually marry despite ups and downs in the comics. Casting and execution Actress Kirsten Dunst was cast as Mary Jane Watson for the 2002 Spider-Man film, with Mary Jane having been cemented in comics lore as Peter Parker's primary love interest by then. Before director Sam Raimi cast Dunst, he had expressed his interest in casting Alicia Witt. Dunst decided to audition after learning Tobey Maguire had been cast as Peter Parker/Spider-Man, feeling the film would have a more independent feel. Dunst earned the role a month before shooting in an audition in Berlin. In the first two films in the trilogy, Dunst wore a red wig for the part, dying part of her hair in the first film, before dying her full head of blond hair red for the third film. Dunst was also allegedly asked to change her teeth for the films, a demand that she refused. She also declined to do certain stunts in the films. The set-up for Spider-Man and Mary Jane's famous \"upside-down kiss\" involved several rain-machines at the studio lot, and saw some difficulty as Maguire was hung upside down with water pouring into his nostrils. To achieve the look of Mary Jane pulling Spider-Man's mask down, Dunst was described by Sam Raimi as \"doing some hand trickery\" as the mask was not pliable in those conditions. Having initially signed on for three Spider-Man films, Dunst said that she would consider doing a fourth, but only if Raimi and Maguire also returned. In January 2010, it was announced","title":"Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi film series)"},{"docid":"18936506","text":"\"Green Goblin Reborn!\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the","title":"Green Goblin Reborn!"},{"docid":"23834597","text":"is a manga by . It ran in the children's magazine, Comic BomBom, from November 9, 2004, to May 11, 2005. The manga is not connected to Ryoichi Ikegami's Spider-Man: The Manga and takes place in its independent continuity numbered as Earth-7041. Plot In the year 200X, a supervillain who goes by the name Lord Beaustius (Lord Gokibu in the Japanese version) wants to steal the fossil of the Insect King, 15 year-old Peter Parker (Kakeru Amano in the Japanese version) uses his new spider powers to become Spider-Man J, to prevent this from happening. During his time as a superhero, he meets Japanese versions of Elektra, Dr. Doom, Blade, and the Fantastic Four. The story does not provide an extensive introduction to the character like previous Spider-Man series published in Japan did. Daniel Stein, author of \"Of Transcreations and Transpacific Adaptations: Investigating Manga Versions of Spider-Man\", said that \"no reintroduction of Spider-Man through a recap or revision of his origin story was necessary[...]\". Characters is a boy with the paranormal abilities of a spider. He keeps his identity as Spider-Man J a secret, fearing his family or friends might get hurt. The only person who knows Kakeru is Spider-Man J is Detective Makoto. He specializes in a number of weapons that he creates using his web-shooters. He is shy and clumsy, and barely has any friends. In the English version, he is known as Peter Parker. His parents are located in the United States. Stein described the Spider-Man J Peter Parker as \"a small, preadolescent kid who still sleeps with stuffed animals\". is a detective who became a police officer because he wanted to protect people. He has a goofy sense of humor, but has a good heart and believes in justice. In the English version, he is known as Detective Flynn. Stein described Flynn as \"a paternal figure less given to emotional outbursts and childish fantasies than [Spider-Man J's] Peter\". is Kakeru's young, happy go-lucky aunt. She loves Kakeru like he is her own son, and is overprotective of him. She owns her own dress shop. She is quite relaxed, and is known for her spicy curry. In the English version, she is known as Aunt May. Stein described the Spider-Man J Aunt May as \"a somewhat overbearing mother figure\". is Kakeru's classmate and girlfriend. She is a tomboy, and is very careful for everyone, especially Kakeru. In the English version, she is known as Jane-Marie, a name based on that of Mary Jane Watson from the American series. Stein describes Jane-Marie as \"a friend but not yet a potential love interest\". is Kakeru's/Spider-Man J Peter's classmate and friend. He is a fan of Spider-Man J and Comic BomBom, judging by his shirt that reads \"Bom\". In the English version, he is known as Harold. is the main villain of the manga. Not much is known about him, or his past. In the English version, he is known as Lord Beastius. Elektra The Spider-Man J Peter is against","title":"Spider-Man J"},{"docid":"5662262","text":"This is a list of characters who serve as supporting cast of the Marvel Comics' Spider-Man. Family Tree Note: This tree covers various different alternate realities to varying degrees. Immediate family Richard Parker - Father. Died in an airplane crash. Mary Parker - Mother. Died in an airplane crash. Teresa Parker - Peter Parker's long lost sister who is introduced in the graphic novel Spider-Man: Family Business. She later appeared in the comics. Ben Parker - Peter Parker's uncle. Shot by the Burglar. May Parker - Peter Parker's loving aunt who raises him after his parents died. After the murder of her husband Ben, May is virtually his only family, and they are very close. Mary Jane Watson-Parker (love interest, later wife) - Introduced to Peter by his Aunt May, who is friends with her Aunt Anna, Mary Jane eventually becomes Peter's best friend and wife. Mayday Parker - Daughter from MC2 universe- Earth-982. Benjy Parker - Son from MC2 universe- Earth-982. Will Fitzpatrick - Mary Parker's father and Peter Parker's grandfather. J. Jonah Jameson - He became Peter's stepcousin after his father married Aunt May. Something Jameson personally dislikes. John Jameson - He became Peter's stepcousin once-removed after his grandfather married Aunt May. Clones Ben Reilly - Peter Parker's clone brother who was known as Scarlet Spider and the second Spider-Man. Unlike most of the clones, Peter views Ben Reilly as his brother and considers him family. Kaine Parker - Peter Parker's clone brother who was the second Scarlet Spider. Web-Man - A twin duplicate of Spider-Man. Spidercide - A Peter Parker clone who has control over his own molecules who was used by the Jackal as muscle. Died fighting Ben Reilly and Peter Parker above the Daily Bugle before falling to its death. Jack - A Peter Parker clone who was the Jackal's diminutive henchman, armed with claw-like fingernails (much like Guardian). He dies from clone degeneration. Guardian - A Peter Parker clone with dense skin, super-strength, and claw-like fingernails who guarded the entrance to one of the Jackal's headquarters. He also died of clone degeneration. Skeleton of a Spider-Man clone - Found in a smokestack Doppelganger - A mystical duplicate created by Magus. Elliot Tolliver - A proto-clone with mind of Doctor Octopus in a clone body of Peter Parker and of Otto Octavius. Spider-Man (Isotope Genome Accelerator version) - A duplicate separated from Peter Parker by the Isotope Genome Accelerator. Ultimate Carnage - Related in the Ultimate universe Earth-1610. Ultimate Spider-Woman - A clone of Peter Parker that is also known as Spider-Woman, Black Widow, Ultimate Spider-Woman, Ultimate Black Widow in the Ultimate universe Earth-1610. Mary Jane's family Anna Watson - Mary Jane's aunt and Aunt May's best friend. Madeline Watson - Mother, deceased Philip Watson - Father Kristy Watson - Cousin Gayle Watson-Byrnes - Sister May Parker's Family Albert Reilly (father) Claire Reilly (mother) Horace Reilly (uncle) Bill Reilly (uncle) Claudia Reilly (aunt): Bill Reilly's wife Sam Reilly (cousin): Bill and Claudia's son Julia Reilly","title":"List of Spider-Man supporting characters"},{"docid":"15635388","text":"\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far","title":"Spider-Man: Brand New Day"},{"docid":"1368744","text":"The \"Clone Saga\" is an extended comic-book storyline published by Marvel Comics, revolving around the superhero Spider-Man and clones of him, as well as of other characters. The second and best-known story arc of this name ran from October 1994 to December 1996, and quickly became one of the most controversial Spider-Man stories ever told. Although it was intended to wrap up in less than a year, the comics sold very well and the writers were encouraged to prolong the saga as long as possible. This led to some changes to the storyline that ultimately proved unpopular. Despite the controversy, the 1990s Clone Saga remains one of the most popular Spider-Man story arcs of all time. Although many people were involved in its creation, the Clone Saga is most closely associated with Terry Kavanagh, who proposed the idea; Howard Mackie, who worked on the majority of the smaller crossovers involved in the overall story arc; and Gerry Conway, who devised the original story. Executive editors on the storyline included Tom DeFalco, Bob Budiansky, and Bob Harras. Story arcs There were two \"Clone Sagas\": the original storyline in the 1970s and the second saga which consumed all the regular Spider-Man series, several limited series and one-shot issues between 1994 and 1997. Between the two, there were also two smaller storylines that dealt with elements from the original saga. The original Clone Saga In mid-1973, writer Gerry Conway made the decision to kill off the girlfriend of Peter Parker, Gwen Stacy, in The Amazing Spider-Man #121 because the editorial team felt that Gwen had become stale as a character and they wanted to instill an additional element of tragedy into Peter Parker's life. In the follow-up arcs, Conway introduced a new villain called the Jackal and let Gwen Stacy seemingly return from the dead. The Jackal was the villain identity of Gwen and Peter's biology professor Miles Warren, who could not cope with the death of Gwen, with whom he had a secret infatuation. As an expert on cloning, he creates clones of both Gwen and Peter, discovering Peter is Spider-Man as a result. The Jackal blames Spider-Man for Gwen's death and wants to kill him. The Jackal kidnaps Spider-Man and forces him to fight his clone. Both men believe they are the real Peter Parker. The two Spider-Men soon decide to work together, but one is seemingly killed by the same bomb that kills the Jackal. The surviving Spider-Man determines he is the original because he is in love with Mary Jane Watson, which did not happen until after Professor Warren created the clone. Spider-Man drops the body of the clone into an incinerator. Gwen Stacy's clone disappears to find a new life for herself. The Amazing Spider-Man #149, the climactic installment of the original Clone Saga, leaves it ambiguous whether it is the original Spider-Man or his clone who perishes in the bomb explosion. Conway said this ambiguity was unintentional, as at the time he took it as a given","title":"Clone Saga"},{"docid":"3174694","text":"This is a list of titles featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. Spider-Man first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15, which was the last issue of that series. After that, he was given his own series. All stories presented in this list are published by Marvel Comics under their standard imprint, unless otherwise noted. The list is updated as of March 2023 and includes the Peter Parker, Ben Reilly, Miguel O'Hara and Miles Morales versions of the character. Ongoing series Mainstream continuity Titles currently featuring Spider-Man include: The Amazing Spider-Man #1–441 (March 1963 – November 1998). Also includes a #-1 issue (July 1997) (vol. 2) #1–58, #500–700 (January 1999 – December 2012). Also includes issues numbered #654.1, 679.1, 699.1, 700.1–700.5 (vol. 3) #1–18 (April 2014 – August 2015). Also includes issues numbered #16.1–20.1 (vol. 4) #1–32, #789–801 (October 2015 – June 2018). Also includes issues numbered #1.1–1.6 (vol. 5) #1–93 (July 2018 – March 2022). Also includes issues numbered #16.HU, 18–20.HU, 50–54.LR, 78.BEY, 80.BEY, 88.BEY, 92.BEY (vol. 6) #1–current (April 2022 – present) Annuals #1–28, 96–2001, #35–42, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2018 (II), 2019, 2021, 2023 (1964–2023) Miles Morales: Spider-Man #1–42 (December 2018 – September 2022), Annual #1 (2021) (vol. 2) #1–current (December 2022 – present) Spider-Man #1–98 (August 1990 – November 1998). A series initially created in 1991 for artist Todd McFarlane. Renamed Peter Parker: Spider-Man with issue #75. (vol. 2) #1–21, 234–240 (April 2016 – July 2018). Stars Miles Morales. Legacy numbering was introduced from January 2018. (vol. 3) #1–5 (September 2019 – November 2020). Out of continuity miniseries. (vol. 4) #1–11 (December 2022 – August 2023) The Superior Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1 (November 2023 – present) Other Continuities Spider-Man titles set in universes other than Earth-616: Ultimate Universe (Earth-6160) Ultimate Spider-Man #1– (January 2024 – present). Written by Jonathan Hickman and illustrated by Marco Checchetto. Set in the new Ultimate Marvel Universe and stars an older Peter Parker married to Mary Jane Watson and has two kids. Reprints Astonishing Spider-Man #1–current (Panini Comics/Marvel UK; November 1995 – present). Part of Marvel UK's \"Collector Edition\" line, reprinting U.S. stories from 2–3 years prior. Previous series Spider-Man has also had a number of ongoing series that have since ended: Mainstream continuity The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–2 (July–November 1968). A magazine format series. First issue was published in black-and-white. Marvel Team-Up #1–150 (March 1972 – February 1985). A series that mostly featured Spider-Man paired with a different Marvel Comics superhero each month. Replaced by Web of Spider-Man in 1985. Spider-Man Team-Up #1–7 (December 1995 – June 1997). Quarterly series. Marvel Team-Up (vol. 2) #1–11 (September 1997 – March 1998). Monthly series replacing Spider-Man Team-Up. The first seven issues featured Spider-Man team-ups before switching over to Namor the Sub-Mariner. Marvel Team-Up (vol. 3) #1–25 (January 2005 – December 2006). Features Spider-Man and other characters, with longer storylines than the previous volumes. Marvel Team-Up (vol. 4) #1–6 (June 2019 – September 2019). First three issues featured Spider-Man. Annuals #1–7 (1976 – 1984) Giant-Size Spider-Man #1–6","title":"List of Spider-Man titles"},{"docid":"58112860","text":"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is two series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. The series revolves around Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson having remained married and raising a daughter named Anna-May \"Annie\" Parker, with Mary Jane and Annie further becoming the superheroes Spinneret and Spiderling. The original series was a 2015 comic book limited series that tied into that year's Secret Wars event. Following the event's end, the popularity of the series led to a sequel ongoing series set in the alternate reality of Earth-18119, which was published from 2016 to 2018. Mary Jane and Annie from this series make cameo appearances in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The first volume takes place during the \"Secret Wars\" storyline and was published as a limited series in 2015. Dan Slott and Adam Kubert's story occurs in a Battleworld which was a \"drastically reimagined incarnation of New York City\". A second volume, now as an ongoing series part of the 2016 \"Marvel NOW!\" relaunch, details the further tales of Spider-Man and his family after their reality was restored. Originally, Gerry Conway was the lead writer of the volume; Ryan Stegman joined as both co-writer and artist with issue #8. With issue #13, \"the series new creative team of writer Jody Houser and artist Nick Roche kicked off their run by jumping eight years into the Parker family's future\". The second volume is followed by the three issue limited series Spider-Girls which was part of the 2018 comics event Spider-Geddon. CBR highlighted that while events of the \"One More Day\" storyline still \"haven't been totally undone in the Marvel comic continuum\", as a result of Renew Your Vows, both MJ and Peter of Earth 616 share \"small fragments of memories of their life and decided to begin again, with a fresh new start\". Plot Volume one: Secret Wars During the \"Secret Wars\" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. Spider-Man brutally defeats Venom. As the superheroes are being defeated by Regent, Mary Jane Watson uses a fire truck's siren to help Spider-Man force Venom into a burning building and brings the structure down on Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe. In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent won't detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. Peter takes pictures of Demolition Man protesting the Regent's rule when he is defeated by Boomerang, Rhino, and","title":"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows"},{"docid":"65818012","text":"Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen","title":"Sins Rising"},{"docid":"44226135","text":"Spider-Man XXX: A Porn Parody is a 2011 American adult entertainment superhero film written by Axel Braun and Bryn Pryor, and directed by Braun for Vivid Entertainment. As a parody of the Spider-Man comic book series by Marvel, the film stars Xander Corvus, Capri Anderson, Ash Hollywood, and Sarah Shevon. Plot J. Jonah Jameson is attempting to run the Daily Bugle, which is harassing the \"menace\" known as Spider-Man, while his employees Betty Brant and Robbie Robertson have intimate relations in a back room. Across town, a power line accident results in an electric company worker being granted the power to generate and control electricity. The worker decides to become a supervillain, and so dons a costume and rechristens himself Electro. Electro hires a prostitute, and electrocutes her after they have sex. The Kingpin of Crime, Wilson Fisk, then approaches Electro, and hires him as part of an elaborate scheme. Meanwhile, Peter Parker and his promiscuous girlfriend Mary-Jane Watson are walking through an alley when Peter's spider-sense warns him of impending danger. Peter leaves Mary-Jane alone in the alley in order to change into his Spider-Man costume, and the danger that Peter had detected manifests as a gang of thugs who threaten Mary-Jane. Peter reappears as Spider-Man in time to save Mary-Jane, and Mary-Jane rewards the hero with the classic upside-down kiss, which continues into upside-down oral sex. Spider-Man then leaves Mary-Jane, and returns changed back into his Peter Parker attire. Peter and Mary-Jane meet up with Gwen Stacy and Flash Thompson for an off-camera double date to watch the film Black Swan. After they return to Flash's apartment, the city suffers a large scale blackout. Peter alleges that he must go check on his Aunt May, and leaves Mary-Jane at Flash's apartment. Flash suggests that Gwen and Mary-Jane join him in a threesome, and both agree, though due to the blackout much of this is only partially visible. Spider-Man confronts Electro, and engages in a brief fight that ends when Electro accidentally electrocutes himself. Black Widow appears, and attempts to seduce Spider-Man into joining the Avengers. Peter returns home after having sex with Black Widow, and is greeted by his Aunt May, who is being visited by Otto Octavius. Cast Xander Corvus as Spider-Man/Peter Parker Capri Anderson as Mary Jane Watson Ash Hollywood as Gwen Stacy Sarah Shevon as Betty Brant Brooklyn Lee as Black Widow/Natasha Romanoff Tyler Knight as Robbie Robertson Lily Labeau as Liz Allan Robert Black as J. Jonah Jameson Tara Lynn Foxx as Shocked Hooker Blyth Hess as Aunt May Dick Delaware as Electro/Max Dillon Seth Dickens as Flash Thompson Michael Vegas as Harry Osborn Peter O'Tool as Wilson Fisk/Kingpin James Bartholet as Doctor Octopus/Otto Octavius Awards and nominations Follow-ups The film was succeeded by Superman vs. Spider-Man XXX: An Axel Braun Parody in 2012, and Spider-Man XXX 2: An Axel Braun Parody in 2014. Xander Corvus also reprised his role as Spider-Man in 2013's Wolverine XXX: An Axel Braun Parody, and 2015's Avengers XXX","title":"Spider-Man XXX: A Porn Parody"},{"docid":"62482614","text":"Spider-Girl or Spidergirl may refer to: Anya Corazon, a Marvel Comics Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña. Ashley Barton, a Marvel Comics antihero and granddaughter of Spider-Man Peter Parker and daughter of Clint Barton from the Marvel's Wastelanders universe. Gwen Warren, a Marvel Comics superhero and mutant biological daughter of Cyclops Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Spider-Queen Ana Soria, created by Miles Warren. Mayday Parker, a Marvel Comics superhero and daughter of Spider-Man Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 (Marvel Comics 2) universe. Petra Parker, an alternate universe superhero who appears in Ultimate Spider-Man, voiced by Olivia Holt. Spider Girl (Sussa Paka), a DC Comics superhero Spider Girls (born 1969/70), Indian conjoined twins See also Spider-Woman SP//dr Silk","title":"Spider-Girl (disambiguation)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"27330977\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"One Moment in Time\\\" is a 2010 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics starring Spider-Man. Written by Joe Quesada and illustrated by Paolo Rivera, it was originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #638–641, and immediately follows \\\"The Gauntlet\\\" storyline. It is notable for revealing what changes the villain Mephisto made to save the life of Peter Parker/Spider-Man's aunt, May Parker, and dissolve the wedding of Parker and Mary Jane Watson at the end of the 2007 \\\"One More Day\\\" storyline. The name of the storyline forms the acronym O.M.I.T., which Quesada explained was an intentional reference to how Parker and Watson's wedding was removed from continuity. Storytelling In The Amazing Spider-Man #638, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from the end of \\\"One More Day\\\" or Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21. The flashbacks use actual pages from the original comics, and are mixed in with new pages that illustrate how events were changed by the villainous demon Mephisto. In Amazing Spider-Man #639, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from \\\"Civil War\\\" and Amazing Spider-Man #539-543. These flashbacks are only panels from the original comics and not full pages. In Amazing Spider-Man #640, the story is told as the altered events of \\\"Back in Black\\\" and \\\"One More Day\\\", as well as other events contemporaneous with those storylines. Plot Mary Jane Watson whispers to Mephisto that Peter will not trade his marriage for Aunt May's life unless Mary Jane tells him to accept the agreement, and that Mephisto will leave Peter alone forever when the deal is done. Mephisto agrees to these terms. At present time MJ shows up at Peter's door. They talk about how they have been acting towards each other lately and both agree they want to be friends with each other. Then they reminisce about what happened on what was supposed to be their wedding day. Spider-Man stops Electro and his gang. One of the gang members, Eddie, makes note of the arresting officer's name. Then Mephisto, as a red pigeon, swoops down and unlocks the door of the police car Eddie is in, allowing him to escape while the officers are occupied with cuffing Electro. Spider-Man is out patrolling that night and hears the gunshots of Eddie shooting at the arresting officer and his wife. While saving the policeman and his wife, Spider-Man gets hit in the head with a cinder block. He chases after Eddie and tackles him off the side of a building. Though Spider-Man foils the murder, during his struggle, he and Eddie fall from a building to the ground, with Spider-Man absorbing most of the impact. Eddie escapes, declining to kill Spider-Man because he saved Eddie's life. On the wedding morning, Mary Jane shows up but Peter does not as he is lying unconscious in an alleyway. After Peter misses his wedding he tries to explain what happened to Mary Jane, but she knows\",\n \"title\": \"One Moment in Time (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19692184\",\n \"text\": \"Vin Gonzales is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted as a supporting character of Spider-Man in Marvel's main shared universe. He was the roommate of Peter Parker as well as Parker's first romantic rival since the retconing of his marriage to Mary Jane Watson in \\\"One More Day.\\\" He is the younger brother of Michele Gonzales. Fictional character biography Vin Gonzales, an NYPD officer, is currently the roommate of Peter Parker. When Peter was in search of a roommate, Harry Osborn offered the idea of Vin, a friend of Lily and Carlie. He does not seem to trust Spider-Man. Vin seems to have a crush on Carlie Cooper. When the first rent arrives, Vin and Peter recently had an argument because of Peter's problems at the Daily Bugle. Vin thought that Peter still had his job as a photographer and Vin was giving Peter news tips. Peter decided not to tell Vin until he had found a job. Vin thought that Peter was playing him and that made Vin very angry. His anger towards Spider-Man increased where Kraven the Hunter's daughter Ana Tatiana Kravinoff had mistaken him from Spider-Man, causing trouble for him by having Vin placed on suspension from his job and after he was captured, Vin had to be saved by the real Spider-man (who was wearing the costume of his fellow crime fighter Daredevil). Spider-Man then had to use a cover story by pretending he left a costume with Peter Parker to protect his identity which was actually intended to prevent Vin from suspecting that Spider-Man was Peter himself. Later, Carlie Cooper found that a group of Spider-tracers were in the vicinity of Peter's and Vin's apartment. She goes over to investigate, only to discover a bag of spider-tracers under Vin's bed. Vin returns to get his key when Carlie reveals the bag and asks for explanation. Vin is unable to explain himself until his partner, Alan O'Neal, chastises him and slips that \\\"we gave 'em to you to take care of\\\". Vin later admitted to Carlie that he and Al were involved in a secret conspiracy with other policemen to turn public opinion against Spider-Man in a smear campaign by planting tracers on people already dead to hopefully put an end to Spider-Mans' vigilante activities. It was revealed that Vin was recruited into the group shortly after his rescue from Ana Kravinoff due to his continuing hatred for Spider-Man. A warrant is later put on both him and Carlie. He is captured and taken to Ryker's Island. At Ryker's Island, many criminals attack him for his status as a policeman, but Spider-Man rescues him and breaks him out of jail. Vin apologizes to Carlie, and proceeds to arrest the Sergeant. His sister, Michele Gonzales, who is an attorney, works out a plea deal for him, giving him six months in prison and a removal from the NYPD in exchange for the names of all the\",\n \"title\": \"Vin Gonzales\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38162451\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dying Wish\\\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\" and finished in \\\"Dying Wish\\\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \\\"Dying Wish\\\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \\\"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\\\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \\\"Origin of the Species\\\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \\\"Peter Parker\\\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \\\"Spider-Man\\\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped\",\n \"title\": \"Dying Wish\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64970237\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Jane \\\"MJ\\\" Watson is a fictional character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film series. Based on the character of the same name, she is portrayed by Kirsten Dunst. In the films, Mary Jane is Peter Parker's next-door neighbor, childhood crush, and primary love interest. Though Mary Jane dates several other men in the first two films, she ultimately falls in love with Peter and Spider-Man and discovers they are one and the same. Despite his strong feelings for her, Peter initially declines a relationship with her in order to keep her safe, but they eventually become a couple in the end. Despite being criticized for adhering to the damsel in distress archetype in each installment of the film series, Dunst's interpretation of the character has been generally well-received. Character design and portrayal Comic book origins Mary Jane Watson was first introduced into Spider-Man comics story-lines in The Amazing Spider-Man #42 in 1966, despite being mentioned earlier in the comics. She was conceived as competition to Gwen Stacy as Spider-Man's primary love interest, and is characterized as a free-spirited, outgoing personality as opposed to Gwen's more serious, academic nature. Peter Parker initially dates Gwen after he stops going out with Mary Jane due to what he sees as her shallow personality while Mary Jane refuses to be tied down in one relationship. Despite this, Mary Jane became more popular with fans and following Gwen's death in the comics, Peter and MJ begin to rekindle their relationship and eventually marry despite ups and downs in the comics. Casting and execution Actress Kirsten Dunst was cast as Mary Jane Watson for the 2002 Spider-Man film, with Mary Jane having been cemented in comics lore as Peter Parker's primary love interest by then. Before director Sam Raimi cast Dunst, he had expressed his interest in casting Alicia Witt. Dunst decided to audition after learning Tobey Maguire had been cast as Peter Parker/Spider-Man, feeling the film would have a more independent feel. Dunst earned the role a month before shooting in an audition in Berlin. In the first two films in the trilogy, Dunst wore a red wig for the part, dying part of her hair in the first film, before dying her full head of blond hair red for the third film. Dunst was also allegedly asked to change her teeth for the films, a demand that she refused. She also declined to do certain stunts in the films. The set-up for Spider-Man and Mary Jane's famous \\\"upside-down kiss\\\" involved several rain-machines at the studio lot, and saw some difficulty as Maguire was hung upside down with water pouring into his nostrils. To achieve the look of Mary Jane pulling Spider-Man's mask down, Dunst was described by Sam Raimi as \\\"doing some hand trickery\\\" as the mask was not pliable in those conditions. Having initially signed on for three Spider-Man films, Dunst said that she would consider doing a fourth, but only if Raimi and Maguire also returned. In January 2010, it was announced\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18936506\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Green Goblin Reborn!\\\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \\\"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\\\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the\",\n \"title\": \"Green Goblin Reborn!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23834597\",\n \"text\": \"is a manga by . It ran in the children's magazine, Comic BomBom, from November 9, 2004, to May 11, 2005. The manga is not connected to Ryoichi Ikegami's Spider-Man: The Manga and takes place in its independent continuity numbered as Earth-7041. Plot In the year 200X, a supervillain who goes by the name Lord Beaustius (Lord Gokibu in the Japanese version) wants to steal the fossil of the Insect King, 15 year-old Peter Parker (Kakeru Amano in the Japanese version) uses his new spider powers to become Spider-Man J, to prevent this from happening. During his time as a superhero, he meets Japanese versions of Elektra, Dr. Doom, Blade, and the Fantastic Four. The story does not provide an extensive introduction to the character like previous Spider-Man series published in Japan did. Daniel Stein, author of \\\"Of Transcreations and Transpacific Adaptations: Investigating Manga Versions of Spider-Man\\\", said that \\\"no reintroduction of Spider-Man through a recap or revision of his origin story was necessary[...]\\\". Characters is a boy with the paranormal abilities of a spider. He keeps his identity as Spider-Man J a secret, fearing his family or friends might get hurt. The only person who knows Kakeru is Spider-Man J is Detective Makoto. He specializes in a number of weapons that he creates using his web-shooters. He is shy and clumsy, and barely has any friends. In the English version, he is known as Peter Parker. His parents are located in the United States. Stein described the Spider-Man J Peter Parker as \\\"a small, preadolescent kid who still sleeps with stuffed animals\\\". is a detective who became a police officer because he wanted to protect people. He has a goofy sense of humor, but has a good heart and believes in justice. In the English version, he is known as Detective Flynn. Stein described Flynn as \\\"a paternal figure less given to emotional outbursts and childish fantasies than [Spider-Man J's] Peter\\\". is Kakeru's young, happy go-lucky aunt. She loves Kakeru like he is her own son, and is overprotective of him. She owns her own dress shop. She is quite relaxed, and is known for her spicy curry. In the English version, she is known as Aunt May. Stein described the Spider-Man J Aunt May as \\\"a somewhat overbearing mother figure\\\". is Kakeru's classmate and girlfriend. She is a tomboy, and is very careful for everyone, especially Kakeru. In the English version, she is known as Jane-Marie, a name based on that of Mary Jane Watson from the American series. Stein describes Jane-Marie as \\\"a friend but not yet a potential love interest\\\". is Kakeru's/Spider-Man J Peter's classmate and friend. He is a fan of Spider-Man J and Comic BomBom, judging by his shirt that reads \\\"Bom\\\". In the English version, he is known as Harold. is the main villain of the manga. Not much is known about him, or his past. In the English version, he is known as Lord Beastius. Elektra The Spider-Man J Peter is against\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man J\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5662262\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of characters who serve as supporting cast of the Marvel Comics' Spider-Man. Family Tree Note: This tree covers various different alternate realities to varying degrees. Immediate family Richard Parker - Father. Died in an airplane crash. Mary Parker - Mother. Died in an airplane crash. Teresa Parker - Peter Parker's long lost sister who is introduced in the graphic novel Spider-Man: Family Business. She later appeared in the comics. Ben Parker - Peter Parker's uncle. Shot by the Burglar. May Parker - Peter Parker's loving aunt who raises him after his parents died. After the murder of her husband Ben, May is virtually his only family, and they are very close. Mary Jane Watson-Parker (love interest, later wife) - Introduced to Peter by his Aunt May, who is friends with her Aunt Anna, Mary Jane eventually becomes Peter's best friend and wife. Mayday Parker - Daughter from MC2 universe- Earth-982. Benjy Parker - Son from MC2 universe- Earth-982. Will Fitzpatrick - Mary Parker's father and Peter Parker's grandfather. J. Jonah Jameson - He became Peter's stepcousin after his father married Aunt May. Something Jameson personally dislikes. John Jameson - He became Peter's stepcousin once-removed after his grandfather married Aunt May. Clones Ben Reilly - Peter Parker's clone brother who was known as Scarlet Spider and the second Spider-Man. Unlike most of the clones, Peter views Ben Reilly as his brother and considers him family. Kaine Parker - Peter Parker's clone brother who was the second Scarlet Spider. Web-Man - A twin duplicate of Spider-Man. Spidercide - A Peter Parker clone who has control over his own molecules who was used by the Jackal as muscle. Died fighting Ben Reilly and Peter Parker above the Daily Bugle before falling to its death. Jack - A Peter Parker clone who was the Jackal's diminutive henchman, armed with claw-like fingernails (much like Guardian). He dies from clone degeneration. Guardian - A Peter Parker clone with dense skin, super-strength, and claw-like fingernails who guarded the entrance to one of the Jackal's headquarters. He also died of clone degeneration. Skeleton of a Spider-Man clone - Found in a smokestack Doppelganger - A mystical duplicate created by Magus. Elliot Tolliver - A proto-clone with mind of Doctor Octopus in a clone body of Peter Parker and of Otto Octavius. Spider-Man (Isotope Genome Accelerator version) - A duplicate separated from Peter Parker by the Isotope Genome Accelerator. Ultimate Carnage - Related in the Ultimate universe Earth-1610. Ultimate Spider-Woman - A clone of Peter Parker that is also known as Spider-Woman, Black Widow, Ultimate Spider-Woman, Ultimate Black Widow in the Ultimate universe Earth-1610. Mary Jane's family Anna Watson - Mary Jane's aunt and Aunt May's best friend. Madeline Watson - Mother, deceased Philip Watson - Father Kristy Watson - Cousin Gayle Watson-Byrnes - Sister May Parker's Family Albert Reilly (father) Claire Reilly (mother) Horace Reilly (uncle) Bill Reilly (uncle) Claudia Reilly (aunt): Bill Reilly's wife Sam Reilly (cousin): Bill and Claudia's son Julia Reilly\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man supporting characters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15635388\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Brand New Day\\\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \\\"One More Day\\\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \\\"Spider-Man: Big Time\\\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \\\"Brand New Day\\\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \\\"back to basics\\\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \\\"One More Day\\\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \\\"some people\\\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: Brand New Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1368744\",\n \"text\": \"The \\\"Clone Saga\\\" is an extended comic-book storyline published by Marvel Comics, revolving around the superhero Spider-Man and clones of him, as well as of other characters. The second and best-known story arc of this name ran from October 1994 to December 1996, and quickly became one of the most controversial Spider-Man stories ever told. Although it was intended to wrap up in less than a year, the comics sold very well and the writers were encouraged to prolong the saga as long as possible. This led to some changes to the storyline that ultimately proved unpopular. Despite the controversy, the 1990s Clone Saga remains one of the most popular Spider-Man story arcs of all time. Although many people were involved in its creation, the Clone Saga is most closely associated with Terry Kavanagh, who proposed the idea; Howard Mackie, who worked on the majority of the smaller crossovers involved in the overall story arc; and Gerry Conway, who devised the original story. Executive editors on the storyline included Tom DeFalco, Bob Budiansky, and Bob Harras. Story arcs There were two \\\"Clone Sagas\\\": the original storyline in the 1970s and the second saga which consumed all the regular Spider-Man series, several limited series and one-shot issues between 1994 and 1997. Between the two, there were also two smaller storylines that dealt with elements from the original saga. The original Clone Saga In mid-1973, writer Gerry Conway made the decision to kill off the girlfriend of Peter Parker, Gwen Stacy, in The Amazing Spider-Man #121 because the editorial team felt that Gwen had become stale as a character and they wanted to instill an additional element of tragedy into Peter Parker's life. In the follow-up arcs, Conway introduced a new villain called the Jackal and let Gwen Stacy seemingly return from the dead. The Jackal was the villain identity of Gwen and Peter's biology professor Miles Warren, who could not cope with the death of Gwen, with whom he had a secret infatuation. As an expert on cloning, he creates clones of both Gwen and Peter, discovering Peter is Spider-Man as a result. The Jackal blames Spider-Man for Gwen's death and wants to kill him. The Jackal kidnaps Spider-Man and forces him to fight his clone. Both men believe they are the real Peter Parker. The two Spider-Men soon decide to work together, but one is seemingly killed by the same bomb that kills the Jackal. The surviving Spider-Man determines he is the original because he is in love with Mary Jane Watson, which did not happen until after Professor Warren created the clone. Spider-Man drops the body of the clone into an incinerator. Gwen Stacy's clone disappears to find a new life for herself. The Amazing Spider-Man #149, the climactic installment of the original Clone Saga, leaves it ambiguous whether it is the original Spider-Man or his clone who perishes in the bomb explosion. Conway said this ambiguity was unintentional, as at the time he took it as a given\",\n \"title\": \"Clone Saga\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3174694\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of titles featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. Spider-Man first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15, which was the last issue of that series. After that, he was given his own series. All stories presented in this list are published by Marvel Comics under their standard imprint, unless otherwise noted. The list is updated as of March 2023 and includes the Peter Parker, Ben Reilly, Miguel O'Hara and Miles Morales versions of the character. Ongoing series Mainstream continuity Titles currently featuring Spider-Man include: The Amazing Spider-Man #1–441 (March 1963 – November 1998). Also includes a #-1 issue (July 1997) (vol. 2) #1–58, #500–700 (January 1999 – December 2012). Also includes issues numbered #654.1, 679.1, 699.1, 700.1–700.5 (vol. 3) #1–18 (April 2014 – August 2015). Also includes issues numbered #16.1–20.1 (vol. 4) #1–32, #789–801 (October 2015 – June 2018). Also includes issues numbered #1.1–1.6 (vol. 5) #1–93 (July 2018 – March 2022). Also includes issues numbered #16.HU, 18–20.HU, 50–54.LR, 78.BEY, 80.BEY, 88.BEY, 92.BEY (vol. 6) #1–current (April 2022 – present) Annuals #1–28, 96–2001, #35–42, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2018 (II), 2019, 2021, 2023 (1964–2023) Miles Morales: Spider-Man #1–42 (December 2018 – September 2022), Annual #1 (2021) (vol. 2) #1–current (December 2022 – present) Spider-Man #1–98 (August 1990 – November 1998). A series initially created in 1991 for artist Todd McFarlane. Renamed Peter Parker: Spider-Man with issue #75. (vol. 2) #1–21, 234–240 (April 2016 – July 2018). Stars Miles Morales. Legacy numbering was introduced from January 2018. (vol. 3) #1–5 (September 2019 – November 2020). Out of continuity miniseries. (vol. 4) #1–11 (December 2022 – August 2023) The Superior Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1 (November 2023 – present) Other Continuities Spider-Man titles set in universes other than Earth-616: Ultimate Universe (Earth-6160) Ultimate Spider-Man #1– (January 2024 – present). Written by Jonathan Hickman and illustrated by Marco Checchetto. Set in the new Ultimate Marvel Universe and stars an older Peter Parker married to Mary Jane Watson and has two kids. Reprints Astonishing Spider-Man #1–current (Panini Comics/Marvel UK; November 1995 – present). Part of Marvel UK's \\\"Collector Edition\\\" line, reprinting U.S. stories from 2–3 years prior. Previous series Spider-Man has also had a number of ongoing series that have since ended: Mainstream continuity The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–2 (July–November 1968). A magazine format series. First issue was published in black-and-white. Marvel Team-Up #1–150 (March 1972 – February 1985). A series that mostly featured Spider-Man paired with a different Marvel Comics superhero each month. Replaced by Web of Spider-Man in 1985. Spider-Man Team-Up #1–7 (December 1995 – June 1997). Quarterly series. Marvel Team-Up (vol. 2) #1–11 (September 1997 – March 1998). Monthly series replacing Spider-Man Team-Up. The first seven issues featured Spider-Man team-ups before switching over to Namor the Sub-Mariner. Marvel Team-Up (vol. 3) #1–25 (January 2005 – December 2006). Features Spider-Man and other characters, with longer storylines than the previous volumes. Marvel Team-Up (vol. 4) #1–6 (June 2019 – September 2019). First three issues featured Spider-Man. Annuals #1–7 (1976 – 1984) Giant-Size Spider-Man #1–6\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man titles\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58112860\",\n \"text\": \"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is two series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. The series revolves around Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson having remained married and raising a daughter named Anna-May \\\"Annie\\\" Parker, with Mary Jane and Annie further becoming the superheroes Spinneret and Spiderling. The original series was a 2015 comic book limited series that tied into that year's Secret Wars event. Following the event's end, the popularity of the series led to a sequel ongoing series set in the alternate reality of Earth-18119, which was published from 2016 to 2018. Mary Jane and Annie from this series make cameo appearances in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The first volume takes place during the \\\"Secret Wars\\\" storyline and was published as a limited series in 2015. Dan Slott and Adam Kubert's story occurs in a Battleworld which was a \\\"drastically reimagined incarnation of New York City\\\". A second volume, now as an ongoing series part of the 2016 \\\"Marvel NOW!\\\" relaunch, details the further tales of Spider-Man and his family after their reality was restored. Originally, Gerry Conway was the lead writer of the volume; Ryan Stegman joined as both co-writer and artist with issue #8. With issue #13, \\\"the series new creative team of writer Jody Houser and artist Nick Roche kicked off their run by jumping eight years into the Parker family's future\\\". The second volume is followed by the three issue limited series Spider-Girls which was part of the 2018 comics event Spider-Geddon. CBR highlighted that while events of the \\\"One More Day\\\" storyline still \\\"haven't been totally undone in the Marvel comic continuum\\\", as a result of Renew Your Vows, both MJ and Peter of Earth 616 share \\\"small fragments of memories of their life and decided to begin again, with a fresh new start\\\". Plot Volume one: Secret Wars During the \\\"Secret Wars\\\" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. Spider-Man brutally defeats Venom. As the superheroes are being defeated by Regent, Mary Jane Watson uses a fire truck's siren to help Spider-Man force Venom into a burning building and brings the structure down on Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe. In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent won't detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. Peter takes pictures of Demolition Man protesting the Regent's rule when he is defeated by Boomerang, Rhino, and\",\n \"title\": \"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65818012\",\n \"text\": \"Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen\",\n \"title\": \"Sins Rising\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44226135\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man XXX: A Porn Parody is a 2011 American adult entertainment superhero film written by Axel Braun and Bryn Pryor, and directed by Braun for Vivid Entertainment. As a parody of the Spider-Man comic book series by Marvel, the film stars Xander Corvus, Capri Anderson, Ash Hollywood, and Sarah Shevon. Plot J. Jonah Jameson is attempting to run the Daily Bugle, which is harassing the \\\"menace\\\" known as Spider-Man, while his employees Betty Brant and Robbie Robertson have intimate relations in a back room. Across town, a power line accident results in an electric company worker being granted the power to generate and control electricity. The worker decides to become a supervillain, and so dons a costume and rechristens himself Electro. Electro hires a prostitute, and electrocutes her after they have sex. The Kingpin of Crime, Wilson Fisk, then approaches Electro, and hires him as part of an elaborate scheme. Meanwhile, Peter Parker and his promiscuous girlfriend Mary-Jane Watson are walking through an alley when Peter's spider-sense warns him of impending danger. Peter leaves Mary-Jane alone in the alley in order to change into his Spider-Man costume, and the danger that Peter had detected manifests as a gang of thugs who threaten Mary-Jane. Peter reappears as Spider-Man in time to save Mary-Jane, and Mary-Jane rewards the hero with the classic upside-down kiss, which continues into upside-down oral sex. Spider-Man then leaves Mary-Jane, and returns changed back into his Peter Parker attire. Peter and Mary-Jane meet up with Gwen Stacy and Flash Thompson for an off-camera double date to watch the film Black Swan. After they return to Flash's apartment, the city suffers a large scale blackout. Peter alleges that he must go check on his Aunt May, and leaves Mary-Jane at Flash's apartment. Flash suggests that Gwen and Mary-Jane join him in a threesome, and both agree, though due to the blackout much of this is only partially visible. Spider-Man confronts Electro, and engages in a brief fight that ends when Electro accidentally electrocutes himself. Black Widow appears, and attempts to seduce Spider-Man into joining the Avengers. Peter returns home after having sex with Black Widow, and is greeted by his Aunt May, who is being visited by Otto Octavius. Cast Xander Corvus as Spider-Man/Peter Parker Capri Anderson as Mary Jane Watson Ash Hollywood as Gwen Stacy Sarah Shevon as Betty Brant Brooklyn Lee as Black Widow/Natasha Romanoff Tyler Knight as Robbie Robertson Lily Labeau as Liz Allan Robert Black as J. Jonah Jameson Tara Lynn Foxx as Shocked Hooker Blyth Hess as Aunt May Dick Delaware as Electro/Max Dillon Seth Dickens as Flash Thompson Michael Vegas as Harry Osborn Peter O'Tool as Wilson Fisk/Kingpin James Bartholet as Doctor Octopus/Otto Octavius Awards and nominations Follow-ups The film was succeeded by Superman vs. Spider-Man XXX: An Axel Braun Parody in 2012, and Spider-Man XXX 2: An Axel Braun Parody in 2014. Xander Corvus also reprised his role as Spider-Man in 2013's Wolverine XXX: An Axel Braun Parody, and 2015's Avengers XXX\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man XXX: A Porn Parody\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62482614\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Girl or Spidergirl may refer to: Anya Corazon, a Marvel Comics Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña. Ashley Barton, a Marvel Comics antihero and granddaughter of Spider-Man Peter Parker and daughter of Clint Barton from the Marvel's Wastelanders universe. Gwen Warren, a Marvel Comics superhero and mutant biological daughter of Cyclops Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Spider-Queen Ana Soria, created by Miles Warren. Mayday Parker, a Marvel Comics superhero and daughter of Spider-Man Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 (Marvel Comics 2) universe. Petra Parker, an alternate universe superhero who appears in Ultimate Spider-Man, voiced by Olivia Holt. Spider Girl (Sussa Paka), a DC Comics superhero Spider Girls (born 1969/70), Indian conjoined twins See also Spider-Woman SP//dr Silk\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Girl (disambiguation)\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"7715170","text":"Juniorpress was a Dutch publisher known for its translations of American comic books. It published Marvel Comics, Image Comics, and DC/Cliffhanger comics under its own name, and the imprint Baldakijn Boeken for the publication of DC Comics superhero comics such as Batman, Superman, and the New Teen Titans. It operated from 1976 to 2015. History Founded by Rob Spijkstra, Juniorpress started as the Dutch-language branch of the Swedish publishing group Semic Press. Although founded in 1973, the company didn't start publishing comics until 1976, with a selection of war, Western, romance, and horror comics, with titles such as Bajonet, Front, Gruwel, Krimi, Marshall, Oorlog, Romantica, and Western. Many of these were reprints of the Dutch publisher Nooit Gedacht. In 1978, Juniorpress acquired the Dutch-language license to publish Marvel Comics in the Netherlands and Belgium. In the early 1990s, Juniorpress sometimes sold 5,000 copies per issue of its Marvel reprints. In 1982–1983, the company canceled most of its original titles and changed direction, focusing almost exclusively on translations of American superhero comics. Around 1984, Juniorpress took over the previously independent company Baldakijn Boeken (\"Canopy Books\"), using this imprint to market DC translations. Juniorpress apparently lost the license to publish DC material around 1996. Juniorpress lost the Marvel Comics Dutch rights in 2007 to Z-Press Junior Media. After losing the Marvel Comics license, Juniorpress temporarily canceled its superhero lines. Later the company started again with various licenses, including Lego. In October 2014, Juniorpress was sold and renamed JP Publishing. Since this company does not publish comics, the few remaining Juniorpress titles petered out by the end of 2015. Titles (selected) Bamse (89 issues, 1978–1987) Bajonet mini-strip (\"Bayonet\") (75 issues, 1976–1983) Batman (78 issues, 1984–1995) Front mini-strip (71 issues, 1976–1983) De New Teen Titans (20 issues, 1985–1988) Oorlog mini-strip (\"War\") (79 issues, 1976–1982) Ponyclub (254 issues, 1985-2000) — comics magazine for female horse fanciers Peter Parker de spektakulaire Spiderman (Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man) (150 issues, 1983-1995) Romantica mini-strip (\"Romance\") (66 issues, 1976–1982) De Spectaculaire Spider-Man (Spider-Man) (196 issues, 1979–1995) Spiderman (Spider-Man) (135, 1996–2007) Super Reeks (\"Super Series\") (148 issues, 1977–1980) — acquired from Baldakijn Boeken with issue #301 Superman (119 issues, 1984–1996) Tarzan (67 issues, 1979–1981) Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles (61 issues, 1990–1995) Web van Spiderman (Web of Spider-Man) (110 issues, 1985–1995) Western mini-strip (66 issues, 1976–1981) Wolverine (89 issues, 1990–2000) De X-Mannen (X-Men) (296 issues, 1983–2007) Notes References Sources Publishing companies of the Netherlands Comics publishing companies 1973 establishments 2015 disestablishments","title":"Juniorpress"},{"docid":"5857436","text":"Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are the parents of Peter Parker, the superhero known as Spider-Man. Richard and Mary Parker have been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portrayed the characters in the films The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Emma Roberts portrays Mary Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Richard and Mary Parker were created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. For many years before The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #5 (November 1968), there had been no explanation of why Peter Parker was being raised by his aunt and uncle, with his parents only appearing in flashbacks and photographs. That issue finally answered the question: Richard and Mary Parker were murdered by Albert Malik, who was one of Johann Schmidt's successors to the persona of Red Skull. In The Amazing Spider-Man #365 (August 1992), Spider-Man's 30th anniversary, they reappeared. Two years later, however, in #388 (April 1994), they were revealed to be Life Model Decoys created by the Chameleon and were destroyed. In the novel Mary Jane, it is said they died in a plane accident while going to Switzerland to turn in some important discovery that Richard made. Peter tries to figure out what the discovery was but fails, as he cannot figure out the things Richard has written on his board. In July 1997, Untold Tales of Spider-Man #-1, part of Marvel Comics' \"Flashback Month\" event, written by Roger Stern and drawn by John Romita, Sr., the characters' origins are expanded. Since then, they have rarely been mentioned. Fictional character biographies Captain Richard Parker, a decorated soldier of the United States Army Special Forces and younger brother of Ben Parker, was recruited by Nick Fury, the future director of S.H.I.E.L.D., to the C.I.A. Mary Fitzpatrick was the daughter of O.S.S. agent \"Wild Will\" Fitzpatrick. She attended the best schools and eventually followed in her father's footsteps, becoming a C.I.A. translator and data analyst. Richard and Mary met on the job, fell in love, and married. Originally they eloped, later having a more elaborate service, fooling many. Mary became a field agent like Richard, giving them both an easy cover as a married couple. They were assigned to investigate Baroness Adelicia Von Krupp, who had captured an agent of a \"friendly power\" (who turned out to be Logan, aka Wolverine, then a Canadian operative called \"Agent Ten\" and who would eventually become an ally of their son Peter who would grow up to become Spider-Man). They rescued Logan from the Baroness and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. After that mission, they discovered Mary was pregnant; Logan was actually the first person to congratulate the Parkers, commenting later that he never saw an agent as tough as Richard Parker go that white that fast. Their son, Peter, was often left in the care of Ben and his wife May","title":"Richard and Mary Parker"},{"docid":"1762573","text":"Joseph \"Robbie\" Robertson is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr., he first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #51 (August 1967), and has since endured as a supporting character of the wall-crawler. Robbie Robertson was one of the first black characters in comics to play a serious supporting role, rather than act as comic relief. He has usually been a high-ranking editor at the New York newspaper, the Daily Bugle, and a close friend and confidant of publisher J. Jonah Jameson, acting as a voice of reason in Jameson's campaign to discredit Spider-Man. He is more friendly and supportive of Peter Parker as well as the other Daily Bugle staffers than the brash Jameson. In the 1980s, the character's backstory was explored, revealing a past conflict with the supervillain Tombstone, with whom he attended high school; these stories were well received by readers and contributed to greater interest in his character. The character has appeared in several media adaptations outside of comics over the years, including films, animated series, and video games. Actor Bill Nunn played Robbie Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy. Publication history Gerry Conway's run on The Spectacular Spider-Man and Web of Spider-Man expanded Robertson's back story with a dark history involving the hit man Tombstone which continues to haunt Robertson in the present. The stories drew an exceptionally intense level of reader interest. Editor Jim Salicrup recalled that \"some of the most jaded, seen-it-all before guys - namely the guys in Marvel's production department - got hooked on the Tombstone/Joe Robertson soap opera. They'd actually come into my office concerned about what was going to happen to Robbie next. 'He's not going to jail, is he?' they'd ask\". Fictional character biography Joseph Robertson was born in Harlem. He is married to Martha and they have had two sons. Their first son, Patrick Henry Robertson, died when he was only six months old. Their second son, Randy, is divorced. Growing up in a working-class family and being a member of a racial minority, Robertson seemed to sympathize with the downtrodden, including Marvel Comics' mutants, and he preached tolerance. He was forced to practice what he preached when his son came home from college with his white Jewish wife, Amanda. Robertson is the editor-in-chief of the Daily Bugle, the newspaper at which Peter Parker works and sells his photographs of Spider-Man. Unlike the Bugles volatile publisher, J. Jonah Jameson, Robbie tries his best to remain objective towards Spider-Man. Robbie is also the only Bugle employee who does not fear the wrath of his boss and is ready to stand up to him on editorial matters. Robbie serves as publisher when Jameson temporarily steps down. Robbie was a close personal friend of Captain George Stacy, and it has been implied, although not outright stated, that Robbie has deduced Spider-Man's secret identity, as Stacy did. Robbie's son Randy is also a close","title":"Robbie Robertson (character)"},{"docid":"23813636","text":"Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that debuted in September 2011 as part of the second re-launch of the Ultimate Marvel imprint. It followed the \"Death of Spider-Man\" storyline that concluded the series Ultimate Spider-Man, to which Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man served as a sequel. Written by Brian Michael Bendis and illustrated by Sara Pichelli, the series also served as a continuation of elements from the miniseries Ultimate Comics: Fallout and focuses on the all-new Spider-Man, Miles Morales. The series was set in a continuity shared with other relaunched Ultimate Marvel titles including Ultimate Comics: X-Men and Ultimate Comics: Ultimates. The title ended in October 2013; the adventures of Miles continue in Miles Morales: Ultimate Spider-Man, released in July 2014. History After the \"Death of Spider-Man\" story arc, in which Peter Parker was killed, the title's third volume was launched, in which writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Sara Pichelli depicted Parker's mantle being passed on to Miles Morales. Characters Miles Morales / Spider-Man II - A thirteen-year-old boy living with both his parents, though he also attends a charter school and roommates with his best friend Ganke Lee and another student named Judge. He has managed to meet a few people associated with the former Spider-Man, including Gwen Stacy, Mary Jane, Aunt May, Spider-Woman and Nick Fury. Gwen Stacy – Now living a normal life, having briefly dated Peter Parker prior to his death. May Parker – Aunt of the deceased Peter Parker. Jessica Drew / Spider-Woman – A female clone of Peter Parker, sharing most of his memories. Peter Parker / Spider-Man – The first Spider-Man, originally thought to be killed by the Green Goblin, apparently returns, and meets Miles, later assisting him in a battle against a recently returned Green Goblin. Villains Norman Osborn / Green Goblin – Spider-Man's oldest nemesis. Thought to be dead, he returns and breaks the Ultimate Six out of the Triskelion to kill Peter Parker, calling themselves the 'Men of God'. Max Dillon / Electro – A former criminal empowered with electrokinesis by Hammer Industries. Freed from prison by Osborn to kill Peter Parker. Elijah Stern / Tinkerer – An evil scientist who tries to get revenge on the Roxxon Company. Aaron Davis / Prowler – A cat burglar named Aaron Davis, brother of Miles' father Jefferson, and Miles' paternal uncle. Maximus Gargan / Scorpion – A Mexican mob boss named Maximus Gargan that worked with Miles Morales' uncle Aaron Davis, a.k.a. The Prowler. Edward Brock Jr. / Venom – Peter Parker's childhood friend, bonded to a protoplasmic, semi-sentient black suit known as a Symbiote. Arkady Gregorivich Rossovich / Omega Red – A mutant zealot who was created by Weapon X. Reception Reviewing the first issue, James Hunt of Comic Book Resources rated issue #1 four and a half out of five stars. Hunt called the issue \"technically strong\", and praised the writing and art. He defended the absence of Peter Parker in the book, stating","title":"Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man"},{"docid":"144436","text":"Benjamin Franklin \"Ben\" Parker, usually referred to as Uncle Ben, was a supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with the superhero Spider-Man (Peter Parker). He was the husband of May Parker and the paternal uncle and father figure of Peter Parker. After appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962), Uncle Ben made his first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He was modeled and named after American founding father Benjamin Franklin. The character has been an essential part of Spider-Man's history. His death at the hands of a petty criminal, whom Spider-Man previously had the chance to apprehend, but chose not to, has been depicted in most versions of the hero's origin story, as the main factor that inspired Peter to become Spider-Man. Uncle Ben's quote, \"With great power there must also come great responsibility\" (often paraphrased as \"With great power comes great responsibility\"), has become Spider-Man's \"moral guide\" and iconic life motto. The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including films, animated series, and video games. He was portrayed by Cliff Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and by Martin Sheen in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012). In December 2021, Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) screenwriters Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers confirmed that Uncle Ben's comic book role as Peter's \"moral guide\" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)—who tells him his life motto before being killed as a result of his actions—had instead been adapted to his aunt May Parker, portrayed by Marisa Tomei in five films from 2016 to 2021. Adam Scott portrays a younger Ben Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history After first appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962)—caring for his niece (a mermaid named Linda Brown) with his wife May—Uncle Ben returned in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962)—caring for his nephew (Peter Parker / Spider-Man) with May—and was killed in the same issue. Although his history as a supporting character was very brief, Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider-Man's life, often appearing in flashbacks. Notability of death The murder of Uncle Ben is possibly the most notable in comic book history. He is also one of the few comic book deaths that has never been reversed in official continuity. He was a member of the \"Big Three\", alongside Jason Todd (an associate of Batman) and Bucky (an associate of Captain America) whose notable deaths, along with Ben's, gave rise to the phrase: \"No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky, Jason Todd, and Uncle Ben\". Later, the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment, \"No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben\". The violent killing of Uncle Ben, done by a common street criminal, also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne, the parents of","title":"Uncle Ben"},{"docid":"32703921","text":"Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It features the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna \"Ana\" Soria) to the Marvel Universe and laid the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, style, and plot. Plot Infested \"Infested\" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the \"Spider-Island\" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31. Spider-Island The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him \"The Way of the Spider\", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen. Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jackal is behind the disturbance, as he has collected several prominent crime figures with spider-powers and given them Spider-Man outfits. The Avengers attempt to defend the city against spider-powered hooligans. Although Shang-Chi is able to confirm Spider-Man's identity to the other heroes, he is nevertheless ordered to stay out of the fight due to the inability to distinguish him from the other Spider-Men. However, inspired by a conversation with Mary Jane, Peter is able to rally various other New Yorkers to help him stop the villainous Spider-Men by posing as another random spider-powered citizen. As Anti-Venom works on curing various Spider-People of their powers, Madame Web reflects on the need for both Agent Venom and Anti-Venom to fix the Spider-Island problem. Meanwhile, Carlie and Peter attempt to investigate the Jackal's lab, reasoning that he is the most likely candidate to have caused this event, unaware that they are being watched. Jackal is seen working on the Spider-King by filling with tiny spider embryos. Horizon Labs works with Reed Richards to find a cure for the spider-powered people while the Avengers and","title":"Spider-Island"},{"docid":"27114542","text":"Ultimate Spider-Man (titled Ultimate Spider-Man: Web Warriors for the third season and Ultimate Spider-Man vs. the Sinister Six for its final season) is an American superhero animated television series broadcast on the cable network Disney XD, based on the Spider-Man comics published by Marvel Comics. The series featured writers such as Brian Michael Bendis (who also created the comic book series of the same name), Paul Dini, and Man of Action (a group consisting of Steven T. Seagle, Joe Kelly, Joe Casey and Duncan Rouleau). It was first announced in early 2012, and debuted alongside the second season of The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes as part of the Marvel Universe programming block on April 1, 2012. In a break from other series, Spider-Man breaks the fourth wall and speaks directly to the audience. It also includes fantasy sequences from Peter's mind. The series concluded its run on January 7, 2017, with the two-part episode \"Graduation Day.\" with 4 seasons each consisting of 26 episodes. Reruns continued to air on Disney XD until August 30, 2017. Synopsis Peter Parker has been Spider-Man for one year. He has saved lives and fought supervillains, but he is still in the process of learning how to be a superhero. Nick Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. offers Peter the chance to train to be a real superhero and become \"The Ultimate Spider-Man\". However, Peter will first have to learn how to work with a team of four fellow teenage superheroes: Nova, White Tiger, Iron Fist, and Power Man. Season 1 During the first season, corrupt industrialist Norman Osborn targets Spider-Man in the shadows in hopes of collecting his DNA to create a spider-soldier army to sell to the government. To do this, he uses Doctor Octopus as his pawn, having him send numerous supervillains (like the Frightful Four, Taskmaster and Whirlwind) after Spider-Man and use a sample of Spidey's blood to create the Venom symbiote, which ends up bonding with Harry Osborn, Norman's son and Peter's best friend. In the two-part season finale, Spider-Man learns that it was Norman who was the mastermind behind Doctor Octopus' schemes and Venom's creation, just in time to see Doc Ock take his revenge on Norman for the way he treated him by turning him into the villainous Green Goblin. Season 2 In the second season, following the fight with the Green Goblin which destroyed the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier, the S.H.I.E.L.D. Team ends up staying at Peter Parker's house. In the season premiere, after learning that Spider-Man got his powers from one of Oscorp's genetically altered spiders at the end of last season, Doc Ock creates a bunch of serums with animal DNA in hopes of re-creating the process and S.H.I.E.L.D. scientist Dr. Curt Connors, still dealing with the aftermath of the Helicarrier's destruction after injuring his right arm and having it amputated, injects himself with one of these serums to become the Lizard. Later, Doctor Octopus controls the Lizard so that he can join him, Electro, Rhino, Kraven the Hunter, and","title":"Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)"},{"docid":"6093374","text":"Last Hero Standing is a 5-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics in 2005. The series was written by Tom DeFalco and drawn by Pat Olliffe (who also co-plotted the series). The series stars many characters from the MC2 universe, such as A-Next and the Fantastic Five. Although these characters existed prior to this miniseries, Marvel wished to reintroduce them to the public quickly following the success of Spider-Girl in digest size format. The series was released weekly and then reprinted as a trade paperback. Plot summary While \"joy-hunting\" together in Canada, Wild Thing is shocked when her father Wolverine is kidnapped in front of her eyes. Elsewhere across the world, one of the Ladyhawk sisters is abducted as well. These events get the attention of the Watcher Uatu. After the first appearances of the original Fantastic Four, and the defeat of Loki which caused the creation of the first group of Avengers, a new line of heroes have emerged in a possible future timeline. These heroes now form the groups of A-Next and the Fantastic Five (F5), while other heroes such as Spider-Girl, the Green Goblin, and Darkdevil remain solo. At the Avengers Compound, the headquarters of A-Next in the future, the young heroes are busy being trained by Captain America. At a local hospital, Iron Man has just visited a still comatose Scarlet Witch. After leaving her room, he hears noises in it, and when he re-enters it, she has been kidnapped as well. At her home, young May \"May Day\" Parker, alias Spider-Girl, is busy taking care of her baby brother Ben, while being watched over by her parents Peter Parker and Mary Jane. After that, she leaves for school. Meanwhile, the Thing of the F5 walks over the main streets of the city, when they suddenly start to crumble. Ben realizes he is in danger and sets off an alarm to alert his teammates. Peter later discusses recent events with Phil Urich, alias Green Goblin. They are attacked by a gigantic robot which manages to abduct Peter. A panicking Phil contacts May about this. She, the Buzz, the other Ladyhawk and the Green Goblin dive into a tunnel that was created by the robot that kidnapped Peter. There, they meet up with all the members of A-Next who discovered the same tunnel earlier. Meanwhile, somewhere else, an unconscious Peter is dragged by the robot into a dark realm. An ancient Doctor Strange tries to gain the assistance of Doc Magus, but he prefers to work on his own. Doc Magus uses his astral form to scan the entire world for the missing heroes, which leads him to a dark cave. There, he is attacked by a dark entity that defeats and then kidnaps him as well. At Avengers Compound, Captain America is exercising alone. Thunderstrike realizes Cap is feeling down because of his old age and promises him that he does not have to worry about it because A-Next will follow him anywhere. Cap","title":"Last Hero Standing"},{"docid":"31655527","text":"\"The Gathering of Five\" and \"The Final Chapter\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \"re-branding\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \"Issue One\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \"Clone Saga\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \"the gathering of five\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \"package\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time","title":"The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter"},{"docid":"14154213","text":"Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles","title":"Spider-Man: With Great Power"},{"docid":"7306456","text":"Answer is the name of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first incarnation of Answer, Aaron Nicholson, first appeared in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #91 (June 1984). The second incarnation, David Ferrari, debuted in Captain America (Vol. 3) #20 (June 1999). The third incarnation, an unnamed criminal, made his first appearance in Superior Spider-Man #26 (January 2014). Publication history Aaron Nicholson debuted in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #91 (June 1984), created by writer Al Milgrom and artist Jim Mooney. David Ferrari debuted under the codename Answer after Aaron Nicholson's \"death\" in Captain America (Vol. 3) #20 (June 1999), created by Dan Jurgens. An unnamed criminal debuted under the codename Answer in Superior Spider-Man #26 (January 2014), created by Dan Slott and Christos Gage. Fictional character biography Aaron Nicholson Aaron Nicholson is a criminal genius and a former member of the Kingpin's criminal organization. He is also a former hitman in the Las Vegas division of HYDRA and was empowered by the laboratory machines of Dr. Farley Stillwell's brother Dr. Harlan Stillwell where he became the Answer. The Answer studies Spider-Man's powers, and then attacks Spider-Man and the Black Cat to test the limits of their powers. He then kidnaps the Black Cat to misdirect Spider-Man's attention as he steals Silvermane's body from the police morgue, and assisted the Kingpin in partially restoring Silvermane's life. He then kidnapped Dagger in hopes that her powers would cure the Kingpin's ailing wife. Silvermane rampages mindlessly; to end the rampage, the Answer sacrifices his corporeal form and converts himself to energy to revive Dagger, who possesses Silvermane's life-force. The Answer later telepathically contacts Doctor Octopus who restores his corporeal existence. The Answer ends up fighting with Octavius and is defeated by him. He later appears in the Raft where he escapes but is captured by Toxin. It is later revealed that he had been feigning bad luck in order to reunite with his unrequited love Ruby Thursday, before her body is killed by Bullseye. During the Civil War: War Crimes storyline, he is seen among an army of super-villains organized by Hammerhead that is captured by Iron Man and S.H.I.E.L.D. agents. Later, the Answer is a self-confessed loser at the wake of Stilt-Man. Almost all of the supervillains at the wake were the victims of murder/attempted murder. The Punisher disguises himself as a barman, poisons drinks, and then blows up the bar. Answer has since been hired by the Hood to take advantage of the split in the superhero community caused by the Superhuman Registration Act.'New Avengers #35 He helps them fight the New Avengers but is taken down by Doctor Strange. He appeared in Brand New Day'' as one of the villains in the bar confronting Spider-Man. He was one of many prisoners who escaped from the Raft at the start of the Secret Invasion. He is one among many supervillains who joined the Hood's crime syndicate and attacked an invading Skrull force. He joins","title":"Answer (comics)"},{"docid":"53599140","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" was released with the tagline \"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \"unjust\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man 129"},{"docid":"8388613","text":"Batwing (James \"Jimmy\" Santini) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history His first appearance was in Untold Tales of Spider-Man #2 (October 1995), and he was created by Kurt Busiek and Pat Olliffe. Batwing appeared as a supporting character in Avengers Academy beginning with issue #20 (Dec 2011), making occasional appearances throughout the series. Fictional character biography Young Jimmy Santini was with his father in an investigation of illegal toxic waste dumping in Carlsbad Caverns National Park where his father was either shot in the back by the polluters or fell to his death in the deep caverns (the full details were murky in Jimmy's diary). Jimmy was lost in the caverns and drank water that \"tasted like metal.\" He was eventually rescued and returned to his mother. Soon the chemicals began to take effect and Jimmy sprouted wings. His mother proclaimed him a demon, causing Jimmy to run away. He continued to mutate into a bat-like creature and ended up stealing food to survive. He arrived in New York City and made his home under an old pier. Jimmy began stealing food from people dining on rooftops scaring people in the process. Thus, the people began to dub him Batwing. When New York City Councilman Randolph Cherryh was once dining with his girlfriend, Batwing appeared and stole some of his apples which humiliated Randolph. Randolph Cherryh placed a bounty on him which Peter Parker decided to take part on during his financial problems. Randolph arranged for a party as part of a trap. When Batwing came, the police sprang and began shooting, only for Peter Parker in his alias of Spider-Man to web up the guns and pursue Batwing. Batwing battled with Spider-Man before fleeing back to where he lived under the pier. When Spider-Man followed Batwing to the pier, he discovered that Batwing was just a scared kid who was stealing food to survive. Spider-Man read some of his history before Jimmy ran off right into the Councilman who secretly followed in his helicopter. Randolph did not care if Batwing was just a youngster, and he was about to kill the boy when Spider-Man webbed down his men. Batwing fled despite Spider-Man's offer to get Reed Richards or Hank Pym to help cure him. Randolph vowed to ruin Spider-Man's life before having his mouth webbed and himself being shoved into a garbage can. Spider-Man continued to bring food to Jimmy who still fears people like Randolph Cherryh. Spider-Man later asked Dr. Curt Connors to use his expertise to help cure Jimmy. When an accident causes Connors to become the Lizard again, Batwing helps Spider-Man track him down and cure Connors. Connors and Jimmy leave New York for someplace quiet where Jimmy can be cured. When Connors' cure fails, Batwing returns to New York and battles Spider-Man again. With his father dead and his mother rejecting him, Jimmy hopes for death. Spider-Man locates Jimmy's mother and tells her that Jimmy is","title":"Batwing (Marvel Comics)"},{"docid":"144167","text":"Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,","title":"Aunt May"},{"docid":"37629473","text":"The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \"Dying Wish\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \"Superior Spider-Man\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \"Go Down Swinging\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \"Spider-Geddon\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \"Spider-Geddon\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team","title":"The Superior Spider-Man"},{"docid":"7547219","text":"Spider-Man: Reign is a four-issue comic book limited series featuring Spider-Man, written and illustrated by Kaare Andrews and published by Marvel Comics. Set 30 years into Spider-Man's future, on Earth-70237, it features a retired Spider-Man who returns to combat the injustices of a vastly different New York City. Publication history On December 12, 2006, Marvel announced that issue #1 had sold out through Diamond Comic Distributors and that a second printing would be released. The series has been compared to The Dark Knight Returns, a comparison which Marvel has also quoted when promoting Reign. As well as the thematic similarities between the two stories, both of which revisit aged heroes after the end of their careers, The Dark Knight Returns is also acknowledged within the pages of Reign by the inclusion of a character named Miller Janson (the name reflects Dark Knight Returns creators Frank Miller and Klaus Janson). The book also has several themes relevant in the post 9/11 world, most notably Mayor Waters taking control of the city of New York to protect it, and the WEBB, an energy field that seals all of New York inside it so no one can leave. In August 2023, Marvel announced a sequel to Reign was set to release in 2024, with Andrews returning to write and draw the series. Plot Thirty years into Spider-Man's future, New York City has become a safe, albeit authoritarian territory under the complete control of Mayor Waters. Superheroes and supervillains are no longer prevalent, instead replaced by the authoritarian government's police force, \"The Reign\". An elderly Peter Parker works as a florist, but he is fired for ruining a couple's wedding by sending the wrong flowers. He bumps into a child fleeing from the Reign, and as they show up to arrest the youth, Peter is also beaten alongside him. Parker returns home and is haunted by memories of his deceased wife Mary Jane, as Mayor Waters announces the WEBB system to protect the city from attacks. Behind the scenes, he keeps a vegetative Kingpin prisoner, mocking him. At Peter's apartment, J. Jonah Jameson delivers him a package. Jameson also apologizes for his years of abuse, explaining he sold the Daily Bugle because he realized he was running it on lies. Jameson leaves and starts a riot, which leads to a fight against two Reign officers. Meanwhile, Parker opens the package revealing a camera and his old black-suit mask. He defeats the officers wearing only the mask and his underwear, imagining himself in his prime. After Jameson asks if Spider-Man is back, Peter punches him and walks away silently. Mayor Waters is dismayed at the return of Spider-Man and releases Electro, Mysterio, Kraven the Hunter, the Sandman, the Scorpion and Hydro-Man from prison. The Mayor then tells the newly christened \"Sinner Six\" that, if they defeat their old nemesis, they can leave New York. Jameson announces the return of Spider-Man as the Reign cracks down on the citizens. Following the news of Spider-Man's return, an","title":"Spider-Man: Reign"},{"docid":"5137176","text":"Hornet is an identity used by five fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics: two supervillains, and three superheroes. Both the first and third versions have suffered from physical disabilities. Publication history Although the armor of the third Hornet first appeared in Spider-Man as one of the four new superheroes Peter Parker had taken on, this version first appeared in Slingers #0 and was created by Joseph Harris, Todd DeZago, and Mike Wieringo. Speculation that the deceased Hornet in Wolverine vol. 3 #23 was not Eddie, but instead someone else who took on the name and costume, has been disproven by The Loners writer C. B. Cebulski, and The Loners #2 states that Hornet was indeed killed by Wolverine. Fictional character biography Scotty McDowell Scotty McDowell was a wheelchair-using criminologist who assisted Spider-Woman's cases. He was kidnapped by the mad scientist Karl Malus who injected Scotty with a formula composed of human and insect DNA, as well as several kinds of medicine. Spider-Woman rescued Scotty who seemed fine. Scotty began to suffer from nightmares in which he killed Spider-Woman. He awoke to discover that he had great strength and insect-like wings that allowed him to fly (but still unable to walk). He then received a costume in the mail (sent by Malus), and when he put it on, had a personality shift, becoming aggressive and chauvinistic. He flew around as the Hornet, and started out as a hero, saving people, and working with Spider-Woman. He even learned that he could throw bursts of bio-electricity. But Hornet became more and more resentful of Spider-Woman, and began to endanger the innocents he was \"helping\", even striking an onlooker with one of his electric blasts. When he nearly killed some thieves, Spider-Woman was sent after him. However, Hornet's abilities were almost a match for Spider-Woman, and unlike Spider-Woman, he wasn't trying to hold back for fear of hurting his friend. After a prolonged battle, Spider-Woman was able to subdue Hornet who was nearly homicidal by this point. Spider-Woman learned that Malus had altered Scotty into Hornet, for the sole purpose of having Spider-Woman die at the hands of a friend. Spider-Woman was able to flush the formula from Scotty's bloodstream, and revert him to normal (stripping him of both his powers and aggression). Afterwards, Spider-Woman learned that although the formula did make him more aggressive, the resentment he felt was real. Scotty admitted he was in love, but felt that Spider-Woman didn't notice him. He was also jealous of the attention garnered with the woman's heroic deeds. This put a strain on their friendship, and Spider-Woman ended their \"working relationship\". McDowell accepted this as well, taking a job farther away so as to preserve what was left of their friendship. Peter Parker When Spider-Man was accused of murder during the Identity Crisis storyline, Peter Parker donned four different costumes to continue saving lives without anyone knowing it was him; one of the adopted identities was Hornet. The Hornet costume","title":"Hornet (comics)"},{"docid":"8474774","text":"Bullet Points is a comic book limited series that was published by Marvel Comics in 2006 and 2007, written by J. Michael Straczynski, illustrated by Tommy Lee Edwards and lettered by John Workman. The series was released under the Marvel Knights imprint and examines the consequences to the Marvel Universe when Steve Rogers is not injected with the Super-Soldier Serum but instead is Iron Man. Plot summary The series begins on December 8, 1940. Dr. Abraham Erskine is killed by a German spy, along with MP Benjamin Parker, before the Super-Soldier Serum was to be used for Project: Rebirth. Due to the assassination, Project: Rebirth is canceled. The US government activates Project: Iron Man and asks Steve Rogers to participate in it. Steve accepts, and is permanently bonded to the Iron Man armor. Iron Man debuts during the Battle of Guadalcanal, going on to help win the Second World War. Rogers goes on to become an essential part of American military tactics over the resulting decades, drafting Dr. Reed Richards to provide technical support. Meanwhile, lacking the guidance of a role model who taught him the value of responsibility as a result of Benjamin's death, Peter Parker grows up to become a disaffected, trouble-making punk. At one point, Peter decides to sneak out of a field trip to a desert base and goes joyriding with friends in a stolen jeep. After the jeep breaks down, Peter goes off to find fuel, but accidentally wanders into a test site just as a gamma bomb is detonated. Soon after recovering from the explosion and returning home, Peter is confronted by the two friends, who accuse him of getting them into trouble. Peter becomes angry and turns into the Hulk, destroying property around him. The Hulk is confronted by the police. May Parker recognizes the Hulk as Peter and suffers a heart attack, which causes him to flee in distress. As a result of Peter's transformation, the recently retired Rogers is drafted back to wear the Iron Man armor to capture Peter. After visiting May in hospital to say goodbye before running away, Peter is confronted by Iron Man and several army troops. Rejecting Rogers's attempts to calm him, Peter turns into the Hulk and confronts Iron Man. After a long fight outside the hospital, the Hulk eventually kills Iron Man; realizing what he has done, Peter flees in terror. Meanwhile, Reed Richards, along with his co-pilots Ben Grimm, Sue Storm and Johnny Storm, launch into space in a rocket designed to collect cosmic rays. However, the rocket explodes before it can reach orbit due to sabotage, crashing back to Earth and killing Ben, Johnny and Sue, with Reed being the only survivor. Reed is then invited to lead the spy organization S.H.I.E.L.D. As head of S.H.I.E.L.D., Reed uses his technical genius and scientific background to pioneer numerous radical technologies and also drafts others, including Bruce Banner, Stephen Strange, and Tony Stark, into the organization. Blaming himself and his gamma bomb for Parker's","title":"Bullet Points (comics)"},{"docid":"24472810","text":"Powerless is a six-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics which ran from 2004 to 2005. The series was written by Matt Cherniss and Peter Johnson and penciled by artist Michael Gaydos. Plot summary A psychologist named William Watts wakes up in a hospital after a three-day coma. Fresh in his mind is the world of Earth-616, which he experienced while asleep. As William returns to his mundane daily life, he encounters three familiar faces: Peter Parker, a high-school student who is pressured by Norman Osborn to conduct industrial espionage on Stark Industries; a blind lawyer, Matt Murdock, who battles an uphill case against the Kingpin to absolve Frank Castle of murder; and an amnesiac soldier named Logan, who is led to believe he murdered Charles Xavier. Inspired by Matt's conviction, William leaves his bystander position and begins to act to help the three: he helps reveal Charles' murder was done by a third party, citing Logan to investigate Eric Magnus; he convinces Frank Castle to reveal vital information to Matt's case; and he acts by calling the cops to assist Peter in arresting Osborn. After Frank's trial, the Kingpin murders Murdock. Castle assassinates Kingpin in retaliation, which places him on the road to becoming the real-life Punisher. The series ends with William contemplating how the coma has shaken him from the stupor of life, as he reflects on his coma identity as Uatu. Creators Matt Cherniss and Peter Johnson – writers Michael Gaydos – penciller Lee Loughridge – colorist Alex Maleev – cover artist Axel Alonso – editor Joe Quesada – Editor-in-Chief Collections References 2004 comics debuts 2005 comics debuts Marvel Comics titles","title":"Powerless (comics)"},{"docid":"4653327","text":"Spider-Man (Peter Parker) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a modernized, alternate universe counterpart of Spider-Man who is in his youth, a superhero first created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko in 1962. The Ultimate version of the character originated in Ultimate Marvel, a line of comic books created in 2000 that is set in a parallel universe with a narrative continuity separate and independent from the main continuity of Marvel Comics stories that began in the 1960s. Ultimate Spider-Man, the first and flagship title of the Ultimate line, was created by the writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Mark Bagley, and debuted in September 2000, which featured the first appearance of the Ultimate version of the character. Based on the original Spider-Man who debuted in 1962, he was bitten by a radioactive genetically-mutated spider, which gave him superhuman spider-like abilities which led him to become the superhero Spider-Man, and fight crime after the tragedy of his late Uncle Ben. The biggest difference is that this version of Parker is killed at the age of 16, being Spider-Man for a span of almost a year before being replaced by the 13-year-old Miles Morales. However following the Secret Wars storyline, Miles and his family were retconned into the history of the prime universe and Peter who had been resurrected had resumed his superhero role. To differentiate him from other incarnations, Peter Parker from this universe is commonly dubbed Ultimate Spider-Man. Fictional character biography At around the age of six, Peter Parker was orphaned after the death of his parents in a plane crash and was raised by his father's brother, Ben Parker, and his wife May. Nine years later, Peter grew to be an exceptionally bright teen and a high school genius, being particularly skilled in physics and chemistry. However, he was also an introverted outcast among his peers and was frequently bullied and tormented by Fred \"Flash\" Thompson and Kenny \"King Kong\" McFarlane. On a school field trip to the scientific corporation Oscorp, he was bitten by a genetically-mutated spider, which gave him spider-like superhuman abilities. The head of Oscorp, Norman Osborn, discovered this and experimented with the same mutagen injected within the spider's bloodstream on himself, but the experiment went awry, mutating him into a monstrous, green-coloured and hulking goblin-like creature later known as the Green Goblin. After discovering his new abilities, Peter used his powers for personal gain, like his standard counterpart, to financially support his family as a professional wrestler and to become popular by becoming the school's top basketball player thanks to his enhanced spider-powers. However, he began to selfishly utilise his abilities and started to act irresponsibly, which adversely affected his studies and behavior, all of which worried his aunt and uncle. Peter was later fired from his job as a wrestler under suspicions that he was responsible for a recent robbery, much to his chagrin and disappointment. Later that night, as he was walking to his","title":"Spider-Man (Ultimate Marvel character)"},{"docid":"2861376","text":"Nicholas Peter Dallis (December 15, 1911 – July 6, 1991), was an American psychiatrist turned comic strip writer, creator of the soap opera-style strips Rex Morgan, M.D., Judge Parker and Apartment 3-G. Separating his comics career from his medical practice, he wrote under pseudonyms, Dal Curtis for Rex Morgan, M.D. and Paul Nichols for Judge Parker. Biography Born in New York City, Nick Dallis grew up on Long Island. He graduated from Washington & Jefferson College in 1933 and from Temple University's medical school in 1938 and married a nurse, Sarah Luddy. He decided to specialize in psychiatry, and after World War II, started a practice in Toledo, Ohio. Allen Saunders was chair at the time of the local mental hygiene center that invited him there, and in his autobiography, he recalled that Dallis approached him, as a well-known comics writer (Steve Roper and Mike Nomad, Mary Worth), about \"his desire to write a comic strip, one tracing the history of medicine. I told him that, commendable as his idea was, such a feature would not succeed. Readers want entertainment, not enlightenment. But a story about a handsome young doctor's involvement with his patients might be a winner.\" Comic strips After further conversations with Saunders on strip writing, Dallis successfully launched his Rex Morgan, M.D in 1948. Later, he found himself working more with troubled youth in juvenile court, and from his experiences there, he conceived a second strip focused on the legal world, Judge Parker, which took off in 1952 and also became successful. Both strips were in the soap opera tradition pioneered by Saunders, as continuities in which each story was basically distinct. And yet they differed from Mary Worth in centering on male protagonists who counseled their clients with professional advice as well as intervening to help them with personal problems. In addition, Dallis did manage to work in education and enlightenment for his readers, as well as entertainment. In 1958, he retired from medicine and moved to Arizona, where he continued to author his comics. In 1961, he launched his third strip, Apartment 3-G, about three young women sharing a Manhattan apartment. Dallis died in 1991, but all three of his strips survived over the years (with Apartment 3-G ending in 2015), and as of 2023 Judge Parker and Rex Morgan, M.D. continue in syndication. He was later remembered by his successor on two of his strips, Woody Wilson, as \"a prince among men... educated, kindly, compassionate, talented and generous.\" Wilson honored Dallis in a striking manner in the episodes of November 30 and December 1, 2015, by giving Rex and June's baby boy the second name \"Dallis\"; when asked by his daughter why he and June had chosen this name, Rex replied, \"Nick Dallis was a very good friend of ours, Princess. We wanted to honor him!\" Judge Parker and Rex Morgan, M.D. continue to honor Nick Dallis by sometimes letting their characters eat at a \"Nick's Diner.\" References 1911 births 1991 deaths 20th-century American","title":"Nicholas P. Dallis"},{"docid":"28912839","text":"Sophia \"Chat\" Sanduval is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #53 (July 2009), a series in the Marvel Adventures imprint for young readers, taking place in a non-canonical, alternate reality from mainstream Marvel continuity. She was created by writer Paul Tobin and artist Matteo Lolli as the primary girlfriend for a teenage Peter Parker/Spider-Man. A mutant, Chat possesses the ability to talk to animals. She sees herself as both Peter Parker and Spider-Man's girlfriend, and has managed to involve herself in Peter's civilian and superhero lives. Publication history Chat was created by author Paul Tobin as an original girlfriend for the Spider-Man appearing in his Marvel Adventures Spider-Man comic book. She first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #53 and appeared in every subsequent issue until the series was canceled with #61 (July 2009 – March 2010). Chat next appeared in Tobin's Spider-Man Marvel Adventures comic-book series, which continue the stories started in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man. These stories feature a teenage Peter Parker/Spider-Man with a supporting cast of revamped Marvel Comics characters, as well as all-new characters such as Chat. Chat was introduced into the mainstream Marvel universe in the 2011 series Spider-Girl #4 as a friend of Anya Corazon's new roommate. It is unknown if she is a mutant or a normal human in this reality. Fictional character biography Little is known about Chat's childhood except that she was raised by an unknown mother and has an older sister. She is secretive about her mother and admits she hasn't talked about her for a couple years. A young mutant, Chat has the power to communicate with animals, an ability that also makes animals act unusually friendly around her. Although this aspect of her power embarrassed her, Chat used her animal affinity to help run a traveling zoo that visited all the New York orphanages. At some point, Chat felt herself \"falling apart\" and tried to re-establish her life. Becoming a runaway, she met Emma Frost, a teenage mutant with the ability to read and control minds. Self-absorbed and immoral, Emma regularly used her powers to rob stores and learn intimate secrets by peeking into people's minds. Although Chat disapproved of Emma's actions and often tried to stop her, she was too timid to truly stand up to Emma. This began to change when Chat and Emma were saved from a falling sign by Peter Parker, a teenager who was secretly the adventurous superhero known as Spider-Man. When Emma, using her telepathy, discovered Peter's secret, she convinced Chat they could \"have some fun\" by going to Peter's high school and learning more about his other identity. Through to a mind-link set up by Emma, Chat discovered how Peter became Spider-Man and was profoundly affected by his sense of responsibility, which she found both noble and attractive. Convincing Emma to help her enroll at Peter's school, Chat began dating Peter and would often use her powers secretly to help","title":"Sophia \"Chat\" Sanduval"},{"docid":"25700184","text":"This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \"Power Booster\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \"Spider-Friends\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \"costume\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \"Vengeance Of Loki\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \"Windchill Factor Zero\". In \"Mission: Save The Guardstar\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \"fire and ice don't really mix\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \"Opposites Attack!\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in","title":"List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters"},{"docid":"5051787","text":"\"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\" is a Spider-Man story written by Roger Stern, originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #248 in 1984. In the story, a young fan of Spider-Man meets his hero. This comic was selected as one of the \"Top 10 Spider-Man stories of all time\" by Wizard and is regarded as among the most-loved Spider-Man stories. Plot Young Timothy \"Tim\" Harrison lies in his bed. Portions from a column by Daily Bugle writer Jacob Conover say Tim is the greatest Spider-Man fan in the world and has collected every article available on him, including a whole album of The Daily Bugle retractions. Tim has also collected mementos such as kinescopes of Spider-Man's early television appearances and bullets from a crime foiled by Spider-Man. Suddenly, Spider-Man comes into Tim's room. In the following hours, the two trade anecdotes about Spider-Man's long career. The hero is surprised and touched by how much the boy adores him. When Spider-Man is about to leave, Tim asks him who he really is. After some hesitation, Spider-Man takes off his mask, identifies himself as Peter Parker, and retells the fateful night when his negligence let Uncle Ben die, causing him to fight crime. The story does not change Tim's admiration of his hero. A tearful Peter Parker embraces Tim (who refers to him as \"Pete\") and departs. An exterior view reveals Tim is staying in a cancer clinic. The last of the newspaper captions states that the boy's only wish is to meet his hero in person. Conover ends his report by stating his hope that \"Spider-Man takes the time to visit a very brave young man named Tim Harrison, and I hope he does it soon. You see, Tim Harrison has leukemia, and the doctors only give him a few more weeks to live\". Background The lead story of Amazing #248 is Spider-Man's fight against Thunderball, but Stern's backup story is remembered much better than the main tale. According to Stern: Tim Harrison's death is mentioned in Danny Fingeroth and Ron Garney's \"A Spider-Man Carol\", in which Spider-Man meets Tim's brother Joey. The story was published in the 1991 Marvel Holiday Special. Collected editions The story has been reprinted several times and collected in various trade paperbacks including The Very Best of Spider-Man (December 1994, ). References External links Comics by Roger Stern Single issue storylines of comic book series 1984 works","title":"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man"},{"docid":"7606098","text":"Top Dog is a character from the comic book of the same name, published by Star Comics (an imprint of Marvel Comics). Top Dog was created by writer Lennie Herman and artist Warren Kremer. The series lasted for 14 issues, published from 1985 to 1987. The series Top Dog is a very intelligent, talking dog who befriends a human child named Joey Jordan. Top Dog goes on to live with Joey, who promises not to expose the fact that Top Dog can speak. The duo go on to have adventures involving spies, criminals and mad scientists, after it is revealed that Top Dog was formerly \"Mr. X\", a government agent who was valued for his intelligence, but had to disguise his canine nature with a cover ID and a full-body cloak. Amongst these adventures were several crossovers with other Star Comic characters such as Heathcliff and Royal Roy. One story even seemingly involved a Spider-Man team-up. Although it was actually an actor in a Spider-Man suit, the real Peter Parker does make an appearance. The series ran for fourteen issues after which, the character continued to make appearances in Heathcliff comic books (starting in issue #22) in both crossovers and backup stories. Top Dog reappeared in the 2009-2010 X-Babies miniseries Stars Reborn, as both a copy of himself produced by Mr. Veech to throw the X-Babies off his trail, and an Earth-616 version of himself, who happens to be a cyborg canine, rather than just an intelligent talking dog. Titles Top Dog The titles of the main 14-issue Top Dog series: \"The Secret Life of Top Dog\" (AKA \"The Dog-Gone Beginning\") \"Spies\" \"Mad Biter\" \"Top Dog's Secret Past is Revealed\" (AKA \"The Secret of Top Dog\") \"Mr. Invisible\" \"Frank N Stein\" \"Special Team Up: Royal Roy and Top Dog\" (AKA \"Crisis in Cashalot\") (featuring Royal Roy) \"The Strange Disappearance of Top Dog\" (AKA \"Missing\") \"Special Team Up: Heathcliff and Top Dog\" (AKA \"The Mystery of the Missing Millions\") (featuring Heathcliff) \"The Team Up of the Year: Can This be Spider-Man?\" (AKA \"The Spectacular Comic Book Caper!\") (featuring Peter Parker and a Spider-Man lookalike) \"Enter: Dirty Dog\" (AKA \"The Return of Dirty Dog\") \"The Revenge of Frank N Stein N Mervin\" \"Front to the Future\" \"Please Don't Go T-Top Dog!\" Heathcliff The regular series continued in the back of Heathcliff comics starting with issue #22. Issue numbers #36, 40, 46 - 56 did not feature a Top Dog story. Issue #45 is one of Warren Kremer's last published stories after his paralyzing stroke in 1989 (the issue was published in March 1990): Characters in the series Top Dog Joey Jordan Lizzie Jordan (Joey's sister) Mom Jordan Dad Jordan Mervin Megabucks Dirty Dog Frank and Stein Mr. Invisible References Star Comics titles Comics about dogs Dog superheroes 1985 comics debuts Comics characters introduced in 1985 Anthropomorphic dogs Marvel Comics male characters Marvel Comics spies Male characters in comics","title":"Top Dog (comics)"},{"docid":"47346528","text":"Spider-Man (Peter Parker) from the Marvel Mangaverse is an alternate version of Spider-Man created by Kaare Andrews. He is just one of many examples of different cultural Spider-Men much like Spider-Man (Pavitr Prabhakar), Spider-Man 2099, and Miles Morales. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The Marvel Mangaverse is a comic book universe which was set in the Marvel Comics Multiverse created by Ben Dunn. The universe's incarnation of Peter Parker would debut in Marvel Mangaverse: Spider-Man (2002) a single issue book created, written and drawn by Kaare Andrews. Andrews depicted this version of Spider-Man as a ninja and the last of the Spider Clan after his Uncle Ben was killed by Venom. The character is the third depicted manga version of Spider-Man after Spider-Man: The Manga and Spider-Man J. Fictional character biography The Mangaverse Spider-Man first appeared in the one-shot Marvel Mangaverse: Spider-Man (2002) (created, written and drawn by Kaare Andrews) where his origin was very different from the regular Marvel Spider-Man. In the Mangaverse Peter Parker is the last member of the Spider Clan of ninjas and has been taught martial arts by his sensei, Uncle Ben. After Ben's murder by Venom, an underling of the Kingpin, Peter starts to train in secret so he will be strong enough to exact his revenge. In this version of Spider-Man, Aunt May is Peter's mother's sister instead of Uncle Ben being his father's brother. The Mangaverse Spider-Man was brought back for his own mini-series Spider-Man: Legend of the Spider-Clan (again written by original creator Kaare Andrews) in which he encounters Black Cat, as well as the \"Venom symbiote\". This \"symbiote\" does not become Venom and has mystical origins being the result of a curse this time and connections to an 'evil' clan of ninja who are affiliated with Spiders, who act as a counterpart to Spider-Man's own ninja clan. Norman Osborn, better known as the Green Goblin, also appears in the series as an antagonist. Following the first mini-series a story featuring this version of the character appeared in Spider-Man Family. This story picks up after the events of the series with Peter, Aunt May, and Mary Jane visiting the grave of Uncle Ben. The three are then attacked by a group called The Elementals and May is killed in the battle while Mary Jane is wounded and left unconscious. The Elementals then leave Peter alive and broken with no explanation as to why they attacked him other than \"our task was to seek you out, Spider. To help you shed your skin. To set you on your path.\" Whilst mourning the loss of Aunt May a secret Map reveals itself to Peter it leads to the Land of The Spider-Clan and he decides to follow it in hopes of getting answers. Upon finding them Peter learns of Venom's survival from the end of the previous series where he had thought to","title":"Spider-Man (Marvel Mangaverse)"},{"docid":"35458273","text":"Spider-Men is a five-issue, 2012 superhero comic book miniseries published by Marvel Comics, featuring Peter Parker, the original Spider-Man, and Miles Morales, the second and current Ultimate Marvel version of Spider-Man, who appear together in a crossover storyline that involves the two alternate universes from which they each originate. The series is written by Brian Michael Bendis and illustrated by Sara Pichelli. It marks the first time that characters from the original Marvel Universe and the Ultimate Universe have crossed over since the latter debuted in 2000. Plot While out web-swinging, Spider-Man sees a brilliant purple light from a distant warehouse, and investigates it to find Mysterio ranting about how he missed out on one chance to kill Spider-Man already. Although Spider-Man quickly defeats him, when examining Mysterio's equipment, he is shot at by Mysterio, causing him to fall through the rift created by the equipment. When he regains consciousness, he discovers that it is daylight. After interrupting a mugging, Peter is confused when the would-be victim informs him that, while he is grateful for the rescue, it might be disrespectful to be seen wearing Peter Parker's suit after his death. Swinging away to think about what he has just heard, Spider-Man runs into another Spider-Man on a rooftop. Angered at Spider-Man ruining his plans again, Mysterio activates a robotic avatar and sends it after Peter. Back in the new universe, Peter fights with the other Spider-Man, but his superior experience and training is outmaneuvered by Miles' new powers, culminating in Peter being knocked out by Miles using his venom sting. Waking up in a cell, Peter meets this world's Nick Fury and explains his theory that he is from another universe, which Fury accepts as nobody would come up with something that ridiculous as a lie. Fury sends Peter away with Miles to explain this world's history to him. Just as Peter asks Miles if his counterpart is dead in this world, they are attacked by Mysterio's avatar. Both Spider-Men face off against Mysterio's Avatar. Due to Miles' lack of experience, he is easily thrown back into Peter, and they both end up in the East River. Mysterio deploys weapons that create the illusion of a mob of Spider-Man's enemies from both realities attacking them. Peter figures out the trick and demands Mysterio return him to his home universe. Mysterio decides to instead strand Peter in a world where he is believed to be dead. The avatar self-destructs, rendering Miles unconscious; when he wakes, the Ultimates and Nick Fury are on the scene. While his version of Tony Stark works on deciphering Mysterio's dimension technology, Miles asks where Peter went. Fury surmises that he went off to find out the truth about his alternate self. Peter goes to the location where his apartment in his home universe is supposed to be. Peter finds it to be converted into a store, and after stopping a robbery, he questions the cashier. He is shocked to find out that the Peter Parker","title":"Spider-Men"},{"docid":"9713411","text":"\"Spider-Man\" is the name of multiple comic book superheroes from the Marvel Comics Multiverse. The original and most well known is Peter Parker created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko originating from the Earth-616 universe. Within the mainstream Marvel Universe there have been characters that have taken the mantle such as Ben Reilly, Mac Gargan, Otto Octavius, and Kurt Wagner. Outside of the mainstream universe, there are different incarnations of Spider-Man in alternate universes. Popular examples include characters such as the Ultimate version of Peter Parker and his successor, Miles Morales, an alternate future version named Miguel O'Hara, a daughter of Peter Parker named Mayday Parker in the MC2 universe, a different take on Peter Parker in the Great Depression era, a universe where Peter's supporting character, Gwen Stacy, becomes Spider-Woman instead of Parker, along with talking animal parodies like Spider-Ham. Originally, these characters were depicted as separate from each other, but they have crossed over together in storylines like \"Spider-Verse\", \"Web Warriors\", and Spider-Geddon, in teams such as Spider-Army and Web-Warriors, where the many different versions of Spider-themed characters are the major protagonists of the storyline. Some of these characters appeared in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse and its sequel. Some of these characters were temporarily merged in the same universe in the 2015 comic book series Secret Wars as a part of the Spider-Man family. There have been different version characters in other media that have crossed over in comics as well. Prime Earth (Earth-616) Peter Parker, the Spider-Man of Earth-616, is the original variation of the character and appears in nearly every single piece of other media surrounding Spider-Man. Other universes Other related characters exist in alternative versions of the Marvel Universe called the Multiverse. These characters originally appeared in their own continuity but later on crossed over with the mainstream Spider-Man family. In 2015 all the alternate comic book universes were destroyed and only a few characters joined with Earth-616 characters in its own universe including various Spider-Men. DC crossovers (Earth-7642) In some intercompany crossovers with DC Comics, Spider-Man has worked alongside Superman twice, once to defeat Doctor Octopus and Lex Luthor and the other to stop Doctor Doom from providing the Parasite with long-term access to the powers of both the Hulk and Wonder Woman. He also worked alongside Batman to defeat Carnage and the Joker, the two later collaborating to defeat the Kingpin and Ra's al Ghul, with Fisk eventually aiding the heroes in the end. Earth X (Earth-9997) In the series Earth X and its sequels, in which its universe's Earth is designated as Earth-9997, Peter Parker's identity as Spider-Man is revealed and he is no longer a superhero. In time, he becomes overweight and resembles his late uncle as he ages. After the death of his wife, his daughter bonds to the Venom symbiote and fights crime, much to his dismay. During the course of the series, he becomes a police officer. Three other related characters appear. In the same universe, an African","title":"Alternative versions of Spider-Man"},{"docid":"31351439","text":"Spider-Man: Edge of Time is a 2011 action-adventure video game based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, developed by Beenox and published by Activision for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and Nintendo 3DS. A Nintendo DS version was also developed by Other Ocean Interactive and features several alterations. The game was directed by Gérard Lehiany and Ramiro Belanger and is a standalone sequel to 2010's Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions. The story, written by Peter David alongside Belanger and Lehiany, follows Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099 as they combat a new threat across space and time and attempt to save both of their timelines while also trying to prevent Parker's death from coming to fruition. Josh Keaton and Christopher Daniel Barnes, who voiced Ultimate Spider-Man and Spider-Man Noir, respectively, in Shattered Dimensions, returned to voice the two Spider-Men. Gameplay in Edge of Time is similar to that of its predecessor, with players alternating between Peter and Miguel, who control similarly, but have different abilities. The game also includes a \"cause-and-effect\" system in which one Spider-Man's actions will affect the other and vice versa. Edge of Time, the second game to be developed by Beenox after becoming the lead developer of all Spider-Man titles published under Activision, was released on October 4, 2011 in North America, on October 14, 2011 in Europe, and on October 26, 2011 in Australia. It received generally mixed reviews from critics, who praised its writing and voice acting, but criticized the repetitive nature of its gameplay and downgrades from Shattered Dimensions. The game, along with most other titles published by Activision that had used the Marvel license, was de-listed and removed from all digital storefronts on January 1, 2014. Gameplay Spider-Man: Edge of Time is a linear third-person action-adventure video game where the player assumes the two versions of Spider-Man, spanning across the traditional Marvel Comics universe and the futuristic 2099 universe; the game automatically switches between the two Spider-Men throughout the story. Gameplay is similar to that of its predecessor Shattered Dimensions: players can web swing, web zip, crawl walls, and use 'spider-sense' to identify enemies or objects of interest. The Spider-Man 2099 free falling sections from Shattered Dimensions also return, as does the upgrade system; XP is earned from completing various challenges with each Spider-Man, and can be used to purchase new fighting moves, increase stats, or unlock alternate costumes. Both Spider-Men have a new exclusive ability: the original Spider-Man (Peter Parker) has a \"hyper-sense\" mode, allowing him to move quickly, pulverize enemies one at a time or run through elaborate laser defence systems without getting hurt; Spider-Man 2099 (Miguel O'Hara), meanwhile, can create a fake simulation of himself to divert an enemy, to either attack without them noticing or to move to another area unharmed while their attack destroys something in front of him, such as a highly secure lock. Plot In the year 2099, Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099 (Christopher Daniel Barnes) investigates Alchemax scientist Walker Sloan (Val","title":"Spider-Man: Edge of Time"},{"docid":"28608287","text":"The animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man features an extensive cast of characters originally created by Stan Lee, Steve Ditko and other comic book creators. Greg Weisman and Victor Cook and the rest of the crew redesigned these classic characters in the series to be more modern but still be very truly faithful to its characters in the comics. Most of these characters are based on the characters in the original mainstream universe but there have been characters that have been introduced from the Ultimate Marvel universe such as Kenny \"King\" Kong and characters from Sam Raimi's film series such as Bernard Houseman as well. The majority of the villains that have debuted in the show have started out as supporting characters before becoming villains. The character's portrayals in the shows have mainly gained positive reviews from TV critics. Overview Role in The Spectacular Spider-Man The main protagonist of the series is Peter Parker, a young teenager who attends midtown high school and is an extremely bright honors student. Peter is also secretly a superhero called Spider-Man. In school, his two best friends are Gwen Stacy and Harry Osborn. Peter is constantly being bullied and taunted by his shallow, more popular peers—particularly football star Flash Thompson (due to the fact that Peter is a shy science nerd who has a scholastic interest toward science) —and, as Spider-Man, engenders the editorial wrath of newspaper publisher J. Jonah Jameson. Ironically enough, much to Peter's dismay, Flash Thompson is also one of Spider-Man's biggest fans. Also at school, Peter's feelings wrestle between Gwen Stacy and Liz Allan. Peter Parker soon finds himself getting a job at the Daily Bugle as a freelance photographer working with characters such as J. Jonah Jameson, Robbie Robertson, Betty Brant, Ned Lee and Frederick Foswell. Parker as Spider-Man fights a lot of villains in the series as the majority of his rogues gallery in the comics are introduced in this series. Season one introduces supervillains such as Vulture, Electro, Lizard, Shocker, Sandman, Rhino, Green Goblin, Doctor Octopus and Venom. It also introduces crime lords such as Hammerhead and Tombstone who are partly responsible for the supervillains. Season two expanded on the villains already introduced (excluding the Lizard) and also introduces the supervillains Mysterio, Kraven the Hunter, and Molten Man. It also introduced another crime lord called Silvermane. The role of the antagonists in the series shifts and changes as the series progresses. Creation and concept As story editor, Greg Weisman approached the character by going and buying the first seven volumes of The Essential Spider-Man and reread them. The creator Greg Weisman originally grew up on Stan Lee and John Romita Sr., the comic book writers who created the characters and he later went back and read the original Stan Lee and Steve Ditko stories. He then re-read them and took copious notes and tried to get the voice of those early stories, put his own spin on some of the origins and the costume designs and wanted","title":"List of The Spectacular Spider-Man characters"},{"docid":"15011570","text":"The Living Brain is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 and has made few subsequent appearances since. A foe of the superhero Spider-Man, the original Living Brain was created by the fictional International Computing Machines Corporation and billed as the most intelligent computer and robot in existence, capable of solving virtually any question asked. In more recent times, the Superior Spider-Man reprogrammed it to serve as a laboratory assistant at Parker Industries, with it remaining in that role after Peter Parker returned. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (Jan. 1964). The second Living Brain appears in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #6. Fictional character history Original Living Brain The Living Brain, soon after its creation, is brought to Midtown High School by its creator Dr. Petty as a part of a demonstration of its renowned ability to solve any problem. The students agreed to ask the machine what is Spider-Man's secret identity, and a nervous Peter Parker, the volunteer for the demonstration, fed it all of the given known information from the students concerning the wall-crawler, relievingly finding the answer to be in a mathematical code for Peter to decode overnight (because of this, it is unknown if the Living Brain correctly deduced Spider-Man's true identity). During the course of the Living Brain's demonstration, the two workmen hired to transport it overhear how the Living Brain has the ability to answer anything and they decide to steal it to use this ability for gambling purposes. Caught in the middle of their stealing it by Dr. Petty, one of the workmen quickly knocks him out, but by doing so bumps the other one into the Living Brain's control panel on its chest, causing the Living Brain to malfunction. Going on a rampage through Midtown High, the Living Brain is confronted by Spider-Man, who eventually shuts it down. At the end of the day as Peter is walking back home, he plans on telling everyone the next day he'd lost the code during the confusion. The Living Brain reappears several years later, now discredited and broken-down. Dr. Petty plans to donate it to Midtown High School's science lab. The Living Brain ends up being stolen by Dr. Petty's son Steve Petty who modifies the robot, giving it a gold and red color scheme, clawed hands and the ability to fly. Remotely controlling the Living Brain to attack a bully who had been tormenting him, Steve is eventually defeated by Spider-Man (who had been on a visit to Midtown High as Peter Parker) and the Living Brain is shut down once more. The Living Brain, restored to its pre-upgrade appearance, was then acquired by a group of criminals, who used it to commit robberies. The robot and its controllers were apprehended","title":"Living Brain"},{"docid":"823737","text":"Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \"Torment\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \"Clone Saga\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter","title":"Peter Parker: Spider-Man"},{"docid":"2306292","text":"The Spectacular Spider-Man is a comic book and magazine series starring Spider-Man and published by Marvel Comics. Following the success of Spider-Man's original series, The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel felt the character could support more than one title. This led the company in 1968 to launch a short-lived magazine, the first to bear the Spectacular name. In 1972, Marvel more successfully launched a second Spider-Man ongoing series, Marvel Team-Up, in which he was paired with other Marvel heroes. A third monthly ongoing series, Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, debuted in 1976. Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, Each issue was written by Paul Jenkins (except #23–26, by Samm Barnes). The book's primary pencillers were Humberto Ramos and Mark Buckingham. The comic included the storyline Spider-Man: Disassembled in which Spider-Man met a new enemy called the Queen who wanted him as her mate. Her kiss caused him to slowly mutate into a giant spider who metamorphosed into human form with enhanced strength and agility, along with organic webbing and a psychic link with insects and arachnids. This comic also included the sequel to \"Sins Past\", \"Sins Remembered\", in which Peter went to Paris to meet Sarah Stacy and resolved the issues between them. Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures was a title published by Panini Comics in the United Kingdom from November 1995 to September 2005, although the Adventures portion of the title was often dropped from the cover page. It featured a mix of reprinted American material, as well as originally produced British material, including a guest appearance from Captain Britain. Spectacular was aimed at a younger audience than Panini's other Spider-Man reprint title Astonishing Spider-Man, and was loosely based on the continuity of the 1990s animated series. Volume 3 (2017–18) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man (vol. 3) was published from June 2017 to December 2018. After the first six issues, the series reverted to legacy numbering with issue #297 as part of the line-wide Marvel Legacy relaunch. The series' original creative team had Chip Zdarsky as writer, with Adam Kubert providing the artwork. Notable recurring characters included Teresa Durand, J. Jonah Jameson, Johnny Storm, and original character Rebecca London. Various issues, as well as the one Annual, were illustrated by guest artists; Kubert's final issue as artist was #307, excluding covers. Zdarsky left the series with issue #310. The series ended with issue #313, the final three issues being a tie-in to the Spider-Geddon crossover event written by Sean Ryan. The Spectacular Spider-Men The Spectacular Spider-Men is a currently ongoing series that was published beginning March 2024. The series is written by Greg Weisman (who also created The Spectacular Spider-Man television series) with Ramos returning for art. The Spectacular Spider-Men stars both versions of Spider-Man (Peter Parker and Miles Morales) and focuses on the relationship between the two Spider-Men. The series' supporting cast featured characters who previously appeared in the television series and Weisman's Starbrand & Nightmask comic series, including Kenny","title":"The Spectacular Spider-Man"},{"docid":"73992061","text":"\"End of the Spider-Verse\" is a 2022–2023 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics. It features multiple alternative versions of Spider-Man that had appeared in various media, where they team up with Morlun to fight Shathra, the Spider-Wasp goddess. The event included appearances and cameos by a wide array of characters from over 50 years of Spider-Man comics and spinoffs. The event is the conclusion of the Spider-Verse events, and the sequel to Spider-Verse and Spider-Geddon. However, the event received mixed reviews from critics with critics criticizing the treatment of Peter Parker, story, and the underwhelming conclusion. Publication history In May 2022, Marvel announced that Dan Slott would return to helm \"what Slott and Marvel are billing as the final Spider-Verse story: End of the Spider-Verse\". This started in August 2022 with a five-issue anthology miniseries, Edge of Spider-Verse, which was then followed by the core storyline beginning in October 2022 with the launch of the monthly Spider-Man ongoing by Slott and Mark Bagley. The anthology focused on multiversal variants of Spider-Man such as Anya Corazon / Araña, Spider-Woman / Gwen Stacy, and new spider-heroes such as Night-Spider (a variant of Felicia Hardy), Hunter-Spider (a variant of Sergei Kravenoff), and Spider-Laird. Following the success of both Edge of Spider-Verse and Spider-Man, Marvel announced a follow-up anthology, entitled Edge of Spider-Verse: Bleeding Edge, which would focus on other Spider-heroes in the aftermath of End of the Spider-Verse, like Spider-Rex, Spinstress, and Spider-Boy (Bailey Briggs). Plot Lead-up Main plot Peter Parker has been working with Norman Osborn at Oscorp ever since Norman Osborn was purified of his sins in \"Sins Rising\". Shathra, the evil Spider-Wasp Goddess, has taken control of the Web of Life and Destiny on Loomworld and sends her Spider wasps to Earth 616. While trying to stop a robber, Morlun appears out of nowhere. Spider-Man tries to fight Morlun, but Morlun easily defeats him, with Miles Morales, Jessica Drew, and Silk arriving to help Spider-Man. During the commotion, Spider-Man Noir arrives to seemingly help the heroes, but he then stabs Jessica Drew with a magic dagger which causes her to disappear from existence due to her connection to the Web of Life is severed. Morlun saves Spider-Man from Spider-Man Noir, telling him that he is on his side before a mutated Spider-Gwen, Spider-Punk, and Mayday Parker attack the heroes. Shathra has been taking control of recent Spider-totems by mutating them, and she has been using Nestling (a mutated version of Anna-May Parker), Spider-Ham, and Spider-Man 2099) to kidnap other spider-totems. Spider-Man Noir and the rest of the mutated totems start attacking the 616 Spiders when Anya Corazon arrives with Zarina Zahari (an alternate version of Spider-UK) to take them to the new Spider-Sanctuary on Earth-616 Beta. Zarina Zahari explains Earth 616 Beta was a \"rough draft\" of Earth 616 and it can be used to hide from Shathra due to it not being part of the Great Web. Spider-Man meets up with Night-Spider (an alternate version of Felicia Hardy","title":"End of the Spider-Verse"},{"docid":"43855894","text":"Anna Maria Marconi is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She was initially depicted as a love interest of Spider-Man, notably during the time when his body was taken over by Doctor Octopus's mind. She has since been depicted as a close friend to Peter Parker after he regains his mind. Publication history Anna Maria Marconi first appeared in The Superior Spider-Man #5 (May 2013) and was created by Dan Slott and Giuseppe Camuncoli. Marconi was created in part from Slott's desire to introduce a character that could cause some friction in Peter's personal life. He found this difficult to pull off as he could not find a reason why a character like Betty Brant or Aunt May could be bigoted or racist. Rather than having any one of them have such a fierce trait, he had May's opinion of Peter dating Anna Maria be that of concern: He also found it relieving that Peter's mind was taken over by Otto Octavius as he felt that the character was more open-minded than Peter: Fictional character biography Anna Maria Marconi is a young woman with dwarfism who attends Empire State University. At the time when his mind was in Peter Parker's body, Doctor Octopus visits her to become his tutor for his physics class so he can earn his doctorate. The two share great admiration for each other and the next day, \"Otto\" pulls a rather brutal prank on a group of bullies that were taunting her for her size. The two set up a date together that ends with \"Peter\" saving Anna Maria from dry ice and kissing her. However, she too falls under the same worry umbrella as many of Peter's friends and family due to his frequent absences. Later, Anna Maria accepts \"Otto's\" offer to join Parker Industries and afterwards, successfully helps him earn his doctorate. Anna Maria eventually meets Aunt May who despite her friendliness, causes some concern when she asks about her height. She later confides in \"Peter\" that she feels that their evening together was her fault because she had hurt the relationship between him and May. During the events of Goblin Nation, Anna Maria was kidnapped by the Menace who had deduced that \"Peter\" was really Otto. Norman Osborn as the newly christened Goblin King held her hostage to lure his Superior Spider-Man form out. However, Otto had given up his mind and let Peter take back control of Spider-Man and he successfully rescued Anna Maria. She reveals to Peter that she had deduced that he was Spider-Man and that \"he\" planned on proposing to her, but is shocked to learn that Otto Octavius was the one she was in love with. After baking him cookies (baking helps her think), she leaves to clear her head. She soon meets back up with Peter at Parker Industries to help him with some of Otto's work and continues to help Peter on a platonic basis. Anna Maria still continues to","title":"Anna Maria Marconi"},{"docid":"22018101","text":"\"Spidey Meets the President!\" is a backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man #583, written by Zeb Wells, with art by Todd Nauck and Frank D'Armata. The cover of the issue shows Barack Obama giving a thumbs-up to Spider-Man. The comic book was published the week before Obama's inauguration in January 2009. Plot The story begins with Peter Parker standing among other reporters on the presidential inauguration of Barack Obama, photographing this historic moment. Suddenly a limo pulls up and reveals another Obama. The Secret Service does not know what to do, so Peter, who quickly dons his Spider-Man costume, asks both questions that only the real Barack Obama would be able to answer. When he asks what his nickname was during his college days, the actual Barack says his true name, and the fake one is confused and angry, causing him to reveal his true form, which turns out to be the super-villain known as the Chameleon. This gives Spider-Man the opportunity to capture the Chameleon and the Secret Service arrests him. Obama tells Spider-Man that he is a fan of the hero and thanks him. Afterward, as Obama swears his oath as President, Spider-Man is shown sitting at the top of the Washington Monument, where he thinks Biden notices him. Prologue This story was prepended in The Amazing Spider-Man Presidents Day Special digital comic. The additional pages depict the minutes before the original story took place, with Obama getting ready for the inauguration. The Chameleon, disguised as Obama's tailor, locks him inside and takes his place, driving to the inauguration in the presidential limousine. However, the real Obama escapes and is driven to the ceremony in a second limousine by his soon-to-be Vice President Joseph Biden. Meanwhile, outside the capital, Peter Parker is running late to the inauguration ceremony and has forgotten his press credentials. So, he enters the area stealthily by using his spider-like abilities to climb over a high wall. However, he is spotted by Senator John McCain and a few Secret Service agents. The senator recognizes as him as the photographer from The Daily Bugle and even provides him with a spare press credential. Parker then joins the press corps and the prequel story connects to the main story. Reception Typical sales for The Amazing Spider-Man are about 70,000 copies per issue. Issue #583 sold over 350,000 copies and went to five printings. It was the highest-selling regular series book of the 2000s. Collected edition References Cultural depictions of Barack Obama 2009 comics debuts Individual stories from issues of anthology comics","title":"Spidey Meets the President!"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"7715170\",\n \"text\": \"Juniorpress was a Dutch publisher known for its translations of American comic books. It published Marvel Comics, Image Comics, and DC/Cliffhanger comics under its own name, and the imprint Baldakijn Boeken for the publication of DC Comics superhero comics such as Batman, Superman, and the New Teen Titans. It operated from 1976 to 2015. History Founded by Rob Spijkstra, Juniorpress started as the Dutch-language branch of the Swedish publishing group Semic Press. Although founded in 1973, the company didn't start publishing comics until 1976, with a selection of war, Western, romance, and horror comics, with titles such as Bajonet, Front, Gruwel, Krimi, Marshall, Oorlog, Romantica, and Western. Many of these were reprints of the Dutch publisher Nooit Gedacht. In 1978, Juniorpress acquired the Dutch-language license to publish Marvel Comics in the Netherlands and Belgium. In the early 1990s, Juniorpress sometimes sold 5,000 copies per issue of its Marvel reprints. In 1982–1983, the company canceled most of its original titles and changed direction, focusing almost exclusively on translations of American superhero comics. Around 1984, Juniorpress took over the previously independent company Baldakijn Boeken (\\\"Canopy Books\\\"), using this imprint to market DC translations. Juniorpress apparently lost the license to publish DC material around 1996. Juniorpress lost the Marvel Comics Dutch rights in 2007 to Z-Press Junior Media. After losing the Marvel Comics license, Juniorpress temporarily canceled its superhero lines. Later the company started again with various licenses, including Lego. In October 2014, Juniorpress was sold and renamed JP Publishing. Since this company does not publish comics, the few remaining Juniorpress titles petered out by the end of 2015. Titles (selected) Bamse (89 issues, 1978–1987) Bajonet mini-strip (\\\"Bayonet\\\") (75 issues, 1976–1983) Batman (78 issues, 1984–1995) Front mini-strip (71 issues, 1976–1983) De New Teen Titans (20 issues, 1985–1988) Oorlog mini-strip (\\\"War\\\") (79 issues, 1976–1982) Ponyclub (254 issues, 1985-2000) — comics magazine for female horse fanciers Peter Parker de spektakulaire Spiderman (Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man) (150 issues, 1983-1995) Romantica mini-strip (\\\"Romance\\\") (66 issues, 1976–1982) De Spectaculaire Spider-Man (Spider-Man) (196 issues, 1979–1995) Spiderman (Spider-Man) (135, 1996–2007) Super Reeks (\\\"Super Series\\\") (148 issues, 1977–1980) — acquired from Baldakijn Boeken with issue #301 Superman (119 issues, 1984–1996) Tarzan (67 issues, 1979–1981) Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles (61 issues, 1990–1995) Web van Spiderman (Web of Spider-Man) (110 issues, 1985–1995) Western mini-strip (66 issues, 1976–1981) Wolverine (89 issues, 1990–2000) De X-Mannen (X-Men) (296 issues, 1983–2007) Notes References Sources Publishing companies of the Netherlands Comics publishing companies 1973 establishments 2015 disestablishments\",\n \"title\": \"Juniorpress\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5857436\",\n \"text\": \"Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are the parents of Peter Parker, the superhero known as Spider-Man. Richard and Mary Parker have been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portrayed the characters in the films The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Emma Roberts portrays Mary Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Richard and Mary Parker were created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. For many years before The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #5 (November 1968), there had been no explanation of why Peter Parker was being raised by his aunt and uncle, with his parents only appearing in flashbacks and photographs. That issue finally answered the question: Richard and Mary Parker were murdered by Albert Malik, who was one of Johann Schmidt's successors to the persona of Red Skull. In The Amazing Spider-Man #365 (August 1992), Spider-Man's 30th anniversary, they reappeared. Two years later, however, in #388 (April 1994), they were revealed to be Life Model Decoys created by the Chameleon and were destroyed. In the novel Mary Jane, it is said they died in a plane accident while going to Switzerland to turn in some important discovery that Richard made. Peter tries to figure out what the discovery was but fails, as he cannot figure out the things Richard has written on his board. In July 1997, Untold Tales of Spider-Man #-1, part of Marvel Comics' \\\"Flashback Month\\\" event, written by Roger Stern and drawn by John Romita, Sr., the characters' origins are expanded. Since then, they have rarely been mentioned. Fictional character biographies Captain Richard Parker, a decorated soldier of the United States Army Special Forces and younger brother of Ben Parker, was recruited by Nick Fury, the future director of S.H.I.E.L.D., to the C.I.A. Mary Fitzpatrick was the daughter of O.S.S. agent \\\"Wild Will\\\" Fitzpatrick. She attended the best schools and eventually followed in her father's footsteps, becoming a C.I.A. translator and data analyst. Richard and Mary met on the job, fell in love, and married. Originally they eloped, later having a more elaborate service, fooling many. Mary became a field agent like Richard, giving them both an easy cover as a married couple. They were assigned to investigate Baroness Adelicia Von Krupp, who had captured an agent of a \\\"friendly power\\\" (who turned out to be Logan, aka Wolverine, then a Canadian operative called \\\"Agent Ten\\\" and who would eventually become an ally of their son Peter who would grow up to become Spider-Man). They rescued Logan from the Baroness and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. After that mission, they discovered Mary was pregnant; Logan was actually the first person to congratulate the Parkers, commenting later that he never saw an agent as tough as Richard Parker go that white that fast. Their son, Peter, was often left in the care of Ben and his wife May\",\n \"title\": \"Richard and Mary Parker\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1762573\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph \\\"Robbie\\\" Robertson is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr., he first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #51 (August 1967), and has since endured as a supporting character of the wall-crawler. Robbie Robertson was one of the first black characters in comics to play a serious supporting role, rather than act as comic relief. He has usually been a high-ranking editor at the New York newspaper, the Daily Bugle, and a close friend and confidant of publisher J. Jonah Jameson, acting as a voice of reason in Jameson's campaign to discredit Spider-Man. He is more friendly and supportive of Peter Parker as well as the other Daily Bugle staffers than the brash Jameson. In the 1980s, the character's backstory was explored, revealing a past conflict with the supervillain Tombstone, with whom he attended high school; these stories were well received by readers and contributed to greater interest in his character. The character has appeared in several media adaptations outside of comics over the years, including films, animated series, and video games. Actor Bill Nunn played Robbie Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy. Publication history Gerry Conway's run on The Spectacular Spider-Man and Web of Spider-Man expanded Robertson's back story with a dark history involving the hit man Tombstone which continues to haunt Robertson in the present. The stories drew an exceptionally intense level of reader interest. Editor Jim Salicrup recalled that \\\"some of the most jaded, seen-it-all before guys - namely the guys in Marvel's production department - got hooked on the Tombstone/Joe Robertson soap opera. They'd actually come into my office concerned about what was going to happen to Robbie next. 'He's not going to jail, is he?' they'd ask\\\". Fictional character biography Joseph Robertson was born in Harlem. He is married to Martha and they have had two sons. Their first son, Patrick Henry Robertson, died when he was only six months old. Their second son, Randy, is divorced. Growing up in a working-class family and being a member of a racial minority, Robertson seemed to sympathize with the downtrodden, including Marvel Comics' mutants, and he preached tolerance. He was forced to practice what he preached when his son came home from college with his white Jewish wife, Amanda. Robertson is the editor-in-chief of the Daily Bugle, the newspaper at which Peter Parker works and sells his photographs of Spider-Man. Unlike the Bugles volatile publisher, J. Jonah Jameson, Robbie tries his best to remain objective towards Spider-Man. Robbie is also the only Bugle employee who does not fear the wrath of his boss and is ready to stand up to him on editorial matters. Robbie serves as publisher when Jameson temporarily steps down. Robbie was a close personal friend of Captain George Stacy, and it has been implied, although not outright stated, that Robbie has deduced Spider-Man's secret identity, as Stacy did. Robbie's son Randy is also a close\",\n \"title\": \"Robbie Robertson (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23813636\",\n \"text\": \"Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that debuted in September 2011 as part of the second re-launch of the Ultimate Marvel imprint. It followed the \\\"Death of Spider-Man\\\" storyline that concluded the series Ultimate Spider-Man, to which Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man served as a sequel. Written by Brian Michael Bendis and illustrated by Sara Pichelli, the series also served as a continuation of elements from the miniseries Ultimate Comics: Fallout and focuses on the all-new Spider-Man, Miles Morales. The series was set in a continuity shared with other relaunched Ultimate Marvel titles including Ultimate Comics: X-Men and Ultimate Comics: Ultimates. The title ended in October 2013; the adventures of Miles continue in Miles Morales: Ultimate Spider-Man, released in July 2014. History After the \\\"Death of Spider-Man\\\" story arc, in which Peter Parker was killed, the title's third volume was launched, in which writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Sara Pichelli depicted Parker's mantle being passed on to Miles Morales. Characters Miles Morales / Spider-Man II - A thirteen-year-old boy living with both his parents, though he also attends a charter school and roommates with his best friend Ganke Lee and another student named Judge. He has managed to meet a few people associated with the former Spider-Man, including Gwen Stacy, Mary Jane, Aunt May, Spider-Woman and Nick Fury. Gwen Stacy – Now living a normal life, having briefly dated Peter Parker prior to his death. May Parker – Aunt of the deceased Peter Parker. Jessica Drew / Spider-Woman – A female clone of Peter Parker, sharing most of his memories. Peter Parker / Spider-Man – The first Spider-Man, originally thought to be killed by the Green Goblin, apparently returns, and meets Miles, later assisting him in a battle against a recently returned Green Goblin. Villains Norman Osborn / Green Goblin – Spider-Man's oldest nemesis. Thought to be dead, he returns and breaks the Ultimate Six out of the Triskelion to kill Peter Parker, calling themselves the 'Men of God'. Max Dillon / Electro – A former criminal empowered with electrokinesis by Hammer Industries. Freed from prison by Osborn to kill Peter Parker. Elijah Stern / Tinkerer – An evil scientist who tries to get revenge on the Roxxon Company. Aaron Davis / Prowler – A cat burglar named Aaron Davis, brother of Miles' father Jefferson, and Miles' paternal uncle. Maximus Gargan / Scorpion – A Mexican mob boss named Maximus Gargan that worked with Miles Morales' uncle Aaron Davis, a.k.a. The Prowler. Edward Brock Jr. / Venom – Peter Parker's childhood friend, bonded to a protoplasmic, semi-sentient black suit known as a Symbiote. Arkady Gregorivich Rossovich / Omega Red – A mutant zealot who was created by Weapon X. Reception Reviewing the first issue, James Hunt of Comic Book Resources rated issue #1 four and a half out of five stars. Hunt called the issue \\\"technically strong\\\", and praised the writing and art. He defended the absence of Peter Parker in the book, stating\",\n \"title\": \"Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"144436\",\n \"text\": \"Benjamin Franklin \\\"Ben\\\" Parker, usually referred to as Uncle Ben, was a supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with the superhero Spider-Man (Peter Parker). He was the husband of May Parker and the paternal uncle and father figure of Peter Parker. After appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962), Uncle Ben made his first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He was modeled and named after American founding father Benjamin Franklin. The character has been an essential part of Spider-Man's history. His death at the hands of a petty criminal, whom Spider-Man previously had the chance to apprehend, but chose not to, has been depicted in most versions of the hero's origin story, as the main factor that inspired Peter to become Spider-Man. Uncle Ben's quote, \\\"With great power there must also come great responsibility\\\" (often paraphrased as \\\"With great power comes great responsibility\\\"), has become Spider-Man's \\\"moral guide\\\" and iconic life motto. The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including films, animated series, and video games. He was portrayed by Cliff Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and by Martin Sheen in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012). In December 2021, Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) screenwriters Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers confirmed that Uncle Ben's comic book role as Peter's \\\"moral guide\\\" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)—who tells him his life motto before being killed as a result of his actions—had instead been adapted to his aunt May Parker, portrayed by Marisa Tomei in five films from 2016 to 2021. Adam Scott portrays a younger Ben Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history After first appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962)—caring for his niece (a mermaid named Linda Brown) with his wife May—Uncle Ben returned in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962)—caring for his nephew (Peter Parker / Spider-Man) with May—and was killed in the same issue. Although his history as a supporting character was very brief, Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider-Man's life, often appearing in flashbacks. Notability of death The murder of Uncle Ben is possibly the most notable in comic book history. He is also one of the few comic book deaths that has never been reversed in official continuity. He was a member of the \\\"Big Three\\\", alongside Jason Todd (an associate of Batman) and Bucky (an associate of Captain America) whose notable deaths, along with Ben's, gave rise to the phrase: \\\"No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky, Jason Todd, and Uncle Ben\\\". Later, the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment, \\\"No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben\\\". The violent killing of Uncle Ben, done by a common street criminal, also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne, the parents of\",\n \"title\": \"Uncle Ben\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32703921\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It features the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna \\\"Ana\\\" Soria) to the Marvel Universe and laid the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, style, and plot. Plot Infested \\\"Infested\\\" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the \\\"Spider-Island\\\" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31. Spider-Island The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him \\\"The Way of the Spider\\\", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen. Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jackal is behind the disturbance, as he has collected several prominent crime figures with spider-powers and given them Spider-Man outfits. The Avengers attempt to defend the city against spider-powered hooligans. Although Shang-Chi is able to confirm Spider-Man's identity to the other heroes, he is nevertheless ordered to stay out of the fight due to the inability to distinguish him from the other Spider-Men. However, inspired by a conversation with Mary Jane, Peter is able to rally various other New Yorkers to help him stop the villainous Spider-Men by posing as another random spider-powered citizen. As Anti-Venom works on curing various Spider-People of their powers, Madame Web reflects on the need for both Agent Venom and Anti-Venom to fix the Spider-Island problem. Meanwhile, Carlie and Peter attempt to investigate the Jackal's lab, reasoning that he is the most likely candidate to have caused this event, unaware that they are being watched. Jackal is seen working on the Spider-King by filling with tiny spider embryos. Horizon Labs works with Reed Richards to find a cure for the spider-powered people while the Avengers and\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Island\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27114542\",\n \"text\": \"Ultimate Spider-Man (titled Ultimate Spider-Man: Web Warriors for the third season and Ultimate Spider-Man vs. the Sinister Six for its final season) is an American superhero animated television series broadcast on the cable network Disney XD, based on the Spider-Man comics published by Marvel Comics. The series featured writers such as Brian Michael Bendis (who also created the comic book series of the same name), Paul Dini, and Man of Action (a group consisting of Steven T. Seagle, Joe Kelly, Joe Casey and Duncan Rouleau). It was first announced in early 2012, and debuted alongside the second season of The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes as part of the Marvel Universe programming block on April 1, 2012. In a break from other series, Spider-Man breaks the fourth wall and speaks directly to the audience. It also includes fantasy sequences from Peter's mind. The series concluded its run on January 7, 2017, with the two-part episode \\\"Graduation Day.\\\" with 4 seasons each consisting of 26 episodes. Reruns continued to air on Disney XD until August 30, 2017. Synopsis Peter Parker has been Spider-Man for one year. He has saved lives and fought supervillains, but he is still in the process of learning how to be a superhero. Nick Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. offers Peter the chance to train to be a real superhero and become \\\"The Ultimate Spider-Man\\\". However, Peter will first have to learn how to work with a team of four fellow teenage superheroes: Nova, White Tiger, Iron Fist, and Power Man. Season 1 During the first season, corrupt industrialist Norman Osborn targets Spider-Man in the shadows in hopes of collecting his DNA to create a spider-soldier army to sell to the government. To do this, he uses Doctor Octopus as his pawn, having him send numerous supervillains (like the Frightful Four, Taskmaster and Whirlwind) after Spider-Man and use a sample of Spidey's blood to create the Venom symbiote, which ends up bonding with Harry Osborn, Norman's son and Peter's best friend. In the two-part season finale, Spider-Man learns that it was Norman who was the mastermind behind Doctor Octopus' schemes and Venom's creation, just in time to see Doc Ock take his revenge on Norman for the way he treated him by turning him into the villainous Green Goblin. Season 2 In the second season, following the fight with the Green Goblin which destroyed the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier, the S.H.I.E.L.D. Team ends up staying at Peter Parker's house. In the season premiere, after learning that Spider-Man got his powers from one of Oscorp's genetically altered spiders at the end of last season, Doc Ock creates a bunch of serums with animal DNA in hopes of re-creating the process and S.H.I.E.L.D. scientist Dr. Curt Connors, still dealing with the aftermath of the Helicarrier's destruction after injuring his right arm and having it amputated, injects himself with one of these serums to become the Lizard. Later, Doctor Octopus controls the Lizard so that he can join him, Electro, Rhino, Kraven the Hunter, and\",\n \"title\": \"Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6093374\",\n \"text\": \"Last Hero Standing is a 5-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics in 2005. The series was written by Tom DeFalco and drawn by Pat Olliffe (who also co-plotted the series). The series stars many characters from the MC2 universe, such as A-Next and the Fantastic Five. Although these characters existed prior to this miniseries, Marvel wished to reintroduce them to the public quickly following the success of Spider-Girl in digest size format. The series was released weekly and then reprinted as a trade paperback. Plot summary While \\\"joy-hunting\\\" together in Canada, Wild Thing is shocked when her father Wolverine is kidnapped in front of her eyes. Elsewhere across the world, one of the Ladyhawk sisters is abducted as well. These events get the attention of the Watcher Uatu. After the first appearances of the original Fantastic Four, and the defeat of Loki which caused the creation of the first group of Avengers, a new line of heroes have emerged in a possible future timeline. These heroes now form the groups of A-Next and the Fantastic Five (F5), while other heroes such as Spider-Girl, the Green Goblin, and Darkdevil remain solo. At the Avengers Compound, the headquarters of A-Next in the future, the young heroes are busy being trained by Captain America. At a local hospital, Iron Man has just visited a still comatose Scarlet Witch. After leaving her room, he hears noises in it, and when he re-enters it, she has been kidnapped as well. At her home, young May \\\"May Day\\\" Parker, alias Spider-Girl, is busy taking care of her baby brother Ben, while being watched over by her parents Peter Parker and Mary Jane. After that, she leaves for school. Meanwhile, the Thing of the F5 walks over the main streets of the city, when they suddenly start to crumble. Ben realizes he is in danger and sets off an alarm to alert his teammates. Peter later discusses recent events with Phil Urich, alias Green Goblin. They are attacked by a gigantic robot which manages to abduct Peter. A panicking Phil contacts May about this. She, the Buzz, the other Ladyhawk and the Green Goblin dive into a tunnel that was created by the robot that kidnapped Peter. There, they meet up with all the members of A-Next who discovered the same tunnel earlier. Meanwhile, somewhere else, an unconscious Peter is dragged by the robot into a dark realm. An ancient Doctor Strange tries to gain the assistance of Doc Magus, but he prefers to work on his own. Doc Magus uses his astral form to scan the entire world for the missing heroes, which leads him to a dark cave. There, he is attacked by a dark entity that defeats and then kidnaps him as well. At Avengers Compound, Captain America is exercising alone. Thunderstrike realizes Cap is feeling down because of his old age and promises him that he does not have to worry about it because A-Next will follow him anywhere. Cap\",\n \"title\": \"Last Hero Standing\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31655527\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Gathering of Five\\\" and \\\"The Final Chapter\\\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \\\"re-branding\\\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \\\"Issue One\\\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \\\"Clone Saga\\\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \\\"the gathering of five\\\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \\\"package\\\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time\",\n \"title\": \"The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14154213\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \\\"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\\\", \\\"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\\\", and \\\"Who Is Spider-Man?\\\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \\\"nerdy\\\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: With Great Power\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7306456\",\n \"text\": \"Answer is the name of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first incarnation of Answer, Aaron Nicholson, first appeared in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #91 (June 1984). The second incarnation, David Ferrari, debuted in Captain America (Vol. 3) #20 (June 1999). The third incarnation, an unnamed criminal, made his first appearance in Superior Spider-Man #26 (January 2014). Publication history Aaron Nicholson debuted in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #91 (June 1984), created by writer Al Milgrom and artist Jim Mooney. David Ferrari debuted under the codename Answer after Aaron Nicholson's \\\"death\\\" in Captain America (Vol. 3) #20 (June 1999), created by Dan Jurgens. An unnamed criminal debuted under the codename Answer in Superior Spider-Man #26 (January 2014), created by Dan Slott and Christos Gage. Fictional character biography Aaron Nicholson Aaron Nicholson is a criminal genius and a former member of the Kingpin's criminal organization. He is also a former hitman in the Las Vegas division of HYDRA and was empowered by the laboratory machines of Dr. Farley Stillwell's brother Dr. Harlan Stillwell where he became the Answer. The Answer studies Spider-Man's powers, and then attacks Spider-Man and the Black Cat to test the limits of their powers. He then kidnaps the Black Cat to misdirect Spider-Man's attention as he steals Silvermane's body from the police morgue, and assisted the Kingpin in partially restoring Silvermane's life. He then kidnapped Dagger in hopes that her powers would cure the Kingpin's ailing wife. Silvermane rampages mindlessly; to end the rampage, the Answer sacrifices his corporeal form and converts himself to energy to revive Dagger, who possesses Silvermane's life-force. The Answer later telepathically contacts Doctor Octopus who restores his corporeal existence. The Answer ends up fighting with Octavius and is defeated by him. He later appears in the Raft where he escapes but is captured by Toxin. It is later revealed that he had been feigning bad luck in order to reunite with his unrequited love Ruby Thursday, before her body is killed by Bullseye. During the Civil War: War Crimes storyline, he is seen among an army of super-villains organized by Hammerhead that is captured by Iron Man and S.H.I.E.L.D. agents. Later, the Answer is a self-confessed loser at the wake of Stilt-Man. Almost all of the supervillains at the wake were the victims of murder/attempted murder. The Punisher disguises himself as a barman, poisons drinks, and then blows up the bar. Answer has since been hired by the Hood to take advantage of the split in the superhero community caused by the Superhuman Registration Act.'New Avengers #35 He helps them fight the New Avengers but is taken down by Doctor Strange. He appeared in Brand New Day'' as one of the villains in the bar confronting Spider-Man. He was one of many prisoners who escaped from the Raft at the start of the Secret Invasion. He is one among many supervillains who joined the Hood's crime syndicate and attacked an invading Skrull force. He joins\",\n \"title\": \"Answer (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53599140\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \\\"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\\\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \\\"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\\\" was released with the tagline \\\"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\\\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \\\"unjust\\\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man 129\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8388613\",\n \"text\": \"Batwing (James \\\"Jimmy\\\" Santini) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history His first appearance was in Untold Tales of Spider-Man #2 (October 1995), and he was created by Kurt Busiek and Pat Olliffe. Batwing appeared as a supporting character in Avengers Academy beginning with issue #20 (Dec 2011), making occasional appearances throughout the series. Fictional character biography Young Jimmy Santini was with his father in an investigation of illegal toxic waste dumping in Carlsbad Caverns National Park where his father was either shot in the back by the polluters or fell to his death in the deep caverns (the full details were murky in Jimmy's diary). Jimmy was lost in the caverns and drank water that \\\"tasted like metal.\\\" He was eventually rescued and returned to his mother. Soon the chemicals began to take effect and Jimmy sprouted wings. His mother proclaimed him a demon, causing Jimmy to run away. He continued to mutate into a bat-like creature and ended up stealing food to survive. He arrived in New York City and made his home under an old pier. Jimmy began stealing food from people dining on rooftops scaring people in the process. Thus, the people began to dub him Batwing. When New York City Councilman Randolph Cherryh was once dining with his girlfriend, Batwing appeared and stole some of his apples which humiliated Randolph. Randolph Cherryh placed a bounty on him which Peter Parker decided to take part on during his financial problems. Randolph arranged for a party as part of a trap. When Batwing came, the police sprang and began shooting, only for Peter Parker in his alias of Spider-Man to web up the guns and pursue Batwing. Batwing battled with Spider-Man before fleeing back to where he lived under the pier. When Spider-Man followed Batwing to the pier, he discovered that Batwing was just a scared kid who was stealing food to survive. Spider-Man read some of his history before Jimmy ran off right into the Councilman who secretly followed in his helicopter. Randolph did not care if Batwing was just a youngster, and he was about to kill the boy when Spider-Man webbed down his men. Batwing fled despite Spider-Man's offer to get Reed Richards or Hank Pym to help cure him. Randolph vowed to ruin Spider-Man's life before having his mouth webbed and himself being shoved into a garbage can. Spider-Man continued to bring food to Jimmy who still fears people like Randolph Cherryh. Spider-Man later asked Dr. Curt Connors to use his expertise to help cure Jimmy. When an accident causes Connors to become the Lizard again, Batwing helps Spider-Man track him down and cure Connors. Connors and Jimmy leave New York for someplace quiet where Jimmy can be cured. When Connors' cure fails, Batwing returns to New York and battles Spider-Man again. With his father dead and his mother rejecting him, Jimmy hopes for death. Spider-Man locates Jimmy's mother and tells her that Jimmy is\",\n \"title\": \"Batwing (Marvel Comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"144167\",\n \"text\": \"Maybelle \\\"May\\\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \\\"Jay\\\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,\",\n \"title\": \"Aunt May\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37629473\",\n \"text\": \"The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \\\"Dying Wish\\\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \\\"Superior Spider-Man\\\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \\\"Spider-Verse\\\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \\\"Go Down Swinging\\\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \\\"Spider-Geddon\\\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \\\"Spider-Geddon\\\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team\",\n \"title\": \"The Superior Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7547219\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man: Reign is a four-issue comic book limited series featuring Spider-Man, written and illustrated by Kaare Andrews and published by Marvel Comics. Set 30 years into Spider-Man's future, on Earth-70237, it features a retired Spider-Man who returns to combat the injustices of a vastly different New York City. Publication history On December 12, 2006, Marvel announced that issue #1 had sold out through Diamond Comic Distributors and that a second printing would be released. The series has been compared to The Dark Knight Returns, a comparison which Marvel has also quoted when promoting Reign. As well as the thematic similarities between the two stories, both of which revisit aged heroes after the end of their careers, The Dark Knight Returns is also acknowledged within the pages of Reign by the inclusion of a character named Miller Janson (the name reflects Dark Knight Returns creators Frank Miller and Klaus Janson). The book also has several themes relevant in the post 9/11 world, most notably Mayor Waters taking control of the city of New York to protect it, and the WEBB, an energy field that seals all of New York inside it so no one can leave. In August 2023, Marvel announced a sequel to Reign was set to release in 2024, with Andrews returning to write and draw the series. Plot Thirty years into Spider-Man's future, New York City has become a safe, albeit authoritarian territory under the complete control of Mayor Waters. Superheroes and supervillains are no longer prevalent, instead replaced by the authoritarian government's police force, \\\"The Reign\\\". An elderly Peter Parker works as a florist, but he is fired for ruining a couple's wedding by sending the wrong flowers. He bumps into a child fleeing from the Reign, and as they show up to arrest the youth, Peter is also beaten alongside him. Parker returns home and is haunted by memories of his deceased wife Mary Jane, as Mayor Waters announces the WEBB system to protect the city from attacks. Behind the scenes, he keeps a vegetative Kingpin prisoner, mocking him. At Peter's apartment, J. Jonah Jameson delivers him a package. Jameson also apologizes for his years of abuse, explaining he sold the Daily Bugle because he realized he was running it on lies. Jameson leaves and starts a riot, which leads to a fight against two Reign officers. Meanwhile, Parker opens the package revealing a camera and his old black-suit mask. He defeats the officers wearing only the mask and his underwear, imagining himself in his prime. After Jameson asks if Spider-Man is back, Peter punches him and walks away silently. Mayor Waters is dismayed at the return of Spider-Man and releases Electro, Mysterio, Kraven the Hunter, the Sandman, the Scorpion and Hydro-Man from prison. The Mayor then tells the newly christened \\\"Sinner Six\\\" that, if they defeat their old nemesis, they can leave New York. Jameson announces the return of Spider-Man as the Reign cracks down on the citizens. Following the news of Spider-Man's return, an\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: Reign\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5137176\",\n \"text\": \"Hornet is an identity used by five fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics: two supervillains, and three superheroes. Both the first and third versions have suffered from physical disabilities. Publication history Although the armor of the third Hornet first appeared in Spider-Man as one of the four new superheroes Peter Parker had taken on, this version first appeared in Slingers #0 and was created by Joseph Harris, Todd DeZago, and Mike Wieringo. Speculation that the deceased Hornet in Wolverine vol. 3 #23 was not Eddie, but instead someone else who took on the name and costume, has been disproven by The Loners writer C. B. Cebulski, and The Loners #2 states that Hornet was indeed killed by Wolverine. Fictional character biography Scotty McDowell Scotty McDowell was a wheelchair-using criminologist who assisted Spider-Woman's cases. He was kidnapped by the mad scientist Karl Malus who injected Scotty with a formula composed of human and insect DNA, as well as several kinds of medicine. Spider-Woman rescued Scotty who seemed fine. Scotty began to suffer from nightmares in which he killed Spider-Woman. He awoke to discover that he had great strength and insect-like wings that allowed him to fly (but still unable to walk). He then received a costume in the mail (sent by Malus), and when he put it on, had a personality shift, becoming aggressive and chauvinistic. He flew around as the Hornet, and started out as a hero, saving people, and working with Spider-Woman. He even learned that he could throw bursts of bio-electricity. But Hornet became more and more resentful of Spider-Woman, and began to endanger the innocents he was \\\"helping\\\", even striking an onlooker with one of his electric blasts. When he nearly killed some thieves, Spider-Woman was sent after him. However, Hornet's abilities were almost a match for Spider-Woman, and unlike Spider-Woman, he wasn't trying to hold back for fear of hurting his friend. After a prolonged battle, Spider-Woman was able to subdue Hornet who was nearly homicidal by this point. Spider-Woman learned that Malus had altered Scotty into Hornet, for the sole purpose of having Spider-Woman die at the hands of a friend. Spider-Woman was able to flush the formula from Scotty's bloodstream, and revert him to normal (stripping him of both his powers and aggression). Afterwards, Spider-Woman learned that although the formula did make him more aggressive, the resentment he felt was real. Scotty admitted he was in love, but felt that Spider-Woman didn't notice him. He was also jealous of the attention garnered with the woman's heroic deeds. This put a strain on their friendship, and Spider-Woman ended their \\\"working relationship\\\". McDowell accepted this as well, taking a job farther away so as to preserve what was left of their friendship. Peter Parker When Spider-Man was accused of murder during the Identity Crisis storyline, Peter Parker donned four different costumes to continue saving lives without anyone knowing it was him; one of the adopted identities was Hornet. The Hornet costume\",\n \"title\": \"Hornet (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8474774\",\n \"text\": \"Bullet Points is a comic book limited series that was published by Marvel Comics in 2006 and 2007, written by J. Michael Straczynski, illustrated by Tommy Lee Edwards and lettered by John Workman. The series was released under the Marvel Knights imprint and examines the consequences to the Marvel Universe when Steve Rogers is not injected with the Super-Soldier Serum but instead is Iron Man. Plot summary The series begins on December 8, 1940. Dr. Abraham Erskine is killed by a German spy, along with MP Benjamin Parker, before the Super-Soldier Serum was to be used for Project: Rebirth. Due to the assassination, Project: Rebirth is canceled. The US government activates Project: Iron Man and asks Steve Rogers to participate in it. Steve accepts, and is permanently bonded to the Iron Man armor. Iron Man debuts during the Battle of Guadalcanal, going on to help win the Second World War. Rogers goes on to become an essential part of American military tactics over the resulting decades, drafting Dr. Reed Richards to provide technical support. Meanwhile, lacking the guidance of a role model who taught him the value of responsibility as a result of Benjamin's death, Peter Parker grows up to become a disaffected, trouble-making punk. At one point, Peter decides to sneak out of a field trip to a desert base and goes joyriding with friends in a stolen jeep. After the jeep breaks down, Peter goes off to find fuel, but accidentally wanders into a test site just as a gamma bomb is detonated. Soon after recovering from the explosion and returning home, Peter is confronted by the two friends, who accuse him of getting them into trouble. Peter becomes angry and turns into the Hulk, destroying property around him. The Hulk is confronted by the police. May Parker recognizes the Hulk as Peter and suffers a heart attack, which causes him to flee in distress. As a result of Peter's transformation, the recently retired Rogers is drafted back to wear the Iron Man armor to capture Peter. After visiting May in hospital to say goodbye before running away, Peter is confronted by Iron Man and several army troops. Rejecting Rogers's attempts to calm him, Peter turns into the Hulk and confronts Iron Man. After a long fight outside the hospital, the Hulk eventually kills Iron Man; realizing what he has done, Peter flees in terror. Meanwhile, Reed Richards, along with his co-pilots Ben Grimm, Sue Storm and Johnny Storm, launch into space in a rocket designed to collect cosmic rays. However, the rocket explodes before it can reach orbit due to sabotage, crashing back to Earth and killing Ben, Johnny and Sue, with Reed being the only survivor. Reed is then invited to lead the spy organization S.H.I.E.L.D. As head of S.H.I.E.L.D., Reed uses his technical genius and scientific background to pioneer numerous radical technologies and also drafts others, including Bruce Banner, Stephen Strange, and Tony Stark, into the organization. Blaming himself and his gamma bomb for Parker's\",\n \"title\": \"Bullet Points (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24472810\",\n \"text\": \"Powerless is a six-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics which ran from 2004 to 2005. The series was written by Matt Cherniss and Peter Johnson and penciled by artist Michael Gaydos. Plot summary A psychologist named William Watts wakes up in a hospital after a three-day coma. Fresh in his mind is the world of Earth-616, which he experienced while asleep. As William returns to his mundane daily life, he encounters three familiar faces: Peter Parker, a high-school student who is pressured by Norman Osborn to conduct industrial espionage on Stark Industries; a blind lawyer, Matt Murdock, who battles an uphill case against the Kingpin to absolve Frank Castle of murder; and an amnesiac soldier named Logan, who is led to believe he murdered Charles Xavier. Inspired by Matt's conviction, William leaves his bystander position and begins to act to help the three: he helps reveal Charles' murder was done by a third party, citing Logan to investigate Eric Magnus; he convinces Frank Castle to reveal vital information to Matt's case; and he acts by calling the cops to assist Peter in arresting Osborn. After Frank's trial, the Kingpin murders Murdock. Castle assassinates Kingpin in retaliation, which places him on the road to becoming the real-life Punisher. The series ends with William contemplating how the coma has shaken him from the stupor of life, as he reflects on his coma identity as Uatu. Creators Matt Cherniss and Peter Johnson – writers Michael Gaydos – penciller Lee Loughridge – colorist Alex Maleev – cover artist Axel Alonso – editor Joe Quesada – Editor-in-Chief Collections References 2004 comics debuts 2005 comics debuts Marvel Comics titles\",\n \"title\": \"Powerless (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4653327\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man (Peter Parker) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a modernized, alternate universe counterpart of Spider-Man who is in his youth, a superhero first created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko in 1962. The Ultimate version of the character originated in Ultimate Marvel, a line of comic books created in 2000 that is set in a parallel universe with a narrative continuity separate and independent from the main continuity of Marvel Comics stories that began in the 1960s. Ultimate Spider-Man, the first and flagship title of the Ultimate line, was created by the writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Mark Bagley, and debuted in September 2000, which featured the first appearance of the Ultimate version of the character. Based on the original Spider-Man who debuted in 1962, he was bitten by a radioactive genetically-mutated spider, which gave him superhuman spider-like abilities which led him to become the superhero Spider-Man, and fight crime after the tragedy of his late Uncle Ben. The biggest difference is that this version of Parker is killed at the age of 16, being Spider-Man for a span of almost a year before being replaced by the 13-year-old Miles Morales. However following the Secret Wars storyline, Miles and his family were retconned into the history of the prime universe and Peter who had been resurrected had resumed his superhero role. To differentiate him from other incarnations, Peter Parker from this universe is commonly dubbed Ultimate Spider-Man. Fictional character biography At around the age of six, Peter Parker was orphaned after the death of his parents in a plane crash and was raised by his father's brother, Ben Parker, and his wife May. Nine years later, Peter grew to be an exceptionally bright teen and a high school genius, being particularly skilled in physics and chemistry. However, he was also an introverted outcast among his peers and was frequently bullied and tormented by Fred \\\"Flash\\\" Thompson and Kenny \\\"King Kong\\\" McFarlane. On a school field trip to the scientific corporation Oscorp, he was bitten by a genetically-mutated spider, which gave him spider-like superhuman abilities. The head of Oscorp, Norman Osborn, discovered this and experimented with the same mutagen injected within the spider's bloodstream on himself, but the experiment went awry, mutating him into a monstrous, green-coloured and hulking goblin-like creature later known as the Green Goblin. After discovering his new abilities, Peter used his powers for personal gain, like his standard counterpart, to financially support his family as a professional wrestler and to become popular by becoming the school's top basketball player thanks to his enhanced spider-powers. However, he began to selfishly utilise his abilities and started to act irresponsibly, which adversely affected his studies and behavior, all of which worried his aunt and uncle. Peter was later fired from his job as a wrestler under suspicions that he was responsible for a recent robbery, much to his chagrin and disappointment. Later that night, as he was walking to his\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man (Ultimate Marvel character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2861376\",\n \"text\": \"Nicholas Peter Dallis (December 15, 1911 – July 6, 1991), was an American psychiatrist turned comic strip writer, creator of the soap opera-style strips Rex Morgan, M.D., Judge Parker and Apartment 3-G. Separating his comics career from his medical practice, he wrote under pseudonyms, Dal Curtis for Rex Morgan, M.D. and Paul Nichols for Judge Parker. Biography Born in New York City, Nick Dallis grew up on Long Island. He graduated from Washington & Jefferson College in 1933 and from Temple University's medical school in 1938 and married a nurse, Sarah Luddy. He decided to specialize in psychiatry, and after World War II, started a practice in Toledo, Ohio. Allen Saunders was chair at the time of the local mental hygiene center that invited him there, and in his autobiography, he recalled that Dallis approached him, as a well-known comics writer (Steve Roper and Mike Nomad, Mary Worth), about \\\"his desire to write a comic strip, one tracing the history of medicine. I told him that, commendable as his idea was, such a feature would not succeed. Readers want entertainment, not enlightenment. But a story about a handsome young doctor's involvement with his patients might be a winner.\\\" Comic strips After further conversations with Saunders on strip writing, Dallis successfully launched his Rex Morgan, M.D in 1948. Later, he found himself working more with troubled youth in juvenile court, and from his experiences there, he conceived a second strip focused on the legal world, Judge Parker, which took off in 1952 and also became successful. Both strips were in the soap opera tradition pioneered by Saunders, as continuities in which each story was basically distinct. And yet they differed from Mary Worth in centering on male protagonists who counseled their clients with professional advice as well as intervening to help them with personal problems. In addition, Dallis did manage to work in education and enlightenment for his readers, as well as entertainment. In 1958, he retired from medicine and moved to Arizona, where he continued to author his comics. In 1961, he launched his third strip, Apartment 3-G, about three young women sharing a Manhattan apartment. Dallis died in 1991, but all three of his strips survived over the years (with Apartment 3-G ending in 2015), and as of 2023 Judge Parker and Rex Morgan, M.D. continue in syndication. He was later remembered by his successor on two of his strips, Woody Wilson, as \\\"a prince among men... educated, kindly, compassionate, talented and generous.\\\" Wilson honored Dallis in a striking manner in the episodes of November 30 and December 1, 2015, by giving Rex and June's baby boy the second name \\\"Dallis\\\"; when asked by his daughter why he and June had chosen this name, Rex replied, \\\"Nick Dallis was a very good friend of ours, Princess. We wanted to honor him!\\\" Judge Parker and Rex Morgan, M.D. continue to honor Nick Dallis by sometimes letting their characters eat at a \\\"Nick's Diner.\\\" References 1911 births 1991 deaths 20th-century American\",\n \"title\": \"Nicholas P. Dallis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28912839\",\n \"text\": \"Sophia \\\"Chat\\\" Sanduval is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #53 (July 2009), a series in the Marvel Adventures imprint for young readers, taking place in a non-canonical, alternate reality from mainstream Marvel continuity. She was created by writer Paul Tobin and artist Matteo Lolli as the primary girlfriend for a teenage Peter Parker/Spider-Man. A mutant, Chat possesses the ability to talk to animals. She sees herself as both Peter Parker and Spider-Man's girlfriend, and has managed to involve herself in Peter's civilian and superhero lives. Publication history Chat was created by author Paul Tobin as an original girlfriend for the Spider-Man appearing in his Marvel Adventures Spider-Man comic book. She first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #53 and appeared in every subsequent issue until the series was canceled with #61 (July 2009 – March 2010). Chat next appeared in Tobin's Spider-Man Marvel Adventures comic-book series, which continue the stories started in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man. These stories feature a teenage Peter Parker/Spider-Man with a supporting cast of revamped Marvel Comics characters, as well as all-new characters such as Chat. Chat was introduced into the mainstream Marvel universe in the 2011 series Spider-Girl #4 as a friend of Anya Corazon's new roommate. It is unknown if she is a mutant or a normal human in this reality. Fictional character biography Little is known about Chat's childhood except that she was raised by an unknown mother and has an older sister. She is secretive about her mother and admits she hasn't talked about her for a couple years. A young mutant, Chat has the power to communicate with animals, an ability that also makes animals act unusually friendly around her. Although this aspect of her power embarrassed her, Chat used her animal affinity to help run a traveling zoo that visited all the New York orphanages. At some point, Chat felt herself \\\"falling apart\\\" and tried to re-establish her life. Becoming a runaway, she met Emma Frost, a teenage mutant with the ability to read and control minds. Self-absorbed and immoral, Emma regularly used her powers to rob stores and learn intimate secrets by peeking into people's minds. Although Chat disapproved of Emma's actions and often tried to stop her, she was too timid to truly stand up to Emma. This began to change when Chat and Emma were saved from a falling sign by Peter Parker, a teenager who was secretly the adventurous superhero known as Spider-Man. When Emma, using her telepathy, discovered Peter's secret, she convinced Chat they could \\\"have some fun\\\" by going to Peter's high school and learning more about his other identity. Through to a mind-link set up by Emma, Chat discovered how Peter became Spider-Man and was profoundly affected by his sense of responsibility, which she found both noble and attractive. Convincing Emma to help her enroll at Peter's school, Chat began dating Peter and would often use her powers secretly to help\",\n \"title\": \"Sophia \\\"Chat\\\" Sanduval\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25700184\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \\\"Power Booster\\\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \\\"Spider-Friends\\\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \\\"costume\\\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \\\"Vengeance Of Loki\\\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \\\"Windchill Factor Zero\\\". In \\\"Mission: Save The Guardstar\\\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \\\"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\\\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \\\"fire and ice don't really mix\\\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \\\"Opposites Attack!\\\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \\\"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\\\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5051787\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\\\" is a Spider-Man story written by Roger Stern, originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #248 in 1984. In the story, a young fan of Spider-Man meets his hero. This comic was selected as one of the \\\"Top 10 Spider-Man stories of all time\\\" by Wizard and is regarded as among the most-loved Spider-Man stories. Plot Young Timothy \\\"Tim\\\" Harrison lies in his bed. Portions from a column by Daily Bugle writer Jacob Conover say Tim is the greatest Spider-Man fan in the world and has collected every article available on him, including a whole album of The Daily Bugle retractions. Tim has also collected mementos such as kinescopes of Spider-Man's early television appearances and bullets from a crime foiled by Spider-Man. Suddenly, Spider-Man comes into Tim's room. In the following hours, the two trade anecdotes about Spider-Man's long career. The hero is surprised and touched by how much the boy adores him. When Spider-Man is about to leave, Tim asks him who he really is. After some hesitation, Spider-Man takes off his mask, identifies himself as Peter Parker, and retells the fateful night when his negligence let Uncle Ben die, causing him to fight crime. The story does not change Tim's admiration of his hero. A tearful Peter Parker embraces Tim (who refers to him as \\\"Pete\\\") and departs. An exterior view reveals Tim is staying in a cancer clinic. The last of the newspaper captions states that the boy's only wish is to meet his hero in person. Conover ends his report by stating his hope that \\\"Spider-Man takes the time to visit a very brave young man named Tim Harrison, and I hope he does it soon. You see, Tim Harrison has leukemia, and the doctors only give him a few more weeks to live\\\". Background The lead story of Amazing #248 is Spider-Man's fight against Thunderball, but Stern's backup story is remembered much better than the main tale. According to Stern: Tim Harrison's death is mentioned in Danny Fingeroth and Ron Garney's \\\"A Spider-Man Carol\\\", in which Spider-Man meets Tim's brother Joey. The story was published in the 1991 Marvel Holiday Special. Collected editions The story has been reprinted several times and collected in various trade paperbacks including The Very Best of Spider-Man (December 1994, ). References External links Comics by Roger Stern Single issue storylines of comic book series 1984 works\",\n \"title\": \"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7606098\",\n \"text\": \"Top Dog is a character from the comic book of the same name, published by Star Comics (an imprint of Marvel Comics). Top Dog was created by writer Lennie Herman and artist Warren Kremer. The series lasted for 14 issues, published from 1985 to 1987. The series Top Dog is a very intelligent, talking dog who befriends a human child named Joey Jordan. Top Dog goes on to live with Joey, who promises not to expose the fact that Top Dog can speak. The duo go on to have adventures involving spies, criminals and mad scientists, after it is revealed that Top Dog was formerly \\\"Mr. X\\\", a government agent who was valued for his intelligence, but had to disguise his canine nature with a cover ID and a full-body cloak. Amongst these adventures were several crossovers with other Star Comic characters such as Heathcliff and Royal Roy. One story even seemingly involved a Spider-Man team-up. Although it was actually an actor in a Spider-Man suit, the real Peter Parker does make an appearance. The series ran for fourteen issues after which, the character continued to make appearances in Heathcliff comic books (starting in issue #22) in both crossovers and backup stories. Top Dog reappeared in the 2009-2010 X-Babies miniseries Stars Reborn, as both a copy of himself produced by Mr. Veech to throw the X-Babies off his trail, and an Earth-616 version of himself, who happens to be a cyborg canine, rather than just an intelligent talking dog. Titles Top Dog The titles of the main 14-issue Top Dog series: \\\"The Secret Life of Top Dog\\\" (AKA \\\"The Dog-Gone Beginning\\\") \\\"Spies\\\" \\\"Mad Biter\\\" \\\"Top Dog's Secret Past is Revealed\\\" (AKA \\\"The Secret of Top Dog\\\") \\\"Mr. Invisible\\\" \\\"Frank N Stein\\\" \\\"Special Team Up: Royal Roy and Top Dog\\\" (AKA \\\"Crisis in Cashalot\\\") (featuring Royal Roy) \\\"The Strange Disappearance of Top Dog\\\" (AKA \\\"Missing\\\") \\\"Special Team Up: Heathcliff and Top Dog\\\" (AKA \\\"The Mystery of the Missing Millions\\\") (featuring Heathcliff) \\\"The Team Up of the Year: Can This be Spider-Man?\\\" (AKA \\\"The Spectacular Comic Book Caper!\\\") (featuring Peter Parker and a Spider-Man lookalike) \\\"Enter: Dirty Dog\\\" (AKA \\\"The Return of Dirty Dog\\\") \\\"The Revenge of Frank N Stein N Mervin\\\" \\\"Front to the Future\\\" \\\"Please Don't Go T-Top Dog!\\\" Heathcliff The regular series continued in the back of Heathcliff comics starting with issue #22. Issue numbers #36, 40, 46 - 56 did not feature a Top Dog story. Issue #45 is one of Warren Kremer's last published stories after his paralyzing stroke in 1989 (the issue was published in March 1990): Characters in the series Top Dog Joey Jordan Lizzie Jordan (Joey's sister) Mom Jordan Dad Jordan Mervin Megabucks Dirty Dog Frank and Stein Mr. Invisible References Star Comics titles Comics about dogs Dog superheroes 1985 comics debuts Comics characters introduced in 1985 Anthropomorphic dogs Marvel Comics male characters Marvel Comics spies Male characters in comics\",\n \"title\": \"Top Dog (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47346528\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man (Peter Parker) from the Marvel Mangaverse is an alternate version of Spider-Man created by Kaare Andrews. He is just one of many examples of different cultural Spider-Men much like Spider-Man (Pavitr Prabhakar), Spider-Man 2099, and Miles Morales. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The Marvel Mangaverse is a comic book universe which was set in the Marvel Comics Multiverse created by Ben Dunn. The universe's incarnation of Peter Parker would debut in Marvel Mangaverse: Spider-Man (2002) a single issue book created, written and drawn by Kaare Andrews. Andrews depicted this version of Spider-Man as a ninja and the last of the Spider Clan after his Uncle Ben was killed by Venom. The character is the third depicted manga version of Spider-Man after Spider-Man: The Manga and Spider-Man J. Fictional character biography The Mangaverse Spider-Man first appeared in the one-shot Marvel Mangaverse: Spider-Man (2002) (created, written and drawn by Kaare Andrews) where his origin was very different from the regular Marvel Spider-Man. In the Mangaverse Peter Parker is the last member of the Spider Clan of ninjas and has been taught martial arts by his sensei, Uncle Ben. After Ben's murder by Venom, an underling of the Kingpin, Peter starts to train in secret so he will be strong enough to exact his revenge. In this version of Spider-Man, Aunt May is Peter's mother's sister instead of Uncle Ben being his father's brother. The Mangaverse Spider-Man was brought back for his own mini-series Spider-Man: Legend of the Spider-Clan (again written by original creator Kaare Andrews) in which he encounters Black Cat, as well as the \\\"Venom symbiote\\\". This \\\"symbiote\\\" does not become Venom and has mystical origins being the result of a curse this time and connections to an 'evil' clan of ninja who are affiliated with Spiders, who act as a counterpart to Spider-Man's own ninja clan. Norman Osborn, better known as the Green Goblin, also appears in the series as an antagonist. Following the first mini-series a story featuring this version of the character appeared in Spider-Man Family. This story picks up after the events of the series with Peter, Aunt May, and Mary Jane visiting the grave of Uncle Ben. The three are then attacked by a group called The Elementals and May is killed in the battle while Mary Jane is wounded and left unconscious. The Elementals then leave Peter alive and broken with no explanation as to why they attacked him other than \\\"our task was to seek you out, Spider. To help you shed your skin. To set you on your path.\\\" Whilst mourning the loss of Aunt May a secret Map reveals itself to Peter it leads to the Land of The Spider-Clan and he decides to follow it in hopes of getting answers. Upon finding them Peter learns of Venom's survival from the end of the previous series where he had thought to\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man (Marvel Mangaverse)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35458273\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Men is a five-issue, 2012 superhero comic book miniseries published by Marvel Comics, featuring Peter Parker, the original Spider-Man, and Miles Morales, the second and current Ultimate Marvel version of Spider-Man, who appear together in a crossover storyline that involves the two alternate universes from which they each originate. The series is written by Brian Michael Bendis and illustrated by Sara Pichelli. It marks the first time that characters from the original Marvel Universe and the Ultimate Universe have crossed over since the latter debuted in 2000. Plot While out web-swinging, Spider-Man sees a brilliant purple light from a distant warehouse, and investigates it to find Mysterio ranting about how he missed out on one chance to kill Spider-Man already. Although Spider-Man quickly defeats him, when examining Mysterio's equipment, he is shot at by Mysterio, causing him to fall through the rift created by the equipment. When he regains consciousness, he discovers that it is daylight. After interrupting a mugging, Peter is confused when the would-be victim informs him that, while he is grateful for the rescue, it might be disrespectful to be seen wearing Peter Parker's suit after his death. Swinging away to think about what he has just heard, Spider-Man runs into another Spider-Man on a rooftop. Angered at Spider-Man ruining his plans again, Mysterio activates a robotic avatar and sends it after Peter. Back in the new universe, Peter fights with the other Spider-Man, but his superior experience and training is outmaneuvered by Miles' new powers, culminating in Peter being knocked out by Miles using his venom sting. Waking up in a cell, Peter meets this world's Nick Fury and explains his theory that he is from another universe, which Fury accepts as nobody would come up with something that ridiculous as a lie. Fury sends Peter away with Miles to explain this world's history to him. Just as Peter asks Miles if his counterpart is dead in this world, they are attacked by Mysterio's avatar. Both Spider-Men face off against Mysterio's Avatar. Due to Miles' lack of experience, he is easily thrown back into Peter, and they both end up in the East River. Mysterio deploys weapons that create the illusion of a mob of Spider-Man's enemies from both realities attacking them. Peter figures out the trick and demands Mysterio return him to his home universe. Mysterio decides to instead strand Peter in a world where he is believed to be dead. The avatar self-destructs, rendering Miles unconscious; when he wakes, the Ultimates and Nick Fury are on the scene. While his version of Tony Stark works on deciphering Mysterio's dimension technology, Miles asks where Peter went. Fury surmises that he went off to find out the truth about his alternate self. Peter goes to the location where his apartment in his home universe is supposed to be. Peter finds it to be converted into a store, and after stopping a robbery, he questions the cashier. He is shocked to find out that the Peter Parker\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Men\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9713411\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Spider-Man\\\" is the name of multiple comic book superheroes from the Marvel Comics Multiverse. The original and most well known is Peter Parker created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko originating from the Earth-616 universe. Within the mainstream Marvel Universe there have been characters that have taken the mantle such as Ben Reilly, Mac Gargan, Otto Octavius, and Kurt Wagner. Outside of the mainstream universe, there are different incarnations of Spider-Man in alternate universes. Popular examples include characters such as the Ultimate version of Peter Parker and his successor, Miles Morales, an alternate future version named Miguel O'Hara, a daughter of Peter Parker named Mayday Parker in the MC2 universe, a different take on Peter Parker in the Great Depression era, a universe where Peter's supporting character, Gwen Stacy, becomes Spider-Woman instead of Parker, along with talking animal parodies like Spider-Ham. Originally, these characters were depicted as separate from each other, but they have crossed over together in storylines like \\\"Spider-Verse\\\", \\\"Web Warriors\\\", and Spider-Geddon, in teams such as Spider-Army and Web-Warriors, where the many different versions of Spider-themed characters are the major protagonists of the storyline. Some of these characters appeared in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse and its sequel. Some of these characters were temporarily merged in the same universe in the 2015 comic book series Secret Wars as a part of the Spider-Man family. There have been different version characters in other media that have crossed over in comics as well. Prime Earth (Earth-616) Peter Parker, the Spider-Man of Earth-616, is the original variation of the character and appears in nearly every single piece of other media surrounding Spider-Man. Other universes Other related characters exist in alternative versions of the Marvel Universe called the Multiverse. These characters originally appeared in their own continuity but later on crossed over with the mainstream Spider-Man family. In 2015 all the alternate comic book universes were destroyed and only a few characters joined with Earth-616 characters in its own universe including various Spider-Men. DC crossovers (Earth-7642) In some intercompany crossovers with DC Comics, Spider-Man has worked alongside Superman twice, once to defeat Doctor Octopus and Lex Luthor and the other to stop Doctor Doom from providing the Parasite with long-term access to the powers of both the Hulk and Wonder Woman. He also worked alongside Batman to defeat Carnage and the Joker, the two later collaborating to defeat the Kingpin and Ra's al Ghul, with Fisk eventually aiding the heroes in the end. Earth X (Earth-9997) In the series Earth X and its sequels, in which its universe's Earth is designated as Earth-9997, Peter Parker's identity as Spider-Man is revealed and he is no longer a superhero. In time, he becomes overweight and resembles his late uncle as he ages. After the death of his wife, his daughter bonds to the Venom symbiote and fights crime, much to his dismay. During the course of the series, he becomes a police officer. Three other related characters appear. In the same universe, an African\",\n \"title\": \"Alternative versions of Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31351439\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man: Edge of Time is a 2011 action-adventure video game based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, developed by Beenox and published by Activision for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and Nintendo 3DS. A Nintendo DS version was also developed by Other Ocean Interactive and features several alterations. The game was directed by Gérard Lehiany and Ramiro Belanger and is a standalone sequel to 2010's Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions. The story, written by Peter David alongside Belanger and Lehiany, follows Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099 as they combat a new threat across space and time and attempt to save both of their timelines while also trying to prevent Parker's death from coming to fruition. Josh Keaton and Christopher Daniel Barnes, who voiced Ultimate Spider-Man and Spider-Man Noir, respectively, in Shattered Dimensions, returned to voice the two Spider-Men. Gameplay in Edge of Time is similar to that of its predecessor, with players alternating between Peter and Miguel, who control similarly, but have different abilities. The game also includes a \\\"cause-and-effect\\\" system in which one Spider-Man's actions will affect the other and vice versa. Edge of Time, the second game to be developed by Beenox after becoming the lead developer of all Spider-Man titles published under Activision, was released on October 4, 2011 in North America, on October 14, 2011 in Europe, and on October 26, 2011 in Australia. It received generally mixed reviews from critics, who praised its writing and voice acting, but criticized the repetitive nature of its gameplay and downgrades from Shattered Dimensions. The game, along with most other titles published by Activision that had used the Marvel license, was de-listed and removed from all digital storefronts on January 1, 2014. Gameplay Spider-Man: Edge of Time is a linear third-person action-adventure video game where the player assumes the two versions of Spider-Man, spanning across the traditional Marvel Comics universe and the futuristic 2099 universe; the game automatically switches between the two Spider-Men throughout the story. Gameplay is similar to that of its predecessor Shattered Dimensions: players can web swing, web zip, crawl walls, and use 'spider-sense' to identify enemies or objects of interest. The Spider-Man 2099 free falling sections from Shattered Dimensions also return, as does the upgrade system; XP is earned from completing various challenges with each Spider-Man, and can be used to purchase new fighting moves, increase stats, or unlock alternate costumes. Both Spider-Men have a new exclusive ability: the original Spider-Man (Peter Parker) has a \\\"hyper-sense\\\" mode, allowing him to move quickly, pulverize enemies one at a time or run through elaborate laser defence systems without getting hurt; Spider-Man 2099 (Miguel O'Hara), meanwhile, can create a fake simulation of himself to divert an enemy, to either attack without them noticing or to move to another area unharmed while their attack destroys something in front of him, such as a highly secure lock. Plot In the year 2099, Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099 (Christopher Daniel Barnes) investigates Alchemax scientist Walker Sloan (Val\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: Edge of Time\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28608287\",\n \"text\": \"The animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man features an extensive cast of characters originally created by Stan Lee, Steve Ditko and other comic book creators. Greg Weisman and Victor Cook and the rest of the crew redesigned these classic characters in the series to be more modern but still be very truly faithful to its characters in the comics. Most of these characters are based on the characters in the original mainstream universe but there have been characters that have been introduced from the Ultimate Marvel universe such as Kenny \\\"King\\\" Kong and characters from Sam Raimi's film series such as Bernard Houseman as well. The majority of the villains that have debuted in the show have started out as supporting characters before becoming villains. The character's portrayals in the shows have mainly gained positive reviews from TV critics. Overview Role in The Spectacular Spider-Man The main protagonist of the series is Peter Parker, a young teenager who attends midtown high school and is an extremely bright honors student. Peter is also secretly a superhero called Spider-Man. In school, his two best friends are Gwen Stacy and Harry Osborn. Peter is constantly being bullied and taunted by his shallow, more popular peers—particularly football star Flash Thompson (due to the fact that Peter is a shy science nerd who has a scholastic interest toward science) —and, as Spider-Man, engenders the editorial wrath of newspaper publisher J. Jonah Jameson. Ironically enough, much to Peter's dismay, Flash Thompson is also one of Spider-Man's biggest fans. Also at school, Peter's feelings wrestle between Gwen Stacy and Liz Allan. Peter Parker soon finds himself getting a job at the Daily Bugle as a freelance photographer working with characters such as J. Jonah Jameson, Robbie Robertson, Betty Brant, Ned Lee and Frederick Foswell. Parker as Spider-Man fights a lot of villains in the series as the majority of his rogues gallery in the comics are introduced in this series. Season one introduces supervillains such as Vulture, Electro, Lizard, Shocker, Sandman, Rhino, Green Goblin, Doctor Octopus and Venom. It also introduces crime lords such as Hammerhead and Tombstone who are partly responsible for the supervillains. Season two expanded on the villains already introduced (excluding the Lizard) and also introduces the supervillains Mysterio, Kraven the Hunter, and Molten Man. It also introduced another crime lord called Silvermane. The role of the antagonists in the series shifts and changes as the series progresses. Creation and concept As story editor, Greg Weisman approached the character by going and buying the first seven volumes of The Essential Spider-Man and reread them. The creator Greg Weisman originally grew up on Stan Lee and John Romita Sr., the comic book writers who created the characters and he later went back and read the original Stan Lee and Steve Ditko stories. He then re-read them and took copious notes and tried to get the voice of those early stories, put his own spin on some of the origins and the costume designs and wanted\",\n \"title\": \"List of The Spectacular Spider-Man characters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15011570\",\n \"text\": \"The Living Brain is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 and has made few subsequent appearances since. A foe of the superhero Spider-Man, the original Living Brain was created by the fictional International Computing Machines Corporation and billed as the most intelligent computer and robot in existence, capable of solving virtually any question asked. In more recent times, the Superior Spider-Man reprogrammed it to serve as a laboratory assistant at Parker Industries, with it remaining in that role after Peter Parker returned. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (Jan. 1964). The second Living Brain appears in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #6. Fictional character history Original Living Brain The Living Brain, soon after its creation, is brought to Midtown High School by its creator Dr. Petty as a part of a demonstration of its renowned ability to solve any problem. The students agreed to ask the machine what is Spider-Man's secret identity, and a nervous Peter Parker, the volunteer for the demonstration, fed it all of the given known information from the students concerning the wall-crawler, relievingly finding the answer to be in a mathematical code for Peter to decode overnight (because of this, it is unknown if the Living Brain correctly deduced Spider-Man's true identity). During the course of the Living Brain's demonstration, the two workmen hired to transport it overhear how the Living Brain has the ability to answer anything and they decide to steal it to use this ability for gambling purposes. Caught in the middle of their stealing it by Dr. Petty, one of the workmen quickly knocks him out, but by doing so bumps the other one into the Living Brain's control panel on its chest, causing the Living Brain to malfunction. Going on a rampage through Midtown High, the Living Brain is confronted by Spider-Man, who eventually shuts it down. At the end of the day as Peter is walking back home, he plans on telling everyone the next day he'd lost the code during the confusion. The Living Brain reappears several years later, now discredited and broken-down. Dr. Petty plans to donate it to Midtown High School's science lab. The Living Brain ends up being stolen by Dr. Petty's son Steve Petty who modifies the robot, giving it a gold and red color scheme, clawed hands and the ability to fly. Remotely controlling the Living Brain to attack a bully who had been tormenting him, Steve is eventually defeated by Spider-Man (who had been on a visit to Midtown High as Peter Parker) and the Living Brain is shut down once more. The Living Brain, restored to its pre-upgrade appearance, was then acquired by a group of criminals, who used it to commit robberies. The robot and its controllers were apprehended\",\n \"title\": \"Living Brain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"823737\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \\\"Torment\\\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \\\"Revenge of the Sinister Six\\\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \\\"Clone Saga\\\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Parker: Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2306292\",\n \"text\": \"The Spectacular Spider-Man is a comic book and magazine series starring Spider-Man and published by Marvel Comics. Following the success of Spider-Man's original series, The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel felt the character could support more than one title. This led the company in 1968 to launch a short-lived magazine, the first to bear the Spectacular name. In 1972, Marvel more successfully launched a second Spider-Man ongoing series, Marvel Team-Up, in which he was paired with other Marvel heroes. A third monthly ongoing series, Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, debuted in 1976. Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, Each issue was written by Paul Jenkins (except #23–26, by Samm Barnes). The book's primary pencillers were Humberto Ramos and Mark Buckingham. The comic included the storyline Spider-Man: Disassembled in which Spider-Man met a new enemy called the Queen who wanted him as her mate. Her kiss caused him to slowly mutate into a giant spider who metamorphosed into human form with enhanced strength and agility, along with organic webbing and a psychic link with insects and arachnids. This comic also included the sequel to \\\"Sins Past\\\", \\\"Sins Remembered\\\", in which Peter went to Paris to meet Sarah Stacy and resolved the issues between them. Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures was a title published by Panini Comics in the United Kingdom from November 1995 to September 2005, although the Adventures portion of the title was often dropped from the cover page. It featured a mix of reprinted American material, as well as originally produced British material, including a guest appearance from Captain Britain. Spectacular was aimed at a younger audience than Panini's other Spider-Man reprint title Astonishing Spider-Man, and was loosely based on the continuity of the 1990s animated series. Volume 3 (2017–18) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man (vol. 3) was published from June 2017 to December 2018. After the first six issues, the series reverted to legacy numbering with issue #297 as part of the line-wide Marvel Legacy relaunch. The series' original creative team had Chip Zdarsky as writer, with Adam Kubert providing the artwork. Notable recurring characters included Teresa Durand, J. Jonah Jameson, Johnny Storm, and original character Rebecca London. Various issues, as well as the one Annual, were illustrated by guest artists; Kubert's final issue as artist was #307, excluding covers. Zdarsky left the series with issue #310. The series ended with issue #313, the final three issues being a tie-in to the Spider-Geddon crossover event written by Sean Ryan. The Spectacular Spider-Men The Spectacular Spider-Men is a currently ongoing series that was published beginning March 2024. The series is written by Greg Weisman (who also created The Spectacular Spider-Man television series) with Ramos returning for art. The Spectacular Spider-Men stars both versions of Spider-Man (Peter Parker and Miles Morales) and focuses on the relationship between the two Spider-Men. The series' supporting cast featured characters who previously appeared in the television series and Weisman's Starbrand & Nightmask comic series, including Kenny\",\n \"title\": \"The Spectacular Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73992061\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"End of the Spider-Verse\\\" is a 2022–2023 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics. It features multiple alternative versions of Spider-Man that had appeared in various media, where they team up with Morlun to fight Shathra, the Spider-Wasp goddess. The event included appearances and cameos by a wide array of characters from over 50 years of Spider-Man comics and spinoffs. The event is the conclusion of the Spider-Verse events, and the sequel to Spider-Verse and Spider-Geddon. However, the event received mixed reviews from critics with critics criticizing the treatment of Peter Parker, story, and the underwhelming conclusion. Publication history In May 2022, Marvel announced that Dan Slott would return to helm \\\"what Slott and Marvel are billing as the final Spider-Verse story: End of the Spider-Verse\\\". This started in August 2022 with a five-issue anthology miniseries, Edge of Spider-Verse, which was then followed by the core storyline beginning in October 2022 with the launch of the monthly Spider-Man ongoing by Slott and Mark Bagley. The anthology focused on multiversal variants of Spider-Man such as Anya Corazon / Araña, Spider-Woman / Gwen Stacy, and new spider-heroes such as Night-Spider (a variant of Felicia Hardy), Hunter-Spider (a variant of Sergei Kravenoff), and Spider-Laird. Following the success of both Edge of Spider-Verse and Spider-Man, Marvel announced a follow-up anthology, entitled Edge of Spider-Verse: Bleeding Edge, which would focus on other Spider-heroes in the aftermath of End of the Spider-Verse, like Spider-Rex, Spinstress, and Spider-Boy (Bailey Briggs). Plot Lead-up Main plot Peter Parker has been working with Norman Osborn at Oscorp ever since Norman Osborn was purified of his sins in \\\"Sins Rising\\\". Shathra, the evil Spider-Wasp Goddess, has taken control of the Web of Life and Destiny on Loomworld and sends her Spider wasps to Earth 616. While trying to stop a robber, Morlun appears out of nowhere. Spider-Man tries to fight Morlun, but Morlun easily defeats him, with Miles Morales, Jessica Drew, and Silk arriving to help Spider-Man. During the commotion, Spider-Man Noir arrives to seemingly help the heroes, but he then stabs Jessica Drew with a magic dagger which causes her to disappear from existence due to her connection to the Web of Life is severed. Morlun saves Spider-Man from Spider-Man Noir, telling him that he is on his side before a mutated Spider-Gwen, Spider-Punk, and Mayday Parker attack the heroes. Shathra has been taking control of recent Spider-totems by mutating them, and she has been using Nestling (a mutated version of Anna-May Parker), Spider-Ham, and Spider-Man 2099) to kidnap other spider-totems. Spider-Man Noir and the rest of the mutated totems start attacking the 616 Spiders when Anya Corazon arrives with Zarina Zahari (an alternate version of Spider-UK) to take them to the new Spider-Sanctuary on Earth-616 Beta. Zarina Zahari explains Earth 616 Beta was a \\\"rough draft\\\" of Earth 616 and it can be used to hide from Shathra due to it not being part of the Great Web. Spider-Man meets up with Night-Spider (an alternate version of Felicia Hardy\",\n \"title\": \"End of the Spider-Verse\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43855894\",\n \"text\": \"Anna Maria Marconi is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She was initially depicted as a love interest of Spider-Man, notably during the time when his body was taken over by Doctor Octopus's mind. She has since been depicted as a close friend to Peter Parker after he regains his mind. Publication history Anna Maria Marconi first appeared in The Superior Spider-Man #5 (May 2013) and was created by Dan Slott and Giuseppe Camuncoli. Marconi was created in part from Slott's desire to introduce a character that could cause some friction in Peter's personal life. He found this difficult to pull off as he could not find a reason why a character like Betty Brant or Aunt May could be bigoted or racist. Rather than having any one of them have such a fierce trait, he had May's opinion of Peter dating Anna Maria be that of concern: He also found it relieving that Peter's mind was taken over by Otto Octavius as he felt that the character was more open-minded than Peter: Fictional character biography Anna Maria Marconi is a young woman with dwarfism who attends Empire State University. At the time when his mind was in Peter Parker's body, Doctor Octopus visits her to become his tutor for his physics class so he can earn his doctorate. The two share great admiration for each other and the next day, \\\"Otto\\\" pulls a rather brutal prank on a group of bullies that were taunting her for her size. The two set up a date together that ends with \\\"Peter\\\" saving Anna Maria from dry ice and kissing her. However, she too falls under the same worry umbrella as many of Peter's friends and family due to his frequent absences. Later, Anna Maria accepts \\\"Otto's\\\" offer to join Parker Industries and afterwards, successfully helps him earn his doctorate. Anna Maria eventually meets Aunt May who despite her friendliness, causes some concern when she asks about her height. She later confides in \\\"Peter\\\" that she feels that their evening together was her fault because she had hurt the relationship between him and May. During the events of Goblin Nation, Anna Maria was kidnapped by the Menace who had deduced that \\\"Peter\\\" was really Otto. Norman Osborn as the newly christened Goblin King held her hostage to lure his Superior Spider-Man form out. However, Otto had given up his mind and let Peter take back control of Spider-Man and he successfully rescued Anna Maria. She reveals to Peter that she had deduced that he was Spider-Man and that \\\"he\\\" planned on proposing to her, but is shocked to learn that Otto Octavius was the one she was in love with. After baking him cookies (baking helps her think), she leaves to clear her head. She soon meets back up with Peter at Parker Industries to help him with some of Otto's work and continues to help Peter on a platonic basis. Anna Maria still continues to\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Maria Marconi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22018101\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Spidey Meets the President!\\\" is a backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man #583, written by Zeb Wells, with art by Todd Nauck and Frank D'Armata. The cover of the issue shows Barack Obama giving a thumbs-up to Spider-Man. The comic book was published the week before Obama's inauguration in January 2009. Plot The story begins with Peter Parker standing among other reporters on the presidential inauguration of Barack Obama, photographing this historic moment. Suddenly a limo pulls up and reveals another Obama. The Secret Service does not know what to do, so Peter, who quickly dons his Spider-Man costume, asks both questions that only the real Barack Obama would be able to answer. When he asks what his nickname was during his college days, the actual Barack says his true name, and the fake one is confused and angry, causing him to reveal his true form, which turns out to be the super-villain known as the Chameleon. This gives Spider-Man the opportunity to capture the Chameleon and the Secret Service arrests him. Obama tells Spider-Man that he is a fan of the hero and thanks him. Afterward, as Obama swears his oath as President, Spider-Man is shown sitting at the top of the Washington Monument, where he thinks Biden notices him. Prologue This story was prepended in The Amazing Spider-Man Presidents Day Special digital comic. The additional pages depict the minutes before the original story took place, with Obama getting ready for the inauguration. The Chameleon, disguised as Obama's tailor, locks him inside and takes his place, driving to the inauguration in the presidential limousine. However, the real Obama escapes and is driven to the ceremony in a second limousine by his soon-to-be Vice President Joseph Biden. Meanwhile, outside the capital, Peter Parker is running late to the inauguration ceremony and has forgotten his press credentials. So, he enters the area stealthily by using his spider-like abilities to climb over a high wall. However, he is spotted by Senator John McCain and a few Secret Service agents. The senator recognizes as him as the photographer from The Daily Bugle and even provides him with a spare press credential. Parker then joins the press corps and the prequel story connects to the main story. Reception Typical sales for The Amazing Spider-Man are about 70,000 copies per issue. Issue #583 sold over 350,000 copies and went to five printings. It was the highest-selling regular series book of the 2000s. Collected edition References Cultural depictions of Barack Obama 2009 comics debuts Individual stories from issues of anthology comics\",\n \"title\": \"Spidey Meets the President!\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Mary Jane Watson"],"string":"[\n \"Mary Jane Watson\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":75,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_16418"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"which component of the continental margin has the greatest economic and political significance"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"40950142","text":"The Chukchi Plateau or Chukchi Cap is a large subsea formation extending north from the Alaskan margin into the Arctic Ocean. The ridge is normally covered by ice year-round, and reaches an approximate bathymetric prominence of 3,400 m with its highest point at 246 m below sea level. As a subsea ridge extending from the continental shelf of the United States north of Alaska, the Chukchi Plateau is an important feature in maritime law of the Arctic Ocean and has been the subject of significant geographic research. The ridge has been extensively mapped by the USCGC Healy, and by the Canadian icebreaker CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent (with the Healy) in 2011 and RV Marcus Langseth, a National Science Foundation vessel operated by the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. Geology The cap is normally ice-covered, year-round. The cap lies roughly about 800 kilometres north of the Point Barrow, Alaska. The area is notable because it is believed to be rich in natural resources (especially oil, natural gas and manganese). The geologic history of Arctic Ocean basins is a major source of debate among marine geophysicists. The difficulties associated with collecting marine geologic and geophysical data in this remote region has added to the debate on the tectonic history of the Arctic Ocean and the formation of its bathymetric features. The Chukchi Borderland, which comprises the subsea region north of the Alaskan coast as well as the bathymetric highs of the Chukchi Plateau and the adjacent Northwind Ridge, is a continental fragment that is thought to have drifted from the Canadian continental margin. The geomorphology of the region is defined by north–south trending normal faulting –tectonic activity typical of continental rifting. Although there is no consensus as to the pre-rift location of the Chukchi Borderland, its tectonic migration could be attributed to an inferred spreading center indicated by a linear gravity low in the Canada Basin . Sediments transported from the Mackenzie River Delta would have buried the spreading center. The Chukchi Plateau, which could have been connected to Canada in the vicinity of Ellesmere Island, would have rifted along the spreading center to its current location. A competing hypothesis suggests that the Chukchi Plateau may have once been attached to the Siberian shelf. The Chukchi Plateau also shows substantial evidence of pockmarks, which indicates subsurface hydrocarbon activity. Law of the sea implications Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, party states may submit claims to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend its continental shelf beyond the 200-mile buffer that comprises a state's exclusive economic zone. This requires that the proposed extension be a natural prolongation of the state's continental shelf, which can be concluded through bathymetric mapping and analysis. If a state can prove that a subsea formation is a natural prolongation of its continental shelf, it must consequently locate the foot of the slope, the physical boundary between the natural prolongation and the abyssal plain of the ocean basin. The","title":"Chukchi Plateau"},{"docid":"447445","text":"The Niger Delta Basin, also referred to as the Niger Delta province, is an extensional rift basin located in the Niger Delta and the Gulf of Guinea on the passive continental margin near the western coast of Nigeria with suspected or proven access to Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe. This basin is very complex, and it carries high economic value as it contains a very productive petroleum system. The Niger delta basin is one of the largest subaerial basins in Africa. It has a subaerial area of about 75,000 km2, a total area of 300,000 km2, and a sediment fill of 500,000 km3. The sediment fill has a depth between 9–12 km. It is composed of several different geologic formations that indicate how this basin could have formed, as well as the regional and large scale tectonics of the area. The Niger Delta Basin is an extensional basin surrounded by many other basins in the area that all formed from similar processes. The Niger Delta Basin lies in the south westernmost part of a larger tectonic structure, the Benue Trough. The other side of the basin is bounded by the Cameroon Volcanic Line and the transform passive continental margin. Basin formation The Niger Delta Basin was formed by a failed rift junction during the separation of the South American plate and the African plate, as the South Atlantic began to open. Rifting in this basin started in the late Jurassic and ended in the mid Cretaceous. As rifting continued, several faults formed many of them thrust faults. Also at this time syn-rift sands and then shales were deposited in the late Cretaceous. This indicates that the shoreline regressed during this time. Concurrently, the basin had been undergoing extension resulting in high angle normal faults and fault block rotation. At the beginning of the Paleocene there was a significant shoreline transgression. During the Paleocene, the Akata Formation was deposited, followed by the Agbada Formation during the Eocene. This loading caused the underlying shale Akata Formation to be squeezed into shale diapirs. Then in the Oligocene the Benin formation was deposited, which is still being deposited today. The overall basin is divided into a few different zones due to its tectonic structure. There is an extensional zone, which lies on the continental shelf, caused by the thickened crust. Moving basinward is a transition zone, and a contraction zone, which lies in the deep sea part of the basin. Lithology The sediment fill in the Niger Delta basin is characterized by three major depobelts. These three cycles show that the basin experienced an overall regression throughout time as the sediments go from deep sea mud sized grains to fluvial denser sand sized grains. The lithologies of the area experience changes due to several factors. The sediment provenance from the onshore highlands which feed into the delta control the mineralogy of the grains. Additionally, the impact of sea level on sediment deposition is well known; relative sea level will control the","title":"Niger Delta Basin (geology)"},{"docid":"4361469","text":"A passive margin is the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not an active plate margin. A passive margin forms by sedimentation above an ancient rift, now marked by transitional lithosphere. Continental rifting forms new ocean basins. Eventually the continental rift forms a mid-ocean ridge and the locus of extension moves away from the continent-ocean boundary. The transition between the continental and oceanic lithosphere that was originally formed by rifting is known as a passive margin. Global distribution Passive margins are found at every ocean and continent boundary that is not marked by a strike-slip fault or a subduction zone. Passive margins define the region around the Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and western Indian Ocean, and define the entire coasts of Africa, Australia, Greenland, and the Indian Subcontinent. They are also found on the east coast of North America and South America, in Western Europe and most of Antarctica. Northeast Asia also contains some passive margins. Key components Active vs. passive margins The distinction between active and passive margins refers to whether a crustal boundary between oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere is a plate boundary. Active margins are found on the edge of a continent where subduction occurs. These are often marked by uplift and volcanic mountain belts on the continental plate. Less often there is a strike-slip fault, as defines the southern coastline of West Africa. Most of the eastern Indian Ocean and nearly all of the Pacific Ocean margin are examples of active margins. While a weld between oceanic and continental lithosphere is called a passive margin, it is not an inactive margin. Active subsidence, sedimentation, growth faulting, pore fluid formation and migration are all active processes on passive margins. Passive margins are only passive in that they are not active plate boundaries. Morphology Passive margins consist of both onshore coastal plain and offshore continental shelf-slope-rise triads. Coastal plains are often dominated by fluvial processes, while the continental shelf is dominated by deltaic and longshore current processes. The great rivers (Amazon, Orinoco, Congo, Nile, Ganges, Yellow, Yangtze, and Mackenzie rivers) drain across passive margins. Extensive estuaries are common on mature passive margins. Although there are many kinds of passive margins, the morphologies of most passive margins are remarkably similar. Typically they consist of a continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. The morphological expression of these features are largely defined by the underlying transitional crust and the sedimentation above it. Passive margins defined by a large fluvial sediment budget and those dominated by coral and other biogenous processes generally have a similar morphology. In addition, the shelf break seems to mark the maximum Neogene lowstand, defined by the glacial maxima. The outer continental shelf and slope may be cut by great submarine canyons, which mark the offshore continuation of rivers. At high latitudes and during glaciations, the nearshore morphology of passive margins may reflect glacial processes, such as the fjords of Greenland and Norway. Cross-section The main features of passive margins lie underneath the","title":"Passive margin"},{"docid":"50808","text":"The Andaman Sea (historically also known as the Burma Sea) is a marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean bounded by the coastlines of Myanmar and Thailand along the Gulf of Martaban and the west side of the Malay Peninsula, and separated from the Bay of Bengal to its west by the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands. Its southern end is at Breueh Island just north of Sumatra, with the Strait of Malacca further southeast. Traditionally, the sea has been used for fishery and transportation of goods between the coastal countries and its coral reefs and islands are popular tourist destinations. The fishery and tourist infrastructure was severely damaged by the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Geography Location The Andaman Sea, which extends over 92°E to 100°E and 4°N to 20°N, occupies a very significant position in the Indian Ocean, yet remained unexplored for a long period. To the south of Myanmar, west of Thailand, and north of Indonesia, this sea is separated from the Bay of Bengal by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and an associated chain of sea mounts along the Indo-Burmese plate boundary. The Strait of Malacca (between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra) forms the southern exitway of the basin, which is wide and deep. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the \"Andaman or Burma Sea\" as follows: On the Southwest. A line running from \"Oedjong Raja\" [\"Ujung Raja\" or \"Point Raja\"] () in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea. On the Northwest. The Eastern limit of the Bay of Bengal [A line running from Cape Negrais (16°03'N) in Burma [Myanmar] through the larger islands of the Andaman group, in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the Eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E]. On the Southeast. A line joining Lem Voalan (7°47'N) in Siam [Thailand], and Pedropunt (5°40'N) in Sumatra. Oedjong means \"cape\" and Lem means \"point in the Dutch language on maps of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia). Lem Voalan [Phromthep Cape] is the southern extremity of Goh Puket (Phuket Island). Exclusive economic zone Exclusive economic zones in Andaman Sea: Geology The northern and eastern side of the basin is shallow, as the continental shelf off the coast of Myanmar and Thailand extends over (marked by isobath). About 45 percent of the basin area is shallower (less than depth), which is the direct consequence of the presence of the wider shelf. The continental slope which follows the eastern shelf is quite steep between 9°N and 14°N. Here, the perspective view of the submarine topography sectioned along 95°E exposes the abrupt rise in depth of sea by about within a short horizontal distance of","title":"Andaman Sea"},{"docid":"354917","text":"The silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), also known by numerous names such as blackspot shark, gray whaler shark, olive shark, ridgeback shark, sickle shark, sickle-shaped shark and sickle silk shark, is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, named for the smooth texture of its skin. It is one of the most abundant sharks in the pelagic zone, and can be found around the world in tropical waters. Highly mobile and migratory, this shark is most often found over the edge of the continental shelf down to . The silky shark has a slender, streamlined body and typically grows to a length of . It can be distinguished from other large requiem sharks by its relatively small first dorsal fin with a curving rear margin, its tiny second dorsal fin with a long free rear tip, and its long, sickle-shaped pectoral fins. It is a deep, metallic bronze-gray above and white below. With prey often scarce in its oceanic environment, the silky shark is a swift, inquisitive, and persistent hunter. It feeds mainly on bony fishes and cephalopods, and has been known to drive them into compacted schools before launching open-mouthed, slashing attacks. This species often trails schools of tuna, a favored prey. Its sense of hearing is extremely acute, allowing it to localize the low-frequency noises generated by other feeding animals, and, by extension, sources of food. The silky shark is viviparous, meaning that the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection to their mother. Significant geographical variation is seen in its life history details. Reproduction occurs year-round except in the Gulf of Mexico, where it follows a seasonal cycle. Females give birth to litters of up to 16 pups annually or biennially. The newborn sharks spend their first months in relatively sheltered reef nurseries on the outer continental shelf, growing substantially before moving into the open ocean. The large size and cutting teeth of the silky shark make it potentially dangerous, and it has behaved aggressively towards divers. However, attacks are rare, as few humans enter its oceanic habitat. Silky sharks are valued for their fins, and to a lesser extent their meat, hide, liver oil, and jaws. Because of their abundance, they form a major component of commercial and artisanal shark fisheries in many countries. Furthermore, their association with tuna results in many sharks being taken as bycatch in tuna fisheries. Although slow-reproducing like most other sharks, the wide distribution and large population size of the silky shark was once thought to buffer the species against these fishing pressures. However, data now suggest that silky shark numbers are declining around the world, which prompted the IUCN to reassess its conservation status to Vulnerable in 2017. Taxonomy A scientific description of the silky shark was first published by the German biologists Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle under the name Carcharias (Prionodon) falciformis, in their 1839 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Subsequent authors have assigned this species to the genus Carcharhinus. Because Müller and Henle's type specimen was","title":"Silky shark"},{"docid":"4656474","text":"The brown catshark (Apristurus brunneus) is commonly found in the Pacific Ocean, ranging from the northern Pacific waters off the coast of British Columbia and south to the Baja California peninsula in Mexico. They may live as far south as Ecuador and Peru. Brown catsharks are deep-water sharks that live on the outer continental shelf and the upper slope. They have been known to live at depths ranging from 30 to 650 m and live on the bottom, usually in muddy or sandy areas. The brown catshark, when originally described, was called Catulus brunneus. Description Brown catsharks have long, slender bodies with broad, bell-shaped snouts. They are dark brown with light-colored markings on the posterior margins of their fins. Their bodies are soft and flabby, with a weak skin that can easily be harmed. Brown catsharks' two dorsal fins are the same size and do not have spines. The first dorsal fin originates to the front of the pelvic fin and the second dorsal fin is located in front of the anal fin's insertion. They typically reach a maximum size of 68 cm in total length, but they average between 30 and 60 cm. Behavior Very little is known about the behavior of brown catsharks; they are believed to be solitary, nocturnal creatures. They are thought to be migratory, but most of the year near the edge of the continental shelf. Communication specific to brown catsharks is unknown. However, as with most other sharks, including other members of the family Scyliorhinidae, they are believed to have a well-developed sense of smell, and are electroreceptive, which allows them to detect electricity emitted by other animals, and may also allow them to detect magnetic fields, which aides in navigation. Food habits and predation Brown catsharks feed on many bottom-dwelling species, including small shrimp, euphausiids, squid, and small fish. It is unknown whether brown catsharks are important predators within their ecosystem. Reproduction Reproduction in brown catsharks is oviparous, with a single egg at a time per oviduct. Egg cases are usually about 5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. The egg cases are transparent and have long tendrils that are probably used to attach them to hard structures. The incubation period is possibly a year. In Canadian waters, females carry egg cases from February to August; however, the carrying time for warmer waters is unknown. Conservation status and economic impact Brown catsharks are not listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List or the CITES list. They are not known to be a vulnerable or threatened species. They are, however, listed on the IUCN list as needing to be reclassified. The only known negative impact that brown catsharks have on humans is the frequent bycatch of deep-water fishing trawlers, which while not economically significant, can cause damage to nets, as well as time lost in removing the bycatch from the viable catch. References Sources Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark","title":"Brown catshark"},{"docid":"16853719","text":"Abyssal channels (also, deep-sea channels, underwater channels) are channels in Earth's sea floor. They are formed by fast-flowing floods of turbid water caused by avalanches near the channel's head, with the sediment carried by the water causing a build-up of the surrounding abyssal plains. Submarine channels and the turbidite systems which form them are responsible for the accumulation of most sandstone deposits found on continental slopes and have proven to be one of the most common types of hydrocarbon reservoirs found in these regions. Submarine channels and their flanking levees are commonly referred to as channel levee systems. They are significant geomorphological features that may run for thousands of kilometres across the ocean floor. Often, they coalesce and overlap to form channel levee complexes which are the building blocks of many major submarine fans. This makes them one of several geological processes responsible for the transport of coarse-grained sediment into deep water, as well as being a chief conduit for the transfer of carbon from the continental shelf to the deeper parts of the continental margins. They do, however, remain one of the least understood sedimentary processes. The effect of Earth's rotation causes more sediment to build up on one side of the channel than on the other. What constitutes a channel is not straight forward. Different terms are used on a per study basis, all of which have similar but not quite interchangeable definitions. There have been efforts to produce an up-to-date, holistic view, but even since then there has been a significant number of papers which take concepts even further. There are numerous terms that are used to describe the features contained in this study, including geo-body, channel complex, channel storey, channel complex set, and confined channel complex system. These cover single channels, a single channel and associated sediments or multiple channels grouped. Flood (2001) defines a channel-levee system as a single channel with a levee at each side. These levees are formed by the overspilling and flow stripping of turbidity currents. These are most likely to occur during sea level lowstands. A collection of these channels and levees along with overbank sediments form a channel-levee complex. They can be V or U in shape, have the presence or lack of depositional margins, highly sinuous or straight. Architecture and nomenclature Ian Kane advocates the use of the terms internal levee and external levee to avoid confusion in the literature concerning the use of \"inner\" and \"outer\" levees. To help encourage this unification of phrases into a clearer architectural hierarchy, this study will use Kane's nomenclature. External levees are a dominantly depositional body forming a constructional wedge of sediment that thins perpendicularly away from a channel-belt. The external levee forms during the evolution of a genetically related channel-belt (or slope valley, channel fairway) by flows that partially spill out of their confinement. External levees can confine adjacent channel belts to form levee-confined systems. External levees may be much less sinuous than the levees of an individual channel-levee system as","title":"Abyssal channel"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"40950142\",\n \"text\": \"The Chukchi Plateau or Chukchi Cap is a large subsea formation extending north from the Alaskan margin into the Arctic Ocean. The ridge is normally covered by ice year-round, and reaches an approximate bathymetric prominence of 3,400 m with its highest point at 246 m below sea level. As a subsea ridge extending from the continental shelf of the United States north of Alaska, the Chukchi Plateau is an important feature in maritime law of the Arctic Ocean and has been the subject of significant geographic research. The ridge has been extensively mapped by the USCGC Healy, and by the Canadian icebreaker CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent (with the Healy) in 2011 and RV Marcus Langseth, a National Science Foundation vessel operated by the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. Geology The cap is normally ice-covered, year-round. The cap lies roughly about 800 kilometres north of the Point Barrow, Alaska. The area is notable because it is believed to be rich in natural resources (especially oil, natural gas and manganese). The geologic history of Arctic Ocean basins is a major source of debate among marine geophysicists. The difficulties associated with collecting marine geologic and geophysical data in this remote region has added to the debate on the tectonic history of the Arctic Ocean and the formation of its bathymetric features. The Chukchi Borderland, which comprises the subsea region north of the Alaskan coast as well as the bathymetric highs of the Chukchi Plateau and the adjacent Northwind Ridge, is a continental fragment that is thought to have drifted from the Canadian continental margin. The geomorphology of the region is defined by north–south trending normal faulting –tectonic activity typical of continental rifting. Although there is no consensus as to the pre-rift location of the Chukchi Borderland, its tectonic migration could be attributed to an inferred spreading center indicated by a linear gravity low in the Canada Basin . Sediments transported from the Mackenzie River Delta would have buried the spreading center. The Chukchi Plateau, which could have been connected to Canada in the vicinity of Ellesmere Island, would have rifted along the spreading center to its current location. A competing hypothesis suggests that the Chukchi Plateau may have once been attached to the Siberian shelf. The Chukchi Plateau also shows substantial evidence of pockmarks, which indicates subsurface hydrocarbon activity. Law of the sea implications Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, party states may submit claims to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend its continental shelf beyond the 200-mile buffer that comprises a state's exclusive economic zone. This requires that the proposed extension be a natural prolongation of the state's continental shelf, which can be concluded through bathymetric mapping and analysis. If a state can prove that a subsea formation is a natural prolongation of its continental shelf, it must consequently locate the foot of the slope, the physical boundary between the natural prolongation and the abyssal plain of the ocean basin. The\",\n \"title\": \"Chukchi Plateau\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"447445\",\n \"text\": \"The Niger Delta Basin, also referred to as the Niger Delta province, is an extensional rift basin located in the Niger Delta and the Gulf of Guinea on the passive continental margin near the western coast of Nigeria with suspected or proven access to Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe. This basin is very complex, and it carries high economic value as it contains a very productive petroleum system. The Niger delta basin is one of the largest subaerial basins in Africa. It has a subaerial area of about 75,000 km2, a total area of 300,000 km2, and a sediment fill of 500,000 km3. The sediment fill has a depth between 9–12 km. It is composed of several different geologic formations that indicate how this basin could have formed, as well as the regional and large scale tectonics of the area. The Niger Delta Basin is an extensional basin surrounded by many other basins in the area that all formed from similar processes. The Niger Delta Basin lies in the south westernmost part of a larger tectonic structure, the Benue Trough. The other side of the basin is bounded by the Cameroon Volcanic Line and the transform passive continental margin. Basin formation The Niger Delta Basin was formed by a failed rift junction during the separation of the South American plate and the African plate, as the South Atlantic began to open. Rifting in this basin started in the late Jurassic and ended in the mid Cretaceous. As rifting continued, several faults formed many of them thrust faults. Also at this time syn-rift sands and then shales were deposited in the late Cretaceous. This indicates that the shoreline regressed during this time. Concurrently, the basin had been undergoing extension resulting in high angle normal faults and fault block rotation. At the beginning of the Paleocene there was a significant shoreline transgression. During the Paleocene, the Akata Formation was deposited, followed by the Agbada Formation during the Eocene. This loading caused the underlying shale Akata Formation to be squeezed into shale diapirs. Then in the Oligocene the Benin formation was deposited, which is still being deposited today. The overall basin is divided into a few different zones due to its tectonic structure. There is an extensional zone, which lies on the continental shelf, caused by the thickened crust. Moving basinward is a transition zone, and a contraction zone, which lies in the deep sea part of the basin. Lithology The sediment fill in the Niger Delta basin is characterized by three major depobelts. These three cycles show that the basin experienced an overall regression throughout time as the sediments go from deep sea mud sized grains to fluvial denser sand sized grains. The lithologies of the area experience changes due to several factors. The sediment provenance from the onshore highlands which feed into the delta control the mineralogy of the grains. Additionally, the impact of sea level on sediment deposition is well known; relative sea level will control the\",\n \"title\": \"Niger Delta Basin (geology)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4361469\",\n \"text\": \"A passive margin is the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not an active plate margin. A passive margin forms by sedimentation above an ancient rift, now marked by transitional lithosphere. Continental rifting forms new ocean basins. Eventually the continental rift forms a mid-ocean ridge and the locus of extension moves away from the continent-ocean boundary. The transition between the continental and oceanic lithosphere that was originally formed by rifting is known as a passive margin. Global distribution Passive margins are found at every ocean and continent boundary that is not marked by a strike-slip fault or a subduction zone. Passive margins define the region around the Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and western Indian Ocean, and define the entire coasts of Africa, Australia, Greenland, and the Indian Subcontinent. They are also found on the east coast of North America and South America, in Western Europe and most of Antarctica. Northeast Asia also contains some passive margins. Key components Active vs. passive margins The distinction between active and passive margins refers to whether a crustal boundary between oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere is a plate boundary. Active margins are found on the edge of a continent where subduction occurs. These are often marked by uplift and volcanic mountain belts on the continental plate. Less often there is a strike-slip fault, as defines the southern coastline of West Africa. Most of the eastern Indian Ocean and nearly all of the Pacific Ocean margin are examples of active margins. While a weld between oceanic and continental lithosphere is called a passive margin, it is not an inactive margin. Active subsidence, sedimentation, growth faulting, pore fluid formation and migration are all active processes on passive margins. Passive margins are only passive in that they are not active plate boundaries. Morphology Passive margins consist of both onshore coastal plain and offshore continental shelf-slope-rise triads. Coastal plains are often dominated by fluvial processes, while the continental shelf is dominated by deltaic and longshore current processes. The great rivers (Amazon, Orinoco, Congo, Nile, Ganges, Yellow, Yangtze, and Mackenzie rivers) drain across passive margins. Extensive estuaries are common on mature passive margins. Although there are many kinds of passive margins, the morphologies of most passive margins are remarkably similar. Typically they consist of a continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. The morphological expression of these features are largely defined by the underlying transitional crust and the sedimentation above it. Passive margins defined by a large fluvial sediment budget and those dominated by coral and other biogenous processes generally have a similar morphology. In addition, the shelf break seems to mark the maximum Neogene lowstand, defined by the glacial maxima. The outer continental shelf and slope may be cut by great submarine canyons, which mark the offshore continuation of rivers. At high latitudes and during glaciations, the nearshore morphology of passive margins may reflect glacial processes, such as the fjords of Greenland and Norway. Cross-section The main features of passive margins lie underneath the\",\n \"title\": \"Passive margin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50808\",\n \"text\": \"The Andaman Sea (historically also known as the Burma Sea) is a marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean bounded by the coastlines of Myanmar and Thailand along the Gulf of Martaban and the west side of the Malay Peninsula, and separated from the Bay of Bengal to its west by the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands. Its southern end is at Breueh Island just north of Sumatra, with the Strait of Malacca further southeast. Traditionally, the sea has been used for fishery and transportation of goods between the coastal countries and its coral reefs and islands are popular tourist destinations. The fishery and tourist infrastructure was severely damaged by the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Geography Location The Andaman Sea, which extends over 92°E to 100°E and 4°N to 20°N, occupies a very significant position in the Indian Ocean, yet remained unexplored for a long period. To the south of Myanmar, west of Thailand, and north of Indonesia, this sea is separated from the Bay of Bengal by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and an associated chain of sea mounts along the Indo-Burmese plate boundary. The Strait of Malacca (between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra) forms the southern exitway of the basin, which is wide and deep. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the \\\"Andaman or Burma Sea\\\" as follows: On the Southwest. A line running from \\\"Oedjong Raja\\\" [\\\"Ujung Raja\\\" or \\\"Point Raja\\\"] () in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea. On the Northwest. The Eastern limit of the Bay of Bengal [A line running from Cape Negrais (16°03'N) in Burma [Myanmar] through the larger islands of the Andaman group, in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the Eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E]. On the Southeast. A line joining Lem Voalan (7°47'N) in Siam [Thailand], and Pedropunt (5°40'N) in Sumatra. Oedjong means \\\"cape\\\" and Lem means \\\"point in the Dutch language on maps of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia). Lem Voalan [Phromthep Cape] is the southern extremity of Goh Puket (Phuket Island). Exclusive economic zone Exclusive economic zones in Andaman Sea: Geology The northern and eastern side of the basin is shallow, as the continental shelf off the coast of Myanmar and Thailand extends over (marked by isobath). About 45 percent of the basin area is shallower (less than depth), which is the direct consequence of the presence of the wider shelf. The continental slope which follows the eastern shelf is quite steep between 9°N and 14°N. Here, the perspective view of the submarine topography sectioned along 95°E exposes the abrupt rise in depth of sea by about within a short horizontal distance of\",\n \"title\": \"Andaman Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"354917\",\n \"text\": \"The silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), also known by numerous names such as blackspot shark, gray whaler shark, olive shark, ridgeback shark, sickle shark, sickle-shaped shark and sickle silk shark, is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, named for the smooth texture of its skin. It is one of the most abundant sharks in the pelagic zone, and can be found around the world in tropical waters. Highly mobile and migratory, this shark is most often found over the edge of the continental shelf down to . The silky shark has a slender, streamlined body and typically grows to a length of . It can be distinguished from other large requiem sharks by its relatively small first dorsal fin with a curving rear margin, its tiny second dorsal fin with a long free rear tip, and its long, sickle-shaped pectoral fins. It is a deep, metallic bronze-gray above and white below. With prey often scarce in its oceanic environment, the silky shark is a swift, inquisitive, and persistent hunter. It feeds mainly on bony fishes and cephalopods, and has been known to drive them into compacted schools before launching open-mouthed, slashing attacks. This species often trails schools of tuna, a favored prey. Its sense of hearing is extremely acute, allowing it to localize the low-frequency noises generated by other feeding animals, and, by extension, sources of food. The silky shark is viviparous, meaning that the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection to their mother. Significant geographical variation is seen in its life history details. Reproduction occurs year-round except in the Gulf of Mexico, where it follows a seasonal cycle. Females give birth to litters of up to 16 pups annually or biennially. The newborn sharks spend their first months in relatively sheltered reef nurseries on the outer continental shelf, growing substantially before moving into the open ocean. The large size and cutting teeth of the silky shark make it potentially dangerous, and it has behaved aggressively towards divers. However, attacks are rare, as few humans enter its oceanic habitat. Silky sharks are valued for their fins, and to a lesser extent their meat, hide, liver oil, and jaws. Because of their abundance, they form a major component of commercial and artisanal shark fisheries in many countries. Furthermore, their association with tuna results in many sharks being taken as bycatch in tuna fisheries. Although slow-reproducing like most other sharks, the wide distribution and large population size of the silky shark was once thought to buffer the species against these fishing pressures. However, data now suggest that silky shark numbers are declining around the world, which prompted the IUCN to reassess its conservation status to Vulnerable in 2017. Taxonomy A scientific description of the silky shark was first published by the German biologists Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle under the name Carcharias (Prionodon) falciformis, in their 1839 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Subsequent authors have assigned this species to the genus Carcharhinus. Because Müller and Henle's type specimen was\",\n \"title\": \"Silky shark\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4656474\",\n \"text\": \"The brown catshark (Apristurus brunneus) is commonly found in the Pacific Ocean, ranging from the northern Pacific waters off the coast of British Columbia and south to the Baja California peninsula in Mexico. They may live as far south as Ecuador and Peru. Brown catsharks are deep-water sharks that live on the outer continental shelf and the upper slope. They have been known to live at depths ranging from 30 to 650 m and live on the bottom, usually in muddy or sandy areas. The brown catshark, when originally described, was called Catulus brunneus. Description Brown catsharks have long, slender bodies with broad, bell-shaped snouts. They are dark brown with light-colored markings on the posterior margins of their fins. Their bodies are soft and flabby, with a weak skin that can easily be harmed. Brown catsharks' two dorsal fins are the same size and do not have spines. The first dorsal fin originates to the front of the pelvic fin and the second dorsal fin is located in front of the anal fin's insertion. They typically reach a maximum size of 68 cm in total length, but they average between 30 and 60 cm. Behavior Very little is known about the behavior of brown catsharks; they are believed to be solitary, nocturnal creatures. They are thought to be migratory, but most of the year near the edge of the continental shelf. Communication specific to brown catsharks is unknown. However, as with most other sharks, including other members of the family Scyliorhinidae, they are believed to have a well-developed sense of smell, and are electroreceptive, which allows them to detect electricity emitted by other animals, and may also allow them to detect magnetic fields, which aides in navigation. Food habits and predation Brown catsharks feed on many bottom-dwelling species, including small shrimp, euphausiids, squid, and small fish. It is unknown whether brown catsharks are important predators within their ecosystem. Reproduction Reproduction in brown catsharks is oviparous, with a single egg at a time per oviduct. Egg cases are usually about 5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. The egg cases are transparent and have long tendrils that are probably used to attach them to hard structures. The incubation period is possibly a year. In Canadian waters, females carry egg cases from February to August; however, the carrying time for warmer waters is unknown. Conservation status and economic impact Brown catsharks are not listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List or the CITES list. They are not known to be a vulnerable or threatened species. They are, however, listed on the IUCN list as needing to be reclassified. The only known negative impact that brown catsharks have on humans is the frequent bycatch of deep-water fishing trawlers, which while not economically significant, can cause damage to nets, as well as time lost in removing the bycatch from the viable catch. References Sources Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark\",\n \"title\": \"Brown catshark\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16853719\",\n \"text\": \"Abyssal channels (also, deep-sea channels, underwater channels) are channels in Earth's sea floor. They are formed by fast-flowing floods of turbid water caused by avalanches near the channel's head, with the sediment carried by the water causing a build-up of the surrounding abyssal plains. Submarine channels and the turbidite systems which form them are responsible for the accumulation of most sandstone deposits found on continental slopes and have proven to be one of the most common types of hydrocarbon reservoirs found in these regions. Submarine channels and their flanking levees are commonly referred to as channel levee systems. They are significant geomorphological features that may run for thousands of kilometres across the ocean floor. Often, they coalesce and overlap to form channel levee complexes which are the building blocks of many major submarine fans. This makes them one of several geological processes responsible for the transport of coarse-grained sediment into deep water, as well as being a chief conduit for the transfer of carbon from the continental shelf to the deeper parts of the continental margins. They do, however, remain one of the least understood sedimentary processes. The effect of Earth's rotation causes more sediment to build up on one side of the channel than on the other. What constitutes a channel is not straight forward. Different terms are used on a per study basis, all of which have similar but not quite interchangeable definitions. There have been efforts to produce an up-to-date, holistic view, but even since then there has been a significant number of papers which take concepts even further. There are numerous terms that are used to describe the features contained in this study, including geo-body, channel complex, channel storey, channel complex set, and confined channel complex system. These cover single channels, a single channel and associated sediments or multiple channels grouped. Flood (2001) defines a channel-levee system as a single channel with a levee at each side. These levees are formed by the overspilling and flow stripping of turbidity currents. These are most likely to occur during sea level lowstands. A collection of these channels and levees along with overbank sediments form a channel-levee complex. They can be V or U in shape, have the presence or lack of depositional margins, highly sinuous or straight. Architecture and nomenclature Ian Kane advocates the use of the terms internal levee and external levee to avoid confusion in the literature concerning the use of \\\"inner\\\" and \\\"outer\\\" levees. To help encourage this unification of phrases into a clearer architectural hierarchy, this study will use Kane's nomenclature. External levees are a dominantly depositional body forming a constructional wedge of sediment that thins perpendicularly away from a channel-belt. The external levee forms during the evolution of a genetically related channel-belt (or slope valley, channel fairway) by flows that partially spill out of their confinement. External levees can confine adjacent channel belts to form levee-confined systems. External levees may be much less sinuous than the levees of an individual channel-levee system as\",\n \"title\": \"Abyssal channel\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"47763","text":"Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues. It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century. Environmental economics \"undertakes theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world. ... Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming.\" Environmental economics is distinguished from ecological economics in that ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with its focus upon preserving natural capital. One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought, with ecological economists emphasizing \"strong\" sustainability and rejecting the proposition that human-made (\"physical\") capital can substitute for natural capital. History The modern field of environmental economics has been traced to the 1960s with significant contribution from Post-Keynesian economist Paul Davidson, who had just completed a management position with the Continental Oil Company. Topics and concepts Market failure Central to environmental economics is the concept of market failure. Market failure means that markets fail to allocate resources efficiently. As stated by Hanley, Shogren, and White (2007): \"A market failure occurs when the market does not allocate scarce resources to generate the greatest social welfare. A wedge exists between what a private person does given market prices and what society might want him or her to do to protect the environment. Such a wedge implies wastefulness or economic inefficiency; resources can be reallocated to make at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.\" This results in a inefficient market that needs to be corrected through avenues such as government intervention. Common forms of market failure include externalities, non-excludability and non-rivalry. Externality An externality exists when a person makes a choice that affects other people in a way that is not accounted for in the market price. An externality can be positive or negative but is usually associated with negative externalities in environmental economics. For instance, water seepage in residential buildings occurring in upper floors affect the lower floors. Another example concerns how the sale of Amazon timber disregards the amount of carbon dioxide released in the cutting. Or a firm emitting pollution will typically not take into account the costs that its pollution imposes on others. As a result, pollution may occur in excess of the 'socially efficient' level, which is the level that would exist if the market was required to account for the pollution. A classic definition influenced by Kenneth Arrow and James Meade is provided by Heller and Starrett (1976), who define an externality as \"a situation in which the private economy lacks sufficient incentives to create a potential market in some good and the nonexistence of this market results in losses of Pareto efficiency\". In economic terminology, externalities are examples of market failures, in which the unfettered market does not lead to an efficient outcome. Common goods","title":"Environmental economics"},{"docid":"6186809","text":"Western alienation, in the context of Canadian politics, refers to the notion that the Western provinces—British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba—have been marginalized within Confederation, particularly compared to Ontario and Quebec, Canada's two largest provinces. Expressions of western alienation frequently allege that those provinces are politically over-represented and receive out-sized economic benefits at the expense of western Canadians. Western alienation has a long history within Canada, dating back to the nineteenth century. It has led to the establishment of many Western regional political parties at both the provincial and federal levels and from both the right and left sides of the political spectrum, although since the 1980s western alienation has been more closely associated with conservative politics. While such movements have tended to express a desire for a larger place for the west within Confederation, western alienation has at times resulted in calls for western separatism and independence. Given this long history, western alienation has had a profound impact on the development of Canadian politics. According to a 2019 analysis by Global News, Western alienation is considered especially potent in Alberta and Saskatchewan politics. However, alienation sentiments vary over time and place. For instance, a 2010 study published by the Canada West Foundation found that such sentiments had decreased across the region in the first decade of the twenty-first century. More recently, a 2019 Ipsos poll found historically high levels of support for secession from Canada in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. Historical roots Upon Confederation in 1867, the new Dominion of Canada consisted only of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. However, what was then known as the Northwest—much of it officially Rupert's Land and owned by the Hudson's Bay Company—was already a significant factor in Canadian plans. Among the country's founders, George Brown was particularly insistent that the Northwest was the key to Canadian prosperity, offering resources, plentiful land for agricultural settlement, and the potential for a captive market for easterners. In 1870, Canada purchased Rupert's Land from the HBC and created the Northwest Territories. The National Policy The first Canadian Prime Minister, John A. Macdonald, designed the National Policy to integrate the Northwest into Canada and to develop it economically. Its key planks were the building of a trans-continental railroad that would connect the east to British Columbia, help to populate the west, and easily ship goods; a steady influx of immigration to populate the Prairies with homesteaders; and tariffs to protect Canadian products. This latter policy was an immediate issue in the Northwest, as it effectively forced western farmers to purchase more expensive equipment from eastern Canada rather than the United States, and it impacted prices for farm products—the Northwest Territories therefore favoured free trade. This began a long battle between farmers in the west and Ottawa, which led to the establishment of farmers' organizations to help control grain shipping and marketing, and to agitate politically. Eventually, western farmers entered the political sphere directly, forming United Farmers parties and the Progressive Party, both of which helped","title":"Western alienation"},{"docid":"79675","text":"Ecotourism is a form of tourism marketed as \"responsible\" travel (using what proponents say is sustainable transport) to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people. The stated purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and human rights. Since the 1980s, ecotourism has been considered an important endeavor by environmentalists, who have said they want future generations to experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention. Ecotourism may focus on educating travelers on local environments and natural surroundings with an eye to ecological conservation. Some include in the definition of ecotourism the effort to produce economic opportunities that make the conservation of natural resources financially possible. Generally, ecotourism deals with interaction with biotic components of the natural environments. Ecotourism focuses on what advocates define as socially responsible travel, personal growth, and environmental sustainability. Ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Ecotourism is intended to offer tourists an insight into the impact of human beings on the environment and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural habitats. Ecotourism aims at minimal environmental impact on the areas visited. Besides fostering respect towards the natural environment, ecotourism endeavors to create socio-economic benefits for the area's communities. Responsible ecotourism programs include those that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation, and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities. For these reasons, ecotourism often appeals to advocates of environmental and social responsibility. Many consider the term \"ecotourism\", like \"sustainable tourism\" (which is a related concept but broader), an oxymoron. Like most long-distance travel, ecotourism often depends on air transportation, which contributes to climate change. Additionally, \"the overall effect of sustainable tourism is negative where like ecotourism philanthropic aspirations mask hard-nosed immediate self-interest.\" Risks and benefits Ecotourism is a sub-component of the field of sustainable tourism. Ecotourism must serve to maximize ecological benefits while contributing to the economic, social, and cultural wellbeing of communities living close to ecotourism venues. Even while ecotourism is often presented as a responsible form of tourism, it nonetheless carries several risks. Potential ecological, economic, and sociocultural benefits associated with ecotourism are described below. Ecological risk Ecotourism activities, or merely the presence of travelers in a particular region or location, may negatively impact the ecological integrity of protected areas. Risks to local communities Local communities may be negatively impacted by ecotourism. For example, as is the case with other forms of tourism, ecotourism may result in friction between tourists and local community members, and may potentially increase the cost of rent, rates, and property values, thereby marginalizing local community members. Health risks Ecotourism carries known health risks for","title":"Ecotourism"},{"docid":"22554017","text":"Emmanuel Saez (born November 26, 1972) is a French, naturalized American economist who is Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley. His work, done with Thomas Piketty and Gabriel Zucman, includes tracking the incomes of the poor, middle class and rich around the world. Their work shows that top earners in the United States have taken an increasingly larger share of overall income over the last three decades, with almost as much inequality as before the Great Depression. He recommends much higher marginal tax rates, of up to 70% or 90%. He received the John Bates Clark Medal in 2009, a MacArthur \"Genius\" Fellowship in 2010, and an honorary degree from Harvard University in 2019. Research Emmanuel Saez graduated from the École Normale Supérieure in 1996 where he studied mathematics and economics. He then received his Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1999. Saez has written extensively on the theory of optimal taxation and transfer, addressing topics such as wealth and income inequality, capital income taxation, and retirement. In addition to his theoretical work, he has authored a number of empirical papers, many of them applying the results from his theoretical work to US household data. His focus on the top 0.1% of the income and wealth distribution has led to his political theories about the \"great compression\" and the \"great divergence\" and led to significant research on the consensus about the ideal wealth distribution. Saez's research on wealth and income inequality has largely focused on households at the top of the wealth and income distributions, which make up a significant portion of the US tax base. Conservative critics, such as James Pethokoukis of the American Enterprise Institute, say that Saez and Piketty measure \"market income,\" the total income before tax excluding income from government. Saez describes it as gross income reported on tax returns before any deductions. This excludes unemployment insurance, welfare payments, food stamps, Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security and employer-provided health insurance. Saez says that these are the best data available, as measured consistently since 1913. Critics say that they exaggerate inequality. In 2011, Saez and Peter Diamond argued in public media a widely discussed paper that the proper marginal tax rate for North Atlantic societies and especially the United States to impose is 73% (substantially higher than the current 42.5% top US marginal tax rate). Together with Raj Chetty and others he researched social mobility in the US. They found substantial geographic differences across the country that were correlated with five factors: segregation, income inequality, local school quality, social capital, and family structure. Awards John Bates Clark Medal He was the recipient of the 2009 John Bates Clark Medal, awarded to \"that American economist under the age of forty who is judged to have made the most significant contribution to economic thought and knowledge.\" Saez's research contributions have been mainly in the field of Public Economics. The 2009 John Bates Clark citation reads: \"[Saez's] work attacks policy questions from both","title":"Emmanuel Saez"},{"docid":"15628625","text":"As defined by the Austrian School of economics the marginal use of a good or service is the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase, or the specific use of the good or service that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. The usefulness of the marginal use thus corresponds to the marginal utility of the good or service. On the assumption that an agent is economically rational, each increase would be put to the specific, feasible, previously unrealized use of greatest priority, and each decrease would result in abandonment of the use of lowest priority amongst the uses to which the good or service had been put. And, in the absence of a complementarity across uses, the “law” of diminishing marginal utility will obtain. The Austrian School of economics explicitly arrives at its conception of marginal utility as the utility of the marginal use, and “Grenznutzen” (the Austrian School term from which “marginal utility” was originally derived in translation) literally means border-use; other schools usually do not make an explicit connection. See also Marginalism References Marginal concepts Consumer theory Utility Austrian School","title":"Marginal use"},{"docid":"16471424","text":"This article discusses the domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration from 1981 to 1989. Reagan's policies stressed conservative economic values, starting with his implementation of supply-side economic policies, dubbed as \"Reaganomics\" by both supporters and detracters. His policies also included the largest tax cut in American history as well as increased defense spending as part of his Soviet strategy. However, he significantly raised (non-income) taxes four times due to economic conditions and reforms, but the tax reforms instituted during presidency brought top marginal rates to their lowest levels since 1931, such that by 1988, the top US marginal tax rate was 28%. Notable events included his firing of nearly 12,000 striking air traffic control workers and appointing the first woman to the Supreme Court bench, Sandra Day O'Connor. He believed in federalism and free markets, passed policies to encourage development of private business, and routinely criticized and defunded the public sector. Despite his support for limited government, he greatly accelerated the nation's War on Drugs. \"Reaganomics\" and the economy Policies Based on supply-side economics, President Reagan implemented his economic policies in 1981. The four pillars of the policies were to: Reduce marginal tax rates on income from labor and capital. Reduce regulation. Tighten the money supply to reduce inflation. Reduce the growth of government spending. By reducing or eliminating decades-long social programs, while at the same time lowering taxes and marginal tax rates, the President's approach to handling the economy marked a significant departure from that of many of his predecessor's Keynesian policies. Milton Friedman, the monetarist economist who was an intellectual architect of free-market policies, was a primary influence on Reagan. When Reagan took office, the country faced the highest rate of inflation since 1947 (average annual rate of 13.5% in 1980), and interest rates as high as 13% (the Fed funds rate in December 1980). These were considered the nation's principal economic problems and were all considered components of \"stagflation\". Reagan sought to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board tax cuts. The expansionary fiscal policies soon became known as \"Reaganomics\", and were considered by some to be the most serious attempt to change the course of U.S. economic policy of any administration since the New Deal. His radical tax reforms, in combination with a curb on domestic social spending, harsh restraints applied by the Federal Reserve Board under Paul Volcker on the nation's money supply, and heavy government borrowing required to finance the budget and trade deficits, as well as military expenditures, produced significant economic expansion and reduced inflation. Inflation was reduced by more than ten percentage points, reaching a low of 1.9% annual average inflation in 1986. One of the Reagan administration's strategies to reduce government spending was privatization of government functions, paying contractors to do work that government agencies had formerly done. Economic record President Reagan's tenure marked a time of expanded economic prosperity for many Americans. The misery index sank to 9.72 from a high of 19.33, the greatest improvement record for a President","title":"Domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration"},{"docid":"33737008","text":"The Antarctic Peninsula, roughly south of South America, is the northernmost portion of the continent of Antarctica. Like the associated Andes, the Antarctic Peninsula is an excellent example of ocean-continent collision resulting in subduction. The peninsula has experienced continuous subduction for over 200 million years, but changes in continental configurations during the amalgamation and breakup of continents have changed the orientation of the peninsula itself, as well as the underlying volcanic rocks associated with the subduction zone. Tectonic evolution and geology of the Antarctic Peninsula The geology of the Antarctic Peninsula occurred in three stages: Pre-subduction stage of marginal basin deposition, later separated by the Gondwanian orogeny during the Permian-Late Triassic The middle subduction phase, characterized by the formation of the Antarctic Peninsula (inner) and South Shetland Islands (outer) magmatic arcs, during the middle Jurassic-Miocene. The late subduction phase, when the opening of the Bransfield Rift and back-arc basins occur. This is followed by contemporaneous terrestrial and submarine volcanic activity, from the Oligocene-present day. Pre-subduction history As Gondwana broke apart, the Antarctic Peninsula started to take on its modern shape. Roughly 220 million years ago, the continents of Antarctica, South America, and Africa rifted apart. This rifting created low relief basins which allowed for the transport of sediments and subsequent deposition of sedimentary rocks. These rocks, the oldest on the peninsula, belong to the Trinity Peninsula Group (TPG), which are mostly composed of siliciclastic turbidite deposits, ~1200–3000 m thick, deposited in a marginal marine basin. Unfortunately their age is poorly constrained, but they are most likely from the upper Permian and Triassic. The clastic component of these sediments was derived from the weathering, erosion, and subsequent transportation of metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary material from Gondwana, then to the northeast. Gondwanian orogeny During this time the Trinity Peninsula Group sediments were folded and slightly metamorphosed, particularly at the peninsula's northernmost point. Retroarc thrusting also occurred at this time. Both events were most likely caused by the incipient subduction of the south-east Pacific Plate under the Gondwana supercontinent. As a result, marginal basin clastics from the Pacific plate's oceanic basement were obducted onto the continental margin of Gondwana, composed of older crystalline basement. Middle subduction phase Inner magmatic arc The inner magmatic arc, despite being older than the outer magmatic arc, has higher topographic relief. It forms the mainland of the Antarctic Peninsula. The creation of the inner magmatic arc is characterized by terrestrial clastic deposition and the early stages of acidic volcanism and plutonism. The Mesozoic clastic sequence (Number 2-Figure 2) consists of the Mount Flora Formation (MFF), which is a 270 m thick package of plant-bearing coarse sedimentary breccias and conglomerates, with a limited amount of interbedded sandstones and shales. The clastic beds overlay the TPG sediments, and are separated by angular unconformities. Overlying the MFF clastic sequence are the acidic volcanics of the Kenny Glacier Formation (KGF). This volcanic sequence is a 215 m thick group of rhyolite-dacite lavas, ignimbrites, tuffs, and agglomerates. The acidic dikes and sills which","title":"Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula"},{"docid":"42695730","text":"The Review of Black Political Economy is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1970 publishing research on the economic status of African-Americans, the African diaspora, and other non-white marginalized populations. It is affiliated with the National Economic Association and is published by SAGE Publishing. Individual memberships can be acquired through membership in the National Economic Association or through direct subscription. (Individual articles can be obtained for a fee.). The journal focuses on research that can inform policies to reduce racial, gender, and ethnic economic inequality. The journal is also a member of the Committee on Public Ethics (COPE). The founding editor-in-chief was Robert S. Browne. The current editors-in-chief are Rhonda Vonshay Sharpe and Gregory Price. Kristen Broady is associate editor. History Background and founding Robert S. Browne decided to create The Review of Black Political Economy in order to create \"an hospitable arena in which black people could explore ideas as to how they might bring about effective and substantial improvement in their collective economic position.\" It became a platform for people to publish articles and commentaries on the conditions of black people in the United States from an economic and sociological standpoint. Initially the Review was a product of the Black Economic Research Center (BERC) which Robert Browne founded and ran until 1976. After that, ownership was transferred to the National Economic Association. Browne chose the term \"Political Economy\" rather than economics for the title because he felt that \"in America at least, for people to effect any significant alteration in their economic position, they will first be obliged to develop a sound political strategy.\" The initial aim of The Review was to provide a mixture of scholarly and non-scholarly articles which would appeal to a wide range of readers - but Robert S. Browne admitted that this was an ambitious undertaking. Early issues of the journal included a mix of articles by scholars and practitioners. Graduate students were encouraged to submit their research for publication. The first issue of The Review included seven articles: \"Outputs of Minority Entrepreneurship Programs\" (Glenn Dixon); \"Toward an Overall Assessment of Our Alternatives\" (Robert S. Browne); \"The Myth and Irrationality of Black Capitalism\" (James Boggs); \"The Black Manifesto\" (James Forman and Others); \"What Do You People Want?\" (Richard F. America); \"The Basic Economics of the Urban and Racial Crisis\" (Daniel R. Fusfeld); and \"Brimmer and Black Capitalism: An Analysis (Charles Tate). There were also four book reviews in the first issue : \"Black Capitalism: Strategy for Business in the Ghetto by Theodore L. Cross\" (Thaddeus Spratlen, reviewer); \"Race and Poverty: The Economics of Discrimination\" edited by John F. Kain (Charles Z. Wilson, reviewer); \"The Tenement Landlord by George Sternlieb\" (Robert S. Browne, reviewer); and \"Poverty and Discrimination by Lester C. Thurlow\" (John Handy, reviewer). Publishing agents and editors The journal has had three publishing agents over its 50 years. Transactions Books at Rutgers University was the initial agent. Springer was the second publisher. The current publisher is Sage Publications. The Review has","title":"The Review of Black Political Economy"},{"docid":"48373223","text":"Gender empowerment is the empowerment of people of any gender. While conventionally, the aspect of it is mentioned for empowerment of women, the concept stresses the distinction between biological sex and gender as a role, also referring to other marginalized genders in a particular political or social context. Gender empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in regard to development and economics. Entire nations, businesses, communities, and groups can benefit from the implementation of programs and policies that adopt the notion of women empowerment. Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human rights and development. The Human Development and Capabilities Approach, The Millennium Development Goals, and other credible approaches/goals point to empowerment and participation as a necessary step if a country is to overcome the obstacles associated with poverty and development. Measuring Gender empowerment can be measured through the Gender Empowerment Measure, or the GEM. The GEM shows women's participation in a given nation, both politically and economically. Gem is calculated by tracking \"the share of seats in parliament held by women; of female legislators, senior officials and managers; and of female profession and technical workers; and the gender disparity in earned income, reflecting economic independence.\" It then ranks countries given this information. Other measures that take into account the importance of female participation and equality include: the Gender Parity Index and the Gender Development Index (GDI). See also Anti-gender movement Diversity, equity, and inclusion Diversity (politics) Diversity training Gender and politics Gender diversity Gender equality Gender essentialism Respect Suicide in LGBT youth Sociology of gender Women's empowerment References Gender equality Human rights concepts Law and economics Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures Law by issue Egalitarianism Empowerment Gender and society Feminism and society Control (social and political) Social privilege","title":"Gender empowerment"},{"docid":"59336303","text":"A crystal mush is magma that contains a significant amount of crystals (up to 50% of the volume) suspended in the liquid phase (melt). As the crystal fraction makes up less than half of the volume, there is no rigid large-scale three-dimensional network as in solids. As such, their rheological behavior mirrors that of absolute liquids. Within a single crystal mush, there is grading to a higher solid fraction towards the margins of the pluton, while the liquid fraction increases towards the uppermost portions, forming a liquid lens at the top. Furthermore, depending on depth of placement crystal mushes are likely to contain a larger portion of crystals at greater depth in the crust than at shallower depth, as melting occurs from the adiabatic decompression of the magma as it rises, this is particularly the case for mid-ocean ridges. Seismic investigation offers strong evidence for the existence of crystal mushes rather than fully liquid magmatic bodies. Crystal mushes can have a wide range of mineral and chemical compositions, from mafic (SiO2-poor, MgO-rich) to felsic (SiO2-rich, MgO-poor). Formation Crystal mushes form at various depths in the Earth's crust. They result from fractional crystallization of a fluid. Fractional crystallization is a physical and chemical process that generates a liquid and a solid phase from a specific initial chemical solution. Depending on the initial chemical composition of the liquid, the melt is going to generate different minerals. The initial fluid can form crystals (solid phase) by cooling down and by adding a certain water's concentration. In subduction zones, more specific in magmatic arcs, it is possible to transport water into the Earth's mantle, as the denser oceanic plate subducts under the other – continental or younger oceanic – plate. Water is a key factor for this geochemical process and has a significant impact on the geotherm of the subducting plate. It causes partial melting of the crust, which will then generate a chamber of liquid phase that will later be crystallized and generate minerals. The source of water stays in minerals that contain H2O in their chemical compositions. Another key factor is the concentration of silica in the magma, which leads to the differentiation of magma. At the end of the crystallization is possible to crystallize quartz, but only when the melt contains a high concentration of SiO2, which is the main component of the mineral. The rapid increase in the crystal content over a short temperature interval generates ideal rheological conditions for melt extraction. The buoyant, lighter magmas extracted from the crystal mush can ascend through the crust and form plutonic complexes. Extraction The crystal mush model presents a view of plutons as crystal graveyards. This implies that the crystals are separated from the silicate liquid where they were crystallised. This model contrasts with the view of intrusive magma bodies as failed eruptions. Upon cooling, a crystal mush may experience different Igneous differentiation processes, such as crystal fractionation, mixing, melting. To create an accumulation of crystals, there has to be a mechanism","title":"Crystal mush"},{"docid":"52999526","text":"Patagonia comprises the southernmost region of South America, portions of which lie on either side of the Argentina-Chile border. It has traditionally been described as the region south of the Rio, Colorado, although the physiographic border has more recently been moved southward to the Huincul fault. The region's geologic border to the north is composed of the Rio de la Plata craton and several accreted terranes comprising the La Pampa province. The underlying basement rocks of the Patagonian region can be subdivided into two large massifs: the North Patagonian Massif and the Deseado Massif. These massifs are surrounded by sedimentary basins formed in the Mesozoic that underwent subsequent deformation during the Andean orogeny. Patagonia is known for its vast earthquakes and the damage they cause. The rocks comprising Patagonia occurred along the southwestern margin of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana. During a period of continental rifting in the Cambrian period, a portion of Patagonia was separated from Gondwana, and the resulting passive margin that formed was a site of extensive sedimentation throughout the early-middle Paleozoic era. During the Devonian period, a transition to convergence resulted in the eventual collision of the Patagonian landmass in the late Paleozoic, with contact first occurring in the mid-Carboniferous. Several theories exist for the origin of the Patagonian landmass, though there are two that have greater consensus. The first of these theories cites an allochthonous origin of the Patagonian landmass from Gondwana during the Paleozoic, while the other argues that Northern Patagonia is an autochthonous component and that only the southern portion is allochthonous. The collision of Patagonia was succeeded by the rifting and eventual breakup of Gondwana during the early Mesozoic, a process which invoked large-scale rotation of the Patagonian landmass. Further extension through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods formed the Rocas Verdes back-arc basin, while a transition to a compressional tectonic regime in the Cenozoic concurrent with the Andean orogeny resulted in formation of the foreland Magallanes basin. Precambrian-Early Paleozoic setting Patagonia contain two ancient regions: the North Patagonian Massif and Deseado Massif. The lithospheric mantle beneath Deseado Massif formed 1000–2100 million years ago in the Paleo and Mesoproterozoic, evidencing that its lithosphere has a much older history than the ages of crustal rocks exposed at present would suggest (~600 million years). Deseado Massif has formed a single crustal block with the Falklands Islands since these times. Like today the Deseado Massif and the Falklands Islands lied next to each other in the Neoproterozoic supercontinent of Rodinia. The lithosphere of the North Patagonian Massif formed about the same. Prior to the collision of Patagonia, the nucleus of modern-day South America was contained within a portion of the southwest margin of Gondwana. This margin consisted of the ancient Rio de la Plata craton and a number of accreted terranes, whose boundaries have been discovered using paleomagnetic studies. The Rio de la Plata Craton is believed to have been a component of southwest Gondwana since the end of the Proterozoic, likely forming a single body","title":"Tectonic evolution of Patagonia"},{"docid":"3576493","text":"The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny was a significant arc accretion event in the Permian and Triassic periods affecting approximately 2,500 km of the Australian continental margin. The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny occurred in two main phases: The first being Permian accretion of passive-marginal Devonian- and Carboniferous-age sediments, occurring in the Hunter region, as well as the mid-west region of what is now New South Wales, followed by rifting, back-arc volcanism. The later Permian to Triassic event consisted of arc accretion and metamorphism related to ongoing subduction. The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny is today represented by a geological structure known as the New England Fold Belt, a tectonic accretion of metamorphic terranes and mid-crustal granitoid intrusions, flanked by Permian to Triassic sedimentary basins which were formed distally to the now-eroded orogenic mountain belt. While the Great Dividing Range north of Sydney is a prominent landform, it is more the result of Cenozoic volcanism and crustal uplift since the Jurassic, which broadly affects the same area as the Hunter-Bowen Orogeny did. Gravity, magnetics and bathymetry indicate that several slivers of crust formerly from the Hunter-Bowen orogen are now spread out across the Indo-Australian Plate east of the Australian continental landmass, forming some isolated submerged ocean plateaux and islands, notably Lord Howe Rise which includes Lord Howe Island. Lord Howe Rise has a total area of about 1,500,000 square km. Prior tectonics The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny produced a ~3,000 km long structural foredeep above a Late Carboniferous and Palaeozoic margin, adjacent to the weakly consolidated Australian continental crust which at this time was part of Gondwana. The orogen developed to the east of the Palaeozoic Lachlan Orogen and the Proterozoic terranes of the Mount Isa Inlier. Before the orogeny the rocks of the coastal area were formed. During the Late Carboniferous there was a continental margin defined by a subduction zone off the coast. The oceanic plate that was being subducted hosted a series of magmatic arcs; now represented by the Connors Arch, Auburn Arch, Combarrago Volcanics and the Bathurst Batholith. A forearc basin is preserved in the Tamworth Belt and Yarrol Belt. Subduction resulted in blueschist metamorphism of the subducted slab. At 309 Ma an oceanic ridge encountered the subduction boundary at two points, near what is now Tin Can Bay and Coffs Harbour. These encounters interrupted subduction at those locations and resulted in the formation of triple junctions, which began moving apart north and south along the trench, eventually being replaced by a dextral transform fault. The northernmost triple junction, a ridge-trench-fault junction, moved up the Queensland coast at 28 mm per year, reaching Townsville about 290 Ma. As it moved, the magmatism inland reduced drastically due to interruption of subduction. The other triple junction, a fault-trench-fault junction, moved south from Brisbane at about 12 mm per year. The triple junctions in the New England region stopped subduction very quickly because the mid ocean ridge was almost parallel to the trench. The merging of the subduction zone and the ridge converted the trench to a transform fault, ceasing","title":"Hunter-Bowen orogeny"},{"docid":"49440346","text":"Hakskeenpan or Hakskeen Pan is a mud and salt pan in the Kalahari Desert, in Southern Africa. It is located in the Dawid Kruiper Local Municipality region in the Northern Cape, South Africa, at above sea level. The pan covers an area of approximately Formation, geology and climate Long-Term Landscape Evolution The present day Kalahari landscape—essentially an inland sand sea sitting within an uplifted sedimentary basin—is the result of a variety of interacting tectonic and geomorphological processes that have operated over considerable timescales. The initial development of the Kalahari was closely linked to the evolution of the African landmass following the break-up of the supercontinent Gondwanaland during the Mesozoic. The gradual separation of Africa from present-day Australia, Antarctica, India and South America was associated with progressive heating and rifting of the crust, which led to the uplift of the southern African continental margin in the mid- to Late Cretaceous. The development of this uplifted margin had significant implications for regional fluvial systems; the end product was a dual drainage pattern consisting primarily of short rivers draining directly into the sea off the Great Escarpment and longer rivers draining inland and never reaching the sea. Pan Environments Pans are small, closed basins or depressions that contain seasonally flooded lakes and are characteristic of arid to semi-arid regions of low relief. They are also of considerable importance as point water sources for both humans and wildlife. Pans occur throughout the Kalahari, as far north as Zambia, but are a particularly significant component of the landscape in regions with (i) an annual rainfall of less than 500 mm and (ii) underlying rock or sediment that is susceptible to erosion by the wind. The southern Kalahari meets both of these criteria. Two areas containing concentrations of pans occur within the southern Kalahari: (i) a broad zone extending from Upington, across the lower Molopo and northwards into Namibia and (ii) a smaller area between Vryburg in North West Province and Tsabong in Botswana. Within these zones, pans occur as isolated landscape features but also within depressions in the floors of dry valleys and palaeodrainage lines, and in the corridors between linear dunes. The majority lack any surface inflow, although some may have short, poorly developed channels that supply run-off during major rainfall events. Hakskeen Pan is one of the largest isolated pans in the South African Kalahari, the other notable one being Koppieskraal Pan immediately south-west of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Climate The climate in the Southern Kalahari ecoregion is semi-arid. Temperatures fluctuate greatly, on both a seasonal and a daily basis, with mean maximum and minimum temperatures of 35.7 °C and 19.5 °C in January and 22.2 °C and 1.2 °C in July. Rainfall is unreliable and irregular, falling primarily during short-duration, high intensity thunderstorms between November and April. Before the rainy season begins, strong northwesterly winds blow between September and November, producing dust storms. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 223mm. Humidity is low and evaporation high, the latter resulting in the characteristically large","title":"Hakskeenpan"},{"docid":"4533443","text":"The Urolophidae are a family of rays in the order Myliobatiformes, commonly known as stingarees or round stingrays. This family formerly included the genera Urobatis and Urotrygon of the Americas, which are presently recognized as forming their own family Urotrygonidae. Stingarees are found in the Indo-Pacific region, with the greatest diversity off Australia. They are sluggish, bottom-dwelling fish that have been recorded from shallow waters close to shore to deep waters over the upper continental slope. Measuring between long, these rays have oval to diamond-shaped pectoral fin discs and relatively short tails that terminate in leaf-shaped caudal fins, and may also have small dorsal fins and lateral skin folds. Most are smooth-skinned, and some have ornate dorsal color patterns. Stingarees feed on or near the sea floor, consuming small invertebrates and occasionally bony fishes. They are aplacental viviparous, meaning their embryos emerge from eggs inside the uterus, and are sustained to term first by yolk and later by maternally produced histotroph (\"uterine milk\"). As far is known, the gestation period lasts around a year and litter sizes tend to be small. Stingarees have one or two relatively large, venomous stinging spines on their tail for defense, with which they can inflict a painful wound on humans. Generally, stingarees have no economic value. Some species form a substantial component of the bycatch of commercial trawl fisheries. Taxonomy and phylogeny The German biologists Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle created the genus Urolophus in 1837; in their subsequent 1838–41 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen, the pair created the genus Trygonoptera and also made the first reference to the urolophids as a group. The family has traditionally also included the genera Urobatis and Urotrygon of the Americas; John McEachran, Katherine Dunn, and Tsutomu Miyake moved them to their own family, Urotrygonidae, in 1996. Recent phylogenetic analyses have confirmed the urolophids and related taxa belong to the order Myliobatiformes; they were once placed in the order Rajiformes with the guitarfishes and skates. Based on morphological characters, John McEachran and Neil Aschliman determined in a 2004 study that the urolophids formed a clade with the giant stingaree (Plesiobatis daviesi), and that the two were basal to a clade containing all other myliobatiform families except Platyrhinidae, Hexatrygonidae, and Zanobatidae. They proposed including Plesiobatis in the family Urolophidae, and classifying the family within the superfamily Urolophoidea within Myliobatiformes. Distribution and habitat The center of biodiversity for stingarees is Australia, where all 6 Trygonoptera and 15 of the 22 Urolophus species are endemic. A number of species are also found in the Coral Sea, a few in the Malay Archipelago, and one (the sepia stingray, U. aurantiacus) in the northwestern Pacific. Stingarees are bottom-dwelling rays that can be found from very shallow, inshore habitats such as estuaries and bays, to a depth of well offshore on the upper continental shelf. Some are extremely common; one study in the coastal waters of southwestern Australia found that the four most abundant stingaree species constituted over 17% of the biomass of benthic fishes.","title":"Urolophidae"},{"docid":"47720206","text":"Monument of Gratitude to France () in Belgrade's Veliki Kalemegdan Park was formally unveiled on 11 November 1930, the 12th anniversary day of the end of the First World War, in the presence of King Alexander and Queen Maria, the royal government, the delegation of the French government, Serbian war veterans, distinguished citizens, associations, schools, and a large crowd of people. It was noted as one of the first \"public monuments on one national territory, where the perception of another (nation) is shown in positive light\". It was declared a cultural monument in 1965, and a cultural monument of great significance in 1983. History Origin In the decisive days of the war after the epic battles of the Serbian Army, its perilous withdrawal across Albania and the almost inconceivable feat of breaching the enemy lines on the Salonika front, a military alliance and friendship between two countries had been forged. After the war, Serbian intellectuals gathered around the Association of French Schools Alumni and the Society of Friends of France initiated erection, in Belgrade or Paris, of a monument to France, as a token of gratitude for her military and educational aid during and after the war, and of the friendship built in the days of greatest trials. After the war, the Kingdom of Serbia ceased existing as such, becoming part of a newly created complex state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Yugoslavia, and Belgrade, as its capital, saw a period of reconstruction and embellishment. On 17 December 1921 Belgrade City Council made the decision to erect a gratitude and honor memorial to the French soldiers who had lost their lives defending Belgrade in 1915. The French Schools Alumni and the Society of Friends of France started the official initiative in May 1924. In the summer of 1924 the Committee for Erecting a Monument chaired by Niko Miljanić, a physician, one of the founders of the Belgrade University School of Medicine, was set up. The Committee succeeded in raising considerable funds within a short span of time. Location selection Large amounts of money were raised because the original plan was for the monument to be built in Paris. The permission was asked from the Parisian Municipal Council, which granted the erection of the monument thanks to the mediation of , French ambassador to Belgrade. After the war, the Kingdom of Serbia ceased existing as such, becoming part of a newly created complex state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Yugoslavia. However, French diplomacy preferred the monument to be built in the newly formed state, expecting that Yugoslavia will become a major exponent of French politics in this part of Europe. Dard was then ordered to convince the Serbian side to build the monument in Belgrade, and was successful. Historically, it was a \"time when French influences became the domineering component of cultural, economic and political life in the capital of the newly formed Yugoslav state\". In 1928, the City Council of Belgrade allocated a parcel","title":"Monument of Gratitude to France"},{"docid":"2061965","text":"Economic integration is the unification of economic policies between different states, through the partial or full abolition of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on trade. The trade-stimulation effects intended by means of economic integration are part of the contemporary economic Theory of the Second Best: where, in theory, the best option is free trade, with free competition and no trade barriers whatsoever. Free trade is treated as an idealistic option, and although realized within certain developed states, economic integration has been thought of as the \"second best\" option for global trade where barriers to full free trade exist. Economic integration is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers with the goal of increasing the level of welfare, while leading to an increase of economic productivity of the states. Objective There are economic as well as political reasons why nations pursue economic integration. The economic rationale for the increase of trade between member states of economic unions rests on the supposed productivity gains from integration. This is one of the reasons for the development of economic integration on a global scale, a phenomenon now realized in continental economic blocs such as ASEAN, NAFTA, USAN, the European Union, AfCFTA, and the Eurasian Economic Union; and proposed for intercontinental economic blocks, such as the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia and the Transatlantic Free Trade Area. Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a person or a country to produce a particular good or service at a lower marginal and opportunity cost over another. Comparative advantage was first described by David Ricardo who explained it in his 1817 book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in an example involving England and Portugal. In Portugal, it is possible to produce both wine and cloth with less labour than it would take to produce the same quantities in England. However, the relative costs of producing those two goods are different in the two countries. In England, it is very hard to produce wine and only moderately difficult to produce cloth. Both are easy to produce in Portugal. Therefore, while it is cheaper to produce cloth in Portugal than England, it is cheaper still for Portugal to produce excess wine, and trade that for English cloth. Conversely, England benefits from this trade because its cost for producing cloth has not changed but it can now get wine at a lower price, closer to the cost of cloth. The conclusion drawn is that each country can gain by specializing in the good where it has comparative advantage, and trading that good for the other. Economies of scale refers to the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to expansion. There are factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as the scale of output is increased. Economies of scale is a long run concept and refers to reductions in unit cost as the size of a facility and the usage levels of other inputs increase. Economies of scale","title":"Economic integration"},{"docid":"44071480","text":"Salt surface structures are extensions of salt tectonics that form at the Earth's surface when either diapirs or salt sheets pierce through the overlying strata. They can occur in any location where there are salt deposits, namely in cratonic basins, synrift basins, passive margins and collisional margins. These are environments where mass quantities of water collect and then evaporate; leaving behind salt and other evaporites to form sedimentary beds. When there is a difference in pressure, such as additional sediment in a particular area, the salt beds – due to the unique ability of salt to behave as a fluid under pressure – form into new structures. Sometimes, these new bodies form subhorizontal or moderately dipping structures over a younger stratigraphic unit, which are called allochthonous salt bodies or salt surface structures. Salt Tectonic environments Four key environments can facilitate salt deposition. These places allow salt-bearing water to collect and evaporate, leaving behind bedded deposits of solidified salt crystals. Below are short descriptions of these environments and a few examples. Convergent boundaries – Areas where two plates collide; if there is water trapped between the two, there is the possibility of evaporation and deposition. The Mediterranean Sea, particularly during the Messinian salinity crisis, is a prime example. Rifted boundaries/passive margins – Also known as divergent boundaries, these areas begin as rift basins, where extension is pulling apart the crust. If this rifting allows water to flood the resulting valley, salt deposition can occur. Examples include the Campos Basin, Brazil, Kwanza Basin, West Africa, and the Gulf of Mexico. Cratonic basins – Within continental boundaries, salt deposition can occur anywhere that bodies of water can collect. Even away from ocean sources, water is capable of dissolving and carrying ions that can later precipitate as salts, and when the water evaporates, the salts are left behind. Examples of these basins are the South Oman Salt Basin and the Michigan Basin. In the past, there was a great shallow sea covering most of the Great Plains region of the United States; when this sea dried up, it created the Strataca deposit now mined in Kansas, among others. Characteristics Salt has two key characteristics that make it unique in a tectonic setting, and important economically. The first is that salt (and other evaporites) deform plastically over geologic time, and thus behaves as a fluid rather than a rigid structure. This allows structures with salt components to deform more easily and have a slightly different appearance. Take, for example the Appalachians, which contain some salt deposits, and the Rocky Mountains, which is an accretionary terrain with little to no salt. This also allows for the creation of structural traps for oil and gas, as well as metals which makes them sought after targets in industry. The second, which is the fact that evaporites are often less dense, or more buoyant, than the surrounding rock, which aids in its mobility and creates a Rayleigh Taylor instability. This means that the less dense substance will find a","title":"Salt surface structures"},{"docid":"50571845","text":"From mid-2014 onward, Brazil experienced a severe economic crisis. The country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) fell by 3.5% in 2015 and 3.3% in 2016, after which a small economic recovery began. That recovery continued until 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began to impact the economy again. The economic crisis occurred alongside a political crisis that resulted in the impeachment of president Dilma Rousseff. These events combined caused mass popular dissatisfaction with the political system. The cause of the crisis was the aforementioned political crisis, as well as the 2014 commodity price shock, which negatively affected Brazil's exports and reduced the entrance of foreign capital into the economy. However, the most important cause was internal, which is associated with economic measures that didn't achieve the expected results. Adopted in 2011, these measures are known as the (\"new economic matrix\", in a free translation). During the economic crisis, high unemployment rates were reported throughout the country, and there was widespread uncertainty regarding Brazil's economic future following a series of political scandals. In the first quarter of 2017, Brazil's GDP rose by 1%. This was the first GDP increase to occur in eight consecutive quarters. Finance Minister Henrique Meirelles announced that Brazil had \"emerged from the greatest crisis of the century\". However, the rise in GDP marked only the end of a technical recession, not the end of the crisis. The recession was the second most severe in the country's history, and was followed by the slowest recovery. Context Economic Brazil's economy is largely dependent on the export of commodities, particularly iron ore, petroleum and soy. From the late 1990s till 2012, prices for these export commodities rose significantly (partly because of increasing demand from China), resulting in about two decades of economic growth. As a result of the Great Recession, Brazil's GDP dropped sharply and unemployment rose. During Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's left-wing presidency from 2003 to 2010, the government redistributed wealth through welfare programs and raised the minimum wage in order to increase consumption. In response to critics of Lula's socialist economic stance, his successor, Dilma Rousseff (president during the crisis), introduced macroeconomic tax exemptions and subsidies. These policies are widely acknowledged as a major factor in the 2014–16 economic crisis. Political The economic crisis was followed and intensified by a political crisis. In 2014, a series of corruption scandals uncovered by Operation Car Wash engulfed many influential politicians. In the presidential election of the same year, President Dilma Rousseff was re-elected to a second term, defeating the PSDB candidate Aécio Neves by a narrow margin. The result was not recognized by a section of the opposition and provoked popular discontent. Due to the disputed legitimacy of the election, the Operation Car Wash investigation, and the economic crisis; dissatisfaction with the government became widespread. By 2015, Rousseff's approval rating had plummeted to 8% according to a Datafolha survey. Causes Errors in macroeconomic policy According to Gustavo Franco, President of the Central Bank during the FHC government, the main cause of","title":"2014 Brazilian economic crisis"},{"docid":"34572546","text":"The Great Divergence is a term given to a period, starting in the late 1970s, during which income differences increased in the US and, to a lesser extent, in other countries. The term originated with the Nobel laureate, Princeton economist and The New York Times columnist Paul Krugman, and is a reference to the \"Great Compression\", an earlier era in the 1930s and the 1940s when incomes became more equal in the US and elsewhere. A 2017 report by the Congressional Budget Office on the distribution of income in the US from 1979 to 2007 found that after federal taxes and income transfers, the top earning 1% of households gained about 275% and that the bottom 20% grew by only 41%. As of 2006, the US had one of the highest levels of income inequality, as measured through the Gini index, among similar developed or First World countries. Scholars and others differ as the causes and significance of the divergence, which helped ignite the Occupy movement in 2011. While education and increased demand for skilled labour is often cited as a cause of increased inequality, especially among conservatives, many social scientists point to conservative politics, neoliberal economic and social policies and public policy as an important cause of inequality; others believe its causes are not well understood. Inequality has been described both as irrelevant in the face of economic opportunity (or social mobility) in America and as a cause of the decline in that opportunity. Others consider that the exodus of manufacturing jobs from industrialized countries since the 1990s has been another defining factor. For instance, the journalist James Surowiecki pointed out in a 2013 article for The New Yorker how in 50 years \"big business\" had changed from high-paying manufacturers to low-paying retailers In 1960, the country's biggest employer, General Motors, was also its most profitable company and one of its best-paying. It had high profit margins and real pricing power, even as it was paying its workers union wages. And it was not alone: firms like Ford, Standard Oil, and Bethlehem Steel employed huge numbers of well-paid workers while earning big profits. Today, the country's biggest employers are retailers and fast-food chains, almost all of which have built their businesses on low pay—they've striven to keep wages down and unions out—and low prices. While these retailers and fast-food chains are profitable, their profit margins are not large, which limits their ability to follow the lead of successful companies in high-growth industries that pay relatively generous salaries, such as Apple Inc.The combined profits of all the major retailers, restaurant chains, and supermarkets in the Fortune 500 are smaller than the profits of Apple alone. Yet Apple employs just 76,000 people, while the retailers, supermarkets, and restaurant chains employ 5.6 million. The International Labour Organization's 2013 \"World of Work Report\", predicted that the potential for social unrest in the European Union is the highest in the world. See also Economic history of the United States Economic inequality Economic stagnation The","title":"Great Divergence (inequality)"},{"docid":"64524859","text":"Sustainable Development Goal 10 (Goal 10 or SDG 10) is about reduced inequality and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The full title is: \"Reduce inequality within and among countries\". The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2019. Progress towards targets will be measured by indicators. The first seven targets are outcome targets: Reduce income inequalities; promote universal social, economic and political inclusion; ensure equal opportunities and end discrimination; adopt fiscal and social policies that promotes equality; improved regulation of global financial markets and institutions; enhanced representation for developing countries in financial institutions; responsible and well-managed migration policies. The other three targets are means of implementation targets: Special and differential treatment for developing countries; encourage development assistance and investment in least developed countries; reduce transaction costs for migrant remittances. Target 10.1 is to \"sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average\". This goal, known as \"shared prosperity\", is complementing SDG 1, the eradication of extreme poverty, and it is relevant for all countries in the world. There has been a growth in income for poorer people in 2012–2017. Nevertheless, it is common in many countries that \"the bottom 40 per cent of the population receive less than 25 per cent of the overall income\". A UN report from 2020 pointed out that \"women are more likely to be victims of discrimination than men\". And the situation is even worse for women with disabilities. Background Inequality exist in various forms, such as economic, sex, disability, race, social inequality, and different forms of discrimination. Measuring inequality in its individual forms is a crucial component in order to reduce inequality within and among countries. The Gini coefficient is the most frequently used measurement of socioeconomic inequality as it can significantly show the income and wealth distribution within and among countries. Issues associated with health, pollution, and environmental justices are often inseparable with inequality. Sometimes these issues also associated with indigenous and aboriginal communities, ethnic minorities and communities of low socio-economic status (SES). Studies of environmental justice shows these communities are irregularly likely to live in environments with higher risk of exposure to pollution and toxic contamination, which possess long-term health and environmental threats. Globalization is also accompanied with migration, displacement and dispossession, and this often increased vulnerability of marginalized communities and groups, which negatively shaped their prospects for globalization and emancipation and widened inequality at the meantime. There are also association between inequality and mental and physical health in various forms, such as status anxiety/competition, social capital, social embeddedness and cohesion. Targets, indicators and progress The UN has defined 10 targets and 11 indicators for SDG 10. Targets specify the goals and Indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these Targets are achieved. SDG 10 covers issues including reducing income inequalities (10.1), promoting universal social, economic and political inclusion (10.2), ensure equal opportunities and end","title":"Sustainable Development Goal 10"},{"docid":"56809806","text":"Ornithoteuthis antillarum, the Atlantic bird squid, is a species of flying squid from the family Ommastrephidae which is found in the warmer waters of the Atlantic Ocean. This species is an important component of the diet of many species of fish and of cetaceans. It is taken as a bycatch in fisheries but has the potential to be commercially important if appropriate fishing methods can be developed. Description Ornithoteuthis antillarum has a thin, elongated and muscular mantle which ends in a long, thinly-pointed tail. Its fins are also elongated and are arrow shaped, with sharp tips, concave rear margins and convex forward margins. The largest individual recorded had a mantle length of 300 mm and was from the more northerly extremity of the species' distribution. The length of the fins is more than half that of the mantle. Within the mantle cavity there are three visceral photophores, an oval, anal photophore, a posterior intestinal photophore and an elongated posterior visceral photophore which forms a strip. It has a broad head which is at least as wide as the mantle and there is an elongated photophore patch on the ventral surface of both eyes. The tentacular clubs have a sucker-bearing region which is approximately half of the length of the tentacles with large suckers on the manus with 18-20 widely separated sharp, round and curved teeth on the margin while the suckers on the dactylus are larger in the ventral series and smallest in the dorsal series. The sucker teeth are sexually dimorphic on all of the arms with the females having about 8 plate-like teeth in the proximal margin with the teeth becoming more numerous and pointed in the mid-arm while the males have large plate like teeth on the lateral margins of the mid-arm suckers. The fourth right arm is hectocotylised and has small distal suckers with the skin taking the form of a honeycomb on middle of the arm's ventral surface, this consists of 4 or 5 longitudinal lines of depressions each with 20 to 25 pores. Distribution Ornithoteuthis antillarum is found in the tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern and western Atlantic, being found between 20°N and 25°S in the eastern Atlantic and from 40°N to 40°S in the western Atlantic. The type specimen was taken near Basse Terre, Guadeloupe. Habitat and biology Ornithoteuthis antillarum is a pelagic, oceanic species which is thought to be commonest near continental slopes. It is at its most abundant at depths between 100m and 600 m. The paralarvae and adults are relatively common in the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida and in the Gulf Stream, extending south into the Caribbean Sea and to the waters over the continental slope off Brazil. It does not seem to be a schooling speciesbut sampling suggests that it is common from the middle of the water column to very near the bottom, although it has never been reported to sit on the bottom. In the Caribbean this species has been recorded at","title":"Ornithoteuthis antillarum"},{"docid":"2311521","text":"The geology of Shropshire is very diverse with a large number of periods being represented at outcrop. The bedrock consists principally of sedimentary rocks of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic age, surrounding restricted areas of Precambrian metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. The county hosts in its Quaternary deposits and landforms, a significant record of recent glaciation. The exploitation of the Coal Measures and other Carboniferous age strata in the Ironbridge area made it one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution. There is also a large amount of mineral wealth in the county, including lead and baryte. Quarrying is still active, with limestone for cement manufacture and concrete aggregate, sandstone, greywacke and dolerite for road aggregate, and sand and gravel for aggregate and drainage filters. Groundwater is an equally important economic resource. The Church Stretton Fault is a major structural feature forming a part of the Welsh Borderland Fault System which runs northeast from Wales, entering the county near Clun, and extending beyond the town of Newport to the southeast margin of the Cheshire Basin. The fault itself passes almost through Church Stretton, immediately east of the Long Mynd, and also passes close to The Wrekin. Another, extensive fault exists in Shropshire, the Pontesford-Linley Fault, situated near the village of Pontesbury, south west of the county town of Shrewsbury. The oldest rocks in Shropshire are of Precambrian age and are to be found at Rushton, a mile west of The Wrekin, as schists and gneisses. East of Shrewsbury, on Haughmond Hill, the sedimentary rocks are of somewhat younger Precambrian age, and are being actively quarried for use on roads. The Wrekin is a prominent hill near the town of Telford. The sedimentary rock types are varied around the area, but lava and volcanic ash (tuff) from various volcanic eruptions form this famous landmark. However, The Wrekin itself is not a volcano, and never was. The primary igneous rock on the Wrekin is rhyolite; this has a pinkish colour and is usually banded as it is a slow cooling viscous extrusive rock. Intrusions of igneous rock have been quarried in the past at nearby Ercall Quarry. Here, the main type of igneous rock that can be found is granophyre. At Ercall Quarry is the contact (boundary) between Precambrian rocks and the younger fossiliferous (Cambrian) sedimentary rocks. Much of North Shropshire is a plain which is a basin of Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone. This basin continues north into Cheshire. Faulting has occurred within the sandstones, because of basin extension during and after the infilling of the basin. Escarpments form small prominent hills within the plain. The basin is bounded on the east by the Hodnet Fault, which runs roughly from Shrewsbury to Market Drayton. East of this fault the sandstone is thinner. In the north west of the county near Oswestry are outcrops of Carboniferous Limestone and the Coal Measures. The Shropshire Hills AONB. were formed on a continental shelf, but buckled up into hills at the time of a continental collision: the","title":"Geology of Shropshire"},{"docid":"6878402","text":"Lionel Robbins' Essay (1932, 1935, 2nd ed., 158 pp.) sought to define more precisely economics as a science and to derive substantive implications. Analysis is relative to \"accepted solutions of particular problems\" based on best modern practice as referenced, especially including the works of Philip Wicksteed, Ludwig von Mises, and other Continental European economists. Robbins disclaims originality but expresses hope to have given expository force on a very few points to some principles \"not always clearly stated\" (1935, pp. xiv-xvi) Major propositions Robbins develops and defends several propositions about the relation of scarcity to economics and of economic theory to science, including the following. \"Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.\" (1935, p. 15) \"Economics is not about certain kinds of behaviour,\" but \"a certain aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity.\" (pp. 16–17) \"Economics is entirely neutral between ends; ... in so far as any end is dependent on scarce means, it is germane to the preoccupations of the economist.\" (p. 24) \"[W]ealth is not wealth because of its substantial properties. It is wealth because it is scarce.\" (p. 47) \"The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility ..., whether true or false, can never be verified by observation or introspection.\" ... [Nor does it] \"justify the inference that transferences from rich to poor would increase total satisfaction... Interesting as a development of an ethical postulate, [such an effect] does not at all follow from the positive assumptions of pure theory.\" (pp. 137, 141) Economics as science is about \"ascertainable facts\" of the positive as distinct from normative (ethical) judgments on economic policy. (p. 148). The definition of economics above has been described as \"central to the arguments presented\" that followed in the Essay and as redefining economics in marginalist terms and thereby \"destroy[ing] the view classical economists had of their science.\" Robbins argued that, at a certain stage in the development of the subject, an insufficiently restrictive and unifying definition multiplies activities of economists away from filling in explanatory gaps of the theory and solving problems posed by the subject (pp. 3–4). The Essay has been described as different from earlier writings on economic methodology in generating a range of tightly argued, radical implications from a simple definition, for example in admitting an aspect of behaviour (rather than a list of behaviours) but not limiting the subject-matter of economics, provided that the influence of scarcity impinges on these (pp. 16–17). The broad behavioural definition is credited for its consistency with the expanding boundaries of economics decades later. In this Robbins both narrows the definition of economics, thereby demonstrating the usefulness of deduction, and opens up the subject-matter of economics. Influence Robbins's Essay is one of the most-cited works on the methodology and philosophy of economics for the period 1932–1960. Arguments therein have been widely accepted on the demarcation of economics as science from discussion of recommendations on economic policy. In that period, economists","title":"An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science"},{"docid":"49092818","text":"Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics is a 2007 book by philosopher and politician Roberto Mangabeira Unger. In the book, Unger criticizes the doctrine holding that maximization of free trade should be the commanding goal of the worldwide trading regime, contending that this doctrine is misguided. Instead, Unger argues, the goal of an open worldwide trading regime should be reconciled with measures that foster national and regional diversity, deviation, heresy, and experiment in production, markets and economies. Unger further explores how the tradition of marginalism has rendered the discipline of economics incapable of offering deep insight into the problems of trade and of the global division of labor. Reception Francisco Rodríguez wrote a detailed and laudatory review of Free Trade Reimagined for the Journal of Economic Literature. Noting that Unger \"deliberately eschews\" the language of economics, Rodriguez describes Unger's project in Free Trade Reimagined as follows: Unger's critique is directed at the practical case for free trade that is premised on the theory of comparative advantage. His central contention is that the model of comparative advantage is too partial, incomplete, and empirically inaccurate to permit the drawing out of the general broad policy implications which are commonly attributed to it. Unger's interest is not in theoretical debates in economics, but rather in the broader process of formulation of trade policy and the design of the institutions of the world trading system. Rodriguez identifies and examines the three basic points that make up Unger's central argument: That trade theory is fundamentally incomplete. That international competition and political institutions can have significant effect on technological progress. That the political economy case for free trade is flawed. Rodriguez notes that \"this is not the first time that someone has come up with a reasonable case for trade protection—indeed ... the literature is filled with this type of argument.\" But, Rodriguez notes, Unger is less skeptical of state intervention in markets because, unlike many economists, Unger does not view a state's vulnerability to \"rent-seeking behaviors\" as given, but sees this vulnerability as variable depending on the power of various groups in a society, the nature of bureaucracy, and the openness of the political process. Rodriguez states that \"[w]hile many of the basic ideas proposed by Unger make sense, some of the implications that he draws from them appear problematic.\" But Rodriguez's final assessment of Free Trade Reimagined is a positive one: Unger's book is valuable because it puts together a set of ideas—some of them well-known, others new—into a coherent proposal for a different approach to free trade than the one that today finds overwhelming acceptance in policy circles and among academic economists. The fact that some of these ideas had been developed by economists shows that there is not as much distance as could appear between what Unger is claiming and what our profession has found. What is novel is the way in which Unger puts together these distinct observations into a well-thought out case that","title":"Free Trade Reimagined"},{"docid":"45150808","text":"James Alfred Field (May 26, 1880 – July 16, 1927) was an American economist and Professor of Political Economy at the University of Chicago, known as one of the proponents of institutional economics and as demographer, who contributed to the theory of population and its history. Life and work Born in Milton, Massachusetts, Field obtained his MS in economics at Harvard University in 1903, and continued to do post-graduate work at Harvard and at the University of Berlin. Field started his academic career in 1903 as assistant in economics at Harvard University, and became Austin teaching fellow in economics for a year, and instructor in 1906 to 1908. From 1906 to 1908 he was also instructor in economics at Radcliffe College. In 1908 he started at the University of Chicago as instructor in economics, and was promoted assistant professor in 1910, associate professor in 1913, and full professor in 1918 until his death in 1927. In the year 1923-24 he was also dean of the College of Arts and Literature. Field was also known as founding president of the Illinois Birth Control League, and associate editor of the Journal of Political Economy, and during World War I was special investigator for the Council of National Defense in its division of statistics. He was elected fellow of the American Statistical Association. Work Field came into prominence in the years from 1913 to 1919, when he was involved with professor of Economics Leon C. Marshall and the economic historian Chester W. Wright in \"attempts to move economics instruction away from the 'rigorous drill in orthodox theory' or the 'straight-jacket of conventional theory' to a method of instruction emphasizing the development of economic institutions, inquiry into current problems and issues, and fostering of creativity and originality (field 1917). To this end, they produced a book of readings to supplement the usual texts (Marshall, Wright, and Field 1913).\" Essays on population, and other papers, 1931 In a 1931 review of \"Essays on population, and other papers...\" in The Eugenics Review Norman E. Himes (1899-1949), wrote: THIS volume, by one of the greatest demographers America has produced, is a notable contribution to population thought and its history. An original, meticulously accurate scholar, Field has, unfortunately, been little known to European, and especially to Continental scholars. It is a great service, therefore, that one of his students should collect his more important scattered papers and notes, and edit them so ably. The solidity of the volume is matched by a felicity of literary presentation rarely found among economic writers; a combination especially refreshing in this day in America when, with growing numbers in our colleges, almost every underpaid professor becomes the hack author of a dull, poorly-written text-book.The range of topics is wide. Part I contains twelve essays on eugenics, birth control, and Malthusianism, the treatment being essentially historical and critical. Part II collects three papers on economics and statistics, while Part III is a catalogue of the author's library on population. Since the Dictionary of","title":"James A. Field"},{"docid":"4244346","text":"The permanent income hypothesis (PIH) is a model in the field of economics to explain the formation of consumption patterns. It suggests consumption patterns are formed from future expectations and consumption smoothing. The theory was developed by Milton Friedman and published in his A Theory of Consumption Function, published in 1957 and subsequently formalized by Robert Hall in a rational expectations model. Originally applied to consumption and income, the process of future expectations is thought to influence other phenomena. In its simplest form, the hypothesis states changes in permanent income (human capital, property, assets), rather than changes in temporary income (unexpected income), are what drive changes in consumption. The formation of consumption patterns opposite to predictions was an outstanding problem faced by the Keynesian orthodoxy. Friedman's predictions of consumption smoothing, where people spread out transitory changes in income over time, departed from the traditional Keynesian emphasis on a higher marginal propensity to consume out of current income. Income consists of a permanent (anticipated and planned) component and a transitory (unexpected and surprising) component. In the permanent income hypothesis model, the key determinant of consumption is an individual's lifetime income, not their current income. Unlike permanent income, transitory incomes are volatile. Background and history Until A Theory of Consumption Function, the Keynesian absolute income hypothesis and interpretation of the consumption function were the most advanced and sophisticated. In its post-war synthesis, the Keynesian perspective was responsible for pioneering many innovations in recession management, economic history, and macroeconomics. Like the neoclassical school that preceded it, early inconsistencies had their roots in socio-political events contrary to the predictions put forward. The introduction of the absolute income hypothesis is often attributed to John Maynard Keynes, a British economist, who wrote several books which are now the basis for Keynesian economics. The hypothesis put forward by Keynes was accepted and placed into the post–war synthesis. However, inconsistencies were not resolved swiftly, and economists were unable to explain the consistency of the savings rate in the face of rising real incomes (Fig. 1). Before the neoclassical synthesis was established, Keynes and his hypothesis challenged the orthodoxy of neoclassical economics. As a result of the Great Depression, Keynes rapidly became among the leaders of economic thought. His MPC and MPS spending multipliers developed into the absolute income hypothesis (), and were influential to the government responses to the ensuing depression. Origins The American economist Milton Friedman developed the permanent income hypothesis in his 1957 book A Theory of the Consumption Function. In his book, Friedman posits a theory that explained how and why future expectations change consumption. Friedman's 1957 book A Theory of the Consumption Function created the basis for consumption smoothing. He argued the consumption model, in which outcomes are stochastic, where consumers face risks and uncertainty to their labor incomes, complicates interpretations of indifference curves, and causes consumers to spread out or 'smooth' their spending based on their permanent income, which represents their anticipated income over their lifetimes. Friedman explains this by how, for example,","title":"Permanent income hypothesis"},{"docid":"5331","text":"The people of Chad speak more than 100 languages and divide themselves into many ethnic groups. However, language and ethnicity are not the same. Moreover, neither element can be tied to a particular physical type. Although the possession of a common language shows that its speakers have lived together and have a common history, peoples also change languages. This is particularly so in Chad, where the openness of the terrain, marginal rainfall, frequent drought and famine, and low population densities have encouraged physical and linguistic mobility. Slave raids among non-Muslim peoples, internal slave trade, and exports of captives northward from the ninth to the twentieth centuries also have resulted in language changes. Anthropologists view ethnicity as being more than genetics. Like language, ethnicity implies a shared heritage, partly economic, where people of the same ethnic group may share a livelihood, and partly social, taking the form of shared ways of doing things and organizing relations among individuals and groups. Ethnicity also involves a cultural component made up of shared values and a common worldview. Like language, ethnicity is not immutable. Shared ways of doing things change over time and alter a group's perception of its own identity. Not only do the social aspects of ethnic identity change but the biological composition (or gene pool) also may change over time. Although most ethnic groups emphasize intermarriage, people are often proscribed from seeking partners among close relatives—a prohibition that promotes biological variation. In all groups, the departure of some individuals or groups and the integration of others also changes the biological component. The Chadian government has avoided official recognition of ethnicity. With the exception of a few surveys conducted shortly after independence, little data were available on this important aspect of Chadian society. Nonetheless, ethnic identity was a significant component of life in Chad. The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from Eastern, Central, Western, and Northern Africa. Chad's languages fall into ten major groups, each of which belongs to either the Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic, or Niger–Congo language family. These represent three of the four major language families in Africa; only the Khoisan languages of southern Africa are not represented. The presence of such different languages suggests that the Lake Chad Basin may have been an important point of dispersal in ancient times. Population According to the total population was in , compared to only 2 429 000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 45.4%, 51.7% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.9% was 65 years or the country is projected to have a population of 34 millions peoples in 2050 and 61 millions peoples in 2100 . Vital statistics Registration of vital events is in Chad not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022 Fertility and births Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Fertility data as of 2014-2015 (DHS Program): Religions The separation","title":"Demographics of Chad"},{"docid":"220366","text":"Methodenstreit (German for \"method dispute\"), in intellectual history beyond German-language discourse, was an economics controversy commenced in the 1880s and persisting for more than a decade, between that field's Austrian School and the (German) Historical School. The debate concerned the place of general theory in social science and the use of history in explaining the dynamics of human action. It also touched on policy and political issues, including the roles of the individual and state. Nevertheless, methodological concerns were uppermost and some early members of the Austrian School also defended a form of welfare state, as prominently advocated by the Historical School. When the debate opened, Carl Menger developed the Austrian School's standpoint, and Gustav von Schmoller defended the approach of the Historical School. (In German-speaking countries, the original of this Germanism is not specific to the one controversy—which is likely to be specified as Methodenstreit der Nationalökonomie, i.e. \"Methodenstreit of national economics\".) History Background The Historical School contended that economists could develop new and better social laws from the collection and study of statistics and historical materials, and distrusted theories not derived from historical experience. Thus, the German Historical School focused on specific dynamic institutions as the largest variable in changes in political economy. The Historical School were themselves reacting against materialist determinism, the idea that human action could, and would (once science advanced enough), be explained as physical and chemical reactions. The Austrian School, beginning with the work of Carl Menger in the 1860s, argued against this (in Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre, English title: Principles of Economics), that economics was the work of philosophical logic and could only ever be about developing rules from first principles — seeing human motives and social interaction as far too complex to be amenable to statistical analysis — and purporting to deduce universally valid precepts from human actions. Menger and the German Historical School The first move was when Carl Menger attacked Schmoller and the German Historical School, in his 1883 book Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences, with Special Reference to Political Economics (Untersuchungen über die Methode der Socialwissenschaften, und der politischen Ökonomie insbesondere). Menger thought the best method of studying economics was through reason and finding general theories which applied to broad areas. Menger, as did the other Austrians, concentrated upon the subjective, atomistic nature of economics. He emphasized the subjective factors. He said the grounds for economics were built upon self-interest, evaluation on the margin, and incomplete knowledge. He said aggregative, collective ideas could not have adequate foundation unless they rested upon individual components. The direct attack on the German Historical School lead Schmoller to respond quickly with an unfavourable and quite hostile review of Menger's book. Menger accepted the challenge and replied in a passionate pamphlet, written in the form of letters to a friend, in which he (according to Hayek) \"ruthlessly demolished Schmoller's position\". The encounter between the masters was soon imitated by their disciples. A degree of hostility not often equaled in scientific controversy developed.","title":"Methodenstreit"},{"docid":"4607613","text":"An oceanic or submarine plateau is a large, relatively flat elevation that is higher than the surrounding relief with one or more relatively steep sides. There are 184 oceanic plateaus in the world, covering an area of or about 5.11% of the oceans. The South Pacific region around Australia and New Zealand contains the greatest number of oceanic plateaus (see map). Oceanic plateaus produced by large igneous provinces are often associated with hotspots, mantle plumes, and volcanic islands — such as Iceland, Hawaii, Cape Verde, and Kerguelen. The three largest plateaus, the Caribbean, Ontong Java, and Mid-Pacific Mountains, are located on thermal swells. Other oceanic plateaus, however, are made of rifted continental crust, for example the Falkland Plateau, Lord Howe Rise, and parts of Kerguelen, Seychelles, and Arctic ridges. Plateaus formed by large igneous provinces were formed by the equivalent of continental flood basalts such as the Deccan Traps in India and the Snake River Plain in the United States. In contrast to continental flood basalts, most igneous oceanic plateaus erupt through young and thin () mafic or ultra-mafic crust and are therefore uncontaminated by felsic crust and representative for their mantle sources. These plateaus often rise above the surrounding ocean floor and are more buoyant than oceanic crust. They therefore tend to withstand subduction, more-so when thick and when reaching subduction zones shortly after their formations. As a consequence, they tend to \"dock\" to continental margins and be preserved as accreted terranes. Such terranes are often better preserved than the exposed parts of continental flood basalts and are therefore a better record of large-scale volcanic eruptions throughout Earth's history. This \"docking\" also means that oceanic plateaus are important contributors to the growth of continental crust. Their formations often had a dramatic impact on global climate, such as the most recent plateaus formed, the three, large, Cretaceous oceanic plateaus in the Pacific and Indian Ocean: Ontong Java, Kerguelen, and Caribbean. Role in crust–mantle recycling Geologists believe that igneous oceanic plateaus may well represent a stage in the development of continental crust as they are generally less dense than oceanic crust while still being denser than normal continental crust. Density differences in crustal material largely arise from different ratios of various elements, especially silicon. Continental crust has the highest amount of silicon (such rock is called felsic). Oceanic crust has a smaller amount of silicon (mafic rock). Igneous oceanic plateaus have a ratio intermediate between continental and oceanic crust, although they are more mafic than felsic. However, when a plate carrying oceanic crust subducts under a plate carrying an igneous oceanic plateau, the volcanism which erupts on the plateau as the oceanic crust heats up on its descent into the mantle erupts material which is more felsic than the material which makes up the plateau. This represents a step toward creating crust which is increasingly continental in character, being less dense and more buoyant. If an igneous oceanic plateau is subducted underneath another one, or under existing continental crust, the eruptions","title":"Oceanic plateau"},{"docid":"18816165","text":"The geology of British Columbia is a function of its location on the leading edge of the North American continent. The mountainous physiography and the diversity of the different types and ages of rock hint at the complex geology, which is still undergoing revision despite a century of exploration and mapping. The province's most prominent geological features are its mountain ranges, including the North American Cordillera which stretches from Southern Mexico to Alaska. Terrane theory Terrane theory was first proposed by Jim Monger of the Geological Survey of Canada and Charlie Rouse in 1971 as an explanation for a set of fusulinid fossils that were found in central British Columbia. Rather than suggest that facies changes or seaways were behind this (which were common explanations at the time), the two geologists proposed that the fossils in question had been part of an assemblage of rocks that had migrated across the Pacific Ocean to their present location. This theory was then developed by Porter Irwin and Davy Jones of the US Geological Survey to its common definition of \"fault-bounded regional geologic entities, each characterized by a different geologic history than its neighbours.\". Terranes are most commonly associated with different tectonic elements such as island arcs, volcanic plateaus, subduction zones, continental margins, mid-oceanic ridges, and continental fragments. These terranes are gradually joined together by elements such as overlap formations and stitching plutons and are then accreted to the continent. In some cases, a terrane can contain multiple tectonic elements. The Cache Creek Terrane is composed of a massive carbonate component, an oceanic floor component, and a subduction mélange component. Architecture and composition There are five morphogeological belts that define the geology of British Columbia from east to west: the Foreland, Omineca, Intermontane, Coast, and Insular Belt. Each has a unique geology, including different metamorphic, physiographic, metallogenic, and tectonic histories. The Foreland Belt is composed of weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks which are 1.4 billion to 33 million years old, and the belt represents a rift sequence followed by a passive margin that was turned into a retro arc fold and thrust belt with synorogenic sedimentation. The region is very rugged except in the northeast of the province where the earth flattens out to an expansive plain. The Omineca Belt is composed of highly metamorphosed, pericratonic (near craton) terranes and fragments of North America that are 2 billion to 180 million years old. Terranes in the belt include the Slide Mountain Terrane, the Yukon–Tanana Terrane, and the Cassiar Terrane. This belt goes from low hills to high mountains across its length, with the majority of the region being extremely rugged. The Intermontane Belt is a flatter, more rounded region composed of three terranes, Stikinia, Quesnellia, and the Cache Creek Terrane. The belt has a lower metamorphic grade than the Omineca Belt and ranges from 400 million to 10,000 years old. Volcanic activity has been recorded as occurring in the past 10,000 years, including at Nazko Cone and in the Satah Mountain volcanic field. The","title":"Geology of British Columbia"},{"docid":"69098319","text":"Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy is an article by Friedrich Engels, first published in German in 1843 for the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher. The article has significance in relation to Marx critique of political economy, Engels like Marx, goes on to compare economists with theologians by referring to Adam Smith as the economic Luther. Very short summary For Engels, \"[...] everything in economics stands on its head. In addition the materialistic anthropology of Marx's early works, the formulation of historical materialism became predominant contributions to writings regarding the critique of political economy. Within Marxism this is considered one of the most important subjects which has led to a great deal of academic discussion and pursuit within and outside academic circles. Summary of the entire article Engels begin the article by claiming that \"Political economy came into being as a natural result of the expansion of trade, and with its appearance elementary, unscientific huckstering was replaced by a developed system of licensed fraud, an entire science of enrichment.\". Engels then goes on to critique and tell the history of the making of the mercantile system as a system to gain competitive advantage. Mercantilism claimed that there was a need to always make sure that one had to export more than import. This led to that \"The art of the economists [...] consisted in ensuring that [...] exports should show a favourable balance over imports; and for the sake of this ridiculous illusion thousands of men have been slaughtered!\" After this Engels pointed out that while the eighteenth century revolutionized economics, it only did so partly. This movement didn't get rid of the Christian contempt for and humiliation of Man, but rather postited nature as the Absolute which confronted Man. Thereafter he declared that politicians havn't examined the premises of the state, and that it didn't occur to economics to question the very validity of private property. The new economy was hence obliged to disavow its own premises and recourse to hypocrisy. The premises of the economy begot the modern slavery and factory system. Engels viewed Smiths new system as a necessary advance, but also claimed that \"The nearer the economists come to the present time, the further they depart from honesty.\" Engels then goes on to critique the concept of \"national wealth\", as well as \"national economy\"(Nationalökonomie, today \"economics\").Engels further explains how the immediate consequence of private property is trade - which due to the fact that every actor in this activity must aim to dupe the other, legalised fraud. The mercantile system is viewed by Engels as an expression of the mutual hostility, which were the logical consequence of trade. It was not until the extorted trade treaties, commercial wars, and isolation of the nations offended to greatly that Smiths humanity, which was rooted in the expansion of mutual trade. However this was merely friendly endeavors for the sake of the profit margin, a principle immanent in the very nature of trade. This hypocritical way of misusing morality for immoral","title":"Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy"},{"docid":"59412024","text":"The African country of Ethiopia has made massive strides towards alleviating poverty since 2000 when it was assessed that their poverty rate was one of the greatest among all other countries. The country has made great strides in different areas of the Millennium Development Goals including eradicating various diseases and decreasing the rate of child mortality. Despite these improvements, poverty is still extremely high within the country. One of the leading factors in driving down poverty was the expansion of the agricultural sector. Poor farmers have been able to set higher food prices to increase their sales and revenue, but this expansion has come at a cost to the poorest citizens of the country, as they could not afford the higher priced food. One of the biggest challenges to alleviating this issue is changing the structure of Ethiopia's economy from an agricultural-based economy to a more industry-based economy. The current strategy for addressing poverty in Ethiopia is by building on existing government systems and development programs that are already in place within the country. Marginality Due to the lack of progress in reducing the rate of poverty in Ethiopia, a map of marginality was created for the region to survey the state of poverty. In Marginality as a Root Cause of Poverty: Identifying Marginality Hotspots in Ethiopia, Gatzweiler defines marginality as \"an involuntary position and condition of an individual or group at the margins of social, political, economic, ecological, and biophysical systems, that prevent them from access to resources, assets, services, restraining freedom of choice, preventing the development of capabilities, and eventually causing extreme poverty\". Marginality does not operate as a means to analyze the causes of poverty, rather it serves as a main cause of poverty itself and calls for a deeper analysis of the position of individuals within their society. Marginality directly deals with social webs and systems and how individuals have a sociological effects on the essential functions of everyday society. There are hotspots of marginality in the South-West and North regions of the country. Some strong indications of high marginality among poor agro-ecological conditions and ethnically homogeneous areas. The agro-ecological zones with the highest levels of marginality were found among the Kolla and Bertha zones, both of which have extremely arid temperatures. The study also found that areas of high marginality had one ethnicity that made \"up more than 95% of the population\". The study estimates that almost 6 million people live in marginal hotspot areas. 1984 famine in Ethiopia The famine in Ethiopia in 1984 served as the beginning of a country-wide famine that lasted for at least 20 years after the crisis itself. According to the study Hunger and Poverty in Ethiopia: local perceptions of famine and famine response, \"In 2003, up to 15 million people were considered food insecure.\" 2002 served as a key year where food security was extremely low, and that food production since the initial famine was on a continual decline throughout various political regimes. The strategy was to improve","title":"Poverty in Ethiopia"},{"docid":"4139295","text":"Sedimentary exhalative deposits (SEDEX or SedEx deposits) are zinc-lead deposits originally interpreted to have been formed by discharge of metal-bearing basinal fluids onto the seafloor resulting in the precipitation of mainly stratiform ore, often with thin laminations of sulfide minerals. SEDEX deposits are hosted largely by clastic rocks deposited in intracontinental rifts or failed rift basins and passive continental margins. Since these ore deposits frequently form massive sulfide lenses, they are also named sediment-hosted massive sulfide (SHMS) deposits, as opposed to volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits. The sedimentary appearance of the thin laminations led to early interpretations that the deposits formed exclusively or mainly by exhalative processes onto the seafloor, hence the term SEDEX. However, recent study of numerous deposits indicates that shallow subsurface replacement is also an important process, in several deposits the predominant one, with only local if any exhalations onto the seafloor. For this reason, some authors prefer the term clastic-dominated zinc-lead deposits. As used today, therefore, the term SEDEX is not to be taken to mean that hydrothermal fluids actually vented into the overlying water column, although this may have occurred in some cases. Main ore minerals in SEDEX deposits are fine-grained sphalerite and galena, chalcopyrite is significant in some deposits; silver-bearing sulfosalts are frequent minor constituents; pyrite is always present and can be a minor component or the dominant sulfide, as it is the case in massive sulfide bodies; barite content is common to absent, locally economic. SEDEX deposits are typified, among others, by Red Dog, McArthur River, Mount Isa, Rammelsberg, Sullivan. SEDEX deposits are the most important source of lead and zinc, and a major contributor of silver and copper. Genetic model Fluid and metal sources The source of metals and mineralizing solutions for SEDEX deposits is deep formational saline waters and brines that leach metals from clastic sedimentary rocks and the underlying basement. The fluids derived their salinity from the evaporation of seawater and may have been mixed with meteoric water and pore water squeezed out of the sediments. Metals such as lead, copper and zinc are found in a trace amount in clastic and magmatic rocks. Saline waters may reach temperatures higher than 200°C in deeper parts of the basin. Hydrothermal fluid compositions are estimated to have a salinity of up to 23% NaCl eq. Hot, moderately acidic, saline waters, are able to carry significant amounts of lead, zinc, silver and other metals. Deposition The mineralizing fluids are conducted upwards along permeable feeders, in particular basin-bounding faults. Feeders which host the hydrothermal flow can show evidence of this flow due to development of hydrothermal breccias, quartz and carbonate veining and pervasive ankerite-siderite-chlorite-sericite alteration. The feeders themselves do not need to be mineralized Near the seafloor, beneath or onto it, the ascending metal-bearing fluids eventually cool down and may mix with cold slightly alkaline, less saline seawater triggering precipitation of metal sulfides. If mixing takes place subseafloor, extensive replacement develops. If the discharge is onto the seafloor, stratiform deposits of chemical precipitates may","title":"Sedimentary exhalative deposits"},{"docid":"29208825","text":"The Greek civil wars of 1823–1825 occurred alongside the Greek War of Independence. The conflict had both political and regional dimensions, as it pitted the Roumeliotes, who lived in mainland Greece, and shipowners from the Islands, primarily Hydra island, against the Peloponnesians or Moreotes. It divided the nation, and seriously weakened the military preparedness of the Greek forces in the face of the oncoming Egyptian intervention in the conflict. Background By the end of March 1821, Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottoman Empire and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had already captured Kalamata and Tripolitsa. After the fall of Kalamata, the Messenian Senate, the first of the Greeks' local governing councils, held its inaugural session. At almost the same time, the Achean Directorate was summoned in Patras. With the initiative of the Messenian Senate, a Peloponnesian assembly convened, and elected on May 26 a Senate. Assemblies convened also in Central Greece (November 1821) under the leadership of two Phanariots: Alexandros Mavrokordatos in the western part, and Theodoros Negris in the eastern part. These assemblies adopted two local statutes, the Charter of Western Continental Greece and the Legal Order of Eastern Continental Greece. The statutes provided for the creation of two local administrative organs in Central Greece, an Areopagus in the east, and a Senate in the west. The three local statutes were recognized by the First National Assembly, but were later dissolved by the Second National Assembly. The First National Assembly was formed at Epidaurus in late December 1821, consisted almost exclusively of Peloponnesian notables. The Assembly composed the first Greek Constitution and appointed the members of an executive and a legislative body that were to govern the liberated territories. Mavrokordatos saved the office of president of the executive for himself, while Ypsilantis, who had called for the Assembly, was elected president of the legislative body, a place of no significance. Military leaders and representative of Filiki Eteria were marginalized, but gradually Kolokotronis' political influence grew, and he soon managed to control, along with the captains he influenced, the Peloponnesian Senate, which was not dissolved by the National Assembly. The Senate actually governed Peloponnese, while the central government was too weak to exercise its power. Seeing the impasse and the growing power of the Peloponnesian captains, Mavrokordatos and the Hydriots proposed the dissolution of the Senate and its incorporation into the National Assembly. Mavromichalis accepted the proposal, but the military leaders rejected it. After the rejection of the proposal, the central administration tried to marginalize Kolokotronis. In November 1822, the central administration promulgated the law for the election of representative for the new National Assembly, but Kolokotronis defied the law, and declared that Peloponnese will organize its own assembly for the elections of the new members of the Senate. First civil war The provisional government decided that the National Assembly would take place in Nafplio (taken meanwhile in the end of December 1822), and asked Kolokotronis to return the fort to the government. Kolokotronis refused,","title":"Greek civil wars of 1823–1825"},{"docid":"74119545","text":"The Francophone economy includes 54 member countries of the OIF, with a total population of more than 1.2 billion people, whose official language or one of the official languages or languages of education is French. The French-speaking world is often associated with the use of the French language and one of the many French-speaking cultures, but it also has significant economic potential, which remains largely under-exploited, particularly by multinationals, private French-speaking groups and academic researchers, who still publish and communicate with the outside world mainly in English. This French-speaking world represents a significant economic potential due to the size of its market and the diversity of its member economies. According to an OIF report (2022), the French-speaking economic area accounts for 25% of world GDP, 28% of world trade and 23% of the world's energy and mining resources. The countries of the French-speaking world also include several emerging countries, notably in West and Central Africa, which are experiencing rapid economic growth. Other areas where French is historically or officially spoken include so called \"developed countries\" like parts of the United States (particularly Louisiana, New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine), Eastern Canada, Western Europe and parts of Oceania. In addition, member economies of the Francophonie often share similar characteristics, such as colonial history, trade links and common legal practices (for example the Napoleonic Code), which can facilitate trade and investment between these countries. The OIF also provides a political and institutional framework for economic cooperation, for example through the creation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA – also officially in French : Zone de libre-échange continentale africaine – ZLECAf) – a free trade agreement between 54 African countries, including many OIF members – or the Eurozone, the European Union, the Comprehensive and Deep Free Trade Agreement and the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, all of which overlap with a number of OIF members and share French as a working and official language. Definition To properly define the Francophone economy, a number of factors need to be considered: the official language of the country, region or area involved in a trade transaction; the language in which goods and services are exchanged (contracts, bank transactions, amicable markets, barter, etc.); the official language of the \"customer\" country, region or economic zone. Belonging to a common linguistic area tends to encourage privileged trade between countries belonging to this area. Empirical studies, not limited to the French-speaking world, have shown that sharing a common language has a positive impact on the development of trade flows, but this is also true for investment flows and migratory flows. Cultural proximity, which is fostered by sharing a common language, has a positive influence on trust between economic players, and mutual trust between two countries has a positive impact on their bilateral trade flows. History The historical contours and beginnings of economic relations between French-speaking countries can be traced back to the first official use of French as a language of state and trade (Val d'Aoste, France, Savoie) in","title":"Francophone economy"},{"docid":"185944","text":"Anglocentrism is the perceived cultural, economical, historical, political and social bias, ethnocentrism or dominance in favor of Anglo-Saxon or Anglophone perspectives, often to the marginalization of other cultures in various aspects of global affairs. Historically, the phenomenon stems from the British Empire's extensive influence and the global spread of the English language that often manifests encompassing various aspects of life, including literature, media, politics, and cultural norms on a global scale. Critics argue that anglocentrism can contribute to a limited worldview and hinder global inclusivity by overshadowing the rich diversity of global cultures and histories, and highlight the acknowledgement of the contributions of various societies beyond the Anglosphere. Proponents may assert its role in shaping major global institutions and fostering common linguistic and legal frameworks. The term is subject to ongoing discourse and analysis in discussions surrounding cultural diversity, globalization, and international relations. Anglocentrism often manifests in the prioritization of occidentalist perspectives in international discourse, media, and diplomacy. It is important to note that while this phenomenon is commonly associated with cultural imperialism, it can also be unintentional. Historic context The historical roots of Anglocentrism can be traced back to the widespread influence of the British Empire during the 19th and 20th centuries which spanned several centuries, controlled vast swathes across the globe, and had a profound impact on global culture and power dynamics. At its zenith, the English language became a dominant force, contributing to the propagation of anglocentric cultural norms and values.This historic legacy continues to reinforcing the perception of its superiority today. Cultural and linguistic imperialism Anglocentrism is often evident in the global linguistic landscape, i.e media, movies, music; in international business, communication, diplomacy; and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics where English language serves as the global lingua franca. This linguistic imperialism can impact the representation of diverse cultures and languages, potentially marginalizing non-anglophone perspectives, and contributing to a global communication imbalance where non-native English speakers may face challenges in having their voices heard, and accessing resources and opportunities. Hollywood, for example, has played a pivotal role in shaping global popular culture, sometimes overshadowing local cultural expressions.The global dissemination of anglophone movies and TV shows contributes to the perception of English culture as normative.This phenomenon has raised debates about cultural imperialism and the preservation of diverse cultural identities. Neocolonialism Anglocentrism also extends into the political and economic realms, where anglophone countries often hold significant influence in intergovernmental organizations like United Nations and financial institutions like International Monetary Fund and World Bank. This influence has implications for global policies, trade agreements, and the distribution of resources, prompting discussions about fairness and representation. Criticism and challenges Critics argue that Anglocentrism may perpetuate to cultural homogenization, stifling linguistic and cultural diversity through educational systems that prioritize anglocentric literature and history, leading to a distorted worldview that hinders mutual understanding among diverse societies. Additionally, some contend that it perpetuates an anglocentric worldview, limiting the understanding of alternative cultural paradigms. It may lead to the permanent indigenous linguicide and the marginalization of","title":"Anglocentrism"},{"docid":"27282","text":"Politics in Senegal takes place within the framework of a presidential democratic republic. The President of Senegal is the head of state and government. Executive power in Senegal is concentrated in the president's hands. While legislative power is technically vested in both the government and the parliament, the parliament rarely introduces legislation or votes down legislation proposed by the government. Similarly, although the Judiciary is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislature, the executive branch seems to exert undue control over the judiciary. Senegal is one of the few African states that has never experienced a coup d'état or exceptionally harsh authoritarianism. Léopold Senghor, the first president after independence, resigned in 1981, handing over the office of president to his Prime Minister, Abdou Diouf. The present president, Macky Sall, was elected in competitive democratic elections in March 2012. President Sall was re-elected in 2019. Senegal has a reputation for transparency in government operations. The level of economic corruption that has damaged the development of the economies in other parts of the world is very low. Today Senegal has a democratic political culture, being part of one of the most successful democratic transitions in Africa. Introduction Political system The President is elected by universal adult suffrage to a 5-year term (before: to a 7-year term). The unicameral National Assembly has 150 members, who are elected separately from the President. The Socialist Party dominated the National Assembly until April 2001, when in free and fair legislative elections, President Wade's coalition won a majority (90 of 150 seats). The Cour Suprême (Highest Appeals Court, equivalent to the U.S. Supreme Court) and the Constitutional Council, the justices of which are named by the President, are the nation's highest tribunals. Senegal is divided into 11 administrative regions, each headed by a governor appointed by and responsible to the President. The law on decentralization, which came into effect in January 1998, distributed significant central government authority to regional assemblies. Political culture Senegal's principal political party was for 40 years the Socialist Party (PS). Its domination of political life came to an end in March 2000, when Abdoulaye Wade, the leader of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) and leader of the opposition for more than 25 years, won the presidency. Under the terms of a 2016 amendment to the 2001 constitution, future presidents will serve for 5 years and be limited to two terms. Sall was the last President to be elected to a 7-year term. President Wade advanced a liberal agenda for Senegal, including privatizations and other market-opening measures. He had a strong interest in raising Senegal's regional and international profile. The country, nevertheless, has limited means with which to implement ambitious ideas. The liberalization of the economy is proceeding, but at a slow pace. Senegal continues to play a significant role in regional and international organizations. President Wade has made excellent relations with the United States a high priority. There are presently some 72 political parties, most of which are marginal and little more","title":"Politics of Senegal"},{"docid":"6255","text":"Carl Menger von Wolfensgrün (; ; 28 February 1840 – 26 February 1921) was an Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of economics. Menger contributed to the development of the theories of marginalism and marginal utility, which rejected cost-of-production theory of value, such as developed by the classical economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo. As a departure from such, he would go on to call his resultant perspective, the subjective theory of value. Biography Family and education Carl Menger von Wolfensgrün was born in the city of Neu-Sandez in Galicia, Austrian Empire, which is now Nowy Sącz in Poland. He was the son of a wealthy family of minor nobility; his father, Anton Menger, was a lawyer. His mother, Caroline Gerżabek, was the daughter of a wealthy Bohemian merchant. He had two brothers, Anton and Max, both prominent as lawyers. His son, Karl Menger, was a mathematician who taught for many years at Illinois Institute of Technology. After attending gymnasium he studied law at the Universities of Prague and Vienna and later received a doctorate in jurisprudence from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. In the 1860s Menger left school and enjoyed a stint as a journalist reporting and analyzing market news, first at the Lemberger Zeitung in Lemberg, Austrian Galicia (now Lviv, Ukraine) and later at the in Vienna. Career During the course of his newspaper work, he noticed a discrepancy between what the classical economics he was taught in school said about price determination and what real world market participants believed. In 1867 Menger began a study of political economy which culminated in 1871 with the publication of his Principles of Economics (), thus becoming the father of the Austrian School of economic thought. It was in this work that he challenged classical cost-based theories of value with his theory of marginality – that price is determined at the margin. In 1872 Menger was enrolled into the law faculty at the University of Vienna and spent the next several years teaching finance and political economy both in seminars and lectures to a growing number of students. In 1873, he received the university's chair of economic theory at the very young age of 33. In 1876 Menger began tutoring Archduke Rudolf von Habsburg, the Crown Prince of Austria in political economy and statistics. For two years, Menger accompanied the prince during his travels, first through continental Europe and then later through the British Isles. He is also thought to have assisted the crown prince in the composition of a pamphlet, published anonymously in 1878, which was highly critical of the higher Austrian aristocracy. His association with the prince would last until Rudolf's suicide in 1889. In 1878 Rudolf's father, Emperor Franz Joseph, appointed Menger to the chair of political economy at Vienna. The title of Hofrat was conferred on him, and he was appointed to the Austrian in 1900. Dispute with the historical school Ensconced in his professorship, he set about refining and defending the","title":"Carl Menger"},{"docid":"12151","text":"Guam is a two-party presidential representative democracy, in which the Governor is the head of government. Guam is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States, with policy relations between Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs. Guam is also listed on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. Background The economic situation in Guam is currently dependent on the significant U.S. military presence there. Its status as a tourist destination for Japanese, Singaporeans and South Koreans also contributes to Guam's economy. It has also emerged as a destination for economic migrants from the Philippines working at lower-wage jobs in the hospitality industry. Debate over political status Maintenance of the status quo vis-à-vis the current political relationship between the territory and the United States is controversial. There is a significant movement in favor of the Territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a political status similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. Competing movements exist, which advocate political independence from the United States, statehood, or a combination with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory (not necessarily commonwealth). Therese M. Terlaje, Speaker of the Legislature of Guam, indicated support in 2018 for holding a plebiscite to allow Guamians to vote for their favored political status. These proposals, however, are not seen as favorable by the U.S. federal government, which argues Guam does not have the financial stability or self-sufficiency to warrant such status. They cite Guam's increasing reliance on Federal spending as evidence, and question how commonwealth status or statehood would benefit the United States as a whole. A portion of the people on Guam favors a modified version of the current Territorial status, involving greater autonomy from the federal government (similar to the autonomy of individual States). Perceived indifference by the U.S. Congress regarding a change-of-status petition submitted by Guam has led many to feel that the territory is being deprived of the benefits of a more equitable union with the United States. Past referenda on political status January 1982 status referendum In January 1982, a referendum on Guam's status was held, with a 49.49% plurality of voters favoring commonwealth status, with 25.65% favoring statehood, the second most popular option. 10.19% said they supported the status quo, while 5.40% supported U.S. incorporated territory status. 3.9% of voters favored a free association agreement with the U.S., while independence was the least popular option, garnering 3.82% support. September 1982 status referendum A second referendum with the two most popular options in the original vote (commonwealth status and statehood) was held in September 1982. By a 72.82% to 27.18% margin, Guamanians voted in favor of commonwealth status over statehood. However, Guam has not received commonwealth status, and remains an unincorporated territory. Future referenda In 2000, the Guam Legislature authorized the creation of a non-binding vote to allow native inhabitants of Guam to cast their votes in favor of statehood, a free association agreement, or outright independence from the United States. In 2017,","title":"Politics of Guam"},{"docid":"35513678","text":"Corruption in Albania is a very serious problem. According to Global Corruption Barometer 2013, 66% of respondents indicated that level of corruption has increased in Albania. Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index scores 180 countries according to the perceived corruption of the public sector and then ranks those countries by their score. In 2023, Albania scored 37 on a scale from 0 (\"highly corrupt\") to 100 (\"very clean\"). When ranked by score, Albania ranked 98th among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison with worldwide scores, the average score was 43, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180). For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Eastern European and Central Asian countries was 53, the average score was 35 and the lowest score was 18. Corruption is still considered one of the most problematic factors for establishing business in Albania. Even though anti-corruption legal framework of Albania is moderate, its enforcement is weak and corruption conviction rates are still very low. Corruption and Human Development in Albania After 1990, Albania has passed from a centralized economy to a liberal one. Liberalization has brought both mainly negative effects to the politics, economy and other social aspect. There are two main components that measure a country's progress toward success. Firstly, the economic growth is the most used and discussed indicator of the progress. During the last two decades the economists have been more interested in the economic development, consisting of the aggregate of health, education level and income rather than economic growth. Secondly, the corruption level is found to be a significant component of progress. Different researches have founded out a negative relationship between corruption level and countries’ progress. Empirical research of Hysa (2011) reveals that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between corruption indexes and human development. Empirical evidence of the study, comparing Albania with the EU member countries, suggests that more corrupted countries tend to have lower levels of human development. In the Albanian case, the relationship between corruption and human development is found to be much stronger than in the EU countries. See also Corruption in Kosovo International Anti-Corruption Academy Group of States Against Corruption International Anti-Corruption Day ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems United Nations Convention against Corruption OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Transparency International Notes References Politics of Albania Albania Albania","title":"Corruption in Albania"},{"docid":"13671081","text":"In economics, the marginal product of capital (MPK) is the additional production that a firm experiences when it adds an extra unit of input. It is a feature of the production function, alongside the labour input. Definition The marginal product of capital (MPK) is the additional output resulting, ceteris paribus (\"all things being equal\"), from the use of an additional unit of physical capital, such as machines or buildings used by businesses. The marginal product of capital (MPK) is the amount of extra output the firm gets from an extra unit of capital, holding the amount of labor constant: Thus, the marginal product of capital is the difference between the amount of output produced with K + 1 units of capital and that produced with only K units of capital. Determining marginal product of capital is essential when a firm is debating on whether or not to invest on the additional unit of capital. The decision of increasing the production is only beneficial if the MPK is higher than the cost of capital of each additional unit. Otherwise, if the cost of capital is higher, the firm will be losing profit when adding extra units of physical capital. This concept equals the reciprocal of the incremental capital-output ratio. Mathematically, it is the partial derivative of the production function with respect to capital. If production output , then Diminishing marginal returns One of the key assumptions in economics is diminishing returns, that is the marginal product of capital is positive but decreasing in the level of capital stock, or mathematically Graphically, this evidence can be observed by the curve shown on the graphic, which represents the effect of capital, K, on the output, Y. If the quantity of labor input, L, is hold fixed, the slope of the curve at any point resemble the marginal product of capital. In a low quantity of capital, such as point A, the slope is steeper than in point B, due to diminishing returns of capital. By other words, the additional unit of capital has diminishing productivity, once the increase on production becomes less and less significant, as K rises. Example Consider a furniture firm, in which labour input, that is, the number of employees is given as fixed, and capital input is translated in the number of machines of one of its factories. If the firm has no machines, it would produce zero furnitures. If there is one machine in the factory, sixteen furnitures would be produced. When there are two machines, twenty eight furnitures are built. However, as the number of machines available increase, the change in the output turns out to be less significant compared to the previous number. That fact can be observed in the marginal product which begins to decrease: diminishing marginal returns. This is justified by the fact that there is not enough employees to work with the extra machines, so the value that these additional units bring to the company, in terms of output generated, starts to decrease.","title":"Marginal product of capital"},{"docid":"26104444","text":"A water tariff (often called water rate in the United States and Canada) is a price assigned to water supplied by a public utility through a piped network to its customers. The term is also often applied to wastewater tariffs. Water and wastewater tariffs are not charged for water itself, but to recover the costs of water treatment, water storage, transporting it to customers, collecting and treating wastewater, as well as billing and collection. Prices paid for water itself are different from water tariffs. They exist in a few countries and are called water abstraction charges or fees. Abstraction charges are not covered in this article, but in the article on water pricing). Water tariffs vary widely in their structure and level between countries, cities and sometimes between user categories (residential, commercial, industrial or public buildings). The mechanisms to adjust tariffs also vary widely. Most water utilities in the world are publicly owned, but some are privately owned or managed (see water privatization). Utilities are network industries and natural monopolies. Economic theory predicts that unregulated private utilities set the price of their product at a level that allows to extract a monopoly profit. However, in reality tariffs charged by utilities are regulated. They can be set below costs, at the level of cost recovery without a return on capital, or at the level of cost recovery including a predetermined rate of return on capital. In many developing countries tariffs are set below the level of cost recovery, even without considering a rate of return on capital [ref]. This often leads to a lack of maintenance and requires significant subsidies for both investment and operation. In developed countries water and, to a lesser degree, wastewater tariffs, are typically set close to or at the level of cost recovery, sometimes including an allowance for profit[ref]. Criteria for tariff setting Water tariffs are set based on a number of formal criteria defined by law, as well as informal criteria. Formal criteria typically include: financial criteria (cost recovery), economic criteria (efficiency pricing based on marginal cost) and sometimes environmental criteria (incentives for water conservation). Social and political considerations often are also important in setting tariffs. Tariff structure and levels are influenced in some cases by the desire to avoid an overly high burden for poor users. Political considerations in water pricing often lead to a delay in the approval of tariff increases in the run-up to elections. Another criterion for tariff setting is that water tariffs should be easy to understand for consumers. This is not always the case for the more complex types of tariffs, such as increasing-block tariffs and tariffs that differentiate between different categories of users. Tariff structures There are numerous different tariff structures. Their prevalence differs between countries, as shown by international tariff surveys. Types of tariff structures Water and wastewater tariffs include at least one of the following components: a volumetric tariff, where water metering is applied, and a flat rate, where no water metering is applied. Many utilities","title":"Water tariff"},{"docid":"1959630","text":"The Anglo-Saxon model (so called because it is practiced in Anglosphere countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Ireland) is a regulated market-based economic model that emerged in the 1970s based on the Chicago school of economics, spearheaded in the 1980s in the United States by the economics of then President Ronald Reagan (dubbed Reaganomics), and reinforced in the United Kingdom by then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (dubbed Thatcherism). However, its origins are said to date to the 18th century in the United Kingdom and the ideas of the classical economist Adam Smith. Characteristics of this model include low levels of regulation and taxation, with the public sector providing minimal services. It also means strong private property rights, contract enforcement, and overall ease of doing business as well as low barriers to free trade. Disagreements over meaning Proponents of the term \"Anglo-Saxon economy\" argue that the economies of these countries currently are so closely related in their liberal and free market orientation that they can be regarded as sharing a specific macroeconomic model. However, those who disagree with the use of the term claim that the economies of these countries differ as much from each other as they do from the so-called \"welfare capitalist\" economies of northern and continental Europe. The Anglo-Saxon model of capitalism is usually contrasted with the Continental model of capitalism, known as Rhine capitalism, the social market economy or the German model, but it is also contrasted with Northern-European models of capitalism found in the Nordic countries, called the Nordic model. The major difference between these economies from Anglo-Saxon economies is the scope of collective bargaining rights and corporatist policies. Differences between Anglo-Saxon economies are illustrated by taxation and the welfare state. The United Kingdom has a significantly higher level of taxation than the United States. Moreover, the United Kingdom spends far more than the United States on the welfare state as a percentage of GDP and also spends more than Spain, Portugal, or the Netherlands. This spending figure is still considerably lower than that of France or Germany. In northern continental Europe, most countries use mixed economy models, called Rhine capitalism (a current term used especially for the macroeconomics of Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands), or its close relative the Nordic model (which refers to the macroeconomics of Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland). The debate amongst economists as to which economic model is better, circles around perspectives involving poverty, job insecurity, social services and inequality. Generally speaking, advocates of Anglo-Saxon model argue that more liberalized economies produce greater overall prosperity while defenders of continental models counter that they produce lesser inequality and lesser poverty at the lowest margins. The rise of China has brought into focus the relevance of an alternate economic model which has helped propel the economy of China for thirty years since its opening up in 1978. The socialist market economy or a system based on what is called \"socialism with Chinese characteristics\".","title":"Anglo-Saxon model"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"47763\",\n \"text\": \"Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues. It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century. Environmental economics \\\"undertakes theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world. ... Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming.\\\" Environmental economics is distinguished from ecological economics in that ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with its focus upon preserving natural capital. One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought, with ecological economists emphasizing \\\"strong\\\" sustainability and rejecting the proposition that human-made (\\\"physical\\\") capital can substitute for natural capital. History The modern field of environmental economics has been traced to the 1960s with significant contribution from Post-Keynesian economist Paul Davidson, who had just completed a management position with the Continental Oil Company. Topics and concepts Market failure Central to environmental economics is the concept of market failure. Market failure means that markets fail to allocate resources efficiently. As stated by Hanley, Shogren, and White (2007): \\\"A market failure occurs when the market does not allocate scarce resources to generate the greatest social welfare. A wedge exists between what a private person does given market prices and what society might want him or her to do to protect the environment. Such a wedge implies wastefulness or economic inefficiency; resources can be reallocated to make at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.\\\" This results in a inefficient market that needs to be corrected through avenues such as government intervention. Common forms of market failure include externalities, non-excludability and non-rivalry. Externality An externality exists when a person makes a choice that affects other people in a way that is not accounted for in the market price. An externality can be positive or negative but is usually associated with negative externalities in environmental economics. For instance, water seepage in residential buildings occurring in upper floors affect the lower floors. Another example concerns how the sale of Amazon timber disregards the amount of carbon dioxide released in the cutting. Or a firm emitting pollution will typically not take into account the costs that its pollution imposes on others. As a result, pollution may occur in excess of the 'socially efficient' level, which is the level that would exist if the market was required to account for the pollution. A classic definition influenced by Kenneth Arrow and James Meade is provided by Heller and Starrett (1976), who define an externality as \\\"a situation in which the private economy lacks sufficient incentives to create a potential market in some good and the nonexistence of this market results in losses of Pareto efficiency\\\". In economic terminology, externalities are examples of market failures, in which the unfettered market does not lead to an efficient outcome. Common goods\",\n \"title\": \"Environmental economics\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6186809\",\n \"text\": \"Western alienation, in the context of Canadian politics, refers to the notion that the Western provinces—British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba—have been marginalized within Confederation, particularly compared to Ontario and Quebec, Canada's two largest provinces. Expressions of western alienation frequently allege that those provinces are politically over-represented and receive out-sized economic benefits at the expense of western Canadians. Western alienation has a long history within Canada, dating back to the nineteenth century. It has led to the establishment of many Western regional political parties at both the provincial and federal levels and from both the right and left sides of the political spectrum, although since the 1980s western alienation has been more closely associated with conservative politics. While such movements have tended to express a desire for a larger place for the west within Confederation, western alienation has at times resulted in calls for western separatism and independence. Given this long history, western alienation has had a profound impact on the development of Canadian politics. According to a 2019 analysis by Global News, Western alienation is considered especially potent in Alberta and Saskatchewan politics. However, alienation sentiments vary over time and place. For instance, a 2010 study published by the Canada West Foundation found that such sentiments had decreased across the region in the first decade of the twenty-first century. More recently, a 2019 Ipsos poll found historically high levels of support for secession from Canada in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. Historical roots Upon Confederation in 1867, the new Dominion of Canada consisted only of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. However, what was then known as the Northwest—much of it officially Rupert's Land and owned by the Hudson's Bay Company—was already a significant factor in Canadian plans. Among the country's founders, George Brown was particularly insistent that the Northwest was the key to Canadian prosperity, offering resources, plentiful land for agricultural settlement, and the potential for a captive market for easterners. In 1870, Canada purchased Rupert's Land from the HBC and created the Northwest Territories. The National Policy The first Canadian Prime Minister, John A. Macdonald, designed the National Policy to integrate the Northwest into Canada and to develop it economically. Its key planks were the building of a trans-continental railroad that would connect the east to British Columbia, help to populate the west, and easily ship goods; a steady influx of immigration to populate the Prairies with homesteaders; and tariffs to protect Canadian products. This latter policy was an immediate issue in the Northwest, as it effectively forced western farmers to purchase more expensive equipment from eastern Canada rather than the United States, and it impacted prices for farm products—the Northwest Territories therefore favoured free trade. This began a long battle between farmers in the west and Ottawa, which led to the establishment of farmers' organizations to help control grain shipping and marketing, and to agitate politically. Eventually, western farmers entered the political sphere directly, forming United Farmers parties and the Progressive Party, both of which helped\",\n \"title\": \"Western alienation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"79675\",\n \"text\": \"Ecotourism is a form of tourism marketed as \\\"responsible\\\" travel (using what proponents say is sustainable transport) to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people. The stated purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and human rights. Since the 1980s, ecotourism has been considered an important endeavor by environmentalists, who have said they want future generations to experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention. Ecotourism may focus on educating travelers on local environments and natural surroundings with an eye to ecological conservation. Some include in the definition of ecotourism the effort to produce economic opportunities that make the conservation of natural resources financially possible. Generally, ecotourism deals with interaction with biotic components of the natural environments. Ecotourism focuses on what advocates define as socially responsible travel, personal growth, and environmental sustainability. Ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Ecotourism is intended to offer tourists an insight into the impact of human beings on the environment and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural habitats. Ecotourism aims at minimal environmental impact on the areas visited. Besides fostering respect towards the natural environment, ecotourism endeavors to create socio-economic benefits for the area's communities. Responsible ecotourism programs include those that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation, and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities. For these reasons, ecotourism often appeals to advocates of environmental and social responsibility. Many consider the term \\\"ecotourism\\\", like \\\"sustainable tourism\\\" (which is a related concept but broader), an oxymoron. Like most long-distance travel, ecotourism often depends on air transportation, which contributes to climate change. Additionally, \\\"the overall effect of sustainable tourism is negative where like ecotourism philanthropic aspirations mask hard-nosed immediate self-interest.\\\" Risks and benefits Ecotourism is a sub-component of the field of sustainable tourism. Ecotourism must serve to maximize ecological benefits while contributing to the economic, social, and cultural wellbeing of communities living close to ecotourism venues. Even while ecotourism is often presented as a responsible form of tourism, it nonetheless carries several risks. Potential ecological, economic, and sociocultural benefits associated with ecotourism are described below. Ecological risk Ecotourism activities, or merely the presence of travelers in a particular region or location, may negatively impact the ecological integrity of protected areas. Risks to local communities Local communities may be negatively impacted by ecotourism. For example, as is the case with other forms of tourism, ecotourism may result in friction between tourists and local community members, and may potentially increase the cost of rent, rates, and property values, thereby marginalizing local community members. Health risks Ecotourism carries known health risks for\",\n \"title\": \"Ecotourism\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22554017\",\n \"text\": \"Emmanuel Saez (born November 26, 1972) is a French, naturalized American economist who is Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley. His work, done with Thomas Piketty and Gabriel Zucman, includes tracking the incomes of the poor, middle class and rich around the world. Their work shows that top earners in the United States have taken an increasingly larger share of overall income over the last three decades, with almost as much inequality as before the Great Depression. He recommends much higher marginal tax rates, of up to 70% or 90%. He received the John Bates Clark Medal in 2009, a MacArthur \\\"Genius\\\" Fellowship in 2010, and an honorary degree from Harvard University in 2019. Research Emmanuel Saez graduated from the École Normale Supérieure in 1996 where he studied mathematics and economics. He then received his Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1999. Saez has written extensively on the theory of optimal taxation and transfer, addressing topics such as wealth and income inequality, capital income taxation, and retirement. In addition to his theoretical work, he has authored a number of empirical papers, many of them applying the results from his theoretical work to US household data. His focus on the top 0.1% of the income and wealth distribution has led to his political theories about the \\\"great compression\\\" and the \\\"great divergence\\\" and led to significant research on the consensus about the ideal wealth distribution. Saez's research on wealth and income inequality has largely focused on households at the top of the wealth and income distributions, which make up a significant portion of the US tax base. Conservative critics, such as James Pethokoukis of the American Enterprise Institute, say that Saez and Piketty measure \\\"market income,\\\" the total income before tax excluding income from government. Saez describes it as gross income reported on tax returns before any deductions. This excludes unemployment insurance, welfare payments, food stamps, Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security and employer-provided health insurance. Saez says that these are the best data available, as measured consistently since 1913. Critics say that they exaggerate inequality. In 2011, Saez and Peter Diamond argued in public media a widely discussed paper that the proper marginal tax rate for North Atlantic societies and especially the United States to impose is 73% (substantially higher than the current 42.5% top US marginal tax rate). Together with Raj Chetty and others he researched social mobility in the US. They found substantial geographic differences across the country that were correlated with five factors: segregation, income inequality, local school quality, social capital, and family structure. Awards John Bates Clark Medal He was the recipient of the 2009 John Bates Clark Medal, awarded to \\\"that American economist under the age of forty who is judged to have made the most significant contribution to economic thought and knowledge.\\\" Saez's research contributions have been mainly in the field of Public Economics. The 2009 John Bates Clark citation reads: \\\"[Saez's] work attacks policy questions from both\",\n \"title\": \"Emmanuel Saez\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15628625\",\n \"text\": \"As defined by the Austrian School of economics the marginal use of a good or service is the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase, or the specific use of the good or service that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. The usefulness of the marginal use thus corresponds to the marginal utility of the good or service. On the assumption that an agent is economically rational, each increase would be put to the specific, feasible, previously unrealized use of greatest priority, and each decrease would result in abandonment of the use of lowest priority amongst the uses to which the good or service had been put. And, in the absence of a complementarity across uses, the “law” of diminishing marginal utility will obtain. The Austrian School of economics explicitly arrives at its conception of marginal utility as the utility of the marginal use, and “Grenznutzen” (the Austrian School term from which “marginal utility” was originally derived in translation) literally means border-use; other schools usually do not make an explicit connection. See also Marginalism References Marginal concepts Consumer theory Utility Austrian School\",\n \"title\": \"Marginal use\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16471424\",\n \"text\": \"This article discusses the domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration from 1981 to 1989. Reagan's policies stressed conservative economic values, starting with his implementation of supply-side economic policies, dubbed as \\\"Reaganomics\\\" by both supporters and detracters. His policies also included the largest tax cut in American history as well as increased defense spending as part of his Soviet strategy. However, he significantly raised (non-income) taxes four times due to economic conditions and reforms, but the tax reforms instituted during presidency brought top marginal rates to their lowest levels since 1931, such that by 1988, the top US marginal tax rate was 28%. Notable events included his firing of nearly 12,000 striking air traffic control workers and appointing the first woman to the Supreme Court bench, Sandra Day O'Connor. He believed in federalism and free markets, passed policies to encourage development of private business, and routinely criticized and defunded the public sector. Despite his support for limited government, he greatly accelerated the nation's War on Drugs. \\\"Reaganomics\\\" and the economy Policies Based on supply-side economics, President Reagan implemented his economic policies in 1981. The four pillars of the policies were to: Reduce marginal tax rates on income from labor and capital. Reduce regulation. Tighten the money supply to reduce inflation. Reduce the growth of government spending. By reducing or eliminating decades-long social programs, while at the same time lowering taxes and marginal tax rates, the President's approach to handling the economy marked a significant departure from that of many of his predecessor's Keynesian policies. Milton Friedman, the monetarist economist who was an intellectual architect of free-market policies, was a primary influence on Reagan. When Reagan took office, the country faced the highest rate of inflation since 1947 (average annual rate of 13.5% in 1980), and interest rates as high as 13% (the Fed funds rate in December 1980). These were considered the nation's principal economic problems and were all considered components of \\\"stagflation\\\". Reagan sought to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board tax cuts. The expansionary fiscal policies soon became known as \\\"Reaganomics\\\", and were considered by some to be the most serious attempt to change the course of U.S. economic policy of any administration since the New Deal. His radical tax reforms, in combination with a curb on domestic social spending, harsh restraints applied by the Federal Reserve Board under Paul Volcker on the nation's money supply, and heavy government borrowing required to finance the budget and trade deficits, as well as military expenditures, produced significant economic expansion and reduced inflation. Inflation was reduced by more than ten percentage points, reaching a low of 1.9% annual average inflation in 1986. One of the Reagan administration's strategies to reduce government spending was privatization of government functions, paying contractors to do work that government agencies had formerly done. Economic record President Reagan's tenure marked a time of expanded economic prosperity for many Americans. The misery index sank to 9.72 from a high of 19.33, the greatest improvement record for a President\",\n \"title\": \"Domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33737008\",\n \"text\": \"The Antarctic Peninsula, roughly south of South America, is the northernmost portion of the continent of Antarctica. Like the associated Andes, the Antarctic Peninsula is an excellent example of ocean-continent collision resulting in subduction. The peninsula has experienced continuous subduction for over 200 million years, but changes in continental configurations during the amalgamation and breakup of continents have changed the orientation of the peninsula itself, as well as the underlying volcanic rocks associated with the subduction zone. Tectonic evolution and geology of the Antarctic Peninsula The geology of the Antarctic Peninsula occurred in three stages: Pre-subduction stage of marginal basin deposition, later separated by the Gondwanian orogeny during the Permian-Late Triassic The middle subduction phase, characterized by the formation of the Antarctic Peninsula (inner) and South Shetland Islands (outer) magmatic arcs, during the middle Jurassic-Miocene. The late subduction phase, when the opening of the Bransfield Rift and back-arc basins occur. This is followed by contemporaneous terrestrial and submarine volcanic activity, from the Oligocene-present day. Pre-subduction history As Gondwana broke apart, the Antarctic Peninsula started to take on its modern shape. Roughly 220 million years ago, the continents of Antarctica, South America, and Africa rifted apart. This rifting created low relief basins which allowed for the transport of sediments and subsequent deposition of sedimentary rocks. These rocks, the oldest on the peninsula, belong to the Trinity Peninsula Group (TPG), which are mostly composed of siliciclastic turbidite deposits, ~1200–3000 m thick, deposited in a marginal marine basin. Unfortunately their age is poorly constrained, but they are most likely from the upper Permian and Triassic. The clastic component of these sediments was derived from the weathering, erosion, and subsequent transportation of metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary material from Gondwana, then to the northeast. Gondwanian orogeny During this time the Trinity Peninsula Group sediments were folded and slightly metamorphosed, particularly at the peninsula's northernmost point. Retroarc thrusting also occurred at this time. Both events were most likely caused by the incipient subduction of the south-east Pacific Plate under the Gondwana supercontinent. As a result, marginal basin clastics from the Pacific plate's oceanic basement were obducted onto the continental margin of Gondwana, composed of older crystalline basement. Middle subduction phase Inner magmatic arc The inner magmatic arc, despite being older than the outer magmatic arc, has higher topographic relief. It forms the mainland of the Antarctic Peninsula. The creation of the inner magmatic arc is characterized by terrestrial clastic deposition and the early stages of acidic volcanism and plutonism. The Mesozoic clastic sequence (Number 2-Figure 2) consists of the Mount Flora Formation (MFF), which is a 270 m thick package of plant-bearing coarse sedimentary breccias and conglomerates, with a limited amount of interbedded sandstones and shales. The clastic beds overlay the TPG sediments, and are separated by angular unconformities. Overlying the MFF clastic sequence are the acidic volcanics of the Kenny Glacier Formation (KGF). This volcanic sequence is a 215 m thick group of rhyolite-dacite lavas, ignimbrites, tuffs, and agglomerates. The acidic dikes and sills which\",\n \"title\": \"Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42695730\",\n \"text\": \"The Review of Black Political Economy is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1970 publishing research on the economic status of African-Americans, the African diaspora, and other non-white marginalized populations. It is affiliated with the National Economic Association and is published by SAGE Publishing. Individual memberships can be acquired through membership in the National Economic Association or through direct subscription. (Individual articles can be obtained for a fee.). The journal focuses on research that can inform policies to reduce racial, gender, and ethnic economic inequality. The journal is also a member of the Committee on Public Ethics (COPE). The founding editor-in-chief was Robert S. Browne. The current editors-in-chief are Rhonda Vonshay Sharpe and Gregory Price. Kristen Broady is associate editor. History Background and founding Robert S. Browne decided to create The Review of Black Political Economy in order to create \\\"an hospitable arena in which black people could explore ideas as to how they might bring about effective and substantial improvement in their collective economic position.\\\" It became a platform for people to publish articles and commentaries on the conditions of black people in the United States from an economic and sociological standpoint. Initially the Review was a product of the Black Economic Research Center (BERC) which Robert Browne founded and ran until 1976. After that, ownership was transferred to the National Economic Association. Browne chose the term \\\"Political Economy\\\" rather than economics for the title because he felt that \\\"in America at least, for people to effect any significant alteration in their economic position, they will first be obliged to develop a sound political strategy.\\\" The initial aim of The Review was to provide a mixture of scholarly and non-scholarly articles which would appeal to a wide range of readers - but Robert S. Browne admitted that this was an ambitious undertaking. Early issues of the journal included a mix of articles by scholars and practitioners. Graduate students were encouraged to submit their research for publication. The first issue of The Review included seven articles: \\\"Outputs of Minority Entrepreneurship Programs\\\" (Glenn Dixon); \\\"Toward an Overall Assessment of Our Alternatives\\\" (Robert S. Browne); \\\"The Myth and Irrationality of Black Capitalism\\\" (James Boggs); \\\"The Black Manifesto\\\" (James Forman and Others); \\\"What Do You People Want?\\\" (Richard F. America); \\\"The Basic Economics of the Urban and Racial Crisis\\\" (Daniel R. Fusfeld); and \\\"Brimmer and Black Capitalism: An Analysis (Charles Tate). There were also four book reviews in the first issue : \\\"Black Capitalism: Strategy for Business in the Ghetto by Theodore L. Cross\\\" (Thaddeus Spratlen, reviewer); \\\"Race and Poverty: The Economics of Discrimination\\\" edited by John F. Kain (Charles Z. Wilson, reviewer); \\\"The Tenement Landlord by George Sternlieb\\\" (Robert S. Browne, reviewer); and \\\"Poverty and Discrimination by Lester C. Thurlow\\\" (John Handy, reviewer). Publishing agents and editors The journal has had three publishing agents over its 50 years. Transactions Books at Rutgers University was the initial agent. Springer was the second publisher. The current publisher is Sage Publications. The Review has\",\n \"title\": \"The Review of Black Political Economy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48373223\",\n \"text\": \"Gender empowerment is the empowerment of people of any gender. While conventionally, the aspect of it is mentioned for empowerment of women, the concept stresses the distinction between biological sex and gender as a role, also referring to other marginalized genders in a particular political or social context. Gender empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in regard to development and economics. Entire nations, businesses, communities, and groups can benefit from the implementation of programs and policies that adopt the notion of women empowerment. Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human rights and development. The Human Development and Capabilities Approach, The Millennium Development Goals, and other credible approaches/goals point to empowerment and participation as a necessary step if a country is to overcome the obstacles associated with poverty and development. Measuring Gender empowerment can be measured through the Gender Empowerment Measure, or the GEM. The GEM shows women's participation in a given nation, both politically and economically. Gem is calculated by tracking \\\"the share of seats in parliament held by women; of female legislators, senior officials and managers; and of female profession and technical workers; and the gender disparity in earned income, reflecting economic independence.\\\" It then ranks countries given this information. Other measures that take into account the importance of female participation and equality include: the Gender Parity Index and the Gender Development Index (GDI). See also Anti-gender movement Diversity, equity, and inclusion Diversity (politics) Diversity training Gender and politics Gender diversity Gender equality Gender essentialism Respect Suicide in LGBT youth Sociology of gender Women's empowerment References Gender equality Human rights concepts Law and economics Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures Law by issue Egalitarianism Empowerment Gender and society Feminism and society Control (social and political) Social privilege\",\n \"title\": \"Gender empowerment\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59336303\",\n \"text\": \"A crystal mush is magma that contains a significant amount of crystals (up to 50% of the volume) suspended in the liquid phase (melt). As the crystal fraction makes up less than half of the volume, there is no rigid large-scale three-dimensional network as in solids. As such, their rheological behavior mirrors that of absolute liquids. Within a single crystal mush, there is grading to a higher solid fraction towards the margins of the pluton, while the liquid fraction increases towards the uppermost portions, forming a liquid lens at the top. Furthermore, depending on depth of placement crystal mushes are likely to contain a larger portion of crystals at greater depth in the crust than at shallower depth, as melting occurs from the adiabatic decompression of the magma as it rises, this is particularly the case for mid-ocean ridges. Seismic investigation offers strong evidence for the existence of crystal mushes rather than fully liquid magmatic bodies. Crystal mushes can have a wide range of mineral and chemical compositions, from mafic (SiO2-poor, MgO-rich) to felsic (SiO2-rich, MgO-poor). Formation Crystal mushes form at various depths in the Earth's crust. They result from fractional crystallization of a fluid. Fractional crystallization is a physical and chemical process that generates a liquid and a solid phase from a specific initial chemical solution. Depending on the initial chemical composition of the liquid, the melt is going to generate different minerals. The initial fluid can form crystals (solid phase) by cooling down and by adding a certain water's concentration. In subduction zones, more specific in magmatic arcs, it is possible to transport water into the Earth's mantle, as the denser oceanic plate subducts under the other – continental or younger oceanic – plate. Water is a key factor for this geochemical process and has a significant impact on the geotherm of the subducting plate. It causes partial melting of the crust, which will then generate a chamber of liquid phase that will later be crystallized and generate minerals. The source of water stays in minerals that contain H2O in their chemical compositions. Another key factor is the concentration of silica in the magma, which leads to the differentiation of magma. At the end of the crystallization is possible to crystallize quartz, but only when the melt contains a high concentration of SiO2, which is the main component of the mineral. The rapid increase in the crystal content over a short temperature interval generates ideal rheological conditions for melt extraction. The buoyant, lighter magmas extracted from the crystal mush can ascend through the crust and form plutonic complexes. Extraction The crystal mush model presents a view of plutons as crystal graveyards. This implies that the crystals are separated from the silicate liquid where they were crystallised. This model contrasts with the view of intrusive magma bodies as failed eruptions. Upon cooling, a crystal mush may experience different Igneous differentiation processes, such as crystal fractionation, mixing, melting. To create an accumulation of crystals, there has to be a mechanism\",\n \"title\": \"Crystal mush\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52999526\",\n \"text\": \"Patagonia comprises the southernmost region of South America, portions of which lie on either side of the Argentina-Chile border. It has traditionally been described as the region south of the Rio, Colorado, although the physiographic border has more recently been moved southward to the Huincul fault. The region's geologic border to the north is composed of the Rio de la Plata craton and several accreted terranes comprising the La Pampa province. The underlying basement rocks of the Patagonian region can be subdivided into two large massifs: the North Patagonian Massif and the Deseado Massif. These massifs are surrounded by sedimentary basins formed in the Mesozoic that underwent subsequent deformation during the Andean orogeny. Patagonia is known for its vast earthquakes and the damage they cause. The rocks comprising Patagonia occurred along the southwestern margin of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana. During a period of continental rifting in the Cambrian period, a portion of Patagonia was separated from Gondwana, and the resulting passive margin that formed was a site of extensive sedimentation throughout the early-middle Paleozoic era. During the Devonian period, a transition to convergence resulted in the eventual collision of the Patagonian landmass in the late Paleozoic, with contact first occurring in the mid-Carboniferous. Several theories exist for the origin of the Patagonian landmass, though there are two that have greater consensus. The first of these theories cites an allochthonous origin of the Patagonian landmass from Gondwana during the Paleozoic, while the other argues that Northern Patagonia is an autochthonous component and that only the southern portion is allochthonous. The collision of Patagonia was succeeded by the rifting and eventual breakup of Gondwana during the early Mesozoic, a process which invoked large-scale rotation of the Patagonian landmass. Further extension through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods formed the Rocas Verdes back-arc basin, while a transition to a compressional tectonic regime in the Cenozoic concurrent with the Andean orogeny resulted in formation of the foreland Magallanes basin. Precambrian-Early Paleozoic setting Patagonia contain two ancient regions: the North Patagonian Massif and Deseado Massif. The lithospheric mantle beneath Deseado Massif formed 1000–2100 million years ago in the Paleo and Mesoproterozoic, evidencing that its lithosphere has a much older history than the ages of crustal rocks exposed at present would suggest (~600 million years). Deseado Massif has formed a single crustal block with the Falklands Islands since these times. Like today the Deseado Massif and the Falklands Islands lied next to each other in the Neoproterozoic supercontinent of Rodinia. The lithosphere of the North Patagonian Massif formed about the same. Prior to the collision of Patagonia, the nucleus of modern-day South America was contained within a portion of the southwest margin of Gondwana. This margin consisted of the ancient Rio de la Plata craton and a number of accreted terranes, whose boundaries have been discovered using paleomagnetic studies. The Rio de la Plata Craton is believed to have been a component of southwest Gondwana since the end of the Proterozoic, likely forming a single body\",\n \"title\": \"Tectonic evolution of Patagonia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3576493\",\n \"text\": \"The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny was a significant arc accretion event in the Permian and Triassic periods affecting approximately 2,500 km of the Australian continental margin. The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny occurred in two main phases: The first being Permian accretion of passive-marginal Devonian- and Carboniferous-age sediments, occurring in the Hunter region, as well as the mid-west region of what is now New South Wales, followed by rifting, back-arc volcanism. The later Permian to Triassic event consisted of arc accretion and metamorphism related to ongoing subduction. The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny is today represented by a geological structure known as the New England Fold Belt, a tectonic accretion of metamorphic terranes and mid-crustal granitoid intrusions, flanked by Permian to Triassic sedimentary basins which were formed distally to the now-eroded orogenic mountain belt. While the Great Dividing Range north of Sydney is a prominent landform, it is more the result of Cenozoic volcanism and crustal uplift since the Jurassic, which broadly affects the same area as the Hunter-Bowen Orogeny did. Gravity, magnetics and bathymetry indicate that several slivers of crust formerly from the Hunter-Bowen orogen are now spread out across the Indo-Australian Plate east of the Australian continental landmass, forming some isolated submerged ocean plateaux and islands, notably Lord Howe Rise which includes Lord Howe Island. Lord Howe Rise has a total area of about 1,500,000 square km. Prior tectonics The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny produced a ~3,000 km long structural foredeep above a Late Carboniferous and Palaeozoic margin, adjacent to the weakly consolidated Australian continental crust which at this time was part of Gondwana. The orogen developed to the east of the Palaeozoic Lachlan Orogen and the Proterozoic terranes of the Mount Isa Inlier. Before the orogeny the rocks of the coastal area were formed. During the Late Carboniferous there was a continental margin defined by a subduction zone off the coast. The oceanic plate that was being subducted hosted a series of magmatic arcs; now represented by the Connors Arch, Auburn Arch, Combarrago Volcanics and the Bathurst Batholith. A forearc basin is preserved in the Tamworth Belt and Yarrol Belt. Subduction resulted in blueschist metamorphism of the subducted slab. At 309 Ma an oceanic ridge encountered the subduction boundary at two points, near what is now Tin Can Bay and Coffs Harbour. These encounters interrupted subduction at those locations and resulted in the formation of triple junctions, which began moving apart north and south along the trench, eventually being replaced by a dextral transform fault. The northernmost triple junction, a ridge-trench-fault junction, moved up the Queensland coast at 28 mm per year, reaching Townsville about 290 Ma. As it moved, the magmatism inland reduced drastically due to interruption of subduction. The other triple junction, a fault-trench-fault junction, moved south from Brisbane at about 12 mm per year. The triple junctions in the New England region stopped subduction very quickly because the mid ocean ridge was almost parallel to the trench. The merging of the subduction zone and the ridge converted the trench to a transform fault, ceasing\",\n \"title\": \"Hunter-Bowen orogeny\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49440346\",\n \"text\": \"Hakskeenpan or Hakskeen Pan is a mud and salt pan in the Kalahari Desert, in Southern Africa. It is located in the Dawid Kruiper Local Municipality region in the Northern Cape, South Africa, at above sea level. The pan covers an area of approximately Formation, geology and climate Long-Term Landscape Evolution The present day Kalahari landscape—essentially an inland sand sea sitting within an uplifted sedimentary basin—is the result of a variety of interacting tectonic and geomorphological processes that have operated over considerable timescales. The initial development of the Kalahari was closely linked to the evolution of the African landmass following the break-up of the supercontinent Gondwanaland during the Mesozoic. The gradual separation of Africa from present-day Australia, Antarctica, India and South America was associated with progressive heating and rifting of the crust, which led to the uplift of the southern African continental margin in the mid- to Late Cretaceous. The development of this uplifted margin had significant implications for regional fluvial systems; the end product was a dual drainage pattern consisting primarily of short rivers draining directly into the sea off the Great Escarpment and longer rivers draining inland and never reaching the sea. Pan Environments Pans are small, closed basins or depressions that contain seasonally flooded lakes and are characteristic of arid to semi-arid regions of low relief. They are also of considerable importance as point water sources for both humans and wildlife. Pans occur throughout the Kalahari, as far north as Zambia, but are a particularly significant component of the landscape in regions with (i) an annual rainfall of less than 500 mm and (ii) underlying rock or sediment that is susceptible to erosion by the wind. The southern Kalahari meets both of these criteria. Two areas containing concentrations of pans occur within the southern Kalahari: (i) a broad zone extending from Upington, across the lower Molopo and northwards into Namibia and (ii) a smaller area between Vryburg in North West Province and Tsabong in Botswana. Within these zones, pans occur as isolated landscape features but also within depressions in the floors of dry valleys and palaeodrainage lines, and in the corridors between linear dunes. The majority lack any surface inflow, although some may have short, poorly developed channels that supply run-off during major rainfall events. Hakskeen Pan is one of the largest isolated pans in the South African Kalahari, the other notable one being Koppieskraal Pan immediately south-west of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Climate The climate in the Southern Kalahari ecoregion is semi-arid. Temperatures fluctuate greatly, on both a seasonal and a daily basis, with mean maximum and minimum temperatures of 35.7 °C and 19.5 °C in January and 22.2 °C and 1.2 °C in July. Rainfall is unreliable and irregular, falling primarily during short-duration, high intensity thunderstorms between November and April. Before the rainy season begins, strong northwesterly winds blow between September and November, producing dust storms. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 223mm. Humidity is low and evaporation high, the latter resulting in the characteristically large\",\n \"title\": \"Hakskeenpan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4533443\",\n \"text\": \"The Urolophidae are a family of rays in the order Myliobatiformes, commonly known as stingarees or round stingrays. This family formerly included the genera Urobatis and Urotrygon of the Americas, which are presently recognized as forming their own family Urotrygonidae. Stingarees are found in the Indo-Pacific region, with the greatest diversity off Australia. They are sluggish, bottom-dwelling fish that have been recorded from shallow waters close to shore to deep waters over the upper continental slope. Measuring between long, these rays have oval to diamond-shaped pectoral fin discs and relatively short tails that terminate in leaf-shaped caudal fins, and may also have small dorsal fins and lateral skin folds. Most are smooth-skinned, and some have ornate dorsal color patterns. Stingarees feed on or near the sea floor, consuming small invertebrates and occasionally bony fishes. They are aplacental viviparous, meaning their embryos emerge from eggs inside the uterus, and are sustained to term first by yolk and later by maternally produced histotroph (\\\"uterine milk\\\"). As far is known, the gestation period lasts around a year and litter sizes tend to be small. Stingarees have one or two relatively large, venomous stinging spines on their tail for defense, with which they can inflict a painful wound on humans. Generally, stingarees have no economic value. Some species form a substantial component of the bycatch of commercial trawl fisheries. Taxonomy and phylogeny The German biologists Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle created the genus Urolophus in 1837; in their subsequent 1838–41 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen, the pair created the genus Trygonoptera and also made the first reference to the urolophids as a group. The family has traditionally also included the genera Urobatis and Urotrygon of the Americas; John McEachran, Katherine Dunn, and Tsutomu Miyake moved them to their own family, Urotrygonidae, in 1996. Recent phylogenetic analyses have confirmed the urolophids and related taxa belong to the order Myliobatiformes; they were once placed in the order Rajiformes with the guitarfishes and skates. Based on morphological characters, John McEachran and Neil Aschliman determined in a 2004 study that the urolophids formed a clade with the giant stingaree (Plesiobatis daviesi), and that the two were basal to a clade containing all other myliobatiform families except Platyrhinidae, Hexatrygonidae, and Zanobatidae. They proposed including Plesiobatis in the family Urolophidae, and classifying the family within the superfamily Urolophoidea within Myliobatiformes. Distribution and habitat The center of biodiversity for stingarees is Australia, where all 6 Trygonoptera and 15 of the 22 Urolophus species are endemic. A number of species are also found in the Coral Sea, a few in the Malay Archipelago, and one (the sepia stingray, U. aurantiacus) in the northwestern Pacific. Stingarees are bottom-dwelling rays that can be found from very shallow, inshore habitats such as estuaries and bays, to a depth of well offshore on the upper continental shelf. Some are extremely common; one study in the coastal waters of southwestern Australia found that the four most abundant stingaree species constituted over 17% of the biomass of benthic fishes.\",\n \"title\": \"Urolophidae\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47720206\",\n \"text\": \"Monument of Gratitude to France () in Belgrade's Veliki Kalemegdan Park was formally unveiled on 11 November 1930, the 12th anniversary day of the end of the First World War, in the presence of King Alexander and Queen Maria, the royal government, the delegation of the French government, Serbian war veterans, distinguished citizens, associations, schools, and a large crowd of people. It was noted as one of the first \\\"public monuments on one national territory, where the perception of another (nation) is shown in positive light\\\". It was declared a cultural monument in 1965, and a cultural monument of great significance in 1983. History Origin In the decisive days of the war after the epic battles of the Serbian Army, its perilous withdrawal across Albania and the almost inconceivable feat of breaching the enemy lines on the Salonika front, a military alliance and friendship between two countries had been forged. After the war, Serbian intellectuals gathered around the Association of French Schools Alumni and the Society of Friends of France initiated erection, in Belgrade or Paris, of a monument to France, as a token of gratitude for her military and educational aid during and after the war, and of the friendship built in the days of greatest trials. After the war, the Kingdom of Serbia ceased existing as such, becoming part of a newly created complex state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Yugoslavia, and Belgrade, as its capital, saw a period of reconstruction and embellishment. On 17 December 1921 Belgrade City Council made the decision to erect a gratitude and honor memorial to the French soldiers who had lost their lives defending Belgrade in 1915. The French Schools Alumni and the Society of Friends of France started the official initiative in May 1924. In the summer of 1924 the Committee for Erecting a Monument chaired by Niko Miljanić, a physician, one of the founders of the Belgrade University School of Medicine, was set up. The Committee succeeded in raising considerable funds within a short span of time. Location selection Large amounts of money were raised because the original plan was for the monument to be built in Paris. The permission was asked from the Parisian Municipal Council, which granted the erection of the monument thanks to the mediation of , French ambassador to Belgrade. After the war, the Kingdom of Serbia ceased existing as such, becoming part of a newly created complex state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Yugoslavia. However, French diplomacy preferred the monument to be built in the newly formed state, expecting that Yugoslavia will become a major exponent of French politics in this part of Europe. Dard was then ordered to convince the Serbian side to build the monument in Belgrade, and was successful. Historically, it was a \\\"time when French influences became the domineering component of cultural, economic and political life in the capital of the newly formed Yugoslav state\\\". In 1928, the City Council of Belgrade allocated a parcel\",\n \"title\": \"Monument of Gratitude to France\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2061965\",\n \"text\": \"Economic integration is the unification of economic policies between different states, through the partial or full abolition of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on trade. The trade-stimulation effects intended by means of economic integration are part of the contemporary economic Theory of the Second Best: where, in theory, the best option is free trade, with free competition and no trade barriers whatsoever. Free trade is treated as an idealistic option, and although realized within certain developed states, economic integration has been thought of as the \\\"second best\\\" option for global trade where barriers to full free trade exist. Economic integration is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers with the goal of increasing the level of welfare, while leading to an increase of economic productivity of the states. Objective There are economic as well as political reasons why nations pursue economic integration. The economic rationale for the increase of trade between member states of economic unions rests on the supposed productivity gains from integration. This is one of the reasons for the development of economic integration on a global scale, a phenomenon now realized in continental economic blocs such as ASEAN, NAFTA, USAN, the European Union, AfCFTA, and the Eurasian Economic Union; and proposed for intercontinental economic blocks, such as the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia and the Transatlantic Free Trade Area. Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a person or a country to produce a particular good or service at a lower marginal and opportunity cost over another. Comparative advantage was first described by David Ricardo who explained it in his 1817 book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in an example involving England and Portugal. In Portugal, it is possible to produce both wine and cloth with less labour than it would take to produce the same quantities in England. However, the relative costs of producing those two goods are different in the two countries. In England, it is very hard to produce wine and only moderately difficult to produce cloth. Both are easy to produce in Portugal. Therefore, while it is cheaper to produce cloth in Portugal than England, it is cheaper still for Portugal to produce excess wine, and trade that for English cloth. Conversely, England benefits from this trade because its cost for producing cloth has not changed but it can now get wine at a lower price, closer to the cost of cloth. The conclusion drawn is that each country can gain by specializing in the good where it has comparative advantage, and trading that good for the other. Economies of scale refers to the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to expansion. There are factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as the scale of output is increased. Economies of scale is a long run concept and refers to reductions in unit cost as the size of a facility and the usage levels of other inputs increase. Economies of scale\",\n \"title\": \"Economic integration\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44071480\",\n \"text\": \"Salt surface structures are extensions of salt tectonics that form at the Earth's surface when either diapirs or salt sheets pierce through the overlying strata. They can occur in any location where there are salt deposits, namely in cratonic basins, synrift basins, passive margins and collisional margins. These are environments where mass quantities of water collect and then evaporate; leaving behind salt and other evaporites to form sedimentary beds. When there is a difference in pressure, such as additional sediment in a particular area, the salt beds – due to the unique ability of salt to behave as a fluid under pressure – form into new structures. Sometimes, these new bodies form subhorizontal or moderately dipping structures over a younger stratigraphic unit, which are called allochthonous salt bodies or salt surface structures. Salt Tectonic environments Four key environments can facilitate salt deposition. These places allow salt-bearing water to collect and evaporate, leaving behind bedded deposits of solidified salt crystals. Below are short descriptions of these environments and a few examples. Convergent boundaries – Areas where two plates collide; if there is water trapped between the two, there is the possibility of evaporation and deposition. The Mediterranean Sea, particularly during the Messinian salinity crisis, is a prime example. Rifted boundaries/passive margins – Also known as divergent boundaries, these areas begin as rift basins, where extension is pulling apart the crust. If this rifting allows water to flood the resulting valley, salt deposition can occur. Examples include the Campos Basin, Brazil, Kwanza Basin, West Africa, and the Gulf of Mexico. Cratonic basins – Within continental boundaries, salt deposition can occur anywhere that bodies of water can collect. Even away from ocean sources, water is capable of dissolving and carrying ions that can later precipitate as salts, and when the water evaporates, the salts are left behind. Examples of these basins are the South Oman Salt Basin and the Michigan Basin. In the past, there was a great shallow sea covering most of the Great Plains region of the United States; when this sea dried up, it created the Strataca deposit now mined in Kansas, among others. Characteristics Salt has two key characteristics that make it unique in a tectonic setting, and important economically. The first is that salt (and other evaporites) deform plastically over geologic time, and thus behaves as a fluid rather than a rigid structure. This allows structures with salt components to deform more easily and have a slightly different appearance. Take, for example the Appalachians, which contain some salt deposits, and the Rocky Mountains, which is an accretionary terrain with little to no salt. This also allows for the creation of structural traps for oil and gas, as well as metals which makes them sought after targets in industry. The second, which is the fact that evaporites are often less dense, or more buoyant, than the surrounding rock, which aids in its mobility and creates a Rayleigh Taylor instability. This means that the less dense substance will find a\",\n \"title\": \"Salt surface structures\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50571845\",\n \"text\": \"From mid-2014 onward, Brazil experienced a severe economic crisis. The country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) fell by 3.5% in 2015 and 3.3% in 2016, after which a small economic recovery began. That recovery continued until 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began to impact the economy again. The economic crisis occurred alongside a political crisis that resulted in the impeachment of president Dilma Rousseff. These events combined caused mass popular dissatisfaction with the political system. The cause of the crisis was the aforementioned political crisis, as well as the 2014 commodity price shock, which negatively affected Brazil's exports and reduced the entrance of foreign capital into the economy. However, the most important cause was internal, which is associated with economic measures that didn't achieve the expected results. Adopted in 2011, these measures are known as the (\\\"new economic matrix\\\", in a free translation). During the economic crisis, high unemployment rates were reported throughout the country, and there was widespread uncertainty regarding Brazil's economic future following a series of political scandals. In the first quarter of 2017, Brazil's GDP rose by 1%. This was the first GDP increase to occur in eight consecutive quarters. Finance Minister Henrique Meirelles announced that Brazil had \\\"emerged from the greatest crisis of the century\\\". However, the rise in GDP marked only the end of a technical recession, not the end of the crisis. The recession was the second most severe in the country's history, and was followed by the slowest recovery. Context Economic Brazil's economy is largely dependent on the export of commodities, particularly iron ore, petroleum and soy. From the late 1990s till 2012, prices for these export commodities rose significantly (partly because of increasing demand from China), resulting in about two decades of economic growth. As a result of the Great Recession, Brazil's GDP dropped sharply and unemployment rose. During Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's left-wing presidency from 2003 to 2010, the government redistributed wealth through welfare programs and raised the minimum wage in order to increase consumption. In response to critics of Lula's socialist economic stance, his successor, Dilma Rousseff (president during the crisis), introduced macroeconomic tax exemptions and subsidies. These policies are widely acknowledged as a major factor in the 2014–16 economic crisis. Political The economic crisis was followed and intensified by a political crisis. In 2014, a series of corruption scandals uncovered by Operation Car Wash engulfed many influential politicians. In the presidential election of the same year, President Dilma Rousseff was re-elected to a second term, defeating the PSDB candidate Aécio Neves by a narrow margin. The result was not recognized by a section of the opposition and provoked popular discontent. Due to the disputed legitimacy of the election, the Operation Car Wash investigation, and the economic crisis; dissatisfaction with the government became widespread. By 2015, Rousseff's approval rating had plummeted to 8% according to a Datafolha survey. Causes Errors in macroeconomic policy According to Gustavo Franco, President of the Central Bank during the FHC government, the main cause of\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Brazilian economic crisis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34572546\",\n \"text\": \"The Great Divergence is a term given to a period, starting in the late 1970s, during which income differences increased in the US and, to a lesser extent, in other countries. The term originated with the Nobel laureate, Princeton economist and The New York Times columnist Paul Krugman, and is a reference to the \\\"Great Compression\\\", an earlier era in the 1930s and the 1940s when incomes became more equal in the US and elsewhere. A 2017 report by the Congressional Budget Office on the distribution of income in the US from 1979 to 2007 found that after federal taxes and income transfers, the top earning 1% of households gained about 275% and that the bottom 20% grew by only 41%. As of 2006, the US had one of the highest levels of income inequality, as measured through the Gini index, among similar developed or First World countries. Scholars and others differ as the causes and significance of the divergence, which helped ignite the Occupy movement in 2011. While education and increased demand for skilled labour is often cited as a cause of increased inequality, especially among conservatives, many social scientists point to conservative politics, neoliberal economic and social policies and public policy as an important cause of inequality; others believe its causes are not well understood. Inequality has been described both as irrelevant in the face of economic opportunity (or social mobility) in America and as a cause of the decline in that opportunity. Others consider that the exodus of manufacturing jobs from industrialized countries since the 1990s has been another defining factor. For instance, the journalist James Surowiecki pointed out in a 2013 article for The New Yorker how in 50 years \\\"big business\\\" had changed from high-paying manufacturers to low-paying retailers In 1960, the country's biggest employer, General Motors, was also its most profitable company and one of its best-paying. It had high profit margins and real pricing power, even as it was paying its workers union wages. And it was not alone: firms like Ford, Standard Oil, and Bethlehem Steel employed huge numbers of well-paid workers while earning big profits. Today, the country's biggest employers are retailers and fast-food chains, almost all of which have built their businesses on low pay—they've striven to keep wages down and unions out—and low prices. While these retailers and fast-food chains are profitable, their profit margins are not large, which limits their ability to follow the lead of successful companies in high-growth industries that pay relatively generous salaries, such as Apple Inc.The combined profits of all the major retailers, restaurant chains, and supermarkets in the Fortune 500 are smaller than the profits of Apple alone. Yet Apple employs just 76,000 people, while the retailers, supermarkets, and restaurant chains employ 5.6 million. The International Labour Organization's 2013 \\\"World of Work Report\\\", predicted that the potential for social unrest in the European Union is the highest in the world. See also Economic history of the United States Economic inequality Economic stagnation The\",\n \"title\": \"Great Divergence (inequality)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64524859\",\n \"text\": \"Sustainable Development Goal 10 (Goal 10 or SDG 10) is about reduced inequality and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The full title is: \\\"Reduce inequality within and among countries\\\". The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2019. Progress towards targets will be measured by indicators. The first seven targets are outcome targets: Reduce income inequalities; promote universal social, economic and political inclusion; ensure equal opportunities and end discrimination; adopt fiscal and social policies that promotes equality; improved regulation of global financial markets and institutions; enhanced representation for developing countries in financial institutions; responsible and well-managed migration policies. The other three targets are means of implementation targets: Special and differential treatment for developing countries; encourage development assistance and investment in least developed countries; reduce transaction costs for migrant remittances. Target 10.1 is to \\\"sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average\\\". This goal, known as \\\"shared prosperity\\\", is complementing SDG 1, the eradication of extreme poverty, and it is relevant for all countries in the world. There has been a growth in income for poorer people in 2012–2017. Nevertheless, it is common in many countries that \\\"the bottom 40 per cent of the population receive less than 25 per cent of the overall income\\\". A UN report from 2020 pointed out that \\\"women are more likely to be victims of discrimination than men\\\". And the situation is even worse for women with disabilities. Background Inequality exist in various forms, such as economic, sex, disability, race, social inequality, and different forms of discrimination. Measuring inequality in its individual forms is a crucial component in order to reduce inequality within and among countries. The Gini coefficient is the most frequently used measurement of socioeconomic inequality as it can significantly show the income and wealth distribution within and among countries. Issues associated with health, pollution, and environmental justices are often inseparable with inequality. Sometimes these issues also associated with indigenous and aboriginal communities, ethnic minorities and communities of low socio-economic status (SES). Studies of environmental justice shows these communities are irregularly likely to live in environments with higher risk of exposure to pollution and toxic contamination, which possess long-term health and environmental threats. Globalization is also accompanied with migration, displacement and dispossession, and this often increased vulnerability of marginalized communities and groups, which negatively shaped their prospects for globalization and emancipation and widened inequality at the meantime. There are also association between inequality and mental and physical health in various forms, such as status anxiety/competition, social capital, social embeddedness and cohesion. Targets, indicators and progress The UN has defined 10 targets and 11 indicators for SDG 10. Targets specify the goals and Indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these Targets are achieved. SDG 10 covers issues including reducing income inequalities (10.1), promoting universal social, economic and political inclusion (10.2), ensure equal opportunities and end\",\n \"title\": \"Sustainable Development Goal 10\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56809806\",\n \"text\": \"Ornithoteuthis antillarum, the Atlantic bird squid, is a species of flying squid from the family Ommastrephidae which is found in the warmer waters of the Atlantic Ocean. This species is an important component of the diet of many species of fish and of cetaceans. It is taken as a bycatch in fisheries but has the potential to be commercially important if appropriate fishing methods can be developed. Description Ornithoteuthis antillarum has a thin, elongated and muscular mantle which ends in a long, thinly-pointed tail. Its fins are also elongated and are arrow shaped, with sharp tips, concave rear margins and convex forward margins. The largest individual recorded had a mantle length of 300 mm and was from the more northerly extremity of the species' distribution. The length of the fins is more than half that of the mantle. Within the mantle cavity there are three visceral photophores, an oval, anal photophore, a posterior intestinal photophore and an elongated posterior visceral photophore which forms a strip. It has a broad head which is at least as wide as the mantle and there is an elongated photophore patch on the ventral surface of both eyes. The tentacular clubs have a sucker-bearing region which is approximately half of the length of the tentacles with large suckers on the manus with 18-20 widely separated sharp, round and curved teeth on the margin while the suckers on the dactylus are larger in the ventral series and smallest in the dorsal series. The sucker teeth are sexually dimorphic on all of the arms with the females having about 8 plate-like teeth in the proximal margin with the teeth becoming more numerous and pointed in the mid-arm while the males have large plate like teeth on the lateral margins of the mid-arm suckers. The fourth right arm is hectocotylised and has small distal suckers with the skin taking the form of a honeycomb on middle of the arm's ventral surface, this consists of 4 or 5 longitudinal lines of depressions each with 20 to 25 pores. Distribution Ornithoteuthis antillarum is found in the tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern and western Atlantic, being found between 20°N and 25°S in the eastern Atlantic and from 40°N to 40°S in the western Atlantic. The type specimen was taken near Basse Terre, Guadeloupe. Habitat and biology Ornithoteuthis antillarum is a pelagic, oceanic species which is thought to be commonest near continental slopes. It is at its most abundant at depths between 100m and 600 m. The paralarvae and adults are relatively common in the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida and in the Gulf Stream, extending south into the Caribbean Sea and to the waters over the continental slope off Brazil. It does not seem to be a schooling speciesbut sampling suggests that it is common from the middle of the water column to very near the bottom, although it has never been reported to sit on the bottom. In the Caribbean this species has been recorded at\",\n \"title\": \"Ornithoteuthis antillarum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2311521\",\n \"text\": \"The geology of Shropshire is very diverse with a large number of periods being represented at outcrop. The bedrock consists principally of sedimentary rocks of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic age, surrounding restricted areas of Precambrian metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. The county hosts in its Quaternary deposits and landforms, a significant record of recent glaciation. The exploitation of the Coal Measures and other Carboniferous age strata in the Ironbridge area made it one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution. There is also a large amount of mineral wealth in the county, including lead and baryte. Quarrying is still active, with limestone for cement manufacture and concrete aggregate, sandstone, greywacke and dolerite for road aggregate, and sand and gravel for aggregate and drainage filters. Groundwater is an equally important economic resource. The Church Stretton Fault is a major structural feature forming a part of the Welsh Borderland Fault System which runs northeast from Wales, entering the county near Clun, and extending beyond the town of Newport to the southeast margin of the Cheshire Basin. The fault itself passes almost through Church Stretton, immediately east of the Long Mynd, and also passes close to The Wrekin. Another, extensive fault exists in Shropshire, the Pontesford-Linley Fault, situated near the village of Pontesbury, south west of the county town of Shrewsbury. The oldest rocks in Shropshire are of Precambrian age and are to be found at Rushton, a mile west of The Wrekin, as schists and gneisses. East of Shrewsbury, on Haughmond Hill, the sedimentary rocks are of somewhat younger Precambrian age, and are being actively quarried for use on roads. The Wrekin is a prominent hill near the town of Telford. The sedimentary rock types are varied around the area, but lava and volcanic ash (tuff) from various volcanic eruptions form this famous landmark. However, The Wrekin itself is not a volcano, and never was. The primary igneous rock on the Wrekin is rhyolite; this has a pinkish colour and is usually banded as it is a slow cooling viscous extrusive rock. Intrusions of igneous rock have been quarried in the past at nearby Ercall Quarry. Here, the main type of igneous rock that can be found is granophyre. At Ercall Quarry is the contact (boundary) between Precambrian rocks and the younger fossiliferous (Cambrian) sedimentary rocks. Much of North Shropshire is a plain which is a basin of Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone. This basin continues north into Cheshire. Faulting has occurred within the sandstones, because of basin extension during and after the infilling of the basin. Escarpments form small prominent hills within the plain. The basin is bounded on the east by the Hodnet Fault, which runs roughly from Shrewsbury to Market Drayton. East of this fault the sandstone is thinner. In the north west of the county near Oswestry are outcrops of Carboniferous Limestone and the Coal Measures. The Shropshire Hills AONB. were formed on a continental shelf, but buckled up into hills at the time of a continental collision: the\",\n \"title\": \"Geology of Shropshire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6878402\",\n \"text\": \"Lionel Robbins' Essay (1932, 1935, 2nd ed., 158 pp.) sought to define more precisely economics as a science and to derive substantive implications. Analysis is relative to \\\"accepted solutions of particular problems\\\" based on best modern practice as referenced, especially including the works of Philip Wicksteed, Ludwig von Mises, and other Continental European economists. Robbins disclaims originality but expresses hope to have given expository force on a very few points to some principles \\\"not always clearly stated\\\" (1935, pp. xiv-xvi) Major propositions Robbins develops and defends several propositions about the relation of scarcity to economics and of economic theory to science, including the following. \\\"Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.\\\" (1935, p. 15) \\\"Economics is not about certain kinds of behaviour,\\\" but \\\"a certain aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity.\\\" (pp. 16–17) \\\"Economics is entirely neutral between ends; ... in so far as any end is dependent on scarce means, it is germane to the preoccupations of the economist.\\\" (p. 24) \\\"[W]ealth is not wealth because of its substantial properties. It is wealth because it is scarce.\\\" (p. 47) \\\"The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility ..., whether true or false, can never be verified by observation or introspection.\\\" ... [Nor does it] \\\"justify the inference that transferences from rich to poor would increase total satisfaction... Interesting as a development of an ethical postulate, [such an effect] does not at all follow from the positive assumptions of pure theory.\\\" (pp. 137, 141) Economics as science is about \\\"ascertainable facts\\\" of the positive as distinct from normative (ethical) judgments on economic policy. (p. 148). The definition of economics above has been described as \\\"central to the arguments presented\\\" that followed in the Essay and as redefining economics in marginalist terms and thereby \\\"destroy[ing] the view classical economists had of their science.\\\" Robbins argued that, at a certain stage in the development of the subject, an insufficiently restrictive and unifying definition multiplies activities of economists away from filling in explanatory gaps of the theory and solving problems posed by the subject (pp. 3–4). The Essay has been described as different from earlier writings on economic methodology in generating a range of tightly argued, radical implications from a simple definition, for example in admitting an aspect of behaviour (rather than a list of behaviours) but not limiting the subject-matter of economics, provided that the influence of scarcity impinges on these (pp. 16–17). The broad behavioural definition is credited for its consistency with the expanding boundaries of economics decades later. In this Robbins both narrows the definition of economics, thereby demonstrating the usefulness of deduction, and opens up the subject-matter of economics. Influence Robbins's Essay is one of the most-cited works on the methodology and philosophy of economics for the period 1932–1960. Arguments therein have been widely accepted on the demarcation of economics as science from discussion of recommendations on economic policy. In that period, economists\",\n \"title\": \"An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49092818\",\n \"text\": \"Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics is a 2007 book by philosopher and politician Roberto Mangabeira Unger. In the book, Unger criticizes the doctrine holding that maximization of free trade should be the commanding goal of the worldwide trading regime, contending that this doctrine is misguided. Instead, Unger argues, the goal of an open worldwide trading regime should be reconciled with measures that foster national and regional diversity, deviation, heresy, and experiment in production, markets and economies. Unger further explores how the tradition of marginalism has rendered the discipline of economics incapable of offering deep insight into the problems of trade and of the global division of labor. Reception Francisco Rodríguez wrote a detailed and laudatory review of Free Trade Reimagined for the Journal of Economic Literature. Noting that Unger \\\"deliberately eschews\\\" the language of economics, Rodriguez describes Unger's project in Free Trade Reimagined as follows: Unger's critique is directed at the practical case for free trade that is premised on the theory of comparative advantage. His central contention is that the model of comparative advantage is too partial, incomplete, and empirically inaccurate to permit the drawing out of the general broad policy implications which are commonly attributed to it. Unger's interest is not in theoretical debates in economics, but rather in the broader process of formulation of trade policy and the design of the institutions of the world trading system. Rodriguez identifies and examines the three basic points that make up Unger's central argument: That trade theory is fundamentally incomplete. That international competition and political institutions can have significant effect on technological progress. That the political economy case for free trade is flawed. Rodriguez notes that \\\"this is not the first time that someone has come up with a reasonable case for trade protection—indeed ... the literature is filled with this type of argument.\\\" But, Rodriguez notes, Unger is less skeptical of state intervention in markets because, unlike many economists, Unger does not view a state's vulnerability to \\\"rent-seeking behaviors\\\" as given, but sees this vulnerability as variable depending on the power of various groups in a society, the nature of bureaucracy, and the openness of the political process. Rodriguez states that \\\"[w]hile many of the basic ideas proposed by Unger make sense, some of the implications that he draws from them appear problematic.\\\" But Rodriguez's final assessment of Free Trade Reimagined is a positive one: Unger's book is valuable because it puts together a set of ideas—some of them well-known, others new—into a coherent proposal for a different approach to free trade than the one that today finds overwhelming acceptance in policy circles and among academic economists. The fact that some of these ideas had been developed by economists shows that there is not as much distance as could appear between what Unger is claiming and what our profession has found. What is novel is the way in which Unger puts together these distinct observations into a well-thought out case that\",\n \"title\": \"Free Trade Reimagined\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45150808\",\n \"text\": \"James Alfred Field (May 26, 1880 – July 16, 1927) was an American economist and Professor of Political Economy at the University of Chicago, known as one of the proponents of institutional economics and as demographer, who contributed to the theory of population and its history. Life and work Born in Milton, Massachusetts, Field obtained his MS in economics at Harvard University in 1903, and continued to do post-graduate work at Harvard and at the University of Berlin. Field started his academic career in 1903 as assistant in economics at Harvard University, and became Austin teaching fellow in economics for a year, and instructor in 1906 to 1908. From 1906 to 1908 he was also instructor in economics at Radcliffe College. In 1908 he started at the University of Chicago as instructor in economics, and was promoted assistant professor in 1910, associate professor in 1913, and full professor in 1918 until his death in 1927. In the year 1923-24 he was also dean of the College of Arts and Literature. Field was also known as founding president of the Illinois Birth Control League, and associate editor of the Journal of Political Economy, and during World War I was special investigator for the Council of National Defense in its division of statistics. He was elected fellow of the American Statistical Association. Work Field came into prominence in the years from 1913 to 1919, when he was involved with professor of Economics Leon C. Marshall and the economic historian Chester W. Wright in \\\"attempts to move economics instruction away from the 'rigorous drill in orthodox theory' or the 'straight-jacket of conventional theory' to a method of instruction emphasizing the development of economic institutions, inquiry into current problems and issues, and fostering of creativity and originality (field 1917). To this end, they produced a book of readings to supplement the usual texts (Marshall, Wright, and Field 1913).\\\" Essays on population, and other papers, 1931 In a 1931 review of \\\"Essays on population, and other papers...\\\" in The Eugenics Review Norman E. Himes (1899-1949), wrote: THIS volume, by one of the greatest demographers America has produced, is a notable contribution to population thought and its history. An original, meticulously accurate scholar, Field has, unfortunately, been little known to European, and especially to Continental scholars. It is a great service, therefore, that one of his students should collect his more important scattered papers and notes, and edit them so ably. The solidity of the volume is matched by a felicity of literary presentation rarely found among economic writers; a combination especially refreshing in this day in America when, with growing numbers in our colleges, almost every underpaid professor becomes the hack author of a dull, poorly-written text-book.The range of topics is wide. Part I contains twelve essays on eugenics, birth control, and Malthusianism, the treatment being essentially historical and critical. Part II collects three papers on economics and statistics, while Part III is a catalogue of the author's library on population. Since the Dictionary of\",\n \"title\": \"James A. Field\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4244346\",\n \"text\": \"The permanent income hypothesis (PIH) is a model in the field of economics to explain the formation of consumption patterns. It suggests consumption patterns are formed from future expectations and consumption smoothing. The theory was developed by Milton Friedman and published in his A Theory of Consumption Function, published in 1957 and subsequently formalized by Robert Hall in a rational expectations model. Originally applied to consumption and income, the process of future expectations is thought to influence other phenomena. In its simplest form, the hypothesis states changes in permanent income (human capital, property, assets), rather than changes in temporary income (unexpected income), are what drive changes in consumption. The formation of consumption patterns opposite to predictions was an outstanding problem faced by the Keynesian orthodoxy. Friedman's predictions of consumption smoothing, where people spread out transitory changes in income over time, departed from the traditional Keynesian emphasis on a higher marginal propensity to consume out of current income. Income consists of a permanent (anticipated and planned) component and a transitory (unexpected and surprising) component. In the permanent income hypothesis model, the key determinant of consumption is an individual's lifetime income, not their current income. Unlike permanent income, transitory incomes are volatile. Background and history Until A Theory of Consumption Function, the Keynesian absolute income hypothesis and interpretation of the consumption function were the most advanced and sophisticated. In its post-war synthesis, the Keynesian perspective was responsible for pioneering many innovations in recession management, economic history, and macroeconomics. Like the neoclassical school that preceded it, early inconsistencies had their roots in socio-political events contrary to the predictions put forward. The introduction of the absolute income hypothesis is often attributed to John Maynard Keynes, a British economist, who wrote several books which are now the basis for Keynesian economics. The hypothesis put forward by Keynes was accepted and placed into the post–war synthesis. However, inconsistencies were not resolved swiftly, and economists were unable to explain the consistency of the savings rate in the face of rising real incomes (Fig. 1). Before the neoclassical synthesis was established, Keynes and his hypothesis challenged the orthodoxy of neoclassical economics. As a result of the Great Depression, Keynes rapidly became among the leaders of economic thought. His MPC and MPS spending multipliers developed into the absolute income hypothesis (), and were influential to the government responses to the ensuing depression. Origins The American economist Milton Friedman developed the permanent income hypothesis in his 1957 book A Theory of the Consumption Function. In his book, Friedman posits a theory that explained how and why future expectations change consumption. Friedman's 1957 book A Theory of the Consumption Function created the basis for consumption smoothing. He argued the consumption model, in which outcomes are stochastic, where consumers face risks and uncertainty to their labor incomes, complicates interpretations of indifference curves, and causes consumers to spread out or 'smooth' their spending based on their permanent income, which represents their anticipated income over their lifetimes. Friedman explains this by how, for example,\",\n \"title\": \"Permanent income hypothesis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5331\",\n \"text\": \"The people of Chad speak more than 100 languages and divide themselves into many ethnic groups. However, language and ethnicity are not the same. Moreover, neither element can be tied to a particular physical type. Although the possession of a common language shows that its speakers have lived together and have a common history, peoples also change languages. This is particularly so in Chad, where the openness of the terrain, marginal rainfall, frequent drought and famine, and low population densities have encouraged physical and linguistic mobility. Slave raids among non-Muslim peoples, internal slave trade, and exports of captives northward from the ninth to the twentieth centuries also have resulted in language changes. Anthropologists view ethnicity as being more than genetics. Like language, ethnicity implies a shared heritage, partly economic, where people of the same ethnic group may share a livelihood, and partly social, taking the form of shared ways of doing things and organizing relations among individuals and groups. Ethnicity also involves a cultural component made up of shared values and a common worldview. Like language, ethnicity is not immutable. Shared ways of doing things change over time and alter a group's perception of its own identity. Not only do the social aspects of ethnic identity change but the biological composition (or gene pool) also may change over time. Although most ethnic groups emphasize intermarriage, people are often proscribed from seeking partners among close relatives—a prohibition that promotes biological variation. In all groups, the departure of some individuals or groups and the integration of others also changes the biological component. The Chadian government has avoided official recognition of ethnicity. With the exception of a few surveys conducted shortly after independence, little data were available on this important aspect of Chadian society. Nonetheless, ethnic identity was a significant component of life in Chad. The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from Eastern, Central, Western, and Northern Africa. Chad's languages fall into ten major groups, each of which belongs to either the Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic, or Niger–Congo language family. These represent three of the four major language families in Africa; only the Khoisan languages of southern Africa are not represented. The presence of such different languages suggests that the Lake Chad Basin may have been an important point of dispersal in ancient times. Population According to the total population was in , compared to only 2 429 000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 45.4%, 51.7% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.9% was 65 years or the country is projected to have a population of 34 millions peoples in 2050 and 61 millions peoples in 2100 . Vital statistics Registration of vital events is in Chad not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022 Fertility and births Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Fertility data as of 2014-2015 (DHS Program): Religions The separation\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Chad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"220366\",\n \"text\": \"Methodenstreit (German for \\\"method dispute\\\"), in intellectual history beyond German-language discourse, was an economics controversy commenced in the 1880s and persisting for more than a decade, between that field's Austrian School and the (German) Historical School. The debate concerned the place of general theory in social science and the use of history in explaining the dynamics of human action. It also touched on policy and political issues, including the roles of the individual and state. Nevertheless, methodological concerns were uppermost and some early members of the Austrian School also defended a form of welfare state, as prominently advocated by the Historical School. When the debate opened, Carl Menger developed the Austrian School's standpoint, and Gustav von Schmoller defended the approach of the Historical School. (In German-speaking countries, the original of this Germanism is not specific to the one controversy—which is likely to be specified as Methodenstreit der Nationalökonomie, i.e. \\\"Methodenstreit of national economics\\\".) History Background The Historical School contended that economists could develop new and better social laws from the collection and study of statistics and historical materials, and distrusted theories not derived from historical experience. Thus, the German Historical School focused on specific dynamic institutions as the largest variable in changes in political economy. The Historical School were themselves reacting against materialist determinism, the idea that human action could, and would (once science advanced enough), be explained as physical and chemical reactions. The Austrian School, beginning with the work of Carl Menger in the 1860s, argued against this (in Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre, English title: Principles of Economics), that economics was the work of philosophical logic and could only ever be about developing rules from first principles — seeing human motives and social interaction as far too complex to be amenable to statistical analysis — and purporting to deduce universally valid precepts from human actions. Menger and the German Historical School The first move was when Carl Menger attacked Schmoller and the German Historical School, in his 1883 book Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences, with Special Reference to Political Economics (Untersuchungen über die Methode der Socialwissenschaften, und der politischen Ökonomie insbesondere). Menger thought the best method of studying economics was through reason and finding general theories which applied to broad areas. Menger, as did the other Austrians, concentrated upon the subjective, atomistic nature of economics. He emphasized the subjective factors. He said the grounds for economics were built upon self-interest, evaluation on the margin, and incomplete knowledge. He said aggregative, collective ideas could not have adequate foundation unless they rested upon individual components. The direct attack on the German Historical School lead Schmoller to respond quickly with an unfavourable and quite hostile review of Menger's book. Menger accepted the challenge and replied in a passionate pamphlet, written in the form of letters to a friend, in which he (according to Hayek) \\\"ruthlessly demolished Schmoller's position\\\". The encounter between the masters was soon imitated by their disciples. A degree of hostility not often equaled in scientific controversy developed.\",\n \"title\": \"Methodenstreit\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4607613\",\n \"text\": \"An oceanic or submarine plateau is a large, relatively flat elevation that is higher than the surrounding relief with one or more relatively steep sides. There are 184 oceanic plateaus in the world, covering an area of or about 5.11% of the oceans. The South Pacific region around Australia and New Zealand contains the greatest number of oceanic plateaus (see map). Oceanic plateaus produced by large igneous provinces are often associated with hotspots, mantle plumes, and volcanic islands — such as Iceland, Hawaii, Cape Verde, and Kerguelen. The three largest plateaus, the Caribbean, Ontong Java, and Mid-Pacific Mountains, are located on thermal swells. Other oceanic plateaus, however, are made of rifted continental crust, for example the Falkland Plateau, Lord Howe Rise, and parts of Kerguelen, Seychelles, and Arctic ridges. Plateaus formed by large igneous provinces were formed by the equivalent of continental flood basalts such as the Deccan Traps in India and the Snake River Plain in the United States. In contrast to continental flood basalts, most igneous oceanic plateaus erupt through young and thin () mafic or ultra-mafic crust and are therefore uncontaminated by felsic crust and representative for their mantle sources. These plateaus often rise above the surrounding ocean floor and are more buoyant than oceanic crust. They therefore tend to withstand subduction, more-so when thick and when reaching subduction zones shortly after their formations. As a consequence, they tend to \\\"dock\\\" to continental margins and be preserved as accreted terranes. Such terranes are often better preserved than the exposed parts of continental flood basalts and are therefore a better record of large-scale volcanic eruptions throughout Earth's history. This \\\"docking\\\" also means that oceanic plateaus are important contributors to the growth of continental crust. Their formations often had a dramatic impact on global climate, such as the most recent plateaus formed, the three, large, Cretaceous oceanic plateaus in the Pacific and Indian Ocean: Ontong Java, Kerguelen, and Caribbean. Role in crust–mantle recycling Geologists believe that igneous oceanic plateaus may well represent a stage in the development of continental crust as they are generally less dense than oceanic crust while still being denser than normal continental crust. Density differences in crustal material largely arise from different ratios of various elements, especially silicon. Continental crust has the highest amount of silicon (such rock is called felsic). Oceanic crust has a smaller amount of silicon (mafic rock). Igneous oceanic plateaus have a ratio intermediate between continental and oceanic crust, although they are more mafic than felsic. However, when a plate carrying oceanic crust subducts under a plate carrying an igneous oceanic plateau, the volcanism which erupts on the plateau as the oceanic crust heats up on its descent into the mantle erupts material which is more felsic than the material which makes up the plateau. This represents a step toward creating crust which is increasingly continental in character, being less dense and more buoyant. If an igneous oceanic plateau is subducted underneath another one, or under existing continental crust, the eruptions\",\n \"title\": \"Oceanic plateau\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18816165\",\n \"text\": \"The geology of British Columbia is a function of its location on the leading edge of the North American continent. The mountainous physiography and the diversity of the different types and ages of rock hint at the complex geology, which is still undergoing revision despite a century of exploration and mapping. The province's most prominent geological features are its mountain ranges, including the North American Cordillera which stretches from Southern Mexico to Alaska. Terrane theory Terrane theory was first proposed by Jim Monger of the Geological Survey of Canada and Charlie Rouse in 1971 as an explanation for a set of fusulinid fossils that were found in central British Columbia. Rather than suggest that facies changes or seaways were behind this (which were common explanations at the time), the two geologists proposed that the fossils in question had been part of an assemblage of rocks that had migrated across the Pacific Ocean to their present location. This theory was then developed by Porter Irwin and Davy Jones of the US Geological Survey to its common definition of \\\"fault-bounded regional geologic entities, each characterized by a different geologic history than its neighbours.\\\". Terranes are most commonly associated with different tectonic elements such as island arcs, volcanic plateaus, subduction zones, continental margins, mid-oceanic ridges, and continental fragments. These terranes are gradually joined together by elements such as overlap formations and stitching plutons and are then accreted to the continent. In some cases, a terrane can contain multiple tectonic elements. The Cache Creek Terrane is composed of a massive carbonate component, an oceanic floor component, and a subduction mélange component. Architecture and composition There are five morphogeological belts that define the geology of British Columbia from east to west: the Foreland, Omineca, Intermontane, Coast, and Insular Belt. Each has a unique geology, including different metamorphic, physiographic, metallogenic, and tectonic histories. The Foreland Belt is composed of weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks which are 1.4 billion to 33 million years old, and the belt represents a rift sequence followed by a passive margin that was turned into a retro arc fold and thrust belt with synorogenic sedimentation. The region is very rugged except in the northeast of the province where the earth flattens out to an expansive plain. The Omineca Belt is composed of highly metamorphosed, pericratonic (near craton) terranes and fragments of North America that are 2 billion to 180 million years old. Terranes in the belt include the Slide Mountain Terrane, the Yukon–Tanana Terrane, and the Cassiar Terrane. This belt goes from low hills to high mountains across its length, with the majority of the region being extremely rugged. The Intermontane Belt is a flatter, more rounded region composed of three terranes, Stikinia, Quesnellia, and the Cache Creek Terrane. The belt has a lower metamorphic grade than the Omineca Belt and ranges from 400 million to 10,000 years old. Volcanic activity has been recorded as occurring in the past 10,000 years, including at Nazko Cone and in the Satah Mountain volcanic field. The\",\n \"title\": \"Geology of British Columbia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69098319\",\n \"text\": \"Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy is an article by Friedrich Engels, first published in German in 1843 for the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher. The article has significance in relation to Marx critique of political economy, Engels like Marx, goes on to compare economists with theologians by referring to Adam Smith as the economic Luther. Very short summary For Engels, \\\"[...] everything in economics stands on its head. In addition the materialistic anthropology of Marx's early works, the formulation of historical materialism became predominant contributions to writings regarding the critique of political economy. Within Marxism this is considered one of the most important subjects which has led to a great deal of academic discussion and pursuit within and outside academic circles. Summary of the entire article Engels begin the article by claiming that \\\"Political economy came into being as a natural result of the expansion of trade, and with its appearance elementary, unscientific huckstering was replaced by a developed system of licensed fraud, an entire science of enrichment.\\\". Engels then goes on to critique and tell the history of the making of the mercantile system as a system to gain competitive advantage. Mercantilism claimed that there was a need to always make sure that one had to export more than import. This led to that \\\"The art of the economists [...] consisted in ensuring that [...] exports should show a favourable balance over imports; and for the sake of this ridiculous illusion thousands of men have been slaughtered!\\\" After this Engels pointed out that while the eighteenth century revolutionized economics, it only did so partly. This movement didn't get rid of the Christian contempt for and humiliation of Man, but rather postited nature as the Absolute which confronted Man. Thereafter he declared that politicians havn't examined the premises of the state, and that it didn't occur to economics to question the very validity of private property. The new economy was hence obliged to disavow its own premises and recourse to hypocrisy. The premises of the economy begot the modern slavery and factory system. Engels viewed Smiths new system as a necessary advance, but also claimed that \\\"The nearer the economists come to the present time, the further they depart from honesty.\\\" Engels then goes on to critique the concept of \\\"national wealth\\\", as well as \\\"national economy\\\"(Nationalökonomie, today \\\"economics\\\").Engels further explains how the immediate consequence of private property is trade - which due to the fact that every actor in this activity must aim to dupe the other, legalised fraud. The mercantile system is viewed by Engels as an expression of the mutual hostility, which were the logical consequence of trade. It was not until the extorted trade treaties, commercial wars, and isolation of the nations offended to greatly that Smiths humanity, which was rooted in the expansion of mutual trade. However this was merely friendly endeavors for the sake of the profit margin, a principle immanent in the very nature of trade. This hypocritical way of misusing morality for immoral\",\n \"title\": \"Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59412024\",\n \"text\": \"The African country of Ethiopia has made massive strides towards alleviating poverty since 2000 when it was assessed that their poverty rate was one of the greatest among all other countries. The country has made great strides in different areas of the Millennium Development Goals including eradicating various diseases and decreasing the rate of child mortality. Despite these improvements, poverty is still extremely high within the country. One of the leading factors in driving down poverty was the expansion of the agricultural sector. Poor farmers have been able to set higher food prices to increase their sales and revenue, but this expansion has come at a cost to the poorest citizens of the country, as they could not afford the higher priced food. One of the biggest challenges to alleviating this issue is changing the structure of Ethiopia's economy from an agricultural-based economy to a more industry-based economy. The current strategy for addressing poverty in Ethiopia is by building on existing government systems and development programs that are already in place within the country. Marginality Due to the lack of progress in reducing the rate of poverty in Ethiopia, a map of marginality was created for the region to survey the state of poverty. In Marginality as a Root Cause of Poverty: Identifying Marginality Hotspots in Ethiopia, Gatzweiler defines marginality as \\\"an involuntary position and condition of an individual or group at the margins of social, political, economic, ecological, and biophysical systems, that prevent them from access to resources, assets, services, restraining freedom of choice, preventing the development of capabilities, and eventually causing extreme poverty\\\". Marginality does not operate as a means to analyze the causes of poverty, rather it serves as a main cause of poverty itself and calls for a deeper analysis of the position of individuals within their society. Marginality directly deals with social webs and systems and how individuals have a sociological effects on the essential functions of everyday society. There are hotspots of marginality in the South-West and North regions of the country. Some strong indications of high marginality among poor agro-ecological conditions and ethnically homogeneous areas. The agro-ecological zones with the highest levels of marginality were found among the Kolla and Bertha zones, both of which have extremely arid temperatures. The study also found that areas of high marginality had one ethnicity that made \\\"up more than 95% of the population\\\". The study estimates that almost 6 million people live in marginal hotspot areas. 1984 famine in Ethiopia The famine in Ethiopia in 1984 served as the beginning of a country-wide famine that lasted for at least 20 years after the crisis itself. According to the study Hunger and Poverty in Ethiopia: local perceptions of famine and famine response, \\\"In 2003, up to 15 million people were considered food insecure.\\\" 2002 served as a key year where food security was extremely low, and that food production since the initial famine was on a continual decline throughout various political regimes. The strategy was to improve\",\n \"title\": \"Poverty in Ethiopia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4139295\",\n \"text\": \"Sedimentary exhalative deposits (SEDEX or SedEx deposits) are zinc-lead deposits originally interpreted to have been formed by discharge of metal-bearing basinal fluids onto the seafloor resulting in the precipitation of mainly stratiform ore, often with thin laminations of sulfide minerals. SEDEX deposits are hosted largely by clastic rocks deposited in intracontinental rifts or failed rift basins and passive continental margins. Since these ore deposits frequently form massive sulfide lenses, they are also named sediment-hosted massive sulfide (SHMS) deposits, as opposed to volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits. The sedimentary appearance of the thin laminations led to early interpretations that the deposits formed exclusively or mainly by exhalative processes onto the seafloor, hence the term SEDEX. However, recent study of numerous deposits indicates that shallow subsurface replacement is also an important process, in several deposits the predominant one, with only local if any exhalations onto the seafloor. For this reason, some authors prefer the term clastic-dominated zinc-lead deposits. As used today, therefore, the term SEDEX is not to be taken to mean that hydrothermal fluids actually vented into the overlying water column, although this may have occurred in some cases. Main ore minerals in SEDEX deposits are fine-grained sphalerite and galena, chalcopyrite is significant in some deposits; silver-bearing sulfosalts are frequent minor constituents; pyrite is always present and can be a minor component or the dominant sulfide, as it is the case in massive sulfide bodies; barite content is common to absent, locally economic. SEDEX deposits are typified, among others, by Red Dog, McArthur River, Mount Isa, Rammelsberg, Sullivan. SEDEX deposits are the most important source of lead and zinc, and a major contributor of silver and copper. Genetic model Fluid and metal sources The source of metals and mineralizing solutions for SEDEX deposits is deep formational saline waters and brines that leach metals from clastic sedimentary rocks and the underlying basement. The fluids derived their salinity from the evaporation of seawater and may have been mixed with meteoric water and pore water squeezed out of the sediments. Metals such as lead, copper and zinc are found in a trace amount in clastic and magmatic rocks. Saline waters may reach temperatures higher than 200°C in deeper parts of the basin. Hydrothermal fluid compositions are estimated to have a salinity of up to 23% NaCl eq. Hot, moderately acidic, saline waters, are able to carry significant amounts of lead, zinc, silver and other metals. Deposition The mineralizing fluids are conducted upwards along permeable feeders, in particular basin-bounding faults. Feeders which host the hydrothermal flow can show evidence of this flow due to development of hydrothermal breccias, quartz and carbonate veining and pervasive ankerite-siderite-chlorite-sericite alteration. The feeders themselves do not need to be mineralized Near the seafloor, beneath or onto it, the ascending metal-bearing fluids eventually cool down and may mix with cold slightly alkaline, less saline seawater triggering precipitation of metal sulfides. If mixing takes place subseafloor, extensive replacement develops. If the discharge is onto the seafloor, stratiform deposits of chemical precipitates may\",\n \"title\": \"Sedimentary exhalative deposits\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29208825\",\n \"text\": \"The Greek civil wars of 1823–1825 occurred alongside the Greek War of Independence. The conflict had both political and regional dimensions, as it pitted the Roumeliotes, who lived in mainland Greece, and shipowners from the Islands, primarily Hydra island, against the Peloponnesians or Moreotes. It divided the nation, and seriously weakened the military preparedness of the Greek forces in the face of the oncoming Egyptian intervention in the conflict. Background By the end of March 1821, Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottoman Empire and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had already captured Kalamata and Tripolitsa. After the fall of Kalamata, the Messenian Senate, the first of the Greeks' local governing councils, held its inaugural session. At almost the same time, the Achean Directorate was summoned in Patras. With the initiative of the Messenian Senate, a Peloponnesian assembly convened, and elected on May 26 a Senate. Assemblies convened also in Central Greece (November 1821) under the leadership of two Phanariots: Alexandros Mavrokordatos in the western part, and Theodoros Negris in the eastern part. These assemblies adopted two local statutes, the Charter of Western Continental Greece and the Legal Order of Eastern Continental Greece. The statutes provided for the creation of two local administrative organs in Central Greece, an Areopagus in the east, and a Senate in the west. The three local statutes were recognized by the First National Assembly, but were later dissolved by the Second National Assembly. The First National Assembly was formed at Epidaurus in late December 1821, consisted almost exclusively of Peloponnesian notables. The Assembly composed the first Greek Constitution and appointed the members of an executive and a legislative body that were to govern the liberated territories. Mavrokordatos saved the office of president of the executive for himself, while Ypsilantis, who had called for the Assembly, was elected president of the legislative body, a place of no significance. Military leaders and representative of Filiki Eteria were marginalized, but gradually Kolokotronis' political influence grew, and he soon managed to control, along with the captains he influenced, the Peloponnesian Senate, which was not dissolved by the National Assembly. The Senate actually governed Peloponnese, while the central government was too weak to exercise its power. Seeing the impasse and the growing power of the Peloponnesian captains, Mavrokordatos and the Hydriots proposed the dissolution of the Senate and its incorporation into the National Assembly. Mavromichalis accepted the proposal, but the military leaders rejected it. After the rejection of the proposal, the central administration tried to marginalize Kolokotronis. In November 1822, the central administration promulgated the law for the election of representative for the new National Assembly, but Kolokotronis defied the law, and declared that Peloponnese will organize its own assembly for the elections of the new members of the Senate. First civil war The provisional government decided that the National Assembly would take place in Nafplio (taken meanwhile in the end of December 1822), and asked Kolokotronis to return the fort to the government. Kolokotronis refused,\",\n \"title\": \"Greek civil wars of 1823–1825\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74119545\",\n \"text\": \"The Francophone economy includes 54 member countries of the OIF, with a total population of more than 1.2 billion people, whose official language or one of the official languages or languages of education is French. The French-speaking world is often associated with the use of the French language and one of the many French-speaking cultures, but it also has significant economic potential, which remains largely under-exploited, particularly by multinationals, private French-speaking groups and academic researchers, who still publish and communicate with the outside world mainly in English. This French-speaking world represents a significant economic potential due to the size of its market and the diversity of its member economies. According to an OIF report (2022), the French-speaking economic area accounts for 25% of world GDP, 28% of world trade and 23% of the world's energy and mining resources. The countries of the French-speaking world also include several emerging countries, notably in West and Central Africa, which are experiencing rapid economic growth. Other areas where French is historically or officially spoken include so called \\\"developed countries\\\" like parts of the United States (particularly Louisiana, New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine), Eastern Canada, Western Europe and parts of Oceania. In addition, member economies of the Francophonie often share similar characteristics, such as colonial history, trade links and common legal practices (for example the Napoleonic Code), which can facilitate trade and investment between these countries. The OIF also provides a political and institutional framework for economic cooperation, for example through the creation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA – also officially in French : Zone de libre-échange continentale africaine – ZLECAf) – a free trade agreement between 54 African countries, including many OIF members – or the Eurozone, the European Union, the Comprehensive and Deep Free Trade Agreement and the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, all of which overlap with a number of OIF members and share French as a working and official language. Definition To properly define the Francophone economy, a number of factors need to be considered: the official language of the country, region or area involved in a trade transaction; the language in which goods and services are exchanged (contracts, bank transactions, amicable markets, barter, etc.); the official language of the \\\"customer\\\" country, region or economic zone. Belonging to a common linguistic area tends to encourage privileged trade between countries belonging to this area. Empirical studies, not limited to the French-speaking world, have shown that sharing a common language has a positive impact on the development of trade flows, but this is also true for investment flows and migratory flows. Cultural proximity, which is fostered by sharing a common language, has a positive influence on trust between economic players, and mutual trust between two countries has a positive impact on their bilateral trade flows. History The historical contours and beginnings of economic relations between French-speaking countries can be traced back to the first official use of French as a language of state and trade (Val d'Aoste, France, Savoie) in\",\n \"title\": \"Francophone economy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"185944\",\n \"text\": \"Anglocentrism is the perceived cultural, economical, historical, political and social bias, ethnocentrism or dominance in favor of Anglo-Saxon or Anglophone perspectives, often to the marginalization of other cultures in various aspects of global affairs. Historically, the phenomenon stems from the British Empire's extensive influence and the global spread of the English language that often manifests encompassing various aspects of life, including literature, media, politics, and cultural norms on a global scale. Critics argue that anglocentrism can contribute to a limited worldview and hinder global inclusivity by overshadowing the rich diversity of global cultures and histories, and highlight the acknowledgement of the contributions of various societies beyond the Anglosphere. Proponents may assert its role in shaping major global institutions and fostering common linguistic and legal frameworks. The term is subject to ongoing discourse and analysis in discussions surrounding cultural diversity, globalization, and international relations. Anglocentrism often manifests in the prioritization of occidentalist perspectives in international discourse, media, and diplomacy. It is important to note that while this phenomenon is commonly associated with cultural imperialism, it can also be unintentional. Historic context The historical roots of Anglocentrism can be traced back to the widespread influence of the British Empire during the 19th and 20th centuries which spanned several centuries, controlled vast swathes across the globe, and had a profound impact on global culture and power dynamics. At its zenith, the English language became a dominant force, contributing to the propagation of anglocentric cultural norms and values.This historic legacy continues to reinforcing the perception of its superiority today. Cultural and linguistic imperialism Anglocentrism is often evident in the global linguistic landscape, i.e media, movies, music; in international business, communication, diplomacy; and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics where English language serves as the global lingua franca. This linguistic imperialism can impact the representation of diverse cultures and languages, potentially marginalizing non-anglophone perspectives, and contributing to a global communication imbalance where non-native English speakers may face challenges in having their voices heard, and accessing resources and opportunities. Hollywood, for example, has played a pivotal role in shaping global popular culture, sometimes overshadowing local cultural expressions.The global dissemination of anglophone movies and TV shows contributes to the perception of English culture as normative.This phenomenon has raised debates about cultural imperialism and the preservation of diverse cultural identities. Neocolonialism Anglocentrism also extends into the political and economic realms, where anglophone countries often hold significant influence in intergovernmental organizations like United Nations and financial institutions like International Monetary Fund and World Bank. This influence has implications for global policies, trade agreements, and the distribution of resources, prompting discussions about fairness and representation. Criticism and challenges Critics argue that Anglocentrism may perpetuate to cultural homogenization, stifling linguistic and cultural diversity through educational systems that prioritize anglocentric literature and history, leading to a distorted worldview that hinders mutual understanding among diverse societies. Additionally, some contend that it perpetuates an anglocentric worldview, limiting the understanding of alternative cultural paradigms. It may lead to the permanent indigenous linguicide and the marginalization of\",\n \"title\": \"Anglocentrism\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27282\",\n \"text\": \"Politics in Senegal takes place within the framework of a presidential democratic republic. The President of Senegal is the head of state and government. Executive power in Senegal is concentrated in the president's hands. While legislative power is technically vested in both the government and the parliament, the parliament rarely introduces legislation or votes down legislation proposed by the government. Similarly, although the Judiciary is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislature, the executive branch seems to exert undue control over the judiciary. Senegal is one of the few African states that has never experienced a coup d'état or exceptionally harsh authoritarianism. Léopold Senghor, the first president after independence, resigned in 1981, handing over the office of president to his Prime Minister, Abdou Diouf. The present president, Macky Sall, was elected in competitive democratic elections in March 2012. President Sall was re-elected in 2019. Senegal has a reputation for transparency in government operations. The level of economic corruption that has damaged the development of the economies in other parts of the world is very low. Today Senegal has a democratic political culture, being part of one of the most successful democratic transitions in Africa. Introduction Political system The President is elected by universal adult suffrage to a 5-year term (before: to a 7-year term). The unicameral National Assembly has 150 members, who are elected separately from the President. The Socialist Party dominated the National Assembly until April 2001, when in free and fair legislative elections, President Wade's coalition won a majority (90 of 150 seats). The Cour Suprême (Highest Appeals Court, equivalent to the U.S. Supreme Court) and the Constitutional Council, the justices of which are named by the President, are the nation's highest tribunals. Senegal is divided into 11 administrative regions, each headed by a governor appointed by and responsible to the President. The law on decentralization, which came into effect in January 1998, distributed significant central government authority to regional assemblies. Political culture Senegal's principal political party was for 40 years the Socialist Party (PS). Its domination of political life came to an end in March 2000, when Abdoulaye Wade, the leader of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) and leader of the opposition for more than 25 years, won the presidency. Under the terms of a 2016 amendment to the 2001 constitution, future presidents will serve for 5 years and be limited to two terms. Sall was the last President to be elected to a 7-year term. President Wade advanced a liberal agenda for Senegal, including privatizations and other market-opening measures. He had a strong interest in raising Senegal's regional and international profile. The country, nevertheless, has limited means with which to implement ambitious ideas. The liberalization of the economy is proceeding, but at a slow pace. Senegal continues to play a significant role in regional and international organizations. President Wade has made excellent relations with the United States a high priority. There are presently some 72 political parties, most of which are marginal and little more\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of Senegal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6255\",\n \"text\": \"Carl Menger von Wolfensgrün (; ; 28 February 1840 – 26 February 1921) was an Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of economics. Menger contributed to the development of the theories of marginalism and marginal utility, which rejected cost-of-production theory of value, such as developed by the classical economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo. As a departure from such, he would go on to call his resultant perspective, the subjective theory of value. Biography Family and education Carl Menger von Wolfensgrün was born in the city of Neu-Sandez in Galicia, Austrian Empire, which is now Nowy Sącz in Poland. He was the son of a wealthy family of minor nobility; his father, Anton Menger, was a lawyer. His mother, Caroline Gerżabek, was the daughter of a wealthy Bohemian merchant. He had two brothers, Anton and Max, both prominent as lawyers. His son, Karl Menger, was a mathematician who taught for many years at Illinois Institute of Technology. After attending gymnasium he studied law at the Universities of Prague and Vienna and later received a doctorate in jurisprudence from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. In the 1860s Menger left school and enjoyed a stint as a journalist reporting and analyzing market news, first at the Lemberger Zeitung in Lemberg, Austrian Galicia (now Lviv, Ukraine) and later at the in Vienna. Career During the course of his newspaper work, he noticed a discrepancy between what the classical economics he was taught in school said about price determination and what real world market participants believed. In 1867 Menger began a study of political economy which culminated in 1871 with the publication of his Principles of Economics (), thus becoming the father of the Austrian School of economic thought. It was in this work that he challenged classical cost-based theories of value with his theory of marginality – that price is determined at the margin. In 1872 Menger was enrolled into the law faculty at the University of Vienna and spent the next several years teaching finance and political economy both in seminars and lectures to a growing number of students. In 1873, he received the university's chair of economic theory at the very young age of 33. In 1876 Menger began tutoring Archduke Rudolf von Habsburg, the Crown Prince of Austria in political economy and statistics. For two years, Menger accompanied the prince during his travels, first through continental Europe and then later through the British Isles. He is also thought to have assisted the crown prince in the composition of a pamphlet, published anonymously in 1878, which was highly critical of the higher Austrian aristocracy. His association with the prince would last until Rudolf's suicide in 1889. In 1878 Rudolf's father, Emperor Franz Joseph, appointed Menger to the chair of political economy at Vienna. The title of Hofrat was conferred on him, and he was appointed to the Austrian in 1900. Dispute with the historical school Ensconced in his professorship, he set about refining and defending the\",\n \"title\": \"Carl Menger\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12151\",\n \"text\": \"Guam is a two-party presidential representative democracy, in which the Governor is the head of government. Guam is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States, with policy relations between Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs. Guam is also listed on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. Background The economic situation in Guam is currently dependent on the significant U.S. military presence there. Its status as a tourist destination for Japanese, Singaporeans and South Koreans also contributes to Guam's economy. It has also emerged as a destination for economic migrants from the Philippines working at lower-wage jobs in the hospitality industry. Debate over political status Maintenance of the status quo vis-à-vis the current political relationship between the territory and the United States is controversial. There is a significant movement in favor of the Territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a political status similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. Competing movements exist, which advocate political independence from the United States, statehood, or a combination with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory (not necessarily commonwealth). Therese M. Terlaje, Speaker of the Legislature of Guam, indicated support in 2018 for holding a plebiscite to allow Guamians to vote for their favored political status. These proposals, however, are not seen as favorable by the U.S. federal government, which argues Guam does not have the financial stability or self-sufficiency to warrant such status. They cite Guam's increasing reliance on Federal spending as evidence, and question how commonwealth status or statehood would benefit the United States as a whole. A portion of the people on Guam favors a modified version of the current Territorial status, involving greater autonomy from the federal government (similar to the autonomy of individual States). Perceived indifference by the U.S. Congress regarding a change-of-status petition submitted by Guam has led many to feel that the territory is being deprived of the benefits of a more equitable union with the United States. Past referenda on political status January 1982 status referendum In January 1982, a referendum on Guam's status was held, with a 49.49% plurality of voters favoring commonwealth status, with 25.65% favoring statehood, the second most popular option. 10.19% said they supported the status quo, while 5.40% supported U.S. incorporated territory status. 3.9% of voters favored a free association agreement with the U.S., while independence was the least popular option, garnering 3.82% support. September 1982 status referendum A second referendum with the two most popular options in the original vote (commonwealth status and statehood) was held in September 1982. By a 72.82% to 27.18% margin, Guamanians voted in favor of commonwealth status over statehood. However, Guam has not received commonwealth status, and remains an unincorporated territory. Future referenda In 2000, the Guam Legislature authorized the creation of a non-binding vote to allow native inhabitants of Guam to cast their votes in favor of statehood, a free association agreement, or outright independence from the United States. In 2017,\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of Guam\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35513678\",\n \"text\": \"Corruption in Albania is a very serious problem. According to Global Corruption Barometer 2013, 66% of respondents indicated that level of corruption has increased in Albania. Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index scores 180 countries according to the perceived corruption of the public sector and then ranks those countries by their score. In 2023, Albania scored 37 on a scale from 0 (\\\"highly corrupt\\\") to 100 (\\\"very clean\\\"). When ranked by score, Albania ranked 98th among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison with worldwide scores, the average score was 43, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180). For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Eastern European and Central Asian countries was 53, the average score was 35 and the lowest score was 18. Corruption is still considered one of the most problematic factors for establishing business in Albania. Even though anti-corruption legal framework of Albania is moderate, its enforcement is weak and corruption conviction rates are still very low. Corruption and Human Development in Albania After 1990, Albania has passed from a centralized economy to a liberal one. Liberalization has brought both mainly negative effects to the politics, economy and other social aspect. There are two main components that measure a country's progress toward success. Firstly, the economic growth is the most used and discussed indicator of the progress. During the last two decades the economists have been more interested in the economic development, consisting of the aggregate of health, education level and income rather than economic growth. Secondly, the corruption level is found to be a significant component of progress. Different researches have founded out a negative relationship between corruption level and countries’ progress. Empirical research of Hysa (2011) reveals that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between corruption indexes and human development. Empirical evidence of the study, comparing Albania with the EU member countries, suggests that more corrupted countries tend to have lower levels of human development. In the Albanian case, the relationship between corruption and human development is found to be much stronger than in the EU countries. See also Corruption in Kosovo International Anti-Corruption Academy Group of States Against Corruption International Anti-Corruption Day ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems United Nations Convention against Corruption OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Transparency International Notes References Politics of Albania Albania Albania\",\n \"title\": \"Corruption in Albania\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13671081\",\n \"text\": \"In economics, the marginal product of capital (MPK) is the additional production that a firm experiences when it adds an extra unit of input. It is a feature of the production function, alongside the labour input. Definition The marginal product of capital (MPK) is the additional output resulting, ceteris paribus (\\\"all things being equal\\\"), from the use of an additional unit of physical capital, such as machines or buildings used by businesses. The marginal product of capital (MPK) is the amount of extra output the firm gets from an extra unit of capital, holding the amount of labor constant: Thus, the marginal product of capital is the difference between the amount of output produced with K + 1 units of capital and that produced with only K units of capital. Determining marginal product of capital is essential when a firm is debating on whether or not to invest on the additional unit of capital. The decision of increasing the production is only beneficial if the MPK is higher than the cost of capital of each additional unit. Otherwise, if the cost of capital is higher, the firm will be losing profit when adding extra units of physical capital. This concept equals the reciprocal of the incremental capital-output ratio. Mathematically, it is the partial derivative of the production function with respect to capital. If production output , then Diminishing marginal returns One of the key assumptions in economics is diminishing returns, that is the marginal product of capital is positive but decreasing in the level of capital stock, or mathematically Graphically, this evidence can be observed by the curve shown on the graphic, which represents the effect of capital, K, on the output, Y. If the quantity of labor input, L, is hold fixed, the slope of the curve at any point resemble the marginal product of capital. In a low quantity of capital, such as point A, the slope is steeper than in point B, due to diminishing returns of capital. By other words, the additional unit of capital has diminishing productivity, once the increase on production becomes less and less significant, as K rises. Example Consider a furniture firm, in which labour input, that is, the number of employees is given as fixed, and capital input is translated in the number of machines of one of its factories. If the firm has no machines, it would produce zero furnitures. If there is one machine in the factory, sixteen furnitures would be produced. When there are two machines, twenty eight furnitures are built. However, as the number of machines available increase, the change in the output turns out to be less significant compared to the previous number. That fact can be observed in the marginal product which begins to decrease: diminishing marginal returns. This is justified by the fact that there is not enough employees to work with the extra machines, so the value that these additional units bring to the company, in terms of output generated, starts to decrease.\",\n \"title\": \"Marginal product of capital\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26104444\",\n \"text\": \"A water tariff (often called water rate in the United States and Canada) is a price assigned to water supplied by a public utility through a piped network to its customers. The term is also often applied to wastewater tariffs. Water and wastewater tariffs are not charged for water itself, but to recover the costs of water treatment, water storage, transporting it to customers, collecting and treating wastewater, as well as billing and collection. Prices paid for water itself are different from water tariffs. They exist in a few countries and are called water abstraction charges or fees. Abstraction charges are not covered in this article, but in the article on water pricing). Water tariffs vary widely in their structure and level between countries, cities and sometimes between user categories (residential, commercial, industrial or public buildings). The mechanisms to adjust tariffs also vary widely. Most water utilities in the world are publicly owned, but some are privately owned or managed (see water privatization). Utilities are network industries and natural monopolies. Economic theory predicts that unregulated private utilities set the price of their product at a level that allows to extract a monopoly profit. However, in reality tariffs charged by utilities are regulated. They can be set below costs, at the level of cost recovery without a return on capital, or at the level of cost recovery including a predetermined rate of return on capital. In many developing countries tariffs are set below the level of cost recovery, even without considering a rate of return on capital [ref]. This often leads to a lack of maintenance and requires significant subsidies for both investment and operation. In developed countries water and, to a lesser degree, wastewater tariffs, are typically set close to or at the level of cost recovery, sometimes including an allowance for profit[ref]. Criteria for tariff setting Water tariffs are set based on a number of formal criteria defined by law, as well as informal criteria. Formal criteria typically include: financial criteria (cost recovery), economic criteria (efficiency pricing based on marginal cost) and sometimes environmental criteria (incentives for water conservation). Social and political considerations often are also important in setting tariffs. Tariff structure and levels are influenced in some cases by the desire to avoid an overly high burden for poor users. Political considerations in water pricing often lead to a delay in the approval of tariff increases in the run-up to elections. Another criterion for tariff setting is that water tariffs should be easy to understand for consumers. This is not always the case for the more complex types of tariffs, such as increasing-block tariffs and tariffs that differentiate between different categories of users. Tariff structures There are numerous different tariff structures. Their prevalence differs between countries, as shown by international tariff surveys. Types of tariff structures Water and wastewater tariffs include at least one of the following components: a volumetric tariff, where water metering is applied, and a flat rate, where no water metering is applied. Many utilities\",\n \"title\": \"Water tariff\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1959630\",\n \"text\": \"The Anglo-Saxon model (so called because it is practiced in Anglosphere countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Ireland) is a regulated market-based economic model that emerged in the 1970s based on the Chicago school of economics, spearheaded in the 1980s in the United States by the economics of then President Ronald Reagan (dubbed Reaganomics), and reinforced in the United Kingdom by then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (dubbed Thatcherism). However, its origins are said to date to the 18th century in the United Kingdom and the ideas of the classical economist Adam Smith. Characteristics of this model include low levels of regulation and taxation, with the public sector providing minimal services. It also means strong private property rights, contract enforcement, and overall ease of doing business as well as low barriers to free trade. Disagreements over meaning Proponents of the term \\\"Anglo-Saxon economy\\\" argue that the economies of these countries currently are so closely related in their liberal and free market orientation that they can be regarded as sharing a specific macroeconomic model. However, those who disagree with the use of the term claim that the economies of these countries differ as much from each other as they do from the so-called \\\"welfare capitalist\\\" economies of northern and continental Europe. The Anglo-Saxon model of capitalism is usually contrasted with the Continental model of capitalism, known as Rhine capitalism, the social market economy or the German model, but it is also contrasted with Northern-European models of capitalism found in the Nordic countries, called the Nordic model. The major difference between these economies from Anglo-Saxon economies is the scope of collective bargaining rights and corporatist policies. Differences between Anglo-Saxon economies are illustrated by taxation and the welfare state. The United Kingdom has a significantly higher level of taxation than the United States. Moreover, the United Kingdom spends far more than the United States on the welfare state as a percentage of GDP and also spends more than Spain, Portugal, or the Netherlands. This spending figure is still considerably lower than that of France or Germany. In northern continental Europe, most countries use mixed economy models, called Rhine capitalism (a current term used especially for the macroeconomics of Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands), or its close relative the Nordic model (which refers to the macroeconomics of Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland). The debate amongst economists as to which economic model is better, circles around perspectives involving poverty, job insecurity, social services and inequality. Generally speaking, advocates of Anglo-Saxon model argue that more liberalized economies produce greater overall prosperity while defenders of continental models counter that they produce lesser inequality and lesser poverty at the lowest margins. The rise of China has brought into focus the relevance of an alternate economic model which has helped propel the economy of China for thirty years since its opening up in 1978. The socialist market economy or a system based on what is called \\\"socialism with Chinese characteristics\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Anglo-Saxon model\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["the continental shelf"],"string":"[\n \"the continental shelf\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":76,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_51168"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when does new season of jersey shore start"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"25282459","text":"Jersey Shore is an American reality television series that ran on MTV from December 3, 2009, to December 20, 2012. The series follows the lives of eight housemates at a vacation home in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, on the Jersey Shore in seasons one, three, five, and six; South Beach, Florida, in season two; and Florence, Italy, in season four. The show debuted amid controversy regarding its use of the terms \"Guido/Guidette\", its portrayal of Italian-Americans, and allegations of perpetuating stereotypes. It also was criticized by locals who observed that the cast members were not residents of the area. (Most were from New York, and at least two of them were not Italian). The show became a pop culture phenomenon with classes and conferences at universities about the show and journalists listing it as one of the most notable shows of the time. The Shore franchise spawned several international adaptations in other countries. Four of the Jersey Shore cast members received spin-off shows on MTV, with the most successful being Snooki & Jwoww. Most of the cast went on to appear in other reality programs or receive their own shows on various networks. On August 20, 2017, a one-off television special called Reunion Road Trip: Return to the Jersey Shore aired on the E! network. On November 27, 2017, MTV announced that the cast (with the exception of Giancola) would be reuniting in Miami, Florida, for a new reunion series titled Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. The series premiered globally on April 5, 2018. A spin-off series, All Star Shore, was released on June 29, 2022. It features Jersey Shore and other reality stars from around the world as they live together in a villa to compete for $150,000. Overview Cast Timeline Production history VH1 producer Anthony Beltempo proposed the idea of a show focusing on the \"guido\" lifestyle for TV, in the form of a male competition series. Executive producer SallyAnn Salsano, who previously worked on A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila, devised a new concept, inspired by her own summers in a Jersey summer shore house, and retained casting director Doron Ofir to find the cast. MTV Networks President Van Toffler felt that the series \"loud, young, bold\" style was better suited to MTV's sensibilities than VH1, and MTV programming executive Tony DiSanto felt that \"[After The Hills], it was time to go for a more authentic approach, like a documentary.\" Van Toffler described the casting process by saying they looked for \"candor, honesty, boldness and a very combustible, chaotic mess. You could honestly say none of these people were traditionally beautiful.\" The series follows the lives of eight housemates spending their summer in a summer share in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, known as The Jersey Shore House, as well as other locations in other seasons. Residences include a confessional room for cast members to self-record their thoughts on daily house drama. Season 1 followed cast members Angelina Pivarnick, Jennifer Farley, Michael Sorrentino, Nicole Polizzi, Paul DelVecchio, Ronald","title":"Jersey Shore (TV series)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"25282459\",\n \"text\": \"Jersey Shore is an American reality television series that ran on MTV from December 3, 2009, to December 20, 2012. The series follows the lives of eight housemates at a vacation home in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, on the Jersey Shore in seasons one, three, five, and six; South Beach, Florida, in season two; and Florence, Italy, in season four. The show debuted amid controversy regarding its use of the terms \\\"Guido/Guidette\\\", its portrayal of Italian-Americans, and allegations of perpetuating stereotypes. It also was criticized by locals who observed that the cast members were not residents of the area. (Most were from New York, and at least two of them were not Italian). The show became a pop culture phenomenon with classes and conferences at universities about the show and journalists listing it as one of the most notable shows of the time. The Shore franchise spawned several international adaptations in other countries. Four of the Jersey Shore cast members received spin-off shows on MTV, with the most successful being Snooki & Jwoww. Most of the cast went on to appear in other reality programs or receive their own shows on various networks. On August 20, 2017, a one-off television special called Reunion Road Trip: Return to the Jersey Shore aired on the E! network. On November 27, 2017, MTV announced that the cast (with the exception of Giancola) would be reuniting in Miami, Florida, for a new reunion series titled Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. The series premiered globally on April 5, 2018. A spin-off series, All Star Shore, was released on June 29, 2022. It features Jersey Shore and other reality stars from around the world as they live together in a villa to compete for $150,000. Overview Cast Timeline Production history VH1 producer Anthony Beltempo proposed the idea of a show focusing on the \\\"guido\\\" lifestyle for TV, in the form of a male competition series. Executive producer SallyAnn Salsano, who previously worked on A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila, devised a new concept, inspired by her own summers in a Jersey summer shore house, and retained casting director Doron Ofir to find the cast. MTV Networks President Van Toffler felt that the series \\\"loud, young, bold\\\" style was better suited to MTV's sensibilities than VH1, and MTV programming executive Tony DiSanto felt that \\\"[After The Hills], it was time to go for a more authentic approach, like a documentary.\\\" Van Toffler described the casting process by saying they looked for \\\"candor, honesty, boldness and a very combustible, chaotic mess. You could honestly say none of these people were traditionally beautiful.\\\" The series follows the lives of eight housemates spending their summer in a summer share in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, known as The Jersey Shore House, as well as other locations in other seasons. Residences include a confessional room for cast members to self-record their thoughts on daily house drama. Season 1 followed cast members Angelina Pivarnick, Jennifer Farley, Michael Sorrentino, Nicole Polizzi, Paul DelVecchio, Ronald\",\n \"title\": \"Jersey Shore (TV series)\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"12846378","text":"Down the Shore is an American sitcom television series created by Alan Kirschenbaum, which aired on Fox from June 21, 1992, to May 27, 1993. Synopsis The series revolves around three childhood friends, Aldo, Zack, and Eddie. In hopes of meeting women at the Jersey Shore over the summer, they decided to get a beach house in Belmar, New Jersey. To cover expenses, they share the beach house with three female co-workers, Donna, Miranda, and Arden. At the start of the second season, Miranda was written out of the series by having a job that was too demanding, and the new female occupant of the beach house was a woman named Sammy, whom Aldo once had a fling with. Although the show was largely comedic in nature, it did have one notable episode where Aldo, a noted Lothario, had been briefly hospitalized and was awaiting the result of an AIDS test. This made all the renters of the beach home, while supportive of Aldo awaiting the results, mull over the fact that casual sex can come with an expensive price. The show ran for 29 episodes over two seasons. The first episode aired Sunday at 9:30 pm and the rest of the first season aired at 10:00 pm. The second season aired Sunday at 10:30 pm for the first two episodes and Thursday at 9:30 pm for the remaining episodes. Cast Louis Mandylor as Aldo Carbone Cathryn de Prume as Donna Shipko Anna Gunn as Arden Tom McGowan as Eddie Cheever Lew Schneider as Zack Singer Nancy Sorel as Sammy (15 episodes, 1992–1993) Pamela Adlon as Miranda Halpern (13 episodes, 1992) Episodes Season 1 (1992) Season 2 (1992–93) External links 1990s American sitcoms 1992 American television series debuts 1993 American television series endings American English-language television shows Television shows set in New Jersey Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Television series by HBO Independent Productions Fox Broadcasting Company sitcoms","title":"Down the Shore"},{"docid":"2519811","text":"Taffy is a type of candy invented in the United States, made by stretching and/or pulling a sticky mass of a soft candy base, made of boiled sugar, butter, vegetable oil, flavorings, and colorings, until it becomes aerated (tiny air bubbles produced), resulting in a light, fluffy and chewy candy. When this process is complete, the taffy is rolled, cut into small pieces and wrapped in wax paper to keep it soft. It is usually pastel-colored and fruit-flavored, but other flavors are common as well, including molasses and the \"classic\" (unflavored) taffy. Definition and etymology The word taffy, referring to the boiled candy, is first known to have appeared in the United States circa 1817. The word is also used metaphorically to refer to insincere flattery. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first written record of the word toffee in the forms tuffy, toughy to 1825 and identifies it as a southern British dialectal variant of taffy (first recorded use in 1817), whose modern spelling is first recorded from 1843. Taffy pull A taffy pull is a social event around the pulling of taffy that was popular in the 1840s through at least 1870s. The host would prepare the taffy recipe by melting molasses and sorghum or sugar with a mixture of water. Participants would coat their hands with butter and working with a partner pull the hot mixture apart, and then fold it back together and repeat. This process would add air to the candy, resulting in a soft chewable texture. United States Salt water taffy Salt water taffy is a variety of soft taffy originally produced and marketed in the Atlantic City, New Jersey area of the Jersey Shore starting in the 1880s. Its late 19th century appellation most likely originated in New Jersey. Salt water taffy is still sold widely on the boardwalks in Atlantic City (including shops in existence since the 19th century), nearby Ocean City, elsewhere at the Jersey Shore, and other beaches throughout the US like Cape Cod. It is also popular in Atlantic Canada and Salt Lake City, Utah. Modern commercial taffy is made primarily from corn syrup, glycerin and butter. The pulling process, which makes the candy lighter and chewier, consists of stretching out the mixture, folding it over, and stretching it again. Although it is called \"salt water\" taffy, it does not include any seawater; it does contain both salt and water in its manufacture. However, in the dialect of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the term taffy without \"salt water\" refers to a lollipop. The original invention of the candy has several different stories circulating, likely all apocryphal. One relates to an assistant who substituted fresh water with seawater—either through laziness or accident. Another cites a storm which caused seawater to wash over the candy, which was consequently (and successfully) marketed with the appropriate name. Joseph Fralinger popularized the candy by boxing it and selling it in Atlantic City. Fralinger's first major competition came from candy maker Enoch James, who refined the recipe,","title":"Taffy (candy)"},{"docid":"23271255","text":"Silent Library is an American television game show which aired on MTV from June 15, 2009 to May 13, 2011. The series is based on one of the segments in the popular Japanese variety show Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!! The series was renewed for a 20-episode second season, which premiered on January 11, 2010 and featured celebrities such as the cast of Jersey Shore, All Time Low, Jim Jones, We The Kings, Ron Jeremy, Naked Cowboy, Asher Roth, This or the Apocalypse, Forever the Sickest Kids, Jessie James, Aubrey O'Day and Justin Bieber competing as contestants and appearing in humiliating punishment challenges. The series' third season premiered on June 28, 2010. The bands Patent Pending, All Time Low, Stereo Skyline, Hey Monday, Anarbor, NeverShoutNever, Honor Society, New Boyz and Iyaz have appeared as contestants, as did members of the New York Giants NFL team and the cast of the MTV original series The Hard Times of R.J. Berger. The fourth season premiered on March 28, 2011. The cast of Jersey Shore, The Ready Set, Judah Friedlander, Jimmy Fallon & The Roots, players from the New York Giants, 3OH!3 and Superstars from the WWE all competed as contestants. MTV canceled the show on November 9, 2011. Play The set is constructed to resemble a typical public library. A team of six players sits at a study table, three on each side, with host Zero Kazama sitting nearby at the circulation desk next to the entrance. Six cards are placed facedown on the table, and each player picks one and flips it over. Typically, five of the cards are green and marked \"Safe\"; the sixth, which is yellow and marked with a black skull and crossbones, means that its holder must endure a bizarre \"punishment\" challenge. In some cases during the second season, five of the six cards show the skull and crossbones, leaving only one player safe. While the challenge is in progress, an on-screen gauge indicates the amount of noise made by the team. If the noise level goes into the gauge's red zone at any time, the team automatically loses the challenge. Only afterward does Kazama inform the team of their success or failure in this respect, as they are unaware of the gauge's readings. The team will also lose if they fail to achieve the objective of the challenge. The game is played in four rounds, with three challenges in each of the first three rounds and one in the fourth. Successful challenges in rounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 earn $300, $400, $800 and $1,000 for the team, respectively (for the team's chosen charity in a celebrity episode). All winnings are split equally among the six players, and Kazama pays them off as they exit the library at the end of the show. A disclaimer during the end credits states that the team may have played additional challenges that were not aired, and thus may have won more money than the total shown at","title":"Silent Library (TV series)"},{"docid":"750609","text":"North Shore is an American prime-time soap opera that aired on Fox on Mondays at 8 p.m. EST (7 p.m. CST) for seven months in 2004 and 2005. It centered on the staff and guests of the fictional Grand Waimea Hotel and Resort (actually the real-life Turtle Bay Resort located near Kahuku, O'ahu) on Oahu's North Shore in Hawaii. From Fox's website: Intrigue abounds at the Grand Waimea Hotel, an exclusive Hawaiian escape for the wealthy, powerful and beautiful. Hawaiian native Jason Matthews runs the hotel and makes sure every guest gets everything they need. But when former flame Nicole Booth arrives as the hotel's new Director of Guest Relations, Jason's world is turned upside down. But Grand Waimea owner, Vincent Colville, is staying on top of him to make sure his past with Nicole won't affect their work life. North Shore premiered on June 14, 2004, with a 13-episode commitment from Fox. The show was canceled in January 2005 after a 21-episode, single-season run. The show ended on a cliffhanger, and the final episode of the series has only had a single airing, not being shown in most territories (including America). Plot The central character is Jason Matthews, General Manager of the Grand Waimea. In the first episode, Nicole Booth is hired as the new Director of Guest Relations. She is the daughter of a ruthless billionaire, and an old flame of Jason's who broke his heart years before. At the end of the first episode, Nicole reveals to Jason that she broke up with him because her father wanted her to date someone more successful, and he threatened to have Jason fired from the hotel he was working at the time. The chances for rekindled romance are then dashed when Nicole reveals she has become engaged since they broke up. Later in the series, Nicole told Jason that she returned to Hawaii to seek him out before getting married, because she wanted to know if there was still a chance for their relationship. Cast and characters Main Kristoffer Polaha as Jason Matthews, the General Manager of the Grand Waimea, who shares a past with Nicole. Brooke Burns as Nicole Booth, the new Director of Guest Relations, and Jason's former flame who broke his heart years before. Corey Sevier as Gabriel McKay, a lifeguard (he seems to alternate between guarding the pool and the beach); in episode three it was mentioned that he is planning to \"turn pro\" as a surfer. He does end up turning pro, with varying degrees of success. Nikki DeLoach as MJ Bevans, a waitress at the hotel bar; she is trying to start her own island clothing line. She starts the show in a relationship with Chris, but they end up breaking up. However, they get back together by the end of the show/season. Jason Momoa as Frankie Seau, the hotel bartender. He ends the season involved with Tessa. Jay Kenneth Johnson as Chris Remsen, MJ's nascent boyfriend and proprietor of an extreme sports","title":"North Shore (2004 TV series)"},{"docid":"44689313","text":"Greg Pleasants-Tate (born 12 May 1991) is a New Zealand rugby union player who has played as a hooker for Bay of Plenty, North Harbour, Auckland, Canterbury and Southland in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup and the Blues and Highlanders in the international Super Rugby competition. Early career Born in Whanganui, a city on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island, Pleasants-Tate moved north during his schooling and was educated at Takapuna Grammar School on the North Shore of Auckland where he played first XV rugby while also turning out for at age-group level. Senior career Despite coming through the youth ranks at North Harbour, Pleasants-Tate made his senior ITM Cup debut with the Steamers during the 2011 season. He played 2 seasons of rugby in Rotorua and notched up 11 appearances before switching back to Harbour in 2013 where he played all 10 games in a dismal campaign for the men from Auckland's North Shore in which they would finish bottom of the Championship table. 2014 was not a great season for North Harbour, finishing 5th on the Championship log, however Pleasants-Tate put in some strong performances in the number 1 jersey, starting all 10 games during the regular season and scoring 2 tries. That would prove to be his final season in North Shore City and he made the short move to join ITM Cup Premiership side for the 2015 ITM Cup. He played 10 times as a hooker for Auckland in his first year with them as they reached the Premiership final before losing out 25–23 to . 2016 did not prove to be as strong a year for either party, with ending up 5th in the Premiership table, outside of the playoff places and injury holding Pleasants-Tate back in the latter part of the season and restricting him to just 6 appearances during which time he managed to score 3 tries. Super Rugby Four seasons of solid performances at domestic level saw him finally earn a crack at Super Rugby when the Auckland-based named him in their wider training group for the 2015 Super Rugby season. Able to cover both number 1 and 2 jerseys, but having played the previous domestic season as a hooker for Auckland, Pleasants-Tate had to vie with Matt Moulds to provide back up to All Blacks; Keven Mealamu and James Parsons and subsequently only made 1 substitute appearance against the during what would be his only season with the Blues. Now focusing almost exclusively on playing hooker, Pleasants-Tate found himself surplus to requirements with the Blues and moved south to Dunedin ahead of the 2016 Super Rugby season to take a place as a member of the wider training group, providing cover for Liam Coltman and Ash Dixon, the franchise's 2 established hookers. The Highlanders were defending Super Rugby champions in 2016, but were unable to hold on to their crown, losing out to the in Johannesburg in the competition's semi-finals. However, Pleasants-Tate, had a productive year and made","title":"Greg Pleasants-Tate"},{"docid":"58369428","text":"Anthony Paul Firkser (born February 19, 1995) is an American football tight end who is a free agent. He played college football at Harvard and signed with the New York Jets as an undrafted free agent in 2017. He has played in the NFL for the Tennessee Titans, Atlanta Falcons, and Detroit Lions. Early years Firkser was born in Englishtown, New Jersey to Alex and Donna Firkser. He is Jewish and he and his family belonged to Temple Shaari Emeth in Manalapan, where he celebrated his bar mitzvah. Firkser was a multi-sport athlete at Manalapan High School. In basketball, Firkser played point guard, scoring 21.3 points with 7.6 assists per game. He finished his career second in school history with 1,362 points. In his senior year, the Shore Basketball Coaches named Firkser the Shore Conference Co-Player of the Year. He was also named the Shore Conference ‘A’ North Division Offensive Player of the Year and made the all-state team. He competed at the 2013 Maccabiah Games in Israel as a guard for the 18-and-under gold medal-winning Team USA basketball team. On the team, he played alongside Spencer Weisz. Firkser did not begin playing football until his sophomore year in high school. During Firkser's three-year high school career, the Manalapan football team went 30–6 and won three consecutive ‘A’ North Division titles. During one stretch, Manalapan had an 18-game winning streak within the division. After a semifinal visit in the state playoffs his sophomore year, Firkser and his teammates played for the NJSIAA Central Jersey title in his junior and senior years. While at Manalapan, Firkser set career school records in receptions (110), receiving yards (2,118) and touchdown receptions (19). After his senior year, he was named All-Shore Offensive Player of the Year as a senior wide receiver. Firkser also was a two-time All-Shore first-team selection. College career Firkser was recruited by Harvard University and four other universities. Citing the university's academic program and the school's willingness to let him play both basketball and football, Firkser committed to play for coach Tim Murphy at Harvard on October 17, 2012. Firkser saw his first collegiate action in 2014 as a sophomore. He appeared in 10 games for Harvard and made 32 catches for 485 yards. His four touchdown receptions tied for first on the team and he ranked second on the team in both catches and yards. After the season, Firkser was named to the All-Ivy League second-team. Firkser started nine games and caught 22 passes for 372 yards and three touchdowns in 2015 as a junior. For the second consecutive season, he was named to the All-Ivy League second-team. As a senior in 2016, Firkser started all 10 games for Harvard and made 45 receptions for 702 yards and seven touchdowns. He was named to the All-Ivy League first-team. At the end of his collegiate career, Firkser ranked 12th all-time in school history in receptions, ninth all-time in receiving yards, and sixth all-time in touchdown receptions. He graduated from Harvard in","title":"Anthony Firkser"},{"docid":"74048831","text":"The second series of Rio Shore, a Brazilian television programme based in Rio de Janeiro was confirmed on 15 February 2021. It was filmed in January and February 2022 in Joá. The first sneak peek of the season was released on April 28, 2022. This is the first series to include fourth new cast members, including Aoxi, Cayo Rodrigues, Maryane Valim and William Guimarães. The show began on June 9, 2021. Patrick was kicked out of the season during the third episode after he physically assaulted another cast member. Kevin Jolsan and Juliana Casaes returned to the show after leaving it in the previous season. Brazilian television personality Rico Melquiades was featured as the head of the season. He also has other supporting cast members, including Gabriella Boto and Stephanie Nader. Cast Aoxi Vitória Araújo Jéssica Barros Juliana \"Mississippi\" Casaes (Episodes 5–12) Matheus \"Novinho\" Crivella Guilherme Evaristo Cristal Felix Natallia Formaggeri William Guimarães Kevin Jolsan (Episodes 8–12) Cayo Rodrigues Patrick Salles (Episodes 1–3) Ricardo \"Rick\" Salusse Maryane Valim Duration of cast = Cast member is featured in this episode. = Cast member arrives in the house. = Cast member returns to the house. = Cast member leaves the series. = Cast member is removed from the series. = Cast member returns to the series. = Cast member does not feature in this episode. = \"Cast member\" is not a cast member in this episode. Episodes References 2022 Brazilian television seasons Jersey Shore (TV series) Paramount+ original programming Television shows filmed in Brazil Television shows set in Brazil Portuguese-language television shows","title":"Rio Shore series 2"},{"docid":"54046015","text":"Super Shore is a reality television series broadcast on MTV Spain and MTV Latin America, which follows the daily lives of nine young people who intend to spend the summer living together in different parts of southern Europe, starting on the Greek island of Mykonos and later in the Spanish city of Madrid. It is an adaptation of the American program Jersey Shore featuring participants from Gandía Shore and Acapulco Shore, the Spanish and Mexican versions of that series, along with Brazilian Igor Freitas of reality Are You the One? Brasil and the Italian Elettra Lamborghini, granddaughter of Ferruccio Lamborghini. History Two years after the end of Gandía Shore and several weeks after announcing the return of Alaska and Mario to MTV, the channel and producer Magnolia TV confirmed the return of the format to Spain with a second season, arising from an alliance between MTV South Europe and MTV Latin America. In this case, the recordings would be transferred to the island of Ibiza, changing the name of the program to Ibiza Shore. In the new program there would be a group that would combine several participants from Gandía Shore and Acapulco Shore, Spanish and Mexican versions of the Jersey Shore format of US origin. In this way, a new program would return for the start of the 2015/2016 television season. Following the opposition by public institutions, such as the federation of SMEs and businessmen in Ibiza MTV announced its resignation to record the announced program Ibiza Shore in the locality of the Balearic Islands. The chain argued in a statement that \"Due to a series Of circumstances that we can not control, the next program of the Shore franchise will not be recorded in Ibiza\". After the events, finally MTV and the producer Magnolia TV decided that the program would be filmed at various points of the Mediterranean coast and that its would be titled Super Shore. Seasons Season 1 (2016) The recording of Super Shore began at the end of August 2015 and details were known as the house in which the components in Madrid would be hosted and all the information about the participants. It was also known that the date for its premiere would be scheduled for February 2, 2016. In this edition of the franchise, the shores would work in a recognized gym of Madrid and later like servers rollers of a service of fast food to be able to pay certain expenses of the house. The show premiered simultaneously on February 2, 2016 on the MTV Latin America, MTV Spain and MTV France networks as originally planned. In Latin America, through the MTV Latin America streaming platform called MTV Play, all episodes of Super Shore were broadcast two days before their television premiere (from the second episode), for free and at no extra cost. Season 2 (2016) June 16, 2016 announced the renewal of the program for a second season, due to the good results obtained with the first season. This was announced","title":"Super Shore"},{"docid":"19762841","text":"Below are the rosters of the minor league affiliates of the Philadelphia Phillies: Players Samuel Aldegheri Samuel Aldegheri (born September 19, 2001) is an Italian professional baseball pitcher in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. Aldegheri played for the Parma Clima of the Italian Baseball League in 2019 and 2020. In July 2019, he signed with the Philadelphia Phillies as an international free agent. He made his professional debut in 2021 with Florida Complex League Phillies before being promoted to the Clearwater Threshers. Aldegheri played 2022 with the Florida Complex League Phillies, 2023 with Clearwater and Jersey Shore BlueClaws and started 2024 with Jersey Shore. Andrew Baker Andrew Fleming Baker (born March 24, 2000) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. Baker began his college baseball career at Chipola College. As a freshman, he made 26 appearances and finished the season with a 2–1 record with seven saves and a 5.04 ERA. Baker was also selected in the 16th round of the 2019 Major League Baseball Draft by the Los Angeles Dodgers, but opted not to sign and instead transferred to Auburn. As a sophomore at Auburn he had 9.53 earned run average in 5.2 innings pitched over six relief appearances before the season was cut short due to the coronavirus pandemic. After the school year, Baker transferred back to Chipola College. He made 15 starts and went 7–2 with a 3.45 ERA and 92 strikeouts in innings pitched. Baker was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 11th round of the 2021 Major League Baseball Draft. After signing, he was assigned to the Rookie-level Florida Complex League Phillies, where he made two appearances before being promoted to the Low-A Clearwater Threshers. Baker began the 2022 season with the High-A Jersey Shore BlueClaws before being promoted to the Reading Fightin Phils of the Double-A Eastern League. Auburn Tigers bio Carlos De La Cruz Carlos De La Cruz (born October 6, 1999) is an American professional baseball outfielder in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. De La Cruz was originally discovered by the Phillies scouting department in 2017 at the age of 17 playing for an amateur travel team in New York. He would sign with the Phillies on August 23, 2017 for a bonus of $50,000 as an undrafted free agent before participating in the Florida Instructional League later in the year. De La Cruz made his professional debut in 2018 with the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League Phillies East of the Gulf Coast League. He finished the season with a .284 average and six home runs in 43 games. De La Cruz was promoted to the Lakewood BlueClaws of the Class A South Atlantic League for the 2019 season. He finished the season with a .220 average and seven home runs in 117 games. De La Cruz did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the Minor League Baseball season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. De La Cruz shuttled between the FCL Phillies, Jersey Shore","title":"Philadelphia Phillies minor league players"},{"docid":"25980303","text":"Ronald J. Ortiz-Magro Jr. (born December 4, 1985) is an American television personality, best known as one of the eight main cast members of the MTV reality series Jersey Shore. Early life Ortiz-Magro was born in the Bronx in New York City. He is of Puerto Rican and Italian descent. Career Ortiz-Magro worked in real estate for his father before becoming part of MTV's reality show Jersey Shore in August 2009. The show premiered on December 4, 2009, and ran for six seasons before ending in 2012. Ortiz-Magro made an appearance at TNA Wrestling's Impact Wrestling on October 26, 2011, in Macon, Georgia. The first episode, which aired November 3 of that year, saw Ortiz-Magro and Eric Young get beaten down by Robbie E and Rob Terry, which built to a tag team match the following week, where Ortiz-Magro pinned Robbie E for the win. Ortiz-Magro and his Jersey Shore co-stars appeared in the 2012 film The Three Stooges. He has also appeared in Xenadrine ads. In 2017, Ortiz-Magro appeared in the second season of the E! reality series Famously Single. In 2018, he became part of the main cast in the MTV reality television series Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. On May 13, 2021, Ortiz-Magro announced that he was stepping back from the show to focus on his mental health. On April 11, 2018, he appeared in the seventh episode of the third season of Hollywood Medium with Tyler Henry. Ortiz-Magro also participated in Celebrity Fear Factor in 2018. Personal life Ortiz-Magro was in an on-off relationship with his Jersey Shore co-star Sammi Giancola from 2009 to 2016. The couple split up in May 2016. On December 26, 2017, he announced that he and his girlfriend, Jen Harley, were expecting a baby girl. Their daughter, Ariana Sky Magro, was born in April 2018. In late April 2018, it was reported Ortiz-Magro and Harley had ended their relationship. In January 2019, he entered a month-long rehabilitation program for alcohol and depression. In June 2018 and May 2019, Harley, who has made a career as realtor and also appeared on Jersey Shore when she was romantically involved with Ortiz-Magro, would be arrested following physical altercations she had with Ortiz-Magro when he visited her in Las Vegas. In February 2019, Ortiz-Magro and Harley had developed what Us Weekly characterized as an \"on-off\" relationship. However, it was later revealed that Ortiz-Magro had filed a police report alleging Harley had given him physical injuries after domestically assaulting him in January 2019, a few days after a reported altercation at a New Year's Eve Party. On October 4, 2019, Ortiz-Magro was arrested in Los Angeles and charged with felony domestic violence after a physical altercation with Harley. In November 2020, it was revealed that Ortiz-Magro had started a new relationship with Saffire Matos, whom he met in February. On April 22, 2021, Ortiz-Magro was arrested in Los Angeles, on new felony domestic violence charges. At the time of this arrest, Ortiz-Magro was on probation due to","title":"Ronnie Ortiz-Magro"},{"docid":"2385402","text":"The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey, United States. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the National Hockey League's (NHL) Eastern Conference. The Devils franchise has been a part of the NHL since 1974, when the team entered the league as the Kansas City Scouts. Two years later, they moved to Denver, Colorado, and became the Colorado Rockies. The team stayed there until 1982, when they moved to New Jersey. 474 players have played on the team; 15 players have had multiple stints. The Devils have won the Stanley Cup three times with a total of 54 different players. Five players (Martin Brodeur, Sergei Brylin, Ken Daneyko, Scott Niedermayer and Scott Stevens) have been a part of all three Cup wins, and eleven more have won two. Of the 282 players, Ken Daneyko has played the most games with the team, playing all 1283 games of his NHL career in New Jersey. On the other end of the spectrum, nine players have played just one regular season game on the team; Steve Brule's only appearance with New Jersey came in the 2000 Stanley Cup Playoffs. The Devils have had eleven captains; Jamie Langenbrunner held the captaincy since December 5, 2007, until he was traded in the middle of the 2010–11 season. He was replaced by Zach Parise at the start of the following season. Nico Hischier is the current captain. The Devils have retired five jersey numbers; #3 for career Devil Ken Daneyko, #4 for longtime captain Scott Stevens, #27 for Scott Niedermayer, #30 for Martin Brodeur, and #26 for the franchise's all-time leading scorer Patrik Elias. Eleven Devils are enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame: Viacheslav Fetisov, Peter Stastny, Scott Stevens, Igor Larionov, Doug Gilmour, Scott Niedermayer, Brendan Shanahan, Joe Nieuwendyk, Phil Housley, Dave Andreychuk and Martin Brodeur. Patrik Elias surpassed former teammate and head coach John MacLean on March 17, 2009 with his 702nd point to become the Devils' all-time leading scorer. He also passed MacLean's goal scoring record on December 17, 2011. Martin Brodeur holds nearly every team record for goaltenders, having been the team's starting goaltender since the 1994–95 NHL season. In addition to his team records, he is the winningest goaltender in NHL history, notching his 552nd win on March 17, 2009, to pass his childhood idol Patrick Roy. This list does not include data from the Kansas City Scouts and the Colorado Rockies. The seasons column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. All the players that were part of a Stanley Cup winning roster have a blue background on their row. Key Appeared in an Devils game during the 2023–24 NHL season or is still part of the organization. Stanley Cup winner, retired jersey or elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame Statistics are complete to the end of the 2023–24 NHL season. Goaltenders Skaters","title":"List of New Jersey Devils players"},{"docid":"5048234","text":"The syringe tide was an environmental disaster during 1987–88 in Connecticut, New Jersey and New York where significant amounts of medical waste, including hypodermic syringes, and raw garbage washed up onto beaches on the Jersey Shore, in New York City, and on Long Island. This forced the closing of beaches on the Atlantic coast. Officials scrambled to identify the source of the material as some local economies struggled with diminished tourism. Reaction Reports of medical waste and sewage spills drove away hundreds of thousands of vacationers, costing the $7.7-billion-a-year tourism industry on the Jersey Shore more than $1 billion in lost revenue that summer, tourism officials say. Later the losses were tallied between 15 and 40% of typical tourism revenue. It was a source of even greater turmoil due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s. Sources and reaction Officials finally traced the source of the waste to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island. After much deliberation, New York City was required to pay $1 million for past pollution damages as well as pay for the cleanup. No reparations were paid to the business owners on the Jersey Shore for revenues lost during the months of inactivity. In response to syringe tides of 1987 and 1988, the participants in the New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program (HEP) implemented the Short-term Floatables Action Plan. The successful plan has been implemented since 1989 and is supposed to curtail floatable debris wash-ups by intercepting debris slicks within the Harbor. With this plan, the extent of beach closures declined from over in 1988 to fewer than in 1989, and closures have remained at a low level in later years. The Short-term Floatables Action Plan has four key elements: Surveillance: Environmental organizations conduct regular air and sea patrols of the Harbor to look for and report slicks of floatable debris. Regular Cleanups: The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) use cleanup vessels to collect floatable debris in the Harbor and focuses its activities on conditions when slicks are most likely to occur. Non-routine Cleanups: USACE also attempts to capture additional debris slicks in the Harbor when they are detected and reported. Communications Network: United States Environmental Protection Agency coordinates a reporting network as well as cleanup activities among all the program participants. Popular culture The Syringe Tide is referenced in Billy Joel's 1989 hit single \"We Didn't Start the Fire\" by the line \"Hypodermics on the shore.\" In The Simpsons episode \"The Old Man and the 'C' Student\", when punishing the students Principal Skinner sends Milhouse to the beach to \"pick up all this medical waste that's washed up on the shore.\" Milhouse accidentally pricks himself on a syringe, and Skinner replies \"Well, just keep working. You'll prick yourself with the antidote sooner or later.\" The 1988 Skinny Puppy song \"Hospital Waste\" was written about the incident. The 1989 film Weekend at Bernie's references the Syringe Tide incident when Richard suggests to Larry that they \"go to Jones Beach and float around in the","title":"Syringe tide"},{"docid":"33798781","text":"The Jersey Shore Historic District is a national historic district located in Jersey Shore, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. The district encompasses 286 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential area of Jersey Shore. Most were built during the period 1830 to 1860, and are representative of Victorian, Greek Revival, and Federal style architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. History The Borough of Jersey Shore had its beginnings in pre-Revolutionary War days, according to newspaper accounts of the town's history. Dean R. Wagner, who prepared the form which helped secure the Jersey Shore Historic District's placement on the National Register of Historic Places, the present day Borough of Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania confirmed in 1975 that the town is located on lands which were part of initial land grants made to 17th and 18th-century settlers along the western branch of the Susquehanna River, roughly 15 miles south of what is, today, the city of Williamsport in Lycoming County. Those land grants, from north to south, were: Forrest Situate, Richmond Situate, Richland Situate, and Forge Hammer. A portion of Forrest Situate was then subsequently purchased by Jeremiah and Reuben Manning who, sometime around the year 1800, had left the shore of New Jersey where they were residing to relocate to Pennsylvania. After purchasing their land, they then laid out a town north of what is, today, Allegheny Street, and initially named their new town Waynesburg. That year, there were just four houses inside the town's boundaries, but the town was ripe for expansion because there were multiple businesses located outside of town, including lumber and flour mills. Twelve years later, William B. Smith purchased land south of what is now Allegheny Street, and laid out a new section of town there in 1813. Initially reachable by wagon and stagecoach, the town became even more accessible when it became a stop on the West Branch Canal in 1834. Further growth was impeded during the mid-1800s, however, when planners chose to build the incoming railroad on the other side of the river, rather than closer to or through the town. The name of the town was officially changed to Jersey Shore in 1826. This historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Notable architecture Notable buildings include: Abraham Lawshe House (), which was the home of the owner of Jersey Shore's largest tannery Gallagher-Webb House () Mark Slonaker House (), which was the home of one of the men who collaborated on the construction of a pig iron furnace on the Upper Pine Bottom Run in 1814 Stone-Nice House () Bailey-Allen House () Sanderson-Sebring House () Samuel Humes Building (1852), which was named in honor of a member of the board of directors of both the Jersey Shore National Bank and the Lewisburg Turnpike and Bridge Company Moran-Trump House (1855) West Branch Dormitory Building (1856) McHenry-Cline House (). References Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Federal","title":"Jersey Shore Historic District"},{"docid":"27689397","text":"Jersey Shore is an American reality television series that ran on MTV from December 3, 2009, to December 20, 2012, in the United States. The series follows the lives of eight housemates: Jenni Farley, Michael \"The Situation\" Sorrentino, Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi, Paul \"Pauly D\" DelVecchio, Ronnie Ortiz-Magro, Sammi Giancola, Vinny Guadagnino, Deena Nicole Cortese (seasons 3–6), and Angelina Pivarnick (seasons 1–2). The first season had five special episodes, with some airing after select episodes. Several after-hours specials have aired on MTV following select episodes along with various specials. The end of each season has been accompanied by a reunion show. Also a number of after-show internet specials titled \"Jersey Shore: Hook-Up\" hosted by Kenny Santucci have been released on MTV.com after select episodes. Additionally, there have been a number of internet specials exclusively on MTV.com. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (2009–10) For the first quarter of 2010, season 1 of Jersey Shore was the highest-rated original cable series among 12- to 34-year-olds, with a season-high 2.6 rating for the finale. The season also ranked #1 for its time period versus all cable competition among 12- to 34-year-olds. The season finale was MTV's highest-rated original series telecast in almost two years. Overall, the season averaged 2.7 million viewers. The season featured five special episodes, including a half-hour show titled Jersey Shore: After Hours hosted by Julissa Bermudez which aired occasionally after select episodes featuring cast members discussing the week's episode. Episodes 1.01 and 1.02 premiered back-to-back. Episodes 1.07 and 1.08 aired back-to-back. Season 2 (2010) On January 29, 2010, MTV announced that a second season of the series consisting of 13 episodes had been ordered and would air in Summer 2010. MTV announced that the second season would follow all of the first-season cast as they \"escape the cold northeast and find themselves in a new destination\". The second season was shot in the South Beach neighborhood of Miami Beach, Florida, from early March to late May 2010. The second season began on July 29, 2010. For Season 2, the After Hours specials were expanded to one hour and received Top 15 Weekly Cable ratings. Like season 1, this season featured special episodes titled Jersey Shore: Hook-Up. Like Season 1's episodes, these are hosted by Kenny Santucci from the Real World/Road Rules Challenge: Fresh Meat and shown on MTV.com. Aired on a Sunday night at 7 p.m. ET before the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards. MTV did not re-air the episode on TV or online after the initial showing until its usual time-slot the following Thursday September 16, 2010. Upon re-airing, the episode received 3.75 million viewers. Season 3 (2011) Season 3 was shot back in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, over the summer; filming began on July 25, 2010, and ended on September 4, 2010. On July 20, 2010, MTV announced that the entire cast will return for the third season, with the exception of Angelina Pivarnick. Angelina was replaced by Deena Nicole Cortese, a longtime friend of Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi","title":"List of Jersey Shore episodes"},{"docid":"10213170","text":"Asbury Park High School is a comprehensive, community public high school serving students in seventh through twelfth grades. It is in a landmark building in Asbury Park, in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, that was constructed during the New Deal as a model high school campus. It is part of the Asbury Park Public Schools, an Abbott District serving children in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The current school building opened to students in September 1926. As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 607 students and 50.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1. There were 278 students (45.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and none eligible for reduced-cost lunch. As part of a reconfiguration of district schools announced in July 2019, students in grades 7 and 8 began attending classes in the high school in September 2020. Students from Deal attend the high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship. Students from Belmar attend either Asbury Park High School or Manasquan High School. History Constructed at a cost of $1 million (equivalent to $ million in ), the school building opened in September 1926 for 800 students, though the auditorium had not yet been completed when the building opened for the year. Students from Ocean Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey had been sent to Asbury Park and by 1962 accounted for a majority of students in am increasingly overcrowded high school. Ocean Township voters approved a referendum to cover the cost of construction of Ocean Township High School, which opened in September 1965 for students through 11th grade, with 12th graders completing their education in Asbury Park. Students from Allenhurst and Interlaken had attended the district's schools as part of sending/receiving relationships that have since been terminated. Interlaken received permission of the Commissioner New Jersey Department of Education in July 2014 to terminate its sending agreement with Asbury Park, which was replaced with a new relationship with the West Long Branch Public Schools for grades K-8 and with Shore Regional High School for grades 9-12. In July 2017, the DoE's Acting Commissioner approved a plan by Allenhurst to end its sending relationship with Asbury Park and join Interlaken in sending to West Long Branch and Shore Regional. The nearly 40 public school students from Allenhurst would start transitioning to the new sending districts as the relationship with Asbury Park is severed. Awards, recognition and rankings The school was the 313th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's \"Top Public High Schools\", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 177th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 280th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 281st in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 296th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across","title":"Asbury Park High School"},{"docid":"70944256","text":"All Star Shore is an American reality competition television series that premiered on June 29, 2022. It is a successor to Jersey Shore that features television stars from around the world as they live together in a villa and compete in party-style challenges for $150,000. Production The series was announced on February 15, 2022, when Paramount+ announced their new slate of shows. The first season was shot in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic between November and December 2021, the cast had to undergo a quarantine period before filming began. On August 24, 2023, it was announced that the series would move to MTV for its second season, which premiered on September 21, 2023, and featured Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi as the narrator. Filming for the second season took place in late February and early March of the same year in Cartagena, Colombia. Contestants Season 1 Season 2 Format At the start of each season, cast members compete in a challenge which generally randomly determines the initial teams. Teams begins with a certain amount of \"Paradise points\" and attempt to earn more points during the season. The format is as follows: Paradise Game: Teams compete in a \"Paradise game\" where the last-place team is automatically sent to the Exile game. The winning team earns a \"Paradise reward\" and the ability to select a second team to compete in the Exile game against the last-place team. Additionally, the first, second and third-place teams from the game receive 30, 20 and 10 Paradise points respectively. For the second season, this was changed to 300, 200, and 100 points respectively. Exile Game: The last-place team from the Paradise game compete in the Exile game against the team selected by the winners of the Paradise game. The losing pair lose all their points and must spend the night at an Exile location. After the final Paradise game, the two teams with the most Paradise points automatically advanced to the Final Shore-Down. The remaining teams had to compete in a final Exile game to determine the third team to compete in the Final Shore-Down. Twists Partner Swap: At the episode 7 nominations in season 1, after the \"Keg Stand\" Paradise game but before the \"What a Load of Crap\" Exile game, cast members switched teams. Half of each teammate's former score at the time were combined to determine newly-formed team's Paradise point totals. In season 2 episode 6, three teams switch partners. Three-Way Exile Game: In season 2 episode 5, the winners of the \"Next Round's on Me\" Paradise game nominate two teams instead of one for a three-way exile game. Paradise Rewards and Exiles: For the first nine episodes, the winners of Paradise games are rewarded with a special \"Paradise reward\" experience and selects a second team to join them. Meanwhile, the team that loses the Exile game are exiled from the villa and must spend the night at an Exile location. Gameplay Paradise games Season 1 Party Pong: Played tournament-style over four rounds. One team","title":"All Star Shore"},{"docid":"27717106","text":"The Jersey Shore Wildcats were a Tier III Junior \"A\" ice hockey team from Wall Township, New Jersey. They were a members of the International Junior Hockey League, Northern States Hockey League, North American 3 Eastern Hockey League, and the North American 3 Hockey League. The organization continued to operate teams at the youth level. History The team was founded in 2009 as the Trenton Habs and joined the International Junior Hockey League (IJHL) for the 2008–09 season as an associate member, playing a season of exhibition games against IJHL teams as well as participating in league showcase and national championship tournament. The team joined the IJHL as a full member for the 2010–11 season in the IJHL's Jr. Super Elite League. The Habs finished the 2009–10 season winning the IJHL Super Elite National Championship. In the summer of 2012, the IJHL folded causing the Habs and many former teams of the IJHL Super Elite Division to form the Northern States Hockey League (NSHL) under the AAU. In May 2013, it was announced that the organization joined forces with the Wichita Falls Wildcats of the North American Hockey League to give players more opportunities and exposure and renamed the team the Jersey Shore Wildcats. In 2014, the NSHL left AAU sanctioning with the intention of joining USA Hockey. The Tier II North American Hockey League (NAHL) then took over operations during the 2014–15 season and changed the name of the league to the North American 3 Eastern Hockey League (NA3EHL). Prior to the 2016–17 season, the Wildcats became part of the North American 3 Hockey League (NA3HL) when it absorbed the NA3EHL. In 2017, their NAHL affiliate, the Wichita Falls Wildcats, folded during the offseason. The Jersey Shore Wildcats continued into the 2017–18 NA3HL season, but games were cancelled in mid-November 2017. By December, the team was removed from the league due to apparently owing the league compensation even though the team was in second place in their division at the time. Season-by-season records United Hockey Union Nationals AAU Sanctioned Junior A National Championship In 2013 & 2014, the MWJHL, NSHL, & WSHL advanced two teams each. References External links Official Team Website Official Team Arena Sports in Trenton, New Jersey Defunct ice hockey teams in New Jersey Ice hockey clubs established in 2013 Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 2017 2013 establishments in New Jersey 2017 disestablishments in New Jersey","title":"Jersey Shore Wildcats"},{"docid":"15650103","text":"Cats on a Smooth Surface is an American rock group, that starting in 1978 and throughout the 1980s was the house band at The Stone Pony in Asbury Park, New Jersey In the years 1981 and 1982, the band's lineup consisted of Bobby Bandiera on lead guitar and vocals, Harry Filkin on rhythm guitar and vocals, Peter Schulle on keyboards and vocals, John Micco on bass guitar and vocals, Pete Gagen on drums, and Ray Plante on saxophone. Other band members through the years have included Glen Burtnick, Vincent Danielle, and Mike Bovenzi, Steff \"Stiff Reed\" Munter, Rich Ruggiero and Joel Krausse. The band is still in existence and performs regularly in New Jersey. In 1971, prior to founding \"Cats\", Harry Filkin and Bobby Bandiera were the key players in the Jersey shore band called Holme in Belmar NJ. Harry still plays as current member of Holme and with \"Harry and Billy\". Bobby Bandiera is now a 5-year member of the internationally famous Bon Jovi band as a vocalist and guitarist. He was also lead guitar with Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes and still makes occasional appearances with them. Starting in the spring of 1982 Bruce Springsteen often performed with the band, particularly on Sunday nights when he would appear unannounced at the Stone Pony and jump up on stage with them. He often claimed to the press that they were his favorite band to jam with Recently Rachel Copeland has also begun to sing with the band. Discography Albums Cats on a Smooth Surface (1992) Live 1982 With Bruce Springsteen: The Legendary Radio Broadcast (2018) Singles \"Mean Streets\" / \"No Right Time (To Say Goodbye)\" (1988) \"Midnight Romeo\" / \"What Do All the People Know\" (1992) References External links MySpace page Rock music groups from New Jersey Jersey Shore musical groups","title":"Cats on a Smooth Surface"},{"docid":"36725313","text":"Snooki & Jwoww is an American reality television series on MTV starring Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi and Jennifer \"JWoww\" Farley, a spinoff of Jersey Shore. The first season featured Polizzi and Farley living together in a former firehouse in Jersey City, New Jersey. A second season was confirmed on August 3, 2012. The format expanded to one hour, and was filmed in Manchester, New Jersey. It premiered January 8, 2013. MTV confirmed a third season on April 25, 2013. On October 8, 2014, MTV confirmed season 4 would be the final season of the series, which premiered on Wednesday, November 5 at 10/9c. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (2012) Season 2 (2013) Season 3 (2013–14) Season 4 (2014–15) References External links Jersey Shore (TV series) Lists of American reality television series episodes","title":"List of Snooki & Jwoww episodes"},{"docid":"70244383","text":"Germany Shore (previously titled as Reality Shore) is a German and a Swiss reality television series on the premium sector OnePlus and Joyn and on the television channel 3+ and MTV Germany. It was first broadcast on November 17, 2021, and is the German and Swiss offshoot of the American show Jersey Shore. Production The programme follows the daily lives of 9 housemates, as they live together for a number of weeks. The house was located in Crete in Greece. The second season premiered on December 14, 2022 in Switzerland on OnePlus, and on December 15 of that year in Germany on Paramount+. On February 10, 2023, the start of production of a third season was announced, which was filmed in June of the same year in Greece. The third season premiered on November 14, 2023, with two episodes per week. The list of cast members was revealed weeks before the premiere. Series Cast Bellydah (season 1–2, 3–present) Jessy Jessica Fiorini (season 1, 2–present) Walentina Doronina (season 1, 3–present) Hatidza \"Haiti\" Suarez (season 2, 3–present) Jonathan \"Jona\" Steining (season 2–present) Julius Tkatschenko (season 2–present) Abi (season 3–present) Marvin Opana (season 3–present) Max Eggerstedt (season 3–present) Michael Schüler (season 3–present) Tommy Pedroni (season 3–present) Paulina Ljubas (season 3–present) Nunu (season 3–present) Meggie (season 3–present) Paola (season 3–present) Einfach Tobi (season 3–present) Previous: Emanuel R. Brunner (season 1, 2) Mia Madisson (season 1, 2) Yasin Mohamed (season 1–2) Anthony (season 1) Danilo Cristilli (season 1) Gina Alisia De Rossa (season 1) Nara (season 1) Nic (season 1) Niko (season 1) Silvio (season 1) Antonia (season 2) Dana Feist (season 2) Dino Strukar (season 2) Elia Berthoud (season 2) Fabio de Pasquale (season 2) Germain Wolf (season 2) Emilija Mihailova (season 2) Peter Kujan (season 2) Venance Gwladys Amvame (season 2) Ramona Jst (season 3) Bobby Chambertz (season 3) Selina Felicitas (season 3) Special Guests: Calvin Kleinen (season 1) Melody Haase (season 1) Elena Miras (season 1) Marina (season 2) Nathan Henry (season 3) Duration of cast = Cast member is featured in this episode. = Cast member arrives in the house. = Cast member returns to the series. = Cast member voluntarily leaves the house. = Cast member returns to the house. = Cast member leaves the series. = Cast member is removed from the series. = Cast member does not feature in this episode. = Cast member features in this episode despite not being an official cast member at the time. = Cast member is not officially a cast member in this episode. Episodes Series overview Series 1 (2021) Series 2 (2022) Series 3 (2023–24) References 2020s German television series 2021 German television series debuts 2021 German television seasons 2022 German television seasons German-language television shows German reality television series German television series based on American television series Television shows filmed in Greece","title":"Germany Shore"},{"docid":"37610035","text":"Gandía Shore is a Spanish reality television series broadcast on MTV. It premiered on 14 October 2012 and is the Spanish adaptation of American show Jersey Shore. It follows the same format as the American and British (Geordie Shore) versions. The show follows the lives of eight participants who live in the Valencian town of Gandia. It premiered 14 October 2012, and broke MTV Spain's all-time ratings record, with 948,000 viewers and a market share of 4.8%, figures that more than double the Jersey Shore premieres on the Spanish channel. Cast MTV gave the list of participants with their descriptions days before the official releases of the program. Abraham García is from Campo Real, Madrid and he's 21 years old. He is the most polite person out of his housemates, loves practising extreme sports like motocross, and he takes care of his body and haircut, even though he says he's not obsessed with it. He loves meeting new people and dating lasses too. He considers that sex is something fundamental in life. He's the preppiest of the house, causing a difference between his housemates and him. He defines himself as a \"NINI\", which means \"neither nor\" in English: \"He neither studies nor works\". Also, he is known as the \"authentic tanga boy\". Alberto Clavel is 22 years old and he's from San Antonio de Benagéber, Valencia. His nickname is \"Clavelito\", which in English means \"little carnation\". He's the most calm and one of the few honest people in the group. Also, he is the only one that has no problems with anyone in the house. He loves powerful cars, new technology, and partying. He does not consider himself to have the most fit body in the house. Ultimately, he's the good boy of the house. Arantxa Fernández is from Villarejo de Salvanés, Madrid. She's 21 years old and she's usually described as an impulsive, crazy, and spontaneous girl. She loves partying and she defines herself \"The Queen of the Platforms\" and \"a choni with lots of glamour\". She's constantly laughing and having a good time, as she's the funniest gal. She's also a very lazy person. In the first episodes, she intends to have something with Abraham. Cristina Core Serrano is from Vic, Barcelona and she's 20 years old. Her nickname, \"Core\", comes from her favourite musical genre \"hardcore\". She's impulsive and spontaneous, and her passion is dancing. For relaxing, she practices Muai Thai and dancing, as well as going to the gym. She's very sensitive and cries when attacked. Her body and her appearance are the most important things to her. She considers herself a \"Daddy's girl\". She has more than one strong discussion with Ylenia during the program, making them eternal enemies. She has a boyfriend when she enters the house, but she breaks up with him and has a brief fling with Abraham. A few months after the end of the filming, Core had a plastic surgery to her nose, lips and breasts (This can be seen","title":"Gandía Shore"},{"docid":"68425454","text":"Thomas Matthew Judge (born May 28, 1999) is an American soccer player who plays as a defender. Career Youth Judge played high school soccer at the Christian Brothers Academy, where he was named Shore Sports Network Shore Conference A-North First Team in 2015, and SCANJ Private All-State First Team, Shore Conference First Team in 2016. College & Amateur In 2017, Judge attended James Madison University to play college soccer. In four seasons with the Dukes, including a truncated 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Judge made 63 appearances, scored three goals and tallied four assists. Accolades earned by Judge during his college career includes All-CAA Second Team and CAA All-Rookie Team as a freshman, Third Team All-CAA as a sophomore, First Team All-Atlantic Region and First Team All-CAA as a junior, and was a MAC Hermann Trophy Semifinalist, United Soccer Coaches First Team All-American, United Soccer Coaches All-Atlantic Region First Team, All-CAA First Team, and All-VaSID Second Team in his senior year. He also helped the Dukes win three consecutive CAA titles and make three straight NCAA Tournament berths, which included a run to the national quarterfinals in 2018. During 2019, Judge also appeared with USL League Two side Cedar Stars Rush, making six appearances for the club. Professional On January 21, 2021, Judge was drafted 36th overall in the 2021 MLS SuperDraft by Nashville SC. Judge officially signed with Nashville on June 17, 2021. On July 6, 2021, Judge was loaned to USL Championship side Pittsburgh Riverhounds for the remainder of the season. Judge made his professional debut on August 7, 2021, starting against Charleston Battery in a 3–2 victory. Following the 2021 season Judge's contract option was declined by Nashville and he became a free agent. References External links James Madison Dukes bio 1999 births Living people All-American college men's soccer players American men's soccer players Men's association football defenders Christian Brothers Academy (New Jersey) alumni James Madison Dukes men's soccer players Nashville SC draft picks Nashville SC players People from Freehold Township, New Jersey Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC players Soccer players from Monmouth County, New Jersey USL Championship players USL League Two players","title":"Tom Judge"},{"docid":"6354083","text":"This page provides a partial list of television shows set in the State of New Jersey. Live format Brick City Comic Book Men Jersey Shore Jerseylicious Miss America Pageant (1954–2005), held in Atlantic City starting in 1921, first televised in 1954, moved to Las Vegas in 2006 MTV's Shore Thing (2002), live programming originated from the Seaside Heights Boardwalk and beach MTV's Summer Share (1998), live programming originated from the Seaside Heights Boardwalk and beach The Real Housewives of New Jersey The Richard Bey Show (1987–1996), also known as People are Talking and 9 Broadcast Plaza; originated from Secaucus Comedy, drama, and reality 12 Monkeys (20152018), largely set in Raritan, New Jersey Akkara Kazhchakal, popular Malayalam sitcom series The Apprentice (2004–2015), frequent tasks at Trump Organization properties in New Jersey Aqua Teen Hunger Force (series run: 2000–2015; years set in New Jersey: 2000-2010), near the southern Jersey Shore Batman (animated series), set in Gotham City, a fictional city of New Jersey Boardwalk Empire (2010–2014), drama set in Atlantic City during the Prohibition Era Cake Boss (2009–2020), reality show set at Carlo's Bake Shop in Hoboken Charles in Charge (1984–1990), near the fictional Copeland College in New Brunswick Down the Shore (1992–1993), Belmar, New Jersey on the Jersey Shore Glam Fairy follows Jerseylicious star Alexa Prisco and her team of hair and makeup artists, also known as her \"fairies\" at the Glam Factory in Hoboken, New Jersey House (2004–2012), fictional Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (presumably in Plainsboro) Hudson Street (1995-1996), short-lived sitcom starring Tony Danza and Lori Loughlin, took place at a fictional newspaper in Hoboken Jersey Couture (2010–2012), features Diane & Co., a dress shop in Freehold, NJ Jersey Shore follows the lives of eight soon-to-be roommates living and working together for the summer in Seaside Heights, New Jersey Jerseylicious (2010), reality show set at the Gatsby Salon in Green Brook Jonas (2009–2010), starring The Jonas Brothers, who originate in New Jersey Makin' It (1979), set in Passaic, New Jersey Megas XLR (2004–2005), set in Jersey City Method & Red (2004), unspecified New Jersey suburb (presumably near New York City) Nikita (2010–2013), set in and around New Jersey and the primary fictional setting of the show is set in underground New Jersey Point Pleasant (2005), Supernatural drama set in Point Pleasant Ramy (2019–2022), set in New Jersey The Sopranos (1999–2007), various parts of Essex County and other counties in New Jersey (with occasional scenes in Manhattan) Stand by Your Man (1992), set in \"Franklin Heights\" That's Life (2000–2002), fictitious \"Bellefield\" (ostensibly Belleville or Bloomfield) WandaVision (2021), set in the fictitious town of Westview, New Jersey Yellowjackets (2021present) Game shows Trump Card (1990–1991), filmed at Trump Castle (Now The Golden Nugget) in Atlantic City News CNBC – most of its in-studio programming originates from Fort Lee MSNBC – most of its in-studio programming originates from Secaucus New Jersey Network – most of its in-studio programming originates from Trenton or Newark News 12 New Jersey – central studio-office complex in Edison; with remote","title":"List of television shows set in New Jersey"},{"docid":"25980319","text":"Samantha Giancola (born March 14, 1987) also known as Sammi Sweetheart, is an American television personality. She is best known as one of the eight main cast members in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore. Early life Raised in Hazlet, New Jersey, Giancola is of Italian and Greek descent. She attended Raritan High School, where she played softball, ran track, and was a four-year varsity soccer letter winner. Giancola won art contests when she was younger. She went on to major in sociology at William Paterson University, where she also played as a midfielder on their Division III women's soccer team. Career Jersey Shore Giancola debuted on the MTV reality show Jersey Shore in August 2009. She has since appeared with her cast mates on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, The Wendy Williams Show, and Live with Regis and Kelly. Giancola and her Jersey Shore co-stars appeared in the 2012 film The Three Stooges. She later appeared on some episodes of Snooki & Jwoww and participated in the 2017 E! special Reunion Road Trip: Return to the Jersey Shore. In 2018, Giancola announced she would not return for the Jersey Shore reboot, Jersey Shore: Family Vacation, to avoid \"potentially toxic situations\" and to focus on her \"businesses and relationship.\" In 2023, Giancola announced she would return to Jersey Shore after an 11-year hiatus. Other ventures In 2011, Giancola endorsed a fragrance called Dangerous, available for both men and women. She later endorsed another fragrance, Dangerous Desires. In 2013, Giancola launched her online clothing and accessories line, Sweetheart Styles. In 2015, Giancola became a co-host on the podcast called Just Sayin, where she joins relationship expert Siggy Flicker and TV host Clare Galterio to discuss their respective personal lives and celebrity rumors. The podcast is made in New York City through the Loud Speakers Network. The podcast ran for 104 episodes from August 2015 to November 2017. Personal life Sammi began a volatile on-off relationship with castmate Ronnie Ortiz-Magro during Jersey Shores original run from 2009 to 2012. Their relationship lasted for several years, before the two broke up for good in 2016. A year later, in 2017, Giancola started dating YouTuber and entrepreneur Christian Biscardi. The pair got engaged on March 5, 2019. Initially planning to wed in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic upended their plans. In the early summer of 2021, fans noticed that Biscardi and Giancola unfollowed each other on Instagram, driving rumors and speculation of a break up. Giancola officially confirmed their separation in July 2021 via TikTok. The following summer, on August 1, 2022, Giancola began dating bartender Justin May. She first introduced him on social media in November as they celebrated Thanksgiving together. \"Happy Thanksgiving,\" she captioned the image, which was shared on Twitter, and marked her first anniversary in an Instagram post with several photos of the couple's adventures over the year.The pair got engaged on March 16, 2024, with the couple revealing their engagement in an Instagram post on","title":"Sammi Giancola"},{"docid":"76083030","text":"Italia Shore is an Italian reality television series that aired on MTV Italia and Paramount+. It premiered on March 4, 2024. it is the Italian branch of the American show Jersey Shore. The show follows the daily lives of ten housemates who live together for several weeks in Fregene, Lazio. Production In February 2022, Paramount Global announced a new line of unscripted series and renewals for MTV Entertainment Studios that included seven new versions of the Shore franchise. In September 2023, the Paramount Plus service was launched for the first time in Italy. At the same time, the programming and production of Italian series was carried out, including Italia Shore, which was announced for the first time on September 15 of that year. On February 12, 2024, MTV revealed the show's premiere date and cast members. Its premiere is scheduled for March 4, 2024 on Paramount+ and March 10 on MTV. Cast A special episode broadcast a month before the show's official launch on February 12, 2024, titled \"Meet The Cast\", provided the list of contestants. Previously Jasmin Salvati had been part of the fourth season of Ex on the Beach Italy. Duration of cast = Cast member is featured in this episode. = Cast member arrives in the house. = Cast member voluntarily leaves the house. = Cast member is removed from the house. = Cast member leaves and returns to the house in the same episode. = Cast member returns to the house. = Cast member features in this episode, but outside of the house. = Cast member does not feature in this episode. = Cast member voluntarily leaves the series. = Cast member returns to the series. = Cast member is removed from the series. = Cast member features in this episode despite not being an official cast member at the time. = Cast member is not officially a cast member in this episode. Episodes References 2020s Italian television series 2024 Italian television series debuts 2024 Italian television seasons Italian-language television shows Italian reality television series Italian television series based on American television series","title":"Italia Shore"},{"docid":"442163","text":"The Jersey Shore, commonly referred to locally as simply the Shore, is the coastal region of the U.S. state of New Jersey. Geographically, the term encompasses about of oceanfront bordering the Atlantic Ocean, from Perth Amboy in the north to Cape May Point in the south. The region includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May counties, which are in the central and southern parts of the state. Located in the center of the Northeast Megalopolis, the northern half of the shore region is part of the New York metropolitan area, while the southern half of the shore region is part of the Philadelphia metropolitan area, also known as the Delaware Valley. The Jersey Shore hosts the highest concentration of oceanside boardwalks in the United States. Famous for its wide beaches, many boardwalks that include arcades, amusement parks, and water parks, the Jersey Shore is a popular vacation spot for residents of North Jersey, New York, Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Certain shore communities are also popular with visitors of the Canadian province of Quebec. Due to New Jersey's peninsular geography, both sunrise and sunset are visible over water from different points on the Jersey Shore. In 2012, Hurricane Sandy devastated much of the northern part of the Jersey Shore, spawning the demolition and rebuilding of entire neighborhoods, with reinvention on a physically and financially elevated, and economically upscale level; this process of gentrification escalated property values and transformed communities on the Jersey Shore into a second home for the New York financial community, akin to the more established Gold Coast and Hamptons on Long Island. Notable shore towns The Jersey Shore is lined with over 40 different towns and communities, each with a different character, flavor, and vibe. Many towns cater extensively to summer tourists, while others are increasingly or completely full-year residential communities. The towns listed below are ordered geographically from north to south. Middlesex County The Amboys Perth Amboy, along with neighboring South Amboy across the Raritan River, make up The Amboys. Perth Amboy was a resort town in the 19th century and early 20th century, located on the northern edge of the Raritan Bayshore. Since the early 1990s Perth Amboy has seen redevelopment. Small businesses have started to open up, helped by the city's designation as an urban enterprise zone. The waterfront has also seen a rebirth, with new parks, a new promenade and an expansion of the marina complementing the old Victorian homes along the bay. Local attractions include the Perth Amboy Ferry Slip and Kearny Cottage. The Raritan Yacht Club, it is one of the oldest yacht clubs in the United States. As of 2023, hundreds of millions of dollars were being invested in the redevelopment of Perth Amboy's waterfront area, in part related to its strategically-located industrial area. On October 30, 2023, NY Waterway launched a new ferry service in South Amboy, which connects to Lower and Midtown Manhattan. Both towns are served by the North Jersey Coast Line. Laurence Harbor (Old Bridge)","title":"Jersey Shore"},{"docid":"74434054","text":"There are numerous film festivals in New Jersey. The municipalities of Asbury Park, Atlantic City, Newark, Princeton, Red Bank, and Teaneck each host a number of festivals throughout the year, as does Rutgers University in New Brunswick. A APin3 Film Challenge (Asbury Park) (timed filmmaking challenge) Asbury Park Music + Film Festival (established 2015) (Asbury Park) Atlantic City Cinefest / Downbeach Film Festival (established 2008) (Atlantic City) B B.E. (Black Excellence) Film Festival and Film Showcase (established 2021) (held during the larger Black Excellence Festival at The Showboat, Atlantic City) BFC Short Film Festival (established 2021) (Barrymore Film Center, Fort Lee) Bergen International Film Fest of New Jersey (established 2018) (Bergenfield) Bread and Roses Film Festival (established 2023) (ShowRoom Cinema, Asbury Park) (women's film festival) Brightside Film Festival (established 2014) (Jersey City) C Cherry Hill Jewish Film Festival (Cherry Hill) Colombian Film Festival (established 2013 in Manhattan) (Ritz Theater, Elizabeth touring location 2023) The Count Basie Center \"BREAKTHROUGH\" Film Festival (established ~2014) (Basie Center Cinemas, Red Bank) (young filmmakers) Cranford Film Festival (established 2021) (Cranford Theater, Cranford) (short film) E EB Indie Film Festival (established 2021) (East Brunswick) F FilmOneFest (established 2008) (outdoors at the Atlantic Highlands Marina, Atlantic Highlands) (short film) G Garden State Film Festival (established 1982) (Asbury Park and Cranford) Golden Door Film Festival (established 2011) (Jersey City) H Hang Onto Your Shorts Film Festival (established ~2012) (short film) (Asbury Park) Hoboken International Film Festival (established in 2006 in Hoboken, it relocated to Teaneck for a few seasons, and then to Orange County, New York in 2013.) I Indie Street Film Festival (established ~2015) (Two River Theater and others, Red Bank) Irish-American Comedy + Film Fleadh (established 2023) (Basie Center Cinemas, Red Bank) J Jersey City Horror Film Festival (established ~2015) (Jersey City) Jersey Devil Film Festival (established ~2017) (Asbury Park) (folklore/cryptids/paranormal/horror) Jersey Shore Film Festival (established 2006) (Deal, Long Branch, Asbury Park, Red Bank) Jewish Film Festival of Central New Jersey (The Cranford Theater, Cranford) K Krampus Film Festival (established ~2011) (Asbury Park) (horror/folklore/paranormal with a Yuletide focus) L Lambertville Halloween Film Festival (established 2022) (Lambertville) Lighthouse Film Festival (established 2009) (Long Beach Island) M Montclair Film Festival (established 2012) (The Clairidge, Montclair) N Nassau Film Festival (established 2015) (Princeton Garden Theatre, Princeton) Newark Black Film Festival (established 1974) (Newark Museum of Art) Newark International Film Festival (established 2016) (held at North to Shore Festival, Newark) Newark LGBTQ Film Festival (established 2023) (Newark) Newark Short Film Festival (established ~2015) (New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark) New Jersey Film Festival (established 1982) (Rutgers University–New Brunswick) New Jersey Horror Con and Film Festival (Atlantic City and Edison). New Jersey Independent Film Festival (established 2021) (Cranford Theater, Cranford) New Jersey Indian and International Film Festival (established 2018) (Regal Hadley Theater, South Plainfield; Oak Tree Road, Edison) New Jersey Jewish Film Festival (established 2000) (West Orange) New Jersey Young Filmmakers Festival (Thomas Edison National Historical Park, West Orange) New Lens Film Festival (Rutgers Filmmaking Center, Mason Gross School of the","title":"List of film festivals in New Jersey"},{"docid":"74049053","text":"The third series of Rio Shore, a Brazilian television programme based in Rio de Janeiro was begun on June 15, 2023, on MTV. It was filmed in February 2023. The cast was revealed in May 2023, half of the cast from the previous season not returning to the show. Six new cast members are introduced for the first time, including Beatriz Valença, Helena Steigne, Leonardo Carvalho, Matheus Miranda and Thiago Hippólito. This was the last season to feature Maryane Valim after leaving the show. Brazilian television personality was featured as the head of the season. Jessica Barros returns to the show after leaving at the end of the previous season. Cast Jessica Barros (Episodes 8–12) Leonardo Carvalho Juliana \"Mississippi\" Casaes Matheus \"Novinho\" Crivella Guilherme Evaristo Cristal Felix William Guimarães Thiago \"Thippo\" Hippólito Daniele Japa Matheus Miranda Ricardo \"Rick\" Salusse Helena Steigne Beatriz \"Triz\" Valença Maryane Valim (Episodes 1–5) Duration of cast = Cast member is featured in this episode. = Cast member arrives in the house. = Cast member returns to the house. = Cast member leaves the series. = Cast member returns to the series. = Cast member does not feature in this episode. = \"Cast member\" is not a cast member in this episode. Episodes References 2023 Brazilian television seasons Jersey Shore (TV series) Paramount+ original programming Television shows filmed in Brazil Television shows set in Brazil Portuguese-language television shows","title":"Rio Shore series 3"},{"docid":"34909431","text":"Snooki & Jwoww is an American reality television series on MTV starring Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi and Jennifer \"JWoww\" Farley. It is the second of three spin-offs of Jersey Shore, on which both Polizzi and Farley previously gained fame as cast members. The series ran from June 21, 2012 until February 4, 2015 spanning four seasons. Cast Main Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi Jennifer \"Jwoww\" Farley Recurring Jionni LaValle — Nicole's husband. He and Snooki became engaged before the first season aired. He and Snooki married on November 29, 2014. Roger Mathews — Jenni's now ex-husband. He and JWoww became engaged in the ninth episode of the second season (\"Taking the Plunge\"). He and JWoww married on October 18, 2015. Episodes Production The series was first announced by MTV on April 7, 2011, as one of two spinoffs of Jersey Shore, on which both Polizzi and Farley previously gained fame as cast members, with the other spinoff focusing on their castmate, Paul \"Pauly D\" DelVecchio. The first season, which consists of 12 episodes, focuses on Polizzi and Farley living together after the conclusion the fifth season of Jersey Shore, and is described by the two stars as a modern-day Laverne & Shirley. SallyAnn Salsano of 495 Productions, who also produced Jersey Shore, is the executive producer of the series. MTV's tentative title for the series was reported by NJ.com on February 26, 2012 as Snooki and JWoww vs. the World. The production initially sought to film in Hoboken, New Jersey, but were denied a permit. An invitation to the crew to film in Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania was later rescinded by Central Pennsylvania Film Office following a public outcry. Eventually a former firehouse at 38 Mercer Street at Grove Street in Jersey City, New Jersey was chosen as the filming location. The property was guarded at all times by at least four Jersey City police officers, who also followed the cast and crew when leaving the home, conditions to which producers were required to agree in order to be granted a shooting permit. The conditions also indicated that the police would take action, including on the cast, if any state or city laws were broken, and that producers would reimburse the city for any increase in police presence or similar costs that might have occurred due to events related to the production. Prior to filming, several businesses in the area, including the bars Skinner's Loft, Barcade and LITM, denied filming permits to MTV, which The Jersey Journal reported was due to their need to make their regular customers a priority. In addition, a \"No Snooki\" sign was posted in the window of a liquor store around the corner from the firehouse, whose general manager stated that either of the two women would be turned away if they attempted to patronize that establishment. The Beechwood Cafe and Market, across the street from the firehouse, also indicated they would not let the two in their restaurant. Tia's Place, a trendy clothing store on Grove Street, also","title":"Snooki & Jwoww"},{"docid":"2924597","text":"Ice Hockey is currently played by approximately 161 high school varsity teams in NJ. Teams are divided into conferences: the Gordon Conference, Big North Conference, New Jersey Ice Hockey League, Morris County Secondary School Ice Hockey League, Union County Ice Hockey League, Skylands Conference, Greater Middlesex Conference, Colonial Valley Conference, Shore Conference, Independents, and Prep Schools. Most of these leagues are divided into divisions. A State Championship Tournament is organized at the end of the season by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Divisions Hockey is one of the few sports in the state with \"rolling divisions\". The divisions can change every year depending on the performance of the teams and new teams formed. The divisions are arranged by geography and skill level. Typically, the last place team in a higher division will be moved into the lower division, with the first place team of the lower division moving into the higher division. Gordon Conference American Division National Division Big North Conference Patriot Division Freedom Division Stripes Division Stars Division New Jersey Interscholastic Ice Hockey League McInnis Division Kelly Division McMullen Division Morris County Secondary School Ice Hockey League Mennen Division Halvorsen Division Haas Division Charette Division Skyland Conference (no divisions) Greater Middlesex Conference (no divisions) Colonial Valley Conference Colonial Division Valley Division Shore Conference Shore A North Shore A Central Shore A South Shore B North Independents (no divisions) Independence League (prep) (no divisions) source. State Tournament The NJSIAA crowns state champions in four categories; Private, Public A, Public B and Public C. Through 1994, public and private schools played in one state tournament; however, private schools dominated the tournament due to their ability to recruit the best players in the state without geographical limitation. Beginning in 1995, the NJSIAA held separate private and public tournaments, crowning a private and public champion, with these champions playing each other for the overall state championship. In 2005, the NJSIAA eliminated the overall state championship game because a public school had won only once, in 1997. Similarly, in 2008, the Public Tournament was divided into A and B categories based on school enrollment as the smaller schools generally were unable to compete with the larger schools. The public tournament was divided once again in 2018 to include Public C. In the 2021–2022 season the Public C tournament would pivot again to comprise the growing number of cooperative teams in the state. The initial Public C season would have forty-three co-op and tri-op teams competing for the state crown. To qualify for the State Tournament, teams must have played a minimum of 10 games and compiled a record of .500 or better record by a date set by the NJSIAA, usually around February 15. Teams within four games of .500 may petition for an at-large selection to the Tournament. The NJSIAA may select a maximum of 3 public and 2 private teams for an at-large berth. All members of the Gordon Conference earn automatic entry to the Private Tournament. In recent years,","title":"High school ice hockey in New Jersey"},{"docid":"15851677","text":"Sea Breeze is an unincorporated community located within Fairfield Township in Cumberland County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is located on the shores of the Delaware Bay. History In 1887, steamboat travel between Philadelphia and Sea Breeze began. After two aspiring businessmen from Gloucester restored an old Civil War boat (named the John A. Warner), a regular service was run throughout the summer to Sea Breeze's amusement pier. Later that year, The Warner House opened at Sea Breeze. The Warner house was a 40-room hotel, complete with a bar, and offered bathing as well as numerous recreational activities to visitors. Annual clambakes and boat races were also held. The Warner House burned down in 1890. By the early 20th century, Jesse Smith built Sea Breeze's second hotel, The Seabreeze Hotel. During this time a man named Harry Griffith would rent rowboats on the bay, and is alleged to have provided alcohol during Prohibition. The new hotel suffered a similar fate as the Warner House and was destroyed by a fire in the 1940s. Following the repeal of Prohibition, Griffith obtained a liquor license and opened the Sea Breeze tavern. Although it started out in a nearby barge, it later expanded to three rooms. By the 1940s, Griffith's daughter Mae had added food to the tavern. Although Harry Griffith died in the 1960s, the tavern was run by his family up until 1985, when it was destroyed by Hurricane Gloria. The hamlet is home to a small community of seasonal homes and does not have many year round residents. There is one road in Sea Breeze, Beach Avenue and it is unpaved. There are no marinas or businesses, but Sea Breeze is still used by salt water fisherman and bird watchers. In November 2008, six of the 19 homeowners in Sea Breeze asked the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection to buy their properties. A recently constructed seawall had been badly damaged by the waves, leaving the properties at great risk. On May 17, 2010, NJN News reported the remaining homeowners have agreed to sell their property to the state. In August 2010, two of the homes burned down. In July 2011 another home burned down. In early January 2012, the state and EPA tore down the houses. References External links Fairfield Township Fairfield Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey Unincorporated communities in Cumberland County, New Jersey Unincorporated communities in New Jersey","title":"Sea Breeze, New Jersey"},{"docid":"4150921","text":"A beach tag (also beach badge, beach pass, or beach token) is an admission pass that must be purchased to access a beach. It is commonly associated with the Jersey Shore in the U.S. state of New Jersey, where many communities restrict summer beach access to residents and visitors who pay a fee for a daily, weekly, or seasonal pass. Beaches with a beach-tag program use the proceeds to offset the maintenance and staffing costs associated with running a beach, such as funding lifeguards, restrooms, and trash removal. History Beach tags for New Jersey beaches can be traced back to 1937 when some towns in the northern portion of the Jersey Shore such as Seaside Heights had brass beach badges marked by gender. Surf City on Long Beach Island started requiring beach tags in 1967. Stone Harbor became the first municipality in the southern portion of the Jersey Shore to require beach tags in 1971, and Sea Isle City followed suit in 1972. In Ocean City, beach tags were implemented in 1976, although discussions for beach fees in the city date back to the 1930s. Long Beach Township on Long Beach Island approved beach tags on November 5, 1976. In 2021, the Cape May County municipalities of Wildwood, North Wildwood, Wildwood Crest, and Upper Township - four of the five municipalities in New Jersey which do not have beach tags - were considering implementing them. Pricing Daily, weekly, and seasonal tags can usually be purchased at participating beaches, and each municipality sets its own rates and policies. Beaches typically do not charge for children under the age of 12 and may offer discounts to seniors. In certain municipalities, discounts are given for seasonal passes purchased before a specific date (e.g., May 15 in Seaside Heights, New Jersey). The beach tag offered by one municipality may not grant access to beaches in other municipalities. For example, Long Beach Island, which is about twenty miles long, comprises six municipalities, each with its own beach tags, and beach-goers cannot purchase a tag in one Long Beach Island municipality and use it in another. Criticism The goals of beach tags, or tokens, are to either restrict the beach to only community members, or to generate user fees for lifeguards and maintenance (e.g., trash removal). On the Jersey Shore, beach tags are controversial because the public trust doctrine generally gives the public the right to access the intertidal zone, and guests may feel that a beach with beach tags should offer a superior service to free beaches. Additionally, detractors debate whether beach tags are actually to restrict beach use to people who are paying visitors of hotels, beach house rentals, and local residents. Proponents of beach tags suggest that they improve the cleanliness and safety of the beaches, making the tag fees akin to user fees that prevent freeloading. In addition, proponents note that the beaches which require beach tags are those located in smaller municipalities, which because of beach tags are permitted to offer","title":"Beach tag"},{"docid":"27683785","text":"Jersey Shore is a reality television series that aired on MTV. It follows eight housemates while they live, work and party at the Jersey Shore. The show made its debut amid large amounts of controversy regarding the use of the words \"guido/guidette\", portrayals of Italian-American stereotypes as well as perpetuating stereotypes of New Jerseyans, especially because the cast members are not residents from the area. It premiered in December 2009 and ran through 2012. The controversies in the series were due in large part to the manner in which MTV marketed the show, as it liberally used the word guido to describe the cast members. The word guido is generally regarded as an ethnic slur when referring to Italians and Italian Americans. One promotion stated that the show was to follow, \"eight of the hottest, tannest, craziest Guidos\", while yet another advertisement stated, \"[the show] exposes one of the tri-state area's most misunderstood species ... the GUIDO. Yes, they really do exist! Our Guidos and Guidettes will move into the ultimate big beach house rental and indulge in everything the Seaside Heights, New Jersey scene has to offer\". Background Prior to the series debut, UNICO National, the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF), the Order Sons of Italy in America, the Italian watchdog website ItalianAware.com, and other Italian American organizations requested that MTV cancel the show. In a letter to the network, UNICO called the show a \"...direct, deliberate and disgraceful attack on Italian Americans...\" UNICO National President Andre DiMino said in a statement \"MTV has festooned the 'bordello-like' house set with Italian flags and red, white and green maps of New Jersey while every other cutaway shot is of Italian signs and symbols. They are blatantly as well as subliminally bashing Italian-Americans with every technique possible...\" MTV responded to the controversy by issuing a press release which stated in part, \"the Italian-American cast takes pride in their ethnicity. We understand that this show is not intended for every audience and depicts just one aspect of youth culture.\" Since the calls for the show's removal, several sponsors have requested that their ads not be aired during the show. These sponsors include Dell, Domino's, and American Family Insurance. Subsequent seasons have encountered the continuous denouncement of the program by Italian American and other community-based organizations. The announcement of season 4 of the program being filmed on location in Italy was once again met with a swift reaction from the National Italian American Foundation, the National Organization of Italian American Women, UNICO National and other community-based groups. Beachcomber Bar & Grill incident In August 2009, female cast member Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi was punched in the face after a confrontation with a man who had allegedly stolen her drink at the Beachcomber Bar & Grill in Seaside Heights. The assailant, Brad Ferro, a physical education teacher from Deer Park, New York, was arrested on simple assault and disorderly conduct charges. A promo of the clip aired after the show's December 3, 2009, premiere and","title":"Reactions to Jersey Shore"},{"docid":"25980324","text":"Vincent J. Guadagnino ( , ; born November 11, 1987) is an American reality television personality, best known for being a cast member on MTV's Jersey Shore. Early life and education Guadagnino was raised in the Staten Island borough of New York City, and comes from a traditional Italian-American family. His mother was born in Sicily, Italy, and immigrated to the United States at age 13. His family's farm is visited during an episode in Jersey Shores fourth season. He graduated from Susan E. Wagner High School, the same high school that his Jersey Shore costar Angelina Pivarnick attended. He later studied at SUNY New Paltz before transferring to the College of Staten Island, graduating with a degree in political science. Prior to being cast on Jersey Shore, Guadagnino planned to attend law school. Career Guadagnino was a member of the starting cast MTV's Jersey Shore and appeared in all six seasons from 2009 to 2012. After Jersey Shore, Guadagnino began taking acting classes. He guest-starred on MTV's scripted comedy series The Hard Times of RJ Berger as RJ's cousin. In the November 8, 2011, episode of 90210, he played a small role that he reprised in the episode \"O Holly Night\". He also appeared in the Syfy original movie Jersey Shore Shark Attack. MTV also produced Guadagnino's talk show, The Show with Vinny, which debuted in May 2013. The show featured celebrities at Guadagnino's home talking and having dinner with him and his family. He and his mother would later star in Vinny & Ma Eat America on The Cooking Channel. In 2018, he reunited with most of his original Jersey Shore castmates for a reboot of the series titled Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. The first and second seasons aired in 2018, and a third season began in 2019. Starting in April 2019, Guadagnino has been starring alongside Pauly D in a Double Shot at Love on MTV. On April 26, 2019, he started a month long residency performing as guest host in Chippendales at the Rio Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. In 2021, he competed on The Masked Singer spin-off The Masked Dancer as \"Hammerhead\" and was eliminated in the 6th spot during Battle of the Super Six. Dancing with the Stars Guadagnino was announced as a contestant on season 31 of Dancing with the Stars, which premiered in September 2022. He partnered with Koko Iwasaki. Placed: 7th; (average: TBA) Philanthropy In 2011, Guadagnino launched a clothing brand called IHAV (for \"I Have a Vision\") with the message Fuck Bullies. Proceeds are donated to the charity Do Something for grants for anti-bullying projects and programs. He also supports the animal rescue organization Much Love, for whom he recently participated in a charity auction. Guadagnino is also a supporter of gay rights. He has been a presenter at the GLAAD Awards and participated in the NOH8 Campaign. Guadagnino also co-authored a book with Samantha Rose entitled Control The Crazy: My Plan To Stop Stressing, Avoid Drama, and Maintain","title":"Vinny Guadagnino"},{"docid":"21114217","text":"John Amabile (April 16, 1939 – April 22, 2012) was a professional American football scout for the New York Giants, high school football coach, and college football quarterback. Playing career Amabile played quarterback for the Boston College Eagles from 1958 to 1960. He finished his career completing 163 of 329 passes (49.8%) for 2321 yards, 17 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions. He won the 1960 Thomas F. Scanlan Memorial Trophy, an award given to the senior football player outstanding in scholarship, leadership, and athletic ability. He played for the Jersey Giants of the Atlantic Coast Football League in 1964. Coaching career Amabile launched his career at Lincoln High School in 1967. He coached at Belleville High School and then From there he moved to Middletown High School, where he coached from 1970 to 1974. From 1977 to 1984, he coached Wall High School. He led the Crimson Knights to consecutive 11–0 seasons and NJSIAA Central Jersey Group III championships in 1982 and 1983. His teams won four straight Shore Conference divisional titles from 1981 to 1984. Amabile coached at Neptune High School from 1985 to 2000. From 1993 to 1999, the Scarlet Fliers had a 33-game home winning streak. From 1994 to 1998, Neptune won five straight Shore Conference divisional titles, going unbeaten in 1995 and 1997. From 2003 to 2008, Amabile coached St. John Vianney. In his six seasons with the Lancers, Amabile had a 22–38 record, with only one winning season and playoff appearance. In 2009, he coached Allentown High School. Amabile compiled an overall record of 252-172-11. Only Warren Wolf, Lou Vircillo and Vic Kubu are believed to have more wins in the Shore Conference. In 2011, Amabile was the offensive coordinator at Long Branch High School. Scouting Amabile scouted for the New York Giants from 2002 to 2011. Death Amabile died on April 22, 2012, at the age of 73 at Jersey Shore University Medical Center. He was a resident of Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey, having lived there since 1968. References 1939 births 2012 deaths American football quarterbacks Boston College Eagles football players High school football coaches in New Jersey Players of American football from Jersey City, New Jersey People from Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey","title":"John Amabile (American football)"},{"docid":"1487041","text":"The Jersey Shore BlueClaws (formerly Lakewood BlueClaws) are a Minor League Baseball team of the South Atlantic League and the High-A affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies. They are located in Lakewood, New Jersey, and are named for their location on the Jersey Shore and blue crabs native to the area. The BlueClaws play their home games at ShoreTown Ballpark. History Following the 2000 season, the Cape Fear Crocs of the Class A South Atlantic League relocated to Lakewood, New Jersey, and became the Lakewood BlueClaws. The BlueClaws became an affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies, who moved their Class A affiliation from the Piedmont Boll Weevils in Kannapolis, North Carolina, to Lakewood beginning with the 2001 season. The team was owned by the New-Jersey-born Joe Plumeri and Joe Finley, also owners of the Trenton Thunder. Since their arrival in New Jersey, the BlueClaws have been a success at the gate. In each of their first five seasons, they averaged over 6,500 people per game. The team led the South Atlantic League in either average or total attendance every year through 2016, and became the fastest team in league history to reach the two and three million fan attendance mark. On August 26, 2002, the BlueClaws set a South Atlantic League record when 13,003 people attended a 3–0 win over the Hickory Crawdads. This box office success comes in the absence of great success on the field. In their first five seasons, the BlueClaws failed to qualify for the playoffs. Their overall record topped the .500 mark for the first time in 2004. On September 1, 2004, Ryan Howard became the first former BlueClaw to play in Major League Baseball, playing first base for the Phillies in a 7–2 loss to the Atlanta Braves at Citizens Bank Park. He played for the BlueClaws in the 2002 season. In 2005, he was named the National League Rookie of the Year, and in 2006 he was named the National League Most Valuable Player. In May 2007, while on the 15-day disabled list, Howard played two rehab games with the BlueClaws after suffering a hamstring injury. Each game drew over 8,000 fans and helped push the BlueClaws to a new team attendance record for the month of May. In addition to Howard, several former BlueClaws played for the 2008 World Champion Philadelphia Phillies. World Series MVP Cole Hamels was with Lakewood in 2003, and starting catcher Carlos Ruiz was a member of the original Lakewood BlueClaws' roster in 2001. The BlueClaws were sold to Shore Town Baseball in July 2017. The new ownership group includes Minor League Baseball veteran and former Mandalay Baseball Properties CEO Art Matin, as well as local investors Bob Tamashunas and Bill Luby. The team rebranded as the Jersey Shore BlueClaws after the 2020 season. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the BlueClaws were organized into the High-A East. In 2022, the High-A East became known as the South Atlantic League, the name historically","title":"Jersey Shore BlueClaws"},{"docid":"71258651","text":"The 2022 Jersey Shore 150 was an NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour race that was held on July 9, 2022. It was contested over 150 laps on the oval. It was the 8th race of the 2022 NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour season. Jimmy Blewett, driving for owner Tommy Baldwin, got his first win of the season. Report Entry list (R) denotes rookie driver. (i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points. Practice Qualifying Qualifying results Race Laps: 150 Race statistics Lead changes: 4 Cautions/Laps: 4 for 26 laps Time of race: 0:43:12 Average speed: 68.75 mph References 2022 NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour 2022 in sports in New Jersey Jersey Shore 150 Wall Township, New Jersey","title":"2022 Jersey Shore 150"},{"docid":"1146502","text":"The Jersey Skiff is a boat that was once popular for sport fishing in the United States. They were introduced by fishermen on the Jersey Shore, and were originally designed to be launched from the beach through the surf, so they could tend their fishing nets offshore. They first appeared around the end of the 19th century. There were two distinct versions, along the Northern Jersey Shore, The Sea Bright, and the Southern Shore, Jersey Skiff. In the early 20th century Jersey Skiffs were employed by early coast guardsmen and lifeguards. The boats had evolved into wreckage and salvage work as well as fishing uses. The primary difference between the two boats is the addition of a board on the side of the Jersey Skiff for slightly greater freeboard. Also the hull is slightly narrower for better rowing. And the transom of Jersey Skiff is more of a wine glass shape which integrates into the skeg, whereas The Sea Bright transom does not. The skeg can be added as an additional board. The design characteristics of the boat, are a stem that is slightly raked, less than a Dory and more than a Whitehall Rowboat. The stern was in a heart or wine glass shape with a rake toward the center of the boat. This allows the boat to be retrieved through the surf bow first. Although it is reported that in rougher conditions the boat is beached stern first. The boats are of fairly shallow draft and have a narrow flat bottom which is useful for sitting on the beach. Although the sides are generally rounded, without a keel but with a small skeg for tracking. The boats were generally outfitted with a sprit or lug sailing rig and a small jib. The mast was generally unstayed. Early fisherman used an oar to steer with rather than bring a separate rudder. Modern sailing versions come with a separate rudder. But an oarlock can be mounted on the transom for use with an oar as a steering device. Prohibition The boat during prohibition was modified into a speedboat but there are still some builders making traditional boats in fiberglass. With the start of Prohibition Captain William McCoy began to bring rum from Bimini and the Bahamas into south Florida through Government Cut. The Coast Guard soon caught up with him, so they began to bring the illegal goods to just outside the U.S. territorial waters and let smaller boats and other captains such as Habana Joe take the risk of bringing it into shore. By far the biggest Rum Row was in the New York/Philadelphia area off the New Jersey coast, where as many as 60 ships were seen at one time. One of the most notable New Jersey rum runners was Habana Joe, who could be seen at night running into remote areas in Raritan Bay with his flat-bottom skiff for running up on the beach, making his delivery, and speeding away. See also Go-fast boat References Dinghies","title":"Jersey Skiff"},{"docid":"25980266","text":"Angelina Marie Pivarnick (born June 26, 1986) is an American reality television personality who is best known for starring in the first two seasons of the MTV reality show Jersey Shore and its spin-off, Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. Pivarnick also appeared on the VH1 show Couples Therapy in 2012. Early life Pivarnick was born and raised in Staten Island, New York. She has two sisters. She graduated from Susan E. Wagner High School with her Jersey Shore costar, Vinny Guadagnino. Career Before she joined the cast of Jersey Shore, Pivarnick worked as a waitress. Jersey Shore premiered on December 4, 2009. After refusing to work her shift at the T-shirt shop, she was evicted from the shore house in the third episode of season one. She then was on Jersey Shore season two in Miami Beach, Florida and Pivarnick again departed the house during season two after violent confrontations with fellow cast-members Michael Sorrentino and Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi. She did not return for season three. Pivarnick made guest appearances during the fifth and sixth seasons. In 2010, Pivarnick released the song \"I'm Hot\". She and her boyfriend appeared in Season 1 of the VH1 reality show Couples Therapy, which premiered March 25, 2012. In March 2011, Pivarnick appeared on the professional wrestling promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, competing in a six-person tag team match. In 2011, Pivarnick briefly appeared in the music video for rap group Dacav5's song \"Dirty Style.\" She also appeared as a contestant on the reality dating series Excused. She made it to the final round and was chosen by Sergio to try dating each other. She later released a new song, \"Gotta Go Out\", under the name Miss AP in August 2011, featuring Tony Hanson \"Fenix\". The song charted at No. 37 on the Billboard Dance/Club Play Songs list in the United States. In September 2012, she engaged in a debate with recording artist Adam Barta on the topic of gay marriage, which she said she opposed. She later reversed her position after Jersey Shore co-star JWoww criticized her on Twitter, and issued a public apology via TMZ. In December, Pivarnick announced a single release called \"Serendipity\" with Barta, in the hopes of making amends with the LGBT community. In 2018, Pivarnick and fiancé Chris Larangeira appeared on the show How Far Is Tattoo Far? From 2019–2021, Pivarnick made guest appearances on Double Shot at Love. Pivarnick returned to the Jersey Shore franchise by joining the sequel series, Jersey Shore: Family Vacation in 2018 as a recurring guest. She later became a full-time cast member in 2019. Personal life On January 12, 2018, Pivarnick became engaged to Chris Larangeira after a year of dating. They married on November 20, 2019. In February 2022, Larangeira filed for divorce after two years of marriage citing irreconcilable differences. On an April 2023 episode of Jersey Shore: Family Vacation, it was announced that she is engaged to model Vinny Tortorella. Pivarnick is a registered emergency medical technician and worked for","title":"Angelina Pivarnick"},{"docid":"63061168","text":"Harry Edward Flaherty (born December 15, 1961) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He also was a member of the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at the College of the Holy Cross. Early years Flaherty attended Red Bank Catholic High School, where he played football, baseball and track. He accepted a football scholarship from the College of the Holy Cross. He also played baseball. He was a four-year starter at middle linebacker and finished as the school's all-time leader with 447 tackles. As a senior in 1983, he set a school record with 152 tackles in a season, while also contributing to the team winning the Lambert Cup Championship and advancing to the NCAA Division I-AA playoffs for the first time in school history. In 1995, he was inducted into the Holy Cross Athletic Hall of Fame. In 1997, he was inducted into the Jersey Shore Sports Hall of Fame. In 2015, he was inducted into the Crusader Football Legends Ring of Honor. Professional career Philadelphia Eagles Flaherty was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles after the 1984 NFL Draft on June 18. He was released before the start of the season on August 14. Tampa Bay Bandits (USFL) In 1985, he signed as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League. He started in some of the games at inside linebacker. He was not re-signed after the season. Baltimore Stars (USFL) In 1986, he was signed as a free agent by the Baltimore Stars, but the league folded and never had a chance to play with the team. Dallas Cowboys After the NFLPA strike was declared on the third week of the 1987 season, those contests were canceled (reducing the 16 game season to 15) and the NFL decided that the games would be played with replacement players. In September, he was signed to be a part of the Dallas Cowboys replacement team that was given the mock name \"Rhinestone Cowboys\" by the media. He was the backup at left outside linebacker behind Dale Jones. He was released after the strike ended on October 20. Personal life In 1988, he married Janine Garrett, sister of former Dallas Cowboys' head coach Jason Garrett. His son Harry Flaherty Jr. tried out at tight end in the NFL, during the 2011 and 2012 preseasons. Since 1995, he has served as New Jersey's director of the ministry Fellowship of Christian Athletes. He also coached tight ends and linebackers at Red Bank Catholic High School. References 1961 births Living people People from Red Bank, New Jersey Players of American football from Monmouth County, New Jersey American football linebackers Holy Cross Crusaders football players Holy Cross Crusaders baseball players Tampa Bay Bandits players Dallas Cowboys players National Football League replacement players Red Bank Catholic High School alumni High school football coaches in New Jersey Garett family","title":"Harry Flaherty (linebacker)"},{"docid":"50786544","text":"Mary DeChambres is an American film and television editor, and two-time Emmy Award nominee and Emmy Award winner. She sits on the board of directors for the Motion Picture Editors Guild. Early life and education DeChambres grew up on a farm in Alexandria Township, New Jersey and attended Delaware Valley Regional High School where she cultivated her creativity at the school’s art program. She went on to study at Sam Houston State University, studying Education and Fine Arts, and while there also attended the radio, TV and Film studies programs. She also started her own local radio show. She went on to teach at the Aldine Independent School District in Houston. On a summer hiatus, she attended a film editing course at the University of Southern California which led her to an internship at a music-video company . eventually leading to her first job at Bunim/Murray Productions working on shows like The Real World and Jersey Shore. Career DeChambres' work has been broadcast across several networks – ABC, CNBC and MTV. She is known for her work with Oprah Winfrey, Heidi Klum, The Kardashians, Charlize Theron, Bethenny Frankel, The Osbournes's, Sean \"P. Diddy\" Combes, 50 Cent, Ryan O' Neal, Tatum O'Neal, Three6Mafia, Tim Gunn, Lala Anthony, Denise Richards, Marcus Lemionis and Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson. She has worked on shows including MTV's The Real World: Las Vegas and ABC's Making the Band, and Jersey Shore, CNBC's The Profit as well as the Season 5 Finale of Project Runway for which she won her first Primetime Emmy, and \"Project Runway All-Stars\" (Something Wicked This Way Comes) for which she earned her second Emmy nomination. References Filmography Wake Up Call (2014) External links American film editors American women film editors Year of birth missing (living people) Living people People from Alexandria Township, New Jersey Primetime Emmy Award winners Sam Houston State University alumni University of Southern California alumni","title":"Mary DeChambres"},{"docid":"40874533","text":"Jersey Strong is the second single off country music band After The Reign second album Almost Famous. The song was written by John Strevens songwriter lead guitar and background vocals for the band October 2012. After The Reign released the single December 2012 as a digital music download then later as a CD single in the Spring of 2013. Content Jersey Strong starts off by describing the devastation that many faced after Hurricane Sandy. The song continues to talk about the recovery and rebuilding that many states face after the storm, mostly focusing on New Jersey and the Jersey Shore. The over all theme is resilience, hope, and strength. The song was written by Strevens in the wake of the storm. Critical reception Jersey Strong was named Stronger Than The Storm Summer Sound-Off song of New Jersey Through this they did a media tour promoting the song and the Stronger Than The Storm efforts to rebuild the Jersey Shore. It has received airplay in the New York City, Philadelphia, Nashville, and New Jersey radio markets. New Jersey 101.5 wrote \"The song has the distinct possibility of becoming an anthem for the Jersey Shore going forward.\" In an article for CBS Local in New York City a boardwalk construction worker was quoted \"'Jersey Strong' captures the Jersey Shore’s struggle after Sandy. It’s a great song. It doesn’t matter what type of band they are.” he said. “They hit it on the nose.” References 2012 singles Hurricane Sandy Jersey Shore New Jersey culture 2012 songs","title":"Jersey Strong (song)"},{"docid":"22688471","text":"The New Jersey Marathon and Half Marathon is a set of races that take place in and around Long Branch, NJ. It started in 1997 as a revival of the Jersey Shore Marathon, which was held from 1972 to 1985. The name was changed to the New Jersey Shore Marathon in 1999, and changed again to the New Jersey Marathon in 2001. Then-governor James McGreevey declared it the official state marathon in 2005. In its present form, the weekend of racing includes a marathon, a half-marathon, a half-marathon relay, a 5K, and several short children's races. History The original Jersey Shore Marathon was held from 1972 to 1985 every November, which was too close to the New York City Marathon, and the marathon dissolved in 1985 due to lack of participation and sponsorship. In 1995, the idea of staging a world class marathon was promoted and a feasibility study showed great interest within the racing community. By 1997, the dreams of a world class marathon returning to the Jersey Shore became a reality and the first New Jersey Marathon was held on April 27, 1997. Over 1,000 runners registered for the race and over 800 of them finished. In 2005, race officials were told by the governing body of Sea Bright, NJ that they could no longer use Ocean Ave., a critical section of the course, in the town for the race. Sea Bright officials cited safety concerns as the reason for the banning of all sporting events on the road. The race moved south to Long Branch, and the finish of the course has been there since 2006. The Long Branch half-marathon was also added in 2006. In 2010, hundreds of runners were incapacitated by heat stroke and dehydration during the marathon, with several people going into cardiac arrest and organ failure. The 2020 in-person edition of the race was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with all registrants given the option of running the race virtually, transferring their entry to 2021, or obtaining store credit of equivalent value. The 2021 marathon was also cancelled due to COVID-19, as Long Branch refused permission for a large gathering to be hosted in the town due to concerns over Delta variant. Course The New Jersey Marathon starts within the parking area of Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport, New Jersey. It winds its way through the residential areas of Oceanport and Monmouth Beach before turning south into Long Branch. It then continues south through the beach communities of Deal, Allenhurst, Loch Arbour, Asbury Park and Ocean Grove, mostly within a block or two of the beach itself. The final 1.7 miles is run on the Long Branch boardwalk. The course has no significant hills and is virtually flat, outside of some gentle rolling stretches early on and several bridge crossings. It is USATF-certified, which allows runners to use the full marathon course to qualify for the following year’s Boston Marathon. Winners Key: Notes References Marathons in the United States Recurring sporting events","title":"New Jersey Marathon"},{"docid":"3082604","text":"Lakewood High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school serving students in ninth through twelfth grades in Lakewood Township, Ocean County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Lakewood School District. As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,423 students and 83.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 17.0:1. There were 1,136 students (79.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 80 (5.6% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch. History Students from Manchester Township had attended Lakewood High School as part of a sending/receiving relationship, though by June 1964 overcrowding led the Lakewood School District to try to end the agreement under which 150 students from Manchester Township attended the Lakewood school. The students left in September 1976 when Manchester Township High School opened. Awards, recognition and rankings The school was the 324th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's \"Top Public High Schools\", using a new ranking methodology. The school had also been ranked 324th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 316th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 288th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. Athletics The Lakewood High School Piners compete in Division B South of the Shore Conference, an athletic conference comprising public and private high schools in Monmouth and Ocean counties along the Jersey Shore. The league operates under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 916 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group IV South for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 893 to 1,296 students. The school competes in the C-Central Division of the Shore Conference, in football, tennis, bowling, cheerleading, softball, baseball, wrestling, basketball, volleyball, track, cross country, and field hockey, with the most success over previous years coming in boys' basketball, boys soccer, and girls' and boys' track. The boys' basketball team won the Group III state championships in 1967 (defeating West New York Memorial High School in the tournament final) and in 1975 (vs. East Orange High School). The team won the Group III title in 1967 with a 74–51 win against Weehawken in the championship game played at Atlantic City Convention Hall, becoming the first Ocean County program to win a state title. The 1975 team finished the season with a record of 28–1 after winning the Group III title in front of 4,000 spectators at Brookdale Community College with a 71–70 championship game victory on two last-second free throws","title":"Lakewood High School (New Jersey)"},{"docid":"37126619","text":"Bryn Desmond Hall (born 3 February 1992) is a New Zealand rugby union player who currently plays as a halfback for in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup and the in the international Super Rugby competition. Early career Born and raised in Auckland, he was educated at St Peter's College where he played first XV rugby, captaining them in his senior year in 2010. After graduation, he went on to play club rugby for Northcote in North Harbour's club rugby competition. Senior career Hall broke into the North Harbour team during the 2012 ITM Cup while aged just 20. He played 9 times for the men from Auckland's North Shore and scored 35 points which included 3 tries as they finished bottom the Championship log with just 1 win in 10 games. 2013 saw him establish himself as the province's first choice halfback, playing in all 10 of their games during the season as they once again finished in last place. 2014 saw some improvement from Harbour as they finished 5th out of 7 teams in the ITM Cup Championship and Hall continued to be first pick in the number 9 jersey, playing 9 times. He was named as team captain and was an ever present in 2015 as Harbour once again finished in 5th place, just outside the promotion play-off places. The arrival of veteran halfback, Chris Smylie for the 2016 season provided Hall will some stiff competition for a starting place for the first time in several years, however, he rose to the challenge, playing in all 12 of Harbour's matches, starting 8 times as they earned promotion to the Mitre 10 Cup Premiership for 2017 with an upset victory away to in the Championship final. Super Rugby Strong performances in an under-performing North Harbour side in 2012 brought him to the attention of local Super Rugby franchise, the who named him in their squad for the 2013 Super Rugby season. He made his Super Rugby debut in Round 2 of the season, coming on as a 63rd minute replacement in the 34–15 win over the Crusaders at Eden Park, however that would turn out to be his only appearance for the year as a broken jaw and glandular fever ensured that he found himself third in the pecking order for the halfback jersey behind All Black Piri Weepu and 's Jamison Gibson-Park. In 2014, he earned a lot more game time and had nailed down the starting halfback spot for the Blues by the end of the season, dislodging the far more experienced Weepu. However, all the momentum he'd built up through 2014 was lost when a broken foot picked up playing club rugby forced him to miss the entire 2015 campaign, but, fully fit in 2016, new head-coach Tana Umaga made him the franchise's first choice number 9 once more and he went on to play in all 15 of their matches during a slightly disappointing season which ended with them in 11th place in the","title":"Bryn Hall (rugby union)"},{"docid":"47364766","text":"David Levine (born July 3, 1993) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He has driven in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, NASCAR K&N Pro Series East and ARCA Racing Series. Early career and education Levine became interested in racing as a 10-year-old when he and his father went to an indoor carting track. Levine attended grade school through the 8th grade at Lake Forest Country Day School, a coeducational, independent preK-8 school located in Lake Forest, Illinois. He is a 2011 graduate of Lake Forest Academy, a prestigious college preparatory boarding school located on the North Shore in Lake Forest, Illinois. After Lake Forest Academy, Levine earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in Communications Studies from Furman University in Greenville, SC in May 2015. Levine initially learned his road racing driving skills at the Skip Barber Racing School. NASCAR Camping World Truck Series 2015 It was announced in October 2015 that Levine would attempt to make his NASCAR Camping World Truck Series racing debut in the season-ending Ford EcoBoost 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway on November 20, driving for Lira Motorsports. Levine finished the race in the 17th position. 2016 On February 15, it was announced that Levine joined MAKE Motorsports to race at the season opener at Daytona. He was one of 11 drivers who failed to qualify for the field. K&N Pro Series East Levine drove in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East races at New Jersey Motorsports Park in 2017 and 2018. ARCA Racing Series 2012 Levine's ARCA Racing Series debut was at Chicagoland Speedway on July 21, 2012. In a car sponsored by the Richard Petty Driving Experience, Levine started 13th and finished 12th. 2013 Levine competed in three ARCA Racing Series races in 2013. At Road America on June 22 he started 10th and finished 9th. At Chicagoland Speedway on July 21 he started 22nd and finished 14th. At New Jersey Motorsports Park on July 28 he started 13th and finished 10th. 2015 It was announced in December 2014 that Levine would race full-time in the ARCA Racing Series for Lira Motorsports. He raced the team's number 59 car in 2015. Through the first 17 races of 2015, David had started in the top ten four times, and finished in the top ten nine times. His best finish was 6th place at both Fairgrounds Speedway Nashville on April 11 and Pocono Raceway on August 1. His primary sponsors with Lira Motorsports are Momo, TraqGear, Ford Performance and Roush Performance. In the final three races of 2015, Levine finished 15th at Salem Speedway, 3rd at Kentucky Speedway and 8th at Kansas Speedway. His third place at Kentucky Speedway is his career best ARCA Series finish to date. Levine finished 2015 with a total of 11 top ten finishes. 2016 Levine competed in 1 ARCA Racing Series Event in 2016, the Twilight 150 presented by Unique Pretzels at the New Jersey Motorsports Park. Driving for the Mason Mitchell Motorsports team in the No. 98 car","title":"David Levine (racing driver)"},{"docid":"9612448","text":"Real Shore FC was an American soccer team, founded in 2006. The team was a member of the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), and played in the Eastern Conference. The team folded after the 2007 season. The team played its home games in the stadium at Brookdale Community College in Lincroft, New Jersey, in the Jersey Shore area of the state of New Jersey. The team was affiliated with the long-established WPSL team of the same name. External links Real Shore Website Defunct soccer clubs in New Jersey Monmouth County, New Jersey 2006 establishments in New Jersey 2007 disestablishments in New Jersey Association football clubs established in 2006 Association football clubs disestablished in 2007","title":"Real Shore F.C."},{"docid":"32919112","text":"The seventh season of the American comedy television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, premiered on FX on September 15, 2011. The season contains 13 episodes, and concluded airing on December 15, 2011. Season synopsis Frank falls in love with a prostitute named Roxy which sets the rest of the gang off to try and transform her into a presentable woman. Meanwhile, Dennis attempts to help Mac get healthy after gaining nearly fifty pounds. The gang decides to take a road trip to the Jersey Shore so Dennis and Dee can relive their favorite childhood memories. The vacation turns nightmarish for the siblings, while Frank, Mac, and Charlie have magical experiences. Frank accidentally finds himself in charge of a child beauty pageant and tries to squash all suspicions that he is a pedophile while the rest of the gang pick contestants to mentor. When Dee comes into money from her surrogate pregnancy, she is forced to fake a baby funeral to avoid paying taxes to the IRS. The boys in the gang attempt to start a more democratic way of running Paddy's Pub, which ultimately results in more shouting. Frank's long lost brother shows up at Paddy's, revealing secrets about Frank's former life as a club owner, drug addict, and about Frank's former lover. The gang runs into trouble when they try to prepare for a giant storm, and Dennis meets a woman he can't seduce. On a slow news day the gang plays a board game they invented (ripped off from other games) called \"Chardee MacDennis\". The gang tries to track down an annoying shusher on Facebook and end up bickering about the use of the Internet for Paddy's business. While robbing a house, the gang gets caught in a precarious situation when the homeowners return. Mac confesses to a priest how he gained his weight, and why the blame falls on his friends. The gang rush to the movie theater to see the world's greatest action movie, but must avoid traffic caused by President Obama's trip to Philly. The gang attend their high school reunion and are humiliated by the \"cool kids\" and other former enemies. They then take revenge on their enemies in the form of a dance routine. Cast Main cast Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds Rob McElhenney as Mac Kaitlin Olson as Deandra \"Dee\" Reynolds Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds Recurring cast Mary Elizabeth Ellis as The Waitress David Hornsby as Cricket Guest stars Episodes Reception The seventh season received positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 100% with an average score of 8.5 out of 10 based on 13 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Rob McElhenney's Mac gets slovenly, but It's Always Sunny shows no signs of resting on its laurels with a seventh season that charts a hilariously disastrous course from the Jersey Shore to the Gang's high school reunion.\" Home media References External links 2011 American television seasons It's Always Sunny in","title":"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia season 7"},{"docid":"2391486","text":"Jersey Shore Boca are an American soccer club based in Ocean County, New Jersey. In 2003, the club joined the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. After just one season, the team left the league due to financial reasons. They continue to play in the USASA. They played their home games in the stadium at Ocean County College in the city of Toms River, New Jersey. The team’s colors were white, blue and yellow. In 2012, Jersey Shore Boca became the first amateur club from New Jersey to qualify for the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup in the modern pro-soccer era. Year-by-year Coaches David Vaudreuil (2003) John Rerup (2011) Mike McCullion (2012) Stadia Stadium at Ocean County College, Toms River, New Jersey 2003 External links Jersey Shore Boca Ocean County, New Jersey Soccer clubs in New Jersey Defunct Premier Development League teams 2003 establishments in New Jersey","title":"Jersey Shore Boca"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"12846378\",\n \"text\": \"Down the Shore is an American sitcom television series created by Alan Kirschenbaum, which aired on Fox from June 21, 1992, to May 27, 1993. Synopsis The series revolves around three childhood friends, Aldo, Zack, and Eddie. In hopes of meeting women at the Jersey Shore over the summer, they decided to get a beach house in Belmar, New Jersey. To cover expenses, they share the beach house with three female co-workers, Donna, Miranda, and Arden. At the start of the second season, Miranda was written out of the series by having a job that was too demanding, and the new female occupant of the beach house was a woman named Sammy, whom Aldo once had a fling with. Although the show was largely comedic in nature, it did have one notable episode where Aldo, a noted Lothario, had been briefly hospitalized and was awaiting the result of an AIDS test. This made all the renters of the beach home, while supportive of Aldo awaiting the results, mull over the fact that casual sex can come with an expensive price. The show ran for 29 episodes over two seasons. The first episode aired Sunday at 9:30 pm and the rest of the first season aired at 10:00 pm. The second season aired Sunday at 10:30 pm for the first two episodes and Thursday at 9:30 pm for the remaining episodes. Cast Louis Mandylor as Aldo Carbone Cathryn de Prume as Donna Shipko Anna Gunn as Arden Tom McGowan as Eddie Cheever Lew Schneider as Zack Singer Nancy Sorel as Sammy (15 episodes, 1992–1993) Pamela Adlon as Miranda Halpern (13 episodes, 1992) Episodes Season 1 (1992) Season 2 (1992–93) External links 1990s American sitcoms 1992 American television series debuts 1993 American television series endings American English-language television shows Television shows set in New Jersey Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Television series by HBO Independent Productions Fox Broadcasting Company sitcoms\",\n \"title\": \"Down the Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2519811\",\n \"text\": \"Taffy is a type of candy invented in the United States, made by stretching and/or pulling a sticky mass of a soft candy base, made of boiled sugar, butter, vegetable oil, flavorings, and colorings, until it becomes aerated (tiny air bubbles produced), resulting in a light, fluffy and chewy candy. When this process is complete, the taffy is rolled, cut into small pieces and wrapped in wax paper to keep it soft. It is usually pastel-colored and fruit-flavored, but other flavors are common as well, including molasses and the \\\"classic\\\" (unflavored) taffy. Definition and etymology The word taffy, referring to the boiled candy, is first known to have appeared in the United States circa 1817. The word is also used metaphorically to refer to insincere flattery. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first written record of the word toffee in the forms tuffy, toughy to 1825 and identifies it as a southern British dialectal variant of taffy (first recorded use in 1817), whose modern spelling is first recorded from 1843. Taffy pull A taffy pull is a social event around the pulling of taffy that was popular in the 1840s through at least 1870s. The host would prepare the taffy recipe by melting molasses and sorghum or sugar with a mixture of water. Participants would coat their hands with butter and working with a partner pull the hot mixture apart, and then fold it back together and repeat. This process would add air to the candy, resulting in a soft chewable texture. United States Salt water taffy Salt water taffy is a variety of soft taffy originally produced and marketed in the Atlantic City, New Jersey area of the Jersey Shore starting in the 1880s. Its late 19th century appellation most likely originated in New Jersey. Salt water taffy is still sold widely on the boardwalks in Atlantic City (including shops in existence since the 19th century), nearby Ocean City, elsewhere at the Jersey Shore, and other beaches throughout the US like Cape Cod. It is also popular in Atlantic Canada and Salt Lake City, Utah. Modern commercial taffy is made primarily from corn syrup, glycerin and butter. The pulling process, which makes the candy lighter and chewier, consists of stretching out the mixture, folding it over, and stretching it again. Although it is called \\\"salt water\\\" taffy, it does not include any seawater; it does contain both salt and water in its manufacture. However, in the dialect of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the term taffy without \\\"salt water\\\" refers to a lollipop. The original invention of the candy has several different stories circulating, likely all apocryphal. One relates to an assistant who substituted fresh water with seawater—either through laziness or accident. Another cites a storm which caused seawater to wash over the candy, which was consequently (and successfully) marketed with the appropriate name. Joseph Fralinger popularized the candy by boxing it and selling it in Atlantic City. Fralinger's first major competition came from candy maker Enoch James, who refined the recipe,\",\n \"title\": \"Taffy (candy)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23271255\",\n \"text\": \"Silent Library is an American television game show which aired on MTV from June 15, 2009 to May 13, 2011. The series is based on one of the segments in the popular Japanese variety show Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!! The series was renewed for a 20-episode second season, which premiered on January 11, 2010 and featured celebrities such as the cast of Jersey Shore, All Time Low, Jim Jones, We The Kings, Ron Jeremy, Naked Cowboy, Asher Roth, This or the Apocalypse, Forever the Sickest Kids, Jessie James, Aubrey O'Day and Justin Bieber competing as contestants and appearing in humiliating punishment challenges. The series' third season premiered on June 28, 2010. The bands Patent Pending, All Time Low, Stereo Skyline, Hey Monday, Anarbor, NeverShoutNever, Honor Society, New Boyz and Iyaz have appeared as contestants, as did members of the New York Giants NFL team and the cast of the MTV original series The Hard Times of R.J. Berger. The fourth season premiered on March 28, 2011. The cast of Jersey Shore, The Ready Set, Judah Friedlander, Jimmy Fallon & The Roots, players from the New York Giants, 3OH!3 and Superstars from the WWE all competed as contestants. MTV canceled the show on November 9, 2011. Play The set is constructed to resemble a typical public library. A team of six players sits at a study table, three on each side, with host Zero Kazama sitting nearby at the circulation desk next to the entrance. Six cards are placed facedown on the table, and each player picks one and flips it over. Typically, five of the cards are green and marked \\\"Safe\\\"; the sixth, which is yellow and marked with a black skull and crossbones, means that its holder must endure a bizarre \\\"punishment\\\" challenge. In some cases during the second season, five of the six cards show the skull and crossbones, leaving only one player safe. While the challenge is in progress, an on-screen gauge indicates the amount of noise made by the team. If the noise level goes into the gauge's red zone at any time, the team automatically loses the challenge. Only afterward does Kazama inform the team of their success or failure in this respect, as they are unaware of the gauge's readings. The team will also lose if they fail to achieve the objective of the challenge. The game is played in four rounds, with three challenges in each of the first three rounds and one in the fourth. Successful challenges in rounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 earn $300, $400, $800 and $1,000 for the team, respectively (for the team's chosen charity in a celebrity episode). All winnings are split equally among the six players, and Kazama pays them off as they exit the library at the end of the show. A disclaimer during the end credits states that the team may have played additional challenges that were not aired, and thus may have won more money than the total shown at\",\n \"title\": \"Silent Library (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"750609\",\n \"text\": \"North Shore is an American prime-time soap opera that aired on Fox on Mondays at 8 p.m. EST (7 p.m. CST) for seven months in 2004 and 2005. It centered on the staff and guests of the fictional Grand Waimea Hotel and Resort (actually the real-life Turtle Bay Resort located near Kahuku, O'ahu) on Oahu's North Shore in Hawaii. From Fox's website: Intrigue abounds at the Grand Waimea Hotel, an exclusive Hawaiian escape for the wealthy, powerful and beautiful. Hawaiian native Jason Matthews runs the hotel and makes sure every guest gets everything they need. But when former flame Nicole Booth arrives as the hotel's new Director of Guest Relations, Jason's world is turned upside down. But Grand Waimea owner, Vincent Colville, is staying on top of him to make sure his past with Nicole won't affect their work life. North Shore premiered on June 14, 2004, with a 13-episode commitment from Fox. The show was canceled in January 2005 after a 21-episode, single-season run. The show ended on a cliffhanger, and the final episode of the series has only had a single airing, not being shown in most territories (including America). Plot The central character is Jason Matthews, General Manager of the Grand Waimea. In the first episode, Nicole Booth is hired as the new Director of Guest Relations. She is the daughter of a ruthless billionaire, and an old flame of Jason's who broke his heart years before. At the end of the first episode, Nicole reveals to Jason that she broke up with him because her father wanted her to date someone more successful, and he threatened to have Jason fired from the hotel he was working at the time. The chances for rekindled romance are then dashed when Nicole reveals she has become engaged since they broke up. Later in the series, Nicole told Jason that she returned to Hawaii to seek him out before getting married, because she wanted to know if there was still a chance for their relationship. Cast and characters Main Kristoffer Polaha as Jason Matthews, the General Manager of the Grand Waimea, who shares a past with Nicole. Brooke Burns as Nicole Booth, the new Director of Guest Relations, and Jason's former flame who broke his heart years before. Corey Sevier as Gabriel McKay, a lifeguard (he seems to alternate between guarding the pool and the beach); in episode three it was mentioned that he is planning to \\\"turn pro\\\" as a surfer. He does end up turning pro, with varying degrees of success. Nikki DeLoach as MJ Bevans, a waitress at the hotel bar; she is trying to start her own island clothing line. She starts the show in a relationship with Chris, but they end up breaking up. However, they get back together by the end of the show/season. Jason Momoa as Frankie Seau, the hotel bartender. He ends the season involved with Tessa. Jay Kenneth Johnson as Chris Remsen, MJ's nascent boyfriend and proprietor of an extreme sports\",\n \"title\": \"North Shore (2004 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44689313\",\n \"text\": \"Greg Pleasants-Tate (born 12 May 1991) is a New Zealand rugby union player who has played as a hooker for Bay of Plenty, North Harbour, Auckland, Canterbury and Southland in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup and the Blues and Highlanders in the international Super Rugby competition. Early career Born in Whanganui, a city on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island, Pleasants-Tate moved north during his schooling and was educated at Takapuna Grammar School on the North Shore of Auckland where he played first XV rugby while also turning out for at age-group level. Senior career Despite coming through the youth ranks at North Harbour, Pleasants-Tate made his senior ITM Cup debut with the Steamers during the 2011 season. He played 2 seasons of rugby in Rotorua and notched up 11 appearances before switching back to Harbour in 2013 where he played all 10 games in a dismal campaign for the men from Auckland's North Shore in which they would finish bottom of the Championship table. 2014 was not a great season for North Harbour, finishing 5th on the Championship log, however Pleasants-Tate put in some strong performances in the number 1 jersey, starting all 10 games during the regular season and scoring 2 tries. That would prove to be his final season in North Shore City and he made the short move to join ITM Cup Premiership side for the 2015 ITM Cup. He played 10 times as a hooker for Auckland in his first year with them as they reached the Premiership final before losing out 25–23 to . 2016 did not prove to be as strong a year for either party, with ending up 5th in the Premiership table, outside of the playoff places and injury holding Pleasants-Tate back in the latter part of the season and restricting him to just 6 appearances during which time he managed to score 3 tries. Super Rugby Four seasons of solid performances at domestic level saw him finally earn a crack at Super Rugby when the Auckland-based named him in their wider training group for the 2015 Super Rugby season. Able to cover both number 1 and 2 jerseys, but having played the previous domestic season as a hooker for Auckland, Pleasants-Tate had to vie with Matt Moulds to provide back up to All Blacks; Keven Mealamu and James Parsons and subsequently only made 1 substitute appearance against the during what would be his only season with the Blues. Now focusing almost exclusively on playing hooker, Pleasants-Tate found himself surplus to requirements with the Blues and moved south to Dunedin ahead of the 2016 Super Rugby season to take a place as a member of the wider training group, providing cover for Liam Coltman and Ash Dixon, the franchise's 2 established hookers. The Highlanders were defending Super Rugby champions in 2016, but were unable to hold on to their crown, losing out to the in Johannesburg in the competition's semi-finals. However, Pleasants-Tate, had a productive year and made\",\n \"title\": \"Greg Pleasants-Tate\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58369428\",\n \"text\": \"Anthony Paul Firkser (born February 19, 1995) is an American football tight end who is a free agent. He played college football at Harvard and signed with the New York Jets as an undrafted free agent in 2017. He has played in the NFL for the Tennessee Titans, Atlanta Falcons, and Detroit Lions. Early years Firkser was born in Englishtown, New Jersey to Alex and Donna Firkser. He is Jewish and he and his family belonged to Temple Shaari Emeth in Manalapan, where he celebrated his bar mitzvah. Firkser was a multi-sport athlete at Manalapan High School. In basketball, Firkser played point guard, scoring 21.3 points with 7.6 assists per game. He finished his career second in school history with 1,362 points. In his senior year, the Shore Basketball Coaches named Firkser the Shore Conference Co-Player of the Year. He was also named the Shore Conference ‘A’ North Division Offensive Player of the Year and made the all-state team. He competed at the 2013 Maccabiah Games in Israel as a guard for the 18-and-under gold medal-winning Team USA basketball team. On the team, he played alongside Spencer Weisz. Firkser did not begin playing football until his sophomore year in high school. During Firkser's three-year high school career, the Manalapan football team went 30–6 and won three consecutive ‘A’ North Division titles. During one stretch, Manalapan had an 18-game winning streak within the division. After a semifinal visit in the state playoffs his sophomore year, Firkser and his teammates played for the NJSIAA Central Jersey title in his junior and senior years. While at Manalapan, Firkser set career school records in receptions (110), receiving yards (2,118) and touchdown receptions (19). After his senior year, he was named All-Shore Offensive Player of the Year as a senior wide receiver. Firkser also was a two-time All-Shore first-team selection. College career Firkser was recruited by Harvard University and four other universities. Citing the university's academic program and the school's willingness to let him play both basketball and football, Firkser committed to play for coach Tim Murphy at Harvard on October 17, 2012. Firkser saw his first collegiate action in 2014 as a sophomore. He appeared in 10 games for Harvard and made 32 catches for 485 yards. His four touchdown receptions tied for first on the team and he ranked second on the team in both catches and yards. After the season, Firkser was named to the All-Ivy League second-team. Firkser started nine games and caught 22 passes for 372 yards and three touchdowns in 2015 as a junior. For the second consecutive season, he was named to the All-Ivy League second-team. As a senior in 2016, Firkser started all 10 games for Harvard and made 45 receptions for 702 yards and seven touchdowns. He was named to the All-Ivy League first-team. At the end of his collegiate career, Firkser ranked 12th all-time in school history in receptions, ninth all-time in receiving yards, and sixth all-time in touchdown receptions. He graduated from Harvard in\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony Firkser\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74048831\",\n \"text\": \"The second series of Rio Shore, a Brazilian television programme based in Rio de Janeiro was confirmed on 15 February 2021. It was filmed in January and February 2022 in Joá. The first sneak peek of the season was released on April 28, 2022. This is the first series to include fourth new cast members, including Aoxi, Cayo Rodrigues, Maryane Valim and William Guimarães. The show began on June 9, 2021. Patrick was kicked out of the season during the third episode after he physically assaulted another cast member. Kevin Jolsan and Juliana Casaes returned to the show after leaving it in the previous season. Brazilian television personality Rico Melquiades was featured as the head of the season. He also has other supporting cast members, including Gabriella Boto and Stephanie Nader. Cast Aoxi Vitória Araújo Jéssica Barros Juliana \\\"Mississippi\\\" Casaes (Episodes 5–12) Matheus \\\"Novinho\\\" Crivella Guilherme Evaristo Cristal Felix Natallia Formaggeri William Guimarães Kevin Jolsan (Episodes 8–12) Cayo Rodrigues Patrick Salles (Episodes 1–3) Ricardo \\\"Rick\\\" Salusse Maryane Valim Duration of cast = Cast member is featured in this episode. = Cast member arrives in the house. = Cast member returns to the house. = Cast member leaves the series. = Cast member is removed from the series. = Cast member returns to the series. = Cast member does not feature in this episode. = \\\"Cast member\\\" is not a cast member in this episode. Episodes References 2022 Brazilian television seasons Jersey Shore (TV series) Paramount+ original programming Television shows filmed in Brazil Television shows set in Brazil Portuguese-language television shows\",\n \"title\": \"Rio Shore series 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54046015\",\n \"text\": \"Super Shore is a reality television series broadcast on MTV Spain and MTV Latin America, which follows the daily lives of nine young people who intend to spend the summer living together in different parts of southern Europe, starting on the Greek island of Mykonos and later in the Spanish city of Madrid. It is an adaptation of the American program Jersey Shore featuring participants from Gandía Shore and Acapulco Shore, the Spanish and Mexican versions of that series, along with Brazilian Igor Freitas of reality Are You the One? Brasil and the Italian Elettra Lamborghini, granddaughter of Ferruccio Lamborghini. History Two years after the end of Gandía Shore and several weeks after announcing the return of Alaska and Mario to MTV, the channel and producer Magnolia TV confirmed the return of the format to Spain with a second season, arising from an alliance between MTV South Europe and MTV Latin America. In this case, the recordings would be transferred to the island of Ibiza, changing the name of the program to Ibiza Shore. In the new program there would be a group that would combine several participants from Gandía Shore and Acapulco Shore, Spanish and Mexican versions of the Jersey Shore format of US origin. In this way, a new program would return for the start of the 2015/2016 television season. Following the opposition by public institutions, such as the federation of SMEs and businessmen in Ibiza MTV announced its resignation to record the announced program Ibiza Shore in the locality of the Balearic Islands. The chain argued in a statement that \\\"Due to a series Of circumstances that we can not control, the next program of the Shore franchise will not be recorded in Ibiza\\\". After the events, finally MTV and the producer Magnolia TV decided that the program would be filmed at various points of the Mediterranean coast and that its would be titled Super Shore. Seasons Season 1 (2016) The recording of Super Shore began at the end of August 2015 and details were known as the house in which the components in Madrid would be hosted and all the information about the participants. It was also known that the date for its premiere would be scheduled for February 2, 2016. In this edition of the franchise, the shores would work in a recognized gym of Madrid and later like servers rollers of a service of fast food to be able to pay certain expenses of the house. The show premiered simultaneously on February 2, 2016 on the MTV Latin America, MTV Spain and MTV France networks as originally planned. In Latin America, through the MTV Latin America streaming platform called MTV Play, all episodes of Super Shore were broadcast two days before their television premiere (from the second episode), for free and at no extra cost. Season 2 (2016) June 16, 2016 announced the renewal of the program for a second season, due to the good results obtained with the first season. This was announced\",\n \"title\": \"Super Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19762841\",\n \"text\": \"Below are the rosters of the minor league affiliates of the Philadelphia Phillies: Players Samuel Aldegheri Samuel Aldegheri (born September 19, 2001) is an Italian professional baseball pitcher in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. Aldegheri played for the Parma Clima of the Italian Baseball League in 2019 and 2020. In July 2019, he signed with the Philadelphia Phillies as an international free agent. He made his professional debut in 2021 with Florida Complex League Phillies before being promoted to the Clearwater Threshers. Aldegheri played 2022 with the Florida Complex League Phillies, 2023 with Clearwater and Jersey Shore BlueClaws and started 2024 with Jersey Shore. Andrew Baker Andrew Fleming Baker (born March 24, 2000) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. Baker began his college baseball career at Chipola College. As a freshman, he made 26 appearances and finished the season with a 2–1 record with seven saves and a 5.04 ERA. Baker was also selected in the 16th round of the 2019 Major League Baseball Draft by the Los Angeles Dodgers, but opted not to sign and instead transferred to Auburn. As a sophomore at Auburn he had 9.53 earned run average in 5.2 innings pitched over six relief appearances before the season was cut short due to the coronavirus pandemic. After the school year, Baker transferred back to Chipola College. He made 15 starts and went 7–2 with a 3.45 ERA and 92 strikeouts in innings pitched. Baker was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 11th round of the 2021 Major League Baseball Draft. After signing, he was assigned to the Rookie-level Florida Complex League Phillies, where he made two appearances before being promoted to the Low-A Clearwater Threshers. Baker began the 2022 season with the High-A Jersey Shore BlueClaws before being promoted to the Reading Fightin Phils of the Double-A Eastern League. Auburn Tigers bio Carlos De La Cruz Carlos De La Cruz (born October 6, 1999) is an American professional baseball outfielder in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. De La Cruz was originally discovered by the Phillies scouting department in 2017 at the age of 17 playing for an amateur travel team in New York. He would sign with the Phillies on August 23, 2017 for a bonus of $50,000 as an undrafted free agent before participating in the Florida Instructional League later in the year. De La Cruz made his professional debut in 2018 with the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League Phillies East of the Gulf Coast League. He finished the season with a .284 average and six home runs in 43 games. De La Cruz was promoted to the Lakewood BlueClaws of the Class A South Atlantic League for the 2019 season. He finished the season with a .220 average and seven home runs in 117 games. De La Cruz did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the Minor League Baseball season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. De La Cruz shuttled between the FCL Phillies, Jersey Shore\",\n \"title\": \"Philadelphia Phillies minor league players\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25980303\",\n \"text\": \"Ronald J. Ortiz-Magro Jr. (born December 4, 1985) is an American television personality, best known as one of the eight main cast members of the MTV reality series Jersey Shore. Early life Ortiz-Magro was born in the Bronx in New York City. He is of Puerto Rican and Italian descent. Career Ortiz-Magro worked in real estate for his father before becoming part of MTV's reality show Jersey Shore in August 2009. The show premiered on December 4, 2009, and ran for six seasons before ending in 2012. Ortiz-Magro made an appearance at TNA Wrestling's Impact Wrestling on October 26, 2011, in Macon, Georgia. The first episode, which aired November 3 of that year, saw Ortiz-Magro and Eric Young get beaten down by Robbie E and Rob Terry, which built to a tag team match the following week, where Ortiz-Magro pinned Robbie E for the win. Ortiz-Magro and his Jersey Shore co-stars appeared in the 2012 film The Three Stooges. He has also appeared in Xenadrine ads. In 2017, Ortiz-Magro appeared in the second season of the E! reality series Famously Single. In 2018, he became part of the main cast in the MTV reality television series Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. On May 13, 2021, Ortiz-Magro announced that he was stepping back from the show to focus on his mental health. On April 11, 2018, he appeared in the seventh episode of the third season of Hollywood Medium with Tyler Henry. Ortiz-Magro also participated in Celebrity Fear Factor in 2018. Personal life Ortiz-Magro was in an on-off relationship with his Jersey Shore co-star Sammi Giancola from 2009 to 2016. The couple split up in May 2016. On December 26, 2017, he announced that he and his girlfriend, Jen Harley, were expecting a baby girl. Their daughter, Ariana Sky Magro, was born in April 2018. In late April 2018, it was reported Ortiz-Magro and Harley had ended their relationship. In January 2019, he entered a month-long rehabilitation program for alcohol and depression. In June 2018 and May 2019, Harley, who has made a career as realtor and also appeared on Jersey Shore when she was romantically involved with Ortiz-Magro, would be arrested following physical altercations she had with Ortiz-Magro when he visited her in Las Vegas. In February 2019, Ortiz-Magro and Harley had developed what Us Weekly characterized as an \\\"on-off\\\" relationship. However, it was later revealed that Ortiz-Magro had filed a police report alleging Harley had given him physical injuries after domestically assaulting him in January 2019, a few days after a reported altercation at a New Year's Eve Party. On October 4, 2019, Ortiz-Magro was arrested in Los Angeles and charged with felony domestic violence after a physical altercation with Harley. In November 2020, it was revealed that Ortiz-Magro had started a new relationship with Saffire Matos, whom he met in February. On April 22, 2021, Ortiz-Magro was arrested in Los Angeles, on new felony domestic violence charges. At the time of this arrest, Ortiz-Magro was on probation due to\",\n \"title\": \"Ronnie Ortiz-Magro\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2385402\",\n \"text\": \"The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey, United States. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the National Hockey League's (NHL) Eastern Conference. The Devils franchise has been a part of the NHL since 1974, when the team entered the league as the Kansas City Scouts. Two years later, they moved to Denver, Colorado, and became the Colorado Rockies. The team stayed there until 1982, when they moved to New Jersey. 474 players have played on the team; 15 players have had multiple stints. The Devils have won the Stanley Cup three times with a total of 54 different players. Five players (Martin Brodeur, Sergei Brylin, Ken Daneyko, Scott Niedermayer and Scott Stevens) have been a part of all three Cup wins, and eleven more have won two. Of the 282 players, Ken Daneyko has played the most games with the team, playing all 1283 games of his NHL career in New Jersey. On the other end of the spectrum, nine players have played just one regular season game on the team; Steve Brule's only appearance with New Jersey came in the 2000 Stanley Cup Playoffs. The Devils have had eleven captains; Jamie Langenbrunner held the captaincy since December 5, 2007, until he was traded in the middle of the 2010–11 season. He was replaced by Zach Parise at the start of the following season. Nico Hischier is the current captain. The Devils have retired five jersey numbers; #3 for career Devil Ken Daneyko, #4 for longtime captain Scott Stevens, #27 for Scott Niedermayer, #30 for Martin Brodeur, and #26 for the franchise's all-time leading scorer Patrik Elias. Eleven Devils are enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame: Viacheslav Fetisov, Peter Stastny, Scott Stevens, Igor Larionov, Doug Gilmour, Scott Niedermayer, Brendan Shanahan, Joe Nieuwendyk, Phil Housley, Dave Andreychuk and Martin Brodeur. Patrik Elias surpassed former teammate and head coach John MacLean on March 17, 2009 with his 702nd point to become the Devils' all-time leading scorer. He also passed MacLean's goal scoring record on December 17, 2011. Martin Brodeur holds nearly every team record for goaltenders, having been the team's starting goaltender since the 1994–95 NHL season. In addition to his team records, he is the winningest goaltender in NHL history, notching his 552nd win on March 17, 2009, to pass his childhood idol Patrick Roy. This list does not include data from the Kansas City Scouts and the Colorado Rockies. The seasons column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. All the players that were part of a Stanley Cup winning roster have a blue background on their row. Key Appeared in an Devils game during the 2023–24 NHL season or is still part of the organization. Stanley Cup winner, retired jersey or elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame Statistics are complete to the end of the 2023–24 NHL season. Goaltenders Skaters\",\n \"title\": \"List of New Jersey Devils players\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5048234\",\n \"text\": \"The syringe tide was an environmental disaster during 1987–88 in Connecticut, New Jersey and New York where significant amounts of medical waste, including hypodermic syringes, and raw garbage washed up onto beaches on the Jersey Shore, in New York City, and on Long Island. This forced the closing of beaches on the Atlantic coast. Officials scrambled to identify the source of the material as some local economies struggled with diminished tourism. Reaction Reports of medical waste and sewage spills drove away hundreds of thousands of vacationers, costing the $7.7-billion-a-year tourism industry on the Jersey Shore more than $1 billion in lost revenue that summer, tourism officials say. Later the losses were tallied between 15 and 40% of typical tourism revenue. It was a source of even greater turmoil due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s. Sources and reaction Officials finally traced the source of the waste to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island. After much deliberation, New York City was required to pay $1 million for past pollution damages as well as pay for the cleanup. No reparations were paid to the business owners on the Jersey Shore for revenues lost during the months of inactivity. In response to syringe tides of 1987 and 1988, the participants in the New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program (HEP) implemented the Short-term Floatables Action Plan. The successful plan has been implemented since 1989 and is supposed to curtail floatable debris wash-ups by intercepting debris slicks within the Harbor. With this plan, the extent of beach closures declined from over in 1988 to fewer than in 1989, and closures have remained at a low level in later years. The Short-term Floatables Action Plan has four key elements: Surveillance: Environmental organizations conduct regular air and sea patrols of the Harbor to look for and report slicks of floatable debris. Regular Cleanups: The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) use cleanup vessels to collect floatable debris in the Harbor and focuses its activities on conditions when slicks are most likely to occur. Non-routine Cleanups: USACE also attempts to capture additional debris slicks in the Harbor when they are detected and reported. Communications Network: United States Environmental Protection Agency coordinates a reporting network as well as cleanup activities among all the program participants. Popular culture The Syringe Tide is referenced in Billy Joel's 1989 hit single \\\"We Didn't Start the Fire\\\" by the line \\\"Hypodermics on the shore.\\\" In The Simpsons episode \\\"The Old Man and the 'C' Student\\\", when punishing the students Principal Skinner sends Milhouse to the beach to \\\"pick up all this medical waste that's washed up on the shore.\\\" Milhouse accidentally pricks himself on a syringe, and Skinner replies \\\"Well, just keep working. You'll prick yourself with the antidote sooner or later.\\\" The 1988 Skinny Puppy song \\\"Hospital Waste\\\" was written about the incident. The 1989 film Weekend at Bernie's references the Syringe Tide incident when Richard suggests to Larry that they \\\"go to Jones Beach and float around in the\",\n \"title\": \"Syringe tide\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33798781\",\n \"text\": \"The Jersey Shore Historic District is a national historic district located in Jersey Shore, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. The district encompasses 286 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential area of Jersey Shore. Most were built during the period 1830 to 1860, and are representative of Victorian, Greek Revival, and Federal style architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. History The Borough of Jersey Shore had its beginnings in pre-Revolutionary War days, according to newspaper accounts of the town's history. Dean R. Wagner, who prepared the form which helped secure the Jersey Shore Historic District's placement on the National Register of Historic Places, the present day Borough of Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania confirmed in 1975 that the town is located on lands which were part of initial land grants made to 17th and 18th-century settlers along the western branch of the Susquehanna River, roughly 15 miles south of what is, today, the city of Williamsport in Lycoming County. Those land grants, from north to south, were: Forrest Situate, Richmond Situate, Richland Situate, and Forge Hammer. A portion of Forrest Situate was then subsequently purchased by Jeremiah and Reuben Manning who, sometime around the year 1800, had left the shore of New Jersey where they were residing to relocate to Pennsylvania. After purchasing their land, they then laid out a town north of what is, today, Allegheny Street, and initially named their new town Waynesburg. That year, there were just four houses inside the town's boundaries, but the town was ripe for expansion because there were multiple businesses located outside of town, including lumber and flour mills. Twelve years later, William B. Smith purchased land south of what is now Allegheny Street, and laid out a new section of town there in 1813. Initially reachable by wagon and stagecoach, the town became even more accessible when it became a stop on the West Branch Canal in 1834. Further growth was impeded during the mid-1800s, however, when planners chose to build the incoming railroad on the other side of the river, rather than closer to or through the town. The name of the town was officially changed to Jersey Shore in 1826. This historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Notable architecture Notable buildings include: Abraham Lawshe House (), which was the home of the owner of Jersey Shore's largest tannery Gallagher-Webb House () Mark Slonaker House (), which was the home of one of the men who collaborated on the construction of a pig iron furnace on the Upper Pine Bottom Run in 1814 Stone-Nice House () Bailey-Allen House () Sanderson-Sebring House () Samuel Humes Building (1852), which was named in honor of a member of the board of directors of both the Jersey Shore National Bank and the Lewisburg Turnpike and Bridge Company Moran-Trump House (1855) West Branch Dormitory Building (1856) McHenry-Cline House (). References Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Federal\",\n \"title\": \"Jersey Shore Historic District\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27689397\",\n \"text\": \"Jersey Shore is an American reality television series that ran on MTV from December 3, 2009, to December 20, 2012, in the United States. The series follows the lives of eight housemates: Jenni Farley, Michael \\\"The Situation\\\" Sorrentino, Nicole \\\"Snooki\\\" Polizzi, Paul \\\"Pauly D\\\" DelVecchio, Ronnie Ortiz-Magro, Sammi Giancola, Vinny Guadagnino, Deena Nicole Cortese (seasons 3–6), and Angelina Pivarnick (seasons 1–2). The first season had five special episodes, with some airing after select episodes. Several after-hours specials have aired on MTV following select episodes along with various specials. The end of each season has been accompanied by a reunion show. Also a number of after-show internet specials titled \\\"Jersey Shore: Hook-Up\\\" hosted by Kenny Santucci have been released on MTV.com after select episodes. Additionally, there have been a number of internet specials exclusively on MTV.com. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (2009–10) For the first quarter of 2010, season 1 of Jersey Shore was the highest-rated original cable series among 12- to 34-year-olds, with a season-high 2.6 rating for the finale. The season also ranked #1 for its time period versus all cable competition among 12- to 34-year-olds. The season finale was MTV's highest-rated original series telecast in almost two years. Overall, the season averaged 2.7 million viewers. The season featured five special episodes, including a half-hour show titled Jersey Shore: After Hours hosted by Julissa Bermudez which aired occasionally after select episodes featuring cast members discussing the week's episode. Episodes 1.01 and 1.02 premiered back-to-back. Episodes 1.07 and 1.08 aired back-to-back. Season 2 (2010) On January 29, 2010, MTV announced that a second season of the series consisting of 13 episodes had been ordered and would air in Summer 2010. MTV announced that the second season would follow all of the first-season cast as they \\\"escape the cold northeast and find themselves in a new destination\\\". The second season was shot in the South Beach neighborhood of Miami Beach, Florida, from early March to late May 2010. The second season began on July 29, 2010. For Season 2, the After Hours specials were expanded to one hour and received Top 15 Weekly Cable ratings. Like season 1, this season featured special episodes titled Jersey Shore: Hook-Up. Like Season 1's episodes, these are hosted by Kenny Santucci from the Real World/Road Rules Challenge: Fresh Meat and shown on MTV.com. Aired on a Sunday night at 7 p.m. ET before the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards. MTV did not re-air the episode on TV or online after the initial showing until its usual time-slot the following Thursday September 16, 2010. Upon re-airing, the episode received 3.75 million viewers. Season 3 (2011) Season 3 was shot back in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, over the summer; filming began on July 25, 2010, and ended on September 4, 2010. On July 20, 2010, MTV announced that the entire cast will return for the third season, with the exception of Angelina Pivarnick. Angelina was replaced by Deena Nicole Cortese, a longtime friend of Nicole \\\"Snooki\\\" Polizzi\",\n \"title\": \"List of Jersey Shore episodes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10213170\",\n \"text\": \"Asbury Park High School is a comprehensive, community public high school serving students in seventh through twelfth grades. It is in a landmark building in Asbury Park, in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, that was constructed during the New Deal as a model high school campus. It is part of the Asbury Park Public Schools, an Abbott District serving children in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The current school building opened to students in September 1926. As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 607 students and 50.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1. There were 278 students (45.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and none eligible for reduced-cost lunch. As part of a reconfiguration of district schools announced in July 2019, students in grades 7 and 8 began attending classes in the high school in September 2020. Students from Deal attend the high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship. Students from Belmar attend either Asbury Park High School or Manasquan High School. History Constructed at a cost of $1 million (equivalent to $ million in ), the school building opened in September 1926 for 800 students, though the auditorium had not yet been completed when the building opened for the year. Students from Ocean Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey had been sent to Asbury Park and by 1962 accounted for a majority of students in am increasingly overcrowded high school. Ocean Township voters approved a referendum to cover the cost of construction of Ocean Township High School, which opened in September 1965 for students through 11th grade, with 12th graders completing their education in Asbury Park. Students from Allenhurst and Interlaken had attended the district's schools as part of sending/receiving relationships that have since been terminated. Interlaken received permission of the Commissioner New Jersey Department of Education in July 2014 to terminate its sending agreement with Asbury Park, which was replaced with a new relationship with the West Long Branch Public Schools for grades K-8 and with Shore Regional High School for grades 9-12. In July 2017, the DoE's Acting Commissioner approved a plan by Allenhurst to end its sending relationship with Asbury Park and join Interlaken in sending to West Long Branch and Shore Regional. The nearly 40 public school students from Allenhurst would start transitioning to the new sending districts as the relationship with Asbury Park is severed. Awards, recognition and rankings The school was the 313th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's \\\"Top Public High Schools\\\", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 177th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 280th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 281st in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 296th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across\",\n \"title\": \"Asbury Park High School\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70944256\",\n \"text\": \"All Star Shore is an American reality competition television series that premiered on June 29, 2022. It is a successor to Jersey Shore that features television stars from around the world as they live together in a villa and compete in party-style challenges for $150,000. Production The series was announced on February 15, 2022, when Paramount+ announced their new slate of shows. The first season was shot in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic between November and December 2021, the cast had to undergo a quarantine period before filming began. On August 24, 2023, it was announced that the series would move to MTV for its second season, which premiered on September 21, 2023, and featured Nicole \\\"Snooki\\\" Polizzi as the narrator. Filming for the second season took place in late February and early March of the same year in Cartagena, Colombia. Contestants Season 1 Season 2 Format At the start of each season, cast members compete in a challenge which generally randomly determines the initial teams. Teams begins with a certain amount of \\\"Paradise points\\\" and attempt to earn more points during the season. The format is as follows: Paradise Game: Teams compete in a \\\"Paradise game\\\" where the last-place team is automatically sent to the Exile game. The winning team earns a \\\"Paradise reward\\\" and the ability to select a second team to compete in the Exile game against the last-place team. Additionally, the first, second and third-place teams from the game receive 30, 20 and 10 Paradise points respectively. For the second season, this was changed to 300, 200, and 100 points respectively. Exile Game: The last-place team from the Paradise game compete in the Exile game against the team selected by the winners of the Paradise game. The losing pair lose all their points and must spend the night at an Exile location. After the final Paradise game, the two teams with the most Paradise points automatically advanced to the Final Shore-Down. The remaining teams had to compete in a final Exile game to determine the third team to compete in the Final Shore-Down. Twists Partner Swap: At the episode 7 nominations in season 1, after the \\\"Keg Stand\\\" Paradise game but before the \\\"What a Load of Crap\\\" Exile game, cast members switched teams. Half of each teammate's former score at the time were combined to determine newly-formed team's Paradise point totals. In season 2 episode 6, three teams switch partners. Three-Way Exile Game: In season 2 episode 5, the winners of the \\\"Next Round's on Me\\\" Paradise game nominate two teams instead of one for a three-way exile game. Paradise Rewards and Exiles: For the first nine episodes, the winners of Paradise games are rewarded with a special \\\"Paradise reward\\\" experience and selects a second team to join them. Meanwhile, the team that loses the Exile game are exiled from the villa and must spend the night at an Exile location. Gameplay Paradise games Season 1 Party Pong: Played tournament-style over four rounds. One team\",\n \"title\": \"All Star Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27717106\",\n \"text\": \"The Jersey Shore Wildcats were a Tier III Junior \\\"A\\\" ice hockey team from Wall Township, New Jersey. They were a members of the International Junior Hockey League, Northern States Hockey League, North American 3 Eastern Hockey League, and the North American 3 Hockey League. The organization continued to operate teams at the youth level. History The team was founded in 2009 as the Trenton Habs and joined the International Junior Hockey League (IJHL) for the 2008–09 season as an associate member, playing a season of exhibition games against IJHL teams as well as participating in league showcase and national championship tournament. The team joined the IJHL as a full member for the 2010–11 season in the IJHL's Jr. Super Elite League. The Habs finished the 2009–10 season winning the IJHL Super Elite National Championship. In the summer of 2012, the IJHL folded causing the Habs and many former teams of the IJHL Super Elite Division to form the Northern States Hockey League (NSHL) under the AAU. In May 2013, it was announced that the organization joined forces with the Wichita Falls Wildcats of the North American Hockey League to give players more opportunities and exposure and renamed the team the Jersey Shore Wildcats. In 2014, the NSHL left AAU sanctioning with the intention of joining USA Hockey. The Tier II North American Hockey League (NAHL) then took over operations during the 2014–15 season and changed the name of the league to the North American 3 Eastern Hockey League (NA3EHL). Prior to the 2016–17 season, the Wildcats became part of the North American 3 Hockey League (NA3HL) when it absorbed the NA3EHL. In 2017, their NAHL affiliate, the Wichita Falls Wildcats, folded during the offseason. The Jersey Shore Wildcats continued into the 2017–18 NA3HL season, but games were cancelled in mid-November 2017. By December, the team was removed from the league due to apparently owing the league compensation even though the team was in second place in their division at the time. Season-by-season records United Hockey Union Nationals AAU Sanctioned Junior A National Championship In 2013 & 2014, the MWJHL, NSHL, & WSHL advanced two teams each. References External links Official Team Website Official Team Arena Sports in Trenton, New Jersey Defunct ice hockey teams in New Jersey Ice hockey clubs established in 2013 Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 2017 2013 establishments in New Jersey 2017 disestablishments in New Jersey\",\n \"title\": \"Jersey Shore Wildcats\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15650103\",\n \"text\": \"Cats on a Smooth Surface is an American rock group, that starting in 1978 and throughout the 1980s was the house band at The Stone Pony in Asbury Park, New Jersey In the years 1981 and 1982, the band's lineup consisted of Bobby Bandiera on lead guitar and vocals, Harry Filkin on rhythm guitar and vocals, Peter Schulle on keyboards and vocals, John Micco on bass guitar and vocals, Pete Gagen on drums, and Ray Plante on saxophone. Other band members through the years have included Glen Burtnick, Vincent Danielle, and Mike Bovenzi, Steff \\\"Stiff Reed\\\" Munter, Rich Ruggiero and Joel Krausse. The band is still in existence and performs regularly in New Jersey. In 1971, prior to founding \\\"Cats\\\", Harry Filkin and Bobby Bandiera were the key players in the Jersey shore band called Holme in Belmar NJ. Harry still plays as current member of Holme and with \\\"Harry and Billy\\\". Bobby Bandiera is now a 5-year member of the internationally famous Bon Jovi band as a vocalist and guitarist. He was also lead guitar with Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes and still makes occasional appearances with them. Starting in the spring of 1982 Bruce Springsteen often performed with the band, particularly on Sunday nights when he would appear unannounced at the Stone Pony and jump up on stage with them. He often claimed to the press that they were his favorite band to jam with Recently Rachel Copeland has also begun to sing with the band. Discography Albums Cats on a Smooth Surface (1992) Live 1982 With Bruce Springsteen: The Legendary Radio Broadcast (2018) Singles \\\"Mean Streets\\\" / \\\"No Right Time (To Say Goodbye)\\\" (1988) \\\"Midnight Romeo\\\" / \\\"What Do All the People Know\\\" (1992) References External links MySpace page Rock music groups from New Jersey Jersey Shore musical groups\",\n \"title\": \"Cats on a Smooth Surface\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36725313\",\n \"text\": \"Snooki & Jwoww is an American reality television series on MTV starring Nicole \\\"Snooki\\\" Polizzi and Jennifer \\\"JWoww\\\" Farley, a spinoff of Jersey Shore. The first season featured Polizzi and Farley living together in a former firehouse in Jersey City, New Jersey. A second season was confirmed on August 3, 2012. The format expanded to one hour, and was filmed in Manchester, New Jersey. It premiered January 8, 2013. MTV confirmed a third season on April 25, 2013. On October 8, 2014, MTV confirmed season 4 would be the final season of the series, which premiered on Wednesday, November 5 at 10/9c. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (2012) Season 2 (2013) Season 3 (2013–14) Season 4 (2014–15) References External links Jersey Shore (TV series) Lists of American reality television series episodes\",\n \"title\": \"List of Snooki & Jwoww episodes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70244383\",\n \"text\": \"Germany Shore (previously titled as Reality Shore) is a German and a Swiss reality television series on the premium sector OnePlus and Joyn and on the television channel 3+ and MTV Germany. It was first broadcast on November 17, 2021, and is the German and Swiss offshoot of the American show Jersey Shore. Production The programme follows the daily lives of 9 housemates, as they live together for a number of weeks. The house was located in Crete in Greece. The second season premiered on December 14, 2022 in Switzerland on OnePlus, and on December 15 of that year in Germany on Paramount+. On February 10, 2023, the start of production of a third season was announced, which was filmed in June of the same year in Greece. The third season premiered on November 14, 2023, with two episodes per week. The list of cast members was revealed weeks before the premiere. Series Cast Bellydah (season 1–2, 3–present) Jessy Jessica Fiorini (season 1, 2–present) Walentina Doronina (season 1, 3–present) Hatidza \\\"Haiti\\\" Suarez (season 2, 3–present) Jonathan \\\"Jona\\\" Steining (season 2–present) Julius Tkatschenko (season 2–present) Abi (season 3–present) Marvin Opana (season 3–present) Max Eggerstedt (season 3–present) Michael Schüler (season 3–present) Tommy Pedroni (season 3–present) Paulina Ljubas (season 3–present) Nunu (season 3–present) Meggie (season 3–present) Paola (season 3–present) Einfach Tobi (season 3–present) Previous: Emanuel R. Brunner (season 1, 2) Mia Madisson (season 1, 2) Yasin Mohamed (season 1–2) Anthony (season 1) Danilo Cristilli (season 1) Gina Alisia De Rossa (season 1) Nara (season 1) Nic (season 1) Niko (season 1) Silvio (season 1) Antonia (season 2) Dana Feist (season 2) Dino Strukar (season 2) Elia Berthoud (season 2) Fabio de Pasquale (season 2) Germain Wolf (season 2) Emilija Mihailova (season 2) Peter Kujan (season 2) Venance Gwladys Amvame (season 2) Ramona Jst (season 3) Bobby Chambertz (season 3) Selina Felicitas (season 3) Special Guests: Calvin Kleinen (season 1) Melody Haase (season 1) Elena Miras (season 1) Marina (season 2) Nathan Henry (season 3) Duration of cast = Cast member is featured in this episode. = Cast member arrives in the house. = Cast member returns to the series. = Cast member voluntarily leaves the house. = Cast member returns to the house. = Cast member leaves the series. = Cast member is removed from the series. = Cast member does not feature in this episode. = Cast member features in this episode despite not being an official cast member at the time. = Cast member is not officially a cast member in this episode. Episodes Series overview Series 1 (2021) Series 2 (2022) Series 3 (2023–24) References 2020s German television series 2021 German television series debuts 2021 German television seasons 2022 German television seasons German-language television shows German reality television series German television series based on American television series Television shows filmed in Greece\",\n \"title\": \"Germany Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37610035\",\n \"text\": \"Gandía Shore is a Spanish reality television series broadcast on MTV. It premiered on 14 October 2012 and is the Spanish adaptation of American show Jersey Shore. It follows the same format as the American and British (Geordie Shore) versions. The show follows the lives of eight participants who live in the Valencian town of Gandia. It premiered 14 October 2012, and broke MTV Spain's all-time ratings record, with 948,000 viewers and a market share of 4.8%, figures that more than double the Jersey Shore premieres on the Spanish channel. Cast MTV gave the list of participants with their descriptions days before the official releases of the program. Abraham García is from Campo Real, Madrid and he's 21 years old. He is the most polite person out of his housemates, loves practising extreme sports like motocross, and he takes care of his body and haircut, even though he says he's not obsessed with it. He loves meeting new people and dating lasses too. He considers that sex is something fundamental in life. He's the preppiest of the house, causing a difference between his housemates and him. He defines himself as a \\\"NINI\\\", which means \\\"neither nor\\\" in English: \\\"He neither studies nor works\\\". Also, he is known as the \\\"authentic tanga boy\\\". Alberto Clavel is 22 years old and he's from San Antonio de Benagéber, Valencia. His nickname is \\\"Clavelito\\\", which in English means \\\"little carnation\\\". He's the most calm and one of the few honest people in the group. Also, he is the only one that has no problems with anyone in the house. He loves powerful cars, new technology, and partying. He does not consider himself to have the most fit body in the house. Ultimately, he's the good boy of the house. Arantxa Fernández is from Villarejo de Salvanés, Madrid. She's 21 years old and she's usually described as an impulsive, crazy, and spontaneous girl. She loves partying and she defines herself \\\"The Queen of the Platforms\\\" and \\\"a choni with lots of glamour\\\". She's constantly laughing and having a good time, as she's the funniest gal. She's also a very lazy person. In the first episodes, she intends to have something with Abraham. Cristina Core Serrano is from Vic, Barcelona and she's 20 years old. Her nickname, \\\"Core\\\", comes from her favourite musical genre \\\"hardcore\\\". She's impulsive and spontaneous, and her passion is dancing. For relaxing, she practices Muai Thai and dancing, as well as going to the gym. She's very sensitive and cries when attacked. Her body and her appearance are the most important things to her. She considers herself a \\\"Daddy's girl\\\". She has more than one strong discussion with Ylenia during the program, making them eternal enemies. She has a boyfriend when she enters the house, but she breaks up with him and has a brief fling with Abraham. A few months after the end of the filming, Core had a plastic surgery to her nose, lips and breasts (This can be seen\",\n \"title\": \"Gandía Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68425454\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Matthew Judge (born May 28, 1999) is an American soccer player who plays as a defender. Career Youth Judge played high school soccer at the Christian Brothers Academy, where he was named Shore Sports Network Shore Conference A-North First Team in 2015, and SCANJ Private All-State First Team, Shore Conference First Team in 2016. College & Amateur In 2017, Judge attended James Madison University to play college soccer. In four seasons with the Dukes, including a truncated 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Judge made 63 appearances, scored three goals and tallied four assists. Accolades earned by Judge during his college career includes All-CAA Second Team and CAA All-Rookie Team as a freshman, Third Team All-CAA as a sophomore, First Team All-Atlantic Region and First Team All-CAA as a junior, and was a MAC Hermann Trophy Semifinalist, United Soccer Coaches First Team All-American, United Soccer Coaches All-Atlantic Region First Team, All-CAA First Team, and All-VaSID Second Team in his senior year. He also helped the Dukes win three consecutive CAA titles and make three straight NCAA Tournament berths, which included a run to the national quarterfinals in 2018. During 2019, Judge also appeared with USL League Two side Cedar Stars Rush, making six appearances for the club. Professional On January 21, 2021, Judge was drafted 36th overall in the 2021 MLS SuperDraft by Nashville SC. Judge officially signed with Nashville on June 17, 2021. On July 6, 2021, Judge was loaned to USL Championship side Pittsburgh Riverhounds for the remainder of the season. Judge made his professional debut on August 7, 2021, starting against Charleston Battery in a 3–2 victory. Following the 2021 season Judge's contract option was declined by Nashville and he became a free agent. References External links James Madison Dukes bio 1999 births Living people All-American college men's soccer players American men's soccer players Men's association football defenders Christian Brothers Academy (New Jersey) alumni James Madison Dukes men's soccer players Nashville SC draft picks Nashville SC players People from Freehold Township, New Jersey Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC players Soccer players from Monmouth County, New Jersey USL Championship players USL League Two players\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Judge\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6354083\",\n \"text\": \"This page provides a partial list of television shows set in the State of New Jersey. Live format Brick City Comic Book Men Jersey Shore Jerseylicious Miss America Pageant (1954–2005), held in Atlantic City starting in 1921, first televised in 1954, moved to Las Vegas in 2006 MTV's Shore Thing (2002), live programming originated from the Seaside Heights Boardwalk and beach MTV's Summer Share (1998), live programming originated from the Seaside Heights Boardwalk and beach The Real Housewives of New Jersey The Richard Bey Show (1987–1996), also known as People are Talking and 9 Broadcast Plaza; originated from Secaucus Comedy, drama, and reality 12 Monkeys (20152018), largely set in Raritan, New Jersey Akkara Kazhchakal, popular Malayalam sitcom series The Apprentice (2004–2015), frequent tasks at Trump Organization properties in New Jersey Aqua Teen Hunger Force (series run: 2000–2015; years set in New Jersey: 2000-2010), near the southern Jersey Shore Batman (animated series), set in Gotham City, a fictional city of New Jersey Boardwalk Empire (2010–2014), drama set in Atlantic City during the Prohibition Era Cake Boss (2009–2020), reality show set at Carlo's Bake Shop in Hoboken Charles in Charge (1984–1990), near the fictional Copeland College in New Brunswick Down the Shore (1992–1993), Belmar, New Jersey on the Jersey Shore Glam Fairy follows Jerseylicious star Alexa Prisco and her team of hair and makeup artists, also known as her \\\"fairies\\\" at the Glam Factory in Hoboken, New Jersey House (2004–2012), fictional Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (presumably in Plainsboro) Hudson Street (1995-1996), short-lived sitcom starring Tony Danza and Lori Loughlin, took place at a fictional newspaper in Hoboken Jersey Couture (2010–2012), features Diane & Co., a dress shop in Freehold, NJ Jersey Shore follows the lives of eight soon-to-be roommates living and working together for the summer in Seaside Heights, New Jersey Jerseylicious (2010), reality show set at the Gatsby Salon in Green Brook Jonas (2009–2010), starring The Jonas Brothers, who originate in New Jersey Makin' It (1979), set in Passaic, New Jersey Megas XLR (2004–2005), set in Jersey City Method & Red (2004), unspecified New Jersey suburb (presumably near New York City) Nikita (2010–2013), set in and around New Jersey and the primary fictional setting of the show is set in underground New Jersey Point Pleasant (2005), Supernatural drama set in Point Pleasant Ramy (2019–2022), set in New Jersey The Sopranos (1999–2007), various parts of Essex County and other counties in New Jersey (with occasional scenes in Manhattan) Stand by Your Man (1992), set in \\\"Franklin Heights\\\" That's Life (2000–2002), fictitious \\\"Bellefield\\\" (ostensibly Belleville or Bloomfield) WandaVision (2021), set in the fictitious town of Westview, New Jersey Yellowjackets (2021present) Game shows Trump Card (1990–1991), filmed at Trump Castle (Now The Golden Nugget) in Atlantic City News CNBC – most of its in-studio programming originates from Fort Lee MSNBC – most of its in-studio programming originates from Secaucus New Jersey Network – most of its in-studio programming originates from Trenton or Newark News 12 New Jersey – central studio-office complex in Edison; with remote\",\n \"title\": \"List of television shows set in New Jersey\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25980319\",\n \"text\": \"Samantha Giancola (born March 14, 1987) also known as Sammi Sweetheart, is an American television personality. She is best known as one of the eight main cast members in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore. Early life Raised in Hazlet, New Jersey, Giancola is of Italian and Greek descent. She attended Raritan High School, where she played softball, ran track, and was a four-year varsity soccer letter winner. Giancola won art contests when she was younger. She went on to major in sociology at William Paterson University, where she also played as a midfielder on their Division III women's soccer team. Career Jersey Shore Giancola debuted on the MTV reality show Jersey Shore in August 2009. She has since appeared with her cast mates on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, The Wendy Williams Show, and Live with Regis and Kelly. Giancola and her Jersey Shore co-stars appeared in the 2012 film The Three Stooges. She later appeared on some episodes of Snooki & Jwoww and participated in the 2017 E! special Reunion Road Trip: Return to the Jersey Shore. In 2018, Giancola announced she would not return for the Jersey Shore reboot, Jersey Shore: Family Vacation, to avoid \\\"potentially toxic situations\\\" and to focus on her \\\"businesses and relationship.\\\" In 2023, Giancola announced she would return to Jersey Shore after an 11-year hiatus. Other ventures In 2011, Giancola endorsed a fragrance called Dangerous, available for both men and women. She later endorsed another fragrance, Dangerous Desires. In 2013, Giancola launched her online clothing and accessories line, Sweetheart Styles. In 2015, Giancola became a co-host on the podcast called Just Sayin, where she joins relationship expert Siggy Flicker and TV host Clare Galterio to discuss their respective personal lives and celebrity rumors. The podcast is made in New York City through the Loud Speakers Network. The podcast ran for 104 episodes from August 2015 to November 2017. Personal life Sammi began a volatile on-off relationship with castmate Ronnie Ortiz-Magro during Jersey Shores original run from 2009 to 2012. Their relationship lasted for several years, before the two broke up for good in 2016. A year later, in 2017, Giancola started dating YouTuber and entrepreneur Christian Biscardi. The pair got engaged on March 5, 2019. Initially planning to wed in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic upended their plans. In the early summer of 2021, fans noticed that Biscardi and Giancola unfollowed each other on Instagram, driving rumors and speculation of a break up. Giancola officially confirmed their separation in July 2021 via TikTok. The following summer, on August 1, 2022, Giancola began dating bartender Justin May. She first introduced him on social media in November as they celebrated Thanksgiving together. \\\"Happy Thanksgiving,\\\" she captioned the image, which was shared on Twitter, and marked her first anniversary in an Instagram post with several photos of the couple's adventures over the year.The pair got engaged on March 16, 2024, with the couple revealing their engagement in an Instagram post on\",\n \"title\": \"Sammi Giancola\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76083030\",\n \"text\": \"Italia Shore is an Italian reality television series that aired on MTV Italia and Paramount+. It premiered on March 4, 2024. it is the Italian branch of the American show Jersey Shore. The show follows the daily lives of ten housemates who live together for several weeks in Fregene, Lazio. Production In February 2022, Paramount Global announced a new line of unscripted series and renewals for MTV Entertainment Studios that included seven new versions of the Shore franchise. In September 2023, the Paramount Plus service was launched for the first time in Italy. At the same time, the programming and production of Italian series was carried out, including Italia Shore, which was announced for the first time on September 15 of that year. On February 12, 2024, MTV revealed the show's premiere date and cast members. Its premiere is scheduled for March 4, 2024 on Paramount+ and March 10 on MTV. Cast A special episode broadcast a month before the show's official launch on February 12, 2024, titled \\\"Meet The Cast\\\", provided the list of contestants. Previously Jasmin Salvati had been part of the fourth season of Ex on the Beach Italy. Duration of cast = Cast member is featured in this episode. = Cast member arrives in the house. = Cast member voluntarily leaves the house. = Cast member is removed from the house. = Cast member leaves and returns to the house in the same episode. = Cast member returns to the house. = Cast member features in this episode, but outside of the house. = Cast member does not feature in this episode. = Cast member voluntarily leaves the series. = Cast member returns to the series. = Cast member is removed from the series. = Cast member features in this episode despite not being an official cast member at the time. = Cast member is not officially a cast member in this episode. Episodes References 2020s Italian television series 2024 Italian television series debuts 2024 Italian television seasons Italian-language television shows Italian reality television series Italian television series based on American television series\",\n \"title\": \"Italia Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"442163\",\n \"text\": \"The Jersey Shore, commonly referred to locally as simply the Shore, is the coastal region of the U.S. state of New Jersey. Geographically, the term encompasses about of oceanfront bordering the Atlantic Ocean, from Perth Amboy in the north to Cape May Point in the south. The region includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May counties, which are in the central and southern parts of the state. Located in the center of the Northeast Megalopolis, the northern half of the shore region is part of the New York metropolitan area, while the southern half of the shore region is part of the Philadelphia metropolitan area, also known as the Delaware Valley. The Jersey Shore hosts the highest concentration of oceanside boardwalks in the United States. Famous for its wide beaches, many boardwalks that include arcades, amusement parks, and water parks, the Jersey Shore is a popular vacation spot for residents of North Jersey, New York, Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Certain shore communities are also popular with visitors of the Canadian province of Quebec. Due to New Jersey's peninsular geography, both sunrise and sunset are visible over water from different points on the Jersey Shore. In 2012, Hurricane Sandy devastated much of the northern part of the Jersey Shore, spawning the demolition and rebuilding of entire neighborhoods, with reinvention on a physically and financially elevated, and economically upscale level; this process of gentrification escalated property values and transformed communities on the Jersey Shore into a second home for the New York financial community, akin to the more established Gold Coast and Hamptons on Long Island. Notable shore towns The Jersey Shore is lined with over 40 different towns and communities, each with a different character, flavor, and vibe. Many towns cater extensively to summer tourists, while others are increasingly or completely full-year residential communities. The towns listed below are ordered geographically from north to south. Middlesex County The Amboys Perth Amboy, along with neighboring South Amboy across the Raritan River, make up The Amboys. Perth Amboy was a resort town in the 19th century and early 20th century, located on the northern edge of the Raritan Bayshore. Since the early 1990s Perth Amboy has seen redevelopment. Small businesses have started to open up, helped by the city's designation as an urban enterprise zone. The waterfront has also seen a rebirth, with new parks, a new promenade and an expansion of the marina complementing the old Victorian homes along the bay. Local attractions include the Perth Amboy Ferry Slip and Kearny Cottage. The Raritan Yacht Club, it is one of the oldest yacht clubs in the United States. As of 2023, hundreds of millions of dollars were being invested in the redevelopment of Perth Amboy's waterfront area, in part related to its strategically-located industrial area. On October 30, 2023, NY Waterway launched a new ferry service in South Amboy, which connects to Lower and Midtown Manhattan. Both towns are served by the North Jersey Coast Line. Laurence Harbor (Old Bridge)\",\n \"title\": \"Jersey Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74434054\",\n \"text\": \"There are numerous film festivals in New Jersey. The municipalities of Asbury Park, Atlantic City, Newark, Princeton, Red Bank, and Teaneck each host a number of festivals throughout the year, as does Rutgers University in New Brunswick. A APin3 Film Challenge (Asbury Park) (timed filmmaking challenge) Asbury Park Music + Film Festival (established 2015) (Asbury Park) Atlantic City Cinefest / Downbeach Film Festival (established 2008) (Atlantic City) B B.E. (Black Excellence) Film Festival and Film Showcase (established 2021) (held during the larger Black Excellence Festival at The Showboat, Atlantic City) BFC Short Film Festival (established 2021) (Barrymore Film Center, Fort Lee) Bergen International Film Fest of New Jersey (established 2018) (Bergenfield) Bread and Roses Film Festival (established 2023) (ShowRoom Cinema, Asbury Park) (women's film festival) Brightside Film Festival (established 2014) (Jersey City) C Cherry Hill Jewish Film Festival (Cherry Hill) Colombian Film Festival (established 2013 in Manhattan) (Ritz Theater, Elizabeth touring location 2023) The Count Basie Center \\\"BREAKTHROUGH\\\" Film Festival (established ~2014) (Basie Center Cinemas, Red Bank) (young filmmakers) Cranford Film Festival (established 2021) (Cranford Theater, Cranford) (short film) E EB Indie Film Festival (established 2021) (East Brunswick) F FilmOneFest (established 2008) (outdoors at the Atlantic Highlands Marina, Atlantic Highlands) (short film) G Garden State Film Festival (established 1982) (Asbury Park and Cranford) Golden Door Film Festival (established 2011) (Jersey City) H Hang Onto Your Shorts Film Festival (established ~2012) (short film) (Asbury Park) Hoboken International Film Festival (established in 2006 in Hoboken, it relocated to Teaneck for a few seasons, and then to Orange County, New York in 2013.) I Indie Street Film Festival (established ~2015) (Two River Theater and others, Red Bank) Irish-American Comedy + Film Fleadh (established 2023) (Basie Center Cinemas, Red Bank) J Jersey City Horror Film Festival (established ~2015) (Jersey City) Jersey Devil Film Festival (established ~2017) (Asbury Park) (folklore/cryptids/paranormal/horror) Jersey Shore Film Festival (established 2006) (Deal, Long Branch, Asbury Park, Red Bank) Jewish Film Festival of Central New Jersey (The Cranford Theater, Cranford) K Krampus Film Festival (established ~2011) (Asbury Park) (horror/folklore/paranormal with a Yuletide focus) L Lambertville Halloween Film Festival (established 2022) (Lambertville) Lighthouse Film Festival (established 2009) (Long Beach Island) M Montclair Film Festival (established 2012) (The Clairidge, Montclair) N Nassau Film Festival (established 2015) (Princeton Garden Theatre, Princeton) Newark Black Film Festival (established 1974) (Newark Museum of Art) Newark International Film Festival (established 2016) (held at North to Shore Festival, Newark) Newark LGBTQ Film Festival (established 2023) (Newark) Newark Short Film Festival (established ~2015) (New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark) New Jersey Film Festival (established 1982) (Rutgers University–New Brunswick) New Jersey Horror Con and Film Festival (Atlantic City and Edison). New Jersey Independent Film Festival (established 2021) (Cranford Theater, Cranford) New Jersey Indian and International Film Festival (established 2018) (Regal Hadley Theater, South Plainfield; Oak Tree Road, Edison) New Jersey Jewish Film Festival (established 2000) (West Orange) New Jersey Young Filmmakers Festival (Thomas Edison National Historical Park, West Orange) New Lens Film Festival (Rutgers Filmmaking Center, Mason Gross School of the\",\n \"title\": \"List of film festivals in New Jersey\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74049053\",\n \"text\": \"The third series of Rio Shore, a Brazilian television programme based in Rio de Janeiro was begun on June 15, 2023, on MTV. It was filmed in February 2023. The cast was revealed in May 2023, half of the cast from the previous season not returning to the show. Six new cast members are introduced for the first time, including Beatriz Valença, Helena Steigne, Leonardo Carvalho, Matheus Miranda and Thiago Hippólito. This was the last season to feature Maryane Valim after leaving the show. Brazilian television personality was featured as the head of the season. Jessica Barros returns to the show after leaving at the end of the previous season. Cast Jessica Barros (Episodes 8–12) Leonardo Carvalho Juliana \\\"Mississippi\\\" Casaes Matheus \\\"Novinho\\\" Crivella Guilherme Evaristo Cristal Felix William Guimarães Thiago \\\"Thippo\\\" Hippólito Daniele Japa Matheus Miranda Ricardo \\\"Rick\\\" Salusse Helena Steigne Beatriz \\\"Triz\\\" Valença Maryane Valim (Episodes 1–5) Duration of cast = Cast member is featured in this episode. = Cast member arrives in the house. = Cast member returns to the house. = Cast member leaves the series. = Cast member returns to the series. = Cast member does not feature in this episode. = \\\"Cast member\\\" is not a cast member in this episode. Episodes References 2023 Brazilian television seasons Jersey Shore (TV series) Paramount+ original programming Television shows filmed in Brazil Television shows set in Brazil Portuguese-language television shows\",\n \"title\": \"Rio Shore series 3\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34909431\",\n \"text\": \"Snooki & Jwoww is an American reality television series on MTV starring Nicole \\\"Snooki\\\" Polizzi and Jennifer \\\"JWoww\\\" Farley. It is the second of three spin-offs of Jersey Shore, on which both Polizzi and Farley previously gained fame as cast members. The series ran from June 21, 2012 until February 4, 2015 spanning four seasons. Cast Main Nicole \\\"Snooki\\\" Polizzi Jennifer \\\"Jwoww\\\" Farley Recurring Jionni LaValle — Nicole's husband. He and Snooki became engaged before the first season aired. He and Snooki married on November 29, 2014. Roger Mathews — Jenni's now ex-husband. He and JWoww became engaged in the ninth episode of the second season (\\\"Taking the Plunge\\\"). He and JWoww married on October 18, 2015. Episodes Production The series was first announced by MTV on April 7, 2011, as one of two spinoffs of Jersey Shore, on which both Polizzi and Farley previously gained fame as cast members, with the other spinoff focusing on their castmate, Paul \\\"Pauly D\\\" DelVecchio. The first season, which consists of 12 episodes, focuses on Polizzi and Farley living together after the conclusion the fifth season of Jersey Shore, and is described by the two stars as a modern-day Laverne & Shirley. SallyAnn Salsano of 495 Productions, who also produced Jersey Shore, is the executive producer of the series. MTV's tentative title for the series was reported by NJ.com on February 26, 2012 as Snooki and JWoww vs. the World. The production initially sought to film in Hoboken, New Jersey, but were denied a permit. An invitation to the crew to film in Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania was later rescinded by Central Pennsylvania Film Office following a public outcry. Eventually a former firehouse at 38 Mercer Street at Grove Street in Jersey City, New Jersey was chosen as the filming location. The property was guarded at all times by at least four Jersey City police officers, who also followed the cast and crew when leaving the home, conditions to which producers were required to agree in order to be granted a shooting permit. The conditions also indicated that the police would take action, including on the cast, if any state or city laws were broken, and that producers would reimburse the city for any increase in police presence or similar costs that might have occurred due to events related to the production. Prior to filming, several businesses in the area, including the bars Skinner's Loft, Barcade and LITM, denied filming permits to MTV, which The Jersey Journal reported was due to their need to make their regular customers a priority. In addition, a \\\"No Snooki\\\" sign was posted in the window of a liquor store around the corner from the firehouse, whose general manager stated that either of the two women would be turned away if they attempted to patronize that establishment. The Beechwood Cafe and Market, across the street from the firehouse, also indicated they would not let the two in their restaurant. Tia's Place, a trendy clothing store on Grove Street, also\",\n \"title\": \"Snooki & Jwoww\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2924597\",\n \"text\": \"Ice Hockey is currently played by approximately 161 high school varsity teams in NJ. Teams are divided into conferences: the Gordon Conference, Big North Conference, New Jersey Ice Hockey League, Morris County Secondary School Ice Hockey League, Union County Ice Hockey League, Skylands Conference, Greater Middlesex Conference, Colonial Valley Conference, Shore Conference, Independents, and Prep Schools. Most of these leagues are divided into divisions. A State Championship Tournament is organized at the end of the season by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Divisions Hockey is one of the few sports in the state with \\\"rolling divisions\\\". The divisions can change every year depending on the performance of the teams and new teams formed. The divisions are arranged by geography and skill level. Typically, the last place team in a higher division will be moved into the lower division, with the first place team of the lower division moving into the higher division. Gordon Conference American Division National Division Big North Conference Patriot Division Freedom Division Stripes Division Stars Division New Jersey Interscholastic Ice Hockey League McInnis Division Kelly Division McMullen Division Morris County Secondary School Ice Hockey League Mennen Division Halvorsen Division Haas Division Charette Division Skyland Conference (no divisions) Greater Middlesex Conference (no divisions) Colonial Valley Conference Colonial Division Valley Division Shore Conference Shore A North Shore A Central Shore A South Shore B North Independents (no divisions) Independence League (prep) (no divisions) source. State Tournament The NJSIAA crowns state champions in four categories; Private, Public A, Public B and Public C. Through 1994, public and private schools played in one state tournament; however, private schools dominated the tournament due to their ability to recruit the best players in the state without geographical limitation. Beginning in 1995, the NJSIAA held separate private and public tournaments, crowning a private and public champion, with these champions playing each other for the overall state championship. In 2005, the NJSIAA eliminated the overall state championship game because a public school had won only once, in 1997. Similarly, in 2008, the Public Tournament was divided into A and B categories based on school enrollment as the smaller schools generally were unable to compete with the larger schools. The public tournament was divided once again in 2018 to include Public C. In the 2021–2022 season the Public C tournament would pivot again to comprise the growing number of cooperative teams in the state. The initial Public C season would have forty-three co-op and tri-op teams competing for the state crown. To qualify for the State Tournament, teams must have played a minimum of 10 games and compiled a record of .500 or better record by a date set by the NJSIAA, usually around February 15. Teams within four games of .500 may petition for an at-large selection to the Tournament. The NJSIAA may select a maximum of 3 public and 2 private teams for an at-large berth. All members of the Gordon Conference earn automatic entry to the Private Tournament. In recent years,\",\n \"title\": \"High school ice hockey in New Jersey\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15851677\",\n \"text\": \"Sea Breeze is an unincorporated community located within Fairfield Township in Cumberland County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is located on the shores of the Delaware Bay. History In 1887, steamboat travel between Philadelphia and Sea Breeze began. After two aspiring businessmen from Gloucester restored an old Civil War boat (named the John A. Warner), a regular service was run throughout the summer to Sea Breeze's amusement pier. Later that year, The Warner House opened at Sea Breeze. The Warner house was a 40-room hotel, complete with a bar, and offered bathing as well as numerous recreational activities to visitors. Annual clambakes and boat races were also held. The Warner House burned down in 1890. By the early 20th century, Jesse Smith built Sea Breeze's second hotel, The Seabreeze Hotel. During this time a man named Harry Griffith would rent rowboats on the bay, and is alleged to have provided alcohol during Prohibition. The new hotel suffered a similar fate as the Warner House and was destroyed by a fire in the 1940s. Following the repeal of Prohibition, Griffith obtained a liquor license and opened the Sea Breeze tavern. Although it started out in a nearby barge, it later expanded to three rooms. By the 1940s, Griffith's daughter Mae had added food to the tavern. Although Harry Griffith died in the 1960s, the tavern was run by his family up until 1985, when it was destroyed by Hurricane Gloria. The hamlet is home to a small community of seasonal homes and does not have many year round residents. There is one road in Sea Breeze, Beach Avenue and it is unpaved. There are no marinas or businesses, but Sea Breeze is still used by salt water fisherman and bird watchers. In November 2008, six of the 19 homeowners in Sea Breeze asked the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection to buy their properties. A recently constructed seawall had been badly damaged by the waves, leaving the properties at great risk. On May 17, 2010, NJN News reported the remaining homeowners have agreed to sell their property to the state. In August 2010, two of the homes burned down. In July 2011 another home burned down. In early January 2012, the state and EPA tore down the houses. References External links Fairfield Township Fairfield Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey Unincorporated communities in Cumberland County, New Jersey Unincorporated communities in New Jersey\",\n \"title\": \"Sea Breeze, New Jersey\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4150921\",\n \"text\": \"A beach tag (also beach badge, beach pass, or beach token) is an admission pass that must be purchased to access a beach. It is commonly associated with the Jersey Shore in the U.S. state of New Jersey, where many communities restrict summer beach access to residents and visitors who pay a fee for a daily, weekly, or seasonal pass. Beaches with a beach-tag program use the proceeds to offset the maintenance and staffing costs associated with running a beach, such as funding lifeguards, restrooms, and trash removal. History Beach tags for New Jersey beaches can be traced back to 1937 when some towns in the northern portion of the Jersey Shore such as Seaside Heights had brass beach badges marked by gender. Surf City on Long Beach Island started requiring beach tags in 1967. Stone Harbor became the first municipality in the southern portion of the Jersey Shore to require beach tags in 1971, and Sea Isle City followed suit in 1972. In Ocean City, beach tags were implemented in 1976, although discussions for beach fees in the city date back to the 1930s. Long Beach Township on Long Beach Island approved beach tags on November 5, 1976. In 2021, the Cape May County municipalities of Wildwood, North Wildwood, Wildwood Crest, and Upper Township - four of the five municipalities in New Jersey which do not have beach tags - were considering implementing them. Pricing Daily, weekly, and seasonal tags can usually be purchased at participating beaches, and each municipality sets its own rates and policies. Beaches typically do not charge for children under the age of 12 and may offer discounts to seniors. In certain municipalities, discounts are given for seasonal passes purchased before a specific date (e.g., May 15 in Seaside Heights, New Jersey). The beach tag offered by one municipality may not grant access to beaches in other municipalities. For example, Long Beach Island, which is about twenty miles long, comprises six municipalities, each with its own beach tags, and beach-goers cannot purchase a tag in one Long Beach Island municipality and use it in another. Criticism The goals of beach tags, or tokens, are to either restrict the beach to only community members, or to generate user fees for lifeguards and maintenance (e.g., trash removal). On the Jersey Shore, beach tags are controversial because the public trust doctrine generally gives the public the right to access the intertidal zone, and guests may feel that a beach with beach tags should offer a superior service to free beaches. Additionally, detractors debate whether beach tags are actually to restrict beach use to people who are paying visitors of hotels, beach house rentals, and local residents. Proponents of beach tags suggest that they improve the cleanliness and safety of the beaches, making the tag fees akin to user fees that prevent freeloading. In addition, proponents note that the beaches which require beach tags are those located in smaller municipalities, which because of beach tags are permitted to offer\",\n \"title\": \"Beach tag\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27683785\",\n \"text\": \"Jersey Shore is a reality television series that aired on MTV. It follows eight housemates while they live, work and party at the Jersey Shore. The show made its debut amid large amounts of controversy regarding the use of the words \\\"guido/guidette\\\", portrayals of Italian-American stereotypes as well as perpetuating stereotypes of New Jerseyans, especially because the cast members are not residents from the area. It premiered in December 2009 and ran through 2012. The controversies in the series were due in large part to the manner in which MTV marketed the show, as it liberally used the word guido to describe the cast members. The word guido is generally regarded as an ethnic slur when referring to Italians and Italian Americans. One promotion stated that the show was to follow, \\\"eight of the hottest, tannest, craziest Guidos\\\", while yet another advertisement stated, \\\"[the show] exposes one of the tri-state area's most misunderstood species ... the GUIDO. Yes, they really do exist! Our Guidos and Guidettes will move into the ultimate big beach house rental and indulge in everything the Seaside Heights, New Jersey scene has to offer\\\". Background Prior to the series debut, UNICO National, the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF), the Order Sons of Italy in America, the Italian watchdog website ItalianAware.com, and other Italian American organizations requested that MTV cancel the show. In a letter to the network, UNICO called the show a \\\"...direct, deliberate and disgraceful attack on Italian Americans...\\\" UNICO National President Andre DiMino said in a statement \\\"MTV has festooned the 'bordello-like' house set with Italian flags and red, white and green maps of New Jersey while every other cutaway shot is of Italian signs and symbols. They are blatantly as well as subliminally bashing Italian-Americans with every technique possible...\\\" MTV responded to the controversy by issuing a press release which stated in part, \\\"the Italian-American cast takes pride in their ethnicity. We understand that this show is not intended for every audience and depicts just one aspect of youth culture.\\\" Since the calls for the show's removal, several sponsors have requested that their ads not be aired during the show. These sponsors include Dell, Domino's, and American Family Insurance. Subsequent seasons have encountered the continuous denouncement of the program by Italian American and other community-based organizations. The announcement of season 4 of the program being filmed on location in Italy was once again met with a swift reaction from the National Italian American Foundation, the National Organization of Italian American Women, UNICO National and other community-based groups. Beachcomber Bar & Grill incident In August 2009, female cast member Nicole \\\"Snooki\\\" Polizzi was punched in the face after a confrontation with a man who had allegedly stolen her drink at the Beachcomber Bar & Grill in Seaside Heights. The assailant, Brad Ferro, a physical education teacher from Deer Park, New York, was arrested on simple assault and disorderly conduct charges. A promo of the clip aired after the show's December 3, 2009, premiere and\",\n \"title\": \"Reactions to Jersey Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25980324\",\n \"text\": \"Vincent J. Guadagnino ( , ; born November 11, 1987) is an American reality television personality, best known for being a cast member on MTV's Jersey Shore. Early life and education Guadagnino was raised in the Staten Island borough of New York City, and comes from a traditional Italian-American family. His mother was born in Sicily, Italy, and immigrated to the United States at age 13. His family's farm is visited during an episode in Jersey Shores fourth season. He graduated from Susan E. Wagner High School, the same high school that his Jersey Shore costar Angelina Pivarnick attended. He later studied at SUNY New Paltz before transferring to the College of Staten Island, graduating with a degree in political science. Prior to being cast on Jersey Shore, Guadagnino planned to attend law school. Career Guadagnino was a member of the starting cast MTV's Jersey Shore and appeared in all six seasons from 2009 to 2012. After Jersey Shore, Guadagnino began taking acting classes. He guest-starred on MTV's scripted comedy series The Hard Times of RJ Berger as RJ's cousin. In the November 8, 2011, episode of 90210, he played a small role that he reprised in the episode \\\"O Holly Night\\\". He also appeared in the Syfy original movie Jersey Shore Shark Attack. MTV also produced Guadagnino's talk show, The Show with Vinny, which debuted in May 2013. The show featured celebrities at Guadagnino's home talking and having dinner with him and his family. He and his mother would later star in Vinny & Ma Eat America on The Cooking Channel. In 2018, he reunited with most of his original Jersey Shore castmates for a reboot of the series titled Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. The first and second seasons aired in 2018, and a third season began in 2019. Starting in April 2019, Guadagnino has been starring alongside Pauly D in a Double Shot at Love on MTV. On April 26, 2019, he started a month long residency performing as guest host in Chippendales at the Rio Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. In 2021, he competed on The Masked Singer spin-off The Masked Dancer as \\\"Hammerhead\\\" and was eliminated in the 6th spot during Battle of the Super Six. Dancing with the Stars Guadagnino was announced as a contestant on season 31 of Dancing with the Stars, which premiered in September 2022. He partnered with Koko Iwasaki. Placed: 7th; (average: TBA) Philanthropy In 2011, Guadagnino launched a clothing brand called IHAV (for \\\"I Have a Vision\\\") with the message Fuck Bullies. Proceeds are donated to the charity Do Something for grants for anti-bullying projects and programs. He also supports the animal rescue organization Much Love, for whom he recently participated in a charity auction. Guadagnino is also a supporter of gay rights. He has been a presenter at the GLAAD Awards and participated in the NOH8 Campaign. Guadagnino also co-authored a book with Samantha Rose entitled Control The Crazy: My Plan To Stop Stressing, Avoid Drama, and Maintain\",\n \"title\": \"Vinny Guadagnino\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21114217\",\n \"text\": \"John Amabile (April 16, 1939 – April 22, 2012) was a professional American football scout for the New York Giants, high school football coach, and college football quarterback. Playing career Amabile played quarterback for the Boston College Eagles from 1958 to 1960. He finished his career completing 163 of 329 passes (49.8%) for 2321 yards, 17 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions. He won the 1960 Thomas F. Scanlan Memorial Trophy, an award given to the senior football player outstanding in scholarship, leadership, and athletic ability. He played for the Jersey Giants of the Atlantic Coast Football League in 1964. Coaching career Amabile launched his career at Lincoln High School in 1967. He coached at Belleville High School and then From there he moved to Middletown High School, where he coached from 1970 to 1974. From 1977 to 1984, he coached Wall High School. He led the Crimson Knights to consecutive 11–0 seasons and NJSIAA Central Jersey Group III championships in 1982 and 1983. His teams won four straight Shore Conference divisional titles from 1981 to 1984. Amabile coached at Neptune High School from 1985 to 2000. From 1993 to 1999, the Scarlet Fliers had a 33-game home winning streak. From 1994 to 1998, Neptune won five straight Shore Conference divisional titles, going unbeaten in 1995 and 1997. From 2003 to 2008, Amabile coached St. John Vianney. In his six seasons with the Lancers, Amabile had a 22–38 record, with only one winning season and playoff appearance. In 2009, he coached Allentown High School. Amabile compiled an overall record of 252-172-11. Only Warren Wolf, Lou Vircillo and Vic Kubu are believed to have more wins in the Shore Conference. In 2011, Amabile was the offensive coordinator at Long Branch High School. Scouting Amabile scouted for the New York Giants from 2002 to 2011. Death Amabile died on April 22, 2012, at the age of 73 at Jersey Shore University Medical Center. He was a resident of Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey, having lived there since 1968. References 1939 births 2012 deaths American football quarterbacks Boston College Eagles football players High school football coaches in New Jersey Players of American football from Jersey City, New Jersey People from Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey\",\n \"title\": \"John Amabile (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1487041\",\n \"text\": \"The Jersey Shore BlueClaws (formerly Lakewood BlueClaws) are a Minor League Baseball team of the South Atlantic League and the High-A affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies. They are located in Lakewood, New Jersey, and are named for their location on the Jersey Shore and blue crabs native to the area. The BlueClaws play their home games at ShoreTown Ballpark. History Following the 2000 season, the Cape Fear Crocs of the Class A South Atlantic League relocated to Lakewood, New Jersey, and became the Lakewood BlueClaws. The BlueClaws became an affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies, who moved their Class A affiliation from the Piedmont Boll Weevils in Kannapolis, North Carolina, to Lakewood beginning with the 2001 season. The team was owned by the New-Jersey-born Joe Plumeri and Joe Finley, also owners of the Trenton Thunder. Since their arrival in New Jersey, the BlueClaws have been a success at the gate. In each of their first five seasons, they averaged over 6,500 people per game. The team led the South Atlantic League in either average or total attendance every year through 2016, and became the fastest team in league history to reach the two and three million fan attendance mark. On August 26, 2002, the BlueClaws set a South Atlantic League record when 13,003 people attended a 3–0 win over the Hickory Crawdads. This box office success comes in the absence of great success on the field. In their first five seasons, the BlueClaws failed to qualify for the playoffs. Their overall record topped the .500 mark for the first time in 2004. On September 1, 2004, Ryan Howard became the first former BlueClaw to play in Major League Baseball, playing first base for the Phillies in a 7–2 loss to the Atlanta Braves at Citizens Bank Park. He played for the BlueClaws in the 2002 season. In 2005, he was named the National League Rookie of the Year, and in 2006 he was named the National League Most Valuable Player. In May 2007, while on the 15-day disabled list, Howard played two rehab games with the BlueClaws after suffering a hamstring injury. Each game drew over 8,000 fans and helped push the BlueClaws to a new team attendance record for the month of May. In addition to Howard, several former BlueClaws played for the 2008 World Champion Philadelphia Phillies. World Series MVP Cole Hamels was with Lakewood in 2003, and starting catcher Carlos Ruiz was a member of the original Lakewood BlueClaws' roster in 2001. The BlueClaws were sold to Shore Town Baseball in July 2017. The new ownership group includes Minor League Baseball veteran and former Mandalay Baseball Properties CEO Art Matin, as well as local investors Bob Tamashunas and Bill Luby. The team rebranded as the Jersey Shore BlueClaws after the 2020 season. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the BlueClaws were organized into the High-A East. In 2022, the High-A East became known as the South Atlantic League, the name historically\",\n \"title\": \"Jersey Shore BlueClaws\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71258651\",\n \"text\": \"The 2022 Jersey Shore 150 was an NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour race that was held on July 9, 2022. It was contested over 150 laps on the oval. It was the 8th race of the 2022 NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour season. Jimmy Blewett, driving for owner Tommy Baldwin, got his first win of the season. Report Entry list (R) denotes rookie driver. (i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points. Practice Qualifying Qualifying results Race Laps: 150 Race statistics Lead changes: 4 Cautions/Laps: 4 for 26 laps Time of race: 0:43:12 Average speed: 68.75 mph References 2022 NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour 2022 in sports in New Jersey Jersey Shore 150 Wall Township, New Jersey\",\n \"title\": \"2022 Jersey Shore 150\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1146502\",\n \"text\": \"The Jersey Skiff is a boat that was once popular for sport fishing in the United States. They were introduced by fishermen on the Jersey Shore, and were originally designed to be launched from the beach through the surf, so they could tend their fishing nets offshore. They first appeared around the end of the 19th century. There were two distinct versions, along the Northern Jersey Shore, The Sea Bright, and the Southern Shore, Jersey Skiff. In the early 20th century Jersey Skiffs were employed by early coast guardsmen and lifeguards. The boats had evolved into wreckage and salvage work as well as fishing uses. The primary difference between the two boats is the addition of a board on the side of the Jersey Skiff for slightly greater freeboard. Also the hull is slightly narrower for better rowing. And the transom of Jersey Skiff is more of a wine glass shape which integrates into the skeg, whereas The Sea Bright transom does not. The skeg can be added as an additional board. The design characteristics of the boat, are a stem that is slightly raked, less than a Dory and more than a Whitehall Rowboat. The stern was in a heart or wine glass shape with a rake toward the center of the boat. This allows the boat to be retrieved through the surf bow first. Although it is reported that in rougher conditions the boat is beached stern first. The boats are of fairly shallow draft and have a narrow flat bottom which is useful for sitting on the beach. Although the sides are generally rounded, without a keel but with a small skeg for tracking. The boats were generally outfitted with a sprit or lug sailing rig and a small jib. The mast was generally unstayed. Early fisherman used an oar to steer with rather than bring a separate rudder. Modern sailing versions come with a separate rudder. But an oarlock can be mounted on the transom for use with an oar as a steering device. Prohibition The boat during prohibition was modified into a speedboat but there are still some builders making traditional boats in fiberglass. With the start of Prohibition Captain William McCoy began to bring rum from Bimini and the Bahamas into south Florida through Government Cut. The Coast Guard soon caught up with him, so they began to bring the illegal goods to just outside the U.S. territorial waters and let smaller boats and other captains such as Habana Joe take the risk of bringing it into shore. By far the biggest Rum Row was in the New York/Philadelphia area off the New Jersey coast, where as many as 60 ships were seen at one time. One of the most notable New Jersey rum runners was Habana Joe, who could be seen at night running into remote areas in Raritan Bay with his flat-bottom skiff for running up on the beach, making his delivery, and speeding away. See also Go-fast boat References Dinghies\",\n \"title\": \"Jersey Skiff\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25980266\",\n \"text\": \"Angelina Marie Pivarnick (born June 26, 1986) is an American reality television personality who is best known for starring in the first two seasons of the MTV reality show Jersey Shore and its spin-off, Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. Pivarnick also appeared on the VH1 show Couples Therapy in 2012. Early life Pivarnick was born and raised in Staten Island, New York. She has two sisters. She graduated from Susan E. Wagner High School with her Jersey Shore costar, Vinny Guadagnino. Career Before she joined the cast of Jersey Shore, Pivarnick worked as a waitress. Jersey Shore premiered on December 4, 2009. After refusing to work her shift at the T-shirt shop, she was evicted from the shore house in the third episode of season one. She then was on Jersey Shore season two in Miami Beach, Florida and Pivarnick again departed the house during season two after violent confrontations with fellow cast-members Michael Sorrentino and Nicole \\\"Snooki\\\" Polizzi. She did not return for season three. Pivarnick made guest appearances during the fifth and sixth seasons. In 2010, Pivarnick released the song \\\"I'm Hot\\\". She and her boyfriend appeared in Season 1 of the VH1 reality show Couples Therapy, which premiered March 25, 2012. In March 2011, Pivarnick appeared on the professional wrestling promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, competing in a six-person tag team match. In 2011, Pivarnick briefly appeared in the music video for rap group Dacav5's song \\\"Dirty Style.\\\" She also appeared as a contestant on the reality dating series Excused. She made it to the final round and was chosen by Sergio to try dating each other. She later released a new song, \\\"Gotta Go Out\\\", under the name Miss AP in August 2011, featuring Tony Hanson \\\"Fenix\\\". The song charted at No. 37 on the Billboard Dance/Club Play Songs list in the United States. In September 2012, she engaged in a debate with recording artist Adam Barta on the topic of gay marriage, which she said she opposed. She later reversed her position after Jersey Shore co-star JWoww criticized her on Twitter, and issued a public apology via TMZ. In December, Pivarnick announced a single release called \\\"Serendipity\\\" with Barta, in the hopes of making amends with the LGBT community. In 2018, Pivarnick and fiancé Chris Larangeira appeared on the show How Far Is Tattoo Far? From 2019–2021, Pivarnick made guest appearances on Double Shot at Love. Pivarnick returned to the Jersey Shore franchise by joining the sequel series, Jersey Shore: Family Vacation in 2018 as a recurring guest. She later became a full-time cast member in 2019. Personal life On January 12, 2018, Pivarnick became engaged to Chris Larangeira after a year of dating. They married on November 20, 2019. In February 2022, Larangeira filed for divorce after two years of marriage citing irreconcilable differences. On an April 2023 episode of Jersey Shore: Family Vacation, it was announced that she is engaged to model Vinny Tortorella. Pivarnick is a registered emergency medical technician and worked for\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Pivarnick\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63061168\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Edward Flaherty (born December 15, 1961) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He also was a member of the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at the College of the Holy Cross. Early years Flaherty attended Red Bank Catholic High School, where he played football, baseball and track. He accepted a football scholarship from the College of the Holy Cross. He also played baseball. He was a four-year starter at middle linebacker and finished as the school's all-time leader with 447 tackles. As a senior in 1983, he set a school record with 152 tackles in a season, while also contributing to the team winning the Lambert Cup Championship and advancing to the NCAA Division I-AA playoffs for the first time in school history. In 1995, he was inducted into the Holy Cross Athletic Hall of Fame. In 1997, he was inducted into the Jersey Shore Sports Hall of Fame. In 2015, he was inducted into the Crusader Football Legends Ring of Honor. Professional career Philadelphia Eagles Flaherty was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles after the 1984 NFL Draft on June 18. He was released before the start of the season on August 14. Tampa Bay Bandits (USFL) In 1985, he signed as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League. He started in some of the games at inside linebacker. He was not re-signed after the season. Baltimore Stars (USFL) In 1986, he was signed as a free agent by the Baltimore Stars, but the league folded and never had a chance to play with the team. Dallas Cowboys After the NFLPA strike was declared on the third week of the 1987 season, those contests were canceled (reducing the 16 game season to 15) and the NFL decided that the games would be played with replacement players. In September, he was signed to be a part of the Dallas Cowboys replacement team that was given the mock name \\\"Rhinestone Cowboys\\\" by the media. He was the backup at left outside linebacker behind Dale Jones. He was released after the strike ended on October 20. Personal life In 1988, he married Janine Garrett, sister of former Dallas Cowboys' head coach Jason Garrett. His son Harry Flaherty Jr. tried out at tight end in the NFL, during the 2011 and 2012 preseasons. Since 1995, he has served as New Jersey's director of the ministry Fellowship of Christian Athletes. He also coached tight ends and linebackers at Red Bank Catholic High School. References 1961 births Living people People from Red Bank, New Jersey Players of American football from Monmouth County, New Jersey American football linebackers Holy Cross Crusaders football players Holy Cross Crusaders baseball players Tampa Bay Bandits players Dallas Cowboys players National Football League replacement players Red Bank Catholic High School alumni High school football coaches in New Jersey Garett family\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Flaherty (linebacker)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50786544\",\n \"text\": \"Mary DeChambres is an American film and television editor, and two-time Emmy Award nominee and Emmy Award winner. She sits on the board of directors for the Motion Picture Editors Guild. Early life and education DeChambres grew up on a farm in Alexandria Township, New Jersey and attended Delaware Valley Regional High School where she cultivated her creativity at the school’s art program. She went on to study at Sam Houston State University, studying Education and Fine Arts, and while there also attended the radio, TV and Film studies programs. She also started her own local radio show. She went on to teach at the Aldine Independent School District in Houston. On a summer hiatus, she attended a film editing course at the University of Southern California which led her to an internship at a music-video company . eventually leading to her first job at Bunim/Murray Productions working on shows like The Real World and Jersey Shore. Career DeChambres' work has been broadcast across several networks – ABC, CNBC and MTV. She is known for her work with Oprah Winfrey, Heidi Klum, The Kardashians, Charlize Theron, Bethenny Frankel, The Osbournes's, Sean \\\"P. Diddy\\\" Combes, 50 Cent, Ryan O' Neal, Tatum O'Neal, Three6Mafia, Tim Gunn, Lala Anthony, Denise Richards, Marcus Lemionis and Dwayne \\\"The Rock\\\" Johnson. She has worked on shows including MTV's The Real World: Las Vegas and ABC's Making the Band, and Jersey Shore, CNBC's The Profit as well as the Season 5 Finale of Project Runway for which she won her first Primetime Emmy, and \\\"Project Runway All-Stars\\\" (Something Wicked This Way Comes) for which she earned her second Emmy nomination. References Filmography Wake Up Call (2014) External links American film editors American women film editors Year of birth missing (living people) Living people People from Alexandria Township, New Jersey Primetime Emmy Award winners Sam Houston State University alumni University of Southern California alumni\",\n \"title\": \"Mary DeChambres\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40874533\",\n \"text\": \"Jersey Strong is the second single off country music band After The Reign second album Almost Famous. The song was written by John Strevens songwriter lead guitar and background vocals for the band October 2012. After The Reign released the single December 2012 as a digital music download then later as a CD single in the Spring of 2013. Content Jersey Strong starts off by describing the devastation that many faced after Hurricane Sandy. The song continues to talk about the recovery and rebuilding that many states face after the storm, mostly focusing on New Jersey and the Jersey Shore. The over all theme is resilience, hope, and strength. The song was written by Strevens in the wake of the storm. Critical reception Jersey Strong was named Stronger Than The Storm Summer Sound-Off song of New Jersey Through this they did a media tour promoting the song and the Stronger Than The Storm efforts to rebuild the Jersey Shore. It has received airplay in the New York City, Philadelphia, Nashville, and New Jersey radio markets. New Jersey 101.5 wrote \\\"The song has the distinct possibility of becoming an anthem for the Jersey Shore going forward.\\\" In an article for CBS Local in New York City a boardwalk construction worker was quoted \\\"'Jersey Strong' captures the Jersey Shore’s struggle after Sandy. It’s a great song. It doesn’t matter what type of band they are.” he said. “They hit it on the nose.” References 2012 singles Hurricane Sandy Jersey Shore New Jersey culture 2012 songs\",\n \"title\": \"Jersey Strong (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22688471\",\n \"text\": \"The New Jersey Marathon and Half Marathon is a set of races that take place in and around Long Branch, NJ. It started in 1997 as a revival of the Jersey Shore Marathon, which was held from 1972 to 1985. The name was changed to the New Jersey Shore Marathon in 1999, and changed again to the New Jersey Marathon in 2001. Then-governor James McGreevey declared it the official state marathon in 2005. In its present form, the weekend of racing includes a marathon, a half-marathon, a half-marathon relay, a 5K, and several short children's races. History The original Jersey Shore Marathon was held from 1972 to 1985 every November, which was too close to the New York City Marathon, and the marathon dissolved in 1985 due to lack of participation and sponsorship. In 1995, the idea of staging a world class marathon was promoted and a feasibility study showed great interest within the racing community. By 1997, the dreams of a world class marathon returning to the Jersey Shore became a reality and the first New Jersey Marathon was held on April 27, 1997. Over 1,000 runners registered for the race and over 800 of them finished. In 2005, race officials were told by the governing body of Sea Bright, NJ that they could no longer use Ocean Ave., a critical section of the course, in the town for the race. Sea Bright officials cited safety concerns as the reason for the banning of all sporting events on the road. The race moved south to Long Branch, and the finish of the course has been there since 2006. The Long Branch half-marathon was also added in 2006. In 2010, hundreds of runners were incapacitated by heat stroke and dehydration during the marathon, with several people going into cardiac arrest and organ failure. The 2020 in-person edition of the race was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with all registrants given the option of running the race virtually, transferring their entry to 2021, or obtaining store credit of equivalent value. The 2021 marathon was also cancelled due to COVID-19, as Long Branch refused permission for a large gathering to be hosted in the town due to concerns over Delta variant. Course The New Jersey Marathon starts within the parking area of Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport, New Jersey. It winds its way through the residential areas of Oceanport and Monmouth Beach before turning south into Long Branch. It then continues south through the beach communities of Deal, Allenhurst, Loch Arbour, Asbury Park and Ocean Grove, mostly within a block or two of the beach itself. The final 1.7 miles is run on the Long Branch boardwalk. The course has no significant hills and is virtually flat, outside of some gentle rolling stretches early on and several bridge crossings. It is USATF-certified, which allows runners to use the full marathon course to qualify for the following year’s Boston Marathon. Winners Key: Notes References Marathons in the United States Recurring sporting events\",\n \"title\": \"New Jersey Marathon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3082604\",\n \"text\": \"Lakewood High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school serving students in ninth through twelfth grades in Lakewood Township, Ocean County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Lakewood School District. As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,423 students and 83.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 17.0:1. There were 1,136 students (79.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 80 (5.6% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch. History Students from Manchester Township had attended Lakewood High School as part of a sending/receiving relationship, though by June 1964 overcrowding led the Lakewood School District to try to end the agreement under which 150 students from Manchester Township attended the Lakewood school. The students left in September 1976 when Manchester Township High School opened. Awards, recognition and rankings The school was the 324th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's \\\"Top Public High Schools\\\", using a new ranking methodology. The school had also been ranked 324th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 316th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 288th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. Athletics The Lakewood High School Piners compete in Division B South of the Shore Conference, an athletic conference comprising public and private high schools in Monmouth and Ocean counties along the Jersey Shore. The league operates under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 916 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group IV South for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 893 to 1,296 students. The school competes in the C-Central Division of the Shore Conference, in football, tennis, bowling, cheerleading, softball, baseball, wrestling, basketball, volleyball, track, cross country, and field hockey, with the most success over previous years coming in boys' basketball, boys soccer, and girls' and boys' track. The boys' basketball team won the Group III state championships in 1967 (defeating West New York Memorial High School in the tournament final) and in 1975 (vs. East Orange High School). The team won the Group III title in 1967 with a 74–51 win against Weehawken in the championship game played at Atlantic City Convention Hall, becoming the first Ocean County program to win a state title. The 1975 team finished the season with a record of 28–1 after winning the Group III title in front of 4,000 spectators at Brookdale Community College with a 71–70 championship game victory on two last-second free throws\",\n \"title\": \"Lakewood High School (New Jersey)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37126619\",\n \"text\": \"Bryn Desmond Hall (born 3 February 1992) is a New Zealand rugby union player who currently plays as a halfback for in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup and the in the international Super Rugby competition. Early career Born and raised in Auckland, he was educated at St Peter's College where he played first XV rugby, captaining them in his senior year in 2010. After graduation, he went on to play club rugby for Northcote in North Harbour's club rugby competition. Senior career Hall broke into the North Harbour team during the 2012 ITM Cup while aged just 20. He played 9 times for the men from Auckland's North Shore and scored 35 points which included 3 tries as they finished bottom the Championship log with just 1 win in 10 games. 2013 saw him establish himself as the province's first choice halfback, playing in all 10 of their games during the season as they once again finished in last place. 2014 saw some improvement from Harbour as they finished 5th out of 7 teams in the ITM Cup Championship and Hall continued to be first pick in the number 9 jersey, playing 9 times. He was named as team captain and was an ever present in 2015 as Harbour once again finished in 5th place, just outside the promotion play-off places. The arrival of veteran halfback, Chris Smylie for the 2016 season provided Hall will some stiff competition for a starting place for the first time in several years, however, he rose to the challenge, playing in all 12 of Harbour's matches, starting 8 times as they earned promotion to the Mitre 10 Cup Premiership for 2017 with an upset victory away to in the Championship final. Super Rugby Strong performances in an under-performing North Harbour side in 2012 brought him to the attention of local Super Rugby franchise, the who named him in their squad for the 2013 Super Rugby season. He made his Super Rugby debut in Round 2 of the season, coming on as a 63rd minute replacement in the 34–15 win over the Crusaders at Eden Park, however that would turn out to be his only appearance for the year as a broken jaw and glandular fever ensured that he found himself third in the pecking order for the halfback jersey behind All Black Piri Weepu and 's Jamison Gibson-Park. In 2014, he earned a lot more game time and had nailed down the starting halfback spot for the Blues by the end of the season, dislodging the far more experienced Weepu. However, all the momentum he'd built up through 2014 was lost when a broken foot picked up playing club rugby forced him to miss the entire 2015 campaign, but, fully fit in 2016, new head-coach Tana Umaga made him the franchise's first choice number 9 once more and he went on to play in all 15 of their matches during a slightly disappointing season which ended with them in 11th place in the\",\n \"title\": \"Bryn Hall (rugby union)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47364766\",\n \"text\": \"David Levine (born July 3, 1993) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He has driven in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, NASCAR K&N Pro Series East and ARCA Racing Series. Early career and education Levine became interested in racing as a 10-year-old when he and his father went to an indoor carting track. Levine attended grade school through the 8th grade at Lake Forest Country Day School, a coeducational, independent preK-8 school located in Lake Forest, Illinois. He is a 2011 graduate of Lake Forest Academy, a prestigious college preparatory boarding school located on the North Shore in Lake Forest, Illinois. After Lake Forest Academy, Levine earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in Communications Studies from Furman University in Greenville, SC in May 2015. Levine initially learned his road racing driving skills at the Skip Barber Racing School. NASCAR Camping World Truck Series 2015 It was announced in October 2015 that Levine would attempt to make his NASCAR Camping World Truck Series racing debut in the season-ending Ford EcoBoost 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway on November 20, driving for Lira Motorsports. Levine finished the race in the 17th position. 2016 On February 15, it was announced that Levine joined MAKE Motorsports to race at the season opener at Daytona. He was one of 11 drivers who failed to qualify for the field. K&N Pro Series East Levine drove in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East races at New Jersey Motorsports Park in 2017 and 2018. ARCA Racing Series 2012 Levine's ARCA Racing Series debut was at Chicagoland Speedway on July 21, 2012. In a car sponsored by the Richard Petty Driving Experience, Levine started 13th and finished 12th. 2013 Levine competed in three ARCA Racing Series races in 2013. At Road America on June 22 he started 10th and finished 9th. At Chicagoland Speedway on July 21 he started 22nd and finished 14th. At New Jersey Motorsports Park on July 28 he started 13th and finished 10th. 2015 It was announced in December 2014 that Levine would race full-time in the ARCA Racing Series for Lira Motorsports. He raced the team's number 59 car in 2015. Through the first 17 races of 2015, David had started in the top ten four times, and finished in the top ten nine times. His best finish was 6th place at both Fairgrounds Speedway Nashville on April 11 and Pocono Raceway on August 1. His primary sponsors with Lira Motorsports are Momo, TraqGear, Ford Performance and Roush Performance. In the final three races of 2015, Levine finished 15th at Salem Speedway, 3rd at Kentucky Speedway and 8th at Kansas Speedway. His third place at Kentucky Speedway is his career best ARCA Series finish to date. Levine finished 2015 with a total of 11 top ten finishes. 2016 Levine competed in 1 ARCA Racing Series Event in 2016, the Twilight 150 presented by Unique Pretzels at the New Jersey Motorsports Park. Driving for the Mason Mitchell Motorsports team in the No. 98 car\",\n \"title\": \"David Levine (racing driver)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9612448\",\n \"text\": \"Real Shore FC was an American soccer team, founded in 2006. The team was a member of the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), and played in the Eastern Conference. The team folded after the 2007 season. The team played its home games in the stadium at Brookdale Community College in Lincroft, New Jersey, in the Jersey Shore area of the state of New Jersey. The team was affiliated with the long-established WPSL team of the same name. External links Real Shore Website Defunct soccer clubs in New Jersey Monmouth County, New Jersey 2006 establishments in New Jersey 2007 disestablishments in New Jersey Association football clubs established in 2006 Association football clubs disestablished in 2007\",\n \"title\": \"Real Shore F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32919112\",\n \"text\": \"The seventh season of the American comedy television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, premiered on FX on September 15, 2011. The season contains 13 episodes, and concluded airing on December 15, 2011. Season synopsis Frank falls in love with a prostitute named Roxy which sets the rest of the gang off to try and transform her into a presentable woman. Meanwhile, Dennis attempts to help Mac get healthy after gaining nearly fifty pounds. The gang decides to take a road trip to the Jersey Shore so Dennis and Dee can relive their favorite childhood memories. The vacation turns nightmarish for the siblings, while Frank, Mac, and Charlie have magical experiences. Frank accidentally finds himself in charge of a child beauty pageant and tries to squash all suspicions that he is a pedophile while the rest of the gang pick contestants to mentor. When Dee comes into money from her surrogate pregnancy, she is forced to fake a baby funeral to avoid paying taxes to the IRS. The boys in the gang attempt to start a more democratic way of running Paddy's Pub, which ultimately results in more shouting. Frank's long lost brother shows up at Paddy's, revealing secrets about Frank's former life as a club owner, drug addict, and about Frank's former lover. The gang runs into trouble when they try to prepare for a giant storm, and Dennis meets a woman he can't seduce. On a slow news day the gang plays a board game they invented (ripped off from other games) called \\\"Chardee MacDennis\\\". The gang tries to track down an annoying shusher on Facebook and end up bickering about the use of the Internet for Paddy's business. While robbing a house, the gang gets caught in a precarious situation when the homeowners return. Mac confesses to a priest how he gained his weight, and why the blame falls on his friends. The gang rush to the movie theater to see the world's greatest action movie, but must avoid traffic caused by President Obama's trip to Philly. The gang attend their high school reunion and are humiliated by the \\\"cool kids\\\" and other former enemies. They then take revenge on their enemies in the form of a dance routine. Cast Main cast Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds Rob McElhenney as Mac Kaitlin Olson as Deandra \\\"Dee\\\" Reynolds Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds Recurring cast Mary Elizabeth Ellis as The Waitress David Hornsby as Cricket Guest stars Episodes Reception The seventh season received positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 100% with an average score of 8.5 out of 10 based on 13 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \\\"Rob McElhenney's Mac gets slovenly, but It's Always Sunny shows no signs of resting on its laurels with a seventh season that charts a hilariously disastrous course from the Jersey Shore to the Gang's high school reunion.\\\" Home media References External links 2011 American television seasons It's Always Sunny in\",\n \"title\": \"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia season 7\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2391486\",\n \"text\": \"Jersey Shore Boca are an American soccer club based in Ocean County, New Jersey. In 2003, the club joined the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. After just one season, the team left the league due to financial reasons. They continue to play in the USASA. They played their home games in the stadium at Ocean County College in the city of Toms River, New Jersey. The team’s colors were white, blue and yellow. In 2012, Jersey Shore Boca became the first amateur club from New Jersey to qualify for the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup in the modern pro-soccer era. Year-by-year Coaches David Vaudreuil (2003) John Rerup (2011) Mike McCullion (2012) Stadia Stadium at Ocean County College, Toms River, New Jersey 2003 External links Jersey Shore Boca Ocean County, New Jersey Soccer clubs in New Jersey Defunct Premier Development League teams 2003 establishments in New Jersey\",\n \"title\": \"Jersey Shore Boca\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["April 5 , 2018"],"string":"[\n \"April 5 , 2018\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":77,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_16832"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"where does most of earths freshwater come from"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"70383921","text":"Oceanic freshwater fluxes are defined as the transport of non saline water between the oceans and the other components of the Earth's system (the lands, the atmosphere and the cryosphere). These fluxes have an impact on the local ocean properties (on sea surface salinity, temperature and elevation), as well as on the large scale circulation patterns (such as the thermohaline circulation). Introduction Freshwater fluxes in general describe how freshwater is transported between and stored in the earth's systems: oceans, land, the atmosphere and the cryosphere. While the total amount of water on Earth has remained virtually constant over human timescales, the relative distribution of that total mass between the four reservoirs has been influenced by past climate states, such as glacial cycles. Since the oceans account for 71% of the Earth's surface area, 86% of evaporation (E) and 78% of precipitation (P) occur over the ocean, the oceanic freshwater fluxes represent a large part of the world's freshwater fluxes. There are five major freshwater fluxes into and out of the ocean, namely: Precipitation Evaporation Riverine discharge Ice freezing or melting (Sea ice freezing or melting, ice shelf melting, iceberg melting) Groundwater discharge whereby the 1., 3. and 5. are all inputs, adding freshwater to the ocean, while 2. is an output, i.e. a negative freshwater flux and 4. can be either a freshwater loss (freezing) or gain (melting). The quantity and the spatial distribution of those fluxes determine the ocean salinity (the salt concentration of the ocean water). A positive freshwater flux leads to mixing of water with low to zero salinity with the salty ocean water, resulting in a decrease of the water salinity. This is for example the case in regions, where precipitation is greater than evaporation. On the contrary, if evaporation gets greater than precipitation, the ocean salinity increases, since only water (H2O) evaporates, but not the ions (e.g. Na+, Cl+) which make up salt. Estimates of the annual mean freshwater fluxes into the ocean are for precipitation (88% of total freshwater input), for riverine discharge from land (9%), for ice discharge from land (<1%) and and for saline and fresh groundwater discharge respectively (<1%). The annual mean freshwater fluxes out of the ocean via evaporation is estimated to be . The salinity, along with temperature and pressure, determines the density of the water. Higher salinity and cooler water results in a higher water density (see also spiciness of ocean water). Since differences in water density drive large-scale ocean circulation, freshwater fluxes are most important for ocean circulation patterns like the Thermohaline Circulation (THC). Freshwater fluxes into the ocean Evaporation and precipitation There are large spatial and temporal variations in precipitation and evaporation patterns. The dominant reason for precipitation is adiabatic cooling when moist air rises, whose water vapor then becomes supersaturated above a certain altitude and condenses out. Areas of large precipitation are therefore areas of convection, which is most prominent in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a band of latitudes around the equator. Evaporation describes","title":"Oceanic freshwater flux"},{"docid":"18842395","text":"A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually a freshwater stream, flowing on the Earth's land surface or inside caves towards another waterbody at a lower elevation, such as an ocean, sea, bay, lake, wetland, or another river. In some cases, a river flows into the ground or becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Small rivers can be referred to by names such as creek, brook, and rivulet. There are no official definitions for these various generic terms for a watercourse as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities, a stream is customarily referred to by one of these names as determined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are \"run\" in some parts of the United States, \"burn\" in Scotland and Northeast England, and \"beck\" in Northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always; in English the language is vague compared to some langauges like French, where a fleuve flows into the sea and a rivière is a tributary of another rivière or fleuve. Rivers are an important part of the water cycle. Water from a drainage basin generally collects into a river through surface runoff from precipitation, meltwater released from natural ice and snowpacks, and other underground sources such as groundwater recharge and springs. Rivers are often considered major features within a landscape; however, they actually only cover around 0.1% of the land on Earth. Rivers are also an important natural terraformer, as the erosive action of running water carves out rills, gullies, and valleys in the surface as well as transferring silt and dissolved minerals downstream, forming river deltas and islands where the flow slows down. As a waterbody, rivers also serve crucial ecological functions by providing and feeding freshwater habitats for aquatic and semiaquatic fauna and flora, especially for migratory fish species, as well as enabling terrestrial ecosystems to thrive in the riparian zones. Rivers are significant to humankind since many human settlements and civilizations are built around sizeable rivers and streams. Most of the major cities of the world are situated on the banks of rivers, as they are (or were) depended upon as a vital source of drinking water, for food supply via fishing and agricultural irrigation, for shipping, as natural borders and/or defensive terrains, as a source of hydropower to drive machinery or generate electricity, for bathing, and as a means of disposing of waste. In the pre-industrial era, larger rivers were a major obstacle to the movement of people, goods, and armies across regions. Towns often developed at the few locations suitable for fording, building bridges, or supporting ports; many major cities, such as London, are located at the narrowest and most reliable sites at which a river could be crossed via bridges or ferries. In Earth science disciplines, potamology is the scientific study of rivers, while limnology is the study of inland waters in general.","title":"River"},{"docid":"5904679","text":"Snow hydrology is a scientific study in the field of hydrology which focuses on the composition, dispersion, and movement of snow and ice. Studies of snow hydrology predate the Anno Domini era, although major breakthroughs were not made until the mid eighteenth century. Snowfall, accumulation and melt are important hydrological processes in watersheds at high altitudes or latitudes. In many western states in United States, snow melt accounts for a large percentage of the spring runoff that serves as water supply to reservoirs, urban populations and agricultural activities. A large portion of snow hydrology groups are pursuing new methods for incorporating snow hydrology into distributed models over complex terrain through theoretical developments, model development and testing with field and remote sensing data sets. Snow hydrology is quite complex and involves both mass and energy balance calculations over a time-varying snow pack which is influenced by spatial location in the watershed, interaction with vegetation and redistribution by winds. Some researchers seek to accurately capture snow dynamics at a point and over a domain as the spatial pattern of snow cover area is readily observable from remote sensing. Overview Snow and ice accounts for around 75% of Earth's entire freshwater volume but lacks the capability of reliable applications. In comparison, the water supplied from rivers and freshwater lakes carries a consistent annual source of water. These natural bodies of water are formed through springs, rainfall and mountainous snow runoff. According to estimates, snow represents about 5% of the precipitation that reaches Earth's surface. Due to the large amount of water held within these sources, snow hydrology has been a growing study in the field of river tides and seasonal flow rates. Despite common belief, snow fall is not the main cause for the destruction of organic matter in cold climates. The most damaging aspect is cold temperature winds that exist above the snow pack surface. Studies have shown the insulating properties of snow defend the plants and small animals in the environment from these frigid winds. “The snow itself is the habitat for various micro-organisms like snow worms and algae.” Without consistent annual snowfall, many plants would be destroyed due to frost damage. Both ice worms (Mesenchytraeus Solifugus) and green algae are unique organisms that can live in glacial and snowy habitats. History Though most of the knowledge in the field of snow hydrology has been discovered in the last two centuries, there is evidence that some understanding existed as early as 500-428BC in the Greek states. Ancient Some of the earliest evidence that supports an ancient technical understanding of snow movement was produced by the Greeks. Anaxagoras, an ancient Greek notes: \"the water in the Nile comes from the snow in Ethiopia, which freezes in the winter and melts in the summer\". The upper class Greeks in these city states were shown to have basic understanding of the cooling properties that snow exhibited. Upper class citizens would have hay lined pits dug beneath their homes and bring snow down from the","title":"Snow hydrology"},{"docid":"10799349","text":"Geographic information systems (GISs) have become a useful and important tool in the field of hydrology to study and manage Earth's water resources. Climate change and greater demands on water resources require a more knowledgeable disposition of arguably one of our most vital resources. Because water in its occurrence varies spatially and temporally throughout the hydrologic cycle, its study using GIS is especially practical. Whereas previous GIS systems were mostly static in their geospatial representation of hydrologic features, GIS platforms are becoming increasingly dynamic, narrowing the gap between historical data and current hydrologic reality. The elementary water cycle has inputs equal to outputs plus or minus change in storage. Hydrologists make use of this hydrologic budget when they study a watershed. The inputs in a hydrologic budget include precipitation, surface flow, and groundwater flow. Outputs consist of evapotranspiration, infiltration, surface runoff, and surface/groundwater flows. All of these quantities can be measured or estimated based on environmental data and their characteristics can be graphically displayed and studies using GIS. GIS in surface water In the field of hydrological modeling, analysis generally begins with the sampling and measurement of existing hydrologic areas. In this stage of research, the scale and accuracy of measurements are key issues. Data may either be collected in the field or through online research. The United States Geological Survey ((USGS)) is a publicly available source of remotely sensed hydrological data. Historical and real-time streamflow data are also available via the internet from sources such as the National Weather Service (NWS) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A benefit of using GIS softwares for hydrological modeling is that digital visualizations of data can be linked to real-time data. GIS revolutionized curation, manipulation, and input for complex computational hydrologic models For surface water modeling, digital elevation model are often layered with hydrographic data in order to determine the boundaries of a watershed. Understanding these boundaries is integral to understanding where precipitation runoff will flow. For example, in the event of snowmelt, the amount of snowfall can be input into GIS to predict the amount of water that will travel downstream. This information has applications in local government asset management, agriculture and environmental science. Another useful application for GIS regards flood risk assessment. Using digital elevation models combined with peak discharge data can predict which areas of a floodplain will be submerged depending on the amount of rainfall. In a study of the Illinois River watershed, Rabie (2014) found that a decently accurate flood risk map could be generated using only DEMs and stream gauge data. Analysis based on these two parameters alone does not account for manmade developments including levees or drainage systems, and therefore should not be considered a comprehensive result. GIS in groundwater The use of GIS to analyze groundwater falls into the field of hydrogeology. Since 98% of available freshwater on Earth is groundwater, the need to effectively model and manage these resources is apparent. As the demand for groundwater continues to increase with the","title":"GIS and hydrology"},{"docid":"25700280","text":"SAC-D (, meaning Satellite for Scientific Applications-D), also known as Aquarius after its primary instrument, is an Argentine Earth science satellite built by INVAP and operated by CONAE. SAC-D was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 10 June 2011, with a planned mission life of five years. Due to a power system failure, the mission was ended on 8 June 2015. Description SAC-D was an international collaboration between the space agencies of Argentina and the United States, CONAE and NASA, with participation from Brazil (INPE), Canada (CSA), France (CNES) and Italy (ASI). It carried five Earth observation instruments (NASA, CONAE, CSA, ASI), two space science instruments (CNES), a data collection instrument (CONAE), and a technology demonstration system (CONAE). The spacecraft's main instrument, Aquarius, was built by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Goddard Space Flight Center. It collected data from 25 August 2011 to 7 June 2015, exceeding its intended three year primary mission. Aquarius' mission was to demonstrate that accurate measurements of salinity could be made from space, and was the first spaceborne instrument to use both passive radiometers and active radar in the L band. By measuring ocean salinity, scientists are better able to understand the Earth's water cycle and ocean circulation. Project scientists later derived a method of pulling soil moisture data from Aquarius' radiometer. Launch NASA launched SAC-D from Vandenberg Air Force Base's Space Launch Complex 2W aboard a Delta II 7320-10C on 10 June 2011 at 14:20:13 UTC. The launch was delayed from May 2010 because development of the spacecraft was taking longer than expected. Accomplishments The Aquarius instrument's surface salinity measurements contributed to a better understanding of ocean dynamics and advancing climate and ocean models, both from season to season and year to year. The models still are improving El Niño prediction. Aquarius global salinity maps show how freshwater plumes coming from the mouth of large rivers and the precipitation and evaporation over the oceans affect the salinity structure of the ocean. “The Aquarius sensor collected three years and nine months of valuable data. It was truly a pioneering effort to determine how accurately we could measure ocean salinity from space and for the first time study large and small-scale interactions of the global water cycle.” Aquarius principal investigator Gary Lagerloef of Earth & Space Research, Seattle. Aquarius provided information into the natural exchange of freshwater between the ocean, atmosphere and sea ice, which influences ocean circulation, weather and climate. Data from Aquarius showed how extreme floods affect the seas and how low-salinity river plumes affect hurricane intensity. Aquarius data was important to the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS), a year-long international field study of the oceanographic processes that sustain the maximum surface salinities in the central subtropical North Atlantic, and influence global ocean circulation. The Aquarius instrument successfully achieved its science objectives and completed its primary three-year mission in November 2014. Failure of spacecraft On 7 June 2015 at 12:53:17 UTC, telemetry indicated a failure of the spacecraft's Remote","title":"SAC-D"},{"docid":"62557527","text":"Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include non-salty mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs. Fresh water may encompass frozen and meltwater in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, snowfields and icebergs, natural precipitations such as rainfall, snowfall, hail/sleet and graupel, and surface runoffs that form inland bodies of water such as wetlands, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, as well as groundwater contained in aquifers, subterranean rivers and lakes. Fresh water is the water resource that is of the most and immediate use to humans. Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms. Many organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of vascular plants and most insects, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds need fresh water to survive. Fresh water is not always potable water, that is, water safe to drink by humans. Much of the earth's fresh water (on the surface and groundwater) is to a substantial degree unsuitable for human consumption without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion. Fresh water makes up less than 3% of the world's water resources, and just 1% of that is readily available. Just 3% of it is extracted for human consumption. Agriculture uses roughly two thirds of all fresh water extracted from the environment. Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water is replenished through the process of the natural water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns inland as precipitation. Locally, however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability (or water scarcity) from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments. Water pollution also reduces the availability of fresh water. Where available water resources are scarce, humans have developed technologies like desalination and wastewater recycling to stretch the available supply further. However, given the high cost (both capital and running costs) and - especially for desalination - energy requirements, those remain mostly niche applications. A non-sustainable alternative is using so-called \"fossil water\" from underground aquifers. As some of those aquifers formed hundreds of thousands or even millions of years ago when local climates were wetter (e.g. from one of the Green Sahara periods) and are not appreciably replenished under current climatic conditions - at least compared to drawdown, these aquifers form essentially non-renewable resources comparable to peat or lignite, which are also continuously formed in the current era but orders of magnitude slower than they are mined. Definitions Numerical definition Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts. Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1,000 ppm or 3,000","title":"Fresh water"},{"docid":"3223425","text":"A catchwater device is a large-scale man-made device for catching surface runoff from hills and the sky from precipitation by channeling it to reservoirs for commercial and domestic use later. Freshwater is a scarce natural resource due to pollution, droughts, and overpopulation. Catchwater is a sustainable mechanism to increase freshwater in areas facing droughts or polluted waterways. A catchwater drain decreases the velocity of storm-water runoff to reduce and prevent erosion and other environmental problems. Types Catchwater drains Catchwater drains may take the form of concrete canals, such as in Hong Kong, where there are many. Alternatively, they may take the form of a large concrete sheet, smothering a hill, and preventing rainfall from entering the rock strata, with a smaller channeling system for transport of the water to the storage tank - this latter system is in operation in Gibraltar. In Hong Kong there are approximately 120 km of concrete channels, used as gutters built along hillsides in order to direct freshwater runoff into reservoirs for local water consumption. These catchwaters can overflow, causing dangerous hazards, erosive streams and blockages. Earthship drains An earthship drain is water that is collected from impervious surfaces that are channeled into cisterns. A cistern is a well located underground. The water within these underground wells is heated by the sun. The water that is stored is used in domestic ways for washing dishes and bathing. Once water is used it is cycled and filtered in a module to be reused again. Rain barrels Rainwater tanks, also known as rain barrels in North America, are used to collect runoff coming from precipitation to prevent contamination from entering waterways. The only use of water from rain barrels is used for commercial use such as gardening and agriculture. Rain barrels are large containers that are connected to buildings through a gutter system which catches runoff from roofs. Many households use rain barrels as a substitute for a to reduce the amount of water they waste for recreational activities. Rain gardens A Rain garden is another man-made device created by digging a hole in an area and planting a garden with a variety of vegetation. The vegetation helps catch storm-water runoff, then filters the water to reduce the pollutants before the water reenters the hydrology cycle. Rain gardens are used to decrease the speed of water by capturing the water, so it does not become surface runoff through infiltrating the soil. Gallery Advantages and disadvantages Sustainability Some drains are able to self-maintain through geomorphological equilibrium. Catchwater drains are predominantly used for agriculture. Agriculture uses the water to in catchwater drains for irrigation and the use for controlling flooding or other functions to direct large amounts of water away from crops during wet seasons. Catchwater drains also allow communities to wore down the water tables when they need to an allow the retentive of the water table to be restore after times of heavy use. Environmental safety Catchwater drains need a lot of landscaping and management. Rain gardens","title":"Catchwater"},{"docid":"12712738","text":"Syncaris pasadenae is an extinct species of freshwater shrimp in the family Atyidae. It lived in the drainage basin of the Los Angeles River, near Pasadena, San Gabriel and Warm Creek, and was originally described from material collected near where the Rose Bowl now stands. A reference to \"freshwater shrimps\" in a tributary of the Santa Ana River from 1927 may also refer to S. pasadenae. At the time it was described, in 1897, it was noted as \"common\" in the streams where it was found. Its habitat was destroyed by channelization of streams and none of the streams where this species was once found remain in a natural state. It has not been seen alive since 1933, despite extensive searching, and is the only recent species of shrimp known to have gone extinct. Due to its extinction prior to detailed study, little is known of the natural history of this species. However, based on collected specimens, it seems likely that this species had a winter breeding season, as does its closest relative, Syncaris pacifica. Breeding in the winter is likely an adaptation to the annual precipitation cycle of the area, which results in the freshwater streams where this species occurred nearly drying up in the summer, making summer a disadvantageous time for reproduction. References Atyidae Freshwater crustaceans of North America Extinct animals of the United States Endemic fauna of California Extinct invertebrates since 1500 Species made extinct by human activities Extinct crustaceans Crustaceans described in 1897 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot","title":"Syncaris pasadenae"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"70383921\",\n \"text\": \"Oceanic freshwater fluxes are defined as the transport of non saline water between the oceans and the other components of the Earth's system (the lands, the atmosphere and the cryosphere). These fluxes have an impact on the local ocean properties (on sea surface salinity, temperature and elevation), as well as on the large scale circulation patterns (such as the thermohaline circulation). Introduction Freshwater fluxes in general describe how freshwater is transported between and stored in the earth's systems: oceans, land, the atmosphere and the cryosphere. While the total amount of water on Earth has remained virtually constant over human timescales, the relative distribution of that total mass between the four reservoirs has been influenced by past climate states, such as glacial cycles. Since the oceans account for 71% of the Earth's surface area, 86% of evaporation (E) and 78% of precipitation (P) occur over the ocean, the oceanic freshwater fluxes represent a large part of the world's freshwater fluxes. There are five major freshwater fluxes into and out of the ocean, namely: Precipitation Evaporation Riverine discharge Ice freezing or melting (Sea ice freezing or melting, ice shelf melting, iceberg melting) Groundwater discharge whereby the 1., 3. and 5. are all inputs, adding freshwater to the ocean, while 2. is an output, i.e. a negative freshwater flux and 4. can be either a freshwater loss (freezing) or gain (melting). The quantity and the spatial distribution of those fluxes determine the ocean salinity (the salt concentration of the ocean water). A positive freshwater flux leads to mixing of water with low to zero salinity with the salty ocean water, resulting in a decrease of the water salinity. This is for example the case in regions, where precipitation is greater than evaporation. On the contrary, if evaporation gets greater than precipitation, the ocean salinity increases, since only water (H2O) evaporates, but not the ions (e.g. Na+, Cl+) which make up salt. Estimates of the annual mean freshwater fluxes into the ocean are for precipitation (88% of total freshwater input), for riverine discharge from land (9%), for ice discharge from land (<1%) and and for saline and fresh groundwater discharge respectively (<1%). The annual mean freshwater fluxes out of the ocean via evaporation is estimated to be . The salinity, along with temperature and pressure, determines the density of the water. Higher salinity and cooler water results in a higher water density (see also spiciness of ocean water). Since differences in water density drive large-scale ocean circulation, freshwater fluxes are most important for ocean circulation patterns like the Thermohaline Circulation (THC). Freshwater fluxes into the ocean Evaporation and precipitation There are large spatial and temporal variations in precipitation and evaporation patterns. The dominant reason for precipitation is adiabatic cooling when moist air rises, whose water vapor then becomes supersaturated above a certain altitude and condenses out. Areas of large precipitation are therefore areas of convection, which is most prominent in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a band of latitudes around the equator. Evaporation describes\",\n \"title\": \"Oceanic freshwater flux\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18842395\",\n \"text\": \"A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually a freshwater stream, flowing on the Earth's land surface or inside caves towards another waterbody at a lower elevation, such as an ocean, sea, bay, lake, wetland, or another river. In some cases, a river flows into the ground or becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Small rivers can be referred to by names such as creek, brook, and rivulet. There are no official definitions for these various generic terms for a watercourse as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities, a stream is customarily referred to by one of these names as determined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are \\\"run\\\" in some parts of the United States, \\\"burn\\\" in Scotland and Northeast England, and \\\"beck\\\" in Northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always; in English the language is vague compared to some langauges like French, where a fleuve flows into the sea and a rivière is a tributary of another rivière or fleuve. Rivers are an important part of the water cycle. Water from a drainage basin generally collects into a river through surface runoff from precipitation, meltwater released from natural ice and snowpacks, and other underground sources such as groundwater recharge and springs. Rivers are often considered major features within a landscape; however, they actually only cover around 0.1% of the land on Earth. Rivers are also an important natural terraformer, as the erosive action of running water carves out rills, gullies, and valleys in the surface as well as transferring silt and dissolved minerals downstream, forming river deltas and islands where the flow slows down. As a waterbody, rivers also serve crucial ecological functions by providing and feeding freshwater habitats for aquatic and semiaquatic fauna and flora, especially for migratory fish species, as well as enabling terrestrial ecosystems to thrive in the riparian zones. Rivers are significant to humankind since many human settlements and civilizations are built around sizeable rivers and streams. Most of the major cities of the world are situated on the banks of rivers, as they are (or were) depended upon as a vital source of drinking water, for food supply via fishing and agricultural irrigation, for shipping, as natural borders and/or defensive terrains, as a source of hydropower to drive machinery or generate electricity, for bathing, and as a means of disposing of waste. In the pre-industrial era, larger rivers were a major obstacle to the movement of people, goods, and armies across regions. Towns often developed at the few locations suitable for fording, building bridges, or supporting ports; many major cities, such as London, are located at the narrowest and most reliable sites at which a river could be crossed via bridges or ferries. In Earth science disciplines, potamology is the scientific study of rivers, while limnology is the study of inland waters in general.\",\n \"title\": \"River\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5904679\",\n \"text\": \"Snow hydrology is a scientific study in the field of hydrology which focuses on the composition, dispersion, and movement of snow and ice. Studies of snow hydrology predate the Anno Domini era, although major breakthroughs were not made until the mid eighteenth century. Snowfall, accumulation and melt are important hydrological processes in watersheds at high altitudes or latitudes. In many western states in United States, snow melt accounts for a large percentage of the spring runoff that serves as water supply to reservoirs, urban populations and agricultural activities. A large portion of snow hydrology groups are pursuing new methods for incorporating snow hydrology into distributed models over complex terrain through theoretical developments, model development and testing with field and remote sensing data sets. Snow hydrology is quite complex and involves both mass and energy balance calculations over a time-varying snow pack which is influenced by spatial location in the watershed, interaction with vegetation and redistribution by winds. Some researchers seek to accurately capture snow dynamics at a point and over a domain as the spatial pattern of snow cover area is readily observable from remote sensing. Overview Snow and ice accounts for around 75% of Earth's entire freshwater volume but lacks the capability of reliable applications. In comparison, the water supplied from rivers and freshwater lakes carries a consistent annual source of water. These natural bodies of water are formed through springs, rainfall and mountainous snow runoff. According to estimates, snow represents about 5% of the precipitation that reaches Earth's surface. Due to the large amount of water held within these sources, snow hydrology has been a growing study in the field of river tides and seasonal flow rates. Despite common belief, snow fall is not the main cause for the destruction of organic matter in cold climates. The most damaging aspect is cold temperature winds that exist above the snow pack surface. Studies have shown the insulating properties of snow defend the plants and small animals in the environment from these frigid winds. “The snow itself is the habitat for various micro-organisms like snow worms and algae.” Without consistent annual snowfall, many plants would be destroyed due to frost damage. Both ice worms (Mesenchytraeus Solifugus) and green algae are unique organisms that can live in glacial and snowy habitats. History Though most of the knowledge in the field of snow hydrology has been discovered in the last two centuries, there is evidence that some understanding existed as early as 500-428BC in the Greek states. Ancient Some of the earliest evidence that supports an ancient technical understanding of snow movement was produced by the Greeks. Anaxagoras, an ancient Greek notes: \\\"the water in the Nile comes from the snow in Ethiopia, which freezes in the winter and melts in the summer\\\". The upper class Greeks in these city states were shown to have basic understanding of the cooling properties that snow exhibited. Upper class citizens would have hay lined pits dug beneath their homes and bring snow down from the\",\n \"title\": \"Snow hydrology\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10799349\",\n \"text\": \"Geographic information systems (GISs) have become a useful and important tool in the field of hydrology to study and manage Earth's water resources. Climate change and greater demands on water resources require a more knowledgeable disposition of arguably one of our most vital resources. Because water in its occurrence varies spatially and temporally throughout the hydrologic cycle, its study using GIS is especially practical. Whereas previous GIS systems were mostly static in their geospatial representation of hydrologic features, GIS platforms are becoming increasingly dynamic, narrowing the gap between historical data and current hydrologic reality. The elementary water cycle has inputs equal to outputs plus or minus change in storage. Hydrologists make use of this hydrologic budget when they study a watershed. The inputs in a hydrologic budget include precipitation, surface flow, and groundwater flow. Outputs consist of evapotranspiration, infiltration, surface runoff, and surface/groundwater flows. All of these quantities can be measured or estimated based on environmental data and their characteristics can be graphically displayed and studies using GIS. GIS in surface water In the field of hydrological modeling, analysis generally begins with the sampling and measurement of existing hydrologic areas. In this stage of research, the scale and accuracy of measurements are key issues. Data may either be collected in the field or through online research. The United States Geological Survey ((USGS)) is a publicly available source of remotely sensed hydrological data. Historical and real-time streamflow data are also available via the internet from sources such as the National Weather Service (NWS) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A benefit of using GIS softwares for hydrological modeling is that digital visualizations of data can be linked to real-time data. GIS revolutionized curation, manipulation, and input for complex computational hydrologic models For surface water modeling, digital elevation model are often layered with hydrographic data in order to determine the boundaries of a watershed. Understanding these boundaries is integral to understanding where precipitation runoff will flow. For example, in the event of snowmelt, the amount of snowfall can be input into GIS to predict the amount of water that will travel downstream. This information has applications in local government asset management, agriculture and environmental science. Another useful application for GIS regards flood risk assessment. Using digital elevation models combined with peak discharge data can predict which areas of a floodplain will be submerged depending on the amount of rainfall. In a study of the Illinois River watershed, Rabie (2014) found that a decently accurate flood risk map could be generated using only DEMs and stream gauge data. Analysis based on these two parameters alone does not account for manmade developments including levees or drainage systems, and therefore should not be considered a comprehensive result. GIS in groundwater The use of GIS to analyze groundwater falls into the field of hydrogeology. Since 98% of available freshwater on Earth is groundwater, the need to effectively model and manage these resources is apparent. As the demand for groundwater continues to increase with the\",\n \"title\": \"GIS and hydrology\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25700280\",\n \"text\": \"SAC-D (, meaning Satellite for Scientific Applications-D), also known as Aquarius after its primary instrument, is an Argentine Earth science satellite built by INVAP and operated by CONAE. SAC-D was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 10 June 2011, with a planned mission life of five years. Due to a power system failure, the mission was ended on 8 June 2015. Description SAC-D was an international collaboration between the space agencies of Argentina and the United States, CONAE and NASA, with participation from Brazil (INPE), Canada (CSA), France (CNES) and Italy (ASI). It carried five Earth observation instruments (NASA, CONAE, CSA, ASI), two space science instruments (CNES), a data collection instrument (CONAE), and a technology demonstration system (CONAE). The spacecraft's main instrument, Aquarius, was built by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Goddard Space Flight Center. It collected data from 25 August 2011 to 7 June 2015, exceeding its intended three year primary mission. Aquarius' mission was to demonstrate that accurate measurements of salinity could be made from space, and was the first spaceborne instrument to use both passive radiometers and active radar in the L band. By measuring ocean salinity, scientists are better able to understand the Earth's water cycle and ocean circulation. Project scientists later derived a method of pulling soil moisture data from Aquarius' radiometer. Launch NASA launched SAC-D from Vandenberg Air Force Base's Space Launch Complex 2W aboard a Delta II 7320-10C on 10 June 2011 at 14:20:13 UTC. The launch was delayed from May 2010 because development of the spacecraft was taking longer than expected. Accomplishments The Aquarius instrument's surface salinity measurements contributed to a better understanding of ocean dynamics and advancing climate and ocean models, both from season to season and year to year. The models still are improving El Niño prediction. Aquarius global salinity maps show how freshwater plumes coming from the mouth of large rivers and the precipitation and evaporation over the oceans affect the salinity structure of the ocean. “The Aquarius sensor collected three years and nine months of valuable data. It was truly a pioneering effort to determine how accurately we could measure ocean salinity from space and for the first time study large and small-scale interactions of the global water cycle.” Aquarius principal investigator Gary Lagerloef of Earth & Space Research, Seattle. Aquarius provided information into the natural exchange of freshwater between the ocean, atmosphere and sea ice, which influences ocean circulation, weather and climate. Data from Aquarius showed how extreme floods affect the seas and how low-salinity river plumes affect hurricane intensity. Aquarius data was important to the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS), a year-long international field study of the oceanographic processes that sustain the maximum surface salinities in the central subtropical North Atlantic, and influence global ocean circulation. The Aquarius instrument successfully achieved its science objectives and completed its primary three-year mission in November 2014. Failure of spacecraft On 7 June 2015 at 12:53:17 UTC, telemetry indicated a failure of the spacecraft's Remote\",\n \"title\": \"SAC-D\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62557527\",\n \"text\": \"Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include non-salty mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs. Fresh water may encompass frozen and meltwater in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, snowfields and icebergs, natural precipitations such as rainfall, snowfall, hail/sleet and graupel, and surface runoffs that form inland bodies of water such as wetlands, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, as well as groundwater contained in aquifers, subterranean rivers and lakes. Fresh water is the water resource that is of the most and immediate use to humans. Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms. Many organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of vascular plants and most insects, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds need fresh water to survive. Fresh water is not always potable water, that is, water safe to drink by humans. Much of the earth's fresh water (on the surface and groundwater) is to a substantial degree unsuitable for human consumption without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion. Fresh water makes up less than 3% of the world's water resources, and just 1% of that is readily available. Just 3% of it is extracted for human consumption. Agriculture uses roughly two thirds of all fresh water extracted from the environment. Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water is replenished through the process of the natural water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns inland as precipitation. Locally, however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability (or water scarcity) from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments. Water pollution also reduces the availability of fresh water. Where available water resources are scarce, humans have developed technologies like desalination and wastewater recycling to stretch the available supply further. However, given the high cost (both capital and running costs) and - especially for desalination - energy requirements, those remain mostly niche applications. A non-sustainable alternative is using so-called \\\"fossil water\\\" from underground aquifers. As some of those aquifers formed hundreds of thousands or even millions of years ago when local climates were wetter (e.g. from one of the Green Sahara periods) and are not appreciably replenished under current climatic conditions - at least compared to drawdown, these aquifers form essentially non-renewable resources comparable to peat or lignite, which are also continuously formed in the current era but orders of magnitude slower than they are mined. Definitions Numerical definition Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts. Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1,000 ppm or 3,000\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3223425\",\n \"text\": \"A catchwater device is a large-scale man-made device for catching surface runoff from hills and the sky from precipitation by channeling it to reservoirs for commercial and domestic use later. Freshwater is a scarce natural resource due to pollution, droughts, and overpopulation. Catchwater is a sustainable mechanism to increase freshwater in areas facing droughts or polluted waterways. A catchwater drain decreases the velocity of storm-water runoff to reduce and prevent erosion and other environmental problems. Types Catchwater drains Catchwater drains may take the form of concrete canals, such as in Hong Kong, where there are many. Alternatively, they may take the form of a large concrete sheet, smothering a hill, and preventing rainfall from entering the rock strata, with a smaller channeling system for transport of the water to the storage tank - this latter system is in operation in Gibraltar. In Hong Kong there are approximately 120 km of concrete channels, used as gutters built along hillsides in order to direct freshwater runoff into reservoirs for local water consumption. These catchwaters can overflow, causing dangerous hazards, erosive streams and blockages. Earthship drains An earthship drain is water that is collected from impervious surfaces that are channeled into cisterns. A cistern is a well located underground. The water within these underground wells is heated by the sun. The water that is stored is used in domestic ways for washing dishes and bathing. Once water is used it is cycled and filtered in a module to be reused again. Rain barrels Rainwater tanks, also known as rain barrels in North America, are used to collect runoff coming from precipitation to prevent contamination from entering waterways. The only use of water from rain barrels is used for commercial use such as gardening and agriculture. Rain barrels are large containers that are connected to buildings through a gutter system which catches runoff from roofs. Many households use rain barrels as a substitute for a to reduce the amount of water they waste for recreational activities. Rain gardens A Rain garden is another man-made device created by digging a hole in an area and planting a garden with a variety of vegetation. The vegetation helps catch storm-water runoff, then filters the water to reduce the pollutants before the water reenters the hydrology cycle. Rain gardens are used to decrease the speed of water by capturing the water, so it does not become surface runoff through infiltrating the soil. Gallery Advantages and disadvantages Sustainability Some drains are able to self-maintain through geomorphological equilibrium. Catchwater drains are predominantly used for agriculture. Agriculture uses the water to in catchwater drains for irrigation and the use for controlling flooding or other functions to direct large amounts of water away from crops during wet seasons. Catchwater drains also allow communities to wore down the water tables when they need to an allow the retentive of the water table to be restore after times of heavy use. Environmental safety Catchwater drains need a lot of landscaping and management. Rain gardens\",\n \"title\": \"Catchwater\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12712738\",\n \"text\": \"Syncaris pasadenae is an extinct species of freshwater shrimp in the family Atyidae. It lived in the drainage basin of the Los Angeles River, near Pasadena, San Gabriel and Warm Creek, and was originally described from material collected near where the Rose Bowl now stands. A reference to \\\"freshwater shrimps\\\" in a tributary of the Santa Ana River from 1927 may also refer to S. pasadenae. At the time it was described, in 1897, it was noted as \\\"common\\\" in the streams where it was found. Its habitat was destroyed by channelization of streams and none of the streams where this species was once found remain in a natural state. It has not been seen alive since 1933, despite extensive searching, and is the only recent species of shrimp known to have gone extinct. Due to its extinction prior to detailed study, little is known of the natural history of this species. However, based on collected specimens, it seems likely that this species had a winter breeding season, as does its closest relative, Syncaris pacifica. Breeding in the winter is likely an adaptation to the annual precipitation cycle of the area, which results in the freshwater streams where this species occurred nearly drying up in the summer, making summer a disadvantageous time for reproduction. References Atyidae Freshwater crustaceans of North America Extinct animals of the United States Endemic fauna of California Extinct invertebrates since 1500 Species made extinct by human activities Extinct crustaceans Crustaceans described in 1897 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot\",\n \"title\": \"Syncaris pasadenae\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"907207","text":"A salmon run is an annual fish migration event where many salmonid species, which are typically hatched in fresh water and live most of the adult life downstream in the ocean, swim back against the stream to the upper reaches of rivers to spawn on the gravel beds of small creeks. After spawning, all species of Pacific salmon and most Atlantic salmon die, and the salmon life cycle starts over again with the new generation of hatchlings. Salmon are anadromous, spending their juvenile life in rivers or lakes, and then migrating out to sea where they spend adult lives and gain most of their body mass. When they reach sexual maturity, the adults return to the upstream rivers to reproduce. Usually they return with uncanny precision to the natal river where they were born, and even to the very spawning ground of their birth. It is thought that, when they are in the ocean, they use magnetoreception to locate the general position of their natal river, and once close to the river, that they use their sense of smell to home in on the river entrance and even their natal spawning ground. Trout, which are sister species of salmon, also perform similar migrations, although they mostly move potamodromously between creeks and large freshwater lakes, except for some coastal/estuary subspecies such as steelhead and sea trout that migrate seasonally between salty/brackish and fresh water just like salmon do. There are also landlocked populations of some salmon species that have adapted to spend their entire life in freshwater like trout. In Northwest America, salmons are keystone species, which means the ecological impact they have on other wildlife is greater than would be expected in relation to their biomass. Most salmon species migrate during the autumn (September through November), which coincides with the pre-winter activities of many hibernating animals. The annual salmon run can be a major feeding event for predators such as grizzly bears and bald eagles, as well as an important window period for sport fishermen. The post-spawning death of salmon also has important ecological consequences, because the significant nutrients in their carcasses, rich in nitrogen, sulfur, carbon and phosphorus, are transferred from the ocean and released to inland aquatic ecosystems, terrestrial animals (such as bears) and the wetlands and riparian woodlands adjacent to the rivers. This has knock-on effects not only for the next generation of salmon, but to every wildlife species living in the riparian zones the salmon reach. The nutrients can also be washed downstream into estuaries where they accumulate and provide significant support for invertebrates and estuarine-breeding waterbirds. Background Most salmon are anadromous, a term which comes from the Greek anadromos, meaning \"running upward\". Anadromous fish grow up mostly in the saltwater in oceans. When they have matured they migrate or \"run up\" freshwater rivers to spawn in what is called the salmon run. Anadromous salmon are Northern Hemisphere fish that spend their ocean phase in either the Atlantic Ocean or the Pacific Ocean. They do not","title":"Salmon run"},{"docid":"59870547","text":"African illegal fishing is the unlawful activity of obtaining fish and other aquatic species for various purposes in African waters. Fishing outside local, national, and international regulations causes the disturbance of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the countries of Africa. People living in local African communities may fish illegally in order to improve their income and lifestyle. On a larger scale, illegal fishing in Africa takes place when vessels from foreign countries are stationed on African waters without any legal documentation that allows fishing. Illegal fishing in Africa is one of the main causes of overfishing, and increases the spread of diseases. In Africa, the Chinese commercial fishing fleet is responsible for more illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) fishing than that of any other nation. Environmental and human health impacts Illegal fishing in African waters is causing the fast decline of marine and freshwater species that maintain stable marine and terrestrial ecosystems. By reducing the diversity of species in these marine ecosystems, the natural food chain is distorted. When a key species is over-fished, other species’ populations start to increase significantly. When a species loses its natural predator, it becomes easier for the species to survive and reproduce. Oftentimes the overpopulation of specific species, aquatic or terrestrial, can have negative effects on the ecosystem, including humans’ health. Spread of disease Some species of freshwater snails from the family Planorbidae are the main source of food for many species of fish being over-fished illegally. These snails are the intermediate hosts of a variety of disease-causing parasites that are transmitted to humans. For example, Schistosomiasis is one of the diseases caused by a parasite carried by freshwater snails which mainly affects children. This disease does not allow the normal development in children. Schistosomiasis affects the growth in children and the ability to develop their intellectual skills. Schistosomiasis is the second most common neglected tropical disease caused by a parasite in sub-Saharan Africa and is part of the deaths of about 534,000 persons every year. With a larger population of Planorbidae freshwater snails, the probability of humans, especially children, having contact with the snails is much higher. Thus, humans are more vulnerable of getting infected with this disease and many others serious diseases. Overfishing disturbs the balance of the ecosystems where the lack of laws and/or implementation a laws is having consequences on communities that depend on these ecosystems. Economy The economy of African countries has declined as the result of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing affects small businesses that benefit from tourism since these small businesses cannot obtain the sufficient amounts of fish necessary to supply sport-fishing tourists’ demands. The decline in the economy is causing a large population of African people to emigrate to European countries in order to find a job that allows them to meet their daily necessities. According to Moenieba Isaacs and Emma Witbooi, illegal fishing produces between 828 million and 1.6 billion US dollars from fishing illegally in the Eastern Central Atlantic every year. Most of the","title":"Illegal fishing in Africa"},{"docid":"12420585","text":"Aquarium lighting describes any type of artificial lighting that is used to illuminate an aquarium. Some types of aquaria such as reef aquariums and planted aquariums require specialized high intensity lighting to support photosynthetic life within the tank. Freshwater Freshwater aquarium lighting is commonly provided by screw-in incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes and LED lamps. Incandescent lighting is becoming less popular because it uses much more energy and produces more heat than the other lighting types. Compact fluorescent lighting with a compatible screw-in base is frequently used as a direct replacement for incandescent bulbs. Freshwater planted aquariums require more specialized light sources. High-intensity compact fluorescent bulbs, high output fluorescent bulbs or metal halide lamps are often used over such aquariums to encourage plant growth. In addition to providing a much stronger light source, these light sources also offer a better spectrum for plant and algae growth than standard lighting. However, this metal halide lighting often uses more electricity and can produce excessive heat. Other newer sources for planted aquariums that use less electricity and produce less heat include the T2, T5, SHO, and LED. The LED aquarium light fixtures generally are the most efficient, although the T2, T5, and in particular the SHO, have their positive planted aquarium applications as well. Brackish Brackish aquarium lighting is similar to freshwater and planted tank lighting, depending on the species included. Brackish aquariums may also include infrared or UVB bulbs (or both types) for basking animals such as turtles. Marine Fish only In fish-only marine aquariums, lighting is intended only for illumination. Lighting is chosen primarily with aesthetic considerations for optimal viewing of the fish. The lighting is generally of much lower intensity than is used in reef aquariums to limit algae growth. Reef The lighting used for reef aquariums is the highest intensity of all aquarium types. Typical light sources types include LED, fluorescent, metal halide, and sometimes plasma lamps. Simple lighting setups use a single lamp or multiple lamps of a single type. More advanced setups can include several lamp types and can also include lamps of different colours. Lamp colour plays an important role in reef aquarium lighting for both aesthetic preference and to optimally sustain the photosynthetic life within the aquarium. Many corals require a deep blue or actinic spectrum of light to thrive. T5 High Output fluorescent bulbs which are thinner than traditional T8 bulbs and provide a much brighter, more powerful light are commonly used as are the older VHO (Very High Output) fluorescent tubes and compact fluorescent lighting. Another light source in reef aquariums is metal halide lighting. These high output lights closely recreate the shimmering effect of bright tropical sun over a patch of coral reef. Metal halide bulbs come in a variety of spectra from 5000k on up to 20,000k and allow for a variety of light-hungry corals to survive under them. Many aquarists will use metal halide bulbs in conjunction with either power compact fluorescents or T5 fluorescents since halide lighting does not have","title":"Aquarium lighting"},{"docid":"59314","text":"Lake Chad (, Kanuri: Sádǝ, ) is an endorheic freshwater lake located at the junction of four countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon in western and central Africa respectively, with a catchment area of . It is an important wetland ecosystem in West-Central Africa. The lakeside is rich in reeds and swamps, and the plain along the lake is fertile, making it an important irrigated agricultural area. The lake is rich in aquatic resources and is one of the important freshwater fish producing areas in Africa. Lake Chad is divided into deeper southern parts and shallower northern parts. The water source of the lake mainly comes from rivers such as the Chari River that enter the lake. The water level varies greatly seasonally, and the area of the lake also changes dramatically. During the African humid period, the area of Lake Chad reached . Due to the increasingly arid climate, the lake surface gradually shrank. In the 19th century, Lake Chad still had an area of . However, due to climate change and human water diversion, Lake Chad has been greatly reduced since the mid-1970s, and its area has fluctuated between . Prehistory and history The Chad Basin was formed by the depression of the African Shield. The floor of the basin is made of Precambrian bedrock covered by more than of sedimentary deposits. For most of the Quaternary, the basin had abundant water sources. Towards the end of this period the climate became drier. Around 20,000-40,000 years ago, eolianite sand dunes began to form in the north of the basin. The area of Lake Chad experienced four heydays between 39,000 BC and 300 BC, leaving thick diatomaceous earth and lacustrine deposits in the strata. This has been called Mega-Chad. The maximum depth of Mega-Chad exceeds and covers an area of approximately , flowed into the Benue River through the Mayo Kébbi, and finally flows into the Atlantic Ocean through the Niger River. The vast waters formed during the African humid period provided conditions for the emergence of lakeside fishermen's settlements, and the Nilo-Saharan ethnic group also migrated to Lake Chad during this period. Agriculture also emerged in the Sahel region at this time. By 1800 BC, a pottery culture known as Gajiganna had emerged, initially as pastoralists, but, starting around 1500 BC, living in settled hamlets at the side of the lake. The archaeological discovery revealed wild grasses, mostly of the tribe Paniceae, and wild rice together with the earliest domesticated Pearl millet in the Lake Chad region, dating to 1200-1000 cal BC. One of the oldest domesticated Pearl millet in West Africa was found in the Chad Basin, charred together with wild grasses, and their era can be traced back to 800-1000 cal BC. Permanent villages were established to the south of the lake by 500 BC, and major archaeological discoveries include the Sao civilization. According to the records of Claudius Ptolemy in the mid-2nd century AD, the Romans of the 1st century AD had already come into","title":"Lake Chad"},{"docid":"69290398","text":"Scott Allen Schaefer (born 1958) is an American ichthyologist working at the American Museum of Natural History as the dean of science for collections, exhibitions, and the public understanding of science; he serves as the curator-in-charge, in the department of ichthyology, within the division of vertebrate zoology. In addition, he is the director of the Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and a professor, Richard Gilder Graduate School. He is an adjunct senior research scientist, with The Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability (EICES), The Earth Institute Adjunct Research Scientist, with the department of ichthyology, Columbia Climate School. Education Schaefer attended Ohio State University, where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1980. He attended University of South Carolina, where he received his master's in science in 1982. He received his Ph. D. from the University of Chicago, in 1986 Career Schaefer studies the systematics, biogeography, and evolutionary morphology of tropical freshwater fishes of Africa and South America. His research seeks to resolve problems in taxonomy, classification, and evolution in those fish groups that dominate the ecology of riverine systems, such as catfishes and characiforms. Fieldwork involves discovery of undescribed fish diversity in poorly known regions, such as the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers of South America. Current projects include systematics and biogeography of Andean freshwater fishes and taxonomic revision of the family Astroblepidae, a group of catfishes that live at high elevations in the Andes of South America. He is also engaged in phylogenetic studies of the trichomycterid catfishes and revisions of African alestid characiform fishes. Recent fieldwork in Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela has surveyed the diversity of Andean fishes up to 4,500 m (14,760 ft.) elevation and resulted in the addition to the Museum of several new and important collections. Legacy The fish Rhinolekos schaeferi Martins & Langeani, 2011 was named after him. Panaque schaeferi Lujan, Hidalgo & Stewart, 2010 as was this fish. Selected publications Schaefer, S. A., 2012. Ethiopian airpower: from inception to victory in the Ogaden War, University of Florida Schaefer, S.A., Chakrabarty, P., Geneva, A., and Sabaj Pérez, M.H. 2011. Nucleotide sequence data confirm diagnosis and local endemism of variable morphospecies of Andean astroblepid catfishes (Siluriformes: Astroblepidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 162:90-102. Schaefer, S.A. 2011. The Andes: Riding the tectonic uplift, Chapter 16, p. 259-278. In: Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes, J.S. Albert and R.E. Reis (eds.), University of California Press, Berkeley. Schaefer, S.A. and J. Arroyave. 2010. Rivers as islands: determinants of the distribution of Andean astroblepid catfishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 77:2373-2390. Aquino, A.E., and S.A. Schaefer. 2010. Systematics of the genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 336, 110 pp. Schaefer, S.A. 2010. [review of] Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships: A Comprehensive Review, by Terry Grande (senior volume editor), Francisco José Poyato-Ariza and Rui Diogo (volume co-editors), Enfield (New Hampshire): Science Publishers, x+587 p.; ill.; index, 2010. Quart. Rev. Biol. 85:516-517. Schaefer, S.A., and L. Fernández. 2009. Redescription of the Pez Graso,","title":"Scott Allen Schaefer"},{"docid":"1064680","text":"Cyanotoxins are toxins produced by cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae). Cyanobacteria are found almost everywhere, but particularly in lakes and in the ocean where, under high concentration of phosphorus conditions, they reproduce exponentially to form blooms. Blooming cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins in such concentrations that they can poison and even kill animals and humans. Cyanotoxins can also accumulate in other animals such as fish and shellfish, and cause poisonings such as shellfish poisoning. Some of the most powerful natural poisons known are cyanotoxins. They include potent neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, and endotoxins. Despite the similarity in name, they are unrelated to cyanides. Exposure to cyanobacteria can result in gastro-intestinal and hayfever symptoms or pruritic skin rashes. Exposure to the cyanobacteria neurotoxin BMAA may be an environmental cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. There is also an interest in the military potential of biological neurotoxins such as cyanotoxins, which \"have gained increasing significance as potential candidates for weaponization.\" The first published report that blue-green algae or cyanobacteria could have lethal effects appeared in Nature in 1878. George Francis described the algal bloom he observed in the estuary of the Murray River in Australia, as \"a thick scum like green oil paint, some two to six inches thick.\" Wildlife which drank the water died rapidly and terribly. Most reported incidents of poisoning by microalgal toxins have occurred in freshwater environments, and they are becoming more common and widespread. For example, thousands of ducks and geese died drinking contaminated water in the midwestern United States. In 2010, for the first time, marine mammals were reported to have died from ingesting cyanotoxins. Background Cyanobacteria are ecologically one of the most prolific groups of phototrophic prokaryotes in both marine and freshwater habitats. Both the beneficial and detrimental aspects of cyanobacteria are of considerable significance. They are important primary producers as well as an immense source of several secondary products, including an array of toxic compounds known as cyanotoxins. Abundant growth of cyanobacteria in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal ecosystems due to increased anthropogenic eutrophication and global climate change has created serious concern toward harmful bloom formation and surface water contamination. Cyanobacteria are considered the most primitive groups of photosynthetic prokaryotes and possibly appeared on the Earth about 3.5 billion years ago. They are ubiquitous in nature and thrive in a variety of ecological niches ranging from desert to hot springs and ice-cold water. Most cyanobacteria are an immense source of several secondary natural products with applications in the food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and energy sectors. Moreover, some species of cyanobacteria grow vigorously and form a dominant microflora in terms of their biomass and productivity in specific ecosystems. Bloom formations due to excessive growth of certain cyanobacteria followed by the production of toxic compounds have been reported in many eutrophic to hypertrophic lakes, ponds, and rivers throughout the world. A range of toxic secondary compounds, called cyanotoxins, have been reported from cyanobacteria inhabiting freshwater and marine ecosystems. These","title":"Cyanotoxin"},{"docid":"26609958","text":"The management of Jamaica's freshwater resources is primarily the domain and responsibility of the National Water Commission (NWC). The duties of providing service and water infrastructure maintenance for rural communities across Jamaica are shared with the Parish Councils. Where possible efficiencies have been identified, the NWC has outsourced various operations to the private sector. Water supplies are adequate to meet the demands of all sectors; however, the supplies are not located close to where most of the population lives. This has created inconsistent delivery of water to the citizens and has fostered new efforts at improving the water delivery systems of Jamaica. Other challenges include the lack of clear communication and effective coordination between the relevant water management institutions, however efforts are being made here as well to correct this deficiency. Physical water resources in Jamaica consist of ample groundwater captured in both limestone and alluvial aquifers and many important rivers that provide a good source of water for the agriculture communities of the rural highlands and coastal lowlands. Groundwater provides about 85% of the country's water needs. The NWC satisfies about 78% of the total demand for water, whereby approximately 95% of the urban population has access to water while only about 75% of the rural populations have obtained access. Important to the recent history of Jamaica freshwater water legislation is the Water Resources Act of 1995 that created a National Water Plan. This water plan set out to develop, protect, and better manage the water resources of Jamaica so that a growing unmet demand for water could be addressed and successfully resolved. Water management challenges There is concern that over-exploitation, industrial effluents and sewage wastes are affecting aquifers and surface waters at an alarming rate. As much as 10% of the groundwater resource has been either abandoned or use is restricted due to saline intrusion or pollution. Fifty percent of the unused water resources in the Liguanea Basin serving the Kingston and St. Andrew area are contaminated with nitrates. While water coverage is good at around 95%, reliability of supply to urban households and industrial users is often erratic. Sufficient water exists in the island to meet all water demands, but the water resources are not necessarily located close to the major centers of water use. The infrastructure to move water to the areas where it is needed is inadequate in some parts of the country. The root of Jamaica's problems in the urban water sector are complex. Difficulty in securing the proper financial resources is problematic as the National Water Commission (NWC) has incurred losses. The NWC comes close to covering its operating costs, but does not generate any surplus, therefore finances for investment are not available. To help deal with the cash shortfalls, the NWC relies on the Government to finance new infrastructure. Competing demands on the Government's budget mean that this source has not been adequate to provide for the water infrastructure needs of the country. In spite of numerous interventions by the Government to","title":"Water resources management in Jamaica"},{"docid":"13297696","text":"Turtles are frequently depicted in popular culture as easygoing, patient, and wise creatures. Due to their long lifespan, slow movement, sturdiness, and wrinkled appearance, they are an emblem of longevity and stability in many cultures around the world. Turtles are regularly incorporated into human culture, with painters, photographers, poets, songwriters, and sculptors using them as subjects. They have an important role in mythologies around the world, and are often implicated in creation myths regarding the origin of the Earth. Sea turtles are a charismatic megafauna and are used as symbols of the marine environment and environmentalism. As a result of its role as a slow, peaceful creature in culture, the turtle can be misconceived as a sedentary animal; however, many types of turtle, especially sea turtles, frequently migrate over large distances in oceans. In mythology, legends, and folklore The turtle has a prominent position as a symbol of important concepts in religion, mythology, and folklore from around the world, including steadfastness and tranquility. A tortoise's longevity is suggested by its long lifespan and its shell, which to some symbolizes protection from any foe. In the cosmological myths of several cultures a World Turtle carries the world upon its back or supports the heavens. The myth of a World Tortoise, along with that of a world-bearing elephant, was discussed comparatively by Edward Burnett Tylor (1878:341). Around the world the tortoise and/or turtle can be seen as a symbol of wisdom and knowledge, and is able to defend itself on its own. It can be regarded as personifying water, the moon, the Earth, time, immortality, and fertility. Turtles were presented in rock art. The psychoanalyst Carl Gustav Jung interpreted the turtle as the primordial chaos, the alchemical massa confusa, noting that the Hindi Trimurti has a turtle at the bottom, from which everything else grows through transformation. Africa In tales told by a number of African ethnic groups, the tortoise is the cleverest animal. Ijapa or Alabahun the tortoise is a trickster, accomplishing heroic deeds or getting into trouble, in a cycle of tales told by the Yoruba of Nigeria and Benin. As \"Mbe Nwa Aniga\" (\"Tortoise son of Aniga\") in the folklore of the Igbo people of Nigeria, he is depicted as a slow but smart manipulator able to figure a way out of every dicey situation. Ancient Egypt The turtle Shetyw (also Shetw, Sheta, or Shtyw) was common in Ancient Egyptian Art (especially Predynastic and Old Kingdom art). Turtle fossils are the most common reptiles found in the Fayoum, including Gigantochersina ammon, a tortoise as large as those living on the Galapagos Islands today. Predynastic slate palettes represent freshwater (soft carapace, Trionyx triunguis) turtles, as does the hieroglyph for \"turtle\", in which the animal is always represented from above. Zoomorphic palettes were commonly made in the shapes of turtles. A stone vase in the form of a turtle was found in Naqada. The earliest representations of the Nile turtle are from pre-dynastic times; they had magical significance and were meant","title":"Cultural depictions of turtles"},{"docid":"27476306","text":"Science City, Kolkata is a science centre and science park in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is currently the largest science centre in the Indian subcontinent, containing a science museum, science park, and auditoriums. The centre was inaugurated in two parts, with the ‘Convention Centre Complex’ being the first on December 21, 1996, followed by the rest on July 1, 1997, by the then-prime-minister Inder Kumar Gujral. On January 10, 2010, the then-prime-minister of India, Manmohan Singh, would attempt to get the second phase of Science City completed. Galleries Dynamotion Hall The Dynamotion Hall offers various hands-on and interactive exhibits on wide various scientific topics with exhibits such as: Illusions. A permanent exhibition on illusions, with interactive exhibits, to see how motion and placement affect visual perception. Powers of Ten. Exhibits illustrate the size of the universe from the smallest to the biggest scales of the known universe by powers of ten. Fresh Water Aquarium. A variety of freshwater fishes in 26 tanks. Live Butterfly Enclave. A colony of live butterflies hatched on site and a screening of a film Rang Bahari Prajapati on the life cycle of the butterfly. Science On a Sphere. A spherical projection system created by NOAA providing shows of 30 minutes duration for around 70 people at a time. Earth Exploration Hall Inaugurated on December 6, 2008 by Ambika Soni, the then Union Minister for Culture, the Earth Exploration Hall is a permanent exhibition on Earth, housed in a two storied hemispherical building that displays the details of the southern hemisphere in the ground floor and northern hemisphere in the first floor. Slicing a huge earth globe at the centre of the hall into 12 segments vertically in each hemisphere, important features of each segment such as physical geography, lands and people, flora and fauna, and other dynamic natural phenomenon on earth are highlighted around the central globe with the modern display technologies, attractive visuals, interactive multimedia, video walls, panoramic videos, tilting tables, computer kiosks, and 3-D effects theatre. Space Odyssey A Space Theatre equipped with a Helios Star Ball planetarium supported by 150 special effect projectors and an Astrovision 10/70 large format film projection system housed in a 23-meter diameter tilted dome having unidirectional seating arrangements for 360 person immersive shows on space sciences. 3-D Vision Theater. A show based a on stereo back projection system where visitors experience 3D via Polaroid spectacles. Mirror Magic. 35 exhibits exploring the reflection of light. Time Machine. A 30-seater motion simulator provides virtual experiences of space flight or journeys into unknown worlds sitting in a capsule maneuvered by a hydraulic motion control system. Maritime Centre The Maritime Centre depicts the maritime history of India, including artifacts, dioramas, and interactive exhibits on shipping and navigation systems. Science Park In a tropical country like India, the outdoors is sunny and more inviting than the indoors for most of the year. In a Science Park, people come closer to plants, animals, and other objects in their natural surroundings and also","title":"Science City, Kolkata"},{"docid":"45369827","text":"Hypseleotris compressa, the empire gudgeon, is a species of Gobiiform fish in the family Eleotridae endemic to Australia and south-central New Guinea. Taxonomy Gerard Krefft described the empire gudgeon in 1864 as Eleotris compressus, having been discovered by one James F. Wilcox. Description H. compressa has an elongated body which can be up to long. The males are larger than the females. The fish does not have a lateral line, but does have ctenoid scales. Its color varies, but the fish generally has a yellowish-tan to golden-brown head, although it can occasionally be a dark brown. Its abdomen is usually a whitish-red color. During the off-breeding seasons, males can be identified by prominent, variously colored bands on their anal and dorsal fins. The caudal fin is a \"dusky\" colour, and the pectoral and pelvic fins have no colour. During the breeding season, the male's colors brighten significantly, turning a red-orange colour, and they sometimes appear to glow. The male fish uses his colors to attract a mate. The species can quickly change color as needed. Distribution and habitat The H. compressa population is mostly concentrated in the northern and eastern portions of Australia and south-central New Guinea. It has also been found in the Torres Strait, around Muralag and Horn Island. The fish is most commonly found in freshwater flowing rivers or streams, but is also found in still water and can withstand sea water level salinity. It is usually found in the lower reaches of rivers, but can also live upstream. It swims amongst aquatic plants and branches, and sometimes hides among rocks, using them as \"caves\". Behaviour The fish is omnivorous, primarily taking small crustaceans and insects but will also consume algae and aquatic plants. Spawning usually occurs in fresh water during warm weather; the breeding season generally spans from spring to autumn. After spawning with the male, the female fish lays rows of about 3,000 adhesive-coated eggs, each of which are about .32 mm long. The eggs stick to various surfaces, such as plants, logs, rocks, or sand. The male then fertilizes them with \"sperm lines\". The male guards the eggs until the young fish hatch, which usually takes 10–14 hours. After hatching, the young fish go downstream to estuaries, where their development takes place. Once grown, the fish return to fresh water. This spawning strategy, coupled with the very small size of the newborn fry, has hindered efforts at propagating this species for aquariums, though it has been accomplished by accident in shrimp aquaculture ponds. A controlled study comparing six native fish species with the introduced (and invasive) eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) on consuming larvae of the common banded mosquito (Culex annulirostris) in Brisbane found that the empire gudgeon was as efficient at eating mosquito larvae as the eastern mosquitofish and is a good candidate for mosquito control. References compressa Freshwater fish of Australia Freshwater fish of New Guinea Fish described in 1864 Taxa named by Gerard Krefft","title":"Hypseleotris compressa"},{"docid":"26980505","text":"Australia is the driest habitable continent on Earth and its installed desalination capacity has been increasing. Until a few decades ago, Australia met its demands for water by drawing freshwater from dams and water catchments. As a result of the water supply crisis during the severe 1997–2009 drought, state governments began building desalination plants that purify seawater using reverse osmosis technology. Approximately one percent of the world's drinkable water originates from desalination plants. The first modern large-scale desalination plant was the Perth Seawater Desalination Plant, completed in November 2006 and over 30 plants are currently operating across the country. Many plants are utilizing nearby wind or wave farms to use renewable energy and reduce operating costs, and solar powered desalination units are used for remote communities. Background Until a few decades ago, Australia met its demands for water by drawing freshwater from dams and water catchments. However, during 2000-2010 a significant lack of rainfall drained water reservoirs. The most affected cities were the capitals, where there is high uncertainty in water supply and demand. In 2007, Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, experienced a dramatic drop of its main dam Warragamba, where water levels dropped to 33% of normal. Australia's first desalination plant was constructed in 1903 to treat saline groundwater in the gold fields of Western Australia at Kalgoorlie. Several desalination plants were built in Australia between 1960 and 1980, especially following the revolution in membrane technology that made reverse osmosis economically viable, but vapor-compression desalination and multi-stage flash distillation plants were also built. By 2002, however, only two reverse osmosis desalination plants were still operating, one on Kangaroo Island and the other on Rottnest Island. Seawater reverse osmosis is the only type of desalination technology currently used for large-scale desalination plants in Australia, the most important of these plants being located in Perth and Sydney. Methods Compared to existing sources, desalination is considered to be expensive, but research is underway to develop more effective desalination technology. Despite its drawbacks, it is considered a possible solution to the country's water shortages. Australia is the driest inhabitable continent on earth and its installed desalination capacity is around 1% of the total world's desalination capacity. The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry has considered several desalination technologies processes in Australia: Reverse osmosis Electrodialysis Multi-stage flash distillation Multiple-effect distillation Vapor-compression desalination Solar humidification Membrane Distillation ROSI A solar powered desalination unit designed for remote communities has been tested in the Northern Territory. The reverse osmosis solar installation (ROSI) uses membrane filtration to provide a reliable and clean drinking water stream from sources such as brackish groundwater. Solar energy overcomes the usually high-energy operating costs as well as greenhouse emissions of conventional reverse osmosis systems. A photovoltaic solar array tracks the Sun and powers the pumps needed to process the water, using the plentiful sunlight available in remote regions of Australia not served by the power grid. Desalination plants In Australia many desalination plants are utilizing wind farms to produce enough","title":"Seawater desalination in Australia"},{"docid":"3336","text":"Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. The word comes from the Middle Dutch root brak. Certain human activities can produce brackish water, in particular civil engineering projects such as dikes and the flooding of coastal marshland to produce brackish water pools for freshwater prawn farming. Brackish water is also the primary waste product of the salinity gradient power process. Because brackish water is hostile to the growth of most terrestrial plant species, without appropriate management it is damaging to the environment (see article on shrimp farms). Technically, brackish water contains between 0.5 and 30 grams of salt per litre—more often expressed as 0.5 to 30 parts per thousand (‰), which is a specific gravity of between 1.0004 and 1.0226. Thus, brackish covers a range of salinity regimes and is not considered a precisely defined condition. It is characteristic of many brackish surface waters that their salinity can vary considerably over space or time. Water with a salt concentration greater than 30‰ is considered saline. See the salinity table from the Wikipedia salinity article. Brackish water habitats Estuaries Brackish water condition commonly occurs when fresh water meets seawater. In fact, the most extensive brackish water habitats worldwide are estuaries, where a river meets the sea. The River Thames flowing through London is a classic river estuary. The town of Teddington a few miles west of London marks the boundary between the tidal and non-tidal parts of the Thames, although it is still considered a freshwater river about as far east as Battersea insofar as the average salinity is very low and the fish fauna consists predominantly of freshwater species such as roach, dace, carp, perch, and pike. The Thames Estuary becomes brackish between Battersea and Gravesend, and the diversity of freshwater fish species present is smaller, primarily roach and dace; euryhaline marine species such as flounder, European seabass, mullet, and smelt become much more common. Further east, the salinity increases and the freshwater fish species are completely replaced by euryhaline marine ones, until the river reaches Gravesend, at which point conditions become fully marine and the fish fauna resembles that of the adjacent North Sea and includes both euryhaline and stenohaline marine species. A similar pattern of replacement can be observed with the aquatic plants and invertebrates living in the river. This type of ecological succession from freshwater to marine ecosystem is typical of river estuaries. River estuaries form important staging points during the migration of anadromous and catadromous fish species, such as salmon, shad and eels, giving them time to form social groups and to adjust to the changes in salinity. Salmon are anadromous, meaning they live in the sea but ascend rivers to spawn; eels are catadromous, living in rivers and streams, but returning to the sea","title":"Brackish water"},{"docid":"1953972","text":"The water net (genus Hydrodictyon) is a taxon of freshwater green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. Hydrodictyon does well in clean, eutrophic water, and has become a nuisance in New Zealand, where it has been recently introduced. The name water net comes from the mesh structure of their colonies, which can extend several decimeters. Hydrodictyon consists of colonies of cylindrical cells that are joined end-to-end to form a net-like structure. The cells usually form pentagonal or hexagonal subgroups. Cells contain a parietal chloroplast with many small pyrenoids. Reproduction Algae in the genus can reproduce asexually or sexually. Asexual reproduction takes place by biflagellated (having two flagella) zoospores formed by the thousands inside a cell. However, the zoospores hardly move, as they are packed very densely. The zoospores form a cell wall, become cylindrical in shape, and arrange themselves in a hexagonal pattern, much like the mature tissue. The mother cell disintegrates, releasing the microscopic daughter net. During sexual reproduction, which takes place by iso-gametes (gametes of the same size) even smaller than the zoospores, the iso-gametes escape through a hole in the cell wall of the mother cell. Two gametes fuse, forming a zygote, which then develops a thick cell wall and becomes angular in shape. After a rest period, 2-5 zoospores, which are bigger than the ones formed by asexual reproduction, are produced. The zoospores then enlarge into polygonal cells. The cytoplasm of the cells then divide into new zoospores which lose their flagella and form a new net by lying against each other. References Hydrodictyon on the Protist Information Server Water Net Microscopic view Entry in the Global Compendium of Weeds Sphaeropleales Freshwater algae","title":"Water net"},{"docid":"49720","text":"Robert Hooke (; 18 July 16353 March 1703) was an English polymath who was active as a physicist (\"natural philosopher\"), astronomer, geologist, meteorologist and architect. He is credited as one of the first scientists to investigate living things at microscopic scale in 1665, using a compound microscope that he designed. Hooke was an impoverished scientific inquirer in young adulthood who went on to became one of the most important scientists of his time. After the Great Fire of London in 1666, Hooke (as a surveyor and architect) attained wealth and esteem by performing more than half of the property line surveys and assisting with the city's rapid reconstruction. Often vilified by writers in the centuries after his death, his reputation was restored at the end of the twentieth century and he has been called \"England's Leonardo [da Vinci]\". Hooke was a Fellow of the Royal Society and from 1662, he was its first Curator of Experiments. From 1665 to 1703, he was also Professor of Geometry at Gresham College. Hooke began his scientific career as an assistant to the physical scientist Robert Boyle. Hooke built the vacuum pumps that were used in Boyle's experiments on gas law and also conducted experiments. In 1664, Hooke identified the rotations of Mars and Jupiter. Hooke's 1665 book Micrographia, in which he coined the term cell, encouraged microscopic investigations. Investigating optics specifically light refraction Hooke inferred a wave theory of light. His is the first-recorded hypothesis of the cause of the expansion of matter by heat, of air's composition by small particles in constant motion that thus generate its pressure, and of heat as energy. In physics, Hooke inferred that gravity obeys an inverse square law and arguably was the first to hypothesise such a relation in planetary motion, a principle Isaac Newton furthered and formalised in Newton's law of universal gravitation. Priority over this insight contributed to the rivalry between Hooke and Newton. In geology and palaeontology, Hooke originated the theory of a terraqueous globe, thus disputing the Biblical view of the Earth's age; he also hypothesised the extinction of species, and argued hills and mountains had become elevated by geological processes. By identifying fossils of extinct species, Hooke presaged the theory of biological evolution. Life and works Early life Much of what is known of Hooke's early life comes from an autobiography he commenced in 1696 but never completed; Richard Waller FRS mentions it in his introduction to The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke, M.D. S.R.S., which was printed in 1705. The work of Waller, along with John Ward's Lives of the Gresham Professors, and John Aubrey's Brief Lives form the major near-contemporaneous biographical accounts of his life. Hooke was born in 1635 in Freshwater, Isle of Wight, to Cecily Gyles and the Anglican priest John Hooke, who was the curate of All Saints' Church, Freshwater. Robert was the youngest, by seven years, of four siblings (two boys and two girls); he was frail and not expected to live. Although his father","title":"Robert Hooke"},{"docid":"2919859","text":"Magnetospirillum is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic genus of magnetotactic bacteria, first isolated from pond water by the microbiologist R. P. Blakemore in 1975. They have a spiral (helical) shape and are propelled by a polar flagellum at each end of their cells. The three main species identified are M. magnetotacticum strain MS-1, M. griphiswaldense strain MSR-1, and M. magneticum strain AMB-1. Habitat The first discovered magnetotactic bacteria came from various environments including seawater, lakes, ponds, silt and soils in 1975 – including Magnetospirillum. The typical habitat of Magnetospirillum species consists of shallow fresh water and sediments, characterized by low concentrations of oxygen for growth (microaerophilic) where they live in the upper portion of the sediment (oxic/anoxic interface) and prefer an oxygen gradient of around 1–3%. Magnetotaxis Probably the most peculiar characteristic of Magnetospirillum species is their capacity to orient themselves according to Earth's magnetic field, magnetotaxis. However, they are also impacted by artificial magnetic fields. This is achieved through the presence of special organelles called magnetosomes in the bacterium's cytoplasm. Because the magnetosomes in Magnetospirillum are arranged in chains, the bacteria are able to move with magnetic fields to find a favorable growth environment. However, species also resort to aerotaxis, to remain in favorable O2 concentration conditions. When the bacteria ingest iron, proteins inside their cells interact with it to produce tiny crystals of the mineral magnetite, the most magnetic mineral on Earth. Purification of magnetosomes is accomplished by use of a magnetic separation column after disruption of the cell membrane. If a detergent is used on purified magnetosomes, they tend to agglomerate rather than staying in chain form. Due to the high quality of the single-domain magnetic crystals, a commercial interest has developed in the bacteria. The crystals are thought to have the potential to produce magnetic tapes and magnetic target drugs. Species Magnetospirillum bellicus Magnetospirillum caucaseum Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum—isolated from microaerobic zones of freshwater sediments. Differing from other chemoheterotrophs; the bacterium produces higher amounts of chelator in response to high iron concentrations. Magnetospirillum marisnigri Magnetospirillum moscoviense Magnetospirillum magneticum Magnetospirillum sp. MSM (7 strains) - collected from an Iowan freshwater pond. Magnetospirillum sp. MGT-1 Potential Applications Due to the presence of magnetotaxis and magnetosomes within Magnetospirillum, some species have been studied in how they may be beneficial for use in a wide range of different fields such as those with medicinal and engineering practices. One example is the recent research about how their magnetic properties could potentially introduce a new way of treating wastewater contaminated with heavy metals or be used for tumor hyperthermia due to their coupling abilities. However, it is a challenge to begin to test and apply their unique abilities because of the difficulty with growing large amounts of Magnetospirillum cells and magnetosomes – this could be due to most species being microaerophilic and having specific O2 concentration requirements. References Rhodospirillales Magnetoreception Bacteria genera","title":"Magnetospirillum"},{"docid":"56865","text":"Lake Baikal ( ; ; ) is a large rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Republic of Buryatia to the southeast. At —slightly larger than Belgium—Lake Baikal is the world's seventh-largest lake by surface area, as well as the second largest lake in Eurasia after the Caspian Sea. However, because it is also the deepest lake, with a maximum depth of , Lake Baikal is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume, containing of water or 22–23% of the world's fresh surface water, more than all of the North American Great Lakes combined. It is also the world's oldest lake at 25–30 million years, and among the clearest. Lake Baikal is home to thousands of species of plants and animals, many of them endemic to the region. It is also home to Buryat tribes, who raise goats, camels, cattle, sheep, and horses on the eastern side of the lake, where the mean temperature varies from a winter minimum of to a summer maximum of . The region to the east of Lake Baikal is referred to as Transbaikalia or as the Transbaikal, and the loosely defined region around the lake itself is sometimes known as Baikalia. UNESCO declared Baikal a World Heritage Site in 1996. Geography and hydrography Lake Baikal is in a rift valley, created by the Baikal Rift Zone, where the Earth's crust is slowly pulling apart. At long and wide, Lake Baikal has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in Asia, at , and is the deepest lake in the world at . The surface of the lake is above sea level, while the bottom of the lake is below sea level, and below this lies some of sediment, placing the rift floor some below the surface, the deepest continental rift on Earth. In geological terms, the rift is young and active – it widens about 4 mm (0.16 in) per year. The fault zone is also seismically active; hot springs occur in the area and notable earthquakes happen every few years. The lake is divided into three basins: North, Central, and South, with depths about , , and , respectively. Fault-controlled accommodation zones rising to depths about separate the basins. The North and Central basins are separated by Academician Ridge, while the area around the Selenga Delta and the Buguldeika Saddle separates the Central and South basins. The lake drains into the Angara, a tributary of the Yenisey. Landforms include Cape Ryty on Baikal's northwest coast. Baikal's age is estimated at 25–30 million years, making it the most ancient lake in geological history. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, as its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. Russian, U.S., and Japanese cooperative studies of deep-drilling core sediments in the 1990s provide a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 6.7 million years. Longer and deeper sediment cores are expected in the near","title":"Lake Baikal"},{"docid":"27659966","text":"The Agua Dulce or Agua Fresca (Freshwater) were a Timucua people of northeastern Florida. They lived in the St. Johns River watershed north of Lake George, and spoke a dialect of the Timucua language also known as Agua Dulce. In the 1560s, Agua Dulce villages were organized into the chiefdom of Utina, one of the region's most powerful and prominent forces in the early days of European colonization in Florida. Utina had dealings with the French colony of Fort Caroline, and later allied with the Spanish of St. Augustine, who established several missions in its territory. However, the chiefdom declined significantly in the last decades of the 16th century, and the confederacy fragmented into at least three chiefdoms. The main body of the tribe withdrew south along the St. Johns River, and were known as the Agua Dulce to the Spanish. This chiefdom was largely abandoned by 1680. Additionally, a group of Christianized Agua Dulce migrated east towards St. Augustine, and became known as the Tocoy, but this small chiefdom disappeared by 1616. The Acuera, who spoke a different dialect but appear to have been part of the Utina confederacy in the days of French settlement, also broke away and established their own chiefdom. The Acuera proved more sustainable than the Agua Dulce and Tocoy chiefdoms, but had collapsed by 1680. Name Agua Dulce or Agua Fresca (both meaning \"Freshwater\") was a Spanish term for Timucua living along the freshwater lower St. Johns River, as opposed to the Mocama or \"Salt Water\" who lived along the coast. The Utina chiefdom of the late 16th century is so called after its paramount chief at the time of contact with the Europeans, Olata Ouae Utina; other spellings of the name include \"Outina\". The name \"Utina\" does not appear to be a designation specific to this group; uti-na means \"my land\" in Timucuan. The Saturiwa, another Timucua chiefdom who were enemies of the Utina, called them \"Thimogona\" or \"Tymangoua\", which is possibly the origin of the name \"Timucua\". The French followed the Saturiwa in this use, but later, the Spanish used the word \"Timucua\" for a much wider area of northern Florida, which they incorporated into their mission system as the Timucua Province. In the 17th century the Spanish thus came to know the principal tribe in the Timucua Province, who lived to the north of the former Utina chiefdom, as the Timucua. At this time, the descendants of Chief Utina's people were known instead as the Agua Dulce. In the 20th century, after the name \"Timucua\" had come to be applied to all speakers of the Timucua language, scholars began using \"Utina\" as a generic term for the group the Spanish had known as the Timucua. However, this has caused confusion between the 16th-century Utina chiefdom and the \"Timucua proper\", who were never known as Utina by their contemporaries. Scholars Jerald Milanich and Ken Johnson have suggested classing the two groups as eastern Utina and Northern Utina, respectively. According to scholar John","title":"Agua Dulce people"},{"docid":"238288","text":"Aquatic means relating to water; living in or near water or taking place in water; does not include groundwater, as \"aquatic\" implies an environment where plants and animals live. Aquatic(s) may also refer to: Aquatic animal, either vertebrate or invertebrate, which lives in water for most or all of its life Aquatic ecosystem, environmental system located in a body of water Aquatic plants, also called hydrophytic plants or hydrophytes, are plants that have adapted to living in or on aquatic environments Aquatic (album), 1994 album by the Australian experimental jazz trio, The Necks Aquatics, another name for water sports See also Aquatics (disambiguation) Freshwater ecosystem, an earth aquatic ecosystems Limnology, the study of inland waters Marine biology, the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water Oceanography, the study of marine environments sv:Vatten#Vattnets biologiska roll","title":"Aquatic"},{"docid":"14346508","text":"Glossogobius giuris, the tank goby, is a species of goby native to fresh, marine and brackish waters from the Red Sea and East Africa through South Asia and the Indian Ocean to China, Australia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. This species can also be found in the aquarium trade. It is also known as the bar-eyed goby, flat-headed goby and the Gangetic tank goby. Description The head is depressed with a protruding lower jaw while the body takes on a compressed appearance towards to caudal fin. Normally brown or light brown with various darker brown spots and flecks along the sides. Ranges in size from 40 to 50 cm maximum (16-20 inches). Habitat This subtropical species is most often associated with estuarine habitats, although it is also found in marine water and can be found many kilometers inland in freshwater streams, up to inland in Malawi. This species is a benthopelagic and amphidromous goby which is found in clear to turbid streams with rock, gravel, or sandy substrates. Reproduction Lays eggs amongst submerged vegetation, where the eggs are guarded by both the male and the female. They will spawn in freshwater, the eggs being taken to the sea by the current, although it can complete its whole life cycle in freshwater. In South Africa it breeds in the summer while in northern Australia breeding takes place in the dry season. Feeding A carnivorous fish, it will eat any small fish and invertebrates it comes across. Cannibalism has been recorded. According to the index of abundance the preferred food items in guts were recorded as; fish (44.75%), semi digested food (22.46%), insect (12%), debris & detritus (6.78%), crustacean (5.93%), fish scale (4.76%), fish egg (1.53%), zooplankton (0.83%), plant (0.63%) and mollusk (0.33%) by volume. The ratio of total length (TL) and total gut length (TGL) was 1:0.252. Gut length was about less than half of the total length of the fish, which also indicated the carnivorous nature of feeding habit of the fish. Human Interaction Unusually for a goby this species is commercially exploited, possibly due to its large size, and sold fresh or frozen. It also appears in the aquarium trade. References tank goby Freshwater fish of South Africa Freshwater fish of Australia Freshwater fish of South Asia Fish of Bangladesh Freshwater fish of India Freshwater fish of China tank goby","title":"Tank goby"},{"docid":"6312088","text":"The radiant or apparent radiant of a meteor shower is the celestial point in the sky from which (from the point of view of a terrestrial observer) the paths of meteors appear to originate. The Perseids, for example, are meteors which appear to come from a point within the constellation of Perseus. Meteor paths appear at random locations in the sky, but the apparent paths of two or more meteors from the same shower will diverge from the radiant. The radiant is the vanishing point of the meteor paths, which are parallel lines in three-dimensional space, as seen from the perspective of the observer, who views a two-dimensional projection against the sky. The geometric effect is identical to crepuscular rays, where parallel sunbeams appear to diverge. A meteor that does not point back to the known radiant for a given shower is known as a sporadic and is not considered part of that shower. Shower meteors may appear a short time before the radiant has risen in the observer's eastern sky. The radiant in such cases is above the horizon at the meteor's altitude. During the active period of most showers, the radiant moves nearly one degree eastwards, parallel to the ecliptic, against the stellar background each day. This is called the radiant's diurnal drift, and is to a large degree due to the Earth's own orbital motion around the Sun, which also proceeds at nearly one degree a day. As the radiant is determined by the superposition of the motions of Earth and meteoroid, the changing orbital direction of the Earth towards the east causes the radiant to move to the east as well. Cause Meteor showers are mostly caused by the trails of dust and debris left in the wake of a comet. This dust continues to move along the comet's wake, and when the Earth moves through such debris, a meteor shower results. Because all of the debris is moving in roughly the same direction, the meteors which strike the atmosphere all \"point\" back to the direction of the comet's path. As an exception, the Geminids are a shower caused by the object 3200 Phaethon, which is thought to be a Palladian asteroid. Observation The radiant is an important factor in observation. If the radiant point is at or below the horizon, then few if any meteors will be observed. This is because the atmosphere shields the Earth from most of the debris, and only those meteors which happen to be travelling exactly (or very near) tangential to the Earth's surface will be viewable. References Meteor showers","title":"Radiant (meteor shower)"},{"docid":"2024699","text":"A subglacial lake is a lake that is found under a glacier, typically beneath an ice cap or ice sheet. Subglacial lakes form at the boundary between ice and the underlying bedrock, where pressure decreases the pressure melting point of ice. Over time, the overlying ice gradually melts at a rate of a few millimeters per year. Meltwater flows from regions of high to low hydraulic pressure under the ice and pools, creating a body of liquid water that can be isolated from the external environment for millions of years. Since the first discoveries of subglacial lakes under the Antarctic Ice Sheet, more than 400 subglacial lakes have been discovered in Antarctica, beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet, and under Iceland's Vatnajökull ice cap. Subglacial lakes contain a substantial proportion of Earth's liquid freshwater, with the volume of Antarctic subglacial lakes alone estimated to be about 10,000 km3, or about 15% of all liquid freshwater on Earth. As ecosystems isolated from Earth's atmosphere, subglacial lakes are influenced by interactions between ice, water, sediments, and organisms. They contain active biological communities of extremophilic microbes that are adapted to cold, low-nutrient conditions and facilitate biogeochemical cycles independent of energy inputs from the sun. Subglacial lakes and their inhabitants are of particular interest in the field of astrobiology and the search for extraterrestrial life. Physical characteristics The water in subglacial lakes remains liquid since geothermal heating balances the heat loss at the ice surface. The pressure from the overlying glacier causes the melting point of water to be below 0 °C. The ceiling of the subglacial lake will be at the level where the pressure melting point of water intersects with the temperature gradient. In Lake Vostok, the largest Antarctic subglacial lake, the ice over the lake is thus much thicker than the ice sheet around it. Hypersaline subglacial lakes remain liquid due to their salt content. Not all lakes with permanent ice cover can be called subglacial, as some are covered by regular lake ice. Some examples of perennially ice-covered lakes include Lake Bonney and Lake Hoare in Antarctica's McMurdo Dry Valleys as well as Lake Hodgson, a former subglacial lake. Hydrostatic seals The water in a subglacial lake can have a floating level much above the level of the ground threshold. In fact, theoretically a subglacial lake can even exist on the top of a hill, provided that the ice over it is thin enough to form the required hydrostatic seal. The floating level can be thought of as the water level in a hole drilled through the ice into the lake. It is equivalent to the level at which a piece of ice over it would float if it were a normal ice shelf. The ceiling can therefore be conceived as an ice shelf that is grounded along its entire perimeter, which explains why it has been called a captured ice shelf. As it moves over the lake, it enters the lake at the floating line, and it leaves the lake","title":"Subglacial lake"},{"docid":"5402646","text":"Palaeocastor ('ancient beaver') is an extinct genus of beavers that lived in the North American Badlands during the late Oligocene period to early Miocene. Palaeocastor was much smaller than modern beavers. There are several species including Palaeocastor fossor, Palaeocastor magnus, Palaeocastor wahlerti, and Palaeocastor peninsulatus. The animals first became known on grounds of their fossilized burrows, the \"Devil's corkscrews\". Habitat Some members of this genus made corkscrew-shaped burrows and tunnels. Like many early castorids, Palaeocastor was predominantly a burrowing animal instead of an aquatic animal. Fossil evidence suggests they may have lived in family groups like modern beavers and employed a K reproductive strategy instead of the normal r-strategy of most rodents. Based on size and habitat, Palaeocastor fossor has been compared to a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). \"Devil's corkscrews\" The discovery of Palaeocastor sprang from the discovery of \"devil's corkscrews\" in the plains of Sioux County, Nebraska, as a tree-sized, screw-like underground formation. Its basic form is an elongated spiral of hardened earth material that inserts into the soil as deep as . These puzzling structures first came to notice through Dr. E. H. Barbour of the University of Nebraska around Harrison, Nebraska, in 1891 and 1892. Then he described it as giant freshwater sponges. This identification was influenced by the surroundings where the \"screws\" were situated; the deposits in which they occur were laid down in immense freshwater lakes in the Miocene Epoch, 20 million years ago. Also for a while, people tended to believe the spiral forms are a curious type of extinct vegetation, although many remained skeptical, as well. In 1892, Dr. Barbour proposed that the devil's corkscrews were the burrows of large rodents, and Latinized the name to the ichnofossil name Daimonhelix, Daimonelix, or Daemonelix (all these spellings are found) and classified them by shape and size. This does seem to contradict an essay by Barbour in 'The American Naturalist Vol. XXIX June 1895'. Here Dr. Barbour attempts to refute a theory put forward by Dr. Theodor Fuchs, in which Fuchs states exactly that the Daemonelix was just the result of the burrowing of a Miocene Gopher. In this essay Barbour seems to be holding to the theory that the Daemonelix was the result of calcified plant forms. One argument put forward by Barbour was that the form of the corkscrew was too perfect to have been constructed by a 'reasoning creature', and must instead have been the result of plant construction (or some other lower life form). Barbour also states in this essay that the discovery of a fossilized beaver was not proof of the origin of Daemonelix, as there has also been found the bones of 'a mammal as large as a mouse'... In \"The Curves of Life\" (Constable 1914) Theodore Andrea Cook writes that \"Other hypotheses have been put forward to explain these odd formations (ie the Daemonelix), one of the most likely being that two plants are involved, one of which coiled tightly round the other....it is clear that our","title":"Palaeocastor"},{"docid":"4118832","text":"The Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion of Bangladesh and India. The ecoregion covers an area of , comprising most of Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar and Tripura, and extending into adjacent states of Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and a tiny part of Assam, as well as adjacent western Myanmar. Geography The Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests extends across the alluvial plain of the lower Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, which form the world's largest river delta. The ecoregion is currently one of the most densely populated regions on earth, and the forests have largely been replaced with intensive agriculture. The ecoregion is bounded on the east and northeast by montane tropical rain forests; the Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests covers the Chin Hills and Chittagong Hills to the east, extending into Myanmar and other states of Northeast India, while the Meghalaya subtropical forests covers the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya and southern Assam, and almost defines the Bangladesh border with Northeast India. To the north, the ecoregion extends to the base of the Himalayas, where it is bounded by the Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands. The upper portion of the Brahmaputra valley in Assam is home to the humid lowland Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests. To the northwest, the forests are bounded by the Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests. The dry Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests lie on the Chota Nagpur Plateau to the southwest. The Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests and Sundarbans mangroves ecoregions lie in the swampy, semi-brackish and brackish southern reaches of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta bordering the Bay of Bengal. The ecoregion is home to several large cities, including Kolkata, Dhaka, Patna, and Chittagong. Climate The climate of the ecoregion is tropical and humid. Most of the annual rainfall comes during the southwest monsoon from June to September. Flora The natural vegetation is mostly semi-evergreen forest. The upper canopy is predominantly of deciduous trees, with a lower storey of evergreen trees. Characteristic trees in disturbed forests are Bombax ceiba together with Albizia procera, Duabanga sonneratioides, and Sterculia villosa. As forests mature sal (Shorea robusta) becomes predominant, but most of the remaining forests do not mature to climax stage because of human disturbance. Where annual fires occur frequently during the dry season, fire-hardy trees and shrubs Zizyphus mauritiana, Madhuca latifolia, Aegle marmelos, Butea monosperma, Terminalia tomentosa, and Ochna pumila are common. Riparian forests are typically an Acacia-Dalbergia association, with Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Albizia procera, Bombax ceiba, and Sterculia villosa. Fauna The ecoregion is home to 126 native mammal species. They include threatened species like the tiger (Panthera tigris), Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), gaur (Bos gaurus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), chousingha (Tetracerus quadricornis), smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), and great Indian civet (Viverra zibetha). The ecoregion is home to 380 species of birds species, including the Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus), Pallas's fish-eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), swamp francolin (Francolinus gularis), Indian grey hornbill (Ocyceros birostris), and Oriental pied hornbill","title":"Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests"},{"docid":"69310","text":"The Sea of Galilee (, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא, גִּנֵּיסַר, ), also called Lake Tiberias or Kinneret, is a freshwater lake in Israel. It is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second-lowest lake in the world (after the Dead Sea, a salt lake), at levels between below sea level. It is approximately in circumference, about long, and wide. Its area is at its fullest, and its maximum depth is approximately . The lake is fed partly by underground springs, but its main source is the Jordan River, which flows through it from north to south and exits the lake at the Degania Dam. Geography The Sea of Galilee is situated in northeast Israel, between the Golan Heights and the Galilee region, in the Jordan Rift Valley, formed by the separation of the African and Arabian plates. Consequently, the area is subject to earthquakes, and in the past, volcanic activity. This is evident from the abundant basalt and other igneous rocks that define the geology of Galilee. Names The lake has been called by different names throughout its history, usually depending on the dominant settlement on its shores. With the changing fate of the towns, the lake's name also changed. The modern Hebrew name Kineret comes from the Hebrew Bible, where it appears as the \"sea of Kineret\" in and , and spelled כנרות \"Kinerot\" in Hebrew in . This name was also found in the scripts of Ugarit, in the Aqhat Epic. As the name of a city, Kinneret was listed among the \"fenced cities\" in . A persistent, though likely erroneous, popular etymology presumes that the name Kinneret may originate from the Hebrew word kinnor (\"harp\" or \"lyre\"), because of the shape of the lake. The scholarly consensus, however, is that the origin of the name is derived from the important Bronze and Iron Age city of Kinneret, excavated at Tell el-'Oreimeh. The city of Kinneret may have been named after the body of water rather than vice versa, and there is no evidence for the origin of the town's name. All Old and New Testament writers use the term \"sea\" (Hebrew יָם yam, Greek θάλασσα), with the exception of Luke, who calls it \"the Lake of Gennesaret\" (), from the Greek λίμνη Γεννησαρέτ (limnē Gennēsaret), the \"Grecized form of Chinnereth\" according to Easton (1897). For a different etymology, see Galilee. The Babylonian Talmud as well as Flavius Josephus mention the sea by the name \"Sea of Ginosar\" after the small fertile plain of Ginosar that lies on its western side. Ginosar is yet another name derived from \"Kinneret\". The word Galilee comes from the Hebrew Haggalil (הַגָלִיל), which literally means \"The District\", a compressed form of Gelil Haggoyim \"The District of Nations\" (Isaiah 8:23). Toward the end of the first century CE, the Sea of Galilee became widely known as the Sea of Tiberias after the city of Tiberias founded on its western shore in honour of the second Roman emperor, Tiberius. In the New Testament, the","title":"Sea of Galilee"},{"docid":"24479046","text":"In astronomy, planetary mass is a measure of the mass of a planet-like astronomical object. Within the Solar System, planets are usually measured in the astronomical system of units, where the unit of mass is the solar mass (), the mass of the Sun. In the study of extrasolar planets, the unit of measure is typically the mass of Jupiter () for large gas giant planets, and the mass of Earth () for smaller rocky terrestrial planets. The mass of a planet within the Solar System is an adjusted parameter in the preparation of ephemerides. There are three variations of how planetary mass can be calculated: If the planet has natural satellites, its mass can be calculated using Newton's law of universal gravitation to derive a generalization of Kepler's third law that includes the mass of the planet and its moon. This permitted an early measurement of Jupiter's mass, as measured in units of the solar mass. The mass of a planet can be inferred from its effect on the orbits of other planets. In 1931-1948 flawed applications of this method led to incorrect calculations of the mass of Pluto. Data from influence collected from the orbits of space probes can be used. Examples include Voyager probes to the outer planets and the MESSENGER spacecraft to Mercury. Also, numerous other methods can give reasonable approximations. For instance, Varuna, a potential dwarf planet, rotates very quickly upon its axis, as does the dwarf planet Haumea. Haumea has to have a very high density in order not to be ripped apart by centrifugal forces. Through some calculations, one can place a limit on the object's density. Thus, if the object's size is known, a limit on the mass can be determined. See the links in the aforementioned articles for more details on this. Choice of units The choice of solar mass, , as the basic unit for planetary mass comes directly from the calculations used to determine planetary mass. In the most precise case, that of the Earth itself, the mass is known in terms of solar masses to twelve significant figures: the same mass, in terms of kilograms or other Earth-based units, is only known to five significant figures, which is less than a millionth as precise. The difference comes from the way in which planetary masses are calculated. It is impossible to \"weigh\" a planet, and much less the Sun, against the sort of mass standards which are used in the laboratory. On the other hand, the orbits of the planets give a great range of observational data as to the relative positions of each body, and these positions can be compared to their relative masses using Newton's law of universal gravitation (with small corrections for General Relativity where necessary). To convert these relative masses to Earth-based units such as the kilogram, it is necessary to know the value of the Newtonian constant of gravitation, G. This constant is remarkably difficult to measure in practice, and its value is only","title":"Planetary mass"},{"docid":"62083421","text":"Bradley Cardinale is an American ecologist, conservation biologist, academic and researcher. He is Head of the Department of Ecosystem Science and Management and Penn State University. Cardinale's work has focused on the conservation and restoration of biodiversity in natural systems, as well as the ecological design of human engineered systems that benefit from biodiversity. He uses mathematical models, lab- and field-based experiments, observational studies of natural ecosystems, and meta-analyses of existing data to examine how human activities impact Earth's biological diversity, and to protect and manage species, their ecosystems, and the services they provide to society. He has written over 120 scientific papers, as well as a textbook on conservation biology. Cardinale is an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Ecological Society of America. In 2014, Cardinale was named by Thomson Reuters as one of The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds. Early life and education Cardinale was born in Phoenix, Arizona in 1969. He studied at Arizona State University where, in 1993, he received a B.S. in Biology. After receiving his bachelor's degree, Cardinale went on to receive an M.S. in Fisheries and Wildlife in 1996 from Michigan State University where he helped develop methods for restoring coastal wetlands in the Great Lakes. He then went on to complete a Ph.D. in Biology from University of Maryland in 2002 where he led projects focused on the restoration of biodiversity and ecosystem processes in degraded streams in the Appalachian Mountains. Following his Ph.D., Cardinale completed a postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Zoology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Career In 2005, Cardinale joined the Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology at the University of California, Santa Barbara as an Assistant Professor, becoming Associate Professor in 2010. In 2011, he left the University of California, Santa Barbara to join the University of Michigan, where he became Full Professor in 2015. He served as coordinator of the Conservation Ecology Program at the University of Michigan from 2012 to 2014. He left University of Michigan in 2021 to join Penn State University as Head of the Department of Ecosystem Science and Management. In 2013, he was elected by the U.S. National Academy of Science as one of three U.S. representatives on the inaugural Science Committee of the United Nations initiative Future Earth. Future Earth was a reorganization of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) that merged five discipline-based global change programs into a single, multidisciplinary research program. Between 2009 and 2013, Cardinale helped form the U.S. National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), assisting with selection of the core aquatic sites, and serving on the Pacific-Southwest Domain Science Committee. He was also co-PI with Walter Dodds and Margaret A. Palmer on the proposal that established the Stream Observational and Experimental Network (STREON) – a coordinated set of national climate change experiments that were ultimately eliminated from NEON as part of budget cuts and descoping. Cardinale received the Hynes Award for New Investigators from the Society for Freshwater Science","title":"Bradley Cardinale"},{"docid":"1465854","text":"The Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) is an endangered subspecies of the white-tailed deer that lives only in the Florida Keys. It is the smallest extant North American deer species. Description This deer can be recognized by its characteristic size, smaller than all other white-tailed deer. Adult males (known as bucks) usually weigh and stand about tall at the shoulder. Adult females (does) usually weigh between and have an average height of at the shoulders. The deer is a reddish-brown to grey-brown in color. Antlers are grown by males and shed between February and March and regrown by June. When the antlers are growing, they have a white velvet coating. The subspecies otherwise generally resembles other white-tailed deer in appearance. Behavior Key deer easily swim between islands. Living close to humans, they have little of the natural fear of humans shown by most of their larger mainland relatives (an example of island tameness). The deer are often found in residents' yards and along roadsides where plants and flowers grow. This often results in car-to-deer collisions, as the deer are more active (and harder to avoid) at night. Seeing them at dusk and dawn is not unusual. Breeding Breeding occurs all year, but peaks in October and December. Territorial activity is limited to defending a receptive doe from other bucks. Longevity records are 9 years for males and 7 years for females. Adult females form loose matriarchal groups with one or two generations of offspring, while bucks feed and bed together only outside the breeding season. Distribution and habitat The range of the Key deer originally encompassed all of the lower Florida Keys (where standing water pools exist), but is now limited to a stretch of the Florida Keys from about Sugarloaf Key to Bahia Honda Key. Key deer use all islands during the wet season when drinking water is more generally available, retreating to islands with a perennial supply of fresh water in dry months. By August 2019, most individuals were living on only one of the Florida Key islands, Big Pine Key. Key deer inhabit nearly all habitats within their range, including pine rocklands, hardwood hammocks, mangroves, and freshwater wetlands. Diet The species feeds on over 150 types of plants, but mangroves (red, white, and black), silver palm fruit and thatch palm berries make up the most important parts of their diets. Pine rockland habitat is important, as well, because it is often the only reliable source of fresh drinking water (Key deer can tolerate drinking only mildly brackish water). Habitat destruction due to human encroachment causes many deer to feed on non-native ornamental plants, which may only increase the likelihood of human conflict. History The Key deer is a subspecies of white-tailed deer which migrated to the Florida Keys from the mainland over a land bridge during the Wisconsin glaciation. The earliest known written reference to Key deer comes from the writings of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spanish sailor shipwrecked in the Florida Keys and captured by","title":"Key deer"},{"docid":"39552901","text":"Ripley's Aquarium of Canada is a public aquarium in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The aquarium is one of three aquariums owned-and-operated by Ripley Entertainment. It is located in downtown Toronto, just southeast of the CN Tower. The aquarium has 5.7 million litres (1.25 million gallons) of marine and freshwater habitats from across the world. The exhibits hold more than 20,000 exotic sea and freshwater specimens from more than 450 species. History A Ripley's Aquarium was originally planned in 2004 to be built in Niagara Falls, Ontario, next to what is now Great Wolf Lodge around 2007, but plans fell through and Ripley's eventually relocated to Toronto. Construction began on the attraction in August 2011 with a final cost approaching . The aquarium opened to the public in October 2013. The project was a partnership with three levels of government. The federal government's Canada Lands Company contributed to the project to develop the \"John Street Corridor\" linking Front Street with the aquarium, the CN Tower and the Rogers Centre. The Government of Ontario contributed to the project, and the City of Toronto government provided property-tax incentives amounting to between and over the first twelve years of the aquarium. Ripley's Aquarium has been the target of animal liberation groups such as TARA (Toronto Aquarium Resistance) and MAD (Marineland Animal Defence), which claim animal captivity is synonymous with animal abuse. They regularly conduct protests and demonstrations at the facility. Prominent animal conservationist Bob Timmons has also publicly spoken out against Ripley Aquarium's capture of endangered tiger sharks. Building The building features a multi-faceted shell clad in large aluminum panels, with the roof of the main entrance that \"gives the illusion of the earth's crust peeling away to reveal a window into the aquatic world.\" There are also coloured surfaces that juxtapose reflective aluminum soffits. The building was designed with special shielding so that sharks would not be disturbed by its electrical systems. Access The building is located on Bremner Boulevard, to the east of the Rogers Centre, just south of the CN Tower and across the street from the Roundhouse Railway Museum. The aquarium is accessible from the Union subway station using the SkyWalk pedestrian pathway. The building does not have parking of its own. Parking is available in several underground parking garages nearby and surface parking lots. The nearest highway access is the Gardiner Expressway by exiting at York Street. Exhibits The aquarium holds 5.7 million liters (1.5 million gallons) of water and shows marine and freshwater habitats from around the world. The aquarium is organized into ten galleries: Canadian Waters, Rainbow Reef, Dangerous Lagoon, Discovery Centre, The Gallery, Ray Bay, Swarm: Nature by Numbers, Planet Jellies, Life Support Systems and the Shoreline Gallery. It is home to more than 20,000 animals. The Canadian Waters exhibit features animals from all the bodies of water surrounding the country. The gallery has 17 habitats. Some animals featured in this exhibit include: alewife, largemouth bass, American lobster, wolf eel, lump fish, giant Pacific octopus, china rockfish","title":"Ripley's Aquarium of Canada"},{"docid":"3290448","text":"Rally Cry is a science fiction novel by American writer William Forstchen, first published in 1990. It is the first book in Forstchen's Lost Regiment series. Its plot follows the Union Army's 35th Maine Volunteer Infantry and 44th New York Light Artillery as they board a transport ship, the Ogunquit, in City Point, Virginia, on January 2, 1865. Their mission is to take place in the amphibious assault of Fort Fisher, the Confederate fort defending Wilmington, North Carolina. Caught in a strong storm soon after entering the Atlantic Ocean, they are fighting for their lives southwest of Bermuda (in or near the Bermuda Triangle) when a blinding light appears, swells, and envelops the ship while rendering the men aboard unconscious. They awake to find themselves transported to a different world. They quickly find friends and enemies in this new world where past civilizations from Earth were transported including feudal Russians, ancient Romans and Carthaginians, Zulus and others. The planet has many animals, some from the Ice Age megafauna of the Earth and others from totally alien worlds. In addition—as the soldiers of the 35th Maine rapidly discover—humans are not the dominant form of life on this planet, which is called Valennia. Rather, humans are the enemies and sometime cattle of nine-foot-tall alien nomads. Valennia, additionally, is smaller than the Earth. There are fewer and smaller freshwater oceans, gravity is lighter, and most of the land masses are contiguous. Rally Cry is divided into two books. The first book describes the 35th Maine's initial voyage and passage into Valennia via a \"tunnel of light\". In book two, Keane and his men prepare for the coming of the Tugars, the northernmost group of Horde aliens. Plot summary Book One The 35th Maine sets up a camp inside the land of Rus, outside a boyar's city, Suzdal. They are thrown into an intricate network of political feuds where the boyar, Ivor, struggles against the church for power. Both sides wish to exploit Keane and his men. The men of the 35th befriend peasants and the ideas of liberty, democracy, and freedom spread. Most of the 35th are ardent supporters of Lincoln and many abolitionists among them wish to change the order of the feudal society. The men learn of the human-eating enemies called Tugars, seeing them depicted in a church. Keane allows for a vote to either stay and fight with Rus or to leave and try and mass strength elsewhere while avoiding the horde. The church's prelate, Rasnar, convinces Ivor to attack Keane and steal the guns on the night of the vote. The peasants revolt and are led particularly by one man, Kalencka (Kal), who befriends the Maine men and becomes an interpreter for Ivor. On the night Ivor masses his armies to crush Keane, Kal starts the rebellion. As the peasants are crushed, Keane calls off the vote instead letting the men place their votes by choosing whether or not to march to the aid of the peasants. Keane manages","title":"Rally Cry (novel)"},{"docid":"15537603","text":"This article attempts to place key plant innovations in a geological context. It concerns itself only with novel adaptations and events that had a major ecological significance, not those that are of solely anthropological interest. The timeline displays a graphical representation of the adaptations; the text attempts to explain the nature and robustness of the evidence. Plant evolution is an aspect of the study of biological evolution, predominantly involving evolution of plants suited to live on land, greening of various land masses by the filling of their niches with land plants, and diversification of groups of land plants. Earliest plants In the strictest sense, the name plant refers to those land plants that form the clade Embryophyta, comprising the bryophytes and vascular plants. However, the clade Viridiplantae or green plants includes some other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes, including green algae. It is widely believed that land plants evolved from a group of charophytes, most likely simple single-celled terrestrial algae similar to extant Klebsormidiophyceae. Chloroplasts in plants evolved from an endosymbiotic relationship between a cyanobacterium, a photosynthesising prokaryote and a non-photosynthetic eukaryotic organism, producing a lineage of photosynthesizing eukaryotic organisms in marine and freshwater environments. These earliest photosynthesizing single-celled autotrophs evolved into multicellular organisms such as the Charophyta, a group of freshwater green algae. Fossil evidence of plants begins around 3000 Ma with indirect evidence of oxygen-producing photosynthesis in the geological record, in the form of chemical and isotopic signatures in rocks and fossil evidence of colonies of cyanobacteria, photosynthesizing prokaryotic organisms. Cyanobacteria use water as a reducing agent, producing atmospheric oxygen as a byproduct, and they thereby profoundly changed the early reducing atmosphere of the earth to one in which modern aerobic organisms eventually evolved. This oxygen liberated by cyanobacteria then oxidized dissolved iron in the oceans, the iron precipitated out of the sea water, and fell to the ocean floor to form sedimentary layers of oxidized iron called Banded Iron Formations (BIFs). These BIFs are part of the geological record of evidence for the evolutionary history of plants by identifying when photosynthesis originated. This also provides deep time constraints upon when enough oxygen could have been available in the atmosphere to produce the ultraviolet blocking stratospheric ozone layer. The oxygen concentration in the ancient atmosphere subsequently rose, acting as a poison for anaerobic organisms, and resulting in a highly oxidizing atmosphere, and opening up niches on land for occupation by aerobic organisms. Fossil evidence for cyanobacteria also comes from the presence of stromatolites in the fossil record deep into the Precambrian. Stromatolites are layered structures formed by the trapping, binding, and cementation of sedimentary grains by microbial biofilms, such as those produced by cyanobacteria. The direct evidence for cyanobacteria is less certain than the evidence for their presence as primary producers of atmospheric oxygen. Modern stromatolites containing cyanobacteria can be found on the west coast of Australia and other areas in saline lagoons and in freshwater. Paleozoic flora Cambrian flora Early plants were small, unicellular or filamentous, with simple","title":"Timeline of plant evolution"},{"docid":"3102207","text":"The freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, is a fish endemic to North and Central America. It is the only species in the genus Aplodinotus, and is a member of the family Sciaenidae. It is the only North American member of the group that inhabits freshwater for its entire life. Its generic name, Aplodinotus, comes from Greek meaning \"single back\", and the specific epithet, grunniens, comes from a Latin word meaning \"grunting\". It is given to it because of the grunting noise that mature males make. This noise comes from a special set of muscles within the body cavity that vibrate against the swim bladder. The purpose of the grunting is unknown, but due to it being present in only mature males and during the spawning season, it is assumed to be linked to spawning. The freshwater drum is also called Russell fish, shepherd's pie, gray bass, Gasper goo, Gaspergou, gou, grunt, grunter, grinder, gobble, and croaker. It is commonly known as sheephead and sunfish in parts of Canada, and the United States. Description The drum typically weighs . The world record was caught on Nickajack Lake in Tennessee, and weighed in at . The freshwater drum is gray or silvery in turbid waters and more bronze or brown colored in clearer waters. It is a deep bodied fish with a divided dorsal fin consisting of 10 spines and 29–32 rays. Geographic distribution Freshwater drum are the only North American member of their family to exclusively inhabit freshwater (freshwater family members in genera Pachypops, Pachyurus, Petilipinnis and Plagioscion are from South America, while Boesemania is Asian). Their great distribution range goes as far north as the Hudson Bay, and reaches as far south as Guatemala. Their longitudinal distribution goes as far east as the eastern Appalachians and stretches as far west into Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Freshwater drum are considered to be one of the most wide-ranging species in North America. Ecology The freshwater drum prefers clear water, but it is tolerant of turbid and murky water. They prefer the bottom to be clean sand and gravel substrates. The diet of the freshwater drum is generally benthic and composed of macroinvertebrates (mainly aquatic insect larvae and bivalve mussels), as well as small fish in certain ecosystems. Freshwater drum show distinct seasonal differences in their diet. In April and May, the drum feeds on dipterans. During these months, dipterans make up about 50 percent of the freshwater drum's diet. In August through November, they tend to eat fish (which are primarily young-of-the-year Gizzard shad). The percentage of fish in their diet at this time ranges from 52 to 94 percent. Other items in the drum's diet are mollusks and crayfish. The freshwater drum competes with several organisms. During its early stages in Lake Erie, it has been shown to compete with yellow perch, the trout-perch, and the emerald shiner. During its adult lifetime, it competes with yellow perch and silver chub in deep water, and competes with black bass in the shoal areas.","title":"Freshwater drum"},{"docid":"6262231","text":"Most water in Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total. The vast bulk of the water on Earth is saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land. In all, water from oceans and marginal seas, saline groundwater and water from saline closed lakes amount to over 97% of the water on Earth, though no closed lake stores a globally significant amount of water. Saline groundwater is seldom considered except when evaluating water quality in arid regions. The remainder of Earth's water constitutes the planet's resource. Typically, fresh water is defined as water with a salinity of less than 1% that of the oceans – i.e. below around 0.35‰. Water with a salinity between this level and 1‰ is typically referred to as because it is marginal for many uses by humans and animals. The ratio of salt water to fresh water on Earth is around 50:1. The planet's fresh water is also very unevenly distributed. Although in warm periods such as the Mesozoic and Paleogene when there were no glaciers anywhere on the planet all fresh water was found in rivers and streams, today most fresh water exists in the form of ice, snow, groundwater and soil moisture, with only 0.3% in liquid form on the surface. Of the liquid surface fresh water, 87% is contained in lakes, 11% in swamps, and only 2% in rivers. Small quantities of water also exist in the atmosphere and in living beings. Although the total volume of groundwater is known to be much greater than that of river runoff, a large proportion of this groundwater is saline and should therefore be classified with the saline water above. There is also a lot of fossil groundwater in arid regions that have never been renewed for thousands of years; this must not be seen as renewable water. Distribution of saline and fresh water The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km3 (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being freshwater. Of the freshwater, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. Because the oceans that cover roughly 70.8% of the area of Earth reflect blue light, Earth appears blue from space, and is often referred to as the blue planet and the Pale Blue Dot. Liquid freshwater like lakes and rivers cover about 1% of Earth's surface and altogether with Earth's ice cover, Earth's surface is 75% water by area. Lakes Collectively, Earth's lakes hold 199,000 km3 of water. Most lakes are in the high northern latitudes, far from human population centers. The North American Great Lakes, which contain 21% of the world's fresh water by volume, are an exception. The Great Lakes Basin is home to 33 million people. The Canadian cities of","title":"Water distribution on Earth"},{"docid":"197049","text":"The Global 200 is the list of ecoregions identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the global conservation organization, as priorities for conservation. According to WWF, an ecoregion is defined as a \"relatively large unit of land or water containing a characteristic set of natural communities that share a large majority of their species dynamics, and environmental conditions\". For example, based on their levels of endemism, Madagascar gets multiple listings, ancient Lake Baikal gets one, and the North American Great Lakes get none. The WWF assigns a conservation status to each ecoregion in the Global 200: critical or endangered; vulnerable; and relatively stable or intact. Over half of the ecoregions in the Global 200 are rated endangered. Background The WWF has identified 867 terrestrial ecoregions across the Earth's land surface, as well as freshwater and marine ecoregions. The goal of this classification system is to ensure that the full range of ecosystems will be represented in regional conservation and development strategies. Of these ecoregions, the WWF selected the Global 200 as the ecoregions most crucial to the conservation of global biodiversity. The Global 200 list actually contains 238 ecoregions, made up of 142 terrestrial, 53 freshwater, and 43 marine ecoregions. Conservationists interested in preserving biodiversity have generally focused on the preservation of tropical moist broadleaf forests (commonly known as tropical rainforests) because it is estimated that they harbor one half of Earth's species. On the other hand, the WWF determined that a more comprehensive strategy for conserving global biodiversity should also consider the other half of species, as well as the ecosystems that support them. Several habitats, such as Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome, were determined to be more threatened than tropical rain forests, and therefore require concerted conservation action. WWF maintains that \"although conservation action typically takes place at the country level, patterns of biodiversity and ecological processes (e.g., migration) do not conform to political boundaries\", which is why ecoregion-based conservation strategies are deemed essential. Classification Historically, zoologists and botanists have developed various classification systems that take into account the world's plant and animal communities. Two of the worldwide classification systems most commonly used today were summarized by Miklos Udvardy in 1975. The Earth's land surface can be divided into eight biogeographic realms (formerly called kingdoms, and which the BBC calls ecozones) that represent the major terrestrial communities of animals and plants, and are a synthesis of previous systems of floristic provinces and faunal regions. The biome system classifies the world into ecosystem types (i.e. forests, grasslands, etc.) based on climate and vegetation. Each biogeographical realm contains multiple biomes, and biomes occur across several biogeographical realms. A system of biogeographical provinces was developed to identify specific geographic areas in each biogeographical realm that were of a consistent biome type, and shared distinct plant and animal communities. The WWF system represents a further refinement of the system of biomes (which the WWF calls \"major habitat types\"), biogeographical realms, and biogeographical provinces (the WWF scheme divides most biogeographical","title":"Global 200"},{"docid":"17261435","text":"The Cau del Cargol Shells of the World Museum is a museum containing a large private collection of shells; it is situated in Vilassar de Dalt (Catalonia, Spain). The collection includes over 16,000 worldwide species of mollusc shells, from marine, terrestrial and freshwater habitats. The museum was created in the year 1950, when its founder Jaume Bot i Arenas (1904-1983), started to exhibit his own collection to the public. Later he expanded his collection by acquiring other people's collections. He was able to reunite the collections of several different naturalists; material that had been collected from 1850 to 1983. The Cau del Cargol museum houses one of the biggest shell collections that is open to the public. About one thousand shell specimens are displayed in a room which has been recently renovated. The museum is often visited by classes from regional schools that are studying natural history and zoology. The museum is open to visitors on the first Sunday of every month, from 11 am to 2 pm, and at other times by special request. Contents Shells that can be seen in Cau del Cargol are terrestrial mollusca, marine and freshwater or brackish. Just as in nature, most of the collection are marine species. Shells exhibits are grouped with biogeographic criteria. Thus, grouped into 16 zoogeogràfical marine regions defined in the 19th century by SP Woodward, geologist and professor of natural history in his studies of Malacology. These regions based on zoogeography are characterized by the presence of certain species that unit them and at the same time, put them apart from those from other areas. The criterion of geographical grouping of units exposed favors contemplation of the exhibition as a journey around the world through the shells. In the same room where shells are exposed, there are eight permanent panels that invite to the reflection on the world of form and color in nature. The panels explain that the world of form and color does not exist nor can be understood without the scope of invisible energy fields. They also invite us to think on the way we perceive the world and the relationship between power and scope of consciousness. Topics The museum covers the following topics: Shapes and colors, where shapes and colors are introduced to a language of nature. Unity in diversity, diversity in explaining the workings of the Earth with references to James Lovelock's Gaia Hypothesis. From the infinitely small to the infinitely present, which explains the changes in the vision of biology and life arising from discoveries of quantum mechanics and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Energy fields and morphic fields, which explains morphogenetic fields described by English biologist Rupert Sheldrake. Relationships and proportions in the world of form, which entered the study and meaning of proportions and the golden section in nature and in man, and Leonardo da Vinci some thoughts on the subject. Water and spiral, which explains the relationship between water and the expansion of the spiral of life. Natural History and","title":"Cau del Cargol"},{"docid":"13131260","text":"Dictyochloropsis is a genus of unicellular green alga of the phylum Chlorophyta. This genus consists of free-living algae which have a reticulate (net-like) chloroplast that varies slightly in morphology between species, and that when mature always lacks a pyrenoid. Dictyochloropsis is asexual and reproduces using autospores. Previously, many species of the morphologically similar genus Symbiochloris were incorrectly classified to this taxon. These species were recently reclassified on the basis of molecular DNA analyses. Dictyochloropsis is found in terrestrial environments all over the world, but can live and grow in freshwater environments as well. Recently, there has been promising research towards growing Dictyocloropsis in culture for the production of biofuels. Etymology The name of Dictyochloropsis comes from the Greek language, and references the similar algal genus Dictyochloris. The suffix “-opsis” comes from “ὄψις” or “opsis”, roughly translating to “appearance,” “sight” or “view”. Therefore, “Dictyochloropsis” when translated from its Greek roots means “Dictyochloris-like”. In turn, the prefix “dictyo” is derived from the Greek word “δίκτυο” or “díktyo” meaning “network”, which is in reference to the net-like chloroplast present in this genus and Dictyochloropsis. The medial “-chloro-” is from “χλωρός” or “chloros” meaning “the colour green” because of the green pigment, chlorophyll, which colours the algae. History of knowledge Dictyochloropsis was first identified as a genus in 1966 by Lothar Geitler, who defined it as a unicellular green algae with a complex chloroplast that reproduces using autospores. Geitler’s observations were not complete, he was unsure if he had correctly defined the new genus, and he requested supplementary observations from other scientists to attempt at further defining the taxon. In the early 1980s, Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess used Geitler’s definition to classify several species of lichenized green algae under the same taxon. However, some of these algae reproduce with zoospores or aplanospores, which does not agree with Geitler’s observations. In 2014, Francesco Dal Grande used microsatellite markers to discover that Dictyochloropsis as previously defined was polyphyletic, forming two distinct clades. The first clade is composed exclusively of free-living algae which reproduce using autospores. The second clade included lichenized as well as free-living algae that reproduce using zoospores or aplanospores. Organisms in both clades have similar morphologies and life cycles, and this is why they were initially classified in this polyphyletic genus. In 2016, Pavel Skaloud et al. moved the Dictyochloropsis lichenized species to the genus Symbiochloris based on data from phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA gene. As a result Dictyochloropsis was redefined to its current monophyletic meaning. Habitat and ecology Dictyochloropsis is an ecologically important algae most commonly found living as an epiphyte or in soil. Although species in the phylum Chlorophyta mainly live in freshwater habitats, Dictyochloropsis is usually found in terrestrial environments. This algae does not feed, it uses photosynthesis to create its energy, and thus it only lives in habitats with access to light. Species have been found and cultured from places all over the world, including the Czech Republic, Malaysia, Austria, Germany, Japan, Pakistan, Ukraine and Indonesia. Habitats which Dictyochloropsis has","title":"Dictyochloropsis"},{"docid":"15909409","text":"Peak water is a concept that underlines the growing constraints on the availability, quality, and use of freshwater resources. Peak water was defined in 2010 by Peter Gleick and Meena Palaniappan. They distinguish between peak renewable, peak non-renewable, and peak ecological water to demonstrate the fact that although there is a vast amount of water on the planet, sustainably managed water is becoming scarce. Lester R. Brown, president of the Earth Policy Institute, wrote in 2013 that although there was extensive literature on peak oil, it was peak water that is \"the real threat to our future\". An assessment was published in August 2011 in the Stockholm International Water Institute's journal. Much of the world's water in underground aquifers and in lakes can be depleted and thus resembles a finite resource. The phrase peak water sparks debates similar to those about peak oil. In 2010, New York Times chose \"peak water\" as one of its 33 \"Words of the Year\". There are concerns about impending peak water in several areas around the world: Peak ecological water, where ecological and environmental constraints are overwhelming the economic benefits provided by water use Peak non-renewable water, where groundwater aquifers are being overpumped (or contaminated) faster than nature recharges them (this example is most like the peak oil debate) Peak renewable water, where entire renewable flows are being consumed for human use If present trends continue, 1.8 billion people will be living with absolute water scarcity by 2025, and two-thirds of the world could be subject to water stress. Ultimately, peak water is not about running out of freshwater, but about reaching physical, economic, and environmental limits on meeting human demands for water and the subsequent decline of water availability and use. Comparison with peak oil The Hubbert curve has become popular in the scientific community for predicting the depletion of various natural resources. M. King Hubbert created this measurement device in 1956 for a variety of finite resources such as coal, oil, natural gas and uranium. Hubbert's curve was not applied to resources such as water originally, since water is a renewable resource. Some forms of water, however, such as fossil water, exhibit similar characteristics to oil, and overpumping (faster than the rate of natural recharge of groundwater) can theoretically result in a Hubbert-type peak. A modified Hubbert curve applies to any resource that can be harvested faster than it can be replaced. Like peak oil, peak water is inevitable given the rate of extraction of certain water systems. A current argument is that growing populations and demands for water will inevitably lead to non-renewable use of water resources. Water supply Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world's supply of clean, fresh water is under increasing demand for human activities. The world has an estimated 1.34 billion cubic kilometers of water, but 96.5% of it is salty. Almost 70% of fresh water can be found in the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland. Less than 1% of this water on Earth","title":"Peak water"},{"docid":"4236528","text":"Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the fraction of organic carbon operationally defined as that which can pass through a filter with a pore size typically between 0.22 and 0.7 micrometers. The fraction remaining on the filter is called particulate organic carbon (POC). Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with DOC. While DOC refers specifically to the mass of carbon in the dissolved organic material, DOM refers to the total mass of the dissolved organic matter. So DOM also includes the mass of other elements present in the organic material, such as nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. DOC is a component of DOM and there is typically about twice as much DOM as DOC. Many statements that can be made about DOC apply equally to DOM, and vice versa. DOC is abundant in marine and freshwater systems and is one of the greatest cycled reservoirs of organic matter on Earth, accounting for the same amount of carbon as in the atmosphere and up to 20% of all organic carbon. In general, organic carbon compounds are the result of decomposition processes from dead organic matter including plants and animals. DOC can originate from within or outside any given body of water. DOC originating from within the body of water is known as autochthonous DOC and typically comes from aquatic plants or algae, while DOC originating outside the body of water is known as allochthonous DOC and typically comes from soils or terrestrial plants. When water originates from land areas with a high proportion of organic soils, these components can drain into rivers and lakes as DOC. The marine DOC pool is important for the functioning of marine ecosystems because they are at the interface between the chemical and the biological worlds. DOC fuels marine food webs, and is a major component of the Earth's carbon cycling. Overview DOC is a basic nutrient, supporting growth of microorganisms and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle through the microbial loop. In some organisms (stages) that do not feed in the traditional sense, dissolved matter may be the only external food source. Moreover, DOC is an indicator of organic loadings in streams, as well as supporting terrestrial processing (e.g., within soil, forests, and wetlands) of organic matter. Dissolved organic carbon has a high proportion of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in first order streams compared to higher order streams. In the absence of extensive wetlands, bogs, or swamps, baseflow concentrations of DOC in undisturbed watersheds generally range from approximately 1 to 20 mg/L carbon. Carbon concentrations considerably vary across ecosystems. For example, the Everglades may be near the top of the range and the middle of oceans may be near the bottom. Occasionally, high concentrations of organic carbon indicate anthropogenic influences, but most DOC originates naturally. The BDOC fraction consists of organic molecules that heterotrophic bacteria can use as a source of energy and carbon. Some subset of DOC constitutes the precursors of disinfection byproducts for drinking water.","title":"Dissolved organic carbon"},{"docid":"762047","text":"Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, springs, bogs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation. There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems: Lentic (slow moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes), lotic (faster moving water, for example streams and rivers) and wetlands (areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time). Freshwater ecosystems contain 41% of the world's known fish species. Freshwater ecosystems have undergone substantial transformations over time, which has impacted various characteristics of the ecosystems. Original attempts to understand and monitor freshwater ecosystems were spurred on by threats to human health (for example cholera outbreaks due to sewage contamination). Early monitoring focused on chemical indicators, then bacteria, and finally algae, fungi and protozoa. A new type of monitoring involves quantifying differing groups of organisms (macroinvertebrates, macrophytes and fish) and measuring the stream conditions associated with them. Threats to freshwater biodiversity include overexploitation, water pollution, flow modification, destruction or degradation of habitat, and invasion by exotic species. Climate change is putting further pressure on these ecosystems because water temperatures have already increased by about 1 °C, and there have been significant declines in ice coverage which have caused subsequent ecosystem stresses. Types There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems: Lentic (slow moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes), lotic (faster moving water, for example streams and rivers) and wetlands (areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time). Limnology (and its branch freshwater biology) is a study about freshwater ecosystems. Lentic ecosystems Lotic ecosystems Wetlands Threats Biodiversity Five broad threats to freshwater biodiversity include overexploitation, water pollution, flow modification, destruction or degradation of habitat, and invasion by exotic species. Recent extinction trends can be attributed largely to sedimentation, stream fragmentation, chemical and organic pollutants, dams, and invasive species. Common chemical stresses on freshwater ecosystem health include acidification, eutrophication and copper and pesticide contamination. Freshwater biodiversity faces many threats. The World Wide Fund for Nature's Living Planet Index noted an 83% decline in the populations of freshwater vertebrates between 1970 and 2014. These declines continue to outpace contemporaneous declines in marine or terrestrial systems. The causes of these declines are related to: A rapidly changing climate Online wildlife trade and invasive species Infectious disease Toxic algae blooms Hydropower damming and fragmenting of half the world's rivers Emerging contaminants, such as hormones Engineered nanomaterials Microplastic pollution Light and noise interference Saltier coastal freshwaters due to sea level rise Calcium concentrations falling below the needs of some freshwater organisms The additive—and possibly synergistic—effects of these threats Invasive species Invasive plants and animals are a major issue to freshwater ecosystems, in many cases outcompeting native species and altering water conditions. Introduced species are especially devastating to ecosystems that are home to endangered species. An example of this","title":"Freshwater ecosystem"},{"docid":"1148043","text":"The cuisine of New Zealand is largely driven by local ingredients and seasonal variations. As an island nation with a primarily agricultural economy, New Zealand yields produce from land and sea. Similar to the cuisine of Australia, the cuisine of New Zealand is a diverse British-based cuisine, with Mediterranean and Pacific Rim influences as the country has become more cosmopolitan. Historical influences came from British cuisine and Māori culture. Since the 1970s, new cuisines such as New American cuisine, Southeast Asian, East Asian, and South Asian have become popular. Māori cuisine The Māori-language term refers to traditional Māori cuisine. When the Māori arrived in New Zealand from tropical Polynesia, they brought a number of food plants, including , taro, purple yam, and , most of which grew well only in the north of the North Island. Kūmara could be grown as far south as the northern South Island, and became a staple food as it could be stored over the winter. Native New Zealand plants such as fernroot became a more important part of the diet, along with insects such as the huhu grub. Earthworms, called , are a part of the traditional Māori diet as well. Problems with horticulture were made up for by an abundance of bird and marine life. The large, flightless moa was soon hunted to extinction for food and tools as well. Rāhui, or resource restrictions, included forbidding the hunting of certain species in particular places or at certain times of year to allow populations to be maintained. Seafood consumed included or freshwater crayfish, or abalone, and or bluff oysters. Similar to other Polynesian people, Māori cooked food in earth ovens, known in New Zealand as hāngī, although the word is also used. Stones are heated by fire and food packed in leaves placed on top. These packs are then covered with foliage, cloth, or wet sacks, and then a layer of earth. Other cooking methods included roasting, boiling or steaming using geothermal heated water, and cooking over an open fire. Some foods were preserved using smoke, air-drying, fermentation, or layers of fat—particularly muttonbirds. Māori were one of the few people to have no form of alcoholic beverage. Food and religion In traditional Māori religion food was noa, or non-sacred. This meant care had to be taken to prevent it from coming into contact with tapu places or objects. If it did, the tapu of the place or object, and often the people associated with it, would be at risk. High chiefs, and people engaged in tapu work such as tattooing, were tapu and were restricted in how they could deal with food, with the most tapu needing to be fed by others. One story tells of a war party which had to be postponed as no non-tapu people were available to load the food supplies into the party's waka. European influences When Europeans (Pākehā) first arrived in New Zealand from the late eighteenth century, they brought their own foods with them. Some of these,","title":"New Zealand cuisine"},{"docid":"15654406","text":"Lake Untersee ( \"Lower Lake\") is the largest surface freshwater lake in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica. It is situated to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. The lake is approximately long and wide, with a surface area of , and a maximum depth of . The lake is permanently covered with ice and is partly bounded by glacier ice. Lake Untersee is an unusual lake, with pH between 9.8 and 12.1, dissolved oxygen at 150 per cent supersaturation, and very low primary production in the water column. Despite the high oxygen supersaturation in most of the lake, there is a small sub-basin at the southern end that is anoxic, and its sediments may have a higher methane concentration than those of any other known lake on Earth. Much of the primary production is in microbial communities that grow on the floor of the lake as stromatolites. The water temperature varies between and and the ice cover on the lake is thick. The ice cover may have persisted for over 100,000 years, and some scientists studying climate change fear significant environmental changes associated with global warming in the coming decades. In the past, the water chemistry of the lake has been compared to Clorox. However, the chemical activity of bleach is due to Cl− in addition to a pH that is higher than that measures in Lake Untersee, and Lake Untersee does not have high chlorine or chlorite concentrations. Geography Lake Untersee lies in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica, which is roughly on the same longitude as Huab, in the Skeleton Coast National Park on the northern coast of Namibia. It is situated 90 kilometres (56 mi) to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. Aurkjosen Cirque lies at the east side of the lake. The lake is approximately long and wide and has a surface area of ( is also reported). Its maximum depth is . It is permanently covered with ice, which has an average thickness of in summer. The lake is dammed by the Anuchin Glacier, and meltwater from the Anuchin Glacier is the main source of water. The lake has no outlet. Water is lost through sublimation and ablation of the ice cover. The lake is categorized as an ultra-oligotrophic lake. Lake Ober-See, a smaller ( glacial lake, is located a few kilometres to the northeast and is similar in most respects. History Isotope studies have established that the lake has long had a permanent ice cover. Further, studies carried out during the austral summer confirm the lake's homogeneous characteristics, with thermal convection as the reason given for its hydro-geochemical and isotropical nature. It is replenished perennially by a process of underwater melting of the adjacent glacier ice. It is also stated that the lake existed during the Holocene period when it emerged from a melt-water pond. Studies of Lake Untersee have revealed that there are several large boulders","title":"Lake Untersee"},{"docid":"14290695","text":"Magnetofossils are the fossil remains of magnetic particles produced by magnetotactic bacteria (magnetobacteria) and preserved in the geologic record. The oldest definitive magnetofossils formed of the mineral magnetite come from the Cretaceous chalk beds of southern England, while magnetofossil reports, not considered to be robust, extend on Earth to the 1.9-billion-year-old Gunflint Chert; they may include the four-billion-year-old Martian meteorite ALH84001. Magnetotactic organisms are prokaryotic, with only one example of giant-magnetofossils, likely produced by eukaryotic organisms, having been reported. Magnetotactic bacteria, the source of the magnetofossils, are magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) producing bacteria found in both freshwater and marine environments. These magnetite bearing magnetotatic bacteria are found in the oxic-anoxic transition zone where conditions are such that oxygen levels are less than those found in the atmosphere (microaerophilic). Compared to the magnetite producing magnetotactic bacteria and subsequent magnetofossils, little is known about the environments in which greigite magnetofossils are created and the magnetic properties of the preserved greigite particles. Existence of magnetotactic bacteria was first suggested in the 1960s, when Salvatore Bellini of the University of Pavia discovered bacteria in a bog that appeared to align themselves with the magnetic field lines of the Earth. Following this discovery researchers began to think of the effect of magnetotactic bacteria on the fossil record and magnetization of sedimentary layers. Most of the research concentrated on marine environments, although it has been suggested that these magnetofossils can be found in terrestrial sediments (derived from terrestrial sources). These magnetofossils can be found throughout the sedimentary record, and therefore are influenced by deposition rate. Episodes of high sedimentation, not correlating with an increase in magnetobacterial and thus magnetofossil production, can decrease magnetofossil concentrations vastly, although this is not always the case. An increase in sedimentation normally coincides with an increase of land erosion, and therefore an increase in iron abundance and nutrient supply. Magnetization Within the magnetotactic bacteria, magnetite and greigite crystals are biosynthesized (biomineralized) within organelles called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes form chains within the bacterial cell and in doing so, provide the organism with a permanent magnetic dipole. The organism uses it for geomagnetic navigation, to align itself with the Earth's geomagnetic field (magnetotaxis) and to reach the optimal position along vertical chemical gradients. When an organism dies the magnetosomes become trapped in sediments. Under the right conditions, primarily if the redox conditions are correct, the magnetite can then be fossilized and therefore stored in the sedimentary record. The fossilization of the magnetite (magnetofossils) within sediments contributes largely to the natural remanent magnetization of the sediment layers. The natural remanent magnetization is the permanent magnetism remaining in a rock or sediment after it has formed. Paleoindicators Magnetotactic bacteria use iron to create magnetite in magnetosomes. As a result of this process, increased iron levels correlate with increased production of magnetotactic bacteria. Increases in iron levels have been long associated with hyperthermal (period of warming, usually between 4-8 degrees Celsius) periods in the Earth's history. These hyperthermal events, such as the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum","title":"Magnetofossil"},{"docid":"497007","text":"A rift valley is a linear shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges produced by the action of a geologic rift. Rifts are formed as a result of the pulling apart of the lithosphere due to extensional tectonics. The linear depression may subsequently be further deepened by the forces of erosion. More generally the valley is likely to be filled with sedimentary deposits derived from the rift flanks and the surrounding areas. In many cases rift lakes are formed. One of the best known examples of this process is the East African Rift. On Earth, rifts can occur at all elevations, from the sea floor to plateaus and mountain ranges in continental crust or in oceanic crust. They are often associated with a number of adjoining subsidiary or co-extensive valleys, which are typically considered part of the principal rift valley geologically. Earth's rift valleys The most extensive rift valley is located along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge system and is the result of sea floor spreading. Examples of this type of rift include the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise. Many existing continental rift valleys are the result of a failed arm (aulacogen) of a triple junction, although there are two, the East African Rift and the Baikal Rift Zone, which are currently active, as well as a third which may be, the West Antarctic Rift System. In these instances, not only the crust but entire tectonic plates are in the process of breaking apart forming new plates. If they continue, continental rifts will eventually become oceanic rifts. Other rift valleys are the result of bends or discontinuities in horizontally-moving (strike-slip) faults. When these bends or discontinuities are in the same direction as the relative motions along the fault, extension occurs. For example, for a right lateral-moving fault, a bend to the right will result in stretching and consequent subsidence in the area of the irregularity. In the view of many geologists today, the Dead Sea lies in a rift which results from a leftward discontinuity in the left lateral-moving Dead Sea Transform fault. Where a fault breaks into two strands, or two faults run close to each other, crustal extension may also occur between them, as a result of differences in their motions. Both types of fault-caused extension commonly occur on a small scale, producing such features as sag ponds or landslides. Rift valley lakes Many of the world's largest lakes are located in rift valleys. Lake Baikal in Siberia, a World Heritage Site, lies in an active rift valley. Baikal is both the deepest lake in the world and, with 20% of all of the liquid freshwater on earth, has the greatest volume. Lake Tanganyika, second by both measures, is in the Albertine Rift, the westernmost arm of the active East African Rift. Lake Superior in North America, the largest freshwater lake by area, lies in the ancient and dormant Midcontinent Rift. The largest subglacial lake, Lake Vostok, may also lie in an ancient rift","title":"Rift valley"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"907207\",\n \"text\": \"A salmon run is an annual fish migration event where many salmonid species, which are typically hatched in fresh water and live most of the adult life downstream in the ocean, swim back against the stream to the upper reaches of rivers to spawn on the gravel beds of small creeks. After spawning, all species of Pacific salmon and most Atlantic salmon die, and the salmon life cycle starts over again with the new generation of hatchlings. Salmon are anadromous, spending their juvenile life in rivers or lakes, and then migrating out to sea where they spend adult lives and gain most of their body mass. When they reach sexual maturity, the adults return to the upstream rivers to reproduce. Usually they return with uncanny precision to the natal river where they were born, and even to the very spawning ground of their birth. It is thought that, when they are in the ocean, they use magnetoreception to locate the general position of their natal river, and once close to the river, that they use their sense of smell to home in on the river entrance and even their natal spawning ground. Trout, which are sister species of salmon, also perform similar migrations, although they mostly move potamodromously between creeks and large freshwater lakes, except for some coastal/estuary subspecies such as steelhead and sea trout that migrate seasonally between salty/brackish and fresh water just like salmon do. There are also landlocked populations of some salmon species that have adapted to spend their entire life in freshwater like trout. In Northwest America, salmons are keystone species, which means the ecological impact they have on other wildlife is greater than would be expected in relation to their biomass. Most salmon species migrate during the autumn (September through November), which coincides with the pre-winter activities of many hibernating animals. The annual salmon run can be a major feeding event for predators such as grizzly bears and bald eagles, as well as an important window period for sport fishermen. The post-spawning death of salmon also has important ecological consequences, because the significant nutrients in their carcasses, rich in nitrogen, sulfur, carbon and phosphorus, are transferred from the ocean and released to inland aquatic ecosystems, terrestrial animals (such as bears) and the wetlands and riparian woodlands adjacent to the rivers. This has knock-on effects not only for the next generation of salmon, but to every wildlife species living in the riparian zones the salmon reach. The nutrients can also be washed downstream into estuaries where they accumulate and provide significant support for invertebrates and estuarine-breeding waterbirds. Background Most salmon are anadromous, a term which comes from the Greek anadromos, meaning \\\"running upward\\\". Anadromous fish grow up mostly in the saltwater in oceans. When they have matured they migrate or \\\"run up\\\" freshwater rivers to spawn in what is called the salmon run. Anadromous salmon are Northern Hemisphere fish that spend their ocean phase in either the Atlantic Ocean or the Pacific Ocean. They do not\",\n \"title\": \"Salmon run\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59870547\",\n \"text\": \"African illegal fishing is the unlawful activity of obtaining fish and other aquatic species for various purposes in African waters. Fishing outside local, national, and international regulations causes the disturbance of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the countries of Africa. People living in local African communities may fish illegally in order to improve their income and lifestyle. On a larger scale, illegal fishing in Africa takes place when vessels from foreign countries are stationed on African waters without any legal documentation that allows fishing. Illegal fishing in Africa is one of the main causes of overfishing, and increases the spread of diseases. In Africa, the Chinese commercial fishing fleet is responsible for more illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) fishing than that of any other nation. Environmental and human health impacts Illegal fishing in African waters is causing the fast decline of marine and freshwater species that maintain stable marine and terrestrial ecosystems. By reducing the diversity of species in these marine ecosystems, the natural food chain is distorted. When a key species is over-fished, other species’ populations start to increase significantly. When a species loses its natural predator, it becomes easier for the species to survive and reproduce. Oftentimes the overpopulation of specific species, aquatic or terrestrial, can have negative effects on the ecosystem, including humans’ health. Spread of disease Some species of freshwater snails from the family Planorbidae are the main source of food for many species of fish being over-fished illegally. These snails are the intermediate hosts of a variety of disease-causing parasites that are transmitted to humans. For example, Schistosomiasis is one of the diseases caused by a parasite carried by freshwater snails which mainly affects children. This disease does not allow the normal development in children. Schistosomiasis affects the growth in children and the ability to develop their intellectual skills. Schistosomiasis is the second most common neglected tropical disease caused by a parasite in sub-Saharan Africa and is part of the deaths of about 534,000 persons every year. With a larger population of Planorbidae freshwater snails, the probability of humans, especially children, having contact with the snails is much higher. Thus, humans are more vulnerable of getting infected with this disease and many others serious diseases. Overfishing disturbs the balance of the ecosystems where the lack of laws and/or implementation a laws is having consequences on communities that depend on these ecosystems. Economy The economy of African countries has declined as the result of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing affects small businesses that benefit from tourism since these small businesses cannot obtain the sufficient amounts of fish necessary to supply sport-fishing tourists’ demands. The decline in the economy is causing a large population of African people to emigrate to European countries in order to find a job that allows them to meet their daily necessities. According to Moenieba Isaacs and Emma Witbooi, illegal fishing produces between 828 million and 1.6 billion US dollars from fishing illegally in the Eastern Central Atlantic every year. Most of the\",\n \"title\": \"Illegal fishing in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12420585\",\n \"text\": \"Aquarium lighting describes any type of artificial lighting that is used to illuminate an aquarium. Some types of aquaria such as reef aquariums and planted aquariums require specialized high intensity lighting to support photosynthetic life within the tank. Freshwater Freshwater aquarium lighting is commonly provided by screw-in incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes and LED lamps. Incandescent lighting is becoming less popular because it uses much more energy and produces more heat than the other lighting types. Compact fluorescent lighting with a compatible screw-in base is frequently used as a direct replacement for incandescent bulbs. Freshwater planted aquariums require more specialized light sources. High-intensity compact fluorescent bulbs, high output fluorescent bulbs or metal halide lamps are often used over such aquariums to encourage plant growth. In addition to providing a much stronger light source, these light sources also offer a better spectrum for plant and algae growth than standard lighting. However, this metal halide lighting often uses more electricity and can produce excessive heat. Other newer sources for planted aquariums that use less electricity and produce less heat include the T2, T5, SHO, and LED. The LED aquarium light fixtures generally are the most efficient, although the T2, T5, and in particular the SHO, have their positive planted aquarium applications as well. Brackish Brackish aquarium lighting is similar to freshwater and planted tank lighting, depending on the species included. Brackish aquariums may also include infrared or UVB bulbs (or both types) for basking animals such as turtles. Marine Fish only In fish-only marine aquariums, lighting is intended only for illumination. Lighting is chosen primarily with aesthetic considerations for optimal viewing of the fish. The lighting is generally of much lower intensity than is used in reef aquariums to limit algae growth. Reef The lighting used for reef aquariums is the highest intensity of all aquarium types. Typical light sources types include LED, fluorescent, metal halide, and sometimes plasma lamps. Simple lighting setups use a single lamp or multiple lamps of a single type. More advanced setups can include several lamp types and can also include lamps of different colours. Lamp colour plays an important role in reef aquarium lighting for both aesthetic preference and to optimally sustain the photosynthetic life within the aquarium. Many corals require a deep blue or actinic spectrum of light to thrive. T5 High Output fluorescent bulbs which are thinner than traditional T8 bulbs and provide a much brighter, more powerful light are commonly used as are the older VHO (Very High Output) fluorescent tubes and compact fluorescent lighting. Another light source in reef aquariums is metal halide lighting. These high output lights closely recreate the shimmering effect of bright tropical sun over a patch of coral reef. Metal halide bulbs come in a variety of spectra from 5000k on up to 20,000k and allow for a variety of light-hungry corals to survive under them. Many aquarists will use metal halide bulbs in conjunction with either power compact fluorescents or T5 fluorescents since halide lighting does not have\",\n \"title\": \"Aquarium lighting\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59314\",\n \"text\": \"Lake Chad (, Kanuri: Sádǝ, ) is an endorheic freshwater lake located at the junction of four countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon in western and central Africa respectively, with a catchment area of . It is an important wetland ecosystem in West-Central Africa. The lakeside is rich in reeds and swamps, and the plain along the lake is fertile, making it an important irrigated agricultural area. The lake is rich in aquatic resources and is one of the important freshwater fish producing areas in Africa. Lake Chad is divided into deeper southern parts and shallower northern parts. The water source of the lake mainly comes from rivers such as the Chari River that enter the lake. The water level varies greatly seasonally, and the area of the lake also changes dramatically. During the African humid period, the area of Lake Chad reached . Due to the increasingly arid climate, the lake surface gradually shrank. In the 19th century, Lake Chad still had an area of . However, due to climate change and human water diversion, Lake Chad has been greatly reduced since the mid-1970s, and its area has fluctuated between . Prehistory and history The Chad Basin was formed by the depression of the African Shield. The floor of the basin is made of Precambrian bedrock covered by more than of sedimentary deposits. For most of the Quaternary, the basin had abundant water sources. Towards the end of this period the climate became drier. Around 20,000-40,000 years ago, eolianite sand dunes began to form in the north of the basin. The area of Lake Chad experienced four heydays between 39,000 BC and 300 BC, leaving thick diatomaceous earth and lacustrine deposits in the strata. This has been called Mega-Chad. The maximum depth of Mega-Chad exceeds and covers an area of approximately , flowed into the Benue River through the Mayo Kébbi, and finally flows into the Atlantic Ocean through the Niger River. The vast waters formed during the African humid period provided conditions for the emergence of lakeside fishermen's settlements, and the Nilo-Saharan ethnic group also migrated to Lake Chad during this period. Agriculture also emerged in the Sahel region at this time. By 1800 BC, a pottery culture known as Gajiganna had emerged, initially as pastoralists, but, starting around 1500 BC, living in settled hamlets at the side of the lake. The archaeological discovery revealed wild grasses, mostly of the tribe Paniceae, and wild rice together with the earliest domesticated Pearl millet in the Lake Chad region, dating to 1200-1000 cal BC. One of the oldest domesticated Pearl millet in West Africa was found in the Chad Basin, charred together with wild grasses, and their era can be traced back to 800-1000 cal BC. Permanent villages were established to the south of the lake by 500 BC, and major archaeological discoveries include the Sao civilization. According to the records of Claudius Ptolemy in the mid-2nd century AD, the Romans of the 1st century AD had already come into\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Chad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69290398\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Allen Schaefer (born 1958) is an American ichthyologist working at the American Museum of Natural History as the dean of science for collections, exhibitions, and the public understanding of science; he serves as the curator-in-charge, in the department of ichthyology, within the division of vertebrate zoology. In addition, he is the director of the Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and a professor, Richard Gilder Graduate School. He is an adjunct senior research scientist, with The Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability (EICES), The Earth Institute Adjunct Research Scientist, with the department of ichthyology, Columbia Climate School. Education Schaefer attended Ohio State University, where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1980. He attended University of South Carolina, where he received his master's in science in 1982. He received his Ph. D. from the University of Chicago, in 1986 Career Schaefer studies the systematics, biogeography, and evolutionary morphology of tropical freshwater fishes of Africa and South America. His research seeks to resolve problems in taxonomy, classification, and evolution in those fish groups that dominate the ecology of riverine systems, such as catfishes and characiforms. Fieldwork involves discovery of undescribed fish diversity in poorly known regions, such as the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers of South America. Current projects include systematics and biogeography of Andean freshwater fishes and taxonomic revision of the family Astroblepidae, a group of catfishes that live at high elevations in the Andes of South America. He is also engaged in phylogenetic studies of the trichomycterid catfishes and revisions of African alestid characiform fishes. Recent fieldwork in Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela has surveyed the diversity of Andean fishes up to 4,500 m (14,760 ft.) elevation and resulted in the addition to the Museum of several new and important collections. Legacy The fish Rhinolekos schaeferi Martins & Langeani, 2011 was named after him. Panaque schaeferi Lujan, Hidalgo & Stewart, 2010 as was this fish. Selected publications Schaefer, S. A., 2012. Ethiopian airpower: from inception to victory in the Ogaden War, University of Florida Schaefer, S.A., Chakrabarty, P., Geneva, A., and Sabaj Pérez, M.H. 2011. Nucleotide sequence data confirm diagnosis and local endemism of variable morphospecies of Andean astroblepid catfishes (Siluriformes: Astroblepidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 162:90-102. Schaefer, S.A. 2011. The Andes: Riding the tectonic uplift, Chapter 16, p. 259-278. In: Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes, J.S. Albert and R.E. Reis (eds.), University of California Press, Berkeley. Schaefer, S.A. and J. Arroyave. 2010. Rivers as islands: determinants of the distribution of Andean astroblepid catfishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 77:2373-2390. Aquino, A.E., and S.A. Schaefer. 2010. Systematics of the genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 336, 110 pp. Schaefer, S.A. 2010. [review of] Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships: A Comprehensive Review, by Terry Grande (senior volume editor), Francisco José Poyato-Ariza and Rui Diogo (volume co-editors), Enfield (New Hampshire): Science Publishers, x+587 p.; ill.; index, 2010. Quart. Rev. Biol. 85:516-517. Schaefer, S.A., and L. Fernández. 2009. Redescription of the Pez Graso,\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Allen Schaefer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1064680\",\n \"text\": \"Cyanotoxins are toxins produced by cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae). Cyanobacteria are found almost everywhere, but particularly in lakes and in the ocean where, under high concentration of phosphorus conditions, they reproduce exponentially to form blooms. Blooming cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins in such concentrations that they can poison and even kill animals and humans. Cyanotoxins can also accumulate in other animals such as fish and shellfish, and cause poisonings such as shellfish poisoning. Some of the most powerful natural poisons known are cyanotoxins. They include potent neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, and endotoxins. Despite the similarity in name, they are unrelated to cyanides. Exposure to cyanobacteria can result in gastro-intestinal and hayfever symptoms or pruritic skin rashes. Exposure to the cyanobacteria neurotoxin BMAA may be an environmental cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. There is also an interest in the military potential of biological neurotoxins such as cyanotoxins, which \\\"have gained increasing significance as potential candidates for weaponization.\\\" The first published report that blue-green algae or cyanobacteria could have lethal effects appeared in Nature in 1878. George Francis described the algal bloom he observed in the estuary of the Murray River in Australia, as \\\"a thick scum like green oil paint, some two to six inches thick.\\\" Wildlife which drank the water died rapidly and terribly. Most reported incidents of poisoning by microalgal toxins have occurred in freshwater environments, and they are becoming more common and widespread. For example, thousands of ducks and geese died drinking contaminated water in the midwestern United States. In 2010, for the first time, marine mammals were reported to have died from ingesting cyanotoxins. Background Cyanobacteria are ecologically one of the most prolific groups of phototrophic prokaryotes in both marine and freshwater habitats. Both the beneficial and detrimental aspects of cyanobacteria are of considerable significance. They are important primary producers as well as an immense source of several secondary products, including an array of toxic compounds known as cyanotoxins. Abundant growth of cyanobacteria in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal ecosystems due to increased anthropogenic eutrophication and global climate change has created serious concern toward harmful bloom formation and surface water contamination. Cyanobacteria are considered the most primitive groups of photosynthetic prokaryotes and possibly appeared on the Earth about 3.5 billion years ago. They are ubiquitous in nature and thrive in a variety of ecological niches ranging from desert to hot springs and ice-cold water. Most cyanobacteria are an immense source of several secondary natural products with applications in the food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and energy sectors. Moreover, some species of cyanobacteria grow vigorously and form a dominant microflora in terms of their biomass and productivity in specific ecosystems. Bloom formations due to excessive growth of certain cyanobacteria followed by the production of toxic compounds have been reported in many eutrophic to hypertrophic lakes, ponds, and rivers throughout the world. A range of toxic secondary compounds, called cyanotoxins, have been reported from cyanobacteria inhabiting freshwater and marine ecosystems. These\",\n \"title\": \"Cyanotoxin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26609958\",\n \"text\": \"The management of Jamaica's freshwater resources is primarily the domain and responsibility of the National Water Commission (NWC). The duties of providing service and water infrastructure maintenance for rural communities across Jamaica are shared with the Parish Councils. Where possible efficiencies have been identified, the NWC has outsourced various operations to the private sector. Water supplies are adequate to meet the demands of all sectors; however, the supplies are not located close to where most of the population lives. This has created inconsistent delivery of water to the citizens and has fostered new efforts at improving the water delivery systems of Jamaica. Other challenges include the lack of clear communication and effective coordination between the relevant water management institutions, however efforts are being made here as well to correct this deficiency. Physical water resources in Jamaica consist of ample groundwater captured in both limestone and alluvial aquifers and many important rivers that provide a good source of water for the agriculture communities of the rural highlands and coastal lowlands. Groundwater provides about 85% of the country's water needs. The NWC satisfies about 78% of the total demand for water, whereby approximately 95% of the urban population has access to water while only about 75% of the rural populations have obtained access. Important to the recent history of Jamaica freshwater water legislation is the Water Resources Act of 1995 that created a National Water Plan. This water plan set out to develop, protect, and better manage the water resources of Jamaica so that a growing unmet demand for water could be addressed and successfully resolved. Water management challenges There is concern that over-exploitation, industrial effluents and sewage wastes are affecting aquifers and surface waters at an alarming rate. As much as 10% of the groundwater resource has been either abandoned or use is restricted due to saline intrusion or pollution. Fifty percent of the unused water resources in the Liguanea Basin serving the Kingston and St. Andrew area are contaminated with nitrates. While water coverage is good at around 95%, reliability of supply to urban households and industrial users is often erratic. Sufficient water exists in the island to meet all water demands, but the water resources are not necessarily located close to the major centers of water use. The infrastructure to move water to the areas where it is needed is inadequate in some parts of the country. The root of Jamaica's problems in the urban water sector are complex. Difficulty in securing the proper financial resources is problematic as the National Water Commission (NWC) has incurred losses. The NWC comes close to covering its operating costs, but does not generate any surplus, therefore finances for investment are not available. To help deal with the cash shortfalls, the NWC relies on the Government to finance new infrastructure. Competing demands on the Government's budget mean that this source has not been adequate to provide for the water infrastructure needs of the country. In spite of numerous interventions by the Government to\",\n \"title\": \"Water resources management in Jamaica\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13297696\",\n \"text\": \"Turtles are frequently depicted in popular culture as easygoing, patient, and wise creatures. Due to their long lifespan, slow movement, sturdiness, and wrinkled appearance, they are an emblem of longevity and stability in many cultures around the world. Turtles are regularly incorporated into human culture, with painters, photographers, poets, songwriters, and sculptors using them as subjects. They have an important role in mythologies around the world, and are often implicated in creation myths regarding the origin of the Earth. Sea turtles are a charismatic megafauna and are used as symbols of the marine environment and environmentalism. As a result of its role as a slow, peaceful creature in culture, the turtle can be misconceived as a sedentary animal; however, many types of turtle, especially sea turtles, frequently migrate over large distances in oceans. In mythology, legends, and folklore The turtle has a prominent position as a symbol of important concepts in religion, mythology, and folklore from around the world, including steadfastness and tranquility. A tortoise's longevity is suggested by its long lifespan and its shell, which to some symbolizes protection from any foe. In the cosmological myths of several cultures a World Turtle carries the world upon its back or supports the heavens. The myth of a World Tortoise, along with that of a world-bearing elephant, was discussed comparatively by Edward Burnett Tylor (1878:341). Around the world the tortoise and/or turtle can be seen as a symbol of wisdom and knowledge, and is able to defend itself on its own. It can be regarded as personifying water, the moon, the Earth, time, immortality, and fertility. Turtles were presented in rock art. The psychoanalyst Carl Gustav Jung interpreted the turtle as the primordial chaos, the alchemical massa confusa, noting that the Hindi Trimurti has a turtle at the bottom, from which everything else grows through transformation. Africa In tales told by a number of African ethnic groups, the tortoise is the cleverest animal. Ijapa or Alabahun the tortoise is a trickster, accomplishing heroic deeds or getting into trouble, in a cycle of tales told by the Yoruba of Nigeria and Benin. As \\\"Mbe Nwa Aniga\\\" (\\\"Tortoise son of Aniga\\\") in the folklore of the Igbo people of Nigeria, he is depicted as a slow but smart manipulator able to figure a way out of every dicey situation. Ancient Egypt The turtle Shetyw (also Shetw, Sheta, or Shtyw) was common in Ancient Egyptian Art (especially Predynastic and Old Kingdom art). Turtle fossils are the most common reptiles found in the Fayoum, including Gigantochersina ammon, a tortoise as large as those living on the Galapagos Islands today. Predynastic slate palettes represent freshwater (soft carapace, Trionyx triunguis) turtles, as does the hieroglyph for \\\"turtle\\\", in which the animal is always represented from above. Zoomorphic palettes were commonly made in the shapes of turtles. A stone vase in the form of a turtle was found in Naqada. The earliest representations of the Nile turtle are from pre-dynastic times; they had magical significance and were meant\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of turtles\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27476306\",\n \"text\": \"Science City, Kolkata is a science centre and science park in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is currently the largest science centre in the Indian subcontinent, containing a science museum, science park, and auditoriums. The centre was inaugurated in two parts, with the ‘Convention Centre Complex’ being the first on December 21, 1996, followed by the rest on July 1, 1997, by the then-prime-minister Inder Kumar Gujral. On January 10, 2010, the then-prime-minister of India, Manmohan Singh, would attempt to get the second phase of Science City completed. Galleries Dynamotion Hall The Dynamotion Hall offers various hands-on and interactive exhibits on wide various scientific topics with exhibits such as: Illusions. A permanent exhibition on illusions, with interactive exhibits, to see how motion and placement affect visual perception. Powers of Ten. Exhibits illustrate the size of the universe from the smallest to the biggest scales of the known universe by powers of ten. Fresh Water Aquarium. A variety of freshwater fishes in 26 tanks. Live Butterfly Enclave. A colony of live butterflies hatched on site and a screening of a film Rang Bahari Prajapati on the life cycle of the butterfly. Science On a Sphere. A spherical projection system created by NOAA providing shows of 30 minutes duration for around 70 people at a time. Earth Exploration Hall Inaugurated on December 6, 2008 by Ambika Soni, the then Union Minister for Culture, the Earth Exploration Hall is a permanent exhibition on Earth, housed in a two storied hemispherical building that displays the details of the southern hemisphere in the ground floor and northern hemisphere in the first floor. Slicing a huge earth globe at the centre of the hall into 12 segments vertically in each hemisphere, important features of each segment such as physical geography, lands and people, flora and fauna, and other dynamic natural phenomenon on earth are highlighted around the central globe with the modern display technologies, attractive visuals, interactive multimedia, video walls, panoramic videos, tilting tables, computer kiosks, and 3-D effects theatre. Space Odyssey A Space Theatre equipped with a Helios Star Ball planetarium supported by 150 special effect projectors and an Astrovision 10/70 large format film projection system housed in a 23-meter diameter tilted dome having unidirectional seating arrangements for 360 person immersive shows on space sciences. 3-D Vision Theater. A show based a on stereo back projection system where visitors experience 3D via Polaroid spectacles. Mirror Magic. 35 exhibits exploring the reflection of light. Time Machine. A 30-seater motion simulator provides virtual experiences of space flight or journeys into unknown worlds sitting in a capsule maneuvered by a hydraulic motion control system. Maritime Centre The Maritime Centre depicts the maritime history of India, including artifacts, dioramas, and interactive exhibits on shipping and navigation systems. Science Park In a tropical country like India, the outdoors is sunny and more inviting than the indoors for most of the year. In a Science Park, people come closer to plants, animals, and other objects in their natural surroundings and also\",\n \"title\": \"Science City, Kolkata\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45369827\",\n \"text\": \"Hypseleotris compressa, the empire gudgeon, is a species of Gobiiform fish in the family Eleotridae endemic to Australia and south-central New Guinea. Taxonomy Gerard Krefft described the empire gudgeon in 1864 as Eleotris compressus, having been discovered by one James F. Wilcox. Description H. compressa has an elongated body which can be up to long. The males are larger than the females. The fish does not have a lateral line, but does have ctenoid scales. Its color varies, but the fish generally has a yellowish-tan to golden-brown head, although it can occasionally be a dark brown. Its abdomen is usually a whitish-red color. During the off-breeding seasons, males can be identified by prominent, variously colored bands on their anal and dorsal fins. The caudal fin is a \\\"dusky\\\" colour, and the pectoral and pelvic fins have no colour. During the breeding season, the male's colors brighten significantly, turning a red-orange colour, and they sometimes appear to glow. The male fish uses his colors to attract a mate. The species can quickly change color as needed. Distribution and habitat The H. compressa population is mostly concentrated in the northern and eastern portions of Australia and south-central New Guinea. It has also been found in the Torres Strait, around Muralag and Horn Island. The fish is most commonly found in freshwater flowing rivers or streams, but is also found in still water and can withstand sea water level salinity. It is usually found in the lower reaches of rivers, but can also live upstream. It swims amongst aquatic plants and branches, and sometimes hides among rocks, using them as \\\"caves\\\". Behaviour The fish is omnivorous, primarily taking small crustaceans and insects but will also consume algae and aquatic plants. Spawning usually occurs in fresh water during warm weather; the breeding season generally spans from spring to autumn. After spawning with the male, the female fish lays rows of about 3,000 adhesive-coated eggs, each of which are about .32 mm long. The eggs stick to various surfaces, such as plants, logs, rocks, or sand. The male then fertilizes them with \\\"sperm lines\\\". The male guards the eggs until the young fish hatch, which usually takes 10–14 hours. After hatching, the young fish go downstream to estuaries, where their development takes place. Once grown, the fish return to fresh water. This spawning strategy, coupled with the very small size of the newborn fry, has hindered efforts at propagating this species for aquariums, though it has been accomplished by accident in shrimp aquaculture ponds. A controlled study comparing six native fish species with the introduced (and invasive) eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) on consuming larvae of the common banded mosquito (Culex annulirostris) in Brisbane found that the empire gudgeon was as efficient at eating mosquito larvae as the eastern mosquitofish and is a good candidate for mosquito control. References compressa Freshwater fish of Australia Freshwater fish of New Guinea Fish described in 1864 Taxa named by Gerard Krefft\",\n \"title\": \"Hypseleotris compressa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26980505\",\n \"text\": \"Australia is the driest habitable continent on Earth and its installed desalination capacity has been increasing. Until a few decades ago, Australia met its demands for water by drawing freshwater from dams and water catchments. As a result of the water supply crisis during the severe 1997–2009 drought, state governments began building desalination plants that purify seawater using reverse osmosis technology. Approximately one percent of the world's drinkable water originates from desalination plants. The first modern large-scale desalination plant was the Perth Seawater Desalination Plant, completed in November 2006 and over 30 plants are currently operating across the country. Many plants are utilizing nearby wind or wave farms to use renewable energy and reduce operating costs, and solar powered desalination units are used for remote communities. Background Until a few decades ago, Australia met its demands for water by drawing freshwater from dams and water catchments. However, during 2000-2010 a significant lack of rainfall drained water reservoirs. The most affected cities were the capitals, where there is high uncertainty in water supply and demand. In 2007, Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, experienced a dramatic drop of its main dam Warragamba, where water levels dropped to 33% of normal. Australia's first desalination plant was constructed in 1903 to treat saline groundwater in the gold fields of Western Australia at Kalgoorlie. Several desalination plants were built in Australia between 1960 and 1980, especially following the revolution in membrane technology that made reverse osmosis economically viable, but vapor-compression desalination and multi-stage flash distillation plants were also built. By 2002, however, only two reverse osmosis desalination plants were still operating, one on Kangaroo Island and the other on Rottnest Island. Seawater reverse osmosis is the only type of desalination technology currently used for large-scale desalination plants in Australia, the most important of these plants being located in Perth and Sydney. Methods Compared to existing sources, desalination is considered to be expensive, but research is underway to develop more effective desalination technology. Despite its drawbacks, it is considered a possible solution to the country's water shortages. Australia is the driest inhabitable continent on earth and its installed desalination capacity is around 1% of the total world's desalination capacity. The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry has considered several desalination technologies processes in Australia: Reverse osmosis Electrodialysis Multi-stage flash distillation Multiple-effect distillation Vapor-compression desalination Solar humidification Membrane Distillation ROSI A solar powered desalination unit designed for remote communities has been tested in the Northern Territory. The reverse osmosis solar installation (ROSI) uses membrane filtration to provide a reliable and clean drinking water stream from sources such as brackish groundwater. Solar energy overcomes the usually high-energy operating costs as well as greenhouse emissions of conventional reverse osmosis systems. A photovoltaic solar array tracks the Sun and powers the pumps needed to process the water, using the plentiful sunlight available in remote regions of Australia not served by the power grid. Desalination plants In Australia many desalination plants are utilizing wind farms to produce enough\",\n \"title\": \"Seawater desalination in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3336\",\n \"text\": \"Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. The word comes from the Middle Dutch root brak. Certain human activities can produce brackish water, in particular civil engineering projects such as dikes and the flooding of coastal marshland to produce brackish water pools for freshwater prawn farming. Brackish water is also the primary waste product of the salinity gradient power process. Because brackish water is hostile to the growth of most terrestrial plant species, without appropriate management it is damaging to the environment (see article on shrimp farms). Technically, brackish water contains between 0.5 and 30 grams of salt per litre—more often expressed as 0.5 to 30 parts per thousand (‰), which is a specific gravity of between 1.0004 and 1.0226. Thus, brackish covers a range of salinity regimes and is not considered a precisely defined condition. It is characteristic of many brackish surface waters that their salinity can vary considerably over space or time. Water with a salt concentration greater than 30‰ is considered saline. See the salinity table from the Wikipedia salinity article. Brackish water habitats Estuaries Brackish water condition commonly occurs when fresh water meets seawater. In fact, the most extensive brackish water habitats worldwide are estuaries, where a river meets the sea. The River Thames flowing through London is a classic river estuary. The town of Teddington a few miles west of London marks the boundary between the tidal and non-tidal parts of the Thames, although it is still considered a freshwater river about as far east as Battersea insofar as the average salinity is very low and the fish fauna consists predominantly of freshwater species such as roach, dace, carp, perch, and pike. The Thames Estuary becomes brackish between Battersea and Gravesend, and the diversity of freshwater fish species present is smaller, primarily roach and dace; euryhaline marine species such as flounder, European seabass, mullet, and smelt become much more common. Further east, the salinity increases and the freshwater fish species are completely replaced by euryhaline marine ones, until the river reaches Gravesend, at which point conditions become fully marine and the fish fauna resembles that of the adjacent North Sea and includes both euryhaline and stenohaline marine species. A similar pattern of replacement can be observed with the aquatic plants and invertebrates living in the river. This type of ecological succession from freshwater to marine ecosystem is typical of river estuaries. River estuaries form important staging points during the migration of anadromous and catadromous fish species, such as salmon, shad and eels, giving them time to form social groups and to adjust to the changes in salinity. Salmon are anadromous, meaning they live in the sea but ascend rivers to spawn; eels are catadromous, living in rivers and streams, but returning to the sea\",\n \"title\": \"Brackish water\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1953972\",\n \"text\": \"The water net (genus Hydrodictyon) is a taxon of freshwater green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. Hydrodictyon does well in clean, eutrophic water, and has become a nuisance in New Zealand, where it has been recently introduced. The name water net comes from the mesh structure of their colonies, which can extend several decimeters. Hydrodictyon consists of colonies of cylindrical cells that are joined end-to-end to form a net-like structure. The cells usually form pentagonal or hexagonal subgroups. Cells contain a parietal chloroplast with many small pyrenoids. Reproduction Algae in the genus can reproduce asexually or sexually. Asexual reproduction takes place by biflagellated (having two flagella) zoospores formed by the thousands inside a cell. However, the zoospores hardly move, as they are packed very densely. The zoospores form a cell wall, become cylindrical in shape, and arrange themselves in a hexagonal pattern, much like the mature tissue. The mother cell disintegrates, releasing the microscopic daughter net. During sexual reproduction, which takes place by iso-gametes (gametes of the same size) even smaller than the zoospores, the iso-gametes escape through a hole in the cell wall of the mother cell. Two gametes fuse, forming a zygote, which then develops a thick cell wall and becomes angular in shape. After a rest period, 2-5 zoospores, which are bigger than the ones formed by asexual reproduction, are produced. The zoospores then enlarge into polygonal cells. The cytoplasm of the cells then divide into new zoospores which lose their flagella and form a new net by lying against each other. References Hydrodictyon on the Protist Information Server Water Net Microscopic view Entry in the Global Compendium of Weeds Sphaeropleales Freshwater algae\",\n \"title\": \"Water net\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49720\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Hooke (; 18 July 16353 March 1703) was an English polymath who was active as a physicist (\\\"natural philosopher\\\"), astronomer, geologist, meteorologist and architect. He is credited as one of the first scientists to investigate living things at microscopic scale in 1665, using a compound microscope that he designed. Hooke was an impoverished scientific inquirer in young adulthood who went on to became one of the most important scientists of his time. After the Great Fire of London in 1666, Hooke (as a surveyor and architect) attained wealth and esteem by performing more than half of the property line surveys and assisting with the city's rapid reconstruction. Often vilified by writers in the centuries after his death, his reputation was restored at the end of the twentieth century and he has been called \\\"England's Leonardo [da Vinci]\\\". Hooke was a Fellow of the Royal Society and from 1662, he was its first Curator of Experiments. From 1665 to 1703, he was also Professor of Geometry at Gresham College. Hooke began his scientific career as an assistant to the physical scientist Robert Boyle. Hooke built the vacuum pumps that were used in Boyle's experiments on gas law and also conducted experiments. In 1664, Hooke identified the rotations of Mars and Jupiter. Hooke's 1665 book Micrographia, in which he coined the term cell, encouraged microscopic investigations. Investigating optics specifically light refraction Hooke inferred a wave theory of light. His is the first-recorded hypothesis of the cause of the expansion of matter by heat, of air's composition by small particles in constant motion that thus generate its pressure, and of heat as energy. In physics, Hooke inferred that gravity obeys an inverse square law and arguably was the first to hypothesise such a relation in planetary motion, a principle Isaac Newton furthered and formalised in Newton's law of universal gravitation. Priority over this insight contributed to the rivalry between Hooke and Newton. In geology and palaeontology, Hooke originated the theory of a terraqueous globe, thus disputing the Biblical view of the Earth's age; he also hypothesised the extinction of species, and argued hills and mountains had become elevated by geological processes. By identifying fossils of extinct species, Hooke presaged the theory of biological evolution. Life and works Early life Much of what is known of Hooke's early life comes from an autobiography he commenced in 1696 but never completed; Richard Waller FRS mentions it in his introduction to The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke, M.D. S.R.S., which was printed in 1705. The work of Waller, along with John Ward's Lives of the Gresham Professors, and John Aubrey's Brief Lives form the major near-contemporaneous biographical accounts of his life. Hooke was born in 1635 in Freshwater, Isle of Wight, to Cecily Gyles and the Anglican priest John Hooke, who was the curate of All Saints' Church, Freshwater. Robert was the youngest, by seven years, of four siblings (two boys and two girls); he was frail and not expected to live. Although his father\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Hooke\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2919859\",\n \"text\": \"Magnetospirillum is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic genus of magnetotactic bacteria, first isolated from pond water by the microbiologist R. P. Blakemore in 1975. They have a spiral (helical) shape and are propelled by a polar flagellum at each end of their cells. The three main species identified are M. magnetotacticum strain MS-1, M. griphiswaldense strain MSR-1, and M. magneticum strain AMB-1. Habitat The first discovered magnetotactic bacteria came from various environments including seawater, lakes, ponds, silt and soils in 1975 – including Magnetospirillum. The typical habitat of Magnetospirillum species consists of shallow fresh water and sediments, characterized by low concentrations of oxygen for growth (microaerophilic) where they live in the upper portion of the sediment (oxic/anoxic interface) and prefer an oxygen gradient of around 1–3%. Magnetotaxis Probably the most peculiar characteristic of Magnetospirillum species is their capacity to orient themselves according to Earth's magnetic field, magnetotaxis. However, they are also impacted by artificial magnetic fields. This is achieved through the presence of special organelles called magnetosomes in the bacterium's cytoplasm. Because the magnetosomes in Magnetospirillum are arranged in chains, the bacteria are able to move with magnetic fields to find a favorable growth environment. However, species also resort to aerotaxis, to remain in favorable O2 concentration conditions. When the bacteria ingest iron, proteins inside their cells interact with it to produce tiny crystals of the mineral magnetite, the most magnetic mineral on Earth. Purification of magnetosomes is accomplished by use of a magnetic separation column after disruption of the cell membrane. If a detergent is used on purified magnetosomes, they tend to agglomerate rather than staying in chain form. Due to the high quality of the single-domain magnetic crystals, a commercial interest has developed in the bacteria. The crystals are thought to have the potential to produce magnetic tapes and magnetic target drugs. Species Magnetospirillum bellicus Magnetospirillum caucaseum Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum—isolated from microaerobic zones of freshwater sediments. Differing from other chemoheterotrophs; the bacterium produces higher amounts of chelator in response to high iron concentrations. Magnetospirillum marisnigri Magnetospirillum moscoviense Magnetospirillum magneticum Magnetospirillum sp. MSM (7 strains) - collected from an Iowan freshwater pond. Magnetospirillum sp. MGT-1 Potential Applications Due to the presence of magnetotaxis and magnetosomes within Magnetospirillum, some species have been studied in how they may be beneficial for use in a wide range of different fields such as those with medicinal and engineering practices. One example is the recent research about how their magnetic properties could potentially introduce a new way of treating wastewater contaminated with heavy metals or be used for tumor hyperthermia due to their coupling abilities. However, it is a challenge to begin to test and apply their unique abilities because of the difficulty with growing large amounts of Magnetospirillum cells and magnetosomes – this could be due to most species being microaerophilic and having specific O2 concentration requirements. References Rhodospirillales Magnetoreception Bacteria genera\",\n \"title\": \"Magnetospirillum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56865\",\n \"text\": \"Lake Baikal ( ; ; ) is a large rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Republic of Buryatia to the southeast. At —slightly larger than Belgium—Lake Baikal is the world's seventh-largest lake by surface area, as well as the second largest lake in Eurasia after the Caspian Sea. However, because it is also the deepest lake, with a maximum depth of , Lake Baikal is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume, containing of water or 22–23% of the world's fresh surface water, more than all of the North American Great Lakes combined. It is also the world's oldest lake at 25–30 million years, and among the clearest. Lake Baikal is home to thousands of species of plants and animals, many of them endemic to the region. It is also home to Buryat tribes, who raise goats, camels, cattle, sheep, and horses on the eastern side of the lake, where the mean temperature varies from a winter minimum of to a summer maximum of . The region to the east of Lake Baikal is referred to as Transbaikalia or as the Transbaikal, and the loosely defined region around the lake itself is sometimes known as Baikalia. UNESCO declared Baikal a World Heritage Site in 1996. Geography and hydrography Lake Baikal is in a rift valley, created by the Baikal Rift Zone, where the Earth's crust is slowly pulling apart. At long and wide, Lake Baikal has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in Asia, at , and is the deepest lake in the world at . The surface of the lake is above sea level, while the bottom of the lake is below sea level, and below this lies some of sediment, placing the rift floor some below the surface, the deepest continental rift on Earth. In geological terms, the rift is young and active – it widens about 4 mm (0.16 in) per year. The fault zone is also seismically active; hot springs occur in the area and notable earthquakes happen every few years. The lake is divided into three basins: North, Central, and South, with depths about , , and , respectively. Fault-controlled accommodation zones rising to depths about separate the basins. The North and Central basins are separated by Academician Ridge, while the area around the Selenga Delta and the Buguldeika Saddle separates the Central and South basins. The lake drains into the Angara, a tributary of the Yenisey. Landforms include Cape Ryty on Baikal's northwest coast. Baikal's age is estimated at 25–30 million years, making it the most ancient lake in geological history. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, as its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. Russian, U.S., and Japanese cooperative studies of deep-drilling core sediments in the 1990s provide a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 6.7 million years. Longer and deeper sediment cores are expected in the near\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Baikal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27659966\",\n \"text\": \"The Agua Dulce or Agua Fresca (Freshwater) were a Timucua people of northeastern Florida. They lived in the St. Johns River watershed north of Lake George, and spoke a dialect of the Timucua language also known as Agua Dulce. In the 1560s, Agua Dulce villages were organized into the chiefdom of Utina, one of the region's most powerful and prominent forces in the early days of European colonization in Florida. Utina had dealings with the French colony of Fort Caroline, and later allied with the Spanish of St. Augustine, who established several missions in its territory. However, the chiefdom declined significantly in the last decades of the 16th century, and the confederacy fragmented into at least three chiefdoms. The main body of the tribe withdrew south along the St. Johns River, and were known as the Agua Dulce to the Spanish. This chiefdom was largely abandoned by 1680. Additionally, a group of Christianized Agua Dulce migrated east towards St. Augustine, and became known as the Tocoy, but this small chiefdom disappeared by 1616. The Acuera, who spoke a different dialect but appear to have been part of the Utina confederacy in the days of French settlement, also broke away and established their own chiefdom. The Acuera proved more sustainable than the Agua Dulce and Tocoy chiefdoms, but had collapsed by 1680. Name Agua Dulce or Agua Fresca (both meaning \\\"Freshwater\\\") was a Spanish term for Timucua living along the freshwater lower St. Johns River, as opposed to the Mocama or \\\"Salt Water\\\" who lived along the coast. The Utina chiefdom of the late 16th century is so called after its paramount chief at the time of contact with the Europeans, Olata Ouae Utina; other spellings of the name include \\\"Outina\\\". The name \\\"Utina\\\" does not appear to be a designation specific to this group; uti-na means \\\"my land\\\" in Timucuan. The Saturiwa, another Timucua chiefdom who were enemies of the Utina, called them \\\"Thimogona\\\" or \\\"Tymangoua\\\", which is possibly the origin of the name \\\"Timucua\\\". The French followed the Saturiwa in this use, but later, the Spanish used the word \\\"Timucua\\\" for a much wider area of northern Florida, which they incorporated into their mission system as the Timucua Province. In the 17th century the Spanish thus came to know the principal tribe in the Timucua Province, who lived to the north of the former Utina chiefdom, as the Timucua. At this time, the descendants of Chief Utina's people were known instead as the Agua Dulce. In the 20th century, after the name \\\"Timucua\\\" had come to be applied to all speakers of the Timucua language, scholars began using \\\"Utina\\\" as a generic term for the group the Spanish had known as the Timucua. However, this has caused confusion between the 16th-century Utina chiefdom and the \\\"Timucua proper\\\", who were never known as Utina by their contemporaries. Scholars Jerald Milanich and Ken Johnson have suggested classing the two groups as eastern Utina and Northern Utina, respectively. According to scholar John\",\n \"title\": \"Agua Dulce people\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"238288\",\n \"text\": \"Aquatic means relating to water; living in or near water or taking place in water; does not include groundwater, as \\\"aquatic\\\" implies an environment where plants and animals live. Aquatic(s) may also refer to: Aquatic animal, either vertebrate or invertebrate, which lives in water for most or all of its life Aquatic ecosystem, environmental system located in a body of water Aquatic plants, also called hydrophytic plants or hydrophytes, are plants that have adapted to living in or on aquatic environments Aquatic (album), 1994 album by the Australian experimental jazz trio, The Necks Aquatics, another name for water sports See also Aquatics (disambiguation) Freshwater ecosystem, an earth aquatic ecosystems Limnology, the study of inland waters Marine biology, the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water Oceanography, the study of marine environments sv:Vatten#Vattnets biologiska roll\",\n \"title\": \"Aquatic\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14346508\",\n \"text\": \"Glossogobius giuris, the tank goby, is a species of goby native to fresh, marine and brackish waters from the Red Sea and East Africa through South Asia and the Indian Ocean to China, Australia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. This species can also be found in the aquarium trade. It is also known as the bar-eyed goby, flat-headed goby and the Gangetic tank goby. Description The head is depressed with a protruding lower jaw while the body takes on a compressed appearance towards to caudal fin. Normally brown or light brown with various darker brown spots and flecks along the sides. Ranges in size from 40 to 50 cm maximum (16-20 inches). Habitat This subtropical species is most often associated with estuarine habitats, although it is also found in marine water and can be found many kilometers inland in freshwater streams, up to inland in Malawi. This species is a benthopelagic and amphidromous goby which is found in clear to turbid streams with rock, gravel, or sandy substrates. Reproduction Lays eggs amongst submerged vegetation, where the eggs are guarded by both the male and the female. They will spawn in freshwater, the eggs being taken to the sea by the current, although it can complete its whole life cycle in freshwater. In South Africa it breeds in the summer while in northern Australia breeding takes place in the dry season. Feeding A carnivorous fish, it will eat any small fish and invertebrates it comes across. Cannibalism has been recorded. According to the index of abundance the preferred food items in guts were recorded as; fish (44.75%), semi digested food (22.46%), insect (12%), debris & detritus (6.78%), crustacean (5.93%), fish scale (4.76%), fish egg (1.53%), zooplankton (0.83%), plant (0.63%) and mollusk (0.33%) by volume. The ratio of total length (TL) and total gut length (TGL) was 1:0.252. Gut length was about less than half of the total length of the fish, which also indicated the carnivorous nature of feeding habit of the fish. Human Interaction Unusually for a goby this species is commercially exploited, possibly due to its large size, and sold fresh or frozen. It also appears in the aquarium trade. References tank goby Freshwater fish of South Africa Freshwater fish of Australia Freshwater fish of South Asia Fish of Bangladesh Freshwater fish of India Freshwater fish of China tank goby\",\n \"title\": \"Tank goby\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6312088\",\n \"text\": \"The radiant or apparent radiant of a meteor shower is the celestial point in the sky from which (from the point of view of a terrestrial observer) the paths of meteors appear to originate. The Perseids, for example, are meteors which appear to come from a point within the constellation of Perseus. Meteor paths appear at random locations in the sky, but the apparent paths of two or more meteors from the same shower will diverge from the radiant. The radiant is the vanishing point of the meteor paths, which are parallel lines in three-dimensional space, as seen from the perspective of the observer, who views a two-dimensional projection against the sky. The geometric effect is identical to crepuscular rays, where parallel sunbeams appear to diverge. A meteor that does not point back to the known radiant for a given shower is known as a sporadic and is not considered part of that shower. Shower meteors may appear a short time before the radiant has risen in the observer's eastern sky. The radiant in such cases is above the horizon at the meteor's altitude. During the active period of most showers, the radiant moves nearly one degree eastwards, parallel to the ecliptic, against the stellar background each day. This is called the radiant's diurnal drift, and is to a large degree due to the Earth's own orbital motion around the Sun, which also proceeds at nearly one degree a day. As the radiant is determined by the superposition of the motions of Earth and meteoroid, the changing orbital direction of the Earth towards the east causes the radiant to move to the east as well. Cause Meteor showers are mostly caused by the trails of dust and debris left in the wake of a comet. This dust continues to move along the comet's wake, and when the Earth moves through such debris, a meteor shower results. Because all of the debris is moving in roughly the same direction, the meteors which strike the atmosphere all \\\"point\\\" back to the direction of the comet's path. As an exception, the Geminids are a shower caused by the object 3200 Phaethon, which is thought to be a Palladian asteroid. Observation The radiant is an important factor in observation. If the radiant point is at or below the horizon, then few if any meteors will be observed. This is because the atmosphere shields the Earth from most of the debris, and only those meteors which happen to be travelling exactly (or very near) tangential to the Earth's surface will be viewable. References Meteor showers\",\n \"title\": \"Radiant (meteor shower)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2024699\",\n \"text\": \"A subglacial lake is a lake that is found under a glacier, typically beneath an ice cap or ice sheet. Subglacial lakes form at the boundary between ice and the underlying bedrock, where pressure decreases the pressure melting point of ice. Over time, the overlying ice gradually melts at a rate of a few millimeters per year. Meltwater flows from regions of high to low hydraulic pressure under the ice and pools, creating a body of liquid water that can be isolated from the external environment for millions of years. Since the first discoveries of subglacial lakes under the Antarctic Ice Sheet, more than 400 subglacial lakes have been discovered in Antarctica, beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet, and under Iceland's Vatnajökull ice cap. Subglacial lakes contain a substantial proportion of Earth's liquid freshwater, with the volume of Antarctic subglacial lakes alone estimated to be about 10,000 km3, or about 15% of all liquid freshwater on Earth. As ecosystems isolated from Earth's atmosphere, subglacial lakes are influenced by interactions between ice, water, sediments, and organisms. They contain active biological communities of extremophilic microbes that are adapted to cold, low-nutrient conditions and facilitate biogeochemical cycles independent of energy inputs from the sun. Subglacial lakes and their inhabitants are of particular interest in the field of astrobiology and the search for extraterrestrial life. Physical characteristics The water in subglacial lakes remains liquid since geothermal heating balances the heat loss at the ice surface. The pressure from the overlying glacier causes the melting point of water to be below 0 °C. The ceiling of the subglacial lake will be at the level where the pressure melting point of water intersects with the temperature gradient. In Lake Vostok, the largest Antarctic subglacial lake, the ice over the lake is thus much thicker than the ice sheet around it. Hypersaline subglacial lakes remain liquid due to their salt content. Not all lakes with permanent ice cover can be called subglacial, as some are covered by regular lake ice. Some examples of perennially ice-covered lakes include Lake Bonney and Lake Hoare in Antarctica's McMurdo Dry Valleys as well as Lake Hodgson, a former subglacial lake. Hydrostatic seals The water in a subglacial lake can have a floating level much above the level of the ground threshold. In fact, theoretically a subglacial lake can even exist on the top of a hill, provided that the ice over it is thin enough to form the required hydrostatic seal. The floating level can be thought of as the water level in a hole drilled through the ice into the lake. It is equivalent to the level at which a piece of ice over it would float if it were a normal ice shelf. The ceiling can therefore be conceived as an ice shelf that is grounded along its entire perimeter, which explains why it has been called a captured ice shelf. As it moves over the lake, it enters the lake at the floating line, and it leaves the lake\",\n \"title\": \"Subglacial lake\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5402646\",\n \"text\": \"Palaeocastor ('ancient beaver') is an extinct genus of beavers that lived in the North American Badlands during the late Oligocene period to early Miocene. Palaeocastor was much smaller than modern beavers. There are several species including Palaeocastor fossor, Palaeocastor magnus, Palaeocastor wahlerti, and Palaeocastor peninsulatus. The animals first became known on grounds of their fossilized burrows, the \\\"Devil's corkscrews\\\". Habitat Some members of this genus made corkscrew-shaped burrows and tunnels. Like many early castorids, Palaeocastor was predominantly a burrowing animal instead of an aquatic animal. Fossil evidence suggests they may have lived in family groups like modern beavers and employed a K reproductive strategy instead of the normal r-strategy of most rodents. Based on size and habitat, Palaeocastor fossor has been compared to a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). \\\"Devil's corkscrews\\\" The discovery of Palaeocastor sprang from the discovery of \\\"devil's corkscrews\\\" in the plains of Sioux County, Nebraska, as a tree-sized, screw-like underground formation. Its basic form is an elongated spiral of hardened earth material that inserts into the soil as deep as . These puzzling structures first came to notice through Dr. E. H. Barbour of the University of Nebraska around Harrison, Nebraska, in 1891 and 1892. Then he described it as giant freshwater sponges. This identification was influenced by the surroundings where the \\\"screws\\\" were situated; the deposits in which they occur were laid down in immense freshwater lakes in the Miocene Epoch, 20 million years ago. Also for a while, people tended to believe the spiral forms are a curious type of extinct vegetation, although many remained skeptical, as well. In 1892, Dr. Barbour proposed that the devil's corkscrews were the burrows of large rodents, and Latinized the name to the ichnofossil name Daimonhelix, Daimonelix, or Daemonelix (all these spellings are found) and classified them by shape and size. This does seem to contradict an essay by Barbour in 'The American Naturalist Vol. XXIX June 1895'. Here Dr. Barbour attempts to refute a theory put forward by Dr. Theodor Fuchs, in which Fuchs states exactly that the Daemonelix was just the result of the burrowing of a Miocene Gopher. In this essay Barbour seems to be holding to the theory that the Daemonelix was the result of calcified plant forms. One argument put forward by Barbour was that the form of the corkscrew was too perfect to have been constructed by a 'reasoning creature', and must instead have been the result of plant construction (or some other lower life form). Barbour also states in this essay that the discovery of a fossilized beaver was not proof of the origin of Daemonelix, as there has also been found the bones of 'a mammal as large as a mouse'... In \\\"The Curves of Life\\\" (Constable 1914) Theodore Andrea Cook writes that \\\"Other hypotheses have been put forward to explain these odd formations (ie the Daemonelix), one of the most likely being that two plants are involved, one of which coiled tightly round the other....it is clear that our\",\n \"title\": \"Palaeocastor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4118832\",\n \"text\": \"The Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion of Bangladesh and India. The ecoregion covers an area of , comprising most of Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar and Tripura, and extending into adjacent states of Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and a tiny part of Assam, as well as adjacent western Myanmar. Geography The Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests extends across the alluvial plain of the lower Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, which form the world's largest river delta. The ecoregion is currently one of the most densely populated regions on earth, and the forests have largely been replaced with intensive agriculture. The ecoregion is bounded on the east and northeast by montane tropical rain forests; the Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests covers the Chin Hills and Chittagong Hills to the east, extending into Myanmar and other states of Northeast India, while the Meghalaya subtropical forests covers the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya and southern Assam, and almost defines the Bangladesh border with Northeast India. To the north, the ecoregion extends to the base of the Himalayas, where it is bounded by the Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands. The upper portion of the Brahmaputra valley in Assam is home to the humid lowland Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests. To the northwest, the forests are bounded by the Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests. The dry Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests lie on the Chota Nagpur Plateau to the southwest. The Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests and Sundarbans mangroves ecoregions lie in the swampy, semi-brackish and brackish southern reaches of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta bordering the Bay of Bengal. The ecoregion is home to several large cities, including Kolkata, Dhaka, Patna, and Chittagong. Climate The climate of the ecoregion is tropical and humid. Most of the annual rainfall comes during the southwest monsoon from June to September. Flora The natural vegetation is mostly semi-evergreen forest. The upper canopy is predominantly of deciduous trees, with a lower storey of evergreen trees. Characteristic trees in disturbed forests are Bombax ceiba together with Albizia procera, Duabanga sonneratioides, and Sterculia villosa. As forests mature sal (Shorea robusta) becomes predominant, but most of the remaining forests do not mature to climax stage because of human disturbance. Where annual fires occur frequently during the dry season, fire-hardy trees and shrubs Zizyphus mauritiana, Madhuca latifolia, Aegle marmelos, Butea monosperma, Terminalia tomentosa, and Ochna pumila are common. Riparian forests are typically an Acacia-Dalbergia association, with Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Albizia procera, Bombax ceiba, and Sterculia villosa. Fauna The ecoregion is home to 126 native mammal species. They include threatened species like the tiger (Panthera tigris), Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), gaur (Bos gaurus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), chousingha (Tetracerus quadricornis), smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), and great Indian civet (Viverra zibetha). The ecoregion is home to 380 species of birds species, including the Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus), Pallas's fish-eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), swamp francolin (Francolinus gularis), Indian grey hornbill (Ocyceros birostris), and Oriental pied hornbill\",\n \"title\": \"Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69310\",\n \"text\": \"The Sea of Galilee (, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא, גִּנֵּיסַר, ), also called Lake Tiberias or Kinneret, is a freshwater lake in Israel. It is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second-lowest lake in the world (after the Dead Sea, a salt lake), at levels between below sea level. It is approximately in circumference, about long, and wide. Its area is at its fullest, and its maximum depth is approximately . The lake is fed partly by underground springs, but its main source is the Jordan River, which flows through it from north to south and exits the lake at the Degania Dam. Geography The Sea of Galilee is situated in northeast Israel, between the Golan Heights and the Galilee region, in the Jordan Rift Valley, formed by the separation of the African and Arabian plates. Consequently, the area is subject to earthquakes, and in the past, volcanic activity. This is evident from the abundant basalt and other igneous rocks that define the geology of Galilee. Names The lake has been called by different names throughout its history, usually depending on the dominant settlement on its shores. With the changing fate of the towns, the lake's name also changed. The modern Hebrew name Kineret comes from the Hebrew Bible, where it appears as the \\\"sea of Kineret\\\" in and , and spelled כנרות \\\"Kinerot\\\" in Hebrew in . This name was also found in the scripts of Ugarit, in the Aqhat Epic. As the name of a city, Kinneret was listed among the \\\"fenced cities\\\" in . A persistent, though likely erroneous, popular etymology presumes that the name Kinneret may originate from the Hebrew word kinnor (\\\"harp\\\" or \\\"lyre\\\"), because of the shape of the lake. The scholarly consensus, however, is that the origin of the name is derived from the important Bronze and Iron Age city of Kinneret, excavated at Tell el-'Oreimeh. The city of Kinneret may have been named after the body of water rather than vice versa, and there is no evidence for the origin of the town's name. All Old and New Testament writers use the term \\\"sea\\\" (Hebrew יָם yam, Greek θάλασσα), with the exception of Luke, who calls it \\\"the Lake of Gennesaret\\\" (), from the Greek λίμνη Γεννησαρέτ (limnē Gennēsaret), the \\\"Grecized form of Chinnereth\\\" according to Easton (1897). For a different etymology, see Galilee. The Babylonian Talmud as well as Flavius Josephus mention the sea by the name \\\"Sea of Ginosar\\\" after the small fertile plain of Ginosar that lies on its western side. Ginosar is yet another name derived from \\\"Kinneret\\\". The word Galilee comes from the Hebrew Haggalil (הַגָלִיל), which literally means \\\"The District\\\", a compressed form of Gelil Haggoyim \\\"The District of Nations\\\" (Isaiah 8:23). Toward the end of the first century CE, the Sea of Galilee became widely known as the Sea of Tiberias after the city of Tiberias founded on its western shore in honour of the second Roman emperor, Tiberius. In the New Testament, the\",\n \"title\": \"Sea of Galilee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24479046\",\n \"text\": \"In astronomy, planetary mass is a measure of the mass of a planet-like astronomical object. Within the Solar System, planets are usually measured in the astronomical system of units, where the unit of mass is the solar mass (), the mass of the Sun. In the study of extrasolar planets, the unit of measure is typically the mass of Jupiter () for large gas giant planets, and the mass of Earth () for smaller rocky terrestrial planets. The mass of a planet within the Solar System is an adjusted parameter in the preparation of ephemerides. There are three variations of how planetary mass can be calculated: If the planet has natural satellites, its mass can be calculated using Newton's law of universal gravitation to derive a generalization of Kepler's third law that includes the mass of the planet and its moon. This permitted an early measurement of Jupiter's mass, as measured in units of the solar mass. The mass of a planet can be inferred from its effect on the orbits of other planets. In 1931-1948 flawed applications of this method led to incorrect calculations of the mass of Pluto. Data from influence collected from the orbits of space probes can be used. Examples include Voyager probes to the outer planets and the MESSENGER spacecraft to Mercury. Also, numerous other methods can give reasonable approximations. For instance, Varuna, a potential dwarf planet, rotates very quickly upon its axis, as does the dwarf planet Haumea. Haumea has to have a very high density in order not to be ripped apart by centrifugal forces. Through some calculations, one can place a limit on the object's density. Thus, if the object's size is known, a limit on the mass can be determined. See the links in the aforementioned articles for more details on this. Choice of units The choice of solar mass, , as the basic unit for planetary mass comes directly from the calculations used to determine planetary mass. In the most precise case, that of the Earth itself, the mass is known in terms of solar masses to twelve significant figures: the same mass, in terms of kilograms or other Earth-based units, is only known to five significant figures, which is less than a millionth as precise. The difference comes from the way in which planetary masses are calculated. It is impossible to \\\"weigh\\\" a planet, and much less the Sun, against the sort of mass standards which are used in the laboratory. On the other hand, the orbits of the planets give a great range of observational data as to the relative positions of each body, and these positions can be compared to their relative masses using Newton's law of universal gravitation (with small corrections for General Relativity where necessary). To convert these relative masses to Earth-based units such as the kilogram, it is necessary to know the value of the Newtonian constant of gravitation, G. This constant is remarkably difficult to measure in practice, and its value is only\",\n \"title\": \"Planetary mass\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62083421\",\n \"text\": \"Bradley Cardinale is an American ecologist, conservation biologist, academic and researcher. He is Head of the Department of Ecosystem Science and Management and Penn State University. Cardinale's work has focused on the conservation and restoration of biodiversity in natural systems, as well as the ecological design of human engineered systems that benefit from biodiversity. He uses mathematical models, lab- and field-based experiments, observational studies of natural ecosystems, and meta-analyses of existing data to examine how human activities impact Earth's biological diversity, and to protect and manage species, their ecosystems, and the services they provide to society. He has written over 120 scientific papers, as well as a textbook on conservation biology. Cardinale is an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Ecological Society of America. In 2014, Cardinale was named by Thomson Reuters as one of The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds. Early life and education Cardinale was born in Phoenix, Arizona in 1969. He studied at Arizona State University where, in 1993, he received a B.S. in Biology. After receiving his bachelor's degree, Cardinale went on to receive an M.S. in Fisheries and Wildlife in 1996 from Michigan State University where he helped develop methods for restoring coastal wetlands in the Great Lakes. He then went on to complete a Ph.D. in Biology from University of Maryland in 2002 where he led projects focused on the restoration of biodiversity and ecosystem processes in degraded streams in the Appalachian Mountains. Following his Ph.D., Cardinale completed a postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Zoology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Career In 2005, Cardinale joined the Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology at the University of California, Santa Barbara as an Assistant Professor, becoming Associate Professor in 2010. In 2011, he left the University of California, Santa Barbara to join the University of Michigan, where he became Full Professor in 2015. He served as coordinator of the Conservation Ecology Program at the University of Michigan from 2012 to 2014. He left University of Michigan in 2021 to join Penn State University as Head of the Department of Ecosystem Science and Management. In 2013, he was elected by the U.S. National Academy of Science as one of three U.S. representatives on the inaugural Science Committee of the United Nations initiative Future Earth. Future Earth was a reorganization of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) that merged five discipline-based global change programs into a single, multidisciplinary research program. Between 2009 and 2013, Cardinale helped form the U.S. National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), assisting with selection of the core aquatic sites, and serving on the Pacific-Southwest Domain Science Committee. He was also co-PI with Walter Dodds and Margaret A. Palmer on the proposal that established the Stream Observational and Experimental Network (STREON) – a coordinated set of national climate change experiments that were ultimately eliminated from NEON as part of budget cuts and descoping. Cardinale received the Hynes Award for New Investigators from the Society for Freshwater Science\",\n \"title\": \"Bradley Cardinale\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1465854\",\n \"text\": \"The Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) is an endangered subspecies of the white-tailed deer that lives only in the Florida Keys. It is the smallest extant North American deer species. Description This deer can be recognized by its characteristic size, smaller than all other white-tailed deer. Adult males (known as bucks) usually weigh and stand about tall at the shoulder. Adult females (does) usually weigh between and have an average height of at the shoulders. The deer is a reddish-brown to grey-brown in color. Antlers are grown by males and shed between February and March and regrown by June. When the antlers are growing, they have a white velvet coating. The subspecies otherwise generally resembles other white-tailed deer in appearance. Behavior Key deer easily swim between islands. Living close to humans, they have little of the natural fear of humans shown by most of their larger mainland relatives (an example of island tameness). The deer are often found in residents' yards and along roadsides where plants and flowers grow. This often results in car-to-deer collisions, as the deer are more active (and harder to avoid) at night. Seeing them at dusk and dawn is not unusual. Breeding Breeding occurs all year, but peaks in October and December. Territorial activity is limited to defending a receptive doe from other bucks. Longevity records are 9 years for males and 7 years for females. Adult females form loose matriarchal groups with one or two generations of offspring, while bucks feed and bed together only outside the breeding season. Distribution and habitat The range of the Key deer originally encompassed all of the lower Florida Keys (where standing water pools exist), but is now limited to a stretch of the Florida Keys from about Sugarloaf Key to Bahia Honda Key. Key deer use all islands during the wet season when drinking water is more generally available, retreating to islands with a perennial supply of fresh water in dry months. By August 2019, most individuals were living on only one of the Florida Key islands, Big Pine Key. Key deer inhabit nearly all habitats within their range, including pine rocklands, hardwood hammocks, mangroves, and freshwater wetlands. Diet The species feeds on over 150 types of plants, but mangroves (red, white, and black), silver palm fruit and thatch palm berries make up the most important parts of their diets. Pine rockland habitat is important, as well, because it is often the only reliable source of fresh drinking water (Key deer can tolerate drinking only mildly brackish water). Habitat destruction due to human encroachment causes many deer to feed on non-native ornamental plants, which may only increase the likelihood of human conflict. History The Key deer is a subspecies of white-tailed deer which migrated to the Florida Keys from the mainland over a land bridge during the Wisconsin glaciation. The earliest known written reference to Key deer comes from the writings of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spanish sailor shipwrecked in the Florida Keys and captured by\",\n \"title\": \"Key deer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39552901\",\n \"text\": \"Ripley's Aquarium of Canada is a public aquarium in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The aquarium is one of three aquariums owned-and-operated by Ripley Entertainment. It is located in downtown Toronto, just southeast of the CN Tower. The aquarium has 5.7 million litres (1.25 million gallons) of marine and freshwater habitats from across the world. The exhibits hold more than 20,000 exotic sea and freshwater specimens from more than 450 species. History A Ripley's Aquarium was originally planned in 2004 to be built in Niagara Falls, Ontario, next to what is now Great Wolf Lodge around 2007, but plans fell through and Ripley's eventually relocated to Toronto. Construction began on the attraction in August 2011 with a final cost approaching . The aquarium opened to the public in October 2013. The project was a partnership with three levels of government. The federal government's Canada Lands Company contributed to the project to develop the \\\"John Street Corridor\\\" linking Front Street with the aquarium, the CN Tower and the Rogers Centre. The Government of Ontario contributed to the project, and the City of Toronto government provided property-tax incentives amounting to between and over the first twelve years of the aquarium. Ripley's Aquarium has been the target of animal liberation groups such as TARA (Toronto Aquarium Resistance) and MAD (Marineland Animal Defence), which claim animal captivity is synonymous with animal abuse. They regularly conduct protests and demonstrations at the facility. Prominent animal conservationist Bob Timmons has also publicly spoken out against Ripley Aquarium's capture of endangered tiger sharks. Building The building features a multi-faceted shell clad in large aluminum panels, with the roof of the main entrance that \\\"gives the illusion of the earth's crust peeling away to reveal a window into the aquatic world.\\\" There are also coloured surfaces that juxtapose reflective aluminum soffits. The building was designed with special shielding so that sharks would not be disturbed by its electrical systems. Access The building is located on Bremner Boulevard, to the east of the Rogers Centre, just south of the CN Tower and across the street from the Roundhouse Railway Museum. The aquarium is accessible from the Union subway station using the SkyWalk pedestrian pathway. The building does not have parking of its own. Parking is available in several underground parking garages nearby and surface parking lots. The nearest highway access is the Gardiner Expressway by exiting at York Street. Exhibits The aquarium holds 5.7 million liters (1.5 million gallons) of water and shows marine and freshwater habitats from around the world. The aquarium is organized into ten galleries: Canadian Waters, Rainbow Reef, Dangerous Lagoon, Discovery Centre, The Gallery, Ray Bay, Swarm: Nature by Numbers, Planet Jellies, Life Support Systems and the Shoreline Gallery. It is home to more than 20,000 animals. The Canadian Waters exhibit features animals from all the bodies of water surrounding the country. The gallery has 17 habitats. Some animals featured in this exhibit include: alewife, largemouth bass, American lobster, wolf eel, lump fish, giant Pacific octopus, china rockfish\",\n \"title\": \"Ripley's Aquarium of Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3290448\",\n \"text\": \"Rally Cry is a science fiction novel by American writer William Forstchen, first published in 1990. It is the first book in Forstchen's Lost Regiment series. Its plot follows the Union Army's 35th Maine Volunteer Infantry and 44th New York Light Artillery as they board a transport ship, the Ogunquit, in City Point, Virginia, on January 2, 1865. Their mission is to take place in the amphibious assault of Fort Fisher, the Confederate fort defending Wilmington, North Carolina. Caught in a strong storm soon after entering the Atlantic Ocean, they are fighting for their lives southwest of Bermuda (in or near the Bermuda Triangle) when a blinding light appears, swells, and envelops the ship while rendering the men aboard unconscious. They awake to find themselves transported to a different world. They quickly find friends and enemies in this new world where past civilizations from Earth were transported including feudal Russians, ancient Romans and Carthaginians, Zulus and others. The planet has many animals, some from the Ice Age megafauna of the Earth and others from totally alien worlds. In addition—as the soldiers of the 35th Maine rapidly discover—humans are not the dominant form of life on this planet, which is called Valennia. Rather, humans are the enemies and sometime cattle of nine-foot-tall alien nomads. Valennia, additionally, is smaller than the Earth. There are fewer and smaller freshwater oceans, gravity is lighter, and most of the land masses are contiguous. Rally Cry is divided into two books. The first book describes the 35th Maine's initial voyage and passage into Valennia via a \\\"tunnel of light\\\". In book two, Keane and his men prepare for the coming of the Tugars, the northernmost group of Horde aliens. Plot summary Book One The 35th Maine sets up a camp inside the land of Rus, outside a boyar's city, Suzdal. They are thrown into an intricate network of political feuds where the boyar, Ivor, struggles against the church for power. Both sides wish to exploit Keane and his men. The men of the 35th befriend peasants and the ideas of liberty, democracy, and freedom spread. Most of the 35th are ardent supporters of Lincoln and many abolitionists among them wish to change the order of the feudal society. The men learn of the human-eating enemies called Tugars, seeing them depicted in a church. Keane allows for a vote to either stay and fight with Rus or to leave and try and mass strength elsewhere while avoiding the horde. The church's prelate, Rasnar, convinces Ivor to attack Keane and steal the guns on the night of the vote. The peasants revolt and are led particularly by one man, Kalencka (Kal), who befriends the Maine men and becomes an interpreter for Ivor. On the night Ivor masses his armies to crush Keane, Kal starts the rebellion. As the peasants are crushed, Keane calls off the vote instead letting the men place their votes by choosing whether or not to march to the aid of the peasants. Keane manages\",\n \"title\": \"Rally Cry (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15537603\",\n \"text\": \"This article attempts to place key plant innovations in a geological context. It concerns itself only with novel adaptations and events that had a major ecological significance, not those that are of solely anthropological interest. The timeline displays a graphical representation of the adaptations; the text attempts to explain the nature and robustness of the evidence. Plant evolution is an aspect of the study of biological evolution, predominantly involving evolution of plants suited to live on land, greening of various land masses by the filling of their niches with land plants, and diversification of groups of land plants. Earliest plants In the strictest sense, the name plant refers to those land plants that form the clade Embryophyta, comprising the bryophytes and vascular plants. However, the clade Viridiplantae or green plants includes some other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes, including green algae. It is widely believed that land plants evolved from a group of charophytes, most likely simple single-celled terrestrial algae similar to extant Klebsormidiophyceae. Chloroplasts in plants evolved from an endosymbiotic relationship between a cyanobacterium, a photosynthesising prokaryote and a non-photosynthetic eukaryotic organism, producing a lineage of photosynthesizing eukaryotic organisms in marine and freshwater environments. These earliest photosynthesizing single-celled autotrophs evolved into multicellular organisms such as the Charophyta, a group of freshwater green algae. Fossil evidence of plants begins around 3000 Ma with indirect evidence of oxygen-producing photosynthesis in the geological record, in the form of chemical and isotopic signatures in rocks and fossil evidence of colonies of cyanobacteria, photosynthesizing prokaryotic organisms. Cyanobacteria use water as a reducing agent, producing atmospheric oxygen as a byproduct, and they thereby profoundly changed the early reducing atmosphere of the earth to one in which modern aerobic organisms eventually evolved. This oxygen liberated by cyanobacteria then oxidized dissolved iron in the oceans, the iron precipitated out of the sea water, and fell to the ocean floor to form sedimentary layers of oxidized iron called Banded Iron Formations (BIFs). These BIFs are part of the geological record of evidence for the evolutionary history of plants by identifying when photosynthesis originated. This also provides deep time constraints upon when enough oxygen could have been available in the atmosphere to produce the ultraviolet blocking stratospheric ozone layer. The oxygen concentration in the ancient atmosphere subsequently rose, acting as a poison for anaerobic organisms, and resulting in a highly oxidizing atmosphere, and opening up niches on land for occupation by aerobic organisms. Fossil evidence for cyanobacteria also comes from the presence of stromatolites in the fossil record deep into the Precambrian. Stromatolites are layered structures formed by the trapping, binding, and cementation of sedimentary grains by microbial biofilms, such as those produced by cyanobacteria. The direct evidence for cyanobacteria is less certain than the evidence for their presence as primary producers of atmospheric oxygen. Modern stromatolites containing cyanobacteria can be found on the west coast of Australia and other areas in saline lagoons and in freshwater. Paleozoic flora Cambrian flora Early plants were small, unicellular or filamentous, with simple\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of plant evolution\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3102207\",\n \"text\": \"The freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, is a fish endemic to North and Central America. It is the only species in the genus Aplodinotus, and is a member of the family Sciaenidae. It is the only North American member of the group that inhabits freshwater for its entire life. Its generic name, Aplodinotus, comes from Greek meaning \\\"single back\\\", and the specific epithet, grunniens, comes from a Latin word meaning \\\"grunting\\\". It is given to it because of the grunting noise that mature males make. This noise comes from a special set of muscles within the body cavity that vibrate against the swim bladder. The purpose of the grunting is unknown, but due to it being present in only mature males and during the spawning season, it is assumed to be linked to spawning. The freshwater drum is also called Russell fish, shepherd's pie, gray bass, Gasper goo, Gaspergou, gou, grunt, grunter, grinder, gobble, and croaker. It is commonly known as sheephead and sunfish in parts of Canada, and the United States. Description The drum typically weighs . The world record was caught on Nickajack Lake in Tennessee, and weighed in at . The freshwater drum is gray or silvery in turbid waters and more bronze or brown colored in clearer waters. It is a deep bodied fish with a divided dorsal fin consisting of 10 spines and 29–32 rays. Geographic distribution Freshwater drum are the only North American member of their family to exclusively inhabit freshwater (freshwater family members in genera Pachypops, Pachyurus, Petilipinnis and Plagioscion are from South America, while Boesemania is Asian). Their great distribution range goes as far north as the Hudson Bay, and reaches as far south as Guatemala. Their longitudinal distribution goes as far east as the eastern Appalachians and stretches as far west into Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Freshwater drum are considered to be one of the most wide-ranging species in North America. Ecology The freshwater drum prefers clear water, but it is tolerant of turbid and murky water. They prefer the bottom to be clean sand and gravel substrates. The diet of the freshwater drum is generally benthic and composed of macroinvertebrates (mainly aquatic insect larvae and bivalve mussels), as well as small fish in certain ecosystems. Freshwater drum show distinct seasonal differences in their diet. In April and May, the drum feeds on dipterans. During these months, dipterans make up about 50 percent of the freshwater drum's diet. In August through November, they tend to eat fish (which are primarily young-of-the-year Gizzard shad). The percentage of fish in their diet at this time ranges from 52 to 94 percent. Other items in the drum's diet are mollusks and crayfish. The freshwater drum competes with several organisms. During its early stages in Lake Erie, it has been shown to compete with yellow perch, the trout-perch, and the emerald shiner. During its adult lifetime, it competes with yellow perch and silver chub in deep water, and competes with black bass in the shoal areas.\",\n \"title\": \"Freshwater drum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6262231\",\n \"text\": \"Most water in Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total. The vast bulk of the water on Earth is saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land. In all, water from oceans and marginal seas, saline groundwater and water from saline closed lakes amount to over 97% of the water on Earth, though no closed lake stores a globally significant amount of water. Saline groundwater is seldom considered except when evaluating water quality in arid regions. The remainder of Earth's water constitutes the planet's resource. Typically, fresh water is defined as water with a salinity of less than 1% that of the oceans – i.e. below around 0.35‰. Water with a salinity between this level and 1‰ is typically referred to as because it is marginal for many uses by humans and animals. The ratio of salt water to fresh water on Earth is around 50:1. The planet's fresh water is also very unevenly distributed. Although in warm periods such as the Mesozoic and Paleogene when there were no glaciers anywhere on the planet all fresh water was found in rivers and streams, today most fresh water exists in the form of ice, snow, groundwater and soil moisture, with only 0.3% in liquid form on the surface. Of the liquid surface fresh water, 87% is contained in lakes, 11% in swamps, and only 2% in rivers. Small quantities of water also exist in the atmosphere and in living beings. Although the total volume of groundwater is known to be much greater than that of river runoff, a large proportion of this groundwater is saline and should therefore be classified with the saline water above. There is also a lot of fossil groundwater in arid regions that have never been renewed for thousands of years; this must not be seen as renewable water. Distribution of saline and fresh water The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km3 (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being freshwater. Of the freshwater, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. Because the oceans that cover roughly 70.8% of the area of Earth reflect blue light, Earth appears blue from space, and is often referred to as the blue planet and the Pale Blue Dot. Liquid freshwater like lakes and rivers cover about 1% of Earth's surface and altogether with Earth's ice cover, Earth's surface is 75% water by area. Lakes Collectively, Earth's lakes hold 199,000 km3 of water. Most lakes are in the high northern latitudes, far from human population centers. The North American Great Lakes, which contain 21% of the world's fresh water by volume, are an exception. The Great Lakes Basin is home to 33 million people. The Canadian cities of\",\n \"title\": \"Water distribution on Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"197049\",\n \"text\": \"The Global 200 is the list of ecoregions identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the global conservation organization, as priorities for conservation. According to WWF, an ecoregion is defined as a \\\"relatively large unit of land or water containing a characteristic set of natural communities that share a large majority of their species dynamics, and environmental conditions\\\". For example, based on their levels of endemism, Madagascar gets multiple listings, ancient Lake Baikal gets one, and the North American Great Lakes get none. The WWF assigns a conservation status to each ecoregion in the Global 200: critical or endangered; vulnerable; and relatively stable or intact. Over half of the ecoregions in the Global 200 are rated endangered. Background The WWF has identified 867 terrestrial ecoregions across the Earth's land surface, as well as freshwater and marine ecoregions. The goal of this classification system is to ensure that the full range of ecosystems will be represented in regional conservation and development strategies. Of these ecoregions, the WWF selected the Global 200 as the ecoregions most crucial to the conservation of global biodiversity. The Global 200 list actually contains 238 ecoregions, made up of 142 terrestrial, 53 freshwater, and 43 marine ecoregions. Conservationists interested in preserving biodiversity have generally focused on the preservation of tropical moist broadleaf forests (commonly known as tropical rainforests) because it is estimated that they harbor one half of Earth's species. On the other hand, the WWF determined that a more comprehensive strategy for conserving global biodiversity should also consider the other half of species, as well as the ecosystems that support them. Several habitats, such as Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome, were determined to be more threatened than tropical rain forests, and therefore require concerted conservation action. WWF maintains that \\\"although conservation action typically takes place at the country level, patterns of biodiversity and ecological processes (e.g., migration) do not conform to political boundaries\\\", which is why ecoregion-based conservation strategies are deemed essential. Classification Historically, zoologists and botanists have developed various classification systems that take into account the world's plant and animal communities. Two of the worldwide classification systems most commonly used today were summarized by Miklos Udvardy in 1975. The Earth's land surface can be divided into eight biogeographic realms (formerly called kingdoms, and which the BBC calls ecozones) that represent the major terrestrial communities of animals and plants, and are a synthesis of previous systems of floristic provinces and faunal regions. The biome system classifies the world into ecosystem types (i.e. forests, grasslands, etc.) based on climate and vegetation. Each biogeographical realm contains multiple biomes, and biomes occur across several biogeographical realms. A system of biogeographical provinces was developed to identify specific geographic areas in each biogeographical realm that were of a consistent biome type, and shared distinct plant and animal communities. The WWF system represents a further refinement of the system of biomes (which the WWF calls \\\"major habitat types\\\"), biogeographical realms, and biogeographical provinces (the WWF scheme divides most biogeographical\",\n \"title\": \"Global 200\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17261435\",\n \"text\": \"The Cau del Cargol Shells of the World Museum is a museum containing a large private collection of shells; it is situated in Vilassar de Dalt (Catalonia, Spain). The collection includes over 16,000 worldwide species of mollusc shells, from marine, terrestrial and freshwater habitats. The museum was created in the year 1950, when its founder Jaume Bot i Arenas (1904-1983), started to exhibit his own collection to the public. Later he expanded his collection by acquiring other people's collections. He was able to reunite the collections of several different naturalists; material that had been collected from 1850 to 1983. The Cau del Cargol museum houses one of the biggest shell collections that is open to the public. About one thousand shell specimens are displayed in a room which has been recently renovated. The museum is often visited by classes from regional schools that are studying natural history and zoology. The museum is open to visitors on the first Sunday of every month, from 11 am to 2 pm, and at other times by special request. Contents Shells that can be seen in Cau del Cargol are terrestrial mollusca, marine and freshwater or brackish. Just as in nature, most of the collection are marine species. Shells exhibits are grouped with biogeographic criteria. Thus, grouped into 16 zoogeogràfical marine regions defined in the 19th century by SP Woodward, geologist and professor of natural history in his studies of Malacology. These regions based on zoogeography are characterized by the presence of certain species that unit them and at the same time, put them apart from those from other areas. The criterion of geographical grouping of units exposed favors contemplation of the exhibition as a journey around the world through the shells. In the same room where shells are exposed, there are eight permanent panels that invite to the reflection on the world of form and color in nature. The panels explain that the world of form and color does not exist nor can be understood without the scope of invisible energy fields. They also invite us to think on the way we perceive the world and the relationship between power and scope of consciousness. Topics The museum covers the following topics: Shapes and colors, where shapes and colors are introduced to a language of nature. Unity in diversity, diversity in explaining the workings of the Earth with references to James Lovelock's Gaia Hypothesis. From the infinitely small to the infinitely present, which explains the changes in the vision of biology and life arising from discoveries of quantum mechanics and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Energy fields and morphic fields, which explains morphogenetic fields described by English biologist Rupert Sheldrake. Relationships and proportions in the world of form, which entered the study and meaning of proportions and the golden section in nature and in man, and Leonardo da Vinci some thoughts on the subject. Water and spiral, which explains the relationship between water and the expansion of the spiral of life. Natural History and\",\n \"title\": \"Cau del Cargol\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13131260\",\n \"text\": \"Dictyochloropsis is a genus of unicellular green alga of the phylum Chlorophyta. This genus consists of free-living algae which have a reticulate (net-like) chloroplast that varies slightly in morphology between species, and that when mature always lacks a pyrenoid. Dictyochloropsis is asexual and reproduces using autospores. Previously, many species of the morphologically similar genus Symbiochloris were incorrectly classified to this taxon. These species were recently reclassified on the basis of molecular DNA analyses. Dictyochloropsis is found in terrestrial environments all over the world, but can live and grow in freshwater environments as well. Recently, there has been promising research towards growing Dictyocloropsis in culture for the production of biofuels. Etymology The name of Dictyochloropsis comes from the Greek language, and references the similar algal genus Dictyochloris. The suffix “-opsis” comes from “ὄψις” or “opsis”, roughly translating to “appearance,” “sight” or “view”. Therefore, “Dictyochloropsis” when translated from its Greek roots means “Dictyochloris-like”. In turn, the prefix “dictyo” is derived from the Greek word “δίκτυο” or “díktyo” meaning “network”, which is in reference to the net-like chloroplast present in this genus and Dictyochloropsis. The medial “-chloro-” is from “χλωρός” or “chloros” meaning “the colour green” because of the green pigment, chlorophyll, which colours the algae. History of knowledge Dictyochloropsis was first identified as a genus in 1966 by Lothar Geitler, who defined it as a unicellular green algae with a complex chloroplast that reproduces using autospores. Geitler’s observations were not complete, he was unsure if he had correctly defined the new genus, and he requested supplementary observations from other scientists to attempt at further defining the taxon. In the early 1980s, Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess used Geitler’s definition to classify several species of lichenized green algae under the same taxon. However, some of these algae reproduce with zoospores or aplanospores, which does not agree with Geitler’s observations. In 2014, Francesco Dal Grande used microsatellite markers to discover that Dictyochloropsis as previously defined was polyphyletic, forming two distinct clades. The first clade is composed exclusively of free-living algae which reproduce using autospores. The second clade included lichenized as well as free-living algae that reproduce using zoospores or aplanospores. Organisms in both clades have similar morphologies and life cycles, and this is why they were initially classified in this polyphyletic genus. In 2016, Pavel Skaloud et al. moved the Dictyochloropsis lichenized species to the genus Symbiochloris based on data from phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA gene. As a result Dictyochloropsis was redefined to its current monophyletic meaning. Habitat and ecology Dictyochloropsis is an ecologically important algae most commonly found living as an epiphyte or in soil. Although species in the phylum Chlorophyta mainly live in freshwater habitats, Dictyochloropsis is usually found in terrestrial environments. This algae does not feed, it uses photosynthesis to create its energy, and thus it only lives in habitats with access to light. Species have been found and cultured from places all over the world, including the Czech Republic, Malaysia, Austria, Germany, Japan, Pakistan, Ukraine and Indonesia. Habitats which Dictyochloropsis has\",\n \"title\": \"Dictyochloropsis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15909409\",\n \"text\": \"Peak water is a concept that underlines the growing constraints on the availability, quality, and use of freshwater resources. Peak water was defined in 2010 by Peter Gleick and Meena Palaniappan. They distinguish between peak renewable, peak non-renewable, and peak ecological water to demonstrate the fact that although there is a vast amount of water on the planet, sustainably managed water is becoming scarce. Lester R. Brown, president of the Earth Policy Institute, wrote in 2013 that although there was extensive literature on peak oil, it was peak water that is \\\"the real threat to our future\\\". An assessment was published in August 2011 in the Stockholm International Water Institute's journal. Much of the world's water in underground aquifers and in lakes can be depleted and thus resembles a finite resource. The phrase peak water sparks debates similar to those about peak oil. In 2010, New York Times chose \\\"peak water\\\" as one of its 33 \\\"Words of the Year\\\". There are concerns about impending peak water in several areas around the world: Peak ecological water, where ecological and environmental constraints are overwhelming the economic benefits provided by water use Peak non-renewable water, where groundwater aquifers are being overpumped (or contaminated) faster than nature recharges them (this example is most like the peak oil debate) Peak renewable water, where entire renewable flows are being consumed for human use If present trends continue, 1.8 billion people will be living with absolute water scarcity by 2025, and two-thirds of the world could be subject to water stress. Ultimately, peak water is not about running out of freshwater, but about reaching physical, economic, and environmental limits on meeting human demands for water and the subsequent decline of water availability and use. Comparison with peak oil The Hubbert curve has become popular in the scientific community for predicting the depletion of various natural resources. M. King Hubbert created this measurement device in 1956 for a variety of finite resources such as coal, oil, natural gas and uranium. Hubbert's curve was not applied to resources such as water originally, since water is a renewable resource. Some forms of water, however, such as fossil water, exhibit similar characteristics to oil, and overpumping (faster than the rate of natural recharge of groundwater) can theoretically result in a Hubbert-type peak. A modified Hubbert curve applies to any resource that can be harvested faster than it can be replaced. Like peak oil, peak water is inevitable given the rate of extraction of certain water systems. A current argument is that growing populations and demands for water will inevitably lead to non-renewable use of water resources. Water supply Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world's supply of clean, fresh water is under increasing demand for human activities. The world has an estimated 1.34 billion cubic kilometers of water, but 96.5% of it is salty. Almost 70% of fresh water can be found in the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland. Less than 1% of this water on Earth\",\n \"title\": \"Peak water\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4236528\",\n \"text\": \"Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the fraction of organic carbon operationally defined as that which can pass through a filter with a pore size typically between 0.22 and 0.7 micrometers. The fraction remaining on the filter is called particulate organic carbon (POC). Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with DOC. While DOC refers specifically to the mass of carbon in the dissolved organic material, DOM refers to the total mass of the dissolved organic matter. So DOM also includes the mass of other elements present in the organic material, such as nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. DOC is a component of DOM and there is typically about twice as much DOM as DOC. Many statements that can be made about DOC apply equally to DOM, and vice versa. DOC is abundant in marine and freshwater systems and is one of the greatest cycled reservoirs of organic matter on Earth, accounting for the same amount of carbon as in the atmosphere and up to 20% of all organic carbon. In general, organic carbon compounds are the result of decomposition processes from dead organic matter including plants and animals. DOC can originate from within or outside any given body of water. DOC originating from within the body of water is known as autochthonous DOC and typically comes from aquatic plants or algae, while DOC originating outside the body of water is known as allochthonous DOC and typically comes from soils or terrestrial plants. When water originates from land areas with a high proportion of organic soils, these components can drain into rivers and lakes as DOC. The marine DOC pool is important for the functioning of marine ecosystems because they are at the interface between the chemical and the biological worlds. DOC fuels marine food webs, and is a major component of the Earth's carbon cycling. Overview DOC is a basic nutrient, supporting growth of microorganisms and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle through the microbial loop. In some organisms (stages) that do not feed in the traditional sense, dissolved matter may be the only external food source. Moreover, DOC is an indicator of organic loadings in streams, as well as supporting terrestrial processing (e.g., within soil, forests, and wetlands) of organic matter. Dissolved organic carbon has a high proportion of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in first order streams compared to higher order streams. In the absence of extensive wetlands, bogs, or swamps, baseflow concentrations of DOC in undisturbed watersheds generally range from approximately 1 to 20 mg/L carbon. Carbon concentrations considerably vary across ecosystems. For example, the Everglades may be near the top of the range and the middle of oceans may be near the bottom. Occasionally, high concentrations of organic carbon indicate anthropogenic influences, but most DOC originates naturally. The BDOC fraction consists of organic molecules that heterotrophic bacteria can use as a source of energy and carbon. Some subset of DOC constitutes the precursors of disinfection byproducts for drinking water.\",\n \"title\": \"Dissolved organic carbon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"762047\",\n \"text\": \"Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, springs, bogs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation. There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems: Lentic (slow moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes), lotic (faster moving water, for example streams and rivers) and wetlands (areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time). Freshwater ecosystems contain 41% of the world's known fish species. Freshwater ecosystems have undergone substantial transformations over time, which has impacted various characteristics of the ecosystems. Original attempts to understand and monitor freshwater ecosystems were spurred on by threats to human health (for example cholera outbreaks due to sewage contamination). Early monitoring focused on chemical indicators, then bacteria, and finally algae, fungi and protozoa. A new type of monitoring involves quantifying differing groups of organisms (macroinvertebrates, macrophytes and fish) and measuring the stream conditions associated with them. Threats to freshwater biodiversity include overexploitation, water pollution, flow modification, destruction or degradation of habitat, and invasion by exotic species. Climate change is putting further pressure on these ecosystems because water temperatures have already increased by about 1 °C, and there have been significant declines in ice coverage which have caused subsequent ecosystem stresses. Types There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems: Lentic (slow moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes), lotic (faster moving water, for example streams and rivers) and wetlands (areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time). Limnology (and its branch freshwater biology) is a study about freshwater ecosystems. Lentic ecosystems Lotic ecosystems Wetlands Threats Biodiversity Five broad threats to freshwater biodiversity include overexploitation, water pollution, flow modification, destruction or degradation of habitat, and invasion by exotic species. Recent extinction trends can be attributed largely to sedimentation, stream fragmentation, chemical and organic pollutants, dams, and invasive species. Common chemical stresses on freshwater ecosystem health include acidification, eutrophication and copper and pesticide contamination. Freshwater biodiversity faces many threats. The World Wide Fund for Nature's Living Planet Index noted an 83% decline in the populations of freshwater vertebrates between 1970 and 2014. These declines continue to outpace contemporaneous declines in marine or terrestrial systems. The causes of these declines are related to: A rapidly changing climate Online wildlife trade and invasive species Infectious disease Toxic algae blooms Hydropower damming and fragmenting of half the world's rivers Emerging contaminants, such as hormones Engineered nanomaterials Microplastic pollution Light and noise interference Saltier coastal freshwaters due to sea level rise Calcium concentrations falling below the needs of some freshwater organisms The additive—and possibly synergistic—effects of these threats Invasive species Invasive plants and animals are a major issue to freshwater ecosystems, in many cases outcompeting native species and altering water conditions. Introduced species are especially devastating to ecosystems that are home to endangered species. An example of this\",\n \"title\": \"Freshwater ecosystem\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1148043\",\n \"text\": \"The cuisine of New Zealand is largely driven by local ingredients and seasonal variations. As an island nation with a primarily agricultural economy, New Zealand yields produce from land and sea. Similar to the cuisine of Australia, the cuisine of New Zealand is a diverse British-based cuisine, with Mediterranean and Pacific Rim influences as the country has become more cosmopolitan. Historical influences came from British cuisine and Māori culture. Since the 1970s, new cuisines such as New American cuisine, Southeast Asian, East Asian, and South Asian have become popular. Māori cuisine The Māori-language term refers to traditional Māori cuisine. When the Māori arrived in New Zealand from tropical Polynesia, they brought a number of food plants, including , taro, purple yam, and , most of which grew well only in the north of the North Island. Kūmara could be grown as far south as the northern South Island, and became a staple food as it could be stored over the winter. Native New Zealand plants such as fernroot became a more important part of the diet, along with insects such as the huhu grub. Earthworms, called , are a part of the traditional Māori diet as well. Problems with horticulture were made up for by an abundance of bird and marine life. The large, flightless moa was soon hunted to extinction for food and tools as well. Rāhui, or resource restrictions, included forbidding the hunting of certain species in particular places or at certain times of year to allow populations to be maintained. Seafood consumed included or freshwater crayfish, or abalone, and or bluff oysters. Similar to other Polynesian people, Māori cooked food in earth ovens, known in New Zealand as hāngī, although the word is also used. Stones are heated by fire and food packed in leaves placed on top. These packs are then covered with foliage, cloth, or wet sacks, and then a layer of earth. Other cooking methods included roasting, boiling or steaming using geothermal heated water, and cooking over an open fire. Some foods were preserved using smoke, air-drying, fermentation, or layers of fat—particularly muttonbirds. Māori were one of the few people to have no form of alcoholic beverage. Food and religion In traditional Māori religion food was noa, or non-sacred. This meant care had to be taken to prevent it from coming into contact with tapu places or objects. If it did, the tapu of the place or object, and often the people associated with it, would be at risk. High chiefs, and people engaged in tapu work such as tattooing, were tapu and were restricted in how they could deal with food, with the most tapu needing to be fed by others. One story tells of a war party which had to be postponed as no non-tapu people were available to load the food supplies into the party's waka. European influences When Europeans (Pākehā) first arrived in New Zealand from the late eighteenth century, they brought their own foods with them. Some of these,\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand cuisine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15654406\",\n \"text\": \"Lake Untersee ( \\\"Lower Lake\\\") is the largest surface freshwater lake in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica. It is situated to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. The lake is approximately long and wide, with a surface area of , and a maximum depth of . The lake is permanently covered with ice and is partly bounded by glacier ice. Lake Untersee is an unusual lake, with pH between 9.8 and 12.1, dissolved oxygen at 150 per cent supersaturation, and very low primary production in the water column. Despite the high oxygen supersaturation in most of the lake, there is a small sub-basin at the southern end that is anoxic, and its sediments may have a higher methane concentration than those of any other known lake on Earth. Much of the primary production is in microbial communities that grow on the floor of the lake as stromatolites. The water temperature varies between and and the ice cover on the lake is thick. The ice cover may have persisted for over 100,000 years, and some scientists studying climate change fear significant environmental changes associated with global warming in the coming decades. In the past, the water chemistry of the lake has been compared to Clorox. However, the chemical activity of bleach is due to Cl− in addition to a pH that is higher than that measures in Lake Untersee, and Lake Untersee does not have high chlorine or chlorite concentrations. Geography Lake Untersee lies in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica, which is roughly on the same longitude as Huab, in the Skeleton Coast National Park on the northern coast of Namibia. It is situated 90 kilometres (56 mi) to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. Aurkjosen Cirque lies at the east side of the lake. The lake is approximately long and wide and has a surface area of ( is also reported). Its maximum depth is . It is permanently covered with ice, which has an average thickness of in summer. The lake is dammed by the Anuchin Glacier, and meltwater from the Anuchin Glacier is the main source of water. The lake has no outlet. Water is lost through sublimation and ablation of the ice cover. The lake is categorized as an ultra-oligotrophic lake. Lake Ober-See, a smaller ( glacial lake, is located a few kilometres to the northeast and is similar in most respects. History Isotope studies have established that the lake has long had a permanent ice cover. Further, studies carried out during the austral summer confirm the lake's homogeneous characteristics, with thermal convection as the reason given for its hydro-geochemical and isotropical nature. It is replenished perennially by a process of underwater melting of the adjacent glacier ice. It is also stated that the lake existed during the Holocene period when it emerged from a melt-water pond. Studies of Lake Untersee have revealed that there are several large boulders\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Untersee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14290695\",\n \"text\": \"Magnetofossils are the fossil remains of magnetic particles produced by magnetotactic bacteria (magnetobacteria) and preserved in the geologic record. The oldest definitive magnetofossils formed of the mineral magnetite come from the Cretaceous chalk beds of southern England, while magnetofossil reports, not considered to be robust, extend on Earth to the 1.9-billion-year-old Gunflint Chert; they may include the four-billion-year-old Martian meteorite ALH84001. Magnetotactic organisms are prokaryotic, with only one example of giant-magnetofossils, likely produced by eukaryotic organisms, having been reported. Magnetotactic bacteria, the source of the magnetofossils, are magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) producing bacteria found in both freshwater and marine environments. These magnetite bearing magnetotatic bacteria are found in the oxic-anoxic transition zone where conditions are such that oxygen levels are less than those found in the atmosphere (microaerophilic). Compared to the magnetite producing magnetotactic bacteria and subsequent magnetofossils, little is known about the environments in which greigite magnetofossils are created and the magnetic properties of the preserved greigite particles. Existence of magnetotactic bacteria was first suggested in the 1960s, when Salvatore Bellini of the University of Pavia discovered bacteria in a bog that appeared to align themselves with the magnetic field lines of the Earth. Following this discovery researchers began to think of the effect of magnetotactic bacteria on the fossil record and magnetization of sedimentary layers. Most of the research concentrated on marine environments, although it has been suggested that these magnetofossils can be found in terrestrial sediments (derived from terrestrial sources). These magnetofossils can be found throughout the sedimentary record, and therefore are influenced by deposition rate. Episodes of high sedimentation, not correlating with an increase in magnetobacterial and thus magnetofossil production, can decrease magnetofossil concentrations vastly, although this is not always the case. An increase in sedimentation normally coincides with an increase of land erosion, and therefore an increase in iron abundance and nutrient supply. Magnetization Within the magnetotactic bacteria, magnetite and greigite crystals are biosynthesized (biomineralized) within organelles called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes form chains within the bacterial cell and in doing so, provide the organism with a permanent magnetic dipole. The organism uses it for geomagnetic navigation, to align itself with the Earth's geomagnetic field (magnetotaxis) and to reach the optimal position along vertical chemical gradients. When an organism dies the magnetosomes become trapped in sediments. Under the right conditions, primarily if the redox conditions are correct, the magnetite can then be fossilized and therefore stored in the sedimentary record. The fossilization of the magnetite (magnetofossils) within sediments contributes largely to the natural remanent magnetization of the sediment layers. The natural remanent magnetization is the permanent magnetism remaining in a rock or sediment after it has formed. Paleoindicators Magnetotactic bacteria use iron to create magnetite in magnetosomes. As a result of this process, increased iron levels correlate with increased production of magnetotactic bacteria. Increases in iron levels have been long associated with hyperthermal (period of warming, usually between 4-8 degrees Celsius) periods in the Earth's history. These hyperthermal events, such as the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum\",\n \"title\": \"Magnetofossil\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"497007\",\n \"text\": \"A rift valley is a linear shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges produced by the action of a geologic rift. Rifts are formed as a result of the pulling apart of the lithosphere due to extensional tectonics. The linear depression may subsequently be further deepened by the forces of erosion. More generally the valley is likely to be filled with sedimentary deposits derived from the rift flanks and the surrounding areas. In many cases rift lakes are formed. One of the best known examples of this process is the East African Rift. On Earth, rifts can occur at all elevations, from the sea floor to plateaus and mountain ranges in continental crust or in oceanic crust. They are often associated with a number of adjoining subsidiary or co-extensive valleys, which are typically considered part of the principal rift valley geologically. Earth's rift valleys The most extensive rift valley is located along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge system and is the result of sea floor spreading. Examples of this type of rift include the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise. Many existing continental rift valleys are the result of a failed arm (aulacogen) of a triple junction, although there are two, the East African Rift and the Baikal Rift Zone, which are currently active, as well as a third which may be, the West Antarctic Rift System. In these instances, not only the crust but entire tectonic plates are in the process of breaking apart forming new plates. If they continue, continental rifts will eventually become oceanic rifts. Other rift valleys are the result of bends or discontinuities in horizontally-moving (strike-slip) faults. When these bends or discontinuities are in the same direction as the relative motions along the fault, extension occurs. For example, for a right lateral-moving fault, a bend to the right will result in stretching and consequent subsidence in the area of the irregularity. In the view of many geologists today, the Dead Sea lies in a rift which results from a leftward discontinuity in the left lateral-moving Dead Sea Transform fault. Where a fault breaks into two strands, or two faults run close to each other, crustal extension may also occur between them, as a result of differences in their motions. Both types of fault-caused extension commonly occur on a small scale, producing such features as sag ponds or landslides. Rift valley lakes Many of the world's largest lakes are located in rift valleys. Lake Baikal in Siberia, a World Heritage Site, lies in an active rift valley. Baikal is both the deepest lake in the world and, with 20% of all of the liquid freshwater on earth, has the greatest volume. Lake Tanganyika, second by both measures, is in the Albertine Rift, the westernmost arm of the active East African Rift. Lake Superior in North America, the largest freshwater lake by area, lies in the ancient and dormant Midcontinent Rift. The largest subglacial lake, Lake Vostok, may also lie in an ancient rift\",\n \"title\": \"Rift valley\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["precipitation"],"string":"[\n \"precipitation\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":78,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_26267"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what are the six stones in the avengers"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"55511155","text":"The Vision is a fictional character portrayed by Paul Bettany in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Vision is a vibranium-based male android (or \"Synthezoid\") created by Ultron to serve as his body. However, the body is stolen by the Avengers and brought to sentience by Tony Stark and Bruce Banner, who upload the core software of Stark's AI, J.A.R.V.I.S. (voiced by Bettany), into the body constructed by Ultron, with energy provided by Thor. Vision subsequently joins the Avengers, kills Ultron, and later develops a romantic relationship with his teammate, Wanda Maximoff. Most of Vision's powers including flight, matter phasing, and energy-based beam attacks, stem from the Mind Stone in his forehead, which also keeps him alive. Vision is killed by Thanos when he removes the Mind Stone to complete the Infinity Gauntlet in order to initiate the Blip. Years later, Vision's body is reactivated via Wanda's magic, albeit initially without his memories and with a different appearance. Additionally, Wanda recreates Vision when she magically forms a false reality in the town of Westview, New Jersey, but this version vanishes when she returns to reality. Vision has appeared in three films. He has a lead role in the television series WandaVision (2021), and alternate versions from within the MCU multiverse appear in the animated series What If...? (2021). Fictional character biography Creation and joining the Avengers In 2015, J.A.R.V.I.S. is apparently destroyed by Ultron, but it is later revealed that he actually distributed his consciousness throughout the Internet, allowing his security protocols to delay Ultron's attempt to access Earth's nuclear weapon launch codes long enough for Tony Stark to work out what had happened. The Avengers capture a synthetic vibranium body created by Ultron for himself, powered by the Mind Stone, and bring it to Avengers Tower, where Stark and Bruce Banner upload J.A.R.V.I.S. as the core software for the body. After a brief fight with other Avengers, who disagree with this effort, Thor uses Mjolnir's lightning to power its completion, creating the Vision. Thor explains that the gem in his forehead is one of the six Infinity Stones, the most powerful objects in existence. Having gained consciousness, Vision sides with Stark, Banner, Thor, Steve Rogers, Clint Barton, Pietro Maximoff, and Wanda Maximoff against Ultron as he wishes to protect life. He lifts and hands Thor Mjolnir, which has been enchanted so that only \"worthy\" individuals can lift it, convincing the Avengers that he can be trusted. In Sokovia, Vision fights scores of Ultron's sentries, rescues Wanda from the collapsing city, and destroys Ultron himself. Sometime after, Vision arrives at the Avengers Compound and joins the Avengers alongside Wanda, Sam Wilson, and James Rhodes, led by Rogers and Natasha Romanoff. Sokovia Accords and the Avengers Civil War In 2016, Vision phases into Wanda's bedroom and tells her and Rogers that Stark and Secretary of State Thaddeus Ross have arrived at the Compound. He learns about the Sokovia Accords and","title":"Vision (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"},{"docid":"60616450","text":"Thanos is a fictional character portrayed primarily by Josh Brolin in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics supervillain of the same name. He is depicted as an alien warlord from the doomed planet Titan with a universe-spanning agenda to wipe out half of all life to stabilize overpopulation and prevent what he views as life's inevitable extinction. To do this, he sets out to obtain the six Infinity Stones, cosmic gems with the power to achieve his goal. With the help of his adopted children, Thanos fights against the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, and their allies, in the Infinity War, succeeds in assembling the Stones, and disintegrates half of all life in the universe in an event that is known as the Blip. After escaping to the Garden and destroying the Stones, he is eventually killed by Thor. Five years later, an alternate version of Thanos from 2014 time travels to 2023 to battle the Avengers once again, but is killed by Tony Stark. Thanos is a key figure in the 23 films that make up the MCU's Infinity Saga, having appeared in five of its films, most notably Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019). Several versions of Thanos from alternate realities in the MCU multiverse also appear in Endgame, the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021–present), and the Phase Four film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Thanos' appearance changed drastically over the course of his appearances as advances in CGI and motion capture technology allowed for better capture of Brolin's facial features. A new facial capture application called Masquerade was created for Infinity War and Endgame using machine learning. The character has been well received by critics and fans alike, with Brolin winning multiple awards for his performance. Thanos is often credited as one of the MCU's best villains, as well as one of the greatest film villains of all time. After his appearance in Infinity War, he became a key figure in popular culture and memes, making appearances in a variety of other media. Fictional character biography Thanos' story in the MCU takes place in the Earth-616 universe. The fictional biography below includes events that happened to Thanos from more than one Earth-616 timeline, as well as events that happened to him from multiple other universes. Early life Thanos was born approximately 1,000 years ago on the planet Titan to A'Lars, along with his brother Eros. Thanos deems the growth of Titan's population to be unsustainable, so he proposes to arbitrarily kill half of Titan's population. However, his people reject the idea and Thanos is subsequently ostracized. Over time, Thanos' prediction comes to pass, with him and Eros being the only surviving members. Balancing the universe Thanos, driven by his belief that the universe must be balanced by eliminating half of its population, embarks on conquests involving the killing of half of the planets' populations, becoming feared and powerful while taking control of various armies.","title":"Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"},{"docid":"44240443","text":"Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Anthony and Joe Russo and written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, the film features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Benedict Cumberbatch, Don Cheadle, Tom Holland, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Anthony Mackie, Sebastian Stan, Danai Gurira, Letitia Wright, Dave Bautista, Zoe Saldaña, Josh Brolin, and Chris Pratt. In the film, the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to stop Thanos from collecting the six powerful Infinity Stones as part of his quest to kill half of all life in the universe. The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 1. The Russo brothers came on board to direct in April 2015, and a month later Markus and McFeely signed on to write the script for the film, which draws inspiration from Jim Starlin's 1991 comic book The Infinity Gauntlet and Jonathan Hickman's 2013 comic book Infinity. In 2016, Marvel shortened the title to Avengers: Infinity War. Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, with a large cast consisting mostly of actors reprising their roles from previous MCU films, including Brolin as Thanos. The production lasted until July 2017, shooting back-to-back with a direct sequel, Avengers: Endgame (2019). Additional filming took place in Scotland, the Downtown Atlanta area, and New York City. With an estimated budget of $325–400 million, the film is one of the most expensive films ever made. Avengers: Infinity War premiered at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on April 23, 2018, and was released in the United States on April 27, as part of Phase Three of the MCU. The film received praise for Brolin's performance and Russo brothers' direction, as well as the visual effects, action sequences, dark tone, emotional weight and musical score. It was a major box-office success, being the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2billion worldwide, breaking numerous box office records, and becoming the highest-grossing film of 2018 and the fourth-highest-grossing film at the time of its release both worldwide and in the United States and Canada. It received a nomination for Best Visual Effects at the 91st Academy Awards, among numerous other accolades. The sequel, Avengers: Endgame, was released in April 2019. Plot Having acquired the Power Stone–one of six Infinity Stones–from the planet Xandar, Thanos and his lieutenants—Ebony Maw, Cull Obsidian, Proxima Midnight, and Corvus Glaive—intercept the spaceship carrying the survivors of Asgard's destruction. After subduing Thor, Thanos extracts the Space Stone from the Tesseract, overpowers the Hulk, and kills Loki. Thanos also kills Heimdall after he sends Hulk to Earth using the Bifröst.","title":"Avengers: Infinity War"},{"docid":"35513705","text":"The Norn Stones are fictional powerful magical items appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Stones are depicted as being from Asgard, and are featured in the Marvel Universe. Fictional history Karnilla once sent Loki some magic from the Norn stones. Some time later, Morgan le Fay used the power of the Norn Stones and the Twilight Sword to restructure reality. During the Dark Reign storyline, Loki wanted to use the Hood as an instrument in Norman Osborn's collapse, and takes the Hood and Madame Masque to Cuba and presents the Norn Stones to him, which gives the Hood a new power source. The Hood later reveals the Norn Stones to his Crime Syndicate and empowers them with the ability to find and kill the New Avengers. As Donyell Taylor and Tigra attack the Hood, he uses the Norn Stones to empower some of the cadets on his side. During the Siege of Asgard, Tyr is seriously wounded by the Hood using the Norn stones. As the Void tore apart the New Avengers, Young Avengers and Secret Warriors, Loki began to repent, realizing that what had happened to Asgard was not what he wanted. He begged his father Odin to return to him the Norn Stones, which were taken away from the Hood and given to Loki. This deprived the Hood of all power, and Loki used this power, and the power the Hood had given to his gang, to revive the mortal and immortal heroes struck down by the Void and empower them to defeat the Sentry (fully possessed by the Void). Other versions Ultimate Marvel The Ultimate Marvel version of Norn Stones are extensions of Odin's power. Loki decides to betray Asgard and steals the Norn Stones, killing Balder when he tries to interfere before fleeing Asgard. During World War II, Baron Zemo approaches Heinrich Himmler and asks for an army to invade Asgard. While Himmler is skeptical at first, Zemo shows him that he possesses the mythical Norn Stones. Himmler immediately approves Zemo's plan. Zemo then uses the stones to summon the Frost Giants, and the combined German and Frost Giant forces attack Asgard. Zemo then reveals himself to be Loki, finally making his move on his former home. The Asgardians are taken by surprise and slaughtered, leaving only Odin and Thor left. In anger, Odin pushes Loki into the World Tree, where he is locked in the Room With No Doors. In the modern era, in Germany, an old German veteran from World War II follows instructions given to him by Loki and uses the Norn Stones to free him from the Room With No Doors, for which Loki shows how he is thankful by killing him. In other media Television The Norn Stones appear in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes. In the episode \"This Hostage Earth\", the Masters of Evil steal them from Karnilla so they can use them to fuse Earth with Asgard. In \"The Fall of Asgard\", the Avengers destroy","title":"Norn Stones"},{"docid":"68829163","text":"\"What If... Ultron Won?\" is the eighth episode of the American animated television series What If...?, based on the Marvel Comics series of the same name. It explores what would happen if the events of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) occurred differently, with Ultron using the Infinity Stones to kill virtually all life in the universe after successfully transferring his consciousness into Vision's body. It also serves to set up the first season's finale, as Ultron finds a way to traverse to other universes (established in the previous episodes), threatening the balance of the multiverse. The episode was written by story editor Matthew Chauncey and directed by Bryan Andrews. Jeffrey Wright narrates the series as the Watcher, with this episode also starring the voices of Jeremy Renner, Lake Bell, Toby Jones, Ross Marquand (Ultron), Josh Keaton, Mick Wingert, Alexandra Daniels, and Benedict Cumberbatch. The series began development by September 2018, with Andrews joining soon after, and many actors expected to reprise their roles from the MCU films. Animation for the episode was provided by Flying Bark Productions, Squeeze, and Stellar Creative Lab, with Stephan Franck serving as head of animation. \"What If... Ultron Won?\" was released on Disney+ on September 29, 2021. Critics praised the episode for its visuals, action, high-stakes storyline, and the vocal performances of Wright, Renner and Bell, but criticized certain aspects of the story. Plot Tony Stark creates the \"Ultron\" global defense program to keep the Earth safe and establish world peace. However, Ultron goes rogue and concludes that Earth requires evolution, leading him to create and transfer his programming into an organic body made from Vibranium. He then proceeds to kill Stark and most of the Avengers before launching nuclear missiles around the Earth, eradicating most of humanity. Shortly after, Thanos arrives, seeking the Mind Stone to complete the Infinity Gauntlet, but Ultron bisects him and takes the Infinity Stones for himself, becoming aware of the more expansive universe. Using the Stones' power, Ultron builds an army of Ultron Sentries and a teleporting spaceship before destroying several planets and killing most of the universe's remaining life. With his mission complete, Ultron is left without a purpose until he hears the Watcher's narration and becomes aware of the multiverse's existence. Meanwhile, surviving Avengers Natasha Romanoff and Clint Barton fight to survive Ultron's forces. However, Barton is losing his will to live. Arriving in Moscow, they search KGB files in the hopes of defeating Ultron, finding one for Arnim Zola, a Hydra scientist whose consciousness was uploaded into a computer after his death. Romanoff and Barton travel to a Siberian Hydra laboratory and coerce Zola into helping them, intending to upload him into Ultron's programming to delete Ultron. They lure in a group of Ultron Sentries and upload Zola's consciousness into one. However, Zola cannot upload himself into Ultron as he has left their universe. Barton sacrifices himself so that Romanoff and Zola can escape. Upon locating the Watcher, Ultron fights","title":"What If... Ultron Won?"},{"docid":"67063898","text":"Drax the Destroyer, often referred to simply as Drax, is a fictional character portrayed by Dave Bautista in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Drax is depicted as an imposing yet dimwitted warrior who seeks vengeance against the man who killed his family, Ronan the Accuser. Drax joins the Guardians of the Galaxy in their battle against Ronan. He participates in the conflict against Thanos, falling victim to the Blip before being resurrected by the Avengers. Drax and the Guardians depart for space and come into conflict with the High Evolutionary before Drax retires to watch over the children of the newly established colony on Knowhere. , the character has appeared in six films and The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022) as well as the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021) as alternate versions, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023) was Bautista's final appearance as the character. Fictional character biography Origin Prior to 2014, Drax's homeworld was invaded by forces of Thanos under the command of Ronan the Accuser. The invaders killed Drax's family, setting him off on a path of revenge, resulting in him being captured and sent to a space prison called the Kyln. Guardian of the Galaxy and facing Ego In 2014, the other Guardians first encounter Drax in prison, where he has immediate hostility towards Gamora due to her connection with Ronan and Thanos. Drax attacks Gamora, but Peter Quill convinces him to spare her in return for her ability to draw Ronan to her, so that Drax can exact revenge. Drax helps the Guardians escape from prison, accompanying them to Knowhere, where he argues with Rocket and then drunkenly sends a signal out to challenge Ronan to fight. Ronan arrives, easily defeats Drax, and leaves with the Power Stone. Drax regrets his actions and joins the Guardians in defending Xandar from Ronan's attack. After Ronan's ship crashes, Drax and Rocket destroy Ronan's axe holding the Power Stone, and join Quill and Gamora in controlling the stone long enough to destroy Ronan. After the Nova Corps praise the Guardians for their actions, Gamora genuinely assures Drax that his family was avenged. He accepts her advice, although he acknowledges that Ronan was merely a pawn of Thanos, whom he now seeks revenge on. Drax and the Guardians are later hired by the Sovereign to fight off an alien attacking their valuable batteries, in exchange for retrieving Gamora's sister Nebula. After they leave, they are chased by the Sovereign fleet, as Rocket had stolen their batteries, of which Drax was aware. After crash-landing on a planet, they meet Quill's father, Ego. Drax decides to accompany Quill and Gamora to Ego's planet, while Rocket, Groot, and Nebula stay behind. On Ego's planet, they meet his assistant Mantis, with whom Drax develops a friendship though he finds her hideous. When the Guardians find out about Ego's true self, Drax joins them in","title":"Drax (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"},{"docid":"57137274","text":"Clinton Francis Barton is a fictional character portrayed by Jeremy Renner in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise—based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name—more commonly known by his alias, Hawkeye. Barton is depicted as an expert marksman, archer and hand-to-hand combatant, with his preferred weapon being a recurve bow. Barton, an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D., is sent to kill Natasha Romanoff but decides to recruit and befriend her instead. Barton becomes a founding member of the Avengers after being recruited by Steve Rogers, participating in the Battle of New York, the HYDRA uprising, and the conflict against Ultron. Barton sides with Rogers during the Avengers internal conflict over the Sokovia Accords; he is placed on house arrest as a result. After Barton's family is decimated during the Blip, he becomes a vigilante and violently dismantles organized crime across the world as Ronin. He rejoins the Avengers during their mission to undo Thanos' actions using time travel; Barton attains the Soul Stone after Romanoff sacrifices herself to obtain it. Barton and his allies successfully restore the trillions of lives lost to Thanos, and he participates in the final and subsequently victorious battle against him. After reuniting with his restored family, his time as Ronin causes continued conflicts with various elements of organized crime and he takes in a protégé named Kate Bishop. Barton's first appearance was a brief cameo in Thor (2011), but he became a central figure of the MCU, appearing in six films as of 2023 and has the lead role in the miniseries Hawkeye (2021). Alternate versions of Barton from within the multiverse also appear in the animated series What If...? (2021), with Renner reprising the role. Fictional character biography Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Barton, working as a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent, is sent to kill Natasha Romanoff, but instead recruits her, with the pair becoming close friends and they serve on various missions together, including one in Budapest in which Romanoff attempts to kill General Dreykov. At some point, Barton marries Laura Barton. Nick Fury then assists him in setting up a safehouse for his family on a farm in rural Iowa. In 2010, Barton is sent on a mission in New Mexico, where he arms himself with a compound bow, preparing to kill Thor to keep him from retrieving Mjolnir, but chooses not to after watching Thor fail to lift the hammer. Battle of New York In 2012, Barton is working at a remote S.H.I.E.L.D. research facility with Fury when Loki arrives and uses his scepter to put Barton under mind control and steal the Tesseract. They travel to Stuttgart, where Barton steals iridium needed to stabilize the Tesseract's power while Loki causes a distraction. Loki allows himself to be captured and taken to the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier, which Barton attacks with other mind controlled agents. Aboard the Helicarrier, Barton fights Romanoff, who knocks him out, breaking Loki's control. Romanoff helps him recover. Barton is recruited by Steve Rogers and becomes a founding member of the Avengers","title":"Clint Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"},{"docid":"68044232","text":"Wong is a fictional character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and portrayed by Benedict Wong. In the franchise, Wong is depicted as Dr. Stephen Strange's friend and fellow sorcerer, being a member of the Masters of the Mystic Arts. He is also granted the position of Sorcerer Supreme, succeeding the Ancient One. , Wong has appeared in six films, as well as in the Disney+ television series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022). Alternate versions of Wong also appear in the animated series What If...? (2021). Fictional character biography Mentor to Strange and resurrection Prior to 2016, Wong becomes Kamar-Taj's librarian after the previous one was beheaded by Kaecilius. In 2016, he meets Dr. Stephen Strange while on the latter's journey to fix his hands, listening to the songs of Beyoncé after hearing Strange mention her. A few months later in 2017, he is killed while defending the Hong Kong Sanctum, but is revived by Strange using the Time Stone. After defeating Kaecilius and Dormammu, Strange takes residence in the New York Sanctum and continues his studies with Wong. Infinity War and becoming Sorcerer Supreme In 2018, Wong and Strange witness Bruce Banner crash-land into the Sanctum and learn about the coming threat. Wong then informs Banner and Tony Stark about the history of the Infinity Stones. Shortly, Ebony Maw and Cull Obsidian arrive in the city and battle Wong, Strange, and Stark, with Wong defeating Obsidian by sending him through a portal. With Strange kidnapped by Maw, Wong stays behind to guard the Sanctum. Wong later survives the Blip and becomes the next Sorcerer Supreme by default. In 2023, Wong is called in by a restored Strange to get the other sorcerers, the restored Avengers, Guardians of the Galaxy, the Ravagers, and the armies of Wakanda and Asgard to defeat an alternate Thanos' army at the destroyed Avengers Compound. Shortly after, Wong attends Stark's funeral. Fighting Abomination and meeting Shang-Chi In 2024, in order to train as Sorcerer Supreme, Wong facilitates Emil Blonsky's prison escape and battles him in an underground fight club while in his Abomination form by creating a portal through which Blonsky punches himself. Wong offers asylum at Kamar-Taj, but Blonsky decides to return to prison. Later, Wong appears before Shang-Chi and Katy in a San Francisco restaurant and has them accompany him to Kamar-Taj, where he calls Banner and Carol Danvers via holographic projection. They learn that the Ten Rings are sending out a beacon to a location unknown. Afterward, Wong joins Shang-Chi and Katy to sing karaoke at a nightclub. Vacation to Kamar-Taj Later that year, Wong encounters Peter Parker, who came to the Sanctum to consult with Strange about making the world forget Quentin Beck's public revelation of his identity as Spider-Man. Strange proposes a memory spell, which Wong cautions to be dangerous, but does not stop Strange as Wong concedes that Parker had suffered a lot. Wong leaves for Kamar-Taj,","title":"Wong (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"},{"docid":"68656550","text":"\"What If... Zombies?!\" is the fifth episode of the first season of the American animated television series What If...?, based on the Marvel Comics series of the same name. It explores what would happen if the events of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018) occurred differently, with members of the Avengers becoming zombies and initiating a worldwide zombie apocalypse, while a group of survivors search for a cure. The episode was written by story editor Matthew Chauncey and directed by Bryan Andrews. Jeffrey Wright narrates the series as the Watcher, with this episode also starring the voices of Mark Ruffalo, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Sebastian Stan, Evangeline Lilly, Paul Rudd, Jon Favreau, Danai Gurira, Emily VanCamp, David Dastmalchian, Hudson Thames, and Tom Vaughan-Lawlor. The series began development by September 2018, with Andrews joining soon after, and many actors expected to reprise their roles from the MCU films. Animation for the episode was provided by Squeeze, with Stephan Franck serving as head of animation. The episode drew inspiration from the Marvel Zombies comic series. \"What If... Zombies?!\" was released on Disney+ on September 8, 2021. The episode received mixed reviews from critics, with differing views on its tone, writing and story logic, and voice acting. A four-episode animated series based on the reality of the episode, Marvel Zombies, is in development, scheduled to debut on Disney+ in 2024. Plot Hank Pym enters the Quantum Realm to retrieve his long-lost wife Janet van Dyne, but she has been infected with a quantum virus that has turned her into a zombie. She infects Pym before both return to his lab, attacking Scott Lang while their daughter, Hope van Dyne, escapes. Within 24 hours, the virus spreads across the Northwestern United States. The Avengers respond, but are infected themselves and turn the virus into a worldwide zombie apocalypse. Two weeks later, Bruce Banner is sent to Earth to warn humanity of Thanos' threat. Thanos' lieutenants Ebony Maw and Cull Obsidian arrive, only to be turned into zombies by a zombified Tony Stark, Stephen Strange, and Wong. Hope and the Cloak of Levitation kill the zombies, saving Banner. Another survivor, Peter Parker, brings Banner to meet the rest of their group—Bucky Barnes, Okoye, Sharon Carter, Kurt, and Happy Hogan. The group travels to Camp Lehigh in New Jersey, where they believe a cure for the virus is being developed, but are attacked by a zombified Steve Rogers, Clint Barton, and Sam Wilson, who infect Carter, Hogan, and Hope before the group kill the zombies in turn. Before she succumbs to her infection, Hope sacrifices herself to bring the others to the camp, where they meet Vision, whose Mind Stone can reverse the virus's effects, exemplified by Lang's cured head being kept alive in a jar. However, the group also learns that Vision has been keeping a zombified Wanda Maximoff captive due to her resisting the Mind Stone and has been feeding other survivors to her,","title":"What If... Zombies?!"},{"docid":"67229673","text":"The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on superhero films and other series starring various titular superheroes independently produced by Marvel Studios and based on characters that appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The shared universe, much like the original Marvel Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters. Due to the galaxy-spanning nature of the franchise, multiple species have been introduced. Main species Asgardians The Asgardians (based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name), or the Æsir, introduced in Thor, are the inhabitants of Asgard, on whom the gods of Norse mythology are based in MCU mythology. In the first film they are shown as a race of superhuman extraterrestrials who look similar to humans but possess a highly advanced form of technology resembling magic and sorcery, upon which their entire civilization is built. However, later films contradict this, with Thor: Love and Thunder establishing that Thor and Zeus are actual gods in the fictional universe. The film's post-credit scene also confirms the existence of Valhalla in the MCU. The Asgardians are shown suffering major losses, first during Hela's attempt to harness Asgard's power in Thor: Ragnarok, and later by Thanos on his quest to retrieve the Tesseract, as revealed in Avengers: Infinity War. A group of survivors escapes to Earth, and builds a settlement under the rule of King Valkyrie. They appear in the films Thor, The Avengers, Thor: The Dark World, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Doctor Strange, Thor: Ragnarok, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers: Endgame and Thor: Love and Thunder; as well as the ABC series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., the Disney+ series Loki and the animated series What If...?. Celestials Celestials (based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name) are an ancient race of entities introduced in Guardians of the Galaxy and later expanded upon on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Eternals as beings with vast matter and energy manipulation abilities. In Guardians of the Galaxy, they are introduced as being present in the universe long before the galactic communities and even the Asgardians. Their origin and nature are not elaborated upon. Whatever is known about them is known only by a few characters, such as Taneleer Tivan, who reveals that the Celestials utilized the Infinity Stones as a means of power against lesser life forms. The severed head of a deceased Celestial, which was converted into Knowhere, appears in this film, Avengers: Infinity War, The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special, and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. Eson the Searcher is shown in a flashback sequence as a former owner of the Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy. He uses its power to level the surface of an entire planet. In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Ego the Living Planet, Star-Lord's biological father, is a Celestial who controls a humanoid avatar to travel the universe. His planetary form is a","title":"Species of the Marvel Cinematic Universe"},{"docid":"71238113","text":"Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Anthony and Joe Russo and written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, the film features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Benedict Cumberbatch, Don Cheadle, Tom Holland, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Anthony Mackie, Sebastian Stan, Danai Gurira, Letitia Wright, Dave Bautista, Zoe Saldaña, Josh Brolin, and Chris Pratt. In the film, the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to prevent Thanos from collecting the six all-powerful Infinity Stones as part of his quest to kill half of all life in the universe. Avengers: Infinity War premiered in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on April 23, 2018, and was released in the United States on April 27, as part of Phase Three of the MCU. Produced on a budget of $325–400 million, it was the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2billion worldwide, breaking numerous box office records, and becoming the highest-grossing film of 2018 and the fourth-highest-grossing film of all time both worldwide and in the United States and Canada. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews. Avengers: Infinity War garnered awards and nominations in various categories with particular recognition for its acting (mainly that of Brolin) and visual effects. It received a nomination for Best Visual Effects at the 91st Academy Awards. The film received a nomination for Outstanding Achievement for Character Animation in a Live Action Production at the 46th Annie Awards. At the 72nd British Academy Film Awards, Avengers: Infinity War was nominated for Best Special Visual Effects. It received two nominations at the 24th Critics' Choice Awards. Composer Alan Silvestri received a nomination for Best Instrumental Composition at the Grammy Awards' 61st ceremony. The film won one of two nominations at the 45th Saturn Awards. Accolades References External links Avengers (comics) lists Avengers (film series) Marvel Cinematic Universe lists of accolades by film Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three","title":"List of accolades received by Avengers: Infinity War"},{"docid":"33332004","text":"Avengers Assemble is an American animated television series based on the fictional Marvel Comics superhero team known as the Avengers. Designed to capitalize on the success of the 2012 film The Avengers, the series premiered on Disney XD on May 26, 2013, as the successor to The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes. It previously aired alongside Ultimate Spider-Man and Guardians of the Galaxy as a part of the Marvel Universe block. Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, Duncan Rouleau and Steven T. Seagle, known collectively as Man of Action, developed the series and were executive producers on seasons 1 and 2. Plot Premise Falcon is the newest member of the Avengers. Falcon is the main eyes and ears of the viewer as he fights evil and saves the world with his teammates. The Avengers team consist of Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Hulk, Black Widow, and Hawkeye. Season 1 When Red Skull is dying due to his imperfect Super Soldier Serum, he allies with MODOK who upgrades HYDRA's tech from A.I.M. to kidnap Captain America and has him transfer his mind to Captain America's body. After his defeat by a reassembled team of Avengers, Red Skull takes Iron Man's armor for its life support system. Red Skull attacks them at their mansion. Red Skull is once again defeated. The Avengers Mansion is destroyed during the fight. Red Skull plans to take away everything the Avengers hold dear from their lives to their country by trying to have them hated by the people for failing to save the day. To even the playing field, Red Skull brings together his team of power giants called the Cabal. Red Skull's invitational transmissions are shown to have been received by Attuma, Doctor Doom, and Dracula. Attuma and Dracula accept the invitation while Doctor Doom declined. The Avengers and S.H.I.E.L.D. intercept the transmission, and decide to remain together to battle the Cabal. To stay close to each other after Avengers Mansion blew up, they set up their base in Avengers Tower. The Cabal later on adds Justin Hammer's robot creation Super-Adaptoid and Hyperion, an alien psychopath believing himself to be a superhero, to their team. With the threat of the Cabal, the Avengers fight them at every end as well as other threats that come to Earth. Season 2 The Avengers encounter Red Skull's master, Thanos, who is on the hunt for the Infinity Stones to power his Infinity Gauntlet after Red Skull stole the Power Stone from him. After the Avengers collect all five infinity stones and manage to defeat Thanos, the gems are drained of their power by Ultron who threatens to exterminate the human race after possessing Arsenal's body. After the Avengers ultimately defeat Ultron, Ant-Man becomes a new member of the team. Around the end of season two, Thanos manages to escape from a galactic prison that was meant to contain him with aid of the Black Order. Thanos then makes one final attempt to defeat the Avengers. With help from the people of","title":"Avengers Assemble (TV series)"},{"docid":"56289553","text":"Thor Odinson is a fictional character portrayed by Chris Hemsworth in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and the Norse mythological god of thunder. In the MCU, he is depicted as one of the most powerful Asgardians, an ancient alien civilization with long ties to Earth, who humans consider to be gods. Thor wields a powerful hammer called Mjolnir, and is initially depicted as the arrogant heir to the throne of Asgard whose brash behaviors causes turmoil among the Nine Realms under Asgard's protection. This brings him into conflict with his villainous adopted brother, Loki, the god of mischief. Thor commits himself to the protection of Earth, and becomes a founding member of the Avengers. He eventually becomes the King of Asgard after Odin's death, but the entire realm is destroyed during the battle with his sister Hela. Thor then comes into conflict with Thanos, who slaughters half of the Asgardians and uses the Infinity Stones to erase half of the life in the universe before Thor himself kills Thanos. Thor later joins his fellow Avengers in obtaining the Stones from the past using time travel and they successfully undo Thanos' actions. When an alternate version of Thanos enters their timeline, Thor and the Avengers manage to defeat him. Thor then passes the crown of New Asgard to Valkyrie and joins the Guardians of the Galaxy for a brief time. Thor comes into conflict with Gorr the God Butcher and the Olympian god Zeus, while reconnecting with his terminally ill ex-girlfriend, the now Mjolnir-wielding Jane Foster. After Foster succumbs to her cancer to assist in Gorr's defeat, Thor adopts the latter's daughter, Love. Thor is a central figure of the MCU, having appeared in nine films as of 2023. Thor's characterization and early films received mixed reception, however his storyline following Thor: Ragnarok (2017) was received much more favorably, with that film often being credited as revitalizing the character and his arc. Alternate versions of Thor appear in the animated series What If...? (2021), with Hemsworth reprising the role. One version in particular, which depicts an alternate Thor raised without Loki who is recruited into the Guardians of the Multiverse by the Watcher in the battle against an alternate version of Ultron. Fictional character biography Early life Thor was born approximately 1500 years ago to Odin, the King of Asgard, and Frigga. He was raised on Asgard as the crown prince, alongside his brother, Loki. Banishment to Earth In 2011, Thor prepares to ascend to the throne, but Frost Giants attempt to retrieve the Casket of Ancient Winters, an artifact seized by Odin in a war centuries before. Against Odin's order, Thor travels to Jotunheim to confront Frost Giant leader Laufey, accompanied by Loki, childhood friend Sif, and the Warriors Three: Voltstagg, Fandral, and Hogun. A battle ensues until Odin intervenes, destroying the fragile truce between the two races. For Thor's arrogance, Odin strips his son of his godly","title":"Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"},{"docid":"2549114","text":"\"Avenger 2.0\" is the 9th episode from the seventh season of military science fiction adventure television show Stargate SG-1 and is the 141st overall. It was first broadcast on August 8, 2003, on the Sci-Fi Channel. The episode was written by duo Joseph Mallozzi and Paul Mullie, and was directed by Martin Wood. In this episode, Dr. Jay Felger (Patrick McKenna), a scientist at Stargate Command, is struggling to produce anything of merit and his future with the program is called into question by General George Hammond (Don S. Davis). In a desperate attempt to keep his job, Felger presents Major Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) with a computer program he calls Avenger, which he believes they will be able to use in order to permanently disable any Stargate of their choosing. The episode is a sequel to the season six episode \"The Other Guys\" which was written by Damian Kindler and directed by Wood. Written as season seven's comedy episode, it focuses predominantly on Amanda Tapping's character Samantha Carter, along with Patrick McKenna, who reprises his role as Dr. Jay Felger. They are joined by Jocelyne Loewen who portrays Chloe Angstrom. Plot Dr. Jay Felger (Patrick McKenna) and his assistant, Chloe (Jocelyne Loewen) are working in their lab at Stargate Command, when Jack O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson) and Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) arrive to see a demonstration of weapon Felger's been working on. When Felger activates the weapon, it causes power around the base to fail. Afterwards General George Hammond (Don S. Davis), who is unimpressed by Felger's work over the previous six months, questions his future at Stargate Command. A desperate Felger tells Hammond he's working on something big, but Hammond is skeptical and gives him just 24 hours to present something of merit. Back in their lab, Felger tells Chloe what's transpired and decides that he'll pitch an invention he calls Avenger, despite Chloe's warnings that it isn't finished. The next day he presents his idea to Carter; a computer program that they can use to disable any Stargate. Recognising the idea's potential, Carter sells it to Hammond, who agrees to allow Felger to develop it with Carter. Their program, Avenger, is soon ready to be tested, with a Gate on a planet controlled by the Goa'uld system lord Ba'al selected as the target. After they deploy the program, O'Neill and Teal'c (Christopher Judge), who are off world, fail to check in with Stargate Command at the scheduled time. Stargate Command dials the gate of the planet O'Neill and Teal'c are on and they make contact with the pair who explain to Hammond and Carter that they are unable to dial the Stargate on their world and are therefore stuck, with O'Neill assuming that it's been caused by Felger's program. This is soon confirmed by their allies in the Tok'ra, who inform them that the entire network is being affected and that Stargate Command's Gate is the only one seemingly still working. Carter deduces from the reports that","title":"Avenger 2.0"},{"docid":"33010035","text":"Shinobi Ninja is an American rock and hip hop band from Brooklyn, New York. Origins Prior to joining the band, Baby G (Edara Johnson) was a professional dancer for Rihanna, P Diddy, Daddy Yankee, Jason Derulo and others. Meanwhile, Axis, Mike, and Dave were in a band called Wax Machine, which broke up in early 2008. Shinobi Ninja formed shortly afterward. Several members of the band met at a rehearsal and recording studio called Progressive Music in the Film Center Building in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan. Duke Sims (born March 19), Jonny, and Mike worked at the studio, and Baby G took vocal classes there. In 2010, their original bass player Jonny left the band, and Alien Lex replaced him. Of the six members of the band only Duke Sims and Alien Lex are originally from Brooklyn, both being born and raised in Bensonhurst. Lead singer Baby G is from Lawrence, Massachusetts. The twins Mike and Dave are from Piermont, New York. Axis Powers is originally from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Jarobi White of A Tribe Called Quest is the official unofficial 7th member and has performed with the band numerous times forming Jarobi Ninja. Career On January 28, 2010, the band released Shinobi Ninja Attacks!, a Nintendo-style video game album for iPhone, iPod, and iPad. They are the first independent band to release an app based on their likeness and music. On October 6, 2010, lead singer Baby G was the featured coach on MTV Made, Season 11 episode 11. \"Stop\" was included in the third episode (\"El Diablo\") of the American television drama series The Killing, which aired on April 10, 2011 on AMC. \"Rock Hood\" was featured in the video games NBA 2K12 (5 million copies Sold) and Tap Tap Revenge 3. Their song \"Amped to 12\" was written specifically for the 2014 film A Haunted House 2. In 2017 Spike Lee used their song \"Genuine\" in his new Netflix Series She's Gotta Have It. Corey Taylor of Slipknot and Stone Sour played \"What If Times\" on Ep. 42 & \"Saw Red\" on Ep. 63 of his Beats 1 Apple Music Show A Series Of Bleeps in 2017. They have been featured in Spin, The Source, Rolling Stone, Billboard and Time . The band released their debut album, Rock Hood in April 2011. They followed this with the double album Escape from New York / Return From... in June 2014. In March 2017 they released their third album, Bless Up. Their Logo Sticker which is a fluorescent pink and blue has been seen in 60 Minutes, Avengers: Infinity War, Uncut Gems, Catfight, Hip-Hop Evolution Season 2, Generation Iron 2, and has been a staple in the fabric of New York City since their inception. To date the band has released 50 music videos and 2 visual albums (Escape From New York and Bless Up). Members Edara aka Baby G – vocals Terminator Dave – drums Doobie Duke Sims – vocals, guitar Alien Lex – bass guitar","title":"Shinobi Ninja"},{"docid":"62459395","text":"Margaret \"Peggy\" Carter, also known as Agent Carter, is a fictional character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise portrayed by Hayley Atwell, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Carter is depicted as a British MI6 agent and member of the Strategic Scientific Reserve who became the love interest of Steve Rogers during World War II. Following the war, she goes on to become one of the founders of S.H.I.E.L.D., eventually serving as the Director. Atwell has received critical praise for her depiction of the character. , the character has appeared in five films, as well as the short film Agent Carter (2013), the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and her own television series Agent Carter (2015–2016). Alternate versions of the character, including Captain Carter, appear in the animated series What If...? (2021–present) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). What If...? Carter receives the Super Soldier Serum instead of Rogers, and is later recruited by the Watcher to join the Guardians of the Multiverse in the battle against an alternate version of Ultron. Multiverse of Madness Captain Carter, also a supersoldier, is a member of the Illuminati from a reality called Earth-838. Concept and creation Peggy Carter debuted in a single panel (at the time the character was unnamed) as a wartime love interest of Captain America in Tales of Suspense #75 (March 1966), and then being named in #77 (May 1966). She was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby. Hayley Atwell was cast in the role of Peggy Carter for Captain America: The First Avenger in April 2010. Atwell expressed interest in reprising the role for Agent Carter in October 2013; ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee confirmed her involvement in the project in January 2014. Regarding her preparation for the role, Atwell said, \"I'm training at the moment six days a week to make her a bit more military and make it convincing that I could kick butt.\" On taking up the role of Carter, Atwell said \"the main reason I did Captain America was because I wanted to get out of my own head and stop taking my work so seriously\". Captain America: The First Avenger screenwriter Christopher Markus said the film \"takes place in the 40s, there weren't too many women in areas of authority at that point, and we wanted her to essentially be the most capable person on the screen at that time\". Appearances Hayley Atwell portrays Peggy Carter in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Agent Carter (2013), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Ant-Man (2015), Avengers: Endgame Atwell appears in images in Captain America: Civil War (2016). Atwell also appears in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.s episodes \"Shadows\" (2014) and \"The Things We Bury\" (2014), and in the television series Agent Carter (2015–2016). Gabriella Graves portrays a young Carter in the Agent Carter episode \"Smoke & Mirrors\". Atwell","title":"Peggy Carter (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"},{"docid":"705861","text":"The Grandmaster (En Dwi Gast) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in The Avengers #69. The Grandmaster is one of the ageless Elders of the Universe and has mastered most civilizations' games of skill and chance. Different media appearances depict him as the Collector's brother. Jeff Goldblum portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and in a cameo during the closing credits of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017). Additionally, Goldblum voices alternate universe versions in the animated series What If...? (2021). Publication history The Grandmaster first appeared in The Avengers #69 (Oct. 1969). The character was created by Roy Thomas and Sal Buscema. Fictional character biography Although his exact origin is unknown, he is one of the oldest living beings in the universe, coming from one of the first intelligent races to evolve after the Big Bang. He once possessed the Mind Gem, one of the six Infinity Gems, but he lost it to Thanos. He is a cosmic game player whose preferred game is pitting two opposing teams against each other. He has used the Squadron Sinister, Daredevil, the Defenders, the East and West Coast Avengers, Malibu Comics's Ultraforce, and DC Comics' Justice League of America. In his first appearance, the Grandmaster played a game against Kang the Conqueror for the power to resurrect Ravonna or destroy Kang's planet, using the Avengers and Squadron Sinister as pawns. However, Kang's efforts failed due to the intervention of the Black Knight meaning that the Avengers did not technically win their fight, causing Kang to sacrifice the power to resurrect Ravonna for the power to kill the Avengers, with this attempt failing again when the Grandmaster's gift literally gave Kang the power to kill only the Avengers rather than the currently-unaffiliated Black Knight. He next used the Defenders as pawns in a game against the Prime Mover. The Grandmaster later challenged Death to a game of strategy, with the power to resurrect his fellow Elder the Collector as prize. A large collection of Earth heroes were used as pawns by both sides of the game; the Grandmaster promised that, if he won, he would never again use Earth's heroes as his pawns. The Grandmaster won, only to learn the resurrection power could only be used if someone else died in the resurrectee's place. Nonetheless, the Grandmaster felt the game would be incomplete unless the power was used, noting \"Never, in a thousand games on a thousand worlds, have I quit the table ere the game was through!\" Death suggested he use the heroes' lives instead, but, unwilling to break his promise to never again manipulate them, he instead sacrificed his own life to resurrect the Collector. The Grandmaster returned from beyond his grave to plague the East and West Coast Avengers during one of their annual games of baseball, reasoning that, since he was dead, he was free from his vow to leave Earth's","title":"Grandmaster (Marvel Comics)"},{"docid":"57256096","text":"Avengers: Infinity War (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score for the Marvel Studios film Avengers: Infinity War by Alan Silvestri. Hollywood Records released the soundtrack album digitally on April 27, 2018, and in physical formats on May 18, 2018. Background In June 2016, Alan Silvestri, who composed the score for The Avengers, was revealed to be returning to score both Infinity War and its sequel. Although Silvestri reprised the main theme he introduced in the first Avengers film, he stated there were discussions to try and incorporate each character's individual established motif in his score, \"but everyone was pretty much in agreement that it would be more of a distraction to even attempt it.\" Silvestri started to record his score in January 2018 and concluded in late March. Silvestri felt working on the film \"was a really different experience than anything I'd done before, especially in regard to the approach and balancing quick shifts in tone.\" He noted that \"Thanos didn't just get his own musical theme, he got his own sensibility\", while the Children of Thanos were linked musically to Thanos. Silvestri avoided giving each of the Infinity Stones a theme, as he had done in Captain America: The First Avenger with the Tesseract, saying, \"The music for the Infinity Stones is actually built around Thanos' reaction. Every time he got one, that moment was always significant and often times emotional.\" Silvestri's score is entirely orchestral. Silvestri also used Ludwig Göransson's theme from Black Panther in the film, which was something Göransson had been hoping would happen given he was not involved in the Infinity War score. The film also includes \"The Rubberband Man\" by The Spinners when the Guardians of the Galaxy first appear, which was chosen by Infinity War executive producer and director of the Guardians of the Galaxy films James Gunn. Gunn revealed that \"Draw the Line\" by Aerosmith, \"Train in Vain\" by The Clash, and \"Caught in a Dream\" by Alice Cooper were also considered for that moment. \"New York Groove\" by Ace Frehley was also used in another scene with the Guardians that was ultimately cut from the theatrical release. Hollywood Records and Marvel Music released the soundtrack album digitally on April 27, 2018, with a release in physical formats following on May 18. Two versions were released, a regular and deluxe edition, with the deluxe edition featuring some extended and additional tracks to the regular edition. Track listing All music composed by Alan Silvestri. All music composed by Alan Silvestri. Charts Accolades References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three soundtracks Avengers (film series) Alan Silvestri soundtracks","title":"Avengers: Infinity War (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"18781899","text":"Thep Sarm Rudoo (; ) is a 2005 Thai lakorn boran (Classic Play) based on Thai folklore which has been remade several times. This Thai television soap opera is one of the most popular in Thailand at 2005 with many famous actors and actress as the beautiful couple for Thai lakorn boran's fan. The plot is about a child of a king who can turn into 3 incarnations by changing season like turning to man for rainy season, turn to woman for cold season and turn to giant for dry season. Summary Three angels avatared to be the children of a king who ruled a big empire. The king has two queens but with the different personalities. The evil queen is named Ta Sa-nee. The good queen is Manee-nate (Thai: มณีเนตร). Manee-nate gave birth to a boy after having six years of pregnancy. Unfortunately, the child was born with a large body as six-year-old kid and the most terrible is that he has two long fangs. (Phra Rahoo, Thai:พระราหู) The king thinks his wife had an affair with an ogre when Ta Sa-nee confessed that she saw Manee-nate hugging and kissing the statue of an ogre. The king abandoned Manee-nate and Phra Rahoo in the forest. Manee-nate and Phra Rahoo were parted for some times. However, the mother and son met again by the hermit's recusement and the mother found out that her son turned into a different person, a beautiful girl called Chinda Mekhala (Thai: จินดาเมขลา) when winter comes and the girl turned into a handsome boy, called Phra Pirun (Thai: พระพิรุณ) when the rainy season comes, and when summer comes, Phra Rahoo will appear again. The mother and children were protected by two creatures, Monkey-faced human and a stone giant. Despite their happiness, they still faced several dangerous creatures that all became their enemies. Meanwhile, Manee-nate returned to the empire and explained everything about the children's power to the king. The king banished Ta Sa-nee and her family from their kingdom after realizing that she had lied to him. During the journey Ta Sa-nee met a magical buffalo-man, CoTun, that fell in love with her and dragged her home with him. Years later, they have a son, Sum See, together. Ta Sa-nee wanted Sum See to avenge her and make CoTun train him. When she complained about their home in the cave, CoTun transformed their cave into a castle to please her and named her his queen. He conjured them servants and soldiers. He sent men out to search for her father and old servants and brought him to live with them. Ta Sa-nee was embarrassed by her husband's true nature and told him to not reveal what he really was. As the children grew up, they turns into the handsome and beautiful men and woman. Feeling restless, Pirun leaves the kingdom to travel with his demon companion, Yunk. He met a tree nymph/spirit, Latana, and fell in love with her. They spend some nights in her tree","title":"Thep Sarm Rudoo"},{"docid":"56289572","text":"Bruce Banner is a fictional character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise originally portrayed by Edward Norton and subsequently by Mark Ruffalo—based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name—known commonly by his alter ego, the Hulk. Banner is depicted as a genius physicist who after a failed experiment to replicate a super soldier program using gamma radiation, transforms into a large, muscular creature with green skin whenever his heart rate goes above 200 beats per minute or when facing mortal danger. As the Hulk, he possesses superhuman abilities, including increased strength and durability. Over time, Banner demonstrates an increasing ability to control the transformation, and he becomes a founding member of the Avengers. Following the conflict with Ultron, Banner is unintentionally transported to Sakaar, where he remains the Hulk for a number of years until eventually returning to earth during the conflict against Thanos. In the years following the Blip, Banner learns to retain the Hulk form with his mind still intact, and he is instrumental in the Avengers' mission using time travel to obtain the Infinity Stones from the past to undo Thanos' actions. Banner himself restores trillions of lives across the universe, using the Stones in a specially made gauntlet. Banner then participates in the final and victorious battle against Thanos. After his cousin Jennifer Walters is accidentally imbued with his blood, Banner trains her to handle her newfound \"She-Hulk\" transformation, before departing again to Sakaar. He returns months later with his son, Skaar. Banner is a central MCU character, having appeared in nine MCU films as of 2023. The character was introduced in the titular film The Incredible Hulk (2008), portrayed in that film by Edward Norton before being recast to Mark Ruffalo. The character has been generally well-received by critics and audiences alike, but his inconsistent characterization has received some criticism. Ruffalo voices several alternate versions of Banner in the animated series What If...?. Fictional character biography Origin Bruce Banner is a renowned scientist, physicist, and medical doctor with seven Ph.D.s. While working at Culver University, Virginia, Banner meets with General Thaddeus Ross, the father of his colleague and girlfriend Betty, regarding an experiment that Ross claims is meant to make humans immune to gamma radiation, a field in which Banner is an expert. The experiment — part of the World War II-era supersoldier program that Ross hopes to recreate — fails, and the exposure to the gamma radiation causes Banner to transform into the Hulk for the first time. The Hulk goes on a rampage, destroying the lab, killing three people and injuring several others. Banner subsequently becomes a fugitive from the U.S. military and Ross in particular, who wants to weaponize the Hulk process. Fugitive Five years later in 2010, Banner works at a soda bottling factory in Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro while searching for a cure for his condition, collaborating on the internet with a colleague he knows only as \"Mr. Blue\", and to whom he is \"Mr. Green\".","title":"Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"},{"docid":"5625631","text":"Khonshu is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Moon Knight #1 (Nov. 1980), created by Doug Moench and Bill Sienkiewicz, and is based on the Egyptian lunar god Khonsu. He is a member of the Heliopolitan pantheon and the patron of the superhero Moon Knight. Khonshu appears in the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) miniseries Moon Knight, performed by Karim El-Hakim and voiced by F. Murray Abraham. Fictional character biography While Khonshu possessed Moon Knight during the hero's time with the West Coast Avengers, Khonshu was often shown as a largely benevolent god who wanted to assist the team. He was at times shown to be conflicted as to whether he should reveal his powers and what was worthy of it. He was able to effortlessly resist being controlled by the mutant The Voice. However, he is shown to become more and more of an antagonistic role to Moon Knight starting in the 2006 series, where he would later become the main antagonist of the 2016 Moon Knight series, and the age of Khonshu storyline in Jason Aaron's run. Moon Knight volume #4 initially treats Khonshu in a rather different way, portraying him as a harsh and unforgiving god of vengeance who is strengthened by the fear that his avatar inspires. Accordingly, he is quite prepared to manipulate Marc Spector's allies and enemies in order to revive Moon Knight's career, and is highly critical of Spector. As with many Moon Knight stories, the line between reality and hallucination is sometimes intentionally blurred, but aspects of the art and story do strongly suggest that Khonshu's actions are entirely real. Khonshu also appears as a statue, but primarily converses with Moon Knight in the mutilated form of the Bushman, a villain who was killed when Spector carved off his face. Khonshu calls this his 'greatest work.' Moon Knight eventually breaks the influence of Khonshu, seeing the god as a scale in line with a cockroach. Chons, better known as Khonshu, was said to be the son of Atum (known to the Egyptian gods as Ammon Ra) and of Amaunet, air goddess of the Ogdoad pantheon. Another account stated that Khonshu was the adopted son of Amon Ra. He was the brother of Montu, and possibly Bes and Ptah, and was brother or half-brother to Bast and Sekhmet. According to Knull, Khonshu was actually an \"elder shadow, dressed in local legend\". Around the year 1,000,000 BC, Khonshu was offended by not having been offered membership of the Stone Age Avengers and chose a mortal avatar - the first known Moon Knight - to enforce his will on Earth and antagonize the Avengers on his behalf, eventually leading to the establishment of the Cult of Khonshu and a succession of Moon Knights. Khonshu and Ra have been warring against each other for millennia, having been reborn again and again through earthly avatars, with Khonshu beating Ra in every instance. It was later revealed","title":"Khonshu (Marvel Comics)"},{"docid":"30943195","text":"Barney Barton is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Roy Thomas and Gene Colan, the character first appeared in The Avengers #64 (May 1969). Barney Barton is the older brother and a recurring antagonist of superhero Clint Barton / Hawkeye. Publication history Barney Barton debuted in The Avengers #64 (May 1969), created by writer Roy Thomas and artist Gene Colan. He later appeared in the 1983 Hawkeye series, by Mark Gruenwald. He appeared in the 1987 Solo Avengers series, by Tom DeFalco. He appeared in the 2003 Hawkeye series, by Fabian Nicieza. He appeared in the 2009 Dark Avengers series, by Brian Michael Bendis. He later appeared under the codename Trickshot in the 2011 Hawkeye: Blindspot series, by Jim McCann. He appeared in the 2010 The Avengers series, by Brian Michael Bendis. Fictional character history Barney Barton was born in Waverly, Iowa. He lost both his parents at a young age when his father, an abusive alcoholic, lost control of his car and collided with a tree. Barney and his younger brother Clint Barton were sent to an orphanage. They stayed there for six years before running away to join the Carson Carnival of Travelling Wonder as roustabouts. The Swordsman, a member of the carnival with a popular swordplay act, selected Clint to be his new assistant. Feeling overlooked, Barney became jealous and bitter. Later, when Clint was severely injured at the hands of the Swordsman for discovering his embezzlement scheme, Barney condemned his brother for not remaining loyal to his mentor. Barney, having had enough of the carnival, decided to enlist in the army. He suggested that Clint should join him and make a fresh start. Clint declined his offer. Barney told his brother that the offer still stood, and he would wait for him if he changed his mind. The next morning, Barney stood at the bus depot, waiting and hoping his brother would change his mind. When Clint did not show up, a sorrowful Barney got on the bus and left his old life behind. As the bus was departing, Clint arrived, having changed his mind. However, he was too late. Barney later became an FBI agent. His first assignment was to work undercover as a bodyguard for a criminal called Marko. Unbeknownst to him, Clint and his new mentor Trick Shot attempted to rob the criminal's mansion. Barney was shot with an arrow by Clint. When Clint learned what he had done, he refused to leave his brother's side and turned against Trickshot. Trickshot wounded Clint with an arrow and left. His next undercover assignment was to pose as a racketeer. He was approached by Egghead, who offered Barney a place on his villainous space-station in exchange for funds. When Barney declined the offer, Egghead (actually a robot sent by the real Egghead) attacked him. With his bodyguards slain, Barney went to the Avengers (whose ranks included his brother using the identity of Goliath) to help stop the supervillain.","title":"Barney Barton"},{"docid":"39476718","text":"Avengers Assemble is an animated television series based on the comic book super hero team known as the Avengers. It premiered on Disney XD on May 26, 2013. On June 1, 2015, the series was renewed for a third season titled Avengers: Ultron Revolution, which premiered on Disney XD on March 13, 2016. It was renewed for a fourth season which is entitled Avengers: Secret Wars, and then a fifth and final season entitled Avengers: Black Panther's Quest. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (2013–14) The first season focuses on the Avengers reuniting after some time to defeat Red Skull and his newly formed team The Cabal, which consists of the Avengers' most powerful enemies, along with the help of new teenage S.H.I.E.L.D. recruit Sam Wilson (alias Falcon). Season 2 (2014–15) On July 26, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season; The first half of the second season deals with the team facing Thanos, as he competes with them to obtain the Infinity Stones, followed by a five-episode arc detailing the return of Ultron, who plans to exterminate the human race. The rest of the season details the debut of the Squadron Supreme and their confrontation with the Avengers. The last two episodes detail the escape of Thanos by the Black Order and their attack on Earth. Season 3: Ultron Revolution (2016–17) Ultron returns after his apparent demise and seeks revenge on the Avengers. The Avengers must defeat him as well as new threats like Baron Zemo's Masters of Evil and Kang the Conqueror. Vision, Black Panther, Captain Marvel, and Ms. Marvel make appearances in this season. The storyline features an adaptation of the Civil War comics storyline. Season three premiered on Disney XD on March 13, 2016. Season 4: Secret Wars (2017–18) This season deals with the Avengers being scattered across time and space by a new incarnation of the Cabal as Black Panther assembles another incarnation of the Avengers to find them in time to save the universe. Season 5: Black Panther's Quest (2018–19) On July 22, 2017, Avengers Assemble was renewed for a fifth and final season titled Avengers: Black Panther's Quest centering around Black Panther, and featuring a new type of animation. However, unlike the previous seasons which shared continuity with Ultimate Spider-Man and Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., this one shares continuity with the 2017 Spider-Man animated series and Guardians of the Galaxy. Shorts (2017) The shorts take place between Seasons 3 and 4. References Lists of Marvel Comics animated series episodes Lists of American children's animated television series episodes Avengers (comics) lists Avengers (comics) television series","title":"List of Avengers Assemble episodes"},{"docid":"2703114","text":"Grey Gargoyle (Paul Pierre Duval) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history The Grey Gargoyle first appeared in Journey into Mystery #107 (Aug. 1964) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Fictional character biography Paul Pierre Duval is a French chemist who courtesy of a chemical accident gains the ability to turn anything to stone by touching it. Turning his entire body to stone, Duval dons a mask and cape and becomes a criminal with the alias the Grey Gargoyle. Duval, however, becomes bored and decides to try to achieve immortality by confronting the Thunder God Thor and stealing his mystic hammer, Mjolnir. Thor is turned to stone in their first battle, but turns back to Don Blake when he falls over and strikes the floor with his hammer. As Blake he defeats the Gargoyle by luring him into the Hudson River in New York City, using a projection of Thor, leaving the villain buried at the bottom. The Grey Gargoyle eventually reappears after being hauled up from the river, whereupon he turns to stone two people examining him. Thinking Don Blake, who has just had the power of Thor removed from him, can help him find Thor, the Grey Gargoyle goes after him. He pursues them through the streets, becoming angry at their escaping him and finally deciding to eliminate Blake. However he is delayed by an Asgardian blinding him with an arrow that gives off light, after which the Asgardian restores the Thunder God's power. The Grey Gargoyle is incapacitated by Thor once again as he uses his hammer to trap the Grey Gargoyle by tapping a lamppost as a power source and sending a bolt which fuses the Gargoyles limbs. Odin then fully restores Thor's power. The Grey Gargoyle appears in the title Tales of Suspense, attempting to steal an experimental device for use against Thor, but is stopped by his fellow Avenger Iron Man. The character continues to play the role of industrial saboteur in the title Captain America, attempting to steal an experimental chemical called Element X before being stopped by Captain America; the Falcon and Nick Fury. An appearance in the title Marvel Team-Up against Captain America and fellow hero Spider-Man ends with the Gargoyle being trapped in a rocket and launched into deep space. The character reappears in the title Thor, and is revealed to have been rescued by the crew of the alien spaceship the Bird of Prey and nominated their captain. After a battle with Thor the character is lost in space once again. The Grey Gargoyle eventually returns to Earth in a meteorite in the title Avengers, and battles briefly before being defeated and imprisoned. The character reappears in the title as part of Baron Helmut Zemo's incarnation of the Masters of Evil. In an encounter with the Avenger the Black Knight, the Gargoyle grasps the hero's enchanted sword and is reverted to human form, his power temporarily neutralized. In the","title":"Grey Gargoyle"},{"docid":"9457724","text":"The Teen Brigade is either of two distinct fictional teams appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Both teams were recruited by Rick Jones from young amateur radio enthusiasts in order to obtain and divulge strategic information about safety hazards, usually involving the Hulk. These teams were attempting to aid the Hulk in using his super strength for good. They knew he, the Hulk, just desired to help citizens, and did not intend to harm them. The first group was founded in The Incredible Hulk #6 (March 1963). Today, many adolescents are unaware of the Teen Brigade teams. Unless they have access to original comic books, the only Hulk character they may be aware of is in more modern shows or movies. Overview The rationale for creating such teams was that with their help Rick Jones could reach the Hulk (and occasionally other people or events of interest) faster, possibly in time to help him avoid fights or other incidents that could bring the Hulk trouble. The first Teen Brigade was formed by Rick in The Incredible Hulk #6 (March 1963), and they helped build a weapon for the Hulk to defeat the Metal Master. The group played a role in the origin of the Avengers in The Avengers #1, because it was the tampering of a radio transmission the Brigade intended to send to the Fantastic Four that brought the original Avengers (Thor, Iron Man, Wasp and Ant-Man) together to fight the Hulk. The Avengers and the Fantastic Four were a part of keeping Hulk in check, as well as the Teen Brigade. In The Avengers #2 (November 1963), they called Giant-Man (Hank Pym) to help defeat a Space Phantom. They contacted the Avengers to notify them about the whereabouts of the rampaging Hulk in The Avengers #3 (January 1964). In The Avengers #4 (March 1964), the team helped Rick and Captain America track down a villain who turned the Avengers into stone. Captain America showed off his acrobatics abilities to the Teen Brigade in The Avengers #5 (May 1964). They later freed the Avengers when they had been imprisoned inside Kang's ship by pretending they wanted to join Kang, then dropping an energy cylinder to distract the time-traveller. The second Teen Brigade was assembled at a time when the Hulk was under the Corruptor's control. In an eerie parallel to the Avengers' origin, the Corruptor's own equipment interfered with a transmission meant for the Avengers and instead reached a handful of south western superheroes, giving birth to the superteam known as the Rangers. The Corrupter controlled the minds of others by producing sweat glands that held power inside. It would be as if a manipulative person convinced someone to do something without external things being in question. The Teen Brigade was mentioned as an inspiration by Captain America when he decided to create an online network in stories published in the early 1990s. A third version of the Teen Brigade appear in the 2011 series Vengeance","title":"Teen Brigade"},{"docid":"34331213","text":"Avengers vs. X-Men (AvX or AvsX) is a 2012 crossover event that was featured in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The event, consisting of an eponymous limited series and numerous tie-in books, involves the return of the Phoenix Force and the subsequent war between the Avengers and the X-Men. The 12-issue twice-monthly series was first published in April 2012, and features a storyline by Jason Aaron, Brian Michael Bendis, Ed Brubaker, Jonathan Hickman and Matt Fraction, with a rotating team of artists including John Romita Jr., Olivier Coipel and Adam Kubert. The event was preceded by the four-issue limited series Avengers: X-Sanction by Jeph Loeb and Ed McGuinness and Avengers vs. X-Men #0. Avengers vs. X-Men also ties into the limited series AVX: VS, described as \"the fight book\" which expands upon many of the one-on-one battles featured in the main series, the digital series; Avengers vs. X-Men: Infinite, and into a number of ongoing series including Avengers, Avengers Academy, New Avengers, Secret Avengers, Uncanny X-Men, Wolverine and the X-Men and X-Men: Legacy. The event was succeeded by the limited series AvX: Consequences. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, Avengers vs. X-Men was a commercial success that topped the comic-book sales charts for several months, from April to October 2012. The repercussions of the storyline resulted in the new status quo of the Marvel Universe presented in the company's Marvel NOW! relaunch initiative. Publication history In December 2011, Marvel Comics announced the launch of Avengers vs. X-Men, a 12-issue twice-monthly series featuring writers Brian Michael Bendis, Jason Aaron, Ed Brubaker, Jonathan Hickman and Matt Fraction, debuting in April 2012. The series focuses on the return of the Phoenix Force, the cosmic entity of death and rebirth, as it looks for its new host, believed to be the teenage mutant Hope Summers, who will possess all of its power. Cyclops and the other X-Men want to protect her and prepare her as if she's to be the mutant savior, while Captain America and the Avengers want her handed over to them so they can figure out what to do with her and keep the world safe from a potentially deadly fate. Brubaker described the series as \"...one of those legendary ideas: What if the Avengers fought the X-Men?\". Marvel's editor-in-chief Axel Alonso said \"You've got two populations whose motivations are simple and understandable and defensible. That's part of the beauty of this. You're seeing a story that evolves out of 'What would you do?'\" The idea of an Avengers vs. X-Men crossover is not entirely new; in fact prior to Avengers vs. X-Men both the Avengers and the X-Men had already met, clashed, and teamed up with each other, starting with Uncanny X-Men #9 in 1964 and followed by Avengers Annual #10 in 1980, X-Men vs. the Avengers in 1987, Avengers/X-Men: Bloodties in 1992, Onslaught in 1996, and House of M in 2005. Some of the X-Men have also joined the Avengers, most notably Beast and Wolverine, while Quicksilver and","title":"Avengers vs. X-Men"},{"docid":"50583936","text":"Paul Warren (born 28 October 1974) is a British actor. He is best known for playing characters wearing heavy prosthetic makeup and/or creature suits, most notably in Star Wars and the Marvel Cinematic Universe, in films such as Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Andor (TV series) (2022), Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Thor: The Dark World (2013) Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and The Marvels (2023). Paul also had creature acting roles in Clash of the Titans (2010), World War Z (2013), Ghost Stories (2017), Willow (TV series) (2022) and Unwelcome (2023) Personal life Paul was born in Hillingdon, West London, United Kingdom. Career He began his film career in 2006 as a body double for Daniel Radcliffe on the film Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007): \"I spent much of my time 20ft up in the air on the hydraulic broomstick system and doing other physically demanding activities during the shoot, whilst building a good rapport with the cast/crew and a reputation as a versatile performer\". Later that same year, he was recommended to the legendary Stan Winston Studio as a good choice to portray an emaciated version of the title character (played by Mike Vogel) in The Deaths of Ian Stone. Crediting Winston and his team, he said, \"This door opening into the world of acting under silicone and foam latex, is what ultimately led to a film career playing characters in heavy prosthetics and creature suits\". His first creature performing role was in 2009, where he played a tortured soul who pulls the boat across the river styx in the remake of Clash of the Titans. In 2010, Paul was used as a visual effect double for skinny Steve Rogers in Captain America: The First Avenger. He was the original template for Skinny Steve in the pre-production VFX head replacement tests and was on set for the recruitment scene as a visual reference. Body double duties for the rest of production (which total about 5% according to director Joe Johnston) were performed by stage actor Leander Deeny. On getting the role of Varmik, one of the Hassk triplet's in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, he says, \"It felt very surreal. I wasn’t told what it was that I was being asked to go in for; only that the production was putting together a team of core creature performers for a film at Pinewood Studios. I had been recommended to them by creature designer and makeup artist Martin Rezard, who I had worked with previously on Guardians of the Galaxy and Thor: The Dark World.\" Varmik is of particular interest to Star Wars fans due to his origin: \"The character is based on 2 classic pieces of Ralph McQuarrie's Star Wars production art from 1975. The cantina showdown and early Chewbacca designs. The former is a particular favorite of J. J. Abrams' that he wanted to bring to life on screen.\" In Star Wars: The Last Jedi,","title":"Paul Warren (actor)"},{"docid":"60597741","text":"Avengers: Endgame (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score for the Marvel Studios film Avengers: Endgame composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri. Hollywood Records released the soundtrack album digitally on April 26, 2019, with the physical formats being released on May 24, 2019. Background In June 2016, Alan Silvestri, who composed the score for The Avengers, was revealed to be returning to score both Infinity War and Endgame. Discussing the tone of the film, Silvestri said that the Russos wanted it to be \"operatic\" for both films, with Endgame needing an \"aggressive musical approach\". He stated that he found the film's pace to be \"invigorating, after having thunderous percussion and powerful brass propelling the massive battle sequences\". Silvestri reprises his themes from the previous Avengers (2012) films and Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), as well as several other MCU themes, including Christophe Beck's Ant-Man theme, Michael Giacchino's Doctor Strange (2016) theme, and Pinar Toprak's Captain Marvel (2019) theme. Silvestri also reassured fans that Thanos's theme from Infinity War was present in the film. The score was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London with the London Symphony Orchestra consisting of about 95 musicians with Silvestri and orchestrator Mark Graham conducting the sessions. Scoring concluded in late March 2019. Several classic rock songs are featured in the film, with four of them featured on the soundtrack. The film also includes \"Come and Get Your Love\" by Redbone and \"It's Been a Long, Long Time\" by Jule Styne and Sammy Cahn, with these songs previously included in the soundtracks for Guardians of the Galaxy and Captain America: The Winter Soldier, respectively. Other songs not included on the film's soundtrack release include Richard Sherman's \"Make Way for Tomorrow Today\", as arranged by Silvestri, \"Doom and Gloom\" by the Rolling Stones, \"Hey Lawdy Mama\" by Steppenwolf, \"Supersonic Rocket Ship\" by the Kinks, and \"Dear Mr. Fantasy\" by Traffic. A music video for the track \"Portals\", used for the \"Avengers assemble\" scene where Doctor Strange and his fellow Masters of the Mystic Arts gather reinforcements to help the Avengers in the final showdown with Thanos, was released on June 13. Track listing All music composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri. Charts Accolades References 2019 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three soundtracks Avengers (film series) Alan Silvestri soundtracks","title":"Avengers: Endgame (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"1510811","text":"Graviton (Franklin Hall) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Jim Shooter and artist Sal Buscema, he first appeared in The Avengers #158, dated April 1977. Over the years, he has mainly opposed the Avengers in their various incarnations. Originally a gravity researcher, Franklin Hall gains the ability to control gravity. Corrupted by this power, he becomes a supervillain using the name \"Graviton\". He is confronted and defeated by the Avengers as he tried to destroy the facility where he did his original research. In subsequent appearances Graviton seems to struggle with control of his powers and often loses because of this. More than one storyline has depicted Graviton's apparent death, only for him to return subsequently through various means. He later becomes part of Advanced Idea Mechanics' High Council as \"Minister of Science\". Graviton has appeared in Marvel television series, such as The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. Additionally, Franklin Hall, appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Ian Hart, while the Graviton identity is filled by Glenn Talbot, portrayed by Adrian Pasdar. Publication history Graviton first appears in The Avengers #158 (April 1977) and was created by Jim Shooter and Sal Buscema. Fictional character biography Franklin Hall is a Canadian physicist involved in an experiment in a private research facility in the Canadian Rockies. A mistake in Hall's calculations causes graviton particles to be merged with his own molecules, and Hall later discovers that he can mentally control gravity. Hall at first tries to hide his newfound ability, but becomes tempted by the potential power, and donning a costume adopts the alias \"Graviton\". When Graviton takes over the research facility and forbids all communications with the outside world, a fellow scientist sends a distress signal to the superhero team the Avengers. A furious Graviton then lifts the facility several thousands of feet into the sky and threatens to kill the scientist. The Avengers then arrive and attack but are all defeated when trapped in a gravity field. Graviton then proceeds to bring the facility to New York, and demands the U.N. to hand over world power or he will destroy the world's cities. At Avengers Mansion a returning Black Panther learns of their plight and joins with the thunder god Thor, having also been on leave from the team, and the two head to the facility. As Thor battles Graviton with Iron Man's help, the Panther frees the captive Avengers, but Graviton defeats them again until he is tricked into thinking a fellow scientist he cares for has committed suicide. Graviton then panics and causes the entire facility to collapse on him, forming a giant stone sphere that is dropped into a river by the Avengers. Graviton later reappears, although is suffering from amnesia and is flickering in and out of existence. Somehow guided to the female scientist he has feelings for, Graviton attempts to abduct her but is stopped","title":"Graviton (comics)"},{"docid":"365192","text":"Matthew Richard Stone (born May 26, 1971) is an American actor, animator, writer, producer, and musician. He is best known for co-creating South Park (since 1997) and The Book of Mormon (2011) with his creative partner Trey Parker. Intrigued by a career in entertainment at a young age, he studied film and mathematics at the University of Colorado Boulder, where he met Parker. During their attendance, the two worked on various short films and starred in the feature-length musical Cannibal! The Musical (1993). Stone and Parker moved to Los Angeles and wrote their second film, Orgazmo (1997). Before its premiere, South Park aired on Comedy Central in August 1997 and was met with widespread praise. Following its success, the two directed a film based on the series, South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999), which was met with positive critical reception. Outside of South Park, Stone has written, produced, and starred in the satirical action film Team America: World Police (2004), as well as the Broadway musical The Book of Mormon (2011), which, after long-tenured delays and years of development, was met with positive reviews. Stone is the recipient of numerous accolades, including five Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on South Park, as well as three Tony Awards and one Grammy Award for The Book of Mormon. Early life Stone was born in Houston, Texas, to economics professor Gerald Whitney Stone and Sheila Lois (Belasco). He is of Irish-American heritage from his father's side and Jewish heritage from his mother's side. The South Park characters Gerald and Sheila Broflovski were named after them. Stone and his younger sister Rachel were raised in Littleton, Colorado, a suburb of Denver, where they attended Heritage High School. He attended the University of Colorado Boulder. His father was worried he would \"become a musician and a bum\", so he insisted that his son major in something \"practical\". They compromised on Matt's majoring in both mathematics and film. Stone graduated with a double-major Bachelor of Arts degree in 1993. Career Career beginnings Cannibal! The Musical (1992–1994) In 1992, Stone, Parker and Ian Hardin founded a production company named the Avenging Conscience. The company was named after the D. W. Griffith film by the same title (which was actively disliked by the group.) Parker employed the cutout paper technique on Avenging Conscience's first production, Jesus vs. Frosty (1992), an animated short pitting the religious figure against Frosty the Snowman. The quartet created a three-minute trailer for a fictional film titled Alferd Packer: The Musical. The idea was based on an obsession Parker had with Alferd Packer, a real nineteenth-century prospector accused of cannibalism. During this time, Parker had become engaged to long-time girlfriend Liane Adamo, but their relationship fell apart shortly before production on the trailer began. \"Horribly depressed\", Parker funneled his frustrations with her into the project, naming Packer's \"beloved but disloyal\" horse after her. The trailer became something of a sensation among students at the school, leading Virgil Grillo, the chairman and founder","title":"Matt Stone"},{"docid":"5534804","text":"The Eye of Agamotto () is a fictional, mystical item appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The item appears in publications that feature Doctor Strange. The Eye of Agamotto and Agamotto in his caterpillar form also appeared in the Gold Key Dark Shadows comic book, Collinwood Possessed!. The Eye of Agamotto is the name commonly given to the amulet Strange wears on his chest, though the Eye actually resides within the amulet and is released from time to time. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, it first appeared in \"The Origin of Dr. Strange\", an eight-page story in Strange Tales #115 (December 1963). In designing the Eye, Ditko drew inspiration from the real world charm The All Seeing Eye of the Buddha, known among Buddhists as The Amulet of Snail Martyrs, a Nepali symbol meant to protect its wearer against evil. The Eye of Agamotto appears in several forms of Marvel-related media, such as the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with its first appearance in Doctor Strange, in which it contains the Time Stone, one of the fictional universe's Infinity Stones. Fictional history Agamotto, a powerful mystic being and one of Doctor Strange's three Vishanti, is said to have used the Eye during his time as Sorcerer Supreme of the Earth dimension. The Eye's origins are currently unknown, but there are theories of how it came into existence. Some believe that it was discovered by Agamotto among the seas and stars, where it had drifted for ages. Others claim that it was created by Agamotto himself, which makes sense when the Eye's powers are compared to those of \"the All-Seeing.\" It is said that the Eye of Agamotto draws on Agamotto's own mystical ability to span distances and dispel disguises and illusions. Agamotto is also presumably aware of every time the Eye is used and may even record those events for later viewing. Rintrah, a disciple of Doctor Strange, is able to call on many of the effects of the eye by using the 'Amulet Of Agamotto'. In the New Avengers Annual #2 (2008), though Strange has at first retained both the Eye and the Cloak, the Hood, on Dormammu's commands, has targeted Strange to eliminate him and seize the Eye of Agamotto. Strange, having evoked Zom's power tells him that he is not ready to use it because of his tainted soul and demonic connection. Strange shows it to the New Avengers, describing the Eye as \"one of the most powerful mystic conduits on this physical plane.\" Strange and the New Avengers now battle against the forces of the Dark Dimension as Strange searches the planet for new potential candidates. The Eye is presented to the new Sorcerer Supreme, Brother Voodoo, in New Avengers #53, who bears it as he fights against Dormammu. Strange had lost the eye because of his own corrupted connection to Zom. Later, Doctor Doom arrives to challenge Brother Voodoo's 'claim' to the Eye. Doom claims the object must belong to","title":"Eye of Agamotto"},{"docid":"5646014","text":"The Legion of the Unliving are six groups of fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history The original five versions first appear in Avengers #131 (Jan. 1975); Avengers Annual #16 (Dec. 1987); Avengers West Coast #61 (Aug. 1990); Avengers #353 (Sep. 1992) and Avengers vol. 3, #10 (Nov. 1998) respectively. The groups were created by Steve Englehart and Sal Buscema; Tom DeFalco and various artists; Roy Thomas and Daniel Bulanadi; Len Kaminski and Chris Eliopoulos and Kurt Busiek and George Pérez. A new version of the Legion was created by Jason Aaron in Avengers vol. 8, #12 (Jan. 2019). Fictional character biography Legion of the Unliving I The original Legion appears during the Celestial Madonna storyline in the titles Avengers and Giant-Size Avengers, having been summoned from time by the villain Kang the Conqueror (at the suggestion of his future self Immortus) to kill the superhero team. As the name implies, the members of the Legion were all characters established as being deceased in Marvel continuity, being pulled from time a moment before their deaths. Although partially successful in their mission (the original Human Torch kills Iron Man and the Vision is wounded), the Legion frees itself from Kang's control and aid the Avengers. Kang flees when confronted by the Thunder God Thor, with Immortus reviving Iron Man and healing the Vision and returning the Legion back to their respective eras. Only the Human Torch android is allowed to remain as it is revealed that the character is in fact the Vision, years before being modified by the robot Ultron. Legion of the Unliving II The second version of the Legion is featured in an Avengers annual, in which the Elder of the Universe the Grandmaster, usurps the power of the entity Death. Intending to destroy the universe—via six bombs—and recreate it with his fellow Elders, the Grandmaster decides to eliminate opponents the Avengers (including the West Coast Avengers) by having fellow Elder the Collector take the heroes (and ally the Silver Surfer) to the Realm of Death to battle the Legion of the Unliving. A battle to the death follows, and when Thor observes fellow Asgardian the Executioner act dishonourably he realizes the Legion are in fact only copies of the original beings, minus their personalities. Almost all the Avengers are killed stopping the Legion and defusing the bombs, with only Captain America and Hawkeye surviving. The Grandmaster then proposes another competition and adds the fallen heroes to the Legion, until tricked by Hawkeye in a game of chance. Losing the game disorients the Grandmaster and Death is released, with the entity banishing all the Elders from its realm, restoring all heroes to life and then returning them to Earth. Legion of the Unliving III The third version of the Legion appears in the title Avengers West Coast, and is created by reoccurring Avengers foe Immortus. Seeking to use the Scarlet Witch as a nexus point from which to control all of time,","title":"Legion of the Unliving"},{"docid":"38289484","text":"\"Age of Ultron\" (abbreviated AU) is a 2013 comic book fictional crossover storyline published by Marvel Comics that involved the conquest of the Earth by the sentient robot tyrant Ultron. The storyline consisted of an eponymous, 10-issue core miniseries, and a number of tie-in books. The storyline was published between March and June 2013 and featured a storyline by Brian Michael Bendis. Artist Bryan Hitch provided the art for issues one through five, and Brandon Peterson for issues six through nine. Other artists who contributed to the series include Carlos Pacheco and Joe Quesada, the latter of whom drew part of the final issue. Marvel stated that all art for the series was completed before it was solicited, ensuring deadlines were met and that there were no more than thirteen tie-ins to the four-month event. This story takes place on two different Earths: the alternate Earth where Ultron annihilated humanity is referred to as Earth-61112, and the alternate reality where Morgan le Fay took over half the world is referred to as Earth-26111. A sequel, Cataclysm, was released later in 2013. The story arc's title served as an inspiration for the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), although the film does not directly adapt the events of the storyline. A free adaptation of the storyline's events later appeared in the MCU animated series What If...? (2021). Publication history In 2011, Avengers Vol. 4 No. 12.1 featured a storyline where the Intelligencia find a crash-landed Spaceknight and try to power it back up. During a fight with the Avengers while they try to rescue Spider-Woman, the Spaceknight is powered up, revealing that it was Ultron in disguise. Ultron escapes, setting up the events of Age of Ultron. In mid-November, 2012, Marvel Comics released a cryptic teaser written \"Age of Ultron\" in binary code. Three days later the event was officially announced, although by this point it had been over a year since the event had been originally announced. The first of ten issues written by Brian Michael Bendis was released in March 2013 and ran through June of the same year. Neil Gaiman's Angela character was introduced into the Marvel Universe in the last issue of the Age of Ultron miniseries, although the issue was shipped in a polybag to prevent other details of the story's ending from being publicized too early. An Age of Ultron #10 A.I. one-shot by writer Mark Waid and artist Andre Lima Araujo will delve into the repercussions of the storyline for Hank Pym. Following the conclusion of Age of Ultron, a new ongoing series titled Avengers A.I. by writer Sam Humphries and Andre Lima Araujo will launch in July. Plot Main story New York is in ruins. Ultron has returned and taken over the world, with Ultron Sentinels guarding the streets and looking for fugitives. After rescuing Spider-Man from the Owl and Hammerhead, Hawkeye takes him to an underground area beneath Central Park, where a small handful of other heroes have","title":"Age of Ultron"},{"docid":"66910752","text":"\"Previously On\" is the eighth episode of the American television miniseries WandaVision, based on Marvel Comics featuring the characters Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch and Vision. It follows Maximoff and Agatha Harkness as they explore Maximoff's past to see what led her to create an idyllic suburban life in the town of Westview, New Jersey. The episode is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. It was written by Laura Donney and directed by Matt Shakman. Paul Bettany and Elizabeth Olsen reprise their respective roles as Vision and Wanda Maximoff from the film series, with Debra Jo Rupp and Kathryn Hahn (Harkness) also starring. Development began by October 2018, and Shakman joined in August 2019. The episode explores Maximoff's history of grief to explain the events of earlier episodes, and also retcons the source of her abilities from the films. The episode is the first time in the MCU that Maximoff is referred to by her comic book alias \"Scarlet Witch\". Filming took place in the Atlanta metropolitan area in Atlanta, Georgia, including at Pinewood Atlanta Studios, and in Los Angeles. Visual effects were required for sequences such as the backstory of Harkness, the disassembled body of Vision, and Maximoff's creation of the series' sitcom reality and new version of Vision. \"Previously On\" was released on the streaming service Disney+ on February 26, 2021. Critics highlighted the performances of Hahn, Olsen, and Bettany, particularly a scene between Olsen and Bettany discussing grief, as well as the backstory and the reveal of the \"Scarlet Witch\" title. It received several accolades, including two Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Plot In Salem, 1693, Agatha Harkness is put on trial by a coven of witches led by her mother Evanora for practicing dark magic. As they attempt to kill Harkness, she absorbs their magic and drains the life from them. In the present day, Harkness interrogates Wanda Maximoff, demanding to know how she is controlling Westview. Harkness forces Maximoff to relive key moments in her life, including when she and her brother Pietro were trapped in the rubble next to an unexploded bomb the day their parents died. In this memory, Harkness deduces that Maximoff was born a witch who engaged in basic hex magic as a child as seen when Maximoff inadvertently uses a simple probability hex to prevent the bomb from going off. In the next memory, Maximoff watches as she is experimented on by Hydra using the Mind Stone. When she approached the stone it reacted to her presence, showing her a vision of an apparition inside the Mind Stone. Harkness suggests that the stone augmented Maximoff's latent magical abilities, which otherwise would have gone undiscovered. Maximoff then relives a fond memory of Vision when they lived at the Avengers Compound, discussing grief and bonding over sitcoms. After Vision's death, Maximoff visited S.W.O.R.D. to recover his body. Director Tyler Hayward showed her the disassembled remains but refused to hand Vision over. Maximoff drove to","title":"Previously On"},{"docid":"23120129","text":"Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers is a four-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics from July to October 2009. It was followed up by the four-issue limited series Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers Unleashed from May to August 2010. Both series were written by Chris Eliopoulos with art by Ig Guara. Plot Fantastic Four member Mister Fantastic visits Attilan, city of the Inhumans, seeking the six Infinity Gems (each an artifact of great power). Lockjaw, an oversized dog and pet of the Inhuman Royal Family, finds the Mind Gem, which increases the animal's intelligence. Using telepathy to read Mr. Fantastic's mind, Lockjaw decides to find the remaining Gems. The pet encounters and recruits a number of other animal companions to heroes, including the cat Hairball, the diminutive dragon Lockheed, the falcon Redwing, the frog Throg and the puppy Ms. Lion (actually a character from the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends). Courtesy of Lockjaw's ability to teleport, the group visit the prehistoric Savage Land and acquire the Time Gem and the aid of the sabretooth tiger Zabu, and the Tyrannosaurus rex Devil Dinosaur. The Space Gem is found in the past, and after an underwater encounter and being swallowed by the whale-like Giganto, the group collect the Soul Gem and the Reality Gem. The animal team converge on the final Gem, the Power Gem, which is in the possession of the President of the United States' dog, Bo. The Titan Thanos, a previous owner of all six Gems when united as the Infinity Gauntlet, intervenes and kills Ms. Lion. The other animals are angered by this act and use the Gems to strand Thanos in an alternate dimension and subsequently revive their comrade. Retrieving the final Gem, the group decides to separate, but not before Throg advises that they now share a psychic link and will reunite if needed. Ms. Lion (resurrected by Hairball via the Soul Gem) dubs the group the Pet Avengers. The series concludes with Lockjaw presenting the Gems to a surprised Mr. Fantastic. Reception The first series received mixed reviews, with IGN rating the first issue a 6.5 out of 10. The first issue sold out and went to second printing. The story of the team continued in a second series, Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers: Unleashed (May – August 2010), followed by a third limited series Avengers vs. the Pet Avengers (December 2010 – March 2011) and a guest appearance in the Power Pack all-ages miniseries title Thor and the Warriors Four (April 2010). They also appeared with Rocket Raccoon and Cosmo of the Guardians of the Galaxy in Guardians Team-Up #5 (June 2015). Collected editions The stories have been collected into two trade paperback volumes: Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers (collects Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers #1-4, the Tails of the Pet Avengers digital comic, and the Marvel Pets Handbook), 176 pages, May 2010, (hardcover, November 2009, ) Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers Unleashed (collects Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers Unleashed","title":"Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers"},{"docid":"988786","text":"The Marvel Comics anthology series What If? tells alternate reality stories outside the mainstream Marvel Universe continuity, which the company sets on what it calls Earth-616. A number of these stories have been set on alternate Earths in the Marvel Comics Multiverse (i.e., multiple universes) for which Marvel has given official numerical designations. Volume 1 (1977–1984) What if Spider-Man had joined the Fantastic Four? (based on The Amazing Spider-Man #1) Reprinted in The Best of What If? Followed by What If? #21. Alternate sequels appeared in What If? vol. 2, #35, and Paradise X: Heralds. This world was designated Earth-772 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four. Spider-Man did eventually join the team as a member of the \"New Fantastic Four\" and, more recently, as a member of the Future Foundation. What if the Hulk had the brain of Bruce Banner? (based on The Incredible Hulk #1) This world was designated Earth-774 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four. What if the Avengers had never been? (based on The Avengers #3) What if the Invaders stayed together after World War II? (considered part of Earth-616, the mainstream Marvel continuity) What if Captain America had not vanished during World War II? (based on Avengers #4) What if the Fantastic Four had different super-powers? (based on The Fantastic Four #1) This version of the team reappeared in What If? (vol. 2) #39. This world was designated Earth-7712 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four. What if someone else besides Spider-Man had been bitten by the radioactive spider? (based on Amazing Fantasy #15) Three different stories look at what would have happened if either Peter's class bully Flash Thompson, his would-have-been temporary girlfriend Betty Brant, or publisher J. Jonah Jameson's astronaut son John, had been bitten by the radioactive spider instead. With the exception of Betty Brant (who quits her moniker like Peter did in \"Spider-Man No More\"), the protagonist dies in each story. A darker version of the Flash story is redone as What If? (vol. 2) #76. What if the world knew Daredevil was blind? (based on Daredevil #2) This issue also contained the first humor-based What If? in the series asking, \"What if the spider had been bitten by a radioactive human?\" What if the Avengers fought evil in the 1950s? Designated Earth-9904 in All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: A-Z Update #2 (2007). A version of this timeline was revisited in Avengers Forever, and yet another version made a cameo in Paradise X: Heralds. The Agents of Atlas, a superhero team from the 1950s, was based on this concept. What if Jane Foster had found the hammer of Thor? (based on Journey into Mystery #83) Jane Foster would eventually become the new Thor in Thor (vol. 4) #1. What if the original Marvel Bullpen had become the Fantastic Four? (based on The Fantastic Four #1) This world made a brief tongue-in-cheek appearance in Paradise X: Heralds. It was designated Earth-1228 in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Alternate Universes 2005. What if Rick","title":"List of What If issues"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"55511155\",\n \"text\": \"The Vision is a fictional character portrayed by Paul Bettany in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Vision is a vibranium-based male android (or \\\"Synthezoid\\\") created by Ultron to serve as his body. However, the body is stolen by the Avengers and brought to sentience by Tony Stark and Bruce Banner, who upload the core software of Stark's AI, J.A.R.V.I.S. (voiced by Bettany), into the body constructed by Ultron, with energy provided by Thor. Vision subsequently joins the Avengers, kills Ultron, and later develops a romantic relationship with his teammate, Wanda Maximoff. Most of Vision's powers including flight, matter phasing, and energy-based beam attacks, stem from the Mind Stone in his forehead, which also keeps him alive. Vision is killed by Thanos when he removes the Mind Stone to complete the Infinity Gauntlet in order to initiate the Blip. Years later, Vision's body is reactivated via Wanda's magic, albeit initially without his memories and with a different appearance. Additionally, Wanda recreates Vision when she magically forms a false reality in the town of Westview, New Jersey, but this version vanishes when she returns to reality. Vision has appeared in three films. He has a lead role in the television series WandaVision (2021), and alternate versions from within the MCU multiverse appear in the animated series What If...? (2021). Fictional character biography Creation and joining the Avengers In 2015, J.A.R.V.I.S. is apparently destroyed by Ultron, but it is later revealed that he actually distributed his consciousness throughout the Internet, allowing his security protocols to delay Ultron's attempt to access Earth's nuclear weapon launch codes long enough for Tony Stark to work out what had happened. The Avengers capture a synthetic vibranium body created by Ultron for himself, powered by the Mind Stone, and bring it to Avengers Tower, where Stark and Bruce Banner upload J.A.R.V.I.S. as the core software for the body. After a brief fight with other Avengers, who disagree with this effort, Thor uses Mjolnir's lightning to power its completion, creating the Vision. Thor explains that the gem in his forehead is one of the six Infinity Stones, the most powerful objects in existence. Having gained consciousness, Vision sides with Stark, Banner, Thor, Steve Rogers, Clint Barton, Pietro Maximoff, and Wanda Maximoff against Ultron as he wishes to protect life. He lifts and hands Thor Mjolnir, which has been enchanted so that only \\\"worthy\\\" individuals can lift it, convincing the Avengers that he can be trusted. In Sokovia, Vision fights scores of Ultron's sentries, rescues Wanda from the collapsing city, and destroys Ultron himself. Sometime after, Vision arrives at the Avengers Compound and joins the Avengers alongside Wanda, Sam Wilson, and James Rhodes, led by Rogers and Natasha Romanoff. Sokovia Accords and the Avengers Civil War In 2016, Vision phases into Wanda's bedroom and tells her and Rogers that Stark and Secretary of State Thaddeus Ross have arrived at the Compound. He learns about the Sokovia Accords and\",\n \"title\": \"Vision (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60616450\",\n \"text\": \"Thanos is a fictional character portrayed primarily by Josh Brolin in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics supervillain of the same name. He is depicted as an alien warlord from the doomed planet Titan with a universe-spanning agenda to wipe out half of all life to stabilize overpopulation and prevent what he views as life's inevitable extinction. To do this, he sets out to obtain the six Infinity Stones, cosmic gems with the power to achieve his goal. With the help of his adopted children, Thanos fights against the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, and their allies, in the Infinity War, succeeds in assembling the Stones, and disintegrates half of all life in the universe in an event that is known as the Blip. After escaping to the Garden and destroying the Stones, he is eventually killed by Thor. Five years later, an alternate version of Thanos from 2014 time travels to 2023 to battle the Avengers once again, but is killed by Tony Stark. Thanos is a key figure in the 23 films that make up the MCU's Infinity Saga, having appeared in five of its films, most notably Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019). Several versions of Thanos from alternate realities in the MCU multiverse also appear in Endgame, the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021–present), and the Phase Four film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Thanos' appearance changed drastically over the course of his appearances as advances in CGI and motion capture technology allowed for better capture of Brolin's facial features. A new facial capture application called Masquerade was created for Infinity War and Endgame using machine learning. The character has been well received by critics and fans alike, with Brolin winning multiple awards for his performance. Thanos is often credited as one of the MCU's best villains, as well as one of the greatest film villains of all time. After his appearance in Infinity War, he became a key figure in popular culture and memes, making appearances in a variety of other media. Fictional character biography Thanos' story in the MCU takes place in the Earth-616 universe. The fictional biography below includes events that happened to Thanos from more than one Earth-616 timeline, as well as events that happened to him from multiple other universes. Early life Thanos was born approximately 1,000 years ago on the planet Titan to A'Lars, along with his brother Eros. Thanos deems the growth of Titan's population to be unsustainable, so he proposes to arbitrarily kill half of Titan's population. However, his people reject the idea and Thanos is subsequently ostracized. Over time, Thanos' prediction comes to pass, with him and Eros being the only surviving members. Balancing the universe Thanos, driven by his belief that the universe must be balanced by eliminating half of its population, embarks on conquests involving the killing of half of the planets' populations, becoming feared and powerful while taking control of various armies.\",\n \"title\": \"Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44240443\",\n \"text\": \"Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Anthony and Joe Russo and written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, the film features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Benedict Cumberbatch, Don Cheadle, Tom Holland, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Anthony Mackie, Sebastian Stan, Danai Gurira, Letitia Wright, Dave Bautista, Zoe Saldaña, Josh Brolin, and Chris Pratt. In the film, the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to stop Thanos from collecting the six powerful Infinity Stones as part of his quest to kill half of all life in the universe. The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 1. The Russo brothers came on board to direct in April 2015, and a month later Markus and McFeely signed on to write the script for the film, which draws inspiration from Jim Starlin's 1991 comic book The Infinity Gauntlet and Jonathan Hickman's 2013 comic book Infinity. In 2016, Marvel shortened the title to Avengers: Infinity War. Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, with a large cast consisting mostly of actors reprising their roles from previous MCU films, including Brolin as Thanos. The production lasted until July 2017, shooting back-to-back with a direct sequel, Avengers: Endgame (2019). Additional filming took place in Scotland, the Downtown Atlanta area, and New York City. With an estimated budget of $325–400 million, the film is one of the most expensive films ever made. Avengers: Infinity War premiered at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on April 23, 2018, and was released in the United States on April 27, as part of Phase Three of the MCU. The film received praise for Brolin's performance and Russo brothers' direction, as well as the visual effects, action sequences, dark tone, emotional weight and musical score. It was a major box-office success, being the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2billion worldwide, breaking numerous box office records, and becoming the highest-grossing film of 2018 and the fourth-highest-grossing film at the time of its release both worldwide and in the United States and Canada. It received a nomination for Best Visual Effects at the 91st Academy Awards, among numerous other accolades. The sequel, Avengers: Endgame, was released in April 2019. Plot Having acquired the Power Stone–one of six Infinity Stones–from the planet Xandar, Thanos and his lieutenants—Ebony Maw, Cull Obsidian, Proxima Midnight, and Corvus Glaive—intercept the spaceship carrying the survivors of Asgard's destruction. After subduing Thor, Thanos extracts the Space Stone from the Tesseract, overpowers the Hulk, and kills Loki. Thanos also kills Heimdall after he sends Hulk to Earth using the Bifröst.\",\n \"title\": \"Avengers: Infinity War\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35513705\",\n \"text\": \"The Norn Stones are fictional powerful magical items appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Stones are depicted as being from Asgard, and are featured in the Marvel Universe. Fictional history Karnilla once sent Loki some magic from the Norn stones. Some time later, Morgan le Fay used the power of the Norn Stones and the Twilight Sword to restructure reality. During the Dark Reign storyline, Loki wanted to use the Hood as an instrument in Norman Osborn's collapse, and takes the Hood and Madame Masque to Cuba and presents the Norn Stones to him, which gives the Hood a new power source. The Hood later reveals the Norn Stones to his Crime Syndicate and empowers them with the ability to find and kill the New Avengers. As Donyell Taylor and Tigra attack the Hood, he uses the Norn Stones to empower some of the cadets on his side. During the Siege of Asgard, Tyr is seriously wounded by the Hood using the Norn stones. As the Void tore apart the New Avengers, Young Avengers and Secret Warriors, Loki began to repent, realizing that what had happened to Asgard was not what he wanted. He begged his father Odin to return to him the Norn Stones, which were taken away from the Hood and given to Loki. This deprived the Hood of all power, and Loki used this power, and the power the Hood had given to his gang, to revive the mortal and immortal heroes struck down by the Void and empower them to defeat the Sentry (fully possessed by the Void). Other versions Ultimate Marvel The Ultimate Marvel version of Norn Stones are extensions of Odin's power. Loki decides to betray Asgard and steals the Norn Stones, killing Balder when he tries to interfere before fleeing Asgard. During World War II, Baron Zemo approaches Heinrich Himmler and asks for an army to invade Asgard. While Himmler is skeptical at first, Zemo shows him that he possesses the mythical Norn Stones. Himmler immediately approves Zemo's plan. Zemo then uses the stones to summon the Frost Giants, and the combined German and Frost Giant forces attack Asgard. Zemo then reveals himself to be Loki, finally making his move on his former home. The Asgardians are taken by surprise and slaughtered, leaving only Odin and Thor left. In anger, Odin pushes Loki into the World Tree, where he is locked in the Room With No Doors. In the modern era, in Germany, an old German veteran from World War II follows instructions given to him by Loki and uses the Norn Stones to free him from the Room With No Doors, for which Loki shows how he is thankful by killing him. In other media Television The Norn Stones appear in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes. In the episode \\\"This Hostage Earth\\\", the Masters of Evil steal them from Karnilla so they can use them to fuse Earth with Asgard. In \\\"The Fall of Asgard\\\", the Avengers destroy\",\n \"title\": \"Norn Stones\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68829163\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"What If... Ultron Won?\\\" is the eighth episode of the American animated television series What If...?, based on the Marvel Comics series of the same name. It explores what would happen if the events of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) occurred differently, with Ultron using the Infinity Stones to kill virtually all life in the universe after successfully transferring his consciousness into Vision's body. It also serves to set up the first season's finale, as Ultron finds a way to traverse to other universes (established in the previous episodes), threatening the balance of the multiverse. The episode was written by story editor Matthew Chauncey and directed by Bryan Andrews. Jeffrey Wright narrates the series as the Watcher, with this episode also starring the voices of Jeremy Renner, Lake Bell, Toby Jones, Ross Marquand (Ultron), Josh Keaton, Mick Wingert, Alexandra Daniels, and Benedict Cumberbatch. The series began development by September 2018, with Andrews joining soon after, and many actors expected to reprise their roles from the MCU films. Animation for the episode was provided by Flying Bark Productions, Squeeze, and Stellar Creative Lab, with Stephan Franck serving as head of animation. \\\"What If... Ultron Won?\\\" was released on Disney+ on September 29, 2021. Critics praised the episode for its visuals, action, high-stakes storyline, and the vocal performances of Wright, Renner and Bell, but criticized certain aspects of the story. Plot Tony Stark creates the \\\"Ultron\\\" global defense program to keep the Earth safe and establish world peace. However, Ultron goes rogue and concludes that Earth requires evolution, leading him to create and transfer his programming into an organic body made from Vibranium. He then proceeds to kill Stark and most of the Avengers before launching nuclear missiles around the Earth, eradicating most of humanity. Shortly after, Thanos arrives, seeking the Mind Stone to complete the Infinity Gauntlet, but Ultron bisects him and takes the Infinity Stones for himself, becoming aware of the more expansive universe. Using the Stones' power, Ultron builds an army of Ultron Sentries and a teleporting spaceship before destroying several planets and killing most of the universe's remaining life. With his mission complete, Ultron is left without a purpose until he hears the Watcher's narration and becomes aware of the multiverse's existence. Meanwhile, surviving Avengers Natasha Romanoff and Clint Barton fight to survive Ultron's forces. However, Barton is losing his will to live. Arriving in Moscow, they search KGB files in the hopes of defeating Ultron, finding one for Arnim Zola, a Hydra scientist whose consciousness was uploaded into a computer after his death. Romanoff and Barton travel to a Siberian Hydra laboratory and coerce Zola into helping them, intending to upload him into Ultron's programming to delete Ultron. They lure in a group of Ultron Sentries and upload Zola's consciousness into one. However, Zola cannot upload himself into Ultron as he has left their universe. Barton sacrifices himself so that Romanoff and Zola can escape. Upon locating the Watcher, Ultron fights\",\n \"title\": \"What If... Ultron Won?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67063898\",\n \"text\": \"Drax the Destroyer, often referred to simply as Drax, is a fictional character portrayed by Dave Bautista in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Drax is depicted as an imposing yet dimwitted warrior who seeks vengeance against the man who killed his family, Ronan the Accuser. Drax joins the Guardians of the Galaxy in their battle against Ronan. He participates in the conflict against Thanos, falling victim to the Blip before being resurrected by the Avengers. Drax and the Guardians depart for space and come into conflict with the High Evolutionary before Drax retires to watch over the children of the newly established colony on Knowhere. , the character has appeared in six films and The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022) as well as the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021) as alternate versions, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023) was Bautista's final appearance as the character. Fictional character biography Origin Prior to 2014, Drax's homeworld was invaded by forces of Thanos under the command of Ronan the Accuser. The invaders killed Drax's family, setting him off on a path of revenge, resulting in him being captured and sent to a space prison called the Kyln. Guardian of the Galaxy and facing Ego In 2014, the other Guardians first encounter Drax in prison, where he has immediate hostility towards Gamora due to her connection with Ronan and Thanos. Drax attacks Gamora, but Peter Quill convinces him to spare her in return for her ability to draw Ronan to her, so that Drax can exact revenge. Drax helps the Guardians escape from prison, accompanying them to Knowhere, where he argues with Rocket and then drunkenly sends a signal out to challenge Ronan to fight. Ronan arrives, easily defeats Drax, and leaves with the Power Stone. Drax regrets his actions and joins the Guardians in defending Xandar from Ronan's attack. After Ronan's ship crashes, Drax and Rocket destroy Ronan's axe holding the Power Stone, and join Quill and Gamora in controlling the stone long enough to destroy Ronan. After the Nova Corps praise the Guardians for their actions, Gamora genuinely assures Drax that his family was avenged. He accepts her advice, although he acknowledges that Ronan was merely a pawn of Thanos, whom he now seeks revenge on. Drax and the Guardians are later hired by the Sovereign to fight off an alien attacking their valuable batteries, in exchange for retrieving Gamora's sister Nebula. After they leave, they are chased by the Sovereign fleet, as Rocket had stolen their batteries, of which Drax was aware. After crash-landing on a planet, they meet Quill's father, Ego. Drax decides to accompany Quill and Gamora to Ego's planet, while Rocket, Groot, and Nebula stay behind. On Ego's planet, they meet his assistant Mantis, with whom Drax develops a friendship though he finds her hideous. When the Guardians find out about Ego's true self, Drax joins them in\",\n \"title\": \"Drax (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57137274\",\n \"text\": \"Clinton Francis Barton is a fictional character portrayed by Jeremy Renner in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise—based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name—more commonly known by his alias, Hawkeye. Barton is depicted as an expert marksman, archer and hand-to-hand combatant, with his preferred weapon being a recurve bow. Barton, an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D., is sent to kill Natasha Romanoff but decides to recruit and befriend her instead. Barton becomes a founding member of the Avengers after being recruited by Steve Rogers, participating in the Battle of New York, the HYDRA uprising, and the conflict against Ultron. Barton sides with Rogers during the Avengers internal conflict over the Sokovia Accords; he is placed on house arrest as a result. After Barton's family is decimated during the Blip, he becomes a vigilante and violently dismantles organized crime across the world as Ronin. He rejoins the Avengers during their mission to undo Thanos' actions using time travel; Barton attains the Soul Stone after Romanoff sacrifices herself to obtain it. Barton and his allies successfully restore the trillions of lives lost to Thanos, and he participates in the final and subsequently victorious battle against him. After reuniting with his restored family, his time as Ronin causes continued conflicts with various elements of organized crime and he takes in a protégé named Kate Bishop. Barton's first appearance was a brief cameo in Thor (2011), but he became a central figure of the MCU, appearing in six films as of 2023 and has the lead role in the miniseries Hawkeye (2021). Alternate versions of Barton from within the multiverse also appear in the animated series What If...? (2021), with Renner reprising the role. Fictional character biography Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Barton, working as a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent, is sent to kill Natasha Romanoff, but instead recruits her, with the pair becoming close friends and they serve on various missions together, including one in Budapest in which Romanoff attempts to kill General Dreykov. At some point, Barton marries Laura Barton. Nick Fury then assists him in setting up a safehouse for his family on a farm in rural Iowa. In 2010, Barton is sent on a mission in New Mexico, where he arms himself with a compound bow, preparing to kill Thor to keep him from retrieving Mjolnir, but chooses not to after watching Thor fail to lift the hammer. Battle of New York In 2012, Barton is working at a remote S.H.I.E.L.D. research facility with Fury when Loki arrives and uses his scepter to put Barton under mind control and steal the Tesseract. They travel to Stuttgart, where Barton steals iridium needed to stabilize the Tesseract's power while Loki causes a distraction. Loki allows himself to be captured and taken to the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier, which Barton attacks with other mind controlled agents. Aboard the Helicarrier, Barton fights Romanoff, who knocks him out, breaking Loki's control. Romanoff helps him recover. Barton is recruited by Steve Rogers and becomes a founding member of the Avengers\",\n \"title\": \"Clint Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68044232\",\n \"text\": \"Wong is a fictional character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and portrayed by Benedict Wong. In the franchise, Wong is depicted as Dr. Stephen Strange's friend and fellow sorcerer, being a member of the Masters of the Mystic Arts. He is also granted the position of Sorcerer Supreme, succeeding the Ancient One. , Wong has appeared in six films, as well as in the Disney+ television series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022). Alternate versions of Wong also appear in the animated series What If...? (2021). Fictional character biography Mentor to Strange and resurrection Prior to 2016, Wong becomes Kamar-Taj's librarian after the previous one was beheaded by Kaecilius. In 2016, he meets Dr. Stephen Strange while on the latter's journey to fix his hands, listening to the songs of Beyoncé after hearing Strange mention her. A few months later in 2017, he is killed while defending the Hong Kong Sanctum, but is revived by Strange using the Time Stone. After defeating Kaecilius and Dormammu, Strange takes residence in the New York Sanctum and continues his studies with Wong. Infinity War and becoming Sorcerer Supreme In 2018, Wong and Strange witness Bruce Banner crash-land into the Sanctum and learn about the coming threat. Wong then informs Banner and Tony Stark about the history of the Infinity Stones. Shortly, Ebony Maw and Cull Obsidian arrive in the city and battle Wong, Strange, and Stark, with Wong defeating Obsidian by sending him through a portal. With Strange kidnapped by Maw, Wong stays behind to guard the Sanctum. Wong later survives the Blip and becomes the next Sorcerer Supreme by default. In 2023, Wong is called in by a restored Strange to get the other sorcerers, the restored Avengers, Guardians of the Galaxy, the Ravagers, and the armies of Wakanda and Asgard to defeat an alternate Thanos' army at the destroyed Avengers Compound. Shortly after, Wong attends Stark's funeral. Fighting Abomination and meeting Shang-Chi In 2024, in order to train as Sorcerer Supreme, Wong facilitates Emil Blonsky's prison escape and battles him in an underground fight club while in his Abomination form by creating a portal through which Blonsky punches himself. Wong offers asylum at Kamar-Taj, but Blonsky decides to return to prison. Later, Wong appears before Shang-Chi and Katy in a San Francisco restaurant and has them accompany him to Kamar-Taj, where he calls Banner and Carol Danvers via holographic projection. They learn that the Ten Rings are sending out a beacon to a location unknown. Afterward, Wong joins Shang-Chi and Katy to sing karaoke at a nightclub. Vacation to Kamar-Taj Later that year, Wong encounters Peter Parker, who came to the Sanctum to consult with Strange about making the world forget Quentin Beck's public revelation of his identity as Spider-Man. Strange proposes a memory spell, which Wong cautions to be dangerous, but does not stop Strange as Wong concedes that Parker had suffered a lot. Wong leaves for Kamar-Taj,\",\n \"title\": \"Wong (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68656550\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"What If... Zombies?!\\\" is the fifth episode of the first season of the American animated television series What If...?, based on the Marvel Comics series of the same name. It explores what would happen if the events of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018) occurred differently, with members of the Avengers becoming zombies and initiating a worldwide zombie apocalypse, while a group of survivors search for a cure. The episode was written by story editor Matthew Chauncey and directed by Bryan Andrews. Jeffrey Wright narrates the series as the Watcher, with this episode also starring the voices of Mark Ruffalo, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Sebastian Stan, Evangeline Lilly, Paul Rudd, Jon Favreau, Danai Gurira, Emily VanCamp, David Dastmalchian, Hudson Thames, and Tom Vaughan-Lawlor. The series began development by September 2018, with Andrews joining soon after, and many actors expected to reprise their roles from the MCU films. Animation for the episode was provided by Squeeze, with Stephan Franck serving as head of animation. The episode drew inspiration from the Marvel Zombies comic series. \\\"What If... Zombies?!\\\" was released on Disney+ on September 8, 2021. The episode received mixed reviews from critics, with differing views on its tone, writing and story logic, and voice acting. A four-episode animated series based on the reality of the episode, Marvel Zombies, is in development, scheduled to debut on Disney+ in 2024. Plot Hank Pym enters the Quantum Realm to retrieve his long-lost wife Janet van Dyne, but she has been infected with a quantum virus that has turned her into a zombie. She infects Pym before both return to his lab, attacking Scott Lang while their daughter, Hope van Dyne, escapes. Within 24 hours, the virus spreads across the Northwestern United States. The Avengers respond, but are infected themselves and turn the virus into a worldwide zombie apocalypse. Two weeks later, Bruce Banner is sent to Earth to warn humanity of Thanos' threat. Thanos' lieutenants Ebony Maw and Cull Obsidian arrive, only to be turned into zombies by a zombified Tony Stark, Stephen Strange, and Wong. Hope and the Cloak of Levitation kill the zombies, saving Banner. Another survivor, Peter Parker, brings Banner to meet the rest of their group—Bucky Barnes, Okoye, Sharon Carter, Kurt, and Happy Hogan. The group travels to Camp Lehigh in New Jersey, where they believe a cure for the virus is being developed, but are attacked by a zombified Steve Rogers, Clint Barton, and Sam Wilson, who infect Carter, Hogan, and Hope before the group kill the zombies in turn. Before she succumbs to her infection, Hope sacrifices herself to bring the others to the camp, where they meet Vision, whose Mind Stone can reverse the virus's effects, exemplified by Lang's cured head being kept alive in a jar. However, the group also learns that Vision has been keeping a zombified Wanda Maximoff captive due to her resisting the Mind Stone and has been feeding other survivors to her,\",\n \"title\": \"What If... Zombies?!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67229673\",\n \"text\": \"The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on superhero films and other series starring various titular superheroes independently produced by Marvel Studios and based on characters that appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The shared universe, much like the original Marvel Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters. Due to the galaxy-spanning nature of the franchise, multiple species have been introduced. Main species Asgardians The Asgardians (based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name), or the Æsir, introduced in Thor, are the inhabitants of Asgard, on whom the gods of Norse mythology are based in MCU mythology. In the first film they are shown as a race of superhuman extraterrestrials who look similar to humans but possess a highly advanced form of technology resembling magic and sorcery, upon which their entire civilization is built. However, later films contradict this, with Thor: Love and Thunder establishing that Thor and Zeus are actual gods in the fictional universe. The film's post-credit scene also confirms the existence of Valhalla in the MCU. The Asgardians are shown suffering major losses, first during Hela's attempt to harness Asgard's power in Thor: Ragnarok, and later by Thanos on his quest to retrieve the Tesseract, as revealed in Avengers: Infinity War. A group of survivors escapes to Earth, and builds a settlement under the rule of King Valkyrie. They appear in the films Thor, The Avengers, Thor: The Dark World, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Doctor Strange, Thor: Ragnarok, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers: Endgame and Thor: Love and Thunder; as well as the ABC series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., the Disney+ series Loki and the animated series What If...?. Celestials Celestials (based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name) are an ancient race of entities introduced in Guardians of the Galaxy and later expanded upon on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Eternals as beings with vast matter and energy manipulation abilities. In Guardians of the Galaxy, they are introduced as being present in the universe long before the galactic communities and even the Asgardians. Their origin and nature are not elaborated upon. Whatever is known about them is known only by a few characters, such as Taneleer Tivan, who reveals that the Celestials utilized the Infinity Stones as a means of power against lesser life forms. The severed head of a deceased Celestial, which was converted into Knowhere, appears in this film, Avengers: Infinity War, The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special, and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. Eson the Searcher is shown in a flashback sequence as a former owner of the Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy. He uses its power to level the surface of an entire planet. In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Ego the Living Planet, Star-Lord's biological father, is a Celestial who controls a humanoid avatar to travel the universe. His planetary form is a\",\n \"title\": \"Species of the Marvel Cinematic Universe\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71238113\",\n \"text\": \"Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Anthony and Joe Russo and written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, the film features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Benedict Cumberbatch, Don Cheadle, Tom Holland, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Anthony Mackie, Sebastian Stan, Danai Gurira, Letitia Wright, Dave Bautista, Zoe Saldaña, Josh Brolin, and Chris Pratt. In the film, the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to prevent Thanos from collecting the six all-powerful Infinity Stones as part of his quest to kill half of all life in the universe. Avengers: Infinity War premiered in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on April 23, 2018, and was released in the United States on April 27, as part of Phase Three of the MCU. Produced on a budget of $325–400 million, it was the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2billion worldwide, breaking numerous box office records, and becoming the highest-grossing film of 2018 and the fourth-highest-grossing film of all time both worldwide and in the United States and Canada. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews. Avengers: Infinity War garnered awards and nominations in various categories with particular recognition for its acting (mainly that of Brolin) and visual effects. It received a nomination for Best Visual Effects at the 91st Academy Awards. The film received a nomination for Outstanding Achievement for Character Animation in a Live Action Production at the 46th Annie Awards. At the 72nd British Academy Film Awards, Avengers: Infinity War was nominated for Best Special Visual Effects. It received two nominations at the 24th Critics' Choice Awards. Composer Alan Silvestri received a nomination for Best Instrumental Composition at the Grammy Awards' 61st ceremony. The film won one of two nominations at the 45th Saturn Awards. Accolades References External links Avengers (comics) lists Avengers (film series) Marvel Cinematic Universe lists of accolades by film Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three\",\n \"title\": \"List of accolades received by Avengers: Infinity War\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33332004\",\n \"text\": \"Avengers Assemble is an American animated television series based on the fictional Marvel Comics superhero team known as the Avengers. Designed to capitalize on the success of the 2012 film The Avengers, the series premiered on Disney XD on May 26, 2013, as the successor to The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes. It previously aired alongside Ultimate Spider-Man and Guardians of the Galaxy as a part of the Marvel Universe block. Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, Duncan Rouleau and Steven T. Seagle, known collectively as Man of Action, developed the series and were executive producers on seasons 1 and 2. Plot Premise Falcon is the newest member of the Avengers. Falcon is the main eyes and ears of the viewer as he fights evil and saves the world with his teammates. The Avengers team consist of Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Hulk, Black Widow, and Hawkeye. Season 1 When Red Skull is dying due to his imperfect Super Soldier Serum, he allies with MODOK who upgrades HYDRA's tech from A.I.M. to kidnap Captain America and has him transfer his mind to Captain America's body. After his defeat by a reassembled team of Avengers, Red Skull takes Iron Man's armor for its life support system. Red Skull attacks them at their mansion. Red Skull is once again defeated. The Avengers Mansion is destroyed during the fight. Red Skull plans to take away everything the Avengers hold dear from their lives to their country by trying to have them hated by the people for failing to save the day. To even the playing field, Red Skull brings together his team of power giants called the Cabal. Red Skull's invitational transmissions are shown to have been received by Attuma, Doctor Doom, and Dracula. Attuma and Dracula accept the invitation while Doctor Doom declined. The Avengers and S.H.I.E.L.D. intercept the transmission, and decide to remain together to battle the Cabal. To stay close to each other after Avengers Mansion blew up, they set up their base in Avengers Tower. The Cabal later on adds Justin Hammer's robot creation Super-Adaptoid and Hyperion, an alien psychopath believing himself to be a superhero, to their team. With the threat of the Cabal, the Avengers fight them at every end as well as other threats that come to Earth. Season 2 The Avengers encounter Red Skull's master, Thanos, who is on the hunt for the Infinity Stones to power his Infinity Gauntlet after Red Skull stole the Power Stone from him. After the Avengers collect all five infinity stones and manage to defeat Thanos, the gems are drained of their power by Ultron who threatens to exterminate the human race after possessing Arsenal's body. After the Avengers ultimately defeat Ultron, Ant-Man becomes a new member of the team. Around the end of season two, Thanos manages to escape from a galactic prison that was meant to contain him with aid of the Black Order. Thanos then makes one final attempt to defeat the Avengers. With help from the people of\",\n \"title\": \"Avengers Assemble (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56289553\",\n \"text\": \"Thor Odinson is a fictional character portrayed by Chris Hemsworth in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and the Norse mythological god of thunder. In the MCU, he is depicted as one of the most powerful Asgardians, an ancient alien civilization with long ties to Earth, who humans consider to be gods. Thor wields a powerful hammer called Mjolnir, and is initially depicted as the arrogant heir to the throne of Asgard whose brash behaviors causes turmoil among the Nine Realms under Asgard's protection. This brings him into conflict with his villainous adopted brother, Loki, the god of mischief. Thor commits himself to the protection of Earth, and becomes a founding member of the Avengers. He eventually becomes the King of Asgard after Odin's death, but the entire realm is destroyed during the battle with his sister Hela. Thor then comes into conflict with Thanos, who slaughters half of the Asgardians and uses the Infinity Stones to erase half of the life in the universe before Thor himself kills Thanos. Thor later joins his fellow Avengers in obtaining the Stones from the past using time travel and they successfully undo Thanos' actions. When an alternate version of Thanos enters their timeline, Thor and the Avengers manage to defeat him. Thor then passes the crown of New Asgard to Valkyrie and joins the Guardians of the Galaxy for a brief time. Thor comes into conflict with Gorr the God Butcher and the Olympian god Zeus, while reconnecting with his terminally ill ex-girlfriend, the now Mjolnir-wielding Jane Foster. After Foster succumbs to her cancer to assist in Gorr's defeat, Thor adopts the latter's daughter, Love. Thor is a central figure of the MCU, having appeared in nine films as of 2023. Thor's characterization and early films received mixed reception, however his storyline following Thor: Ragnarok (2017) was received much more favorably, with that film often being credited as revitalizing the character and his arc. Alternate versions of Thor appear in the animated series What If...? (2021), with Hemsworth reprising the role. One version in particular, which depicts an alternate Thor raised without Loki who is recruited into the Guardians of the Multiverse by the Watcher in the battle against an alternate version of Ultron. Fictional character biography Early life Thor was born approximately 1500 years ago to Odin, the King of Asgard, and Frigga. He was raised on Asgard as the crown prince, alongside his brother, Loki. Banishment to Earth In 2011, Thor prepares to ascend to the throne, but Frost Giants attempt to retrieve the Casket of Ancient Winters, an artifact seized by Odin in a war centuries before. Against Odin's order, Thor travels to Jotunheim to confront Frost Giant leader Laufey, accompanied by Loki, childhood friend Sif, and the Warriors Three: Voltstagg, Fandral, and Hogun. A battle ensues until Odin intervenes, destroying the fragile truce between the two races. For Thor's arrogance, Odin strips his son of his godly\",\n \"title\": \"Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2549114\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Avenger 2.0\\\" is the 9th episode from the seventh season of military science fiction adventure television show Stargate SG-1 and is the 141st overall. It was first broadcast on August 8, 2003, on the Sci-Fi Channel. The episode was written by duo Joseph Mallozzi and Paul Mullie, and was directed by Martin Wood. In this episode, Dr. Jay Felger (Patrick McKenna), a scientist at Stargate Command, is struggling to produce anything of merit and his future with the program is called into question by General George Hammond (Don S. Davis). In a desperate attempt to keep his job, Felger presents Major Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) with a computer program he calls Avenger, which he believes they will be able to use in order to permanently disable any Stargate of their choosing. The episode is a sequel to the season six episode \\\"The Other Guys\\\" which was written by Damian Kindler and directed by Wood. Written as season seven's comedy episode, it focuses predominantly on Amanda Tapping's character Samantha Carter, along with Patrick McKenna, who reprises his role as Dr. Jay Felger. They are joined by Jocelyne Loewen who portrays Chloe Angstrom. Plot Dr. Jay Felger (Patrick McKenna) and his assistant, Chloe (Jocelyne Loewen) are working in their lab at Stargate Command, when Jack O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson) and Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) arrive to see a demonstration of weapon Felger's been working on. When Felger activates the weapon, it causes power around the base to fail. Afterwards General George Hammond (Don S. Davis), who is unimpressed by Felger's work over the previous six months, questions his future at Stargate Command. A desperate Felger tells Hammond he's working on something big, but Hammond is skeptical and gives him just 24 hours to present something of merit. Back in their lab, Felger tells Chloe what's transpired and decides that he'll pitch an invention he calls Avenger, despite Chloe's warnings that it isn't finished. The next day he presents his idea to Carter; a computer program that they can use to disable any Stargate. Recognising the idea's potential, Carter sells it to Hammond, who agrees to allow Felger to develop it with Carter. Their program, Avenger, is soon ready to be tested, with a Gate on a planet controlled by the Goa'uld system lord Ba'al selected as the target. After they deploy the program, O'Neill and Teal'c (Christopher Judge), who are off world, fail to check in with Stargate Command at the scheduled time. Stargate Command dials the gate of the planet O'Neill and Teal'c are on and they make contact with the pair who explain to Hammond and Carter that they are unable to dial the Stargate on their world and are therefore stuck, with O'Neill assuming that it's been caused by Felger's program. This is soon confirmed by their allies in the Tok'ra, who inform them that the entire network is being affected and that Stargate Command's Gate is the only one seemingly still working. Carter deduces from the reports that\",\n \"title\": \"Avenger 2.0\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33010035\",\n \"text\": \"Shinobi Ninja is an American rock and hip hop band from Brooklyn, New York. Origins Prior to joining the band, Baby G (Edara Johnson) was a professional dancer for Rihanna, P Diddy, Daddy Yankee, Jason Derulo and others. Meanwhile, Axis, Mike, and Dave were in a band called Wax Machine, which broke up in early 2008. Shinobi Ninja formed shortly afterward. Several members of the band met at a rehearsal and recording studio called Progressive Music in the Film Center Building in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan. Duke Sims (born March 19), Jonny, and Mike worked at the studio, and Baby G took vocal classes there. In 2010, their original bass player Jonny left the band, and Alien Lex replaced him. Of the six members of the band only Duke Sims and Alien Lex are originally from Brooklyn, both being born and raised in Bensonhurst. Lead singer Baby G is from Lawrence, Massachusetts. The twins Mike and Dave are from Piermont, New York. Axis Powers is originally from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Jarobi White of A Tribe Called Quest is the official unofficial 7th member and has performed with the band numerous times forming Jarobi Ninja. Career On January 28, 2010, the band released Shinobi Ninja Attacks!, a Nintendo-style video game album for iPhone, iPod, and iPad. They are the first independent band to release an app based on their likeness and music. On October 6, 2010, lead singer Baby G was the featured coach on MTV Made, Season 11 episode 11. \\\"Stop\\\" was included in the third episode (\\\"El Diablo\\\") of the American television drama series The Killing, which aired on April 10, 2011 on AMC. \\\"Rock Hood\\\" was featured in the video games NBA 2K12 (5 million copies Sold) and Tap Tap Revenge 3. Their song \\\"Amped to 12\\\" was written specifically for the 2014 film A Haunted House 2. In 2017 Spike Lee used their song \\\"Genuine\\\" in his new Netflix Series She's Gotta Have It. Corey Taylor of Slipknot and Stone Sour played \\\"What If Times\\\" on Ep. 42 & \\\"Saw Red\\\" on Ep. 63 of his Beats 1 Apple Music Show A Series Of Bleeps in 2017. They have been featured in Spin, The Source, Rolling Stone, Billboard and Time . The band released their debut album, Rock Hood in April 2011. They followed this with the double album Escape from New York / Return From... in June 2014. In March 2017 they released their third album, Bless Up. Their Logo Sticker which is a fluorescent pink and blue has been seen in 60 Minutes, Avengers: Infinity War, Uncut Gems, Catfight, Hip-Hop Evolution Season 2, Generation Iron 2, and has been a staple in the fabric of New York City since their inception. To date the band has released 50 music videos and 2 visual albums (Escape From New York and Bless Up). Members Edara aka Baby G – vocals Terminator Dave – drums Doobie Duke Sims – vocals, guitar Alien Lex – bass guitar\",\n \"title\": \"Shinobi Ninja\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62459395\",\n \"text\": \"Margaret \\\"Peggy\\\" Carter, also known as Agent Carter, is a fictional character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise portrayed by Hayley Atwell, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Carter is depicted as a British MI6 agent and member of the Strategic Scientific Reserve who became the love interest of Steve Rogers during World War II. Following the war, she goes on to become one of the founders of S.H.I.E.L.D., eventually serving as the Director. Atwell has received critical praise for her depiction of the character. , the character has appeared in five films, as well as the short film Agent Carter (2013), the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and her own television series Agent Carter (2015–2016). Alternate versions of the character, including Captain Carter, appear in the animated series What If...? (2021–present) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). What If...? Carter receives the Super Soldier Serum instead of Rogers, and is later recruited by the Watcher to join the Guardians of the Multiverse in the battle against an alternate version of Ultron. Multiverse of Madness Captain Carter, also a supersoldier, is a member of the Illuminati from a reality called Earth-838. Concept and creation Peggy Carter debuted in a single panel (at the time the character was unnamed) as a wartime love interest of Captain America in Tales of Suspense #75 (March 1966), and then being named in #77 (May 1966). She was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby. Hayley Atwell was cast in the role of Peggy Carter for Captain America: The First Avenger in April 2010. Atwell expressed interest in reprising the role for Agent Carter in October 2013; ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee confirmed her involvement in the project in January 2014. Regarding her preparation for the role, Atwell said, \\\"I'm training at the moment six days a week to make her a bit more military and make it convincing that I could kick butt.\\\" On taking up the role of Carter, Atwell said \\\"the main reason I did Captain America was because I wanted to get out of my own head and stop taking my work so seriously\\\". Captain America: The First Avenger screenwriter Christopher Markus said the film \\\"takes place in the 40s, there weren't too many women in areas of authority at that point, and we wanted her to essentially be the most capable person on the screen at that time\\\". Appearances Hayley Atwell portrays Peggy Carter in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Agent Carter (2013), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Ant-Man (2015), Avengers: Endgame Atwell appears in images in Captain America: Civil War (2016). Atwell also appears in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.s episodes \\\"Shadows\\\" (2014) and \\\"The Things We Bury\\\" (2014), and in the television series Agent Carter (2015–2016). Gabriella Graves portrays a young Carter in the Agent Carter episode \\\"Smoke & Mirrors\\\". Atwell\",\n \"title\": \"Peggy Carter (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"705861\",\n \"text\": \"The Grandmaster (En Dwi Gast) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in The Avengers #69. The Grandmaster is one of the ageless Elders of the Universe and has mastered most civilizations' games of skill and chance. Different media appearances depict him as the Collector's brother. Jeff Goldblum portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and in a cameo during the closing credits of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017). Additionally, Goldblum voices alternate universe versions in the animated series What If...? (2021). Publication history The Grandmaster first appeared in The Avengers #69 (Oct. 1969). The character was created by Roy Thomas and Sal Buscema. Fictional character biography Although his exact origin is unknown, he is one of the oldest living beings in the universe, coming from one of the first intelligent races to evolve after the Big Bang. He once possessed the Mind Gem, one of the six Infinity Gems, but he lost it to Thanos. He is a cosmic game player whose preferred game is pitting two opposing teams against each other. He has used the Squadron Sinister, Daredevil, the Defenders, the East and West Coast Avengers, Malibu Comics's Ultraforce, and DC Comics' Justice League of America. In his first appearance, the Grandmaster played a game against Kang the Conqueror for the power to resurrect Ravonna or destroy Kang's planet, using the Avengers and Squadron Sinister as pawns. However, Kang's efforts failed due to the intervention of the Black Knight meaning that the Avengers did not technically win their fight, causing Kang to sacrifice the power to resurrect Ravonna for the power to kill the Avengers, with this attempt failing again when the Grandmaster's gift literally gave Kang the power to kill only the Avengers rather than the currently-unaffiliated Black Knight. He next used the Defenders as pawns in a game against the Prime Mover. The Grandmaster later challenged Death to a game of strategy, with the power to resurrect his fellow Elder the Collector as prize. A large collection of Earth heroes were used as pawns by both sides of the game; the Grandmaster promised that, if he won, he would never again use Earth's heroes as his pawns. The Grandmaster won, only to learn the resurrection power could only be used if someone else died in the resurrectee's place. Nonetheless, the Grandmaster felt the game would be incomplete unless the power was used, noting \\\"Never, in a thousand games on a thousand worlds, have I quit the table ere the game was through!\\\" Death suggested he use the heroes' lives instead, but, unwilling to break his promise to never again manipulate them, he instead sacrificed his own life to resurrect the Collector. The Grandmaster returned from beyond his grave to plague the East and West Coast Avengers during one of their annual games of baseball, reasoning that, since he was dead, he was free from his vow to leave Earth's\",\n \"title\": \"Grandmaster (Marvel Comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57256096\",\n \"text\": \"Avengers: Infinity War (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score for the Marvel Studios film Avengers: Infinity War by Alan Silvestri. Hollywood Records released the soundtrack album digitally on April 27, 2018, and in physical formats on May 18, 2018. Background In June 2016, Alan Silvestri, who composed the score for The Avengers, was revealed to be returning to score both Infinity War and its sequel. Although Silvestri reprised the main theme he introduced in the first Avengers film, he stated there were discussions to try and incorporate each character's individual established motif in his score, \\\"but everyone was pretty much in agreement that it would be more of a distraction to even attempt it.\\\" Silvestri started to record his score in January 2018 and concluded in late March. Silvestri felt working on the film \\\"was a really different experience than anything I'd done before, especially in regard to the approach and balancing quick shifts in tone.\\\" He noted that \\\"Thanos didn't just get his own musical theme, he got his own sensibility\\\", while the Children of Thanos were linked musically to Thanos. Silvestri avoided giving each of the Infinity Stones a theme, as he had done in Captain America: The First Avenger with the Tesseract, saying, \\\"The music for the Infinity Stones is actually built around Thanos' reaction. Every time he got one, that moment was always significant and often times emotional.\\\" Silvestri's score is entirely orchestral. Silvestri also used Ludwig Göransson's theme from Black Panther in the film, which was something Göransson had been hoping would happen given he was not involved in the Infinity War score. The film also includes \\\"The Rubberband Man\\\" by The Spinners when the Guardians of the Galaxy first appear, which was chosen by Infinity War executive producer and director of the Guardians of the Galaxy films James Gunn. Gunn revealed that \\\"Draw the Line\\\" by Aerosmith, \\\"Train in Vain\\\" by The Clash, and \\\"Caught in a Dream\\\" by Alice Cooper were also considered for that moment. \\\"New York Groove\\\" by Ace Frehley was also used in another scene with the Guardians that was ultimately cut from the theatrical release. Hollywood Records and Marvel Music released the soundtrack album digitally on April 27, 2018, with a release in physical formats following on May 18. Two versions were released, a regular and deluxe edition, with the deluxe edition featuring some extended and additional tracks to the regular edition. Track listing All music composed by Alan Silvestri. All music composed by Alan Silvestri. Charts Accolades References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three soundtracks Avengers (film series) Alan Silvestri soundtracks\",\n \"title\": \"Avengers: Infinity War (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18781899\",\n \"text\": \"Thep Sarm Rudoo (; ) is a 2005 Thai lakorn boran (Classic Play) based on Thai folklore which has been remade several times. This Thai television soap opera is one of the most popular in Thailand at 2005 with many famous actors and actress as the beautiful couple for Thai lakorn boran's fan. The plot is about a child of a king who can turn into 3 incarnations by changing season like turning to man for rainy season, turn to woman for cold season and turn to giant for dry season. Summary Three angels avatared to be the children of a king who ruled a big empire. The king has two queens but with the different personalities. The evil queen is named Ta Sa-nee. The good queen is Manee-nate (Thai: มณีเนตร). Manee-nate gave birth to a boy after having six years of pregnancy. Unfortunately, the child was born with a large body as six-year-old kid and the most terrible is that he has two long fangs. (Phra Rahoo, Thai:พระราหู) The king thinks his wife had an affair with an ogre when Ta Sa-nee confessed that she saw Manee-nate hugging and kissing the statue of an ogre. The king abandoned Manee-nate and Phra Rahoo in the forest. Manee-nate and Phra Rahoo were parted for some times. However, the mother and son met again by the hermit's recusement and the mother found out that her son turned into a different person, a beautiful girl called Chinda Mekhala (Thai: จินดาเมขลา) when winter comes and the girl turned into a handsome boy, called Phra Pirun (Thai: พระพิรุณ) when the rainy season comes, and when summer comes, Phra Rahoo will appear again. The mother and children were protected by two creatures, Monkey-faced human and a stone giant. Despite their happiness, they still faced several dangerous creatures that all became their enemies. Meanwhile, Manee-nate returned to the empire and explained everything about the children's power to the king. The king banished Ta Sa-nee and her family from their kingdom after realizing that she had lied to him. During the journey Ta Sa-nee met a magical buffalo-man, CoTun, that fell in love with her and dragged her home with him. Years later, they have a son, Sum See, together. Ta Sa-nee wanted Sum See to avenge her and make CoTun train him. When she complained about their home in the cave, CoTun transformed their cave into a castle to please her and named her his queen. He conjured them servants and soldiers. He sent men out to search for her father and old servants and brought him to live with them. Ta Sa-nee was embarrassed by her husband's true nature and told him to not reveal what he really was. As the children grew up, they turns into the handsome and beautiful men and woman. Feeling restless, Pirun leaves the kingdom to travel with his demon companion, Yunk. He met a tree nymph/spirit, Latana, and fell in love with her. They spend some nights in her tree\",\n \"title\": \"Thep Sarm Rudoo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56289572\",\n \"text\": \"Bruce Banner is a fictional character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise originally portrayed by Edward Norton and subsequently by Mark Ruffalo—based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name—known commonly by his alter ego, the Hulk. Banner is depicted as a genius physicist who after a failed experiment to replicate a super soldier program using gamma radiation, transforms into a large, muscular creature with green skin whenever his heart rate goes above 200 beats per minute or when facing mortal danger. As the Hulk, he possesses superhuman abilities, including increased strength and durability. Over time, Banner demonstrates an increasing ability to control the transformation, and he becomes a founding member of the Avengers. Following the conflict with Ultron, Banner is unintentionally transported to Sakaar, where he remains the Hulk for a number of years until eventually returning to earth during the conflict against Thanos. In the years following the Blip, Banner learns to retain the Hulk form with his mind still intact, and he is instrumental in the Avengers' mission using time travel to obtain the Infinity Stones from the past to undo Thanos' actions. Banner himself restores trillions of lives across the universe, using the Stones in a specially made gauntlet. Banner then participates in the final and victorious battle against Thanos. After his cousin Jennifer Walters is accidentally imbued with his blood, Banner trains her to handle her newfound \\\"She-Hulk\\\" transformation, before departing again to Sakaar. He returns months later with his son, Skaar. Banner is a central MCU character, having appeared in nine MCU films as of 2023. The character was introduced in the titular film The Incredible Hulk (2008), portrayed in that film by Edward Norton before being recast to Mark Ruffalo. The character has been generally well-received by critics and audiences alike, but his inconsistent characterization has received some criticism. Ruffalo voices several alternate versions of Banner in the animated series What If...?. Fictional character biography Origin Bruce Banner is a renowned scientist, physicist, and medical doctor with seven Ph.D.s. While working at Culver University, Virginia, Banner meets with General Thaddeus Ross, the father of his colleague and girlfriend Betty, regarding an experiment that Ross claims is meant to make humans immune to gamma radiation, a field in which Banner is an expert. The experiment — part of the World War II-era supersoldier program that Ross hopes to recreate — fails, and the exposure to the gamma radiation causes Banner to transform into the Hulk for the first time. The Hulk goes on a rampage, destroying the lab, killing three people and injuring several others. Banner subsequently becomes a fugitive from the U.S. military and Ross in particular, who wants to weaponize the Hulk process. Fugitive Five years later in 2010, Banner works at a soda bottling factory in Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro while searching for a cure for his condition, collaborating on the internet with a colleague he knows only as \\\"Mr. Blue\\\", and to whom he is \\\"Mr. Green\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5625631\",\n \"text\": \"Khonshu is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Moon Knight #1 (Nov. 1980), created by Doug Moench and Bill Sienkiewicz, and is based on the Egyptian lunar god Khonsu. He is a member of the Heliopolitan pantheon and the patron of the superhero Moon Knight. Khonshu appears in the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) miniseries Moon Knight, performed by Karim El-Hakim and voiced by F. Murray Abraham. Fictional character biography While Khonshu possessed Moon Knight during the hero's time with the West Coast Avengers, Khonshu was often shown as a largely benevolent god who wanted to assist the team. He was at times shown to be conflicted as to whether he should reveal his powers and what was worthy of it. He was able to effortlessly resist being controlled by the mutant The Voice. However, he is shown to become more and more of an antagonistic role to Moon Knight starting in the 2006 series, where he would later become the main antagonist of the 2016 Moon Knight series, and the age of Khonshu storyline in Jason Aaron's run. Moon Knight volume #4 initially treats Khonshu in a rather different way, portraying him as a harsh and unforgiving god of vengeance who is strengthened by the fear that his avatar inspires. Accordingly, he is quite prepared to manipulate Marc Spector's allies and enemies in order to revive Moon Knight's career, and is highly critical of Spector. As with many Moon Knight stories, the line between reality and hallucination is sometimes intentionally blurred, but aspects of the art and story do strongly suggest that Khonshu's actions are entirely real. Khonshu also appears as a statue, but primarily converses with Moon Knight in the mutilated form of the Bushman, a villain who was killed when Spector carved off his face. Khonshu calls this his 'greatest work.' Moon Knight eventually breaks the influence of Khonshu, seeing the god as a scale in line with a cockroach. Chons, better known as Khonshu, was said to be the son of Atum (known to the Egyptian gods as Ammon Ra) and of Amaunet, air goddess of the Ogdoad pantheon. Another account stated that Khonshu was the adopted son of Amon Ra. He was the brother of Montu, and possibly Bes and Ptah, and was brother or half-brother to Bast and Sekhmet. According to Knull, Khonshu was actually an \\\"elder shadow, dressed in local legend\\\". Around the year 1,000,000 BC, Khonshu was offended by not having been offered membership of the Stone Age Avengers and chose a mortal avatar - the first known Moon Knight - to enforce his will on Earth and antagonize the Avengers on his behalf, eventually leading to the establishment of the Cult of Khonshu and a succession of Moon Knights. Khonshu and Ra have been warring against each other for millennia, having been reborn again and again through earthly avatars, with Khonshu beating Ra in every instance. It was later revealed\",\n \"title\": \"Khonshu (Marvel Comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30943195\",\n \"text\": \"Barney Barton is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Roy Thomas and Gene Colan, the character first appeared in The Avengers #64 (May 1969). Barney Barton is the older brother and a recurring antagonist of superhero Clint Barton / Hawkeye. Publication history Barney Barton debuted in The Avengers #64 (May 1969), created by writer Roy Thomas and artist Gene Colan. He later appeared in the 1983 Hawkeye series, by Mark Gruenwald. He appeared in the 1987 Solo Avengers series, by Tom DeFalco. He appeared in the 2003 Hawkeye series, by Fabian Nicieza. He appeared in the 2009 Dark Avengers series, by Brian Michael Bendis. He later appeared under the codename Trickshot in the 2011 Hawkeye: Blindspot series, by Jim McCann. He appeared in the 2010 The Avengers series, by Brian Michael Bendis. Fictional character history Barney Barton was born in Waverly, Iowa. He lost both his parents at a young age when his father, an abusive alcoholic, lost control of his car and collided with a tree. Barney and his younger brother Clint Barton were sent to an orphanage. They stayed there for six years before running away to join the Carson Carnival of Travelling Wonder as roustabouts. The Swordsman, a member of the carnival with a popular swordplay act, selected Clint to be his new assistant. Feeling overlooked, Barney became jealous and bitter. Later, when Clint was severely injured at the hands of the Swordsman for discovering his embezzlement scheme, Barney condemned his brother for not remaining loyal to his mentor. Barney, having had enough of the carnival, decided to enlist in the army. He suggested that Clint should join him and make a fresh start. Clint declined his offer. Barney told his brother that the offer still stood, and he would wait for him if he changed his mind. The next morning, Barney stood at the bus depot, waiting and hoping his brother would change his mind. When Clint did not show up, a sorrowful Barney got on the bus and left his old life behind. As the bus was departing, Clint arrived, having changed his mind. However, he was too late. Barney later became an FBI agent. His first assignment was to work undercover as a bodyguard for a criminal called Marko. Unbeknownst to him, Clint and his new mentor Trick Shot attempted to rob the criminal's mansion. Barney was shot with an arrow by Clint. When Clint learned what he had done, he refused to leave his brother's side and turned against Trickshot. Trickshot wounded Clint with an arrow and left. His next undercover assignment was to pose as a racketeer. He was approached by Egghead, who offered Barney a place on his villainous space-station in exchange for funds. When Barney declined the offer, Egghead (actually a robot sent by the real Egghead) attacked him. With his bodyguards slain, Barney went to the Avengers (whose ranks included his brother using the identity of Goliath) to help stop the supervillain.\",\n \"title\": \"Barney Barton\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39476718\",\n \"text\": \"Avengers Assemble is an animated television series based on the comic book super hero team known as the Avengers. It premiered on Disney XD on May 26, 2013. On June 1, 2015, the series was renewed for a third season titled Avengers: Ultron Revolution, which premiered on Disney XD on March 13, 2016. It was renewed for a fourth season which is entitled Avengers: Secret Wars, and then a fifth and final season entitled Avengers: Black Panther's Quest. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (2013–14) The first season focuses on the Avengers reuniting after some time to defeat Red Skull and his newly formed team The Cabal, which consists of the Avengers' most powerful enemies, along with the help of new teenage S.H.I.E.L.D. recruit Sam Wilson (alias Falcon). Season 2 (2014–15) On July 26, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season; The first half of the second season deals with the team facing Thanos, as he competes with them to obtain the Infinity Stones, followed by a five-episode arc detailing the return of Ultron, who plans to exterminate the human race. The rest of the season details the debut of the Squadron Supreme and their confrontation with the Avengers. The last two episodes detail the escape of Thanos by the Black Order and their attack on Earth. Season 3: Ultron Revolution (2016–17) Ultron returns after his apparent demise and seeks revenge on the Avengers. The Avengers must defeat him as well as new threats like Baron Zemo's Masters of Evil and Kang the Conqueror. Vision, Black Panther, Captain Marvel, and Ms. Marvel make appearances in this season. The storyline features an adaptation of the Civil War comics storyline. Season three premiered on Disney XD on March 13, 2016. Season 4: Secret Wars (2017–18) This season deals with the Avengers being scattered across time and space by a new incarnation of the Cabal as Black Panther assembles another incarnation of the Avengers to find them in time to save the universe. Season 5: Black Panther's Quest (2018–19) On July 22, 2017, Avengers Assemble was renewed for a fifth and final season titled Avengers: Black Panther's Quest centering around Black Panther, and featuring a new type of animation. However, unlike the previous seasons which shared continuity with Ultimate Spider-Man and Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., this one shares continuity with the 2017 Spider-Man animated series and Guardians of the Galaxy. Shorts (2017) The shorts take place between Seasons 3 and 4. References Lists of Marvel Comics animated series episodes Lists of American children's animated television series episodes Avengers (comics) lists Avengers (comics) television series\",\n \"title\": \"List of Avengers Assemble episodes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2703114\",\n \"text\": \"Grey Gargoyle (Paul Pierre Duval) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history The Grey Gargoyle first appeared in Journey into Mystery #107 (Aug. 1964) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Fictional character biography Paul Pierre Duval is a French chemist who courtesy of a chemical accident gains the ability to turn anything to stone by touching it. Turning his entire body to stone, Duval dons a mask and cape and becomes a criminal with the alias the Grey Gargoyle. Duval, however, becomes bored and decides to try to achieve immortality by confronting the Thunder God Thor and stealing his mystic hammer, Mjolnir. Thor is turned to stone in their first battle, but turns back to Don Blake when he falls over and strikes the floor with his hammer. As Blake he defeats the Gargoyle by luring him into the Hudson River in New York City, using a projection of Thor, leaving the villain buried at the bottom. The Grey Gargoyle eventually reappears after being hauled up from the river, whereupon he turns to stone two people examining him. Thinking Don Blake, who has just had the power of Thor removed from him, can help him find Thor, the Grey Gargoyle goes after him. He pursues them through the streets, becoming angry at their escaping him and finally deciding to eliminate Blake. However he is delayed by an Asgardian blinding him with an arrow that gives off light, after which the Asgardian restores the Thunder God's power. The Grey Gargoyle is incapacitated by Thor once again as he uses his hammer to trap the Grey Gargoyle by tapping a lamppost as a power source and sending a bolt which fuses the Gargoyles limbs. Odin then fully restores Thor's power. The Grey Gargoyle appears in the title Tales of Suspense, attempting to steal an experimental device for use against Thor, but is stopped by his fellow Avenger Iron Man. The character continues to play the role of industrial saboteur in the title Captain America, attempting to steal an experimental chemical called Element X before being stopped by Captain America; the Falcon and Nick Fury. An appearance in the title Marvel Team-Up against Captain America and fellow hero Spider-Man ends with the Gargoyle being trapped in a rocket and launched into deep space. The character reappears in the title Thor, and is revealed to have been rescued by the crew of the alien spaceship the Bird of Prey and nominated their captain. After a battle with Thor the character is lost in space once again. The Grey Gargoyle eventually returns to Earth in a meteorite in the title Avengers, and battles briefly before being defeated and imprisoned. The character reappears in the title as part of Baron Helmut Zemo's incarnation of the Masters of Evil. In an encounter with the Avenger the Black Knight, the Gargoyle grasps the hero's enchanted sword and is reverted to human form, his power temporarily neutralized. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Grey Gargoyle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9457724\",\n \"text\": \"The Teen Brigade is either of two distinct fictional teams appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Both teams were recruited by Rick Jones from young amateur radio enthusiasts in order to obtain and divulge strategic information about safety hazards, usually involving the Hulk. These teams were attempting to aid the Hulk in using his super strength for good. They knew he, the Hulk, just desired to help citizens, and did not intend to harm them. The first group was founded in The Incredible Hulk #6 (March 1963). Today, many adolescents are unaware of the Teen Brigade teams. Unless they have access to original comic books, the only Hulk character they may be aware of is in more modern shows or movies. Overview The rationale for creating such teams was that with their help Rick Jones could reach the Hulk (and occasionally other people or events of interest) faster, possibly in time to help him avoid fights or other incidents that could bring the Hulk trouble. The first Teen Brigade was formed by Rick in The Incredible Hulk #6 (March 1963), and they helped build a weapon for the Hulk to defeat the Metal Master. The group played a role in the origin of the Avengers in The Avengers #1, because it was the tampering of a radio transmission the Brigade intended to send to the Fantastic Four that brought the original Avengers (Thor, Iron Man, Wasp and Ant-Man) together to fight the Hulk. The Avengers and the Fantastic Four were a part of keeping Hulk in check, as well as the Teen Brigade. In The Avengers #2 (November 1963), they called Giant-Man (Hank Pym) to help defeat a Space Phantom. They contacted the Avengers to notify them about the whereabouts of the rampaging Hulk in The Avengers #3 (January 1964). In The Avengers #4 (March 1964), the team helped Rick and Captain America track down a villain who turned the Avengers into stone. Captain America showed off his acrobatics abilities to the Teen Brigade in The Avengers #5 (May 1964). They later freed the Avengers when they had been imprisoned inside Kang's ship by pretending they wanted to join Kang, then dropping an energy cylinder to distract the time-traveller. The second Teen Brigade was assembled at a time when the Hulk was under the Corruptor's control. In an eerie parallel to the Avengers' origin, the Corruptor's own equipment interfered with a transmission meant for the Avengers and instead reached a handful of south western superheroes, giving birth to the superteam known as the Rangers. The Corrupter controlled the minds of others by producing sweat glands that held power inside. It would be as if a manipulative person convinced someone to do something without external things being in question. The Teen Brigade was mentioned as an inspiration by Captain America when he decided to create an online network in stories published in the early 1990s. A third version of the Teen Brigade appear in the 2011 series Vengeance\",\n \"title\": \"Teen Brigade\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34331213\",\n \"text\": \"Avengers vs. X-Men (AvX or AvsX) is a 2012 crossover event that was featured in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The event, consisting of an eponymous limited series and numerous tie-in books, involves the return of the Phoenix Force and the subsequent war between the Avengers and the X-Men. The 12-issue twice-monthly series was first published in April 2012, and features a storyline by Jason Aaron, Brian Michael Bendis, Ed Brubaker, Jonathan Hickman and Matt Fraction, with a rotating team of artists including John Romita Jr., Olivier Coipel and Adam Kubert. The event was preceded by the four-issue limited series Avengers: X-Sanction by Jeph Loeb and Ed McGuinness and Avengers vs. X-Men #0. Avengers vs. X-Men also ties into the limited series AVX: VS, described as \\\"the fight book\\\" which expands upon many of the one-on-one battles featured in the main series, the digital series; Avengers vs. X-Men: Infinite, and into a number of ongoing series including Avengers, Avengers Academy, New Avengers, Secret Avengers, Uncanny X-Men, Wolverine and the X-Men and X-Men: Legacy. The event was succeeded by the limited series AvX: Consequences. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, Avengers vs. X-Men was a commercial success that topped the comic-book sales charts for several months, from April to October 2012. The repercussions of the storyline resulted in the new status quo of the Marvel Universe presented in the company's Marvel NOW! relaunch initiative. Publication history In December 2011, Marvel Comics announced the launch of Avengers vs. X-Men, a 12-issue twice-monthly series featuring writers Brian Michael Bendis, Jason Aaron, Ed Brubaker, Jonathan Hickman and Matt Fraction, debuting in April 2012. The series focuses on the return of the Phoenix Force, the cosmic entity of death and rebirth, as it looks for its new host, believed to be the teenage mutant Hope Summers, who will possess all of its power. Cyclops and the other X-Men want to protect her and prepare her as if she's to be the mutant savior, while Captain America and the Avengers want her handed over to them so they can figure out what to do with her and keep the world safe from a potentially deadly fate. Brubaker described the series as \\\"...one of those legendary ideas: What if the Avengers fought the X-Men?\\\". Marvel's editor-in-chief Axel Alonso said \\\"You've got two populations whose motivations are simple and understandable and defensible. That's part of the beauty of this. You're seeing a story that evolves out of 'What would you do?'\\\" The idea of an Avengers vs. X-Men crossover is not entirely new; in fact prior to Avengers vs. X-Men both the Avengers and the X-Men had already met, clashed, and teamed up with each other, starting with Uncanny X-Men #9 in 1964 and followed by Avengers Annual #10 in 1980, X-Men vs. the Avengers in 1987, Avengers/X-Men: Bloodties in 1992, Onslaught in 1996, and House of M in 2005. Some of the X-Men have also joined the Avengers, most notably Beast and Wolverine, while Quicksilver and\",\n \"title\": \"Avengers vs. X-Men\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50583936\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Warren (born 28 October 1974) is a British actor. He is best known for playing characters wearing heavy prosthetic makeup and/or creature suits, most notably in Star Wars and the Marvel Cinematic Universe, in films such as Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Andor (TV series) (2022), Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Thor: The Dark World (2013) Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and The Marvels (2023). Paul also had creature acting roles in Clash of the Titans (2010), World War Z (2013), Ghost Stories (2017), Willow (TV series) (2022) and Unwelcome (2023) Personal life Paul was born in Hillingdon, West London, United Kingdom. Career He began his film career in 2006 as a body double for Daniel Radcliffe on the film Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007): \\\"I spent much of my time 20ft up in the air on the hydraulic broomstick system and doing other physically demanding activities during the shoot, whilst building a good rapport with the cast/crew and a reputation as a versatile performer\\\". Later that same year, he was recommended to the legendary Stan Winston Studio as a good choice to portray an emaciated version of the title character (played by Mike Vogel) in The Deaths of Ian Stone. Crediting Winston and his team, he said, \\\"This door opening into the world of acting under silicone and foam latex, is what ultimately led to a film career playing characters in heavy prosthetics and creature suits\\\". His first creature performing role was in 2009, where he played a tortured soul who pulls the boat across the river styx in the remake of Clash of the Titans. In 2010, Paul was used as a visual effect double for skinny Steve Rogers in Captain America: The First Avenger. He was the original template for Skinny Steve in the pre-production VFX head replacement tests and was on set for the recruitment scene as a visual reference. Body double duties for the rest of production (which total about 5% according to director Joe Johnston) were performed by stage actor Leander Deeny. On getting the role of Varmik, one of the Hassk triplet's in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, he says, \\\"It felt very surreal. I wasn’t told what it was that I was being asked to go in for; only that the production was putting together a team of core creature performers for a film at Pinewood Studios. I had been recommended to them by creature designer and makeup artist Martin Rezard, who I had worked with previously on Guardians of the Galaxy and Thor: The Dark World.\\\" Varmik is of particular interest to Star Wars fans due to his origin: \\\"The character is based on 2 classic pieces of Ralph McQuarrie's Star Wars production art from 1975. The cantina showdown and early Chewbacca designs. The former is a particular favorite of J. J. Abrams' that he wanted to bring to life on screen.\\\" In Star Wars: The Last Jedi,\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Warren (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60597741\",\n \"text\": \"Avengers: Endgame (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score for the Marvel Studios film Avengers: Endgame composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri. Hollywood Records released the soundtrack album digitally on April 26, 2019, with the physical formats being released on May 24, 2019. Background In June 2016, Alan Silvestri, who composed the score for The Avengers, was revealed to be returning to score both Infinity War and Endgame. Discussing the tone of the film, Silvestri said that the Russos wanted it to be \\\"operatic\\\" for both films, with Endgame needing an \\\"aggressive musical approach\\\". He stated that he found the film's pace to be \\\"invigorating, after having thunderous percussion and powerful brass propelling the massive battle sequences\\\". Silvestri reprises his themes from the previous Avengers (2012) films and Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), as well as several other MCU themes, including Christophe Beck's Ant-Man theme, Michael Giacchino's Doctor Strange (2016) theme, and Pinar Toprak's Captain Marvel (2019) theme. Silvestri also reassured fans that Thanos's theme from Infinity War was present in the film. The score was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London with the London Symphony Orchestra consisting of about 95 musicians with Silvestri and orchestrator Mark Graham conducting the sessions. Scoring concluded in late March 2019. Several classic rock songs are featured in the film, with four of them featured on the soundtrack. The film also includes \\\"Come and Get Your Love\\\" by Redbone and \\\"It's Been a Long, Long Time\\\" by Jule Styne and Sammy Cahn, with these songs previously included in the soundtracks for Guardians of the Galaxy and Captain America: The Winter Soldier, respectively. Other songs not included on the film's soundtrack release include Richard Sherman's \\\"Make Way for Tomorrow Today\\\", as arranged by Silvestri, \\\"Doom and Gloom\\\" by the Rolling Stones, \\\"Hey Lawdy Mama\\\" by Steppenwolf, \\\"Supersonic Rocket Ship\\\" by the Kinks, and \\\"Dear Mr. Fantasy\\\" by Traffic. A music video for the track \\\"Portals\\\", used for the \\\"Avengers assemble\\\" scene where Doctor Strange and his fellow Masters of the Mystic Arts gather reinforcements to help the Avengers in the final showdown with Thanos, was released on June 13. Track listing All music composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri. Charts Accolades References 2019 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three soundtracks Avengers (film series) Alan Silvestri soundtracks\",\n \"title\": \"Avengers: Endgame (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1510811\",\n \"text\": \"Graviton (Franklin Hall) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Jim Shooter and artist Sal Buscema, he first appeared in The Avengers #158, dated April 1977. Over the years, he has mainly opposed the Avengers in their various incarnations. Originally a gravity researcher, Franklin Hall gains the ability to control gravity. Corrupted by this power, he becomes a supervillain using the name \\\"Graviton\\\". He is confronted and defeated by the Avengers as he tried to destroy the facility where he did his original research. In subsequent appearances Graviton seems to struggle with control of his powers and often loses because of this. More than one storyline has depicted Graviton's apparent death, only for him to return subsequently through various means. He later becomes part of Advanced Idea Mechanics' High Council as \\\"Minister of Science\\\". Graviton has appeared in Marvel television series, such as The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. Additionally, Franklin Hall, appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Ian Hart, while the Graviton identity is filled by Glenn Talbot, portrayed by Adrian Pasdar. Publication history Graviton first appears in The Avengers #158 (April 1977) and was created by Jim Shooter and Sal Buscema. Fictional character biography Franklin Hall is a Canadian physicist involved in an experiment in a private research facility in the Canadian Rockies. A mistake in Hall's calculations causes graviton particles to be merged with his own molecules, and Hall later discovers that he can mentally control gravity. Hall at first tries to hide his newfound ability, but becomes tempted by the potential power, and donning a costume adopts the alias \\\"Graviton\\\". When Graviton takes over the research facility and forbids all communications with the outside world, a fellow scientist sends a distress signal to the superhero team the Avengers. A furious Graviton then lifts the facility several thousands of feet into the sky and threatens to kill the scientist. The Avengers then arrive and attack but are all defeated when trapped in a gravity field. Graviton then proceeds to bring the facility to New York, and demands the U.N. to hand over world power or he will destroy the world's cities. At Avengers Mansion a returning Black Panther learns of their plight and joins with the thunder god Thor, having also been on leave from the team, and the two head to the facility. As Thor battles Graviton with Iron Man's help, the Panther frees the captive Avengers, but Graviton defeats them again until he is tricked into thinking a fellow scientist he cares for has committed suicide. Graviton then panics and causes the entire facility to collapse on him, forming a giant stone sphere that is dropped into a river by the Avengers. Graviton later reappears, although is suffering from amnesia and is flickering in and out of existence. Somehow guided to the female scientist he has feelings for, Graviton attempts to abduct her but is stopped\",\n \"title\": \"Graviton (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"365192\",\n \"text\": \"Matthew Richard Stone (born May 26, 1971) is an American actor, animator, writer, producer, and musician. He is best known for co-creating South Park (since 1997) and The Book of Mormon (2011) with his creative partner Trey Parker. Intrigued by a career in entertainment at a young age, he studied film and mathematics at the University of Colorado Boulder, where he met Parker. During their attendance, the two worked on various short films and starred in the feature-length musical Cannibal! The Musical (1993). Stone and Parker moved to Los Angeles and wrote their second film, Orgazmo (1997). Before its premiere, South Park aired on Comedy Central in August 1997 and was met with widespread praise. Following its success, the two directed a film based on the series, South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999), which was met with positive critical reception. Outside of South Park, Stone has written, produced, and starred in the satirical action film Team America: World Police (2004), as well as the Broadway musical The Book of Mormon (2011), which, after long-tenured delays and years of development, was met with positive reviews. Stone is the recipient of numerous accolades, including five Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on South Park, as well as three Tony Awards and one Grammy Award for The Book of Mormon. Early life Stone was born in Houston, Texas, to economics professor Gerald Whitney Stone and Sheila Lois (Belasco). He is of Irish-American heritage from his father's side and Jewish heritage from his mother's side. The South Park characters Gerald and Sheila Broflovski were named after them. Stone and his younger sister Rachel were raised in Littleton, Colorado, a suburb of Denver, where they attended Heritage High School. He attended the University of Colorado Boulder. His father was worried he would \\\"become a musician and a bum\\\", so he insisted that his son major in something \\\"practical\\\". They compromised on Matt's majoring in both mathematics and film. Stone graduated with a double-major Bachelor of Arts degree in 1993. Career Career beginnings Cannibal! The Musical (1992–1994) In 1992, Stone, Parker and Ian Hardin founded a production company named the Avenging Conscience. The company was named after the D. W. Griffith film by the same title (which was actively disliked by the group.) Parker employed the cutout paper technique on Avenging Conscience's first production, Jesus vs. Frosty (1992), an animated short pitting the religious figure against Frosty the Snowman. The quartet created a three-minute trailer for a fictional film titled Alferd Packer: The Musical. The idea was based on an obsession Parker had with Alferd Packer, a real nineteenth-century prospector accused of cannibalism. During this time, Parker had become engaged to long-time girlfriend Liane Adamo, but their relationship fell apart shortly before production on the trailer began. \\\"Horribly depressed\\\", Parker funneled his frustrations with her into the project, naming Packer's \\\"beloved but disloyal\\\" horse after her. The trailer became something of a sensation among students at the school, leading Virgil Grillo, the chairman and founder\",\n \"title\": \"Matt Stone\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5534804\",\n \"text\": \"The Eye of Agamotto () is a fictional, mystical item appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The item appears in publications that feature Doctor Strange. The Eye of Agamotto and Agamotto in his caterpillar form also appeared in the Gold Key Dark Shadows comic book, Collinwood Possessed!. The Eye of Agamotto is the name commonly given to the amulet Strange wears on his chest, though the Eye actually resides within the amulet and is released from time to time. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, it first appeared in \\\"The Origin of Dr. Strange\\\", an eight-page story in Strange Tales #115 (December 1963). In designing the Eye, Ditko drew inspiration from the real world charm The All Seeing Eye of the Buddha, known among Buddhists as The Amulet of Snail Martyrs, a Nepali symbol meant to protect its wearer against evil. The Eye of Agamotto appears in several forms of Marvel-related media, such as the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with its first appearance in Doctor Strange, in which it contains the Time Stone, one of the fictional universe's Infinity Stones. Fictional history Agamotto, a powerful mystic being and one of Doctor Strange's three Vishanti, is said to have used the Eye during his time as Sorcerer Supreme of the Earth dimension. The Eye's origins are currently unknown, but there are theories of how it came into existence. Some believe that it was discovered by Agamotto among the seas and stars, where it had drifted for ages. Others claim that it was created by Agamotto himself, which makes sense when the Eye's powers are compared to those of \\\"the All-Seeing.\\\" It is said that the Eye of Agamotto draws on Agamotto's own mystical ability to span distances and dispel disguises and illusions. Agamotto is also presumably aware of every time the Eye is used and may even record those events for later viewing. Rintrah, a disciple of Doctor Strange, is able to call on many of the effects of the eye by using the 'Amulet Of Agamotto'. In the New Avengers Annual #2 (2008), though Strange has at first retained both the Eye and the Cloak, the Hood, on Dormammu's commands, has targeted Strange to eliminate him and seize the Eye of Agamotto. Strange, having evoked Zom's power tells him that he is not ready to use it because of his tainted soul and demonic connection. Strange shows it to the New Avengers, describing the Eye as \\\"one of the most powerful mystic conduits on this physical plane.\\\" Strange and the New Avengers now battle against the forces of the Dark Dimension as Strange searches the planet for new potential candidates. The Eye is presented to the new Sorcerer Supreme, Brother Voodoo, in New Avengers #53, who bears it as he fights against Dormammu. Strange had lost the eye because of his own corrupted connection to Zom. Later, Doctor Doom arrives to challenge Brother Voodoo's 'claim' to the Eye. Doom claims the object must belong to\",\n \"title\": \"Eye of Agamotto\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5646014\",\n \"text\": \"The Legion of the Unliving are six groups of fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history The original five versions first appear in Avengers #131 (Jan. 1975); Avengers Annual #16 (Dec. 1987); Avengers West Coast #61 (Aug. 1990); Avengers #353 (Sep. 1992) and Avengers vol. 3, #10 (Nov. 1998) respectively. The groups were created by Steve Englehart and Sal Buscema; Tom DeFalco and various artists; Roy Thomas and Daniel Bulanadi; Len Kaminski and Chris Eliopoulos and Kurt Busiek and George Pérez. A new version of the Legion was created by Jason Aaron in Avengers vol. 8, #12 (Jan. 2019). Fictional character biography Legion of the Unliving I The original Legion appears during the Celestial Madonna storyline in the titles Avengers and Giant-Size Avengers, having been summoned from time by the villain Kang the Conqueror (at the suggestion of his future self Immortus) to kill the superhero team. As the name implies, the members of the Legion were all characters established as being deceased in Marvel continuity, being pulled from time a moment before their deaths. Although partially successful in their mission (the original Human Torch kills Iron Man and the Vision is wounded), the Legion frees itself from Kang's control and aid the Avengers. Kang flees when confronted by the Thunder God Thor, with Immortus reviving Iron Man and healing the Vision and returning the Legion back to their respective eras. Only the Human Torch android is allowed to remain as it is revealed that the character is in fact the Vision, years before being modified by the robot Ultron. Legion of the Unliving II The second version of the Legion is featured in an Avengers annual, in which the Elder of the Universe the Grandmaster, usurps the power of the entity Death. Intending to destroy the universe—via six bombs—and recreate it with his fellow Elders, the Grandmaster decides to eliminate opponents the Avengers (including the West Coast Avengers) by having fellow Elder the Collector take the heroes (and ally the Silver Surfer) to the Realm of Death to battle the Legion of the Unliving. A battle to the death follows, and when Thor observes fellow Asgardian the Executioner act dishonourably he realizes the Legion are in fact only copies of the original beings, minus their personalities. Almost all the Avengers are killed stopping the Legion and defusing the bombs, with only Captain America and Hawkeye surviving. The Grandmaster then proposes another competition and adds the fallen heroes to the Legion, until tricked by Hawkeye in a game of chance. Losing the game disorients the Grandmaster and Death is released, with the entity banishing all the Elders from its realm, restoring all heroes to life and then returning them to Earth. Legion of the Unliving III The third version of the Legion appears in the title Avengers West Coast, and is created by reoccurring Avengers foe Immortus. Seeking to use the Scarlet Witch as a nexus point from which to control all of time,\",\n \"title\": \"Legion of the Unliving\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38289484\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Age of Ultron\\\" (abbreviated AU) is a 2013 comic book fictional crossover storyline published by Marvel Comics that involved the conquest of the Earth by the sentient robot tyrant Ultron. The storyline consisted of an eponymous, 10-issue core miniseries, and a number of tie-in books. The storyline was published between March and June 2013 and featured a storyline by Brian Michael Bendis. Artist Bryan Hitch provided the art for issues one through five, and Brandon Peterson for issues six through nine. Other artists who contributed to the series include Carlos Pacheco and Joe Quesada, the latter of whom drew part of the final issue. Marvel stated that all art for the series was completed before it was solicited, ensuring deadlines were met and that there were no more than thirteen tie-ins to the four-month event. This story takes place on two different Earths: the alternate Earth where Ultron annihilated humanity is referred to as Earth-61112, and the alternate reality where Morgan le Fay took over half the world is referred to as Earth-26111. A sequel, Cataclysm, was released later in 2013. The story arc's title served as an inspiration for the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), although the film does not directly adapt the events of the storyline. A free adaptation of the storyline's events later appeared in the MCU animated series What If...? (2021). Publication history In 2011, Avengers Vol. 4 No. 12.1 featured a storyline where the Intelligencia find a crash-landed Spaceknight and try to power it back up. During a fight with the Avengers while they try to rescue Spider-Woman, the Spaceknight is powered up, revealing that it was Ultron in disguise. Ultron escapes, setting up the events of Age of Ultron. In mid-November, 2012, Marvel Comics released a cryptic teaser written \\\"Age of Ultron\\\" in binary code. Three days later the event was officially announced, although by this point it had been over a year since the event had been originally announced. The first of ten issues written by Brian Michael Bendis was released in March 2013 and ran through June of the same year. Neil Gaiman's Angela character was introduced into the Marvel Universe in the last issue of the Age of Ultron miniseries, although the issue was shipped in a polybag to prevent other details of the story's ending from being publicized too early. An Age of Ultron #10 A.I. one-shot by writer Mark Waid and artist Andre Lima Araujo will delve into the repercussions of the storyline for Hank Pym. Following the conclusion of Age of Ultron, a new ongoing series titled Avengers A.I. by writer Sam Humphries and Andre Lima Araujo will launch in July. Plot Main story New York is in ruins. Ultron has returned and taken over the world, with Ultron Sentinels guarding the streets and looking for fugitives. After rescuing Spider-Man from the Owl and Hammerhead, Hawkeye takes him to an underground area beneath Central Park, where a small handful of other heroes have\",\n \"title\": \"Age of Ultron\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66910752\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Previously On\\\" is the eighth episode of the American television miniseries WandaVision, based on Marvel Comics featuring the characters Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch and Vision. It follows Maximoff and Agatha Harkness as they explore Maximoff's past to see what led her to create an idyllic suburban life in the town of Westview, New Jersey. The episode is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. It was written by Laura Donney and directed by Matt Shakman. Paul Bettany and Elizabeth Olsen reprise their respective roles as Vision and Wanda Maximoff from the film series, with Debra Jo Rupp and Kathryn Hahn (Harkness) also starring. Development began by October 2018, and Shakman joined in August 2019. The episode explores Maximoff's history of grief to explain the events of earlier episodes, and also retcons the source of her abilities from the films. The episode is the first time in the MCU that Maximoff is referred to by her comic book alias \\\"Scarlet Witch\\\". Filming took place in the Atlanta metropolitan area in Atlanta, Georgia, including at Pinewood Atlanta Studios, and in Los Angeles. Visual effects were required for sequences such as the backstory of Harkness, the disassembled body of Vision, and Maximoff's creation of the series' sitcom reality and new version of Vision. \\\"Previously On\\\" was released on the streaming service Disney+ on February 26, 2021. Critics highlighted the performances of Hahn, Olsen, and Bettany, particularly a scene between Olsen and Bettany discussing grief, as well as the backstory and the reveal of the \\\"Scarlet Witch\\\" title. It received several accolades, including two Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Plot In Salem, 1693, Agatha Harkness is put on trial by a coven of witches led by her mother Evanora for practicing dark magic. As they attempt to kill Harkness, she absorbs their magic and drains the life from them. In the present day, Harkness interrogates Wanda Maximoff, demanding to know how she is controlling Westview. Harkness forces Maximoff to relive key moments in her life, including when she and her brother Pietro were trapped in the rubble next to an unexploded bomb the day their parents died. In this memory, Harkness deduces that Maximoff was born a witch who engaged in basic hex magic as a child as seen when Maximoff inadvertently uses a simple probability hex to prevent the bomb from going off. In the next memory, Maximoff watches as she is experimented on by Hydra using the Mind Stone. When she approached the stone it reacted to her presence, showing her a vision of an apparition inside the Mind Stone. Harkness suggests that the stone augmented Maximoff's latent magical abilities, which otherwise would have gone undiscovered. Maximoff then relives a fond memory of Vision when they lived at the Avengers Compound, discussing grief and bonding over sitcoms. After Vision's death, Maximoff visited S.W.O.R.D. to recover his body. Director Tyler Hayward showed her the disassembled remains but refused to hand Vision over. Maximoff drove to\",\n \"title\": \"Previously On\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23120129\",\n \"text\": \"Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers is a four-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics from July to October 2009. It was followed up by the four-issue limited series Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers Unleashed from May to August 2010. Both series were written by Chris Eliopoulos with art by Ig Guara. Plot Fantastic Four member Mister Fantastic visits Attilan, city of the Inhumans, seeking the six Infinity Gems (each an artifact of great power). Lockjaw, an oversized dog and pet of the Inhuman Royal Family, finds the Mind Gem, which increases the animal's intelligence. Using telepathy to read Mr. Fantastic's mind, Lockjaw decides to find the remaining Gems. The pet encounters and recruits a number of other animal companions to heroes, including the cat Hairball, the diminutive dragon Lockheed, the falcon Redwing, the frog Throg and the puppy Ms. Lion (actually a character from the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends). Courtesy of Lockjaw's ability to teleport, the group visit the prehistoric Savage Land and acquire the Time Gem and the aid of the sabretooth tiger Zabu, and the Tyrannosaurus rex Devil Dinosaur. The Space Gem is found in the past, and after an underwater encounter and being swallowed by the whale-like Giganto, the group collect the Soul Gem and the Reality Gem. The animal team converge on the final Gem, the Power Gem, which is in the possession of the President of the United States' dog, Bo. The Titan Thanos, a previous owner of all six Gems when united as the Infinity Gauntlet, intervenes and kills Ms. Lion. The other animals are angered by this act and use the Gems to strand Thanos in an alternate dimension and subsequently revive their comrade. Retrieving the final Gem, the group decides to separate, but not before Throg advises that they now share a psychic link and will reunite if needed. Ms. Lion (resurrected by Hairball via the Soul Gem) dubs the group the Pet Avengers. The series concludes with Lockjaw presenting the Gems to a surprised Mr. Fantastic. Reception The first series received mixed reviews, with IGN rating the first issue a 6.5 out of 10. The first issue sold out and went to second printing. The story of the team continued in a second series, Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers: Unleashed (May – August 2010), followed by a third limited series Avengers vs. the Pet Avengers (December 2010 – March 2011) and a guest appearance in the Power Pack all-ages miniseries title Thor and the Warriors Four (April 2010). They also appeared with Rocket Raccoon and Cosmo of the Guardians of the Galaxy in Guardians Team-Up #5 (June 2015). Collected editions The stories have been collected into two trade paperback volumes: Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers (collects Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers #1-4, the Tails of the Pet Avengers digital comic, and the Marvel Pets Handbook), 176 pages, May 2010, (hardcover, November 2009, ) Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers Unleashed (collects Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers Unleashed\",\n \"title\": \"Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"988786\",\n \"text\": \"The Marvel Comics anthology series What If? tells alternate reality stories outside the mainstream Marvel Universe continuity, which the company sets on what it calls Earth-616. A number of these stories have been set on alternate Earths in the Marvel Comics Multiverse (i.e., multiple universes) for which Marvel has given official numerical designations. Volume 1 (1977–1984) What if Spider-Man had joined the Fantastic Four? (based on The Amazing Spider-Man #1) Reprinted in The Best of What If? Followed by What If? #21. Alternate sequels appeared in What If? vol. 2, #35, and Paradise X: Heralds. This world was designated Earth-772 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four. Spider-Man did eventually join the team as a member of the \\\"New Fantastic Four\\\" and, more recently, as a member of the Future Foundation. What if the Hulk had the brain of Bruce Banner? (based on The Incredible Hulk #1) This world was designated Earth-774 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four. What if the Avengers had never been? (based on The Avengers #3) What if the Invaders stayed together after World War II? (considered part of Earth-616, the mainstream Marvel continuity) What if Captain America had not vanished during World War II? (based on Avengers #4) What if the Fantastic Four had different super-powers? (based on The Fantastic Four #1) This version of the team reappeared in What If? (vol. 2) #39. This world was designated Earth-7712 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four. What if someone else besides Spider-Man had been bitten by the radioactive spider? (based on Amazing Fantasy #15) Three different stories look at what would have happened if either Peter's class bully Flash Thompson, his would-have-been temporary girlfriend Betty Brant, or publisher J. Jonah Jameson's astronaut son John, had been bitten by the radioactive spider instead. With the exception of Betty Brant (who quits her moniker like Peter did in \\\"Spider-Man No More\\\"), the protagonist dies in each story. A darker version of the Flash story is redone as What If? (vol. 2) #76. What if the world knew Daredevil was blind? (based on Daredevil #2) This issue also contained the first humor-based What If? in the series asking, \\\"What if the spider had been bitten by a radioactive human?\\\" What if the Avengers fought evil in the 1950s? Designated Earth-9904 in All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: A-Z Update #2 (2007). A version of this timeline was revisited in Avengers Forever, and yet another version made a cameo in Paradise X: Heralds. The Agents of Atlas, a superhero team from the 1950s, was based on this concept. What if Jane Foster had found the hammer of Thor? (based on Journey into Mystery #83) Jane Foster would eventually become the new Thor in Thor (vol. 4) #1. What if the original Marvel Bullpen had become the Fantastic Four? (based on The Fantastic Four #1) This world made a brief tongue-in-cheek appearance in Paradise X: Heralds. It was designated Earth-1228 in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Alternate Universes 2005. What if Rick\",\n \"title\": \"List of What If issues\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"26150005","text":"Blue Screen is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the fifth in his Sunny Randall series. Plot summary Sunny Randall is approached by Buddy Bollen to provide protection for his number one client, Erin Flint, star of the Woman Warrior movie series and future star of Bollen's major league baseball team.. Bollen's fears prove well founded when Erin's assistant, Misty, is murdered. Because of Misty's striking resemblance to her, Erin is convinced the killer was after her. Sunny meets Paradise Police Chief Jesse Stone at the scene of the crime; however Buddy and Erin lack confidence in the Paradise police, and ask Sunny to solve the crime. Sunny talks to a sports writer who is convinced that Erin Flint's addition to Bollen's baseball team is a publicity stunt and that Erin will be able to compete with the male players in the major league. He proves to be right later when Erin faces a major league pitcher and cannot hit one ball. Sunny discovers that Erin Flint is actually Ethel Boverini, and that she is still married to pimp Gerard Basgall. Sunny and an LAPD detective go to question Basgall, who admits to still being married to Erin and still loving her. Erin admits that she was one of Basgall's prostitutes, as well as his wife. She and Misty Tyler, who is really her sister Edith, began working for Basgall after their mother died. Further investigation reveals that Buddy Bollen was looking for financing for his first Woman Warrior movie and found it in Boston mobster Moon Monaghan. L.A. film financier Arlo Delany had brokered the deal and provided Erin and Misty's sexual services for both Bollen and Monaghan. Bollen decides to star Erin in his Woman Warrior movie. The movie turns out to be a big hit; however Buddy has Arlo cook the books to make it look like it made no money in order to stiff Moon Monaghan. Moon has Arlo killed as a warning to Buddy of what will happen if he doesn't get his money back. Misty gets scared and threatens to go to the police. Basgall gets into an argument with her and, during the struggle, accidentally breaks Misty's neck and kills her. Chief Stone and Sunny confront Erin and Gerard about this. Gerard claims that he killed Misty, while Erin claims that she killed her. Touched by the fact that the two try to protect the each other by taking the blame, Chief Stone decides they have suffered enough and lets them go on the condition that they promise not to avenge her. A subplot involves Sunny's budding relationship with Jesse Stone. References External links Page on the book on Parker's official website 2006 American novels Novels by Robert B. Parker Hollywood novels Berkley Books books","title":"Blue Screen (novel)"},{"docid":"4596172","text":"Noh-Varr is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Grant Morrison and artist J.G. Jones, the character first appeared in Marvel Boy #1 (August 2000). He later appeared in the Civil War: Young Avengers/Runaways and the New Avengers: Illuminati limited series. After his appearance in Secret Invasion, he joined the Dark Avengers. He was a member of the main Avengers team. He was a part of the Young Avengers, West Coast Avengers, and Guardians of the Galaxy. The character has also been known as Marvel Boy, Captain Marvel, and Protector at various points in his history. Noh-Varr has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes, being labeled as a queer sex symbol. Publication history Marvel Boy was a six-issue limited series published from August 2000 to March 2001, as part of the experimental Marvel Knights line. The series was written by Grant Morrison, illustrated by J.G. Jones (with Sean Parsons) and colored by Matt Milla of Avalon Studios. In a 2000 interview, Morrison described their stylistic intentions for the book: Following his own mini, he was featured in Civil War: Young Avengers/Runaways and the New Avengers: Illuminati. He took a big part in the finale of the Secret Invasion, which leads into his new role as Captain Marvel in the Dark Avengers title. The writer Brian Michael Bendis has said \"what he represents is Norman can put an alien on the team, whose [sic] one of the Anti-Skrulls. It's like, 'You hate Skrulls? Well this guy kills Skrulls for a living! He came to our planet to kill Skrulls!'.\" He appeared as a regular character in the Dark Avengers series from issue #1-6. In the Dark Avengers Annual, Noh-Varr changed his codename to the Protector. As Protector, he appeared as a regular character in the 2010-2013 Avengers series, from issue #2 (August 2010) through his dismissal from the team in issue #27 (August 2012) during the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline. Noh-Varr appeared as Marvel Boy in the 2013 Young Avengers series by Kieron Gillen and Jamie McKelvie where he begins to date Kate Bishop and reveals that, like the majority of the team, he is \"not completely straight\". Marvel Boy starred alongside the Inhumans in 2017's Royals written by Al Ewing and drawn by Jonboy Meyers. In 2019, he returned in the third volume of the West Coast Avengers, he met the team while he was masquerading as Graviton, who was a member of the Masters of Evil, he would aid the team and eventually join them in the last story-arc. It was written by Kelly Thompson It was during this run that it was confirmed Noh-Varr is bisexual, since he started dating Kate Bishop's former boyfriend and teammate, Fuse. In 2020, Marvel Boy was featured as a member of a new Guardians of the Galaxy team alongside Star-Lord, Rocket Raccoon, Moondragon, Phyla-Vell, Hercules and Nova. Fictional character biography Noh-Varr serves as an ensign aboard the 18th Kree","title":"Noh-Varr"},{"docid":"38224570","text":"Marvel's The Avengers (also known as Marvel Avengers Assemble in the UK and Ireland), or simply The Avengers, is a 2012 American superhero film, scripted and directed by Joss Whedon, based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name. The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Tom Hiddleston, Clark Gregg, Cobie Smulders, Stellan Skarsgård and Samuel L. Jackson. In The Avengers, Nick Fury (Jackson), director of the peacekeeping organization S.H.I.E.L.D., recruits Iron Man (Downey), Captain America (Evans), the Hulk (Ruffalo), and Thor (Hemsworth) to form a team that must stop Thor's adoptive brother Loki (Hiddleston) from subjugating Earth. The Avengers, produced on a budget of $220 million, was released theatrically in the United States on May 4, 2012, and grossed a worldwide total of over $1.5 billion. The film has garnered numerous awards and nominations with most nominations recognizing the film itself, the performances of the cast (particularly those of Downey, Johansson and Hemsworth) and the film's visual effects. The Avengers was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and a BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects. The film was also nominated for three Critics' Choice Movie Awards, five Empire Awards, six Kids' Choice Awards, six MTV Movie Awards (winning three), thirteen People's Choice Awards (winning three), six Saturn Awards (winning four), eleven Teen Choice Awards (winning two), and six VES Awards (winning two). Accolades Notes References External links Avengers (comics) lists Avengers (film series) Marvel Cinematic Universe lists of accolades by film Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One","title":"List of accolades received by The Avengers (2012 film)"},{"docid":"38017661","text":"In 2013, there were 32 new This American Life episodes. Act 1: Is That a Compass, a Map, a Toothbrush, and a Bottle of Purell in Your Pocket, or Are You Just Happy to See Me? Act 2: Some Like It Dot Act 1: Dead Ringer Act 2: In Country, in City Act 1: Petticoats in a Twist Act 2: Maul in the Family Act 1: Best Laid Plans Act 2: 21 Chump Street Act 3: Cold Stone Dreamery Act 4: My Girlfriend's Boyfriend Act 1: Rules to Live By Act 2: A Tiny Office on the Second Floor Act 3: Game Day Act 1: The Eyewitness Act 2: Your Name Written on Me Act 3: Get Your Own Gun Act 4: Devonte, Part Two Act 5: Reverse Turnaround Backflip Act 1: Grandmas Act 2: In God We Trust Act 3: Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? Act 4: Act Four Act 5: What Are the Chances? Act 1: Act One Act 2: Act Two Act 1: I Know I Am But What Are You? Act 2: A Tribe Called Rest Act 3: I Am Curious Yellow Act 1: Act One Act 2: Act Two Act 1: Photo Op Act 2: A Picture Is Worth a Thousand... Dollars Act 1: The Slowest Distance Between Two Points Act 2: Car Pool Act 3: Let's See How Fast This Baby Will Go Act 1: The CO2 in CO Act 2: The Right Man for the Job Act 3: Find an Enemy Act 1: 2011 Act 2: 2013 Act 1: Act One Act 2: Act Two Act 3: Act Three Act 4: Act Four Act 5: Act Five Act 6: Act Six Act 7: Act Seven Act 1: Breaking the Ice Act 2: The Gun Thing You're Not Supposed to Do Act 3: Out of the Woods Act 1: Reluctant Sailor Act 2: Emails from a Dead Man A special retrospective episode featuring the producers' favorite segments from the previous 499 episodes. Act 1: #107, \"Trail of Tears\" #220, \"Testosterone\" #296, \"After the Flood\" #232, \"The Real Story\" #266, \"I'm From the Private Sector and I'm Here to Help\" #334, \"Duty Calls\" #314, \"It's Never Over\" Act 2: #27, \"The Cruelty of Children\" #188, \"Kid Logic\" #94, \"How To\" #241, \"20 Acts in 60 Minutes\" Act 1: Weeds of Discontent Act 2: The Real Housewife of Ciudad Juarez Act 3: Movin On Up Act 1: Act One Act 2: Act Two Act 1: Money for Nothing and Your Cows for Free Act 2: Nipped in the Bud Act 1: The Old College Try Act 2: My Ames Is True Act 1: Act 1 Act 2: Act 2 Act 1: You Can't Handle The Truth Act 2: Tiger, Tiger, Burning Bright Act 3: The Blonde Avenger Act 1: Kim Possible Act 2: You Don't Say Act 1: Invisible Man Vs. Hawkman Act 2: Wonder Woman Act 3: The Green Team Of Boy Millionaires, Beppo The Amazing Supermonkey From Planet Krypton, And The Man From","title":"List of 2013 This American Life episodes"},{"docid":"26284851","text":"Книга Мастеров () is a Russian fantasy film produced by the CIS division of the Disney company and directed by Vadim Sokolovsky. It was released in Russia on October 29, 2009. The story is based on Russian fairy tales, such as \"The Stone Flower\" and other stories from The Malachite Casket collection. It is Disney's first film made in Russia, and their only standalone film. Plot A beautiful and kind girl, daughter of Baba Yaga, finds a magical stone Alatyr (mythology) while walking in a field. It transforms her heart into a stone and puts her under a strange curse. She is to be the evil Countess of Stones and live in a stone tower. If the greatest gem-cutter in the world brings the stone of Alatyr to life, though, she'll become the ruler of the world. The Stone Countess, now cruel and selfish, is fascinated with the idea. She starts searching for the best gem-cutters and forces them to work with Alatyr, so the magical stone would become a living thing. Neither of the gem-cutters succeeds, so she kills them. While being imprisoned in her tower, they work on a large book about the secrets of gem-cutting. Each of them edits the book, so it's later named \"the Book of Masters\". Meanwhile, the Countess creates a talking magic mirror, whom she treats like a soulless thing. She also makes a large army of stone soldiers - the Ardars. She often sends them to terrorize common people and to capture some of them to feed Baba Yaga, who's mostly a cannibal. The plot develops, picturing a young orphan Ivan, who lives in an ordinary village but dreams of becoming the world's best gem-cutter. His father had actually been kidnapped by the Stone Countess, and Ivan also secretly plans to avenge it. One day, he makes a sculpture of his landlord's daughter Clava, showing her fatness and ugliness in a grotesque way. The landlord, who adores his daughter, orders Ivan to be punished severely. The execution doesn't even start before the village faces another attack of the Ardars, who capture Ivan and Clava and bring them to Baba Yaga. Baba Yaga goes to feed the Ardars, and Ivan and Clava are unexpectedly freed by a lovely young girl, who calls herself Katia, the Stone Countess's daughter. Clava takes the chance to run away from Baba Yaga's house, but Ivan is caught by Baba Yaga. She attempts to make a soup of him but is distracted again by Iangul, the Ardars' commander, who comes again to see Katia. Baba Yaga disapproves of it, so she goes to send him away. Katia hides Ivan and, when Iangul leaves and Baba Yaga goes to sleep, she shows Ivan a passageway to the stone tower. One can enter it through a well if the Stone Countess allows. Ivan tells Katia of his dream to become a professional gem-cutter and avenge his father's death. So Katia gives him the Book of Masters to study but warns","title":"The Book of Masters"},{"docid":"25854346","text":"The Egyptian hieroglyph ndj (nḏ) (Gardiner Aa27, U+13429 𓐩) has the shape of a cross. It presumably depicts some type of tool such as a mill. It is often written alongside the nu \"pot\" hieroglyph (W24). It is used as an ideogram or determinative in the context of \"grains\", \"grinding stone\", \"grind\", \"to rub out\". Budge's dictionary to the Book of the Dead has the following uses for the hieroglyph: 1—(nos 1,2,4)-\"to protect, guard, avenge\", and \"protector, advocate, avenger\" 2—(no. 3)-\"homage to thee\", (a form of salutation to gods) 3—(nos. 5,6,7)-\"discuss a matter with someone\", \"to converse\", \"to take counsel\"; (uses the 'man-seated hieroglyph' for 'concepts', or 'speech', no. A2) A2 Budge's two-volume dictionary has entries for \"rub out\" and \"grind\", both connected to Coptic language words. Of the thirty-three entries, six refer to these two definitions. Entry 24 refers to the Coptic word (n-o-u-t)-(nout), and 29 to (n-o-e-i-t)-(); dictionary entry 24 has seven spellings using determinatives for \"grinding\", the \"block-of-stone\" hieroglyph), no. 39, N39, or the \"man grinding\" hieroglyph, no. 34 (actually unlisted, a man grinding upon a stone-block-mortar), A36 Entry 29, (six spellings, and Coptic word ()), uses the small circle for grain, no. N33B, N33B, or the plural of grains, N33B-N33B-N33B; also another grain production hieroglyph, nos. U9, U10, U9-(or)-U10 See also Gardiner's Sign List#Aa. Unclassified Gardiner's Sign List#U. Agriculture, Crafts, and Professions List of Egyptian hieroglyphs References Budge, 1978, (1920). An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, E.A.Wallace Budge, (Dover Publications), c 1978, (c 1920), Dover edition, c 1978; cliv-(154) and 1314 pp. (In two volumes) (softcover, ) Budge, 1991. A Hieroglyphic Dictionary to the Book of the Dead, E.A.Wallace Budge, Dover edition, 1991; Original: c 1911 as: A Hieroglyphic Vocabulary to the Theban Recension of the Book of the Dead with an Index to All the English Equivalents of the Egyptian Words, (Kegan Paul, etc. Ltd, London, publisher). Dover: (softcover, ) Budge. The Rosetta Stone, E.A.Wallace Budge, (Dover Publications), c 1929, Dover edition(unabridged), 1989. (softcover, ) Collier, Mark and Manley, Bill, How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs, c 1998, University of California Press, 179 pp, (with a word Glossary, p 151-61: Title Egyptian-English vocabulary; also an \"Answer Key\", 'Key to the exercises', p 162-73) {hardcover, } Schumann-Antelme, and Rossini, 1998. Illustrated Hieroglyphics Handbook, Ruth Schumann-Antelme, and Stéphane Rossini. c 1998, English trans. 2002, Sterling Publishing Co. (Index, Summary lists (tables), selected uniliterals, biliterals, and triliterals.) (softcover, ) Egyptian hieroglyphs: unclassified","title":"Cross-ndj (hieroglyph)"},{"docid":"61513780","text":"Team Thor is a series of American direct-to-video mockumentary short films produced by Marvel Studios, featuring characters from the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Initially released from 2016 to 2018, they were included as special features in the MCU films' Blu-ray and digital distribution releases and are the sixth through eighth Marvel One-Shot short films. The series consists of Team Thor, Team Thor: Part 2, and Team Darryl, all written and directed by Taika Waititi. Chris Hemsworth reprises his role as Thor in the first two films, in which he moves in with a new roommate, Darryl Jacobson (Daley Pearson), during the events of Captain America: Civil War (2016). Mark Ruffalo also appears in the first film as Bruce Banner, while Jeff Goldblum appears in the third as the Grandmaster, whom Darryl lives with after moving to Los Angeles. Filming for Team Thor occurred one month before the start of filming on Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and was done to introduce MCU fans to the irreverent tone of Ragnarok. The shorts were praised for their humor and Hemsworth's performance. They were made available on Disney+ in January 2022, at which point Marvel classified them as One-Shots. Development Team Thor was filmed one month before Thor: Ragnarok (2017) began filming in July 2016. It is a mockumentary, similar to director Taika Waititi's film What We Do in the Shadows (2014). Before Team Thor was released, many fans were unsure of Waititi's new tonal approach for Ragnarok. Waititi felt Team Thor \"helped us a lot\" by giving fans the opportunity to see \"just how irreverent we were gonna be, and just how different we were making Thor, and [Bruce] Banner as well\". In September 2016, Waititi said Darryl Jacobson would probably be seen again, adding that there may be \"other little pieces of [Team Thor] that may just be a small part of a bigger thing\". In October 2017, Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige stated that he saw the shorts as a \"doable\" version of their previous Marvel One-Shots shorts series, and felt that they \"in some parts helped redefine Thor into what he's become in Ragnarok in a fun way.\" As well, Jeff Goldblum, who portrays the Grandmaster in Thor: Ragnarok, stated he had shot footage with Waititi for another short, which became Team Darryl. The three shorts were made available on Disney+ in January 2022, at which point Marvel classified them as One-Shots. Films Team Thor (2016) After saving Earth with the Avengers, Thor takes a short break in Australia where he lives with a local office worker, Darryl Jacobson. As he does this, he is interviewed by a film crew and talks about his daily life in Australia. Thor is seen visiting a kindergarten classroom, attempting to send emails with Darryl's help to Tony Stark and Steve Rogers concerning their conflict, and revealing his investigative board concerning the connections between the Infinity Stones, the Avengers, Nick Fury, and Thanos. Later, Thor meets Bruce Banner at a café regarding not being contacted","title":"Team Thor"},{"docid":"701741","text":"Thanos is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer-artist Jim Starlin, the character first appeared in The Invincible Iron Man #55 (cover date February 1973). An Eternal–Deviant warlord from the moon Titan, Thanos is regarded as one of the most powerful beings in the Marvel Universe. He has clashed with many heroes including the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the Eternals, and the X-Men. In creating Thanos, Starlin drew inspiration from Jack Kirby's New Gods series for DC Comics, particularly the character of Darkseid. Thanos is usually portrayed as a villain, although many stories depict him as believing his actions to be justified. Perhaps the character's best-known storyline is The Infinity Gauntlet (1991), the culmination of several story arcs that see him gather the six Infinity Gems and use them to kill half of the universe's population, including many of its heroes, to woo Mistress Death, the living embodiment of death in the Marvel Universe. Although these events were later undone, the storyline has remained one of the most popular published by Marvel. Debuting in the Bronze Age of comic books, the character has appeared in almost five decades of Marvel publications, as well as many media adaptations, including animated television series and video games. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the character was first played by Damion Poitier in the film The Avengers (2012) and then by Josh Brolin in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and the first season of the animated series What If...? (2021). Creation Writer-artist Jim Starlin conceived of Thanos of Titan during college psychology classes. As Starlin described: Starlin has admitted the character's look was influenced by Jack Kirby's Darkseid: Publication history Thanos debuted in The Invincible Iron Man #55 (February 1973), featuring a story by Jim Starlin that was co-scripted by Mike Friedrich. The storyline from that issue continued through Captain Marvel #25–33 (bi-monthly: March 1973 – Jan. 1974), Marvel Feature #12 (Nov. 1973), Daredevil #107 (Jan. 1974), and Avengers #125 (July 1974). He returned in an extended storyline that spanned Strange Tales #178–181 (Feb.–Aug. 1975), Warlock #9-11 (Oct. 1975 – Jan. 1976), Marvel Team Up #55 (March 1977), and the 1977 Annuals for Avengers and Marvel Two-in-One (Thanos does not actually appear until the end of Warlock #9). He was also featured in a short backup story in Logan's Run #6 (June 1977) and had a small role in the Death of Captain Marvel graphic novel (April 1982). The character was revived in Silver Surfer vol. 3, #34 (Feb. 1990) and guest-starred until issue #59 (November 1991), while simultaneously appearing in The Thanos Quest #1–2 (Sept.–Oct. 1990) and The Infinity Gauntlet #1–6 (July–Dec. 1991). After an appearance in Spider-Man #17 (Dec. 1991), Thanos had a recurring role in Warlock and the Infinity Watch #1–42 (Feb. 1992 – Aug. 1995). This was followed by crossover appearances in Infinity War #1–6 (June –","title":"Thanos"},{"docid":"34695699","text":"Strike Back: Vengeance, as it is known in the United Kingdom, is a ten-part British-American action television serial and is the third installment of Strike Back. The main cast for the series includes Philip Winchester, Sullivan Stapleton, Rhona Mitra, Michelle Lukes, Rhashan Stone, Liam Garrigan, Charles Dance, Shane Taylor and Vincent Regan. In the series, Section 20 are on the hunt for four nuclear triggers, which are in the hands of billionaire and philanthropist Conrad Knox (Dance), across continental Africa. In the meantime, Michael Stonebridge (Winchester) wants to avenge his wife's murder, and Damian Scott (Stapleton) contends with a past acquaintance. Vengeance was commissioned by Sky1 and Cinemax (the second year since Cinemax was brought on board to co-produce the show) in October 2011. The series began filming in January 2012 and took place across South Africa. It premiered in the United States on 17 August 2012, and later in the United Kingdom on 2 September. Viewership averaged 310,000 for Cinemax and 770,000 for Sky1. Critical reactions of Strike Back: Vengeance were generally positive. Vengeance was released on DVD in Region 2 on 5 November 2012 and in Region 1 on 6 August 2013. Episodes Cast and characters Philip Winchester returns as Sergeant Michael Stonebridge. At the conclusion of the second series, his wife became pregnant, and he was contemplating leaving the service to raise his child, the third series would follow the aftermath of his decision. Winchester states that in the beginning of the series, something happens to Stonebridge, and as a result the character becomes darker, which carries throughout the series. Sullivan Stapleton also returns as Stonebridge's partner, former Delta Force operator Damian Scott. Stapleton was originally contracted to appear in the show for two years after joining Strike Back. Rhashan Stone also returns as Major Oliver Sinclair, and Michelle Lukes as Sergeant Julia Richmond. Richmond becomes more involved in the field in Vengeance. Liam Garrigan plays Section 20 officer Sergeant Liam Baxter. In January 2012 it was announced that Rhona Mitra was cast as Captain (promoted to major) Rachel Dalton, replacing Colonel Eleanor Grant (Amanda Mealing) as head of Section 20 following her death at the conclusion of Project Dawn. Mitra described the character's role as the leader of Section 20 as \"she's not mum, she's not auntie, she's like sister, and it's like a sister coming to tell the brothers what to do,\" as well as being like \"a lioness who's been dropped in amongst silverbacks.\" Mitra found the experience to be \"intellectually, physically and creatively\" stimulating. Charles Dance plays Conrad Knox, the series' primary antagonist. Knox is using his organisation, to clean the streets of Africa by taking away its weapons, as a front to arm his own militia. Vincent Regan plays mercenary Karl Matlock, Knox's \"task man,\" and Natalie Becker plays sniper and Matlock's partner Jessica Kohl. The South African television and radio personality had to learn how to put together, fire, and reload six different firearms. Stephanie Vogt recurs as Christy Bryant, a","title":"Strike Back: Vengeance"},{"docid":"23801387","text":"Ultimate Comics: Avengers is a comic book published by Marvel Comics that began in August 2009 as part of the relaunch of the Ultimate Universe under the \"Ultimate Comics\" imprint. It is a direct follow up to the events of \"Ultimatum.\" The series was written by Mark Millar, creator of The Ultimates and Ultimate X-Men, and co-creator of Ultimate Fantastic Four. Background Format The series takes place in the Ultimate Universe and features a wide range of characters. The comic was drawn by a new artist roughly every six issues, with Carlos Pacheco, Leinil Francis Yu, and Steve Dillon pencilling the first, second, and third story arcs, respectively. The series then crossed over with Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man as part of the Death of Spider-Man storyline, where it was drawn by Yu and Stephen Segovia. Prior to the beginning of the series, writer Mark Millar explained that he planned to use character ideas that went unused in the first two Ultimates series, saying, \"I always liked the idea of doing like five years worth of Ultimates stories, and to me that's 60 issues, but it became 26 issues ... but I had those overhanging ideas. I love the idea of Tony having a teetotaling older brother who despised him and always wore white suits instead of Tony's dark suits ... I like the idea of going a bit deeper into the characters. You meet Bruce Banner's teachers and Nick Fury's ex-wife. Just seeing what was going on in the background really.\" Cast During the first arc, the Avengers consisted of War Machine, Nick Fury, Hawkeye, Gregory Stark, Red Wasp, Nerd Hulk, the Spider, and Black Widow II. At the end of the arc, Red Wasp left the team. In the second arc, The Punisher and Tyrone Cash \"join\" the team. At the end of the arc, The Punisher left the team. In the third arc, Blade and Perun join the team. At the end of the arc, Perun and Nerd Hulk die. In the fourth arc, The Punisher rejoins the team while Black Widow II leaves the team to join the New Ultimates. Gregory Stark, the Spider and Tyrone Cash betray the team to take control of S.H.I.E.L.D. At the end of the arc, Tyrone Cash, the Spider and Gregory Stark die, and Black Widow II is appointed as the new leader of the Avengers. Storyline The Next Generation Three weeks after the events of \"Ultimatum,\" Hawkeye reports that Captain America has \"gone rogue.\" A flashback to the previous day shows that the two had been fighting a group of A.I.M. terrorists, who had just raided the Baxter Building of powerful technology. After defeating a majority of the terrorists, Captain America encounters the Red Skull, who reveals that he is Captain America's son. Hawkeye jumps to Captain's rescue as the A.I.M terrorists escape with a stolen Cosmic Cube. Later, Hawkeye tries to convince his partner that the Red Skull was lying, but Captain America violently abandons the team, attacking S.H.I.E.L.D. agents","title":"Ultimate Comics: Avengers"},{"docid":"57888684","text":"Hope van Dyne (née Pym) is a fictional character portrayed primarily by Evangeline Lilly in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film franchise, loosely based on the Marvel Comics character Hope Pym. Portrayed as the daughter of Hank Pym and Janet van Dyne, she was a senior board member of her father's company, Pym Technologies, and later inherits the superhero identity of Wasp from her mother, using a suit containing shrinking technology to shrink to the size of an insect and also fly with insect-themed wings. Her appearances in the MCU have received media attention, with praise often given to her authentic, relatable portrayal as superheroine. After rekindling her relationship with her father, Van Dyne works with him to bring back her mother who was previously trapped in the Quantum Realm and defeat various supervillains including Yellowjacket and Ghost. After doing so, Van Dyne and her parents fall victim to the Blip. When the three are restored to life, Van Dyne joins the Avengers in a battle against an alternate version of Thanos. Afterwards, she buys back her father's company heading the Pym van Dyne Foundation and continues her relationship with Scott Lang becoming a step-mother to his daughter, Cassie Lang. She is later trapped in the Quantum Realm alongside her family and works with them to defeat Kang the Conqueror. She first appeared in the 2015 film Ant-Man and later in Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023). Madeleine McGraw portrays a younger version of Van Dyne. Alternate versions of Van Dyne appear in the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021–present), also voiced by Lilly and McGraw. Van Dyne is noted for being the first superheroine to be a titular character in a MCU film, preceding Captain Marvel, Black Widow, and Black Panther and inspiring the creation of comic superheroine Nadia van Dyne. Concept, casting, and creation Joss Whedon, the writer and director of The Avengers, originally intended to have the Wasp appear in the film due to potential scheduling conflicts preventing Scarlett Johansson from appearing in the film as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow. Whedon wanted Zooey Deschanel to play the role of Wasp. In 2013, actresses Jessica Chastain, Emma Stone, Rashida Jones and Bryce Dallas Howard were in talks to play the female lead in the then-upcoming Ant-Man film. In February 2014, Evangeline Lilly was rumored to be cast in the role while Edgar Wright was still slated to direct. When Wright left the film later in the year and was replaced by Peyton Reed, Lilly was reluctant to take the role until she read the revised script and got a chance to meet with Reed. After reading the revised script, she felt that the film was also \"pulled\" more into the MCU than Wright's version adding that while Wright's version was \"incredible\" and would have been great to film and watch, \"it would not have fit in the Marvel Universe. It would have stuck out like a sore thumb,","title":"Hope van Dyne"},{"docid":"59284340","text":"Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order is a 2019 action role-playing video game developed by Koei Tecmo's Team Ninja and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. It is the third installment in the Marvel: Ultimate Alliance series, following 2006's Marvel: Ultimate Alliance and 2009's Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, and the first Ultimate Alliance game produced without the involvement of previous publisher Activision, whose license to publish Marvel games expired in 2016. The game follows a new team of superheroes as they come together to save the universe from Thanos and the eponymous Black Order, who have launched a campaign to find the six Infinity Stones. Upon release, Ultimate Alliance 3 received mixed reviews from critics, who generally found the gameplay and storyline fun but were disappointed that the game did not improve much upon its predecessors. The game had sold over 1.6 million copies by December 2022. Gameplay Like the previous two entries, gameplay is reminiscent of a top-down dungeon crawler with an emphasis on cooperative play. Up to four players can play the game cooperatively locally either on the same screen with a single docked Nintendo Switch system or undocked with up to four systems, or online with friends or random player lobbies. Players choose four characters from various Marvel teams to traverse linear stages, fight enemies, and defeat bosses. Certain passive buffs are acquired with particular character combinations. Each character's controls are fundamentally identical; each has a jump, light attack, heavy attack, dodge, block, and four special abilities. Special abilities can be synced with the other three members for a synergy boost, with an especially powerful attack unleashed if all four party members sync up simultaneously. The combat system itself, as evident by the characters' normal attacks and their damage properties, as well as lack of universal normal grab is similar to Koei Tecmo's Warriors series. Additional characters are unlocked by story progression or optional Infinity Rift challenges. Character progression is handled in a similar manner to traditional role-playing games, with party members leveling up by defeating enemies and bosses. In addition to stat increases, passive buffs can be attached to characters (excluding an alternate playable version of Thanos) by equipping ISO-8 crystals. A sprawling skill tree is also present, which allows characters to gain permanent stat increases by acquiring and spending in-game currency. Synopsis The plot of Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order is an original story written specifically for the game and disregards the stories and continuity of the first two games in the series. While it takes inspiration with recently released Marvel projects such as Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame, both of which were inspired by the 1991 storyline The Infinity Gauntlet, the story was written to reflect its wider cast of characters and to stand apart from the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the comics, and other popularized versions. Additionally the game takes inspiration from various Marvel Comics storylines such as the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy series, Spider-Verse, New Avengers, the","title":"Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order"},{"docid":"156573","text":"USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77) is the tenth and final supercarrier of the United States Navy. She is named for the 41st President of the United States and former Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush, who was a naval aviator during World War II. The vessel's callsign is Avenger, after the TBM Avenger aircraft flown by then-Lieutenant George H. W. Bush in World War II. Construction began in 2003 at Northrop Grumman, in Newport News, Virginia and was completed in 2009 at a cost of $6.2 billion. Her home port is Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. Naming George H. W. Bush became one of the U.S. Navy's youngest pilots when he received his Naval Aviator wings and naval commission on 9 June 1943, three days before turning 19. He flew torpedo bombers off on active duty from August 1943 to September 1945 during World War II. On 2 September 1944, during a mission over the Pacific, Japanese anti-aircraft fire hit his plane. The Navy submarine rescued him. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and three Air Medals for courageous service in the Pacific Theater. USS George H.W. Bush is the second United States aircraft carrier to be named after a naval aviator ( was the first) and the second, following , to be named after a then living former president (Ronald Reagan was christened in 2001 while Reagan was still alive). Ship's seal Each element of the seal is significant for its relevance to the ship's namesake, naval aviation, naval service, and the nation. There are six prominent features of the seal, beginning with the 41 white stars, symbolizing the ship's namesake (the 41st president). The rays of light that appear on the seal's horizon represent Bush's concept of a \"thousand points of light\", wherein he urged Americans to find meaning and reward by serving a purpose higher than themselves. The graphic depiction of the aircraft carrier reflects the carrier, as both a symbol and instrument of American strength as a force for freedom. Above the carrier are the overhead profiles of a TBM Avenger torpedo bomber (representing Bush's days as a Navy pilot), an F/A-18 Hornet strike fighter, and an F-35C Lightning II, superimposed one upon the other in reverse chronological order of the individual aircraft's service entry date, and in diminishing scale so each outline is contained within that of the newer aircraft. Fouled anchors and shields, centered on naval aviators wings, honor the ship's namesake's aviation history. Finally, the motto \"Freedom at Work\" is adapted from Bush's inaugural speech, during which he said, \"We know what works: Freedom works. We know what’s right: Freedom is right.\" Description George H.W. Bush measures and displaces over 100,000 tons, making her one of the world's largest warships (though she is slightly shorter than ). Her top speed exceeds 30 knots; powered with two nuclear reactors, she can operate for more than 20 years without refueling. Several features differentiate CVN-77 from other ships in the Nimitz class. Hull New","title":"USS George H.W. Bush"},{"docid":"16613521","text":"Goel (Hebrew: גואל, lit. \"redeemer\"), in the Hebrew Bible and the rabbinical tradition, is a person who, as the nearest relative of someone, is charged with the duty of restoring that person's rights and avenging wrongs done to him or her. One duty of the goel was to redeem (purchase back) a relative who had been sold into slavery. Another was to avenge the death of a relative who had been wrongly killed; one carrying out this vengeance was known as the goel hadam, commonly translated to English as \"avenger of blood.\" The term goel is also used in reference to other forms of redemption. In the Book of Isaiah, God is called the redeemer of Israel, as God redeems his people from captivity; the context shows that the redemption also involves moving on to something greater. Duties of the goel The obligations of the goel include the duty to redeem the relative from slavery, if the latter had been obliged to sell himself into slavery (); to repurchase the property of a relative who had had to sell it because of poverty; to avenge the blood of his relative; to marry his brother's widow in order to have a son for his brother, in the case that the brother had no son to pass on his name (); and to receive the restitution if the injured relative had died (). regulates the duties of the goel hadam. The congregation must judge the case before it puts a murderer in the hands of a goel. More than one witness is needed for conviction. In case of accidental manslaughter, the slayer can save his life by fleeing to a \"city of refuge\" and staying there until the death of the high priest. Ransom is not accepted for murder. Revenge cannot be taken on the offender's children or parents (). gives the order in which the nearest relative is considered the goel in the case of redeeming a slave: brother, uncle, male cousin and then other relatives. The same order was probably observed in the other cases, except in marrying a sister-in-law. The blood-avenger in rabbinic tradition Jewish tradition has also attributed the blood avenger role in modern times to a prosecuting attorney, who pleads on behalf of the victim the case against the criminal. Thus, he is responsible for bringing the offender to court, finding evidence against him, presenting the case to the court, and collecting damages from the offender. It is also his task to argue against any attempts to pardon the sinner. It is presumed that the court would be the party who would avenge the wrongful death via the imposition of the death penalty, though Deuteronomy 13:9 suggests that the witness to an offense and afterward the whole of the people would carry out the penalty of death by stoning. See also Next of kin Redeemer (Christianity) References External links Donald A. Leggett: The Levirate and Goel Institutions in the Old Testament With Special Attention to the Book","title":"Goel (Judaism)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"26150005\",\n \"text\": \"Blue Screen is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the fifth in his Sunny Randall series. Plot summary Sunny Randall is approached by Buddy Bollen to provide protection for his number one client, Erin Flint, star of the Woman Warrior movie series and future star of Bollen's major league baseball team.. Bollen's fears prove well founded when Erin's assistant, Misty, is murdered. Because of Misty's striking resemblance to her, Erin is convinced the killer was after her. Sunny meets Paradise Police Chief Jesse Stone at the scene of the crime; however Buddy and Erin lack confidence in the Paradise police, and ask Sunny to solve the crime. Sunny talks to a sports writer who is convinced that Erin Flint's addition to Bollen's baseball team is a publicity stunt and that Erin will be able to compete with the male players in the major league. He proves to be right later when Erin faces a major league pitcher and cannot hit one ball. Sunny discovers that Erin Flint is actually Ethel Boverini, and that she is still married to pimp Gerard Basgall. Sunny and an LAPD detective go to question Basgall, who admits to still being married to Erin and still loving her. Erin admits that she was one of Basgall's prostitutes, as well as his wife. She and Misty Tyler, who is really her sister Edith, began working for Basgall after their mother died. Further investigation reveals that Buddy Bollen was looking for financing for his first Woman Warrior movie and found it in Boston mobster Moon Monaghan. L.A. film financier Arlo Delany had brokered the deal and provided Erin and Misty's sexual services for both Bollen and Monaghan. Bollen decides to star Erin in his Woman Warrior movie. The movie turns out to be a big hit; however Buddy has Arlo cook the books to make it look like it made no money in order to stiff Moon Monaghan. Moon has Arlo killed as a warning to Buddy of what will happen if he doesn't get his money back. Misty gets scared and threatens to go to the police. Basgall gets into an argument with her and, during the struggle, accidentally breaks Misty's neck and kills her. Chief Stone and Sunny confront Erin and Gerard about this. Gerard claims that he killed Misty, while Erin claims that she killed her. Touched by the fact that the two try to protect the each other by taking the blame, Chief Stone decides they have suffered enough and lets them go on the condition that they promise not to avenge her. A subplot involves Sunny's budding relationship with Jesse Stone. References External links Page on the book on Parker's official website 2006 American novels Novels by Robert B. Parker Hollywood novels Berkley Books books\",\n \"title\": \"Blue Screen (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4596172\",\n \"text\": \"Noh-Varr is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Grant Morrison and artist J.G. Jones, the character first appeared in Marvel Boy #1 (August 2000). He later appeared in the Civil War: Young Avengers/Runaways and the New Avengers: Illuminati limited series. After his appearance in Secret Invasion, he joined the Dark Avengers. He was a member of the main Avengers team. He was a part of the Young Avengers, West Coast Avengers, and Guardians of the Galaxy. The character has also been known as Marvel Boy, Captain Marvel, and Protector at various points in his history. Noh-Varr has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes, being labeled as a queer sex symbol. Publication history Marvel Boy was a six-issue limited series published from August 2000 to March 2001, as part of the experimental Marvel Knights line. The series was written by Grant Morrison, illustrated by J.G. Jones (with Sean Parsons) and colored by Matt Milla of Avalon Studios. In a 2000 interview, Morrison described their stylistic intentions for the book: Following his own mini, he was featured in Civil War: Young Avengers/Runaways and the New Avengers: Illuminati. He took a big part in the finale of the Secret Invasion, which leads into his new role as Captain Marvel in the Dark Avengers title. The writer Brian Michael Bendis has said \\\"what he represents is Norman can put an alien on the team, whose [sic] one of the Anti-Skrulls. It's like, 'You hate Skrulls? Well this guy kills Skrulls for a living! He came to our planet to kill Skrulls!'.\\\" He appeared as a regular character in the Dark Avengers series from issue #1-6. In the Dark Avengers Annual, Noh-Varr changed his codename to the Protector. As Protector, he appeared as a regular character in the 2010-2013 Avengers series, from issue #2 (August 2010) through his dismissal from the team in issue #27 (August 2012) during the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline. Noh-Varr appeared as Marvel Boy in the 2013 Young Avengers series by Kieron Gillen and Jamie McKelvie where he begins to date Kate Bishop and reveals that, like the majority of the team, he is \\\"not completely straight\\\". Marvel Boy starred alongside the Inhumans in 2017's Royals written by Al Ewing and drawn by Jonboy Meyers. In 2019, he returned in the third volume of the West Coast Avengers, he met the team while he was masquerading as Graviton, who was a member of the Masters of Evil, he would aid the team and eventually join them in the last story-arc. It was written by Kelly Thompson It was during this run that it was confirmed Noh-Varr is bisexual, since he started dating Kate Bishop's former boyfriend and teammate, Fuse. In 2020, Marvel Boy was featured as a member of a new Guardians of the Galaxy team alongside Star-Lord, Rocket Raccoon, Moondragon, Phyla-Vell, Hercules and Nova. Fictional character biography Noh-Varr serves as an ensign aboard the 18th Kree\",\n \"title\": \"Noh-Varr\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38224570\",\n \"text\": \"Marvel's The Avengers (also known as Marvel Avengers Assemble in the UK and Ireland), or simply The Avengers, is a 2012 American superhero film, scripted and directed by Joss Whedon, based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name. The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Tom Hiddleston, Clark Gregg, Cobie Smulders, Stellan Skarsgård and Samuel L. Jackson. In The Avengers, Nick Fury (Jackson), director of the peacekeeping organization S.H.I.E.L.D., recruits Iron Man (Downey), Captain America (Evans), the Hulk (Ruffalo), and Thor (Hemsworth) to form a team that must stop Thor's adoptive brother Loki (Hiddleston) from subjugating Earth. The Avengers, produced on a budget of $220 million, was released theatrically in the United States on May 4, 2012, and grossed a worldwide total of over $1.5 billion. The film has garnered numerous awards and nominations with most nominations recognizing the film itself, the performances of the cast (particularly those of Downey, Johansson and Hemsworth) and the film's visual effects. The Avengers was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and a BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects. The film was also nominated for three Critics' Choice Movie Awards, five Empire Awards, six Kids' Choice Awards, six MTV Movie Awards (winning three), thirteen People's Choice Awards (winning three), six Saturn Awards (winning four), eleven Teen Choice Awards (winning two), and six VES Awards (winning two). Accolades Notes References External links Avengers (comics) lists Avengers (film series) Marvel Cinematic Universe lists of accolades by film Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One\",\n \"title\": \"List of accolades received by The Avengers (2012 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38017661\",\n \"text\": \"In 2013, there were 32 new This American Life episodes. Act 1: Is That a Compass, a Map, a Toothbrush, and a Bottle of Purell in Your Pocket, or Are You Just Happy to See Me? Act 2: Some Like It Dot Act 1: Dead Ringer Act 2: In Country, in City Act 1: Petticoats in a Twist Act 2: Maul in the Family Act 1: Best Laid Plans Act 2: 21 Chump Street Act 3: Cold Stone Dreamery Act 4: My Girlfriend's Boyfriend Act 1: Rules to Live By Act 2: A Tiny Office on the Second Floor Act 3: Game Day Act 1: The Eyewitness Act 2: Your Name Written on Me Act 3: Get Your Own Gun Act 4: Devonte, Part Two Act 5: Reverse Turnaround Backflip Act 1: Grandmas Act 2: In God We Trust Act 3: Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? Act 4: Act Four Act 5: What Are the Chances? Act 1: Act One Act 2: Act Two Act 1: I Know I Am But What Are You? Act 2: A Tribe Called Rest Act 3: I Am Curious Yellow Act 1: Act One Act 2: Act Two Act 1: Photo Op Act 2: A Picture Is Worth a Thousand... Dollars Act 1: The Slowest Distance Between Two Points Act 2: Car Pool Act 3: Let's See How Fast This Baby Will Go Act 1: The CO2 in CO Act 2: The Right Man for the Job Act 3: Find an Enemy Act 1: 2011 Act 2: 2013 Act 1: Act One Act 2: Act Two Act 3: Act Three Act 4: Act Four Act 5: Act Five Act 6: Act Six Act 7: Act Seven Act 1: Breaking the Ice Act 2: The Gun Thing You're Not Supposed to Do Act 3: Out of the Woods Act 1: Reluctant Sailor Act 2: Emails from a Dead Man A special retrospective episode featuring the producers' favorite segments from the previous 499 episodes. Act 1: #107, \\\"Trail of Tears\\\" #220, \\\"Testosterone\\\" #296, \\\"After the Flood\\\" #232, \\\"The Real Story\\\" #266, \\\"I'm From the Private Sector and I'm Here to Help\\\" #334, \\\"Duty Calls\\\" #314, \\\"It's Never Over\\\" Act 2: #27, \\\"The Cruelty of Children\\\" #188, \\\"Kid Logic\\\" #94, \\\"How To\\\" #241, \\\"20 Acts in 60 Minutes\\\" Act 1: Weeds of Discontent Act 2: The Real Housewife of Ciudad Juarez Act 3: Movin On Up Act 1: Act One Act 2: Act Two Act 1: Money for Nothing and Your Cows for Free Act 2: Nipped in the Bud Act 1: The Old College Try Act 2: My Ames Is True Act 1: Act 1 Act 2: Act 2 Act 1: You Can't Handle The Truth Act 2: Tiger, Tiger, Burning Bright Act 3: The Blonde Avenger Act 1: Kim Possible Act 2: You Don't Say Act 1: Invisible Man Vs. Hawkman Act 2: Wonder Woman Act 3: The Green Team Of Boy Millionaires, Beppo The Amazing Supermonkey From Planet Krypton, And The Man From\",\n \"title\": \"List of 2013 This American Life episodes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26284851\",\n \"text\": \"Книга Мастеров () is a Russian fantasy film produced by the CIS division of the Disney company and directed by Vadim Sokolovsky. It was released in Russia on October 29, 2009. The story is based on Russian fairy tales, such as \\\"The Stone Flower\\\" and other stories from The Malachite Casket collection. It is Disney's first film made in Russia, and their only standalone film. Plot A beautiful and kind girl, daughter of Baba Yaga, finds a magical stone Alatyr (mythology) while walking in a field. It transforms her heart into a stone and puts her under a strange curse. She is to be the evil Countess of Stones and live in a stone tower. If the greatest gem-cutter in the world brings the stone of Alatyr to life, though, she'll become the ruler of the world. The Stone Countess, now cruel and selfish, is fascinated with the idea. She starts searching for the best gem-cutters and forces them to work with Alatyr, so the magical stone would become a living thing. Neither of the gem-cutters succeeds, so she kills them. While being imprisoned in her tower, they work on a large book about the secrets of gem-cutting. Each of them edits the book, so it's later named \\\"the Book of Masters\\\". Meanwhile, the Countess creates a talking magic mirror, whom she treats like a soulless thing. She also makes a large army of stone soldiers - the Ardars. She often sends them to terrorize common people and to capture some of them to feed Baba Yaga, who's mostly a cannibal. The plot develops, picturing a young orphan Ivan, who lives in an ordinary village but dreams of becoming the world's best gem-cutter. His father had actually been kidnapped by the Stone Countess, and Ivan also secretly plans to avenge it. One day, he makes a sculpture of his landlord's daughter Clava, showing her fatness and ugliness in a grotesque way. The landlord, who adores his daughter, orders Ivan to be punished severely. The execution doesn't even start before the village faces another attack of the Ardars, who capture Ivan and Clava and bring them to Baba Yaga. Baba Yaga goes to feed the Ardars, and Ivan and Clava are unexpectedly freed by a lovely young girl, who calls herself Katia, the Stone Countess's daughter. Clava takes the chance to run away from Baba Yaga's house, but Ivan is caught by Baba Yaga. She attempts to make a soup of him but is distracted again by Iangul, the Ardars' commander, who comes again to see Katia. Baba Yaga disapproves of it, so she goes to send him away. Katia hides Ivan and, when Iangul leaves and Baba Yaga goes to sleep, she shows Ivan a passageway to the stone tower. One can enter it through a well if the Stone Countess allows. Ivan tells Katia of his dream to become a professional gem-cutter and avenge his father's death. So Katia gives him the Book of Masters to study but warns\",\n \"title\": \"The Book of Masters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25854346\",\n \"text\": \"The Egyptian hieroglyph ndj (nḏ) (Gardiner Aa27, U+13429 𓐩) has the shape of a cross. It presumably depicts some type of tool such as a mill. It is often written alongside the nu \\\"pot\\\" hieroglyph (W24). It is used as an ideogram or determinative in the context of \\\"grains\\\", \\\"grinding stone\\\", \\\"grind\\\", \\\"to rub out\\\". Budge's dictionary to the Book of the Dead has the following uses for the hieroglyph: 1—(nos 1,2,4)-\\\"to protect, guard, avenge\\\", and \\\"protector, advocate, avenger\\\" 2—(no. 3)-\\\"homage to thee\\\", (a form of salutation to gods) 3—(nos. 5,6,7)-\\\"discuss a matter with someone\\\", \\\"to converse\\\", \\\"to take counsel\\\"; (uses the 'man-seated hieroglyph' for 'concepts', or 'speech', no. A2) A2 Budge's two-volume dictionary has entries for \\\"rub out\\\" and \\\"grind\\\", both connected to Coptic language words. Of the thirty-three entries, six refer to these two definitions. Entry 24 refers to the Coptic word (n-o-u-t)-(nout), and 29 to (n-o-e-i-t)-(); dictionary entry 24 has seven spellings using determinatives for \\\"grinding\\\", the \\\"block-of-stone\\\" hieroglyph), no. 39, N39, or the \\\"man grinding\\\" hieroglyph, no. 34 (actually unlisted, a man grinding upon a stone-block-mortar), A36 Entry 29, (six spellings, and Coptic word ()), uses the small circle for grain, no. N33B, N33B, or the plural of grains, N33B-N33B-N33B; also another grain production hieroglyph, nos. U9, U10, U9-(or)-U10 See also Gardiner's Sign List#Aa. Unclassified Gardiner's Sign List#U. Agriculture, Crafts, and Professions List of Egyptian hieroglyphs References Budge, 1978, (1920). An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, E.A.Wallace Budge, (Dover Publications), c 1978, (c 1920), Dover edition, c 1978; cliv-(154) and 1314 pp. (In two volumes) (softcover, ) Budge, 1991. A Hieroglyphic Dictionary to the Book of the Dead, E.A.Wallace Budge, Dover edition, 1991; Original: c 1911 as: A Hieroglyphic Vocabulary to the Theban Recension of the Book of the Dead with an Index to All the English Equivalents of the Egyptian Words, (Kegan Paul, etc. Ltd, London, publisher). Dover: (softcover, ) Budge. The Rosetta Stone, E.A.Wallace Budge, (Dover Publications), c 1929, Dover edition(unabridged), 1989. (softcover, ) Collier, Mark and Manley, Bill, How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs, c 1998, University of California Press, 179 pp, (with a word Glossary, p 151-61: Title Egyptian-English vocabulary; also an \\\"Answer Key\\\", 'Key to the exercises', p 162-73) {hardcover, } Schumann-Antelme, and Rossini, 1998. Illustrated Hieroglyphics Handbook, Ruth Schumann-Antelme, and Stéphane Rossini. c 1998, English trans. 2002, Sterling Publishing Co. (Index, Summary lists (tables), selected uniliterals, biliterals, and triliterals.) (softcover, ) Egyptian hieroglyphs: unclassified\",\n \"title\": \"Cross-ndj (hieroglyph)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61513780\",\n \"text\": \"Team Thor is a series of American direct-to-video mockumentary short films produced by Marvel Studios, featuring characters from the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Initially released from 2016 to 2018, they were included as special features in the MCU films' Blu-ray and digital distribution releases and are the sixth through eighth Marvel One-Shot short films. The series consists of Team Thor, Team Thor: Part 2, and Team Darryl, all written and directed by Taika Waititi. Chris Hemsworth reprises his role as Thor in the first two films, in which he moves in with a new roommate, Darryl Jacobson (Daley Pearson), during the events of Captain America: Civil War (2016). Mark Ruffalo also appears in the first film as Bruce Banner, while Jeff Goldblum appears in the third as the Grandmaster, whom Darryl lives with after moving to Los Angeles. Filming for Team Thor occurred one month before the start of filming on Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and was done to introduce MCU fans to the irreverent tone of Ragnarok. The shorts were praised for their humor and Hemsworth's performance. They were made available on Disney+ in January 2022, at which point Marvel classified them as One-Shots. Development Team Thor was filmed one month before Thor: Ragnarok (2017) began filming in July 2016. It is a mockumentary, similar to director Taika Waititi's film What We Do in the Shadows (2014). Before Team Thor was released, many fans were unsure of Waititi's new tonal approach for Ragnarok. Waititi felt Team Thor \\\"helped us a lot\\\" by giving fans the opportunity to see \\\"just how irreverent we were gonna be, and just how different we were making Thor, and [Bruce] Banner as well\\\". In September 2016, Waititi said Darryl Jacobson would probably be seen again, adding that there may be \\\"other little pieces of [Team Thor] that may just be a small part of a bigger thing\\\". In October 2017, Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige stated that he saw the shorts as a \\\"doable\\\" version of their previous Marvel One-Shots shorts series, and felt that they \\\"in some parts helped redefine Thor into what he's become in Ragnarok in a fun way.\\\" As well, Jeff Goldblum, who portrays the Grandmaster in Thor: Ragnarok, stated he had shot footage with Waititi for another short, which became Team Darryl. The three shorts were made available on Disney+ in January 2022, at which point Marvel classified them as One-Shots. Films Team Thor (2016) After saving Earth with the Avengers, Thor takes a short break in Australia where he lives with a local office worker, Darryl Jacobson. As he does this, he is interviewed by a film crew and talks about his daily life in Australia. Thor is seen visiting a kindergarten classroom, attempting to send emails with Darryl's help to Tony Stark and Steve Rogers concerning their conflict, and revealing his investigative board concerning the connections between the Infinity Stones, the Avengers, Nick Fury, and Thanos. Later, Thor meets Bruce Banner at a café regarding not being contacted\",\n \"title\": \"Team Thor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"701741\",\n \"text\": \"Thanos is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer-artist Jim Starlin, the character first appeared in The Invincible Iron Man #55 (cover date February 1973). An Eternal–Deviant warlord from the moon Titan, Thanos is regarded as one of the most powerful beings in the Marvel Universe. He has clashed with many heroes including the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the Eternals, and the X-Men. In creating Thanos, Starlin drew inspiration from Jack Kirby's New Gods series for DC Comics, particularly the character of Darkseid. Thanos is usually portrayed as a villain, although many stories depict him as believing his actions to be justified. Perhaps the character's best-known storyline is The Infinity Gauntlet (1991), the culmination of several story arcs that see him gather the six Infinity Gems and use them to kill half of the universe's population, including many of its heroes, to woo Mistress Death, the living embodiment of death in the Marvel Universe. Although these events were later undone, the storyline has remained one of the most popular published by Marvel. Debuting in the Bronze Age of comic books, the character has appeared in almost five decades of Marvel publications, as well as many media adaptations, including animated television series and video games. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the character was first played by Damion Poitier in the film The Avengers (2012) and then by Josh Brolin in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and the first season of the animated series What If...? (2021). Creation Writer-artist Jim Starlin conceived of Thanos of Titan during college psychology classes. As Starlin described: Starlin has admitted the character's look was influenced by Jack Kirby's Darkseid: Publication history Thanos debuted in The Invincible Iron Man #55 (February 1973), featuring a story by Jim Starlin that was co-scripted by Mike Friedrich. The storyline from that issue continued through Captain Marvel #25–33 (bi-monthly: March 1973 – Jan. 1974), Marvel Feature #12 (Nov. 1973), Daredevil #107 (Jan. 1974), and Avengers #125 (July 1974). He returned in an extended storyline that spanned Strange Tales #178–181 (Feb.–Aug. 1975), Warlock #9-11 (Oct. 1975 – Jan. 1976), Marvel Team Up #55 (March 1977), and the 1977 Annuals for Avengers and Marvel Two-in-One (Thanos does not actually appear until the end of Warlock #9). He was also featured in a short backup story in Logan's Run #6 (June 1977) and had a small role in the Death of Captain Marvel graphic novel (April 1982). The character was revived in Silver Surfer vol. 3, #34 (Feb. 1990) and guest-starred until issue #59 (November 1991), while simultaneously appearing in The Thanos Quest #1–2 (Sept.–Oct. 1990) and The Infinity Gauntlet #1–6 (July–Dec. 1991). After an appearance in Spider-Man #17 (Dec. 1991), Thanos had a recurring role in Warlock and the Infinity Watch #1–42 (Feb. 1992 – Aug. 1995). This was followed by crossover appearances in Infinity War #1–6 (June –\",\n \"title\": \"Thanos\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34695699\",\n \"text\": \"Strike Back: Vengeance, as it is known in the United Kingdom, is a ten-part British-American action television serial and is the third installment of Strike Back. The main cast for the series includes Philip Winchester, Sullivan Stapleton, Rhona Mitra, Michelle Lukes, Rhashan Stone, Liam Garrigan, Charles Dance, Shane Taylor and Vincent Regan. In the series, Section 20 are on the hunt for four nuclear triggers, which are in the hands of billionaire and philanthropist Conrad Knox (Dance), across continental Africa. In the meantime, Michael Stonebridge (Winchester) wants to avenge his wife's murder, and Damian Scott (Stapleton) contends with a past acquaintance. Vengeance was commissioned by Sky1 and Cinemax (the second year since Cinemax was brought on board to co-produce the show) in October 2011. The series began filming in January 2012 and took place across South Africa. It premiered in the United States on 17 August 2012, and later in the United Kingdom on 2 September. Viewership averaged 310,000 for Cinemax and 770,000 for Sky1. Critical reactions of Strike Back: Vengeance were generally positive. Vengeance was released on DVD in Region 2 on 5 November 2012 and in Region 1 on 6 August 2013. Episodes Cast and characters Philip Winchester returns as Sergeant Michael Stonebridge. At the conclusion of the second series, his wife became pregnant, and he was contemplating leaving the service to raise his child, the third series would follow the aftermath of his decision. Winchester states that in the beginning of the series, something happens to Stonebridge, and as a result the character becomes darker, which carries throughout the series. Sullivan Stapleton also returns as Stonebridge's partner, former Delta Force operator Damian Scott. Stapleton was originally contracted to appear in the show for two years after joining Strike Back. Rhashan Stone also returns as Major Oliver Sinclair, and Michelle Lukes as Sergeant Julia Richmond. Richmond becomes more involved in the field in Vengeance. Liam Garrigan plays Section 20 officer Sergeant Liam Baxter. In January 2012 it was announced that Rhona Mitra was cast as Captain (promoted to major) Rachel Dalton, replacing Colonel Eleanor Grant (Amanda Mealing) as head of Section 20 following her death at the conclusion of Project Dawn. Mitra described the character's role as the leader of Section 20 as \\\"she's not mum, she's not auntie, she's like sister, and it's like a sister coming to tell the brothers what to do,\\\" as well as being like \\\"a lioness who's been dropped in amongst silverbacks.\\\" Mitra found the experience to be \\\"intellectually, physically and creatively\\\" stimulating. Charles Dance plays Conrad Knox, the series' primary antagonist. Knox is using his organisation, to clean the streets of Africa by taking away its weapons, as a front to arm his own militia. Vincent Regan plays mercenary Karl Matlock, Knox's \\\"task man,\\\" and Natalie Becker plays sniper and Matlock's partner Jessica Kohl. The South African television and radio personality had to learn how to put together, fire, and reload six different firearms. Stephanie Vogt recurs as Christy Bryant, a\",\n \"title\": \"Strike Back: Vengeance\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23801387\",\n \"text\": \"Ultimate Comics: Avengers is a comic book published by Marvel Comics that began in August 2009 as part of the relaunch of the Ultimate Universe under the \\\"Ultimate Comics\\\" imprint. It is a direct follow up to the events of \\\"Ultimatum.\\\" The series was written by Mark Millar, creator of The Ultimates and Ultimate X-Men, and co-creator of Ultimate Fantastic Four. Background Format The series takes place in the Ultimate Universe and features a wide range of characters. The comic was drawn by a new artist roughly every six issues, with Carlos Pacheco, Leinil Francis Yu, and Steve Dillon pencilling the first, second, and third story arcs, respectively. The series then crossed over with Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man as part of the Death of Spider-Man storyline, where it was drawn by Yu and Stephen Segovia. Prior to the beginning of the series, writer Mark Millar explained that he planned to use character ideas that went unused in the first two Ultimates series, saying, \\\"I always liked the idea of doing like five years worth of Ultimates stories, and to me that's 60 issues, but it became 26 issues ... but I had those overhanging ideas. I love the idea of Tony having a teetotaling older brother who despised him and always wore white suits instead of Tony's dark suits ... I like the idea of going a bit deeper into the characters. You meet Bruce Banner's teachers and Nick Fury's ex-wife. Just seeing what was going on in the background really.\\\" Cast During the first arc, the Avengers consisted of War Machine, Nick Fury, Hawkeye, Gregory Stark, Red Wasp, Nerd Hulk, the Spider, and Black Widow II. At the end of the arc, Red Wasp left the team. In the second arc, The Punisher and Tyrone Cash \\\"join\\\" the team. At the end of the arc, The Punisher left the team. In the third arc, Blade and Perun join the team. At the end of the arc, Perun and Nerd Hulk die. In the fourth arc, The Punisher rejoins the team while Black Widow II leaves the team to join the New Ultimates. Gregory Stark, the Spider and Tyrone Cash betray the team to take control of S.H.I.E.L.D. At the end of the arc, Tyrone Cash, the Spider and Gregory Stark die, and Black Widow II is appointed as the new leader of the Avengers. Storyline The Next Generation Three weeks after the events of \\\"Ultimatum,\\\" Hawkeye reports that Captain America has \\\"gone rogue.\\\" A flashback to the previous day shows that the two had been fighting a group of A.I.M. terrorists, who had just raided the Baxter Building of powerful technology. After defeating a majority of the terrorists, Captain America encounters the Red Skull, who reveals that he is Captain America's son. Hawkeye jumps to Captain's rescue as the A.I.M terrorists escape with a stolen Cosmic Cube. Later, Hawkeye tries to convince his partner that the Red Skull was lying, but Captain America violently abandons the team, attacking S.H.I.E.L.D. agents\",\n \"title\": \"Ultimate Comics: Avengers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57888684\",\n \"text\": \"Hope van Dyne (née Pym) is a fictional character portrayed primarily by Evangeline Lilly in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film franchise, loosely based on the Marvel Comics character Hope Pym. Portrayed as the daughter of Hank Pym and Janet van Dyne, she was a senior board member of her father's company, Pym Technologies, and later inherits the superhero identity of Wasp from her mother, using a suit containing shrinking technology to shrink to the size of an insect and also fly with insect-themed wings. Her appearances in the MCU have received media attention, with praise often given to her authentic, relatable portrayal as superheroine. After rekindling her relationship with her father, Van Dyne works with him to bring back her mother who was previously trapped in the Quantum Realm and defeat various supervillains including Yellowjacket and Ghost. After doing so, Van Dyne and her parents fall victim to the Blip. When the three are restored to life, Van Dyne joins the Avengers in a battle against an alternate version of Thanos. Afterwards, she buys back her father's company heading the Pym van Dyne Foundation and continues her relationship with Scott Lang becoming a step-mother to his daughter, Cassie Lang. She is later trapped in the Quantum Realm alongside her family and works with them to defeat Kang the Conqueror. She first appeared in the 2015 film Ant-Man and later in Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023). Madeleine McGraw portrays a younger version of Van Dyne. Alternate versions of Van Dyne appear in the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021–present), also voiced by Lilly and McGraw. Van Dyne is noted for being the first superheroine to be a titular character in a MCU film, preceding Captain Marvel, Black Widow, and Black Panther and inspiring the creation of comic superheroine Nadia van Dyne. Concept, casting, and creation Joss Whedon, the writer and director of The Avengers, originally intended to have the Wasp appear in the film due to potential scheduling conflicts preventing Scarlett Johansson from appearing in the film as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow. Whedon wanted Zooey Deschanel to play the role of Wasp. In 2013, actresses Jessica Chastain, Emma Stone, Rashida Jones and Bryce Dallas Howard were in talks to play the female lead in the then-upcoming Ant-Man film. In February 2014, Evangeline Lilly was rumored to be cast in the role while Edgar Wright was still slated to direct. When Wright left the film later in the year and was replaced by Peyton Reed, Lilly was reluctant to take the role until she read the revised script and got a chance to meet with Reed. After reading the revised script, she felt that the film was also \\\"pulled\\\" more into the MCU than Wright's version adding that while Wright's version was \\\"incredible\\\" and would have been great to film and watch, \\\"it would not have fit in the Marvel Universe. It would have stuck out like a sore thumb,\",\n \"title\": \"Hope van Dyne\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59284340\",\n \"text\": \"Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order is a 2019 action role-playing video game developed by Koei Tecmo's Team Ninja and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. It is the third installment in the Marvel: Ultimate Alliance series, following 2006's Marvel: Ultimate Alliance and 2009's Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, and the first Ultimate Alliance game produced without the involvement of previous publisher Activision, whose license to publish Marvel games expired in 2016. The game follows a new team of superheroes as they come together to save the universe from Thanos and the eponymous Black Order, who have launched a campaign to find the six Infinity Stones. Upon release, Ultimate Alliance 3 received mixed reviews from critics, who generally found the gameplay and storyline fun but were disappointed that the game did not improve much upon its predecessors. The game had sold over 1.6 million copies by December 2022. Gameplay Like the previous two entries, gameplay is reminiscent of a top-down dungeon crawler with an emphasis on cooperative play. Up to four players can play the game cooperatively locally either on the same screen with a single docked Nintendo Switch system or undocked with up to four systems, or online with friends or random player lobbies. Players choose four characters from various Marvel teams to traverse linear stages, fight enemies, and defeat bosses. Certain passive buffs are acquired with particular character combinations. Each character's controls are fundamentally identical; each has a jump, light attack, heavy attack, dodge, block, and four special abilities. Special abilities can be synced with the other three members for a synergy boost, with an especially powerful attack unleashed if all four party members sync up simultaneously. The combat system itself, as evident by the characters' normal attacks and their damage properties, as well as lack of universal normal grab is similar to Koei Tecmo's Warriors series. Additional characters are unlocked by story progression or optional Infinity Rift challenges. Character progression is handled in a similar manner to traditional role-playing games, with party members leveling up by defeating enemies and bosses. In addition to stat increases, passive buffs can be attached to characters (excluding an alternate playable version of Thanos) by equipping ISO-8 crystals. A sprawling skill tree is also present, which allows characters to gain permanent stat increases by acquiring and spending in-game currency. Synopsis The plot of Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order is an original story written specifically for the game and disregards the stories and continuity of the first two games in the series. While it takes inspiration with recently released Marvel projects such as Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame, both of which were inspired by the 1991 storyline The Infinity Gauntlet, the story was written to reflect its wider cast of characters and to stand apart from the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the comics, and other popularized versions. Additionally the game takes inspiration from various Marvel Comics storylines such as the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy series, Spider-Verse, New Avengers, the\",\n \"title\": \"Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"156573\",\n \"text\": \"USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77) is the tenth and final supercarrier of the United States Navy. She is named for the 41st President of the United States and former Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush, who was a naval aviator during World War II. The vessel's callsign is Avenger, after the TBM Avenger aircraft flown by then-Lieutenant George H. W. Bush in World War II. Construction began in 2003 at Northrop Grumman, in Newport News, Virginia and was completed in 2009 at a cost of $6.2 billion. Her home port is Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. Naming George H. W. Bush became one of the U.S. Navy's youngest pilots when he received his Naval Aviator wings and naval commission on 9 June 1943, three days before turning 19. He flew torpedo bombers off on active duty from August 1943 to September 1945 during World War II. On 2 September 1944, during a mission over the Pacific, Japanese anti-aircraft fire hit his plane. The Navy submarine rescued him. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and three Air Medals for courageous service in the Pacific Theater. USS George H.W. Bush is the second United States aircraft carrier to be named after a naval aviator ( was the first) and the second, following , to be named after a then living former president (Ronald Reagan was christened in 2001 while Reagan was still alive). Ship's seal Each element of the seal is significant for its relevance to the ship's namesake, naval aviation, naval service, and the nation. There are six prominent features of the seal, beginning with the 41 white stars, symbolizing the ship's namesake (the 41st president). The rays of light that appear on the seal's horizon represent Bush's concept of a \\\"thousand points of light\\\", wherein he urged Americans to find meaning and reward by serving a purpose higher than themselves. The graphic depiction of the aircraft carrier reflects the carrier, as both a symbol and instrument of American strength as a force for freedom. Above the carrier are the overhead profiles of a TBM Avenger torpedo bomber (representing Bush's days as a Navy pilot), an F/A-18 Hornet strike fighter, and an F-35C Lightning II, superimposed one upon the other in reverse chronological order of the individual aircraft's service entry date, and in diminishing scale so each outline is contained within that of the newer aircraft. Fouled anchors and shields, centered on naval aviators wings, honor the ship's namesake's aviation history. Finally, the motto \\\"Freedom at Work\\\" is adapted from Bush's inaugural speech, during which he said, \\\"We know what works: Freedom works. We know what’s right: Freedom is right.\\\" Description George H.W. Bush measures and displaces over 100,000 tons, making her one of the world's largest warships (though she is slightly shorter than ). Her top speed exceeds 30 knots; powered with two nuclear reactors, she can operate for more than 20 years without refueling. Several features differentiate CVN-77 from other ships in the Nimitz class. Hull New\",\n \"title\": \"USS George H.W. Bush\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16613521\",\n \"text\": \"Goel (Hebrew: גואל, lit. \\\"redeemer\\\"), in the Hebrew Bible and the rabbinical tradition, is a person who, as the nearest relative of someone, is charged with the duty of restoring that person's rights and avenging wrongs done to him or her. One duty of the goel was to redeem (purchase back) a relative who had been sold into slavery. Another was to avenge the death of a relative who had been wrongly killed; one carrying out this vengeance was known as the goel hadam, commonly translated to English as \\\"avenger of blood.\\\" The term goel is also used in reference to other forms of redemption. In the Book of Isaiah, God is called the redeemer of Israel, as God redeems his people from captivity; the context shows that the redemption also involves moving on to something greater. Duties of the goel The obligations of the goel include the duty to redeem the relative from slavery, if the latter had been obliged to sell himself into slavery (); to repurchase the property of a relative who had had to sell it because of poverty; to avenge the blood of his relative; to marry his brother's widow in order to have a son for his brother, in the case that the brother had no son to pass on his name (); and to receive the restitution if the injured relative had died (). regulates the duties of the goel hadam. The congregation must judge the case before it puts a murderer in the hands of a goel. More than one witness is needed for conviction. In case of accidental manslaughter, the slayer can save his life by fleeing to a \\\"city of refuge\\\" and staying there until the death of the high priest. Ransom is not accepted for murder. Revenge cannot be taken on the offender's children or parents (). gives the order in which the nearest relative is considered the goel in the case of redeeming a slave: brother, uncle, male cousin and then other relatives. The same order was probably observed in the other cases, except in marrying a sister-in-law. The blood-avenger in rabbinic tradition Jewish tradition has also attributed the blood avenger role in modern times to a prosecuting attorney, who pleads on behalf of the victim the case against the criminal. Thus, he is responsible for bringing the offender to court, finding evidence against him, presenting the case to the court, and collecting damages from the offender. It is also his task to argue against any attempts to pardon the sinner. It is presumed that the court would be the party who would avenge the wrongful death via the imposition of the death penalty, though Deuteronomy 13:9 suggests that the witness to an offense and afterward the whole of the people would carry out the penalty of death by stoning. See also Next of kin Redeemer (Christianity) References External links Donald A. Leggett: The Levirate and Goel Institutions in the Old Testament With Special Attention to the Book\",\n \"title\": \"Goel (Judaism)\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Reality","Power","Space","Mind","Soul","Time"],"string":"[\n \"Reality\",\n \"Power\",\n \"Space\",\n \"Mind\",\n \"Soul\",\n \"Time\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_9696"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who plays peter from the book of henry"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"46323517","text":"The Book of Henry is a 2017 American drama thriller film directed by Colin Trevorrow and written by Gregg Hurwitz. The film stars Naomi Watts, Jaeden Martell (then known as Jaeden Lieberher), Jacob Tremblay, Sarah Silverman, Lee Pace, Maddie Ziegler, and Dean Norris. The story concerns a plan hatched by a young genius, dying of cancer, to save the girl next door from abuse. The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 14, 2017. It was released in theaters by Focus Features on June 16, 2017, was unsuccessful at the box office, and received generally negative reviews from critics, who cited the screenplay's jarring plot twists and tonal shifts, and Trevorrow's direction, although the cast and the film's ambition received some praise. Plot In a small suburban town in the Hudson Valley, 11-year-old genius Henry Carpenter and his younger brother Peter are being raised by their single mother Susan, a waitress who is working on writing children's books. Henry has used his intellect to invest successfully in the stock market, building up a very substantial nest egg for his family. He also protects Peter from a school bully and builds Rube Goldberg machines in their treehouse. Henry and Susan are both fond of their next-door neighbor, Henry's classmate Christina Sickleman, who has recently become glum. Henry believes that he sees Christina being abused by her stepfather Glenn, the local police commissioner. He reports the abuse to social services and the school principal, Janice Wilder, but Glenn has connections throughout the local government, and Wilder is reluctant to challenge the commissioner without \"conclusive evidence\". Henry is unable to get the authorities to launch a serious investigation that would protect Christina. Henry tells his mother that when someone is in trouble, those who can help must take action. He develops a detailed plan to rescue Christina that he details in a notebook. After a violent seizure, he is taken to the hospital, where he is diagnosed with a brain tumor and undergoes surgery. Anticipating his death, he tells Peter to give Susan the notebook. Days later, Henry dies. Susan is distraught at Henry's death and has difficulty functioning, but when Peter gives her the notebook, she focuses on Henry's plan. She tries unsuccessfully to interest a nearby social-services agency in opening an investigation. One night, from the boys' bedroom window, she sees Glenn in Christina's room and decides to carry out the plan. The notebook and an accompanying cassette tape describe Henry's step-by-step plan to kill Glenn with a sniper rifle while covering Susan's tracks so that tracing the murder back to her will be impossible. Her alibi is to be provided by executing the murder while Christina and Peter are performing at the school talent show. Susan slips away from the show, putting the plan into motion. As she is about to pull the trigger, she realizes that Henry's plan, though ingenious, is the construct of a child, and she must act as an adult. She immediately confronts","title":"The Book of Henry"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"46323517\",\n \"text\": \"The Book of Henry is a 2017 American drama thriller film directed by Colin Trevorrow and written by Gregg Hurwitz. The film stars Naomi Watts, Jaeden Martell (then known as Jaeden Lieberher), Jacob Tremblay, Sarah Silverman, Lee Pace, Maddie Ziegler, and Dean Norris. The story concerns a plan hatched by a young genius, dying of cancer, to save the girl next door from abuse. The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 14, 2017. It was released in theaters by Focus Features on June 16, 2017, was unsuccessful at the box office, and received generally negative reviews from critics, who cited the screenplay's jarring plot twists and tonal shifts, and Trevorrow's direction, although the cast and the film's ambition received some praise. Plot In a small suburban town in the Hudson Valley, 11-year-old genius Henry Carpenter and his younger brother Peter are being raised by their single mother Susan, a waitress who is working on writing children's books. Henry has used his intellect to invest successfully in the stock market, building up a very substantial nest egg for his family. He also protects Peter from a school bully and builds Rube Goldberg machines in their treehouse. Henry and Susan are both fond of their next-door neighbor, Henry's classmate Christina Sickleman, who has recently become glum. Henry believes that he sees Christina being abused by her stepfather Glenn, the local police commissioner. He reports the abuse to social services and the school principal, Janice Wilder, but Glenn has connections throughout the local government, and Wilder is reluctant to challenge the commissioner without \\\"conclusive evidence\\\". Henry is unable to get the authorities to launch a serious investigation that would protect Christina. Henry tells his mother that when someone is in trouble, those who can help must take action. He develops a detailed plan to rescue Christina that he details in a notebook. After a violent seizure, he is taken to the hospital, where he is diagnosed with a brain tumor and undergoes surgery. Anticipating his death, he tells Peter to give Susan the notebook. Days later, Henry dies. Susan is distraught at Henry's death and has difficulty functioning, but when Peter gives her the notebook, she focuses on Henry's plan. She tries unsuccessfully to interest a nearby social-services agency in opening an investigation. One night, from the boys' bedroom window, she sees Glenn in Christina's room and decides to carry out the plan. The notebook and an accompanying cassette tape describe Henry's step-by-step plan to kill Glenn with a sniper rifle while covering Susan's tracks so that tracing the murder back to her will be impossible. Her alibi is to be provided by executing the murder while Christina and Peter are performing at the school talent show. Susan slips away from the show, putting the plan into motion. As she is about to pull the trigger, she realizes that Henry's plan, though ingenious, is the construct of a child, and she must act as an adult. She immediately confronts\",\n \"title\": \"The Book of Henry\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"47441818","text":"{{Infobox writer |name = Christine Chaundler |image = |caption = |pseudonym = Peter Martin |birth_name = Christine Chaundler |birth_date = |birth_place = Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, England |death_date = |death_place = Fittleworth, Sussex |occupation = Writer |language = English |nationality = |alma_mater = |period = 1912–1949 |genre = Children's literature |subject = |movement = |notableworks = {{plain list| Lancelot: The Adventures of King Arthur's Most Celebrated Knight The Right St. John's The Chivalrous Fifth Bunty of the Blackbirds The Madcap of the School\" }} |spouse = |partner = |children = |relatives = |awards = |signature = |website = }} Christine Chaundler (5 September 1887 – 15 December 1972) was a prolific English children's author, who also wrote stories for boys as Peter Martin. Some of her hundreds of short stories were broadcast by the BBC. Life Born in Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, the daughter of a solicitor, Henry Chaundler, and Constance Julia Chaundler (née Thompson), she was educated at Queen Anne's School, Caversham, until the age of sixteen, and then at St Winifred's School, Llanfairfechan. Apart from a brief period in the Land Army during the First World War, Chaundler worked in editorial jobs as she built her writing career. By 1920, her earnings had allowed her to build a house on the Sussex Downs, where she lived until her death in 1972. She never married. Career 1n 1910, Chaundler adapted Sleeping Beauty as a children's play that was performed at the Biggleswade Town Hall. In 1912, she received 10s 6d, her first earnings, for a prize poem published in Girls' Realm, Chaundler's first earnings as a writer came in 1912, when she won 10s 6d in a Prize Poem competition run by Girls' Realm. From then on she made a growing income from writing girls' and boys' stories and books. She was a sub-editor for Little Folks from 1914 to 1917, before serving briefly in the Land Army. After the war, she edited juvenile books for James Nisbet and Company until 1922. During the 1930s, she reviewed children's books for The Quiver. She continued to write and became a prolific author of children's novels, for boys under her pseudonym \"Peter Martin\" and for girls under her own name. A census of young girls conducted by the Western Mail in 1927 ranked Chaundler sixth among popular authors. Although she was bested by Dickens, Shakespeare, and Kipling, she was listed above Alcott and Stevenson. She wrote hundreds of short stories for magazines and children's annuals, some of which were broadcast over the BBC's Children's Hour.E.g. However, the market for these types of children's books had changed by the late 1940s and Chaundler turned to reviewing books, reading books for publishers, and marketing her short stories to the BBC. BibliographyLancelot: The Adventures of King Arthur's Most Celebrated Knight illustrated by Thomas Mackenzie and Eleanor Fortescue Brickdale (1995)Every Man's Book of Superstitions (1970)Everyman's Book of Ancient Customs (1968)A Year Book of Saints (1958)A Year Book of Legends (1954)Winkie Wee and the Silver Sixpences (1947)The Thirteenth Orphan (1947)The","title":"Christine Chaundler"},{"docid":"10442982","text":"Henry Herringman (1628–1704) was a prominent London bookseller and publisher in the second half of the 17th century. He is especially noted for his publications in English Renaissance drama and English Restoration drama; he was the first publisher of the works of John Dryden. He conducted his business under the sign of the Blue Anchor in the lower walk of the New Exchange. Herringman had established himself as an independent bookseller and publisher by 1655. He issued the first edition of Thomas Middleton's Hengist, King of Kent in 1661. Herringman had a reputation as a rare stationer who actually profited from the Great Fire of London (1666), in which most of his compatriots lost their stocks of printed books. He was a member of the syndicates of stationers who issued the major collections of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries in the second half of the century, including the Shakespeare Fourth Folio (1685), the third Ben Jonson folio (1692), and the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio (1679). Herringman also published the collected plays of Thomas Killigrew (1664); the collected works of Sir William Davenant (1673); the Dryden/Davenant adaptation of The Tempest (1670); and plays by Thomas Shadwell, William Wycherley, George Etherege, and Sir Robert Howard, among others. Dryden appears to have had a close professional relationship with Herringman early in his career, when he served as a sort of general editorial assistant in Herringman's business, perhaps to the point of taking his board and lodging with Herringman. In this capacity as a supervisor and reviser of texts, Dryden may have worked on Shakespearean plays for Herringman. In addition to dramas, Herringman published a large body of nondramatic literature, including (partnered with John Martyn) the 1678 edition of Samuel Butler's Hudibras, which contained the poem's third and final part. Herringman published works by Abraham Cowley, Katherine Philips, John Donne, Francis Bacon, Roger Boyle, and Robert Boyle. He also produced a wide variety of general-interest works, as well as law books. Herringman became master of the Stationers Company in 1685. After selling his retail business in 1684, Herringman became, in effect, the first wholesale book publisher in England; his imprint exists on 532 publications from his era. Notes References Holland, Peter (ed.), King Lear and Its Afterlife (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Miller, C. William, \"Henry Herringman, Restoration Bookseller-Publisher.\" Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 1948; p. 292. Publishers (people) from London English booksellers 1628 births 1704 deaths","title":"Henry Herringman"},{"docid":"177248","text":"Horrid Henry is a children's book series by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. It has been adapted for television, film and theatre. Horrid Henry is set in the United Kingdom in 1994. Books The first Horrid Henry book was written and published in 1994 by Orion Books. Up until 2015, 24 official Horrid Henry titles were published in the series with a special one-off 25th Anniversary book, published in 2019. The series has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide. The books are a slice-of-life series featuring the titular Henry, a wildly misbehaved boy who will typically be faced with a problem and then will often retaliate in interesting ways that involve trickery, rule-breaking and elaborate practical jokes. Henry has a younger brother, Perfect Peter, who is the exact opposite. Almost every character is known by an alliterative nickname (Rude Ralph, Moody Margaret, Brainy Brian, etc.) with a few exceptions e.g. Mum, Dad and Miss Battle-Axe. The Horrid Henry stories are read on audiobook by the actress Miranda Richardson and published by Orion Audio. Each title in the main series consists of four short stories with black and white illustrations. The titles The Early Readers series, aimed at younger readers, each consist of a single story with colour illustrations. Each story in that series, except Don't be Horrid Henry!, was originally published in a main series title. Don't be Horrid Henry! is an original story about Henry as a toddler. Eleven fact books, written from Henry's point of view, have also been published along with eight joke books, eleven colour books and at least twelve activity books as well as a series of annuals. Horrid Henry is published in 25 languages around the world. In April 2009, the US Sourcebooks' Jabberwocky imprint released four Horrid Henry paperbacks nationwide, which included Horrid Henry, Horrid Henry's Stinkbomb, Horrid Henry and the Mega-Mean Time Machine\" and Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy. Sourcebooks has released additional Horrid Henry titles including activity pages, event kits and a teacher's guide. Main series Extra Book Horrid Henry's Bedtime (2005) Early Readers Fact books Joke books Horrid Henry's Joke Book Horrid Henry's Jolly Joke Book Horrid Henry's Mighty Joke Book Horrid Henry's versus Moody Margaret Horrid Henry's Hilariously Horrid Joke Book Horrid Henry's Purple Hand Gang Joke Book Horrid Henry's All Time Favourite Joke Book Horrid Henry's Jumbo Joke Book Colour books Horrid Henry's Big Bad Book Horrid Henry's Wicked Ways Horrid Henry's Evil Enemies Horrid Henry Rules the World Horrid Henry's House of Horrors Horrid Henry's Dreadful Deeds Horrid Henry Shows Who's Boss Horrid Henry's A-Z of Everything Horrid Horrid Henry's Fearsome Four Horrid Henry's Royal Riot Horrid Henry's Tricky Tricks Activity books Horrid Henry's Brainbusters Horrid Henry's Headscratchers Horrid Henry's Mindbenders Horrid Henry's Colouring Book Horrid Henry's Puzzle Book Horrid Henry's Sticker Book Horrid Henry Runs Riot Horrid Henry's Annual Horrid Henry's Classroom Chaos Horrid Henry's Holiday Havoc Horrid Henry's Wicked Wordsearches Horrid Henry's Mad Mazes Horrid Henry's Crazy Crosswords Television adaptation Film","title":"Horrid Henry"},{"docid":"14952561","text":"The Sun Also Rises is a 1957 American drama film adaptation of the 1926 Ernest Hemingway novel of the same name directed by Henry King. The screenplay was written by Peter Viertel and it starred Tyrone Power, Ava Gardner, Mel Ferrer, and Errol Flynn. Much of it was filmed on location in France and Spain as well as Mexico in Cinemascope and color by Deluxe. A highlight of the film is the famous \"running of the bulls\" in Pamplona, Spain and two bullfights. Plot A group of disillusioned American expatriate writers live a dissolute, hedonistic lifestyle in France and Spain in the 1920s. Cast Tyrone Power as Jake Barnes Ava Gardner as Lady Brett Ashley Mel Ferrer as Robert Cohn Errol Flynn as Mike Campbell Eddie Albert as Bill Gorton Gregory Ratoff as Count Mippipopolous Juliette Gréco as Georgette Aubin Marcel Dalio as Zizi Henry Daniell as Army doctor Bob Cunningham as Harris Danik Patisson as Marie Robert Evans as Pedro Romero Production notes Development Film rights to the novel were sold in the late 1920s for a reported $10,000. These rights were transferred to Hemingway's first wife, Hadley Richardson, by the author at the time of their divorce, so he never personally benefited from the sale. Originally the film was going to be made at RKO, possibly starring Ann Harding. In 1940 agent-producer Charles Feldman bought the rights from Harding's one-time husband, actor Harry Bannister, for a reported $35,000. In 1948, it was announced Howard Hawks had bought the film rights. He subsequently sold part of his interest to Feldman, but the project did not go beyond the development stage. In 1955, Hawks and Feldman sold the rights of the novel to Darryl F. Zanuck at 20th Century Fox, who still hoped to use Hawks as director. This plan was part of a deal whereby Feldman sold his interest in a number of projects to Fox – the others included Heaven Knows, Mr Allison, The Wayward Bus and Oh Men! Oh Women!. Of this deal, the rights to The Sun Also Rises were estimated at $125,000. Zanuck hired Peter Viertel to write the script. Viertel later reflected: The long lapse of time since the book was published will not cause it to lose its value. The story is ageless. It should renew its impact for our modern generation. It is fascinating in its impressions of Europe after World War I, because so many of these impressions are duplicated again today. Casting Zanuck wanted the lead played by Gregory Peck, who had appeared in several Hemingway adaptations, including the popular The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Jennifer Jones signed to play Lady Brett. The movie became the first to be produced for Zanuck's own independent production company following his departure from Fox (but Fox would distribute). Cinematographer Charles Clarke started filming bullfighting sequences in Pamplona in June 1956. Henry King signed to direct and Walter Reisch to produce. Jennifer Jones had to pull out from the film because of her commitment to","title":"The Sun Also Rises (1957 film)"},{"docid":"19858793","text":"The Snow Leopard is a 1978 book by Peter Matthiessen. It is an account of his two-month search for the snow leopard with naturalist George Schaller in the Dolpo region on the Tibetan Plateau in the Himalaya. Content The book recounts the journey of Matthiessen and Schaller in 1973 to Shey Gompa in the inner Dolpo region of Nepal. Schaller's original objective was to compare the mating habits of the Himalayan blue sheep (the bharal) with those of the common sheep of the USA, while for Matthiessen the trip was more of a spiritual exploration. Another aim was to spot the snow leopard, a predator on the bharal and a creature that was seldom seen (it had been glimpsed only twice by Westerners in the previous twenty five years). A third part of the plan was to visit the Crystal Monastery and its Buddhist lama. The travel aspect of the work is in the tradition of writing by Sir Richard Burton, Sir Henry Morton Stanley, and Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton. The nature writing aspect brings echoes of the work of Alexander von Humboldt or Charles Darwin. It also involves a meditation upon inner peace, however, as well as external exploration, in a way that is reminiscent of Basho, Wordsworth or Thoreau. For example, towards the end of the book Matthiessen sits on some rocks and observes \"These hard rocks instruct my bones in what my brain could never grasp in the Heart Sutra, that 'form is emptiness and emptiness is form'—the Void, the emptiness of blue-black space, contained in everything.\" Matthiessen frequently digresses to remember his wife Deborah Love who had died of cancer prior to the adventure. The book is, therefore, also a meditation upon death, suffering, loss, memory and healing. The memories of Deborah operate with a number of other recursive stylistic traits that play against the linear, outward progress of the journey logged through maps and dates. Questions of absence and presence play in tandem with the wider question of gaining peace through an acceptance of how the world is rather than desiring phenomena to arise that do not exist. Awards and acclaim The Snow Leopard won the 1979 National Book Award in the category Contemporary Thought and the 1980 National Book Award for Nonfiction (paperback). It has garnered more critical acclaim since then. It has been included in several lists of best travel books including World Hum's ten most celebrated books, Washington Post Book World's Travel Books That Will Take You Far, and National Geographic Traveler's Around the World in 80+ Books. References External links Review published in the NY Times on November 26, 1978 Review by Amanda Fox in Salon's Wanderlust The Snow Leopard - A Pictorial Companion Book documenting PM's trip to Upper Dolpo in pictures American travel books National Book Award for Nonfiction winning works 1978 non-fiction books Books about the Himalayas Viking Press books Non-fiction books about cats Nepalese non-fiction books Snow leopards in popular culture","title":"The Snow Leopard"},{"docid":"41612828","text":"Next is a short film created by Aardman Animations. Its full title is \"Next: The Infinite Variety Show\". Plot William Shakespeare auditions for an undetermined role in front of a bored Peter Hall with references to his play in under five minutes. Plays Present \"Henry V\" \"Julius Caesar\" \"Antony and Cleopatra\" \"Coriolanus\" \"Henry VIII\" \"Romeo & Juliet\" \"Henry IV\" \"Richard II\" \"Henry VI\" \"Richard III\" \"Troilus & Cressida\" \"A Midsummer Night’s Dream\" \"Hamlet\" \"Othello\" \"Titus Andronicus\" \"Timon of Athens\" \"The Tempest\" \"As You Like It\" \"Macbeth\" \"Alls Well Ends Well\" \"The Taming Of The Shrew\" \"Much Ado About Nothing\" \"The Merry Wives Of Windsor\" \"The Merchant Of Venice\" \"King John\" \"Pericles, Prince Of Tyre\" \"King Lear\" \"Love’s Labour’s Lost\" \"Twelfth Night\" \"Two Gentlemen Of Verona\" \"A Winter’s Tale\" \"Measure For Measure\" \"Cymbeline\" (\"The Two Noble Kinsmen\" is Missing) Cast Barry Purves - Will, a poor player (animation) Roger Rees - Peter, a Producer (voice) Production The film was commissioned by Channel 4 as part of a 5-part series of Aardman animations called \"Lip Synch\": Creature Comforts (1989), Going Equipped (1990), Ident (1990), Next (1990) and War Story (1989). Peter was voiced by Roger Rees and is reading one of Hall's books. The halo indicates that he represents Saint Peter, and that Shakespeare is auditioning to get into Heaven. The film references all of 37 Shakespeare plays. A clip of this short was shown in the 2003 documentary Animated Century. Critical reception On imdb, Next received a rating of 7.3/10 from 188 users. References External links Next on IMDB Excerpt on Vimeo Next on YouTube 1990 animated short films Films based on works by William Shakespeare 1990 films British animated short films 1990s English-language films 1990s British films Aardman Animations short films","title":"Next (1990 film)"},{"docid":"15622473","text":"Henry IV of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times. Literature Almost two hundred years after his death, Henry became the subject of two plays by William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2, as well as featuring prominently in Richard II. As the Earl of Derby, Henry is a character in Gordon Daviot's 1932 play Richard of Bordeaux. Henry appears in a historical novel by Henry Newbolt, The New June (1909). Ellis Peters's novel A Bloody Field by Shrewsbury (1972, US title The Bloody Field) revolves around the relationship between Henry, Prince Hal and Hotspur. Also in 1972, Martha Rofheart wrote a novel featuring Henry IV, Fortune Made His Sword (UK title Cry God For Harry). Henry is a supporting character in Georgette Heyer's 1975 historical novel My Lord John, which details the early life of his son, John of Lancaster. Anya Seton included Henry in her 1954 novel Katherine which depicted the relationship between Henry's father John of Gaunt and his eventual step-mother Katherine Swynford. Henry is a main character in Sara Douglass's The Crucible Trilogy, a work of historical fiction. Henry is the king in Howard Pyle's fictional Men of Iron. The protagonist's father's loyalty to Richard II is the reason that the family is in hiding for most of the book. Film Henry has been portrayed on screen by: Ian Keith in The Black Shield of Falworth (1954), with Tony Curtis John Gielgud in Chimes at Midnight (1965), a merger of several Shakespeare plays Carl Wharton in Henry IV - Part 2 (2012), a film by The Co-operative British Youth Film Academy. Ben Mendelsohn in The King (2019), a film by Netflix Television Henry has been portrayed a number of times on television, mainly in versions of Shakespeare's plays. In this context he has been played by: Clement McCallin in a BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1950) Kent Smith in an American version of Richard II (1954) Tom Fleming in the BBC series An Age of Kings (1960), which contained all the history plays from Richard II to Richard III Erik Hell in Henrik IV (1964), a Swedish version of Henry IV Hartmut Reck in König Richard II (1968), a West German version of Richard II Timothy West in another BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1970) Sándor Lukács in II. Richárd (1976), a Hungarian version of Richard II Jon Finch in the BBC Shakespeare version of King Richard the Second (1978) and both parts of Henry IV (1979) Michael Cronin in the BBC series The Wars of the Roses (1989), which included all of Shakespeare's history plays performed by the English Shakespeare Company Nikolai Lavrov in Richard Vtoroi (1992), a Russian version of Richard II Ronald Pickup in a BBC film, Henry IV (1995), a version of Henry IV, Part 1 Richard Bremmer in a British TV film, Richard II (1997) Veit Schubert in another German version of Richard II (2001)","title":"Cultural depictions of Henry IV of England"},{"docid":"62864913","text":"Robert Muller (1 September 1925 – 27 May 1998) was a German-born British journalist and screenwriter, who mainly worked in television. Since his father was Jewish, he emigrated to Britain in 1938 as a thirteen-year-old refugee from Nazi Germany. Selected works Film Woman of Straw (1964) The Beauty Jungle (1964) I'm an Elephant, Madame (1969) The Roaring Fifties (1983) Television London Playhouse: \"Jane Clegg\" (dir. Peter Cotes, 1956) Armchair Theatre: \"The Night Conspirators\" (Philip Saville, 1962) Armchair Theatre: \"Afternoon of a Nymph\" (1962) Armchair Theatre: \"Thank You and Goodnight\" (1962) Armchair Theatre: \"The Paradise Suite\" (1963) Playdate: \"The Night Conspirators\" (1963) Armchair Theatre: \"Pleasure Is Where She Finds It\" (Charles Jarrott, 1964) Story Parade: \"The World That Summer\" (Peter Sasdy, 1965) Armchair Mystery Theatre: \"Man and Mirror\" (Patrick Dromgoole, 1965) Armchair Theatre: \"A Cold Peace\" (Don Leaver, 1965) Mystery and Imagination: \"The Body Snatcher\" (Toby Robertson, 1966) ( and , 1966, TV miniseries) — based on a non-fiction book by The Wednesday Play: \"The Executioner\" (Michael Hayes, 1966) Die Unberatenen (Peter Zadek, 1966) — based on a novel by Out of the Unknown: \"The Prophet\" (Naomi Capon, 1967) — based on \"Reason\" by Isaac Asimov Armchair Theatre: \"Easier in the Dark\" (Don Leaver, 1967) Armchair Theatre: \"A World of Time\" (Don Leaver, 1967) Theatre 625: \"Henry IV\" (Michael Hayes, 1967) — based on Luigi Pirandello's Henry IV Haunted: \"After the Funeral\" (Don Leaver, 1967) The Wednesday Play: \"Death of a Private\" (James Ferman, 1967) — loosely based on Woyzeck Man in a Suitcase: \"The Bridge\" (Pat Jackson, 1967) Armchair Theatre: \"You and Me\" (Kim Mills, 1968) Nana (John Davies, 1968, TV miniseries) Mystery and Imagination: \"Frankenstein\" (Voytek, 1968) Out of the Unknown: \"Beach Head\" (James Cellan Jones, 1969) — based on a story by Clifford D. Simak Out of the Unknown: \"The Naked Sun\" (Rudolph Cartier, 1969) Mystery and Imagination: \"The Suicide Club\" (Mike Vardy, 1970) Take Three Girls (1971, TV series, 4 episodes) Bel Ami (John Davies, 1971, TV miniseries) — based on Guy de Maupassant's Bel-Ami Die Sonne angreifen (Peter Lilienthal, 1971) — based on a novel by Witold Gombrowicz Public Eye: \"Shades of White\" (Piers Haggard, 1971) Man of Straw (Herbert Wise, 1972, TV miniseries) — based on Der Untertan by Heinrich Mann Van der Valk und das Mädchen (Peter Zadek, 1972) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling The Song of Songs (Peter Wood, 1973, TV miniseries) (Wolfgang Petersen, 1973) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling Colditz: \"Chameleon\" (Philip Dudley, 1974) Fall of Eagles: \"Indian Summer of an Emperor\" (Donald McWhinnie, 1974) Omnibus: \"The Need for Nightmare\" (Harley Cokeliss, 1974) Churchill's People: \"The Lost Island\" (Philip Saville, 1975) — based on A History of the English-Speaking Peoples A Legacy (Derek Martinus, 1975, TV miniseries) Private Affairs: \"A Dream of Living\" (Philip Saville, 1975) Van der Valk und die Toten (, 1975) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling Ten from the Twenties: \"Motherlove\" (Mark Cullingham, 1975) — based on a story by","title":"Robert Muller (screenwriter)"},{"docid":"21602990","text":"\"The Juice Is Loose\" is the ninth episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 15, 2009. In the episode, Peter cashes in an old raffle ticket from 1989 and wins a golf outing with O. J. Simpson. When he befriends Simpson and brings him home to meet the family, the residents of Quahog are not as welcoming of Peter's new friend and try to force him out of town. The episode was written by Andrew Goldberg and directed by Cyndi Tang. According to Nielsen ratings, the episode was viewed in 7.21 million homes in its original airing. The episode received mixed reviews, with most criticism being directed towards the episode's use of a three-minute-long live-action segment of Conway Twitty. Series regular Mike Henry provided the voice of O. J. Simpson, Cathy Cahlin Ryan guest-starred as Fred Goldman's wife in a cutaway, and Jeff Bergman guest-starred as a parody of Homer Simpson. Plot According to an opening title card, this is one of several recently discovered \"lost episodes\" found in the Griffin family basement; it takes place in March 2007, prior to O. J. Simpson's September 2007 arrest for armed robbery. Lois goes to her book club and asks Peter to babysit Stewie. Instead, he invites Cleveland, Quagmire, and Joe and they all play Truth or Dare, which results in a make out session between Cleveland and Joe. After a fiasco involving Stewie attempting to fix their satellite TV, and getting stuck on the roof, due to Peter's lack of supervision, Brian tries to tell Peter but he does not listen and instead reads a magazine featuring Nick Jonas. After Peter starts a pillow fight that turns violent, Lois comes in after Cleveland accidentally punches her in the nose, angry at Peter for not watching Stewie, who has gotten stuck on the roof. Peter attempts to fix the satellite himself, at which point he comes across a raffle ticket from 1989 that he had forgotten to cash in, winning him a chance to play golf with a celebrity of his choice. Ultimately, he chooses O. J. Simpson. Unaware at first of Simpson's accusation for the murders of his wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman, he grows fearful after Joe convinces him to walk around town with the song \"Dust in the Wind\" while thinking about the murders. Ultimately deciding to cash in the ticket, his friends suggest he spy on Simpson during the golf game and try to get him to confess to the murders. Hooking Peter to a wire, his cover is blown when the device shorts out. Simpson laments having lost a chance of escaping the accusation. Feeling guilty, Peter decides that Simpson is actually innocent, and decides to befriend him. Peter brings Simpson home with him to meet the family, who are initially less tolerant of Simpson than Peter (except Stewie). Brian tries to tell Peter that he","title":"The Juice Is Loose"},{"docid":"10332190","text":"Cue for Treason (1940) is a children's historical novel written by Geoffrey Trease, and is his best-known work. The novel is set in Elizabethan England at the end of the 16th century. Two young runaways become boy actors, at first on the road and later in London, where they are befriended by William Shakespeare. They become aware of a plot against Queen Elizabeth's life and attempt to prevent it. Plot summary Peter Brownrigg, a 14-year-old boy who lives in Cumberland in the north of England, is involved in a night crime against the theft of his village's farmland by Sir Philip Morton. He leaves his village to escape prosecution for throwing a rock at Sir Philip Morton. He first goes to Penrith, but unexpectedly encounters Sir Philip at a performance of Richard III by a touring playing company. He hides from him in a prop coffin (supposed to contain the body of King Henry VI) which is later carried onto the company's cart. The players discover Peter hiding and the kindly Desmonds, who run the playing company, take him on as a boy actor. Another boy, Kit Kirkstone, also joins the company. Kit proves excellent at playing female roles while Peter acts as an understudy. After Peter's jealousy leads to a fight, he discovers Kit's secret. Kit is actually a girl in disguise, really called Katharine Russell, who is running away to avoid a forced marriage to Sir Philip, who is only interested in her inheritance. The company breaks up and the Desmonds promise to take Peter and Kit to a London theatre company. During their trip to London Mr. Desmond breaks his leg in a river accident and Kit almost reveals her true identity to a crowd of observers after swimming down the river to rescue Mr. Desmond, but Peter distracts everyone and saves her. Because of the results of Mr. Desmond's accident Peter and Kit carry on their journey alone. When they arrive in London they audition for Richard Burbage of the Lord Chamberlain's Men at The Theatre in Shoreditch, a neighborhood beyond the northern boundary of the City of London and outside of the jurisdiction of its civil authorities – and consequently an area notorious for licentious behaviour and gaming houses. After being initially turned away by Burbage, they are accepted as apprentices by the playwright William Shakespeare, who recognises Kit's acting ability and Peter's gift of mimicry. They perform in various plays and see Sir Philip in the audience during Romeo and Juliet. Peter's copy of Shakespeare's new play Henry V is stolen by the \"Yellow Gentleman\", and Kit and Peter worry that he plans to profit from the unpublished play. While stealing back the script, Peter overhears a discussion between the thief and another man, sounding very treasonous. He also notices an odd poem written on the script. They realise that some of the poem must be part of a code but have no idea how to decipher it. Peter and Kit take the poem","title":"Cue for Treason"},{"docid":"68354853","text":"William Henry Ellis is an English actor, voice artist and podcaster known for Great Expectations, Dragon Quest Swords, Queen of the Desert, Parade's End, The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler and EastEnders Early life and education Ellis is a British actor the son of Chris and Becky Ellis. He has two siblings, Adam Ellis and Laura Martin. Ellis trained at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). Career Theatre After graduating from LAMDA in 2005, Ellis starred in British-Asian writer Shan Khan's play Prayer Room at Birmingham Repertory Theatre directed by Angus Jackson. Ellis played 'Griffin', the self-righteous Christian group leader and Charles Spencer in The Daily Telegraph wrote 'William Ellis memorably nails the condescending certainty of charismatic Christianity'. Ellis then went on to play Benvolio in the Nuffield Theatre production of Romeo and Juliet that toured Barbados as part of Holder's Season in 2006. In 2007 he worked with the director Peter Gill at The Royal National Theatre on his production of The Voysey Inheritance. After a UK Tour playing Simon Bliss in Peter Hall's production of Hay Fever in 2008, he returned to work with Peter Gill again, as Algernon Moncreiff for his production of The Importance of Being Earnest. The play was performed at Vaudeville Theatre in London's West End. The play received a positive reception and Ellis's performance was described by The Hollywood Reporter as '...having flair'. Following The Importance of Being Earnest he has appeared as Sam Leadbitter in Theatre Royal, Bath's production of This Happy Breed and also played Prince Charming in Lyric Theatre's Cinderella. In 2015 Ellis starred alongside Olivia Poulet, playing 'Uncle Peck' in Paula Vogel's play How I Learned to Drive at Southwark Playhouse. Ellis's performance as the predatory uncle was described positively by The Evening Standard reviewer Henry Hitchings: 'William Ellis captures the discreet, almost courtly manner in which Peck wields his needy brand of destructiveness'. In 2019, Ellis starred in Frederick Knott's Dial M for Murder, playing the murdering ex-tennis player Tony Wendice at the New Vic Theatre. The play received positive reviews. Film and television Ellis began acting on screen in 2006 with small parts and in 2009 he portrayed Wiktor in The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler. In 2012 he took on the part of Compeyson in Mike Newell's Great Expectations and in 2015, he played The Earl of Chester in Queen of the Desert, directed by Werner Herzog. Further significant credits have included, Parade's End, Father Brown, 24: Live Another Day and The Crown. In 2023 he joined the cast of the BBC soap opera EastEnders, playing Theo Hawthorne, the former teacher of Freddie Slater (Bobby Brazier). A part that Ellis was nominated for \"Best Villain\" at the Inside Soap Awards 2023. Voice over Ellis has voiced a number of British commercials and was the voice of Toyota for their 2012 Paris Motor Show event: Stories of Better. In 2020 he narrated two self-help books for the life-coach and author Vernon Sankey, The Stairway to","title":"William Ellis (actor)"},{"docid":"25254582","text":"The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway is an account of the 1967–1968 season on and off-Broadway by American novelist and screenwriter William Goldman. It originally was published in 1969 and is considered one of the better books ever written on American theater. In The New York Times, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt called the book “Very nearly perfect...It is a loose-limbed, gossipy, insider, savvy, nuts-and-bolts report on the annual search for the winning numbers that is now big-time American commercial theatre.” Goldman reports in the book that he spent over 18 months of reporting on the book, seeing every show on Broadway, many of them more than once, as well as preview productions in the principal try-out towns like Boston, New Haven, and Washington, D.C. The book is presented roughly in chronological order throughout the season. It analyzes the Broadway audience and the economics of Broadway theatre at the time as well as the shows given during the season, and it profiles or interviews the significant theatrical personalities of the day. Plays The plays and musicals described include: A Day in the Death of Joe Egg by Peter Nichols starring Albert Finney and Zena Walker directed by Michael Blakemore A Minor Adjustment After the Rain by John Griffith Bowen Avanti! by Samuel Taylor Before You Go The Boys in the Band by Mart Crowley Brief Lives, starring Roy Dotrice By George starring Max Adrian about the letters of George Bernard Shaw Carry Me Back to Morningside Heights by Robert Alan Aurthur, directed by Sidney Poitier Daphne in Cottage D, starring Sandy Dennis and William Daniels Darling of the Day, starring Vincent Price Dr. Cook's Garden by Ira Levin, starring Burl Ives and Keir Dullea, originally directed by George C. Scott Eddie Fisher and Buddy Hackett at the Palace Everything in the Garden by Edward Albee George M! starring Joel Grey, directed by Joe Layton Golden Rainbow, starring Eydie Gormé and Steve Lawrence Hair Halfway Up the Tree by Peter Ustinov Happiness Is Just a Little Thing Called a Rolls Royce Henry, Sweet Henry by Bob Merrill and Nunnally Johnson with Don Ameche, directed by George Roy Hill Here's Where I Belong by Terrence McNally and others How Now, Dow Jones, directed by George Abbott, music by Elmer Bernstein How to Be a Jewish Mother I Never Sang for My Father by Robert Anderson with Lillian Gish I'm Solomon Johnny No-Trump by Mary Mercier Judy Garland \"At Home at the Palace\" with Judy Garland Keep It In the Family by Bill Naughton Leda Had a Little Swan with Michael J. Pollard Leonard Sillman's New Faces of 1968, produced by Leonard Sillman Loot by Joe Orton Mata Hari, directed by Vincente Minnelli, produced by David Merrick Mike Downstairs More Stately Mansions by Eugene O'Neill, starring Ingrid Bergman and Colleen Dewhurst, directed by Jose Quintero Plaza Suite by Neil Simon, starring George C. Scott and Maureen Stapleton, directed by Mike Nichols Portrait of a Queen Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard Soldiers by","title":"The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway"},{"docid":"47894242","text":"\"Entirely Beloved\" is the second episode of the BBC Two series Wolf Hall. It was first broadcast on 28 January 2015. Plot summary In December 1529, following Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's departure as Lord Chancellor, Thomas Cromwell gains favour from King Henry VIII and is sworn into the king's Privy Council. Cast Critical reception \"Entirely Beloved\" received positive reviews. The Daily Telegraph again gave the episode 5/5; Reviewer Jasper Reeves also praised Straughan's dialogue and Peter Kosminsky's directing, writing, \"It's like watching a chess grandmaster go around a room playing 20 challengers at once. The spectacle is dizzying, and the acting magnificent.\" Neela Debnath, writing for The Independent, compared the intrigue and scheming in Wolf Hall to that of Game of Thrones, writing, \"Game of Thrones fans tuning in to watch Wolf Hall might notice similarities between the politicking in King's Landing and Henry VIII's court – and they wouldn't be wrong.\" Debnath praised the lead actor, writing, \"Rylance continues to mesmerize as the man of questionable birth rising to become the king's right-hand man. His calm, collected and measured performance really has the audience rooting for him.\" In his review for The Guardian, John Sutherland praised writer Peter Straughan, who wrote the teleplay based on Hilary Mantel's original book: \"Straughan ... has been commendably faithful to Mantel while infusing new televisual life into the narrative. References External links \"Entirely Beloved\" at the BBC Wolf Hall (miniseries) episodes 2015 British television episodes Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Fiction set in 1529","title":"Entirely Beloved"},{"docid":"249596","text":"Henry Eric Beissel (born 12 April 1929 Cologne) is a writer and editor who has published 24 volumes of poetry, six books of plays, a non-fiction book on Canada, two anthologies of plays intended for use in high schools, and numerous essays and pieces of short fiction. Biography Henry Beissel was born in Cologne, Germany, and survived the second World war as a youth. He came to Canada in 1951. He first came to national attention with the controversial literary/political journal Edge (Edmonton 1963 – Montreal 1969). Beissel's internationally successful Inuk and the Sun (\"a mythic masterpiece\", Sherrill Grace) premiered at the Stratford Festival of Canada in 1973. This was followed by a U.S. premiere in 1977 at The Other Theatre in Chicago's Bernard Horwich Jewish Community Center with a musical score by Douglas L. Lieberman. The Other Theatre also commissioned Under Coyote's Eye and performed it at the Field Museum of Natural History. Beissel's work has been translated into many languages. Beissel had a long teaching career in English literature, and later in creative writing, which started as a teaching fellow at the University of Toronto. He taught at the University of Munich (1960–62), the University of Alberta (1962–64) and Concordia University (Montreal) (1966–96), from which he retired as distinguished emeritus professor of English. He lives with his wife, Arlette Francière, in Ottawa. Awards Beissel has received several awards. The first was the Norma Epstein Award for Creative Writing in 1958 at University of Toronto, and the last was the Walter-Bauer Literaturpreis, Merseburg (Germany), 1994. Selected bibliography New Wings for Icarus. Toronto: Coach House, 1966. A Different Sun (poems by Walter Bauer translated from the German). Ottawa: Oberon, 1976. Inuk and the Sun. Toronto: Gage, 1980. Under Coyote's Eye. Dunvegan, Ontario: Quadrant, 1980. Improvisations for Mr. X & the Noose. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant, 1989. Kanada. Romantik und Wirklichkeit (with photographs by Janis Kraulis). Innsbruck: Pinguin Verlag, 1981. Cantos North. Moonbeam, Ontario: Penumbra, 1982. Season of Blood. Toronto: Mosaic, 1984. A Thistle In His Mouth (poems by Peter Huchel translated from the German). Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant Books, 1987. The Noose & Improvisations for Mister X. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant, 1989. Dying I was Born. Waterloo, Ontario: Penumbra, 1992. Stones to Harvest. Gooderich, Ontario: Moonstone, 1993. Across the Sun's Warp. Ottawa: BuschekBooks, 2003. Plays The Curve, University of Alberta, 1963 A Trumpet For Nap, Little Angel Theatre, London, England. 1970 Are You Afraid of Thieves?, Universite du Quebec, 1973, La Troupe Brin'si Inook And The Sun, The Stratford Festival, Canada, 1973 For Crying Out Loud, Char-Lan Theatre Workshop, Williamstown, Ontario. 1975 Goya, Montreal Theatre Lab, 1976 Under Coyote's Eye, Other Theatre, Chicago, 1978 The Emigrants, Saidye Bronfman Centre, Montreal. 1981 Hedda Gabler, Saidye Bronfman Centre, Montreal. 1982 (translation) The Noose, University of Winnipeg, 1985The Glass Mountain'', University of Winnipeg, Manitoba. 1990 References External links Settlement and Survival: Henry Beissel's 'Cantos North' Henry Beissel's website Peace Networking with Professor Beissel by Koozma J. Tarasoff, Spirit-Wrestlers Blog, 17 March 2018. 1929 births 20th-century Canadian","title":"Henry Beissel"},{"docid":"8600471","text":"That Eye, the Sky is a 1986 novel by Australian author Tim Winton. It follows the young protagonist Morton 'Ort' Flack, as he struggles to cope with life in a small country town after his father is paralyzed in a serious car accident. After his father's accident, Ort is forced to step up and become the 'Man' of an increasingly complicated household. The situation becomes all the more convoluted with the introduction of the mysterious Henry Warburton, a dubious figure who says he has come to help. The story explores the theme of coming of age, and the complicated role religion plays in rural Australian life. Reviews The Publishers Weekly said of the book, \"The wrenching story... proves love like Ort's can prevail against hell itself\" The Los Angeles Times writes that, \"The great strength of the novel is in the way the grotesque contrasts and parallels in human life are spread out, examined and accepted.\" Film adaptations The film adaptation was directed by John Ruane and released in 1994. Ruane later said: I think the mistake I made with That Eye, the Sky is not to have more humour in it, because the book had a lot of humour. But, unfortunately, with the novel being written in the first person, a lot of the humour comes from the little boy interpreting the events and the situations he finds himself in and that he observes. So we are party to his sense of humour via his inner thoughts. When you pull that away, you have to come up with an orthodox third person approach. I really wish we had come up with more humour. The film was made by the company of Fred Schepisi who later claimed the film was bad: Because the director didn't know what he was doing or what side he was on. You've got to take a side. He went on an exploration. An exploration is all right but you've got to do it from a point of view. Actor Peter Coyote stated: That Eye, the Sky was masterfully made into a really lovely film by the director, but the producer abandoned them during the final edit, which resulted in a studio hack taking it over, cutting 40 minutes out and making it completely impenetrable. They blamed the director. Cast Peter Coyote as Henry Warburton Jamie Croft as Morton 'Ort' Flack Lisa Harrow as Alice Flack Amanda Douge as Tegwyn Flack Mark Fairall as Sam Flack Alethea McGrath as Grammar Flack Paul Sonkkila as Mr Cherry Louise Siversen as Mrs Cherry Jim Daly as Lawrence Wingham Play The book was adapted by Richard Roxburgh and Justin Monjo into the play That Eye, The Sky (by Justin Monjo, Richard Roxburgh, and Tim Winton) produced by Burning House Theatre Company, at Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia (6 January – 6 February 1994) and Playhouse Theatre, Melbourne (13 – 15 October 1994). There was a later production at the New Theatre, 15 March to 16 April 2016. A review of the","title":"That Eye, the Sky"},{"docid":"73896470","text":"Mary Singleton Copley Pelham (c. 1710 – April 29, 1789) was an Irish-American colonial settler. Her son was the artist John Singleton Copley. She operated a tobacco retail and wholesale business and taught education, art, and manners classes. By 1751, she had been widowed twice. Her sons, John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham were accomplished artists. She was step-mother to her second husband, Peter Pelham's five children. Early life Mary Singleton was born c. 1710 and was the daughter of Jane (Bruffel) Singleton and John Singleton. She had two siblings and lived in Quinville Abbey in County Clare, Ireland. Her Singleton ancestors came to Ireland in 1661 from Lancashire, England. Marriages and children Mary Singleton married Richard Copley in Ireland in about 1735, according to family tradition. Richard's father was likely Charles Copley, who was a sheriff of Limerick, an alderman, and one of the landed gentry. Their son, John Singleton Copley, was born on July 3, 1738. Within a year of their marriage or about the time of John's birth, the family immigrated to Boston of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Richard established a tobacco shop on Long Wharf. Richard died before May 6, 1748, when an inventory was taken of his estate. Mary and Peter Pelham were married at the Trinity Church in Boston on May 22, 1748, becoming Mary Singleton Copley Pelham, also known as Mary Pelham. Peter Pelham was a schoolmaster and an artist. He painted portraits and was a mezzotint engraver. They had a son together, Henry, born February 14, 1749, in Boston. Peter brought a daughter and four sons from his previous wives into the marriage. John had access to Peter Pelham's collection of prints, books, engraving equipment, and painting supplies as he grew up. He was also an apprentice to his step-father. Peter died in December 1751. Henry studied art under his half-brother John, with whom he was close. Henry then worked in John's studio making portraits and, about 1772, began painting miniature portraits. Pelham supported and nurtured her son's interest in art and was the matriarch of \"one of America's earliest art families\". John wrote after her death that he benefited from her support. Richard Klayment said that he \"wrote glowingly of her kindness, vitality, and importance to his artistic development.\" By 1753, John created a \"unique mezzotint\" and paintings. He painted portraits of Boston society. John married Susanna Clark, and they started their family. He traveled to Europe and studied in Italy from 1774 to 1775. In 1775, Susanna left Boston at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. She took three of her children, Elizabeth, John, and Mary, with her to London. Mary Pelham took in her infant grandchild, who died on January 19, 1776, of consumption. The child was age one and a few days. Her son Henry, a loyalist, joined the Copleys in London, leaving Boston in August 1776. Because of his loyalty to the King, Henry's business dropped off, and he","title":"Mary Singleton Copley Pelham"},{"docid":"13017891","text":"Stephen (James) Bennett (known as Stephen Bennett) is an English musician, writer and film maker born in Skelmersdale, Lancashire. He plays various keyboards, drums and the guitar. He first came to public attention in the band LaHost in the 1980s as part of the New wave of progressive rock who had headlined at the Marquee Club in London. Since the Lahost split, Bennett has pursued music careers with his own band The Fire Thieves, and worked with Tim Bowness and the band Henry Fool. He also sang and played keyboards on two of The Opium Cartel albums. He plays keyboards in No-Man with Steven Wilson and Tim Bowness. His 2014 collaboration with Tim Bowness, Abandoned Dancehall Dreams reached number 18 in the UK Rock Chart. A co-composed track from the album, Smiler at 50, was nominated for a Prog magazine award in 2014. Another collaboration with Tim Bowness, Stupid things that mean the world reached number 10 in the UK Rock Chart. Bennett co-composed the majority of the songs on Tim Bowness' 2017 album, Lost in the Ghost light as well as playing keyboards, guitar, editing, recording and preparing material for mixing by Steven Wilson. The album and its companion EP , Songs from the Ghost Light both charted in the UK in 2017. Lost In The Ghost Light reached No.5 in the official UK Rock chart, No.8 in the official UK progressive chart and won \"Album Cover of the Year\" at the 2017 Progressive Music Awards. In 2018, Bennett played on the new album by Twelfth Night's Clive Mitten, The Age of Insanity and is singer/guitarist/keyboard player and composer (with Ketil Vestrum Einarsen) in the band Galasphere 347. Their eponymous debut was released on Karisma records in July 2018. Bennett has also collaborated with Lady Sara Rönneke, David Torn, Hugh Hopper and David Picking. He has made music videos for Tim Bowness and Peter Chilvers and No-Man and has completed one narrative short film, The Perfect Number. He has written about Apple's Logic Pro Digital Audio Workstation software for Sound on Sound, amongst others, as well as several books on music technology for PC-Publishing. He writes for Audiomedia, Tape-op, Pro sound news and Electronic sound magazines. Select discography LaHost 'Erotic Antiques (UGUM MSI 1992) The Fire Thieves 'Slow dancing in the big city''' (Chaos 1991) The Fire Thieves 'Sweet (Chaos 1993) The Fire Thieves 'Clarity (Chaos 1997) SplatterCell (David Torn) Remiksis Ah' (CellDivide 200) henry fool 'henry fool'(K-Scope 2001) henry fool Pills in the Afternoon' (Piotr Kosinski compilation 2002) No-Man Together We're Stranger (Snapper 2003) – Director of the video of 'Things I want to tell you' included on the 5:1 re-release, 2007 Rhinoceros Tiny Ghosts (Burning Shed 2003) Tim Bowness My Hotel Year(One Little Indian 2004) No-Man Schoolyard Ghosts (K-Scope 2008) The Fire Thieves Back to Stereo (Chaos 2009) No-Man Love and Endings (K-Scope 2011) Henry Fool Men Singing(K-Scope 2014) The Opium Cartel Night Blooms (Termo Records 2009) The Opium Cartel Ardor (Termo Records 2014) Tim Bowness Abandoned","title":"Stephen James Bennett"},{"docid":"9222319","text":"Something of Value is a 1957 American drama film directed by Richard Brooks and starring Rock Hudson, Dana Wynter, and Sidney Poitier. The film was reissued under the title Africa Ablaze. The film, based on the book of the same name by Robert Ruark, portrays the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya. It shows the colonial and native African conflict caused by colonialism and differing views on how life should be lived. It stars Rock Hudson as the colonial and Sidney Poitier as the native Kenyan. The two men grew up together but have drifted apart at maturity. Plot In British-ruled Kenya in 1945, members of the Kikuyu tribe work peacefully for considerate white settler Henry McKenzie, abiding by colonial laws, as well as their own religious beliefs, which forbid any violence against the settlers. Both in their early twenties, Henry's son Peter and black worker Kimani are close friends, having been raised together as brothers since the death of Henry's wife. One day, when Kimani asks to use a rifle during a lion hunt, Peter's brother-in-law, Jeff Newton, slaps the black man and reminds him that he cannot have the gun nor can he continue his friendship with Peter. A humiliated Kimani disappears from the camp, but, after being injured when his foot is caught in a trap, is rescued by Peter, who carries him home on his back. Kimani suggests that they must assume the roles of master and serf, but Peter refuses to change their relationship. Back at the black settlement, Kimani's father Karanja orders the murder of one of the tribe's newborns, which was born feet first, a condition the tribe believes to be a curse. After Karanja is arrested and sentenced to jail, Henry argues with the Crown consul that if the whites continue to take away the tribal elders' authority, the tribe children will begin to disrespect their own way of life and, he warns, disrespect the colonial Christian God. When Henry, Peter and Kimani visit the elderly man in jail, Karanja gives Henry his sacred stone. Karanja then encourages Kimani to assume his position as headman at the farm, but Kimani refuses to spend his life working as a white man's slave. One night, moved by moral outrage at the injustices against his father, Kimani attends a secret meeting of the Mau Mau, a group of black men planning an insurrection. He is asked by leader Njogu to prove his fidelity by stealing rifles. After one of the Mau Mau kills a black houseboy during the robbery, Kimani, troubled by their methods of achieving freedom, threatens to leave. Njogu tells Kimani he must remain with them because the police will now connect him to the crime. Years later, in 1952, Peter, who now leads safaris to supplement the farm's dwindling income, welcomes Holly Keith, his betrothed, home after her years of studying abroad. As Kenya becomes increasingly tension-filled, Henry and other white settlers question the workers' wives about the sudden disappearance of many of","title":"Something of Value"},{"docid":"41448342","text":"The 12th-century ruler Empress Matilda has been depicted in various cultural media. Theatre, film and television Matilda is a character in Henry I of England, a play by Beth Flintoff, which was first performed in November 2016 at St James's Church, Reading. The drama follows the story of the three sons of William the Conqueror and ends with the early reign of her father Henry, including the time when Matilda became Empress by marrying Henry V of Germany. The narrative continues in Flintoff's play Matilda the Empress, first performed in 2017 at the same venue with Dani McCallum taking the lead part. It depicts Matilda's later life and The Anarchy period after Henry I's death when she and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. In the concluding part of Flintoff's trilogy, Henry II, which was first performed in October 2018 at Reading's Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin, Matilda is depicted attending the dedication of Reading Abbey over the Easter weekend of 1164. Matilda is also a character in Jean Anouilh's play Becket. In the 1964 film adaptation, she was portrayed by Martita Hunt. Alison Pill portrayed Matilda in the 2010 TV miniseries The Pillars of the Earth, an adaptation of Follett's novel. She was played by Brenda Bruce in the 1978 BBC TV series The Devil's Crown, which dramatised the reigns of her son and grandsons. Historical fiction Novels dealing with the civil war between Matilda and Stephen include: A Legend of Reading Abbey (1845) by Charles Macfarlane. The Fool by H. C. Bailey (1927), deals with Matilda's relationship with her son, Henry II. The Empress (1932) by Carola Oman Cecelia Holland, The Earl (1971) Graham Shelby, The Villains of the Piece (1972) (published in the US as The Oath and the Sword) E. L. Konigsburg, A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver (1973) Jean Plaidy, The Passionate Enemies, the third book of her Norman Trilogy (1976) The Brother Cadfael series by Ellis Peters (beginning in 1977 with A Morbid Taste for Bones) and the TV series made from them starring Sir Derek Jacobi. In these books Empress Matilda is referred to by her vernacular name, Empress Maud. Roberta Gellis, The Sword and the Swan (1977). Ken Follett, The Pillars of the Earth (1989) Ellen Jones, The Fatal Crown (1991) Sharon Penman, When Christ and His Saints Slept tells the story of the events before, during and after the civil war (1995) Haley Elizabeth Garwood, The Forgotten Queen (1997) Elizabeth Chadwick, Lady of the English (2012) Amy Mantravadi, The Girl Empress (2017), part of a series of novels telling Matilda's life story Gemma Lawrence, The Heirs of Anarchy (2020-2022), four book series See also Cultural depictions of Henry I of England Cultural depictions of Henry II of England Cultural depictions of Adelaide of Italy Cultural depictions of Theophanu Cultural depictions of Gisela of Swabia References Cultural depictions of Holy Roman Empresses Salian dynasty","title":"Cultural depictions of Empress Matilda"},{"docid":"6271672","text":"Philip van Wilder (Weldre, Welder, Wylder, Wyllender, de Vuildre, Wild, Wildroe; c. 1500 – February 24, 1554) was a Dutch lutenist and composer, active in England. Life and career Early years Like Peter van Wilder, who also worked in the Tudor court and was presumably related to him, Philip was probably born in Millam, near Wormhout, or in the nearby village of Wylder (\"Wilder\" in Dutch). His father may have been Mathis (Matthew) van Wilder, a lutenist from the court of Philip the Fair of Castile who also worked at the Tudor court from 1506 to 1517. It can be speculated that Peter and Philip were his two sons, and that he used his influence to secure court employment for them in England. It is not known when Philip arrived in England, but since Peter dated his residence in England from 1515, it is possible that the two travelled together. A note in Italian in the Jacobean scorebook anthology GB-Lbl Egerton 3665 describes Philip as \"Master Philip of Flanders, musician to King Henry VIII, who lived in England around the year 1520\". He was certainly in London by 1522, living in the parish of St Olave's Hart Street (close to the Tower of London) and having £60 \"in goodes\" and £48 \"in fees\". The court account books for the year 1525-26 describe him as \"mynstrell\"; he was later designated \"lewter\". Van Wilder steadily advanced his position at the Tudor court. By 1529 he was a member of the Privy chamber, the select group of musicians who played to the king in private. He was also active as a merchant, being given a licence to import Toulouse woad and Gascon wine, and in purchasing instruments for the court. He taught the lute to Princess (later Queen) Mary, who rewarded him with a gift on the occasion of his marriage to a woman named Frances in 1537. Later he also taught Prince Edward (later Edward VI), who wrote a letter to his father in 1546 thanking him for \"sending me your servant Philip, as excellent in music as he is noble ... that I might become more excellent in striking the lute\". Later years In 1539 Van Wilder became a denizen, which allowed him to own land. This enabled him to profit from the dissolution of the monasteries and engage in a number of lucrative property deals with the Crown. At various times he was granted leaseholds on former monastic properties in London, as well as in Middlemarsh (in the parish of Minterne Magna) and Littlebredy in Dorset, previously owned by Cerne Abbey. By 1540 he was a Gentleman of the Privy chamber, a prestigious position that enabled him to accept financial inducements to raise legal issues and private grievances with the King. At the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547 Van Wilder was Keeper of the Instruments and effectively head of the Court instrumental musical establishment, a post later known as Master of the King's Music. Van Wilder continued to","title":"Philip van Wilder"},{"docid":"84104","text":"Becket or The Honour of God (), often shortened to Becket, is a 1959 stage play written in French by Jean Anouilh. It is a depiction of the conflict between Thomas Becket and King Henry II of England leading to Becket's assassination in 1170. It contains many historical inaccuracies, which the author acknowledged. Background Anouilh's interpretation of the historical story, though often ironic, is more straightforward than T. S. Eliot's 1935 play on the same subject, Murder in the Cathedral, which was intended primarily as a religious treatment. However, there are one or two similarities in the interpretation. In the introduction to the play, Anouilh explained that he based it on a chapter of an old book he had bought because its green binding looked good on his shelves. He and his wife read the 30 pages about Thomas Becket, and she urged him to write a play about Thomas. He did so, finishing the first part in only 15 days. It was not until he showed the finished play to a friend that he found out the old book he had based it on was historically incorrect in certain important aspects. Having built his play on Becket being Saxon (when he was actually a Norman whose family was from near Caen and was called Becquet, Bequet or Becket in Old Norman), Anouilh could not recast the play to accord with historical facts, so he decided to let it stand. Aspects of the content that can safely be considered true are the conflicts between England and France, church and state, and the outline biography of Becket. Synopsis The play is a re-enactment of the conflicts between King Henry II and Thomas Becket as the latter (Henry's best friend) ascends to power, becoming the king's enemy. Becket begins as a clever, but hedonistic, companion; as a result of being created Archbishop of Canterbury, he is transformed into an ascetic who does his best to preserve the rights of the church against the king's power. Ultimately, Becket is slaughtered by several of the king's nobles; and lastly we find the king thrust into penance for the episcopicide. Stage productions The play was first performed in the original French at the Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty in Paris on 8 October 1959 and in an English translation on Broadway in 1960. The original Parisian production was directed by Roland Piétri, and starred Bruno Cremer as Thomas Becket and Daniel Ivernel as King Henry II. Broadway The first Broadway production premiered on 5 October 1960 at the St. James Theatre. It was produced by David Merrick and directed by Peter Glenville, and starred Laurence Olivier as Thomas Becket and Anthony Quinn as King Henry II. The production was nominated for five Tony Awards and won four, including Best Play. The play later transferred to the Royale Theatre and then to the Hudson Theatre. It was wrongly believed that during the run Quinn and Olivier switched roles, with Quinn playing Becket to Olivier's King. In fact, Quinn","title":"Becket"},{"docid":"1640791","text":"The Guinness Book of Records lists 410 feature-length film and TV versions of William Shakespeares plays, making Shakespeare the most filmed author ever in any language. , the Internet Movie Database lists Shakespeare as having writing credit on 1,800 films, including those under production but not yet released. The earliest known production is King John from 1899. Comedies All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing The Taming of the Shrew Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Histories Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Henry VIII King John Richard II Richard III Romances Pericles Cymbeline The Winter's Tale The Tempest Other Shakespeare as a character Acting Shakespeare Television series NOTE: \"ShakespeaRe-Told\", \"The Animated Shakespeare\" and \"BBC Television Shakespeare\" series have been covered above, under the respective play performed in each episode. Playing Shakespeare (TV, UK, 1979–1984) began as two consecutive episodes of the UK arts series The South Bank Show, and developed into a nine-part series of its own. It features director John Barton, then a leading light of the Royal Shakespeare Company, putting a host of actors through their paces. Many of those actors are now household names, including Judi Dench, Michael Pennington, Patrick Stewart, Ben Kingsley, David Suchet and Ian McKellen. The episodes were: The South Bank Show: \"Speaking Shakespearean Verse\" The South Bank Show: \"Preparing to Perform Shakespeare\" 1. \"The Two Traditions\" 2. \"Using the Verse\" 3. \"Language and Character\" 4. \"Set Speeches and Soliloquies\" 5. \"Irony and Ambiguity\" 6. \"Passion and Coolness\" 7. \"Rehearsing the Text\" 8. \"Exploring a Character\" 9. \"Poetry and Hidden Poetry\" Three further episodes were filmed but never edited or screened. They were to be called \"Using the Prose\", \"Using the Sonnets\" and \"Contemporary Shakespeare\". Their text can be read in the book \"Playing Shakespeare\" by John Barton. The Shakespeare Sessions (USA 2003): An American spin-off from Playing Shakespeare (above) in which John Barton directs notable American actors in Shakespeare scenes. Conjuring Shakespeare (TV, UK, 199?): A series of half-hour documentaries hosted by Fiona Shaw, each episode dealing with scenes from a particular play. In Search of Shakespeare (TV, UK, 2003): A BBC documentary series of four 1-hour episodes, chronicling the life of William Shakespeare, written and presented by Michael Wood. Slings & Arrows (TV, Canada, 2003–2006): A Canadian comedy drama set in the New Burbage Shakespeare Festival, a fictional Shakespearean festival in a small town in Canada comparable to the real-life Stratford Shakespeare Festival. With its entire run written by Susan Coyne, Bob Martin and Mark McKinney, directed by Peter Wellington, and starring Paul Gross, Martha Burns and Stephen Ouimette, it aired in","title":"List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations"},{"docid":"47222872","text":"St Mary and St Peter's Church is an active Anglican parish church in the village of Barham near Ipswich. It contains a Henry Moore statue of Madonna and the Child originally held at St Peter, Claydon. It is in the deanery of Bosmere, part of the archdeaconry of Ipswich, and the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. History A church is recorded as being within the village of Barham in the Domesday Book. Architectural features in the tower of long-and-short work (or quoins), which is typical of Anglo-Saxon architecture, suggests the church dates from Saxon times. It was known as St Mary from at least 1538, when the parishioners included the inhabitants of Barham Green. In 1975, the parish extended to include the village of Claydon, and when St Peter's Church in Claydon was officially made redundant, St Mary was retitled as St Mary and St Peter. Monuments The best-known monument in the church is that of the Henry Moore statue of Madonna and Child originally held at St Peter's Church, Claydon. Crafted as a war memorial in commemoration for those in the village who died in the Second World War it was moved to St Mary after the closure of St Peter. Other monuments and brasswork have been part of the church but were removed or destroyed over the course of its history. In the chancel of the church were monuments to Jon Southwell, grandfather to Thomas Bedingfield as well as a tomb used for the burial of an unnamed inhabitant of the local estate of Shrubland Hall. Current status St Mary and St Peter's Church was listed at Grade I on 9 December 1955. Communion services, using the Book of Common Worship are offered on every Sunday morning at 8am except on the fifth Sunday of a month. On the first Sunday of each month a shorter communion service based on the Book of Common Worship is held at 10am, on the second and fourth Sundays a full communion service is held at 10am. On the third Sunday of each month at 10am a community worship service is held. This service is aimed at a wider age range of the congregation including families with children, adults and those with little or no experience of the Church. The services are often run by community groups or local charitable organisations otherwise unaffiliated with the Church itself. Where a 5th Sunday falls within a month a family communion service is held at one of the three parishes served by the same parish grouping. One in three of these is held at St Mary and St Peter; the others being held at St Mary's Church, Great Blakenham or St Peter's Church, Henley. Notable clergy William Kirby 1782–1850 Entomologist See also Grade I listed buildings in Suffolk References Church of England church buildings in Suffolk Grade I listed churches in Suffolk","title":"St Mary and St Peter's Church, Barham"},{"docid":"8516003","text":"Darling of the Day is a musical with a book by Nunnally Johnson, lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, and music by Jule Styne. It is based on Arnold Bennett's novel Buried Alive and his play The Great Adventure. Patricia Routledge won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance in the 1968 Broadway production. Synopsis In 1905 London, Priam Farll is an artist, brilliant, unconventional and shy, although he can be violently outspoken. He once offended Queen Victoria and was exiled to the South Pacific (shades of Gauguin), but Edward VII has succeeded to the throne, and Farll has been recalled to London to receive a knighthood. Appalled by \"society's\" expectations of its \"darling of the day\" (a common Victorian/Edwardian term meaning something like \"fashionable celebrity\") Farll seizes the chance to \"get out of the world alive\" when his faithful butler Henry Leek suddenly dies, and their identities are confused by an official. Instead of correcting the error, Farll quietly assumes the identity of the deceased, and Leek's corpse is officially buried in Westminster Abbey as the famous artist. He soon finds himself married to Alice Challice, a bright, well-to-do widow who had been corresponding with the real Henry Leek – and settles down to a happy \"upper working class\" existence. Farll continues to paint, and when his wife runs into financial difficulties he sells a few paintings. Complications naturally ensue, and his \"cover\" becomes increasingly flimsy. Just as it looks as if he will be compelled to resume his real identity, a piece of truly Gilbertian nonsense brings all to a satisfactory conclusion, and he is allowed to stay plain Henry Leek after all. Original cast and characters Song list Act I Mad For Art - Chorus He's A Genius - Oxford, Priam, Henry To Get Out Of This World Alive - Priam It's Enough To Make A Lady Fall In Love - Alice, Alf, Bert, Chorus A Gentleman's Gentleman - Company Double Soliloquy - Priam & Alice Let's See What Happens - Alice & Priam Panache - Oxford & Lady Vale I've Got A Rainbow Working For Me - Priam & Chorus Money, Money, Money - Alf, Bert, Sydney That Something Extra Special - Alice Act II What Makes a Marriage Merry - Company He's A Genius (Reprise) - Oxford & Chorus Not On Your Nellie - Chorus Sunset Tree - Priam & Alice Butler In The Abbey - Priam & Chorus Not On Your Nellie (Reprise) - Company An original cast recording was released by RCA Victor. Production history There had been discussions since 1964 to turn the novel Buried Alive into a musical. The book was first written by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall, with Peter Wood to direct and Geraldine Page to star, from lyrics by E.Y. Harburg and music by Jules Styne (who had suggested Harburg). However then S. N. Behrman wrote a new book, and Albert Marre was hired to direct. Fred Saidy also worked on the book Eventually","title":"Darling of the Day"},{"docid":"32593748","text":"Bill Russell (born 1949) is an American librettist and lyricist. Among his stage musicals are Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens and Side Show, which was nominated for the Tony Award as Best Musical. Career Russell's first musical to be produced is Fortune, which ran Off-Broadway at the Actors' Plahouse from April 27, 1980 to November 23, 1980. Ronald Melrose wrote the music, with Russell writing the book and lyrics. The musical director and arranger was Janet Hood; they have gone on to write several musicals together. The musical concerned four performers who were headed to be stars. According to The New York Times reviewer, John Corry, it \"marked the maturity of the gay musical\", and he commended the \"literate\" lyrics. Russell wrote the book and lyrics for the song cycle Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens, with music by Janet Hood, which originally ran Off-Off-Broadway in 1990 and in the West End in 1993. It played a benefit concert in 2001. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Pageant with Frank Kelly; the music is by Albert Evans, and conception by Robert Longbottom. The musical, which has an all-male cast that plays beauty queens premiered Off-Broadway at the Blue Angel in 1991, and subsequently ran Off-Broadway at New World Stages in 2013, as well as engagements in London (2000) and Australia. He wrote the concert adaptation of the musical Call Me Madam for the New York City Center Encores! staged concert series, which was presented in February 1995 and starred Tyne Daly. Russell write the book and lyrics for the musical Side Show (music by Henry Krieger), which ran on Broadway in 1997. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Up in The Air, with music by Henry Krieger, conceived and directed by Amon Miyamoto. It premiered at the Kennedy Center in February 2008. The musical is suggested by a Japanese story, about Boonah, the tree-climbing frog. He wrote the lyrics and book with Jeffrey Hatcher for the musical Lucky Duck, with music by Henry Krieger. It premiered Off-Broadway at the New Victory Theater in March 2012. The musical starts where the fairy tale \"The Ugly Duckling\" ends, \"showing what happens once one becomes beautiful.\" It premiered at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California, in 2000, then called Everything's Ducky. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical The Last Smoker in America, with music by Peter Melnick. The musical opened Off-Broadway in August 2012. Russell and Janet Hood have teamed again to write the musical Unexpected Joy, which received private readings in March 2012. The musical is the story of four women and was directed by Sheryl Kaller. Honors and awards Russell received a 1998 Tony nomination for Side Show for Best Book and shared a nomination with composer Henry Krieger for Best Score. The show was nominated as Best Musical. Everything's Ducky received the Will Glickman Award for Best New Play (in the San Francisco Bay Area) in 2001 and Garland Awards","title":"Bill Russell (lyricist)"},{"docid":"20940966","text":"Allahakbarries was an amateur cricket team founded by author J. M. Barrie, and was active from 1890 to 1913. The team's name was a portmanteau of Barrie's name and the mistaken belief that 'Allah akbar' meant 'Heaven help us' in Arabic (rather than its true meaning: 'God is great'). Notable figures to have featured for the side included Rudyard Kipling, H. G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, P. G. Wodehouse, G. K. Chesterton, Jerome K. Jerome, A. A. Milne, E. W. Hornung, Henry Justice Ford, A. E. W. Mason, Walter Raleigh, E. V. Lucas, Maurice Hewlett, Owen Seaman, Bernard Partridge, Augustine Birrell, Paul Du Chaillu, Henry Herbert La Thangue, George Cecil Ives, and George Llewelyn Davies, as well as the son of Alfred Tennyson. Barrie wrote a 40-page book on his team, Allahakbarries C.C., which was published privately in 1890 and in a revised version in 1899. It was reprinted in 1950 with a foreword by Donald Bradman. These rare books are now highly sought by collectors. Barrie's enthusiasm for the game eclipsed his talent for it; asked to describe his bowling, he replied that after delivering the ball he would go and sit on the turf at mid-off and wait for it to reach the other end which \"it sometimes did\". The team played for the love of the game, rather than the results it achieved, and Barrie was generous in his praise for his teammates and opposition alike. He praised one teammate's performance by observing that \"You scored a good single in the first innings but were not so successful in the second\" while he lauded the opposition's effort by pointing out how \"You ran up a fine total of 14, and very nearly won\". He instructed Bernard Partridge, an illustrator from Punch magazine who was afflicted with a lazy eye, to \"Keep your eye on square leg\" while bowling, and told square leg, \"when Partridge is bowling, keep your eye on him.\" He forbade his team to practise on an opponent's ground before a match because \"this can only give them confidence\". The book notes that his most calamitous performance was being clean-bowled by the American actress Mary Anderson in the 1897 Test match against the village of Broadway, in the Cotswolds. Peter Pan's First XI: The Extraordinary Story of J. M. Barrie's Cricket Team, written by Kevin Telfer, was published in 2011. References External links Peter Pan at play BBC News, 7 May 2010: 'How Peter Pan's author invented celebrity cricket' Club cricket teams in England 1890 establishments in England 1913 disestablishments in England","title":"Allahakbarries"},{"docid":"68354664","text":"The twentieth season of Family Guy aired on Fox from September 26, 2021, to May 22, 2022. the twentieth season aired as a part of the show's 20th anniversary. The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family, consisting of father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie, and the family dog Brian, who reside in their hometown of Quahog. During this season, the Griffin men spend a day with Stewie's rival Doug (LASIK Instinct), Peter has a secret meal affair with Bonnie (Cootie & The Blowhard), the Griffins must cover the death of a pizza delivery man and deliver pizzas to the rest of Quahog (The Lois Quagmire), Lois and Carter attend the funeral of Lois' old babysitter (Peterschmidt Manor), Meg becomes a getaway driver and dates a robber (Hard Boiled Meg), Stewie helps Chris put on a school play for Romeo + Juliet (The Jersey Bore), and Peter and Chris go on a road trip to Canada to prove the existence of Chris' girlfriend (Girlfriend, Eh?). This season also featured a cameo from Mike Judge, who reprised his role as Hank Hill from the American television series King of the Hill, who previously cameoed in Season 18 as Beavis and Butt-Head. Season twenty premiered the run of the nineteenth production season, which is executive produced by Seth MacFarlane, Alec Sulkin, Richard Appel, Steve Callaghan, Danny Smith, Kara Vallow, Mark Hentemann, Tom Devanney, and Patrick Meighan. Sulkin and Appel returned as the series' showrunners. The season premiered on ITV2 (UK) Monday 8 August 2022. Production On September 23, 2020, Fox announced that Family Guy had been renewed for a twentieth and twenty-first season, ensuring that the series would last another two years. This season also marks the first full season of the series in which Cleveland Brown is voiced by Arif Zahir, following Mike Henry's departure from the role. Henry continues to voice Herbert and other characters. Before the premiere, Henry sent a video on Twitter saying that he was \"handing the torch\" onto Zahir and said a farewell message in Cleveland's voice. Starting with \"Rock Hard\", long-time recurring actor Patrick Warburton was promoted to the main cast. 20th anniversary Fox celebrated the twentieth season with a special digital panel, with a promotional trailer unveiled during the San Diego Comic-Con 2021 Virtual Convention, teasing clips from the season. In commemoration, FXX set a near full series marathon of all 19 seasons of the show, running from December 25, 2021, to January 2, 2022. A promotional PSA short made to promote COVID-19 vaccines was released on September 21, 2021. MacFarlane himself remarked on the show's milestone. In addition, sweepstakes were held by TBS where entrees had a chance to win T-shirts, Mugs and Blankets. as well as a re-release of the book, \"Family Guy: An Illustrated History\". Release The season premiered on September 26, 2021, airing on Sundays as part of Fox's Animation Domination programming block, along with The Simpsons, Bob's Burgers, Duncanville and The Great North. In Canada, the","title":"Family Guy season 20"},{"docid":"10141286","text":"Hondo & Fabian is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Peter McCarty. It was released by Henry Holt & Co. in 2002 for ages 2-5. The book follows a day in the life of a dog, Hondo, and a cat, Fabian. Hondo goes on an adventure to the beach and Fabian stays at home with the baby. The story is told through minimal and simple present-tense text and complemented with warm and soft illustrations drawn in pencil and watercolor. Hondo & Fabian was very well received and was recognized with multiple awards including a Caldecott Honor. A sequel, Fabian Escapes, was released in 2007. Plot The characters included in this book are Hondo the dog, Fabian the cat, a little girl referred to as “the baby,” and Fred - Hondo’s friend who is also a dog. The book begins with Hondo and Fabian asleep at home, Fabian on the windowsill and Hondo on the floor. The pets are awakened and the reader is informed that Hondo will have an adventure and Fabian will stay home. Hondo heads to the beach in a 1940s-style car with his head out the window and his ears flapping in the wind. At the beach, he meets Fred and they run around in the sand and jump in the waves together. Meanwhile, Fabian is at home “playing” with the baby, depicted by an illustration of a small girl standing up and holding the cat. Fabian then escapes the grasp of the baby and moves to the bathroom to pull apart a roll of toilet paper. At the beach, Hondo gets hungry and wishes that he could take fish from a bucket that a fisherman has just caught. At home, Fabian is also hungry and wishes he could eat a turkey sandwich sitting on the counter. Hondo then returns from the beach in time for dinner and the two pets eat their food side by side. Fabian returns to the windowsill and Hondo returns to the floor where they fall asleep for the night. The book concludes with an illustration of the little girl in bed and text that reads “Good night, baby!”. Illustrations Hondo & Fabian is known for its unique illustrations drawn in pencil and watercolor. The illustrations show the world of Hondo and Fabian with soft and fuzzy edges, blending light and colors seamlessly and smoothly. Peter McCarty draws Hondo in shades of brown, cream, and white and Fabian in white with gray and dark gray stripes on the top of his back and head. The book consists of warm, sepia-toned pages, with each illustration having its own page with minimal text on the blank page next to it. Reception Hondo & Fabian received many positive reviews and won a Caldecott Honor, which is given to the runners-up for the Caldecott medal awarded by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). The book was one of three recipients of the Caldecott Honor in 2003. The book received positive reviews from","title":"Hondo & Fabian"},{"docid":"33436039","text":"Lulu Hunt Peters (1873–1930) was an American medical doctor and writer who wrote a featured newspaper column entitled Diet and Health, which she followed up with a best-selling book, Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories. She was the first person to widely popularize the concept of counting calories as a method of weight loss. It was also the first weight-loss book to become a bestseller. Early life and education Lulu E. Hunt was one of three children born to Thomas and Alice Hunt of Milford, Maine. She attended the Maine State Normal School in Castine before moving to California. She married Louis H. Peters in Los Angeles in 1899, and in 1909 graduated as a Doctor of Medicine from the University of California. Career For a number of years, Dr. Hunt wrote a featured newspaper column entitled Diet and Health for the Central Press Association, which supplied content for about 400 newspapers nationwide. In 1918, she published the diet book Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories, named after and based on her column and with illustrations by her nephew, Dawson Hunt Perkins (1907-1976), son of Henry Addison Perkins, Jr. and Anna Lydia Hunt). It presented the concept of calorie reduction as the best form of weight loss/watching weight to American women, who were wanting to conform to the new-found body image \"thin is in\". Along with presenting a solution for American women, Peters suggested that weight control was an active form of patriotism in the context of World War I. She suggested that dieting meant having complete self-control and recommended that women organize Watch Your Weight Anti-Kaiser Classes to obtain it. Peters followed her own advice/health regimens and credited them, along with her regular attendance at women's suffragist rallies, for her health and self-sufficiency. Shortly after her book was published, Peters traveled to Bosnia, where she served with the Red Cross. When she returned to the United States, she was pleasantly surprised to learn that she was a best-selling author. She published a later edition describing her life after the book. Beginning in 1922, Peters became a radio lecturer, giving a series of talks about diet and health over station WJZ, then in Newark NJ. She continued to give radio health talks for the next several years. In addition, she also was a popular public speaker, giving motivational talks all over the United States, including at facilities that specialized in weight loss. And she made informational pamphlets available to the readers of her syndicated columns; those who sent for these pamphlets received Peters's strategies for how to successfully lose weight. In 1930, while on a trip by steamship to a medical conference in London, she became ill with neuralgia, and her condition worsened during the trip. She died of pneumonia in late June, 1930. She was survived by her former husband Louis H. Peters. Her book remains in circulation and is still quoted today. Diet and Health: With Key to the Calories Having grown up a","title":"Lulu Hunt Peters"},{"docid":"13301746","text":"Peter Short (died 1603) was an English printer based in London in the later Elizabethan era. He printed several first editions and early texts of Shakespeare's works. Career Short became a \"freeman\" (full member) of the Stationers Company on 1 March 1589, and operated his own business from that year until his death; he was partnered with Richard Yardley until 1593. His shop was at the sign of the star on Bread Street Hill. About a third of his titles involved translations from Latin or contemporary European languages. Short began publishing music in 1597; he issued Thomas Morley's A Plaine and Easy Introduction and both Canzonets, Dowland's First Book of Songs, Holborne's Cittharn School, and Hunnis's Seven Sobs. Short used type which was passed on and used by his successors (Humphrey Lownes, James Young). In an era when the functions of publisher and printer were often largely (though not entirely) separate, Short was primarily a printer and only secondarily a publisher; he printed just over 170 works in his career, and the publishers of about 100 are known. Short likely published a good portion of the others himself. Works Apart from Shakespeare's works, Short's most important printing tasks were: the famous 1600 first edition of William Gilbert's De Magnete; the 1601 edition of the Annals of John Stow; and the completion of the fifth edition (1597) of the Acts and Monuments, or Book of Martyrs of John Foxe. He also printed the first edition (1600) of Marlowe's translation of Lucan's Pharsalia for Thomas Thorpe. In music publishing, Short was responsible for printing John Dowland's First Booke of Songes or Ayres, the most successful music anthologyy of the era, as well as Thomas Morley's important theoretical treatise A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Musicke, both printed in 1597 Regarding Shakespeare, Short printed: The first quarto of Henry VI, Part 3 (1595), for publisher Thomas Millington. This was the \"bad quarto,\" the early alternative text of Shakespeare's play known as The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York. The first quarto of Henry IV, Part 1 (1598), for Andrew Wise. The second edition of The Rape of Lucrece (1598), for John Harrison. This was the first edition of that poem in octavo rather than quarto format (O1). The fifth edition of Venus and Adonis (1599), for William Leake; the third octavo edition (O3). For Cuthbert Burby, Short printed Palladis Tamia (1598) by Francis Meres, a book that contains an important early reference to Shakespeare and a list of his plays performed up to 1598. Short printed a few non-Shakespearean play texts as well: For Burby, Short printed Q1 and Q2 of The Taming of a Shrew (1594, 1596), the early alternative version of Shakespeare's The Shrew. For William Ponsonby, he printed the closet drama Antony (1595), translated from the French of Robert Garnier by the Countess of Pembroke. For Simon Waterson, he printed the third, 1598 edition of Samuel Daniel's Cleopatra. And for William Holme, Short printed one of the three editions","title":"Peter Short (printer)"},{"docid":"2201413","text":"Peter Blegvad (born August 14, 1951) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, writer, and cartoonist. He was a founding member of German/English avant-pop band Slapp Happy, which later merged briefly with Henry Cow, and has released many solo and collaborative albums. He is the son of Lenore and Erik Blegvad, who were respectively, a children's book author and illustrator. Biography Early years Peter Blegvad's life began in America – he was born in New York City and originally raised in Connecticut. When he was 14, the Blegvad family moved to England in 1965, unhappy with the social climate of America following the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the threat posed by the Vietnam draft to Peter and his younger brother Kristoffer. Blegvad was educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth, a boarding school where he met his musical collaborator Anthony Moore. Moore and Blegvad played in various bands during their schooldays, alongside fellow musicians such as Neil Murray (then a drummer, later a well-known hard rock bass guitarist). Slapp Happy and Henry Cow In 1972, Blegvad followed the itinerant Moore to Hamburg, Germany, where the two formed the avant-pop trio Slapp Happy with Dagmar Krause. Slapp Happy recorded two albums for Polydor Germany with krautrock group Faust as their backing band. Polydor released the first, Sort Of in 1972, but rejected the second, Casablanca Moon. Blegvad had got to known Faust due to playing with them at their base in Wümme, and would subsequently go on tour with them in the UK, playing guitar as a live band member. This in turn put him in contact with Faust's tourmates, the avant-rock group Henry Cow, with whom he was \"soon making all sorts of plans\". The rejection of Casablanca Moon prompted Slapp Happy to relocate to London where they signed up with Virgin Records and re-recorded Casablanca Moon, released in 1974 by Virgin as Slapp Happy. (The original Casablanca Moon was later released by Recommended Records as Acnalbasac Noom in 1980.) In 1974, Slapp Happy merged briefly with Henry Cow, recording two albums in 1975, Desperate Straights and In Praise of Learning. Shortly after recording In Praise of Learning, first Moore and then Blegvad left Henry Cow due to incompatibilities with the other musicians in the group. Blegvad has confessed that the technical demands of Henry Cow's music were beyond him (\"It was discovered – not to my surprise – that I actually couldn't play Henry Cow music. The chords and the time signatures were too complicated. And... just generally, Anthony and I felt kinda lost...\") but it was also clear that there were crucial differences in artistic approach. Blegvad would later reveal (in an interview for the Hearsay fanzine) that \"the piece that got me kicked out was \"Living in the Heart of the Beast\". I was assigned the task for the collective to come up with suitable verbals, and I wrote two verses about a woman throwing raisins at a pile of bones. Tim Hodgkinson just said, I'm sorry, this","title":"Peter Blegvad"},{"docid":"3477069","text":"Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-and-Rock 'N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood is a book by Peter Biskind, published by Simon & Schuster in 1998. Easy Riders, Raging Bulls is about the 1960s and 1970s Hollywood, a period of American film known for the production of such films such as The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, The French Connection, Chinatown, Taxi Driver, Jaws, Star Wars, The Exorcist, and The Last Picture Show. The title is taken from films which bookend the era: Easy Rider (1969) and Raging Bull (1980). The book follows Hollywood on the brink of the Vietnam War, when a group of young Hollywood film directors known as the \"movie brats\" are making their names. It begins in the 1960s and ends in the 1980s. The book was the basis of a 2003 documentary film of the same name directed by Kenneth Bowser and narrated by actor William H. Macy. It was screened out of competition at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 100% based on reviews from 8 critics. Profiles and interviews Profiled in the book Robert Altman Hal Ashby Luke Askew Gerald Ayres Warren Beatty Peter Bogdanovich Francis Ford Coppola Brian De Palma Robert Evans Peter Fonda William Friedkin Buck Henry Dennis Hopper Amy Irving George Lucas Marcia Lucas John Milius Jack Nicholson Polly Platt Bob Rafelson Bert Schneider Leonard Schrader Paul Schrader Martin Scorsese Cybill Shepherd Don Simpson Steven Spielberg Robert Towne Interviewed in the film Dede Allen Peter Bart Tony Bill Karen Black Peter Bogdanovich Ellen Burstyn Roger Corman Micky Dolenz Richard Dreyfuss Peter Fonda Carl Gottlieb Jerome Hellman Monte Hellman Dennis Hopper Willard Huyck Stanley Jaffe Henry Jaglom Gloria Katz Margot Kidder Laszlo Kovacs Kris Kristofferson Mardik Martin Mike Medavoy Sylvia Miles John Milius Charles Mulvehill David Newman Arthur Penn Michael Phillips David Picker Polly Platt Albert S. Ruddy Jennifer Salt Andrew Sarris Paul Schrader Cybill Shepherd Jonathan Taplin Joan Tewkesbury Fred Weintraub Gordon Willis Rudy Wurlitzer Vilmos Zsigmond Controversy and criticism Several of the film-makers profiled in the book have criticized Biskind. Robert Altman denounced both the book and Biskind's methods, saying \"It was hate mail. We were all lured into talking to this guy because people thought he was a straight guy but he was filling a commission from the publisher for a hatchet job. He's the worst kind of human being I know.\" Francis Ford Coppola was similarly critical, alleging that Biskind interviewed only people with negative opinions of him. Critic Roger Ebert noted that Steven Spielberg said of Easy Riders, Raging Bulls that: \"Every single word in that book about me is either erroneous or a lie.\" Ebert himself notes that: \"Biskind has a way of massaging his stories to suit his agenda.\" When asked about Biskind's portrayal of him as \"a womanizer, a tyrant and a bully,\" William Friedkin said: \"I've actually never read the book, but I've talked to some of my friends who are portrayed in it, and we","title":"Easy Riders, Raging Bulls"},{"docid":"22349277","text":"Brighty of the Grand Canyon is a 1953 children's novel by Marguerite Henry and a 1966 film of the same name based on the novel. They present a fictionalized account of a real-life burro named \"Brighty\", who lived in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River from about 1892 to 1922.{{cite book|title=Brighty: Of the Grand Canyon|isbn=0689714858|last1=Henry|first1=Marguerite|year=1953|publisher=Simon and Schuster }} Book and film Henry penned her novel after she read an article about Brighty in Sunset Magazine''. It won the 1956 William Allen White Children's Book Award. Thomas McKee, the former manager of Wiley's Camp on the North Rim of the Canyon, read Henry's novel and wrote to express his interest in the book. McKee told Henry that his son, Bob, was Brighty's closest companion. He sent Henry a photograph of young Bob McKee sitting on Brighty's back. Bob became the composite character Homer Hobbs, played in the film by Dandy Curran. The other film characters include Old Timer, a prospector played by Dick Foran, and Uncle Jim Owen, a man of the Old West played by Joseph Cotten. Pat Conway appears as Jake Irons, who murders Old Timer for his copper ore. Uncle Jim then proceeds to help bring Irons to justice. Theodore Roosevelt was played by Karl Swenson. Parts of the film were shot at the Colorado River in Utah and the Grand Canyon in Arizona. Brighty's monument Brighty is honored with a bronze statue in the lobby of Grand Canyon Lodge, a National Historic Landmark, located near Arizona State Route 67 approximately 43 miles south of the junction with U.S. Route 89 alternate route. The sculpture is by artist Peter Jepsen. See also Platero References 1953 children's books 1953 American novels American children's novels Novels by Marguerite Henry Novels set in Arizona Children's novels about horses American novels adapted into films Films based on American novels 1967 films 1967 Western (genre) films Films set in Flagstaff, Arizona Fictional donkeys Films shot in Utah Films shot in Arizona Works about the Grand Canyon 1960s English-language films Children's books about horses Children's books about donkeys Children's books set in Arizona","title":"Brighty of the Grand Canyon"},{"docid":"36637188","text":"Horrid Henry is the first book of the Horrid Henry series. It was published in 1994 and written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. The book is a collection of short stories about the same characters, along the lines of the Just William books. Plot Horrid Henry's Perfect Day Horrid Henry is a young boy who loves doing unimaginable horrible things. He throws food, he snatches things, he pushes, shoves and pinches. He has a younger brother called Perfect Peter, an extremely perfect boy who does uncountable good deeds. Peter always says \"Please\" and \"Thank You\", he loves vegetables and refuses cake and he never ever picks his nose. One day, Horrid Henry wonders what would happen if he were perfect?! So − the next day, Henry doesn't wake Peter up by splashing water on his head as usual, and Peter and his parents wake up late. Due to this, Henry and Peter are late for a class. Back at home, Henry doesn't bully Peter, instead, he reads a book about super-mice. At dinner time, Henry helps lay the table and ignores Peter's whining that he always lays the table. When the family eat spaghetti and meatballs, Henry does not kick Peter or slurp his food or leave behind his vegetables. Peter wants Henry to become horrid again and tries many ways to get Henry to hit him but Henry is resilient. When Henry's Mum gives Henry some fudge cake and a kiss for being so good, Peter can't stand it any longer and flings his plate at Henry but hits Mum. Mum screams at Peter to go to his room and when Henry laughs, she sends him to his room too. The story ends with Henry being surprised that being perfect was so much fun. Horrid Henry's Dance Class Henry and Peter have to go to the school's dance class taught by Miss Impatience Tutu, a very impatient woman who claims she is patient that Henry hates. The class has to play a concert and everyone is practicing for it. Impatience Tutu makes Henry sit behind a false bush for being horrid at her class so he won't embarrass everyone at the concert. When its time for the concert, Henry decides to make his part bigger and by doing so, makes Impatience Tutu stop the concert this story then ends with Henry being happy to finally go for karate. Horrid Henry & Moody Margaret Horrid Henry has an archenemy, and that is Moody Margaret. Margaret lives next door to Henry, is in Henry's class and owns all the things that Henry's goody-goody parents don't let him have. This is the only reason that Henry plays with Margaret. The two of them are playing pirates and squabbling over who is going to be Captain Hook and Peter is begging to not be the prisoner. When Margaret reluctantly hands over her Captain Hook role to Henry and takes his role as Mr. Smee and Henry orders her and Peter","title":"Horrid Henry (book)"},{"docid":"4405364","text":"Roy McKie (usually spelled McKié; October 8, 1921 – January 8, 2015) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books, most notably under the Beginner Books imprint. He illustrated many books penned by Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss) under the pen name Theo. LeSieg (\"Geisel\" spelled backwards). Books illustrated by McKie (books he wrote himself are marked with *) include: The Big Orange Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 2015 (with Dr. Seuss, Scott Nash and Michael Frith) (his final work after his death) The Big Purple Book of Beginner Books by Helen Palmer, P.D. and Peter Eastman and Michael Frith - 2012 (with P.D. and Peter Eastman) Skiing by Henry Beard – 2002 Sailing by Henry Beard – 2001 – dictionary of funny sailing terms Computing by Henry Beard – 1999 The Big Green Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 1997 (with Quentin Blake, B. Tobey, George Booth, Michael J. Smollin and James Stevenson) A Big Ball of String by Marion Holland – 1993 (35th anniversary edition) A Dictionary of Silly Words About Growing Up by Henry Beard — 1988 Golfing by Henry Beard – 1987 dictionary of funny golfing terms Cooking by Henry Beard – 1985 dictionary of funny cooking terms Noah's Ark - 1984 Fishing by Henry Beard – 1983 dictionary of funny fishing terms Ship's Log by Henry Beard – 1983 dictionary of funny nautical terms Gardening, A Gardeners Dictionary By Henry Beard – 1982 – dictionary of funny gardening terms. The Tooth Book by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1981 (the 2000 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) The Joke Book* – 1979 The Hair Book by Graham Tether – 1979 (in 2019, the 40th anniversary edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Andrew Joyner) Dog* – 1978 The Riddle Book* – 1978 Roy McKie's Zodiac Book* – 1977 Would You Rather Be a Bullfrog? by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1975 The Many Mice of Mr. Brice by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) - 1973 (the 1989 edition replaces this title with new ones called The Pop-Up Mice of Mr. Brice, and later in early 2015 and early 2021, the 2015 and 2021 editions replace the pop-up book with new board books) In a People House by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1972 I Can Write a book by ME, Myself with a little help from Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1971 The Nose Book by Al Perkins – 1970 (the 2002 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) My Book About Me by ME, Myself with some little help from my friend Dr. Seuss – 1969 The Eye Book by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1968 (the 1999 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) Bennett Cerf's Book of Animal Riddles by Bennett Cerf – 1964 Summer by Alice Low – 1963 (2001 recolor edition without","title":"Roy McKie"},{"docid":"29731255","text":"The Wars of the Roses was a 1963 theatrical adaptation of William Shakespeare's first historical tetralogy (1 Henry VI, 2 Henry VI, 3 Henry VI and Richard III), which deals with the conflict between the House of Lancaster and the House of York over the throne of England, a conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. The plays were adapted by John Barton, and directed by Barton and Peter Hall at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. The production starred David Warner as Henry VI, Peggy Ashcroft as Margaret of Anjou, Donald Sinden as the Duke of York, Paul Hardwick as the Duke of Gloucester, Janet Suzman as Joan la Pucelle, Brewster Mason as the Earl of Warwick, Roy Dotrice as Edward IV, Susan Engel as Queen Elizabeth and Ian Holm as Richard III. The plays were heavily politicised, with Barton and Hall allowing numerous contemporaneous events of the early 1960s to inform their adaptation. The production was a huge critical and commercial success, and is generally regarded as revitalizing the reputation of the Henry VI plays in the modern theatre. Many critics feel The Wars of the Roses set a standard for future productions of the tetralogy which has yet to be surpassed. In 1965, the BBC adapted the plays for television. The broadcast was so successful that they were shown again, in a differently edited form, in 1966. In 1970, BBC Books published the play scripts along with extensive behind-the-scenes information written by Barton and Hall, and other members of the Royal Shakespeare Company who worked on the production. Theatrical Rewriting The most significant initial alteration to the original text was to conflate the four plays into a trilogy. This was not unprecedented, as adaptations from the seventeenth century onwards had employed truncation when staging the sequence, especially the Henry VI trilogy. In 1681, John Crowne adapted 2 Henry VI and 3 Henry VI into a two-part play called Henry the Sixth, The First Part and The Misery of Civil War. Henry the Sixth comprised Acts 1–3 of 2 Henry VI, with material added by Crowne himself, focusing mainly on the death of Gloucester, whilst Misery adapted the last two acts of 2 Henry VI and a shortened version of 3 Henry VI. In 1699, Colley Cibber's The Tragical History of King Richard the Third used scenes from 3 Henry VI as a form of prologue to rest of the play, establishing a tradition still in use in filmic adaptations of Richard III (see, for example, James Keane and André Calmettes's 1912 version, Laurence Olivier's 1955 version or Richard Loncraine's 1995 version). In 1723, Theophilus Cibber's King Henry VI: A Tragedy used Act 5 of 2 Henry VI and Acts 1 and 2 of 3 Henry VI. In 1817, J.H. Merivale's Richard Duke of York; or the Contention of York and Lancaster used material from all three Henry VI plays, but removed everything not directly related to York. Robert Atkins adapted all three plays into a single piece for","title":"The Wars of the Roses (adaptation)"},{"docid":"2771206","text":"Peter Marshall (May 27, 1902 – January 26, 1949) was a Scottish-American preacher, pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C., and was appointed as Chaplain of the United States Senate. He is remembered popularly from the success of A Man Called Peter (1951), a biography written by his widow, Catherine Marshall, and the book's 1955 film adaptation, which was nominated for an Academy Award for its cinematography. Early life and education Born in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, Scotland, a poverty-stricken coal-mining community, where he was reared by his mother and stepfather. From 1916-1921 he studied electrical engineering at Coatbridge Technical School. He enrolled in evening classes to study for the ministry, while working in the mines by day, but his progress was slow. In 1927, a cousin offered to pay Peter's way to the U.S., where he could receive proper ministerial training. He graduated from Columbia Theological Seminary in 1931. Ministry He was called as the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, a small, rural church in Covington, Georgia. After a brief pastorate, Marshall accepted a call to Atlanta's Westminster Presbyterian Church in 1933. Marriage and family In Atlanta, Marshall met his future wife, Catherine Wood, then a student at Agnes Scott College. They married on November 4, 1936, and had one son, Peter John Marshall (January 21, 1940 – September 8, 2010), who followed his father into the Presbyterian clergy and ran a national ministry, Peter Marshall Ministries, from Orleans, Massachusetts. He wrote many books on the Christian faith in the United States. Later career In 1937, Marshall became pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C. In 1946 he was appointed as US Senate Chaplain, serving from January 4, 1947, until his sudden death of a heart attack just over two years later, at age 46. Marshall is buried at Fort Lincoln Cemetery (Section C, Lot 344, Site 1) in Brentwood, Maryland. Legacy Dr. Peter Marshall School (Anaheim, California). Catherine Marshall wrote a biography of her husband, A Man Called Peter (1951), which was a popular success. It was adapted as a a film of the same title, released in 1955, which was nominated for the Oscar for Best Cinematography. Directed by Henry Koster, it featured Richard Todd as Peter Marshall, and Jean Peters as Catherine Marshall. Todd studied tape recordings of several Marshall sermons from 1947 to 1948; some of these historic recordings were later released to the public by Caedmon Records. The biography was also adapted as a stage play by the same name, produced in 1955. Archival collections The Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, has an undated carbon copy transcript of Catherine Marshall’s biography, A Man Called Peter. The undated transcript includes penciled annotations. The Society also holds a collection of Marshall’s sermons from his years as a pastor at Westminster Presbyterian Church and New York Avenue Presbyterian Church. The McCain Library at Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia holds a large collection of papers donated by the","title":"Peter Marshall (Presbyterian minister)"},{"docid":"19192667","text":"\"Love, Blactually\" is the first episode in the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on September 28, 2008. The episode features anthropomorphic dog Brian as he meets a fellow atheist named Carolyn (Kat Foster) at a book store, and the two begin dating. Heeding advice from Stewie (also voiced by MacFarlane), Brian decides not to have sex with her. Carolyn is led to believe that Brian does not want a substantive relationship, so she begins to date Cleveland (Mike Henry). The episode was originally slated to air during season six on March 2, 2008, but was replaced with \"Play It Again, Brian\" for unknown reasons. The episode was written by Henry, and directed by Cyndi Tang. It received generally positive reviews from critics for its storyline. According to Nielsen ratings, it was watched by 9.2 million viewers in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Foster, along with several recurring voice actors from the series. \"Love, Blactually\" was released on DVD along with eight other episodes from the season on June 16, 2009. Plot After going to the bookstore to buy The God Delusion, Brian meets an atheist named Carolyn, who happens to be looking for the same book. Brian becomes interested in Carolyn, and the two begin to date. When she invites him to her house, Stewie tells Brian that his relationships fail because he has sex with his girlfriends immediately when they meet. Brian realizes that Stewie is right and decides to take things slow. However, after three weeks, he finds out that Carolyn has begun to date Cleveland, since she assumed Brian just wanted to be friends. A heartbroken Brian tries to deal with his loss, but keeps running into Cleveland and Carolyn having sex in various locations. Feeling bad for his botched advice that cost Brian a relationship with Carolyn, Stewie suggests that he can convince Cleveland's ex-wife, Loretta, to reconcile with him. The two visit Loretta in her own home and learn that she feels guilty for cheating on him with Quagmire, and believes she can never go back to Cleveland. Later, Cleveland visits Brian to clear the air with him but reveals that he plans to elope with Carolyn in Hawaii, which makes their friendship tense. Just as Cleveland leaves, Loretta arrives and apologizes to him for her affair with Quagmire; she begs him to allow her to get their family back together and promises she will never betray him again. Cleveland seeks advice from Peter and Lois, who attempt to dissuade Cleveland from going back to Loretta, but Brian, seeing his only chance at getting back with Carolyn, says Cleveland should \"forgive and forget\", and lies about Loretta's good qualities, which Peter immediately sees through and points out that she cannot be trusted. When Cleveland decides to wait until the next day to consider his thoughts, Peter recruits Quagmire to have sex with Loretta again so Cleveland can","title":"Love, Blactually"},{"docid":"36807094","text":"Horrid Henry: Tricking the Tooth Fairy, published from 2000 to 2019 as Horrid Henry Tricks The Tooth Fairy, is the third book of the Horrid Henry series. It was first published in 1996 as Horrid Henry and the Tooth Fairy and was written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. Plot Horrid Henry Tricks The Tooth Fairy Everyone in Horrid Henry's class had lost at least one tooth - that is except Henry himself. Just today, his younger brother, Perfect Peter had lost a tooth. So, Henry decides to eat as many sweets as he can from his sweet jar, although it is two days before \"Sweet Day\" when he is allowed to eat sweets. Henry's \"hard work\" comes to a waste when none of his teeth feel wobbly and worse, his mouth, gums and stomach hurt. Then, he gets a \"brilliant\" idea. He decides to trick the tooth fairy. So on that night, Henry silently creeps into Peter's room and steals the tooth Peter placed under his pillow but bumps into his mother and manages to escape. The next morning, Henry doesn't find a coin from the tooth fairy but Peter finds a pound coin from the fairy. Henry asks his mother how the tooth fairy knows whose pillow to put money and she says that she looks at the gap between the child's teeth. Henry realizes his mistake and places a piece of black paper over his mouth. At night, when he sleeps, he ties his finger to a fake vampire tooth (a substitute for the real one) to make sure that when the tooth fairy comes and takes his tooth, he gets woken up. The next morning, Henry receives a fake 50p coin and a letter from the tooth fairy, mocking him for his trick. Henry's mother calls him down and scolds him for eating all the sweets and tells him to eat apples instead. Henry takes an apple and bites on it. To his horror, the bite had made him lose a tooth and he had swallowed it! Horrid Henry's Wedding Horrid Henry's cousin, Prissy Polly, is marrying Pimply Paul. Henry has been chosen to be a pageboy, along with Perfect Peter, his brother. First, Henry's family has trouble with Henry's pageboy clothes as they are too \"tight\". Second, they have trouble with Henry going to the wedding and they drag him into the car to go. Worse still, they are caught in the middle of a thunderstorm. They arrive at the wedding later than everybody. While the priest says all the holy blessings and promises, Henry pretends he is a famous chef who is tossing pancakes, only that he is tossing the wedding rings. When the rings (which Henry lost) are needed, Henry gives them a toy pirate ring. Afterwards, when everyone takes photos, Henry jumps in at the last moment and makes horrible faces. A while later, during the reception, while everyone is eating their lunch, Henry secretly eats the wedding cake but","title":"Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy"},{"docid":"1271555","text":"Peter Parnell (; born 1953) is an American Broadway and Off-Broadway playwright, television writer, and children's book author. Parnell is also Vice-President of the Dramatists Guild of America, the professional association of playwrights, composers, lyricists, and librettists. Personal life Parnell is gay and is married to the psychiatrist Justin Richardson. They live in Manhattan with their daughter. Plays The Hunchback of Notre Dame - Disney Theatricals - music by Alan Menken, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz On a Clear Day You Can See Forever - St. James Theater, Broadway - 2011 - starring Harry Connick Jr., Jessie Mueller, and David Turner Trumpery - Atlantic Theatre Company - 2007 Trumpery received its European and British premiere in Oxford, UK during June 2014. QED - Lincoln Center Theater - starring Alan Alda - 2001 The Cider House Rules, Part One, adapted from John Irving's novel - Atlantic Theatre Company, Mark Taper Forum, Seattle Rep The Cider House Rules, Part Two, Mark Taper Forum, Seattle Rep Flaubert's Latest - Playwrights Horizons - 1992 Hyde in Hollywood - Playwrights Horizons - 1989 An Imaginary Life - Playwrights Horizons - 1993 Rise and Rise of Daniel Rocket - starring Thomas Hulce - Playwrights Horizons Romance Language - Playwrights Horizons - 1985 Scooter Thomas Makes It to the Top of the World - National Playwrights Conference at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center, 1977; Alley Theater, Boston, 1981 Sorrows of Stephen - The Public Theater - 1979 Television The West Wing, Season One - Executive Story Editor - 1999–2000 The West Wing, Season Two - Co-Producer - 2000–2001 The Guardian, Season One - Producer - 2001–2002 Inconceivable, Season One - Producer - 2005 Six Degrees, Season One - Consulting Producer - 2006–2007 BrainDead - Producer - 2017 Children's literature And Tango Makes Three with Justin Richardson. The book tells the true story of two male penguins living in the Central Park Zoo who pair-bonded and together hatched a chick named Tango. The book has received numerous awards and was the single most challenged or banned book in the United States in the years 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010. It remains one of the ten most banned books in several countries. Christian, the Hugging Lion, a children's book about the true story of Christian the lion. Grants and awards NEA, Guggenheim, Ingram Merrill and Lecomte de Nouy foundations; the Fund for New American Plays, Kennedy Center, American Theatre Critics' Association and Ovation awards for Best Play (for The Cider House Rules). For [\"And Tango Makes Three\"]: American Library Association Notable Children's Book - 2006 ASPCA's Henry Bergh Award - 2005 Gustavus Myer Outstanding Book Award- 2006 Nick Jr. Family Magazine Best Book of the Year - 2006 Bank Street Best Book of the Year - 2006 Cooperative Children's Book Council Choice, and CBC/NCSS Notable Social Studies Trade Book - 2006 Lambda Literary Award finalist - 2006 Sheffield Children's Book Award - shortlisted - 2008 Further reading Interview in You Can’t Say That! Writers for Young People Talk About Censorship,","title":"Peter Parnell"},{"docid":"19585510","text":"Sayre's law states, in a formulation quoted by Charles Philip Issawi: \"In any dispute the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the issues at stake.\" By way of corollary, it adds: \"That is why academic politics are so bitter.\" Sayre's law is named after Wallace Stanley Sayre (1905–1972), U.S. political scientist and professor at Columbia University. History On 20 December 1973, the Wall Street Journal quoted Sayre as: \"Academic politics is the most vicious and bitter form of politics, because the stakes are so low.\" Political scientist Herbert Kaufman, a colleague and coauthor of Sayre, has attested to Fred R. Shapiro, editor of The Yale Book of Quotations, that Sayre usually stated his claim as \"The politics of the university are so intense because the stakes are so low\", and that Sayre originated the quip by the early 1950s. Many other claimants attach to the thought behind Sayre's law. According to Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson frequently complained about the personalized nature of academic politics, asserting that the \"intensity\" of academic squabbles was a function of the \"triviality\" of the issue at hand. Harvard political scientist Richard Neustadt (Sayre's former colleague at Columbia University) was quoted to a similar effect: \"Academic politics is much more vicious than real politics. We think it's because the stakes are so small.\" In his 1979 book Peter's People and Their Marvelous Ideas, Laurence J. Peter stated \"Peter's Theory of Entrepreneurial Aggressiveness in Higher Education\" as: \"Competition in academia is so vicious because the stakes are so small.\" Another proverbial form is: \"Academic politics are so vicious precisely because the stakes are so small.\" This observation is routinely attributed to Henry Kissinger who in a 1997 speech at the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University, said: \"I formulated the rule that the intensity of academic politics and the bitterness of it is in inverse proportion to the importance of the subject they're discussing. And I promise you at Harvard, they are passionately intense and the subjects are extremely unimportant.\" Variations on the same thought have also been attributed to scientist-author C. P. Snow, professor-politician Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and politician Jesse Unruh, among others. See also Notes References Charles Philip Issawi, Issawi's Laws of Social Motion, Hawthorn Books, 1973. p. 178. Ralph Keyes, The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When, Macmillan, 2006, p. 1. Laurence J. Peter, Peter's People and Their Marvelous Ideas, William Morrow & Co., 1979. Nigel Rees, Brewer's Famous Quotations: 5000 Quotations and the Stories Behind Them, Sterling Publishing Company, 2006, p. 394. Wallace S. Sayre and Herbert Kaufman, Governing New York City: Politics in the Metropolis, Russell Sage Foundation, 1960. Fred R. Shapiro, editor, foreword by Joseph Epstein, The Yale Book of Quotations, Yale University Press, 2006, p. 670. External links Historic examples of the adage. Edward B. Fiske, \"Education; Lessons\", The New York Times, 18 October 1989 Speech by Henry Kissinger, Fourteenth Annual Ashbrook Memorial Dinner, September 11, 1997 Adages Political terminology 1973","title":"Sayre's law"},{"docid":"13455876","text":"Andrew Wise (fl. 1589 – 1603), or Wyse or Wythes, was a London publisher of the Elizabethan era who issued first editions of five Shakespearean plays. \"No other London stationer invested in Shakespeare as assiduously as Wise did, at least while Shakespeare was still alive.\" Andrew Wise was the son of a Yorkshire yeoman; as \"Wythes,\" he served an eight-year apprenticeship under Henry Smith and Thomas Bradshaw starting in 1581, and became a \"freeman\" (a full member) of the Stationers Company on 26 May 1589. He ran his own business in London from about 1593 to 1603; his shop was at the sign of the Angel in St. Paul's Churchyard. Wise published editions of the following five Shakespearean plays: He entered Richard II into the Stationers' Register on 20 August 1597, and published the first quarto of the play before the end of the year. The second and third quartos both followed in 1598. All three volumes were printed by Valentine Simmes. Richard III was entered into the Stationers' Register on 20 October 1597; the first quarto appeared later that year. Wise published the second quarto of R3 in 1598, and the third in 1602. Valentine Simmes printed signatures A-G of the first quarto, with H-M coming from Peter Short's print shop. The other two books were printed by Thomas Creede. Henry IV, Part 1 was registered on 25 February 1598 (new style), and published later that year, printed by Valentine Simmes and Peter Short. Q2 followed in 1599, with printing by Simon Stafford. Henry IV, Part 2 was registered on 23 August 1600; the sole quarto edition of the era was published that same year. In this case, Wise worked in partnership with colleague William Aspley; the printing was done once again by Valentine Simmes. Much Ado About Nothing was also registered on 23 August 1600, and published that year by Wise and Aspley, with printing by Simmes. In one view, \"Andrew Wise...struck gold three times in a row in 1597–8 by picking what would become the three best-selling Shakespearean quartos as the first three plays of his brief career.\" In addition to Shakespeare's plays, Wise published a range of other contemporary works, including Thomas Nashe's Christ's Tears Over Jerusalem (1593), and Thomas Campion's Observations in the Art of English Poesy (1602). As was typical of publishers of his era, he published religious and homiletic works, like The Pathway to Perfection and The Mean of Mourning (both 1596) by Thomas Playfair – though he appears to have operated a rather small-scale business, in comparison with other stationers of his generation. On 25 June 1603, Andrew Wise transferred his copyrights to R2, R3, and 1H4 to fellow stationer Matthew Law, who issued subsequent quartos of all three plays. Thereafter Wise \"is not heard of again.\" References Publishers (people) from London 16th-century English businesspeople","title":"Andrew Wise"},{"docid":"8932417","text":"David Henry Wilson (born 1937, in London) is an English writer. As an author he is best known for his children's stories such as the Jeremy James series. Wilson has also had a number of plays produced in the United Kingdom, both for children and adults. He is also the author of The Coachman Rat (1989), a satirical novel based on the Cinderella story. Biography Wilson was educated at Dulwich College and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He has lived in France, Ghana, Germany and Switzerland, and for many years was a lecturer at the universities of Bristol and Konstanz (where he founded and ran the university theatre). Wilson has had many books published in the United Kingdom. A number of these have also been translated into other languages. He also translates many works from French and German, ranging from children's books by Kirsten Boie to travel guides by Peter Sager, art history by Werner Hofmann, and literary theory by Wolfgang Iser. He is also a prolific playwright, writing both short and full-length works. A common theme appears to be sequels to works by Shakespeare. Personal life Wilson is widowed and has three grown-up children; he now lives in Taunton, Somerset. He is a fan of cricket and classical music and also enjoys rugby. His youngest child, J.J. Amaworo Wilson is an American-based author whose magical realist novel Damnificados is an award winner. Selected works for children The Jeremy James series, comprising: Elephants Don’t Sit on Cars (1978) Never Say Moo to a Bull, formerly Getting Rich With Jeremy James (1979) How the Lion Lost his Lunch, formerly Beside the Sea with Jeremy James (1980) Can a Spider Learn to Fly?, formerly How to Stop a Train with One Finger (1983) Do Goldfish Play the Violin? (1985) Please Keep Off the Dinosaur (1993) Do Gerbils Go to Heaven? (1996) Never Steal Wheels from a Dog (2001) These have been combined by Macmillan Children's Books into three volumes: Triple Trouble with Jeremy James Causing Chaos with Jeremy James Making Mischief with Jeremy James The Fastest Gun Alive The Superdog series - Superdog, Superdog the Hero, Superdog in Trouble Gander of the Yard, Gideon Gander Solves the World's Greatest Mysteries The Coachman Rat, a novel (Carroll & Graf, 1989) The Castle of Inside Out (Alma Books, 1997) Selected plays We’re Looking for Mary Pickford. Two ancient children rebel against their mother. Jones v Jones. The disintegration of a marriage. Who Cares? A farcical tragedy, in which two pensioners prepare to donate their meagre savings to charity People in Cages. Are You Normal, Mr Norman? & other short plays, including the title play, in which Mr Norman visits a demon dentist The Death Artist. Gas and Candles The Make-Up Artist (1973), one-act play employing extensive quotation from Shakespeare. Selected Shakespearian themed plays Shylock's Revenge, a full-length sequel to The Merchant of Venice (Shakespearian–sized cast, first produced at University of Hamburg). Iago, The Villain of Venice, a full-length sequel to Othello (another large cast). Excellent Beauty","title":"David Henry Wilson"},{"docid":"4707829","text":"{{Infobox musical |name= Shenandoah |subtitle= |image= Shenandoah (musical).jpg |caption= Original Cast Recording |music= Gary Geld |lyrics= Peter Udell |book= Peter Udell Philip Rose James Lee Barrett |basis= 1965 film Shenandoah |productions= 1974 Goodspeed Opera House 1975 Broadway 1977 First National Tour 1989 Broadway revival |awards= Tony Award for Best Book in a Musical Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical (John Cullum) }}Shenandoah is a 1974 musical with music by Gary Geld, lyrics by Peter Udell, and book by Udell, Philip Rose, and James Lee Barrett. It is based on Barrett's original screenplay for the 1965 film Shenandoah. Synopsis Charlie Anderson, a widower, lives with his large family in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, during the American Civil War. Anderson does not wish to be involved with the war because he doesn't consider it \"his\" war, but he is forced to take action when his youngest son Robert is taken prisoner by Union soldiers. In the course of searching for Robert, Charlie, his daughter Jenny, and some of his sons rescue Sam (Jenny's newlywed Confederate soldier husband) from a Yankee POW train. After enduring the tragedy of losing his eldest son Jacob (to a sniper) and his second eldest son James and James' wife Anne (to deserters), Charlie and the rest of the family return home, defeated. In his despair, Charlie is reminded to return to church, where he, at long last, is reunited with Robert once more. Original cast and characters Musical numbers Act I Raise the Flag of Dixie (Prologue) - Ensemble I've Heard it All Before - Charlie Pass the Cross to Me - Ensemble Why Am I Me? - The Boy and Gabriel Next to Lovin' (I Like Fightin') - Jacob, James, Nathan, John and Henry Over the Hill - Jenny The Pickers are Coming - Charlie Next to Lovin' (I Like Fightin') (Reprise) - Jacob, James, Nathan, John, Henry and Jenny Meditation - Charlie We Make a Beautiful Pair - Anne and Jenny Violets and Silverbells - Jenny, Sam and Ensemble It's a Boy! - Charlie, Jacob, James, Nathan, John and Henry Act II Entr'acte - Orchestra Freedom - Anne and Gabriel Violets and Silverbells (reprise) - James and Anne Papa's Gonna Make it Alright - Charlie The Only Home I Know - Corporal and Ensemble The Only Home I Know (Reprise) - Corporal Papa's Gonna Make it Alright (Reprise) - Jenny Meditation II - Charlie Pass the Cross to Me (Finale) - Ensemble Freedom (curtain call) - Ensemble Productions The play was first performed at the Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut, during 1974. It then moved to the Colonial Theater in Boston for a pre-Broadway run from November 25, 1974 - December 14, 1974. It then transferred to the Alvin Theatre on Broadway beginning on January 7, 1975. where it played for a total of 1,050 performances, ending August 7, 1977. The production was directed by Philip Rose, with scenery by Chuck Murawski, lighting by Thomas R. Skelton, costumes by Pearl","title":"Shenandoah (musical)"},{"docid":"52831667","text":"The Blanket of the Dark is a 1931 historical novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. The novel is set in the early part of the reign of Henry VIII, and explores the possible consequences had the Tudors been overthrown by a rightful descendant of Edward III. Plot The action of the novel takes place in the country west of Oxford during the 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising against Henry VIII. Peter Pentecost, a young monastic scholar, is informed by shadowy figures who are plotting to depose the king that he is the legitimate son of the deceased Duke of Buckingham and that, as the last of the Bohun line, he has a claim to the English throne. Although his true identity must for now remain secret, Peter finds himself being prepared for his intended kingly role and being tutored in the noble pursuits of swordsmanship and archery. He meets a noblewoman, Sabine Beauforest. To hide from the king’s men, Peter takes to the greenwood where he is aided by Solomon Darking and his vagabond comrades. They introduce him to the lore of the countryside, and reveal the existence of a self-contained outlaw society, invisible to the agents of the state, with its own system of communication and intelligence gathering. He discovers that \"under the blanket of the dark all men are alike and all are nameless\". As the novel progresses, Peter has increasing doubts about the venture he is being asked to undertake, and the motives of those behind it: \"They claimed to stand for the elder England and its rights, and the old Church, but at their heart they stood only for themselves.\" After an encounter with the king himself, Peter asks himself whether there \"might not there be a world of light under the blanket of the dark?\", and he decides that he does not wish to pursue a life of power. He disappears from official sight back into the greenwood with Sabine. Title The title is a phrase from William Shakespeare's Macbeth, where Lady Macbeth, preparing herself to murder King Duncan, says \"Come, thick night, / And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, / That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, / Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, / To cry, Hold, hold!\" Critical reception David Daniell in The Interpreter's House (1975) quotes Kipling who professed to be \"rested and delighted\" by the book and who called it a tour de force. Rose Macaulay said that the book was \"so enchanting and beautiful that I often read it for my pleasure\". Daniell himself notes that while the tone is relaxed, the control is tight, and \"it is as if Buchan is drawing together all his skills under the influence of his response to the land and its people\". Writing for the John Buchan Society website in 2001, Kenneth Hillier called The Blanket of the Dark “a thoroughly enjoyable book, because it not only expresses the deep love","title":"The Blanket of the Dark"},{"docid":"30827966","text":"Horrid Henry: The Movie is a 2011 British 3D children's comedy film directed by Nick Moore and produced by Allan Niblo, Rupert Preston, Mike Watts and Lucinda Whiteley, who wrote it. In the film, Henry and the Purple Hand Gang fight to prevent the closure of their school by an evil private school headmaster. It is based on the fictional character Horrid Henry from the children's book series of the same name by Francesca Simon. The film itself takes place before Series 3 of the TV series. Horrid Henry: The Movie stars Theo Stevenson, Richard E. Grant, Parminder Nagra, Kimberley Walsh, Mathew Horne, Siobhan Hayes, Dick and Dom, Noel Fielding, Jo Brand and Anjelica Huston. It was the first British film for children to be shot in 3D, and was officially released in cinemas on 29 July 2011 in 2D, RealD 3D, and 3D formats by Vertigo Films in the United Kingdom. Phase 4 Films and Entertainment One released the film in theatres in the United States and Canada on 22 December 2012. The film received generally negative reviews from critics and audiences, who criticized its humor, use of 3D, acting, and low quality, but was positively received from fans of the books and the TV series. It grossed $10.1 million worldwide. Horrid Henry: The Movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 28 November 2011 in the United Kingdom. Horrid Henry: The Movie has sold over 750,000 DVD copies in the UK. Plot After failing to complete his homework yet again, Horrid Henry has his friend Brainy Brian forge a note from his mother claiming that his cat ate it. His teacher, Miss Battle-Axe, sees through Henry's scheme as the word \"homework\" is spelled correctly, something Henry is incapable of doing. While Henry is in detention, his friends join him to rehearse for a school talent contest; they are interrupted by Mrs Oddbod, the Headmistress, and a pair of school inspectors. Meanwhile, Vic Van Wrinkle, Headmaster of the expensive all-boys private academy, Brick House School, influences the school inspectors to close down Ashton Primary, the school Henry attends, hoping to make a fortune from the resulting influx of students. The inspectors encourage Henry's pranks, leading to Miss Battle-Axe and Miss Lovely being fired for failing to enforce discipline. Mrs Oddbod also bans Henry's band, the Zero Zombies, from entering the talent contest. With Ashton Primary on the brink of closing, Henry's Great Aunt Greta offers to pay for Henry to attend an all-girls private academy (thinking Henry is a girl) and his younger brother, Perfect Peter, to attend Brick House. Miss Lovely applies for a job at Brick House and spies on Van Wrinkle; she is captured, but passes notes about Van Wrinkle's plan to Peter. Meanwhile, Henry and Margaret (who has also been transferred to Henry's new school) are attacked by the students there and escape. Henry and the Zero Zombies compete in the talent contest, hoping that their win will make them famous enough that Ashton Primary","title":"Horrid Henry: The Movie"},{"docid":"30665558","text":"King Henry I of England has been portrayed in various cultural media. Theatre Henry I of England, a play by Beth Flintoff, was first performed in November 2016 at St James's Church, Reading. The drama follows the story of the three sons of William the Conqueror and ends with the early reign of Henry I. The narrative continues in Flintoff's second play Matilda the Empress which depicts the king's later life and The Anarchy period after his death when his daughter Matilda and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. Fictional portrayals Henry I has been depicted in historical novels and short stories. They include: Pado, the Priest (1899) by Sabine Baring-Gould revolves around Henry's conflict with the Welsh. A Saxon Maid (1901) by Eliza Frances Pollard. Reportedly \"a good short story of the Norman devastations\", taking place in the reigns of William II and Henry I. The latter being a prominent character. \"Old Men at Pevensey\" by Rudyard Kipling, a short story included in the collection Puck of Pook's Hill (1906). Features both Henry I and Robert Curthose. \"The Tree of Justice\" by Rudyard Kipling, a short story included in the collection Rewards and Fairies (1910). Features both Henry I and Rahere. The King’s Minstrel (1925) by Ivy May Bolton. The title character is Rahere, depicted as \"part jester, part priest, and more wizard than either\". The King of the title is Henry I who is \"prominently introduced\". Henry appears in two novels by George Shipway, The Paladin (1972) and The Wolf Time (1973). In these books, Henry is depicted as organizing the death of King William II. Henry appears briefly in the short story \"A Light on the Road to Woodstock\" (1988) by Ellis Peters, one of her Brother Cadfael stories. \"A Light on the Road to Woodstock\" is collected in A Rare Benedictine: The Advent of Brother Cadfael. The Pillars of the Earth, a 1989 novel by Ken Follett, set during the Anarchy period. In the miniseries based on the book King Henry was portrayed by Clive Wood. References Sources Henry I Henry I of England","title":"Cultural depictions of Henry I of England"},{"docid":"1870925","text":"Cooleemee (), also known as the Cooleemee Plantation House, is a house located between Mocksville and Lexington, North Carolina, at the terminus of SR 1812 (Peter Hairston Rd.) on the Yadkin River in Davie County, North Carolina. It is a U.S. National Historic Landmark, designated in 1978 for its architecture. History The house's floor plan in the shape of a Greek cross, with four equal wings extending from an octagonal core, is based on a published design by William H. Ranlett, The Architect (New York) 1847, Vol. I, Plate 32, published again in Godey's Lady's Book, January 1850; the Godey's Lady's Book engravings were framed and kept in the house. The house is an \"Anglo-Grecian Villa\", built in the shape of a Greek cross between 1853 and 1855 by Peter and Columbia Stuart Hairston. The builder Peter Wilson Hairston a white Superior Court judge in North Carolina, who had inherited Cooleemee from his grandfather, was a central figure in Henry Wiencek's telling of the family's story. The house is built from approximately 300,000 bricks made on site. Cooleemee Plantation was founded by Colonel Jesse A. Pearson who took part in the capture of approximately 600 tribal Creek Indians during the War of 1812. The Indians known as \"Kulimi\", a tribe of the Creek nation, were from the village of \"Cooleeme\" near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers. The Creek word means \"the place where the white oaks grow\". Upon his return in 1814, he named his existing plantation \"Cooleemee Hill\". In 1817, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and four-time state legislator, Peter Hairston, purchased the Cooleemee Hill Plantation for $8 per acre – $20,000 total. In addition to the plantation house, in 1860 there were twenty-three slave dwellings at Cooleemee. The principal crop at Cooleemee was tobacco. In 1997, the Hairston family, who still owned the house, donated a conservation easement to The LandTrust for Central North Carolina, which helped preserve the house and property against development. At that time, the plantation included of farmland (down from at its peak), surrounded by a two-mile (3 km) stretch of the Yadkin River supporting more than 200 species of bird. Cooleemee Plantation was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978. Family In 1999, Henry Wiencek published The Hairstons: An American Family In Black And White, which told the story of the Hairston family, which continues to own Cooleemee, and of the plantation and its history over the past 150 years. This family, with black and white branches due to slavery, have continued to hold reunions at Cooleemee that honor their family's history and roots in the region. Wiencek, in the course of his preparation for this book, witnessed what he considered to be extraordinary interactions between members of the Hairston Family. In the course of his research, Wiencek learned that the Hairstons were not only the largest slaveholding family in the South, but also slave traders. Peter Wilson Hairston, the latest Hairston to own the property at the","title":"Cooleemee"},{"docid":"75717217","text":"The Laughing Woman is a 1934 British stage play by Gordon Daviot, a nom de plume for Elisabeth MacKintosh (1896-1955) who also wrote under the name Josephine Tey. It was based on the relationship between Henri Gaudier and Sophie Brzeska. The play debuted in London in 1934 at the New Theatre. It had a short run on Broadway in 1936. Premise According to a synopsis in The Spectator, the \"play... presents a cross-section of the relations between Rene Latour and Ingrid Rydrnan. He is young, French, and a sculptor; she is older, Swedish, and a philosopher with a book to write. They come from Paris to London and live there as brother and sister in great poverty. Their incessant quarrels cannot blind — or deafen — them to the fact that they are necessary to each other. They cling together stormily. The outbreak of the War finds Rene on the threshold of fame. He returns incontinently to the France which rejected him, to die (as the Epilogue tells us) on active service and with the rank of sergeant.\" Australian radio adaptation The play was adapted for Australian radio in 1939 by Max Afford, starring Peter Finch and Neva Carr Glynn. Finch's performance was a milestone in his career. A critic for Wireless Weekly stated: Peter Finch is a great actor.... For the first time in my listening life, I was actually sorry when the play came to an end... As Rene Latour, Peter Finch is inspired. And Neva Carr-Glynn as Ingrid is not far behind... in the hands of the players it came to life — one of the most human, the most extraordinary, the most ruthless, the most delicate love stories that radio has been able to present. The play was performed again on Australian radio in 1941 with Neva Carr Glynn and Paul O'Loughlin in the leads. Wireless Weekly said \"It contains some of the most effective backyard squabbles I have heard in radio drama\" but felt the accents were \"not so good in parts. Perhaps Neva Carr-Glyn, who played Ingrid opposite Peter Finch in the first version, was a little bored with doing it again. Perhaps Paul O'Loughlin, who played the artist Latour, was a little self-conscious.\" It was performed again in 1946, with Finch and Thelma Scott. Reviewing the 1946 production, the Sun said \"Many actors make a hash of foreign characterisations. Not so Peter Finch. His Rene Latour in 2GB's \"Laughing Woman\" was a gem, matched only by Thelma Scott's sensitive performance as Ingrid Rydman. Both artists breathed life into an otherwise average play.\" Finch's performance earned him the Macquarie Award for Best Starring Male Actor of the year. There was another version in 1953. References External links 1939 Radio Adaptation at AustLit 1934 plays British plays 1939 Australian radio dramas 1941 Australian radio dramas 1953 Australian radio dramas 1946 Australian radio dramas Radio plays by Max Afford","title":"The Laughing Woman (play)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"47441818\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox writer |name = Christine Chaundler |image = |caption = |pseudonym = Peter Martin |birth_name = Christine Chaundler |birth_date = |birth_place = Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, England |death_date = |death_place = Fittleworth, Sussex |occupation = Writer |language = English |nationality = |alma_mater = |period = 1912–1949 |genre = Children's literature |subject = |movement = |notableworks = {{plain list| Lancelot: The Adventures of King Arthur's Most Celebrated Knight The Right St. John's The Chivalrous Fifth Bunty of the Blackbirds The Madcap of the School\\\" }} |spouse = |partner = |children = |relatives = |awards = |signature = |website = }} Christine Chaundler (5 September 1887 – 15 December 1972) was a prolific English children's author, who also wrote stories for boys as Peter Martin. Some of her hundreds of short stories were broadcast by the BBC. Life Born in Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, the daughter of a solicitor, Henry Chaundler, and Constance Julia Chaundler (née Thompson), she was educated at Queen Anne's School, Caversham, until the age of sixteen, and then at St Winifred's School, Llanfairfechan. Apart from a brief period in the Land Army during the First World War, Chaundler worked in editorial jobs as she built her writing career. By 1920, her earnings had allowed her to build a house on the Sussex Downs, where she lived until her death in 1972. She never married. Career 1n 1910, Chaundler adapted Sleeping Beauty as a children's play that was performed at the Biggleswade Town Hall. In 1912, she received 10s 6d, her first earnings, for a prize poem published in Girls' Realm, Chaundler's first earnings as a writer came in 1912, when she won 10s 6d in a Prize Poem competition run by Girls' Realm. From then on she made a growing income from writing girls' and boys' stories and books. She was a sub-editor for Little Folks from 1914 to 1917, before serving briefly in the Land Army. After the war, she edited juvenile books for James Nisbet and Company until 1922. During the 1930s, she reviewed children's books for The Quiver. She continued to write and became a prolific author of children's novels, for boys under her pseudonym \\\"Peter Martin\\\" and for girls under her own name. A census of young girls conducted by the Western Mail in 1927 ranked Chaundler sixth among popular authors. Although she was bested by Dickens, Shakespeare, and Kipling, she was listed above Alcott and Stevenson. She wrote hundreds of short stories for magazines and children's annuals, some of which were broadcast over the BBC's Children's Hour.E.g. However, the market for these types of children's books had changed by the late 1940s and Chaundler turned to reviewing books, reading books for publishers, and marketing her short stories to the BBC. BibliographyLancelot: The Adventures of King Arthur's Most Celebrated Knight illustrated by Thomas Mackenzie and Eleanor Fortescue Brickdale (1995)Every Man's Book of Superstitions (1970)Everyman's Book of Ancient Customs (1968)A Year Book of Saints (1958)A Year Book of Legends (1954)Winkie Wee and the Silver Sixpences (1947)The Thirteenth Orphan (1947)The\",\n \"title\": \"Christine Chaundler\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10442982\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Herringman (1628–1704) was a prominent London bookseller and publisher in the second half of the 17th century. He is especially noted for his publications in English Renaissance drama and English Restoration drama; he was the first publisher of the works of John Dryden. He conducted his business under the sign of the Blue Anchor in the lower walk of the New Exchange. Herringman had established himself as an independent bookseller and publisher by 1655. He issued the first edition of Thomas Middleton's Hengist, King of Kent in 1661. Herringman had a reputation as a rare stationer who actually profited from the Great Fire of London (1666), in which most of his compatriots lost their stocks of printed books. He was a member of the syndicates of stationers who issued the major collections of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries in the second half of the century, including the Shakespeare Fourth Folio (1685), the third Ben Jonson folio (1692), and the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio (1679). Herringman also published the collected plays of Thomas Killigrew (1664); the collected works of Sir William Davenant (1673); the Dryden/Davenant adaptation of The Tempest (1670); and plays by Thomas Shadwell, William Wycherley, George Etherege, and Sir Robert Howard, among others. Dryden appears to have had a close professional relationship with Herringman early in his career, when he served as a sort of general editorial assistant in Herringman's business, perhaps to the point of taking his board and lodging with Herringman. In this capacity as a supervisor and reviser of texts, Dryden may have worked on Shakespearean plays for Herringman. In addition to dramas, Herringman published a large body of nondramatic literature, including (partnered with John Martyn) the 1678 edition of Samuel Butler's Hudibras, which contained the poem's third and final part. Herringman published works by Abraham Cowley, Katherine Philips, John Donne, Francis Bacon, Roger Boyle, and Robert Boyle. He also produced a wide variety of general-interest works, as well as law books. Herringman became master of the Stationers Company in 1685. After selling his retail business in 1684, Herringman became, in effect, the first wholesale book publisher in England; his imprint exists on 532 publications from his era. Notes References Holland, Peter (ed.), King Lear and Its Afterlife (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Miller, C. William, \\\"Henry Herringman, Restoration Bookseller-Publisher.\\\" Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 1948; p. 292. Publishers (people) from London English booksellers 1628 births 1704 deaths\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Herringman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"177248\",\n \"text\": \"Horrid Henry is a children's book series by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. It has been adapted for television, film and theatre. Horrid Henry is set in the United Kingdom in 1994. Books The first Horrid Henry book was written and published in 1994 by Orion Books. Up until 2015, 24 official Horrid Henry titles were published in the series with a special one-off 25th Anniversary book, published in 2019. The series has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide. The books are a slice-of-life series featuring the titular Henry, a wildly misbehaved boy who will typically be faced with a problem and then will often retaliate in interesting ways that involve trickery, rule-breaking and elaborate practical jokes. Henry has a younger brother, Perfect Peter, who is the exact opposite. Almost every character is known by an alliterative nickname (Rude Ralph, Moody Margaret, Brainy Brian, etc.) with a few exceptions e.g. Mum, Dad and Miss Battle-Axe. The Horrid Henry stories are read on audiobook by the actress Miranda Richardson and published by Orion Audio. Each title in the main series consists of four short stories with black and white illustrations. The titles The Early Readers series, aimed at younger readers, each consist of a single story with colour illustrations. Each story in that series, except Don't be Horrid Henry!, was originally published in a main series title. Don't be Horrid Henry! is an original story about Henry as a toddler. Eleven fact books, written from Henry's point of view, have also been published along with eight joke books, eleven colour books and at least twelve activity books as well as a series of annuals. Horrid Henry is published in 25 languages around the world. In April 2009, the US Sourcebooks' Jabberwocky imprint released four Horrid Henry paperbacks nationwide, which included Horrid Henry, Horrid Henry's Stinkbomb, Horrid Henry and the Mega-Mean Time Machine\\\" and Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy. Sourcebooks has released additional Horrid Henry titles including activity pages, event kits and a teacher's guide. Main series Extra Book Horrid Henry's Bedtime (2005) Early Readers Fact books Joke books Horrid Henry's Joke Book Horrid Henry's Jolly Joke Book Horrid Henry's Mighty Joke Book Horrid Henry's versus Moody Margaret Horrid Henry's Hilariously Horrid Joke Book Horrid Henry's Purple Hand Gang Joke Book Horrid Henry's All Time Favourite Joke Book Horrid Henry's Jumbo Joke Book Colour books Horrid Henry's Big Bad Book Horrid Henry's Wicked Ways Horrid Henry's Evil Enemies Horrid Henry Rules the World Horrid Henry's House of Horrors Horrid Henry's Dreadful Deeds Horrid Henry Shows Who's Boss Horrid Henry's A-Z of Everything Horrid Horrid Henry's Fearsome Four Horrid Henry's Royal Riot Horrid Henry's Tricky Tricks Activity books Horrid Henry's Brainbusters Horrid Henry's Headscratchers Horrid Henry's Mindbenders Horrid Henry's Colouring Book Horrid Henry's Puzzle Book Horrid Henry's Sticker Book Horrid Henry Runs Riot Horrid Henry's Annual Horrid Henry's Classroom Chaos Horrid Henry's Holiday Havoc Horrid Henry's Wicked Wordsearches Horrid Henry's Mad Mazes Horrid Henry's Crazy Crosswords Television adaptation Film\",\n \"title\": \"Horrid Henry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14952561\",\n \"text\": \"The Sun Also Rises is a 1957 American drama film adaptation of the 1926 Ernest Hemingway novel of the same name directed by Henry King. The screenplay was written by Peter Viertel and it starred Tyrone Power, Ava Gardner, Mel Ferrer, and Errol Flynn. Much of it was filmed on location in France and Spain as well as Mexico in Cinemascope and color by Deluxe. A highlight of the film is the famous \\\"running of the bulls\\\" in Pamplona, Spain and two bullfights. Plot A group of disillusioned American expatriate writers live a dissolute, hedonistic lifestyle in France and Spain in the 1920s. Cast Tyrone Power as Jake Barnes Ava Gardner as Lady Brett Ashley Mel Ferrer as Robert Cohn Errol Flynn as Mike Campbell Eddie Albert as Bill Gorton Gregory Ratoff as Count Mippipopolous Juliette Gréco as Georgette Aubin Marcel Dalio as Zizi Henry Daniell as Army doctor Bob Cunningham as Harris Danik Patisson as Marie Robert Evans as Pedro Romero Production notes Development Film rights to the novel were sold in the late 1920s for a reported $10,000. These rights were transferred to Hemingway's first wife, Hadley Richardson, by the author at the time of their divorce, so he never personally benefited from the sale. Originally the film was going to be made at RKO, possibly starring Ann Harding. In 1940 agent-producer Charles Feldman bought the rights from Harding's one-time husband, actor Harry Bannister, for a reported $35,000. In 1948, it was announced Howard Hawks had bought the film rights. He subsequently sold part of his interest to Feldman, but the project did not go beyond the development stage. In 1955, Hawks and Feldman sold the rights of the novel to Darryl F. Zanuck at 20th Century Fox, who still hoped to use Hawks as director. This plan was part of a deal whereby Feldman sold his interest in a number of projects to Fox – the others included Heaven Knows, Mr Allison, The Wayward Bus and Oh Men! Oh Women!. Of this deal, the rights to The Sun Also Rises were estimated at $125,000. Zanuck hired Peter Viertel to write the script. Viertel later reflected: The long lapse of time since the book was published will not cause it to lose its value. The story is ageless. It should renew its impact for our modern generation. It is fascinating in its impressions of Europe after World War I, because so many of these impressions are duplicated again today. Casting Zanuck wanted the lead played by Gregory Peck, who had appeared in several Hemingway adaptations, including the popular The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Jennifer Jones signed to play Lady Brett. The movie became the first to be produced for Zanuck's own independent production company following his departure from Fox (but Fox would distribute). Cinematographer Charles Clarke started filming bullfighting sequences in Pamplona in June 1956. Henry King signed to direct and Walter Reisch to produce. Jennifer Jones had to pull out from the film because of her commitment to\",\n \"title\": \"The Sun Also Rises (1957 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19858793\",\n \"text\": \"The Snow Leopard is a 1978 book by Peter Matthiessen. It is an account of his two-month search for the snow leopard with naturalist George Schaller in the Dolpo region on the Tibetan Plateau in the Himalaya. Content The book recounts the journey of Matthiessen and Schaller in 1973 to Shey Gompa in the inner Dolpo region of Nepal. Schaller's original objective was to compare the mating habits of the Himalayan blue sheep (the bharal) with those of the common sheep of the USA, while for Matthiessen the trip was more of a spiritual exploration. Another aim was to spot the snow leopard, a predator on the bharal and a creature that was seldom seen (it had been glimpsed only twice by Westerners in the previous twenty five years). A third part of the plan was to visit the Crystal Monastery and its Buddhist lama. The travel aspect of the work is in the tradition of writing by Sir Richard Burton, Sir Henry Morton Stanley, and Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton. The nature writing aspect brings echoes of the work of Alexander von Humboldt or Charles Darwin. It also involves a meditation upon inner peace, however, as well as external exploration, in a way that is reminiscent of Basho, Wordsworth or Thoreau. For example, towards the end of the book Matthiessen sits on some rocks and observes \\\"These hard rocks instruct my bones in what my brain could never grasp in the Heart Sutra, that 'form is emptiness and emptiness is form'—the Void, the emptiness of blue-black space, contained in everything.\\\" Matthiessen frequently digresses to remember his wife Deborah Love who had died of cancer prior to the adventure. The book is, therefore, also a meditation upon death, suffering, loss, memory and healing. The memories of Deborah operate with a number of other recursive stylistic traits that play against the linear, outward progress of the journey logged through maps and dates. Questions of absence and presence play in tandem with the wider question of gaining peace through an acceptance of how the world is rather than desiring phenomena to arise that do not exist. Awards and acclaim The Snow Leopard won the 1979 National Book Award in the category Contemporary Thought and the 1980 National Book Award for Nonfiction (paperback). It has garnered more critical acclaim since then. It has been included in several lists of best travel books including World Hum's ten most celebrated books, Washington Post Book World's Travel Books That Will Take You Far, and National Geographic Traveler's Around the World in 80+ Books. References External links Review published in the NY Times on November 26, 1978 Review by Amanda Fox in Salon's Wanderlust The Snow Leopard - A Pictorial Companion Book documenting PM's trip to Upper Dolpo in pictures American travel books National Book Award for Nonfiction winning works 1978 non-fiction books Books about the Himalayas Viking Press books Non-fiction books about cats Nepalese non-fiction books Snow leopards in popular culture\",\n \"title\": \"The Snow Leopard\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41612828\",\n \"text\": \"Next is a short film created by Aardman Animations. Its full title is \\\"Next: The Infinite Variety Show\\\". Plot William Shakespeare auditions for an undetermined role in front of a bored Peter Hall with references to his play in under five minutes. Plays Present \\\"Henry V\\\" \\\"Julius Caesar\\\" \\\"Antony and Cleopatra\\\" \\\"Coriolanus\\\" \\\"Henry VIII\\\" \\\"Romeo & Juliet\\\" \\\"Henry IV\\\" \\\"Richard II\\\" \\\"Henry VI\\\" \\\"Richard III\\\" \\\"Troilus & Cressida\\\" \\\"A Midsummer Night’s Dream\\\" \\\"Hamlet\\\" \\\"Othello\\\" \\\"Titus Andronicus\\\" \\\"Timon of Athens\\\" \\\"The Tempest\\\" \\\"As You Like It\\\" \\\"Macbeth\\\" \\\"Alls Well Ends Well\\\" \\\"The Taming Of The Shrew\\\" \\\"Much Ado About Nothing\\\" \\\"The Merry Wives Of Windsor\\\" \\\"The Merchant Of Venice\\\" \\\"King John\\\" \\\"Pericles, Prince Of Tyre\\\" \\\"King Lear\\\" \\\"Love’s Labour’s Lost\\\" \\\"Twelfth Night\\\" \\\"Two Gentlemen Of Verona\\\" \\\"A Winter’s Tale\\\" \\\"Measure For Measure\\\" \\\"Cymbeline\\\" (\\\"The Two Noble Kinsmen\\\" is Missing) Cast Barry Purves - Will, a poor player (animation) Roger Rees - Peter, a Producer (voice) Production The film was commissioned by Channel 4 as part of a 5-part series of Aardman animations called \\\"Lip Synch\\\": Creature Comforts (1989), Going Equipped (1990), Ident (1990), Next (1990) and War Story (1989). Peter was voiced by Roger Rees and is reading one of Hall's books. The halo indicates that he represents Saint Peter, and that Shakespeare is auditioning to get into Heaven. The film references all of 37 Shakespeare plays. A clip of this short was shown in the 2003 documentary Animated Century. Critical reception On imdb, Next received a rating of 7.3/10 from 188 users. References External links Next on IMDB Excerpt on Vimeo Next on YouTube 1990 animated short films Films based on works by William Shakespeare 1990 films British animated short films 1990s English-language films 1990s British films Aardman Animations short films\",\n \"title\": \"Next (1990 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15622473\",\n \"text\": \"Henry IV of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times. Literature Almost two hundred years after his death, Henry became the subject of two plays by William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2, as well as featuring prominently in Richard II. As the Earl of Derby, Henry is a character in Gordon Daviot's 1932 play Richard of Bordeaux. Henry appears in a historical novel by Henry Newbolt, The New June (1909). Ellis Peters's novel A Bloody Field by Shrewsbury (1972, US title The Bloody Field) revolves around the relationship between Henry, Prince Hal and Hotspur. Also in 1972, Martha Rofheart wrote a novel featuring Henry IV, Fortune Made His Sword (UK title Cry God For Harry). Henry is a supporting character in Georgette Heyer's 1975 historical novel My Lord John, which details the early life of his son, John of Lancaster. Anya Seton included Henry in her 1954 novel Katherine which depicted the relationship between Henry's father John of Gaunt and his eventual step-mother Katherine Swynford. Henry is a main character in Sara Douglass's The Crucible Trilogy, a work of historical fiction. Henry is the king in Howard Pyle's fictional Men of Iron. The protagonist's father's loyalty to Richard II is the reason that the family is in hiding for most of the book. Film Henry has been portrayed on screen by: Ian Keith in The Black Shield of Falworth (1954), with Tony Curtis John Gielgud in Chimes at Midnight (1965), a merger of several Shakespeare plays Carl Wharton in Henry IV - Part 2 (2012), a film by The Co-operative British Youth Film Academy. Ben Mendelsohn in The King (2019), a film by Netflix Television Henry has been portrayed a number of times on television, mainly in versions of Shakespeare's plays. In this context he has been played by: Clement McCallin in a BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1950) Kent Smith in an American version of Richard II (1954) Tom Fleming in the BBC series An Age of Kings (1960), which contained all the history plays from Richard II to Richard III Erik Hell in Henrik IV (1964), a Swedish version of Henry IV Hartmut Reck in König Richard II (1968), a West German version of Richard II Timothy West in another BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1970) Sándor Lukács in II. Richárd (1976), a Hungarian version of Richard II Jon Finch in the BBC Shakespeare version of King Richard the Second (1978) and both parts of Henry IV (1979) Michael Cronin in the BBC series The Wars of the Roses (1989), which included all of Shakespeare's history plays performed by the English Shakespeare Company Nikolai Lavrov in Richard Vtoroi (1992), a Russian version of Richard II Ronald Pickup in a BBC film, Henry IV (1995), a version of Henry IV, Part 1 Richard Bremmer in a British TV film, Richard II (1997) Veit Schubert in another German version of Richard II (2001)\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of Henry IV of England\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62864913\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Muller (1 September 1925 – 27 May 1998) was a German-born British journalist and screenwriter, who mainly worked in television. Since his father was Jewish, he emigrated to Britain in 1938 as a thirteen-year-old refugee from Nazi Germany. Selected works Film Woman of Straw (1964) The Beauty Jungle (1964) I'm an Elephant, Madame (1969) The Roaring Fifties (1983) Television London Playhouse: \\\"Jane Clegg\\\" (dir. Peter Cotes, 1956) Armchair Theatre: \\\"The Night Conspirators\\\" (Philip Saville, 1962) Armchair Theatre: \\\"Afternoon of a Nymph\\\" (1962) Armchair Theatre: \\\"Thank You and Goodnight\\\" (1962) Armchair Theatre: \\\"The Paradise Suite\\\" (1963) Playdate: \\\"The Night Conspirators\\\" (1963) Armchair Theatre: \\\"Pleasure Is Where She Finds It\\\" (Charles Jarrott, 1964) Story Parade: \\\"The World That Summer\\\" (Peter Sasdy, 1965) Armchair Mystery Theatre: \\\"Man and Mirror\\\" (Patrick Dromgoole, 1965) Armchair Theatre: \\\"A Cold Peace\\\" (Don Leaver, 1965) Mystery and Imagination: \\\"The Body Snatcher\\\" (Toby Robertson, 1966) ( and , 1966, TV miniseries) — based on a non-fiction book by The Wednesday Play: \\\"The Executioner\\\" (Michael Hayes, 1966) Die Unberatenen (Peter Zadek, 1966) — based on a novel by Out of the Unknown: \\\"The Prophet\\\" (Naomi Capon, 1967) — based on \\\"Reason\\\" by Isaac Asimov Armchair Theatre: \\\"Easier in the Dark\\\" (Don Leaver, 1967) Armchair Theatre: \\\"A World of Time\\\" (Don Leaver, 1967) Theatre 625: \\\"Henry IV\\\" (Michael Hayes, 1967) — based on Luigi Pirandello's Henry IV Haunted: \\\"After the Funeral\\\" (Don Leaver, 1967) The Wednesday Play: \\\"Death of a Private\\\" (James Ferman, 1967) — loosely based on Woyzeck Man in a Suitcase: \\\"The Bridge\\\" (Pat Jackson, 1967) Armchair Theatre: \\\"You and Me\\\" (Kim Mills, 1968) Nana (John Davies, 1968, TV miniseries) Mystery and Imagination: \\\"Frankenstein\\\" (Voytek, 1968) Out of the Unknown: \\\"Beach Head\\\" (James Cellan Jones, 1969) — based on a story by Clifford D. Simak Out of the Unknown: \\\"The Naked Sun\\\" (Rudolph Cartier, 1969) Mystery and Imagination: \\\"The Suicide Club\\\" (Mike Vardy, 1970) Take Three Girls (1971, TV series, 4 episodes) Bel Ami (John Davies, 1971, TV miniseries) — based on Guy de Maupassant's Bel-Ami Die Sonne angreifen (Peter Lilienthal, 1971) — based on a novel by Witold Gombrowicz Public Eye: \\\"Shades of White\\\" (Piers Haggard, 1971) Man of Straw (Herbert Wise, 1972, TV miniseries) — based on Der Untertan by Heinrich Mann Van der Valk und das Mädchen (Peter Zadek, 1972) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling The Song of Songs (Peter Wood, 1973, TV miniseries) (Wolfgang Petersen, 1973) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling Colditz: \\\"Chameleon\\\" (Philip Dudley, 1974) Fall of Eagles: \\\"Indian Summer of an Emperor\\\" (Donald McWhinnie, 1974) Omnibus: \\\"The Need for Nightmare\\\" (Harley Cokeliss, 1974) Churchill's People: \\\"The Lost Island\\\" (Philip Saville, 1975) — based on A History of the English-Speaking Peoples A Legacy (Derek Martinus, 1975, TV miniseries) Private Affairs: \\\"A Dream of Living\\\" (Philip Saville, 1975) Van der Valk und die Toten (, 1975) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling Ten from the Twenties: \\\"Motherlove\\\" (Mark Cullingham, 1975) — based on a story by\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Muller (screenwriter)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21602990\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Juice Is Loose\\\" is the ninth episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 15, 2009. In the episode, Peter cashes in an old raffle ticket from 1989 and wins a golf outing with O. J. Simpson. When he befriends Simpson and brings him home to meet the family, the residents of Quahog are not as welcoming of Peter's new friend and try to force him out of town. The episode was written by Andrew Goldberg and directed by Cyndi Tang. According to Nielsen ratings, the episode was viewed in 7.21 million homes in its original airing. The episode received mixed reviews, with most criticism being directed towards the episode's use of a three-minute-long live-action segment of Conway Twitty. Series regular Mike Henry provided the voice of O. J. Simpson, Cathy Cahlin Ryan guest-starred as Fred Goldman's wife in a cutaway, and Jeff Bergman guest-starred as a parody of Homer Simpson. Plot According to an opening title card, this is one of several recently discovered \\\"lost episodes\\\" found in the Griffin family basement; it takes place in March 2007, prior to O. J. Simpson's September 2007 arrest for armed robbery. Lois goes to her book club and asks Peter to babysit Stewie. Instead, he invites Cleveland, Quagmire, and Joe and they all play Truth or Dare, which results in a make out session between Cleveland and Joe. After a fiasco involving Stewie attempting to fix their satellite TV, and getting stuck on the roof, due to Peter's lack of supervision, Brian tries to tell Peter but he does not listen and instead reads a magazine featuring Nick Jonas. After Peter starts a pillow fight that turns violent, Lois comes in after Cleveland accidentally punches her in the nose, angry at Peter for not watching Stewie, who has gotten stuck on the roof. Peter attempts to fix the satellite himself, at which point he comes across a raffle ticket from 1989 that he had forgotten to cash in, winning him a chance to play golf with a celebrity of his choice. Ultimately, he chooses O. J. Simpson. Unaware at first of Simpson's accusation for the murders of his wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman, he grows fearful after Joe convinces him to walk around town with the song \\\"Dust in the Wind\\\" while thinking about the murders. Ultimately deciding to cash in the ticket, his friends suggest he spy on Simpson during the golf game and try to get him to confess to the murders. Hooking Peter to a wire, his cover is blown when the device shorts out. Simpson laments having lost a chance of escaping the accusation. Feeling guilty, Peter decides that Simpson is actually innocent, and decides to befriend him. Peter brings Simpson home with him to meet the family, who are initially less tolerant of Simpson than Peter (except Stewie). Brian tries to tell Peter that he\",\n \"title\": \"The Juice Is Loose\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10332190\",\n \"text\": \"Cue for Treason (1940) is a children's historical novel written by Geoffrey Trease, and is his best-known work. The novel is set in Elizabethan England at the end of the 16th century. Two young runaways become boy actors, at first on the road and later in London, where they are befriended by William Shakespeare. They become aware of a plot against Queen Elizabeth's life and attempt to prevent it. Plot summary Peter Brownrigg, a 14-year-old boy who lives in Cumberland in the north of England, is involved in a night crime against the theft of his village's farmland by Sir Philip Morton. He leaves his village to escape prosecution for throwing a rock at Sir Philip Morton. He first goes to Penrith, but unexpectedly encounters Sir Philip at a performance of Richard III by a touring playing company. He hides from him in a prop coffin (supposed to contain the body of King Henry VI) which is later carried onto the company's cart. The players discover Peter hiding and the kindly Desmonds, who run the playing company, take him on as a boy actor. Another boy, Kit Kirkstone, also joins the company. Kit proves excellent at playing female roles while Peter acts as an understudy. After Peter's jealousy leads to a fight, he discovers Kit's secret. Kit is actually a girl in disguise, really called Katharine Russell, who is running away to avoid a forced marriage to Sir Philip, who is only interested in her inheritance. The company breaks up and the Desmonds promise to take Peter and Kit to a London theatre company. During their trip to London Mr. Desmond breaks his leg in a river accident and Kit almost reveals her true identity to a crowd of observers after swimming down the river to rescue Mr. Desmond, but Peter distracts everyone and saves her. Because of the results of Mr. Desmond's accident Peter and Kit carry on their journey alone. When they arrive in London they audition for Richard Burbage of the Lord Chamberlain's Men at The Theatre in Shoreditch, a neighborhood beyond the northern boundary of the City of London and outside of the jurisdiction of its civil authorities – and consequently an area notorious for licentious behaviour and gaming houses. After being initially turned away by Burbage, they are accepted as apprentices by the playwright William Shakespeare, who recognises Kit's acting ability and Peter's gift of mimicry. They perform in various plays and see Sir Philip in the audience during Romeo and Juliet. Peter's copy of Shakespeare's new play Henry V is stolen by the \\\"Yellow Gentleman\\\", and Kit and Peter worry that he plans to profit from the unpublished play. While stealing back the script, Peter overhears a discussion between the thief and another man, sounding very treasonous. He also notices an odd poem written on the script. They realise that some of the poem must be part of a code but have no idea how to decipher it. Peter and Kit take the poem\",\n \"title\": \"Cue for Treason\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68354853\",\n \"text\": \"William Henry Ellis is an English actor, voice artist and podcaster known for Great Expectations, Dragon Quest Swords, Queen of the Desert, Parade's End, The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler and EastEnders Early life and education Ellis is a British actor the son of Chris and Becky Ellis. He has two siblings, Adam Ellis and Laura Martin. Ellis trained at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). Career Theatre After graduating from LAMDA in 2005, Ellis starred in British-Asian writer Shan Khan's play Prayer Room at Birmingham Repertory Theatre directed by Angus Jackson. Ellis played 'Griffin', the self-righteous Christian group leader and Charles Spencer in The Daily Telegraph wrote 'William Ellis memorably nails the condescending certainty of charismatic Christianity'. Ellis then went on to play Benvolio in the Nuffield Theatre production of Romeo and Juliet that toured Barbados as part of Holder's Season in 2006. In 2007 he worked with the director Peter Gill at The Royal National Theatre on his production of The Voysey Inheritance. After a UK Tour playing Simon Bliss in Peter Hall's production of Hay Fever in 2008, he returned to work with Peter Gill again, as Algernon Moncreiff for his production of The Importance of Being Earnest. The play was performed at Vaudeville Theatre in London's West End. The play received a positive reception and Ellis's performance was described by The Hollywood Reporter as '...having flair'. Following The Importance of Being Earnest he has appeared as Sam Leadbitter in Theatre Royal, Bath's production of This Happy Breed and also played Prince Charming in Lyric Theatre's Cinderella. In 2015 Ellis starred alongside Olivia Poulet, playing 'Uncle Peck' in Paula Vogel's play How I Learned to Drive at Southwark Playhouse. Ellis's performance as the predatory uncle was described positively by The Evening Standard reviewer Henry Hitchings: 'William Ellis captures the discreet, almost courtly manner in which Peck wields his needy brand of destructiveness'. In 2019, Ellis starred in Frederick Knott's Dial M for Murder, playing the murdering ex-tennis player Tony Wendice at the New Vic Theatre. The play received positive reviews. Film and television Ellis began acting on screen in 2006 with small parts and in 2009 he portrayed Wiktor in The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler. In 2012 he took on the part of Compeyson in Mike Newell's Great Expectations and in 2015, he played The Earl of Chester in Queen of the Desert, directed by Werner Herzog. Further significant credits have included, Parade's End, Father Brown, 24: Live Another Day and The Crown. In 2023 he joined the cast of the BBC soap opera EastEnders, playing Theo Hawthorne, the former teacher of Freddie Slater (Bobby Brazier). A part that Ellis was nominated for \\\"Best Villain\\\" at the Inside Soap Awards 2023. Voice over Ellis has voiced a number of British commercials and was the voice of Toyota for their 2012 Paris Motor Show event: Stories of Better. In 2020 he narrated two self-help books for the life-coach and author Vernon Sankey, The Stairway to\",\n \"title\": \"William Ellis (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25254582\",\n \"text\": \"The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway is an account of the 1967–1968 season on and off-Broadway by American novelist and screenwriter William Goldman. It originally was published in 1969 and is considered one of the better books ever written on American theater. In The New York Times, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt called the book “Very nearly perfect...It is a loose-limbed, gossipy, insider, savvy, nuts-and-bolts report on the annual search for the winning numbers that is now big-time American commercial theatre.” Goldman reports in the book that he spent over 18 months of reporting on the book, seeing every show on Broadway, many of them more than once, as well as preview productions in the principal try-out towns like Boston, New Haven, and Washington, D.C. The book is presented roughly in chronological order throughout the season. It analyzes the Broadway audience and the economics of Broadway theatre at the time as well as the shows given during the season, and it profiles or interviews the significant theatrical personalities of the day. Plays The plays and musicals described include: A Day in the Death of Joe Egg by Peter Nichols starring Albert Finney and Zena Walker directed by Michael Blakemore A Minor Adjustment After the Rain by John Griffith Bowen Avanti! by Samuel Taylor Before You Go The Boys in the Band by Mart Crowley Brief Lives, starring Roy Dotrice By George starring Max Adrian about the letters of George Bernard Shaw Carry Me Back to Morningside Heights by Robert Alan Aurthur, directed by Sidney Poitier Daphne in Cottage D, starring Sandy Dennis and William Daniels Darling of the Day, starring Vincent Price Dr. Cook's Garden by Ira Levin, starring Burl Ives and Keir Dullea, originally directed by George C. Scott Eddie Fisher and Buddy Hackett at the Palace Everything in the Garden by Edward Albee George M! starring Joel Grey, directed by Joe Layton Golden Rainbow, starring Eydie Gormé and Steve Lawrence Hair Halfway Up the Tree by Peter Ustinov Happiness Is Just a Little Thing Called a Rolls Royce Henry, Sweet Henry by Bob Merrill and Nunnally Johnson with Don Ameche, directed by George Roy Hill Here's Where I Belong by Terrence McNally and others How Now, Dow Jones, directed by George Abbott, music by Elmer Bernstein How to Be a Jewish Mother I Never Sang for My Father by Robert Anderson with Lillian Gish I'm Solomon Johnny No-Trump by Mary Mercier Judy Garland \\\"At Home at the Palace\\\" with Judy Garland Keep It In the Family by Bill Naughton Leda Had a Little Swan with Michael J. Pollard Leonard Sillman's New Faces of 1968, produced by Leonard Sillman Loot by Joe Orton Mata Hari, directed by Vincente Minnelli, produced by David Merrick Mike Downstairs More Stately Mansions by Eugene O'Neill, starring Ingrid Bergman and Colleen Dewhurst, directed by Jose Quintero Plaza Suite by Neil Simon, starring George C. Scott and Maureen Stapleton, directed by Mike Nichols Portrait of a Queen Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard Soldiers by\",\n \"title\": \"The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47894242\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Entirely Beloved\\\" is the second episode of the BBC Two series Wolf Hall. It was first broadcast on 28 January 2015. Plot summary In December 1529, following Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's departure as Lord Chancellor, Thomas Cromwell gains favour from King Henry VIII and is sworn into the king's Privy Council. Cast Critical reception \\\"Entirely Beloved\\\" received positive reviews. The Daily Telegraph again gave the episode 5/5; Reviewer Jasper Reeves also praised Straughan's dialogue and Peter Kosminsky's directing, writing, \\\"It's like watching a chess grandmaster go around a room playing 20 challengers at once. The spectacle is dizzying, and the acting magnificent.\\\" Neela Debnath, writing for The Independent, compared the intrigue and scheming in Wolf Hall to that of Game of Thrones, writing, \\\"Game of Thrones fans tuning in to watch Wolf Hall might notice similarities between the politicking in King's Landing and Henry VIII's court – and they wouldn't be wrong.\\\" Debnath praised the lead actor, writing, \\\"Rylance continues to mesmerize as the man of questionable birth rising to become the king's right-hand man. His calm, collected and measured performance really has the audience rooting for him.\\\" In his review for The Guardian, John Sutherland praised writer Peter Straughan, who wrote the teleplay based on Hilary Mantel's original book: \\\"Straughan ... has been commendably faithful to Mantel while infusing new televisual life into the narrative. References External links \\\"Entirely Beloved\\\" at the BBC Wolf Hall (miniseries) episodes 2015 British television episodes Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Fiction set in 1529\",\n \"title\": \"Entirely Beloved\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"249596\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Eric Beissel (born 12 April 1929 Cologne) is a writer and editor who has published 24 volumes of poetry, six books of plays, a non-fiction book on Canada, two anthologies of plays intended for use in high schools, and numerous essays and pieces of short fiction. Biography Henry Beissel was born in Cologne, Germany, and survived the second World war as a youth. He came to Canada in 1951. He first came to national attention with the controversial literary/political journal Edge (Edmonton 1963 – Montreal 1969). Beissel's internationally successful Inuk and the Sun (\\\"a mythic masterpiece\\\", Sherrill Grace) premiered at the Stratford Festival of Canada in 1973. This was followed by a U.S. premiere in 1977 at The Other Theatre in Chicago's Bernard Horwich Jewish Community Center with a musical score by Douglas L. Lieberman. The Other Theatre also commissioned Under Coyote's Eye and performed it at the Field Museum of Natural History. Beissel's work has been translated into many languages. Beissel had a long teaching career in English literature, and later in creative writing, which started as a teaching fellow at the University of Toronto. He taught at the University of Munich (1960–62), the University of Alberta (1962–64) and Concordia University (Montreal) (1966–96), from which he retired as distinguished emeritus professor of English. He lives with his wife, Arlette Francière, in Ottawa. Awards Beissel has received several awards. The first was the Norma Epstein Award for Creative Writing in 1958 at University of Toronto, and the last was the Walter-Bauer Literaturpreis, Merseburg (Germany), 1994. Selected bibliography New Wings for Icarus. Toronto: Coach House, 1966. A Different Sun (poems by Walter Bauer translated from the German). Ottawa: Oberon, 1976. Inuk and the Sun. Toronto: Gage, 1980. Under Coyote's Eye. Dunvegan, Ontario: Quadrant, 1980. Improvisations for Mr. X & the Noose. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant, 1989. Kanada. Romantik und Wirklichkeit (with photographs by Janis Kraulis). Innsbruck: Pinguin Verlag, 1981. Cantos North. Moonbeam, Ontario: Penumbra, 1982. Season of Blood. Toronto: Mosaic, 1984. A Thistle In His Mouth (poems by Peter Huchel translated from the German). Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant Books, 1987. The Noose & Improvisations for Mister X. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant, 1989. Dying I was Born. Waterloo, Ontario: Penumbra, 1992. Stones to Harvest. Gooderich, Ontario: Moonstone, 1993. Across the Sun's Warp. Ottawa: BuschekBooks, 2003. Plays The Curve, University of Alberta, 1963 A Trumpet For Nap, Little Angel Theatre, London, England. 1970 Are You Afraid of Thieves?, Universite du Quebec, 1973, La Troupe Brin'si Inook And The Sun, The Stratford Festival, Canada, 1973 For Crying Out Loud, Char-Lan Theatre Workshop, Williamstown, Ontario. 1975 Goya, Montreal Theatre Lab, 1976 Under Coyote's Eye, Other Theatre, Chicago, 1978 The Emigrants, Saidye Bronfman Centre, Montreal. 1981 Hedda Gabler, Saidye Bronfman Centre, Montreal. 1982 (translation) The Noose, University of Winnipeg, 1985The Glass Mountain'', University of Winnipeg, Manitoba. 1990 References External links Settlement and Survival: Henry Beissel's 'Cantos North' Henry Beissel's website Peace Networking with Professor Beissel by Koozma J. Tarasoff, Spirit-Wrestlers Blog, 17 March 2018. 1929 births 20th-century Canadian\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Beissel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8600471\",\n \"text\": \"That Eye, the Sky is a 1986 novel by Australian author Tim Winton. It follows the young protagonist Morton 'Ort' Flack, as he struggles to cope with life in a small country town after his father is paralyzed in a serious car accident. After his father's accident, Ort is forced to step up and become the 'Man' of an increasingly complicated household. The situation becomes all the more convoluted with the introduction of the mysterious Henry Warburton, a dubious figure who says he has come to help. The story explores the theme of coming of age, and the complicated role religion plays in rural Australian life. Reviews The Publishers Weekly said of the book, \\\"The wrenching story... proves love like Ort's can prevail against hell itself\\\" The Los Angeles Times writes that, \\\"The great strength of the novel is in the way the grotesque contrasts and parallels in human life are spread out, examined and accepted.\\\" Film adaptations The film adaptation was directed by John Ruane and released in 1994. Ruane later said: I think the mistake I made with That Eye, the Sky is not to have more humour in it, because the book had a lot of humour. But, unfortunately, with the novel being written in the first person, a lot of the humour comes from the little boy interpreting the events and the situations he finds himself in and that he observes. So we are party to his sense of humour via his inner thoughts. When you pull that away, you have to come up with an orthodox third person approach. I really wish we had come up with more humour. The film was made by the company of Fred Schepisi who later claimed the film was bad: Because the director didn't know what he was doing or what side he was on. You've got to take a side. He went on an exploration. An exploration is all right but you've got to do it from a point of view. Actor Peter Coyote stated: That Eye, the Sky was masterfully made into a really lovely film by the director, but the producer abandoned them during the final edit, which resulted in a studio hack taking it over, cutting 40 minutes out and making it completely impenetrable. They blamed the director. Cast Peter Coyote as Henry Warburton Jamie Croft as Morton 'Ort' Flack Lisa Harrow as Alice Flack Amanda Douge as Tegwyn Flack Mark Fairall as Sam Flack Alethea McGrath as Grammar Flack Paul Sonkkila as Mr Cherry Louise Siversen as Mrs Cherry Jim Daly as Lawrence Wingham Play The book was adapted by Richard Roxburgh and Justin Monjo into the play That Eye, The Sky (by Justin Monjo, Richard Roxburgh, and Tim Winton) produced by Burning House Theatre Company, at Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia (6 January – 6 February 1994) and Playhouse Theatre, Melbourne (13 – 15 October 1994). There was a later production at the New Theatre, 15 March to 16 April 2016. A review of the\",\n \"title\": \"That Eye, the Sky\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73896470\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Singleton Copley Pelham (c. 1710 – April 29, 1789) was an Irish-American colonial settler. Her son was the artist John Singleton Copley. She operated a tobacco retail and wholesale business and taught education, art, and manners classes. By 1751, she had been widowed twice. Her sons, John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham were accomplished artists. She was step-mother to her second husband, Peter Pelham's five children. Early life Mary Singleton was born c. 1710 and was the daughter of Jane (Bruffel) Singleton and John Singleton. She had two siblings and lived in Quinville Abbey in County Clare, Ireland. Her Singleton ancestors came to Ireland in 1661 from Lancashire, England. Marriages and children Mary Singleton married Richard Copley in Ireland in about 1735, according to family tradition. Richard's father was likely Charles Copley, who was a sheriff of Limerick, an alderman, and one of the landed gentry. Their son, John Singleton Copley, was born on July 3, 1738. Within a year of their marriage or about the time of John's birth, the family immigrated to Boston of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Richard established a tobacco shop on Long Wharf. Richard died before May 6, 1748, when an inventory was taken of his estate. Mary and Peter Pelham were married at the Trinity Church in Boston on May 22, 1748, becoming Mary Singleton Copley Pelham, also known as Mary Pelham. Peter Pelham was a schoolmaster and an artist. He painted portraits and was a mezzotint engraver. They had a son together, Henry, born February 14, 1749, in Boston. Peter brought a daughter and four sons from his previous wives into the marriage. John had access to Peter Pelham's collection of prints, books, engraving equipment, and painting supplies as he grew up. He was also an apprentice to his step-father. Peter died in December 1751. Henry studied art under his half-brother John, with whom he was close. Henry then worked in John's studio making portraits and, about 1772, began painting miniature portraits. Pelham supported and nurtured her son's interest in art and was the matriarch of \\\"one of America's earliest art families\\\". John wrote after her death that he benefited from her support. Richard Klayment said that he \\\"wrote glowingly of her kindness, vitality, and importance to his artistic development.\\\" By 1753, John created a \\\"unique mezzotint\\\" and paintings. He painted portraits of Boston society. John married Susanna Clark, and they started their family. He traveled to Europe and studied in Italy from 1774 to 1775. In 1775, Susanna left Boston at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. She took three of her children, Elizabeth, John, and Mary, with her to London. Mary Pelham took in her infant grandchild, who died on January 19, 1776, of consumption. The child was age one and a few days. Her son Henry, a loyalist, joined the Copleys in London, leaving Boston in August 1776. Because of his loyalty to the King, Henry's business dropped off, and he\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Singleton Copley Pelham\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13017891\",\n \"text\": \"Stephen (James) Bennett (known as Stephen Bennett) is an English musician, writer and film maker born in Skelmersdale, Lancashire. He plays various keyboards, drums and the guitar. He first came to public attention in the band LaHost in the 1980s as part of the New wave of progressive rock who had headlined at the Marquee Club in London. Since the Lahost split, Bennett has pursued music careers with his own band The Fire Thieves, and worked with Tim Bowness and the band Henry Fool. He also sang and played keyboards on two of The Opium Cartel albums. He plays keyboards in No-Man with Steven Wilson and Tim Bowness. His 2014 collaboration with Tim Bowness, Abandoned Dancehall Dreams reached number 18 in the UK Rock Chart. A co-composed track from the album, Smiler at 50, was nominated for a Prog magazine award in 2014. Another collaboration with Tim Bowness, Stupid things that mean the world reached number 10 in the UK Rock Chart. Bennett co-composed the majority of the songs on Tim Bowness' 2017 album, Lost in the Ghost light as well as playing keyboards, guitar, editing, recording and preparing material for mixing by Steven Wilson. The album and its companion EP , Songs from the Ghost Light both charted in the UK in 2017. Lost In The Ghost Light reached No.5 in the official UK Rock chart, No.8 in the official UK progressive chart and won \\\"Album Cover of the Year\\\" at the 2017 Progressive Music Awards. In 2018, Bennett played on the new album by Twelfth Night's Clive Mitten, The Age of Insanity and is singer/guitarist/keyboard player and composer (with Ketil Vestrum Einarsen) in the band Galasphere 347. Their eponymous debut was released on Karisma records in July 2018. Bennett has also collaborated with Lady Sara Rönneke, David Torn, Hugh Hopper and David Picking. He has made music videos for Tim Bowness and Peter Chilvers and No-Man and has completed one narrative short film, The Perfect Number. He has written about Apple's Logic Pro Digital Audio Workstation software for Sound on Sound, amongst others, as well as several books on music technology for PC-Publishing. He writes for Audiomedia, Tape-op, Pro sound news and Electronic sound magazines. Select discography LaHost 'Erotic Antiques (UGUM MSI 1992) The Fire Thieves 'Slow dancing in the big city''' (Chaos 1991) The Fire Thieves 'Sweet (Chaos 1993) The Fire Thieves 'Clarity (Chaos 1997) SplatterCell (David Torn) Remiksis Ah' (CellDivide 200) henry fool 'henry fool'(K-Scope 2001) henry fool Pills in the Afternoon' (Piotr Kosinski compilation 2002) No-Man Together We're Stranger (Snapper 2003) – Director of the video of 'Things I want to tell you' included on the 5:1 re-release, 2007 Rhinoceros Tiny Ghosts (Burning Shed 2003) Tim Bowness My Hotel Year(One Little Indian 2004) No-Man Schoolyard Ghosts (K-Scope 2008) The Fire Thieves Back to Stereo (Chaos 2009) No-Man Love and Endings (K-Scope 2011) Henry Fool Men Singing(K-Scope 2014) The Opium Cartel Night Blooms (Termo Records 2009) The Opium Cartel Ardor (Termo Records 2014) Tim Bowness Abandoned\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen James Bennett\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9222319\",\n \"text\": \"Something of Value is a 1957 American drama film directed by Richard Brooks and starring Rock Hudson, Dana Wynter, and Sidney Poitier. The film was reissued under the title Africa Ablaze. The film, based on the book of the same name by Robert Ruark, portrays the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya. It shows the colonial and native African conflict caused by colonialism and differing views on how life should be lived. It stars Rock Hudson as the colonial and Sidney Poitier as the native Kenyan. The two men grew up together but have drifted apart at maturity. Plot In British-ruled Kenya in 1945, members of the Kikuyu tribe work peacefully for considerate white settler Henry McKenzie, abiding by colonial laws, as well as their own religious beliefs, which forbid any violence against the settlers. Both in their early twenties, Henry's son Peter and black worker Kimani are close friends, having been raised together as brothers since the death of Henry's wife. One day, when Kimani asks to use a rifle during a lion hunt, Peter's brother-in-law, Jeff Newton, slaps the black man and reminds him that he cannot have the gun nor can he continue his friendship with Peter. A humiliated Kimani disappears from the camp, but, after being injured when his foot is caught in a trap, is rescued by Peter, who carries him home on his back. Kimani suggests that they must assume the roles of master and serf, but Peter refuses to change their relationship. Back at the black settlement, Kimani's father Karanja orders the murder of one of the tribe's newborns, which was born feet first, a condition the tribe believes to be a curse. After Karanja is arrested and sentenced to jail, Henry argues with the Crown consul that if the whites continue to take away the tribal elders' authority, the tribe children will begin to disrespect their own way of life and, he warns, disrespect the colonial Christian God. When Henry, Peter and Kimani visit the elderly man in jail, Karanja gives Henry his sacred stone. Karanja then encourages Kimani to assume his position as headman at the farm, but Kimani refuses to spend his life working as a white man's slave. One night, moved by moral outrage at the injustices against his father, Kimani attends a secret meeting of the Mau Mau, a group of black men planning an insurrection. He is asked by leader Njogu to prove his fidelity by stealing rifles. After one of the Mau Mau kills a black houseboy during the robbery, Kimani, troubled by their methods of achieving freedom, threatens to leave. Njogu tells Kimani he must remain with them because the police will now connect him to the crime. Years later, in 1952, Peter, who now leads safaris to supplement the farm's dwindling income, welcomes Holly Keith, his betrothed, home after her years of studying abroad. As Kenya becomes increasingly tension-filled, Henry and other white settlers question the workers' wives about the sudden disappearance of many of\",\n \"title\": \"Something of Value\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41448342\",\n \"text\": \"The 12th-century ruler Empress Matilda has been depicted in various cultural media. Theatre, film and television Matilda is a character in Henry I of England, a play by Beth Flintoff, which was first performed in November 2016 at St James's Church, Reading. The drama follows the story of the three sons of William the Conqueror and ends with the early reign of her father Henry, including the time when Matilda became Empress by marrying Henry V of Germany. The narrative continues in Flintoff's play Matilda the Empress, first performed in 2017 at the same venue with Dani McCallum taking the lead part. It depicts Matilda's later life and The Anarchy period after Henry I's death when she and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. In the concluding part of Flintoff's trilogy, Henry II, which was first performed in October 2018 at Reading's Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin, Matilda is depicted attending the dedication of Reading Abbey over the Easter weekend of 1164. Matilda is also a character in Jean Anouilh's play Becket. In the 1964 film adaptation, she was portrayed by Martita Hunt. Alison Pill portrayed Matilda in the 2010 TV miniseries The Pillars of the Earth, an adaptation of Follett's novel. She was played by Brenda Bruce in the 1978 BBC TV series The Devil's Crown, which dramatised the reigns of her son and grandsons. Historical fiction Novels dealing with the civil war between Matilda and Stephen include: A Legend of Reading Abbey (1845) by Charles Macfarlane. The Fool by H. C. Bailey (1927), deals with Matilda's relationship with her son, Henry II. The Empress (1932) by Carola Oman Cecelia Holland, The Earl (1971) Graham Shelby, The Villains of the Piece (1972) (published in the US as The Oath and the Sword) E. L. Konigsburg, A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver (1973) Jean Plaidy, The Passionate Enemies, the third book of her Norman Trilogy (1976) The Brother Cadfael series by Ellis Peters (beginning in 1977 with A Morbid Taste for Bones) and the TV series made from them starring Sir Derek Jacobi. In these books Empress Matilda is referred to by her vernacular name, Empress Maud. Roberta Gellis, The Sword and the Swan (1977). Ken Follett, The Pillars of the Earth (1989) Ellen Jones, The Fatal Crown (1991) Sharon Penman, When Christ and His Saints Slept tells the story of the events before, during and after the civil war (1995) Haley Elizabeth Garwood, The Forgotten Queen (1997) Elizabeth Chadwick, Lady of the English (2012) Amy Mantravadi, The Girl Empress (2017), part of a series of novels telling Matilda's life story Gemma Lawrence, The Heirs of Anarchy (2020-2022), four book series See also Cultural depictions of Henry I of England Cultural depictions of Henry II of England Cultural depictions of Adelaide of Italy Cultural depictions of Theophanu Cultural depictions of Gisela of Swabia References Cultural depictions of Holy Roman Empresses Salian dynasty\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of Empress Matilda\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6271672\",\n \"text\": \"Philip van Wilder (Weldre, Welder, Wylder, Wyllender, de Vuildre, Wild, Wildroe; c. 1500 – February 24, 1554) was a Dutch lutenist and composer, active in England. Life and career Early years Like Peter van Wilder, who also worked in the Tudor court and was presumably related to him, Philip was probably born in Millam, near Wormhout, or in the nearby village of Wylder (\\\"Wilder\\\" in Dutch). His father may have been Mathis (Matthew) van Wilder, a lutenist from the court of Philip the Fair of Castile who also worked at the Tudor court from 1506 to 1517. It can be speculated that Peter and Philip were his two sons, and that he used his influence to secure court employment for them in England. It is not known when Philip arrived in England, but since Peter dated his residence in England from 1515, it is possible that the two travelled together. A note in Italian in the Jacobean scorebook anthology GB-Lbl Egerton 3665 describes Philip as \\\"Master Philip of Flanders, musician to King Henry VIII, who lived in England around the year 1520\\\". He was certainly in London by 1522, living in the parish of St Olave's Hart Street (close to the Tower of London) and having £60 \\\"in goodes\\\" and £48 \\\"in fees\\\". The court account books for the year 1525-26 describe him as \\\"mynstrell\\\"; he was later designated \\\"lewter\\\". Van Wilder steadily advanced his position at the Tudor court. By 1529 he was a member of the Privy chamber, the select group of musicians who played to the king in private. He was also active as a merchant, being given a licence to import Toulouse woad and Gascon wine, and in purchasing instruments for the court. He taught the lute to Princess (later Queen) Mary, who rewarded him with a gift on the occasion of his marriage to a woman named Frances in 1537. Later he also taught Prince Edward (later Edward VI), who wrote a letter to his father in 1546 thanking him for \\\"sending me your servant Philip, as excellent in music as he is noble ... that I might become more excellent in striking the lute\\\". Later years In 1539 Van Wilder became a denizen, which allowed him to own land. This enabled him to profit from the dissolution of the monasteries and engage in a number of lucrative property deals with the Crown. At various times he was granted leaseholds on former monastic properties in London, as well as in Middlemarsh (in the parish of Minterne Magna) and Littlebredy in Dorset, previously owned by Cerne Abbey. By 1540 he was a Gentleman of the Privy chamber, a prestigious position that enabled him to accept financial inducements to raise legal issues and private grievances with the King. At the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547 Van Wilder was Keeper of the Instruments and effectively head of the Court instrumental musical establishment, a post later known as Master of the King's Music. Van Wilder continued to\",\n \"title\": \"Philip van Wilder\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"84104\",\n \"text\": \"Becket or The Honour of God (), often shortened to Becket, is a 1959 stage play written in French by Jean Anouilh. It is a depiction of the conflict between Thomas Becket and King Henry II of England leading to Becket's assassination in 1170. It contains many historical inaccuracies, which the author acknowledged. Background Anouilh's interpretation of the historical story, though often ironic, is more straightforward than T. S. Eliot's 1935 play on the same subject, Murder in the Cathedral, which was intended primarily as a religious treatment. However, there are one or two similarities in the interpretation. In the introduction to the play, Anouilh explained that he based it on a chapter of an old book he had bought because its green binding looked good on his shelves. He and his wife read the 30 pages about Thomas Becket, and she urged him to write a play about Thomas. He did so, finishing the first part in only 15 days. It was not until he showed the finished play to a friend that he found out the old book he had based it on was historically incorrect in certain important aspects. Having built his play on Becket being Saxon (when he was actually a Norman whose family was from near Caen and was called Becquet, Bequet or Becket in Old Norman), Anouilh could not recast the play to accord with historical facts, so he decided to let it stand. Aspects of the content that can safely be considered true are the conflicts between England and France, church and state, and the outline biography of Becket. Synopsis The play is a re-enactment of the conflicts between King Henry II and Thomas Becket as the latter (Henry's best friend) ascends to power, becoming the king's enemy. Becket begins as a clever, but hedonistic, companion; as a result of being created Archbishop of Canterbury, he is transformed into an ascetic who does his best to preserve the rights of the church against the king's power. Ultimately, Becket is slaughtered by several of the king's nobles; and lastly we find the king thrust into penance for the episcopicide. Stage productions The play was first performed in the original French at the Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty in Paris on 8 October 1959 and in an English translation on Broadway in 1960. The original Parisian production was directed by Roland Piétri, and starred Bruno Cremer as Thomas Becket and Daniel Ivernel as King Henry II. Broadway The first Broadway production premiered on 5 October 1960 at the St. James Theatre. It was produced by David Merrick and directed by Peter Glenville, and starred Laurence Olivier as Thomas Becket and Anthony Quinn as King Henry II. The production was nominated for five Tony Awards and won four, including Best Play. The play later transferred to the Royale Theatre and then to the Hudson Theatre. It was wrongly believed that during the run Quinn and Olivier switched roles, with Quinn playing Becket to Olivier's King. In fact, Quinn\",\n \"title\": \"Becket\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1640791\",\n \"text\": \"The Guinness Book of Records lists 410 feature-length film and TV versions of William Shakespeares plays, making Shakespeare the most filmed author ever in any language. , the Internet Movie Database lists Shakespeare as having writing credit on 1,800 films, including those under production but not yet released. The earliest known production is King John from 1899. Comedies All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing The Taming of the Shrew Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Histories Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Henry VIII King John Richard II Richard III Romances Pericles Cymbeline The Winter's Tale The Tempest Other Shakespeare as a character Acting Shakespeare Television series NOTE: \\\"ShakespeaRe-Told\\\", \\\"The Animated Shakespeare\\\" and \\\"BBC Television Shakespeare\\\" series have been covered above, under the respective play performed in each episode. Playing Shakespeare (TV, UK, 1979–1984) began as two consecutive episodes of the UK arts series The South Bank Show, and developed into a nine-part series of its own. It features director John Barton, then a leading light of the Royal Shakespeare Company, putting a host of actors through their paces. Many of those actors are now household names, including Judi Dench, Michael Pennington, Patrick Stewart, Ben Kingsley, David Suchet and Ian McKellen. The episodes were: The South Bank Show: \\\"Speaking Shakespearean Verse\\\" The South Bank Show: \\\"Preparing to Perform Shakespeare\\\" 1. \\\"The Two Traditions\\\" 2. \\\"Using the Verse\\\" 3. \\\"Language and Character\\\" 4. \\\"Set Speeches and Soliloquies\\\" 5. \\\"Irony and Ambiguity\\\" 6. \\\"Passion and Coolness\\\" 7. \\\"Rehearsing the Text\\\" 8. \\\"Exploring a Character\\\" 9. \\\"Poetry and Hidden Poetry\\\" Three further episodes were filmed but never edited or screened. They were to be called \\\"Using the Prose\\\", \\\"Using the Sonnets\\\" and \\\"Contemporary Shakespeare\\\". Their text can be read in the book \\\"Playing Shakespeare\\\" by John Barton. The Shakespeare Sessions (USA 2003): An American spin-off from Playing Shakespeare (above) in which John Barton directs notable American actors in Shakespeare scenes. Conjuring Shakespeare (TV, UK, 199?): A series of half-hour documentaries hosted by Fiona Shaw, each episode dealing with scenes from a particular play. In Search of Shakespeare (TV, UK, 2003): A BBC documentary series of four 1-hour episodes, chronicling the life of William Shakespeare, written and presented by Michael Wood. Slings & Arrows (TV, Canada, 2003–2006): A Canadian comedy drama set in the New Burbage Shakespeare Festival, a fictional Shakespearean festival in a small town in Canada comparable to the real-life Stratford Shakespeare Festival. With its entire run written by Susan Coyne, Bob Martin and Mark McKinney, directed by Peter Wellington, and starring Paul Gross, Martha Burns and Stephen Ouimette, it aired in\",\n \"title\": \"List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47222872\",\n \"text\": \"St Mary and St Peter's Church is an active Anglican parish church in the village of Barham near Ipswich. It contains a Henry Moore statue of Madonna and the Child originally held at St Peter, Claydon. It is in the deanery of Bosmere, part of the archdeaconry of Ipswich, and the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. History A church is recorded as being within the village of Barham in the Domesday Book. Architectural features in the tower of long-and-short work (or quoins), which is typical of Anglo-Saxon architecture, suggests the church dates from Saxon times. It was known as St Mary from at least 1538, when the parishioners included the inhabitants of Barham Green. In 1975, the parish extended to include the village of Claydon, and when St Peter's Church in Claydon was officially made redundant, St Mary was retitled as St Mary and St Peter. Monuments The best-known monument in the church is that of the Henry Moore statue of Madonna and Child originally held at St Peter's Church, Claydon. Crafted as a war memorial in commemoration for those in the village who died in the Second World War it was moved to St Mary after the closure of St Peter. Other monuments and brasswork have been part of the church but were removed or destroyed over the course of its history. In the chancel of the church were monuments to Jon Southwell, grandfather to Thomas Bedingfield as well as a tomb used for the burial of an unnamed inhabitant of the local estate of Shrubland Hall. Current status St Mary and St Peter's Church was listed at Grade I on 9 December 1955. Communion services, using the Book of Common Worship are offered on every Sunday morning at 8am except on the fifth Sunday of a month. On the first Sunday of each month a shorter communion service based on the Book of Common Worship is held at 10am, on the second and fourth Sundays a full communion service is held at 10am. On the third Sunday of each month at 10am a community worship service is held. This service is aimed at a wider age range of the congregation including families with children, adults and those with little or no experience of the Church. The services are often run by community groups or local charitable organisations otherwise unaffiliated with the Church itself. Where a 5th Sunday falls within a month a family communion service is held at one of the three parishes served by the same parish grouping. One in three of these is held at St Mary and St Peter; the others being held at St Mary's Church, Great Blakenham or St Peter's Church, Henley. Notable clergy William Kirby 1782–1850 Entomologist See also Grade I listed buildings in Suffolk References Church of England church buildings in Suffolk Grade I listed churches in Suffolk\",\n \"title\": \"St Mary and St Peter's Church, Barham\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8516003\",\n \"text\": \"Darling of the Day is a musical with a book by Nunnally Johnson, lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, and music by Jule Styne. It is based on Arnold Bennett's novel Buried Alive and his play The Great Adventure. Patricia Routledge won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance in the 1968 Broadway production. Synopsis In 1905 London, Priam Farll is an artist, brilliant, unconventional and shy, although he can be violently outspoken. He once offended Queen Victoria and was exiled to the South Pacific (shades of Gauguin), but Edward VII has succeeded to the throne, and Farll has been recalled to London to receive a knighthood. Appalled by \\\"society's\\\" expectations of its \\\"darling of the day\\\" (a common Victorian/Edwardian term meaning something like \\\"fashionable celebrity\\\") Farll seizes the chance to \\\"get out of the world alive\\\" when his faithful butler Henry Leek suddenly dies, and their identities are confused by an official. Instead of correcting the error, Farll quietly assumes the identity of the deceased, and Leek's corpse is officially buried in Westminster Abbey as the famous artist. He soon finds himself married to Alice Challice, a bright, well-to-do widow who had been corresponding with the real Henry Leek – and settles down to a happy \\\"upper working class\\\" existence. Farll continues to paint, and when his wife runs into financial difficulties he sells a few paintings. Complications naturally ensue, and his \\\"cover\\\" becomes increasingly flimsy. Just as it looks as if he will be compelled to resume his real identity, a piece of truly Gilbertian nonsense brings all to a satisfactory conclusion, and he is allowed to stay plain Henry Leek after all. Original cast and characters Song list Act I Mad For Art - Chorus He's A Genius - Oxford, Priam, Henry To Get Out Of This World Alive - Priam It's Enough To Make A Lady Fall In Love - Alice, Alf, Bert, Chorus A Gentleman's Gentleman - Company Double Soliloquy - Priam & Alice Let's See What Happens - Alice & Priam Panache - Oxford & Lady Vale I've Got A Rainbow Working For Me - Priam & Chorus Money, Money, Money - Alf, Bert, Sydney That Something Extra Special - Alice Act II What Makes a Marriage Merry - Company He's A Genius (Reprise) - Oxford & Chorus Not On Your Nellie - Chorus Sunset Tree - Priam & Alice Butler In The Abbey - Priam & Chorus Not On Your Nellie (Reprise) - Company An original cast recording was released by RCA Victor. Production history There had been discussions since 1964 to turn the novel Buried Alive into a musical. The book was first written by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall, with Peter Wood to direct and Geraldine Page to star, from lyrics by E.Y. Harburg and music by Jules Styne (who had suggested Harburg). However then S. N. Behrman wrote a new book, and Albert Marre was hired to direct. Fred Saidy also worked on the book Eventually\",\n \"title\": \"Darling of the Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32593748\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Russell (born 1949) is an American librettist and lyricist. Among his stage musicals are Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens and Side Show, which was nominated for the Tony Award as Best Musical. Career Russell's first musical to be produced is Fortune, which ran Off-Broadway at the Actors' Plahouse from April 27, 1980 to November 23, 1980. Ronald Melrose wrote the music, with Russell writing the book and lyrics. The musical director and arranger was Janet Hood; they have gone on to write several musicals together. The musical concerned four performers who were headed to be stars. According to The New York Times reviewer, John Corry, it \\\"marked the maturity of the gay musical\\\", and he commended the \\\"literate\\\" lyrics. Russell wrote the book and lyrics for the song cycle Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens, with music by Janet Hood, which originally ran Off-Off-Broadway in 1990 and in the West End in 1993. It played a benefit concert in 2001. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Pageant with Frank Kelly; the music is by Albert Evans, and conception by Robert Longbottom. The musical, which has an all-male cast that plays beauty queens premiered Off-Broadway at the Blue Angel in 1991, and subsequently ran Off-Broadway at New World Stages in 2013, as well as engagements in London (2000) and Australia. He wrote the concert adaptation of the musical Call Me Madam for the New York City Center Encores! staged concert series, which was presented in February 1995 and starred Tyne Daly. Russell write the book and lyrics for the musical Side Show (music by Henry Krieger), which ran on Broadway in 1997. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Up in The Air, with music by Henry Krieger, conceived and directed by Amon Miyamoto. It premiered at the Kennedy Center in February 2008. The musical is suggested by a Japanese story, about Boonah, the tree-climbing frog. He wrote the lyrics and book with Jeffrey Hatcher for the musical Lucky Duck, with music by Henry Krieger. It premiered Off-Broadway at the New Victory Theater in March 2012. The musical starts where the fairy tale \\\"The Ugly Duckling\\\" ends, \\\"showing what happens once one becomes beautiful.\\\" It premiered at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California, in 2000, then called Everything's Ducky. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical The Last Smoker in America, with music by Peter Melnick. The musical opened Off-Broadway in August 2012. Russell and Janet Hood have teamed again to write the musical Unexpected Joy, which received private readings in March 2012. The musical is the story of four women and was directed by Sheryl Kaller. Honors and awards Russell received a 1998 Tony nomination for Side Show for Best Book and shared a nomination with composer Henry Krieger for Best Score. The show was nominated as Best Musical. Everything's Ducky received the Will Glickman Award for Best New Play (in the San Francisco Bay Area) in 2001 and Garland Awards\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Russell (lyricist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20940966\",\n \"text\": \"Allahakbarries was an amateur cricket team founded by author J. M. Barrie, and was active from 1890 to 1913. The team's name was a portmanteau of Barrie's name and the mistaken belief that 'Allah akbar' meant 'Heaven help us' in Arabic (rather than its true meaning: 'God is great'). Notable figures to have featured for the side included Rudyard Kipling, H. G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, P. G. Wodehouse, G. K. Chesterton, Jerome K. Jerome, A. A. Milne, E. W. Hornung, Henry Justice Ford, A. E. W. Mason, Walter Raleigh, E. V. Lucas, Maurice Hewlett, Owen Seaman, Bernard Partridge, Augustine Birrell, Paul Du Chaillu, Henry Herbert La Thangue, George Cecil Ives, and George Llewelyn Davies, as well as the son of Alfred Tennyson. Barrie wrote a 40-page book on his team, Allahakbarries C.C., which was published privately in 1890 and in a revised version in 1899. It was reprinted in 1950 with a foreword by Donald Bradman. These rare books are now highly sought by collectors. Barrie's enthusiasm for the game eclipsed his talent for it; asked to describe his bowling, he replied that after delivering the ball he would go and sit on the turf at mid-off and wait for it to reach the other end which \\\"it sometimes did\\\". The team played for the love of the game, rather than the results it achieved, and Barrie was generous in his praise for his teammates and opposition alike. He praised one teammate's performance by observing that \\\"You scored a good single in the first innings but were not so successful in the second\\\" while he lauded the opposition's effort by pointing out how \\\"You ran up a fine total of 14, and very nearly won\\\". He instructed Bernard Partridge, an illustrator from Punch magazine who was afflicted with a lazy eye, to \\\"Keep your eye on square leg\\\" while bowling, and told square leg, \\\"when Partridge is bowling, keep your eye on him.\\\" He forbade his team to practise on an opponent's ground before a match because \\\"this can only give them confidence\\\". The book notes that his most calamitous performance was being clean-bowled by the American actress Mary Anderson in the 1897 Test match against the village of Broadway, in the Cotswolds. Peter Pan's First XI: The Extraordinary Story of J. M. Barrie's Cricket Team, written by Kevin Telfer, was published in 2011. References External links Peter Pan at play BBC News, 7 May 2010: 'How Peter Pan's author invented celebrity cricket' Club cricket teams in England 1890 establishments in England 1913 disestablishments in England\",\n \"title\": \"Allahakbarries\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68354664\",\n \"text\": \"The twentieth season of Family Guy aired on Fox from September 26, 2021, to May 22, 2022. the twentieth season aired as a part of the show's 20th anniversary. The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family, consisting of father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie, and the family dog Brian, who reside in their hometown of Quahog. During this season, the Griffin men spend a day with Stewie's rival Doug (LASIK Instinct), Peter has a secret meal affair with Bonnie (Cootie & The Blowhard), the Griffins must cover the death of a pizza delivery man and deliver pizzas to the rest of Quahog (The Lois Quagmire), Lois and Carter attend the funeral of Lois' old babysitter (Peterschmidt Manor), Meg becomes a getaway driver and dates a robber (Hard Boiled Meg), Stewie helps Chris put on a school play for Romeo + Juliet (The Jersey Bore), and Peter and Chris go on a road trip to Canada to prove the existence of Chris' girlfriend (Girlfriend, Eh?). This season also featured a cameo from Mike Judge, who reprised his role as Hank Hill from the American television series King of the Hill, who previously cameoed in Season 18 as Beavis and Butt-Head. Season twenty premiered the run of the nineteenth production season, which is executive produced by Seth MacFarlane, Alec Sulkin, Richard Appel, Steve Callaghan, Danny Smith, Kara Vallow, Mark Hentemann, Tom Devanney, and Patrick Meighan. Sulkin and Appel returned as the series' showrunners. The season premiered on ITV2 (UK) Monday 8 August 2022. Production On September 23, 2020, Fox announced that Family Guy had been renewed for a twentieth and twenty-first season, ensuring that the series would last another two years. This season also marks the first full season of the series in which Cleveland Brown is voiced by Arif Zahir, following Mike Henry's departure from the role. Henry continues to voice Herbert and other characters. Before the premiere, Henry sent a video on Twitter saying that he was \\\"handing the torch\\\" onto Zahir and said a farewell message in Cleveland's voice. Starting with \\\"Rock Hard\\\", long-time recurring actor Patrick Warburton was promoted to the main cast. 20th anniversary Fox celebrated the twentieth season with a special digital panel, with a promotional trailer unveiled during the San Diego Comic-Con 2021 Virtual Convention, teasing clips from the season. In commemoration, FXX set a near full series marathon of all 19 seasons of the show, running from December 25, 2021, to January 2, 2022. A promotional PSA short made to promote COVID-19 vaccines was released on September 21, 2021. MacFarlane himself remarked on the show's milestone. In addition, sweepstakes were held by TBS where entrees had a chance to win T-shirts, Mugs and Blankets. as well as a re-release of the book, \\\"Family Guy: An Illustrated History\\\". Release The season premiered on September 26, 2021, airing on Sundays as part of Fox's Animation Domination programming block, along with The Simpsons, Bob's Burgers, Duncanville and The Great North. In Canada, the\",\n \"title\": \"Family Guy season 20\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10141286\",\n \"text\": \"Hondo & Fabian is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Peter McCarty. It was released by Henry Holt & Co. in 2002 for ages 2-5. The book follows a day in the life of a dog, Hondo, and a cat, Fabian. Hondo goes on an adventure to the beach and Fabian stays at home with the baby. The story is told through minimal and simple present-tense text and complemented with warm and soft illustrations drawn in pencil and watercolor. Hondo & Fabian was very well received and was recognized with multiple awards including a Caldecott Honor. A sequel, Fabian Escapes, was released in 2007. Plot The characters included in this book are Hondo the dog, Fabian the cat, a little girl referred to as “the baby,” and Fred - Hondo’s friend who is also a dog. The book begins with Hondo and Fabian asleep at home, Fabian on the windowsill and Hondo on the floor. The pets are awakened and the reader is informed that Hondo will have an adventure and Fabian will stay home. Hondo heads to the beach in a 1940s-style car with his head out the window and his ears flapping in the wind. At the beach, he meets Fred and they run around in the sand and jump in the waves together. Meanwhile, Fabian is at home “playing” with the baby, depicted by an illustration of a small girl standing up and holding the cat. Fabian then escapes the grasp of the baby and moves to the bathroom to pull apart a roll of toilet paper. At the beach, Hondo gets hungry and wishes that he could take fish from a bucket that a fisherman has just caught. At home, Fabian is also hungry and wishes he could eat a turkey sandwich sitting on the counter. Hondo then returns from the beach in time for dinner and the two pets eat their food side by side. Fabian returns to the windowsill and Hondo returns to the floor where they fall asleep for the night. The book concludes with an illustration of the little girl in bed and text that reads “Good night, baby!”. Illustrations Hondo & Fabian is known for its unique illustrations drawn in pencil and watercolor. The illustrations show the world of Hondo and Fabian with soft and fuzzy edges, blending light and colors seamlessly and smoothly. Peter McCarty draws Hondo in shades of brown, cream, and white and Fabian in white with gray and dark gray stripes on the top of his back and head. The book consists of warm, sepia-toned pages, with each illustration having its own page with minimal text on the blank page next to it. Reception Hondo & Fabian received many positive reviews and won a Caldecott Honor, which is given to the runners-up for the Caldecott medal awarded by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). The book was one of three recipients of the Caldecott Honor in 2003. The book received positive reviews from\",\n \"title\": \"Hondo & Fabian\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33436039\",\n \"text\": \"Lulu Hunt Peters (1873–1930) was an American medical doctor and writer who wrote a featured newspaper column entitled Diet and Health, which she followed up with a best-selling book, Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories. She was the first person to widely popularize the concept of counting calories as a method of weight loss. It was also the first weight-loss book to become a bestseller. Early life and education Lulu E. Hunt was one of three children born to Thomas and Alice Hunt of Milford, Maine. She attended the Maine State Normal School in Castine before moving to California. She married Louis H. Peters in Los Angeles in 1899, and in 1909 graduated as a Doctor of Medicine from the University of California. Career For a number of years, Dr. Hunt wrote a featured newspaper column entitled Diet and Health for the Central Press Association, which supplied content for about 400 newspapers nationwide. In 1918, she published the diet book Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories, named after and based on her column and with illustrations by her nephew, Dawson Hunt Perkins (1907-1976), son of Henry Addison Perkins, Jr. and Anna Lydia Hunt). It presented the concept of calorie reduction as the best form of weight loss/watching weight to American women, who were wanting to conform to the new-found body image \\\"thin is in\\\". Along with presenting a solution for American women, Peters suggested that weight control was an active form of patriotism in the context of World War I. She suggested that dieting meant having complete self-control and recommended that women organize Watch Your Weight Anti-Kaiser Classes to obtain it. Peters followed her own advice/health regimens and credited them, along with her regular attendance at women's suffragist rallies, for her health and self-sufficiency. Shortly after her book was published, Peters traveled to Bosnia, where she served with the Red Cross. When she returned to the United States, she was pleasantly surprised to learn that she was a best-selling author. She published a later edition describing her life after the book. Beginning in 1922, Peters became a radio lecturer, giving a series of talks about diet and health over station WJZ, then in Newark NJ. She continued to give radio health talks for the next several years. In addition, she also was a popular public speaker, giving motivational talks all over the United States, including at facilities that specialized in weight loss. And she made informational pamphlets available to the readers of her syndicated columns; those who sent for these pamphlets received Peters's strategies for how to successfully lose weight. In 1930, while on a trip by steamship to a medical conference in London, she became ill with neuralgia, and her condition worsened during the trip. She died of pneumonia in late June, 1930. She was survived by her former husband Louis H. Peters. Her book remains in circulation and is still quoted today. Diet and Health: With Key to the Calories Having grown up a\",\n \"title\": \"Lulu Hunt Peters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13301746\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Short (died 1603) was an English printer based in London in the later Elizabethan era. He printed several first editions and early texts of Shakespeare's works. Career Short became a \\\"freeman\\\" (full member) of the Stationers Company on 1 March 1589, and operated his own business from that year until his death; he was partnered with Richard Yardley until 1593. His shop was at the sign of the star on Bread Street Hill. About a third of his titles involved translations from Latin or contemporary European languages. Short began publishing music in 1597; he issued Thomas Morley's A Plaine and Easy Introduction and both Canzonets, Dowland's First Book of Songs, Holborne's Cittharn School, and Hunnis's Seven Sobs. Short used type which was passed on and used by his successors (Humphrey Lownes, James Young). In an era when the functions of publisher and printer were often largely (though not entirely) separate, Short was primarily a printer and only secondarily a publisher; he printed just over 170 works in his career, and the publishers of about 100 are known. Short likely published a good portion of the others himself. Works Apart from Shakespeare's works, Short's most important printing tasks were: the famous 1600 first edition of William Gilbert's De Magnete; the 1601 edition of the Annals of John Stow; and the completion of the fifth edition (1597) of the Acts and Monuments, or Book of Martyrs of John Foxe. He also printed the first edition (1600) of Marlowe's translation of Lucan's Pharsalia for Thomas Thorpe. In music publishing, Short was responsible for printing John Dowland's First Booke of Songes or Ayres, the most successful music anthologyy of the era, as well as Thomas Morley's important theoretical treatise A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Musicke, both printed in 1597 Regarding Shakespeare, Short printed: The first quarto of Henry VI, Part 3 (1595), for publisher Thomas Millington. This was the \\\"bad quarto,\\\" the early alternative text of Shakespeare's play known as The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York. The first quarto of Henry IV, Part 1 (1598), for Andrew Wise. The second edition of The Rape of Lucrece (1598), for John Harrison. This was the first edition of that poem in octavo rather than quarto format (O1). The fifth edition of Venus and Adonis (1599), for William Leake; the third octavo edition (O3). For Cuthbert Burby, Short printed Palladis Tamia (1598) by Francis Meres, a book that contains an important early reference to Shakespeare and a list of his plays performed up to 1598. Short printed a few non-Shakespearean play texts as well: For Burby, Short printed Q1 and Q2 of The Taming of a Shrew (1594, 1596), the early alternative version of Shakespeare's The Shrew. For William Ponsonby, he printed the closet drama Antony (1595), translated from the French of Robert Garnier by the Countess of Pembroke. For Simon Waterson, he printed the third, 1598 edition of Samuel Daniel's Cleopatra. And for William Holme, Short printed one of the three editions\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Short (printer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2201413\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Blegvad (born August 14, 1951) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, writer, and cartoonist. He was a founding member of German/English avant-pop band Slapp Happy, which later merged briefly with Henry Cow, and has released many solo and collaborative albums. He is the son of Lenore and Erik Blegvad, who were respectively, a children's book author and illustrator. Biography Early years Peter Blegvad's life began in America – he was born in New York City and originally raised in Connecticut. When he was 14, the Blegvad family moved to England in 1965, unhappy with the social climate of America following the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the threat posed by the Vietnam draft to Peter and his younger brother Kristoffer. Blegvad was educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth, a boarding school where he met his musical collaborator Anthony Moore. Moore and Blegvad played in various bands during their schooldays, alongside fellow musicians such as Neil Murray (then a drummer, later a well-known hard rock bass guitarist). Slapp Happy and Henry Cow In 1972, Blegvad followed the itinerant Moore to Hamburg, Germany, where the two formed the avant-pop trio Slapp Happy with Dagmar Krause. Slapp Happy recorded two albums for Polydor Germany with krautrock group Faust as their backing band. Polydor released the first, Sort Of in 1972, but rejected the second, Casablanca Moon. Blegvad had got to known Faust due to playing with them at their base in Wümme, and would subsequently go on tour with them in the UK, playing guitar as a live band member. This in turn put him in contact with Faust's tourmates, the avant-rock group Henry Cow, with whom he was \\\"soon making all sorts of plans\\\". The rejection of Casablanca Moon prompted Slapp Happy to relocate to London where they signed up with Virgin Records and re-recorded Casablanca Moon, released in 1974 by Virgin as Slapp Happy. (The original Casablanca Moon was later released by Recommended Records as Acnalbasac Noom in 1980.) In 1974, Slapp Happy merged briefly with Henry Cow, recording two albums in 1975, Desperate Straights and In Praise of Learning. Shortly after recording In Praise of Learning, first Moore and then Blegvad left Henry Cow due to incompatibilities with the other musicians in the group. Blegvad has confessed that the technical demands of Henry Cow's music were beyond him (\\\"It was discovered – not to my surprise – that I actually couldn't play Henry Cow music. The chords and the time signatures were too complicated. And... just generally, Anthony and I felt kinda lost...\\\") but it was also clear that there were crucial differences in artistic approach. Blegvad would later reveal (in an interview for the Hearsay fanzine) that \\\"the piece that got me kicked out was \\\"Living in the Heart of the Beast\\\". I was assigned the task for the collective to come up with suitable verbals, and I wrote two verses about a woman throwing raisins at a pile of bones. Tim Hodgkinson just said, I'm sorry, this\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Blegvad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3477069\",\n \"text\": \"Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-and-Rock 'N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood is a book by Peter Biskind, published by Simon & Schuster in 1998. Easy Riders, Raging Bulls is about the 1960s and 1970s Hollywood, a period of American film known for the production of such films such as The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, The French Connection, Chinatown, Taxi Driver, Jaws, Star Wars, The Exorcist, and The Last Picture Show. The title is taken from films which bookend the era: Easy Rider (1969) and Raging Bull (1980). The book follows Hollywood on the brink of the Vietnam War, when a group of young Hollywood film directors known as the \\\"movie brats\\\" are making their names. It begins in the 1960s and ends in the 1980s. The book was the basis of a 2003 documentary film of the same name directed by Kenneth Bowser and narrated by actor William H. Macy. It was screened out of competition at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 100% based on reviews from 8 critics. Profiles and interviews Profiled in the book Robert Altman Hal Ashby Luke Askew Gerald Ayres Warren Beatty Peter Bogdanovich Francis Ford Coppola Brian De Palma Robert Evans Peter Fonda William Friedkin Buck Henry Dennis Hopper Amy Irving George Lucas Marcia Lucas John Milius Jack Nicholson Polly Platt Bob Rafelson Bert Schneider Leonard Schrader Paul Schrader Martin Scorsese Cybill Shepherd Don Simpson Steven Spielberg Robert Towne Interviewed in the film Dede Allen Peter Bart Tony Bill Karen Black Peter Bogdanovich Ellen Burstyn Roger Corman Micky Dolenz Richard Dreyfuss Peter Fonda Carl Gottlieb Jerome Hellman Monte Hellman Dennis Hopper Willard Huyck Stanley Jaffe Henry Jaglom Gloria Katz Margot Kidder Laszlo Kovacs Kris Kristofferson Mardik Martin Mike Medavoy Sylvia Miles John Milius Charles Mulvehill David Newman Arthur Penn Michael Phillips David Picker Polly Platt Albert S. Ruddy Jennifer Salt Andrew Sarris Paul Schrader Cybill Shepherd Jonathan Taplin Joan Tewkesbury Fred Weintraub Gordon Willis Rudy Wurlitzer Vilmos Zsigmond Controversy and criticism Several of the film-makers profiled in the book have criticized Biskind. Robert Altman denounced both the book and Biskind's methods, saying \\\"It was hate mail. We were all lured into talking to this guy because people thought he was a straight guy but he was filling a commission from the publisher for a hatchet job. He's the worst kind of human being I know.\\\" Francis Ford Coppola was similarly critical, alleging that Biskind interviewed only people with negative opinions of him. Critic Roger Ebert noted that Steven Spielberg said of Easy Riders, Raging Bulls that: \\\"Every single word in that book about me is either erroneous or a lie.\\\" Ebert himself notes that: \\\"Biskind has a way of massaging his stories to suit his agenda.\\\" When asked about Biskind's portrayal of him as \\\"a womanizer, a tyrant and a bully,\\\" William Friedkin said: \\\"I've actually never read the book, but I've talked to some of my friends who are portrayed in it, and we\",\n \"title\": \"Easy Riders, Raging Bulls\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22349277\",\n \"text\": \"Brighty of the Grand Canyon is a 1953 children's novel by Marguerite Henry and a 1966 film of the same name based on the novel. They present a fictionalized account of a real-life burro named \\\"Brighty\\\", who lived in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River from about 1892 to 1922.{{cite book|title=Brighty: Of the Grand Canyon|isbn=0689714858|last1=Henry|first1=Marguerite|year=1953|publisher=Simon and Schuster }} Book and film Henry penned her novel after she read an article about Brighty in Sunset Magazine''. It won the 1956 William Allen White Children's Book Award. Thomas McKee, the former manager of Wiley's Camp on the North Rim of the Canyon, read Henry's novel and wrote to express his interest in the book. McKee told Henry that his son, Bob, was Brighty's closest companion. He sent Henry a photograph of young Bob McKee sitting on Brighty's back. Bob became the composite character Homer Hobbs, played in the film by Dandy Curran. The other film characters include Old Timer, a prospector played by Dick Foran, and Uncle Jim Owen, a man of the Old West played by Joseph Cotten. Pat Conway appears as Jake Irons, who murders Old Timer for his copper ore. Uncle Jim then proceeds to help bring Irons to justice. Theodore Roosevelt was played by Karl Swenson. Parts of the film were shot at the Colorado River in Utah and the Grand Canyon in Arizona. Brighty's monument Brighty is honored with a bronze statue in the lobby of Grand Canyon Lodge, a National Historic Landmark, located near Arizona State Route 67 approximately 43 miles south of the junction with U.S. Route 89 alternate route. The sculpture is by artist Peter Jepsen. See also Platero References 1953 children's books 1953 American novels American children's novels Novels by Marguerite Henry Novels set in Arizona Children's novels about horses American novels adapted into films Films based on American novels 1967 films 1967 Western (genre) films Films set in Flagstaff, Arizona Fictional donkeys Films shot in Utah Films shot in Arizona Works about the Grand Canyon 1960s English-language films Children's books about horses Children's books about donkeys Children's books set in Arizona\",\n \"title\": \"Brighty of the Grand Canyon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36637188\",\n \"text\": \"Horrid Henry is the first book of the Horrid Henry series. It was published in 1994 and written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. The book is a collection of short stories about the same characters, along the lines of the Just William books. Plot Horrid Henry's Perfect Day Horrid Henry is a young boy who loves doing unimaginable horrible things. He throws food, he snatches things, he pushes, shoves and pinches. He has a younger brother called Perfect Peter, an extremely perfect boy who does uncountable good deeds. Peter always says \\\"Please\\\" and \\\"Thank You\\\", he loves vegetables and refuses cake and he never ever picks his nose. One day, Horrid Henry wonders what would happen if he were perfect?! So − the next day, Henry doesn't wake Peter up by splashing water on his head as usual, and Peter and his parents wake up late. Due to this, Henry and Peter are late for a class. Back at home, Henry doesn't bully Peter, instead, he reads a book about super-mice. At dinner time, Henry helps lay the table and ignores Peter's whining that he always lays the table. When the family eat spaghetti and meatballs, Henry does not kick Peter or slurp his food or leave behind his vegetables. Peter wants Henry to become horrid again and tries many ways to get Henry to hit him but Henry is resilient. When Henry's Mum gives Henry some fudge cake and a kiss for being so good, Peter can't stand it any longer and flings his plate at Henry but hits Mum. Mum screams at Peter to go to his room and when Henry laughs, she sends him to his room too. The story ends with Henry being surprised that being perfect was so much fun. Horrid Henry's Dance Class Henry and Peter have to go to the school's dance class taught by Miss Impatience Tutu, a very impatient woman who claims she is patient that Henry hates. The class has to play a concert and everyone is practicing for it. Impatience Tutu makes Henry sit behind a false bush for being horrid at her class so he won't embarrass everyone at the concert. When its time for the concert, Henry decides to make his part bigger and by doing so, makes Impatience Tutu stop the concert this story then ends with Henry being happy to finally go for karate. Horrid Henry & Moody Margaret Horrid Henry has an archenemy, and that is Moody Margaret. Margaret lives next door to Henry, is in Henry's class and owns all the things that Henry's goody-goody parents don't let him have. This is the only reason that Henry plays with Margaret. The two of them are playing pirates and squabbling over who is going to be Captain Hook and Peter is begging to not be the prisoner. When Margaret reluctantly hands over her Captain Hook role to Henry and takes his role as Mr. Smee and Henry orders her and Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Horrid Henry (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4405364\",\n \"text\": \"Roy McKie (usually spelled McKié; October 8, 1921 – January 8, 2015) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books, most notably under the Beginner Books imprint. He illustrated many books penned by Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss) under the pen name Theo. LeSieg (\\\"Geisel\\\" spelled backwards). Books illustrated by McKie (books he wrote himself are marked with *) include: The Big Orange Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 2015 (with Dr. Seuss, Scott Nash and Michael Frith) (his final work after his death) The Big Purple Book of Beginner Books by Helen Palmer, P.D. and Peter Eastman and Michael Frith - 2012 (with P.D. and Peter Eastman) Skiing by Henry Beard – 2002 Sailing by Henry Beard – 2001 – dictionary of funny sailing terms Computing by Henry Beard – 1999 The Big Green Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 1997 (with Quentin Blake, B. Tobey, George Booth, Michael J. Smollin and James Stevenson) A Big Ball of String by Marion Holland – 1993 (35th anniversary edition) A Dictionary of Silly Words About Growing Up by Henry Beard — 1988 Golfing by Henry Beard – 1987 dictionary of funny golfing terms Cooking by Henry Beard – 1985 dictionary of funny cooking terms Noah's Ark - 1984 Fishing by Henry Beard – 1983 dictionary of funny fishing terms Ship's Log by Henry Beard – 1983 dictionary of funny nautical terms Gardening, A Gardeners Dictionary By Henry Beard – 1982 – dictionary of funny gardening terms. The Tooth Book by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1981 (the 2000 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) The Joke Book* – 1979 The Hair Book by Graham Tether – 1979 (in 2019, the 40th anniversary edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Andrew Joyner) Dog* – 1978 The Riddle Book* – 1978 Roy McKie's Zodiac Book* – 1977 Would You Rather Be a Bullfrog? by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1975 The Many Mice of Mr. Brice by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) - 1973 (the 1989 edition replaces this title with new ones called The Pop-Up Mice of Mr. Brice, and later in early 2015 and early 2021, the 2015 and 2021 editions replace the pop-up book with new board books) In a People House by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1972 I Can Write a book by ME, Myself with a little help from Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1971 The Nose Book by Al Perkins – 1970 (the 2002 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) My Book About Me by ME, Myself with some little help from my friend Dr. Seuss – 1969 The Eye Book by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1968 (the 1999 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) Bennett Cerf's Book of Animal Riddles by Bennett Cerf – 1964 Summer by Alice Low – 1963 (2001 recolor edition without\",\n \"title\": \"Roy McKie\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29731255\",\n \"text\": \"The Wars of the Roses was a 1963 theatrical adaptation of William Shakespeare's first historical tetralogy (1 Henry VI, 2 Henry VI, 3 Henry VI and Richard III), which deals with the conflict between the House of Lancaster and the House of York over the throne of England, a conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. The plays were adapted by John Barton, and directed by Barton and Peter Hall at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. The production starred David Warner as Henry VI, Peggy Ashcroft as Margaret of Anjou, Donald Sinden as the Duke of York, Paul Hardwick as the Duke of Gloucester, Janet Suzman as Joan la Pucelle, Brewster Mason as the Earl of Warwick, Roy Dotrice as Edward IV, Susan Engel as Queen Elizabeth and Ian Holm as Richard III. The plays were heavily politicised, with Barton and Hall allowing numerous contemporaneous events of the early 1960s to inform their adaptation. The production was a huge critical and commercial success, and is generally regarded as revitalizing the reputation of the Henry VI plays in the modern theatre. Many critics feel The Wars of the Roses set a standard for future productions of the tetralogy which has yet to be surpassed. In 1965, the BBC adapted the plays for television. The broadcast was so successful that they were shown again, in a differently edited form, in 1966. In 1970, BBC Books published the play scripts along with extensive behind-the-scenes information written by Barton and Hall, and other members of the Royal Shakespeare Company who worked on the production. Theatrical Rewriting The most significant initial alteration to the original text was to conflate the four plays into a trilogy. This was not unprecedented, as adaptations from the seventeenth century onwards had employed truncation when staging the sequence, especially the Henry VI trilogy. In 1681, John Crowne adapted 2 Henry VI and 3 Henry VI into a two-part play called Henry the Sixth, The First Part and The Misery of Civil War. Henry the Sixth comprised Acts 1–3 of 2 Henry VI, with material added by Crowne himself, focusing mainly on the death of Gloucester, whilst Misery adapted the last two acts of 2 Henry VI and a shortened version of 3 Henry VI. In 1699, Colley Cibber's The Tragical History of King Richard the Third used scenes from 3 Henry VI as a form of prologue to rest of the play, establishing a tradition still in use in filmic adaptations of Richard III (see, for example, James Keane and André Calmettes's 1912 version, Laurence Olivier's 1955 version or Richard Loncraine's 1995 version). In 1723, Theophilus Cibber's King Henry VI: A Tragedy used Act 5 of 2 Henry VI and Acts 1 and 2 of 3 Henry VI. In 1817, J.H. Merivale's Richard Duke of York; or the Contention of York and Lancaster used material from all three Henry VI plays, but removed everything not directly related to York. Robert Atkins adapted all three plays into a single piece for\",\n \"title\": \"The Wars of the Roses (adaptation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2771206\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Marshall (May 27, 1902 – January 26, 1949) was a Scottish-American preacher, pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C., and was appointed as Chaplain of the United States Senate. He is remembered popularly from the success of A Man Called Peter (1951), a biography written by his widow, Catherine Marshall, and the book's 1955 film adaptation, which was nominated for an Academy Award for its cinematography. Early life and education Born in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, Scotland, a poverty-stricken coal-mining community, where he was reared by his mother and stepfather. From 1916-1921 he studied electrical engineering at Coatbridge Technical School. He enrolled in evening classes to study for the ministry, while working in the mines by day, but his progress was slow. In 1927, a cousin offered to pay Peter's way to the U.S., where he could receive proper ministerial training. He graduated from Columbia Theological Seminary in 1931. Ministry He was called as the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, a small, rural church in Covington, Georgia. After a brief pastorate, Marshall accepted a call to Atlanta's Westminster Presbyterian Church in 1933. Marriage and family In Atlanta, Marshall met his future wife, Catherine Wood, then a student at Agnes Scott College. They married on November 4, 1936, and had one son, Peter John Marshall (January 21, 1940 – September 8, 2010), who followed his father into the Presbyterian clergy and ran a national ministry, Peter Marshall Ministries, from Orleans, Massachusetts. He wrote many books on the Christian faith in the United States. Later career In 1937, Marshall became pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C. In 1946 he was appointed as US Senate Chaplain, serving from January 4, 1947, until his sudden death of a heart attack just over two years later, at age 46. Marshall is buried at Fort Lincoln Cemetery (Section C, Lot 344, Site 1) in Brentwood, Maryland. Legacy Dr. Peter Marshall School (Anaheim, California). Catherine Marshall wrote a biography of her husband, A Man Called Peter (1951), which was a popular success. It was adapted as a a film of the same title, released in 1955, which was nominated for the Oscar for Best Cinematography. Directed by Henry Koster, it featured Richard Todd as Peter Marshall, and Jean Peters as Catherine Marshall. Todd studied tape recordings of several Marshall sermons from 1947 to 1948; some of these historic recordings were later released to the public by Caedmon Records. The biography was also adapted as a stage play by the same name, produced in 1955. Archival collections The Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, has an undated carbon copy transcript of Catherine Marshall’s biography, A Man Called Peter. The undated transcript includes penciled annotations. The Society also holds a collection of Marshall’s sermons from his years as a pastor at Westminster Presbyterian Church and New York Avenue Presbyterian Church. The McCain Library at Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia holds a large collection of papers donated by the\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Marshall (Presbyterian minister)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19192667\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Love, Blactually\\\" is the first episode in the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on September 28, 2008. The episode features anthropomorphic dog Brian as he meets a fellow atheist named Carolyn (Kat Foster) at a book store, and the two begin dating. Heeding advice from Stewie (also voiced by MacFarlane), Brian decides not to have sex with her. Carolyn is led to believe that Brian does not want a substantive relationship, so she begins to date Cleveland (Mike Henry). The episode was originally slated to air during season six on March 2, 2008, but was replaced with \\\"Play It Again, Brian\\\" for unknown reasons. The episode was written by Henry, and directed by Cyndi Tang. It received generally positive reviews from critics for its storyline. According to Nielsen ratings, it was watched by 9.2 million viewers in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Foster, along with several recurring voice actors from the series. \\\"Love, Blactually\\\" was released on DVD along with eight other episodes from the season on June 16, 2009. Plot After going to the bookstore to buy The God Delusion, Brian meets an atheist named Carolyn, who happens to be looking for the same book. Brian becomes interested in Carolyn, and the two begin to date. When she invites him to her house, Stewie tells Brian that his relationships fail because he has sex with his girlfriends immediately when they meet. Brian realizes that Stewie is right and decides to take things slow. However, after three weeks, he finds out that Carolyn has begun to date Cleveland, since she assumed Brian just wanted to be friends. A heartbroken Brian tries to deal with his loss, but keeps running into Cleveland and Carolyn having sex in various locations. Feeling bad for his botched advice that cost Brian a relationship with Carolyn, Stewie suggests that he can convince Cleveland's ex-wife, Loretta, to reconcile with him. The two visit Loretta in her own home and learn that she feels guilty for cheating on him with Quagmire, and believes she can never go back to Cleveland. Later, Cleveland visits Brian to clear the air with him but reveals that he plans to elope with Carolyn in Hawaii, which makes their friendship tense. Just as Cleveland leaves, Loretta arrives and apologizes to him for her affair with Quagmire; she begs him to allow her to get their family back together and promises she will never betray him again. Cleveland seeks advice from Peter and Lois, who attempt to dissuade Cleveland from going back to Loretta, but Brian, seeing his only chance at getting back with Carolyn, says Cleveland should \\\"forgive and forget\\\", and lies about Loretta's good qualities, which Peter immediately sees through and points out that she cannot be trusted. When Cleveland decides to wait until the next day to consider his thoughts, Peter recruits Quagmire to have sex with Loretta again so Cleveland can\",\n \"title\": \"Love, Blactually\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36807094\",\n \"text\": \"Horrid Henry: Tricking the Tooth Fairy, published from 2000 to 2019 as Horrid Henry Tricks The Tooth Fairy, is the third book of the Horrid Henry series. It was first published in 1996 as Horrid Henry and the Tooth Fairy and was written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. Plot Horrid Henry Tricks The Tooth Fairy Everyone in Horrid Henry's class had lost at least one tooth - that is except Henry himself. Just today, his younger brother, Perfect Peter had lost a tooth. So, Henry decides to eat as many sweets as he can from his sweet jar, although it is two days before \\\"Sweet Day\\\" when he is allowed to eat sweets. Henry's \\\"hard work\\\" comes to a waste when none of his teeth feel wobbly and worse, his mouth, gums and stomach hurt. Then, he gets a \\\"brilliant\\\" idea. He decides to trick the tooth fairy. So on that night, Henry silently creeps into Peter's room and steals the tooth Peter placed under his pillow but bumps into his mother and manages to escape. The next morning, Henry doesn't find a coin from the tooth fairy but Peter finds a pound coin from the fairy. Henry asks his mother how the tooth fairy knows whose pillow to put money and she says that she looks at the gap between the child's teeth. Henry realizes his mistake and places a piece of black paper over his mouth. At night, when he sleeps, he ties his finger to a fake vampire tooth (a substitute for the real one) to make sure that when the tooth fairy comes and takes his tooth, he gets woken up. The next morning, Henry receives a fake 50p coin and a letter from the tooth fairy, mocking him for his trick. Henry's mother calls him down and scolds him for eating all the sweets and tells him to eat apples instead. Henry takes an apple and bites on it. To his horror, the bite had made him lose a tooth and he had swallowed it! Horrid Henry's Wedding Horrid Henry's cousin, Prissy Polly, is marrying Pimply Paul. Henry has been chosen to be a pageboy, along with Perfect Peter, his brother. First, Henry's family has trouble with Henry's pageboy clothes as they are too \\\"tight\\\". Second, they have trouble with Henry going to the wedding and they drag him into the car to go. Worse still, they are caught in the middle of a thunderstorm. They arrive at the wedding later than everybody. While the priest says all the holy blessings and promises, Henry pretends he is a famous chef who is tossing pancakes, only that he is tossing the wedding rings. When the rings (which Henry lost) are needed, Henry gives them a toy pirate ring. Afterwards, when everyone takes photos, Henry jumps in at the last moment and makes horrible faces. A while later, during the reception, while everyone is eating their lunch, Henry secretly eats the wedding cake but\",\n \"title\": \"Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1271555\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Parnell (; born 1953) is an American Broadway and Off-Broadway playwright, television writer, and children's book author. Parnell is also Vice-President of the Dramatists Guild of America, the professional association of playwrights, composers, lyricists, and librettists. Personal life Parnell is gay and is married to the psychiatrist Justin Richardson. They live in Manhattan with their daughter. Plays The Hunchback of Notre Dame - Disney Theatricals - music by Alan Menken, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz On a Clear Day You Can See Forever - St. James Theater, Broadway - 2011 - starring Harry Connick Jr., Jessie Mueller, and David Turner Trumpery - Atlantic Theatre Company - 2007 Trumpery received its European and British premiere in Oxford, UK during June 2014. QED - Lincoln Center Theater - starring Alan Alda - 2001 The Cider House Rules, Part One, adapted from John Irving's novel - Atlantic Theatre Company, Mark Taper Forum, Seattle Rep The Cider House Rules, Part Two, Mark Taper Forum, Seattle Rep Flaubert's Latest - Playwrights Horizons - 1992 Hyde in Hollywood - Playwrights Horizons - 1989 An Imaginary Life - Playwrights Horizons - 1993 Rise and Rise of Daniel Rocket - starring Thomas Hulce - Playwrights Horizons Romance Language - Playwrights Horizons - 1985 Scooter Thomas Makes It to the Top of the World - National Playwrights Conference at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center, 1977; Alley Theater, Boston, 1981 Sorrows of Stephen - The Public Theater - 1979 Television The West Wing, Season One - Executive Story Editor - 1999–2000 The West Wing, Season Two - Co-Producer - 2000–2001 The Guardian, Season One - Producer - 2001–2002 Inconceivable, Season One - Producer - 2005 Six Degrees, Season One - Consulting Producer - 2006–2007 BrainDead - Producer - 2017 Children's literature And Tango Makes Three with Justin Richardson. The book tells the true story of two male penguins living in the Central Park Zoo who pair-bonded and together hatched a chick named Tango. The book has received numerous awards and was the single most challenged or banned book in the United States in the years 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010. It remains one of the ten most banned books in several countries. Christian, the Hugging Lion, a children's book about the true story of Christian the lion. Grants and awards NEA, Guggenheim, Ingram Merrill and Lecomte de Nouy foundations; the Fund for New American Plays, Kennedy Center, American Theatre Critics' Association and Ovation awards for Best Play (for The Cider House Rules). For [\\\"And Tango Makes Three\\\"]: American Library Association Notable Children's Book - 2006 ASPCA's Henry Bergh Award - 2005 Gustavus Myer Outstanding Book Award- 2006 Nick Jr. Family Magazine Best Book of the Year - 2006 Bank Street Best Book of the Year - 2006 Cooperative Children's Book Council Choice, and CBC/NCSS Notable Social Studies Trade Book - 2006 Lambda Literary Award finalist - 2006 Sheffield Children's Book Award - shortlisted - 2008 Further reading Interview in You Can’t Say That! Writers for Young People Talk About Censorship,\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Parnell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19585510\",\n \"text\": \"Sayre's law states, in a formulation quoted by Charles Philip Issawi: \\\"In any dispute the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the issues at stake.\\\" By way of corollary, it adds: \\\"That is why academic politics are so bitter.\\\" Sayre's law is named after Wallace Stanley Sayre (1905–1972), U.S. political scientist and professor at Columbia University. History On 20 December 1973, the Wall Street Journal quoted Sayre as: \\\"Academic politics is the most vicious and bitter form of politics, because the stakes are so low.\\\" Political scientist Herbert Kaufman, a colleague and coauthor of Sayre, has attested to Fred R. Shapiro, editor of The Yale Book of Quotations, that Sayre usually stated his claim as \\\"The politics of the university are so intense because the stakes are so low\\\", and that Sayre originated the quip by the early 1950s. Many other claimants attach to the thought behind Sayre's law. According to Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson frequently complained about the personalized nature of academic politics, asserting that the \\\"intensity\\\" of academic squabbles was a function of the \\\"triviality\\\" of the issue at hand. Harvard political scientist Richard Neustadt (Sayre's former colleague at Columbia University) was quoted to a similar effect: \\\"Academic politics is much more vicious than real politics. We think it's because the stakes are so small.\\\" In his 1979 book Peter's People and Their Marvelous Ideas, Laurence J. Peter stated \\\"Peter's Theory of Entrepreneurial Aggressiveness in Higher Education\\\" as: \\\"Competition in academia is so vicious because the stakes are so small.\\\" Another proverbial form is: \\\"Academic politics are so vicious precisely because the stakes are so small.\\\" This observation is routinely attributed to Henry Kissinger who in a 1997 speech at the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University, said: \\\"I formulated the rule that the intensity of academic politics and the bitterness of it is in inverse proportion to the importance of the subject they're discussing. And I promise you at Harvard, they are passionately intense and the subjects are extremely unimportant.\\\" Variations on the same thought have also been attributed to scientist-author C. P. Snow, professor-politician Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and politician Jesse Unruh, among others. See also Notes References Charles Philip Issawi, Issawi's Laws of Social Motion, Hawthorn Books, 1973. p. 178. Ralph Keyes, The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When, Macmillan, 2006, p. 1. Laurence J. Peter, Peter's People and Their Marvelous Ideas, William Morrow & Co., 1979. Nigel Rees, Brewer's Famous Quotations: 5000 Quotations and the Stories Behind Them, Sterling Publishing Company, 2006, p. 394. Wallace S. Sayre and Herbert Kaufman, Governing New York City: Politics in the Metropolis, Russell Sage Foundation, 1960. Fred R. Shapiro, editor, foreword by Joseph Epstein, The Yale Book of Quotations, Yale University Press, 2006, p. 670. External links Historic examples of the adage. Edward B. Fiske, \\\"Education; Lessons\\\", The New York Times, 18 October 1989 Speech by Henry Kissinger, Fourteenth Annual Ashbrook Memorial Dinner, September 11, 1997 Adages Political terminology 1973\",\n \"title\": \"Sayre's law\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13455876\",\n \"text\": \"Andrew Wise (fl. 1589 – 1603), or Wyse or Wythes, was a London publisher of the Elizabethan era who issued first editions of five Shakespearean plays. \\\"No other London stationer invested in Shakespeare as assiduously as Wise did, at least while Shakespeare was still alive.\\\" Andrew Wise was the son of a Yorkshire yeoman; as \\\"Wythes,\\\" he served an eight-year apprenticeship under Henry Smith and Thomas Bradshaw starting in 1581, and became a \\\"freeman\\\" (a full member) of the Stationers Company on 26 May 1589. He ran his own business in London from about 1593 to 1603; his shop was at the sign of the Angel in St. Paul's Churchyard. Wise published editions of the following five Shakespearean plays: He entered Richard II into the Stationers' Register on 20 August 1597, and published the first quarto of the play before the end of the year. The second and third quartos both followed in 1598. All three volumes were printed by Valentine Simmes. Richard III was entered into the Stationers' Register on 20 October 1597; the first quarto appeared later that year. Wise published the second quarto of R3 in 1598, and the third in 1602. Valentine Simmes printed signatures A-G of the first quarto, with H-M coming from Peter Short's print shop. The other two books were printed by Thomas Creede. Henry IV, Part 1 was registered on 25 February 1598 (new style), and published later that year, printed by Valentine Simmes and Peter Short. Q2 followed in 1599, with printing by Simon Stafford. Henry IV, Part 2 was registered on 23 August 1600; the sole quarto edition of the era was published that same year. In this case, Wise worked in partnership with colleague William Aspley; the printing was done once again by Valentine Simmes. Much Ado About Nothing was also registered on 23 August 1600, and published that year by Wise and Aspley, with printing by Simmes. In one view, \\\"Andrew Wise...struck gold three times in a row in 1597–8 by picking what would become the three best-selling Shakespearean quartos as the first three plays of his brief career.\\\" In addition to Shakespeare's plays, Wise published a range of other contemporary works, including Thomas Nashe's Christ's Tears Over Jerusalem (1593), and Thomas Campion's Observations in the Art of English Poesy (1602). As was typical of publishers of his era, he published religious and homiletic works, like The Pathway to Perfection and The Mean of Mourning (both 1596) by Thomas Playfair – though he appears to have operated a rather small-scale business, in comparison with other stationers of his generation. On 25 June 1603, Andrew Wise transferred his copyrights to R2, R3, and 1H4 to fellow stationer Matthew Law, who issued subsequent quartos of all three plays. Thereafter Wise \\\"is not heard of again.\\\" References Publishers (people) from London 16th-century English businesspeople\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Wise\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8932417\",\n \"text\": \"David Henry Wilson (born 1937, in London) is an English writer. As an author he is best known for his children's stories such as the Jeremy James series. Wilson has also had a number of plays produced in the United Kingdom, both for children and adults. He is also the author of The Coachman Rat (1989), a satirical novel based on the Cinderella story. Biography Wilson was educated at Dulwich College and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He has lived in France, Ghana, Germany and Switzerland, and for many years was a lecturer at the universities of Bristol and Konstanz (where he founded and ran the university theatre). Wilson has had many books published in the United Kingdom. A number of these have also been translated into other languages. He also translates many works from French and German, ranging from children's books by Kirsten Boie to travel guides by Peter Sager, art history by Werner Hofmann, and literary theory by Wolfgang Iser. He is also a prolific playwright, writing both short and full-length works. A common theme appears to be sequels to works by Shakespeare. Personal life Wilson is widowed and has three grown-up children; he now lives in Taunton, Somerset. He is a fan of cricket and classical music and also enjoys rugby. His youngest child, J.J. Amaworo Wilson is an American-based author whose magical realist novel Damnificados is an award winner. Selected works for children The Jeremy James series, comprising: Elephants Don’t Sit on Cars (1978) Never Say Moo to a Bull, formerly Getting Rich With Jeremy James (1979) How the Lion Lost his Lunch, formerly Beside the Sea with Jeremy James (1980) Can a Spider Learn to Fly?, formerly How to Stop a Train with One Finger (1983) Do Goldfish Play the Violin? (1985) Please Keep Off the Dinosaur (1993) Do Gerbils Go to Heaven? (1996) Never Steal Wheels from a Dog (2001) These have been combined by Macmillan Children's Books into three volumes: Triple Trouble with Jeremy James Causing Chaos with Jeremy James Making Mischief with Jeremy James The Fastest Gun Alive The Superdog series - Superdog, Superdog the Hero, Superdog in Trouble Gander of the Yard, Gideon Gander Solves the World's Greatest Mysteries The Coachman Rat, a novel (Carroll & Graf, 1989) The Castle of Inside Out (Alma Books, 1997) Selected plays We’re Looking for Mary Pickford. Two ancient children rebel against their mother. Jones v Jones. The disintegration of a marriage. Who Cares? A farcical tragedy, in which two pensioners prepare to donate their meagre savings to charity People in Cages. Are You Normal, Mr Norman? & other short plays, including the title play, in which Mr Norman visits a demon dentist The Death Artist. Gas and Candles The Make-Up Artist (1973), one-act play employing extensive quotation from Shakespeare. Selected Shakespearian themed plays Shylock's Revenge, a full-length sequel to The Merchant of Venice (Shakespearian–sized cast, first produced at University of Hamburg). Iago, The Villain of Venice, a full-length sequel to Othello (another large cast). Excellent Beauty\",\n \"title\": \"David Henry Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4707829\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox musical |name= Shenandoah |subtitle= |image= Shenandoah (musical).jpg |caption= Original Cast Recording |music= Gary Geld |lyrics= Peter Udell |book= Peter Udell Philip Rose James Lee Barrett |basis= 1965 film Shenandoah |productions= 1974 Goodspeed Opera House 1975 Broadway 1977 First National Tour 1989 Broadway revival |awards= Tony Award for Best Book in a Musical Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical (John Cullum) }}Shenandoah is a 1974 musical with music by Gary Geld, lyrics by Peter Udell, and book by Udell, Philip Rose, and James Lee Barrett. It is based on Barrett's original screenplay for the 1965 film Shenandoah. Synopsis Charlie Anderson, a widower, lives with his large family in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, during the American Civil War. Anderson does not wish to be involved with the war because he doesn't consider it \\\"his\\\" war, but he is forced to take action when his youngest son Robert is taken prisoner by Union soldiers. In the course of searching for Robert, Charlie, his daughter Jenny, and some of his sons rescue Sam (Jenny's newlywed Confederate soldier husband) from a Yankee POW train. After enduring the tragedy of losing his eldest son Jacob (to a sniper) and his second eldest son James and James' wife Anne (to deserters), Charlie and the rest of the family return home, defeated. In his despair, Charlie is reminded to return to church, where he, at long last, is reunited with Robert once more. Original cast and characters Musical numbers Act I Raise the Flag of Dixie (Prologue) - Ensemble I've Heard it All Before - Charlie Pass the Cross to Me - Ensemble Why Am I Me? - The Boy and Gabriel Next to Lovin' (I Like Fightin') - Jacob, James, Nathan, John and Henry Over the Hill - Jenny The Pickers are Coming - Charlie Next to Lovin' (I Like Fightin') (Reprise) - Jacob, James, Nathan, John, Henry and Jenny Meditation - Charlie We Make a Beautiful Pair - Anne and Jenny Violets and Silverbells - Jenny, Sam and Ensemble It's a Boy! - Charlie, Jacob, James, Nathan, John and Henry Act II Entr'acte - Orchestra Freedom - Anne and Gabriel Violets and Silverbells (reprise) - James and Anne Papa's Gonna Make it Alright - Charlie The Only Home I Know - Corporal and Ensemble The Only Home I Know (Reprise) - Corporal Papa's Gonna Make it Alright (Reprise) - Jenny Meditation II - Charlie Pass the Cross to Me (Finale) - Ensemble Freedom (curtain call) - Ensemble Productions The play was first performed at the Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut, during 1974. It then moved to the Colonial Theater in Boston for a pre-Broadway run from November 25, 1974 - December 14, 1974. It then transferred to the Alvin Theatre on Broadway beginning on January 7, 1975. where it played for a total of 1,050 performances, ending August 7, 1977. The production was directed by Philip Rose, with scenery by Chuck Murawski, lighting by Thomas R. Skelton, costumes by Pearl\",\n \"title\": \"Shenandoah (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52831667\",\n \"text\": \"The Blanket of the Dark is a 1931 historical novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. The novel is set in the early part of the reign of Henry VIII, and explores the possible consequences had the Tudors been overthrown by a rightful descendant of Edward III. Plot The action of the novel takes place in the country west of Oxford during the 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising against Henry VIII. Peter Pentecost, a young monastic scholar, is informed by shadowy figures who are plotting to depose the king that he is the legitimate son of the deceased Duke of Buckingham and that, as the last of the Bohun line, he has a claim to the English throne. Although his true identity must for now remain secret, Peter finds himself being prepared for his intended kingly role and being tutored in the noble pursuits of swordsmanship and archery. He meets a noblewoman, Sabine Beauforest. To hide from the king’s men, Peter takes to the greenwood where he is aided by Solomon Darking and his vagabond comrades. They introduce him to the lore of the countryside, and reveal the existence of a self-contained outlaw society, invisible to the agents of the state, with its own system of communication and intelligence gathering. He discovers that \\\"under the blanket of the dark all men are alike and all are nameless\\\". As the novel progresses, Peter has increasing doubts about the venture he is being asked to undertake, and the motives of those behind it: \\\"They claimed to stand for the elder England and its rights, and the old Church, but at their heart they stood only for themselves.\\\" After an encounter with the king himself, Peter asks himself whether there \\\"might not there be a world of light under the blanket of the dark?\\\", and he decides that he does not wish to pursue a life of power. He disappears from official sight back into the greenwood with Sabine. Title The title is a phrase from William Shakespeare's Macbeth, where Lady Macbeth, preparing herself to murder King Duncan, says \\\"Come, thick night, / And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, / That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, / Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, / To cry, Hold, hold!\\\" Critical reception David Daniell in The Interpreter's House (1975) quotes Kipling who professed to be \\\"rested and delighted\\\" by the book and who called it a tour de force. Rose Macaulay said that the book was \\\"so enchanting and beautiful that I often read it for my pleasure\\\". Daniell himself notes that while the tone is relaxed, the control is tight, and \\\"it is as if Buchan is drawing together all his skills under the influence of his response to the land and its people\\\". Writing for the John Buchan Society website in 2001, Kenneth Hillier called The Blanket of the Dark “a thoroughly enjoyable book, because it not only expresses the deep love\",\n \"title\": \"The Blanket of the Dark\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30827966\",\n \"text\": \"Horrid Henry: The Movie is a 2011 British 3D children's comedy film directed by Nick Moore and produced by Allan Niblo, Rupert Preston, Mike Watts and Lucinda Whiteley, who wrote it. In the film, Henry and the Purple Hand Gang fight to prevent the closure of their school by an evil private school headmaster. It is based on the fictional character Horrid Henry from the children's book series of the same name by Francesca Simon. The film itself takes place before Series 3 of the TV series. Horrid Henry: The Movie stars Theo Stevenson, Richard E. Grant, Parminder Nagra, Kimberley Walsh, Mathew Horne, Siobhan Hayes, Dick and Dom, Noel Fielding, Jo Brand and Anjelica Huston. It was the first British film for children to be shot in 3D, and was officially released in cinemas on 29 July 2011 in 2D, RealD 3D, and 3D formats by Vertigo Films in the United Kingdom. Phase 4 Films and Entertainment One released the film in theatres in the United States and Canada on 22 December 2012. The film received generally negative reviews from critics and audiences, who criticized its humor, use of 3D, acting, and low quality, but was positively received from fans of the books and the TV series. It grossed $10.1 million worldwide. Horrid Henry: The Movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 28 November 2011 in the United Kingdom. Horrid Henry: The Movie has sold over 750,000 DVD copies in the UK. Plot After failing to complete his homework yet again, Horrid Henry has his friend Brainy Brian forge a note from his mother claiming that his cat ate it. His teacher, Miss Battle-Axe, sees through Henry's scheme as the word \\\"homework\\\" is spelled correctly, something Henry is incapable of doing. While Henry is in detention, his friends join him to rehearse for a school talent contest; they are interrupted by Mrs Oddbod, the Headmistress, and a pair of school inspectors. Meanwhile, Vic Van Wrinkle, Headmaster of the expensive all-boys private academy, Brick House School, influences the school inspectors to close down Ashton Primary, the school Henry attends, hoping to make a fortune from the resulting influx of students. The inspectors encourage Henry's pranks, leading to Miss Battle-Axe and Miss Lovely being fired for failing to enforce discipline. Mrs Oddbod also bans Henry's band, the Zero Zombies, from entering the talent contest. With Ashton Primary on the brink of closing, Henry's Great Aunt Greta offers to pay for Henry to attend an all-girls private academy (thinking Henry is a girl) and his younger brother, Perfect Peter, to attend Brick House. Miss Lovely applies for a job at Brick House and spies on Van Wrinkle; she is captured, but passes notes about Van Wrinkle's plan to Peter. Meanwhile, Henry and Margaret (who has also been transferred to Henry's new school) are attacked by the students there and escape. Henry and the Zero Zombies compete in the talent contest, hoping that their win will make them famous enough that Ashton Primary\",\n \"title\": \"Horrid Henry: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30665558\",\n \"text\": \"King Henry I of England has been portrayed in various cultural media. Theatre Henry I of England, a play by Beth Flintoff, was first performed in November 2016 at St James's Church, Reading. The drama follows the story of the three sons of William the Conqueror and ends with the early reign of Henry I. The narrative continues in Flintoff's second play Matilda the Empress which depicts the king's later life and The Anarchy period after his death when his daughter Matilda and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. Fictional portrayals Henry I has been depicted in historical novels and short stories. They include: Pado, the Priest (1899) by Sabine Baring-Gould revolves around Henry's conflict with the Welsh. A Saxon Maid (1901) by Eliza Frances Pollard. Reportedly \\\"a good short story of the Norman devastations\\\", taking place in the reigns of William II and Henry I. The latter being a prominent character. \\\"Old Men at Pevensey\\\" by Rudyard Kipling, a short story included in the collection Puck of Pook's Hill (1906). Features both Henry I and Robert Curthose. \\\"The Tree of Justice\\\" by Rudyard Kipling, a short story included in the collection Rewards and Fairies (1910). Features both Henry I and Rahere. The King’s Minstrel (1925) by Ivy May Bolton. The title character is Rahere, depicted as \\\"part jester, part priest, and more wizard than either\\\". The King of the title is Henry I who is \\\"prominently introduced\\\". Henry appears in two novels by George Shipway, The Paladin (1972) and The Wolf Time (1973). In these books, Henry is depicted as organizing the death of King William II. Henry appears briefly in the short story \\\"A Light on the Road to Woodstock\\\" (1988) by Ellis Peters, one of her Brother Cadfael stories. \\\"A Light on the Road to Woodstock\\\" is collected in A Rare Benedictine: The Advent of Brother Cadfael. The Pillars of the Earth, a 1989 novel by Ken Follett, set during the Anarchy period. In the miniseries based on the book King Henry was portrayed by Clive Wood. References Sources Henry I Henry I of England\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of Henry I of England\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1870925\",\n \"text\": \"Cooleemee (), also known as the Cooleemee Plantation House, is a house located between Mocksville and Lexington, North Carolina, at the terminus of SR 1812 (Peter Hairston Rd.) on the Yadkin River in Davie County, North Carolina. It is a U.S. National Historic Landmark, designated in 1978 for its architecture. History The house's floor plan in the shape of a Greek cross, with four equal wings extending from an octagonal core, is based on a published design by William H. Ranlett, The Architect (New York) 1847, Vol. I, Plate 32, published again in Godey's Lady's Book, January 1850; the Godey's Lady's Book engravings were framed and kept in the house. The house is an \\\"Anglo-Grecian Villa\\\", built in the shape of a Greek cross between 1853 and 1855 by Peter and Columbia Stuart Hairston. The builder Peter Wilson Hairston a white Superior Court judge in North Carolina, who had inherited Cooleemee from his grandfather, was a central figure in Henry Wiencek's telling of the family's story. The house is built from approximately 300,000 bricks made on site. Cooleemee Plantation was founded by Colonel Jesse A. Pearson who took part in the capture of approximately 600 tribal Creek Indians during the War of 1812. The Indians known as \\\"Kulimi\\\", a tribe of the Creek nation, were from the village of \\\"Cooleeme\\\" near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers. The Creek word means \\\"the place where the white oaks grow\\\". Upon his return in 1814, he named his existing plantation \\\"Cooleemee Hill\\\". In 1817, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and four-time state legislator, Peter Hairston, purchased the Cooleemee Hill Plantation for $8 per acre – $20,000 total. In addition to the plantation house, in 1860 there were twenty-three slave dwellings at Cooleemee. The principal crop at Cooleemee was tobacco. In 1997, the Hairston family, who still owned the house, donated a conservation easement to The LandTrust for Central North Carolina, which helped preserve the house and property against development. At that time, the plantation included of farmland (down from at its peak), surrounded by a two-mile (3 km) stretch of the Yadkin River supporting more than 200 species of bird. Cooleemee Plantation was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978. Family In 1999, Henry Wiencek published The Hairstons: An American Family In Black And White, which told the story of the Hairston family, which continues to own Cooleemee, and of the plantation and its history over the past 150 years. This family, with black and white branches due to slavery, have continued to hold reunions at Cooleemee that honor their family's history and roots in the region. Wiencek, in the course of his preparation for this book, witnessed what he considered to be extraordinary interactions between members of the Hairston Family. In the course of his research, Wiencek learned that the Hairstons were not only the largest slaveholding family in the South, but also slave traders. Peter Wilson Hairston, the latest Hairston to own the property at the\",\n \"title\": \"Cooleemee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75717217\",\n \"text\": \"The Laughing Woman is a 1934 British stage play by Gordon Daviot, a nom de plume for Elisabeth MacKintosh (1896-1955) who also wrote under the name Josephine Tey. It was based on the relationship between Henri Gaudier and Sophie Brzeska. The play debuted in London in 1934 at the New Theatre. It had a short run on Broadway in 1936. Premise According to a synopsis in The Spectator, the \\\"play... presents a cross-section of the relations between Rene Latour and Ingrid Rydrnan. He is young, French, and a sculptor; she is older, Swedish, and a philosopher with a book to write. They come from Paris to London and live there as brother and sister in great poverty. Their incessant quarrels cannot blind — or deafen — them to the fact that they are necessary to each other. They cling together stormily. The outbreak of the War finds Rene on the threshold of fame. He returns incontinently to the France which rejected him, to die (as the Epilogue tells us) on active service and with the rank of sergeant.\\\" Australian radio adaptation The play was adapted for Australian radio in 1939 by Max Afford, starring Peter Finch and Neva Carr Glynn. Finch's performance was a milestone in his career. A critic for Wireless Weekly stated: Peter Finch is a great actor.... For the first time in my listening life, I was actually sorry when the play came to an end... As Rene Latour, Peter Finch is inspired. And Neva Carr-Glynn as Ingrid is not far behind... in the hands of the players it came to life — one of the most human, the most extraordinary, the most ruthless, the most delicate love stories that radio has been able to present. The play was performed again on Australian radio in 1941 with Neva Carr Glynn and Paul O'Loughlin in the leads. Wireless Weekly said \\\"It contains some of the most effective backyard squabbles I have heard in radio drama\\\" but felt the accents were \\\"not so good in parts. Perhaps Neva Carr-Glyn, who played Ingrid opposite Peter Finch in the first version, was a little bored with doing it again. Perhaps Paul O'Loughlin, who played the artist Latour, was a little self-conscious.\\\" It was performed again in 1946, with Finch and Thelma Scott. Reviewing the 1946 production, the Sun said \\\"Many actors make a hash of foreign characterisations. Not so Peter Finch. His Rene Latour in 2GB's \\\"Laughing Woman\\\" was a gem, matched only by Thelma Scott's sensitive performance as Ingrid Rydman. Both artists breathed life into an otherwise average play.\\\" Finch's performance earned him the Macquarie Award for Best Starring Male Actor of the year. There was another version in 1953. References External links 1939 Radio Adaptation at AustLit 1934 plays British plays 1939 Australian radio dramas 1941 Australian radio dramas 1953 Australian radio dramas 1946 Australian radio dramas Radio plays by Max Afford\",\n \"title\": \"The Laughing Woman (play)\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Jacob Tremblay"],"string":"[\n \"Jacob Tremblay\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":80,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_18467"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who plays spider man in the amazing spider man"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"41357270","text":"The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for","title":"List of Spider-Man film cast members"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"41357270\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man film cast members\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"21465518","text":"\"Character Assassination\" is a four-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Marc Guggenheim with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #584-#588. An interlude, \"The Spartacus Gambit\" was featured in Amazing Spider-Man Extra #1 (June 2008) and later re-released for free online via Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited alongside the release of The Amazing Spider-Man #587 in February 2009. Plot summary The race for mayor is hot with Bill Hollister close in the polls to Randall Crowne. The Spider-Tracer murders continue with Shocker and Boomerang walking in on another corpse. Spider-Man is chased by police and is shot in the right arm. Spider-Man hallucinates a fight with Menace in which he unmasks to reveal the face of Harry Osborn. On top of the Statue of Liberty Harry proposes to Lily who is not sure what to say. Meanwhile, Carlie's lab reverse engineers the Spider-Tracers to track the source. Carlie arrives in Vin and Peter's apartment finding a bag of Spider-Tracers under Vin's bed. Horrified, she demands an explanation from Vin and his partner Cop hints that the entire NYPD is involved with the murders. Spider-Man attempts to stop Menace from attacking the Hollister Campaign supporters but Menace defeats the wounded Spider-Man leaving him to be captured by the police. Menace retreats to Harry Osborn's apartment \"unmasking\" to reveal the face of Lily Hollister. Harry walks in and looks in horror. Lily explains that she discovered notes about the Goblin Serum and hideout through concerns that Harry returned to drugs. A new type of Goblin Serum made contact with Lily's skin mutating her into Menace. She states that she attacked the Hollister campaign to make others sympathize with Bill Hollister and help him become elected. Lily also says that she accepts Harry's marriage proposal and leaves Harry who is flabbergasted by this turn of events. On election day Harry picks up a vial of the Goblin Serum and picks up a Goblin Gun behind the original Glider. Spider-Man is arrested by the police for the spider tracer murders and held at Ryker's Island. Matt Murdock arrives as his attorney and files motions to prevent the NYPD or the courts from unmasking him. At the preliminary hearings Iron Fist appears dressed as Spider-Man to create doubt that the Peter is the only Spider-Man or the killer. Black Cat and Murdock smuggle Peter a web-shooter. Carlie confronts Vin and he and his partner reveal that many NYPD cops from their precinct are planting the tracers on dead bodies to frame Spider-Man in a smear campaign to turn public opinion against him. He states that they are tired of him getting away with vigilante justice. Carlie claims to want in but then turns them into their captain Sergeant Palone, who unknown to her is the leader of the conspiracy. He later has Vin arrested as the sole suspect as Vin's precinct killed Bookie, who solved the murders first. While trapped in Rykers, Spider-Man learns that Vin","title":"Character Assassination"},{"docid":"32703921","text":"Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It features the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna \"Ana\" Soria) to the Marvel Universe and laid the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, style, and plot. Plot Infested \"Infested\" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the \"Spider-Island\" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31. Spider-Island The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him \"The Way of the Spider\", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen. Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jackal is behind the disturbance, as he has collected several prominent crime figures with spider-powers and given them Spider-Man outfits. The Avengers attempt to defend the city against spider-powered hooligans. Although Shang-Chi is able to confirm Spider-Man's identity to the other heroes, he is nevertheless ordered to stay out of the fight due to the inability to distinguish him from the other Spider-Men. However, inspired by a conversation with Mary Jane, Peter is able to rally various other New Yorkers to help him stop the villainous Spider-Men by posing as another random spider-powered citizen. As Anti-Venom works on curing various Spider-People of their powers, Madame Web reflects on the need for both Agent Venom and Anti-Venom to fix the Spider-Island problem. Meanwhile, Carlie and Peter attempt to investigate the Jackal's lab, reasoning that he is the most likely candidate to have caused this event, unaware that they are being watched. Jackal is seen working on the Spider-King by filling with tiny spider embryos. Horizon Labs works with Reed Richards to find a cure for the spider-powered people while the Avengers and","title":"Spider-Island"},{"docid":"313540","text":"The Chameleon (Dmitri Smerdyakov; Russian: Дмитрий Смердяков) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963). The Chameleon is the first ever antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He is a master of disguises who is known for his ability to impersonate virtually anybody. The character is also the half-brother of Kraven the Hunter. This relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. He has also been a member of the Sinister Six and the Sinister Twelve at various points in his history. Since his original introduction, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), portrayed by Numan Acar. Fred Hechinger is set to appear as the character in the upcoming Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Kraven the Hunter (2024). Publication history 1960s Dmitri Smerdyakov debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. The Chameleon is therefore the first member of Spider-Man's rogues' gallery based on issue publication date and excluding the burglar who murdered Ben Parker. He appeared in the 1959 Tales to Astonish series. He appeared in the 1959 Tales of Suspense series. He appeared in the 1985 Web of Spider-Man series. 2000s Dmitri Smerdyakov appeared in the 2014 Original Sin: Secret Avengers Infinite Comic series. He later appeared in the 2015 Spider-Man and the X-Men series. He appeared in the 2018 Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2021 Giant-Size Amazing Spider-Man: Chameleon Conspiracy one-shot. Fictional character biography Dmitri Smerdyakov was born in Soviet Russia. In his youth, he became a servant and half-brother to Sergei Kravinoff, and later a minor associate of Gustav Fiers. Although Dmitri and Sergei were friends, Sergei was often abusive to Smerdyakov, leading to a combination of admiration and resentment towards Kravinoff. Eventually, Smerdyakov emigrated to the United States of America. As he had made a talent for himself during his youth by impressing his brother by impersonating friends and neighbors, he assumed an even more impressive disguise: the identity of Chameleon. During his first known criminal outing, he impersonated Spider-Man, though he was soon exposed and arrested. Shortly afterward, Sergei (now known as \"Kraven the Hunter\") came to America, and the Chameleon set his old associate's sights on Spider-Man. Both men became long-time enemies of Spider-Man, part of his primary rogues gallery. The Chameleon inspired Kraven to begin hunting Spider-Man, inviting Kraven to dispose of the hero. With Kraven, the Chameleon battled Iron Man, and then confronted the Hulk. At one point, the Chameleon disguised himself as Hank Pym, and robbed Pym's laboratory for documents to combat Virus Nine. While delivering","title":"Chameleon (character)"},{"docid":"58734846","text":"Spider-Girl is the code name of several fictional characters in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The most prominent version and first to receive an ongoing series is Mayday Parker from the MC2 universe, the second version is Anya Corazon, and the third version is Gwen Warren, the latter two both from the Earth-616 universe. Several alternate reality incarnations of the character have additionally received notoriety, including the Ultimate Spider-Girl, Ashley Barton, Betty Brant, April, Penelope and Petra Parker, and Charlotte Morales. Publication history The first portrayed Spider-Girl, Mayday Parker, first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint with The Amazing Spider-Girl and Spectacular Spider-Girl. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature \"Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man\", written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through #8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8, followed by one last Spider-Girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End, in which fellow Spider-Girl April Parker is killed. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity. The new series featured a new character, Anya Corazon, whose adventures occurred on Earth 616. The series was canceled after only eight issues. No official reason was given for the cancellation. This character returned for a Spider-Island limited series. A second Earth-616 Spider-Girl was introduced in Avenging Spider-Man #16 (January 2013), before returning a decade later in X-Men Unlimited Infinity Comic #69 (January 2023) under the name \"Gwen Warren\", assuming the mantle of Spider-Girl as a member of the X-Men. Spider-Girls Mayday Parker The daughter of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 universe. April Parker Prior to calling herself \"Mayhem\", Mayday's clone April goes by Spider-Girl, the two sharing the mantle. Anya Corazon A Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña (Spider), and occasionally goes by Spider-Girl. Gwen Warren The mutant clone of Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Ana Soria created by the Jackal using technology stolen from Mister Sinister, the newborn Spider-Girl battles The Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Spider-Man's body) and the X-Men in the form of a 30 ft. human-spider hybrid, resembling a giant garden spider with human eyes able to shoot eye-beams, before being returned to a normal size with sentience, to the physical size of a twelve-year-old humanoid girl. Later, she enrolls in and drops out of the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning under the name \"Gwen Warren\" according to a statement by Tom Brevoort","title":"Spider-Girl"},{"docid":"34693053","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man is an open world video game based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man and the 2012 film of the same name. It was developed by Beenox and published by Activision. It was released on June 26 in North America and on June 29, 2012 in Europe for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Android, iOS, and Microsoft Windows. A version for the Wii U was released in March 2013 in North America and Europe known as The Amazing Spider-Man: Ultimate Edition in both regions. A PlayStation Vita version was released in November 2013. A sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, was released in April 2014, itself based on the film. The game was directed by Gerard Lehiany and written by Seamus Kevin Fahey, Benjamin Schirtz and Gérard Lehiany. Its story serves as an alternate epilogue to The Amazing Spider-Man film, which is continued in the game's sequel. Months after the events of the film, a number of cross-species experiments created by Oscorp using Curt Connors' research escape into Manhattan and infect its population with a deadly virus, forcing Spider-Man to join forces with Gwen Stacy and Connors to find a cure. Meanwhile, the new Oscorp CEO, Alistair Smythe, attempts to develop his own cure so that he will be credited as the city's savior, and to eliminate Spider-Man and Connors for interfering with his plans. The Nintendo 3DS and Wii versions of the game include the script and plot of the other versions of the game, but feature a much different, more linear gameplay that does not have an open world environment, and instead features the player selecting a level from the map in Spider-Man's apartment, before playing a mostly linear level. It was natively designed for the 3DS and later ported to the Wii. Upon its release, the game received mixed to positive reviews from critics, with praise to the gameplay, controls, combat, dark tone, intensity and soundtrack, although it received criticism for its mode of difficulty, story, visuals, repetitive side missions and lack of innovation. Gameplay PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows versions The Amazing Spider-Man is a third-person video game, set in an open world based on Manhattan. Players take on the role of Spider-Man and complete missions—linear scenarios with set objectives—to progress through the story. The missions are structured in a linear manner, but the player is free to explore the game's map in between missions and engage in various side activities. Players have access to all of Spider-Man's superhuman abilities, including web swinging and wall crawling. The game introduces a bullet time mechanic called Web-Rush, where players slow down time by holding a button and can select between different locations that Spider-Man will automatically move towards once the player releases the button. This gameplay mechanic can be used to target enemies, whom Spider-Man will attack automatically, or objects that Spider-Man will throw at enemies, incapacitating them for a few seconds and allowing Spider-Man to web them","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game)"},{"docid":"24786216","text":"The comic book character Spider-Man has had much media attention due to his popularity as a superhero, as have his villains. Here is a list of his primary villains that have undergone media attention such as in films, televisions, and video games as well as some villains who debuted in the TV series. Film This is a list of Spider-Man enemies that have been in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy, Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films, the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), and Sony's Spider-Man Universe. The movies in the original trilogy also introduces Dylan Baker as Dr. Curt Connors, the man who in the comics becomes the Lizard, but this transformation never took place during Raimi's tenure as director. Mendel Stromm was portrayed by actor Ron Perkins in Spider-Man, although he did not become a villain while Spider-Man 2 features Daniel Gillies as John Jameson, whose transformation into the Man-Wolf is not depicted in the film. Additionally, the Kingpin was featured prominently in the Mark Steven Johnson film Daredevil, where he was portrayed by Michael Clarke Duncan. In The Amazing Spider-Man, the Lizard is the villain. Irrfan Khan also portrays the antagonistic Dr. Ratha in that film. In The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Felicity Jones plays Felicia Hardy, the alter ego of Black Cat but her version of Black Cat was never shown. In Spider-Man: Homecoming, Michael Mando appears as Mac Gargan, but did not become Scorpion. In Spider-Man: Far From Home, Jake Gyllenhaal portrays Mysterio, who was originally to be played by Bruce Campbell in Raimi's canceled fourth film. Additionally, although the character has not appeared in an MCU film yet, Vincent D'Onofrio portrays the Kingpin in Marvel Television's Netflix series Daredevil and the Disney+ series Hawkeye, Echo, and Daredevil: Born Again. Live-action films Animated films Television A number of Spider-Man villains have made appearances in Spider-Man television series or other Marvel Comics related shows mostly in animation. Also, in Wolverine and the X-Men, there was a character that closely resembles Shadrac. Here is a listing in alphabetical order. Sinister Six A few of Spider-Man villains in other media have joined the group Sinister Six (or Insidious Six in Spider-Man: The Animated Series and Sinister Seven or Superior Sinister Six in Ultimate Spider-Man) to take down Spider-Man just like in the comics. Here is a list of villains who have joined. The numbers beside the supervillain with the parentheses in between them stand for their first meeting and second meeting and so on. There has never been a proper depiction of the original Sinister Six (Doctor Octopus, Mysterio, Vulture, Sandman, Kraven and Electro), but in most franchises, all of the members appear, mainly without joining. Made-for-TV villains These villains do not appear in the comics. They were created for various cartoon series. Among them are: Spider-Man (1967) Baron von Rantenraven (voiced by Tom Harvey) - A German pilot who commanded Sky Harbor, which he used to invade New York with World War I biplanes. He uses paralyzing devices. Blackwell the","title":"List of Spider-Man enemies in other media"},{"docid":"503156","text":"Spider-Girl (May \"Mayday\" Parker) is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She has been referred to as both Spider-Girl and Spider-Woman. The character appears in the MC2 universe. The character was created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz as the teenage daughter of Peter Parker (Spider-Man) and Mary Jane Watson, and first appeared in What If #105 (February 1998). She later acquired her own ongoing comic book, Spider-Girl, written by DeFalco and drawn by Frenz and Pat Olliffe, which was the longest-running superhero book with a lead female character ever published by Marvel before being relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, and later The Spectacular Spider-Girl. Two incarnations of Mayday Parker, an infant and an adult, appear in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Publication history Spider-Girl first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint. Although each of these titles were slated to be 12-issue limited series, Spider-Girls initial sales justified their continuation as ongoing titles. After initial interest, Spider-Girl drew low sales. The book's active fan base convinced Marvel to revoke several cancellation announcements. Reprints of the series in digest size trade paperbacks sold well. Marvel Associate Editor Nick Lowe revealed in a Nov. 2005 interview that \"Spider-Girl, for the first time, is completely safe from cancellation.\" Despite Lowe's statement, Marvel announced that No. 100 would be the title's final issue. The book was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, with issue #0 appearing in Oct. 2006. On October 11, 2008, Tom DeFalco announced that The Amazing Spider-Girl would be canceled with issue #30, though he revealed that, due to the company's love for the character, she could possibly be given a sixteen-page back-up strip in The Amazing Spider-Man Family. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. On March 18, 2009, Marvel announced that Spider-Girl would continue publication as The Spectacular Spider-Girl, a web-comic released through Marvel's Digital Comics Unlimited. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. The Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through No. 8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8. The new The Spectacular Spider-Girl stories were then contained in Web of Spider-Man. This lasted for seven issues before being moved to its own four-issue limited series, Spectacular Spider-Girl, which tied up most of the series plot threads. This was followed by one last Spider girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity.","title":"Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker)"},{"docid":"871334","text":"The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Amazing Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. The list is updated as of March 19, 2024. Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) This comic book plot is written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Steve Ditko. Features the first appearances of Spider-Man, Aunt May, Uncle Ben, Flash Thompson, and Liz Allan. High school student Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider, thus gaining the proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a spider, along with a precognitive \"spider-sense\" and later creating a web-shooting device. Peter becomes Spider-Man, an instant TV sensation, but coming out of a TV studio one day, Peter does not stop an escaping burglar, claiming it is not his problem. A few days later, he comes home to find his Uncle Ben has been shot and goes to track down the murderer, only to find that it was the same burglar that he had let escape a few days earlier. Peter blames himself for his uncle's death and realizes that with great power there must also come great responsibility. This issue was released on June 5, 1962, and was published in August 1962. The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100 (January 1963 – July 1971) The Amazing Spider-Man #101–200 (August 1971 – November 1979) The Amazing Spider-Man #201–300 (December 1979 – March 1988) The Amazing Spider-Man #301–400 (April 1988 – February 1995) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–499 (March 1995 - September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–441 (March 1995 – September 1998) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #1–58 (November 1998 – September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #500–545 (October 2003 – December 2007) The Amazing Spider-Man #546–647 \"Brand New Day\" (January 2008 – November 2010) Note: Brand New Day is a soft reboot stemming out of the events of One More Day. Three issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month during this time. See Free Comic Book Day (2007): Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man #648–700 (November 2010 – December 2012) Note: During the \"Big Time\" storyline, two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month at the increased length of 30 pages each (compared to the traditional 22 pages). The Amazing Spider-Man #701–801 (January 2013 – June 2018) Superior Spider-Man (vol. 1) #1–33 (January 2013 – April 2014) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1–20 (April 2014 – August 2015) — Marvel NOW! Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows (vol. 1) #1–5 (June 2015 – September 2015) Note: Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is a Secret Wars tie-in miniseries set in an alternate universe where One More Day never happened. The miniseries is counted as part of the legacy numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1–32 (October 2015 – September 2017) — All-New, All-Different Marvel The Amazing Spider-Man #789–801 (October 2017 – June 2018) — Marvel Legacy The Amazing Spider-Man #802–894 (July 2018 – March 2022) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #1–74 (July 2018 – September 2021) — Fresh Start Note: See Free Comic Book Day (2018): Amazing Spider-Man.","title":"List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues"},{"docid":"7820841","text":"Venom is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is a sentient alien symbiote with an amorphous, liquid-like form, who survives by bonding with a host, usually human. This dual-life form receives enhanced powers and usually refers to itself as \"Venom\". The symbiote was originally introduced as a living alien costume in The Amazing Spider-Man #252 (May 1984), with a full first appearance as Venom in The Amazing Spider-Man #300 (May 1988). The Venom symbiote's first human host was Spider-Man himself, who eventually discovered its true nefarious nature and separated himself from the creature in The Amazing Spider-Man #258 (November 1984)—with a brief rejoining five months later in Web of Spider-Man #1. The symbiote went on to merge with other hosts, beginning with Eddie Brock, its second and best-known host, with whom it first became Venom. Venom has endured as one of Spider-Man's most prominent villains, and was initially regarded as one of his three archenemies, alongside the Green Goblin and Doctor Octopus. Since his debut however, Venom has evolved into an antiheroic figure, slowly distancing himself from his initial goal to ruin Spider-Man's life to try and do good instead, even putting aside his differences with and helping Spider-Man at times. After Brock, numerous other hosts for Venom followed; some of the most notable are the villain Mac Gargan, who was the main incarnation of Venom from 2005 to 2009, and Flash Thompson, who became the superhero Agent Venom from 2011 to 2016, before Venom returned to Brock in 2017. Venom's most recent and current host is Brock's biological son, Dylan. Venom is also depicted as having spawned several children—Scream, Lasher, Phage, Agony, Riot, Mania, Sleeper, and most notably, Carnage, who becomes Venom's archenemy after being bound to serial killer Cletus Kasady. A fan-favorite character and well-known figure in popular culture, Venom (primarily the Eddie Brock incarnation) is the most recognizable Spider-Man antagonist not first introduced during the original Lee/Ditko run. He has been featured in various media adaptations of Spider-Man over the years, including feature films, television series and video games. The character was portrayed by Tobey Maguire and Topher Grace in Spider-Man 3 (2007), with Tom Hardy primarily portraying the character in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe films Venom (2018) and Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021), as well as an uncredited post-credit scene appearance in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). The Eddie Brock incarnation of Venom is among Spider-Man's most famous rogues, and is regarded by many as a dark reflection of the hero. Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: \"What started out as a replacement costume for Spider-Man turned into one of the Marvel web-slinger's greatest nightmares\". Venom was rated 33rd on Empire's 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters, and ranked 22nd on IGN's 100 Greatest Comic Villains of All Time. Conception and creation The original idea of a new costume for Spider-Man that would later become the character Venom was conceived","title":"Venom (character)"},{"docid":"65818012","text":"Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen","title":"Sins Rising"},{"docid":"25700184","text":"This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \"Power Booster\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \"Spider-Friends\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \"costume\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \"Vengeance Of Loki\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \"Windchill Factor Zero\". In \"Mission: Save The Guardstar\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \"fire and ice don't really mix\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \"Opposites Attack!\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in","title":"List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters"},{"docid":"38162451","text":"\"Dying Wish\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \"Ends of the Earth\" and finished in \"Dying Wish\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \"Dying Wish\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \"Origin of the Species\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \"Ends of the Earth\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \"Ends of the Earth\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \"Peter Parker\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \"Spider-Man\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped","title":"Dying Wish"},{"docid":"26775444","text":"Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a 2010 action-adventure video game based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, developed by Beenox and published by Activision. Players control four different versions of Spider-Man, each originating from a different universe in the Marvel Comics multiverse. Previous Spider-Man voice actors Neil Patrick Harris, Christopher Daniel Barnes, Dan Gilvezan, and Josh Keaton each voice one of the four Spider-Men. The Nintendo DS version of the game was developed by Griptonite Games and features only three Spider-Man variants. The game revolves around an artifact known as the Tablet of Order and Chaos. When it is shattered into pieces during a fight between the Amazing Spider-Man and Mysterio, it causes problems with multiple realities across the Marvel Multiverse. Madame Web recruits the Amazing Spider-Man and three alternate versions of the hero—Spider-Man Noir, Spider-Man 2099, and Ultimate Spider-Man—to restore balance by retrieving the tablet fragments from villains within their respective dimensions. Gameplay alternates between the four Spider-Men, who control similarly but present a different gameplay style and/or abilities. For example, the Spider-Man Noir levels encourage a stealth approach, while the Ultimate Spider-Man levels place emphasis on large scale combat encounters. Shattered Dimensions is the first Spider-Man game developed by Beenox after being given the license by Activision, replacing previous developer Treyarch. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the concept of bringing four Marvel universes together, and lauded the voice acting, combat, presentation, humor, and score. However, criticism was aimed at the game's simplistic story, choice of villains, and the overall design of the cutscenes as well as its technical difficulties. A sequel, Spider-Man: Edge of Time, was released in October 2011, featuring only the Amazing Spider-Man and Spider-Man 2099. Both the game and its sequel were de-listed from the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live marketplaces in 2014 following the expiration of Activision's existing licensing deal with Marvel. Shattered Dimensions was re-released via Steam on October 24, 2015, but was later removed on April 1, 2017. One of the writers of the game, Mark Hoffmeier, also worked on the well-received Spider-Man: The Animated Series on Fox Kids before working on the game. Some of the concepts from the TV show influenced the game, including the use of multiple versions of Spider-Man (as seen on the show) and the concept of the Tablet of Order and Chaos. Another writer for Shattered Dimensions, Dan Slott, later worked on the 2014 comic book storyline, \"Spider-Verse\", which was influenced by the game and, in turn, inspired the animated Spider-Verse film franchise. Gameplay Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a level-based third-person action-adventure video game, where the player assumes the role of four different versions of Spider-Man, spanning across the Amazing, Noir, 2099, and Ultimate universes. Gameplay revolves around each Spider-Man's unique superhuman abilities; players are able to web swing, web zip, crawl walls, and use the 'spider-sense' to identify enemies or objects of interest. The combat of the game offers a large variety of fighting moves, and each Spider-Man has his own fighting","title":"Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions"},{"docid":"2041364","text":"Numerous video games featuring the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man have been officially released. To date, Spider-Man has appeared on over fifteen gaming platforms, including apps on mobile phones. Overview 1980s The Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962). By the late 1970s, Spider-Man had become a successful franchise. At this time the fictional character had already featured in the animated series Spider-Man, a segment on the children's television series The Electric Company (called Spidey Super Stories), and the live action prime time series The Amazing Spider-Man. As a result of the success, Marvel Comics licensed the character into a stream of electronic games. Spider-Man was quickly growing in popularity because of his simplistic Spider-Style costume, he was also the favorite character of Stan Lee and soon he was one of the most loved Marvel fictional characters. Atari 2600 (1982) In 1982, Parker Brothers published a game for the Atari 2600 (and its clone system, the Sears Video Arcade) titled Spider-Man. The action game involves climbing a skyscraper, capturing criminals and defusing bombs set by the Green Goblin. It supports two players. The game is similar to the 1980 arcade video game Crazy Climber. It is a variation on its gameplay format, with added web shooting and swinging abilities. Questprobe (1984) In 1984, Scott Adams released the second in the Questprobe series of text adventure games. The second in the series was titled Questprobe: Spider-Man, and involved Spider-Man hunting for a series of gems at the behest of a mysterious character named the \"Chief Examiner\". The game was ported to the Commodore 64, Commodore 16, Atari 8-bit family, ZX Spectrum, IBM PC, Amstrad CPC, and the Apple II. This was a first-person-perspective graphical adventure game, with commands entered textually. The Amazing Spider-Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom's Revenge! & The Revenge of Shinobi (1989) In 1989, The Amazing Spider-Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom's Revenge! was released for PC DOS, Amiga, Atari ST, Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64. The game was written by Paragon Software Corporation, and published by Medallist (a subsidiary of MicroProse). The story of the game is told in a series of comic panels, with the game play similar to that of Street Fighter: The player, as either Captain America or Spider-Man, battles villains one-on-one until facing Doctor Doom. In December 1989, The Revenge of Shinobi was released on the Mega Drive/Genesis. The game's boss battles feature comic book characters including Spider-Man and Batman, as well as famous movie characters, including Terminator and Godzilla, and even Rambo as normal-stage enemy. Initially, Spider-Man was included without consent from Marvel, but another version was released, this time with the copyright message shown in the beginning of the game, giving credit to Marvel, and editing the looks of Batman, Rambo and Godzilla, so avoiding a possible lawsuit; a Sega CD version was released, being derived from the altered version. 1990s In the","title":"List of video games featuring Spider-Man"},{"docid":"1321810","text":"The Jackal is an alias used by several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually depicted as enemies of the superhero Spider-Man. The original and best known incarnation, Miles Warren, was originally introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965) as a professor at the fictional Empire State University. Later storylines established him as also being a scientist researching genetics and biochemistry, and revealed an unhealthy romantic obsession he had for Gwen Stacy. Warren was driven mad with grief and jealousy so he created his Jackal alter-ego to seek revenge on Spider-Man, whom he blamed for Gwen's tragic death. To this end, he trained himself in martial arts, and created a green suit and gauntlets with claw-like razors. Although the Jackal initially didn't possess any superpowers, he later gained enhanced strength, speed and agility by mixing his genes with those of a jackal. The Jackal was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), but his human identity was not revealed until The Amazing Spider-Man #148 (September 1975). Originally one of Spider-Man's less popular rogues, the character rose to prominence after being one of the first in the Marvel Universe to master cloning technology, and creating various clones of Spider-Man, like the Scarlet Spiders Ben Reilly and Kaine Parker, as well as of other characters, including himself and the chimera Spider-Girl. His experiments went on to play a major role in several popular Spider-Man storylines, such as the \"Clone Saga\" (1994–1996), \"Spider-Island\" (2011), and \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" (2016–2017), the latter storyline of which established Ben Reilly as the second Jackal. In 2014, IGN ranked the Jackal as Spider-Man's 17th greatest enemy. The character has been featured in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, including animated series and video games. Publication history The character first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), and was created by writer Gerry Conway and artist Ross Andru. In The Amazing Spider-Man #148 (September 1975), the Jackal's identity was revealed to be Professor Miles Warren who first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. Prior to his Jackal reintroduction, his appearances were essentially limited to the occasional cameo in which he acts as simple background to Spider-Man's civilian life as a college student. When named at all in these early appearances, he is called only \"Professor Warren\". A \"Mister Warren\" had previously appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (January 1964) but he is a high school science teacher rather than a college professor, and is physically very distinct from Miles Warren. Despite this, Conway has said it was always his interpretation that \"Mister Warren\", \"Professor Warren\", and Professor Miles Warren/Jackal were the same character. The character was featured in the controversial 1990s \"Clone Saga\" story arc, the 2011 storyline \"Spider-Island\", and the 2016-2017 storyline \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\". Fictional character biography Miles Warren Miles Warren was a professor of biology at ESU/Empire State University, where","title":"Jackal (Marvel Comics character)"},{"docid":"1167591","text":"Aña \"Anya\" Sofia Corazón is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, writer Fiona Avery, and artist Mark Brooks, the character made her first appearance in Amazing Fantasy #1 (August 2004). She is the Latina daughter of a Puerto Rican father and a Mexican mother. Anya Corazón was known as the first Araña and then as the third Spider-Girl. Anya Corazon / Spider-Girl made her cinematic debut in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), and is played by Isabela Merced in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Anya Corazon was created by Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, writer Fiona Avery, and artist Mark Brooks, and is based on ideas J. Michael Straczynski used in his run on The Amazing Spider-Man. Araña was the star of the resurrected Amazing Fantasy comic book in 2004. After her storyline ended in Amazing Fantasy #6, she appeared in her own twelve issue series Araña: The Heart of the Spider, starting in March 2005 as part of Marvel Next. The character next appeared in the Ms. Marvel title as a recruit for service as a licensed superhero under the Superhuman Registration Act. She next appears teaming up with Nomad to fight the secret empire in a backup story in Captain America #602-605. Chronologically, her next appearance was during the \"Grim Hunt\" storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man; however, her appearance in the new Young Allies series was published first. As the new Spider-Girl, she starred in a monthly Spider-Girl comic that debuted on November 17, 2010 as a tie-in to the \"Big Time\" storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man. With the change of moniker to Spider-Girl, she's the second published character to adopt the \"Spider-Girl\" alter-ego, but she actually comes prior to the first character in the chronology of the Marvel Universe. It was announced concurrently with the announcement of the series' cancellation that Anya would be receiving a new mini-series as part of the Spider-Island crossover. The first issue of the mini-series was released one month after the final issue of the cancelled series, and one month after the mini-series ended Anya appeared in one issue of Avengers Academy. Anya was one of the main characters in Marvel's Spider-Verse event, which led to a spinoff miniseries in Secret Wars, which she was also included in. She was one of the stars in the team comic Web Warriors as a part of All-New, All-Different Marvel. Fictional character biography Origin On her first day at Milton Summers High School in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, Anya is friends with classmate Lynn Sakura. She is later caught in a skirmish between two mystical clans, the Spider Society and the Sisterhood of the Wasp, and is mortally wounded. To save her life, the mage Miguel Legar from the Spider Society performs a ritual on her by giving her a spider-shaped tattoo that endows her with spider-like powers, and recruits her to be a Hunter for the Spider","title":"Anya Corazon"},{"docid":"15635388","text":"\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far","title":"Spider-Man: Brand New Day"},{"docid":"9601342","text":"Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \"Mayday\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \"The Final Chapter\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man Family"},{"docid":"823737","text":"Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \"Torment\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \"Clone Saga\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter","title":"Peter Parker: Spider-Man"},{"docid":"3887477","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man is a side scrolling platform action video game released for the Nintendo Game Boy in 1990, published by LJN and developed by Rare based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. Gameplay Spider-Man has three extra lives and three continues. The intermission scenes between each level feature Spider-Man trading catchy barbs with a supervillain on a cell phone or walkie-talkie to find out where he should go next. Spider-Man can jump a normal and a double height. When he double-jumps, he can swing on a web. This can only be done for a short time until the web-meter runs out. Spider-Man's primary standing attack is a punch to the jaw. While crouching, Spider-Man can do a low, side kick. While jumping in the air, Spider-Man can do a side kick. While standing still, Spider-Man can shoot a glob of webbing from his wrists. This slightly depletes his web-meter. In the two vertical levels, Spider-Man climbs up the side of a building, and will \"buzz\" with his spider sense, indicating that the player should move Spider-Man out of the way of possible falling objects. Web vials are used to restore Spider-Man's web-meter, since his webbing is in limited supply. They are dropped by henchmen throughout the levels. Hamburgers restore some of Spider-Man's health meter. Storyline Spider-Man's most dangerous supervillains have discovered his secret identity, Peter Parker, and kidnapped his wife, Mary Jane. The action game takes the player through various city locations, battling an assortment of minor thugs, animals, and a supervillain (Mysterio, Hobgoblin, Scorpion, Rhino, Dr. Octopus, Venom) at the end of each level who, through intermission scenes, will taunt Spider-Man as to the whereabouts of his wife. Sequels The Amazing Spider-Man 2 The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (released as Spider-Man 2 in North America) was developed by Bits Studios and published by Acclaim Entertainment and released in 1992. The game is different from the original game, in that along with its action-adventure theme, Spider-Man also has to collect various objects located in each level in order to solve puzzles. The game's story follows a collection of supervillains (the Hobgoblin, Lizard, Graviton, Carnage, and Mysterio) who have framed Spider-Man for a bank robbery. He must survive several side scrolling levels, battling various thugs and supervillains in order to clear his name. The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers (release as Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers in North America) was developed by Bits Studios and published by Acclaim Entertainment and released in 1993. The game is based loosely on the comic book storyline of the same name, with Spider-Man being attacked by an assortment of high-tech robot Spider-Slayers. The player controls Spider-Man through various levels, fighting enemies and supervillains while solving various types of puzzles. The game features various enemies such as Electro, Scorpion, and ultimately the game's main antagonist Alistair Smythe. References External links 1990 video games Game Boy games Game Boy-only games LJN games Nintendo games Side-scrolling video","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game)"},{"docid":"46508909","text":"The superhero Spider-Man has appeared in many American comic books published by Marvel Comics since he first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962). The character has since been featured in various storylines, forming longer story arcs. These particular arcs have been given special names and have gone through various reprints over the years. During the 1960s and 1970s, these story arcs normally only lasted three issues or less (sometimes only one, such as the classic story \"Spider-Man No More!\") and would appear in Spider-Man's main comic book title The Amazing Spider-Man. \"The Death of Jean DeWolff\" was the first popular story arc outside The Amazing Spider-Man, as it appeared in the third monthly ongoing series of The Spectacular Spider-Man. Description Starting in the 1980s, more Spider-Man comic book titles became popular, with Spider-Man storylines being connected to different comics. Story arcs become longer than in previous decades, such as \"Kraven's Last Hunt\", \"Maximum Carnage\", and the \"Clone Saga\". Spider-Man story arcs could be found in titles such as The Amazing Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, Web of Spider-Man, Spider-Man Unlimited, and Peter Parker: Spider-Man. During the 21st century, the more popular Spider-Man story arcs would mostly be found in The Amazing Spider-Man, with some arcs taking as long as a year to complete. Comics such as \"Secret Wars\", \"Spider-Island\" and \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" are crossover comic books and sometimes move away from Spider-Man titles and involve other comic books. Known storylines See also List of Spider-Man titles References External links Spider-Man Story arcs, on Marvel Wikia Spider-Man storylines Spider-Man lists Lists of comic book story arcs","title":"List of Spider-Man storylines"},{"docid":"31952364","text":"\"Big Time\" is a series of comic book storylines in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics from 2010 to 2011. It follows the 102 consecutive issues of the \"Brand New Day\" publishing scheme and is the first shift in publishing for The Amazing Spider-Man since \"Brand New Day\" began. The frequency of publication dropped from three issues monthly to two issues, but the length of the comic book expanded from 22 to 30 pages. This extra length is sometimes used for back-up stories and sometimes for a longer main story. Concurrently with the story going in The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel also started the new series Spider-Girl vol. 2, Osborn, and Carnage, which are considered part of \"Big Time.\" All nine issues of \"Big Time\" have sold out at Diamond Comic Distributors and have a second printing with a variant cover. Plot summary \"Kill to be You\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #648 through #651 Peter starts a new job at Horizon Labs after a recommendation from Marla Jameson to the head of the lab gets him the job. Phil Urich takes over the Hobgoblin identity after killing Daniel Kingsley. Spider-Man is unable to stop the theft because of the Hobgoblin's Lunatic Laugh. Peter uses his new job at Horizon Labs to create a suit that uses harmonics to prevent the Lunatic Laugh from affecting him. Spider-Man and the Black Cat infiltrate the building of the Kingpin to get the experimental metal back. In the back-up stories in The Amazing Spider-Man #649 through #651 Alistair Alphonso Smythe breaks Mac Gargan out of prison and gives him a new Scorpion costume. These events directly lead into the \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\" story that follows. \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #652 through #654, titled the \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer,\" Alistair Smythe has created an army of Spider-Slayers by giving cybernetic implants to people with a grudge against J. Jonah Jameson. All of the Spider-Slayers, and Mac Gargan as the Scorpion, have a power similar to Spider-Man's spider-sense that makes them harder to hit and for Smythe to telepathically communicate with all of them. Smythe targets Jameson's family and friends so Jameson can feel the same pain Smythe felt when he lost his father. The New Avengers help Spider-Man fight the multiple threats, but Spider-Man is forced to build a bomb that will destroy the spider-sense of the Spider-Slayers so they can be defeated. Mac Gargan prevents Spider-Man from fleeing after he plants the bomb, so he is forced to set it off while he is still within its radius and he loses his spider-sense as well. After his army of Spider-Slayers is stopped Smythe tries to kill Jameson himself, but Marla Jameson jumps in the way to save the life of her husband. \"No One Dies\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #655 and #656, titled \"No One Dies,\" a funeral is held for Marla Jameson. Peter has a nightmare where he sees everyone who has ever died in his life (including","title":"Spider-Man: Big Time"},{"docid":"37629473","text":"The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \"Dying Wish\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \"Superior Spider-Man\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \"Go Down Swinging\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \"Spider-Geddon\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \"Spider-Geddon\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team","title":"The Superior Spider-Man"},{"docid":"69027326","text":"Venom is a fictional character primarily voiced by Tom Hardy appearing in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Introduced in Venom (2018), Venom is depicted as a symbiote who binds with human investigative journalist Eddie Brock after landing on Earth, with the duo subsequently becoming a vigilante jointly known by Venom's name, and later as the Lethal Protector, facing Venom's former team leader, Riot, and later Venom's son, Carnage, in combat. They are the second incarnation of the character in film, after Topher Grace and Tobey Maguire's respective portrayals of Eddie Brock / Venom and a symbiote-enveloped Spider-Man in Spider-Man 3 (2007). , the character has appeared in three films: Venom, Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021), and an uncredited cameo appearance in the web series Chen's Market and the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (both 2021). Hardy will reprise his role in Venom: The Last Dance. While Hardy's portrayal of the character in Venom was met with a mixed critical reception, the chemistry between Eddie Brock and Venom received praise. Concept and creation The idea of giving Spider-Man a new costume was conceived by Randy Schueler, a Marvel Comics reader from Norridge, Illinois. In 1982, Schueler was sent a letter by editor-in-chief Jim Shooter, who acknowledged interest in his idea, with Shooter coming up with the idea of a black-and-white costume. \"The Alien Costume\" first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #252 (May 1984), before fully appearing as Venom in the 300th issue. Venom's subsequent host, Eddie Brock, was created for the 300th issue of The Amazing Spider-Man in May 1988 due to cultural sensibilities of David Michelinie's suggestion of a villain consisting of the alien symbiote grafted into the body of a human female that forced him to conceive a male character by editor Jim Salicrup. Brock was later retconned to have a first appearance as a hand in Web of Spider-Man #18 (September 1986), but officially debuting in The Amazing Spider-Man #300, by Michelinie and Todd McFarlane, alongside Venom, initially presented as his alter-ego rather than as a separate living being. Post-Spider-Man 3 By July 2008, Sony Pictures was actively developing a spin-off film based on Venom alongside direct sequels to Spider-Man 3 (2007), hoping the character could \"add longevity\" to the franchise in a similar fashion to Wolverine in 20th Century Fox's X-Men films. Industry insiders suggested Topher Grace, who portrayed Brock in Spider-Man 3, should return for the spin-off because \"the likeable actor could be a sympathetic evildoer\", in response, McFarlane suggested that a Venom film could not do well with a villain as the central character. In December 2013, Sony revealed plans to use The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) to establish their own expanded universe based on the Marvel properties they had the film rights to, including Venom. Since the film underperformed, in February 2015, Sony and Marvel Studios announced a partnership that would see Marvel Studios produce the next","title":"Venom (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)"},{"docid":"42659935","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man 2 is a 2014 American film and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 may also refer to: The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (1992 video game), a 1992 video game The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack), the soundtrack for the 2014 film, composed by Hans Zimmer The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014 video game), a 2014 game based on the 2014 film See also The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"20822005","text":"\"New Ways to Die\" is a 2008, six-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Dan Slott with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #568-#573. Plot summary The Thunderbolts led by Norman Osborn/Green Goblin come to New York City to hunt down the fugitive Spider-Man, who has been framed for a series of murders. Meanwhile, at the F.E.A.S.T. shelter run by Martin Li (Mister Negative), the cancer-ridden Eddie Brock is miraculously healed. When the Thunderbolts track Spider-Man to the F.E.A.S.T. shelter, Brock reacts to the Venom Symbiote (currently bonded to Mac Gargan), transforming into Anti-Venom (a hero with the ability to heal others and purify diseases). Now able to destroy every kind of sickness, he attacks Venom and cures him which destroys most of his symbiote. Spider-Man and Anti-Venom team up to take down the Thunderbolts. Anti-Venom fights Venom in a new, improved scorpion armor from Norman Osborn. \"Venorpion\" hits Anti-Venom with his stinger and injects a super-poisonous toxin into him that dissolves his suit. After a battle which results in a building collapsing, Songbird tells Spider-Man to lie low for the next few days. Osborn then holds a press conference, saying that Spider-Man has died in the collapse. At the end of the book, Eddie's suit later reforms. Collected editions Reception Amazing Spider-Man #568 sold 82,540 copies, the 7th best selling comics of August 2008. Amazing Spider-Man #573 sold 93,346 copies or 8th for October 2008. IGN gave the first issue of the arc an 8.0 out of 10 and the last issue 6.4. See also Spider-Man: Brand New Day Kraven's First Hunt References External links Spider-Man: New Ways to Die at Marvel.com Interview with Dan Slott about Amazing Spider-Man:New Ways to Die 2008 comics debuts Green Goblin","title":"New Ways to Die"},{"docid":"1704633","text":"The Astonishing Spider-Man was a comic book series published fortnightly in the United Kingdom by Panini Comics as part of Marvel UK's 'Collectors Edition' line. It reprinted selected Spider-Man stories and material from the American comic books. Format The current format is 76 pages, with three stories being printed every issue. Whilst it usually prints more modern story lines, ‘classic' tales are also used as back-up strips. The inside front cover of the comic contains a message from the editor as well as a ‘Story So Far’ section to allow lapsed readers to catch up. At the back of the comic is a letter’s page (Web-Mail) whereby readers can write in and give their views and opinions on the stories. The letters page also previously included short comic strips entitled ‘Mini-Marvels’, initially reprints of Chris Giarrusso's & Lew Stringer’s work. A subscription is also available. Publication history With Panini Comics having obtained the licence to reprint Marvel comics internationally, Astonishing Spider-Man began publication in November 1995. 150 issues were published in the first volume before the title was re-launched in 2007 to mark its change from a four-weekly publishing schedule to a two-weekly one. Volume 2 ran for two years before it was re-launched again in December 2009 to mark the start of the \"Brand New Day\" storyline. Volume 4 launched in October 2013 as the Superior Spider-Man run of stories began in the title. Volume 7 is ongoing. Printed material Volume 5 (2014–2016) \"Spider-Verse\" \"Secret Wars\" Volume 6 (2016–2018) Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 4 Spider-Man/Deadpool Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows Vol. 2 Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man: Family Business Original Graphic Novel Spider-Man Vol. 2 (Miles Morales) Spider-Gwen Vol. 2 Prowler Vol. 2 Clone Conspiracy Vol. 1/Omega Free Comic Book Day 2017 Captain America Civil War II: Amazing Spider-Man Spidey Vol. 1 Spider-Man & The X-Men Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 1 #148 - #152 was also published. Volume 7 (2018–2020) Issue 1: 100-PAGE-SPECIAL! Amazing Spider-Man #789 Venom Vol. 3 #1 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #13 - #15 Release: 10 May 2018 Issue 2: Amazing Spider-Man #790 Venom Vol. 3 #2 - #3 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #15 Release: 24 May 2018 Issue 3: Amazing Spider-Man #791 Venom Vol. 3 #4 - #6 Release: 7 June 2018 Issue 4: Spider-Men II #1 Venom Vol. 3 #6 Venom #150 - #151 Release: 21 June 2018 Issue 5: Spider-Men II #2 Venom #152 - #153, #150 Release: 5 July 2018 Issue 6: Spider-Men II #3 Venom #153 - #154, #150 Release: 19 July 2018 See also The Amazing Spider-Man List of Spider-Man titles Spider-Man Panini Comics References External links Panini’s Astonishing Spider-Man mini site Panini Comic’s home page Grand Comics Database Spider-Man titles 1995 comics debuts Marvel UK titles","title":"Astonishing Spider-Man"},{"docid":"417310","text":"Harold Theopolis \"Harry\" Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Harry is the best friend of Peter Parker (Spider-Man's alter ego) and Flash Thompson, one of the ex-boyfriends of Mary Jane Watson, the son of Norman Osborn, the husband of Liz Allan and the father of Normie and Stanley Osborn. He is the second character to assume the Green Goblin alias while one of his clones was amongst the many users of the Iron Patriot armor as the superhero American Son. An artificial intelligence (A.I.) copy of Harry (which he created while the Green Goblin) is also the creator of the clones Gabriel and Sarah, who are both later revealed to be operating as his demonic revenant Kindred under the Harry A.I.'s command. The character has appeared in many adaptations of Spider-Man outside of the comic books, including various cartoons and video games. James Franco portrayed the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and Dane DeHaan portrays the character in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Harry Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. In The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973), Harry's father, Norman, is killed off, and a subplot leading to Harry inheriting his father's identity as the Green Goblin is introduced. This subplot culminates in The Amazing Spider-Man #136 (September 1974). Writer Gerry Conway said that the idea of Harry Osborn becoming the Green Goblin stemmed in part from a desire to deal with the consequences of the psychedelic drugs Harry began using in The Amazing Spider-Man #96 (May 1971). Conway said that he had had experience with such drugs himself, and that \"with psychedelic drugs, hallucinogens, if they've been misused, there is a potential for additional hallucinogenic experiences that are completely beyond your control or volition. I could imagine Harry getting hit by something like that, in the fragile emotional state following the death of his father, and losing touch with reality, as a result. Besides, I never had any intention of getting rid of the Green Goblin as a concept forever, so it all came together\". Harry dies in The Spectacular Spider-Man #200 (May 1993). Artist Sal Buscema said that drawing the final two pages of this issue was a deeply emotional experience for him due to how long he had drawn the character, and felt it was appropriate that writer J. M. DeMatteis chose not to add any dialogue to those pages. Several years later, the Spider-Man writers made plans to reveal that the mysterious villain Gaunt was Harry Osborn, who was still alive and had orchestrated the entire \"Clone Saga\", but an editorial edict prevented this from coming to fruition. However, Harry was eventually revived in The Amazing Spider-Man #545 (December 2007). He received an","title":"Harry Osborn"},{"docid":"2065504","text":"Spider-Man is a Marvel Comics superhero. Spider-Man or Spiderman may also refer to: Marvel Entertainment Characters List of incarnations of Spider-Man Alternative versions of Spider-Man Comics Spider-Man, also known as Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic series Film Spider-Man (1969 film), an unauthorized fan film by Donald F. Glut Spider-Man (1977 film), a theatrically released pilot for the 1970s US live-action series The Amazing Spider-Man Spider-Man (1978 film), a Japanese film connected to the Japanese live-action series Spider-Man (2002 film series), a live-action film trilogy by Sam Raimi, starring Tobey Maguire (2002-2007) Spider-Man (2002 film), the first film in the series Television Spider-Man (1967 TV series), an American-Canadian animated series that aired 1967–1970 Spider-Man (Japanese TV series), a Japanese live-action tokusatsu series that aired 1978–1979 Spider-Man (1981 TV series), an American animated series that aired 1981–1982 Spider-Man (1994 TV series), also known as Spider-Man: The Animated Series, an American animated series that aired from 1994–1998 Spider-Man, also known as Spider-Man: The New Animated Series, an American-Canadian CGI-animated series that aired in 2003 Spider-Man (2017 TV series), an American animated series that aired from 2017-2020 Video games Spider-Man (1982 video game), a game for the Atari 2600 Spider-Man: The Video Game, a 1991 arcade title from Sega Spider-Man (1995 video game), a title from Acclaim Spider-Man (2000 video game), a title released by Activision Spider-Man (2002 video game), an Activision title based on the 2002 film Spider-Man (Insomniac Games series), 2018–present, a series of video games published by Sony Interactive Entertainment Spider-Man (2018 video game), also known as Marvel's Spider-Man, the first game in the series Spider-Man: Miles Morales Spider-Man 2 (2023 video game) Music Spider-Man (soundtrack), the soundtrack album for the 2002 film \"Spider-Man\" (theme song), theme song for the 1967 series Spider Man (album), a 1965 album by jazz vibraphonist Freddie McCoy Manga The Spider-Man, a mythical being in the \"Turnabout Gallows\" arc of the first volume of the Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney manga series by Kodansha Comics. Novel The Spider Man, a novel by Filipino author F. Sionil José People Spider-Man (nickname), a list of people See also Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man 3 (disambiguation) Spidey (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man, the main Spider-Man comic book published since 1963 The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Ultimate Spider-Man (disambiguation)","title":"Spider-Man (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"17038885","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series about Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The Amazing Spider-Man may also refer to: Comics The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) Film Spider-Man (1977 film) starring Nicholas Hammond, also known as The Amazing Spider-Man on home media The Amazing Spider-Man (film), a reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise The Amazing Spider-Man (soundtrack), a film-score album from the 2012 film, composed by James Horner Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), the title character of the film series Television The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series) starring Nicholas Hammond, which evolved out of the 1977 film Games The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball) See also The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation)","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"3366502","text":"Morlun () is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by J. Michael Straczynski and John Romita Jr., the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #30 (June 2001). Morlun is a central foe of all the themed versions of Spider-Man, being one of their most powerful and dangerous adversaries. He is an entity from Earth-001 that hunts all the Spider-Totems by traveling to the many multiverses of Marvel Comics. He is best known as the temporary killer of the Earth-616 Spider-Man in the storyline \"Spider-Man: The Other\", and is also the main antagonist of the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline in which he and his estranged family, the Inheritors, attempt to kill all the versions of Spider-Man, as prophesied by him. Publication history Morlun first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #30 (June 2001), created by writer J. Michael Straczynski and penciler John Romita Jr. The collection of these comic books is called The Amazing Spider-Man Coming Home. Fictional character biography First encounter with Spider-Man When Spider-Man met a similarly powered man named Ezekiel Sims, Ezekiel explained to him that Spider-Man's powers were not an accident, and that the spider that had bitten him did so voluntarily to pass its abilities onto Peter before it died. This made Spider-Man a \"totem\", a bridge between man and beast, with the properties of both. Ezekiel then warned Spider-Man that as a totem, he was in danger from those who would seek to destroy such beings. One of those, who showed up soon after, was Morlun. Little is known about exactly what Morlun is and where he comes from. According to Ezekiel, as long as totemistic forces have walked the earth, there have also been those who have fed on them. While Morlun and his brothers (it is not known how many there are in existence, but Morlun is not the only one) can subsist on the life forces of normal humans and non-totemistic superhumans for a time, they always crave a pure host and Peter fits the bill perfectly. After Peter's meeting with Ezekiel, Morlun and his hapless minion Dex subtly began tormenting Peter from the shadows, stalking him and wreaking havoc with his spider-sense. Morlun finally revealed himself when Spider-Man was investigating a fire at the wharfs, punching him with what Spider-Man claimed was the hardest punch he had ever felt. Morlun then told Spider-Man that he would eventually kill him, and now that they had made physical contact, he could find Spider-Man wherever he went. Though Spider-Man fought back, Morlun continually regained the upper hand. Peter tried to flee, but Morlun was able to find him easily and resume the fight. Spider-Man finally got away after Morlun burned down the building they were fighting in, but Ezekiel told him it was no use. Morlun would find him once again, and kill him. Morlun continually attacked Spider-Man over the next few days, endangering the lives of innocent citizens if Peter tried to flee. With Ezekiel's","title":"Morlun"},{"docid":"144167","text":"Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,","title":"Aunt May"},{"docid":"718997","text":"The Sinister Six are a group of supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, mainly those featuring Spider-Man. The members are drawn from the character's list of enemies, with the original members forming the team in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (October 1964). Led by Doctor Octopus (introduced in issue #3), the team in its premiere followed swiftly the very early appearances of many of the most enduring members of Spider-Man's rogue's gallery: Vulture (issue #2), Sandman (issue #4), Electro (issue #9), Mysterio (issue #13), and Kraven the Hunter (issue #15). While Doctor Octopus has generally remained its leader, the Sinister Six has had multiple variations of composition. The team has been adapted into various forms of media, mainly in animated series and video games. A film based on the team is in development as part of Sony's Spider-Man Universe. Publication history The Sinister Six first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (January 1964). Fictional team biography Original Sinister Six After suffering two defeats from Spider-Man, Doctor Octopus is separated from his tentacle pack. After his tentacle pack breaks free and helps Doctor Octopus get out of prison, he contacts every known supervillain who had crossed paths with Spider-Man. Only Electro, Kraven the Hunter, the original Mysterio, the Sandman, and the original Vulture respond. As none of the members are willing to relinquish the honor of killing Spider-Man themselves, they decide to challenge Spider-Man individually with the order in which they face him determined by a random drawing. The Sinister Six kidnap Aunt May and Daily Bugle secretary Betty Brant, holding them hostage in order to force Spider-Man to confront them. Spider-Man defeats the Sinister Six members one-by-one, mocking their decision to battle him individually instead of as a team in front of Doctor Octopus, the last one to be defeated. \"The Return of the Sinister Six\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #334–339, Doctor Octopus recruits Electro, Sandman, Mysterio, and Vulture, along with the demonic Hobgoblin (since Kraven the Hunter had recently died), as part of his plan to take over the world. However, this was a trick, part of a larger plan by which Doc Ock alone would be the master of the world, by releasing a chemical into the atmosphere that would cause pain in anyone who attempted to use cocaine; he would then sell his cure for the chemical to the rich and powerful. Sandman, who at this point in his career had reformed and was blackmailed into joining, aids Spider-Man in defeating the Sinister Six, and ultimately stopping Doc Ock's plans to conquer the world. Because Octopus' chemical is eating away the ozone layer, Spider-Man has no choice but to release the cure into the atmosphere. \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" In Spider-Man #18-23, Electro, Mysterio, Vulture, and Hobgoblin reunite in a bid to take revenge on Doctor Octopus. To trick Sandman into joining them, they hit his foster family with a bomb, leading him to believe Doctor Octopus attacked them as punishment","title":"Sinister Six"},{"docid":"8685753","text":"Montana (Jackson W. Brice) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is depicted as the leader of the Enforcers, a team of assassins usually employed by other villains such as the Big Man, the Green Goblin, and the Kingpin, which often places them in conflict with the superheroes Spider-Man and Daredevil. Montana has been adapted from the comics into numerous forms of media, most notably adopting the Shocker persona in both The Spectacular Spider-Man animated series (voiced by Jeff Bennett) and the 2017 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (portrayed by Logan Marshall-Green). Publication history Montana first appeared alongside the other Enforcers in The Amazing Spider-Man #10 (March 1964), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The character subsequently appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964), #19 (December 1964), The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (1964), Marvel Team-Up #39-40 (November–December 1975), The Spectacular Spider-Man #19-20 (June–July 1978), Dazzler #7-8 (October–September 1981), Marvel Team-Up #138 (February 1984), Tales of the Marvels: Inner Demons #1 (1996), Civil War: War Crimes #1 (February 2007), Daredevil #99-100 (September–October 2007), #102 (January 2008), and The Amazing Spider-Man #562-563 (August 2008). Montana appeared as part of the \"Enforcers\" entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #4. Fictional character biography Jackson Brice was born in Bozeman, Montana. Along with Fancy Dan (Daniel Brito) and Ox (Raymond Bloch), he was a founding member of the Enforcers. He has great proficiency with the lariat. Montana, Fancy Dan and Ox make their first appearance under the employ of the Big Man (Frederick Foswell). During this time, they have their first run-in with their longtime nemesis Spider-Man. During their first fight against the web-slinger, Montana's lasso skills initially prove successful but Spider-Man defeats the trio. Over the next couple of years, Montana and the team would be employed by Lightmaster in one of his many schemes, again bringing them into conflict with Spider-Man, with similar results. They would then lend their services to Tech-Master in his revenge plot against Harry S. Osgood, only to be defeated by Dazzler. Montana and the team would also go up against She-Hulk at one point. Following the 2006 \"Civil War\" storyline, Montana, Ox (Ronald Bloch) and Fancy Dan reunite to work for Mister Fear, which pits them directly against Daredevil. After Mister Fear's arrest, the Enforcers are taken in by the Hood's organization. Following the events of the 2008 \"Spider-Man: Brand New Day\" storyline, the Enforcers are patrons at the Bar With No Name. They take bets with a person calling himself \"The Bookie\", over whether Spider-Man will show up to battle \"Basher\", an unknown villain who claimed to have fought Spider-Man. Spider-Man shows up, but is revealed to be Screwball in disguise when the real web-head shows up. The Enforcers decide to get revenge on The Bookie, capturing him. The Bookie's father calls Spider-Man for assistance, and he agrees to help. Spider-Man defeats Fancy Dan and Montana. In the story arc \"Kill","title":"Montana (character)"},{"docid":"3151317","text":"{{Infobox comic book title | image = MASM1.JPG | caption = Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #1 (May 2005). Art by Randy Green. | schedule = Monthly | format = Ongoing | publisher = Marvel Comics | date = May 2005 – May 2010 (Vol. 1)June 2010 – May 2012 (Vol. 2) | issues = 61 (Vol. 1)24 (Vol. 2) | main_char_team = Spider-ManSophia \"Chat\" Sanduval | writers = …AgeDaniel Quantz (1–6)Todd DeZago (7–11, 15, 17–18)Mike Raicht (12–14, 16, 19–20)…Adventures Vol. 1Kitty Fross (1)Erica David (2–3)Jeff Parker (4)Sean McKeever (5–12)Zeb Wells (13–16)Peter David (17–20, 29–32)Fred Van Lente (21–24, 33–36)Chris Kipiniak (25–28, 38)Marc Sumerak (37, 39–44, 46)Todd DeZago (45)Paul Tobin (53–61)…Adventures Vol. 2Paul Tobin (1–24) | artists = …AgeDerec Aucoin (12–14)Shane Davis (15)Gus Vasquez (16)Logan Lubera (17–18)Valentine DeLandro (19–20)…Adventures Vol. 1Cory Hamscher (22–24)Patrick Scherberger (25–28)Jonboy Meyers (44)Zach Howard (45) | pencillers = …AgeMark Brooks (1–6)Jonboy Meyers (7–11)…Adventures Vol. 1Patrick Scherberger (1–8, 13–16)Mike Norton (9–12, 17–20)Michael O'Hare (21)Pop Mhan (29–32)Cory Hamscher (33–36)Ale Garza (37)David Nakayama (38, 40)Ryan Stegman (39, 41)Vicenc Villagrasa (42)Carlos Verreira (43) | inkers = Cory Hamscher (21) | colorists = Guru eFX (21) | creators = Daniel QuantzMark Brooks }}Marvel Adventures Spider-Man (preceded by Marvel Age Spider-Man) is a Marvel Comics comic book series intended for all ages, especially children, that ran for 61 issues from May 2005 through May 2010. The Marvel Age Spider-Man stories were based on early issues that Stan Lee wrote in the 1960s. The first few issues of Marvel Adventures Spider-Man carried on this tradition before switching to original, single-issue stories, as part of the company's Marvel Adventures imprint, with Paul Tobin beginning an ongoing storyline from Issue #53 onward, introducing Sophia \"Chat\" Sanduval as the primary love interest of the Marvel Adventures Spider-Man, the series set in its own alternate continuity of Earth-20051. In June 2010, the series was relaunched as Spider-Man: Marvel Adventures, written in its totality by Tobin, running for a further 24 issues until May 2012, for a total of 85 issues across both volumes. Tobin's run of the series has received a universally positive critical reception. Marvel Age Spider-Man \"Duel to the Death with the Vulture\" / \"The Uncanny Threat of the Terrible Tinkerer\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #2) \"Spider-Man vs. Doctor Octopus\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #3) \"Nothing Can Stop the Sandman!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #4) \"Marked for Destruction by Doctor Doom!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #5) \"Face-to-Face with the Lizard!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #6) \"The Return of the Vulture\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #7) \"The Terrible Threat of the Living Brain!\" / \"Spider-Man Tackles the Torch!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #8) \"The Man Called Electro!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #9) \"The Enforcers!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #10) \"The Return of Doctor Octopus!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #11) \"Unmasked by Doctor Octopus!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #12) \"The Menace of Mysterio\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #13) \"The Grotesque Adventure of the Green Goblin!\" (re-telling of The","title":"Marvel Adventures Spider-Man"},{"docid":"931","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man is an ongoing American superhero comic book series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man as its title character and main protagonist. Being in the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it was the character's first title, launching seven months after his introduction in the final issue of Amazing Fantasy. The series began publication with a March 1963 cover date and has been published nearly continuously to date over six volumes with only one significant interruption. Issues of the title currently feature an issue number within its sixth volume, as well as a \"legacy\" number reflecting the issue's overall number across all Amazing Spider-Man volumes. The title reached 900 issues in 2022. The series began as a bimonthly periodical before being increased to monthly after four issues. It was the character's sole monthly headlining title until Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man launched in 1978. After 441 issues, The Amazing Spider-Man was restarted in 1999 as issue No. 1 of Volume 2. It ran for 58 issues before reverting to the title's overall issue number with #500 in 2003. The series ran essentially continuously over the first two volumes from 1963 until its landmark 700th issue at the end of 2012 when it was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Marvel's comic lines. The title was occasionally published biweekly during the first two volumes, and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010. After the relaunch of Action Comics and Detective Comics, The Amazing Spider-Man briefly became the highest-numbered active American comic book. The Amazing Spider-Man returned with volume 3 in April 2014 following the conclusion of The Superior Spider-Man story arc after 31 issues. In late 2015, the series was relaunched with a fourth volume following the 2015 Secret Wars event. After 45 years , the volume was once again relaunched as part of Marvel Legacy, returning to the overall \"legacy\" numbering with issue No. 789 in late 2017. Less than a year later, the series was relaunched again with a fifth volume as part of Marvel's Fresh Start. For the first time, although the issue numbers were again restarted from #1, the issues also bore the overall \"legacy\" issue number. A sixth volume commenced in April 2022 to celebrate Spider-Man's 60th anniversary. Since the second volume, the title has had various release schedules, including monthly and bi-weekly, among others. Publication history Writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko created the character of Spider-Man, and the pair produced 38 issues from March 1963 to July 1966. Ditko left after the 38th issue, while Lee remained as writer until issue 100. Since then, many writers and artists have taken over the monthly comic through the years, chronicling the adventures of Marvel's most identifiable hero. The Amazing Spider-Man has been the character's flagship series for his first fifty years in publication, and was the only monthly series to star Spider-Man until Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, in 1976, although 1972","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man"},{"docid":"2327605","text":"Spider-Man: Chapter One is an American comic book miniseries starring Spider-Man published by Marvel Comics for 13 issues (#1–12, with a #0 issue (April 1999) added between issues #6 (April 1999) and 7 (May 1999) from December 1998 to October 1999. The entire miniseries was written and illustrated by John Byrne. This storyline is designated as being set in the universe of \"Earth-98121\" and is not part of the mainstream Marvel Universe of Earth-616. Issues involved Spider-Man: Chapter One #1–6, 0 and 7–12 (December 1998–October 1999) was a modern-day adaptation of many, but not all, of these particular issues that chronicled the early days of Spider-Man's superhero career: Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) and, years later {real time), #16–18 (December 1995–March 1996); The Amazing Spider-Man #1–15 (March, May, July and September–December 1963 and January–August 1964); The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (1964); The Amazing Spider-Man #16–20 (September–December 1964 and January 1965). Reception The miniseries was a modest success. Some comic book fans objected to Byrne's perceived tampering with the classic Spider-Man stories produced by his creators Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and complained that the original 1960s stories did not require any updating at all. The editorial intention of the miniseries, however, was to be a re-telling of the character's early stories that was designed to attract new readers. Byrne would soon be drawing the relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man title with writer Howard Mackie. Spider-Man: Chapter One, though not a sales record-breaker (possibly because it was sold only through the comic book direct market, which limited its exposure to potential new readers), finished out its run as planned, even adding a #0 issue (April 1999) between issues #6 (April 1999) and 7 (May 1999). On that basis, Byrne was later asked to do a second miniseries to be called Spider-Man: Chapter Two, but turned down the offer. Since Byrne left the Spider-Man titles, his successors have shied away from making any references to the miniseries, and according to Official Index to the Marvel Universe #1–14 (January 2009–February 2010), it is now Marvel's stance that the original stories have regained their canonical status. Spider-Man: Chapter One also brought controversy over the former ongoing series Untold Tales of Spider-Man (#1–25 (September 1995–October 1997); also including two Annuals (Annual '96 and Annual '97), a #–1 issue (July 1997) that occurred between issues #22 (June 1997) and 23 (August 1997), a one-shot issue called Untold Tales of Spider-Man: Strange Encounter (February 1999) and stories in Amazing Fantasy #16–18 (December 1995–March 1996 (which preceded the series)) and The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #37 (2010 (which ended it))), where all the stories presented therein were brand-new stories also set in the early days of Spider-Man's superhero career, but taking place in-between the original stories by Lee and Ditko. The non-canonical Spider-Man: Chapter One ignores the canonical continuity of Untold Tales of Spider-Man entirely. Similar versions Spider-Man's early adventures would be retold, again with a modern twist, in Ultimate Spider-Man, an ongoing series that Marvel launched in October","title":"Spider-Man: Chapter One"},{"docid":"13305157","text":"\"One More Day\" (OMD) is a four-part 2007 comic book crossover storyline, connecting the three main Spider-Man series published by Marvel Comics at the time. Written by J. Michael Straczynski and Joe Quesada, with art by Quesada, the story arc concludes the fallout of Spider-Man's actions during the 2007 Civil War crossover. \"One More Day\" starts in The Amazing Spider-Man #544, continues in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #24 and The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2) #41, and concludes in The Amazing Spider-Man #545. After Aunt May had been shot by a stray bullet from a goon of the Kingpin meant for Spider-Man, Spider-Man seeks help to save her life. He encounters the demon Mephisto, who offers to save her life if Spider-Man gives him his marriage. Spider-Man and his wife, Mary Jane Watson, agree, and this part of their history is erased so that, effectively, they have never been married. The storyline set the stage for a restructuring of the Spider-Man titles, resulting in the cancellation of Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, with The Amazing Spider-Man revamped as a thrice-monthly publication. The events of \"One More Day\" regarding Peter Parker and Mary Jane's marriage was met with highly negative criticism, although the artwork received praise. Elements of the storyline were adapted in the feature film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada felt dissolving the Peter Parker and Mary Jane marriage and returning Spider-Man to his roots was necessary to preserve the longevity of the character for the next 20 or 30 years. Quesada said he and other previous editors-in-chief had long been seeking an opportunity to begin a new methodology in which to tell Spider-Man stories, but had not found a reasonable way to do so. Quesada said \"It's very easy to un-marry a character, or fix something like that: you just do a huge universal retcon, and say a few events in history didn't happen. But that's really not the way we do it here at Marvel.\" Quesada found an opportunity to address this in the events of the 2007 Civil War mini-series, which resulted in the unmasking of Spider-Man's identity to the public. Quesada knew J. Michael Straczynski was planning to end his run as a Marvel writer, so he personally approached Straczynski to propose \"One More Day\" as his final project. The ideas for \"One More Day\" began to develop almost two years before its release, at one of Marvel's creative summits for creators and editors. Quesada, Straczynski, Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, Jeph Loeb, Tom Brevoort and Axel Alonso developed the concept between them, and Ed Brubaker and Dan Slott added more at the next summit. \"One More Day\" was announced as the concluding storyline of Straczynski's run on Amazing Spider-Man in early 2007, and Quesada was named as the artist for the storyline. Although Quesada had become more selective in choosing projects to do as an artist since becoming editor-in-chief, he felt","title":"Spider-Man: One More Day"},{"docid":"313522","text":"The Vulture is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as recurring enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collection of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, typically using special suits which allow them to fly at vast speeds. The first incarnation of the character, Isidoro Scarlotti, is an Italian scientist and an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second and most prominent incarnation of the character, Adrian Toomes, is an inventive but maniacal genius who designed his suit and turned to a life of crime, becoming an enemy of Spider-Man and a founding member of the Sinister Six, with later characters to assume the mantle including Blackie Drago, a former cellmate of Toomes, and Clifton Shallot and Jimmy Natale, human/bird hybrids of independent origins. Toomes is later revealed to be the grandfather of the superhero Starling. Since his conception, the character has been adapted from into various other forms of Spider-Man media, including television series and video games. In live-action, the character was played by Michael Keaton in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Morbius (2022). Publication history The first Vulture, Italian scientist Isidoro Scarlotti, first appeared in Young Men #26 (December 1953), created by Joe Gill and Carl Burgos and depicted as an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second Vulture, Adrian Toomes, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. According to Ditko, Lee wanted the villain to be heavy-set and based on actor Sydney Greenstreet. Ditko designed him to be leaner and more gaunt, feeling he should be swift and fast and also because \"The bulkier anything is, the more panel space it has to take up, thereby shrinking panel space for other characters and story panel elements.\" Since Toomes originally assumed the Vulture alias as an enemy of Spider-Man, several other character have taken on the mantle from him. The third incarnation, Blackie Drago, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #48 (May 1967), and was created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr. Lee created the new version because he thought that Spider-Man looked like a bully fighting a wizened old man. However, the readers wrote in that they did not like the new Vulture, and Lee relented and brought the original back. The fourth incarnation, Clifton Shallot, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #127, and was created by Ross Andru, Gerry Conway, and John Romita Sr. A fifth incarnation, Jimmy Natale, first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #593 as part of the story arc \"Spider-Man 24/7\"; created by Mark Waid and Mike McKone, he is a recurring enemy of both Spider-Man and the Punisher. Fictional character biography Isidoro Scarlotti Isidoro Scarlotti was born in Italy, attaining a doctorate in atomic science and rising to become the czar of the International League of Criminals,","title":"Vulture (Marvel Comics)"},{"docid":"52167966","text":"Since the characters inception in the 1960s Spider-Man has appeared in multiple forms of media, including several novels, short stories, comic strips, graphic novels, light novels and children's books. Comics The main form of literature which in Spider-man has appeared in is comic books. Serialized There have been over 200 separate Spider-Man comic book series, both ongoing series and limited series ranging from two to 500 issues. Singles There have been several published graphic novels with the character in the main role, including The Amazing Spider-Man: Hooky from 1986, The Amazing Spider-Man: Parallel Lives from 1989, The Amazing Spider-Man: Spirits of the Earth from 1990, Spider-Man: Fear Itself from 1992, Spider-Man: Season One from 2012 and Amazing Spider-Man: Family Business from 2014. There have also been many Spider-Man one-shots, specials and annuals. Strips There have been two Spider-Man comic strips, The Amazing Spider-Man and Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man. Prose Short stories In 1994 Marvel published The Ultimate Spider-Man, a short story collection edited by Stan Lee. It features a short story named \"An Evening in the Bronx with Venom\" by Keith R.A. DeCandido, among others. The Untold Tales of Spider-Man from 1997 is another short story collection, it was inspired by the Untold Tales of Spider-Man comic book series from 1995 to 1997, which was also written by Kurt Busiek. This book was also edited by Stan Lee. Single works There have been more than 20 Spider-Man novels, ranging from original works to adaptions of unused comic scripts to novelizations of his films. The character has also appeared in several other novels not about him specifically, such as novelizations of well-known comic book events like \"Civil War\". Series There are six major book series with the character of Spider-Man as the main focus. The \"Duane trilogy\" is a trilogy of Spider-Man books by Diane Duane, Spider-Man Super Thriller is a young adult novel series by several writers, the Doom's Day trilogy is a series of books by several authors, X-Men and Spider-Man: Time's Arrow is another trilogy by Tom DeFalco with a co-writer on each book and the latest Spider-Man book series is the Sinister Six trilogy, which was written by Adam-Troy Castro. Children's books Storybooks Several Spider-Man children's books have been published, from early readers to light novels. Coloring and activity books Spider-Man has been the subject of several coloring and activity books, from many companies such as Giddy-Up!, Kappa, Parragon/Scholastic, Peter Haddock, Alligator, Bendon, Funtastic, Golden Books, HarperCollins, Hunter Leisure, Meredith, Modern Publishing and Tri-Coastal. Poetry See also Bibliography of works on Spider-Man List of novels based on comics Wonder Woman in literature References External links Spider-Man books, on SpiderFan.org Marvel Press novels, on SpiderFan.org Marvel 1970s novels, on SpiderFan.org Spider-Man novels from Byron Preiss, on SpiderFan.org Ultimate Spider-Man novels, Mary Jane, on SpiderFan.org Spider-Man Books (Movie novelizations), on SpiderFan.org Book of the Month Club, on SpiderFan.org Spider-Man Coloring & Activity Books, on SpiderFan.org","title":"Spider-Man in literature"},{"docid":"6146135","text":"Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and","title":"List of Spider-Man enemies"},{"docid":"2441785","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire is a side-scrolling action-adventure video game developed by BlueSky Software and Zono, and published by Sega exclusively for the 32X add-on in North America in March 1996. Based on the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, it is inspired by the long-running comic book mythology and adaptations in other media. In the main storyline, the terrorist organization Hydra and the New Enforcers orchestrate a plot to shroud New York City under an electrical plasma grid, trapping its citizens. Spider-Man must confront each of the New Enforcers members, foil Hydra's plans, and save the city with the aid of Daredevil. Headed by co-producers Jerry Huber and Jerry Markota, Spider-Man: Web of Fire was created by most of the same team that previously worked on several projects at BlueSky Software such as Vectorman and its sequel. It was the last game released for the 32X platform in North America after Sega discontinued support for the add-on, who produced a limited run of copies in total as a result. It served as the final Marvel Comics-licensed release by Sega until 2008's Iron Man. Gameplay The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire is a side-scrolling action-adventure game where the players control Spider-Man through six stages as he goes up against the terrorist organization Hydra, who has taken all of New York City and its citizens as hostage by setting up generators that caused a giant electrical grid to appear over the location, and their hired hands the New Enforcers. The New Enforcers are each guarding the generators to make sure Hydra's plans go uninterrupted. The plot of is explained through newspaper-styled cutscenes. At the end of the stages, Spider-Man must confront each member of the New Enforcers while destroying each generator in order to progress further. The bosses are Dragon Man, Eel, Thermite, Blitz and Super-Adaptoid. Vanisher also appears although he is not a boss. On the main menu, the player has access to the options menu where various settings can be changed such as controls and difficulty level. Spider-Man can jump, punch, kick, duck, crawl, climb certain walls, shoot webs to swing on and collect web fluid to shoot web projectiles against enemies, among other actions. Spider-Man can also get assistance from fellow superhero Daredevil by rescuing him in the first stage and collecting \"DD\" tokens scattered through the stages. Other items can also be picked up such as health packs to restore energy. Spider-Man has three lives at the beginning of the game and extra lives can be acquired along the way but once all lives are lost, the game is over, though the player has the choice to continue playing after dying. Development and release The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire was created by most of the same team that worked on previous projects at BlueSky Software such as Vectorman and its sequel. Its development was helmed by co-producers Jerry Huber and Jerry Markota, with Brian Belfield and Keith Freiheit acting as lead programmers. California-based developer Zono","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire"},{"docid":"8171200","text":"The Looter is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character primarily appears in comic books featuring Spider-Man. The character first appeared in 1966. Publication history The character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #36 (May 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The character subsequently appears in Marvel Team-Up #33-34 (May–June 1975), Defenders #63-64 (September–October 1978), Spectacular Spider-Man #41 (April 1980), Web of Spider-Man #39 (June 1988), The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #26 (1992), The Amazing Scarlet Spider #1 (November 1995), The Spectacular Scarlet Spider #1 (November 1995), Web of Scarlet Spider #2 (December 1995), The Sensational Spider-Man #8 (September 1996), Untold Tales of Spider-Man (October 1997), The Sensational Spider-Man #27 (May 1998), Marvel Knights: Spider-Man #6 (November 2004), Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #5 (April 2006), Spider-Man Family #7 (April 2008), The Amazing Spider-Man #645 (December 2010), The Superior Foes of Spider-Man #11 (2013) and The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 3, #9 (2015). The Looter received an entry in the All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z #6 (2006) #6. Fictional character biography Norton G. Fester was always a poor scientist, and was considered a crackpot by his colleagues. One day, however, he found an unusual meteor that crashed into the Earth. Excited by his discovery, Fester searched for funding into a project, but investors went for more commercial ventures. Fester decided to continue without funding, and while chiseling the meteor, he struck a pocket of gas. Immersed in the strange compound, he discovered that he now had super-strength and agility thanks to the meteor's powers. Fester decided to devote his time and new powers to crime from then on. Calling himself the Looter, he struck banks and offices everywhere, gaining his current name. However, after attempting to steal another meteor to continually supply himself with his powers, he was defeated by Spider-Man after a battle in a hot-air balloon. Since then, the Looter has had no success whatsoever, even after a name change to the Meteor Man. He would come into conflict with Nighthawk after stealing a meteor from Kyle Richmond's home after he purchased it from the museum. Meteor Man would face Nighthawk and Spider-Man but would escape. Valkyrie from the Defenders helps Spider-Man apprehend Meteor Man. Fester tried to escape on his balloon but Valkyrie throws her sword into the balloon, causing it to pop. Meteor Man crashed into the ground and is hospitalized for a few months. He would reappear at the Empire State University campus to find components from a microwave energy exhibit to increase his powers. This would lead into another conflict with Spider-Man and Giant-Man. Fester created a transmitter that transmuted the energy in his meteors into microwaves which is then transmitted into his nervous system. However, his transmitter was channeling too much power and the feedback caused it to explode and Fester was presumed dead. Fester survived the explosion, but his mind was further addled by his experiences and he became a homeless alcoholic.","title":"Looter (character)"},{"docid":"42676398","text":"Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film which forms part of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy. Spider-Man 2 may also refer to: Spider-Man 2: Enter: Electro, a 2001 video game, sequel to Spider-Man (2000) Spider-Man 2: The Sinister Six, a 2001 video game for Game Boy Color, sequel to Spider-Man (2000) for Game Boy Color Spider-Man 2 (2004 video game), the video game based on the 2004 film Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack), the soundtrack of the 2004 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2, a 2014 American superhero film, sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) Spider-Man: Far From Home, a 2019 American superhero film, sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) Spider-Man 2 (2023 video game), a 2023 video game, sequel to Spider-Man (2018) See also Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man 3 (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man","title":"Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"802037","text":"The Spider-Slayers are a series of fictional robots appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Spencer Smythe, they were designed specifically to hunt down, capture, or kill Spider-Man. A new generation of Spider-Slayers was later created by Spencer's son, Alistair. The Spider-Slayers have been featured in a number of Spider-Man adaptations outside of comics, including animated series and video games. Publication history The Spider-Slayers first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #25 (June 1965) and were created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Fictional character biography See List of Spider-Slayers for a full breakdown of all versions of the Spider-Slayer. The first series of robots were originally designed and built by Prof. Spencer Smythe with the financial backing of J. Jonah Jameson, who piloted them for the pleasure of personally hunting the superhero he hated for capture and public unmasking. However, Spider-Man always managed to defeat each robot in turn. Smythe's continual efforts to perfect his machines backfired on him, leading to himself being fatally contaminated by radiation poisoning from the building materials of his creations. Blaming both Jameson and Spider-Man for this, he attempted, as a final act, to murder them both, but died just before Spider-Man thwarted the attempt. At one point, Jameson commissioned another scientist, Dr. Marla Madison, to create a new and improved Spider-Slayer. While that attempt failed, he eventually fell in love with her and married her. In The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #19 (1985), Smythe's son, Alistair, emerged as the new builder of the Spider-Slayers. He swore revenge on Spider-Man, repeatedly attacking the superhero with his own series of Slayers. Smythe later mutated into a humanoid Spider-Slayer, but remains a minor foe. The original Spider-Slayer was seen among the robots and machines in the Reanimator's collection. Wolverine later destroyed the Spider-Slayer when the Reanimator attempted to use it against him. It was later used by J. Jonah Jameson to attack the She-Hulk after she had married his son John, but it was destroyed again. In The Amazing Spider-Man #603, Jameson (now Mayor of New York) has some old Spider-Slayers sent to him from storage to better equip his \"Anti-Spider Squad\" to take down Spider-Man. The Spider-Slayer technology is combined with that of the Mandroid suits. However, the \"Spider-Slayer Squad\" wearing the suits quit their jobs after Spider-Man saves them and New York from a dirty bomb. Despite not being technically related to the Smythes' and Madison's creations, when Spider-Man refits all the Octobots confiscated from Doctor Octopus and kept in the New York Police Precinct to carry an antidote able to reverse the mutations turning all the New York population into Man-Spiders, he humorously renames them his own Spider-Slayers. When the Goblin King and his Goblin Underground group cause havoc in Manhattan, Mayor J. Jonah Jameson unveils the Goblin-Slayers which he plans to use against the Goblin-related threats. Mary Jane Watson voices her concern that the Goblin-Slayers used to be former Spider-Slayers. Mayor J. Jonah Jameson orders Chief Pratchett to send one","title":"Spider-Slayer"},{"docid":"14154213","text":"Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles","title":"Spider-Man: With Great Power"},{"docid":"2839562","text":"\"The Other\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \"acts\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes","title":"Spider-Man: The Other"},{"docid":"53599140","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" was released with the tagline \"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \"unjust\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man 129"},{"docid":"2578538","text":"The Tinkerer (Phineas Mason) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an adversary of the superhero Spider-Man and the father of Rick Mason. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963). The Tinkerer is generally depicted as a genius in engineering who is able to create gadgets and other devices from nothing more than spare parts left over from ordinary household appliances. While in his initial appearances he sought to personally eliminate Spider-Man, more recent storylines depict him under the employ of other supervillains, whom he supplies with his gadgets for their personal vendettas against Spider-Man or other heroes. Since his introduction in comics, the character has been adapted into several other forms of media, such as animated television series and video games. The Tinkerer made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Chernus. Additionally, a female version of Phineas Mason named Phin Mason appears in Spider-Man: Miles Morales, voiced by Jasmin Savoy Brown. Publication history The Tinkerer is a character that was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his initial appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (April 1963), opposing Spider-Man as a villain. It would, however, be several years before he would return, and made his second appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #160 (September 1976), once again opposing Spider-Man in a losing effort. The Tinkerer would be mentioned in The Amazing Spider-Man #182 (July 1978). This was his first mention in the publication as a supporting side character to the other villains. Fictional character biography Criminal career Phineas Mason is a brilliant inventor and technician who designs advanced weaponry for criminals and sometimes undertakes crimes of his own. As \"the Terrible Tinkerer\", he runs an underground fix-it shop disguised as a radio repair shop. On at least one occasion, a potential customer gained the inventor's attention by presenting a transistor radio and telling Mason that \"I've got a radio that just can't carry a tune\". The Tinkerer's original scheme involved the employment of a team of petty has-been stuntmen and thugs. They specialized in placing bugs into radios and blackmailing state officials and politicians. The Tinkerer tried to present himself as an alien to confuse his pursuers by leaving behind a mask that looked like his face when he escaped from Spider-Man in a hovercraft shaped like a flying saucer. The Tinkerer's next encounter with Spider-Man resulted in deploying the Toy, a hi-tech robot that serves as an assistant and lackey. The Toy also helped the Tinkerer escape from his hideout when raided by the police. The Tinkerer is known to have created the suit for Mysterio, a man that once worked as one of his alien-suited servants. Much later, he was hired by the Kingpin to rebuild the Spider-Mobile to destroy Spider-Man. The Tinkerer redesigned Rocket Racer's rocket-powered skateboard, designed the","title":"Tinkerer (Marvel Comics)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"21465518\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Character Assassination\\\" is a four-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Marc Guggenheim with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #584-#588. An interlude, \\\"The Spartacus Gambit\\\" was featured in Amazing Spider-Man Extra #1 (June 2008) and later re-released for free online via Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited alongside the release of The Amazing Spider-Man #587 in February 2009. Plot summary The race for mayor is hot with Bill Hollister close in the polls to Randall Crowne. The Spider-Tracer murders continue with Shocker and Boomerang walking in on another corpse. Spider-Man is chased by police and is shot in the right arm. Spider-Man hallucinates a fight with Menace in which he unmasks to reveal the face of Harry Osborn. On top of the Statue of Liberty Harry proposes to Lily who is not sure what to say. Meanwhile, Carlie's lab reverse engineers the Spider-Tracers to track the source. Carlie arrives in Vin and Peter's apartment finding a bag of Spider-Tracers under Vin's bed. Horrified, she demands an explanation from Vin and his partner Cop hints that the entire NYPD is involved with the murders. Spider-Man attempts to stop Menace from attacking the Hollister Campaign supporters but Menace defeats the wounded Spider-Man leaving him to be captured by the police. Menace retreats to Harry Osborn's apartment \\\"unmasking\\\" to reveal the face of Lily Hollister. Harry walks in and looks in horror. Lily explains that she discovered notes about the Goblin Serum and hideout through concerns that Harry returned to drugs. A new type of Goblin Serum made contact with Lily's skin mutating her into Menace. She states that she attacked the Hollister campaign to make others sympathize with Bill Hollister and help him become elected. Lily also says that she accepts Harry's marriage proposal and leaves Harry who is flabbergasted by this turn of events. On election day Harry picks up a vial of the Goblin Serum and picks up a Goblin Gun behind the original Glider. Spider-Man is arrested by the police for the spider tracer murders and held at Ryker's Island. Matt Murdock arrives as his attorney and files motions to prevent the NYPD or the courts from unmasking him. At the preliminary hearings Iron Fist appears dressed as Spider-Man to create doubt that the Peter is the only Spider-Man or the killer. Black Cat and Murdock smuggle Peter a web-shooter. Carlie confronts Vin and he and his partner reveal that many NYPD cops from their precinct are planting the tracers on dead bodies to frame Spider-Man in a smear campaign to turn public opinion against him. He states that they are tired of him getting away with vigilante justice. Carlie claims to want in but then turns them into their captain Sergeant Palone, who unknown to her is the leader of the conspiracy. He later has Vin arrested as the sole suspect as Vin's precinct killed Bookie, who solved the murders first. While trapped in Rykers, Spider-Man learns that Vin\",\n \"title\": \"Character Assassination\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32703921\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It features the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna \\\"Ana\\\" Soria) to the Marvel Universe and laid the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, style, and plot. Plot Infested \\\"Infested\\\" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the \\\"Spider-Island\\\" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31. Spider-Island The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him \\\"The Way of the Spider\\\", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen. Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jackal is behind the disturbance, as he has collected several prominent crime figures with spider-powers and given them Spider-Man outfits. The Avengers attempt to defend the city against spider-powered hooligans. Although Shang-Chi is able to confirm Spider-Man's identity to the other heroes, he is nevertheless ordered to stay out of the fight due to the inability to distinguish him from the other Spider-Men. However, inspired by a conversation with Mary Jane, Peter is able to rally various other New Yorkers to help him stop the villainous Spider-Men by posing as another random spider-powered citizen. As Anti-Venom works on curing various Spider-People of their powers, Madame Web reflects on the need for both Agent Venom and Anti-Venom to fix the Spider-Island problem. Meanwhile, Carlie and Peter attempt to investigate the Jackal's lab, reasoning that he is the most likely candidate to have caused this event, unaware that they are being watched. Jackal is seen working on the Spider-King by filling with tiny spider embryos. Horizon Labs works with Reed Richards to find a cure for the spider-powered people while the Avengers and\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Island\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"313540\",\n \"text\": \"The Chameleon (Dmitri Smerdyakov; Russian: Дмитрий Смердяков) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963). The Chameleon is the first ever antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He is a master of disguises who is known for his ability to impersonate virtually anybody. The character is also the half-brother of Kraven the Hunter. This relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. He has also been a member of the Sinister Six and the Sinister Twelve at various points in his history. Since his original introduction, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), portrayed by Numan Acar. Fred Hechinger is set to appear as the character in the upcoming Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Kraven the Hunter (2024). Publication history 1960s Dmitri Smerdyakov debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. The Chameleon is therefore the first member of Spider-Man's rogues' gallery based on issue publication date and excluding the burglar who murdered Ben Parker. He appeared in the 1959 Tales to Astonish series. He appeared in the 1959 Tales of Suspense series. He appeared in the 1985 Web of Spider-Man series. 2000s Dmitri Smerdyakov appeared in the 2014 Original Sin: Secret Avengers Infinite Comic series. He later appeared in the 2015 Spider-Man and the X-Men series. He appeared in the 2018 Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2021 Giant-Size Amazing Spider-Man: Chameleon Conspiracy one-shot. Fictional character biography Dmitri Smerdyakov was born in Soviet Russia. In his youth, he became a servant and half-brother to Sergei Kravinoff, and later a minor associate of Gustav Fiers. Although Dmitri and Sergei were friends, Sergei was often abusive to Smerdyakov, leading to a combination of admiration and resentment towards Kravinoff. Eventually, Smerdyakov emigrated to the United States of America. As he had made a talent for himself during his youth by impressing his brother by impersonating friends and neighbors, he assumed an even more impressive disguise: the identity of Chameleon. During his first known criminal outing, he impersonated Spider-Man, though he was soon exposed and arrested. Shortly afterward, Sergei (now known as \\\"Kraven the Hunter\\\") came to America, and the Chameleon set his old associate's sights on Spider-Man. Both men became long-time enemies of Spider-Man, part of his primary rogues gallery. The Chameleon inspired Kraven to begin hunting Spider-Man, inviting Kraven to dispose of the hero. With Kraven, the Chameleon battled Iron Man, and then confronted the Hulk. At one point, the Chameleon disguised himself as Hank Pym, and robbed Pym's laboratory for documents to combat Virus Nine. While delivering\",\n \"title\": \"Chameleon (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58734846\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Girl is the code name of several fictional characters in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The most prominent version and first to receive an ongoing series is Mayday Parker from the MC2 universe, the second version is Anya Corazon, and the third version is Gwen Warren, the latter two both from the Earth-616 universe. Several alternate reality incarnations of the character have additionally received notoriety, including the Ultimate Spider-Girl, Ashley Barton, Betty Brant, April, Penelope and Petra Parker, and Charlotte Morales. Publication history The first portrayed Spider-Girl, Mayday Parker, first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint with The Amazing Spider-Girl and Spectacular Spider-Girl. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature \\\"Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man\\\", written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through #8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8, followed by one last Spider-Girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End, in which fellow Spider-Girl April Parker is killed. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity. The new series featured a new character, Anya Corazon, whose adventures occurred on Earth 616. The series was canceled after only eight issues. No official reason was given for the cancellation. This character returned for a Spider-Island limited series. A second Earth-616 Spider-Girl was introduced in Avenging Spider-Man #16 (January 2013), before returning a decade later in X-Men Unlimited Infinity Comic #69 (January 2023) under the name \\\"Gwen Warren\\\", assuming the mantle of Spider-Girl as a member of the X-Men. Spider-Girls Mayday Parker The daughter of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 universe. April Parker Prior to calling herself \\\"Mayhem\\\", Mayday's clone April goes by Spider-Girl, the two sharing the mantle. Anya Corazon A Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña (Spider), and occasionally goes by Spider-Girl. Gwen Warren The mutant clone of Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Ana Soria created by the Jackal using technology stolen from Mister Sinister, the newborn Spider-Girl battles The Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Spider-Man's body) and the X-Men in the form of a 30 ft. human-spider hybrid, resembling a giant garden spider with human eyes able to shoot eye-beams, before being returned to a normal size with sentience, to the physical size of a twelve-year-old humanoid girl. Later, she enrolls in and drops out of the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning under the name \\\"Gwen Warren\\\" according to a statement by Tom Brevoort\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Girl\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34693053\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man is an open world video game based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man and the 2012 film of the same name. It was developed by Beenox and published by Activision. It was released on June 26 in North America and on June 29, 2012 in Europe for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Android, iOS, and Microsoft Windows. A version for the Wii U was released in March 2013 in North America and Europe known as The Amazing Spider-Man: Ultimate Edition in both regions. A PlayStation Vita version was released in November 2013. A sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, was released in April 2014, itself based on the film. The game was directed by Gerard Lehiany and written by Seamus Kevin Fahey, Benjamin Schirtz and Gérard Lehiany. Its story serves as an alternate epilogue to The Amazing Spider-Man film, which is continued in the game's sequel. Months after the events of the film, a number of cross-species experiments created by Oscorp using Curt Connors' research escape into Manhattan and infect its population with a deadly virus, forcing Spider-Man to join forces with Gwen Stacy and Connors to find a cure. Meanwhile, the new Oscorp CEO, Alistair Smythe, attempts to develop his own cure so that he will be credited as the city's savior, and to eliminate Spider-Man and Connors for interfering with his plans. The Nintendo 3DS and Wii versions of the game include the script and plot of the other versions of the game, but feature a much different, more linear gameplay that does not have an open world environment, and instead features the player selecting a level from the map in Spider-Man's apartment, before playing a mostly linear level. It was natively designed for the 3DS and later ported to the Wii. Upon its release, the game received mixed to positive reviews from critics, with praise to the gameplay, controls, combat, dark tone, intensity and soundtrack, although it received criticism for its mode of difficulty, story, visuals, repetitive side missions and lack of innovation. Gameplay PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows versions The Amazing Spider-Man is a third-person video game, set in an open world based on Manhattan. Players take on the role of Spider-Man and complete missions—linear scenarios with set objectives—to progress through the story. The missions are structured in a linear manner, but the player is free to explore the game's map in between missions and engage in various side activities. Players have access to all of Spider-Man's superhuman abilities, including web swinging and wall crawling. The game introduces a bullet time mechanic called Web-Rush, where players slow down time by holding a button and can select between different locations that Spider-Man will automatically move towards once the player releases the button. This gameplay mechanic can be used to target enemies, whom Spider-Man will attack automatically, or objects that Spider-Man will throw at enemies, incapacitating them for a few seconds and allowing Spider-Man to web them\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24786216\",\n \"text\": \"The comic book character Spider-Man has had much media attention due to his popularity as a superhero, as have his villains. Here is a list of his primary villains that have undergone media attention such as in films, televisions, and video games as well as some villains who debuted in the TV series. Film This is a list of Spider-Man enemies that have been in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy, Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films, the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), and Sony's Spider-Man Universe. The movies in the original trilogy also introduces Dylan Baker as Dr. Curt Connors, the man who in the comics becomes the Lizard, but this transformation never took place during Raimi's tenure as director. Mendel Stromm was portrayed by actor Ron Perkins in Spider-Man, although he did not become a villain while Spider-Man 2 features Daniel Gillies as John Jameson, whose transformation into the Man-Wolf is not depicted in the film. Additionally, the Kingpin was featured prominently in the Mark Steven Johnson film Daredevil, where he was portrayed by Michael Clarke Duncan. In The Amazing Spider-Man, the Lizard is the villain. Irrfan Khan also portrays the antagonistic Dr. Ratha in that film. In The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Felicity Jones plays Felicia Hardy, the alter ego of Black Cat but her version of Black Cat was never shown. In Spider-Man: Homecoming, Michael Mando appears as Mac Gargan, but did not become Scorpion. In Spider-Man: Far From Home, Jake Gyllenhaal portrays Mysterio, who was originally to be played by Bruce Campbell in Raimi's canceled fourth film. Additionally, although the character has not appeared in an MCU film yet, Vincent D'Onofrio portrays the Kingpin in Marvel Television's Netflix series Daredevil and the Disney+ series Hawkeye, Echo, and Daredevil: Born Again. Live-action films Animated films Television A number of Spider-Man villains have made appearances in Spider-Man television series or other Marvel Comics related shows mostly in animation. Also, in Wolverine and the X-Men, there was a character that closely resembles Shadrac. Here is a listing in alphabetical order. Sinister Six A few of Spider-Man villains in other media have joined the group Sinister Six (or Insidious Six in Spider-Man: The Animated Series and Sinister Seven or Superior Sinister Six in Ultimate Spider-Man) to take down Spider-Man just like in the comics. Here is a list of villains who have joined. The numbers beside the supervillain with the parentheses in between them stand for their first meeting and second meeting and so on. There has never been a proper depiction of the original Sinister Six (Doctor Octopus, Mysterio, Vulture, Sandman, Kraven and Electro), but in most franchises, all of the members appear, mainly without joining. Made-for-TV villains These villains do not appear in the comics. They were created for various cartoon series. Among them are: Spider-Man (1967) Baron von Rantenraven (voiced by Tom Harvey) - A German pilot who commanded Sky Harbor, which he used to invade New York with World War I biplanes. He uses paralyzing devices. Blackwell the\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man enemies in other media\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"503156\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Girl (May \\\"Mayday\\\" Parker) is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She has been referred to as both Spider-Girl and Spider-Woman. The character appears in the MC2 universe. The character was created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz as the teenage daughter of Peter Parker (Spider-Man) and Mary Jane Watson, and first appeared in What If #105 (February 1998). She later acquired her own ongoing comic book, Spider-Girl, written by DeFalco and drawn by Frenz and Pat Olliffe, which was the longest-running superhero book with a lead female character ever published by Marvel before being relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, and later The Spectacular Spider-Girl. Two incarnations of Mayday Parker, an infant and an adult, appear in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Publication history Spider-Girl first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint. Although each of these titles were slated to be 12-issue limited series, Spider-Girls initial sales justified their continuation as ongoing titles. After initial interest, Spider-Girl drew low sales. The book's active fan base convinced Marvel to revoke several cancellation announcements. Reprints of the series in digest size trade paperbacks sold well. Marvel Associate Editor Nick Lowe revealed in a Nov. 2005 interview that \\\"Spider-Girl, for the first time, is completely safe from cancellation.\\\" Despite Lowe's statement, Marvel announced that No. 100 would be the title's final issue. The book was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, with issue #0 appearing in Oct. 2006. On October 11, 2008, Tom DeFalco announced that The Amazing Spider-Girl would be canceled with issue #30, though he revealed that, due to the company's love for the character, she could possibly be given a sixteen-page back-up strip in The Amazing Spider-Man Family. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. On March 18, 2009, Marvel announced that Spider-Girl would continue publication as The Spectacular Spider-Girl, a web-comic released through Marvel's Digital Comics Unlimited. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. The Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through No. 8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8. The new The Spectacular Spider-Girl stories were then contained in Web of Spider-Man. This lasted for seven issues before being moved to its own four-issue limited series, Spectacular Spider-Girl, which tied up most of the series plot threads. This was followed by one last Spider girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity.\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"871334\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Amazing Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. The list is updated as of March 19, 2024. Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) This comic book plot is written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Steve Ditko. Features the first appearances of Spider-Man, Aunt May, Uncle Ben, Flash Thompson, and Liz Allan. High school student Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider, thus gaining the proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a spider, along with a precognitive \\\"spider-sense\\\" and later creating a web-shooting device. Peter becomes Spider-Man, an instant TV sensation, but coming out of a TV studio one day, Peter does not stop an escaping burglar, claiming it is not his problem. A few days later, he comes home to find his Uncle Ben has been shot and goes to track down the murderer, only to find that it was the same burglar that he had let escape a few days earlier. Peter blames himself for his uncle's death and realizes that with great power there must also come great responsibility. This issue was released on June 5, 1962, and was published in August 1962. The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100 (January 1963 – July 1971) The Amazing Spider-Man #101–200 (August 1971 – November 1979) The Amazing Spider-Man #201–300 (December 1979 – March 1988) The Amazing Spider-Man #301–400 (April 1988 – February 1995) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–499 (March 1995 - September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–441 (March 1995 – September 1998) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #1–58 (November 1998 – September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #500–545 (October 2003 – December 2007) The Amazing Spider-Man #546–647 \\\"Brand New Day\\\" (January 2008 – November 2010) Note: Brand New Day is a soft reboot stemming out of the events of One More Day. Three issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month during this time. See Free Comic Book Day (2007): Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man #648–700 (November 2010 – December 2012) Note: During the \\\"Big Time\\\" storyline, two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month at the increased length of 30 pages each (compared to the traditional 22 pages). The Amazing Spider-Man #701–801 (January 2013 – June 2018) Superior Spider-Man (vol. 1) #1–33 (January 2013 – April 2014) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1–20 (April 2014 – August 2015) — Marvel NOW! Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows (vol. 1) #1–5 (June 2015 – September 2015) Note: Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is a Secret Wars tie-in miniseries set in an alternate universe where One More Day never happened. The miniseries is counted as part of the legacy numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1–32 (October 2015 – September 2017) — All-New, All-Different Marvel The Amazing Spider-Man #789–801 (October 2017 – June 2018) — Marvel Legacy The Amazing Spider-Man #802–894 (July 2018 – March 2022) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #1–74 (July 2018 – September 2021) — Fresh Start Note: See Free Comic Book Day (2018): Amazing Spider-Man.\",\n \"title\": \"List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7820841\",\n \"text\": \"Venom is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is a sentient alien symbiote with an amorphous, liquid-like form, who survives by bonding with a host, usually human. This dual-life form receives enhanced powers and usually refers to itself as \\\"Venom\\\". The symbiote was originally introduced as a living alien costume in The Amazing Spider-Man #252 (May 1984), with a full first appearance as Venom in The Amazing Spider-Man #300 (May 1988). The Venom symbiote's first human host was Spider-Man himself, who eventually discovered its true nefarious nature and separated himself from the creature in The Amazing Spider-Man #258 (November 1984)—with a brief rejoining five months later in Web of Spider-Man #1. The symbiote went on to merge with other hosts, beginning with Eddie Brock, its second and best-known host, with whom it first became Venom. Venom has endured as one of Spider-Man's most prominent villains, and was initially regarded as one of his three archenemies, alongside the Green Goblin and Doctor Octopus. Since his debut however, Venom has evolved into an antiheroic figure, slowly distancing himself from his initial goal to ruin Spider-Man's life to try and do good instead, even putting aside his differences with and helping Spider-Man at times. After Brock, numerous other hosts for Venom followed; some of the most notable are the villain Mac Gargan, who was the main incarnation of Venom from 2005 to 2009, and Flash Thompson, who became the superhero Agent Venom from 2011 to 2016, before Venom returned to Brock in 2017. Venom's most recent and current host is Brock's biological son, Dylan. Venom is also depicted as having spawned several children—Scream, Lasher, Phage, Agony, Riot, Mania, Sleeper, and most notably, Carnage, who becomes Venom's archenemy after being bound to serial killer Cletus Kasady. A fan-favorite character and well-known figure in popular culture, Venom (primarily the Eddie Brock incarnation) is the most recognizable Spider-Man antagonist not first introduced during the original Lee/Ditko run. He has been featured in various media adaptations of Spider-Man over the years, including feature films, television series and video games. The character was portrayed by Tobey Maguire and Topher Grace in Spider-Man 3 (2007), with Tom Hardy primarily portraying the character in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe films Venom (2018) and Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021), as well as an uncredited post-credit scene appearance in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). The Eddie Brock incarnation of Venom is among Spider-Man's most famous rogues, and is regarded by many as a dark reflection of the hero. Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: \\\"What started out as a replacement costume for Spider-Man turned into one of the Marvel web-slinger's greatest nightmares\\\". Venom was rated 33rd on Empire's 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters, and ranked 22nd on IGN's 100 Greatest Comic Villains of All Time. Conception and creation The original idea of a new costume for Spider-Man that would later become the character Venom was conceived\",\n \"title\": \"Venom (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65818012\",\n \"text\": \"Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen\",\n \"title\": \"Sins Rising\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25700184\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \\\"Power Booster\\\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \\\"Spider-Friends\\\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \\\"costume\\\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \\\"Vengeance Of Loki\\\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \\\"Windchill Factor Zero\\\". In \\\"Mission: Save The Guardstar\\\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \\\"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\\\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \\\"fire and ice don't really mix\\\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \\\"Opposites Attack!\\\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \\\"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\\\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38162451\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dying Wish\\\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\" and finished in \\\"Dying Wish\\\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \\\"Dying Wish\\\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \\\"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\\\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \\\"Origin of the Species\\\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \\\"Peter Parker\\\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \\\"Spider-Man\\\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped\",\n \"title\": \"Dying Wish\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26775444\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a 2010 action-adventure video game based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, developed by Beenox and published by Activision. Players control four different versions of Spider-Man, each originating from a different universe in the Marvel Comics multiverse. Previous Spider-Man voice actors Neil Patrick Harris, Christopher Daniel Barnes, Dan Gilvezan, and Josh Keaton each voice one of the four Spider-Men. The Nintendo DS version of the game was developed by Griptonite Games and features only three Spider-Man variants. The game revolves around an artifact known as the Tablet of Order and Chaos. When it is shattered into pieces during a fight between the Amazing Spider-Man and Mysterio, it causes problems with multiple realities across the Marvel Multiverse. Madame Web recruits the Amazing Spider-Man and three alternate versions of the hero—Spider-Man Noir, Spider-Man 2099, and Ultimate Spider-Man—to restore balance by retrieving the tablet fragments from villains within their respective dimensions. Gameplay alternates between the four Spider-Men, who control similarly but present a different gameplay style and/or abilities. For example, the Spider-Man Noir levels encourage a stealth approach, while the Ultimate Spider-Man levels place emphasis on large scale combat encounters. Shattered Dimensions is the first Spider-Man game developed by Beenox after being given the license by Activision, replacing previous developer Treyarch. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the concept of bringing four Marvel universes together, and lauded the voice acting, combat, presentation, humor, and score. However, criticism was aimed at the game's simplistic story, choice of villains, and the overall design of the cutscenes as well as its technical difficulties. A sequel, Spider-Man: Edge of Time, was released in October 2011, featuring only the Amazing Spider-Man and Spider-Man 2099. Both the game and its sequel were de-listed from the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live marketplaces in 2014 following the expiration of Activision's existing licensing deal with Marvel. Shattered Dimensions was re-released via Steam on October 24, 2015, but was later removed on April 1, 2017. One of the writers of the game, Mark Hoffmeier, also worked on the well-received Spider-Man: The Animated Series on Fox Kids before working on the game. Some of the concepts from the TV show influenced the game, including the use of multiple versions of Spider-Man (as seen on the show) and the concept of the Tablet of Order and Chaos. Another writer for Shattered Dimensions, Dan Slott, later worked on the 2014 comic book storyline, \\\"Spider-Verse\\\", which was influenced by the game and, in turn, inspired the animated Spider-Verse film franchise. Gameplay Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a level-based third-person action-adventure video game, where the player assumes the role of four different versions of Spider-Man, spanning across the Amazing, Noir, 2099, and Ultimate universes. Gameplay revolves around each Spider-Man's unique superhuman abilities; players are able to web swing, web zip, crawl walls, and use the 'spider-sense' to identify enemies or objects of interest. The combat of the game offers a large variety of fighting moves, and each Spider-Man has his own fighting\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2041364\",\n \"text\": \"Numerous video games featuring the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man have been officially released. To date, Spider-Man has appeared on over fifteen gaming platforms, including apps on mobile phones. Overview 1980s The Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962). By the late 1970s, Spider-Man had become a successful franchise. At this time the fictional character had already featured in the animated series Spider-Man, a segment on the children's television series The Electric Company (called Spidey Super Stories), and the live action prime time series The Amazing Spider-Man. As a result of the success, Marvel Comics licensed the character into a stream of electronic games. Spider-Man was quickly growing in popularity because of his simplistic Spider-Style costume, he was also the favorite character of Stan Lee and soon he was one of the most loved Marvel fictional characters. Atari 2600 (1982) In 1982, Parker Brothers published a game for the Atari 2600 (and its clone system, the Sears Video Arcade) titled Spider-Man. The action game involves climbing a skyscraper, capturing criminals and defusing bombs set by the Green Goblin. It supports two players. The game is similar to the 1980 arcade video game Crazy Climber. It is a variation on its gameplay format, with added web shooting and swinging abilities. Questprobe (1984) In 1984, Scott Adams released the second in the Questprobe series of text adventure games. The second in the series was titled Questprobe: Spider-Man, and involved Spider-Man hunting for a series of gems at the behest of a mysterious character named the \\\"Chief Examiner\\\". The game was ported to the Commodore 64, Commodore 16, Atari 8-bit family, ZX Spectrum, IBM PC, Amstrad CPC, and the Apple II. This was a first-person-perspective graphical adventure game, with commands entered textually. The Amazing Spider-Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom's Revenge! & The Revenge of Shinobi (1989) In 1989, The Amazing Spider-Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom's Revenge! was released for PC DOS, Amiga, Atari ST, Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64. The game was written by Paragon Software Corporation, and published by Medallist (a subsidiary of MicroProse). The story of the game is told in a series of comic panels, with the game play similar to that of Street Fighter: The player, as either Captain America or Spider-Man, battles villains one-on-one until facing Doctor Doom. In December 1989, The Revenge of Shinobi was released on the Mega Drive/Genesis. The game's boss battles feature comic book characters including Spider-Man and Batman, as well as famous movie characters, including Terminator and Godzilla, and even Rambo as normal-stage enemy. Initially, Spider-Man was included without consent from Marvel, but another version was released, this time with the copyright message shown in the beginning of the game, giving credit to Marvel, and editing the looks of Batman, Rambo and Godzilla, so avoiding a possible lawsuit; a Sega CD version was released, being derived from the altered version. 1990s In the\",\n \"title\": \"List of video games featuring Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1321810\",\n \"text\": \"The Jackal is an alias used by several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually depicted as enemies of the superhero Spider-Man. The original and best known incarnation, Miles Warren, was originally introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965) as a professor at the fictional Empire State University. Later storylines established him as also being a scientist researching genetics and biochemistry, and revealed an unhealthy romantic obsession he had for Gwen Stacy. Warren was driven mad with grief and jealousy so he created his Jackal alter-ego to seek revenge on Spider-Man, whom he blamed for Gwen's tragic death. To this end, he trained himself in martial arts, and created a green suit and gauntlets with claw-like razors. Although the Jackal initially didn't possess any superpowers, he later gained enhanced strength, speed and agility by mixing his genes with those of a jackal. The Jackal was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), but his human identity was not revealed until The Amazing Spider-Man #148 (September 1975). Originally one of Spider-Man's less popular rogues, the character rose to prominence after being one of the first in the Marvel Universe to master cloning technology, and creating various clones of Spider-Man, like the Scarlet Spiders Ben Reilly and Kaine Parker, as well as of other characters, including himself and the chimera Spider-Girl. His experiments went on to play a major role in several popular Spider-Man storylines, such as the \\\"Clone Saga\\\" (1994–1996), \\\"Spider-Island\\\" (2011), and \\\"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\\\" (2016–2017), the latter storyline of which established Ben Reilly as the second Jackal. In 2014, IGN ranked the Jackal as Spider-Man's 17th greatest enemy. The character has been featured in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, including animated series and video games. Publication history The character first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), and was created by writer Gerry Conway and artist Ross Andru. In The Amazing Spider-Man #148 (September 1975), the Jackal's identity was revealed to be Professor Miles Warren who first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. Prior to his Jackal reintroduction, his appearances were essentially limited to the occasional cameo in which he acts as simple background to Spider-Man's civilian life as a college student. When named at all in these early appearances, he is called only \\\"Professor Warren\\\". A \\\"Mister Warren\\\" had previously appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (January 1964) but he is a high school science teacher rather than a college professor, and is physically very distinct from Miles Warren. Despite this, Conway has said it was always his interpretation that \\\"Mister Warren\\\", \\\"Professor Warren\\\", and Professor Miles Warren/Jackal were the same character. The character was featured in the controversial 1990s \\\"Clone Saga\\\" story arc, the 2011 storyline \\\"Spider-Island\\\", and the 2016-2017 storyline \\\"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\\\". Fictional character biography Miles Warren Miles Warren was a professor of biology at ESU/Empire State University, where\",\n \"title\": \"Jackal (Marvel Comics character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1167591\",\n \"text\": \"Aña \\\"Anya\\\" Sofia Corazón is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, writer Fiona Avery, and artist Mark Brooks, the character made her first appearance in Amazing Fantasy #1 (August 2004). She is the Latina daughter of a Puerto Rican father and a Mexican mother. Anya Corazón was known as the first Araña and then as the third Spider-Girl. Anya Corazon / Spider-Girl made her cinematic debut in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), and is played by Isabela Merced in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Anya Corazon was created by Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, writer Fiona Avery, and artist Mark Brooks, and is based on ideas J. Michael Straczynski used in his run on The Amazing Spider-Man. Araña was the star of the resurrected Amazing Fantasy comic book in 2004. After her storyline ended in Amazing Fantasy #6, she appeared in her own twelve issue series Araña: The Heart of the Spider, starting in March 2005 as part of Marvel Next. The character next appeared in the Ms. Marvel title as a recruit for service as a licensed superhero under the Superhuman Registration Act. She next appears teaming up with Nomad to fight the secret empire in a backup story in Captain America #602-605. Chronologically, her next appearance was during the \\\"Grim Hunt\\\" storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man; however, her appearance in the new Young Allies series was published first. As the new Spider-Girl, she starred in a monthly Spider-Girl comic that debuted on November 17, 2010 as a tie-in to the \\\"Big Time\\\" storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man. With the change of moniker to Spider-Girl, she's the second published character to adopt the \\\"Spider-Girl\\\" alter-ego, but she actually comes prior to the first character in the chronology of the Marvel Universe. It was announced concurrently with the announcement of the series' cancellation that Anya would be receiving a new mini-series as part of the Spider-Island crossover. The first issue of the mini-series was released one month after the final issue of the cancelled series, and one month after the mini-series ended Anya appeared in one issue of Avengers Academy. Anya was one of the main characters in Marvel's Spider-Verse event, which led to a spinoff miniseries in Secret Wars, which she was also included in. She was one of the stars in the team comic Web Warriors as a part of All-New, All-Different Marvel. Fictional character biography Origin On her first day at Milton Summers High School in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, Anya is friends with classmate Lynn Sakura. She is later caught in a skirmish between two mystical clans, the Spider Society and the Sisterhood of the Wasp, and is mortally wounded. To save her life, the mage Miguel Legar from the Spider Society performs a ritual on her by giving her a spider-shaped tattoo that endows her with spider-like powers, and recruits her to be a Hunter for the Spider\",\n \"title\": \"Anya Corazon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15635388\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Brand New Day\\\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \\\"One More Day\\\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \\\"Spider-Man: Big Time\\\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \\\"Brand New Day\\\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \\\"back to basics\\\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \\\"One More Day\\\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \\\"some people\\\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: Brand New Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9601342\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \\\"Mayday\\\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \\\"The Final Chapter\\\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man Family\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"823737\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \\\"Torment\\\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \\\"Revenge of the Sinister Six\\\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \\\"Clone Saga\\\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Parker: Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3887477\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man is a side scrolling platform action video game released for the Nintendo Game Boy in 1990, published by LJN and developed by Rare based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. Gameplay Spider-Man has three extra lives and three continues. The intermission scenes between each level feature Spider-Man trading catchy barbs with a supervillain on a cell phone or walkie-talkie to find out where he should go next. Spider-Man can jump a normal and a double height. When he double-jumps, he can swing on a web. This can only be done for a short time until the web-meter runs out. Spider-Man's primary standing attack is a punch to the jaw. While crouching, Spider-Man can do a low, side kick. While jumping in the air, Spider-Man can do a side kick. While standing still, Spider-Man can shoot a glob of webbing from his wrists. This slightly depletes his web-meter. In the two vertical levels, Spider-Man climbs up the side of a building, and will \\\"buzz\\\" with his spider sense, indicating that the player should move Spider-Man out of the way of possible falling objects. Web vials are used to restore Spider-Man's web-meter, since his webbing is in limited supply. They are dropped by henchmen throughout the levels. Hamburgers restore some of Spider-Man's health meter. Storyline Spider-Man's most dangerous supervillains have discovered his secret identity, Peter Parker, and kidnapped his wife, Mary Jane. The action game takes the player through various city locations, battling an assortment of minor thugs, animals, and a supervillain (Mysterio, Hobgoblin, Scorpion, Rhino, Dr. Octopus, Venom) at the end of each level who, through intermission scenes, will taunt Spider-Man as to the whereabouts of his wife. Sequels The Amazing Spider-Man 2 The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (released as Spider-Man 2 in North America) was developed by Bits Studios and published by Acclaim Entertainment and released in 1992. The game is different from the original game, in that along with its action-adventure theme, Spider-Man also has to collect various objects located in each level in order to solve puzzles. The game's story follows a collection of supervillains (the Hobgoblin, Lizard, Graviton, Carnage, and Mysterio) who have framed Spider-Man for a bank robbery. He must survive several side scrolling levels, battling various thugs and supervillains in order to clear his name. The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers (release as Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers in North America) was developed by Bits Studios and published by Acclaim Entertainment and released in 1993. The game is based loosely on the comic book storyline of the same name, with Spider-Man being attacked by an assortment of high-tech robot Spider-Slayers. The player controls Spider-Man through various levels, fighting enemies and supervillains while solving various types of puzzles. The game features various enemies such as Electro, Scorpion, and ultimately the game's main antagonist Alistair Smythe. References External links 1990 video games Game Boy games Game Boy-only games LJN games Nintendo games Side-scrolling video\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46508909\",\n \"text\": \"The superhero Spider-Man has appeared in many American comic books published by Marvel Comics since he first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962). The character has since been featured in various storylines, forming longer story arcs. These particular arcs have been given special names and have gone through various reprints over the years. During the 1960s and 1970s, these story arcs normally only lasted three issues or less (sometimes only one, such as the classic story \\\"Spider-Man No More!\\\") and would appear in Spider-Man's main comic book title The Amazing Spider-Man. \\\"The Death of Jean DeWolff\\\" was the first popular story arc outside The Amazing Spider-Man, as it appeared in the third monthly ongoing series of The Spectacular Spider-Man. Description Starting in the 1980s, more Spider-Man comic book titles became popular, with Spider-Man storylines being connected to different comics. Story arcs become longer than in previous decades, such as \\\"Kraven's Last Hunt\\\", \\\"Maximum Carnage\\\", and the \\\"Clone Saga\\\". Spider-Man story arcs could be found in titles such as The Amazing Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, Web of Spider-Man, Spider-Man Unlimited, and Peter Parker: Spider-Man. During the 21st century, the more popular Spider-Man story arcs would mostly be found in The Amazing Spider-Man, with some arcs taking as long as a year to complete. Comics such as \\\"Secret Wars\\\", \\\"Spider-Island\\\" and \\\"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\\\" are crossover comic books and sometimes move away from Spider-Man titles and involve other comic books. Known storylines See also List of Spider-Man titles References External links Spider-Man Story arcs, on Marvel Wikia Spider-Man storylines Spider-Man lists Lists of comic book story arcs\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man storylines\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31952364\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Big Time\\\" is a series of comic book storylines in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics from 2010 to 2011. It follows the 102 consecutive issues of the \\\"Brand New Day\\\" publishing scheme and is the first shift in publishing for The Amazing Spider-Man since \\\"Brand New Day\\\" began. The frequency of publication dropped from three issues monthly to two issues, but the length of the comic book expanded from 22 to 30 pages. This extra length is sometimes used for back-up stories and sometimes for a longer main story. Concurrently with the story going in The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel also started the new series Spider-Girl vol. 2, Osborn, and Carnage, which are considered part of \\\"Big Time.\\\" All nine issues of \\\"Big Time\\\" have sold out at Diamond Comic Distributors and have a second printing with a variant cover. Plot summary \\\"Kill to be You\\\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #648 through #651 Peter starts a new job at Horizon Labs after a recommendation from Marla Jameson to the head of the lab gets him the job. Phil Urich takes over the Hobgoblin identity after killing Daniel Kingsley. Spider-Man is unable to stop the theft because of the Hobgoblin's Lunatic Laugh. Peter uses his new job at Horizon Labs to create a suit that uses harmonics to prevent the Lunatic Laugh from affecting him. Spider-Man and the Black Cat infiltrate the building of the Kingpin to get the experimental metal back. In the back-up stories in The Amazing Spider-Man #649 through #651 Alistair Alphonso Smythe breaks Mac Gargan out of prison and gives him a new Scorpion costume. These events directly lead into the \\\"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\\\" story that follows. \\\"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\\\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #652 through #654, titled the \\\"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer,\\\" Alistair Smythe has created an army of Spider-Slayers by giving cybernetic implants to people with a grudge against J. Jonah Jameson. All of the Spider-Slayers, and Mac Gargan as the Scorpion, have a power similar to Spider-Man's spider-sense that makes them harder to hit and for Smythe to telepathically communicate with all of them. Smythe targets Jameson's family and friends so Jameson can feel the same pain Smythe felt when he lost his father. The New Avengers help Spider-Man fight the multiple threats, but Spider-Man is forced to build a bomb that will destroy the spider-sense of the Spider-Slayers so they can be defeated. Mac Gargan prevents Spider-Man from fleeing after he plants the bomb, so he is forced to set it off while he is still within its radius and he loses his spider-sense as well. After his army of Spider-Slayers is stopped Smythe tries to kill Jameson himself, but Marla Jameson jumps in the way to save the life of her husband. \\\"No One Dies\\\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #655 and #656, titled \\\"No One Dies,\\\" a funeral is held for Marla Jameson. Peter has a nightmare where he sees everyone who has ever died in his life (including\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: Big Time\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37629473\",\n \"text\": \"The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \\\"Dying Wish\\\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \\\"Superior Spider-Man\\\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \\\"Spider-Verse\\\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \\\"Go Down Swinging\\\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \\\"Spider-Geddon\\\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \\\"Spider-Geddon\\\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team\",\n \"title\": \"The Superior Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69027326\",\n \"text\": \"Venom is a fictional character primarily voiced by Tom Hardy appearing in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Introduced in Venom (2018), Venom is depicted as a symbiote who binds with human investigative journalist Eddie Brock after landing on Earth, with the duo subsequently becoming a vigilante jointly known by Venom's name, and later as the Lethal Protector, facing Venom's former team leader, Riot, and later Venom's son, Carnage, in combat. They are the second incarnation of the character in film, after Topher Grace and Tobey Maguire's respective portrayals of Eddie Brock / Venom and a symbiote-enveloped Spider-Man in Spider-Man 3 (2007). , the character has appeared in three films: Venom, Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021), and an uncredited cameo appearance in the web series Chen's Market and the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (both 2021). Hardy will reprise his role in Venom: The Last Dance. While Hardy's portrayal of the character in Venom was met with a mixed critical reception, the chemistry between Eddie Brock and Venom received praise. Concept and creation The idea of giving Spider-Man a new costume was conceived by Randy Schueler, a Marvel Comics reader from Norridge, Illinois. In 1982, Schueler was sent a letter by editor-in-chief Jim Shooter, who acknowledged interest in his idea, with Shooter coming up with the idea of a black-and-white costume. \\\"The Alien Costume\\\" first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #252 (May 1984), before fully appearing as Venom in the 300th issue. Venom's subsequent host, Eddie Brock, was created for the 300th issue of The Amazing Spider-Man in May 1988 due to cultural sensibilities of David Michelinie's suggestion of a villain consisting of the alien symbiote grafted into the body of a human female that forced him to conceive a male character by editor Jim Salicrup. Brock was later retconned to have a first appearance as a hand in Web of Spider-Man #18 (September 1986), but officially debuting in The Amazing Spider-Man #300, by Michelinie and Todd McFarlane, alongside Venom, initially presented as his alter-ego rather than as a separate living being. Post-Spider-Man 3 By July 2008, Sony Pictures was actively developing a spin-off film based on Venom alongside direct sequels to Spider-Man 3 (2007), hoping the character could \\\"add longevity\\\" to the franchise in a similar fashion to Wolverine in 20th Century Fox's X-Men films. Industry insiders suggested Topher Grace, who portrayed Brock in Spider-Man 3, should return for the spin-off because \\\"the likeable actor could be a sympathetic evildoer\\\", in response, McFarlane suggested that a Venom film could not do well with a villain as the central character. In December 2013, Sony revealed plans to use The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) to establish their own expanded universe based on the Marvel properties they had the film rights to, including Venom. Since the film underperformed, in February 2015, Sony and Marvel Studios announced a partnership that would see Marvel Studios produce the next\",\n \"title\": \"Venom (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42659935\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man 2 is a 2014 American film and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 may also refer to: The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (1992 video game), a 1992 video game The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack), the soundtrack for the 2014 film, composed by Hans Zimmer The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014 video game), a 2014 game based on the 2014 film See also The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20822005\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"New Ways to Die\\\" is a 2008, six-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Dan Slott with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #568-#573. Plot summary The Thunderbolts led by Norman Osborn/Green Goblin come to New York City to hunt down the fugitive Spider-Man, who has been framed for a series of murders. Meanwhile, at the F.E.A.S.T. shelter run by Martin Li (Mister Negative), the cancer-ridden Eddie Brock is miraculously healed. When the Thunderbolts track Spider-Man to the F.E.A.S.T. shelter, Brock reacts to the Venom Symbiote (currently bonded to Mac Gargan), transforming into Anti-Venom (a hero with the ability to heal others and purify diseases). Now able to destroy every kind of sickness, he attacks Venom and cures him which destroys most of his symbiote. Spider-Man and Anti-Venom team up to take down the Thunderbolts. Anti-Venom fights Venom in a new, improved scorpion armor from Norman Osborn. \\\"Venorpion\\\" hits Anti-Venom with his stinger and injects a super-poisonous toxin into him that dissolves his suit. After a battle which results in a building collapsing, Songbird tells Spider-Man to lie low for the next few days. Osborn then holds a press conference, saying that Spider-Man has died in the collapse. At the end of the book, Eddie's suit later reforms. Collected editions Reception Amazing Spider-Man #568 sold 82,540 copies, the 7th best selling comics of August 2008. Amazing Spider-Man #573 sold 93,346 copies or 8th for October 2008. IGN gave the first issue of the arc an 8.0 out of 10 and the last issue 6.4. See also Spider-Man: Brand New Day Kraven's First Hunt References External links Spider-Man: New Ways to Die at Marvel.com Interview with Dan Slott about Amazing Spider-Man:New Ways to Die 2008 comics debuts Green Goblin\",\n \"title\": \"New Ways to Die\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1704633\",\n \"text\": \"The Astonishing Spider-Man was a comic book series published fortnightly in the United Kingdom by Panini Comics as part of Marvel UK's 'Collectors Edition' line. It reprinted selected Spider-Man stories and material from the American comic books. Format The current format is 76 pages, with three stories being printed every issue. Whilst it usually prints more modern story lines, ‘classic' tales are also used as back-up strips. The inside front cover of the comic contains a message from the editor as well as a ‘Story So Far’ section to allow lapsed readers to catch up. At the back of the comic is a letter’s page (Web-Mail) whereby readers can write in and give their views and opinions on the stories. The letters page also previously included short comic strips entitled ‘Mini-Marvels’, initially reprints of Chris Giarrusso's & Lew Stringer’s work. A subscription is also available. Publication history With Panini Comics having obtained the licence to reprint Marvel comics internationally, Astonishing Spider-Man began publication in November 1995. 150 issues were published in the first volume before the title was re-launched in 2007 to mark its change from a four-weekly publishing schedule to a two-weekly one. Volume 2 ran for two years before it was re-launched again in December 2009 to mark the start of the \\\"Brand New Day\\\" storyline. Volume 4 launched in October 2013 as the Superior Spider-Man run of stories began in the title. Volume 7 is ongoing. Printed material Volume 5 (2014–2016) \\\"Spider-Verse\\\" \\\"Secret Wars\\\" Volume 6 (2016–2018) Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 4 Spider-Man/Deadpool Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows Vol. 2 Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man: Family Business Original Graphic Novel Spider-Man Vol. 2 (Miles Morales) Spider-Gwen Vol. 2 Prowler Vol. 2 Clone Conspiracy Vol. 1/Omega Free Comic Book Day 2017 Captain America Civil War II: Amazing Spider-Man Spidey Vol. 1 Spider-Man & The X-Men Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 1 #148 - #152 was also published. Volume 7 (2018–2020) Issue 1: 100-PAGE-SPECIAL! Amazing Spider-Man #789 Venom Vol. 3 #1 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #13 - #15 Release: 10 May 2018 Issue 2: Amazing Spider-Man #790 Venom Vol. 3 #2 - #3 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #15 Release: 24 May 2018 Issue 3: Amazing Spider-Man #791 Venom Vol. 3 #4 - #6 Release: 7 June 2018 Issue 4: Spider-Men II #1 Venom Vol. 3 #6 Venom #150 - #151 Release: 21 June 2018 Issue 5: Spider-Men II #2 Venom #152 - #153, #150 Release: 5 July 2018 Issue 6: Spider-Men II #3 Venom #153 - #154, #150 Release: 19 July 2018 See also The Amazing Spider-Man List of Spider-Man titles Spider-Man Panini Comics References External links Panini’s Astonishing Spider-Man mini site Panini Comic’s home page Grand Comics Database Spider-Man titles 1995 comics debuts Marvel UK titles\",\n \"title\": \"Astonishing Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"417310\",\n \"text\": \"Harold Theopolis \\\"Harry\\\" Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Harry is the best friend of Peter Parker (Spider-Man's alter ego) and Flash Thompson, one of the ex-boyfriends of Mary Jane Watson, the son of Norman Osborn, the husband of Liz Allan and the father of Normie and Stanley Osborn. He is the second character to assume the Green Goblin alias while one of his clones was amongst the many users of the Iron Patriot armor as the superhero American Son. An artificial intelligence (A.I.) copy of Harry (which he created while the Green Goblin) is also the creator of the clones Gabriel and Sarah, who are both later revealed to be operating as his demonic revenant Kindred under the Harry A.I.'s command. The character has appeared in many adaptations of Spider-Man outside of the comic books, including various cartoons and video games. James Franco portrayed the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and Dane DeHaan portrays the character in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Harry Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. In The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973), Harry's father, Norman, is killed off, and a subplot leading to Harry inheriting his father's identity as the Green Goblin is introduced. This subplot culminates in The Amazing Spider-Man #136 (September 1974). Writer Gerry Conway said that the idea of Harry Osborn becoming the Green Goblin stemmed in part from a desire to deal with the consequences of the psychedelic drugs Harry began using in The Amazing Spider-Man #96 (May 1971). Conway said that he had had experience with such drugs himself, and that \\\"with psychedelic drugs, hallucinogens, if they've been misused, there is a potential for additional hallucinogenic experiences that are completely beyond your control or volition. I could imagine Harry getting hit by something like that, in the fragile emotional state following the death of his father, and losing touch with reality, as a result. Besides, I never had any intention of getting rid of the Green Goblin as a concept forever, so it all came together\\\". Harry dies in The Spectacular Spider-Man #200 (May 1993). Artist Sal Buscema said that drawing the final two pages of this issue was a deeply emotional experience for him due to how long he had drawn the character, and felt it was appropriate that writer J. M. DeMatteis chose not to add any dialogue to those pages. Several years later, the Spider-Man writers made plans to reveal that the mysterious villain Gaunt was Harry Osborn, who was still alive and had orchestrated the entire \\\"Clone Saga\\\", but an editorial edict prevented this from coming to fruition. However, Harry was eventually revived in The Amazing Spider-Man #545 (December 2007). He received an\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Osborn\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2065504\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man is a Marvel Comics superhero. Spider-Man or Spiderman may also refer to: Marvel Entertainment Characters List of incarnations of Spider-Man Alternative versions of Spider-Man Comics Spider-Man, also known as Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic series Film Spider-Man (1969 film), an unauthorized fan film by Donald F. Glut Spider-Man (1977 film), a theatrically released pilot for the 1970s US live-action series The Amazing Spider-Man Spider-Man (1978 film), a Japanese film connected to the Japanese live-action series Spider-Man (2002 film series), a live-action film trilogy by Sam Raimi, starring Tobey Maguire (2002-2007) Spider-Man (2002 film), the first film in the series Television Spider-Man (1967 TV series), an American-Canadian animated series that aired 1967–1970 Spider-Man (Japanese TV series), a Japanese live-action tokusatsu series that aired 1978–1979 Spider-Man (1981 TV series), an American animated series that aired 1981–1982 Spider-Man (1994 TV series), also known as Spider-Man: The Animated Series, an American animated series that aired from 1994–1998 Spider-Man, also known as Spider-Man: The New Animated Series, an American-Canadian CGI-animated series that aired in 2003 Spider-Man (2017 TV series), an American animated series that aired from 2017-2020 Video games Spider-Man (1982 video game), a game for the Atari 2600 Spider-Man: The Video Game, a 1991 arcade title from Sega Spider-Man (1995 video game), a title from Acclaim Spider-Man (2000 video game), a title released by Activision Spider-Man (2002 video game), an Activision title based on the 2002 film Spider-Man (Insomniac Games series), 2018–present, a series of video games published by Sony Interactive Entertainment Spider-Man (2018 video game), also known as Marvel's Spider-Man, the first game in the series Spider-Man: Miles Morales Spider-Man 2 (2023 video game) Music Spider-Man (soundtrack), the soundtrack album for the 2002 film \\\"Spider-Man\\\" (theme song), theme song for the 1967 series Spider Man (album), a 1965 album by jazz vibraphonist Freddie McCoy Manga The Spider-Man, a mythical being in the \\\"Turnabout Gallows\\\" arc of the first volume of the Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney manga series by Kodansha Comics. Novel The Spider Man, a novel by Filipino author F. Sionil José People Spider-Man (nickname), a list of people See also Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man 3 (disambiguation) Spidey (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man, the main Spider-Man comic book published since 1963 The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Ultimate Spider-Man (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17038885\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series about Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The Amazing Spider-Man may also refer to: Comics The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) Film Spider-Man (1977 film) starring Nicholas Hammond, also known as The Amazing Spider-Man on home media The Amazing Spider-Man (film), a reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise The Amazing Spider-Man (soundtrack), a film-score album from the 2012 film, composed by James Horner Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), the title character of the film series Television The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series) starring Nicholas Hammond, which evolved out of the 1977 film Games The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball) See also The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3366502\",\n \"text\": \"Morlun () is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by J. Michael Straczynski and John Romita Jr., the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #30 (June 2001). Morlun is a central foe of all the themed versions of Spider-Man, being one of their most powerful and dangerous adversaries. He is an entity from Earth-001 that hunts all the Spider-Totems by traveling to the many multiverses of Marvel Comics. He is best known as the temporary killer of the Earth-616 Spider-Man in the storyline \\\"Spider-Man: The Other\\\", and is also the main antagonist of the \\\"Spider-Verse\\\" storyline in which he and his estranged family, the Inheritors, attempt to kill all the versions of Spider-Man, as prophesied by him. Publication history Morlun first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #30 (June 2001), created by writer J. Michael Straczynski and penciler John Romita Jr. The collection of these comic books is called The Amazing Spider-Man Coming Home. Fictional character biography First encounter with Spider-Man When Spider-Man met a similarly powered man named Ezekiel Sims, Ezekiel explained to him that Spider-Man's powers were not an accident, and that the spider that had bitten him did so voluntarily to pass its abilities onto Peter before it died. This made Spider-Man a \\\"totem\\\", a bridge between man and beast, with the properties of both. Ezekiel then warned Spider-Man that as a totem, he was in danger from those who would seek to destroy such beings. One of those, who showed up soon after, was Morlun. Little is known about exactly what Morlun is and where he comes from. According to Ezekiel, as long as totemistic forces have walked the earth, there have also been those who have fed on them. While Morlun and his brothers (it is not known how many there are in existence, but Morlun is not the only one) can subsist on the life forces of normal humans and non-totemistic superhumans for a time, they always crave a pure host and Peter fits the bill perfectly. After Peter's meeting with Ezekiel, Morlun and his hapless minion Dex subtly began tormenting Peter from the shadows, stalking him and wreaking havoc with his spider-sense. Morlun finally revealed himself when Spider-Man was investigating a fire at the wharfs, punching him with what Spider-Man claimed was the hardest punch he had ever felt. Morlun then told Spider-Man that he would eventually kill him, and now that they had made physical contact, he could find Spider-Man wherever he went. Though Spider-Man fought back, Morlun continually regained the upper hand. Peter tried to flee, but Morlun was able to find him easily and resume the fight. Spider-Man finally got away after Morlun burned down the building they were fighting in, but Ezekiel told him it was no use. Morlun would find him once again, and kill him. Morlun continually attacked Spider-Man over the next few days, endangering the lives of innocent citizens if Peter tried to flee. With Ezekiel's\",\n \"title\": \"Morlun\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"144167\",\n \"text\": \"Maybelle \\\"May\\\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \\\"Jay\\\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,\",\n \"title\": \"Aunt May\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"718997\",\n \"text\": \"The Sinister Six are a group of supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, mainly those featuring Spider-Man. The members are drawn from the character's list of enemies, with the original members forming the team in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (October 1964). Led by Doctor Octopus (introduced in issue #3), the team in its premiere followed swiftly the very early appearances of many of the most enduring members of Spider-Man's rogue's gallery: Vulture (issue #2), Sandman (issue #4), Electro (issue #9), Mysterio (issue #13), and Kraven the Hunter (issue #15). While Doctor Octopus has generally remained its leader, the Sinister Six has had multiple variations of composition. The team has been adapted into various forms of media, mainly in animated series and video games. A film based on the team is in development as part of Sony's Spider-Man Universe. Publication history The Sinister Six first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (January 1964). Fictional team biography Original Sinister Six After suffering two defeats from Spider-Man, Doctor Octopus is separated from his tentacle pack. After his tentacle pack breaks free and helps Doctor Octopus get out of prison, he contacts every known supervillain who had crossed paths with Spider-Man. Only Electro, Kraven the Hunter, the original Mysterio, the Sandman, and the original Vulture respond. As none of the members are willing to relinquish the honor of killing Spider-Man themselves, they decide to challenge Spider-Man individually with the order in which they face him determined by a random drawing. The Sinister Six kidnap Aunt May and Daily Bugle secretary Betty Brant, holding them hostage in order to force Spider-Man to confront them. Spider-Man defeats the Sinister Six members one-by-one, mocking their decision to battle him individually instead of as a team in front of Doctor Octopus, the last one to be defeated. \\\"The Return of the Sinister Six\\\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #334–339, Doctor Octopus recruits Electro, Sandman, Mysterio, and Vulture, along with the demonic Hobgoblin (since Kraven the Hunter had recently died), as part of his plan to take over the world. However, this was a trick, part of a larger plan by which Doc Ock alone would be the master of the world, by releasing a chemical into the atmosphere that would cause pain in anyone who attempted to use cocaine; he would then sell his cure for the chemical to the rich and powerful. Sandman, who at this point in his career had reformed and was blackmailed into joining, aids Spider-Man in defeating the Sinister Six, and ultimately stopping Doc Ock's plans to conquer the world. Because Octopus' chemical is eating away the ozone layer, Spider-Man has no choice but to release the cure into the atmosphere. \\\"Revenge of the Sinister Six\\\" In Spider-Man #18-23, Electro, Mysterio, Vulture, and Hobgoblin reunite in a bid to take revenge on Doctor Octopus. To trick Sandman into joining them, they hit his foster family with a bomb, leading him to believe Doctor Octopus attacked them as punishment\",\n \"title\": \"Sinister Six\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8685753\",\n \"text\": \"Montana (Jackson W. Brice) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is depicted as the leader of the Enforcers, a team of assassins usually employed by other villains such as the Big Man, the Green Goblin, and the Kingpin, which often places them in conflict with the superheroes Spider-Man and Daredevil. Montana has been adapted from the comics into numerous forms of media, most notably adopting the Shocker persona in both The Spectacular Spider-Man animated series (voiced by Jeff Bennett) and the 2017 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (portrayed by Logan Marshall-Green). Publication history Montana first appeared alongside the other Enforcers in The Amazing Spider-Man #10 (March 1964), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The character subsequently appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964), #19 (December 1964), The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (1964), Marvel Team-Up #39-40 (November–December 1975), The Spectacular Spider-Man #19-20 (June–July 1978), Dazzler #7-8 (October–September 1981), Marvel Team-Up #138 (February 1984), Tales of the Marvels: Inner Demons #1 (1996), Civil War: War Crimes #1 (February 2007), Daredevil #99-100 (September–October 2007), #102 (January 2008), and The Amazing Spider-Man #562-563 (August 2008). Montana appeared as part of the \\\"Enforcers\\\" entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #4. Fictional character biography Jackson Brice was born in Bozeman, Montana. Along with Fancy Dan (Daniel Brito) and Ox (Raymond Bloch), he was a founding member of the Enforcers. He has great proficiency with the lariat. Montana, Fancy Dan and Ox make their first appearance under the employ of the Big Man (Frederick Foswell). During this time, they have their first run-in with their longtime nemesis Spider-Man. During their first fight against the web-slinger, Montana's lasso skills initially prove successful but Spider-Man defeats the trio. Over the next couple of years, Montana and the team would be employed by Lightmaster in one of his many schemes, again bringing them into conflict with Spider-Man, with similar results. They would then lend their services to Tech-Master in his revenge plot against Harry S. Osgood, only to be defeated by Dazzler. Montana and the team would also go up against She-Hulk at one point. Following the 2006 \\\"Civil War\\\" storyline, Montana, Ox (Ronald Bloch) and Fancy Dan reunite to work for Mister Fear, which pits them directly against Daredevil. After Mister Fear's arrest, the Enforcers are taken in by the Hood's organization. Following the events of the 2008 \\\"Spider-Man: Brand New Day\\\" storyline, the Enforcers are patrons at the Bar With No Name. They take bets with a person calling himself \\\"The Bookie\\\", over whether Spider-Man will show up to battle \\\"Basher\\\", an unknown villain who claimed to have fought Spider-Man. Spider-Man shows up, but is revealed to be Screwball in disguise when the real web-head shows up. The Enforcers decide to get revenge on The Bookie, capturing him. The Bookie's father calls Spider-Man for assistance, and he agrees to help. Spider-Man defeats Fancy Dan and Montana. In the story arc \\\"Kill\",\n \"title\": \"Montana (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3151317\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox comic book title | image = MASM1.JPG | caption = Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #1 (May 2005). Art by Randy Green. | schedule = Monthly | format = Ongoing | publisher = Marvel Comics | date = May 2005 – May 2010 (Vol. 1)June 2010 – May 2012 (Vol. 2) | issues = 61 (Vol. 1)24 (Vol. 2) | main_char_team = Spider-ManSophia \\\"Chat\\\" Sanduval | writers = …AgeDaniel Quantz (1–6)Todd DeZago (7–11, 15, 17–18)Mike Raicht (12–14, 16, 19–20)…Adventures Vol. 1Kitty Fross (1)Erica David (2–3)Jeff Parker (4)Sean McKeever (5–12)Zeb Wells (13–16)Peter David (17–20, 29–32)Fred Van Lente (21–24, 33–36)Chris Kipiniak (25–28, 38)Marc Sumerak (37, 39–44, 46)Todd DeZago (45)Paul Tobin (53–61)…Adventures Vol. 2Paul Tobin (1–24) | artists = …AgeDerec Aucoin (12–14)Shane Davis (15)Gus Vasquez (16)Logan Lubera (17–18)Valentine DeLandro (19–20)…Adventures Vol. 1Cory Hamscher (22–24)Patrick Scherberger (25–28)Jonboy Meyers (44)Zach Howard (45) | pencillers = …AgeMark Brooks (1–6)Jonboy Meyers (7–11)…Adventures Vol. 1Patrick Scherberger (1–8, 13–16)Mike Norton (9–12, 17–20)Michael O'Hare (21)Pop Mhan (29–32)Cory Hamscher (33–36)Ale Garza (37)David Nakayama (38, 40)Ryan Stegman (39, 41)Vicenc Villagrasa (42)Carlos Verreira (43) | inkers = Cory Hamscher (21) | colorists = Guru eFX (21) | creators = Daniel QuantzMark Brooks }}Marvel Adventures Spider-Man (preceded by Marvel Age Spider-Man) is a Marvel Comics comic book series intended for all ages, especially children, that ran for 61 issues from May 2005 through May 2010. The Marvel Age Spider-Man stories were based on early issues that Stan Lee wrote in the 1960s. The first few issues of Marvel Adventures Spider-Man carried on this tradition before switching to original, single-issue stories, as part of the company's Marvel Adventures imprint, with Paul Tobin beginning an ongoing storyline from Issue #53 onward, introducing Sophia \\\"Chat\\\" Sanduval as the primary love interest of the Marvel Adventures Spider-Man, the series set in its own alternate continuity of Earth-20051. In June 2010, the series was relaunched as Spider-Man: Marvel Adventures, written in its totality by Tobin, running for a further 24 issues until May 2012, for a total of 85 issues across both volumes. Tobin's run of the series has received a universally positive critical reception. Marvel Age Spider-Man \\\"Duel to the Death with the Vulture\\\" / \\\"The Uncanny Threat of the Terrible Tinkerer\\\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #2) \\\"Spider-Man vs. Doctor Octopus\\\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #3) \\\"Nothing Can Stop the Sandman!\\\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #4) \\\"Marked for Destruction by Doctor Doom!\\\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #5) \\\"Face-to-Face with the Lizard!\\\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #6) \\\"The Return of the Vulture\\\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #7) \\\"The Terrible Threat of the Living Brain!\\\" / \\\"Spider-Man Tackles the Torch!\\\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #8) \\\"The Man Called Electro!\\\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #9) \\\"The Enforcers!\\\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #10) \\\"The Return of Doctor Octopus!\\\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #11) \\\"Unmasked by Doctor Octopus!\\\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #12) \\\"The Menace of Mysterio\\\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #13) \\\"The Grotesque Adventure of the Green Goblin!\\\" (re-telling of The\",\n \"title\": \"Marvel Adventures Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"931\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man is an ongoing American superhero comic book series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man as its title character and main protagonist. Being in the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it was the character's first title, launching seven months after his introduction in the final issue of Amazing Fantasy. The series began publication with a March 1963 cover date and has been published nearly continuously to date over six volumes with only one significant interruption. Issues of the title currently feature an issue number within its sixth volume, as well as a \\\"legacy\\\" number reflecting the issue's overall number across all Amazing Spider-Man volumes. The title reached 900 issues in 2022. The series began as a bimonthly periodical before being increased to monthly after four issues. It was the character's sole monthly headlining title until Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man launched in 1978. After 441 issues, The Amazing Spider-Man was restarted in 1999 as issue No. 1 of Volume 2. It ran for 58 issues before reverting to the title's overall issue number with #500 in 2003. The series ran essentially continuously over the first two volumes from 1963 until its landmark 700th issue at the end of 2012 when it was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Marvel's comic lines. The title was occasionally published biweekly during the first two volumes, and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010. After the relaunch of Action Comics and Detective Comics, The Amazing Spider-Man briefly became the highest-numbered active American comic book. The Amazing Spider-Man returned with volume 3 in April 2014 following the conclusion of The Superior Spider-Man story arc after 31 issues. In late 2015, the series was relaunched with a fourth volume following the 2015 Secret Wars event. After 45 years , the volume was once again relaunched as part of Marvel Legacy, returning to the overall \\\"legacy\\\" numbering with issue No. 789 in late 2017. Less than a year later, the series was relaunched again with a fifth volume as part of Marvel's Fresh Start. For the first time, although the issue numbers were again restarted from #1, the issues also bore the overall \\\"legacy\\\" issue number. A sixth volume commenced in April 2022 to celebrate Spider-Man's 60th anniversary. Since the second volume, the title has had various release schedules, including monthly and bi-weekly, among others. Publication history Writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko created the character of Spider-Man, and the pair produced 38 issues from March 1963 to July 1966. Ditko left after the 38th issue, while Lee remained as writer until issue 100. Since then, many writers and artists have taken over the monthly comic through the years, chronicling the adventures of Marvel's most identifiable hero. The Amazing Spider-Man has been the character's flagship series for his first fifty years in publication, and was the only monthly series to star Spider-Man until Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, in 1976, although 1972\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2327605\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man: Chapter One is an American comic book miniseries starring Spider-Man published by Marvel Comics for 13 issues (#1–12, with a #0 issue (April 1999) added between issues #6 (April 1999) and 7 (May 1999) from December 1998 to October 1999. The entire miniseries was written and illustrated by John Byrne. This storyline is designated as being set in the universe of \\\"Earth-98121\\\" and is not part of the mainstream Marvel Universe of Earth-616. Issues involved Spider-Man: Chapter One #1–6, 0 and 7–12 (December 1998–October 1999) was a modern-day adaptation of many, but not all, of these particular issues that chronicled the early days of Spider-Man's superhero career: Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) and, years later {real time), #16–18 (December 1995–March 1996); The Amazing Spider-Man #1–15 (March, May, July and September–December 1963 and January–August 1964); The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (1964); The Amazing Spider-Man #16–20 (September–December 1964 and January 1965). Reception The miniseries was a modest success. Some comic book fans objected to Byrne's perceived tampering with the classic Spider-Man stories produced by his creators Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and complained that the original 1960s stories did not require any updating at all. The editorial intention of the miniseries, however, was to be a re-telling of the character's early stories that was designed to attract new readers. Byrne would soon be drawing the relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man title with writer Howard Mackie. Spider-Man: Chapter One, though not a sales record-breaker (possibly because it was sold only through the comic book direct market, which limited its exposure to potential new readers), finished out its run as planned, even adding a #0 issue (April 1999) between issues #6 (April 1999) and 7 (May 1999). On that basis, Byrne was later asked to do a second miniseries to be called Spider-Man: Chapter Two, but turned down the offer. Since Byrne left the Spider-Man titles, his successors have shied away from making any references to the miniseries, and according to Official Index to the Marvel Universe #1–14 (January 2009–February 2010), it is now Marvel's stance that the original stories have regained their canonical status. Spider-Man: Chapter One also brought controversy over the former ongoing series Untold Tales of Spider-Man (#1–25 (September 1995–October 1997); also including two Annuals (Annual '96 and Annual '97), a #–1 issue (July 1997) that occurred between issues #22 (June 1997) and 23 (August 1997), a one-shot issue called Untold Tales of Spider-Man: Strange Encounter (February 1999) and stories in Amazing Fantasy #16–18 (December 1995–March 1996 (which preceded the series)) and The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #37 (2010 (which ended it))), where all the stories presented therein were brand-new stories also set in the early days of Spider-Man's superhero career, but taking place in-between the original stories by Lee and Ditko. The non-canonical Spider-Man: Chapter One ignores the canonical continuity of Untold Tales of Spider-Man entirely. Similar versions Spider-Man's early adventures would be retold, again with a modern twist, in Ultimate Spider-Man, an ongoing series that Marvel launched in October\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: Chapter One\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13305157\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"One More Day\\\" (OMD) is a four-part 2007 comic book crossover storyline, connecting the three main Spider-Man series published by Marvel Comics at the time. Written by J. Michael Straczynski and Joe Quesada, with art by Quesada, the story arc concludes the fallout of Spider-Man's actions during the 2007 Civil War crossover. \\\"One More Day\\\" starts in The Amazing Spider-Man #544, continues in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #24 and The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2) #41, and concludes in The Amazing Spider-Man #545. After Aunt May had been shot by a stray bullet from a goon of the Kingpin meant for Spider-Man, Spider-Man seeks help to save her life. He encounters the demon Mephisto, who offers to save her life if Spider-Man gives him his marriage. Spider-Man and his wife, Mary Jane Watson, agree, and this part of their history is erased so that, effectively, they have never been married. The storyline set the stage for a restructuring of the Spider-Man titles, resulting in the cancellation of Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, with The Amazing Spider-Man revamped as a thrice-monthly publication. The events of \\\"One More Day\\\" regarding Peter Parker and Mary Jane's marriage was met with highly negative criticism, although the artwork received praise. Elements of the storyline were adapted in the feature film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada felt dissolving the Peter Parker and Mary Jane marriage and returning Spider-Man to his roots was necessary to preserve the longevity of the character for the next 20 or 30 years. Quesada said he and other previous editors-in-chief had long been seeking an opportunity to begin a new methodology in which to tell Spider-Man stories, but had not found a reasonable way to do so. Quesada said \\\"It's very easy to un-marry a character, or fix something like that: you just do a huge universal retcon, and say a few events in history didn't happen. But that's really not the way we do it here at Marvel.\\\" Quesada found an opportunity to address this in the events of the 2007 Civil War mini-series, which resulted in the unmasking of Spider-Man's identity to the public. Quesada knew J. Michael Straczynski was planning to end his run as a Marvel writer, so he personally approached Straczynski to propose \\\"One More Day\\\" as his final project. The ideas for \\\"One More Day\\\" began to develop almost two years before its release, at one of Marvel's creative summits for creators and editors. Quesada, Straczynski, Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, Jeph Loeb, Tom Brevoort and Axel Alonso developed the concept between them, and Ed Brubaker and Dan Slott added more at the next summit. \\\"One More Day\\\" was announced as the concluding storyline of Straczynski's run on Amazing Spider-Man in early 2007, and Quesada was named as the artist for the storyline. Although Quesada had become more selective in choosing projects to do as an artist since becoming editor-in-chief, he felt\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: One More Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"313522\",\n \"text\": \"The Vulture is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as recurring enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collection of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, typically using special suits which allow them to fly at vast speeds. The first incarnation of the character, Isidoro Scarlotti, is an Italian scientist and an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second and most prominent incarnation of the character, Adrian Toomes, is an inventive but maniacal genius who designed his suit and turned to a life of crime, becoming an enemy of Spider-Man and a founding member of the Sinister Six, with later characters to assume the mantle including Blackie Drago, a former cellmate of Toomes, and Clifton Shallot and Jimmy Natale, human/bird hybrids of independent origins. Toomes is later revealed to be the grandfather of the superhero Starling. Since his conception, the character has been adapted from into various other forms of Spider-Man media, including television series and video games. In live-action, the character was played by Michael Keaton in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Morbius (2022). Publication history The first Vulture, Italian scientist Isidoro Scarlotti, first appeared in Young Men #26 (December 1953), created by Joe Gill and Carl Burgos and depicted as an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second Vulture, Adrian Toomes, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. According to Ditko, Lee wanted the villain to be heavy-set and based on actor Sydney Greenstreet. Ditko designed him to be leaner and more gaunt, feeling he should be swift and fast and also because \\\"The bulkier anything is, the more panel space it has to take up, thereby shrinking panel space for other characters and story panel elements.\\\" Since Toomes originally assumed the Vulture alias as an enemy of Spider-Man, several other character have taken on the mantle from him. The third incarnation, Blackie Drago, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #48 (May 1967), and was created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr. Lee created the new version because he thought that Spider-Man looked like a bully fighting a wizened old man. However, the readers wrote in that they did not like the new Vulture, and Lee relented and brought the original back. The fourth incarnation, Clifton Shallot, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #127, and was created by Ross Andru, Gerry Conway, and John Romita Sr. A fifth incarnation, Jimmy Natale, first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #593 as part of the story arc \\\"Spider-Man 24/7\\\"; created by Mark Waid and Mike McKone, he is a recurring enemy of both Spider-Man and the Punisher. Fictional character biography Isidoro Scarlotti Isidoro Scarlotti was born in Italy, attaining a doctorate in atomic science and rising to become the czar of the International League of Criminals,\",\n \"title\": \"Vulture (Marvel Comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52167966\",\n \"text\": \"Since the characters inception in the 1960s Spider-Man has appeared in multiple forms of media, including several novels, short stories, comic strips, graphic novels, light novels and children's books. Comics The main form of literature which in Spider-man has appeared in is comic books. Serialized There have been over 200 separate Spider-Man comic book series, both ongoing series and limited series ranging from two to 500 issues. Singles There have been several published graphic novels with the character in the main role, including The Amazing Spider-Man: Hooky from 1986, The Amazing Spider-Man: Parallel Lives from 1989, The Amazing Spider-Man: Spirits of the Earth from 1990, Spider-Man: Fear Itself from 1992, Spider-Man: Season One from 2012 and Amazing Spider-Man: Family Business from 2014. There have also been many Spider-Man one-shots, specials and annuals. Strips There have been two Spider-Man comic strips, The Amazing Spider-Man and Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man. Prose Short stories In 1994 Marvel published The Ultimate Spider-Man, a short story collection edited by Stan Lee. It features a short story named \\\"An Evening in the Bronx with Venom\\\" by Keith R.A. DeCandido, among others. The Untold Tales of Spider-Man from 1997 is another short story collection, it was inspired by the Untold Tales of Spider-Man comic book series from 1995 to 1997, which was also written by Kurt Busiek. This book was also edited by Stan Lee. Single works There have been more than 20 Spider-Man novels, ranging from original works to adaptions of unused comic scripts to novelizations of his films. The character has also appeared in several other novels not about him specifically, such as novelizations of well-known comic book events like \\\"Civil War\\\". Series There are six major book series with the character of Spider-Man as the main focus. The \\\"Duane trilogy\\\" is a trilogy of Spider-Man books by Diane Duane, Spider-Man Super Thriller is a young adult novel series by several writers, the Doom's Day trilogy is a series of books by several authors, X-Men and Spider-Man: Time's Arrow is another trilogy by Tom DeFalco with a co-writer on each book and the latest Spider-Man book series is the Sinister Six trilogy, which was written by Adam-Troy Castro. Children's books Storybooks Several Spider-Man children's books have been published, from early readers to light novels. Coloring and activity books Spider-Man has been the subject of several coloring and activity books, from many companies such as Giddy-Up!, Kappa, Parragon/Scholastic, Peter Haddock, Alligator, Bendon, Funtastic, Golden Books, HarperCollins, Hunter Leisure, Meredith, Modern Publishing and Tri-Coastal. Poetry See also Bibliography of works on Spider-Man List of novels based on comics Wonder Woman in literature References External links Spider-Man books, on SpiderFan.org Marvel Press novels, on SpiderFan.org Marvel 1970s novels, on SpiderFan.org Spider-Man novels from Byron Preiss, on SpiderFan.org Ultimate Spider-Man novels, Mary Jane, on SpiderFan.org Spider-Man Books (Movie novelizations), on SpiderFan.org Book of the Month Club, on SpiderFan.org Spider-Man Coloring & Activity Books, on SpiderFan.org\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man in literature\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6146135\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man enemies\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2441785\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire is a side-scrolling action-adventure video game developed by BlueSky Software and Zono, and published by Sega exclusively for the 32X add-on in North America in March 1996. Based on the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, it is inspired by the long-running comic book mythology and adaptations in other media. In the main storyline, the terrorist organization Hydra and the New Enforcers orchestrate a plot to shroud New York City under an electrical plasma grid, trapping its citizens. Spider-Man must confront each of the New Enforcers members, foil Hydra's plans, and save the city with the aid of Daredevil. Headed by co-producers Jerry Huber and Jerry Markota, Spider-Man: Web of Fire was created by most of the same team that previously worked on several projects at BlueSky Software such as Vectorman and its sequel. It was the last game released for the 32X platform in North America after Sega discontinued support for the add-on, who produced a limited run of copies in total as a result. It served as the final Marvel Comics-licensed release by Sega until 2008's Iron Man. Gameplay The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire is a side-scrolling action-adventure game where the players control Spider-Man through six stages as he goes up against the terrorist organization Hydra, who has taken all of New York City and its citizens as hostage by setting up generators that caused a giant electrical grid to appear over the location, and their hired hands the New Enforcers. The New Enforcers are each guarding the generators to make sure Hydra's plans go uninterrupted. The plot of is explained through newspaper-styled cutscenes. At the end of the stages, Spider-Man must confront each member of the New Enforcers while destroying each generator in order to progress further. The bosses are Dragon Man, Eel, Thermite, Blitz and Super-Adaptoid. Vanisher also appears although he is not a boss. On the main menu, the player has access to the options menu where various settings can be changed such as controls and difficulty level. Spider-Man can jump, punch, kick, duck, crawl, climb certain walls, shoot webs to swing on and collect web fluid to shoot web projectiles against enemies, among other actions. Spider-Man can also get assistance from fellow superhero Daredevil by rescuing him in the first stage and collecting \\\"DD\\\" tokens scattered through the stages. Other items can also be picked up such as health packs to restore energy. Spider-Man has three lives at the beginning of the game and extra lives can be acquired along the way but once all lives are lost, the game is over, though the player has the choice to continue playing after dying. Development and release The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire was created by most of the same team that worked on previous projects at BlueSky Software such as Vectorman and its sequel. Its development was helmed by co-producers Jerry Huber and Jerry Markota, with Brian Belfield and Keith Freiheit acting as lead programmers. California-based developer Zono\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8171200\",\n \"text\": \"The Looter is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character primarily appears in comic books featuring Spider-Man. The character first appeared in 1966. Publication history The character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #36 (May 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The character subsequently appears in Marvel Team-Up #33-34 (May–June 1975), Defenders #63-64 (September–October 1978), Spectacular Spider-Man #41 (April 1980), Web of Spider-Man #39 (June 1988), The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #26 (1992), The Amazing Scarlet Spider #1 (November 1995), The Spectacular Scarlet Spider #1 (November 1995), Web of Scarlet Spider #2 (December 1995), The Sensational Spider-Man #8 (September 1996), Untold Tales of Spider-Man (October 1997), The Sensational Spider-Man #27 (May 1998), Marvel Knights: Spider-Man #6 (November 2004), Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #5 (April 2006), Spider-Man Family #7 (April 2008), The Amazing Spider-Man #645 (December 2010), The Superior Foes of Spider-Man #11 (2013) and The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 3, #9 (2015). The Looter received an entry in the All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z #6 (2006) #6. Fictional character biography Norton G. Fester was always a poor scientist, and was considered a crackpot by his colleagues. One day, however, he found an unusual meteor that crashed into the Earth. Excited by his discovery, Fester searched for funding into a project, but investors went for more commercial ventures. Fester decided to continue without funding, and while chiseling the meteor, he struck a pocket of gas. Immersed in the strange compound, he discovered that he now had super-strength and agility thanks to the meteor's powers. Fester decided to devote his time and new powers to crime from then on. Calling himself the Looter, he struck banks and offices everywhere, gaining his current name. However, after attempting to steal another meteor to continually supply himself with his powers, he was defeated by Spider-Man after a battle in a hot-air balloon. Since then, the Looter has had no success whatsoever, even after a name change to the Meteor Man. He would come into conflict with Nighthawk after stealing a meteor from Kyle Richmond's home after he purchased it from the museum. Meteor Man would face Nighthawk and Spider-Man but would escape. Valkyrie from the Defenders helps Spider-Man apprehend Meteor Man. Fester tried to escape on his balloon but Valkyrie throws her sword into the balloon, causing it to pop. Meteor Man crashed into the ground and is hospitalized for a few months. He would reappear at the Empire State University campus to find components from a microwave energy exhibit to increase his powers. This would lead into another conflict with Spider-Man and Giant-Man. Fester created a transmitter that transmuted the energy in his meteors into microwaves which is then transmitted into his nervous system. However, his transmitter was channeling too much power and the feedback caused it to explode and Fester was presumed dead. Fester survived the explosion, but his mind was further addled by his experiences and he became a homeless alcoholic.\",\n \"title\": \"Looter (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42676398\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film which forms part of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy. Spider-Man 2 may also refer to: Spider-Man 2: Enter: Electro, a 2001 video game, sequel to Spider-Man (2000) Spider-Man 2: The Sinister Six, a 2001 video game for Game Boy Color, sequel to Spider-Man (2000) for Game Boy Color Spider-Man 2 (2004 video game), the video game based on the 2004 film Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack), the soundtrack of the 2004 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2, a 2014 American superhero film, sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) Spider-Man: Far From Home, a 2019 American superhero film, sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) Spider-Man 2 (2023 video game), a 2023 video game, sequel to Spider-Man (2018) See also Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man 3 (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"802037\",\n \"text\": \"The Spider-Slayers are a series of fictional robots appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Spencer Smythe, they were designed specifically to hunt down, capture, or kill Spider-Man. A new generation of Spider-Slayers was later created by Spencer's son, Alistair. The Spider-Slayers have been featured in a number of Spider-Man adaptations outside of comics, including animated series and video games. Publication history The Spider-Slayers first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #25 (June 1965) and were created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Fictional character biography See List of Spider-Slayers for a full breakdown of all versions of the Spider-Slayer. The first series of robots were originally designed and built by Prof. Spencer Smythe with the financial backing of J. Jonah Jameson, who piloted them for the pleasure of personally hunting the superhero he hated for capture and public unmasking. However, Spider-Man always managed to defeat each robot in turn. Smythe's continual efforts to perfect his machines backfired on him, leading to himself being fatally contaminated by radiation poisoning from the building materials of his creations. Blaming both Jameson and Spider-Man for this, he attempted, as a final act, to murder them both, but died just before Spider-Man thwarted the attempt. At one point, Jameson commissioned another scientist, Dr. Marla Madison, to create a new and improved Spider-Slayer. While that attempt failed, he eventually fell in love with her and married her. In The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #19 (1985), Smythe's son, Alistair, emerged as the new builder of the Spider-Slayers. He swore revenge on Spider-Man, repeatedly attacking the superhero with his own series of Slayers. Smythe later mutated into a humanoid Spider-Slayer, but remains a minor foe. The original Spider-Slayer was seen among the robots and machines in the Reanimator's collection. Wolverine later destroyed the Spider-Slayer when the Reanimator attempted to use it against him. It was later used by J. Jonah Jameson to attack the She-Hulk after she had married his son John, but it was destroyed again. In The Amazing Spider-Man #603, Jameson (now Mayor of New York) has some old Spider-Slayers sent to him from storage to better equip his \\\"Anti-Spider Squad\\\" to take down Spider-Man. The Spider-Slayer technology is combined with that of the Mandroid suits. However, the \\\"Spider-Slayer Squad\\\" wearing the suits quit their jobs after Spider-Man saves them and New York from a dirty bomb. Despite not being technically related to the Smythes' and Madison's creations, when Spider-Man refits all the Octobots confiscated from Doctor Octopus and kept in the New York Police Precinct to carry an antidote able to reverse the mutations turning all the New York population into Man-Spiders, he humorously renames them his own Spider-Slayers. When the Goblin King and his Goblin Underground group cause havoc in Manhattan, Mayor J. Jonah Jameson unveils the Goblin-Slayers which he plans to use against the Goblin-related threats. Mary Jane Watson voices her concern that the Goblin-Slayers used to be former Spider-Slayers. Mayor J. Jonah Jameson orders Chief Pratchett to send one\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Slayer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14154213\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \\\"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\\\", \\\"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\\\", and \\\"Who Is Spider-Man?\\\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \\\"nerdy\\\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: With Great Power\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2839562\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Other\\\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \\\"acts\\\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: The Other\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53599140\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \\\"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\\\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \\\"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\\\" was released with the tagline \\\"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\\\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \\\"unjust\\\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man 129\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2578538\",\n \"text\": \"The Tinkerer (Phineas Mason) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an adversary of the superhero Spider-Man and the father of Rick Mason. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963). The Tinkerer is generally depicted as a genius in engineering who is able to create gadgets and other devices from nothing more than spare parts left over from ordinary household appliances. While in his initial appearances he sought to personally eliminate Spider-Man, more recent storylines depict him under the employ of other supervillains, whom he supplies with his gadgets for their personal vendettas against Spider-Man or other heroes. Since his introduction in comics, the character has been adapted into several other forms of media, such as animated television series and video games. The Tinkerer made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Chernus. Additionally, a female version of Phineas Mason named Phin Mason appears in Spider-Man: Miles Morales, voiced by Jasmin Savoy Brown. Publication history The Tinkerer is a character that was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his initial appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (April 1963), opposing Spider-Man as a villain. It would, however, be several years before he would return, and made his second appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #160 (September 1976), once again opposing Spider-Man in a losing effort. The Tinkerer would be mentioned in The Amazing Spider-Man #182 (July 1978). This was his first mention in the publication as a supporting side character to the other villains. Fictional character biography Criminal career Phineas Mason is a brilliant inventor and technician who designs advanced weaponry for criminals and sometimes undertakes crimes of his own. As \\\"the Terrible Tinkerer\\\", he runs an underground fix-it shop disguised as a radio repair shop. On at least one occasion, a potential customer gained the inventor's attention by presenting a transistor radio and telling Mason that \\\"I've got a radio that just can't carry a tune\\\". The Tinkerer's original scheme involved the employment of a team of petty has-been stuntmen and thugs. They specialized in placing bugs into radios and blackmailing state officials and politicians. The Tinkerer tried to present himself as an alien to confuse his pursuers by leaving behind a mask that looked like his face when he escaped from Spider-Man in a hovercraft shaped like a flying saucer. The Tinkerer's next encounter with Spider-Man resulted in deploying the Toy, a hi-tech robot that serves as an assistant and lackey. The Toy also helped the Tinkerer escape from his hideout when raided by the police. The Tinkerer is known to have created the suit for Mysterio, a man that once worked as one of his alien-suited servants. Much later, he was hired by the Kingpin to rebuild the Spider-Mobile to destroy Spider-Man. The Tinkerer redesigned Rocket Racer's rocket-powered skateboard, designed the\",\n \"title\": \"Tinkerer (Marvel Comics)\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Andrew Garfield"],"string":"[\n \"Andrew Garfield\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":81,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_18457"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who plays peter parker in the amazing spider-man"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"362269","text":"Peter Parker is the secret identity of the character Spider-Man. Peter Parker may also refer to: Fictional characters Other versions of the main Spider-Man character; see Alternative versions of Spider-Man Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series), a character portrayed by Tobey Maguire in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man series Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), a character portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man film series Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a character portrayed by Tom Holland in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Peter Parker (Insomniac Games character), a character in the Marvel's Spider-Man games by Insomniac Games Peter Parker, the grandson of Peter's Pocket Grandpa, a character in The Dandy People Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet (1721–1811), British Admiral and Member of Parliament, friend and patron of Admiral Nelson Sir Peter Parker, 2nd Baronet (1785–1814), English naval officer Peter Parker (physician) (1804–1888), first Protestant medical missionary to China Peter Parker (British businessman) (1924–2002), chairman of the British Railways Board, 1976–1983 Peter Parker (author) (born 1954), British biographer and journalist Peter Parker (umpire) (born 1959), Australian cricket umpire Pete Parker (1895–1991), Canadian radio announcer Other uses Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic book series Peter Parker House See also Spider-Man (disambiguation)","title":"Peter Parker (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"41357270","text":"The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for","title":"List of Spider-Man film cast members"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"362269\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Parker is the secret identity of the character Spider-Man. Peter Parker may also refer to: Fictional characters Other versions of the main Spider-Man character; see Alternative versions of Spider-Man Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series), a character portrayed by Tobey Maguire in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man series Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), a character portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man film series Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a character portrayed by Tom Holland in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Peter Parker (Insomniac Games character), a character in the Marvel's Spider-Man games by Insomniac Games Peter Parker, the grandson of Peter's Pocket Grandpa, a character in The Dandy People Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet (1721–1811), British Admiral and Member of Parliament, friend and patron of Admiral Nelson Sir Peter Parker, 2nd Baronet (1785–1814), English naval officer Peter Parker (physician) (1804–1888), first Protestant medical missionary to China Peter Parker (British businessman) (1924–2002), chairman of the British Railways Board, 1976–1983 Peter Parker (author) (born 1954), British biographer and journalist Peter Parker (umpire) (born 1959), Australian cricket umpire Pete Parker (1895–1991), Canadian radio announcer Other uses Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic book series Peter Parker House See also Spider-Man (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Parker (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41357270\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man film cast members\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"15011570","text":"The Living Brain is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 and has made few subsequent appearances since. A foe of the superhero Spider-Man, the original Living Brain was created by the fictional International Computing Machines Corporation and billed as the most intelligent computer and robot in existence, capable of solving virtually any question asked. In more recent times, the Superior Spider-Man reprogrammed it to serve as a laboratory assistant at Parker Industries, with it remaining in that role after Peter Parker returned. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (Jan. 1964). The second Living Brain appears in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #6. Fictional character history Original Living Brain The Living Brain, soon after its creation, is brought to Midtown High School by its creator Dr. Petty as a part of a demonstration of its renowned ability to solve any problem. The students agreed to ask the machine what is Spider-Man's secret identity, and a nervous Peter Parker, the volunteer for the demonstration, fed it all of the given known information from the students concerning the wall-crawler, relievingly finding the answer to be in a mathematical code for Peter to decode overnight (because of this, it is unknown if the Living Brain correctly deduced Spider-Man's true identity). During the course of the Living Brain's demonstration, the two workmen hired to transport it overhear how the Living Brain has the ability to answer anything and they decide to steal it to use this ability for gambling purposes. Caught in the middle of their stealing it by Dr. Petty, one of the workmen quickly knocks him out, but by doing so bumps the other one into the Living Brain's control panel on its chest, causing the Living Brain to malfunction. Going on a rampage through Midtown High, the Living Brain is confronted by Spider-Man, who eventually shuts it down. At the end of the day as Peter is walking back home, he plans on telling everyone the next day he'd lost the code during the confusion. The Living Brain reappears several years later, now discredited and broken-down. Dr. Petty plans to donate it to Midtown High School's science lab. The Living Brain ends up being stolen by Dr. Petty's son Steve Petty who modifies the robot, giving it a gold and red color scheme, clawed hands and the ability to fly. Remotely controlling the Living Brain to attack a bully who had been tormenting him, Steve is eventually defeated by Spider-Man (who had been on a visit to Midtown High as Peter Parker) and the Living Brain is shut down once more. The Living Brain, restored to its pre-upgrade appearance, was then acquired by a group of criminals, who used it to commit robberies. The robot and its controllers were apprehended","title":"Living Brain"},{"docid":"17038885","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series about Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The Amazing Spider-Man may also refer to: Comics The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) Film Spider-Man (1977 film) starring Nicholas Hammond, also known as The Amazing Spider-Man on home media The Amazing Spider-Man (film), a reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise The Amazing Spider-Man (soundtrack), a film-score album from the 2012 film, composed by James Horner Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), the title character of the film series Television The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series) starring Nicholas Hammond, which evolved out of the 1977 film Games The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball) See also The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation)","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"2444780","text":"Humberto Ramos (born 27 November 1970) is a Mexican comic book penciller, best known for his work on American comic books such as Impulse, Runaways, The Spectacular Spider-Man, The Amazing Spider-Man and his creator-owned series Crimson. Career Humberto Ramos began his career in 1989 at Kaboom Cómics. He was later hired by DC Comics as the regular penciller for their Flash spin-off Impulse, which launched in March 1995. Written by Mark Waid, the superhero/teen comedy series focused on young speedster Bart Allen, the grandson of the second Flash, Barry Allen, and his struggles with growing up in an alienated Alabama suburb. In 1998, Ramos co-founded the imprint Cliffhanger with comic book artists Joe Madureira and J. Scott Campbell. They created the imprint, housed by Jim Lee's Image Comics division Wildstorm, to publish their creator-owned comic books outside the mainstream superhero genre. Both Campbell and Madureira had already built large fanbases with their previous work on Gen13 and Uncanny X-Men respectively, and were two of the most popular comic book artists at the time. Ramos, on the other hand, was not as popular and his inclusion on the imprint was perceived as second choice, after fan-favorite Michael Turner declined because he was still under contract at Top Cow. Ramos' first Cliffhanger title Crimson ran for 24 issues and two one-shots, with poor success. It was followed by the fantasy/mystery series Out There, months later. Ramos also began illustrating the covers of Peter Parker: Spider-Man with issue #30 and—beginning with May 2002's Peter Parker: Spider-Man #44—additionally did the interior artwork on the four-issue story arc \"A Death in the Family\" (later collected as Spider-Man: Return of the Goblin; ), written by Paul Jenkins. After his Cliffhanger contract expired, and Out There concluded after 18 issues in early 2003, Ramos left the imprint, apparently not on the best terms, and launched a new Spider-Man title, The Spectacular Spider-Man. The book reunited Ramos with Peter Parker: Spider-Man writer Paul Jenkins and earned him a 2005 Harvey Award nomination as Best Cover Artist. While Ramos worked on Spectacular Spider-Man, another book created by him (although illustrated by Francisco Herrera), the six-issue miniseries Kamikaze, which had originally been planned for 2001, was published by WildStorm under the Cliffhanger imprint. In 2005, Ramos' creator-owned six-issue miniseries Revelations began publication by Dark Horse Comics. Following Revelations, Ramos returned to Marvel Comics, joining writer Marc Guggenheim as the new creative team on Wolverine, beginning with issue #42 in March 2006. The same month also saw the release of the first volume of the space opera Kookaburra K, a series of three 46-page comic albums Ramos illustrated for French comic publisher Soleil Productions, written by French comic book creator Crisse. Ramos worked with writer Terry Moore on Runaways from 2008 to 2009, and became one of the regular artists on The Amazing Spider-Man in 2010. In April 2014, Ramos and writer Dan Slott launch Amazing Spider-Man as part of Marvel NOW!. The first issue of this new version of The","title":"Humberto Ramos"},{"docid":"25700184","text":"This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \"Power Booster\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \"Spider-Friends\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \"costume\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \"Vengeance Of Loki\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \"Windchill Factor Zero\". In \"Mission: Save The Guardstar\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \"fire and ice don't really mix\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \"Opposites Attack!\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in","title":"List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters"},{"docid":"504988","text":"Benjamin \"Ben\" Reilly (), also known as the Scarlet Spider, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Grown in a lab by Miles Warren/Jackal, he is a clone of Peter Parker/Spider-Man tasked with fighting him but instead becoming an ally, later even regarded as a \"brother\". Created by writer Gerry Conway, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 (October 1975) and is seemingly killed in the same issue. The character returned and featured prominently in the 1994–96 \"Clone Saga\" storyline, adopting the \"Scarlet Spider\" alias with a costume similar to Spider-Man's consisting of a red spandex bodysuit and mask complemented by a blue sleeveless hoodie sweatshirt adorned with a large spider symbol on both sides, along with a utility belt and bulkier web-shooters. This Scarlet Spider costume was designed by artist Tom Lyle. When Peter Parker temporarily left the Spider-Man role, Ben became the new Spider-Man while wearing a new costume variation designed by artist Mark Bagley. However, Reilly dies at the hands of Norman Osborn/Green Goblin, sacrificing himself to save Parker who then resumes the Spider-Man role. In 2017's Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy story, the character is revealed to be alive, his mind forcibly transferred to new clone bodies by the Jackal repeatedly before his resurrection was successful. Driven mad by the experience of being reborn and dying repeatedly, he became the new Jackal and started his own criminal enterprise. After being defeated by Spider-Man and others, Reilly reclaims his Scarlet Spider identity in the series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider. Reimagined as an antihero, he first hopes to escape his past then embarks on a spiritual quest to redeem himself. This arc is completed in \"Spider-Geddon\" (2018), during which he sacrifices himself to protect others when his life force is absorbed by an enemy who inadvertently absorbs his many death traumas as well. Ben is then resurrected in a new clone body, his mind and soul healed and restored. During the events of the 2021–2022 storyline \"Beyond\", Ben temporarily became Spider-Man again, only for him to have his memories purged from him and becoming a new villain called Chasm. Due to his many resurrections in different clone bodies, the 2017–2018 comic series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider states he has died and returned more than anyone else in the Marvel Universe, leading to him becoming favored by Lady Death. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse voiced by Andy Samberg. Publication history Ben Reilly was first featured as Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 as a nameless clone of Peter Parker who seemingly dies alongside his creator the Jackal, who had also created a clone of Parker's lost love Gwen Stacy. The events of the issue were later revisited in several comics such as What If #30. Asked why he created the character, writer Gerry Conway explained: Though Conway had no intention of using the character beyond this initial story in","title":"Ben Reilly"},{"docid":"144167","text":"Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,","title":"Aunt May"},{"docid":"27330977","text":"\"One Moment in Time\" is a 2010 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics starring Spider-Man. Written by Joe Quesada and illustrated by Paolo Rivera, it was originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #638–641, and immediately follows \"The Gauntlet\" storyline. It is notable for revealing what changes the villain Mephisto made to save the life of Peter Parker/Spider-Man's aunt, May Parker, and dissolve the wedding of Parker and Mary Jane Watson at the end of the 2007 \"One More Day\" storyline. The name of the storyline forms the acronym O.M.I.T., which Quesada explained was an intentional reference to how Parker and Watson's wedding was removed from continuity. Storytelling In The Amazing Spider-Man #638, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from the end of \"One More Day\" or Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21. The flashbacks use actual pages from the original comics, and are mixed in with new pages that illustrate how events were changed by the villainous demon Mephisto. In Amazing Spider-Man #639, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from \"Civil War\" and Amazing Spider-Man #539-543. These flashbacks are only panels from the original comics and not full pages. In Amazing Spider-Man #640, the story is told as the altered events of \"Back in Black\" and \"One More Day\", as well as other events contemporaneous with those storylines. Plot Mary Jane Watson whispers to Mephisto that Peter will not trade his marriage for Aunt May's life unless Mary Jane tells him to accept the agreement, and that Mephisto will leave Peter alone forever when the deal is done. Mephisto agrees to these terms. At present time MJ shows up at Peter's door. They talk about how they have been acting towards each other lately and both agree they want to be friends with each other. Then they reminisce about what happened on what was supposed to be their wedding day. Spider-Man stops Electro and his gang. One of the gang members, Eddie, makes note of the arresting officer's name. Then Mephisto, as a red pigeon, swoops down and unlocks the door of the police car Eddie is in, allowing him to escape while the officers are occupied with cuffing Electro. Spider-Man is out patrolling that night and hears the gunshots of Eddie shooting at the arresting officer and his wife. While saving the policeman and his wife, Spider-Man gets hit in the head with a cinder block. He chases after Eddie and tackles him off the side of a building. Though Spider-Man foils the murder, during his struggle, he and Eddie fall from a building to the ground, with Spider-Man absorbing most of the impact. Eddie escapes, declining to kill Spider-Man because he saved Eddie's life. On the wedding morning, Mary Jane shows up but Peter does not as he is lying unconscious in an alleyway. After Peter misses his wedding he tries to explain what happened to Mary Jane, but she knows","title":"One Moment in Time (comics)"},{"docid":"58112860","text":"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is two series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. The series revolves around Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson having remained married and raising a daughter named Anna-May \"Annie\" Parker, with Mary Jane and Annie further becoming the superheroes Spinneret and Spiderling. The original series was a 2015 comic book limited series that tied into that year's Secret Wars event. Following the event's end, the popularity of the series led to a sequel ongoing series set in the alternate reality of Earth-18119, which was published from 2016 to 2018. Mary Jane and Annie from this series make cameo appearances in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The first volume takes place during the \"Secret Wars\" storyline and was published as a limited series in 2015. Dan Slott and Adam Kubert's story occurs in a Battleworld which was a \"drastically reimagined incarnation of New York City\". A second volume, now as an ongoing series part of the 2016 \"Marvel NOW!\" relaunch, details the further tales of Spider-Man and his family after their reality was restored. Originally, Gerry Conway was the lead writer of the volume; Ryan Stegman joined as both co-writer and artist with issue #8. With issue #13, \"the series new creative team of writer Jody Houser and artist Nick Roche kicked off their run by jumping eight years into the Parker family's future\". The second volume is followed by the three issue limited series Spider-Girls which was part of the 2018 comics event Spider-Geddon. CBR highlighted that while events of the \"One More Day\" storyline still \"haven't been totally undone in the Marvel comic continuum\", as a result of Renew Your Vows, both MJ and Peter of Earth 616 share \"small fragments of memories of their life and decided to begin again, with a fresh new start\". Plot Volume one: Secret Wars During the \"Secret Wars\" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. Spider-Man brutally defeats Venom. As the superheroes are being defeated by Regent, Mary Jane Watson uses a fire truck's siren to help Spider-Man force Venom into a burning building and brings the structure down on Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe. In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent won't detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. Peter takes pictures of Demolition Man protesting the Regent's rule when he is defeated by Boomerang, Rhino, and","title":"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows"},{"docid":"37629473","text":"The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \"Dying Wish\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \"Superior Spider-Man\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \"Go Down Swinging\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \"Spider-Geddon\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \"Spider-Geddon\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team","title":"The Superior Spider-Man"},{"docid":"2839562","text":"\"The Other\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \"acts\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes","title":"Spider-Man: The Other"},{"docid":"75438924","text":"\"Gang War\" is a 2023 storyline published by Marvel Comics. It was created by Zeb Wells and John Romita Jr. The story involves Spider-Man and the local superheroes working to deal with a gang war between the different families after Tombstone was shot and the crime families plan to take over the criminal underworld. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #39, Deadly Hands of Kung Fu: Gang War #1, and Luke Cage: Gang War #2 were dedicated in memory of Keith Giffen who died from a stroke on October 9, 2023. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #40, Luke Cage: Gang War #3, Miles Morales: Spider-Man Vol. 2 #14, and Spider-Woman Vol. 8 #2 saluted the retirement of Alison Gill. The event overall received mixed reviews, with criticism directed towards the artwork, tie-ins, pacing, character arcs, and the lack of focus on Spider-Man. Publication history Gang War will detail the different crime families going to war after Tombstone was shot by Shotgun during the wedding of Janice Lincoln and Randy Robertson. With the crime families blaming each other for calling the hit and planning to take over the criminal underworld, Spider-Man works to keep the gang war from getting worse with help from the local superheroes while also dealing with the anti-vigilante laws that will cause all the sides to come into conflict with the NYPD. Plot Lead-up On the day when Tombstone's daughter Janice Lincoln was going to marry Robbie Robertson's son Randy Robertson, it is attended by Peter Parker, Aunt May, Martha Robertson, and the crime lords Hammerhead, Mister Negative, Crime Master, Diamondback, Madame Masque, Black Mariah, and Owl. Just then, Shotgun crashes the wedding on his motorcycle and uses special bullets to wound Tombstone. Peter Parker slips away to become Spider-Man and pursues Shotgun. He follows Shotgun through the forest until he loses him. As Tombstone is loaded into an ambulance, the crime lords blame each other for the attack. Madame Masque leaves in her limousine as Hammerhead sets off an explosive in it. As Spider-Man and Rek-Rap deal with Re-Po (who was made from Peter Parker's debt collector by Madelyne Pryor) in his mission to get Rek-Rap and the other demons back to Limbo, Hammerhead talks with his branch of the Maggia as one of them mentions about what happened to Madam Masque. Just then, they are visited by Count Nefaria who will take the blame on what happened with his daughter Madame Masque. While touching Hammerhead's head, Count Nefaria states that the crime lords will bow to the Maggia once again. As Hammerhead watches the news about Randy Robertson talking about Fisk's law, Hammerhead gets a call from his minion Jake about how they found Lady Yulan's grunts and how he speculated that Lady Yulan's grunts are either vampires or hate holy water. As Hammerhead orders Jake to take Father O'Neil home, he also tells them to lose the masks they got from the Inner Demons as they have a big day tomorrow. The next day, Hammerhead meets with","title":"Gang War (comics)"},{"docid":"32703921","text":"Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It features the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna \"Ana\" Soria) to the Marvel Universe and laid the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, style, and plot. Plot Infested \"Infested\" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the \"Spider-Island\" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31. Spider-Island The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him \"The Way of the Spider\", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen. Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jackal is behind the disturbance, as he has collected several prominent crime figures with spider-powers and given them Spider-Man outfits. The Avengers attempt to defend the city against spider-powered hooligans. Although Shang-Chi is able to confirm Spider-Man's identity to the other heroes, he is nevertheless ordered to stay out of the fight due to the inability to distinguish him from the other Spider-Men. However, inspired by a conversation with Mary Jane, Peter is able to rally various other New Yorkers to help him stop the villainous Spider-Men by posing as another random spider-powered citizen. As Anti-Venom works on curing various Spider-People of their powers, Madame Web reflects on the need for both Agent Venom and Anti-Venom to fix the Spider-Island problem. Meanwhile, Carlie and Peter attempt to investigate the Jackal's lab, reasoning that he is the most likely candidate to have caused this event, unaware that they are being watched. Jackal is seen working on the Spider-King by filling with tiny spider embryos. Horizon Labs works with Reed Richards to find a cure for the spider-powered people while the Avengers and","title":"Spider-Island"},{"docid":"663197","text":"Nicholas Hammond (born 15 May 1950) is an American and Australian actor and writer who is best known for his roles as Friedrich von Trapp in the film The Sound of Music and as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the 1970s television series The Amazing Spider-Man. He also appeared in the theatrical films as Spider-Man and its two sequels outside of North America. Early life Hammond was born on May 15, 1950, in Washington, D.C., the son of Colonel Thomas West Hammond, Jr. by his wife Eileen Hammond (née Bennett). Hammond's father was American of English descent and an officer in the U.S. Army, and his mother was English and had played a role in Much Too Shy in 1942. Hammond has one elder brother, David (b. 1946). Hammond's parents had met and married in London during World War II when his father had been posted in the United Kingdom. After the war, the couple moved to the U.S. permanently, and because the Colonel had an army job, the family moved numerous times to various army stations across the country during Hammond's childhood. Nicholas Hammond graduated from the Landon School in Bethesda, Maryland, before attending and graduating from Princeton University. Col. Hammond died in 1970. Career Hammond was 11 years old when he made his acting debut as Robin Rhodes in the Broadway play The Complaisant Lover in 1961, playing alongside Michael Redgrave and Googie Withers. At the same time, he began to shoot for the 1963 film Lord of the Flies, which marked his film debut. After this, Hammond played what was to be his most notable screen role: Friedrich von Trapp (the elder of the two boys) in the 1965 hit The Sound of Music. Hammond's next acting role came in 1970, when he appeared in Conduct Unbecoming, his first role as an adult. In 1972 Hammond appeared as Peter Linder in Skyjacked. In 1973 he made a guest appearance on The Brady Bunch in season 4, episode #090, \"The Subject Was Noses\", as the high school hunk, Doug Simpson, who loses interest in Marcia after her tragic football accident. That year Hammond also appeared in The Waltons episode \"The Townie\", as Theodore Claypool Jr. After making the transition from juvenile to young leading man, Hammond spent several seasons in daytime soaps, such as General Hospital. He also appeared on many television shows of the 1970s including Hawaii Five-O. In the late 1970s Hammond re-joined fellow The Sound of Music alumnus Heather Menzies (who played Louisa von Trapp) for one episode of the TV adaptation of Logan's Run. He also contributed to The Sound of Music Family Scrapbook. Spider-Man From 1977 to 1979, Hammond played the role for which he is perhaps best known, as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the television series The Amazing Spider-Man. Hammond described his approach to the character: \"I liked the idea of taking a fantasy hero and making him believable as a person. I made it clear going into it that I wasn't interested in doing","title":"Nicholas Hammond"},{"docid":"503156","text":"Spider-Girl (May \"Mayday\" Parker) is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She has been referred to as both Spider-Girl and Spider-Woman. The character appears in the MC2 universe. The character was created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz as the teenage daughter of Peter Parker (Spider-Man) and Mary Jane Watson, and first appeared in What If #105 (February 1998). She later acquired her own ongoing comic book, Spider-Girl, written by DeFalco and drawn by Frenz and Pat Olliffe, which was the longest-running superhero book with a lead female character ever published by Marvel before being relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, and later The Spectacular Spider-Girl. Two incarnations of Mayday Parker, an infant and an adult, appear in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Publication history Spider-Girl first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint. Although each of these titles were slated to be 12-issue limited series, Spider-Girls initial sales justified their continuation as ongoing titles. After initial interest, Spider-Girl drew low sales. The book's active fan base convinced Marvel to revoke several cancellation announcements. Reprints of the series in digest size trade paperbacks sold well. Marvel Associate Editor Nick Lowe revealed in a Nov. 2005 interview that \"Spider-Girl, for the first time, is completely safe from cancellation.\" Despite Lowe's statement, Marvel announced that No. 100 would be the title's final issue. The book was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, with issue #0 appearing in Oct. 2006. On October 11, 2008, Tom DeFalco announced that The Amazing Spider-Girl would be canceled with issue #30, though he revealed that, due to the company's love for the character, she could possibly be given a sixteen-page back-up strip in The Amazing Spider-Man Family. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. On March 18, 2009, Marvel announced that Spider-Girl would continue publication as The Spectacular Spider-Girl, a web-comic released through Marvel's Digital Comics Unlimited. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. The Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through No. 8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8. The new The Spectacular Spider-Girl stories were then contained in Web of Spider-Man. This lasted for seven issues before being moved to its own four-issue limited series, Spectacular Spider-Girl, which tied up most of the series plot threads. This was followed by one last Spider girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity.","title":"Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker)"},{"docid":"53738449","text":"Since the characters inception in the 1960s, Spider-Man has appeared in several forms of media, including novels and book series. Original solo novels The Amazing Spider-Man: Mayhem in Manhattan (1978) No. 1 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Len Wein and Marv Wolfman. Doctor Octopus is blackmailing the top eight CEO's of various U.S. oil companies in order to get a stranglehold on U.S. oil. He also tries to convince those same CEO's that he has rendered their oil radioactive and thereby useless. For one year, they must secretly agree to buy oil from Doctor Octopus instead and, at the end of that time, they can go back to business as usual. The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign (1979) No. 8 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Paul Kupperberg. The plot concerns a TV anchorman whose daughter has been kidnapped by the Kingpin, who has forced the popular media frontsman to stand as Mayor. The Kingpin has taken millions of dollars from the other ganglords in order to cut them into his plan, which is to push his candidate into becoming Mayor. Peter Parker manages to convince J. Jonah Jameson into running for Mayor also. Secondly, Parker gets sent to cover a mayoral rally and thirdly, Silvermane's plan to secretly undermine the Kingpin's authority has him using a fake Spider-Man to threaten the Kingpin's candidate, and to lead the real Spider-Man into conflict with the Kingpin. While this is all happening, Jameson has hired a private investigator named Cindy Sayers to pretend to be his niece in order to find out how Peter Parker can get so many pictures of Spider-Man. The Hulk and Spider-Man: Murdermoon (1979) No. 11 of the Marvel Pocket Novels and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign, also written by Paul Kupperberg. The book begins with the Hulk fighting the U.S. military in a desert, but then cuts to Spider-Man intervening in a raid on a company doing research for NASA. The wall-crawler does not quite save the day but, returning to the Bugle, he immediately gets dropped into a story to cover the latest StarLab spy-in-the-sky satellite, which is due to drop back out of the sky. That story takes Parker out to a U.S. aircraft carrier. But when the satellite vanishes from the radar, trouble arises. Meanwhile, Bruce Banner is reading a newspaper advertisement offering a potential treatment for his condition. He follows up on the ad, but finds himself kidnapped by the villain and, as the Hulk, gets brainwashed into fighting Spider-Man. Spider-Man: Carnage in New York (1995) Written by David Michelinie and Dean Wesley Smith. A man named Catrall is on the run from the FBI because he has a serum that will drive anyone who comes into contact with it into a killer rage. He created the serum as a byproduct of studies designed to eliminate violent behavior. Meanwhile, an experiment is being run to try to kill the Carnage symbiote without killing Casady, its host. Catrall shows","title":"Spider-Man in novels"},{"docid":"9601342","text":"Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \"Mayday\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \"The Final Chapter\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man Family"},{"docid":"315920","text":"MacDonald \"Mac\" Gargan is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964). Mac Gargan is a recurring antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He debuted as a private investigator hired by J. Jonah Jameson to learn how Peter Parker took pictures of Spider-Man. In the following issue, Jameson decided to turn Gargan into a deadly adversary for Spider-Man through a barely-tested procedure, which left Gargan with an irremovable scorpion-themed armor and the predatory instincts of the arachnid. Driven insane by his mutation, Gargan instead turned to a life of crime as the Scorpion, and went on to menace both Spider-Man and Jameson, whom he held responsible for his transformation. Since then, having finally removed the armor, Gargan has also served as the third host of the Venom symbiote, and a member of the Dark Avengers as Spider-Man, but eventually returned to his Scorpion alias as it kept him alive due to the strain both the neural-armors and symbiote put on his body. Since his original introduction during the Silver Age of Comic Books, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games, and merchandise. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Mando. Publication history 1960s Mac Gargan debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He later appeared under the codename of Scorpion in The Amazing Spider-Man #20 (January 1965). He appeared as an antagonist in the 1977 Ms. Marvel series. 2000s Mac Gargan appeared as the third Venom in Marvel Knights: Spider-Man #10 (January 12, 2005). He later appeared as the third Spider-Man in Dark Avengers #1 (January 21, 2009). He appeared as a regular character in the series from issue #1 through issue #16 (May 12, 2010). He appeared in the 2009 Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man series, his first solo comic book series, by writer Brian Reed and artist Chris Bachalo. According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #1 was the 45th best selling comic book in June 2009. Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #2 was the 68th best selling comic book in July 2009. 2010s Mac Gargan reappeared under the codename Scorpion in the \"Big Time\" story arc from the 2010 The Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2019 Absolute Carnage series. 2020s Mac Gargan appeared in the 2020 Ravencroft series. He appeared in the 2022 Miles Morales: Spider-Man series. Fictional character biography Scorpion Mac Gargan was a private investigator initially hired by J. Jonah Jameson to find out how Peter Parker is able to obtain incredible pictures of Spider-Man. Gargan's efforts set off Peter's spider-sense and the teen easily evades the detective. Jameson then decides to hire Gargan as the subject of a barely-tested process that would endow him with the","title":"Mac Gargan"},{"docid":"48338115","text":"\"Spider-Man\" is the name of several superheroes in the Marvel Universe. The first titular and main protagonist is Peter Parker, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Other characters have adopted the alias over the years in the Earth 616 universe such as Ben Reilly and Otto Octavius. There also consists of alternate universe versions of the web-slinger such as May \"Mayday\" Parker and Miguel O'Hara. Characters named Spider-Man Peter Parker Peter Parker, the Amazing Spider-Man, is the mainstream and original Earth-616 incarnation of the character and appears in almost every piece of Spider-Man related media. All other \"spider-men\" are derived from him. Ben Reilly Ben Reilly is a clone of Peter Parker, who also briefly fought crime as the Scarlet Spider. He also took over as Spider-Man (with a new costume) when Peter retired to settle down with a new family. This lasted until the original Green Goblin returned and murdered him. Spider-X Spider-X (Brian Kornfield), created by Mort Todd, first appeared in Midnight Sons Unlimited #3 (Oct. 1993). As Spider-X was seen by many wearing Spider-Man's costume, he is initially believed to be Spider-Man himself, mutated by the Darkhold, Until his own mother learned the truth and explained this to the titular group. Kornfield grew up off Broadway in New York City raised by his mother, with his father having been killed at an unknown time period. He had a very active imagination and idolized all superheroes, even writing letters to as many as he could. His mother was brutally assaulted and mugged on New York's streets. Brian was obsessed with being a superhero so he could find and take down the muggers. Brian was met by the Dwarf (an agent of the Elder God Chthon) offering him the power to be like his idol Spider-Man via a page of the Darkhold. Brian accepted the offer and was transformed into Spider-X. His obsessive desire for vengeance was twisted even further by the Darkhold's black magic and Brian saw himself as the ultimate arbitrator of justice, willing to mete out punishment that no one else would. Spider-X first brutally slew his mother's mugger. He then captured and planned to slay some other criminals, which brought him into conflict with the Ghost Rider and John Blaze when the two crashed into Spider-X's web that had been spun across the entire street. The conflict ended inconclusively when Spider-X fled from the Ghost Rider's Penance Stare; his eight eyes may have somehow diluted the Stare's force, allowing him to break hold. The occult investigators/warriors the Nightstalkers came to New York and investigated a previous letter from Kornfield, which claimed there is an occult basis to the rise in New York City's crime. Spider-X attacked the three of them when his mother was questioned. His struggles escalated, bringing in some of the Darkhold Redeemers summoned by the energy released by the use of a Darkhold page, as well as Morbius the Living Vampire and even Spider-Man himself. Still seeking to punish criminals, Spider-X","title":"List of incarnations of Spider-Man"},{"docid":"18936506","text":"\"Green Goblin Reborn!\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the","title":"Green Goblin Reborn!"},{"docid":"1103984","text":"Elizabeth \"Liz\" Allan, also known as Elizabeth Allan-Osborn and commonly misspelled as \"Liz Allen\", is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In the character's earliest appearances, she was a popular girl at the high school Peter Parker attends. She has been a regular supporting character in the various Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Venom series in an on-and-off basis, and has ties to the Green Goblin and Molten Man. She is married to Harry Osborn, the mother of their son Normie Osborn, and the CEO of Alchemax. Liz Allan would later become Misery upon being bonded to the Symbiote that is a hybrid of the Anti-Venom and Carnage Symbiotes. Sally Livingstone portrays Liz Allan in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (2002), while Laura Harrier portrayed Liz Allan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history Liz Allan is named in The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963), the same issue in which Betty Brant first appears. However, an unnamed blonde female high school student in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) appears to be Liz Allan, and The Marvel Encyclopedia lists this as her official first appearance. She was a supporting character in the series until Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), which bids farewell to Liz as both she and Spider-Man graduate from high school. Nearly a decade later, Liz Allan was brought back in a story arc in Amazing Spider-Man #132-133 (May–June 1974), in which it is revealed that she is the Molten Man's stepsister. Writer Gerry Conway recalled, \"I liked doing callbacks to the run I was most influenced by, the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era, so bringing Liz back was something I'd wanted to do for a long time. And it gave me a reason to go back and look through the issues she was in, which brought me to the Molten Man's first appearance.\" Fictional character biography Liz Allan was a high school student that attended Midtown High School together, and a minor love interest of Peter Parker and Flash Thompson. Peter likes Liz, but she is Flash's girlfriend and considers Peter something of a loser, even taking part in the general ridicule that Peter endures on a daily basis. Her earliest appearances depict her as flighty and rather thoughtless - not outright cruel, but lacking the empathy necessary to perceive Peter's nature. However, after she hears an ailing Peter had donned a Spider-Man costume to save Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus, she develops a crush on him. By this time, however, Peter's interest has waned considerably, as he notes that Liz never showed any real interest in him until he began dating Betty Brant, and assumes that Liz's feelings are little more than a schoolgirl crush. Betty and Liz clash several times over Peter, as Betty mistakenly thinks that Peter reciprocates Liz's interest in him. In Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), Peter and Liz graduate","title":"Liz Allan"},{"docid":"871334","text":"The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Amazing Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. The list is updated as of March 19, 2024. Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) This comic book plot is written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Steve Ditko. Features the first appearances of Spider-Man, Aunt May, Uncle Ben, Flash Thompson, and Liz Allan. High school student Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider, thus gaining the proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a spider, along with a precognitive \"spider-sense\" and later creating a web-shooting device. Peter becomes Spider-Man, an instant TV sensation, but coming out of a TV studio one day, Peter does not stop an escaping burglar, claiming it is not his problem. A few days later, he comes home to find his Uncle Ben has been shot and goes to track down the murderer, only to find that it was the same burglar that he had let escape a few days earlier. Peter blames himself for his uncle's death and realizes that with great power there must also come great responsibility. This issue was released on June 5, 1962, and was published in August 1962. The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100 (January 1963 – July 1971) The Amazing Spider-Man #101–200 (August 1971 – November 1979) The Amazing Spider-Man #201–300 (December 1979 – March 1988) The Amazing Spider-Man #301–400 (April 1988 – February 1995) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–499 (March 1995 - September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–441 (March 1995 – September 1998) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #1–58 (November 1998 – September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #500–545 (October 2003 – December 2007) The Amazing Spider-Man #546–647 \"Brand New Day\" (January 2008 – November 2010) Note: Brand New Day is a soft reboot stemming out of the events of One More Day. Three issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month during this time. See Free Comic Book Day (2007): Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man #648–700 (November 2010 – December 2012) Note: During the \"Big Time\" storyline, two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month at the increased length of 30 pages each (compared to the traditional 22 pages). The Amazing Spider-Man #701–801 (January 2013 – June 2018) Superior Spider-Man (vol. 1) #1–33 (January 2013 – April 2014) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1–20 (April 2014 – August 2015) — Marvel NOW! Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows (vol. 1) #1–5 (June 2015 – September 2015) Note: Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is a Secret Wars tie-in miniseries set in an alternate universe where One More Day never happened. The miniseries is counted as part of the legacy numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1–32 (October 2015 – September 2017) — All-New, All-Different Marvel The Amazing Spider-Man #789–801 (October 2017 – June 2018) — Marvel Legacy The Amazing Spider-Man #802–894 (July 2018 – March 2022) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #1–74 (July 2018 – September 2021) — Fresh Start Note: See Free Comic Book Day (2018): Amazing Spider-Man.","title":"List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues"},{"docid":"931","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man is an ongoing American superhero comic book series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man as its title character and main protagonist. Being in the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it was the character's first title, launching seven months after his introduction in the final issue of Amazing Fantasy. The series began publication with a March 1963 cover date and has been published nearly continuously to date over six volumes with only one significant interruption. Issues of the title currently feature an issue number within its sixth volume, as well as a \"legacy\" number reflecting the issue's overall number across all Amazing Spider-Man volumes. The title reached 900 issues in 2022. The series began as a bimonthly periodical before being increased to monthly after four issues. It was the character's sole monthly headlining title until Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man launched in 1978. After 441 issues, The Amazing Spider-Man was restarted in 1999 as issue No. 1 of Volume 2. It ran for 58 issues before reverting to the title's overall issue number with #500 in 2003. The series ran essentially continuously over the first two volumes from 1963 until its landmark 700th issue at the end of 2012 when it was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Marvel's comic lines. The title was occasionally published biweekly during the first two volumes, and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010. After the relaunch of Action Comics and Detective Comics, The Amazing Spider-Man briefly became the highest-numbered active American comic book. The Amazing Spider-Man returned with volume 3 in April 2014 following the conclusion of The Superior Spider-Man story arc after 31 issues. In late 2015, the series was relaunched with a fourth volume following the 2015 Secret Wars event. After 45 years , the volume was once again relaunched as part of Marvel Legacy, returning to the overall \"legacy\" numbering with issue No. 789 in late 2017. Less than a year later, the series was relaunched again with a fifth volume as part of Marvel's Fresh Start. For the first time, although the issue numbers were again restarted from #1, the issues also bore the overall \"legacy\" issue number. A sixth volume commenced in April 2022 to celebrate Spider-Man's 60th anniversary. Since the second volume, the title has had various release schedules, including monthly and bi-weekly, among others. Publication history Writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko created the character of Spider-Man, and the pair produced 38 issues from March 1963 to July 1966. Ditko left after the 38th issue, while Lee remained as writer until issue 100. Since then, many writers and artists have taken over the monthly comic through the years, chronicling the adventures of Marvel's most identifiable hero. The Amazing Spider-Man has been the character's flagship series for his first fifty years in publication, and was the only monthly series to star Spider-Man until Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, in 1976, although 1972","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man"},{"docid":"13305157","text":"\"One More Day\" (OMD) is a four-part 2007 comic book crossover storyline, connecting the three main Spider-Man series published by Marvel Comics at the time. Written by J. Michael Straczynski and Joe Quesada, with art by Quesada, the story arc concludes the fallout of Spider-Man's actions during the 2007 Civil War crossover. \"One More Day\" starts in The Amazing Spider-Man #544, continues in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #24 and The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2) #41, and concludes in The Amazing Spider-Man #545. After Aunt May had been shot by a stray bullet from a goon of the Kingpin meant for Spider-Man, Spider-Man seeks help to save her life. He encounters the demon Mephisto, who offers to save her life if Spider-Man gives him his marriage. Spider-Man and his wife, Mary Jane Watson, agree, and this part of their history is erased so that, effectively, they have never been married. The storyline set the stage for a restructuring of the Spider-Man titles, resulting in the cancellation of Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, with The Amazing Spider-Man revamped as a thrice-monthly publication. The events of \"One More Day\" regarding Peter Parker and Mary Jane's marriage was met with highly negative criticism, although the artwork received praise. Elements of the storyline were adapted in the feature film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada felt dissolving the Peter Parker and Mary Jane marriage and returning Spider-Man to his roots was necessary to preserve the longevity of the character for the next 20 or 30 years. Quesada said he and other previous editors-in-chief had long been seeking an opportunity to begin a new methodology in which to tell Spider-Man stories, but had not found a reasonable way to do so. Quesada said \"It's very easy to un-marry a character, or fix something like that: you just do a huge universal retcon, and say a few events in history didn't happen. But that's really not the way we do it here at Marvel.\" Quesada found an opportunity to address this in the events of the 2007 Civil War mini-series, which resulted in the unmasking of Spider-Man's identity to the public. Quesada knew J. Michael Straczynski was planning to end his run as a Marvel writer, so he personally approached Straczynski to propose \"One More Day\" as his final project. The ideas for \"One More Day\" began to develop almost two years before its release, at one of Marvel's creative summits for creators and editors. Quesada, Straczynski, Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, Jeph Loeb, Tom Brevoort and Axel Alonso developed the concept between them, and Ed Brubaker and Dan Slott added more at the next summit. \"One More Day\" was announced as the concluding storyline of Straczynski's run on Amazing Spider-Man in early 2007, and Quesada was named as the artist for the storyline. Although Quesada had become more selective in choosing projects to do as an artist since becoming editor-in-chief, he felt","title":"Spider-Man: One More Day"},{"docid":"2291862","text":"\"The Death of Jean DeWolff\" is a four-part story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It comprises the comics Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #107–110 (October 1985 – January 1986). The story was written by Peter David, penciled by Rich Buckler, and inked by Brett Breeding, Josef Rubinstein, Kyle Baker and Pat Redding. It was the second professional comic book writing assignment for David and the beginning of his \"break\" into comic book writing. In this arc, Peter Parker (Spider-Man) hunts down the killer of police captain Jean DeWolff, one of his closest friends. Publication history On the first page of \"Part 4: All My Sins Remembered\", when Spider-Man remembers his teenage past with Betty Brant, the flashback panels are reprints of panels from earlier issues of Amazing Spider-Man; e.g. the third panel is from Amazing Spider-Man #41. Plot summary After capturing a trio of muggers assaulting Ernie Popchik (an elderly tenant of his Aunt May's), Spider-Man learns that his close friend NYPD Captain Jean DeWolff has been killed in her sleep. Spider-Man confronts the police officer in charge of the investigation, Sergeant Stan Carter. Carter tells him Jean was killed by a close-range double-barreled shotgun blast, and that her badge is missing. Meanwhile, attorney Matt Murdock (the civilian identity of Daredevil) is assigned to represent Popchik's muggers at their arraignment; he succeeds in getting them released without bail, and through his super-senses also finds out Spider-Man's secret identity as Peter Parker when the latter attends the trial in May's and Popchik's company. However, he is disgusted by his clients' rowdy behavior, and speaks with the judge presiding over the case — his friend and mentor, Horace Rosenthal — about his misgivings with doing pro bono publico work. During their talk he senses an armed and masked intruder in Rosenthal's chamber. After Rosenthal leaves, the intruder introduces himself as the Sin-Eater and tries to shoot Murdock. Hearing the commotion, Rosenthal returns and is shot by the Sin-Eater. The Sin-Eater then escapes through the window. On the streets outside, Spider-Man responds to the panic aroused by the Sin-Eater's appearance. He opens fire on Spider-Man, who leaps above the scattergun blasts. The bullets hit a crowd of bystanders. During their fight, Spider-Man spots a gavel and a badge on the Sin-Eater's belt, and realizes he must be the one who killed Jean DeWolff. However, when he sees Aunt May lying senseless on the ground, he allows the Sin-Eater to escape so that he can help her. Spider-Man successfully petitions Carter for unofficial approval to search DeWolff's apartment. Carter also reveals the folklore behind the term sin-eater, and mentions that he is a former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. Spider-Man is unable to find any clues in DeWolff's apartment, but discovers a collection of news clippings indicating that she was romantically interested in him. While at Rosenthal's funeral, Murdock recognizes Sin-Eater's heartbeat among those attending DeWollf's funeral nearby, but there are too many mourners for him to pick out which one is the Sin-Eater.","title":"The Death of Jean DeWolff"},{"docid":"31655527","text":"\"The Gathering of Five\" and \"The Final Chapter\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \"re-branding\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \"Issue One\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \"Clone Saga\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \"the gathering of five\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \"package\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time","title":"The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter"},{"docid":"53599140","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" was released with the tagline \"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \"unjust\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a","title":"The Amazing Spider-Man 129"},{"docid":"65818012","text":"Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen","title":"Sins Rising"},{"docid":"3359643","text":"Debra Whitman is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #196 (September 1979), she served as a brief love interest for Peter Parker in the Spectacular Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man comic titles in the late 1970s and early 1980s. She is also one of the first characters to determine that Peter was Spider-Man, although she was later convinced she was delusional. The character has appeared in Spider-Man media adaptations, most notably in Spider-Man: The Animated Series. Fictional character biography Debra Whitman was a secretary in the biophysics department of Empire State University. While there, she met Peter and they started dating. However, things kept coming up in his secret life as Spider-Man and he kept giving her excuses to get out of the date. Because of Peter's rejections, she started to date Biff Rifkin for emotional support, but her infatuation with Peter did nothing but grow. Debra also suffered from a mental instability that led her to idealize people and invert values. With Peter it grew further into her hallucinating that he was Spider-Man. When she told her psychiatrist, Dr. Baily Kuklin, about her hallucinations, he asked Peter to wear the Spider-Man suit to give her a shocking confrontation with reality to get her out of the hallucination. Peter refused, and indicated Biff Rifkin as a more reliable source of information. However, Biff already knew Debra when she was married to Mark Whitman. One day he asked her about her black eye and she gave evasive answers. That night he went to their house and saw Mark beating her. He rescued her and took her to the hospital, but she insisted Mark was a kind and gentle husband, locked in denial. Peter then wore the suit and told her he was Spider-Man. The shock made her come to her senses and decided to leave New York to get a divorce. During the superhero \"Civil War\", Peter reveals his identity as Spider-Man to the world. Thereafter, Debra is seen on the phone speaking to her co-writer about her new book, entitled \"TWO FACED: How Spider-Man Ruined My Life\". She seems discouraged about the title and tone of the book, but is committed to a book signing later in the day. Enraged, she then hurls items around the room to get out her anger before the signing. At the book signing, Spider-Man and the newly released Vulture are both seen planning to crash. After Spider-Man defeats the Vulture, Debra reveals to Betty Brant the editors had forced her to exaggerate the mental damage that Peter had \"done\" to her in order to make for a better book. Debra's mother had been sick and the medical bills were far more than she could pay for, so when the Daily Bugle dug up all of Peter Parker's past relationships to get dirt on him, she jumped on the chance to write the book. Betty talked Debra into telling the truth to the Daily","title":"Debra Whitman"},{"docid":"2660132","text":"The Human Fly is the name of three fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. One is a supervillain that was an occasional antagonist of Spider-Man, and the other two were superheroes, one of which was the title of a short-lived series in the late 1950s reprinting some of Fox's Blue Beetle strips from the 1940s. It was published by Super Comics. Publication history The Human Fly first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #10 (January 1976), and was created by Len Wein, Bill Mantlo, and Gil Kane. The character subsequently appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #192–193 (May–June 1979), Spider-Woman #30 (September 1980), Moon Knight #35 (January 1984), Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #86 (January 1984), and The Amazing Spider-Man #276 (May 1986), in which he was killed by the Scourge of the Underworld. The story of the Fly in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #86 was drawn by Fred Hembeck, who (in his personal caricature form) had a guest appearance in that particular issue. The Fly received an entry in the original The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #4, and The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Spider-Man #1 (2005). The superhero version of Human Fly starred in Marvel Comics' The Human Fly #1–19 (September 1977 – March 1979). Fictional character biography Richard Deacon Richard Deacon, born in Newark, New Jersey, was a small-time criminal who was shot by the police and left for dead after an unsuccessful kidnapping attempt which was foiled by Spider-Man. Stumbling into the laboratory of Dr. Harlan Stillwell (whose brother Farley Stillwell created the Scorpion for J. Jonah Jameson), Deacon coerces the scientist into saving his life. Overhearing an offer Jameson made with Stillwell to fund the creation of a new superhero, Deacon insists he be the subject of the experiment. Stillwell imprints the genetic coding of a housefly onto Deacon, empowering him and healing him of his bullet wounds. Deacon then kills Harlan Stillwell after he served his purpose and uses his newfound powers to further his criminal ambitions. He first uses Jameson as bait to get revenge on Spider-Man. Due to his inexperience, the Fly is no match for him and is defeated. Some time later, Human Fly begins to display fly-like tendencies like eating garbage. He also develops physical mutations, including facet eyes. Human Fly attacks Spider-Man after Spencer Smythe handcuffed him—along with Jameson—to a bomb. Human Fly hurls the two from a rooftop and leaves them for dead. Once freed from the shackle, Spider-Man tries to stop Human Fly from stealing an art exhibit, but the villain knocks him down and escapes. Soon afterwards, the police catch the Fly using S.H.I.E.L.D. equipment. Traveling to Los Angeles, the Fly seeks out Dr. Karl Malus, who confirms that his powers are fading and he will soon be powerless. Malus recommends that he get a new set of powers using a blood transfusion from another superbeing, which would most conveniently be the locally operating Spider-Woman. With his powers","title":"Human Fly (character)"},{"docid":"19054808","text":"Bluebird (Sally Avril), sometimes rendered Blue Bird, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is usually depicted as a supporting character in the Spider-Man series. In other media, Sally Avril has appeared in the animated series The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Grey DeLisle; in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), portrayed by Kelsey Asbille; and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), played by Isabella Amara. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Sally Avril first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (1962). Sally was a minor member of Flash Thompson's entourage, appearing in only one issue during the Silver Age. Her \"Bluebird\" career was created by Busiek (scripts) and Olliffe (pencils) in 1996. Fictional character biography Sally Avril was a fellow student of Peter Parker's at Midtown High who turned him down for a date, preferring Flash Thompson. Thirty years later, writing for Untold Tales of Spider-Man, Kurt Busiek resurrected the one-note brunette from obscurity and gave her a background. She was an ambitious, thrill-loving girl who took blue ribbons in gymnastics. With fellow popular kid Jason Ionello, she attempted to cash in on a Daily Bugle contest offering a thousand dollars to a reader who brought in pictures of Spider-Man. Although their mission was a bust, Sally loved the thrill and became very smitten with the web-slinger when he touched her cheek just before leaving her and Jason with a warning to give it up. Sally and Jason tailed Spidey again, who was (unwillingly) working for Electro. The flash from Sally's camera roused Spidey from his hypnotic state, and a well-placed kick by the athletic young Sally took Electro by surprise long enough for Spidey to readjust his mask — which Electro had been preparing to remove — and defeat him. Spider-Man posed for a shot with an ecstatic Sally and Jason that the Bugle ran. Suffused with glee, Sally tried to get a permanent gig on the Bugle, but was told the photographer's job was filled — by Peter Parker. Peter admitted this but asked her not to tell their fellow Midtowners. Sally donned an eccentric blue-and-white costume and decided, with her aerobic skills, to become a superheroine. She asked Peter to take some Bugle pics of her doing some stunts, but Peter refused. Angered, she threatened to blackmail him by revealing that he took Spider-Man pictures, but he undercut her by telling them himself. Bluebird's zeal but lack of experience caused trouble for Spider-Man during fights with Scarlet Beetle and Electro. Her \"ether egg\" weapons would detonate prematurely or have little effect, once even allowing the villain to escape. Considering her more trouble than she was worth, Spider-Man allowed the Black Knight's men to hurt her quite badly in order to dissuade her from interfering in his fights again, although he later felt remorseful. Bruised but undaunted, Sally and Jason headed to an area where","title":"Bluebird (Marvel Comics)"},{"docid":"5051787","text":"\"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\" is a Spider-Man story written by Roger Stern, originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #248 in 1984. In the story, a young fan of Spider-Man meets his hero. This comic was selected as one of the \"Top 10 Spider-Man stories of all time\" by Wizard and is regarded as among the most-loved Spider-Man stories. Plot Young Timothy \"Tim\" Harrison lies in his bed. Portions from a column by Daily Bugle writer Jacob Conover say Tim is the greatest Spider-Man fan in the world and has collected every article available on him, including a whole album of The Daily Bugle retractions. Tim has also collected mementos such as kinescopes of Spider-Man's early television appearances and bullets from a crime foiled by Spider-Man. Suddenly, Spider-Man comes into Tim's room. In the following hours, the two trade anecdotes about Spider-Man's long career. The hero is surprised and touched by how much the boy adores him. When Spider-Man is about to leave, Tim asks him who he really is. After some hesitation, Spider-Man takes off his mask, identifies himself as Peter Parker, and retells the fateful night when his negligence let Uncle Ben die, causing him to fight crime. The story does not change Tim's admiration of his hero. A tearful Peter Parker embraces Tim (who refers to him as \"Pete\") and departs. An exterior view reveals Tim is staying in a cancer clinic. The last of the newspaper captions states that the boy's only wish is to meet his hero in person. Conover ends his report by stating his hope that \"Spider-Man takes the time to visit a very brave young man named Tim Harrison, and I hope he does it soon. You see, Tim Harrison has leukemia, and the doctors only give him a few more weeks to live\". Background The lead story of Amazing #248 is Spider-Man's fight against Thunderball, but Stern's backup story is remembered much better than the main tale. According to Stern: Tim Harrison's death is mentioned in Danny Fingeroth and Ron Garney's \"A Spider-Man Carol\", in which Spider-Man meets Tim's brother Joey. The story was published in the 1991 Marvel Holiday Special. Collected editions The story has been reprinted several times and collected in various trade paperbacks including The Very Best of Spider-Man (December 1994, ). References External links Comics by Roger Stern Single issue storylines of comic book series 1984 works","title":"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man"},{"docid":"8896262","text":"The Green Goblin's Last Stand is a 1992 superhero fan film by Dan Poole, based on the comic book story \"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\", published by Marvel Comics in The Amazing Spider-Man #121–122. Poole is the director, producer, creative editor, screenwriter, and star of the film. The film and its attendant documentary received showings and accolades at several small film festivals. Plot Peter Parker, as his alias Spider-Man, is following a stolen vehicle. He stops the car and traps the two criminals. Afterwards, he meets his girlfriend Gwen Stacy. Peter's spider-sense detects Norman Osborn traveling in a taxi, and he learns from Gwen that Norman survived an explosion at his chemical plant. Norman returns to his home, in an amnestic state, in an attempt to find his son, Harry. In his room, he finds a newspaper detailing the explosion of Norman's plant, caused by a battle between Spider-Man and The Green Goblin. Peter visits Norman, who becomes enraged and tells him to leave. Peter believes he is unwell, and tells Gwen that Norman was obviously mentally altered after the accident. Norman sees Parker's name on the newspaper and hallucinates that Spider-Man is chasing him into the streets of New York. Three thugs harass and attack him, leaving him unconscious. The next day, Norman wakes up in his former 'warehouse'. He finds the goblin equipment, and vows revenge on Spider-Man. Peter goes back to Norman's apartment and finds the newspaper, realizing that he has once again become the Green Goblin. He bumps into Harry Osborn, who believes his father is still in the hospital. Harry discovers that the card with the doctor's number and address is missing from his desk, but that the card had Peter's address and number on it as well. Gwen goes to look for Peter at his \"Darkroom\", but Norman kidnaps her and takes her to the rooftops. Peter finds she is missing, and is challenged by Norman to come rescue her. Peter trips Norman with his web, but after he regains consciousness, he pushes Gwen off the roof. Peter quickly spins a web to catch Gwen, breaking her neck in the process. Enraged, Peter nearly kills Norman, but he escapes by throwing a pumpkin bomb. Norman is tracked down by Peter to the warehouse ruins. Peter makes Norman's glider malfunction and defeats him. After asking him why he killed Gwen, Norman is apathetic, and describes her as a \"pawn\". Peter almost beats Norman to death again, but cannot bring himself to do so. Norman activates his glider to kill Peter, but his spider sense activates and he quickly jumps out of the way, leaving the glider to impale Norman, killing him. At the cemetery, Peter apologizes to Gwen at her grave, stating that Norman's death only made the pain worse. He admits hesitance in being Spider-Man, but reminds himself of his promise to Uncle Ben's death that he would continue being Spider-Man. Cast Dan Poole as Peter Parker / Spider-Man Jimi Kinstle as Norman Osborn","title":"The Green Goblin's Last Stand"},{"docid":"38162451","text":"\"Dying Wish\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \"Ends of the Earth\" and finished in \"Dying Wish\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \"Dying Wish\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \"Origin of the Species\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \"Ends of the Earth\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \"Ends of the Earth\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \"Peter Parker\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \"Spider-Man\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped","title":"Dying Wish"},{"docid":"39645332","text":"Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge is a 1981 American superhero film that had a theatrical release abroad, a composite of the 1979 two-parter episode \"The Chinese Web\" of the contemporary television series The Amazing Spider-Man, released on 9 May 1981. It was directed by Don McDougall, written by Lionel E. Siegel and stars Nicholas Hammond as the titular character, Rosalind Chao, Robert F. Simon, Benson Fong, and Ellen Bry. It is the sequel to Spider-Man (1977) and Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978). It was the final Spider-Man film that was released theatrically outside of North America, until Columbia Pictures acquired the rights in 1999 from its license, due to licensing and financial issues with Cannon Films, Carolco Pictures and New Cannon, and finally released Spider-Man in 2002. Plot Min Lo Chan, the Chinese Minister of Industrial Development, who happens to be an old college friend of J. Jonah Jameson, flees China and comes to the United States to locate three men who during the war approached him and offered him money for secrets about Mao Zedong, which he refused at the time. He stays with his niece Emily Chan, who lives in New York City. However, it appears the incident is now being investigated and he needs to find one of them quickly in order to verify his innocence. He asks Mr. Jameson to help him find them, but he wants it done quietly because it seems that there are elements who want him convicted, so Jameson asks Peter Parker to find the three ex-Marines on his behalf, but also to talk to them discreetly. Meanwhile, back in Hong Kong, Zeider who is a wealthy industrialist, is among the ones being considered to build a power plant for the Chinese Government worth one billion dollars. However, he knows that Min Lo Chan is considering another company but if he's convicted his successor will award the contract to him. As a result, he sends Clyde Evans to make sure he doesn't return to China alive. As Spider-Man, Peter saves Min's life several times. However, in one of the murder attempts Min suffers a minor heart attack and has to remain under medical observation. To trick Evans, the Daily Bugle publishes the news stating that Min has died in hospital. Peter manages to contact the last of the Marines needed to clear Min's name, Professor Dent, who agrees to help as he also wants to clear his name. Along with Peter and Min's niece Emily, Dent flies to Hong Kong to testify, but Zeider has him kidnapped to ensure his silence. During an incident while chasing the kidnappers, Emily discovers that Peter Parker is Spider-Man. Finally, with Emily's help, Spider-Man traces Dent in Zeider's secret office at the top of a building. After defeating all of the henchmen, he captures Zeider and frees Dent. Peter Parker proceeds to return to the United States as Emily decides to stay in China and promises Peter not to reveal his secret identity. Cast Nicholas Hammond as Spider-Man","title":"Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge"},{"docid":"4250586","text":"The Iron Spider is a fictional powered exoskeleton used by several characters in Marvel Comics. Publication history The Iron Spider armor first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #529 and was designed by Joe Quesada, based on a sketch by Chris Bachalo. Peter Parker wore this gold and red suit as Spider-Man's official costume until writer J. Michael Straczynski chose to revert to the older costume. It was used symbolically to show the character's divided loyalties during the 2006–2007 \"Civil War\" storyline. Known wearers Peter Parker After being revived from a battle with Morlun, Tony Stark created the Iron Spider Armor as a gift to Peter Parker, in order to get the young hero's support for the Superhero Registration Act. But during several fights, Parker slowly became disturbed over the battles with several unregistered heroes, and discovered that Stark was using the suit to monitor him, along with several devices in play to incapacitate him if necessary. But during a trip to 42, a prison that illegally held super-powered individuals within the Negative Zone without trial or counsel, Parker became completely disgusted with Stark's actions, and turned his back from the Registation's side of the war, and forgone the costume after \"reformed\" criminals Jester and Jack O' Lantern attacked his aunt and wife in an attempt to capture him, and after a serious confrontation with Stark, leading the tech genius to repossess it. Scarlet Spiders The Iron Spider armor costume has been duplicated and used by MVP's three genetic clones in the Initiative who identify themselves as Red Team and also labeled the Scarlet Spiders. It is unknown as to what new powers the team possesses, but they have been shown to use some of the built-in powers such as the cloaking device, communications, and waldoes which the original costume possessed. One change is that there are now four waldoes, as opposed to three. These suits have the original's morphing ability, as well as web-shooters, and wall-crawling capability. Mary Jane Watson Mary Jane Watson later donned the Iron Spider armor in order to help Spider-Man and Iron Man fight Regent. She uses her experience in Iron Man's suit and her brief spider powers that she had back in the Spider-Island storyline to operate the armor. Aaron Davis Aaron Davis purchases a recolored and modified Iron Spider armor which he uses to form his incarnation of the Sinister Six. Amadeus Cho Amadeus Cho wears a version of the suit in the comic book The Totally Awesome Hulk. Powers and abilities Supported by a system similar to that of Tony Stark's classic Iron Man design, The Iron Spider armor features many gadgets, including three mechanical spider-arms, or \"waldoes\", that can be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. Stark describes them as too delicate to use in combat, yet Spider-Man shortly afterward uses them to smash through the sensors in Titanium Man's helmet. Later on during the \"Civil War\" arc, he uses them (reluctantly) during","title":"Iron Spider"},{"docid":"2306292","text":"The Spectacular Spider-Man is a comic book and magazine series starring Spider-Man and published by Marvel Comics. Following the success of Spider-Man's original series, The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel felt the character could support more than one title. This led the company in 1968 to launch a short-lived magazine, the first to bear the Spectacular name. In 1972, Marvel more successfully launched a second Spider-Man ongoing series, Marvel Team-Up, in which he was paired with other Marvel heroes. A third monthly ongoing series, Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, debuted in 1976. Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, Each issue was written by Paul Jenkins (except #23–26, by Samm Barnes). The book's primary pencillers were Humberto Ramos and Mark Buckingham. The comic included the storyline Spider-Man: Disassembled in which Spider-Man met a new enemy called the Queen who wanted him as her mate. Her kiss caused him to slowly mutate into a giant spider who metamorphosed into human form with enhanced strength and agility, along with organic webbing and a psychic link with insects and arachnids. This comic also included the sequel to \"Sins Past\", \"Sins Remembered\", in which Peter went to Paris to meet Sarah Stacy and resolved the issues between them. Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures was a title published by Panini Comics in the United Kingdom from November 1995 to September 2005, although the Adventures portion of the title was often dropped from the cover page. It featured a mix of reprinted American material, as well as originally produced British material, including a guest appearance from Captain Britain. Spectacular was aimed at a younger audience than Panini's other Spider-Man reprint title Astonishing Spider-Man, and was loosely based on the continuity of the 1990s animated series. Volume 3 (2017–18) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man (vol. 3) was published from June 2017 to December 2018. After the first six issues, the series reverted to legacy numbering with issue #297 as part of the line-wide Marvel Legacy relaunch. The series' original creative team had Chip Zdarsky as writer, with Adam Kubert providing the artwork. Notable recurring characters included Teresa Durand, J. Jonah Jameson, Johnny Storm, and original character Rebecca London. Various issues, as well as the one Annual, were illustrated by guest artists; Kubert's final issue as artist was #307, excluding covers. Zdarsky left the series with issue #310. The series ended with issue #313, the final three issues being a tie-in to the Spider-Geddon crossover event written by Sean Ryan. The Spectacular Spider-Men The Spectacular Spider-Men is a currently ongoing series that was published beginning March 2024. The series is written by Greg Weisman (who also created The Spectacular Spider-Man television series) with Ramos returning for art. The Spectacular Spider-Men stars both versions of Spider-Man (Peter Parker and Miles Morales) and focuses on the relationship between the two Spider-Men. The series' supporting cast featured characters who previously appeared in the television series and Weisman's Starbrand & Nightmask comic series, including Kenny","title":"The Spectacular Spider-Man"},{"docid":"15635388","text":"\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far","title":"Spider-Man: Brand New Day"},{"docid":"1368744","text":"The \"Clone Saga\" is an extended comic-book storyline published by Marvel Comics, revolving around the superhero Spider-Man and clones of him, as well as of other characters. The second and best-known story arc of this name ran from October 1994 to December 1996, and quickly became one of the most controversial Spider-Man stories ever told. Although it was intended to wrap up in less than a year, the comics sold very well and the writers were encouraged to prolong the saga as long as possible. This led to some changes to the storyline that ultimately proved unpopular. Despite the controversy, the 1990s Clone Saga remains one of the most popular Spider-Man story arcs of all time. Although many people were involved in its creation, the Clone Saga is most closely associated with Terry Kavanagh, who proposed the idea; Howard Mackie, who worked on the majority of the smaller crossovers involved in the overall story arc; and Gerry Conway, who devised the original story. Executive editors on the storyline included Tom DeFalco, Bob Budiansky, and Bob Harras. Story arcs There were two \"Clone Sagas\": the original storyline in the 1970s and the second saga which consumed all the regular Spider-Man series, several limited series and one-shot issues between 1994 and 1997. Between the two, there were also two smaller storylines that dealt with elements from the original saga. The original Clone Saga In mid-1973, writer Gerry Conway made the decision to kill off the girlfriend of Peter Parker, Gwen Stacy, in The Amazing Spider-Man #121 because the editorial team felt that Gwen had become stale as a character and they wanted to instill an additional element of tragedy into Peter Parker's life. In the follow-up arcs, Conway introduced a new villain called the Jackal and let Gwen Stacy seemingly return from the dead. The Jackal was the villain identity of Gwen and Peter's biology professor Miles Warren, who could not cope with the death of Gwen, with whom he had a secret infatuation. As an expert on cloning, he creates clones of both Gwen and Peter, discovering Peter is Spider-Man as a result. The Jackal blames Spider-Man for Gwen's death and wants to kill him. The Jackal kidnaps Spider-Man and forces him to fight his clone. Both men believe they are the real Peter Parker. The two Spider-Men soon decide to work together, but one is seemingly killed by the same bomb that kills the Jackal. The surviving Spider-Man determines he is the original because he is in love with Mary Jane Watson, which did not happen until after Professor Warren created the clone. Spider-Man drops the body of the clone into an incinerator. Gwen Stacy's clone disappears to find a new life for herself. The Amazing Spider-Man #149, the climactic installment of the original Clone Saga, leaves it ambiguous whether it is the original Spider-Man or his clone who perishes in the bomb explosion. Conway said this ambiguity was unintentional, as at the time he took it as a given","title":"Clone Saga"},{"docid":"5857436","text":"Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are the parents of Peter Parker, the superhero known as Spider-Man. Richard and Mary Parker have been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portrayed the characters in the films The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Emma Roberts portrays Mary Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Richard and Mary Parker were created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. For many years before The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #5 (November 1968), there had been no explanation of why Peter Parker was being raised by his aunt and uncle, with his parents only appearing in flashbacks and photographs. That issue finally answered the question: Richard and Mary Parker were murdered by Albert Malik, who was one of Johann Schmidt's successors to the persona of Red Skull. In The Amazing Spider-Man #365 (August 1992), Spider-Man's 30th anniversary, they reappeared. Two years later, however, in #388 (April 1994), they were revealed to be Life Model Decoys created by the Chameleon and were destroyed. In the novel Mary Jane, it is said they died in a plane accident while going to Switzerland to turn in some important discovery that Richard made. Peter tries to figure out what the discovery was but fails, as he cannot figure out the things Richard has written on his board. In July 1997, Untold Tales of Spider-Man #-1, part of Marvel Comics' \"Flashback Month\" event, written by Roger Stern and drawn by John Romita, Sr., the characters' origins are expanded. Since then, they have rarely been mentioned. Fictional character biographies Captain Richard Parker, a decorated soldier of the United States Army Special Forces and younger brother of Ben Parker, was recruited by Nick Fury, the future director of S.H.I.E.L.D., to the C.I.A. Mary Fitzpatrick was the daughter of O.S.S. agent \"Wild Will\" Fitzpatrick. She attended the best schools and eventually followed in her father's footsteps, becoming a C.I.A. translator and data analyst. Richard and Mary met on the job, fell in love, and married. Originally they eloped, later having a more elaborate service, fooling many. Mary became a field agent like Richard, giving them both an easy cover as a married couple. They were assigned to investigate Baroness Adelicia Von Krupp, who had captured an agent of a \"friendly power\" (who turned out to be Logan, aka Wolverine, then a Canadian operative called \"Agent Ten\" and who would eventually become an ally of their son Peter who would grow up to become Spider-Man). They rescued Logan from the Baroness and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. After that mission, they discovered Mary was pregnant; Logan was actually the first person to congratulate the Parkers, commenting later that he never saw an agent as tough as Richard Parker go that white that fast. Their son, Peter, was often left in the care of Ben and his wife May","title":"Richard and Mary Parker"},{"docid":"14154213","text":"Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles","title":"Spider-Man: With Great Power"},{"docid":"6146135","text":"Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and","title":"List of Spider-Man enemies"},{"docid":"313540","text":"The Chameleon (Dmitri Smerdyakov; Russian: Дмитрий Смердяков) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963). The Chameleon is the first ever antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He is a master of disguises who is known for his ability to impersonate virtually anybody. The character is also the half-brother of Kraven the Hunter. This relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. He has also been a member of the Sinister Six and the Sinister Twelve at various points in his history. Since his original introduction, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), portrayed by Numan Acar. Fred Hechinger is set to appear as the character in the upcoming Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Kraven the Hunter (2024). Publication history 1960s Dmitri Smerdyakov debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. The Chameleon is therefore the first member of Spider-Man's rogues' gallery based on issue publication date and excluding the burglar who murdered Ben Parker. He appeared in the 1959 Tales to Astonish series. He appeared in the 1959 Tales of Suspense series. He appeared in the 1985 Web of Spider-Man series. 2000s Dmitri Smerdyakov appeared in the 2014 Original Sin: Secret Avengers Infinite Comic series. He later appeared in the 2015 Spider-Man and the X-Men series. He appeared in the 2018 Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2021 Giant-Size Amazing Spider-Man: Chameleon Conspiracy one-shot. Fictional character biography Dmitri Smerdyakov was born in Soviet Russia. In his youth, he became a servant and half-brother to Sergei Kravinoff, and later a minor associate of Gustav Fiers. Although Dmitri and Sergei were friends, Sergei was often abusive to Smerdyakov, leading to a combination of admiration and resentment towards Kravinoff. Eventually, Smerdyakov emigrated to the United States of America. As he had made a talent for himself during his youth by impressing his brother by impersonating friends and neighbors, he assumed an even more impressive disguise: the identity of Chameleon. During his first known criminal outing, he impersonated Spider-Man, though he was soon exposed and arrested. Shortly afterward, Sergei (now known as \"Kraven the Hunter\") came to America, and the Chameleon set his old associate's sights on Spider-Man. Both men became long-time enemies of Spider-Man, part of his primary rogues gallery. The Chameleon inspired Kraven to begin hunting Spider-Man, inviting Kraven to dispose of the hero. With Kraven, the Chameleon battled Iron Man, and then confronted the Hulk. At one point, the Chameleon disguised himself as Hank Pym, and robbed Pym's laboratory for documents to combat Virus Nine. While delivering","title":"Chameleon (character)"},{"docid":"144436","text":"Benjamin Franklin \"Ben\" Parker, usually referred to as Uncle Ben, was a supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with the superhero Spider-Man (Peter Parker). He was the husband of May Parker and the paternal uncle and father figure of Peter Parker. After appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962), Uncle Ben made his first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He was modeled and named after American founding father Benjamin Franklin. The character has been an essential part of Spider-Man's history. His death at the hands of a petty criminal, whom Spider-Man previously had the chance to apprehend, but chose not to, has been depicted in most versions of the hero's origin story, as the main factor that inspired Peter to become Spider-Man. Uncle Ben's quote, \"With great power there must also come great responsibility\" (often paraphrased as \"With great power comes great responsibility\"), has become Spider-Man's \"moral guide\" and iconic life motto. The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including films, animated series, and video games. He was portrayed by Cliff Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and by Martin Sheen in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012). In December 2021, Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) screenwriters Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers confirmed that Uncle Ben's comic book role as Peter's \"moral guide\" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)—who tells him his life motto before being killed as a result of his actions—had instead been adapted to his aunt May Parker, portrayed by Marisa Tomei in five films from 2016 to 2021. Adam Scott portrays a younger Ben Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history After first appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962)—caring for his niece (a mermaid named Linda Brown) with his wife May—Uncle Ben returned in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962)—caring for his nephew (Peter Parker / Spider-Man) with May—and was killed in the same issue. Although his history as a supporting character was very brief, Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider-Man's life, often appearing in flashbacks. Notability of death The murder of Uncle Ben is possibly the most notable in comic book history. He is also one of the few comic book deaths that has never been reversed in official continuity. He was a member of the \"Big Three\", alongside Jason Todd (an associate of Batman) and Bucky (an associate of Captain America) whose notable deaths, along with Ben's, gave rise to the phrase: \"No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky, Jason Todd, and Uncle Ben\". Later, the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment, \"No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben\". The violent killing of Uncle Ben, done by a common street criminal, also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne, the parents of","title":"Uncle Ben"},{"docid":"58734846","text":"Spider-Girl is the code name of several fictional characters in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The most prominent version and first to receive an ongoing series is Mayday Parker from the MC2 universe, the second version is Anya Corazon, and the third version is Gwen Warren, the latter two both from the Earth-616 universe. Several alternate reality incarnations of the character have additionally received notoriety, including the Ultimate Spider-Girl, Ashley Barton, Betty Brant, April, Penelope and Petra Parker, and Charlotte Morales. Publication history The first portrayed Spider-Girl, Mayday Parker, first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint with The Amazing Spider-Girl and Spectacular Spider-Girl. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature \"Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man\", written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through #8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8, followed by one last Spider-Girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End, in which fellow Spider-Girl April Parker is killed. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity. The new series featured a new character, Anya Corazon, whose adventures occurred on Earth 616. The series was canceled after only eight issues. No official reason was given for the cancellation. This character returned for a Spider-Island limited series. A second Earth-616 Spider-Girl was introduced in Avenging Spider-Man #16 (January 2013), before returning a decade later in X-Men Unlimited Infinity Comic #69 (January 2023) under the name \"Gwen Warren\", assuming the mantle of Spider-Girl as a member of the X-Men. Spider-Girls Mayday Parker The daughter of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 universe. April Parker Prior to calling herself \"Mayhem\", Mayday's clone April goes by Spider-Girl, the two sharing the mantle. Anya Corazon A Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña (Spider), and occasionally goes by Spider-Girl. Gwen Warren The mutant clone of Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Ana Soria created by the Jackal using technology stolen from Mister Sinister, the newborn Spider-Girl battles The Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Spider-Man's body) and the X-Men in the form of a 30 ft. human-spider hybrid, resembling a giant garden spider with human eyes able to shoot eye-beams, before being returned to a normal size with sentience, to the physical size of a twelve-year-old humanoid girl. Later, she enrolls in and drops out of the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning under the name \"Gwen Warren\" according to a statement by Tom Brevoort","title":"Spider-Girl"},{"docid":"68718864","text":"The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Spectacular Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. Spectacular Spider-Man Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, as an experiment in entering the black-and-white comic-magazine market successfully pioneered by Warren Publishing and others. It sold for 35 cents when standard comic books cost 12 cents and Annuals and Giants 25 cents. It represented the first Spider-Man spin-off publication aside from the original series' summer Annuals, begun in 1964. The first issue (cover-dated July 1968) featured a painted, color cover by men's adventure-magazine artist Harry Rosenbaum, in acrylic paint on illustration board, over layouts by The Amazing Spider-Man artist John Romita Sr. The 52-page black-and-white Spider-Man story, \"Lo, This Monster!\", was by writer Stan Lee, penciler Romita Sr. and inker Jim Mooney. A 10-page origin story, \"In The Beginning!\", was by Lee, penciler Larry Lieber and inker Bill Everett. The feature story was reprinted in color, with some small alterations and bridging material by Gerry Conway, in The Amazing Spider-Man #116–118 (Jan.–March 1973) as \"Suddenly...the Smasher!\", \"The Deadly Designs of the Disruptor!\", and \"Countdown to Chaos!\" (with additional inking by Tony Mortellaro on the latter two). These versions were themselves reprinted in Marvel Tales #95–97 (Sept.-Oct. 1978). The second and final issue (Nov. 1968) also sported a painted cover and the interior was in color as well. Lee, Romita and Mooney again collaborated on its single story, \"The Goblin Lives!\", featuring the Green Goblin. A next-issue box at the end promoted the planned contents of the unrealized issue #3, \"The Mystery of the TV Terror\". A version of the Goblin story, trimmed by 18 pages, was reprinted in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #9 (1973), and portions of the \"TV Terror\" costume were reused for the costume of the Prowler. Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–100 (October 1976 – January 1985) Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #100–133 (February 1985 – October 1987) The Spectacular Spider-Man #134–200 (November 1987 – March 1993) The Spectacular Spider-Man #201–263 (April 1993 – September 1998) The Spectacular Spider-Man #264-290 (July 2003 – April 2005) The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 2 #1–27 (July 2003 – April 2005) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #291–313 (June 2017 – December 2018) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 3 #1–6 (June 2017 – November 2017) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #297–313 (November 2017 – December 2018) The Spectacular Spider-Man Annuals 1 – [Mantlo/Buckler] \"And Men Shall Call Him... Octopus!\" – September 1979 2 – [Macchio/Mooney] \"Vengeance Is Mine... Sayeth the Word!\" – May 1980 3 – [Kraft/Sherman/Weiss] \"Dark Side of the Moon\" – July 1981 4 – [DeNatale/Mantlo] \"Memory Lane!\" – July 1984 5 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace\" – July 1985 6 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace II\" – July 1986 7 – [Owsley/Kupperberg] \"The Honeymoon\" – August 1987 8 – [Conway/Gruenwald] \"Return to Sender\" – July 1988 9 – [Conway/Herdling] \"The Serpent in the Shadow\" – May 1989 10 – [Conway/Lee] \"Into the Microverse\" – June 1990","title":"List of The Spectacular Spider-Man issues"},{"docid":"2555765","text":"Carrion is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an enemy of Spider-Man. Publication history The Miles Warren clone version of Carrion first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #25 and was created by Bill Mantlo, Jim Mooney, and Frank Springer. Carrion emerged as part of a storyline that was a sequel to the original Clone Saga and as a result he has one of the most complicated histories of any Spider-Man villain. According to Tony Isabella, in Mantlo's original plans for this story, Carrion would have been revealed as the Peter Parker clone. That the real Spider-Man had also dumped the then-deceased Green Goblin's gear in the same furnace explained the Goblin-esque look of Carrion. However, Marv Wolfman, then writer of The Amazing Spider-Man book, had some second thoughts about it. He decided he didn't want a second Spider-Man running around so Bill was asked to change the planned revelation of his extended story, even though the first chapter had already been published. The character's history has been retconned several times as successive writers changed the status of the various clones, the plans and motivations of Professor Miles Warren and other aspects from the stories. Often these changes took place in stories which did not directly involve Carrion, resulting in further stories trying to tie up gaps. No fewer than three separate incarnations have been encountered. William Allen first appeared in Spider-Man: Dead Man's Hand #1 (April 1997), created by Roger Stern and Dan Lawlis. McBride was created by Sal Buscema and Gerry Conway in The Spectacular Spider-Man #149 (April 1989). Fictional character biography Miles Warren clone The original Carrion first appeared seeking to destroy Spider-Man, somehow knowing that his secret identity was Peter Parker. He unsuccessfully approached the Maggia with a plan to kill Spider-Man. He attacked Peter Parker, blaming him for the death of Gwen Stacy. Carrion sought to destroy Parker/Spider-Man several times before capturing Spider-Man and revealing to him that he was a decayed clone of Professor Miles Warren, also known as the Jackal. Warren had created the clone and left it in a capsule to mature to full development; however Warren had then (seemingly) died and the clone was left developing in the capsule with artificially accelerated age. Something went wrong and the clone's body became like a living corpse. As Warren's clone, Carrion blamed Spider-Man for the deaths of both Warren and Gwen Stacy and sought to bring him to justice with the help of a malleable student named Randy Vale. Carrion captured Peter Parker and prepared to kill him with a giant \"Spider-Amoeba\" created by cloning cells from Parker. However, Parker freed himself and became Spider-Man. In the subsequent fight a fire consumed the laboratory whilst the amoeba latched onto Carrion. The Spider-Amoeba suffocated Carrion, smothering him to death, and then unable to escape it perished in the fire. Malcolm McBride Many years later, Spider-Man learned from the High Evolutionary that Warren had not","title":"Carrion (comics)"},{"docid":"22018101","text":"\"Spidey Meets the President!\" is a backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man #583, written by Zeb Wells, with art by Todd Nauck and Frank D'Armata. The cover of the issue shows Barack Obama giving a thumbs-up to Spider-Man. The comic book was published the week before Obama's inauguration in January 2009. Plot The story begins with Peter Parker standing among other reporters on the presidential inauguration of Barack Obama, photographing this historic moment. Suddenly a limo pulls up and reveals another Obama. The Secret Service does not know what to do, so Peter, who quickly dons his Spider-Man costume, asks both questions that only the real Barack Obama would be able to answer. When he asks what his nickname was during his college days, the actual Barack says his true name, and the fake one is confused and angry, causing him to reveal his true form, which turns out to be the super-villain known as the Chameleon. This gives Spider-Man the opportunity to capture the Chameleon and the Secret Service arrests him. Obama tells Spider-Man that he is a fan of the hero and thanks him. Afterward, as Obama swears his oath as President, Spider-Man is shown sitting at the top of the Washington Monument, where he thinks Biden notices him. Prologue This story was prepended in The Amazing Spider-Man Presidents Day Special digital comic. The additional pages depict the minutes before the original story took place, with Obama getting ready for the inauguration. The Chameleon, disguised as Obama's tailor, locks him inside and takes his place, driving to the inauguration in the presidential limousine. However, the real Obama escapes and is driven to the ceremony in a second limousine by his soon-to-be Vice President Joseph Biden. Meanwhile, outside the capital, Peter Parker is running late to the inauguration ceremony and has forgotten his press credentials. So, he enters the area stealthily by using his spider-like abilities to climb over a high wall. However, he is spotted by Senator John McCain and a few Secret Service agents. The senator recognizes as him as the photographer from The Daily Bugle and even provides him with a spare press credential. Parker then joins the press corps and the prequel story connects to the main story. Reception Typical sales for The Amazing Spider-Man are about 70,000 copies per issue. Issue #583 sold over 350,000 copies and went to five printings. It was the highest-selling regular series book of the 2000s. Collected edition References Cultural depictions of Barack Obama 2009 comics debuts Individual stories from issues of anthology comics","title":"Spidey Meets the President!"},{"docid":"823737","text":"Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \"Torment\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \"Clone Saga\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter","title":"Peter Parker: Spider-Man"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"15011570\",\n \"text\": \"The Living Brain is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 and has made few subsequent appearances since. A foe of the superhero Spider-Man, the original Living Brain was created by the fictional International Computing Machines Corporation and billed as the most intelligent computer and robot in existence, capable of solving virtually any question asked. In more recent times, the Superior Spider-Man reprogrammed it to serve as a laboratory assistant at Parker Industries, with it remaining in that role after Peter Parker returned. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (Jan. 1964). The second Living Brain appears in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #6. Fictional character history Original Living Brain The Living Brain, soon after its creation, is brought to Midtown High School by its creator Dr. Petty as a part of a demonstration of its renowned ability to solve any problem. The students agreed to ask the machine what is Spider-Man's secret identity, and a nervous Peter Parker, the volunteer for the demonstration, fed it all of the given known information from the students concerning the wall-crawler, relievingly finding the answer to be in a mathematical code for Peter to decode overnight (because of this, it is unknown if the Living Brain correctly deduced Spider-Man's true identity). During the course of the Living Brain's demonstration, the two workmen hired to transport it overhear how the Living Brain has the ability to answer anything and they decide to steal it to use this ability for gambling purposes. Caught in the middle of their stealing it by Dr. Petty, one of the workmen quickly knocks him out, but by doing so bumps the other one into the Living Brain's control panel on its chest, causing the Living Brain to malfunction. Going on a rampage through Midtown High, the Living Brain is confronted by Spider-Man, who eventually shuts it down. At the end of the day as Peter is walking back home, he plans on telling everyone the next day he'd lost the code during the confusion. The Living Brain reappears several years later, now discredited and broken-down. Dr. Petty plans to donate it to Midtown High School's science lab. The Living Brain ends up being stolen by Dr. Petty's son Steve Petty who modifies the robot, giving it a gold and red color scheme, clawed hands and the ability to fly. Remotely controlling the Living Brain to attack a bully who had been tormenting him, Steve is eventually defeated by Spider-Man (who had been on a visit to Midtown High as Peter Parker) and the Living Brain is shut down once more. The Living Brain, restored to its pre-upgrade appearance, was then acquired by a group of criminals, who used it to commit robberies. The robot and its controllers were apprehended\",\n \"title\": \"Living Brain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17038885\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series about Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The Amazing Spider-Man may also refer to: Comics The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) Film Spider-Man (1977 film) starring Nicholas Hammond, also known as The Amazing Spider-Man on home media The Amazing Spider-Man (film), a reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise The Amazing Spider-Man (soundtrack), a film-score album from the 2012 film, composed by James Horner Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), the title character of the film series Television The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series) starring Nicholas Hammond, which evolved out of the 1977 film Games The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball) See also The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2444780\",\n \"text\": \"Humberto Ramos (born 27 November 1970) is a Mexican comic book penciller, best known for his work on American comic books such as Impulse, Runaways, The Spectacular Spider-Man, The Amazing Spider-Man and his creator-owned series Crimson. Career Humberto Ramos began his career in 1989 at Kaboom Cómics. He was later hired by DC Comics as the regular penciller for their Flash spin-off Impulse, which launched in March 1995. Written by Mark Waid, the superhero/teen comedy series focused on young speedster Bart Allen, the grandson of the second Flash, Barry Allen, and his struggles with growing up in an alienated Alabama suburb. In 1998, Ramos co-founded the imprint Cliffhanger with comic book artists Joe Madureira and J. Scott Campbell. They created the imprint, housed by Jim Lee's Image Comics division Wildstorm, to publish their creator-owned comic books outside the mainstream superhero genre. Both Campbell and Madureira had already built large fanbases with their previous work on Gen13 and Uncanny X-Men respectively, and were two of the most popular comic book artists at the time. Ramos, on the other hand, was not as popular and his inclusion on the imprint was perceived as second choice, after fan-favorite Michael Turner declined because he was still under contract at Top Cow. Ramos' first Cliffhanger title Crimson ran for 24 issues and two one-shots, with poor success. It was followed by the fantasy/mystery series Out There, months later. Ramos also began illustrating the covers of Peter Parker: Spider-Man with issue #30 and—beginning with May 2002's Peter Parker: Spider-Man #44—additionally did the interior artwork on the four-issue story arc \\\"A Death in the Family\\\" (later collected as Spider-Man: Return of the Goblin; ), written by Paul Jenkins. After his Cliffhanger contract expired, and Out There concluded after 18 issues in early 2003, Ramos left the imprint, apparently not on the best terms, and launched a new Spider-Man title, The Spectacular Spider-Man. The book reunited Ramos with Peter Parker: Spider-Man writer Paul Jenkins and earned him a 2005 Harvey Award nomination as Best Cover Artist. While Ramos worked on Spectacular Spider-Man, another book created by him (although illustrated by Francisco Herrera), the six-issue miniseries Kamikaze, which had originally been planned for 2001, was published by WildStorm under the Cliffhanger imprint. In 2005, Ramos' creator-owned six-issue miniseries Revelations began publication by Dark Horse Comics. Following Revelations, Ramos returned to Marvel Comics, joining writer Marc Guggenheim as the new creative team on Wolverine, beginning with issue #42 in March 2006. The same month also saw the release of the first volume of the space opera Kookaburra K, a series of three 46-page comic albums Ramos illustrated for French comic publisher Soleil Productions, written by French comic book creator Crisse. Ramos worked with writer Terry Moore on Runaways from 2008 to 2009, and became one of the regular artists on The Amazing Spider-Man in 2010. In April 2014, Ramos and writer Dan Slott launch Amazing Spider-Man as part of Marvel NOW!. The first issue of this new version of The\",\n \"title\": \"Humberto Ramos\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25700184\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \\\"Power Booster\\\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \\\"Spider-Friends\\\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \\\"costume\\\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \\\"Vengeance Of Loki\\\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \\\"Windchill Factor Zero\\\". In \\\"Mission: Save The Guardstar\\\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \\\"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\\\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \\\"fire and ice don't really mix\\\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \\\"Opposites Attack!\\\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \\\"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\\\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"504988\",\n \"text\": \"Benjamin \\\"Ben\\\" Reilly (), also known as the Scarlet Spider, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Grown in a lab by Miles Warren/Jackal, he is a clone of Peter Parker/Spider-Man tasked with fighting him but instead becoming an ally, later even regarded as a \\\"brother\\\". Created by writer Gerry Conway, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 (October 1975) and is seemingly killed in the same issue. The character returned and featured prominently in the 1994–96 \\\"Clone Saga\\\" storyline, adopting the \\\"Scarlet Spider\\\" alias with a costume similar to Spider-Man's consisting of a red spandex bodysuit and mask complemented by a blue sleeveless hoodie sweatshirt adorned with a large spider symbol on both sides, along with a utility belt and bulkier web-shooters. This Scarlet Spider costume was designed by artist Tom Lyle. When Peter Parker temporarily left the Spider-Man role, Ben became the new Spider-Man while wearing a new costume variation designed by artist Mark Bagley. However, Reilly dies at the hands of Norman Osborn/Green Goblin, sacrificing himself to save Parker who then resumes the Spider-Man role. In 2017's Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy story, the character is revealed to be alive, his mind forcibly transferred to new clone bodies by the Jackal repeatedly before his resurrection was successful. Driven mad by the experience of being reborn and dying repeatedly, he became the new Jackal and started his own criminal enterprise. After being defeated by Spider-Man and others, Reilly reclaims his Scarlet Spider identity in the series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider. Reimagined as an antihero, he first hopes to escape his past then embarks on a spiritual quest to redeem himself. This arc is completed in \\\"Spider-Geddon\\\" (2018), during which he sacrifices himself to protect others when his life force is absorbed by an enemy who inadvertently absorbs his many death traumas as well. Ben is then resurrected in a new clone body, his mind and soul healed and restored. During the events of the 2021–2022 storyline \\\"Beyond\\\", Ben temporarily became Spider-Man again, only for him to have his memories purged from him and becoming a new villain called Chasm. Due to his many resurrections in different clone bodies, the 2017–2018 comic series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider states he has died and returned more than anyone else in the Marvel Universe, leading to him becoming favored by Lady Death. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse voiced by Andy Samberg. Publication history Ben Reilly was first featured as Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 as a nameless clone of Peter Parker who seemingly dies alongside his creator the Jackal, who had also created a clone of Parker's lost love Gwen Stacy. The events of the issue were later revisited in several comics such as What If #30. Asked why he created the character, writer Gerry Conway explained: Though Conway had no intention of using the character beyond this initial story in\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Reilly\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"144167\",\n \"text\": \"Maybelle \\\"May\\\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \\\"Jay\\\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,\",\n \"title\": \"Aunt May\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27330977\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"One Moment in Time\\\" is a 2010 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics starring Spider-Man. Written by Joe Quesada and illustrated by Paolo Rivera, it was originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #638–641, and immediately follows \\\"The Gauntlet\\\" storyline. It is notable for revealing what changes the villain Mephisto made to save the life of Peter Parker/Spider-Man's aunt, May Parker, and dissolve the wedding of Parker and Mary Jane Watson at the end of the 2007 \\\"One More Day\\\" storyline. The name of the storyline forms the acronym O.M.I.T., which Quesada explained was an intentional reference to how Parker and Watson's wedding was removed from continuity. Storytelling In The Amazing Spider-Man #638, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from the end of \\\"One More Day\\\" or Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21. The flashbacks use actual pages from the original comics, and are mixed in with new pages that illustrate how events were changed by the villainous demon Mephisto. In Amazing Spider-Man #639, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from \\\"Civil War\\\" and Amazing Spider-Man #539-543. These flashbacks are only panels from the original comics and not full pages. In Amazing Spider-Man #640, the story is told as the altered events of \\\"Back in Black\\\" and \\\"One More Day\\\", as well as other events contemporaneous with those storylines. Plot Mary Jane Watson whispers to Mephisto that Peter will not trade his marriage for Aunt May's life unless Mary Jane tells him to accept the agreement, and that Mephisto will leave Peter alone forever when the deal is done. Mephisto agrees to these terms. At present time MJ shows up at Peter's door. They talk about how they have been acting towards each other lately and both agree they want to be friends with each other. Then they reminisce about what happened on what was supposed to be their wedding day. Spider-Man stops Electro and his gang. One of the gang members, Eddie, makes note of the arresting officer's name. Then Mephisto, as a red pigeon, swoops down and unlocks the door of the police car Eddie is in, allowing him to escape while the officers are occupied with cuffing Electro. Spider-Man is out patrolling that night and hears the gunshots of Eddie shooting at the arresting officer and his wife. While saving the policeman and his wife, Spider-Man gets hit in the head with a cinder block. He chases after Eddie and tackles him off the side of a building. Though Spider-Man foils the murder, during his struggle, he and Eddie fall from a building to the ground, with Spider-Man absorbing most of the impact. Eddie escapes, declining to kill Spider-Man because he saved Eddie's life. On the wedding morning, Mary Jane shows up but Peter does not as he is lying unconscious in an alleyway. After Peter misses his wedding he tries to explain what happened to Mary Jane, but she knows\",\n \"title\": \"One Moment in Time (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58112860\",\n \"text\": \"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is two series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. The series revolves around Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson having remained married and raising a daughter named Anna-May \\\"Annie\\\" Parker, with Mary Jane and Annie further becoming the superheroes Spinneret and Spiderling. The original series was a 2015 comic book limited series that tied into that year's Secret Wars event. Following the event's end, the popularity of the series led to a sequel ongoing series set in the alternate reality of Earth-18119, which was published from 2016 to 2018. Mary Jane and Annie from this series make cameo appearances in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The first volume takes place during the \\\"Secret Wars\\\" storyline and was published as a limited series in 2015. Dan Slott and Adam Kubert's story occurs in a Battleworld which was a \\\"drastically reimagined incarnation of New York City\\\". A second volume, now as an ongoing series part of the 2016 \\\"Marvel NOW!\\\" relaunch, details the further tales of Spider-Man and his family after their reality was restored. Originally, Gerry Conway was the lead writer of the volume; Ryan Stegman joined as both co-writer and artist with issue #8. With issue #13, \\\"the series new creative team of writer Jody Houser and artist Nick Roche kicked off their run by jumping eight years into the Parker family's future\\\". The second volume is followed by the three issue limited series Spider-Girls which was part of the 2018 comics event Spider-Geddon. CBR highlighted that while events of the \\\"One More Day\\\" storyline still \\\"haven't been totally undone in the Marvel comic continuum\\\", as a result of Renew Your Vows, both MJ and Peter of Earth 616 share \\\"small fragments of memories of their life and decided to begin again, with a fresh new start\\\". Plot Volume one: Secret Wars During the \\\"Secret Wars\\\" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. Spider-Man brutally defeats Venom. As the superheroes are being defeated by Regent, Mary Jane Watson uses a fire truck's siren to help Spider-Man force Venom into a burning building and brings the structure down on Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe. In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent won't detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. Peter takes pictures of Demolition Man protesting the Regent's rule when he is defeated by Boomerang, Rhino, and\",\n \"title\": \"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37629473\",\n \"text\": \"The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \\\"Dying Wish\\\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \\\"Superior Spider-Man\\\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \\\"Spider-Verse\\\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \\\"Go Down Swinging\\\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \\\"Spider-Geddon\\\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \\\"Spider-Geddon\\\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team\",\n \"title\": \"The Superior Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2839562\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Other\\\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \\\"acts\\\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: The Other\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75438924\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Gang War\\\" is a 2023 storyline published by Marvel Comics. It was created by Zeb Wells and John Romita Jr. The story involves Spider-Man and the local superheroes working to deal with a gang war between the different families after Tombstone was shot and the crime families plan to take over the criminal underworld. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #39, Deadly Hands of Kung Fu: Gang War #1, and Luke Cage: Gang War #2 were dedicated in memory of Keith Giffen who died from a stroke on October 9, 2023. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #40, Luke Cage: Gang War #3, Miles Morales: Spider-Man Vol. 2 #14, and Spider-Woman Vol. 8 #2 saluted the retirement of Alison Gill. The event overall received mixed reviews, with criticism directed towards the artwork, tie-ins, pacing, character arcs, and the lack of focus on Spider-Man. Publication history Gang War will detail the different crime families going to war after Tombstone was shot by Shotgun during the wedding of Janice Lincoln and Randy Robertson. With the crime families blaming each other for calling the hit and planning to take over the criminal underworld, Spider-Man works to keep the gang war from getting worse with help from the local superheroes while also dealing with the anti-vigilante laws that will cause all the sides to come into conflict with the NYPD. Plot Lead-up On the day when Tombstone's daughter Janice Lincoln was going to marry Robbie Robertson's son Randy Robertson, it is attended by Peter Parker, Aunt May, Martha Robertson, and the crime lords Hammerhead, Mister Negative, Crime Master, Diamondback, Madame Masque, Black Mariah, and Owl. Just then, Shotgun crashes the wedding on his motorcycle and uses special bullets to wound Tombstone. Peter Parker slips away to become Spider-Man and pursues Shotgun. He follows Shotgun through the forest until he loses him. As Tombstone is loaded into an ambulance, the crime lords blame each other for the attack. Madame Masque leaves in her limousine as Hammerhead sets off an explosive in it. As Spider-Man and Rek-Rap deal with Re-Po (who was made from Peter Parker's debt collector by Madelyne Pryor) in his mission to get Rek-Rap and the other demons back to Limbo, Hammerhead talks with his branch of the Maggia as one of them mentions about what happened to Madam Masque. Just then, they are visited by Count Nefaria who will take the blame on what happened with his daughter Madame Masque. While touching Hammerhead's head, Count Nefaria states that the crime lords will bow to the Maggia once again. As Hammerhead watches the news about Randy Robertson talking about Fisk's law, Hammerhead gets a call from his minion Jake about how they found Lady Yulan's grunts and how he speculated that Lady Yulan's grunts are either vampires or hate holy water. As Hammerhead orders Jake to take Father O'Neil home, he also tells them to lose the masks they got from the Inner Demons as they have a big day tomorrow. The next day, Hammerhead meets with\",\n \"title\": \"Gang War (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32703921\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It features the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna \\\"Ana\\\" Soria) to the Marvel Universe and laid the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, style, and plot. Plot Infested \\\"Infested\\\" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the \\\"Spider-Island\\\" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31. Spider-Island The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him \\\"The Way of the Spider\\\", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen. Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jackal is behind the disturbance, as he has collected several prominent crime figures with spider-powers and given them Spider-Man outfits. The Avengers attempt to defend the city against spider-powered hooligans. Although Shang-Chi is able to confirm Spider-Man's identity to the other heroes, he is nevertheless ordered to stay out of the fight due to the inability to distinguish him from the other Spider-Men. However, inspired by a conversation with Mary Jane, Peter is able to rally various other New Yorkers to help him stop the villainous Spider-Men by posing as another random spider-powered citizen. As Anti-Venom works on curing various Spider-People of their powers, Madame Web reflects on the need for both Agent Venom and Anti-Venom to fix the Spider-Island problem. Meanwhile, Carlie and Peter attempt to investigate the Jackal's lab, reasoning that he is the most likely candidate to have caused this event, unaware that they are being watched. Jackal is seen working on the Spider-King by filling with tiny spider embryos. Horizon Labs works with Reed Richards to find a cure for the spider-powered people while the Avengers and\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Island\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"663197\",\n \"text\": \"Nicholas Hammond (born 15 May 1950) is an American and Australian actor and writer who is best known for his roles as Friedrich von Trapp in the film The Sound of Music and as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the 1970s television series The Amazing Spider-Man. He also appeared in the theatrical films as Spider-Man and its two sequels outside of North America. Early life Hammond was born on May 15, 1950, in Washington, D.C., the son of Colonel Thomas West Hammond, Jr. by his wife Eileen Hammond (née Bennett). Hammond's father was American of English descent and an officer in the U.S. Army, and his mother was English and had played a role in Much Too Shy in 1942. Hammond has one elder brother, David (b. 1946). Hammond's parents had met and married in London during World War II when his father had been posted in the United Kingdom. After the war, the couple moved to the U.S. permanently, and because the Colonel had an army job, the family moved numerous times to various army stations across the country during Hammond's childhood. Nicholas Hammond graduated from the Landon School in Bethesda, Maryland, before attending and graduating from Princeton University. Col. Hammond died in 1970. Career Hammond was 11 years old when he made his acting debut as Robin Rhodes in the Broadway play The Complaisant Lover in 1961, playing alongside Michael Redgrave and Googie Withers. At the same time, he began to shoot for the 1963 film Lord of the Flies, which marked his film debut. After this, Hammond played what was to be his most notable screen role: Friedrich von Trapp (the elder of the two boys) in the 1965 hit The Sound of Music. Hammond's next acting role came in 1970, when he appeared in Conduct Unbecoming, his first role as an adult. In 1972 Hammond appeared as Peter Linder in Skyjacked. In 1973 he made a guest appearance on The Brady Bunch in season 4, episode #090, \\\"The Subject Was Noses\\\", as the high school hunk, Doug Simpson, who loses interest in Marcia after her tragic football accident. That year Hammond also appeared in The Waltons episode \\\"The Townie\\\", as Theodore Claypool Jr. After making the transition from juvenile to young leading man, Hammond spent several seasons in daytime soaps, such as General Hospital. He also appeared on many television shows of the 1970s including Hawaii Five-O. In the late 1970s Hammond re-joined fellow The Sound of Music alumnus Heather Menzies (who played Louisa von Trapp) for one episode of the TV adaptation of Logan's Run. He also contributed to The Sound of Music Family Scrapbook. Spider-Man From 1977 to 1979, Hammond played the role for which he is perhaps best known, as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the television series The Amazing Spider-Man. Hammond described his approach to the character: \\\"I liked the idea of taking a fantasy hero and making him believable as a person. I made it clear going into it that I wasn't interested in doing\",\n \"title\": \"Nicholas Hammond\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"503156\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Girl (May \\\"Mayday\\\" Parker) is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She has been referred to as both Spider-Girl and Spider-Woman. The character appears in the MC2 universe. The character was created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz as the teenage daughter of Peter Parker (Spider-Man) and Mary Jane Watson, and first appeared in What If #105 (February 1998). She later acquired her own ongoing comic book, Spider-Girl, written by DeFalco and drawn by Frenz and Pat Olliffe, which was the longest-running superhero book with a lead female character ever published by Marvel before being relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, and later The Spectacular Spider-Girl. Two incarnations of Mayday Parker, an infant and an adult, appear in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Publication history Spider-Girl first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint. Although each of these titles were slated to be 12-issue limited series, Spider-Girls initial sales justified their continuation as ongoing titles. After initial interest, Spider-Girl drew low sales. The book's active fan base convinced Marvel to revoke several cancellation announcements. Reprints of the series in digest size trade paperbacks sold well. Marvel Associate Editor Nick Lowe revealed in a Nov. 2005 interview that \\\"Spider-Girl, for the first time, is completely safe from cancellation.\\\" Despite Lowe's statement, Marvel announced that No. 100 would be the title's final issue. The book was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, with issue #0 appearing in Oct. 2006. On October 11, 2008, Tom DeFalco announced that The Amazing Spider-Girl would be canceled with issue #30, though he revealed that, due to the company's love for the character, she could possibly be given a sixteen-page back-up strip in The Amazing Spider-Man Family. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. On March 18, 2009, Marvel announced that Spider-Girl would continue publication as The Spectacular Spider-Girl, a web-comic released through Marvel's Digital Comics Unlimited. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. The Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through No. 8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8. The new The Spectacular Spider-Girl stories were then contained in Web of Spider-Man. This lasted for seven issues before being moved to its own four-issue limited series, Spectacular Spider-Girl, which tied up most of the series plot threads. This was followed by one last Spider girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity.\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53738449\",\n \"text\": \"Since the characters inception in the 1960s, Spider-Man has appeared in several forms of media, including novels and book series. Original solo novels The Amazing Spider-Man: Mayhem in Manhattan (1978) No. 1 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Len Wein and Marv Wolfman. Doctor Octopus is blackmailing the top eight CEO's of various U.S. oil companies in order to get a stranglehold on U.S. oil. He also tries to convince those same CEO's that he has rendered their oil radioactive and thereby useless. For one year, they must secretly agree to buy oil from Doctor Octopus instead and, at the end of that time, they can go back to business as usual. The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign (1979) No. 8 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Paul Kupperberg. The plot concerns a TV anchorman whose daughter has been kidnapped by the Kingpin, who has forced the popular media frontsman to stand as Mayor. The Kingpin has taken millions of dollars from the other ganglords in order to cut them into his plan, which is to push his candidate into becoming Mayor. Peter Parker manages to convince J. Jonah Jameson into running for Mayor also. Secondly, Parker gets sent to cover a mayoral rally and thirdly, Silvermane's plan to secretly undermine the Kingpin's authority has him using a fake Spider-Man to threaten the Kingpin's candidate, and to lead the real Spider-Man into conflict with the Kingpin. While this is all happening, Jameson has hired a private investigator named Cindy Sayers to pretend to be his niece in order to find out how Peter Parker can get so many pictures of Spider-Man. The Hulk and Spider-Man: Murdermoon (1979) No. 11 of the Marvel Pocket Novels and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign, also written by Paul Kupperberg. The book begins with the Hulk fighting the U.S. military in a desert, but then cuts to Spider-Man intervening in a raid on a company doing research for NASA. The wall-crawler does not quite save the day but, returning to the Bugle, he immediately gets dropped into a story to cover the latest StarLab spy-in-the-sky satellite, which is due to drop back out of the sky. That story takes Parker out to a U.S. aircraft carrier. But when the satellite vanishes from the radar, trouble arises. Meanwhile, Bruce Banner is reading a newspaper advertisement offering a potential treatment for his condition. He follows up on the ad, but finds himself kidnapped by the villain and, as the Hulk, gets brainwashed into fighting Spider-Man. Spider-Man: Carnage in New York (1995) Written by David Michelinie and Dean Wesley Smith. A man named Catrall is on the run from the FBI because he has a serum that will drive anyone who comes into contact with it into a killer rage. He created the serum as a byproduct of studies designed to eliminate violent behavior. Meanwhile, an experiment is being run to try to kill the Carnage symbiote without killing Casady, its host. Catrall shows\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man in novels\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9601342\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \\\"Mayday\\\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \\\"The Final Chapter\\\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man Family\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"315920\",\n \"text\": \"MacDonald \\\"Mac\\\" Gargan is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964). Mac Gargan is a recurring antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He debuted as a private investigator hired by J. Jonah Jameson to learn how Peter Parker took pictures of Spider-Man. In the following issue, Jameson decided to turn Gargan into a deadly adversary for Spider-Man through a barely-tested procedure, which left Gargan with an irremovable scorpion-themed armor and the predatory instincts of the arachnid. Driven insane by his mutation, Gargan instead turned to a life of crime as the Scorpion, and went on to menace both Spider-Man and Jameson, whom he held responsible for his transformation. Since then, having finally removed the armor, Gargan has also served as the third host of the Venom symbiote, and a member of the Dark Avengers as Spider-Man, but eventually returned to his Scorpion alias as it kept him alive due to the strain both the neural-armors and symbiote put on his body. Since his original introduction during the Silver Age of Comic Books, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games, and merchandise. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Mando. Publication history 1960s Mac Gargan debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He later appeared under the codename of Scorpion in The Amazing Spider-Man #20 (January 1965). He appeared as an antagonist in the 1977 Ms. Marvel series. 2000s Mac Gargan appeared as the third Venom in Marvel Knights: Spider-Man #10 (January 12, 2005). He later appeared as the third Spider-Man in Dark Avengers #1 (January 21, 2009). He appeared as a regular character in the series from issue #1 through issue #16 (May 12, 2010). He appeared in the 2009 Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man series, his first solo comic book series, by writer Brian Reed and artist Chris Bachalo. According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #1 was the 45th best selling comic book in June 2009. Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #2 was the 68th best selling comic book in July 2009. 2010s Mac Gargan reappeared under the codename Scorpion in the \\\"Big Time\\\" story arc from the 2010 The Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2019 Absolute Carnage series. 2020s Mac Gargan appeared in the 2020 Ravencroft series. He appeared in the 2022 Miles Morales: Spider-Man series. Fictional character biography Scorpion Mac Gargan was a private investigator initially hired by J. Jonah Jameson to find out how Peter Parker is able to obtain incredible pictures of Spider-Man. Gargan's efforts set off Peter's spider-sense and the teen easily evades the detective. Jameson then decides to hire Gargan as the subject of a barely-tested process that would endow him with the\",\n \"title\": \"Mac Gargan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48338115\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Spider-Man\\\" is the name of several superheroes in the Marvel Universe. The first titular and main protagonist is Peter Parker, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Other characters have adopted the alias over the years in the Earth 616 universe such as Ben Reilly and Otto Octavius. There also consists of alternate universe versions of the web-slinger such as May \\\"Mayday\\\" Parker and Miguel O'Hara. Characters named Spider-Man Peter Parker Peter Parker, the Amazing Spider-Man, is the mainstream and original Earth-616 incarnation of the character and appears in almost every piece of Spider-Man related media. All other \\\"spider-men\\\" are derived from him. Ben Reilly Ben Reilly is a clone of Peter Parker, who also briefly fought crime as the Scarlet Spider. He also took over as Spider-Man (with a new costume) when Peter retired to settle down with a new family. This lasted until the original Green Goblin returned and murdered him. Spider-X Spider-X (Brian Kornfield), created by Mort Todd, first appeared in Midnight Sons Unlimited #3 (Oct. 1993). As Spider-X was seen by many wearing Spider-Man's costume, he is initially believed to be Spider-Man himself, mutated by the Darkhold, Until his own mother learned the truth and explained this to the titular group. Kornfield grew up off Broadway in New York City raised by his mother, with his father having been killed at an unknown time period. He had a very active imagination and idolized all superheroes, even writing letters to as many as he could. His mother was brutally assaulted and mugged on New York's streets. Brian was obsessed with being a superhero so he could find and take down the muggers. Brian was met by the Dwarf (an agent of the Elder God Chthon) offering him the power to be like his idol Spider-Man via a page of the Darkhold. Brian accepted the offer and was transformed into Spider-X. His obsessive desire for vengeance was twisted even further by the Darkhold's black magic and Brian saw himself as the ultimate arbitrator of justice, willing to mete out punishment that no one else would. Spider-X first brutally slew his mother's mugger. He then captured and planned to slay some other criminals, which brought him into conflict with the Ghost Rider and John Blaze when the two crashed into Spider-X's web that had been spun across the entire street. The conflict ended inconclusively when Spider-X fled from the Ghost Rider's Penance Stare; his eight eyes may have somehow diluted the Stare's force, allowing him to break hold. The occult investigators/warriors the Nightstalkers came to New York and investigated a previous letter from Kornfield, which claimed there is an occult basis to the rise in New York City's crime. Spider-X attacked the three of them when his mother was questioned. His struggles escalated, bringing in some of the Darkhold Redeemers summoned by the energy released by the use of a Darkhold page, as well as Morbius the Living Vampire and even Spider-Man himself. Still seeking to punish criminals, Spider-X\",\n \"title\": \"List of incarnations of Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18936506\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Green Goblin Reborn!\\\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \\\"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\\\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the\",\n \"title\": \"Green Goblin Reborn!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1103984\",\n \"text\": \"Elizabeth \\\"Liz\\\" Allan, also known as Elizabeth Allan-Osborn and commonly misspelled as \\\"Liz Allen\\\", is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In the character's earliest appearances, she was a popular girl at the high school Peter Parker attends. She has been a regular supporting character in the various Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Venom series in an on-and-off basis, and has ties to the Green Goblin and Molten Man. She is married to Harry Osborn, the mother of their son Normie Osborn, and the CEO of Alchemax. Liz Allan would later become Misery upon being bonded to the Symbiote that is a hybrid of the Anti-Venom and Carnage Symbiotes. Sally Livingstone portrays Liz Allan in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (2002), while Laura Harrier portrayed Liz Allan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history Liz Allan is named in The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963), the same issue in which Betty Brant first appears. However, an unnamed blonde female high school student in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) appears to be Liz Allan, and The Marvel Encyclopedia lists this as her official first appearance. She was a supporting character in the series until Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), which bids farewell to Liz as both she and Spider-Man graduate from high school. Nearly a decade later, Liz Allan was brought back in a story arc in Amazing Spider-Man #132-133 (May–June 1974), in which it is revealed that she is the Molten Man's stepsister. Writer Gerry Conway recalled, \\\"I liked doing callbacks to the run I was most influenced by, the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era, so bringing Liz back was something I'd wanted to do for a long time. And it gave me a reason to go back and look through the issues she was in, which brought me to the Molten Man's first appearance.\\\" Fictional character biography Liz Allan was a high school student that attended Midtown High School together, and a minor love interest of Peter Parker and Flash Thompson. Peter likes Liz, but she is Flash's girlfriend and considers Peter something of a loser, even taking part in the general ridicule that Peter endures on a daily basis. Her earliest appearances depict her as flighty and rather thoughtless - not outright cruel, but lacking the empathy necessary to perceive Peter's nature. However, after she hears an ailing Peter had donned a Spider-Man costume to save Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus, she develops a crush on him. By this time, however, Peter's interest has waned considerably, as he notes that Liz never showed any real interest in him until he began dating Betty Brant, and assumes that Liz's feelings are little more than a schoolgirl crush. Betty and Liz clash several times over Peter, as Betty mistakenly thinks that Peter reciprocates Liz's interest in him. In Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), Peter and Liz graduate\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Allan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"871334\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Amazing Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. The list is updated as of March 19, 2024. Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) This comic book plot is written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Steve Ditko. Features the first appearances of Spider-Man, Aunt May, Uncle Ben, Flash Thompson, and Liz Allan. High school student Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider, thus gaining the proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a spider, along with a precognitive \\\"spider-sense\\\" and later creating a web-shooting device. Peter becomes Spider-Man, an instant TV sensation, but coming out of a TV studio one day, Peter does not stop an escaping burglar, claiming it is not his problem. A few days later, he comes home to find his Uncle Ben has been shot and goes to track down the murderer, only to find that it was the same burglar that he had let escape a few days earlier. Peter blames himself for his uncle's death and realizes that with great power there must also come great responsibility. This issue was released on June 5, 1962, and was published in August 1962. The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100 (January 1963 – July 1971) The Amazing Spider-Man #101–200 (August 1971 – November 1979) The Amazing Spider-Man #201–300 (December 1979 – March 1988) The Amazing Spider-Man #301–400 (April 1988 – February 1995) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–499 (March 1995 - September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–441 (March 1995 – September 1998) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #1–58 (November 1998 – September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #500–545 (October 2003 – December 2007) The Amazing Spider-Man #546–647 \\\"Brand New Day\\\" (January 2008 – November 2010) Note: Brand New Day is a soft reboot stemming out of the events of One More Day. Three issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month during this time. See Free Comic Book Day (2007): Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man #648–700 (November 2010 – December 2012) Note: During the \\\"Big Time\\\" storyline, two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month at the increased length of 30 pages each (compared to the traditional 22 pages). The Amazing Spider-Man #701–801 (January 2013 – June 2018) Superior Spider-Man (vol. 1) #1–33 (January 2013 – April 2014) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1–20 (April 2014 – August 2015) — Marvel NOW! Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows (vol. 1) #1–5 (June 2015 – September 2015) Note: Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is a Secret Wars tie-in miniseries set in an alternate universe where One More Day never happened. The miniseries is counted as part of the legacy numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1–32 (October 2015 – September 2017) — All-New, All-Different Marvel The Amazing Spider-Man #789–801 (October 2017 – June 2018) — Marvel Legacy The Amazing Spider-Man #802–894 (July 2018 – March 2022) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #1–74 (July 2018 – September 2021) — Fresh Start Note: See Free Comic Book Day (2018): Amazing Spider-Man.\",\n \"title\": \"List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"931\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man is an ongoing American superhero comic book series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man as its title character and main protagonist. Being in the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it was the character's first title, launching seven months after his introduction in the final issue of Amazing Fantasy. The series began publication with a March 1963 cover date and has been published nearly continuously to date over six volumes with only one significant interruption. Issues of the title currently feature an issue number within its sixth volume, as well as a \\\"legacy\\\" number reflecting the issue's overall number across all Amazing Spider-Man volumes. The title reached 900 issues in 2022. The series began as a bimonthly periodical before being increased to monthly after four issues. It was the character's sole monthly headlining title until Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man launched in 1978. After 441 issues, The Amazing Spider-Man was restarted in 1999 as issue No. 1 of Volume 2. It ran for 58 issues before reverting to the title's overall issue number with #500 in 2003. The series ran essentially continuously over the first two volumes from 1963 until its landmark 700th issue at the end of 2012 when it was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Marvel's comic lines. The title was occasionally published biweekly during the first two volumes, and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010. After the relaunch of Action Comics and Detective Comics, The Amazing Spider-Man briefly became the highest-numbered active American comic book. The Amazing Spider-Man returned with volume 3 in April 2014 following the conclusion of The Superior Spider-Man story arc after 31 issues. In late 2015, the series was relaunched with a fourth volume following the 2015 Secret Wars event. After 45 years , the volume was once again relaunched as part of Marvel Legacy, returning to the overall \\\"legacy\\\" numbering with issue No. 789 in late 2017. Less than a year later, the series was relaunched again with a fifth volume as part of Marvel's Fresh Start. For the first time, although the issue numbers were again restarted from #1, the issues also bore the overall \\\"legacy\\\" issue number. A sixth volume commenced in April 2022 to celebrate Spider-Man's 60th anniversary. Since the second volume, the title has had various release schedules, including monthly and bi-weekly, among others. Publication history Writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko created the character of Spider-Man, and the pair produced 38 issues from March 1963 to July 1966. Ditko left after the 38th issue, while Lee remained as writer until issue 100. Since then, many writers and artists have taken over the monthly comic through the years, chronicling the adventures of Marvel's most identifiable hero. The Amazing Spider-Man has been the character's flagship series for his first fifty years in publication, and was the only monthly series to star Spider-Man until Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, in 1976, although 1972\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13305157\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"One More Day\\\" (OMD) is a four-part 2007 comic book crossover storyline, connecting the three main Spider-Man series published by Marvel Comics at the time. Written by J. Michael Straczynski and Joe Quesada, with art by Quesada, the story arc concludes the fallout of Spider-Man's actions during the 2007 Civil War crossover. \\\"One More Day\\\" starts in The Amazing Spider-Man #544, continues in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #24 and The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2) #41, and concludes in The Amazing Spider-Man #545. After Aunt May had been shot by a stray bullet from a goon of the Kingpin meant for Spider-Man, Spider-Man seeks help to save her life. He encounters the demon Mephisto, who offers to save her life if Spider-Man gives him his marriage. Spider-Man and his wife, Mary Jane Watson, agree, and this part of their history is erased so that, effectively, they have never been married. The storyline set the stage for a restructuring of the Spider-Man titles, resulting in the cancellation of Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, with The Amazing Spider-Man revamped as a thrice-monthly publication. The events of \\\"One More Day\\\" regarding Peter Parker and Mary Jane's marriage was met with highly negative criticism, although the artwork received praise. Elements of the storyline were adapted in the feature film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada felt dissolving the Peter Parker and Mary Jane marriage and returning Spider-Man to his roots was necessary to preserve the longevity of the character for the next 20 or 30 years. Quesada said he and other previous editors-in-chief had long been seeking an opportunity to begin a new methodology in which to tell Spider-Man stories, but had not found a reasonable way to do so. Quesada said \\\"It's very easy to un-marry a character, or fix something like that: you just do a huge universal retcon, and say a few events in history didn't happen. But that's really not the way we do it here at Marvel.\\\" Quesada found an opportunity to address this in the events of the 2007 Civil War mini-series, which resulted in the unmasking of Spider-Man's identity to the public. Quesada knew J. Michael Straczynski was planning to end his run as a Marvel writer, so he personally approached Straczynski to propose \\\"One More Day\\\" as his final project. The ideas for \\\"One More Day\\\" began to develop almost two years before its release, at one of Marvel's creative summits for creators and editors. Quesada, Straczynski, Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, Jeph Loeb, Tom Brevoort and Axel Alonso developed the concept between them, and Ed Brubaker and Dan Slott added more at the next summit. \\\"One More Day\\\" was announced as the concluding storyline of Straczynski's run on Amazing Spider-Man in early 2007, and Quesada was named as the artist for the storyline. Although Quesada had become more selective in choosing projects to do as an artist since becoming editor-in-chief, he felt\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: One More Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2291862\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Death of Jean DeWolff\\\" is a four-part story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It comprises the comics Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #107–110 (October 1985 – January 1986). The story was written by Peter David, penciled by Rich Buckler, and inked by Brett Breeding, Josef Rubinstein, Kyle Baker and Pat Redding. It was the second professional comic book writing assignment for David and the beginning of his \\\"break\\\" into comic book writing. In this arc, Peter Parker (Spider-Man) hunts down the killer of police captain Jean DeWolff, one of his closest friends. Publication history On the first page of \\\"Part 4: All My Sins Remembered\\\", when Spider-Man remembers his teenage past with Betty Brant, the flashback panels are reprints of panels from earlier issues of Amazing Spider-Man; e.g. the third panel is from Amazing Spider-Man #41. Plot summary After capturing a trio of muggers assaulting Ernie Popchik (an elderly tenant of his Aunt May's), Spider-Man learns that his close friend NYPD Captain Jean DeWolff has been killed in her sleep. Spider-Man confronts the police officer in charge of the investigation, Sergeant Stan Carter. Carter tells him Jean was killed by a close-range double-barreled shotgun blast, and that her badge is missing. Meanwhile, attorney Matt Murdock (the civilian identity of Daredevil) is assigned to represent Popchik's muggers at their arraignment; he succeeds in getting them released without bail, and through his super-senses also finds out Spider-Man's secret identity as Peter Parker when the latter attends the trial in May's and Popchik's company. However, he is disgusted by his clients' rowdy behavior, and speaks with the judge presiding over the case — his friend and mentor, Horace Rosenthal — about his misgivings with doing pro bono publico work. During their talk he senses an armed and masked intruder in Rosenthal's chamber. After Rosenthal leaves, the intruder introduces himself as the Sin-Eater and tries to shoot Murdock. Hearing the commotion, Rosenthal returns and is shot by the Sin-Eater. The Sin-Eater then escapes through the window. On the streets outside, Spider-Man responds to the panic aroused by the Sin-Eater's appearance. He opens fire on Spider-Man, who leaps above the scattergun blasts. The bullets hit a crowd of bystanders. During their fight, Spider-Man spots a gavel and a badge on the Sin-Eater's belt, and realizes he must be the one who killed Jean DeWolff. However, when he sees Aunt May lying senseless on the ground, he allows the Sin-Eater to escape so that he can help her. Spider-Man successfully petitions Carter for unofficial approval to search DeWolff's apartment. Carter also reveals the folklore behind the term sin-eater, and mentions that he is a former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. Spider-Man is unable to find any clues in DeWolff's apartment, but discovers a collection of news clippings indicating that she was romantically interested in him. While at Rosenthal's funeral, Murdock recognizes Sin-Eater's heartbeat among those attending DeWollf's funeral nearby, but there are too many mourners for him to pick out which one is the Sin-Eater.\",\n \"title\": \"The Death of Jean DeWolff\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31655527\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Gathering of Five\\\" and \\\"The Final Chapter\\\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \\\"re-branding\\\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \\\"Issue One\\\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \\\"Clone Saga\\\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \\\"the gathering of five\\\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \\\"package\\\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time\",\n \"title\": \"The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53599140\",\n \"text\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \\\"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\\\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \\\"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\\\" was released with the tagline \\\"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\\\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \\\"unjust\\\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a\",\n \"title\": \"The Amazing Spider-Man 129\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65818012\",\n \"text\": \"Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen\",\n \"title\": \"Sins Rising\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3359643\",\n \"text\": \"Debra Whitman is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #196 (September 1979), she served as a brief love interest for Peter Parker in the Spectacular Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man comic titles in the late 1970s and early 1980s. She is also one of the first characters to determine that Peter was Spider-Man, although she was later convinced she was delusional. The character has appeared in Spider-Man media adaptations, most notably in Spider-Man: The Animated Series. Fictional character biography Debra Whitman was a secretary in the biophysics department of Empire State University. While there, she met Peter and they started dating. However, things kept coming up in his secret life as Spider-Man and he kept giving her excuses to get out of the date. Because of Peter's rejections, she started to date Biff Rifkin for emotional support, but her infatuation with Peter did nothing but grow. Debra also suffered from a mental instability that led her to idealize people and invert values. With Peter it grew further into her hallucinating that he was Spider-Man. When she told her psychiatrist, Dr. Baily Kuklin, about her hallucinations, he asked Peter to wear the Spider-Man suit to give her a shocking confrontation with reality to get her out of the hallucination. Peter refused, and indicated Biff Rifkin as a more reliable source of information. However, Biff already knew Debra when she was married to Mark Whitman. One day he asked her about her black eye and she gave evasive answers. That night he went to their house and saw Mark beating her. He rescued her and took her to the hospital, but she insisted Mark was a kind and gentle husband, locked in denial. Peter then wore the suit and told her he was Spider-Man. The shock made her come to her senses and decided to leave New York to get a divorce. During the superhero \\\"Civil War\\\", Peter reveals his identity as Spider-Man to the world. Thereafter, Debra is seen on the phone speaking to her co-writer about her new book, entitled \\\"TWO FACED: How Spider-Man Ruined My Life\\\". She seems discouraged about the title and tone of the book, but is committed to a book signing later in the day. Enraged, she then hurls items around the room to get out her anger before the signing. At the book signing, Spider-Man and the newly released Vulture are both seen planning to crash. After Spider-Man defeats the Vulture, Debra reveals to Betty Brant the editors had forced her to exaggerate the mental damage that Peter had \\\"done\\\" to her in order to make for a better book. Debra's mother had been sick and the medical bills were far more than she could pay for, so when the Daily Bugle dug up all of Peter Parker's past relationships to get dirt on him, she jumped on the chance to write the book. Betty talked Debra into telling the truth to the Daily\",\n \"title\": \"Debra Whitman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2660132\",\n \"text\": \"The Human Fly is the name of three fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. One is a supervillain that was an occasional antagonist of Spider-Man, and the other two were superheroes, one of which was the title of a short-lived series in the late 1950s reprinting some of Fox's Blue Beetle strips from the 1940s. It was published by Super Comics. Publication history The Human Fly first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #10 (January 1976), and was created by Len Wein, Bill Mantlo, and Gil Kane. The character subsequently appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #192–193 (May–June 1979), Spider-Woman #30 (September 1980), Moon Knight #35 (January 1984), Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #86 (January 1984), and The Amazing Spider-Man #276 (May 1986), in which he was killed by the Scourge of the Underworld. The story of the Fly in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #86 was drawn by Fred Hembeck, who (in his personal caricature form) had a guest appearance in that particular issue. The Fly received an entry in the original The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #4, and The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Spider-Man #1 (2005). The superhero version of Human Fly starred in Marvel Comics' The Human Fly #1–19 (September 1977 – March 1979). Fictional character biography Richard Deacon Richard Deacon, born in Newark, New Jersey, was a small-time criminal who was shot by the police and left for dead after an unsuccessful kidnapping attempt which was foiled by Spider-Man. Stumbling into the laboratory of Dr. Harlan Stillwell (whose brother Farley Stillwell created the Scorpion for J. Jonah Jameson), Deacon coerces the scientist into saving his life. Overhearing an offer Jameson made with Stillwell to fund the creation of a new superhero, Deacon insists he be the subject of the experiment. Stillwell imprints the genetic coding of a housefly onto Deacon, empowering him and healing him of his bullet wounds. Deacon then kills Harlan Stillwell after he served his purpose and uses his newfound powers to further his criminal ambitions. He first uses Jameson as bait to get revenge on Spider-Man. Due to his inexperience, the Fly is no match for him and is defeated. Some time later, Human Fly begins to display fly-like tendencies like eating garbage. He also develops physical mutations, including facet eyes. Human Fly attacks Spider-Man after Spencer Smythe handcuffed him—along with Jameson—to a bomb. Human Fly hurls the two from a rooftop and leaves them for dead. Once freed from the shackle, Spider-Man tries to stop Human Fly from stealing an art exhibit, but the villain knocks him down and escapes. Soon afterwards, the police catch the Fly using S.H.I.E.L.D. equipment. Traveling to Los Angeles, the Fly seeks out Dr. Karl Malus, who confirms that his powers are fading and he will soon be powerless. Malus recommends that he get a new set of powers using a blood transfusion from another superbeing, which would most conveniently be the locally operating Spider-Woman. With his powers\",\n \"title\": \"Human Fly (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19054808\",\n \"text\": \"Bluebird (Sally Avril), sometimes rendered Blue Bird, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is usually depicted as a supporting character in the Spider-Man series. In other media, Sally Avril has appeared in the animated series The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Grey DeLisle; in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), portrayed by Kelsey Asbille; and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), played by Isabella Amara. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Sally Avril first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (1962). Sally was a minor member of Flash Thompson's entourage, appearing in only one issue during the Silver Age. Her \\\"Bluebird\\\" career was created by Busiek (scripts) and Olliffe (pencils) in 1996. Fictional character biography Sally Avril was a fellow student of Peter Parker's at Midtown High who turned him down for a date, preferring Flash Thompson. Thirty years later, writing for Untold Tales of Spider-Man, Kurt Busiek resurrected the one-note brunette from obscurity and gave her a background. She was an ambitious, thrill-loving girl who took blue ribbons in gymnastics. With fellow popular kid Jason Ionello, she attempted to cash in on a Daily Bugle contest offering a thousand dollars to a reader who brought in pictures of Spider-Man. Although their mission was a bust, Sally loved the thrill and became very smitten with the web-slinger when he touched her cheek just before leaving her and Jason with a warning to give it up. Sally and Jason tailed Spidey again, who was (unwillingly) working for Electro. The flash from Sally's camera roused Spidey from his hypnotic state, and a well-placed kick by the athletic young Sally took Electro by surprise long enough for Spidey to readjust his mask — which Electro had been preparing to remove — and defeat him. Spider-Man posed for a shot with an ecstatic Sally and Jason that the Bugle ran. Suffused with glee, Sally tried to get a permanent gig on the Bugle, but was told the photographer's job was filled — by Peter Parker. Peter admitted this but asked her not to tell their fellow Midtowners. Sally donned an eccentric blue-and-white costume and decided, with her aerobic skills, to become a superheroine. She asked Peter to take some Bugle pics of her doing some stunts, but Peter refused. Angered, she threatened to blackmail him by revealing that he took Spider-Man pictures, but he undercut her by telling them himself. Bluebird's zeal but lack of experience caused trouble for Spider-Man during fights with Scarlet Beetle and Electro. Her \\\"ether egg\\\" weapons would detonate prematurely or have little effect, once even allowing the villain to escape. Considering her more trouble than she was worth, Spider-Man allowed the Black Knight's men to hurt her quite badly in order to dissuade her from interfering in his fights again, although he later felt remorseful. Bruised but undaunted, Sally and Jason headed to an area where\",\n \"title\": \"Bluebird (Marvel Comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5051787\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\\\" is a Spider-Man story written by Roger Stern, originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #248 in 1984. In the story, a young fan of Spider-Man meets his hero. This comic was selected as one of the \\\"Top 10 Spider-Man stories of all time\\\" by Wizard and is regarded as among the most-loved Spider-Man stories. Plot Young Timothy \\\"Tim\\\" Harrison lies in his bed. Portions from a column by Daily Bugle writer Jacob Conover say Tim is the greatest Spider-Man fan in the world and has collected every article available on him, including a whole album of The Daily Bugle retractions. Tim has also collected mementos such as kinescopes of Spider-Man's early television appearances and bullets from a crime foiled by Spider-Man. Suddenly, Spider-Man comes into Tim's room. In the following hours, the two trade anecdotes about Spider-Man's long career. The hero is surprised and touched by how much the boy adores him. When Spider-Man is about to leave, Tim asks him who he really is. After some hesitation, Spider-Man takes off his mask, identifies himself as Peter Parker, and retells the fateful night when his negligence let Uncle Ben die, causing him to fight crime. The story does not change Tim's admiration of his hero. A tearful Peter Parker embraces Tim (who refers to him as \\\"Pete\\\") and departs. An exterior view reveals Tim is staying in a cancer clinic. The last of the newspaper captions states that the boy's only wish is to meet his hero in person. Conover ends his report by stating his hope that \\\"Spider-Man takes the time to visit a very brave young man named Tim Harrison, and I hope he does it soon. You see, Tim Harrison has leukemia, and the doctors only give him a few more weeks to live\\\". Background The lead story of Amazing #248 is Spider-Man's fight against Thunderball, but Stern's backup story is remembered much better than the main tale. According to Stern: Tim Harrison's death is mentioned in Danny Fingeroth and Ron Garney's \\\"A Spider-Man Carol\\\", in which Spider-Man meets Tim's brother Joey. The story was published in the 1991 Marvel Holiday Special. Collected editions The story has been reprinted several times and collected in various trade paperbacks including The Very Best of Spider-Man (December 1994, ). References External links Comics by Roger Stern Single issue storylines of comic book series 1984 works\",\n \"title\": \"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8896262\",\n \"text\": \"The Green Goblin's Last Stand is a 1992 superhero fan film by Dan Poole, based on the comic book story \\\"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\\\", published by Marvel Comics in The Amazing Spider-Man #121–122. Poole is the director, producer, creative editor, screenwriter, and star of the film. The film and its attendant documentary received showings and accolades at several small film festivals. Plot Peter Parker, as his alias Spider-Man, is following a stolen vehicle. He stops the car and traps the two criminals. Afterwards, he meets his girlfriend Gwen Stacy. Peter's spider-sense detects Norman Osborn traveling in a taxi, and he learns from Gwen that Norman survived an explosion at his chemical plant. Norman returns to his home, in an amnestic state, in an attempt to find his son, Harry. In his room, he finds a newspaper detailing the explosion of Norman's plant, caused by a battle between Spider-Man and The Green Goblin. Peter visits Norman, who becomes enraged and tells him to leave. Peter believes he is unwell, and tells Gwen that Norman was obviously mentally altered after the accident. Norman sees Parker's name on the newspaper and hallucinates that Spider-Man is chasing him into the streets of New York. Three thugs harass and attack him, leaving him unconscious. The next day, Norman wakes up in his former 'warehouse'. He finds the goblin equipment, and vows revenge on Spider-Man. Peter goes back to Norman's apartment and finds the newspaper, realizing that he has once again become the Green Goblin. He bumps into Harry Osborn, who believes his father is still in the hospital. Harry discovers that the card with the doctor's number and address is missing from his desk, but that the card had Peter's address and number on it as well. Gwen goes to look for Peter at his \\\"Darkroom\\\", but Norman kidnaps her and takes her to the rooftops. Peter finds she is missing, and is challenged by Norman to come rescue her. Peter trips Norman with his web, but after he regains consciousness, he pushes Gwen off the roof. Peter quickly spins a web to catch Gwen, breaking her neck in the process. Enraged, Peter nearly kills Norman, but he escapes by throwing a pumpkin bomb. Norman is tracked down by Peter to the warehouse ruins. Peter makes Norman's glider malfunction and defeats him. After asking him why he killed Gwen, Norman is apathetic, and describes her as a \\\"pawn\\\". Peter almost beats Norman to death again, but cannot bring himself to do so. Norman activates his glider to kill Peter, but his spider sense activates and he quickly jumps out of the way, leaving the glider to impale Norman, killing him. At the cemetery, Peter apologizes to Gwen at her grave, stating that Norman's death only made the pain worse. He admits hesitance in being Spider-Man, but reminds himself of his promise to Uncle Ben's death that he would continue being Spider-Man. Cast Dan Poole as Peter Parker / Spider-Man Jimi Kinstle as Norman Osborn\",\n \"title\": \"The Green Goblin's Last Stand\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38162451\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dying Wish\\\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\" and finished in \\\"Dying Wish\\\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \\\"Dying Wish\\\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \\\"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\\\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \\\"Origin of the Species\\\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \\\"Ends of the Earth\\\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \\\"Peter Parker\\\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \\\"Spider-Man\\\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped\",\n \"title\": \"Dying Wish\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39645332\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge is a 1981 American superhero film that had a theatrical release abroad, a composite of the 1979 two-parter episode \\\"The Chinese Web\\\" of the contemporary television series The Amazing Spider-Man, released on 9 May 1981. It was directed by Don McDougall, written by Lionel E. Siegel and stars Nicholas Hammond as the titular character, Rosalind Chao, Robert F. Simon, Benson Fong, and Ellen Bry. It is the sequel to Spider-Man (1977) and Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978). It was the final Spider-Man film that was released theatrically outside of North America, until Columbia Pictures acquired the rights in 1999 from its license, due to licensing and financial issues with Cannon Films, Carolco Pictures and New Cannon, and finally released Spider-Man in 2002. Plot Min Lo Chan, the Chinese Minister of Industrial Development, who happens to be an old college friend of J. Jonah Jameson, flees China and comes to the United States to locate three men who during the war approached him and offered him money for secrets about Mao Zedong, which he refused at the time. He stays with his niece Emily Chan, who lives in New York City. However, it appears the incident is now being investigated and he needs to find one of them quickly in order to verify his innocence. He asks Mr. Jameson to help him find them, but he wants it done quietly because it seems that there are elements who want him convicted, so Jameson asks Peter Parker to find the three ex-Marines on his behalf, but also to talk to them discreetly. Meanwhile, back in Hong Kong, Zeider who is a wealthy industrialist, is among the ones being considered to build a power plant for the Chinese Government worth one billion dollars. However, he knows that Min Lo Chan is considering another company but if he's convicted his successor will award the contract to him. As a result, he sends Clyde Evans to make sure he doesn't return to China alive. As Spider-Man, Peter saves Min's life several times. However, in one of the murder attempts Min suffers a minor heart attack and has to remain under medical observation. To trick Evans, the Daily Bugle publishes the news stating that Min has died in hospital. Peter manages to contact the last of the Marines needed to clear Min's name, Professor Dent, who agrees to help as he also wants to clear his name. Along with Peter and Min's niece Emily, Dent flies to Hong Kong to testify, but Zeider has him kidnapped to ensure his silence. During an incident while chasing the kidnappers, Emily discovers that Peter Parker is Spider-Man. Finally, with Emily's help, Spider-Man traces Dent in Zeider's secret office at the top of a building. After defeating all of the henchmen, he captures Zeider and frees Dent. Peter Parker proceeds to return to the United States as Emily decides to stay in China and promises Peter not to reveal his secret identity. Cast Nicholas Hammond as Spider-Man\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4250586\",\n \"text\": \"The Iron Spider is a fictional powered exoskeleton used by several characters in Marvel Comics. Publication history The Iron Spider armor first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #529 and was designed by Joe Quesada, based on a sketch by Chris Bachalo. Peter Parker wore this gold and red suit as Spider-Man's official costume until writer J. Michael Straczynski chose to revert to the older costume. It was used symbolically to show the character's divided loyalties during the 2006–2007 \\\"Civil War\\\" storyline. Known wearers Peter Parker After being revived from a battle with Morlun, Tony Stark created the Iron Spider Armor as a gift to Peter Parker, in order to get the young hero's support for the Superhero Registration Act. But during several fights, Parker slowly became disturbed over the battles with several unregistered heroes, and discovered that Stark was using the suit to monitor him, along with several devices in play to incapacitate him if necessary. But during a trip to 42, a prison that illegally held super-powered individuals within the Negative Zone without trial or counsel, Parker became completely disgusted with Stark's actions, and turned his back from the Registation's side of the war, and forgone the costume after \\\"reformed\\\" criminals Jester and Jack O' Lantern attacked his aunt and wife in an attempt to capture him, and after a serious confrontation with Stark, leading the tech genius to repossess it. Scarlet Spiders The Iron Spider armor costume has been duplicated and used by MVP's three genetic clones in the Initiative who identify themselves as Red Team and also labeled the Scarlet Spiders. It is unknown as to what new powers the team possesses, but they have been shown to use some of the built-in powers such as the cloaking device, communications, and waldoes which the original costume possessed. One change is that there are now four waldoes, as opposed to three. These suits have the original's morphing ability, as well as web-shooters, and wall-crawling capability. Mary Jane Watson Mary Jane Watson later donned the Iron Spider armor in order to help Spider-Man and Iron Man fight Regent. She uses her experience in Iron Man's suit and her brief spider powers that she had back in the Spider-Island storyline to operate the armor. Aaron Davis Aaron Davis purchases a recolored and modified Iron Spider armor which he uses to form his incarnation of the Sinister Six. Amadeus Cho Amadeus Cho wears a version of the suit in the comic book The Totally Awesome Hulk. Powers and abilities Supported by a system similar to that of Tony Stark's classic Iron Man design, The Iron Spider armor features many gadgets, including three mechanical spider-arms, or \\\"waldoes\\\", that can be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. Stark describes them as too delicate to use in combat, yet Spider-Man shortly afterward uses them to smash through the sensors in Titanium Man's helmet. Later on during the \\\"Civil War\\\" arc, he uses them (reluctantly) during\",\n \"title\": \"Iron Spider\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2306292\",\n \"text\": \"The Spectacular Spider-Man is a comic book and magazine series starring Spider-Man and published by Marvel Comics. Following the success of Spider-Man's original series, The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel felt the character could support more than one title. This led the company in 1968 to launch a short-lived magazine, the first to bear the Spectacular name. In 1972, Marvel more successfully launched a second Spider-Man ongoing series, Marvel Team-Up, in which he was paired with other Marvel heroes. A third monthly ongoing series, Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, debuted in 1976. Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, Each issue was written by Paul Jenkins (except #23–26, by Samm Barnes). The book's primary pencillers were Humberto Ramos and Mark Buckingham. The comic included the storyline Spider-Man: Disassembled in which Spider-Man met a new enemy called the Queen who wanted him as her mate. Her kiss caused him to slowly mutate into a giant spider who metamorphosed into human form with enhanced strength and agility, along with organic webbing and a psychic link with insects and arachnids. This comic also included the sequel to \\\"Sins Past\\\", \\\"Sins Remembered\\\", in which Peter went to Paris to meet Sarah Stacy and resolved the issues between them. Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures was a title published by Panini Comics in the United Kingdom from November 1995 to September 2005, although the Adventures portion of the title was often dropped from the cover page. It featured a mix of reprinted American material, as well as originally produced British material, including a guest appearance from Captain Britain. Spectacular was aimed at a younger audience than Panini's other Spider-Man reprint title Astonishing Spider-Man, and was loosely based on the continuity of the 1990s animated series. Volume 3 (2017–18) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man (vol. 3) was published from June 2017 to December 2018. After the first six issues, the series reverted to legacy numbering with issue #297 as part of the line-wide Marvel Legacy relaunch. The series' original creative team had Chip Zdarsky as writer, with Adam Kubert providing the artwork. Notable recurring characters included Teresa Durand, J. Jonah Jameson, Johnny Storm, and original character Rebecca London. Various issues, as well as the one Annual, were illustrated by guest artists; Kubert's final issue as artist was #307, excluding covers. Zdarsky left the series with issue #310. The series ended with issue #313, the final three issues being a tie-in to the Spider-Geddon crossover event written by Sean Ryan. The Spectacular Spider-Men The Spectacular Spider-Men is a currently ongoing series that was published beginning March 2024. The series is written by Greg Weisman (who also created The Spectacular Spider-Man television series) with Ramos returning for art. The Spectacular Spider-Men stars both versions of Spider-Man (Peter Parker and Miles Morales) and focuses on the relationship between the two Spider-Men. The series' supporting cast featured characters who previously appeared in the television series and Weisman's Starbrand & Nightmask comic series, including Kenny\",\n \"title\": \"The Spectacular Spider-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15635388\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Brand New Day\\\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \\\"One More Day\\\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \\\"Spider-Man: Big Time\\\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \\\"Brand New Day\\\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \\\"back to basics\\\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \\\"One More Day\\\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \\\"some people\\\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: Brand New Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1368744\",\n \"text\": \"The \\\"Clone Saga\\\" is an extended comic-book storyline published by Marvel Comics, revolving around the superhero Spider-Man and clones of him, as well as of other characters. The second and best-known story arc of this name ran from October 1994 to December 1996, and quickly became one of the most controversial Spider-Man stories ever told. Although it was intended to wrap up in less than a year, the comics sold very well and the writers were encouraged to prolong the saga as long as possible. This led to some changes to the storyline that ultimately proved unpopular. Despite the controversy, the 1990s Clone Saga remains one of the most popular Spider-Man story arcs of all time. Although many people were involved in its creation, the Clone Saga is most closely associated with Terry Kavanagh, who proposed the idea; Howard Mackie, who worked on the majority of the smaller crossovers involved in the overall story arc; and Gerry Conway, who devised the original story. Executive editors on the storyline included Tom DeFalco, Bob Budiansky, and Bob Harras. Story arcs There were two \\\"Clone Sagas\\\": the original storyline in the 1970s and the second saga which consumed all the regular Spider-Man series, several limited series and one-shot issues between 1994 and 1997. Between the two, there were also two smaller storylines that dealt with elements from the original saga. The original Clone Saga In mid-1973, writer Gerry Conway made the decision to kill off the girlfriend of Peter Parker, Gwen Stacy, in The Amazing Spider-Man #121 because the editorial team felt that Gwen had become stale as a character and they wanted to instill an additional element of tragedy into Peter Parker's life. In the follow-up arcs, Conway introduced a new villain called the Jackal and let Gwen Stacy seemingly return from the dead. The Jackal was the villain identity of Gwen and Peter's biology professor Miles Warren, who could not cope with the death of Gwen, with whom he had a secret infatuation. As an expert on cloning, he creates clones of both Gwen and Peter, discovering Peter is Spider-Man as a result. The Jackal blames Spider-Man for Gwen's death and wants to kill him. The Jackal kidnaps Spider-Man and forces him to fight his clone. Both men believe they are the real Peter Parker. The two Spider-Men soon decide to work together, but one is seemingly killed by the same bomb that kills the Jackal. The surviving Spider-Man determines he is the original because he is in love with Mary Jane Watson, which did not happen until after Professor Warren created the clone. Spider-Man drops the body of the clone into an incinerator. Gwen Stacy's clone disappears to find a new life for herself. The Amazing Spider-Man #149, the climactic installment of the original Clone Saga, leaves it ambiguous whether it is the original Spider-Man or his clone who perishes in the bomb explosion. Conway said this ambiguity was unintentional, as at the time he took it as a given\",\n \"title\": \"Clone Saga\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5857436\",\n \"text\": \"Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are the parents of Peter Parker, the superhero known as Spider-Man. Richard and Mary Parker have been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portrayed the characters in the films The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Emma Roberts portrays Mary Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Richard and Mary Parker were created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. For many years before The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #5 (November 1968), there had been no explanation of why Peter Parker was being raised by his aunt and uncle, with his parents only appearing in flashbacks and photographs. That issue finally answered the question: Richard and Mary Parker were murdered by Albert Malik, who was one of Johann Schmidt's successors to the persona of Red Skull. In The Amazing Spider-Man #365 (August 1992), Spider-Man's 30th anniversary, they reappeared. Two years later, however, in #388 (April 1994), they were revealed to be Life Model Decoys created by the Chameleon and were destroyed. In the novel Mary Jane, it is said they died in a plane accident while going to Switzerland to turn in some important discovery that Richard made. Peter tries to figure out what the discovery was but fails, as he cannot figure out the things Richard has written on his board. In July 1997, Untold Tales of Spider-Man #-1, part of Marvel Comics' \\\"Flashback Month\\\" event, written by Roger Stern and drawn by John Romita, Sr., the characters' origins are expanded. Since then, they have rarely been mentioned. Fictional character biographies Captain Richard Parker, a decorated soldier of the United States Army Special Forces and younger brother of Ben Parker, was recruited by Nick Fury, the future director of S.H.I.E.L.D., to the C.I.A. Mary Fitzpatrick was the daughter of O.S.S. agent \\\"Wild Will\\\" Fitzpatrick. She attended the best schools and eventually followed in her father's footsteps, becoming a C.I.A. translator and data analyst. Richard and Mary met on the job, fell in love, and married. Originally they eloped, later having a more elaborate service, fooling many. Mary became a field agent like Richard, giving them both an easy cover as a married couple. They were assigned to investigate Baroness Adelicia Von Krupp, who had captured an agent of a \\\"friendly power\\\" (who turned out to be Logan, aka Wolverine, then a Canadian operative called \\\"Agent Ten\\\" and who would eventually become an ally of their son Peter who would grow up to become Spider-Man). They rescued Logan from the Baroness and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. After that mission, they discovered Mary was pregnant; Logan was actually the first person to congratulate the Parkers, commenting later that he never saw an agent as tough as Richard Parker go that white that fast. Their son, Peter, was often left in the care of Ben and his wife May\",\n \"title\": \"Richard and Mary Parker\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14154213\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \\\"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\\\", \\\"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\\\", and \\\"Who Is Spider-Man?\\\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \\\"nerdy\\\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Man: With Great Power\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6146135\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and\",\n \"title\": \"List of Spider-Man enemies\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"313540\",\n \"text\": \"The Chameleon (Dmitri Smerdyakov; Russian: Дмитрий Смердяков) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963). The Chameleon is the first ever antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He is a master of disguises who is known for his ability to impersonate virtually anybody. The character is also the half-brother of Kraven the Hunter. This relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. He has also been a member of the Sinister Six and the Sinister Twelve at various points in his history. Since his original introduction, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), portrayed by Numan Acar. Fred Hechinger is set to appear as the character in the upcoming Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Kraven the Hunter (2024). Publication history 1960s Dmitri Smerdyakov debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. The Chameleon is therefore the first member of Spider-Man's rogues' gallery based on issue publication date and excluding the burglar who murdered Ben Parker. He appeared in the 1959 Tales to Astonish series. He appeared in the 1959 Tales of Suspense series. He appeared in the 1985 Web of Spider-Man series. 2000s Dmitri Smerdyakov appeared in the 2014 Original Sin: Secret Avengers Infinite Comic series. He later appeared in the 2015 Spider-Man and the X-Men series. He appeared in the 2018 Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2021 Giant-Size Amazing Spider-Man: Chameleon Conspiracy one-shot. Fictional character biography Dmitri Smerdyakov was born in Soviet Russia. In his youth, he became a servant and half-brother to Sergei Kravinoff, and later a minor associate of Gustav Fiers. Although Dmitri and Sergei were friends, Sergei was often abusive to Smerdyakov, leading to a combination of admiration and resentment towards Kravinoff. Eventually, Smerdyakov emigrated to the United States of America. As he had made a talent for himself during his youth by impressing his brother by impersonating friends and neighbors, he assumed an even more impressive disguise: the identity of Chameleon. During his first known criminal outing, he impersonated Spider-Man, though he was soon exposed and arrested. Shortly afterward, Sergei (now known as \\\"Kraven the Hunter\\\") came to America, and the Chameleon set his old associate's sights on Spider-Man. Both men became long-time enemies of Spider-Man, part of his primary rogues gallery. The Chameleon inspired Kraven to begin hunting Spider-Man, inviting Kraven to dispose of the hero. With Kraven, the Chameleon battled Iron Man, and then confronted the Hulk. At one point, the Chameleon disguised himself as Hank Pym, and robbed Pym's laboratory for documents to combat Virus Nine. While delivering\",\n \"title\": \"Chameleon (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"144436\",\n \"text\": \"Benjamin Franklin \\\"Ben\\\" Parker, usually referred to as Uncle Ben, was a supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with the superhero Spider-Man (Peter Parker). He was the husband of May Parker and the paternal uncle and father figure of Peter Parker. After appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962), Uncle Ben made his first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He was modeled and named after American founding father Benjamin Franklin. The character has been an essential part of Spider-Man's history. His death at the hands of a petty criminal, whom Spider-Man previously had the chance to apprehend, but chose not to, has been depicted in most versions of the hero's origin story, as the main factor that inspired Peter to become Spider-Man. Uncle Ben's quote, \\\"With great power there must also come great responsibility\\\" (often paraphrased as \\\"With great power comes great responsibility\\\"), has become Spider-Man's \\\"moral guide\\\" and iconic life motto. The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including films, animated series, and video games. He was portrayed by Cliff Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and by Martin Sheen in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012). In December 2021, Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) screenwriters Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers confirmed that Uncle Ben's comic book role as Peter's \\\"moral guide\\\" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)—who tells him his life motto before being killed as a result of his actions—had instead been adapted to his aunt May Parker, portrayed by Marisa Tomei in five films from 2016 to 2021. Adam Scott portrays a younger Ben Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history After first appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962)—caring for his niece (a mermaid named Linda Brown) with his wife May—Uncle Ben returned in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962)—caring for his nephew (Peter Parker / Spider-Man) with May—and was killed in the same issue. Although his history as a supporting character was very brief, Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider-Man's life, often appearing in flashbacks. Notability of death The murder of Uncle Ben is possibly the most notable in comic book history. He is also one of the few comic book deaths that has never been reversed in official continuity. He was a member of the \\\"Big Three\\\", alongside Jason Todd (an associate of Batman) and Bucky (an associate of Captain America) whose notable deaths, along with Ben's, gave rise to the phrase: \\\"No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky, Jason Todd, and Uncle Ben\\\". Later, the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment, \\\"No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben\\\". The violent killing of Uncle Ben, done by a common street criminal, also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne, the parents of\",\n \"title\": \"Uncle Ben\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58734846\",\n \"text\": \"Spider-Girl is the code name of several fictional characters in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The most prominent version and first to receive an ongoing series is Mayday Parker from the MC2 universe, the second version is Anya Corazon, and the third version is Gwen Warren, the latter two both from the Earth-616 universe. Several alternate reality incarnations of the character have additionally received notoriety, including the Ultimate Spider-Girl, Ashley Barton, Betty Brant, April, Penelope and Petra Parker, and Charlotte Morales. Publication history The first portrayed Spider-Girl, Mayday Parker, first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint with The Amazing Spider-Girl and Spectacular Spider-Girl. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature \\\"Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man\\\", written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through #8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8, followed by one last Spider-Girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End, in which fellow Spider-Girl April Parker is killed. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity. The new series featured a new character, Anya Corazon, whose adventures occurred on Earth 616. The series was canceled after only eight issues. No official reason was given for the cancellation. This character returned for a Spider-Island limited series. A second Earth-616 Spider-Girl was introduced in Avenging Spider-Man #16 (January 2013), before returning a decade later in X-Men Unlimited Infinity Comic #69 (January 2023) under the name \\\"Gwen Warren\\\", assuming the mantle of Spider-Girl as a member of the X-Men. Spider-Girls Mayday Parker The daughter of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 universe. April Parker Prior to calling herself \\\"Mayhem\\\", Mayday's clone April goes by Spider-Girl, the two sharing the mantle. Anya Corazon A Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña (Spider), and occasionally goes by Spider-Girl. Gwen Warren The mutant clone of Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Ana Soria created by the Jackal using technology stolen from Mister Sinister, the newborn Spider-Girl battles The Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Spider-Man's body) and the X-Men in the form of a 30 ft. human-spider hybrid, resembling a giant garden spider with human eyes able to shoot eye-beams, before being returned to a normal size with sentience, to the physical size of a twelve-year-old humanoid girl. Later, she enrolls in and drops out of the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning under the name \\\"Gwen Warren\\\" according to a statement by Tom Brevoort\",\n \"title\": \"Spider-Girl\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68718864\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Spectacular Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. Spectacular Spider-Man Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, as an experiment in entering the black-and-white comic-magazine market successfully pioneered by Warren Publishing and others. It sold for 35 cents when standard comic books cost 12 cents and Annuals and Giants 25 cents. It represented the first Spider-Man spin-off publication aside from the original series' summer Annuals, begun in 1964. The first issue (cover-dated July 1968) featured a painted, color cover by men's adventure-magazine artist Harry Rosenbaum, in acrylic paint on illustration board, over layouts by The Amazing Spider-Man artist John Romita Sr. The 52-page black-and-white Spider-Man story, \\\"Lo, This Monster!\\\", was by writer Stan Lee, penciler Romita Sr. and inker Jim Mooney. A 10-page origin story, \\\"In The Beginning!\\\", was by Lee, penciler Larry Lieber and inker Bill Everett. The feature story was reprinted in color, with some small alterations and bridging material by Gerry Conway, in The Amazing Spider-Man #116–118 (Jan.–March 1973) as \\\"Suddenly...the Smasher!\\\", \\\"The Deadly Designs of the Disruptor!\\\", and \\\"Countdown to Chaos!\\\" (with additional inking by Tony Mortellaro on the latter two). These versions were themselves reprinted in Marvel Tales #95–97 (Sept.-Oct. 1978). The second and final issue (Nov. 1968) also sported a painted cover and the interior was in color as well. Lee, Romita and Mooney again collaborated on its single story, \\\"The Goblin Lives!\\\", featuring the Green Goblin. A next-issue box at the end promoted the planned contents of the unrealized issue #3, \\\"The Mystery of the TV Terror\\\". A version of the Goblin story, trimmed by 18 pages, was reprinted in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #9 (1973), and portions of the \\\"TV Terror\\\" costume were reused for the costume of the Prowler. Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–100 (October 1976 – January 1985) Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #100–133 (February 1985 – October 1987) The Spectacular Spider-Man #134–200 (November 1987 – March 1993) The Spectacular Spider-Man #201–263 (April 1993 – September 1998) The Spectacular Spider-Man #264-290 (July 2003 – April 2005) The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 2 #1–27 (July 2003 – April 2005) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #291–313 (June 2017 – December 2018) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 3 #1–6 (June 2017 – November 2017) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #297–313 (November 2017 – December 2018) The Spectacular Spider-Man Annuals 1 – [Mantlo/Buckler] \\\"And Men Shall Call Him... Octopus!\\\" – September 1979 2 – [Macchio/Mooney] \\\"Vengeance Is Mine... Sayeth the Word!\\\" – May 1980 3 – [Kraft/Sherman/Weiss] \\\"Dark Side of the Moon\\\" – July 1981 4 – [DeNatale/Mantlo] \\\"Memory Lane!\\\" – July 1984 5 – [David/Beachum] \\\"Ace\\\" – July 1985 6 – [David/Beachum] \\\"Ace II\\\" – July 1986 7 – [Owsley/Kupperberg] \\\"The Honeymoon\\\" – August 1987 8 – [Conway/Gruenwald] \\\"Return to Sender\\\" – July 1988 9 – [Conway/Herdling] \\\"The Serpent in the Shadow\\\" – May 1989 10 – [Conway/Lee] \\\"Into the Microverse\\\" – June 1990\",\n \"title\": \"List of The Spectacular Spider-Man issues\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2555765\",\n \"text\": \"Carrion is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an enemy of Spider-Man. Publication history The Miles Warren clone version of Carrion first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #25 and was created by Bill Mantlo, Jim Mooney, and Frank Springer. Carrion emerged as part of a storyline that was a sequel to the original Clone Saga and as a result he has one of the most complicated histories of any Spider-Man villain. According to Tony Isabella, in Mantlo's original plans for this story, Carrion would have been revealed as the Peter Parker clone. That the real Spider-Man had also dumped the then-deceased Green Goblin's gear in the same furnace explained the Goblin-esque look of Carrion. However, Marv Wolfman, then writer of The Amazing Spider-Man book, had some second thoughts about it. He decided he didn't want a second Spider-Man running around so Bill was asked to change the planned revelation of his extended story, even though the first chapter had already been published. The character's history has been retconned several times as successive writers changed the status of the various clones, the plans and motivations of Professor Miles Warren and other aspects from the stories. Often these changes took place in stories which did not directly involve Carrion, resulting in further stories trying to tie up gaps. No fewer than three separate incarnations have been encountered. William Allen first appeared in Spider-Man: Dead Man's Hand #1 (April 1997), created by Roger Stern and Dan Lawlis. McBride was created by Sal Buscema and Gerry Conway in The Spectacular Spider-Man #149 (April 1989). Fictional character biography Miles Warren clone The original Carrion first appeared seeking to destroy Spider-Man, somehow knowing that his secret identity was Peter Parker. He unsuccessfully approached the Maggia with a plan to kill Spider-Man. He attacked Peter Parker, blaming him for the death of Gwen Stacy. Carrion sought to destroy Parker/Spider-Man several times before capturing Spider-Man and revealing to him that he was a decayed clone of Professor Miles Warren, also known as the Jackal. Warren had created the clone and left it in a capsule to mature to full development; however Warren had then (seemingly) died and the clone was left developing in the capsule with artificially accelerated age. Something went wrong and the clone's body became like a living corpse. As Warren's clone, Carrion blamed Spider-Man for the deaths of both Warren and Gwen Stacy and sought to bring him to justice with the help of a malleable student named Randy Vale. Carrion captured Peter Parker and prepared to kill him with a giant \\\"Spider-Amoeba\\\" created by cloning cells from Parker. However, Parker freed himself and became Spider-Man. In the subsequent fight a fire consumed the laboratory whilst the amoeba latched onto Carrion. The Spider-Amoeba suffocated Carrion, smothering him to death, and then unable to escape it perished in the fire. Malcolm McBride Many years later, Spider-Man learned from the High Evolutionary that Warren had not\",\n \"title\": \"Carrion (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22018101\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Spidey Meets the President!\\\" is a backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man #583, written by Zeb Wells, with art by Todd Nauck and Frank D'Armata. The cover of the issue shows Barack Obama giving a thumbs-up to Spider-Man. The comic book was published the week before Obama's inauguration in January 2009. Plot The story begins with Peter Parker standing among other reporters on the presidential inauguration of Barack Obama, photographing this historic moment. Suddenly a limo pulls up and reveals another Obama. The Secret Service does not know what to do, so Peter, who quickly dons his Spider-Man costume, asks both questions that only the real Barack Obama would be able to answer. When he asks what his nickname was during his college days, the actual Barack says his true name, and the fake one is confused and angry, causing him to reveal his true form, which turns out to be the super-villain known as the Chameleon. This gives Spider-Man the opportunity to capture the Chameleon and the Secret Service arrests him. Obama tells Spider-Man that he is a fan of the hero and thanks him. Afterward, as Obama swears his oath as President, Spider-Man is shown sitting at the top of the Washington Monument, where he thinks Biden notices him. Prologue This story was prepended in The Amazing Spider-Man Presidents Day Special digital comic. The additional pages depict the minutes before the original story took place, with Obama getting ready for the inauguration. The Chameleon, disguised as Obama's tailor, locks him inside and takes his place, driving to the inauguration in the presidential limousine. However, the real Obama escapes and is driven to the ceremony in a second limousine by his soon-to-be Vice President Joseph Biden. Meanwhile, outside the capital, Peter Parker is running late to the inauguration ceremony and has forgotten his press credentials. So, he enters the area stealthily by using his spider-like abilities to climb over a high wall. However, he is spotted by Senator John McCain and a few Secret Service agents. The senator recognizes as him as the photographer from The Daily Bugle and even provides him with a spare press credential. Parker then joins the press corps and the prequel story connects to the main story. Reception Typical sales for The Amazing Spider-Man are about 70,000 copies per issue. Issue #583 sold over 350,000 copies and went to five printings. It was the highest-selling regular series book of the 2000s. Collected edition References Cultural depictions of Barack Obama 2009 comics debuts Individual stories from issues of anthology comics\",\n \"title\": \"Spidey Meets the President!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"823737\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \\\"Torment\\\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \\\"Revenge of the Sinister Six\\\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \\\"Clone Saga\\\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Parker: Spider-Man\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Andrew Garfield"],"string":"[\n \"Andrew Garfield\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":82,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_9554"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when did the united states adopt the gregorian calendar"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"599966","text":"The New Calendarists are Eastern Orthodox churches that adopted the Revised Julian calendar. Background In the history of Christianity, divisions on which calendar to use were initiated after 1582, when the Roman Catholic Church transitioned from the ancient Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar. Eventually, by the 18th century, the Gregorian Calendar was officially adopted even in Protestant countries as the civil calendar, but still faced some opposition from smaller groups. In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Gregorian calendar was officially introduced in 1752. Around the same time, debates between those wanting to adopt the Gregorian Calendar and traditionalists wanting to keep the Julian calendar were also going on within several Eastern Catholic Churches. Those debates were focused mainly on ritual questions and ended in various compromises. The need for preservation of ritual differences, including various questions related to liturgical calendar, was consequently acknowledged by Rome. New Calendarists In 1923, the Revised Julian calendar was devised. Since then, several Eastern Orthodox Churches have introduced partial changes into their liturgical calendars. Those changes were based on the application of the Revised Julian calendar for the liturgical celebration of immovable feasts (including Christmas), thus reducing the use of the old Julian calendar to liturgical celebration of moveable feasts (feasts of the Easter cycle). Thus, the Revised calendar use was introduced. It has been adopted by: the Ecumenical Patriarchate (March 1924) the Church of Greece (March 1924) the Church of Cyprus; (March 1924) the Romanian Orthodox Church (later in 1924) the Patriarchate of Alexandria (in 1928) the Patriarchate of Antioch (in 1928) the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (in 1968) the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (in 2023) The Orthodox Church in America (except for Alaska) and the Albanian Orthodox Church also use the revised calendar. It was not adopted by the Eastern Orthodox Churches of: Jerusalem, Georgia, Russia, Sinai, and the monasteries on the Mount Athos. The Polish Orthodox Church has wavered between the two calendars; today it officially follows the old calendar. In Eastern Orthodoxy, issues related to calendar reform did not produce break of communion or schisms between the mainstream churches, but they did cause disputes and internal schisms within some churches. The result of those conflicts was the emergence of the Old Calendarist movement, and consequent creation of separate churches, thus breaking the communion with those mother churches that accepted the calendar reform. See also Adoption of the Gregorian calendar French revolutionary calendar Revised Julian calendar Old Calendarists References Sources Calendars History of Eastern Christianity History of Eastern Orthodoxy Liturgical calendars Old Calendarism Julian calendar","title":"New Calendarists"},{"docid":"33151859","text":"This is the calendar for Old Style 1752, a leap year which began on 1 January, and dropped 3–13 September to transition to the Gregorian calendar. Previously, the Old Style calendar in England (and related regions) had begun on 25 March and ended with the following March, on 24 March. Because the Gregorian calendar did not have leap day in 1700, the original 10-day difference in calendars had expanded to an 11-day difference, and to compensate, 2 September was followed by 14 September, as skipping 11 days beyond 3 September. Year 1753, in England (and related regions) followed the full Gregorian calendar. Note, below, the shortened length of September. |- |- |- With the omission of 3–13 September, then 14 September 1752 became the first day to match the New Style date of the Gregorian calendar, as adopted c.1582 by some Catholic territories. Scotland followed this same plan, in converting to Gregorian dates in 1752, along with England, Wales, Ireland, the American colonies, and related regions. Other nations, such as Russia and Sweden, continued to use the Julian calendar, in 1752. Although the Swedish calendar had tried a gradual transition, beginning in 1700, to drop 11 leap days during 40 years, Sweden returned to the Julian calendar and finally adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1753. Other nations did not change to the Gregorian system until more than 150 years later. There were many different transition plans used by various other nations (see: Gregorian calendar#Adoption). See also Old Style 1751 - first Old Style year to end on 31 December in England and related regions References Julian calendar","title":"Old Style 1752"},{"docid":"23397214","text":"The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian calendar backward to the dates preceding its official introduction in 1582. In nations that adopted the Gregorian calendar after its official and first introduction, dates occurring in the interim period of 15 October 1582 (the first date of use of Gregorian calendrical dates, being dated 5 October 1582 in the preceding Julian calendar) to the date on which the pertinent nation adopted the Gregorian calendar and abandoned the Julian calendar are sometimes 'Gregorianized' also. For example, the birthday of U.S. President George Washington was originally dated 11 February 1731 (Old Style) because Great Britain, of which he was born a subject, used (until September 1752) the Julian calendar and dated the beginning of English years as 25 March. After Great Britain switched to the Gregorian calendar, Washington's birthday was dated 22 February 1732 proleptically, according to the Gregorian calendar applied backward. This remains the modern dating of his birthday. Usage ISO 8601:2004 (clause 3.2.1 The Gregorian calendar) explicitly requires use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all dates before the introduction of 15 October 1582, if the partners to an exchange of information agree. Most scholars of Maya civilization also use it, especially when converting Long Count dates (1st century BC – 10th century AD). The best practice for citation of historically contemporary documents is to cite the date as expressed in the original text and to notate any contextual implications and conclusions regarding the calendar used and equivalents in other calendars. This practice permits others to re-evaluate the original evidence. For these calendars one can distinguish two systems of numbering years BC. Bede and later historians did not enumerate any year as zero (nulla in Latin; see Year zero); therefore the year preceding AD 1 is 1 BC. In this system the year 1 BC is a leap year (likewise in the proleptic Julian calendar). Mathematically, it is more convenient to include a year 0 and represent earlier years as negative numbers for the specific purpose of facilitating the calculation of the number of years between a negative (BC) year and a positive (AD) year. This is the convention in astronomical year numbering and the international standard date system, ISO 8601. In these systems, the year 0 is a leap year. Although the nominal Julian calendar began in 45 BC, leap years between 45 BC and 1 BC were irregular (see Leap year error). Thus the Julian calendar with quadrennial leap years was only used from the end of AD 4 until 1582 or later (contingent on the specific nation in question). The proleptic Gregorian calendar is sometimes used in computer software to simplify identifying pre-Gregorian dates, e. g. in PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, PHP, CIM, Delphi and Python. Difference between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates Before the official and first introduction of the Gregorian calendar, the differences between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates are as follows: The table below assumes a Julian leap day of 29 February,","title":"Proleptic Gregorian calendar"},{"docid":"476654","text":"Little Christmas (), also known as Old Christmas, Green Christmas, or Twelfth Night, is one of the traditional names among Irish Christians and Amish Christians for 6 January, which is also known more widely as the Feast of the Epiphany, celebrated after the conclusion of the twelve days of Christmastide. It is the traditional end of the Christmas season and until 2013 was the last day of the Christmas holidays for both primary and secondary schools in Ireland. Origins Owing to differences in liturgical calendars, as early as the fourth century, the churches of the eastern Roman Empire were celebrating Christmas on 6 January, while those of the western Roman Empire were celebrating it on 25 December. In October 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar as a correction of the Julian calendar, because the latter has too many leap years that cause it to drift out of alignment with the solar year. This has liturgical significance since calculation of the date of Easter assumes that spring Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on 21 March. To correct the accumulated error, he ordained the date be advanced by ten days. Most Roman Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately and Protestant countries followed suit over the following 200 years. In particular, the British Empire (including the American colonies) did so from 1752 with the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, by which time the divergence had grown to eleven days. This meant that Christmas Day on 25 December ('New Style') was eleven days earlier than it would have been but for the Act, making \"Old Christmas\" [25 December ('Old Style')] happen on 5 January (NS). In February 1800, the Julian calendar had another leap year but the Gregorian did not, moving Old Christmas to 6 January (NS), which coincided with the Feast of the Epiphany. For this reason, in some parts of the world, the Feast of the Epiphany, which is traditionally observed on 6 January, is sometimes referred to as Old Christmas or Old Christmas Day. (Although 1900 was also not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar (and thus the Julian 25 December has since that year coincided with 7January in the Gregorian calendar) the custom of celebrating Little Christmas on 6January did not change.) Observance by country Europe In the Scottish Highlands the term Little Christmas () is applied to New Year's Day, also known as , or , while Epiphany is known as , the feast-day of the Kings. The Transalpine Redemptorists who live on Papa Stronsay in Scotland, celebrate 'Little Christmas' on the twenty-fifth day of every month, except for December, when the twenty-fifth day is celebrated as Christmas Day. The custom of blessing homes on Epiphany developed because the feast commemorates the time that the three kings visited the home of the Holy Family. In the late 19th Century, the day was also known as Little Christmas in some parts of England, such as Lancashire. In the Isle of Man, New Year's Day on","title":"Little Christmas"},{"docid":"39579023","text":"Events from the year 1599 in the Kingdom of Scotland. Incumbents Monarch – James VI Events 17 April – the title Marquess of Huntly is created in the Peerage of Scotland in favour of George Gordon, 6th Earl of Huntly. 29 November – Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow granted its charter by King James VI. 17 December – King James VI, via an act of his Privy Council, decided that Scotland should come into line with other “well governit commonwealths” and adopts 1 January as New Years Day. Prior to this 25 March was New Years Day. Thus the year 1599 commenced on 25 March 1599 and ended on 31 December 1599 - it was only 9 months long. The next date, in Scotland, was 1 January 1600. This left Scotland at odds with England, whereby the New year continued be dated from 25 March. As a consequence 1 January 1600 in Scotland was 1 January 1599 in England. It is sometimes, mistakenly, said that Scotland adopted the Gregorian Calendar at this time. Whilst starting the New Year on 1 January was one component of Gregorian reforms, Scotland did not adopt the two more fundamental changes in relation to (1) the computation for leap years and (2) the realignment of the calendar with the solar year, which necessitated the omission of ten days from the existing calendar. Scotland, along with England and Wales, adopted the Gregorian Calendar in 1752 under the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 by which time the omission of eleven days from the older calendar was required. 28 December – issue at Holyroodhouse by William Schaw, Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland and General Warden of the master stonemasons, of the Second Schaw Statutes, significant in the history of freemasonry, particularly in relation to Lodge Mother Kilwinning. The earliest records of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) date from this year. Births Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin (died 1663) John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure (died 1634) Thomas Weir, soldier and Covenanter (executed for witchcraft 1670) Deaths Jean Hepburn, Lady Darnley, Mistress of Caithness, Lady Morham See also Timeline of Scottish history References","title":"1599 in Scotland"},{"docid":"219425","text":"The Swedish calendar () or Swedish style () was a calendar in use in Sweden and its possessions from 1 March 1700 until 30 February 1712 (see below). It was one day ahead of the Julian calendar and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Easter was calculated astronomically, with a minor exception, from 1740 to 1844. Solar calendar In November 1699, the Government of Sweden decided that, rather than adopt the Gregorian calendar outright, it would gradually approach it over a 40-year period. The plan was to skip all leap days in the period 1700 to 1740. Every fourth year, the gap between the Swedish calendar and the Gregorian would reduce by one day, until they finally lined up in 1740. In the meantime, this calendar would not be in line with either of the major alternative calendars and the differences would change every four years. In accordance with the plan, 29 February was omitted in 1700, but the Great Northern War stopped any further omissions from being made in the following years. In January 1711, King Charles XII declared that Sweden would abandon the calendar, which was not in use by any other nation, in favour of a return to the older Julian calendar. An extra day was added to February in the leap year of 1712, thus giving the month a unique 30-day (30 February) and the year a 367-day length. In 1753, one year later than England and its colonies, Sweden introduced the Gregorian calendar. The leap of 11 days was accomplished in one step, with 17 February being followed by 1 March. Easter Easter was to be calculated according to the Easter rules of the Julian calendar from 1700 until 1739, but from 1700 to 1711, Easter Sunday was dated in the anomalous Swedish calendar, described above. In 1740, Sweden finally adopted the \"improved calendar\" already adopted by the Protestant states of Germany in 1700 (which they used until 1775). Its improvement was to calculate the full moon and vernal equinox of Easter according to astronomical tables, specifically Kepler's Rudolphine Tables at the meridian of Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory (destroyed long before) on the former Danish island of Hven near the southern tip of Sweden. In addition to the usual medieval rule that Easter was the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox, the astronomical Easter Sunday was to be delayed by one week if this calculation would have placed it on the same day as the first day of Jewish Passover week, Nisan 15. It conflicts with the Julian Easter, which could not occur on the 14th day of the moon (Nisan 14), but was permitted on Nisan 15 to 21 although those dates were calculated via Christian, not Jewish, tables (see Computus). The resulting astronomical Easter dates in the Julian calendar used in Sweden from 1740 to 1752 occurred on the same Sunday as the Julian Easter every three years but were earlier than the earliest canonical limit for Easter","title":"Swedish calendar"},{"docid":"15512766","text":"Dual dating is the practice, in historical materials, of indicating a date with what appear to be duplicate or excessive digits: these may be separated by a hyphen or a slash, or placed one above the other. The need for dual dating arose from the transition from an older calendar to a newer one. Another method used is to give the date of an event according to one calendar, followed in parentheses by the date of the same event in the other calendar, appending an indicator to each to specify which reference calendar applies. As an example, in the date \"10/21February 1750/51\" a style seen in the records of Great Britain and its possessions the notation arises from the prospective or previous adoption of the Gregorian calendar and a concurrent calendar reform. (The dual day number is due to the eleven days difference (at the time) between the Julian calendar date and the Gregorian one; the dual year is due to a change of start of year, from 25March to 1January.) European countries and their colonies: Old Style and New Style dates England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the American colonies Long before the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar, the date of the start of the year caused difficulties. Until 1752, England, Wales, Ireland and the American colonies started the legal year on 25March, whereas Scotland (since 1600), as well as common usage, started the year on 1January. This meant that a date such as 29January, while being toward the end of a legal year, would also be near the beginning of the following \"common\" (and Scottish) year. It was to show this duality that the system of displaying two year numbers first came into use examples may be seen on memorial tablets and in parish registers. Dating based on the year beginning on 25March became known as \"Annunciation Style\" dates, while dates of the year commencing on 1January were described as \"Circumcision Style\" dates, because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, commemorating the eighth day of Jesus Christ's life after his birth, counted from its observation on Christmas Day (25December). In 1752, England and its possessions changed the start of the year to 1January, and also adopted the Gregorian calendar (on 2September). Thereafter, the terms \"Old Style\" (OS) and \"New Style\" (NS) were more commonly added to dates when it proved necessary or expedient to identify which calendar was being used for the given date. Often, both were given for example: 20January 1708(OS) (1709(NS)). There may be some confusion as to which calendar alteration OS or NS refers to: the change of the start of the year, or the transition of one style of calendar to another. Historically, OS referred only to the start of the year change, to 1January from 25March, and some historians still believe this is the best practice. However, OS and NS may refer to both alterations of the calendar: constructions like may be seen. Rest of Europe During the period","title":"Dual dating"},{"docid":"27529","text":"September is the ninth month of the year in both the Gregorian calendar and the less commonly used Julian calendar. In the modern Gregorian calendar, its length is 30 days. September in the Northern Hemisphere and March in the Southern Hemisphere are seasonally equivalent. In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological autumn is on 1 September. In the Southern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological spring is on 1 September. September marks the beginning of the ecclesiastical year in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is the start of the academic year in many countries of the northern hemisphere, in which children go back to school after the summer break, sometimes on the first day of the month. September (from Latin septem, \"seven\") was originally the seventh of ten months in the oldest known Roman calendar, the calendar of Romulus , with March (Latin Martius) the first month of the year until perhaps as late as 451 BC. After the calendar reform that added January and February to the beginning of the year, September became the ninth month but retained its name. It had 29 days until the Julian reform, which added a day. Events Ancient Roman observances for September include Ludi Romani, originally celebrated from September 12 to September 14, later extended to September 5 to September 19. In the 1st century BC, an extra day was added in honor of the deified Julius Caesar on 4 September. Epulum Jovis was held on September 13. Ludi Triumphales was held from September 18–22. The Septimontium was celebrated in September, and on December 11 on later calendars. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. September was called \"harvest month\" in Charlemagne's calendar. September corresponds partly to the Fructidor and partly to the Vendémiaire of the first French republic. September is called Herbstmonat, harvest month, in Switzerland. The Anglo-Saxons called the month Gerstmonath, barley month, that crop being then usually harvested. In 1752, the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar. In the British Empire that year, September 2 was immediately followed by September 14. On Usenet, it is said that September 1993 (Eternal September) never ended. In the United States, September is one of the most common birth months (third most popular after August and July, which both have 31 days), as all but one Top 10 most common birthdays are in September, based on the National Center for Health Statistics statistics on births between 1994 and 2014. The most common birthday is September 9 (#1), least common is September 1 (#250). Astronomy and astrology The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC). September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. Symbols September's birthstone is","title":"September"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"599966\",\n \"text\": \"The New Calendarists are Eastern Orthodox churches that adopted the Revised Julian calendar. Background In the history of Christianity, divisions on which calendar to use were initiated after 1582, when the Roman Catholic Church transitioned from the ancient Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar. Eventually, by the 18th century, the Gregorian Calendar was officially adopted even in Protestant countries as the civil calendar, but still faced some opposition from smaller groups. In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Gregorian calendar was officially introduced in 1752. Around the same time, debates between those wanting to adopt the Gregorian Calendar and traditionalists wanting to keep the Julian calendar were also going on within several Eastern Catholic Churches. Those debates were focused mainly on ritual questions and ended in various compromises. The need for preservation of ritual differences, including various questions related to liturgical calendar, was consequently acknowledged by Rome. New Calendarists In 1923, the Revised Julian calendar was devised. Since then, several Eastern Orthodox Churches have introduced partial changes into their liturgical calendars. Those changes were based on the application of the Revised Julian calendar for the liturgical celebration of immovable feasts (including Christmas), thus reducing the use of the old Julian calendar to liturgical celebration of moveable feasts (feasts of the Easter cycle). Thus, the Revised calendar use was introduced. It has been adopted by: the Ecumenical Patriarchate (March 1924) the Church of Greece (March 1924) the Church of Cyprus; (March 1924) the Romanian Orthodox Church (later in 1924) the Patriarchate of Alexandria (in 1928) the Patriarchate of Antioch (in 1928) the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (in 1968) the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (in 2023) The Orthodox Church in America (except for Alaska) and the Albanian Orthodox Church also use the revised calendar. It was not adopted by the Eastern Orthodox Churches of: Jerusalem, Georgia, Russia, Sinai, and the monasteries on the Mount Athos. The Polish Orthodox Church has wavered between the two calendars; today it officially follows the old calendar. In Eastern Orthodoxy, issues related to calendar reform did not produce break of communion or schisms between the mainstream churches, but they did cause disputes and internal schisms within some churches. The result of those conflicts was the emergence of the Old Calendarist movement, and consequent creation of separate churches, thus breaking the communion with those mother churches that accepted the calendar reform. See also Adoption of the Gregorian calendar French revolutionary calendar Revised Julian calendar Old Calendarists References Sources Calendars History of Eastern Christianity History of Eastern Orthodoxy Liturgical calendars Old Calendarism Julian calendar\",\n \"title\": \"New Calendarists\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33151859\",\n \"text\": \"This is the calendar for Old Style 1752, a leap year which began on 1 January, and dropped 3–13 September to transition to the Gregorian calendar. Previously, the Old Style calendar in England (and related regions) had begun on 25 March and ended with the following March, on 24 March. Because the Gregorian calendar did not have leap day in 1700, the original 10-day difference in calendars had expanded to an 11-day difference, and to compensate, 2 September was followed by 14 September, as skipping 11 days beyond 3 September. Year 1753, in England (and related regions) followed the full Gregorian calendar. Note, below, the shortened length of September. |- |- |- With the omission of 3–13 September, then 14 September 1752 became the first day to match the New Style date of the Gregorian calendar, as adopted c.1582 by some Catholic territories. Scotland followed this same plan, in converting to Gregorian dates in 1752, along with England, Wales, Ireland, the American colonies, and related regions. Other nations, such as Russia and Sweden, continued to use the Julian calendar, in 1752. Although the Swedish calendar had tried a gradual transition, beginning in 1700, to drop 11 leap days during 40 years, Sweden returned to the Julian calendar and finally adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1753. Other nations did not change to the Gregorian system until more than 150 years later. There were many different transition plans used by various other nations (see: Gregorian calendar#Adoption). See also Old Style 1751 - first Old Style year to end on 31 December in England and related regions References Julian calendar\",\n \"title\": \"Old Style 1752\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23397214\",\n \"text\": \"The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian calendar backward to the dates preceding its official introduction in 1582. In nations that adopted the Gregorian calendar after its official and first introduction, dates occurring in the interim period of 15 October 1582 (the first date of use of Gregorian calendrical dates, being dated 5 October 1582 in the preceding Julian calendar) to the date on which the pertinent nation adopted the Gregorian calendar and abandoned the Julian calendar are sometimes 'Gregorianized' also. For example, the birthday of U.S. President George Washington was originally dated 11 February 1731 (Old Style) because Great Britain, of which he was born a subject, used (until September 1752) the Julian calendar and dated the beginning of English years as 25 March. After Great Britain switched to the Gregorian calendar, Washington's birthday was dated 22 February 1732 proleptically, according to the Gregorian calendar applied backward. This remains the modern dating of his birthday. Usage ISO 8601:2004 (clause 3.2.1 The Gregorian calendar) explicitly requires use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all dates before the introduction of 15 October 1582, if the partners to an exchange of information agree. Most scholars of Maya civilization also use it, especially when converting Long Count dates (1st century BC – 10th century AD). The best practice for citation of historically contemporary documents is to cite the date as expressed in the original text and to notate any contextual implications and conclusions regarding the calendar used and equivalents in other calendars. This practice permits others to re-evaluate the original evidence. For these calendars one can distinguish two systems of numbering years BC. Bede and later historians did not enumerate any year as zero (nulla in Latin; see Year zero); therefore the year preceding AD 1 is 1 BC. In this system the year 1 BC is a leap year (likewise in the proleptic Julian calendar). Mathematically, it is more convenient to include a year 0 and represent earlier years as negative numbers for the specific purpose of facilitating the calculation of the number of years between a negative (BC) year and a positive (AD) year. This is the convention in astronomical year numbering and the international standard date system, ISO 8601. In these systems, the year 0 is a leap year. Although the nominal Julian calendar began in 45 BC, leap years between 45 BC and 1 BC were irregular (see Leap year error). Thus the Julian calendar with quadrennial leap years was only used from the end of AD 4 until 1582 or later (contingent on the specific nation in question). The proleptic Gregorian calendar is sometimes used in computer software to simplify identifying pre-Gregorian dates, e. g. in PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, PHP, CIM, Delphi and Python. Difference between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates Before the official and first introduction of the Gregorian calendar, the differences between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates are as follows: The table below assumes a Julian leap day of 29 February,\",\n \"title\": \"Proleptic Gregorian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"476654\",\n \"text\": \"Little Christmas (), also known as Old Christmas, Green Christmas, or Twelfth Night, is one of the traditional names among Irish Christians and Amish Christians for 6 January, which is also known more widely as the Feast of the Epiphany, celebrated after the conclusion of the twelve days of Christmastide. It is the traditional end of the Christmas season and until 2013 was the last day of the Christmas holidays for both primary and secondary schools in Ireland. Origins Owing to differences in liturgical calendars, as early as the fourth century, the churches of the eastern Roman Empire were celebrating Christmas on 6 January, while those of the western Roman Empire were celebrating it on 25 December. In October 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar as a correction of the Julian calendar, because the latter has too many leap years that cause it to drift out of alignment with the solar year. This has liturgical significance since calculation of the date of Easter assumes that spring Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on 21 March. To correct the accumulated error, he ordained the date be advanced by ten days. Most Roman Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately and Protestant countries followed suit over the following 200 years. In particular, the British Empire (including the American colonies) did so from 1752 with the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, by which time the divergence had grown to eleven days. This meant that Christmas Day on 25 December ('New Style') was eleven days earlier than it would have been but for the Act, making \\\"Old Christmas\\\" [25 December ('Old Style')] happen on 5 January (NS). In February 1800, the Julian calendar had another leap year but the Gregorian did not, moving Old Christmas to 6 January (NS), which coincided with the Feast of the Epiphany. For this reason, in some parts of the world, the Feast of the Epiphany, which is traditionally observed on 6 January, is sometimes referred to as Old Christmas or Old Christmas Day. (Although 1900 was also not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar (and thus the Julian 25 December has since that year coincided with 7January in the Gregorian calendar) the custom of celebrating Little Christmas on 6January did not change.) Observance by country Europe In the Scottish Highlands the term Little Christmas () is applied to New Year's Day, also known as , or , while Epiphany is known as , the feast-day of the Kings. The Transalpine Redemptorists who live on Papa Stronsay in Scotland, celebrate 'Little Christmas' on the twenty-fifth day of every month, except for December, when the twenty-fifth day is celebrated as Christmas Day. The custom of blessing homes on Epiphany developed because the feast commemorates the time that the three kings visited the home of the Holy Family. In the late 19th Century, the day was also known as Little Christmas in some parts of England, such as Lancashire. In the Isle of Man, New Year's Day on\",\n \"title\": \"Little Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39579023\",\n \"text\": \"Events from the year 1599 in the Kingdom of Scotland. Incumbents Monarch – James VI Events 17 April – the title Marquess of Huntly is created in the Peerage of Scotland in favour of George Gordon, 6th Earl of Huntly. 29 November – Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow granted its charter by King James VI. 17 December – King James VI, via an act of his Privy Council, decided that Scotland should come into line with other “well governit commonwealths” and adopts 1 January as New Years Day. Prior to this 25 March was New Years Day. Thus the year 1599 commenced on 25 March 1599 and ended on 31 December 1599 - it was only 9 months long. The next date, in Scotland, was 1 January 1600. This left Scotland at odds with England, whereby the New year continued be dated from 25 March. As a consequence 1 January 1600 in Scotland was 1 January 1599 in England. It is sometimes, mistakenly, said that Scotland adopted the Gregorian Calendar at this time. Whilst starting the New Year on 1 January was one component of Gregorian reforms, Scotland did not adopt the two more fundamental changes in relation to (1) the computation for leap years and (2) the realignment of the calendar with the solar year, which necessitated the omission of ten days from the existing calendar. Scotland, along with England and Wales, adopted the Gregorian Calendar in 1752 under the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 by which time the omission of eleven days from the older calendar was required. 28 December – issue at Holyroodhouse by William Schaw, Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland and General Warden of the master stonemasons, of the Second Schaw Statutes, significant in the history of freemasonry, particularly in relation to Lodge Mother Kilwinning. The earliest records of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) date from this year. Births Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin (died 1663) John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure (died 1634) Thomas Weir, soldier and Covenanter (executed for witchcraft 1670) Deaths Jean Hepburn, Lady Darnley, Mistress of Caithness, Lady Morham See also Timeline of Scottish history References\",\n \"title\": \"1599 in Scotland\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"219425\",\n \"text\": \"The Swedish calendar () or Swedish style () was a calendar in use in Sweden and its possessions from 1 March 1700 until 30 February 1712 (see below). It was one day ahead of the Julian calendar and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Easter was calculated astronomically, with a minor exception, from 1740 to 1844. Solar calendar In November 1699, the Government of Sweden decided that, rather than adopt the Gregorian calendar outright, it would gradually approach it over a 40-year period. The plan was to skip all leap days in the period 1700 to 1740. Every fourth year, the gap between the Swedish calendar and the Gregorian would reduce by one day, until they finally lined up in 1740. In the meantime, this calendar would not be in line with either of the major alternative calendars and the differences would change every four years. In accordance with the plan, 29 February was omitted in 1700, but the Great Northern War stopped any further omissions from being made in the following years. In January 1711, King Charles XII declared that Sweden would abandon the calendar, which was not in use by any other nation, in favour of a return to the older Julian calendar. An extra day was added to February in the leap year of 1712, thus giving the month a unique 30-day (30 February) and the year a 367-day length. In 1753, one year later than England and its colonies, Sweden introduced the Gregorian calendar. The leap of 11 days was accomplished in one step, with 17 February being followed by 1 March. Easter Easter was to be calculated according to the Easter rules of the Julian calendar from 1700 until 1739, but from 1700 to 1711, Easter Sunday was dated in the anomalous Swedish calendar, described above. In 1740, Sweden finally adopted the \\\"improved calendar\\\" already adopted by the Protestant states of Germany in 1700 (which they used until 1775). Its improvement was to calculate the full moon and vernal equinox of Easter according to astronomical tables, specifically Kepler's Rudolphine Tables at the meridian of Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory (destroyed long before) on the former Danish island of Hven near the southern tip of Sweden. In addition to the usual medieval rule that Easter was the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox, the astronomical Easter Sunday was to be delayed by one week if this calculation would have placed it on the same day as the first day of Jewish Passover week, Nisan 15. It conflicts with the Julian Easter, which could not occur on the 14th day of the moon (Nisan 14), but was permitted on Nisan 15 to 21 although those dates were calculated via Christian, not Jewish, tables (see Computus). The resulting astronomical Easter dates in the Julian calendar used in Sweden from 1740 to 1752 occurred on the same Sunday as the Julian Easter every three years but were earlier than the earliest canonical limit for Easter\",\n \"title\": \"Swedish calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15512766\",\n \"text\": \"Dual dating is the practice, in historical materials, of indicating a date with what appear to be duplicate or excessive digits: these may be separated by a hyphen or a slash, or placed one above the other. The need for dual dating arose from the transition from an older calendar to a newer one. Another method used is to give the date of an event according to one calendar, followed in parentheses by the date of the same event in the other calendar, appending an indicator to each to specify which reference calendar applies. As an example, in the date \\\"10/21February 1750/51\\\" a style seen in the records of Great Britain and its possessions the notation arises from the prospective or previous adoption of the Gregorian calendar and a concurrent calendar reform. (The dual day number is due to the eleven days difference (at the time) between the Julian calendar date and the Gregorian one; the dual year is due to a change of start of year, from 25March to 1January.) European countries and their colonies: Old Style and New Style dates England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the American colonies Long before the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar, the date of the start of the year caused difficulties. Until 1752, England, Wales, Ireland and the American colonies started the legal year on 25March, whereas Scotland (since 1600), as well as common usage, started the year on 1January. This meant that a date such as 29January, while being toward the end of a legal year, would also be near the beginning of the following \\\"common\\\" (and Scottish) year. It was to show this duality that the system of displaying two year numbers first came into use examples may be seen on memorial tablets and in parish registers. Dating based on the year beginning on 25March became known as \\\"Annunciation Style\\\" dates, while dates of the year commencing on 1January were described as \\\"Circumcision Style\\\" dates, because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, commemorating the eighth day of Jesus Christ's life after his birth, counted from its observation on Christmas Day (25December). In 1752, England and its possessions changed the start of the year to 1January, and also adopted the Gregorian calendar (on 2September). Thereafter, the terms \\\"Old Style\\\" (OS) and \\\"New Style\\\" (NS) were more commonly added to dates when it proved necessary or expedient to identify which calendar was being used for the given date. Often, both were given for example: 20January 1708(OS) (1709(NS)). There may be some confusion as to which calendar alteration OS or NS refers to: the change of the start of the year, or the transition of one style of calendar to another. Historically, OS referred only to the start of the year change, to 1January from 25March, and some historians still believe this is the best practice. However, OS and NS may refer to both alterations of the calendar: constructions like may be seen. Rest of Europe During the period\",\n \"title\": \"Dual dating\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27529\",\n \"text\": \"September is the ninth month of the year in both the Gregorian calendar and the less commonly used Julian calendar. In the modern Gregorian calendar, its length is 30 days. September in the Northern Hemisphere and March in the Southern Hemisphere are seasonally equivalent. In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological autumn is on 1 September. In the Southern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological spring is on 1 September. September marks the beginning of the ecclesiastical year in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is the start of the academic year in many countries of the northern hemisphere, in which children go back to school after the summer break, sometimes on the first day of the month. September (from Latin septem, \\\"seven\\\") was originally the seventh of ten months in the oldest known Roman calendar, the calendar of Romulus , with March (Latin Martius) the first month of the year until perhaps as late as 451 BC. After the calendar reform that added January and February to the beginning of the year, September became the ninth month but retained its name. It had 29 days until the Julian reform, which added a day. Events Ancient Roman observances for September include Ludi Romani, originally celebrated from September 12 to September 14, later extended to September 5 to September 19. In the 1st century BC, an extra day was added in honor of the deified Julius Caesar on 4 September. Epulum Jovis was held on September 13. Ludi Triumphales was held from September 18–22. The Septimontium was celebrated in September, and on December 11 on later calendars. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. September was called \\\"harvest month\\\" in Charlemagne's calendar. September corresponds partly to the Fructidor and partly to the Vendémiaire of the first French republic. September is called Herbstmonat, harvest month, in Switzerland. The Anglo-Saxons called the month Gerstmonath, barley month, that crop being then usually harvested. In 1752, the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar. In the British Empire that year, September 2 was immediately followed by September 14. On Usenet, it is said that September 1993 (Eternal September) never ended. In the United States, September is one of the most common birth months (third most popular after August and July, which both have 31 days), as all but one Top 10 most common birthdays are in September, based on the National Center for Health Statistics statistics on births between 1994 and 2014. The most common birthday is September 9 (#1), least common is September 1 (#250). Astronomy and astrology The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC). September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. Symbols September's birthstone is\",\n \"title\": \"September\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"730958","text":"In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a or aj) is a unit of measurement of time defined as exactly 365.25 days of SI seconds each. The length of the Julian year is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar that was used in Western societies until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar, and from which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because astronomical Julian years are measuring duration rather than designating dates, this Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year. Usage The Julian year is not a unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI), but it is recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as a non-SI unit for use in astronomy. Before 1984, both the Julian year and the mean tropical year were used by astronomers. In 1898, Simon Newcomb used both in his Tables of the Sun in the form of the Julian century (36 525 days) and the \"solar century\" ( days), a rounded form of 100 mean tropical years of each according to Newcomb. However, the mean tropical year is not suitable as a unit of measurement because it varies from year to year by a small amount, days according to Newcomb. In contrast, the Julian year is defined in terms of the SI unit one second, so is as accurate as that unit and is constant. It approximates both the sidereal year and the tropical year to about ±0.008 days. The Julian year is the basis of the definition of the light-year as a unit of measurement of distance. Epochs In astronomy, an epoch specifies a precise moment in time. The positions of celestial objects and events, as measured from Earth, change over time, so when measuring or predicting celestial positions, the epoch to which they pertain must be specified. A new standard epoch is chosen about every 50 years. The standard epoch in use today is Julian epoch J2000.0. It is exactly 12:00 TT (close to but not exactly Greenwich mean noon) on in the Gregorian (not Julian) calendar. Julian within its name indicates that other Julian epochs can be a number of Julian years of 365.25 days each before or after J2000.0. For example, the future epoch J2100.0 will be exactly 36,525 days (one Julian century) from J2000.0 at 12:00 TT on (the dates will still agree because the Gregorian century 2000–2100 will have the same number of days as a Julian century). Because Julian years are not exactly the same length as years on the Gregorian calendar, astronomical epochs will diverge noticeably from the Gregorian calendar in a few hundred years. For example, in the next 1000 years, seven days will be dropped from the Gregorian calendar but not from 1000 Julian years, so J3000.0 will be . Julian calendar distinguished The Julian year, being a uniform measure of duration, should not be confused with the","title":"Julian year (astronomy)"},{"docid":"25886202","text":"The tables below list equivalent dates in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Conventions Within these tables, January 1 is always the first day of the year. The Gregorian calendar did not exist before October 15, 1582. Gregorian dates before that are proleptic, that is, using the Gregorian rules to reckon backward from October 15, 1582. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Augustus corrected errors in the observance of leap years by omitting leap days until AD 8. Julian calendar dates before March AD 4 are proleptic, and do not necessarily match the dates actually observed in the Roman Empire. Conversion table This table is taken from the book by the Nautical almanac offices of the United Kingdom and United States originally published in 1961. Using the tables Dates near leap days that are observed in the Julian calendar but not in the Gregorian are listed in the table. Dates near the adoption date in some countries are also listed. For dates not listed, see below. The usual rules of algebraic addition and subtraction apply; adding a negative number is the same as subtracting the absolute value, and subtracting a negative number is the same as adding the absolute value. If conversion takes you past a February 29 that exists only in the Julian calendar, then February 29 is counted in the difference. Years affected are those which divide by 100 without remainder but do not divide by 400 without remainder (e.g., 1900 and 2100 but not 2000). No guidance is provided about conversion of dates before March 5, -500, or after February 29, 2100 (both being Julian dates). For unlisted dates, find the date in the table closest to, but earlier than, the date to be converted. Be sure to use the correct column. If converting from Julian to Gregorian, add the number from the \"Difference\" column. If converting from Gregorian to Julian, subtract. See also Revised Julian calendar References External links Calendars","title":"Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars"},{"docid":"63966709","text":"A computus clock is a clock equipped with a mechanism that automatically calculates and displays, or helps determine, the date of Easter (and other dependent dates of moveable Church feasts). A computus watch carries out the same function. Background The movement of a computus clock provides and/or calculates astronomical and calendar information according to the tradition that Easter Sunday is the first Sunday after the first full moon (Paschal or ecclesiastical full moon) on or after the spring equinox (21 March), and Easter Sunday should not occur on the same day as the Jewish calendar date Nisan 15th, the first day of Passover week. In early Christianity, the Easter date was calculated each year and announced by the Pope. The later need for Christian clergy living in different territories to be able to calculate the Easter date for themselves forced attempts to establish clear rules for the Easter date calculation and finally the algorithms for this. The determination of the Easter date requires calculating astronomical and calendar cycles – the annual motion of the Sun round the celestial sphere, the evolution of the phases of the Moon, the cycle of the days of the week, particularities of calendars and some agreements like the date of the so-called ecclesiastical equinox., designated as March 21, irrespective of the actual astronomical observation by the Church of Alexandria in the beginning of the 4th Century. Specific astronomical data which may be incorrect, misinterpreted or location dependent, were eliminated from the Easter date calculation by the invention of special paschal functions – “letters” and “numbers”. They include the “golden number” (which gives the dates of all the new moons for the year in a 19-year Metonic cycle), the solar cycle (the 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar and 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar with respect to the week), the epact (the age of the Moon in days on a certain date), the dominical letter (used to determine the day of the week for particular dates) and the indiction (the number of a given year in a fifteen-year period). The computations after the Gregorian reform of 1582 should also take into account additional corrections necessary due to particularities of the Gregorian calendar, notably the solar equation (taking into account some non-leap century years) and the lunar equation (for correction of the Metonic cycle) The term “computus” as the description of the Easter date computation was proposed in 725 by the English Benedictine monk Bede in his treatise “De temporum ratione” (“The Reckoning of Time”). Alexandrian computus, based on rules established by the Church of Alexandria, was universally used from the beginning of the 8th century until the Gregorian calendar reform of 1582. The Roman Catholic Church has used the Gregorian calendar, and accordingly Gregorian computus, to calculate the dates of Easter since 1583. The Gregorian computus was later adopted by most Protestant churches – between 1753 and 1845 – while most Eastern Churches, including the majority of Eastern Orthodox Churches and Non-Chalcedonian Churches continued to","title":"Computus clock"},{"docid":"214479","text":"As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as . Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon (a mathematical approximation of the first astronomical full moon, on or after 21 March itself a fixed approximation of the March equinox). Determining this date in advance requires a correlation between the lunar months and the solar year, while also accounting for the month, date, and weekday of the Julian or Gregorian calendar. The complexity of the algorithm arises because of the desire to associate the date of Easter with the date of the Jewish feast of Passover which, Christians believe, is when Jesus was crucified. It was originally feasible for the entire Christian Church to receive the date of Easter each year through an annual announcement by the pope. By the early third century, however, communications in the Roman Empire had deteriorated to the point that the church put great value in a system that would allow the clergy to determine the date for themselves, independently yet consistently. Additionally, the church wished to eliminate dependencies on the Hebrew calendar, by deriving the date for Easter directly from the March equinox. In The Reckoning of Time (725), Bede uses as a general term for any sort of calculation, although he refers to the Easter cycles of Theophilus as a \"Paschal .\" By the end of the 8th century, came to refer specifically to the calculation of time. The calculations produce different results depending on whether the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar is used. For this reason, the Catholic Church and Protestant churches (which follow the Gregorian calendar) celebrate Easter on a different date from that of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy (which follow the Julian calendar). It was the drift of 21 March from the observed equinox that led to the Gregorian reform of the calendar, to bring them back into line. Background Easter commemorates the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe to have occurred on the third day (inclusive) after the beginning of Passover. In the Hebrew lunisolar calendar, Passover begins at twilight on the 14th day of Nisan. Nisan is the first month of spring in the northern hemisphere, with the 14th corresponding to a full moon. By the 2nd century, many Christians had chosen to observe Easter only on a Sunday. The Hebrew calendar does not have a simple relationship with the Christian calendars: it resynchronizes with the solar year by intercalating a leap month every two or three years, before the lunar new year on 1 Nisan. Later Jews adopted the Metonic cycle to predict future intercalations. A possible consequence of this intercalation is that 14 Nisan could occur before the equinox, which some third-century Christians considered unacceptable (this cannot happen in the fixed calendar in use today). Consequently, it was decided to separate the dating of Easter from the Hebrew calendar, by identifying the first full moon following the March equinox. By the","title":"Date of Easter"},{"docid":"3278310","text":"The Nanakshahi (, pronunciation: [naːnakʃaːɦiː]) calendar is a tropical solar calendar used in Sikhism. It is based on the \"Barah Maha\" (Twelve Months), a composition composed by the Sikh gurus reflecting the changes in nature conveyed in the twelve-month cycle of the year. The year begins with the month of Chet, with 1 Chet corresponding to 14 March. The reference epoch of the Nanakshahi calendar is the birth of Guru Nanak Dev, corresponding to the year 1469 CE. Etymology The Nanakshahi Calendar is named after the founder of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak Dev Ji. History Sikhs have traditionally recognised two eras and luni-solar calendars: the Nanakshahi and Khalsa. Traditionally, both these calendars closely followed the Bikrami calendar with the Nanakshahi year beginning on Katak Pooranmashi (full moon) and the Khalsa year commencing with Vaisakhi. The methods for calculating the beginning of the Khalsa era were based on the Bikrami calendar. The year length was also the same as the Bikrami solar year. According to Steel (2000), (since the calendar was based on the Bikrami), the calendar has twelve lunar months that are determined by the lunar phase, but thirteen months in leap years which occur every 2–3 years in the Bikrami calendar to sync the lunar calendar with its solar counterpart. Kay (2011) abbreviates the Khalsa Era as KE. References to the Nanakshahi Era have been made in historic documents. Banda Singh Bahadur adopted the Nanakshahi calendar in 1710 CE after his victory in Sirhind (12 May 1710 CE) according to which the year 1710 CE became Nanakshahi 241. However, Singh (2008) states the date of the victory as 14 May 1710 CE. According to Dilgeer (1997), Banda \"continued adopting the months and the days of the months according to the Bikrami calendar\". Banda Singh Bahadur also minted new coins also called Nanakshahi. Herrli (1993) states that \"Banda is supposed to have dated his coins according to his new calendar. Although Banda may have proclaimed this era, it cannot be traced in contemporary documents and does not seem to have been actually used for dating\". According to The Panjab Past and Present (1993), it is Gian Singh who \"is the first to use Nanak Shahi Samvats along with those of Bikrami Samvats\" in the Twarikh Guru Khalsa. According to Singha (1996), Gian Singh was a Punjabi author born in 1822. Gian Singh wrote the Twarikh Guru Khalsa in 1891. The revised Nanakshahi calendar was designed by Pal Singh Purewal to replace the Bikrami calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Nanak Dev in 1469 and the Nanakshahi year commences on 1 Chet. New Year's Day falls annually on what is 14 March in the Gregorian Western calendar. The start of each month is fixed. According to Kapel (2006), the solar accuracy of the Nanakshahi calendar is linked to the Gregorian civil calendar. This is because the Nanaskhahi calendar uses the tropical year instead of using the sidereal year which is used in","title":"Nanakshahi calendar"},{"docid":"38642","text":"As of March 1 (O.S. February 19), where the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 (O.S. February 17), 1800. In Sweden, the year started in the Julian calendar and remained so until February 28. Then, by skipping the leap day, the Swedish calendar was introduced, letting February 28 be followed by March 1, giving the entire year the same pattern as a common year starting on Monday. This calendar, being ten days behind the Gregorian and one day ahead of the Julian, lasts until 1712. Events January–March January 1 – Protestant nations in Western Europe, except England, start using the Gregorian calendar. Catholic nations have been using the Gregorian calendar since its introduction in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. January 1 (Julian) (January 11, Gregorian) – The Tsardom of Russia begins numbering its calendar from the birth of Christ (Anno Domini), instead of since the Creation (Anno Mundi). January 26 – At approximately 9 p.m., the Cascadia earthquake occurs in the Pacific Northwest, with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptures about of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and causes a tsunami, that strikes the coast of Japan approximately 10 hours later. February 3 – The 'Lesser Great Fire' destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland. February 12 – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the \"Swedish Meteor\". February 27 – The island of New Britain is discovered by William Dampier, in the western Pacific. March 1 (Gregorian) – Protestant Germany and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar. March 1 (Swedish), March 11 (Gregorian), February 29 (Julian) – The Swedish calendar is adopted. March (early) – William Congreve's comedy The Way of the World is first performed in London. March 3 – Shivaji II accedes to the throne of the Maratha Empire as the 4th Chhatrapati after his father Rajaram I's death. March 24 – The Treaty of London is signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic. April–June April 15 – The coronation of King Frederick IV of Denmark takes place at Frederiksborg Castle in Copenhagen. April 18 – Hungarian freedom activist Ferenc Rákóczi is arrested by Austrian authorities and charged with sedition. Imprisoned near Vienna and facing a death sentence, he escapes and later leads the overthrow of the Habsburg control of Hungary. April 21 – In India, the siege of the fortress of Sajjangad (located in the Maharashtra state) is begun by an army led by Fateullahakhan. The","title":"1700"},{"docid":"33835","text":"The World Calendar is a proposed reform of the Gregorian calendar created by Elisabeth Achelis of Brooklyn, New York in 1930. Features The World Calendar is a 12-month, perennial calendar with equal quarters. Each quarter begins on a Sunday and ends on a Saturday. The quarters are equal: each has exactly 91 days, 13 weeks, or 3 months. The three months in each quarter have 31, 30, and 30 days respectively. Each quarter begins with the 31-day months of January, April, July, or October. The World Calendar also has the following two additional days to maintain the same new year days as the Gregorian calendar. Worldsday The last day of the year following Saturday 30 December. This additional day is dated \"W\" and named Worldsday, a year-end world holiday. It is followed by Sunday, 1 January in the new year. Leapyear Day This day is similarly added at the end of the second quarter in leap years. It is also dated \"W\" and named Leapyear Day. It is followed by Sunday, 1 July within the same year. The World Calendar treats Worldsday and Leapyear Day as a 24-hour waiting period before resuming the calendar again. These off-calendar days, also known as \"intercalary days\", are not assigned weekday designations. They are intended to be treated as holidays. Because any three-month sequence repeats with the same arrangement of days, the World Calendar can be expressed concisely: Background and history The World Calendar has its roots in the proposed calendar of the Abbot Marco Mastrofini, a proposal to reform the Gregorian calendar year so that it would always begin on Sunday, 1 January, and would contain equal quarters of 91 days each. The 365th day of the solar cycle would be a year-end, \"intercalary\" and optionally holiday. In leap years, a second \"intercalary day\" follows Saturday, 30 June. Around 1887 French astronomer Gaston Armelin proposed a calendar based on this idea and roughly identical to the World Calendar. Elisabeth Achelis founded The World Calendar Association (TWCA) in 1930 with the goal of worldwide adoption of the World Calendar. It functioned for most of the next twenty-five years as The World Calendar Association, Inc. Throughout the 1930s, support for the concept grew in the League of Nations, the precursor of the United Nations. Achelis started the Journal of Calendar Reform in 1931, publishing it for twenty-five years, and wrote five books on the calendar concept. Following World War II, Achelis solicited worldwide support for the World Calendar. As the movement gained international appeal with legislation introduced in the United States Congress, awaiting international decisions, Achelis accepted advice that the United Nations was the proper body to act on calendar reform. At the United Nations in 1955, the United States significantly delayed universal adoption by withholding support \"unless such a reform were favoured by a substantial majority of the citizens of the United States acting through their representatives in the Congress of the United States.\" Also, Achelis wrote in 1955 (JCR Vol. 25, page 169),","title":"World Calendar"},{"docid":"23698","text":"The International Fixed Calendar (also known as the IFC, Cotsworth plan, the Cotsworth calendar and the Eastman plan) is a proposed calendar reform designed by Moses B. Cotsworth, first presented in 1902. The International Fixed Calendar divides the year into 13 months of 28 days each. A type of perennial calendar, every date is fixed to the same weekday every year. Though it was never officially adopted at the country level, the entrepreneur George Eastman instituted its use at the Eastman Kodak Company in 1928, where it was used until 1989. While it is sometimes described as the 13-month calendar or the equal-month calendar, various alternative calendar designs share these features. Rules The calendar year has 13 months with 28 days each, divided into exactly 4 weeks (13 × 28 = 364). An extra day added as a holiday at the end of the year (after December 28, i.e. equal to December 31 Gregorian), sometimes called \"Year Day\", does not belong to any week and brings the total to 365 days. Each year coincides with the corresponding Gregorian year, so January 1 in the Cotsworth calendar always falls on Gregorian January 1. Twelve months are named and ordered the same as those of the Gregorian calendar, except that the extra month is inserted between June and July, and called Sol. Situated in mid-summer (from the point of view of its Northern Hemisphere authors) and including the mid-year solstice, the name of the new month was chosen in homage to the sun. Leap years in the International Fixed Calendar contain 366 days, and its occurrence follows the Gregorian rule. There is a leap year in every year whose number is divisible by 4, but not if the year number is divisible by 100, unless it is also divisible by 400. So although the year 2000 was a leap year, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 were common years. The International Fixed Calendar inserts the extra day in leap years as June 29 - between Saturday June 28 and Sunday Sol 1. Each month begins on a Sunday, and ends on a Saturday; consequently, every year begins on Sunday. Neither Year Day nor Leap Day are considered to be part of any week; they are preceded by a Saturday and are followed by a Sunday, making a long weekend. As a result, a particular day usually has a different day of the week in the IFC than in all traditional calendars that contain a seven-day week. The IFC is, however, almost compatible with the World Calendar in this regard, because it also starts Sunday and has the extra day at the end of the year and the leap day in the middle, except IFC leaps on Gregorian June 17 and TWC leaps two weeks later on July 1. Since this break of the ancient week cycle has been a major concern raised against its adoption, various leap week calendars have been proposed as a solution. * The two special dates have been","title":"International Fixed Calendar"},{"docid":"9746888","text":"The Romanian calendar is the Gregorian, adopted in 1919. However, the traditional Romanian calendar has its own names for the months. In modern Romania and Moldova, the Gregorian calendar is exclusively used for business and government transactions and predominates in popular use as well. Nevertheless, the traditional names of the months do appear in some contexts, for instance on ecclesiastical calendars produced by the Romanian Orthodox Church. History Romania adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1 April 1919, which became 14 April 1919. In 2019, the National Bank of Romania released a commemorative coin of 10 silver lei to celebrate the centenary of Romania's adoption of the calendar. Traditional month names All the traditional names of the months are of Latin origin, which indicates that their use predates the Slavic contact around the 8th century. Six months have their names derived from characteristics of the months. Five are derived from the Latin names now used in the Gregorian calendar (and earlier in the Julian calendar). However, each of these has a folk etymology and an additional meaning. The last month, December, derives its name from that of Saint Andrew. See also Gregorian calendar Slavic calendar Lithuanian calendar French Republican calendar References Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române, Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică \"Iorgu Iordan\", Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 1998 Culture of Romania Culture of Moldova Months","title":"Romanian calendar"},{"docid":"206356","text":"The Baháʼí calendar used in the Baháʼí Faith is a solar calendar consisting of nineteen months and four or five intercalary days, with new year at the moment of Northern spring equinox. Each month is named after a virtue (e.g., Perfection, Mercy), as are the days of the week. The first year is dated from 1844 CE, the year in which the Báb began teaching. Years on the calendar are annotated with the date notation of BE (Baháʼí Era). The Baháʼí year BE {{#ifexpr: <79 |will start|started}} on March . History The Baháʼí calendar started from the original Badíʿ calendar, created by the Báb in the Kitabu'l-Asmáʼ and the Persian Bayán (5:3) in the 1840s. An early version of the calendar began to be implemented during his time. It used a scheme of nineteen months of nineteen days, with the product of 361 days, plus intercalary days to make the calendar a solar calendar. The first day of the early implementation of the calendar year was Nowruz, while the intercalary days were assigned differently than the later Baháʼí implementation. The calendar contains many symbolic meanings and allusions including connections to prophecies of the Báb about the next Manifestation of God termed He whom God shall make manifest. Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, who claimed to be the one prophesied by the Báb, confirmed and adopted this calendar. Around 1870, he instructed Nabíl-i-Aʻzam, the author of The Dawn-Breakers, to write an overview of the Badíʿ calendar. In the Kitáb-i-Aqdas (1873) Baháʼu'lláh made Naw-Rúz the first day of the year, and also clarified the position of the Intercalary days to immediately precede the last month. Baháʼu'lláh set Naw-Rúz to the day on which the sun passes into the constellation Aries. Baháʼís interpret this formula as a specification of the vernal equinox, though where that should be determined was not defined. The calendar was first implemented in the West in 1907. The Baháʼí scriptures left some issues regarding the implementation of the Badíʿ calendar to be resolved by the Universal House of Justice before the calendar can be observed uniformly worldwide. On 10 July 2014 the Universal House of Justice announced provisions that will enable the common implementation of the Badíʿ calendar worldwide, beginning at sunset 20 March 2015, coinciding with the completion of the ninth cycle of the calendar (see below). Before that time, the Baháʼí calendar was synchronized to the Gregorian calendar by starting the year at sunset on March 20, regardless of when the vernal equinox technically occurs, meaning that the extra day of a leap year occurred simultaneously in both calendars. The intercalary days always stretched from 26 February to 1 March, automatically including the Gregorian leap day so that there were four intercalary days in a regular year, and five in a Gregorian leap year. The Universal House of Justice selected Tehran, the birthplace of Baháʼu'lláh, as the location at which the time and date of the vernal equinox is to be determined according to astronomical","title":"Baháʼí calendar"},{"docid":"31693642","text":"Jan Latosz or Jan Latoszyński (1539–1608) was a Polish scholar, astronomer, astrologist and physician. A professor at the Cracow Academy, he is best known for his staunch criticism of the papal calendar reform, for which he was deposed of his post. He fled to Ostróg, where he became the personal physician to Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski and a professor at the Ostrog Academy. Biography Born in or around 1539, Latosz entered the Cracow Academy some time in mid-16th century. Initially he had trouble achieving the degree of magister, the fact which some authors attribute to his personal animosities. Eventually however he became the member of the academy and rose to prominence, eventually owning a large tenement house at Szewska Street, half of the profit from which he spent for charity. As an astronomer, Latosz was a follower of Copernicus. He published numerous works mostly based on Copernican theory, most of which either did not survive to our time or are known only from single copies held in Jagiellonian University's library. Among them were a treatise Poprawa kalenarza (now lost, possibly written in Latin), as well as Kometa (Comet, published in 1596) and . Most of those were already considered lost by 1814. Latosz was also an astrologist, trying to use Copernican theory to predict future (including the end of the world) in a book titled Prognosticon. Calendar reform Latosz was one of the people tasked with commenting Pope Gregory XIII's Gregorian calendar reform when it was proposed to all major European universities in 1581. While most of the academy approved of the reform plan, Latosz presented a different solution through his old acquaintance Alberto Cardinal Bolognetti, former Papal nuncio to Poland in the times of king Stephen Bathory. His design was declared incompatible with the rulings of ecumenical councils and instead the pope adopted a different solution to the leap year problem. This sparked a series of events as Latosz believed his solution was much more complete and astronomically correct than the solution adopted by all Catholic states of Europe. At the same time Protestant states criticised the calendar reform, mostly because it was proposed by papacy rather than the Holy Roman Emperor or any other lay authority. Because of that Latosz was associated with Protestants in a country ruled by ultra-Catholic monarch Sigismund III Vasa. In addition to that, the calendar question in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth became strongly linked to the struggle between Catholic, Uniate and Orthodox magnates, the latter arguing against the reform for reasons of tradition. Latosz argued in numerous pamphlets and books that the Catholic church in its new calendar missed a couple of minutes every year, which made the new calendar worse instead of improving it. Fearing reprisals against the academy, under insistence of the bishop of Cracow Bernard Maciejowski, the rector deposed Latosz of his post. Later life Latosz moved to Ostrog, where he became the personal physician to Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, one of the most influential people in eastern Poland of the","title":"Jan Latosz"},{"docid":"22862916","text":"The Juche calendar, named after the Juche ideology, is the system of year-numbering used in North Korea. It begins with the birth of Kim Il Sung, the founder of North Korea. His birth year, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, is \"Juche 1\" in the Juche calendar. The calendar was adopted in 1997, three years after the death of Kim Il Sung. History The calendar borrows elements from two historical calendars used in Korea, the traditional system of Korean era names and the Gregorian calendar in which years are tied to the traditional birth of Jesus. In contrast to these two, the Juche calendar begins with the birth of the founder of the Democratic People's Republic, Kim Il Sung. The decree on the Juche calendar was adopted on 8 July 1997, on the third anniversary of the death of Kim Il Sung. The same decree also designated the birth anniversary of Kim Il Sung as the Day of the Sun. The birth year of Kim Il Sung, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, became \"Juche 1\" in the Juche calendar. The calendar began to be implemented on 9 September 1997, the Day of the Foundation of the Republic. On that date, newspapers, news agencies, radio stations, public transport, and birth certificates began to use Juche years. Usage The year 1912 is \"Juche 1\" in the Juche calendar. There are no \"before Juche\" years; years before 1912 are given numbers based on the Gregorian calendar only. Ranges of years that begin before 1912 and end after it are also given in Christian calendar numbers only. Any other years after 1912 will be given in either Juche years only, or in Juche years and the corresponding year in the Christian calendar in parentheses. In material pertaining to relations with foreign countries, \"the Juche Era and the Christian Era may be used on the principles of independence, equality and reciprocity.\" The Juche calendar is a popular souvenir among tourists visiting North Korea. Examples See also Public holidays in North Korea The year numbers of the Republic of China calendar, currently used in Taiwan, match those of the Juche calendar. The years in Japan's Taishō era (30 July 1912 to 25 December 1926) coincided with those of the Juche calendar. References External links Example of \"Juche 103 (2014)\" from Pyongyang University of Science and Technology 1997 introductions Culture of North Korea Calendars Modified Gregorian calendars 1997 establishments in North Korea","title":"Juche calendar"},{"docid":"20839575","text":"A century leap year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar that is evenly divisible by 400. Like all leap years, it has an extra day in February for a total of 366 days instead of 365. In the obsolete Julian calendar, all years that were divisible by 4, including end-of-century years, were considered leap years. The Julian rule, however, adds too many leap days (about 3 extra leap days in 400 years), which resulted in the calendar drifting gradually with respect to the astronomical seasons. To remedy this, Pope Gregory XIII introduced in 1582 a slightly modified version of the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar, where century years are leap years only if they are divisible by 400. This eliminates 3 of the 4 end-of-century years in a 400-year period. For example, the years 1600, 2000, 2400, and 2800 are century leap years since those numbers are evenly divisible by 400, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900, and 3000 are common years despite being evenly divisible by 4. This scheme brings the average length of the calendar year significantly closer to the astronomical length of the year, nearly eliminating the drift of the calendar against the seasons. The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582, but was adopted by various countries at different times over several centuries. Dates prior to 1582 are generally recorded using the Julian calendar, and different countries have different conventions about how to record dates between 1582 and their adoption of the Gregorian calendar. Consequently, for example, the year 1700 was a leap year in the British and Russian empires but not in most of the rest of Europe; 1800 and 1900 were still leap years in the Russian empire but not generally elsewhere. Notes References External links An Introduction to Calendars courtesy of the United States Naval Observatory Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars History of Gregorian Calendar Units of time Calendars Gregorian calendar Leap years in the Gregorian calendar sv:Sekelskottår","title":"Century leap year"},{"docid":"201400","text":"The Hindu calendar, also called Panchanga (), is one of various lunisolar calendars that are traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with further regional variations for social and Hindu religious purposes. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping based on sidereal year for solar cycle and adjustment of lunar cycles in every three years, but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start. Of the various regional calendars, the most studied and known Hindu calendars are the Shalivahana Shaka (Based on the King Shalivahana, also the Indian national calendar) found in the Deccan region of Southern India and the Vikram Samvat (Bikrami) found in Nepal and the North and Central regions of India – both of which emphasize the lunar cycle. Their new year starts in spring. In regions such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala, the solar cycle is emphasized and this is called the Tamil calendar (though Tamil Calendar uses month names like in Hindu Calendar) and Malayalam calendar and these have origins in the second half of the 1st millennium CE. A Hindu calendar is sometimes referred to as Panchangam (पञ्चाङ्गम्), which is also known as Panjika in Eastern India. The ancient Hindu calendar conceptual design is also found in the Hebrew calendar, the Chinese calendar, and the Babylonian calendar, but different from the Gregorian calendar. Unlike the Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to the month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles (354 lunar days) and approximately 365 solar days, the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month, but inserts an extra full month, once every 32–33 months, to ensure that the festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season. The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since Vedic times, and remain in use by the Hindus all over the world, particularly to set Hindu festival dates. Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Vedic calendar, later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system. The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. Similarly, the ancient Jain traditions have followed the same lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals, texts and inscriptions. However, the Buddhist and Jain timekeeping systems have attempted to use the Buddha and the Mahavira's lifetimes as their reference points. The Hindu calendar is also important to the practice of Hindu astrology and zodiac system. It is also employed for observing the auspicious days of deities and occasions of fasting, such as Ekadashi. Origins The Vedic culture developed a sophisticated time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals, and timekeeping as well as the nature of solar and Moon movements are mentioned in Vedic texts. For example, Kaushitaki Brahmana chapter 19.3","title":"Hindu calendar"},{"docid":"11323667","text":"The Arabic names of the months of the Gregorian calendar are usually phonetic Arabic pronunciations of the corresponding month names used in European languages. An exception is the Syriac calendar used in Iraq and the Levant, whose month names are inherited via Classical Arabic from the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars and correspond to roughly the same time of year. Though the lunar Hijri calendar and solar Hijri calendar are prominent in the Mideast, the Gregorian calendar is and has been used in nearly all the countries of the Arab world, in many places long before European occupation. All Arab states use the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. The names of the Gregorian months as used in Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen are widely regarded as standard across the Arab world, although their Classical Arabic names are often used alongside them. In other Arab countries, some modification or actual changes in naming or pronunciation of months are observed. Iraq and the Levant These names are used primarily in Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, as well as by Arab citizens of Israel. Classical Arabic inherited the names from the Babylonian and Hebrew calendars, which are lunisolar. Although the Arabic names are cognate, they do not refer to the lunar months, as when the names are used in their original Babylonian or Hebrew context (indeed, the names of the Gregorian months in Hebrew are based on the German names of the Gregorian months, rather than the months of the Babylonian and Hebrew Calendars.) Nine of these names were used in the Ottoman Turkish calendar, of which five remain in use in the modern Turkish calendar. Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Eastern Arabia The names of the Gregorian months in Egypt, Sudan and Eastern Arabia are based on the old Latin names. Libya (1969–2011) The names of months used in the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) were derived from various sources, and were assembled after Muammar Gaddafi's seizure of power in 1969 and abolished in 2011 after the 17 February Revolution. The decision of changing calendar names was adopted in June 1986. The Libyan calendar, which followed the same sequence of renamed Gregorian months, counted the years from the death of Muhammad. This reckoning was therefore ten years behind the Solar Hijri calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan. Algeria and Tunisia The names of the Gregorian months in Algeria and Tunisia are based on the French names of the months, reflecting France's long colonisation of these countries (1830–1962 in Algeria; 1881–1956 in Tunisia). Morocco As Morocco was long part of the Roman Empire, the long-standing agricultural Berber calendar of the country preserves the Julian calendar and (in modified form) the names of its months. There are regional variations of the Berber calendar, since some communities did not recognise the Julian 29 February in century years where the Gregorian calendar had no equivalent date. When Morocco adopted the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes, the names of the months were taken from this local","title":"Arabic names of Gregorian months"},{"docid":"3070171","text":"On 10 August 2002, the government of Turkmenistan adopted a law to rename all the months and most of the days of the week. The names were chosen according to Turkmen national symbols, as described in the Ruhnama, a book written by Saparmurat Niyazov, Turkmenistan's first and only president for life. According to Arto Halonen's documentary film The Shadow of the Holy Book, Turkish businessman Ahmet Çalık came up with the idea to rename the months, as he was trying to befriend Niyazov to expand his business in the country. After the law was passed the new names were used in all Turkmen state-owned media. Publications in languages other than Turkmen often use the new names too, especially those that were targeted at Russian-speaking citizens of Turkmenistan, with the old name sometimes written in brackets. The old month names were still used in popular speech, however. Four years after the change, Niyazov died in 2006. On 23 April 2008 it was reported that the cabinet of ministers of Turkmenistan discussed restoring the old names of the months and days of week. The old names were restored in July 2008. The original Roman calendar month names were borrowed from Russian. The adopted Turkmen month names were as follows: The original names of the days of the week come from Persian. The adopted names were as follows: See also Gregorian calendar References External links The months of the Gregorian (Christian) calendar in various languages The days of the week in various languages Бердымухамедов велел вернуть старый календарь, Аркадий Дубнов, gundogar.org, 2008-04-25 Culture of Turkmenistan Languages of Turkmenistan Specific calendars Saparmurat Niyazov Names of units of time Renaming of Turkmen months and days of week Months Days of the week","title":"2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week"},{"docid":"180861","text":"The Soviet calendar was a modified Gregorian calendar that was used in Soviet Russia between 1918 and 1940. Several variations were used during that time. The Gregorian calendar, under the name \"Western European calendar\", was implemented in Soviet Russia in February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of . As many as nine national holidays (paid days of rest) were implemented in the following decade, but four were eliminated or merged on , leaving only five national holidays: 22January, 1–2May, and 7–8November until 1951, when 22January reverted to a normal day. During the summer of 1929, five-day continuous work weeks were implemented in factories, government offices, and commercial enterprises, but not collective farms. One of the five days was randomly assigned to each worker as their day of rest, without regard to the rest days assigned to their family members or friends. These five-day work weeks continued throughout the Gregorian year, interrupted only by the five national holidays. While the five-day week was used for scheduling work, the Gregorian calendar and its seven-day week were used for all other purposes. During the summer of 1931, six-day interrupted work weeks were implemented for most workers, with a common day of rest for all workers interrupting their work weeks. Five six-day work weeks were assigned to each Gregorian month, more or less, with the five national holidays converting normal work days into days of rest. On five- and six-day work weeks were abandoned in favor of seven-day work weeks. History Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar was implemented in Russia on by dropping the Julian dates of pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree signed (Julian) by Vladimir Lenin. The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date until All surviving examples of physical calendars from show the irregular month lengths of the Gregorian calendar (such as those displayed here). Most calendars displayed all the days of a Gregorian year as a grid with seven rows or columns for the traditional seven-day week with Sunday (Воскресенье; \"Resurrection\") first. The 1931 pocket calendar displayed here is a rare example that excluded the five national holidays, enabling the remaining 360 days of the Gregorian year to be displayed as a grid with five rows labeled for each day of the five-day week. Even it had the full Gregorian calendar on the other side. Work weeks During the second half of May 1929, Yuri Larin (Юрий Ларин, 1882–1932) proposed a continuous production week (nepreryvnaya rabochaya nedelya = nepreryvka) to the Fifth Congress of Soviets of the Union, but so little attention was paid to his suggestion that the president of the Congress did not even mention it in his final speech. By the beginning of , Larin had won the approval of Joseph Stalin, prompting all newspapers to praise the idea. The change was advantageous to the anti-religious movement, as Sundays and religious holidays became working days. On the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR directed its efficiency experts to","title":"Soviet calendar"},{"docid":"15290","text":"Intercalation or embolism in timekeeping is the insertion of a leap day, week, or month into some calendar years to make the calendar follow the seasons or moon phases. Lunisolar calendars may require intercalations of days or months. Solar calendars The solar or tropical year does not have a whole number of days (it is about 365.24 days), but a calendar year must have a whole number of days. The most common way to reconcile the two is to vary the number of days in the calendar year. In solar calendars, this is done by adding an extra day (\"leap day\" or \"intercalary day\") to a common year of 365 days, about once every four years, creating a leap year that has 366 days (Julian, Gregorian and Indian national calendars). The Decree of Canopus, issued by the pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes of Ancient Egypt in 239 BCE, decreed a solar leap day system; an Egyptian leap year was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus instituted a reformed Alexandrian calendar. In the Julian calendar, as well as in the Gregorian calendar, which improved upon it, intercalation is done by adding an extra day to February in each leap year. In the Julian calendar this was done every four years. In the Gregorian, years divisible by 100 but not 400 were exempted in order to improve accuracy. Thus, 2000 was a leap year; 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not. Epagomenal days are days within a solar calendar that are outside any regular month. Usually five epagomenal days are included within every year (Egyptian, Coptic, Ethiopian, Mayan Haab' and French Republican Calendars), but a sixth epagomenal day is intercalated every four years in some (Coptic, Ethiopian and French Republican calendars). The Solar Hijri calendar, used in Iran, is based on solar calculations and is similar to the Gregorian calendar in its structure, and hence the intercalation, with the exception that its epoch the Hijrah. The Bahá'í calendar includes enough epagomenal days (usually 4 or 5) before the last month (, ʿalāʾ) to ensure that the following year starts on the March equinox. These are known as the Ayyám-i-Há. Lunisolar calendars The solar year does not have a whole number of lunar months (it is about 365/29.5 = 12.37 lunations), so a lunisolar calendar must have a variable number of months per year. Regular years have 12 months, but embolismic years insert a 13th \"intercalary\" or \"leap\" month or \"embolismic\" month every second or third year. Whether to insert an intercalary month in a given year may be determined using regular cycles such as the 19-year Metonic cycle (Hebrew calendar and in the determination of Easter) or using calculations of lunar phases (Hindu lunisolar and Chinese calendars). The Buddhist calendar adds both an intercalary day and month on a usually regular cycle. Lunar calendars In principle, lunar calendars do not employ intercalation because they do not seek to synchronise with the seasons, and the motion of the moon is astronomically","title":"Intercalation (timekeeping)"},{"docid":"5203039","text":"The Armenian calendar is the calendar traditionally used in Armenia, primarily during the medieval ages. The Armenian calendar is based on an invariant year length of 365 days. Because a solar year is about 365.25 days and not 365 days, the correspondence between the Armenian calendar and both the solar year and the Julian calendar slowly drifted over time, shifting across a year of the Julian calendar once in 1,461 calendar years (see Sothic cycle). Thus, the Armenian year 1461 (Gregorian & Julian 2011) completed the first Sothic cycle, and the Armenian Calendar was one year off. In A.D. 352, tables compiled by Andreas of Byzantium were introduced in Armenia to determine the religious holidays. When those tables exhausted on 11 July 552 (Julian Calendar), the Armenian calendar was introduced. Year 1 of the Armenian calendar began on 11 July 552 of the Julian calendar. The calendar was adopted at the Second Council of Dvin. Armenian year 1462 (the first year of the second cycle) began on 11 July 2012 of the Julian calendar (24 July 2012 of the Gregorian calendar). An analytical expression of the Armenian date includes the ancient names of days of the week, Christian names of the days of the week, days of the month, Date/Month/Year number after 552 A.D., and the religious feasts. The Armenian calendar is divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus an additional (epagomenal) five days, called aweleacʿ (\"superfluous\"). Years in the Armenian era are usually given in Armenian numerals (written in Armenian letters) preceded by the abbreviation , for (, meaning \"in the year\"). For example, , which means \"the year 1455.\" Another prefix is , standing for ( \"in the Armenian year\"). Months The Armenian month names show influence of the Zoroastrian calendar and Kartvelian influence in two cases (2nd and 3rd months). There are different systems for transliterating the names; the forms below are transliterated according to the Hübschmann-Meillet-Benveniste system: Days of the month The Armenian calendar gives the days of the month names instead of numbering them – something also found in the Avestan calendars. Zoroastrian influence is evident in five names: Holidays Per Armenian law, 12 days are declared as non-working days. Non-working days include: See also Public holidays in Armenia Armenian numerals Calendar of saints (Armenian Apostolic Church) Tabarian calendar Georgian calendar Iranian calendar Zoroastrian calendar :hy:Հայկյան տոմար References External links The Haik calendar (Origin of the Armenian calendar). Armenian/Gregorian date converter Literature V. Bănăţeanu, \"Le calendrier arménien et les anciens noms des mois\", in: Studia et Acta Orientalia 10, 1980, pp. 33–46 Edouard Dulaurier, Recherches sur la chronologie arménienne technique et historique (1859), 2001 reprint . Jost Gippert, Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems in The Annual of The Society for The Study of Caucasia\", 1, 1989, 3-12.Jost Gippert: Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems [I]: Frame Louis H. Gray, On Certain Persian and Armenian Month-Names as Influenced by the Avesta Calendar, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1907) P'. Ingoroq'va, \"Jvel-kartuli c'armartuli","title":"Armenian calendar"},{"docid":"68723848","text":"A century common year is a common year in the Gregorian calendar that is divisible by 100 but not by 400. Like all common years, these years do not get an extra day in February, meaning they have 365 days instead of 366. These years are the only common years that are divisible by 4. In the obsolete Julian Calendar, all years that were divisible by 4 were leap years, meaning no century years could be common years. However, this rule adds too many leap days, resulting in the calendar drifting with respect to the seasons, which is the same thing that would happen if there were no leap years at all. So, in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced a slightly modified version of the Julian Calendar, the Gregorian Calendar, where century years would not be leap years if they are not divisible by 400. Therefore, 1700 is the first century year in the Gregorian Calendar being a common year. The years 1800 and 1900 were also century common years, and so will 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900, and 3000. The Gregorian Calendar repeats itself every 400 years, so century common years start on a Friday if the remainder obtained when dividing the year by 400 is 100 (dominical letter C), Wednesday if the remainder is 200 (dominical letter E), and Monday if the remainder is 300 (dominical letter G). This means that century leap years always begin on a Saturday (dominical letter BA). References External links An Introduction to Calendars courtesy of the United States Naval Observatory Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars History of Gregorian Calendar Units of time Calendars Gregorian calendar","title":"Century common year"},{"docid":"17781547","text":"The Rumi calendar (, , lit. \"Roman calendar\"), a specific calendar based on the Julian calendar, was officially used by the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat (1839) and by its successor, the Republic of Turkey until 1926. It was adopted for civic matters and is a solar based calendar, assigning a date to each solar day. History In the Islamic state of the Ottoman Empire, the religious Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) was in use. In this calendar, months coincide with lunar phases. Because a \"lunar year\" (the combined duration of twelve lunar phases) is shorter than the solar year, the seasons cycle through the lunar months as the solar years pass. \"As a result,\" says the Astronomical Almanac, \"the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through the seasons over a period of about 33 [solar] years\". 1677 Introduction of the Fiscal calendar In 1677, Head Treasurer (, ) Hasan Pasha under Sultan Mehmed IV proposed the correction of financial records by dropping one year (an escape year) every 33 years, resulting from the difference between the lunar Islamic calendar and the solar Julian calendar. In 1740 (1152 AH) during the reign of Sultan Mahmud I, March was adopted as the first month of the fiscal year for the payment of taxes and dealings with government officials instead of Muharram following Treasurer Atıf Efendi's proposal. Proposed by Treasurer Moralı Osman Efendi during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid I, the range of the fiscal calendar applications was extended in 1794 to state expenditures and payments in order to prevent surplus cost arising from the time difference between the Islamic and Julian calendar. 1840 Adoption of the Julian Calendar The Julian calendar, used from 1677 AD on for fiscal matters only, was adopted on March 13, 1840 AD (March 1, 1256 AH), in the frame of Tanzimat reforms shortly after the accession to the throne of Sultan Abdülmecid I, as the official calendar for all civic matters and named \"Rumi calendar\" (literally Roman calendar). The counting of years began with the year 622 AD, when Muhammad and his followers emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the same event marking the start of the Islamic calendar. The months and days of the Julian calendar were used, the year starting in March. However, in 1256 AH the difference between the Hijri and the Gregorian calendars amounted to 584 years. With the change from lunar calendar to solar calendar, the difference between the Rumi calendar and the Julian or Gregorian calendar remained a constant 584 years. 1917 Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Since the Julian to Gregorian calendar changeover was finally being adopted in neighboring countries, the Rumi calendar was realigned to the Gregorian calendar in February 1917, leaving the difference of 584 years unchanged, however. Thus, after February 15, 1332 AH (February 1917 AD), the next day instead of being February 16 suddenly became March 1, 1333 AH (March 1, 1917 AD). The year 1333 AH (1917 AD) was made into a year with only","title":"Rumi calendar"},{"docid":"70430237","text":"The Council of Constantinople of 1923 was a meeting of representatives of several local Eastern Orthodox Churches held in Constantinople from 10 May to 8 June 1923, convened at the initiative of Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius Metaxakis. In spite of being called by some as the \"Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople of 1923\", or otherwise referred to as \"pan-Orthodox\" or as an \"ecumenical council\", the council is not recognized as an ecumenical council: \"Calling the 1923 Council 'ecumenical' cannot be accepted, since representatives of the Alexandrian, Antiochian, Jerusalem and most of the other Local Churches did not participate in its work.\" The primary topic of the Council of 1923 was calendar reform. The Roman Catholic Church and almost all of Western Europe completed their switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, the current international standard, during the 16th century. Russia, and the rest of the Orthodox world, however, remained on the old calendar until this council. At this council, the Greek Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, and many other branches of the Eastern Orthodox Church adopted the new calendar, which they called \"the new Julian calendar\", which corresponds with the Gregorian calendar until 2800. This council is extremely controversial within Eastern Orthodoxy—it led to many schisms in many autocephalous churches of different Old Calendarist groups. Even academic sources note the controversy of this council. The acts and decisions of this council were first translated into English only in 2006, by the Rev. Dr. Patrick Viscuso. Sources References Constantinople 1923 1923 1923 in Turkey 20th-century Eastern Orthodoxy","title":"Council of Constantinople (1923)"},{"docid":"599965","text":"Old Calendarists (Greek: palaioimerologitai or palaioimerologites), also known as Old Feasters (palaioeortologitai), Genuine Orthodox Christians or True Orthodox Christians (GOC; ), are traditionalist groups of Eastern Orthodox Christians who separated from mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches because some of the latter adopted the revised Julian calendar while Old Calendarists remained committed to the Julian calendar. Old Calendarists are not in communion with any mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches. \"Old Calendarists\" is another name for the True Orthodox movement in Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Cyprus. Terminology Mainstream Eastern Orthodox Christians which use the old (Julian) calendar are not what is designated by the expression \"Old Calendarist\", because they remain in communion with the Eastern Orthodox churches that use the new calendar (the Revised Julian calendar). Old Calendarists have severed communion with the mainstream Eastern Orthodox which follow the old calendar, because the latter maintained communion with Eastern Orthodox churches which had adopted the revised calendar. Thus, to be \"Old Calendarist\" is not the same thing as only following the old calendar. The Russian Orthodox Church, for instance, is not Old Calendarist, but follows the old (Julian) calendar. History Background Until 1924, the Eastern Orthodox Church universally used the Julian calendar, whereas the Roman Catholic Church, under Pope Gregory XIII, conducted a calendar reform resulting in the Gregorian calendar in 1582. The difference between the two calendars is 13 days between 1900 and 2100. 1923 Congress In May 1923, the Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople, called by Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, adopted the Revised Julian calendar. This new calendar was different to the Julian calendar, and would not diverge from the Gregorian calendar for a further 800 years. The Revised Julian calendar replaced the tabular date of Easter of the Julian calendar with an astronomical date of Easter. The astronomical Easter was unpopular and hardly used at all, and for the purpose of calculating the date of Easter the Julian calendar was restored. Not all Eastern Orthodox churches were represented at the congress or adopted its decisions, and the Russian Orthodox Church and some other Eastern Orthodox churches have continued to use the Julian calendar liturgically to this day. Birth Greece In 1924, the Church of Greece adopted the Revised Julian calendar, also called 'New calendar'. \"At first, resistance to the New Calendar was muted\". The Old Calendarists in Greece were at first a small number of laymen, priests and monks, whose number grew over the years. Before they were joined by bishops, the Old Calendarist movement in Greece was only composed of priests and laypeople, of which \"several hundreds monks from Athos\". In 1935, three bishops of the Church of Greece joined the movement and consecrated four new bishops for the movement. Of those three bishops, Metropolitan of Florina became the leader of the Greek Old Calendarist movement. Of the three bishops who had joined, Chrysostom of Zakynthos soon left the movement after the consecration and went back to the Church of Greece. Of the four bishops consecrated, two joined the Church of","title":"Old Calendarists"},{"docid":"34869","text":"In the British Empire, it was the only year with 355 days, as September 3–13 were skipped when the Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar. Events January–March January 1 – The British Empire (except Scotland, which had changed New Year's Day to January 1 in 1600) adopts today as the first day of the year as part of adoption of the Gregorian calendar, which is completed in September: today is the first day of the New Year under the terms of last year's Calendar Act of the British Parliament. February 10 – Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the United States, and the first to offer medical treatment to the mentally ill, admits its first patients at a temporary location in Philadelphia. February 23 – Messier 83 (M83), the \"Southern Pinwheel Galaxy\" and the first to be cataloged outside the \"Local Group\" of galaxies nearest to Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way, is discovered by French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille. Lacaille, who observes M83 during a research voyage in the Southern Hemisphere, is the first to identify the body as a nebulous object rather than a star. M83, 15 million light-years away, is the most distant object to be identified up to that time. February 27 – The Virginia Assembly passes a law making maiming a felony, in response to the practice of gouging. February 29 – Alaungpaya, a village chief in Upper Burma, founds the Konbaung Dynasty; by the time of his death 8 years later, he will have unified the whole country. March 14 – Shō Kei, the ruler of Okinawa Island and the Ryukyu Kingdom, dies at the age of 41 after a reign that began when he was 13 years old. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old son, Shō Boku, who reigns for 42 years. March 18 – The electors of the Republic of Venice (which includes not only a large part of northern Italy around the city of Venice, but portions of Eastern Europe along the Adriatic Sea) elect Francesco Loredan as their new executive, the Doge. Loredan's election comes 11 days after the death of the previous Doge, Pietro Grimani, but is not announced until after Easter Sunday. March 23 The Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper, is published. Ava, capital of the Kingdom of Burma, is sacked by Hanthawaddy Kingdom, led by King Binnya Dala. April–June April 6 – Spanish Governor Tomás Vélez Cachupín of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, a province that now comprises most of the American state of New Mexico, begins the first peace negotiations with the indigenous Comanche tribe after inviting tribal representatives to his home in Taos. As a sign of good faith, he unconditionally releases the four Comanche prisoners of war held at Taos. One of the released Comanches reports to his father, Chief Guanacante, about the hospitality extended to him during his imprisonment, and more meetings take place in July and in the autumn. April 12 The Kingdom of Afghanistan, under the rule of Ahmad Shah Durrani, recaptures","title":"1752"},{"docid":"21445","text":"November is the eleventh and penultimate month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 30 days. November was the ninth month of the calendar of Romulus . November retained its name (from the Latin novem meaning \"nine\") when January and February were added to the Roman calendar. November is a month of late spring in the Southern Hemisphere and late autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. Therefore, November in the Southern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent of May in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. In Ancient Rome, Ludi Plebeii was held from November 4–17, Epulum Jovis was held on November 13 and Brumalia celebrations began on November 24. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. November was referred to as Blōtmōnaþ by the Anglo-Saxons. Brumaire and Frimaire were the months on which November fell in the French Republican calendar. Astronomy November meteor showers include the Andromedids, which occurs from September 25 to December 6 and generally peak around November 9–14, the Leonids, which occurs from November 15–20, the Alpha Monocerotids, which occurs from November 15–25 with the peak on November 21–22, the Northern Taurids, which occurs from October 20 to December 10, and the Southern Taurids, which occurs from September 10 – November 20, and the Phoenicids; which occur from November 29 to December 9 with the peak occurring on December 5–6. The Orionids, which occurs in late October, sometimes lasts into November. Astrology The Western zodiac signs for November are Scorpio (October 23 – November 21) and Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21). Symbols November's birthstone is the topaz (particularly, yellow) which symbolizes friendship and the citrine. Its birth flower is the chrysanthemum. Observances This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance. Non-Gregorian (All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.) List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar List of observances set by the Chinese calendar List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar List of observances set by the Islamic calendar List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar Month-long In Catholic tradition, November is the Month for prayer for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. A November List or November Dead List is sometimes maintained for this purpose. Academic Writing Month Annual Family Reunion Planning Month Lung Cancer Awareness Month Movember National Novel Writing Month No Nut November Trans History Month Pancreatic Cancer Awareness Month (Global) Pulmonary Hypertension Awareness Month Stomach Cancer Awareness Month Dinovember United States Native American Heritage Month COPD Awareness Month Epilepsy Awareness Month Military Family Month National Adoption Month National Alzheimer's Disease Awareness Month National Blog Posting Month National Critical Infrastructure Protection Month National Entrepreneurship Month National Family Caregivers Month National Bone Marrow Donor Awareness Month National Diabetes Month National Homeless Youth Month National Hospice Month National Impaired Driving Prevention Month National Pomegranate Month Prematurity Awareness Month Movable Mitzvah Day International:","title":"November"},{"docid":"2764696","text":"For exact dates in the Gregorian calendar see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050. Public holidays in Israel are national holidays officially recognized by the Knesset, Israel's parliament. The State of Israel has adopted most traditional religious Jewish holidays as part of its national calendar, while also having established new modern holiday observances since its founding in 1948. Additionally, Christians, Muslims, and Druze have the right to Holiday leave on the holidays of their own religions. Of the religious and modern holidays below, some are bank holidays / national holidays requiring all schools, government institutions, financial sector, and most retailers in Jewish Israeli society to be closed, while other holidays are marked as days of note or memorial remembrances with no breaks in public or private sector activities. As is the case with all religious Jewish holidays, most public holidays in Israel generally begin and end at sundown, and follow the Hebrew calendar. Because of this, most holidays in Israel fall on a different Gregorian calendar date each year, which syncs every 19 years with the Hebrew calendar. Shabbat, the weekly Sabbath day of rest, in Israel begins every Friday evening just before sundown, ending Saturday evening just after sundown. Most of the Israeli workforce, including schools, banks, public transportation, government offices, and retailers within Jewish Israeli society are shut down during these approximately 25 hours, with some non-Jewish retailers and most non-kosher restaurants still open. Table Jewish, Christian, Druze, and Secular holidays Jewish holidays are defined by the Hebrew calendar. Christian holidays are defined by the Gregorian calendar for Catholics and the Julian calendar for Orthodox. Druze holidays are also defined by the Gregorian calendar, with the sole exception of Eid al-Adha which is also celebrated by Muslims (and therefore defined by the Lunar Hijri calendar). Secular observances which are common to all religions are defined by the Hebrew calendar if they are of a uniquely national nature (such as Yom Ha-Atzmaut), and by the Gregorian calendar if they are of a global or international nature (such as Victory in Europe Day). Because the Hebrew calendar no longer relies on observation but is now governed by precise mathematical rules, it is possible to provide the Gregorian calendar date on which a Hebrew calendar date will fall, and vice-versa. Islamic holidays See also Jewish holidays Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 with Gregorian calendar dates References External links National holidays in Israel (2013) Public Holidays, Israel, World Travel Guide Culture of Israel Israel Society of Israel Holidays","title":"Public holidays in Israel"},{"docid":"3659585","text":"The Old New Year, or the Orthodox New Year, is an informal traditional holiday, celebrated as the start of the New Year by the Julian calendar. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Old New Year falls on January 14 in the Gregorian calendar. This traditional dating of the New Year is sometimes commonly called \"Orthodox\" because it harks back to a time when governments in Russia and Eastern Europe used the Julian calendar, which is still used by some jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church's liturgical year actually begins in September. By country North Macedonia The holiday in North Macedonia is known as Old New Year () or as Vasilica (), \"St. Basil\". Late on January 13, people gather outside their houses, in the center of their neighborhoods where they start a huge bonfire and drink and eat together. Traditional Macedonian music is sung. For those who stay at home, it is the tradition to eat home-made pita with a coin inside. Whoever finds the coin in their part is said to have luck during the year. Macedonians around the world also celebrate the holiday, especially in Australia, Canada, and the United States where Macedonian Orthodox Church has adherents. Russia Although the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic officially adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, the Russian Orthodox Church continued to use the Julian calendar. The New Year became a holiday that is celebrated by both calendars. As in most countries which use the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day in Russia is a public holiday celebrated on January 1. On that day, joyous entertainment, fireworks, elaborate and often large meals and other festivities are common. The holiday is interesting as it combines secular traditions of bringing in the New Year with the Christian Orthodox Christmastide customs, such as Rozhdestvo. The New Year by the Julian calendar is still informally observed, and the tradition of celebrating the coming of the New Year twice is widely enjoyed: January 1 (New New Year) and January 14 (Old New Year). Usually not as festive as the New New Year, for many this is a nostalgic family holiday ending the New Year holiday cycle (which includes Eastern Orthodox Christmas on January 7) with traditional large meals, singing and celebratory drinking. Scotland In Scotland the Old New Year has traditionally been held on 12 January. In the first half of the 20th century, large segments of the Scottish Gaelic community still observed the feast and today, it is still marked in South Uist and Eriskay as Oidhche Challaig and as Oidhche Challainn in Glenfinnan. Also in Scotland, the coastal town of Burghead in Morayshire celebrates the eve of the Old New Year with \"The Burning o' the Clavie\". Old New Year is the 12th of January in this district as well. Serbia The Old New Year in Serbia and among Serbs is commonly called the Serbian New Year (), and sometimes the Orthodox New Year () and rarely Julian New Year ().","title":"Old New Year"},{"docid":"34868","text":"1582 (MDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. This year saw the beginning of the Gregorian calendar switch, when the papal bull Inter gravissimas introduced the Gregorian calendar, adopted by Spain, Portugal, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and most of present-day Italy from the start. In these countries, the year continued as normal through Thursday, October 4; the next day became Friday, October 15, like a common year starting on Friday. France followed two months later, letting Sunday, December 9 be followed by Monday, December 20. Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years, and the complete conversion to the Gregorian calendar was not entirely done until 1923. Events January–March January 2 – University of Würzburg is refounded. January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. February 10 – François, Duke of Anjou, arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed by William the Silent. February 24 – Pope Gregory XIII proclaims the Gregorian Calendar, to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the 6th century and is 10 days off schedule. March 9 – Scryer Edward Kelley arrives at John Dee's house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops the Enochian language. March – The New Testament of the Douai Bible, the translation into English by Father Gregory Martin from Latin of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578. April–June April 2 – 1582 Ancuancu earthquake: Ancuancu (in modern-day La Paz Department, Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak. On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake. April 3 – Battle of Temmokuzan: Unable to reverse the collapse of Takeda clan, Takeda Katsuyori and his household commit suicide. April 14 – King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes the University of Edinburgh. April 16 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina. April 17 – Siege of Takamatsu: In Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi departs from the Himeji Castle in the modern-day Hyōgo Prefecture and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to the Bitchū Province in the modern-day Okayama Prefecture. Along the way, he stops at the Kameyama Castle where he makes a rendezvous with the Ukita clan and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle. May 17 –","title":"1582"},{"docid":"26253","text":"The Revised Julian calendar, or less formally the new calendar and also known as the Milanković calendar, is a calendar proposed in 1923 by the Serbian scientist Milutin Milanković as a more accurate alternative to both Julian and Gregorian calendars. At the time, the Julian calendar was still in use by all of the Eastern Orthodox Churches and affiliated nations, while the Catholic and Protestant nations were using the Gregorian calendar. Thus, Milanković's aim was to discontinue the divergence between the naming of dates in Eastern and Western churches and nations. It was intended to replace the Julian calendar in Eastern Orthodox Churches and nations. From 1 March 1600 through 28 February 2800, the Revised Julian calendar aligns its dates with the Gregorian calendar, which had been proclaimed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. The Revised Julian calendar has been adopted for ecclesiastical use by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania, the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Cypriot Orthodox Church, the Church of Greece, the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, the Orthodox Church in America, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the Orthodox Church in Japan, and the Eastern Catholic Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. It has not been adopted by the Russian Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Macedonian Orthodox Church, the Georgian Orthodox Church, the Polish Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. It has not been adopted by any nation as an official calendar. Instead, all of the Eastern Orthodox nations have adopted the Gregorian calendar as the official state calendar. The Revised Julian calendar has the same months and month lengths as the Julian and Gregorian calendar, but, in the Revised Julian version, years evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years, except that years with remainders of 200 or 600 when divided by 900 remain leap years, e.g. 2000 and 2400 as in the Gregorian calendar. Implementation Comparison of Revised Julian and Gregoriancalendar century years. (In the original Juliancalendar, every century year is a leap year.) A committee composed of members of the Greek government and Greek Orthodox Church was set up to look into the question of calendar reform. It reported in January 1923. In the end, for civil purposes, the Gregorian calendar was adopted; the changeover went into effect on 16 February/1 March. After the promulgation of the royal decree, the Ecumenical Patriarch, Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, issued an encyclical on 3 February recommending the calendar's adoption by Orthodox churches. The matter came up for discussion at the Council of Constantinople (1923), which deliberated in May and June. Subsequently, it was adopted by several of the autocephalous Orthodox churches. The synod was chaired by Meletius IV and representatives were present from the churches of Cyprus, Greece, Romania and Serbia. There were no representatives of the other members of the original Orthodox Pentarchy (the Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and","title":"Revised Julian calendar"},{"docid":"34594","text":"The ceasefire that effectively ended the First World War took place on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of this year. Also in this year, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 50–100 million people worldwide. In Russia, this year runs with only 352 days. As the result of Julian to Gregorian calendar switch, 13 days needed to be skipped. Wednesday, January 31 (Julian Calendar) was immediately followed by Thursday, February 14 (Gregorian Calendar). Events World War I will be abbreviated as “WWI” January January – 1918 flu pandemic: The \"Spanish flu\" (influenza) is first observed in Haskell County, Kansas. January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Soviet Russia, Sweden, Germany and France. January 9 – Battle of Bear Valley: U.S. troops engage Yaqui Native American warriors in a minor skirmish in Arizona, and one of the last battles of the American Indian Wars between the United States and Native Americans. January 15 The keel of is laid in Britain, the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be laid down. The Red Army (The Workers and Peasants Red Army) is formed in the Russian SFSR and Soviet Union. January 18 – The Historic Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans of Austrian and Hungarian Soldiers is held at the Konzerthaus, Vienna. January 19 – The Russian Constituent Assembly proclaims the Russian Democratic Federative Republic but is dissolved by the Bolshevik government on the same day. January 25 – The Ukrainian People's Republic declares independence from Bolshevik Russia. January 27 – The Finnish Civil War begins with the Battle of Kämärä. January 28 – Porvenir massacre: Texas Rangers, U.S. Cavalry soldiers and local ranchers kill 15 unarmed Mexican villagers, both men and boys. February February 1 – Cattaro Mutiny: Austrian sailors in the Gulf of Cattaro (Kotor), led by two Czech Socialists, mutiny. February 3 – Battle of Oulu February 5 – The is torpedoed off the Irish coast; it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk. February 6 – Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom: Representation of the People Act gives most women over 30 the vote. February 10 – Deposed Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II dies in Istanbul. February 13 – A magnitude (Mw) 7.2 earthquake shakes the Chinese city of Shantou leaving 1,000 dead and causing a moderate tsunami. February 14 – Russia switches from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar; the date skips from January 31 to February 14. February 16 – The Council of Lithuania adopts the Act of Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania's independence from Germany, Russia or any other state. February 18 – Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes in Balochistan by British authorities begin. February 19 – WWI: The Capture of Jericho by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the British occupation of the Jordan Valley. February 19–25 – WWI: The Imperial Russian Navy evacuates Tallinn through thick ice, over the Gulf of Finland. February","title":"1918"},{"docid":"25776973","text":"The list of traditional Turkish units of measurement, a.k.a. Ottoman units of measurement, is given below. History The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), the predecessor of modern Turkey was one of the 17 signatories of the Metre Convention in 1875. For 58 years both the international and the traditional units were in use, but after the proclamation of the Turkish Republic, the traditional units became obsolete. In 1931 by Act No. 1782, international units became compulsory and the traditional units were banned from use starting 1 January 1933. List of units Length Area Volume Weight Volumetric flow Time The traditional calendar of the Ottoman Empire was, like in most Muslim countries, the Islamic calendar. Its era begins from the Hijra in 622 CE and each year is calculated using the 12 Arabian lunar months, approximately eleven days shorter than a Gregorian solar year. In 1839, however, a second calendar was put in use for official matters. The new calendar, which was called the Rumi also began by 622, but with an annual duration equal to a solar year after 1840. In modern Turkey, the Gregorian calendar was adopted as the legal calendar, beginning by the end of 1925. But the Islamic calendar is still used when discussing dates in an Islamic context. See also Measurement Notes References Systems of units Obsolete units of measurement Turkey-related lists Economy of the Ottoman Empire Economic history of Turkey Ottoman Empire-related lists Human-based units of measurement Science and technology in Turkey Units of measurement by country","title":"Ottoman units of measurement"},{"docid":"39124","text":"Aloysius Lilius ( 1510 – 1576), also variously referred to as Luigi Lilio or Luigi Giglio, was an Italian physician, astronomer, philosopher and chronologist, and also the \"primary author\" who provided the proposal that (after modifications) became the basis of the Gregorian Calendar reform of 1582. The crater Lilius on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 2346 Lilio. In computer science, the Lilian date is the number of days since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582. Life and work Not much is known about the early life of Lilius/Lilio/Giglio. It is known that he came from the comune of Cirò in the province of Crotone, in the Calabria region of Italy. He studied medicine and astronomy in Naples, after which he served Count Carafa. He settled in Verona and died in 1576. Although he was still alive at the time when his proposal was presented at Rome, it does not seem that he made the presentation; it was handled by his brother Antonio, also a physician and astronomer. He is primarily known as the inventor of the Gregorian Calendar: he wrote the proposal on which (after modifications) the calendar reform was based. Lilio's brother Antonio presented the manuscript to Pope Gregory XIII; it was passed to the calendar reform commission in 1575. The commission issued a printed summary entitled (Compendium of a New Plan for the Restitution of the Calendar), printed in 1577 and circulated within the Roman Catholic world in early 1578 as a consultation document. Lilio's manuscript itself is not known to have survived; the printed Compendium is the nearest known source for the details it contained. The processes of consultation and deliberation meant that the reform to the calendar did not occur until 1582, six years after the death of Luigi Lilio in 1576. The reform had by then received some modifications in points of detail by the reform commission, in which one of the leading members was Christopher Clavius, who afterwards wrote defences and an explanation of the reformed calendar, including an emphatic acknowledgement of Lilio's work, especially for his provision of a useful reform for the lunar cycle: \"We owe much gratitude and praise to Luigi Giglio who contrived such an ingenious Cycle of Epacts which, inserted in the calendar, always shows the new moon and so can be easily adapted to any length of the year, if only at the right moments the due adjustment is applied.\" The papal bull () was issued on 24 February 1582 (year 1581 in Florentine Easter-based reckoning), ordering Catholic clergy to adopt the new calendar, and exhorting all Catholic sovereigns to do the same. The year 2010 was the 500th year since the Lilius' birth; several activities were organized by Italian astronomers in order to recognize the great work performed by him. In particular, in Torretta di Crucoli (Crotone, Italy), a new astronomical group was created and dedicated to Luigi Lilio. Notes References . . . External links Circolo Astrofili","title":"Aloysius Lilius"},{"docid":"410750","text":"This is a list of calendars. Included are historical calendars as well as proposed ones. Historical calendars are often grouped into larger categories by cultural sphere or historical period; thus O'Neil (1976) distinguishes the groupings Egyptian calendars (Ancient Egypt), Babylonian calendars (Ancient Mesopotamia), Indian calendars (Hindu and Buddhist traditions of the Indian subcontinent), Chinese calendars and Mesoamerican calendars. These are not specific calendars but series of historical calendars undergoing reforms or regional diversification. In Classical Antiquity, the Hellenic calendars inspired the Roman calendar, including the solar Julian calendar introduced in 45 BC. Many modern calendar proposals, including the Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582 AD, contains modifications from that of the Julian calendar. List of calendars In the list below, specific calendars are given, listed by calendar type (solar, lunisolar or lunar), time of introduction (if known), and the context of use and cultural or historical grouping (if applicable). Where appropriate, the regional or historical group (Jewish calendar, Hijri calendar, Sikh, Mayan, Aztecan, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Iranian, Hindu, Buddhist, Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican, Hellenic, Julian or Gregorian-derived) is noted. Calendars fall into four types: lunisolar, solar, lunar and seasonal. Most pre-modern calendars are lunisolar. The seasonal calendars rely on changes in the environment (e.g., \"wet season\", \"dry season\") rather than lunar or solar observations. The Islamic and some Buddhist calendars are lunar, while most modern calendars are solar, based on either the Julian or the Gregorian calendars. Some calendars listed are identical to the Gregorian calendar except for substituting regional month names or using a different calendar epoch. For example, the Thai solar calendar (introduced 1888) is the Gregorian calendar using a different epoch (543 BC) and different names for the Gregorian months (Thai names based on the signs of the zodiac). Variant month names Regional or historical names for lunations or Julian/Gregorian months Non-standard weeks Calendaring and timekeeping standards Coordinated Universal Time, adopted 1960 and since 1972 including a system of observation-based leap seconds. ISO 8601, standard based on the Gregorian calendar, Coordinated Universal Time and ISO week date, a leap week calendar system used with the Gregorian calendar Fiscal year varies with different countries. Used in accounting only. 360-day calendar used for accounting 365-day calendar used for accounting Unix time, number of seconds elapsed since 1 January 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC). Julian day, number of days elapsed since 1 January 4713 BC, 12:00:00 (UTC). Heliocentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the Sun. Barycentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the barycentre of the Solar System. Lilian date, number of days elapsed since the beginning of the Gregorian Calendar on 15 October 1582. Rata Die, number of days elapsed since 1 January 1 AD 1 in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. Non-Earth or fictional Darian calendar (proposed for Mars, not used in planetary science) Discworld calendar (fictional) Middle-earth calendars (fictional) Stardates (from Star Trek, fictional) See also History of calendars Epoch Horology Perpetual calendar Liturgical year Calendar of","title":"List of calendars"},{"docid":"13950019","text":"The civil calendar is the calendar, or possibly one of several calendars, used within a country for civil, official, or administrative purposes. The civil calendar is almost always used for general purposes by people and private organizations. The most widespread civil calendar and de facto international standard is the Gregorian calendar. Although that calendar was first declared by Pope Gregory XIII to be used in Catholic countries in 1582, it has since been adopted, as a matter of convenience, by many secular and non-Christian countries although some countries use other calendars. Civil calendars worldwide 168 of the world's countries use the Gregorian calendar as their sole civil calendar as of 2021. Most non-Christian countries have adopted it as a result of colonization, with some cases of voluntary adoption. Four countries have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Afghanistan and Iran (which use the Solar Hijri calendar), Ethiopia (the Ethiopian calendar), and Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat). Four countries use a modified version of the Gregorian calendar (with eras different from Anno Domini): Japan (Japanese calendar), North Korea (North Korean Calendar), Taiwan (Minguo calendar), and Thailand (Thai solar calendar). In the former two countries, the Anno Domini era is also in use. South Korea previously used the Korean calendar from 1945 to 1961. Eighteen countries use another calendar alongside the Gregorian calendar: Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen (Lunar Hijri calendar), Bangladesh (Bengali calendar), Egypt (Lunar Hijri calendar and Coptic calendar), India (Indian national calendar), Israel (Hebrew calendar), Myanmar (Burmese calendar). See also List of calendars Chinese calendar Persian calendar References Calendars","title":"Civil calendar"},{"docid":"44100110","text":"The adoption of the Gregorian Calendar was an event in the early modern history of most cultures and societies, marking a change from their traditional (or \"old style\") dating system to the modern (or \"new style\") dating system the Gregorian calendar that is widely used around the world today. Some states adopted the new calendar from 1582, some did not do so before the early twentieth century, and others did so at various dates between. A few still have not, but except for these, the Gregorian calendar is now the world's civil calendar universally, although in many places an old style calendar remains used in religious or traditional contexts. During and for some time after the change between systems, it has been common to use the terms \"Old Style\" and \"New Style\" when giving dates, to indicate which calendar was used to reckon them. The Gregorian calendar was decreed in 1582 by the papal bull by Pope Gregory XIII, to correct an error in the Julian calendar that was causing erroneous calculation of the date of Easter. The Julian calendar had been based upon a year lasting 365.25 days, but this was slightly too long; in reality, it is about 365.2422 days, and so over the centuries, the calendar had drifted increasingly out of alignment with the Earth's orbit. According to Gregory's scientific advisers, the calendar had acquired ten excess leap days since the First Council of Nicaea (which established the rule for dating Easter in AD 325). Consequently, he ruled, ten days must be skipped to restore the : Catholic countries did this in 1582. Countries which did not change until the 18th century had by then observed an additional leap year (1700), necessitating the dropping of eleven days. Some countries did not change until the 19th or 20th century, necessitating one or two further days to be omitted from the calendar. Although Gregory's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church, the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States. The changes he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar, over which he had no formal authority. They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect. The bull became the canon law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by Protestant churches, Eastern Orthodox Churches, and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter (and related events in the Liturgical calendar) were celebrated by different Christian churches diverged. Adoption in Catholic countries Catholic states such as France, the Italian principalities, Poland–Lithuania, Spain (along with her European and overseas possessions), Portugal, and the Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire were first to change to the Gregorian calendar. Thursday, 4 October 1582, was followed by Friday, 15 October 1582, with ten days skipped. Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time","title":"Adoption of the Gregorian calendar"},{"docid":"341532","text":"The traditional Korean calendar or Dangun calendar () is a lunisolar calendar. Dates are calculated from Korea's meridian (135th meridian east in modern time for South Korea), and observances and festivals are based in Korean culture. Koreans mostly use the Gregorian calendar, which was officially adopted in 1896. However, traditional holidays and age-reckoning for older generations are still based on the old calendar. The biggest festivals in Korea today, which are also national holidays, are Seollal, the first day of the traditional calendar, and Chuseok, the harvest moon festival. Other important festivals include Daeboreum also referred to as Boreumdal (the first full moon), Dano (spring festival) and Samjinnal (spring-opening festival). Other minor festivals include Yudu (summer festival), and Chilseok (monsoon festival). History Similar to most traditional calendars of other East Asian countries, the Korean Calendar is derived from the Chinese calendar. The traditional calendar designated its years via Korean era names from 270 to 963, then Chinese era names with Korean era names at a few times until 1894. In 1894 and 1895, the lunar calendar was used with years numbered from the foundation of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392. The Gregorian calendar was adopted on 1 January 1896, with the Korean era name Geon-yang (). From 1945 until 1961 in South Korea, Gregorian calendar years were counted from the foundation of Gojoseon in 2333 BC (regarded as year one), the date of the legendary founding of Korea by Dangun, hence these Dangi () years were 4278 to 4294. This numbering was informally used with the Korean lunar calendar before 1945 but has only been occasionally used since 1961, and mostly in North Korea prior to 1997. Although not being an official calendar, in South Korea, the traditional Korean calendar is still maintained by the government. The current version is based on East Asia's Shixian calendar (), which was in turn revised by Jesuit scholars. In North Korea, the Juche calendar has been used since 1997 to number its years, based on the birth of the state's founder Kim Il Sung. Features The Chinese zodiac of 12 Earthly Branches (animals), which were used for counting hours and years; Ten Heavenly Stems, which were combined with the 12 Earthly Branches to form a sixty-year cycle; Twenty-four solar terms () in the year, spaced roughly 15 days apart; Lunar months including leap months added every two or three years. Weekdays Note that traditional Korean calendar has no concept of weekdays: the following are names of weekdays in the modern (Western) calendar. Months In modern Korean language, the months of both the traditional lunisolar and Western calendars are named by prefixing Sino-Korean numerals to , the Sino-Korean word for \"month\". Traditionally, when speaking of individuals' birth months, the months of the lunisolar calendar were named by prefixing the native Korean name of the animal associated with each Earthly Branch in the Chinese zodiac to , the native Korean word for \"month\". Additionally, the first, eleventh, and twelfth months have other Korean names which","title":"Korean calendar"},{"docid":"10310004","text":"The Republic of China calendar, often shortened to the ROC calendar or the Minguo calendar, is a calendar used in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu. The calendar uses 1912, the year of the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC) in Nanjing, as the first year. The ROC calendar follows the tradition of using the sovereign's era name and year of reign, as did previous Chinese dynasties. Months and days are numbered according to the Gregorian calendar. The ROC calendar has been in wide use in the ROC since 1912, including in early official documents. The ROC calendar is the official calendar used in Taiwan since 1945, and also adopted by Overseas Chinese and Taiwanese communities. Chorographies and historical research published in mainland China covering the period between 1912 and 1949 also use the ROC calendar. Calendar details The Gregorian calendar was adopted by the nascent Republic of China effective 1 January 1912 for official business, but the general populace continued to use the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar. The status of the Gregorian calendar was unclear between 1916 and 1921 while China was controlled by several competing warlords each supported by foreign colonial powers. From about 1921 until 1928 warlords continued to fight over northern China, but the Kuomintang-led Nationalist government controlled southern China and used the Gregorian calendar. After the Kuomintang reconstituted the Republic of China on 10 October 1928, the Gregorian calendar was officially adopted, effective 1 January 1929. The People's Republic of China has continued to use the Gregorian calendar since 1949. Despite the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, the numbering of the years was still an issue. The Chinese monarchical tradition was to use the monarch's era name and year of reign. One alternative to this approach was to use the reign of the semi-legendary Yellow Emperor in the third millennium BC to number the years. In the early 20th century, some Chinese republicans began to advocate such a system of continuously numbered years, so that year markings would be independent of the monarch's era name. (This was part of their attempt to de-legitimize the Qing dynasty.) When Sun Yat-sen became the provisional president of the Republic of China, he sent telegrams to leaders of all provinces and announced the 13th day of 11th month of the 4609th year of the Yellow Emperor's reign (corresponding to 1 January 1912) to be the first year of the Republic of China. The original intention of the Minguo calendar was to follow the monarchical practice of naming the years according to the number of years the monarch had reigned, which was a universally recognizable event in China. Following the establishment of the Republic, hence the lack of a monarch, it was then decided to use the year of the establishment of the current regime. This reduced the issue of frequent change in the calendar, as no Chinese emperor ruled more than 61 years in Chinese history – the longest being the Kangxi Emperor, who ruled from 1662 to 1722","title":"Republic of China calendar"},{"docid":"87473","text":"The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and also used by the farming populace in Egypt. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter (which contained only 365 days each year, year after year, so that the seasons shifted about one day every four years), a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of adding an extra day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the reform was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus imposed the Decree upon Egypt as its official calendar (although initially, namely between 25 BC and AD 5, it was unsynchronised with the original implementation of the Julian calendar which was erroneously intercalating leap days every third year due to a misinterpretation of the leap year rule so as to apply inclusive counting). To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic or Alexandrian calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian calendar but have different numbers and names. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Coptic calendar does not skip leap years three times every 400 years, and therefore it stays synchronised with the Julian calendar over a four-year leap year cycle. Coptic year The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and one at the end of the year of five days (six days in leap years). The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year. The year starts on the Feast of Neyrouz, the first day of the month of Thout, the first month of the Egyptian year. For 1900 to 2099 it coincides with the Gregorian Calendar's 11 September, or 12 September before a leap year, but for any year, it coincides with the Julian Calendar's 29 August, or 30 August before a leap year. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year Diocletian became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for Anno Martyrum or \"in the Year of the Martyrs\"). The first day of year I of the","title":"Coptic calendar"},{"docid":"51600548","text":"This is a list of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country. For explanation, see the article about the Gregorian calendar. Except where stated otherwise, the transition was a move by the civil authorities from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. In religious sources it could be that the Julian calendar was used for a longer period of time, in particular by Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches. The historic area does not necessarily match the present-day area or country. The column \"Present country\" only provides a logic search entry. With a few exceptions, the former colonies of European powers are not shown separately. There are only four countries which have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Ethiopia (Ethiopian calendar), Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat), Iran and Afghanistan (Solar Hijri calendar). Thailand has adopted the Gregorian calendar for days and months, but uses its own era for years: the Buddhist era. The partially recognized Republic of China (Taiwan) also uses its own era, the Minguo era. List Legend See also cal (command) Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Old Style and New Style dates References Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar","title":"List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country"},{"docid":"15651","text":"The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers). The Julian calendar was proposed in 46 BC by (and takes its name from) Julius Caesar, as a reform of the earlier Roman calendar, which was largely a lunisolar one. It took effect on , by his edict. Caesar's calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years, until 1582 when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar. The Julian calendar has two types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. That is more than the actual solar year value of approximately 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar gains one day every 129 years. In other words, the Julian calendar gains 3.1 days every 400 years. Gregory's calendar reform modified the Julian rule, to reduce the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year: the Gregorian calendar gains just 0.1 day over 400 years. For any given event during the years from 1901 through 2099, its date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date (for instance Julian 1 January falls on Gregorian 14 January). Most Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately; Protestant countries did so slowly in the course of the following two centuries or so; most Orthodox countries retain the Julian calendar for religious purposes but adopted the Gregorian as their civil calendar in the early part of the twentieth century. Table of months History Motivation The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. This intercalary month was formed by inserting 22 or 23 days after the first 23 days of February; the last five days of February, which counted down toward the start of March, became the last five days of Intercalaris. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, forming an intercalary year of 377 or 378 days. Some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia (23 February). If managed correctly this system could have allowed the Roman year to stay roughly aligned to a tropical year. However, since the pontifices were often politicians, and because a Roman magistrate's term of office","title":"Julian calendar"},{"docid":"21637","text":"The New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day, preceded by New Year's Eve). This was also the first day of the year in the original Julian calendar and the Roman calendar (after 153 BC). Other cultures observe their traditional or religious New Year's Day according to their own customs, typically (though not invariably) because they use a lunar calendar or a lunisolar calendar. Chinese New Year, the Islamic New Year, Tamil New Year (Puthandu), and the Jewish New Year are among well-known examples. India, Nepal, and other countries also celebrate New Year on dates according to their own calendars that are movable in the Gregorian calendar. During the Middle Ages in Western Europe, while the Julian calendar was still in use, authorities moved New Year's Day, depending upon locale, to one of several other days, including March 1, March 25, Easter, September 1, and December 25. Since then, many national civil calendars in the Western World and beyond have changed to using one fixed date for New Year's Day, January 1most doing so when they adopted the Gregorian calendar. By type Based on the used calendar new years are often categorized between lunar or lunisolar new years or solar new years. By month or season January January 1: The first day of the civil year in the Gregorian calendar used by most countries. Contrary to common belief in the west, the civil New Year of January 1 is not an Orthodox Christian religious holiday. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar makes no provision for the observance of a New Year. January 1 is itself a religious holiday, but that is because it is the feast of the circumcision of Christ (seven days after His birth), and a commemoration of saints. While the liturgical calendar begins September 1, there is also no particular religious observance attached to the start of the new cycle. Orthodox nations may, however, make civil celebrations for the New Year. Those who adhere to the revised Julian calendar (which synchronizes dates with the Gregorian calendar), including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, and Turkey, observe both the religious and civil holidays on January 1. In other nations and locations where Orthodox churches still adhere to the Julian calendar, including Georgia, Israel, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Ukraine, the civil new year is observed on January 1 of the civil calendar, while those same religious feasts occur on January 14 Gregorian (which is January 1 Julian), in accord with the liturgical calendar. The Japanese New Year (正月, Shōgatsu) is currently celebrated on January 1, with the holiday usually being observed until the January 3, while other sources say that Shōgatsu lasts until January 6. In 1873, five years after the Meiji Restoration, Japan","title":"New Year"},{"docid":"10936","text":"February 29 is a leap day (or \"leap year day\")—an intercalary date added periodically to create leap years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the 60th day of a leap year in both Julian and Gregorian calendars, and 306 days remain until the end of the leap year. It is the last day of February in leap years, with the exception of 1712 in Sweden. It is also the last day of meteorological winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the last day of meteorological summer in the Southern Hemisphere in leap years. In the Gregorian calendar, the standard civil calendar used in most of the world, February 29 is added in each year that is an integer multiple of four, unless it is evenly divisible by 100 but not by 400. For example, 1900 was not a leap year, but 2000 was. The Julian calendar—since 1923 a liturgical calendar—has a February 29 every fourth year without exception. Consequently, February 29 in the Julian calendar, since 1900, falls 13 days later than February 29 in the Gregorian, until the year 2100. The convention of using February 29 was not widely accepted before the 15th century; from Julian's edict until the 16th century (formally), February 24 was doubled instead. Events Pre-1600 888 – Odo, count of Paris, is crowned king of West Francia (France) by Archbishop Walter of Sens at Compiègne. 1504 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Jamaican natives to provide him with supplies. 1601–1900 1644 – Abel Tasman's second Pacific voyage begins as he leaves Batavia in command of three ships. 1704 – In Queen Anne's War, French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony, killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive. 1712 – February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden, in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar. 1720 – Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband, who becomes King Frederick I on March 24. 1768 – Polish nobles form the Bar Confederation. 1796 – The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force, facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations. 1892 – St. Petersburg, Florida is incorporated. 1901–present 1908 – James Madison University is founded at Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States as The State Normal and Industrial School for Women by the Virginia General Assembly. 1912 – The Piedra Movediza (Moving Stone) of Tandil falls and breaks. 1916 – Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom. 1916 – In South Carolina, the minimum working age for factory, mill and mine workers is raised from 12 to 14 years old. 1920 – The Czechoslovak National Assembly adopts the Constitution. 1936 – The February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends. 1940 – For her performance as Mammy in Gone with the Wind, Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award. 1940","title":"February 29"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"730958\",\n \"text\": \"In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a or aj) is a unit of measurement of time defined as exactly 365.25 days of SI seconds each. The length of the Julian year is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar that was used in Western societies until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar, and from which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because astronomical Julian years are measuring duration rather than designating dates, this Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year. Usage The Julian year is not a unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI), but it is recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as a non-SI unit for use in astronomy. Before 1984, both the Julian year and the mean tropical year were used by astronomers. In 1898, Simon Newcomb used both in his Tables of the Sun in the form of the Julian century (36 525 days) and the \\\"solar century\\\" ( days), a rounded form of 100 mean tropical years of each according to Newcomb. However, the mean tropical year is not suitable as a unit of measurement because it varies from year to year by a small amount, days according to Newcomb. In contrast, the Julian year is defined in terms of the SI unit one second, so is as accurate as that unit and is constant. It approximates both the sidereal year and the tropical year to about ±0.008 days. The Julian year is the basis of the definition of the light-year as a unit of measurement of distance. Epochs In astronomy, an epoch specifies a precise moment in time. The positions of celestial objects and events, as measured from Earth, change over time, so when measuring or predicting celestial positions, the epoch to which they pertain must be specified. A new standard epoch is chosen about every 50 years. The standard epoch in use today is Julian epoch J2000.0. It is exactly 12:00 TT (close to but not exactly Greenwich mean noon) on in the Gregorian (not Julian) calendar. Julian within its name indicates that other Julian epochs can be a number of Julian years of 365.25 days each before or after J2000.0. For example, the future epoch J2100.0 will be exactly 36,525 days (one Julian century) from J2000.0 at 12:00 TT on (the dates will still agree because the Gregorian century 2000–2100 will have the same number of days as a Julian century). Because Julian years are not exactly the same length as years on the Gregorian calendar, astronomical epochs will diverge noticeably from the Gregorian calendar in a few hundred years. For example, in the next 1000 years, seven days will be dropped from the Gregorian calendar but not from 1000 Julian years, so J3000.0 will be . Julian calendar distinguished The Julian year, being a uniform measure of duration, should not be confused with the\",\n \"title\": \"Julian year (astronomy)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25886202\",\n \"text\": \"The tables below list equivalent dates in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Conventions Within these tables, January 1 is always the first day of the year. The Gregorian calendar did not exist before October 15, 1582. Gregorian dates before that are proleptic, that is, using the Gregorian rules to reckon backward from October 15, 1582. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Augustus corrected errors in the observance of leap years by omitting leap days until AD 8. Julian calendar dates before March AD 4 are proleptic, and do not necessarily match the dates actually observed in the Roman Empire. Conversion table This table is taken from the book by the Nautical almanac offices of the United Kingdom and United States originally published in 1961. Using the tables Dates near leap days that are observed in the Julian calendar but not in the Gregorian are listed in the table. Dates near the adoption date in some countries are also listed. For dates not listed, see below. The usual rules of algebraic addition and subtraction apply; adding a negative number is the same as subtracting the absolute value, and subtracting a negative number is the same as adding the absolute value. If conversion takes you past a February 29 that exists only in the Julian calendar, then February 29 is counted in the difference. Years affected are those which divide by 100 without remainder but do not divide by 400 without remainder (e.g., 1900 and 2100 but not 2000). No guidance is provided about conversion of dates before March 5, -500, or after February 29, 2100 (both being Julian dates). For unlisted dates, find the date in the table closest to, but earlier than, the date to be converted. Be sure to use the correct column. If converting from Julian to Gregorian, add the number from the \\\"Difference\\\" column. If converting from Gregorian to Julian, subtract. See also Revised Julian calendar References External links Calendars\",\n \"title\": \"Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63966709\",\n \"text\": \"A computus clock is a clock equipped with a mechanism that automatically calculates and displays, or helps determine, the date of Easter (and other dependent dates of moveable Church feasts). A computus watch carries out the same function. Background The movement of a computus clock provides and/or calculates astronomical and calendar information according to the tradition that Easter Sunday is the first Sunday after the first full moon (Paschal or ecclesiastical full moon) on or after the spring equinox (21 March), and Easter Sunday should not occur on the same day as the Jewish calendar date Nisan 15th, the first day of Passover week. In early Christianity, the Easter date was calculated each year and announced by the Pope. The later need for Christian clergy living in different territories to be able to calculate the Easter date for themselves forced attempts to establish clear rules for the Easter date calculation and finally the algorithms for this. The determination of the Easter date requires calculating astronomical and calendar cycles – the annual motion of the Sun round the celestial sphere, the evolution of the phases of the Moon, the cycle of the days of the week, particularities of calendars and some agreements like the date of the so-called ecclesiastical equinox., designated as March 21, irrespective of the actual astronomical observation by the Church of Alexandria in the beginning of the 4th Century. Specific astronomical data which may be incorrect, misinterpreted or location dependent, were eliminated from the Easter date calculation by the invention of special paschal functions – “letters” and “numbers”. They include the “golden number” (which gives the dates of all the new moons for the year in a 19-year Metonic cycle), the solar cycle (the 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar and 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar with respect to the week), the epact (the age of the Moon in days on a certain date), the dominical letter (used to determine the day of the week for particular dates) and the indiction (the number of a given year in a fifteen-year period). The computations after the Gregorian reform of 1582 should also take into account additional corrections necessary due to particularities of the Gregorian calendar, notably the solar equation (taking into account some non-leap century years) and the lunar equation (for correction of the Metonic cycle) The term “computus” as the description of the Easter date computation was proposed in 725 by the English Benedictine monk Bede in his treatise “De temporum ratione” (“The Reckoning of Time”). Alexandrian computus, based on rules established by the Church of Alexandria, was universally used from the beginning of the 8th century until the Gregorian calendar reform of 1582. The Roman Catholic Church has used the Gregorian calendar, and accordingly Gregorian computus, to calculate the dates of Easter since 1583. The Gregorian computus was later adopted by most Protestant churches – between 1753 and 1845 – while most Eastern Churches, including the majority of Eastern Orthodox Churches and Non-Chalcedonian Churches continued to\",\n \"title\": \"Computus clock\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"214479\",\n \"text\": \"As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as . Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon (a mathematical approximation of the first astronomical full moon, on or after 21 March itself a fixed approximation of the March equinox). Determining this date in advance requires a correlation between the lunar months and the solar year, while also accounting for the month, date, and weekday of the Julian or Gregorian calendar. The complexity of the algorithm arises because of the desire to associate the date of Easter with the date of the Jewish feast of Passover which, Christians believe, is when Jesus was crucified. It was originally feasible for the entire Christian Church to receive the date of Easter each year through an annual announcement by the pope. By the early third century, however, communications in the Roman Empire had deteriorated to the point that the church put great value in a system that would allow the clergy to determine the date for themselves, independently yet consistently. Additionally, the church wished to eliminate dependencies on the Hebrew calendar, by deriving the date for Easter directly from the March equinox. In The Reckoning of Time (725), Bede uses as a general term for any sort of calculation, although he refers to the Easter cycles of Theophilus as a \\\"Paschal .\\\" By the end of the 8th century, came to refer specifically to the calculation of time. The calculations produce different results depending on whether the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar is used. For this reason, the Catholic Church and Protestant churches (which follow the Gregorian calendar) celebrate Easter on a different date from that of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy (which follow the Julian calendar). It was the drift of 21 March from the observed equinox that led to the Gregorian reform of the calendar, to bring them back into line. Background Easter commemorates the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe to have occurred on the third day (inclusive) after the beginning of Passover. In the Hebrew lunisolar calendar, Passover begins at twilight on the 14th day of Nisan. Nisan is the first month of spring in the northern hemisphere, with the 14th corresponding to a full moon. By the 2nd century, many Christians had chosen to observe Easter only on a Sunday. The Hebrew calendar does not have a simple relationship with the Christian calendars: it resynchronizes with the solar year by intercalating a leap month every two or three years, before the lunar new year on 1 Nisan. Later Jews adopted the Metonic cycle to predict future intercalations. A possible consequence of this intercalation is that 14 Nisan could occur before the equinox, which some third-century Christians considered unacceptable (this cannot happen in the fixed calendar in use today). Consequently, it was decided to separate the dating of Easter from the Hebrew calendar, by identifying the first full moon following the March equinox. By the\",\n \"title\": \"Date of Easter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3278310\",\n \"text\": \"The Nanakshahi (, pronunciation: [naːnakʃaːɦiː]) calendar is a tropical solar calendar used in Sikhism. It is based on the \\\"Barah Maha\\\" (Twelve Months), a composition composed by the Sikh gurus reflecting the changes in nature conveyed in the twelve-month cycle of the year. The year begins with the month of Chet, with 1 Chet corresponding to 14 March. The reference epoch of the Nanakshahi calendar is the birth of Guru Nanak Dev, corresponding to the year 1469 CE. Etymology The Nanakshahi Calendar is named after the founder of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak Dev Ji. History Sikhs have traditionally recognised two eras and luni-solar calendars: the Nanakshahi and Khalsa. Traditionally, both these calendars closely followed the Bikrami calendar with the Nanakshahi year beginning on Katak Pooranmashi (full moon) and the Khalsa year commencing with Vaisakhi. The methods for calculating the beginning of the Khalsa era were based on the Bikrami calendar. The year length was also the same as the Bikrami solar year. According to Steel (2000), (since the calendar was based on the Bikrami), the calendar has twelve lunar months that are determined by the lunar phase, but thirteen months in leap years which occur every 2–3 years in the Bikrami calendar to sync the lunar calendar with its solar counterpart. Kay (2011) abbreviates the Khalsa Era as KE. References to the Nanakshahi Era have been made in historic documents. Banda Singh Bahadur adopted the Nanakshahi calendar in 1710 CE after his victory in Sirhind (12 May 1710 CE) according to which the year 1710 CE became Nanakshahi 241. However, Singh (2008) states the date of the victory as 14 May 1710 CE. According to Dilgeer (1997), Banda \\\"continued adopting the months and the days of the months according to the Bikrami calendar\\\". Banda Singh Bahadur also minted new coins also called Nanakshahi. Herrli (1993) states that \\\"Banda is supposed to have dated his coins according to his new calendar. Although Banda may have proclaimed this era, it cannot be traced in contemporary documents and does not seem to have been actually used for dating\\\". According to The Panjab Past and Present (1993), it is Gian Singh who \\\"is the first to use Nanak Shahi Samvats along with those of Bikrami Samvats\\\" in the Twarikh Guru Khalsa. According to Singha (1996), Gian Singh was a Punjabi author born in 1822. Gian Singh wrote the Twarikh Guru Khalsa in 1891. The revised Nanakshahi calendar was designed by Pal Singh Purewal to replace the Bikrami calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Nanak Dev in 1469 and the Nanakshahi year commences on 1 Chet. New Year's Day falls annually on what is 14 March in the Gregorian Western calendar. The start of each month is fixed. According to Kapel (2006), the solar accuracy of the Nanakshahi calendar is linked to the Gregorian civil calendar. This is because the Nanaskhahi calendar uses the tropical year instead of using the sidereal year which is used in\",\n \"title\": \"Nanakshahi calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38642\",\n \"text\": \"As of March 1 (O.S. February 19), where the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 (O.S. February 17), 1800. In Sweden, the year started in the Julian calendar and remained so until February 28. Then, by skipping the leap day, the Swedish calendar was introduced, letting February 28 be followed by March 1, giving the entire year the same pattern as a common year starting on Monday. This calendar, being ten days behind the Gregorian and one day ahead of the Julian, lasts until 1712. Events January–March January 1 – Protestant nations in Western Europe, except England, start using the Gregorian calendar. Catholic nations have been using the Gregorian calendar since its introduction in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. January 1 (Julian) (January 11, Gregorian) – The Tsardom of Russia begins numbering its calendar from the birth of Christ (Anno Domini), instead of since the Creation (Anno Mundi). January 26 – At approximately 9 p.m., the Cascadia earthquake occurs in the Pacific Northwest, with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptures about of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and causes a tsunami, that strikes the coast of Japan approximately 10 hours later. February 3 – The 'Lesser Great Fire' destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland. February 12 – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the \\\"Swedish Meteor\\\". February 27 – The island of New Britain is discovered by William Dampier, in the western Pacific. March 1 (Gregorian) – Protestant Germany and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar. March 1 (Swedish), March 11 (Gregorian), February 29 (Julian) – The Swedish calendar is adopted. March (early) – William Congreve's comedy The Way of the World is first performed in London. March 3 – Shivaji II accedes to the throne of the Maratha Empire as the 4th Chhatrapati after his father Rajaram I's death. March 24 – The Treaty of London is signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic. April–June April 15 – The coronation of King Frederick IV of Denmark takes place at Frederiksborg Castle in Copenhagen. April 18 – Hungarian freedom activist Ferenc Rákóczi is arrested by Austrian authorities and charged with sedition. Imprisoned near Vienna and facing a death sentence, he escapes and later leads the overthrow of the Habsburg control of Hungary. April 21 – In India, the siege of the fortress of Sajjangad (located in the Maharashtra state) is begun by an army led by Fateullahakhan. The\",\n \"title\": \"1700\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33835\",\n \"text\": \"The World Calendar is a proposed reform of the Gregorian calendar created by Elisabeth Achelis of Brooklyn, New York in 1930. Features The World Calendar is a 12-month, perennial calendar with equal quarters. Each quarter begins on a Sunday and ends on a Saturday. The quarters are equal: each has exactly 91 days, 13 weeks, or 3 months. The three months in each quarter have 31, 30, and 30 days respectively. Each quarter begins with the 31-day months of January, April, July, or October. The World Calendar also has the following two additional days to maintain the same new year days as the Gregorian calendar. Worldsday The last day of the year following Saturday 30 December. This additional day is dated \\\"W\\\" and named Worldsday, a year-end world holiday. It is followed by Sunday, 1 January in the new year. Leapyear Day This day is similarly added at the end of the second quarter in leap years. It is also dated \\\"W\\\" and named Leapyear Day. It is followed by Sunday, 1 July within the same year. The World Calendar treats Worldsday and Leapyear Day as a 24-hour waiting period before resuming the calendar again. These off-calendar days, also known as \\\"intercalary days\\\", are not assigned weekday designations. They are intended to be treated as holidays. Because any three-month sequence repeats with the same arrangement of days, the World Calendar can be expressed concisely: Background and history The World Calendar has its roots in the proposed calendar of the Abbot Marco Mastrofini, a proposal to reform the Gregorian calendar year so that it would always begin on Sunday, 1 January, and would contain equal quarters of 91 days each. The 365th day of the solar cycle would be a year-end, \\\"intercalary\\\" and optionally holiday. In leap years, a second \\\"intercalary day\\\" follows Saturday, 30 June. Around 1887 French astronomer Gaston Armelin proposed a calendar based on this idea and roughly identical to the World Calendar. Elisabeth Achelis founded The World Calendar Association (TWCA) in 1930 with the goal of worldwide adoption of the World Calendar. It functioned for most of the next twenty-five years as The World Calendar Association, Inc. Throughout the 1930s, support for the concept grew in the League of Nations, the precursor of the United Nations. Achelis started the Journal of Calendar Reform in 1931, publishing it for twenty-five years, and wrote five books on the calendar concept. Following World War II, Achelis solicited worldwide support for the World Calendar. As the movement gained international appeal with legislation introduced in the United States Congress, awaiting international decisions, Achelis accepted advice that the United Nations was the proper body to act on calendar reform. At the United Nations in 1955, the United States significantly delayed universal adoption by withholding support \\\"unless such a reform were favoured by a substantial majority of the citizens of the United States acting through their representatives in the Congress of the United States.\\\" Also, Achelis wrote in 1955 (JCR Vol. 25, page 169),\",\n \"title\": \"World Calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23698\",\n \"text\": \"The International Fixed Calendar (also known as the IFC, Cotsworth plan, the Cotsworth calendar and the Eastman plan) is a proposed calendar reform designed by Moses B. Cotsworth, first presented in 1902. The International Fixed Calendar divides the year into 13 months of 28 days each. A type of perennial calendar, every date is fixed to the same weekday every year. Though it was never officially adopted at the country level, the entrepreneur George Eastman instituted its use at the Eastman Kodak Company in 1928, where it was used until 1989. While it is sometimes described as the 13-month calendar or the equal-month calendar, various alternative calendar designs share these features. Rules The calendar year has 13 months with 28 days each, divided into exactly 4 weeks (13 × 28 = 364). An extra day added as a holiday at the end of the year (after December 28, i.e. equal to December 31 Gregorian), sometimes called \\\"Year Day\\\", does not belong to any week and brings the total to 365 days. Each year coincides with the corresponding Gregorian year, so January 1 in the Cotsworth calendar always falls on Gregorian January 1. Twelve months are named and ordered the same as those of the Gregorian calendar, except that the extra month is inserted between June and July, and called Sol. Situated in mid-summer (from the point of view of its Northern Hemisphere authors) and including the mid-year solstice, the name of the new month was chosen in homage to the sun. Leap years in the International Fixed Calendar contain 366 days, and its occurrence follows the Gregorian rule. There is a leap year in every year whose number is divisible by 4, but not if the year number is divisible by 100, unless it is also divisible by 400. So although the year 2000 was a leap year, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 were common years. The International Fixed Calendar inserts the extra day in leap years as June 29 - between Saturday June 28 and Sunday Sol 1. Each month begins on a Sunday, and ends on a Saturday; consequently, every year begins on Sunday. Neither Year Day nor Leap Day are considered to be part of any week; they are preceded by a Saturday and are followed by a Sunday, making a long weekend. As a result, a particular day usually has a different day of the week in the IFC than in all traditional calendars that contain a seven-day week. The IFC is, however, almost compatible with the World Calendar in this regard, because it also starts Sunday and has the extra day at the end of the year and the leap day in the middle, except IFC leaps on Gregorian June 17 and TWC leaps two weeks later on July 1. Since this break of the ancient week cycle has been a major concern raised against its adoption, various leap week calendars have been proposed as a solution. * The two special dates have been\",\n \"title\": \"International Fixed Calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9746888\",\n \"text\": \"The Romanian calendar is the Gregorian, adopted in 1919. However, the traditional Romanian calendar has its own names for the months. In modern Romania and Moldova, the Gregorian calendar is exclusively used for business and government transactions and predominates in popular use as well. Nevertheless, the traditional names of the months do appear in some contexts, for instance on ecclesiastical calendars produced by the Romanian Orthodox Church. History Romania adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1 April 1919, which became 14 April 1919. In 2019, the National Bank of Romania released a commemorative coin of 10 silver lei to celebrate the centenary of Romania's adoption of the calendar. Traditional month names All the traditional names of the months are of Latin origin, which indicates that their use predates the Slavic contact around the 8th century. Six months have their names derived from characteristics of the months. Five are derived from the Latin names now used in the Gregorian calendar (and earlier in the Julian calendar). However, each of these has a folk etymology and an additional meaning. The last month, December, derives its name from that of Saint Andrew. See also Gregorian calendar Slavic calendar Lithuanian calendar French Republican calendar References Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române, Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică \\\"Iorgu Iordan\\\", Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 1998 Culture of Romania Culture of Moldova Months\",\n \"title\": \"Romanian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"206356\",\n \"text\": \"The Baháʼí calendar used in the Baháʼí Faith is a solar calendar consisting of nineteen months and four or five intercalary days, with new year at the moment of Northern spring equinox. Each month is named after a virtue (e.g., Perfection, Mercy), as are the days of the week. The first year is dated from 1844 CE, the year in which the Báb began teaching. Years on the calendar are annotated with the date notation of BE (Baháʼí Era). The Baháʼí year BE {{#ifexpr: <79 |will start|started}} on March . History The Baháʼí calendar started from the original Badíʿ calendar, created by the Báb in the Kitabu'l-Asmáʼ and the Persian Bayán (5:3) in the 1840s. An early version of the calendar began to be implemented during his time. It used a scheme of nineteen months of nineteen days, with the product of 361 days, plus intercalary days to make the calendar a solar calendar. The first day of the early implementation of the calendar year was Nowruz, while the intercalary days were assigned differently than the later Baháʼí implementation. The calendar contains many symbolic meanings and allusions including connections to prophecies of the Báb about the next Manifestation of God termed He whom God shall make manifest. Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, who claimed to be the one prophesied by the Báb, confirmed and adopted this calendar. Around 1870, he instructed Nabíl-i-Aʻzam, the author of The Dawn-Breakers, to write an overview of the Badíʿ calendar. In the Kitáb-i-Aqdas (1873) Baháʼu'lláh made Naw-Rúz the first day of the year, and also clarified the position of the Intercalary days to immediately precede the last month. Baháʼu'lláh set Naw-Rúz to the day on which the sun passes into the constellation Aries. Baháʼís interpret this formula as a specification of the vernal equinox, though where that should be determined was not defined. The calendar was first implemented in the West in 1907. The Baháʼí scriptures left some issues regarding the implementation of the Badíʿ calendar to be resolved by the Universal House of Justice before the calendar can be observed uniformly worldwide. On 10 July 2014 the Universal House of Justice announced provisions that will enable the common implementation of the Badíʿ calendar worldwide, beginning at sunset 20 March 2015, coinciding with the completion of the ninth cycle of the calendar (see below). Before that time, the Baháʼí calendar was synchronized to the Gregorian calendar by starting the year at sunset on March 20, regardless of when the vernal equinox technically occurs, meaning that the extra day of a leap year occurred simultaneously in both calendars. The intercalary days always stretched from 26 February to 1 March, automatically including the Gregorian leap day so that there were four intercalary days in a regular year, and five in a Gregorian leap year. The Universal House of Justice selected Tehran, the birthplace of Baháʼu'lláh, as the location at which the time and date of the vernal equinox is to be determined according to astronomical\",\n \"title\": \"Baháʼí calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31693642\",\n \"text\": \"Jan Latosz or Jan Latoszyński (1539–1608) was a Polish scholar, astronomer, astrologist and physician. A professor at the Cracow Academy, he is best known for his staunch criticism of the papal calendar reform, for which he was deposed of his post. He fled to Ostróg, where he became the personal physician to Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski and a professor at the Ostrog Academy. Biography Born in or around 1539, Latosz entered the Cracow Academy some time in mid-16th century. Initially he had trouble achieving the degree of magister, the fact which some authors attribute to his personal animosities. Eventually however he became the member of the academy and rose to prominence, eventually owning a large tenement house at Szewska Street, half of the profit from which he spent for charity. As an astronomer, Latosz was a follower of Copernicus. He published numerous works mostly based on Copernican theory, most of which either did not survive to our time or are known only from single copies held in Jagiellonian University's library. Among them were a treatise Poprawa kalenarza (now lost, possibly written in Latin), as well as Kometa (Comet, published in 1596) and . Most of those were already considered lost by 1814. Latosz was also an astrologist, trying to use Copernican theory to predict future (including the end of the world) in a book titled Prognosticon. Calendar reform Latosz was one of the people tasked with commenting Pope Gregory XIII's Gregorian calendar reform when it was proposed to all major European universities in 1581. While most of the academy approved of the reform plan, Latosz presented a different solution through his old acquaintance Alberto Cardinal Bolognetti, former Papal nuncio to Poland in the times of king Stephen Bathory. His design was declared incompatible with the rulings of ecumenical councils and instead the pope adopted a different solution to the leap year problem. This sparked a series of events as Latosz believed his solution was much more complete and astronomically correct than the solution adopted by all Catholic states of Europe. At the same time Protestant states criticised the calendar reform, mostly because it was proposed by papacy rather than the Holy Roman Emperor or any other lay authority. Because of that Latosz was associated with Protestants in a country ruled by ultra-Catholic monarch Sigismund III Vasa. In addition to that, the calendar question in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth became strongly linked to the struggle between Catholic, Uniate and Orthodox magnates, the latter arguing against the reform for reasons of tradition. Latosz argued in numerous pamphlets and books that the Catholic church in its new calendar missed a couple of minutes every year, which made the new calendar worse instead of improving it. Fearing reprisals against the academy, under insistence of the bishop of Cracow Bernard Maciejowski, the rector deposed Latosz of his post. Later life Latosz moved to Ostrog, where he became the personal physician to Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, one of the most influential people in eastern Poland of the\",\n \"title\": \"Jan Latosz\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22862916\",\n \"text\": \"The Juche calendar, named after the Juche ideology, is the system of year-numbering used in North Korea. It begins with the birth of Kim Il Sung, the founder of North Korea. His birth year, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, is \\\"Juche 1\\\" in the Juche calendar. The calendar was adopted in 1997, three years after the death of Kim Il Sung. History The calendar borrows elements from two historical calendars used in Korea, the traditional system of Korean era names and the Gregorian calendar in which years are tied to the traditional birth of Jesus. In contrast to these two, the Juche calendar begins with the birth of the founder of the Democratic People's Republic, Kim Il Sung. The decree on the Juche calendar was adopted on 8 July 1997, on the third anniversary of the death of Kim Il Sung. The same decree also designated the birth anniversary of Kim Il Sung as the Day of the Sun. The birth year of Kim Il Sung, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, became \\\"Juche 1\\\" in the Juche calendar. The calendar began to be implemented on 9 September 1997, the Day of the Foundation of the Republic. On that date, newspapers, news agencies, radio stations, public transport, and birth certificates began to use Juche years. Usage The year 1912 is \\\"Juche 1\\\" in the Juche calendar. There are no \\\"before Juche\\\" years; years before 1912 are given numbers based on the Gregorian calendar only. Ranges of years that begin before 1912 and end after it are also given in Christian calendar numbers only. Any other years after 1912 will be given in either Juche years only, or in Juche years and the corresponding year in the Christian calendar in parentheses. In material pertaining to relations with foreign countries, \\\"the Juche Era and the Christian Era may be used on the principles of independence, equality and reciprocity.\\\" The Juche calendar is a popular souvenir among tourists visiting North Korea. Examples See also Public holidays in North Korea The year numbers of the Republic of China calendar, currently used in Taiwan, match those of the Juche calendar. The years in Japan's Taishō era (30 July 1912 to 25 December 1926) coincided with those of the Juche calendar. References External links Example of \\\"Juche 103 (2014)\\\" from Pyongyang University of Science and Technology 1997 introductions Culture of North Korea Calendars Modified Gregorian calendars 1997 establishments in North Korea\",\n \"title\": \"Juche calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20839575\",\n \"text\": \"A century leap year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar that is evenly divisible by 400. Like all leap years, it has an extra day in February for a total of 366 days instead of 365. In the obsolete Julian calendar, all years that were divisible by 4, including end-of-century years, were considered leap years. The Julian rule, however, adds too many leap days (about 3 extra leap days in 400 years), which resulted in the calendar drifting gradually with respect to the astronomical seasons. To remedy this, Pope Gregory XIII introduced in 1582 a slightly modified version of the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar, where century years are leap years only if they are divisible by 400. This eliminates 3 of the 4 end-of-century years in a 400-year period. For example, the years 1600, 2000, 2400, and 2800 are century leap years since those numbers are evenly divisible by 400, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900, and 3000 are common years despite being evenly divisible by 4. This scheme brings the average length of the calendar year significantly closer to the astronomical length of the year, nearly eliminating the drift of the calendar against the seasons. The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582, but was adopted by various countries at different times over several centuries. Dates prior to 1582 are generally recorded using the Julian calendar, and different countries have different conventions about how to record dates between 1582 and their adoption of the Gregorian calendar. Consequently, for example, the year 1700 was a leap year in the British and Russian empires but not in most of the rest of Europe; 1800 and 1900 were still leap years in the Russian empire but not generally elsewhere. Notes References External links An Introduction to Calendars courtesy of the United States Naval Observatory Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars History of Gregorian Calendar Units of time Calendars Gregorian calendar Leap years in the Gregorian calendar sv:Sekelskottår\",\n \"title\": \"Century leap year\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"201400\",\n \"text\": \"The Hindu calendar, also called Panchanga (), is one of various lunisolar calendars that are traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with further regional variations for social and Hindu religious purposes. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping based on sidereal year for solar cycle and adjustment of lunar cycles in every three years, but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start. Of the various regional calendars, the most studied and known Hindu calendars are the Shalivahana Shaka (Based on the King Shalivahana, also the Indian national calendar) found in the Deccan region of Southern India and the Vikram Samvat (Bikrami) found in Nepal and the North and Central regions of India – both of which emphasize the lunar cycle. Their new year starts in spring. In regions such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala, the solar cycle is emphasized and this is called the Tamil calendar (though Tamil Calendar uses month names like in Hindu Calendar) and Malayalam calendar and these have origins in the second half of the 1st millennium CE. A Hindu calendar is sometimes referred to as Panchangam (पञ्चाङ्गम्), which is also known as Panjika in Eastern India. The ancient Hindu calendar conceptual design is also found in the Hebrew calendar, the Chinese calendar, and the Babylonian calendar, but different from the Gregorian calendar. Unlike the Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to the month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles (354 lunar days) and approximately 365 solar days, the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month, but inserts an extra full month, once every 32–33 months, to ensure that the festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season. The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since Vedic times, and remain in use by the Hindus all over the world, particularly to set Hindu festival dates. Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Vedic calendar, later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system. The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. Similarly, the ancient Jain traditions have followed the same lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals, texts and inscriptions. However, the Buddhist and Jain timekeeping systems have attempted to use the Buddha and the Mahavira's lifetimes as their reference points. The Hindu calendar is also important to the practice of Hindu astrology and zodiac system. It is also employed for observing the auspicious days of deities and occasions of fasting, such as Ekadashi. Origins The Vedic culture developed a sophisticated time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals, and timekeeping as well as the nature of solar and Moon movements are mentioned in Vedic texts. For example, Kaushitaki Brahmana chapter 19.3\",\n \"title\": \"Hindu calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11323667\",\n \"text\": \"The Arabic names of the months of the Gregorian calendar are usually phonetic Arabic pronunciations of the corresponding month names used in European languages. An exception is the Syriac calendar used in Iraq and the Levant, whose month names are inherited via Classical Arabic from the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars and correspond to roughly the same time of year. Though the lunar Hijri calendar and solar Hijri calendar are prominent in the Mideast, the Gregorian calendar is and has been used in nearly all the countries of the Arab world, in many places long before European occupation. All Arab states use the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. The names of the Gregorian months as used in Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen are widely regarded as standard across the Arab world, although their Classical Arabic names are often used alongside them. In other Arab countries, some modification or actual changes in naming or pronunciation of months are observed. Iraq and the Levant These names are used primarily in Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, as well as by Arab citizens of Israel. Classical Arabic inherited the names from the Babylonian and Hebrew calendars, which are lunisolar. Although the Arabic names are cognate, they do not refer to the lunar months, as when the names are used in their original Babylonian or Hebrew context (indeed, the names of the Gregorian months in Hebrew are based on the German names of the Gregorian months, rather than the months of the Babylonian and Hebrew Calendars.) Nine of these names were used in the Ottoman Turkish calendar, of which five remain in use in the modern Turkish calendar. Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Eastern Arabia The names of the Gregorian months in Egypt, Sudan and Eastern Arabia are based on the old Latin names. Libya (1969–2011) The names of months used in the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) were derived from various sources, and were assembled after Muammar Gaddafi's seizure of power in 1969 and abolished in 2011 after the 17 February Revolution. The decision of changing calendar names was adopted in June 1986. The Libyan calendar, which followed the same sequence of renamed Gregorian months, counted the years from the death of Muhammad. This reckoning was therefore ten years behind the Solar Hijri calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan. Algeria and Tunisia The names of the Gregorian months in Algeria and Tunisia are based on the French names of the months, reflecting France's long colonisation of these countries (1830–1962 in Algeria; 1881–1956 in Tunisia). Morocco As Morocco was long part of the Roman Empire, the long-standing agricultural Berber calendar of the country preserves the Julian calendar and (in modified form) the names of its months. There are regional variations of the Berber calendar, since some communities did not recognise the Julian 29 February in century years where the Gregorian calendar had no equivalent date. When Morocco adopted the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes, the names of the months were taken from this local\",\n \"title\": \"Arabic names of Gregorian months\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3070171\",\n \"text\": \"On 10 August 2002, the government of Turkmenistan adopted a law to rename all the months and most of the days of the week. The names were chosen according to Turkmen national symbols, as described in the Ruhnama, a book written by Saparmurat Niyazov, Turkmenistan's first and only president for life. According to Arto Halonen's documentary film The Shadow of the Holy Book, Turkish businessman Ahmet Çalık came up with the idea to rename the months, as he was trying to befriend Niyazov to expand his business in the country. After the law was passed the new names were used in all Turkmen state-owned media. Publications in languages other than Turkmen often use the new names too, especially those that were targeted at Russian-speaking citizens of Turkmenistan, with the old name sometimes written in brackets. The old month names were still used in popular speech, however. Four years after the change, Niyazov died in 2006. On 23 April 2008 it was reported that the cabinet of ministers of Turkmenistan discussed restoring the old names of the months and days of week. The old names were restored in July 2008. The original Roman calendar month names were borrowed from Russian. The adopted Turkmen month names were as follows: The original names of the days of the week come from Persian. The adopted names were as follows: See also Gregorian calendar References External links The months of the Gregorian (Christian) calendar in various languages The days of the week in various languages Бердымухамедов велел вернуть старый календарь, Аркадий Дубнов, gundogar.org, 2008-04-25 Culture of Turkmenistan Languages of Turkmenistan Specific calendars Saparmurat Niyazov Names of units of time Renaming of Turkmen months and days of week Months Days of the week\",\n \"title\": \"2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"180861\",\n \"text\": \"The Soviet calendar was a modified Gregorian calendar that was used in Soviet Russia between 1918 and 1940. Several variations were used during that time. The Gregorian calendar, under the name \\\"Western European calendar\\\", was implemented in Soviet Russia in February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of . As many as nine national holidays (paid days of rest) were implemented in the following decade, but four were eliminated or merged on , leaving only five national holidays: 22January, 1–2May, and 7–8November until 1951, when 22January reverted to a normal day. During the summer of 1929, five-day continuous work weeks were implemented in factories, government offices, and commercial enterprises, but not collective farms. One of the five days was randomly assigned to each worker as their day of rest, without regard to the rest days assigned to their family members or friends. These five-day work weeks continued throughout the Gregorian year, interrupted only by the five national holidays. While the five-day week was used for scheduling work, the Gregorian calendar and its seven-day week were used for all other purposes. During the summer of 1931, six-day interrupted work weeks were implemented for most workers, with a common day of rest for all workers interrupting their work weeks. Five six-day work weeks were assigned to each Gregorian month, more or less, with the five national holidays converting normal work days into days of rest. On five- and six-day work weeks were abandoned in favor of seven-day work weeks. History Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar was implemented in Russia on by dropping the Julian dates of pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree signed (Julian) by Vladimir Lenin. The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date until All surviving examples of physical calendars from show the irregular month lengths of the Gregorian calendar (such as those displayed here). Most calendars displayed all the days of a Gregorian year as a grid with seven rows or columns for the traditional seven-day week with Sunday (Воскресенье; \\\"Resurrection\\\") first. The 1931 pocket calendar displayed here is a rare example that excluded the five national holidays, enabling the remaining 360 days of the Gregorian year to be displayed as a grid with five rows labeled for each day of the five-day week. Even it had the full Gregorian calendar on the other side. Work weeks During the second half of May 1929, Yuri Larin (Юрий Ларин, 1882–1932) proposed a continuous production week (nepreryvnaya rabochaya nedelya = nepreryvka) to the Fifth Congress of Soviets of the Union, but so little attention was paid to his suggestion that the president of the Congress did not even mention it in his final speech. By the beginning of , Larin had won the approval of Joseph Stalin, prompting all newspapers to praise the idea. The change was advantageous to the anti-religious movement, as Sundays and religious holidays became working days. On the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR directed its efficiency experts to\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15290\",\n \"text\": \"Intercalation or embolism in timekeeping is the insertion of a leap day, week, or month into some calendar years to make the calendar follow the seasons or moon phases. Lunisolar calendars may require intercalations of days or months. Solar calendars The solar or tropical year does not have a whole number of days (it is about 365.24 days), but a calendar year must have a whole number of days. The most common way to reconcile the two is to vary the number of days in the calendar year. In solar calendars, this is done by adding an extra day (\\\"leap day\\\" or \\\"intercalary day\\\") to a common year of 365 days, about once every four years, creating a leap year that has 366 days (Julian, Gregorian and Indian national calendars). The Decree of Canopus, issued by the pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes of Ancient Egypt in 239 BCE, decreed a solar leap day system; an Egyptian leap year was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus instituted a reformed Alexandrian calendar. In the Julian calendar, as well as in the Gregorian calendar, which improved upon it, intercalation is done by adding an extra day to February in each leap year. In the Julian calendar this was done every four years. In the Gregorian, years divisible by 100 but not 400 were exempted in order to improve accuracy. Thus, 2000 was a leap year; 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not. Epagomenal days are days within a solar calendar that are outside any regular month. Usually five epagomenal days are included within every year (Egyptian, Coptic, Ethiopian, Mayan Haab' and French Republican Calendars), but a sixth epagomenal day is intercalated every four years in some (Coptic, Ethiopian and French Republican calendars). The Solar Hijri calendar, used in Iran, is based on solar calculations and is similar to the Gregorian calendar in its structure, and hence the intercalation, with the exception that its epoch the Hijrah. The Bahá'í calendar includes enough epagomenal days (usually 4 or 5) before the last month (, ʿalāʾ) to ensure that the following year starts on the March equinox. These are known as the Ayyám-i-Há. Lunisolar calendars The solar year does not have a whole number of lunar months (it is about 365/29.5 = 12.37 lunations), so a lunisolar calendar must have a variable number of months per year. Regular years have 12 months, but embolismic years insert a 13th \\\"intercalary\\\" or \\\"leap\\\" month or \\\"embolismic\\\" month every second or third year. Whether to insert an intercalary month in a given year may be determined using regular cycles such as the 19-year Metonic cycle (Hebrew calendar and in the determination of Easter) or using calculations of lunar phases (Hindu lunisolar and Chinese calendars). The Buddhist calendar adds both an intercalary day and month on a usually regular cycle. Lunar calendars In principle, lunar calendars do not employ intercalation because they do not seek to synchronise with the seasons, and the motion of the moon is astronomically\",\n \"title\": \"Intercalation (timekeeping)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5203039\",\n \"text\": \"The Armenian calendar is the calendar traditionally used in Armenia, primarily during the medieval ages. The Armenian calendar is based on an invariant year length of 365 days. Because a solar year is about 365.25 days and not 365 days, the correspondence between the Armenian calendar and both the solar year and the Julian calendar slowly drifted over time, shifting across a year of the Julian calendar once in 1,461 calendar years (see Sothic cycle). Thus, the Armenian year 1461 (Gregorian & Julian 2011) completed the first Sothic cycle, and the Armenian Calendar was one year off. In A.D. 352, tables compiled by Andreas of Byzantium were introduced in Armenia to determine the religious holidays. When those tables exhausted on 11 July 552 (Julian Calendar), the Armenian calendar was introduced. Year 1 of the Armenian calendar began on 11 July 552 of the Julian calendar. The calendar was adopted at the Second Council of Dvin. Armenian year 1462 (the first year of the second cycle) began on 11 July 2012 of the Julian calendar (24 July 2012 of the Gregorian calendar). An analytical expression of the Armenian date includes the ancient names of days of the week, Christian names of the days of the week, days of the month, Date/Month/Year number after 552 A.D., and the religious feasts. The Armenian calendar is divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus an additional (epagomenal) five days, called aweleacʿ (\\\"superfluous\\\"). Years in the Armenian era are usually given in Armenian numerals (written in Armenian letters) preceded by the abbreviation , for (, meaning \\\"in the year\\\"). For example, , which means \\\"the year 1455.\\\" Another prefix is , standing for ( \\\"in the Armenian year\\\"). Months The Armenian month names show influence of the Zoroastrian calendar and Kartvelian influence in two cases (2nd and 3rd months). There are different systems for transliterating the names; the forms below are transliterated according to the Hübschmann-Meillet-Benveniste system: Days of the month The Armenian calendar gives the days of the month names instead of numbering them – something also found in the Avestan calendars. Zoroastrian influence is evident in five names: Holidays Per Armenian law, 12 days are declared as non-working days. Non-working days include: See also Public holidays in Armenia Armenian numerals Calendar of saints (Armenian Apostolic Church) Tabarian calendar Georgian calendar Iranian calendar Zoroastrian calendar :hy:Հայկյան տոմար References External links The Haik calendar (Origin of the Armenian calendar). Armenian/Gregorian date converter Literature V. Bănăţeanu, \\\"Le calendrier arménien et les anciens noms des mois\\\", in: Studia et Acta Orientalia 10, 1980, pp. 33–46 Edouard Dulaurier, Recherches sur la chronologie arménienne technique et historique (1859), 2001 reprint . Jost Gippert, Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems in The Annual of The Society for The Study of Caucasia\\\", 1, 1989, 3-12.Jost Gippert: Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems [I]: Frame Louis H. Gray, On Certain Persian and Armenian Month-Names as Influenced by the Avesta Calendar, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1907) P'. Ingoroq'va, \\\"Jvel-kartuli c'armartuli\",\n \"title\": \"Armenian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68723848\",\n \"text\": \"A century common year is a common year in the Gregorian calendar that is divisible by 100 but not by 400. Like all common years, these years do not get an extra day in February, meaning they have 365 days instead of 366. These years are the only common years that are divisible by 4. In the obsolete Julian Calendar, all years that were divisible by 4 were leap years, meaning no century years could be common years. However, this rule adds too many leap days, resulting in the calendar drifting with respect to the seasons, which is the same thing that would happen if there were no leap years at all. So, in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced a slightly modified version of the Julian Calendar, the Gregorian Calendar, where century years would not be leap years if they are not divisible by 400. Therefore, 1700 is the first century year in the Gregorian Calendar being a common year. The years 1800 and 1900 were also century common years, and so will 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900, and 3000. The Gregorian Calendar repeats itself every 400 years, so century common years start on a Friday if the remainder obtained when dividing the year by 400 is 100 (dominical letter C), Wednesday if the remainder is 200 (dominical letter E), and Monday if the remainder is 300 (dominical letter G). This means that century leap years always begin on a Saturday (dominical letter BA). References External links An Introduction to Calendars courtesy of the United States Naval Observatory Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars History of Gregorian Calendar Units of time Calendars Gregorian calendar\",\n \"title\": \"Century common year\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17781547\",\n \"text\": \"The Rumi calendar (, , lit. \\\"Roman calendar\\\"), a specific calendar based on the Julian calendar, was officially used by the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat (1839) and by its successor, the Republic of Turkey until 1926. It was adopted for civic matters and is a solar based calendar, assigning a date to each solar day. History In the Islamic state of the Ottoman Empire, the religious Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) was in use. In this calendar, months coincide with lunar phases. Because a \\\"lunar year\\\" (the combined duration of twelve lunar phases) is shorter than the solar year, the seasons cycle through the lunar months as the solar years pass. \\\"As a result,\\\" says the Astronomical Almanac, \\\"the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through the seasons over a period of about 33 [solar] years\\\". 1677 Introduction of the Fiscal calendar In 1677, Head Treasurer (, ) Hasan Pasha under Sultan Mehmed IV proposed the correction of financial records by dropping one year (an escape year) every 33 years, resulting from the difference between the lunar Islamic calendar and the solar Julian calendar. In 1740 (1152 AH) during the reign of Sultan Mahmud I, March was adopted as the first month of the fiscal year for the payment of taxes and dealings with government officials instead of Muharram following Treasurer Atıf Efendi's proposal. Proposed by Treasurer Moralı Osman Efendi during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid I, the range of the fiscal calendar applications was extended in 1794 to state expenditures and payments in order to prevent surplus cost arising from the time difference between the Islamic and Julian calendar. 1840 Adoption of the Julian Calendar The Julian calendar, used from 1677 AD on for fiscal matters only, was adopted on March 13, 1840 AD (March 1, 1256 AH), in the frame of Tanzimat reforms shortly after the accession to the throne of Sultan Abdülmecid I, as the official calendar for all civic matters and named \\\"Rumi calendar\\\" (literally Roman calendar). The counting of years began with the year 622 AD, when Muhammad and his followers emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the same event marking the start of the Islamic calendar. The months and days of the Julian calendar were used, the year starting in March. However, in 1256 AH the difference between the Hijri and the Gregorian calendars amounted to 584 years. With the change from lunar calendar to solar calendar, the difference between the Rumi calendar and the Julian or Gregorian calendar remained a constant 584 years. 1917 Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Since the Julian to Gregorian calendar changeover was finally being adopted in neighboring countries, the Rumi calendar was realigned to the Gregorian calendar in February 1917, leaving the difference of 584 years unchanged, however. Thus, after February 15, 1332 AH (February 1917 AD), the next day instead of being February 16 suddenly became March 1, 1333 AH (March 1, 1917 AD). The year 1333 AH (1917 AD) was made into a year with only\",\n \"title\": \"Rumi calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70430237\",\n \"text\": \"The Council of Constantinople of 1923 was a meeting of representatives of several local Eastern Orthodox Churches held in Constantinople from 10 May to 8 June 1923, convened at the initiative of Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius Metaxakis. In spite of being called by some as the \\\"Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople of 1923\\\", or otherwise referred to as \\\"pan-Orthodox\\\" or as an \\\"ecumenical council\\\", the council is not recognized as an ecumenical council: \\\"Calling the 1923 Council 'ecumenical' cannot be accepted, since representatives of the Alexandrian, Antiochian, Jerusalem and most of the other Local Churches did not participate in its work.\\\" The primary topic of the Council of 1923 was calendar reform. The Roman Catholic Church and almost all of Western Europe completed their switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, the current international standard, during the 16th century. Russia, and the rest of the Orthodox world, however, remained on the old calendar until this council. At this council, the Greek Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, and many other branches of the Eastern Orthodox Church adopted the new calendar, which they called \\\"the new Julian calendar\\\", which corresponds with the Gregorian calendar until 2800. This council is extremely controversial within Eastern Orthodoxy—it led to many schisms in many autocephalous churches of different Old Calendarist groups. Even academic sources note the controversy of this council. The acts and decisions of this council were first translated into English only in 2006, by the Rev. Dr. Patrick Viscuso. Sources References Constantinople 1923 1923 1923 in Turkey 20th-century Eastern Orthodoxy\",\n \"title\": \"Council of Constantinople (1923)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"599965\",\n \"text\": \"Old Calendarists (Greek: palaioimerologitai or palaioimerologites), also known as Old Feasters (palaioeortologitai), Genuine Orthodox Christians or True Orthodox Christians (GOC; ), are traditionalist groups of Eastern Orthodox Christians who separated from mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches because some of the latter adopted the revised Julian calendar while Old Calendarists remained committed to the Julian calendar. Old Calendarists are not in communion with any mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches. \\\"Old Calendarists\\\" is another name for the True Orthodox movement in Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Cyprus. Terminology Mainstream Eastern Orthodox Christians which use the old (Julian) calendar are not what is designated by the expression \\\"Old Calendarist\\\", because they remain in communion with the Eastern Orthodox churches that use the new calendar (the Revised Julian calendar). Old Calendarists have severed communion with the mainstream Eastern Orthodox which follow the old calendar, because the latter maintained communion with Eastern Orthodox churches which had adopted the revised calendar. Thus, to be \\\"Old Calendarist\\\" is not the same thing as only following the old calendar. The Russian Orthodox Church, for instance, is not Old Calendarist, but follows the old (Julian) calendar. History Background Until 1924, the Eastern Orthodox Church universally used the Julian calendar, whereas the Roman Catholic Church, under Pope Gregory XIII, conducted a calendar reform resulting in the Gregorian calendar in 1582. The difference between the two calendars is 13 days between 1900 and 2100. 1923 Congress In May 1923, the Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople, called by Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, adopted the Revised Julian calendar. This new calendar was different to the Julian calendar, and would not diverge from the Gregorian calendar for a further 800 years. The Revised Julian calendar replaced the tabular date of Easter of the Julian calendar with an astronomical date of Easter. The astronomical Easter was unpopular and hardly used at all, and for the purpose of calculating the date of Easter the Julian calendar was restored. Not all Eastern Orthodox churches were represented at the congress or adopted its decisions, and the Russian Orthodox Church and some other Eastern Orthodox churches have continued to use the Julian calendar liturgically to this day. Birth Greece In 1924, the Church of Greece adopted the Revised Julian calendar, also called 'New calendar'. \\\"At first, resistance to the New Calendar was muted\\\". The Old Calendarists in Greece were at first a small number of laymen, priests and monks, whose number grew over the years. Before they were joined by bishops, the Old Calendarist movement in Greece was only composed of priests and laypeople, of which \\\"several hundreds monks from Athos\\\". In 1935, three bishops of the Church of Greece joined the movement and consecrated four new bishops for the movement. Of those three bishops, Metropolitan of Florina became the leader of the Greek Old Calendarist movement. Of the three bishops who had joined, Chrysostom of Zakynthos soon left the movement after the consecration and went back to the Church of Greece. Of the four bishops consecrated, two joined the Church of\",\n \"title\": \"Old Calendarists\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34869\",\n \"text\": \"In the British Empire, it was the only year with 355 days, as September 3–13 were skipped when the Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar. Events January–March January 1 – The British Empire (except Scotland, which had changed New Year's Day to January 1 in 1600) adopts today as the first day of the year as part of adoption of the Gregorian calendar, which is completed in September: today is the first day of the New Year under the terms of last year's Calendar Act of the British Parliament. February 10 – Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the United States, and the first to offer medical treatment to the mentally ill, admits its first patients at a temporary location in Philadelphia. February 23 – Messier 83 (M83), the \\\"Southern Pinwheel Galaxy\\\" and the first to be cataloged outside the \\\"Local Group\\\" of galaxies nearest to Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way, is discovered by French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille. Lacaille, who observes M83 during a research voyage in the Southern Hemisphere, is the first to identify the body as a nebulous object rather than a star. M83, 15 million light-years away, is the most distant object to be identified up to that time. February 27 – The Virginia Assembly passes a law making maiming a felony, in response to the practice of gouging. February 29 – Alaungpaya, a village chief in Upper Burma, founds the Konbaung Dynasty; by the time of his death 8 years later, he will have unified the whole country. March 14 – Shō Kei, the ruler of Okinawa Island and the Ryukyu Kingdom, dies at the age of 41 after a reign that began when he was 13 years old. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old son, Shō Boku, who reigns for 42 years. March 18 – The electors of the Republic of Venice (which includes not only a large part of northern Italy around the city of Venice, but portions of Eastern Europe along the Adriatic Sea) elect Francesco Loredan as their new executive, the Doge. Loredan's election comes 11 days after the death of the previous Doge, Pietro Grimani, but is not announced until after Easter Sunday. March 23 The Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper, is published. Ava, capital of the Kingdom of Burma, is sacked by Hanthawaddy Kingdom, led by King Binnya Dala. April–June April 6 – Spanish Governor Tomás Vélez Cachupín of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, a province that now comprises most of the American state of New Mexico, begins the first peace negotiations with the indigenous Comanche tribe after inviting tribal representatives to his home in Taos. As a sign of good faith, he unconditionally releases the four Comanche prisoners of war held at Taos. One of the released Comanches reports to his father, Chief Guanacante, about the hospitality extended to him during his imprisonment, and more meetings take place in July and in the autumn. April 12 The Kingdom of Afghanistan, under the rule of Ahmad Shah Durrani, recaptures\",\n \"title\": \"1752\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21445\",\n \"text\": \"November is the eleventh and penultimate month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 30 days. November was the ninth month of the calendar of Romulus . November retained its name (from the Latin novem meaning \\\"nine\\\") when January and February were added to the Roman calendar. November is a month of late spring in the Southern Hemisphere and late autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. Therefore, November in the Southern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent of May in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. In Ancient Rome, Ludi Plebeii was held from November 4–17, Epulum Jovis was held on November 13 and Brumalia celebrations began on November 24. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. November was referred to as Blōtmōnaþ by the Anglo-Saxons. Brumaire and Frimaire were the months on which November fell in the French Republican calendar. Astronomy November meteor showers include the Andromedids, which occurs from September 25 to December 6 and generally peak around November 9–14, the Leonids, which occurs from November 15–20, the Alpha Monocerotids, which occurs from November 15–25 with the peak on November 21–22, the Northern Taurids, which occurs from October 20 to December 10, and the Southern Taurids, which occurs from September 10 – November 20, and the Phoenicids; which occur from November 29 to December 9 with the peak occurring on December 5–6. The Orionids, which occurs in late October, sometimes lasts into November. Astrology The Western zodiac signs for November are Scorpio (October 23 – November 21) and Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21). Symbols November's birthstone is the topaz (particularly, yellow) which symbolizes friendship and the citrine. Its birth flower is the chrysanthemum. Observances This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance. Non-Gregorian (All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.) List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar List of observances set by the Chinese calendar List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar List of observances set by the Islamic calendar List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar Month-long In Catholic tradition, November is the Month for prayer for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. A November List or November Dead List is sometimes maintained for this purpose. Academic Writing Month Annual Family Reunion Planning Month Lung Cancer Awareness Month Movember National Novel Writing Month No Nut November Trans History Month Pancreatic Cancer Awareness Month (Global) Pulmonary Hypertension Awareness Month Stomach Cancer Awareness Month Dinovember United States Native American Heritage Month COPD Awareness Month Epilepsy Awareness Month Military Family Month National Adoption Month National Alzheimer's Disease Awareness Month National Blog Posting Month National Critical Infrastructure Protection Month National Entrepreneurship Month National Family Caregivers Month National Bone Marrow Donor Awareness Month National Diabetes Month National Homeless Youth Month National Hospice Month National Impaired Driving Prevention Month National Pomegranate Month Prematurity Awareness Month Movable Mitzvah Day International:\",\n \"title\": \"November\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2764696\",\n \"text\": \"For exact dates in the Gregorian calendar see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050. Public holidays in Israel are national holidays officially recognized by the Knesset, Israel's parliament. The State of Israel has adopted most traditional religious Jewish holidays as part of its national calendar, while also having established new modern holiday observances since its founding in 1948. Additionally, Christians, Muslims, and Druze have the right to Holiday leave on the holidays of their own religions. Of the religious and modern holidays below, some are bank holidays / national holidays requiring all schools, government institutions, financial sector, and most retailers in Jewish Israeli society to be closed, while other holidays are marked as days of note or memorial remembrances with no breaks in public or private sector activities. As is the case with all religious Jewish holidays, most public holidays in Israel generally begin and end at sundown, and follow the Hebrew calendar. Because of this, most holidays in Israel fall on a different Gregorian calendar date each year, which syncs every 19 years with the Hebrew calendar. Shabbat, the weekly Sabbath day of rest, in Israel begins every Friday evening just before sundown, ending Saturday evening just after sundown. Most of the Israeli workforce, including schools, banks, public transportation, government offices, and retailers within Jewish Israeli society are shut down during these approximately 25 hours, with some non-Jewish retailers and most non-kosher restaurants still open. Table Jewish, Christian, Druze, and Secular holidays Jewish holidays are defined by the Hebrew calendar. Christian holidays are defined by the Gregorian calendar for Catholics and the Julian calendar for Orthodox. Druze holidays are also defined by the Gregorian calendar, with the sole exception of Eid al-Adha which is also celebrated by Muslims (and therefore defined by the Lunar Hijri calendar). Secular observances which are common to all religions are defined by the Hebrew calendar if they are of a uniquely national nature (such as Yom Ha-Atzmaut), and by the Gregorian calendar if they are of a global or international nature (such as Victory in Europe Day). Because the Hebrew calendar no longer relies on observation but is now governed by precise mathematical rules, it is possible to provide the Gregorian calendar date on which a Hebrew calendar date will fall, and vice-versa. Islamic holidays See also Jewish holidays Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 with Gregorian calendar dates References External links National holidays in Israel (2013) Public Holidays, Israel, World Travel Guide Culture of Israel Israel Society of Israel Holidays\",\n \"title\": \"Public holidays in Israel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3659585\",\n \"text\": \"The Old New Year, or the Orthodox New Year, is an informal traditional holiday, celebrated as the start of the New Year by the Julian calendar. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Old New Year falls on January 14 in the Gregorian calendar. This traditional dating of the New Year is sometimes commonly called \\\"Orthodox\\\" because it harks back to a time when governments in Russia and Eastern Europe used the Julian calendar, which is still used by some jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church's liturgical year actually begins in September. By country North Macedonia The holiday in North Macedonia is known as Old New Year () or as Vasilica (), \\\"St. Basil\\\". Late on January 13, people gather outside their houses, in the center of their neighborhoods where they start a huge bonfire and drink and eat together. Traditional Macedonian music is sung. For those who stay at home, it is the tradition to eat home-made pita with a coin inside. Whoever finds the coin in their part is said to have luck during the year. Macedonians around the world also celebrate the holiday, especially in Australia, Canada, and the United States where Macedonian Orthodox Church has adherents. Russia Although the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic officially adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, the Russian Orthodox Church continued to use the Julian calendar. The New Year became a holiday that is celebrated by both calendars. As in most countries which use the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day in Russia is a public holiday celebrated on January 1. On that day, joyous entertainment, fireworks, elaborate and often large meals and other festivities are common. The holiday is interesting as it combines secular traditions of bringing in the New Year with the Christian Orthodox Christmastide customs, such as Rozhdestvo. The New Year by the Julian calendar is still informally observed, and the tradition of celebrating the coming of the New Year twice is widely enjoyed: January 1 (New New Year) and January 14 (Old New Year). Usually not as festive as the New New Year, for many this is a nostalgic family holiday ending the New Year holiday cycle (which includes Eastern Orthodox Christmas on January 7) with traditional large meals, singing and celebratory drinking. Scotland In Scotland the Old New Year has traditionally been held on 12 January. In the first half of the 20th century, large segments of the Scottish Gaelic community still observed the feast and today, it is still marked in South Uist and Eriskay as Oidhche Challaig and as Oidhche Challainn in Glenfinnan. Also in Scotland, the coastal town of Burghead in Morayshire celebrates the eve of the Old New Year with \\\"The Burning o' the Clavie\\\". Old New Year is the 12th of January in this district as well. Serbia The Old New Year in Serbia and among Serbs is commonly called the Serbian New Year (), and sometimes the Orthodox New Year () and rarely Julian New Year ().\",\n \"title\": \"Old New Year\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34868\",\n \"text\": \"1582 (MDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. This year saw the beginning of the Gregorian calendar switch, when the papal bull Inter gravissimas introduced the Gregorian calendar, adopted by Spain, Portugal, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and most of present-day Italy from the start. In these countries, the year continued as normal through Thursday, October 4; the next day became Friday, October 15, like a common year starting on Friday. France followed two months later, letting Sunday, December 9 be followed by Monday, December 20. Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years, and the complete conversion to the Gregorian calendar was not entirely done until 1923. Events January–March January 2 – University of Würzburg is refounded. January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. February 10 – François, Duke of Anjou, arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed by William the Silent. February 24 – Pope Gregory XIII proclaims the Gregorian Calendar, to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the 6th century and is 10 days off schedule. March 9 – Scryer Edward Kelley arrives at John Dee's house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops the Enochian language. March – The New Testament of the Douai Bible, the translation into English by Father Gregory Martin from Latin of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578. April–June April 2 – 1582 Ancuancu earthquake: Ancuancu (in modern-day La Paz Department, Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak. On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake. April 3 – Battle of Temmokuzan: Unable to reverse the collapse of Takeda clan, Takeda Katsuyori and his household commit suicide. April 14 – King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes the University of Edinburgh. April 16 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina. April 17 – Siege of Takamatsu: In Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi departs from the Himeji Castle in the modern-day Hyōgo Prefecture and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to the Bitchū Province in the modern-day Okayama Prefecture. Along the way, he stops at the Kameyama Castle where he makes a rendezvous with the Ukita clan and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle. May 17 –\",\n \"title\": \"1582\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26253\",\n \"text\": \"The Revised Julian calendar, or less formally the new calendar and also known as the Milanković calendar, is a calendar proposed in 1923 by the Serbian scientist Milutin Milanković as a more accurate alternative to both Julian and Gregorian calendars. At the time, the Julian calendar was still in use by all of the Eastern Orthodox Churches and affiliated nations, while the Catholic and Protestant nations were using the Gregorian calendar. Thus, Milanković's aim was to discontinue the divergence between the naming of dates in Eastern and Western churches and nations. It was intended to replace the Julian calendar in Eastern Orthodox Churches and nations. From 1 March 1600 through 28 February 2800, the Revised Julian calendar aligns its dates with the Gregorian calendar, which had been proclaimed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. The Revised Julian calendar has been adopted for ecclesiastical use by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania, the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Cypriot Orthodox Church, the Church of Greece, the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, the Orthodox Church in America, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the Orthodox Church in Japan, and the Eastern Catholic Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. It has not been adopted by the Russian Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Macedonian Orthodox Church, the Georgian Orthodox Church, the Polish Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. It has not been adopted by any nation as an official calendar. Instead, all of the Eastern Orthodox nations have adopted the Gregorian calendar as the official state calendar. The Revised Julian calendar has the same months and month lengths as the Julian and Gregorian calendar, but, in the Revised Julian version, years evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years, except that years with remainders of 200 or 600 when divided by 900 remain leap years, e.g. 2000 and 2400 as in the Gregorian calendar. Implementation Comparison of Revised Julian and Gregoriancalendar century years. (In the original Juliancalendar, every century year is a leap year.) A committee composed of members of the Greek government and Greek Orthodox Church was set up to look into the question of calendar reform. It reported in January 1923. In the end, for civil purposes, the Gregorian calendar was adopted; the changeover went into effect on 16 February/1 March. After the promulgation of the royal decree, the Ecumenical Patriarch, Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, issued an encyclical on 3 February recommending the calendar's adoption by Orthodox churches. The matter came up for discussion at the Council of Constantinople (1923), which deliberated in May and June. Subsequently, it was adopted by several of the autocephalous Orthodox churches. The synod was chaired by Meletius IV and representatives were present from the churches of Cyprus, Greece, Romania and Serbia. There were no representatives of the other members of the original Orthodox Pentarchy (the Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and\",\n \"title\": \"Revised Julian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34594\",\n \"text\": \"The ceasefire that effectively ended the First World War took place on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of this year. Also in this year, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 50–100 million people worldwide. In Russia, this year runs with only 352 days. As the result of Julian to Gregorian calendar switch, 13 days needed to be skipped. Wednesday, January 31 (Julian Calendar) was immediately followed by Thursday, February 14 (Gregorian Calendar). Events World War I will be abbreviated as “WWI” January January – 1918 flu pandemic: The \\\"Spanish flu\\\" (influenza) is first observed in Haskell County, Kansas. January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Soviet Russia, Sweden, Germany and France. January 9 – Battle of Bear Valley: U.S. troops engage Yaqui Native American warriors in a minor skirmish in Arizona, and one of the last battles of the American Indian Wars between the United States and Native Americans. January 15 The keel of is laid in Britain, the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be laid down. The Red Army (The Workers and Peasants Red Army) is formed in the Russian SFSR and Soviet Union. January 18 – The Historic Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans of Austrian and Hungarian Soldiers is held at the Konzerthaus, Vienna. January 19 – The Russian Constituent Assembly proclaims the Russian Democratic Federative Republic but is dissolved by the Bolshevik government on the same day. January 25 – The Ukrainian People's Republic declares independence from Bolshevik Russia. January 27 – The Finnish Civil War begins with the Battle of Kämärä. January 28 – Porvenir massacre: Texas Rangers, U.S. Cavalry soldiers and local ranchers kill 15 unarmed Mexican villagers, both men and boys. February February 1 – Cattaro Mutiny: Austrian sailors in the Gulf of Cattaro (Kotor), led by two Czech Socialists, mutiny. February 3 – Battle of Oulu February 5 – The is torpedoed off the Irish coast; it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk. February 6 – Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom: Representation of the People Act gives most women over 30 the vote. February 10 – Deposed Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II dies in Istanbul. February 13 – A magnitude (Mw) 7.2 earthquake shakes the Chinese city of Shantou leaving 1,000 dead and causing a moderate tsunami. February 14 – Russia switches from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar; the date skips from January 31 to February 14. February 16 – The Council of Lithuania adopts the Act of Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania's independence from Germany, Russia or any other state. February 18 – Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes in Balochistan by British authorities begin. February 19 – WWI: The Capture of Jericho by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the British occupation of the Jordan Valley. February 19–25 – WWI: The Imperial Russian Navy evacuates Tallinn through thick ice, over the Gulf of Finland. February\",\n \"title\": \"1918\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25776973\",\n \"text\": \"The list of traditional Turkish units of measurement, a.k.a. Ottoman units of measurement, is given below. History The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), the predecessor of modern Turkey was one of the 17 signatories of the Metre Convention in 1875. For 58 years both the international and the traditional units were in use, but after the proclamation of the Turkish Republic, the traditional units became obsolete. In 1931 by Act No. 1782, international units became compulsory and the traditional units were banned from use starting 1 January 1933. List of units Length Area Volume Weight Volumetric flow Time The traditional calendar of the Ottoman Empire was, like in most Muslim countries, the Islamic calendar. Its era begins from the Hijra in 622 CE and each year is calculated using the 12 Arabian lunar months, approximately eleven days shorter than a Gregorian solar year. In 1839, however, a second calendar was put in use for official matters. The new calendar, which was called the Rumi also began by 622, but with an annual duration equal to a solar year after 1840. In modern Turkey, the Gregorian calendar was adopted as the legal calendar, beginning by the end of 1925. But the Islamic calendar is still used when discussing dates in an Islamic context. See also Measurement Notes References Systems of units Obsolete units of measurement Turkey-related lists Economy of the Ottoman Empire Economic history of Turkey Ottoman Empire-related lists Human-based units of measurement Science and technology in Turkey Units of measurement by country\",\n \"title\": \"Ottoman units of measurement\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39124\",\n \"text\": \"Aloysius Lilius ( 1510 – 1576), also variously referred to as Luigi Lilio or Luigi Giglio, was an Italian physician, astronomer, philosopher and chronologist, and also the \\\"primary author\\\" who provided the proposal that (after modifications) became the basis of the Gregorian Calendar reform of 1582. The crater Lilius on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 2346 Lilio. In computer science, the Lilian date is the number of days since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582. Life and work Not much is known about the early life of Lilius/Lilio/Giglio. It is known that he came from the comune of Cirò in the province of Crotone, in the Calabria region of Italy. He studied medicine and astronomy in Naples, after which he served Count Carafa. He settled in Verona and died in 1576. Although he was still alive at the time when his proposal was presented at Rome, it does not seem that he made the presentation; it was handled by his brother Antonio, also a physician and astronomer. He is primarily known as the inventor of the Gregorian Calendar: he wrote the proposal on which (after modifications) the calendar reform was based. Lilio's brother Antonio presented the manuscript to Pope Gregory XIII; it was passed to the calendar reform commission in 1575. The commission issued a printed summary entitled (Compendium of a New Plan for the Restitution of the Calendar), printed in 1577 and circulated within the Roman Catholic world in early 1578 as a consultation document. Lilio's manuscript itself is not known to have survived; the printed Compendium is the nearest known source for the details it contained. The processes of consultation and deliberation meant that the reform to the calendar did not occur until 1582, six years after the death of Luigi Lilio in 1576. The reform had by then received some modifications in points of detail by the reform commission, in which one of the leading members was Christopher Clavius, who afterwards wrote defences and an explanation of the reformed calendar, including an emphatic acknowledgement of Lilio's work, especially for his provision of a useful reform for the lunar cycle: \\\"We owe much gratitude and praise to Luigi Giglio who contrived such an ingenious Cycle of Epacts which, inserted in the calendar, always shows the new moon and so can be easily adapted to any length of the year, if only at the right moments the due adjustment is applied.\\\" The papal bull () was issued on 24 February 1582 (year 1581 in Florentine Easter-based reckoning), ordering Catholic clergy to adopt the new calendar, and exhorting all Catholic sovereigns to do the same. The year 2010 was the 500th year since the Lilius' birth; several activities were organized by Italian astronomers in order to recognize the great work performed by him. In particular, in Torretta di Crucoli (Crotone, Italy), a new astronomical group was created and dedicated to Luigi Lilio. Notes References . . . External links Circolo Astrofili\",\n \"title\": \"Aloysius Lilius\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"410750\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of calendars. Included are historical calendars as well as proposed ones. Historical calendars are often grouped into larger categories by cultural sphere or historical period; thus O'Neil (1976) distinguishes the groupings Egyptian calendars (Ancient Egypt), Babylonian calendars (Ancient Mesopotamia), Indian calendars (Hindu and Buddhist traditions of the Indian subcontinent), Chinese calendars and Mesoamerican calendars. These are not specific calendars but series of historical calendars undergoing reforms or regional diversification. In Classical Antiquity, the Hellenic calendars inspired the Roman calendar, including the solar Julian calendar introduced in 45 BC. Many modern calendar proposals, including the Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582 AD, contains modifications from that of the Julian calendar. List of calendars In the list below, specific calendars are given, listed by calendar type (solar, lunisolar or lunar), time of introduction (if known), and the context of use and cultural or historical grouping (if applicable). Where appropriate, the regional or historical group (Jewish calendar, Hijri calendar, Sikh, Mayan, Aztecan, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Iranian, Hindu, Buddhist, Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican, Hellenic, Julian or Gregorian-derived) is noted. Calendars fall into four types: lunisolar, solar, lunar and seasonal. Most pre-modern calendars are lunisolar. The seasonal calendars rely on changes in the environment (e.g., \\\"wet season\\\", \\\"dry season\\\") rather than lunar or solar observations. The Islamic and some Buddhist calendars are lunar, while most modern calendars are solar, based on either the Julian or the Gregorian calendars. Some calendars listed are identical to the Gregorian calendar except for substituting regional month names or using a different calendar epoch. For example, the Thai solar calendar (introduced 1888) is the Gregorian calendar using a different epoch (543 BC) and different names for the Gregorian months (Thai names based on the signs of the zodiac). Variant month names Regional or historical names for lunations or Julian/Gregorian months Non-standard weeks Calendaring and timekeeping standards Coordinated Universal Time, adopted 1960 and since 1972 including a system of observation-based leap seconds. ISO 8601, standard based on the Gregorian calendar, Coordinated Universal Time and ISO week date, a leap week calendar system used with the Gregorian calendar Fiscal year varies with different countries. Used in accounting only. 360-day calendar used for accounting 365-day calendar used for accounting Unix time, number of seconds elapsed since 1 January 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC). Julian day, number of days elapsed since 1 January 4713 BC, 12:00:00 (UTC). Heliocentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the Sun. Barycentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the barycentre of the Solar System. Lilian date, number of days elapsed since the beginning of the Gregorian Calendar on 15 October 1582. Rata Die, number of days elapsed since 1 January 1 AD 1 in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. Non-Earth or fictional Darian calendar (proposed for Mars, not used in planetary science) Discworld calendar (fictional) Middle-earth calendars (fictional) Stardates (from Star Trek, fictional) See also History of calendars Epoch Horology Perpetual calendar Liturgical year Calendar of\",\n \"title\": \"List of calendars\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13950019\",\n \"text\": \"The civil calendar is the calendar, or possibly one of several calendars, used within a country for civil, official, or administrative purposes. The civil calendar is almost always used for general purposes by people and private organizations. The most widespread civil calendar and de facto international standard is the Gregorian calendar. Although that calendar was first declared by Pope Gregory XIII to be used in Catholic countries in 1582, it has since been adopted, as a matter of convenience, by many secular and non-Christian countries although some countries use other calendars. Civil calendars worldwide 168 of the world's countries use the Gregorian calendar as their sole civil calendar as of 2021. Most non-Christian countries have adopted it as a result of colonization, with some cases of voluntary adoption. Four countries have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Afghanistan and Iran (which use the Solar Hijri calendar), Ethiopia (the Ethiopian calendar), and Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat). Four countries use a modified version of the Gregorian calendar (with eras different from Anno Domini): Japan (Japanese calendar), North Korea (North Korean Calendar), Taiwan (Minguo calendar), and Thailand (Thai solar calendar). In the former two countries, the Anno Domini era is also in use. South Korea previously used the Korean calendar from 1945 to 1961. Eighteen countries use another calendar alongside the Gregorian calendar: Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen (Lunar Hijri calendar), Bangladesh (Bengali calendar), Egypt (Lunar Hijri calendar and Coptic calendar), India (Indian national calendar), Israel (Hebrew calendar), Myanmar (Burmese calendar). See also List of calendars Chinese calendar Persian calendar References Calendars\",\n \"title\": \"Civil calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44100110\",\n \"text\": \"The adoption of the Gregorian Calendar was an event in the early modern history of most cultures and societies, marking a change from their traditional (or \\\"old style\\\") dating system to the modern (or \\\"new style\\\") dating system the Gregorian calendar that is widely used around the world today. Some states adopted the new calendar from 1582, some did not do so before the early twentieth century, and others did so at various dates between. A few still have not, but except for these, the Gregorian calendar is now the world's civil calendar universally, although in many places an old style calendar remains used in religious or traditional contexts. During and for some time after the change between systems, it has been common to use the terms \\\"Old Style\\\" and \\\"New Style\\\" when giving dates, to indicate which calendar was used to reckon them. The Gregorian calendar was decreed in 1582 by the papal bull by Pope Gregory XIII, to correct an error in the Julian calendar that was causing erroneous calculation of the date of Easter. The Julian calendar had been based upon a year lasting 365.25 days, but this was slightly too long; in reality, it is about 365.2422 days, and so over the centuries, the calendar had drifted increasingly out of alignment with the Earth's orbit. According to Gregory's scientific advisers, the calendar had acquired ten excess leap days since the First Council of Nicaea (which established the rule for dating Easter in AD 325). Consequently, he ruled, ten days must be skipped to restore the : Catholic countries did this in 1582. Countries which did not change until the 18th century had by then observed an additional leap year (1700), necessitating the dropping of eleven days. Some countries did not change until the 19th or 20th century, necessitating one or two further days to be omitted from the calendar. Although Gregory's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church, the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States. The changes he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar, over which he had no formal authority. They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect. The bull became the canon law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by Protestant churches, Eastern Orthodox Churches, and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter (and related events in the Liturgical calendar) were celebrated by different Christian churches diverged. Adoption in Catholic countries Catholic states such as France, the Italian principalities, Poland–Lithuania, Spain (along with her European and overseas possessions), Portugal, and the Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire were first to change to the Gregorian calendar. Thursday, 4 October 1582, was followed by Friday, 15 October 1582, with ten days skipped. Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time\",\n \"title\": \"Adoption of the Gregorian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"341532\",\n \"text\": \"The traditional Korean calendar or Dangun calendar () is a lunisolar calendar. Dates are calculated from Korea's meridian (135th meridian east in modern time for South Korea), and observances and festivals are based in Korean culture. Koreans mostly use the Gregorian calendar, which was officially adopted in 1896. However, traditional holidays and age-reckoning for older generations are still based on the old calendar. The biggest festivals in Korea today, which are also national holidays, are Seollal, the first day of the traditional calendar, and Chuseok, the harvest moon festival. Other important festivals include Daeboreum also referred to as Boreumdal (the first full moon), Dano (spring festival) and Samjinnal (spring-opening festival). Other minor festivals include Yudu (summer festival), and Chilseok (monsoon festival). History Similar to most traditional calendars of other East Asian countries, the Korean Calendar is derived from the Chinese calendar. The traditional calendar designated its years via Korean era names from 270 to 963, then Chinese era names with Korean era names at a few times until 1894. In 1894 and 1895, the lunar calendar was used with years numbered from the foundation of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392. The Gregorian calendar was adopted on 1 January 1896, with the Korean era name Geon-yang (). From 1945 until 1961 in South Korea, Gregorian calendar years were counted from the foundation of Gojoseon in 2333 BC (regarded as year one), the date of the legendary founding of Korea by Dangun, hence these Dangi () years were 4278 to 4294. This numbering was informally used with the Korean lunar calendar before 1945 but has only been occasionally used since 1961, and mostly in North Korea prior to 1997. Although not being an official calendar, in South Korea, the traditional Korean calendar is still maintained by the government. The current version is based on East Asia's Shixian calendar (), which was in turn revised by Jesuit scholars. In North Korea, the Juche calendar has been used since 1997 to number its years, based on the birth of the state's founder Kim Il Sung. Features The Chinese zodiac of 12 Earthly Branches (animals), which were used for counting hours and years; Ten Heavenly Stems, which were combined with the 12 Earthly Branches to form a sixty-year cycle; Twenty-four solar terms () in the year, spaced roughly 15 days apart; Lunar months including leap months added every two or three years. Weekdays Note that traditional Korean calendar has no concept of weekdays: the following are names of weekdays in the modern (Western) calendar. Months In modern Korean language, the months of both the traditional lunisolar and Western calendars are named by prefixing Sino-Korean numerals to , the Sino-Korean word for \\\"month\\\". Traditionally, when speaking of individuals' birth months, the months of the lunisolar calendar were named by prefixing the native Korean name of the animal associated with each Earthly Branch in the Chinese zodiac to , the native Korean word for \\\"month\\\". Additionally, the first, eleventh, and twelfth months have other Korean names which\",\n \"title\": \"Korean calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10310004\",\n \"text\": \"The Republic of China calendar, often shortened to the ROC calendar or the Minguo calendar, is a calendar used in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu. The calendar uses 1912, the year of the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC) in Nanjing, as the first year. The ROC calendar follows the tradition of using the sovereign's era name and year of reign, as did previous Chinese dynasties. Months and days are numbered according to the Gregorian calendar. The ROC calendar has been in wide use in the ROC since 1912, including in early official documents. The ROC calendar is the official calendar used in Taiwan since 1945, and also adopted by Overseas Chinese and Taiwanese communities. Chorographies and historical research published in mainland China covering the period between 1912 and 1949 also use the ROC calendar. Calendar details The Gregorian calendar was adopted by the nascent Republic of China effective 1 January 1912 for official business, but the general populace continued to use the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar. The status of the Gregorian calendar was unclear between 1916 and 1921 while China was controlled by several competing warlords each supported by foreign colonial powers. From about 1921 until 1928 warlords continued to fight over northern China, but the Kuomintang-led Nationalist government controlled southern China and used the Gregorian calendar. After the Kuomintang reconstituted the Republic of China on 10 October 1928, the Gregorian calendar was officially adopted, effective 1 January 1929. The People's Republic of China has continued to use the Gregorian calendar since 1949. Despite the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, the numbering of the years was still an issue. The Chinese monarchical tradition was to use the monarch's era name and year of reign. One alternative to this approach was to use the reign of the semi-legendary Yellow Emperor in the third millennium BC to number the years. In the early 20th century, some Chinese republicans began to advocate such a system of continuously numbered years, so that year markings would be independent of the monarch's era name. (This was part of their attempt to de-legitimize the Qing dynasty.) When Sun Yat-sen became the provisional president of the Republic of China, he sent telegrams to leaders of all provinces and announced the 13th day of 11th month of the 4609th year of the Yellow Emperor's reign (corresponding to 1 January 1912) to be the first year of the Republic of China. The original intention of the Minguo calendar was to follow the monarchical practice of naming the years according to the number of years the monarch had reigned, which was a universally recognizable event in China. Following the establishment of the Republic, hence the lack of a monarch, it was then decided to use the year of the establishment of the current regime. This reduced the issue of frequent change in the calendar, as no Chinese emperor ruled more than 61 years in Chinese history – the longest being the Kangxi Emperor, who ruled from 1662 to 1722\",\n \"title\": \"Republic of China calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"87473\",\n \"text\": \"The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and also used by the farming populace in Egypt. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter (which contained only 365 days each year, year after year, so that the seasons shifted about one day every four years), a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of adding an extra day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the reform was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus imposed the Decree upon Egypt as its official calendar (although initially, namely between 25 BC and AD 5, it was unsynchronised with the original implementation of the Julian calendar which was erroneously intercalating leap days every third year due to a misinterpretation of the leap year rule so as to apply inclusive counting). To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic or Alexandrian calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian calendar but have different numbers and names. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Coptic calendar does not skip leap years three times every 400 years, and therefore it stays synchronised with the Julian calendar over a four-year leap year cycle. Coptic year The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and one at the end of the year of five days (six days in leap years). The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year. The year starts on the Feast of Neyrouz, the first day of the month of Thout, the first month of the Egyptian year. For 1900 to 2099 it coincides with the Gregorian Calendar's 11 September, or 12 September before a leap year, but for any year, it coincides with the Julian Calendar's 29 August, or 30 August before a leap year. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year Diocletian became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for Anno Martyrum or \\\"in the Year of the Martyrs\\\"). The first day of year I of the\",\n \"title\": \"Coptic calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51600548\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country. For explanation, see the article about the Gregorian calendar. Except where stated otherwise, the transition was a move by the civil authorities from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. In religious sources it could be that the Julian calendar was used for a longer period of time, in particular by Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches. The historic area does not necessarily match the present-day area or country. The column \\\"Present country\\\" only provides a logic search entry. With a few exceptions, the former colonies of European powers are not shown separately. There are only four countries which have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Ethiopia (Ethiopian calendar), Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat), Iran and Afghanistan (Solar Hijri calendar). Thailand has adopted the Gregorian calendar for days and months, but uses its own era for years: the Buddhist era. The partially recognized Republic of China (Taiwan) also uses its own era, the Minguo era. List Legend See also cal (command) Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Old Style and New Style dates References Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar\",\n \"title\": \"List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15651\",\n \"text\": \"The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers). The Julian calendar was proposed in 46 BC by (and takes its name from) Julius Caesar, as a reform of the earlier Roman calendar, which was largely a lunisolar one. It took effect on , by his edict. Caesar's calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years, until 1582 when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar. The Julian calendar has two types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. That is more than the actual solar year value of approximately 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar gains one day every 129 years. In other words, the Julian calendar gains 3.1 days every 400 years. Gregory's calendar reform modified the Julian rule, to reduce the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year: the Gregorian calendar gains just 0.1 day over 400 years. For any given event during the years from 1901 through 2099, its date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date (for instance Julian 1 January falls on Gregorian 14 January). Most Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately; Protestant countries did so slowly in the course of the following two centuries or so; most Orthodox countries retain the Julian calendar for religious purposes but adopted the Gregorian as their civil calendar in the early part of the twentieth century. Table of months History Motivation The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. This intercalary month was formed by inserting 22 or 23 days after the first 23 days of February; the last five days of February, which counted down toward the start of March, became the last five days of Intercalaris. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, forming an intercalary year of 377 or 378 days. Some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia (23 February). If managed correctly this system could have allowed the Roman year to stay roughly aligned to a tropical year. However, since the pontifices were often politicians, and because a Roman magistrate's term of office\",\n \"title\": \"Julian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21637\",\n \"text\": \"The New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day, preceded by New Year's Eve). This was also the first day of the year in the original Julian calendar and the Roman calendar (after 153 BC). Other cultures observe their traditional or religious New Year's Day according to their own customs, typically (though not invariably) because they use a lunar calendar or a lunisolar calendar. Chinese New Year, the Islamic New Year, Tamil New Year (Puthandu), and the Jewish New Year are among well-known examples. India, Nepal, and other countries also celebrate New Year on dates according to their own calendars that are movable in the Gregorian calendar. During the Middle Ages in Western Europe, while the Julian calendar was still in use, authorities moved New Year's Day, depending upon locale, to one of several other days, including March 1, March 25, Easter, September 1, and December 25. Since then, many national civil calendars in the Western World and beyond have changed to using one fixed date for New Year's Day, January 1most doing so when they adopted the Gregorian calendar. By type Based on the used calendar new years are often categorized between lunar or lunisolar new years or solar new years. By month or season January January 1: The first day of the civil year in the Gregorian calendar used by most countries. Contrary to common belief in the west, the civil New Year of January 1 is not an Orthodox Christian religious holiday. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar makes no provision for the observance of a New Year. January 1 is itself a religious holiday, but that is because it is the feast of the circumcision of Christ (seven days after His birth), and a commemoration of saints. While the liturgical calendar begins September 1, there is also no particular religious observance attached to the start of the new cycle. Orthodox nations may, however, make civil celebrations for the New Year. Those who adhere to the revised Julian calendar (which synchronizes dates with the Gregorian calendar), including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, and Turkey, observe both the religious and civil holidays on January 1. In other nations and locations where Orthodox churches still adhere to the Julian calendar, including Georgia, Israel, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Ukraine, the civil new year is observed on January 1 of the civil calendar, while those same religious feasts occur on January 14 Gregorian (which is January 1 Julian), in accord with the liturgical calendar. The Japanese New Year (正月, Shōgatsu) is currently celebrated on January 1, with the holiday usually being observed until the January 3, while other sources say that Shōgatsu lasts until January 6. In 1873, five years after the Meiji Restoration, Japan\",\n \"title\": \"New Year\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10936\",\n \"text\": \"February 29 is a leap day (or \\\"leap year day\\\")—an intercalary date added periodically to create leap years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the 60th day of a leap year in both Julian and Gregorian calendars, and 306 days remain until the end of the leap year. It is the last day of February in leap years, with the exception of 1712 in Sweden. It is also the last day of meteorological winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the last day of meteorological summer in the Southern Hemisphere in leap years. In the Gregorian calendar, the standard civil calendar used in most of the world, February 29 is added in each year that is an integer multiple of four, unless it is evenly divisible by 100 but not by 400. For example, 1900 was not a leap year, but 2000 was. The Julian calendar—since 1923 a liturgical calendar—has a February 29 every fourth year without exception. Consequently, February 29 in the Julian calendar, since 1900, falls 13 days later than February 29 in the Gregorian, until the year 2100. The convention of using February 29 was not widely accepted before the 15th century; from Julian's edict until the 16th century (formally), February 24 was doubled instead. Events Pre-1600 888 – Odo, count of Paris, is crowned king of West Francia (France) by Archbishop Walter of Sens at Compiègne. 1504 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Jamaican natives to provide him with supplies. 1601–1900 1644 – Abel Tasman's second Pacific voyage begins as he leaves Batavia in command of three ships. 1704 – In Queen Anne's War, French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony, killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive. 1712 – February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden, in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar. 1720 – Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband, who becomes King Frederick I on March 24. 1768 – Polish nobles form the Bar Confederation. 1796 – The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force, facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations. 1892 – St. Petersburg, Florida is incorporated. 1901–present 1908 – James Madison University is founded at Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States as The State Normal and Industrial School for Women by the Virginia General Assembly. 1912 – The Piedra Movediza (Moving Stone) of Tandil falls and breaks. 1916 – Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom. 1916 – In South Carolina, the minimum working age for factory, mill and mine workers is raised from 12 to 14 years old. 1920 – The Czechoslovak National Assembly adopts the Constitution. 1936 – The February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends. 1940 – For her performance as Mammy in Gone with the Wind, Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award. 1940\",\n \"title\": \"February 29\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1752"],"string":"[\n \"1752\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":83,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_33856"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"20th century boy lyrics robin hood or rock n roll"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"538712","text":"The 1992 MTV Movie Awards was hosted by Dennis Miller. Performers En Vogue — \"My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)\" Ugly Kid Joe — \"Everything About You\" Arrested Development — \"Tennessee\" Vince Neil — \"You're Invited (But Your Friend Can't Come)\" Awards Below are the list of nominations. Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold. Best Movie Terminator 2: Judgment Day Backdraft Boyz n the Hood JFK Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Best Male Performance Arnold Schwarzenegger – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Val Kilmer – The Doors Robin Williams - The Fisher King Best Female Performance Linda Hamilton – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Geena Davis – Thelma and Louise Rebecca De Mornay – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Julia Roberts – Dying Young Most Desirable Male Keanu Reeves – Point Break Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Christian Slater – Kuffs Patrick Swayze – Point Break Jean-Claude Van Damme – Double Impact Most Desirable Female Linda Hamilton – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Christina Applegate – Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead Kim Basinger – Final Analysis Tia Carrere – Wayne's World Julia Roberts – Dying Young Breakthrough Performance Edward Furlong – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Anna Chlumsky – My Girl Campbell Scott – Dying Young Ice-T – New Jack City Kimberly Williams – Father of the Bride Best On-Screen Duo Dana Carvey and Mike Myers – Wayne's World Damon Wayans and Bruce Willis – The Last Boy Scout Anna Chlumsky and Macaulay Culkin – My Girl Kevin Costner and Morgan Freeman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Geena Davis and Susan Sarandon – Thelma and Louise Best Villain Rebecca De Mornay – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Robert Patrick – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Alan Rickman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Wesley Snipes – New Jack City Best Comedic Performance Billy Crystal – City Slickers Dana Carvey – Wayne's World Steve Martin – Father of the Bride Bill Murray – What About Bob? Mike Myers – Wayne's World Best Song from a Movie Bryan Adams — \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" (from Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves) MC Hammer — \"Addams Groove\" (from The Addams Family) Color Me Badd — \"I Wanna Sex You Up\" (from New Jack City) Eric Clapton — \"Tears in Heaven\" (from Rush) Guns N' Roses — \"You Could Be Mine\" (from Terminator 2: Judgment Day) Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky and Macaulay Culkin – My Girl Anjelica Huston and Raúl Juliá – The Addams Family Annette Bening and Warren Beatty – Bugsy Juliette Lewis and Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Priscilla Presley and Leslie Nielsen – The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear Best Action Sequence L.A. Freeway Scene – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Burning Building/Escape Through Old Tunnel – Backdraft Roof Scene – The","title":"1992 MTV Movie Awards"},{"docid":"2345381","text":"Xonox, a division of K-tel Software, was an American third-party manufacturer of cartridges for the Atari 2600, ColecoVision, Commodore 64, and VIC-20 in the early 1980s. Xonox was one of many small video game companies to fold during the Video Game Crash of 1983. History Xonox, based in Minnesota, started developing Atari cartridges during the height of the 2600's popularity. Xonox capitalized on the novelty and perceived value of \"double-ender\" cartridges. These could be inserted into the console on one of the two ends, each end offering a different game. Different double-ender configurations could package the same game with different counterparts. Xonox was not the first company to try this; Playaround did it earlier with their adult-themed titles. Xonox eventually abandoned this idea and began releasing single versions of some of the titles previously offered as double-enders as well as a few new titles. Games released Atari 2600 Standard cartridges Artillery Duel Chuck Norris Superkicks Ghost Manor Motocross Racer Robin Hood Sir Lancelot Spike's Peak Tomarc The Barbarian Double-enders Artillery Duel/Chuck Norris Superkicks Artillery Duel/Ghost Manor Artillery Duel/Spike's Peak Chuck Norris Superkicks/Ghost Manor Chuck Norris Superkicks/Spike's Peak Ghost Manor/Spike's Peak Robin Hood/Sir Lancelot Motocross Racer/Tomarc the Barbarian ColecoVision Standard cartridges Artillery Duel Chuck Norris Superkicks It's Only Rock n' Roll Motocross Racer Robin Hood Sir Lancelot Slurpy Tomarc the Barbarian Word Feud Double-enders Artillery Duel/Chuck Norris Superkicks Motocross Racer/Tomarc the Barbarian Robin Hood/Sir Lancelot Commodore Vic-20 Artillery Duel Chuck Norris Superkicks Ghost Manor Motocross Racer Robin Hood Sir Lancelot Spike's Peak Tomarc the Barbarian References Companies based in Minnesota Defunct video game companies of the United States Atari 2600","title":"Xonox"},{"docid":"22749489","text":"Robin Hood is a comic opera by Reginald De Koven (music), Harry B. Smith (lyrics) and Clement Scott (lyrics of \"Oh Promise Me\"). The story is based on the Robin Hood legend, during the reign of King Richard I (1189-1199 AD). The opera was composed in Chicago, Illinois during the winter of 1888-1889. The opera was first performed at the Chicago Opera House on 9 June 1890. It was produced by the Boston Ideal Opera Company, also known as the Bostonians. The opera opened in New York at the Standard Theatre on September 22, 1891 and was produced in London at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 1891 with a new title, Maid Marian. It was revived at the Knickerbocker Theater on Broadway on April 30, 1900. Other Broadway revivals were in 1902 at the Academy of Music, in 1912 at New Amsterdam Theatre with Walter Hyde in the title role, in 1918 at the Park Theatre, in 1929 at the Casino Theatre and Jolson's 59th Street Theatre, in 1932 at Erlanger's Theatre, and in 1944 at the Adelphi Theatre. In 2004 Ohio Light Opera produced the opera based on a new critical edition of the opera that it commissioned from Quade Winter, based on the composer's original manuscripts in the Library of Congress. A complete CD recording was issued by Albany Records. Synopsis The opera is set in the late 12th century during the reign of King Richard I. Act 1 In the market square in Nottingham, England, villagers are celebrating the first day of May. Friar Tuck tells how he sells clothing and other goods (\"As an Honest Auctioneer\"). Annabel and the milkmaids are happy with their lives (\"Milkmaids' Song\"), but Allan-a-Dale notes that milkmaids are overworked. Robin Hood and his archers arrive and tout their ideal life in the woods (\"Come the Bowmen in Lincoln Green\"); they are welcomed to an archery contest. Robin notices Annabel, and Allan-A-Dale quickly questions his motives, as Allan loves Annabel. Annabel, Allan, Robin and the outlaw Little John consider the fickle nature of love. Maid Marian enters in disguise as a page boy to see Sir Guy of Gisborne, the ward of the Sheriff of Nottingham (\"I Came as a Cavalier\"). The Sheriff has arranged a marriage between Guy and Marian. Marian reveals herself to Robin and the reasons for her disguise, and the two fall in love (\"Come Dream So Bright\"). The Sheriff appears and boasts of his plans (\"I am the Sheriff of Nottingham\"). Sir Guy and the Sheriff plot how Guy will ask Marian to marry him (When a Peer Makes Love to a Damsel Fair). Robin and the bowmen return, pleased about the prizes they won in the archery contest. Because Robin is to receive his inheritance today, they go to the Sheriff's residence, knock on the door, and demand that the Sheriff declare Robin Hood's title of Earl, with its title to his land,and cash. The Sheriff refuses all demands and produces forged documents stating that","title":"Robin Hood (De Koven opera)"},{"docid":"1809865","text":"Adam Stemple is a Celtic-influenced American folk rock musician, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He is also the author of several fantasy short stories and novels, including two series of novels co-written with his mother, writer Jane Yolen. Stemple also wrote a Push-Fold chart for poker with poker player Chris Wallace. Music Stemple played guitar and sang as a member of the folk rock \"rock-and-reel\" band Cats Laughing from 1988 to 1996. The band also included notable fantasy/science fiction authors Steven Brust and Emma Bull. For twelve years, he was lead singer/guitarist for the band Boiled in Lead. Stemple first appeared on Boiled in Lead's 1994 album Antler Dance. He co-wrote nine songs with science fiction and fantasy author Steven Brust on the 1995 album Songs from The Gypsy, released as an enhanced CD. The CD has the distinction of including the full text of the novel The Gypsy, which Brust co-authored with Megan Lindholm and upon which the songs were based. Stemple also produced and performed on Steven Brust's solo album A Rose for Iconoclastes. Stemple currently is with the Tim Malloys, an Irish band. Like Cats Laughing and Boiled in Lead, Stemple's current group shares musical roots that incorporate Celtic and rock styles. In April 2015, Stemple reunited with Cats Laughing in a concert at the Minicon science fiction convention. A live CD and DVD of the concert was released in late 2015. Fiction Stemple's first novel, for Tor Books, was Singer of Souls. A sequel, Steward of Song, was published in 2008. With his mother, Jane Yolen, Stemple has also co-authored two series of books — the Rock 'n Roll Fairy Tale series, and more recently, The Seelie Wars. The Rock 'n Roll Fairy Tale series began with Pay the Piper, published in 2005 by Tor. Pay the Piper was the winner of the 2006 Locus Award for Best Young Adult Book. Stemple's short stories include a series of historical whodunnits set in feudal Japan, featuring a samurai master and apprentice as a sleuthing duo, for the historical fiction magazine Paradox. Among Stemple's other published short stories, \"A Piece of Flesh\" was chosen as one of ten short stories included in The Year's Best SF and Fantasy for Teens (2005). Stemple was among the members of a group of writers known as the Pre-Joycean Fellowship, which included his bandmates Emma Bull and Steven Brust. Discography with Cats Laughing: Bootleg Issue (1988) Another Way to Travel (1990) A Long Time Gone (2015) with Boiled in Lead: Antler Dance (1994) Songs from The Gypsy (1995) Alloy (1998, compilation) Bibliography Novels Selected short fiction \"Robin Hood v1.5.3,\" in \"The Three Truths\" (Paradox, Issue 6, Winter 2004-2005) \"Troubles\" (with Jane Yolen), in \"Kitsune\" (Paradox, Issue 9, Summer 2006) \"The Tsar's Dragons,\" in \"Little Red\" (with Jane Yolen), in References External links American fantasy writers American rock singers American rock guitarists American male guitarists Living people American male novelists 21st-century American novelists Writers from Minneapolis Guitarists from Minnesota 21st-century American male writers Novelists","title":"Adam Stemple"},{"docid":"12673973","text":"Bows Against the Barons is a 1934 children's novel by the British author Geoffrey Trease, based on the legend of Robin Hood. It tells the story of an adolescent boy who joins an outlaw band and takes part in a great rebellion against the feudal elite. Trease's first novel, Bows Against the Barons marks the start of his prolific career as a historical novelist. It is notable for reinterpreting the Robin Hood legend and revitalizing the conventions of children's historical fiction in 20th-century Britain. Plot introduction Set in medieval England, Bows Against the Barons relates the adventures of a peasant boy who becomes an outlaw and joins the Robin Hood's band. Together, they take up arms against the masters of England and fight for the rights of the common people. The protagonist's former master tries to suppress them, but at great cost. The title refers to the longbow, the primary weapon of the outlaws. Plot summary Bows Against the Barons takes place during the final months of Robin Hood's life, beginning in early June, and ending in the following year about February. It is largely told from the viewpoint of Dickon, a 16-year-old peasant boy from the village of Oxton. Chapters 1–9 The novel opens by depicting Dickon's hardships as a serf on a baronial manor. He is whipped by his bailiff for missing work and harassed by the village priest for not paying tithe. Despite his youth, Dickon has to be his family's breadwinner because his father, Dick, has been conscripted as an archer for the Crusades. His troubles are compounded when the King's deer from nearby Sherwood Forest ravage his gardens. Moved by anger, Dickon kills one of the deer with an arrow. He then flees into the forest to avoid the penalties of poaching. Eventually, he meets Alan-a-Dale, who leads him to Robin Hood's band. Proving adept at archery, Dickon is welcomed into their company. Disguised as a weaver's apprentice, Dickon becomes Robin's messenger to all of Nottingham's rebels. Led by a bridle-smith, Dickon and the populace assemble in the market-place to protest about working conditions and to demand the release of imprisoned workers. The Sheriff of Nottingham attempts to disperse them, but Robin and his outlaws arrive and overwhelm the Sheriff. In the resulting riot, the imprisoned workers are freed. However, mounted soldiers from Nottingham Castle arrive to quash the revolt. Pursued by a horseman, Dickon escapes through secret passages and reaches the safety of Sherwood Forest, but he is captured by royal foresters and escorted north to be tried for poaching. However, Alan manages to make contact with Dickon, having disguised himself as a blind minstrel and his messages as doggerel. On Alan's instructions, Dickon attempts to delay the foresters' journey. His plans almost go awry when he meets his former master, Sir Rolf D'Eyncourt, who has returned from the Crusades and now attempts to reclaim Dickon. Fortunately, the head forester refuses to hand him over, insisting on the priority of royal justice. As his","title":"Bows against the Barons"},{"docid":"6423420","text":"Robyn and Gandeleyn is an English ballad. The poem is in Sloane Manuscript 2593, a document of lyrics and carols which dates from around 1450. It was first printed by Joseph Ritson in his 1790 collection Ancient Songs. It was later republished in the second half of the 19th century in an anthology of traditional English and Scottish ballads by Francis James Child known as the Child Ballads, where it is Child Ballad 115. Child also divided the continuous text into seventeen stanzas. The ballad has attracted interest from scholars of Robin Hood due to the similarity of Robyn's name and the involvement of both precise archery and a dangerous forest as motifs. Despite this similarity, Child and other scholars generally believe that the ballad is not directly connected to Robin Hood's legend. If it really is a reference to Robin Hood, it would be one of the earliest attested stories, along with Robin Hood and the Monk. Plot Robyn kills a deer, but is then shot and killed by an arrow. His servant Gandeleyn looks about for the killer and finds Wrennok of Donne, a young archer (described as a \"little boy\"). They exchange words, and Gandeleyn says they shall shoot at a mark of each other's hearts. Wrennok fires first but his shot misses. Gandeleyn fires second and cleaves his heart in two, killing Wrennok. The ballad concludes with Gandeleyn declaring Wrennok cannot boast of killing both Robyn and his servant. Analysis In general, most scholars believe the Robyn in this ballad to be unrelated to the more famous Robin Hood. There appear to be more differences than similarities between Robyn and Gandeleyn and Robin and Little John. Despite the belief it is unlikely to be directly related, the ballad is often included in collections of Robin Hood literature due to being a relevant example of folklore of perceptions of the medieval greenwood as a place of sudden violence and duels over affairs of honor. Child's division into stanzas is generally thought to work well enough. The work largely has a rhyme scheme of ABCB, also known as a ballad stanza, although there are several six-line stanzas that integrate awkwardly. The work may have been recited rather than sung, and thus is closer to a poem than a song. Transcription errors, such as a presumably accidental repetition of two lines, leads to suspicion that the Sloane manuscript 2593 was copied hastily and potentially inaccurately, but any differences with an older, lost version can only be speculated on. Other opinions have been offered as well, often suggesting that the Robyn described may have been a poacher and thus the ballad was about poaching. A thin possibility holds out a connection to The Tale of Gamelyn, a story found in some manuscripts that included The Canterbury Tales, but there is nothing to connect Gamelyn and Gandeleyn aside from their similar names. The author Robert Graves offered the eccentric view that the ballad was really about birds, and described the New","title":"Robyn and Gandeleyn"},{"docid":"1068472","text":"Elaine \"Lal\" Waterson (15 February 1943 – 4 September 1998) was an English folk singer and songwriter. She sang with, among others, The Watersons, The Waterdaughters and Blue Murder. She was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire. In 1998, she died suddenly in Robin Hood's Bay, of cancer diagnosed only ten days before. \"Lal Waterson's voice was stark but captivating, her songs lyrically ambitious and melodically powerful.\" Lal Waterson was the sister of Norma Waterson and Mike Waterson, the aunt of Eliza Carthy and the sister-in-law of Martin Carthy. She was married to George Knight and had two children, Oliver Knight and Maria Gilhooley, with both of whom she recorded albums. Biography Lal, Norma, and Mike Waterson were orphans and brought up by their grandmother who was of part gypsy descent. Always very close, they began singing together, with cousin John Harrison, in the 1950s, with Lal 'singing unexpected harmonies.' Having opened their own folk club in a pub in the fishing port of Hull where they grew up, by the mid 1960s they had developed their own unaccompanied style singing harmony style re-workings of traditional English songs. In 1968 they stopped touring and became geographically separate for the first time – Norma went to Montserrat, and Lal to Leeds where her husband George lived, while Mike stayed in Hull. Both Mike and Lal were writing songs and when Lal returned to Hull they began working together. When Martin Carthy heard Lal's songs, he found them extraordinary. At this time Carthy was in the folk-rock band Steeleye Span and he told the bass player Ashley Hutchings about Lal and Mike's songs and together they arranged to have them recorded, not unaccompanied, but with a backing band that included Carthy, Hutchings and Richard Thompson. Bright Phoebus was released in 1972 and \"caused a quiet sensation\". Her songs sometimes echoed traditional material but also involved a variety of other influences – 'some veered towards jazz and ragtime, others like Winifer Odd had a quirky charm worthy of The Beatles, but with bleak lyrics added. Another favourite Fine Horseman, made use of unexpected chords and structures.' Lyrics were as important to her as the music. The writer she admired most was the 19th century French poet Arthur Rimbaud. In 1976 all three Waterson siblings moved to Kirk Moor on the edge of the North York Moors and re-formed the group, with Martin Carthy taking over for John Harrison. In the 1980s Lal and George, and Norma and Martin, moved to Robin Hood's Bay, where the sea and landscape of the area often became the inspiration for Lal's songs. She left The Watersons in 1990 for health reasons, staying at Robin Hood's Bay, still writing and painting, and recorded her songs at home with her son Oliver Knight, who was a producer, guitarist, and songwriter. When Once in a Blue Moon was released however, she refused to sing the songs live – perhaps the result of a bad experience while singing with the","title":"Lal Waterson"},{"docid":"65275862","text":"SherWoodstock: The Real Legend of Rockin' Robin Hood is a satirical theatre production originally performed at the Lyric Theatre in Brisbane on 12-25 January 1990. 18,000 people attended the production which raised $100,000 for the Queensland Spastic Welfare League. The executive producer and music director was David Pyle and the director was Sean Mee. The production featured more than 200 performers on stage and a 20-piece rock band. SherWoodstock was \"described as a cross between The Secret Policeman's Ball, a Live Aid concert and Black Adder. History SherWoodstock was the fourth of six plays produced by ToadShow Pty Ltd between 1985 and 1996. All productions blended two well-known stories and interspersed the story with popular songs while satirising local politics and providing social comment. SherWoodstock took elements from the legend of Robin Hood and the 1969 Woodstock music festival while drawing attention to environmental issues. ToadShow had produced three smaller-scale musicals prior to SherWoodstock – The Paisley Pirates of Penzance (1985), Conway Christ Redneck Superstar (1985) and Hound of Music (1986). SherWoodstock was followed by Phantoad of the Opera (1991) and Glamalot (1996). Theatre critic John Harris said, \"The musicals are unique to Brisbane, conceived and written by a combination of talents undoubtedly unlike any to be found anywhere else in the world. They employ music with a rock beat, satire with a light touch, and casts of dozens, scores, or hundreds, depending upon the venue.\" The production of SherWoodstock was underwritten by Jarden Morgan, one of the original backers of the film Crocodile Dundee. It relied on sponsorship of more than 100 organisations. Executive producer David Pyle said, \"The project relies on enthusiasm and goodwill from all involved. What we are basically doing is putting on a $3.5 million show for about a tenth of that price…\" Synopsis ACT 1 Robin Hood returns from the crusades to learn that Sherwood Forest is threatened by a proposed real-estate development. At the castle Sir Guy of Brisbourne and his backer Prince John are pitching the Sherwood Cove real-estate development to his filthy rich friends. Robin crashes the event to announce he will dedicate his life to saving the forest. Here he meets Maid Marian, Prince John's public relations consultant. Robin returns to the forest where he forms a band of hippie supporters. Sir Guy, the Sheriff and Maid Marian go to Sherwood Forest to confront Robin. Sir Guy and the Sheriff are driven off by the hippies but Marian stays behind to go for a walk in the forest with Robin. Sir Guy is concerned the Sherwood Cove project is losing public support. To restore public support and neutralise Robin, Sir Guy decides to put on a rock concert called SherWoodstock. The rich and poor alike attend the rock concert where Robin takes the stage and implores everyone to unite to save the planet. ACT 2 Robin Hood has been captured at SherWoodstock and placed in shackles in the Dungeon Room cabaret where the rich are entertained by cabaret singer Will","title":"SherWoodstock"},{"docid":"6551914","text":"Robin Hood's Stride (also known as Mock Beggar's Mansion) is a rock formation on the Limestone Way in Derbyshire close to the village of Elton. The nearest town is Bakewell, to the north. The popular tourist spot can be accessed via the Limestone Way just off the B5056 between Haddon Hall and Winster, or from the unclassified road from Alport to Elton using either the Limestone Way, a concessionary footpath or Access Land. Both options have limited parking at the side of the road. It consists of gritstone boulders deeply seamed by water flows. Limited short climbing is possible; nearby Cratcliffe Tor provides more serious routes. The two \"pinnacles\" are Weasel pinnacle (eastern end; Diff) and Inaccessible pinnacle (west; V Diff). An ancient road, possibly prehistoric or Roman, the Derbyshire Portway (also known as Old Manchester Lane and The Chariot Way) passed close to the outcrop. Nearby is Nine Stones Close, a four-stone circle, and, at Cratcliffe Tor, a rock shelter known as the Hermit's Cave, containing a crucifix carving dated stylistically to the 13th or 14th century. The name Robin Hood's stride comes from the 14th-century legend that Robin Hood jumped between the chimneys of the rock formation. Robin Hood's Stride features in an episode of The Return of Sherlock Holmes and the film The Princess Bride (1987). References External links snapthepeaks cressbrook.co.uk Mountains and hills of the Peak District Rock formations of England","title":"Robin Hood's Stride"},{"docid":"72830861","text":"The following is a list of unproduced John McTiernan projects in roughly chronological order. During his long career, American film director John McTiernan has worked on a number of projects which never progressed beyond the pre-production stage under his direction. Some of these projects fell in development hell, were officially canceled, were in development limbo or would see life under a different production team. 1980s The Quest of St. James Elk In 1981, McTiernan wrote the original screenplay for a planned film called The Quest of St. James Elk, which was to have been produced by Elliott Kastner through Winkast Film Productions, based at Pinewood Studios. However, the film was pulled from production just before the start. McTiernan's concept art and storyboards from the unproduced film were later salvaged and auctioned. Cortes In 1988, McTiernan was approached to direct Cortes, a historical epic about Hernán Cortés from a Nicholas Kazan screenplay and with Edward R. Pressman producing, but Kazan and Pressman could not get the film funded. Sgt. Rock Shortly after they did Predator together, McTiernan, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and writer Shane Black were all set to team on a big-budget film adaptation of the DC Comics character Sgt. Rock. According to McTiernan in the book The Last Action Heroes by Nick de Semlyan, the project was heavily developed in 1988 and 1989 only to be demolished by actor John Cleese, who would have starred opposite Schwarzenegger. As McTiernan explained, everyone was so attached to the idea of Cleese co-starring with Schwarzenegger that when Cleese declined, the project fell apart. \"As far as he was concerned, we were just a couple thug American action-movie makers,\" McTiernan said. \"If he'd seen Die Hard, I think he probably would have signed up. But he judged us on our reputation.\" McTiernan would go on to make The Hunt for Red October instead. The Adventures of Robin Hood As early as 1989, McTiernan had been attached to direct 20th Century Fox's The Adventures of Robin Hood, titled after the 1938 film, which was planned to be made after he finished Road Show. At the same time, two other competing Robin Hood projects were in development at Morgan Creek Entertainment and Tri-Star Pictures. All three intended to portray how Robin Hood became an outlaw hiding out in the Sherwood Forest in Nottinghamshire. The central character of McTiernan's version was named Sir Robert Hode, a young Saxon noble more interested in wine and women, until the threat of a lashing by the Norman authorities sends him racing to the woods. The script was written by Mark Allen Smith. Fox hoped that Mel Gibson would agree to star in the film, though he turned it down over concerns of doing several \"period pieces\" in a row. In 1990, a race between the three projects ensued, with Tri-Star announcing a September 3 start date and Fox planning for an October 22 start. Plans, however, began to fall apart by late July when Kevin Costner signed on to star in","title":"John McTiernan's unrealized projects"},{"docid":"218796","text":"Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange (; born 11 November 1948) is a South African record producer, mainly known for his work in rock music as well as his previous marriage to Canadian singer Shania Twain, with whom he co-wrote and produced various songs. Her 1997 album Come On Over, which he produced, is the best-selling country music album, the best-selling studio album by a female act, the best-selling album of the 1990s, and the 9th best-selling album in the United States. He has also produced songs for, or otherwise worked with, artists such as , Def Leppard, The Michael Stanley Band, The Boomtown Rats, Foreigner, Michael Bolton, The Cars, Bryan Adams, Huey Lewis and the News, Billy Ocean, Celine Dion, Britney Spears, The Corrs, Maroon 5, Lady Gaga, Now United, Nickelback, and Muse. Early life Robert John Lange was born in Mufulira, Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia), and raised in Durban, South Africa. His German mother came from a prosperous family, and his South African father was a mining engineer. Nicknamed \"Mutt\" at an early age, Lange grew up a fan of country music, in particular the singer Slim Whitman. While studying at Belfast High School in what is now Mpumalanga province, he started a band in which he played rhythm guitar and sang harmonies. Career After his national service (1966–1967), Lange formed the band Sound Reason in 1969, together with James Borthwick, a South African TV, stage and film actor. In 1971, he started the group Hocus, recording one album and releasing five singles. In 1978, Lange wrote and produced Ipswich Town's FA Cup Final single \"Ipswich Get That Goal\", his connection with the club due to their South Africa-born player Colin Viljoen. The song is derived from a previous recording, \"Give That Thang to Me\" by Paul Jones (1977), with some parts rearranged and new lyrics. Beginning production work in 1976, his first major hits came in October 1978 with the UK No. 1 single \"Rat Trap\" for The Boomtown Rats, followed in July 1979 with AC/DC's hard rock album Highway to Hell (No. 8 UK, No. 17 US). He produced a total of five albums for UK band City Boy from 1976 to 1979. He produced two more albums with AC/DC, including Back in Black (1980) which is, , the second-best-selling album of all time. He also worked with rock group Foreigner on 4, and with Def Leppard on their hit albums, High 'n' Dry, Pyromania, Hysteria and Adrenalize, co-writing most of the songs. After Hysteria, Lange bowed out of working with Def Leppard. In 1999, he returned to working with them in a more limited role, co-writing three tracks for their album Euphoria, which spawned the single \"Promises\", a Number 1 hit on the mainstream rock charts. In 1991, he produced Bryan Adams's Waking Up the Neighbours, including co-writing \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" for the Kevin Costner film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves which – with 16 consecutive weeks at the top from 7","title":"Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange"},{"docid":"5673686","text":"The Noble Fisherman, also known as Robin Hood's Preferment and Robin Hood's Fishing, is a 17th-century ballad of Robin Hood. Unusually, it depicts Robin Hood as a hero of the sea, rather than his usual portrayal as someone who operated in the greenwood forest. It seems to have been quite popular for the first two centuries of its existence, although it eventually lost prominence and was less used in adaptations of Robin Hood from the 19th and 20th centuries. It was later published by Francis James Child in the 1880s as Child Ballad #148 in his influential collection of popular ballads. Robin Hood's Bay in the Borough of Scarborough may have been an inspiration for the writer of the ballad. Plot Robin Hood decides to go to sea and try his hand at being a fisherman. He poses as a poor fisherman and calls himself Simon Over-The-Lee. In Scarborough, North Yorkshire, he meets a widow with an inn by the sea and her own boat. She hires him and hopes that he will live up to his namesake (Simon Peter, a fisherman). The ship's Master initially is unimpressed with the new hire. The crew laughs at him as an obvious \"lubber\" whose seamanship is at novice level. \"Simon\" spies a French warship, presumably either pirates or privateers. While the Master initially despairs at the prospect of being taken into French captivity, Simon insists he be allowed to defend the ship with his bow. Simon shoots the French pirates using his archery skills. Instead of the French boarding the fishing boat, the fishermen board the French ship, where everyone is already dead from Simon's arrows. They find a treasure hoard of twelve thousand pounds aboard the French warship. Initially, Simon says he will take half for his \"dame\" (the widow who hired him, as she is called a dame earlier) and offers to share the other half of the treasure with the others on the boat. The Master refuses and insists that the treasure is all Robin's. Robin vows to use it to build a habitation for the oppressed where they can live in peace. Analysis A ballad titled \"The Noble Fisherman, or, Robin Hoods great Prize\" is listed in the Stationers' Register as from June 1631, and was presumably this ballad. The oldest surviving copy is also probably from the 1630s, now kept in the Bodleian Library collection. Many late 17th-century broadside copies exist and the ballad was commonly included in the garlands (collections) of Robin Hood ballads of the 17th and 18th centuries, suggesting the work's popularity. The ballad's writing style suggests it was written by a professional ballad writer inventing a tale that combined England's famous hero with the then popular genre of stories involving a victory over a hated foreign enemy in the French, making it unlikely the tale originated from an older medieval popular tradition, and certainly not an actual historical incident. The ballad is also unusual in placing Robin Hood in Scarborough, which also probably","title":"The Noble Fisherman"},{"docid":"39047069","text":"Dominique Mattei (born in 1981 in Marseille, France) better known by the stage name Dumè is a French singer, composer and actor. Biography As an adolescent, he studied composing, singing and playing guitar at the Marseilles conservatory. He opened for concerts by Pascal Obispo and signed as a composer for Atletico music. He wrote songs for Johnny Hallyday, Faudel, Natasha Saint-Pier, Louisy Joseph amongst others and partnered with Lionel Florence writing for others. In November 2009, Dominique Mattei announced that he was taking the name Dumè and was preparing his first album through financing from My Major Company. In 2012, Dumè was also featured in Génération Goldman tribute project to Jean-Jaques Goldman singing Il suffira d'un signe alongside Merwan Rim, Amaury Vassili and Baptiste Giabiconi. In 2013, he is taking part in the French musical adaptation of Robin hood titled Robin des Bois playing the role of Vaisey, the Sheriff of Nottingham. He also performs in the play Notting Hill Nottingham as a solo and Devenir quelqu'un with M. Pokora (in the role of Robin Hood). His first album solo is edited in 2014 : La moitié du chemin. Discography Singles 2010 : Je ne sais rien faire 2012 : La moitié du chemin, duet with Judith 2014 : Maman m'avait dit Album 2014 : La moitié du chemin Appearances 2012 : Il suffira d'un signe (Merwan Rim, Amaury Vassili, Baptiste Giabiconi and Dumè in Génération Goldman) Musical Theatre 2013 : Robin des Bois, Vaisey, the Sheriff of Nottingham Notting Hill Nottingham (Dumè in Robin des Bois) Devenir quelqu'un (Dumè & M. Pokora in Robin des Bois) Y renoncer un jour (Dumè in \"Robin des Bois\") References French composers French male composers 1981 births Living people Male actors from Marseille 21st-century French singers 21st-century French male singers","title":"Dumè"},{"docid":"9880436","text":"Tomasz Sylwester Beksiński (26 November 1958 – 24 December 1999) was a popular Polish radio presenter, music journalist and movie translator. He was the son of painter Zdzisław Beksiński. Early life Beksiński was born in Sanok, Poland. From the age of 12 he was interested in music, especially rock music (progressive rock, gothic rock) and horror films. In one of his essays he wrote about how scared he was while watching his first horror movie (The Reptile) in 1970. He admitted it was the first and the last time he felt that way watching a horror film. For a year he studied English literature at the University of Silesia campus in Sosnowiec. He studied English philology in Katowice. Career Music journalist In the late '70s he became a music journalist and was one of the most charismatic Polish radio presenters. It was not a coincidence he chose such a career; he was known to be a music lover, who had an impressive collection of LP records. He debuted on air in Marek Niedźwiecki's programme in 1982. At the beginning he worked together with Polskie Radio and presented programmes Romantycy muzyki rockowej, and Wieczór płytowy. He also wrote feature articles and reviews for Tylko Rock and Magazyn muzyczny magazines. From 1998 he wrote a column Opowieści z Krypty in Tylko Rock magazine, where his features were published. He also wrote for Machina magazine. Translations Tomasz Beksiński was also an English-Polish translator. He translated most of the James Bond and Harry Callahan films and Monty Python's Flying Circus comedy sketches and many other films e.g. Wild at Heart, Silence of the Lambs, Apocalypse Now, Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, Birdy, Die Hard, Don't Look Now, Frankenstein, Beyond the Poseidon Adventure, The Swarm, Someone's watching me!, Lethal Weapon, 1941, Pet Sematary, Reservoir Dogs, Lost Highway,Untouchables, Carrie, Dawn Of The Dead, Pumpkinhead, Hellraiser, The Reptile, Casablanca, Escape From New York, Once Upon a Time in America, Godfather 3, The Fury, The Doors, Casualties of War. He also translated some lyrics of Marillion, Iron Maiden, King Crimson, Pink Floyd, The Doors, Joy Division and The Sisters of Mercy. Plane accident On 2 November 1988 he survived a plane accident in Rzeszów, in which one person was killed and several others severely injured. He never traveled by plane again. Death On 24 December 1999 Tomasz died by suicide. Shortly before his death he wrote a feature about modern culture, in which he unambiguously forewarned about his intention. He had a history of suicide ideation and attempts. References Polish radio journalists 1958 births 1999 suicides 20th-century Polish journalists People from Sanok Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents 1999 deaths Drug-related suicides in Poland","title":"Tomasz Beksiński"},{"docid":"1028445","text":"The Percy Folio is a folio book of English ballads used by Thomas Percy to compile his Reliques of Ancient Poetry. Although the manuscript itself was compiled in the 17th century, some of its material goes back well into the 12th century. It was the most important of the source documents used by Francis James Child for his 1883 collection The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. The manuscript Those who owned the manuscript before Percy did not treat it well; its owners had probably regarded its Middle English and border dialect as incomprehensible and worthless. When Percy first came across the manuscript, in the house of its former owner Sir Humphrey Pitt of Shifnal, pages were being used by his housemaids to start fires. Percy had the manuscript bound, and the bookbinder inflicted additional damage in trimming the edges of the sheets, losing first or last lines on many pages. Percy did not treat the manuscript particularly well himself; he wrote notes and comments in it and tore out some pages after binding. The original folio is in the British Library, known as Additional MS. 27879. In its present form the manuscript consists of some 520 paper pages, containing 195 individual items. The works were transcribed in the middle decades of the 17th century. The handwriting in the manuscript appears to be the same throughout and bears some similarity with that of Thomas Blount but it cannot be determined for certain if he originally collected the work. The loose leaves that comprise the manuscript are now individually mounted and covered with gauze. Contents In addition to the ballads culled and compiled by Percy and Child, the folio contains an alliterative poem in Middle English entitled Death and Liffe and Scottish Feilde, which is a poem on the Battle of Flodden. The manuscript contains ballads, for the most part, but also metrical romances such as Sir Degaré and The Squire of Low Degree. There are several Arthurian texts, including King Arthur and King Cornwall, Sir Lancelott of Dulake, The Marriage of Sir Gawain, Merline, The Carle of Carlisle, The Greene Knight, The Boy and the Mantle and The Turke and Gowin. The last three narratives are entirely unknown outside the Percy Folio. The manuscript also preserves eight Robin Hood ballads: \"Robin Hood's Death,\" \"Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne,\" \"Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar,\" \"Robin Hood and the Butcher,\" \"The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield,\" \"Little John a Begging,\" \"Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires,\" and \"Robin Hood and Queen Katherine.\" Reception and significance Percy published several pieces from the manuscript, many of which were \"repaired\" or frankly rewritten, especially in his Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, but did not allow fellow historians access to the original manuscript during his lifetime. Percy's book was the constant companion of Gottfried August Bürger, a childhood hero of Novalis, one of the chief influences of George MacDonald, whom C.S. Lewis considered his master. And thus the manuscript, through Percy's book had a direct line of","title":"Percy Folio"},{"docid":"46443001","text":"A sentimental ballad is an emotional style of music that often deals with romantic and intimate relationships, and to a lesser extent, loneliness, death, war, drug abuse, politics and religion, usually in a poignant but solemn manner. Ballads are generally melodic enough to get the listener's attention. Sentimental ballads are found in most music genres, such as pop, R&B, soul, country, folk, rock and electronic music. Usually slow in tempo, ballads tend to have a lush musical arrangement which emphasizes the song's melody and harmonies. Characteristically, ballads use acoustic instruments such as guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. Many modern mainstream ballads tend to feature synthesizers, drum machines and even, to some extent, a dance rhythm. Sentimental ballads had their origins in the early Tin Pan Alley music industry of the later 19th century. Initially known as \"tear-jerkers\" or \"drawing-room ballads\", they were generally sentimental, narrative, strophic songs published separately or as part of an opera, descendants perhaps of broadside ballads. As new genres of music began to emerge in the early 20th century, their popularity faded, but the association with sentimentality led to the term ballad being used for a slow love song from the 1950s onwards. History Early history Sentimental ballads have their roots from medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally \"danced songs\". Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia and North Africa. As a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger. The earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is \"Judas\" in a 13th-century manuscript. A reference in William Langland's Piers Plowman indicates that ballads about Robin Hood were being sung from at least the late 14th century and the oldest detailed material is Wynkyn de Worde's collection of Robin Hood ballads printed about 1495. 18th century – early 20th century Ballads at this time were originally composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines. These refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance. In the 18th century, ballad operas developed as a form of English stage entertainment, partly in opposition to the Italian domination of the London operatic scene. In America a distinction is drawn between ballads that are versions of European, particularly British and Irish songs, and 'Native American ballads', developed without reference to earlier songs. A further development was the evolution of the blues ballad, which mixed the genre with Afro-American music. In the late 19th century, Danish folklorist Svend Grundtvig and Harvard professor Francis James Child attempted to record and classify all the known ballads and variants in their chosen regions. Since Child died before writing a commentary on his work it is uncertain exactly how and why he differentiated the 305 ballads printed that would be","title":"Sentimental ballad"},{"docid":"53384444","text":"George Maguire (born 17 January 1985) is an English actor and musician, known for originating the role of Dave Davies in the musical Sunny Afternoon. Career Maguire made his first appearance on stage, aged 9, in a small role in a pantomime production of Robin Hood and the Babes in the Wood at Guildford Civic Hall. When he was 10, he attended an open audition that landed him his West End debut in Oliver! at the Palladium. While still appearing in Oliver! he began to attend Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts. During his time there he saw the first London production of Rent which proved a great inspiration for him. \"It was raw, rocky and real and I remember thinking 'that's the kind of stuff I want to do'.\" In 2011, Maguire appeared as Richard Loeb in Thrill Me, first at the Tristan Bates Theatre in London and then at the Charing Cross Theatre. This was followed by his first of two stints as 1970s glam rock star Marc Bolan in 20th Century Boy which premiered at the New Wolsey Theatre in Ipswich in September 2011. A planned tour of Hair with Maguire taking the lead role of Berger was cancelled with the exception of a two-week engagement at Deutsches Theater in Munich. A few months later, in July 2012, there was a one-off charity performance of this production at the Piccadilly Theatre in London in aid of Help for Heroes which featured Oliver Tobias, who portrayed Berger at the first London production of Hair in 1968. In September of the same year, George returned to 20th Century Boy, this time performing at Belgrade Theatre in Coventry. Early 2013 saw Maguire appear in a production called Lift, where he played a Busker, looking for cash and for the woman that always walks past him smiling every morning. Maguire said about the production: \"I have always been passionate about new writing and love the chance to originate a role.\" Maguire then played Dave Davies in the Kinks musical, Sunny Afternoon, on which he commented: \"It's quite rare and special to be able to see a piece through from the beginning.\" The show opened at the Hampstead Theatre in April 2014 and after a sold-out run of 6 weeks, transferred to the West End's Harold Pinter Theatre where it ran for two years. Maguire left the show in early October 2015. In April 2015, George Maguire won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actor in Sunny Afternoon, the musical simultaneously picking up three further awards, including Best New Musical. In 2017, Maguire appeared as a guest character in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders as Felix Moore. Then in April 2020, he appeared in an episode of the BBC daytime soap opera Doctors as Greg Taylor-Smith. More recently, as well as continuing his acting Career, he has been teaching at Stageworks College in St Neots. Stage Filmography References External links 1985 births Living people English male musical theatre actors English","title":"George Maguire (actor, born 1985)"},{"docid":"7419124","text":"Kwan Wai Pang (; born 20 March 1945 in Guilin, Guangxi), known professionally as Teddy Robin (), is a Hong Kong English pop singer-songwriter, actor, and director and producer. He began his music career in mid 1960s when Hong Kong English pop was at its peak. He formed a rock and roll band with his friends called Teddy Robin and the Playboys while Teddy was the vocal and guitarist. The band was the first Chinese-led rock band in Hong Kong. The band became a massive hit in Hong Kong. From the 70s, Teddy started to get involved in the movie industry. in 1979, he was the producer of his first movie 《Cops and Robbers 點指兵兵》. He then played a pivotal role at the Pearl City Production Company and Cinema City Company Limited. Despite his heavy involvement in movie productions, he was still passionate about music and continued his involvement in record productions and film song creation during the time. He has produced over 20 movies and directed 5 and 1/3 films throughout his career. He won various awards across film and music festivals, such as the CASH Hall of Fame Award from the Composers and Authors Society of Hong Kong, The Best Original Film Song and the Best Supporting Actor from the Hong Kong Film Award, The Best Actor from Hong Kong Film Critics Society and The Best Actor from International Chinese Film Festival. He is also one of the five founders of Hong Kong Film Directors' Guild and the Honorary Director of Hong Kong Performing Artistes Guild. Early life Teddy Robin was born in Guilin, Guangxi, alongside five brothers and sisters. He came to Hong Kong with his father in 1949, settling in Wan Chai. As a rebellious child, Teddy was average at school. He always hung out at street court with his gangs. He called himself \"Teddy Robin\" because he admired the heroic image of Robin Hood. At the early age of 11, Teddy started his career as a child broadcaster at Rediffusion (ATV). Teddy developed his enthusiasm for rock and roll music when he first heard the sound of an electric guitar. Then he started to explore and learn to play electric guitar . He then formed a rock band called \"Teddy Robin and the Playboys\" with his friends and his two younger brothers. Apart from music, Teddy Robin is also a skilled painter and sketcher. He designed the cover for his singles, including \"I Can’t Be Hurt Any More\", \"Not All Lies\", \"Breakthrough\", \"365 Days\" and \"Memories\". Music career After graduating from high school, Teddy Robin worked as a Trainee Producer at Rediffusion English TV Station . He formed rock band \"Teddy Robin and the Playboys\" with Norman Chang, Fedrick Chan and his two younger brothers in 1966. In the 1960s, the band was signed by Diamond Records and released its first album. In 1966, \"Teddy Robin and the Playboys\" was the home band of Rediffusion TV's most popular music program \"Soundbite 66\". In 1968, Mr","title":"Teddy Robin"},{"docid":"11124733","text":"Tim Pollard (born 23 February 1964) is an English actor and entertainer who has been appearing and performing as Robin Hood in and around his home town of Nottingham, England for over 30 years. He lives and works in the legendary city as well as representing it nationally and internationally in his position as Nottingham's Official Robin Hood. Early years Before his career as an actor, Pollard worked in the roleplaying and wargaming industry for many years as well as being a freelance graphic designer and illustrator. During this time, he became involved in Viking battle re-enactment and the first live-roleplaying company established in the UK, Treasure Trap (at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire), as well as performing with a number of local rock bands. He also studied medieval Japanese and 19th century South African history at SOAS, the prestigious School of Oriental and African Studies in London. Robin Hood As Nottingham's Official Robin Hood, Tim Pollard has represented the County and City of Nottingham nationally and internationally since 1996 – for example appearing in Chicago, Houston, Toronto and several times in New York City and Hameln, Germany (home of the famous Pied Piper with whom he keeps contact through their brotherhood Legion of Legends. He also performs regularly at Nottingham Castle's annual Robin Hood pageant and at medieval banquets, charity events and other shows throughout the Midlands. Television Tim Pollard has also choreographed fight scenes or played roles in Blue Peter, The Oxford Road Show, Blind Date, The Big Breakfast, Moll Flanders and Common As Muck. He appears regularly on local TV news and has also appeared as Robin Hood on TV shows such as Australia's Channel 9 'Getaway' travel show, 'Castles, Secrets and Legends' for the US Travel Channel and the BBC's 'Antiques Roadtrip'. In his role as Official Robin Hood of Nottinghamshire, he has appeared as an expert in local history on the Travel Channel television show \"Expedition Unknown\" Season 2 episode 'The Real Robin Hood'. Film Tim Pollard has appeared as the narrator character 'Lord Victor Fleming' in the horror films Dracula's Orgy of the Damned and Werewolf Massacre at Hell's Gate. Fleming is an expert in occult lore and a collector of tales of eldritch curiosity. DVD/Music In 1985 he was a featured part of the stage show performing with psychedelic prog-rock band Hawkwind on their Chronicle of the Black Sword tour, and can be seen on the live concert DVD The Chronicle of the Black Sword. Gaming and role-playing Pollard has also worked full and part-time in the gaming business since 1978. He was also employed in design at Games Workshop and Citadel Miniatures as a writer, editor, artist and art manager. He edited and produced the initial Flintloque line of table-top Napoleonic fantasy games for Alternative Armies, as well as co-writing the entry for Shaka Zulu in Steve Jackson Games GURPS Who's Who. He also contributed research on antique coins to the PC first-person action game The Operative: No One Lives Forever. References External","title":"Tim Pollard"},{"docid":"16959056","text":"Ivanhoe is a 1982 British-American made-for-television historical romance film. An adaptation of Sir Walter Scott's 1819 novel of the same name, it stars Anthony Andrews in the title role. The film was directed by Douglas Camfield, with a screenplay written by John Gay. It depicts the noble knight Ivanhoe returning home from the Third Crusade and becoming involved in a power struggle for the throne of England. Brian de Bois-Guilbert is treated more ambiguously than in most versions of the story. He develops some genuine affection for Rebecca of York towards the end, and although he could easily have won the fight against the wounded and weakened Wilfred of Ivanhoe, Brian de Bois-Guilbert lowers his sword and allows himself to be killed, thus saving Rebecca's life. Plot summary Upon returning from the Crusades, Ivanhoe, Robin Hood and the Saxons work to restore King Richard to the throne with opposition from Prince John, his Norman knights, and the Knights Templar. Cast Anthony Andrews – Sir Wilfred of Ivanhoe, Cedric's son. Sam Neill – Sir Brian de Bois-Guilbert Michael Hordern – Lord Cedric of Rotherwood James Mason – Isaac of York, Jewish money-lender. Olivia Hussey – Rebecca of York, Isaac's daughter. Lysette Anthony – Lady Rowena, Cedric's ward. Julian Glover – King Richard I Plantagenet, the Black Knight. Ronald Pickup – Prince John Plantagenet, Richard's brother and usurper. John Rhys-Davies – Sir Reginald Front-de-Boeuf Stuart Wilson – Sir Maurice de Bracy George Innes – Wamba (son of Witless), Cedric's jester. David Robb – Robert of Locksley, Robin Hood. Tony Haygarth – Friar Tuck. Michael Gothard – Sir Athelstane of Coningsburgh Philip Locke – Lucas de Beaumanoir, Grand Master of the Knights Templar. Timothy Morand – Prince John's Attendant Kevin Stoney – Fitzurse, Prince John's advisor. Dean Harris – Phillippe John Hallam – Herald Kenneth Gilbert – Marshall Debbie Farrington – Alicia Stewart Bevan – Edward, member of the Order of the Knights Templar. Geoffrey Beevers – Beaslin (as Geoffrey Veevers) John Forgeham – Front-de-Boeuf's Lieutenant Chloe Franks – Attendant Robert Russell – Leader Derek Lyons – Squire Production The film was part of a slate of films from Columbia Pictures Television then under Herman Rush. Anthony Andrews' casting was announced in September 1981. \"It's impossible to make Ivanhoe without being a bit tongue in cheek,\" said Andrews. Michael Hordern said, \"You could change our costumes from 12th Century to 20th Century and have us running about in automobiles instead of on horseback, and you could do the same story in terms of prejudice is still very strong. Human nature doesn't seem to have changed very much since Cedric's time.\" It was filmed at Pinewood Studios and the historic Bamburgh Castle and Alnwick Castle in Northumberland. \"The problem with Ivanhoe is that he is whiter than white, cleaner than clean\", said Andrews. \"He's a straight-cut hero with no rough edge. Each time he opens his mouth, he says something incredibly just. The problem was to turn him into a human being.\" Julian Glover","title":"Ivanhoe (1982 film)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"538712\",\n \"text\": \"The 1992 MTV Movie Awards was hosted by Dennis Miller. Performers En Vogue — \\\"My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)\\\" Ugly Kid Joe — \\\"Everything About You\\\" Arrested Development — \\\"Tennessee\\\" Vince Neil — \\\"You're Invited (But Your Friend Can't Come)\\\" Awards Below are the list of nominations. Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold. Best Movie Terminator 2: Judgment Day Backdraft Boyz n the Hood JFK Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Best Male Performance Arnold Schwarzenegger – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Val Kilmer – The Doors Robin Williams - The Fisher King Best Female Performance Linda Hamilton – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Geena Davis – Thelma and Louise Rebecca De Mornay – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Julia Roberts – Dying Young Most Desirable Male Keanu Reeves – Point Break Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Christian Slater – Kuffs Patrick Swayze – Point Break Jean-Claude Van Damme – Double Impact Most Desirable Female Linda Hamilton – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Christina Applegate – Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead Kim Basinger – Final Analysis Tia Carrere – Wayne's World Julia Roberts – Dying Young Breakthrough Performance Edward Furlong – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Anna Chlumsky – My Girl Campbell Scott – Dying Young Ice-T – New Jack City Kimberly Williams – Father of the Bride Best On-Screen Duo Dana Carvey and Mike Myers – Wayne's World Damon Wayans and Bruce Willis – The Last Boy Scout Anna Chlumsky and Macaulay Culkin – My Girl Kevin Costner and Morgan Freeman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Geena Davis and Susan Sarandon – Thelma and Louise Best Villain Rebecca De Mornay – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Robert Patrick – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Alan Rickman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Wesley Snipes – New Jack City Best Comedic Performance Billy Crystal – City Slickers Dana Carvey – Wayne's World Steve Martin – Father of the Bride Bill Murray – What About Bob? Mike Myers – Wayne's World Best Song from a Movie Bryan Adams — \\\"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\\\" (from Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves) MC Hammer — \\\"Addams Groove\\\" (from The Addams Family) Color Me Badd — \\\"I Wanna Sex You Up\\\" (from New Jack City) Eric Clapton — \\\"Tears in Heaven\\\" (from Rush) Guns N' Roses — \\\"You Could Be Mine\\\" (from Terminator 2: Judgment Day) Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky and Macaulay Culkin – My Girl Anjelica Huston and Raúl Juliá – The Addams Family Annette Bening and Warren Beatty – Bugsy Juliette Lewis and Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Priscilla Presley and Leslie Nielsen – The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear Best Action Sequence L.A. Freeway Scene – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Burning Building/Escape Through Old Tunnel – Backdraft Roof Scene – The\",\n \"title\": \"1992 MTV Movie Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2345381\",\n \"text\": \"Xonox, a division of K-tel Software, was an American third-party manufacturer of cartridges for the Atari 2600, ColecoVision, Commodore 64, and VIC-20 in the early 1980s. Xonox was one of many small video game companies to fold during the Video Game Crash of 1983. History Xonox, based in Minnesota, started developing Atari cartridges during the height of the 2600's popularity. Xonox capitalized on the novelty and perceived value of \\\"double-ender\\\" cartridges. These could be inserted into the console on one of the two ends, each end offering a different game. Different double-ender configurations could package the same game with different counterparts. Xonox was not the first company to try this; Playaround did it earlier with their adult-themed titles. Xonox eventually abandoned this idea and began releasing single versions of some of the titles previously offered as double-enders as well as a few new titles. Games released Atari 2600 Standard cartridges Artillery Duel Chuck Norris Superkicks Ghost Manor Motocross Racer Robin Hood Sir Lancelot Spike's Peak Tomarc The Barbarian Double-enders Artillery Duel/Chuck Norris Superkicks Artillery Duel/Ghost Manor Artillery Duel/Spike's Peak Chuck Norris Superkicks/Ghost Manor Chuck Norris Superkicks/Spike's Peak Ghost Manor/Spike's Peak Robin Hood/Sir Lancelot Motocross Racer/Tomarc the Barbarian ColecoVision Standard cartridges Artillery Duel Chuck Norris Superkicks It's Only Rock n' Roll Motocross Racer Robin Hood Sir Lancelot Slurpy Tomarc the Barbarian Word Feud Double-enders Artillery Duel/Chuck Norris Superkicks Motocross Racer/Tomarc the Barbarian Robin Hood/Sir Lancelot Commodore Vic-20 Artillery Duel Chuck Norris Superkicks Ghost Manor Motocross Racer Robin Hood Sir Lancelot Spike's Peak Tomarc the Barbarian References Companies based in Minnesota Defunct video game companies of the United States Atari 2600\",\n \"title\": \"Xonox\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22749489\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood is a comic opera by Reginald De Koven (music), Harry B. Smith (lyrics) and Clement Scott (lyrics of \\\"Oh Promise Me\\\"). The story is based on the Robin Hood legend, during the reign of King Richard I (1189-1199 AD). The opera was composed in Chicago, Illinois during the winter of 1888-1889. The opera was first performed at the Chicago Opera House on 9 June 1890. It was produced by the Boston Ideal Opera Company, also known as the Bostonians. The opera opened in New York at the Standard Theatre on September 22, 1891 and was produced in London at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 1891 with a new title, Maid Marian. It was revived at the Knickerbocker Theater on Broadway on April 30, 1900. Other Broadway revivals were in 1902 at the Academy of Music, in 1912 at New Amsterdam Theatre with Walter Hyde in the title role, in 1918 at the Park Theatre, in 1929 at the Casino Theatre and Jolson's 59th Street Theatre, in 1932 at Erlanger's Theatre, and in 1944 at the Adelphi Theatre. In 2004 Ohio Light Opera produced the opera based on a new critical edition of the opera that it commissioned from Quade Winter, based on the composer's original manuscripts in the Library of Congress. A complete CD recording was issued by Albany Records. Synopsis The opera is set in the late 12th century during the reign of King Richard I. Act 1 In the market square in Nottingham, England, villagers are celebrating the first day of May. Friar Tuck tells how he sells clothing and other goods (\\\"As an Honest Auctioneer\\\"). Annabel and the milkmaids are happy with their lives (\\\"Milkmaids' Song\\\"), but Allan-a-Dale notes that milkmaids are overworked. Robin Hood and his archers arrive and tout their ideal life in the woods (\\\"Come the Bowmen in Lincoln Green\\\"); they are welcomed to an archery contest. Robin notices Annabel, and Allan-A-Dale quickly questions his motives, as Allan loves Annabel. Annabel, Allan, Robin and the outlaw Little John consider the fickle nature of love. Maid Marian enters in disguise as a page boy to see Sir Guy of Gisborne, the ward of the Sheriff of Nottingham (\\\"I Came as a Cavalier\\\"). The Sheriff has arranged a marriage between Guy and Marian. Marian reveals herself to Robin and the reasons for her disguise, and the two fall in love (\\\"Come Dream So Bright\\\"). The Sheriff appears and boasts of his plans (\\\"I am the Sheriff of Nottingham\\\"). Sir Guy and the Sheriff plot how Guy will ask Marian to marry him (When a Peer Makes Love to a Damsel Fair). Robin and the bowmen return, pleased about the prizes they won in the archery contest. Because Robin is to receive his inheritance today, they go to the Sheriff's residence, knock on the door, and demand that the Sheriff declare Robin Hood's title of Earl, with its title to his land,and cash. The Sheriff refuses all demands and produces forged documents stating that\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood (De Koven opera)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1809865\",\n \"text\": \"Adam Stemple is a Celtic-influenced American folk rock musician, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He is also the author of several fantasy short stories and novels, including two series of novels co-written with his mother, writer Jane Yolen. Stemple also wrote a Push-Fold chart for poker with poker player Chris Wallace. Music Stemple played guitar and sang as a member of the folk rock \\\"rock-and-reel\\\" band Cats Laughing from 1988 to 1996. The band also included notable fantasy/science fiction authors Steven Brust and Emma Bull. For twelve years, he was lead singer/guitarist for the band Boiled in Lead. Stemple first appeared on Boiled in Lead's 1994 album Antler Dance. He co-wrote nine songs with science fiction and fantasy author Steven Brust on the 1995 album Songs from The Gypsy, released as an enhanced CD. The CD has the distinction of including the full text of the novel The Gypsy, which Brust co-authored with Megan Lindholm and upon which the songs were based. Stemple also produced and performed on Steven Brust's solo album A Rose for Iconoclastes. Stemple currently is with the Tim Malloys, an Irish band. Like Cats Laughing and Boiled in Lead, Stemple's current group shares musical roots that incorporate Celtic and rock styles. In April 2015, Stemple reunited with Cats Laughing in a concert at the Minicon science fiction convention. A live CD and DVD of the concert was released in late 2015. Fiction Stemple's first novel, for Tor Books, was Singer of Souls. A sequel, Steward of Song, was published in 2008. With his mother, Jane Yolen, Stemple has also co-authored two series of books — the Rock 'n Roll Fairy Tale series, and more recently, The Seelie Wars. The Rock 'n Roll Fairy Tale series began with Pay the Piper, published in 2005 by Tor. Pay the Piper was the winner of the 2006 Locus Award for Best Young Adult Book. Stemple's short stories include a series of historical whodunnits set in feudal Japan, featuring a samurai master and apprentice as a sleuthing duo, for the historical fiction magazine Paradox. Among Stemple's other published short stories, \\\"A Piece of Flesh\\\" was chosen as one of ten short stories included in The Year's Best SF and Fantasy for Teens (2005). Stemple was among the members of a group of writers known as the Pre-Joycean Fellowship, which included his bandmates Emma Bull and Steven Brust. Discography with Cats Laughing: Bootleg Issue (1988) Another Way to Travel (1990) A Long Time Gone (2015) with Boiled in Lead: Antler Dance (1994) Songs from The Gypsy (1995) Alloy (1998, compilation) Bibliography Novels Selected short fiction \\\"Robin Hood v1.5.3,\\\" in \\\"The Three Truths\\\" (Paradox, Issue 6, Winter 2004-2005) \\\"Troubles\\\" (with Jane Yolen), in \\\"Kitsune\\\" (Paradox, Issue 9, Summer 2006) \\\"The Tsar's Dragons,\\\" in \\\"Little Red\\\" (with Jane Yolen), in References External links American fantasy writers American rock singers American rock guitarists American male guitarists Living people American male novelists 21st-century American novelists Writers from Minneapolis Guitarists from Minnesota 21st-century American male writers Novelists\",\n \"title\": \"Adam Stemple\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12673973\",\n \"text\": \"Bows Against the Barons is a 1934 children's novel by the British author Geoffrey Trease, based on the legend of Robin Hood. It tells the story of an adolescent boy who joins an outlaw band and takes part in a great rebellion against the feudal elite. Trease's first novel, Bows Against the Barons marks the start of his prolific career as a historical novelist. It is notable for reinterpreting the Robin Hood legend and revitalizing the conventions of children's historical fiction in 20th-century Britain. Plot introduction Set in medieval England, Bows Against the Barons relates the adventures of a peasant boy who becomes an outlaw and joins the Robin Hood's band. Together, they take up arms against the masters of England and fight for the rights of the common people. The protagonist's former master tries to suppress them, but at great cost. The title refers to the longbow, the primary weapon of the outlaws. Plot summary Bows Against the Barons takes place during the final months of Robin Hood's life, beginning in early June, and ending in the following year about February. It is largely told from the viewpoint of Dickon, a 16-year-old peasant boy from the village of Oxton. Chapters 1–9 The novel opens by depicting Dickon's hardships as a serf on a baronial manor. He is whipped by his bailiff for missing work and harassed by the village priest for not paying tithe. Despite his youth, Dickon has to be his family's breadwinner because his father, Dick, has been conscripted as an archer for the Crusades. His troubles are compounded when the King's deer from nearby Sherwood Forest ravage his gardens. Moved by anger, Dickon kills one of the deer with an arrow. He then flees into the forest to avoid the penalties of poaching. Eventually, he meets Alan-a-Dale, who leads him to Robin Hood's band. Proving adept at archery, Dickon is welcomed into their company. Disguised as a weaver's apprentice, Dickon becomes Robin's messenger to all of Nottingham's rebels. Led by a bridle-smith, Dickon and the populace assemble in the market-place to protest about working conditions and to demand the release of imprisoned workers. The Sheriff of Nottingham attempts to disperse them, but Robin and his outlaws arrive and overwhelm the Sheriff. In the resulting riot, the imprisoned workers are freed. However, mounted soldiers from Nottingham Castle arrive to quash the revolt. Pursued by a horseman, Dickon escapes through secret passages and reaches the safety of Sherwood Forest, but he is captured by royal foresters and escorted north to be tried for poaching. However, Alan manages to make contact with Dickon, having disguised himself as a blind minstrel and his messages as doggerel. On Alan's instructions, Dickon attempts to delay the foresters' journey. His plans almost go awry when he meets his former master, Sir Rolf D'Eyncourt, who has returned from the Crusades and now attempts to reclaim Dickon. Fortunately, the head forester refuses to hand him over, insisting on the priority of royal justice. As his\",\n \"title\": \"Bows against the Barons\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6423420\",\n \"text\": \"Robyn and Gandeleyn is an English ballad. The poem is in Sloane Manuscript 2593, a document of lyrics and carols which dates from around 1450. It was first printed by Joseph Ritson in his 1790 collection Ancient Songs. It was later republished in the second half of the 19th century in an anthology of traditional English and Scottish ballads by Francis James Child known as the Child Ballads, where it is Child Ballad 115. Child also divided the continuous text into seventeen stanzas. The ballad has attracted interest from scholars of Robin Hood due to the similarity of Robyn's name and the involvement of both precise archery and a dangerous forest as motifs. Despite this similarity, Child and other scholars generally believe that the ballad is not directly connected to Robin Hood's legend. If it really is a reference to Robin Hood, it would be one of the earliest attested stories, along with Robin Hood and the Monk. Plot Robyn kills a deer, but is then shot and killed by an arrow. His servant Gandeleyn looks about for the killer and finds Wrennok of Donne, a young archer (described as a \\\"little boy\\\"). They exchange words, and Gandeleyn says they shall shoot at a mark of each other's hearts. Wrennok fires first but his shot misses. Gandeleyn fires second and cleaves his heart in two, killing Wrennok. The ballad concludes with Gandeleyn declaring Wrennok cannot boast of killing both Robyn and his servant. Analysis In general, most scholars believe the Robyn in this ballad to be unrelated to the more famous Robin Hood. There appear to be more differences than similarities between Robyn and Gandeleyn and Robin and Little John. Despite the belief it is unlikely to be directly related, the ballad is often included in collections of Robin Hood literature due to being a relevant example of folklore of perceptions of the medieval greenwood as a place of sudden violence and duels over affairs of honor. Child's division into stanzas is generally thought to work well enough. The work largely has a rhyme scheme of ABCB, also known as a ballad stanza, although there are several six-line stanzas that integrate awkwardly. The work may have been recited rather than sung, and thus is closer to a poem than a song. Transcription errors, such as a presumably accidental repetition of two lines, leads to suspicion that the Sloane manuscript 2593 was copied hastily and potentially inaccurately, but any differences with an older, lost version can only be speculated on. Other opinions have been offered as well, often suggesting that the Robyn described may have been a poacher and thus the ballad was about poaching. A thin possibility holds out a connection to The Tale of Gamelyn, a story found in some manuscripts that included The Canterbury Tales, but there is nothing to connect Gamelyn and Gandeleyn aside from their similar names. The author Robert Graves offered the eccentric view that the ballad was really about birds, and described the New\",\n \"title\": \"Robyn and Gandeleyn\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1068472\",\n \"text\": \"Elaine \\\"Lal\\\" Waterson (15 February 1943 – 4 September 1998) was an English folk singer and songwriter. She sang with, among others, The Watersons, The Waterdaughters and Blue Murder. She was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire. In 1998, she died suddenly in Robin Hood's Bay, of cancer diagnosed only ten days before. \\\"Lal Waterson's voice was stark but captivating, her songs lyrically ambitious and melodically powerful.\\\" Lal Waterson was the sister of Norma Waterson and Mike Waterson, the aunt of Eliza Carthy and the sister-in-law of Martin Carthy. She was married to George Knight and had two children, Oliver Knight and Maria Gilhooley, with both of whom she recorded albums. Biography Lal, Norma, and Mike Waterson were orphans and brought up by their grandmother who was of part gypsy descent. Always very close, they began singing together, with cousin John Harrison, in the 1950s, with Lal 'singing unexpected harmonies.' Having opened their own folk club in a pub in the fishing port of Hull where they grew up, by the mid 1960s they had developed their own unaccompanied style singing harmony style re-workings of traditional English songs. In 1968 they stopped touring and became geographically separate for the first time – Norma went to Montserrat, and Lal to Leeds where her husband George lived, while Mike stayed in Hull. Both Mike and Lal were writing songs and when Lal returned to Hull they began working together. When Martin Carthy heard Lal's songs, he found them extraordinary. At this time Carthy was in the folk-rock band Steeleye Span and he told the bass player Ashley Hutchings about Lal and Mike's songs and together they arranged to have them recorded, not unaccompanied, but with a backing band that included Carthy, Hutchings and Richard Thompson. Bright Phoebus was released in 1972 and \\\"caused a quiet sensation\\\". Her songs sometimes echoed traditional material but also involved a variety of other influences – 'some veered towards jazz and ragtime, others like Winifer Odd had a quirky charm worthy of The Beatles, but with bleak lyrics added. Another favourite Fine Horseman, made use of unexpected chords and structures.' Lyrics were as important to her as the music. The writer she admired most was the 19th century French poet Arthur Rimbaud. In 1976 all three Waterson siblings moved to Kirk Moor on the edge of the North York Moors and re-formed the group, with Martin Carthy taking over for John Harrison. In the 1980s Lal and George, and Norma and Martin, moved to Robin Hood's Bay, where the sea and landscape of the area often became the inspiration for Lal's songs. She left The Watersons in 1990 for health reasons, staying at Robin Hood's Bay, still writing and painting, and recorded her songs at home with her son Oliver Knight, who was a producer, guitarist, and songwriter. When Once in a Blue Moon was released however, she refused to sing the songs live – perhaps the result of a bad experience while singing with the\",\n \"title\": \"Lal Waterson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65275862\",\n \"text\": \"SherWoodstock: The Real Legend of Rockin' Robin Hood is a satirical theatre production originally performed at the Lyric Theatre in Brisbane on 12-25 January 1990. 18,000 people attended the production which raised $100,000 for the Queensland Spastic Welfare League. The executive producer and music director was David Pyle and the director was Sean Mee. The production featured more than 200 performers on stage and a 20-piece rock band. SherWoodstock was \\\"described as a cross between The Secret Policeman's Ball, a Live Aid concert and Black Adder. History SherWoodstock was the fourth of six plays produced by ToadShow Pty Ltd between 1985 and 1996. All productions blended two well-known stories and interspersed the story with popular songs while satirising local politics and providing social comment. SherWoodstock took elements from the legend of Robin Hood and the 1969 Woodstock music festival while drawing attention to environmental issues. ToadShow had produced three smaller-scale musicals prior to SherWoodstock – The Paisley Pirates of Penzance (1985), Conway Christ Redneck Superstar (1985) and Hound of Music (1986). SherWoodstock was followed by Phantoad of the Opera (1991) and Glamalot (1996). Theatre critic John Harris said, \\\"The musicals are unique to Brisbane, conceived and written by a combination of talents undoubtedly unlike any to be found anywhere else in the world. They employ music with a rock beat, satire with a light touch, and casts of dozens, scores, or hundreds, depending upon the venue.\\\" The production of SherWoodstock was underwritten by Jarden Morgan, one of the original backers of the film Crocodile Dundee. It relied on sponsorship of more than 100 organisations. Executive producer David Pyle said, \\\"The project relies on enthusiasm and goodwill from all involved. What we are basically doing is putting on a $3.5 million show for about a tenth of that price…\\\" Synopsis ACT 1 Robin Hood returns from the crusades to learn that Sherwood Forest is threatened by a proposed real-estate development. At the castle Sir Guy of Brisbourne and his backer Prince John are pitching the Sherwood Cove real-estate development to his filthy rich friends. Robin crashes the event to announce he will dedicate his life to saving the forest. Here he meets Maid Marian, Prince John's public relations consultant. Robin returns to the forest where he forms a band of hippie supporters. Sir Guy, the Sheriff and Maid Marian go to Sherwood Forest to confront Robin. Sir Guy and the Sheriff are driven off by the hippies but Marian stays behind to go for a walk in the forest with Robin. Sir Guy is concerned the Sherwood Cove project is losing public support. To restore public support and neutralise Robin, Sir Guy decides to put on a rock concert called SherWoodstock. The rich and poor alike attend the rock concert where Robin takes the stage and implores everyone to unite to save the planet. ACT 2 Robin Hood has been captured at SherWoodstock and placed in shackles in the Dungeon Room cabaret where the rich are entertained by cabaret singer Will\",\n \"title\": \"SherWoodstock\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6551914\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood's Stride (also known as Mock Beggar's Mansion) is a rock formation on the Limestone Way in Derbyshire close to the village of Elton. The nearest town is Bakewell, to the north. The popular tourist spot can be accessed via the Limestone Way just off the B5056 between Haddon Hall and Winster, or from the unclassified road from Alport to Elton using either the Limestone Way, a concessionary footpath or Access Land. Both options have limited parking at the side of the road. It consists of gritstone boulders deeply seamed by water flows. Limited short climbing is possible; nearby Cratcliffe Tor provides more serious routes. The two \\\"pinnacles\\\" are Weasel pinnacle (eastern end; Diff) and Inaccessible pinnacle (west; V Diff). An ancient road, possibly prehistoric or Roman, the Derbyshire Portway (also known as Old Manchester Lane and The Chariot Way) passed close to the outcrop. Nearby is Nine Stones Close, a four-stone circle, and, at Cratcliffe Tor, a rock shelter known as the Hermit's Cave, containing a crucifix carving dated stylistically to the 13th or 14th century. The name Robin Hood's stride comes from the 14th-century legend that Robin Hood jumped between the chimneys of the rock formation. Robin Hood's Stride features in an episode of The Return of Sherlock Holmes and the film The Princess Bride (1987). References External links snapthepeaks cressbrook.co.uk Mountains and hills of the Peak District Rock formations of England\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood's Stride\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72830861\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of unproduced John McTiernan projects in roughly chronological order. During his long career, American film director John McTiernan has worked on a number of projects which never progressed beyond the pre-production stage under his direction. Some of these projects fell in development hell, were officially canceled, were in development limbo or would see life under a different production team. 1980s The Quest of St. James Elk In 1981, McTiernan wrote the original screenplay for a planned film called The Quest of St. James Elk, which was to have been produced by Elliott Kastner through Winkast Film Productions, based at Pinewood Studios. However, the film was pulled from production just before the start. McTiernan's concept art and storyboards from the unproduced film were later salvaged and auctioned. Cortes In 1988, McTiernan was approached to direct Cortes, a historical epic about Hernán Cortés from a Nicholas Kazan screenplay and with Edward R. Pressman producing, but Kazan and Pressman could not get the film funded. Sgt. Rock Shortly after they did Predator together, McTiernan, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and writer Shane Black were all set to team on a big-budget film adaptation of the DC Comics character Sgt. Rock. According to McTiernan in the book The Last Action Heroes by Nick de Semlyan, the project was heavily developed in 1988 and 1989 only to be demolished by actor John Cleese, who would have starred opposite Schwarzenegger. As McTiernan explained, everyone was so attached to the idea of Cleese co-starring with Schwarzenegger that when Cleese declined, the project fell apart. \\\"As far as he was concerned, we were just a couple thug American action-movie makers,\\\" McTiernan said. \\\"If he'd seen Die Hard, I think he probably would have signed up. But he judged us on our reputation.\\\" McTiernan would go on to make The Hunt for Red October instead. The Adventures of Robin Hood As early as 1989, McTiernan had been attached to direct 20th Century Fox's The Adventures of Robin Hood, titled after the 1938 film, which was planned to be made after he finished Road Show. At the same time, two other competing Robin Hood projects were in development at Morgan Creek Entertainment and Tri-Star Pictures. All three intended to portray how Robin Hood became an outlaw hiding out in the Sherwood Forest in Nottinghamshire. The central character of McTiernan's version was named Sir Robert Hode, a young Saxon noble more interested in wine and women, until the threat of a lashing by the Norman authorities sends him racing to the woods. The script was written by Mark Allen Smith. Fox hoped that Mel Gibson would agree to star in the film, though he turned it down over concerns of doing several \\\"period pieces\\\" in a row. In 1990, a race between the three projects ensued, with Tri-Star announcing a September 3 start date and Fox planning for an October 22 start. Plans, however, began to fall apart by late July when Kevin Costner signed on to star in\",\n \"title\": \"John McTiernan's unrealized projects\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"218796\",\n \"text\": \"Robert John \\\"Mutt\\\" Lange (; born 11 November 1948) is a South African record producer, mainly known for his work in rock music as well as his previous marriage to Canadian singer Shania Twain, with whom he co-wrote and produced various songs. Her 1997 album Come On Over, which he produced, is the best-selling country music album, the best-selling studio album by a female act, the best-selling album of the 1990s, and the 9th best-selling album in the United States. He has also produced songs for, or otherwise worked with, artists such as , Def Leppard, The Michael Stanley Band, The Boomtown Rats, Foreigner, Michael Bolton, The Cars, Bryan Adams, Huey Lewis and the News, Billy Ocean, Celine Dion, Britney Spears, The Corrs, Maroon 5, Lady Gaga, Now United, Nickelback, and Muse. Early life Robert John Lange was born in Mufulira, Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia), and raised in Durban, South Africa. His German mother came from a prosperous family, and his South African father was a mining engineer. Nicknamed \\\"Mutt\\\" at an early age, Lange grew up a fan of country music, in particular the singer Slim Whitman. While studying at Belfast High School in what is now Mpumalanga province, he started a band in which he played rhythm guitar and sang harmonies. Career After his national service (1966–1967), Lange formed the band Sound Reason in 1969, together with James Borthwick, a South African TV, stage and film actor. In 1971, he started the group Hocus, recording one album and releasing five singles. In 1978, Lange wrote and produced Ipswich Town's FA Cup Final single \\\"Ipswich Get That Goal\\\", his connection with the club due to their South Africa-born player Colin Viljoen. The song is derived from a previous recording, \\\"Give That Thang to Me\\\" by Paul Jones (1977), with some parts rearranged and new lyrics. Beginning production work in 1976, his first major hits came in October 1978 with the UK No. 1 single \\\"Rat Trap\\\" for The Boomtown Rats, followed in July 1979 with AC/DC's hard rock album Highway to Hell (No. 8 UK, No. 17 US). He produced a total of five albums for UK band City Boy from 1976 to 1979. He produced two more albums with AC/DC, including Back in Black (1980) which is, , the second-best-selling album of all time. He also worked with rock group Foreigner on 4, and with Def Leppard on their hit albums, High 'n' Dry, Pyromania, Hysteria and Adrenalize, co-writing most of the songs. After Hysteria, Lange bowed out of working with Def Leppard. In 1999, he returned to working with them in a more limited role, co-writing three tracks for their album Euphoria, which spawned the single \\\"Promises\\\", a Number 1 hit on the mainstream rock charts. In 1991, he produced Bryan Adams's Waking Up the Neighbours, including co-writing \\\"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\\\" for the Kevin Costner film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves which – with 16 consecutive weeks at the top from 7\",\n \"title\": \"Robert John \\\"Mutt\\\" Lange\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5673686\",\n \"text\": \"The Noble Fisherman, also known as Robin Hood's Preferment and Robin Hood's Fishing, is a 17th-century ballad of Robin Hood. Unusually, it depicts Robin Hood as a hero of the sea, rather than his usual portrayal as someone who operated in the greenwood forest. It seems to have been quite popular for the first two centuries of its existence, although it eventually lost prominence and was less used in adaptations of Robin Hood from the 19th and 20th centuries. It was later published by Francis James Child in the 1880s as Child Ballad #148 in his influential collection of popular ballads. Robin Hood's Bay in the Borough of Scarborough may have been an inspiration for the writer of the ballad. Plot Robin Hood decides to go to sea and try his hand at being a fisherman. He poses as a poor fisherman and calls himself Simon Over-The-Lee. In Scarborough, North Yorkshire, he meets a widow with an inn by the sea and her own boat. She hires him and hopes that he will live up to his namesake (Simon Peter, a fisherman). The ship's Master initially is unimpressed with the new hire. The crew laughs at him as an obvious \\\"lubber\\\" whose seamanship is at novice level. \\\"Simon\\\" spies a French warship, presumably either pirates or privateers. While the Master initially despairs at the prospect of being taken into French captivity, Simon insists he be allowed to defend the ship with his bow. Simon shoots the French pirates using his archery skills. Instead of the French boarding the fishing boat, the fishermen board the French ship, where everyone is already dead from Simon's arrows. They find a treasure hoard of twelve thousand pounds aboard the French warship. Initially, Simon says he will take half for his \\\"dame\\\" (the widow who hired him, as she is called a dame earlier) and offers to share the other half of the treasure with the others on the boat. The Master refuses and insists that the treasure is all Robin's. Robin vows to use it to build a habitation for the oppressed where they can live in peace. Analysis A ballad titled \\\"The Noble Fisherman, or, Robin Hoods great Prize\\\" is listed in the Stationers' Register as from June 1631, and was presumably this ballad. The oldest surviving copy is also probably from the 1630s, now kept in the Bodleian Library collection. Many late 17th-century broadside copies exist and the ballad was commonly included in the garlands (collections) of Robin Hood ballads of the 17th and 18th centuries, suggesting the work's popularity. The ballad's writing style suggests it was written by a professional ballad writer inventing a tale that combined England's famous hero with the then popular genre of stories involving a victory over a hated foreign enemy in the French, making it unlikely the tale originated from an older medieval popular tradition, and certainly not an actual historical incident. The ballad is also unusual in placing Robin Hood in Scarborough, which also probably\",\n \"title\": \"The Noble Fisherman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39047069\",\n \"text\": \"Dominique Mattei (born in 1981 in Marseille, France) better known by the stage name Dumè is a French singer, composer and actor. Biography As an adolescent, he studied composing, singing and playing guitar at the Marseilles conservatory. He opened for concerts by Pascal Obispo and signed as a composer for Atletico music. He wrote songs for Johnny Hallyday, Faudel, Natasha Saint-Pier, Louisy Joseph amongst others and partnered with Lionel Florence writing for others. In November 2009, Dominique Mattei announced that he was taking the name Dumè and was preparing his first album through financing from My Major Company. In 2012, Dumè was also featured in Génération Goldman tribute project to Jean-Jaques Goldman singing Il suffira d'un signe alongside Merwan Rim, Amaury Vassili and Baptiste Giabiconi. In 2013, he is taking part in the French musical adaptation of Robin hood titled Robin des Bois playing the role of Vaisey, the Sheriff of Nottingham. He also performs in the play Notting Hill Nottingham as a solo and Devenir quelqu'un with M. Pokora (in the role of Robin Hood). His first album solo is edited in 2014 : La moitié du chemin. Discography Singles 2010 : Je ne sais rien faire 2012 : La moitié du chemin, duet with Judith 2014 : Maman m'avait dit Album 2014 : La moitié du chemin Appearances 2012 : Il suffira d'un signe (Merwan Rim, Amaury Vassili, Baptiste Giabiconi and Dumè in Génération Goldman) Musical Theatre 2013 : Robin des Bois, Vaisey, the Sheriff of Nottingham Notting Hill Nottingham (Dumè in Robin des Bois) Devenir quelqu'un (Dumè & M. Pokora in Robin des Bois) Y renoncer un jour (Dumè in \\\"Robin des Bois\\\") References French composers French male composers 1981 births Living people Male actors from Marseille 21st-century French singers 21st-century French male singers\",\n \"title\": \"Dumè\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9880436\",\n \"text\": \"Tomasz Sylwester Beksiński (26 November 1958 – 24 December 1999) was a popular Polish radio presenter, music journalist and movie translator. He was the son of painter Zdzisław Beksiński. Early life Beksiński was born in Sanok, Poland. From the age of 12 he was interested in music, especially rock music (progressive rock, gothic rock) and horror films. In one of his essays he wrote about how scared he was while watching his first horror movie (The Reptile) in 1970. He admitted it was the first and the last time he felt that way watching a horror film. For a year he studied English literature at the University of Silesia campus in Sosnowiec. He studied English philology in Katowice. Career Music journalist In the late '70s he became a music journalist and was one of the most charismatic Polish radio presenters. It was not a coincidence he chose such a career; he was known to be a music lover, who had an impressive collection of LP records. He debuted on air in Marek Niedźwiecki's programme in 1982. At the beginning he worked together with Polskie Radio and presented programmes Romantycy muzyki rockowej, and Wieczór płytowy. He also wrote feature articles and reviews for Tylko Rock and Magazyn muzyczny magazines. From 1998 he wrote a column Opowieści z Krypty in Tylko Rock magazine, where his features were published. He also wrote for Machina magazine. Translations Tomasz Beksiński was also an English-Polish translator. He translated most of the James Bond and Harry Callahan films and Monty Python's Flying Circus comedy sketches and many other films e.g. Wild at Heart, Silence of the Lambs, Apocalypse Now, Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, Birdy, Die Hard, Don't Look Now, Frankenstein, Beyond the Poseidon Adventure, The Swarm, Someone's watching me!, Lethal Weapon, 1941, Pet Sematary, Reservoir Dogs, Lost Highway,Untouchables, Carrie, Dawn Of The Dead, Pumpkinhead, Hellraiser, The Reptile, Casablanca, Escape From New York, Once Upon a Time in America, Godfather 3, The Fury, The Doors, Casualties of War. He also translated some lyrics of Marillion, Iron Maiden, King Crimson, Pink Floyd, The Doors, Joy Division and The Sisters of Mercy. Plane accident On 2 November 1988 he survived a plane accident in Rzeszów, in which one person was killed and several others severely injured. He never traveled by plane again. Death On 24 December 1999 Tomasz died by suicide. Shortly before his death he wrote a feature about modern culture, in which he unambiguously forewarned about his intention. He had a history of suicide ideation and attempts. References Polish radio journalists 1958 births 1999 suicides 20th-century Polish journalists People from Sanok Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents 1999 deaths Drug-related suicides in Poland\",\n \"title\": \"Tomasz Beksiński\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1028445\",\n \"text\": \"The Percy Folio is a folio book of English ballads used by Thomas Percy to compile his Reliques of Ancient Poetry. Although the manuscript itself was compiled in the 17th century, some of its material goes back well into the 12th century. It was the most important of the source documents used by Francis James Child for his 1883 collection The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. The manuscript Those who owned the manuscript before Percy did not treat it well; its owners had probably regarded its Middle English and border dialect as incomprehensible and worthless. When Percy first came across the manuscript, in the house of its former owner Sir Humphrey Pitt of Shifnal, pages were being used by his housemaids to start fires. Percy had the manuscript bound, and the bookbinder inflicted additional damage in trimming the edges of the sheets, losing first or last lines on many pages. Percy did not treat the manuscript particularly well himself; he wrote notes and comments in it and tore out some pages after binding. The original folio is in the British Library, known as Additional MS. 27879. In its present form the manuscript consists of some 520 paper pages, containing 195 individual items. The works were transcribed in the middle decades of the 17th century. The handwriting in the manuscript appears to be the same throughout and bears some similarity with that of Thomas Blount but it cannot be determined for certain if he originally collected the work. The loose leaves that comprise the manuscript are now individually mounted and covered with gauze. Contents In addition to the ballads culled and compiled by Percy and Child, the folio contains an alliterative poem in Middle English entitled Death and Liffe and Scottish Feilde, which is a poem on the Battle of Flodden. The manuscript contains ballads, for the most part, but also metrical romances such as Sir Degaré and The Squire of Low Degree. There are several Arthurian texts, including King Arthur and King Cornwall, Sir Lancelott of Dulake, The Marriage of Sir Gawain, Merline, The Carle of Carlisle, The Greene Knight, The Boy and the Mantle and The Turke and Gowin. The last three narratives are entirely unknown outside the Percy Folio. The manuscript also preserves eight Robin Hood ballads: \\\"Robin Hood's Death,\\\" \\\"Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne,\\\" \\\"Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar,\\\" \\\"Robin Hood and the Butcher,\\\" \\\"The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield,\\\" \\\"Little John a Begging,\\\" \\\"Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires,\\\" and \\\"Robin Hood and Queen Katherine.\\\" Reception and significance Percy published several pieces from the manuscript, many of which were \\\"repaired\\\" or frankly rewritten, especially in his Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, but did not allow fellow historians access to the original manuscript during his lifetime. Percy's book was the constant companion of Gottfried August Bürger, a childhood hero of Novalis, one of the chief influences of George MacDonald, whom C.S. Lewis considered his master. And thus the manuscript, through Percy's book had a direct line of\",\n \"title\": \"Percy Folio\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46443001\",\n \"text\": \"A sentimental ballad is an emotional style of music that often deals with romantic and intimate relationships, and to a lesser extent, loneliness, death, war, drug abuse, politics and religion, usually in a poignant but solemn manner. Ballads are generally melodic enough to get the listener's attention. Sentimental ballads are found in most music genres, such as pop, R&B, soul, country, folk, rock and electronic music. Usually slow in tempo, ballads tend to have a lush musical arrangement which emphasizes the song's melody and harmonies. Characteristically, ballads use acoustic instruments such as guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. Many modern mainstream ballads tend to feature synthesizers, drum machines and even, to some extent, a dance rhythm. Sentimental ballads had their origins in the early Tin Pan Alley music industry of the later 19th century. Initially known as \\\"tear-jerkers\\\" or \\\"drawing-room ballads\\\", they were generally sentimental, narrative, strophic songs published separately or as part of an opera, descendants perhaps of broadside ballads. As new genres of music began to emerge in the early 20th century, their popularity faded, but the association with sentimentality led to the term ballad being used for a slow love song from the 1950s onwards. History Early history Sentimental ballads have their roots from medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally \\\"danced songs\\\". Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia and North Africa. As a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger. The earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is \\\"Judas\\\" in a 13th-century manuscript. A reference in William Langland's Piers Plowman indicates that ballads about Robin Hood were being sung from at least the late 14th century and the oldest detailed material is Wynkyn de Worde's collection of Robin Hood ballads printed about 1495. 18th century – early 20th century Ballads at this time were originally composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines. These refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance. In the 18th century, ballad operas developed as a form of English stage entertainment, partly in opposition to the Italian domination of the London operatic scene. In America a distinction is drawn between ballads that are versions of European, particularly British and Irish songs, and 'Native American ballads', developed without reference to earlier songs. A further development was the evolution of the blues ballad, which mixed the genre with Afro-American music. In the late 19th century, Danish folklorist Svend Grundtvig and Harvard professor Francis James Child attempted to record and classify all the known ballads and variants in their chosen regions. Since Child died before writing a commentary on his work it is uncertain exactly how and why he differentiated the 305 ballads printed that would be\",\n \"title\": \"Sentimental ballad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53384444\",\n \"text\": \"George Maguire (born 17 January 1985) is an English actor and musician, known for originating the role of Dave Davies in the musical Sunny Afternoon. Career Maguire made his first appearance on stage, aged 9, in a small role in a pantomime production of Robin Hood and the Babes in the Wood at Guildford Civic Hall. When he was 10, he attended an open audition that landed him his West End debut in Oliver! at the Palladium. While still appearing in Oliver! he began to attend Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts. During his time there he saw the first London production of Rent which proved a great inspiration for him. \\\"It was raw, rocky and real and I remember thinking 'that's the kind of stuff I want to do'.\\\" In 2011, Maguire appeared as Richard Loeb in Thrill Me, first at the Tristan Bates Theatre in London and then at the Charing Cross Theatre. This was followed by his first of two stints as 1970s glam rock star Marc Bolan in 20th Century Boy which premiered at the New Wolsey Theatre in Ipswich in September 2011. A planned tour of Hair with Maguire taking the lead role of Berger was cancelled with the exception of a two-week engagement at Deutsches Theater in Munich. A few months later, in July 2012, there was a one-off charity performance of this production at the Piccadilly Theatre in London in aid of Help for Heroes which featured Oliver Tobias, who portrayed Berger at the first London production of Hair in 1968. In September of the same year, George returned to 20th Century Boy, this time performing at Belgrade Theatre in Coventry. Early 2013 saw Maguire appear in a production called Lift, where he played a Busker, looking for cash and for the woman that always walks past him smiling every morning. Maguire said about the production: \\\"I have always been passionate about new writing and love the chance to originate a role.\\\" Maguire then played Dave Davies in the Kinks musical, Sunny Afternoon, on which he commented: \\\"It's quite rare and special to be able to see a piece through from the beginning.\\\" The show opened at the Hampstead Theatre in April 2014 and after a sold-out run of 6 weeks, transferred to the West End's Harold Pinter Theatre where it ran for two years. Maguire left the show in early October 2015. In April 2015, George Maguire won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actor in Sunny Afternoon, the musical simultaneously picking up three further awards, including Best New Musical. In 2017, Maguire appeared as a guest character in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders as Felix Moore. Then in April 2020, he appeared in an episode of the BBC daytime soap opera Doctors as Greg Taylor-Smith. More recently, as well as continuing his acting Career, he has been teaching at Stageworks College in St Neots. Stage Filmography References External links 1985 births Living people English male musical theatre actors English\",\n \"title\": \"George Maguire (actor, born 1985)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7419124\",\n \"text\": \"Kwan Wai Pang (; born 20 March 1945 in Guilin, Guangxi), known professionally as Teddy Robin (), is a Hong Kong English pop singer-songwriter, actor, and director and producer. He began his music career in mid 1960s when Hong Kong English pop was at its peak. He formed a rock and roll band with his friends called Teddy Robin and the Playboys while Teddy was the vocal and guitarist. The band was the first Chinese-led rock band in Hong Kong. The band became a massive hit in Hong Kong. From the 70s, Teddy started to get involved in the movie industry. in 1979, he was the producer of his first movie 《Cops and Robbers 點指兵兵》. He then played a pivotal role at the Pearl City Production Company and Cinema City Company Limited. Despite his heavy involvement in movie productions, he was still passionate about music and continued his involvement in record productions and film song creation during the time. He has produced over 20 movies and directed 5 and 1/3 films throughout his career. He won various awards across film and music festivals, such as the CASH Hall of Fame Award from the Composers and Authors Society of Hong Kong, The Best Original Film Song and the Best Supporting Actor from the Hong Kong Film Award, The Best Actor from Hong Kong Film Critics Society and The Best Actor from International Chinese Film Festival. He is also one of the five founders of Hong Kong Film Directors' Guild and the Honorary Director of Hong Kong Performing Artistes Guild. Early life Teddy Robin was born in Guilin, Guangxi, alongside five brothers and sisters. He came to Hong Kong with his father in 1949, settling in Wan Chai. As a rebellious child, Teddy was average at school. He always hung out at street court with his gangs. He called himself \\\"Teddy Robin\\\" because he admired the heroic image of Robin Hood. At the early age of 11, Teddy started his career as a child broadcaster at Rediffusion (ATV). Teddy developed his enthusiasm for rock and roll music when he first heard the sound of an electric guitar. Then he started to explore and learn to play electric guitar . He then formed a rock band called \\\"Teddy Robin and the Playboys\\\" with his friends and his two younger brothers. Apart from music, Teddy Robin is also a skilled painter and sketcher. He designed the cover for his singles, including \\\"I Can’t Be Hurt Any More\\\", \\\"Not All Lies\\\", \\\"Breakthrough\\\", \\\"365 Days\\\" and \\\"Memories\\\". Music career After graduating from high school, Teddy Robin worked as a Trainee Producer at Rediffusion English TV Station . He formed rock band \\\"Teddy Robin and the Playboys\\\" with Norman Chang, Fedrick Chan and his two younger brothers in 1966. In the 1960s, the band was signed by Diamond Records and released its first album. In 1966, \\\"Teddy Robin and the Playboys\\\" was the home band of Rediffusion TV's most popular music program \\\"Soundbite 66\\\". In 1968, Mr\",\n \"title\": \"Teddy Robin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11124733\",\n \"text\": \"Tim Pollard (born 23 February 1964) is an English actor and entertainer who has been appearing and performing as Robin Hood in and around his home town of Nottingham, England for over 30 years. He lives and works in the legendary city as well as representing it nationally and internationally in his position as Nottingham's Official Robin Hood. Early years Before his career as an actor, Pollard worked in the roleplaying and wargaming industry for many years as well as being a freelance graphic designer and illustrator. During this time, he became involved in Viking battle re-enactment and the first live-roleplaying company established in the UK, Treasure Trap (at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire), as well as performing with a number of local rock bands. He also studied medieval Japanese and 19th century South African history at SOAS, the prestigious School of Oriental and African Studies in London. Robin Hood As Nottingham's Official Robin Hood, Tim Pollard has represented the County and City of Nottingham nationally and internationally since 1996 – for example appearing in Chicago, Houston, Toronto and several times in New York City and Hameln, Germany (home of the famous Pied Piper with whom he keeps contact through their brotherhood Legion of Legends. He also performs regularly at Nottingham Castle's annual Robin Hood pageant and at medieval banquets, charity events and other shows throughout the Midlands. Television Tim Pollard has also choreographed fight scenes or played roles in Blue Peter, The Oxford Road Show, Blind Date, The Big Breakfast, Moll Flanders and Common As Muck. He appears regularly on local TV news and has also appeared as Robin Hood on TV shows such as Australia's Channel 9 'Getaway' travel show, 'Castles, Secrets and Legends' for the US Travel Channel and the BBC's 'Antiques Roadtrip'. In his role as Official Robin Hood of Nottinghamshire, he has appeared as an expert in local history on the Travel Channel television show \\\"Expedition Unknown\\\" Season 2 episode 'The Real Robin Hood'. Film Tim Pollard has appeared as the narrator character 'Lord Victor Fleming' in the horror films Dracula's Orgy of the Damned and Werewolf Massacre at Hell's Gate. Fleming is an expert in occult lore and a collector of tales of eldritch curiosity. DVD/Music In 1985 he was a featured part of the stage show performing with psychedelic prog-rock band Hawkwind on their Chronicle of the Black Sword tour, and can be seen on the live concert DVD The Chronicle of the Black Sword. Gaming and role-playing Pollard has also worked full and part-time in the gaming business since 1978. He was also employed in design at Games Workshop and Citadel Miniatures as a writer, editor, artist and art manager. He edited and produced the initial Flintloque line of table-top Napoleonic fantasy games for Alternative Armies, as well as co-writing the entry for Shaka Zulu in Steve Jackson Games GURPS Who's Who. He also contributed research on antique coins to the PC first-person action game The Operative: No One Lives Forever. References External\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Pollard\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16959056\",\n \"text\": \"Ivanhoe is a 1982 British-American made-for-television historical romance film. An adaptation of Sir Walter Scott's 1819 novel of the same name, it stars Anthony Andrews in the title role. The film was directed by Douglas Camfield, with a screenplay written by John Gay. It depicts the noble knight Ivanhoe returning home from the Third Crusade and becoming involved in a power struggle for the throne of England. Brian de Bois-Guilbert is treated more ambiguously than in most versions of the story. He develops some genuine affection for Rebecca of York towards the end, and although he could easily have won the fight against the wounded and weakened Wilfred of Ivanhoe, Brian de Bois-Guilbert lowers his sword and allows himself to be killed, thus saving Rebecca's life. Plot summary Upon returning from the Crusades, Ivanhoe, Robin Hood and the Saxons work to restore King Richard to the throne with opposition from Prince John, his Norman knights, and the Knights Templar. Cast Anthony Andrews – Sir Wilfred of Ivanhoe, Cedric's son. Sam Neill – Sir Brian de Bois-Guilbert Michael Hordern – Lord Cedric of Rotherwood James Mason – Isaac of York, Jewish money-lender. Olivia Hussey – Rebecca of York, Isaac's daughter. Lysette Anthony – Lady Rowena, Cedric's ward. Julian Glover – King Richard I Plantagenet, the Black Knight. Ronald Pickup – Prince John Plantagenet, Richard's brother and usurper. John Rhys-Davies – Sir Reginald Front-de-Boeuf Stuart Wilson – Sir Maurice de Bracy George Innes – Wamba (son of Witless), Cedric's jester. David Robb – Robert of Locksley, Robin Hood. Tony Haygarth – Friar Tuck. Michael Gothard – Sir Athelstane of Coningsburgh Philip Locke – Lucas de Beaumanoir, Grand Master of the Knights Templar. Timothy Morand – Prince John's Attendant Kevin Stoney – Fitzurse, Prince John's advisor. Dean Harris – Phillippe John Hallam – Herald Kenneth Gilbert – Marshall Debbie Farrington – Alicia Stewart Bevan – Edward, member of the Order of the Knights Templar. Geoffrey Beevers – Beaslin (as Geoffrey Veevers) John Forgeham – Front-de-Boeuf's Lieutenant Chloe Franks – Attendant Robert Russell – Leader Derek Lyons – Squire Production The film was part of a slate of films from Columbia Pictures Television then under Herman Rush. Anthony Andrews' casting was announced in September 1981. \\\"It's impossible to make Ivanhoe without being a bit tongue in cheek,\\\" said Andrews. Michael Hordern said, \\\"You could change our costumes from 12th Century to 20th Century and have us running about in automobiles instead of on horseback, and you could do the same story in terms of prejudice is still very strong. Human nature doesn't seem to have changed very much since Cedric's time.\\\" It was filmed at Pinewood Studios and the historic Bamburgh Castle and Alnwick Castle in Northumberland. \\\"The problem with Ivanhoe is that he is whiter than white, cleaner than clean\\\", said Andrews. \\\"He's a straight-cut hero with no rough edge. Each time he opens his mouth, he says something incredibly just. The problem was to turn him into a human being.\\\" Julian Glover\",\n \"title\": \"Ivanhoe (1982 film)\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"60333329","text":"Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives is the debut studio album from the American rock band Rock N Roll Hi Fives. Content The ten-track album was released on red 12\"-vinyl and digital download with Little Dickman Records, on 29 June 2018. It was recorded between 2016 and 2017, engineered by Mike Moebius and mastered by Joe Lambert. Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives contains four new songs, with the remainder appearing on previous Rock N Roll Hi Fives' albums. They wrote the song \"Hold On\" in a 70s glam rock style, and Eilee Centeno recalls upon receiving the music, she was in \"a rut with words and dad jokingly said I should start writing songs about relationships since that's what all of the hits were about. I've never been in a relationship before and I usually write the lyrics to our songs on my own but for this song dad and I wrote the lyrics together so we had both angles being portrayed in the song.\" The album draws comparison to the music of Kim Deal, Corin Tucker, and the Runaways. The music video for \"Same Mistakes\" was released on September 18, 2018, and features live footage from their 2018 tour of Japan, with filming by Tsuyoshi Hashimoto. It also contains \"various and sundry clips,\" and photographs. The record release party for Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives was at Mercury Lounge in New York on June 24, 2018, with Lost Boy?. Reception Rich Quinlan of Jersey Beat says Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives is \"fun and incredibly infectious, the Rock N Roll Hi-Fives inject a sense of purity into their playing that is desperately missed by most bands today. There is no pretense or tricks; this is rock 'n' roll for people who love rock 'n' roll.\" Bob Makin in Institute for Nonprofit News calls the song \"Battles\" the \"standout,\" describing it as \"a grungy grabber that's a cross between the Ramones and the Runaways with a pinch of L7 and Hole. I love the way Eilee simultaneously counters and complements the rough edges of this song with the distorted, sci-fi-sounding effects of the theremin.\" Magnet calls the song \"C'est la Vie\" a \"hell of a good song.\" A review of the song \"Hold On\" by Impose describe it as \"a hooky, riff-chugging ripper straight out of the best anthemic works 60s glam has to offer with The RocknRoll Hi-Fives' unique flair and swagger shining throughout.\" The Fire Note says \"Eilee's vocals are strong [on \"Hold On\" and] have a snap to them like Joan Jett,\" and the music is reminiscent \"of 90's punk group Red Aunts or more currently Southern California's the Side Eyes.\" Tracklisting Personnel Eilee Centeno – vocals and theremin Evren Centeno – drums Gloree Centeno – bass Joe Centeno – guitars and backing vocals References Citations Bibliography External links 2018 albums Little Dickman Records albums Rock-and-roll albums Rock N Roll Hi Fives albums","title":"Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives"},{"docid":"7250407","text":"\"Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?\" is a song by American punk rock band Ramones', released by Sire Records as the second single and opening track from the band's fifth studio album End of the Century (1980). It was released on May 16, 1980. Produced by Phil Spector, the song and album marked a change in the Ramones' sound, in an attempt to achieve commercial success. Based on many rock and pop songs the band grew up listening to, the song featured more complex instrumentation and production than past songs by the band, employing the use of piano, trumpet, horn, saxophone and synthesizer, along with the standard guitar, drums and bass. The song criticized the state of mainstream rock music at that time and took a roots rock approach. The album's title End of the Century came from a couplet found in the lyrics of the song: \"It's the end, the end of the seventies/It's the end, the end of the century.\" This verse also provided the title of the 2003 documentary about the group, End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones. The opening riff of the song appears in the trailers of DreamWorks Animation's Shrek The Third, which was released in 2007. The song also appears in the film's soundtrack. Lyrical content The Ramones sought to return rock music to its most basic roots, abandoning movements such as late 1960s psychedelic rock and early 1970s prog rock music. The song states the Ramones' philosophy in lines such as \"We need change, we need it fast/Before rock's just part of the past/'Cause lately it all sounds the same to me\". Many of the band's influences are mentioned in the song, including Murray the K, John Lennon, Jerry Lee Lewis, T. Rex, The Barbarians (whose drummer, Victor \"Moulty\" Moulton, is mentioned by his nickname) and Alan Freed, as well as musical variety TV and radio shows such as Hullabaloo, Shindig!, Upbeat and The Ed Sullivan Show. Furthermore, a clip of Buddy Holly and the Crickets performing on The Ed Sullivan Show can be seen in the music video. While the song celebrates the Ramones' teenage rock and roll memories, it also reflects and criticizes the trend of playing nostalgic songs on radio, rather than focusing on new music. Reception Record World called it a \"thunderous paean to radio as it should be.\" Track listing U.S. 7\" Single \"Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?\" (Ramones) - 3:50 \"Let's Go\" (Ramones) - 3:02 References External links Rock ‘N' Roll Radio at Discogs (list of releases) The song’s lyrics at Genius Songs about rock music Songs about nostalgia Songs about radio 1980 singles Ramones songs Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Song recordings with Wall of Sound arrangements Songs written by Joey Ramone Songs written by Johnny Ramone Songs written by Dee Dee Ramone Kiss (band) songs 1980 songs Sire Records singles","title":"Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?"},{"docid":"8306261","text":"Eric Carlson (born May 22, 1958, in Seattle, Washington) is a founding member and lead guitarist of American heavy metal band The Mentors. Under the stage name Sickie Wifebeater, Carlson started The Mentors in Seattle in 1976 with bass guitarist Steve Broy (Dr. Heathen Scum) and singer/drummer Eldon Hoke (El Duce) who attended Roosevelt High School together. Style Wifebeater's playing style when soloing (with hand above and over the fretboard) is one of the things that gave the Mentors' guitars a unique sound. His signature sound is fluid with alternating bottom-heavy crunch with fast-noted metal runs. When performing, Wifebeater wears a black executioner’s hood, according to a Guitar World \"Behind the Mask: A Brief History of Guitarists with an Identity Crisis\", Guitar World, September 5, 2008 Equipment Guitars Wifebeater plays or has played the following guitars A 1964 red Gibson SG with one P-90 pickup and one DiMarzio super distortion Humbucker A 1965 red Gibson SG stock P-90 pickups Early 1980s silver Boogiebodies Stratocaster A 1970s black Ventura Les Paul Copy (used in early 1980s) Amplifiers Sickie Wifebeater uses a 1978 or 1979 Marshall MKII 100 Watt Lead with checkerboard speaker cabinets. Originally, he used the fullstack as pictured on the Get Up and Die album cover but in later years he mainly ran it as a halfstack. Discography With The Mentors Get Up and Die (1981 Mystic Records) Live at the Whiskey/Cathey de Grande (1981 Mystic Records) You Axed for It! (1985 Metal Blade/Death Records) Up the Dose (1986 Metal Blade/Death Records) Sex Drugs and Rock 'n' Roll (1989 Ever Rat Records) Rock Bible (1990 Mentor Records) To The Max (1991 Mentor Records) Over The Top (2005 Mentor Records) Ducefixion (2009 Mentor Records) Illuminaughty (2017 Mentor Records) With other groups Jesters of Destiny - Fun at the Funeral 1986 Mentorhawk - Motel 7 1999 Northwest Breeders - Northwest Breeders EP 2001 Videography Get Up and Die (1983) Mentors Fuck Movie (1987) A Piece Of Sinema (1990) The Wretched World of The Mentors (1990) Mentors Tour De Max '91 (1991) El Duce, The Man. The Myth. The Video. (1993) Mentors - El Duce Vita DVD (2007) Sources Church Of El Duce Men In The Hood: Mentors Site References External links Sickie Wifebeater at MySpace The Mentors Official Website Church of El Duce Mentors @ the Metal Archives Living people 1958 births American heavy metal guitarists American punk rock guitarists Mentors (band) members Musicians from Seattle Guitarists from Washington (state) American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists","title":"Eric Carlson (musician)"},{"docid":"34829642","text":"Charlie Souza is an American bass player, vocalist, musician, writer and producer. He is best known for playing bass in Mudcrutch. He is married to Barbara Benischek Souza. Career Souza toured with The New Rascals, featuring Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Dino Danelli and Gene Cornish of The Rascals, with Bill Pascali (formerly with the Vanilla Fudge 2001) from 2006 to 2011. In 2008, the group performed on a live video recording, New Rascals Reloaded with Eddie Brigati, and on a digital audio recording titled New Rascals LEGENDS covering songs of the Young Rascals (also known simply as the Rascals), such as Groovin' and Good Lovin'. He also toured, collaborated and recorded with musicians including Tom Petty; Gregg Allman; Bill Champlin of Chicago; Michel Colombier; Mike Pinera, Malcolm Jones and Joe Lala of Blues Image; The New Cactus Band Cactus (American band); White Witch (band); Gale Force with producer Wayne Henderson (musician) of The Jazz Crusaders; Native American actor Floyd Red Crow Westerman; Santana keyboardist Leon Patillo; The Darrell Mansfield Christian Band; comedian Fred Willard, and The Tropics (band), a '60s pop group from Tampa, Florida, winning first place at the International Battle of the Bands in Chicago in 1966, which led to a Columbia Records recording played on Dick Clark's American Bandstand. Souza's music has been released on Columbia, Atlantic, Polydor, Fantasy and Laurie Records. Fortress on Atlantic Records was an '80s melodic metal group with a release on Wounded Bird Records in 2008, Fortress \"Hands in the Till\". Souza recorded his solo albums Live Your Dream and 9 Ball in the Corner Pocket, together with former Robin Trower drummer Bill Lordan, and Tropics guitarist Eric Turner of Fortress. These two CDs were recorded in Anaheim and Hollywood, California. Souza's song Carry Me Back to St. Petersburg off the Livin' in Paradise CD, recorded by his band The New Tropics in Tampa Bay area studios, was voted the winner of the official city song contest. Bibliography Live Your Dream A Music Autobiography. Janson Media Group, 2011. Tales of The Tropics, Tom Petty's Mudcrutch, New Rascals, Gregg Allman, Cactus, many Rock 'n' Roll friends! A story of real musical roots! The Life and times of Charlie Souza http://charliesouza.com \"Florida's Famous and Forgotten\" by Kurt \"King of the Oldies\" Curtis. Softcover, (2) Book Set 1024 pages. The Tropics chapter, pages 828 – 842. \"Tampa Bay Music Roots\" Charlie Souza, Author ( 100 years of Music History in the Tampa Bay Area) Arcadia Publishing, The History Press References External links Interview with Charlie Souza at Alt Guitar Bass For Bass Players Only: Interview Music Dish: Interview RockUnited (Archived Reviews): Charlie SOUZA: \"Live Your Dream\" + \"9 Ball in the Corner Pocket\" 6 / 7, Review by Endre \"Bandi\" Hübner, 15 February 2004 Psychedelic Central: New Rascals review https://web.archive.org/web/20120322211323/http://www.worldsoundproductions.com/artists/charlie_souza/web_pages/charlie_home.html 1948 births Living people Musicians from Tampa, Florida Writers from Tampa, Florida Mudcrutch members Guitarists from Florida American male bass guitarists 20th-century American bass guitarists 20th-century American male musicians","title":"Charlie Souza"},{"docid":"13255766","text":"Death 'n' roll (portmanteau of death metal and rock 'n' roll) is the subgenre of death metal music that incorporates hard rock-inspired elements to the overall sound. The achieved effect is that of death metal's trademark combination of growled vocals and highly distorted detuned guitar riffing with elements reminiscent of 1970s hard rock and heavy metal. Notable examples include Entombed, Gorefest, Carcass, Kaptain Sun, Six Feet Under, Pungent Stench and the Fernando Colunga Ultimate Experience. History While the \"death 'n' roll\" tag was first associated with Entombed, Daniel Ekeroth associates the style with a previous group called Furbowl. After Entombed's release, Wolverine Blues, the band became associated with what the music press dubbed as \"death 'n' roll\", a label which has followed Entombed's career ever since. Another noteworthy death 'n' roll release is Soul Survivor, Gorefest's 1996 effort. This album showed more than a passing nod to classic rock. Proof of that influence was the club tour organized by the band that same year, where Gorefest played songs by AC/DC, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple. Gorefest broke up after their last 1990s album, Chapter 13, which continued the trend started in Soul Survivor (Gorefest reformed seven years later). Two of its members currently play in Live & Dangerous, a Thin Lizzy tribute band from the Netherlands. Confronted with the \"death 'n' roll\" label in interviews, the death metal acts it usually is attached to react with skepticism. Entombed's LG Petrov made the following statement, regarding this issue: \"We see it as Entombed music, if people see that as death 'n' roll so be it. We just laugh, death 'n' roll, why not? When we write songs, we aren't thinking it has to be a particular style.\" When questioned about their mixture of death metal and rock and roll, Gorefest's Frank Harthoorn replied: \"Strange, everyone has always mentioned this death n' roll thing. To me it's just metal, plain and simple. I don't believe our influences are different from other bands.\" Further reading Ekeroth, Daniel (2008). Swedish Death Metal. Chapter 9: \"The Dead Live On ...\" Bazillion Points Books. Entombed (1993). Wolverine Blues. [CD]. Nottingham, UK: Earache Records Ltd. Remastered & Limited Edition, 1999. Entombed (1997). Entombed. [CD]. New York, NY: Earache Records (U.S.). References 20th-century music genres 1990s in music Death metal Heavy metal genres","title":"Death 'n' roll"},{"docid":"2288639","text":"Cheap Trick is the debut studio album by the American rock band Cheap Trick, released in 1977. It was released under Epic Records and produced by Jack Douglas, a frequent collaborator of the band. The album did not reach the Billboard 200 chart but did \"bubble under\" at number 207 for one week in April 1977. Overview Most of the songs have a more raw sound akin to hard rock bands of the period compared to the group's later more polished power pop style, and the song lyrics deal with more extreme subject matter than later albums. For instance, \"The Ballad of TV Violence (I'm Not the Only Boy)\" is about serial killer Richard Speck, \"Daddy Should Have Stayed in High School\" is about an ephebophile, and \"Oh, Candy\" is about a photographer friend of the band, Marshall Mintz, who committed suicide. Critical reception The album was generally well-received by critics with favorable comparisons to the Beatles and the Who, with critics likening Robin Zander's vocals to John Lennon's. Charles M. Young, writing for Rolling Stone, said the album had a \"heavy emphasis on basics with a strain of demented violence\" and that the lyrics \"run the gamut of lust, confusion and misogyny, growing out of rejection and antiauthoritarian sentiments about school—all with an element of wit.\" Ira Robbins of Trouser Press noted the album's \"wall-of-guitar sound\" and said the band was \"sarcastic, smart, nasty, powerful, tight, casual, and destined for something great.\" Juliana Hatfield, speaking to Melody Maker in 1993, praised Cheap Trick as \"the quintessential rock record\" and one that \"entertains all the way through\". Track listing All songs written by Rick Nielsen except where noted. Note: The original vinyl record had \"Side A\" printed on the label on one side and \"Side 1\" printed on the other, a humorous touch reflecting the band's conviction that they didn't have any \"B material\". The placement of the track listing on the jacket seemed to indicate \"Hot Love\" was the first track on the album. When the album was released on CD in the mid-1980s, it followed the same sequence. However, when the album was re-issued in 1998, the band's preferred sequence was used, placing \"Side 1\" before \"Side A\" and included five bonus tracks: Personnel Cheap Trick Robin Zander – lead vocals, rhythm guitar Rick Nielsen – lead guitar, mandocello, vocals Tom Petersson – bass guitar, vocals Bun E. Carlos – drums Technical Jack Douglas – producer Jay Messina – engineer Sam Ginsberg – assistant engineer Paula Scher – cover design Jim Houghton – photography Charts 2017 reissue Cover versions In the documentary End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones, Johnny Ramone stated that the guitar riff in \"The KKK Took My Baby Away\" was inspired by the riff in \"He's a Whore\". Big Black released a cover of \"He's a Whore\" as a single with a picture sleeve in the style of Cheap Trick's album cover. The back of the sleeve was a similar take on","title":"Cheap Trick (1977 album)"},{"docid":"733654","text":"Superfast is a studio album by the rock band Dynamite Hack, released in 2000. The album peaked at No. 84 on the Billboard 200. Production The album was produced by David Eaton. A remixed version of the \"Boyz-N-The-Hood\" cover appears on the album, after Dr. Dre asked the band to remove certain words. Critical reception The Austin Chronicle called the album \"supersheeny corporate punk.\" The Los Angeles Times wrote: \"Call ‘em Blink-91—a cut-rate, half-price take on Blink-182’s melodic power-punk, minus the puerile wit and deceptively smart commentary (in other words, the character).\" Texas Monthly deemed the album \"the smartest power pop to break out of Texas in years.\" Style Weekly wrote that \"bubble-gum punk, pseudo-rap, and watered-down 'alternative' rock are all present.\" The Morning Call considered it \"slightly above-average pop-punk that plays with dynamics more than usual, though not enough to transcend the overdone and tired genre.\" The Village Voice chose the band's cover of \"Boyz-N-The-Hood\" as the 46th worst song of the 2000s. Track listing All songs written by Dynamite Hack, except where noted. 1. \"Switcheroo\" 3:12 2. \"Anyway\" 2:33 3. \"Alvin\" 2:41 4. \"Dear Kate,\" 2:51 5. \"G-Force\" 3:00 6. \"Wussypuff\" 3:02 7. \"Blue Sky\" 3:46 8. \"Slice Of Heaven\" 2:42 9. \"Granola\" 2:04 10. \"Boyz-N-The-Hood\" 3:04 (Lyrics: Andre Young, Eric Wright, O'Shea Jackson; Music: Dynamite Hack) 11. \"Pick Up Lines\" 3:12 12. \"Marie...\" 2:44 13. \"Just Another Day, Baby\" 0:25 14. \"Laughter\" 2:16 15. \"Anyway (Mellow Version)\" 4:00 \"Boyz-N-The-Hood\" is a cover, originally performed by N.W.A. Personnel Dynamite Hack Mark Morris - Guitar, Piano, Vocals Mike Vlahakis: Guitars Chad Robinson: Bass, Vocals Chase Texas: Drums, Percussion Additional Personnel Willy Paisano: Keyboards on \"Blue Sky\" William Snell: Slide Guitar on \"Marie...\" Emily Kate: Additional Vocal on \"Anyway (Piano Version)\" Christophe \"Robitussin\": Drums on \"Blue Sky\" and \"Slice of Heaven\" Jon Dishongh: Additional keyboards and electronic beats/sequencing Production Arranged by Dynamite Hack and David Eaton Produced and recorded by David Eaton, with recording assistance (at Fire Station) by Bobby Arnold Tracks 1-9 and 11-15 mixed at Quad Studios and Pedernales Studios by Chris Shaw (assistance at Quad Studios by Gabriel Martinez); track 10 mixed by David Eaton Mastered by Howie Weinberg All songs published by Choosy Mothers Music/Pie Mikey Pie Music/Wussypuff Music/Happysmallchild Music, except track ten (lyrics published by Ruthless Attack Music; music published by Choosy Mothers Music/Pie Mikey Pie Music/Wussypuff Music/Happysmallchild Music) Singles \"Boyz-N-The Hood\", released in March/April 2000 as the first single. References 2000 debut albums Dynamite Hack albums","title":"Superfast (album)"},{"docid":"653926","text":"October is the second studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 12 October 1981 by Island Records, and was produced by Steve Lillywhite. The album was lyrically inspired by the memberships of Bono, the Edge, and Larry Mullen Jr. in a Christian group called the Shalom Fellowship, and consequently it contains spiritual and religious themes. Their involvement with Shalom Fellowship led them to question the relationship between the Christian faith and the \"rock and roll\" lifestyle, and threatened to break up the band. After completing the third leg of the Boy Tour in February 1981, U2 began to write new material for October, entering the recording studio in July 1981. Just as they did for their 1980 debut, Boy, the band recorded at Windmill Lane Studios with Lillywhite producing. The recording sessions were complicated by Bono's loss of a briefcase containing in-progress lyrics for the new songs, forcing a hurried, improvisational approach to completing the album on time. October was preceded by the lead single \"Fire\" in July 1981, while its second single, \"Gloria\", coincided with its release. The album received mixed reviews and limited radio play. In 2008, a remastered edition of October was released. Recording In February 1981 during their Boy Tour, U2 began to write new material. (\"Fire\" had already been recorded at Compass Point Studios in the Bahamas while U2 took a break from the Boy Tour.) They wrote part of October during an extended sound check at First Avenue in Minneapolis. In March, on an otherwise successful American leg of the tour, the briefcase of lead vocalist Bono containing in-progress lyrics and musical ideas was lost backstage during a performance at a nightclub in Portland, Oregon. The band had limited time to write new music on tour and in July began a two-month recording session at Windmill Lane Studios largely unprepared, forcing Bono to quickly improvise lyrics. Steve Lillywhite, reprising his role as producer from U2's debut album, Boy, called the sessions \"completely chaotic and mad\". Bono said of the recording process of October, \"I remember the pressure it was made under, I remember writing lyrics on the microphone, and at £50 an hour, that's quite a pressure. Lillywhite was pacing up and down the studio... he coped really well. And the ironic thing about October is that there's a sort of peace about the album, even though it was recorded under that pressure. A lot of people found October hard to accept at first, I mean, I used the word 'rejoice' precisely because I knew people have a mental block against it. It's a powerful word, it's lovely to say. It's implying more than 'get up and dance, baby.' I think October goes into areas that most rock 'n' roll bands ignore. When I listen to the album, something like 'Tomorrow,' it actually moves me.\" The briefcase was eventually recovered in October 2004, and Bono greeted its return as \"an act of grace\". Whereas Lillywhite recorded Larry Mullen Jr.'s drums","title":"October (U2 album)"},{"docid":"936811","text":"Mark Edward Kozelek is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer and occasional actor. He is known as the vocalist and primary recording artist of the indie folk act Sun Kil Moon and founding member of the indie rock band Red House Painters, with whom he recorded six studio albums from 1988 until 2001. In 1996, Kozelek recorded the band's fifth studio album, Songs for a Blue Guitar, mostly alone. The release of the band's final studio album, Old Ramon (2001), was delayed for three years. In the interim, Kozelek recorded both an album and an EP of AC/DC cover songs. Reconvening with Koutsos and Vessel, the trio continued performing under the new name of Sun Kil Moon, releasing their debut album, Ghosts of the Great Highway, in 2003. Inspired by classical guitar music, Kozelek recorded Sun Kil Moon's fourth studio album, Admiral Fell Promises (2010), as a solo act and continued to record mostly alone on its follow-up, Among the Leaves (2012), and later Perils from the Sea and Mark Kozelek & Desertshore, both released in 2013. In 2014, Sun Kil Moon's sixth studio album, Benji, was released to widespread critical acclaim and increased exposure with its follow-up, Universal Themes, featuring lengthy compositions and stream-of-consciousness lyrics. In 2016, Kozelek released a collaborative studio album with Jesu, titled Jesu/Sun Kil Moon. Across his work in Sun Kil Moon, Red House Painters, and his own solo material, Kozelek has released thirty-one studio albums, with his most recent being All the Best, Isaac Hayes (2020). A number of commentators have described him as one of the greatest songwriters of his generation. Career Kozelek was born and raised in Massillon, Ohio. In his teenage years, he led a band named God Forbid. Upon relocating to Atlanta, Georgia, he met drummer Anthony Koutsos. After the pair moved once again to San Francisco, California, Red House Painters formed with the addition of guitarist Gorden Mack and bassist Jerry Vessel. From 1992 to 1996, Red House Painters released a series of acclaimed albums, showcasing Kozelek's intense, highly autobiographical songs. However, Kozelek's parting with the record label 4AD, followed by a major label merger which left Red House Painters' 1998 album Old Ramon on the shelf, proved highly frustrating and stifled the group's momentum. In 2000, he released the solo EP Rock 'n' Roll Singer, which featured three original songs as well as covers of John Denver's \"Around and Around\" and three AC/DC songs (\"Rock 'n' Roll Singer,\" \"Bad Boy Boogie,\" and \"You Ain't Got a Hold on Me\"). Two of the AC/DC cover versions on Rock 'n' Roll Singer were radical re-arrangements of the originals which removed the Bon Scott-penned lyrics from their hard rock context and placed them into gentle, acoustic \"folk ballad\" settings. Kozelek expanded on this idea in 2001, releasing a full-length album composed solely of AC/DC covers titled What's Next to the Moon. Sun Kil Moon debuted with Ghosts of the Great Highway in 2003, and also features former RHP members Jerry","title":"Mark Kozelek"},{"docid":"19557471","text":"\"Ego\" is a 1978 song performed by English musician Elton John, written by John and Bernie Taupin. It was released in early 1978 as a standalone single, and did not appear on the album released in the same year, A Single Man. John played this song live from 1978 up until 1980. The single reached #34 in both the UK and the US. The song was not available on CD until the 1990 release of To Be Continued box set. Later, in remastered form, it was added to the reissue of A Single Man along with four B-sides from the era. Background The song was originally written during the sessions for his 1976 album Blue Moves, but was left out. Elton said of the song by the time of its release: \"Ego was just something I had lying around, and I wanted to release it for a long time. Unfortunately, the time wasn't right. It's been disappointing. I really had hoped it would do well because I really liked it. I wrote the song jointly with Bernie Taupin, and we never thought of it as an autobiography until it came out. It's about the silliness of rock 'n' roll stars, and the video film was supposed to show just how stupid rock 'n' roll can be. It's the grotesque side of rock 'n' roll. And it's turned out to be one of the most sincere songs we've ever written.\" It starts with a rollicking piano accompanied by a train whistle, making it sound like there's a train rolling down a track. The song then goes into a steady 4/4 beat, then breaks down and goes to the chorus. Later in the song it transforms into an uptempo waltz and then reverts to 4/4. It features synthesizers, and even carnival-esque organs, unusual for its time. Reception Cash Box said that the \"piano licks resemble Keystone Cop silent film score\" and praised the vocals and guitar playing. Record World called it \"one of [John's] most complex songs,\" with \"ironic lyrics and unusual chord progressions to make a powerful point.\" Music video A music video was made, directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, features John Emberton who played Elton John as a small boy in the video acting out a scene from Romeo & Juliet. John Emberton's sister Penny played a member of the audience. Charts Personnel Elton John – piano, vocals, synthesizers, organ Tim Renwick – guitars Clive Franks – bass guitar Steve Holley – drums Ray Cooper – tambourine, vibraphone, train whistle Paul Buckmaster – orchestral arrangements References 1978 singles Elton John songs Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Songs with music by Elton John 1978 songs The Rocket Record Company singles MCA Records singles","title":"Ego (Elton John song)"},{"docid":"49003675","text":"Phil Kenzie is a British multi-saxophone player and rock and roll musician. He has been voted by fans as \"one of the greatest rock 'n' roll sax players of all time.\" Born in Liverpool, Kenzie's first band was The Pressmen. The band sometimes shared billing with The Beatles. Kenzie has either toured or recorded with The Beatles, Eagles, Graham Nash, Carly Simon, David Crosby, Black Sabbath, Jackson Browne, Stevie Nicks, Alan Parsons, Al Stewart, David Essex, Leo Sayer, Wishbone Ash, Manfred Mann Chapter Three, Annie Lennox, The Pointer Sisters, The Coasters, The Temptations, Rod Stewart, David Bowie, Eric Carmen, America, Vince Gill, and Debbie Gibson, among others. The Beatles used Kenzie on their album Let It Be, and he also played the blistering sax solo for Eagles' track \"The Long Run\" from the Eagles Live album. Kenzie's sax is featured on the Al Stewart hit record \"Year of the Cat\", creating the dénouement for the instrumental break, as well as on Stewart's \"Time Passages\" and \"Song on the Radio\". As a session player, Kenzie worked on Roger Daltrey's albums Ride a Rock Horse and One Of The Boys, and Paul McCartney's Band on the Run. He also worked on both the live show and the movie version of The Rocky Horror Picture Show. He also played on the sessions for Poco's album Legend, in particular on their song \"Heart of the Night\". The arrangement to work with Poco was thanks to the band having hired Steve Chapman and Charlie Harrison (two previous Al Stewart musicians). Chapman later left Poco and became Stewart's manager. In all, Kenzie has played on nineteen albums that have been certified gold or platinum. In January 2015, Kenzie released a new CD and kicked off his S.O.S.S. (Save Our Sax Solo) tour on the 15th at Jazziz Nightlife in Boca Raton, Florida. Notes 20th-century British musicians British male saxophonists British session musicians Musicians from Liverpool Living people 20th-century saxophonists 21st-century saxophonists 20th-century British male musicians 21st-century British male musicians Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Phil Kenzie"},{"docid":"63727678","text":"\"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\" is a song by British progressive rock band Jethro Tull. Written by frontman Ian Anderson, it was released on their 1976 album of the same name. Written about an aging biker, the song title was inspired by a flight Anderson had taken in the United States. \"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\" was released as its album's only single in March 1976, though it did not see success on the charts. The song has since become a fan favorite and has seen positive reception from critics. Background The title for the song came to Ian Anderson on a turbulent plane ride. He recalled: Anderson then used the title lyric to create a story about Ray Lomas, an aging biker. He recalled, \"It seemed more fun to write a song about an old biker who refuses to change with the times and clings to his lifestyle, to his culture. And along with the clothing, the fashions, the music and the things that are part of it; in other words, he's a bit of a luddite and doesn't take well to change.\" Because of the song's release during the ascent of punk rock, some critics have proposed that the song is autobiographical. Anderson responded to this, \"I'm not [writing autobiographically]. The character is in the third person in the lyrics of the song, so it's quite clearly descriptive.\" In another interview, Anderson reflected, Steeleye Span vocalist Maddy Prior makes a guest appearance on the song. Release In addition to its release on the Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die! album, \"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\" was released as the album's sole single in March 1976. The single featured \"Rainbow Blues\" on the B-side. Despite the lack of commercial success, the song has since become a fan favorite and has garnered airplay on rock radio stations. Ian Anderson reflected on this, \"It wasn't an instant, out-of-the-box favorite of our audiences, but it seems to have caught on over the years.\" \"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\" has since been featured on multiple compilation albums, including Repeat – The Best of Jethro Tull – Vol II, Original Masters, The Best of Jethro Tull – The Anniversary Collection, The Very Best Of, and 50 for 50. Live versions of the song appeared on Jethro Tull live albums Bursting Out, Live at Hammersmith '84, and A Little Light Music. \"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\" also features on the 1981 concert video release Slipstream. The song was one of four on Slipstream for which the band filmed a new music video. Reception and legacy In an otherwise critical review of its parent album, \"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\" was praised by Rolling Stone critic David McGee as \"a textbook example of the use of dynamics and nuance in a rock","title":"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die (song)"},{"docid":"4724313","text":"\"Boyz-n-the-Hood\" is the debut single by Eazy-E, then leader of a new rap group, N.W.A. Released in March 1987, the single was a local hit, reissued, by year's end on the unauthorized compilation album N.W.A. and the Posse. Background Eric Wright, who founded Ruthless Records in 1986, had tasked the Ruthless songcrafting team — record producer Dr. Dre, aided by DJ Yella and Arabian Prince, and ghostwriter Ice Cube — to draft the song in line with Wright's vision. But when the song was rejected by the New York-based rap group it had first been pitched to, Wright decided to rap it himself, under the name \"Eazy-E\". In 1988, having gained rapper MC Ren, N.W.A released its official debut album, Straight Outta Compton. While N.W.A's Straight Outta Compton album spurred the Los Angeles area's hip hop to drop electro and rapidly go hardcore, the rappers still called it \"reality rap\", whereas news media would soon call it \"gangsta rap\". Meanwhile, also in 1988, a \"Boyz-n-the-Hood\" remix arrived on an N.W.A companion album cheekier, Eazy's debut album Eazy-Duz-It. After N.W.A's disbanding in 1991, Eazy's EP titled It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa, released in 1993, brings another remix, \"Boyz N tha Hood (G-Mix)\". In 1991, film director John Singleton borrowed this song's title for his film Boyz n the Hood. The song was released in August 2015, the film Straight Outta Compton had renewed interest in N.W.A when, on September 5, \"Boyz-n-the-Hood\" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100. That week, at #50, it was the chart's third-highest debut, behind the 1988 title track \"Straight Outta Compton\" (the other song being \"Hit the Quan\"), originally too incendiary for wide radio play. Production In 1986, in Compton, a city in Los Angeles county, Eric Wright, a local drug dealer, founded Ruthless Records via industry knowledge and connections of music manager Jerry Heller and via musical talent and recording facilities brought by Dr. Dre and Arabian Prince, two DJs, record producers, and recording artists successful locally. The team drew Ice Cube, member of the local rap trio C.I.A., to ghostwrite lyrics. In early 1987, Wright invited the recently NYC-signed rap group “H.B.O”, or Home Boys Only, to the Audio Achievements recording studio in nearby city, Torrance, to record the Ruthless songcrafting team's song \"Boyz-n-the-Hood\". With a rough instrumental draft already recorded by Dr. Dre, assisted by DJ Yella and Arabian Prince, H.B.O., appraising the lyrics still on paper, rejected the song and walked out. Left sitting in the studio without Ice Cube present to start with, Dre and Yella encouraged Wright to rap the song himself. To get each line rapped in timing with its bar, they recorded line by line across two days, recalls DJ Yella. Still, the first-time rapper, dubbed Eazy-E, brought a distinctive voice and persona. As released, the single musically samples rap group Whodini's song \"I'm a Ho\". And it vocally samples rap group the Beastie Boys' song \"Hold It, Now Hit It\" as well as two soul classics, Jean","title":"Boyz-n-the-Hood"},{"docid":"1999859","text":"Keri Kelli (born Kenneth Fear Jr.) is an American guitarist who has played with artists and groups including Alice Cooper, Slash, Jani Lane, Vince Neil and John Waite. In March 2013 he formed Project Rock together with James Kottak from the Scorpions. Project Rock consisted of Keri Kelli, James Kottak, Tim 'Ripper' Owens, Rudy Sarzo & Teddy Zig-Zag. Kelli is currently in the band Night Ranger. Biography Kelli was born in Huntington Beach, California on September 7, 1971. He has founded several bands, including Saints of the Underground, Adler's Appetite (formerly Suki Jones), New World Idols, Rubber (formerly Blow), Big Bang Babies, and Empire (1987). He has played with other bands including Slash's Snakepit, Skid Row, Vince Neil Band, Ratt, Warrant, L.A. Guns, Pretty Boy Floyd, Dad's Porno Mag, The Newlydeads, Bulletboys, Love/Hate, Tuff, Tal Bachman, Angel City Outlaws (formerly Phucket), Alice Cooper, Liberty N' Justice and Night Ranger. In July 2009, Keri opened Aces & Ales, an American craft beer bar and restaurant in Las Vegas, Nevada. In June 2013, he opened a second restaurant. Discography Empire Show Ya – (1987) – single / vinyl – cassette tape single Big Bang Babies Big Bang Babies – (1992) Black Market – (1994) 3 Chords & the Truth – (1999) Hollywood Hairspray Vol.1 – (2002) – \"Let's Go\" The Glam That Stole Christmas Vol.1 – (2002) – \"Winter Wonderland\" Rubber Rubber – (1996) – Cassette Tape (4 tracks) Safe Sex, Designer Drugs, and the Death of Rock N Roll – (1996) – Cassette Tape (5 tracks) The Newlydeads Re-Bound – (1998) – 2 tracks from forthcoming album \"Black & Shiny\" Black & Shiny – (unreleased) Dead End – (2001) – some songs from \"Black & Shiny\" Dream from a Dirt Nap – (2006) – best of. some songs from \"Black & Shiny\" Pretty Boy Floyd The Pink and the Black – (1998) – incl. \"Saturday Night\"(early version) A Tale of Sex, Designer Drugs, and the Death of Rock N Roll – (1998) Porn Stars – (1999) The World's Greatest Heavy Metal Anthems – (2000) – \"Lether Boyz With Electric Toyz\" Porn Stars (Japanese Edition) – (2000) – incl. 2 bonus tracks No Brakes -BIG M.F. Compilation- – (2000) – \"Shout It Out Loud\" The Ultimate – (2004) Dirty Glam – (2004) – re-issue of \"Porn Stars\" with some bonus demo tracks Vault II – (2003) Take It Down – (2007) (unreleased) – feat. Aerial Stiles. written by Keri Kelli / Steve Summers. Dad's Porno Mag Dad's Porno Mag – (2000) U.S. Crush U.S. Crush – (2000) – co-wrote \"Bleed\" & \"Collision Course\", Guitar on \"Bleed\" Slash's Snakepit Ain't Life Grand – (2000) – appeared on booklet only. Keri joined after recording session was finished. Goliath The Gate – (2000) – guitar solo on \"Demons\" Shameless Backstreet Anthems – (1999) – wrote lyrics for \"Talk to Me\", but wrong credit printed in original booklet. Backstreet Anthems (Japanese Edition) – (1999) – wrote lyrics for \"Talk to Me\" (credit is fixed) Talk to","title":"Keri Kelli"},{"docid":"64550455","text":"Randy the Band is an album by Swedish punk rock band Randy, released in October 2005 by Ny Våg Records and Epitaph Records/Burning Heart Records. As of July 2020, it is Randy's latest album. The album produced one single, \"Razorblade,\" for which the band recorded a music video. Critical reception In their review of the album, AllMusic called Randy \"one of [Sweden]'s most highly touted punk bands\" and positively likened the band to Green Day in saying that both groups are \"ferociously energetic.\" The review also complimented Randy for \"maintaining a knife-edge balance between youthful energy and tightly played rock & roll.\" While AllMusic did not give the album a formal rating or distinguish any tracks as highlights or standouts, the review itself individually praised the tracks \"Punk Rock High,\" \"Rich Boy,\" \"Teenage Tiger,\" \"I Raise My Fist,\" and \"Losing My Mind.\" PunkNews reviewer William David gave the album 8 out of 10 stars, remarking in their review, \"Anyone who has followed the career of this band knows they have consistently delivered hit album after hit album, and [this album] is no exception.\" He complimented the band's style of \"catchy-as-can-be rock n' roll\" and noted that the band had \"honed in on their melodic side this time around,\" differing from previous heavier and less melodic albums like Welfare Problems. David also compared the band's style in the album to The Clash, also complimenting the band for their guitar work, attention to melody, and socialist lyrical themes. David distinguished \"Razorblade,\" \"Evil,\" \"The Pretender,\" and \"Going Out With the Dead\" as standout tracks. Like AllMusic, Peter Gaston of Spin did not reward Randy the Band with a formal rating; however, in his review of the album, he praises the band's music for being \"taut and loaded with punchy, fist-pumping choruses.\" He favorably compares the second track on the album, \"Razorblade,\" to Social Distortion; he also favorably compares \"Better than Art\" to Andrew W.K. Like AllMusic and Spin, Sam Sutherland with Exclaim! did not award Randy the Band with a formal rating. However, he complimented the evolution in sound evident in the album, as well as the band's influence from predecessors in the punk rock and rock n' roll scenes: \"While the band aren't the type to boldly explore any new sonic territory, they still manage to spice up such tracks as 'Going Out with the Dead' with the full-on cheese factor of dueling guitar solos. 'Teenage Tiger' pays homage to Little Richard with its nonsensical lyrical styling, and 'Losing My Mind' calls up the filthy guitar solos of Greg Ginn and Dez Cadena.\" Sutherland compliments lead vocalist Stefan Granberg's performance on the album in particular. He notes that the politics in Randy the Band are more subdued than those in previous albums but still calls the album \"a solid release from a generally consistent band.\" Track listing Information Recorded at Decibel Studios Recorded by Estudiomac Mixed at Sjöbjörn Studio Mastered at Cutting Room Studios Mixed and engineered by Pelle Gunnerfeldt All tracks","title":"Randy the Band"},{"docid":"32511516","text":"\"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\" is the debut single of American industrial singer-songwriter Porcelain Black, featuring American rapper Lil Wayne. This song was to serve as the lead single from the singer's debut studio album, Mannequin Factory, which has now been cancelled. Produced by Moroccan-Swedish producer RedOne, who had originally discovered Black, \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\" is influenced by the genre of rock, lyrically stating how the listener should be proud of who they are. The song was released digitally in the United States on March 29, 2011, and managed to chart at number forty-four on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. A music video for \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\", shot and directed by Sanaa Hamri, was released on March 27, 2011. The music video pays homage to Porcelain Black's high school experiences, where she was constantly teased by \"snobby rich kids\", but never gave in to the pressure of her peers around her. The video serves as a form of revenge for Porcelain Black against high school tormentors. \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\" garnered mixed reviews from critics, most of whom were shocked by Porcelain Black's image and sounds but favored her apparent perception of herself as the \"offspring\" of fellow musicians Britney Spears and Marilyn Manson and their individual styles. Porcelain Black performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman, marking her debut televised appearance. The song was featured in an episode of Beavis and Butthead and in the 2013 film The Smurfs 2. Background and release \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\" was written by Porcelain Black, Lil Wayne, RedOne, Bilal Hajji, with RedOne providing the song's production. In the song's writing credits, Porcelain Black and Lil Wayne are credited under their real names, Alaina Beaton and Dwayne Carter Jr. respectively. After being introduced to Lil Wayne's manager, Derrick \"EI\" Lawrence, by producer RedOne, Porcelain Black stated that she met Lil Wayne in New York City when he heard \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\", where he expressed an interest in adding his vocals to the song. The single cover for \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\" was revealed on March 21, 2011, alongside a snippet of the song. \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\" was released digitally through the United States iTunes Store on March 29, 2011. Following the release of Porcelain Black's second single, \"Naughty Naughty,\" Dutch DJ, remixer and house music producer R3hab produced a remix of \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like,\" making it available for free download through SoundCloud on January 24, 2012. R3hab went on to compliment Porcelain Black's original song, stating, \"The original vibe is crazy, and I am a big fan of Lil Wayne. This track makes you wanna rage like the lyrics say! I see [the remix] as a rollercoaster ride. Breaks slow it down. Then there is a climb, and","title":"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like"},{"docid":"42675180","text":"\"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\" is the lead single and fourth track from The Kinks' 1978 album Misfits. Written by Ray Davies, the song was inspired by the band's then-tumultuous state at the time, with two members leaving the band during the recording of Misfits. Released as the first single from the album, the track was the band's most successful single in years, reaching number 30. Background During the recording of the Misfits album, bassist Andy Pyle and pianist John Gosling quit the band, with drummer Mick Avory also considering leaving. Following this change, Ray and Dave Davies got together and spent time with each other, a meeting that resulted in the writing of Ray's \"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\" and Dave's \"Trust Your Heart.\" Ray Davies has since said, A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy' a very personal song about Dave and I.\" He has also claimed that \"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\" inspired by both a Peter Frampton concert he attended and the death of rock 'n' roll legend Elvis Presley in 1977. He said, \"It's a Method acting songwriting job. I use personal things to get something else out of me... Elvis Presley died last week and it all just added up.\" Dave stated of the song, \"It challenged the fact that the music business was in any way glamourous. He asked if we should carry on amongst the bullshit.\" Lyrics The lyrics of \"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\" describe a man named Dan who is a huge fan of The Kinks. He engulfs himself in their music whenever he feels unhappy, \"living in a rock 'n' roll fantasy\". The song also details when Ray Davies and his brother Dave were thinking of breaking up The Kinks. This is evident in lyrics such as \"break up the band, start a new life be a new man.\" Release and reception The track was the first from Misfits to be released as a single. It was backed with \"Artificial Light\" in Britain, and \"Live Life\" on the U.S. version. It peaked at number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 in America, the band's best charting American single since 1970's \"Lola.\" It also charted at number 30 in Canada. The track is generally cited by critics as one of the highlights from Misfits. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called the track one of the two \"touchstones\" of the album and named it as a highlight from the album. Ken Emerson of Rolling Stone called the song \"ruthless\", and went on to say, Cash Box said it has \"an excellent melodic line, strong guitar work\" and fine lead vocals.\" Record World said \"The production is sensational and Davies' vocals perfectly suit the somewhat jaded message in the lyrics.\" The song has since appeared on the compilation album Come Dancing with The Kinks. References 1978 songs The Kinks songs Songs written by Ray Davies Arista Records singles 1978 singles","title":"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy"},{"docid":"3832719","text":"Warren Smith (February 7, 1932 – January 30, 1980) was an American rockabilly and country music singer and guitarist. Biography Smith was born in Humphreys County, Mississippi, to Ioda and Willie Warren Smith, who divorced when he was young. He was raised by his maternal grandparents in Louise, Mississippi, where they had a small farm and dry goods store. Smith took up the guitar to while away his evenings while in the United States Air Force stationed in San Antonio, Texas. By the time of his discharge from the service, he had decided to make a career of music. He moved to West Memphis, Arkansas, and auditioned, successfully, to play the Cotton Club, a local nightclub. The steel guitarist Stan Kesler, who was playing there with the Snearly Ranch Boys, immediately spotted Smith's potential and took him to Sun Records to audition for Sam Phillips, with the Snearly Ranch Boys providing backup. Phillips liked what he heard and decided that \"Rock 'n' Roll Ruby\", a song credited to Johnny Cash, would be Smith's first record. (Smith later claimed that the song was actually written by George Jones and sold to Cash for $40.) Smith recorded it on February 5, 1956. Phillips, playing it safe in case rock and roll did not maintain its popularity, released it with a country crooner, aptly named \"I'd Rather Be Safe Than Sorry\", on the flip side. By May 26, \"Rock 'n' Roll Ruby\" had reached number 1 on the local pop chart; this record, his first for Sun, went on to outsell the first Sun releases by Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins. In August 1956, Smith went back to the Sun Records studio to record his second release, \"Ubangi Stomp\", an infectious rocker with crude lyrics and vocals suggesting an African chief with the syntax of a movie Indian. For the B-side, he recorded the classic ballad \"Black Jack David\", a song that originated in early 18th-century Britain and survived in various forms in the mountains of the American South; it may be the oldest song ever recorded by a rock-and-roll performer. Although a resounding artistic success, this record did not sell as well as Smith's debut. In 1957, Smith recorded \"So Long, I'm Gone\", a song written by Roy Orbison. It became his biggest hit for Sun, peaking at number 74 on the Billboard national chart. But Sun had no cash to promote it, as Sam Phillips put every dollar Sun had behind Jerry Lee Lewis's \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On\". Smith continued to make rockabilly records for Sun, including a cover version of Slim Harpo's \"Got Love If You Want It\" (recorded in October 1957), but these records did not do well commercially. Toward the end of 1958, seeing his future in country music, he cut a final record for Sun, a cover version of Don Gibson's \"Sweet Sweet Girl\". In spite of a review in Billboard calling it \"ultra commercial\", this record also did not sell well. Like other","title":"Warren Smith (singer)"},{"docid":"36112812","text":"\"Prostitute\" is the fourteenth and final track from Chinese Democracy, Guns N' Roses' sixth studio album, released in 2008. The song is written by Axl Rose and Paul Tobias with additional work by Robin Finck. Background & style The song was first mentioned in a July 1999 issue of Spin Magazine, saying \"Rose is laboring over a song with the working title 'Prostitute', according to Youth, but past successes weigh heavily on him.\" The song had originally only been played four times, one time in Osaka, another in Tokyo, during Guns N' Roses' 2009–2011 World Tour and in 2014 at two shows in Las Vegas. It was occasionally performed in 2017 during Not In This Lifetime… Tour as well. This track is available as a downloadable song for the Rock Band series. The lyrics feature Rose singing \"Ask yourself / Why I would choose / To prostitute myself / To live with fortune and shame.” The song was described by Loudwire as \"blending classical orchestrations and electro-beats with blistering guitar solos and some of [Rose's] highest pitched shrieking.\" Reception Consequence of Sound reacted positively to the song, stating \"Some might roll their eyes or laugh, but this glossy driver is a great song. It’s heavy, but not too heavy. There’s the piano, a thumbing percussion, and Rose, who sounds exceptional in the album’s final moments. Think Bruce Hornsby on distortion, if that’s even possible. It’s a fitting closer, given the album’s thematic elements, and strong enough to leave listeners, both old and new, wanting more.\" Pitchfork complimented the song's melodies, but criticized the simplistic drumming. Rolling Stone stated \"At the end of the album, on the bluntly titled 'Prostitute,' Rose veers from an almost conversational tenor, over a ticking-bomb shuffle, to five-guitar barrage, orchestral lightning and righteous howl.\" Ultimate Classic Rock included the song on its 2014 list of \"Five Songs On Chinese Democracy You Need To Hear Again\", stating \"this alternately ruminative and explosive track ends the album in an extremely thrilling manner\". In 2016, Spin ranked the song 68th out of 70 on its ranking of every Guns N' Roses song, stating \"The Chinese Democracy closer, and for at least its first minute, probably the only GN’R song that would ever make sense as One Tree Hill montage music\". Loudwire ranked the song 73rd out of 87, stating \"Musically, the song is an interesting fusion, too, blending classical orchestrations and electro-beats with blistering guitar solos and some of the singer’s highest pitched shrieking.\" Actor Nicolas Cage declared he is a fan of the band and described \"Prostitute\" as an \"incredible\" song. Personnel Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. Guns N' Roses Axl Rose – lead vocals, piano, arrangement Buckethead – lead guitar, rhythm guitar Ron \"Bumblefoot\" Thal – lead guitar, rhythm guitar Robin Finck – rhythm guitar Paul Tobias – rhythm guitar Richard Fortus – rhythm guitar Tommy Stinson – bass Brain – drums Dizzy Reed – keyboards, synthesizers Chris Pitman – sub bass, synthesizers Additional","title":"Prostitute (song)"},{"docid":"13181321","text":"Scott Simon (born December 9, 1948, in Kansas City, Missouri), also known as Screamin' Scott Simon, is an American pianist, who had been Sha Na Na's piano-player, from April 1970 until the band's disbandment on December 5, 2022. Early life and education Simon was born in Missouri. He graduated from Southwest High School in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1966, and graduated from Columbia University with a B.A. in 1970. Sha Na Na Simon joined Sha Na Na in April 1970, under the name Screamin' Scott Simon. He has written numerous songs that have been recorded by the band and others over the years. Sha Na Na, who are known for covering 1950s Rock and Roll and doo-wop, appeared as a 1950s version of themselves in the 1978 film version of Grease. In the film, he and Louis St. Louis collaborated on the song \"Sandy\", performed by John Travolta. Scott Simon continued to tour with Sha Na Na, Along with founding members Jocko Marcellino, until December 5 2022, when it was announced that Sha Na Na would no longer be touring. During his time in Sha Na Na, he played on every album, with the exception of their first album, which was released in 1969. Discography Sha Na Na (1971) The Night Is Still Young (1972) The Golden Age of Rock ’n’ Roll (1973) From the Streets of New York (live) (1973) Hot Sox (1974) Sha Na Now (1975) Rock 'n Roll Graffiti – Live in Japan (1975) Rockin' in the 1980s (1980) Silly Songs (1981) 34th & Vine (1990) Live in Concert (1996) Rock 'n Roll Dance Party (1996) Then He Kissed Me (1999) Live in Japan (2000) Rockin' Christmas (2002) One More Saturday Night (2006) References 1948 births Living people American rock pianists American male pianists Sha Na Na members 20th-century American pianists 21st-century American pianists 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male musicians Columbia College (New York) alumni","title":"Screamin' Scott Simon"},{"docid":"1233441","text":"Russian rock music originated in the Soviet Union in the 1960s based on the influence of Western rock music and bard songs, and was developed by both amateur bands and official VIA. The \"golden age\" of Russian rock was during the 1980s (especially the era of perestroika), when the Soviet underground rock bands became able to release their records officially. During this period, \"rock clubs\" were created, such groups as \"Kino\", \"Alisa\", \"DDT\", \"Bravo\", \"Nautilus Pompilius\", \"Aria\",\"Chaif\", \"Grazhdanskaya Oborona\" appeared and gained popularity, and already known groups, such as \"Mashina Vremeni\" and \"Aquarium\", began to publish albums officially. Russian rock's characteristic feature was the emphasis on the lyrics. Due to its lyrical emphasis, it became a symbol of the youth of the Perestroika era. Russian rock of the 20th century is often considered a united cultural movement that has some common musical, aesthetic and ideological features. In the 21st century, almost all genres of rock music exist in Russia, which is why \"Russian rock\" has become a more vague concept. The majority of the Russian bands perform in the Russian language. According to various polls, the most popular Russian rock bands include Kino, Aquarium, Aria, Alisa, DDT and Agatha Christie. History The early 1960s: Local bard music and first western influences By the mid-1960s, beat groups had formed in Moscow and Leningrad, at first performing cover versions of foreign hits on home-made equipment. Among these groups were \"Sokol\", \"Scythians\", \"Buffoons\" and \"Slavs\" (Alexander Gradsky's groups), and \"Forest Brothers\". In 1965, the band Sokol released the first rock song in Russian, \"Gde tot krai?\" (). The beat quartet \"Integral\" performed jazz music and compositions in the style of The Shadows and The Swinging Blue Jeans, and also composed their own twists and rock 'n' rolls. With the spread of Beatlemania, almost every school had its own rock band. The movement was partly influenced by the ideology of the Western hippies. At the same time, Russian rock was partly influenced by bard music, a style referred to as avtorskaya pesnya (), mostly played on unaccompanied acoustic guitar. It was characterized by a strong emphasis on lyrics that sometimes carried a subversive meaning, as well as a lively and informal approach to the theme - romance, everyday life, military songs, patriotic songs, satire, irony etc. The most famous performers of the bard song were Alexander Galich, Vladimir Vysotsky, Bulat Okudzhava. Meanwhile, Western music was either being smuggled across the border or released by Melodiya as part of what was essentially state-run media piracy, with The Beatles taking a firm place in Soviet popular culture, and artists such as The Rolling Stones and Deep Purple completing a somewhat distorted picture of Western music. The late 1960s and 1970s: Formation of the movement In the late 1960s, the most advanced Russian rockers began experimenting with folk sound. The beat music movement developed in the provinces. The first Russian rock and roll magazine \"Beat-Echo\" was released in 1965 (as samizdat). On December 18, 1966, the first","title":"Rock music in Russia"},{"docid":"7078315","text":"\"20th Century Boy\" is a song by T. Rex, written by Marc Bolan, released as a stand-alone single on 2 March 1973. It entered in the UK Singles Chart at number 3, on 10 March 1973 and peaked three weeks in a row at that position. It stayed a total of nine weeks in the UK Chart. \"20th Century Boy\" was not featured on the album Tanx, released at the same time in early March. It was later added as a bonus track in the reissues of Tanx from year 1985 and on all the versions released since. The song returned to the UK Top 20 in 1991, peaking at No. 13, after being used in a TV commercial for Levi's starring Brad Pitt. The song was also used in the opening of the 2016 film The Purge: Election Year, and is the namesake of the manga series 20th Century Boys by Naoki Urasawa. Recording \"20th Century Boy\" \"20th Century Boy\" was recorded on 3 December 1972 in Toshiba Recording Studios in Tokyo, Japan at a session that ran between 3:00p.m. and 1:30a.m. Backing vocals, hand claps, acoustic guitar and saxophones were recorded in England when T. Rex returned to the country after their tour. The single version of the track fades out at three minutes and 39 seconds; however, the multi-track master reveals that the song ended in nearly a full three minutes' worth of jamming. A rough mix of the full-length version can be found on the Bump 'n' Grind compilation. According to Marc Bolan, the lyrics are based on quotes taken from notable celebrities such as Muhammad Ali. This can be seen through the inclusion of the line \"sting like a bee\", which is taken from one of Ali's 1969 speeches. \"Free Angel\" \"Free Angel\" was recorded during the first session for the Tanx album, between 1 and 4 August 1972. The single was mixed for release at Air Studios on 16 December 1972. Track listing \"20th Century Boy\" \"Free Angel\" Charts Certifications Covers and renditions Girlschool version In 1983, British rock band Girlschool recorded the song for their fourth studio album, Play Dirty, and it was released by Bronze Records as the album's lead single in October 1983. Girlschool's version was produced by Jim Lea and Noddy Holder of Slade. Chalk Circle version Canadian rock band Chalk Circle covered \"20th Century Boy\" in 1987. Def Leppard version English hard rock band Def Leppard covered the song on their 2006 album, Yeah!, which features cover versions of 1970s rock hits. It was released as the third and final single from the album, on 21 August 2006. The band used the song extensively as promotion for including two TV appearances and a regular rotation in the setlist of their 2006 Yeah! Tour. Def Leppard performed \"20th Century Boy\" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on 23 May 2006 two days before performing the song with Queen's Brian May on VH1 Rock Honors broadcast on 31 May. References","title":"20th Century Boy"},{"docid":"14426361","text":"The Parlor Mob is an American rock band from New Jersey. History Formation and Capitol Records The original members of the band formed in 2004, as What About Frank?. They independently released an album in 2005, entitled \"What about Frank?\". The band won the title Best Live Band at the Asbury Park Music Awards twice, and performed at the 2005 Van's Warped Tour, the Bamboozle festival and the CMJ Music Marathon. This attracted the attention of Capitol Records. In 2006, they changed their name to The Parlor Mob, named after a notorious Hell's Kitchen gang active at the turn of the 20th century. A 2006 editorial in The New York Times notes \"when you're not even halfway through your 20s, jump-starting a back-to-basics rock revolution seems a tall order,\" adding \"judging by the rock 'n' roll charisma radiated by the band members at their live shows–long hair tossing, instrument abusing, generally reckless affairs[;] they are up to the task.\" They recorded a four-song EP for Capitol, but the band was dropped in the wake of a corporate merger between Capitol and Virgin Records. They chose to give away the EP for free, eventually attracting the attention of Roadrunner Records, with whom the band signed a record deal in 2007. And You Were a Crow Producer Jacquire King, who had previously contacted the band while they were recording for Capitol, contacted Roadrunner to express his interest in producing the band's new record. King describes The Parlor Mob as \"very much a live rock 'n' roll band,\" adding \"in my eyes they are an important band, and I do feel they can be the same for the public... I think they are an important link to what is the essence of rock 'n' roll and what is to become a modern expression of it.\" On 28 September 2007, the band began recording at Echo Mountain Recording Studio. And You Were a Crow was completed on Halloween of 2007, and released digitally on 11 April 2008, and on compact disc on 6 May 2008. The band was featured on the iTunes Store's section of best new rock artists in 2008. The lead single \"Can't Keep No Good Boy Down\" was featured in the sixth season of the television show, Entourage. As additional promotion for the record, the Parlor Mob was featured in a performance setting on Knight Rider, in October 2008. The song \"Hard Times\" reached No. 35 on the Billboard rock charts. It was featured in the video games NASCAR 09 and WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, and the television shows Friday Night Lights and Trauma. Aaron Miller of CityNews described their 2009 performances at Bovine Sex Club as \"face-melting, Fender-shredding rock out that went a long way in clearing up why some have dubbed this a 'must-see' live band[;] nobody who watches them perform live will fail to be entertained. The Aquarian Weekly also expressed \"basically now is the time to go see them and say later on, \"Yeah, you know,","title":"The Parlor Mob"},{"docid":"4770078","text":"Marcus Terrell Paulk (born October 12, 1986) is an American actor, singer, rapper and dancer best known for his role as Myles Mitchell in the UPN sitcom Moesha, which aired from 1996 through 2001. Being a proponent of good causes and a frequent participant in fund raisers, Paulk was the 1997 national spokesperson for the \"Kids Are Paramount\" campaign, which seeks to empower children with courage and confidence to overcome obstacles. He also appeared with Bow Wow in the 2005 film Roll Bounce, Another Cinderella Story as Dustin, and with Antonio Banderas in the 2006 film Take the Lead. Paulk is currently working on a studio album. Further details for this project are TBA. Paulk has also made appearances in Season 4 of The Bad Girls Club. In 2012, Marcus starred in the George Lucas film Red Tails. Paulk also starred in the 2015 feature film Sister Code with Amber Rose. Television and film appearances Probaphope short (2018) Bart NBA short (2018) Fantasy Short Player SisterCode (2015) Lil Danger Black-ish (2015) Scootie Red Tails (2012) David \"Deke\" Watkins Mr. Box Office (2012) Jimmy, 1 episode David E. Talbert's Suddenly Single (2012) Sylvester Stone, Jr. The Rig (2010) Andrew The Bad Girls Club (2009) Himself, 3 episodes The Adventures of Umbweki (2009) Nosha Another Cinderella Story (2008) Dustin/The Funk Extreme Movie (2008) Wyatt High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008) Cameo: Boy at Troy's Party (uncredited) Taking Five (2007) Lincoln Take the Lead (2006) Eddie Roll Bounce (2005) Boo Going to the Mat (2004) one of the boys playing baseball at beginning Fillmore! (2003) Sonny Lombard, 1 episode Family Affair (2003) Josh, 1 episode Cedric the Entertainer Presents (2003) Darrin, 1 episode The Hughleys (2002) Little V., 1 episode The Proud Family (2001-2004) Myron Lewinski, 4 episodes The Nightmare Room (2001) Ryan, 1 episode The Parkers (1999) Myles Mitchell, 1 episode City Guys (1999) Stevie, 1 episode 3rd Rock From The Sun (1998) Jimmy, 1 episode Safety Patrol (1998) Walt Whitman Nothing to Lose (1997) Joey Davidson One Night Stand (1997) Young Charlie Carlyle Moesha (1996–2001) Myles Mitchell, 127 episodes The Crew (1995) Boy at Christmas Party, 1 episode The Parent 'Hood (1995) Phil, 1 episode Me and the Boys (1994-1995) Ryan, 2 episodes Martin (1994) season 3, episode 8, \"Momma's Baby, Martin's Maybe\" Marvin, 1 episode The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1994) Boy on dad's back (uncredited) The Sinbad Show (1994) 1 episode Thea (1994) Cedric, 1 episode Grace Under Fire (1993) Food Group: Bread, 1 episode Commercials 2012 Honda Civic'''s Clearance Event (2012) as Tim Taylor, the Wingman Sprite (2004) State Farm Auto Insurance (2003) Yoplait Go-Gurt'' (2000) References External links 1986 births Place of birth missing (living people) Living people African-American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American people","title":"Marcus T. Paulk"},{"docid":"25086375","text":"Joseph Johnson (born March 31, 1975), known by his stage name N.O. Joe, is an American musician, hip hop record producer and songwriter. N.O. Joe was a pioneer of the Southern Hip Hop sound during the 1990s. He operates a production company named Gumbo Funk, which is also a name given to his melange of musical styles History Johnson was born and raised in New Orleans While in high school in New Orleans, he began providing beats to local performers in Jackson Square. He was later encouraged to move to New York, where he began an affiliation with Universal Music Group as a producer. Then known as Joe Kool, Johnson collaborated with Devante Swing, and the production group Da Bassment with that he contributed to Jodeci's first album, Forever My Lady. Johnson went on to work with Brian McKnight, R&B artist Joe and D'Angelo before moving into the rap genre. Southern hip-hop contributions N.O. Joe contributed to the following albums (All album contributions not listed): Scarface, The Diary Scarface, The Untouchable Scarface, The Last of a Dying Breed Geto Boys, The Resurrection UGK, Ridin' Dirty UGK, Underground Kingz and individual songs from various UGK albums: \"Hi Life\", \"Murder\", \"Diamonds and Wood\" Odd Squad, Fadanuf Fa Erybody!! Artist roster N.O. Joe has also contributed as producer to various labels such as Universal Music Group (1990–2003), and Rap-A-Lot as an independent production entity. N.O. Joe has worked on several platinum songs and albums, including a number 1 single \"Pushin Weight\", to Ice Cube's album War & Peace Vol. 1, LL Cool J's Grammy-nominated The DEFinition and has worked with: AZ In 1995, AZ's album Do or Die peaked on the Billboard as the No. 1 R&B/Hip-Hop Album with chart topping hits such as the title track, produced by N.O. Joe, \"Doe or Die\" which reached the top twenties on the Billboard chart. Bahamadia \"I Confess\" and \"Biggest Part of Me\" Brian Mcknight In 1992, N.O. Joe teamed up with Brian McKnight to produce \"Goodbye My Love\" which was his first album release. The entire album went platinum and the single produced by N.O. Joe peaked on the Billboard chart in the Top 50. Big Mike D'Angelo In 1995, N.O. Joe worked with D'Angelo on the UK-released version of \"Cruisin\". De La Soul Devin the Dude Ice Cube Ganksta N-I-P Geto Boys Jay-Z Joe Lil Wayne LL Cool J The Luniz Master P Rick Ross Scarface T.I. UGK Travis Scott 2 Chainz Spuf don Albums featuring N.O. Joe Soundtracks N.O. Joe's music has also been featured on the following soundtracks: Jason's Lyric, Friday Office Space Tales from the Hood Johnson Family Vacation Original Gangstas References External links List of production credits African-American drummers African-American guitarists African-American record producers African-American songwriters American hip hop record producers American keyboardists Living people Musicians from New Orleans Southern hip hop musicians Songwriters from Louisiana Guitarists from Louisiana 20th-century American drummers American male drummers American male bass guitarists 21st-century American drummers 21st-century American bass guitarists 20th-century American male","title":"N.O. Joe"},{"docid":"41145959","text":"John Michael Cooley (born September 14, 1966) is an American songwriter, singer, and guitarist from Tuscumbia, Alabama, near Muscle Shoals. He is a member of the band Drive-By Truckers. Background Cooley received his first guitar at age 8, spending time with a local bluegrass musician to pick up the instrument. In 1985, he formed the punk-influenced band Adam's House Cat with Patterson Hood. The band was chosen as a top ten Best Unsigned Band by a Musician contest in the late 1980s. After the end of Adam's House Cat, Cooley and Hood performed as a duo under the name \"Virgil Kane.\" While living in Auburn, Alabama they started a new band, \"Horsepussy,\" before splitting for a few years. It was during this split that Hood moved to Athens, Georgia and began forming what would become Drive-By Truckers with the intent of luring Cooley back into the fold. With the Drive-by Truckers Hood and Cooley formed Drive-By Truckers in 1996. Cooley contributed one song to their debut record Gangstabilly and three songs to the follow-up, Pizza Deliverance. Cooley wrote five songs for the breakout double album Southern Rock Opera, which received a four star rating from Rolling Stone Magazine. Cooley added four songs to the Truckers' next two records Decoration Day and The Dirty South, including his signature song \"Carl Perkins' Cadillac\". He wrote two songs for the follow-up A Blessing and a Curse and seven for Brighter Than Creation's Dark. He has written three songs for each of the Truckers' records Go-Go Boots and The Big To Do and six songs for their 2014 release English Oceans. Solo career In 2013, Cooley released his first solo effort The Fool on Every Corner, a live album recorded at Atlanta's The EARL. On June 15, 2014, Cooley, Patterson Hood, and Jason Isbell performed at a benefit concert in Florence, Alabama's Shoals Theater. The live acoustic concert was released as an album, Mike Cooley Patterson Hood and Jason Isbell Live at the Shoals Theater on November 6, 2020. Cooley and Hood occasionally perform as an acoustic duo under the moniker Dimmer Twins. On May 22, 2021, he performed at a benefit concert in Brookwood, Alabama in support of striking workers during the 2021 Warrior Met Coal strike. Cooley lives in Hoover, Alabama with his wife and children. Drive-By Truckers contributions Discography Live Albums The Fool on Every Corner (2013) Sources External links Facebook Page Live Recording Archive American rock guitarists American male guitarists American rock singers American rock songwriters American male singer-songwriters People from Tuscumbia, Alabama Living people 1966 births Drive-By Truckers members Guitarists from Alabama 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American male musicians Singer-songwriters from Alabama","title":"Mike Cooley (musician)"},{"docid":"35054019","text":"\"Back 'n Blue\" is a song by the American rock band Cheap Trick, which was released in 1990 as the opening track on their eleventh studio album Busted. It was written by Taylor Rhodes, Robert A. Johnson, Rick Nielsen and Robin Zander, and produced by Richie Zito. Although not released as a single, \"Back 'n Blue\" gained enough airplay to reach No. 32 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. Critical reception In a review of Busted, Ivan Brunet of the Nanaimo Daily News described the song as \"a rockin[g] number that's got that Keith Richards open-tune five-string sound down cold\". Chuck Dean of Rolling Stone considered it to be a \"typical get-ready-for-the-weekend-and-love-me-dammit prototype\". Barbara Jaeger of The Record noted, \"Outright rockers such as 'Back 'n Blue' and a cover of 'Rock 'n' Roll Tonight' are sizzlers.\" George Smith of The Morning Call commented, \"Numbers like 'Back 'n Blue', the title track and 'I Can't Understand It' blow fuses better than anything on Lap of Luxury.\" In a 2010 retrospective of Busted, Michael Fortes of Popdose wrote, \"'Back 'n Blue' [has] some moderately cool rock guitar riffage, some well placed na-na-na's and a tough Robin Zander vocal. The title of the song continued CT's tradition of having fun with words, but the song itself didn't reflect that fun. It plodded, and probably would have been better off in the hands of Bon Jovi.\" Personnel Cheap Trick Robin Zander - lead vocals, rhythm guitar Rick Nielsen - lead guitar, backing vocals Tom Petersson - bass, backing vocals Bun E. Carlos - drums, percussion Production Richie Zito - producer Mike Shipley - mixing George Marino - mastering Charts References 1990 songs 1990 singles Cheap Trick songs Songs written by Robin Zander Songs written by Rick Nielsen Songs written by Taylor Rhodes Song recordings produced by Richie Zito Epic Records singles","title":"Back 'n Blue"},{"docid":"15265121","text":"Daniel Abineri (born 8 August 1958) is an English songwriter, actor, director, narrator and playwright known for writing the book, music and lyrics for the controversial rock musical Bad Boy Johnny and the Prophets of Doom. The 1994 London production made national news when it caused grave offence to the Roman Catholic Church and was closed down after just nine performances. Career Abineri's father was actor John Abineri and his mother was actress Hilary Bamford. From 1974 to 1998, Abineri worked as an actor, starting his career in repertory theatre in England. He starred as Father Neil opposite Arthur Lowe in the 1970s TV comedy Bless Me, Father, which led to a leading role opposite Tatum O'Neal in International Velvet. In 1979, at the age of 21, he was cast as Frank-n-Furter in the first British tour of The Rocky Horror Show, a role he played subsequently in the West End and over three thousand times on several tours of Australia and New Zealand, which he also directed. He played the villainous Jake Sanders in the 1980s Australian TV series Return to Eden. He is also credited with giving Russell Crowe his first professional acting role in a production of The Rocky Horror Show in New Zealand in 1986, and he subsequently cast Crowe as the lead in Bad Boy Johnny and The Prophets of Doom in 1989. Other work as an actor includes roles in Noises Off, Secret Army, The Bill, King Cinder, alongside Rik Mayall in Bring Me the Head of Mavis Davis Arnold Beckoff in the Australian production of Torch Song Trilogy and Ben Elton's Popcorn in London's West End. Abineri has produced and directed several television documentaries, including One Hit Wonders for the BBC in 1997, Walk on the Wild Side for Granada TV, and Murder and Celebrity for UKTV and A Conversation With James Lovelock for Network Films. He is married to the TV executive Claudia Rosencrantz, with whom he has one daughter, singer songwriter Lola Aviva. He has three children from a previous marriage: Jennifer, Kate and Joe. On 20 September 2013, Abineri released a new country/folk-rock album of his songs titled Honey For Sale. References External links Official site 1958 births Living people English male stage actors English male television actors English male dramatists and playwrights English male songwriters English television directors 20th-century English male actors 20th-century British dramatists and playwrights 21st-century English male actors 21st-century British dramatists and playwrights 20th-century male writers 21st-century male writers","title":"Daniel Abineri"},{"docid":"16992170","text":"Carl Sven-Göran Ljunggren (28 January 1949, Arlöv – 18 January 1985), known by his stage name Kal P. Dal, was a rock musician from Arlöv in Scania (in Sweden). His most famous hit was the song \"Blåa Sko'\" (\"Blue Shoes\" in the Scanian dialect). Other hits were \"Jonnie\", \"Bara Rock 'N' Roll\" (a Scanian version of \"It's Only Rock 'n' Roll), \"Raka rör\" and \"Om ja' va' en slashas/Jag vill leva fri\" (a version of \"If I Were a Carpenter\"). His debut album \"Till Mossan!\" (\"To Mom!\") peaked at number 7 on the Swedish album charts where it stayed for 14 weeks. Career He played at concerts at Akademiska Föreningen (The Academic Society) in Lund. It was there he met fellow Scanian and musician Peps Persson who convinced Sonet Records to release his music. His debut album \"Till Mossan!\" (\"To Mom!\", 1977) peaked at number 7 on the Swedish album charts where it stayed for 14 weeks. Later albums also charted, but didn't reach the same success. He also had a small part in the film Barnförbjudet (1979) Death and legacy He died on January 18, 1985, from a cerebral haemorrhage. After his death he got one of the local Pågatåg trains named after him. All of the Pågatåg trains are named after famous people from Scania. In 2005 he also got a street in his home town Arlöv named after him. It was originally suggested that he would get a statue instead, and there is a Facebook group with thousands of members dedicated to making the statue a reality. Pascal, a rock band from Gotland, Sweden, made a cover of the song \"Jonnie\". The well-known Swedish indie rock band Bob Hund have cited Kal P. Dal as an inspiration. Covers (with new Swedish lyrics) \"17 år\" (The Beatles' \"I Saw Her Standing There\") \"Bara rock 'n' roll\" (The Rolling Stones' \"It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (But I Like It)\") \"Brunt socker\" (The Rolling Stones' \"Brown Sugar\") \"Du bara bankar\" (Little Richard's \"Keep A-Knockin'\") \"Houndans kvinna II\" (The Rolling Stones' \"Honky Tonk Women\") \"Ja' kan li en regnig kväll\" (Eddie Rabbitt's \"I Love a Rainy Night\") \"Jenny Jenny\" (Eddie Cochran's \"Jeanie, Jeanie, Jeanie\") \"John Silver\" (Chuck Berry's \"Johnny B. Goode\") \"Jonnie\" (10cc's \"Johnny, Don't Do It\") \"Kaddilack\" (Vince Taylor's \"Brand New Cadillac\") \"Karolin\" (Status Quo's \"Caroline\") \"Knabbar på himelens dörr\" (Bob Dylan's \"Knockin' on Heaven's Door\") \"Kungens knall\" (Bachman-Turner Overdrive's \"You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet\") \"Om ja' va' en slashas / Jag vill leva fri\" (Tim Hardin's \"If I Were a Carpenter\") \"Rock påg\" (Thin Lizzy's \"The Rocker\") \"Rosalie, Rosalie\" (Bob Seger's \"Rosalie\") \"Skit i maj\" (Rory Gallagher's \"Shadow Play\") \"Starta mej\" (The Rolling Stones' \"Start Me Up\") \"Tutti-Frutti\" (Little Richard's \"Tutti-Frutti\") \"Ålrajt / Rocka maj\" (Free's \"All Right Now\") Notes External links http://www.kalpdal.se Kal P Dal – lika populära i dag som på 70-talet, article in Skånska Dagbladet focusing on a new book released about the artist 1949 births 1985 deaths People from Burlöv Municipality 20th-century Swedish male musicians","title":"Kal P. Dal"},{"docid":"1561855","text":"Robert James Byrd (July 1, 1930 – July 27, 1990), known by the stage name Bobby Day, was an American singer, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, and songwriter. He is best known for his hit record \"Rockin' Robin\", written by Leon René under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. Day also wrote the top-10 Billboard hits \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" (1957, Thurston Harris) and \"Over and Over\" (1965, the Dave Clark Five). Biography Born in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, Day moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 15. His first recording was \"Young Girl\" in 1949 in the R&B group the Hollywood Flames, released in 1950 on the Selective Label. He went several years with minor musical success limited to the West Coast. He recorded under numerous other names: The Jets, The Voices, The Sounds, The Crescendos, and as the original \"Bob\" in the duo Bob & Earl with singer Earl Nelson. As a member of the Flames, he used the stage name Bobby Day. His penned song, \"Buzz Buzz Buzz\" was that outfit's first and biggest success. In 1957, Day formed his own band called the Satellites, following which he recorded three songs that are seen today as rock and roll classics. Day's best known songwriting efforts were \"Over and Over\", later made popular by the Dave Clark Five in 1965, and \"Little Bitty Pretty One\", popularized by Thurston Harris in 1957, Frankie Lymon in 1960, Clyde McPhatter in 1962, and the Jackson Five in 1972. However, Day is most remembered for his 1958 solo recording of the Hot 100 No. 2 hit, \"Rockin' Robin\", written by Leon Rene under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold record. \"Rockin' Robin\" was covered by Bob Luman at Town Hall Party on October 28, 1958, the Hollies in 1964, Gene Vincent in 1969, Michael Jackson in 1972, Lolly in 1999, and by McFly in 2006. In 2012–2013, his uncharted recording, \"Beep-Beep-Beep\", was the musical soundtrack for a Kia Sorento television commercial shown nationwide in the US. Day died of prostate cancer on 27 July 1990, at the age of 60, and is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Discography Albums Rockin' with Robin (1959) The Best of Bobby Day (1984) The Original Rockin' Robin (1987) The Great Bobby Day (1994) Rockin' Robin (1994) The Best of Bobby Day (2001) The Very Best Of (2016) Robins, Bluebirds, Buzzards & Orioles - The Bobby Day Story (2021) Singles Television appearances The Dick Clark Show (two episodes) (1958) American Bandstand (four episodes) (1958) The Cinnamon Cinder Show (1963) The Midnight Special (1973) References External links 1930 births 1990 deaths African-American male songwriters American rhythm and blues singers American rock singers American soul singers Songwriters from Texas Jamie Records artists RCA Victor artists Class Records artists Rock and roll musicians Sue Records artists Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City 20th-century African-American male singers 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American","title":"Bobby Day"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"60333329\",\n \"text\": \"Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives is the debut studio album from the American rock band Rock N Roll Hi Fives. Content The ten-track album was released on red 12\\\"-vinyl and digital download with Little Dickman Records, on 29 June 2018. It was recorded between 2016 and 2017, engineered by Mike Moebius and mastered by Joe Lambert. Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives contains four new songs, with the remainder appearing on previous Rock N Roll Hi Fives' albums. They wrote the song \\\"Hold On\\\" in a 70s glam rock style, and Eilee Centeno recalls upon receiving the music, she was in \\\"a rut with words and dad jokingly said I should start writing songs about relationships since that's what all of the hits were about. I've never been in a relationship before and I usually write the lyrics to our songs on my own but for this song dad and I wrote the lyrics together so we had both angles being portrayed in the song.\\\" The album draws comparison to the music of Kim Deal, Corin Tucker, and the Runaways. The music video for \\\"Same Mistakes\\\" was released on September 18, 2018, and features live footage from their 2018 tour of Japan, with filming by Tsuyoshi Hashimoto. It also contains \\\"various and sundry clips,\\\" and photographs. The record release party for Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives was at Mercury Lounge in New York on June 24, 2018, with Lost Boy?. Reception Rich Quinlan of Jersey Beat says Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives is \\\"fun and incredibly infectious, the Rock N Roll Hi-Fives inject a sense of purity into their playing that is desperately missed by most bands today. There is no pretense or tricks; this is rock 'n' roll for people who love rock 'n' roll.\\\" Bob Makin in Institute for Nonprofit News calls the song \\\"Battles\\\" the \\\"standout,\\\" describing it as \\\"a grungy grabber that's a cross between the Ramones and the Runaways with a pinch of L7 and Hole. I love the way Eilee simultaneously counters and complements the rough edges of this song with the distorted, sci-fi-sounding effects of the theremin.\\\" Magnet calls the song \\\"C'est la Vie\\\" a \\\"hell of a good song.\\\" A review of the song \\\"Hold On\\\" by Impose describe it as \\\"a hooky, riff-chugging ripper straight out of the best anthemic works 60s glam has to offer with The RocknRoll Hi-Fives' unique flair and swagger shining throughout.\\\" The Fire Note says \\\"Eilee's vocals are strong [on \\\"Hold On\\\" and] have a snap to them like Joan Jett,\\\" and the music is reminiscent \\\"of 90's punk group Red Aunts or more currently Southern California's the Side Eyes.\\\" Tracklisting Personnel Eilee Centeno – vocals and theremin Evren Centeno – drums Gloree Centeno – bass Joe Centeno – guitars and backing vocals References Citations Bibliography External links 2018 albums Little Dickman Records albums Rock-and-roll albums Rock N Roll Hi Fives albums\",\n \"title\": \"Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7250407\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?\\\" is a song by American punk rock band Ramones', released by Sire Records as the second single and opening track from the band's fifth studio album End of the Century (1980). It was released on May 16, 1980. Produced by Phil Spector, the song and album marked a change in the Ramones' sound, in an attempt to achieve commercial success. Based on many rock and pop songs the band grew up listening to, the song featured more complex instrumentation and production than past songs by the band, employing the use of piano, trumpet, horn, saxophone and synthesizer, along with the standard guitar, drums and bass. The song criticized the state of mainstream rock music at that time and took a roots rock approach. The album's title End of the Century came from a couplet found in the lyrics of the song: \\\"It's the end, the end of the seventies/It's the end, the end of the century.\\\" This verse also provided the title of the 2003 documentary about the group, End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones. The opening riff of the song appears in the trailers of DreamWorks Animation's Shrek The Third, which was released in 2007. The song also appears in the film's soundtrack. Lyrical content The Ramones sought to return rock music to its most basic roots, abandoning movements such as late 1960s psychedelic rock and early 1970s prog rock music. The song states the Ramones' philosophy in lines such as \\\"We need change, we need it fast/Before rock's just part of the past/'Cause lately it all sounds the same to me\\\". Many of the band's influences are mentioned in the song, including Murray the K, John Lennon, Jerry Lee Lewis, T. Rex, The Barbarians (whose drummer, Victor \\\"Moulty\\\" Moulton, is mentioned by his nickname) and Alan Freed, as well as musical variety TV and radio shows such as Hullabaloo, Shindig!, Upbeat and The Ed Sullivan Show. Furthermore, a clip of Buddy Holly and the Crickets performing on The Ed Sullivan Show can be seen in the music video. While the song celebrates the Ramones' teenage rock and roll memories, it also reflects and criticizes the trend of playing nostalgic songs on radio, rather than focusing on new music. Reception Record World called it a \\\"thunderous paean to radio as it should be.\\\" Track listing U.S. 7\\\" Single \\\"Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?\\\" (Ramones) - 3:50 \\\"Let's Go\\\" (Ramones) - 3:02 References External links Rock ‘N' Roll Radio at Discogs (list of releases) The song’s lyrics at Genius Songs about rock music Songs about nostalgia Songs about radio 1980 singles Ramones songs Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Song recordings with Wall of Sound arrangements Songs written by Joey Ramone Songs written by Johnny Ramone Songs written by Dee Dee Ramone Kiss (band) songs 1980 songs Sire Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8306261\",\n \"text\": \"Eric Carlson (born May 22, 1958, in Seattle, Washington) is a founding member and lead guitarist of American heavy metal band The Mentors. Under the stage name Sickie Wifebeater, Carlson started The Mentors in Seattle in 1976 with bass guitarist Steve Broy (Dr. Heathen Scum) and singer/drummer Eldon Hoke (El Duce) who attended Roosevelt High School together. Style Wifebeater's playing style when soloing (with hand above and over the fretboard) is one of the things that gave the Mentors' guitars a unique sound. His signature sound is fluid with alternating bottom-heavy crunch with fast-noted metal runs. When performing, Wifebeater wears a black executioner’s hood, according to a Guitar World \\\"Behind the Mask: A Brief History of Guitarists with an Identity Crisis\\\", Guitar World, September 5, 2008 Equipment Guitars Wifebeater plays or has played the following guitars A 1964 red Gibson SG with one P-90 pickup and one DiMarzio super distortion Humbucker A 1965 red Gibson SG stock P-90 pickups Early 1980s silver Boogiebodies Stratocaster A 1970s black Ventura Les Paul Copy (used in early 1980s) Amplifiers Sickie Wifebeater uses a 1978 or 1979 Marshall MKII 100 Watt Lead with checkerboard speaker cabinets. Originally, he used the fullstack as pictured on the Get Up and Die album cover but in later years he mainly ran it as a halfstack. Discography With The Mentors Get Up and Die (1981 Mystic Records) Live at the Whiskey/Cathey de Grande (1981 Mystic Records) You Axed for It! (1985 Metal Blade/Death Records) Up the Dose (1986 Metal Blade/Death Records) Sex Drugs and Rock 'n' Roll (1989 Ever Rat Records) Rock Bible (1990 Mentor Records) To The Max (1991 Mentor Records) Over The Top (2005 Mentor Records) Ducefixion (2009 Mentor Records) Illuminaughty (2017 Mentor Records) With other groups Jesters of Destiny - Fun at the Funeral 1986 Mentorhawk - Motel 7 1999 Northwest Breeders - Northwest Breeders EP 2001 Videography Get Up and Die (1983) Mentors Fuck Movie (1987) A Piece Of Sinema (1990) The Wretched World of The Mentors (1990) Mentors Tour De Max '91 (1991) El Duce, The Man. The Myth. The Video. (1993) Mentors - El Duce Vita DVD (2007) Sources Church Of El Duce Men In The Hood: Mentors Site References External links Sickie Wifebeater at MySpace The Mentors Official Website Church of El Duce Mentors @ the Metal Archives Living people 1958 births American heavy metal guitarists American punk rock guitarists Mentors (band) members Musicians from Seattle Guitarists from Washington (state) American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Carlson (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34829642\",\n \"text\": \"Charlie Souza is an American bass player, vocalist, musician, writer and producer. He is best known for playing bass in Mudcrutch. He is married to Barbara Benischek Souza. Career Souza toured with The New Rascals, featuring Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Dino Danelli and Gene Cornish of The Rascals, with Bill Pascali (formerly with the Vanilla Fudge 2001) from 2006 to 2011. In 2008, the group performed on a live video recording, New Rascals Reloaded with Eddie Brigati, and on a digital audio recording titled New Rascals LEGENDS covering songs of the Young Rascals (also known simply as the Rascals), such as Groovin' and Good Lovin'. He also toured, collaborated and recorded with musicians including Tom Petty; Gregg Allman; Bill Champlin of Chicago; Michel Colombier; Mike Pinera, Malcolm Jones and Joe Lala of Blues Image; The New Cactus Band Cactus (American band); White Witch (band); Gale Force with producer Wayne Henderson (musician) of The Jazz Crusaders; Native American actor Floyd Red Crow Westerman; Santana keyboardist Leon Patillo; The Darrell Mansfield Christian Band; comedian Fred Willard, and The Tropics (band), a '60s pop group from Tampa, Florida, winning first place at the International Battle of the Bands in Chicago in 1966, which led to a Columbia Records recording played on Dick Clark's American Bandstand. Souza's music has been released on Columbia, Atlantic, Polydor, Fantasy and Laurie Records. Fortress on Atlantic Records was an '80s melodic metal group with a release on Wounded Bird Records in 2008, Fortress \\\"Hands in the Till\\\". Souza recorded his solo albums Live Your Dream and 9 Ball in the Corner Pocket, together with former Robin Trower drummer Bill Lordan, and Tropics guitarist Eric Turner of Fortress. These two CDs were recorded in Anaheim and Hollywood, California. Souza's song Carry Me Back to St. Petersburg off the Livin' in Paradise CD, recorded by his band The New Tropics in Tampa Bay area studios, was voted the winner of the official city song contest. Bibliography Live Your Dream A Music Autobiography. Janson Media Group, 2011. Tales of The Tropics, Tom Petty's Mudcrutch, New Rascals, Gregg Allman, Cactus, many Rock 'n' Roll friends! A story of real musical roots! The Life and times of Charlie Souza http://charliesouza.com \\\"Florida's Famous and Forgotten\\\" by Kurt \\\"King of the Oldies\\\" Curtis. Softcover, (2) Book Set 1024 pages. The Tropics chapter, pages 828 – 842. \\\"Tampa Bay Music Roots\\\" Charlie Souza, Author ( 100 years of Music History in the Tampa Bay Area) Arcadia Publishing, The History Press References External links Interview with Charlie Souza at Alt Guitar Bass For Bass Players Only: Interview Music Dish: Interview RockUnited (Archived Reviews): Charlie SOUZA: \\\"Live Your Dream\\\" + \\\"9 Ball in the Corner Pocket\\\" 6 / 7, Review by Endre \\\"Bandi\\\" Hübner, 15 February 2004 Psychedelic Central: New Rascals review https://web.archive.org/web/20120322211323/http://www.worldsoundproductions.com/artists/charlie_souza/web_pages/charlie_home.html 1948 births Living people Musicians from Tampa, Florida Writers from Tampa, Florida Mudcrutch members Guitarists from Florida American male bass guitarists 20th-century American bass guitarists 20th-century American male musicians\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Souza\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13255766\",\n \"text\": \"Death 'n' roll (portmanteau of death metal and rock 'n' roll) is the subgenre of death metal music that incorporates hard rock-inspired elements to the overall sound. The achieved effect is that of death metal's trademark combination of growled vocals and highly distorted detuned guitar riffing with elements reminiscent of 1970s hard rock and heavy metal. Notable examples include Entombed, Gorefest, Carcass, Kaptain Sun, Six Feet Under, Pungent Stench and the Fernando Colunga Ultimate Experience. History While the \\\"death 'n' roll\\\" tag was first associated with Entombed, Daniel Ekeroth associates the style with a previous group called Furbowl. After Entombed's release, Wolverine Blues, the band became associated with what the music press dubbed as \\\"death 'n' roll\\\", a label which has followed Entombed's career ever since. Another noteworthy death 'n' roll release is Soul Survivor, Gorefest's 1996 effort. This album showed more than a passing nod to classic rock. Proof of that influence was the club tour organized by the band that same year, where Gorefest played songs by AC/DC, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple. Gorefest broke up after their last 1990s album, Chapter 13, which continued the trend started in Soul Survivor (Gorefest reformed seven years later). Two of its members currently play in Live & Dangerous, a Thin Lizzy tribute band from the Netherlands. Confronted with the \\\"death 'n' roll\\\" label in interviews, the death metal acts it usually is attached to react with skepticism. Entombed's LG Petrov made the following statement, regarding this issue: \\\"We see it as Entombed music, if people see that as death 'n' roll so be it. We just laugh, death 'n' roll, why not? When we write songs, we aren't thinking it has to be a particular style.\\\" When questioned about their mixture of death metal and rock and roll, Gorefest's Frank Harthoorn replied: \\\"Strange, everyone has always mentioned this death n' roll thing. To me it's just metal, plain and simple. I don't believe our influences are different from other bands.\\\" Further reading Ekeroth, Daniel (2008). Swedish Death Metal. Chapter 9: \\\"The Dead Live On ...\\\" Bazillion Points Books. Entombed (1993). Wolverine Blues. [CD]. Nottingham, UK: Earache Records Ltd. Remastered & Limited Edition, 1999. Entombed (1997). Entombed. [CD]. New York, NY: Earache Records (U.S.). References 20th-century music genres 1990s in music Death metal Heavy metal genres\",\n \"title\": \"Death 'n' roll\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2288639\",\n \"text\": \"Cheap Trick is the debut studio album by the American rock band Cheap Trick, released in 1977. It was released under Epic Records and produced by Jack Douglas, a frequent collaborator of the band. The album did not reach the Billboard 200 chart but did \\\"bubble under\\\" at number 207 for one week in April 1977. Overview Most of the songs have a more raw sound akin to hard rock bands of the period compared to the group's later more polished power pop style, and the song lyrics deal with more extreme subject matter than later albums. For instance, \\\"The Ballad of TV Violence (I'm Not the Only Boy)\\\" is about serial killer Richard Speck, \\\"Daddy Should Have Stayed in High School\\\" is about an ephebophile, and \\\"Oh, Candy\\\" is about a photographer friend of the band, Marshall Mintz, who committed suicide. Critical reception The album was generally well-received by critics with favorable comparisons to the Beatles and the Who, with critics likening Robin Zander's vocals to John Lennon's. Charles M. Young, writing for Rolling Stone, said the album had a \\\"heavy emphasis on basics with a strain of demented violence\\\" and that the lyrics \\\"run the gamut of lust, confusion and misogyny, growing out of rejection and antiauthoritarian sentiments about school—all with an element of wit.\\\" Ira Robbins of Trouser Press noted the album's \\\"wall-of-guitar sound\\\" and said the band was \\\"sarcastic, smart, nasty, powerful, tight, casual, and destined for something great.\\\" Juliana Hatfield, speaking to Melody Maker in 1993, praised Cheap Trick as \\\"the quintessential rock record\\\" and one that \\\"entertains all the way through\\\". Track listing All songs written by Rick Nielsen except where noted. Note: The original vinyl record had \\\"Side A\\\" printed on the label on one side and \\\"Side 1\\\" printed on the other, a humorous touch reflecting the band's conviction that they didn't have any \\\"B material\\\". The placement of the track listing on the jacket seemed to indicate \\\"Hot Love\\\" was the first track on the album. When the album was released on CD in the mid-1980s, it followed the same sequence. However, when the album was re-issued in 1998, the band's preferred sequence was used, placing \\\"Side 1\\\" before \\\"Side A\\\" and included five bonus tracks: Personnel Cheap Trick Robin Zander – lead vocals, rhythm guitar Rick Nielsen – lead guitar, mandocello, vocals Tom Petersson – bass guitar, vocals Bun E. Carlos – drums Technical Jack Douglas – producer Jay Messina – engineer Sam Ginsberg – assistant engineer Paula Scher – cover design Jim Houghton – photography Charts 2017 reissue Cover versions In the documentary End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones, Johnny Ramone stated that the guitar riff in \\\"The KKK Took My Baby Away\\\" was inspired by the riff in \\\"He's a Whore\\\". Big Black released a cover of \\\"He's a Whore\\\" as a single with a picture sleeve in the style of Cheap Trick's album cover. The back of the sleeve was a similar take on\",\n \"title\": \"Cheap Trick (1977 album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"733654\",\n \"text\": \"Superfast is a studio album by the rock band Dynamite Hack, released in 2000. The album peaked at No. 84 on the Billboard 200. Production The album was produced by David Eaton. A remixed version of the \\\"Boyz-N-The-Hood\\\" cover appears on the album, after Dr. Dre asked the band to remove certain words. Critical reception The Austin Chronicle called the album \\\"supersheeny corporate punk.\\\" The Los Angeles Times wrote: \\\"Call ‘em Blink-91—a cut-rate, half-price take on Blink-182’s melodic power-punk, minus the puerile wit and deceptively smart commentary (in other words, the character).\\\" Texas Monthly deemed the album \\\"the smartest power pop to break out of Texas in years.\\\" Style Weekly wrote that \\\"bubble-gum punk, pseudo-rap, and watered-down 'alternative' rock are all present.\\\" The Morning Call considered it \\\"slightly above-average pop-punk that plays with dynamics more than usual, though not enough to transcend the overdone and tired genre.\\\" The Village Voice chose the band's cover of \\\"Boyz-N-The-Hood\\\" as the 46th worst song of the 2000s. Track listing All songs written by Dynamite Hack, except where noted. 1. \\\"Switcheroo\\\" 3:12 2. \\\"Anyway\\\" 2:33 3. \\\"Alvin\\\" 2:41 4. \\\"Dear Kate,\\\" 2:51 5. \\\"G-Force\\\" 3:00 6. \\\"Wussypuff\\\" 3:02 7. \\\"Blue Sky\\\" 3:46 8. \\\"Slice Of Heaven\\\" 2:42 9. \\\"Granola\\\" 2:04 10. \\\"Boyz-N-The-Hood\\\" 3:04 (Lyrics: Andre Young, Eric Wright, O'Shea Jackson; Music: Dynamite Hack) 11. \\\"Pick Up Lines\\\" 3:12 12. \\\"Marie...\\\" 2:44 13. \\\"Just Another Day, Baby\\\" 0:25 14. \\\"Laughter\\\" 2:16 15. \\\"Anyway (Mellow Version)\\\" 4:00 \\\"Boyz-N-The-Hood\\\" is a cover, originally performed by N.W.A. Personnel Dynamite Hack Mark Morris - Guitar, Piano, Vocals Mike Vlahakis: Guitars Chad Robinson: Bass, Vocals Chase Texas: Drums, Percussion Additional Personnel Willy Paisano: Keyboards on \\\"Blue Sky\\\" William Snell: Slide Guitar on \\\"Marie...\\\" Emily Kate: Additional Vocal on \\\"Anyway (Piano Version)\\\" Christophe \\\"Robitussin\\\": Drums on \\\"Blue Sky\\\" and \\\"Slice of Heaven\\\" Jon Dishongh: Additional keyboards and electronic beats/sequencing Production Arranged by Dynamite Hack and David Eaton Produced and recorded by David Eaton, with recording assistance (at Fire Station) by Bobby Arnold Tracks 1-9 and 11-15 mixed at Quad Studios and Pedernales Studios by Chris Shaw (assistance at Quad Studios by Gabriel Martinez); track 10 mixed by David Eaton Mastered by Howie Weinberg All songs published by Choosy Mothers Music/Pie Mikey Pie Music/Wussypuff Music/Happysmallchild Music, except track ten (lyrics published by Ruthless Attack Music; music published by Choosy Mothers Music/Pie Mikey Pie Music/Wussypuff Music/Happysmallchild Music) Singles \\\"Boyz-N-The Hood\\\", released in March/April 2000 as the first single. References 2000 debut albums Dynamite Hack albums\",\n \"title\": \"Superfast (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"653926\",\n \"text\": \"October is the second studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 12 October 1981 by Island Records, and was produced by Steve Lillywhite. The album was lyrically inspired by the memberships of Bono, the Edge, and Larry Mullen Jr. in a Christian group called the Shalom Fellowship, and consequently it contains spiritual and religious themes. Their involvement with Shalom Fellowship led them to question the relationship between the Christian faith and the \\\"rock and roll\\\" lifestyle, and threatened to break up the band. After completing the third leg of the Boy Tour in February 1981, U2 began to write new material for October, entering the recording studio in July 1981. Just as they did for their 1980 debut, Boy, the band recorded at Windmill Lane Studios with Lillywhite producing. The recording sessions were complicated by Bono's loss of a briefcase containing in-progress lyrics for the new songs, forcing a hurried, improvisational approach to completing the album on time. October was preceded by the lead single \\\"Fire\\\" in July 1981, while its second single, \\\"Gloria\\\", coincided with its release. The album received mixed reviews and limited radio play. In 2008, a remastered edition of October was released. Recording In February 1981 during their Boy Tour, U2 began to write new material. (\\\"Fire\\\" had already been recorded at Compass Point Studios in the Bahamas while U2 took a break from the Boy Tour.) They wrote part of October during an extended sound check at First Avenue in Minneapolis. In March, on an otherwise successful American leg of the tour, the briefcase of lead vocalist Bono containing in-progress lyrics and musical ideas was lost backstage during a performance at a nightclub in Portland, Oregon. The band had limited time to write new music on tour and in July began a two-month recording session at Windmill Lane Studios largely unprepared, forcing Bono to quickly improvise lyrics. Steve Lillywhite, reprising his role as producer from U2's debut album, Boy, called the sessions \\\"completely chaotic and mad\\\". Bono said of the recording process of October, \\\"I remember the pressure it was made under, I remember writing lyrics on the microphone, and at £50 an hour, that's quite a pressure. Lillywhite was pacing up and down the studio... he coped really well. And the ironic thing about October is that there's a sort of peace about the album, even though it was recorded under that pressure. A lot of people found October hard to accept at first, I mean, I used the word 'rejoice' precisely because I knew people have a mental block against it. It's a powerful word, it's lovely to say. It's implying more than 'get up and dance, baby.' I think October goes into areas that most rock 'n' roll bands ignore. When I listen to the album, something like 'Tomorrow,' it actually moves me.\\\" The briefcase was eventually recovered in October 2004, and Bono greeted its return as \\\"an act of grace\\\". Whereas Lillywhite recorded Larry Mullen Jr.'s drums\",\n \"title\": \"October (U2 album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"936811\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Edward Kozelek is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer and occasional actor. He is known as the vocalist and primary recording artist of the indie folk act Sun Kil Moon and founding member of the indie rock band Red House Painters, with whom he recorded six studio albums from 1988 until 2001. In 1996, Kozelek recorded the band's fifth studio album, Songs for a Blue Guitar, mostly alone. The release of the band's final studio album, Old Ramon (2001), was delayed for three years. In the interim, Kozelek recorded both an album and an EP of AC/DC cover songs. Reconvening with Koutsos and Vessel, the trio continued performing under the new name of Sun Kil Moon, releasing their debut album, Ghosts of the Great Highway, in 2003. Inspired by classical guitar music, Kozelek recorded Sun Kil Moon's fourth studio album, Admiral Fell Promises (2010), as a solo act and continued to record mostly alone on its follow-up, Among the Leaves (2012), and later Perils from the Sea and Mark Kozelek & Desertshore, both released in 2013. In 2014, Sun Kil Moon's sixth studio album, Benji, was released to widespread critical acclaim and increased exposure with its follow-up, Universal Themes, featuring lengthy compositions and stream-of-consciousness lyrics. In 2016, Kozelek released a collaborative studio album with Jesu, titled Jesu/Sun Kil Moon. Across his work in Sun Kil Moon, Red House Painters, and his own solo material, Kozelek has released thirty-one studio albums, with his most recent being All the Best, Isaac Hayes (2020). A number of commentators have described him as one of the greatest songwriters of his generation. Career Kozelek was born and raised in Massillon, Ohio. In his teenage years, he led a band named God Forbid. Upon relocating to Atlanta, Georgia, he met drummer Anthony Koutsos. After the pair moved once again to San Francisco, California, Red House Painters formed with the addition of guitarist Gorden Mack and bassist Jerry Vessel. From 1992 to 1996, Red House Painters released a series of acclaimed albums, showcasing Kozelek's intense, highly autobiographical songs. However, Kozelek's parting with the record label 4AD, followed by a major label merger which left Red House Painters' 1998 album Old Ramon on the shelf, proved highly frustrating and stifled the group's momentum. In 2000, he released the solo EP Rock 'n' Roll Singer, which featured three original songs as well as covers of John Denver's \\\"Around and Around\\\" and three AC/DC songs (\\\"Rock 'n' Roll Singer,\\\" \\\"Bad Boy Boogie,\\\" and \\\"You Ain't Got a Hold on Me\\\"). Two of the AC/DC cover versions on Rock 'n' Roll Singer were radical re-arrangements of the originals which removed the Bon Scott-penned lyrics from their hard rock context and placed them into gentle, acoustic \\\"folk ballad\\\" settings. Kozelek expanded on this idea in 2001, releasing a full-length album composed solely of AC/DC covers titled What's Next to the Moon. Sun Kil Moon debuted with Ghosts of the Great Highway in 2003, and also features former RHP members Jerry\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Kozelek\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19557471\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Ego\\\" is a 1978 song performed by English musician Elton John, written by John and Bernie Taupin. It was released in early 1978 as a standalone single, and did not appear on the album released in the same year, A Single Man. John played this song live from 1978 up until 1980. The single reached #34 in both the UK and the US. The song was not available on CD until the 1990 release of To Be Continued box set. Later, in remastered form, it was added to the reissue of A Single Man along with four B-sides from the era. Background The song was originally written during the sessions for his 1976 album Blue Moves, but was left out. Elton said of the song by the time of its release: \\\"Ego was just something I had lying around, and I wanted to release it for a long time. Unfortunately, the time wasn't right. It's been disappointing. I really had hoped it would do well because I really liked it. I wrote the song jointly with Bernie Taupin, and we never thought of it as an autobiography until it came out. It's about the silliness of rock 'n' roll stars, and the video film was supposed to show just how stupid rock 'n' roll can be. It's the grotesque side of rock 'n' roll. And it's turned out to be one of the most sincere songs we've ever written.\\\" It starts with a rollicking piano accompanied by a train whistle, making it sound like there's a train rolling down a track. The song then goes into a steady 4/4 beat, then breaks down and goes to the chorus. Later in the song it transforms into an uptempo waltz and then reverts to 4/4. It features synthesizers, and even carnival-esque organs, unusual for its time. Reception Cash Box said that the \\\"piano licks resemble Keystone Cop silent film score\\\" and praised the vocals and guitar playing. Record World called it \\\"one of [John's] most complex songs,\\\" with \\\"ironic lyrics and unusual chord progressions to make a powerful point.\\\" Music video A music video was made, directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, features John Emberton who played Elton John as a small boy in the video acting out a scene from Romeo & Juliet. John Emberton's sister Penny played a member of the audience. Charts Personnel Elton John – piano, vocals, synthesizers, organ Tim Renwick – guitars Clive Franks – bass guitar Steve Holley – drums Ray Cooper – tambourine, vibraphone, train whistle Paul Buckmaster – orchestral arrangements References 1978 singles Elton John songs Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Songs with music by Elton John 1978 songs The Rocket Record Company singles MCA Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"Ego (Elton John song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49003675\",\n \"text\": \"Phil Kenzie is a British multi-saxophone player and rock and roll musician. He has been voted by fans as \\\"one of the greatest rock 'n' roll sax players of all time.\\\" Born in Liverpool, Kenzie's first band was The Pressmen. The band sometimes shared billing with The Beatles. Kenzie has either toured or recorded with The Beatles, Eagles, Graham Nash, Carly Simon, David Crosby, Black Sabbath, Jackson Browne, Stevie Nicks, Alan Parsons, Al Stewart, David Essex, Leo Sayer, Wishbone Ash, Manfred Mann Chapter Three, Annie Lennox, The Pointer Sisters, The Coasters, The Temptations, Rod Stewart, David Bowie, Eric Carmen, America, Vince Gill, and Debbie Gibson, among others. The Beatles used Kenzie on their album Let It Be, and he also played the blistering sax solo for Eagles' track \\\"The Long Run\\\" from the Eagles Live album. Kenzie's sax is featured on the Al Stewart hit record \\\"Year of the Cat\\\", creating the dénouement for the instrumental break, as well as on Stewart's \\\"Time Passages\\\" and \\\"Song on the Radio\\\". As a session player, Kenzie worked on Roger Daltrey's albums Ride a Rock Horse and One Of The Boys, and Paul McCartney's Band on the Run. He also worked on both the live show and the movie version of The Rocky Horror Picture Show. He also played on the sessions for Poco's album Legend, in particular on their song \\\"Heart of the Night\\\". The arrangement to work with Poco was thanks to the band having hired Steve Chapman and Charlie Harrison (two previous Al Stewart musicians). Chapman later left Poco and became Stewart's manager. In all, Kenzie has played on nineteen albums that have been certified gold or platinum. In January 2015, Kenzie released a new CD and kicked off his S.O.S.S. (Save Our Sax Solo) tour on the 15th at Jazziz Nightlife in Boca Raton, Florida. Notes 20th-century British musicians British male saxophonists British session musicians Musicians from Liverpool Living people 20th-century saxophonists 21st-century saxophonists 20th-century British male musicians 21st-century British male musicians Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Kenzie\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63727678\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\\\" is a song by British progressive rock band Jethro Tull. Written by frontman Ian Anderson, it was released on their 1976 album of the same name. Written about an aging biker, the song title was inspired by a flight Anderson had taken in the United States. \\\"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\\\" was released as its album's only single in March 1976, though it did not see success on the charts. The song has since become a fan favorite and has seen positive reception from critics. Background The title for the song came to Ian Anderson on a turbulent plane ride. He recalled: Anderson then used the title lyric to create a story about Ray Lomas, an aging biker. He recalled, \\\"It seemed more fun to write a song about an old biker who refuses to change with the times and clings to his lifestyle, to his culture. And along with the clothing, the fashions, the music and the things that are part of it; in other words, he's a bit of a luddite and doesn't take well to change.\\\" Because of the song's release during the ascent of punk rock, some critics have proposed that the song is autobiographical. Anderson responded to this, \\\"I'm not [writing autobiographically]. The character is in the third person in the lyrics of the song, so it's quite clearly descriptive.\\\" In another interview, Anderson reflected, Steeleye Span vocalist Maddy Prior makes a guest appearance on the song. Release In addition to its release on the Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die! album, \\\"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\\\" was released as the album's sole single in March 1976. The single featured \\\"Rainbow Blues\\\" on the B-side. Despite the lack of commercial success, the song has since become a fan favorite and has garnered airplay on rock radio stations. Ian Anderson reflected on this, \\\"It wasn't an instant, out-of-the-box favorite of our audiences, but it seems to have caught on over the years.\\\" \\\"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\\\" has since been featured on multiple compilation albums, including Repeat – The Best of Jethro Tull – Vol II, Original Masters, The Best of Jethro Tull – The Anniversary Collection, The Very Best Of, and 50 for 50. Live versions of the song appeared on Jethro Tull live albums Bursting Out, Live at Hammersmith '84, and A Little Light Music. \\\"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\\\" also features on the 1981 concert video release Slipstream. The song was one of four on Slipstream for which the band filmed a new music video. Reception and legacy In an otherwise critical review of its parent album, \\\"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\\\" was praised by Rolling Stone critic David McGee as \\\"a textbook example of the use of dynamics and nuance in a rock\",\n \"title\": \"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4724313\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Boyz-n-the-Hood\\\" is the debut single by Eazy-E, then leader of a new rap group, N.W.A. Released in March 1987, the single was a local hit, reissued, by year's end on the unauthorized compilation album N.W.A. and the Posse. Background Eric Wright, who founded Ruthless Records in 1986, had tasked the Ruthless songcrafting team — record producer Dr. Dre, aided by DJ Yella and Arabian Prince, and ghostwriter Ice Cube — to draft the song in line with Wright's vision. But when the song was rejected by the New York-based rap group it had first been pitched to, Wright decided to rap it himself, under the name \\\"Eazy-E\\\". In 1988, having gained rapper MC Ren, N.W.A released its official debut album, Straight Outta Compton. While N.W.A's Straight Outta Compton album spurred the Los Angeles area's hip hop to drop electro and rapidly go hardcore, the rappers still called it \\\"reality rap\\\", whereas news media would soon call it \\\"gangsta rap\\\". Meanwhile, also in 1988, a \\\"Boyz-n-the-Hood\\\" remix arrived on an N.W.A companion album cheekier, Eazy's debut album Eazy-Duz-It. After N.W.A's disbanding in 1991, Eazy's EP titled It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa, released in 1993, brings another remix, \\\"Boyz N tha Hood (G-Mix)\\\". In 1991, film director John Singleton borrowed this song's title for his film Boyz n the Hood. The song was released in August 2015, the film Straight Outta Compton had renewed interest in N.W.A when, on September 5, \\\"Boyz-n-the-Hood\\\" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100. That week, at #50, it was the chart's third-highest debut, behind the 1988 title track \\\"Straight Outta Compton\\\" (the other song being \\\"Hit the Quan\\\"), originally too incendiary for wide radio play. Production In 1986, in Compton, a city in Los Angeles county, Eric Wright, a local drug dealer, founded Ruthless Records via industry knowledge and connections of music manager Jerry Heller and via musical talent and recording facilities brought by Dr. Dre and Arabian Prince, two DJs, record producers, and recording artists successful locally. The team drew Ice Cube, member of the local rap trio C.I.A., to ghostwrite lyrics. In early 1987, Wright invited the recently NYC-signed rap group “H.B.O”, or Home Boys Only, to the Audio Achievements recording studio in nearby city, Torrance, to record the Ruthless songcrafting team's song \\\"Boyz-n-the-Hood\\\". With a rough instrumental draft already recorded by Dr. Dre, assisted by DJ Yella and Arabian Prince, H.B.O., appraising the lyrics still on paper, rejected the song and walked out. Left sitting in the studio without Ice Cube present to start with, Dre and Yella encouraged Wright to rap the song himself. To get each line rapped in timing with its bar, they recorded line by line across two days, recalls DJ Yella. Still, the first-time rapper, dubbed Eazy-E, brought a distinctive voice and persona. As released, the single musically samples rap group Whodini's song \\\"I'm a Ho\\\". And it vocally samples rap group the Beastie Boys' song \\\"Hold It, Now Hit It\\\" as well as two soul classics, Jean\",\n \"title\": \"Boyz-n-the-Hood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1999859\",\n \"text\": \"Keri Kelli (born Kenneth Fear Jr.) is an American guitarist who has played with artists and groups including Alice Cooper, Slash, Jani Lane, Vince Neil and John Waite. In March 2013 he formed Project Rock together with James Kottak from the Scorpions. Project Rock consisted of Keri Kelli, James Kottak, Tim 'Ripper' Owens, Rudy Sarzo & Teddy Zig-Zag. Kelli is currently in the band Night Ranger. Biography Kelli was born in Huntington Beach, California on September 7, 1971. He has founded several bands, including Saints of the Underground, Adler's Appetite (formerly Suki Jones), New World Idols, Rubber (formerly Blow), Big Bang Babies, and Empire (1987). He has played with other bands including Slash's Snakepit, Skid Row, Vince Neil Band, Ratt, Warrant, L.A. Guns, Pretty Boy Floyd, Dad's Porno Mag, The Newlydeads, Bulletboys, Love/Hate, Tuff, Tal Bachman, Angel City Outlaws (formerly Phucket), Alice Cooper, Liberty N' Justice and Night Ranger. In July 2009, Keri opened Aces & Ales, an American craft beer bar and restaurant in Las Vegas, Nevada. In June 2013, he opened a second restaurant. Discography Empire Show Ya – (1987) – single / vinyl – cassette tape single Big Bang Babies Big Bang Babies – (1992) Black Market – (1994) 3 Chords & the Truth – (1999) Hollywood Hairspray Vol.1 – (2002) – \\\"Let's Go\\\" The Glam That Stole Christmas Vol.1 – (2002) – \\\"Winter Wonderland\\\" Rubber Rubber – (1996) – Cassette Tape (4 tracks) Safe Sex, Designer Drugs, and the Death of Rock N Roll – (1996) – Cassette Tape (5 tracks) The Newlydeads Re-Bound – (1998) – 2 tracks from forthcoming album \\\"Black & Shiny\\\" Black & Shiny – (unreleased) Dead End – (2001) – some songs from \\\"Black & Shiny\\\" Dream from a Dirt Nap – (2006) – best of. some songs from \\\"Black & Shiny\\\" Pretty Boy Floyd The Pink and the Black – (1998) – incl. \\\"Saturday Night\\\"(early version) A Tale of Sex, Designer Drugs, and the Death of Rock N Roll – (1998) Porn Stars – (1999) The World's Greatest Heavy Metal Anthems – (2000) – \\\"Lether Boyz With Electric Toyz\\\" Porn Stars (Japanese Edition) – (2000) – incl. 2 bonus tracks No Brakes -BIG M.F. Compilation- – (2000) – \\\"Shout It Out Loud\\\" The Ultimate – (2004) Dirty Glam – (2004) – re-issue of \\\"Porn Stars\\\" with some bonus demo tracks Vault II – (2003) Take It Down – (2007) (unreleased) – feat. Aerial Stiles. written by Keri Kelli / Steve Summers. Dad's Porno Mag Dad's Porno Mag – (2000) U.S. Crush U.S. Crush – (2000) – co-wrote \\\"Bleed\\\" & \\\"Collision Course\\\", Guitar on \\\"Bleed\\\" Slash's Snakepit Ain't Life Grand – (2000) – appeared on booklet only. Keri joined after recording session was finished. Goliath The Gate – (2000) – guitar solo on \\\"Demons\\\" Shameless Backstreet Anthems – (1999) – wrote lyrics for \\\"Talk to Me\\\", but wrong credit printed in original booklet. Backstreet Anthems (Japanese Edition) – (1999) – wrote lyrics for \\\"Talk to Me\\\" (credit is fixed) Talk to\",\n \"title\": \"Keri Kelli\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64550455\",\n \"text\": \"Randy the Band is an album by Swedish punk rock band Randy, released in October 2005 by Ny Våg Records and Epitaph Records/Burning Heart Records. As of July 2020, it is Randy's latest album. The album produced one single, \\\"Razorblade,\\\" for which the band recorded a music video. Critical reception In their review of the album, AllMusic called Randy \\\"one of [Sweden]'s most highly touted punk bands\\\" and positively likened the band to Green Day in saying that both groups are \\\"ferociously energetic.\\\" The review also complimented Randy for \\\"maintaining a knife-edge balance between youthful energy and tightly played rock & roll.\\\" While AllMusic did not give the album a formal rating or distinguish any tracks as highlights or standouts, the review itself individually praised the tracks \\\"Punk Rock High,\\\" \\\"Rich Boy,\\\" \\\"Teenage Tiger,\\\" \\\"I Raise My Fist,\\\" and \\\"Losing My Mind.\\\" PunkNews reviewer William David gave the album 8 out of 10 stars, remarking in their review, \\\"Anyone who has followed the career of this band knows they have consistently delivered hit album after hit album, and [this album] is no exception.\\\" He complimented the band's style of \\\"catchy-as-can-be rock n' roll\\\" and noted that the band had \\\"honed in on their melodic side this time around,\\\" differing from previous heavier and less melodic albums like Welfare Problems. David also compared the band's style in the album to The Clash, also complimenting the band for their guitar work, attention to melody, and socialist lyrical themes. David distinguished \\\"Razorblade,\\\" \\\"Evil,\\\" \\\"The Pretender,\\\" and \\\"Going Out With the Dead\\\" as standout tracks. Like AllMusic, Peter Gaston of Spin did not reward Randy the Band with a formal rating; however, in his review of the album, he praises the band's music for being \\\"taut and loaded with punchy, fist-pumping choruses.\\\" He favorably compares the second track on the album, \\\"Razorblade,\\\" to Social Distortion; he also favorably compares \\\"Better than Art\\\" to Andrew W.K. Like AllMusic and Spin, Sam Sutherland with Exclaim! did not award Randy the Band with a formal rating. However, he complimented the evolution in sound evident in the album, as well as the band's influence from predecessors in the punk rock and rock n' roll scenes: \\\"While the band aren't the type to boldly explore any new sonic territory, they still manage to spice up such tracks as 'Going Out with the Dead' with the full-on cheese factor of dueling guitar solos. 'Teenage Tiger' pays homage to Little Richard with its nonsensical lyrical styling, and 'Losing My Mind' calls up the filthy guitar solos of Greg Ginn and Dez Cadena.\\\" Sutherland compliments lead vocalist Stefan Granberg's performance on the album in particular. He notes that the politics in Randy the Band are more subdued than those in previous albums but still calls the album \\\"a solid release from a generally consistent band.\\\" Track listing Information Recorded at Decibel Studios Recorded by Estudiomac Mixed at Sjöbjörn Studio Mastered at Cutting Room Studios Mixed and engineered by Pelle Gunnerfeldt All tracks\",\n \"title\": \"Randy the Band\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32511516\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\\\" is the debut single of American industrial singer-songwriter Porcelain Black, featuring American rapper Lil Wayne. This song was to serve as the lead single from the singer's debut studio album, Mannequin Factory, which has now been cancelled. Produced by Moroccan-Swedish producer RedOne, who had originally discovered Black, \\\"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\\\" is influenced by the genre of rock, lyrically stating how the listener should be proud of who they are. The song was released digitally in the United States on March 29, 2011, and managed to chart at number forty-four on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. A music video for \\\"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\\\", shot and directed by Sanaa Hamri, was released on March 27, 2011. The music video pays homage to Porcelain Black's high school experiences, where she was constantly teased by \\\"snobby rich kids\\\", but never gave in to the pressure of her peers around her. The video serves as a form of revenge for Porcelain Black against high school tormentors. \\\"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\\\" garnered mixed reviews from critics, most of whom were shocked by Porcelain Black's image and sounds but favored her apparent perception of herself as the \\\"offspring\\\" of fellow musicians Britney Spears and Marilyn Manson and their individual styles. Porcelain Black performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman, marking her debut televised appearance. The song was featured in an episode of Beavis and Butthead and in the 2013 film The Smurfs 2. Background and release \\\"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\\\" was written by Porcelain Black, Lil Wayne, RedOne, Bilal Hajji, with RedOne providing the song's production. In the song's writing credits, Porcelain Black and Lil Wayne are credited under their real names, Alaina Beaton and Dwayne Carter Jr. respectively. After being introduced to Lil Wayne's manager, Derrick \\\"EI\\\" Lawrence, by producer RedOne, Porcelain Black stated that she met Lil Wayne in New York City when he heard \\\"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\\\", where he expressed an interest in adding his vocals to the song. The single cover for \\\"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\\\" was revealed on March 21, 2011, alongside a snippet of the song. \\\"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\\\" was released digitally through the United States iTunes Store on March 29, 2011. Following the release of Porcelain Black's second single, \\\"Naughty Naughty,\\\" Dutch DJ, remixer and house music producer R3hab produced a remix of \\\"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like,\\\" making it available for free download through SoundCloud on January 24, 2012. R3hab went on to compliment Porcelain Black's original song, stating, \\\"The original vibe is crazy, and I am a big fan of Lil Wayne. This track makes you wanna rage like the lyrics say! I see [the remix] as a rollercoaster ride. Breaks slow it down. Then there is a climb, and\",\n \"title\": \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42675180\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\\\" is the lead single and fourth track from The Kinks' 1978 album Misfits. Written by Ray Davies, the song was inspired by the band's then-tumultuous state at the time, with two members leaving the band during the recording of Misfits. Released as the first single from the album, the track was the band's most successful single in years, reaching number 30. Background During the recording of the Misfits album, bassist Andy Pyle and pianist John Gosling quit the band, with drummer Mick Avory also considering leaving. Following this change, Ray and Dave Davies got together and spent time with each other, a meeting that resulted in the writing of Ray's \\\"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\\\" and Dave's \\\"Trust Your Heart.\\\" Ray Davies has since said, A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy' a very personal song about Dave and I.\\\" He has also claimed that \\\"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\\\" inspired by both a Peter Frampton concert he attended and the death of rock 'n' roll legend Elvis Presley in 1977. He said, \\\"It's a Method acting songwriting job. I use personal things to get something else out of me... Elvis Presley died last week and it all just added up.\\\" Dave stated of the song, \\\"It challenged the fact that the music business was in any way glamourous. He asked if we should carry on amongst the bullshit.\\\" Lyrics The lyrics of \\\"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\\\" describe a man named Dan who is a huge fan of The Kinks. He engulfs himself in their music whenever he feels unhappy, \\\"living in a rock 'n' roll fantasy\\\". The song also details when Ray Davies and his brother Dave were thinking of breaking up The Kinks. This is evident in lyrics such as \\\"break up the band, start a new life be a new man.\\\" Release and reception The track was the first from Misfits to be released as a single. It was backed with \\\"Artificial Light\\\" in Britain, and \\\"Live Life\\\" on the U.S. version. It peaked at number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 in America, the band's best charting American single since 1970's \\\"Lola.\\\" It also charted at number 30 in Canada. The track is generally cited by critics as one of the highlights from Misfits. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called the track one of the two \\\"touchstones\\\" of the album and named it as a highlight from the album. Ken Emerson of Rolling Stone called the song \\\"ruthless\\\", and went on to say, Cash Box said it has \\\"an excellent melodic line, strong guitar work\\\" and fine lead vocals.\\\" Record World said \\\"The production is sensational and Davies' vocals perfectly suit the somewhat jaded message in the lyrics.\\\" The song has since appeared on the compilation album Come Dancing with The Kinks. References 1978 songs The Kinks songs Songs written by Ray Davies Arista Records singles 1978 singles\",\n \"title\": \"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3832719\",\n \"text\": \"Warren Smith (February 7, 1932 – January 30, 1980) was an American rockabilly and country music singer and guitarist. Biography Smith was born in Humphreys County, Mississippi, to Ioda and Willie Warren Smith, who divorced when he was young. He was raised by his maternal grandparents in Louise, Mississippi, where they had a small farm and dry goods store. Smith took up the guitar to while away his evenings while in the United States Air Force stationed in San Antonio, Texas. By the time of his discharge from the service, he had decided to make a career of music. He moved to West Memphis, Arkansas, and auditioned, successfully, to play the Cotton Club, a local nightclub. The steel guitarist Stan Kesler, who was playing there with the Snearly Ranch Boys, immediately spotted Smith's potential and took him to Sun Records to audition for Sam Phillips, with the Snearly Ranch Boys providing backup. Phillips liked what he heard and decided that \\\"Rock 'n' Roll Ruby\\\", a song credited to Johnny Cash, would be Smith's first record. (Smith later claimed that the song was actually written by George Jones and sold to Cash for $40.) Smith recorded it on February 5, 1956. Phillips, playing it safe in case rock and roll did not maintain its popularity, released it with a country crooner, aptly named \\\"I'd Rather Be Safe Than Sorry\\\", on the flip side. By May 26, \\\"Rock 'n' Roll Ruby\\\" had reached number 1 on the local pop chart; this record, his first for Sun, went on to outsell the first Sun releases by Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins. In August 1956, Smith went back to the Sun Records studio to record his second release, \\\"Ubangi Stomp\\\", an infectious rocker with crude lyrics and vocals suggesting an African chief with the syntax of a movie Indian. For the B-side, he recorded the classic ballad \\\"Black Jack David\\\", a song that originated in early 18th-century Britain and survived in various forms in the mountains of the American South; it may be the oldest song ever recorded by a rock-and-roll performer. Although a resounding artistic success, this record did not sell as well as Smith's debut. In 1957, Smith recorded \\\"So Long, I'm Gone\\\", a song written by Roy Orbison. It became his biggest hit for Sun, peaking at number 74 on the Billboard national chart. But Sun had no cash to promote it, as Sam Phillips put every dollar Sun had behind Jerry Lee Lewis's \\\"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On\\\". Smith continued to make rockabilly records for Sun, including a cover version of Slim Harpo's \\\"Got Love If You Want It\\\" (recorded in October 1957), but these records did not do well commercially. Toward the end of 1958, seeing his future in country music, he cut a final record for Sun, a cover version of Don Gibson's \\\"Sweet Sweet Girl\\\". In spite of a review in Billboard calling it \\\"ultra commercial\\\", this record also did not sell well. Like other\",\n \"title\": \"Warren Smith (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36112812\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Prostitute\\\" is the fourteenth and final track from Chinese Democracy, Guns N' Roses' sixth studio album, released in 2008. The song is written by Axl Rose and Paul Tobias with additional work by Robin Finck. Background & style The song was first mentioned in a July 1999 issue of Spin Magazine, saying \\\"Rose is laboring over a song with the working title 'Prostitute', according to Youth, but past successes weigh heavily on him.\\\" The song had originally only been played four times, one time in Osaka, another in Tokyo, during Guns N' Roses' 2009–2011 World Tour and in 2014 at two shows in Las Vegas. It was occasionally performed in 2017 during Not In This Lifetime… Tour as well. This track is available as a downloadable song for the Rock Band series. The lyrics feature Rose singing \\\"Ask yourself / Why I would choose / To prostitute myself / To live with fortune and shame.” The song was described by Loudwire as \\\"blending classical orchestrations and electro-beats with blistering guitar solos and some of [Rose's] highest pitched shrieking.\\\" Reception Consequence of Sound reacted positively to the song, stating \\\"Some might roll their eyes or laugh, but this glossy driver is a great song. It’s heavy, but not too heavy. There’s the piano, a thumbing percussion, and Rose, who sounds exceptional in the album’s final moments. Think Bruce Hornsby on distortion, if that’s even possible. It’s a fitting closer, given the album’s thematic elements, and strong enough to leave listeners, both old and new, wanting more.\\\" Pitchfork complimented the song's melodies, but criticized the simplistic drumming. Rolling Stone stated \\\"At the end of the album, on the bluntly titled 'Prostitute,' Rose veers from an almost conversational tenor, over a ticking-bomb shuffle, to five-guitar barrage, orchestral lightning and righteous howl.\\\" Ultimate Classic Rock included the song on its 2014 list of \\\"Five Songs On Chinese Democracy You Need To Hear Again\\\", stating \\\"this alternately ruminative and explosive track ends the album in an extremely thrilling manner\\\". In 2016, Spin ranked the song 68th out of 70 on its ranking of every Guns N' Roses song, stating \\\"The Chinese Democracy closer, and for at least its first minute, probably the only GN’R song that would ever make sense as One Tree Hill montage music\\\". Loudwire ranked the song 73rd out of 87, stating \\\"Musically, the song is an interesting fusion, too, blending classical orchestrations and electro-beats with blistering guitar solos and some of the singer’s highest pitched shrieking.\\\" Actor Nicolas Cage declared he is a fan of the band and described \\\"Prostitute\\\" as an \\\"incredible\\\" song. Personnel Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. Guns N' Roses Axl Rose – lead vocals, piano, arrangement Buckethead – lead guitar, rhythm guitar Ron \\\"Bumblefoot\\\" Thal – lead guitar, rhythm guitar Robin Finck – rhythm guitar Paul Tobias – rhythm guitar Richard Fortus – rhythm guitar Tommy Stinson – bass Brain – drums Dizzy Reed – keyboards, synthesizers Chris Pitman – sub bass, synthesizers Additional\",\n \"title\": \"Prostitute (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13181321\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Simon (born December 9, 1948, in Kansas City, Missouri), also known as Screamin' Scott Simon, is an American pianist, who had been Sha Na Na's piano-player, from April 1970 until the band's disbandment on December 5, 2022. Early life and education Simon was born in Missouri. He graduated from Southwest High School in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1966, and graduated from Columbia University with a B.A. in 1970. Sha Na Na Simon joined Sha Na Na in April 1970, under the name Screamin' Scott Simon. He has written numerous songs that have been recorded by the band and others over the years. Sha Na Na, who are known for covering 1950s Rock and Roll and doo-wop, appeared as a 1950s version of themselves in the 1978 film version of Grease. In the film, he and Louis St. Louis collaborated on the song \\\"Sandy\\\", performed by John Travolta. Scott Simon continued to tour with Sha Na Na, Along with founding members Jocko Marcellino, until December 5 2022, when it was announced that Sha Na Na would no longer be touring. During his time in Sha Na Na, he played on every album, with the exception of their first album, which was released in 1969. Discography Sha Na Na (1971) The Night Is Still Young (1972) The Golden Age of Rock ’n’ Roll (1973) From the Streets of New York (live) (1973) Hot Sox (1974) Sha Na Now (1975) Rock 'n Roll Graffiti – Live in Japan (1975) Rockin' in the 1980s (1980) Silly Songs (1981) 34th & Vine (1990) Live in Concert (1996) Rock 'n Roll Dance Party (1996) Then He Kissed Me (1999) Live in Japan (2000) Rockin' Christmas (2002) One More Saturday Night (2006) References 1948 births Living people American rock pianists American male pianists Sha Na Na members 20th-century American pianists 21st-century American pianists 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male musicians Columbia College (New York) alumni\",\n \"title\": \"Screamin' Scott Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1233441\",\n \"text\": \"Russian rock music originated in the Soviet Union in the 1960s based on the influence of Western rock music and bard songs, and was developed by both amateur bands and official VIA. The \\\"golden age\\\" of Russian rock was during the 1980s (especially the era of perestroika), when the Soviet underground rock bands became able to release their records officially. During this period, \\\"rock clubs\\\" were created, such groups as \\\"Kino\\\", \\\"Alisa\\\", \\\"DDT\\\", \\\"Bravo\\\", \\\"Nautilus Pompilius\\\", \\\"Aria\\\",\\\"Chaif\\\", \\\"Grazhdanskaya Oborona\\\" appeared and gained popularity, and already known groups, such as \\\"Mashina Vremeni\\\" and \\\"Aquarium\\\", began to publish albums officially. Russian rock's characteristic feature was the emphasis on the lyrics. Due to its lyrical emphasis, it became a symbol of the youth of the Perestroika era. Russian rock of the 20th century is often considered a united cultural movement that has some common musical, aesthetic and ideological features. In the 21st century, almost all genres of rock music exist in Russia, which is why \\\"Russian rock\\\" has become a more vague concept. The majority of the Russian bands perform in the Russian language. According to various polls, the most popular Russian rock bands include Kino, Aquarium, Aria, Alisa, DDT and Agatha Christie. History The early 1960s: Local bard music and first western influences By the mid-1960s, beat groups had formed in Moscow and Leningrad, at first performing cover versions of foreign hits on home-made equipment. Among these groups were \\\"Sokol\\\", \\\"Scythians\\\", \\\"Buffoons\\\" and \\\"Slavs\\\" (Alexander Gradsky's groups), and \\\"Forest Brothers\\\". In 1965, the band Sokol released the first rock song in Russian, \\\"Gde tot krai?\\\" (). The beat quartet \\\"Integral\\\" performed jazz music and compositions in the style of The Shadows and The Swinging Blue Jeans, and also composed their own twists and rock 'n' rolls. With the spread of Beatlemania, almost every school had its own rock band. The movement was partly influenced by the ideology of the Western hippies. At the same time, Russian rock was partly influenced by bard music, a style referred to as avtorskaya pesnya (), mostly played on unaccompanied acoustic guitar. It was characterized by a strong emphasis on lyrics that sometimes carried a subversive meaning, as well as a lively and informal approach to the theme - romance, everyday life, military songs, patriotic songs, satire, irony etc. The most famous performers of the bard song were Alexander Galich, Vladimir Vysotsky, Bulat Okudzhava. Meanwhile, Western music was either being smuggled across the border or released by Melodiya as part of what was essentially state-run media piracy, with The Beatles taking a firm place in Soviet popular culture, and artists such as The Rolling Stones and Deep Purple completing a somewhat distorted picture of Western music. The late 1960s and 1970s: Formation of the movement In the late 1960s, the most advanced Russian rockers began experimenting with folk sound. The beat music movement developed in the provinces. The first Russian rock and roll magazine \\\"Beat-Echo\\\" was released in 1965 (as samizdat). On December 18, 1966, the first\",\n \"title\": \"Rock music in Russia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7078315\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"20th Century Boy\\\" is a song by T. Rex, written by Marc Bolan, released as a stand-alone single on 2 March 1973. It entered in the UK Singles Chart at number 3, on 10 March 1973 and peaked three weeks in a row at that position. It stayed a total of nine weeks in the UK Chart. \\\"20th Century Boy\\\" was not featured on the album Tanx, released at the same time in early March. It was later added as a bonus track in the reissues of Tanx from year 1985 and on all the versions released since. The song returned to the UK Top 20 in 1991, peaking at No. 13, after being used in a TV commercial for Levi's starring Brad Pitt. The song was also used in the opening of the 2016 film The Purge: Election Year, and is the namesake of the manga series 20th Century Boys by Naoki Urasawa. Recording \\\"20th Century Boy\\\" \\\"20th Century Boy\\\" was recorded on 3 December 1972 in Toshiba Recording Studios in Tokyo, Japan at a session that ran between 3:00p.m. and 1:30a.m. Backing vocals, hand claps, acoustic guitar and saxophones were recorded in England when T. Rex returned to the country after their tour. The single version of the track fades out at three minutes and 39 seconds; however, the multi-track master reveals that the song ended in nearly a full three minutes' worth of jamming. A rough mix of the full-length version can be found on the Bump 'n' Grind compilation. According to Marc Bolan, the lyrics are based on quotes taken from notable celebrities such as Muhammad Ali. This can be seen through the inclusion of the line \\\"sting like a bee\\\", which is taken from one of Ali's 1969 speeches. \\\"Free Angel\\\" \\\"Free Angel\\\" was recorded during the first session for the Tanx album, between 1 and 4 August 1972. The single was mixed for release at Air Studios on 16 December 1972. Track listing \\\"20th Century Boy\\\" \\\"Free Angel\\\" Charts Certifications Covers and renditions Girlschool version In 1983, British rock band Girlschool recorded the song for their fourth studio album, Play Dirty, and it was released by Bronze Records as the album's lead single in October 1983. Girlschool's version was produced by Jim Lea and Noddy Holder of Slade. Chalk Circle version Canadian rock band Chalk Circle covered \\\"20th Century Boy\\\" in 1987. Def Leppard version English hard rock band Def Leppard covered the song on their 2006 album, Yeah!, which features cover versions of 1970s rock hits. It was released as the third and final single from the album, on 21 August 2006. The band used the song extensively as promotion for including two TV appearances and a regular rotation in the setlist of their 2006 Yeah! Tour. Def Leppard performed \\\"20th Century Boy\\\" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on 23 May 2006 two days before performing the song with Queen's Brian May on VH1 Rock Honors broadcast on 31 May. References\",\n \"title\": \"20th Century Boy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14426361\",\n \"text\": \"The Parlor Mob is an American rock band from New Jersey. History Formation and Capitol Records The original members of the band formed in 2004, as What About Frank?. They independently released an album in 2005, entitled \\\"What about Frank?\\\". The band won the title Best Live Band at the Asbury Park Music Awards twice, and performed at the 2005 Van's Warped Tour, the Bamboozle festival and the CMJ Music Marathon. This attracted the attention of Capitol Records. In 2006, they changed their name to The Parlor Mob, named after a notorious Hell's Kitchen gang active at the turn of the 20th century. A 2006 editorial in The New York Times notes \\\"when you're not even halfway through your 20s, jump-starting a back-to-basics rock revolution seems a tall order,\\\" adding \\\"judging by the rock 'n' roll charisma radiated by the band members at their live shows–long hair tossing, instrument abusing, generally reckless affairs[;] they are up to the task.\\\" They recorded a four-song EP for Capitol, but the band was dropped in the wake of a corporate merger between Capitol and Virgin Records. They chose to give away the EP for free, eventually attracting the attention of Roadrunner Records, with whom the band signed a record deal in 2007. And You Were a Crow Producer Jacquire King, who had previously contacted the band while they were recording for Capitol, contacted Roadrunner to express his interest in producing the band's new record. King describes The Parlor Mob as \\\"very much a live rock 'n' roll band,\\\" adding \\\"in my eyes they are an important band, and I do feel they can be the same for the public... I think they are an important link to what is the essence of rock 'n' roll and what is to become a modern expression of it.\\\" On 28 September 2007, the band began recording at Echo Mountain Recording Studio. And You Were a Crow was completed on Halloween of 2007, and released digitally on 11 April 2008, and on compact disc on 6 May 2008. The band was featured on the iTunes Store's section of best new rock artists in 2008. The lead single \\\"Can't Keep No Good Boy Down\\\" was featured in the sixth season of the television show, Entourage. As additional promotion for the record, the Parlor Mob was featured in a performance setting on Knight Rider, in October 2008. The song \\\"Hard Times\\\" reached No. 35 on the Billboard rock charts. It was featured in the video games NASCAR 09 and WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, and the television shows Friday Night Lights and Trauma. Aaron Miller of CityNews described their 2009 performances at Bovine Sex Club as \\\"face-melting, Fender-shredding rock out that went a long way in clearing up why some have dubbed this a 'must-see' live band[;] nobody who watches them perform live will fail to be entertained. The Aquarian Weekly also expressed \\\"basically now is the time to go see them and say later on, \\\"Yeah, you know,\",\n \"title\": \"The Parlor Mob\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4770078\",\n \"text\": \"Marcus Terrell Paulk (born October 12, 1986) is an American actor, singer, rapper and dancer best known for his role as Myles Mitchell in the UPN sitcom Moesha, which aired from 1996 through 2001. Being a proponent of good causes and a frequent participant in fund raisers, Paulk was the 1997 national spokesperson for the \\\"Kids Are Paramount\\\" campaign, which seeks to empower children with courage and confidence to overcome obstacles. He also appeared with Bow Wow in the 2005 film Roll Bounce, Another Cinderella Story as Dustin, and with Antonio Banderas in the 2006 film Take the Lead. Paulk is currently working on a studio album. Further details for this project are TBA. Paulk has also made appearances in Season 4 of The Bad Girls Club. In 2012, Marcus starred in the George Lucas film Red Tails. Paulk also starred in the 2015 feature film Sister Code with Amber Rose. Television and film appearances Probaphope short (2018) Bart NBA short (2018) Fantasy Short Player SisterCode (2015) Lil Danger Black-ish (2015) Scootie Red Tails (2012) David \\\"Deke\\\" Watkins Mr. Box Office (2012) Jimmy, 1 episode David E. Talbert's Suddenly Single (2012) Sylvester Stone, Jr. The Rig (2010) Andrew The Bad Girls Club (2009) Himself, 3 episodes The Adventures of Umbweki (2009) Nosha Another Cinderella Story (2008) Dustin/The Funk Extreme Movie (2008) Wyatt High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008) Cameo: Boy at Troy's Party (uncredited) Taking Five (2007) Lincoln Take the Lead (2006) Eddie Roll Bounce (2005) Boo Going to the Mat (2004) one of the boys playing baseball at beginning Fillmore! (2003) Sonny Lombard, 1 episode Family Affair (2003) Josh, 1 episode Cedric the Entertainer Presents (2003) Darrin, 1 episode The Hughleys (2002) Little V., 1 episode The Proud Family (2001-2004) Myron Lewinski, 4 episodes The Nightmare Room (2001) Ryan, 1 episode The Parkers (1999) Myles Mitchell, 1 episode City Guys (1999) Stevie, 1 episode 3rd Rock From The Sun (1998) Jimmy, 1 episode Safety Patrol (1998) Walt Whitman Nothing to Lose (1997) Joey Davidson One Night Stand (1997) Young Charlie Carlyle Moesha (1996–2001) Myles Mitchell, 127 episodes The Crew (1995) Boy at Christmas Party, 1 episode The Parent 'Hood (1995) Phil, 1 episode Me and the Boys (1994-1995) Ryan, 2 episodes Martin (1994) season 3, episode 8, \\\"Momma's Baby, Martin's Maybe\\\" Marvin, 1 episode The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1994) Boy on dad's back (uncredited) The Sinbad Show (1994) 1 episode Thea (1994) Cedric, 1 episode Grace Under Fire (1993) Food Group: Bread, 1 episode Commercials 2012 Honda Civic'''s Clearance Event (2012) as Tim Taylor, the Wingman Sprite (2004) State Farm Auto Insurance (2003) Yoplait Go-Gurt'' (2000) References External links 1986 births Place of birth missing (living people) Living people African-American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American people\",\n \"title\": \"Marcus T. Paulk\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25086375\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph Johnson (born March 31, 1975), known by his stage name N.O. Joe, is an American musician, hip hop record producer and songwriter. N.O. Joe was a pioneer of the Southern Hip Hop sound during the 1990s. He operates a production company named Gumbo Funk, which is also a name given to his melange of musical styles History Johnson was born and raised in New Orleans While in high school in New Orleans, he began providing beats to local performers in Jackson Square. He was later encouraged to move to New York, where he began an affiliation with Universal Music Group as a producer. Then known as Joe Kool, Johnson collaborated with Devante Swing, and the production group Da Bassment with that he contributed to Jodeci's first album, Forever My Lady. Johnson went on to work with Brian McKnight, R&B artist Joe and D'Angelo before moving into the rap genre. Southern hip-hop contributions N.O. Joe contributed to the following albums (All album contributions not listed): Scarface, The Diary Scarface, The Untouchable Scarface, The Last of a Dying Breed Geto Boys, The Resurrection UGK, Ridin' Dirty UGK, Underground Kingz and individual songs from various UGK albums: \\\"Hi Life\\\", \\\"Murder\\\", \\\"Diamonds and Wood\\\" Odd Squad, Fadanuf Fa Erybody!! Artist roster N.O. Joe has also contributed as producer to various labels such as Universal Music Group (1990–2003), and Rap-A-Lot as an independent production entity. N.O. Joe has worked on several platinum songs and albums, including a number 1 single \\\"Pushin Weight\\\", to Ice Cube's album War & Peace Vol. 1, LL Cool J's Grammy-nominated The DEFinition and has worked with: AZ In 1995, AZ's album Do or Die peaked on the Billboard as the No. 1 R&B/Hip-Hop Album with chart topping hits such as the title track, produced by N.O. Joe, \\\"Doe or Die\\\" which reached the top twenties on the Billboard chart. Bahamadia \\\"I Confess\\\" and \\\"Biggest Part of Me\\\" Brian Mcknight In 1992, N.O. Joe teamed up with Brian McKnight to produce \\\"Goodbye My Love\\\" which was his first album release. The entire album went platinum and the single produced by N.O. Joe peaked on the Billboard chart in the Top 50. Big Mike D'Angelo In 1995, N.O. Joe worked with D'Angelo on the UK-released version of \\\"Cruisin\\\". De La Soul Devin the Dude Ice Cube Ganksta N-I-P Geto Boys Jay-Z Joe Lil Wayne LL Cool J The Luniz Master P Rick Ross Scarface T.I. UGK Travis Scott 2 Chainz Spuf don Albums featuring N.O. Joe Soundtracks N.O. Joe's music has also been featured on the following soundtracks: Jason's Lyric, Friday Office Space Tales from the Hood Johnson Family Vacation Original Gangstas References External links List of production credits African-American drummers African-American guitarists African-American record producers African-American songwriters American hip hop record producers American keyboardists Living people Musicians from New Orleans Southern hip hop musicians Songwriters from Louisiana Guitarists from Louisiana 20th-century American drummers American male drummers American male bass guitarists 21st-century American drummers 21st-century American bass guitarists 20th-century American male\",\n \"title\": \"N.O. Joe\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41145959\",\n \"text\": \"John Michael Cooley (born September 14, 1966) is an American songwriter, singer, and guitarist from Tuscumbia, Alabama, near Muscle Shoals. He is a member of the band Drive-By Truckers. Background Cooley received his first guitar at age 8, spending time with a local bluegrass musician to pick up the instrument. In 1985, he formed the punk-influenced band Adam's House Cat with Patterson Hood. The band was chosen as a top ten Best Unsigned Band by a Musician contest in the late 1980s. After the end of Adam's House Cat, Cooley and Hood performed as a duo under the name \\\"Virgil Kane.\\\" While living in Auburn, Alabama they started a new band, \\\"Horsepussy,\\\" before splitting for a few years. It was during this split that Hood moved to Athens, Georgia and began forming what would become Drive-By Truckers with the intent of luring Cooley back into the fold. With the Drive-by Truckers Hood and Cooley formed Drive-By Truckers in 1996. Cooley contributed one song to their debut record Gangstabilly and three songs to the follow-up, Pizza Deliverance. Cooley wrote five songs for the breakout double album Southern Rock Opera, which received a four star rating from Rolling Stone Magazine. Cooley added four songs to the Truckers' next two records Decoration Day and The Dirty South, including his signature song \\\"Carl Perkins' Cadillac\\\". He wrote two songs for the follow-up A Blessing and a Curse and seven for Brighter Than Creation's Dark. He has written three songs for each of the Truckers' records Go-Go Boots and The Big To Do and six songs for their 2014 release English Oceans. Solo career In 2013, Cooley released his first solo effort The Fool on Every Corner, a live album recorded at Atlanta's The EARL. On June 15, 2014, Cooley, Patterson Hood, and Jason Isbell performed at a benefit concert in Florence, Alabama's Shoals Theater. The live acoustic concert was released as an album, Mike Cooley Patterson Hood and Jason Isbell Live at the Shoals Theater on November 6, 2020. Cooley and Hood occasionally perform as an acoustic duo under the moniker Dimmer Twins. On May 22, 2021, he performed at a benefit concert in Brookwood, Alabama in support of striking workers during the 2021 Warrior Met Coal strike. Cooley lives in Hoover, Alabama with his wife and children. Drive-By Truckers contributions Discography Live Albums The Fool on Every Corner (2013) Sources External links Facebook Page Live Recording Archive American rock guitarists American male guitarists American rock singers American rock songwriters American male singer-songwriters People from Tuscumbia, Alabama Living people 1966 births Drive-By Truckers members Guitarists from Alabama 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American male musicians Singer-songwriters from Alabama\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Cooley (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35054019\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Back 'n Blue\\\" is a song by the American rock band Cheap Trick, which was released in 1990 as the opening track on their eleventh studio album Busted. It was written by Taylor Rhodes, Robert A. Johnson, Rick Nielsen and Robin Zander, and produced by Richie Zito. Although not released as a single, \\\"Back 'n Blue\\\" gained enough airplay to reach No. 32 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. Critical reception In a review of Busted, Ivan Brunet of the Nanaimo Daily News described the song as \\\"a rockin[g] number that's got that Keith Richards open-tune five-string sound down cold\\\". Chuck Dean of Rolling Stone considered it to be a \\\"typical get-ready-for-the-weekend-and-love-me-dammit prototype\\\". Barbara Jaeger of The Record noted, \\\"Outright rockers such as 'Back 'n Blue' and a cover of 'Rock 'n' Roll Tonight' are sizzlers.\\\" George Smith of The Morning Call commented, \\\"Numbers like 'Back 'n Blue', the title track and 'I Can't Understand It' blow fuses better than anything on Lap of Luxury.\\\" In a 2010 retrospective of Busted, Michael Fortes of Popdose wrote, \\\"'Back 'n Blue' [has] some moderately cool rock guitar riffage, some well placed na-na-na's and a tough Robin Zander vocal. The title of the song continued CT's tradition of having fun with words, but the song itself didn't reflect that fun. It plodded, and probably would have been better off in the hands of Bon Jovi.\\\" Personnel Cheap Trick Robin Zander - lead vocals, rhythm guitar Rick Nielsen - lead guitar, backing vocals Tom Petersson - bass, backing vocals Bun E. Carlos - drums, percussion Production Richie Zito - producer Mike Shipley - mixing George Marino - mastering Charts References 1990 songs 1990 singles Cheap Trick songs Songs written by Robin Zander Songs written by Rick Nielsen Songs written by Taylor Rhodes Song recordings produced by Richie Zito Epic Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"Back 'n Blue\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15265121\",\n \"text\": \"Daniel Abineri (born 8 August 1958) is an English songwriter, actor, director, narrator and playwright known for writing the book, music and lyrics for the controversial rock musical Bad Boy Johnny and the Prophets of Doom. The 1994 London production made national news when it caused grave offence to the Roman Catholic Church and was closed down after just nine performances. Career Abineri's father was actor John Abineri and his mother was actress Hilary Bamford. From 1974 to 1998, Abineri worked as an actor, starting his career in repertory theatre in England. He starred as Father Neil opposite Arthur Lowe in the 1970s TV comedy Bless Me, Father, which led to a leading role opposite Tatum O'Neal in International Velvet. In 1979, at the age of 21, he was cast as Frank-n-Furter in the first British tour of The Rocky Horror Show, a role he played subsequently in the West End and over three thousand times on several tours of Australia and New Zealand, which he also directed. He played the villainous Jake Sanders in the 1980s Australian TV series Return to Eden. He is also credited with giving Russell Crowe his first professional acting role in a production of The Rocky Horror Show in New Zealand in 1986, and he subsequently cast Crowe as the lead in Bad Boy Johnny and The Prophets of Doom in 1989. Other work as an actor includes roles in Noises Off, Secret Army, The Bill, King Cinder, alongside Rik Mayall in Bring Me the Head of Mavis Davis Arnold Beckoff in the Australian production of Torch Song Trilogy and Ben Elton's Popcorn in London's West End. Abineri has produced and directed several television documentaries, including One Hit Wonders for the BBC in 1997, Walk on the Wild Side for Granada TV, and Murder and Celebrity for UKTV and A Conversation With James Lovelock for Network Films. He is married to the TV executive Claudia Rosencrantz, with whom he has one daughter, singer songwriter Lola Aviva. He has three children from a previous marriage: Jennifer, Kate and Joe. On 20 September 2013, Abineri released a new country/folk-rock album of his songs titled Honey For Sale. References External links Official site 1958 births Living people English male stage actors English male television actors English male dramatists and playwrights English male songwriters English television directors 20th-century English male actors 20th-century British dramatists and playwrights 21st-century English male actors 21st-century British dramatists and playwrights 20th-century male writers 21st-century male writers\",\n \"title\": \"Daniel Abineri\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16992170\",\n \"text\": \"Carl Sven-Göran Ljunggren (28 January 1949, Arlöv – 18 January 1985), known by his stage name Kal P. Dal, was a rock musician from Arlöv in Scania (in Sweden). His most famous hit was the song \\\"Blåa Sko'\\\" (\\\"Blue Shoes\\\" in the Scanian dialect). Other hits were \\\"Jonnie\\\", \\\"Bara Rock 'N' Roll\\\" (a Scanian version of \\\"It's Only Rock 'n' Roll), \\\"Raka rör\\\" and \\\"Om ja' va' en slashas/Jag vill leva fri\\\" (a version of \\\"If I Were a Carpenter\\\"). His debut album \\\"Till Mossan!\\\" (\\\"To Mom!\\\") peaked at number 7 on the Swedish album charts where it stayed for 14 weeks. Career He played at concerts at Akademiska Föreningen (The Academic Society) in Lund. It was there he met fellow Scanian and musician Peps Persson who convinced Sonet Records to release his music. His debut album \\\"Till Mossan!\\\" (\\\"To Mom!\\\", 1977) peaked at number 7 on the Swedish album charts where it stayed for 14 weeks. Later albums also charted, but didn't reach the same success. He also had a small part in the film Barnförbjudet (1979) Death and legacy He died on January 18, 1985, from a cerebral haemorrhage. After his death he got one of the local Pågatåg trains named after him. All of the Pågatåg trains are named after famous people from Scania. In 2005 he also got a street in his home town Arlöv named after him. It was originally suggested that he would get a statue instead, and there is a Facebook group with thousands of members dedicated to making the statue a reality. Pascal, a rock band from Gotland, Sweden, made a cover of the song \\\"Jonnie\\\". The well-known Swedish indie rock band Bob Hund have cited Kal P. Dal as an inspiration. Covers (with new Swedish lyrics) \\\"17 år\\\" (The Beatles' \\\"I Saw Her Standing There\\\") \\\"Bara rock 'n' roll\\\" (The Rolling Stones' \\\"It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (But I Like It)\\\") \\\"Brunt socker\\\" (The Rolling Stones' \\\"Brown Sugar\\\") \\\"Du bara bankar\\\" (Little Richard's \\\"Keep A-Knockin'\\\") \\\"Houndans kvinna II\\\" (The Rolling Stones' \\\"Honky Tonk Women\\\") \\\"Ja' kan li en regnig kväll\\\" (Eddie Rabbitt's \\\"I Love a Rainy Night\\\") \\\"Jenny Jenny\\\" (Eddie Cochran's \\\"Jeanie, Jeanie, Jeanie\\\") \\\"John Silver\\\" (Chuck Berry's \\\"Johnny B. Goode\\\") \\\"Jonnie\\\" (10cc's \\\"Johnny, Don't Do It\\\") \\\"Kaddilack\\\" (Vince Taylor's \\\"Brand New Cadillac\\\") \\\"Karolin\\\" (Status Quo's \\\"Caroline\\\") \\\"Knabbar på himelens dörr\\\" (Bob Dylan's \\\"Knockin' on Heaven's Door\\\") \\\"Kungens knall\\\" (Bachman-Turner Overdrive's \\\"You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet\\\") \\\"Om ja' va' en slashas / Jag vill leva fri\\\" (Tim Hardin's \\\"If I Were a Carpenter\\\") \\\"Rock påg\\\" (Thin Lizzy's \\\"The Rocker\\\") \\\"Rosalie, Rosalie\\\" (Bob Seger's \\\"Rosalie\\\") \\\"Skit i maj\\\" (Rory Gallagher's \\\"Shadow Play\\\") \\\"Starta mej\\\" (The Rolling Stones' \\\"Start Me Up\\\") \\\"Tutti-Frutti\\\" (Little Richard's \\\"Tutti-Frutti\\\") \\\"Ålrajt / Rocka maj\\\" (Free's \\\"All Right Now\\\") Notes External links http://www.kalpdal.se Kal P Dal – lika populära i dag som på 70-talet, article in Skånska Dagbladet focusing on a new book released about the artist 1949 births 1985 deaths People from Burlöv Municipality 20th-century Swedish male musicians\",\n \"title\": \"Kal P. Dal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1561855\",\n \"text\": \"Robert James Byrd (July 1, 1930 – July 27, 1990), known by the stage name Bobby Day, was an American singer, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, and songwriter. He is best known for his hit record \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\", written by Leon René under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. Day also wrote the top-10 Billboard hits \\\"Little Bitty Pretty One\\\" (1957, Thurston Harris) and \\\"Over and Over\\\" (1965, the Dave Clark Five). Biography Born in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, Day moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 15. His first recording was \\\"Young Girl\\\" in 1949 in the R&B group the Hollywood Flames, released in 1950 on the Selective Label. He went several years with minor musical success limited to the West Coast. He recorded under numerous other names: The Jets, The Voices, The Sounds, The Crescendos, and as the original \\\"Bob\\\" in the duo Bob & Earl with singer Earl Nelson. As a member of the Flames, he used the stage name Bobby Day. His penned song, \\\"Buzz Buzz Buzz\\\" was that outfit's first and biggest success. In 1957, Day formed his own band called the Satellites, following which he recorded three songs that are seen today as rock and roll classics. Day's best known songwriting efforts were \\\"Over and Over\\\", later made popular by the Dave Clark Five in 1965, and \\\"Little Bitty Pretty One\\\", popularized by Thurston Harris in 1957, Frankie Lymon in 1960, Clyde McPhatter in 1962, and the Jackson Five in 1972. However, Day is most remembered for his 1958 solo recording of the Hot 100 No. 2 hit, \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\", written by Leon Rene under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold record. \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\" was covered by Bob Luman at Town Hall Party on October 28, 1958, the Hollies in 1964, Gene Vincent in 1969, Michael Jackson in 1972, Lolly in 1999, and by McFly in 2006. In 2012–2013, his uncharted recording, \\\"Beep-Beep-Beep\\\", was the musical soundtrack for a Kia Sorento television commercial shown nationwide in the US. Day died of prostate cancer on 27 July 1990, at the age of 60, and is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Discography Albums Rockin' with Robin (1959) The Best of Bobby Day (1984) The Original Rockin' Robin (1987) The Great Bobby Day (1994) Rockin' Robin (1994) The Best of Bobby Day (2001) The Very Best Of (2016) Robins, Bluebirds, Buzzards & Orioles - The Bobby Day Story (2021) Singles Television appearances The Dick Clark Show (two episodes) (1958) American Bandstand (four episodes) (1958) The Cinnamon Cinder Show (1963) The Midnight Special (1973) References External links 1930 births 1990 deaths African-American male songwriters American rhythm and blues singers American rock singers American soul singers Songwriters from Texas Jamie Records artists RCA Victor artists Class Records artists Rock and roll musicians Sue Records artists Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City 20th-century African-American male singers 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Day\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Robin Hood"],"string":"[\n \"Robin Hood\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":84,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_43236"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who said methinks he doth protest too much"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"25006465","text":"\"The lady doth protest too much, methinks\" is a line from the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare. It is spoken by Queen Gertrude in response to the insincere overacting of a character in the play within a play created by Prince Hamlet to elicit evidence of his uncle's guilt in the murder of his father, the King of Denmark. The phrase is used in everyday speech to indicate doubt of someone's sincerity, especially regarding the truth of a strong denial. In Hamlet The line is in iambic pentameter. It is found in Act III, Scene II of Hamlet, where it is spoken by Hamlet's mother Queen Gertrude. Hamlet believes that his father the king was murdered by his uncle Claudius, who then married Gertrude. Hamlet stages the play Murder of Gonzago which follows a similar sequence of events, to test whether viewing it will trigger a guilty conscience in Claudius. Hamlet, Gertrude, Claudius, and others watch the play-within-the-play, as the Player Queen declares in flowery language that she will never remarry if her husband dies. Hamlet then turns to his mother and asks her, \"Madam, how like you this play?\" She replies, \"The lady doth protest too much, methinks\", meaning that the Player Queen's protestations of love and fidelity are too excessive to be believed. The quotation comes from the Second Quarto edition of the play. Later versions contain the simpler line, \"The lady protests too much, methinks\". Everyday usage The line is commonly used to imply that someone who denies something very strongly is hiding the truth of it; however, in the play, \"protest\" has the older meaning of \"insist (that something is true), vow\" – affirming her fidelity – rather than denying infidelity. The line's allusion to Gertrude's (lack of) fidelity to her husband has become a cliché of sexually fickle womanhood. It is a shorthand expression conveying doubt in any person's truthfulness, even when the subject is male. It is sometimes altered to \"the laddie doth protest too much\". The phrase is often shortened to too much\". A common misquotation places methinks first: \"Methinks the lady doth protest too much.\" See also Reaction formation References Hamlet Shakespearean phrases English-language idioms","title":"The lady doth protest too much, methinks"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"25006465\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The lady doth protest too much, methinks\\\" is a line from the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare. It is spoken by Queen Gertrude in response to the insincere overacting of a character in the play within a play created by Prince Hamlet to elicit evidence of his uncle's guilt in the murder of his father, the King of Denmark. The phrase is used in everyday speech to indicate doubt of someone's sincerity, especially regarding the truth of a strong denial. In Hamlet The line is in iambic pentameter. It is found in Act III, Scene II of Hamlet, where it is spoken by Hamlet's mother Queen Gertrude. Hamlet believes that his father the king was murdered by his uncle Claudius, who then married Gertrude. Hamlet stages the play Murder of Gonzago which follows a similar sequence of events, to test whether viewing it will trigger a guilty conscience in Claudius. Hamlet, Gertrude, Claudius, and others watch the play-within-the-play, as the Player Queen declares in flowery language that she will never remarry if her husband dies. Hamlet then turns to his mother and asks her, \\\"Madam, how like you this play?\\\" She replies, \\\"The lady doth protest too much, methinks\\\", meaning that the Player Queen's protestations of love and fidelity are too excessive to be believed. The quotation comes from the Second Quarto edition of the play. Later versions contain the simpler line, \\\"The lady protests too much, methinks\\\". Everyday usage The line is commonly used to imply that someone who denies something very strongly is hiding the truth of it; however, in the play, \\\"protest\\\" has the older meaning of \\\"insist (that something is true), vow\\\" – affirming her fidelity – rather than denying infidelity. The line's allusion to Gertrude's (lack of) fidelity to her husband has become a cliché of sexually fickle womanhood. It is a shorthand expression conveying doubt in any person's truthfulness, even when the subject is male. It is sometimes altered to \\\"the laddie doth protest too much\\\". The phrase is often shortened to too much\\\". A common misquotation places methinks first: \\\"Methinks the lady doth protest too much.\\\" See also Reaction formation References Hamlet Shakespearean phrases English-language idioms\",\n \"title\": \"The lady doth protest too much, methinks\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"26823837","text":"Psalm 54 is the 54th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: \"Save me, O God, by thy name, and judge me by thy strength\". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 53. In Latin, it is known as \"Deus in nomine tuo salvum me fac\", Attributed to David, it was written for one who finds oneself betrayed by a friend. The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant liturgies. Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version The following is the full English text of the Psalm from the King James Bible. (To the chief Musician on Neginoth, Maschil, A Psalm of David, when the Ziphims came and said to Saul, Doth not David hide himself with us?) Save me, O God, by thy name, and judge me by thy strength. Hear my prayer, O God; give ear to the words of my mouth. For strangers are risen up against me, and oppressors seek after my soul: they have not set God before them. Selah. Behold, God is mine helper: the Lord is with them that uphold my soul. He shall reward evil unto mine enemies: cut them off in thy truth. I will freely sacrifice unto thee: I will praise thy name, O LORD; for it is good. For he hath delivered me out of all trouble: and mine eye hath seen his desire upon mine enemies. Verse numbering Verses 1 and 2 in the Hebrew Bible correspond to the designation in English translations: To the chief Musician on Neginoth, Maschil, A Psalm of David, when the Ziphims came and said to Saul, Doth not David hide himself with us? (KJV) Verses 1–7 in English versions correspond to verses 3–9 in the Hebrew text. The Ziphims lived in the wilderness of Ziph, a district to the south-east of Hebron in the Judean mountains. Commentary The historical setting of this short Psalm is given in its title, almost a direct quotation from (a similar style of historical setting as with Psalm 52). It is considered one of the psalms containing prayers against false accusations, linked with an ordeal, the taking of an oath, or an appeal to the 'higher court', as indicated in the following points: The phrase 'vindicate me' (verse 1) A royal perspective of opponents as 'strangers' (verse 3; the New Revised Standard Version amends to 'the insolent'), 'the ruthless' (verse 3), and 'enemies' (verse 5) A prayer before battle appealing to God as personal savior with a covenant 'faithfulness' (verse 5). It can also be described as a lament, prayer, or complaint of an individual. Verses 1-3 pray for help and answer. Following an appeal (verses 1–2), the psalmist describes the danger facing him (verse","title":"Psalm 54"},{"docid":"50662962","text":"Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest (released in the United Kingdom as Too Many Mornings) is the debut album by American singer-songwriter Bobby Jameson, credited under the name Chris Lucey. It was released on Surrey Records in 1965. Recorded on a limited budget, the album did not receive much attention at the time of its release; however, over time it has become treasured for its resemblance to the arrangements found in Love's album Forever Changes. Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest has since been reissued and made more accessible to collectors. Background The album was originally a project between Surrey Records, and singer-songwriter Chris Ducey. Ten songs were recorded for the album; however, the record label ran into contractual complications when it was discovered Ducey had commitments to ABC Records. Without a deal to release Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest, record producers Randy Wood and Betty Chiapetta had intent to find a new musician to record another set of original material. They discovered Bobby Jameson, a folkie who recorded the Mick Jagger-Keith Richards composition \"All I Want Is My Baby\" during a venture to England, in 1965. Because the record sleeves had already been printed for Chris Ducey's album, Wood and Chiapetta required Jameson to write new songs using the same song titles as Ducey's recordings, and had the sleeves overprinted so that the word Ducey would appear as Lucey. While discussing the events leading to the album, Jameson recalled he \"was twenty years old, flat broke, and unrepresented by counsel or management\". Wood used this to his advantage: Jameson would receive no royalties for any sales and was credited as Chris Lucey without any mutual understanding. Style With producer Marshall Leib—previously an associate of Phil Spector—Jameson explored intricate arrangements and somewhat bleak lyricism, which is commonly compared to the sophisticated orchestration found in the psychedelic rock band Love's Forever Changes (1967). Like the group's frontman Arthur Lee, Jameson could transform a simple lyric into a wistful turn-of-phrase. Legacy Released in 1965, the album was issued as Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest in the United States, and as Too Many Mornings in Europe. Its cover photo showed Rolling Stones member Brian Jones, according to Jameson \"because a lot of people just plain liked the photo, particularly the people in Europe who were involved in the Surrey deal.\" Although the album did not receive much attention at the time of its release, it is now one of the most prized pieces of the era. Analyzing Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest, critic Dean McFarlane wrote that it is the \"culminating collaged arrangements and schizophrenia that gives this record its wayward charm\". According to critic Dave Furgess, \"All in all this is a very satisfying and well performed disc which has Chris Lucey wearing his influences proudly on his sleeve. But don't get me wrong he is far from being a copycat, he really has a unique sound that's all his own. In fact I'm knocked out by what a versatile singer and writer he","title":"Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest"},{"docid":"39403247","text":"My Hero is an American television sitcom that aired on NBC on Saturday nights from November 8, 1952, to June 20, 1953, under the sponsorship of Dunhill cigarettes. It was also shown in Melbourne, Australia, on ABV-2 during 1956/1957. The programme was the second import to be shown by ITV (ATV London) on 24 September 1955. The series appears to have entered the public domain, with several episodes viewable on the Internet Archive. Most of these episodes are syndication copies which run about 24 minutes; The original broadcasts had featured a somewhat elaborate opening sequence involving well-dressed people entering a theater, including a sponsor I.D. (as can be seen on the episode The Big Crush), and this elaborate opening sequence was replaced with a very short (for the 1950s) opening sequence for syndicated repeats, resulting in a shorter running time. Premise Robert Beanblossom was a real estate salesman who worked for Willis Thackery at the Thackery Realty Company. Cast Bob Cummings....Robert Beanblossom John Litel .....Willis Thackery Julie Bishop.....Julie Marshall Production Mort Greene was hired to produce the show. He later alleged that Cummings tried to force Greene off the show and bring in his partner, Don Sharpe. Ed Boloin later joined as producer. Cummings helped write and direct some episodes. Over the series' run, the comedy was toned down. Scenes showing smoke blowing out of Cummings' ears during a kiss were eventually dropped after adult viewers claimed the show was tending too much to slapstick. \"I'm not sure whether it was a good idea\", said Cummings. \"The kids loved it and we've had hundreds of letters of protest. And the kids often decide what the set is tuned to, at least until they go to bed.\" The timeslot later shifted from 8-8.30pm. Cummings reacted angrily to charges the show mistreated animals. Cummings later complained that the lead character was too silly and too much of the writing was bad and illogical. The show was executive produced and part owned by Don Sharpe, who was also connected with I Love Lucy and Terry and the Pirates. When My Hero was released to bad reviews, Sharpe admitted it needed fixing. \"It's tricky to come up with something every week that's tricky and believable\", he said. \"We hope that eventually the personality of Cummings will become so dominant to the viewer that the plots won't look bad.\" Lawsuit Mort Greene was a producer and writer on the show. Greene later alleged that he was stripped of \"all authority\" on the show by Cummings and his wife, yet Cummings held him responsible for the \"derisive commentary\" the show received from reviewers. Greene said this hurt his reputation and sued the Cummingses for $119,500. A sheriff tried to serve papers on Cummings concerning the lawsuit at the studio gate for RKO-Pathe in Culver City. He alleged that while he put the papers through the window Cummings drove his car, dragging the sheriff down the street. \"I thought at the time he was an autograph seeker\",","title":"My Hero (American TV series)"},{"docid":"5448664","text":"Matthew 11:7 is the seventh verse in the eleventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Content In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort, this verse is: Τούτων δὲ πορευομένων, ἤρξατο ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγειν τοῖς ὄχλοις περὶ Ἰωάννου, Τί ἐξήλθετε εἰς τὴν ἔρημον θεάσασθαι; Κάλαμον ὑπὸ ἀνέμου σαλευόμενον; In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: And as they departed, Jesus began to say unto the multitudes concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken with the wind? The New International Version translates the passage as: As John's disciples were leaving, Jesus began to speak to the crowd about John: \"What did you go out into the desert to see? A reed swayed by the wind? Analysis Lapide notes that the Greek word, σαλευόμενον (shaking) can be used for waves of the sea or corn waving. So in effect telling people not to suppose that John had changed his opinion concerning Christ, at one point thinking Him to be the Messiah and then doubting. MacEvilly notes that a reed is changeable, like a light person pushed around, and that it bears no fruit. Commentary from the Church Fathers Chrysostom: \"Sufficient had been now done for John’s disciples; they returned certified concerning Christ by the wonderful works which they had seen. But it behoved that the multitude also should be corrected, which had conceived many things amiss from the question of John’s disciples, not knowing the purpose of John in sending them. They might say, He who bare such witness to Christ, is now of another mind, and doubts whether this be He. Doth he this because he hath jealousy against Jesus? Has the prison taken away his courage? Or spake he before but empty and untrue words?\" Hilary of Poitiers: \"Therefore that this might not lead them to think of John as though he were offended concerning Christ, it continues, When they had gone away, Jesus began to speak to the multitudes concerning John.\" Chrysostom: \"As they departed, that He should not seem to speak flattery of the man; and in correcting the error of the multitude, He does not openly expose, their secret suspicions, but by framing his words against what was in their hearts, He shows that He knows hidden things. But He said not as to the Jews, Why think ye evil in your hearts? though indeed it was evil that they had thought; yet it proceeded not from wickedness, but from ignorance; therefore He spake not to them harshly, but answered for John, showing that he had not fallen from his former opinion. This He teaches them, not by His word only, but by their own witness, the witness of their own actions, as well as their own words. What went ye out into the wilderness to see? As much as to say, Why did ye leave the towns and go out into the wilderness? So great multitudes would not have gone with such","title":"Matthew 11:7"},{"docid":"39138906","text":"Sir Amyas Pollard, 3rd Baronet (1616–1701) was an English gentleman of Devon and a baronet. Little is known of his life except that he was a staunch royalist during the Civil War, as evidenced by the inscribed verse on his ledger stone at Abbots Bickington: Who durst the King & royall cause still own, In times when doing it was so dangerous known. He was the last in the male line of the ancient Pollard family of Bishop's Nympton. He inherited the baronetcy from his elder brother Sir Hugh Pollard, 2nd Baronet (1603–1666) who left the Pollard estates much reduced and encumbered with debts. He was forced soon after his inheritance to sell the manor of Bishop's Nympton and moved to Abbots Bickington, a smaller family manor, and made his seat at Court Barton, immediately to the south of the small parish church. Origins Pollard was the fourth son of Sir Lewis Pollard, 1st Baronet (d.1641) of King's Nympton, Devonshire, by his wife Margaret Berkeley, daughter of Sir Henry Berkeley, Knight, of Bruton, Somerset. Illegitimate progeny Pollard never married but left an illegitimate son by unknown mistress, Thomas Pollard (1681–1710), of Abbots Bickington, who inherited his father's name and estate but not his baronetcy. He married on 25 June 1702 at Sutcombe to Sarah Prideaux, a daughter of Jonathan Prideaux of Theuborough but the marriage was without progeny. A prominent mural monument erected by his wife exists in the church of Abbots Bickington to the memory of Thomas Pollard. Monument to son A newly re-painted mural monument exists to Thomas Pollard (1681–1710), in Abbots Bickington Church, Devon. On a rectangular panel with arched top between two Corinthian columns and below a broken classical pediment is the following inscription: Here under lyes ye body of Tho: Pollard ye son of Sr. Ames Pollard Bart. who departed this life Decem(be)r ye 9th 1710 ye 29th year of his age. He had to wife Sarah ye daughter of Jonathan Prideaux of Thu(borough) Esqr. who by ye order of her dear deceas'd husband hath set up this monument in remembrance of him & doth desire to be laid here her selfe when it doth please God to take her hence. Above on either side is an angel holding an escutcheon, on the dexter one of which has recently been re-painted the escallop arms of Pollard. On top between the two angels was formerly a shield showing the quarterings as sculpted in relief on the ledger stone of his father before the altar in the same church. Below the base in the centre is the head and shoulders of a winged putto on a garland of flowers with a skull on each side beneath the columns. Death and burial Pollard died in 1701 and was buried before the altar in the very small parish church of Abbots Bickington, where survives his ledger stone inscribed with verse and decorated with heraldry. Ledger stone The ledger stone of Sir Amyas Pollard (1616–1701), 3rd Baronet, survives before the","title":"Sir Amyas Pollard, 3rd Baronet"},{"docid":"26800335","text":"Psalm 10 is the tenth psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: \"Why standest thou afar off, O LORD? why hidest thou thyself in times of trouble?\" In the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate, it is not an individual psalm but the second part of psalm 9, \"Ut quid Domine recessisti\". These two consecutive psalms have the form of a single acrostic Hebrew poem. Compared to Psalm 9, Psalm 10 is focused more on the individual than the collective human condition. The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version Why standest thou afar off, O LORD? why hidest thou thyself in times of trouble? The wicked in his pride doth persecute the poor: let them be taken in the devices that they have imagined. For the wicked boasteth of his heart's desire, and blesseth the covetous, whom the LORD abhorreth. The wicked, through the pride of his countenance, will not seek after God: God is not in all his thoughts. His ways are always grievous; thy judgments are far above out of his sight: as for all his enemies, he puffeth at them. He hath said in his heart, I shall not be moved: for I shall never be in adversity. His mouth is full of cursing and deceit and fraud: under his tongue is mischief and vanity. He sitteth in the lurking places of the villages: in the secret places doth he murder the innocent: his eyes are privily set against the poor. He lieth in wait secretly as a lion in his den: he lieth in wait to catch the poor: he doth catch the poor, when he draweth him into his net. He croucheth, and humbleth himself, that the poor may fall by his strong ones. He hath said in his heart, God hath forgotten: he hideth his face; he will never see it. Arise, O LORD; O God, lift up thine hand: forget not the humble. Wherefore doth the wicked contemn God? he hath said in his heart, Thou wilt not require it. Thou hast seen it; for thou beholdest mischief and spite, to requite it with thy hand: the poor committeth himself unto thee; thou art the helper of the fatherless. Break thou the arm of the wicked and the evil man: seek out his wickedness till thou find none. The LORD is King for ever and ever: the heathen are perished out of his land. LORD, thou hast heard the desire of the humble: thou wilt prepare their heart, thou wilt cause thine ear to hear: To judge the fatherless and the oppressed, that the man of the earth may no more oppress. Context Psalm 8 reflects on man's special place in creation. In contrast, both psalms","title":"Psalm 10"},{"docid":"31240580","text":"People of Ya-Sin or Ashab al-Qarya () is the phrase used by Muslims to refer to an ancient community that is mentioned in the 36th surah of the Quran as the People of the City or the Companions of the City. The location and people of this city has been the subject of much scholarly debate in Islam. In the Quran According to the Quran, God sent two prophets to this particular community. When the people of the city refused to hear their words, God sent a third prophet to strengthen them. The prophets told the people: \"Truly we have been sent on a mission to you\". The community mocked the message of the prophets and said “You are only humans like us, and the Most Compassionate has not revealed anything. You are simply lying!” The prophets, in reply, rebuked the community, saying: \"Our Lord doth know that we have been sent on a mission to you: \"And our duty is only to proclaim the clear Message.\" The Quran goes onto say that the prophets were threatened with stoning and torture, but they refused to give in and continued to warn the people to end their sinful ways. Then, from the farthest part of the city, there came running a man who exhorted the people to believe the message and told them: \"O my people! Obey the messengers: \"Obey those who ask no reward of you (for themselves), and who have themselves received Guidance. The following verses, which describe the man's entrance in to \"the garden\" (Jannah), which refers to Heaven, has been interpreted by some scholars to mean that the believing man was martyred for his faith. Accounts in exegesis Classical commentators on the Quran popularly identified the \"People of the City\" with the city of Antioch. Those scholars who identified the city with Antioch, however, were divided over the date of the event. One group believed that this event took place after Jesus and explained that the Quran's use of the word \"Messenger\" in this context refers not to three prophets but to three of Jesus's disciples who were sent to Antioch to proclaim the message. The name of this martyr is not explicitly mentioned anywhere in Qur'an or Hadith, though he is known as The Believer of YaSin. Ibn Kathir in his Tafsir (Commentary) on Quran 36 references a narration that identifies the three disciples sent were Sham'un (Simon Peter), Yuhanna (John) and the name of the third was Bulus (Paul). Other commentators who believe that the city does refer to Antioch explained that this is the narrative of a far older incident, and that the three \"messengers\" mentioned were indeed prophets, namely Saduq, Masduq and Shalum. Abdullah Yusuf Ali did link the narrative of the story with the preaching of Paul and Barnabas as described in Acts of the Apostles. As with Antioch, the city of Jerusalem is also not directly mentioned by name in the Qur'an. See also Acts 13:4–5 Acts 14:1–5, 8–13 References Ancient","title":"People of Ya-Sin"},{"docid":"38607911","text":"Sir Henry Lynch, 3rd Baronet (died 1691) was an Irish landowner, barrister and judge. He was one of the Roman Catholic judges appointed by James II & VII of England, Scotland and Ireland in his effort to transform the religious character of the Irish administration. As a judge, Lynch was described in unflattering terms both by his contemporaries and by later historians. Unlike some of his judicial colleagues, he was accused of gross bias against Protestants, which may be why he was one of the few Irish judges who fled abroad after the downfall of James's cause following the Battle of the Boyne. He died in exile in France. Background He was a member of one of the oldest and most distinguished families in the city of Galway: his father was Sir Robuck Lynch, 2nd Baronet, who was Mayor of Galway in 1638-9. His mother was Ellen, daughter of Sir Peter French. He succeeded to the title in 1667. He entered the Middle Temple in 1664 and the King's Inn in 1674. Judge From 1687 onwards a determined effort was made by the English Crown to replace the Protestants on the Irish Bench with Catholics. Lynch, who had already been appointed Recorder of Galway, was chosen as a Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland). All of James II's Catholic judges were the object of violent attacks on the grounds that they were lacking in integrity and learning, that they were entirely subject to the will of the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, and that they were \"wretchedly poor and indigent\". The last charge was certainly not true of Lynch, but Ball notes that when he was appointed a High Court judge he had just twelve years experience at the Irish Bar (although Recorder in Ireland was a full-time role). James' new judges were barely in office when he was decisively defeated by William III. In the confusion of the years 1688-90 the status of the Irish High Court judges was uncertain, but most continued to act in their judicial capacity, including Lynch, who went on assize in Leinster, and was said to be working with William, who was in any case too preoccupied with other matters to give much attention to reform of the judiciary. Exile and death William III did in due course remove James' judges from office, but it seems to have been understood that no other harm would come to them: despite much hostile propaganda, few of them were guilty of any obvious abuse of office, and some of them were men of substance and good reputation. On the face of it therefore it is hard to understand why Lynch fled the country, to die in Brest in 1691. Ball believed the explanation was the discovery of a letter in which Lynch reportedly admitted that in any criminal trial where he had the power to impose the death penalty he would always drive for the execution of a Protestant, defendant, whether","title":"Sir Henry Lynch, 3rd Baronet"},{"docid":"46553811","text":"Cycle for Declamation is a song cycle for tenor solo composed in 1954 by Priaulx Rainier (190386). Description The work was commissioned by the tenor Peter Pears. It consists of settings of texts by John Donne (15721631), adapted from three of the Meditations in his Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. A typical performance takes 9 minutes. The titles of the songs are: \"Wee Cannot Bid the Fruits\" (from Meditation XIX) \"In the Wombe of the Earth\" (from Meditation XVIII) \"Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris\" (from Meditation XVII) Peter Pears has said: \"Whereas the medievals for the most part dispensed with any harmonic implications, here the composer has suggested a strong harmonic skeleton behind the solo voice, to fine effect: in the last section the use of different registers of the voice vividly underlines Donne's wonderful text. The song texts The texts use 17th century spelling. Modernised, they read: 1. \"Wee Cannot Bid the Fruits\" We cannot bid the fruits come in May, nor the leaves to stick on in December. There are of them that will give, that will do justice, that will pardon, but they have their own seasons for all these, and he that knows not them, shall starve before that gift come. Reward is the season of one man, and importunity of another; fear is the season of one man, and favour of another; friendship the season of one man, and natural affection of another; and he that knows not their seasons, nor cannot stay them, must lose the fruits. 2. \"In the Wombe of the Earth\" In the womb of the earth, we diminish, and when she is delivered of us, our grave opened for another, we are not transplanted, but transported, our dust blown away with profane dust, with every wind. 3. \"Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris\" Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris. The bell doth toll for him that thinks it doth. Morieris. Who casts not up his eye to the sun when it rises? but who takes off his eye from a comet when that breaks out? Who bends not his ear to any bell, which upon any occasion rings? Morieris. But who can remove it from that bell which is passing a piece of himself out of the world? Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris. No man is an island, entire of itself; no man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. If a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as well as if a manor of thy friends or of thine own were. Morieris. Any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind. Morieris. And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris. References Footnotes Song cycles by Priaulx Rainier Classical song cycles in English 1954 compositions Musical settings of poems by John Donne","title":"Cycle for Declamation"},{"docid":"8715435","text":"The gates of horn and ivory are a literary image used to distinguish true dreams (corresponding to factual occurrences) from false. The phrase originated in the Greek language, in which the word for \"horn\" is similar to that for \"fulfill\" and the word for \"ivory\" is similar to that for \"deceive\". On the basis of that play on words, true dreams are spoken of as coming through the gates of horn, false dreams as coming through those of ivory. The Odyssey The earliest appearance of the image is in the Odyssey, book 19, lines 560–569. There Penelope, who has had a dream that seems to signify that her husband Odysseus is about to return, expresses by a play on words her conviction that the dream is false. She says: Stranger, dreams verily are baffling and unclear of meaning, and in no wise do they find fulfillment in all things for men. For two are the gates of shadowy dreams, and one is fashioned of horn and one of ivory. Those dreams that pass through the gate of sawn ivory deceive men, bringing words that find no fulfillment. But those that come forth through the gate of polished horn bring true issues to pass, when any mortal sees them. But in my case it was not from thence, methinks, that my strange dream came. Arthur T. Murray, translator of the original Loeb Classical Library edition of the Odyssey, commented: The play upon the words κέρας, \"horn\", and κραίνω, \"fulfill\", and upon ἐλέφας, \"ivory\", and ἐλεφαίρομαι, \"deceive\", cannot be preserved in English. Echoes in later Greek literature Homer greatly influenced Greek literature as a whole. Plato refers to the two gates in his dialogue Charmides: Socrates: \"Listen then,\" I said, \"to my dream, to see whether it comes through horn or through ivory.\" A reference to the Odyssean image also appears in the late (c. AD 400) epic poet Nonnus: As Morrheus slept, the vision of a dream cajoled him, beguiling his mind after flitting through the gates of ivory. The Aeneid Virgil borrowed the image of the two gates in lines 893–898 of Book 6 of his Aeneid, describing that of horn as the passageway for true shadows and that of ivory as that through which the Manes in the underworld send false dreams up to the living. Through the latter gate Virgil makes his hero Aeneas, accompanied by the Cumaean Sibyl, return from his visit to the underworld, where he has met, among others, his dead father Anchises: Two gates the silent house of Sleep adorn; Of polish'd ivory this, that of transparent horn: True visions thro' transparent horn arise; Thro' polish'd ivory pass deluding lies. Of various things discoursing as he pass'd, Anchises hither bends his steps at last. Then, thro' the gate of iv'ry, he dismiss'd His valiant offspring and divining guest. Why Virgil has Aeneas return through the ivory gate (whence pass deluding lies) and not through that of horn is uncertain. One theory is that it","title":"Gates of horn and ivory"},{"docid":"690592","text":"A bounty is a payment or reward of money to locate, capture or kill an outlaw or a wanted person. Two modern examples of bounties are the ones placed for the capture of Saddam Hussein and his sons by the United States government and Microsoft's bounty for computer virus creators. Those who make a living by pursuing bounties are known as bounty hunters. Bounties have also been granted for other actions, such as exports under mercantilism. Examples Historical examples Written promises of reward for the capture of or information regarding criminals go back to at least the first-century Roman Empire. Graffiti from Pompeii, a Roman city destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 79 AD, contained this message: A copper pot went missing from my shop. Anyone who returns it to me will be given 65 bronze coins (sestertii). Twenty more will be given for information leading to the capture of the thief. A bounty system was used in the American Civil War as an incentive to increase enlistments. Unscrupulous bounty jumpers would receive a bounty, then desert. Another bounty system was used in New South Wales to increase the number of immigrants from 1832. Bounties were sometimes paid as rewards for killing Native Americans. In 1862, a farmer received a bounty for shooting Taoyateduta (Little Crow). In 1856, Governor Isaac Stevens put a bounty on the head of Indians from eastern Washington, for ordinary Indians and for a chief. A western Washington Indian, Patkanim, chief of the Snohomish, obligingly provided a great many heads, until the territorial auditor put a stop to the practice due to the dubious origins of the deceased. In Australia in 1824, a bounty of of land was offered for capturing alive the Wiradjuri warrior Windradyne, the leader of the Aboriginal resistance movement in the Bathurst Wars. A week after the bounty was offered, the word \"alive\" was dropped from the reward notices, but he was neither captured nor betrayed by his people. Bounties have been offered on animals deemed undesirable by particular governments or corporations. In Tasmania, the thylacine was relentlessly hunted to extinction based on such schemes. Gray wolves, too, were extirpated from much of the present United States by bounty hunters. An example of the legal sanction granted can be found in a Massachusetts Bay Colony law dated May 7, 1662: \"This Court doth Order, as an encouragement to persons to destroy Woolves, That henceforth every person killing any Woolf, shall be allowed out of the Treasury of that County where such woolf was slain, Twenty shillings, and by the Town Ten shillings, and by the County Treasurer Ten shillings: which the Constable of each Town (on the sight of the ears of such Woolves being cut off) shall pay out of the next County rate, which the Treasurer shall allow.\" 17th-century examples Since after the Stuart Restoration, criminality was increasing, the dissatisfaction with the penal system led to the implementation of the rewards. £10 were promised to anyone who gave information about","title":"Bounty (reward)"},{"docid":"2810091","text":"Samuel Guy Endore (July 4, 1901 – February 12, 1970), born Samuel Goldstein and also known as Harry Relis, was an American novelist and screenwriter. During his career he produced a wide array of novels, screenplays, and pamphlets, both published and unpublished. A cult favorite of fans of horror, he is best known for his novel The Werewolf of Paris (1933), which occupies a significant position in werewolf literature, much in the same way that Dracula (1897) does for vampire literature. Endore is also known for his left-wing novel of the Haitian Revolution, Babouk: The Story of A Slave. He was nominated for a screenwriting Oscar for The Story of G.I. Joe (1945), and his novel Methinks the Lady . . . (1946) was the basis for Ben Hecht's screenplay for Whirlpool (1949). Early life and education Endore was born Samuel Goldstein in Brooklyn, New York, to Isidor and Malka Halpern Goldstein. His father was a coal miner, inventor, and investor from Pittsburgh who often had difficulty making ends meet. His mother died by suicide when he was four, possibly due to the family's unstable and often insufficient livelihood. Isidor changed their name in an attempt to move beyond the events of the past, and he placed the children in a Methodist orphanage. During this time, Isidor sold an invention and dreamt that his dead wife willed the children to have a European education, so he sent them to Vienna with the newfound windfall. The children lived in Vienna for five years under the care of a Catholic governess, but when Isidor disappeared and their funds ran short, they returned to Pittsburgh and lived together. While there Endore attended the Carnegie Technical Institute but would earn his B.A. (1923) and M.A. (1925), both in European languages, at Columbia University. According to his own account, he scraped together the money to attend, even renting out his bed to a wealthier student while he slept on the floor. He unsuccessfully pursued a PhD Writer Endore's first novel was The Man From Limbo (1930), about an impoverished college graduate obsessed with acquiring wealth; it was influenced by Robert Louis Stevenson. His most famous work was The Werewolf of Paris (1933), a violent horror story set during the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune and inspired by the work of Hanns Heinz Ewers, whom Endore had translated. The Werewolf of Paris is described by Stableford as \"entitled to be considered the werewolf novel\". Endore also wrote what Stableford describes \"a few notable horror stories\", including \"The Day of the Dragon\" (1934), in which a scientific experiment returns dragons to the contemporary world and \"Lazarus Returns\"(1935), an ironic tale involving the Biblical character. Another important Endore tale was \"Men of Iron\" (1940). After his work as a screenwriter, Endore published several other Freudian-tinged mysteries (Methinks the Lady..., Detour at Night) and also returned to his love of French history for biographical novels on Voltaire (Voltaire! Voltaire! [1961]), the Marquis de Sade (Satan's Saint [1965]) and","title":"Guy Endore"},{"docid":"38547077","text":"Sir Henry Belasyse KB (c. 1639 – August 1667) was an English army officer and Member of the Parliament of England. He was killed in a duel after a trivial quarrel with a friend, a tragedy which gave rise to much public comment. Biography He was the only surviving son of John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse and his first wife Jane Boteler, daughter of Sir Robert Boteler. Belasyse was captain of foot in the garrison of Hull in 1660–1662 and from 1665 to his death, as well as holding a lieutenant's commission for a few months during 1666 in the Duke of Buckingham's Regiment of Horse. He was made a Knight of the Bath in 1661. In November 1666 was elected to Parliament for Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire. Nine months later he was killed in a duel following a drunken quarrel with a close friend, the dramatist Thomas Porter. Samuel Pepys described the episode at length in his Diary, and commented that it was the silliest and most trivial quarrel imaginable: \"the world doth talk of them as a couple of fools\". Family He married Susan, daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Armine, 2nd Baronet, and Anne Crane: they had one son, Henry. Unlike her husband, Susan was a Protestant. She was described as a lady of great life and vivacity, but very little beauty. Susan was created Baroness Belasyse of Osgodby for life in 1674, and their son Henry succeeded his grandfather as second and last Baron Belasyse of Worlaby in 1689. Susan remarried James Fortrey and died in 1713, having outlived her only son by many years. In her last years, she was much troubled by lawsuits. After the death of his first wife Anne Hyde. in 1671, the future James II was privately pledged to marry Susan, but his brother Charles II forbade the marriage and Susan was bullied into surrendering the written proofs of the engagement, although it is said that she managed to retain copies of the relevant papers. Notes References 1630s births 1667 deaths Knights of the Bath Heirs apparent who never acceded English MPs 1661–1679 Members of the Parliament of England for Great Grimsby","title":"Henry Belasyse (died 1667)"},{"docid":"1290035","text":"James Boswell's London Journal is a published version of the daily journal he kept between the years 1762 and 1763 while in London. Along with many more of his private papers, it was found in the 1920s at Malahide Castle in Ireland, and was first published in 1950, in an edition by Frederick A. Pottle. In it, Boswell, then a young Scotsman of 22, visits London for his second time. One of the most notable events in the journal is Boswell's meeting on 16 May, 1763 Samuel Johnson, the famous writer, moralist, and lexicographer with whom Boswell would form a close relationship, eventually writing the biography The Life of Samuel Johnson. The journal relates with much detail and candour his frequent and casual use of prostitutes. One of the more notorious events related is Boswell's meeting his mistress Louisa, whom he believes has given him gonorrhea: BOSWELL. Pray, Madam, in what state of health have you been in for some time? LOUISA. Sir, you amaze me. BOSWELL. I have but too strong, too plain reason to doubt of your regard. I have for some days observed the symptoms of disease, but was unwilling to believe you so very ungenerous. But now, Madam, I am thoroughly convinced. LOUISA. Sir, you have terrified me. I protest I know nothing of the matter. BOSWELL. Madam, I have had no connection with any woman but you these two months. I was with my surgeon this morning, who declared I had got a strong infection, and that she from whom I had it could not be ignorant of it. Madam, such a thing in this case is worse than from a woman of the town, as from her you may expect it. You have used me very ill. I did not deserve it. You know you said where there was no confidence, there was no breach of trust. But surely I placed some confidence in you. I am sorry that I was mistaken. LOUISA. Sir, I will confess to you that about three years ago I was very bad. But for these fifteen months I have been quite well. I appeal to GOD Almighty that I am speaking true; and for these six months I have had to do with no man but yourself. BOSWELL. But by G-D, Madam, I have been with none but you, and here am I very bad. LOUISA. Well, Sir, by the same solemn oath I protest that I was ignorant of it. BOSWELL. Madam, I wish much to believe you. But I own I cannot upon this occasion believe a miracle. LOUISA. Sir, I cannot say more to you. But you will leave me in the greatest misery. I shall lose your esteem. I shall be hurt in the opinion of everybody, and in my circumstances. BOSWELL (to himself). What the devil does the confounded jilt mean by being hurt in her circumstances? This is the grossest cunning. But I won't take notice of that at all. — Madam,","title":"London Journal"},{"docid":"2029276","text":"\"Ariel's song\" is a verse passage in Scene ii of Act I of William Shakespeare's The Tempest. It consists of two stanzas to be delivered by the spirit Ariel, in the hearing of Ferdinand. In performance it is sometimes sung and sometimes spoken. There is an extant musical setting of the second stanza by Shakespeare's contemporary Robert Johnson, which may have been used in the original production around 1611. It is the origin of the phrase \"full fathom five\", after which there are many cultural references, and is an early written record of the phrase sea change. Through its use of rhyme, rhythm, assonance, and alliteration, the poem sounds like a spell. \"Full fathom five\" \"Full fathom five\" is the beginning of the second stanza of \"Ariel's song\", better known than the first stanza, and often presented alone. It implicitly addresses Ferdinand who, with his father, has just gone through a shipwreck in which the father supposedly drowned. Selected cultural references Parts or all of it have been set to music by Henry Purcell (alternatively attributed to John Weldon, The Tempest), Igor Stravinsky (Three Songs from William Shakespeare), Arthur Sullivan (The Tempest), Ralph Vaughan Williams (Three Shakespeare Songs), Pete Seeger (Two from Shakespeare), John Zorn, Marianne Faithfull, Laurie Anderson, and Caroline Shaw. On the gravestone of Percy Bysshe Shelley in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome the lines “Nothing of him that doth fade, / But doth suffer a sea-change / Into something rich and strange.” are engraved. His open boat, on which he sailed the day he drowned, was called ‘Ariel’. Rich and Strange, a 1931 film by Alfred Hitchcock In The Waste Land, TS Eliot references \"Those are pearls that were his eyes\" on multiple occasions. In Cibola Burn, a novel by James S. A. Corey, a character references the line \"Of his bones are coral made\". Jackson Pollock painting titled “Full Fathom Five” … critic Ellen Johnson said of this piece “[It] is especially rich… Several foreign objects are embedded in its oil and aluminum paint; but the thumb tacks, pennies, cigarettes, paint tube tops, matches, etc., are only discovered with very close scrutiny. Lost in the life of the painting, they ‘suffer a sea-change into something rich and strange.’” From: “Jackson Pollock and Nature,” in Studio International 185:956 (June 1973), 260. See also List of titles of works based on Shakespearean phrases Sea change (idiom) References The Tempest","title":"Ariel's Song"},{"docid":"51033834","text":"Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein were varied. Some strongly supported the execution, particularly those personally affected by Saddam's actions as leader. Some of these victims wished to see him brought to trial for his other actions, alleged to have resulted in a much greater number of deaths than those for which he was convicted. Some believed the execution would boost morale in Iraq, while others feared it would incite further violence. Many in the international community supported Saddam being brought to justice but objected in particular to the use of capital punishment. Saddam's supporters condemned the action as unjust. \"The world will know that Saddam Hussein lived honestly, died honestly, and maintained his principles. He did not lie when he declared his trial null\", said Hussein's lawyers in a statement. A spokeswoman for Saddam's daughters reported, \"They felt very proud as they saw their father facing his executioners so bravely.\" In Amman, the capital of Jordan, Saddam's eldest daughter, Raghad, joined protests against her father's execution. Protesters expressed sentiment that Saddam was a martyr and that he was the only Arab leader who said no to the United States. According to reports from an official, people were dancing and sung Shi'a chants around Saddam's body after the execution took place. Two days after the execution, the Iraqi government launched an inquiry into the taunting and the way the execution was filmed. George W. Bush, president of the United States at the time, stated that Saddam's death would not end the violence in Iraq. In Tikrit, Iraq, where Saddam was buried, police barred entrances to and departures from the city for four days as a safety precaution. Iraqi reaction Politicians In a statement, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said, \"Justice, in the name of the people, has carried out the death sentence against the criminal Saddam, who faced his fate like all tyrants, frightened and terrified during a hard day which he did not expect.\" He also stated, \"Your generous and pure land has got rid—and for ever—of the filth of the dictator and a black page of Iraq's history has been turned and the tyrant has died.\" He also said that Saddam does not represent any group or sect of the Iraqi people. \"[Iraqis] have been waiting for justice to be executed, and I think that Iraqis have received the news that they've been waiting for, for too many years\", said Iraqi Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani. \"The execution of Saddam Hussein is a big crime. Saddam Hussein was a prisoner of war and was arrested by the U.S. forces, and not by the Iraqi government. It is a crime with which they wanted to cover up many things\", Sunni politician, Khalaf al-Ulayyan said. \"I don't think it will make much difference because the situation has deteriorated to such an extent that very drastic measures have to be taken to confront the militias and restore law and order\", said Adnan Pachachi. \"Of course, he has some supporters in Iraq—some of","title":"Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein"},{"docid":"3010426","text":"The Fortune Teller is a painting by Italian Baroque artist Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. It exists in two versions, both by Caravaggio, the first from c. 1594 (now in the Musei Capitolini in Rome), the second from c. 1595 (which is in the Louvre museum, Paris). The dates in both cases are disputed. Subject matter The painting shows a foppishly-dressed boy (in the second version the model is believed to be Caravaggio's companion, the Sicilian painter Mario Minniti), having his palm read by a Romani girl. The boy looks pleased as he gazes into her face, and she returns his gaze. Close inspection of the painting reveals what the young man has failed to notice: the girl is removing his ring as she gently strokes his hand. Fortune teller's deceit used as metaphor for Caravaggio's seductive illusionism Caravaggio's painting, of which two versions exist, shows a well-groomed, vain young man having his palm read by a Romani woman. The wily Romani woman is guilty of deceit, however: her seductive smile is false, and because the young man has been charmed off his feet by her beauty, he does not notice that she has meanwhile slipped the ring from his finger. In 1603 the poet Gaspare Murtola dedicated a madrigal to Caravaggio's Fortune Teller, in which he compares the deceit of the sensuous Romani woman with the illusionistic manner of Caravaggio, therefore implying that the viewer, like the young man, is the victim of duplicity. The madrigal is addressed to Caravaggio himself: `Non so qual sia più maga / O la donna, che fingi, / O tu che la dipingi. / Di rapir quella è vaga / Coi dolci incanti suoi / Il core e ’l sangue a noi. Tu dipinta, che appare / Fai, che viva si veda. Fai, che viva, e spirante altri / la creda.' (I don't know who is the greater sorcerer / The woman you portray / Or you who paint her. Through sweetest incantation / She doth desire to steal / Our very heart and blood. Thou wouldst in thy portrayal / Her living, breathing image / For others reproduce, That they too may believe it.) Style Caravaggio's biographer Giovanni Pietro Bellori relates that the artist picked the Romani girl out from passers-by on the street in order to demonstrate that he had no need to copy the works of the masters from antiquity: \"When he was shown the most famous statues of Phidias and Glykon in order that he might use them as models, his only answer was to point towards a crowd of people saying that nature had given him an abundance of masters.\" This passage is often used to demonstrate that the classically trained Mannerist artists of Caravaggio's day disapproved of Caravaggio's insistence on painting from life instead of from copies and drawings made from older masterpieces. However, Bellori ends by saying, \"and in these two half-figures [Caravaggio] translated reality so purely that it came to confirm what he said.\" The story","title":"The Fortune Teller (Caravaggio)"},{"docid":"15624936","text":"Egemen Bağış () (born 23 April 1970) is a former Turkish politician of, former member of the Turkish parliament, and the former minister for EU Affairs and chief negotiator of Turkey in accession talks with the European Union. Currently, he serves as ambassador of Turkey to the Czech Republic. Early life Bağış was born in Bingöl, Turkey, in 1970 into a family which originated from Siirt. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Human Resources Management as well as a Master of Public Administration, both from the Baruch College of City University of New York. Official responsibilities Turkish ambassador to the Czech Republic (Since November 2019) Member of the Turkish Parliament, representing Istanbul Chairman, Turkey-USA Inter Parliamentary Friendship Caucus of the Turkish Parliament Advisory Board Chairman, Istanbul 2010 European Capital of Culture Initiative. Honorary board member of the Siirt Solidarity Foundation. As a top adviser to the Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Bağış played a key role in the Justice and Development Party's (AKP) policies. Federation of Turkish American Associations Bağış formerly served as the president of the Federation of Turkish American Associations, the New York-based umbrella organization of Turkish-Americans that sponsored his green card petition in the United States. He has also served as a member of the advisory board on Turkish Citizens Abroad, a government body. He was the manager of the Antik Bar at the Jolly Madison Hotel serving the Turkish American community. He also founded the Turkish Link, a New York-based translation agency specialized in the Turkish and English languages. Controversies Protests of 2013 During the 2013 protests in Turkey, Bağış attracted criticism for his comments that \"Everyone who enters Taksim Square will be treated like a terrorist.\" In an officially published statement, and despite claims and evidence presented by organizations such as Amnesty International, Bağış claimed that \"There is no state violence in Turkey\". In the same statement, he claimed that \"Turkey has the most reformist and strongest government in Europe and the most charismatic and strongest leader in the world. Should anyone have a problem with this, then I am truly sorry. Only for those who feel overwhelmed is the leadership of Prime Minister Erdoğan a problem.\" Germany's Foreign Ministry summoned the Turkish ambassador to protest after Bağış accused German Chancellor Angela Merkel of \"picking on\" Turkey for domestic political gain before German elections, after Merkel criticized the crackdown as \"much too strong\". The accusation came after Germany blocked a decision to move forward the membership negotiations after the crackdown. Bağış said that if Merkel is looking for \"internal political material\" ahead of Germany's September elections, \"this should not be Turkey\". He also pointed to the election defeat last year of then-French President Nicolas Sarkozy, a fellow opponent of Turkish EU membership. \"Masturbation\" remark In January 2013 Bağış compared the campaign to recognize the Assyrian genocide and Armenian genocide in Sweden to \"masturbation\" . He later apologised for his remark. Corruption scandal As part of claims that Bağış, along with 3 other ministers,","title":"Egemen Bağış"},{"docid":"26849894","text":"Cecily Bodenham (before 1511-after 1543) was the last abbess of Wilton Abbey. Her tenure as abbess was from 1534 to 25 March 1539, when she surrendered the abbey to the commissioners of King Henry VIII of England during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. She received a generous pension and a property at Fovant, where she retired with about ten of the nuns from Wilton. Religious career Cecily was born on an unknown date, the daughter of Roger Bodenham of Rotherwas, Herefordshire and Joane Bromwich. She became a nun at Kingston St Michael in Wiltshire; eventually becoming the Prioress. In 1511, she was kidnapped by a curate of Castle Coombe, who also robbed the priory. However, she was later released and returned to Kingston St Michael. In 1534, she was nominated by the Court to the vacant post of abbess of Wilton Abbey, replacing Isabel Jordayne. Cecily was known to both King Henry and Queen Anne Boleyn; and she paid the sum of £100 to Thomas Cromwell to secure her election as abbess. As abbess of Wilton, Cecily held an entire barony from the king, which was a privilege shared by three other English nunneries: Shaftesbury, Barking and St. Mary, Winchester. During her tenure, she leased Fuggleston Manor, held by Wilton Abbey, to a relative, Henry Bodenham. She was compliant with the King's policies during the Dissolution of the Monasteries; and when Wilton Abbey suffered the same fate as the other religious houses, she willingly surrendered the abbey to the King's commissioners on 25 March 1539. At the time she claimed to be \"without father, brother, or assured friend\". A nun at the abbey wrote in her diary complaining of Cecily Bodenham's ready acquiescence to King Henry's Acts with this passage: \"Methinks the Abbess hath a faint heart and doth yield up our possessions to the spoiler with a not unwilling haste...Master Richard Neville, the Sub-Seneschal, informeth me that His Majesty's commissioners do purpose to reward her with a fair house at Foffaunt and a goodly stipend withal.\" Cecily was amply awarded with a generous pension of £100 and a property at Fovant in Wiltshire, with an orchard, gardens, three acres of meadow and one load of wood per annum from Fovant Woods. About ten of the nuns from Wilton went to live with her at the Manor Home Farm. She paid for the construction of the south aisle of St. George's Church. Cecily Bodenham died sometime after 1543, when her will was made. Portrait According to author Elizabeth Dorsey Hatle in her Portrait of a Young Woman, published by Ricardian Register in 2003, the subject of the portrait at the Minneapolis Institute of Art is Cecily Bodenham. Notes References House of Benedictine Nuns- Abbey of Wilton, British History Online, retrieved 6 April 2010 English Roman Catholic abbesses 16th-century deaths 16th-century English nuns 16th-century Christian nuns 16th-century English landowners 16th-century English women landowners Year of birth uncertain","title":"Cecily Bodenham"},{"docid":"400736","text":"Bert is Evil is the name of a parody website, founded by Dino Ignacio on March 30, 1997, which featured Bert, a character on the American children's television program Sesame Street. In 1998, Dino Ignacio, Wout J Reinders and Jasper Hulshoff Pol accepted the Webby Award and the People's Voice Award for Best Weird Website at the Palace of Fine Arts auditorium in San Francisco. The website featured manipulated images of the character consorting with notoriously nefarious figures, such as Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein, Kim Jong-il, Robert Mugabe, and Osama bin Laden, as well as being present at events, such as the JFK assassination, and Oklahoma City bombing, humorously offered as \"proof\" that Bert was no mere innocent children's television character. The \"Evil Bert\" phenomenon was picked up by other humorists, who created their own images, linking Bert to current and historical atrocities. In the summer of 1998, due to the website's immense cult popularity, it became too expensive for Ignacio to continue running. Instead of shutting the site down, he offered to allow anyone who was willing to mirror his original website the opportunity to host it. As a result, dozens of mirrors appeared, increasing the website's popularity and visibility. Osama Bin Laden image The first mirror, maintained by Dennis Pozniak, continued in the same vein by adding new \"evidence\" of Bert's evilness (such as Bert's connection to the Ramsey Family and serial killer Jack the Ripper). At the end of 1998, Pozniak posted a contribution, submitted by humorist J Roen, digitally manipulated to depict the then relatively unknown international terrorist, Osama bin Laden, posing with Bert. In October 2001, an undoctored Reuters news photograph was published showing a pro Osama bin Laden protest rally in Bangladesh. One protester is seen holding a large collage style poster of bin Laden with a small image of Bert over his right shoulderthe same image posted to the Bert mirror in 1998which prompted much confusion and joking among Western audiences. Being unaware of Sesame Street, Dhaka printer Mostafa Kamal had copied the collage from the World Wide Web, leaving the image of Bert in his collage. After this photo was released on the news wires, the owners of Sesame Street, Sesame Workshop, raised the possibility of pursuing legal action against Ignacio. In response, he took down the \"Bert is Evil\" section of his website due to Sesame Workshop's DMCA takedown notice, also stating that he did not want to undermine the character in the eyes of children who watched Sesame Street. \"I am doing this because I feel this has gotten too close to reality\", he said. Since the original Bert/Osama picture had been posted to Dennis Pozniak's mirror, he too was bombarded by the international media seeking interviews. As a result of all the attention, Pozniak also closed his mirror. See also Humor on the internet Photograph manipulation List of Internet phenomena References Further reading BBC article with pictures Snopes article about bin Laden and Bert appearance CNN article San Francisco","title":"Bert is Evil"},{"docid":"55521935","text":"\"\" (\"The mouth of fools doth God confess\") is a Lutheran hymn of 1524, with words written by Martin Luther in 1523, paraphrasing Psalm 14. It was published as one of eight songs in 1524 in the first Lutheran hymnal, the Achtliederbuch. It was also published later that year in the Erfurt Enchiridion. It has appeared in many hymnals, both in German and in translation. The text inspired vocal and organ music by composers such as Johann Pachelbel. History and text At the end of 1523, Luther paraphrased Psalm 14 (Psalm 13 in Vulgata numbering), in Latin , attempting to make the psalms accessible to Protestant church services in German. As he did with \"\", Luther expanded the content of the psalm to show the precise situation of the early Reformation as a time of conflict. Luther wrote six stanzas of seven lines each. The hymn was one of the eight hymns in the first Lutheran hymnal, published 1524 in Nuremberg under the title (Some Christian songs), also called Achtliederbuch, which contained four songs by Luther, three by Speratus, and one by Justus Jonas. Later that same year it appeared in Erfurt in Eyn Enchiridion, and in Wittenberg in Johann Walter's choral hymnal in a five-part setting. Melody and settings In the Achtliederbuch, \"\", by Paul Speratus, was indicated as the singing tune for \"\". The hymn appeared with its own melody in the Walter hymnal: that melody, Zahn No. 4436, remained associated with it. The hymn was set by composers for instruments and for voices. Johann Pachelbel composed three chorale preludes for organ as part of before 1693. Johann Sebastian Bach set the hymn in a four-part setting, BWV 308, but without text. The text was added in the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. Translation The hymn was translated to English as \"The mouth of fools doth God confess\" and appeared in R. Massie's M. Luther's Spiritual Songs in 1854. It was copied to other hymnals. Other, less common translations were published in the 19th century. See also List of hymns by Martin Luther References External links Es spricht der unweisen Mund wohl at Hymnary.org The mouth of fools doth God confess at Hymnary.org 16th-century hymns in German Lutheran hymns based on Psalms Hymn tunes Hymns by Martin Luther 1520s works","title":"Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl"},{"docid":"26823590","text":"Psalm 41 is the 41st psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: \"Blessed is he that considereth the poor\". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint version of the Bible, and generally in its Latin translations, this psalm is Psalm 40. In the Vulgate, it begins \"Beatus qui intellegit super egenum et pauperem\". The final psalm in Book One of the collection, it is attributed to King David. The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies and has often been set to music, including a metred German version set by Heinrich Schütz and Handel's Foundling Hospital Anthem. Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version Blessed is he that considereth the poor: the will deliver him in time of trouble. The will preserve him, and keep him alive; and he shall be blessed upon the earth: and thou wilt not deliver him unto the will of his enemies. The will strengthen him upon the bed of languishing: thou wilt make all his bed in his sickness. I said, , be merciful unto me: heal my soul; for I have sinned against thee. Mine enemies speak evil of me, When shall he die, and his name perish? And if he come to see me, he speaketh vanity: his heart gathereth iniquity to itself; when he goeth abroad, he telleth it. All that hate me whisper together against me: against me do they devise my hurt. An evil disease, say they, cleaveth fast unto him: and now that he lieth he shall rise up no more. Yea, mine own familiar friend, in whom I trusted, which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me. But thou, O , be merciful unto me, and raise me up, that I may requite them. By this I know that thou favourest me, because mine enemy doth not triumph over me. And as for me, thou upholdest me in mine integrity, and settest me before thy face for ever. Blessed be the God of Israel from everlasting, and to everlasting. Amen, and Amen. The last verse represents a liturgical conclusion to the first segment of the Book of Psalms. Alexander Kirkpatrick also suggests that this psalm \"ends the first book of the Psalter ... with a hope, destined to be illuminated with a new light by the revelation of the Gospel\". Uses Judaism Verse 4 is found in the repetition of the Amidah during Rosh Hashanah. Psalm 41 is one of the ten Psalms of the Tikkun HaKlali of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov. New Testament Psalm 41 is quoted in the New Testament Verse 9 is quoted in John 13:18 Verse 13 is quoted in Luke Judas Iscariot is seen as the man who \"lifts his heel\" against his friend","title":"Psalm 41"},{"docid":"25091660","text":"The first Birmingham Library was founded between 1635 and 1642 in Birmingham, England by the puritan minister Francis Roberts. A letter to the Viscount Conway, surviving in the state papers of Charles I and dated 7 August 1637, possibly refers to a catalogue of the library: I have spoken with Mr. Bellers for the catalogue of books he promise to send your Lordship and he tells me he did send for one but there is none drawne as yett, for that Mr. Burges (who oweth them) is little time where is bookes are and that Mr. Roberts, who was a curate to his father and one upon whose assistance and iudgemt in the drawing of a Catalogue Mr. Burgiss doth much rely, is now resideing nere Burmingeham, that is much infected with the sickenes and therefore doth not stir from thence but Mr. Bellers is very confident that the first catalogue that is delivered shall be to yr L'rp. A building was erected for the library between 1655 and 1656, and the accounts of the High Bailiff of Birmingham for 1655 include 3 pounds, 2 shillings and 6 pence paid to \"Thomas Bridgens towards buildinge ye library\", with £126 2s 9d following in 1656 \"For buildinge the library, repayreing the Schoole and schoole-masters' houses\". The library's puritan tradition continued in 1656 when Thomas Hall left the finest examples from his book collection to \"the library at Birmingham\"; the rest, \"being ordinary books and not fit for so publick a library\" were left to the clergymen and schoolmasters of Moseley, King's Norton and Wythall. Although the library was one of the first public libraries in England, its puritan origins meant that its collection was dispersed after the Restoration of 1660. References Bibliography Buildings and structures completed in 1656 Library buildings completed in the 17th century Libraries in Birmingham, West Midlands History of Birmingham, West Midlands 17th century in Birmingham, West Midlands","title":"Birmingham Library (17th century)"},{"docid":"1527865","text":"Polyptoton is the stylistic scheme in which words derived from the same root are repeated (such as \"strong\" and \"strength\"). A related stylistic device is antanaclasis, in which the same word is repeated, but each time with a different sense. Another related term is figura etymologica. Other definition In inflected languages polyptoton is the same word being repeated but appearing each time in a different case. (for example, \"Iuppiter\", \"Iovis\", \"Iovi\", \"Iovem\", \"Iove\" [in Latin being the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative forms of \"Iuppiter\" (the god Jupiter), respectively]). Genesis The form is relatively common in Latin Christian poetry and prose in a construction called the superlative genitive, in phrases such as sanctum sanctorum (\"holy of holies\"), and found its way into languages such as Old English, which naturally preferred the prevalent alliteration that is part and parcel of polyptoton—in fact, polyptoton is \"much more prevalent in Old English verse than in Latin verse.\" The specific superlative genitive in Old English, however, occurs only in Latinate Christian poems, not in secular poetry. Historical instances and usages It is also used in public speaking, and several examples can be found in Churchill's speeches. G. K. Chesterton frequently employed this device to create paradox: In combination with verbal active and passive voices, it points out the idea of a latent reciprocity: An alternative way to use the device is to develop polyptoton over the course of an entire novel, which is done in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Shelley combines polyptoton with periphrastic naming, which is the technique of referring to someone using several indirect names. The creature in Frankenstein is referred to by many terms, such as \"fiend\", \"devil\", \"being\", and \"ogre\". However, the first term that Shelley uses in reference to the creature is \"wretch\". Throughout the novel, various forms of this are used, such as \"wretchedly\" and \"wretchedness\", which may be seen as polyptoton. According to Duyfhuizen, the gradual development of polyptoton in Frankenstein is significant because it symbolizes the intricacies of one's own identity. Examples \"Who shall watch the watchmen themselves?\" (Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?) — Juvenal \"Thou art of blood, joy not to make things bleed.\" — Sir Philip Sidney \"With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder.\" — William Shakespeare, Richard II II,i,37 \"The Greeks are strong, and skillful to their strength / Fierce to their skill, and to their fierceness valiant\" — William Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida I, i, 7-8 \"Love is not love / Which alters when it alteration finds / Or bends with the remover to remove.\" — William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116 \"The greatest weakness of all weaknesses is to fear too much to appear weak.\" — Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet \"Do not listen to the reasoners; there has been too much reasoning in France, and reasoning has banished reason.\" — Joseph de Maistre, Considerations on France, criticizing the Cult of Reason during the French Revolution \"People complain of the despotism of princes; they ought to complain of the despotism of man. We are all born","title":"Polyptoton"},{"docid":"16261468","text":"Euphrasia (also, Eupraxia) (380 – March 13, 410) was a Constantinopolitan nun who was venerated after her death as a saint for her piety and example of charity. Life Euphrasia was the only daughter of Antigonus—a nobleman of the court of Emperor Theodosius I, to whom he was related—and of Euphrasia, his wife. When Antigonus died, his widow and young daughter withdrew together to Egypt, near a monastery of one hundred and thirty nuns. This was less than a century since Anthony the Great had established his first monastery, but monasticism in that time had spread with incredible speed. At the age of seven, Euphrasia begged to take vows and become a nun at the monastery. When her mother presented the child to the abbess, Euphrasia took up an image of Christ and kissed it, saying, \"By vow I consecrate myself to Christ.\" Her mother replied, \"Lord Jesus Christ, receive this child under your special protection. You alone doth she love and seek: to you doth she recommend herself.\" Soon after, Euphrasia's mother became ill and died. Hearing of her mother's death, the Emperor Theodosius I sent for Euphrasia, whom he had promised in marriage to a young senator. She responded with a letter to the Emperor declining the offer to marry; instead, she requested that her estate be sold and divided among the poor, and that her slaves be manumitted. The emperor did as she requested shortly before his death in 395. Another version of her biography states that Euphrasia was raised in the court of Theodosius, and that her mother joined the monastery; Euphrasia joined her as a child. The same version says that it was Theodosius' successor, Arcadius, that commanded her to marry the senator, but she was likewise permitted to remain a nun and give away her property. Euphrasia was known for her humility, meekness, and charity; her abbess often advised her to perform manual labor when she was burdened with temptations. As a part of these labors, she often carried heavy stones from one place to another—once she did so for thirty days at one time. Euphrasia died in the year 410 at the age of thirty. Veneration Euphrasia was said to perform miracles before and after her death. For example, she is said to have healed a deaf, dumb and crippled child, and she delivered a woman from possession by the devil. Moreover, before she died, the abbess of Euphrasia's monastery reported having had a vision of Euphrasia transported to God's throne, surrounded by angels. After her death, she was venerated as a saint. In Western Christianity, her feast day is July 24, according to the Roman Martyrology reformed after the Second Vatican Council; in the Eastern churches, her veneration is celebrated on July 25. References External links EWTN Library: St. Euphrasia, Virgin Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Euphrasia'' Lives of the Saints, March 13: Saint Euphrasia St. Euphrasia Hagiography 380 births 410 deaths 5th-century Christian saints Saints from Constantinople","title":"Euphrasia of Constantinople"},{"docid":"2054244","text":"Johnno is a semi-autobiographical novel written by Australian author David Malouf and was first published in 1975. It was Malouf's first novel. In 2004 it was selected by the Brisbane City Council as the joint-winner of the annual One Book One Brisbane competition to find the book that best represents Brisbane. Johnno shared the honours with another, more recent, debut novel, The Girl Most Likely by Rebecca Sparrow. It is one of the best known \"Brisbane\" novels ever written. The book has been adapted for the stage. It premiered at Brisbane's La Boite Theatre in 2006 and then transferred to the Derby Playhouse. Plot summary and major themes Johnno is written in the first person past tense and the narrator is only ever known by the nickname \"Dante\". Johnno is heavily autobiographical. The novel is centred upon the friendship between Dante and a schoolmate known as \"Johnno\" in their adolescence and early adulthood in the 1940s and 1950s in Brisbane. The subtropical Brisbane environment and various elements of upper-class Australian culture in the twentieth century recur throughout the book. There are many references to Brisbane's verdant gardens and parklands and other aspects of its urban geography such as its now-defunct tramways and the Brisbane River. The novel takes the form of an extended reminiscence and begins with the narrator finding a photograph of Johnno among his recently deceased father's belongings. The story then begins in Dante's childhood and education at Brisbane Grammar School and then follows the development of the friendship between the staid, conventional Dante and the unruly, eccentric and frequently intoxicated Johnno through school, university and a period of Bohemian-style living in Europe. The novel ends with Johnno presumed to have committed suicide (though the reader does not know for sure) and his funeral in suburban Brisbane. Johnno engages in shoplifting and goes to brothels, which contrasts with his friend Dante's middle class conservatism. Though both major characters reference gay experiences Malouf explicitly denies that Johnno is a gay novel. Readers of a later and more knowing time have taken this to be a gay novel in disguise. It is not. If I had meant to write a gay novel I would have done so. If there was more to tell about these characters I would have told it. Johnno's occasional experience that way is frankly admitted, so is Dante's relationship with his \"boy from Sarina\", but they do not see themselves as being defined by these involvements and they are not. Epilogue In an epilogue written over two decades after Johnno was first published, David Malouf makes clear that Johnno's character is based on a real schoolfriend of his, John Milliner, who died in 1962. Notes Dedication: \"for Carlo Olivieri.\" Epigraph: \"I have great comfort from this fellow. Methinks he hath no drowning mark upon him; his complexion is perfect gallows. Stand fast, good Fate, to his hanging! Make the rope of his destiny our cable, for our own doth little advantage. If he be not born","title":"Johnno"},{"docid":"31913022","text":"Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb (; October 24, 1997 – May 25, 2011) was a 13-year-old Syrian boy who died while in the custody of the Syrian government in Daraa. On April 29, 2011, he was detained during a protest. On May 25, 2011, his body was delivered to his family, having been badly bruised, along with burn marks, three gunshot wounds, and severed genitals. Hamza's family distributed photos and video of his body to journalists and activists. Shocked by what was depicted, thousands of people showed their support for Hamza online and in street protests. Background Hamza lived with his parents in the village of al-Jeezah in Daraa Governorate. He enjoyed watching his homing pigeons fly above his house since drought had left him unable to enjoy swimming. He had a reputation for being generous. \"He would often ask his parents for money to give to the poor. I remember once he wanted to give someone 100 Syrian pounds ($2), and his family said it was too much. But Hamza said, 'I have a bed and food while that guy has nothing.' And so he persuaded his parents to give the poor man the 100,\" his cousin told Al Jazeera. Torture Al-Jazeera reported that he was not interested in politics, according to an unnamed cousin, but on April 29, 2011, he joined his family in a rally to break the siege of the city of Daraa. \"Everybody seemed to be going to the protest, so he went along as well,\" said his cousin. Hamza walked with friends and family 12 km along the road from al-Jeezah north-west to Saida. Firing began almost as the protesters reached Saida. Hamza's cousin reported: \"People were killed and wounded, some were arrested. It was chaotic we didn't know at that point what had happened to Hamza. He just disappeared.\" One source says that Hamza had been among 51 protesters detained by Air Force Intelligence, which detainees allegedly described as having a reputation for brutal torture. Mutilation A video of his body filmed several days after his death showed numerous injuries, including broken bones, gunshot wounds, burn marks, and mutilated genitals. The Globe and Mail summarized: \"His jaw and both kneecaps had been smashed. His flesh was covered with cigarette burns. His penis had been cut off. Other injuries appeared to be consistent with the use of electroshock devices and being whipped with a cable.\" Following the broadcast, by Al Jazeera, of a video showing Hamza's body there was widespread outrage, both online and amongst the protesters in Syria. In response to Al Jazeera's story, the chief of Syria regime's medical examiners association denied that Hamza was tortured. Backlash and impact Hamza's name became a rallying cry for protesters. A Facebook page honouring him had more than 105,000 followers by May 2011. Following the pattern of demonstrators calling Fridays a \"day of rage\", Saturdays in Syria were called the \"day of Hamza\". On May 31, 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton marked his death as","title":"Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb"},{"docid":"66045728","text":"The 2012 United States Shadow Senator election in the District of Columbia took place on November 6, 2012, to elect a shadow member to the United States Senate to represent the District of Columbia. The member was only recognized by the District of Columbia and not officially sworn or seated by the United States Senate. Incumbent Michael D. Brown was re-elected to a second term. Primary elections Party primaries took place on April 3, 2012. Democrat Mike Brown, the incumbent shadow senator, won his party's primary by defeating challenger Pete Ross, and D.C. Statehood Green candidate David Schwartzman won his party's primary with a write-in campaign. Republican candidate Nelson Rimensnyder was unopposed in his party's primary. Democratic primary Candidates Michael D. Brown, incumbent Shadow Senator Pete Ross, furniture businessman and candidate for Shadow Senator in 2002 Campaign Ross' campaign was largely self-funded. He gave over $200,000 of his own money to his campaign. This was a stark contrast to incumbent Senator Brown, who loaned his campaign only $1,200 with the rest of his much smaller budget composed of small donations from city residents. Brown derisively referred to Ross' warchest as \"[a] felons riches\" In December 2011, four months prior to the primary election, Ross was one of four people arrested for blocking traffic on Constitution Avenue during a demonstration for statehood. On March 13, 2012, just a month before the primary, Ross went to court for sentencing and appeared before Judge Elizabeth Wingo. During his hearing, Ross requested to be given jail time instead of the probation usually given to people facing similar charges. Faced with an unusual situation, Wingo postponed judgement for two days. Before the second hearing on March 15, Wingo was called by Brown, who warned the judge that Ross was using his time in court and request for jail time as a political statement. Wingo informed Brown that his call was inappropriate and proceeded to hand the case off to another judge. On the 15th, Ross appeared before Judge Fredrick J. Sullivan. A government prosecutor present said he opposed giving jail time yet Ross continued to ask for jail time. Sullivan attempted to dissuade Ross from going to jail and at one point said “It’s not a pleasant place over there,” Ross was unswayed and was ultimately sentenced to one day in jail and a $50 fine. Ross spent six hours in jail and was released at 10:00 pm. Though arrests of pro-statehood protesters are common in DC, Ross is the only person known to be jailed for protesting in favor of statehood. During the campaign, several major revelations of financial wrongdoing came out. It emerged that in 2007, Pete Ross had failed to remit $203,000 in payroll taxes which led to an IRS investigation. Ross hid assets from the IRS and eventually pleaded guilty to a felony tax evasion charge. As a result he spent 90 days in a halfway house. On this issue, Senator Brown said \"I’m all about redemption, too, but a guy","title":"2012 United States Shadow Senator election in the District of Columbia"},{"docid":"69611284","text":"Auncienty is a term used to describe a system of precedence, for instance through years and continuance in the Houses of the Inns of Court, or among the ranks or degrees of the Officers of Arms. In many ways equivalent to Eldership, deriving from the Norman French noun \"ancien\" (meaning an Elder) preserved in the French concept of , it has a meaning of ceremonial seniority. This is slightly distinct from the obsolete usage of the word simply to mean \"Antiquity\". Inns of Court Sir William Dugdale, in his Origines Juridiciales, mentioned this as follows:\"...in the graund Vacation time, out of the Four Houses of Court, come two and two to every House of Chancery; and there according to their years and continuance of the House that they be of, which they call auncienty, they doe argue and reason to some doubtfull matter, that is proposed, so that the most youngest doth begyn, and the next to him in continuance doth follow; and at last he that readeth to that House of Chancery doth declare his opinion in the matter that is called into question.\" Of the governance of the Inner Temple, Dugdale remarks:\"...it was ordered that if any then, or thenceforth of this Society, should be called to the Bench, at that time being, or that thereafter should be a Knight, that notwithstanding such his dignity of Knighthood, he should take place at the Bench Table according to his auncienty in the House, and no otherwise.\" Further (concerning the Middle Temple): \"The Benchers of this Society are divided into two several ranks or Classes, viz. the upper Classis consisting of the Auncienty, and the lower of the Puisnes.\" Similarly, as a mark of elder status, the Black Books of Lincoln's Inn refer to the \"Double Readers or Auncient Benchers\" (as opposed to the Middle Benchers or the Puisne Benchers); \"from hencefourth if any chamber within this House shall fall voide, the auncientest Bencher shall make choice of it\"; and the governance of Furnival's Inn and of Thavie's Inn is described (for each) as being under \"the Principal and Auncients.\" At Gray's Inn, the progress towards admission to the \"grand company of Ancients\", their prerogatives and responsibilities, are described in the published editions of their archives. Officers of Arms In the Orders given by Thomas Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, to the Officers of Arms in 1568, terms of precedency are set out for arrangements for heraldic funerals. In Section 8 (Burials appropriate to Garter Principal King of Arms): \"... And it is further ordered that hee the said Garter shall take to serve with him at the funerals of the aforesaid Noble and honourable personages, first Clarenceux and then Norroy Kings of Armes, and soe successively one after another the Heraulds and Pursuivants of Arms in order according to their auncienty and degree in Office and soe to beginne againe\"; and in Section 9 (Burials appropriate to Clarenceux King of Arms and Norroy King of Arms): \"... And the","title":"Auncienty"},{"docid":"43862377","text":"\"Contemplations\" is a 17th-century poem by English colonist Anne Bradstreet. The poem's meaning is debated, with some scholars arguing that it is a Puritan religious poem while others argue that it is a Romantic poem. The Poem 1 Sometime now past in the Autumnal Tide, When Phoebus wanted but one hour to bed, The trees all richly clad, yet void of pride, Were gilded o’re by his rich golden head. Their leaves and fruits seem’d painted but was true Of green, of red, of yellow, mixed hew, Rapt were my senses at this delectable view. 2 I wist not what to wish, yet sure thought I, If so much excellence abide below, How excellent is he that dwells on high? Whose power and beauty by his works we know. Sure he is goodness, wisdom, glory, light, That hath this under world so richly dight. More Heaven than Earth was here, no winter and no night. 3 Then on a stately Oak I cast mine Eye, Whose ruffling top the Clouds seem’d to aspire; How long since thou wast in thine Infancy? Thy strength and stature, more thy years admire, Hath hundred winters past since thou wast born? Or thousand since thou brakest thy shell of horn, If so, all these as nought, Eternity doth scorn. 4 Then higher on the glistering Sun I gaz’d, Whose beams was shaded by the leafy Tree. The more I look’d, the more I grew amaz’d And softly said, what glory’s like to thee? Soul of this world, this Universe’s Eye, No wonder some made thee a Deity: Had I not better known (alas) the same had I. 5 Thou as a Bridegroom from thy Chamber rushes And as a strong man joys to run a race. The morn doth usher thee with smiles and blushes. The Earth reflects her glances in thy face. Birds, insects, Animals with Vegative, Thy heat from death and dullness doth revive: And in the darksome womb of fruitful nature dive. 6 Thy swift Annual and diurnal Course, Thy daily straight and yearly oblique path, Thy pleasing fervour, and thy scorching force, All mortals here the feeling knowledge hath. Thy presence makes it day, thy absence night, Quaternal seasons caused by thy might: Hail Creature, full of sweetness, beauty, and delight. 7 Art thou so full of glory that no Eye Hath strength thy shining Rays once to behold? And is thy splendid Throne erect so high? As, to approach it, can no earthly mould. How full of glory then must thy Creator be? Who gave this bright light luster unto thee: Admir’d, ador’d for ever be that Majesty. 8 Silent alone where none or saw, or heard, In pathless paths I lead my wand’ring feet. My humble Eyes to lofty Skies I rear’d To sing some Song my mazed Muse thought meet. My great Creator I would magnifie, That nature had thus decked liberally: But Ah and Ah again, my imbecility! 9 I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,","title":"Contemplations (poem)"},{"docid":"25422350","text":"How Doth the Simple Spelling Bee is a short story by Owen Wister that was published in book form in 1907. It is a satire about spelling reform efforts of the time, which also humorously and in a good-natured manner pokes fun at academia in general, and the folly of typical professors' endeavors. Plot The story's protagonist is Chickle University professor Masticator B. Fellow, and is about his efforts to enlist the story narrator's support for spelling reform. Fellow advocates spelling all English words in a simpler, phonetic manner in order to make spelling easier for children and foreigners. Debates quickly ensue regarding whose pronunciation should be considered standard for phonetic spelling. The story then changes focus to a couple who are attending the convention for spelling reform. This couple is much more interested in their blossoming romance than they are spelling reform. The narrator finds the woman of this couple attractive, attempts to woo her, and a love triangle ensues, forming some basis of suspense for the plot. The book ends with neither Fellow's attempts at spelling reform nor the narrator's attempts to win a woman's esteem proving the least bit successful. Background In August 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt ordered that all federal publications use revised spellings of 300 words based on the work of the Simplified Spelling Board. Wister's story lampooned the change with his story, implying that these spelling changes went too far. References External links Entire book, How Doth the Simple Spelling Bee, (1907) complete with illustrations at Google Books 1907 American novels Novels by Owen Wister","title":"How Doth the Simple Spelling Bee"},{"docid":"30995776","text":"Mohammad Reza Naqdi (also spelled \"Naghdi\"; ) is an Iranian military officer who is a senior officer in the IRGC. Background According to the biography published by the semi-official Fars News Agency, Naqdi was born in March 1961 in a middle-class religious family in Shapour neighbourhood of Tehran. Aging 16, he enrolled in University of Guilan in 1977 and co-founded its Anjoman-e Eslami. He helped founding Jihad of Construction in June 1979, before joining the Revolutionary Guards Intelligence Unit. The Majalla claims that Naqdi is an Iraqi national with Iranian and Persian origins, son of Ali Akbar Thamahniy Shams, who was expelled in 1980 among convoys of Moaveds and was placed in the city of Naqadeh with his family. He was allegedly affiliated with the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq. Career Earlier in his career Naqdi served as the Iranian Police Force's Counter-Intelligence Chief and is also reported to have been involved in \"crackdowns\" during the 1997-2005 administration of Khatami including the 1999 student protests. Amnesty International reported that in March 1999 Iranian authorities announced that General Naqdi, chief of police intelligence at the time, to be tried in May by a military court along with 10 of his subordinates. \"The charges against them are believed to include 'unlawful arrest' and 'using torture to elicit confessions'.\" He was found not guilty. Naqdi was appointed by Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei as commander of the Basij in October 2009, replacing Hossein Taeb. He has been described as possessing \"conservative credentials\" and his appointment was said (by Mohsen Sazegara) to have \"shattered the hopes and plans of those who thought they could ease\" the unrest and protest following the reelection of President Ahmadinejad. 2009 protests On 14 February 2011 Naqdi was quoted by the semi-official Fars news agency as saying he believed the February protests in Iran had been started by \"western spies\" and that \"western intelligence agencies are searching for a mentally challenged person who can set himself on fire in Tehran to trigger developments like those in Egypt and Tunisia.\" Naqdi was also quoted as saying the basij were \"ready to sacrifice their lives\" to defend the Islamic regime, and likened the opposition to the \"party of Satan.\" Two weeks later on 23 February 2011, the US Treasury Department imposed sanctions on General Naqdi, \"for being responsible for or complicit in serious human rights abuses in Iran\", adding him to the Office of Foreign Assets Control blacklist. The action subjects him \"to visa sanctions\" and \"seeks to block any assets\" he may have under U.S. jurisdiction, and \"bans U.S. citizens from financial transactions with them\". Views In an interview which aired on Al Manar TV on 28 May 2012 (as translated by MEMRI), Naqdi dismissed the possibility of an Israeli attack on Iran, stated that \"Israel is much too small to carry out [an attack]. The [Israeli] statements serve only to amuse the terrified tyrants, who say: \"We are here\". If Israel commits even the slightest mistake or the slightest act","title":"Mohammad Reza Naqdi"},{"docid":"65856596","text":"John Lewis: Good Trouble is a 2020 American documentary film directed by Dawn Porter about the life of civil rights activist and United States congressman John Lewis. The film was produced by CNN Films, AGC Studios and TIME Studios. It premiered in Tulsa, Oklahoma on June 19, 2020, and was released by Magnolia Pictures and Participant in the United States on July 3, 2020. Release John Lewis: Good Trouble premiered at the Circle Cinema theater in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on June 19, 2020. The date and place were chosen to commemorate Juneteenth, the celebration of the emancipation of slaves in the United States, and to protest against a Donald Trump presidential re-election campaign rally planned in Tulsa for the same day; the rally was rescheduled for the following day after widespread criticism. The film was originally scheduled to premiere in April 2020 at the Tribeca Film Festival, before the festival was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Magnolia Pictures and Participant released the film in the United States in select theaters and on video on demand services on July 3, 2020. Reception Critical response On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, \"It's far more conventional than the life it honors, but John Lewis: Good Trouble remains a worthy tribute to an inspiring activist and public servant.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 70 out of 100 based on 19 critic reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Ben Kenisberg, writing for The New York Times, said that \"John Lewis surely requires no introduction\", but the film \"provides a solid one anyway, striking a good balance between revisiting Lewis’s most famous work as an activist and chronicling his life today\". He concluded: \"Although the film uses a conventional format, it makes an urgent argument: that a new wave of voter suppression has threatened the rights that Lewis labored to secure.\" Brian Lowry, writing for CNN, described the film as a \"fitting if slightly disjointed tribute\", and said that the film is \"somehow both timely and timeless in honoring a man who has spent his entire adult life in the public arena\", but added that it \"hopscotches around a bit too much, jumping back and forth in time -- a byproduct, perhaps, of the volume of ground there is to cover\". He concluded: \"Lewis -- who is battling pancreatic cancer -- was not much more than a kid when he marched alongside Martin Luther King Jr., and has seemingly lived three lives since then. That's why despite the documentary's uneven aspects, his legacy is ample motivation for any student of history to see \"Good Trouble\" as a good investment.\" Vikram Murthi, writing for The A.V. Club, was more critical in his review of the film, giving it a grade of C. He wrote: \"That everyone, from voters to fellow politicians, loves John Lewis may be the only salient takeaway from","title":"John Lewis: Good Trouble"},{"docid":"20070057","text":"John Levett (also spelt Levit or Leavett) was a 17th-century English naturalist who was the author of a ground-breaking early study of the habits of bees, with close observation of their behaviour and suggestions on how to manage their hives, published in London in 1634. The Ordering of Bees: Or, The True History of Managing Them was one of the first agricultural textbooks, with a preface in rhyme by the author Samuel Purchas. It is among the earliest examples of what later became a flood of literature treating the English love of gardening and horticulture. Johns Levett's biography is unclear, but he is identified as a gentleman and had advanced education. He is thought to have been a clergyman, and possibly the nephew of English explorer Capt. Christopher Levett, one of the earliest explorers of New England. His book is dedicated to a member of the Suffolk gentry, and perhaps Levett was serving there. His book was considered groundbreaking because it combined close observation of bees with field experience in managing beehives. Levett explored the debate over bee gender, and over their means of reproducing. Levett's work quickly became the favoured book on the subject. Robert Child, the foremost agriculture writer of his day, said of Levett: \"Hee is the best that ever write of this subject.\" At least part of Levett's appeal, aside from his careful study of his subjects, was his somewhat sly sense of humour. The drones, Levett warned, were \"necessary and helpfull [sic] to the Bees, so long as they exceed not a due proportion (much like to Our lawyers), but let their number grow to(o) great (as it often doth) and they will indeed devoure the substance of the Bees (as the Lawyers of the Commonwealth) and bring it to destruction.\" In his discourse on bees, Levett drew many parallels to human society. The Master Bee, Levett wrote, had regal authority, \"correcting the lazie, sloathfull, and disobedient, and giving honour and incouragement to those which are painfull, laborious and diligent.\" The Master Bees, Levett wrote, \"are absolute in their authorities and commands,\" and were essential, Levett believed, in the organising the hierarchy of and ensuring the ultimate success of the hive. The preface to Levett's book was written by \"S. Purcas\" in rhyme, who was undoubtedly English author and travel writer Samuel Purchas. \"Thy selfe, thy self enough, enough thy Booke, Thy book commands, and I, my Levett, leave it, Here in small Bees, God's greatnesse first I looke, And thee thy selfe though dead to live yet.\" Nor were the results of apian labours limited to simple honey. Bee products, Levett told his readers, could be used in domestic hygiene, physick and surgery. Levett was not troubled by the thought that the bee was placed on earth to serve man. In the sort of thinking that stamped the age of exploration and colonisation, Levett consigned the bee to his role as supporting player. \"Hath not God given all creatures unto us for our benefit,","title":"John Levett (author)"},{"docid":"2898394","text":"Anita Doth (born 28 December 1971) is a Dutch singer and songwriter best known as the former singer of the duo 2 Unlimited, along with rapper Ray Slijngaard. Personal life Anita Daniëlle Dels was born in Amsterdam to a Surinamese father, Rolf Dels, and a Dutch mother, Lydia. In 1991 she finished her education and landed her first job in an administrative position at a police station. She has one son. On 11 January 2010, it was announced that Doth was being treated for breast cancer, undergoing chemotherapy. Doth continued to perform with Ray as much as possible under her treatment regimen. In 2011, Doth was declared breast-cancer-free. On 8 November 2013, Doth announced via Twitter that 2 Unlimited would soon be taking a break until April 2014 as she was pregnant. The new arrival was expected in February 2014. Music career 2 Unlimited (1991–1996) 2 Unlimited is a Eurodance project founded in 1991 by two Belgian producers Jean-Paul DeCoster and Phil Wilde and fronted by Dutch rapper Ray Slijngaard and Anita Doth. In the early 1990s, Slijngaard had been asked to write rap lyrics for a tune written by de Coster and Wilde. He also wrote a chorus to be sung by a female vocalist, for which he asked Doth to sing the lyrics. The demo was presented to de Coster and Wilde, leading to Doth joining 2 Unlimited, and \"Get Ready for This\" was produced as their first single. Doth sang the choruses for the majority of their songs; however there were some B sides, and one successful single, \"Nothing Like the Rain\", where she sang close to all the lyrics. The band became an instant success in Europe and throughout the world. Their hits included \"Maximum Overdrive\", \"No Limit\", \"Tribal Dance\", \"The Real Thing\", \"Twilight Zone\" and \"Workaholic\". After sixteen music videos, forty-five songs, and four albums, the group split up in 1996. After 2 Unlimited (1996–2009) After 2 Unlimited broke up in 1996, Doth became a presenter on Dutch music television station TMF (The Music Factory), hosting Welcome to the Pleasure Zone, a show featuring both music videos and live performances. She also worked as a DJ on Dutch radio station Radio 538. Later that year, she sang a duet with popular Dutch singer René Froger titled \"That's When I'll Stop Loving You\". In 2000, she released her solo album, Reality. Among the singles taken from the album were \"Universe\", \"Lifting up My Life\", and \"This Is Reality\". Doth worked with producers Todd Terry and Steve Mac, among others. In 2002, Doth formed Divas of Dance with Linda Estelle (formerly of T-Spoon) and Desiree \"Des'Ray\" Manders (formerly of 2 Brothers on the 4th Floor). They performed a variety of disco and dance classics, including the biggest hits from each of their respective bands. In 2006, Divas of Dance released a single entitled \"Falling into the Groove\". During the later 2000s, Doth toured the UK as part of the 90s Reloaded Adult Weekenders at Butlin's. Billed as","title":"Anita Doth"},{"docid":"4745365","text":"Hits Unlimited is the fourth album from Dutch/Belgian band 2 Unlimited and the last to feature Ray Slijngaard and Anita Doth. It was a greatest hits package featuring 16 songs: 13 previous singles and 3 new ones. The album, released by PWL, was certified gold in the Netherlands. Ray Slijngaard's raps on the verses were not cut on any of the songs on the UK release of this album. Critical reception Music Week wrote, \"A storming 16-track collection of pop/rave classics cataloguing the incredible impact Dutch duo Anita and Ray have had since 1991. The inclusion of European versions, with added rap will be a bonus for fans.\" Stephen Dalton from NME said, \"These songs are about clean, controlled fun and strict discipline — 'Jump for Joy', 'Workaholic', 'Let the Beat Control Your Body' — booted along by stormtrooper hardcore beats designed to encourage Eurokids to work hard and use leisure time constructively. [...] This is the sound of robotic consumerism triumphing over everything else — forever. And pretty damn catchy it is, too.\" He concluded, \"Buy this album now and be happy forever.\" Track listing \"Do What's Good for Me\" – 3:49 \"No Limit\" – 3:30 (from No Limits) \"Get Ready for This\" – 3:42 (from Get Ready!) \"Twilight Zone\" – 4:10 (from Get Ready!) \"No One\" – 3:26 (from Real Things) \"Jump for Joy\" – 3:42 \"Tribal Dance\" – 3:40 (from No Limits) \"The Magic Friend\" – 3:44 (from Get Ready!) \"Workaholic\" – 3:33 (from Get Ready!) \"Let the Beat Control Your Body\" – 3:38 (from No Limits) \"Nothing Like the Rain\" – 3:59 (from Real Things) \"Spread Your Love\" – 4:43 \"The Real Thing\" – 3:39 (from Real Things) \"Here I Go\" – 3:16 (from Real Things) \"Maximum Overdrive\" – 3:41 (from No Limits) \"Faces\" – 3:32 (from No Limits) Charts Certifications References 2 Unlimited albums 1995 greatest hits albums Pete Waterman Entertainment albums","title":"Hits Unlimited"},{"docid":"32717693","text":"Thomas Francis Darcy (December 19, 1932 – December 6, 2000) was an American political cartoonist. While working at Newsday, he won the 1970 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning. Thomas was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City and served in the U.S. Navy from 1951 to 1953. He attended the Terry Art Institute in Florida from 1953 to 1954 and graduated from the Cartoonists and Illustrators School (now the School of Visual Arts) in New York in 1956, where he studied under Jack Markow and Burne Hogarth. He started at Newsday in 1956 in the advertising department and became a cartoonist for the paper the following year. He left for the Phoenix Gazette in 1959, but he was too liberal for that newspaper, so the next year he headed back east to become an art director for the advertising agency Lenhart & Altschuler. He returned to editorial cartooning with brief stints at the Houston Post (1965-1966) and the Philadelphia Bulletin (1966-1968). Publisher Bill Moyers brought Darcy back to Newsday, where he would remain until his retirement 1997. Moyers gave him the \"latitude\" he needed to work. According to the New York Times, he \"was the first in a new wave of editorial cartoonists, who abandoned stylized cartooning and went straight for the jugular.\" He said that his work was \"not for the amusement of the comfortable\" and that \"If it's big and struts through the door, hit it hard.\" In the World Encyclopedia of Cartoons, Rick Marschall compared Darcy to Herblock and Paul Conrad, noting his bold lines and his use of \"facial expressions and emotions to advantage in depicting his characters.\" His Pulitzer submissions primarily concerned the Vietnam War and inner-city problems. He drew a cartoon featuring an L-shaped coffin over which a general exclaims \"Good news, we've turned the corner in Vietnam!\" In other cartoons, Darcy featured President Richard Nixon grabbing the White House columns as if they were jail bars, captioned \"Prisoner of War,\" and another featuring two robed street prophets about to collide, carrying signs reading \"Doomsday Is Coming!\" and \"The Mideast Is Here!\" In addition to the Pulitzer, Darcy also won the Thomas Nast Award from the Overseas Press Club in 1970 and 1972 and a National Headliner Award. In 1977, Darcy left editorial cartooning and created a weekly page of social commentary and reporting called \"Tom Darcy on Long Island\". He said \"After Nixon, Vietnam and civil rights, what's left to attack? I had too much of the sixties and seventies.\" In 1986, he was one of nine Pulitzer winners and over fifty cartoonists to participate in a collective protest, publishing cartoons against war-oriented toys during the Christmas shopping season. References External links 1970 Pulitzer Prizes 1932 births 2000 deaths American editorial cartoonists Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning winners Newsday people United States Navy sailors","title":"Thomas F. Darcy"},{"docid":"57842297","text":"\"Some Girls\" is a song by British singer and songwriter Belouis Some, released in 1988 as the third and final single from his second studio album Belouis Some. It was written by Belouis Some and Carlos Alomar, and produced by Gary Langan and Guy Fletcher (associate producer). \"Some Girls\" reached No. 76 in the UK and remained in the charts for four weeks. A music video, filmed in Milan, was produced to promote the video. Critical reception On its release, Colin Irwin of Number One gave the song two out of five stars, and stated, \"Poor ol' Belouis never did quite crack it, did he? Somehow he always seemed to be trying just that little bit too hard. This time around? Not with this slightly irritating whiney effort, methinks.\" Tim Nicholson of Record Mirror wrote, \"I've never been able to get up much enthusiasm for Mr Some, but when I saw the title of his new single my heart started beating a little faster. Could it possibly be an inspired cover of Racey's classic Seventies hit? But then I played it. Not only is it not the song in question, but it probably doesn't even remember Racey it's so 'modern'.\" Music & Media wrote, \"Since the excellent 'Imagination' Belouis has been struggling to come up with something of the same calibre. This time he comes closer than previously with a bittersweet number that could do much to restore his flagging reputation.\" John Lee of the Huddersfield Daily Examiner commented, \"The man seemingly destined never to make it big is at it again with a pleasing piece of delicately-crafted airplay material. Will this be the one?\" In a review of Belouis Some, Scott Benarde of The Palm Beach Post described the song as a \"somber ballad\". Track listing 7\" single \"Some Girls\" - 3:52 \"Imagination\" - 4:00 12\" single \"Some Girls\" (Extended Version) - 6:15 \"Imagination\" (Can U Dig This Mix!) - 6:30 \"Some Girls\" (Dub Mix) - 4:07 12\" single \"Some Girls\" (Classical Version) - 4:43 \"Imagination\" (Can U Dig This Mix!) - 6:30 \"Some Girls\" (Extended Version) - 6:15 12\" single (promo release) \"Some Girls\" (Remix) - 6:15 \"Imagination\" (Can U Dig This Mix!) - 6:30 CD single \"Some Girls\" (Radio Version) - 3:54 \"Imagination\" (Can U Dig This Mix!) - 4:50 \"Some Girls\" (Extended Version) - 6:19 \"Some Girls\" (Classical Version) - 4:43 Personnel Belouis Some - vocals on \"Some Girls\" Carlos Alomar - guitar on \"Some Girls\" Lenny Pickett - saxophone on \"Some Girls\" Guy Fletcher - keyboards on \"Some Girls\" Production Gary Langan - producer and arrangement on \"Some Girls\" Guy Fletcher - associate producer on \"Some Girls\" Bruce Forest, Frank Heller - additional production and mixing on \"Some Girls\" Peter Schwartz - additional keyboards on \"Some Girls\" Steve Thompson, Michael Barbiero - producers of \"Imagination\" Jamie Broomfield, Kevin O'Reordan and Phil Harding for PWL - mixing on \"Imagination\" Other Accident - sleeve design Kevin Cummins - photography Charts References 1987 songs 1988 singles Belouis Some","title":"Some Girls (Belouis Some song)"},{"docid":"26823945","text":"Psalm 80 is the 80th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: \"Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel, thou that leadest Joseph like a flock\". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 79. In Latin, it is known as \"Qui regis Israel intende\". It is one of the 12 Psalms of Asaph. The New American Bible (Revised Edition) calls it \"a prayer for Jerusalem\". The Jerusalem Bible describes it as \"a prayer for the restoration of Israel\". The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. It has been set to music, by composers including John Bennet and Heinrich Schütz, and notably Albert Roussel who composed an extended setting in English for tenor, choir and orchestra, completed in 1928. Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version The following is the English text of the Psalm from the King James Bible. To the chief Musician upon ShoshannimEduth, A Psalm of Asaph. Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel, thou that leadest Joseph like a flock; thou that dwellest between the cherubims, shine forth. Before Ephraim and Benjamin and Manasseh stir up thy strength, and come and save us. Turn us again, O God, and cause thy face to shine; and we shall be saved. O LORD God of hosts, how long wilt thou be angry against the prayer of thy people? Thou feedest them with the bread of tears; and givest them tears to drink in great measure. Thou makest us a strife unto our neighbours: and our enemies laugh among themselves. Turn us again, O God of hosts, and cause thy face to shine; and we shall be saved. Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt: thou hast cast out the heathen, and planted it. Thou preparedst room before it, and didst cause it to take deep root, and it filled the land. The hills were covered with the shadow of it, and the boughs thereof were like the goodly cedars. She sent out her boughs unto the sea, and her branches unto the river. Why hast thou then broken down her hedges, so that all they which pass by the way do pluck her? The boar out of the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of the field doth devour it. Return, we beseech thee, O God of hosts: look down from heaven, and behold, and visit this vine; And the vineyard which thy right hand hath planted, and the branch that thou madest strong for thyself. It is burned with fire, it is cut down: they perish at the rebuke of thy countenance. Let thy hand be upon the man of thy right hand, upon the son of man whom thou madest strong","title":"Psalm 80"},{"docid":"26297513","text":"Colonel Henry Darnall (1645 – 17 June 1711) was a planter, military officer and politician in colonial Maryland. Darnall served as the Proprietary Agent in the colony for Lord Baltimore; he also briefly served as Deputy Governor of Maryland. During the Protestant Revolution of 1689, his proprietarial army was defeated by the Protestant army of John Coode, and he was stripped of his numerous colonial offices as a result. Darnall died in 1711, leaving the bulk of his substantial estates to his son, Henry Darnall II. Early life Henry Darnall was born in England in 1645, the son of Philip Darnall, a London barrister, and Mary Breton, daughter of Sir Henry Breton. Darnall was the first of his family to emigrate to America, and arrived in Maryland by c.1680, when he was granted a tract of 236 acres in what was then Calvert County. In Maryland he became a substantial landholder and slaveholder, and married Eleanor Hatton Brooke (1642–1725), the widow of Thomas Brooke, Sr., who had died in 1676. Career Public offices Darnall was strongly allied to the proprietarial interest of Charles Calvert, who had married Darnall's cousin Mary. This alliance brought Darnall wealth and power, as he rapidly acquired both land and political office from his cousin's accommodating husband. Darnall's colonial appointments included: Chancellor of Maryland from 1683 to 1689; His Lordship's Agent & Receiver General from 1684 to 1711; Rent Roll Keeper, 1689 to 1699; Deputy Governor; and Colonel of the Militia. In 1703, Calvert granted Darnall of land in Prince George's County. Darnall named the estate His Lordship's Kindness in recognition of Calvert's readiness to hand out large swathes of Maryland to his relatives. Protestant Revolution of 1689 Darnall would not enjoy his political offices for long. In 1689, the ruling Calvert family would lose control of the province, and Darnall would forfeit all his official positions. Maryland Puritans, by now a substantial majority in the colony, revolted against the proprietary government, in part because of the apparent preferment of Catholics to official positions of power. The Glorious Revolution of the previous year had put a Protestant King and Queen on the throne of England, but the sovereignty of the new monarchs had not yet been acknowledged in Maryland. Rumours spread that Roman Catholics and local Indians were engaged in a conspiracy to murder Protestants. Darnall was alleged to be one of the leaders of the plot: \"Here being some discourse that was talked by the Indians Therefore it was ordered by the Commission of Stafford Court That Mr Burr Harris of this County should come to the house of John West to Examine them and the Indians doth declare that the great men of Maryland hath hired the Seneca Indians to kill the protestants nameing Coll Darnall Coll Pye, and Mr Boarman and further did sweare God Dam Mr Boarman for he is all one the Senecas And further doth declare that Mr Boarman did tell the Indians that the English would first of all","title":"Henry Darnall"},{"docid":"17566522","text":"\"The Self Banished\" is a poem written by Edmund Waller in about 1645. It was set to music by the baroque composer John Blow in 1700. It is also one of the first songs written by the English composer Edward Elgar. Composed in 1875, specifically for \"soprano or tenor\", it was unpublished until recently. Lyrics Blow set stanzas 1 and 2. Elgar added a stanza beginning with his own spelling of \"Absence\". THE SELF-BANISHED It is not that I love you less Than when before your feet I lay: But to prevent the sad increase Of hopeless love, I keep away. In vain! (alas!) for ev'ry thing Which I have known belong to you, Your form does to my fancy bring, And makes my old wounds bleed anew. Who in the Spring from the new Sun Already has a fever got, Too late begins those shafts to shun, Which Phoebus through his veins has shot. Too late he would the pain assuage, And to shadows thick he doth retire; About with him he bears the rage, And in his tainted blood the fire. [ is vain for ev'ry thing That I have known belong to you, Your form does to my fancy bring, And makes my old wounds bleed anew.]* But vow'd I have, and never must Your banish'd servant trouble you; For if I break, you may distrust The vow I made to love you, too. Recordings Elgar: Complete Songs for Voice & Piano Amanda Roocroft (soprano), Reinild Mees (piano) References External links Songs by Edward Elgar 1875 songs 1645 poems","title":"The Self Banished"},{"docid":"79580","text":"Cilix (; Ancient Greek: Κίλιξ Kílix) was, according to Greek mythology, a Phoenician prince as the son of King Agenor and Telephassa or Argiope. Etymology In her book Who's Who in Classical Mythology, author Adrian Room writes an entry on Cilix describing the nature of the name's etymology. Room writes that \"we can perhaps see in his name a blend of ceras, 'horn' and helix, 'twisted', or even a link with cyllos, 'crooked'\". This is referring to the horns of Zeus in the form of a white bull, who carried off Cilix's sister Europa to the coast of Crete. Cilicia's etymology is broken up into two parts according to the two parts of its terrain. Cilicia Trachea is \"rugged Cilicia\", in Greek Κιλικία Τραχεῖα; it is also the Assyrian Hilakku, classical \"Cilicia\". Cilicia Pedias is \"flat Cilicia\", in Ancient Greek: Κιλικία Πεδιάς, and in Assyrian Quwê. Family Cilix was the brother of Cadmus, Phoenix and Europa. He was the father of Thebe, wife of Corybas, the son of Iasion and Cybele. While some sources claim that Thasus is related to Cilix, as a brother or nephew, Thasus' genealogy is not fully agreed upon. Hawthorne's tale specifically calls Thasus a \"playfellow\", and mentions no blood relation to Agenor. There is little information about this, and the only widely agreed on information is that Thasus founded the town of Thasos. Mythology When Europa was carried off by Zeus, Agenor sent his three sons out to find her, telling them not to return until they find her. The search was unsuccessful. Cilix eventually settled down in Asia Minor. The land was called Cilicia after him. Cilix's son, Thasus (who might have also been a son of Poseidon), who accompanied his uncle Cadmus in his journey. Thasus was said to become king of island Thasos. Tanglewood Tales Author Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel Tanglewood Tales features Cilix in the story \"Dragon's Teeth\". The story is a re-telling of Europa's disappearance and her family's search for her, aimed towards a younger audience. After the party leaves Phoenix, Cilix seemed to be more tormented by it than the rest of them. He tells the party that \"methinks we are like people in a dream\"; he states that they had been looking for the missing Europa for so long that not only can he not remember what she looks or sounds like, but questions whether or not she existed in the first place. Cilix states that he has \"resolved to take up my abode here\", and entreats Thasus, Cadmus, and Telephassa to join him. They refuse, but help him build a habitation. Other settlers joined him and built their own living spaces, and this land turned into Cilicia. Cilix's small abode turned into a marble palace; after the inhabitants found out he was a king's son, they decided to make him king of the land. He appeared on the balcony every noontide, \"in a long purple robe, and with a jeweled crown upon his head\". One of his first","title":"Cilix"},{"docid":"62738850","text":"Yonit Naaman (; born March 13, 1975) is an Israeli poet, essayist, editor, and literary and cultural researcher. Early life and education Naaman was born in Yehud to parents Dahlia and Ohaliav Naaman. She completed her bachelor's degree in literature at Tel Aviv University, and her Master of Arts degree in religious studies at University of Cambridge. Currently (as of 2020) Naaman is a doctoral candidate researching Hebrew Literature at Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Career Naaman is co-editor of the criticism and commentary website \"Haoketz\", and literary editor for the \"Maktoob\" series published by Hargol Publishing and underwritten by the Van Leer Institute. She lectures poetry at Sapir Academic College, leads dialog workshops for Arabs and Jews, and is a board member of the non-profit organization \"Zazim – Community Action\", which promotes citizen activism. Her poems, essays, criticism and articles have appeared in many of Israel's leading journals and publications, including Helicon, Iton 77, Theory and Criticism, and Granta. Naaman's first book of poems, Pining for the Tree Tops, was published in 2015. In an interview, Naaman revealed that the book was almost named \"Excess Baggage\", and that it expresses, among other themes \"one of the tensions present in my life, and certainly in my writing: the fear of being too much. Having too much pigment, carrying too much weight, being too much woman, too much outside accepted norms. It's a surplus that just breaks out without me even trying. I am in essence already in excess of what I was allotted.\" The collection was positively received by critics. Effi Ziv, in Haaretz, wrote that \"Yonit Na'aman's rich and deep language expresses allegiance to both Hebrew's roots and its treetops. And what it expresses constructs an assertive and political identity as well as anti-racist protest poetry\". Revital Madar notes that in her work, Naaman demands representation for each of her various identities as a Yemenite, woman – of color, feminist... And that \"Naaman marks the mutual difficulty in adaptation between her and the time in which she lives. At the same time, it seeks to define those who bloom late; Better late than never.\" Her second collection of poems, If a Heart Falls (Im Lev Nofel; \"אם לב נופל\"), came out in 2018. This collection explores the personal, which is yet political, such as Naaman's struggles with fertility treatments. An entire chapter is dedicated to the topic \"Man's Wife\", including her secret occasional longing for the normative nuclear family she might have chosen had she not \"fallen into feminist captivity\", as she puts it. Naaman said of this, \"There are longings that today I no longer have the ability to indulge. Because I am, how can I put this gently, a leftist, the world in all its glory seems spoiled for me. I can no longer celebrate Independence Day, I cannot watch children playing school sports dressed in blue and white. I also do not fantasize about dancing on the Temple Mount or participating in the Jerusalem Day","title":"Yonit Naaman"},{"docid":"37403907","text":"Ahmed Ismael Hassan al-Samadi, also known as Ahmed Ismail Hassan and incorrectly identified as Ahmed Ismail Abdulsamad, (1990 – 31 March 2012) was a Bahraini citizen journalist and videographer who died after covering anti-government protests of the Formula One Gand Prix in Salmabad, Bahrain, where he was shot in the thigh and later died from the gunshot wound. While he was the first person involved in protests shot to death in over year, he was the third Bahraini journalist killed since the beginning of protests in 2011 and one of 82 journalists killed worldwide in 2012. Personal Ahmed Ismael Hassan al-Samadi was 22 years old and he lived in Salmabad, Bahrain, which is known as a Shia village, where he was the fifth child in a family of nine. Hassan was a fan of auto racing and he had decorated his bedroom at home with pictures of race cars. He also supported the Bahraini opposition. Career Hassan's paid job was in corporate hospitality at the Bahrain Grand Prix, but he had been active as a citizen videographer documenting and uploading on YouTube video of protests since the protests began and as early as 4 March 2011. Before his death, he had joined the Bahrain Centre for Human Rights. His hometown of Salmabad was also known as a restricted area and so his videography there was risky. He was the third journalist in Bahrain killed since the start of the protests a year earlier. Death Ahmed Ismael Hassan died on 31 March 2012 after he was shot in the right thigh while videotaping security fire tear gas at protesters south of Manama, Bahrain’s capital. He had been documenting nightly protests with his video camera. This one was in his hometown Salmabad where protesters chanted \"Down with Hamad\"—or the King of Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. Uniformed security advanced toward peaceful protesters between 11:30 p.m and midnight. At that time, Hassan was shot in the upper right thigh. Witnesses claimed shots were fired by unidentified men who were possibly militia from about away and who were in a dark Toyota Land Cruiser without license places, who were with security but not uniformed, who fired shots. After Hassan was shot, onlookers tried to help him, but he fainted from losing so much blood. They took him to a nearby house to receive first aid but the wound had hit a main blood vessel as it entered and passed through his upper leg. An hour later, Hassan arrived at the International Hospital and then was later taken to the Salmaniya Hospital, by then it was too late as he had experienced significant loss of blood, and he died at 4:30 a.m. Before he was killed, Hassan had been arrested and he was known to have been threatened by security. Friends suggested he was targeted because he told them that a member of security forces has said they were going to report him for his citizen journalism. The government denied any role and later","title":"Ahmed Ismail Hassan"},{"docid":"14343817","text":"Naked Ambition: An R Rated Look at an X Rated Industry is a 2009 American documentary film written by Charles Holland and directed by Michael Grecco based upon the Grecco's third portrait photography book by the same name. In both the documentary and his book, Grecco sets out to capture the energy and spirit of the AVN Awards and convention where American pornography is displayed, celebrated, and honored. Film A documentary based on the shooting for the book and directed by Michael Grecco premiered in April 2009. The film was a production by Lantern Lane Entertainment in association with KHG Documentary. Partial cast Michael Grecco Tera Patrick Evan Seinfeld Heather Veitch Jesse Jane Paul Fishbein Sunny Lane Joanna Angel Nautica Thorn Rob Rotten Luc Wylder Alexandra Silk Janine Lindemulder Julia Ann Peter North Randy West Steve Hirsch Brittney Skye Greg Fitzsimmons Evan Stone Stormy Daniels Ron Jeremy Mary Carey Paul Thomas Jenna Jameson Larry Flynt Cytherea Book Containing over 200 photographs of actors, filmmakers and personalities in the world of adult entertainment, it is published by Rock Out Books (). Grecco photographed his subjects during the 2006 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo in Las Vegas, the convention which surrounds the annual AVN Awards. The book's forewords, written by rock musician Dave Navarro and Hustler magazine editor Larry Flynt, discuss modern culture's acceptance of pornography into the mainstream, which allows an overtly sexual work like this to be considered a coffee table book. Included among the portrait subjects are Larry Flynt, Jenna Jameson, Ron Jeremy, Chi Chi LaRue, Tera Patrick, Alexandra Silk, Katsuni, Dana DeArmond, Sunny Lane, Kurt Lockwood, and Michelle Aston. Uncommon in pornography-related works, the photographs do not seem to have been altered with any significant image editing or photo manipulation, thus avoiding the layer of fantasy usually applied to actors in this field. The book was edited by former RIP magazine editor Lonn Friend and former FHM editor Rob Hill. Reception Variety wrote \"In contrast with Grecco’s evocative photos, his film is scattered and platitudinous, skimming the surface of his subjects and betraying his high-art aspirations with a shallow E! aesthetic. Reliable interest in the subject matter should land the film, which opens theatrically May 1, a home on an adventurous cabler, though such a contentious substratum of American culture deserves more thoughtful treatment.\" The Hollywood Reporter wrote that \"Grecco's book is filled with stunning portraits and nicely captures his subjects' personalities\", but it was felt the film was too tame and seemed more an extended infomercial for the book. DVD Verdict made note that Grecco appears to \"play the pornography-as-free-speech card,\" in his depicting pornography as \"just regular folks who express themselves through public fornication.\" The reviewer wrote \"the fact that Grecco glosses over the negatives of a business rife with them makes his documentary disingenuous—and worse, boring.\" It was concluded \"in the end, Naked Ambition is as dreary and pedestrian as its punny title. Consenting adults or not, Grecco's subjects are fringe players who doth protest way","title":"Naked Ambition: An R Rated Look at an X Rated Industry"},{"docid":"66936767","text":"John 1:26 is the twenty-sixth verse in the first chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Content In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort, this verse is: Ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰωάννης λέγων, Ἐγὼ βαπτίζω ἐν ὕδατι· μέσος δὲ ὑμῶν ἕστηκεν ὃν ὑμεῖς οὐκ οἴδατε. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: John answered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there standeth one among you, whom ye know not; The New International Version translates the passage as: \"I baptize with water,\" John replied, \"but among you stands one you do not know\". Analysis Lapide comments on John's words, \"there standeth one, etc.\" stating that it is as if John said, \"Christ is living in the midst of you, and yet you do not know Him. That is, you see him as a mere man and do not perceive that he is the Messiah.\" Commentary from the Church Fathers Gregory the Great: \"A saint, even when perversely questioned, is never diverted from the pursuit of goodness. Thus John to the words of envy opposes the words of life: John answered them, saying, I indeed baptize with water.\" Origen: \"For how would the question, Why then baptizest thou, be replied to in any other way, than by setting forth the carnal nature of his own baptism?\" Gregory the Great: \"John baptizeth not with the Spirit, but with water; not being able to remit sins, he washes the bodies of the baptized with water, but not their souls with pardon. Why then doth he baptize, when he doth not remit sins by baptism? To maintain his character of forerunner. As his birth preceded our Lord’s, so doth his baptism precede our Lord’s baptism. And he who was the forerunner of Christ in His preaching, is forerunner also in His baptism, which was the imitation of that Sacrament. And withal he announces the mystery of our redemption, saying that He, the Redeemer, is standing in the midst of men, and they know it not: There standeth one among you, whom ye know not: for our Lord, when He appeared in the flesh, was visible in body, but in majesty invisible.\" Chrysostom: \"One among you. It was fitting that Christ should mix with the people, and be one of the many, showing every where His humility. Whom ye know not; i. e. not, in the most absolute and certain sense; not, who He is, and whence Ho is.\" Augustine: \"In His low estate He was not seen; and therefore the candle was lighted.\" Theophylact of Ohrid: \"Or it was, that our Lord was in the midst of the Pharisees; and they not knowing Him. For they thought that they knew the Scriptures, and therefore, inasmuch as our Lord was pointed out there, He was in the midst of them, i. e. in their hearts. But they knew Him not, inasmuch as they understood not the Scriptures. Or take another interpretation. He was in the","title":"John 1:26"},{"docid":"5449570","text":"Matthew 9:14 is a verse in the ninth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Content In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort this verse is: Τότε προσέρχονται αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάννου, λέγοντες, Διὰ τί ἡμεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύομεν πολλά, οἱ δὲ μαθηταί σου οὐ νηστεύουσι; In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: Then came to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast oft, but thy disciples fast not? The New International Version translates the passage as: Then John's disciples came and asked him, \"How is it that we and the Pharisees fast, but your disciples do not fast?\" Analysis Here it appears that the Scribes and Pharisees induce John's disciples to bring a charge against Christ and his disciples from the common fasting they both practiced. The parallel verse in Luke 5:33 seems to indicate that although the disciples and Christ kept the normal Jewish fasts they did not go beyond to anything stricter. According to MacEvilly they appear to be saying, \"why do you profess yourself to be a master of perfection and yet we fast more than you.\" Lapide postulates that perhaps the disciples of John said these things out of zeal for their master, and envy of Christ, preferring John to Him. Commentary from the Church Fathers Glossa Ordinaria: \" When He had replied to them respecting eating and converse with sinners, they next assault Him on the matter of food; Then came to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast often, but thy disciples fast not?\" Jerome: \" O boastful enquiry and ostentation of fasting much to be blamed, nor can John’s disciples be excused for their taking part with the Pharisees who they knew had been condemned by John, and for bringing a false accusation against Him whom they knew their master had preached.\" Chrysostom: \" What they say comes to this, Be it that you do this as Physician of souls, but why do your disciples neglect fasting and approach such tables? And to augment the weight of their charge by comparison, they put themselves first, and then the Pharisees. They fasted as they learnt out of the Law, as the Pharisee spoke, I fast twice in the week; (Luke 18:12.) the others learnt it of John.\" Rabanus Maurus: \" For John drank neither wine, nor strong drink, increasing his merit by abstinence, because he had no power over nature. But the Lord who has power to forgive sins, why should He shun sinners that eat, since He has power to make them more righteous than those that eat not? Yet doth Christ fast, that you should not avoid the command; but He eats with sinners that you may know His grace and power.\" Augustine: \" Though Matthew mentions only the disciples of John as having made this enquiry, the words of Mark rather seem to imply that some other persons spoke of","title":"Matthew 9:14"},{"docid":"55750413","text":"On 3 August 2017, Netiwit Chotiphatphaisal and seven Chulalongkorn University students and council members walked out of an initiation ceremony for first year students to pay respect to former kings Chulalongkorn and Vajiravudh in the courtyard of the university. A furious professor suddenly put one vice student council president, Supaluk Bumroongkij, in a chokehold. The incident was filmed and distributed causing a national controversy. After an investigation, Chulalongkorn University deducted behavioral points from all eight students involved and banned them from participating in university events. The decision was controversial, however, and criticized by the university's alumni with a global petition created by the Thai Academic Network for Civil Rights (TANCR). Background of the initiation ceremony Since 1990, Chulalongkorn University hosted an annual event in which new students pledge their allegiance to King Chulalongkorn, who founded the university, by prostrating. The act of prostration was abolished by Chulalongkorn himself. The incident Chulalongkorn University set the pledging event to occur on 3 August 2017. However, before the ceremony could end, Netiwit and seven people from his group abruptly left the ceremony after bowing in respect. A professor from the Faculty of Science, Ruangwit Bunjongrat, put the last member of the group to leave in a chokehold while shouting “Where is the animal, Nene?” (Animal being a curse word in Thai and Nene referring to Netiwit). Afterwards, images of the professor assaulting the student and of the eight students walking out of the ceremony became widespread causing much criticism of about the appropriateness of both actions. The offending professor later said he did what he did out of goodwill for his students and that he was so distressed by the incident that he had to be admitted a hospital. The protesting group of students argued that they were acting upon the decree of King Chulalongkorn and that they have already spoken to the university about providing a space for people with dissenting opinions. Chulalongkorn University rejected this reasoning and saw the protest as too political. They also said they had already arranged a separate space for those with dissenting opinions and saw that the students' actions were inappropriate. Result The university set up an investigating committee and summoned Netiwit, along with other offending students, to be interviewed on the 25th and 30th of August. Pomthong Malakul Na Ayudhaya, vice president of Chulalongkorn University, ordered the deduction of 25 points from the students behavioral scores which bars them from applying for jobs and participating in certain activities within the university for the duration of their studies. Netiwit argued that the university did not give them justice, the investigation period was far too short, and that the professor who assaulted one of the students was not under investigation. Some days after this decision, the university gave an official statement claiming that the incident is an \"internal issue\" and has nothing to do with politics. Professor Ruangwit Bunjongrat and Chulalongkorn University have both said they were regretful that the incident occurred, but also said that they","title":"2017 Chulalongkorn University incident"},{"docid":"19720840","text":"During the World Bank Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics in Oslo, Norway in 2002 large globalization-critical protests were held. A coalition of many organizations organized an alternative conference and a demonstration with more than 10 000 participants, thus making it the largest mass mobilisation in Norway in recent history. Before the protests, there was much concern about violence and riots, but the actual protest was almost entirely peaceful with a few minor incidents. The conference The World Bank has held its Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics (ABCDE) since 1988. The June 24–26, 2002 conference focused on poverty and on implementing the commitments made of the Monterrey Consensus from March the same year. The conference was held in the hills above Oslo, in a hotel at Holmenkollen. It was originally planned to be held in Stockholm, Sweden, but was moved to Oslo so as not to interfere with the 2002 Swedish general election. Purpose and organization of the protests The protests were organized by Oslo 2002, an umbrella organization for about 50 participating organizations including labor unions, political parties, environmental organizations, church organizations and ATTAC from Norway, Sweden and Denmark. While each participant had its own reasons, here were the Oslo 2002 network mottos: \"Our world is not for sale--stop the World Bank’s undemocratic market policies!\" \"Cancel Third World debt--release the choke hold!!\" \"Free trade pollutes!\" \"Yes to women and women’s rights--no to the World Bank!\" \"Stop the World Bank’s attack on labor rights!\" The network claimed that the World Bank is an undemocratic institution used by rich nations to control poor countries. Einar Braathen and Reidun Heiene of ATTAC Norway and the Oslo 2002 network also criticized the bank for believing too much in market-based solutions. Prelude In the weeks leading up to the conference and protests there was much concern about possible violence. The protests during the EU summit in Gothenburg 2001 were marred with vandalism and violent clashes between police and masked protesters. The previous year's World Bank conference in Barcelona had to be cancelled and held online instead. Many protesters were expected from other countries, especially neighboring Sweden and Denmark, but also some other parts of Europe. Extra border patrols were put in place between Sweden and Norway, a border that is normally uncontrolled. There were lists of at least 500 persons who would not be allowed to enter the country. An 18-year-old Swedish man was arrested in Oslo and later deported to Sweden. Another nine were apprehended at the Svinesund border crossing, but later released. A bus with 27 Danish citizens was stopped and their passports were copied by the police. Representatives for the protest organizers said the police should not arrest people who had committed no crime using anti-terrorist laws because it would label all protesters as criminals. Some downtown merchants were afraid of vandalism. Vehicles were not allowed to stop in downtown Oslo for five days, buses and trains were stopped during the march and garbage cans were removed from the","title":"2002 World Bank Oslo protests"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"26823837\",\n \"text\": \"Psalm 54 is the 54th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: \\\"Save me, O God, by thy name, and judge me by thy strength\\\". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 53. In Latin, it is known as \\\"Deus in nomine tuo salvum me fac\\\", Attributed to David, it was written for one who finds oneself betrayed by a friend. The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant liturgies. Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version The following is the full English text of the Psalm from the King James Bible. (To the chief Musician on Neginoth, Maschil, A Psalm of David, when the Ziphims came and said to Saul, Doth not David hide himself with us?) Save me, O God, by thy name, and judge me by thy strength. Hear my prayer, O God; give ear to the words of my mouth. For strangers are risen up against me, and oppressors seek after my soul: they have not set God before them. Selah. Behold, God is mine helper: the Lord is with them that uphold my soul. He shall reward evil unto mine enemies: cut them off in thy truth. I will freely sacrifice unto thee: I will praise thy name, O LORD; for it is good. For he hath delivered me out of all trouble: and mine eye hath seen his desire upon mine enemies. Verse numbering Verses 1 and 2 in the Hebrew Bible correspond to the designation in English translations: To the chief Musician on Neginoth, Maschil, A Psalm of David, when the Ziphims came and said to Saul, Doth not David hide himself with us? (KJV) Verses 1–7 in English versions correspond to verses 3–9 in the Hebrew text. The Ziphims lived in the wilderness of Ziph, a district to the south-east of Hebron in the Judean mountains. Commentary The historical setting of this short Psalm is given in its title, almost a direct quotation from (a similar style of historical setting as with Psalm 52). It is considered one of the psalms containing prayers against false accusations, linked with an ordeal, the taking of an oath, or an appeal to the 'higher court', as indicated in the following points: The phrase 'vindicate me' (verse 1) A royal perspective of opponents as 'strangers' (verse 3; the New Revised Standard Version amends to 'the insolent'), 'the ruthless' (verse 3), and 'enemies' (verse 5) A prayer before battle appealing to God as personal savior with a covenant 'faithfulness' (verse 5). It can also be described as a lament, prayer, or complaint of an individual. Verses 1-3 pray for help and answer. Following an appeal (verses 1–2), the psalmist describes the danger facing him (verse\",\n \"title\": \"Psalm 54\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50662962\",\n \"text\": \"Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest (released in the United Kingdom as Too Many Mornings) is the debut album by American singer-songwriter Bobby Jameson, credited under the name Chris Lucey. It was released on Surrey Records in 1965. Recorded on a limited budget, the album did not receive much attention at the time of its release; however, over time it has become treasured for its resemblance to the arrangements found in Love's album Forever Changes. Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest has since been reissued and made more accessible to collectors. Background The album was originally a project between Surrey Records, and singer-songwriter Chris Ducey. Ten songs were recorded for the album; however, the record label ran into contractual complications when it was discovered Ducey had commitments to ABC Records. Without a deal to release Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest, record producers Randy Wood and Betty Chiapetta had intent to find a new musician to record another set of original material. They discovered Bobby Jameson, a folkie who recorded the Mick Jagger-Keith Richards composition \\\"All I Want Is My Baby\\\" during a venture to England, in 1965. Because the record sleeves had already been printed for Chris Ducey's album, Wood and Chiapetta required Jameson to write new songs using the same song titles as Ducey's recordings, and had the sleeves overprinted so that the word Ducey would appear as Lucey. While discussing the events leading to the album, Jameson recalled he \\\"was twenty years old, flat broke, and unrepresented by counsel or management\\\". Wood used this to his advantage: Jameson would receive no royalties for any sales and was credited as Chris Lucey without any mutual understanding. Style With producer Marshall Leib—previously an associate of Phil Spector—Jameson explored intricate arrangements and somewhat bleak lyricism, which is commonly compared to the sophisticated orchestration found in the psychedelic rock band Love's Forever Changes (1967). Like the group's frontman Arthur Lee, Jameson could transform a simple lyric into a wistful turn-of-phrase. Legacy Released in 1965, the album was issued as Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest in the United States, and as Too Many Mornings in Europe. Its cover photo showed Rolling Stones member Brian Jones, according to Jameson \\\"because a lot of people just plain liked the photo, particularly the people in Europe who were involved in the Surrey deal.\\\" Although the album did not receive much attention at the time of its release, it is now one of the most prized pieces of the era. Analyzing Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest, critic Dean McFarlane wrote that it is the \\\"culminating collaged arrangements and schizophrenia that gives this record its wayward charm\\\". According to critic Dave Furgess, \\\"All in all this is a very satisfying and well performed disc which has Chris Lucey wearing his influences proudly on his sleeve. But don't get me wrong he is far from being a copycat, he really has a unique sound that's all his own. In fact I'm knocked out by what a versatile singer and writer he\",\n \"title\": \"Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39403247\",\n \"text\": \"My Hero is an American television sitcom that aired on NBC on Saturday nights from November 8, 1952, to June 20, 1953, under the sponsorship of Dunhill cigarettes. It was also shown in Melbourne, Australia, on ABV-2 during 1956/1957. The programme was the second import to be shown by ITV (ATV London) on 24 September 1955. The series appears to have entered the public domain, with several episodes viewable on the Internet Archive. Most of these episodes are syndication copies which run about 24 minutes; The original broadcasts had featured a somewhat elaborate opening sequence involving well-dressed people entering a theater, including a sponsor I.D. (as can be seen on the episode The Big Crush), and this elaborate opening sequence was replaced with a very short (for the 1950s) opening sequence for syndicated repeats, resulting in a shorter running time. Premise Robert Beanblossom was a real estate salesman who worked for Willis Thackery at the Thackery Realty Company. Cast Bob Cummings....Robert Beanblossom John Litel .....Willis Thackery Julie Bishop.....Julie Marshall Production Mort Greene was hired to produce the show. He later alleged that Cummings tried to force Greene off the show and bring in his partner, Don Sharpe. Ed Boloin later joined as producer. Cummings helped write and direct some episodes. Over the series' run, the comedy was toned down. Scenes showing smoke blowing out of Cummings' ears during a kiss were eventually dropped after adult viewers claimed the show was tending too much to slapstick. \\\"I'm not sure whether it was a good idea\\\", said Cummings. \\\"The kids loved it and we've had hundreds of letters of protest. And the kids often decide what the set is tuned to, at least until they go to bed.\\\" The timeslot later shifted from 8-8.30pm. Cummings reacted angrily to charges the show mistreated animals. Cummings later complained that the lead character was too silly and too much of the writing was bad and illogical. The show was executive produced and part owned by Don Sharpe, who was also connected with I Love Lucy and Terry and the Pirates. When My Hero was released to bad reviews, Sharpe admitted it needed fixing. \\\"It's tricky to come up with something every week that's tricky and believable\\\", he said. \\\"We hope that eventually the personality of Cummings will become so dominant to the viewer that the plots won't look bad.\\\" Lawsuit Mort Greene was a producer and writer on the show. Greene later alleged that he was stripped of \\\"all authority\\\" on the show by Cummings and his wife, yet Cummings held him responsible for the \\\"derisive commentary\\\" the show received from reviewers. Greene said this hurt his reputation and sued the Cummingses for $119,500. A sheriff tried to serve papers on Cummings concerning the lawsuit at the studio gate for RKO-Pathe in Culver City. He alleged that while he put the papers through the window Cummings drove his car, dragging the sheriff down the street. \\\"I thought at the time he was an autograph seeker\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero (American TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5448664\",\n \"text\": \"Matthew 11:7 is the seventh verse in the eleventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Content In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort, this verse is: Τούτων δὲ πορευομένων, ἤρξατο ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγειν τοῖς ὄχλοις περὶ Ἰωάννου, Τί ἐξήλθετε εἰς τὴν ἔρημον θεάσασθαι; Κάλαμον ὑπὸ ἀνέμου σαλευόμενον; In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: And as they departed, Jesus began to say unto the multitudes concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken with the wind? The New International Version translates the passage as: As John's disciples were leaving, Jesus began to speak to the crowd about John: \\\"What did you go out into the desert to see? A reed swayed by the wind? Analysis Lapide notes that the Greek word, σαλευόμενον (shaking) can be used for waves of the sea or corn waving. So in effect telling people not to suppose that John had changed his opinion concerning Christ, at one point thinking Him to be the Messiah and then doubting. MacEvilly notes that a reed is changeable, like a light person pushed around, and that it bears no fruit. Commentary from the Church Fathers Chrysostom: \\\"Sufficient had been now done for John’s disciples; they returned certified concerning Christ by the wonderful works which they had seen. But it behoved that the multitude also should be corrected, which had conceived many things amiss from the question of John’s disciples, not knowing the purpose of John in sending them. They might say, He who bare such witness to Christ, is now of another mind, and doubts whether this be He. Doth he this because he hath jealousy against Jesus? Has the prison taken away his courage? Or spake he before but empty and untrue words?\\\" Hilary of Poitiers: \\\"Therefore that this might not lead them to think of John as though he were offended concerning Christ, it continues, When they had gone away, Jesus began to speak to the multitudes concerning John.\\\" Chrysostom: \\\"As they departed, that He should not seem to speak flattery of the man; and in correcting the error of the multitude, He does not openly expose, their secret suspicions, but by framing his words against what was in their hearts, He shows that He knows hidden things. But He said not as to the Jews, Why think ye evil in your hearts? though indeed it was evil that they had thought; yet it proceeded not from wickedness, but from ignorance; therefore He spake not to them harshly, but answered for John, showing that he had not fallen from his former opinion. This He teaches them, not by His word only, but by their own witness, the witness of their own actions, as well as their own words. What went ye out into the wilderness to see? As much as to say, Why did ye leave the towns and go out into the wilderness? So great multitudes would not have gone with such\",\n \"title\": \"Matthew 11:7\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39138906\",\n \"text\": \"Sir Amyas Pollard, 3rd Baronet (1616–1701) was an English gentleman of Devon and a baronet. Little is known of his life except that he was a staunch royalist during the Civil War, as evidenced by the inscribed verse on his ledger stone at Abbots Bickington: Who durst the King & royall cause still own, In times when doing it was so dangerous known. He was the last in the male line of the ancient Pollard family of Bishop's Nympton. He inherited the baronetcy from his elder brother Sir Hugh Pollard, 2nd Baronet (1603–1666) who left the Pollard estates much reduced and encumbered with debts. He was forced soon after his inheritance to sell the manor of Bishop's Nympton and moved to Abbots Bickington, a smaller family manor, and made his seat at Court Barton, immediately to the south of the small parish church. Origins Pollard was the fourth son of Sir Lewis Pollard, 1st Baronet (d.1641) of King's Nympton, Devonshire, by his wife Margaret Berkeley, daughter of Sir Henry Berkeley, Knight, of Bruton, Somerset. Illegitimate progeny Pollard never married but left an illegitimate son by unknown mistress, Thomas Pollard (1681–1710), of Abbots Bickington, who inherited his father's name and estate but not his baronetcy. He married on 25 June 1702 at Sutcombe to Sarah Prideaux, a daughter of Jonathan Prideaux of Theuborough but the marriage was without progeny. A prominent mural monument erected by his wife exists in the church of Abbots Bickington to the memory of Thomas Pollard. Monument to son A newly re-painted mural monument exists to Thomas Pollard (1681–1710), in Abbots Bickington Church, Devon. On a rectangular panel with arched top between two Corinthian columns and below a broken classical pediment is the following inscription: Here under lyes ye body of Tho: Pollard ye son of Sr. Ames Pollard Bart. who departed this life Decem(be)r ye 9th 1710 ye 29th year of his age. He had to wife Sarah ye daughter of Jonathan Prideaux of Thu(borough) Esqr. who by ye order of her dear deceas'd husband hath set up this monument in remembrance of him & doth desire to be laid here her selfe when it doth please God to take her hence. Above on either side is an angel holding an escutcheon, on the dexter one of which has recently been re-painted the escallop arms of Pollard. On top between the two angels was formerly a shield showing the quarterings as sculpted in relief on the ledger stone of his father before the altar in the same church. Below the base in the centre is the head and shoulders of a winged putto on a garland of flowers with a skull on each side beneath the columns. Death and burial Pollard died in 1701 and was buried before the altar in the very small parish church of Abbots Bickington, where survives his ledger stone inscribed with verse and decorated with heraldry. Ledger stone The ledger stone of Sir Amyas Pollard (1616–1701), 3rd Baronet, survives before the\",\n \"title\": \"Sir Amyas Pollard, 3rd Baronet\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26800335\",\n \"text\": \"Psalm 10 is the tenth psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: \\\"Why standest thou afar off, O LORD? why hidest thou thyself in times of trouble?\\\" In the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate, it is not an individual psalm but the second part of psalm 9, \\\"Ut quid Domine recessisti\\\". These two consecutive psalms have the form of a single acrostic Hebrew poem. Compared to Psalm 9, Psalm 10 is focused more on the individual than the collective human condition. The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version Why standest thou afar off, O LORD? why hidest thou thyself in times of trouble? The wicked in his pride doth persecute the poor: let them be taken in the devices that they have imagined. For the wicked boasteth of his heart's desire, and blesseth the covetous, whom the LORD abhorreth. The wicked, through the pride of his countenance, will not seek after God: God is not in all his thoughts. His ways are always grievous; thy judgments are far above out of his sight: as for all his enemies, he puffeth at them. He hath said in his heart, I shall not be moved: for I shall never be in adversity. His mouth is full of cursing and deceit and fraud: under his tongue is mischief and vanity. He sitteth in the lurking places of the villages: in the secret places doth he murder the innocent: his eyes are privily set against the poor. He lieth in wait secretly as a lion in his den: he lieth in wait to catch the poor: he doth catch the poor, when he draweth him into his net. He croucheth, and humbleth himself, that the poor may fall by his strong ones. He hath said in his heart, God hath forgotten: he hideth his face; he will never see it. Arise, O LORD; O God, lift up thine hand: forget not the humble. Wherefore doth the wicked contemn God? he hath said in his heart, Thou wilt not require it. Thou hast seen it; for thou beholdest mischief and spite, to requite it with thy hand: the poor committeth himself unto thee; thou art the helper of the fatherless. Break thou the arm of the wicked and the evil man: seek out his wickedness till thou find none. The LORD is King for ever and ever: the heathen are perished out of his land. LORD, thou hast heard the desire of the humble: thou wilt prepare their heart, thou wilt cause thine ear to hear: To judge the fatherless and the oppressed, that the man of the earth may no more oppress. Context Psalm 8 reflects on man's special place in creation. In contrast, both psalms\",\n \"title\": \"Psalm 10\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31240580\",\n \"text\": \"People of Ya-Sin or Ashab al-Qarya () is the phrase used by Muslims to refer to an ancient community that is mentioned in the 36th surah of the Quran as the People of the City or the Companions of the City. The location and people of this city has been the subject of much scholarly debate in Islam. In the Quran According to the Quran, God sent two prophets to this particular community. When the people of the city refused to hear their words, God sent a third prophet to strengthen them. The prophets told the people: \\\"Truly we have been sent on a mission to you\\\". The community mocked the message of the prophets and said “You are only humans like us, and the Most Compassionate has not revealed anything. You are simply lying!” The prophets, in reply, rebuked the community, saying: \\\"Our Lord doth know that we have been sent on a mission to you: \\\"And our duty is only to proclaim the clear Message.\\\" The Quran goes onto say that the prophets were threatened with stoning and torture, but they refused to give in and continued to warn the people to end their sinful ways. Then, from the farthest part of the city, there came running a man who exhorted the people to believe the message and told them: \\\"O my people! Obey the messengers: \\\"Obey those who ask no reward of you (for themselves), and who have themselves received Guidance. The following verses, which describe the man's entrance in to \\\"the garden\\\" (Jannah), which refers to Heaven, has been interpreted by some scholars to mean that the believing man was martyred for his faith. Accounts in exegesis Classical commentators on the Quran popularly identified the \\\"People of the City\\\" with the city of Antioch. Those scholars who identified the city with Antioch, however, were divided over the date of the event. One group believed that this event took place after Jesus and explained that the Quran's use of the word \\\"Messenger\\\" in this context refers not to three prophets but to three of Jesus's disciples who were sent to Antioch to proclaim the message. The name of this martyr is not explicitly mentioned anywhere in Qur'an or Hadith, though he is known as The Believer of YaSin. Ibn Kathir in his Tafsir (Commentary) on Quran 36 references a narration that identifies the three disciples sent were Sham'un (Simon Peter), Yuhanna (John) and the name of the third was Bulus (Paul). Other commentators who believe that the city does refer to Antioch explained that this is the narrative of a far older incident, and that the three \\\"messengers\\\" mentioned were indeed prophets, namely Saduq, Masduq and Shalum. Abdullah Yusuf Ali did link the narrative of the story with the preaching of Paul and Barnabas as described in Acts of the Apostles. As with Antioch, the city of Jerusalem is also not directly mentioned by name in the Qur'an. See also Acts 13:4–5 Acts 14:1–5, 8–13 References Ancient\",\n \"title\": \"People of Ya-Sin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38607911\",\n \"text\": \"Sir Henry Lynch, 3rd Baronet (died 1691) was an Irish landowner, barrister and judge. He was one of the Roman Catholic judges appointed by James II & VII of England, Scotland and Ireland in his effort to transform the religious character of the Irish administration. As a judge, Lynch was described in unflattering terms both by his contemporaries and by later historians. Unlike some of his judicial colleagues, he was accused of gross bias against Protestants, which may be why he was one of the few Irish judges who fled abroad after the downfall of James's cause following the Battle of the Boyne. He died in exile in France. Background He was a member of one of the oldest and most distinguished families in the city of Galway: his father was Sir Robuck Lynch, 2nd Baronet, who was Mayor of Galway in 1638-9. His mother was Ellen, daughter of Sir Peter French. He succeeded to the title in 1667. He entered the Middle Temple in 1664 and the King's Inn in 1674. Judge From 1687 onwards a determined effort was made by the English Crown to replace the Protestants on the Irish Bench with Catholics. Lynch, who had already been appointed Recorder of Galway, was chosen as a Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland). All of James II's Catholic judges were the object of violent attacks on the grounds that they were lacking in integrity and learning, that they were entirely subject to the will of the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, and that they were \\\"wretchedly poor and indigent\\\". The last charge was certainly not true of Lynch, but Ball notes that when he was appointed a High Court judge he had just twelve years experience at the Irish Bar (although Recorder in Ireland was a full-time role). James' new judges were barely in office when he was decisively defeated by William III. In the confusion of the years 1688-90 the status of the Irish High Court judges was uncertain, but most continued to act in their judicial capacity, including Lynch, who went on assize in Leinster, and was said to be working with William, who was in any case too preoccupied with other matters to give much attention to reform of the judiciary. Exile and death William III did in due course remove James' judges from office, but it seems to have been understood that no other harm would come to them: despite much hostile propaganda, few of them were guilty of any obvious abuse of office, and some of them were men of substance and good reputation. On the face of it therefore it is hard to understand why Lynch fled the country, to die in Brest in 1691. Ball believed the explanation was the discovery of a letter in which Lynch reportedly admitted that in any criminal trial where he had the power to impose the death penalty he would always drive for the execution of a Protestant, defendant, whether\",\n \"title\": \"Sir Henry Lynch, 3rd Baronet\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46553811\",\n \"text\": \"Cycle for Declamation is a song cycle for tenor solo composed in 1954 by Priaulx Rainier (190386). Description The work was commissioned by the tenor Peter Pears. It consists of settings of texts by John Donne (15721631), adapted from three of the Meditations in his Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. A typical performance takes 9 minutes. The titles of the songs are: \\\"Wee Cannot Bid the Fruits\\\" (from Meditation XIX) \\\"In the Wombe of the Earth\\\" (from Meditation XVIII) \\\"Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris\\\" (from Meditation XVII) Peter Pears has said: \\\"Whereas the medievals for the most part dispensed with any harmonic implications, here the composer has suggested a strong harmonic skeleton behind the solo voice, to fine effect: in the last section the use of different registers of the voice vividly underlines Donne's wonderful text. The song texts The texts use 17th century spelling. Modernised, they read: 1. \\\"Wee Cannot Bid the Fruits\\\" We cannot bid the fruits come in May, nor the leaves to stick on in December. There are of them that will give, that will do justice, that will pardon, but they have their own seasons for all these, and he that knows not them, shall starve before that gift come. Reward is the season of one man, and importunity of another; fear is the season of one man, and favour of another; friendship the season of one man, and natural affection of another; and he that knows not their seasons, nor cannot stay them, must lose the fruits. 2. \\\"In the Wombe of the Earth\\\" In the womb of the earth, we diminish, and when she is delivered of us, our grave opened for another, we are not transplanted, but transported, our dust blown away with profane dust, with every wind. 3. \\\"Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris\\\" Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris. The bell doth toll for him that thinks it doth. Morieris. Who casts not up his eye to the sun when it rises? but who takes off his eye from a comet when that breaks out? Who bends not his ear to any bell, which upon any occasion rings? Morieris. But who can remove it from that bell which is passing a piece of himself out of the world? Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris. No man is an island, entire of itself; no man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. If a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as well as if a manor of thy friends or of thine own were. Morieris. Any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind. Morieris. And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris. References Footnotes Song cycles by Priaulx Rainier Classical song cycles in English 1954 compositions Musical settings of poems by John Donne\",\n \"title\": \"Cycle for Declamation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8715435\",\n \"text\": \"The gates of horn and ivory are a literary image used to distinguish true dreams (corresponding to factual occurrences) from false. The phrase originated in the Greek language, in which the word for \\\"horn\\\" is similar to that for \\\"fulfill\\\" and the word for \\\"ivory\\\" is similar to that for \\\"deceive\\\". On the basis of that play on words, true dreams are spoken of as coming through the gates of horn, false dreams as coming through those of ivory. The Odyssey The earliest appearance of the image is in the Odyssey, book 19, lines 560–569. There Penelope, who has had a dream that seems to signify that her husband Odysseus is about to return, expresses by a play on words her conviction that the dream is false. She says: Stranger, dreams verily are baffling and unclear of meaning, and in no wise do they find fulfillment in all things for men. For two are the gates of shadowy dreams, and one is fashioned of horn and one of ivory. Those dreams that pass through the gate of sawn ivory deceive men, bringing words that find no fulfillment. But those that come forth through the gate of polished horn bring true issues to pass, when any mortal sees them. But in my case it was not from thence, methinks, that my strange dream came. Arthur T. Murray, translator of the original Loeb Classical Library edition of the Odyssey, commented: The play upon the words κέρας, \\\"horn\\\", and κραίνω, \\\"fulfill\\\", and upon ἐλέφας, \\\"ivory\\\", and ἐλεφαίρομαι, \\\"deceive\\\", cannot be preserved in English. Echoes in later Greek literature Homer greatly influenced Greek literature as a whole. Plato refers to the two gates in his dialogue Charmides: Socrates: \\\"Listen then,\\\" I said, \\\"to my dream, to see whether it comes through horn or through ivory.\\\" A reference to the Odyssean image also appears in the late (c. AD 400) epic poet Nonnus: As Morrheus slept, the vision of a dream cajoled him, beguiling his mind after flitting through the gates of ivory. The Aeneid Virgil borrowed the image of the two gates in lines 893–898 of Book 6 of his Aeneid, describing that of horn as the passageway for true shadows and that of ivory as that through which the Manes in the underworld send false dreams up to the living. Through the latter gate Virgil makes his hero Aeneas, accompanied by the Cumaean Sibyl, return from his visit to the underworld, where he has met, among others, his dead father Anchises: Two gates the silent house of Sleep adorn; Of polish'd ivory this, that of transparent horn: True visions thro' transparent horn arise; Thro' polish'd ivory pass deluding lies. Of various things discoursing as he pass'd, Anchises hither bends his steps at last. Then, thro' the gate of iv'ry, he dismiss'd His valiant offspring and divining guest. Why Virgil has Aeneas return through the ivory gate (whence pass deluding lies) and not through that of horn is uncertain. One theory is that it\",\n \"title\": \"Gates of horn and ivory\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"690592\",\n \"text\": \"A bounty is a payment or reward of money to locate, capture or kill an outlaw or a wanted person. Two modern examples of bounties are the ones placed for the capture of Saddam Hussein and his sons by the United States government and Microsoft's bounty for computer virus creators. Those who make a living by pursuing bounties are known as bounty hunters. Bounties have also been granted for other actions, such as exports under mercantilism. Examples Historical examples Written promises of reward for the capture of or information regarding criminals go back to at least the first-century Roman Empire. Graffiti from Pompeii, a Roman city destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 79 AD, contained this message: A copper pot went missing from my shop. Anyone who returns it to me will be given 65 bronze coins (sestertii). Twenty more will be given for information leading to the capture of the thief. A bounty system was used in the American Civil War as an incentive to increase enlistments. Unscrupulous bounty jumpers would receive a bounty, then desert. Another bounty system was used in New South Wales to increase the number of immigrants from 1832. Bounties were sometimes paid as rewards for killing Native Americans. In 1862, a farmer received a bounty for shooting Taoyateduta (Little Crow). In 1856, Governor Isaac Stevens put a bounty on the head of Indians from eastern Washington, for ordinary Indians and for a chief. A western Washington Indian, Patkanim, chief of the Snohomish, obligingly provided a great many heads, until the territorial auditor put a stop to the practice due to the dubious origins of the deceased. In Australia in 1824, a bounty of of land was offered for capturing alive the Wiradjuri warrior Windradyne, the leader of the Aboriginal resistance movement in the Bathurst Wars. A week after the bounty was offered, the word \\\"alive\\\" was dropped from the reward notices, but he was neither captured nor betrayed by his people. Bounties have been offered on animals deemed undesirable by particular governments or corporations. In Tasmania, the thylacine was relentlessly hunted to extinction based on such schemes. Gray wolves, too, were extirpated from much of the present United States by bounty hunters. An example of the legal sanction granted can be found in a Massachusetts Bay Colony law dated May 7, 1662: \\\"This Court doth Order, as an encouragement to persons to destroy Woolves, That henceforth every person killing any Woolf, shall be allowed out of the Treasury of that County where such woolf was slain, Twenty shillings, and by the Town Ten shillings, and by the County Treasurer Ten shillings: which the Constable of each Town (on the sight of the ears of such Woolves being cut off) shall pay out of the next County rate, which the Treasurer shall allow.\\\" 17th-century examples Since after the Stuart Restoration, criminality was increasing, the dissatisfaction with the penal system led to the implementation of the rewards. £10 were promised to anyone who gave information about\",\n \"title\": \"Bounty (reward)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2810091\",\n \"text\": \"Samuel Guy Endore (July 4, 1901 – February 12, 1970), born Samuel Goldstein and also known as Harry Relis, was an American novelist and screenwriter. During his career he produced a wide array of novels, screenplays, and pamphlets, both published and unpublished. A cult favorite of fans of horror, he is best known for his novel The Werewolf of Paris (1933), which occupies a significant position in werewolf literature, much in the same way that Dracula (1897) does for vampire literature. Endore is also known for his left-wing novel of the Haitian Revolution, Babouk: The Story of A Slave. He was nominated for a screenwriting Oscar for The Story of G.I. Joe (1945), and his novel Methinks the Lady . . . (1946) was the basis for Ben Hecht's screenplay for Whirlpool (1949). Early life and education Endore was born Samuel Goldstein in Brooklyn, New York, to Isidor and Malka Halpern Goldstein. His father was a coal miner, inventor, and investor from Pittsburgh who often had difficulty making ends meet. His mother died by suicide when he was four, possibly due to the family's unstable and often insufficient livelihood. Isidor changed their name in an attempt to move beyond the events of the past, and he placed the children in a Methodist orphanage. During this time, Isidor sold an invention and dreamt that his dead wife willed the children to have a European education, so he sent them to Vienna with the newfound windfall. The children lived in Vienna for five years under the care of a Catholic governess, but when Isidor disappeared and their funds ran short, they returned to Pittsburgh and lived together. While there Endore attended the Carnegie Technical Institute but would earn his B.A. (1923) and M.A. (1925), both in European languages, at Columbia University. According to his own account, he scraped together the money to attend, even renting out his bed to a wealthier student while he slept on the floor. He unsuccessfully pursued a PhD Writer Endore's first novel was The Man From Limbo (1930), about an impoverished college graduate obsessed with acquiring wealth; it was influenced by Robert Louis Stevenson. His most famous work was The Werewolf of Paris (1933), a violent horror story set during the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune and inspired by the work of Hanns Heinz Ewers, whom Endore had translated. The Werewolf of Paris is described by Stableford as \\\"entitled to be considered the werewolf novel\\\". Endore also wrote what Stableford describes \\\"a few notable horror stories\\\", including \\\"The Day of the Dragon\\\" (1934), in which a scientific experiment returns dragons to the contemporary world and \\\"Lazarus Returns\\\"(1935), an ironic tale involving the Biblical character. Another important Endore tale was \\\"Men of Iron\\\" (1940). After his work as a screenwriter, Endore published several other Freudian-tinged mysteries (Methinks the Lady..., Detour at Night) and also returned to his love of French history for biographical novels on Voltaire (Voltaire! Voltaire! [1961]), the Marquis de Sade (Satan's Saint [1965]) and\",\n \"title\": \"Guy Endore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38547077\",\n \"text\": \"Sir Henry Belasyse KB (c. 1639 – August 1667) was an English army officer and Member of the Parliament of England. He was killed in a duel after a trivial quarrel with a friend, a tragedy which gave rise to much public comment. Biography He was the only surviving son of John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse and his first wife Jane Boteler, daughter of Sir Robert Boteler. Belasyse was captain of foot in the garrison of Hull in 1660–1662 and from 1665 to his death, as well as holding a lieutenant's commission for a few months during 1666 in the Duke of Buckingham's Regiment of Horse. He was made a Knight of the Bath in 1661. In November 1666 was elected to Parliament for Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire. Nine months later he was killed in a duel following a drunken quarrel with a close friend, the dramatist Thomas Porter. Samuel Pepys described the episode at length in his Diary, and commented that it was the silliest and most trivial quarrel imaginable: \\\"the world doth talk of them as a couple of fools\\\". Family He married Susan, daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Armine, 2nd Baronet, and Anne Crane: they had one son, Henry. Unlike her husband, Susan was a Protestant. She was described as a lady of great life and vivacity, but very little beauty. Susan was created Baroness Belasyse of Osgodby for life in 1674, and their son Henry succeeded his grandfather as second and last Baron Belasyse of Worlaby in 1689. Susan remarried James Fortrey and died in 1713, having outlived her only son by many years. In her last years, she was much troubled by lawsuits. After the death of his first wife Anne Hyde. in 1671, the future James II was privately pledged to marry Susan, but his brother Charles II forbade the marriage and Susan was bullied into surrendering the written proofs of the engagement, although it is said that she managed to retain copies of the relevant papers. Notes References 1630s births 1667 deaths Knights of the Bath Heirs apparent who never acceded English MPs 1661–1679 Members of the Parliament of England for Great Grimsby\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Belasyse (died 1667)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1290035\",\n \"text\": \"James Boswell's London Journal is a published version of the daily journal he kept between the years 1762 and 1763 while in London. Along with many more of his private papers, it was found in the 1920s at Malahide Castle in Ireland, and was first published in 1950, in an edition by Frederick A. Pottle. In it, Boswell, then a young Scotsman of 22, visits London for his second time. One of the most notable events in the journal is Boswell's meeting on 16 May, 1763 Samuel Johnson, the famous writer, moralist, and lexicographer with whom Boswell would form a close relationship, eventually writing the biography The Life of Samuel Johnson. The journal relates with much detail and candour his frequent and casual use of prostitutes. One of the more notorious events related is Boswell's meeting his mistress Louisa, whom he believes has given him gonorrhea: BOSWELL. Pray, Madam, in what state of health have you been in for some time? LOUISA. Sir, you amaze me. BOSWELL. I have but too strong, too plain reason to doubt of your regard. I have for some days observed the symptoms of disease, but was unwilling to believe you so very ungenerous. But now, Madam, I am thoroughly convinced. LOUISA. Sir, you have terrified me. I protest I know nothing of the matter. BOSWELL. Madam, I have had no connection with any woman but you these two months. I was with my surgeon this morning, who declared I had got a strong infection, and that she from whom I had it could not be ignorant of it. Madam, such a thing in this case is worse than from a woman of the town, as from her you may expect it. You have used me very ill. I did not deserve it. You know you said where there was no confidence, there was no breach of trust. But surely I placed some confidence in you. I am sorry that I was mistaken. LOUISA. Sir, I will confess to you that about three years ago I was very bad. But for these fifteen months I have been quite well. I appeal to GOD Almighty that I am speaking true; and for these six months I have had to do with no man but yourself. BOSWELL. But by G-D, Madam, I have been with none but you, and here am I very bad. LOUISA. Well, Sir, by the same solemn oath I protest that I was ignorant of it. BOSWELL. Madam, I wish much to believe you. But I own I cannot upon this occasion believe a miracle. LOUISA. Sir, I cannot say more to you. But you will leave me in the greatest misery. I shall lose your esteem. I shall be hurt in the opinion of everybody, and in my circumstances. BOSWELL (to himself). What the devil does the confounded jilt mean by being hurt in her circumstances? This is the grossest cunning. But I won't take notice of that at all. — Madam,\",\n \"title\": \"London Journal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2029276\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Ariel's song\\\" is a verse passage in Scene ii of Act I of William Shakespeare's The Tempest. It consists of two stanzas to be delivered by the spirit Ariel, in the hearing of Ferdinand. In performance it is sometimes sung and sometimes spoken. There is an extant musical setting of the second stanza by Shakespeare's contemporary Robert Johnson, which may have been used in the original production around 1611. It is the origin of the phrase \\\"full fathom five\\\", after which there are many cultural references, and is an early written record of the phrase sea change. Through its use of rhyme, rhythm, assonance, and alliteration, the poem sounds like a spell. \\\"Full fathom five\\\" \\\"Full fathom five\\\" is the beginning of the second stanza of \\\"Ariel's song\\\", better known than the first stanza, and often presented alone. It implicitly addresses Ferdinand who, with his father, has just gone through a shipwreck in which the father supposedly drowned. Selected cultural references Parts or all of it have been set to music by Henry Purcell (alternatively attributed to John Weldon, The Tempest), Igor Stravinsky (Three Songs from William Shakespeare), Arthur Sullivan (The Tempest), Ralph Vaughan Williams (Three Shakespeare Songs), Pete Seeger (Two from Shakespeare), John Zorn, Marianne Faithfull, Laurie Anderson, and Caroline Shaw. On the gravestone of Percy Bysshe Shelley in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome the lines “Nothing of him that doth fade, / But doth suffer a sea-change / Into something rich and strange.” are engraved. His open boat, on which he sailed the day he drowned, was called ‘Ariel’. Rich and Strange, a 1931 film by Alfred Hitchcock In The Waste Land, TS Eliot references \\\"Those are pearls that were his eyes\\\" on multiple occasions. In Cibola Burn, a novel by James S. A. Corey, a character references the line \\\"Of his bones are coral made\\\". Jackson Pollock painting titled “Full Fathom Five” … critic Ellen Johnson said of this piece “[It] is especially rich… Several foreign objects are embedded in its oil and aluminum paint; but the thumb tacks, pennies, cigarettes, paint tube tops, matches, etc., are only discovered with very close scrutiny. Lost in the life of the painting, they ‘suffer a sea-change into something rich and strange.’” From: “Jackson Pollock and Nature,” in Studio International 185:956 (June 1973), 260. See also List of titles of works based on Shakespearean phrases Sea change (idiom) References The Tempest\",\n \"title\": \"Ariel's Song\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51033834\",\n \"text\": \"Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein were varied. Some strongly supported the execution, particularly those personally affected by Saddam's actions as leader. Some of these victims wished to see him brought to trial for his other actions, alleged to have resulted in a much greater number of deaths than those for which he was convicted. Some believed the execution would boost morale in Iraq, while others feared it would incite further violence. Many in the international community supported Saddam being brought to justice but objected in particular to the use of capital punishment. Saddam's supporters condemned the action as unjust. \\\"The world will know that Saddam Hussein lived honestly, died honestly, and maintained his principles. He did not lie when he declared his trial null\\\", said Hussein's lawyers in a statement. A spokeswoman for Saddam's daughters reported, \\\"They felt very proud as they saw their father facing his executioners so bravely.\\\" In Amman, the capital of Jordan, Saddam's eldest daughter, Raghad, joined protests against her father's execution. Protesters expressed sentiment that Saddam was a martyr and that he was the only Arab leader who said no to the United States. According to reports from an official, people were dancing and sung Shi'a chants around Saddam's body after the execution took place. Two days after the execution, the Iraqi government launched an inquiry into the taunting and the way the execution was filmed. George W. Bush, president of the United States at the time, stated that Saddam's death would not end the violence in Iraq. In Tikrit, Iraq, where Saddam was buried, police barred entrances to and departures from the city for four days as a safety precaution. Iraqi reaction Politicians In a statement, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said, \\\"Justice, in the name of the people, has carried out the death sentence against the criminal Saddam, who faced his fate like all tyrants, frightened and terrified during a hard day which he did not expect.\\\" He also stated, \\\"Your generous and pure land has got rid—and for ever—of the filth of the dictator and a black page of Iraq's history has been turned and the tyrant has died.\\\" He also said that Saddam does not represent any group or sect of the Iraqi people. \\\"[Iraqis] have been waiting for justice to be executed, and I think that Iraqis have received the news that they've been waiting for, for too many years\\\", said Iraqi Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani. \\\"The execution of Saddam Hussein is a big crime. Saddam Hussein was a prisoner of war and was arrested by the U.S. forces, and not by the Iraqi government. It is a crime with which they wanted to cover up many things\\\", Sunni politician, Khalaf al-Ulayyan said. \\\"I don't think it will make much difference because the situation has deteriorated to such an extent that very drastic measures have to be taken to confront the militias and restore law and order\\\", said Adnan Pachachi. \\\"Of course, he has some supporters in Iraq—some of\",\n \"title\": \"Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3010426\",\n \"text\": \"The Fortune Teller is a painting by Italian Baroque artist Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. It exists in two versions, both by Caravaggio, the first from c. 1594 (now in the Musei Capitolini in Rome), the second from c. 1595 (which is in the Louvre museum, Paris). The dates in both cases are disputed. Subject matter The painting shows a foppishly-dressed boy (in the second version the model is believed to be Caravaggio's companion, the Sicilian painter Mario Minniti), having his palm read by a Romani girl. The boy looks pleased as he gazes into her face, and she returns his gaze. Close inspection of the painting reveals what the young man has failed to notice: the girl is removing his ring as she gently strokes his hand. Fortune teller's deceit used as metaphor for Caravaggio's seductive illusionism Caravaggio's painting, of which two versions exist, shows a well-groomed, vain young man having his palm read by a Romani woman. The wily Romani woman is guilty of deceit, however: her seductive smile is false, and because the young man has been charmed off his feet by her beauty, he does not notice that she has meanwhile slipped the ring from his finger. In 1603 the poet Gaspare Murtola dedicated a madrigal to Caravaggio's Fortune Teller, in which he compares the deceit of the sensuous Romani woman with the illusionistic manner of Caravaggio, therefore implying that the viewer, like the young man, is the victim of duplicity. The madrigal is addressed to Caravaggio himself: `Non so qual sia più maga / O la donna, che fingi, / O tu che la dipingi. / Di rapir quella è vaga / Coi dolci incanti suoi / Il core e ’l sangue a noi. Tu dipinta, che appare / Fai, che viva si veda. Fai, che viva, e spirante altri / la creda.' (I don't know who is the greater sorcerer / The woman you portray / Or you who paint her. Through sweetest incantation / She doth desire to steal / Our very heart and blood. Thou wouldst in thy portrayal / Her living, breathing image / For others reproduce, That they too may believe it.) Style Caravaggio's biographer Giovanni Pietro Bellori relates that the artist picked the Romani girl out from passers-by on the street in order to demonstrate that he had no need to copy the works of the masters from antiquity: \\\"When he was shown the most famous statues of Phidias and Glykon in order that he might use them as models, his only answer was to point towards a crowd of people saying that nature had given him an abundance of masters.\\\" This passage is often used to demonstrate that the classically trained Mannerist artists of Caravaggio's day disapproved of Caravaggio's insistence on painting from life instead of from copies and drawings made from older masterpieces. However, Bellori ends by saying, \\\"and in these two half-figures [Caravaggio] translated reality so purely that it came to confirm what he said.\\\" The story\",\n \"title\": \"The Fortune Teller (Caravaggio)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15624936\",\n \"text\": \"Egemen Bağış () (born 23 April 1970) is a former Turkish politician of, former member of the Turkish parliament, and the former minister for EU Affairs and chief negotiator of Turkey in accession talks with the European Union. Currently, he serves as ambassador of Turkey to the Czech Republic. Early life Bağış was born in Bingöl, Turkey, in 1970 into a family which originated from Siirt. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Human Resources Management as well as a Master of Public Administration, both from the Baruch College of City University of New York. Official responsibilities Turkish ambassador to the Czech Republic (Since November 2019) Member of the Turkish Parliament, representing Istanbul Chairman, Turkey-USA Inter Parliamentary Friendship Caucus of the Turkish Parliament Advisory Board Chairman, Istanbul 2010 European Capital of Culture Initiative. Honorary board member of the Siirt Solidarity Foundation. As a top adviser to the Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Bağış played a key role in the Justice and Development Party's (AKP) policies. Federation of Turkish American Associations Bağış formerly served as the president of the Federation of Turkish American Associations, the New York-based umbrella organization of Turkish-Americans that sponsored his green card petition in the United States. He has also served as a member of the advisory board on Turkish Citizens Abroad, a government body. He was the manager of the Antik Bar at the Jolly Madison Hotel serving the Turkish American community. He also founded the Turkish Link, a New York-based translation agency specialized in the Turkish and English languages. Controversies Protests of 2013 During the 2013 protests in Turkey, Bağış attracted criticism for his comments that \\\"Everyone who enters Taksim Square will be treated like a terrorist.\\\" In an officially published statement, and despite claims and evidence presented by organizations such as Amnesty International, Bağış claimed that \\\"There is no state violence in Turkey\\\". In the same statement, he claimed that \\\"Turkey has the most reformist and strongest government in Europe and the most charismatic and strongest leader in the world. Should anyone have a problem with this, then I am truly sorry. Only for those who feel overwhelmed is the leadership of Prime Minister Erdoğan a problem.\\\" Germany's Foreign Ministry summoned the Turkish ambassador to protest after Bağış accused German Chancellor Angela Merkel of \\\"picking on\\\" Turkey for domestic political gain before German elections, after Merkel criticized the crackdown as \\\"much too strong\\\". The accusation came after Germany blocked a decision to move forward the membership negotiations after the crackdown. Bağış said that if Merkel is looking for \\\"internal political material\\\" ahead of Germany's September elections, \\\"this should not be Turkey\\\". He also pointed to the election defeat last year of then-French President Nicolas Sarkozy, a fellow opponent of Turkish EU membership. \\\"Masturbation\\\" remark In January 2013 Bağış compared the campaign to recognize the Assyrian genocide and Armenian genocide in Sweden to \\\"masturbation\\\" . He later apologised for his remark. Corruption scandal As part of claims that Bağış, along with 3 other ministers,\",\n \"title\": \"Egemen Bağış\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26849894\",\n \"text\": \"Cecily Bodenham (before 1511-after 1543) was the last abbess of Wilton Abbey. Her tenure as abbess was from 1534 to 25 March 1539, when she surrendered the abbey to the commissioners of King Henry VIII of England during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. She received a generous pension and a property at Fovant, where she retired with about ten of the nuns from Wilton. Religious career Cecily was born on an unknown date, the daughter of Roger Bodenham of Rotherwas, Herefordshire and Joane Bromwich. She became a nun at Kingston St Michael in Wiltshire; eventually becoming the Prioress. In 1511, she was kidnapped by a curate of Castle Coombe, who also robbed the priory. However, she was later released and returned to Kingston St Michael. In 1534, she was nominated by the Court to the vacant post of abbess of Wilton Abbey, replacing Isabel Jordayne. Cecily was known to both King Henry and Queen Anne Boleyn; and she paid the sum of £100 to Thomas Cromwell to secure her election as abbess. As abbess of Wilton, Cecily held an entire barony from the king, which was a privilege shared by three other English nunneries: Shaftesbury, Barking and St. Mary, Winchester. During her tenure, she leased Fuggleston Manor, held by Wilton Abbey, to a relative, Henry Bodenham. She was compliant with the King's policies during the Dissolution of the Monasteries; and when Wilton Abbey suffered the same fate as the other religious houses, she willingly surrendered the abbey to the King's commissioners on 25 March 1539. At the time she claimed to be \\\"without father, brother, or assured friend\\\". A nun at the abbey wrote in her diary complaining of Cecily Bodenham's ready acquiescence to King Henry's Acts with this passage: \\\"Methinks the Abbess hath a faint heart and doth yield up our possessions to the spoiler with a not unwilling haste...Master Richard Neville, the Sub-Seneschal, informeth me that His Majesty's commissioners do purpose to reward her with a fair house at Foffaunt and a goodly stipend withal.\\\" Cecily was amply awarded with a generous pension of £100 and a property at Fovant in Wiltshire, with an orchard, gardens, three acres of meadow and one load of wood per annum from Fovant Woods. About ten of the nuns from Wilton went to live with her at the Manor Home Farm. She paid for the construction of the south aisle of St. George's Church. Cecily Bodenham died sometime after 1543, when her will was made. Portrait According to author Elizabeth Dorsey Hatle in her Portrait of a Young Woman, published by Ricardian Register in 2003, the subject of the portrait at the Minneapolis Institute of Art is Cecily Bodenham. Notes References House of Benedictine Nuns- Abbey of Wilton, British History Online, retrieved 6 April 2010 English Roman Catholic abbesses 16th-century deaths 16th-century English nuns 16th-century Christian nuns 16th-century English landowners 16th-century English women landowners Year of birth uncertain\",\n \"title\": \"Cecily Bodenham\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"400736\",\n \"text\": \"Bert is Evil is the name of a parody website, founded by Dino Ignacio on March 30, 1997, which featured Bert, a character on the American children's television program Sesame Street. In 1998, Dino Ignacio, Wout J Reinders and Jasper Hulshoff Pol accepted the Webby Award and the People's Voice Award for Best Weird Website at the Palace of Fine Arts auditorium in San Francisco. The website featured manipulated images of the character consorting with notoriously nefarious figures, such as Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein, Kim Jong-il, Robert Mugabe, and Osama bin Laden, as well as being present at events, such as the JFK assassination, and Oklahoma City bombing, humorously offered as \\\"proof\\\" that Bert was no mere innocent children's television character. The \\\"Evil Bert\\\" phenomenon was picked up by other humorists, who created their own images, linking Bert to current and historical atrocities. In the summer of 1998, due to the website's immense cult popularity, it became too expensive for Ignacio to continue running. Instead of shutting the site down, he offered to allow anyone who was willing to mirror his original website the opportunity to host it. As a result, dozens of mirrors appeared, increasing the website's popularity and visibility. Osama Bin Laden image The first mirror, maintained by Dennis Pozniak, continued in the same vein by adding new \\\"evidence\\\" of Bert's evilness (such as Bert's connection to the Ramsey Family and serial killer Jack the Ripper). At the end of 1998, Pozniak posted a contribution, submitted by humorist J Roen, digitally manipulated to depict the then relatively unknown international terrorist, Osama bin Laden, posing with Bert. In October 2001, an undoctored Reuters news photograph was published showing a pro Osama bin Laden protest rally in Bangladesh. One protester is seen holding a large collage style poster of bin Laden with a small image of Bert over his right shoulderthe same image posted to the Bert mirror in 1998which prompted much confusion and joking among Western audiences. Being unaware of Sesame Street, Dhaka printer Mostafa Kamal had copied the collage from the World Wide Web, leaving the image of Bert in his collage. After this photo was released on the news wires, the owners of Sesame Street, Sesame Workshop, raised the possibility of pursuing legal action against Ignacio. In response, he took down the \\\"Bert is Evil\\\" section of his website due to Sesame Workshop's DMCA takedown notice, also stating that he did not want to undermine the character in the eyes of children who watched Sesame Street. \\\"I am doing this because I feel this has gotten too close to reality\\\", he said. Since the original Bert/Osama picture had been posted to Dennis Pozniak's mirror, he too was bombarded by the international media seeking interviews. As a result of all the attention, Pozniak also closed his mirror. See also Humor on the internet Photograph manipulation List of Internet phenomena References Further reading BBC article with pictures Snopes article about bin Laden and Bert appearance CNN article San Francisco\",\n \"title\": \"Bert is Evil\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55521935\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\" (\\\"The mouth of fools doth God confess\\\") is a Lutheran hymn of 1524, with words written by Martin Luther in 1523, paraphrasing Psalm 14. It was published as one of eight songs in 1524 in the first Lutheran hymnal, the Achtliederbuch. It was also published later that year in the Erfurt Enchiridion. It has appeared in many hymnals, both in German and in translation. The text inspired vocal and organ music by composers such as Johann Pachelbel. History and text At the end of 1523, Luther paraphrased Psalm 14 (Psalm 13 in Vulgata numbering), in Latin , attempting to make the psalms accessible to Protestant church services in German. As he did with \\\"\\\", Luther expanded the content of the psalm to show the precise situation of the early Reformation as a time of conflict. Luther wrote six stanzas of seven lines each. The hymn was one of the eight hymns in the first Lutheran hymnal, published 1524 in Nuremberg under the title (Some Christian songs), also called Achtliederbuch, which contained four songs by Luther, three by Speratus, and one by Justus Jonas. Later that same year it appeared in Erfurt in Eyn Enchiridion, and in Wittenberg in Johann Walter's choral hymnal in a five-part setting. Melody and settings In the Achtliederbuch, \\\"\\\", by Paul Speratus, was indicated as the singing tune for \\\"\\\". The hymn appeared with its own melody in the Walter hymnal: that melody, Zahn No. 4436, remained associated with it. The hymn was set by composers for instruments and for voices. Johann Pachelbel composed three chorale preludes for organ as part of before 1693. Johann Sebastian Bach set the hymn in a four-part setting, BWV 308, but without text. The text was added in the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. Translation The hymn was translated to English as \\\"The mouth of fools doth God confess\\\" and appeared in R. Massie's M. Luther's Spiritual Songs in 1854. It was copied to other hymnals. Other, less common translations were published in the 19th century. See also List of hymns by Martin Luther References External links Es spricht der unweisen Mund wohl at Hymnary.org The mouth of fools doth God confess at Hymnary.org 16th-century hymns in German Lutheran hymns based on Psalms Hymn tunes Hymns by Martin Luther 1520s works\",\n \"title\": \"Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26823590\",\n \"text\": \"Psalm 41 is the 41st psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: \\\"Blessed is he that considereth the poor\\\". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint version of the Bible, and generally in its Latin translations, this psalm is Psalm 40. In the Vulgate, it begins \\\"Beatus qui intellegit super egenum et pauperem\\\". The final psalm in Book One of the collection, it is attributed to King David. The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies and has often been set to music, including a metred German version set by Heinrich Schütz and Handel's Foundling Hospital Anthem. Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version Blessed is he that considereth the poor: the will deliver him in time of trouble. The will preserve him, and keep him alive; and he shall be blessed upon the earth: and thou wilt not deliver him unto the will of his enemies. The will strengthen him upon the bed of languishing: thou wilt make all his bed in his sickness. I said, , be merciful unto me: heal my soul; for I have sinned against thee. Mine enemies speak evil of me, When shall he die, and his name perish? And if he come to see me, he speaketh vanity: his heart gathereth iniquity to itself; when he goeth abroad, he telleth it. All that hate me whisper together against me: against me do they devise my hurt. An evil disease, say they, cleaveth fast unto him: and now that he lieth he shall rise up no more. Yea, mine own familiar friend, in whom I trusted, which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me. But thou, O , be merciful unto me, and raise me up, that I may requite them. By this I know that thou favourest me, because mine enemy doth not triumph over me. And as for me, thou upholdest me in mine integrity, and settest me before thy face for ever. Blessed be the God of Israel from everlasting, and to everlasting. Amen, and Amen. The last verse represents a liturgical conclusion to the first segment of the Book of Psalms. Alexander Kirkpatrick also suggests that this psalm \\\"ends the first book of the Psalter ... with a hope, destined to be illuminated with a new light by the revelation of the Gospel\\\". Uses Judaism Verse 4 is found in the repetition of the Amidah during Rosh Hashanah. Psalm 41 is one of the ten Psalms of the Tikkun HaKlali of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov. New Testament Psalm 41 is quoted in the New Testament Verse 9 is quoted in John 13:18 Verse 13 is quoted in Luke Judas Iscariot is seen as the man who \\\"lifts his heel\\\" against his friend\",\n \"title\": \"Psalm 41\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25091660\",\n \"text\": \"The first Birmingham Library was founded between 1635 and 1642 in Birmingham, England by the puritan minister Francis Roberts. A letter to the Viscount Conway, surviving in the state papers of Charles I and dated 7 August 1637, possibly refers to a catalogue of the library: I have spoken with Mr. Bellers for the catalogue of books he promise to send your Lordship and he tells me he did send for one but there is none drawne as yett, for that Mr. Burges (who oweth them) is little time where is bookes are and that Mr. Roberts, who was a curate to his father and one upon whose assistance and iudgemt in the drawing of a Catalogue Mr. Burgiss doth much rely, is now resideing nere Burmingeham, that is much infected with the sickenes and therefore doth not stir from thence but Mr. Bellers is very confident that the first catalogue that is delivered shall be to yr L'rp. A building was erected for the library between 1655 and 1656, and the accounts of the High Bailiff of Birmingham for 1655 include 3 pounds, 2 shillings and 6 pence paid to \\\"Thomas Bridgens towards buildinge ye library\\\", with £126 2s 9d following in 1656 \\\"For buildinge the library, repayreing the Schoole and schoole-masters' houses\\\". The library's puritan tradition continued in 1656 when Thomas Hall left the finest examples from his book collection to \\\"the library at Birmingham\\\"; the rest, \\\"being ordinary books and not fit for so publick a library\\\" were left to the clergymen and schoolmasters of Moseley, King's Norton and Wythall. Although the library was one of the first public libraries in England, its puritan origins meant that its collection was dispersed after the Restoration of 1660. References Bibliography Buildings and structures completed in 1656 Library buildings completed in the 17th century Libraries in Birmingham, West Midlands History of Birmingham, West Midlands 17th century in Birmingham, West Midlands\",\n \"title\": \"Birmingham Library (17th century)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1527865\",\n \"text\": \"Polyptoton is the stylistic scheme in which words derived from the same root are repeated (such as \\\"strong\\\" and \\\"strength\\\"). A related stylistic device is antanaclasis, in which the same word is repeated, but each time with a different sense. Another related term is figura etymologica. Other definition In inflected languages polyptoton is the same word being repeated but appearing each time in a different case. (for example, \\\"Iuppiter\\\", \\\"Iovis\\\", \\\"Iovi\\\", \\\"Iovem\\\", \\\"Iove\\\" [in Latin being the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative forms of \\\"Iuppiter\\\" (the god Jupiter), respectively]). Genesis The form is relatively common in Latin Christian poetry and prose in a construction called the superlative genitive, in phrases such as sanctum sanctorum (\\\"holy of holies\\\"), and found its way into languages such as Old English, which naturally preferred the prevalent alliteration that is part and parcel of polyptoton—in fact, polyptoton is \\\"much more prevalent in Old English verse than in Latin verse.\\\" The specific superlative genitive in Old English, however, occurs only in Latinate Christian poems, not in secular poetry. Historical instances and usages It is also used in public speaking, and several examples can be found in Churchill's speeches. G. K. Chesterton frequently employed this device to create paradox: In combination with verbal active and passive voices, it points out the idea of a latent reciprocity: An alternative way to use the device is to develop polyptoton over the course of an entire novel, which is done in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Shelley combines polyptoton with periphrastic naming, which is the technique of referring to someone using several indirect names. The creature in Frankenstein is referred to by many terms, such as \\\"fiend\\\", \\\"devil\\\", \\\"being\\\", and \\\"ogre\\\". However, the first term that Shelley uses in reference to the creature is \\\"wretch\\\". Throughout the novel, various forms of this are used, such as \\\"wretchedly\\\" and \\\"wretchedness\\\", which may be seen as polyptoton. According to Duyfhuizen, the gradual development of polyptoton in Frankenstein is significant because it symbolizes the intricacies of one's own identity. Examples \\\"Who shall watch the watchmen themselves?\\\" (Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?) — Juvenal \\\"Thou art of blood, joy not to make things bleed.\\\" — Sir Philip Sidney \\\"With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder.\\\" — William Shakespeare, Richard II II,i,37 \\\"The Greeks are strong, and skillful to their strength / Fierce to their skill, and to their fierceness valiant\\\" — William Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida I, i, 7-8 \\\"Love is not love / Which alters when it alteration finds / Or bends with the remover to remove.\\\" — William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116 \\\"The greatest weakness of all weaknesses is to fear too much to appear weak.\\\" — Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet \\\"Do not listen to the reasoners; there has been too much reasoning in France, and reasoning has banished reason.\\\" — Joseph de Maistre, Considerations on France, criticizing the Cult of Reason during the French Revolution \\\"People complain of the despotism of princes; they ought to complain of the despotism of man. We are all born\",\n \"title\": \"Polyptoton\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16261468\",\n \"text\": \"Euphrasia (also, Eupraxia) (380 – March 13, 410) was a Constantinopolitan nun who was venerated after her death as a saint for her piety and example of charity. Life Euphrasia was the only daughter of Antigonus—a nobleman of the court of Emperor Theodosius I, to whom he was related—and of Euphrasia, his wife. When Antigonus died, his widow and young daughter withdrew together to Egypt, near a monastery of one hundred and thirty nuns. This was less than a century since Anthony the Great had established his first monastery, but monasticism in that time had spread with incredible speed. At the age of seven, Euphrasia begged to take vows and become a nun at the monastery. When her mother presented the child to the abbess, Euphrasia took up an image of Christ and kissed it, saying, \\\"By vow I consecrate myself to Christ.\\\" Her mother replied, \\\"Lord Jesus Christ, receive this child under your special protection. You alone doth she love and seek: to you doth she recommend herself.\\\" Soon after, Euphrasia's mother became ill and died. Hearing of her mother's death, the Emperor Theodosius I sent for Euphrasia, whom he had promised in marriage to a young senator. She responded with a letter to the Emperor declining the offer to marry; instead, she requested that her estate be sold and divided among the poor, and that her slaves be manumitted. The emperor did as she requested shortly before his death in 395. Another version of her biography states that Euphrasia was raised in the court of Theodosius, and that her mother joined the monastery; Euphrasia joined her as a child. The same version says that it was Theodosius' successor, Arcadius, that commanded her to marry the senator, but she was likewise permitted to remain a nun and give away her property. Euphrasia was known for her humility, meekness, and charity; her abbess often advised her to perform manual labor when she was burdened with temptations. As a part of these labors, she often carried heavy stones from one place to another—once she did so for thirty days at one time. Euphrasia died in the year 410 at the age of thirty. Veneration Euphrasia was said to perform miracles before and after her death. For example, she is said to have healed a deaf, dumb and crippled child, and she delivered a woman from possession by the devil. Moreover, before she died, the abbess of Euphrasia's monastery reported having had a vision of Euphrasia transported to God's throne, surrounded by angels. After her death, she was venerated as a saint. In Western Christianity, her feast day is July 24, according to the Roman Martyrology reformed after the Second Vatican Council; in the Eastern churches, her veneration is celebrated on July 25. References External links EWTN Library: St. Euphrasia, Virgin Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Euphrasia'' Lives of the Saints, March 13: Saint Euphrasia St. Euphrasia Hagiography 380 births 410 deaths 5th-century Christian saints Saints from Constantinople\",\n \"title\": \"Euphrasia of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2054244\",\n \"text\": \"Johnno is a semi-autobiographical novel written by Australian author David Malouf and was first published in 1975. It was Malouf's first novel. In 2004 it was selected by the Brisbane City Council as the joint-winner of the annual One Book One Brisbane competition to find the book that best represents Brisbane. Johnno shared the honours with another, more recent, debut novel, The Girl Most Likely by Rebecca Sparrow. It is one of the best known \\\"Brisbane\\\" novels ever written. The book has been adapted for the stage. It premiered at Brisbane's La Boite Theatre in 2006 and then transferred to the Derby Playhouse. Plot summary and major themes Johnno is written in the first person past tense and the narrator is only ever known by the nickname \\\"Dante\\\". Johnno is heavily autobiographical. The novel is centred upon the friendship between Dante and a schoolmate known as \\\"Johnno\\\" in their adolescence and early adulthood in the 1940s and 1950s in Brisbane. The subtropical Brisbane environment and various elements of upper-class Australian culture in the twentieth century recur throughout the book. There are many references to Brisbane's verdant gardens and parklands and other aspects of its urban geography such as its now-defunct tramways and the Brisbane River. The novel takes the form of an extended reminiscence and begins with the narrator finding a photograph of Johnno among his recently deceased father's belongings. The story then begins in Dante's childhood and education at Brisbane Grammar School and then follows the development of the friendship between the staid, conventional Dante and the unruly, eccentric and frequently intoxicated Johnno through school, university and a period of Bohemian-style living in Europe. The novel ends with Johnno presumed to have committed suicide (though the reader does not know for sure) and his funeral in suburban Brisbane. Johnno engages in shoplifting and goes to brothels, which contrasts with his friend Dante's middle class conservatism. Though both major characters reference gay experiences Malouf explicitly denies that Johnno is a gay novel. Readers of a later and more knowing time have taken this to be a gay novel in disguise. It is not. If I had meant to write a gay novel I would have done so. If there was more to tell about these characters I would have told it. Johnno's occasional experience that way is frankly admitted, so is Dante's relationship with his \\\"boy from Sarina\\\", but they do not see themselves as being defined by these involvements and they are not. Epilogue In an epilogue written over two decades after Johnno was first published, David Malouf makes clear that Johnno's character is based on a real schoolfriend of his, John Milliner, who died in 1962. Notes Dedication: \\\"for Carlo Olivieri.\\\" Epigraph: \\\"I have great comfort from this fellow. Methinks he hath no drowning mark upon him; his complexion is perfect gallows. Stand fast, good Fate, to his hanging! Make the rope of his destiny our cable, for our own doth little advantage. If he be not born\",\n \"title\": \"Johnno\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31913022\",\n \"text\": \"Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb (; October 24, 1997 – May 25, 2011) was a 13-year-old Syrian boy who died while in the custody of the Syrian government in Daraa. On April 29, 2011, he was detained during a protest. On May 25, 2011, his body was delivered to his family, having been badly bruised, along with burn marks, three gunshot wounds, and severed genitals. Hamza's family distributed photos and video of his body to journalists and activists. Shocked by what was depicted, thousands of people showed their support for Hamza online and in street protests. Background Hamza lived with his parents in the village of al-Jeezah in Daraa Governorate. He enjoyed watching his homing pigeons fly above his house since drought had left him unable to enjoy swimming. He had a reputation for being generous. \\\"He would often ask his parents for money to give to the poor. I remember once he wanted to give someone 100 Syrian pounds ($2), and his family said it was too much. But Hamza said, 'I have a bed and food while that guy has nothing.' And so he persuaded his parents to give the poor man the 100,\\\" his cousin told Al Jazeera. Torture Al-Jazeera reported that he was not interested in politics, according to an unnamed cousin, but on April 29, 2011, he joined his family in a rally to break the siege of the city of Daraa. \\\"Everybody seemed to be going to the protest, so he went along as well,\\\" said his cousin. Hamza walked with friends and family 12 km along the road from al-Jeezah north-west to Saida. Firing began almost as the protesters reached Saida. Hamza's cousin reported: \\\"People were killed and wounded, some were arrested. It was chaotic we didn't know at that point what had happened to Hamza. He just disappeared.\\\" One source says that Hamza had been among 51 protesters detained by Air Force Intelligence, which detainees allegedly described as having a reputation for brutal torture. Mutilation A video of his body filmed several days after his death showed numerous injuries, including broken bones, gunshot wounds, burn marks, and mutilated genitals. The Globe and Mail summarized: \\\"His jaw and both kneecaps had been smashed. His flesh was covered with cigarette burns. His penis had been cut off. Other injuries appeared to be consistent with the use of electroshock devices and being whipped with a cable.\\\" Following the broadcast, by Al Jazeera, of a video showing Hamza's body there was widespread outrage, both online and amongst the protesters in Syria. In response to Al Jazeera's story, the chief of Syria regime's medical examiners association denied that Hamza was tortured. Backlash and impact Hamza's name became a rallying cry for protesters. A Facebook page honouring him had more than 105,000 followers by May 2011. Following the pattern of demonstrators calling Fridays a \\\"day of rage\\\", Saturdays in Syria were called the \\\"day of Hamza\\\". On May 31, 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton marked his death as\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66045728\",\n \"text\": \"The 2012 United States Shadow Senator election in the District of Columbia took place on November 6, 2012, to elect a shadow member to the United States Senate to represent the District of Columbia. The member was only recognized by the District of Columbia and not officially sworn or seated by the United States Senate. Incumbent Michael D. Brown was re-elected to a second term. Primary elections Party primaries took place on April 3, 2012. Democrat Mike Brown, the incumbent shadow senator, won his party's primary by defeating challenger Pete Ross, and D.C. Statehood Green candidate David Schwartzman won his party's primary with a write-in campaign. Republican candidate Nelson Rimensnyder was unopposed in his party's primary. Democratic primary Candidates Michael D. Brown, incumbent Shadow Senator Pete Ross, furniture businessman and candidate for Shadow Senator in 2002 Campaign Ross' campaign was largely self-funded. He gave over $200,000 of his own money to his campaign. This was a stark contrast to incumbent Senator Brown, who loaned his campaign only $1,200 with the rest of his much smaller budget composed of small donations from city residents. Brown derisively referred to Ross' warchest as \\\"[a] felons riches\\\" In December 2011, four months prior to the primary election, Ross was one of four people arrested for blocking traffic on Constitution Avenue during a demonstration for statehood. On March 13, 2012, just a month before the primary, Ross went to court for sentencing and appeared before Judge Elizabeth Wingo. During his hearing, Ross requested to be given jail time instead of the probation usually given to people facing similar charges. Faced with an unusual situation, Wingo postponed judgement for two days. Before the second hearing on March 15, Wingo was called by Brown, who warned the judge that Ross was using his time in court and request for jail time as a political statement. Wingo informed Brown that his call was inappropriate and proceeded to hand the case off to another judge. On the 15th, Ross appeared before Judge Fredrick J. Sullivan. A government prosecutor present said he opposed giving jail time yet Ross continued to ask for jail time. Sullivan attempted to dissuade Ross from going to jail and at one point said “It’s not a pleasant place over there,” Ross was unswayed and was ultimately sentenced to one day in jail and a $50 fine. Ross spent six hours in jail and was released at 10:00 pm. Though arrests of pro-statehood protesters are common in DC, Ross is the only person known to be jailed for protesting in favor of statehood. During the campaign, several major revelations of financial wrongdoing came out. It emerged that in 2007, Pete Ross had failed to remit $203,000 in payroll taxes which led to an IRS investigation. Ross hid assets from the IRS and eventually pleaded guilty to a felony tax evasion charge. As a result he spent 90 days in a halfway house. On this issue, Senator Brown said \\\"I’m all about redemption, too, but a guy\",\n \"title\": \"2012 United States Shadow Senator election in the District of Columbia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69611284\",\n \"text\": \"Auncienty is a term used to describe a system of precedence, for instance through years and continuance in the Houses of the Inns of Court, or among the ranks or degrees of the Officers of Arms. In many ways equivalent to Eldership, deriving from the Norman French noun \\\"ancien\\\" (meaning an Elder) preserved in the French concept of , it has a meaning of ceremonial seniority. This is slightly distinct from the obsolete usage of the word simply to mean \\\"Antiquity\\\". Inns of Court Sir William Dugdale, in his Origines Juridiciales, mentioned this as follows:\\\"...in the graund Vacation time, out of the Four Houses of Court, come two and two to every House of Chancery; and there according to their years and continuance of the House that they be of, which they call auncienty, they doe argue and reason to some doubtfull matter, that is proposed, so that the most youngest doth begyn, and the next to him in continuance doth follow; and at last he that readeth to that House of Chancery doth declare his opinion in the matter that is called into question.\\\" Of the governance of the Inner Temple, Dugdale remarks:\\\"...it was ordered that if any then, or thenceforth of this Society, should be called to the Bench, at that time being, or that thereafter should be a Knight, that notwithstanding such his dignity of Knighthood, he should take place at the Bench Table according to his auncienty in the House, and no otherwise.\\\" Further (concerning the Middle Temple): \\\"The Benchers of this Society are divided into two several ranks or Classes, viz. the upper Classis consisting of the Auncienty, and the lower of the Puisnes.\\\" Similarly, as a mark of elder status, the Black Books of Lincoln's Inn refer to the \\\"Double Readers or Auncient Benchers\\\" (as opposed to the Middle Benchers or the Puisne Benchers); \\\"from hencefourth if any chamber within this House shall fall voide, the auncientest Bencher shall make choice of it\\\"; and the governance of Furnival's Inn and of Thavie's Inn is described (for each) as being under \\\"the Principal and Auncients.\\\" At Gray's Inn, the progress towards admission to the \\\"grand company of Ancients\\\", their prerogatives and responsibilities, are described in the published editions of their archives. Officers of Arms In the Orders given by Thomas Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, to the Officers of Arms in 1568, terms of precedency are set out for arrangements for heraldic funerals. In Section 8 (Burials appropriate to Garter Principal King of Arms): \\\"... And it is further ordered that hee the said Garter shall take to serve with him at the funerals of the aforesaid Noble and honourable personages, first Clarenceux and then Norroy Kings of Armes, and soe successively one after another the Heraulds and Pursuivants of Arms in order according to their auncienty and degree in Office and soe to beginne againe\\\"; and in Section 9 (Burials appropriate to Clarenceux King of Arms and Norroy King of Arms): \\\"... And the\",\n \"title\": \"Auncienty\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43862377\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Contemplations\\\" is a 17th-century poem by English colonist Anne Bradstreet. The poem's meaning is debated, with some scholars arguing that it is a Puritan religious poem while others argue that it is a Romantic poem. The Poem 1 Sometime now past in the Autumnal Tide, When Phoebus wanted but one hour to bed, The trees all richly clad, yet void of pride, Were gilded o’re by his rich golden head. Their leaves and fruits seem’d painted but was true Of green, of red, of yellow, mixed hew, Rapt were my senses at this delectable view. 2 I wist not what to wish, yet sure thought I, If so much excellence abide below, How excellent is he that dwells on high? Whose power and beauty by his works we know. Sure he is goodness, wisdom, glory, light, That hath this under world so richly dight. More Heaven than Earth was here, no winter and no night. 3 Then on a stately Oak I cast mine Eye, Whose ruffling top the Clouds seem’d to aspire; How long since thou wast in thine Infancy? Thy strength and stature, more thy years admire, Hath hundred winters past since thou wast born? Or thousand since thou brakest thy shell of horn, If so, all these as nought, Eternity doth scorn. 4 Then higher on the glistering Sun I gaz’d, Whose beams was shaded by the leafy Tree. The more I look’d, the more I grew amaz’d And softly said, what glory’s like to thee? Soul of this world, this Universe’s Eye, No wonder some made thee a Deity: Had I not better known (alas) the same had I. 5 Thou as a Bridegroom from thy Chamber rushes And as a strong man joys to run a race. The morn doth usher thee with smiles and blushes. The Earth reflects her glances in thy face. Birds, insects, Animals with Vegative, Thy heat from death and dullness doth revive: And in the darksome womb of fruitful nature dive. 6 Thy swift Annual and diurnal Course, Thy daily straight and yearly oblique path, Thy pleasing fervour, and thy scorching force, All mortals here the feeling knowledge hath. Thy presence makes it day, thy absence night, Quaternal seasons caused by thy might: Hail Creature, full of sweetness, beauty, and delight. 7 Art thou so full of glory that no Eye Hath strength thy shining Rays once to behold? And is thy splendid Throne erect so high? As, to approach it, can no earthly mould. How full of glory then must thy Creator be? Who gave this bright light luster unto thee: Admir’d, ador’d for ever be that Majesty. 8 Silent alone where none or saw, or heard, In pathless paths I lead my wand’ring feet. My humble Eyes to lofty Skies I rear’d To sing some Song my mazed Muse thought meet. My great Creator I would magnifie, That nature had thus decked liberally: But Ah and Ah again, my imbecility! 9 I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,\",\n \"title\": \"Contemplations (poem)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25422350\",\n \"text\": \"How Doth the Simple Spelling Bee is a short story by Owen Wister that was published in book form in 1907. It is a satire about spelling reform efforts of the time, which also humorously and in a good-natured manner pokes fun at academia in general, and the folly of typical professors' endeavors. Plot The story's protagonist is Chickle University professor Masticator B. Fellow, and is about his efforts to enlist the story narrator's support for spelling reform. Fellow advocates spelling all English words in a simpler, phonetic manner in order to make spelling easier for children and foreigners. Debates quickly ensue regarding whose pronunciation should be considered standard for phonetic spelling. The story then changes focus to a couple who are attending the convention for spelling reform. This couple is much more interested in their blossoming romance than they are spelling reform. The narrator finds the woman of this couple attractive, attempts to woo her, and a love triangle ensues, forming some basis of suspense for the plot. The book ends with neither Fellow's attempts at spelling reform nor the narrator's attempts to win a woman's esteem proving the least bit successful. Background In August 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt ordered that all federal publications use revised spellings of 300 words based on the work of the Simplified Spelling Board. Wister's story lampooned the change with his story, implying that these spelling changes went too far. References External links Entire book, How Doth the Simple Spelling Bee, (1907) complete with illustrations at Google Books 1907 American novels Novels by Owen Wister\",\n \"title\": \"How Doth the Simple Spelling Bee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30995776\",\n \"text\": \"Mohammad Reza Naqdi (also spelled \\\"Naghdi\\\"; ) is an Iranian military officer who is a senior officer in the IRGC. Background According to the biography published by the semi-official Fars News Agency, Naqdi was born in March 1961 in a middle-class religious family in Shapour neighbourhood of Tehran. Aging 16, he enrolled in University of Guilan in 1977 and co-founded its Anjoman-e Eslami. He helped founding Jihad of Construction in June 1979, before joining the Revolutionary Guards Intelligence Unit. The Majalla claims that Naqdi is an Iraqi national with Iranian and Persian origins, son of Ali Akbar Thamahniy Shams, who was expelled in 1980 among convoys of Moaveds and was placed in the city of Naqadeh with his family. He was allegedly affiliated with the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq. Career Earlier in his career Naqdi served as the Iranian Police Force's Counter-Intelligence Chief and is also reported to have been involved in \\\"crackdowns\\\" during the 1997-2005 administration of Khatami including the 1999 student protests. Amnesty International reported that in March 1999 Iranian authorities announced that General Naqdi, chief of police intelligence at the time, to be tried in May by a military court along with 10 of his subordinates. \\\"The charges against them are believed to include 'unlawful arrest' and 'using torture to elicit confessions'.\\\" He was found not guilty. Naqdi was appointed by Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei as commander of the Basij in October 2009, replacing Hossein Taeb. He has been described as possessing \\\"conservative credentials\\\" and his appointment was said (by Mohsen Sazegara) to have \\\"shattered the hopes and plans of those who thought they could ease\\\" the unrest and protest following the reelection of President Ahmadinejad. 2009 protests On 14 February 2011 Naqdi was quoted by the semi-official Fars news agency as saying he believed the February protests in Iran had been started by \\\"western spies\\\" and that \\\"western intelligence agencies are searching for a mentally challenged person who can set himself on fire in Tehran to trigger developments like those in Egypt and Tunisia.\\\" Naqdi was also quoted as saying the basij were \\\"ready to sacrifice their lives\\\" to defend the Islamic regime, and likened the opposition to the \\\"party of Satan.\\\" Two weeks later on 23 February 2011, the US Treasury Department imposed sanctions on General Naqdi, \\\"for being responsible for or complicit in serious human rights abuses in Iran\\\", adding him to the Office of Foreign Assets Control blacklist. The action subjects him \\\"to visa sanctions\\\" and \\\"seeks to block any assets\\\" he may have under U.S. jurisdiction, and \\\"bans U.S. citizens from financial transactions with them\\\". Views In an interview which aired on Al Manar TV on 28 May 2012 (as translated by MEMRI), Naqdi dismissed the possibility of an Israeli attack on Iran, stated that \\\"Israel is much too small to carry out [an attack]. The [Israeli] statements serve only to amuse the terrified tyrants, who say: \\\"We are here\\\". If Israel commits even the slightest mistake or the slightest act\",\n \"title\": \"Mohammad Reza Naqdi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65856596\",\n \"text\": \"John Lewis: Good Trouble is a 2020 American documentary film directed by Dawn Porter about the life of civil rights activist and United States congressman John Lewis. The film was produced by CNN Films, AGC Studios and TIME Studios. It premiered in Tulsa, Oklahoma on June 19, 2020, and was released by Magnolia Pictures and Participant in the United States on July 3, 2020. Release John Lewis: Good Trouble premiered at the Circle Cinema theater in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on June 19, 2020. The date and place were chosen to commemorate Juneteenth, the celebration of the emancipation of slaves in the United States, and to protest against a Donald Trump presidential re-election campaign rally planned in Tulsa for the same day; the rally was rescheduled for the following day after widespread criticism. The film was originally scheduled to premiere in April 2020 at the Tribeca Film Festival, before the festival was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Magnolia Pictures and Participant released the film in the United States in select theaters and on video on demand services on July 3, 2020. Reception Critical response On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, \\\"It's far more conventional than the life it honors, but John Lewis: Good Trouble remains a worthy tribute to an inspiring activist and public servant.\\\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 70 out of 100 based on 19 critic reviews, indicating \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\". Ben Kenisberg, writing for The New York Times, said that \\\"John Lewis surely requires no introduction\\\", but the film \\\"provides a solid one anyway, striking a good balance between revisiting Lewis’s most famous work as an activist and chronicling his life today\\\". He concluded: \\\"Although the film uses a conventional format, it makes an urgent argument: that a new wave of voter suppression has threatened the rights that Lewis labored to secure.\\\" Brian Lowry, writing for CNN, described the film as a \\\"fitting if slightly disjointed tribute\\\", and said that the film is \\\"somehow both timely and timeless in honoring a man who has spent his entire adult life in the public arena\\\", but added that it \\\"hopscotches around a bit too much, jumping back and forth in time -- a byproduct, perhaps, of the volume of ground there is to cover\\\". He concluded: \\\"Lewis -- who is battling pancreatic cancer -- was not much more than a kid when he marched alongside Martin Luther King Jr., and has seemingly lived three lives since then. That's why despite the documentary's uneven aspects, his legacy is ample motivation for any student of history to see \\\"Good Trouble\\\" as a good investment.\\\" Vikram Murthi, writing for The A.V. Club, was more critical in his review of the film, giving it a grade of C. He wrote: \\\"That everyone, from voters to fellow politicians, loves John Lewis may be the only salient takeaway from\",\n \"title\": \"John Lewis: Good Trouble\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20070057\",\n \"text\": \"John Levett (also spelt Levit or Leavett) was a 17th-century English naturalist who was the author of a ground-breaking early study of the habits of bees, with close observation of their behaviour and suggestions on how to manage their hives, published in London in 1634. The Ordering of Bees: Or, The True History of Managing Them was one of the first agricultural textbooks, with a preface in rhyme by the author Samuel Purchas. It is among the earliest examples of what later became a flood of literature treating the English love of gardening and horticulture. Johns Levett's biography is unclear, but he is identified as a gentleman and had advanced education. He is thought to have been a clergyman, and possibly the nephew of English explorer Capt. Christopher Levett, one of the earliest explorers of New England. His book is dedicated to a member of the Suffolk gentry, and perhaps Levett was serving there. His book was considered groundbreaking because it combined close observation of bees with field experience in managing beehives. Levett explored the debate over bee gender, and over their means of reproducing. Levett's work quickly became the favoured book on the subject. Robert Child, the foremost agriculture writer of his day, said of Levett: \\\"Hee is the best that ever write of this subject.\\\" At least part of Levett's appeal, aside from his careful study of his subjects, was his somewhat sly sense of humour. The drones, Levett warned, were \\\"necessary and helpfull [sic] to the Bees, so long as they exceed not a due proportion (much like to Our lawyers), but let their number grow to(o) great (as it often doth) and they will indeed devoure the substance of the Bees (as the Lawyers of the Commonwealth) and bring it to destruction.\\\" In his discourse on bees, Levett drew many parallels to human society. The Master Bee, Levett wrote, had regal authority, \\\"correcting the lazie, sloathfull, and disobedient, and giving honour and incouragement to those which are painfull, laborious and diligent.\\\" The Master Bees, Levett wrote, \\\"are absolute in their authorities and commands,\\\" and were essential, Levett believed, in the organising the hierarchy of and ensuring the ultimate success of the hive. The preface to Levett's book was written by \\\"S. Purcas\\\" in rhyme, who was undoubtedly English author and travel writer Samuel Purchas. \\\"Thy selfe, thy self enough, enough thy Booke, Thy book commands, and I, my Levett, leave it, Here in small Bees, God's greatnesse first I looke, And thee thy selfe though dead to live yet.\\\" Nor were the results of apian labours limited to simple honey. Bee products, Levett told his readers, could be used in domestic hygiene, physick and surgery. Levett was not troubled by the thought that the bee was placed on earth to serve man. In the sort of thinking that stamped the age of exploration and colonisation, Levett consigned the bee to his role as supporting player. \\\"Hath not God given all creatures unto us for our benefit,\",\n \"title\": \"John Levett (author)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2898394\",\n \"text\": \"Anita Doth (born 28 December 1971) is a Dutch singer and songwriter best known as the former singer of the duo 2 Unlimited, along with rapper Ray Slijngaard. Personal life Anita Daniëlle Dels was born in Amsterdam to a Surinamese father, Rolf Dels, and a Dutch mother, Lydia. In 1991 she finished her education and landed her first job in an administrative position at a police station. She has one son. On 11 January 2010, it was announced that Doth was being treated for breast cancer, undergoing chemotherapy. Doth continued to perform with Ray as much as possible under her treatment regimen. In 2011, Doth was declared breast-cancer-free. On 8 November 2013, Doth announced via Twitter that 2 Unlimited would soon be taking a break until April 2014 as she was pregnant. The new arrival was expected in February 2014. Music career 2 Unlimited (1991–1996) 2 Unlimited is a Eurodance project founded in 1991 by two Belgian producers Jean-Paul DeCoster and Phil Wilde and fronted by Dutch rapper Ray Slijngaard and Anita Doth. In the early 1990s, Slijngaard had been asked to write rap lyrics for a tune written by de Coster and Wilde. He also wrote a chorus to be sung by a female vocalist, for which he asked Doth to sing the lyrics. The demo was presented to de Coster and Wilde, leading to Doth joining 2 Unlimited, and \\\"Get Ready for This\\\" was produced as their first single. Doth sang the choruses for the majority of their songs; however there were some B sides, and one successful single, \\\"Nothing Like the Rain\\\", where she sang close to all the lyrics. The band became an instant success in Europe and throughout the world. Their hits included \\\"Maximum Overdrive\\\", \\\"No Limit\\\", \\\"Tribal Dance\\\", \\\"The Real Thing\\\", \\\"Twilight Zone\\\" and \\\"Workaholic\\\". After sixteen music videos, forty-five songs, and four albums, the group split up in 1996. After 2 Unlimited (1996–2009) After 2 Unlimited broke up in 1996, Doth became a presenter on Dutch music television station TMF (The Music Factory), hosting Welcome to the Pleasure Zone, a show featuring both music videos and live performances. She also worked as a DJ on Dutch radio station Radio 538. Later that year, she sang a duet with popular Dutch singer René Froger titled \\\"That's When I'll Stop Loving You\\\". In 2000, she released her solo album, Reality. Among the singles taken from the album were \\\"Universe\\\", \\\"Lifting up My Life\\\", and \\\"This Is Reality\\\". Doth worked with producers Todd Terry and Steve Mac, among others. In 2002, Doth formed Divas of Dance with Linda Estelle (formerly of T-Spoon) and Desiree \\\"Des'Ray\\\" Manders (formerly of 2 Brothers on the 4th Floor). They performed a variety of disco and dance classics, including the biggest hits from each of their respective bands. In 2006, Divas of Dance released a single entitled \\\"Falling into the Groove\\\". During the later 2000s, Doth toured the UK as part of the 90s Reloaded Adult Weekenders at Butlin's. Billed as\",\n \"title\": \"Anita Doth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4745365\",\n \"text\": \"Hits Unlimited is the fourth album from Dutch/Belgian band 2 Unlimited and the last to feature Ray Slijngaard and Anita Doth. It was a greatest hits package featuring 16 songs: 13 previous singles and 3 new ones. The album, released by PWL, was certified gold in the Netherlands. Ray Slijngaard's raps on the verses were not cut on any of the songs on the UK release of this album. Critical reception Music Week wrote, \\\"A storming 16-track collection of pop/rave classics cataloguing the incredible impact Dutch duo Anita and Ray have had since 1991. The inclusion of European versions, with added rap will be a bonus for fans.\\\" Stephen Dalton from NME said, \\\"These songs are about clean, controlled fun and strict discipline — 'Jump for Joy', 'Workaholic', 'Let the Beat Control Your Body' — booted along by stormtrooper hardcore beats designed to encourage Eurokids to work hard and use leisure time constructively. [...] This is the sound of robotic consumerism triumphing over everything else — forever. And pretty damn catchy it is, too.\\\" He concluded, \\\"Buy this album now and be happy forever.\\\" Track listing \\\"Do What's Good for Me\\\" – 3:49 \\\"No Limit\\\" – 3:30 (from No Limits) \\\"Get Ready for This\\\" – 3:42 (from Get Ready!) \\\"Twilight Zone\\\" – 4:10 (from Get Ready!) \\\"No One\\\" – 3:26 (from Real Things) \\\"Jump for Joy\\\" – 3:42 \\\"Tribal Dance\\\" – 3:40 (from No Limits) \\\"The Magic Friend\\\" – 3:44 (from Get Ready!) \\\"Workaholic\\\" – 3:33 (from Get Ready!) \\\"Let the Beat Control Your Body\\\" – 3:38 (from No Limits) \\\"Nothing Like the Rain\\\" – 3:59 (from Real Things) \\\"Spread Your Love\\\" – 4:43 \\\"The Real Thing\\\" – 3:39 (from Real Things) \\\"Here I Go\\\" – 3:16 (from Real Things) \\\"Maximum Overdrive\\\" – 3:41 (from No Limits) \\\"Faces\\\" – 3:32 (from No Limits) Charts Certifications References 2 Unlimited albums 1995 greatest hits albums Pete Waterman Entertainment albums\",\n \"title\": \"Hits Unlimited\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32717693\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Francis Darcy (December 19, 1932 – December 6, 2000) was an American political cartoonist. While working at Newsday, he won the 1970 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning. Thomas was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City and served in the U.S. Navy from 1951 to 1953. He attended the Terry Art Institute in Florida from 1953 to 1954 and graduated from the Cartoonists and Illustrators School (now the School of Visual Arts) in New York in 1956, where he studied under Jack Markow and Burne Hogarth. He started at Newsday in 1956 in the advertising department and became a cartoonist for the paper the following year. He left for the Phoenix Gazette in 1959, but he was too liberal for that newspaper, so the next year he headed back east to become an art director for the advertising agency Lenhart & Altschuler. He returned to editorial cartooning with brief stints at the Houston Post (1965-1966) and the Philadelphia Bulletin (1966-1968). Publisher Bill Moyers brought Darcy back to Newsday, where he would remain until his retirement 1997. Moyers gave him the \\\"latitude\\\" he needed to work. According to the New York Times, he \\\"was the first in a new wave of editorial cartoonists, who abandoned stylized cartooning and went straight for the jugular.\\\" He said that his work was \\\"not for the amusement of the comfortable\\\" and that \\\"If it's big and struts through the door, hit it hard.\\\" In the World Encyclopedia of Cartoons, Rick Marschall compared Darcy to Herblock and Paul Conrad, noting his bold lines and his use of \\\"facial expressions and emotions to advantage in depicting his characters.\\\" His Pulitzer submissions primarily concerned the Vietnam War and inner-city problems. He drew a cartoon featuring an L-shaped coffin over which a general exclaims \\\"Good news, we've turned the corner in Vietnam!\\\" In other cartoons, Darcy featured President Richard Nixon grabbing the White House columns as if they were jail bars, captioned \\\"Prisoner of War,\\\" and another featuring two robed street prophets about to collide, carrying signs reading \\\"Doomsday Is Coming!\\\" and \\\"The Mideast Is Here!\\\" In addition to the Pulitzer, Darcy also won the Thomas Nast Award from the Overseas Press Club in 1970 and 1972 and a National Headliner Award. In 1977, Darcy left editorial cartooning and created a weekly page of social commentary and reporting called \\\"Tom Darcy on Long Island\\\". He said \\\"After Nixon, Vietnam and civil rights, what's left to attack? I had too much of the sixties and seventies.\\\" In 1986, he was one of nine Pulitzer winners and over fifty cartoonists to participate in a collective protest, publishing cartoons against war-oriented toys during the Christmas shopping season. References External links 1970 Pulitzer Prizes 1932 births 2000 deaths American editorial cartoonists Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning winners Newsday people United States Navy sailors\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas F. Darcy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57842297\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Some Girls\\\" is a song by British singer and songwriter Belouis Some, released in 1988 as the third and final single from his second studio album Belouis Some. It was written by Belouis Some and Carlos Alomar, and produced by Gary Langan and Guy Fletcher (associate producer). \\\"Some Girls\\\" reached No. 76 in the UK and remained in the charts for four weeks. A music video, filmed in Milan, was produced to promote the video. Critical reception On its release, Colin Irwin of Number One gave the song two out of five stars, and stated, \\\"Poor ol' Belouis never did quite crack it, did he? Somehow he always seemed to be trying just that little bit too hard. This time around? Not with this slightly irritating whiney effort, methinks.\\\" Tim Nicholson of Record Mirror wrote, \\\"I've never been able to get up much enthusiasm for Mr Some, but when I saw the title of his new single my heart started beating a little faster. Could it possibly be an inspired cover of Racey's classic Seventies hit? But then I played it. Not only is it not the song in question, but it probably doesn't even remember Racey it's so 'modern'.\\\" Music & Media wrote, \\\"Since the excellent 'Imagination' Belouis has been struggling to come up with something of the same calibre. This time he comes closer than previously with a bittersweet number that could do much to restore his flagging reputation.\\\" John Lee of the Huddersfield Daily Examiner commented, \\\"The man seemingly destined never to make it big is at it again with a pleasing piece of delicately-crafted airplay material. Will this be the one?\\\" In a review of Belouis Some, Scott Benarde of The Palm Beach Post described the song as a \\\"somber ballad\\\". Track listing 7\\\" single \\\"Some Girls\\\" - 3:52 \\\"Imagination\\\" - 4:00 12\\\" single \\\"Some Girls\\\" (Extended Version) - 6:15 \\\"Imagination\\\" (Can U Dig This Mix!) - 6:30 \\\"Some Girls\\\" (Dub Mix) - 4:07 12\\\" single \\\"Some Girls\\\" (Classical Version) - 4:43 \\\"Imagination\\\" (Can U Dig This Mix!) - 6:30 \\\"Some Girls\\\" (Extended Version) - 6:15 12\\\" single (promo release) \\\"Some Girls\\\" (Remix) - 6:15 \\\"Imagination\\\" (Can U Dig This Mix!) - 6:30 CD single \\\"Some Girls\\\" (Radio Version) - 3:54 \\\"Imagination\\\" (Can U Dig This Mix!) - 4:50 \\\"Some Girls\\\" (Extended Version) - 6:19 \\\"Some Girls\\\" (Classical Version) - 4:43 Personnel Belouis Some - vocals on \\\"Some Girls\\\" Carlos Alomar - guitar on \\\"Some Girls\\\" Lenny Pickett - saxophone on \\\"Some Girls\\\" Guy Fletcher - keyboards on \\\"Some Girls\\\" Production Gary Langan - producer and arrangement on \\\"Some Girls\\\" Guy Fletcher - associate producer on \\\"Some Girls\\\" Bruce Forest, Frank Heller - additional production and mixing on \\\"Some Girls\\\" Peter Schwartz - additional keyboards on \\\"Some Girls\\\" Steve Thompson, Michael Barbiero - producers of \\\"Imagination\\\" Jamie Broomfield, Kevin O'Reordan and Phil Harding for PWL - mixing on \\\"Imagination\\\" Other Accident - sleeve design Kevin Cummins - photography Charts References 1987 songs 1988 singles Belouis Some\",\n \"title\": \"Some Girls (Belouis Some song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26823945\",\n \"text\": \"Psalm 80 is the 80th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: \\\"Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel, thou that leadest Joseph like a flock\\\". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 79. In Latin, it is known as \\\"Qui regis Israel intende\\\". It is one of the 12 Psalms of Asaph. The New American Bible (Revised Edition) calls it \\\"a prayer for Jerusalem\\\". The Jerusalem Bible describes it as \\\"a prayer for the restoration of Israel\\\". The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. It has been set to music, by composers including John Bennet and Heinrich Schütz, and notably Albert Roussel who composed an extended setting in English for tenor, choir and orchestra, completed in 1928. Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version The following is the English text of the Psalm from the King James Bible. To the chief Musician upon ShoshannimEduth, A Psalm of Asaph. Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel, thou that leadest Joseph like a flock; thou that dwellest between the cherubims, shine forth. Before Ephraim and Benjamin and Manasseh stir up thy strength, and come and save us. Turn us again, O God, and cause thy face to shine; and we shall be saved. O LORD God of hosts, how long wilt thou be angry against the prayer of thy people? Thou feedest them with the bread of tears; and givest them tears to drink in great measure. Thou makest us a strife unto our neighbours: and our enemies laugh among themselves. Turn us again, O God of hosts, and cause thy face to shine; and we shall be saved. Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt: thou hast cast out the heathen, and planted it. Thou preparedst room before it, and didst cause it to take deep root, and it filled the land. The hills were covered with the shadow of it, and the boughs thereof were like the goodly cedars. She sent out her boughs unto the sea, and her branches unto the river. Why hast thou then broken down her hedges, so that all they which pass by the way do pluck her? The boar out of the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of the field doth devour it. Return, we beseech thee, O God of hosts: look down from heaven, and behold, and visit this vine; And the vineyard which thy right hand hath planted, and the branch that thou madest strong for thyself. It is burned with fire, it is cut down: they perish at the rebuke of thy countenance. Let thy hand be upon the man of thy right hand, upon the son of man whom thou madest strong\",\n \"title\": \"Psalm 80\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26297513\",\n \"text\": \"Colonel Henry Darnall (1645 – 17 June 1711) was a planter, military officer and politician in colonial Maryland. Darnall served as the Proprietary Agent in the colony for Lord Baltimore; he also briefly served as Deputy Governor of Maryland. During the Protestant Revolution of 1689, his proprietarial army was defeated by the Protestant army of John Coode, and he was stripped of his numerous colonial offices as a result. Darnall died in 1711, leaving the bulk of his substantial estates to his son, Henry Darnall II. Early life Henry Darnall was born in England in 1645, the son of Philip Darnall, a London barrister, and Mary Breton, daughter of Sir Henry Breton. Darnall was the first of his family to emigrate to America, and arrived in Maryland by c.1680, when he was granted a tract of 236 acres in what was then Calvert County. In Maryland he became a substantial landholder and slaveholder, and married Eleanor Hatton Brooke (1642–1725), the widow of Thomas Brooke, Sr., who had died in 1676. Career Public offices Darnall was strongly allied to the proprietarial interest of Charles Calvert, who had married Darnall's cousin Mary. This alliance brought Darnall wealth and power, as he rapidly acquired both land and political office from his cousin's accommodating husband. Darnall's colonial appointments included: Chancellor of Maryland from 1683 to 1689; His Lordship's Agent & Receiver General from 1684 to 1711; Rent Roll Keeper, 1689 to 1699; Deputy Governor; and Colonel of the Militia. In 1703, Calvert granted Darnall of land in Prince George's County. Darnall named the estate His Lordship's Kindness in recognition of Calvert's readiness to hand out large swathes of Maryland to his relatives. Protestant Revolution of 1689 Darnall would not enjoy his political offices for long. In 1689, the ruling Calvert family would lose control of the province, and Darnall would forfeit all his official positions. Maryland Puritans, by now a substantial majority in the colony, revolted against the proprietary government, in part because of the apparent preferment of Catholics to official positions of power. The Glorious Revolution of the previous year had put a Protestant King and Queen on the throne of England, but the sovereignty of the new monarchs had not yet been acknowledged in Maryland. Rumours spread that Roman Catholics and local Indians were engaged in a conspiracy to murder Protestants. Darnall was alleged to be one of the leaders of the plot: \\\"Here being some discourse that was talked by the Indians Therefore it was ordered by the Commission of Stafford Court That Mr Burr Harris of this County should come to the house of John West to Examine them and the Indians doth declare that the great men of Maryland hath hired the Seneca Indians to kill the protestants nameing Coll Darnall Coll Pye, and Mr Boarman and further did sweare God Dam Mr Boarman for he is all one the Senecas And further doth declare that Mr Boarman did tell the Indians that the English would first of all\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Darnall\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17566522\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Self Banished\\\" is a poem written by Edmund Waller in about 1645. It was set to music by the baroque composer John Blow in 1700. It is also one of the first songs written by the English composer Edward Elgar. Composed in 1875, specifically for \\\"soprano or tenor\\\", it was unpublished until recently. Lyrics Blow set stanzas 1 and 2. Elgar added a stanza beginning with his own spelling of \\\"Absence\\\". THE SELF-BANISHED It is not that I love you less Than when before your feet I lay: But to prevent the sad increase Of hopeless love, I keep away. In vain! (alas!) for ev'ry thing Which I have known belong to you, Your form does to my fancy bring, And makes my old wounds bleed anew. Who in the Spring from the new Sun Already has a fever got, Too late begins those shafts to shun, Which Phoebus through his veins has shot. Too late he would the pain assuage, And to shadows thick he doth retire; About with him he bears the rage, And in his tainted blood the fire. [ is vain for ev'ry thing That I have known belong to you, Your form does to my fancy bring, And makes my old wounds bleed anew.]* But vow'd I have, and never must Your banish'd servant trouble you; For if I break, you may distrust The vow I made to love you, too. Recordings Elgar: Complete Songs for Voice & Piano Amanda Roocroft (soprano), Reinild Mees (piano) References External links Songs by Edward Elgar 1875 songs 1645 poems\",\n \"title\": \"The Self Banished\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"79580\",\n \"text\": \"Cilix (; Ancient Greek: Κίλιξ Kílix) was, according to Greek mythology, a Phoenician prince as the son of King Agenor and Telephassa or Argiope. Etymology In her book Who's Who in Classical Mythology, author Adrian Room writes an entry on Cilix describing the nature of the name's etymology. Room writes that \\\"we can perhaps see in his name a blend of ceras, 'horn' and helix, 'twisted', or even a link with cyllos, 'crooked'\\\". This is referring to the horns of Zeus in the form of a white bull, who carried off Cilix's sister Europa to the coast of Crete. Cilicia's etymology is broken up into two parts according to the two parts of its terrain. Cilicia Trachea is \\\"rugged Cilicia\\\", in Greek Κιλικία Τραχεῖα; it is also the Assyrian Hilakku, classical \\\"Cilicia\\\". Cilicia Pedias is \\\"flat Cilicia\\\", in Ancient Greek: Κιλικία Πεδιάς, and in Assyrian Quwê. Family Cilix was the brother of Cadmus, Phoenix and Europa. He was the father of Thebe, wife of Corybas, the son of Iasion and Cybele. While some sources claim that Thasus is related to Cilix, as a brother or nephew, Thasus' genealogy is not fully agreed upon. Hawthorne's tale specifically calls Thasus a \\\"playfellow\\\", and mentions no blood relation to Agenor. There is little information about this, and the only widely agreed on information is that Thasus founded the town of Thasos. Mythology When Europa was carried off by Zeus, Agenor sent his three sons out to find her, telling them not to return until they find her. The search was unsuccessful. Cilix eventually settled down in Asia Minor. The land was called Cilicia after him. Cilix's son, Thasus (who might have also been a son of Poseidon), who accompanied his uncle Cadmus in his journey. Thasus was said to become king of island Thasos. Tanglewood Tales Author Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel Tanglewood Tales features Cilix in the story \\\"Dragon's Teeth\\\". The story is a re-telling of Europa's disappearance and her family's search for her, aimed towards a younger audience. After the party leaves Phoenix, Cilix seemed to be more tormented by it than the rest of them. He tells the party that \\\"methinks we are like people in a dream\\\"; he states that they had been looking for the missing Europa for so long that not only can he not remember what she looks or sounds like, but questions whether or not she existed in the first place. Cilix states that he has \\\"resolved to take up my abode here\\\", and entreats Thasus, Cadmus, and Telephassa to join him. They refuse, but help him build a habitation. Other settlers joined him and built their own living spaces, and this land turned into Cilicia. Cilix's small abode turned into a marble palace; after the inhabitants found out he was a king's son, they decided to make him king of the land. He appeared on the balcony every noontide, \\\"in a long purple robe, and with a jeweled crown upon his head\\\". One of his first\",\n \"title\": \"Cilix\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62738850\",\n \"text\": \"Yonit Naaman (; born March 13, 1975) is an Israeli poet, essayist, editor, and literary and cultural researcher. Early life and education Naaman was born in Yehud to parents Dahlia and Ohaliav Naaman. She completed her bachelor's degree in literature at Tel Aviv University, and her Master of Arts degree in religious studies at University of Cambridge. Currently (as of 2020) Naaman is a doctoral candidate researching Hebrew Literature at Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Career Naaman is co-editor of the criticism and commentary website \\\"Haoketz\\\", and literary editor for the \\\"Maktoob\\\" series published by Hargol Publishing and underwritten by the Van Leer Institute. She lectures poetry at Sapir Academic College, leads dialog workshops for Arabs and Jews, and is a board member of the non-profit organization \\\"Zazim – Community Action\\\", which promotes citizen activism. Her poems, essays, criticism and articles have appeared in many of Israel's leading journals and publications, including Helicon, Iton 77, Theory and Criticism, and Granta. Naaman's first book of poems, Pining for the Tree Tops, was published in 2015. In an interview, Naaman revealed that the book was almost named \\\"Excess Baggage\\\", and that it expresses, among other themes \\\"one of the tensions present in my life, and certainly in my writing: the fear of being too much. Having too much pigment, carrying too much weight, being too much woman, too much outside accepted norms. It's a surplus that just breaks out without me even trying. I am in essence already in excess of what I was allotted.\\\" The collection was positively received by critics. Effi Ziv, in Haaretz, wrote that \\\"Yonit Na'aman's rich and deep language expresses allegiance to both Hebrew's roots and its treetops. And what it expresses constructs an assertive and political identity as well as anti-racist protest poetry\\\". Revital Madar notes that in her work, Naaman demands representation for each of her various identities as a Yemenite, woman – of color, feminist... And that \\\"Naaman marks the mutual difficulty in adaptation between her and the time in which she lives. At the same time, it seeks to define those who bloom late; Better late than never.\\\" Her second collection of poems, If a Heart Falls (Im Lev Nofel; \\\"אם לב נופל\\\"), came out in 2018. This collection explores the personal, which is yet political, such as Naaman's struggles with fertility treatments. An entire chapter is dedicated to the topic \\\"Man's Wife\\\", including her secret occasional longing for the normative nuclear family she might have chosen had she not \\\"fallen into feminist captivity\\\", as she puts it. Naaman said of this, \\\"There are longings that today I no longer have the ability to indulge. Because I am, how can I put this gently, a leftist, the world in all its glory seems spoiled for me. I can no longer celebrate Independence Day, I cannot watch children playing school sports dressed in blue and white. I also do not fantasize about dancing on the Temple Mount or participating in the Jerusalem Day\",\n \"title\": \"Yonit Naaman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37403907\",\n \"text\": \"Ahmed Ismael Hassan al-Samadi, also known as Ahmed Ismail Hassan and incorrectly identified as Ahmed Ismail Abdulsamad, (1990 – 31 March 2012) was a Bahraini citizen journalist and videographer who died after covering anti-government protests of the Formula One Gand Prix in Salmabad, Bahrain, where he was shot in the thigh and later died from the gunshot wound. While he was the first person involved in protests shot to death in over year, he was the third Bahraini journalist killed since the beginning of protests in 2011 and one of 82 journalists killed worldwide in 2012. Personal Ahmed Ismael Hassan al-Samadi was 22 years old and he lived in Salmabad, Bahrain, which is known as a Shia village, where he was the fifth child in a family of nine. Hassan was a fan of auto racing and he had decorated his bedroom at home with pictures of race cars. He also supported the Bahraini opposition. Career Hassan's paid job was in corporate hospitality at the Bahrain Grand Prix, but he had been active as a citizen videographer documenting and uploading on YouTube video of protests since the protests began and as early as 4 March 2011. Before his death, he had joined the Bahrain Centre for Human Rights. His hometown of Salmabad was also known as a restricted area and so his videography there was risky. He was the third journalist in Bahrain killed since the start of the protests a year earlier. Death Ahmed Ismael Hassan died on 31 March 2012 after he was shot in the right thigh while videotaping security fire tear gas at protesters south of Manama, Bahrain’s capital. He had been documenting nightly protests with his video camera. This one was in his hometown Salmabad where protesters chanted \\\"Down with Hamad\\\"—or the King of Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. Uniformed security advanced toward peaceful protesters between 11:30 p.m and midnight. At that time, Hassan was shot in the upper right thigh. Witnesses claimed shots were fired by unidentified men who were possibly militia from about away and who were in a dark Toyota Land Cruiser without license places, who were with security but not uniformed, who fired shots. After Hassan was shot, onlookers tried to help him, but he fainted from losing so much blood. They took him to a nearby house to receive first aid but the wound had hit a main blood vessel as it entered and passed through his upper leg. An hour later, Hassan arrived at the International Hospital and then was later taken to the Salmaniya Hospital, by then it was too late as he had experienced significant loss of blood, and he died at 4:30 a.m. Before he was killed, Hassan had been arrested and he was known to have been threatened by security. Friends suggested he was targeted because he told them that a member of security forces has said they were going to report him for his citizen journalism. The government denied any role and later\",\n \"title\": \"Ahmed Ismail Hassan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14343817\",\n \"text\": \"Naked Ambition: An R Rated Look at an X Rated Industry is a 2009 American documentary film written by Charles Holland and directed by Michael Grecco based upon the Grecco's third portrait photography book by the same name. In both the documentary and his book, Grecco sets out to capture the energy and spirit of the AVN Awards and convention where American pornography is displayed, celebrated, and honored. Film A documentary based on the shooting for the book and directed by Michael Grecco premiered in April 2009. The film was a production by Lantern Lane Entertainment in association with KHG Documentary. Partial cast Michael Grecco Tera Patrick Evan Seinfeld Heather Veitch Jesse Jane Paul Fishbein Sunny Lane Joanna Angel Nautica Thorn Rob Rotten Luc Wylder Alexandra Silk Janine Lindemulder Julia Ann Peter North Randy West Steve Hirsch Brittney Skye Greg Fitzsimmons Evan Stone Stormy Daniels Ron Jeremy Mary Carey Paul Thomas Jenna Jameson Larry Flynt Cytherea Book Containing over 200 photographs of actors, filmmakers and personalities in the world of adult entertainment, it is published by Rock Out Books (). Grecco photographed his subjects during the 2006 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo in Las Vegas, the convention which surrounds the annual AVN Awards. The book's forewords, written by rock musician Dave Navarro and Hustler magazine editor Larry Flynt, discuss modern culture's acceptance of pornography into the mainstream, which allows an overtly sexual work like this to be considered a coffee table book. Included among the portrait subjects are Larry Flynt, Jenna Jameson, Ron Jeremy, Chi Chi LaRue, Tera Patrick, Alexandra Silk, Katsuni, Dana DeArmond, Sunny Lane, Kurt Lockwood, and Michelle Aston. Uncommon in pornography-related works, the photographs do not seem to have been altered with any significant image editing or photo manipulation, thus avoiding the layer of fantasy usually applied to actors in this field. The book was edited by former RIP magazine editor Lonn Friend and former FHM editor Rob Hill. Reception Variety wrote \\\"In contrast with Grecco’s evocative photos, his film is scattered and platitudinous, skimming the surface of his subjects and betraying his high-art aspirations with a shallow E! aesthetic. Reliable interest in the subject matter should land the film, which opens theatrically May 1, a home on an adventurous cabler, though such a contentious substratum of American culture deserves more thoughtful treatment.\\\" The Hollywood Reporter wrote that \\\"Grecco's book is filled with stunning portraits and nicely captures his subjects' personalities\\\", but it was felt the film was too tame and seemed more an extended infomercial for the book. DVD Verdict made note that Grecco appears to \\\"play the pornography-as-free-speech card,\\\" in his depicting pornography as \\\"just regular folks who express themselves through public fornication.\\\" The reviewer wrote \\\"the fact that Grecco glosses over the negatives of a business rife with them makes his documentary disingenuous—and worse, boring.\\\" It was concluded \\\"in the end, Naked Ambition is as dreary and pedestrian as its punny title. Consenting adults or not, Grecco's subjects are fringe players who doth protest way\",\n \"title\": \"Naked Ambition: An R Rated Look at an X Rated Industry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66936767\",\n \"text\": \"John 1:26 is the twenty-sixth verse in the first chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Content In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort, this verse is: Ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰωάννης λέγων, Ἐγὼ βαπτίζω ἐν ὕδατι· μέσος δὲ ὑμῶν ἕστηκεν ὃν ὑμεῖς οὐκ οἴδατε. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: John answered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there standeth one among you, whom ye know not; The New International Version translates the passage as: \\\"I baptize with water,\\\" John replied, \\\"but among you stands one you do not know\\\". Analysis Lapide comments on John's words, \\\"there standeth one, etc.\\\" stating that it is as if John said, \\\"Christ is living in the midst of you, and yet you do not know Him. That is, you see him as a mere man and do not perceive that he is the Messiah.\\\" Commentary from the Church Fathers Gregory the Great: \\\"A saint, even when perversely questioned, is never diverted from the pursuit of goodness. Thus John to the words of envy opposes the words of life: John answered them, saying, I indeed baptize with water.\\\" Origen: \\\"For how would the question, Why then baptizest thou, be replied to in any other way, than by setting forth the carnal nature of his own baptism?\\\" Gregory the Great: \\\"John baptizeth not with the Spirit, but with water; not being able to remit sins, he washes the bodies of the baptized with water, but not their souls with pardon. Why then doth he baptize, when he doth not remit sins by baptism? To maintain his character of forerunner. As his birth preceded our Lord’s, so doth his baptism precede our Lord’s baptism. And he who was the forerunner of Christ in His preaching, is forerunner also in His baptism, which was the imitation of that Sacrament. And withal he announces the mystery of our redemption, saying that He, the Redeemer, is standing in the midst of men, and they know it not: There standeth one among you, whom ye know not: for our Lord, when He appeared in the flesh, was visible in body, but in majesty invisible.\\\" Chrysostom: \\\"One among you. It was fitting that Christ should mix with the people, and be one of the many, showing every where His humility. Whom ye know not; i. e. not, in the most absolute and certain sense; not, who He is, and whence Ho is.\\\" Augustine: \\\"In His low estate He was not seen; and therefore the candle was lighted.\\\" Theophylact of Ohrid: \\\"Or it was, that our Lord was in the midst of the Pharisees; and they not knowing Him. For they thought that they knew the Scriptures, and therefore, inasmuch as our Lord was pointed out there, He was in the midst of them, i. e. in their hearts. But they knew Him not, inasmuch as they understood not the Scriptures. Or take another interpretation. He was in the\",\n \"title\": \"John 1:26\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5449570\",\n \"text\": \"Matthew 9:14 is a verse in the ninth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Content In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort this verse is: Τότε προσέρχονται αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάννου, λέγοντες, Διὰ τί ἡμεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύομεν πολλά, οἱ δὲ μαθηταί σου οὐ νηστεύουσι; In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: Then came to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast oft, but thy disciples fast not? The New International Version translates the passage as: Then John's disciples came and asked him, \\\"How is it that we and the Pharisees fast, but your disciples do not fast?\\\" Analysis Here it appears that the Scribes and Pharisees induce John's disciples to bring a charge against Christ and his disciples from the common fasting they both practiced. The parallel verse in Luke 5:33 seems to indicate that although the disciples and Christ kept the normal Jewish fasts they did not go beyond to anything stricter. According to MacEvilly they appear to be saying, \\\"why do you profess yourself to be a master of perfection and yet we fast more than you.\\\" Lapide postulates that perhaps the disciples of John said these things out of zeal for their master, and envy of Christ, preferring John to Him. Commentary from the Church Fathers Glossa Ordinaria: \\\" When He had replied to them respecting eating and converse with sinners, they next assault Him on the matter of food; Then came to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast often, but thy disciples fast not?\\\" Jerome: \\\" O boastful enquiry and ostentation of fasting much to be blamed, nor can John’s disciples be excused for their taking part with the Pharisees who they knew had been condemned by John, and for bringing a false accusation against Him whom they knew their master had preached.\\\" Chrysostom: \\\" What they say comes to this, Be it that you do this as Physician of souls, but why do your disciples neglect fasting and approach such tables? And to augment the weight of their charge by comparison, they put themselves first, and then the Pharisees. They fasted as they learnt out of the Law, as the Pharisee spoke, I fast twice in the week; (Luke 18:12.) the others learnt it of John.\\\" Rabanus Maurus: \\\" For John drank neither wine, nor strong drink, increasing his merit by abstinence, because he had no power over nature. But the Lord who has power to forgive sins, why should He shun sinners that eat, since He has power to make them more righteous than those that eat not? Yet doth Christ fast, that you should not avoid the command; but He eats with sinners that you may know His grace and power.\\\" Augustine: \\\" Though Matthew mentions only the disciples of John as having made this enquiry, the words of Mark rather seem to imply that some other persons spoke of\",\n \"title\": \"Matthew 9:14\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55750413\",\n \"text\": \"On 3 August 2017, Netiwit Chotiphatphaisal and seven Chulalongkorn University students and council members walked out of an initiation ceremony for first year students to pay respect to former kings Chulalongkorn and Vajiravudh in the courtyard of the university. A furious professor suddenly put one vice student council president, Supaluk Bumroongkij, in a chokehold. The incident was filmed and distributed causing a national controversy. After an investigation, Chulalongkorn University deducted behavioral points from all eight students involved and banned them from participating in university events. The decision was controversial, however, and criticized by the university's alumni with a global petition created by the Thai Academic Network for Civil Rights (TANCR). Background of the initiation ceremony Since 1990, Chulalongkorn University hosted an annual event in which new students pledge their allegiance to King Chulalongkorn, who founded the university, by prostrating. The act of prostration was abolished by Chulalongkorn himself. The incident Chulalongkorn University set the pledging event to occur on 3 August 2017. However, before the ceremony could end, Netiwit and seven people from his group abruptly left the ceremony after bowing in respect. A professor from the Faculty of Science, Ruangwit Bunjongrat, put the last member of the group to leave in a chokehold while shouting “Where is the animal, Nene?” (Animal being a curse word in Thai and Nene referring to Netiwit). Afterwards, images of the professor assaulting the student and of the eight students walking out of the ceremony became widespread causing much criticism of about the appropriateness of both actions. The offending professor later said he did what he did out of goodwill for his students and that he was so distressed by the incident that he had to be admitted a hospital. The protesting group of students argued that they were acting upon the decree of King Chulalongkorn and that they have already spoken to the university about providing a space for people with dissenting opinions. Chulalongkorn University rejected this reasoning and saw the protest as too political. They also said they had already arranged a separate space for those with dissenting opinions and saw that the students' actions were inappropriate. Result The university set up an investigating committee and summoned Netiwit, along with other offending students, to be interviewed on the 25th and 30th of August. Pomthong Malakul Na Ayudhaya, vice president of Chulalongkorn University, ordered the deduction of 25 points from the students behavioral scores which bars them from applying for jobs and participating in certain activities within the university for the duration of their studies. Netiwit argued that the university did not give them justice, the investigation period was far too short, and that the professor who assaulted one of the students was not under investigation. Some days after this decision, the university gave an official statement claiming that the incident is an \\\"internal issue\\\" and has nothing to do with politics. Professor Ruangwit Bunjongrat and Chulalongkorn University have both said they were regretful that the incident occurred, but also said that they\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Chulalongkorn University incident\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19720840\",\n \"text\": \"During the World Bank Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics in Oslo, Norway in 2002 large globalization-critical protests were held. A coalition of many organizations organized an alternative conference and a demonstration with more than 10 000 participants, thus making it the largest mass mobilisation in Norway in recent history. Before the protests, there was much concern about violence and riots, but the actual protest was almost entirely peaceful with a few minor incidents. The conference The World Bank has held its Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics (ABCDE) since 1988. The June 24–26, 2002 conference focused on poverty and on implementing the commitments made of the Monterrey Consensus from March the same year. The conference was held in the hills above Oslo, in a hotel at Holmenkollen. It was originally planned to be held in Stockholm, Sweden, but was moved to Oslo so as not to interfere with the 2002 Swedish general election. Purpose and organization of the protests The protests were organized by Oslo 2002, an umbrella organization for about 50 participating organizations including labor unions, political parties, environmental organizations, church organizations and ATTAC from Norway, Sweden and Denmark. While each participant had its own reasons, here were the Oslo 2002 network mottos: \\\"Our world is not for sale--stop the World Bank’s undemocratic market policies!\\\" \\\"Cancel Third World debt--release the choke hold!!\\\" \\\"Free trade pollutes!\\\" \\\"Yes to women and women’s rights--no to the World Bank!\\\" \\\"Stop the World Bank’s attack on labor rights!\\\" The network claimed that the World Bank is an undemocratic institution used by rich nations to control poor countries. Einar Braathen and Reidun Heiene of ATTAC Norway and the Oslo 2002 network also criticized the bank for believing too much in market-based solutions. Prelude In the weeks leading up to the conference and protests there was much concern about possible violence. The protests during the EU summit in Gothenburg 2001 were marred with vandalism and violent clashes between police and masked protesters. The previous year's World Bank conference in Barcelona had to be cancelled and held online instead. Many protesters were expected from other countries, especially neighboring Sweden and Denmark, but also some other parts of Europe. Extra border patrols were put in place between Sweden and Norway, a border that is normally uncontrolled. There were lists of at least 500 persons who would not be allowed to enter the country. An 18-year-old Swedish man was arrested in Oslo and later deported to Sweden. Another nine were apprehended at the Svinesund border crossing, but later released. A bus with 27 Danish citizens was stopped and their passports were copied by the police. Representatives for the protest organizers said the police should not arrest people who had committed no crime using anti-terrorist laws because it would label all protesters as criminals. Some downtown merchants were afraid of vandalism. Vehicles were not allowed to stop in downtown Oslo for five days, buses and trains were stopped during the march and garbage cans were removed from the\",\n \"title\": \"2002 World Bank Oslo protests\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Hamlet"],"string":"[\n \"Hamlet\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":85,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_28153"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who does the voice for the girl in bolt"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"19731992","text":"Bolt is a video game developed by Avalanche Software and published by Disney Interactive Studios for Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2008 film of the same name. Mark Walton, Sean Donnelan, and Malcolm McDowell reprise their roles as Rhino, Penny's TV father, and Dr. Calico respectively. Miley Cyrus, who voiced Penny, is replaced by Ashleigh Prather. Synopsis Setting In the game, the player follows and controls the super dog Bolt and Penny on various missions taking place in the fictional TV show universe from the movie. The levels are shared between Bolt and Penny. By using Bolt's superpowers, the player can fight hordes of enemies. New powers, such as Superbark and Laser Eyes, will be unlocked during the game. While Bolt has superpowers, Penny has only her maneuverability by using her Wheelbar and is incentivized to take down enemies in a stealthy way. The game focuses on Bolt's fake TV life, not the actual movie storyline. Penny's father has been kidnapped by the evil Dr. Calico, and Penny and Bolt must travel through 5 countries to rescue him. All of this is actually on TV, and Rhino is watching a DVD pack of all the 25 Bolt episodes, possibly at the rural home at the end of the movie with Bolt's family (Penny, Mittens, Bolt himself, and Penny's mother). On the Nintendo DS version, players can play a mini-game called Rhino's Mission, where they go through mazes and avoid obstacles, like cannons. Despite that the end of the Bolt film shows a new storyline, it can be implied that these episodes featured in the game are mostly the episodes in the first season, despite the movie starting with the chase sequence. Plot Penny's father has been captured by Calico and his organization in an attempt to construct a powerful weapon of untold power. Penny and Bolt travel to Italy in an effort to find out more, but they get nowhere other than learning of Calico's location in Belize. Calico finally manages to capture Penny once she and Bolt find his temple base in the Yucatán jungle. To prove to Penny's father that she is alive and being held hostage, Calico gives Penny a cell phone with her father on the other line. Calico then attempts to flee the crumbling temple with his new captive but decides to leave her there with Bolt to die, saying, \"As long as the professor believes she's alive, he will do what is asked and finish the weapon. Too bad we can't all have nine lives\". However, Penny and Bolt survive and discover Calico's new base in the Russian Arctic with a large rocket in the center. But upon entering, Penny notices micro-focusing mirrors and realizes that it is her father's satellite instead of a warhead. All too late as Calico seals the entrance and, to Bolt's horror, launches it with Penny inside screaming for help. Bolt then jumps onto the rocket and","title":"Bolt (video game)"},{"docid":"24466292","text":"\"I Thought I Lost You\" is a song performed by American singers and actors Miley Cyrus and John Travolta. It was released as a promotional single in 2008. The song was written by Cyrus alongside producer Jeffrey Steele. It was included in the 2008 Disney animated film Bolt, in which Cyrus and Travolta provide the voices of main characters Penny and Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was made after filmmakers requested Cyrus to write a song for the film. The song reflects the film's story of a dog being separated from his owner and trying to find his way back to her. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was nominated for Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, losing both to Bruce Springsteen's \"The Wrestler\" from The Wrestler (2008). The song's accompanying promotional clip has Cyrus and Travolta performing the song in a recording studio and features clips from Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was promoted by live performances by Cyrus. Background Cyrus became involved with Bolt once she was cast as Penny, Bolt's owner. Filmmakers asked Cyrus to write a song for herself and John Travolta, who stars as Bolt. She co-wrote the song with the aid of Jeffrey Steele, who also produced the track, in a short period of time as they had a due date. The film's settings vary in cities throughout the United States, which Cyrus thought she could capture in the song. \"Not just make it something that sounds from Hollywood and really produced, but we could add a little country twang to it,\" she said. Cyrus said the writing process was easy. Before the song's completion, Travolta agreed to sing it, believing \"Well, it will be a cute song, whatever it is.\" After listening to the song, he was surprised at Cyrus' songwriting abilities. \"She's really gifted at writing, and she really wanted to write something good for me as the character Bolt, so she went out of her way with her writing partner to come up with something good, and I really think they pulled it off\", Travolta told MTV News. John Lasseter, executive producer of Bolt, decided to make \"I Thought I Lost You\" the theme for Bolt, since it lyrically summarized the film's plot. He said, \"[The song] sums up the theme of this film. You know, a dog and its owner and they both were separated, but they love each other so much — there's such an emotional payoff when these characters get reunited, and I think that's what this song's about.\" Lasseter thought that solely the song worked, but it worked better for the film. \"I Thought I Lost You\" is one of two songs on the Bolt soundtrack and was released to Radio Disney to promote Bolt and its accompanying soundtrack. Composition \"I Thought I Lost You\" is a pop rock song and lasts three minutes and thirty-six seconds. Its instrumentation includes electric guitar and piano. The song","title":"I Thought I Lost You"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"19731992\",\n \"text\": \"Bolt is a video game developed by Avalanche Software and published by Disney Interactive Studios for Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2008 film of the same name. Mark Walton, Sean Donnelan, and Malcolm McDowell reprise their roles as Rhino, Penny's TV father, and Dr. Calico respectively. Miley Cyrus, who voiced Penny, is replaced by Ashleigh Prather. Synopsis Setting In the game, the player follows and controls the super dog Bolt and Penny on various missions taking place in the fictional TV show universe from the movie. The levels are shared between Bolt and Penny. By using Bolt's superpowers, the player can fight hordes of enemies. New powers, such as Superbark and Laser Eyes, will be unlocked during the game. While Bolt has superpowers, Penny has only her maneuverability by using her Wheelbar and is incentivized to take down enemies in a stealthy way. The game focuses on Bolt's fake TV life, not the actual movie storyline. Penny's father has been kidnapped by the evil Dr. Calico, and Penny and Bolt must travel through 5 countries to rescue him. All of this is actually on TV, and Rhino is watching a DVD pack of all the 25 Bolt episodes, possibly at the rural home at the end of the movie with Bolt's family (Penny, Mittens, Bolt himself, and Penny's mother). On the Nintendo DS version, players can play a mini-game called Rhino's Mission, where they go through mazes and avoid obstacles, like cannons. Despite that the end of the Bolt film shows a new storyline, it can be implied that these episodes featured in the game are mostly the episodes in the first season, despite the movie starting with the chase sequence. Plot Penny's father has been captured by Calico and his organization in an attempt to construct a powerful weapon of untold power. Penny and Bolt travel to Italy in an effort to find out more, but they get nowhere other than learning of Calico's location in Belize. Calico finally manages to capture Penny once she and Bolt find his temple base in the Yucatán jungle. To prove to Penny's father that she is alive and being held hostage, Calico gives Penny a cell phone with her father on the other line. Calico then attempts to flee the crumbling temple with his new captive but decides to leave her there with Bolt to die, saying, \\\"As long as the professor believes she's alive, he will do what is asked and finish the weapon. Too bad we can't all have nine lives\\\". However, Penny and Bolt survive and discover Calico's new base in the Russian Arctic with a large rocket in the center. But upon entering, Penny notices micro-focusing mirrors and realizes that it is her father's satellite instead of a warhead. All too late as Calico seals the entrance and, to Bolt's horror, launches it with Penny inside screaming for help. Bolt then jumps onto the rocket and\",\n \"title\": \"Bolt (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24466292\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" is a song performed by American singers and actors Miley Cyrus and John Travolta. It was released as a promotional single in 2008. The song was written by Cyrus alongside producer Jeffrey Steele. It was included in the 2008 Disney animated film Bolt, in which Cyrus and Travolta provide the voices of main characters Penny and Bolt. \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" was made after filmmakers requested Cyrus to write a song for the film. The song reflects the film's story of a dog being separated from his owner and trying to find his way back to her. \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" was nominated for Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, losing both to Bruce Springsteen's \\\"The Wrestler\\\" from The Wrestler (2008). The song's accompanying promotional clip has Cyrus and Travolta performing the song in a recording studio and features clips from Bolt. \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" was promoted by live performances by Cyrus. Background Cyrus became involved with Bolt once she was cast as Penny, Bolt's owner. Filmmakers asked Cyrus to write a song for herself and John Travolta, who stars as Bolt. She co-wrote the song with the aid of Jeffrey Steele, who also produced the track, in a short period of time as they had a due date. The film's settings vary in cities throughout the United States, which Cyrus thought she could capture in the song. \\\"Not just make it something that sounds from Hollywood and really produced, but we could add a little country twang to it,\\\" she said. Cyrus said the writing process was easy. Before the song's completion, Travolta agreed to sing it, believing \\\"Well, it will be a cute song, whatever it is.\\\" After listening to the song, he was surprised at Cyrus' songwriting abilities. \\\"She's really gifted at writing, and she really wanted to write something good for me as the character Bolt, so she went out of her way with her writing partner to come up with something good, and I really think they pulled it off\\\", Travolta told MTV News. John Lasseter, executive producer of Bolt, decided to make \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" the theme for Bolt, since it lyrically summarized the film's plot. He said, \\\"[The song] sums up the theme of this film. You know, a dog and its owner and they both were separated, but they love each other so much — there's such an emotional payoff when these characters get reunited, and I think that's what this song's about.\\\" Lasseter thought that solely the song worked, but it worked better for the film. \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" is one of two songs on the Bolt soundtrack and was released to Radio Disney to promote Bolt and its accompanying soundtrack. Composition \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" is a pop rock song and lasts three minutes and thirty-six seconds. Its instrumentation includes electric guitar and piano. The song\",\n \"title\": \"I Thought I Lost You\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"5747303","text":"Mission: Magic! is an American Saturday morning animated series starring rock star Rick Springfield and is a spin-off of The Brady Kids, produced by Filmation. 16 episodes aired on ABC from September 8 to December 22, 1973. It was also broadcast in Springfield's native Australia, where Springfield was then a bigger celebrity. The show involved Miss Tickle, a magical teacher who could transport her students to fantasy realms through her magic blackboard. Characters and format Even though Springfield still spoke with a pronounced Australian accent in the mid-1970s, he provided his own voice for his animated doppelgänger. On the show, Springfield always wore white pants and a white sweater which sported on the front an encircled lowercase \"r\" with a lightning bolt in the background; this design was taken from the back cover of his 1973 album Comic Book Heroes. Springfield was joined by a cast of characters: Miss Tickle, a bubbly teacher and six students: Kim, an Asian girl, who is the leader of “The Adventurers Club” Vinnie, who spoke with a thick New York accent and often confused elaborate words Carol, a blonde girl who had a crush on Springfield Socks, a quirky Jughead-like character who wore a light blue hat Franklin, a black athlete Harvey, a short, stocky and bespectacled nerd They were involved in a weekly after-school group called “The Adventurers Club”. In the first episode, the club was visited in class by the school principal Mr. Samuels, who knew nothing of Miss Tickle's magical abilities. Almost every episode began by Rick communicating with the Club via an enchanted gramophone telling them where he was and either inviting them to come along, or transmitting a distress message of some form. Miss Tickle would aim her magic ring at Tut Tut, a ceramic cat on her desk who would come to life after Miss Tickle recited the incantation: \"O Tut Tut, cat of ancient lore, \"'Tis time to draw the magic door.\" After drawing a magic door on the blackboard, Miss Tickle, Tut Tut and the students would fly through the door and meet up with Springfield and his familiar, an owl named Ptolemy. In their travels to otherworldly lands and times, they would solve mysteries, fix problems, or help people in need. At the middle or end of each show, Springfield performed a song, its lyrics often tying into the message of that week's story. An album with most of the songs from the series was released in 1974, followed by a CD version in 2004. Ironically, Springfield himself eschewed this series years later in 2014, claiming that it \"scarred me for life.\" Cast Lola Fisher as Miss Tickle Howard Morris as Socks, Vinnie, Mr. Samuels Erika Scheimer as Kim, Carol Lane Scheimer as Harvey, Franklin Rick Springfield as himself Episodes NOTE: All the main songs appearing in the series were written and performed by Rick Springfield. Each song runs about 90 seconds, edited or faded from the versions later released on the 1974 soundtrack album.","title":"Mission: Magic!"},{"docid":"27818012","text":"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas is an independent animated short film and a parody of How the Grinch Stole Christmas! written and directed by John Wardlaw and animated by Andy Angrand. The film features the final performance of actor Jonathan Harris and co-stars Tress MacNeille. The film also features an original score by Gary Stockdale and music by director John Wardlaw's band, Anti-m. Jonathan Harris Written in 1997, the script was presented to Jonathan Harris in 1998 though it was not until 2000 that his voice work was actually recorded. Harris died on November 3, 2002, long before the film was completed making it his last film. In 2006 an additional scene was added to the film and Jonathan Harris' former Lost In Space co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright and Marta Kristen added their voices to the film. The film was dedicated in his memory. Production and release Completed in 2009 the film made its first appearance at the non-theatrical 2009 Los Angeles Reel Film Festival where it was honored with three awards. In 2010 it made its theatrical world premier in the home town of film-maker John Wardlaw at the 25th Annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival (SBIFF). Between December 2009 and December 2011, the film played in 30 film festivals, winning 13 awards. Its final theatrical appearance was at L’hybride in Lille France. Considering the film features a cast from the TV series Lost In Space it was interesting that two of the films praises came from writers from the original series of Star Trek. \"It had a great animation style, clever and slightly naughty story (well put together) and was totally enjoyable!\" claimed D. C. Fontana \"I laughed my nuts off,\" stated David Gerrold. In 2011 The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas was released on DVD as part of a collection of short films and music videos by Wardlaw. The DVD bonus features include early animations and audio outtakes. The film was licensed to ShortsHD and ShortsTV in 2014. Awards See also List of Christmas films References External links Official website American independent films American animated short films 2009 animated short films 2000s Christmas films 2009 films 2000s American animated films American Christmas films 2000s English-language films English-language Christmas films","title":"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas"},{"docid":"1685637","text":"Eat-Man (stylized as EAT-MAN) is a Japanese manga series created by Akihito Yoshitomi in 1996 which was serialized by MediaWorks monthly in 19 volumes until 2003 in Dengeki Comic Gao! magazine. In 1997, Studio Deen adapted the manga into a 12-episode anime television series which was broadcast in Japan from January 9 to March 27, 1997 on TV Tokyo. A sequel, Eat-Man '98, was also animated by Studio Deen and ran from October 8 to December 23, 1998. Both anime series are licensed in North America by Discotek Media and the manga series was licensed by Viz Communications before it was dropped. A second manga called Eat-Man The Main Dish started serialization in Monthly Shonen Sirius in May 2014. Story Eat-Man is a series of short, episodic stories about an \"explorer\" (a type of mercenary) named Bolt Crank who has the ability to eat virtually anything and then, at will, reproduce from his body the objects he's consumed. Eat-Mans world is a mix of high-tech futurist cyberpunk and fairy tale. The episodes take place in various worlds and in undefined times. Characters Bolt Crank (voiced by Masashi Ebara), is the best \"explorer\" in the world. In the manga, \"Explorers\" are a kind of mercenary. Although mercenaries in the manga do any job, even assassinations, the explorers were employees with principles. Bolt has a bizarre power, the ability to eat anything inorganic and then later recreate it (even fixing the item ingested) from any part of his body. The item usually comes out from his arms and hands, but sometimes can be created in other body areas, like his head, chest, or legs. In the manga, it was implied that inside Bolt's body was actually a void of space. Objects that he's consumed float around in a seemingly endless space, much like the inside of Doraemon's fourth-dimensional pocket. A man of few words, Bolt doesn't show his feelings and always keeps a cool head. However, his cynical personality and his \"always get the job done\" attitude can make him seem like a very cold and dark character but, in the end, he always finds a way to do the right thing. He never appears to look back on the past or regret it in any way. Although Bolt's past remained a mystery in all the series, some stories gave clues about his past, including some characters that appeared in various episodes. The end of the manga series revealed a lot about who and what Bolt is, but his exact identity still remains a mystery. Here are some hints in the series: Bolt never ages, but the end of the manga series revealed that he is biologically immortal (he does not age but can be hurt and/or killed). There is a character identical to Bolt called Leon. His creations include an gynoid (Stella) with human feelings who loved him (an antagonist of Bolt in various episodes, trying to transform all living things into machines) and a weird robot capable of assimilating any","title":"Eat-Man"},{"docid":"21882958","text":", also known by the short title , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Azure Konno, about a girl working as a voice actress for an eroge development company. It was serialized in Wani Books' monthly Comic Gum magazine from 2008 to 2013. A two-episode anime adaptation was produced by Studio Gokumi and released in 2010 and 2011. A sequel manga series titled Koe de Oshigoto!! began serialization in Futabasha's Monthly Action magazine in May 2020. Plot Koe de Oshigoto! is a story about Kanna Aoyagi, a sixteen-year-old girl who was asked to become a voice actress for eroge by her older sister on Kanna's sixteenth birthday. Kanna does not want to become a voice actress at first, but after she thinks about all of the things her sister did for her when she was growing up, and knowing that she owes her, she finally agrees. However, Kanna is still very nervous about being a voice actress for such games. As the story progresses, she becomes more and more comfortable with the requirements of the job. She is helped along by both her coworkers and a classmate who also does work on eroge in his spare time. Characters (OVA), Miku Nishino (Drama CD) A first year student of Takashima Minami High School. On her 16th birthday, Kanna was asked by her sister, Yayoi, to come to her workplace after school. Once she arrived, Kanna found out that it's an eroge company and was asked to be a voice actress for a game they are developing. She is good with sports and a person great of imagination and concentration to the point where she can have an orgasm with only her imagination. Kanna's work job is kept secret under the pseudonym Aoi Kanna. (OVA), Hyosei (Drama CD) Kanna's 28-year-old elder sister and a \"EROGEMEKA\" for the eroge company, Blue March. Yayoi cares greatly and always buys presents for Kanna on her birthday. She speaks very bluntly and is not at all embarrassed by her work on eroge. (OVA), Kizuna Aihara (Drama CD) A college student and professional eroge voice actress. Kanna looks up to her as a voice acting role model, and Fumika seem to be the only one who sympathizes with Kanna's embarrassment as a voice actress for eroge. Although she is a professional as an eroge voice actress, Fumika has no experience in real life. (OVA), Wasshoi Taro (Drama CD) The scenario writer for the eroge company, Blue March. He is an older acquaintance of Yayoi and Kanna. He started as someone who loved to read, but after reading some eroge scripts, he began writing them himself. Kanna really respects Nagatoshi and treats him as an older brother. Kanna's twintailed best friend. She talks in a soft spoken tone. Kanna's other friend from school. She has wavy blonde hair. Kanna's male classmate and her main love interest. He is the son of the president of the game company. Media Manga The manga series Koe de Oshigoto!","title":"Koe de Oshigoto!"},{"docid":"1563682","text":"Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965). Black Bolt is the ruler of Attilan, and a member of the Inhumans, a reclusive race of genetically altered superhumans. Black Bolt's signature power is his voice, as his electron-harnessing ability is linked to the speech center of his brain. Speaking triggers a massive disturbance in the form of a highly destructive shockwave capable of leveling a city. Due to the extreme danger posed by this power, the character has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in his sleep, and he usually remains completely silent and speaks through sign language or via a spokesperson. Black Bolt has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes. Since his original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, different versions of Black Bolt were portrayed by Anson Mount in the Marvel Television series Inhumans (2017) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Publication history Black Bolt debuted in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He re-joined the Illuminati as part of the 2012 Marvel NOW! rebranding initiative. He appeared in the 2017 Black Bolt series, his first solo comic book series, by Saladin Ahmed and Christian James Ward. He appeared in the 2021 Darkhold: Black Bolt #1 one-shot. Fictional character biography 1960s Black Bolt's first appearance established the character as being a member of the Inhuman ruling class. The title Thor featured a back-up feature called \"Tales of the Inhumans\", which recounts the character's origin story. The son of King Agon and Queen Rynda, Black Bolt is exposed to the mutagenic Terrigen Mist while still an embryo, and eventually demonstrates the ability to manipulate electrons. To protect the Inhuman community from his devastating voice, Black Bolt is placed inside a sound-proof chamber and is tutored in the use of his powers. Reentering Inhuman society as a young man—having vowed never to speak—the character is attacked by his younger brother Maximus, who attempts, unsuccessfully, to goad him into speaking. Black Bolt proved popular, and decides to leave Attilan to explore the outside world. The character reappears in a story focusing on his cousin Medusa, drives off the Hulk after the monster defeats the entire Inhuman Royal Family (Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Triton, and Crystal), and with the Fantastic Four, battles his brother Maximus and his own group of rogue Inhumans. 1970s After being forced to intercede in the budding romance between his cousin Crystal and the Fantastic Four's Johnny Storm, Black Bolt and the Inhumans feature in the title Amazing Adventures, and battle villains such as the Mandarin and Magneto. A story in The Avengers, told in flashback, reveals how Black Bolt came","title":"Black Bolt"},{"docid":"3528982","text":"Life Stinks is a 1991 American comedy film co-written, produced, directed by and starring Mel Brooks. It is one of the few Mel Brooks comedies that is not a parody, nor at any time does the film break the fourth wall. It co-stars Lesley Ann Warren, Howard Morris and Jeffrey Tambor. The original music score was composed by John Morris. The film was both a critical and a box-office flop. Plot Goddard Bolt is the callous CEO of Bolt Enterprises. Bolt shows little regard for other people's needs, or for the environment. He has his eye on the slum of Los Angeles, with the intent of tearing it down. Bolt makes a bet with his biggest rival, Vance Crasswell, who also has an interest in the property. Crasswell challenges Bolt to survive on the streets as if he were homeless for 30 days. Should Bolt lose, Crasswell owns the property, but should Bolt win, Crasswell will sell it for practically nothing. There are three conditions: Bolt will be completely penniless; he must wear an electronic anklet that will activate if he leaves the boundaries, forfeiting the bet if he exceeds 30 seconds out of bounds; and at no time can he reveal to any of the slum area residents that he is Goddard Bolt. To add to the look, Bolt has his mustache shaved off, then Crasswell confiscates his toupee and rips his jacket chest pocket. Bolt is taken to the slums, thrown out of the limo and begins the bet. Unbeknown to Bolt, Crasswell schemes to make Goddard's stay on the streets as bad as possible. Bolt, homeless, hungry and filthy, is befriended by skid-row inhabitants like Sailor and Fumes and given the nickname \"Pepto\" after falling asleep in a crate with a Pepto-Bismol logo on its side, having used the crate to urinate on mere moments before Sailor arrives. During the bet, he meets and eventually becomes attracted to Molly, a homeless woman who used to be a dancer on Broadway. During a scuffle with two muggers (including a chase through a Chinese kitchen/restaurant), Bolt is pushed out of bounds, which activates his anklet. To prevent the \"30-second forfeiture\", Bolt rushes back in, which impresses Molly with his supposed bravery, as it looks like he is tackling the muggers. The muggers are eventually defeated via a pot of boiling stock being poured over them from a height, forcing them to retreat their assault on Bolt. Bolt learns a series of important life lessons during his 'adventure', namely that life is not about accomplishments or material success, but rather the integrity of the human spirit. However, Bolt is unaware that the unscrupulous Crasswell has no intention of honoring their bet. When Crasswell realizes that Bolt is honoring the bet fair and square, Crasswell bribes Bolt's lawyers into fabricating the story that Bolt had lost his mind and has his property seized. Bolt finds this out first hand as, upon completing the bet, he forces his way into a party","title":"Life Stinks"},{"docid":"14444747","text":"Mendel Palace is a 1989 puzzle video game developed by Game Freak. It was published in Japan by Namco and in North America by Hudson Soft. Mendel Palace is the debut game of Satoshi Tajiri and his company Game Freak. This success inspired him to create the Pokémon series. Plot The player's character must save his girlfriend, who was kidnapped by a young girl. The backstory differs slightly between the Japanese and American versions, although the in-game presentation is the same regardless. In the American version, the player's character is named Bon-Bon and the girl he must rescue is named Candy, who is trapped in her own dream. In the Japanese version, the main character is named Carton and the girl he must rescue is merely his own girlfriend, Jenny, who has been kidnapped by Carton's younger sister Quinty (the titular character in the Japanese version), who is jealous of the attention that Jenny gets. Gameplay The game can be played by a single player, or by two players cooperatively. The players' characters are a blue- and a green-colored boy in a vest and cap. Each level consists of a single room composed of a 5 by 7 grid of floor tiles surrounded by a boundary wall. At the beginning of each level a number of enemy dolls appear and start to wander around, attempting to collide with the player. The characters have the ability to \"flip\" the floor tile they are standing on or adjacent to in order to propel enemy dolls away, as well as revealing new floor tiles underneath. Enemies can be destroyed by flipping them into a wall or impassable block. The player(s) must destroy every doll to complete the level and move to the next one. It is also possible to win certain levels by making a \"stalemate\" in which all the tiles are unflippable like the bolted metal tiles or the graffiti tiles from the Artist dolls. Each doll does a simple action that varies from each world. They vary from the basic walking motion to swimming and even aggressive tile flippers who have the same abilities to flip random tiles as the player. The level select screen shows each palace along with the enemy dolls that occupy it. Enemy dolls can be destroyed by flipping them into a wall or block, or by slamming into them from a Spinner tile. Touching an enemy causes the player to instantly lose a life. Each world has ten levels which is accompanied by a boss and a scene showing the player's girlfriend being whisked off to another part of the realm. Stars and lives for each player are tracked separately on the screen. Some rooms are in darkness where players must anticipate useful tiles and enemies well in advance. If one player loses all of his lives, then the other player must continue to play until he also loses all of his lives. There are a variety of patterns on the floor tiles that can be","title":"Mendel Palace"},{"docid":"25673409","text":"is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yuto and published by Square Enix. The series follows Anzu, a kindergarten girl who is in love with her teacher and tries to win his affection but always fails. It has been adapted into an anime television series animated by Gainax and broadcast in Japan from January to March 2010. Plot Anzu goes to a kindergarten with her friends, the shy Koume and the eccentric Hiiragi. Together they try to attract attention from their caretaker Tsuchida Naozumi. However, he is clearly more interested in the pretty Yamamoto Nanako, a fellow kindergarten teacher who supervises the class next door. Though Anzu tries to convince Tsuchida to marry her when she grows up, Tsuchida is trying to have a date with Yamamoto; or if not, get engaged with her. Characters Teachers Voiced by: Satoshi Hino Tsuchida-sensei is the only male teacher at Hanamaru Kindergarten, who started teaching in the school immediately after he graduated. At first, he is seen as unreliable, but as time passes, he gets the hang of being a teacher. He is a game otaku and plays games until late at night, often resulting in him being late for work at the kindergarten where he teaches the students of the first-year Sakura Class. Anzu develops a crush on him, but, understandably, he does not reciprocate although he does like her as he does all of his students. Anzu's mother, Sakura, called him Tsuchi when they were children (she still does), and so Anzu does as well. It is revealed in episode 7 of the anime, that he had a crush on Sakura when they were in high school. Tsuchida now has a crush on his colleague, Nanako Yamamoto. He is nicknamed \"breast man\" because of his habit of looking at girl model magazines and often staring at Yamamoto-Sensei's chest. In the end, the children at the kindergarten help him muster the courage to confess and he begins a relationship with Yamamoto-Sensei. Voiced by: Erino Hazuki Yamamoto-sensei is one of the female teachers at Hanamaru Kindergarten. Even though Tsuchida likes her, she does not understand that men would fall for her. She teaches the students of first-year Peach Class. She appears to be good at sewing, as she mended Tsuchida's apron and Koume's stuffed panda-cat doll's ear. Despite her obliviousness towards romance involving her, she is aware of the fact that Hanamaru-sensei has a crush on her sister, Mayumi. Eventually, she begins to develop feelings towards Tsuchida and starts to express a greater interest in romance. Voiced by: Kaoru Mizuhara Kusano-sensei is one of the female teachers at Hanamaru Kindergarten. She likes sports and muscular men. She enjoys watching what Tsuchida does to get Yamamoto's attention. She teaches the students of second-year Sunflower Class. She was Koume's coach and helped her to train for the school sports day's footrace. Voiced by: Naomi Wakabayashi Kawashiro-sensei is one of the female teachers at Hanamaru Kindergarten who appears slightly geeky. She teaches the students","title":"Hanamaru Kindergarten"},{"docid":"68978573","text":"Supercrooks is a four-issue comic book limited series by writer Mark Millar and artist Leinil Francis Yu. The series was published by the Icon Comics imprint of Marvel Comics from March–August 2012. Plot Johnny Bolt is a supervillain who tries to make money by committing robberies with other masked criminals. Each of these crimes fail due to the intervention of random superheroes. In Bolt's latest robbery, he is stopped by the Gladiator and is sentenced to five years in prison. After serving his sentence, Bolt returns to his ex-girlfriend and ex-supervillain Kasey, who now works as a waitress. Despite having psychic powers, she wants to lead a normal life and doesn't want Bolt back romantically. During their reunion, an elderly supervillain friend of theirs named Carmine informs them that he has been forced to raise $100 million for a Las Vegas casino because he was caught cheating with a man who has the power of foresight. To help his friend out, Bolt comes up with a new plan to make money, involving a heist outside the superhero-filled United States. His research shows that Spain does not have superheroes and has a suitable target: the greatest supervillain of all time, the Bastard, who possesses great telekinetic abilities and has amassed a billion-dollar fortune. Bolt manages to convince many of his fellow supervillains, some of whom are not even active anymore, to join his team of Supercrooks against the Bastard. The group consists of Carmine, Kasey, the Phantom (an ex-burglar), TK McCabe (an ex-supervillain with telekinetic powers), Roddy and Sammy Diesel (two semi-indestructible wrestlers who fight clandestine matches), and Forecast (an ex-supervillain who is able to change the weather). After they all arrive in Tenerife, Bolt manages to surprise the team by introducing one more member, the Gladiator, who has been blackmailed into joining. With the help of each team member, Bolt manages to break into the safe under the villa of the Bastard, making off with $800 million dollars, or $100 million per Supercrook. To keep the Bastard at bay, Kasey uses her psychic powers to create the illusion of him being in his residence when in reality he is in another place. To avoid retaliation by the Bastard, the Supercrooks carry out the robbery wearing the costumes of the supervillains to whom Carmine owed money, who are then tracked down and killed by the criminal boss, furious for the wrong he suffered. Release The first issue of Supercrooks reached #51 of US comic book sales in March 2012, selling approximately 34,673 copies through Diamond Comic Distributors. World-wide sales of the first issue and additional copies sold after the first month reached up to 59,600 sales. To promote sales of the series' book, Millar held a contest for bookstores. Under the contest rules, the store that purchased the most copies of Supercrooks #1 would have Mark Millar personally visit for a book signing. The National Book Store in Manila, Philippines, won the contest. Millar held the signing for the store in","title":"Supercrooks"},{"docid":"1431911","text":"What About Mimi? is a Canadian animated children’s television series. The show was produced by Junior-EM.TV (Germany), Decode Entertainment and Studio B Productions (then DHX Media, now WildBrain). The show was first premiered on Teletoon (now Cartoon Network Canada) on October 4, 2000 with the final episode's airing on August 14, 2002, leading up to three seasons and 39 episodes overall. Plot The show that focuses on Mimi Mortin, a clever, redheaded girl in the sixth grade who lives in the Canadian town of Starfish Bay with two friends, Elaine and Russell and her family, but rivaled with Sincerity. Characters Miriam \"Mimi\" Mortin (voiced by Chiara Zanni) - A young, freckle-faced girl in the sixth grade. She is 11 years old and has a clever, optimistic within a powerful imagination. She is always willing to help and solve any problem that she may encounter all the time, adding with creative plans and ideas. Although her plans may not always work out the way she expects them, Mimi receives a lot of help from her best friends (Elaine and Russell), her family, so even her rivals (Sincerity), and finds a way to solve any problem. She has a pet cat named Wimbledon. Elaine Pituskin (voiced by Kori Cook) - Mimi's best friend. A girl of Inuit heritage who is an animal and nature lover, owning all of pets. She can be temperamental and argue with Mimi at times, but she always looks up to Mimi as her best friend, in turn, Mimi respects her a lot. Russell Van Eden (voiced by Rhys Huber in Seasons 1-2 and Noel Callahan in Season 3) - Mimi's other best friend and male sidekick. A boy who has the same age of Mimi and Elaine, who is a sports lover, although he is a little clumsy. He has skills with his video camera and aspires to be a film director. He is shown to have a crush on Sincerity early in the show, but his interest on her later fades away. Sincerity Travers (voiced by Carly McKillip) - A snobbish preppy girl with dyed pink hair who, sometimes, does not get along with Mimi. She and Mimi used to be friends in kindergarten, but as they got older, their interests diverged, and they started growing apart. She is Mimi's rival in school, and although she does not get along with her, she admits that her ideas are very good and helps with some of her schemes. Even if she does not get along with Mimi, she has a resentful respect for her, showing that deep inside, Sincerity still considers her a true friend. She has a father named Lance. Brock Wickersham (voiced by Tony Sampson) - A bully who enjoys pulling pranks on all of characters, especially on Herbert Finkle. Budrick \"Buddy\" Wickersham (voiced by Andrew Francis) - Brock's younger brother who is also a bully. It is also revealed that he is a genius, but he does not want people to find out about","title":"What About Mimi?"},{"docid":"20213458","text":"Mark Daniel Walton (born October 24, 1968) is an American storyboard artist and voice actor who has worked for Walt Disney Animation Studios, DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Warner Animation Group, and other companies. He currently works for Illumination, as of 2023. Walton also voiced Rhino the hamster in the 2008 animated film Bolt. Early life Walton was born on October 24, 1968, in Salt Lake City, Utah, the oldest of seven children. Although he is not a professional actor, Walton said in an interview, \"I liked acting in high school and college. I enjoyed it. I think at some point I decided that if I was really going to be a professional actor that it would take at least everything that I would have emotionally or physically and I knew that I really wanted to pursue art.\" He graduated from Utah State University in 1998 with a degree in illustration. Career Mark Walton started at Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida as a story and animation intern in 1995. After performing as a show artist for The Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical Discovery Adventure North American Mall Tour in 1996, he transferred to Walt Disney Feature Animation in Burbank, CA. (now known as Walt Disney Animation Studios) in 1997 to work on his first feature, Tarzan as a storyboard artist. While at Disney, from the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, he did storyboards for The Emperor's New Groove, The Little Matchstick Girl, Home on the Range, Chicken Little, Meet the Robinsons, Tangled, and Gnomeo and Juliet, as well as storyboarding and developing the unproduced films Wild Life, My Peoples, and Rapunzel Unbraided (an early version of Tangled), Joe Jump, and King of the Elves. Also, while at Disney, he provided the voices for Barry & Bob the Longhorns in Home on the Range (2004), Goosey Loosey for the computer-animated film Chicken Little and its video game (2005), and for Rhino the hamster in Bolt (2008) for which he was nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production, and the short film spin-off Super Rhino. He also storyboarded a short CGI film \"The Zit\" for Mike Blum's Pipsqueak Films, shown on the TV series Independent Lens. After leaving Disney in 2009, Walton storyboarded on films for DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Marza Animation Planet, Original Force 3D, Ken Duncan Studio, Mass Animation, On Animation, Kool Produktion AS, Rovio Animation, and Warner Animation Group. He has also taught storyboarding at California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts), Academy of Art, SUU, and CGMA. Numerous positive reviews came from film critics regarding Walton's performance as Rhino in Bolt. CNN noted “Walton's Rhino steals every scene he's in.”, while Enewsi stated \"Walton has perfect comedic timing as Rhino\". Another reviewer noted “The hamster alone is enough to make this movie worth seeing”, with other positive reviews featured in the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, where Walton contemplated Rhino's popularity as, \"he imagines he's actually something bigger","title":"Mark Walton (story artist)"},{"docid":"18630604","text":"Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated is a 1940 book by James Thurber. Thurber updates some old fables and creates some new ones of his own. Notably there is 'The Bear Who Could Take It Or Leave It Alone' about a bear who lapses into alcoholism before sobering up and going too far that way. (He used to say 'See what the bears in the back room will have.') Also an updated version of 'Little Red Riding Hood' which ends with the immortal lines, \"even in a nightcap a wolf does not look any more like your grandmother than the Metro-Goldwyn lion looks like Calvin Coolidge. So the little girl took an automatic out of her basket and shot the wolf dead. \" All the fables have one-line morals. The moral of 'Little Red Riding Hood' is \"Young girls are not so easy to fool these days.\" Another fable concerns a non-materialist chipmunk who likes to arrange nuts in pretty patterns rather than just piling up as many as he can. He is constantly nagged by his chipmunk wife for this. All fables had previously appeared in The New Yorker. Contents Fables Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated contains 28 fables written and illustrated by Thurber. Illustrated Poems Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated contains nine poems written by diverse authors and illustrated by Thurber (the dates given are those of The New Yorker issue): Excelsior, written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, March 11, 1939 The Sands o' Dee, written by Charles Kingsley Lochinvar, written by Sir Walter Scott, April 8, 1939 Locksley Hall, written by Alfred Tennyson \"Oh When I Was ...\", written by A. E. Housman Curfew Must Not Ring To-Night, written by Rose Hartwick Thorpe, June 17, 1939 Barbara Frietchie, written by John Greenleaf Whittier, September 16, 1939 The Glove and the Lions, written by Leigh Hunt Ben Bolt, written by Thomas Dunn English 1940 anthologies 1940 poetry books 1940 short story collections Fables Works by James Thurber","title":"Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated"},{"docid":"62923208","text":"Josephine Amy Cashman is an Aboriginal Australian lawyer and entrepreneur, of Warrimay heritage. Cashman was an inaugural member of the Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council in 2013, appointed by Tony Abbott. Career Cashman is a lawyer and businesswoman, and was an inaugural member of Prime Minister Tony Abbott's Indigenous Advisory Council in 2017. She addressed a UN Human Rights Council session focussing on violence against Indigenous girls and women. Cashman's book, Lani's Story, was launched by the former Prime Minister, Tony Abbott, in 2013, after Cashman sent a copy to his office following her publisher being unable to fund a book launch. Cashman was the chair of a public benevolent institution named Big River Impact Foundation. It aimed to establish a learning centre focused on building confidence with improving literacy, writing and public speaking skills. By doing so, it hoped to improve the confidence of Aboriginal women, encourage positive lifestyle choices, generate business opportunities, and improve employment outcomes for women and their communities. On 8 November 2019, Cashman was appointed by the Minister for Indigenous Australians, Ken Wyatt, to the Senior Advisory Group responsible for planning an \"Indigenous voice to government\". In late 2019, Cashman challenged author Bruce Pascoe on his Aboriginal identity claims. She said that he had benefited financially from falsely claiming to be Aboriginal, and requested that Peter Dutton (Australian Minister for Home Affairs) investigate the matter. On 24 December 2019, Dutton referred the issue to the Australian Federal Police, who determined no offence had been identified. On 28 January 2020, Wyatt removed Cashman from the Senior Advisory Group after she was found to have provided a letter to conservative commentator Andrew Bolt, alleged to be from Yolngu elder Terry Yumbulul, supporting Cashman and denouncing Bruce Pascoe and his book Dark Emu. Bolt published it on his Herald Sun blog on 26 January 2020. The next day, Yumbulul released a statement saying that he had neither authored the letter nor given permission for it to be published in his name. Cashman said she helped Yumbulul write the letter at his request, and he had multiple communications with her about its content. Cashman has called for a formal register to assess people's Aboriginality. Wyatt rejected the idea of a national register and said the government should play no role in determining a person's Aboriginal identity. In 2019, Cashman was an ambassador for the Australian Indigenous Education Foundation. In April 2022, Cashman was named as the Pauline Hanson's One Nation candidate for the New South Wales Division of Lyne at the 2022 Australian federal election. Cashman did not win the seat. Cashman has been accused of spreading misinformation about COVID-19 Vaccine testing. Family Cashman has an older sister, two brothers, a step-brother and step-sister, and a son. She belongs to the Warrimay, has extended family links to Aranda peoples, and has connections with Marika and Yunupingu people in Eastern Arnhem Land, and with the south coast of New South Wales and eastern Victoria. References Indigenous Australian people Living people","title":"Josephine Cashman"},{"docid":"54252950","text":"Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen (born 1964) is a Danish film and television producer, and since 1992 founder and CEO of Arena Film (DK). From 2003–2016 he served as Film Commissioner of Copenhagen and was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of the Copenhagen Film Fund. Bolt Jørgensen is developing and producing international TV-series with a strong Scandinavian spine, as well as feature films. As a film commissioner, Bolt Jørgensen was involved in Tom Hooper's The Danish Girl, Wallander, starring Kenneth Branagh and Sommerdahl Murders. Career Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen graduated from the National Film School of Denmark as a Creative Producer in 1991 and established his own production company 'Arena Film' in 1992, from where he produced film with director Lars Hesselholdt a.o. He later created the company 'Angel Arena' together with IT entrepreneur Mogens Glad, aimed at developing, producing and distributing major Scandinavian films and TV series, such as Falkehjerte (1999) starring Fanny Bernth, Misery Harbour (1999) starring Nikolaj Coster-Waldau and Leïla (2001) by director Gabriel Axel. In 2003, Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen was serving the organization Copenhagen Capacity as the head of the Film Commission in Copenhagen, aimed at attracting foreign film and television series to the Greater Copenhagen area. While being Film Commissioner, Bolt Jørgensen was involved in the movie The Danish Girl (2015), and the television series Wallander (2008–2016) starring Kenneth Branagh and Midsomer Murders (1997–present), which shot their 100th episode in Copenhagen. Additionally, during his time as Film Commissioner, Bolt Jørgensen was a part of the establishment of the Copenhagen Film Fund. In 2016, Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen re-established his production company Arena Film ApS situated in the Greater Copenhagen area, focusing on bringing Scandinavian stories to a global market. Filmography References External links Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen on Internet Movie Database Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen interview with Variety 1964 births Living people Danish film producers Danish television producers","title":"Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen"},{"docid":"23874076","text":"The most popular sports in Jamaica are mostly imported from Britain. The most popular sports are athletics, cricket and association football; other popular sports include basketball, Tennis and netball (usually for women). Out of all the top five sports, Mixed martial arts, rugby league and rugby union are also considered growing sports in Jamaica. Athletics In Jamaica involvement in athletics begins at a very young age and most high schools maintain rigorous athletics programs with their top athletes competing in national competitions (most notably the VMBS Girls and Boys Athletics Championships) and international meets (most notably the Penn Relays). In Jamaica it is not uncommon for young athletes to attain press coverage and national fame long before they arrive on the international athletics stage. Jamaica is one of the leading countries in sprinting with the current world record holder for 100m and 200m, Usain Bolt and the former 100m world record holder, Asafa Powell, both originating from the island, as does Yohan Blake, silver medalist at the 2012 London Olympics in the 100m and 200m. Also, a team of four Jamaicans, Bolt included (Powell being absent in Daegu 2011 due to injury), won the gold and broke the World Record in the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2011 IAAF World Athletics Championships, their new personal best is 37.04, from 37.10 in 2008. They broke the record for a third time at the 2012 London Olympics in a time of 36.84, is the only country to run sub-37 seconds. In addition, the country has a very strong high school athletics program throughout the schools which sees top high schools compete each year in the Inter-Secondary Schools Boys' and Girls' Championships. The 2010 winners of the event were Wolmer's Boys' School and Holmwood Technical High School (girls). The ability of Jamaicans to dominate the sprint is only further enhanced and highlighted by the supremacy of Usain Bolt, who earned his Olympic 'Triple-Double' (retaining his 100m and 200m titles from the 2008 Beijing Olympics at the 2012 London Olympics and 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics). Cricket Cricket is one of the most popular sports in Jamaica. The Jamaica national cricket team has won ten Regional Four Day Competitions and seven WICB Cups. Jamaicans also play for the West Indies cricket team, which won the 1975 and 1979 Cricket World Cup, as well as the T20 International Cricket Council World Cup in 2012 and 2016. Jamaica has produced some of the world's most famous cricketers, including George Headley, Courtney Walsh, Chris Gayle and Michael Holding. Sabina Park is the only Test venue in the island, but the Greenfield Stadium is also used for cricket. Netball Netball is a popular sport among Jamaican women, and is the country's most popular women's sport. The Jamaica national netball team, known as the Sunshine Girls, have participated in the Netball World Championships every year since their inception in 1963, finishing third in 1991, 2003 and 2007, and in the Commonwealth Games, earning the bronze medal in 2002, 2014","title":"Sport in Jamaica"},{"docid":"26802159","text":"Jama Williamson (born March 12, 1974) is an American actress. She was active in New York City theater throughout the early 2000s, during which she appeared in such shows as Avery Crozier's Eat the Runt, Hunt Holman's Spanish Girl, A. R. Gurney's Sylvia and Simon Mendes da Costa's Losing Louis. She also appeared in Debbie Does Dallas: The Musical, an off-Broadway musical adaptation of the pornographic film Debbie Does Dallas, and she is featured in the show's original cast recording soundtrack. Williamson, who was born in Evansville, Indiana, has appeared in such shows as Law & Order, Numb3rs and Chappelle's Show, and her voice was featured in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. In 2005, Williamson was cast as the wife of James Van Der Beek in the CBS sitcom pilot Three, which was ultimately not picked up. Since 2009, she has made regular guest appearances on the NBC comedy series Parks and Recreation as Wendy Haverford, the ex-wife of regular character Tom Haverford, played by Aziz Ansari. She also starred as Principal Mullins on the Nickelodeon series School of Rock. Career Theater Williamson was active in New York City theater throughout the early 2000s, during which time she was represented by the Paradigm Talent Agency. In 2000, she appeared in Eat the Runt, a comedy by Avery Crozier about a job applicant's series of bizarre interviews at an art museum. During this production, by Mefisto Theater Company at Altered Stages, the actors had to be prepared to play every role in the play and, before each show, the audience drew tickets which determined what actors play which characters. The New York Times reviewer Lawrence Van Gelder said the gimmick was novel, but in the end, \"the cast has probably had more sustained fun than the audience\". In the summer of 2001, Williamson again appeared in Eat the Runt at The American Place Theatre, this time without the constant role switching. She played a second applicant trying to get the museum job, who claims the protagonist is actually her scorned love interest who is only pretending to seek the job in order to hurt her chances. In the summer of 2002, she appeared in an Off Broadway production of Hunt Holman's Spanish Girl at the Second Stage Theatre. The show was about a college student who had a summer fling relationship with a 15-year-old girl, then tries to end it. Williamson played Jolene, the strong-willed college girlfriend of the protagonist, who does not know about his affair. New York Daily News writer Robert Dominguez praised her \"strong performance\". Marjorie Gunner of New York Voice called Williamson a scene-stealer, and said she played the role \"like the center of gravity\". Williamson appeared in Debbie Does Dallas: The Musical, the Off Broadway stage musical adaption of the 1978 pornographic film Debbie Does Dallas, which was shown at the Jane Street Theater starting October 2002. She played Roberta, one of Debbie's attractive young friends who perform sexual services for money.","title":"Jama Williamson"},{"docid":"54161839","text":"The Mimic is a 2017 (Hangeul: 장산범, tr. Jangsanbeom) South Korean horror film written and directed by Huh Jung, and starring Yum Jung-ah and Park Hyuk-kwon. It was released on August 17, 2017. Plot Hee-yeon, Min-ho, and their little daughter Joon-hee move to Mt. Jang with Joon-hee's grandmother, who is senile, hoping it will improve her condition and so Hee-yeon and Min-ho can heal after their young son went missing five years ago. The grandmother hears her dead sister's voice calling her from the woods. Two children come in search of their dog, the one killed in the car accident from the beginning. The kids hear their dog barking and follow the sound to the brick wall. The girl is pulled through the hole in the wall by an unseen force but escapes. The kids run to Hee-yeon and Min-ho for help. Hee-yeon encounters a little girl in the woods but is drawn away by the kids and her husband, who enters the hole and finds a bolted door. When he opens it, a mutilated woman falls through, dead. They report it to the police. That night, the mysterious girl appears at their door and Hee-yeon takes her in. The girl calls her \"Mom\", mimics Joon-hee's voice, and says her name is also Joon-hee. Hee-yeon discovers signs of abuse on the girl's body. Min-ho is unsettled by the girl and Hee-yeon's refusal to get over their son and move on. The police track down the man from the beginning, who now hears voices and has eye problems. He is killed by the entity. The detective discovers that Mt. Jang has many missing persons cases, all of whom reported hearing voices of dead loved ones before disappearing. He also finds an old photo from the 1980s, revealing a man with the same little girl Hee-yeon has taken in. The grandmother covers the house's mirrors in tape, as that is how the entity comes through. She succumbs to her sister's voice and follows it to the cave behind the brick wall. Min-ho goes to search for her and disappears as well. Hee-yeon goes to their neighbor, a blind woman, for help. The woman explains that long ago, there was a shaman in these parts who had a little daughter, the same girl who came to Hee-yeon. The shaman, a social outcast, willingly served a malevolent spirit residing in Mount Jangsan called the Jangsan Tiger to gain power. The shaman would abuse his daughter and slowly became possessed by the entity. He sacrificed his own daughter to appease the tiger's spirit. Now cursed, both he and his daughter imitate voices to lure in victims and sacrifice them. The woman warns Hee-yeon not to trust the little girl, and that those who give in lose their eyesight. Jangsanbum attacks Joon-hee; Jangsanbum's daughter saves her. Hee-yeon shuts Joon-hee in her room, warning her not to trust any voices and to call the detective if she does not return. Hee-yeon then asks Jangsanbum's daughter to guide","title":"The Mimic (2017 film)"},{"docid":"52281037","text":"Marvel's Inhumans, or simply Inhumans, is an American television series created by Scott Buck for ABC based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's other television series. It was produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television in association with Devilina Productions, and was co-financed by IMAX Entertainment in a deal that gave the series a theatrical premiere. Buck served as showrunner on the series. The series is centered on Black Bolt, portrayed by Anson Mount, and other members of the Inhuman Royal Family. Serinda Swan, Ken Leung, Eme Ikwuakor, Isabelle Cornish, Ellen Woglom, and Iwan Rheon also star. Marvel Studios announced an Inhumans film in 2014 as part of their Phase Three slate of films, with the species first introduced to the MCU in the series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The film was removed from Marvel Studios' slate in April 2016, and the Inhumans series was announced that November, to be partly filmed using IMAX cameras. Buck joined the series in October, and Mount was cast in February 2017. Filming took place from March to June 2017, at the former Naval Air Station Barbers Point airfield in Kalaeloa, Hawaii and various locations on the island of Oahu. Inhumans debuted on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, the first live-action television series to do so. The theatrical run lasted two weeks, before the series premiered on ABC on September 29 and ran for eight episodes, concluding on November 10. The series was met with unfavorable reviews and low television ratings, and was canceled by ABC in May 2018. Mount reprised his role as an alternate version of Black Bolt in Marvel Studios' MCU film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Premise After a military coup, the Inhuman Royal Family escape to Hawaii, where they must save themselves and the world. Cast and characters Main Anson Mount as Black Bolt:The Head of the Inhuman Royal Family and King of Attilan, whose voice can cause destruction with the slightest whisper. Showrunner Scott Buck called Black Bolt enigmatic and fascinating because \"a lot of times, we don't know what he's thinking\", and noted the difficulty of writing a character who \"does not speak, but yet he is our hero and the center of the show\". Buck specifically ruled out the series using voice over, with Black Bolt instead communicating via sign language. Premiere director Roel Reiné told Mount to just use 15 or 16 signs, but Mount decided to create his own sign system. He explained that since the character is not from Earth, he would not know Earth-based systems such as American Sign Language (ASL). Mount borrowed the underlying rules of ASL but then \"double-check[ed] my signs against ASL to make sure there is no overlap\", and also studied orchestra conductors. Mount created a document for his language with over 50 pages, and felt that if he could develop the language over several seasons, it could become","title":"Inhumans (TV series)"},{"docid":"18521773","text":"Bolting, when referring to equids, generally refers to two equine behaviors, both undesirable: Running away without control. Eating food at a dangerously fast rate. However, there are other meanings as well. For example, in Australia a bolter is a racehorse that wins at long betting odds. Runaways Most often, bolting refers to a \"runaway\" - horses that gallop off with a handler at high speed, whether being ridden under saddle or driving in harness. There are many causes, most linked to fright that triggers the fight-or-flight response of the horse. In these circumstances, the horse is often running in a panic and may not notice where it is going, creating danger for both horse and rider. Less often, bolting is a deliberate disobedience by a horse that wishes to rid itself of a handler or avoid an unpleasant situation. In both cases, bolting horses are usually stopped by being turned in some type of circle by pulling on one rein to turn the head to the side, as directly pulling on both reins has little impact. Bolting is also sometimes seen in horse racing when the horse chooses to ignore its jockey and run as it wishes, often in a manner that makes it difficult for the rider to maneuver the horse or rate its speed. Bolting race horses often head toward the outer rail of the track and even lose racing speed in an attempt to evade the rider's commands. Horses may also bolt if greatly frightened when loose in a pen or pasture. In a confined area, this may result in an animal running into or jumping a fence. The phrase \"take the bit in his/her teeth\" is a colloquial reference to bolting. However, in reality, a bolting horse usually does not take the bit in its teeth, as the bit rests on the gums in an interdental space where there are no teeth. What a horse actually does is to raise its head and tighten its jaw in a manner that allows it to ignore bit pressure. While a horse can move the bit to its molars and chew on it, this is not generally how a horse evades the bit when bolting. Feeding habits The term \"bolting\" may also refer to a horse that eats its feed too quickly, particularly grain or other concentrated feed. This is undesirable as it can, in some cases, lead to choking or colic. Proper equine nutrition may reduce bolting of feed. Methods to prevent bolting feed involve adding objects such as hay cubes, chopped straw (\"chaff\") or medium-sized rocks to a feed container to slow the horse's eating. See also Riding aids Stable vices External links Runaway horses often left path of destruction - Pantagraph (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper) Horse health Horse behavior","title":"Bolting (equine)"},{"docid":"1563469","text":", better known as , is a Japanese actor, voice actor and narrator from Kanagawa Prefecture. He is affiliated with Aoni Production. He had roles in the Initial D series (as Jōshima Toshiya \"God Hand\"), Naruto (as Might Guy), Eat-Man (as Bolt Crank), the Shakugan no Shana series (as Alastor the Flame of Heavens), Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! (as Doctor Tsuchiya), Buso Renkin (as Captain Bravo), The Transformers (as Ratchet) and Final Fantasy XIII (as Sazh Katzroy). He is also the official dub-over artist of Tom Hanks, Bill Murray, Wesley Snipes, Bruce Campbell and Robin Williams. He was also the first dubbing voice actor of Andy García and Alec Baldwin in their early days. Much of his roles are occupied by Koichi Yamadera in different editions of the films. Background Ebara graduated from Tōkyōtoritsu Chitosegaoka Senior High School. He initially did not aspire to be an actor, but he chose to attend the Toho Performing Arts Academy to learn the trade because he admired the work of Charlie Chaplin as a student. After previously working with Gekidan Subaru, he affiliated himself with 81 Produce, but he is now affiliated with Aoni Production. Filmography Television animation 1987 Transformers: The Headmasters (Spike Witwicky, Scattershot/Computron, Pounce) 1990 Robin Hood no Daibōken (Baron Alwyn) 1991 Soreike! Anpanman (Unadonman, Pineappleman, Princess Dorian, Crayonman) 1992 O~i! Ryoma (Yamauchi Yōdō) The Laughing Salesman (Kenzō Warii (episode 93), Shokudō no Oyaji (December 26, 1992 special)) 1993 Nintama Rantarō (Young Ryūōmaru, Heishirō Kusai) 1994 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R (Chiral) Yu Yu Hakusho (Yomi) 1996 Baketsu de Gohan (Zubrofsky) Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! (Doctor Tsuchiya) Raideen the Superior (Kraken) 1997 Eat-Man (Bolt Crank) 1998 Eat-Man '98 (Bolt Crank) 1999 Cowboy Bebop (Andy Von de Oniyate) Master Keaton (Robert Fenders) Pocket Monsters (Jangō) 2000 Love Hina (Kōji Maehara) Platinumhugen Ordian (Baltoro) Shūkan Storyland (Leader, narration) 2001 PaRappa Rappa (Boxy Boy) Shaman King (Dōen) The SoulTaker (Richard Vincent) 2002 Tottoko Hamtaro (Lion-sensei) 2003 Astro Boy: Mighty Atom (Archer) Gad Guard (Jack Bruno) Gunslinger Girl (Hilshire) Mugen Senki Potorisu (Black-clothed man) Naruto (Might Guy) 2004 Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple (George Challenger) Fullmetal Alchemist (Hohenheim Elric) Kaiketsu Zorori (Gaon, Husky) 2005 Majime ni Fumajime: Kaiketsu Zorori (Gaon, Husky) Shakugan no Shana (Alastor) Shinshaku Sengoku Eiyūdensetsu Sanada Ten Braves The Animation (Kuroda Nagamasa) Xenosaga: The Animation (Ziggurat 8) 2006 Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z (Mojo Jojo) Ergo Proxy (MCQ) 2007 El Cazador de la Bruja (Shop Manager) Naruto: Shippuden (Might Guy, Might Duy) Nodame Cantabile (Sebastiano Viella) Shakugan no Shana Second (Alastor) 2008 Michiko to Hatchin (Old Gentleman) Negibōzu no Satarō (Aona no Shakimi) 2011 Shakugan no Shana Final (Alastor) 2012 Sword Art Online (Godfree) 2013 Magi: The Kingdom of Magic (Shambal Ramal) Space Battleship Yamato 2199 (Osamu Yamanami) 2014 Future Card Buddyfight (Hitotaba Neginoyama/Captain Answer, Vlad Dracula) Tokyo ESP (Shin Kakuno) Nisekoi (Adlet Wogner Kirisaki) 2016 One Piece (Raizō) 2017 Space Battleship Yamato 2202: Warriors of Love (Osamu Yamanami) Vatican Miracle Examiner (Archbishop Saul) 2018 Pop Team Epic (Popuko","title":"Masashi Ebara"},{"docid":"73065","text":"Bolt or bolts may refer to: Implements and technology Etymology: \"to strike\", see for example Thunderbolt Bolt (fastener), a threaded shaft, used to clamp two components together Bolt (climbing), an anchor point used in rock climbing Bolt (firearms), a mechanism used in firearms Crossbow bolt, ammunition used in a crossbow Arts, entertainment, and media Bolt (1994 film), a drama starring Richard Grieco Bolt (2008 film), a Disney animated film Bolt (Disney character), the main character of the film Bolt (video game), based on the film Bolt (DC Comics), a fictional supervillain from DC Comics Bolt (1986), a book by Dick Francis B.O.L.T, a Japanese girl group The Bolt (Fragonard), a painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard The Bolt (Shostakovich), a three-act ballet by Dmitri Shostakovich The Bolts, an American independent rock band Businesses and organizations Bolt (company), an Estonian transportation network company Bolt Creative, an American video game developer Bolt Mobility, an American electric scooter company co-founded by Usain Bolt Bolt Financial, an American fintech company founded by Ryan Breslow Computing Bolt (network protocol), a network protocol used in database applications Bolt (web browser), a web browser for mobile phones Bolt (website), a social networking and video website active from 1996 to 2007 Places Bolt, West Virginia, United States, an unincorporated census-designated place Bolt, Wisconsin, United States, an unincorporated community Bolt Head, a National Trust headland in Devon, England, United Kingdom La Bolt, South Dakota, United States, a town Mount Bolt, Victoria Land, Antarctica Sports Bolt Arena, a football stadium in Helsinki, Finland Anaheim Bolts, a Professional Arena Soccer League team Boston Bolts (1988–1990), a short-lived American Soccer League team Boston Bolts (USL), a semi-professional soccer team Los Angeles Chargers (secondary nickname), a National Football League team Meralco Bolts, a Philippine Basketball Association team Tampa Bay Lightning (secondary nickname), a National Hockey League team Vehicles Chevrolet Bolt EV, a 2016–present American subcompact electric hatchback Chevrolet Bolt EUV, a 2021–present American subcompact electric SUV Tata Bolt, a 2014–2019 Indian subcompact hatchback Yamaha Bolt, a 2013–present American-Japanese cruiser motorcycle Other uses Bolt (cloth), a unit of measurement Bolt (surname) See also Bolting (disambiguation) Lightning bolt (disambiguation) Thunderbolt (disambiguation) Screw, a type of fastener, in some ways similar to a bolt","title":"Bolt"},{"docid":"15543267","text":"{{Infobox animanga/Header | name = Voiceful | image = Voiceful vol1 full.jpg | caption = English Voiceful manga cover. | genre = Yuri}}Voiceful is a Japanese yuri manga by Nawoko. The first chapter was serialized in the manga magazine Yuri Shimai under the title Voice, and the next three chapters were serialized in Comic Yuri Hime under the title Voiceful. The bound volume, released in Japan on May 18, 2006, was also published under the new title. Two shorts stories are included in the collected volume; \"Someone Special\", which originally appeared in the second issue of Yuri Shimai, and \"Opening\", which originally appeared in the first issue of Yuri Shimai. Seven Seas Entertainment has licensed Voiceful'' for release in North America, and the English version was released in January 2008. Plot Kanae is an introverted high school girl who does not like to leave her home and as a result does not have any friends. Her only solace comes from listening to the music of Hina, a singer who releases her music through the Internet and has never performed live. One day, they pass each other on the street, and Kanae recognizes Hina and says, \"I wish you all the happiness in the world!\" Those words affect Hina deeply, and the two of them become very close over the course of the story. Characters Kanae She is a shy high school girl who spends most of her time alone. She lives with her mother, although the two of them do not seem to have a close relationship. She finds inspiration in Hina's music and thinks of Hina as her \"goddess.\" Hina She is an independent singer who never performs live. After she meets Kanae, she sets up an e-mail address and a blog so that she can have more contact with her fans. Her older sister died sometime before the story began, so her only family left is her alcoholic father, whom she has not lived with since her sister's death. Hiru She is Hina's manager and a guitar-player. She first met Hina on a rainy day when the latter had run away from home after her sister's death and was resting on the bench where Hiru usually played. Hiru took Hina to her house, and encouraged by Hiru's own interest in music, Hina soon decided to start singing. Further reading References External links Seven Seas Entertainment's Voiceful page 2004 manga Ichijinsha manga Music in anime and manga Seven Seas Entertainment titles Yuri (genre) anime and manga","title":"Voiceful"},{"docid":"24852180","text":"Joshua Ryan Bolt (born 2 May 1994) is an English actor. He starred in the 2009 film The Be All and End All, a role which saw him shortlisted for the best newcomer at the 2009 British Independent Film Awards. Early life Joshua Ryan Bolt was born in Liverpool on 2 May 1994, and grew up in the Liverpool suburb of Hunt's Cross. Career Bolt began acting at the age of 12 when he was cast in a theatre production of Much Ado About Nothing. In 2009, he played Pete Shotton in the BAFTA nominated film Nowhere Boy. He went on to appear in the ninth series of Shameless, playing the pot smoking psychopath Frasier Kane. He is featured in the music video for punk band The Luka State's single, \"Kick in The Teeth\". In summer 2011, it was announced that Bolt had won the lead role of Henry in ITV1's Just Henry, which aired over the Christmas period of that same year. Upon completing Just Henry, he joined the second series of Accused. In January 2012, he began work on the six-part BBC series Last Tango in Halifax (2012), playing Raphael \"Raff\" Greenwood. He guest starred in the last two episodes of seventh season of the detective series Lewis. In July 2012, IMDb named him as one of their rising British teenage stars. Bolt played Brian Harris, a central character, in the two-part BBC Three drama The Crash which centres on a car crash inspired by real life events. He portrayed Daniel in the third series of Scott & Bailey. In February 2013, he began work on The Heart of Nowhere, a film directed by Charlie Fink to coincide with Noah and the Whale's final album; he played Floyd, the bassist of the group. At the 2013 BAFTA television awards, Last Tango in Halifax won best drama and filming began in June 2013 of its second series. Bolt reprised his role as Raff. He returned for the third series in 2014 and the fourth in 2016. In March 2015, producers of the hit sitcom Benidorm announced that Bolt had been cast as part of a brand new family for Series 8, which aired in January 2016. Bolt played Rob Dawson, the family's son, who befriends regular characters Tyger Dyke and Joey Ellis. Bolt lent his voice to the Doctor Who audio series from Big Finish. The episode, entitled \"Dethras\", featured Bolt alongside the fourth incarnation of the title character and was released in 2017. He appeared alongside in the second series of Grantchester playing an undercover agent and Marxist. He played a young soldier named Thomas Macquillan in the ITV drama Harry Price Ghost Hunter, ITV's adaptation of Neil Spring's debut novel, The Ghost Hunters. The film aired on ITV on 27 December 2015. Bolt starred as Reburrus, a young boy hungry for revenge following the slaughter of his family, in Barbarians Rising, an eight-part drama for the History Channel airing in the U.S. and the UK. It charted","title":"Josh Bolt"},{"docid":"57850900","text":"Death of the Inhumans is a 2018 American comic book story arc published by Marvel Comics. Publication history \"Death of the Inhumans\" was announced on March 28, 2018, as a project by Donny Cates and Ariel Olivetti scheduled to be released starting in July 2018 as a five-issue miniseries. Premise The premise deals with the Kree plotting to get the Inhumans to join them by using a Super-Inhuman they created to kill some of them to serve as a warning to those who don't take up their offer. Plot The Kree have initiated a murdering campaign in order to force Black Bolt to join the Kree Empire. This ultimatum causes the deaths of 1,038 Inhumans with the words \"Join or Die\" carved into their bodies, which forced Black Bolt to call together the four Queens of the Universal Inhuman tribes to respond to this threat. However, the meeting goes far from as planned, as an Inhuman executioner named Vox, a Super-Inhuman created by the Kree, begins his bloody rampage across the place. When Black Bolt, Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Crystal, Triton, and Lockjaw reach the meeting place, they discover the bodies of Oola Udonta, Aladi Ko Eke, Onomi Whitemane, and Goddess Ovoe, with the same three words written in their blood on a banner hanging about their corpses. They eventually realize that the victims had fallen into a trap as one of the dead Inhumans was wired with an explosive. While most of Black Bolt's group made it out alive thanks to Lockjaw, Triton was not so lucky and was killed in the explosion. Black Bolt then sent Lockjaw to New Arctilan to retrieve his brother Maximus. Unbeknownst to them, Vox and his men had already arrived on New Arctilan and began murdering every Inhuman they come across, old or new like Flagman, Glass Girl, Naja, and Sterilon. Armed with all of the Inhumans’ abilities and no humanity, Vox easily cuts his prey down with his powers or his literal energy scythe. Even Maximus can’t defeat Vox as he quickly loses an arm for even making the attempt. Soon after, Lockjaw arrives and helps Maximus with his attempt to stop Vox on their own but things don't go so well as Vox fires an enormous blast, ripping a hole in both of them. The Royal Family eventually reaches the now burned Kingdom of New Arctilan and mourn the death of its citizens. Karnak, who can see the flaw in all things, is then sent to the Kree Commander to relay a message from Black Bolt, learning in the process that the Kree intend to rebuild Hala and enslave the Inhumans as their intended soldiers and slaves. The Kree Commander explains how they dispatched Ronan the Accuser as leader of the Kree after Hala was placed in ruin by Mister Knife and have begun to forge a new life. When asked to kneel, Karnak doesn’t. Instead, he does his best to fend off Vox only for the Super-Inhuman is able to subdue","title":"Death of the Inhumans"},{"docid":"1211825","text":"Eugene Morrison Stoner (November 22, 1922 – April 24, 1997) was an American machinist and firearms designer who is most associated with the development of the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle that was redesigned and modified by Colt's Patent Firearm Company for the United States military as the M16 rifle. Early life Stoner was born in Gosport, Indiana, on November 22, 1922. He moved to Long Beach, California where he graduated from Long Beach Polytechnical High School. In 1939, after the Depression, there was not enough money for him to attend college, so he went to work as a machinist for Vega Aircraft Company, the forerunner of what became Lockheed Airplane Company (now the Lockheed Martin Corporation). During World War II, he enlisted for Aviation Ordnance in the U.S. Marine Corps and served in the South Pacific and northern China. In the Corps, he had his first experience of working with heavy-caliber automatic weapons as an armourer. The work experience and combat training served him throughout his weapons designing career. Engineer In late 1945 Stoner began working in the machine shop for Whittaker, an aircraft equipment company, and ultimately became a Design Engineer. In 1954 he came to work as chief engineer for ArmaLite, a division of Fairchild Engine & Airplane Corporation. While at ArmaLite, he designed a series of prototype small arms, including the AR-3, AR-9, AR-11, and AR-12, none of which saw significant production. Their only real success during this period was the AR-5 survival rifle, which was adopted by the United States Air Force. The Stoner bolt and carrier piston system is a widely known gas system designed by Eugene Stoner. The gas operated bolt and carrier system was filed in 1956 and subsequently patented by ArmaLite for use in the AR-10. The original AR-10 action (later developed into the ArmaLite AR-15, M16 rifle and M4 carbine). It is commonly called a direct impingement system, but it does not utilize a conventional direct impingement system. In , the designer states: ″This invention is a true expanding gas system instead of the conventional impinging gas system.″ Gas is routed from a port in the barrel through a gas tube, directly to a chamber inside the bolt carrier. The bolt within the bolt carrier is fitted with piston rings to contain the gas. In effect, the bolt and carrier act as a gas piston and cylinder. The subtleties involved in ArmaLite's patent on the gas system significantly diverge from classical direct impingement; upon firing, the pressurized propellant gasses exit the barrel via the gas port and travel the length of the gas tube, but instead of simply applying the inertia necessary to cycle the weapon directly to the bolt carrier, the gas is funneled inside the bolt carrier wherein the increase in pressure results in the bolt itself acting as a piston, forcing the bolt carrier away from the barrel face. The Stoner bolt and carrier piston system is ammunition specific, since it does not have an adjustable gas port or","title":"Eugene Stoner"},{"docid":"31193548","text":"Bolt is a fictional character that appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated film Bolt (2008). He is depicted as a White Shepherd with superpowers such as a \"super bark\" and the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes. When he found himself lost, Bolt discovered that he was an actor in a television show, and must take it upon himself to get back home, learning how to be a normal dog in the process. Bolt's journey and personal evolution as a character are core to the film's main themes. Created by Chris Williams and Byron Howard, Bolt is introduced as a dog who is unknowingly the star of his own TV show. His ignorance is crucial as the cast and crew go to extreme lengths to make Bolt think he is actually a super dog in order to make the performance more authentic. The character is voiced by John Travolta. Much of the inspiration for Bolt was provided by John Lasseter, who also oversaw his visual development with chief character designer Joe Moshier. Aside from the film, the character also appears in the direct-to-video short film Super Rhino, the two video games Bolt and Disney Infinity, and the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom trade card role-playing game. In addition, photos of Bolt appear in Wreck-It Ralph (2012) and Big Hero 6 (2014). Bolt's character, alongside Travolta's vocal performance, has received mostly positive critical acclaim from film critics and became a breakout character, leading to strong sales of merchandise and toys following the film's release. Development Characterization and design The character known as Bolt was originally conceptualized as a bipedal Jack Russell Terrier named Henry, designed by Chris Sanders. In this script, Henry would be aware of the fact that he is an actor. Henry, as well as Sander's idea for the movie, was eventually scrapped when John Lasseter and some colleagues from Pixar reviewed the project. The character was subsequently redesigned after a White Spitz Breed, although changes were done to the muzzle, ears, and overall body structure to give the character a more distinctive and expressive appearance. Some aspects of his design, such as his distinctive ears, were inspired by American White Shepherds in order to emphasize his expressiveness. To make Bolt's movement seem more realistic and in line with that of real canines, the animation department studied the body language and locomotion of real white shepherds and utilized virtual bone-structure in the CGI models. Personality-wise, the new Bolt would be more naïve and insecure, conveying more pathos than Henry. At the same time, the art department worked to give Bolt a whimsical nature with a pose that excels confidence, thus allowing the character to have a contrasting personality and body language which reflects that. Voice work John Travolta was chosen to do the voice work for Bolt, after Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Tom Cruise turned down the role. Despite a history of turning down voice-over offers for animated characters, Travolta agreed to provide the voice for","title":"Bolt (Disney character)"},{"docid":"3476301","text":"Tutenstein is an American animated television series, produced by Porchlight Entertainment for Discovery Kids based on the comics by Jay Stephens. The series was first premiered on Discovery Kids' Saturday morning block on NBC on November 1, 2003. It ended on October 11, 2008. The series features young mummy Tutankhensetamun (based on real-life Tutankhamun and usually called \"Tutenstein\" as in the title) who is awakened about 3,000 years after his accidental death and now must face the fact that his kingdom is gone. The name is a portmanteau of Tutankhamun and Frankenstein. Beginning in August 2020, Yippee TV, the current owners of the series, made the series officially available for streaming on YouTube. In October 2022, it was announced that a reboot is currently in the works. It will have a completely new look. Plot Tutankhensetamun was an impulsive but kindhearted young Egyptian Pharaoh who lived a luxurious but short life. He died because back in Ancient Egypt he saved a friend of his from being smashed by rocks from a collapsing temple, so he himself was crushed to death. He carries the mighty Sceptre of Was, and the circumstances of his death are unknown at first. In the 21st century, 12-year-old middle school student Cleo Carter accidentally witnesses his awakening after a bolt of lightning hits the mummified body of Tut that is on display at the local museum. She with her anthropomorphic pet cat Luxor must now help Tut to find his way around in the modern world. During the whole series, Set, god of disorder and violence, attempts to destroy Tut and gain possession of the Sceptre to become the ruler of all. Characters Main Tut Ankh En Set Amun (\"Tutenstein\") (voiced by Jeannie Elias in the first two seasons and early season 3 and Donna Cherry in the last four episodes) is a very impulsive but kind-hearted mummified 10-year-old mummy that lives in the museum. His nickname, Tutenstein, is a play on words on Frankenstein. He is often visited by Cleo and Luxor. Cleo Carter (voiced by Crystal Scales in the first two seasons and early season 3 and Leah Lynette in the last four episodes) is a 12-year-old African-American girl who wants to become an Egyptologist. After chasing her cat, Luxor, she accidentally brought Tut back to life. Her father is a well experienced Egyptologist/Archeologist. Luxor (voiced by Daran Norris in the first two seasons and David Lodge in season 3) is Cleo's pet cat and was possibly named after the Luxor Temple. When Tut was brought back to life, he was compelled to be ever loyal to his new \"master\" and has gained the ability to talk. Supporting Walter Jacobs (voiced by Joey Simmrin) is the easily frightened, friendly yet dimwitted, young security guard at the museum. Professor Horace Behdety (voiced by Lex Lang) is a haughty professor and the cranky director of the museum. Throughout the series, he's shown to be self-centered and fiercely proud of the Egyptian display at the museum, and","title":"Tutenstein"},{"docid":"39154767","text":"Bolts and Blip is an animated television series that aired on Teletoon from 2010 to 2011. The show has also aired on 3net at 10:30 am on Sundays, and The CW's Saturday morning block, Vortexx, from July 13, 2013 at 8:30 a.m. Plot The series is a comic action adventure set on the Moon in 2080. It follows two central city misfits, Bolts and Blip, who accidentally find themselves as members of the Lunar League's last placed team the Thunderbolts. With the help of their rag-tag band of teammates, the two friends discover what they are made of in this intergalactic sports circuit. Characters Main cast Blip (Voiced by Matt Murray) - One of the two main titular protagonists. Blip is a bumbling Civi-Bot who attempts to keep within societal norms, but is not very successful. He is best friend and roommate to the wacky Bolts, and often must drag his impulsive friend out of trouble. He is the more mature, level-headed of the duo. He along with Bolts were accidentally drafted into the Lunar League's bottom team, The Thunderbolts. He has a huge crush on Saedee, who spends most of the series ignoring his displays of affection, while occasionally letting slip possible mutual feelings, before revealing in the season finale she too loves Blip. Late in the series he is revealed to be Dr. Tommy's Secret Bot, and has latent powers, which he calls his \"Super Mode\"; in this state he is taller, stronger, faster, and can fly. He has a pet mouse like robot named Squeaker, who prior to undergoing training was very violent and attacked everyone, But nowadays he only attacks Bolts. Bolts/Blood's Bot/Darth Boltor (Voiced by Terry McGurrin) - The other titular protagonist. Bolts is immature, impulsive and has a talent for getting himself into trouble; including one time where he put himself under huge debt to a Robot Mafia Leader Vinnie Two-Chimes, after losing a bet in a (fixed) sock fight match. But he does occasionally show he has some common sense as seen in Little Squeaker when he thinks it's a bad idea to show Squeaker around to the Thunderbolts after Squeaker viciously attacked both him and Saedee's housewarming present. He also shows some signs of intelligence and ingenuity as also seen in little Squeaker when he modified an illegal weapon to bring up to legal standards only to have his talented creation shot down by Gridiron telling the sport was a croquet sport match and not a battle. He's the team's jokester and often drives Coach Gridiron insane. He once entered a secret (and illegal) wrestling tournament under the name Bolto de Fuego (a play on Bola de Fuego), and has continued using the name Boltor as his screen name. Like Blip he has latent powers, where his eyes will turn red and he gains monstrous strength. He is eventually revealed to be \"Blood's Bot\", the ultimate creation of Dr. Blood. Saedee (Voiced by Melissa Altro) - The gorgeous heroine Saedee, who is","title":"Bolts and Blip"},{"docid":"1947768","text":"Wild Gift is the second studio album by American rock band X, released on May 6, 1981, by Slash Records. It was very well received critically, and was voted the year's second best album in The Village Voices Pazz & Jop poll. Wild Gift was later ranked at number 334 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Wild Gift showcases the band's unique punk rock style, which infuses roots rock, country, blues, R&B, and rockabilly. In 1988, Slash issued Los Angeles and Wild Gift jointly on a single compact disc. Wild Gift was remastered and reissued in 2001 by Rhino Records, with seven bonus tracks. The track \"White Girl\" was sampled by the Red Hot Chili Peppers on their 1989 album Mother's Milk, in the song \"Good Time Boys\". The Chili Peppers song's lyrics mentioned X's John Doe specifically, \"whose voice is made of gold\". Critical reception Trouser Press wrote that \"Zoom's ingeniously simple guitar transcends its influences, and the Doe/Exene harmonies attain a knifelike sharpness.\" In The Village Voices Pazz & Jop critics' poll for 1981, Wild Gift was ranked at number two, behind Sandinista! by the Clash. In Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990), critic Robert Christgau lauded Wild Gift, writing: Christgau later ranked Wild Gift third on his \"Personal Best\" list for the 1980s, the highest placing of any rock album. Wild Gift was ranked at number 334 on Rolling Stones list of \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". Track listing All tracks written by John Doe and Exene Cervenka. Side one \"The Once Over Twice\" – 2:31 \"We're Desperate\" – 2:00 \"Adult Books\" – 3:19 \"Universal Corner\" – 4:33 \"I'm Coming Over\" – 1:14 \"It's Who You Know\" – 2:17 Side two \"In This House That I Call Home\" – 3:34 \"Some Other Time\" – 2:17 \"White Girl\" – 3:27 \"Beyond and Back\" – 2:49 \"Back 2 the Base\" – 1:33 \"When Our Love Passed Out on the Couch\" – 1:57 \"Year 1\" – 1:18 Bonus tracks (2001 reissue) \"Beyond and Back\" (Live) – 2:48 \"Blue Spark\" (Demo) – 2:04 \"We're Desperate\" (Single version) – 2:01 \"Back 2 the Base\" (Live) – 1:40 \"Heater\" (Rehearsal) (Doe) – 2:32 \"White Girl\" (Single Mix) – 3:29 \"The Once Over Twice\" (Unissued Single Mix) – 2:35 Bonus tracks (2019 Remaster) (Digital Release) \"Beyond and Back\" (Live) – 2:48 \"We're Desperate\" [Explicit] (Live) – 2:31 \"Year 1\" (Live) – 1:26 Personnel X John Doe – bass, vocals Exene – vocals Billy Zoom – guitar D.J. Bonebrake – drums Charts References External links Wild Gift (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed) 1981 albums X (American band) albums Slash Records albums Albums produced by Ray Manzarek","title":"Wild Gift"},{"docid":"47814429","text":"Supergiant is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña, Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013). The character has made several appearances in other media such as animated television and video games. Publication history Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013) and was created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña. Fictional character biography The character Supergiant is a member of Thanos' supervillain team Black Order. While searching for Thanos' son Thane during the Infinity storyline, Supergiant and Corvus Glaive laid siege to the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning and defeated the X-Men. They left after realizing that Thane was not there. In the comic, When the Black Order seized Wakanda, Supergiant was left in control of Black Bolt who she would mentally order to activate the Illuminati's hidden bombs in Wakanda Necropolis. When the Illuminati arrived to save Black Bolt, Supergiant used Black Bolt's ability to defeat the heroes. Upon activating the bomb, Supergiant was faced by Maximus who had the trigger. Maximus triggered the bomb, but also used Lockjaw to transport Supergiant along with the bomb to a distant uninhabited planet where she perished in the explosion. During the \"No Surrender\" arc, Supergiant came back as a psychic projection, along with the rest of the Black Order, thanks to the Challenger who had set them up against Grandmaster's Lethal Legion. During the battle in Antarctica, the Black Order retreat after Corvus Glaive is killed. Supergiant stays to take control of Thor, but is dissipated by Lethal Legion member Ferene the Other. Powers and abilities Supergiant, in the series, has telepathic abilities, which allow her to mind-control anyone and feed on their intellect. At some point, she was transformed into a psionic entity. Out of her transformation, Supergiant gained the power to phase through living beings and obstacles. She also became immune to physical damage. Reception Accolades In 2022, Screen Rant included Supergiant in their \"10 Best Cosmic Villains Not Yet In The MCU\" list. In 2022, CBR.com ranked Supergiant 3rd in their \"MCU: Every Member Of Thanos’ Black Order, Ranked By Power\" list. In other media Television Supergiant appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Hynden Walch. Supergiant appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced again by Hynden Walch. This version lacks psychic powers, but can grow to a gigantic size and previously dated Star-Lord prior to the series' events. In the episode \"Undercover Angle\", Supergiant is imprisoned by the Nova Corps until the Guardians of the Galaxy accidentally free her while infiltrating the organization, though Gamora is able to subdue her. In the episode \"Come and Gut Your Love\", Supergiant works with another ex-girlfriend of Star-Lord's, Lucy, to attack him after discovering he is J'son's son. Video games Supergiant appears as a mini-boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Supergiant appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Marvel Future Fight. Supergiant appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 as part of the Infinity","title":"Supergiant (comics)"},{"docid":"69824979","text":"Action Pack is an animated preschool television series developed by Shea Fontana for Netflix. Created by William Harper, the series premiered on January 4, 2022. A second season was released on June 6, 2022. A special, titled The Action Pack Saves Christmas, was released on November 28, 2022. Premise The series follows the Action Pack, a quartet of superheroes-in-training taught by their teacher Mr. Ernesto and his robotic dog Plunky. Voice cast Main Sydney Thomas as Treena, a girl who uses powers controlling plant life, fitting in with her love of nature. Her color is green, and her badge has a flower shape. She serves as the Action Pack's de facto leader. She uses the \"Petal Power Shield\" and the \"Awesomer Blossomer\" baton gadget, which lets her sprout vines for swinging or grabbing and uses a dandelion-like balloon to float. Her powers are upgraded in the final episode of season 2, where she obtains the power to create vine cages, do a \"Petal Copter\", and speak to plants. Even as a civilian, she is an excellent gardener and can instantly make plants grow. Oscar Reyez as Watts, a boy who uses powers controlling electricity. His color is blue, and his badge has a pair of lightning bolts. Watts is the most energetic and impatient of the team, and can morph his legs into lightning bolts for super speed and flight and throw lightning bolts or ball lightning. Julieta Cortes as Wren Reyes, a girl who can use animal abilities. Her color is yellow, and her badge has a cat's paw print. Wren is the most empathetic team member, and she often uses the powers of a butterfly's flight, a polar bear's strength, a fox's smell, an alligator's protection, a mouse's small size, and a cheetah's speed. She loves animals and claims she can communicate with them. Nevin Kar as Clay Patel, a boy who uses powers controlling plasma and forcefields. His color is red, and his badge has a sun shape. A pacifist, Clay is the most reserved member of the team, and his body is composed of a form of plasma that allows him to shapeshift and stretch or deform his body. He can also see through things with his \"plasma vision\" and create \"invinci-balls\" that protect against anything. Giancarlo Sabogal as Mr. Ernesto Action, the adult mentor of the Action Pack and great nephew of Great Uncle Action, who is the founder of the Action Academy. He is the patient and kind instructor at the Action Academy and the Action Pack's mentor. Although he doesn't have any super special powers of his own, Mr. Ernesto is empathetic toward the evil villains and provides the Action Pack with all the support and wisdom they need in order to save the day. He is accompanied by a robotic dog named Plunky, who acts as his trusty companion and teaching assistant who keeps the Action Pack company and alerts them with any important information that they need to know. Recurring Hartley","title":"Action Pack (TV series)"},{"docid":"17093263","text":"The following is a list of known fictional characters who are Inhumans, a race of superhumans appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Known Inhumans Inhuman Royal Family The Inhuman Royal Family are the ruling class of the Inhumans. Among the members of the Inhuman Royal Family are: Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) – King of the Inhumans and husband to Medusa. He has a destructive hypersonic voice capable of defeating other super-powered beings. He has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in sleep. A fork-like antenna on Black Bolt's forehead allows more controlled use of his voice and psychically connects him to Lockjaw. Medusa (Medusalith Amaquelin Boltagon) – Wife of Black Bolt and Queen of the Inhumans. She is also a former member of the Fantastic Four and the Frightful Four, as well as the mother of Ahura and older sister of Crystal. Her prehensile hair possesses super-strength. Crystal (Crystallia Amaquelin Maximoff) – Medusa's sister, ex-wife of Quicksilver and mother of Luna. She is a former member of the Fantastic Four, as well as a former member of the Avengers. She can manipulate Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Gorgon (Gorgon Petragon) – Cousin of Medusa. He has bull-like legs in place of his actual legs capable of creating shockwaves equal in magnitude to an earthquake. Karnak the Shatterer (Karnak Mander-Azur) – Cousin of Black Bolt. He is also a priest and philosopher and chose not to expose himself to the Terrigen Mists (a substance that grants the Inhumans their powers upon contact). Despite this, he does have the ability to sense an opponent's weak points and is a superb martial artist. Triton (Triton Mander-Azur) – Karnak's fish-like brother who can breathe underwater and survive the pressures of the deep sea. Maximus Boltagon – Also known as Maximus the Mad, he is the brother of Black Bolt and attempts to overthrow him numerous times. Maximus has the ability of mind-control. The Unspoken – Cousin of Black Bolt. He was once the King of the Inhumans until the rest of the Royal Family rose up against his power-hungry ways. Black Bolt defeated and banished him, decreeing that his actions would be removed from the history books and his name never be uttered again causing him to be referred to as \"The Unspoken\". The Terrigen Mists gave him the power of \"Terrigenesis,\" the ability to alter his body into any form he wished. Ahura Boltagon – Son of Medusa and Black Bolt. He has psychic abilities. Luna Maximoff - Daughter of Quicksilver and Crystal. Born human, but later mutated by the Terrigen Crystal by her father. Lockjaw – A large bulldog who was granted the power of teleportation after exposure to the Terrigen Mists. This was due to the Inhumans' experiment on canines. Inhuman Royal Guards The Inhuman Royal Guards are a group of Inhumans that are responsible for protecting the Inhuman Royal Family. Among its members are: Chynae – A hydrokinetic Inhuman with pointy","title":"List of Inhumans"},{"docid":"4907930","text":"\"Allen\" is the second episode of the first season of the television series Prison Break, which was first broadcast on television on August 29, 2005. The episode is the second to air alongside the Pilot episode as part of the two-part start of the series. \"Allen\" was written by series creator Paul Scheuring and directed by Michael Watkins. Robert Knepper makes his first appearance as Theodore \"T-Bag\" Bagwell, but was not yet billed as a regular character until the following episode, \"Cell Test\". Also, Marshall Allman, despite credited, does not appear as L. J. Burrows. The episode's title refers to the hex key that Michael makes from a screw, the key being named \"Allen Schweitzer 11121147\". Also in this episode, Veronica Donovan continues her investigation as to who is actually responsible to framing Lincoln Burrows on Michael's request, while at the same time, Michael deals with the impending race riot in Fox River, which could hinder his escape plans. Plot Michael Scofield and Fernando Sucre (Amaury Nolasco) face a lockdown in order for the guards to search cells for contraband, when they're about to throw away a knife, they were stopped by Bellick (Wade Williams), who sends Sucre to SHU. Warden Pope (Stacy Keach) calls off the search for Michael's cell, but Bellick feels determined to, and sneaks into his cell when the prisoners are away, and finds the name \"Allen Schweitzer\". Bellick runs the name on the database, only to find no one matching it. Meanwhile, Sucre urges Stolte to let him call Maricruz (Camille Guaty), but is refused. Veronica (Robin Tunney) investigates who is framing Lincoln Burrows. She finds a tape, where she sees Lincoln shoot Terrence Steadman dead. Lincoln claims that he is being framed, stating the man was already dead and Lincoln never pulled the trigger. She attempts to talk to Crab Simmons (Tab Baker), who didn't testify in his case, only to find out that he was killed of an apparent drug overdose. She is contacted by Leticia Barris (Adina Porter), Crab's girlfriend, but as they meet, she is spooked as Kellerman (Paul Adelstein) and Hale (Danny McCarthy) are watching. Back in Fox River, Michael attempts to get to a bolt from a bleacher belonging to T-Bag (Robert Knepper), but is stopped. He doesn't want Scofield on the bleacher unless he will join in the racist battle between the whites and blacks, but he declines. On his second attempt, T-Bag's gang take the bolt off him, so eventually, he decides to join in to get at the bolt. However, C-Note (Rockmond Dunbar) sees this, and when he confronts Scofield regarding the PUGNAc, he refuses to give the pills. Soon, everyone comes out of their cell for count, when the riot starts. Michael decides to get the bolt back from T-Bag's cellmate (Brian Hamman), and does so after a struggle. C-Note sees this and a black inmate stabs the cellmate several times; the wounded man dies in Michael's arms. T-Bag believes Michael killed the cellmate, and","title":"Allen (Prison Break)"},{"docid":"17696163","text":"Milly, Molly is a series of New Zealand children's books by Gill Pittar. It is about the adventures of two little girls from different ethnic backgrounds, and the books promote the acceptance of diversity and the learning of life skills. There is an animated television series based on the books. Background The books were inspired by a double-ended doll created in 1995 by Gill Pittar to promote tolerance and communication. Following the success of the dolls, she began writing books about the characters with the first book published in 2000. Milly, Molly books have since been translated into 40 languages. Characters Milly Mandara (voiced by Madeleine Flood) is a young girl who is best friends with Molly Horren. Molly Horren (voiced by Savannah Lind) is a young girl who is best friends with Milly Mandara. Tom Baxter (voiced by Jeff Bernard) is a classmate who plays in the school soccer team and he is best friends with Jack Kurawzami. Alfred (Alf) Swilgregsian is a new boy from a different country (most likely Germany, Austria or Switzerland). Humphrey Carmichael did not get along with him at first, but they become best friends after Alf comforted him by teaching him a lesson about individuality. Sophie Da Lize is a girl who loves chocolate and is best friends with Elizabeth Smith. Elizabeth Smith is a girl who has very neat writing and is best friends with Sophie Da Lize. Megan (Meg) Costello is a girl who likes apples and is meticulous. Harry Grainger is a boy who has two pet mice called Brian and Brioni. Brian and Brioni had a litter of nine baby mice in \"Harry's Mouse\". Humphrey Carmichael is a boy who often teases Milly and Molly. He likes robots, dinosaurs and outer space. He has a doberman called \"Zoltan\" who he speaks in \"Martian\" too. George Goodrige is a boy who likes oranges and has a pet skunk named Stinky. Joe Foreson Jr is a boy who has a pet hermit crab. Chloe Ventura is a snobby girl who has a pet horse named Prince. Ellie Zelig is a blind girl who befriends Milly and Molly. She only appeared in one episode. Bobby-Benjamin Brown (B.B Brown) is a boy who appeared in only one episode. Milly Anderson and Molly Kannetté changed his thieving way. Heidi Hillbilly (Heidi Untidy) is a girl who is always untidy. She only appeared in one episode. The girls (Milly and Molly) cleaned her room with her and Heidi Untidy is very cool with a bright imagination. Family- Thomas Anderson (Milly's father): he does not really like Marmalade as much as Milly does. Catherine Anderson (Milly's mother): She tries to reconcile Marmalade and Milly's father. Chris Kannetté (Molly's father): He loves yoga. Lindsay Kannetté (Molly's mother): She does not like mice. TV adaptation Milly, Molly, a Singapore-New Zealand co-produced animated TV series based on the books, was produced in 2008. An agreement for a second season was made in early 2009. The two young actors, Savannah","title":"Milly, Molly"},{"docid":"44498470","text":"The Doozers is an animated television series that is a spin-off to Fraggle Rock. The series is co-produced by the Halifax studio of DHX Media and The Jim Henson Company, and was developed in association with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The series originally premiered in Australia on Nick Jr. on October 7, 2013. The series began its US run as a Hulu exclusive on April 25, 2014. Turner's Cartoonito and Boomerang also aired it within European countries and Africa, as well as Cartoon Network Asia. On September 12, 2017, it was renewed for a second season. It premiered on May 25, 2018. Premise In the self-sustainable community of Doozer Creek located just beyond the view of humans, the show focuses on the Doozer Pod Squad (consisting of Daisy Wheel, Flex, Spike, and Mollybolt). Characters Main Spike Doozer (voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk) is the member of the Pod Squad who pushes the other Pod Squad members into action. He is the son of Chief Doozer and the older brother of Daisy Wheel Doozer. He has a brown nose and brown hair and wears a blue hat, socks and wristbands. Molly Bolt Doozer (voiced by Jenna Warren) is a Pod Squad member who enjoys organizing events. She can also make lists, maps, and graphs. She has a purple nose and purple hair and wears a pink hat, socks and shirt. Flex Doozer (voiced by Trek Buccino in season 1 and Tyler Barish in season 2) lives on his grandparents farm and uses his room as his workshop. Flex pilots the Pod Squad's vehicles. He has a yellow nose and yellow hair and wears an orange hat, socks and wristbands. Daisy Wheel Doozer (voiced by Millie Davis) is the youngest and smallest of the Doozer Pod Squad. She is the younger sister of Spike Doozer and the daughter of Chief Doozer. She has a blue nose and blue hair and wears a purple hat, socks and shirt. Chief's family Chief Doozer (voiced by Heather Bambrick) is the Chief of Doozer Creek who is the mother of Spike Doozer and Daisy Wheel Doozer. Architect's family Chief Architect Doozer is the wife of Baker and mother of Molly. Baker Timberbolt Doozer (voiced by David Berni) is the father of Molly Bolt Doozer and the husband of Chief Architect Doozer. He runs the bakery shop in Doozer Creek. Peg Bolt Doozer (voiced by Lisa Norton) Others Doozer Doodad (voiced by David Berni) – Manager of the Doozer Creek supply depot, where the Pod Squad gets the supplies for their projects. Pinball Gimbal (voiced by Lisa Norton) Professor Gimbal wears glasses and has a purplish-white color in his nose and hair, wearing a light blue helmet. He manages the Doozarium, where the Pod Squad meet. He issues challenges, and makes suggestions, for various projects for the Pod Squad to complete. Baxter was advertised for the series but has not appeared yet. He had a brown nose and brown hair. Voice cast David Berni – Baker Timberbolt Doozer","title":"The Doozers"},{"docid":"26478218","text":"Heroman (stylized as HEROMAN) is a Japanese manga and anime series created by Marvel's Stan Lee and Bones. The manga was published in Square Enix's magazine Monthly Shōnen Gangan from August 2009 to October 2011, with its chapters collected in five tankōbon volumes. The 26-episode anime television series was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April to September 2010. Stan Lee came up with the series' basic plot, referring to the series and character as \"a new hero for the 21st century\". Synopsis Orphaned American boy Joey lives with his grandmother, working at a restaurant in the West Coast city of , while going to school. Upon hearing of a new toy robot called the Heybo, Joey believes that getting one will make his life better, turning him into a hero to protect his friends and family. However, he cannot afford to buy it on his meager salary. His luck changes when he picks up a broken down Heybo abandoned by a school bully. He tries to fix it, naming it Heroman, but does not have any luck in getting it to work. However, when it gets struck by a bolt of strange lightning, it transforms into a giant robot, just in time to save his friend Lina from impending danger. Now, Joey and Heroman are Earth's only defense against the evil insectoid aliens, unknowingly summoned to Earth by Joey's science teacher. There are some differences in story between the anime and manga series. Characters Main characters Joey is an orphaned boy living with his grandmother, working at a restaurant to make ends meet. His life changes when he fixes the Heybo that he names Heroman. He is able to issue commands to Heroman via a controller that forms a gauntlet around his left hand. This controller also gives Joey his own powers, such as super speed and the ability to create force fields. At the battle in the end of the series, Joey's left hand merges further with the gauntlet and gains even more power, transforming into an energy-like being with a massive left arm. This carries the risk of permanently corrupting him until he is reminded of his bond with Heroman. The name \"Joey Jones\" was selected by Minami at the behest of Stan Lee to choose an alliterative name, much like various other Marvel protagonists such as Peter Parker. His name appears to be a nod to Rick Jones. Komatsu was chosen to voice Joey because of her girlish voice and the difficulty in finding a young man that had the voice the production team wanted. Originally a broken down toy robot called Heybo, Heroman is brought to life by a strange bolt of lightning and turns into a giant robot (in the anime, this lightning is caused by the Skrugg fleet heading towards Earth). He uses his powerful fists and electrical powers to protect Earth from the Skrugg and other threats. Although unable to speak, he is able to sense Joey's feelings and use his powers accordingly.","title":"Heroman"},{"docid":"24064775","text":"Berlino, an anthropomorphic bear, was the mascot of the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and 2018 European Athletics Championships held in Berlin, Germany, noted for his hyperactivity and celebrations with various athletes during the Championships. Overview Up until now, Berlino appears to be mute. However, this condition does not seem to prevent him from giving interviews to the media. Berlino has been referred to as the \"star\" of the 2009 Championships and been noted by athletes, such as Usain Bolt by wearing a T-shirt with \"ICH BIN EIN BERLINO\" (\"I am a Berlino\", referring to John F. Kennedy's famous West Berlin speech) written on it during warm up for the 200 meter final. The iconic image of the games is the famous photograph of Berlino and Usain Bolt down on one knee, twinned in mutual respect, sharing a mimed lightning-bolt pose to celebrate victory and a new world record. In an interview, published after the World Championships in Berlin, Usain Bolt said: \"Berlino and I have become friends. We exchanged telephone numbers.\" While celebrating winning the gold in 400 meter hurdles, Melaine Walker took a piggy-back off Berlino, who promptly ran into a stack of hurdles. The diverse videos of this have been watched over 400,000 times (26.08.2009) and have been called \"a YouTube classic.\" He was also involved in some controversy during the men's 10,000m final in which he ran part of the race down the back straight with the athletes cheering them on. This annoyed some traditionalists and it was rumoured that the IAAF told him to reel in the enthusiasm after this act. Smaller versions of Berlino - Berlino teddies as well as Berlino key rings, both produced in China - were offered via Internet and in Berlin Tourist shops during the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in August 2009. After being delivered in the beginning of August 2009, the Berlino teddies at first sold slow. Due to the increasing popularity of the mascot during the games, Berlino soon became a bestseller and - before the end of the games - was out of stock. Berlino later made a guest appearance at the UKA Aviva British Grand Prix, in Gateshead, on 31 August 2009, alongside the British mascot, Spike. Tournament officials refused to publicly disclose who played the part of Berlino. However, the Guardian Observer reported that it was 33-year-old Berlin actor Oliver Seiffert. In 2018 Berlino reappeared as the official mascot at the Berlin Olympic Stadium for the 24th European Athletics Championships being hosted in the city. Notable incidents Racing Usain Bolt around the track after his new 200 metres world record. Lockeres Jogging mit Usain Bolt. - Fotostrecken - Mediacenter - Tagesspiegel Striking the lightning-bolt victory pose with Usain, both on one knee with one raised arm. 19 Clubs auf einem Ticket - Zeitung Heute - Tagesspiegel Presenting his undershirt with words: \"Ich bin ein Bolt\" after Usain Bolt presented his own T-shirt with \"Ich bin ein Berlino\" written on it. Bolt ist ein Berlino","title":"Berlino"},{"docid":"2915913","text":"The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) was a pioneering computer network protocol for transporting human speech over packetized communications networks. It was an early example of Voice over Internet Protocol technology. History NVP was first defined and implemented in 1974, with definition led by the “Speech” project at ISI, the USC Information Sciences Institute following initial work begun in 1973. ISI leadership was by Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI), University of Southern California, with funding from ARPA's Network Secure Communications (NSC) program. The project's stated goals were \"to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of secure, high-quality, low-bandwidth, real-time, full-duplex (two-way) digital voice communications over packet-switched computer communications networks...[and to] supply digitized speech which can be secured by existing encryption devices. The major goal of this research is to demonstrate a digital high-quality, low-bandwidth, secure voice handling capability as part of the general military requirement for worldwide secure voice communication.\" NVP’s first demonstration was in August 1974 between the groups at ISI and MIT Lincoln Laboratory. That was history’s first “phone call” using a computer network. It was partly enabled by users of vocoders custom-built by BB&N, Bolt Beranek, and Newman. Work as a whole involved many other researchers nationally. Necessary subnet (IMP-to-IMP) changes for real-time packet forwarding were discussed at ISI in March 1974, chaired by Bob Kahn, DARPA’s program director for the speech project. At the end of the meeting, he summarized actions and directed BB&N to make the required subnet updates. NVP was used to send speech between distributed sites on the ARPANET using several different voice-encoding techniques, including linear predictive coding (LPC) and continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD). Cooperating researchers included Steve Casner, Randy Cole, and Paul Raveling (ISI); Jim Forgie (Lincoln Laboratory); Mike McCammon (Culler-Harrison); John Markel (Speech Communications Research Laboratory); John Makhoul (Bolt, Beranek and Newman), and Rod McGuire and Philip Rubin (Haskins Laboratories). NVP was used by experimental Voice Funnel equipment (circa February 1981), based on BBN Butterfly computers, as part of ongoing ARPA research into packetized audio. ARPA staff and contractors used the Voice Funnel, and related video facilities, to do three-way and four-way video conferencing among a handful of US East and West Coast sites. Credit also is due to Dave Retz and his group at the UC Santa Barbara Speech Communication Laboratory. ISI used his operating system, ELF, for the early development of speech networking, including extension to speech conferencing. Protocol The protocol consisted of two distinct parts: control protocols and a data transport protocol. Control protocols included relatively rudimentary telephony features such as indicating who wants to talk to whom; ring tones; negotiation of voice encoding; and call termination. Data messages contained encoded speech. For each encoding scheme (vocoder) a frame was defined as a packet containing the negotiated transmission interval of a number of digitized voice samples. NVP was transported over the Internet Stream Protocol (ST) and a later version called Stream Protocol, version 2 (ST-II), both connection-oriented versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) and which","title":"Network Voice Protocol"},{"docid":"15358527","text":"Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures is an animated television series intended for young children. The show aired from January 12, 2008 to September 27, 2008 on PBS Kids. Plot The show follows a five-year-old girl named Betsy as she starts out her school years. The series premiere shows Betsy facing the uncertainty of her first day of school and the adjustments she must make as she meets her new teacher and classmates, encounters unfamiliar rules and routines, and finds herself in an entirely new environment. Subsequent episodes show Betsy's excitement and sense of adventure as she adapts to the new experiences of kindergarten. Characters Betsy (voiced by Daveigh Chase) is a 5-year-old girl who is the title/main character of the show. Billy (voiced by Nancy Cartwright) is Betsy's best friend who enjoys playing in the dirt. Scott (voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) is a smart boy with glasses who is very interested in science. Molly (voiced by Vicki Lewis) is an elitist girl. Sarah (voiced by Cree Summer) is a girl who loves sports. Kenji (also voiced by Nancy Cartwright) is an intelligent boy who enjoys dancing. Maria (also voiced by Cree Summer) is a quiet girl who loves art. Newton (also voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) is a new student whose first appearance is in \"Newton the New Kid\". Mrs. O'Connor (voiced by Sally Struthers) is kindergarten teacher. Bus Driver Bob (voiced by Fred Willard) is a loyal bus driver. Mr. Richard Warner (voiced by Tom Bosley) is a principal at Lakeshore Elementary School. Kevin (also voiced by Nancy Cartwright) is Betsy's baby brother. Betsy's mother (voiced by Bess Armstrong) is a homemaker who takes care of her daughter Betsy and her baby son Kevin. She is a stay-at-home mother and does not seem to have any outside job as of yet if ever at all. Betsy's father (also voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) is an airplane pilot who speaks to Betsy in \"airplane-talk.\" He appears to be the family's sole breadwinner. Farmer Thomas Warner (also voiced by Tom Bosley), is Richard Warner's brother and the owner of Warner Farms. Gracie is Betsy's family's dog. Kitty is Betsy's family's cat. Sydney is a pet salamander that belongs to Mrs. O'Connor's kindergarten class. Episodes References External links Internet Movie Data Base Toonarific Cartoons Common Sense Media TV Guide 2008 American television series debuts 2008 American television series endings 2000s American animated television series 2000s American children's television series 2000s preschool education television series American children's animated adventure television series American preschool education television series Animated preschool education television series Animated television series about children Elementary school television series American English-language television shows PBS Kids shows PBS animated television series","title":"Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures"},{"docid":"52835796","text":"We're Lalaloopsy is an animated children's television series co-produced by MGA Entertainment, Splash Entertainment, and Netflix. The series is based on the Lalaloopsy dolls from MGA Entertainment, and is a revival of the children’s animated television series Lalaloopsy on Nickelodeon. It debuted on Netflix on January 10, 2017. Premise This Netflix Original series is a revival of Lalaloopsy, a Nick Jr. series that first aired in 2013. Although they both share the basic premise of rag dolls having adventures in Lalaloopsy Land, the exact details of each series vastly differ. 48 unique Lalaloopsies appeared in the original series. In contrast, We're Lalaloopsy only features 10 characters, a significant downgrade from 48. The Netflix series also offers a more continuity based structure as opposed to the previous series's more episodic structure. We're Lalaloopsy mainly focuses on Storm E. Sky (who previously appeared in Lalaloopsy Girls: Welcome to L.A.L.A Prep School) gradually becoming accepted in Town Square, a section of Lalaloopsy Land. Another difference from the original series is that We're Lalaloopsy has a different art style which is more shaded and emphasizes the dolls' facial features. Unlike Lalaloopsy, the Lalaloopsies are now voiced by adults. Characters Main Jewel Sparkles (voiced by Kazumi Evans) is a girly princess who loves tiaras and makeup. Her pet is a pink cat named Cat. Storm E. Sky (voiced by Mariee Devereux) is a punky guitarist with stage fright and thus doesn't like to sing in front of an audience. She is the newest resident of Lalaloopsy Land. She has a rivalry with Jewel, though they later become friends near the end of the series. Her pet is a purple cat with a black lightning bolt tail named Cool Cat. Crumbs Sugar Cookie (voiced by Jocelyne Loewen) is a baker. Her pet is a white mouse with a pink tail named Mouse. Dot Starlight (voiced by Maryke Hendrikse) is a smart stargazer and inventor. Her pet is a red bird with blue wings named Bird. Spot Splatter Splash (voiced by Sabrina Pitre) is an artist with a laid-back personality. Her pet is a red-and-white striped zebra named Zebra. Rosy Bumps 'N' Bruises (voiced by Diana Kaarina) is a nurse. Her pet is a brown bear named Bear wrapped in bandages with a heart-shaped medical patch over one eye. Recurring Ace Fender Bender (voiced by Matt Hill) is a handyman. His pet is a brown monkey wearing a red bow named Monkey. Ace’s design is significantly different from his previous incarnation. Berry Jars 'N' Jam (voiced by Maryke Hendrikse) is a farmer and cook who is Sunny's younger twin sister. Her pet is a white cow with pink spots and a yellow bow on the tail named Cow. Sunny Side Up (voiced by Maryke Hendrikse) is a farmer and animal lover who is Berry's older twin sister. Her pet is a yellow chick wearing a pink bow on top of the feathery head and pink wings named Chick. Forest Evergreen (voiced by Samuel Vincent) is a lumberjack","title":"We're Lalaloopsy"},{"docid":"48414215","text":"Khaled El Sayed () is a Lebanese actor and voice actor. Filmography Film Television Plays Waylon Le Omma. - Sergeant 2013 I Reached the 99. 2008 Dubbing roles 1001 Nights Alfred J. Kwak Alice in Wonderland (1951 film) - Walrus (Classical Arabic version) Arabian Nights: Sinbad's Adventures Astroganger - Ganger Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero - Dr. Gregory Belson Bolt (2008 film) - Dr. Calico (Classical Arabic version) The Bush Baby Chōdenji Robo Combattler V Courage the Cowardly Dog The Cramp Twins Dexter's Laboratory (Image Production House version) Dot and Keeto The Great Mouse Detective - Major Dr. David Q. Dawson (Classical Arabic version) Haikara-san ga Tōru Hello! Sandybell Huckleberry Finn Monogatari Igano Kabamaru - Shirakawa, Saizō Igano Mokhtarnameh - Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr Manga Aesop Monogatari Manga Hajimete Monogatari Manga Sarutobi Sasuke Les Misérables (1992) Monsters, Inc. - Henry J. Waternoose III (Classical Arabic version) The Men of Angelos The Mysterious Cities of Gold The New Adventures of Gigantor Ohayō! Spank Planes - Chug Planes: Fire & Rescue - Chug Plawres Sanshiro The Powerpuff Girls - Mojo Jojo (Image Production House version) The Powerpuff Girls (2016 TV series) - Mojo Jojo Prophet Joseph - Amenhotep III Ratatouille - Auguste Gusteau (Classical Arabic version) Rated A for Awesome - Max Awesome Robin Hood (1973 film) - Friar Tuck (Classical Arabic version) Saint Mary Salad Juyushi Tomatoman Thumbelina: A Magical Story Time Travel Tondekeman Tokimeki Tonight - Mori Eto (Ranze's father) Tom and Jerry Tales - Spike Treasure Planet - Mr. Arrow (Classical Arabic version) Up (2009 film) - Gamma (Classical Arabic version) Xiaolin Showdown - Dojo Kanojo Cho Thomas & Friends References External links Lebanese male actors Lebanese male voice actors Living people Lebanese male film actors Lebanese male television actors 20th-century Lebanese male actors 21st-century Lebanese male actors 1948 births","title":"Khaled El Sayed"},{"docid":"57621908","text":"is a Japanese television series starring Haruka Fukuhara, Aoi Yoshikura, Mariya Nagao, Yurika Nakamura, and Jun Amaki. The series focuses on the lives of five aspiring voice actresses who live together in a dorm, and follows their goal of becoming established in the voice acting industry. It premiered on TV Asahi on April 8, 2018. The series ran for ten episodes, with the last episode premiering on June 10, 2018. The series is a spin-off of the Pretty Cure multimedia franchise, but does not directly feature its story or universe. Plot The series follows Makoto Kikuchi, the daughter of a grocery shop owner who has no experience in voice acting or acting. Her life changes when she is scouted to be a voice actress, which leads her to live in a dorm with four other newcomers: Ryōko Ochiai, a former child actress, Ren Inaba, a fan of the PreCure franchise, Asami Kuriyama, who Makoto later considers to be her rival, and Konatsu Morimoto, who originally hails from Kansai. The series depicts their journey of becoming voice actors, showing their voice acting lessons and other events in their lives. Characters Portrayed by: Haruka Fukuhara She is the daughter of a grocery shop owner. She knew nothing about voice acting until she was scouted. Portrayed by: Yurika Nakamura A young girl who is later considered by Makoto to be her rival. Portrayed by: Mariya Nagao An otaku who has deep admiration for the PreCure franchise. Portrayed by: Jun Amaki A girl originally from the Kansai region who tends to speak in the Kansai dialect. She serves as the group's moodmaker. Portrayed by: Aoi Yoshikura She is a former child actress who decided to pivot to voice acting. She is the eldest among five children and takes care of her four siblings. A popular voice actress who notices Makoto's talent during an acting test. She serves as a mentor for the group. Production and release The series was produced as part of the franchise's 15th anniversary. Produced by Asahi Broadcasting Corporation and Fine Entertainment, the series is directed by Natsuki Seta, Toshiki Sōma, and Kyōhei Tamazawa, and is written by Kōta Fukuhara and Shinya Hokimoto. The series premiered on TV Asahi on April 8, 2018 and will run for 10 episodes. Voice actors Haruka Tomatsu, Daisuke Namikawa, Noriko Hidaka, and Mitsuo Iwata appear as themselves in the series. Footage of Tomatsu performing at a concert the song \"Q&A Recital\", used as the opening theme to the anime series My Little Monster, is used in the series' seventh episode. The series' ending theme is \"It's Show Time!\" by Tomatsu and Haruka Fukuhara. References External links Official website Asahi Broadcasting Corporation original programming TV Asahi television dramas 2018 Japanese television series debuts 2018 Japanese television series endings Pretty Cure","title":"Koe Girl!"},{"docid":"40732647","text":"This is a list of the major and minor characters featured in and/or created specifically for the Cartoon Network animated series, Teen Titans Go!. Teen Titans Robin Voiced by: Scott Menville (reprising) Robin is the leader and the only Titan who does not possess any superpowers. He primarily relies on his arsenal of weapons and tools during combat. His weapons of preference are his Birdarangs, grapple guns and multi-purpose metallic bo staff. He is also incredibly agile, and is a studious scientist, detective and martial artist. Robin is disciplined and serious. Robin's role as leader is modestly parodied throughout the series. He prefers to take the lead role at all times. Robin is also at times emotionally unstable, arrogant and self-centered. However, despite his flaws he usually learns from his mistakes and tries to make amends. His original comic book likeness is also featured briefly in \"Books\", and he is seen in his original comics outfit in a flashback in \"Baby Hands\". It transpires that Robin also eventually grows up to become Nightwing in \"Staring at the Future\", a point which is reinforced in \"Sandwich Thief\". Starfire Voiced by: Hynden Walch (reprising) An orange-skinned, green-eyed alien princess, Starfire (real name Koriand'r) is formidable for her superhuman strength, faster-than-light flight, and ability to emit bright green energy bolts from either her hands or her eyes. Starfire is a generally happy and naive person and is relentlessly kind and polite to everyone, even to her occasional foes in battle. She expresses interests in self-maintenance to upkeep her appearance in the new series. Starfire is slightly modified from her previous likeness, with design changes to her boots, hair, and flight trail. Her original comic book likeness is also featured briefly in \"Books\", and she is seen in a less sexualized version of her original comics outfit in a flashback in \"Baby Hands\". It would also be revealed that Starfire would become the queen of her home world Tamaran in \"Staring At The Future\". Raven Voiced by: Tara Strong (reprising) Raven is a mystical half-demon with a range of superpowers based upon her skills with magic. Her appearance slightly changed in the Go! series to have paler skin and shorter hair. Raven is of a very apathetic and acerbic nature, almost seemingly devoid of emotion, and often interacts with her teammates through means of sarcasm and occasional bouts of demonic anger. Despite some parts of her personality staying similar, others were modified for the Go! series. She is shown to have feelings for her teammate Beast Boy but often hides it from everyone. Robin categorized Raven's role in the group as \"the sarcastic older sister\" in \"Uncle Jokes\". She is seen in her original comics outfit in a flashback in \"Baby Hands\". Beast Boy Voiced by: Greg Cipes (reprising) Beast Boy has a purple-and-black Doom Patrol uniform, pointed ears, and green skin. He is shown to have feelings for both Raven and Terra, he often goes to Terra if he tried to get Raven","title":"List of Teen Titans Go! characters"},{"docid":"6190944","text":"Mamba is a 1930 American pre-Code film, released by Tiffany Pictures. It was shot entirely in Technicolor and stars Jean Hersholt, Eleanor Boardman, Ralph Forbes, Josef Swickard, Claude Fleming, William Stanton and William von Brincken. It was based on a story by Ferdinand Schumann-Heink and John Reinhardt and was advertised as the First Drama In Natural Color as all previous color features in sound had featured musical numbers. Plot The film takes place in Neu Posen, German East Africa sometime before the First World War. \"Mamba\" is the name given to a South African snake. The reptile of this adventure is Auguste Bolte (played by Jean Hersholt), who is constantly reminding those with whom he has a chance to converse that he can buy anything. He neglects his appearance and does not even bother to shave or brush his hair. The German officers hold themselves aloof from him and the only individual he has an opportunity to talk to at length is his valet-secretary, a Cockney, who feeds his master with flattery. One afternoon Bolte recalls that he has received a letter asking for 200,000 marks from Count von Linden. The Count is in Germany and in a footnote it is written that Bolte might marry von Linden's daughter, Helen. The white people of the post have as little to do with Bolte as possible and the British officers across the frontier also spurn him. It occurs to Bolte that a beautiful wife would perhaps help to make life more agreeable for him. He thinks also that the officers would then overlook some of his failings and be quite impressed. He therefore allies himself to Germany. Helen (played by Eleanor Boardman), like most daughters who marry wealthy villains in melodramas, does so to save her father from ruin. There is a flash of the wedding and soon Helen and her ignoble husband are seen aboard the steamship bound for East Africa. On the same vessel is Karl von Reiden, the officer who is to take charge of the Neu Posen post. He is not averse to a little flirtation with a beautiful woman and therefore when Helen goes out on deck to avoid Bolte, Karl succeeds in meeting her. These scenes are fairly well filmed and the color effects are capital. Karl, played by Ralph Forbes, is a handsome fellow. So soon as he knows that Bolte is Helen's husband he realizes that the marriage is not to her liking. Later these passengers are on the river boat, and when that craft reaches Neu Posen. Bolte stands on the aft deck hoping to make all the German officers envious of his attractive bride. He later gives a feast and takes good care to make a show of his wealth, even to having a procession of natives carrying the viands. A visit from a native woman interrupts the proceedings, and in a subsequent passage Bolte, enraged with his wife, is about to flog her with a whip when Karl comes to","title":"Mamba (film)"},{"docid":"54039640","text":"Kenzel Doe (born June 6, 1992) is a former American football wide receiver and return specialist, most recently for the Nebraska Danger of the Indoor Football League (IFL). He played college football for Wisconsin and has played in both the National Football League, and the Canadian Football League, as well as playing for two other minor league football teams. High school career Doe was born and raised in Reidsville, North Carolina. He attended Reidsville High School, who went undefeated during Doe's time playing there. College career Coming into college, Doe was rated as a 3 star recruit. Doe attended Wisconsin from 2010 to 2014, and majored in sociology. After red-shirting, Doe played in 48 games from 2011 to 2014, excelling on special teams. Doe returned 49 punts for 481 yards and one touchdown, as well as 58 kickoff returns for 1,388 yards and a touchdown, which was scored during the 2014 Capital One Bowl. Doe also caught 42 passes for 379 yards and a touchdown, plus rushing for 143 yards on 19 carries. Doe earned several letters during his time in college. Professional career Pittsburgh Steelers Despite being undrafted during the 2015 NFL Draft, Doe participated in rookie mini-camps with the New England Patriots and Houston Texans, but remained unsigned until August, when Doe was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers. Doe participated in four preseason games, including the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, but was cut prior to the final week of preseason play. Doe participated exclusively on special teams, and returned 2 kickoffs for 43 yards, and 8 punts for 26 yards, with 1 fumble, which Doe recovered. Brooklyn Bolts After being cut by the Steelers, Doe played for the Brooklyn Bolts in the startup Fall Experimental Football League during their brief 2015 season, which was their final season before folding in early 2016. Led by quarterback Josh Freeman, and alongside fellow future CFL players John Harris, Ricky Collins, and LaDarius Perkins, Doe recorded 2 catches for 28 yards during the two games played that season, including one game which took place during storms influenced by Hurricane Joaquin. Doe also served as a returner during his time with the Bolts. Edmonton Eskimos Following his stints with the Steelers and the FXFL in 2015, Doe began receiving calls by Canadian Football teams in January 2016, and signed with the Edmonton Eskimos on his birthday, June 6. During the 2 game CFL preseason, Doe recorded two catches for 23 yards, 6 punt returns for 27 yards, and two kickoff returns for 42 yards. Doe made the active roster for the Eskimos, but was demoted to the practice roster after the first game. Doe was called back up in week 4 to become the starting returner for Edmonton, taking over for the struggling Joe McKnight. Doe ended up being demoted again during week 16, in favor of Troy Stoudermire. Stoudermire went on to have higher return averages, but fumbled several times over only a few touches over four games, something Doe","title":"Kenzel Doe"},{"docid":"2554673","text":"The Terrific Whatzit (real name Merton McSnurtle, also known as McSnurtle the Turtle) is a fictional superhero turtle appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. DC's first talking animal superhero, the Terrific Whatzit first appeared in Funny Stuff #1 (Summer 1944) and was created by writer-artist Martin Naydel. Natasha Lyonne voices the character in the animated film DC League of Super-Pets (2022). Fictional character biography McSnurtle is a turtle and shopkeeper who lives in the town of Zooville and is famed for both his honesty and his laziness. He is granted superpowers by two powerful, otherworldly entities (the nice Prince Highness and nasty Prince Lowness) who want to see how a completely honest person would handle being granted superpowers. When in action as the Terrific Whatzit, McSnurtle removes his shell and dons a costume almost identical to that of the Golden Age Flash save that the lightning bolt emblem is replaced by a \"TW\" in a yellow circle. The name \"Terrific Whatzit\" stems from the fact that without his shell, it is hard to tell what kind of animal McSnurtle is. McSnurtle's last Golden Age appearance as the Terrific Whatzit was in Funny Stuff #17 (January 1947), although he continued to appear from time to time as McSnurtle the shopkeeper in other features. His superheroic identity would not appear again until Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew! #9 in November 1982, in which he is seen helping the Allies during \"the Second Weird War\". The series reveals in an earlier story that the Terrific Whatzit is the uncle of Zoo Crew team member Fastback. Powers and abilities As the Terrific Whatzit, McSnurtle possessed super-speed powers similar to those of the Golden Age Flash. These powers, while primarily based on superspeed, also include some superstrength (enough to bend a tank's main gun barrel) and the ability to fly. McSnurtle also gains a ghost-like \"automatic conscience\" who won't relent until he goes into action against the threat of the story. Other versions An ordinary turtle wearing the classic Terrific Whatzit costume is seen in DC Super Friends #14 (June 2009), as the adopted pet of the Flash. A redesigned version of the Terrific Whatzit appeared in the DC Super-Pets children's book Salamander Smackdown, as a superpowered pet of the present-day Flash. Unlike the previous versions, this version of the Terrific Whatzit wears a costume similar to the modern Flash's. In other media McSnurtle the Turtle appears in The Flash in two different forms. The first version appears in the episode \"Revenge of the Rogues\" as the childhood stuffed animal of Iris West. The second appears in the episode \"Borrowing Problems from the Future\" as a regular turtle that Harrison \"HR\" Wells gives to Barry Allen as a housewarming gift. The Terrific Whatzit appears in the DC Super Hero Girls episode \"All Pets Are Off\". Merton the Turtle / Terrific Whatzit appears in DC League of Super-Pets, voiced by Natasha Lyonne. This version is a non-anthropomorphic female turtle who acquires","title":"Terrific Whatzit"},{"docid":"54221354","text":"I Am Bolt is a 2016 British biographical documentary sports film co-directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner and produced by Leo Pearlman. It is based on the life of Jamaican sprinter and three times Olympic gold medalist and World Record holder for 100m, 200m, 4×100m relay, Usain Bolt, the fastest man in recorded human history. The film describes Bolt's journey in winning nine gold medals and the incidents surrounding the Olympic titles. The film was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom and then worldwide. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Cast Usain Bolt himself Pelé himself Neymar himself Serena Williams herself Asafa Powell himself Sebastian himself Ziggy Marley himself Nas with voice Glen Mills himself Ricky Simms himself Chronixx himself Yohan Blake himself Maurice Greene himself Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt – his parents themselves Dwayne Jarrett – Bolt's school coach himself Nugent Walker – Bolt's manager himself Dwayne Barnett himself Reception Critical response I Am Bolt received positive reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 242 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \" Bolt's golden era may be too recent and the sponsors too dominant for any real warts to be included, but his charm and sheer physical wonder make this a compelling watch regardless.\" Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter reacted positively, saying: \"Athletic achievements don’t get much more unbeatable than the records held by Jamaican runner Usain Bolt, who’s won nine consecutive Olympic gold medals and even more World Championship awards. Considered the fastest sprinter who’s ever logged track time, Bolt is a hero to millions and admired on a level comparable to global sports legends like Muhammad Ali and Pele.\" Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it 2/5, stating \"Fans of Usain Bolt will find much to relish in this gushing homage to the nine-time Olympic gold medallist, which chases its idol from his 2015 slump, via scenes of downtime in Jamaica to the podium in Rio. References External links Sports films based on actual events Running films Biographical films about sportspeople Documentary films about sportspeople 2010s biographical films 2016 films Pelé Cultural depictions of track and field athletes Cultural depictions of Jamaican people 2010s English-language films","title":"I Am Bolt"},{"docid":"4129487","text":"Richard Epcar is an American voice actor, voice director, and writer who has voiced over 1,200 characters in animation, video games and anime. Some of his major roles include Raiden in the Mortal Kombat franchise, The Joker in several projects (including Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, Injustice: Gods Among Us, Injustice 2 and Mortal Kombat 11), Yhwach and Zangetsu in Bleach, Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo in Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo, Etemon and Myotismon in Digimon, Batou in Ghost in the Shell, Xehanort/Ansem in Kingdom Hearts, Joseph Joestar in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders and JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond is Unbreakable, Black Ghost/Skull in Cyborg 009, Akuma in Street Fighter V (replacing Dave Mallow), Daisuke Jigen in Lupin the Third and Andrall in Gormiti Nature Unleashed. He and fellow voice actress Ellyn Stern own and operate Epcar Entertainment, a voice-over production service company based in Los Angeles. Filmography Anime Other Animation Film Video games Live action Adventures in Voice Acting – Himself Big Bad Beetleborgs – Karato (as Richard George) Beetleborgs Metallix – Lightningborg (as Richard George) ER – Many Voices Gilmore Girls – Many Voices Glory Daze – Announcer Hercules – Many Voices JAG – Many Voices Masked Rider – Beetletron, Masked Rider Z-Cross/Masked Rider V-3 (as Richard George) Mighty Med- Mr. Terror (Voice only) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers – Shellshock, Mutitus, Babe Ruthless, Cyclops, Samurai Fan Man, Goatan (Lion voice), Primator (Zedd's Monster Mash), Invenusable Flytrap (Rangers Back in Time and The Wedding), Rhinoblaster (Football Season, The Wedding and Master Vile and the Metallic Armor), Miss Chief (2nd voice), Brick Bully (all uncredited roles) Power Rangers: Zeo – Bucket of Bolts, Defoliator, Autochthon, Protectron (all uncredited) Power Rangers: Turbo – Blazinator (uncredited) Power Rangers: In Space – Vacsacker (uncredited) Power Rangers: Wild Force – Bowling Org Xena – Many Voices VR Troopers – Col. Icebot, Slashbot, Dice Swordbot (2nd voice), Slice Swordbot (3rd voice), Frogbot, Cannonbot, Dark Heart, Chrome Dome, Graybot (with Zelton as him) (as Richard George) References External links Living people 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American casting directors American male film actors American male television actors American male television writers American male video game actors American male voice actors American television writers American voice directors Male actors from Los Angeles Screenwriters from Arizona Screenwriters from California University of Arizona alumni Writers from Los Angeles Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Richard Epcar"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"5747303\",\n \"text\": \"Mission: Magic! is an American Saturday morning animated series starring rock star Rick Springfield and is a spin-off of The Brady Kids, produced by Filmation. 16 episodes aired on ABC from September 8 to December 22, 1973. It was also broadcast in Springfield's native Australia, where Springfield was then a bigger celebrity. The show involved Miss Tickle, a magical teacher who could transport her students to fantasy realms through her magic blackboard. Characters and format Even though Springfield still spoke with a pronounced Australian accent in the mid-1970s, he provided his own voice for his animated doppelgänger. On the show, Springfield always wore white pants and a white sweater which sported on the front an encircled lowercase \\\"r\\\" with a lightning bolt in the background; this design was taken from the back cover of his 1973 album Comic Book Heroes. Springfield was joined by a cast of characters: Miss Tickle, a bubbly teacher and six students: Kim, an Asian girl, who is the leader of “The Adventurers Club” Vinnie, who spoke with a thick New York accent and often confused elaborate words Carol, a blonde girl who had a crush on Springfield Socks, a quirky Jughead-like character who wore a light blue hat Franklin, a black athlete Harvey, a short, stocky and bespectacled nerd They were involved in a weekly after-school group called “The Adventurers Club”. In the first episode, the club was visited in class by the school principal Mr. Samuels, who knew nothing of Miss Tickle's magical abilities. Almost every episode began by Rick communicating with the Club via an enchanted gramophone telling them where he was and either inviting them to come along, or transmitting a distress message of some form. Miss Tickle would aim her magic ring at Tut Tut, a ceramic cat on her desk who would come to life after Miss Tickle recited the incantation: \\\"O Tut Tut, cat of ancient lore, \\\"'Tis time to draw the magic door.\\\" After drawing a magic door on the blackboard, Miss Tickle, Tut Tut and the students would fly through the door and meet up with Springfield and his familiar, an owl named Ptolemy. In their travels to otherworldly lands and times, they would solve mysteries, fix problems, or help people in need. At the middle or end of each show, Springfield performed a song, its lyrics often tying into the message of that week's story. An album with most of the songs from the series was released in 1974, followed by a CD version in 2004. Ironically, Springfield himself eschewed this series years later in 2014, claiming that it \\\"scarred me for life.\\\" Cast Lola Fisher as Miss Tickle Howard Morris as Socks, Vinnie, Mr. Samuels Erika Scheimer as Kim, Carol Lane Scheimer as Harvey, Franklin Rick Springfield as himself Episodes NOTE: All the main songs appearing in the series were written and performed by Rick Springfield. Each song runs about 90 seconds, edited or faded from the versions later released on the 1974 soundtrack album.\",\n \"title\": \"Mission: Magic!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27818012\",\n \"text\": \"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas is an independent animated short film and a parody of How the Grinch Stole Christmas! written and directed by John Wardlaw and animated by Andy Angrand. The film features the final performance of actor Jonathan Harris and co-stars Tress MacNeille. The film also features an original score by Gary Stockdale and music by director John Wardlaw's band, Anti-m. Jonathan Harris Written in 1997, the script was presented to Jonathan Harris in 1998 though it was not until 2000 that his voice work was actually recorded. Harris died on November 3, 2002, long before the film was completed making it his last film. In 2006 an additional scene was added to the film and Jonathan Harris' former Lost In Space co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright and Marta Kristen added their voices to the film. The film was dedicated in his memory. Production and release Completed in 2009 the film made its first appearance at the non-theatrical 2009 Los Angeles Reel Film Festival where it was honored with three awards. In 2010 it made its theatrical world premier in the home town of film-maker John Wardlaw at the 25th Annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival (SBIFF). Between December 2009 and December 2011, the film played in 30 film festivals, winning 13 awards. Its final theatrical appearance was at L’hybride in Lille France. Considering the film features a cast from the TV series Lost In Space it was interesting that two of the films praises came from writers from the original series of Star Trek. \\\"It had a great animation style, clever and slightly naughty story (well put together) and was totally enjoyable!\\\" claimed D. C. Fontana \\\"I laughed my nuts off,\\\" stated David Gerrold. In 2011 The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas was released on DVD as part of a collection of short films and music videos by Wardlaw. The DVD bonus features include early animations and audio outtakes. The film was licensed to ShortsHD and ShortsTV in 2014. Awards See also List of Christmas films References External links Official website American independent films American animated short films 2009 animated short films 2000s Christmas films 2009 films 2000s American animated films American Christmas films 2000s English-language films English-language Christmas films\",\n \"title\": \"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1685637\",\n \"text\": \"Eat-Man (stylized as EAT-MAN) is a Japanese manga series created by Akihito Yoshitomi in 1996 which was serialized by MediaWorks monthly in 19 volumes until 2003 in Dengeki Comic Gao! magazine. In 1997, Studio Deen adapted the manga into a 12-episode anime television series which was broadcast in Japan from January 9 to March 27, 1997 on TV Tokyo. A sequel, Eat-Man '98, was also animated by Studio Deen and ran from October 8 to December 23, 1998. Both anime series are licensed in North America by Discotek Media and the manga series was licensed by Viz Communications before it was dropped. A second manga called Eat-Man The Main Dish started serialization in Monthly Shonen Sirius in May 2014. Story Eat-Man is a series of short, episodic stories about an \\\"explorer\\\" (a type of mercenary) named Bolt Crank who has the ability to eat virtually anything and then, at will, reproduce from his body the objects he's consumed. Eat-Mans world is a mix of high-tech futurist cyberpunk and fairy tale. The episodes take place in various worlds and in undefined times. Characters Bolt Crank (voiced by Masashi Ebara), is the best \\\"explorer\\\" in the world. In the manga, \\\"Explorers\\\" are a kind of mercenary. Although mercenaries in the manga do any job, even assassinations, the explorers were employees with principles. Bolt has a bizarre power, the ability to eat anything inorganic and then later recreate it (even fixing the item ingested) from any part of his body. The item usually comes out from his arms and hands, but sometimes can be created in other body areas, like his head, chest, or legs. In the manga, it was implied that inside Bolt's body was actually a void of space. Objects that he's consumed float around in a seemingly endless space, much like the inside of Doraemon's fourth-dimensional pocket. A man of few words, Bolt doesn't show his feelings and always keeps a cool head. However, his cynical personality and his \\\"always get the job done\\\" attitude can make him seem like a very cold and dark character but, in the end, he always finds a way to do the right thing. He never appears to look back on the past or regret it in any way. Although Bolt's past remained a mystery in all the series, some stories gave clues about his past, including some characters that appeared in various episodes. The end of the manga series revealed a lot about who and what Bolt is, but his exact identity still remains a mystery. Here are some hints in the series: Bolt never ages, but the end of the manga series revealed that he is biologically immortal (he does not age but can be hurt and/or killed). There is a character identical to Bolt called Leon. His creations include an gynoid (Stella) with human feelings who loved him (an antagonist of Bolt in various episodes, trying to transform all living things into machines) and a weird robot capable of assimilating any\",\n \"title\": \"Eat-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21882958\",\n \"text\": \", also known by the short title , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Azure Konno, about a girl working as a voice actress for an eroge development company. It was serialized in Wani Books' monthly Comic Gum magazine from 2008 to 2013. A two-episode anime adaptation was produced by Studio Gokumi and released in 2010 and 2011. A sequel manga series titled Koe de Oshigoto!! began serialization in Futabasha's Monthly Action magazine in May 2020. Plot Koe de Oshigoto! is a story about Kanna Aoyagi, a sixteen-year-old girl who was asked to become a voice actress for eroge by her older sister on Kanna's sixteenth birthday. Kanna does not want to become a voice actress at first, but after she thinks about all of the things her sister did for her when she was growing up, and knowing that she owes her, she finally agrees. However, Kanna is still very nervous about being a voice actress for such games. As the story progresses, she becomes more and more comfortable with the requirements of the job. She is helped along by both her coworkers and a classmate who also does work on eroge in his spare time. Characters (OVA), Miku Nishino (Drama CD) A first year student of Takashima Minami High School. On her 16th birthday, Kanna was asked by her sister, Yayoi, to come to her workplace after school. Once she arrived, Kanna found out that it's an eroge company and was asked to be a voice actress for a game they are developing. She is good with sports and a person great of imagination and concentration to the point where she can have an orgasm with only her imagination. Kanna's work job is kept secret under the pseudonym Aoi Kanna. (OVA), Hyosei (Drama CD) Kanna's 28-year-old elder sister and a \\\"EROGEMEKA\\\" for the eroge company, Blue March. Yayoi cares greatly and always buys presents for Kanna on her birthday. She speaks very bluntly and is not at all embarrassed by her work on eroge. (OVA), Kizuna Aihara (Drama CD) A college student and professional eroge voice actress. Kanna looks up to her as a voice acting role model, and Fumika seem to be the only one who sympathizes with Kanna's embarrassment as a voice actress for eroge. Although she is a professional as an eroge voice actress, Fumika has no experience in real life. (OVA), Wasshoi Taro (Drama CD) The scenario writer for the eroge company, Blue March. He is an older acquaintance of Yayoi and Kanna. He started as someone who loved to read, but after reading some eroge scripts, he began writing them himself. Kanna really respects Nagatoshi and treats him as an older brother. Kanna's twintailed best friend. She talks in a soft spoken tone. Kanna's other friend from school. She has wavy blonde hair. Kanna's male classmate and her main love interest. He is the son of the president of the game company. Media Manga The manga series Koe de Oshigoto!\",\n \"title\": \"Koe de Oshigoto!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1563682\",\n \"text\": \"Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965). Black Bolt is the ruler of Attilan, and a member of the Inhumans, a reclusive race of genetically altered superhumans. Black Bolt's signature power is his voice, as his electron-harnessing ability is linked to the speech center of his brain. Speaking triggers a massive disturbance in the form of a highly destructive shockwave capable of leveling a city. Due to the extreme danger posed by this power, the character has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in his sleep, and he usually remains completely silent and speaks through sign language or via a spokesperson. Black Bolt has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes. Since his original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, different versions of Black Bolt were portrayed by Anson Mount in the Marvel Television series Inhumans (2017) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Publication history Black Bolt debuted in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He re-joined the Illuminati as part of the 2012 Marvel NOW! rebranding initiative. He appeared in the 2017 Black Bolt series, his first solo comic book series, by Saladin Ahmed and Christian James Ward. He appeared in the 2021 Darkhold: Black Bolt #1 one-shot. Fictional character biography 1960s Black Bolt's first appearance established the character as being a member of the Inhuman ruling class. The title Thor featured a back-up feature called \\\"Tales of the Inhumans\\\", which recounts the character's origin story. The son of King Agon and Queen Rynda, Black Bolt is exposed to the mutagenic Terrigen Mist while still an embryo, and eventually demonstrates the ability to manipulate electrons. To protect the Inhuman community from his devastating voice, Black Bolt is placed inside a sound-proof chamber and is tutored in the use of his powers. Reentering Inhuman society as a young man—having vowed never to speak—the character is attacked by his younger brother Maximus, who attempts, unsuccessfully, to goad him into speaking. Black Bolt proved popular, and decides to leave Attilan to explore the outside world. The character reappears in a story focusing on his cousin Medusa, drives off the Hulk after the monster defeats the entire Inhuman Royal Family (Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Triton, and Crystal), and with the Fantastic Four, battles his brother Maximus and his own group of rogue Inhumans. 1970s After being forced to intercede in the budding romance between his cousin Crystal and the Fantastic Four's Johnny Storm, Black Bolt and the Inhumans feature in the title Amazing Adventures, and battle villains such as the Mandarin and Magneto. A story in The Avengers, told in flashback, reveals how Black Bolt came\",\n \"title\": \"Black Bolt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3528982\",\n \"text\": \"Life Stinks is a 1991 American comedy film co-written, produced, directed by and starring Mel Brooks. It is one of the few Mel Brooks comedies that is not a parody, nor at any time does the film break the fourth wall. It co-stars Lesley Ann Warren, Howard Morris and Jeffrey Tambor. The original music score was composed by John Morris. The film was both a critical and a box-office flop. Plot Goddard Bolt is the callous CEO of Bolt Enterprises. Bolt shows little regard for other people's needs, or for the environment. He has his eye on the slum of Los Angeles, with the intent of tearing it down. Bolt makes a bet with his biggest rival, Vance Crasswell, who also has an interest in the property. Crasswell challenges Bolt to survive on the streets as if he were homeless for 30 days. Should Bolt lose, Crasswell owns the property, but should Bolt win, Crasswell will sell it for practically nothing. There are three conditions: Bolt will be completely penniless; he must wear an electronic anklet that will activate if he leaves the boundaries, forfeiting the bet if he exceeds 30 seconds out of bounds; and at no time can he reveal to any of the slum area residents that he is Goddard Bolt. To add to the look, Bolt has his mustache shaved off, then Crasswell confiscates his toupee and rips his jacket chest pocket. Bolt is taken to the slums, thrown out of the limo and begins the bet. Unbeknown to Bolt, Crasswell schemes to make Goddard's stay on the streets as bad as possible. Bolt, homeless, hungry and filthy, is befriended by skid-row inhabitants like Sailor and Fumes and given the nickname \\\"Pepto\\\" after falling asleep in a crate with a Pepto-Bismol logo on its side, having used the crate to urinate on mere moments before Sailor arrives. During the bet, he meets and eventually becomes attracted to Molly, a homeless woman who used to be a dancer on Broadway. During a scuffle with two muggers (including a chase through a Chinese kitchen/restaurant), Bolt is pushed out of bounds, which activates his anklet. To prevent the \\\"30-second forfeiture\\\", Bolt rushes back in, which impresses Molly with his supposed bravery, as it looks like he is tackling the muggers. The muggers are eventually defeated via a pot of boiling stock being poured over them from a height, forcing them to retreat their assault on Bolt. Bolt learns a series of important life lessons during his 'adventure', namely that life is not about accomplishments or material success, but rather the integrity of the human spirit. However, Bolt is unaware that the unscrupulous Crasswell has no intention of honoring their bet. When Crasswell realizes that Bolt is honoring the bet fair and square, Crasswell bribes Bolt's lawyers into fabricating the story that Bolt had lost his mind and has his property seized. Bolt finds this out first hand as, upon completing the bet, he forces his way into a party\",\n \"title\": \"Life Stinks\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14444747\",\n \"text\": \"Mendel Palace is a 1989 puzzle video game developed by Game Freak. It was published in Japan by Namco and in North America by Hudson Soft. Mendel Palace is the debut game of Satoshi Tajiri and his company Game Freak. This success inspired him to create the Pokémon series. Plot The player's character must save his girlfriend, who was kidnapped by a young girl. The backstory differs slightly between the Japanese and American versions, although the in-game presentation is the same regardless. In the American version, the player's character is named Bon-Bon and the girl he must rescue is named Candy, who is trapped in her own dream. In the Japanese version, the main character is named Carton and the girl he must rescue is merely his own girlfriend, Jenny, who has been kidnapped by Carton's younger sister Quinty (the titular character in the Japanese version), who is jealous of the attention that Jenny gets. Gameplay The game can be played by a single player, or by two players cooperatively. The players' characters are a blue- and a green-colored boy in a vest and cap. Each level consists of a single room composed of a 5 by 7 grid of floor tiles surrounded by a boundary wall. At the beginning of each level a number of enemy dolls appear and start to wander around, attempting to collide with the player. The characters have the ability to \\\"flip\\\" the floor tile they are standing on or adjacent to in order to propel enemy dolls away, as well as revealing new floor tiles underneath. Enemies can be destroyed by flipping them into a wall or impassable block. The player(s) must destroy every doll to complete the level and move to the next one. It is also possible to win certain levels by making a \\\"stalemate\\\" in which all the tiles are unflippable like the bolted metal tiles or the graffiti tiles from the Artist dolls. Each doll does a simple action that varies from each world. They vary from the basic walking motion to swimming and even aggressive tile flippers who have the same abilities to flip random tiles as the player. The level select screen shows each palace along with the enemy dolls that occupy it. Enemy dolls can be destroyed by flipping them into a wall or block, or by slamming into them from a Spinner tile. Touching an enemy causes the player to instantly lose a life. Each world has ten levels which is accompanied by a boss and a scene showing the player's girlfriend being whisked off to another part of the realm. Stars and lives for each player are tracked separately on the screen. Some rooms are in darkness where players must anticipate useful tiles and enemies well in advance. If one player loses all of his lives, then the other player must continue to play until he also loses all of his lives. There are a variety of patterns on the floor tiles that can be\",\n \"title\": \"Mendel Palace\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25673409\",\n \"text\": \"is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yuto and published by Square Enix. The series follows Anzu, a kindergarten girl who is in love with her teacher and tries to win his affection but always fails. It has been adapted into an anime television series animated by Gainax and broadcast in Japan from January to March 2010. Plot Anzu goes to a kindergarten with her friends, the shy Koume and the eccentric Hiiragi. Together they try to attract attention from their caretaker Tsuchida Naozumi. However, he is clearly more interested in the pretty Yamamoto Nanako, a fellow kindergarten teacher who supervises the class next door. Though Anzu tries to convince Tsuchida to marry her when she grows up, Tsuchida is trying to have a date with Yamamoto; or if not, get engaged with her. Characters Teachers Voiced by: Satoshi Hino Tsuchida-sensei is the only male teacher at Hanamaru Kindergarten, who started teaching in the school immediately after he graduated. At first, he is seen as unreliable, but as time passes, he gets the hang of being a teacher. He is a game otaku and plays games until late at night, often resulting in him being late for work at the kindergarten where he teaches the students of the first-year Sakura Class. Anzu develops a crush on him, but, understandably, he does not reciprocate although he does like her as he does all of his students. Anzu's mother, Sakura, called him Tsuchi when they were children (she still does), and so Anzu does as well. It is revealed in episode 7 of the anime, that he had a crush on Sakura when they were in high school. Tsuchida now has a crush on his colleague, Nanako Yamamoto. He is nicknamed \\\"breast man\\\" because of his habit of looking at girl model magazines and often staring at Yamamoto-Sensei's chest. In the end, the children at the kindergarten help him muster the courage to confess and he begins a relationship with Yamamoto-Sensei. Voiced by: Erino Hazuki Yamamoto-sensei is one of the female teachers at Hanamaru Kindergarten. Even though Tsuchida likes her, she does not understand that men would fall for her. She teaches the students of first-year Peach Class. She appears to be good at sewing, as she mended Tsuchida's apron and Koume's stuffed panda-cat doll's ear. Despite her obliviousness towards romance involving her, she is aware of the fact that Hanamaru-sensei has a crush on her sister, Mayumi. Eventually, she begins to develop feelings towards Tsuchida and starts to express a greater interest in romance. Voiced by: Kaoru Mizuhara Kusano-sensei is one of the female teachers at Hanamaru Kindergarten. She likes sports and muscular men. She enjoys watching what Tsuchida does to get Yamamoto's attention. She teaches the students of second-year Sunflower Class. She was Koume's coach and helped her to train for the school sports day's footrace. Voiced by: Naomi Wakabayashi Kawashiro-sensei is one of the female teachers at Hanamaru Kindergarten who appears slightly geeky. She teaches the students\",\n \"title\": \"Hanamaru Kindergarten\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68978573\",\n \"text\": \"Supercrooks is a four-issue comic book limited series by writer Mark Millar and artist Leinil Francis Yu. The series was published by the Icon Comics imprint of Marvel Comics from March–August 2012. Plot Johnny Bolt is a supervillain who tries to make money by committing robberies with other masked criminals. Each of these crimes fail due to the intervention of random superheroes. In Bolt's latest robbery, he is stopped by the Gladiator and is sentenced to five years in prison. After serving his sentence, Bolt returns to his ex-girlfriend and ex-supervillain Kasey, who now works as a waitress. Despite having psychic powers, she wants to lead a normal life and doesn't want Bolt back romantically. During their reunion, an elderly supervillain friend of theirs named Carmine informs them that he has been forced to raise $100 million for a Las Vegas casino because he was caught cheating with a man who has the power of foresight. To help his friend out, Bolt comes up with a new plan to make money, involving a heist outside the superhero-filled United States. His research shows that Spain does not have superheroes and has a suitable target: the greatest supervillain of all time, the Bastard, who possesses great telekinetic abilities and has amassed a billion-dollar fortune. Bolt manages to convince many of his fellow supervillains, some of whom are not even active anymore, to join his team of Supercrooks against the Bastard. The group consists of Carmine, Kasey, the Phantom (an ex-burglar), TK McCabe (an ex-supervillain with telekinetic powers), Roddy and Sammy Diesel (two semi-indestructible wrestlers who fight clandestine matches), and Forecast (an ex-supervillain who is able to change the weather). After they all arrive in Tenerife, Bolt manages to surprise the team by introducing one more member, the Gladiator, who has been blackmailed into joining. With the help of each team member, Bolt manages to break into the safe under the villa of the Bastard, making off with $800 million dollars, or $100 million per Supercrook. To keep the Bastard at bay, Kasey uses her psychic powers to create the illusion of him being in his residence when in reality he is in another place. To avoid retaliation by the Bastard, the Supercrooks carry out the robbery wearing the costumes of the supervillains to whom Carmine owed money, who are then tracked down and killed by the criminal boss, furious for the wrong he suffered. Release The first issue of Supercrooks reached #51 of US comic book sales in March 2012, selling approximately 34,673 copies through Diamond Comic Distributors. World-wide sales of the first issue and additional copies sold after the first month reached up to 59,600 sales. To promote sales of the series' book, Millar held a contest for bookstores. Under the contest rules, the store that purchased the most copies of Supercrooks #1 would have Mark Millar personally visit for a book signing. The National Book Store in Manila, Philippines, won the contest. Millar held the signing for the store in\",\n \"title\": \"Supercrooks\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1431911\",\n \"text\": \"What About Mimi? is a Canadian animated children’s television series. The show was produced by Junior-EM.TV (Germany), Decode Entertainment and Studio B Productions (then DHX Media, now WildBrain). The show was first premiered on Teletoon (now Cartoon Network Canada) on October 4, 2000 with the final episode's airing on August 14, 2002, leading up to three seasons and 39 episodes overall. Plot The show that focuses on Mimi Mortin, a clever, redheaded girl in the sixth grade who lives in the Canadian town of Starfish Bay with two friends, Elaine and Russell and her family, but rivaled with Sincerity. Characters Miriam \\\"Mimi\\\" Mortin (voiced by Chiara Zanni) - A young, freckle-faced girl in the sixth grade. She is 11 years old and has a clever, optimistic within a powerful imagination. She is always willing to help and solve any problem that she may encounter all the time, adding with creative plans and ideas. Although her plans may not always work out the way she expects them, Mimi receives a lot of help from her best friends (Elaine and Russell), her family, so even her rivals (Sincerity), and finds a way to solve any problem. She has a pet cat named Wimbledon. Elaine Pituskin (voiced by Kori Cook) - Mimi's best friend. A girl of Inuit heritage who is an animal and nature lover, owning all of pets. She can be temperamental and argue with Mimi at times, but she always looks up to Mimi as her best friend, in turn, Mimi respects her a lot. Russell Van Eden (voiced by Rhys Huber in Seasons 1-2 and Noel Callahan in Season 3) - Mimi's other best friend and male sidekick. A boy who has the same age of Mimi and Elaine, who is a sports lover, although he is a little clumsy. He has skills with his video camera and aspires to be a film director. He is shown to have a crush on Sincerity early in the show, but his interest on her later fades away. Sincerity Travers (voiced by Carly McKillip) - A snobbish preppy girl with dyed pink hair who, sometimes, does not get along with Mimi. She and Mimi used to be friends in kindergarten, but as they got older, their interests diverged, and they started growing apart. She is Mimi's rival in school, and although she does not get along with her, she admits that her ideas are very good and helps with some of her schemes. Even if she does not get along with Mimi, she has a resentful respect for her, showing that deep inside, Sincerity still considers her a true friend. She has a father named Lance. Brock Wickersham (voiced by Tony Sampson) - A bully who enjoys pulling pranks on all of characters, especially on Herbert Finkle. Budrick \\\"Buddy\\\" Wickersham (voiced by Andrew Francis) - Brock's younger brother who is also a bully. It is also revealed that he is a genius, but he does not want people to find out about\",\n \"title\": \"What About Mimi?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20213458\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Daniel Walton (born October 24, 1968) is an American storyboard artist and voice actor who has worked for Walt Disney Animation Studios, DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Warner Animation Group, and other companies. He currently works for Illumination, as of 2023. Walton also voiced Rhino the hamster in the 2008 animated film Bolt. Early life Walton was born on October 24, 1968, in Salt Lake City, Utah, the oldest of seven children. Although he is not a professional actor, Walton said in an interview, \\\"I liked acting in high school and college. I enjoyed it. I think at some point I decided that if I was really going to be a professional actor that it would take at least everything that I would have emotionally or physically and I knew that I really wanted to pursue art.\\\" He graduated from Utah State University in 1998 with a degree in illustration. Career Mark Walton started at Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida as a story and animation intern in 1995. After performing as a show artist for The Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical Discovery Adventure North American Mall Tour in 1996, he transferred to Walt Disney Feature Animation in Burbank, CA. (now known as Walt Disney Animation Studios) in 1997 to work on his first feature, Tarzan as a storyboard artist. While at Disney, from the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, he did storyboards for The Emperor's New Groove, The Little Matchstick Girl, Home on the Range, Chicken Little, Meet the Robinsons, Tangled, and Gnomeo and Juliet, as well as storyboarding and developing the unproduced films Wild Life, My Peoples, and Rapunzel Unbraided (an early version of Tangled), Joe Jump, and King of the Elves. Also, while at Disney, he provided the voices for Barry & Bob the Longhorns in Home on the Range (2004), Goosey Loosey for the computer-animated film Chicken Little and its video game (2005), and for Rhino the hamster in Bolt (2008) for which he was nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production, and the short film spin-off Super Rhino. He also storyboarded a short CGI film \\\"The Zit\\\" for Mike Blum's Pipsqueak Films, shown on the TV series Independent Lens. After leaving Disney in 2009, Walton storyboarded on films for DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Marza Animation Planet, Original Force 3D, Ken Duncan Studio, Mass Animation, On Animation, Kool Produktion AS, Rovio Animation, and Warner Animation Group. He has also taught storyboarding at California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts), Academy of Art, SUU, and CGMA. Numerous positive reviews came from film critics regarding Walton's performance as Rhino in Bolt. CNN noted “Walton's Rhino steals every scene he's in.”, while Enewsi stated \\\"Walton has perfect comedic timing as Rhino\\\". Another reviewer noted “The hamster alone is enough to make this movie worth seeing”, with other positive reviews featured in the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, where Walton contemplated Rhino's popularity as, \\\"he imagines he's actually something bigger\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Walton (story artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18630604\",\n \"text\": \"Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated is a 1940 book by James Thurber. Thurber updates some old fables and creates some new ones of his own. Notably there is 'The Bear Who Could Take It Or Leave It Alone' about a bear who lapses into alcoholism before sobering up and going too far that way. (He used to say 'See what the bears in the back room will have.') Also an updated version of 'Little Red Riding Hood' which ends with the immortal lines, \\\"even in a nightcap a wolf does not look any more like your grandmother than the Metro-Goldwyn lion looks like Calvin Coolidge. So the little girl took an automatic out of her basket and shot the wolf dead. \\\" All the fables have one-line morals. The moral of 'Little Red Riding Hood' is \\\"Young girls are not so easy to fool these days.\\\" Another fable concerns a non-materialist chipmunk who likes to arrange nuts in pretty patterns rather than just piling up as many as he can. He is constantly nagged by his chipmunk wife for this. All fables had previously appeared in The New Yorker. Contents Fables Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated contains 28 fables written and illustrated by Thurber. Illustrated Poems Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated contains nine poems written by diverse authors and illustrated by Thurber (the dates given are those of The New Yorker issue): Excelsior, written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, March 11, 1939 The Sands o' Dee, written by Charles Kingsley Lochinvar, written by Sir Walter Scott, April 8, 1939 Locksley Hall, written by Alfred Tennyson \\\"Oh When I Was ...\\\", written by A. E. Housman Curfew Must Not Ring To-Night, written by Rose Hartwick Thorpe, June 17, 1939 Barbara Frietchie, written by John Greenleaf Whittier, September 16, 1939 The Glove and the Lions, written by Leigh Hunt Ben Bolt, written by Thomas Dunn English 1940 anthologies 1940 poetry books 1940 short story collections Fables Works by James Thurber\",\n \"title\": \"Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62923208\",\n \"text\": \"Josephine Amy Cashman is an Aboriginal Australian lawyer and entrepreneur, of Warrimay heritage. Cashman was an inaugural member of the Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council in 2013, appointed by Tony Abbott. Career Cashman is a lawyer and businesswoman, and was an inaugural member of Prime Minister Tony Abbott's Indigenous Advisory Council in 2017. She addressed a UN Human Rights Council session focussing on violence against Indigenous girls and women. Cashman's book, Lani's Story, was launched by the former Prime Minister, Tony Abbott, in 2013, after Cashman sent a copy to his office following her publisher being unable to fund a book launch. Cashman was the chair of a public benevolent institution named Big River Impact Foundation. It aimed to establish a learning centre focused on building confidence with improving literacy, writing and public speaking skills. By doing so, it hoped to improve the confidence of Aboriginal women, encourage positive lifestyle choices, generate business opportunities, and improve employment outcomes for women and their communities. On 8 November 2019, Cashman was appointed by the Minister for Indigenous Australians, Ken Wyatt, to the Senior Advisory Group responsible for planning an \\\"Indigenous voice to government\\\". In late 2019, Cashman challenged author Bruce Pascoe on his Aboriginal identity claims. She said that he had benefited financially from falsely claiming to be Aboriginal, and requested that Peter Dutton (Australian Minister for Home Affairs) investigate the matter. On 24 December 2019, Dutton referred the issue to the Australian Federal Police, who determined no offence had been identified. On 28 January 2020, Wyatt removed Cashman from the Senior Advisory Group after she was found to have provided a letter to conservative commentator Andrew Bolt, alleged to be from Yolngu elder Terry Yumbulul, supporting Cashman and denouncing Bruce Pascoe and his book Dark Emu. Bolt published it on his Herald Sun blog on 26 January 2020. The next day, Yumbulul released a statement saying that he had neither authored the letter nor given permission for it to be published in his name. Cashman said she helped Yumbulul write the letter at his request, and he had multiple communications with her about its content. Cashman has called for a formal register to assess people's Aboriginality. Wyatt rejected the idea of a national register and said the government should play no role in determining a person's Aboriginal identity. In 2019, Cashman was an ambassador for the Australian Indigenous Education Foundation. In April 2022, Cashman was named as the Pauline Hanson's One Nation candidate for the New South Wales Division of Lyne at the 2022 Australian federal election. Cashman did not win the seat. Cashman has been accused of spreading misinformation about COVID-19 Vaccine testing. Family Cashman has an older sister, two brothers, a step-brother and step-sister, and a son. She belongs to the Warrimay, has extended family links to Aranda peoples, and has connections with Marika and Yunupingu people in Eastern Arnhem Land, and with the south coast of New South Wales and eastern Victoria. References Indigenous Australian people Living people\",\n \"title\": \"Josephine Cashman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54252950\",\n \"text\": \"Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen (born 1964) is a Danish film and television producer, and since 1992 founder and CEO of Arena Film (DK). From 2003–2016 he served as Film Commissioner of Copenhagen and was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of the Copenhagen Film Fund. Bolt Jørgensen is developing and producing international TV-series with a strong Scandinavian spine, as well as feature films. As a film commissioner, Bolt Jørgensen was involved in Tom Hooper's The Danish Girl, Wallander, starring Kenneth Branagh and Sommerdahl Murders. Career Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen graduated from the National Film School of Denmark as a Creative Producer in 1991 and established his own production company 'Arena Film' in 1992, from where he produced film with director Lars Hesselholdt a.o. He later created the company 'Angel Arena' together with IT entrepreneur Mogens Glad, aimed at developing, producing and distributing major Scandinavian films and TV series, such as Falkehjerte (1999) starring Fanny Bernth, Misery Harbour (1999) starring Nikolaj Coster-Waldau and Leïla (2001) by director Gabriel Axel. In 2003, Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen was serving the organization Copenhagen Capacity as the head of the Film Commission in Copenhagen, aimed at attracting foreign film and television series to the Greater Copenhagen area. While being Film Commissioner, Bolt Jørgensen was involved in the movie The Danish Girl (2015), and the television series Wallander (2008–2016) starring Kenneth Branagh and Midsomer Murders (1997–present), which shot their 100th episode in Copenhagen. Additionally, during his time as Film Commissioner, Bolt Jørgensen was a part of the establishment of the Copenhagen Film Fund. In 2016, Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen re-established his production company Arena Film ApS situated in the Greater Copenhagen area, focusing on bringing Scandinavian stories to a global market. Filmography References External links Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen on Internet Movie Database Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen interview with Variety 1964 births Living people Danish film producers Danish television producers\",\n \"title\": \"Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23874076\",\n \"text\": \"The most popular sports in Jamaica are mostly imported from Britain. The most popular sports are athletics, cricket and association football; other popular sports include basketball, Tennis and netball (usually for women). Out of all the top five sports, Mixed martial arts, rugby league and rugby union are also considered growing sports in Jamaica. Athletics In Jamaica involvement in athletics begins at a very young age and most high schools maintain rigorous athletics programs with their top athletes competing in national competitions (most notably the VMBS Girls and Boys Athletics Championships) and international meets (most notably the Penn Relays). In Jamaica it is not uncommon for young athletes to attain press coverage and national fame long before they arrive on the international athletics stage. Jamaica is one of the leading countries in sprinting with the current world record holder for 100m and 200m, Usain Bolt and the former 100m world record holder, Asafa Powell, both originating from the island, as does Yohan Blake, silver medalist at the 2012 London Olympics in the 100m and 200m. Also, a team of four Jamaicans, Bolt included (Powell being absent in Daegu 2011 due to injury), won the gold and broke the World Record in the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2011 IAAF World Athletics Championships, their new personal best is 37.04, from 37.10 in 2008. They broke the record for a third time at the 2012 London Olympics in a time of 36.84, is the only country to run sub-37 seconds. In addition, the country has a very strong high school athletics program throughout the schools which sees top high schools compete each year in the Inter-Secondary Schools Boys' and Girls' Championships. The 2010 winners of the event were Wolmer's Boys' School and Holmwood Technical High School (girls). The ability of Jamaicans to dominate the sprint is only further enhanced and highlighted by the supremacy of Usain Bolt, who earned his Olympic 'Triple-Double' (retaining his 100m and 200m titles from the 2008 Beijing Olympics at the 2012 London Olympics and 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics). Cricket Cricket is one of the most popular sports in Jamaica. The Jamaica national cricket team has won ten Regional Four Day Competitions and seven WICB Cups. Jamaicans also play for the West Indies cricket team, which won the 1975 and 1979 Cricket World Cup, as well as the T20 International Cricket Council World Cup in 2012 and 2016. Jamaica has produced some of the world's most famous cricketers, including George Headley, Courtney Walsh, Chris Gayle and Michael Holding. Sabina Park is the only Test venue in the island, but the Greenfield Stadium is also used for cricket. Netball Netball is a popular sport among Jamaican women, and is the country's most popular women's sport. The Jamaica national netball team, known as the Sunshine Girls, have participated in the Netball World Championships every year since their inception in 1963, finishing third in 1991, 2003 and 2007, and in the Commonwealth Games, earning the bronze medal in 2002, 2014\",\n \"title\": \"Sport in Jamaica\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26802159\",\n \"text\": \"Jama Williamson (born March 12, 1974) is an American actress. She was active in New York City theater throughout the early 2000s, during which she appeared in such shows as Avery Crozier's Eat the Runt, Hunt Holman's Spanish Girl, A. R. Gurney's Sylvia and Simon Mendes da Costa's Losing Louis. She also appeared in Debbie Does Dallas: The Musical, an off-Broadway musical adaptation of the pornographic film Debbie Does Dallas, and she is featured in the show's original cast recording soundtrack. Williamson, who was born in Evansville, Indiana, has appeared in such shows as Law & Order, Numb3rs and Chappelle's Show, and her voice was featured in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. In 2005, Williamson was cast as the wife of James Van Der Beek in the CBS sitcom pilot Three, which was ultimately not picked up. Since 2009, she has made regular guest appearances on the NBC comedy series Parks and Recreation as Wendy Haverford, the ex-wife of regular character Tom Haverford, played by Aziz Ansari. She also starred as Principal Mullins on the Nickelodeon series School of Rock. Career Theater Williamson was active in New York City theater throughout the early 2000s, during which time she was represented by the Paradigm Talent Agency. In 2000, she appeared in Eat the Runt, a comedy by Avery Crozier about a job applicant's series of bizarre interviews at an art museum. During this production, by Mefisto Theater Company at Altered Stages, the actors had to be prepared to play every role in the play and, before each show, the audience drew tickets which determined what actors play which characters. The New York Times reviewer Lawrence Van Gelder said the gimmick was novel, but in the end, \\\"the cast has probably had more sustained fun than the audience\\\". In the summer of 2001, Williamson again appeared in Eat the Runt at The American Place Theatre, this time without the constant role switching. She played a second applicant trying to get the museum job, who claims the protagonist is actually her scorned love interest who is only pretending to seek the job in order to hurt her chances. In the summer of 2002, she appeared in an Off Broadway production of Hunt Holman's Spanish Girl at the Second Stage Theatre. The show was about a college student who had a summer fling relationship with a 15-year-old girl, then tries to end it. Williamson played Jolene, the strong-willed college girlfriend of the protagonist, who does not know about his affair. New York Daily News writer Robert Dominguez praised her \\\"strong performance\\\". Marjorie Gunner of New York Voice called Williamson a scene-stealer, and said she played the role \\\"like the center of gravity\\\". Williamson appeared in Debbie Does Dallas: The Musical, the Off Broadway stage musical adaption of the 1978 pornographic film Debbie Does Dallas, which was shown at the Jane Street Theater starting October 2002. She played Roberta, one of Debbie's attractive young friends who perform sexual services for money.\",\n \"title\": \"Jama Williamson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54161839\",\n \"text\": \"The Mimic is a 2017 (Hangeul: 장산범, tr. Jangsanbeom) South Korean horror film written and directed by Huh Jung, and starring Yum Jung-ah and Park Hyuk-kwon. It was released on August 17, 2017. Plot Hee-yeon, Min-ho, and their little daughter Joon-hee move to Mt. Jang with Joon-hee's grandmother, who is senile, hoping it will improve her condition and so Hee-yeon and Min-ho can heal after their young son went missing five years ago. The grandmother hears her dead sister's voice calling her from the woods. Two children come in search of their dog, the one killed in the car accident from the beginning. The kids hear their dog barking and follow the sound to the brick wall. The girl is pulled through the hole in the wall by an unseen force but escapes. The kids run to Hee-yeon and Min-ho for help. Hee-yeon encounters a little girl in the woods but is drawn away by the kids and her husband, who enters the hole and finds a bolted door. When he opens it, a mutilated woman falls through, dead. They report it to the police. That night, the mysterious girl appears at their door and Hee-yeon takes her in. The girl calls her \\\"Mom\\\", mimics Joon-hee's voice, and says her name is also Joon-hee. Hee-yeon discovers signs of abuse on the girl's body. Min-ho is unsettled by the girl and Hee-yeon's refusal to get over their son and move on. The police track down the man from the beginning, who now hears voices and has eye problems. He is killed by the entity. The detective discovers that Mt. Jang has many missing persons cases, all of whom reported hearing voices of dead loved ones before disappearing. He also finds an old photo from the 1980s, revealing a man with the same little girl Hee-yeon has taken in. The grandmother covers the house's mirrors in tape, as that is how the entity comes through. She succumbs to her sister's voice and follows it to the cave behind the brick wall. Min-ho goes to search for her and disappears as well. Hee-yeon goes to their neighbor, a blind woman, for help. The woman explains that long ago, there was a shaman in these parts who had a little daughter, the same girl who came to Hee-yeon. The shaman, a social outcast, willingly served a malevolent spirit residing in Mount Jangsan called the Jangsan Tiger to gain power. The shaman would abuse his daughter and slowly became possessed by the entity. He sacrificed his own daughter to appease the tiger's spirit. Now cursed, both he and his daughter imitate voices to lure in victims and sacrifice them. The woman warns Hee-yeon not to trust the little girl, and that those who give in lose their eyesight. Jangsanbum attacks Joon-hee; Jangsanbum's daughter saves her. Hee-yeon shuts Joon-hee in her room, warning her not to trust any voices and to call the detective if she does not return. Hee-yeon then asks Jangsanbum's daughter to guide\",\n \"title\": \"The Mimic (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52281037\",\n \"text\": \"Marvel's Inhumans, or simply Inhumans, is an American television series created by Scott Buck for ABC based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's other television series. It was produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television in association with Devilina Productions, and was co-financed by IMAX Entertainment in a deal that gave the series a theatrical premiere. Buck served as showrunner on the series. The series is centered on Black Bolt, portrayed by Anson Mount, and other members of the Inhuman Royal Family. Serinda Swan, Ken Leung, Eme Ikwuakor, Isabelle Cornish, Ellen Woglom, and Iwan Rheon also star. Marvel Studios announced an Inhumans film in 2014 as part of their Phase Three slate of films, with the species first introduced to the MCU in the series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The film was removed from Marvel Studios' slate in April 2016, and the Inhumans series was announced that November, to be partly filmed using IMAX cameras. Buck joined the series in October, and Mount was cast in February 2017. Filming took place from March to June 2017, at the former Naval Air Station Barbers Point airfield in Kalaeloa, Hawaii and various locations on the island of Oahu. Inhumans debuted on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, the first live-action television series to do so. The theatrical run lasted two weeks, before the series premiered on ABC on September 29 and ran for eight episodes, concluding on November 10. The series was met with unfavorable reviews and low television ratings, and was canceled by ABC in May 2018. Mount reprised his role as an alternate version of Black Bolt in Marvel Studios' MCU film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Premise After a military coup, the Inhuman Royal Family escape to Hawaii, where they must save themselves and the world. Cast and characters Main Anson Mount as Black Bolt:The Head of the Inhuman Royal Family and King of Attilan, whose voice can cause destruction with the slightest whisper. Showrunner Scott Buck called Black Bolt enigmatic and fascinating because \\\"a lot of times, we don't know what he's thinking\\\", and noted the difficulty of writing a character who \\\"does not speak, but yet he is our hero and the center of the show\\\". Buck specifically ruled out the series using voice over, with Black Bolt instead communicating via sign language. Premiere director Roel Reiné told Mount to just use 15 or 16 signs, but Mount decided to create his own sign system. He explained that since the character is not from Earth, he would not know Earth-based systems such as American Sign Language (ASL). Mount borrowed the underlying rules of ASL but then \\\"double-check[ed] my signs against ASL to make sure there is no overlap\\\", and also studied orchestra conductors. Mount created a document for his language with over 50 pages, and felt that if he could develop the language over several seasons, it could become\",\n \"title\": \"Inhumans (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18521773\",\n \"text\": \"Bolting, when referring to equids, generally refers to two equine behaviors, both undesirable: Running away without control. Eating food at a dangerously fast rate. However, there are other meanings as well. For example, in Australia a bolter is a racehorse that wins at long betting odds. Runaways Most often, bolting refers to a \\\"runaway\\\" - horses that gallop off with a handler at high speed, whether being ridden under saddle or driving in harness. There are many causes, most linked to fright that triggers the fight-or-flight response of the horse. In these circumstances, the horse is often running in a panic and may not notice where it is going, creating danger for both horse and rider. Less often, bolting is a deliberate disobedience by a horse that wishes to rid itself of a handler or avoid an unpleasant situation. In both cases, bolting horses are usually stopped by being turned in some type of circle by pulling on one rein to turn the head to the side, as directly pulling on both reins has little impact. Bolting is also sometimes seen in horse racing when the horse chooses to ignore its jockey and run as it wishes, often in a manner that makes it difficult for the rider to maneuver the horse or rate its speed. Bolting race horses often head toward the outer rail of the track and even lose racing speed in an attempt to evade the rider's commands. Horses may also bolt if greatly frightened when loose in a pen or pasture. In a confined area, this may result in an animal running into or jumping a fence. The phrase \\\"take the bit in his/her teeth\\\" is a colloquial reference to bolting. However, in reality, a bolting horse usually does not take the bit in its teeth, as the bit rests on the gums in an interdental space where there are no teeth. What a horse actually does is to raise its head and tighten its jaw in a manner that allows it to ignore bit pressure. While a horse can move the bit to its molars and chew on it, this is not generally how a horse evades the bit when bolting. Feeding habits The term \\\"bolting\\\" may also refer to a horse that eats its feed too quickly, particularly grain or other concentrated feed. This is undesirable as it can, in some cases, lead to choking or colic. Proper equine nutrition may reduce bolting of feed. Methods to prevent bolting feed involve adding objects such as hay cubes, chopped straw (\\\"chaff\\\") or medium-sized rocks to a feed container to slow the horse's eating. See also Riding aids Stable vices External links Runaway horses often left path of destruction - Pantagraph (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper) Horse health Horse behavior\",\n \"title\": \"Bolting (equine)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1563469\",\n \"text\": \", better known as , is a Japanese actor, voice actor and narrator from Kanagawa Prefecture. He is affiliated with Aoni Production. He had roles in the Initial D series (as Jōshima Toshiya \\\"God Hand\\\"), Naruto (as Might Guy), Eat-Man (as Bolt Crank), the Shakugan no Shana series (as Alastor the Flame of Heavens), Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! (as Doctor Tsuchiya), Buso Renkin (as Captain Bravo), The Transformers (as Ratchet) and Final Fantasy XIII (as Sazh Katzroy). He is also the official dub-over artist of Tom Hanks, Bill Murray, Wesley Snipes, Bruce Campbell and Robin Williams. He was also the first dubbing voice actor of Andy García and Alec Baldwin in their early days. Much of his roles are occupied by Koichi Yamadera in different editions of the films. Background Ebara graduated from Tōkyōtoritsu Chitosegaoka Senior High School. He initially did not aspire to be an actor, but he chose to attend the Toho Performing Arts Academy to learn the trade because he admired the work of Charlie Chaplin as a student. After previously working with Gekidan Subaru, he affiliated himself with 81 Produce, but he is now affiliated with Aoni Production. Filmography Television animation 1987 Transformers: The Headmasters (Spike Witwicky, Scattershot/Computron, Pounce) 1990 Robin Hood no Daibōken (Baron Alwyn) 1991 Soreike! Anpanman (Unadonman, Pineappleman, Princess Dorian, Crayonman) 1992 O~i! Ryoma (Yamauchi Yōdō) The Laughing Salesman (Kenzō Warii (episode 93), Shokudō no Oyaji (December 26, 1992 special)) 1993 Nintama Rantarō (Young Ryūōmaru, Heishirō Kusai) 1994 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R (Chiral) Yu Yu Hakusho (Yomi) 1996 Baketsu de Gohan (Zubrofsky) Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! (Doctor Tsuchiya) Raideen the Superior (Kraken) 1997 Eat-Man (Bolt Crank) 1998 Eat-Man '98 (Bolt Crank) 1999 Cowboy Bebop (Andy Von de Oniyate) Master Keaton (Robert Fenders) Pocket Monsters (Jangō) 2000 Love Hina (Kōji Maehara) Platinumhugen Ordian (Baltoro) Shūkan Storyland (Leader, narration) 2001 PaRappa Rappa (Boxy Boy) Shaman King (Dōen) The SoulTaker (Richard Vincent) 2002 Tottoko Hamtaro (Lion-sensei) 2003 Astro Boy: Mighty Atom (Archer) Gad Guard (Jack Bruno) Gunslinger Girl (Hilshire) Mugen Senki Potorisu (Black-clothed man) Naruto (Might Guy) 2004 Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple (George Challenger) Fullmetal Alchemist (Hohenheim Elric) Kaiketsu Zorori (Gaon, Husky) 2005 Majime ni Fumajime: Kaiketsu Zorori (Gaon, Husky) Shakugan no Shana (Alastor) Shinshaku Sengoku Eiyūdensetsu Sanada Ten Braves The Animation (Kuroda Nagamasa) Xenosaga: The Animation (Ziggurat 8) 2006 Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z (Mojo Jojo) Ergo Proxy (MCQ) 2007 El Cazador de la Bruja (Shop Manager) Naruto: Shippuden (Might Guy, Might Duy) Nodame Cantabile (Sebastiano Viella) Shakugan no Shana Second (Alastor) 2008 Michiko to Hatchin (Old Gentleman) Negibōzu no Satarō (Aona no Shakimi) 2011 Shakugan no Shana Final (Alastor) 2012 Sword Art Online (Godfree) 2013 Magi: The Kingdom of Magic (Shambal Ramal) Space Battleship Yamato 2199 (Osamu Yamanami) 2014 Future Card Buddyfight (Hitotaba Neginoyama/Captain Answer, Vlad Dracula) Tokyo ESP (Shin Kakuno) Nisekoi (Adlet Wogner Kirisaki) 2016 One Piece (Raizō) 2017 Space Battleship Yamato 2202: Warriors of Love (Osamu Yamanami) Vatican Miracle Examiner (Archbishop Saul) 2018 Pop Team Epic (Popuko\",\n \"title\": \"Masashi Ebara\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73065\",\n \"text\": \"Bolt or bolts may refer to: Implements and technology Etymology: \\\"to strike\\\", see for example Thunderbolt Bolt (fastener), a threaded shaft, used to clamp two components together Bolt (climbing), an anchor point used in rock climbing Bolt (firearms), a mechanism used in firearms Crossbow bolt, ammunition used in a crossbow Arts, entertainment, and media Bolt (1994 film), a drama starring Richard Grieco Bolt (2008 film), a Disney animated film Bolt (Disney character), the main character of the film Bolt (video game), based on the film Bolt (DC Comics), a fictional supervillain from DC Comics Bolt (1986), a book by Dick Francis B.O.L.T, a Japanese girl group The Bolt (Fragonard), a painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard The Bolt (Shostakovich), a three-act ballet by Dmitri Shostakovich The Bolts, an American independent rock band Businesses and organizations Bolt (company), an Estonian transportation network company Bolt Creative, an American video game developer Bolt Mobility, an American electric scooter company co-founded by Usain Bolt Bolt Financial, an American fintech company founded by Ryan Breslow Computing Bolt (network protocol), a network protocol used in database applications Bolt (web browser), a web browser for mobile phones Bolt (website), a social networking and video website active from 1996 to 2007 Places Bolt, West Virginia, United States, an unincorporated census-designated place Bolt, Wisconsin, United States, an unincorporated community Bolt Head, a National Trust headland in Devon, England, United Kingdom La Bolt, South Dakota, United States, a town Mount Bolt, Victoria Land, Antarctica Sports Bolt Arena, a football stadium in Helsinki, Finland Anaheim Bolts, a Professional Arena Soccer League team Boston Bolts (1988–1990), a short-lived American Soccer League team Boston Bolts (USL), a semi-professional soccer team Los Angeles Chargers (secondary nickname), a National Football League team Meralco Bolts, a Philippine Basketball Association team Tampa Bay Lightning (secondary nickname), a National Hockey League team Vehicles Chevrolet Bolt EV, a 2016–present American subcompact electric hatchback Chevrolet Bolt EUV, a 2021–present American subcompact electric SUV Tata Bolt, a 2014–2019 Indian subcompact hatchback Yamaha Bolt, a 2013–present American-Japanese cruiser motorcycle Other uses Bolt (cloth), a unit of measurement Bolt (surname) See also Bolting (disambiguation) Lightning bolt (disambiguation) Thunderbolt (disambiguation) Screw, a type of fastener, in some ways similar to a bolt\",\n \"title\": \"Bolt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15543267\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox animanga/Header | name = Voiceful | image = Voiceful vol1 full.jpg | caption = English Voiceful manga cover. | genre = Yuri}}Voiceful is a Japanese yuri manga by Nawoko. The first chapter was serialized in the manga magazine Yuri Shimai under the title Voice, and the next three chapters were serialized in Comic Yuri Hime under the title Voiceful. The bound volume, released in Japan on May 18, 2006, was also published under the new title. Two shorts stories are included in the collected volume; \\\"Someone Special\\\", which originally appeared in the second issue of Yuri Shimai, and \\\"Opening\\\", which originally appeared in the first issue of Yuri Shimai. Seven Seas Entertainment has licensed Voiceful'' for release in North America, and the English version was released in January 2008. Plot Kanae is an introverted high school girl who does not like to leave her home and as a result does not have any friends. Her only solace comes from listening to the music of Hina, a singer who releases her music through the Internet and has never performed live. One day, they pass each other on the street, and Kanae recognizes Hina and says, \\\"I wish you all the happiness in the world!\\\" Those words affect Hina deeply, and the two of them become very close over the course of the story. Characters Kanae She is a shy high school girl who spends most of her time alone. She lives with her mother, although the two of them do not seem to have a close relationship. She finds inspiration in Hina's music and thinks of Hina as her \\\"goddess.\\\" Hina She is an independent singer who never performs live. After she meets Kanae, she sets up an e-mail address and a blog so that she can have more contact with her fans. Her older sister died sometime before the story began, so her only family left is her alcoholic father, whom she has not lived with since her sister's death. Hiru She is Hina's manager and a guitar-player. She first met Hina on a rainy day when the latter had run away from home after her sister's death and was resting on the bench where Hiru usually played. Hiru took Hina to her house, and encouraged by Hiru's own interest in music, Hina soon decided to start singing. Further reading References External links Seven Seas Entertainment's Voiceful page 2004 manga Ichijinsha manga Music in anime and manga Seven Seas Entertainment titles Yuri (genre) anime and manga\",\n \"title\": \"Voiceful\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24852180\",\n \"text\": \"Joshua Ryan Bolt (born 2 May 1994) is an English actor. He starred in the 2009 film The Be All and End All, a role which saw him shortlisted for the best newcomer at the 2009 British Independent Film Awards. Early life Joshua Ryan Bolt was born in Liverpool on 2 May 1994, and grew up in the Liverpool suburb of Hunt's Cross. Career Bolt began acting at the age of 12 when he was cast in a theatre production of Much Ado About Nothing. In 2009, he played Pete Shotton in the BAFTA nominated film Nowhere Boy. He went on to appear in the ninth series of Shameless, playing the pot smoking psychopath Frasier Kane. He is featured in the music video for punk band The Luka State's single, \\\"Kick in The Teeth\\\". In summer 2011, it was announced that Bolt had won the lead role of Henry in ITV1's Just Henry, which aired over the Christmas period of that same year. Upon completing Just Henry, he joined the second series of Accused. In January 2012, he began work on the six-part BBC series Last Tango in Halifax (2012), playing Raphael \\\"Raff\\\" Greenwood. He guest starred in the last two episodes of seventh season of the detective series Lewis. In July 2012, IMDb named him as one of their rising British teenage stars. Bolt played Brian Harris, a central character, in the two-part BBC Three drama The Crash which centres on a car crash inspired by real life events. He portrayed Daniel in the third series of Scott & Bailey. In February 2013, he began work on The Heart of Nowhere, a film directed by Charlie Fink to coincide with Noah and the Whale's final album; he played Floyd, the bassist of the group. At the 2013 BAFTA television awards, Last Tango in Halifax won best drama and filming began in June 2013 of its second series. Bolt reprised his role as Raff. He returned for the third series in 2014 and the fourth in 2016. In March 2015, producers of the hit sitcom Benidorm announced that Bolt had been cast as part of a brand new family for Series 8, which aired in January 2016. Bolt played Rob Dawson, the family's son, who befriends regular characters Tyger Dyke and Joey Ellis. Bolt lent his voice to the Doctor Who audio series from Big Finish. The episode, entitled \\\"Dethras\\\", featured Bolt alongside the fourth incarnation of the title character and was released in 2017. He appeared alongside in the second series of Grantchester playing an undercover agent and Marxist. He played a young soldier named Thomas Macquillan in the ITV drama Harry Price Ghost Hunter, ITV's adaptation of Neil Spring's debut novel, The Ghost Hunters. The film aired on ITV on 27 December 2015. Bolt starred as Reburrus, a young boy hungry for revenge following the slaughter of his family, in Barbarians Rising, an eight-part drama for the History Channel airing in the U.S. and the UK. It charted\",\n \"title\": \"Josh Bolt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57850900\",\n \"text\": \"Death of the Inhumans is a 2018 American comic book story arc published by Marvel Comics. Publication history \\\"Death of the Inhumans\\\" was announced on March 28, 2018, as a project by Donny Cates and Ariel Olivetti scheduled to be released starting in July 2018 as a five-issue miniseries. Premise The premise deals with the Kree plotting to get the Inhumans to join them by using a Super-Inhuman they created to kill some of them to serve as a warning to those who don't take up their offer. Plot The Kree have initiated a murdering campaign in order to force Black Bolt to join the Kree Empire. This ultimatum causes the deaths of 1,038 Inhumans with the words \\\"Join or Die\\\" carved into their bodies, which forced Black Bolt to call together the four Queens of the Universal Inhuman tribes to respond to this threat. However, the meeting goes far from as planned, as an Inhuman executioner named Vox, a Super-Inhuman created by the Kree, begins his bloody rampage across the place. When Black Bolt, Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Crystal, Triton, and Lockjaw reach the meeting place, they discover the bodies of Oola Udonta, Aladi Ko Eke, Onomi Whitemane, and Goddess Ovoe, with the same three words written in their blood on a banner hanging about their corpses. They eventually realize that the victims had fallen into a trap as one of the dead Inhumans was wired with an explosive. While most of Black Bolt's group made it out alive thanks to Lockjaw, Triton was not so lucky and was killed in the explosion. Black Bolt then sent Lockjaw to New Arctilan to retrieve his brother Maximus. Unbeknownst to them, Vox and his men had already arrived on New Arctilan and began murdering every Inhuman they come across, old or new like Flagman, Glass Girl, Naja, and Sterilon. Armed with all of the Inhumans’ abilities and no humanity, Vox easily cuts his prey down with his powers or his literal energy scythe. Even Maximus can’t defeat Vox as he quickly loses an arm for even making the attempt. Soon after, Lockjaw arrives and helps Maximus with his attempt to stop Vox on their own but things don't go so well as Vox fires an enormous blast, ripping a hole in both of them. The Royal Family eventually reaches the now burned Kingdom of New Arctilan and mourn the death of its citizens. Karnak, who can see the flaw in all things, is then sent to the Kree Commander to relay a message from Black Bolt, learning in the process that the Kree intend to rebuild Hala and enslave the Inhumans as their intended soldiers and slaves. The Kree Commander explains how they dispatched Ronan the Accuser as leader of the Kree after Hala was placed in ruin by Mister Knife and have begun to forge a new life. When asked to kneel, Karnak doesn’t. Instead, he does his best to fend off Vox only for the Super-Inhuman is able to subdue\",\n \"title\": \"Death of the Inhumans\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1211825\",\n \"text\": \"Eugene Morrison Stoner (November 22, 1922 – April 24, 1997) was an American machinist and firearms designer who is most associated with the development of the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle that was redesigned and modified by Colt's Patent Firearm Company for the United States military as the M16 rifle. Early life Stoner was born in Gosport, Indiana, on November 22, 1922. He moved to Long Beach, California where he graduated from Long Beach Polytechnical High School. In 1939, after the Depression, there was not enough money for him to attend college, so he went to work as a machinist for Vega Aircraft Company, the forerunner of what became Lockheed Airplane Company (now the Lockheed Martin Corporation). During World War II, he enlisted for Aviation Ordnance in the U.S. Marine Corps and served in the South Pacific and northern China. In the Corps, he had his first experience of working with heavy-caliber automatic weapons as an armourer. The work experience and combat training served him throughout his weapons designing career. Engineer In late 1945 Stoner began working in the machine shop for Whittaker, an aircraft equipment company, and ultimately became a Design Engineer. In 1954 he came to work as chief engineer for ArmaLite, a division of Fairchild Engine & Airplane Corporation. While at ArmaLite, he designed a series of prototype small arms, including the AR-3, AR-9, AR-11, and AR-12, none of which saw significant production. Their only real success during this period was the AR-5 survival rifle, which was adopted by the United States Air Force. The Stoner bolt and carrier piston system is a widely known gas system designed by Eugene Stoner. The gas operated bolt and carrier system was filed in 1956 and subsequently patented by ArmaLite for use in the AR-10. The original AR-10 action (later developed into the ArmaLite AR-15, M16 rifle and M4 carbine). It is commonly called a direct impingement system, but it does not utilize a conventional direct impingement system. In , the designer states: ″This invention is a true expanding gas system instead of the conventional impinging gas system.″ Gas is routed from a port in the barrel through a gas tube, directly to a chamber inside the bolt carrier. The bolt within the bolt carrier is fitted with piston rings to contain the gas. In effect, the bolt and carrier act as a gas piston and cylinder. The subtleties involved in ArmaLite's patent on the gas system significantly diverge from classical direct impingement; upon firing, the pressurized propellant gasses exit the barrel via the gas port and travel the length of the gas tube, but instead of simply applying the inertia necessary to cycle the weapon directly to the bolt carrier, the gas is funneled inside the bolt carrier wherein the increase in pressure results in the bolt itself acting as a piston, forcing the bolt carrier away from the barrel face. The Stoner bolt and carrier piston system is ammunition specific, since it does not have an adjustable gas port or\",\n \"title\": \"Eugene Stoner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31193548\",\n \"text\": \"Bolt is a fictional character that appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated film Bolt (2008). He is depicted as a White Shepherd with superpowers such as a \\\"super bark\\\" and the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes. When he found himself lost, Bolt discovered that he was an actor in a television show, and must take it upon himself to get back home, learning how to be a normal dog in the process. Bolt's journey and personal evolution as a character are core to the film's main themes. Created by Chris Williams and Byron Howard, Bolt is introduced as a dog who is unknowingly the star of his own TV show. His ignorance is crucial as the cast and crew go to extreme lengths to make Bolt think he is actually a super dog in order to make the performance more authentic. The character is voiced by John Travolta. Much of the inspiration for Bolt was provided by John Lasseter, who also oversaw his visual development with chief character designer Joe Moshier. Aside from the film, the character also appears in the direct-to-video short film Super Rhino, the two video games Bolt and Disney Infinity, and the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom trade card role-playing game. In addition, photos of Bolt appear in Wreck-It Ralph (2012) and Big Hero 6 (2014). Bolt's character, alongside Travolta's vocal performance, has received mostly positive critical acclaim from film critics and became a breakout character, leading to strong sales of merchandise and toys following the film's release. Development Characterization and design The character known as Bolt was originally conceptualized as a bipedal Jack Russell Terrier named Henry, designed by Chris Sanders. In this script, Henry would be aware of the fact that he is an actor. Henry, as well as Sander's idea for the movie, was eventually scrapped when John Lasseter and some colleagues from Pixar reviewed the project. The character was subsequently redesigned after a White Spitz Breed, although changes were done to the muzzle, ears, and overall body structure to give the character a more distinctive and expressive appearance. Some aspects of his design, such as his distinctive ears, were inspired by American White Shepherds in order to emphasize his expressiveness. To make Bolt's movement seem more realistic and in line with that of real canines, the animation department studied the body language and locomotion of real white shepherds and utilized virtual bone-structure in the CGI models. Personality-wise, the new Bolt would be more naïve and insecure, conveying more pathos than Henry. At the same time, the art department worked to give Bolt a whimsical nature with a pose that excels confidence, thus allowing the character to have a contrasting personality and body language which reflects that. Voice work John Travolta was chosen to do the voice work for Bolt, after Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Tom Cruise turned down the role. Despite a history of turning down voice-over offers for animated characters, Travolta agreed to provide the voice for\",\n \"title\": \"Bolt (Disney character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3476301\",\n \"text\": \"Tutenstein is an American animated television series, produced by Porchlight Entertainment for Discovery Kids based on the comics by Jay Stephens. The series was first premiered on Discovery Kids' Saturday morning block on NBC on November 1, 2003. It ended on October 11, 2008. The series features young mummy Tutankhensetamun (based on real-life Tutankhamun and usually called \\\"Tutenstein\\\" as in the title) who is awakened about 3,000 years after his accidental death and now must face the fact that his kingdom is gone. The name is a portmanteau of Tutankhamun and Frankenstein. Beginning in August 2020, Yippee TV, the current owners of the series, made the series officially available for streaming on YouTube. In October 2022, it was announced that a reboot is currently in the works. It will have a completely new look. Plot Tutankhensetamun was an impulsive but kindhearted young Egyptian Pharaoh who lived a luxurious but short life. He died because back in Ancient Egypt he saved a friend of his from being smashed by rocks from a collapsing temple, so he himself was crushed to death. He carries the mighty Sceptre of Was, and the circumstances of his death are unknown at first. In the 21st century, 12-year-old middle school student Cleo Carter accidentally witnesses his awakening after a bolt of lightning hits the mummified body of Tut that is on display at the local museum. She with her anthropomorphic pet cat Luxor must now help Tut to find his way around in the modern world. During the whole series, Set, god of disorder and violence, attempts to destroy Tut and gain possession of the Sceptre to become the ruler of all. Characters Main Tut Ankh En Set Amun (\\\"Tutenstein\\\") (voiced by Jeannie Elias in the first two seasons and early season 3 and Donna Cherry in the last four episodes) is a very impulsive but kind-hearted mummified 10-year-old mummy that lives in the museum. His nickname, Tutenstein, is a play on words on Frankenstein. He is often visited by Cleo and Luxor. Cleo Carter (voiced by Crystal Scales in the first two seasons and early season 3 and Leah Lynette in the last four episodes) is a 12-year-old African-American girl who wants to become an Egyptologist. After chasing her cat, Luxor, she accidentally brought Tut back to life. Her father is a well experienced Egyptologist/Archeologist. Luxor (voiced by Daran Norris in the first two seasons and David Lodge in season 3) is Cleo's pet cat and was possibly named after the Luxor Temple. When Tut was brought back to life, he was compelled to be ever loyal to his new \\\"master\\\" and has gained the ability to talk. Supporting Walter Jacobs (voiced by Joey Simmrin) is the easily frightened, friendly yet dimwitted, young security guard at the museum. Professor Horace Behdety (voiced by Lex Lang) is a haughty professor and the cranky director of the museum. Throughout the series, he's shown to be self-centered and fiercely proud of the Egyptian display at the museum, and\",\n \"title\": \"Tutenstein\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39154767\",\n \"text\": \"Bolts and Blip is an animated television series that aired on Teletoon from 2010 to 2011. The show has also aired on 3net at 10:30 am on Sundays, and The CW's Saturday morning block, Vortexx, from July 13, 2013 at 8:30 a.m. Plot The series is a comic action adventure set on the Moon in 2080. It follows two central city misfits, Bolts and Blip, who accidentally find themselves as members of the Lunar League's last placed team the Thunderbolts. With the help of their rag-tag band of teammates, the two friends discover what they are made of in this intergalactic sports circuit. Characters Main cast Blip (Voiced by Matt Murray) - One of the two main titular protagonists. Blip is a bumbling Civi-Bot who attempts to keep within societal norms, but is not very successful. He is best friend and roommate to the wacky Bolts, and often must drag his impulsive friend out of trouble. He is the more mature, level-headed of the duo. He along with Bolts were accidentally drafted into the Lunar League's bottom team, The Thunderbolts. He has a huge crush on Saedee, who spends most of the series ignoring his displays of affection, while occasionally letting slip possible mutual feelings, before revealing in the season finale she too loves Blip. Late in the series he is revealed to be Dr. Tommy's Secret Bot, and has latent powers, which he calls his \\\"Super Mode\\\"; in this state he is taller, stronger, faster, and can fly. He has a pet mouse like robot named Squeaker, who prior to undergoing training was very violent and attacked everyone, But nowadays he only attacks Bolts. Bolts/Blood's Bot/Darth Boltor (Voiced by Terry McGurrin) - The other titular protagonist. Bolts is immature, impulsive and has a talent for getting himself into trouble; including one time where he put himself under huge debt to a Robot Mafia Leader Vinnie Two-Chimes, after losing a bet in a (fixed) sock fight match. But he does occasionally show he has some common sense as seen in Little Squeaker when he thinks it's a bad idea to show Squeaker around to the Thunderbolts after Squeaker viciously attacked both him and Saedee's housewarming present. He also shows some signs of intelligence and ingenuity as also seen in little Squeaker when he modified an illegal weapon to bring up to legal standards only to have his talented creation shot down by Gridiron telling the sport was a croquet sport match and not a battle. He's the team's jokester and often drives Coach Gridiron insane. He once entered a secret (and illegal) wrestling tournament under the name Bolto de Fuego (a play on Bola de Fuego), and has continued using the name Boltor as his screen name. Like Blip he has latent powers, where his eyes will turn red and he gains monstrous strength. He is eventually revealed to be \\\"Blood's Bot\\\", the ultimate creation of Dr. Blood. Saedee (Voiced by Melissa Altro) - The gorgeous heroine Saedee, who is\",\n \"title\": \"Bolts and Blip\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1947768\",\n \"text\": \"Wild Gift is the second studio album by American rock band X, released on May 6, 1981, by Slash Records. It was very well received critically, and was voted the year's second best album in The Village Voices Pazz & Jop poll. Wild Gift was later ranked at number 334 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Wild Gift showcases the band's unique punk rock style, which infuses roots rock, country, blues, R&B, and rockabilly. In 1988, Slash issued Los Angeles and Wild Gift jointly on a single compact disc. Wild Gift was remastered and reissued in 2001 by Rhino Records, with seven bonus tracks. The track \\\"White Girl\\\" was sampled by the Red Hot Chili Peppers on their 1989 album Mother's Milk, in the song \\\"Good Time Boys\\\". The Chili Peppers song's lyrics mentioned X's John Doe specifically, \\\"whose voice is made of gold\\\". Critical reception Trouser Press wrote that \\\"Zoom's ingeniously simple guitar transcends its influences, and the Doe/Exene harmonies attain a knifelike sharpness.\\\" In The Village Voices Pazz & Jop critics' poll for 1981, Wild Gift was ranked at number two, behind Sandinista! by the Clash. In Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990), critic Robert Christgau lauded Wild Gift, writing: Christgau later ranked Wild Gift third on his \\\"Personal Best\\\" list for the 1980s, the highest placing of any rock album. Wild Gift was ranked at number 334 on Rolling Stones list of \\\"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\\\". Track listing All tracks written by John Doe and Exene Cervenka. Side one \\\"The Once Over Twice\\\" – 2:31 \\\"We're Desperate\\\" – 2:00 \\\"Adult Books\\\" – 3:19 \\\"Universal Corner\\\" – 4:33 \\\"I'm Coming Over\\\" – 1:14 \\\"It's Who You Know\\\" – 2:17 Side two \\\"In This House That I Call Home\\\" – 3:34 \\\"Some Other Time\\\" – 2:17 \\\"White Girl\\\" – 3:27 \\\"Beyond and Back\\\" – 2:49 \\\"Back 2 the Base\\\" – 1:33 \\\"When Our Love Passed Out on the Couch\\\" – 1:57 \\\"Year 1\\\" – 1:18 Bonus tracks (2001 reissue) \\\"Beyond and Back\\\" (Live) – 2:48 \\\"Blue Spark\\\" (Demo) – 2:04 \\\"We're Desperate\\\" (Single version) – 2:01 \\\"Back 2 the Base\\\" (Live) – 1:40 \\\"Heater\\\" (Rehearsal) (Doe) – 2:32 \\\"White Girl\\\" (Single Mix) – 3:29 \\\"The Once Over Twice\\\" (Unissued Single Mix) – 2:35 Bonus tracks (2019 Remaster) (Digital Release) \\\"Beyond and Back\\\" (Live) – 2:48 \\\"We're Desperate\\\" [Explicit] (Live) – 2:31 \\\"Year 1\\\" (Live) – 1:26 Personnel X John Doe – bass, vocals Exene – vocals Billy Zoom – guitar D.J. Bonebrake – drums Charts References External links Wild Gift (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed) 1981 albums X (American band) albums Slash Records albums Albums produced by Ray Manzarek\",\n \"title\": \"Wild Gift\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47814429\",\n \"text\": \"Supergiant is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña, Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013). The character has made several appearances in other media such as animated television and video games. Publication history Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013) and was created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña. Fictional character biography The character Supergiant is a member of Thanos' supervillain team Black Order. While searching for Thanos' son Thane during the Infinity storyline, Supergiant and Corvus Glaive laid siege to the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning and defeated the X-Men. They left after realizing that Thane was not there. In the comic, When the Black Order seized Wakanda, Supergiant was left in control of Black Bolt who she would mentally order to activate the Illuminati's hidden bombs in Wakanda Necropolis. When the Illuminati arrived to save Black Bolt, Supergiant used Black Bolt's ability to defeat the heroes. Upon activating the bomb, Supergiant was faced by Maximus who had the trigger. Maximus triggered the bomb, but also used Lockjaw to transport Supergiant along with the bomb to a distant uninhabited planet where she perished in the explosion. During the \\\"No Surrender\\\" arc, Supergiant came back as a psychic projection, along with the rest of the Black Order, thanks to the Challenger who had set them up against Grandmaster's Lethal Legion. During the battle in Antarctica, the Black Order retreat after Corvus Glaive is killed. Supergiant stays to take control of Thor, but is dissipated by Lethal Legion member Ferene the Other. Powers and abilities Supergiant, in the series, has telepathic abilities, which allow her to mind-control anyone and feed on their intellect. At some point, she was transformed into a psionic entity. Out of her transformation, Supergiant gained the power to phase through living beings and obstacles. She also became immune to physical damage. Reception Accolades In 2022, Screen Rant included Supergiant in their \\\"10 Best Cosmic Villains Not Yet In The MCU\\\" list. In 2022, CBR.com ranked Supergiant 3rd in their \\\"MCU: Every Member Of Thanos’ Black Order, Ranked By Power\\\" list. In other media Television Supergiant appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Hynden Walch. Supergiant appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced again by Hynden Walch. This version lacks psychic powers, but can grow to a gigantic size and previously dated Star-Lord prior to the series' events. In the episode \\\"Undercover Angle\\\", Supergiant is imprisoned by the Nova Corps until the Guardians of the Galaxy accidentally free her while infiltrating the organization, though Gamora is able to subdue her. In the episode \\\"Come and Gut Your Love\\\", Supergiant works with another ex-girlfriend of Star-Lord's, Lucy, to attack him after discovering he is J'son's son. Video games Supergiant appears as a mini-boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Supergiant appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Marvel Future Fight. Supergiant appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 as part of the Infinity\",\n \"title\": \"Supergiant (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69824979\",\n \"text\": \"Action Pack is an animated preschool television series developed by Shea Fontana for Netflix. Created by William Harper, the series premiered on January 4, 2022. A second season was released on June 6, 2022. A special, titled The Action Pack Saves Christmas, was released on November 28, 2022. Premise The series follows the Action Pack, a quartet of superheroes-in-training taught by their teacher Mr. Ernesto and his robotic dog Plunky. Voice cast Main Sydney Thomas as Treena, a girl who uses powers controlling plant life, fitting in with her love of nature. Her color is green, and her badge has a flower shape. She serves as the Action Pack's de facto leader. She uses the \\\"Petal Power Shield\\\" and the \\\"Awesomer Blossomer\\\" baton gadget, which lets her sprout vines for swinging or grabbing and uses a dandelion-like balloon to float. Her powers are upgraded in the final episode of season 2, where she obtains the power to create vine cages, do a \\\"Petal Copter\\\", and speak to plants. Even as a civilian, she is an excellent gardener and can instantly make plants grow. Oscar Reyez as Watts, a boy who uses powers controlling electricity. His color is blue, and his badge has a pair of lightning bolts. Watts is the most energetic and impatient of the team, and can morph his legs into lightning bolts for super speed and flight and throw lightning bolts or ball lightning. Julieta Cortes as Wren Reyes, a girl who can use animal abilities. Her color is yellow, and her badge has a cat's paw print. Wren is the most empathetic team member, and she often uses the powers of a butterfly's flight, a polar bear's strength, a fox's smell, an alligator's protection, a mouse's small size, and a cheetah's speed. She loves animals and claims she can communicate with them. Nevin Kar as Clay Patel, a boy who uses powers controlling plasma and forcefields. His color is red, and his badge has a sun shape. A pacifist, Clay is the most reserved member of the team, and his body is composed of a form of plasma that allows him to shapeshift and stretch or deform his body. He can also see through things with his \\\"plasma vision\\\" and create \\\"invinci-balls\\\" that protect against anything. Giancarlo Sabogal as Mr. Ernesto Action, the adult mentor of the Action Pack and great nephew of Great Uncle Action, who is the founder of the Action Academy. He is the patient and kind instructor at the Action Academy and the Action Pack's mentor. Although he doesn't have any super special powers of his own, Mr. Ernesto is empathetic toward the evil villains and provides the Action Pack with all the support and wisdom they need in order to save the day. He is accompanied by a robotic dog named Plunky, who acts as his trusty companion and teaching assistant who keeps the Action Pack company and alerts them with any important information that they need to know. Recurring Hartley\",\n \"title\": \"Action Pack (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17093263\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of known fictional characters who are Inhumans, a race of superhumans appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Known Inhumans Inhuman Royal Family The Inhuman Royal Family are the ruling class of the Inhumans. Among the members of the Inhuman Royal Family are: Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) – King of the Inhumans and husband to Medusa. He has a destructive hypersonic voice capable of defeating other super-powered beings. He has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in sleep. A fork-like antenna on Black Bolt's forehead allows more controlled use of his voice and psychically connects him to Lockjaw. Medusa (Medusalith Amaquelin Boltagon) – Wife of Black Bolt and Queen of the Inhumans. She is also a former member of the Fantastic Four and the Frightful Four, as well as the mother of Ahura and older sister of Crystal. Her prehensile hair possesses super-strength. Crystal (Crystallia Amaquelin Maximoff) – Medusa's sister, ex-wife of Quicksilver and mother of Luna. She is a former member of the Fantastic Four, as well as a former member of the Avengers. She can manipulate Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Gorgon (Gorgon Petragon) – Cousin of Medusa. He has bull-like legs in place of his actual legs capable of creating shockwaves equal in magnitude to an earthquake. Karnak the Shatterer (Karnak Mander-Azur) – Cousin of Black Bolt. He is also a priest and philosopher and chose not to expose himself to the Terrigen Mists (a substance that grants the Inhumans their powers upon contact). Despite this, he does have the ability to sense an opponent's weak points and is a superb martial artist. Triton (Triton Mander-Azur) – Karnak's fish-like brother who can breathe underwater and survive the pressures of the deep sea. Maximus Boltagon – Also known as Maximus the Mad, he is the brother of Black Bolt and attempts to overthrow him numerous times. Maximus has the ability of mind-control. The Unspoken – Cousin of Black Bolt. He was once the King of the Inhumans until the rest of the Royal Family rose up against his power-hungry ways. Black Bolt defeated and banished him, decreeing that his actions would be removed from the history books and his name never be uttered again causing him to be referred to as \\\"The Unspoken\\\". The Terrigen Mists gave him the power of \\\"Terrigenesis,\\\" the ability to alter his body into any form he wished. Ahura Boltagon – Son of Medusa and Black Bolt. He has psychic abilities. Luna Maximoff - Daughter of Quicksilver and Crystal. Born human, but later mutated by the Terrigen Crystal by her father. Lockjaw – A large bulldog who was granted the power of teleportation after exposure to the Terrigen Mists. This was due to the Inhumans' experiment on canines. Inhuman Royal Guards The Inhuman Royal Guards are a group of Inhumans that are responsible for protecting the Inhuman Royal Family. Among its members are: Chynae – A hydrokinetic Inhuman with pointy\",\n \"title\": \"List of Inhumans\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4907930\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Allen\\\" is the second episode of the first season of the television series Prison Break, which was first broadcast on television on August 29, 2005. The episode is the second to air alongside the Pilot episode as part of the two-part start of the series. \\\"Allen\\\" was written by series creator Paul Scheuring and directed by Michael Watkins. Robert Knepper makes his first appearance as Theodore \\\"T-Bag\\\" Bagwell, but was not yet billed as a regular character until the following episode, \\\"Cell Test\\\". Also, Marshall Allman, despite credited, does not appear as L. J. Burrows. The episode's title refers to the hex key that Michael makes from a screw, the key being named \\\"Allen Schweitzer 11121147\\\". Also in this episode, Veronica Donovan continues her investigation as to who is actually responsible to framing Lincoln Burrows on Michael's request, while at the same time, Michael deals with the impending race riot in Fox River, which could hinder his escape plans. Plot Michael Scofield and Fernando Sucre (Amaury Nolasco) face a lockdown in order for the guards to search cells for contraband, when they're about to throw away a knife, they were stopped by Bellick (Wade Williams), who sends Sucre to SHU. Warden Pope (Stacy Keach) calls off the search for Michael's cell, but Bellick feels determined to, and sneaks into his cell when the prisoners are away, and finds the name \\\"Allen Schweitzer\\\". Bellick runs the name on the database, only to find no one matching it. Meanwhile, Sucre urges Stolte to let him call Maricruz (Camille Guaty), but is refused. Veronica (Robin Tunney) investigates who is framing Lincoln Burrows. She finds a tape, where she sees Lincoln shoot Terrence Steadman dead. Lincoln claims that he is being framed, stating the man was already dead and Lincoln never pulled the trigger. She attempts to talk to Crab Simmons (Tab Baker), who didn't testify in his case, only to find out that he was killed of an apparent drug overdose. She is contacted by Leticia Barris (Adina Porter), Crab's girlfriend, but as they meet, she is spooked as Kellerman (Paul Adelstein) and Hale (Danny McCarthy) are watching. Back in Fox River, Michael attempts to get to a bolt from a bleacher belonging to T-Bag (Robert Knepper), but is stopped. He doesn't want Scofield on the bleacher unless he will join in the racist battle between the whites and blacks, but he declines. On his second attempt, T-Bag's gang take the bolt off him, so eventually, he decides to join in to get at the bolt. However, C-Note (Rockmond Dunbar) sees this, and when he confronts Scofield regarding the PUGNAc, he refuses to give the pills. Soon, everyone comes out of their cell for count, when the riot starts. Michael decides to get the bolt back from T-Bag's cellmate (Brian Hamman), and does so after a struggle. C-Note sees this and a black inmate stabs the cellmate several times; the wounded man dies in Michael's arms. T-Bag believes Michael killed the cellmate, and\",\n \"title\": \"Allen (Prison Break)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17696163\",\n \"text\": \"Milly, Molly is a series of New Zealand children's books by Gill Pittar. It is about the adventures of two little girls from different ethnic backgrounds, and the books promote the acceptance of diversity and the learning of life skills. There is an animated television series based on the books. Background The books were inspired by a double-ended doll created in 1995 by Gill Pittar to promote tolerance and communication. Following the success of the dolls, she began writing books about the characters with the first book published in 2000. Milly, Molly books have since been translated into 40 languages. Characters Milly Mandara (voiced by Madeleine Flood) is a young girl who is best friends with Molly Horren. Molly Horren (voiced by Savannah Lind) is a young girl who is best friends with Milly Mandara. Tom Baxter (voiced by Jeff Bernard) is a classmate who plays in the school soccer team and he is best friends with Jack Kurawzami. Alfred (Alf) Swilgregsian is a new boy from a different country (most likely Germany, Austria or Switzerland). Humphrey Carmichael did not get along with him at first, but they become best friends after Alf comforted him by teaching him a lesson about individuality. Sophie Da Lize is a girl who loves chocolate and is best friends with Elizabeth Smith. Elizabeth Smith is a girl who has very neat writing and is best friends with Sophie Da Lize. Megan (Meg) Costello is a girl who likes apples and is meticulous. Harry Grainger is a boy who has two pet mice called Brian and Brioni. Brian and Brioni had a litter of nine baby mice in \\\"Harry's Mouse\\\". Humphrey Carmichael is a boy who often teases Milly and Molly. He likes robots, dinosaurs and outer space. He has a doberman called \\\"Zoltan\\\" who he speaks in \\\"Martian\\\" too. George Goodrige is a boy who likes oranges and has a pet skunk named Stinky. Joe Foreson Jr is a boy who has a pet hermit crab. Chloe Ventura is a snobby girl who has a pet horse named Prince. Ellie Zelig is a blind girl who befriends Milly and Molly. She only appeared in one episode. Bobby-Benjamin Brown (B.B Brown) is a boy who appeared in only one episode. Milly Anderson and Molly Kannetté changed his thieving way. Heidi Hillbilly (Heidi Untidy) is a girl who is always untidy. She only appeared in one episode. The girls (Milly and Molly) cleaned her room with her and Heidi Untidy is very cool with a bright imagination. Family- Thomas Anderson (Milly's father): he does not really like Marmalade as much as Milly does. Catherine Anderson (Milly's mother): She tries to reconcile Marmalade and Milly's father. Chris Kannetté (Molly's father): He loves yoga. Lindsay Kannetté (Molly's mother): She does not like mice. TV adaptation Milly, Molly, a Singapore-New Zealand co-produced animated TV series based on the books, was produced in 2008. An agreement for a second season was made in early 2009. The two young actors, Savannah\",\n \"title\": \"Milly, Molly\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44498470\",\n \"text\": \"The Doozers is an animated television series that is a spin-off to Fraggle Rock. The series is co-produced by the Halifax studio of DHX Media and The Jim Henson Company, and was developed in association with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The series originally premiered in Australia on Nick Jr. on October 7, 2013. The series began its US run as a Hulu exclusive on April 25, 2014. Turner's Cartoonito and Boomerang also aired it within European countries and Africa, as well as Cartoon Network Asia. On September 12, 2017, it was renewed for a second season. It premiered on May 25, 2018. Premise In the self-sustainable community of Doozer Creek located just beyond the view of humans, the show focuses on the Doozer Pod Squad (consisting of Daisy Wheel, Flex, Spike, and Mollybolt). Characters Main Spike Doozer (voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk) is the member of the Pod Squad who pushes the other Pod Squad members into action. He is the son of Chief Doozer and the older brother of Daisy Wheel Doozer. He has a brown nose and brown hair and wears a blue hat, socks and wristbands. Molly Bolt Doozer (voiced by Jenna Warren) is a Pod Squad member who enjoys organizing events. She can also make lists, maps, and graphs. She has a purple nose and purple hair and wears a pink hat, socks and shirt. Flex Doozer (voiced by Trek Buccino in season 1 and Tyler Barish in season 2) lives on his grandparents farm and uses his room as his workshop. Flex pilots the Pod Squad's vehicles. He has a yellow nose and yellow hair and wears an orange hat, socks and wristbands. Daisy Wheel Doozer (voiced by Millie Davis) is the youngest and smallest of the Doozer Pod Squad. She is the younger sister of Spike Doozer and the daughter of Chief Doozer. She has a blue nose and blue hair and wears a purple hat, socks and shirt. Chief's family Chief Doozer (voiced by Heather Bambrick) is the Chief of Doozer Creek who is the mother of Spike Doozer and Daisy Wheel Doozer. Architect's family Chief Architect Doozer is the wife of Baker and mother of Molly. Baker Timberbolt Doozer (voiced by David Berni) is the father of Molly Bolt Doozer and the husband of Chief Architect Doozer. He runs the bakery shop in Doozer Creek. Peg Bolt Doozer (voiced by Lisa Norton) Others Doozer Doodad (voiced by David Berni) – Manager of the Doozer Creek supply depot, where the Pod Squad gets the supplies for their projects. Pinball Gimbal (voiced by Lisa Norton) Professor Gimbal wears glasses and has a purplish-white color in his nose and hair, wearing a light blue helmet. He manages the Doozarium, where the Pod Squad meet. He issues challenges, and makes suggestions, for various projects for the Pod Squad to complete. Baxter was advertised for the series but has not appeared yet. He had a brown nose and brown hair. Voice cast David Berni – Baker Timberbolt Doozer\",\n \"title\": \"The Doozers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26478218\",\n \"text\": \"Heroman (stylized as HEROMAN) is a Japanese manga and anime series created by Marvel's Stan Lee and Bones. The manga was published in Square Enix's magazine Monthly Shōnen Gangan from August 2009 to October 2011, with its chapters collected in five tankōbon volumes. The 26-episode anime television series was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April to September 2010. Stan Lee came up with the series' basic plot, referring to the series and character as \\\"a new hero for the 21st century\\\". Synopsis Orphaned American boy Joey lives with his grandmother, working at a restaurant in the West Coast city of , while going to school. Upon hearing of a new toy robot called the Heybo, Joey believes that getting one will make his life better, turning him into a hero to protect his friends and family. However, he cannot afford to buy it on his meager salary. His luck changes when he picks up a broken down Heybo abandoned by a school bully. He tries to fix it, naming it Heroman, but does not have any luck in getting it to work. However, when it gets struck by a bolt of strange lightning, it transforms into a giant robot, just in time to save his friend Lina from impending danger. Now, Joey and Heroman are Earth's only defense against the evil insectoid aliens, unknowingly summoned to Earth by Joey's science teacher. There are some differences in story between the anime and manga series. Characters Main characters Joey is an orphaned boy living with his grandmother, working at a restaurant to make ends meet. His life changes when he fixes the Heybo that he names Heroman. He is able to issue commands to Heroman via a controller that forms a gauntlet around his left hand. This controller also gives Joey his own powers, such as super speed and the ability to create force fields. At the battle in the end of the series, Joey's left hand merges further with the gauntlet and gains even more power, transforming into an energy-like being with a massive left arm. This carries the risk of permanently corrupting him until he is reminded of his bond with Heroman. The name \\\"Joey Jones\\\" was selected by Minami at the behest of Stan Lee to choose an alliterative name, much like various other Marvel protagonists such as Peter Parker. His name appears to be a nod to Rick Jones. Komatsu was chosen to voice Joey because of her girlish voice and the difficulty in finding a young man that had the voice the production team wanted. Originally a broken down toy robot called Heybo, Heroman is brought to life by a strange bolt of lightning and turns into a giant robot (in the anime, this lightning is caused by the Skrugg fleet heading towards Earth). He uses his powerful fists and electrical powers to protect Earth from the Skrugg and other threats. Although unable to speak, he is able to sense Joey's feelings and use his powers accordingly.\",\n \"title\": \"Heroman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24064775\",\n \"text\": \"Berlino, an anthropomorphic bear, was the mascot of the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and 2018 European Athletics Championships held in Berlin, Germany, noted for his hyperactivity and celebrations with various athletes during the Championships. Overview Up until now, Berlino appears to be mute. However, this condition does not seem to prevent him from giving interviews to the media. Berlino has been referred to as the \\\"star\\\" of the 2009 Championships and been noted by athletes, such as Usain Bolt by wearing a T-shirt with \\\"ICH BIN EIN BERLINO\\\" (\\\"I am a Berlino\\\", referring to John F. Kennedy's famous West Berlin speech) written on it during warm up for the 200 meter final. The iconic image of the games is the famous photograph of Berlino and Usain Bolt down on one knee, twinned in mutual respect, sharing a mimed lightning-bolt pose to celebrate victory and a new world record. In an interview, published after the World Championships in Berlin, Usain Bolt said: \\\"Berlino and I have become friends. We exchanged telephone numbers.\\\" While celebrating winning the gold in 400 meter hurdles, Melaine Walker took a piggy-back off Berlino, who promptly ran into a stack of hurdles. The diverse videos of this have been watched over 400,000 times (26.08.2009) and have been called \\\"a YouTube classic.\\\" He was also involved in some controversy during the men's 10,000m final in which he ran part of the race down the back straight with the athletes cheering them on. This annoyed some traditionalists and it was rumoured that the IAAF told him to reel in the enthusiasm after this act. Smaller versions of Berlino - Berlino teddies as well as Berlino key rings, both produced in China - were offered via Internet and in Berlin Tourist shops during the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in August 2009. After being delivered in the beginning of August 2009, the Berlino teddies at first sold slow. Due to the increasing popularity of the mascot during the games, Berlino soon became a bestseller and - before the end of the games - was out of stock. Berlino later made a guest appearance at the UKA Aviva British Grand Prix, in Gateshead, on 31 August 2009, alongside the British mascot, Spike. Tournament officials refused to publicly disclose who played the part of Berlino. However, the Guardian Observer reported that it was 33-year-old Berlin actor Oliver Seiffert. In 2018 Berlino reappeared as the official mascot at the Berlin Olympic Stadium for the 24th European Athletics Championships being hosted in the city. Notable incidents Racing Usain Bolt around the track after his new 200 metres world record. Lockeres Jogging mit Usain Bolt. - Fotostrecken - Mediacenter - Tagesspiegel Striking the lightning-bolt victory pose with Usain, both on one knee with one raised arm. 19 Clubs auf einem Ticket - Zeitung Heute - Tagesspiegel Presenting his undershirt with words: \\\"Ich bin ein Bolt\\\" after Usain Bolt presented his own T-shirt with \\\"Ich bin ein Berlino\\\" written on it. Bolt ist ein Berlino\",\n \"title\": \"Berlino\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2915913\",\n \"text\": \"The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) was a pioneering computer network protocol for transporting human speech over packetized communications networks. It was an early example of Voice over Internet Protocol technology. History NVP was first defined and implemented in 1974, with definition led by the “Speech” project at ISI, the USC Information Sciences Institute following initial work begun in 1973. ISI leadership was by Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI), University of Southern California, with funding from ARPA's Network Secure Communications (NSC) program. The project's stated goals were \\\"to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of secure, high-quality, low-bandwidth, real-time, full-duplex (two-way) digital voice communications over packet-switched computer communications networks...[and to] supply digitized speech which can be secured by existing encryption devices. The major goal of this research is to demonstrate a digital high-quality, low-bandwidth, secure voice handling capability as part of the general military requirement for worldwide secure voice communication.\\\" NVP’s first demonstration was in August 1974 between the groups at ISI and MIT Lincoln Laboratory. That was history’s first “phone call” using a computer network. It was partly enabled by users of vocoders custom-built by BB&N, Bolt Beranek, and Newman. Work as a whole involved many other researchers nationally. Necessary subnet (IMP-to-IMP) changes for real-time packet forwarding were discussed at ISI in March 1974, chaired by Bob Kahn, DARPA’s program director for the speech project. At the end of the meeting, he summarized actions and directed BB&N to make the required subnet updates. NVP was used to send speech between distributed sites on the ARPANET using several different voice-encoding techniques, including linear predictive coding (LPC) and continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD). Cooperating researchers included Steve Casner, Randy Cole, and Paul Raveling (ISI); Jim Forgie (Lincoln Laboratory); Mike McCammon (Culler-Harrison); John Markel (Speech Communications Research Laboratory); John Makhoul (Bolt, Beranek and Newman), and Rod McGuire and Philip Rubin (Haskins Laboratories). NVP was used by experimental Voice Funnel equipment (circa February 1981), based on BBN Butterfly computers, as part of ongoing ARPA research into packetized audio. ARPA staff and contractors used the Voice Funnel, and related video facilities, to do three-way and four-way video conferencing among a handful of US East and West Coast sites. Credit also is due to Dave Retz and his group at the UC Santa Barbara Speech Communication Laboratory. ISI used his operating system, ELF, for the early development of speech networking, including extension to speech conferencing. Protocol The protocol consisted of two distinct parts: control protocols and a data transport protocol. Control protocols included relatively rudimentary telephony features such as indicating who wants to talk to whom; ring tones; negotiation of voice encoding; and call termination. Data messages contained encoded speech. For each encoding scheme (vocoder) a frame was defined as a packet containing the negotiated transmission interval of a number of digitized voice samples. NVP was transported over the Internet Stream Protocol (ST) and a later version called Stream Protocol, version 2 (ST-II), both connection-oriented versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) and which\",\n \"title\": \"Network Voice Protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15358527\",\n \"text\": \"Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures is an animated television series intended for young children. The show aired from January 12, 2008 to September 27, 2008 on PBS Kids. Plot The show follows a five-year-old girl named Betsy as she starts out her school years. The series premiere shows Betsy facing the uncertainty of her first day of school and the adjustments she must make as she meets her new teacher and classmates, encounters unfamiliar rules and routines, and finds herself in an entirely new environment. Subsequent episodes show Betsy's excitement and sense of adventure as she adapts to the new experiences of kindergarten. Characters Betsy (voiced by Daveigh Chase) is a 5-year-old girl who is the title/main character of the show. Billy (voiced by Nancy Cartwright) is Betsy's best friend who enjoys playing in the dirt. Scott (voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) is a smart boy with glasses who is very interested in science. Molly (voiced by Vicki Lewis) is an elitist girl. Sarah (voiced by Cree Summer) is a girl who loves sports. Kenji (also voiced by Nancy Cartwright) is an intelligent boy who enjoys dancing. Maria (also voiced by Cree Summer) is a quiet girl who loves art. Newton (also voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) is a new student whose first appearance is in \\\"Newton the New Kid\\\". Mrs. O'Connor (voiced by Sally Struthers) is kindergarten teacher. Bus Driver Bob (voiced by Fred Willard) is a loyal bus driver. Mr. Richard Warner (voiced by Tom Bosley) is a principal at Lakeshore Elementary School. Kevin (also voiced by Nancy Cartwright) is Betsy's baby brother. Betsy's mother (voiced by Bess Armstrong) is a homemaker who takes care of her daughter Betsy and her baby son Kevin. She is a stay-at-home mother and does not seem to have any outside job as of yet if ever at all. Betsy's father (also voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) is an airplane pilot who speaks to Betsy in \\\"airplane-talk.\\\" He appears to be the family's sole breadwinner. Farmer Thomas Warner (also voiced by Tom Bosley), is Richard Warner's brother and the owner of Warner Farms. Gracie is Betsy's family's dog. Kitty is Betsy's family's cat. Sydney is a pet salamander that belongs to Mrs. O'Connor's kindergarten class. Episodes References External links Internet Movie Data Base Toonarific Cartoons Common Sense Media TV Guide 2008 American television series debuts 2008 American television series endings 2000s American animated television series 2000s American children's television series 2000s preschool education television series American children's animated adventure television series American preschool education television series Animated preschool education television series Animated television series about children Elementary school television series American English-language television shows PBS Kids shows PBS animated television series\",\n \"title\": \"Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52835796\",\n \"text\": \"We're Lalaloopsy is an animated children's television series co-produced by MGA Entertainment, Splash Entertainment, and Netflix. The series is based on the Lalaloopsy dolls from MGA Entertainment, and is a revival of the children’s animated television series Lalaloopsy on Nickelodeon. It debuted on Netflix on January 10, 2017. Premise This Netflix Original series is a revival of Lalaloopsy, a Nick Jr. series that first aired in 2013. Although they both share the basic premise of rag dolls having adventures in Lalaloopsy Land, the exact details of each series vastly differ. 48 unique Lalaloopsies appeared in the original series. In contrast, We're Lalaloopsy only features 10 characters, a significant downgrade from 48. The Netflix series also offers a more continuity based structure as opposed to the previous series's more episodic structure. We're Lalaloopsy mainly focuses on Storm E. Sky (who previously appeared in Lalaloopsy Girls: Welcome to L.A.L.A Prep School) gradually becoming accepted in Town Square, a section of Lalaloopsy Land. Another difference from the original series is that We're Lalaloopsy has a different art style which is more shaded and emphasizes the dolls' facial features. Unlike Lalaloopsy, the Lalaloopsies are now voiced by adults. Characters Main Jewel Sparkles (voiced by Kazumi Evans) is a girly princess who loves tiaras and makeup. Her pet is a pink cat named Cat. Storm E. Sky (voiced by Mariee Devereux) is a punky guitarist with stage fright and thus doesn't like to sing in front of an audience. She is the newest resident of Lalaloopsy Land. She has a rivalry with Jewel, though they later become friends near the end of the series. Her pet is a purple cat with a black lightning bolt tail named Cool Cat. Crumbs Sugar Cookie (voiced by Jocelyne Loewen) is a baker. Her pet is a white mouse with a pink tail named Mouse. Dot Starlight (voiced by Maryke Hendrikse) is a smart stargazer and inventor. Her pet is a red bird with blue wings named Bird. Spot Splatter Splash (voiced by Sabrina Pitre) is an artist with a laid-back personality. Her pet is a red-and-white striped zebra named Zebra. Rosy Bumps 'N' Bruises (voiced by Diana Kaarina) is a nurse. Her pet is a brown bear named Bear wrapped in bandages with a heart-shaped medical patch over one eye. Recurring Ace Fender Bender (voiced by Matt Hill) is a handyman. His pet is a brown monkey wearing a red bow named Monkey. Ace’s design is significantly different from his previous incarnation. Berry Jars 'N' Jam (voiced by Maryke Hendrikse) is a farmer and cook who is Sunny's younger twin sister. Her pet is a white cow with pink spots and a yellow bow on the tail named Cow. Sunny Side Up (voiced by Maryke Hendrikse) is a farmer and animal lover who is Berry's older twin sister. Her pet is a yellow chick wearing a pink bow on top of the feathery head and pink wings named Chick. Forest Evergreen (voiced by Samuel Vincent) is a lumberjack\",\n \"title\": \"We're Lalaloopsy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48414215\",\n \"text\": \"Khaled El Sayed () is a Lebanese actor and voice actor. Filmography Film Television Plays Waylon Le Omma. - Sergeant 2013 I Reached the 99. 2008 Dubbing roles 1001 Nights Alfred J. Kwak Alice in Wonderland (1951 film) - Walrus (Classical Arabic version) Arabian Nights: Sinbad's Adventures Astroganger - Ganger Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero - Dr. Gregory Belson Bolt (2008 film) - Dr. Calico (Classical Arabic version) The Bush Baby Chōdenji Robo Combattler V Courage the Cowardly Dog The Cramp Twins Dexter's Laboratory (Image Production House version) Dot and Keeto The Great Mouse Detective - Major Dr. David Q. Dawson (Classical Arabic version) Haikara-san ga Tōru Hello! Sandybell Huckleberry Finn Monogatari Igano Kabamaru - Shirakawa, Saizō Igano Mokhtarnameh - Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr Manga Aesop Monogatari Manga Hajimete Monogatari Manga Sarutobi Sasuke Les Misérables (1992) Monsters, Inc. - Henry J. Waternoose III (Classical Arabic version) The Men of Angelos The Mysterious Cities of Gold The New Adventures of Gigantor Ohayō! Spank Planes - Chug Planes: Fire & Rescue - Chug Plawres Sanshiro The Powerpuff Girls - Mojo Jojo (Image Production House version) The Powerpuff Girls (2016 TV series) - Mojo Jojo Prophet Joseph - Amenhotep III Ratatouille - Auguste Gusteau (Classical Arabic version) Rated A for Awesome - Max Awesome Robin Hood (1973 film) - Friar Tuck (Classical Arabic version) Saint Mary Salad Juyushi Tomatoman Thumbelina: A Magical Story Time Travel Tondekeman Tokimeki Tonight - Mori Eto (Ranze's father) Tom and Jerry Tales - Spike Treasure Planet - Mr. Arrow (Classical Arabic version) Up (2009 film) - Gamma (Classical Arabic version) Xiaolin Showdown - Dojo Kanojo Cho Thomas & Friends References External links Lebanese male actors Lebanese male voice actors Living people Lebanese male film actors Lebanese male television actors 20th-century Lebanese male actors 21st-century Lebanese male actors 1948 births\",\n \"title\": \"Khaled El Sayed\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57621908\",\n \"text\": \"is a Japanese television series starring Haruka Fukuhara, Aoi Yoshikura, Mariya Nagao, Yurika Nakamura, and Jun Amaki. The series focuses on the lives of five aspiring voice actresses who live together in a dorm, and follows their goal of becoming established in the voice acting industry. It premiered on TV Asahi on April 8, 2018. The series ran for ten episodes, with the last episode premiering on June 10, 2018. The series is a spin-off of the Pretty Cure multimedia franchise, but does not directly feature its story or universe. Plot The series follows Makoto Kikuchi, the daughter of a grocery shop owner who has no experience in voice acting or acting. Her life changes when she is scouted to be a voice actress, which leads her to live in a dorm with four other newcomers: Ryōko Ochiai, a former child actress, Ren Inaba, a fan of the PreCure franchise, Asami Kuriyama, who Makoto later considers to be her rival, and Konatsu Morimoto, who originally hails from Kansai. The series depicts their journey of becoming voice actors, showing their voice acting lessons and other events in their lives. Characters Portrayed by: Haruka Fukuhara She is the daughter of a grocery shop owner. She knew nothing about voice acting until she was scouted. Portrayed by: Yurika Nakamura A young girl who is later considered by Makoto to be her rival. Portrayed by: Mariya Nagao An otaku who has deep admiration for the PreCure franchise. Portrayed by: Jun Amaki A girl originally from the Kansai region who tends to speak in the Kansai dialect. She serves as the group's moodmaker. Portrayed by: Aoi Yoshikura She is a former child actress who decided to pivot to voice acting. She is the eldest among five children and takes care of her four siblings. A popular voice actress who notices Makoto's talent during an acting test. She serves as a mentor for the group. Production and release The series was produced as part of the franchise's 15th anniversary. Produced by Asahi Broadcasting Corporation and Fine Entertainment, the series is directed by Natsuki Seta, Toshiki Sōma, and Kyōhei Tamazawa, and is written by Kōta Fukuhara and Shinya Hokimoto. The series premiered on TV Asahi on April 8, 2018 and will run for 10 episodes. Voice actors Haruka Tomatsu, Daisuke Namikawa, Noriko Hidaka, and Mitsuo Iwata appear as themselves in the series. Footage of Tomatsu performing at a concert the song \\\"Q&A Recital\\\", used as the opening theme to the anime series My Little Monster, is used in the series' seventh episode. The series' ending theme is \\\"It's Show Time!\\\" by Tomatsu and Haruka Fukuhara. References External links Official website Asahi Broadcasting Corporation original programming TV Asahi television dramas 2018 Japanese television series debuts 2018 Japanese television series endings Pretty Cure\",\n \"title\": \"Koe Girl!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40732647\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of the major and minor characters featured in and/or created specifically for the Cartoon Network animated series, Teen Titans Go!. Teen Titans Robin Voiced by: Scott Menville (reprising) Robin is the leader and the only Titan who does not possess any superpowers. He primarily relies on his arsenal of weapons and tools during combat. His weapons of preference are his Birdarangs, grapple guns and multi-purpose metallic bo staff. He is also incredibly agile, and is a studious scientist, detective and martial artist. Robin is disciplined and serious. Robin's role as leader is modestly parodied throughout the series. He prefers to take the lead role at all times. Robin is also at times emotionally unstable, arrogant and self-centered. However, despite his flaws he usually learns from his mistakes and tries to make amends. His original comic book likeness is also featured briefly in \\\"Books\\\", and he is seen in his original comics outfit in a flashback in \\\"Baby Hands\\\". It transpires that Robin also eventually grows up to become Nightwing in \\\"Staring at the Future\\\", a point which is reinforced in \\\"Sandwich Thief\\\". Starfire Voiced by: Hynden Walch (reprising) An orange-skinned, green-eyed alien princess, Starfire (real name Koriand'r) is formidable for her superhuman strength, faster-than-light flight, and ability to emit bright green energy bolts from either her hands or her eyes. Starfire is a generally happy and naive person and is relentlessly kind and polite to everyone, even to her occasional foes in battle. She expresses interests in self-maintenance to upkeep her appearance in the new series. Starfire is slightly modified from her previous likeness, with design changes to her boots, hair, and flight trail. Her original comic book likeness is also featured briefly in \\\"Books\\\", and she is seen in a less sexualized version of her original comics outfit in a flashback in \\\"Baby Hands\\\". It would also be revealed that Starfire would become the queen of her home world Tamaran in \\\"Staring At The Future\\\". Raven Voiced by: Tara Strong (reprising) Raven is a mystical half-demon with a range of superpowers based upon her skills with magic. Her appearance slightly changed in the Go! series to have paler skin and shorter hair. Raven is of a very apathetic and acerbic nature, almost seemingly devoid of emotion, and often interacts with her teammates through means of sarcasm and occasional bouts of demonic anger. Despite some parts of her personality staying similar, others were modified for the Go! series. She is shown to have feelings for her teammate Beast Boy but often hides it from everyone. Robin categorized Raven's role in the group as \\\"the sarcastic older sister\\\" in \\\"Uncle Jokes\\\". She is seen in her original comics outfit in a flashback in \\\"Baby Hands\\\". Beast Boy Voiced by: Greg Cipes (reprising) Beast Boy has a purple-and-black Doom Patrol uniform, pointed ears, and green skin. He is shown to have feelings for both Raven and Terra, he often goes to Terra if he tried to get Raven\",\n \"title\": \"List of Teen Titans Go! characters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6190944\",\n \"text\": \"Mamba is a 1930 American pre-Code film, released by Tiffany Pictures. It was shot entirely in Technicolor and stars Jean Hersholt, Eleanor Boardman, Ralph Forbes, Josef Swickard, Claude Fleming, William Stanton and William von Brincken. It was based on a story by Ferdinand Schumann-Heink and John Reinhardt and was advertised as the First Drama In Natural Color as all previous color features in sound had featured musical numbers. Plot The film takes place in Neu Posen, German East Africa sometime before the First World War. \\\"Mamba\\\" is the name given to a South African snake. The reptile of this adventure is Auguste Bolte (played by Jean Hersholt), who is constantly reminding those with whom he has a chance to converse that he can buy anything. He neglects his appearance and does not even bother to shave or brush his hair. The German officers hold themselves aloof from him and the only individual he has an opportunity to talk to at length is his valet-secretary, a Cockney, who feeds his master with flattery. One afternoon Bolte recalls that he has received a letter asking for 200,000 marks from Count von Linden. The Count is in Germany and in a footnote it is written that Bolte might marry von Linden's daughter, Helen. The white people of the post have as little to do with Bolte as possible and the British officers across the frontier also spurn him. It occurs to Bolte that a beautiful wife would perhaps help to make life more agreeable for him. He thinks also that the officers would then overlook some of his failings and be quite impressed. He therefore allies himself to Germany. Helen (played by Eleanor Boardman), like most daughters who marry wealthy villains in melodramas, does so to save her father from ruin. There is a flash of the wedding and soon Helen and her ignoble husband are seen aboard the steamship bound for East Africa. On the same vessel is Karl von Reiden, the officer who is to take charge of the Neu Posen post. He is not averse to a little flirtation with a beautiful woman and therefore when Helen goes out on deck to avoid Bolte, Karl succeeds in meeting her. These scenes are fairly well filmed and the color effects are capital. Karl, played by Ralph Forbes, is a handsome fellow. So soon as he knows that Bolte is Helen's husband he realizes that the marriage is not to her liking. Later these passengers are on the river boat, and when that craft reaches Neu Posen. Bolte stands on the aft deck hoping to make all the German officers envious of his attractive bride. He later gives a feast and takes good care to make a show of his wealth, even to having a procession of natives carrying the viands. A visit from a native woman interrupts the proceedings, and in a subsequent passage Bolte, enraged with his wife, is about to flog her with a whip when Karl comes to\",\n \"title\": \"Mamba (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54039640\",\n \"text\": \"Kenzel Doe (born June 6, 1992) is a former American football wide receiver and return specialist, most recently for the Nebraska Danger of the Indoor Football League (IFL). He played college football for Wisconsin and has played in both the National Football League, and the Canadian Football League, as well as playing for two other minor league football teams. High school career Doe was born and raised in Reidsville, North Carolina. He attended Reidsville High School, who went undefeated during Doe's time playing there. College career Coming into college, Doe was rated as a 3 star recruit. Doe attended Wisconsin from 2010 to 2014, and majored in sociology. After red-shirting, Doe played in 48 games from 2011 to 2014, excelling on special teams. Doe returned 49 punts for 481 yards and one touchdown, as well as 58 kickoff returns for 1,388 yards and a touchdown, which was scored during the 2014 Capital One Bowl. Doe also caught 42 passes for 379 yards and a touchdown, plus rushing for 143 yards on 19 carries. Doe earned several letters during his time in college. Professional career Pittsburgh Steelers Despite being undrafted during the 2015 NFL Draft, Doe participated in rookie mini-camps with the New England Patriots and Houston Texans, but remained unsigned until August, when Doe was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers. Doe participated in four preseason games, including the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, but was cut prior to the final week of preseason play. Doe participated exclusively on special teams, and returned 2 kickoffs for 43 yards, and 8 punts for 26 yards, with 1 fumble, which Doe recovered. Brooklyn Bolts After being cut by the Steelers, Doe played for the Brooklyn Bolts in the startup Fall Experimental Football League during their brief 2015 season, which was their final season before folding in early 2016. Led by quarterback Josh Freeman, and alongside fellow future CFL players John Harris, Ricky Collins, and LaDarius Perkins, Doe recorded 2 catches for 28 yards during the two games played that season, including one game which took place during storms influenced by Hurricane Joaquin. Doe also served as a returner during his time with the Bolts. Edmonton Eskimos Following his stints with the Steelers and the FXFL in 2015, Doe began receiving calls by Canadian Football teams in January 2016, and signed with the Edmonton Eskimos on his birthday, June 6. During the 2 game CFL preseason, Doe recorded two catches for 23 yards, 6 punt returns for 27 yards, and two kickoff returns for 42 yards. Doe made the active roster for the Eskimos, but was demoted to the practice roster after the first game. Doe was called back up in week 4 to become the starting returner for Edmonton, taking over for the struggling Joe McKnight. Doe ended up being demoted again during week 16, in favor of Troy Stoudermire. Stoudermire went on to have higher return averages, but fumbled several times over only a few touches over four games, something Doe\",\n \"title\": \"Kenzel Doe\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2554673\",\n \"text\": \"The Terrific Whatzit (real name Merton McSnurtle, also known as McSnurtle the Turtle) is a fictional superhero turtle appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. DC's first talking animal superhero, the Terrific Whatzit first appeared in Funny Stuff #1 (Summer 1944) and was created by writer-artist Martin Naydel. Natasha Lyonne voices the character in the animated film DC League of Super-Pets (2022). Fictional character biography McSnurtle is a turtle and shopkeeper who lives in the town of Zooville and is famed for both his honesty and his laziness. He is granted superpowers by two powerful, otherworldly entities (the nice Prince Highness and nasty Prince Lowness) who want to see how a completely honest person would handle being granted superpowers. When in action as the Terrific Whatzit, McSnurtle removes his shell and dons a costume almost identical to that of the Golden Age Flash save that the lightning bolt emblem is replaced by a \\\"TW\\\" in a yellow circle. The name \\\"Terrific Whatzit\\\" stems from the fact that without his shell, it is hard to tell what kind of animal McSnurtle is. McSnurtle's last Golden Age appearance as the Terrific Whatzit was in Funny Stuff #17 (January 1947), although he continued to appear from time to time as McSnurtle the shopkeeper in other features. His superheroic identity would not appear again until Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew! #9 in November 1982, in which he is seen helping the Allies during \\\"the Second Weird War\\\". The series reveals in an earlier story that the Terrific Whatzit is the uncle of Zoo Crew team member Fastback. Powers and abilities As the Terrific Whatzit, McSnurtle possessed super-speed powers similar to those of the Golden Age Flash. These powers, while primarily based on superspeed, also include some superstrength (enough to bend a tank's main gun barrel) and the ability to fly. McSnurtle also gains a ghost-like \\\"automatic conscience\\\" who won't relent until he goes into action against the threat of the story. Other versions An ordinary turtle wearing the classic Terrific Whatzit costume is seen in DC Super Friends #14 (June 2009), as the adopted pet of the Flash. A redesigned version of the Terrific Whatzit appeared in the DC Super-Pets children's book Salamander Smackdown, as a superpowered pet of the present-day Flash. Unlike the previous versions, this version of the Terrific Whatzit wears a costume similar to the modern Flash's. In other media McSnurtle the Turtle appears in The Flash in two different forms. The first version appears in the episode \\\"Revenge of the Rogues\\\" as the childhood stuffed animal of Iris West. The second appears in the episode \\\"Borrowing Problems from the Future\\\" as a regular turtle that Harrison \\\"HR\\\" Wells gives to Barry Allen as a housewarming gift. The Terrific Whatzit appears in the DC Super Hero Girls episode \\\"All Pets Are Off\\\". Merton the Turtle / Terrific Whatzit appears in DC League of Super-Pets, voiced by Natasha Lyonne. This version is a non-anthropomorphic female turtle who acquires\",\n \"title\": \"Terrific Whatzit\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54221354\",\n \"text\": \"I Am Bolt is a 2016 British biographical documentary sports film co-directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner and produced by Leo Pearlman. It is based on the life of Jamaican sprinter and three times Olympic gold medalist and World Record holder for 100m, 200m, 4×100m relay, Usain Bolt, the fastest man in recorded human history. The film describes Bolt's journey in winning nine gold medals and the incidents surrounding the Olympic titles. The film was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom and then worldwide. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Cast Usain Bolt himself Pelé himself Neymar himself Serena Williams herself Asafa Powell himself Sebastian himself Ziggy Marley himself Nas with voice Glen Mills himself Ricky Simms himself Chronixx himself Yohan Blake himself Maurice Greene himself Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt – his parents themselves Dwayne Jarrett – Bolt's school coach himself Nugent Walker – Bolt's manager himself Dwayne Barnett himself Reception Critical response I Am Bolt received positive reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 242 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \\\" Bolt's golden era may be too recent and the sponsors too dominant for any real warts to be included, but his charm and sheer physical wonder make this a compelling watch regardless.\\\" Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter reacted positively, saying: \\\"Athletic achievements don’t get much more unbeatable than the records held by Jamaican runner Usain Bolt, who’s won nine consecutive Olympic gold medals and even more World Championship awards. Considered the fastest sprinter who’s ever logged track time, Bolt is a hero to millions and admired on a level comparable to global sports legends like Muhammad Ali and Pele.\\\" Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it 2/5, stating \\\"Fans of Usain Bolt will find much to relish in this gushing homage to the nine-time Olympic gold medallist, which chases its idol from his 2015 slump, via scenes of downtime in Jamaica to the podium in Rio. References External links Sports films based on actual events Running films Biographical films about sportspeople Documentary films about sportspeople 2010s biographical films 2016 films Pelé Cultural depictions of track and field athletes Cultural depictions of Jamaican people 2010s English-language films\",\n \"title\": \"I Am Bolt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4129487\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Epcar is an American voice actor, voice director, and writer who has voiced over 1,200 characters in animation, video games and anime. Some of his major roles include Raiden in the Mortal Kombat franchise, The Joker in several projects (including Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, Injustice: Gods Among Us, Injustice 2 and Mortal Kombat 11), Yhwach and Zangetsu in Bleach, Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo in Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo, Etemon and Myotismon in Digimon, Batou in Ghost in the Shell, Xehanort/Ansem in Kingdom Hearts, Joseph Joestar in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders and JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond is Unbreakable, Black Ghost/Skull in Cyborg 009, Akuma in Street Fighter V (replacing Dave Mallow), Daisuke Jigen in Lupin the Third and Andrall in Gormiti Nature Unleashed. He and fellow voice actress Ellyn Stern own and operate Epcar Entertainment, a voice-over production service company based in Los Angeles. Filmography Anime Other Animation Film Video games Live action Adventures in Voice Acting – Himself Big Bad Beetleborgs – Karato (as Richard George) Beetleborgs Metallix – Lightningborg (as Richard George) ER – Many Voices Gilmore Girls – Many Voices Glory Daze – Announcer Hercules – Many Voices JAG – Many Voices Masked Rider – Beetletron, Masked Rider Z-Cross/Masked Rider V-3 (as Richard George) Mighty Med- Mr. Terror (Voice only) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers – Shellshock, Mutitus, Babe Ruthless, Cyclops, Samurai Fan Man, Goatan (Lion voice), Primator (Zedd's Monster Mash), Invenusable Flytrap (Rangers Back in Time and The Wedding), Rhinoblaster (Football Season, The Wedding and Master Vile and the Metallic Armor), Miss Chief (2nd voice), Brick Bully (all uncredited roles) Power Rangers: Zeo – Bucket of Bolts, Defoliator, Autochthon, Protectron (all uncredited) Power Rangers: Turbo – Blazinator (uncredited) Power Rangers: In Space – Vacsacker (uncredited) Power Rangers: Wild Force – Bowling Org Xena – Many Voices VR Troopers – Col. Icebot, Slashbot, Dice Swordbot (2nd voice), Slice Swordbot (3rd voice), Frogbot, Cannonbot, Dark Heart, Chrome Dome, Graybot (with Zelton as him) (as Richard George) References External links Living people 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American casting directors American male film actors American male television actors American male television writers American male video game actors American male voice actors American television writers American voice directors Male actors from Los Angeles Screenwriters from Arizona Screenwriters from California University of Arizona alumni Writers from Los Angeles Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Epcar\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Miley Cyrus","Chloë Grace Moretz"],"string":"[\n \"Miley Cyrus\",\n \"Chloë Grace Moretz\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":86,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_18760"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when was hit me with your rhythm stick released"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"5558802","text":"\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" is a song by Ian Dury and the Blockheads, first released as a single on Stiff Records in the UK on 23 November 1978 and credited to \"Ian & the Blockheads\". Written by Dury and the Blockheads' multi-instrumentalist Chaz Jankel, it is the group's most successful single, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart in January 1979 as well as reaching the top three in Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, and it was also a top 20 hit in several European countries. \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" was named the 12th best single of 1978 by the writers of British music magazine NME, and best single of 1979 in the annual 'Pazz & Jop' poll organised by music critic Robert Christgau in The Village Voice. It was also named the 3rd best post-punk 7\" ever made by Fact magazine. By September 2017, it had sold over 1.29 million copies in the UK, making it the 114th biggest selling single of all time in the UK. Composition Co-writer Chaz Jankel has repeated a story both in Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll: The Life of Ian Dury and Ian Dury & The Blockheads: Song by Song that the song was written in Rolvenden, Kent during a jamming session between him and Dury. Jankel relates that the music was inspired by a funky piano part near the end of \"Wake Up and Make Love with Me\", the opening track on Dury's 1977 debut album New Boots and Panties!! Dury mentioned a number of origins for his lyrics, including claiming that he had written them up to three years earlier and it had just taken him all that time to realise their quality. Blockheads guitarist John Turnbull gives a different account, claiming the lyrics were written while on tour in America six months prior to the song's recording and that he was still adjusting in-studio. Whilst researching his book Ian Dury: The Definitive Biography, Will Birch discovered that Dury wrote the lyrics for \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" as early as 1976. Ian's typed manuscript, which differs only slightly from the later recorded version and with hand written notes about arrangement and instrumentation ('drums and fuzz bass doing Roy Buchanan volume trick' after first chorus, for example), was posted to a friend in September of that year. The 'lunatic' line reads 'one two three fourithmatic'. 'O'er the hills and far away' was originally 'down to Hammersmith Broadway'. The manuscript, complete with handwritten annotations, was reproduced in Hallo Sausages, the book of Dury's lyrics compiled by his daughter Jemima. According to Jemima it appeared that the origins of the song could be traced as far back as 1974. The song is noted for a complex 16-notes-to-the-bar bassline played by Norman Watt-Roy, and the saxophone solo in the instrumental break in which Davey Payne plays two saxophones. Recording The song was recorded in The Workhouse Studio on the Old Kent Road, London, the same place","title":"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"5558802\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" is a song by Ian Dury and the Blockheads, first released as a single on Stiff Records in the UK on 23 November 1978 and credited to \\\"Ian & the Blockheads\\\". Written by Dury and the Blockheads' multi-instrumentalist Chaz Jankel, it is the group's most successful single, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart in January 1979 as well as reaching the top three in Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, and it was also a top 20 hit in several European countries. \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" was named the 12th best single of 1978 by the writers of British music magazine NME, and best single of 1979 in the annual 'Pazz & Jop' poll organised by music critic Robert Christgau in The Village Voice. It was also named the 3rd best post-punk 7\\\" ever made by Fact magazine. By September 2017, it had sold over 1.29 million copies in the UK, making it the 114th biggest selling single of all time in the UK. Composition Co-writer Chaz Jankel has repeated a story both in Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll: The Life of Ian Dury and Ian Dury & The Blockheads: Song by Song that the song was written in Rolvenden, Kent during a jamming session between him and Dury. Jankel relates that the music was inspired by a funky piano part near the end of \\\"Wake Up and Make Love with Me\\\", the opening track on Dury's 1977 debut album New Boots and Panties!! Dury mentioned a number of origins for his lyrics, including claiming that he had written them up to three years earlier and it had just taken him all that time to realise their quality. Blockheads guitarist John Turnbull gives a different account, claiming the lyrics were written while on tour in America six months prior to the song's recording and that he was still adjusting in-studio. Whilst researching his book Ian Dury: The Definitive Biography, Will Birch discovered that Dury wrote the lyrics for \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" as early as 1976. Ian's typed manuscript, which differs only slightly from the later recorded version and with hand written notes about arrangement and instrumentation ('drums and fuzz bass doing Roy Buchanan volume trick' after first chorus, for example), was posted to a friend in September of that year. The 'lunatic' line reads 'one two three fourithmatic'. 'O'er the hills and far away' was originally 'down to Hammersmith Broadway'. The manuscript, complete with handwritten annotations, was reproduced in Hallo Sausages, the book of Dury's lyrics compiled by his daughter Jemima. According to Jemima it appeared that the origins of the song could be traced as far back as 1974. The song is noted for a complex 16-notes-to-the-bar bassline played by Norman Watt-Roy, and the saxophone solo in the instrumental break in which Davey Payne plays two saxophones. Recording The song was recorded in The Workhouse Studio on the Old Kent Road, London, the same place\",\n \"title\": \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"24814383","text":"\"Let's Stick Together\" is a blues-based rhythm and blues song written by Wilbert Harrison. In 1962, Fury Records released it as a single. Harrison further developed the song and in 1969, Sue Records issued it as a two-part single titled \"Let's Work Together\". Although Harrison's original song did not appear in the record charts, his reworked version entered the U.S. Top 40. Several artists subsequently recorded the songs; \"Let's Work Together\" by Canned Heat (1970) and \"Let's Stick Together\" by Bryan Ferry (1976) were both chart successes. Original songs \"Let's Stick Together\" is a mid-tempo twelve-bar blues-style R&B song. According to music writer Richard Clayton, \"Harrison probably intended 'Let’s Stick Together' as his follow-up single [to 'Kansas City'], but a contract dispute prevented him from releasing it while his star was in the ascendant\". In 1959, \"Kansas City\", written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, was a number one hit for Harrison on both the Billboard R&B and Hot 100 singles chart. In 1962, Harrison recorded \"Let's Stick Together\" for Fury Records, one of several labels operated by record producer Bobby Robinson, that had issued \"Kansas City\". Fury pressed the single with two different A-side and B-sides: \"Kansas City Twist\" (Fury 1059) and \"My Heart Is Yours\" (Fury 1063). It had been three years since Harrison's last chart appearance and the singles failed to reach the charts. In 1969, Harrison reworked the song with the title \"Let's Work Together\". The two songs use the same melody line and structure, but the lyrics differ: \"Let's Stick Together\" \"Let's Work Together\" Instrumentally, the 1962 recording is an ensemble piece, while the one in 1969 is a solo performance, with Harrison (credited as the \"Wilbert Harrison One Man Band\") providing the vocal, harmonica, guitar, and percussion. Sue Records released \"Let's Work Together\" as a two-part single that reached number 32 on Billboard's Hot 100 in 1970, however, it did not appear on the magazine's R&B chart. In Canada the song reached number 26 on the RPM charts. Canned Heat version Shortly after the release of Wilbert Harrison's \"Let's Work Together\", Los Angeles blues-rock band Canned Heat recorded their version of the song. Unlike their previous singles (\"On the Road Again\", \"Going Up the Country\", and \"Time Was\") that featured vocals and harmonica by Alan Wilson, for \"Let's Work Together\" Bob Hite provided the vocals, with Wilson adding the slide-guitar parts. The song was prepared for release as a single in December 1969, but was cancelled due to the popularity of Harrison's single. In the UK, where Harrison's single failed to generate interest, Canned Heat's version was released in January 1970. There it became their biggest hit, reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart during a stay of fifteen weeks. In the US, Canned Heat's \"Let's Work Together\" was first released on August 3, 1970, on their album, Future Blues. An American single followed on August 25, 1970, and reached number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100. In Canada, the song reached number","title":"Let's Stick Together (song)"},{"docid":"19506035","text":"\"It Hurts Me Too\" is a blues standard that is \"one of the most interpreted blues [songs]\". First recorded in 1940 by Tampa Red, the song is a mid-tempo eight-bar blues that features slide guitar. It borrows from earlier blues songs and has been recorded by many artists. Origins \"It Hurts Me Too\" is based on \"Things 'Bout Comin' My Way\", the latter recorded by Tampa Red in February 1931. The melody lines are nearly identical and instrumentally they are similar, although the latter has an extra bar in the turnaround, giving it nine bars. \"Sam Hill from Louisville\", one of several pseudonyms of Walter Vinson (or Vincson), recorded \"Things 'Bout Coming My Way\" in 1931 shortly before Tampa Red. Vinson's version is based on his 1930 recording with the Mississippi Sheiks, \"Sitting on Top of the World\". Both songs share several elements with \"You Got to Reap What You Sow\", recorded by Tampa Red in 1929 and by Leroy Carr and Scrapper Blackwell in 1928. The melody lines, played on slide guitar by Tampa Red and sung by Carr, are similar to those in the later songs. Carr and Blackwell's song has elements of their own earlier 1928 song \"How Long, How Long Blues\". \"How Long, How Long Blues\" has been described as one of the first blues standards and the inspiration for many blues songs of the era. In March 1949, Tampa Red recorded a variation of \"It Hurts Me Too\", titled \"When Things Go Wrong with You\". It was recast in the style of a Chicago blues, with electric guitar and a more up to date backing arrangement. The song was a hit and reached number nine on Billboard's Rhythm & Blues Records chart in 1949. (The original \"It Hurts Me Too\" was released before Billboard or a similar reliable service began tracking such releases, so it is difficult to gauge which version was more popular, although the former's title won out over the latter's). Although the song retained the refrain \"When things go wrong, so wrong with you, it hurts me too\", Tampa Red varied the rest of the lyrics somewhat. This would become the pattern for future versions, in which succeeding artists would interpret the song with some of their own lyrics. Elmore James renditions Several versions of \"It Hurts Me Too\" were recorded in the 1940s and 1950s, including those by Stick McGhee and Big Bill Broonzy. When Elmore James recorded it in 1957, he (or Chief's owner, Mel London, who is credited on the release) supplied some of the lyrics that are most familiar today: James' 1957 Chief version did not appear in the charts, but after he recorded the song again in late 1962 or early 1963 for the Fire/Fury/Enjoy group of labels, it became a hit. The song used the same lyrics as his earlier version, but featured more prominent slide guitar work. When it was released in 1965, two years after James' death, \"It Hurts Me Too\" spent eight weeks","title":"It Hurts Me Too"},{"docid":"4404061","text":"Laurie Latham (born 1955) is a British rock producer who worked with Glenn Tilbrook, Paul Young and others. He has produced albums by Ian Dury & the Blockheads, Echo & the Bunnymen, Squeeze, The Stranglers, The Christians and Slapp Happy. Career Latham worked as an engineer during the 1970s on albums by Monty Python and Manfred Mann's Earth Band. He was the producer and engineer for Ian Dury's New Boots and Panties!! and produced the singles \"What a Waste\" and \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", which went to number one in the UK in 1979. External links SJP Dodgy Music Production Laurie Latham page References 1955 births Living people British record producers","title":"Laurie Latham"},{"docid":"16940672","text":"Henry Lee \"Shot\" Williams (May 21, 1938 – November 25, 2011) was an American blues singer. He got the nickname \"Shot\" from his mother at a young age, owing to his fondness for wearing suits and dressing up as a \"big shot.\" Biography Williams grew up in the country close to his cousin and fellow blues man, Little Smokey Smothers. \"Shot\" moved to Detroit in 1954 and to Chicago in 1958. He joined Smothers there and began singing with Smokey's band in 1960 and a few years later joined Magic Sam's band as a vocalist. In 1962, Williams recorded his first singles for Chicago's Foxy label, \"Hello Baby\" and \"I'm Trying\". He recorded a series of singles for other labels, including King/Federal, Palos, Gamma, Shama and Tchula. His 1964 recording \"Welcome to the Club\" was a hit in Chicago, and was later covered by Little Milton for Checker Records in 1965. Another regional hit, \"I Like Your Style\", came out in 1969 and was covered by Junior Parker. Several more singles followed including the popular \"Drop Your Laundry Baby\". His first album under his own name, Country Disco, was released on the Roots label in 1977. In the 1980s, Williams released a slew of singles on labels including Tchula, 4-Way, True & Dis-Muke. He released an album on cassette with many of these cuts called I Like Your Style. In 1994, the Japanese label Vivid Sound released an album called, A Shot of Rhythm and Blues, containing tracks Williams recorded in Memphis apparently for (but not released by) Quinton Claunch's SoulTrax imprint. The Black Magic label decided to give Lee a \"Shot\" behind his own band. The result, Cold Shot was released in 1995 and was voted the Best Blues Album of 1995 (New Recording - Soul/Blues) by Living Blues readers' poll. His debut for Ecko Records, Hot Shot, brought Williams home to the \"Southern Soul Blues\" world with the hit \"I'll Take The Risk\". In 2000, Williams scored another hit with She Made A Freak Out Of Me, followed by Somebody's After My Freak. Williams left the label again and recorded one disc for Charles Wilson's label called Let The Good Times Roll before returning to Ecko for four more albums. In 2008, Williams signed with CDS Records. His first CD for the label was released in 2008 and produced the hits \"It's Friday (Time To Get Paid)\" and \"Wrong Bed\". Two more albums were released by CDS Records, I'm The Man For The Job and The First Rule of Cheating (2010). Death Williams died on November 25, 2011, aged 73, from undisclosed causes. Discography Country Disco (Roots/TK 1977) A Shot Of Rhythm & Blues (Vivid Sound/Soul Trax 1994) Cold Shot (Black Magic 1995) Hot Shot (Ecko 1996) You Turn Me On (Diamond Lady 1999) She Made A Freak Out Of Me (Ecko 2000) Somebody's After My Freak (Ecko 2001) Let The Good Times Roll (Wilson 2002) Before The Honeymoon (Hot Spot 2002) Chicago Blues & Deep Soul Legend","title":"Lee \"Shot\" Williams"},{"docid":"31868356","text":"\"Listen to Me\" is a 1968 single by the Hollies, written by Tony Hazzard. It was the last Hollies single of Graham Nash's original tenure in the group. The song reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1968 and received praise from critics. Background and recording \"Listen to Me\" has been characterised as gentler than previous Hollies releases, with the Evening Standard describing the song as \"a change of style a la Rubber Soul Beatles.\" Tony Hazzard wrote the song after conceiving the lyric \"your ears are deaf, your mouth is dumb, your eyes are blind\". The songwriter was present at its recording session at EMI Studios; there, he pitched a further composition to the Hollies which Graham Nash liked, but the rest of the band chose not to record after Nash's departure. Consequently, \"Listen to Me\" was Hazzard's only composition to be recorded by the Hollies. The recording session for \"Listen to Me\" was Nash's last with the Hollies until he rejoined the band in 1982, with Nash later commenting \"in my head, I had already left the Hollies\". The band promoted the single with an appearance on the 26 September edition of Top of the Pops. According to drummer Bobby Elliott, they were invited to appear on the programme again as the song climbed up the chart but had to decline as Nash was in the USA and could not return in time. Tony Hazzard recorded a studio version of the song for his 1969 album Tony Hazzard Sings Tony Hazzard. Hazzard's 2022 album Demonstration features a remixed version of his original demo of the song with a newly recorded guitar part by the Hollies' Tony Hicks. Reception \"Listen to Me\" received a warm critical reception. John Wells of NME considered the song \"a much more mature and sophisticated sound\" for the band, adding \"this won't please their \"Midas\" fans as out goes that mind-shattering sound to be replaced by a gentle, more melodic treatment.\" Penny Valentine of Disc and Music Echo praised the Hollies' \"instant commerciality\", deeming the song \"very competent, very good and a very big hit\", while Peter Jones of Record Mirror described it as \"fast-tempoed and unusually phrased and clearly a tremendous hit.\" Chris Welch of Melody Maker considered \"Listen to Me\" an example of \"mysterious currents of influence [coursing] their way through the group scene\" that shares \"similar sounds and rhythms\" to \"The Weight\", then recently-released as a single by both the Band and Spooky Tooth, and \"Sour Milk Sea\", a contemporaneous single recorded by Jackie Lomax. He summarised the sound as \"the sort of nostalgic rock affecting many old-established groups... ...a heavy beat tinged with melancholy, which will appeal greatly to melancholy rockers around the 26 age group.\" Billboard described the single as a \"strong outing\" and an \"infectious rhythm entry.\" Charts References 1968 songs The Hollies songs Parlophone singles Songs written by Tony Hazzard","title":"Listen to Me (Hollies song)"},{"docid":"1343254","text":"Charles Jeremy \"Chaz\" Jankel (born 16 April 1952) is an English musician and songwriter. In a music career spanning more than 40 years, he came to prominence in the late 1970s as the guitarist and keyboardist of the rock band Ian Dury and the Blockheads. With Dury, Jankel co-wrote some of the band's best-known songs including \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" and \"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\". In addition to his work with the Blockheads, Jankel has had a solo career which has resulted in nine studio albums. He has a long list of credits as both a performer and as songwriter. Early life Charles Jeremy Jankel was born on 16 April 1952 in Stanmore, Middlesex. Inspired by skiffle singer Lonnie Donegan, he started to learn how to play the Spanish guitar at age 7, and then went on to study the piano. He attended the boarding school Mill Hill School and became a fan of the American rock, funk and soul band Sly and the Family Stone during his time there. Jankel's fondness for this style was later responsible for much of the funk influence on the Blockheads' music and also influenced Jankel's solo career. As a student at the art college Saint Martin's School of Art he played with a folk rock band called Byzantium from 1972 to 1973. Career In 1973, Jankel contributed a track titled \"Let's Go\" to Long John Baldry's studio album Good to Be Alive. He then joined the folk rock band Jonathan Kelly's Outside and worked on their only studio album ...Waiting on You, released in early 1974. Jankel first started working with Ian Dury as part of the pub rock band Kilburn and the High Roads in the early part of the 1970s. He went on to work with Dury on albums such as 1977's New Boots and Panties!! and the Blockheads' albums including the 1979 release Do It Yourself before leaving the band. He wrote funk songs such as \"Hit Me with your Rhythm Stick\", and \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\". In 1981, Jankel joined Dury again, without the Blockheads, for his second solo studio album Lord Upminster, which spawned the US Top 40 dance hit \"Spasticus Autisticus\", which he co-wrote. After leaving the Blockheads, Jankel pursued a solo career and issued four studio albums for A&M, including his 1980 self-titled debut and 1981's Chasanova, which was also released under the title Questionnaire. This album featured major lyrical contributions from Ian Dury, and musical contributions from two of the Blockheads, bassist Norman Watt-Roy, and drummer Charlie Charles and also contained the US dance hit \"Glad to Know You\", which was one of the tracks with lyrics written by Dury, plus the MTV music video of its title track. In 1981, Quincy Jones had a UK chart hit with a cover version of Jankel's \"Ai No Corrida\", which reached No. 14 in April of that year. The song was also covered","title":"Chaz Jankel"},{"docid":"1629941","text":"Pazz & Jop was an annual poll of top musical releases, compiled by American newspaper The Village Voice and created by music critic Robert Christgau. It published lists of the year's top releases for 1971 and, after Christgau's two-year absence from the Voice, each year from 1974 onward. The polls are tabulated from the submitted year-end top 10 lists of hundreds of music critics. It was named in acknowledgement of the defunct magazine Jazz & Pop, and adopted the ratings system used in that publication's annual critics poll. History The Pazz & Jop was introduced by The Village Voice in 1971 as an album-only poll; it was expanded to include votes for singles in 1979. Throughout the years, other minor lists had been elicited from poll respondents for releases such as extended plays, music videos, album re-issues, and compilation albums—all of which were discontinued after only a few years. The Pazz & Jop albums poll uses a points system to formulate list rankings. Participating critics assigned a number value, ranging from 5 to 30, to each of the albums on their top 10 list, with all 10 albums totaling 100 points. The singles lists, however, are always unweighted. The Pazz & Jop was created by Village Voice critic Robert Christgau. The idea behind its name (a spoonerism of Jazz & Pop) was that, since the words \"pazz\" and \"jop\" do not exist, participating critics would judge a musical work on its own merits rather than be distracted by categories and genres. In 1971, English rock band the Who topped the first Pazz & Jop albums poll with Who's Next. The following year, Christgau left The Village Voice for Newsday, and the poll was not conducted again until 1974, when Christgau returned to the Voice and the poll \"became an institution\", according to fellow Voice critic Chris Molanphy. English singer Ian Dury and his band the Blockheads topped the first singles poll with \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (1979). Bob Dylan and Kanye West topped the albums poll the most number of times, with four number-one albums each. West, in addition, won the singles poll of 2005. Christgau oversaw the Pazz & Jop poll for more than thirty years; he also wrote an accompanying essay that discussed the poll's contents. Writing in 2002, author Bernard Gendron cited the lack of overlap between the 1999 poll results and that year's best-selling albums on Billboards US charts—whereby only five of Pazz & Jop's top 40 appeared in the Billboard list—as indicative of a continued division between the avant-garde aesthetic of cultural accreditation and commercial considerations. Although Pazz & Jop established itself as a critics' poll with a clear identity, it has attracted criticism, particularly for its methodology. Addressing the participants in 2001, Mike Doughty of the New York Press complained: \"In the guise of a love of music, you've taken the most beautiful nebulous form of human expression, squeezed it through an asinine points-scoring system specially cooked up for this pointless perennial,","title":"Pazz & Jop"},{"docid":"43173328","text":"\"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" is a song written by Memphis-based songwriter Earl Randle, and first recorded in 1972 by soul singer Ann Peebles. The song was also a hit in 1984 for English singer Paul Young. Ann Peebles version Produced by Willie Mitchell and with performances by the Hi Rhythm Section, Ann Peebles' recording was made at the Royal Studios on South Lauderdale Avenue in Memphis. It was issued as a single on the Hi label in January 1973. It reached no.31 on the US R&B chart, and \"bubbled under\" the Hot 100, reaching no.111. The track was also included on her 1974 album I Can't Stand the Rain. Writer Craig Werner said:Like the most powerful gospel soul from the early sixties, \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" serves notice on a cheating lover (white America? the brothers in the Black Panther movement?) that the free ride has come to an end. It's a restatement of the revolutionary gospel anthem \"Samson and Delilah,\" and the message, on every level, is the same: \"If I had my way, I would tear this building down.\" Later versions The song was later recorded by Graham Parker and the Rumour on their 1977 album Stick to Me. A cover version by Paul Young reached no. 9 on the UK singles chart in 1984, and no.13 on the Billboard Hot 100 when re-released the following year. It was included on Young's album The Secret of Association (1985). Samples The Ann Peebles' version of \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" was sampled in the track \"The Plan\" by Wu-Tang Clan affiliated group Sunz of Man on their album The Last Shall Be First (1998). Charts Ann Peebles Paul Young References 1972 songs 1973 singles 1984 singles Paul Young songs Graham Parker songs Song recordings produced by Willie Mitchell (musician) Hi Records singles Columbia Records singles","title":"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down"},{"docid":"31334458","text":"Formed in 1977 to promote Ian Durys' album New Boots and Panties!! on the first Stiff Records tour of the UK, Chaz Jankel, Norman Watt-Roy, Charlie Charles, John Turnbull and Mick Gallagher became known as 'The Blockheads' (a reference to a song on Dury's album). As 'Ian Dury & The Blockheads' they went back out on tour, this time without Jankel, and in 1978 released \"What a Waste\"/\"Wake Up and Make Love with Me\" a single that reached number five in the UK charts. They were then joined by saxophonist Davey Payne and toured the US supporting Lou Reed across North America, ending with their own dates in California (with backline roadie Pete Rush). In late 1978 Jankel returned to the fold and composed \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" with Dury. The band recorded it in The Workhouse Studios, Old Kent Road, London and in 1979 had a number one hit record with it in the UK. Ian Dury & The Blockheads went on to record the Do It Yourself (1979) album, toured Europe and the UK recording in Rome \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\", which was released as a single in late 1979 reaching number three in the UK charts. In 1980 Jankel, once again, left the band to pursue solo projects in California and former Dr. Feelgood guitarist Wilko Johnson joined Dury, Watt-Roy, Turnbull, Charles, Gallagher and Payne to record and release a third album for Stiff Records called Laughter (1980) and released \"I Want to be Straight\" and \"Supermans Big Sister\" as singles. They toured throughout 1981 in the UK and Europe, sometimes augmented by Don Cherry on trumpet, ending the year with a tour of Australia. In 1982 Ian Dury & The Blockheads disbanded and were not to play together again until 1987, when they went out to Japan in June to play three shows in four days, disbanding again until 1990, when the death of Charles in September of that year re-united them to play two Benefit gigs at The Forum, Camden Town, in aid of Charles' family. Jankel returned from America and Steven Monti picked up the drumsticks. The band, now augmented by Merlin Rhys-Jones on guitar and Will Parnell on percussion, recorded a live album Warts & Audience at the Brixton Academy in December 1990. Jankel returned to California and the band toured Spain in January 1991. Once again the band stopped working until August 1994 when, with the return to England of Jankel, the band were invited to play the Madstock Festival in Finsbury Park in August, which led to a series of hit-and-run gigs in Europe, Ireland, the UK and Japan throughout the rest of 1994 and 1995. In March 1996 Dury was diagnosed with cancer and, after recovering from an operation, was determined to write another album. Studio albums Live albums Compilation albums Videos Singles See also Ian Dury discography References External links Official Blockheads Website Discographies of British artists Rock music group discographies New wave discographies","title":"The Blockheads discography"},{"docid":"59410453","text":"Michael Pailthorpe (born 1935), better known as Keith Kelly, is an English pop singer, guitarist and songwriter. An original member of The John Barry Seven, Kelly had two solo hits on the UK Singles Chart in 1960. Kelly was a competent musician, capable of playing both the guitar and chromatic harmonica. Donned in his spectacles, he also bore a passing resemblance to Buddy Holly. Life and career He was born in Selby, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. In the mid-1950s, Kelly spent three years serving in the Royal Air Force. After leaving military service, in 1957 he became an original member, vocalist, and rhythm guitarist of The John Barry Seven. He left Barry's group in early 1959, and sang at The 2i's Coffee Bar in Soho, London, where he was noticed by the watching record producer George Martin. Martin signed Kelly to Parlophone and his first single release, \"Tease Me (Must You Always)\" reached number 27 on the UK Singles Chart in May 1960. Kelly wrote his own hit on a London Underground train travelling towards his flat in Shepherd's Bush, London. His fledgling career was dealt a blow when a car accident delayed the release of his follow-up single. \"Listen Little Girl\" (written by Claus Ogerman and Vee Bond) was released in July 1960, but only reached number 47 in the same chart, and the momentum was lost. It was to prove to be his last chart entry. When Matt Monro recorded \"Portrait of My Love\", he did so in the afternoon after Kelly had the morning session recording in the same studio. Kelly's \"With You\" b/w \"You'll Break My Heart\", was issued by Parlophone in November 1960. Kelly composed the A-side while the flip was written by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman. His public profile was at its height in 1960; he performed \"I'll Take Romance\" (written by Ben Oakland, Oscar Hammerstein II) on BBC Radio's Saturday Club, appeared in episode 1.71 of Juke Box Jury as a mystery guest, plus he undertook a nationwide tour, which included dates at the Town Hall in Bridgwater, Somerset, in Grantham, plus at the Liverpool Empire Theatre, the Theatre Royal, Nottingham, the Birmingham Hippodrome, and the New Theatre, Cardiff. In November 1960, Parlophone issued Saturday Club, a compilation album which included Kelly's recordings of \"I'll Take Romance\" and \"To Be With You\". In June 1961, Parlophone released Kelly's single \"Cold White and Beautiful\" b/w \"When You First Fall in Love\". On 23 April 1962, Kelly performed at the California Ballroom, Dunstable. He momentarily re-appeared in July 1965, with the single, \"Laurie (Strange Things Happen)\" b/w \"Save Your Love For Me\" on CBS. Kelly later joined the Hull based band, the Keith Herd Rhythm Group. The 2011 compilation album, 1960 British Hit Parade, Vol. 1: January To June, had two Kelly songs, including \"Tease Me (Must You Always)\". UK chart singles discography Source: Notes References External links Image Discogs.com entry YouTube 1935 births Living people English pop singers English male guitarists Rhythm","title":"Keith Kelly (singer)"},{"docid":"4277811","text":"The Concert for Kampuchea (subtitled \"Rock for Kampuchea\") is a musical film from the best of the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea. The film was directed by Keith McMillan and was 4 nights of concerts in Hammersmith Odeon to raise money for Cambodia. The event was organized by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim (who was then Secretary-General of the U.N.), and it involved well-established artists such as McCartney, The Who and Queen as well as younger punk and new wave acts like The Clash and The Pretenders. The film finishes with the presentation of Wings' Rockestra (more of 25 musicians playing together). Filmed in 1979, Concert for Kampuchea did not receive American theatrical distribution until it was picked up by Miramax in 1988. The concert was also recorded and released as a double LP, 8-track cartridge tape and cassette tape in 1979. It has yet to be released in digital format (CD). Track listing Opening commentary Performed by Queen: \"Now I'm Here\" \"'39\" Performed by Matumbi: \"Guide Us Jah (In Your Own Way)\" Performed by The Clash: \"Armagideon Time\" Performed by The Pretenders: \"The Wait\" Performed by Wings: \"Got To Get You Into My Life\" \"Getting Closer\" \"Every Night\" \"Arrow Through Me\" \"Coming Up\" Performed by The Specials: \"Monkey Man\" Performed by Elvis Costello & The Attractions: \"The Imposter\" Performed by Rockpile \"Crawling From The Wreckage\" \"Little Sister\" (with Robert Plant) Performed by Ian Dury & The Blockheads: \"Sweet Gene Vincent\" \"Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick\" Performed by The Who: \"Sister Disco\" \"Behind Blue Eyes\" \"See Me, Feel Me\" Performed by Billy Connolly: \"Introduction to the Rockestra\" Performed by Rockestra: \"Lucille\" \"Let It Be\" \"Rockestra Theme\" See also Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, the concerts and set lists. Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, the album and the EP about the concerts. References External links The Concert for Kampuchea at Allmovie. 1980 films The Clash Documentary films about rock music and musicians Albums recorded at the Hammersmith Apollo 1980s English-language films 1980s British films British musical documentary films","title":"Concert for Kampuchea"},{"docid":"2248144","text":"Barbara and the Uniques was a 1960s and 1970s R&B girl group. History The group began when the Du-ettes, a group from Chicago featuring Barbara Livsey and her cousin, Mary Hayes, was liquidated in 1965. Barbara got together with her sister Gwen Livsey and a friend, Doris Lindsey, and released the soul ballad \"There It Goes Again\" (written by Eugene Record of The Chi-Lites) as Barbara and the Uniques in 1970. The song was very successful at the local level, causing Arden Records to distribute it nationally. The song became an R&B hit, reaching #16 on the R&B charts. It was a minor US Billboard Hot 100 hit, where it reached #91. The group followed up with two singles on the Arden label in 1971: \"You're Gonna Make Me Cheat on You\" / \"I'll Never Let You Go\" and \"You Make Me Feel So Young Again\" / \"Take Me As I Am\". In 1972, the group moved to Abbot Records and released \"He's Gone\", which also featured \"Take Me As I Am\" as the B-side. Gwen and Doris quit the group and were replaced with male session singers. Now dubbed Barbara Blake and the Uniques on 20th Century Records, in 1974, they released \"Prized Possession\" / \"It's Not That Easy\" and \"Teach Me\" / \"Everlasting Thrill\". Both releases failed to make an impact, but still the group's eponymous LP was released in 1975. A 1975 single, \"Need Your Love So Bad\" / \"Let Me Down Easy\", also was not a chart hit. The band broke up when their contract with 20th Century Records expired. The Du-Ettes' regional hit song “Every Beat Of My Heart” has been featured in a Whole Foods market television commercial. References American rhythm and blues musical groups American girl groups 20th Century Fox Records artists","title":"Barbara and the Uniques"},{"docid":"13338397","text":"Geoffrey Turton (born 11 March 1944, Birmingham, England), who also recorded under the name Jefferson, is a British singer. His musical career began as the falsettist lead singer and rhythm guitarist of The Rockin' Berries in 1961, which had a number of hits in the UK and Europe. The group was best known for its covers, and Turton did much of the searching and decision work as to what was to be sung. When the group broke up in 1968 Turton started a solo career, releasing a single \"Don't You Believe It\" on Piccadilly Records. It flopped, and Piccadilly head John Schroeder suggested that Turton change his name to Jefferson. At that time, Turton recorded the original version of \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" (unreleased). The single \"Montage\" failed to chart, but its follow-up \"The Colour of My Love\" was a hit in the UK (peaking at No. 22 in the UK Singles Chart) and the United States (reaching No. 68 on the Billboard Hot 100), and an LP was issued following its success. A third single, \"Baby Take Me in Your Arms\", was not a hit in the UK but cracked the Top 30 in the U.S. (No. 23) and Canada (No. 15), justifying the release of a North American album. At the time of this single's success, Turton was hurt in a car crash, and so he did not make any live appearances. After a six-month hospital stay, Turton recorded a second which was never released by his label Pye Records, and his career stalled in the UK. He began touring the U.S., where he was still able to get gigs based on the success of \"Baby Take Me in Your Arms\". He then secured a recording contract with Polygram Records, released another album and the single \"I Love You This Much\" (later covered by Mouth & MacNeal on the album Pocket Full of Hits). He resumed under his given name when The Rockin' Berries reunited in the late 1970s, and toured with them (as well as doing solo shows in the UK) into the 1990s. In 2001, Castle Records released The Colour of My Love -- The Pye Anthology, a CD composed of his 1969 album The Colour of My Love plus much of his previously unreleased Pye material. See also List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States References Notes Sources Joel Whitburn, The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits. 7th edn, 2000 1944 births Living people English male singers English pop guitarists English male guitarists English pop singers English rock singers Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands","title":"Geoff Turton"},{"docid":"9529366","text":"\"Down with the Clique\" is a song recorded by American singer Aaliyah for her debut studio album Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (1994). It was written and produced by R. Kelly. The song was released as the fourth single from Age Ain't Nothing but a Number exclusively in the United Kingdom on May 1, 1995, by Blackground Records and Jive Records. \"Down with the Clique\" was met with mixed reviews from music critics, who praised Aaliyah's vocal delivery on the song but dismissed its lyrical content. A moderate commercial success, the song peaked at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Aaliyah's fourth consecutive top-40 single in the United Kingdom. Recording and production While recording \"Down with the Clique\", Aaliyah developed an interest in producing, and she watched and helped R. Kelly develop the song. She said: \"When we were recording 'Down With the Clique', I watched how Robert [Kelly] laid the drums and everything. He taught me to play the piano a bit, and I'm also trying to learn the mixing board, though it looks complicated. The studio is my first love.\" Music and lyrics \"Down with the Clique\" is a hip hop song in which Aaliyah displays a \"silky cooing\" with her vocals. In his biography Aaliyah (2021) author Tim Footman said the song was \"macho hip-hop posturing over a cheesy, pseudo–Caribbean rhythm track\". In February 1995, British producers Mafia & Fluxy produced a reggae remix of the song. Lyrically, the song sees her committing to a \"junior-gangsta persona\" with lines such as \"Well now I guess it's time for me to wreck shop\". Footman analyzed the lyrics explaining that, \"Kelly's egomania really goes to town here, as Aaliyah entreats, 'all the dolls in the house' to recognize how cool her mentor/songwriter/producer truly is\". YardBarker said the lyrics were about \"finding out which friends are true blue\", and that Aaliyah was \"adamant about finding out who's really down to support her\". Critical reception Kenneth Partridge from Billboard gave \"Down with the Clique\" a mixed review, saying Aaliyah sounded unnatural singing lines such as \"I guess it's time for me to wreck shop\" and that the song was too much like an R. Kelly song, but described Aaliyah's performance as \"adorable\". James Masterton wrote in his weekly UK chart commentary,\"Why do Americans pronounce it to rhyme with 'stick'? Its 'cleek' as everyone here knows it which perhaps unfairly makes for rather grating listening as Aaliyah croons her way through her fourth UK hit.\" Bianca Gracie from Fuse felt that Aaliyah was embodying an \"effortless swagger that guys twice her age could only dream of having\", also praising Aaliyah's \"mellow\" and \"deep\" vocal performance. Nakita Rathod from HotNewHipHop mentioned that despite the controversy surrounding Aaliyah's debut album, she was still able to be a young, free teenager with songs like \"Down with the Clique\". MTV.com felt that \"Down With The Clique\" was one of the album's highlights, along with \"At Your Best (You Are Love),\" \"Young Nation,\" and","title":"Down with the Clique"},{"docid":"23705271","text":"Make Yr Life is the fourth album by the American lesbian queercore band the Butchies, released in 2004. It was the band's final album. Production The album was produced by Greg Griffith; the band worked for two and half years on the songs, and spent 10 days recording them. The Butchies set out to make a poppier album. The band had been playing \"17\" in concert for years, and recorded the song after it had become a fan favorite. Critical reception The Washington Post thought that \"such thumping new songs as 'Trouble' and 'She's So Lovely' demonstrate that the band has lost none of its swagger, but overall this disc is the band's poppiest outing.\" The Advocate declared that \"Kaia Wilson, Melissa York, and Alison Martlew are undisputed masters of the two- to three-minute power-punk anthem.\" The Orlando Sentinel concluded that \"even when the lyrics lean toward melodrama, Wilson's slashing guitar combines with the rumbling rhythms of bassist Alison Martlew and drummer Melissa York to make words inconsequential.\" The Chicago Reader wrote that \"though York’s stick work is still hard and nimble, Make Yr Life feels a bit less punk than the Butchies’ first three records, as if they were dialing it back to show off their songwriting–which is chewier than ever.\" The Morning Call determined that \"where some may have turned to a cover of The Outfield's 'Your Love' for its nostalgic value, The Butchies make it their own, providing the album with a sexually heated closing track that is deliriously dramatic.\" AllMusic wrote that \"the band's quiet, drastic reworking of the Outfield's 1985 pop hit 'Your Love' just may be the cover version of the year.\" Track listing All songs composed by the Butchies, except as noted. \"Send Me You\" \"Trouble\" \"Make Yr Life\" \"Second Guess\" \"She's So Lovely\" \"Everything + Everywhere\" \"17\" \"Lydia\" \"Tell the Others\" \"Your Love\" (John Spinks) References 2004 albums The Butchies albums Queercore albums Yep Roc Records albums","title":"Make Yr Life"},{"docid":"14139090","text":"The Blockheads are an English rock band formed in London in 1977. Originally fronted by lead singer Ian Dury as Ian Dury and the Blockheads or Ian and the Blockheads, the band has continued to perform since Dury's death in 2000. members included Chaz Jankel (guitar and keyboards), Nathan King (bass), Mick Gallagher (keyboards and piano), John Turnbull (vocals and guitar), John Roberts (drums), and Mike Bennett (lead vocals). There is a rolling line-up of saxophonists that includes Gilad Atzmon, Terry Edwards, Dave Lewis, and from time to time, the original sax player, Davey Payne. Between 2000 and 2022, the band's lead vocalist and main lyricist was Derek Hussey. The band are best known for their hit singles, recorded with Dury, \"What a Waste\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", \"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\", and \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\". History Formation and early years In 1974, Radio Caroline's Ronan O'Rahilly set up the pop group The Loving Awareness Band, comprising John Turnbull (guitar) and Mick Gallagher (keyboards), both formerly of 1960s psychedelic rock band Skip Bifferty, with the session musicians Norman Watt-Roy (bass) and Charley Charles (born Hugh Glenn Mortimer Charles, Guyana 1945) (drums). In 1976, The Loving Awareness Band released their only album, Loving Awareness (ML001), on O'Rahilly's label More Love Records. The album has appeared on CD more than once, although these reissues have been sourced from a mint vinyl pressing rather than from the original master tapes. The Loving Awareness Band broke up in 1977 and Watt-Roy and Charles joined a new band being formed by Ian Dury, who had begun writing songs with pianist and guitarist Chaz Jankel (the brother of noted music video, TV, commercial and film director Annabel Jankel). With Jankel fashioning Dury's lyrics into number of songs, the two began recording with Charles, Watt-Roy, Gallagher, Turnbull and former Kilburn and the High Roads saxophonist Davey Payne. An album was recorded, but was of no interest to major record labels. Next door to Dury's manager's office, however, was the newly formed Stiff Records, a perfect home for Dury's maverick style. The band was invited by Stiff to join the \"Live Stiffs Tour\", and the band Ian Dury and the Blockheads was born, with the name ostensibly taken from the song of the same name which portrayed a drunken Essex stereotype: The tour, which also featured Elvis Costello and the Attractions, Nick Lowe, Wreckless Eric and Larry Wallis, was a great success, and Stiff launched a concerted Ian Dury marketing campaign. Commercial success Under the management of Andrew King and Peter Jenner (the original managers of Pink Floyd) Ian Dury and the Blockheads quickly gained a reputation as one of the top live new wave music acts. Their first single, \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", marked Dury's Stiff debut and although it was banned by the BBC it was named Single of the Week by NME on its release. It was soon followed by the album New Boots","title":"The Blockheads"},{"docid":"44398558","text":"Disobedient is the fifth full-length studio album by American melodic hardcore band Stick to Your Guns, released on February 10, 2015. It is the band's first album to be produced by John Feldmann (The Used, Escape the Fate, Beartooth). This is the band's last release on Sumerian Records. On October 21, 2014, the band released the first single off the album, \"Nobody\", with the music video premiering on Alternative Press. The album was included at number 16 on Rock Sounds top 50 releases of 2015 list. Though not ashamed of the album, vocalist Jesse Barnett has expressed that in hindsight, the album did not necessarily take the direction they wanted it to. Track listing Personnel Stick to Your Guns Jesse Barnett – lead vocals, additional guitars, piano, lyrics Josh James – lead guitar, backing vocals Chris Rawson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals Andrew Rose – bass, backing vocals George Schmitz – drums Guest musicians Toby Morse (of H2O) – vocals on \"RMA (Revolutionary Mental Attitude)\" Scott Vogel (of Terror) – vocals on \"I Choose Nothing\" Walter Delgado (of Rotting Out) – vocals on \"Nothing You Can Do to Me\" References Citations Sources 2015 albums Albums produced by John Feldmann Stick to Your Guns (band) albums Sumerian Records albums","title":"Disobedient (album)"},{"docid":"3846631","text":"Barbara Ann Lewis (born February 9, 1943) is an American singer and songwriter whose smooth style influenced rhythm and blues. Career Lewis was born in Salem, Michigan, United States. She was writing and recording by her teens with record producer Ollie McLaughlin, a black DJ at Ann Arbor radio station WHRV, now WAAM. Lewis's first single release, the uptempo \"My Heart Went Do Dat Da\" in 1962, did not chart nationally, but was a local hit in the Detroit, Michigan area. She wrote all of the songs on her debut LP, including the hit \"Hello Stranger\" which reached No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and featured extensive use of the Hammond organ. Lewis had moderate follow-up hits with \"Straighten Up Your Heart\" (#43) and her original \"Puppy Love\" (#38) before Bert Berns produced her million-seller \"Baby I'm Yours\" (U.S. #11), written by Van McCoy. Berns also produced the followup \"Make Me Your Baby\" (U.S. #11) which had originally been recorded by the Pixies Three, and Lewis's final Top 40 hit \"Make Me Belong to You\" (#28 in 1966), written by Chip Taylor and Billy Vera. At the end of the decade, she released a grittier-sounding album on Stax Records. Over the next decade, a number of other artists had success with Lewis' songs. Her own composition \"Hello Stranger\"—which had been remade in 1966 by the Capitols—was a regional hit in 1973 as remade by Fire & Rain and in 1977 Yvonne Elliman's version reached the US Top 20 and the UK Singles Chart Top 30: Elliman's version also topped the US Easy Listening chart for four weeks. In 1985 Carrie Lucas's remake of \"Hello Stranger\" was a Top 20 R&B hit and in 2004 Queen Latifah remade \"Hello Stranger\" for her The Dana Owens Album. Lewis had dropped out of public view for years after her career slowed in the 1960s. It was only after Elliman's hit in 1977 that she was tracked down by Casey Kasem for his AT40 show on June 4 of that year. According to Kasem, nobody knew where she had ended up, including her agent, who did not even know where to send her checks for the Elliman cover. According to Kasem, she was hoping to be rediscovered in Michigan when he found her. Health issues forced Lewis to retire from singing in 2017. \"Baby I'm Yours\" charted in versions by country singer Jody Miller and Debby Boone (the B-side of her single \"God Knows\"). In Canada, Suzanne Stevens had a hit in 1975 with a disco version of \"Make Me Your Baby\". Cover versions of her songs continue into the new millennium, with the Arctic Monkeys including a version of \"Baby I'm Yours\" as a B-side to their 2006 single \"Leave Before the Lights Come On\". In 1995, Lewis's \"Baby I'm Yours\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film The Bridges of Madison County, and in 2016 \"Hello Stranger\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film Moonlight. In 2019,","title":"Barbara Lewis"},{"docid":"21020467","text":"Greatest Hits is a compilation album by singer Jason Donovan. The album featured all the hit singles by Donovan while he was produced by Stock Aitken Waterman. The collection was released in late 2006 to coincide with the singer's appearance on the TV reality show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. EMI, the record label, had licensed the songs from PWL Records, but missed lesser hits Donovan had on other labels, such as \"Mission of Love\" and \"All Around the World\", although did include the No.1 single \"Any Dream Will Do\" (all originally released through Polydor). As it is, the album contains ten UK top ten hits - four of them No.1s. The album itself charted at a low No.80, although was almost identical to the Greatest Hits collection released in 1991 as well as a budget-priced compilation available since 1999. Donovan also undertook a UK tour to promote the album (entitled The Greatest Hits Tour). Track listing \"Too Many Broken Hearts\" \"Every Day (I Love You More)\" \"Especially for You\" (Duet with Kylie Minogue) \"Sealed With a Kiss\" \"Any Dream Will Do\" \"When You Come Back to Me\" \"Nothing Can Divide Us\" \"Rhythm of the Rain\" \"Hang On to Your Love\" \"Happy Together\" \"I'm Doing Fine\" \"Another Night\" \"RSVP\" References 2006 compilation albums Jason Donovan albums","title":"Greatest Hits (2006 Jason Donovan album)"},{"docid":"2014673","text":"\"I Don't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore\" is a popular song, written by Bennie Benjamin and George David Weiss and published in 1949. The song was popularized that year by Gordon Jenkins and His Orchestra (vocals by The Stardusters) and by Perry Como. Commercial performance Gordon Jenkins The recording by Gordon Jenkins was released by Decca Records as catalog number 24576 and first reached the Billboard charts on March 25, 1949 and lasted 21 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 6. Perry Como The recording by Perry Como was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog numbers 20-3347 (78 rpm) and 47-2892 (45 rpm). It was the flip side of \"Forever and Ever.\" It first reached the Billboard charts on May 6, 1949 and lasted 15 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 11. Charlie Rich The song received renewed popularity in 1974, when country singer Charlie Rich released a cover version he had recorded during the mid-1960s. Rich's version came about during his stint at RCA's rhythm and blues subsidiary, Groove Records, and association with producer Chet Atkins, one of the architects of the Nashville Sound. Like many of Atkins-produced songs of the era, \"I Don't See Me ...\" featured choral backing and strings, a style prominent on other Rich recordings of the time. Allmusic reviewer Stephen Cook said that Rich's musical style \"landed somewhere between the raw sound of his Sun hits ... and the pop crossover tone of his Epic smashes.\" Rich's rendition reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in June 1974. It was his fifth No. 1 song overall and his third number one in the first six months of 1974 alone. The song also crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100 survey, peaking at No. 47, and to the Easy Listening chart, where it peaked at No. 9. Although recorded in the mid-1960s, \"I Don't See Me ...\" was never released as a single. Then, in 1973, Rich had million-selling hits with \"Behind Closed Doors\" and \"The Most Beautiful Girl,\" and it was not long before several of his older recordings made during his tenures at RCA, Mercury and Sun records — \"I Don't See Me ...\" included — were released as singles to country radio. Charts Other cover versions Other recordings were made by Helen Forrest (on January 24, 1949, released by MGM Records as catalog number 10373), Buddy Clark (on January 4, 1949, released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38408), Kitty Kallen (as the B side of \"Kiss Me Sweet,\" 1949, released by Mercury Records as catalog number 5265), and in the United Kingdom by Vera Lynn and Sam Browne (on February 5, 1949, released by British Decca Records as catalog number F 9127). The song hit No. 1 in the British sheet music charts (no record charts were published until 1952). The song was featured on the Fun Lovin' Criminals track \"There Was a Time\" from their 2001 album \"Loco\". References 1949 songs Songs written","title":"I Don't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore"},{"docid":"12153992","text":"Straight from the Desk is a live album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads recorded on 23 December 1978 at the Ilford Odeon, Ilford, East London. There is little information available about the album, other than what can be heard on the record. During the performance of \"Billericay Dickie\" the audience break the venue's floor, presumably in excitement causing Dury to warn the audience to mind the hole as an introduction to \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" and mention it repeatedly later in the set. Dury forgets the words totally on \"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards\" forcing the Blockheads to carry on playing while he remembers them and gets back in time. Also featured at the concert was a 'Blockheads light' that was presumably a piece of on-stage equipment that falls over and fails to work at the same time Ian Dury breaks his microphone. This can be heard at the start of \"My Old Man\". Although the set features \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", lasting over 12 minutes, the song is played mostly as a long instrumental featuring band introductions and their respective solos with only the song's first verse and an end repetition of the title. \"Clevor Trever\" features a lengthy instrumental break, including a saxophone solo by Davey Payne and also an ad-lib name checking West Ham United F.C. and Gants Hill, Ilford, Romford, Barking and Dagenham, Dagenham is also name-checked in the performance \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\". These are all areas near the venue. The album was the first time a recording of \"I Made Mary Cry\" was released. A song written during Dury's time with Ian Dury & the Kilburns, the latter-day incarnation of his influential pub rock band Kilburn and the High Roads with Rod Melvin (who also co-wrote his first hit single \"What a Waste\") and a song that Ian Dury continued with the Blockheads as late as 1979. This version, like other live versions with the Blockheads, features a much happier ending than the studio version with the song's protagonist, a criminal, being released rather than dying on the floor of his cell. Also included is a version of Kilburn & The Highroads song \"Upminster Kid\", like \"You're More Than Fair\" Dury sings it in his own regional dialect rather than the accent used on the studio recordings. Track listing All tracks composed by Ian Dury and Chaz Jankel, except where indicated. \"Wake Up and Make Love With Me\" – 4:33 \"I'm Partial To Your Abracadabra\" – 3:00 \"Upminster Kid\" (Dury, Russell Hardy) – 4:08 \"Clevor Trever\" – 7:41 \"This Is What We Find\" (Dury, Mickey Gallagher) – 4:52 \"You're More Than Fair\" (Dury, Hardy) – 2:46 \"Blackmail Man\" (Dury, Steve Nugent) – 2:42 \"Billericay Dickie\" (Dury, Nugent) – 3:16 \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" – 4:55 \"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards\" (Dury, Hardy) – 3:48 \"Plaistow Patricia\" (Dury, Nugent) – 6:10 \"I Made Mary Cry\" (Dury, Rod Melvin) – 4:03 \"What","title":"Straight from the Desk"},{"docid":"6874593","text":"\"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\" is a song performed by Irish singer-songwriter Sinéad O'Connor. The song was released in April 1988 by Chrysalis as the fourth single from her debut album, The Lion and the Cobra (1987) and was later remixed to include rapper MC Lyte. O'Connor co-wrote it with Mike Clowes, John Reynolds, Rob Dean and Spike Holifield. And she also co-produced it with Kevin Mooney. Remix In 1988, O'Connor released two remixed versions of \"I Want Your (Hands On Me)\" featuring rapper MC Lyte, \"a grittier 'Street' mix and a 'Dance' mix both mixed by Audio Two\". Curious why O'Connor had requested she be featured on the song, MC Lyte asked, “Why do you want me?” MC Lyte indicated O'Connor was intrigued by one of MC Lyte's lyrics (\"Shut the fuck up\"), especially that a \"young person [was] using this language to get her point across and she wanted [MC Lyte] to say the words exactly like that on the remix.\" Okayplayer noted, \"At face value, MC Lyte and Sinéad O’Connor are a pretty unorthodox pairing, though really they were kindred spirits. [...] Individually, their music is diametrically opposed in sound. [...] However, when the two joined forces [...], it was like night and day met in an eclipse. A moment that changed the course for women in hip-hop simply by giving them another avenue to explore.\" Critical reception Upon the release, Ben Thompson from NME wrote, \"'Rocking It Live Non-stop', or something like that, it's Sinead O'Connor and MC Lyte. The thinking woman's Kate Bush is in danger of becoming the thinking man's Kate Bush if she doesn't watch it. The follow-up to the devilishly catchy 'Mandinka' is a strange throbbing sort of a song which dares to rhyme 'Please Me' with 'Tease Me'. You gave a little wink I guess you knew, apparently. This one will take a bit of getting used to.\" In 2021, Pitchfork said \"I Want Your (Hands On Me)\" is O'Connor's \"rare song that feels modeled after hits of the era, an early attempt at blending her blunt-force, hip-hop influence with gentler melodic gifts.\" Following O'Connor's death in July 2023, multiple news sources recognized \"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\" among other songs in her repertoire. The Guardian, Los Angeles Times, Spin, and Billboard included it on their lists of O'Connor's best songs. The Guardian'''s Annie Zaleski said the song \"was revolutionary in its own way. Musically, it was a sensual funk seduction with a liquid bass groove and percolating hip-hop beats; the aural equivalent of O’Connor’s forthright lyrics, which are frank on sexual desire, and her unapologetic come-hither vocals.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine, writing for Los Angeles Times, wrote, \"O’Connor’s music burns so brightly in its intensity that the playfulness of 'I Want Your (Hands on Me)' remains startling. Setting the song to a bright, bustling drum loop, O’Connor sings over a hip-hop beat, her longing serving as a tantalizing contrast to the colorful rhythms.\" They continued, noting, \"O’Connor never attempted","title":"I Want Your (Hands on Me)"},{"docid":"10731463","text":"A Portrait of Patsy Cline is a 1964 compilation album containing lesser-known recordings by American country music singer Patsy Cline. It was released on June 15, 1964, on Decca Records, and would later be reissued twice by Decca's successor, MCA Records. Background A Portrait contained Patsy Cline's less-familiar recordings, including country and pop standards. The album's highlights includes her cover versions of \"Faded Love\" and \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\". A Portrait of Patsy Cline would be one of a string of posthumous released Decca and later MCA records would release. It was released a little over a year after Cline was killed in a plane crash. The album spawned three singles that were released to country radio between 1963 and 1964: \"Faded Love,\" (which was a Top ten hit), \"When You Need a Laugh\" and \"Your Kinda Love\". In 1973, the album was reissued by MCA Records (Decca's successor), then digitally remastered and reissued on CD/LP/Cassette in 1988. It was also released in the UK by Brunswick Records in 1964, as well as Australia and New Zealand by Festival Records the same year. The album was one of two Patsy Cline albums released by Decca Records in 1964. The other was That's How a Heartache Begins, released shortly after. Track listing Side one \"Faded Love\" (Bob Wills, John Wills) - 3:43 \"I'll Sail My Ship Alone\" (Henry Bernard, Morry Burns, Lois Mann, Henry Thurston) - 2:20 \"When You Need a Laugh\" (Hank Cochran) - 2:45 \"Crazy Arms\" (Ralph Mooney, Chuck Seals) - 2:23 \"Always (Irving Berlin) - 2:40 \"When I Get Thru with You\" (Harlan Howard) - 2:34 Side two \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\" (Bill Monroe) - 2:02 \"Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)\" (Jimmie Hodges) - 2:49 \"Who Can I Count On\" (Sammy Masters) - 2:14 \"You Took Him Off My Hands\" (Howard, Skeets McDonald, Wynn Stewart) - 2:58 \"Your Kinda Love\" (Roy Drusky) - 2:29 \"Does Your Heart Beat for Me\" (Arnold Johnson, Russ Morgan, Mitchell Parish) - 2:37 Personnel Harold Bradley - electric guitar Owen Bradley - producer Patsy Cline - vocals Floyd Cramer - piano, organ Ray Edenton - rhythm guitar Buddy Harman - drums Hoyt Hawkins - backing vocals Randy Hughes - rhythm guitar Joe Jenkins - bass Grady Martin - electric guitar Neal Matthews - backing vocals Bob Moore - bass Wayne Moss - electric bass Bill Pursell - vibraphone Hargus \"Pig\" Robbins - piano Gordon Stoker - backing vocals Ray C. Walker - backing vocals Rita Faye Wilson - autoharp Chart positions Singles - Billboard (North America) References 1964 albums Patsy Cline albums Albums produced by Owen Bradley Albums published posthumously Decca Records albums MCA Records albums","title":"A Portrait of Patsy Cline"},{"docid":"1562492","text":"Wilbert Huntington Harrison (January 5, 1929 – October 26, 1994) was an American rhythm and blues singer, pianist, guitarist and harmonica player. Biography Harrison was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He had a Billboard #1 record in 1959 with the song \"Kansas City\". The song was written in 1952 and was one of the first credited collaborations by the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Harrison recorded \"Kansas City\" for the Harlem-based entrepreneur Bobby Robinson, who released it on his Fury record label. At the height of the song's success, Robinson was sued by Savoy Records who informed them that the release of the record in March 1959 violated a contract Harrison had with that label that was to expire in August 1959. The litigation, which lasted until September 1959, abruptly prevented Robinson from issuing follow-ups to \"Kansas City\" while Harrison was a star. Meanwhile, Harrison continued to perform and record but it would be another ten years before he again cracked the Billboard Top 40 when he released the self-penned \"Let's Work Together (Part 1)\" that went to #32 in early 1970 on the Billboard Hot 100. The 1970 hit version was released as a single on Sue Records (Sue 11) and was backed with \"Let's Work Together (Part 2)\". The song also was released in a 5 minute 19 second version on the Sue Records album SSLP-8801 Let's Work Together. The song was originally released by Harrison in 1962 with different lyrics as \"Let's Stick Together\" on Fury 1059 and Fury 1063. \"Let's Work Together\" was later a hit for Canned Heat, and, again as \"Let's Stick Together\", for Bryan Ferry. It was also recorded by country rock band the Kentucky Headhunters for the soundtrack to the movie Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man. In 1970, Harrison had some success with \"My Heart Is Yours\", and he toured for many years with a band known as 'Wilbert Harrison and the Roamers', and as a solo act. A follow-up album was released that year, Anything You Want. Reviewing it in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \"Let's Work Together was an anachronistic, even primitive r&b album based on the fluke hit of the same name, which makes this the follow-up. Side one consists entirely of roll and rock songs you'd swear you've heard before—'Your Three Letters,' eh, and what's this 'Let's Stick Together,' and why not bring out 'Kansas City' again? Very unprepossessing, very charming. In fact, if the second side weren't all standards and uncharming filler—only 'Sentimental Journey' is even funny—I wouldn't be recommending this to r&b diehards only.\" Harrison died of a stroke in 1994, in a Spencer, North Carolina, nursing home at the age of 65. In 2001, his recording of \"Kansas City\" was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and has also been named as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500","title":"Wilbert Harrison"},{"docid":"65200934","text":"\"Open Your Mind\" is a song by Italian electronic music group U.S.U.R.A., released as the debut single and title track from the group's only album, Open Your Mind (1993). Released in 1993 through Italian Style in Italy and through Deconstruction Records across the rest of Europe and Australia, it samples the song \"New Gold Dream (81–82–83–84)\" by Scottish band Simple Minds. Following a period of underground popularity, \"Open Your Mind\" became a mainstream hit in early 1993, reaching the top five in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland and the top 10 in Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. A 1997 remix by DJ Quicksilver failed to replicate the success of the original. Critical reception Larry Flick of Billboard magazine called the track a \"fast'n'furious romp, overflowing with stately strings, shoulder-shaking percussion, and more than a few imaginative vocal samples\", citing the song's melody as the most productive component. In a later review, Flick doubted the song's commercial potential because of the lack of additional remixes, but he went on the write that \"Open Your Mind\" was \"strong enough to merit a recurrent spin or two\". On the 1997 release, he described it as a \"disco-splashed twirler that is light on lyrics (think \"open your mind\" over and over and over) but heavy on rubbery rhythms and keyboard loops that permanently stick to the brain upon impact.\" He added, \"Not likely to be a long-lasting entry but certainly a memorable one.\" In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton wrote, \"Just to show that nothing is ever what it seems, even at a time when hardcore dance is losing its chart edge, a rave track can come from nowhere into the 10.\" A reviewer from Music & Media magazine described the song as having a \"pace worth keeping up\" and characterised it as a \"stomper\". Chris Finan from Music Weeks RM Dance Update gave the 1997 remix four out of five, adding, \"More cosmetic covering of the original without too much playing around has resulted in a definite commercial club-friendly track with the all-important crossover potential.\" Joe Muggs of Fact listed the track in his 2014 list of \"35 stunners from back when progressive house wasn't terrible\", calling it \"Crass but brilliant – as is the none-more-nineties video\". Music video A music video was produced to promote the single. It features images of Joe McCarthy, Benito Mussolini, Richard Nixon, Ian Paisley, Ronald Reagan, Josef Stalin, Margaret Thatcher and Mary Whitehouse. Track listings \"Open Your Mind\" Australian CD and maxi-CD single \"Open Your Mind\" (Restricted Mix edit) – 3:40 \"Open Your Mind\" (classic mix) – 5:16 \"Open Your Mind\" (Fishpop Mix) – 5:14 \"Open Your Mind\" (Tatata Mix) – 5:18 \"Open Your Mind '97\" European maxi-CD \"Open Your Mind '97\" (DJ Quicksilver radio edit) – 3:02 \"Open Your Mind '97\" (original radio cut) – 3:01 \"Open Your Mind '97\" (DJ Quicksilver Remix) – 6:07 \"Open Your Mind '97\" (De Donatis Remix) – 7:45 Australian maxi-CD' \"Open Your Mind '97\"","title":"Open Your Mind (song)"},{"docid":"43658119","text":"\"Bang Bang\" is a song performed by BA Robertson. Co-written by Robertson with Terry Britten and produced by Britten, it was released as the second single from his third album Initial Success in 1979. Lyrically, \"Bang Bang\" is a humorous commentary on the pitfalls of love. It uses the examples of famous couples such as Romeo and Juliet, Samson and Delilah, Horatio Nelson and Emma, Lady Hamilton and Mark Antony and Cleopatra. There is also a reference to John Fruin, who was head of WEA Records at the time. The song features the Glaswegian Robertson affecting an Estuary English accent. Many have considered this an impersonation of Ian Dury, whose \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" had topped the UK Singles Chart in January 1979. Robertson has also spoken of comparisons to Squeeze, whose 1979 hit single \"Cool for Cats\" features a lead vocal performance from cockney-accented Squeeze lyricist Chris Difford. Robertson says the vocal was in fact an impression of session bass player Herbie Flowers. \"Bang Bang\" was Robertson's second single with Asylum Records after the flop 'Goosebumps', and Robertson's future with the label would have been in doubt had it failed. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1979 songs 1979 singles BA Robertson songs Songs written by Terry Britten Songs written by BA Robertson Asylum Records singles","title":"Bang Bang (BA Robertson song)"},{"docid":"515801","text":"Jerry Butler Jr. (born December 8, 1939) is an American soul singer-songwriter, producer, musician, and retired politician. He was the original lead singer of the R&B vocal group the Impressions, inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991. After leaving the group in 1960, Butler achieved over 55 Billboard Pop and R&B Chart hits as a solo artist including \"He Will Break Your Heart\", \"Let It Be Me\" and \"Only the Strong Survive\". He was inducted into the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2015. He served as a Commissioner for Cook County, Illinois, from 1985 to 2018. As a member of this 17-member county board, he chaired the Health and Hospitals Committee and served as Vice Chair of the Construction Committee. Biography Early life Butler was born in Sunflower, Mississippi, United States, in 1939. When Butler was three years old, the family moved to Chicago, Illinois, and he grew up in the Cabrini–Green housing projects. The mid-1950s had a profound effect on Butler's life. He performed in a church choir with Curtis Mayfield. As a teenager, Butler sang in a gospel quartet called Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers, along with Mayfield. Mayfield, a guitar player, became the lone instrumentalist for the six-member Roosters group, which later became The Impressions. Inspired by Sam Cooke and the Soul Stirrers, the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, and the Pilgrim Travelers, getting into the music industry seemed inevitable. Butler's younger brother, Billy Butler, also had a career in the music industry, including playing guitar with Jerry's band, until his death in 2015. Early recordings Butler co-wrote the song \"For Your Precious Love\" (which is ranked No. 327 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time) and wanted to record a disc. Looking for recording studios, the Impressions (the original members of which were Butler, Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash - who left early on, and later returned - and brothers Arthur and Richard Brooks), auditioned for Chess Records and Vee-Jay Records. The group eventually signed with Vee-Jay, where they released \"For Your Precious Love\" in 1958. It became The Impressions' first hit and gold record. Solo career Butler was dubbed the \"Iceman\" by WDAS Philadelphia disc jockey, Georgie Woods, while performing in a Philadelphia theater. He released the single \"He Will Break Your Heart\" in 1960, and the song peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard pop chart. Butler co-wrote, with Otis Redding, the latter's hit song \"I've Been Loving You Too Long\" in 1965. Butler's solo career had a string of hits, including the Top 10 successes \"He Will Break Your Heart\", \"Find Another Girl\", \"I'm A-Telling You\" (all written by fellow Impression Curtis Mayfield and featuring Mayfield as harmony vocal), the million selling \"Only the Strong Survive\", \"Moon River\", \"Need To Belong\" (recorded with the Impressions after he went solo), \"Make It Easy on Yourself\", \"Let It Be Me\" (with Betty Everett), \"Brand New Me\", \"Ain't Understanding Mellow\" (with Brenda","title":"Jerry Butler"},{"docid":"2027052","text":"Samboy (Snackfood) is a brand of crinkled potato chips released in Australia. It is owned by Snack Brands Australia. The most popular flavours are Chicken, Original, Salt & Vinegar, Atomic Tomato and BBQ. History Samboy Chips were originally produced and distributed by Norm and Ed Meyer in the 1950s. In the 1960s Samboy chips were not crinkle cut and only came in barbecue flavour. In the 1980s, the \"Original\" (ready salted) flavour was called \"Samboy Gold\". The brand is best remembered by its 1980s advertising campaign that stated “Samboy: The flavour really hits you”. One ad featured a man on a bicycle delivering chips to various people. He would hit the front brake at the last moment, performing an 'endo' as he came to an abrupt stop. He'd then present the pink bag of \"Salt and Vinegar Samboy\" chips, before immediately cycling off hastily, pulling a 'mono' as he left. The confused customer would then be drenched in a huge amount of salt and vinegar falling from the sky. Subsequent deliveries would see recipients hit by falling giant chickens and flattened by a solid brick BBQ, representing the different flavours available. An advertising campaign during the 1990s included the slogan \"Hit me with a Samboy chip\", with the television commercial featuring a variety of Australian celebrities furthering the slogan to \"hit me slowly, hit me quick, hit me, hit me, hit me\", imitating the song Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick by Ian Dury & The Blockheads. In 2003-2004 Arnotts discontinued the 'Atomic Tomato' flavour. In late 2008 the brand was reintroduced after being acquired by Snack Brands Australia due to demand from groups on the social networking site Facebook. Original, BBQ, Chicken, Salt & Vinegar as well as Atomic Tomato were the flavours re-released. References External links Samboy Snack Brands Australia brands Australian brands Brand name potato chips and crisps","title":"Samboy"},{"docid":"51966880","text":"\"My Pledge of Love\" is a song written and performed by singer-songwriter Joe Stafford, Jr. of the American rhythm-and-blues band Joe Jeffrey Group. It was released in April 1969, as the group's first single, and was produced by Jerry Meyers and Alan Klein. It appeared on the group's only album My Pledge of Love, which was released in 1974. Background and composition The 2-minute-43-second song is in the key of C major with a tempo of 75 beats per minute. The song, presumably sung to Stafford's significant other, is about how he \"felt so fine\" thinking about her one morning, how badly he needs and loves her, and how the song acts as his \"pledge of love\". In the bridge of the song, Stafford repeats the words \"Baby I need your loving, got to have all your loving,\" which intentional or not, is an interpolation of the chorus from the Four Tops' 1964 hit \"Baby I Need Your Loving\". On the B-side is a song titled \"Margie\". Reception and commercial performance Billboard called the record a \"driving rhythm ballad by a potent group, given an exceptional vocal workout,\" while Record World wrote of it, \"Teens will be feeling fine when they hear this pick-me-up rock. Joe and [the] gang are infectious,\" referencing the song's lyrics. Cashbox described it as \"pretty kind-of-an-oldie, with an easygoing beat and fine vocal showing that gives the newcomer act a solid piece of hit material.\" The song was initially sent to radio stations in Vancouver, (CKLG) and Cleveland, Ohio, before it took off nationally in May and June, entering the Bubbling Under Hot 100 at number 26 for the week of May 31, 1970, and the Billboard Hot 100 at number 84 for the week ending June 7, 1970, going on to peak at number 14, and spending a total of 12 weeks on the chart. It also charted in several other countries, including Canada, Australia, Brazil, the Netherlands, and the Philippines. It was the group's highest charting hit, and only hit to reach the Hot 100, and as far as known, any of the five other charts, with the exception of their cover of White Plains' \"My Baby Loves Lovin'\". However, they did reach the Bubbling Under chart with a few future releases, following the success of \"My Pledge of Love.\" Cover versions Tirso Cruz III on his debut studio album, 1969 James Darren on his album Mammy Blue, 1971 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Notes 1969 singles 1969 songs Scepter Records singles Wand Records singles","title":"My Pledge of Love"},{"docid":"74000701","text":"\"Call Your Mom\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Noah Kahan, included on the expanded edition of his studio album Stick Season (2022), subtitled We'll All Be Here Forever, released on June 9, 2023. A duet version of the track, with American singer-songwriter Lizzy McAlpine, was released through Mercury Records and Republic Records on September 15, 2023, as the second single from Stick Season (Forever), another edition of the record. Background Before the announcement of the duet version, Noah Kahan invited Lizzy McAlpine to join him in performing the track live in Los Angeles, at this 2023–2024 concert tour, in which the song was included. Explaining that it is a \"tough one\" to take on during his shows, the singer stated: \"For those asking about 'Call Your Mom' live just know that it is difficult for me to perform that one live every night. I'm hoping I learn to perform it with more composure but for now it’s very much a work in progress\". Months after the release of the duet of \"Dial Drunk\" with Post Malone, Kahan teased a joint song via social media in September 2023, with a video snippet and a caption that said: \"The most special voice on a song that means a whole lot to me\". The remix was announced on September 12, along with its release date. Critical reception Described as a \"hard-hitting\" song, its \"grim and melancholy lyrics\" were praised, as well as McAlpine's feature. Charts References 2023 songs 2023 singles Noah Kahan songs Lizzy McAlpine songs Song recordings produced by Gabe Simon Song recordings produced by Noah Kahan Songs written by Noah Kahan Mercury Records singles Republic Records singles","title":"Call Your Mom"},{"docid":"33554686","text":"Independence is an album by Scottish singer Lulu, released in 1993. It was Lulu's first release of new material since 1982. History The title track was a hit in Europe, reaching No. 11 on the UK Singles Chart, and peaked at No. 3 on the US dance charts. It is described by reviewer Jose F. Promis as \"...housey and anthem-like...(and) stands as one of the better dance-pop songs of the decade.\" The album only briefly charted in the UK Albums Chart, peaking at No. 67. Rolling Stone gave the album three stars, describing it as \"a classy, good-hearted effort.\" Spin magazine recommended the album, describing Lulu as having assumed \"the mantle of soul survivor, achieving (Lisa) Stansfield status on the title track.\" Jose F. Promis, in reviewing the album for AllMusic, stated that \"This isn't a bad album, by any means; it just could have been better.\" Three of the tracks are covers—\"How 'Bout Us\" was a 1981 international hit for US R&B band Champaign, \"I'm Back for More\" was originally recorded by Marlena Shaw and a 1980 duet version recorded by Al Johnson and Jean Carne, and \"Rhythm of Romance\" was previously recorded by Sheena Easton and Glen Goldsmith. \"Let Me Wake Up in Your Arms\" was produced by Lulu's ex-husband Maurice Gibb with his brother Barry Gibb. \"Restless Moods\" was later recorded by its co-writer Ruby Turner. Track listing \"Independence\" (Winston Sela, Leon Ware) 4:16 \"There Has Got to Be a Way\" (Sami McKinney, Kenny Moore, Allee Willis) 4:22 \"Restless Moods\" (Wayne Brown, Ruby Turner) 4:27 \"I'm Back for More\" featuring Bobby Womack (Ken Stover) 5:06 \"How 'Bout Us\" (Dana Walden; Producer; Nick Martinelli 4:52 \"Until I Get Over You\" (Simon Climie, Rob Fisher, Dennis Morgan) 3:28 \"Let Me Wake Up in Your Arms\" (Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Robin Gibb) 4:30 \"You Left Me Lonely\" (Errol Henry) 4:42 \"Rhythm of Romance\" (Kerry Chater, Michael Jay) 4:17 \"I'm Walking Away\" (Steve DuBerry, Lulu) 4:55 \"A Place to Fall\" (Chuck Jones) 3:29 \"Let Me Wake Up in Your Arms (Romantic Reprise)\" remix by Frankie Knuckles Production and personnel Tracks 3, 4, 8, 10 and 11 produced by Errol Henry. Tracks 3, 8, 10 and 11 recorded and mixed by Chris Madden. Track 4 recorded and mixed by Chris Madden and Barry Rudolph. Graham Harvey: Keyboards; Errol Henry: Keyboards, Electric Bass, Drum Programming; Patrick Clahar (saxophone), Kevin Robinson (trumpet and flugelhorn), Fayyaz Virgi; Andrew Smith: Guitars on track 11; Winston Blissott: Bass on track 11 Track 1 produced by Cary Bayle, Eliot Kennedy and Mike Ward for Five Boys Productions, with additional production by Brothers in Rhythm. Recorded and mixed by Paul Wright and Brothers in Rhythm. Steve Anderson: Keyboards; Cary Baylis: Guitars; Steve Beighton: Saxophone \"Independence\" produced by Cary Baylis, Eliot Kennedy, Mike Ward \"There Has Got to Be a Way\" produced by Ian Green, mixed by Essentials \"How 'Bout Us\" produced by Nick Martinelli \"Until I Get Over You\" produced by Ian Green \"Let Me Wake Up in Your","title":"Independence (Lulu album)"},{"docid":"7739552","text":"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea was a series of concerts featuring Wings, Queen, The Clash, The Pretenders, The Who, Elvis Costello, and many more artists which took place at the Hammersmith Odeon in London during December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia. The event was organised by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim, and it involved artists such as McCartney and The Who as well as punk acts like The Clash and the Pretenders. The last of the concerts was the last concert of Wings. An album and EP were released in 1981, and the best of the concerts were released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea. Rockestra was a McCartney-led supergroup of at least 30 English rockers. The back cover of the LP states the Rockestra performers include: John Bonham, Billy Bremner, Gary Brooker, Howie Casey, Tony Dorsey, Dave Edmunds, Steve Holley, James Honeyman-Scott, Steve Howard, Kenney Jones, John Paul Jones, Laurence Juber, Denny Laine, Ronnie Lane, Linda McCartney, Paul McCartney, Robert Plant, Thadeus Richard, Bruce Thomas, Pete Townshend Concerts 26 December Queen 27 December Ian Dury and the Blockheads (with guest Mick Jones on \"Sweet Gene Vincent\") Matumbi The Clash 28 December The Pretenders The Specials The Who 29 December Elvis Costello & The Attractions Rockpile (with guest Robert Plant on \"Little Sister\") Wings Rockestra Selected set lists Queen Jailhouse Rock We Will Rock You (fast version) Let Me Entertain You Somebody to Love If You Can't Beat Them Mustapha Death on Two Legs Killer Queen I'm in Love with My Car Get Down, Make Love You're My Best Friend Save Me Now I'm Here Don't Stop Me Now Spread Your Wings Love of My Life '39 Keep Yourself Alive Drums solo Guitar solo with parts of Silent Night Brighton Rock reprise Crazy Little Thing Called Love Bohemian Rhapsody Tie Your Mother Down Sheer Heart Attack We Will Rock You We Are the Champions God Save the Queen (tape) Ian Dury & The Blockheads Clevor Trevor Inbetweenies Don't Ask Me Reasons To Be Cheerful Sink My Boats Waiting For Your Taxi This Is What We Find Mischief What A Waste Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick Sweet Gene Vincent The Clash Clash City Rockers Brand New Cadillac Safe European Home Jimmy Jazz Clampdown The Guns of Brixton Train in Vain Wrong ‘Em Boyo Koka Kola (White Man) In Hammersmith Palais Stay Free Bankrobber Janie Jones Complete Control Armagideon Time London Calling The Specials (Dawning Of a) New Era Do The Dog Monkey Man Concrete Jungle Too Hot Doesn't Make It Alright Too Much Too Young Guns Of Navarone Little Bitch A Message To You Rudy Nite Club Gangsters Longshot Kick The Bucket Skinhead Moonstomp Madness The Who Substitute I Can't Explain Baba O'Riley The Punk and the Godfather My Wife Sister Disco Behind Blue Eyes Music Must Change Drowned Who Are You 5.15 Pinball Wizard See Me Feel Me Long Live Rock My Generation I'm a Man Hoochie Coochie Man Sparks I Can See","title":"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea"},{"docid":"5022195","text":"Michael William Gallagher (born 29 October 1945) is an English Hammond organ player best known as a member of Ian Dury and the Blockheads and for his contributions to albums by the Clash. He has also written music for films such as Extremes (1971) and After Midnight (1990), and the Broadway play Serious Money (1987). Early band work Mick Gallagher started his musical career in Newcastle with The Unknowns in the early 1960s. He played with the Animals during 1965, replacing their founding member Alan Price. He moved on to form The Chosen Few, where he played alongside Alan Hull, who later formed Lindisfarne. Other associations include Skip Bifferty, Peter Frampton's Camel and Cochise. In 1977 Gallagher was playing in a band called Loving Awareness, including John Turnbull, Charley Charles and Norman Watt-Roy. Charles and Watt-Roy worked as session musicians with Ian Dury, and when the group went on tour, Gallagher and Turnbull were invited along. This band became the Blockheads. Ian Dury and the Blockheads Under the management of Andrew King and Peter Jenner, the original managers of Pink Floyd, Ian Dury and the Blockheads quickly gained a reputation as one of the top live acts of new wave music. The Blockheads' sound drew from its members' diverse musical influences, which included jazz, rock and roll, funk, reggae and Dury's love of music hall. Gallagher's Hammond sound was a major contribution to the band. The single \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", released 26 August 1977, marked Blockheads' Stiff debut. Although it was banned by the BBC, it was named Single of the Week by NME on its release. The single issue was soon followed at the end of September by the album New Boots and Panties!!, which, although it did not include the single, achieved platinum status. In October 1977 Gallagher and the band started performing as Ian Dury & the Blockheads, when the band signed on for the Stiff \"Live Stiffs Tour\" alongside Elvis Costello & the Attractions, Nick Lowe, Wreckless Eric and Larry Wallis. The tour was a success, and Stiff launched a concerted Ian Dury marketing campaign, resulting in the Top Ten hit \"What a Waste\", and the hit single \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", which reached No. 1 in the UK at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies. Again, \"Hit Me\" was not included on the original release of the subsequent album Do It Yourself. Both the single and its accompanying music video featured Davey Payne playing two saxophones simultaneously during his solo, in evident homage to jazz saxophonist Rahsaan Roland Kirk, whose \"trademark\" technique this was. With their hit singles, the band built up a dedicated following in the UK and other countries, and their next single \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\" made number three in the UK. The band's second album, Do It Yourself, was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based","title":"Mick Gallagher"},{"docid":"19664672","text":"Stay in Love (full title: Stay in Love: A Romantic Fantasy Set to Music) is the fourth studio album by American singer Minnie Riperton, released under Epic Records. The album features the hits \"Young Willing and Able\" and the Stevie Wonder collaboration \"Stick Together\". Unlike her previous works, the soft soul elements here tend to fade, replaced by a more upbeat disco sound which was the musical trend at the time. \"Stick Together\" peaked at no. 23 on Billboard's Hot Dance Play, an alternate version known as \"Stick Together (Part One)\" reached no. 57 on the U.S. Hot Black Singles chart. Stay in Love was Riperton's first disco effort and the only of her releases predominantly in the genre. It was also her last album for Epic Records; she subsequently signed to Capitol Records (which she recorded two albums during her lifetime). Moreover, this was Ripperton's first album since her debut, Come to My Garden, that didn't feature her husband Richard Rudolph as a producer or co-producer, although Rudolph still co-wrote the songs. In his place as producer was Motown veteran Freddie Perren in his only collaboration with Riperton. Critical reception The Bay State Banner wrote that Riperton's \"ethereal voice is perfect for the romantic mood.\" Track listing All tracks written by Minnie Riperton and Richard Rudolph, unless otherwise noted. Personnel Minnie Riperton - vocals, backing vocals Don Peake - string and horn arrangements Odell Brown - string arrangements on \"Can You Feel What I'm Saying?\" and \"Stay in Love\" Wade Marcus - string and horn arrangements on \"Gettin' Ready for Your Love\" and \"Wouldn't Matter Where You Are\" Sonny Burke, John Barnes - keyboards Dick Rudolph, Tommy Tedesco - acoustic guitar Bob \"Boogie\" Bowles, Marlo Henderson - guitar Scott Edwards, Wilton Felder, Chuck Rainey - bass James Gadson - drums Paulinho da Costa, Bob Zimmitti, Joe Clayton - percussion Plas Johnson - flute on \"Gettin' Ready for Your Love\" Billy Ford, Carolyn Dennis, Carolyn Majors Caston, Jim Gilstrap, John Lehman - backing vocals Pam Grier, Vicki Alley, Minnie Riperton, The Pastells - finger snaps on \"Stick Together\" Technical Larry Miles - recording and remixing engineer Freddie Perren - rhythm arrangements, production Irving Azoff - director Kosh - design David Alexander - photography Kevin Gray - mastering Production credits taken from album liner notes. Charts Singles References 1977 albums Epic Records albums Minnie Riperton albums Albums arranged by Wade Marcus Albums produced by Freddie Perren Albums recorded at United Western Recorders Albums recorded at Total Experience Recording Studios Disco albums by American artists","title":"Stay in Love"},{"docid":"26134446","text":"Titus Lee Turner (May 1, 1933 – September 13, 1984) was an American R&B and East Coast blues singer and songwriter. His best-remembered recordings are \"We Told You Not to Marry\" and \"Sound-Off\". He also wrote \"Leave My Kitten Alone\", \"Sticks and Stones\" and \"Tell Me Why\". Biography Turner was born in Atlanta, Georgia. His debut single, \"Where Are You\", was released in 1950 by Aladdin Records, credited to Mr. T and his Band. Another single, \"Stop Trying to Make a Fool of Me\", was released by Regal Records in 1951. A year later he recorded eight tracks for Okeh Records, including \"Got So Much Trouble\". He then recorded for Wing, an imprint of Mercury Records, but he was not commercially successful until 1955, when Little Willie John recorded Turner's \"All Around the World\". Another version, retitled \"Grits Ain't Groceries\", was by Little Milton. Turner and John then co-wrote \"Leave My Kitten Alone\", cover versions of which were recorded by Johnny Preston, the Beatles, and Elvis Costello. In 1959, King Records issued Turner's first hit single, \"The Return of Stagolee\", an answer song to Lloyd Price's \"Stagger Lee\". He repeated the trick with his next release, \"We Told You Not to Marry\", an answer to Price's \"I'm Gonna Get Married\". In 1960, Ray Charles recorded Turner's song \"Sticks and Stones\", many cover versions of which have been issued over the years. By 1961 Turner had his biggest solo success with \"Sound-Off\", which came from the only album he ever released. The track was described by Joel Whitburn in Top Pop Singles 1955–2002 as a \"popular US Army marching drill chant\", which had been a number 3 hit for Vaughn Monroe in 1951. Later singles failed to find a market, and Turner recorded for many labels throughout the 1960s without further tangible success. These included \"Eye to Eye\" (Okeh, 1966). His final release was a song he wrote, \"His Funeral, My Trial\", in 1969. Turner died in Atlanta in 1984. Notable songwriting credits \"All Around the World\", also known as \"Grits Ain't Groceries\" (Turner) \"Big John\" (Turner) \"Get on the Right Track Baby\" (Turner) \"Hey Doll Baby\" (Traditional, Turner) \"Hold Your Loving\" (Bernice Snelson, Turner) \"If It's Good\" (Julia Lee, Turner) - Julia Lee and her Boyfriends \"Leave My Kitten Alone\" (Little Willie John, James McDougal, Turner) \"Little Girl Lost\" (Luther Dixon, Lou Harrison, Turner) \"Living in Misery\" (Turner) \"Lotus Blossom\" (Julia Lee, Turner) - Julia Lee and her Boyfriends \"People Sure Act Funny\" (Bobby Robinson, Turner) \"Soulville\" (Henry Glover, Morris Levy, Dinah Washington, Turner) \"Sticks and Stones\" (Turner) \"Stop the Pain\" (Turner) \"Tell It Like It Is\" (Turner) - Little Willie John \"Tell Me Why\" (Turner) - Marie Knight (1956), Gale Storm (1956), The Crew-Cuts (1956), Elvis Presley (1966) Discography Albums Sound Off (1961), Jamie Compilation albums Soulville: Golden Classics (1990), Collectables Records Sound Off: The Jamie Masters (1994), Bear Family Titans of R&B (1998), Red Lightnin' (UK) 1949–1954 (2005), Classics R&B Chart singles \"Return of Stagolee\" (King 5186) (April","title":"Titus Turner"},{"docid":"2789559","text":"Where Did Our Love Go is the second studio album by Motown singing group the Supremes, released in 1964. The album includes several of the group's singles and B-sides from 1963 and 1964. Included are the group's first Billboard Pop Singles number-one hits, \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Baby Love\", and \"Come See About Me\", as well as their first Top 40 hit, \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\", and the singles \"A Breathtaking Guy\" and \"Run, Run, Run\". With the release of this album, The Supremes became the first act in Billboard magazine history to have three number-one hits from the same album. It was the album that introduced \"The Motown Sound\" to the masses. It was also, at the time, the highest-ranking album by an all-female group. It remained in the number two position for four consecutive weeks in January 1965, but was Number One on Billboards' Rhythm and Blues Charts for the first week of January 1965. It was shut out of the top spot by the Beatles' blockbuster Beatles '65 album. Where Did Our Love Go remained on the Billboard album chart for an unprecedented 89 weeks. Hip-O Select released a limited run fortieth anniversary deluxe edition of the album in 2004, which included both the mono and stereo versions of the album, as well as several outtakes, non-album tracks and a recorded live show from the Twenty Grand club in Detroit, Michigan. It sold out immediately. They filmed performances of four of the singles from the album including \"Run, Run, Run\", \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\", \"Where Did Our Love Go\" and \"Baby Love\" for the concert film, The T.A.M.I. Show released on December 29, 1964. It was equivalent to Motown 25 or Live Aid as a pivotal music concert event. When it hit theaters nationwide, it undoubtedly raised and extended the visibility of the Where Did Our Love Go album. Track listing All tracks written by Holland–Dozier–Holland except as noted. Side one \"Where Did Our Love Go\" - 2:33 \"Run, Run, Run\" - 2:16 \"Baby Love\" - 2:39 \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\" - 3:05 \"Come See About Me\" - 2:44 \"Long Gone Lover\" (Smokey Robinson) - 2:27 Side two \"I'm Giving You Your Freedom\" - 2:40 \"A Breathtaking Guy\" (Robinson) - 2:25 \"He Means the World to Me\" (Norman Whitfield) - 2:00 \"Standing at the Crossroads of Love\" - 2:27 \"Your Kiss of Fire\" (Robert Gordy, Harvey Fuqua) - 2:48 \"Ask Any Girl\" - 3:00 2004 Expanded CD bonus tracklist \"This Is It\" (Faye Hale) **** \"I'm The Exception To The Rule\" (Whitfield) ** \"Everyday I'll Love You More Than Yesterday\" (Robinson, Claudette Rogers Robinson) * \"Beginning To The Ending\" (George Fowler) ***** \"Mr. Blues\" (Robinson) * \"Come On Boy\" (Berry Gordy, Jr.) *** \"Bye Baby\" (Gordy) *** \"My Imagination\" (Richard Parker, Faye Hale) **** \"I Idolize You\" (Robinson) * \"You're Gonna Come To Me\" (Gordy) (Version 4 - Credited as Version \"3\") \"Honey Babe\"","title":"Where Did Our Love Go (album)"},{"docid":"28282263","text":"The Ultimate Collection is a greatest hits album by Bryan Ferry and Roxy Music, released on 7 November 1988 by E'G Records. Unlike the 1986 compilation album Street Life, which was predominantly Roxy Music material, The Ultimate Collection focuses more on Ferry's solo career. It includes the previously unreleased track \"He'll Have to Go\", a leftover from the 1977 sessions for the album The Bride Stripped Bare, which was also released as a single in 1989, and the track \"Help Me\" which had been released as a single in the US in 1986 but was unreleased in the UK until this album. The album peaked at number six on the UK Albums Chart and has been certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Track listing All songs written by Bryan Ferry, except where noted. Bryan Ferry: \"Let's Stick Together ('88 remix)\" (Wilbert Harrison) – 2:55 (original version from Let's Stick Together, 1976) Bryan Ferry: \"The 'In' Crowd\" (Billy Page) – 4:34 (from Another Time, Another Place, 1974) Roxy Music: \"Dance Away\" – 3:45 (from Manifesto, 1979) Roxy Music: \"Angel Eyes\" (Bryan Ferry, Andy Mackay) (edit) – 3:06 (from Manifesto, 1979) Bryan Ferry: \"He'll Have to Go\" (Joe & Audrey Allison) – 4:03 (previously unreleased, recorded 1977) Bryan Ferry: \"Tokyo Joe\" – 3:54 (from In Your Mind, 1977) Roxy Music: \"All I Want Is You\" – 2:51 (from Country Life, 1974) Roxy Music: \"Jealous Guy\" (John Lennon) – 6:12 (single release, 1981) Bryan Ferry: \"The Price of Love\" (Don & Phil Everly) – 3:24 (from Let's Stick Together, 1976) Bryan Ferry: \"Don't Stop the Dance\" (Bryan Ferry, Rhett Davies) – 4:20 (from Boys and Girls, 1985) Roxy Music: \"Love Is the Drug\" (Bryan Ferry, Andy Mackay) – 4:04 (from Siren, 1975) Bryan Ferry: \"This Is Tomorrow\" – 3:35 (from In Your Mind, 1977) Bryan Ferry: \"Slave to Love\" – 4:27 (from Boys and Girls, 1985) Bryan Ferry: \"Help Me\" – 4:37 (US-only single release, 1986) Roxy Music: \"Avalon\" – 4:14 (from Avalon, 1982) Roxy Music: \"More than This\" – 4:30 (Bonus track on the M6 interaction 1994 re-release, from Avalon, 1982) Note: Some versions of the CD contain alternate ordering of the tracks, with \"Dance Away\" appearing as track 15 instead of track 3. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 1988 greatest hits albums Bryan Ferry albums E.G. Records compilation albums Roxy Music compilation albums","title":"The Ultimate Collection (Bryan Ferry and Roxy Music album)"},{"docid":"8051991","text":"Do It Yourself is a 1979 album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads. It was the first album to be credited to Ian Dury & the Blockheads rather than Ian Dury alone, although Dury had used the full band name for the \"What a Waste\" 7\" single of 1978. The album was released in the wake of the chart-topping hit single \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", and reached number two in the charts, behind ABBA's Voulez-Vous. Do It Yourself sold around 200,000 copies, and was Dury's second Platinum album (after its predecessor New Boots and Panties!!). Background and recording Like New Boots and Panties!! before it, much of Do It Yourself was written at Dury's home, no longer a flat near the Oval cricket ground, but now a rented home in Rolvenden, Kent. Even though he declined point blank his management's attempts to get him to dust off and re-record old Kilburn & the High Roads songs like \"England's Glory\" Dury did resurrect one old song, \"Sink My Boats\", the very first song he and Chaz Jankel wrote together. In fact, a number of other songs pre-date the rehearsal and songwriting sessions for Do It Yourself; the instrumentals for \"Quiet\", \"This Is What We Find\" and \"Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy\" were all arranged by Blockheads members while they were still in their band Loving Awareness. The recording session at Dury's house that also produced \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" was used to demo some of the new songs. These demos, later released on Edsel Records' 2-CD re-issue of the album, were for \"This Is What We Find\", \"Inbetweenies\", \"Quiet\" and \"Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy\", along with the first version of \"Duff 'Em Up and Do 'Em Over (Boogie Woogie)\", a song that would remain unreleased but would eventually become the song \"Oh Mr. Peanut\" on the next album, Laughter. Do It Yourself was recorded in the Workhouse Studios on the Old Kent Road, the same place where New Boots and Panties!! had been recorded two years earlier, under the production of Jankel and Latham, though Latham's credit was as 'recording engineer'. In keeping with Dury's policy of not including singles on albums, \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" was omitted, and no singles were released from the album either (his next British single would be \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\"). Most retrospective interviews with band and management bemoan this. and nearly all suggest the opening track \"Inbetweenies\" as the ideal choice of single; \"Inbetweenies\" was released in Europe, backed with \"Dance of the Screamers\". The lack of singles on the album did not greatly affect its chart performance. Packaging Do It Yourself was released on 18 May 1979 with an unusually large publicity drive; in addition to widespread print advertising in the music press, Stiff Records released the album with at least 34 known alternative sleeves, each one featuring a different Crown Wallpaper design. Each sleeve has the Crown catalogue number for the particular wallpaper","title":"Do It Yourself (Ian Dury & the Blockheads album)"},{"docid":"42082373","text":"Architect is the fourth studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Wallis Bird. The album was released in Ireland on 11 April 2014 alongside Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The album was released in the United Kingdom on 14 April 2014. The first promotional single from the album is \"Hardly Hardly\", and those who pre-ordered the album on iTunes prior to its Irish release received \"I Can Be Your Man\" for free. Singles The first commercial single from the album is \"Hardly Hardly\", released across Europe on 28 March 2014 and on iTunes on 4 April 2014. The single received its first play on Irish radio on 11 February 2014. The single comes in two formats; an album version and a radio version. The Hardly Hardly EP was released on 4 April 2014 featuring remixes by Vinnie and Rebscher, LaRochelleBand and Sebastien Leger. Formats There were a number of versions of the album upon release. The original version of the album features 10 tracks. The box set version of the album features two CDs with a total of 20 tracks, along with stickers and playing cards and a third version was made available on iTunes featuring the two albums as one download. Track listing \"Hardly Hardly\" \"I Can Be Your Man\" \"Daze\" \"Holding a Light\" \"The Cards\" \"Girls\" \"Communion\" \"Gloria\" \"Hammering\" \"River of Paper\" Box set and download version disc 2 \"Little Plastic Castle\" (song by Ani DiFranco) \"Peaches\" (song by The Stranglers) \"Black and Gold\" (song by Sam Sparro) \"Becoming a Jackal\" (song by Villagers) \"Pearl's a Singer\" (song by Elkie Brooks) \"Jóga\" (song by Björk) \"Teardrop\" (song by Massive Attack) \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (song by Ian Dury) \"In My Life\" (song by The Beatles) \"Caledonia\" (song by Dolores Keane) Tour A European tour commenced on 25 April 2014 beginning in Dublin before moving onto other European cities such as Cork, Galway, Vienna, Berlin, London, Zurich, Milan and Haarlem. Charts References 2014 albums Wallis Bird albums","title":"Architect (album)"},{"docid":"3995596","text":"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea is a double album credited to Various Artists and released in March 1981. It contains live performances by Wings, the Who, Queen, Elvis Costello, Pretenders, the Clash, the Specials and other artists from the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, held at London's Hammersmith Odeon in December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia. The event was organised by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim. History The album starts with four songs from the Who (culled from a 3-hour set list) and finishes with three songs from Wings and three from the all-star line-up called Rockestra. A selection of the best performances from the concerts was compiled and released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea. Rockestra was a Paul McCartney-led supergroup of at least thirty English rockers. The credited list appears at the bottom of the back cover of the LP. The name was first given to an assemblage of famous rock stars that were brought together by McCartney for the final Wings album, 1979's Back to the Egg. The supergroup – which consisted of Wings, John Paul Jones and John Bonham of Led Zeppelin, David Gilmour from Pink Floyd, Ronnie Lane of the Faces, Kenney Jones and Pete Townshend of the Who, and Hank Marvin of the Shadows – recorded two McCartney compositions, the instrumental \"Rockestra Theme\" and \"So Glad to See You Here\". Then, McCartney and Kurt Waldheim re-assembled Rockestra for a series of benefit concerts for the people of Cambodia (also known as Kampuchea), suffering from the reign of Pol Pot. This time, Rockestra consisted of, among others, Wings, John Paul Jones, Bonham, Robert Plant, Rockpile, James Honeyman-Scott and Townshend. Hank Marvin was not available and Gilmour for tax reasons had to decline, as he was with the rest of Pink Floyd in Los Angeles, California, where they were in the midst of rehearsing for an upcoming concert tour for the just released Pink Floyd album The Wall. Despite the all-star lineup and charting within the Top 40, it remains one of McCartney's few projects to never receive a remaster or a CD release. Album track listing \"Baba O'Riley\" (Pete Townshend) – 5:12 \"Sister Disco\" (Townshend) – 5:16 \"Behind Blue Eyes\" (Townshend) – 3:46 \"See Me, Feel Me\" (Townshend) – 5:49 Tracks 1–4 performed by the Who \"The Wait\" (Chrissie Hynde, Pete Farndon) – 3:28 \"Precious\" (Hynde) – 3:23 \"Tattooed Love Boys\" (Hynde) – 3:18 Tracks 5–7 performed by Pretenders \"The Imposter\" (Elvis Costello) – 2:10 Performed by Elvis Costello & the Attractions \"Crawling from the Wreckage\" (Graham Parker) – 3:02 Performed by Rockpile \"Little Sister\" (Doc Pomus, Mort Shuman) – 3:33 Performed by Rockpile with Robert Plant \"Now I'm Here\" (Brian May) – 6:49 Performed by Queen \"Armagideon Time\" (Bennett) – 4:15 Performed by the Clash \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (Ian Dury, Chaz Jankel) – 4:30 Performed by Ian Dury & the Blockheads \"Monkey Man\" (Toots Hibbert) – 2:26 Performed by the Specials \"Got to Get","title":"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea (album)"},{"docid":"27149345","text":"Keep Your Eye on Me is a pop/R&B/dance album by Herb Alpert, released in 1987. It contains two hit singles, \"Diamonds\" and \"Making Love in the Rain\" (both featuring lead and background vocals by Janet Jackson and Lisa Keith). These Billboard Top 40 hits, along with the title track and \"Pillow\" (featuring co-lead vocals by Alpert and singer/wife Lani Hall) were written and produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis. The remainder of the album consists of tracks produced by Herb Alpert and various producers. The record was constructed with Side 1 (Tracks 1-5) featuring uptempo songs, while Side 2 (Tracks 6-10) featured down tempo songs and ballads. All trumpet solos were played by Herb Alpert. The album was released on CD by A&M Records in 1987, along with extended CD singles of the title track and \"Diamonds\". It was re-released on September 12, 2013 in a download-only version available exclusively through Alpert's official website, HerbAlpertPresents.com. Track listing \"Keep Your Eye on Me\" (Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis)- 5:13 \"Hot Shot\" (Albert Hammond) - 3:56 \"Diamonds\" (Jam, Lewis) - 4:53 \"Traffic Jam\" (Les Pierce) - 3:16 \"Cat Man Do\" (Roy Bittan, Herb Alpert) - 5:26 \"Pillow\" (Jam, Lewis) - 4:32 \"Our Song\" (Alpert, Sal Macaluso) - 3:55 \"Making Love in the Rain\" (Jam, Lewis) - 5:56 \"Rocket to the Moon\" (John Barnes, Alpert) - 3:52 \"Stranger on the Shore\" (Mr. Acker Bilk, R. Mellin) - 2:54 Personnel Herb Alpert – all trumpets (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9), horn arrangements (1, 3, 8), arrangements (2, 4, 5, 9, 10), trumpet (4, 8, 10), flugelhorn (4), lead vocals (6), vocal arrangements (6), muted trumpet (8), celeste (10) Jimmy Jam – keyboard and drum programming (1, 3, 6, 8), percussion (1, 3, 6, 8); horn, rhythm and vocal arrangements (1, 3, 6, 8) David Eiland – keyboard programming (1), sampling (1) Laythan Armor – keyboards (2), bass programming (2), drums (2), arrangements (2), synth voices and bass programming (7), electronic percussion (7) John Barnes – organ sound (2), DX7 tuba (5), keyboards (7, 9), drum programming (9), arrangements (9, 10), Fairlight voices (10), DX7 harmonica (10) Les Pierce – keyboard programming (4), drums (4), arrangements (4) Roy Bittan – keyboards (5), arrangements (5) Salvatore Macaluso – synth voices (7), synth bass (7) Michael Landau – guitars (2, 4, 5, 10), guitar solo (9), arrangements (10) Paul Jackson, Jr. – rhythm guitar (9) Terry Lewis – vocals (1); horn, rhythm and vocal arrangements (1, 3, 6, 8), bass (3), percussion (3, 6), backing vocals (3, 6, 8) Neil Stubenhaus – bass (5, 9) Chuck Domanico – acoustic bass (7) Jeff Porcaro – drums (5, 9) Steve Schaeffer – drums (10), percussion (10) Paulinho da Costa – percussion (2, 5, 9) Albert Hammond – arrangements (2) Michael Stokes – arrangements (2) Lisa Keith – vocals (1), vocal arrangements (1, 3, 8), lead vocals (3, 8), backing vocals (3, 6, 8) Janet Jackson – lead and backing vocals (3, 8) James \"Popeye\" Greer – party vocals","title":"Keep Your Eye on Me"},{"docid":"43137489","text":"The Night We Called It a Day is the debut studio album by underground hip hop supergroup Deepspace5, released on January 8, 2002, through Uprok Records. It was recorded in Dallas, Texas. Recording The Night We Called It a Day was recorded in one week in Dallas, Texas, in the apartment of group member Playdough. It was produced by Beat Rabbi, DJ Dust, Freddie Bruno, and Playdough, with Playdough producing under a different moniker, Harry Krum. During the recording sessions, the group met future member Sivion. Lyrics and musical style The album features an underground, anti-commercial style. Jayson Young of RapReviews.com called the album \"strictly ground-roots, MC/DJ, hard-core hip-hop\". Young also found Listener's vocal style similar to Son Doobie, and noted that \"Stick This In Your Ear\" includes a flute sample. Jon Corbin, writing for cMusicWeb.com, noted that on \"World Go Round\", Beat Rabbi brings a progressive jazz feel through the use of drum patterns and bass lines. Jesus Freak Hideout's Chanile Campbell described the album as east coast \"smooth and a little jazzy\". RapReviews.com and Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms also described the album as very chill and laid back, with Gunnell commenting that \"If there is such a thing as easy listening hip hop, then this is definitely it!\" Thomas Quinlan of Exclaim! described the lyrical content of the album as mostly \"high concept songs\", but with some testimonials and praises to God. Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms and Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic both noted that the album's lyrics are intellectual and often humorous. Several reviewers noted the unusual verse by Listener on \"Stick This In Your Ear\", where he reads off a paragraph exactly as written – including punctuation. Jason Young wrote that Listener \"literally says every period, comma, and semi-colon found in his verse.\" Also highlighted by reviewers was the skit \"Close Caption\", where Listener translates a sign language rap by \"MC Fong\". Critical reception Critics responded quite favorably to the album. AllMusic rated the album three out of five stars, and found the album's seven-minute-plus long title track to be the standout track. Jon Corbin of cMusicWeb.com wrote \"Locked in Playdough's apartment, these boys got their creative juices flowing and whipped up something sweet, an album that reclaims hip-hop for the emcee.\" Corbin considered all of the songs well-crafted and developed, with the exceptions of \"Murder Creek\" and \"Take the Rhythm\", tracks which Corbin said will have the listener hitting the skip button. These tracks aside, he summarized: The production is very strong, especially considering that the album was created in a week. In all in all, this is a very good disc, filled with a wide range of topics to get your brain working and your head nodding. Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms rated the album eight out of ten squares and stated that when he first heard Deepspace5, he dismissed the group as \"just another depressing Christian rap group\", but that this release proved him wrong. Exclaim!'s Thomas Quinlan opined that \"Deepspace 5","title":"The Night We Called It a Day (album)"},{"docid":"3445921","text":"New Boots and Panties!! is the debut studio album by Ian Dury, released in the UK on Stiff Records on 30 September 1977. The record covers a diverse range of musical styles which reflect Dury's influences and background in pub rock, taking in funk, disco, British music hall and early rock and roll, courtesy of Dury's musical hero Gene Vincent. Consisting mostly of love songs and character stories based on the working-class people of the East End and Essex Estuary areas where he grew up, the songs are frequently ribald and profane, but also contain humour and affection for his characters. Widely considered to be the best album of Ian Dury's career, it is also his biggest selling, having been certified platinum status in the UK for 300,000 sales. Sales of the album during the first few months after its release were modest, and the album's only single, \"Sweet Gene Vincent\", failed to chart. Subsequently, three stand-alone singles, \"What a Waste\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" and \"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\", all reached the top ten of the UK Singles Chart, and their success kept the album in the spotlight and ensured consistent sales over the next two years. New Boots and Panties!! was among the UK's top 30 best selling albums of both 1978 and 1979, and eventually peaked at number five in the UK Albums Chart in February 1979, 17 months after its release, after \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\"'s chart-topping success. The album's title derives from Dury's habit of buying clothes second hand and refers to the only items of clothing he insisted on buying new. According to Ian Dury & the Blockheads: Song By Song, the name was chosen by Dury from a list of twenty potential titles drawn up by compere Kosmo Vinyl. New Boots and Panties!! has been reissued several times, including a three-disc edition for its 30th anniversary and a five-disc box set for its 40th anniversary. Background Much of the album was written by Dury, nearly a year before its release, at Oval Mansions (the top floor flat at 40, Oval Mansions, Kennington, London, which he shared with Denise Roudette, and which he nicknamed 'Catshit Mansions') and was the fruit of Dury's successful writing partnership with Chas Jankel. Some of the tracks that could be considered to be the most 'English' were co-written with American Steve Nugent. Dury and Jankel recorded demo tapes of many of the songs in April 1977, joined in the session by Nugent, at Alvic Studios, Wimbledon (run by two musicians, Al James and Vic Sweeney). Jankel played the bass, guitar and piano parts, while Dury sang and played drums. These recordings have since been included as part of Edsel's current re-issue of the album. The studio engineer at Alvic told Dury about a rhythm section who were acting as session musicians to earn extra money; bassist Norman Watt-Roy and drummer Hugh \"Charley\" Charles. As well as playing on New Boots and Panties!! the","title":"New Boots and Panties!!"},{"docid":"21101533","text":"The Ultimate Collection is the eighth album released on Motown Records by the group DeBarge. The album is the second compilation of their greatest hits. In addition to the group numbers, it also includes solo singles from El DeBarge and Bunny DeBarge. It also includes a track from Chico DeBarge, who was never part of the family group. Also Motown was able to get the rights to the song \"Dance All Night\" from their Striped Horse Records album Bad Boys for this collection. The album also contains a Dance remix of the group's popular single, \"Rhythm of the Night\", while also featuring a more percussive, club mix radio edited version of the group's ballad \"The Heart Is Not So Smart\", the latter being remixed by John Morales and Sergio Munzibai. Track listing \"Rhythm of the Night\" (Dance Mix) \"Time Will Reveal\" \"I Like It\" \"You Wear It Well\" \"Who's Holding Donna Now\" \"Stop! Don't Tease Me\" \"Love Me in a Special Way\" \"A Dream\" \"Talk to Me\" (Chico DeBarge) \"All This Love\" \"Love Always\" (El DeBarge) \"Who's Johnny\" (El DeBarge) \"The Heart Is Not So Smart\" (Club Mix / Radio Edit) \"Save the Best for Me (Best of Your Lovin')\" (Bunny DeBarge) \"Dance All Night\" \"Stay with Me\" Alternate versions In 2008, the album was re-released with different artwork entitled The Definitive Collection. DeBarge albums 1997 greatest hits albums Motown compilation albums","title":"Ultimate Collection (DeBarge album)"},{"docid":"36373549","text":"Now That's What I Call a No.1 is a triple-disc compilation album that was released in the United Kingdom on 9 July 2012. It includes 60 number ones from the past 60 years and was released in celebration of the 60th anniversary of the Official Charts. Track listing CD 1 Adele, \"Someone like You\" George Michael, \"Careless Whisper\" Robbie Williams, \"She's the One\" Take That, \"Patience\" Wet Wet Wet, \"Love Is All Around\" Celine Dion, \"My Heart Will Go On\" Boyzone, \"No Matter What\" Gnarls Barkley, \"Crazy\" All Saints, \"Never Ever\" Hear'say, \"Pure and Simple\" Britney Spears, \"...Baby One More Time\" Spice Girls, \"Wannabe\" Steps, \"Tragedy\" Blondie, \"Heart of Glass\" ABBA, \"Dancing Queen\" Gloria Gaynor, \"I Will Survive\" Black Box, \"Ride On Time\" Pet Shop Boys, \"West End Girls\" The Human League, \"Don't You Want Me\" Tony Christie, \"(Is This the Way To) Amarillo\" CD 2 Rihanna featuring Jay-Z, \"Umbrella\" Gotye featuring Kimbra, \"Somebody That I Used to Know\" Bruno Mars, \"Just the Way You Are\" Katy Perry featuring Snoop Dogg, \"California Gurls\" Olly Murs, \"Dance with Me Tonight\" David Guetta featuring Sia, \"Titanium\" DJ Fresh featuring Rita Ora, \"Hot Right Now\" Cheryl Cole, \"Fight for This Love\" Jessie J, \"Domino\" Lady Gaga, \"Poker Face\" Tinie Tempah featuring Labrinth, \"Pass Out\" Shaggy featuring Ricardo \"RikRok\" Ducent, \"It Wasn't Me\" Coolio featuring L.V., \"Gangsta's Paradise\" The Fugees, \"Killing Me Softly\" The Black Eyed Peas, \"I Gotta Feeling\" Kylie Minogue, \"Can't Get You Out of My Head\" R. Kelly, \"I Believe I Can Fly\" Oasis, \"Don't Look Back in Anger\" The Verve, \"The Drugs Don't Work\" Coldplay, \"Paradise\" CD 3 Billy Joel, \"Uptown Girl\" The Beach Boys, \"Good Vibrations\" Elvis Presley, \"Jailhouse Rock\" David Bowie, \"Let's Dance\" Marvin Gaye, \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" Rod Stewart, \"Maggie May\" 10cc, \"I'm Not in Love\" The Righteous Brothers, \"Unchained Melody\" Culture Club, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" Soft Cell, \"Tainted Love\" Dexys Midnight Runners, \"Come On Eileen\" The Jam, \"Going Underground\" Ian Dury and the Blockheads, \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" Adam & The Ants, \"Stand and Deliver\" Sinéad O'Connor, \"Nothing Compares 2 U\" Kate Bush, \"Wuthering Heights\" The Animals, \"The House of the Rising Sun\" Procol Harum, \"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" Simon & Garfunkel, \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" Louis Armstrong, \"What a Wonderful World\" Charts Release history References 2012 compilation albums Number 1 Sony Music compilation albums EMI Records compilation albums Universal Music Group compilation albums Warner Music Group compilation albums","title":"Now That's What I Call a No.1"},{"docid":"6976040","text":"The Secret Value of Daydreaming is the second studio album by English singer-songwriter Julian Lennon, released in 1986. Background and recording After going on tour the previous year to promote his previous album, Valotte, Lennon took a break to write material for The Secret Value of Daydreaming. Recording took place in the Bahamas, at Compass Point Studios, with mixing at the Hit Factory in New York City. Release The Secret Value of Daydreaming was released on 24 March 1986 on Charisma in the UK, and a day later on the 25th on Atlantic in the US. The album peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200 chart upon its release. It was certified gold for sales of over 500,000 copies in the US by the RIAA on 22 May 1986. \"Stick Around\" reached number 1 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, and number 32 on the Hot 100 chart. The album was reissued, along with Mr. Jordan and Help Yourself, on 8 September 2009 by Noble Rot Records. Track listing All songs written by Julian Lennon, except where noted. Side one \"Stick Around\" – 3:39 \"You Get What You Want\" – 4:04 \"Let Me Tell You\" – 4:16 \"I've Seen Your Face\" – 3:27 \"Coward Till the End?\" – 6:11 (Julian Lennon, Justin Clayton) Side two \"This Is My Day\" – 3:51 \"You Don't Have to Tell Me\" – 4:55 \"Every Day\" – 3:51 (Lennon, Clayton, Carlton Morales) \"Always Think Twice\" – 3:56 \"Want Your Body\" – 3:25 Music videos \"Stick Around\" - features appearances by Jami Gertz, Michael J. Fox, Joe Piscopo and Martin Kove. \"This Is My Day\" - The second single and video to promote the album. The mix of the song is unique to the video, as the version that appears on the album is different. The video mix is available on Lennon's compilation Behind the Music. The single itself failed to chart. \"Want Your Body\" - The final video and single for the album; also failed to chart. Personnel Musicians Julian Lennon – lead vocals, backing vocals, acoustic piano, keyboards, bass, drum programming Chuck Kentis – keyboards Billy Joel – acoustic piano (2) David Brown – guitars Justin Clayton – guitars John McCurry – guitars Carmine Rojas – bass Alan Childs – drums Jimmy Bralower – percussion Frank Elmo – horns Rory Dodd – backing vocals Fiona Flanagan – backing vocals Peter Hewlett – backing vocals Karen Kamon – backing vocals Eric Taylor – backing vocals Production Phil Ramone – producer Joseph D'Ambrosio – production coordinator Bradshaw Leigh – engineer Sean Burrows – associate engineer Peter Hefter – associate engineer Barry Diament – CD mastering and remastering at Atlantic Studios (New York, NY). Ted Jensen – LP mastering at Sterling Sound (New York, NY). Timothy White – cover photography Bob Defrin – art direction Julian Lennon – design concept Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 1986 albums Julian Lennon albums Albums produced by Phil Ramone Atlantic Records albums Charisma Records albums","title":"The Secret Value of Daydreaming"},{"docid":"1056264","text":"Corona is an Italian Eurodance project. Initially as a group formed by Brazilian-born singer and model Olga Maria de Souza and producer Francesco \"Checco\" Bontempi (a.k.a. Lee Marrow), they found commercial success with the worldwide hits \"The Rhythm of the Night\" (1993) and \"Baby Baby\" (1995). After the second album, Bontempi left the group and was replaced by Francesco Conte and Paolo Dughero. History Beginning of the band's career: 1993–1996 Corona's first single, \"The Rhythm of the Night\", was released in Italy in November 1993 on Roberto Zanetti's DWA record label and became an instant hit. It featured the voice of the Italian singer Giovanna Bersola, better known by her stage name Jenny B. It stayed at number 1 on the Italian music chart for eight consecutive weeks, but was not released elsewhere until the following year. A remixed version of the song became a number 2 hit in the United Kingdom in September 1994. Like several early 1990s Eurodance/Hi-NRG songs that eventually became American hits, \"The Rhythm of the Night\" did not become popular in the United States until well after its success had peaked in Europe. However, by spring 1995, the song was all over American radio and clubs, eventually reaching #11 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was later released as a track in the 1995 studio album The Rhythm of the Night. Lead vocals for the remaining songs in the album were by the Welsh singer Sandy Chambers who also sang on the group's second album, Walking On Music. Corona followed up with the 1995 singles \"Baby Baby\" and \"Try Me Out\", with similar success. The single \"I Don't Wanna Be a Star\" was a moderate hit. A fifth single, \"Do You Want Me\", became a regional hit in discotheques in the Eastern U.S. The Rhythm of the Night album sold modestly, peaking at #2 on the US Top Heatseekers chart and at #154 on the Billboard 200. 1996–2004 In 1996, after the demise of Discomagic Records, DWA Records reorganized its staff due to internal conflicts. As a result, the production of Corona was moved from DWA Records to Bontempi's own label (World Of Music, which was also a sublabel of Discomagic). The third album, And Me U, was released in 2001 by Brazil's Abril Music, under the name Corona X. This time the vocals were by new vocalists, the sisters Bernadette \"Brandy\" Jones and Bambi Jones' (who died of cancer in 2010). Again, de Souza was just the face but still not the voice, as many people thought. Although Bontempi co-wrote some of the material in the album, he did not participate in the production and left the band. In 2004, as a tribute to de Souza's native Brazil, Corona sang \"A cor dos teus olhos\" (\"The Colour of Your Eyes\") which was distributed by 5000. De Souza described the song like an imprint of her childhood memory. It was an immediate hit. The same year \"Garota Brasileira\", a song with spicy samba sounds, became","title":"Corona (band)"},{"docid":"25171667","text":"\"Make Me Your Baby\" is a song written by Helen Miller and Roger Atkins. The most successful recording was a hit for Barbara Lewis in 1965. Background The demo for \"Make Me Your Baby\" was cut by journeyman session singer Jean Thomas on 22 January 1965 at the behest of Atlantic Records president Jerry Wexler, who wanted to offer the song to Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles, then a Cameo-Parkway act Wexler was hoping to woo over to Atlantic. Patti Labelle and the Bluebelles did eventually sign to Atlantic, but only after protracted negotiations (their debut label session being on October 7, 1965), which meant \"Make Me Your Baby\" was still unrecorded in the summer of 1965 when the success of \"Baby I'm Yours\" alerted Wexler to the suitability of \"Make Me Your Baby\" as a vehicle for the singer of \"Baby I'm Yours,\" Barbara Lewis. \"Make Me Your Baby\" was recorded by Lewis in a July 1, 1965, session at Atlantic Records Recording Studios (NYC) in which Lewis also recorded the B-side \"Love to Be Loved\" and a third track, \"I'm So Afraid.\" 1 Like \"Baby I'm Yours,\" \"Make Me Your Baby\" was produced by Ollie McLaughlin and Bert Berns, being described as \"An Ollie McLaughlin production directed by Bert Berns.\" The arranger and conductor for the session was Artie Butler, with featured personnel on the session being Patti Brown (piano), Vinnie Bell, Al Gorgoni, Trade Martin (guitar), Bob Bushnell (electric bass), Gary Chester (drums), Ted Sommer, Alvin Rogers (chimes, tambourine). Prior to the release of the Barbara Lewis version, the song had been recorded by the Pixies Three, whose version had successfully been pitched to Cameo Parkway. However, before the relevant contract had been finalized, the Barbara Lewis single had begun to break, causing Cameo Parkway to opt out. The Pixies Three consequently disbanded. Chart performance \"Make Me Your Baby\" was released as a single in September 1965 and that November matched the No.11 peak of her preceding hit, \"Baby I'm Yours\", as well as reaching No.9 on the Top Rhythm & Blues Singles chart. Other cover versions Barbara Lewis' \"Make Me Your Baby\" had an unsuccessful September 1965 release in the UK, where a local cover was cut by producer Shel Talmy with vocalist Liz Shelley. Released 10 September 1965 on Brunswick, this version also failed to chart, but, despite the advance of Lewis' version on the US charts, Shelley's single was given an American release by Decca Records. Bobby Vinton remade the song as \"I'll Make You My Baby\". Billy Sherrill produced the track which, as the lead single for the Ev'ry Day of My Life, reached No.30 on the Easy Listening chart in Billboard in April 1971, just missing the Billboard Hot 100 by peaking at No.101 on the Bubbling Under chart. \"Make Me Your Baby\" was covered in late 1975 in a disco style by Canadian singer Suzanne Stevens. Her version reached No.23 on Canada's RPM singles chart in December, 1975. Lewis' version had","title":"Make Me Your Baby"},{"docid":"1817554","text":"Robert Owens (born August 17, 1961) is an American songwriter, record producer, DJ and singer, best known for his work with the Chicago house group Fingers Inc. in the mid-1980s. As a solo artist, he has placed several songs on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, two of which hit number-one: \"I'll Be Your Friend\" (1992), and \"Mine to Give\" (2000, a collaboration with Photek). Biography Though electronica has typically been a producer's medium (and the few vocalists who succeed are usually women), Robert Owens became one of the people associated with the late-1980s golden era of Chicago house. Born in Ohio, United States, Robert Owens grew up singing in church, but years later, he was working as a DJ in 1985, when he met Chicago producer Larry Heard. The pair formed Fingers Inc., along with Ron Wilson, and they released a few singles (\"You're Mine\"/\"It's Over\") plus the 1988 album, Another Side. The group disbanded quickly, as Heard's burgeoning solo-production career (as Mr. Fingers) took priority. Owens had already released recordings on his own - \"Bring Down the Walls\" and \"I'm Strong\" made for Alleviated (with production from Heard), and he signed a solo contract with 4th & B'way Records. His 1990 album Rhythms in Me lost visibility soon after within the quickly disintegrating Chicago house scene. (One of his best-known features of the late 1980s, \"Tears\", appeared with the names of Frankie Knuckles and producer Satoshi Tomiie.) By 1996, he had returned to dance music with \"Ordinary People\": a two-part EP recording for Musical Directions. He joined up with Tomiie (again) and Cevin Fisher in 1999, to make a track from Tomiie's Full Lick LP. One year later, in 2000, Owens appeared on the Photek hit \"Mine to Give\". In 2003, he joined with drum and bass act London Elektricity to provide the vocals for their album Billion Dollar Gravy. He collaborated with Coldcut on their album Sound Mirrors, on the track \"Walk a Mile in My Shoes\" in 2006. He collaborated with Rob Pearson on single \"Escape from the Madness\" which was released on Plastic City in 2007. In 2011, he collaborated with the Brookes Brothers on their single \"Beautiful\", which was released on the Breakbeat Kaos label. Later on in the same year he collaborated with Dutch drum and bass producer Icicle, and featured on the tracks \"Step Forward\" and \"Redemption\", which appeared on Icicle's debut album Under the Ice released in April 2011 on Shogun Audio. In 2012, he featured on Mosca's song \"Accidentally\" from the Eva Mendes EP and on Orgue Electronique's album Strange Paradise with the song \"Our House\". In 2013, he released the single \"Trusting Me\" taken from the vocal collaboration album Features by Kris Menace. The video of the single was premiered by MTV Iggy in the US. Discography Albums Rhythms in Me (1990) The Journey (1996) Night-Time Stories (2008) Art (2010) See also List of number-one dance hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the US","title":"Robert Owens (musician)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"24814383\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Let's Stick Together\\\" is a blues-based rhythm and blues song written by Wilbert Harrison. In 1962, Fury Records released it as a single. Harrison further developed the song and in 1969, Sue Records issued it as a two-part single titled \\\"Let's Work Together\\\". Although Harrison's original song did not appear in the record charts, his reworked version entered the U.S. Top 40. Several artists subsequently recorded the songs; \\\"Let's Work Together\\\" by Canned Heat (1970) and \\\"Let's Stick Together\\\" by Bryan Ferry (1976) were both chart successes. Original songs \\\"Let's Stick Together\\\" is a mid-tempo twelve-bar blues-style R&B song. According to music writer Richard Clayton, \\\"Harrison probably intended 'Let’s Stick Together' as his follow-up single [to 'Kansas City'], but a contract dispute prevented him from releasing it while his star was in the ascendant\\\". In 1959, \\\"Kansas City\\\", written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, was a number one hit for Harrison on both the Billboard R&B and Hot 100 singles chart. In 1962, Harrison recorded \\\"Let's Stick Together\\\" for Fury Records, one of several labels operated by record producer Bobby Robinson, that had issued \\\"Kansas City\\\". Fury pressed the single with two different A-side and B-sides: \\\"Kansas City Twist\\\" (Fury 1059) and \\\"My Heart Is Yours\\\" (Fury 1063). It had been three years since Harrison's last chart appearance and the singles failed to reach the charts. In 1969, Harrison reworked the song with the title \\\"Let's Work Together\\\". The two songs use the same melody line and structure, but the lyrics differ: \\\"Let's Stick Together\\\" \\\"Let's Work Together\\\" Instrumentally, the 1962 recording is an ensemble piece, while the one in 1969 is a solo performance, with Harrison (credited as the \\\"Wilbert Harrison One Man Band\\\") providing the vocal, harmonica, guitar, and percussion. Sue Records released \\\"Let's Work Together\\\" as a two-part single that reached number 32 on Billboard's Hot 100 in 1970, however, it did not appear on the magazine's R&B chart. In Canada the song reached number 26 on the RPM charts. Canned Heat version Shortly after the release of Wilbert Harrison's \\\"Let's Work Together\\\", Los Angeles blues-rock band Canned Heat recorded their version of the song. Unlike their previous singles (\\\"On the Road Again\\\", \\\"Going Up the Country\\\", and \\\"Time Was\\\") that featured vocals and harmonica by Alan Wilson, for \\\"Let's Work Together\\\" Bob Hite provided the vocals, with Wilson adding the slide-guitar parts. The song was prepared for release as a single in December 1969, but was cancelled due to the popularity of Harrison's single. In the UK, where Harrison's single failed to generate interest, Canned Heat's version was released in January 1970. There it became their biggest hit, reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart during a stay of fifteen weeks. In the US, Canned Heat's \\\"Let's Work Together\\\" was first released on August 3, 1970, on their album, Future Blues. An American single followed on August 25, 1970, and reached number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100. In Canada, the song reached number\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Stick Together (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19506035\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"It Hurts Me Too\\\" is a blues standard that is \\\"one of the most interpreted blues [songs]\\\". First recorded in 1940 by Tampa Red, the song is a mid-tempo eight-bar blues that features slide guitar. It borrows from earlier blues songs and has been recorded by many artists. Origins \\\"It Hurts Me Too\\\" is based on \\\"Things 'Bout Comin' My Way\\\", the latter recorded by Tampa Red in February 1931. The melody lines are nearly identical and instrumentally they are similar, although the latter has an extra bar in the turnaround, giving it nine bars. \\\"Sam Hill from Louisville\\\", one of several pseudonyms of Walter Vinson (or Vincson), recorded \\\"Things 'Bout Coming My Way\\\" in 1931 shortly before Tampa Red. Vinson's version is based on his 1930 recording with the Mississippi Sheiks, \\\"Sitting on Top of the World\\\". Both songs share several elements with \\\"You Got to Reap What You Sow\\\", recorded by Tampa Red in 1929 and by Leroy Carr and Scrapper Blackwell in 1928. The melody lines, played on slide guitar by Tampa Red and sung by Carr, are similar to those in the later songs. Carr and Blackwell's song has elements of their own earlier 1928 song \\\"How Long, How Long Blues\\\". \\\"How Long, How Long Blues\\\" has been described as one of the first blues standards and the inspiration for many blues songs of the era. In March 1949, Tampa Red recorded a variation of \\\"It Hurts Me Too\\\", titled \\\"When Things Go Wrong with You\\\". It was recast in the style of a Chicago blues, with electric guitar and a more up to date backing arrangement. The song was a hit and reached number nine on Billboard's Rhythm & Blues Records chart in 1949. (The original \\\"It Hurts Me Too\\\" was released before Billboard or a similar reliable service began tracking such releases, so it is difficult to gauge which version was more popular, although the former's title won out over the latter's). Although the song retained the refrain \\\"When things go wrong, so wrong with you, it hurts me too\\\", Tampa Red varied the rest of the lyrics somewhat. This would become the pattern for future versions, in which succeeding artists would interpret the song with some of their own lyrics. Elmore James renditions Several versions of \\\"It Hurts Me Too\\\" were recorded in the 1940s and 1950s, including those by Stick McGhee and Big Bill Broonzy. When Elmore James recorded it in 1957, he (or Chief's owner, Mel London, who is credited on the release) supplied some of the lyrics that are most familiar today: James' 1957 Chief version did not appear in the charts, but after he recorded the song again in late 1962 or early 1963 for the Fire/Fury/Enjoy group of labels, it became a hit. The song used the same lyrics as his earlier version, but featured more prominent slide guitar work. When it was released in 1965, two years after James' death, \\\"It Hurts Me Too\\\" spent eight weeks\",\n \"title\": \"It Hurts Me Too\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4404061\",\n \"text\": \"Laurie Latham (born 1955) is a British rock producer who worked with Glenn Tilbrook, Paul Young and others. He has produced albums by Ian Dury & the Blockheads, Echo & the Bunnymen, Squeeze, The Stranglers, The Christians and Slapp Happy. Career Latham worked as an engineer during the 1970s on albums by Monty Python and Manfred Mann's Earth Band. He was the producer and engineer for Ian Dury's New Boots and Panties!! and produced the singles \\\"What a Waste\\\" and \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\", which went to number one in the UK in 1979. External links SJP Dodgy Music Production Laurie Latham page References 1955 births Living people British record producers\",\n \"title\": \"Laurie Latham\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16940672\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Lee \\\"Shot\\\" Williams (May 21, 1938 – November 25, 2011) was an American blues singer. He got the nickname \\\"Shot\\\" from his mother at a young age, owing to his fondness for wearing suits and dressing up as a \\\"big shot.\\\" Biography Williams grew up in the country close to his cousin and fellow blues man, Little Smokey Smothers. \\\"Shot\\\" moved to Detroit in 1954 and to Chicago in 1958. He joined Smothers there and began singing with Smokey's band in 1960 and a few years later joined Magic Sam's band as a vocalist. In 1962, Williams recorded his first singles for Chicago's Foxy label, \\\"Hello Baby\\\" and \\\"I'm Trying\\\". He recorded a series of singles for other labels, including King/Federal, Palos, Gamma, Shama and Tchula. His 1964 recording \\\"Welcome to the Club\\\" was a hit in Chicago, and was later covered by Little Milton for Checker Records in 1965. Another regional hit, \\\"I Like Your Style\\\", came out in 1969 and was covered by Junior Parker. Several more singles followed including the popular \\\"Drop Your Laundry Baby\\\". His first album under his own name, Country Disco, was released on the Roots label in 1977. In the 1980s, Williams released a slew of singles on labels including Tchula, 4-Way, True & Dis-Muke. He released an album on cassette with many of these cuts called I Like Your Style. In 1994, the Japanese label Vivid Sound released an album called, A Shot of Rhythm and Blues, containing tracks Williams recorded in Memphis apparently for (but not released by) Quinton Claunch's SoulTrax imprint. The Black Magic label decided to give Lee a \\\"Shot\\\" behind his own band. The result, Cold Shot was released in 1995 and was voted the Best Blues Album of 1995 (New Recording - Soul/Blues) by Living Blues readers' poll. His debut for Ecko Records, Hot Shot, brought Williams home to the \\\"Southern Soul Blues\\\" world with the hit \\\"I'll Take The Risk\\\". In 2000, Williams scored another hit with She Made A Freak Out Of Me, followed by Somebody's After My Freak. Williams left the label again and recorded one disc for Charles Wilson's label called Let The Good Times Roll before returning to Ecko for four more albums. In 2008, Williams signed with CDS Records. His first CD for the label was released in 2008 and produced the hits \\\"It's Friday (Time To Get Paid)\\\" and \\\"Wrong Bed\\\". Two more albums were released by CDS Records, I'm The Man For The Job and The First Rule of Cheating (2010). Death Williams died on November 25, 2011, aged 73, from undisclosed causes. Discography Country Disco (Roots/TK 1977) A Shot Of Rhythm & Blues (Vivid Sound/Soul Trax 1994) Cold Shot (Black Magic 1995) Hot Shot (Ecko 1996) You Turn Me On (Diamond Lady 1999) She Made A Freak Out Of Me (Ecko 2000) Somebody's After My Freak (Ecko 2001) Let The Good Times Roll (Wilson 2002) Before The Honeymoon (Hot Spot 2002) Chicago Blues & Deep Soul Legend\",\n \"title\": \"Lee \\\"Shot\\\" Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31868356\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Listen to Me\\\" is a 1968 single by the Hollies, written by Tony Hazzard. It was the last Hollies single of Graham Nash's original tenure in the group. The song reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1968 and received praise from critics. Background and recording \\\"Listen to Me\\\" has been characterised as gentler than previous Hollies releases, with the Evening Standard describing the song as \\\"a change of style a la Rubber Soul Beatles.\\\" Tony Hazzard wrote the song after conceiving the lyric \\\"your ears are deaf, your mouth is dumb, your eyes are blind\\\". The songwriter was present at its recording session at EMI Studios; there, he pitched a further composition to the Hollies which Graham Nash liked, but the rest of the band chose not to record after Nash's departure. Consequently, \\\"Listen to Me\\\" was Hazzard's only composition to be recorded by the Hollies. The recording session for \\\"Listen to Me\\\" was Nash's last with the Hollies until he rejoined the band in 1982, with Nash later commenting \\\"in my head, I had already left the Hollies\\\". The band promoted the single with an appearance on the 26 September edition of Top of the Pops. According to drummer Bobby Elliott, they were invited to appear on the programme again as the song climbed up the chart but had to decline as Nash was in the USA and could not return in time. Tony Hazzard recorded a studio version of the song for his 1969 album Tony Hazzard Sings Tony Hazzard. Hazzard's 2022 album Demonstration features a remixed version of his original demo of the song with a newly recorded guitar part by the Hollies' Tony Hicks. Reception \\\"Listen to Me\\\" received a warm critical reception. John Wells of NME considered the song \\\"a much more mature and sophisticated sound\\\" for the band, adding \\\"this won't please their \\\"Midas\\\" fans as out goes that mind-shattering sound to be replaced by a gentle, more melodic treatment.\\\" Penny Valentine of Disc and Music Echo praised the Hollies' \\\"instant commerciality\\\", deeming the song \\\"very competent, very good and a very big hit\\\", while Peter Jones of Record Mirror described it as \\\"fast-tempoed and unusually phrased and clearly a tremendous hit.\\\" Chris Welch of Melody Maker considered \\\"Listen to Me\\\" an example of \\\"mysterious currents of influence [coursing] their way through the group scene\\\" that shares \\\"similar sounds and rhythms\\\" to \\\"The Weight\\\", then recently-released as a single by both the Band and Spooky Tooth, and \\\"Sour Milk Sea\\\", a contemporaneous single recorded by Jackie Lomax. He summarised the sound as \\\"the sort of nostalgic rock affecting many old-established groups... ...a heavy beat tinged with melancholy, which will appeal greatly to melancholy rockers around the 26 age group.\\\" Billboard described the single as a \\\"strong outing\\\" and an \\\"infectious rhythm entry.\\\" Charts References 1968 songs The Hollies songs Parlophone singles Songs written by Tony Hazzard\",\n \"title\": \"Listen to Me (Hollies song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1343254\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Jeremy \\\"Chaz\\\" Jankel (born 16 April 1952) is an English musician and songwriter. In a music career spanning more than 40 years, he came to prominence in the late 1970s as the guitarist and keyboardist of the rock band Ian Dury and the Blockheads. With Dury, Jankel co-wrote some of the band's best-known songs including \\\"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\\\", \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" and \\\"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\\\". In addition to his work with the Blockheads, Jankel has had a solo career which has resulted in nine studio albums. He has a long list of credits as both a performer and as songwriter. Early life Charles Jeremy Jankel was born on 16 April 1952 in Stanmore, Middlesex. Inspired by skiffle singer Lonnie Donegan, he started to learn how to play the Spanish guitar at age 7, and then went on to study the piano. He attended the boarding school Mill Hill School and became a fan of the American rock, funk and soul band Sly and the Family Stone during his time there. Jankel's fondness for this style was later responsible for much of the funk influence on the Blockheads' music and also influenced Jankel's solo career. As a student at the art college Saint Martin's School of Art he played with a folk rock band called Byzantium from 1972 to 1973. Career In 1973, Jankel contributed a track titled \\\"Let's Go\\\" to Long John Baldry's studio album Good to Be Alive. He then joined the folk rock band Jonathan Kelly's Outside and worked on their only studio album ...Waiting on You, released in early 1974. Jankel first started working with Ian Dury as part of the pub rock band Kilburn and the High Roads in the early part of the 1970s. He went on to work with Dury on albums such as 1977's New Boots and Panties!! and the Blockheads' albums including the 1979 release Do It Yourself before leaving the band. He wrote funk songs such as \\\"Hit Me with your Rhythm Stick\\\", and \\\"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\\\". In 1981, Jankel joined Dury again, without the Blockheads, for his second solo studio album Lord Upminster, which spawned the US Top 40 dance hit \\\"Spasticus Autisticus\\\", which he co-wrote. After leaving the Blockheads, Jankel pursued a solo career and issued four studio albums for A&M, including his 1980 self-titled debut and 1981's Chasanova, which was also released under the title Questionnaire. This album featured major lyrical contributions from Ian Dury, and musical contributions from two of the Blockheads, bassist Norman Watt-Roy, and drummer Charlie Charles and also contained the US dance hit \\\"Glad to Know You\\\", which was one of the tracks with lyrics written by Dury, plus the MTV music video of its title track. In 1981, Quincy Jones had a UK chart hit with a cover version of Jankel's \\\"Ai No Corrida\\\", which reached No. 14 in April of that year. The song was also covered\",\n \"title\": \"Chaz Jankel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1629941\",\n \"text\": \"Pazz & Jop was an annual poll of top musical releases, compiled by American newspaper The Village Voice and created by music critic Robert Christgau. It published lists of the year's top releases for 1971 and, after Christgau's two-year absence from the Voice, each year from 1974 onward. The polls are tabulated from the submitted year-end top 10 lists of hundreds of music critics. It was named in acknowledgement of the defunct magazine Jazz & Pop, and adopted the ratings system used in that publication's annual critics poll. History The Pazz & Jop was introduced by The Village Voice in 1971 as an album-only poll; it was expanded to include votes for singles in 1979. Throughout the years, other minor lists had been elicited from poll respondents for releases such as extended plays, music videos, album re-issues, and compilation albums—all of which were discontinued after only a few years. The Pazz & Jop albums poll uses a points system to formulate list rankings. Participating critics assigned a number value, ranging from 5 to 30, to each of the albums on their top 10 list, with all 10 albums totaling 100 points. The singles lists, however, are always unweighted. The Pazz & Jop was created by Village Voice critic Robert Christgau. The idea behind its name (a spoonerism of Jazz & Pop) was that, since the words \\\"pazz\\\" and \\\"jop\\\" do not exist, participating critics would judge a musical work on its own merits rather than be distracted by categories and genres. In 1971, English rock band the Who topped the first Pazz & Jop albums poll with Who's Next. The following year, Christgau left The Village Voice for Newsday, and the poll was not conducted again until 1974, when Christgau returned to the Voice and the poll \\\"became an institution\\\", according to fellow Voice critic Chris Molanphy. English singer Ian Dury and his band the Blockheads topped the first singles poll with \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" (1979). Bob Dylan and Kanye West topped the albums poll the most number of times, with four number-one albums each. West, in addition, won the singles poll of 2005. Christgau oversaw the Pazz & Jop poll for more than thirty years; he also wrote an accompanying essay that discussed the poll's contents. Writing in 2002, author Bernard Gendron cited the lack of overlap between the 1999 poll results and that year's best-selling albums on Billboards US charts—whereby only five of Pazz & Jop's top 40 appeared in the Billboard list—as indicative of a continued division between the avant-garde aesthetic of cultural accreditation and commercial considerations. Although Pazz & Jop established itself as a critics' poll with a clear identity, it has attracted criticism, particularly for its methodology. Addressing the participants in 2001, Mike Doughty of the New York Press complained: \\\"In the guise of a love of music, you've taken the most beautiful nebulous form of human expression, squeezed it through an asinine points-scoring system specially cooked up for this pointless perennial,\",\n \"title\": \"Pazz & Jop\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43173328\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\\\" is a song written by Memphis-based songwriter Earl Randle, and first recorded in 1972 by soul singer Ann Peebles. The song was also a hit in 1984 for English singer Paul Young. Ann Peebles version Produced by Willie Mitchell and with performances by the Hi Rhythm Section, Ann Peebles' recording was made at the Royal Studios on South Lauderdale Avenue in Memphis. It was issued as a single on the Hi label in January 1973. It reached no.31 on the US R&B chart, and \\\"bubbled under\\\" the Hot 100, reaching no.111. The track was also included on her 1974 album I Can't Stand the Rain. Writer Craig Werner said:Like the most powerful gospel soul from the early sixties, \\\"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\\\" serves notice on a cheating lover (white America? the brothers in the Black Panther movement?) that the free ride has come to an end. It's a restatement of the revolutionary gospel anthem \\\"Samson and Delilah,\\\" and the message, on every level, is the same: \\\"If I had my way, I would tear this building down.\\\" Later versions The song was later recorded by Graham Parker and the Rumour on their 1977 album Stick to Me. A cover version by Paul Young reached no. 9 on the UK singles chart in 1984, and no.13 on the Billboard Hot 100 when re-released the following year. It was included on Young's album The Secret of Association (1985). Samples The Ann Peebles' version of \\\"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\\\" was sampled in the track \\\"The Plan\\\" by Wu-Tang Clan affiliated group Sunz of Man on their album The Last Shall Be First (1998). Charts Ann Peebles Paul Young References 1972 songs 1973 singles 1984 singles Paul Young songs Graham Parker songs Song recordings produced by Willie Mitchell (musician) Hi Records singles Columbia Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31334458\",\n \"text\": \"Formed in 1977 to promote Ian Durys' album New Boots and Panties!! on the first Stiff Records tour of the UK, Chaz Jankel, Norman Watt-Roy, Charlie Charles, John Turnbull and Mick Gallagher became known as 'The Blockheads' (a reference to a song on Dury's album). As 'Ian Dury & The Blockheads' they went back out on tour, this time without Jankel, and in 1978 released \\\"What a Waste\\\"/\\\"Wake Up and Make Love with Me\\\" a single that reached number five in the UK charts. They were then joined by saxophonist Davey Payne and toured the US supporting Lou Reed across North America, ending with their own dates in California (with backline roadie Pete Rush). In late 1978 Jankel returned to the fold and composed \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" with Dury. The band recorded it in The Workhouse Studios, Old Kent Road, London and in 1979 had a number one hit record with it in the UK. Ian Dury & The Blockheads went on to record the Do It Yourself (1979) album, toured Europe and the UK recording in Rome \\\"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\\\", which was released as a single in late 1979 reaching number three in the UK charts. In 1980 Jankel, once again, left the band to pursue solo projects in California and former Dr. Feelgood guitarist Wilko Johnson joined Dury, Watt-Roy, Turnbull, Charles, Gallagher and Payne to record and release a third album for Stiff Records called Laughter (1980) and released \\\"I Want to be Straight\\\" and \\\"Supermans Big Sister\\\" as singles. They toured throughout 1981 in the UK and Europe, sometimes augmented by Don Cherry on trumpet, ending the year with a tour of Australia. In 1982 Ian Dury & The Blockheads disbanded and were not to play together again until 1987, when they went out to Japan in June to play three shows in four days, disbanding again until 1990, when the death of Charles in September of that year re-united them to play two Benefit gigs at The Forum, Camden Town, in aid of Charles' family. Jankel returned from America and Steven Monti picked up the drumsticks. The band, now augmented by Merlin Rhys-Jones on guitar and Will Parnell on percussion, recorded a live album Warts & Audience at the Brixton Academy in December 1990. Jankel returned to California and the band toured Spain in January 1991. Once again the band stopped working until August 1994 when, with the return to England of Jankel, the band were invited to play the Madstock Festival in Finsbury Park in August, which led to a series of hit-and-run gigs in Europe, Ireland, the UK and Japan throughout the rest of 1994 and 1995. In March 1996 Dury was diagnosed with cancer and, after recovering from an operation, was determined to write another album. Studio albums Live albums Compilation albums Videos Singles See also Ian Dury discography References External links Official Blockheads Website Discographies of British artists Rock music group discographies New wave discographies\",\n \"title\": \"The Blockheads discography\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59410453\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Pailthorpe (born 1935), better known as Keith Kelly, is an English pop singer, guitarist and songwriter. An original member of The John Barry Seven, Kelly had two solo hits on the UK Singles Chart in 1960. Kelly was a competent musician, capable of playing both the guitar and chromatic harmonica. Donned in his spectacles, he also bore a passing resemblance to Buddy Holly. Life and career He was born in Selby, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. In the mid-1950s, Kelly spent three years serving in the Royal Air Force. After leaving military service, in 1957 he became an original member, vocalist, and rhythm guitarist of The John Barry Seven. He left Barry's group in early 1959, and sang at The 2i's Coffee Bar in Soho, London, where he was noticed by the watching record producer George Martin. Martin signed Kelly to Parlophone and his first single release, \\\"Tease Me (Must You Always)\\\" reached number 27 on the UK Singles Chart in May 1960. Kelly wrote his own hit on a London Underground train travelling towards his flat in Shepherd's Bush, London. His fledgling career was dealt a blow when a car accident delayed the release of his follow-up single. \\\"Listen Little Girl\\\" (written by Claus Ogerman and Vee Bond) was released in July 1960, but only reached number 47 in the same chart, and the momentum was lost. It was to prove to be his last chart entry. When Matt Monro recorded \\\"Portrait of My Love\\\", he did so in the afternoon after Kelly had the morning session recording in the same studio. Kelly's \\\"With You\\\" b/w \\\"You'll Break My Heart\\\", was issued by Parlophone in November 1960. Kelly composed the A-side while the flip was written by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman. His public profile was at its height in 1960; he performed \\\"I'll Take Romance\\\" (written by Ben Oakland, Oscar Hammerstein II) on BBC Radio's Saturday Club, appeared in episode 1.71 of Juke Box Jury as a mystery guest, plus he undertook a nationwide tour, which included dates at the Town Hall in Bridgwater, Somerset, in Grantham, plus at the Liverpool Empire Theatre, the Theatre Royal, Nottingham, the Birmingham Hippodrome, and the New Theatre, Cardiff. In November 1960, Parlophone issued Saturday Club, a compilation album which included Kelly's recordings of \\\"I'll Take Romance\\\" and \\\"To Be With You\\\". In June 1961, Parlophone released Kelly's single \\\"Cold White and Beautiful\\\" b/w \\\"When You First Fall in Love\\\". On 23 April 1962, Kelly performed at the California Ballroom, Dunstable. He momentarily re-appeared in July 1965, with the single, \\\"Laurie (Strange Things Happen)\\\" b/w \\\"Save Your Love For Me\\\" on CBS. Kelly later joined the Hull based band, the Keith Herd Rhythm Group. The 2011 compilation album, 1960 British Hit Parade, Vol. 1: January To June, had two Kelly songs, including \\\"Tease Me (Must You Always)\\\". UK chart singles discography Source: Notes References External links Image Discogs.com entry YouTube 1935 births Living people English pop singers English male guitarists Rhythm\",\n \"title\": \"Keith Kelly (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4277811\",\n \"text\": \"The Concert for Kampuchea (subtitled \\\"Rock for Kampuchea\\\") is a musical film from the best of the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea. The film was directed by Keith McMillan and was 4 nights of concerts in Hammersmith Odeon to raise money for Cambodia. The event was organized by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim (who was then Secretary-General of the U.N.), and it involved well-established artists such as McCartney, The Who and Queen as well as younger punk and new wave acts like The Clash and The Pretenders. The film finishes with the presentation of Wings' Rockestra (more of 25 musicians playing together). Filmed in 1979, Concert for Kampuchea did not receive American theatrical distribution until it was picked up by Miramax in 1988. The concert was also recorded and released as a double LP, 8-track cartridge tape and cassette tape in 1979. It has yet to be released in digital format (CD). Track listing Opening commentary Performed by Queen: \\\"Now I'm Here\\\" \\\"'39\\\" Performed by Matumbi: \\\"Guide Us Jah (In Your Own Way)\\\" Performed by The Clash: \\\"Armagideon Time\\\" Performed by The Pretenders: \\\"The Wait\\\" Performed by Wings: \\\"Got To Get You Into My Life\\\" \\\"Getting Closer\\\" \\\"Every Night\\\" \\\"Arrow Through Me\\\" \\\"Coming Up\\\" Performed by The Specials: \\\"Monkey Man\\\" Performed by Elvis Costello & The Attractions: \\\"The Imposter\\\" Performed by Rockpile \\\"Crawling From The Wreckage\\\" \\\"Little Sister\\\" (with Robert Plant) Performed by Ian Dury & The Blockheads: \\\"Sweet Gene Vincent\\\" \\\"Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick\\\" Performed by The Who: \\\"Sister Disco\\\" \\\"Behind Blue Eyes\\\" \\\"See Me, Feel Me\\\" Performed by Billy Connolly: \\\"Introduction to the Rockestra\\\" Performed by Rockestra: \\\"Lucille\\\" \\\"Let It Be\\\" \\\"Rockestra Theme\\\" See also Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, the concerts and set lists. Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, the album and the EP about the concerts. References External links The Concert for Kampuchea at Allmovie. 1980 films The Clash Documentary films about rock music and musicians Albums recorded at the Hammersmith Apollo 1980s English-language films 1980s British films British musical documentary films\",\n \"title\": \"Concert for Kampuchea\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2248144\",\n \"text\": \"Barbara and the Uniques was a 1960s and 1970s R&B girl group. History The group began when the Du-ettes, a group from Chicago featuring Barbara Livsey and her cousin, Mary Hayes, was liquidated in 1965. Barbara got together with her sister Gwen Livsey and a friend, Doris Lindsey, and released the soul ballad \\\"There It Goes Again\\\" (written by Eugene Record of The Chi-Lites) as Barbara and the Uniques in 1970. The song was very successful at the local level, causing Arden Records to distribute it nationally. The song became an R&B hit, reaching #16 on the R&B charts. It was a minor US Billboard Hot 100 hit, where it reached #91. The group followed up with two singles on the Arden label in 1971: \\\"You're Gonna Make Me Cheat on You\\\" / \\\"I'll Never Let You Go\\\" and \\\"You Make Me Feel So Young Again\\\" / \\\"Take Me As I Am\\\". In 1972, the group moved to Abbot Records and released \\\"He's Gone\\\", which also featured \\\"Take Me As I Am\\\" as the B-side. Gwen and Doris quit the group and were replaced with male session singers. Now dubbed Barbara Blake and the Uniques on 20th Century Records, in 1974, they released \\\"Prized Possession\\\" / \\\"It's Not That Easy\\\" and \\\"Teach Me\\\" / \\\"Everlasting Thrill\\\". Both releases failed to make an impact, but still the group's eponymous LP was released in 1975. A 1975 single, \\\"Need Your Love So Bad\\\" / \\\"Let Me Down Easy\\\", also was not a chart hit. The band broke up when their contract with 20th Century Records expired. The Du-Ettes' regional hit song “Every Beat Of My Heart” has been featured in a Whole Foods market television commercial. References American rhythm and blues musical groups American girl groups 20th Century Fox Records artists\",\n \"title\": \"Barbara and the Uniques\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13338397\",\n \"text\": \"Geoffrey Turton (born 11 March 1944, Birmingham, England), who also recorded under the name Jefferson, is a British singer. His musical career began as the falsettist lead singer and rhythm guitarist of The Rockin' Berries in 1961, which had a number of hits in the UK and Europe. The group was best known for its covers, and Turton did much of the searching and decision work as to what was to be sung. When the group broke up in 1968 Turton started a solo career, releasing a single \\\"Don't You Believe It\\\" on Piccadilly Records. It flopped, and Piccadilly head John Schroeder suggested that Turton change his name to Jefferson. At that time, Turton recorded the original version of \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\\\" (unreleased). The single \\\"Montage\\\" failed to chart, but its follow-up \\\"The Colour of My Love\\\" was a hit in the UK (peaking at No. 22 in the UK Singles Chart) and the United States (reaching No. 68 on the Billboard Hot 100), and an LP was issued following its success. A third single, \\\"Baby Take Me in Your Arms\\\", was not a hit in the UK but cracked the Top 30 in the U.S. (No. 23) and Canada (No. 15), justifying the release of a North American album. At the time of this single's success, Turton was hurt in a car crash, and so he did not make any live appearances. After a six-month hospital stay, Turton recorded a second which was never released by his label Pye Records, and his career stalled in the UK. He began touring the U.S., where he was still able to get gigs based on the success of \\\"Baby Take Me in Your Arms\\\". He then secured a recording contract with Polygram Records, released another album and the single \\\"I Love You This Much\\\" (later covered by Mouth & MacNeal on the album Pocket Full of Hits). He resumed under his given name when The Rockin' Berries reunited in the late 1970s, and toured with them (as well as doing solo shows in the UK) into the 1990s. In 2001, Castle Records released The Colour of My Love -- The Pye Anthology, a CD composed of his 1969 album The Colour of My Love plus much of his previously unreleased Pye material. See also List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States References Notes Sources Joel Whitburn, The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits. 7th edn, 2000 1944 births Living people English male singers English pop guitarists English male guitarists English pop singers English rock singers Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands\",\n \"title\": \"Geoff Turton\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9529366\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Down with the Clique\\\" is a song recorded by American singer Aaliyah for her debut studio album Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (1994). It was written and produced by R. Kelly. The song was released as the fourth single from Age Ain't Nothing but a Number exclusively in the United Kingdom on May 1, 1995, by Blackground Records and Jive Records. \\\"Down with the Clique\\\" was met with mixed reviews from music critics, who praised Aaliyah's vocal delivery on the song but dismissed its lyrical content. A moderate commercial success, the song peaked at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Aaliyah's fourth consecutive top-40 single in the United Kingdom. Recording and production While recording \\\"Down with the Clique\\\", Aaliyah developed an interest in producing, and she watched and helped R. Kelly develop the song. She said: \\\"When we were recording 'Down With the Clique', I watched how Robert [Kelly] laid the drums and everything. He taught me to play the piano a bit, and I'm also trying to learn the mixing board, though it looks complicated. The studio is my first love.\\\" Music and lyrics \\\"Down with the Clique\\\" is a hip hop song in which Aaliyah displays a \\\"silky cooing\\\" with her vocals. In his biography Aaliyah (2021) author Tim Footman said the song was \\\"macho hip-hop posturing over a cheesy, pseudo–Caribbean rhythm track\\\". In February 1995, British producers Mafia & Fluxy produced a reggae remix of the song. Lyrically, the song sees her committing to a \\\"junior-gangsta persona\\\" with lines such as \\\"Well now I guess it's time for me to wreck shop\\\". Footman analyzed the lyrics explaining that, \\\"Kelly's egomania really goes to town here, as Aaliyah entreats, 'all the dolls in the house' to recognize how cool her mentor/songwriter/producer truly is\\\". YardBarker said the lyrics were about \\\"finding out which friends are true blue\\\", and that Aaliyah was \\\"adamant about finding out who's really down to support her\\\". Critical reception Kenneth Partridge from Billboard gave \\\"Down with the Clique\\\" a mixed review, saying Aaliyah sounded unnatural singing lines such as \\\"I guess it's time for me to wreck shop\\\" and that the song was too much like an R. Kelly song, but described Aaliyah's performance as \\\"adorable\\\". James Masterton wrote in his weekly UK chart commentary,\\\"Why do Americans pronounce it to rhyme with 'stick'? Its 'cleek' as everyone here knows it which perhaps unfairly makes for rather grating listening as Aaliyah croons her way through her fourth UK hit.\\\" Bianca Gracie from Fuse felt that Aaliyah was embodying an \\\"effortless swagger that guys twice her age could only dream of having\\\", also praising Aaliyah's \\\"mellow\\\" and \\\"deep\\\" vocal performance. Nakita Rathod from HotNewHipHop mentioned that despite the controversy surrounding Aaliyah's debut album, she was still able to be a young, free teenager with songs like \\\"Down with the Clique\\\". MTV.com felt that \\\"Down With The Clique\\\" was one of the album's highlights, along with \\\"At Your Best (You Are Love),\\\" \\\"Young Nation,\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Down with the Clique\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23705271\",\n \"text\": \"Make Yr Life is the fourth album by the American lesbian queercore band the Butchies, released in 2004. It was the band's final album. Production The album was produced by Greg Griffith; the band worked for two and half years on the songs, and spent 10 days recording them. The Butchies set out to make a poppier album. The band had been playing \\\"17\\\" in concert for years, and recorded the song after it had become a fan favorite. Critical reception The Washington Post thought that \\\"such thumping new songs as 'Trouble' and 'She's So Lovely' demonstrate that the band has lost none of its swagger, but overall this disc is the band's poppiest outing.\\\" The Advocate declared that \\\"Kaia Wilson, Melissa York, and Alison Martlew are undisputed masters of the two- to three-minute power-punk anthem.\\\" The Orlando Sentinel concluded that \\\"even when the lyrics lean toward melodrama, Wilson's slashing guitar combines with the rumbling rhythms of bassist Alison Martlew and drummer Melissa York to make words inconsequential.\\\" The Chicago Reader wrote that \\\"though York’s stick work is still hard and nimble, Make Yr Life feels a bit less punk than the Butchies’ first three records, as if they were dialing it back to show off their songwriting–which is chewier than ever.\\\" The Morning Call determined that \\\"where some may have turned to a cover of The Outfield's 'Your Love' for its nostalgic value, The Butchies make it their own, providing the album with a sexually heated closing track that is deliriously dramatic.\\\" AllMusic wrote that \\\"the band's quiet, drastic reworking of the Outfield's 1985 pop hit 'Your Love' just may be the cover version of the year.\\\" Track listing All songs composed by the Butchies, except as noted. \\\"Send Me You\\\" \\\"Trouble\\\" \\\"Make Yr Life\\\" \\\"Second Guess\\\" \\\"She's So Lovely\\\" \\\"Everything + Everywhere\\\" \\\"17\\\" \\\"Lydia\\\" \\\"Tell the Others\\\" \\\"Your Love\\\" (John Spinks) References 2004 albums The Butchies albums Queercore albums Yep Roc Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Make Yr Life\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14139090\",\n \"text\": \"The Blockheads are an English rock band formed in London in 1977. Originally fronted by lead singer Ian Dury as Ian Dury and the Blockheads or Ian and the Blockheads, the band has continued to perform since Dury's death in 2000. members included Chaz Jankel (guitar and keyboards), Nathan King (bass), Mick Gallagher (keyboards and piano), John Turnbull (vocals and guitar), John Roberts (drums), and Mike Bennett (lead vocals). There is a rolling line-up of saxophonists that includes Gilad Atzmon, Terry Edwards, Dave Lewis, and from time to time, the original sax player, Davey Payne. Between 2000 and 2022, the band's lead vocalist and main lyricist was Derek Hussey. The band are best known for their hit singles, recorded with Dury, \\\"What a Waste\\\", \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\", \\\"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\\\", and \\\"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\\\". History Formation and early years In 1974, Radio Caroline's Ronan O'Rahilly set up the pop group The Loving Awareness Band, comprising John Turnbull (guitar) and Mick Gallagher (keyboards), both formerly of 1960s psychedelic rock band Skip Bifferty, with the session musicians Norman Watt-Roy (bass) and Charley Charles (born Hugh Glenn Mortimer Charles, Guyana 1945) (drums). In 1976, The Loving Awareness Band released their only album, Loving Awareness (ML001), on O'Rahilly's label More Love Records. The album has appeared on CD more than once, although these reissues have been sourced from a mint vinyl pressing rather than from the original master tapes. The Loving Awareness Band broke up in 1977 and Watt-Roy and Charles joined a new band being formed by Ian Dury, who had begun writing songs with pianist and guitarist Chaz Jankel (the brother of noted music video, TV, commercial and film director Annabel Jankel). With Jankel fashioning Dury's lyrics into number of songs, the two began recording with Charles, Watt-Roy, Gallagher, Turnbull and former Kilburn and the High Roads saxophonist Davey Payne. An album was recorded, but was of no interest to major record labels. Next door to Dury's manager's office, however, was the newly formed Stiff Records, a perfect home for Dury's maverick style. The band was invited by Stiff to join the \\\"Live Stiffs Tour\\\", and the band Ian Dury and the Blockheads was born, with the name ostensibly taken from the song of the same name which portrayed a drunken Essex stereotype: The tour, which also featured Elvis Costello and the Attractions, Nick Lowe, Wreckless Eric and Larry Wallis, was a great success, and Stiff launched a concerted Ian Dury marketing campaign. Commercial success Under the management of Andrew King and Peter Jenner (the original managers of Pink Floyd) Ian Dury and the Blockheads quickly gained a reputation as one of the top live new wave music acts. Their first single, \\\"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\\\", marked Dury's Stiff debut and although it was banned by the BBC it was named Single of the Week by NME on its release. It was soon followed by the album New Boots\",\n \"title\": \"The Blockheads\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44398558\",\n \"text\": \"Disobedient is the fifth full-length studio album by American melodic hardcore band Stick to Your Guns, released on February 10, 2015. It is the band's first album to be produced by John Feldmann (The Used, Escape the Fate, Beartooth). This is the band's last release on Sumerian Records. On October 21, 2014, the band released the first single off the album, \\\"Nobody\\\", with the music video premiering on Alternative Press. The album was included at number 16 on Rock Sounds top 50 releases of 2015 list. Though not ashamed of the album, vocalist Jesse Barnett has expressed that in hindsight, the album did not necessarily take the direction they wanted it to. Track listing Personnel Stick to Your Guns Jesse Barnett – lead vocals, additional guitars, piano, lyrics Josh James – lead guitar, backing vocals Chris Rawson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals Andrew Rose – bass, backing vocals George Schmitz – drums Guest musicians Toby Morse (of H2O) – vocals on \\\"RMA (Revolutionary Mental Attitude)\\\" Scott Vogel (of Terror) – vocals on \\\"I Choose Nothing\\\" Walter Delgado (of Rotting Out) – vocals on \\\"Nothing You Can Do to Me\\\" References Citations Sources 2015 albums Albums produced by John Feldmann Stick to Your Guns (band) albums Sumerian Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Disobedient (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3846631\",\n \"text\": \"Barbara Ann Lewis (born February 9, 1943) is an American singer and songwriter whose smooth style influenced rhythm and blues. Career Lewis was born in Salem, Michigan, United States. She was writing and recording by her teens with record producer Ollie McLaughlin, a black DJ at Ann Arbor radio station WHRV, now WAAM. Lewis's first single release, the uptempo \\\"My Heart Went Do Dat Da\\\" in 1962, did not chart nationally, but was a local hit in the Detroit, Michigan area. She wrote all of the songs on her debut LP, including the hit \\\"Hello Stranger\\\" which reached No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and featured extensive use of the Hammond organ. Lewis had moderate follow-up hits with \\\"Straighten Up Your Heart\\\" (#43) and her original \\\"Puppy Love\\\" (#38) before Bert Berns produced her million-seller \\\"Baby I'm Yours\\\" (U.S. #11), written by Van McCoy. Berns also produced the followup \\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\" (U.S. #11) which had originally been recorded by the Pixies Three, and Lewis's final Top 40 hit \\\"Make Me Belong to You\\\" (#28 in 1966), written by Chip Taylor and Billy Vera. At the end of the decade, she released a grittier-sounding album on Stax Records. Over the next decade, a number of other artists had success with Lewis' songs. Her own composition \\\"Hello Stranger\\\"—which had been remade in 1966 by the Capitols—was a regional hit in 1973 as remade by Fire & Rain and in 1977 Yvonne Elliman's version reached the US Top 20 and the UK Singles Chart Top 30: Elliman's version also topped the US Easy Listening chart for four weeks. In 1985 Carrie Lucas's remake of \\\"Hello Stranger\\\" was a Top 20 R&B hit and in 2004 Queen Latifah remade \\\"Hello Stranger\\\" for her The Dana Owens Album. Lewis had dropped out of public view for years after her career slowed in the 1960s. It was only after Elliman's hit in 1977 that she was tracked down by Casey Kasem for his AT40 show on June 4 of that year. According to Kasem, nobody knew where she had ended up, including her agent, who did not even know where to send her checks for the Elliman cover. According to Kasem, she was hoping to be rediscovered in Michigan when he found her. Health issues forced Lewis to retire from singing in 2017. \\\"Baby I'm Yours\\\" charted in versions by country singer Jody Miller and Debby Boone (the B-side of her single \\\"God Knows\\\"). In Canada, Suzanne Stevens had a hit in 1975 with a disco version of \\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\". Cover versions of her songs continue into the new millennium, with the Arctic Monkeys including a version of \\\"Baby I'm Yours\\\" as a B-side to their 2006 single \\\"Leave Before the Lights Come On\\\". In 1995, Lewis's \\\"Baby I'm Yours\\\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film The Bridges of Madison County, and in 2016 \\\"Hello Stranger\\\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film Moonlight. In 2019,\",\n \"title\": \"Barbara Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21020467\",\n \"text\": \"Greatest Hits is a compilation album by singer Jason Donovan. The album featured all the hit singles by Donovan while he was produced by Stock Aitken Waterman. The collection was released in late 2006 to coincide with the singer's appearance on the TV reality show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. EMI, the record label, had licensed the songs from PWL Records, but missed lesser hits Donovan had on other labels, such as \\\"Mission of Love\\\" and \\\"All Around the World\\\", although did include the No.1 single \\\"Any Dream Will Do\\\" (all originally released through Polydor). As it is, the album contains ten UK top ten hits - four of them No.1s. The album itself charted at a low No.80, although was almost identical to the Greatest Hits collection released in 1991 as well as a budget-priced compilation available since 1999. Donovan also undertook a UK tour to promote the album (entitled The Greatest Hits Tour). Track listing \\\"Too Many Broken Hearts\\\" \\\"Every Day (I Love You More)\\\" \\\"Especially for You\\\" (Duet with Kylie Minogue) \\\"Sealed With a Kiss\\\" \\\"Any Dream Will Do\\\" \\\"When You Come Back to Me\\\" \\\"Nothing Can Divide Us\\\" \\\"Rhythm of the Rain\\\" \\\"Hang On to Your Love\\\" \\\"Happy Together\\\" \\\"I'm Doing Fine\\\" \\\"Another Night\\\" \\\"RSVP\\\" References 2006 compilation albums Jason Donovan albums\",\n \"title\": \"Greatest Hits (2006 Jason Donovan album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2014673\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Don't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore\\\" is a popular song, written by Bennie Benjamin and George David Weiss and published in 1949. The song was popularized that year by Gordon Jenkins and His Orchestra (vocals by The Stardusters) and by Perry Como. Commercial performance Gordon Jenkins The recording by Gordon Jenkins was released by Decca Records as catalog number 24576 and first reached the Billboard charts on March 25, 1949 and lasted 21 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 6. Perry Como The recording by Perry Como was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog numbers 20-3347 (78 rpm) and 47-2892 (45 rpm). It was the flip side of \\\"Forever and Ever.\\\" It first reached the Billboard charts on May 6, 1949 and lasted 15 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 11. Charlie Rich The song received renewed popularity in 1974, when country singer Charlie Rich released a cover version he had recorded during the mid-1960s. Rich's version came about during his stint at RCA's rhythm and blues subsidiary, Groove Records, and association with producer Chet Atkins, one of the architects of the Nashville Sound. Like many of Atkins-produced songs of the era, \\\"I Don't See Me ...\\\" featured choral backing and strings, a style prominent on other Rich recordings of the time. Allmusic reviewer Stephen Cook said that Rich's musical style \\\"landed somewhere between the raw sound of his Sun hits ... and the pop crossover tone of his Epic smashes.\\\" Rich's rendition reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in June 1974. It was his fifth No. 1 song overall and his third number one in the first six months of 1974 alone. The song also crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100 survey, peaking at No. 47, and to the Easy Listening chart, where it peaked at No. 9. Although recorded in the mid-1960s, \\\"I Don't See Me ...\\\" was never released as a single. Then, in 1973, Rich had million-selling hits with \\\"Behind Closed Doors\\\" and \\\"The Most Beautiful Girl,\\\" and it was not long before several of his older recordings made during his tenures at RCA, Mercury and Sun records — \\\"I Don't See Me ...\\\" included — were released as singles to country radio. Charts Other cover versions Other recordings were made by Helen Forrest (on January 24, 1949, released by MGM Records as catalog number 10373), Buddy Clark (on January 4, 1949, released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38408), Kitty Kallen (as the B side of \\\"Kiss Me Sweet,\\\" 1949, released by Mercury Records as catalog number 5265), and in the United Kingdom by Vera Lynn and Sam Browne (on February 5, 1949, released by British Decca Records as catalog number F 9127). The song hit No. 1 in the British sheet music charts (no record charts were published until 1952). The song was featured on the Fun Lovin' Criminals track \\\"There Was a Time\\\" from their 2001 album \\\"Loco\\\". References 1949 songs Songs written\",\n \"title\": \"I Don't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12153992\",\n \"text\": \"Straight from the Desk is a live album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads recorded on 23 December 1978 at the Ilford Odeon, Ilford, East London. There is little information available about the album, other than what can be heard on the record. During the performance of \\\"Billericay Dickie\\\" the audience break the venue's floor, presumably in excitement causing Dury to warn the audience to mind the hole as an introduction to \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" and mention it repeatedly later in the set. Dury forgets the words totally on \\\"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards\\\" forcing the Blockheads to carry on playing while he remembers them and gets back in time. Also featured at the concert was a 'Blockheads light' that was presumably a piece of on-stage equipment that falls over and fails to work at the same time Ian Dury breaks his microphone. This can be heard at the start of \\\"My Old Man\\\". Although the set features \\\"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\\\", lasting over 12 minutes, the song is played mostly as a long instrumental featuring band introductions and their respective solos with only the song's first verse and an end repetition of the title. \\\"Clevor Trever\\\" features a lengthy instrumental break, including a saxophone solo by Davey Payne and also an ad-lib name checking West Ham United F.C. and Gants Hill, Ilford, Romford, Barking and Dagenham, Dagenham is also name-checked in the performance \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\". These are all areas near the venue. The album was the first time a recording of \\\"I Made Mary Cry\\\" was released. A song written during Dury's time with Ian Dury & the Kilburns, the latter-day incarnation of his influential pub rock band Kilburn and the High Roads with Rod Melvin (who also co-wrote his first hit single \\\"What a Waste\\\") and a song that Ian Dury continued with the Blockheads as late as 1979. This version, like other live versions with the Blockheads, features a much happier ending than the studio version with the song's protagonist, a criminal, being released rather than dying on the floor of his cell. Also included is a version of Kilburn & The Highroads song \\\"Upminster Kid\\\", like \\\"You're More Than Fair\\\" Dury sings it in his own regional dialect rather than the accent used on the studio recordings. Track listing All tracks composed by Ian Dury and Chaz Jankel, except where indicated. \\\"Wake Up and Make Love With Me\\\" – 4:33 \\\"I'm Partial To Your Abracadabra\\\" – 3:00 \\\"Upminster Kid\\\" (Dury, Russell Hardy) – 4:08 \\\"Clevor Trever\\\" – 7:41 \\\"This Is What We Find\\\" (Dury, Mickey Gallagher) – 4:52 \\\"You're More Than Fair\\\" (Dury, Hardy) – 2:46 \\\"Blackmail Man\\\" (Dury, Steve Nugent) – 2:42 \\\"Billericay Dickie\\\" (Dury, Nugent) – 3:16 \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" – 4:55 \\\"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards\\\" (Dury, Hardy) – 3:48 \\\"Plaistow Patricia\\\" (Dury, Nugent) – 6:10 \\\"I Made Mary Cry\\\" (Dury, Rod Melvin) – 4:03 \\\"What\",\n \"title\": \"Straight from the Desk\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6874593\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\\\" is a song performed by Irish singer-songwriter Sinéad O'Connor. The song was released in April 1988 by Chrysalis as the fourth single from her debut album, The Lion and the Cobra (1987) and was later remixed to include rapper MC Lyte. O'Connor co-wrote it with Mike Clowes, John Reynolds, Rob Dean and Spike Holifield. And she also co-produced it with Kevin Mooney. Remix In 1988, O'Connor released two remixed versions of \\\"I Want Your (Hands On Me)\\\" featuring rapper MC Lyte, \\\"a grittier 'Street' mix and a 'Dance' mix both mixed by Audio Two\\\". Curious why O'Connor had requested she be featured on the song, MC Lyte asked, “Why do you want me?” MC Lyte indicated O'Connor was intrigued by one of MC Lyte's lyrics (\\\"Shut the fuck up\\\"), especially that a \\\"young person [was] using this language to get her point across and she wanted [MC Lyte] to say the words exactly like that on the remix.\\\" Okayplayer noted, \\\"At face value, MC Lyte and Sinéad O’Connor are a pretty unorthodox pairing, though really they were kindred spirits. [...] Individually, their music is diametrically opposed in sound. [...] However, when the two joined forces [...], it was like night and day met in an eclipse. A moment that changed the course for women in hip-hop simply by giving them another avenue to explore.\\\" Critical reception Upon the release, Ben Thompson from NME wrote, \\\"'Rocking It Live Non-stop', or something like that, it's Sinead O'Connor and MC Lyte. The thinking woman's Kate Bush is in danger of becoming the thinking man's Kate Bush if she doesn't watch it. The follow-up to the devilishly catchy 'Mandinka' is a strange throbbing sort of a song which dares to rhyme 'Please Me' with 'Tease Me'. You gave a little wink I guess you knew, apparently. This one will take a bit of getting used to.\\\" In 2021, Pitchfork said \\\"I Want Your (Hands On Me)\\\" is O'Connor's \\\"rare song that feels modeled after hits of the era, an early attempt at blending her blunt-force, hip-hop influence with gentler melodic gifts.\\\" Following O'Connor's death in July 2023, multiple news sources recognized \\\"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\\\" among other songs in her repertoire. The Guardian, Los Angeles Times, Spin, and Billboard included it on their lists of O'Connor's best songs. The Guardian'''s Annie Zaleski said the song \\\"was revolutionary in its own way. Musically, it was a sensual funk seduction with a liquid bass groove and percolating hip-hop beats; the aural equivalent of O’Connor’s forthright lyrics, which are frank on sexual desire, and her unapologetic come-hither vocals.\\\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine, writing for Los Angeles Times, wrote, \\\"O’Connor’s music burns so brightly in its intensity that the playfulness of 'I Want Your (Hands on Me)' remains startling. Setting the song to a bright, bustling drum loop, O’Connor sings over a hip-hop beat, her longing serving as a tantalizing contrast to the colorful rhythms.\\\" They continued, noting, \\\"O’Connor never attempted\",\n \"title\": \"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10731463\",\n \"text\": \"A Portrait of Patsy Cline is a 1964 compilation album containing lesser-known recordings by American country music singer Patsy Cline. It was released on June 15, 1964, on Decca Records, and would later be reissued twice by Decca's successor, MCA Records. Background A Portrait contained Patsy Cline's less-familiar recordings, including country and pop standards. The album's highlights includes her cover versions of \\\"Faded Love\\\" and \\\"Blue Moon of Kentucky\\\". A Portrait of Patsy Cline would be one of a string of posthumous released Decca and later MCA records would release. It was released a little over a year after Cline was killed in a plane crash. The album spawned three singles that were released to country radio between 1963 and 1964: \\\"Faded Love,\\\" (which was a Top ten hit), \\\"When You Need a Laugh\\\" and \\\"Your Kinda Love\\\". In 1973, the album was reissued by MCA Records (Decca's successor), then digitally remastered and reissued on CD/LP/Cassette in 1988. It was also released in the UK by Brunswick Records in 1964, as well as Australia and New Zealand by Festival Records the same year. The album was one of two Patsy Cline albums released by Decca Records in 1964. The other was That's How a Heartache Begins, released shortly after. Track listing Side one \\\"Faded Love\\\" (Bob Wills, John Wills) - 3:43 \\\"I'll Sail My Ship Alone\\\" (Henry Bernard, Morry Burns, Lois Mann, Henry Thurston) - 2:20 \\\"When You Need a Laugh\\\" (Hank Cochran) - 2:45 \\\"Crazy Arms\\\" (Ralph Mooney, Chuck Seals) - 2:23 \\\"Always (Irving Berlin) - 2:40 \\\"When I Get Thru with You\\\" (Harlan Howard) - 2:34 Side two \\\"Blue Moon of Kentucky\\\" (Bill Monroe) - 2:02 \\\"Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)\\\" (Jimmie Hodges) - 2:49 \\\"Who Can I Count On\\\" (Sammy Masters) - 2:14 \\\"You Took Him Off My Hands\\\" (Howard, Skeets McDonald, Wynn Stewart) - 2:58 \\\"Your Kinda Love\\\" (Roy Drusky) - 2:29 \\\"Does Your Heart Beat for Me\\\" (Arnold Johnson, Russ Morgan, Mitchell Parish) - 2:37 Personnel Harold Bradley - electric guitar Owen Bradley - producer Patsy Cline - vocals Floyd Cramer - piano, organ Ray Edenton - rhythm guitar Buddy Harman - drums Hoyt Hawkins - backing vocals Randy Hughes - rhythm guitar Joe Jenkins - bass Grady Martin - electric guitar Neal Matthews - backing vocals Bob Moore - bass Wayne Moss - electric bass Bill Pursell - vibraphone Hargus \\\"Pig\\\" Robbins - piano Gordon Stoker - backing vocals Ray C. Walker - backing vocals Rita Faye Wilson - autoharp Chart positions Singles - Billboard (North America) References 1964 albums Patsy Cline albums Albums produced by Owen Bradley Albums published posthumously Decca Records albums MCA Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"A Portrait of Patsy Cline\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1562492\",\n \"text\": \"Wilbert Huntington Harrison (January 5, 1929 – October 26, 1994) was an American rhythm and blues singer, pianist, guitarist and harmonica player. Biography Harrison was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He had a Billboard #1 record in 1959 with the song \\\"Kansas City\\\". The song was written in 1952 and was one of the first credited collaborations by the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Harrison recorded \\\"Kansas City\\\" for the Harlem-based entrepreneur Bobby Robinson, who released it on his Fury record label. At the height of the song's success, Robinson was sued by Savoy Records who informed them that the release of the record in March 1959 violated a contract Harrison had with that label that was to expire in August 1959. The litigation, which lasted until September 1959, abruptly prevented Robinson from issuing follow-ups to \\\"Kansas City\\\" while Harrison was a star. Meanwhile, Harrison continued to perform and record but it would be another ten years before he again cracked the Billboard Top 40 when he released the self-penned \\\"Let's Work Together (Part 1)\\\" that went to #32 in early 1970 on the Billboard Hot 100. The 1970 hit version was released as a single on Sue Records (Sue 11) and was backed with \\\"Let's Work Together (Part 2)\\\". The song also was released in a 5 minute 19 second version on the Sue Records album SSLP-8801 Let's Work Together. The song was originally released by Harrison in 1962 with different lyrics as \\\"Let's Stick Together\\\" on Fury 1059 and Fury 1063. \\\"Let's Work Together\\\" was later a hit for Canned Heat, and, again as \\\"Let's Stick Together\\\", for Bryan Ferry. It was also recorded by country rock band the Kentucky Headhunters for the soundtrack to the movie Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man. In 1970, Harrison had some success with \\\"My Heart Is Yours\\\", and he toured for many years with a band known as 'Wilbert Harrison and the Roamers', and as a solo act. A follow-up album was released that year, Anything You Want. Reviewing it in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \\\"Let's Work Together was an anachronistic, even primitive r&b album based on the fluke hit of the same name, which makes this the follow-up. Side one consists entirely of roll and rock songs you'd swear you've heard before—'Your Three Letters,' eh, and what's this 'Let's Stick Together,' and why not bring out 'Kansas City' again? Very unprepossessing, very charming. In fact, if the second side weren't all standards and uncharming filler—only 'Sentimental Journey' is even funny—I wouldn't be recommending this to r&b diehards only.\\\" Harrison died of a stroke in 1994, in a Spencer, North Carolina, nursing home at the age of 65. In 2001, his recording of \\\"Kansas City\\\" was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and has also been named as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500\",\n \"title\": \"Wilbert Harrison\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65200934\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Open Your Mind\\\" is a song by Italian electronic music group U.S.U.R.A., released as the debut single and title track from the group's only album, Open Your Mind (1993). Released in 1993 through Italian Style in Italy and through Deconstruction Records across the rest of Europe and Australia, it samples the song \\\"New Gold Dream (81–82–83–84)\\\" by Scottish band Simple Minds. Following a period of underground popularity, \\\"Open Your Mind\\\" became a mainstream hit in early 1993, reaching the top five in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland and the top 10 in Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. A 1997 remix by DJ Quicksilver failed to replicate the success of the original. Critical reception Larry Flick of Billboard magazine called the track a \\\"fast'n'furious romp, overflowing with stately strings, shoulder-shaking percussion, and more than a few imaginative vocal samples\\\", citing the song's melody as the most productive component. In a later review, Flick doubted the song's commercial potential because of the lack of additional remixes, but he went on the write that \\\"Open Your Mind\\\" was \\\"strong enough to merit a recurrent spin or two\\\". On the 1997 release, he described it as a \\\"disco-splashed twirler that is light on lyrics (think \\\"open your mind\\\" over and over and over) but heavy on rubbery rhythms and keyboard loops that permanently stick to the brain upon impact.\\\" He added, \\\"Not likely to be a long-lasting entry but certainly a memorable one.\\\" In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton wrote, \\\"Just to show that nothing is ever what it seems, even at a time when hardcore dance is losing its chart edge, a rave track can come from nowhere into the 10.\\\" A reviewer from Music & Media magazine described the song as having a \\\"pace worth keeping up\\\" and characterised it as a \\\"stomper\\\". Chris Finan from Music Weeks RM Dance Update gave the 1997 remix four out of five, adding, \\\"More cosmetic covering of the original without too much playing around has resulted in a definite commercial club-friendly track with the all-important crossover potential.\\\" Joe Muggs of Fact listed the track in his 2014 list of \\\"35 stunners from back when progressive house wasn't terrible\\\", calling it \\\"Crass but brilliant – as is the none-more-nineties video\\\". Music video A music video was produced to promote the single. It features images of Joe McCarthy, Benito Mussolini, Richard Nixon, Ian Paisley, Ronald Reagan, Josef Stalin, Margaret Thatcher and Mary Whitehouse. Track listings \\\"Open Your Mind\\\" Australian CD and maxi-CD single \\\"Open Your Mind\\\" (Restricted Mix edit) – 3:40 \\\"Open Your Mind\\\" (classic mix) – 5:16 \\\"Open Your Mind\\\" (Fishpop Mix) – 5:14 \\\"Open Your Mind\\\" (Tatata Mix) – 5:18 \\\"Open Your Mind '97\\\" European maxi-CD \\\"Open Your Mind '97\\\" (DJ Quicksilver radio edit) – 3:02 \\\"Open Your Mind '97\\\" (original radio cut) – 3:01 \\\"Open Your Mind '97\\\" (DJ Quicksilver Remix) – 6:07 \\\"Open Your Mind '97\\\" (De Donatis Remix) – 7:45 Australian maxi-CD' \\\"Open Your Mind '97\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Open Your Mind (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43658119\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Bang Bang\\\" is a song performed by BA Robertson. Co-written by Robertson with Terry Britten and produced by Britten, it was released as the second single from his third album Initial Success in 1979. Lyrically, \\\"Bang Bang\\\" is a humorous commentary on the pitfalls of love. It uses the examples of famous couples such as Romeo and Juliet, Samson and Delilah, Horatio Nelson and Emma, Lady Hamilton and Mark Antony and Cleopatra. There is also a reference to John Fruin, who was head of WEA Records at the time. The song features the Glaswegian Robertson affecting an Estuary English accent. Many have considered this an impersonation of Ian Dury, whose \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" had topped the UK Singles Chart in January 1979. Robertson has also spoken of comparisons to Squeeze, whose 1979 hit single \\\"Cool for Cats\\\" features a lead vocal performance from cockney-accented Squeeze lyricist Chris Difford. Robertson says the vocal was in fact an impression of session bass player Herbie Flowers. \\\"Bang Bang\\\" was Robertson's second single with Asylum Records after the flop 'Goosebumps', and Robertson's future with the label would have been in doubt had it failed. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1979 songs 1979 singles BA Robertson songs Songs written by Terry Britten Songs written by BA Robertson Asylum Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"Bang Bang (BA Robertson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"515801\",\n \"text\": \"Jerry Butler Jr. (born December 8, 1939) is an American soul singer-songwriter, producer, musician, and retired politician. He was the original lead singer of the R&B vocal group the Impressions, inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991. After leaving the group in 1960, Butler achieved over 55 Billboard Pop and R&B Chart hits as a solo artist including \\\"He Will Break Your Heart\\\", \\\"Let It Be Me\\\" and \\\"Only the Strong Survive\\\". He was inducted into the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2015. He served as a Commissioner for Cook County, Illinois, from 1985 to 2018. As a member of this 17-member county board, he chaired the Health and Hospitals Committee and served as Vice Chair of the Construction Committee. Biography Early life Butler was born in Sunflower, Mississippi, United States, in 1939. When Butler was three years old, the family moved to Chicago, Illinois, and he grew up in the Cabrini–Green housing projects. The mid-1950s had a profound effect on Butler's life. He performed in a church choir with Curtis Mayfield. As a teenager, Butler sang in a gospel quartet called Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers, along with Mayfield. Mayfield, a guitar player, became the lone instrumentalist for the six-member Roosters group, which later became The Impressions. Inspired by Sam Cooke and the Soul Stirrers, the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, and the Pilgrim Travelers, getting into the music industry seemed inevitable. Butler's younger brother, Billy Butler, also had a career in the music industry, including playing guitar with Jerry's band, until his death in 2015. Early recordings Butler co-wrote the song \\\"For Your Precious Love\\\" (which is ranked No. 327 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time) and wanted to record a disc. Looking for recording studios, the Impressions (the original members of which were Butler, Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash - who left early on, and later returned - and brothers Arthur and Richard Brooks), auditioned for Chess Records and Vee-Jay Records. The group eventually signed with Vee-Jay, where they released \\\"For Your Precious Love\\\" in 1958. It became The Impressions' first hit and gold record. Solo career Butler was dubbed the \\\"Iceman\\\" by WDAS Philadelphia disc jockey, Georgie Woods, while performing in a Philadelphia theater. He released the single \\\"He Will Break Your Heart\\\" in 1960, and the song peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard pop chart. Butler co-wrote, with Otis Redding, the latter's hit song \\\"I've Been Loving You Too Long\\\" in 1965. Butler's solo career had a string of hits, including the Top 10 successes \\\"He Will Break Your Heart\\\", \\\"Find Another Girl\\\", \\\"I'm A-Telling You\\\" (all written by fellow Impression Curtis Mayfield and featuring Mayfield as harmony vocal), the million selling \\\"Only the Strong Survive\\\", \\\"Moon River\\\", \\\"Need To Belong\\\" (recorded with the Impressions after he went solo), \\\"Make It Easy on Yourself\\\", \\\"Let It Be Me\\\" (with Betty Everett), \\\"Brand New Me\\\", \\\"Ain't Understanding Mellow\\\" (with Brenda\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Butler\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2027052\",\n \"text\": \"Samboy (Snackfood) is a brand of crinkled potato chips released in Australia. It is owned by Snack Brands Australia. The most popular flavours are Chicken, Original, Salt & Vinegar, Atomic Tomato and BBQ. History Samboy Chips were originally produced and distributed by Norm and Ed Meyer in the 1950s. In the 1960s Samboy chips were not crinkle cut and only came in barbecue flavour. In the 1980s, the \\\"Original\\\" (ready salted) flavour was called \\\"Samboy Gold\\\". The brand is best remembered by its 1980s advertising campaign that stated “Samboy: The flavour really hits you”. One ad featured a man on a bicycle delivering chips to various people. He would hit the front brake at the last moment, performing an 'endo' as he came to an abrupt stop. He'd then present the pink bag of \\\"Salt and Vinegar Samboy\\\" chips, before immediately cycling off hastily, pulling a 'mono' as he left. The confused customer would then be drenched in a huge amount of salt and vinegar falling from the sky. Subsequent deliveries would see recipients hit by falling giant chickens and flattened by a solid brick BBQ, representing the different flavours available. An advertising campaign during the 1990s included the slogan \\\"Hit me with a Samboy chip\\\", with the television commercial featuring a variety of Australian celebrities furthering the slogan to \\\"hit me slowly, hit me quick, hit me, hit me, hit me\\\", imitating the song Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick by Ian Dury & The Blockheads. In 2003-2004 Arnotts discontinued the 'Atomic Tomato' flavour. In late 2008 the brand was reintroduced after being acquired by Snack Brands Australia due to demand from groups on the social networking site Facebook. Original, BBQ, Chicken, Salt & Vinegar as well as Atomic Tomato were the flavours re-released. References External links Samboy Snack Brands Australia brands Australian brands Brand name potato chips and crisps\",\n \"title\": \"Samboy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51966880\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"My Pledge of Love\\\" is a song written and performed by singer-songwriter Joe Stafford, Jr. of the American rhythm-and-blues band Joe Jeffrey Group. It was released in April 1969, as the group's first single, and was produced by Jerry Meyers and Alan Klein. It appeared on the group's only album My Pledge of Love, which was released in 1974. Background and composition The 2-minute-43-second song is in the key of C major with a tempo of 75 beats per minute. The song, presumably sung to Stafford's significant other, is about how he \\\"felt so fine\\\" thinking about her one morning, how badly he needs and loves her, and how the song acts as his \\\"pledge of love\\\". In the bridge of the song, Stafford repeats the words \\\"Baby I need your loving, got to have all your loving,\\\" which intentional or not, is an interpolation of the chorus from the Four Tops' 1964 hit \\\"Baby I Need Your Loving\\\". On the B-side is a song titled \\\"Margie\\\". Reception and commercial performance Billboard called the record a \\\"driving rhythm ballad by a potent group, given an exceptional vocal workout,\\\" while Record World wrote of it, \\\"Teens will be feeling fine when they hear this pick-me-up rock. Joe and [the] gang are infectious,\\\" referencing the song's lyrics. Cashbox described it as \\\"pretty kind-of-an-oldie, with an easygoing beat and fine vocal showing that gives the newcomer act a solid piece of hit material.\\\" The song was initially sent to radio stations in Vancouver, (CKLG) and Cleveland, Ohio, before it took off nationally in May and June, entering the Bubbling Under Hot 100 at number 26 for the week of May 31, 1970, and the Billboard Hot 100 at number 84 for the week ending June 7, 1970, going on to peak at number 14, and spending a total of 12 weeks on the chart. It also charted in several other countries, including Canada, Australia, Brazil, the Netherlands, and the Philippines. It was the group's highest charting hit, and only hit to reach the Hot 100, and as far as known, any of the five other charts, with the exception of their cover of White Plains' \\\"My Baby Loves Lovin'\\\". However, they did reach the Bubbling Under chart with a few future releases, following the success of \\\"My Pledge of Love.\\\" Cover versions Tirso Cruz III on his debut studio album, 1969 James Darren on his album Mammy Blue, 1971 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Notes 1969 singles 1969 songs Scepter Records singles Wand Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"My Pledge of Love\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74000701\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Call Your Mom\\\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Noah Kahan, included on the expanded edition of his studio album Stick Season (2022), subtitled We'll All Be Here Forever, released on June 9, 2023. A duet version of the track, with American singer-songwriter Lizzy McAlpine, was released through Mercury Records and Republic Records on September 15, 2023, as the second single from Stick Season (Forever), another edition of the record. Background Before the announcement of the duet version, Noah Kahan invited Lizzy McAlpine to join him in performing the track live in Los Angeles, at this 2023–2024 concert tour, in which the song was included. Explaining that it is a \\\"tough one\\\" to take on during his shows, the singer stated: \\\"For those asking about 'Call Your Mom' live just know that it is difficult for me to perform that one live every night. I'm hoping I learn to perform it with more composure but for now it’s very much a work in progress\\\". Months after the release of the duet of \\\"Dial Drunk\\\" with Post Malone, Kahan teased a joint song via social media in September 2023, with a video snippet and a caption that said: \\\"The most special voice on a song that means a whole lot to me\\\". The remix was announced on September 12, along with its release date. Critical reception Described as a \\\"hard-hitting\\\" song, its \\\"grim and melancholy lyrics\\\" were praised, as well as McAlpine's feature. Charts References 2023 songs 2023 singles Noah Kahan songs Lizzy McAlpine songs Song recordings produced by Gabe Simon Song recordings produced by Noah Kahan Songs written by Noah Kahan Mercury Records singles Republic Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"Call Your Mom\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33554686\",\n \"text\": \"Independence is an album by Scottish singer Lulu, released in 1993. It was Lulu's first release of new material since 1982. History The title track was a hit in Europe, reaching No. 11 on the UK Singles Chart, and peaked at No. 3 on the US dance charts. It is described by reviewer Jose F. Promis as \\\"...housey and anthem-like...(and) stands as one of the better dance-pop songs of the decade.\\\" The album only briefly charted in the UK Albums Chart, peaking at No. 67. Rolling Stone gave the album three stars, describing it as \\\"a classy, good-hearted effort.\\\" Spin magazine recommended the album, describing Lulu as having assumed \\\"the mantle of soul survivor, achieving (Lisa) Stansfield status on the title track.\\\" Jose F. Promis, in reviewing the album for AllMusic, stated that \\\"This isn't a bad album, by any means; it just could have been better.\\\" Three of the tracks are covers—\\\"How 'Bout Us\\\" was a 1981 international hit for US R&B band Champaign, \\\"I'm Back for More\\\" was originally recorded by Marlena Shaw and a 1980 duet version recorded by Al Johnson and Jean Carne, and \\\"Rhythm of Romance\\\" was previously recorded by Sheena Easton and Glen Goldsmith. \\\"Let Me Wake Up in Your Arms\\\" was produced by Lulu's ex-husband Maurice Gibb with his brother Barry Gibb. \\\"Restless Moods\\\" was later recorded by its co-writer Ruby Turner. Track listing \\\"Independence\\\" (Winston Sela, Leon Ware) 4:16 \\\"There Has Got to Be a Way\\\" (Sami McKinney, Kenny Moore, Allee Willis) 4:22 \\\"Restless Moods\\\" (Wayne Brown, Ruby Turner) 4:27 \\\"I'm Back for More\\\" featuring Bobby Womack (Ken Stover) 5:06 \\\"How 'Bout Us\\\" (Dana Walden; Producer; Nick Martinelli 4:52 \\\"Until I Get Over You\\\" (Simon Climie, Rob Fisher, Dennis Morgan) 3:28 \\\"Let Me Wake Up in Your Arms\\\" (Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Robin Gibb) 4:30 \\\"You Left Me Lonely\\\" (Errol Henry) 4:42 \\\"Rhythm of Romance\\\" (Kerry Chater, Michael Jay) 4:17 \\\"I'm Walking Away\\\" (Steve DuBerry, Lulu) 4:55 \\\"A Place to Fall\\\" (Chuck Jones) 3:29 \\\"Let Me Wake Up in Your Arms (Romantic Reprise)\\\" remix by Frankie Knuckles Production and personnel Tracks 3, 4, 8, 10 and 11 produced by Errol Henry. Tracks 3, 8, 10 and 11 recorded and mixed by Chris Madden. Track 4 recorded and mixed by Chris Madden and Barry Rudolph. Graham Harvey: Keyboards; Errol Henry: Keyboards, Electric Bass, Drum Programming; Patrick Clahar (saxophone), Kevin Robinson (trumpet and flugelhorn), Fayyaz Virgi; Andrew Smith: Guitars on track 11; Winston Blissott: Bass on track 11 Track 1 produced by Cary Bayle, Eliot Kennedy and Mike Ward for Five Boys Productions, with additional production by Brothers in Rhythm. Recorded and mixed by Paul Wright and Brothers in Rhythm. Steve Anderson: Keyboards; Cary Baylis: Guitars; Steve Beighton: Saxophone \\\"Independence\\\" produced by Cary Baylis, Eliot Kennedy, Mike Ward \\\"There Has Got to Be a Way\\\" produced by Ian Green, mixed by Essentials \\\"How 'Bout Us\\\" produced by Nick Martinelli \\\"Until I Get Over You\\\" produced by Ian Green \\\"Let Me Wake Up in Your\",\n \"title\": \"Independence (Lulu album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7739552\",\n \"text\": \"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea was a series of concerts featuring Wings, Queen, The Clash, The Pretenders, The Who, Elvis Costello, and many more artists which took place at the Hammersmith Odeon in London during December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia. The event was organised by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim, and it involved artists such as McCartney and The Who as well as punk acts like The Clash and the Pretenders. The last of the concerts was the last concert of Wings. An album and EP were released in 1981, and the best of the concerts were released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea. Rockestra was a McCartney-led supergroup of at least 30 English rockers. The back cover of the LP states the Rockestra performers include: John Bonham, Billy Bremner, Gary Brooker, Howie Casey, Tony Dorsey, Dave Edmunds, Steve Holley, James Honeyman-Scott, Steve Howard, Kenney Jones, John Paul Jones, Laurence Juber, Denny Laine, Ronnie Lane, Linda McCartney, Paul McCartney, Robert Plant, Thadeus Richard, Bruce Thomas, Pete Townshend Concerts 26 December Queen 27 December Ian Dury and the Blockheads (with guest Mick Jones on \\\"Sweet Gene Vincent\\\") Matumbi The Clash 28 December The Pretenders The Specials The Who 29 December Elvis Costello & The Attractions Rockpile (with guest Robert Plant on \\\"Little Sister\\\") Wings Rockestra Selected set lists Queen Jailhouse Rock We Will Rock You (fast version) Let Me Entertain You Somebody to Love If You Can't Beat Them Mustapha Death on Two Legs Killer Queen I'm in Love with My Car Get Down, Make Love You're My Best Friend Save Me Now I'm Here Don't Stop Me Now Spread Your Wings Love of My Life '39 Keep Yourself Alive Drums solo Guitar solo with parts of Silent Night Brighton Rock reprise Crazy Little Thing Called Love Bohemian Rhapsody Tie Your Mother Down Sheer Heart Attack We Will Rock You We Are the Champions God Save the Queen (tape) Ian Dury & The Blockheads Clevor Trevor Inbetweenies Don't Ask Me Reasons To Be Cheerful Sink My Boats Waiting For Your Taxi This Is What We Find Mischief What A Waste Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick Sweet Gene Vincent The Clash Clash City Rockers Brand New Cadillac Safe European Home Jimmy Jazz Clampdown The Guns of Brixton Train in Vain Wrong ‘Em Boyo Koka Kola (White Man) In Hammersmith Palais Stay Free Bankrobber Janie Jones Complete Control Armagideon Time London Calling The Specials (Dawning Of a) New Era Do The Dog Monkey Man Concrete Jungle Too Hot Doesn't Make It Alright Too Much Too Young Guns Of Navarone Little Bitch A Message To You Rudy Nite Club Gangsters Longshot Kick The Bucket Skinhead Moonstomp Madness The Who Substitute I Can't Explain Baba O'Riley The Punk and the Godfather My Wife Sister Disco Behind Blue Eyes Music Must Change Drowned Who Are You 5.15 Pinball Wizard See Me Feel Me Long Live Rock My Generation I'm a Man Hoochie Coochie Man Sparks I Can See\",\n \"title\": \"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5022195\",\n \"text\": \"Michael William Gallagher (born 29 October 1945) is an English Hammond organ player best known as a member of Ian Dury and the Blockheads and for his contributions to albums by the Clash. He has also written music for films such as Extremes (1971) and After Midnight (1990), and the Broadway play Serious Money (1987). Early band work Mick Gallagher started his musical career in Newcastle with The Unknowns in the early 1960s. He played with the Animals during 1965, replacing their founding member Alan Price. He moved on to form The Chosen Few, where he played alongside Alan Hull, who later formed Lindisfarne. Other associations include Skip Bifferty, Peter Frampton's Camel and Cochise. In 1977 Gallagher was playing in a band called Loving Awareness, including John Turnbull, Charley Charles and Norman Watt-Roy. Charles and Watt-Roy worked as session musicians with Ian Dury, and when the group went on tour, Gallagher and Turnbull were invited along. This band became the Blockheads. Ian Dury and the Blockheads Under the management of Andrew King and Peter Jenner, the original managers of Pink Floyd, Ian Dury and the Blockheads quickly gained a reputation as one of the top live acts of new wave music. The Blockheads' sound drew from its members' diverse musical influences, which included jazz, rock and roll, funk, reggae and Dury's love of music hall. Gallagher's Hammond sound was a major contribution to the band. The single \\\"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\\\", released 26 August 1977, marked Blockheads' Stiff debut. Although it was banned by the BBC, it was named Single of the Week by NME on its release. The single issue was soon followed at the end of September by the album New Boots and Panties!!, which, although it did not include the single, achieved platinum status. In October 1977 Gallagher and the band started performing as Ian Dury & the Blockheads, when the band signed on for the Stiff \\\"Live Stiffs Tour\\\" alongside Elvis Costello & the Attractions, Nick Lowe, Wreckless Eric and Larry Wallis. The tour was a success, and Stiff launched a concerted Ian Dury marketing campaign, resulting in the Top Ten hit \\\"What a Waste\\\", and the hit single \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\", which reached No. 1 in the UK at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies. Again, \\\"Hit Me\\\" was not included on the original release of the subsequent album Do It Yourself. Both the single and its accompanying music video featured Davey Payne playing two saxophones simultaneously during his solo, in evident homage to jazz saxophonist Rahsaan Roland Kirk, whose \\\"trademark\\\" technique this was. With their hit singles, the band built up a dedicated following in the UK and other countries, and their next single \\\"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\\\" made number three in the UK. The band's second album, Do It Yourself, was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based\",\n \"title\": \"Mick Gallagher\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19664672\",\n \"text\": \"Stay in Love (full title: Stay in Love: A Romantic Fantasy Set to Music) is the fourth studio album by American singer Minnie Riperton, released under Epic Records. The album features the hits \\\"Young Willing and Able\\\" and the Stevie Wonder collaboration \\\"Stick Together\\\". Unlike her previous works, the soft soul elements here tend to fade, replaced by a more upbeat disco sound which was the musical trend at the time. \\\"Stick Together\\\" peaked at no. 23 on Billboard's Hot Dance Play, an alternate version known as \\\"Stick Together (Part One)\\\" reached no. 57 on the U.S. Hot Black Singles chart. Stay in Love was Riperton's first disco effort and the only of her releases predominantly in the genre. It was also her last album for Epic Records; she subsequently signed to Capitol Records (which she recorded two albums during her lifetime). Moreover, this was Ripperton's first album since her debut, Come to My Garden, that didn't feature her husband Richard Rudolph as a producer or co-producer, although Rudolph still co-wrote the songs. In his place as producer was Motown veteran Freddie Perren in his only collaboration with Riperton. Critical reception The Bay State Banner wrote that Riperton's \\\"ethereal voice is perfect for the romantic mood.\\\" Track listing All tracks written by Minnie Riperton and Richard Rudolph, unless otherwise noted. Personnel Minnie Riperton - vocals, backing vocals Don Peake - string and horn arrangements Odell Brown - string arrangements on \\\"Can You Feel What I'm Saying?\\\" and \\\"Stay in Love\\\" Wade Marcus - string and horn arrangements on \\\"Gettin' Ready for Your Love\\\" and \\\"Wouldn't Matter Where You Are\\\" Sonny Burke, John Barnes - keyboards Dick Rudolph, Tommy Tedesco - acoustic guitar Bob \\\"Boogie\\\" Bowles, Marlo Henderson - guitar Scott Edwards, Wilton Felder, Chuck Rainey - bass James Gadson - drums Paulinho da Costa, Bob Zimmitti, Joe Clayton - percussion Plas Johnson - flute on \\\"Gettin' Ready for Your Love\\\" Billy Ford, Carolyn Dennis, Carolyn Majors Caston, Jim Gilstrap, John Lehman - backing vocals Pam Grier, Vicki Alley, Minnie Riperton, The Pastells - finger snaps on \\\"Stick Together\\\" Technical Larry Miles - recording and remixing engineer Freddie Perren - rhythm arrangements, production Irving Azoff - director Kosh - design David Alexander - photography Kevin Gray - mastering Production credits taken from album liner notes. Charts Singles References 1977 albums Epic Records albums Minnie Riperton albums Albums arranged by Wade Marcus Albums produced by Freddie Perren Albums recorded at United Western Recorders Albums recorded at Total Experience Recording Studios Disco albums by American artists\",\n \"title\": \"Stay in Love\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26134446\",\n \"text\": \"Titus Lee Turner (May 1, 1933 – September 13, 1984) was an American R&B and East Coast blues singer and songwriter. His best-remembered recordings are \\\"We Told You Not to Marry\\\" and \\\"Sound-Off\\\". He also wrote \\\"Leave My Kitten Alone\\\", \\\"Sticks and Stones\\\" and \\\"Tell Me Why\\\". Biography Turner was born in Atlanta, Georgia. His debut single, \\\"Where Are You\\\", was released in 1950 by Aladdin Records, credited to Mr. T and his Band. Another single, \\\"Stop Trying to Make a Fool of Me\\\", was released by Regal Records in 1951. A year later he recorded eight tracks for Okeh Records, including \\\"Got So Much Trouble\\\". He then recorded for Wing, an imprint of Mercury Records, but he was not commercially successful until 1955, when Little Willie John recorded Turner's \\\"All Around the World\\\". Another version, retitled \\\"Grits Ain't Groceries\\\", was by Little Milton. Turner and John then co-wrote \\\"Leave My Kitten Alone\\\", cover versions of which were recorded by Johnny Preston, the Beatles, and Elvis Costello. In 1959, King Records issued Turner's first hit single, \\\"The Return of Stagolee\\\", an answer song to Lloyd Price's \\\"Stagger Lee\\\". He repeated the trick with his next release, \\\"We Told You Not to Marry\\\", an answer to Price's \\\"I'm Gonna Get Married\\\". In 1960, Ray Charles recorded Turner's song \\\"Sticks and Stones\\\", many cover versions of which have been issued over the years. By 1961 Turner had his biggest solo success with \\\"Sound-Off\\\", which came from the only album he ever released. The track was described by Joel Whitburn in Top Pop Singles 1955–2002 as a \\\"popular US Army marching drill chant\\\", which had been a number 3 hit for Vaughn Monroe in 1951. Later singles failed to find a market, and Turner recorded for many labels throughout the 1960s without further tangible success. These included \\\"Eye to Eye\\\" (Okeh, 1966). His final release was a song he wrote, \\\"His Funeral, My Trial\\\", in 1969. Turner died in Atlanta in 1984. Notable songwriting credits \\\"All Around the World\\\", also known as \\\"Grits Ain't Groceries\\\" (Turner) \\\"Big John\\\" (Turner) \\\"Get on the Right Track Baby\\\" (Turner) \\\"Hey Doll Baby\\\" (Traditional, Turner) \\\"Hold Your Loving\\\" (Bernice Snelson, Turner) \\\"If It's Good\\\" (Julia Lee, Turner) - Julia Lee and her Boyfriends \\\"Leave My Kitten Alone\\\" (Little Willie John, James McDougal, Turner) \\\"Little Girl Lost\\\" (Luther Dixon, Lou Harrison, Turner) \\\"Living in Misery\\\" (Turner) \\\"Lotus Blossom\\\" (Julia Lee, Turner) - Julia Lee and her Boyfriends \\\"People Sure Act Funny\\\" (Bobby Robinson, Turner) \\\"Soulville\\\" (Henry Glover, Morris Levy, Dinah Washington, Turner) \\\"Sticks and Stones\\\" (Turner) \\\"Stop the Pain\\\" (Turner) \\\"Tell It Like It Is\\\" (Turner) - Little Willie John \\\"Tell Me Why\\\" (Turner) - Marie Knight (1956), Gale Storm (1956), The Crew-Cuts (1956), Elvis Presley (1966) Discography Albums Sound Off (1961), Jamie Compilation albums Soulville: Golden Classics (1990), Collectables Records Sound Off: The Jamie Masters (1994), Bear Family Titans of R&B (1998), Red Lightnin' (UK) 1949–1954 (2005), Classics R&B Chart singles \\\"Return of Stagolee\\\" (King 5186) (April\",\n \"title\": \"Titus Turner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2789559\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Our Love Go is the second studio album by Motown singing group the Supremes, released in 1964. The album includes several of the group's singles and B-sides from 1963 and 1964. Included are the group's first Billboard Pop Singles number-one hits, \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\", \\\"Baby Love\\\", and \\\"Come See About Me\\\", as well as their first Top 40 hit, \\\"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\\\", and the singles \\\"A Breathtaking Guy\\\" and \\\"Run, Run, Run\\\". With the release of this album, The Supremes became the first act in Billboard magazine history to have three number-one hits from the same album. It was the album that introduced \\\"The Motown Sound\\\" to the masses. It was also, at the time, the highest-ranking album by an all-female group. It remained in the number two position for four consecutive weeks in January 1965, but was Number One on Billboards' Rhythm and Blues Charts for the first week of January 1965. It was shut out of the top spot by the Beatles' blockbuster Beatles '65 album. Where Did Our Love Go remained on the Billboard album chart for an unprecedented 89 weeks. Hip-O Select released a limited run fortieth anniversary deluxe edition of the album in 2004, which included both the mono and stereo versions of the album, as well as several outtakes, non-album tracks and a recorded live show from the Twenty Grand club in Detroit, Michigan. It sold out immediately. They filmed performances of four of the singles from the album including \\\"Run, Run, Run\\\", \\\"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\\\", \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" and \\\"Baby Love\\\" for the concert film, The T.A.M.I. Show released on December 29, 1964. It was equivalent to Motown 25 or Live Aid as a pivotal music concert event. When it hit theaters nationwide, it undoubtedly raised and extended the visibility of the Where Did Our Love Go album. Track listing All tracks written by Holland–Dozier–Holland except as noted. Side one \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" - 2:33 \\\"Run, Run, Run\\\" - 2:16 \\\"Baby Love\\\" - 2:39 \\\"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\\\" - 3:05 \\\"Come See About Me\\\" - 2:44 \\\"Long Gone Lover\\\" (Smokey Robinson) - 2:27 Side two \\\"I'm Giving You Your Freedom\\\" - 2:40 \\\"A Breathtaking Guy\\\" (Robinson) - 2:25 \\\"He Means the World to Me\\\" (Norman Whitfield) - 2:00 \\\"Standing at the Crossroads of Love\\\" - 2:27 \\\"Your Kiss of Fire\\\" (Robert Gordy, Harvey Fuqua) - 2:48 \\\"Ask Any Girl\\\" - 3:00 2004 Expanded CD bonus tracklist \\\"This Is It\\\" (Faye Hale) **** \\\"I'm The Exception To The Rule\\\" (Whitfield) ** \\\"Everyday I'll Love You More Than Yesterday\\\" (Robinson, Claudette Rogers Robinson) * \\\"Beginning To The Ending\\\" (George Fowler) ***** \\\"Mr. Blues\\\" (Robinson) * \\\"Come On Boy\\\" (Berry Gordy, Jr.) *** \\\"Bye Baby\\\" (Gordy) *** \\\"My Imagination\\\" (Richard Parker, Faye Hale) **** \\\"I Idolize You\\\" (Robinson) * \\\"You're Gonna Come To Me\\\" (Gordy) (Version 4 - Credited as Version \\\"3\\\") \\\"Honey Babe\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28282263\",\n \"text\": \"The Ultimate Collection is a greatest hits album by Bryan Ferry and Roxy Music, released on 7 November 1988 by E'G Records. Unlike the 1986 compilation album Street Life, which was predominantly Roxy Music material, The Ultimate Collection focuses more on Ferry's solo career. It includes the previously unreleased track \\\"He'll Have to Go\\\", a leftover from the 1977 sessions for the album The Bride Stripped Bare, which was also released as a single in 1989, and the track \\\"Help Me\\\" which had been released as a single in the US in 1986 but was unreleased in the UK until this album. The album peaked at number six on the UK Albums Chart and has been certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Track listing All songs written by Bryan Ferry, except where noted. Bryan Ferry: \\\"Let's Stick Together ('88 remix)\\\" (Wilbert Harrison) – 2:55 (original version from Let's Stick Together, 1976) Bryan Ferry: \\\"The 'In' Crowd\\\" (Billy Page) – 4:34 (from Another Time, Another Place, 1974) Roxy Music: \\\"Dance Away\\\" – 3:45 (from Manifesto, 1979) Roxy Music: \\\"Angel Eyes\\\" (Bryan Ferry, Andy Mackay) (edit) – 3:06 (from Manifesto, 1979) Bryan Ferry: \\\"He'll Have to Go\\\" (Joe & Audrey Allison) – 4:03 (previously unreleased, recorded 1977) Bryan Ferry: \\\"Tokyo Joe\\\" – 3:54 (from In Your Mind, 1977) Roxy Music: \\\"All I Want Is You\\\" – 2:51 (from Country Life, 1974) Roxy Music: \\\"Jealous Guy\\\" (John Lennon) – 6:12 (single release, 1981) Bryan Ferry: \\\"The Price of Love\\\" (Don & Phil Everly) – 3:24 (from Let's Stick Together, 1976) Bryan Ferry: \\\"Don't Stop the Dance\\\" (Bryan Ferry, Rhett Davies) – 4:20 (from Boys and Girls, 1985) Roxy Music: \\\"Love Is the Drug\\\" (Bryan Ferry, Andy Mackay) – 4:04 (from Siren, 1975) Bryan Ferry: \\\"This Is Tomorrow\\\" – 3:35 (from In Your Mind, 1977) Bryan Ferry: \\\"Slave to Love\\\" – 4:27 (from Boys and Girls, 1985) Bryan Ferry: \\\"Help Me\\\" – 4:37 (US-only single release, 1986) Roxy Music: \\\"Avalon\\\" – 4:14 (from Avalon, 1982) Roxy Music: \\\"More than This\\\" – 4:30 (Bonus track on the M6 interaction 1994 re-release, from Avalon, 1982) Note: Some versions of the CD contain alternate ordering of the tracks, with \\\"Dance Away\\\" appearing as track 15 instead of track 3. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 1988 greatest hits albums Bryan Ferry albums E.G. Records compilation albums Roxy Music compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Ultimate Collection (Bryan Ferry and Roxy Music album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8051991\",\n \"text\": \"Do It Yourself is a 1979 album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads. It was the first album to be credited to Ian Dury & the Blockheads rather than Ian Dury alone, although Dury had used the full band name for the \\\"What a Waste\\\" 7\\\" single of 1978. The album was released in the wake of the chart-topping hit single \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\", and reached number two in the charts, behind ABBA's Voulez-Vous. Do It Yourself sold around 200,000 copies, and was Dury's second Platinum album (after its predecessor New Boots and Panties!!). Background and recording Like New Boots and Panties!! before it, much of Do It Yourself was written at Dury's home, no longer a flat near the Oval cricket ground, but now a rented home in Rolvenden, Kent. Even though he declined point blank his management's attempts to get him to dust off and re-record old Kilburn & the High Roads songs like \\\"England's Glory\\\" Dury did resurrect one old song, \\\"Sink My Boats\\\", the very first song he and Chaz Jankel wrote together. In fact, a number of other songs pre-date the rehearsal and songwriting sessions for Do It Yourself; the instrumentals for \\\"Quiet\\\", \\\"This Is What We Find\\\" and \\\"Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy\\\" were all arranged by Blockheads members while they were still in their band Loving Awareness. The recording session at Dury's house that also produced \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" was used to demo some of the new songs. These demos, later released on Edsel Records' 2-CD re-issue of the album, were for \\\"This Is What We Find\\\", \\\"Inbetweenies\\\", \\\"Quiet\\\" and \\\"Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy\\\", along with the first version of \\\"Duff 'Em Up and Do 'Em Over (Boogie Woogie)\\\", a song that would remain unreleased but would eventually become the song \\\"Oh Mr. Peanut\\\" on the next album, Laughter. Do It Yourself was recorded in the Workhouse Studios on the Old Kent Road, the same place where New Boots and Panties!! had been recorded two years earlier, under the production of Jankel and Latham, though Latham's credit was as 'recording engineer'. In keeping with Dury's policy of not including singles on albums, \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" was omitted, and no singles were released from the album either (his next British single would be \\\"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\\\"). Most retrospective interviews with band and management bemoan this. and nearly all suggest the opening track \\\"Inbetweenies\\\" as the ideal choice of single; \\\"Inbetweenies\\\" was released in Europe, backed with \\\"Dance of the Screamers\\\". The lack of singles on the album did not greatly affect its chart performance. Packaging Do It Yourself was released on 18 May 1979 with an unusually large publicity drive; in addition to widespread print advertising in the music press, Stiff Records released the album with at least 34 known alternative sleeves, each one featuring a different Crown Wallpaper design. Each sleeve has the Crown catalogue number for the particular wallpaper\",\n \"title\": \"Do It Yourself (Ian Dury & the Blockheads album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42082373\",\n \"text\": \"Architect is the fourth studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Wallis Bird. The album was released in Ireland on 11 April 2014 alongside Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The album was released in the United Kingdom on 14 April 2014. The first promotional single from the album is \\\"Hardly Hardly\\\", and those who pre-ordered the album on iTunes prior to its Irish release received \\\"I Can Be Your Man\\\" for free. Singles The first commercial single from the album is \\\"Hardly Hardly\\\", released across Europe on 28 March 2014 and on iTunes on 4 April 2014. The single received its first play on Irish radio on 11 February 2014. The single comes in two formats; an album version and a radio version. The Hardly Hardly EP was released on 4 April 2014 featuring remixes by Vinnie and Rebscher, LaRochelleBand and Sebastien Leger. Formats There were a number of versions of the album upon release. The original version of the album features 10 tracks. The box set version of the album features two CDs with a total of 20 tracks, along with stickers and playing cards and a third version was made available on iTunes featuring the two albums as one download. Track listing \\\"Hardly Hardly\\\" \\\"I Can Be Your Man\\\" \\\"Daze\\\" \\\"Holding a Light\\\" \\\"The Cards\\\" \\\"Girls\\\" \\\"Communion\\\" \\\"Gloria\\\" \\\"Hammering\\\" \\\"River of Paper\\\" Box set and download version disc 2 \\\"Little Plastic Castle\\\" (song by Ani DiFranco) \\\"Peaches\\\" (song by The Stranglers) \\\"Black and Gold\\\" (song by Sam Sparro) \\\"Becoming a Jackal\\\" (song by Villagers) \\\"Pearl's a Singer\\\" (song by Elkie Brooks) \\\"Jóga\\\" (song by Björk) \\\"Teardrop\\\" (song by Massive Attack) \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" (song by Ian Dury) \\\"In My Life\\\" (song by The Beatles) \\\"Caledonia\\\" (song by Dolores Keane) Tour A European tour commenced on 25 April 2014 beginning in Dublin before moving onto other European cities such as Cork, Galway, Vienna, Berlin, London, Zurich, Milan and Haarlem. Charts References 2014 albums Wallis Bird albums\",\n \"title\": \"Architect (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3995596\",\n \"text\": \"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea is a double album credited to Various Artists and released in March 1981. It contains live performances by Wings, the Who, Queen, Elvis Costello, Pretenders, the Clash, the Specials and other artists from the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, held at London's Hammersmith Odeon in December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia. The event was organised by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim. History The album starts with four songs from the Who (culled from a 3-hour set list) and finishes with three songs from Wings and three from the all-star line-up called Rockestra. A selection of the best performances from the concerts was compiled and released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea. Rockestra was a Paul McCartney-led supergroup of at least thirty English rockers. The credited list appears at the bottom of the back cover of the LP. The name was first given to an assemblage of famous rock stars that were brought together by McCartney for the final Wings album, 1979's Back to the Egg. The supergroup – which consisted of Wings, John Paul Jones and John Bonham of Led Zeppelin, David Gilmour from Pink Floyd, Ronnie Lane of the Faces, Kenney Jones and Pete Townshend of the Who, and Hank Marvin of the Shadows – recorded two McCartney compositions, the instrumental \\\"Rockestra Theme\\\" and \\\"So Glad to See You Here\\\". Then, McCartney and Kurt Waldheim re-assembled Rockestra for a series of benefit concerts for the people of Cambodia (also known as Kampuchea), suffering from the reign of Pol Pot. This time, Rockestra consisted of, among others, Wings, John Paul Jones, Bonham, Robert Plant, Rockpile, James Honeyman-Scott and Townshend. Hank Marvin was not available and Gilmour for tax reasons had to decline, as he was with the rest of Pink Floyd in Los Angeles, California, where they were in the midst of rehearsing for an upcoming concert tour for the just released Pink Floyd album The Wall. Despite the all-star lineup and charting within the Top 40, it remains one of McCartney's few projects to never receive a remaster or a CD release. Album track listing \\\"Baba O'Riley\\\" (Pete Townshend) – 5:12 \\\"Sister Disco\\\" (Townshend) – 5:16 \\\"Behind Blue Eyes\\\" (Townshend) – 3:46 \\\"See Me, Feel Me\\\" (Townshend) – 5:49 Tracks 1–4 performed by the Who \\\"The Wait\\\" (Chrissie Hynde, Pete Farndon) – 3:28 \\\"Precious\\\" (Hynde) – 3:23 \\\"Tattooed Love Boys\\\" (Hynde) – 3:18 Tracks 5–7 performed by Pretenders \\\"The Imposter\\\" (Elvis Costello) – 2:10 Performed by Elvis Costello & the Attractions \\\"Crawling from the Wreckage\\\" (Graham Parker) – 3:02 Performed by Rockpile \\\"Little Sister\\\" (Doc Pomus, Mort Shuman) – 3:33 Performed by Rockpile with Robert Plant \\\"Now I'm Here\\\" (Brian May) – 6:49 Performed by Queen \\\"Armagideon Time\\\" (Bennett) – 4:15 Performed by the Clash \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" (Ian Dury, Chaz Jankel) – 4:30 Performed by Ian Dury & the Blockheads \\\"Monkey Man\\\" (Toots Hibbert) – 2:26 Performed by the Specials \\\"Got to Get\",\n \"title\": \"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27149345\",\n \"text\": \"Keep Your Eye on Me is a pop/R&B/dance album by Herb Alpert, released in 1987. It contains two hit singles, \\\"Diamonds\\\" and \\\"Making Love in the Rain\\\" (both featuring lead and background vocals by Janet Jackson and Lisa Keith). These Billboard Top 40 hits, along with the title track and \\\"Pillow\\\" (featuring co-lead vocals by Alpert and singer/wife Lani Hall) were written and produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis. The remainder of the album consists of tracks produced by Herb Alpert and various producers. The record was constructed with Side 1 (Tracks 1-5) featuring uptempo songs, while Side 2 (Tracks 6-10) featured down tempo songs and ballads. All trumpet solos were played by Herb Alpert. The album was released on CD by A&M Records in 1987, along with extended CD singles of the title track and \\\"Diamonds\\\". It was re-released on September 12, 2013 in a download-only version available exclusively through Alpert's official website, HerbAlpertPresents.com. Track listing \\\"Keep Your Eye on Me\\\" (Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis)- 5:13 \\\"Hot Shot\\\" (Albert Hammond) - 3:56 \\\"Diamonds\\\" (Jam, Lewis) - 4:53 \\\"Traffic Jam\\\" (Les Pierce) - 3:16 \\\"Cat Man Do\\\" (Roy Bittan, Herb Alpert) - 5:26 \\\"Pillow\\\" (Jam, Lewis) - 4:32 \\\"Our Song\\\" (Alpert, Sal Macaluso) - 3:55 \\\"Making Love in the Rain\\\" (Jam, Lewis) - 5:56 \\\"Rocket to the Moon\\\" (John Barnes, Alpert) - 3:52 \\\"Stranger on the Shore\\\" (Mr. Acker Bilk, R. Mellin) - 2:54 Personnel Herb Alpert – all trumpets (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9), horn arrangements (1, 3, 8), arrangements (2, 4, 5, 9, 10), trumpet (4, 8, 10), flugelhorn (4), lead vocals (6), vocal arrangements (6), muted trumpet (8), celeste (10) Jimmy Jam – keyboard and drum programming (1, 3, 6, 8), percussion (1, 3, 6, 8); horn, rhythm and vocal arrangements (1, 3, 6, 8) David Eiland – keyboard programming (1), sampling (1) Laythan Armor – keyboards (2), bass programming (2), drums (2), arrangements (2), synth voices and bass programming (7), electronic percussion (7) John Barnes – organ sound (2), DX7 tuba (5), keyboards (7, 9), drum programming (9), arrangements (9, 10), Fairlight voices (10), DX7 harmonica (10) Les Pierce – keyboard programming (4), drums (4), arrangements (4) Roy Bittan – keyboards (5), arrangements (5) Salvatore Macaluso – synth voices (7), synth bass (7) Michael Landau – guitars (2, 4, 5, 10), guitar solo (9), arrangements (10) Paul Jackson, Jr. – rhythm guitar (9) Terry Lewis – vocals (1); horn, rhythm and vocal arrangements (1, 3, 6, 8), bass (3), percussion (3, 6), backing vocals (3, 6, 8) Neil Stubenhaus – bass (5, 9) Chuck Domanico – acoustic bass (7) Jeff Porcaro – drums (5, 9) Steve Schaeffer – drums (10), percussion (10) Paulinho da Costa – percussion (2, 5, 9) Albert Hammond – arrangements (2) Michael Stokes – arrangements (2) Lisa Keith – vocals (1), vocal arrangements (1, 3, 8), lead vocals (3, 8), backing vocals (3, 6, 8) Janet Jackson – lead and backing vocals (3, 8) James \\\"Popeye\\\" Greer – party vocals\",\n \"title\": \"Keep Your Eye on Me\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43137489\",\n \"text\": \"The Night We Called It a Day is the debut studio album by underground hip hop supergroup Deepspace5, released on January 8, 2002, through Uprok Records. It was recorded in Dallas, Texas. Recording The Night We Called It a Day was recorded in one week in Dallas, Texas, in the apartment of group member Playdough. It was produced by Beat Rabbi, DJ Dust, Freddie Bruno, and Playdough, with Playdough producing under a different moniker, Harry Krum. During the recording sessions, the group met future member Sivion. Lyrics and musical style The album features an underground, anti-commercial style. Jayson Young of RapReviews.com called the album \\\"strictly ground-roots, MC/DJ, hard-core hip-hop\\\". Young also found Listener's vocal style similar to Son Doobie, and noted that \\\"Stick This In Your Ear\\\" includes a flute sample. Jon Corbin, writing for cMusicWeb.com, noted that on \\\"World Go Round\\\", Beat Rabbi brings a progressive jazz feel through the use of drum patterns and bass lines. Jesus Freak Hideout's Chanile Campbell described the album as east coast \\\"smooth and a little jazzy\\\". RapReviews.com and Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms also described the album as very chill and laid back, with Gunnell commenting that \\\"If there is such a thing as easy listening hip hop, then this is definitely it!\\\" Thomas Quinlan of Exclaim! described the lyrical content of the album as mostly \\\"high concept songs\\\", but with some testimonials and praises to God. Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms and Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic both noted that the album's lyrics are intellectual and often humorous. Several reviewers noted the unusual verse by Listener on \\\"Stick This In Your Ear\\\", where he reads off a paragraph exactly as written – including punctuation. Jason Young wrote that Listener \\\"literally says every period, comma, and semi-colon found in his verse.\\\" Also highlighted by reviewers was the skit \\\"Close Caption\\\", where Listener translates a sign language rap by \\\"MC Fong\\\". Critical reception Critics responded quite favorably to the album. AllMusic rated the album three out of five stars, and found the album's seven-minute-plus long title track to be the standout track. Jon Corbin of cMusicWeb.com wrote \\\"Locked in Playdough's apartment, these boys got their creative juices flowing and whipped up something sweet, an album that reclaims hip-hop for the emcee.\\\" Corbin considered all of the songs well-crafted and developed, with the exceptions of \\\"Murder Creek\\\" and \\\"Take the Rhythm\\\", tracks which Corbin said will have the listener hitting the skip button. These tracks aside, he summarized: The production is very strong, especially considering that the album was created in a week. In all in all, this is a very good disc, filled with a wide range of topics to get your brain working and your head nodding. Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms rated the album eight out of ten squares and stated that when he first heard Deepspace5, he dismissed the group as \\\"just another depressing Christian rap group\\\", but that this release proved him wrong. Exclaim!'s Thomas Quinlan opined that \\\"Deepspace 5\",\n \"title\": \"The Night We Called It a Day (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3445921\",\n \"text\": \"New Boots and Panties!! is the debut studio album by Ian Dury, released in the UK on Stiff Records on 30 September 1977. The record covers a diverse range of musical styles which reflect Dury's influences and background in pub rock, taking in funk, disco, British music hall and early rock and roll, courtesy of Dury's musical hero Gene Vincent. Consisting mostly of love songs and character stories based on the working-class people of the East End and Essex Estuary areas where he grew up, the songs are frequently ribald and profane, but also contain humour and affection for his characters. Widely considered to be the best album of Ian Dury's career, it is also his biggest selling, having been certified platinum status in the UK for 300,000 sales. Sales of the album during the first few months after its release were modest, and the album's only single, \\\"Sweet Gene Vincent\\\", failed to chart. Subsequently, three stand-alone singles, \\\"What a Waste\\\", \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" and \\\"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\\\", all reached the top ten of the UK Singles Chart, and their success kept the album in the spotlight and ensured consistent sales over the next two years. New Boots and Panties!! was among the UK's top 30 best selling albums of both 1978 and 1979, and eventually peaked at number five in the UK Albums Chart in February 1979, 17 months after its release, after \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\"'s chart-topping success. The album's title derives from Dury's habit of buying clothes second hand and refers to the only items of clothing he insisted on buying new. According to Ian Dury & the Blockheads: Song By Song, the name was chosen by Dury from a list of twenty potential titles drawn up by compere Kosmo Vinyl. New Boots and Panties!! has been reissued several times, including a three-disc edition for its 30th anniversary and a five-disc box set for its 40th anniversary. Background Much of the album was written by Dury, nearly a year before its release, at Oval Mansions (the top floor flat at 40, Oval Mansions, Kennington, London, which he shared with Denise Roudette, and which he nicknamed 'Catshit Mansions') and was the fruit of Dury's successful writing partnership with Chas Jankel. Some of the tracks that could be considered to be the most 'English' were co-written with American Steve Nugent. Dury and Jankel recorded demo tapes of many of the songs in April 1977, joined in the session by Nugent, at Alvic Studios, Wimbledon (run by two musicians, Al James and Vic Sweeney). Jankel played the bass, guitar and piano parts, while Dury sang and played drums. These recordings have since been included as part of Edsel's current re-issue of the album. The studio engineer at Alvic told Dury about a rhythm section who were acting as session musicians to earn extra money; bassist Norman Watt-Roy and drummer Hugh \\\"Charley\\\" Charles. As well as playing on New Boots and Panties!! the\",\n \"title\": \"New Boots and Panties!!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21101533\",\n \"text\": \"The Ultimate Collection is the eighth album released on Motown Records by the group DeBarge. The album is the second compilation of their greatest hits. In addition to the group numbers, it also includes solo singles from El DeBarge and Bunny DeBarge. It also includes a track from Chico DeBarge, who was never part of the family group. Also Motown was able to get the rights to the song \\\"Dance All Night\\\" from their Striped Horse Records album Bad Boys for this collection. The album also contains a Dance remix of the group's popular single, \\\"Rhythm of the Night\\\", while also featuring a more percussive, club mix radio edited version of the group's ballad \\\"The Heart Is Not So Smart\\\", the latter being remixed by John Morales and Sergio Munzibai. Track listing \\\"Rhythm of the Night\\\" (Dance Mix) \\\"Time Will Reveal\\\" \\\"I Like It\\\" \\\"You Wear It Well\\\" \\\"Who's Holding Donna Now\\\" \\\"Stop! Don't Tease Me\\\" \\\"Love Me in a Special Way\\\" \\\"A Dream\\\" \\\"Talk to Me\\\" (Chico DeBarge) \\\"All This Love\\\" \\\"Love Always\\\" (El DeBarge) \\\"Who's Johnny\\\" (El DeBarge) \\\"The Heart Is Not So Smart\\\" (Club Mix / Radio Edit) \\\"Save the Best for Me (Best of Your Lovin')\\\" (Bunny DeBarge) \\\"Dance All Night\\\" \\\"Stay with Me\\\" Alternate versions In 2008, the album was re-released with different artwork entitled The Definitive Collection. DeBarge albums 1997 greatest hits albums Motown compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"Ultimate Collection (DeBarge album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36373549\",\n \"text\": \"Now That's What I Call a No.1 is a triple-disc compilation album that was released in the United Kingdom on 9 July 2012. It includes 60 number ones from the past 60 years and was released in celebration of the 60th anniversary of the Official Charts. Track listing CD 1 Adele, \\\"Someone like You\\\" George Michael, \\\"Careless Whisper\\\" Robbie Williams, \\\"She's the One\\\" Take That, \\\"Patience\\\" Wet Wet Wet, \\\"Love Is All Around\\\" Celine Dion, \\\"My Heart Will Go On\\\" Boyzone, \\\"No Matter What\\\" Gnarls Barkley, \\\"Crazy\\\" All Saints, \\\"Never Ever\\\" Hear'say, \\\"Pure and Simple\\\" Britney Spears, \\\"...Baby One More Time\\\" Spice Girls, \\\"Wannabe\\\" Steps, \\\"Tragedy\\\" Blondie, \\\"Heart of Glass\\\" ABBA, \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" Gloria Gaynor, \\\"I Will Survive\\\" Black Box, \\\"Ride On Time\\\" Pet Shop Boys, \\\"West End Girls\\\" The Human League, \\\"Don't You Want Me\\\" Tony Christie, \\\"(Is This the Way To) Amarillo\\\" CD 2 Rihanna featuring Jay-Z, \\\"Umbrella\\\" Gotye featuring Kimbra, \\\"Somebody That I Used to Know\\\" Bruno Mars, \\\"Just the Way You Are\\\" Katy Perry featuring Snoop Dogg, \\\"California Gurls\\\" Olly Murs, \\\"Dance with Me Tonight\\\" David Guetta featuring Sia, \\\"Titanium\\\" DJ Fresh featuring Rita Ora, \\\"Hot Right Now\\\" Cheryl Cole, \\\"Fight for This Love\\\" Jessie J, \\\"Domino\\\" Lady Gaga, \\\"Poker Face\\\" Tinie Tempah featuring Labrinth, \\\"Pass Out\\\" Shaggy featuring Ricardo \\\"RikRok\\\" Ducent, \\\"It Wasn't Me\\\" Coolio featuring L.V., \\\"Gangsta's Paradise\\\" The Fugees, \\\"Killing Me Softly\\\" The Black Eyed Peas, \\\"I Gotta Feeling\\\" Kylie Minogue, \\\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\\\" R. Kelly, \\\"I Believe I Can Fly\\\" Oasis, \\\"Don't Look Back in Anger\\\" The Verve, \\\"The Drugs Don't Work\\\" Coldplay, \\\"Paradise\\\" CD 3 Billy Joel, \\\"Uptown Girl\\\" The Beach Boys, \\\"Good Vibrations\\\" Elvis Presley, \\\"Jailhouse Rock\\\" David Bowie, \\\"Let's Dance\\\" Marvin Gaye, \\\"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\\\" Rod Stewart, \\\"Maggie May\\\" 10cc, \\\"I'm Not in Love\\\" The Righteous Brothers, \\\"Unchained Melody\\\" Culture Club, \\\"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\\\" Soft Cell, \\\"Tainted Love\\\" Dexys Midnight Runners, \\\"Come On Eileen\\\" The Jam, \\\"Going Underground\\\" Ian Dury and the Blockheads, \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" Adam & The Ants, \\\"Stand and Deliver\\\" Sinéad O'Connor, \\\"Nothing Compares 2 U\\\" Kate Bush, \\\"Wuthering Heights\\\" The Animals, \\\"The House of the Rising Sun\\\" Procol Harum, \\\"A Whiter Shade of Pale\\\" Simon & Garfunkel, \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\" Louis Armstrong, \\\"What a Wonderful World\\\" Charts Release history References 2012 compilation albums Number 1 Sony Music compilation albums EMI Records compilation albums Universal Music Group compilation albums Warner Music Group compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"Now That's What I Call a No.1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6976040\",\n \"text\": \"The Secret Value of Daydreaming is the second studio album by English singer-songwriter Julian Lennon, released in 1986. Background and recording After going on tour the previous year to promote his previous album, Valotte, Lennon took a break to write material for The Secret Value of Daydreaming. Recording took place in the Bahamas, at Compass Point Studios, with mixing at the Hit Factory in New York City. Release The Secret Value of Daydreaming was released on 24 March 1986 on Charisma in the UK, and a day later on the 25th on Atlantic in the US. The album peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200 chart upon its release. It was certified gold for sales of over 500,000 copies in the US by the RIAA on 22 May 1986. \\\"Stick Around\\\" reached number 1 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, and number 32 on the Hot 100 chart. The album was reissued, along with Mr. Jordan and Help Yourself, on 8 September 2009 by Noble Rot Records. Track listing All songs written by Julian Lennon, except where noted. Side one \\\"Stick Around\\\" – 3:39 \\\"You Get What You Want\\\" – 4:04 \\\"Let Me Tell You\\\" – 4:16 \\\"I've Seen Your Face\\\" – 3:27 \\\"Coward Till the End?\\\" – 6:11 (Julian Lennon, Justin Clayton) Side two \\\"This Is My Day\\\" – 3:51 \\\"You Don't Have to Tell Me\\\" – 4:55 \\\"Every Day\\\" – 3:51 (Lennon, Clayton, Carlton Morales) \\\"Always Think Twice\\\" – 3:56 \\\"Want Your Body\\\" – 3:25 Music videos \\\"Stick Around\\\" - features appearances by Jami Gertz, Michael J. Fox, Joe Piscopo and Martin Kove. \\\"This Is My Day\\\" - The second single and video to promote the album. The mix of the song is unique to the video, as the version that appears on the album is different. The video mix is available on Lennon's compilation Behind the Music. The single itself failed to chart. \\\"Want Your Body\\\" - The final video and single for the album; also failed to chart. Personnel Musicians Julian Lennon – lead vocals, backing vocals, acoustic piano, keyboards, bass, drum programming Chuck Kentis – keyboards Billy Joel – acoustic piano (2) David Brown – guitars Justin Clayton – guitars John McCurry – guitars Carmine Rojas – bass Alan Childs – drums Jimmy Bralower – percussion Frank Elmo – horns Rory Dodd – backing vocals Fiona Flanagan – backing vocals Peter Hewlett – backing vocals Karen Kamon – backing vocals Eric Taylor – backing vocals Production Phil Ramone – producer Joseph D'Ambrosio – production coordinator Bradshaw Leigh – engineer Sean Burrows – associate engineer Peter Hefter – associate engineer Barry Diament – CD mastering and remastering at Atlantic Studios (New York, NY). Ted Jensen – LP mastering at Sterling Sound (New York, NY). Timothy White – cover photography Bob Defrin – art direction Julian Lennon – design concept Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 1986 albums Julian Lennon albums Albums produced by Phil Ramone Atlantic Records albums Charisma Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Secret Value of Daydreaming\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1056264\",\n \"text\": \"Corona is an Italian Eurodance project. Initially as a group formed by Brazilian-born singer and model Olga Maria de Souza and producer Francesco \\\"Checco\\\" Bontempi (a.k.a. Lee Marrow), they found commercial success with the worldwide hits \\\"The Rhythm of the Night\\\" (1993) and \\\"Baby Baby\\\" (1995). After the second album, Bontempi left the group and was replaced by Francesco Conte and Paolo Dughero. History Beginning of the band's career: 1993–1996 Corona's first single, \\\"The Rhythm of the Night\\\", was released in Italy in November 1993 on Roberto Zanetti's DWA record label and became an instant hit. It featured the voice of the Italian singer Giovanna Bersola, better known by her stage name Jenny B. It stayed at number 1 on the Italian music chart for eight consecutive weeks, but was not released elsewhere until the following year. A remixed version of the song became a number 2 hit in the United Kingdom in September 1994. Like several early 1990s Eurodance/Hi-NRG songs that eventually became American hits, \\\"The Rhythm of the Night\\\" did not become popular in the United States until well after its success had peaked in Europe. However, by spring 1995, the song was all over American radio and clubs, eventually reaching #11 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was later released as a track in the 1995 studio album The Rhythm of the Night. Lead vocals for the remaining songs in the album were by the Welsh singer Sandy Chambers who also sang on the group's second album, Walking On Music. Corona followed up with the 1995 singles \\\"Baby Baby\\\" and \\\"Try Me Out\\\", with similar success. The single \\\"I Don't Wanna Be a Star\\\" was a moderate hit. A fifth single, \\\"Do You Want Me\\\", became a regional hit in discotheques in the Eastern U.S. The Rhythm of the Night album sold modestly, peaking at #2 on the US Top Heatseekers chart and at #154 on the Billboard 200. 1996–2004 In 1996, after the demise of Discomagic Records, DWA Records reorganized its staff due to internal conflicts. As a result, the production of Corona was moved from DWA Records to Bontempi's own label (World Of Music, which was also a sublabel of Discomagic). The third album, And Me U, was released in 2001 by Brazil's Abril Music, under the name Corona X. This time the vocals were by new vocalists, the sisters Bernadette \\\"Brandy\\\" Jones and Bambi Jones' (who died of cancer in 2010). Again, de Souza was just the face but still not the voice, as many people thought. Although Bontempi co-wrote some of the material in the album, he did not participate in the production and left the band. In 2004, as a tribute to de Souza's native Brazil, Corona sang \\\"A cor dos teus olhos\\\" (\\\"The Colour of Your Eyes\\\") which was distributed by 5000. De Souza described the song like an imprint of her childhood memory. It was an immediate hit. The same year \\\"Garota Brasileira\\\", a song with spicy samba sounds, became\",\n \"title\": \"Corona (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25171667\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\" is a song written by Helen Miller and Roger Atkins. The most successful recording was a hit for Barbara Lewis in 1965. Background The demo for \\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\" was cut by journeyman session singer Jean Thomas on 22 January 1965 at the behest of Atlantic Records president Jerry Wexler, who wanted to offer the song to Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles, then a Cameo-Parkway act Wexler was hoping to woo over to Atlantic. Patti Labelle and the Bluebelles did eventually sign to Atlantic, but only after protracted negotiations (their debut label session being on October 7, 1965), which meant \\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\" was still unrecorded in the summer of 1965 when the success of \\\"Baby I'm Yours\\\" alerted Wexler to the suitability of \\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\" as a vehicle for the singer of \\\"Baby I'm Yours,\\\" Barbara Lewis. \\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\" was recorded by Lewis in a July 1, 1965, session at Atlantic Records Recording Studios (NYC) in which Lewis also recorded the B-side \\\"Love to Be Loved\\\" and a third track, \\\"I'm So Afraid.\\\" 1 Like \\\"Baby I'm Yours,\\\" \\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\" was produced by Ollie McLaughlin and Bert Berns, being described as \\\"An Ollie McLaughlin production directed by Bert Berns.\\\" The arranger and conductor for the session was Artie Butler, with featured personnel on the session being Patti Brown (piano), Vinnie Bell, Al Gorgoni, Trade Martin (guitar), Bob Bushnell (electric bass), Gary Chester (drums), Ted Sommer, Alvin Rogers (chimes, tambourine). Prior to the release of the Barbara Lewis version, the song had been recorded by the Pixies Three, whose version had successfully been pitched to Cameo Parkway. However, before the relevant contract had been finalized, the Barbara Lewis single had begun to break, causing Cameo Parkway to opt out. The Pixies Three consequently disbanded. Chart performance \\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\" was released as a single in September 1965 and that November matched the No.11 peak of her preceding hit, \\\"Baby I'm Yours\\\", as well as reaching No.9 on the Top Rhythm & Blues Singles chart. Other cover versions Barbara Lewis' \\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\" had an unsuccessful September 1965 release in the UK, where a local cover was cut by producer Shel Talmy with vocalist Liz Shelley. Released 10 September 1965 on Brunswick, this version also failed to chart, but, despite the advance of Lewis' version on the US charts, Shelley's single was given an American release by Decca Records. Bobby Vinton remade the song as \\\"I'll Make You My Baby\\\". Billy Sherrill produced the track which, as the lead single for the Ev'ry Day of My Life, reached No.30 on the Easy Listening chart in Billboard in April 1971, just missing the Billboard Hot 100 by peaking at No.101 on the Bubbling Under chart. \\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\" was covered in late 1975 in a disco style by Canadian singer Suzanne Stevens. Her version reached No.23 on Canada's RPM singles chart in December, 1975. Lewis' version had\",\n \"title\": \"Make Me Your Baby\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1817554\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Owens (born August 17, 1961) is an American songwriter, record producer, DJ and singer, best known for his work with the Chicago house group Fingers Inc. in the mid-1980s. As a solo artist, he has placed several songs on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, two of which hit number-one: \\\"I'll Be Your Friend\\\" (1992), and \\\"Mine to Give\\\" (2000, a collaboration with Photek). Biography Though electronica has typically been a producer's medium (and the few vocalists who succeed are usually women), Robert Owens became one of the people associated with the late-1980s golden era of Chicago house. Born in Ohio, United States, Robert Owens grew up singing in church, but years later, he was working as a DJ in 1985, when he met Chicago producer Larry Heard. The pair formed Fingers Inc., along with Ron Wilson, and they released a few singles (\\\"You're Mine\\\"/\\\"It's Over\\\") plus the 1988 album, Another Side. The group disbanded quickly, as Heard's burgeoning solo-production career (as Mr. Fingers) took priority. Owens had already released recordings on his own - \\\"Bring Down the Walls\\\" and \\\"I'm Strong\\\" made for Alleviated (with production from Heard), and he signed a solo contract with 4th & B'way Records. His 1990 album Rhythms in Me lost visibility soon after within the quickly disintegrating Chicago house scene. (One of his best-known features of the late 1980s, \\\"Tears\\\", appeared with the names of Frankie Knuckles and producer Satoshi Tomiie.) By 1996, he had returned to dance music with \\\"Ordinary People\\\": a two-part EP recording for Musical Directions. He joined up with Tomiie (again) and Cevin Fisher in 1999, to make a track from Tomiie's Full Lick LP. One year later, in 2000, Owens appeared on the Photek hit \\\"Mine to Give\\\". In 2003, he joined with drum and bass act London Elektricity to provide the vocals for their album Billion Dollar Gravy. He collaborated with Coldcut on their album Sound Mirrors, on the track \\\"Walk a Mile in My Shoes\\\" in 2006. He collaborated with Rob Pearson on single \\\"Escape from the Madness\\\" which was released on Plastic City in 2007. In 2011, he collaborated with the Brookes Brothers on their single \\\"Beautiful\\\", which was released on the Breakbeat Kaos label. Later on in the same year he collaborated with Dutch drum and bass producer Icicle, and featured on the tracks \\\"Step Forward\\\" and \\\"Redemption\\\", which appeared on Icicle's debut album Under the Ice released in April 2011 on Shogun Audio. In 2012, he featured on Mosca's song \\\"Accidentally\\\" from the Eva Mendes EP and on Orgue Electronique's album Strange Paradise with the song \\\"Our House\\\". In 2013, he released the single \\\"Trusting Me\\\" taken from the vocal collaboration album Features by Kris Menace. The video of the single was premiered by MTV Iggy in the US. Discography Albums Rhythms in Me (1990) The Journey (1996) Night-Time Stories (2008) Art (2010) See also List of number-one dance hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the US\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Owens (musician)\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["23 November 1978"],"string":"[\n \"23 November 1978\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":87,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_43829"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when does torchwood spin off from doctor who"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"4877243","text":"The Torchwood Institute, or simply Torchwood, is a fictional secret organisation from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its spin-off series Torchwood. It was established in 1879 by Queen Victoria after the events of \"Tooth and Claw\". Its prime directive is to defend Earth against supernatural and extraterrestrial threats. It is later revealed in \"Army of Ghosts\" that the Torchwood Institute has begun to use their findings to restore the British Empire to its former glory. To those ends, the organisation started to acquire and reverse engineer alien technology. Within Torchwood, an unofficial slogan evolved: \"If it's alien, it's ours\". According to one base director, Yvonne Hartman, its nationalist attitude includes refusing to use metric units. While described as \"beyond the UN\", the Torchwood Institute is seen to cooperate with UNIT to some extent. There appears to have been some rapport with the Prime Minister, although it is noted by Harriet Jones in \"The Christmas Invasion\" that she is not meant to know the existence of Torchwood. Those who have come into contact with Torchwood primarily believe it to be a special forces team. Torchwood maintains this illusion by using false witnesses, or by sectioning any journalists who threaten to expose the truth, and via the use of memory-altering drugs. Following a major incident which led to the destruction of Torchwood One, Jack Harkness rebuilds Torchwood to become less confrontational and more secretive in honour of the Doctor. Creation The name \"Torchwood\" is an anagram of \"Doctor Who\", with which tapes of series 1 of the revived Doctor Who TV series were labelled to prevent the footage from being leaked. While writing Doctor Who series 2, head writer and executive producer Russell T Davies established the word \"Torchwood\"—which was the name of an institute previously mentioned in the episode \"Bad Wolf\" (2005)—in his script for the 2005 Christmas Special \"The Christmas Invasion\", both as a motif of the series similar to the \"Bad Wolf\" motif in series 1, and as a lead-in to the Torchwood spin-off series Davies was planning for BBC Three. Torchwood was conceived by Davies as a ruthless but professional organisation helmed by a \"soulless\" woman based on someone Davies had met. He originally based the Torchwood seen in the Doctor Who series 2 episodes \"Army of Ghosts\" and \"Doomsday\" (both aired 2006) over a rift in Cardiff introduced in \"The Unquiet Dead\" (2005), but while developing the Torchwood spin-off series over the summer of 2005, he relocated the Torchwood seen in \"Army of Ghosts\" and \"Doomsday\" to London, while maintaining the existence of a Cardiff branch for the Torchwood series he was preparing. Fictional history 1879–2006 The institute was founded by Queen Victoria in 1879, following the events of the Doctor Who episode \"Tooth and Claw\". While staying at Torchwood House, the Scottish estate of Sir Robert MacLeish, the Queen (Pauline Collins) was attacked by a werewolf, in reality an alien intelligence that planned to infect her with its consciousness by biting her.","title":"Torchwood Institute"},{"docid":"804250","text":"Doctor Who spin-offs refers to material created outside of, but related to, the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. Both during the main run of the series from 1963 to 1989 and after its cancellation, numerous novels, comic strips, comic books and other material were generated based on the characters and situations introduced in the show. These spin-offs continued to be produced even without a television series to support them and helped keep the show alive in the minds of its fans and the public until the programme was revived in 2005. This entry mainly concentrates on \"official\" spin-offs, that is to say, material sanctioned by the British Broadcasting Corporation, which produces the series, as well as material sanctioned by the copyright holders of characters from the series. One aspect of Doctor Who spin-offs which makes them different from many spin-offs from other science fiction franchises is that many of the television writers and stars have been directly involved in the production of spin-offs. For example, it has become common for a former television actor to reprise their character for an audio play. The BBC holds no position on Doctor Who canon. Although the spin-offs generally do not intentionally contradict the television series, the various spin-off series do occasionally contradict each other. Television Official spin-off productions The first spin-off attempt that actually reached the production stage appeared in 1981, when a 50-minute pilot episode for a series to be called K-9 and Company was aired. It focused on the adventures of former Doctor Who companions Sarah Jane Smith and K-9, a robot dog. The pilot, subtitled \"A Girl's Best Friend\", despite receiving high ratings of 8.4 million, was not commissioned for a development into a series, though Sarah Jane and K-9 would later reappear together on the main Doctor Who series and her adventures would be continued in audio form by Big Finish Productions in the 2000s. Since the return of Doctor Who in 2005, the show was accompanied by a documentary series, Doctor Who Confidential, broadcast on BBC Three. Episodes were also edited to a 15-minute run time and rebroadcast with the title Doctor Who Confidential: Cut Down; these edited versions were included on the Doctor Who DVD releases. In 2011, Confidential was among several shows cancelled by BBC Three to free up space for new programming. Following the success of the first series of the revived Doctor Who, a new spin-off titled Torchwood became the first to be commissioned as a full television series. In contrast to its parent show, Torchwood was initially conceived by creator Russell T Davies as an \"adult\" programme to be broadcast post-watershed. It is set in modern-day Cardiff and revolves around a team investigating alien activities and crime. The series features John Barrowman, playing former Ninth Doctor companion Jack Harkness, police officer Gwen Cooper, computer expert Toshiko Sato, medic Owen Harper and \"support man\", Ianto Jones. The first episode aired 22 October 2006 and received a record BBC Three (and all","title":"Doctor Who spin-offs"},{"docid":"5825263","text":"Martha Jones is a fictional character played by Freema Agyeman in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its spin-off series, Torchwood. The show's first female black companion, she is a companion of the Tenth Doctor in Doctor Who, after Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) but before Donna Noble (Catherine Tate). According to the character's creator Russell T Davies in his non-fiction book Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale, Martha was developed from the beginning with the intention of appearing for the whole of the 2007 series, and to later make guest appearances in subsequent series and crossover appearances in the show's two spin-offs; Martha subsequently made guest appearances in Torchwood series two and in Doctor Who series four in 2008 and special episode \"The End of Time\" in 2010. Martha was also intended to make guest appearances in the 2009 series of Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures, but could not due to the actress's other work commitments. Within the series' narrative, Martha begins as a medical student who becomes the Doctor's time travelling companion after an incident at the hospital where she works. After well over a year (from the perspective of the Doctor and herself) travelling with the Doctor, Martha parts from the Doctor's company as she recognises how unhealthy their relationship has become. After returning to life on Earth, becoming engaged and finishing her medical degree, Martha finds a newfound level of independence when she is recruited into the paranormal military organisations UNIT, and briefly Torchwood. Having faced the end of the world single-handedly during her time with the Doctor, Martha is recognised for her skills both in the field and in medicine. Appearances Television Freema Agyeman's first appearance in Doctor Who was in the second series (2006) episode, \"Army of Ghosts\", where she played Adeola Oshodi, Martha's cousin. Martha Jones is introduced in the third series (2007) of Doctor Who, first appearing in the episode \"Smith and Jones\". When the hospital she works at is teleported to the Moon, medical student Martha helps save the day alongside an alien time traveller known only as the Doctor (David Tennant). To thank her for her help, the Doctor invites her to join him for a supposed single trip in his time machine the TARDIS, but later accepts her as his full-time \"companion\", admitting that she was \"never just a passenger\", and he even gives her the key to the TARDIS in the episode, \"42\". Martha becomes frustrated because the Doctor is oblivious to her feelings for him, and she expresses concern that she is simply a rebound after the Doctor's painful loss of his previous companion, Rose Tyler (Billie Piper). When the amnesiac Doctor falls in love in the two-part story \"Human Nature\" and \"The Family of Blood\", a pained Martha laments \"You had to go and fall in love with a human... and it wasn't me\". In the series finale, \"The Sound of Drums\" and \"Last of the Time Lords\", in which the Doctor's nemesis","title":"Martha Jones"},{"docid":"32158612","text":"This is an inclusive list of science fiction television programs whose names begin with the letter D. D Live-action Dans une galaxie près de chez vous a.k.a. In a galaxy near you (1998–2001, Canada) Dark (2017-2020, Germany) Daredevil (2015–2018) Dark Angel (2000–2002) Dark Matter (2015–2017, Canada) Dark Realm (2001, anthology) Dark Season (1991, UK) Dark Side of the Sun, The (1983, UK) Dark Skies (1996–1997) Darkroom (1981–1982, anthology) Day After, The (1983, film) Day After Tomorrow, The a.k.a. Into Infinity (1975, UK, special) Day Break (2006–2008) Day of the Triffids, The (franchise): Day of the Triffids, The (1981, UK, miniseries) Day of the Triffids, The (2009, UK, miniseries) Dead at 21 (1994) Dead Man's Gun (1997–1999, anthology) (elements of science fiction in some episodes) Dead Zone, The (2002–2007) Deadly Earnest a.k.a. Deadly Earnest's Awful Movies (1966–1972, Australia) Deadly Games (1995–1997) Debris (2021) Defiance (2013–2015) Defying Gravity (2009) Denkou Choujin Gridman (1993–1994, Japan) Dennō Coil (2007) Dennou Keisatsu Cybercop (1988–1989, Japan) Dick Spanner, P.I. (1986–1987, UK, stop-motion animation) Dimension 404 (2017, anthology) Dimensions of Fear (1963, UK) IMDb Dinosapien (2007, UK/Canada) Dinotopia (franchise): Dinotopia (2002, miniseries) Dinotopia (2002–2003) Disneyland a.k.a. Wonderful World of Disney, The (1954–2008, anthology) (elements of science fiction in some episodes) Do Over (2002) Doctor Who (franchise): Doctor Who (1963–1989, 1996, 2005–present, UK) K-9 and Company (1981, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, pilot) A Fix with Sontarans (1985, UK, segment) Dimensions in Time (1993, UK, special, crossover) P.R.O.B.E. (1994–1996, UK, Doctor Who spin-offs, films): Zero Imperative, The (1994, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, film) Devil of Winterborne, The (1995, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, film) Unnatural Selection (1996, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, film) Ghosts of Winterborne (1996, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, film) Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death a.k.a. The Curse of Fatal Death (1999, UK, special) Doctor Who: Children in Need a.k.a. Born Again (2005, UK, special) Attack of the Graske (2005, UK, interactive mini-episode) Torchwood (2006–2011, UK, Doctor Who spin-off): Torchwood: Children of Earth (2009, miniseries, third season) Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011, fourth season) Totally Doctor Who (2006–2007, UK) Sarah Jane Adventures, The (2007–2011, UK, Doctor Who spin-off) Time Crash (2007, UK, mini-episode) Music of the Spheres (2009, UK, mini-episode) Doctor Who: Tonight's the Night (2009, UK, special) K-9 (2009–2010, UK/Australia, Doctor Who spin-off) Class (2016, UK, Doctor Who spin-off) Dollhouse (2009–2010) Doom Runners (1997, Australia, film) Doomwatch (1970–1972, UK) Dune: Prophecy (2024) Animated D.Gray-man (2006–2008, Japan, animated) Dallas & Robo (2018, animated) Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future (2001, UK, animated) Dan Vs. (2011–2013, animated) (elements of science fiction in some episodes) Danball Senki (franchise): Danball Senki a.k.a. Cardboard Chronicles (2011–2012, Japan, animated) Danball Senki W (Dabaru) a.k.a. Cardboard Chronicles W (Double) (2012–2013, Japan, animated) Danball Senki Wars (2013, Japan, animated) Dancouga – Super Beast Machine God (1985, Japan, animated) Darkstalkers (1995, animated) Epguides IMDb (elements of science fiction) Darkwing Duck (1991–1992, animated) (elements of science fiction in some episodes) DC Nation Shorts (2012, shorts, animated) Defenders of the Earth (1986–1987, animated) Delilah and Julius (2005–2008,","title":"List of science fiction television programs, D"},{"docid":"1681535","text":"There have been many official and unofficial Doctor Who and related spin-offs released on audio, as LPs, audiocassettes, audio CDs and MP3 CDs. Recordings here are listed by their original release date. Television soundtracks In 1966, an abridged recording of episode 6 of The Chase was released with narration on a 7-inch record. In 1979, the BBC released an abridged version of Genesis of the Daleks. In 1992 a brief series began releasing audio versions of missing stories from the archives, with link narration provided by one of the actors who played the Doctor. The soundtracks that were known to exist at the time were not the optimal audio quality and the range only released a few stories. A second series of \"Lost Episode\" soundtrack releases began in 1999. This series differed from earlier releases by having \"linking\" narration (to describe action and other sequences that were originally visual) read by an actor or actress who had played a companion in the original serial, rather than one of the actors who played the Doctor (except The Macra Terror, which used the original narration by Colin Baker). Another difference is that all the later releases were remastered for release by Mark Ayres from tapes recorded \"off-air\" at the original time of broadcast, or, when necessary, due to quality and possibly availability, from surviving films. From 1999 to 2004, these recordings were released under the \"BBC Radio Collection\" banner, and, starting in 2004, they have been released under the \"BBC Audio\" banner, with different outer packaging. The series was officially completed in 2006 with the release of The Reign of Terror; however, a rerelease of the soundtrack for The Tomb of the Cybermen was produced and was followed by new audio productions of available serials. All have been released by the BBC unless otherwise noted. This list is in order by release date. Audio drama Doctor Who There have been several original audio dramas produced for Doctor Who, produced for radio and internet broadcast or commercial release. Spin-offs Torchwood Torchwood has had seven Afternoon Plays, most bridging the gap between Series 2 and Children of Earth. Kaldor City A series of audio dramas set in Kaldor City on the unnamed planet featured in the Doctor Who serial The Robots of Death. Faction Paradox Audio dramas featuring the Faction Paradox, a time travelling cult/rebel group/organised crime syndicate originally appearing in the Eighth Doctor Adventures line of Doctor Who novels. Dionus's War Faction Paradox series begun in June 2021. Hellscape Faction Paradox series begun in January 2022. The Minister of Chance A series of audio dramas and novels featuring The Minister of Chance from Death Comes to Time. Erimem Audio dramas adapted from Thebes Publishing's line of Erimem novels featuring the Fifth Doctor companion from Big Finish Productions line of Doctor Who audio plays. BBV audio BBV has produced many Doctor Who audio spin-offs, official and unofficial. This list only covers the licensed spin-offs in which Doctor Who characters or races have been licensed","title":"List of Doctor Who audio releases"},{"docid":"4902353","text":"is a fictional character from the television series Doctor Who and its spin-off Torchwood, played by Naoko Mori. After a one-off appearance in the Doctor Who episode \"Aliens of London\" (2005), Toshiko is re-introduced as a series regular in the Torchwood premiere episode \"Everything Changes\" (2006). The character appears in every episode of the show's first two series as well as Expanded Universe material including Torchwood novels, audiobooks and comic strips. Within the series narrative, Toshiko is the Cardiff branch of Torchwood's \"technical expert\", described as \"quiet but highly intelligent\", and a \"computer genius\". Aside from lead character Jack Harkness, she is the regular character with the longest history with the Torchwood Institute, having been recruited three years prior to the series. Her characterisation explores the differences between her nature and that of her colleagues and her difficulty in romantic relationships. A general backstory relating to her pre-Torchwood life and long-standing crush on colleague Owen Harper is hinted at across the first series, and explored more thoroughly in the second series. Mori departed the cast in the series two finale, \"Exit Wounds\" (2008). Appearances Television Sato first appears in the Doctor Who episode \"Aliens of London\", credited as 'Doctor Sato', when she is called in to examine a supposed alien corpse at Albion Hospital. Toshiko is reintroduced in the Torchwood 2006 premiere episode \"Everything Changes\" as the technology expert of the Torchwood Institute's Cardiff branch. In \"Greeks Bearing Gifts\", Toshiko enters into a sexual relationship with a woman named Mary (Daniela Denby-Ashe), from whom Toshiko receives a telepathy-granting necklace. Toshiko's experiences with telepathy distress her. She expresses despair and hopelessness, noting that across space, all cultures are essentially similar, leading to utter disappointment with existence. In the penultimate episode of the series, \"Captain Jack Harkness\", she and Captain Jack (John Barrowman) are sent to the year 1941 by the villainous Bilis Manger (Murray Melvin), where being Japanese, Tosh is the victim of bigotry. With their resident genius stranded, Ianto (Gareth David-Lloyd) and Owen are unable to open the Cardiff spacetime Rift and save her until Toshiko leaves them the necessary equations, which she is forced to write in her own blood. In the first series finale, a vision of Toshiko's mother is used to convince her to mutiny against Jack. In the second series (2008) episode \"To the Last Man\", Tosh has a relationship with a soldier from 1918 (Anthony Lewis), who had to be frozen and re-awoken every year until the time was right for him to return to 1918 and heal the Rift. In episode \"Reset\", Owen agrees to go on a date with her, but dies at the end of the episode after being shot in the heart. When Owen is briefly revived by team leader Jack Harkness using a resurrection glove, Tosh says her goodbye to him by confessing that she has always loved him. Owen flatlines, only to revive again permanently, existing in a state resembling undeath. In the episode \"Fragments\", the audience comes to","title":"Toshiko Sato"},{"docid":"12284132","text":"Joseph Lidster is an English playwright and screenwriter, best known for his work on the Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. Biography He started his career writing Doctor Who audio plays for Big Finish Productions in 2002. Numerous further audio plays and prose short stories followed for Big Finish, for their Doctor Who line, spin-offs and other series (Sapphire & Steel and The Tomorrow People). In 2005, he started working for the BBC, writing tie-in material for the new Doctor Who television series. He made his television writing debut in 2008 on the second series of Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood and subsequently wrote three two-part stories for The Sarah Jane Adventures and two two-part stories for Wizards vs Aliens. Lidster wrote for the 2014 CBBC sitcom Millie Inbetween. Lidster writes the content for the tie-in websites relating to the fictional world of the television series, Sherlock. The websites were designed as \"a way of expanding the story\". In 2017 he was the writer of #SherlockLive, an online game which played out on Twitter. The event won the People's Voice Award at the 2017 Webby Awards. Alongside co-producer James Goss, he has produced Big Finish Productions' dramatic reading range of Dark Shadows audio dramas since 2011. In 2011, he script-edited the short film Cleaning Up written by Simon Guerrier and starring Mark Gatiss and Louise Jameson. In 2012, he won the 'Audience Award for Favourite Playwright' for his first play Nice Sally in The Off Cut Festival. His short film, Wasted, reached the finals of the Balham Film Festival and was selected to be screened as part of the London Short Film Festival. In July 2022, it was announced that he would be returning to the world of The Sarah Jane Adventures as a contributor to a series of audio dramas focussing on the character of Rani Chandra. Credits Television Torchwood \"A Day in the Death\" (2008) The Sarah Jane Adventures \"The Mark of the Berserker\" (2 parts, 2008) \"The Mad Woman in the Attic\" (2 parts, 2009) \"The Nightmare Man\" (2 parts, 2010) Wizards vs Aliens \"Rebel Magic\" (2 parts, 2012) \"The Cave of Menla-Gto\" (2 parts, 2013) Millie Inbetween \"Mobile Wars\" (2014) \"Access All Areas\" (2014) \"Mum v Mum\" (2016) Eve \"The Eve of Destruction (2016) Prisoner Zero \"Schism (2016) \"Traitor (2016) Hetty Feather \"Dreams'\" (2016) \"The Last Sunday\" (2017) \"Prisons\" (2018) \"The Parchment\" (2019) The Demon Headmaster \"Be Your True Self\" (2019) The Dumping Ground \"Friend Zone\" (2022) Film Walking with Dinosaurs Radio The Afternoon Play \"Torchwood: Lost Souls\" (2008) Audio dramas Doctor Who The Rapture (2002) Master (2003) Terror Firma (2005) The Reaping (2006) The Gathering (2006) 100 (2007) Short Trips: A Full Life (2016) Sapphire & Steel Daisy Chain (2005) The Mystery of the Missing Hour (2007) UNIT The Longest Night (2005) Bernice Summerfield The Crystal of Cantus (2006) The Final Amendment (2007) The Tomorrow People Aftermath (2006) Dark Shadows London's Burning (2010) The Crimson Pearl (2011 – with James Goss) The","title":"Joseph Lidster"},{"docid":"7268149","text":"Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme created by Russell T Davies. A spin-off from the 2005 revival of long-running science fiction programme Doctor Who, Torchwood aired four series between 2006 and 2011. The show shifted its broadcast channel each series to reflect its growing audience, moving from BBC Three to BBC Two to BBC One, and acquiring US financing in its fourth series when it became a co-production of BBC One and Starz. In contrast to Doctor Who, whose target audience includes both adults and children, Torchwood is aimed at an older audience. Over its run, the show explored a number of themes; prominent among these were existentialism, homosexual and bisexual relationships, and explorations of human corruptibility. Series overview Episodes Series 1 (2006–07) Series 1 focuses on Gwen Cooper, her introduction to Torchwood, and meeting Jack Harkness; as well as introducing the characters of Owen Harper, Ianto Jones, Susie Costello, and Toshiko Sato (who was previously introduced in the first series of the newly revived Doctor Who). There is also a loose plot arc centring around the rift; Owen's love of Diane, a woman lost in time; and Owen and Gwen's affair, as well as her relationship to her boyfriend Rhys. Series 2 (2008) Series 2 focuses on the disappearance of Jack and his subsequent return, as well as his past; and also introduces the mysterious yet dangerous character named John Hart. Episodes 6-12 were all shown on BBC Three a week before their BBC Two broadcast. Series 3: Children of Earth (2009) Series 3 centres around the 456, a mysterious alien race who make contact to Earth via the world’s children, and presents how the world’s governments react to solve the problem. It also focuses on Jack and Ianto’s relationship, as well as Gwen and Rhys. Series 4: Miracle Day (2011) Series 4 centres on an event called Miracle Day, where everyone in the world stops dying and subsequently becomes immortal. It also focuses on Jack’s past, his immortality, as well as Gwen and Rhys’s relationship. It also introduces new characters such as Rex Matheson, Esther Drummond, and Oswald Danes. Ratings Notes See also List of Doctor Who episodes (1963–1989) List of Doctor Who episodes (2005–present) K-9 and Company List of The Sarah Jane Adventures serials List of K-9 episodes List of Class episodes Torchwood Declassified References External links Official Website at BBC Official Website at Starz Episodes Torchwood Torchwood","title":"List of Torchwood episodes"},{"docid":"1031406","text":"Gary Russell (born 18 September 1963) is a British freelance writer, producer and former child actor. As a writer, he is best known for his work in connection with the television series Doctor Who and its spin-offs in other media. As an actor, he is best known for playing Dick Kirrin in the British 1978 television series The Famous Five. Biography Russell was born in Maidenhead, Berkshire. His on-screen acting career included leading roles in the BBC's adaptation of E. Nesbit's novel The Phoenix and the Carpet as Cyril, ITV's adaptations of Enid Blyton's Famous Five novels (as Dick) and the BBC's Look & Read schools series, playing Lord Edward Dark in Dark Towers. He also spent seasons performing with Prospect Theatre Company and the Royal National Theatre. He has written guide books, under the pseudonym Warren Martyn, to Frasier and The Simpsons for Virgin Publishing. He was editor of Doctor Who Magazine between 1992 and 1995. He was the producer for the Doctor Who licensed audio drama tie-ins at Big Finish Productions from its inception in 1998 until July 2006, when he stepped down to work for BBC Wales as a Script Editor on Doctor Who The Sarah Jane Adventures and Torchwood. He has written a number of Doctor Who spin-off novels and in 2000 co-wrote with executive producer Philip Segal the book Doctor Who: Regeneration (HarperCollins, ), the making-of book of the 1996 Doctor Who television movie, as well as the TV movie's novelisation in 1996. He wrote a series of The Art of The Lord of the Rings, one per film, plus a fourth featuring material that could not be fitted into the individual volumes, and contributed to Gollum: How We Made Movie Magic with Andy Serkis. He also wrote the behind-the-scenes book on the making of the Matthew Warchus directed 2007 stage musical version of The Lord of the Rings. His behind-the-scenes book Doctor Who: The Inside Story was published in October 2006, coinciding with his joining the Doctor Who production team. His most recent reference work was also for Doctor Who; published in 2007 by BBC Books, The Doctor Who Encyclopedia is a guide to the current Doctor Who series (2005–present), which has been regularly updated (most recently in 2012) and published both in hardback and via an app. He also wrote a similar encyclopedia for Torchwood and The Torchwood Archive, a semi-fictional guide to the show. He also co-produced and directed the animated mini series The Infinite Quest and Dreamland, which tied in with the current television series of Doctor Who as well as a series of award-winning animated online games also based on the show. In 2011, having left BBC Wales, he briefly returned to Big Finish to produce the Bernice Summerfield and Gallifrey audios, before moving to Australia and becoming the Executive Producer at animation company Planet 55 Studios. There he has overseen the development and production of a new children's sci-fi cartoon Prisoner Zero for ABC Television. He returned to the","title":"Gary Russell"},{"docid":"15964372","text":"David Llewellyn (born 1978), is a Welsh novelist and script writer. He grew up in Pontypool and graduated from Dartington College of Arts in 2000. His first novel, Eleven, was published by Seren Press in 2006. His second, Trace Memory, a spin-off from the BBC drama series Torchwood, was published in March 2008. Everything Is Sinister was published by Seren in May 2008, Ibrahim & Reenie in 2013 and A Simple Scale in 2018. A Simple Scale was shortlisted for the 2019 Polari Prize. He has written two novels for the Doctor Who New Series Adventures: The Taking of Chelsea 426, featuring the Tenth Doctor, and Night of the Humans, featuring the Eleventh Doctor and Amy Pond. In addition to writing novels, Llewellyn has written a number of audio plays for Big Finish Productions. His essays and reviews have appeared in The Times Literary Supplement Literary Review Wales Arts Review and Nation.Cymru. Llewellyn lives in Cardiff. Novels 2006 - Eleven. Bridgend: Seren. 2008 - Torchwood: Trace Memory BBC Books. 2008 - Everything is Sinister. Seren. 2009 - The Taking of Chelsea 426 BBC Books. 2010 - Night of the Humans BBC Books 2013 - Ibrahim & Reenie Seren. 2018 - A Simple Scale Seren. Short stories 2008 - Mrs Acres (in the Torchwood Yearbook) Titan Books 2008 - The Book Of Jahi (in Torchwood Magazine) 2009 - I May Be Some Time (in Torchwood Magazine) 2009 - The Baby Farmers in Torchwood: Consequences BBC Books. 2011 - Folding Kits (in the anthology Boys & Girls, edited by Paul Burston) 2015 - The Mercy Seats (in The Scientific Secrets of Doctor Who, edited by Simon Guerrier and Marek Kukula) 2022 - ’Without Steve’ in the anthology ‘Queer Square Mile’, published by Parthian Books Audio Plays 2012 - Paradise Frost (Bernice Summerfield) - in the series Road Trip 2012 - The Last Stop (Dark Shadows) 2012 - This World Our Hell (The Confessions of Dorian Gray) 2013 - Arbitration (Gallifrey) 2013 - The Brimstone Kid (Bernice Summerfield) - in the series Missing Persons 2013 - Murder on 81st Street (The Confessions of Dorian Gray) 2013 - The Picture of Dorian Gray (adapted from the novel by Oscar Wilde) 2015 - The Conspiracy (Torchwood) 2016 - Uncanny Valley (Torchwood) 2016 - Zone 10 (Torchwood) 2017 - Visiting Hours (Torchwood) 2018 - Cicero (Cicero) 2018 - The Crowmarsh Experiment (Doctor Who) 2018 - The Serpent in a Silver Mask (Doctor Who) 2018 - The Death of Captain Jack (Torchwood) 2019 - The Green Life (Torchwood) 2019 - Tartarus (Doctor Who) 2020 - The Sins of Captain John (Torchwood) 2021 - The Gates of Hell (Doctor Who) 2021 - Cicero: The Crossroads (Cicero) 2022 - (series)|Torchwood]]'');Cadoc Point References 1978 births Living people People from Pontypool People educated at Abersychan Comprehensive School Writers of Doctor Who novels Welsh writers British science fiction writers 21st-century English male writers Welsh male novelists Welsh dramatists and playwrights Alumni of Dartington College of Arts","title":"David Llewellyn (author)"},{"docid":"2929346","text":"Peter J. Hammond (born c. 1930s; sometimes credited as P. J. Hammond) is a British television writer and novelist. Career Hammond's television career began in the 1960s, when he began by working on BBC police dramas such as Dixon of Dock Green and Z-Cars, on the latter of which he served as script editor for a year from 1969 to 1970. In 1970 he also wrote for the fantasy series Ace of Wands, and later in the decade contributed to the soap opera Emmerdale Farm. He also continued to write for crime and police dramas, penning episodes of The Sweeney. He also created the offbeat 1984 sitcom Lame Ducks. In the 1980s and 1990s, Hammond wrote for popular ITV police/detective shows The Gentle Touch, The Bill and Wycliffe, as well as for Doctor Finlay, the new production of the 1960s BBC series Dr. Finlay's Casebook. He returned to the science fiction genre by writing an episode of the 1998 Sky One series Space Island One, although his episode was ultimately one of those that went untransmitted until 2002. Work in the 2000s included many episodes of the popular murder mystery series Midsomer Murders. Sapphire & Steel P.J. Hammond is best known for the creation of the science-fiction fantasy series Sapphire & Steel, produced by ATV and screened on the ITV network in the UK from 1979 to 1982. Hammond, who had conceived the series after spending an evening in a supposedly haunted house, wrote five of the six serials that made up the programme, as well as a novelisation of the first serial. Doctor Who and spin-offs In 1986, Hammond was approached to write for Doctor Who, during the troubled production of Season 23's The Trial of a Time Lord. His story, titled Paradise Five, was liked by then-script editor Eric Saward, but rejected by producer John Nathan-Turner while the script was still being worked on. The script was later revived in 2009–2010 by Big Finish Productions for a full cast audio drama, Paradise 5, with the final script written by both Hammond and new material by Andy Lane, starring the Sixth Doctor (Colin Baker) and his companion Peri Brown (Nicola Bryant). Paradise 5 was one of eight stories made as part of the first \"Lost Stories\" season featuring several commissioned, but never filmed, scripts. In October 2005, it was announced by the BBC Press Office that Hammond would be one of the writers of the new science fiction crime series Torchwood, a spin-off from the popular BBC One show Doctor Who. His episode, \"Small Worlds\", was shown on 12 November 2006, directly opposite one of his Midsomer Murders scripts, \"Dance with the Dead\", on ITV1. He also wrote the episode \"From Out of the Rain\" for the second series of Torchwood, shown on BBC Three on 12 March 2008. Novel In 2018 Hammond released his first novel, Downtimers. Writing credits References External links Sapphire & Steel-based interview at Anorakzone.com fansite. Torchwood press release at bbc.co.uk, with Hammond announced as","title":"Peter J. Hammond"},{"docid":"2923126","text":"Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme created by Russell T Davies. A spin-off of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, it aired from 2006 to 2011. The show shifted its broadcast channel each series to reflect its growing audience, moving from BBC Three to BBC Two to BBC One, and acquiring American financing in its fourth series when it became a co-production of BBC One and Starz. Torchwood is aimed at adults and older teenagers, in contrast to Doctor Whos target audience of both adults and children. As well as science fiction, the show explores a number of themes, including existentialism, LGBTQ+ sexuality, and human corruptibility. Torchwood follows the exploits of a small team of alien-hunters who make up the Cardiff-based, fictional Torchwood Institute, which deals mainly with incidents involving extraterrestrials. Its central character is Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), an immortal con-man from the distant future; Jack originally appeared in the 2005 series of Doctor Who. The initial main cast of the series consisted of Gareth David-Lloyd, Burn Gorman, Naoko Mori, and Eve Myles. Their characters are specialists for the Torchwood team, often tracking down aliens and defending the planet from alien and human threats. In its first two series, the show uses a time rift in Cardiff as its primary plot generator, accounting for the unusual preponderance of alien beings in Cardiff. In the third and fourth series, Torchwood operate as fugitives. Gorman and Mori's characters were written out of the story at the end of the second series. Recurring actor Kai Owen was promoted to the main cast in series three, in which David-Lloyd was written out. Subsequently, American actors Mekhi Phifer, Alexa Havins and Bill Pullman joined the cast of the show for its fourth series. The first series premiered on BBC Three and on BBC HD in 2006 to mixed reviews, but viewing figures broke records for the digital channel. It returned in 2008 where it aired first on BBC Two, receiving a higher budget; its uneven tone, a criticism of the first series, was largely smoothed out, and the show attracted higher ratings and better reviews. The third series' episodes worked with a higher budget, and it was transferred to the network's flagship channel, BBC One, as a five-episode serial titled Torchwood: Children of Earth. Although Children of Earth was broadcast over a period of five consecutive summer weeknights, the show received high ratings in the United Kingdom and overseas. A fourth series, co-produced by BBC Wales, BBC Worldwide and US premium entertainment network Starz aired in 2011 under the title Torchwood: Miracle Day. Set both in Wales and the United States, Miracle Day fared less well with critics than Children of Earth, although it was applauded by some for its ambition. In October 2012, Davies announced that for personal reasons the show would enter indefinite hiatus. All four televised series have been broadcast in Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Europe and North America. Owing to the early popularity of Torchwood, various tie-in","title":"Torchwood"},{"docid":"7572270","text":"Ianto Jones is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who, played by Welsh actor Gareth David-Lloyd. A regular within the show, Ianto appears in every episode of the programme's first three series excluding the finale of series 3, as well as two crossover episodes of Torchwoods parent show, Doctor Who. Additionally, Ianto appears in Expanded Universe material such as the Torchwood novels and audiobooks, comic books and radio plays. Within the narrative of the series, Ianto begins as general support officer for Torchwood Three, a team of alien hunters stationed in Cardiff, and develops into an active field agent. Initially the regular character with the least screen time, Ianto's role expanded in response to growing cult appeal. Reserved and efficient, Ianto was often used by writers to add humorous asides to the episodes' scripts. The character becomes the main romantic interest of Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), who is the lead male of the series. Established to have had heterosexual relationships prior to the series, Ianto's story forms a part of the show's ongoing exploration of human sexuality. Expanded Universe material develops on Ianto's sexual orientation and the nature of the relationship with Jack, describing Ianto as bisexual and his feelings for Jack as genuine love. Additionally, writers have used these other media to explore Ianto's characterisation; for example, some stories elaborate on Ianto's backstory, or provide insight into his feelings. Beginning as a casual relationship, with little on-screen definition given, Ianto and Jack's relationship deepened over the first three seasons of the programme. The character's creator Russell T Davies chose to kill off Ianto in the third television series. Professional critics by and large gave the story extremely positive reviews. A number of fans, however, were upset by the death of the character, particularly with regards to the romantic storyline's abrupt ending. Artistically, Davies felt that the relationship's unexplored potential maximised the viewer's sense of grief. Subsequent to the departure, fans set up websites in the character's honour, petitioning the writers to resurrect him in future episodes of the series, raising money for charity. Torchwood writers and actors have expressed an unwillingness to reduce the weight of the death scene by bringing the character back, though David-Lloyd penned a Torchwood comic book wherein an alternative universe Ianto survives. Depictions Television The character of Ianto Jones is introduced in the first episode of Torchwood, in 2006. Introduced as a mild-mannered and quiet administrator working for Torchwood Three, the first episode to focus on him was \"Cyberwoman\", which dealt with both his backstory and motivations. In the episode, Ianto is revealed as a former employee of Torchwood One in London (first seen in parent series Doctor Who), whose girlfriend Lisa (Caroline Chikezie) has been partially converted into a Cyberman, a cyborg species seen repeatedly in Doctor Who. Ianto has been keeping her alive, concealed in the basement of the Hub, but she eventually breaks loose and kills two civilians. Ianto is","title":"Ianto Jones"},{"docid":"20553888","text":"Andy Davidson is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, portrayed by Tom Price, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who. Andy, an officer with the South Wales Police, is a supporting character who first appears in Torchwoods premiere episode \"Everything Changes\" and recurs regularly from thereon. Though initially only credited as 'PC Andy', the character's surname 'Davidson' was given in novels and online media and eventually confirmed by dialogue in Children of Earth, \"Day Three\" (2009). Like Gwen's partner, Rhys (Kai Owen), Andy is used by the production team as an everyman character who grounds the series in a recognisable real-world setting. The character had originally been slated to be killed off in the first series, though the production team had a change of heart, believing him to work well as a supporting character. Both cast and crew, as well as professional reviewers have spoken of the character's role in providing comic relief and an outsider's perspective on the Torchwood Institute. Within the series' narrative, Andy is introduced as a constable for the South Wales Police in Cardiff, as the beat partner of leading female character Gwen. Whilst Andy's role in the first series is peripheral, he has a larger role in the second series where he assists Gwen more directly in her ongoing cases. Whilst jealous of Gwen's exciting life with Torchwood, he remains loyal to her, choosing her side rather than follow government procedure in Children of Earth. By the time of the fourth series, Miracle Day (2011), set two years after the previous serial, Andy has been promoted to the rank of sergeant and acts as a UK-based ally to the now-transatlantic Torchwood team. External commentary on the series has referred to him as a \"fan favourite\". Appearances Television Andy first appears in the series première \"Everything Changes\" (2006) and is present when his police partner Gwen Cooper sustains a head injury, causing him to remain sceptical when she begins tracking Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) and Torchwood. After Gwen joins Torchwood, she meets Davidson again outside a nightclub where a man has been killed by a \"sex monster\"-possessed woman. Like Gwen's boyfriend Rhys (Kai Owen), Andy initially believes that she has been promoted to \"special ops\". He later appears to begrudgingly assist Gwen in series one finale \"End of Days\" (2007), and the second series opener \"Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang\" (2008). In \"Adrift\", Davidson calls Gwen to investigate sudden disappearances in Cardiff, and admonishes her for her hardened perspective. During the episode he reveals his affection for her and resentment toward Rhys, which Gwen learns is his excuse for not attending her wedding. During \"Exit Wounds\", Andy helps Gwen in coordinating the police force's response to the bombs planted by Gray (Lachlan Nieober) and Captain John Hart (James Marsters), subsequently working alongside Rhys to keep the attacking alien Weevils out of the police station. In Children of Earth (2009), he is present after the Torchwood Hub is blown up. He is ordered","title":"Andy Davidson (Torchwood)"},{"docid":"15620280","text":"Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme created by Russell T Davies. A spin-off of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, it aired from 2006 to 2011. Numerous novels and audio books based on the series have been released. Novels Original audiobooks See also List of Torchwood episodes List of Torchwood comics Torchwood (audio drama series) List of television series made into books References Novels and audio books","title":"List of Torchwood novels and audio books"},{"docid":"23666127","text":"Rhys Alun Williams, portrayed by Kai Owen, is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who. The character is introduced in the premiere episode as the co-habiting boyfriend of the principal character Gwen Cooper. Initially a recurring character, Rhys' role is increased after the second series; actor Kai Owen is given star billing from the show's third series — a five-part serial subtitled Torchwood: Children of Earth — onwards. The character has gone on to appear in expanded universe material such as the Torchwood novels and audiobooks, comic books and radio plays. Throughout the first series (2006), Rhys is initially unaware of Gwen's vocation as a Torchwood agent, believing her to work in generic special forces. Gwen's relationship with Rhys languishes while she is unable to communicate fully with him, but in the early part of series two (2008) he discovers the truth, and from then on in their relationship is revitalised; the two enter a marriage based on honesty later in the series. In the third series (2009) Rhys becomes directly involved in assisting the Torchwood team in lieu of a fourth team member. In the show's fourth series — a 2011 BBC/Starz co-production — Rhys again finds himself having to assist Torchwood, though he would rather live a domestic life with Gwen and their daughter Anwen. The original intention of the writers had been to kill off Rhys at the end of the first series, but series creator Russell T Davies found it necessary to keep the show grounded through Rhys as Gwen evolved as a character. Producer Richard Stokes stated that \"without him, it simply becomes a sci-fi show about sci-fi people, running around and hunting aliens.\" Following from the first series the production team decided to make Rhys less of a \"sap\" whilst continuing to use him as a contrast to Torchwood's activities and its charismatic leader Jack Harkness. Whilst early response to the character was mixed — the character was parodied as \"Barry Backstory\" — subsequent reviews praised the character's larger role in later episodes. Appearances Television Rhys is introduced in the first episode of the series (2006) as the unspectacular boyfriend of police constable Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles). When Gwen takes a new job with the Torchwood Institute's Cardiff branch as an alien hunter, she is forced to keep it a secret. Over the course of the first series Rhys shows increasing irritation with Gwen's evasiveness and long hours, and her ease and readiness to lie to him. Unknown to Rhys, Gwen establishes a sexual relationship with Owen Harper (Burn Gorman) to help herself deal with her secret double-life. She confesses the affair after it ends in \"Combat\" but drugs Rhys with an amnesia pill so he will not remember her confession. Rhys is murdered by Bilis Manger (Murray Melvin) in \"End of Days\", but this event is erased from history after the Torchwood team reset time by opening the space-time rift located in Cardiff.","title":"Rhys Williams (Torchwood)"},{"docid":"7512535","text":"Gareth David Lloyd (born 28 March 1981), known professionally as Gareth David-Lloyd, is a Welsh actor and writer best known for his role as Ianto Jones in the British science fiction series Torchwood. Early life He was born in Bettws, Newport. David-Lloyd's first acting role was as a robot in a junior school play. As a teenager, he joined the Gwent Young People's Theatre in Abergavenny and The Dolman Youth Theatre in Newport. While there, he appeared in several plays, including Macbeth, The Threepenny Opera and Henry V, in which he played the title role. Gareth studied Performing Arts at Crosskeys College in South Wales. When former Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock saw the young David-Lloyd performing at Monmouth Castle, he sent him £250 to use towards his acting career. Career Music David-Lloyd fronts the progressive metal band Blue Gillespie, previously known as A Breath of Blue Fire. The band participated in Sex, Wales, and Anarchy on 20 April 2008, and Orgee on 3 May 2008, at the University of Wales Institute Cardiff. Their first EP, Cave Country, was released in December 2008 which was followed by Cave Country Part 2 which was released in August 2009. Their debut album, Synesthesia, was released in May 2010. Their second album Seven Rages of Man was released in May 2012. Acting While studying at Coleg Gwent, Crosskeys, David-Lloyd appeared in various local stage productions at the Dolman Theatre in Newport and the Sherman Theatre in Cardiff. David-Lloyd went on to train at the National Youth Theatre, before moving to Reading to pursue his acting career with The Rep College. David-Lloyd's parts have included Sebastian in Twelfth Night on stage. In the 2004 comedy/drama Mine All Mine, written by Torchwood creator Russell T Davies, he played a character named Ianto Jones. In 2005, David-Lloyd began a part-time degree in philosophy and psychological studies with the Open University. Torchwood David-Lloyd returned to Wales for the filming of his first regular television role in 2006 for Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood, in which he played Ianto Jones, a member of the fictional Torchwood Institute. David-Lloyd appeared in three of four series of Torchwood and even made an appearance in the Doctor Who series 4 finale episodes \"The Stolen Earth\" and \"Journey's End\". David-Lloyd has also recorded a Torchwood audio book, The Sin Eaters, and appeared in the Torchwood audio dramas Lost Souls, Asylum, Golden Age, The Dead Line, The Lost Files, and The House of the Dead. David-Lloyd has recorded a number of M.R. James ghost stories titled Tales of the Supernatural. Since 2015, he has reprised the role of Ianto Jones in several Torchwood audio plays for Big Finish Productions and has also written some of the scripts for those releases. After Torchwood In 2009 he appeared in the short comedy film A Very British Cover-up, while also appearing as a police detective in Internet crime thriller, Girl Number Nine, also starring Tracy Ann Oberman, premiering online on 30 October 2009. In 2010 David-Lloyd starred","title":"Gareth David-Lloyd"},{"docid":"38577918","text":"Maxine Evans is a Welsh actress who has worked extensively in television and theatre roles. She is best known for playing Rhian in the Sky1 TV comedy drama series Stella. and is also well known for appearing in one episode of the spin-off series of Doctor Who called Torchwood as her role of Helen Sherman in the episode \"Countrycide\" with actor Owen Teale. Maxine also played the character of Mrs Busby in the BBC drama Call The Midwife Evans's career as a director started on stage at the Glasgow Tron Theatre in 1996. A play by Sharman Macdonald was underway, when the director was unable to continue Maxine was drafted from actor to actor/director to get the show to the opening night. Two years later Maxine directed her first Short Film, in which she was nominated for Best Director at the Cork Film Festival. A year later she started directing for television on the drama Nuts and Bolts. She had started as script writer and head story-liner on the show the year before when it won a Royal Television Society Award. She continued to storyline, write and direct over the shows next three series. During her last year on Nuts and Bolts, Evans was asked to take over as the series editor on Crossroads. Eight months later she moved into the story office of Coronation Street. She has also directed a musical feature film Rain: An Original Musical. She worked on the YouTube comedy soap Storyline as director/producer. In theatre, her Olivier-nominated production of The Revlon Girl first enjoyed sell out runs at the Edinburgh Festival and London, winning Best New Play at the Off West End Awards before being nominated for Outstanding Achievement at the 2018 Olivier Awards. Early life and training Maxine Evans was born 9 November 1966 in Wales and grew up in the village of Seven Sisters . Maxine was a member of the West Glamorgan Youth Theatre and the National Youth Theatre of Wales. Where she acted alongside Ruth Jones. Maxine went on to study at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama where one of her classmates was a future 007 Daniel Craig . Career In 2006 Evans had a role in the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood, appearing in the episode \"Countrycide\" as Helen Sherman, a cannibal who lived in the Brecon Beacons with her husband Evan Sherman, portrayed by Owen Teale, who worked alongside Evan and other villagers to get those passing by ready for harvest. In the Sky1 TV Series Stella, she plays the part of Rhian, who pushes a dog around in a pram and hasn't had a shower for some time. She was at school with Stella and already has seven grandchildren, despite being only 42. She also appeared as a semi regular character Mrs Busby in the BBC drama Call The Midwife. She has also worked extensively behind the camera too. First writing, directing and as the head story-liner on the Royal Television Society Awards winning welsh drama Nuts","title":"Maxine Evans"},{"docid":"10310058","text":"Ben Foster (born 1977) is a BAFTA award-winning British composer, best known for his work on the BBC series Torchwood and as orchestrator for Murray Gold on Doctor Who and for Marc Streitenfeld on Prometheus and The Grey. He is also known for his work as the conductor for Peter Gabriel's Scratch my Back world tour and albums, and for the BBC Proms Doctor Who events. Career Foster studied Composition and Conducting at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, graduating in 2000. He was awarded the Lutosławski composition prize. He is a graduate of the National Film and Television School, where he studied with Francis Shaw and Peter Howell (the latter having composed for the BBC series Doctor Who, with which Foster would later become associated). Doctor Who and Torchwood Since November 2005, Foster has worked as orchestrator and conductor for composer Murray Gold on Doctor Who. He also conducted the BBC National Orchestra of Wales in Doctor Who: A Celebration, which was held at the Wales Millennium Centre on 19 November 2006 in aid of Children in Need. The concert was followed by the release of the first Doctor Who Soundtrack CD which includes music from series 1 and 2 of the programme. This was released on 11 December 2006 on Silva Screen Records. On 5 November 2007, Silva Screen Records released The Soundtrack from Series 3. On 17 November 2008, The Soundtrack from Series 4, followed 10 days later by the broadcast of the first Doctor Who Prom. Foster arranged the music and conducted the BBC Philharmonic at this event, which was part of The Proms. On 24 and 25 July 2010, Foster again arranged and conducted Murray Gold's scores from Seasons 4+5 in the Doctor Who Proms, an event followed by the release of The Doctor Who 2008–2010 specials soundtrack on 4 October, and the Series 5 soundtrack on 8 November. March 2011 saw the release of the soundtrack for the 2010 Christmas special, A Christmas Carol, and on 19 December of that year, the soundtrack for Series 6 was released. Foster arranged and conducted Gold's music from Series 6 and 7, as well as some music from the classic (1963–89) years by Tristram Cary, Martin Slavin, Malcolm Clarke, Dudley Simpson, Paddy Kingsland, Peter Howell and Mark Ayres, for the third Doctor Who prom, performed at the Royal Albert Hall in August 2013, which was followed by the soundtrack releases for the seventh series and the 2011 and 2012 Christmas specials, on 9 September and 21 October respectively. He also acted as Musical Director and Arranger for Doctor Who Live – which toured the UK in October – November 2010, conducting his 16-piece band. Foster also composed music for the first three series of the BBC drama (and Doctor Who spin-off) Torchwood. His work on the show has earned him three nominations in the Best Music category at the 2006, 2007 and 2009 BAFTA Cymru Awards. Silva Screen Records released a soundtrack album composed of his","title":"Ben Foster (composer)"},{"docid":"4902349","text":"Dr Owen James Harper is a fictional character played by Burn Gorman, and a regular in the BBC television series Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who. The character last appeared onscreen in the Series 2 finale, \"Exit Wounds\". Within the series' narrative, Owen is the medical officer and a field agent for Torchwood Three, a team of alien-hunters based in Cardiff. In his private life, Owen is a narcissistic womanizer with a long history of sexual partners, including colleagues Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles) and Suzie Costello (Indira Varma), but remained indifferent to the affections of colleague Toshiko Sato (Naoko Mori). The show's second series would see Owen experience death, only to be resurrected and forced to adjust to the uncertainty of his undead existence, before ultimately being destroyed in his final appearance. Appearances Television Owen is introduced in the first episode of Torchwood in 2006, as the sarcastic and womanising medical officer for Torchwood Three; the first episode sees him recreationally use alien technology to get a woman and her boyfriend to sleep with him. Owen's first centric episode comes in \"Ghost Machine\", when an alien device makes him experience the rape and murder of a girl in 1963, which drives him to seek revenge for her. The next episode sees him kiss teammate Gwen (Eve Myles) in the midst of a Cyberman attack on the Hub, and as the series continues they continue a destructive affair which Gwen conceals from boyfriend Rhys Williams (Kai Owen). Owen remains oblivious to the devotion of teammate Toshiko (Naoko Mori), but experiences real love with a time-lost 1953 pilot Diane (Louise Delamere) and is distraught when she disappears in an attempt to return to her time, and despondent over this, Owen ends the affair with Gwen. Owen investigates a men's 'fight club' which uses alien Weevils, and Owen attempts to allow one to almost devour him; in the episode's dénouement, however, Torchwood's captive Weevil mysteriously cowers in fear from Owen. When Captain Jack (John Barrowman) and Toshiko are lost to the past, Owen as second-in-command takes control and fights with Ianto (Gareth David-Lloyd) over whether to open the Rift and 'rescue them'; Owen truly intends to rescue Diane, and is successful in opening the Rift and saving his teammates, but with consequences, for which Jack fires him. In the series finale, the opened Rift causes global chaos. An apparition of Diane sent by Bilis Manger (Murray Melvin) convinces Owen to lead a mutiny against Jack to open the Rift yet again; Owen goes so far as to shoot Jack twice in the head. Having unwittingly released the demon Abaddon, who is eventually defeated by a resurrected Jack, Owen is shocked to discover that Jack offers Owen his forgiveness. The second series begins with Gwen now acting as the team's leader following Jack's mysterious disappearance, and the team now work more closely on field missions in an effort to compensate for this shortfall. Toshiko finds the courage to ask Owen on","title":"Owen Harper"},{"docid":"229468","text":"The Cybermen are a fictional race of cyborgs principally portrayed in the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. The Cybermen are a species of space-faring cyborgs who often forcefully and painfully convert human beings (or other similar species) into more Cybermen in order to populate their ranks while also removing their emotions and personalities. They were conceived by writer Kit Pedler (who was also the unofficial scientific advisor to the series) and story editor Gerry Davis, and first appeared in the 1966 Doctor Who serial The Tenth Planet. The Cybermen have seen many redesigns and costume changes over Doctor Whos long run, as well as a number of varying origin stories. In their first appearance, The Tenth Planet (1966), they are humans from Earth's nearly identical \"twin planet\" of Mondas who upgraded themselves into cyborgs in a bid for self-preservation. Forty years later, the two-part story, \"Rise of the Cybermen\" and \"The Age of Steel\" (2006), depicted Cybermen invented again in a parallel universe London as a business corporation's attempt at upgrading humanity. Doctor Who audio dramas, novels, and comic books have also elaborated on existing origin stories or presented alternatives. The 2017 episode, \"The Doctor Falls\", explains the different origins as parallel evolution, due to the inevitability of humans and human-like species upgrading themselves through technology; this perspective resolves continuity differences in the Cybermen's history. A mainstay of Doctor Who since the 1960s, the Cybermen have also appeared in related programs and spin-off media, including novels, audiobooks, comic books, and video games. Cybermen stories were produced in officially licensed Doctor Who products between 1989 and 2005, when the TV show was off the air, with writers either filling historical gaps or depicting new encounters between them and the Doctor. The species also appeared in the Doctor Who TV spin-off, Torchwood, appearing in the fourth episode, \"Cyberwoman\" (2006). Creation The name \"Cyberman\" comes from cybernetics, a term used in Norbert Wiener's book Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems, particularly self-regulating control systems, in the animal world and in mechanical networks. By 1960, doctors were researching surgical or mechanical augmentation of humans and animals to operate machinery in space, leading to the portmanteau \"cyborg\", for \"cybernetic organism\". In the 1960s, \"spare-part\" surgery began with the development of gigantic heart-lung machines. Public discussion included the possibility of wiring amputees' nerve endings directly into machines. In 1963, Kit Pedler discussed with his wife (who was also a doctor) what would happen if a person had so many prostheses that they could no longer distinguish themselves between man and machine. He got the opportunity to develop this idea when, in 1966, after an appearance on the BBC science programmes Tomorrow's World and Horizon, the BBC hired him to consult on the Doctor Who serial The War Machines (1966). That eventually led to him writing, with Gerry Davis, The Tenth Planet (1966) for Doctor","title":"Cyberman"},{"docid":"1850548","text":"\"The Empty Child\" is the ninth episode of the first series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who, which was first broadcast on BBC One on 21 May 2005. It was directed by James Hawes, and was the first official episode written by Steven Moffat, who previously wrote the Comic Relief mini-episode \"The Curse of Fatal Death\" in 1999. He would later become the showrunner and main writer of Doctor Who from the fifth to tenth series. \"The Empty Child\" is the first of a two-part story, which continued and concluded with \"The Doctor Dances\", on 28 May. In the episode, the alien time traveller the Ninth Doctor (Christopher Eccleston) and his travelling companion Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) arrive in 1941 during the London Blitz, where they find that the city has been terrorised by a strange child in a gas mask repeatedly asking for his mother. The episode marks the first appearance of John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, who would become a recurring character in Doctor Who and the lead character of the spin-off series Torchwood. \"The Empty Child\" was watched by 7.11 million viewers in the UK. The two-part story has been cited by critics amongst the best of the show, and it won the 2006 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form. Plot The Ninth Doctor and Rose follow a time-travelling metal cylinder to London in 1941, during the Blitz. The Doctor tries to track the cylinder, while Rose discovers a young boy wearing a gas mask on a nearby roof. Rose climbs on a nearby rope, but she realises too late that the rope is the tethering cable of a barrage balloon, and is carried off the ground. Captain Jack Harkness, a former time agent from the future posing as a Royal Air Force officer, rescues Rose with his camouflaged spaceship before Rose falls from the balloon. Jack mistakes Rose for a potential customer of an object that he is willing to sell. Rose plays along, but insists she needs to discuss the matter with her partner before buying. Meanwhile, the Doctor returns to the TARDIS to find its phone ringing; despite caution from Nancy, a young woman nearby, not to answer it, he does, only to hear the voice of a child asking \"Are you my mummy?\" He follows Nancy to a house left empty from the recent air raid sirens, where Nancy and some orphaned children eat a meal abandoned by the homeowners. The Doctor tries to learn more from Nancy, but the boy in the gas mask knocks at the door. Nancy orders the children to leave by the back entrance, and warns the Doctor not to touch the boy. The Doctor opens the door anyway, but the child is gone. The Doctor catches up to Nancy and convinces her to give him more information. Nancy reveals that she knew the cylinder fell near a nearby hospital, and its appearance is tied to the boy. The Doctor arrives at","title":"The Empty Child"},{"docid":"12643006","text":"Alice Troughton is a British film and television director known for her work on Merlin, Doctor Who and its spin-offs Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. In 2023, she made her feature film debut with The Lesson. Career Troughton studied drama at the University of Kent, where in her second year she directed Hamlet. She realised she wanted to be a television director when she was 32 years old, having worked as a fringe-theatre director, writer, personal driver at ICM and BBC Films and care worker. In 2002, she enrolled in the Doctors directing course. The same year in India, Troughton filmed her first short film called Refuge, based on the diary of a young Tibetan woman. It was later followed by another short film, Doris the Builder, starring Tom Ellis and based on a true story from her hometown, Aylesbury, about a builder who took a load of breast-enhancing hormones for a dare. From 2006 to 2010, Troughton directed episodes of each of Torchwood, The Sarah Jane Adventures, and Doctor Who. She was only the second person (after Colin Teague) to direct episodes of all three shows, which are set in a shared universe. Despite their shared surname and common association with Doctor Who, Troughton is not related to actor Patrick Troughton, who played the Second Doctor in the 1960s. Her directing in the franchise received overwhelmingly positive reviews, particularly for the Doctor Who episode \"Midnight\". Since then, she has gone on to become a leading director, working on acclaimed award-winning British shows such as BBC Three's In the Flesh and Channel 4's Cucumber and Baghdad Central. For her work on Cucumber, she was nominated for Best Director: Fiction at the 2015 Royal Television Society Craft & Design Awards. In the US, she worked on The CW's superhero series The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow and Netflix's science fiction series Lost in Space. For Doctor Who, she cast Colin Morgan in his second television role as the conflicted teenager Jethro Cane, which contributed to him being cast in Merlin, where Troughton became one of the regular directors from the second series onwards. The two later collaborated on the BBC supernatural horror drama The Living and the Dead. Her debut feature film The Lesson, starring Richard E. Grant, Julie Delpy and Daryl McCormack, premiered at the 2023 Tribeca Festival. Filmography Film Television References External links An Interview with Alice Troughton on the Merlin Locations website British television directors British women television directors Living people Place of birth missing (living people) Year of birth missing (living people) Alumni of the University of Kent","title":"Alice Troughton"},{"docid":"7685845","text":"Kai Owen (born 4 September 1975) is a Welsh actor of stage and screen, known to Welsh audiences for his numerous roles on Welsh language television and to worldwide audiences for his portrayal of Rhys Williams in Torchwood and Pete Buchanan in Hollyoaks. Background and personal life Owen was born in the town of Llanrwst in the Conwy Valley in North Wales, where his family still lives. His father Mark is a GMB union official and his mother Yvonne is a cleaner at the British Legion Club. He was educated at Watling Street Primary School, Llanrwst and Ysgol Dyffryn Conwy. He attended Mountview Theatre School, London for three years, graduating in 1998. Owen lived with his actor fiancée Sarah Wilson in East Finchley, London and in 2010 moved with son Bobby to Warwickshire. He ran the 2009 London Marathon for the children's cancer charity CLIC Sargent, and also ran the Virgin London Marathon on 25 April 2010. He is a patron of Llandudno Youth Musical Theatre. Television career He became first known as Kev, a gay roofer in Tipyn O Stad, shown on Welsh-language channel S4C. He was a regular in several series (52 episodes) of this popular gritty Welsh television programme; he also appeared in S4C's Treflan as character Bob Lewis. In 2009 he guested as Harri in the second series of Y Pris and as violent loan shark Craig Turner in Pobol Y Cwm (one episode, broadcast 11 September 2009; he appeared in a similar guest role in the show in August and in October 2012). Owen's first appearance on English-language UK television came in 2001, when he appeared as Buster Edwards in the episode Dog Dago Afternoon of series Fun at the Funeral Parlour. In 2003 he guested in an episode of BBC One television series Casualty (episode 392, Stuck in the Middle With You, 19 April 2003, as Danny). In 2005 he played the character of Dave 'Shiner' Owen in all six episodes of the series Rocket Man, a BBC One television series about a man trying to launch his dead wife's ashes into space. 2006 saw Owen cast as recurring character Rhys Williams in Torchwood, a spin-off from the science fiction television series Doctor Who, a role for which he has become most renowned. He was elevated to star billing for the third series, broadcast on BBC One in summer 2009, reflecting his growing role in the series. He reprised his role in the fourth series of Torchwood - Torchwood: Miracle Day, broadcast during summer 2011. Owen appeared in an episode of Celebrity Ready Steady Cook with Torchwood co-star Tom Price (Andy) (recorded 26 August 2009, broadcast 8 January 2010). In 2011, Owen appeared in the first episode of the third series of Being Human as Bob, leader of a dogging pack. He appears in the 14th episode of the seventh series of long running BBC school drama Waterloo Road as former rugby pro Ken Watling. He appeared in an episode of the 2012 Kay","title":"Kai Owen"},{"docid":"5005722","text":"James Goss (born 1974) is an English writer and producer, known both for his work in cult TV spin-off media, including tie-in novels and audio stories for Doctor Who and Torchwood, and for his fictional works beyond established universes. Doctor Who Online content In 2000, Goss was made a BBC senior content producer and put in charge of the BBC's official Doctor Who website. Originally the site was part of the BBC's Cult TV website. Goss slowly expanded the content to include Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Farscape, The Simpsons, 24 and Doctor Who. He was subsequently voted Number 19 in TV Cream's 2004 poll of Top 50 Media Movers and Shakers. With the return of Doctor Who, the Cult site was slowly wound down in order to concentrate solely on the show. Goss moved to BBC Wales to oversee the production of the new show's web site, expanding the contents to include cast and crew interviews, games and spin-off sites based on the broadcast episodes. His aim was to construct a whole world beyond the show that viewers could get further involved in, notably employing graphic designer Lee Binding for front pages and site design, and writer Joseph Lidster for the spin-off sites' fictional content. Sequence, a UK based creative and experience design agency, were also responsible for all of the Doctor Who series extended-fiction games, experiences and many of the associated websites. Goss also produced the video clip \"krill-loop\" for a tie-in website. Television, radio and DVD Having produced previous Doctor Who web only animations (such as Scream of the Shalka) and Shada, in 2005 Goss produced the animations of two missing episodes of The Invasion. The animation, developed by Cosgrove Hall, was originally intended as web-only content but was later added to the DVD release and went on to be voted best DVD special feature in the 2006 Doctor Who Magazine awards. In 2006, Goss developed and produced The Infinite Quest, a Doctor Who animation shown on BBC One and CBBC in 2007. He was also producer of the special features for the DVD release. He has since produced DVD extra features for further 2 Entertain Doctor Who releases, including The Chase, The Keys of Marinus, The Masque of Mandragora, and The Trial Of A Time Lord. In 2006, he appeared in an episode of Doctor Who Confidential. In 2013 Scream of the Shalka was released on DVD with extras which include James Goss presenting a documentary on how the series came to be made and appearing in a documentary about the BBC cult website. He also produced a series of 5 (short) documentaries called Doctor Forever which appeared across Doctor Who DVD Special Edition releases in 2013. He was also involved in producing a series of documentaries for the 50th Anniversary of Doctor Who which in 2013 were first shown on BBC America and subsequently on Watch in the UK. Books In 2007, he contributed to the Doctor Who short-story collection Short Trips: Snapshots. His first book,","title":"James Goss (producer)"},{"docid":"10621582","text":"Colin Teague is a British film and television director. Born in 1970, he grew up in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire and studied at Redroofs Theatre School and the London International Film School. He is most associated with Doctor Who, being the first person to have directed for the main series and both of its spin-offs, Torchwood and the pilot episode of The Sarah Jane Adventures. In 2009 and 2011, Teague was BAFTA Award-nominated for Being Human. In 2011, he directed Frankenstein's Wedding, broadcast live from Leeds on BBC3, and Shirley, a biopic on the singer Shirley Bassey which won a Cymru Bafta for Best Single Drama. In 2012, he directed The Town, a three-part drama for ITV. In 2013, he directed The White Queen for BBC/Starz, which was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards. Selected filmography The Last Drop (2005) Holby City (2003–2006) Torchwood \"Ghost Machine\" (2006) \"Greeks Bearing Gifts\" (2006) \"Sleeper\" (2008) \"Meat\" (2008) The Sarah Jane Adventures \"Invasion of the Bane\" (2007) Doctor Who \"The Sound of Drums\" (2007) \"Last of the Time Lords\" (2007) \"The Fires of Pompeii\" (2008) Being Human Series 1, Episode 5 (2009) Series 1, Episode 6 (2009) Series 2, Episode 1 (2010) Series 2, Episode 2 (2010) Shirley (2011) Sinbad \"Kuji\" (2012) \"Eye of the Tiger\" (2012) \"For Whom the Egg Shatters\" (2012) The Town (three-part TV drama, 2012) The White Queen BBC/Starz TV series (2013) Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse (2015) Spotless Not a Place, a Circumstance (2015) Someone's Son, Somebody's Daughter (2015) Da Vinci's Demons Alis Volat Propriis (2015) La Confessione Della Macchina (2015) Jekyll & Hyde The Harbinger (2015) Mr Hyde (2015) The Cutter (2015) Beowulf: Return to the Shieldlands Episode #1.6 (2016) Episode #1.7 (2016) Hooten & the Lady The Amazon (2016) Rome (2016) James Patterson's Murder Is Forever Murder Interrupted (2018) Mother of All Murders (2018) ‘’Rashash (2021) Session 1 References External links Interviews about directing Torchwood British television directors Living people People educated at Redroofs Theatre School People from High Wycombe 1970 births","title":"Colin Teague"},{"docid":"12841911","text":"Sarah Pinborough is an English author and screenwriter who has written YA and adult thriller, fantasy and cross-genre novels. She has had more than 20 novels published by several companies and in several countries. They have also been translated into a number of languages. Bibliography Novels Leisure Books Her work has been published within the horror books section of Leisure Books. The Hidden (2004, Leisure Books) — amnesia is the start of a new life with hidden horrors The Reckoning (2005, Leisure Books) — horrors from teenage years come back to a group of adult friends Breeding Ground (2006, Leisure Books) — end-of-the world novel where most of the population is wiped out by giant spiders born of human women The Taken (2007, Leisure Books) — ghostly revenge novel Tower Hill (2008, Leisure Books) — about a small town in America in supernatural peril of Biblical proportions Feeding Ground (2009, Leisure Books) — sequel to Breeding Ground; Pinborough's original proposal for this sequel would have been called The Brethren but this was rejected by the publisher as being too much like science fiction for their list. The book as written is intended to be like a \"creature feature\" movie. Torchwood Torchwood is a spin-off series from the BBC series Doctor Who. These are TV tie-in novels and short stories in that shared world. Into the Silence (Torchwood) (2009, Random House) The story Kaleidoscope in Consequences (Torchwood) (2009, Random House) Torchwood: Long Time Dead (2011, Random House) Pinborough has also written short stories for the Torchwood Magazine. These are: Happy New Year Issue 20 Mend Me Issue 23 The Dog-Faced Gods series Published as the Forgotten Gods Trilogy in the US by Ace Books. \"The 'Dog Faced Gods' series is set in an alternative world. The Britain of this world isn't a dystopia but it is merely a little crappier and harsher than ours.\" Jim Steel A Matter of Blood (2010, Gollancz Books) (2013 Ace Books) The Shadow of the Soul (2011, Gollancz Books) (2013 Ace Books) The Chosen Seed (2012, Gollancz Books) (2013 Ace Books) The Fairy Tale Series Subversive retellings of fairy stories published by Gollancz Books. Poison (April 2013 Gollancz Books) — a Snow White story Charm (July 2013 Gollancz Books) — a Cinderella story Beauty (October 2013 Gollancz Books) — a Sleeping Beauty story Other novels The Language of Dying (2009, PS Publishing) (2013, Jo Fletcher Books) — a dysfunctional family is revealed around the father's death-bed Mayhem (2013, Jo Fletcher Books) — a supernatural murder mystery set in Victorian London and based around the events of the Thames Torso Murders. Murder (2013, Jo Fletcher Books) — a sequel to Mayhem The Death House (2015, Gollancz) — bleak lives of children with a 'Defective gene' 13 Minutes (2016, Flatiron Books) — 'young adult' thriller following a girl being rescued from an icy river Behind Her Eyes (2017, HarperCollins) — an idyllic life suddenly changes and who can be trusted? Cross Her Heart (2018, William Morrow & Co)","title":"Sarah Pinborough"},{"docid":"7424489","text":"\"Everything Changes\" is the first episode of the British science fiction television programme Torchwood, which was first broadcast on the digital channel BBC Three on 22 October 2006. The story was written by show creator and executive producer Russell T Davies as an introduction to the show's mythos. The episode re-introduces Captain Jack Harkness, who had proved popular in the first series of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, as the leader of Torchwood, a team of alien hunters. The story is told from the perspective of Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles), who comes across the Torchwood team through her job as a police officer with the South Wales Police, who are investigating a series of strange deaths in Cardiff. Through Gwen's discovery of Torchwood, the audience are introduced to team members Owen Harper (Burn Gorman), Toshiko Sato (Naoko Mori) and Ianto Jones (Gareth David-Lloyd). Suzie Costello, as played by Indira Varma, had also been billed as a series regular prior to transmission, though in a twist the character was revealed as the murderer and killed off at the end of the episode, with Gwen replacing her as a member of the Torchwood team. Upon broadcast the episode earned BBC Three its highest ever viewing figures. Critical reaction to the episode was mixed, with reviewers making both positive and negative comparisons to Torchwoods parent show Doctor Who. Plot During a murder investigation in Cardiff, police officer Gwen Cooper spies on a group of five people called Torchwood, led by Captain Jack Harkness, exiting an SUV. One member, Suzie, uses a metal gauntlet to temporarily bring the victim to life and talk to him. Gwen flees when Jack notices her. The next day, Gwen runs into Jack again at a hospital and, following him, finds a sealed-off area where Jack catches a Weevil. As she escapes, Gwen follows the Torchwood SUV to Roald Dahl Plass, where she loses sight of them. Discovering a local pizza store makes regular deliveries to Torchwood, Gwen disguises herself as a pizza delivery girl. Monitoring her actions, Torchwood willingly let her into their underground hub. Jack shows Gwen around the hub, including the captured Weevil from the hospital. They then leave the hub via a pavement slab lift, which takes them to Roald Dahl Plass in front of the Millennium Centre; the slab makes anyone standing on it unnoticed to passersby. Over drinks, Jack explains that Torchwood is one of several branches, including Torchwood One which was destroyed at Canary Wharf. They catch \"tons\" of aliens and scavenge alien technology that are washed up through a rift in space and time that runs through Cardiff, while preventing others from obtaining them. Jack places an amnesia pill in Gwen's drink, leaving her with no memory of the meeting. The next day at work, Gwen is shown a drawing of the murder weapon, which triggers a series of memories. These solidify when she spots a Millennium Centre programme with the word \"Remember\" in her own handwriting at home. Outside","title":"Everything Changes (Torchwood)"},{"docid":"359013","text":"Big Finish Productions is a British company that produces books and audio plays (released straight to compact disc and for download in MP3 and m4b format) based, primarily, on science fiction properties. These include Doctor Who, the characters Judge Dredd and Strontium Dog from 2000 AD, Blake's 7, Dark Shadows, Dracula, Terrahawks, Sapphire & Steel, Sherlock Holmes, Stargate, The Avengers, The Prisoner, Timeslip, and Torchwood. History Founded in 1996, Big Finish in late 1998 began releasing audio plays adapted from the New Adventures, a series of novels from Virgin Books which had originally been licensed Doctor Who stories, but by then had become officially independent from the show and were based around the character of Bernice \"Benny\" Summerfield. In 1999, Big Finish obtained a non-exclusive licence to produce official Doctor Who plays, beginning with the multi-Doctor story The Sirens of Time. Doctor Who and spin-offs have remained the main part of the company's output ever since, although they have since diversified. Many of those initially involved in Big Finish had worked on the Audio Visuals fan series of unlicensed Doctor Who audio plays. The name of the company was taken from the episode \"The Big Finish\" of the 1989-1993 ITV series Press Gang. On 25 July 2019, Big Finish made a statement about equality and diversity in response to requests from fans wishing the company to make a statement on the views expressed by a few individuals they have worked with. The company stated that it is committed to ensuring that those working for the company are protected from discrimination due to age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage, pregnancy or maternity leave, race, religion, sex and sexual orientation. Organisation Until July 2006, Gary Russell served as producer of the Doctor Who audios. When Russell left the company, Jason Haigh-Ellery and Nicholas Briggs took joint responsibility as Co-Executive Producers. Briggs now bears creative responsibility for Big Finish's Doctor Who range, along with script editor Alan Barnes. David Richardson holds the title of senior producer across all ranges, organising the schedules across the company's output, as well as having creative producer responsibility for The Companion Chronicles, Lost Stories, and the spin-off Jago & Litefoot. The Chairman and co-executive producer of the company is Jason Haigh-Ellery. Big Finish Day Big Finish Day is a fan convention featuring guest appearances by Big Finish actors. On 11 June 2011, Tenth Planet Events hosted the first Big Finish Day in Barking. On 11 February 2012, a second one was held. As of September 2015, there have been seven Big Finish Days, with more planned. Downloads In February 2008, Big Finish launched a new download service through their website, which would provide audio plays in MP3 format, free of any DRM. They currently provide the large majority of their catalogue in MP3 and M4B format, with very few outstanding exceptions. In late April 2008, Big Finish released a download subscription service that mirrors its physical CD service. In addition, those who purchase Big Finish productions on CD through","title":"Big Finish Productions"},{"docid":"27576193","text":"Doctor Who Online (or DWO by its users) has, since 1996, been a UK-based news, information, and forum site dedicated to the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. A regular feature on the website is the Doctor Who: DWO Whocast Podcast, started in April 2006. Site history The site was founded as Doctor Who: The REGENERATIVE website in 1996, as a site for fans to find out news and guides for the show while it was off the air. The website was created by science fiction fan Sebastian J. Brook. When it launched, there was no current series of Doctor Who and the show was not shown in a regular cycle. The website detailed when previous episodes were scheduled to repeat on television. In 2000, the website changed its name to Doctor Who Online in response to former Doctor Tom Baker, who suggested the name would suit the website better. Many of the features the website originally had, such as the News section, still remain. Features The original website had regular features, including: news, episode guides, magazine releases (often featuring Doctor Who Magazine) and convention information. The site has its own Minecraft server, containing a survival section, a minigames section where players can participate in Doctor Who-themed games and challenges, and a creative section where players can construct Doctor Who-inspired builds and replicas. Dr. Who News The news section of the Doctor Who Online website has regular news features and contributors who help to document Doctor Who broadcast and merchandise announcements. The section also includes news from spin-off shows Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. In November 2010, a Doctor Who Online News teamed up with Blendtec for a Doctor Who: Will it Blend? Doctor Who Special, in which DWO editor Brook and Tom Dickson, a Blendtec C.E.O, attempt to blend an Ironside Dalek action figure. The video has proven popular on YouTube with over 200,000 views so far. DWO Whocast The Whocast (officially titled Doctor Who Podcast: DWO WhoCast) is a weekly podcast featured by the site. The Whocast was started in April 2006 by Paul A.T. Wilson, during the original run of Series 2 of Doctor Who, and in conjunction with a Doctor Who meeting group based in London. In September 2006, The Whocast teamed up with DWO, with a significant format change and the addition of a co-host. With the format change, the podcast attracted more listeners and experienced a dramatic growth in listenership. The podcast usually features interviews with people involved with the new and the old series of Doctor Who and Big Finish Productions. Interviews with members of the cast and crew from the classic and the new series of Doctor Who are common; the team are regularly joined by actors who have played the Doctor, such as Colin Baker and Peter Davison. They have had members of the effects team such as Neill Gorton and Mat Irvine as well as other members of acting and production staff. Community The original forum went live","title":"Doctor Who Online"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"4877243\",\n \"text\": \"The Torchwood Institute, or simply Torchwood, is a fictional secret organisation from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its spin-off series Torchwood. It was established in 1879 by Queen Victoria after the events of \\\"Tooth and Claw\\\". Its prime directive is to defend Earth against supernatural and extraterrestrial threats. It is later revealed in \\\"Army of Ghosts\\\" that the Torchwood Institute has begun to use their findings to restore the British Empire to its former glory. To those ends, the organisation started to acquire and reverse engineer alien technology. Within Torchwood, an unofficial slogan evolved: \\\"If it's alien, it's ours\\\". According to one base director, Yvonne Hartman, its nationalist attitude includes refusing to use metric units. While described as \\\"beyond the UN\\\", the Torchwood Institute is seen to cooperate with UNIT to some extent. There appears to have been some rapport with the Prime Minister, although it is noted by Harriet Jones in \\\"The Christmas Invasion\\\" that she is not meant to know the existence of Torchwood. Those who have come into contact with Torchwood primarily believe it to be a special forces team. Torchwood maintains this illusion by using false witnesses, or by sectioning any journalists who threaten to expose the truth, and via the use of memory-altering drugs. Following a major incident which led to the destruction of Torchwood One, Jack Harkness rebuilds Torchwood to become less confrontational and more secretive in honour of the Doctor. Creation The name \\\"Torchwood\\\" is an anagram of \\\"Doctor Who\\\", with which tapes of series 1 of the revived Doctor Who TV series were labelled to prevent the footage from being leaked. While writing Doctor Who series 2, head writer and executive producer Russell T Davies established the word \\\"Torchwood\\\"—which was the name of an institute previously mentioned in the episode \\\"Bad Wolf\\\" (2005)—in his script for the 2005 Christmas Special \\\"The Christmas Invasion\\\", both as a motif of the series similar to the \\\"Bad Wolf\\\" motif in series 1, and as a lead-in to the Torchwood spin-off series Davies was planning for BBC Three. Torchwood was conceived by Davies as a ruthless but professional organisation helmed by a \\\"soulless\\\" woman based on someone Davies had met. He originally based the Torchwood seen in the Doctor Who series 2 episodes \\\"Army of Ghosts\\\" and \\\"Doomsday\\\" (both aired 2006) over a rift in Cardiff introduced in \\\"The Unquiet Dead\\\" (2005), but while developing the Torchwood spin-off series over the summer of 2005, he relocated the Torchwood seen in \\\"Army of Ghosts\\\" and \\\"Doomsday\\\" to London, while maintaining the existence of a Cardiff branch for the Torchwood series he was preparing. Fictional history 1879–2006 The institute was founded by Queen Victoria in 1879, following the events of the Doctor Who episode \\\"Tooth and Claw\\\". While staying at Torchwood House, the Scottish estate of Sir Robert MacLeish, the Queen (Pauline Collins) was attacked by a werewolf, in reality an alien intelligence that planned to infect her with its consciousness by biting her.\",\n \"title\": \"Torchwood Institute\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"804250\",\n \"text\": \"Doctor Who spin-offs refers to material created outside of, but related to, the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. Both during the main run of the series from 1963 to 1989 and after its cancellation, numerous novels, comic strips, comic books and other material were generated based on the characters and situations introduced in the show. These spin-offs continued to be produced even without a television series to support them and helped keep the show alive in the minds of its fans and the public until the programme was revived in 2005. This entry mainly concentrates on \\\"official\\\" spin-offs, that is to say, material sanctioned by the British Broadcasting Corporation, which produces the series, as well as material sanctioned by the copyright holders of characters from the series. One aspect of Doctor Who spin-offs which makes them different from many spin-offs from other science fiction franchises is that many of the television writers and stars have been directly involved in the production of spin-offs. For example, it has become common for a former television actor to reprise their character for an audio play. The BBC holds no position on Doctor Who canon. Although the spin-offs generally do not intentionally contradict the television series, the various spin-off series do occasionally contradict each other. Television Official spin-off productions The first spin-off attempt that actually reached the production stage appeared in 1981, when a 50-minute pilot episode for a series to be called K-9 and Company was aired. It focused on the adventures of former Doctor Who companions Sarah Jane Smith and K-9, a robot dog. The pilot, subtitled \\\"A Girl's Best Friend\\\", despite receiving high ratings of 8.4 million, was not commissioned for a development into a series, though Sarah Jane and K-9 would later reappear together on the main Doctor Who series and her adventures would be continued in audio form by Big Finish Productions in the 2000s. Since the return of Doctor Who in 2005, the show was accompanied by a documentary series, Doctor Who Confidential, broadcast on BBC Three. Episodes were also edited to a 15-minute run time and rebroadcast with the title Doctor Who Confidential: Cut Down; these edited versions were included on the Doctor Who DVD releases. In 2011, Confidential was among several shows cancelled by BBC Three to free up space for new programming. Following the success of the first series of the revived Doctor Who, a new spin-off titled Torchwood became the first to be commissioned as a full television series. In contrast to its parent show, Torchwood was initially conceived by creator Russell T Davies as an \\\"adult\\\" programme to be broadcast post-watershed. It is set in modern-day Cardiff and revolves around a team investigating alien activities and crime. The series features John Barrowman, playing former Ninth Doctor companion Jack Harkness, police officer Gwen Cooper, computer expert Toshiko Sato, medic Owen Harper and \\\"support man\\\", Ianto Jones. The first episode aired 22 October 2006 and received a record BBC Three (and all\",\n \"title\": \"Doctor Who spin-offs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5825263\",\n \"text\": \"Martha Jones is a fictional character played by Freema Agyeman in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its spin-off series, Torchwood. The show's first female black companion, she is a companion of the Tenth Doctor in Doctor Who, after Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) but before Donna Noble (Catherine Tate). According to the character's creator Russell T Davies in his non-fiction book Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale, Martha was developed from the beginning with the intention of appearing for the whole of the 2007 series, and to later make guest appearances in subsequent series and crossover appearances in the show's two spin-offs; Martha subsequently made guest appearances in Torchwood series two and in Doctor Who series four in 2008 and special episode \\\"The End of Time\\\" in 2010. Martha was also intended to make guest appearances in the 2009 series of Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures, but could not due to the actress's other work commitments. Within the series' narrative, Martha begins as a medical student who becomes the Doctor's time travelling companion after an incident at the hospital where she works. After well over a year (from the perspective of the Doctor and herself) travelling with the Doctor, Martha parts from the Doctor's company as she recognises how unhealthy their relationship has become. After returning to life on Earth, becoming engaged and finishing her medical degree, Martha finds a newfound level of independence when she is recruited into the paranormal military organisations UNIT, and briefly Torchwood. Having faced the end of the world single-handedly during her time with the Doctor, Martha is recognised for her skills both in the field and in medicine. Appearances Television Freema Agyeman's first appearance in Doctor Who was in the second series (2006) episode, \\\"Army of Ghosts\\\", where she played Adeola Oshodi, Martha's cousin. Martha Jones is introduced in the third series (2007) of Doctor Who, first appearing in the episode \\\"Smith and Jones\\\". When the hospital she works at is teleported to the Moon, medical student Martha helps save the day alongside an alien time traveller known only as the Doctor (David Tennant). To thank her for her help, the Doctor invites her to join him for a supposed single trip in his time machine the TARDIS, but later accepts her as his full-time \\\"companion\\\", admitting that she was \\\"never just a passenger\\\", and he even gives her the key to the TARDIS in the episode, \\\"42\\\". Martha becomes frustrated because the Doctor is oblivious to her feelings for him, and she expresses concern that she is simply a rebound after the Doctor's painful loss of his previous companion, Rose Tyler (Billie Piper). When the amnesiac Doctor falls in love in the two-part story \\\"Human Nature\\\" and \\\"The Family of Blood\\\", a pained Martha laments \\\"You had to go and fall in love with a human... and it wasn't me\\\". In the series finale, \\\"The Sound of Drums\\\" and \\\"Last of the Time Lords\\\", in which the Doctor's nemesis\",\n \"title\": \"Martha Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32158612\",\n \"text\": \"This is an inclusive list of science fiction television programs whose names begin with the letter D. D Live-action Dans une galaxie près de chez vous a.k.a. In a galaxy near you (1998–2001, Canada) Dark (2017-2020, Germany) Daredevil (2015–2018) Dark Angel (2000–2002) Dark Matter (2015–2017, Canada) Dark Realm (2001, anthology) Dark Season (1991, UK) Dark Side of the Sun, The (1983, UK) Dark Skies (1996–1997) Darkroom (1981–1982, anthology) Day After, The (1983, film) Day After Tomorrow, The a.k.a. Into Infinity (1975, UK, special) Day Break (2006–2008) Day of the Triffids, The (franchise): Day of the Triffids, The (1981, UK, miniseries) Day of the Triffids, The (2009, UK, miniseries) Dead at 21 (1994) Dead Man's Gun (1997–1999, anthology) (elements of science fiction in some episodes) Dead Zone, The (2002–2007) Deadly Earnest a.k.a. Deadly Earnest's Awful Movies (1966–1972, Australia) Deadly Games (1995–1997) Debris (2021) Defiance (2013–2015) Defying Gravity (2009) Denkou Choujin Gridman (1993–1994, Japan) Dennō Coil (2007) Dennou Keisatsu Cybercop (1988–1989, Japan) Dick Spanner, P.I. (1986–1987, UK, stop-motion animation) Dimension 404 (2017, anthology) Dimensions of Fear (1963, UK) IMDb Dinosapien (2007, UK/Canada) Dinotopia (franchise): Dinotopia (2002, miniseries) Dinotopia (2002–2003) Disneyland a.k.a. Wonderful World of Disney, The (1954–2008, anthology) (elements of science fiction in some episodes) Do Over (2002) Doctor Who (franchise): Doctor Who (1963–1989, 1996, 2005–present, UK) K-9 and Company (1981, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, pilot) A Fix with Sontarans (1985, UK, segment) Dimensions in Time (1993, UK, special, crossover) P.R.O.B.E. (1994–1996, UK, Doctor Who spin-offs, films): Zero Imperative, The (1994, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, film) Devil of Winterborne, The (1995, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, film) Unnatural Selection (1996, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, film) Ghosts of Winterborne (1996, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, film) Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death a.k.a. The Curse of Fatal Death (1999, UK, special) Doctor Who: Children in Need a.k.a. Born Again (2005, UK, special) Attack of the Graske (2005, UK, interactive mini-episode) Torchwood (2006–2011, UK, Doctor Who spin-off): Torchwood: Children of Earth (2009, miniseries, third season) Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011, fourth season) Totally Doctor Who (2006–2007, UK) Sarah Jane Adventures, The (2007–2011, UK, Doctor Who spin-off) Time Crash (2007, UK, mini-episode) Music of the Spheres (2009, UK, mini-episode) Doctor Who: Tonight's the Night (2009, UK, special) K-9 (2009–2010, UK/Australia, Doctor Who spin-off) Class (2016, UK, Doctor Who spin-off) Dollhouse (2009–2010) Doom Runners (1997, Australia, film) Doomwatch (1970–1972, UK) Dune: Prophecy (2024) Animated D.Gray-man (2006–2008, Japan, animated) Dallas & Robo (2018, animated) Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future (2001, UK, animated) Dan Vs. (2011–2013, animated) (elements of science fiction in some episodes) Danball Senki (franchise): Danball Senki a.k.a. Cardboard Chronicles (2011–2012, Japan, animated) Danball Senki W (Dabaru) a.k.a. Cardboard Chronicles W (Double) (2012–2013, Japan, animated) Danball Senki Wars (2013, Japan, animated) Dancouga – Super Beast Machine God (1985, Japan, animated) Darkstalkers (1995, animated) Epguides IMDb (elements of science fiction) Darkwing Duck (1991–1992, animated) (elements of science fiction in some episodes) DC Nation Shorts (2012, shorts, animated) Defenders of the Earth (1986–1987, animated) Delilah and Julius (2005–2008,\",\n \"title\": \"List of science fiction television programs, D\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1681535\",\n \"text\": \"There have been many official and unofficial Doctor Who and related spin-offs released on audio, as LPs, audiocassettes, audio CDs and MP3 CDs. Recordings here are listed by their original release date. Television soundtracks In 1966, an abridged recording of episode 6 of The Chase was released with narration on a 7-inch record. In 1979, the BBC released an abridged version of Genesis of the Daleks. In 1992 a brief series began releasing audio versions of missing stories from the archives, with link narration provided by one of the actors who played the Doctor. The soundtracks that were known to exist at the time were not the optimal audio quality and the range only released a few stories. A second series of \\\"Lost Episode\\\" soundtrack releases began in 1999. This series differed from earlier releases by having \\\"linking\\\" narration (to describe action and other sequences that were originally visual) read by an actor or actress who had played a companion in the original serial, rather than one of the actors who played the Doctor (except The Macra Terror, which used the original narration by Colin Baker). Another difference is that all the later releases were remastered for release by Mark Ayres from tapes recorded \\\"off-air\\\" at the original time of broadcast, or, when necessary, due to quality and possibly availability, from surviving films. From 1999 to 2004, these recordings were released under the \\\"BBC Radio Collection\\\" banner, and, starting in 2004, they have been released under the \\\"BBC Audio\\\" banner, with different outer packaging. The series was officially completed in 2006 with the release of The Reign of Terror; however, a rerelease of the soundtrack for The Tomb of the Cybermen was produced and was followed by new audio productions of available serials. All have been released by the BBC unless otherwise noted. This list is in order by release date. Audio drama Doctor Who There have been several original audio dramas produced for Doctor Who, produced for radio and internet broadcast or commercial release. Spin-offs Torchwood Torchwood has had seven Afternoon Plays, most bridging the gap between Series 2 and Children of Earth. Kaldor City A series of audio dramas set in Kaldor City on the unnamed planet featured in the Doctor Who serial The Robots of Death. Faction Paradox Audio dramas featuring the Faction Paradox, a time travelling cult/rebel group/organised crime syndicate originally appearing in the Eighth Doctor Adventures line of Doctor Who novels. Dionus's War Faction Paradox series begun in June 2021. Hellscape Faction Paradox series begun in January 2022. The Minister of Chance A series of audio dramas and novels featuring The Minister of Chance from Death Comes to Time. Erimem Audio dramas adapted from Thebes Publishing's line of Erimem novels featuring the Fifth Doctor companion from Big Finish Productions line of Doctor Who audio plays. BBV audio BBV has produced many Doctor Who audio spin-offs, official and unofficial. This list only covers the licensed spin-offs in which Doctor Who characters or races have been licensed\",\n \"title\": \"List of Doctor Who audio releases\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4902353\",\n \"text\": \"is a fictional character from the television series Doctor Who and its spin-off Torchwood, played by Naoko Mori. After a one-off appearance in the Doctor Who episode \\\"Aliens of London\\\" (2005), Toshiko is re-introduced as a series regular in the Torchwood premiere episode \\\"Everything Changes\\\" (2006). The character appears in every episode of the show's first two series as well as Expanded Universe material including Torchwood novels, audiobooks and comic strips. Within the series narrative, Toshiko is the Cardiff branch of Torchwood's \\\"technical expert\\\", described as \\\"quiet but highly intelligent\\\", and a \\\"computer genius\\\". Aside from lead character Jack Harkness, she is the regular character with the longest history with the Torchwood Institute, having been recruited three years prior to the series. Her characterisation explores the differences between her nature and that of her colleagues and her difficulty in romantic relationships. A general backstory relating to her pre-Torchwood life and long-standing crush on colleague Owen Harper is hinted at across the first series, and explored more thoroughly in the second series. Mori departed the cast in the series two finale, \\\"Exit Wounds\\\" (2008). Appearances Television Sato first appears in the Doctor Who episode \\\"Aliens of London\\\", credited as 'Doctor Sato', when she is called in to examine a supposed alien corpse at Albion Hospital. Toshiko is reintroduced in the Torchwood 2006 premiere episode \\\"Everything Changes\\\" as the technology expert of the Torchwood Institute's Cardiff branch. In \\\"Greeks Bearing Gifts\\\", Toshiko enters into a sexual relationship with a woman named Mary (Daniela Denby-Ashe), from whom Toshiko receives a telepathy-granting necklace. Toshiko's experiences with telepathy distress her. She expresses despair and hopelessness, noting that across space, all cultures are essentially similar, leading to utter disappointment with existence. In the penultimate episode of the series, \\\"Captain Jack Harkness\\\", she and Captain Jack (John Barrowman) are sent to the year 1941 by the villainous Bilis Manger (Murray Melvin), where being Japanese, Tosh is the victim of bigotry. With their resident genius stranded, Ianto (Gareth David-Lloyd) and Owen are unable to open the Cardiff spacetime Rift and save her until Toshiko leaves them the necessary equations, which she is forced to write in her own blood. In the first series finale, a vision of Toshiko's mother is used to convince her to mutiny against Jack. In the second series (2008) episode \\\"To the Last Man\\\", Tosh has a relationship with a soldier from 1918 (Anthony Lewis), who had to be frozen and re-awoken every year until the time was right for him to return to 1918 and heal the Rift. In episode \\\"Reset\\\", Owen agrees to go on a date with her, but dies at the end of the episode after being shot in the heart. When Owen is briefly revived by team leader Jack Harkness using a resurrection glove, Tosh says her goodbye to him by confessing that she has always loved him. Owen flatlines, only to revive again permanently, existing in a state resembling undeath. In the episode \\\"Fragments\\\", the audience comes to\",\n \"title\": \"Toshiko Sato\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12284132\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph Lidster is an English playwright and screenwriter, best known for his work on the Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. Biography He started his career writing Doctor Who audio plays for Big Finish Productions in 2002. Numerous further audio plays and prose short stories followed for Big Finish, for their Doctor Who line, spin-offs and other series (Sapphire & Steel and The Tomorrow People). In 2005, he started working for the BBC, writing tie-in material for the new Doctor Who television series. He made his television writing debut in 2008 on the second series of Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood and subsequently wrote three two-part stories for The Sarah Jane Adventures and two two-part stories for Wizards vs Aliens. Lidster wrote for the 2014 CBBC sitcom Millie Inbetween. Lidster writes the content for the tie-in websites relating to the fictional world of the television series, Sherlock. The websites were designed as \\\"a way of expanding the story\\\". In 2017 he was the writer of #SherlockLive, an online game which played out on Twitter. The event won the People's Voice Award at the 2017 Webby Awards. Alongside co-producer James Goss, he has produced Big Finish Productions' dramatic reading range of Dark Shadows audio dramas since 2011. In 2011, he script-edited the short film Cleaning Up written by Simon Guerrier and starring Mark Gatiss and Louise Jameson. In 2012, he won the 'Audience Award for Favourite Playwright' for his first play Nice Sally in The Off Cut Festival. His short film, Wasted, reached the finals of the Balham Film Festival and was selected to be screened as part of the London Short Film Festival. In July 2022, it was announced that he would be returning to the world of The Sarah Jane Adventures as a contributor to a series of audio dramas focussing on the character of Rani Chandra. Credits Television Torchwood \\\"A Day in the Death\\\" (2008) The Sarah Jane Adventures \\\"The Mark of the Berserker\\\" (2 parts, 2008) \\\"The Mad Woman in the Attic\\\" (2 parts, 2009) \\\"The Nightmare Man\\\" (2 parts, 2010) Wizards vs Aliens \\\"Rebel Magic\\\" (2 parts, 2012) \\\"The Cave of Menla-Gto\\\" (2 parts, 2013) Millie Inbetween \\\"Mobile Wars\\\" (2014) \\\"Access All Areas\\\" (2014) \\\"Mum v Mum\\\" (2016) Eve \\\"The Eve of Destruction (2016) Prisoner Zero \\\"Schism (2016) \\\"Traitor (2016) Hetty Feather \\\"Dreams'\\\" (2016) \\\"The Last Sunday\\\" (2017) \\\"Prisons\\\" (2018) \\\"The Parchment\\\" (2019) The Demon Headmaster \\\"Be Your True Self\\\" (2019) The Dumping Ground \\\"Friend Zone\\\" (2022) Film Walking with Dinosaurs Radio The Afternoon Play \\\"Torchwood: Lost Souls\\\" (2008) Audio dramas Doctor Who The Rapture (2002) Master (2003) Terror Firma (2005) The Reaping (2006) The Gathering (2006) 100 (2007) Short Trips: A Full Life (2016) Sapphire & Steel Daisy Chain (2005) The Mystery of the Missing Hour (2007) UNIT The Longest Night (2005) Bernice Summerfield The Crystal of Cantus (2006) The Final Amendment (2007) The Tomorrow People Aftermath (2006) Dark Shadows London's Burning (2010) The Crimson Pearl (2011 – with James Goss) The\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Lidster\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7268149\",\n \"text\": \"Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme created by Russell T Davies. A spin-off from the 2005 revival of long-running science fiction programme Doctor Who, Torchwood aired four series between 2006 and 2011. The show shifted its broadcast channel each series to reflect its growing audience, moving from BBC Three to BBC Two to BBC One, and acquiring US financing in its fourth series when it became a co-production of BBC One and Starz. In contrast to Doctor Who, whose target audience includes both adults and children, Torchwood is aimed at an older audience. Over its run, the show explored a number of themes; prominent among these were existentialism, homosexual and bisexual relationships, and explorations of human corruptibility. Series overview Episodes Series 1 (2006–07) Series 1 focuses on Gwen Cooper, her introduction to Torchwood, and meeting Jack Harkness; as well as introducing the characters of Owen Harper, Ianto Jones, Susie Costello, and Toshiko Sato (who was previously introduced in the first series of the newly revived Doctor Who). There is also a loose plot arc centring around the rift; Owen's love of Diane, a woman lost in time; and Owen and Gwen's affair, as well as her relationship to her boyfriend Rhys. Series 2 (2008) Series 2 focuses on the disappearance of Jack and his subsequent return, as well as his past; and also introduces the mysterious yet dangerous character named John Hart. Episodes 6-12 were all shown on BBC Three a week before their BBC Two broadcast. Series 3: Children of Earth (2009) Series 3 centres around the 456, a mysterious alien race who make contact to Earth via the world’s children, and presents how the world’s governments react to solve the problem. It also focuses on Jack and Ianto’s relationship, as well as Gwen and Rhys. Series 4: Miracle Day (2011) Series 4 centres on an event called Miracle Day, where everyone in the world stops dying and subsequently becomes immortal. It also focuses on Jack’s past, his immortality, as well as Gwen and Rhys’s relationship. It also introduces new characters such as Rex Matheson, Esther Drummond, and Oswald Danes. Ratings Notes See also List of Doctor Who episodes (1963–1989) List of Doctor Who episodes (2005–present) K-9 and Company List of The Sarah Jane Adventures serials List of K-9 episodes List of Class episodes Torchwood Declassified References External links Official Website at BBC Official Website at Starz Episodes Torchwood Torchwood\",\n \"title\": \"List of Torchwood episodes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1031406\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Russell (born 18 September 1963) is a British freelance writer, producer and former child actor. As a writer, he is best known for his work in connection with the television series Doctor Who and its spin-offs in other media. As an actor, he is best known for playing Dick Kirrin in the British 1978 television series The Famous Five. Biography Russell was born in Maidenhead, Berkshire. His on-screen acting career included leading roles in the BBC's adaptation of E. Nesbit's novel The Phoenix and the Carpet as Cyril, ITV's adaptations of Enid Blyton's Famous Five novels (as Dick) and the BBC's Look & Read schools series, playing Lord Edward Dark in Dark Towers. He also spent seasons performing with Prospect Theatre Company and the Royal National Theatre. He has written guide books, under the pseudonym Warren Martyn, to Frasier and The Simpsons for Virgin Publishing. He was editor of Doctor Who Magazine between 1992 and 1995. He was the producer for the Doctor Who licensed audio drama tie-ins at Big Finish Productions from its inception in 1998 until July 2006, when he stepped down to work for BBC Wales as a Script Editor on Doctor Who The Sarah Jane Adventures and Torchwood. He has written a number of Doctor Who spin-off novels and in 2000 co-wrote with executive producer Philip Segal the book Doctor Who: Regeneration (HarperCollins, ), the making-of book of the 1996 Doctor Who television movie, as well as the TV movie's novelisation in 1996. He wrote a series of The Art of The Lord of the Rings, one per film, plus a fourth featuring material that could not be fitted into the individual volumes, and contributed to Gollum: How We Made Movie Magic with Andy Serkis. He also wrote the behind-the-scenes book on the making of the Matthew Warchus directed 2007 stage musical version of The Lord of the Rings. His behind-the-scenes book Doctor Who: The Inside Story was published in October 2006, coinciding with his joining the Doctor Who production team. His most recent reference work was also for Doctor Who; published in 2007 by BBC Books, The Doctor Who Encyclopedia is a guide to the current Doctor Who series (2005–present), which has been regularly updated (most recently in 2012) and published both in hardback and via an app. He also wrote a similar encyclopedia for Torchwood and The Torchwood Archive, a semi-fictional guide to the show. He also co-produced and directed the animated mini series The Infinite Quest and Dreamland, which tied in with the current television series of Doctor Who as well as a series of award-winning animated online games also based on the show. In 2011, having left BBC Wales, he briefly returned to Big Finish to produce the Bernice Summerfield and Gallifrey audios, before moving to Australia and becoming the Executive Producer at animation company Planet 55 Studios. There he has overseen the development and production of a new children's sci-fi cartoon Prisoner Zero for ABC Television. He returned to the\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Russell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15964372\",\n \"text\": \"David Llewellyn (born 1978), is a Welsh novelist and script writer. He grew up in Pontypool and graduated from Dartington College of Arts in 2000. His first novel, Eleven, was published by Seren Press in 2006. His second, Trace Memory, a spin-off from the BBC drama series Torchwood, was published in March 2008. Everything Is Sinister was published by Seren in May 2008, Ibrahim & Reenie in 2013 and A Simple Scale in 2018. A Simple Scale was shortlisted for the 2019 Polari Prize. He has written two novels for the Doctor Who New Series Adventures: The Taking of Chelsea 426, featuring the Tenth Doctor, and Night of the Humans, featuring the Eleventh Doctor and Amy Pond. In addition to writing novels, Llewellyn has written a number of audio plays for Big Finish Productions. His essays and reviews have appeared in The Times Literary Supplement Literary Review Wales Arts Review and Nation.Cymru. Llewellyn lives in Cardiff. Novels 2006 - Eleven. Bridgend: Seren. 2008 - Torchwood: Trace Memory BBC Books. 2008 - Everything is Sinister. Seren. 2009 - The Taking of Chelsea 426 BBC Books. 2010 - Night of the Humans BBC Books 2013 - Ibrahim & Reenie Seren. 2018 - A Simple Scale Seren. Short stories 2008 - Mrs Acres (in the Torchwood Yearbook) Titan Books 2008 - The Book Of Jahi (in Torchwood Magazine) 2009 - I May Be Some Time (in Torchwood Magazine) 2009 - The Baby Farmers in Torchwood: Consequences BBC Books. 2011 - Folding Kits (in the anthology Boys & Girls, edited by Paul Burston) 2015 - The Mercy Seats (in The Scientific Secrets of Doctor Who, edited by Simon Guerrier and Marek Kukula) 2022 - ’Without Steve’ in the anthology ‘Queer Square Mile’, published by Parthian Books Audio Plays 2012 - Paradise Frost (Bernice Summerfield) - in the series Road Trip 2012 - The Last Stop (Dark Shadows) 2012 - This World Our Hell (The Confessions of Dorian Gray) 2013 - Arbitration (Gallifrey) 2013 - The Brimstone Kid (Bernice Summerfield) - in the series Missing Persons 2013 - Murder on 81st Street (The Confessions of Dorian Gray) 2013 - The Picture of Dorian Gray (adapted from the novel by Oscar Wilde) 2015 - The Conspiracy (Torchwood) 2016 - Uncanny Valley (Torchwood) 2016 - Zone 10 (Torchwood) 2017 - Visiting Hours (Torchwood) 2018 - Cicero (Cicero) 2018 - The Crowmarsh Experiment (Doctor Who) 2018 - The Serpent in a Silver Mask (Doctor Who) 2018 - The Death of Captain Jack (Torchwood) 2019 - The Green Life (Torchwood) 2019 - Tartarus (Doctor Who) 2020 - The Sins of Captain John (Torchwood) 2021 - The Gates of Hell (Doctor Who) 2021 - Cicero: The Crossroads (Cicero) 2022 - (series)|Torchwood]]'');Cadoc Point References 1978 births Living people People from Pontypool People educated at Abersychan Comprehensive School Writers of Doctor Who novels Welsh writers British science fiction writers 21st-century English male writers Welsh male novelists Welsh dramatists and playwrights Alumni of Dartington College of Arts\",\n \"title\": \"David Llewellyn (author)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2929346\",\n \"text\": \"Peter J. Hammond (born c. 1930s; sometimes credited as P. J. Hammond) is a British television writer and novelist. Career Hammond's television career began in the 1960s, when he began by working on BBC police dramas such as Dixon of Dock Green and Z-Cars, on the latter of which he served as script editor for a year from 1969 to 1970. In 1970 he also wrote for the fantasy series Ace of Wands, and later in the decade contributed to the soap opera Emmerdale Farm. He also continued to write for crime and police dramas, penning episodes of The Sweeney. He also created the offbeat 1984 sitcom Lame Ducks. In the 1980s and 1990s, Hammond wrote for popular ITV police/detective shows The Gentle Touch, The Bill and Wycliffe, as well as for Doctor Finlay, the new production of the 1960s BBC series Dr. Finlay's Casebook. He returned to the science fiction genre by writing an episode of the 1998 Sky One series Space Island One, although his episode was ultimately one of those that went untransmitted until 2002. Work in the 2000s included many episodes of the popular murder mystery series Midsomer Murders. Sapphire & Steel P.J. Hammond is best known for the creation of the science-fiction fantasy series Sapphire & Steel, produced by ATV and screened on the ITV network in the UK from 1979 to 1982. Hammond, who had conceived the series after spending an evening in a supposedly haunted house, wrote five of the six serials that made up the programme, as well as a novelisation of the first serial. Doctor Who and spin-offs In 1986, Hammond was approached to write for Doctor Who, during the troubled production of Season 23's The Trial of a Time Lord. His story, titled Paradise Five, was liked by then-script editor Eric Saward, but rejected by producer John Nathan-Turner while the script was still being worked on. The script was later revived in 2009–2010 by Big Finish Productions for a full cast audio drama, Paradise 5, with the final script written by both Hammond and new material by Andy Lane, starring the Sixth Doctor (Colin Baker) and his companion Peri Brown (Nicola Bryant). Paradise 5 was one of eight stories made as part of the first \\\"Lost Stories\\\" season featuring several commissioned, but never filmed, scripts. In October 2005, it was announced by the BBC Press Office that Hammond would be one of the writers of the new science fiction crime series Torchwood, a spin-off from the popular BBC One show Doctor Who. His episode, \\\"Small Worlds\\\", was shown on 12 November 2006, directly opposite one of his Midsomer Murders scripts, \\\"Dance with the Dead\\\", on ITV1. He also wrote the episode \\\"From Out of the Rain\\\" for the second series of Torchwood, shown on BBC Three on 12 March 2008. Novel In 2018 Hammond released his first novel, Downtimers. Writing credits References External links Sapphire & Steel-based interview at Anorakzone.com fansite. Torchwood press release at bbc.co.uk, with Hammond announced as\",\n \"title\": \"Peter J. Hammond\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2923126\",\n \"text\": \"Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme created by Russell T Davies. A spin-off of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, it aired from 2006 to 2011. The show shifted its broadcast channel each series to reflect its growing audience, moving from BBC Three to BBC Two to BBC One, and acquiring American financing in its fourth series when it became a co-production of BBC One and Starz. Torchwood is aimed at adults and older teenagers, in contrast to Doctor Whos target audience of both adults and children. As well as science fiction, the show explores a number of themes, including existentialism, LGBTQ+ sexuality, and human corruptibility. Torchwood follows the exploits of a small team of alien-hunters who make up the Cardiff-based, fictional Torchwood Institute, which deals mainly with incidents involving extraterrestrials. Its central character is Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), an immortal con-man from the distant future; Jack originally appeared in the 2005 series of Doctor Who. The initial main cast of the series consisted of Gareth David-Lloyd, Burn Gorman, Naoko Mori, and Eve Myles. Their characters are specialists for the Torchwood team, often tracking down aliens and defending the planet from alien and human threats. In its first two series, the show uses a time rift in Cardiff as its primary plot generator, accounting for the unusual preponderance of alien beings in Cardiff. In the third and fourth series, Torchwood operate as fugitives. Gorman and Mori's characters were written out of the story at the end of the second series. Recurring actor Kai Owen was promoted to the main cast in series three, in which David-Lloyd was written out. Subsequently, American actors Mekhi Phifer, Alexa Havins and Bill Pullman joined the cast of the show for its fourth series. The first series premiered on BBC Three and on BBC HD in 2006 to mixed reviews, but viewing figures broke records for the digital channel. It returned in 2008 where it aired first on BBC Two, receiving a higher budget; its uneven tone, a criticism of the first series, was largely smoothed out, and the show attracted higher ratings and better reviews. The third series' episodes worked with a higher budget, and it was transferred to the network's flagship channel, BBC One, as a five-episode serial titled Torchwood: Children of Earth. Although Children of Earth was broadcast over a period of five consecutive summer weeknights, the show received high ratings in the United Kingdom and overseas. A fourth series, co-produced by BBC Wales, BBC Worldwide and US premium entertainment network Starz aired in 2011 under the title Torchwood: Miracle Day. Set both in Wales and the United States, Miracle Day fared less well with critics than Children of Earth, although it was applauded by some for its ambition. In October 2012, Davies announced that for personal reasons the show would enter indefinite hiatus. All four televised series have been broadcast in Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Europe and North America. Owing to the early popularity of Torchwood, various tie-in\",\n \"title\": \"Torchwood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7572270\",\n \"text\": \"Ianto Jones is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who, played by Welsh actor Gareth David-Lloyd. A regular within the show, Ianto appears in every episode of the programme's first three series excluding the finale of series 3, as well as two crossover episodes of Torchwoods parent show, Doctor Who. Additionally, Ianto appears in Expanded Universe material such as the Torchwood novels and audiobooks, comic books and radio plays. Within the narrative of the series, Ianto begins as general support officer for Torchwood Three, a team of alien hunters stationed in Cardiff, and develops into an active field agent. Initially the regular character with the least screen time, Ianto's role expanded in response to growing cult appeal. Reserved and efficient, Ianto was often used by writers to add humorous asides to the episodes' scripts. The character becomes the main romantic interest of Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), who is the lead male of the series. Established to have had heterosexual relationships prior to the series, Ianto's story forms a part of the show's ongoing exploration of human sexuality. Expanded Universe material develops on Ianto's sexual orientation and the nature of the relationship with Jack, describing Ianto as bisexual and his feelings for Jack as genuine love. Additionally, writers have used these other media to explore Ianto's characterisation; for example, some stories elaborate on Ianto's backstory, or provide insight into his feelings. Beginning as a casual relationship, with little on-screen definition given, Ianto and Jack's relationship deepened over the first three seasons of the programme. The character's creator Russell T Davies chose to kill off Ianto in the third television series. Professional critics by and large gave the story extremely positive reviews. A number of fans, however, were upset by the death of the character, particularly with regards to the romantic storyline's abrupt ending. Artistically, Davies felt that the relationship's unexplored potential maximised the viewer's sense of grief. Subsequent to the departure, fans set up websites in the character's honour, petitioning the writers to resurrect him in future episodes of the series, raising money for charity. Torchwood writers and actors have expressed an unwillingness to reduce the weight of the death scene by bringing the character back, though David-Lloyd penned a Torchwood comic book wherein an alternative universe Ianto survives. Depictions Television The character of Ianto Jones is introduced in the first episode of Torchwood, in 2006. Introduced as a mild-mannered and quiet administrator working for Torchwood Three, the first episode to focus on him was \\\"Cyberwoman\\\", which dealt with both his backstory and motivations. In the episode, Ianto is revealed as a former employee of Torchwood One in London (first seen in parent series Doctor Who), whose girlfriend Lisa (Caroline Chikezie) has been partially converted into a Cyberman, a cyborg species seen repeatedly in Doctor Who. Ianto has been keeping her alive, concealed in the basement of the Hub, but she eventually breaks loose and kills two civilians. Ianto is\",\n \"title\": \"Ianto Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20553888\",\n \"text\": \"Andy Davidson is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, portrayed by Tom Price, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who. Andy, an officer with the South Wales Police, is a supporting character who first appears in Torchwoods premiere episode \\\"Everything Changes\\\" and recurs regularly from thereon. Though initially only credited as 'PC Andy', the character's surname 'Davidson' was given in novels and online media and eventually confirmed by dialogue in Children of Earth, \\\"Day Three\\\" (2009). Like Gwen's partner, Rhys (Kai Owen), Andy is used by the production team as an everyman character who grounds the series in a recognisable real-world setting. The character had originally been slated to be killed off in the first series, though the production team had a change of heart, believing him to work well as a supporting character. Both cast and crew, as well as professional reviewers have spoken of the character's role in providing comic relief and an outsider's perspective on the Torchwood Institute. Within the series' narrative, Andy is introduced as a constable for the South Wales Police in Cardiff, as the beat partner of leading female character Gwen. Whilst Andy's role in the first series is peripheral, he has a larger role in the second series where he assists Gwen more directly in her ongoing cases. Whilst jealous of Gwen's exciting life with Torchwood, he remains loyal to her, choosing her side rather than follow government procedure in Children of Earth. By the time of the fourth series, Miracle Day (2011), set two years after the previous serial, Andy has been promoted to the rank of sergeant and acts as a UK-based ally to the now-transatlantic Torchwood team. External commentary on the series has referred to him as a \\\"fan favourite\\\". Appearances Television Andy first appears in the series première \\\"Everything Changes\\\" (2006) and is present when his police partner Gwen Cooper sustains a head injury, causing him to remain sceptical when she begins tracking Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) and Torchwood. After Gwen joins Torchwood, she meets Davidson again outside a nightclub where a man has been killed by a \\\"sex monster\\\"-possessed woman. Like Gwen's boyfriend Rhys (Kai Owen), Andy initially believes that she has been promoted to \\\"special ops\\\". He later appears to begrudgingly assist Gwen in series one finale \\\"End of Days\\\" (2007), and the second series opener \\\"Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang\\\" (2008). In \\\"Adrift\\\", Davidson calls Gwen to investigate sudden disappearances in Cardiff, and admonishes her for her hardened perspective. During the episode he reveals his affection for her and resentment toward Rhys, which Gwen learns is his excuse for not attending her wedding. During \\\"Exit Wounds\\\", Andy helps Gwen in coordinating the police force's response to the bombs planted by Gray (Lachlan Nieober) and Captain John Hart (James Marsters), subsequently working alongside Rhys to keep the attacking alien Weevils out of the police station. In Children of Earth (2009), he is present after the Torchwood Hub is blown up. He is ordered\",\n \"title\": \"Andy Davidson (Torchwood)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15620280\",\n \"text\": \"Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme created by Russell T Davies. A spin-off of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, it aired from 2006 to 2011. Numerous novels and audio books based on the series have been released. Novels Original audiobooks See also List of Torchwood episodes List of Torchwood comics Torchwood (audio drama series) List of television series made into books References Novels and audio books\",\n \"title\": \"List of Torchwood novels and audio books\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23666127\",\n \"text\": \"Rhys Alun Williams, portrayed by Kai Owen, is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who. The character is introduced in the premiere episode as the co-habiting boyfriend of the principal character Gwen Cooper. Initially a recurring character, Rhys' role is increased after the second series; actor Kai Owen is given star billing from the show's third series — a five-part serial subtitled Torchwood: Children of Earth — onwards. The character has gone on to appear in expanded universe material such as the Torchwood novels and audiobooks, comic books and radio plays. Throughout the first series (2006), Rhys is initially unaware of Gwen's vocation as a Torchwood agent, believing her to work in generic special forces. Gwen's relationship with Rhys languishes while she is unable to communicate fully with him, but in the early part of series two (2008) he discovers the truth, and from then on in their relationship is revitalised; the two enter a marriage based on honesty later in the series. In the third series (2009) Rhys becomes directly involved in assisting the Torchwood team in lieu of a fourth team member. In the show's fourth series — a 2011 BBC/Starz co-production — Rhys again finds himself having to assist Torchwood, though he would rather live a domestic life with Gwen and their daughter Anwen. The original intention of the writers had been to kill off Rhys at the end of the first series, but series creator Russell T Davies found it necessary to keep the show grounded through Rhys as Gwen evolved as a character. Producer Richard Stokes stated that \\\"without him, it simply becomes a sci-fi show about sci-fi people, running around and hunting aliens.\\\" Following from the first series the production team decided to make Rhys less of a \\\"sap\\\" whilst continuing to use him as a contrast to Torchwood's activities and its charismatic leader Jack Harkness. Whilst early response to the character was mixed — the character was parodied as \\\"Barry Backstory\\\" — subsequent reviews praised the character's larger role in later episodes. Appearances Television Rhys is introduced in the first episode of the series (2006) as the unspectacular boyfriend of police constable Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles). When Gwen takes a new job with the Torchwood Institute's Cardiff branch as an alien hunter, she is forced to keep it a secret. Over the course of the first series Rhys shows increasing irritation with Gwen's evasiveness and long hours, and her ease and readiness to lie to him. Unknown to Rhys, Gwen establishes a sexual relationship with Owen Harper (Burn Gorman) to help herself deal with her secret double-life. She confesses the affair after it ends in \\\"Combat\\\" but drugs Rhys with an amnesia pill so he will not remember her confession. Rhys is murdered by Bilis Manger (Murray Melvin) in \\\"End of Days\\\", but this event is erased from history after the Torchwood team reset time by opening the space-time rift located in Cardiff.\",\n \"title\": \"Rhys Williams (Torchwood)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7512535\",\n \"text\": \"Gareth David Lloyd (born 28 March 1981), known professionally as Gareth David-Lloyd, is a Welsh actor and writer best known for his role as Ianto Jones in the British science fiction series Torchwood. Early life He was born in Bettws, Newport. David-Lloyd's first acting role was as a robot in a junior school play. As a teenager, he joined the Gwent Young People's Theatre in Abergavenny and The Dolman Youth Theatre in Newport. While there, he appeared in several plays, including Macbeth, The Threepenny Opera and Henry V, in which he played the title role. Gareth studied Performing Arts at Crosskeys College in South Wales. When former Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock saw the young David-Lloyd performing at Monmouth Castle, he sent him £250 to use towards his acting career. Career Music David-Lloyd fronts the progressive metal band Blue Gillespie, previously known as A Breath of Blue Fire. The band participated in Sex, Wales, and Anarchy on 20 April 2008, and Orgee on 3 May 2008, at the University of Wales Institute Cardiff. Their first EP, Cave Country, was released in December 2008 which was followed by Cave Country Part 2 which was released in August 2009. Their debut album, Synesthesia, was released in May 2010. Their second album Seven Rages of Man was released in May 2012. Acting While studying at Coleg Gwent, Crosskeys, David-Lloyd appeared in various local stage productions at the Dolman Theatre in Newport and the Sherman Theatre in Cardiff. David-Lloyd went on to train at the National Youth Theatre, before moving to Reading to pursue his acting career with The Rep College. David-Lloyd's parts have included Sebastian in Twelfth Night on stage. In the 2004 comedy/drama Mine All Mine, written by Torchwood creator Russell T Davies, he played a character named Ianto Jones. In 2005, David-Lloyd began a part-time degree in philosophy and psychological studies with the Open University. Torchwood David-Lloyd returned to Wales for the filming of his first regular television role in 2006 for Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood, in which he played Ianto Jones, a member of the fictional Torchwood Institute. David-Lloyd appeared in three of four series of Torchwood and even made an appearance in the Doctor Who series 4 finale episodes \\\"The Stolen Earth\\\" and \\\"Journey's End\\\". David-Lloyd has also recorded a Torchwood audio book, The Sin Eaters, and appeared in the Torchwood audio dramas Lost Souls, Asylum, Golden Age, The Dead Line, The Lost Files, and The House of the Dead. David-Lloyd has recorded a number of M.R. James ghost stories titled Tales of the Supernatural. Since 2015, he has reprised the role of Ianto Jones in several Torchwood audio plays for Big Finish Productions and has also written some of the scripts for those releases. After Torchwood In 2009 he appeared in the short comedy film A Very British Cover-up, while also appearing as a police detective in Internet crime thriller, Girl Number Nine, also starring Tracy Ann Oberman, premiering online on 30 October 2009. In 2010 David-Lloyd starred\",\n \"title\": \"Gareth David-Lloyd\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38577918\",\n \"text\": \"Maxine Evans is a Welsh actress who has worked extensively in television and theatre roles. She is best known for playing Rhian in the Sky1 TV comedy drama series Stella. and is also well known for appearing in one episode of the spin-off series of Doctor Who called Torchwood as her role of Helen Sherman in the episode \\\"Countrycide\\\" with actor Owen Teale. Maxine also played the character of Mrs Busby in the BBC drama Call The Midwife Evans's career as a director started on stage at the Glasgow Tron Theatre in 1996. A play by Sharman Macdonald was underway, when the director was unable to continue Maxine was drafted from actor to actor/director to get the show to the opening night. Two years later Maxine directed her first Short Film, in which she was nominated for Best Director at the Cork Film Festival. A year later she started directing for television on the drama Nuts and Bolts. She had started as script writer and head story-liner on the show the year before when it won a Royal Television Society Award. She continued to storyline, write and direct over the shows next three series. During her last year on Nuts and Bolts, Evans was asked to take over as the series editor on Crossroads. Eight months later she moved into the story office of Coronation Street. She has also directed a musical feature film Rain: An Original Musical. She worked on the YouTube comedy soap Storyline as director/producer. In theatre, her Olivier-nominated production of The Revlon Girl first enjoyed sell out runs at the Edinburgh Festival and London, winning Best New Play at the Off West End Awards before being nominated for Outstanding Achievement at the 2018 Olivier Awards. Early life and training Maxine Evans was born 9 November 1966 in Wales and grew up in the village of Seven Sisters . Maxine was a member of the West Glamorgan Youth Theatre and the National Youth Theatre of Wales. Where she acted alongside Ruth Jones. Maxine went on to study at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama where one of her classmates was a future 007 Daniel Craig . Career In 2006 Evans had a role in the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood, appearing in the episode \\\"Countrycide\\\" as Helen Sherman, a cannibal who lived in the Brecon Beacons with her husband Evan Sherman, portrayed by Owen Teale, who worked alongside Evan and other villagers to get those passing by ready for harvest. In the Sky1 TV Series Stella, she plays the part of Rhian, who pushes a dog around in a pram and hasn't had a shower for some time. She was at school with Stella and already has seven grandchildren, despite being only 42. She also appeared as a semi regular character Mrs Busby in the BBC drama Call The Midwife. She has also worked extensively behind the camera too. First writing, directing and as the head story-liner on the Royal Television Society Awards winning welsh drama Nuts\",\n \"title\": \"Maxine Evans\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10310058\",\n \"text\": \"Ben Foster (born 1977) is a BAFTA award-winning British composer, best known for his work on the BBC series Torchwood and as orchestrator for Murray Gold on Doctor Who and for Marc Streitenfeld on Prometheus and The Grey. He is also known for his work as the conductor for Peter Gabriel's Scratch my Back world tour and albums, and for the BBC Proms Doctor Who events. Career Foster studied Composition and Conducting at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, graduating in 2000. He was awarded the Lutosławski composition prize. He is a graduate of the National Film and Television School, where he studied with Francis Shaw and Peter Howell (the latter having composed for the BBC series Doctor Who, with which Foster would later become associated). Doctor Who and Torchwood Since November 2005, Foster has worked as orchestrator and conductor for composer Murray Gold on Doctor Who. He also conducted the BBC National Orchestra of Wales in Doctor Who: A Celebration, which was held at the Wales Millennium Centre on 19 November 2006 in aid of Children in Need. The concert was followed by the release of the first Doctor Who Soundtrack CD which includes music from series 1 and 2 of the programme. This was released on 11 December 2006 on Silva Screen Records. On 5 November 2007, Silva Screen Records released The Soundtrack from Series 3. On 17 November 2008, The Soundtrack from Series 4, followed 10 days later by the broadcast of the first Doctor Who Prom. Foster arranged the music and conducted the BBC Philharmonic at this event, which was part of The Proms. On 24 and 25 July 2010, Foster again arranged and conducted Murray Gold's scores from Seasons 4+5 in the Doctor Who Proms, an event followed by the release of The Doctor Who 2008–2010 specials soundtrack on 4 October, and the Series 5 soundtrack on 8 November. March 2011 saw the release of the soundtrack for the 2010 Christmas special, A Christmas Carol, and on 19 December of that year, the soundtrack for Series 6 was released. Foster arranged and conducted Gold's music from Series 6 and 7, as well as some music from the classic (1963–89) years by Tristram Cary, Martin Slavin, Malcolm Clarke, Dudley Simpson, Paddy Kingsland, Peter Howell and Mark Ayres, for the third Doctor Who prom, performed at the Royal Albert Hall in August 2013, which was followed by the soundtrack releases for the seventh series and the 2011 and 2012 Christmas specials, on 9 September and 21 October respectively. He also acted as Musical Director and Arranger for Doctor Who Live – which toured the UK in October – November 2010, conducting his 16-piece band. Foster also composed music for the first three series of the BBC drama (and Doctor Who spin-off) Torchwood. His work on the show has earned him three nominations in the Best Music category at the 2006, 2007 and 2009 BAFTA Cymru Awards. Silva Screen Records released a soundtrack album composed of his\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Foster (composer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4902349\",\n \"text\": \"Dr Owen James Harper is a fictional character played by Burn Gorman, and a regular in the BBC television series Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who. The character last appeared onscreen in the Series 2 finale, \\\"Exit Wounds\\\". Within the series' narrative, Owen is the medical officer and a field agent for Torchwood Three, a team of alien-hunters based in Cardiff. In his private life, Owen is a narcissistic womanizer with a long history of sexual partners, including colleagues Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles) and Suzie Costello (Indira Varma), but remained indifferent to the affections of colleague Toshiko Sato (Naoko Mori). The show's second series would see Owen experience death, only to be resurrected and forced to adjust to the uncertainty of his undead existence, before ultimately being destroyed in his final appearance. Appearances Television Owen is introduced in the first episode of Torchwood in 2006, as the sarcastic and womanising medical officer for Torchwood Three; the first episode sees him recreationally use alien technology to get a woman and her boyfriend to sleep with him. Owen's first centric episode comes in \\\"Ghost Machine\\\", when an alien device makes him experience the rape and murder of a girl in 1963, which drives him to seek revenge for her. The next episode sees him kiss teammate Gwen (Eve Myles) in the midst of a Cyberman attack on the Hub, and as the series continues they continue a destructive affair which Gwen conceals from boyfriend Rhys Williams (Kai Owen). Owen remains oblivious to the devotion of teammate Toshiko (Naoko Mori), but experiences real love with a time-lost 1953 pilot Diane (Louise Delamere) and is distraught when she disappears in an attempt to return to her time, and despondent over this, Owen ends the affair with Gwen. Owen investigates a men's 'fight club' which uses alien Weevils, and Owen attempts to allow one to almost devour him; in the episode's dénouement, however, Torchwood's captive Weevil mysteriously cowers in fear from Owen. When Captain Jack (John Barrowman) and Toshiko are lost to the past, Owen as second-in-command takes control and fights with Ianto (Gareth David-Lloyd) over whether to open the Rift and 'rescue them'; Owen truly intends to rescue Diane, and is successful in opening the Rift and saving his teammates, but with consequences, for which Jack fires him. In the series finale, the opened Rift causes global chaos. An apparition of Diane sent by Bilis Manger (Murray Melvin) convinces Owen to lead a mutiny against Jack to open the Rift yet again; Owen goes so far as to shoot Jack twice in the head. Having unwittingly released the demon Abaddon, who is eventually defeated by a resurrected Jack, Owen is shocked to discover that Jack offers Owen his forgiveness. The second series begins with Gwen now acting as the team's leader following Jack's mysterious disappearance, and the team now work more closely on field missions in an effort to compensate for this shortfall. Toshiko finds the courage to ask Owen on\",\n \"title\": \"Owen Harper\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"229468\",\n \"text\": \"The Cybermen are a fictional race of cyborgs principally portrayed in the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. The Cybermen are a species of space-faring cyborgs who often forcefully and painfully convert human beings (or other similar species) into more Cybermen in order to populate their ranks while also removing their emotions and personalities. They were conceived by writer Kit Pedler (who was also the unofficial scientific advisor to the series) and story editor Gerry Davis, and first appeared in the 1966 Doctor Who serial The Tenth Planet. The Cybermen have seen many redesigns and costume changes over Doctor Whos long run, as well as a number of varying origin stories. In their first appearance, The Tenth Planet (1966), they are humans from Earth's nearly identical \\\"twin planet\\\" of Mondas who upgraded themselves into cyborgs in a bid for self-preservation. Forty years later, the two-part story, \\\"Rise of the Cybermen\\\" and \\\"The Age of Steel\\\" (2006), depicted Cybermen invented again in a parallel universe London as a business corporation's attempt at upgrading humanity. Doctor Who audio dramas, novels, and comic books have also elaborated on existing origin stories or presented alternatives. The 2017 episode, \\\"The Doctor Falls\\\", explains the different origins as parallel evolution, due to the inevitability of humans and human-like species upgrading themselves through technology; this perspective resolves continuity differences in the Cybermen's history. A mainstay of Doctor Who since the 1960s, the Cybermen have also appeared in related programs and spin-off media, including novels, audiobooks, comic books, and video games. Cybermen stories were produced in officially licensed Doctor Who products between 1989 and 2005, when the TV show was off the air, with writers either filling historical gaps or depicting new encounters between them and the Doctor. The species also appeared in the Doctor Who TV spin-off, Torchwood, appearing in the fourth episode, \\\"Cyberwoman\\\" (2006). Creation The name \\\"Cyberman\\\" comes from cybernetics, a term used in Norbert Wiener's book Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems, particularly self-regulating control systems, in the animal world and in mechanical networks. By 1960, doctors were researching surgical or mechanical augmentation of humans and animals to operate machinery in space, leading to the portmanteau \\\"cyborg\\\", for \\\"cybernetic organism\\\". In the 1960s, \\\"spare-part\\\" surgery began with the development of gigantic heart-lung machines. Public discussion included the possibility of wiring amputees' nerve endings directly into machines. In 1963, Kit Pedler discussed with his wife (who was also a doctor) what would happen if a person had so many prostheses that they could no longer distinguish themselves between man and machine. He got the opportunity to develop this idea when, in 1966, after an appearance on the BBC science programmes Tomorrow's World and Horizon, the BBC hired him to consult on the Doctor Who serial The War Machines (1966). That eventually led to him writing, with Gerry Davis, The Tenth Planet (1966) for Doctor\",\n \"title\": \"Cyberman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1850548\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Empty Child\\\" is the ninth episode of the first series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who, which was first broadcast on BBC One on 21 May 2005. It was directed by James Hawes, and was the first official episode written by Steven Moffat, who previously wrote the Comic Relief mini-episode \\\"The Curse of Fatal Death\\\" in 1999. He would later become the showrunner and main writer of Doctor Who from the fifth to tenth series. \\\"The Empty Child\\\" is the first of a two-part story, which continued and concluded with \\\"The Doctor Dances\\\", on 28 May. In the episode, the alien time traveller the Ninth Doctor (Christopher Eccleston) and his travelling companion Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) arrive in 1941 during the London Blitz, where they find that the city has been terrorised by a strange child in a gas mask repeatedly asking for his mother. The episode marks the first appearance of John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, who would become a recurring character in Doctor Who and the lead character of the spin-off series Torchwood. \\\"The Empty Child\\\" was watched by 7.11 million viewers in the UK. The two-part story has been cited by critics amongst the best of the show, and it won the 2006 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form. Plot The Ninth Doctor and Rose follow a time-travelling metal cylinder to London in 1941, during the Blitz. The Doctor tries to track the cylinder, while Rose discovers a young boy wearing a gas mask on a nearby roof. Rose climbs on a nearby rope, but she realises too late that the rope is the tethering cable of a barrage balloon, and is carried off the ground. Captain Jack Harkness, a former time agent from the future posing as a Royal Air Force officer, rescues Rose with his camouflaged spaceship before Rose falls from the balloon. Jack mistakes Rose for a potential customer of an object that he is willing to sell. Rose plays along, but insists she needs to discuss the matter with her partner before buying. Meanwhile, the Doctor returns to the TARDIS to find its phone ringing; despite caution from Nancy, a young woman nearby, not to answer it, he does, only to hear the voice of a child asking \\\"Are you my mummy?\\\" He follows Nancy to a house left empty from the recent air raid sirens, where Nancy and some orphaned children eat a meal abandoned by the homeowners. The Doctor tries to learn more from Nancy, but the boy in the gas mask knocks at the door. Nancy orders the children to leave by the back entrance, and warns the Doctor not to touch the boy. The Doctor opens the door anyway, but the child is gone. The Doctor catches up to Nancy and convinces her to give him more information. Nancy reveals that she knew the cylinder fell near a nearby hospital, and its appearance is tied to the boy. The Doctor arrives at\",\n \"title\": \"The Empty Child\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12643006\",\n \"text\": \"Alice Troughton is a British film and television director known for her work on Merlin, Doctor Who and its spin-offs Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. In 2023, she made her feature film debut with The Lesson. Career Troughton studied drama at the University of Kent, where in her second year she directed Hamlet. She realised she wanted to be a television director when she was 32 years old, having worked as a fringe-theatre director, writer, personal driver at ICM and BBC Films and care worker. In 2002, she enrolled in the Doctors directing course. The same year in India, Troughton filmed her first short film called Refuge, based on the diary of a young Tibetan woman. It was later followed by another short film, Doris the Builder, starring Tom Ellis and based on a true story from her hometown, Aylesbury, about a builder who took a load of breast-enhancing hormones for a dare. From 2006 to 2010, Troughton directed episodes of each of Torchwood, The Sarah Jane Adventures, and Doctor Who. She was only the second person (after Colin Teague) to direct episodes of all three shows, which are set in a shared universe. Despite their shared surname and common association with Doctor Who, Troughton is not related to actor Patrick Troughton, who played the Second Doctor in the 1960s. Her directing in the franchise received overwhelmingly positive reviews, particularly for the Doctor Who episode \\\"Midnight\\\". Since then, she has gone on to become a leading director, working on acclaimed award-winning British shows such as BBC Three's In the Flesh and Channel 4's Cucumber and Baghdad Central. For her work on Cucumber, she was nominated for Best Director: Fiction at the 2015 Royal Television Society Craft & Design Awards. In the US, she worked on The CW's superhero series The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow and Netflix's science fiction series Lost in Space. For Doctor Who, she cast Colin Morgan in his second television role as the conflicted teenager Jethro Cane, which contributed to him being cast in Merlin, where Troughton became one of the regular directors from the second series onwards. The two later collaborated on the BBC supernatural horror drama The Living and the Dead. Her debut feature film The Lesson, starring Richard E. Grant, Julie Delpy and Daryl McCormack, premiered at the 2023 Tribeca Festival. Filmography Film Television References External links An Interview with Alice Troughton on the Merlin Locations website British television directors British women television directors Living people Place of birth missing (living people) Year of birth missing (living people) Alumni of the University of Kent\",\n \"title\": \"Alice Troughton\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7685845\",\n \"text\": \"Kai Owen (born 4 September 1975) is a Welsh actor of stage and screen, known to Welsh audiences for his numerous roles on Welsh language television and to worldwide audiences for his portrayal of Rhys Williams in Torchwood and Pete Buchanan in Hollyoaks. Background and personal life Owen was born in the town of Llanrwst in the Conwy Valley in North Wales, where his family still lives. His father Mark is a GMB union official and his mother Yvonne is a cleaner at the British Legion Club. He was educated at Watling Street Primary School, Llanrwst and Ysgol Dyffryn Conwy. He attended Mountview Theatre School, London for three years, graduating in 1998. Owen lived with his actor fiancée Sarah Wilson in East Finchley, London and in 2010 moved with son Bobby to Warwickshire. He ran the 2009 London Marathon for the children's cancer charity CLIC Sargent, and also ran the Virgin London Marathon on 25 April 2010. He is a patron of Llandudno Youth Musical Theatre. Television career He became first known as Kev, a gay roofer in Tipyn O Stad, shown on Welsh-language channel S4C. He was a regular in several series (52 episodes) of this popular gritty Welsh television programme; he also appeared in S4C's Treflan as character Bob Lewis. In 2009 he guested as Harri in the second series of Y Pris and as violent loan shark Craig Turner in Pobol Y Cwm (one episode, broadcast 11 September 2009; he appeared in a similar guest role in the show in August and in October 2012). Owen's first appearance on English-language UK television came in 2001, when he appeared as Buster Edwards in the episode Dog Dago Afternoon of series Fun at the Funeral Parlour. In 2003 he guested in an episode of BBC One television series Casualty (episode 392, Stuck in the Middle With You, 19 April 2003, as Danny). In 2005 he played the character of Dave 'Shiner' Owen in all six episodes of the series Rocket Man, a BBC One television series about a man trying to launch his dead wife's ashes into space. 2006 saw Owen cast as recurring character Rhys Williams in Torchwood, a spin-off from the science fiction television series Doctor Who, a role for which he has become most renowned. He was elevated to star billing for the third series, broadcast on BBC One in summer 2009, reflecting his growing role in the series. He reprised his role in the fourth series of Torchwood - Torchwood: Miracle Day, broadcast during summer 2011. Owen appeared in an episode of Celebrity Ready Steady Cook with Torchwood co-star Tom Price (Andy) (recorded 26 August 2009, broadcast 8 January 2010). In 2011, Owen appeared in the first episode of the third series of Being Human as Bob, leader of a dogging pack. He appears in the 14th episode of the seventh series of long running BBC school drama Waterloo Road as former rugby pro Ken Watling. He appeared in an episode of the 2012 Kay\",\n \"title\": \"Kai Owen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5005722\",\n \"text\": \"James Goss (born 1974) is an English writer and producer, known both for his work in cult TV spin-off media, including tie-in novels and audio stories for Doctor Who and Torchwood, and for his fictional works beyond established universes. Doctor Who Online content In 2000, Goss was made a BBC senior content producer and put in charge of the BBC's official Doctor Who website. Originally the site was part of the BBC's Cult TV website. Goss slowly expanded the content to include Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Farscape, The Simpsons, 24 and Doctor Who. He was subsequently voted Number 19 in TV Cream's 2004 poll of Top 50 Media Movers and Shakers. With the return of Doctor Who, the Cult site was slowly wound down in order to concentrate solely on the show. Goss moved to BBC Wales to oversee the production of the new show's web site, expanding the contents to include cast and crew interviews, games and spin-off sites based on the broadcast episodes. His aim was to construct a whole world beyond the show that viewers could get further involved in, notably employing graphic designer Lee Binding for front pages and site design, and writer Joseph Lidster for the spin-off sites' fictional content. Sequence, a UK based creative and experience design agency, were also responsible for all of the Doctor Who series extended-fiction games, experiences and many of the associated websites. Goss also produced the video clip \\\"krill-loop\\\" for a tie-in website. Television, radio and DVD Having produced previous Doctor Who web only animations (such as Scream of the Shalka) and Shada, in 2005 Goss produced the animations of two missing episodes of The Invasion. The animation, developed by Cosgrove Hall, was originally intended as web-only content but was later added to the DVD release and went on to be voted best DVD special feature in the 2006 Doctor Who Magazine awards. In 2006, Goss developed and produced The Infinite Quest, a Doctor Who animation shown on BBC One and CBBC in 2007. He was also producer of the special features for the DVD release. He has since produced DVD extra features for further 2 Entertain Doctor Who releases, including The Chase, The Keys of Marinus, The Masque of Mandragora, and The Trial Of A Time Lord. In 2006, he appeared in an episode of Doctor Who Confidential. In 2013 Scream of the Shalka was released on DVD with extras which include James Goss presenting a documentary on how the series came to be made and appearing in a documentary about the BBC cult website. He also produced a series of 5 (short) documentaries called Doctor Forever which appeared across Doctor Who DVD Special Edition releases in 2013. He was also involved in producing a series of documentaries for the 50th Anniversary of Doctor Who which in 2013 were first shown on BBC America and subsequently on Watch in the UK. Books In 2007, he contributed to the Doctor Who short-story collection Short Trips: Snapshots. His first book,\",\n \"title\": \"James Goss (producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10621582\",\n \"text\": \"Colin Teague is a British film and television director. Born in 1970, he grew up in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire and studied at Redroofs Theatre School and the London International Film School. He is most associated with Doctor Who, being the first person to have directed for the main series and both of its spin-offs, Torchwood and the pilot episode of The Sarah Jane Adventures. In 2009 and 2011, Teague was BAFTA Award-nominated for Being Human. In 2011, he directed Frankenstein's Wedding, broadcast live from Leeds on BBC3, and Shirley, a biopic on the singer Shirley Bassey which won a Cymru Bafta for Best Single Drama. In 2012, he directed The Town, a three-part drama for ITV. In 2013, he directed The White Queen for BBC/Starz, which was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards. Selected filmography The Last Drop (2005) Holby City (2003–2006) Torchwood \\\"Ghost Machine\\\" (2006) \\\"Greeks Bearing Gifts\\\" (2006) \\\"Sleeper\\\" (2008) \\\"Meat\\\" (2008) The Sarah Jane Adventures \\\"Invasion of the Bane\\\" (2007) Doctor Who \\\"The Sound of Drums\\\" (2007) \\\"Last of the Time Lords\\\" (2007) \\\"The Fires of Pompeii\\\" (2008) Being Human Series 1, Episode 5 (2009) Series 1, Episode 6 (2009) Series 2, Episode 1 (2010) Series 2, Episode 2 (2010) Shirley (2011) Sinbad \\\"Kuji\\\" (2012) \\\"Eye of the Tiger\\\" (2012) \\\"For Whom the Egg Shatters\\\" (2012) The Town (three-part TV drama, 2012) The White Queen BBC/Starz TV series (2013) Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse (2015) Spotless Not a Place, a Circumstance (2015) Someone's Son, Somebody's Daughter (2015) Da Vinci's Demons Alis Volat Propriis (2015) La Confessione Della Macchina (2015) Jekyll & Hyde The Harbinger (2015) Mr Hyde (2015) The Cutter (2015) Beowulf: Return to the Shieldlands Episode #1.6 (2016) Episode #1.7 (2016) Hooten & the Lady The Amazon (2016) Rome (2016) James Patterson's Murder Is Forever Murder Interrupted (2018) Mother of All Murders (2018) ‘’Rashash (2021) Session 1 References External links Interviews about directing Torchwood British television directors Living people People educated at Redroofs Theatre School People from High Wycombe 1970 births\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Teague\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12841911\",\n \"text\": \"Sarah Pinborough is an English author and screenwriter who has written YA and adult thriller, fantasy and cross-genre novels. She has had more than 20 novels published by several companies and in several countries. They have also been translated into a number of languages. Bibliography Novels Leisure Books Her work has been published within the horror books section of Leisure Books. The Hidden (2004, Leisure Books) — amnesia is the start of a new life with hidden horrors The Reckoning (2005, Leisure Books) — horrors from teenage years come back to a group of adult friends Breeding Ground (2006, Leisure Books) — end-of-the world novel where most of the population is wiped out by giant spiders born of human women The Taken (2007, Leisure Books) — ghostly revenge novel Tower Hill (2008, Leisure Books) — about a small town in America in supernatural peril of Biblical proportions Feeding Ground (2009, Leisure Books) — sequel to Breeding Ground; Pinborough's original proposal for this sequel would have been called The Brethren but this was rejected by the publisher as being too much like science fiction for their list. The book as written is intended to be like a \\\"creature feature\\\" movie. Torchwood Torchwood is a spin-off series from the BBC series Doctor Who. These are TV tie-in novels and short stories in that shared world. Into the Silence (Torchwood) (2009, Random House) The story Kaleidoscope in Consequences (Torchwood) (2009, Random House) Torchwood: Long Time Dead (2011, Random House) Pinborough has also written short stories for the Torchwood Magazine. These are: Happy New Year Issue 20 Mend Me Issue 23 The Dog-Faced Gods series Published as the Forgotten Gods Trilogy in the US by Ace Books. \\\"The 'Dog Faced Gods' series is set in an alternative world. The Britain of this world isn't a dystopia but it is merely a little crappier and harsher than ours.\\\" Jim Steel A Matter of Blood (2010, Gollancz Books) (2013 Ace Books) The Shadow of the Soul (2011, Gollancz Books) (2013 Ace Books) The Chosen Seed (2012, Gollancz Books) (2013 Ace Books) The Fairy Tale Series Subversive retellings of fairy stories published by Gollancz Books. Poison (April 2013 Gollancz Books) — a Snow White story Charm (July 2013 Gollancz Books) — a Cinderella story Beauty (October 2013 Gollancz Books) — a Sleeping Beauty story Other novels The Language of Dying (2009, PS Publishing) (2013, Jo Fletcher Books) — a dysfunctional family is revealed around the father's death-bed Mayhem (2013, Jo Fletcher Books) — a supernatural murder mystery set in Victorian London and based around the events of the Thames Torso Murders. Murder (2013, Jo Fletcher Books) — a sequel to Mayhem The Death House (2015, Gollancz) — bleak lives of children with a 'Defective gene' 13 Minutes (2016, Flatiron Books) — 'young adult' thriller following a girl being rescued from an icy river Behind Her Eyes (2017, HarperCollins) — an idyllic life suddenly changes and who can be trusted? Cross Her Heart (2018, William Morrow & Co)\",\n \"title\": \"Sarah Pinborough\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7424489\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Everything Changes\\\" is the first episode of the British science fiction television programme Torchwood, which was first broadcast on the digital channel BBC Three on 22 October 2006. The story was written by show creator and executive producer Russell T Davies as an introduction to the show's mythos. The episode re-introduces Captain Jack Harkness, who had proved popular in the first series of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, as the leader of Torchwood, a team of alien hunters. The story is told from the perspective of Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles), who comes across the Torchwood team through her job as a police officer with the South Wales Police, who are investigating a series of strange deaths in Cardiff. Through Gwen's discovery of Torchwood, the audience are introduced to team members Owen Harper (Burn Gorman), Toshiko Sato (Naoko Mori) and Ianto Jones (Gareth David-Lloyd). Suzie Costello, as played by Indira Varma, had also been billed as a series regular prior to transmission, though in a twist the character was revealed as the murderer and killed off at the end of the episode, with Gwen replacing her as a member of the Torchwood team. Upon broadcast the episode earned BBC Three its highest ever viewing figures. Critical reaction to the episode was mixed, with reviewers making both positive and negative comparisons to Torchwoods parent show Doctor Who. Plot During a murder investigation in Cardiff, police officer Gwen Cooper spies on a group of five people called Torchwood, led by Captain Jack Harkness, exiting an SUV. One member, Suzie, uses a metal gauntlet to temporarily bring the victim to life and talk to him. Gwen flees when Jack notices her. The next day, Gwen runs into Jack again at a hospital and, following him, finds a sealed-off area where Jack catches a Weevil. As she escapes, Gwen follows the Torchwood SUV to Roald Dahl Plass, where she loses sight of them. Discovering a local pizza store makes regular deliveries to Torchwood, Gwen disguises herself as a pizza delivery girl. Monitoring her actions, Torchwood willingly let her into their underground hub. Jack shows Gwen around the hub, including the captured Weevil from the hospital. They then leave the hub via a pavement slab lift, which takes them to Roald Dahl Plass in front of the Millennium Centre; the slab makes anyone standing on it unnoticed to passersby. Over drinks, Jack explains that Torchwood is one of several branches, including Torchwood One which was destroyed at Canary Wharf. They catch \\\"tons\\\" of aliens and scavenge alien technology that are washed up through a rift in space and time that runs through Cardiff, while preventing others from obtaining them. Jack places an amnesia pill in Gwen's drink, leaving her with no memory of the meeting. The next day at work, Gwen is shown a drawing of the murder weapon, which triggers a series of memories. These solidify when she spots a Millennium Centre programme with the word \\\"Remember\\\" in her own handwriting at home. Outside\",\n \"title\": \"Everything Changes (Torchwood)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"359013\",\n \"text\": \"Big Finish Productions is a British company that produces books and audio plays (released straight to compact disc and for download in MP3 and m4b format) based, primarily, on science fiction properties. These include Doctor Who, the characters Judge Dredd and Strontium Dog from 2000 AD, Blake's 7, Dark Shadows, Dracula, Terrahawks, Sapphire & Steel, Sherlock Holmes, Stargate, The Avengers, The Prisoner, Timeslip, and Torchwood. History Founded in 1996, Big Finish in late 1998 began releasing audio plays adapted from the New Adventures, a series of novels from Virgin Books which had originally been licensed Doctor Who stories, but by then had become officially independent from the show and were based around the character of Bernice \\\"Benny\\\" Summerfield. In 1999, Big Finish obtained a non-exclusive licence to produce official Doctor Who plays, beginning with the multi-Doctor story The Sirens of Time. Doctor Who and spin-offs have remained the main part of the company's output ever since, although they have since diversified. Many of those initially involved in Big Finish had worked on the Audio Visuals fan series of unlicensed Doctor Who audio plays. The name of the company was taken from the episode \\\"The Big Finish\\\" of the 1989-1993 ITV series Press Gang. On 25 July 2019, Big Finish made a statement about equality and diversity in response to requests from fans wishing the company to make a statement on the views expressed by a few individuals they have worked with. The company stated that it is committed to ensuring that those working for the company are protected from discrimination due to age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage, pregnancy or maternity leave, race, religion, sex and sexual orientation. Organisation Until July 2006, Gary Russell served as producer of the Doctor Who audios. When Russell left the company, Jason Haigh-Ellery and Nicholas Briggs took joint responsibility as Co-Executive Producers. Briggs now bears creative responsibility for Big Finish's Doctor Who range, along with script editor Alan Barnes. David Richardson holds the title of senior producer across all ranges, organising the schedules across the company's output, as well as having creative producer responsibility for The Companion Chronicles, Lost Stories, and the spin-off Jago & Litefoot. The Chairman and co-executive producer of the company is Jason Haigh-Ellery. Big Finish Day Big Finish Day is a fan convention featuring guest appearances by Big Finish actors. On 11 June 2011, Tenth Planet Events hosted the first Big Finish Day in Barking. On 11 February 2012, a second one was held. As of September 2015, there have been seven Big Finish Days, with more planned. Downloads In February 2008, Big Finish launched a new download service through their website, which would provide audio plays in MP3 format, free of any DRM. They currently provide the large majority of their catalogue in MP3 and M4B format, with very few outstanding exceptions. In late April 2008, Big Finish released a download subscription service that mirrors its physical CD service. In addition, those who purchase Big Finish productions on CD through\",\n \"title\": \"Big Finish Productions\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27576193\",\n \"text\": \"Doctor Who Online (or DWO by its users) has, since 1996, been a UK-based news, information, and forum site dedicated to the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. A regular feature on the website is the Doctor Who: DWO Whocast Podcast, started in April 2006. Site history The site was founded as Doctor Who: The REGENERATIVE website in 1996, as a site for fans to find out news and guides for the show while it was off the air. The website was created by science fiction fan Sebastian J. Brook. When it launched, there was no current series of Doctor Who and the show was not shown in a regular cycle. The website detailed when previous episodes were scheduled to repeat on television. In 2000, the website changed its name to Doctor Who Online in response to former Doctor Tom Baker, who suggested the name would suit the website better. Many of the features the website originally had, such as the News section, still remain. Features The original website had regular features, including: news, episode guides, magazine releases (often featuring Doctor Who Magazine) and convention information. The site has its own Minecraft server, containing a survival section, a minigames section where players can participate in Doctor Who-themed games and challenges, and a creative section where players can construct Doctor Who-inspired builds and replicas. Dr. Who News The news section of the Doctor Who Online website has regular news features and contributors who help to document Doctor Who broadcast and merchandise announcements. The section also includes news from spin-off shows Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. In November 2010, a Doctor Who Online News teamed up with Blendtec for a Doctor Who: Will it Blend? Doctor Who Special, in which DWO editor Brook and Tom Dickson, a Blendtec C.E.O, attempt to blend an Ironside Dalek action figure. The video has proven popular on YouTube with over 200,000 views so far. DWO Whocast The Whocast (officially titled Doctor Who Podcast: DWO WhoCast) is a weekly podcast featured by the site. The Whocast was started in April 2006 by Paul A.T. Wilson, during the original run of Series 2 of Doctor Who, and in conjunction with a Doctor Who meeting group based in London. In September 2006, The Whocast teamed up with DWO, with a significant format change and the addition of a co-host. With the format change, the podcast attracted more listeners and experienced a dramatic growth in listenership. The podcast usually features interviews with people involved with the new and the old series of Doctor Who and Big Finish Productions. Interviews with members of the cast and crew from the classic and the new series of Doctor Who are common; the team are regularly joined by actors who have played the Doctor, such as Colin Baker and Peter Davison. They have had members of the effects team such as Neill Gorton and Mat Irvine as well as other members of acting and production staff. Community The original forum went live\",\n \"title\": \"Doctor Who Online\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"34937395","text":"Jilly Kitzinger is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who, portrayed by American actress Lauren Ambrose. The character was promoted as one of five new main characters to join Torchwood in its fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011), as part of a new co-production between Torchwoods British network, BBC One, and its American financiers on US premium television network Starz. Ambrose appears in seven of the ten episodes, and is credited as a \"special guest star\" throughout. Whilst reaction to the serial was mixed, Ambrose' portrayal was often singled out by critics for particular praise and in 2012 she received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress on Television. Miracle Day depicts the effects of an event which halts the process of death worldwide. Jilly Kitzinger is a public relations expert who sees this phenomenon, labelled \"Miracle Day\" by the media, as an opportunity she can use to further her career. Early in the series she becomes a representative for the paedophile-murderer Oswald Danes (Bill Pullman) which gains both parties publicity; however Kitzinger has little personal sympathy with her client and abandons him when she no longer needs him. Towards the end of the series she affiliates herself with 'the Families', the main villains behind the supernatural event of 'Miracle Day' and her own personal view of the world becomes apparent. Though those she works for are defeated in the series finale, it is revealed that Jilly has survived, leaving the character's future uncertain. The character is used by the production team to provide commentary on mass-media; she is ostensibly first and foremost concerned with profiting from global events. Jilly is also used as a foil to the contemptible Oswald Danes; during the series each uses the other for their own ends. Whilst she was promoted as having a \"heart of stone\" and described by critics as a \"bad-girl\" and \"amoral\", Ambrose stated that the character also had positive characteristics. Series writer Jane Espenson felt the character to be partly defined by her \"ego\" and \"self-delusion\". Appearances Jilly first appears in the second episode of Miracle Day where she offers the controversial Oswald Danes (Bill Pullman), a recently released convicted child murderer and paedophile, representation. Danes agrees to be represented by her after being assaulted by vigilante police officers; with him assured as a client Jilly sets out to sell his celebrity status in addition to the public image of drug company Phicorp and \"Miracle Day\" itself. Kitzinger also approaches the respected Washington DC surgeon Vera Juarez (Arlene Tur), but she allies herself with Torchwood—a group of renegades composed of two former alien-hunters and two former CIA agents—and distracts Jilly from an infiltration by Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles). In spite of her professional remit Jilly expresses disgust at Oswald in \"Escape to L.A.\" when his public persona is eclipsed by Ellis Hartley Monroe (Mare Winningham), stating that she cannot look at his hands after the crime he has committed.","title":"Jilly Kitzinger"},{"docid":"52725790","text":"\"The Conspiracy\" is the first play in the main series of Torchwood audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions. It was written by David Llewellyn and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. It was released 15 September 2015 and stars John Barrowman reprising his role of Captain Jack Harkness and made available to purchase on CD and as a download. Plot George Wilson is a man who claims that the world is really under alien control and those who knew the truth have long since been silenced. Unfortunately for George no-one believes him. Captain Jack Harkness of Torchwood Three, however, knows George is right. The committee are here... Writing In May 2015, Big Finish announced that they had been granted permission to produce audiobooks based on Torchwood as part of a licensing agreement between themselves and BBC Worldwide, allowing them to use characters and concepts from the revived series of Doctor Who (2005–present) and its spin-offs in future productions. The company was formerly only permitted to use concepts from the series' original 1963–89 run and its self-titled 1996 TV film. The new Torchwood plays also received the blessing of Torchwood creator Russell T. Davies, who had been working with Gardner and former Big Finish producer Gary Russell to bring the show to the company since 2013. References External links 2015 audio plays 2015 radio dramas Radio plays based on Torchwood","title":"The Conspiracy (Torchwood)"},{"docid":"7614057","text":"This is a list of extraterrestrial, supernatural, otherworldly and futuristic items featured in the BBC science-fiction drama Torchwood and its spin-off media. 0-9 3-D glasses Originally used by the Tenth Doctor in \"Doomsday\" to detect particles from the void between universes, Jack Harkness now owns a pair which he keeps on his desk (\"Small Worlds\"). A Alien knife See Life knife Alien pendant A communication device used by the inhabitants of Mary's home planet of Arcateen 5. It allows the wearer to hear thoughts and feelings of others; it can backfire if the ones the wearer is listening to have terrible secrets. The only known pendant on Earth was destroyed by Toshiko Sato in \"Greeks Bearing Gifts\". As Tosh pointed out, the only truthful thing Mary said about the pendant is that it can be too much for the wearer to handle. Amnesia pill Amnesia pills to cause someone to forget recent memories. The amnesia can be cured if the person's memories are triggered by one specific image (and if they are intelligent enough). Jack used this on Gwen Cooper after she first learned about the Torchwood Hub. It contains a special compound known as B67 or Retcon (in reference to retroactive continuity). The website reveals the pills were developed by Torchwood One under Yvonne Hartman, as well as several details about its effectiveness. 2 oz of B67 is only sufficient to cause mild confusion in young children (6–7), with 4 oz being able to cause memory loss in older persons (61–64), and 8 oz is sufficient to cause memory loss in people in their late 20s although in one instance, caused a stress-induced heart attack in a 64-year-old man. Gwen Cooper feeds Rhys retcon whilst confessing her affair with Owen, so that he will not remember. It is revealed in \"End of Days\" that those dismissed from Torchwood are \"Retconned\" within 24 hours. Other suggested names for the compound included Goldfish and Scooter. Jack appears to have a supply of, or made, his own Retcon during the events of Season Four - \"Miracle Day\". He drugged Esther with it, only for it to prove pointless in the following episode where she is forced to join Torchwood, and someone from the Three Families that was spying on Gwen to see if she had any contact with Jack. The Amok The Amok is a multi-dimensional coin-shaped item which appears to be a recreational game for an alien race. As humans only operate within a four-dimensional world, the incomprehensible dimensions of the Amok cause surrounding humans to go mad with desire to take their turn playing. When in possession of the Amok, humans talk unintelligibly about things being \"big big big\" and witness blue lights behind their eyelids. The madness is so acute that humans can kill each other or themselves in an attempt to take their turn. When the Torchwood team encounter the Amok in the novel Border Princes by Dan Abnett, they are also affected by it, but eventually manage","title":"List of Torchwood items"},{"docid":"7756668","text":"Tom Price (born 12 July 1980) is a British actor, voice-over artist, radio presenter and stand-up comedian originally from Monmouth, Wales. He is most noted for portraying Andy Davidson in Torchwood. Acting Price's comedy career began in 1998 when he co-starred in a revue at Monmouth School, These Charming Men. He continued acting as a student at the University of Warwick, where he studied English literature. After graduating, he turned down a place at drama school and moved to London. His first TV appearance was playing a waiter in an episode of Absolute Power. He is known to television audiences for being one of the stars of the Five comedy sketch show Swinging. He has also appeared in a recurring role as police officer Andy Davidson in a number of episodes of Torchwood, a spin-off from the long running science fiction series Doctor Who. In 2008 he starred in the BBC Three sketch show The Wrong Door and filmed the role of Darrin Stephens in a pilot UK remake of Bewitched, which never got aired. Other TV appearances include Doctors (2009) and Secret Diary of a Call Girl (2010). Price also featured in Renault TV's program The Key. In 2011 Price reprised the role of Andy Davidson in Torchwood: Miracle Day, airing on BBC One and US premium television network Starz. In addition to his TV performances Price has appeared in the films The Boat that Rocked and Hereafter. In 2011 he appeared in an 8-part comedy reality series called World Series of Dating on BBC3 with Rob Riggle. He was most recently a regular alongside Ruth Jones in Stella and appeared in recent series of Count Arthur Strong and Episodes. Comedy Price often performs as a stand-up comedian across the UK and internationally. He took his debut stand-up show, Say When, to the Edinburgh Festival in 2011, and a reviewer described his comedic style as \"easygoing, good-natured autobiographical\". He returned to Edinburgh in 2014 with his show \"Not as Nice as He Looks\", which was described by one reviewer as \"refreshing, innovative and frighteningly funny\". In Autumn 2014, Tom supported Stephen Merchant on his European Tour. Radio Price appeared as Gordon, a young drunken doctor, in the BBC Radio 4 comedy show Rigor Mortis for three series, alongside Peter Davison, Geoffrey Whitehead, Matilda Ziegler and, for series one, Tracy-Ann Oberman. His radio credits also include the Torchwood Radio Play Asylum, in which he reprised his role as Andy. He hosts the BBC Radio Wales comedy news show \"The Leak with Tom Price\", which began in September 2014. Prior to that, he regularly hosted the topical comedy radio show What's the Story? on the same station. In October 2016 Tom became the weekend afternoon host on Magic Radio. From September 2017, Tom became the weekend breakfast show host on Magic Radio taking over from Harriet Scott until 7th October 2023. From 9th October 2023, Tom can now be heard presenting the 4 till 7 show with Kat Shoob, the show","title":"Tom Price (actor)"},{"docid":"23456862","text":"\"Asylum\" is an original BBC Radio 4 audio play written by Anita Sullivan and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. This episode aired on 1 July 2009 on BBC Radio 4. It stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones, Tom Price as PC Andy Davidson, and Erin Richards as Freda. Plot Andy Davidson comes across a girl in a river as he patrols. As he helps her, the girl screams at him before running off, leaving Andy confused. He comes across the girl again as he attends to a dispute between her and a shopkeeper who claims she shoplifted. The shopkeeper accuses the girl of holding a gun, but when it's revealed to Andy, he notes that it looks more like a radar gun. When the girl is unresponsive, Andy takes her to the police station. At the Hub, Jack Harkness practices knife throwing while Gwen Cooper has troubles operating the Rift database. While Jack teases Gwen's annoyance at both the database and himself to Ianto Jones, Gwen receives a phone call from Andy regarding the girl. Jack, Andy and Gwen watch the girl and a police woman talk. The girl is still unresponsive, but via interior monologue, the girl recalls memories of being bullied at school and being called a 'Ghostie'. Jack states that she will go with Torchwood as she and the gun are connected, though Andy protests that she is his case. As Gwen talks to her, the girl remembers her mother crying. She becomes disorientated as she tells Gwen her name is Freda, and speaks with a Welsh accent. Gwen proceeds to take blood tests while Jack and Ianto return to the Hub with the gun. In the SUV, Jack toys with it and they realise the gun has the power to immobilise security systems and in particular, the traffic. Using a motorbike, Jack and Ianto speed away to the Hub while the city remains gridlocked. Gwen and Andy take Freda to a safe house while Jack and Ianto run the appropriate tests. Gwen tells Andy that Freda is now Torchwood's responsibility and they're keeping Freda safe. While Gwen attends to a burn on her arm, Freda recalls a house fire as well as a Cardiff address and the name of a woman. She asks to go to the address as it may help jog her memory, and Gwen and Andy argue about the decision. While Freda bathes, Gwen receives a phone call from the Hub stating that Freda came through the Rift and has the potential to control what comes through. Gwen tells Jack about the address and contact, and Jack warns her to stay focused. At the safe house, Andy pesters Gwen about mentions of the Rift until Freda interrupts them. Gwen decides to give Freda a haircut and clothes to help her blend in while Andy remains in a state of disbelief","title":"Asylum (Torchwood)"},{"docid":"33107456","text":"Oswald Danes is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who and is portrayed by American actor Bill Pullman. The character was promoted as one of five new main characters to join Torchwood in its fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011), as part of a new co-production between Torchwoods British network, BBC One, and its American financiers on US premium television network Starz. Pullman appears in eight of the ten episodes, and is credited as a series regular. Whilst reaction to the serial and Pullman's character was mixed, Pullman's portrayal was praised by critics and in 2012 he received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor on Television. Danes is a former schoolteacher who molested several of the little girls he taught, and eventually killed one of them. He was sentenced to death, but on the day of his execution - the so-called Miracle Day, when death ceases worldwide - Danes survives his own lethal injection. His survival draws global attention, and he subsequently is released from prison on a legal technicality. After being offered both exposure and protection by public relations expert Jilly Kitzinger (Lauren Ambrose), he becomes her client, which helps him gain more publicity. Following a series of events he ends up aiding Torchwood, a team composed of two former alien-hunters and two former CIA agents, on their mission to restore death to the world. Danes is killed off in the final episode of the series; when death is restored he takes one of the Torchwood team's enemies out in a murder–suicide. Critics commented upon the character's resemblance both to horror film killers such as Freddy Krueger and Hannibal Lecter, as well as to American Evangelists and to the biblical Jesus Christ. The series also follows Danes' rise and fall in the public eye and the precariousness of fame. Though critics questioned the wisdom of having a pedophile as a character, the show's creative team was adamant that they had deliberately made him unlikable. In killing the character off, the creative team did not wish to suggest that the character had been redeemed for his earlier crimes, and made sure that this was emphasised even in his final act of self-sacrifice. Pullman has expressed interest in reprising the role in a future Torchwood series. Appearances The first scene of Miracle Day depicts Oswald Danes surviving execution by lethal injection due to death spontaneously ceasing. His lawyers successfully advance a force majeure argument; as a result, the Governor of Kentucky is forced to release Danes on parole. Danes accepts an offer of representation from public relations guru Jilly Kitzinger (Lauren Ambrose) after his fame leads to him being assaulted in public, leading to him becoming a spokesman for Phicorp, a drug company hoping to capitalise on the absence of death. During Torchwood's investigations into PhiCorp, Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) confronts Danes, who brags about killing his student, calling it \"the best moment of my life\". Tensions arise between","title":"Oswald Danes"},{"docid":"25196971","text":"Paul Marc Davis (born 16 April 1974) is a British actor who has appeared on Doctor Who (the episode \"Utopia\") and three of its spin-off series: Torchwood (\"Exit Wounds\"), The Sarah Jane Adventures (as recurring villain \"The Trickster\"), and Class (as recurring villain Corakinus). This makes him the only actor to appear in all four of the Doctor Who series. He was also an executive producer on Sports Day 3D. Life and career Davis was born in London. He studied Fine Art and was a professional Sculptor for 12 years. He is best known for his design of the Gramophone International Classical Music Award, an award regarded as the highest accolade for Classical Music and has Luciano Pavarotti among its recipients. Paul was awarded The Association of British Artists Award for Sculpture in 1996 and was shortlisted for The National association of British Sculptors award in 1998. In 2001, after a chance meeting, he was offered the lead in a Channel Four film about the life of Casanova. In the same year he played the ghost of the Cavalier in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. Over the next few years Davis played leads in many independent films and in 2007 was cast in Doctor Who, The Sarah Jane Adventures and Torchwood. Other roles include playing alongside Colin Farrell in Woody Allen's Cassandra's Dream. Filmography Film Television References External links 1974 births English male film actors English male television actors Living people","title":"Paul Marc Davis"},{"docid":"30367876","text":"Esther Drummond, portrayed by Alexa Havins, is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who. Havins is one of several American actors to join Torchwood in its fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day, which was co-produced by Torchwoods original British network BBC One and the American television network Starz. The character appears in every episode of the fourth series in addition to a prequel novel, The Men Who Sold the World. Within the series narrative, Esther is a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) watch analyst who becomes aware of the defunct British Torchwood Institute on \"Miracle Day\", when it is discovered that no one can die. Alongside her CIA colleague Rex Matheson she joins forces with the last two remaining Torchwood agents to investigate the phenomenon. Esther's standing as a desk-bound computer and technology expert puts her in contrast with the tougher and more action-orientated characters in the series. By the Miracle Day finale, Esther has become a more competent field agent, but is murdered by the group's enemies in an attempt to stop them progressing with their mission. Havins was influenced in her decision to accept the part by her husband's appreciation of the series. Like Rex, Esther is used by executive producer Russell T Davies as a means of introducing new American audiences to the established mythos of Torchwood. Havins stated the character to have an unrequited love for Rex, but explained that he does not appear to notice. Response to the character varied; some critics praised her characterisation and portrayal whilst others felt her to display incompetency and to not have been taken to by the audience. The nature of her exit from the show was generally praised, though some reviewers felt it lacked the desired emotional impact. Appearances Television Esther Drummond, a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) watch analyst, makes her first appearance in Torchwood: Miracle Days premiere episode \"The New World\" in which she informs colleague Rex Matheson (Mekhi Phifer) about a mysterious message containing the single word \"Torchwood\". A distracted Rex is then fatally injured, leading Esther to blame herself for his accident. After finding out the process of death has been ceased in a global event termed \"Miracle Day\", Esther begins tracking down information on Torchwood, supposing a link between the organisation and the start of \"Miracle Day\". Amid her research, she encounters former head of Torchwood, Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), who helps her escape the destructive blast of a suicide bomber. Harkness explains the history of the Torchwood Institute, but wipes Esther's memory so she will not remember their encounter. Esther's memory is later triggered when a hard copy of the Torchwood file lands on her desk. Esther's investigation into Torchwood compromises her position within the CIA and she — like Rex — is set up by the agency. Forced into fugitive status, she finds herself working as part of Torchwood alongside Rex and the Torchwood Institute's last surviving members, Captain Jack and Gwen Cooper","title":"Esther Drummond"},{"docid":"23465077","text":"\"Golden Age\" is an original radio play written by James Goss and is a spin-off from the British science-fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. This episode aired on 2 July 2009 on BBC Radio 4. It stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones and Jasmine Hyde as The Duchess. Plot The story begins with the team in Delhi, India, with Ianto watching packages being delivered to find anything suspicious. He finds out that the packages are addressed to Captain Jack Harkness. An energy field is being spread across Delhi, and while Gwen and Ianto try to remove the crowds from the city, the energy spike hits and everybody disappears except the Torchwood team. Jack seems to think that the people were marked before the spike hit, and suddenly Jack remembers a building that he had shut down 80 years ago that shouldn't exist. The building is Torchwood India. There, Jack, Gwen and Ianto meet a secretary, Mr. Daz, who remembers Jack and find that the members of the Royal Connaught Club are still alive and have not aged a day. The Duchess, Eleanor, Duchess of Melrose, arrives with a shotgun and starts to shoot Jack, although Jack manages to convince her to stop shooting by explaining the situation. Torchwood India was founded by Queen Victoria to gather all alien artefacts in India, but on 28 February 1924 Captain Jack Harkness had everything shipped to Britain from Delhi. The team split up to search the club, and while George Gissing takes Gwen and Ianto through the basement, he mentions that he knows that there used to be heaps of artefacts in Torchwood India. When Gwen claims that thousands of people just vanished before her eyes, Gissing does not believe her. Jack continues to talk to The Duchess, and she claims that the radiation from the residual energy of the alien artefacts has kept the three of them young and alive. The Duchess, having had a fling in the past with Captain Jack, continues to toy with Jack and wishes to know why Torchwood India was shut. Jack replies that the Empire was coming to an end and would have to have been shut down in India, but if he could do it again he would have chosen differently and kept the branch open. Mr Gissing and Mr Daz take Gwen and Ianto hostage when they become too close to the artefacts, while The Duchess explains that she still had one artefact left – a time store which has kept 24 February 1924 every day until present day as they refused to embrace the changes happening in India and the closing of Torchwood. The power needed to sustain an entire club for 80 years is enormous, but the Duchess claims that it is now powered by people of India to keep the time store going, as India has a surplus of commoners according to Gissing. The Duchess has","title":"Golden Age (Torchwood)"},{"docid":"18211187","text":"\"Lost Souls\" is an original BBC Radio 4 audio play written by Joseph Lidster and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. It aired on 10 September 2008 in the Afternoon Play slot as part of Radio 4's Big Bang Day which celebrated the switching on of CERN's Large Hadron Collider that same day. Andrew Marr introduced the audio play live from CERN. An mp3 version of the audio play was freely available until 18 September, when the play was released on CD and as a purchasable download. Plot Torchwood Three are chasing a Weevil through Cardiff Bay. Dr. Martha Jones phones Captain Jack Harkness, requesting help. Jack immediately agrees to meet Martha when she says people are disappearing from the CERN facility in Switzerland, where she's working. Martha suggests they go undercover, and Torchwood set off for Geneva. Gwen Cooper says there aren't any records of the disappearances, but instead on the Large Hadron Collider, or LHC. Jack explains to her and Ianto Jones that CERN seeks the 'Higgs Particle', the fundamental particle of existence. CERN had found a way of examining the building blocks of matter itself; and built the world's largest particle collider which runs from Switzerland to France, in a 27 km round tunnel. Jack excitedly states that the plan is to collide protons moving at the speed of light together, to produce what would effectively be like the \"Big Bang\". Jack guesses the people may have discovered something unusual and were forcibly removed. He explains that the particle collision is thought to expose parallel dimensions, create black holes or turn the world inside out. After noticing Gwen and Ianto's expressions, Jack assures them that it would all be fine since it's theoretical. Meeting in Geneva, Martha and the others discuss how they're coping since Toshiko Sato and Dr. Owen Harper's funeral. Gwen replies they're okay, and Martha says she's been spending her time working in Switzerland. She informs Torchwood about her missing friend, Julia Swales. Working as a CERN doctor, Julia realised people were falling ill with undiagnosable symptoms. The patients were sent to a hospital in France because of this, but upon contacting the hospital, Julia was informed the 11 patients never arrived. Julia told Martha, but UNIT couldn't find anything wrong. Martha called Torchwood when Julia disappeared, knowing she'd need their help. Martha and the team head to the facility, where a reception for the LHC is being held. Martha introduces Ianto as the Welsh Ambassador and Gwen as his wife to the guard, Jack being their assistant. Arriving in what Martha calls an 'underground city' – where the research takes place – the team view the housing of ATLAS, the largest particle detector (Gwen and Ianto describe it as a jet engine the size of the London Eye), and are met by Professor Katrina Johnson. Being informed that the collider countdown has started, Martha introduces her UNIT boss, Dr Oliver Harrington, who","title":"Lost Souls (Torchwood)"},{"docid":"31740184","text":"Ghost Train is a BBC Audiobooks original audiobook written by James Goss and based on the British science fiction television, Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood. The story is set after the second series of the show and was released in March 2011. Kai Owen narrates the story, which is largely set from the perspective of Rhys Williams External links Audiobooks based on Torchwood Works by James Goss 2011 audio plays","title":"Ghost Train (Torchwood)"},{"docid":"54239944","text":"The Torchwood Archive is a Big Finish Productions audio drama celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the British science fiction television series Torchwood, a spin-off of the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The story was written by James Goss and stars the majority of the original television cast including John Barrowman, Eve Myles and Gareth David-Lloyd as Captain Jack Harkness, Gwen Cooper and Ianto Jones, respectively. It was released 21 October 2016 and made available to purchase on CD and as a download. Plot Far in the future, in the middle of a vast war; Jeremaiah Bash Henderson pays a visit to a desolate asteroid. Upon the asteroid a forgotten outpost inside which is an archive. Within the secrets of an age old Earth institute dating back to the 19th century, an institute known only as: Torchwood. Jeremiah's goal: to learn something very important. However, first he must get past the ghosts of long since dead Torchwood operatives and the tales they have to tell. Continuity Alex Hopkins was first introduced in the TV series' episode 'Fragments' from series two, with Julian Lewis Jones reprising his role as Hopkins. The Little Girl was introduced in the TV series episode 'Dead Man Walking' and reappeared in 'Fragments'. Kerry Gooderson takes over the role from Skye Bennett. Madeline mentions the death of George Wilson from the first Big Finish Torchwood play, \"The Conspiracy\". Tracy-Ann Oberman reprises her role as Yvonne Hartman, the director of Torchwood One. She first appeared in the Doctor Who episodes \"Army of Ghosts\" and \"Doomsday\", as well as the previous Big Finish audio play \"One Rule\". Toshiko mentions a way in which the world's fields could be manipulated in order to prevent death. This was seen occurring in the fourth season of the TV series, Miracle Day. The Torchwood Archive was previously mentioned in the Doctor Who episode \"The Satan Pit\". Characters who featured worked on behalf of the archive. Paul Clayton portrays Mr. Colchester. Mr Colchester would later appear as a full-fledged member of the Torchwood team in Aliens Among Us, a 12 part Big Finish drama promoted as the fifth season following the events of Miracle Day. Production The play was recorded over the span of many months. The cast recorded their dialogue whilst subsequently recording other Torchwood scripts for Big Finish Productions. References External links 2016 audio plays 2016 radio dramas Radio plays based on Torchwood","title":"The Torchwood Archive"},{"docid":"48000897","text":"Class is a British science fiction drama programme and a spin-off of the long-running programme Doctor Who. It was created and written by Patrick Ness, who also produced alongside Doctor Who showrunner and lead writer Steven Moffat, and Brian Minchin, who acted as producer on Doctor Who and two of its previous spin-offs, Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. The series of eight episodes was released on BBC Three between 22 October and 3 December 2016. The story focuses on five of the students and staff at Coal Hill Academy, a longtime recurrent location of Doctor Who, who are tasked by the Doctor to deal with alien threats while trying to deal with their personal lives. The series received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise for its darker tone, writing, themes, characters, and acting. However, the series scored poor viewership figures for its broadcast on BBC One. In September 2017, BBC Three confirmed that the series was cancelled. In 2018 Big Finish Productions produced a series of six Class audio adventures, telling the further adventures of the students at Coal Hill Academy. Six more audio adventures were announced for release starting in April 2020, with two of the main characters being recast. Premise The programme is set in Coal Hill Academy, a fictional school that has been featured in Doctor Who since the 1963 serial, An Unearthly Child, and focuses on six of its students and staff members. The sixth formers of Coal Hill Academy all have their own secrets and desires. They have to deal with the stresses of everyday life, including friends, parents, school work, sex, and sorrow, but also the horrors that come from time travel. The Doctor and his time-travelling have made the walls of space and time stretch thin, and monsters are planning to break through and wreak havoc upon the Earth. Cast Main Greg Austin as Charlie Smith, an alien posing as a human student. He is the prince of the Rhodians, and the last of his species; after being rescued by the Doctor when his race is slaughtered by another species called the Shadow Kin, he changes his body to a human's and poses as an average 17-year-old student from Sheffield. Fady Elsayed as Ram Singh, a tough, antisocial student and gifted football player. After losing his right leg in the first episode, he is given a prosthetic one by the Doctor. Sophie Hopkins as April MacLean, an ordinary, unremarkable student whose life is forever changed when she encounters the king of the Shadow Kin, Corakinus. Vivian Oparah as Tanya Adeola, a child prodigy of Nigerian origin who moved up three years at Coal Hill School due to her \"outstanding examination results\" and \"truly extraordinary academic capability\". Katherine Kelly as Miss Andrea Quill, real name Andra'ath, the physics teacher at Coal Hill Academy. Like Charlie, she is secretly an alien and the last of her species, the Quill, long-time war enemies of the Rhodians (who live on a different continent of the","title":"Class (2016 TV series)"},{"docid":"16261773","text":"Julian Bleach (born 29 December 1963) is an English actor, singer and playwright, who is known as co-creator and \"MC\" of Shockheaded Peter, a musical entertainment based on the works of Heinrich Hoffmann, which won the 2002 Olivier Award for Best Entertainment. He is also known for playing Davros in the 2005 revival of Doctor Who (in 2008, 2015, and 2023). Early life Bleach was born in Bournemouth. He was educated at Summerbee School and studied drama at Bournemouth and Poole College. After that he trained at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Career Bleach's other theatre work includes playing Ariel to Patrick Stewart's Prospero in the RSC's 2007 production of The Tempest, directed by Rupert Goold, and Mr. Sowerberry (to Louise Gold's Mrs. Sowerberry) and Dr. Grimwig in the 2009 Theatre Royal Drury Lane production of the musical Oliver!. On television, he has starred as \"The Monster\" in the 2007 ITV adaptation of Frankenstein. He played the Grand Master from the second series of children's drama M.I.High and guest-starred as the villainous \"Ghostmaker\" in Peter J. Hammond's \"From Out of the Rain\" in the second series of Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood. Bleach was later cast by the parent series as Davros, enemy of The Doctor and creator of the Daleks, in \"The Stolen Earth\" and \"Journey's End\", the two-part season finale of the 2008 series, and live at the Doctor Who Prom, before returning to the role in the 2015 series opener, \"The Magician's Apprentice\", and its conclusion, \"The Witch's Familiar\". In 2010, it was announced that he would star as the eponymous character in The Nightmare Man, the opening story of Series 4 of The Sarah Jane Adventures. This makes him one of only two actors (the other being Paul Marc Davis) to appear in not only Doctor Who, but two of its spin-offs, Torchwood and The Sarah-Jane Adventures. In 2011, he appeared as Niccolò Machiavelli in the Showtime series The Borgias. In 2016 Bleach appeared as Barkilphedro in the critically acclaimed new musical The Grinning Man at Bristol Old Vic which transferred in late 2017 to Trafalgar Studios. In the same year he also appeared in Rory Mullarkey's new play Saint George and the Dragon at the Royal National Theatre. Filmography Film Television Video games Theatre References External links 1963 births Living people Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male musical theatre actors English male Shakespearean actors English dramatists and playwrights English male dramatists and playwrights Male actors from Bournemouth Royal Shakespeare Company members","title":"Julian Bleach"},{"docid":"30351976","text":"Dr Vera Juarez is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who, portrayed by Cuban American actress Arlene Tur. The character was promoted as one of five new main characters to join Torchwood in its fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011), as part of a new co-production between Torchwoods British network, BBC One, and its American financiers on US premium television network Starz. Tur appears in the first five of the overall ten episodes, and is credited as a 'special guest star'. The narrative of Miracle Day depicts the effects of an event which halts the process of death worldwide meaning the gravely-wounded continue to remain alive. As an attending surgeon, Vera is amongst the first to realise the significance of events and the associated repercussions. Her morals and professionalism pit her at odds with the increasingly inept medical system and shifting government legislation. After establishing a sexual relationship with Rex Matheson she allies herself with his Torchwood team. However, her first undercover investigation for the group is her last; she is burned alive after dissenting against one of the middle-men in charge of a government run concentration camp. In early episodes, the character provides a reference point for viewers in regards to the effects of people who should be dead not dying. To prepare for the role, Tur spent time in a hospital emergency department and shadowed a professional medical doctor. Some critics felt that the character's hands on role enabled the audience to relate more to the crisis; others maintained that she wasn't given enough time to develop. Response to the character's violent death was mixed; some praised the increasingly dark shift whilst others felt it was too evocative of the Holocaust for a TV drama. The writers intent in scripting her demise had been to remind audiences that intense human cruelty is possible in human society. Appearances Vera first appears in \"The New World\" when she is called upon to treat Rex Matheson (Mekhi Phifer), who has been impaled through the chest by a metal pole. Vera conveys news that Rex has survived to his colleague Esther (Alexa Havins) along with the news that no one has died in the past 24 hours, which she corroborates with accounts from other hospitals. In \"Rendition\" Vera realises that the hospitals cannot cope and suggests overriding the orthodox triage system so that in the wake of \"Miracle Day\" those with less severe illnesses are treated first. She later joins a series of medical panels; she engages the help of one to provide Rex with instructions to concoct emergency EDTA which when used as a chelating agent saves the life of a poisoned and now mortal Jack (John Barrowman). \"Dead of Night\" marks the beginning of a sexual relationship between Rex and Vera; he later enlists her to aid Torchwood's infiltration of a Phicorp conference. Unlike onlookers, she is disgusted by the battle for popularity between Oswald Danes and a rival spokesperson","title":"Vera Juarez"},{"docid":"54295404","text":"\"Fall to Earth\" is the second play in the main series of Torchwood audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions. It was written by James Goss and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. It was released 19 October 2015 and stars Gareth David-Lloyd reprising his role of Ianto Jones for the first time since the 2011 BBC audio drama series, Torchwood: The Lost Files. It was made available to purchase on CD and as a download. Plot High in the sky, Ianto Jones finds himself marooned on the maiden voyage of the first commercial space flight, the SkyPuncher but it's falling from the sky. Separated from his team at Torchwood Three, his only means of contact now is a young call centre operative called Zeynep... Continuity It is mentioned that Torchwood is investigating The Committee and that Captain Jack Harkness has gone missing, the arc begun in the previous Torchwood audio \"The Conspiracy\". Ianto recalls that Jack and Gwen killed his girlfriend Lisa Hallett after she was \"horribly wounded in the line of duty\". A reference to the first series television episode \"Cyberwoman\". References External links 2015 audio plays 2015 radio dramas Radio plays based on Torchwood","title":"Fall to Earth"},{"docid":"13488209","text":"Lachele J. Carl is an American actress based in England. She is best known for her minor appearances as Trinity Wells in Doctor Who, and its spin-offs The Sarah Jane Adventures, and Torchwood: Children of Earth. Early life Carl was born in Pittsburgh. She enjoyed performing from a young age, but became especially interested in her senior year of high school. She graduated from Point Park College in 1982. During her studies, Carl trained in classical theatre at the Pittsburgh Playhouse. She moved to England in 1985, wanting to do Shakespeare, and joined a theatre company called TNT. Career Carl played news anchor Trinity Wells, a recurring character in the first four series of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, appearing in the episodes \"Aliens of London\"/\"World War Three\", \"The Christmas Invasion\", \"The Sound of Drums\", \"The Poison Sky\", \"Turn Left\", \"The Stolen Earth\" and \"The End of Time\". Wells also appeared in the Doctor Who spin-offs The Sarah Jane Adventures (in the stories Revenge of the Slitheen and Secrets of the Stars) and Torchwood, during its five-part serial Children of Earth, making her the first character to appear in all three programmes. To this date, Carl is one of just four actors to have appeared in all three shows, the others being Anthony Daebeck (who plays a French newsreader), Julian Bleach and Paul Marc Davis. In 2023, Carl reprised her role in \"The Giggle\", as part of Doctor Who's 2023 specials. Carl also narrated the behind-the-scenes special Doctor Who: The Companions for BBC America, released as part of the seventh series DVD box set. Carl has also appeared in Grange Hill, Batman and Alien Autopsy. She plays one of the voices in The Notekins and was the first voice of Muck and Molly in the American English dub of the children's TV series Bob the Builder. Carl played a minor role as the US Ambassador in the British TV show Ambassadors. Personal life Carl lives in Crouch End, North London with her husband, composer Alejandro Viñao. They have a son. Filmography References External links Living people Actresses from Pittsburgh 21st-century African-American actresses 21st-century American actresses American Shakespearean actresses American television actresses American film actresses American voice actresses American emigrants to England American expatriates in the United Kingdom American expatriate actresses American expatriates in England Actors from the London Borough of Haringey Point Park University alumni Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) People from Crouch End","title":"Lachele Carl"},{"docid":"12240126","text":"Hidden is a BBC Audio original audiobook written by Steven Savile and based on the British science fiction television, Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood. It was released on 4 February 2008. The story is set during the first series of the show. Plot introduction A secret is buried in the heart of the Welsh countryside and a series of violent deaths that seem to point the finger of blame at Captain Jack Harkness. Can the team solve the riddle in time to prove Jack's innocence? Featuring Jack Harkness Gwen Cooper Owen Harper Toshiko Sato Ianto Jones References Audiobooks based on Torchwood","title":"Hidden (Torchwood)"},{"docid":"14736670","text":"In The Shadows is a BBC Audiobooks original audiobook written by Joseph Lidster and based on the British science fiction television, Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood. The story is set during and after the second series of the show and was released in March 2009. Plot introduction A man has died of old age in his 30s. This, among other strange events, has led Torchwood to conclude that someone is sending victims to another dimension, one in which they are punished by the thing which they fear the most. Who is the mysterious taxi driver preying on his passengers? Audiobooks based on Torchwood","title":"In the Shadows (Torchwood)"},{"docid":"2364660","text":"(born 29 November 1971) is a Japanese actress based in the United Kingdom. She is known for her roles as Toshiko Sato in Doctor Who and Torchwood, Yasuko Namba in Everest, Sarah in Absolutely Fabulous and Nicola in Spice World. Early life Naoko Mori was born on 29 November 1971 in Nagoya, Japan, to a Ryukyuan mother and a Japanese American father. When Mori was four years old, she moved to New Jersey due to her father's work. She returned to Japan when she was ten and moved to London two years later. When her parents were posted back to Japan, Mori was given the choice of either moving back to Japan with her parents or remaining in London on her own. She chose to stay in London, partly because she wanted to finish her GCSEs and gain some qualifications. She attended the Royal Russell School. Mori's father opened a bank account for her, handed her a cheque book and told her to find a flat or a bed sit for herself to live in. Mori said that being on her own at such a young age helped her to be a very independent person, although it was still a scary world to be faced so young. Acting career While studying for her A-levels, she auditioned and joined London's West End production of the Vietnam War musical Miss Saigon. She later went on to play Kim and became the first Japanese national to play a lead role in the West End. From 1993 to 1994, Mori had a regular role on the hospital drama Casualty as the hospital receptionist Mie Nishikawa. Film roles followed, including appearances in the 1997 musical comedy film Spice World and Topsy-Turvy (1999). Mori also appeared in the television programmes Thief Takers (1997), Judge John Deed (2001), Spooks (2002), Mile High (2003) and Powers (2004). In 1995, she had a small role as a Japanese computer hacker in the film Hackers. Mori had a major role in the 2005 BBC docu-drama Hiroshima, which contained dramatic re-enactments of the 1945 atomic bombings. Mori also provided the voice acting for the villainess Mai Hem for the game Perfect Dark Zero. In 2005, Mori had a small role as Dr. Sato in the Doctor Who episode \"Aliens of London\". Producer Russell T Davies took note of her performance and decided to bring the character back as a regular in the first two series of the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood. Mori's Torchwood character, Toshiko Sato, was killed in \"Exit Wounds\", the final episode of Torchwood second series, but has not ruled out the possibility of returning to the show at a later date. Since her exit from the show, Mori has reprised the character in multiple Torchwood audio dramas by Big Finish Productions, some of them with her as a lead with a guest cast, but some with her as part of the team with the rest of the main cast. She returned to the West End on 20 November","title":"Naoko Mori"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"34937395\",\n \"text\": \"Jilly Kitzinger is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who, portrayed by American actress Lauren Ambrose. The character was promoted as one of five new main characters to join Torchwood in its fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011), as part of a new co-production between Torchwoods British network, BBC One, and its American financiers on US premium television network Starz. Ambrose appears in seven of the ten episodes, and is credited as a \\\"special guest star\\\" throughout. Whilst reaction to the serial was mixed, Ambrose' portrayal was often singled out by critics for particular praise and in 2012 she received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress on Television. Miracle Day depicts the effects of an event which halts the process of death worldwide. Jilly Kitzinger is a public relations expert who sees this phenomenon, labelled \\\"Miracle Day\\\" by the media, as an opportunity she can use to further her career. Early in the series she becomes a representative for the paedophile-murderer Oswald Danes (Bill Pullman) which gains both parties publicity; however Kitzinger has little personal sympathy with her client and abandons him when she no longer needs him. Towards the end of the series she affiliates herself with 'the Families', the main villains behind the supernatural event of 'Miracle Day' and her own personal view of the world becomes apparent. Though those she works for are defeated in the series finale, it is revealed that Jilly has survived, leaving the character's future uncertain. The character is used by the production team to provide commentary on mass-media; she is ostensibly first and foremost concerned with profiting from global events. Jilly is also used as a foil to the contemptible Oswald Danes; during the series each uses the other for their own ends. Whilst she was promoted as having a \\\"heart of stone\\\" and described by critics as a \\\"bad-girl\\\" and \\\"amoral\\\", Ambrose stated that the character also had positive characteristics. Series writer Jane Espenson felt the character to be partly defined by her \\\"ego\\\" and \\\"self-delusion\\\". Appearances Jilly first appears in the second episode of Miracle Day where she offers the controversial Oswald Danes (Bill Pullman), a recently released convicted child murderer and paedophile, representation. Danes agrees to be represented by her after being assaulted by vigilante police officers; with him assured as a client Jilly sets out to sell his celebrity status in addition to the public image of drug company Phicorp and \\\"Miracle Day\\\" itself. Kitzinger also approaches the respected Washington DC surgeon Vera Juarez (Arlene Tur), but she allies herself with Torchwood—a group of renegades composed of two former alien-hunters and two former CIA agents—and distracts Jilly from an infiltration by Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles). In spite of her professional remit Jilly expresses disgust at Oswald in \\\"Escape to L.A.\\\" when his public persona is eclipsed by Ellis Hartley Monroe (Mare Winningham), stating that she cannot look at his hands after the crime he has committed.\",\n \"title\": \"Jilly Kitzinger\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52725790\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Conspiracy\\\" is the first play in the main series of Torchwood audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions. It was written by David Llewellyn and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. It was released 15 September 2015 and stars John Barrowman reprising his role of Captain Jack Harkness and made available to purchase on CD and as a download. Plot George Wilson is a man who claims that the world is really under alien control and those who knew the truth have long since been silenced. Unfortunately for George no-one believes him. Captain Jack Harkness of Torchwood Three, however, knows George is right. The committee are here... Writing In May 2015, Big Finish announced that they had been granted permission to produce audiobooks based on Torchwood as part of a licensing agreement between themselves and BBC Worldwide, allowing them to use characters and concepts from the revived series of Doctor Who (2005–present) and its spin-offs in future productions. The company was formerly only permitted to use concepts from the series' original 1963–89 run and its self-titled 1996 TV film. The new Torchwood plays also received the blessing of Torchwood creator Russell T. Davies, who had been working with Gardner and former Big Finish producer Gary Russell to bring the show to the company since 2013. References External links 2015 audio plays 2015 radio dramas Radio plays based on Torchwood\",\n \"title\": \"The Conspiracy (Torchwood)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7614057\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of extraterrestrial, supernatural, otherworldly and futuristic items featured in the BBC science-fiction drama Torchwood and its spin-off media. 0-9 3-D glasses Originally used by the Tenth Doctor in \\\"Doomsday\\\" to detect particles from the void between universes, Jack Harkness now owns a pair which he keeps on his desk (\\\"Small Worlds\\\"). A Alien knife See Life knife Alien pendant A communication device used by the inhabitants of Mary's home planet of Arcateen 5. It allows the wearer to hear thoughts and feelings of others; it can backfire if the ones the wearer is listening to have terrible secrets. The only known pendant on Earth was destroyed by Toshiko Sato in \\\"Greeks Bearing Gifts\\\". As Tosh pointed out, the only truthful thing Mary said about the pendant is that it can be too much for the wearer to handle. Amnesia pill Amnesia pills to cause someone to forget recent memories. The amnesia can be cured if the person's memories are triggered by one specific image (and if they are intelligent enough). Jack used this on Gwen Cooper after she first learned about the Torchwood Hub. It contains a special compound known as B67 or Retcon (in reference to retroactive continuity). The website reveals the pills were developed by Torchwood One under Yvonne Hartman, as well as several details about its effectiveness. 2 oz of B67 is only sufficient to cause mild confusion in young children (6–7), with 4 oz being able to cause memory loss in older persons (61–64), and 8 oz is sufficient to cause memory loss in people in their late 20s although in one instance, caused a stress-induced heart attack in a 64-year-old man. Gwen Cooper feeds Rhys retcon whilst confessing her affair with Owen, so that he will not remember. It is revealed in \\\"End of Days\\\" that those dismissed from Torchwood are \\\"Retconned\\\" within 24 hours. Other suggested names for the compound included Goldfish and Scooter. Jack appears to have a supply of, or made, his own Retcon during the events of Season Four - \\\"Miracle Day\\\". He drugged Esther with it, only for it to prove pointless in the following episode where she is forced to join Torchwood, and someone from the Three Families that was spying on Gwen to see if she had any contact with Jack. The Amok The Amok is a multi-dimensional coin-shaped item which appears to be a recreational game for an alien race. As humans only operate within a four-dimensional world, the incomprehensible dimensions of the Amok cause surrounding humans to go mad with desire to take their turn playing. When in possession of the Amok, humans talk unintelligibly about things being \\\"big big big\\\" and witness blue lights behind their eyelids. The madness is so acute that humans can kill each other or themselves in an attempt to take their turn. When the Torchwood team encounter the Amok in the novel Border Princes by Dan Abnett, they are also affected by it, but eventually manage\",\n \"title\": \"List of Torchwood items\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7756668\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Price (born 12 July 1980) is a British actor, voice-over artist, radio presenter and stand-up comedian originally from Monmouth, Wales. He is most noted for portraying Andy Davidson in Torchwood. Acting Price's comedy career began in 1998 when he co-starred in a revue at Monmouth School, These Charming Men. He continued acting as a student at the University of Warwick, where he studied English literature. After graduating, he turned down a place at drama school and moved to London. His first TV appearance was playing a waiter in an episode of Absolute Power. He is known to television audiences for being one of the stars of the Five comedy sketch show Swinging. He has also appeared in a recurring role as police officer Andy Davidson in a number of episodes of Torchwood, a spin-off from the long running science fiction series Doctor Who. In 2008 he starred in the BBC Three sketch show The Wrong Door and filmed the role of Darrin Stephens in a pilot UK remake of Bewitched, which never got aired. Other TV appearances include Doctors (2009) and Secret Diary of a Call Girl (2010). Price also featured in Renault TV's program The Key. In 2011 Price reprised the role of Andy Davidson in Torchwood: Miracle Day, airing on BBC One and US premium television network Starz. In addition to his TV performances Price has appeared in the films The Boat that Rocked and Hereafter. In 2011 he appeared in an 8-part comedy reality series called World Series of Dating on BBC3 with Rob Riggle. He was most recently a regular alongside Ruth Jones in Stella and appeared in recent series of Count Arthur Strong and Episodes. Comedy Price often performs as a stand-up comedian across the UK and internationally. He took his debut stand-up show, Say When, to the Edinburgh Festival in 2011, and a reviewer described his comedic style as \\\"easygoing, good-natured autobiographical\\\". He returned to Edinburgh in 2014 with his show \\\"Not as Nice as He Looks\\\", which was described by one reviewer as \\\"refreshing, innovative and frighteningly funny\\\". In Autumn 2014, Tom supported Stephen Merchant on his European Tour. Radio Price appeared as Gordon, a young drunken doctor, in the BBC Radio 4 comedy show Rigor Mortis for three series, alongside Peter Davison, Geoffrey Whitehead, Matilda Ziegler and, for series one, Tracy-Ann Oberman. His radio credits also include the Torchwood Radio Play Asylum, in which he reprised his role as Andy. He hosts the BBC Radio Wales comedy news show \\\"The Leak with Tom Price\\\", which began in September 2014. Prior to that, he regularly hosted the topical comedy radio show What's the Story? on the same station. In October 2016 Tom became the weekend afternoon host on Magic Radio. From September 2017, Tom became the weekend breakfast show host on Magic Radio taking over from Harriet Scott until 7th October 2023. From 9th October 2023, Tom can now be heard presenting the 4 till 7 show with Kat Shoob, the show\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Price (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23456862\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Asylum\\\" is an original BBC Radio 4 audio play written by Anita Sullivan and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. This episode aired on 1 July 2009 on BBC Radio 4. It stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones, Tom Price as PC Andy Davidson, and Erin Richards as Freda. Plot Andy Davidson comes across a girl in a river as he patrols. As he helps her, the girl screams at him before running off, leaving Andy confused. He comes across the girl again as he attends to a dispute between her and a shopkeeper who claims she shoplifted. The shopkeeper accuses the girl of holding a gun, but when it's revealed to Andy, he notes that it looks more like a radar gun. When the girl is unresponsive, Andy takes her to the police station. At the Hub, Jack Harkness practices knife throwing while Gwen Cooper has troubles operating the Rift database. While Jack teases Gwen's annoyance at both the database and himself to Ianto Jones, Gwen receives a phone call from Andy regarding the girl. Jack, Andy and Gwen watch the girl and a police woman talk. The girl is still unresponsive, but via interior monologue, the girl recalls memories of being bullied at school and being called a 'Ghostie'. Jack states that she will go with Torchwood as she and the gun are connected, though Andy protests that she is his case. As Gwen talks to her, the girl remembers her mother crying. She becomes disorientated as she tells Gwen her name is Freda, and speaks with a Welsh accent. Gwen proceeds to take blood tests while Jack and Ianto return to the Hub with the gun. In the SUV, Jack toys with it and they realise the gun has the power to immobilise security systems and in particular, the traffic. Using a motorbike, Jack and Ianto speed away to the Hub while the city remains gridlocked. Gwen and Andy take Freda to a safe house while Jack and Ianto run the appropriate tests. Gwen tells Andy that Freda is now Torchwood's responsibility and they're keeping Freda safe. While Gwen attends to a burn on her arm, Freda recalls a house fire as well as a Cardiff address and the name of a woman. She asks to go to the address as it may help jog her memory, and Gwen and Andy argue about the decision. While Freda bathes, Gwen receives a phone call from the Hub stating that Freda came through the Rift and has the potential to control what comes through. Gwen tells Jack about the address and contact, and Jack warns her to stay focused. At the safe house, Andy pesters Gwen about mentions of the Rift until Freda interrupts them. Gwen decides to give Freda a haircut and clothes to help her blend in while Andy remains in a state of disbelief\",\n \"title\": \"Asylum (Torchwood)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33107456\",\n \"text\": \"Oswald Danes is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who and is portrayed by American actor Bill Pullman. The character was promoted as one of five new main characters to join Torchwood in its fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011), as part of a new co-production between Torchwoods British network, BBC One, and its American financiers on US premium television network Starz. Pullman appears in eight of the ten episodes, and is credited as a series regular. Whilst reaction to the serial and Pullman's character was mixed, Pullman's portrayal was praised by critics and in 2012 he received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor on Television. Danes is a former schoolteacher who molested several of the little girls he taught, and eventually killed one of them. He was sentenced to death, but on the day of his execution - the so-called Miracle Day, when death ceases worldwide - Danes survives his own lethal injection. His survival draws global attention, and he subsequently is released from prison on a legal technicality. After being offered both exposure and protection by public relations expert Jilly Kitzinger (Lauren Ambrose), he becomes her client, which helps him gain more publicity. Following a series of events he ends up aiding Torchwood, a team composed of two former alien-hunters and two former CIA agents, on their mission to restore death to the world. Danes is killed off in the final episode of the series; when death is restored he takes one of the Torchwood team's enemies out in a murder–suicide. Critics commented upon the character's resemblance both to horror film killers such as Freddy Krueger and Hannibal Lecter, as well as to American Evangelists and to the biblical Jesus Christ. The series also follows Danes' rise and fall in the public eye and the precariousness of fame. Though critics questioned the wisdom of having a pedophile as a character, the show's creative team was adamant that they had deliberately made him unlikable. In killing the character off, the creative team did not wish to suggest that the character had been redeemed for his earlier crimes, and made sure that this was emphasised even in his final act of self-sacrifice. Pullman has expressed interest in reprising the role in a future Torchwood series. Appearances The first scene of Miracle Day depicts Oswald Danes surviving execution by lethal injection due to death spontaneously ceasing. His lawyers successfully advance a force majeure argument; as a result, the Governor of Kentucky is forced to release Danes on parole. Danes accepts an offer of representation from public relations guru Jilly Kitzinger (Lauren Ambrose) after his fame leads to him being assaulted in public, leading to him becoming a spokesman for Phicorp, a drug company hoping to capitalise on the absence of death. During Torchwood's investigations into PhiCorp, Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) confronts Danes, who brags about killing his student, calling it \\\"the best moment of my life\\\". Tensions arise between\",\n \"title\": \"Oswald Danes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25196971\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Marc Davis (born 16 April 1974) is a British actor who has appeared on Doctor Who (the episode \\\"Utopia\\\") and three of its spin-off series: Torchwood (\\\"Exit Wounds\\\"), The Sarah Jane Adventures (as recurring villain \\\"The Trickster\\\"), and Class (as recurring villain Corakinus). This makes him the only actor to appear in all four of the Doctor Who series. He was also an executive producer on Sports Day 3D. Life and career Davis was born in London. He studied Fine Art and was a professional Sculptor for 12 years. He is best known for his design of the Gramophone International Classical Music Award, an award regarded as the highest accolade for Classical Music and has Luciano Pavarotti among its recipients. Paul was awarded The Association of British Artists Award for Sculpture in 1996 and was shortlisted for The National association of British Sculptors award in 1998. In 2001, after a chance meeting, he was offered the lead in a Channel Four film about the life of Casanova. In the same year he played the ghost of the Cavalier in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. Over the next few years Davis played leads in many independent films and in 2007 was cast in Doctor Who, The Sarah Jane Adventures and Torchwood. Other roles include playing alongside Colin Farrell in Woody Allen's Cassandra's Dream. Filmography Film Television References External links 1974 births English male film actors English male television actors Living people\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Marc Davis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30367876\",\n \"text\": \"Esther Drummond, portrayed by Alexa Havins, is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who. Havins is one of several American actors to join Torchwood in its fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day, which was co-produced by Torchwoods original British network BBC One and the American television network Starz. The character appears in every episode of the fourth series in addition to a prequel novel, The Men Who Sold the World. Within the series narrative, Esther is a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) watch analyst who becomes aware of the defunct British Torchwood Institute on \\\"Miracle Day\\\", when it is discovered that no one can die. Alongside her CIA colleague Rex Matheson she joins forces with the last two remaining Torchwood agents to investigate the phenomenon. Esther's standing as a desk-bound computer and technology expert puts her in contrast with the tougher and more action-orientated characters in the series. By the Miracle Day finale, Esther has become a more competent field agent, but is murdered by the group's enemies in an attempt to stop them progressing with their mission. Havins was influenced in her decision to accept the part by her husband's appreciation of the series. Like Rex, Esther is used by executive producer Russell T Davies as a means of introducing new American audiences to the established mythos of Torchwood. Havins stated the character to have an unrequited love for Rex, but explained that he does not appear to notice. Response to the character varied; some critics praised her characterisation and portrayal whilst others felt her to display incompetency and to not have been taken to by the audience. The nature of her exit from the show was generally praised, though some reviewers felt it lacked the desired emotional impact. Appearances Television Esther Drummond, a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) watch analyst, makes her first appearance in Torchwood: Miracle Days premiere episode \\\"The New World\\\" in which she informs colleague Rex Matheson (Mekhi Phifer) about a mysterious message containing the single word \\\"Torchwood\\\". A distracted Rex is then fatally injured, leading Esther to blame herself for his accident. After finding out the process of death has been ceased in a global event termed \\\"Miracle Day\\\", Esther begins tracking down information on Torchwood, supposing a link between the organisation and the start of \\\"Miracle Day\\\". Amid her research, she encounters former head of Torchwood, Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), who helps her escape the destructive blast of a suicide bomber. Harkness explains the history of the Torchwood Institute, but wipes Esther's memory so she will not remember their encounter. Esther's memory is later triggered when a hard copy of the Torchwood file lands on her desk. Esther's investigation into Torchwood compromises her position within the CIA and she — like Rex — is set up by the agency. Forced into fugitive status, she finds herself working as part of Torchwood alongside Rex and the Torchwood Institute's last surviving members, Captain Jack and Gwen Cooper\",\n \"title\": \"Esther Drummond\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23465077\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Golden Age\\\" is an original radio play written by James Goss and is a spin-off from the British science-fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. This episode aired on 2 July 2009 on BBC Radio 4. It stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones and Jasmine Hyde as The Duchess. Plot The story begins with the team in Delhi, India, with Ianto watching packages being delivered to find anything suspicious. He finds out that the packages are addressed to Captain Jack Harkness. An energy field is being spread across Delhi, and while Gwen and Ianto try to remove the crowds from the city, the energy spike hits and everybody disappears except the Torchwood team. Jack seems to think that the people were marked before the spike hit, and suddenly Jack remembers a building that he had shut down 80 years ago that shouldn't exist. The building is Torchwood India. There, Jack, Gwen and Ianto meet a secretary, Mr. Daz, who remembers Jack and find that the members of the Royal Connaught Club are still alive and have not aged a day. The Duchess, Eleanor, Duchess of Melrose, arrives with a shotgun and starts to shoot Jack, although Jack manages to convince her to stop shooting by explaining the situation. Torchwood India was founded by Queen Victoria to gather all alien artefacts in India, but on 28 February 1924 Captain Jack Harkness had everything shipped to Britain from Delhi. The team split up to search the club, and while George Gissing takes Gwen and Ianto through the basement, he mentions that he knows that there used to be heaps of artefacts in Torchwood India. When Gwen claims that thousands of people just vanished before her eyes, Gissing does not believe her. Jack continues to talk to The Duchess, and she claims that the radiation from the residual energy of the alien artefacts has kept the three of them young and alive. The Duchess, having had a fling in the past with Captain Jack, continues to toy with Jack and wishes to know why Torchwood India was shut. Jack replies that the Empire was coming to an end and would have to have been shut down in India, but if he could do it again he would have chosen differently and kept the branch open. Mr Gissing and Mr Daz take Gwen and Ianto hostage when they become too close to the artefacts, while The Duchess explains that she still had one artefact left – a time store which has kept 24 February 1924 every day until present day as they refused to embrace the changes happening in India and the closing of Torchwood. The power needed to sustain an entire club for 80 years is enormous, but the Duchess claims that it is now powered by people of India to keep the time store going, as India has a surplus of commoners according to Gissing. The Duchess has\",\n \"title\": \"Golden Age (Torchwood)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18211187\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Lost Souls\\\" is an original BBC Radio 4 audio play written by Joseph Lidster and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. It aired on 10 September 2008 in the Afternoon Play slot as part of Radio 4's Big Bang Day which celebrated the switching on of CERN's Large Hadron Collider that same day. Andrew Marr introduced the audio play live from CERN. An mp3 version of the audio play was freely available until 18 September, when the play was released on CD and as a purchasable download. Plot Torchwood Three are chasing a Weevil through Cardiff Bay. Dr. Martha Jones phones Captain Jack Harkness, requesting help. Jack immediately agrees to meet Martha when she says people are disappearing from the CERN facility in Switzerland, where she's working. Martha suggests they go undercover, and Torchwood set off for Geneva. Gwen Cooper says there aren't any records of the disappearances, but instead on the Large Hadron Collider, or LHC. Jack explains to her and Ianto Jones that CERN seeks the 'Higgs Particle', the fundamental particle of existence. CERN had found a way of examining the building blocks of matter itself; and built the world's largest particle collider which runs from Switzerland to France, in a 27 km round tunnel. Jack excitedly states that the plan is to collide protons moving at the speed of light together, to produce what would effectively be like the \\\"Big Bang\\\". Jack guesses the people may have discovered something unusual and were forcibly removed. He explains that the particle collision is thought to expose parallel dimensions, create black holes or turn the world inside out. After noticing Gwen and Ianto's expressions, Jack assures them that it would all be fine since it's theoretical. Meeting in Geneva, Martha and the others discuss how they're coping since Toshiko Sato and Dr. Owen Harper's funeral. Gwen replies they're okay, and Martha says she's been spending her time working in Switzerland. She informs Torchwood about her missing friend, Julia Swales. Working as a CERN doctor, Julia realised people were falling ill with undiagnosable symptoms. The patients were sent to a hospital in France because of this, but upon contacting the hospital, Julia was informed the 11 patients never arrived. Julia told Martha, but UNIT couldn't find anything wrong. Martha called Torchwood when Julia disappeared, knowing she'd need their help. Martha and the team head to the facility, where a reception for the LHC is being held. Martha introduces Ianto as the Welsh Ambassador and Gwen as his wife to the guard, Jack being their assistant. Arriving in what Martha calls an 'underground city' – where the research takes place – the team view the housing of ATLAS, the largest particle detector (Gwen and Ianto describe it as a jet engine the size of the London Eye), and are met by Professor Katrina Johnson. Being informed that the collider countdown has started, Martha introduces her UNIT boss, Dr Oliver Harrington, who\",\n \"title\": \"Lost Souls (Torchwood)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31740184\",\n \"text\": \"Ghost Train is a BBC Audiobooks original audiobook written by James Goss and based on the British science fiction television, Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood. The story is set after the second series of the show and was released in March 2011. Kai Owen narrates the story, which is largely set from the perspective of Rhys Williams External links Audiobooks based on Torchwood Works by James Goss 2011 audio plays\",\n \"title\": \"Ghost Train (Torchwood)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54239944\",\n \"text\": \"The Torchwood Archive is a Big Finish Productions audio drama celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the British science fiction television series Torchwood, a spin-off of the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The story was written by James Goss and stars the majority of the original television cast including John Barrowman, Eve Myles and Gareth David-Lloyd as Captain Jack Harkness, Gwen Cooper and Ianto Jones, respectively. It was released 21 October 2016 and made available to purchase on CD and as a download. Plot Far in the future, in the middle of a vast war; Jeremaiah Bash Henderson pays a visit to a desolate asteroid. Upon the asteroid a forgotten outpost inside which is an archive. Within the secrets of an age old Earth institute dating back to the 19th century, an institute known only as: Torchwood. Jeremiah's goal: to learn something very important. However, first he must get past the ghosts of long since dead Torchwood operatives and the tales they have to tell. Continuity Alex Hopkins was first introduced in the TV series' episode 'Fragments' from series two, with Julian Lewis Jones reprising his role as Hopkins. The Little Girl was introduced in the TV series episode 'Dead Man Walking' and reappeared in 'Fragments'. Kerry Gooderson takes over the role from Skye Bennett. Madeline mentions the death of George Wilson from the first Big Finish Torchwood play, \\\"The Conspiracy\\\". Tracy-Ann Oberman reprises her role as Yvonne Hartman, the director of Torchwood One. She first appeared in the Doctor Who episodes \\\"Army of Ghosts\\\" and \\\"Doomsday\\\", as well as the previous Big Finish audio play \\\"One Rule\\\". Toshiko mentions a way in which the world's fields could be manipulated in order to prevent death. This was seen occurring in the fourth season of the TV series, Miracle Day. The Torchwood Archive was previously mentioned in the Doctor Who episode \\\"The Satan Pit\\\". Characters who featured worked on behalf of the archive. Paul Clayton portrays Mr. Colchester. Mr Colchester would later appear as a full-fledged member of the Torchwood team in Aliens Among Us, a 12 part Big Finish drama promoted as the fifth season following the events of Miracle Day. Production The play was recorded over the span of many months. The cast recorded their dialogue whilst subsequently recording other Torchwood scripts for Big Finish Productions. References External links 2016 audio plays 2016 radio dramas Radio plays based on Torchwood\",\n \"title\": \"The Torchwood Archive\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48000897\",\n \"text\": \"Class is a British science fiction drama programme and a spin-off of the long-running programme Doctor Who. It was created and written by Patrick Ness, who also produced alongside Doctor Who showrunner and lead writer Steven Moffat, and Brian Minchin, who acted as producer on Doctor Who and two of its previous spin-offs, Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. The series of eight episodes was released on BBC Three between 22 October and 3 December 2016. The story focuses on five of the students and staff at Coal Hill Academy, a longtime recurrent location of Doctor Who, who are tasked by the Doctor to deal with alien threats while trying to deal with their personal lives. The series received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise for its darker tone, writing, themes, characters, and acting. However, the series scored poor viewership figures for its broadcast on BBC One. In September 2017, BBC Three confirmed that the series was cancelled. In 2018 Big Finish Productions produced a series of six Class audio adventures, telling the further adventures of the students at Coal Hill Academy. Six more audio adventures were announced for release starting in April 2020, with two of the main characters being recast. Premise The programme is set in Coal Hill Academy, a fictional school that has been featured in Doctor Who since the 1963 serial, An Unearthly Child, and focuses on six of its students and staff members. The sixth formers of Coal Hill Academy all have their own secrets and desires. They have to deal with the stresses of everyday life, including friends, parents, school work, sex, and sorrow, but also the horrors that come from time travel. The Doctor and his time-travelling have made the walls of space and time stretch thin, and monsters are planning to break through and wreak havoc upon the Earth. Cast Main Greg Austin as Charlie Smith, an alien posing as a human student. He is the prince of the Rhodians, and the last of his species; after being rescued by the Doctor when his race is slaughtered by another species called the Shadow Kin, he changes his body to a human's and poses as an average 17-year-old student from Sheffield. Fady Elsayed as Ram Singh, a tough, antisocial student and gifted football player. After losing his right leg in the first episode, he is given a prosthetic one by the Doctor. Sophie Hopkins as April MacLean, an ordinary, unremarkable student whose life is forever changed when she encounters the king of the Shadow Kin, Corakinus. Vivian Oparah as Tanya Adeola, a child prodigy of Nigerian origin who moved up three years at Coal Hill School due to her \\\"outstanding examination results\\\" and \\\"truly extraordinary academic capability\\\". Katherine Kelly as Miss Andrea Quill, real name Andra'ath, the physics teacher at Coal Hill Academy. Like Charlie, she is secretly an alien and the last of her species, the Quill, long-time war enemies of the Rhodians (who live on a different continent of the\",\n \"title\": \"Class (2016 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16261773\",\n \"text\": \"Julian Bleach (born 29 December 1963) is an English actor, singer and playwright, who is known as co-creator and \\\"MC\\\" of Shockheaded Peter, a musical entertainment based on the works of Heinrich Hoffmann, which won the 2002 Olivier Award for Best Entertainment. He is also known for playing Davros in the 2005 revival of Doctor Who (in 2008, 2015, and 2023). Early life Bleach was born in Bournemouth. He was educated at Summerbee School and studied drama at Bournemouth and Poole College. After that he trained at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Career Bleach's other theatre work includes playing Ariel to Patrick Stewart's Prospero in the RSC's 2007 production of The Tempest, directed by Rupert Goold, and Mr. Sowerberry (to Louise Gold's Mrs. Sowerberry) and Dr. Grimwig in the 2009 Theatre Royal Drury Lane production of the musical Oliver!. On television, he has starred as \\\"The Monster\\\" in the 2007 ITV adaptation of Frankenstein. He played the Grand Master from the second series of children's drama M.I.High and guest-starred as the villainous \\\"Ghostmaker\\\" in Peter J. Hammond's \\\"From Out of the Rain\\\" in the second series of Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood. Bleach was later cast by the parent series as Davros, enemy of The Doctor and creator of the Daleks, in \\\"The Stolen Earth\\\" and \\\"Journey's End\\\", the two-part season finale of the 2008 series, and live at the Doctor Who Prom, before returning to the role in the 2015 series opener, \\\"The Magician's Apprentice\\\", and its conclusion, \\\"The Witch's Familiar\\\". In 2010, it was announced that he would star as the eponymous character in The Nightmare Man, the opening story of Series 4 of The Sarah Jane Adventures. This makes him one of only two actors (the other being Paul Marc Davis) to appear in not only Doctor Who, but two of its spin-offs, Torchwood and The Sarah-Jane Adventures. In 2011, he appeared as Niccolò Machiavelli in the Showtime series The Borgias. In 2016 Bleach appeared as Barkilphedro in the critically acclaimed new musical The Grinning Man at Bristol Old Vic which transferred in late 2017 to Trafalgar Studios. In the same year he also appeared in Rory Mullarkey's new play Saint George and the Dragon at the Royal National Theatre. Filmography Film Television Video games Theatre References External links 1963 births Living people Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male musical theatre actors English male Shakespearean actors English dramatists and playwrights English male dramatists and playwrights Male actors from Bournemouth Royal Shakespeare Company members\",\n \"title\": \"Julian Bleach\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30351976\",\n \"text\": \"Dr Vera Juarez is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who, portrayed by Cuban American actress Arlene Tur. The character was promoted as one of five new main characters to join Torchwood in its fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011), as part of a new co-production between Torchwoods British network, BBC One, and its American financiers on US premium television network Starz. Tur appears in the first five of the overall ten episodes, and is credited as a 'special guest star'. The narrative of Miracle Day depicts the effects of an event which halts the process of death worldwide meaning the gravely-wounded continue to remain alive. As an attending surgeon, Vera is amongst the first to realise the significance of events and the associated repercussions. Her morals and professionalism pit her at odds with the increasingly inept medical system and shifting government legislation. After establishing a sexual relationship with Rex Matheson she allies herself with his Torchwood team. However, her first undercover investigation for the group is her last; she is burned alive after dissenting against one of the middle-men in charge of a government run concentration camp. In early episodes, the character provides a reference point for viewers in regards to the effects of people who should be dead not dying. To prepare for the role, Tur spent time in a hospital emergency department and shadowed a professional medical doctor. Some critics felt that the character's hands on role enabled the audience to relate more to the crisis; others maintained that she wasn't given enough time to develop. Response to the character's violent death was mixed; some praised the increasingly dark shift whilst others felt it was too evocative of the Holocaust for a TV drama. The writers intent in scripting her demise had been to remind audiences that intense human cruelty is possible in human society. Appearances Vera first appears in \\\"The New World\\\" when she is called upon to treat Rex Matheson (Mekhi Phifer), who has been impaled through the chest by a metal pole. Vera conveys news that Rex has survived to his colleague Esther (Alexa Havins) along with the news that no one has died in the past 24 hours, which she corroborates with accounts from other hospitals. In \\\"Rendition\\\" Vera realises that the hospitals cannot cope and suggests overriding the orthodox triage system so that in the wake of \\\"Miracle Day\\\" those with less severe illnesses are treated first. She later joins a series of medical panels; she engages the help of one to provide Rex with instructions to concoct emergency EDTA which when used as a chelating agent saves the life of a poisoned and now mortal Jack (John Barrowman). \\\"Dead of Night\\\" marks the beginning of a sexual relationship between Rex and Vera; he later enlists her to aid Torchwood's infiltration of a Phicorp conference. Unlike onlookers, she is disgusted by the battle for popularity between Oswald Danes and a rival spokesperson\",\n \"title\": \"Vera Juarez\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54295404\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Fall to Earth\\\" is the second play in the main series of Torchwood audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions. It was written by James Goss and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. It was released 19 October 2015 and stars Gareth David-Lloyd reprising his role of Ianto Jones for the first time since the 2011 BBC audio drama series, Torchwood: The Lost Files. It was made available to purchase on CD and as a download. Plot High in the sky, Ianto Jones finds himself marooned on the maiden voyage of the first commercial space flight, the SkyPuncher but it's falling from the sky. Separated from his team at Torchwood Three, his only means of contact now is a young call centre operative called Zeynep... Continuity It is mentioned that Torchwood is investigating The Committee and that Captain Jack Harkness has gone missing, the arc begun in the previous Torchwood audio \\\"The Conspiracy\\\". Ianto recalls that Jack and Gwen killed his girlfriend Lisa Hallett after she was \\\"horribly wounded in the line of duty\\\". A reference to the first series television episode \\\"Cyberwoman\\\". References External links 2015 audio plays 2015 radio dramas Radio plays based on Torchwood\",\n \"title\": \"Fall to Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13488209\",\n \"text\": \"Lachele J. Carl is an American actress based in England. She is best known for her minor appearances as Trinity Wells in Doctor Who, and its spin-offs The Sarah Jane Adventures, and Torchwood: Children of Earth. Early life Carl was born in Pittsburgh. She enjoyed performing from a young age, but became especially interested in her senior year of high school. She graduated from Point Park College in 1982. During her studies, Carl trained in classical theatre at the Pittsburgh Playhouse. She moved to England in 1985, wanting to do Shakespeare, and joined a theatre company called TNT. Career Carl played news anchor Trinity Wells, a recurring character in the first four series of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, appearing in the episodes \\\"Aliens of London\\\"/\\\"World War Three\\\", \\\"The Christmas Invasion\\\", \\\"The Sound of Drums\\\", \\\"The Poison Sky\\\", \\\"Turn Left\\\", \\\"The Stolen Earth\\\" and \\\"The End of Time\\\". Wells also appeared in the Doctor Who spin-offs The Sarah Jane Adventures (in the stories Revenge of the Slitheen and Secrets of the Stars) and Torchwood, during its five-part serial Children of Earth, making her the first character to appear in all three programmes. To this date, Carl is one of just four actors to have appeared in all three shows, the others being Anthony Daebeck (who plays a French newsreader), Julian Bleach and Paul Marc Davis. In 2023, Carl reprised her role in \\\"The Giggle\\\", as part of Doctor Who's 2023 specials. Carl also narrated the behind-the-scenes special Doctor Who: The Companions for BBC America, released as part of the seventh series DVD box set. Carl has also appeared in Grange Hill, Batman and Alien Autopsy. She plays one of the voices in The Notekins and was the first voice of Muck and Molly in the American English dub of the children's TV series Bob the Builder. Carl played a minor role as the US Ambassador in the British TV show Ambassadors. Personal life Carl lives in Crouch End, North London with her husband, composer Alejandro Viñao. They have a son. Filmography References External links Living people Actresses from Pittsburgh 21st-century African-American actresses 21st-century American actresses American Shakespearean actresses American television actresses American film actresses American voice actresses American emigrants to England American expatriates in the United Kingdom American expatriate actresses American expatriates in England Actors from the London Borough of Haringey Point Park University alumni Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) People from Crouch End\",\n \"title\": \"Lachele Carl\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12240126\",\n \"text\": \"Hidden is a BBC Audio original audiobook written by Steven Savile and based on the British science fiction television, Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood. It was released on 4 February 2008. The story is set during the first series of the show. Plot introduction A secret is buried in the heart of the Welsh countryside and a series of violent deaths that seem to point the finger of blame at Captain Jack Harkness. Can the team solve the riddle in time to prove Jack's innocence? Featuring Jack Harkness Gwen Cooper Owen Harper Toshiko Sato Ianto Jones References Audiobooks based on Torchwood\",\n \"title\": \"Hidden (Torchwood)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14736670\",\n \"text\": \"In The Shadows is a BBC Audiobooks original audiobook written by Joseph Lidster and based on the British science fiction television, Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood. The story is set during and after the second series of the show and was released in March 2009. Plot introduction A man has died of old age in his 30s. This, among other strange events, has led Torchwood to conclude that someone is sending victims to another dimension, one in which they are punished by the thing which they fear the most. Who is the mysterious taxi driver preying on his passengers? Audiobooks based on Torchwood\",\n \"title\": \"In the Shadows (Torchwood)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2364660\",\n \"text\": \"(born 29 November 1971) is a Japanese actress based in the United Kingdom. She is known for her roles as Toshiko Sato in Doctor Who and Torchwood, Yasuko Namba in Everest, Sarah in Absolutely Fabulous and Nicola in Spice World. Early life Naoko Mori was born on 29 November 1971 in Nagoya, Japan, to a Ryukyuan mother and a Japanese American father. When Mori was four years old, she moved to New Jersey due to her father's work. She returned to Japan when she was ten and moved to London two years later. When her parents were posted back to Japan, Mori was given the choice of either moving back to Japan with her parents or remaining in London on her own. She chose to stay in London, partly because she wanted to finish her GCSEs and gain some qualifications. She attended the Royal Russell School. Mori's father opened a bank account for her, handed her a cheque book and told her to find a flat or a bed sit for herself to live in. Mori said that being on her own at such a young age helped her to be a very independent person, although it was still a scary world to be faced so young. Acting career While studying for her A-levels, she auditioned and joined London's West End production of the Vietnam War musical Miss Saigon. She later went on to play Kim and became the first Japanese national to play a lead role in the West End. From 1993 to 1994, Mori had a regular role on the hospital drama Casualty as the hospital receptionist Mie Nishikawa. Film roles followed, including appearances in the 1997 musical comedy film Spice World and Topsy-Turvy (1999). Mori also appeared in the television programmes Thief Takers (1997), Judge John Deed (2001), Spooks (2002), Mile High (2003) and Powers (2004). In 1995, she had a small role as a Japanese computer hacker in the film Hackers. Mori had a major role in the 2005 BBC docu-drama Hiroshima, which contained dramatic re-enactments of the 1945 atomic bombings. Mori also provided the voice acting for the villainess Mai Hem for the game Perfect Dark Zero. In 2005, Mori had a small role as Dr. Sato in the Doctor Who episode \\\"Aliens of London\\\". Producer Russell T Davies took note of her performance and decided to bring the character back as a regular in the first two series of the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood. Mori's Torchwood character, Toshiko Sato, was killed in \\\"Exit Wounds\\\", the final episode of Torchwood second series, but has not ruled out the possibility of returning to the show at a later date. Since her exit from the show, Mori has reprised the character in multiple Torchwood audio dramas by Big Finish Productions, some of them with her as a lead with a guest cast, but some with her as part of the team with the rest of the main cast. She returned to the West End on 20 November\",\n \"title\": \"Naoko Mori\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["2006"],"string":"[\n \"2006\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":88,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_9947"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when is mamma mia going to be released"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"54535911","text":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\"One of Us\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\"Waterloo\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\"Why Did It","title":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"54535911\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\\\"One of Us\\\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\\\"Waterloo\\\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\\\"Why Did It\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"17105979","text":"Mazz Murray (born 26 November 1974) is an English stage and TV actress, voice artist and singer with a three octave range. As an actress she is known for her theatre roles, including portrayals of Patsy Cline, Dusty Springfield and Vivian Ellis in tribute shows. Career She portrayed the Killer Queen in the West End production of the musical We Will Rock You. She is the longest-running cast member to be involved in the show, having been in the original ensemble when the musical opened in May 2002. She took over the principal role of Killer Queen from Sharon D. Clarke in April 2004. In 2010, she formed a girl group, Woman, with her sister Gina, Anna-Jane Casey and Emma Kershaw, debuting their single \"I’m a Woman\". In 2015, she joined the cast of the London production of Mamma Mia! as Tanya, a role which was subsequently taken over by Kate Graham when Murray departed in 2017. It was announced that she would join the cast of Chicago from 2 July 2018 until 11 August 2018, playing the role of Matron Mama Morton. In 2019, it was announced that Murray would be returning to the West End production of Mamma Mia! in the role of Donna Sheridan. Personal life Murray was born in London, and is the daughter of songwriter Mitch Murray and actress Grazina Frame. She trained at Redroofs Theatre School, Maidenhead and Sylvia Young Theatre School, London. On 18 June 2009 she married Oren Harush (born 27 July 1980), an Israeli. Brian May played a special version of \"Love of My Life\", with some new words with Mazz at their wedding. The couple live in Bushey, Hertfordshire, England. Murray is a supporter of Manchester United F.C. Theatre credits We Will Rock You – Killer Queen Fame – Mabel Rent – Maureen Pippin – Berthe Boogie Nights – Debs Only the Lonely – Patsy Cline A Girl Called Dusty – Dusty Springfield Sweet Charity Fiddler on the Roof Chicago – Matron Mama Morton Mamma Mia! – Tanya and Donna Sheridan Sunset Boulevard – Norma Desmond Television Blessed – Shop Assistant (1 episode: \"Who Wrote the Book of Love?\") Footballers' Wives – Jenny Taylor EastEnders – Miranda (2 episodes) Fimbles – Yodelling Echo The Quest – Lizzie References External links Profile - CastAway Voice Actors & Actresses Brian May's Soapbox About Mazz's Wedding 1973 births English musical theatre actresses Living people Actresses from London","title":"Mazz Murray"},{"docid":"20312130","text":"Amén is the tenth studio album by Spanish duo Azúcar Moreno, released on Sony International in 2000. Amén, entirely recorded in Miami, was coproduced by Estéfano, with whom the duo had collaborated on the 1994 album El Amor, and Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez who had produced their two preceding albums Esclava de tu piel and Olé and also the track “Muévete salvaje” on their 1997 greatest hits compilation Mucho Azúcar - Grandes Éxitos. Six of the album's thirteen titles, “Amén”, “Abracadabra”, “Mamma mia”, “Tururú”, “40 kilos de besos”, “Amigo mío” and “Viva la vida”, were written or co-written by Spanish singer and composer Miguel Gallardo, who previously had penned hits like “Hazme el amor”, “Desnúdate, desnúdame”, “A galope”, “Solo se vive una vez”, “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” and “Esclava de tu piel” for the Salazar sisters. The lead single from the album was “Mamma mia” —not to be confused with the ABBA song with the same title— followed by the title track “Amén”, “Ay amor”, “Dale que dale” and the ballad “Piel de seda”, the latter written by prolific Spanish composer José Luis Perales. The track “San José” was co-produced by Spanish remix team Pumpin’ Dolls, who previously had remixed worldwide hits like Cher’s “Strong Enough”, TLC’s “Unpretty” and Carlos Santana’s “María María”. The track “Abracadabra”, the third single from the album, was along with “Juramento” featured in Spanish movie Gitano, starring famous flamenco dancer Joaquín Cortés. “Mamma Mia”, “Amén” and “Abracadabra” were all released in a wide variety of extended dance mixes, mixed by among others Pedro del Moral, David Ferrero and Pablo Flores. Amén continued the Salazar sisters’ series of successful albums, selling some 300.000 copies in Spain alone and achieving triple platinum status. Amén was the first Azúcar Moreno album to be accompanied by a DVD release, entitled Amén Tour. The documentary captures the Salazar sisters touring Spain, Portugal, The Azores, Bulgaria, South America and it also features behind the scenes footage from the making of the videos “Mamma mia”, “Amén”, “Abracadabra” and “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” from their previous album Esclava de tu piel, the latter filmed in New York. Track listing “Amén” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:36 “Abracadabra” (Gallardo) – 3:50 “Mamma mia” (Fano) – 4:17 “El amor se echa de menos” (Fano) – 4:48 “Tururú” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:44 “Piel de seda” (Perales) – 4:33 “Juramento” (Rilo) – 3:33 “Dale que dale” (Alonso, Castro, Flores, Salazar) – 3:59 “Ay amor” (Donato, Fano) – 4:28 “40 kilos de besos” (Caba, Gallardo) – 4:14 “San José” (Gypsy Dance version) (Arana, Belmonte) – 3:51 “Amigo mío” (Gallardo) – 3:14 “Viva la vida” (Gallardo) – 3:47 Personnel Azúcar Moreno – vocals Production Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez – record producer Estéfano – producer Pumpin’ Dolls – co-producers \"San José\" (Gypsy Dance Version) Certifications and sales Sources and external links [ Allmusic discography] Discogs.com discography Rateyourmusic.com discography Specific 2000 albums Azúcar Moreno albums","title":"Amén"},{"docid":"8377793","text":"Number Ones is a compilation album of recordings by Swedish pop group ABBA, released by Polar Music in 2006. Whereas ABBA Gold pulls together 19 of the group's biggest hits and most familiar songs, Number Ones is a variation on this concept, collecting 18 tracks that were #1 hits in many of the countries where ABBA were successful. In the end, only three tracks from ABBA Gold do not make the cut: \"Does Your Mother Know\", \"Lay All Your Love on Me\", and \"Thank You for the Music\". In the UK, the track list includes the full length version of \"Summer Night City\" (originally released on the Thank You for the Music box set) and an additional track \"Ring Ring\", which, oddly enough, was never a big hit in that territory. A limited edition, also released in the UK, includes a bonus disc with 12 tracks from ABBA's #1 albums. In Taiwan, a hidden track follows \"I Have a Dream\". This hidden track, titled \"ABBA Remix\" and running for 3:31, is a medley of the choruses of the 18 songs on the CD. Track listing International track listing \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Super Trouper\" \"SOS\" \"Summer Night City\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Chiquitita\" \"One of Us\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"Fernando\" \"Waterloo\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"I Have a Dream\" UK track listing \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Super Trouper\" \"SOS\" \"Summer Night City (Extended version)\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Chiquitita\" \"One of Us\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"Fernando\" \"Waterloo\" \"Ring Ring\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"I Have a Dream\" Limited Edition Bonus Disc: Classic Tracks from Number Ones albums \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" \"Hole in Your Soul\" \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" \"Me and I\" \"The King Has Lost His Crown\" \"Rock Me\" \"Tiger\" \"I Wonder (Departure)\" \"Another Town, Another Train\" \"Our Last Summer\" \"Kisses of Fire\" \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" Personnel Agnetha Fältskog - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Anni-Frid Lyngstad - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Björn Ulvaeus - lead vocals , co-lead vocals acoustic guitar, backing vocals Benny Andersson – synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2006 greatest hits albums ABBA compilation albums Compilation albums of number-one songs Polar Music compilation albums Albums produced by Björn Ulvaeus Albums produced by Benny Andersson Albums recorded at Polar Studios","title":"Number Ones (ABBA album)"},{"docid":"71791370","text":"Amanda Seyfried is an American actress who has received numerous accolades throughout her career. Seyfried came to prominence following her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), for which she received an MTV Movie & TV Award. She then appeared in the romantic comedy films Dear John and Letters to Juliet (both 2010), earning various nominations at the Teen Choice Awards, and the black comedy horror Jennifer's Body (2009), which won her a second MTV Movie & TV Award. She starred in the ABBA-inspired musicals Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), for which she was nominated for two People's Choice Awards, and the period musical Les Misérables (2012), which earned her a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Seyfried received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020), earning nominations in the Best Supporting Actress category at the Academy Awards, AACTA International Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and Golden Globe Awards. This acclaim continued for her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the drama miniseries The Dropout (2022), for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film. Awards and nominations Notes References External links Seyfried, Amanda","title":"List of awards and nominations received by Amanda Seyfried"},{"docid":"10708687","text":"The 56th Annual Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall on June 2, 2002 and broadcast by CBS. \"The First Ten\" awards ceremony was telecast on PBS television. The event was co-hosted by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. With her win as a producer of Thoroughly Modern Millie, Whoopi Goldberg became the 10th person to become an EGOT winner. The ceremony The show opened with a tribute to Richard Rodgers, featuring a medley of his songs performed by Marvin Hamlisch, Harry Connick Jr., Michele Lee, Mos Def, Lea Salonga, Peter Gallagher, John Raitt, Bernadette Peters, Gregory Hines, and the company of Oklahoma! A Broadway/New York song medley was performed by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. Presentations from nominated musicals: Into the Woods: \"Children Will Listen\", \"Ever After\" and \"Into the Woods\" - Vanessa Williams, John McMartin, Company Mamma Mia!: \"I Have a Dream\", \"Money, Money, Money\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Chiquitita\" and \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Pitre, Judy Kaye, Karen Mason, Tina Maddigan, Company Thoroughly Modern Millie: \"Forget About the Boy\"/\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" - Sutton Foster, Anne L. Nathan, Casey Nicholaw, Noah Racey, Company Sweet Smell of Success: \"Dirt\" - John Lithgow, Company Urinetown: \"Run, Freedom, Run\" - Hunter Foster, Spencer Kayden, Jeff McCarthy, Company Oklahoma!: \"The Farmer and the Cowman\" - Company The First Ten awards were presented prior to the full ceremony and broadcast on PBS. The awards presented were: Best Direction of a Play, Direction of a Musical, Book of a Musical, Original Score, Choreography, Costume Design, Lighting Design and Scenic Design. There were also interviews and \"rehearsal and performance clips from the nominated shows.\" The broadcast won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program; the director was Glenn Weiss. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 2001–02 season before May 2, 2002 are eligible. Original plays An Almost Holy Picture Fortune’s Fool 45 Seconds from Broadway The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? The Graduate If you ever leave me...I'm going with you! Metamorphoses The Mystery of Charles Dickens QED The Smell of the Kill Topdog/Underdog Original musicals By Jeeves Mamma Mia! One Mo' Time Sweet Smell of Success Thoroughly Modern Millie Thou Shalt Not Urinetown Play revivals A Christmas Carol The Crucible The Dance of Death The Elephant Man Hedda Gabler Major Barbara The Man Who Had All the Luck Morning's at Seven Noises Off Private Lives A Thousand Clowns The Women Musical revivals Into the Woods Oklahoma! Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Source: TheaterMania Regional Theatre Tony Award Williamstown Theatre Festival Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Robert Whitehead Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Julie Harris Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: 11 nominations: Thoroughly Modern Millie 10 nominations: Into the Woods and Urinetown 9 nominations: Morning's at Seven 7 nominations: Oklahoma! and Sweet Smell of Success 6 nominations: The Crucible and Private Lives 5 nominations: Mamma Mia! 3 nominations: Fortune's Fool and","title":"56th Tony Awards"},{"docid":"17019742","text":"Gary Michael Goetzman (born November 6, 1952) is an American film and television producer and actor, and co-founder of the production company Playtone with actor Tom Hanks. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Goetzman began his career as a child actor. He had starred in the film Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball, appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, and eventually started a waterbed company and pinball arcade. Goetzman at one time delivered a waterbed to Jon Peters's home. His exploits as a performer and a salesman inspired his friend Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza. In 1984, he produced the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense with director Jonathan Demme. That initiated a successful run as a music supervisor, on such films as Something Wild, Colors, Modern Girls and Married to the Mob, among many others. In 1991, producer Goetzman and director Demme again collaborated to make The Silence of the Lambs, which garnered the top five Academy Awards including Best Picture. In 1993, Goetzman was executive producer of Demme's Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks, beginning a working relationship with Hanks. Goetzman co-produced Hanks's 1996 directorial debut, That Thing You Do! The two then co-founded Playtone in 1998. Since then, Goetzman has produced hit films including My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Polar Express, Charlie Wilson's War and Mamma Mia! Goetzman has also received several Emmy Awards for HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, The Pacific, John Adams, Game Change and Olive Kitteridge. Aside from producing films, Goetzman has been known to play small parts in movies he is connected to. He has also enjoyed a successful parallel career as a music composer and producer, working with such artists as Smokey Robinson, Natalie Cole, Jane Child, Thelma Houston, and The Staples Singers. He currently sits on the National board of directors for the Producers Guild of America. Goetzman is executive producer (with Tom Hanks and Mark Herzog) of the CNN exclusive documentary miniseries The Sixties (2014), The Seventies (2015), The Eighties (2016), and The Nineties (2017). Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Producer Modern Girls (1986) Miami Blues (1990) Amos & Andrew (1993) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) That Thing You Do! (1996) Beloved (1998) My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) The Polar Express (2004) The Ant Bully (2006) Starter for 10 (2006) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) The Great Buck Howard (2008) Mamma Mia! (2008) City of Ember (2008) Where the Wild Things Are (2009) Larry Crowne (2011) Parkland (2013) Ricki and the Flash (2015) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) A Hologram for the King (2016) The Circle (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Greyhound (2020) News of the World (2020) A Man Called Otto (2022) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 (2023) Executive producer The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Philadelphia (1993) Evan Almighty (2007) My Life in Ruins (2009) Ithaca (2015) As an actor Music department Soundtrack Production manager Thanks Television As an actor","title":"Gary Goetzman"},{"docid":"43934954","text":"\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" has been called a \"Fats Domino flavoured\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \"Why Did It Have To Be Me\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \"Happy Hawaii\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \"Happy Hawaii\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \"for the guys\" and praises it as an example of the \"professional songwriting\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs","title":"Why Did It Have to Be Me?"},{"docid":"38660223","text":"\"Guilty Pleasures\" is the seventeenth episode of the fourth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the eighty-third episode overall. Written by Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz, it aired on Fox in the United States on March 21, 2013. Kelley Mitchell, Jennifer Greenberg, Melissa Buell, Tym Shutchai Buacharern, Paula Jane Hamilton and Darla Albright were nominated at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series for this episode. Plot Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) take over the glee club while Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) is out sick, and have New Directions perform their musical guilty pleasures in order to strengthen the bond between its members. Blaine and Sam perform \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" as a demonstration, and Sam later performs \"Copacabana\", followed by Blaine, who performs \"Against All Odds\". Sam notices that Blaine directs the song at him, and Blaine admits he had a crush on him. Sam reveals that he's known for a while and respects Blaine's feelings as they reaffirm their friendship. Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) and Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell) perform \"Wannabe\", and Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) notes how Kitty became closer to New Directions. The girls later confront Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist) over performing a Chris Brown song, and although he claims that they should differentiate an artist's personal life from their work, he agrees to change the song and performs \"My Prerogative\". In New York, Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) returns to the loft, and Brody Weston (Dean Geyer) moves out after his fight with Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith). Santana reveals to Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) that Brody was a gigolo, and Rachel later confronts him at NYADA, where they decide that their relationship has definitely come to an end. Rachel thanks Santana for not giving up on trying to make her see the truth. Santana and Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) later comfort Rachel, and they sing \"Mamma Mia\" together, simultaneously with New Directions, who perform it to celebrate the success of the assignment. Production The episode was written by Glee executive producers Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz. Shooting continued as late as February 25, 2013. Recurring characters in this episode include glee club members Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell), Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin) and Ryder Lynn (Blake Jenner), and NYADA junior Brody Weston (Dean Geyer). Seven songs from the episode are being released as singles: Barry Manilow's \"Copacabana\" performed by Overstreet, Radiohead's \"Creep\" performed by Michele and Geyer, Bobby Brown's \"My Prerogative\" performed by Artist, Phil Collins's \"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)\" sung by Criss, Wham!'s \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" performed by Criss and Overstreet, Spice Girls' \"Wannabe\" performed by Newell, Benoist, Tobin, Ushkowitz and Morris, and ABBA's \"Mamma Mia\" performed by Michele, Rivera, Colfer and","title":"Guilty Pleasures (Glee)"},{"docid":"72791698","text":"Park Ji-yeon (, born May 14, 1988) is a South Korean actress. Park debuted in musical Mamma Mia! in 2010. Park has appeared in supporting roles in various dramas but is better known for her work as a musical actress. Park's television debut was on tvN's Oh My Ghost (2015). After that, she played Kang Eun-ju in KBS2's Mad Dog (2017) and Oh Jung-soo in KBS1's Andante (2017). After that, she acted as Yoon Hoon (Kim Hye-eun) in tvN historical drama series Mr. Sunshine (2018), nurse Lee So-jung in JTBC's Life (2018), and role of Cho-hong in SBS Haechi (2019). Her most known works in small screen are Bloody Heart (2022) that earned her best supporting actress award in 2022 KBS Drama Awards. Early years Park Ji-yeon developed an interest in music from an early age. While attending science major in Youngsaeng High School, Park formed a high-school rock band and sung as a vocalist. Park initially wanted to applied to the Department of Practical Music. While searching the internet to find related information, Park found musical clips for the first time. Since then Park also became interested in acting and decided to enroll in an acting academy near her house in Suwon. Park enrolled to the acting department of Seoul Institute of the Arts. However, due to her love of music, Park was not really set on becoming an actress yet. Career In 2010, at the recommendation of a senior, Park went to the audition of Korean production of musical Mamma Mia! When Park appeared in the audition with application letter with no experience written, she made the staff nervous. However Park made everyone surprised when she sang the audition song. Park passed the audition for the role of Sophie, her debut stage was a performance held at the Gyeonggi Icheon Art Hall. Since then, Park has been active as a main character in musical works, from Go Mi-nam (Go Mi-nyeo) in the creative musical You're Beautiful to Éponine in Les Miserables and Molly in Ghost. In 2013, she swept the rookie awards two musical awards, the Korean Musical Awards and The Musical Awards for her role Eponine in Les Miserables. Park was called a rising star in the musical world. Park's television debut was on tvN's Oh My Ghost (2015). After that, she played Kang Eun-ju in KBS2's Mad Dog (2017) and Oh Jung-soo in KBS2's Andante (2017). After eight years as musical actress, Park made her theatrical debut in the National Theater of Korea production of Shakespeare's Richard III, for which she received favorable reviews. Production started in February 2018 and ended in early-March of that year. After that, she acted as Yoon Hoon (Kim Hye-eun) in tvN historical drama series Mr. Sunshine (2018) and followed by the role of nurse Lee So-jung in JTBC's Life (2018). In winter of 2018, Park was back to musical. She was selected for the role helper-bot Claire in 2018 revival of musical Maybe Happy Ending. Directed by Kim Dong-yeon, it","title":"Park Ji-yeon (actress)"},{"docid":"25989073","text":"\"Mamma Mia\" is the 21st episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 57th overall episode of the series. It was written by co-executive producer Ron Weiner and directed by series producer Don Scardino. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 7, 2009. Guest stars in this episode include Alan Alda, Steve Buscemi, Stuart Margolin, Keith Olbermann, Clayton Dean Smith, and Michael Benjamin Washington. In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) begins to search for his biological father with help from Liz Lemon (Tina Fey). Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his supposedly illegitimate son (Washington) to the cast and crew of the fictitious show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS), but some question his intentions. At the same time, Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) and Liz fight for attention when Jenna gets public recognition for a comedic sketch Liz wrote. \"Mamma Mia\" has received generally positive reception from television critics. According to the Nielsen Media Research, the episode was watched by 6.2 million households during its original broadcast. Ron Weiner and Alan Alda received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, respectively, both for this episode. Plot Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) decides not to search for his biological father, after it was revealed in the previous episode that the man he believed was his father was not. Liz Lemon (Tina Fey), however, convinces him to find out who his real father is, so Jack contacts Lenny Wosniak (Steve Buscemi)—a private investigator—to search for his biological father. Lenny gives him an envelope containing the names of three individuals who could be his father. Jack tells Liz about the envelope, and she suggests they Mamma Mia! this and bring the three men to New York under false pretenses, to which Jack agrees. Jack meets the men, George Park, Fred O'Dwyer (Stuart Margolin), and Professor Milton Greene (Alan Alda). At meeting the three men, Jack comes to the realization that Milton is his father, as George Park is Korean and Fred O'Dwyer lost his genitals in a grenade explosion during World War II. He tells Milton that he is his son, after Milton admitted to sleeping with his mother, Colleen Donaghy (Elaine Stritch), around the time Jack was conceived. Milton is happy to have him as his son, and reveals to Jack that he is in need of a kidney transplant. Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his illegitimate son, Donald (Michael Benjamin Washington), to the TGS with Tracy Jordan staff. Liz and Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit) suspect that Donald is embezzling from Tracy as they do not believe that Donald is twenty-one years old, which Donald claims to be. Cerie Xerox (Katrina Bowden), Liz's assistant, obtains Donald's birth certificate and gives it to Liz and Pete; the two learn that Donald is forty years of age, thus confirming their suspicions about him. Liz tells Tracy about this,","title":"Mamma Mia (30 Rock)"},{"docid":"11143164","text":"\"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \"Rio de Janeiro\". Eventually, the track was renamed \"When I Kissed the Teacher\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \"schoolgirl imagery\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \"bouncy\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \"Waterloo\". It says the song \"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \"When I Kissed the Teacher\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is listed alongside \"Dancing Queen\" as an example of the group's \"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\" The Los Angeles Times said \"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \"expected of ABBA\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" with the Van Halen song \"Hot for Teacher\" and the Jethro Tull song \"Teacher\" as examples of \"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.","title":"When I Kissed the Teacher"},{"docid":"56937311","text":"The UK Albums Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling albums of the week in the United Kingdom. Since 2004 the chart has been based on the sales of both physical albums and digital downloads. Since 2015, the album chart has been based on both sales and streaming. This list shows albums that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart during 2018, as well as albums which peaked in 2017 and 2019 but were in the top 10 in 2018. The entry date is when the album appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced). One-hundred and fifty-five albums were in the top ten this year. Thirteen albums from 2017 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while 50 Years – Don't Stop by Fleetwood Mac and Unchained Melodies by Roy Orbison with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra were both released in 2018 but did not reach their peak until 2019. Christmas by Michael Bublé was originally released in 2011, launched a new chart run in 2017, reaching a peak on its latest run in 2018 and again in 2019. Dua Lipa by Dua Lipa was the only album from 2017 to reach its peak in 2018. Twelve artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2018. Anne-Marie, Calum Scott, First Aid Kit, The Greatest Showman Cast and XXXTentacion are among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 album in 2018. Ed Sheeran's Divide returned to the top of the chart for the opening two weeks of the year, totalling twenty weeks at number-one since it was released in March 2017. The first new number-one album of the year was The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by The Greatest Showman cast. Overall, nineteen different albums peaked at number-one in 2018, with nineteen unique artists hitting that position. Background Multiple entries One-hundred and fifty-five albums charted in the top 10 in 2018, with one-hundred and thirty-nine albums reaching their peak this year (including the re-entries Appetite for Destruction, Christmas, ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits, Mamma Mia! The Movie Soundtrack, Wanted on Voyage, The White Album, X, which charted in previous years but reached peaks on their latest chart run). Twelve artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2018. Chart debuts Thirty-four artists achieved their first top 10 album in 2018 as a lead artist. The Mamma Mia! film cast had one other entry in their breakthrough year. The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo album, or featured appearances on compilations or other artists recordings. Notes Camila Cabello's self-titled album Camila, was her first solo effort and her first top 10 album away from the group Fifth","title":"List of UK top-ten albums in 2018"},{"docid":"9191968","text":"\"Thank ABBA for the Music\" is a medley of songs originally released by pop group ABBA, performed by Steps, Tina Cousins, Cleopatra, B*Witched and Billie. The medley consists of \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Thank You for the Music\". It was originally performed during the 1999 Brit Awards, which occurred on 16 February, and its release coincided with the debut of the ABBA musical Mamma Mia!. The medley peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in April 1999 and reached the top 10 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and Sweden. Track listings Personnel Tina Cousins – lead and backing vocals Billie Piper – lead and backing vocals Cleopatra Cleo Higgins – lead vocals Yonah Higgins – backing vocals Zainam Higgins – backing vocals B*Witched Lindsay Armaou – backing vocals Edele Lynch – lead vocals Keavy Lynch – backing vocals Sinead O'Carroll – backing vocals Steps Lee Latchford-Evans – lead and backing vocals Claire Richards – lead and backing vocals Lisa Scott-Lee – lead and backing vocals Faye Tozer – lead and backing vocals Ian \"H\" Watkins – lead and backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References External links Songs about musicians 1999 singles B*Witched songs Billie Piper songs Epic Records singles Music medleys Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson Steps (group) songs Tina Cousins songs","title":"Thank ABBA for the Music"},{"docid":"35568430","text":"Carrie Manolakos (pronounced \"men-uh-LAH-kiss\"; born February 16, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and musical theatre actress. As an actress, she is perhaps best known for her stage work, on Broadway in Mamma Mia! as Sophie Sheridan, and in the original 2nd national tour cast of Wicked as the Elphaba standby. She became an internet sensation after her cover of the Radiohead song \"Creep\" went viral after it was picked up by Gawker Media, under the title \"Eargasm\". The cover was performed at her album release party at Le Poisson Rouge in Greenwich Village. Early life and education Manolakos grew up in Syracuse, New York and attended Manlius Pebble Hill School. At age 10, she began participating in the community theater at Syracuse Stage. Manolakos attended the Tisch School of the Arts at NYU. Career 2008–2011: Mamma Mia!, Wicked, and other stage work Manolakos performed in the ensemble of the Mamma Mia! tour for six months before being promoted to the role of Sophie. Shortly after that, she was invited to join the Broadway company, replacing Carey Anderson. She gave her first performance on June 4, 2008. It was announced on February 9, 2009, that Manolakos would be joining the second national tour of Wicked as the standby for Elphaba. On June 25, 2010, Manolakos performed at the Yale Institute for Music Theatre Workshops as Athena in The Daughters, a musical which follows the three daughters of Zeus as they embark on separate and intersecting journeys of self-discovery. Manolakos performed in a concert celebrating Alanis Morissette on September 1, 2010. On November 1, 2010, Manolakos joined Peter Lerman for his debut concert at the Laurie Beechman Theatre, featuring tunes from his original songbook. It was announced on December 3, 2010, that Manolakos would be involved in a concert featuring the music from the musical Jawbreaker. The concert took place on December 12, 2010. Manolakos took part in a concert at Joe's Pub on March 27, 2011, celebrating the release of Joey Contreras debut album, Love Me, Love Me Not. Manolakos appeared as Night Terrors in at the La Jolla Playhouse production of Sleeping Beauty Wakes from July 19 through August 21, 2011. On September 7, 2011, it was announced that Manolakos would be starring as Katie in the rock musical Chix 6 at the Queens Theatre from September 27 to October 30, 2011. 2012–2014: Echo, viral video, and Hit List Manolakos starred as Marianne Reilly in the first run of Seth Rudetsky's Disaster! at Triad Theatre, now renamed Stage 72, on January 22 through March 25, 2012. On February 27, 2012, Manolakos took part in Broadway Remembers Whitney Houston at Joe's Pub, a tribute concert for the late singer. Manolakos performed at Broadway Rhythm and Booze alongside Uzo Aduba on March 26, 2012. Manolakos released her debut album, Echo, on April 2, 2012, produced by Dominick Amendum and Justin Goldner. The album debuted in the top 100 of the iTunes pop charts. On April 23, 2012, Manolakos became an internet sensation","title":"Carrie Manolakos"},{"docid":"44001649","text":"\"Mamma Mia\" is a song by Swedish singer and songwriter Darin featuring vocals by rapper Prophet of 7Lions. It was released on April 14, 2014 in the Nordic countries in occasion of his 10-year anniversary as an artist. It's Darin's first single with Warner Music Sweden. The song was originally written for Darin's sixth studio album Exit, but it didn't make the final cut. Background and release On March 14, 2014 Darin announced via his Instagram account the release of a new single called Mamma Mia, along with a competition which consisted of sharing a picture on the social network in order to win an exclusive ticket for the premiere of the music video of the song which would take place in a secret venue in Stockholm two days before the single release. A trailer of the music video was also posted on Darin's official YouTube channel the same day. Winners were contacted by Darin himself on April 2 and the event took place in a cinema in Stockholm called Rigoletto on April 12. A seven track EP called Mamma Mia - Remixes was released on June 18, 2014. Music video The music video of the single was released on 21 April on Darin's YouTube channel. It was directed by Alex Herron and filmed in Palmdale, California. As stated by the director himself, \"the video feels as if it's a love story in the beginning but then it starts to escalate and she's a Mamma Mia, she's the ultimate crazy woman. They rob a bank, she strips for him. It's pretty dirty, it's pretty good\". The production of the video costed 500,000 Swedish crowns. Charts Release history References 2014 songs 2014 singles Darin (singer) songs Songs written by Darin (singer) Warner Music Group singles","title":"Mamma Mia (Darin song)"},{"docid":"70096150","text":"Croatia Songs is a record chart in Croatia for songs, compiled by Billboard since February 2022. The chart is updated every Tuesday on Billboards website. The chart was announced on 14 February 2022 as part of Billboards Hits of the World chart collection. The first number-one song on the chart was \"Behute\" by Senidah on the issue dated 19 February 2022. The longest charting number-one song is currently \"Mamma mia\" by Grše. The current number-one song on the chart is \"Fantazija\" by Grše featuring Miach. Methodology The chart tracks songs' performance from Friday to Thursday. Chart rankings are based on a weighted formula incorporating official-only streams on both subscription and ad-supported tiers of leading audio and video music services, plus download sales from top music retailers within the territory. All data are provided by MRC Data. List of number-one songs Reception All the songs that appeared on the first issue of the chart were released by the former Yugoslav non-Croatian musicians, apart from \"Trebaš li me\" by Eni Jurišić and Matija Cvek, \"Debili\" by 30zona and Kuku$ Klan, \"Ti i ja\" by Jelena Rozga (in collaboration with Serbian singer Saša Matić), and \"Highlife\" by Grše, alongside \"Heat Waves\" by Glass Animals and \"Black Summer\" by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Hrvoje Marjanović of Index.hr criticized the Croatian media for trying to censor mainstream music from other former Yugoslav republics due to its alleged lack of quality, and praised the chart for showcasing what people of Croatia actually listen to. He further praised the death of genre boundaries, claiming that, \"on the same IG story of the same person, probably in the same day, you will come across songs by Arctic Monkeys, Drake and Senidah\", as well as the death of the \"cajka problem\". However, in the meantime, multiple other Croatian artists appeared on the chart, such as Hiljson Mandela who debuted with three songs in 2022, Baks, Let 3, and the most frequent Billboard dweller, Grše, whose song \"Sip\" is one of the longest charting songs on the chart, surpassing the majority of his former Yugoslav non-Croatian colleagues. Grše would go on to become the first Croatian artist to top the chart, doing so with his single \"Mamma Mia\" in the week of 29 May 2023, and stay at the number one spot for 17 weeks, becoming the longest charting number-one song since the release of the list. Croatian music journalists generally reacted positively to the introduction of such a music chart but criticized the local music industry managers for trying to cover up the popularity of trap music. Tena Šarčević of Jutarnji list explained how the lack of Croatian artists might shock some people, but that the Balkan trap genre has dominated the on-demand streaming for quite some time. She further noted how there's a big difference between the Croatian airplay-based HR Top 40 chart, and the Billboard chart. Ravno Do Dnas Zoran Stajčić commented how the newly introduced Billboard chart is \"real\" and how it gives real insight into","title":"Croatia Songs"},{"docid":"56231193","text":"The UK Singles Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling singles of the week in the United Kingdom. Before 2004, the chart was only based on the sales of physical singles. This list shows singles that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart during 1976, as well as singles which peaked in 1975 and 1977 but were in the top 10 in 1976. The entry date is when the single appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced). One-hundred and thirty singles were in the top ten in 1976. Ten singles from 1975 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while \"Portsmouth\" by Mike Oldfield, \"Living Next Door to Alice\" by Smokie and \"Dr. Love\" by Tina Charles were all released in 1976 but did not reach their peak until 1977. Twenty-four artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1976. Billy Ocean, Dolly Parton, John Miles, Mike Oldfield and The Real Thing were among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 single in 1976. The 1975 Christmas number-one, \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" by Queen, remained at number-one for the first four weeks of 1976. The first new number-one single of the year was \"Mamma Mia\" by ABBA. Overall, sixteen different singles peaked at number-one in 1976, with ABBA (3) having the most singles hit that position. Background Multiple entries One-hundred and thirty singles charted in the top 10 in 1976, with one-hundred and seventeen singles reaching their peak this year. Twenty-four artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1976. ABBA and The Stylistics shared the record for most top 10 hits in 1976 with four hit singles each. \"Mamma Mia\", \"Fernando\" and \"Dancing Queen\" all reached number-one, while \"Money, Money, Money\" peaked at number three in December. The Wurzels was one of a number of artists with two top-ten entries, including the number-one single \"The Combine Harvester\". 10cc, Bryan Ferry, Elton John, Mike Oldfield and Wings were among the other artists who had multiple top 10 entries in 1976. Chart debuts Fifty artists achieved their first top 10 single in 1976, either as a lead or featured artist. Gallagher and Lyle, The Manhattans, Mike Oldfield, The Real Thing, Sailor and The Wurzels all had another entry in their breakthrough year. The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo single. Notes Dr. Hook had previously charted under the name Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show but their name was shortened in 1975. Ray Parker Jr. wrote \"You See the Trouble with Me\" and appeared alongside Barry White on the US single release, however he is not credited by the Official Charts Company for the UK release. His","title":"List of UK top-ten singles in 1976"},{"docid":"42763109","text":"Carl Magnus Palm (born 1965) is a Swedish author and historian, writing in Swedish and English, best known for his work on the Swedish pop group ABBA. ABBA Carl Magnus Palm’s first book on ABBA was ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions, a diary-format chronicle of ABBA’s recorded work, published in 1994. Parallel with that book project he was involved in the compilation of the CD box set Thank You For The Music, also released in 1994. Palm is the author of the biography Bright Lights Dark Shadows – The Real Story Of ABBA published in 2001 and referred to as \"definitive\" and \"the first authoritative biography\" of ABBA, although some reviewers found it \"dense and at times hardgoing\". Palm published his first full-scale Swedish-language biography, ABBA – The Story, in 2008. The book met with mixed reviews: some felt that the book didn't live up to expectations and that \"the ultimate ABBA bible has yet to be written\", while others opined that \"if you're going to read something about [ABBA], this is the one to get\". Palm is a frequent contributor of research and liner notes to official ABBA-related CDs and DVDs, as well as the co-producer of three television documentaries about ABBA. Palm has also contributed to ABBA The Museum in Stockholm, and to the website ABBA The Official Site. In 2015, Palm started a crowdfunding project to self-publish a revised, updated and expanded edition of his first ABBA book ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions. The campaign was successful and ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions (revised and expanded edition) was published in March 2017. Other work Carl Magnus Palm’s first book was Monica Zetterlund – En diskografi (1992), a discography about the Swedish jazz singer, co-written with Thomas Winberg. He has also written a book about The Beatles, entitled Beatles Beatles (1996), and in 2010 he co-wrote Tunna skivor av mig, the memoirs of Swedish singer Siw Malmkvist. Bibliography Monica Zetterlund - en diskografi (with Thomas Winberg), 1992. ABBA - The Complete Recording Sessions, 1994. ABBA - människorna och musiken (”ABBA - The People And The Music”), 1996. Beatles - Beatles, 1996. Från ABBA till Mamma Mia! (with Anders Hanser), 1999. Published in English as From ABBA To Mamma Mia!, 2000. Bright Lights Dark Shadows - The Real Story Of ABBA, 2001. Cadillac Madness - den otroliga berättelsen om The Hep Stars (”Cadillac Madness - The Incredible Story Of The Hep Stars”, with Dan-Eric Landén), 2004. Benny’s Road To ABBA, 2004. ABBA - The Complete Guide To Their Music, 2005. ABBA - The Story: berättelsen om supergruppen (”ABBA - The Story: The Story About The Super Group”), 2008. Tunna skivor av mig (”Thin Slices Of Me”, with Siw Malmkvist), 2010. ABBA – The Backstage Stories (with Ingmarie Halling), 2014. Published as ABBA – The Treasures in English-speaking countries. ABBA - The Complete Recording Sessions (revised and expanded edition), 2017. ABBA At 50, 2022. ABBA on Record, 2024. References External links 1965 births Living people Swedish male","title":"Carl Magnus Palm"},{"docid":"798902","text":"A-Teens are a Swedish pop music group from Stockholm. The group was formed by Niklas Berg in 1998 as an ABBA tribute group called ABBA-Teens, which was later renamed A-Teens. The band members were Marie Serneholt, Amit Paul, Dhani Lennevald, and Sara Lumholdt. The group is best known for the singles \"Mamma Mia\" (1999) and \"Upside Down\" (2000), both of which were hits worldwide. The group was particularly successful in their home country where they amassed ten top 10 hit singles on the Swedish charts. After six years together, the group disbanded following the release of their Greatest Hits album in May 2004. History 1998–2000: The ABBA Generation In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \"Mamma Mia\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \"Mamma Mia\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. In August 1999, the group released their debut album The ABBA Generation, consisting entirely of ABBA covers reinterpreted with a modern pop and electronic sound. The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. The album sold more than 2 million copies worldwide and was certified Gold or Platinum in over 22 countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \"Super Trouper\" peaked at number two and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \"Happy New Year\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \"Dancing Queen\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. The group made several appearances on Disney and Nickelodeon. In September 2000, the A-Teens won a Viva Music Award for Best International Newcomer. 2001: Teen Spirit On 26 February 2001, the group released their second studio album Teen Spirit, which consists entirely of original tracks. It debuted at number two in the Swedish Charts. The album peaked at number thirteen on the European Albums Chart. In the United States, the album peaked at number fifty and was certified gold. The album was preceded by the single \"Upside Down\" in October 2000; this was their first single that was not an ABBA cover song. It peaked at number two in Sweden and was certified 2× Platinum. The song reached the top ten in several countries.","title":"A-Teens"},{"docid":"18529345","text":"Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording is the original cast album for the ABBA-inspired stage musical of the same name. The album was released in 1999 and it reached No.56 in the UK album chart, with 2 weeks on the chart. Re-interest in this 1999 Original London Cast album caused it to reach #12 in the UK Album Chart, having charted at #16 a week earlier. It features performances by the original London cast of the musical including Lisa Stokke, Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae. The album was produced by the two male members of ABBA, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The album featured a number of ABBA's best known songs, including the title track, \"Dancing Queen\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" and \"Thank You for the Music\". Track listing Original release \"Overture / Prologue\" - Lisa Stokke—2:56 \"Honey, Honey\" - Lisa Stokke, Eliza Lumley, and Melissa Gibson—2:02 \"Money, Money, Money\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, Neal Wright, and Company—3:01 \"Mamma Mia\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Company-3:21 \"Thank You for the Music\" - Lisa Stokke, Hilton McRae, Paul Clarkson, and Nicolas Colicos-3:03 \"Chiquitita\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—2:27 \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—3:44 \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" - Andrew Langtree, Lisa Stokke, and Company—3:34 \"Super Trouper\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Jenny Galloway, Louise Plowright, and Female Company—3:56 \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" - Female Company—3:34 \"The Name of the Game\" - Lisa Stokke and Nicolas Colicos—3:22 \"Voulez-Vous\" - Company—3:29 \"Entr'acte\" - Musical cast—2:17 \"Under Attack\" - Lisa Stokke and Company—3:11 \"One of Us\" - Siobhán McCarthy—2:20 \"SOS\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae—2:44 \"Does Your Mother Know\" - Louise Plowright, Neal Wright, and Company—3:21 \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" - Hilton McRae—2:42 \"Our Last Summer\" - Paul Clarkson and Siobhán McCarthy—2:42 \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Lisa Stokke—3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" - Siobhán McCarthy—4:08 \"Take a Chance on Me\" - Jenny Galloway and Nicolas Colicos—3:33 \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" - Hilton McRae, Siobhán McCarthy, and Company—2:29 \"I Have a Dream\" - Lisa Stokke—2:58 5th anniversary edition The album was re-released in 2004, five years after its initial release to commemorate the musical's 5th anniversary. The new edition contained the original 24 tracks as well as three bonus tracks: the encore versions of \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Waterloo\". Another 5th anniversary release, which debuted in 2006, commemorates the Broadway production, which debuted in 2001. Also included is a deluxe souvenir booklet complete with lyrics and glimpses of Donna Sheridan in international productions, and a bonus DVD that basically gives a behind-the-scenes look at the musical as well as glimpses of international productions of the musical. An additional bonus feature includes clips of the West End cast singing \"Money, Money, Money\" and \"Dancing Queen\", as well as fond memories from original Broadway cast members Joe Machota and Tina Maddigan, who play the roles of Sky and Sophie,","title":"Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording"},{"docid":"28897305","text":"Vintage () is a Russian pop group formed in 2006 by the singer Anna Pletnyova and musician Alexey Romanov. They have released 5 albums and sixteen radio singles, six of which headed the Russian radio-charts. The group is a laureate and nominee of a number of musical awards, including MTV Russia Music Awards, Muz-TV Award, Golden Gramophone Award, RU.TV Award and others. Since 2008 Vintage is a steady laureate of Song of the Year award. In 2011 and 2012 it was named the best group of the year at ZD Awards based on a poll organised by Moskovskij Komsomolets. History 2006 - 2007 Career Beginnings and first album Vintage was formed by ex-soloist of \"High School\" Anna Pletneva and former soloist of group \"A-Mega\" Alexei Romanov in mid 2006. Originally, they were going to name the band \"Chelsea\" but later changed it to \"Vintage\". 2007: the first album In late August, the group filmed the video for the song \"Good-bye\". On November 22 they released their first album, called \"Криминальная любовь\" (\"Criminal Love\"). 2008 On April 19 the video for new song of \"Bad Girl\" was released, a duet with actor Elena Korikova. In October, there was a change in the group; Mia exits the band and Svetlana Ivanova replaced her. 2009 In February, the group went on tour, visiting cities such as Moscow, Ulyanovsk, Riga, Minsk, Samara and Kaliningrad. On March 15 they released a new video for the song \"Eva\". This song was dedicated to singer Eva Polna. On 31 August 2009, they released their fourth single from their forthcoming album \"Lunatic Girls\". In October they released their second album \"SEX\". The record debuted at number 12 in the Russian album chart. 2010–2011 While Vintage played live on Love Radio on April 16, they introduced a new single titled \"(\" (\"Mikki\"), which is dedicated to Michael Jackson. The band shot two versions of the video clip for the song; a Russian version and English translation. On September 11, Европа плюс (Europe Plus), Русское радио (Russkoe radio), Love-радио (Love-radio) and Свежее радио (Svezhee radio) released Vintage's latest song, \"Роман\" (\"Roman\"). The followup single \"Derevya\", (\"Trees\") was released in late 2011, followed by their third studio album \"Anechka\" (\"Anny\"). Band members Current Anna Pletnyova (2006-2016 + 2018–present; ) Alexey Romanov (2006-2017 + 2018–present; ) Former Mia (2006–2008; ) Svetlana Ivanova (2008–2011; ) Yevgenia Polikarpova (2016-2017;) Anna Kornilova (2016-2017;) Anastasia Kreskina (2016-2017;) Anastasia Kazaku (2016-2017;) Discography Studio albums «Криминальная любовь/Kriminaĺnaja lübov'» \"Criminal Love\" (CD; Velvet Music; 2007 ) «SEX» (CD; Velvet Music; 2009 ) «Анечка/Anečka» \"Anny\" (CD; Velvet Music; 2011) «Very Dance» (CD; Velvet Music; 2013) «Decamerone» (CD; Velvet Music; 2014) Навсегда/Forever (2020) Singles «Mamma Mia» (radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2006) «10 поцелуев/10 pocelujev (новогодняя версия)» \"10 Kisses (Christmas Version)\" (radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2006) «Мама Мия (Radio Edit)» \"Mama Mia (Radio Edit)\" (radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2007) «Целься/Ceĺsä» \"Aim\" (radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2007) «Всего хорошего/Vsego horošego» \"All the best\" (CD, radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2007) «Плохая девочка/Plohaja devočka» \"Bad","title":"Vintage (band)"},{"docid":"40705751","text":"\"I Wonder (Departure)\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \"The Name of the Game\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \"I wonder ... it scares me\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \"maximum emotional leverage\", making it \"the most intimate personal portrait\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \"translate beautifully to the stage\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus","title":"I Wonder (Departure)"},{"docid":"4265347","text":"Hairspray is a 2007 musical romantic comedy film based on the 2002 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was based on John Waters's 1988 comedy film of the same name. Produced by Ingenious Media and Zadan/Meron Productions, and adapted from both Waters's 1988 script and Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell's book for the stage musical by screenwriter Leslie Dixon, the film was directed and choreographed by Adam Shankman and has an ensemble cast including John Travolta, Michelle Pfeiffer, Christopher Walken, Amanda Bynes, James Marsden, Queen Latifah, Brittany Snow, Zac Efron, Elijah Kelley, Allison Janney, and Nikki Blonsky in her feature film debut. Set in 1962 Baltimore, Maryland, the film follows the \"pleasantly plump\" teenager Tracy Turnblad (Blonsky) as she pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television dance show and rallies against racial segregation. The film began development in 2004, and Dixon reworked Meehan and O'Donnell's first draft of the screenplay to tone down the musical's campiness. In 2005, Shankman agreed to direct the film. Composer/lyricist Marc Shaiman and lyricist Scott Wittman reworked their songs from the Broadway musical for the film's soundtrack, and also wrote four new songs for the film. Principal photography commenced in September 2006 with a budget of $75 million, and ended in December of that year; filming took place on locations in Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and on sound-stages at Toronto's Showline Studios. Recording sessions for the film's songs and soundtrack took place in San Diego, California in the United States. Hairspray premiered on July 10, 2007, at the Mann Village Theater and was released on July 20, 2007, in the United Kingdom and the United States. The film was critically and financially successful, breaking the record for the highest-grossing opening weekend for a movie musical, which the film held until July 2008 when it was surpassed by Mamma Mia! and later High School Musical 3: Senior Year in October. Hairspray went on to become the tenth highest-grossing musical film in US cinema history, behind the film adaptations of Grease, Chicago, and Mamma Mia!, and stands as one of the most critically and commercially successful musical films of the 2000s. Available in a variety of formats, Hairsprays Region 1 home video release took place on November 20, 2007. USA Network purchased the broadcast rights to Hairspray and was scheduled to debut the film on cable television in February 2010, but in the end it did not broadcast that month. Instead the film was pushed back and premiered on USA on July 24, 2010, with sister channel Bravo also showing it multiple times, and in February 2011 aired on ABC for over-the-air broadcasts. Since its release, it has been cited as one of the best musical films of the 21st century and of all time. Plot In May 1962, 16-year-old overweight high school student Tracy Turnblad lives in Baltimore along with her shy best friend Penny Pingleton. Both frequently watch The Corny Collins Show, a local teen dance television show broadcast","title":"Hairspray (2007 film)"},{"docid":"7491727","text":"Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.","title":"Dominic Cooper"},{"docid":"57088167","text":"Mamma Mia! is the fourth extended play from South Korean boy band SF9. It was released on February 26, 2018, by FNC Entertainment. The album consists of six tracks, including the title track, \"Mamma Mia\". Commercial performance The EP sold 11,060+ copies in South Korea. It peaked at number 3 on the Korean Gaon Chart. Track listing References 2018 EPs SF9 (band) EPs FNC Entertainment EPs Kakao M EPs","title":"Mamma Mia! (EP)"},{"docid":"170409","text":"Colin Andrew Firth (born 10 September 1960) is an English actor and producer. He was identified in the mid-1980s with the \"Brit Pack\" of rising young British actors, undertaking a challenging series of roles, including leading roles in A Month in the Country (1987), Tumbledown (1988) and Valmont (1989). His portrayal of Mr. Darcy in the 1995 television adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice led to widespread attention, and to roles in more prominent films such as The English Patient (1996), Shakespeare in Love (1998), The Importance of Being Earnest (2002), Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003), and Love Actually (2003), co-starring as Mark Darcy in the romantic comedy films Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), and Bridget Jones's Baby (2016), and Harry Bright in the musical comedy films Mamma Mia! (2008) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again! (2018). In 2009, Firth received international acclaim for his performance in Tom Ford's A Single Man, for which he won a BAFTA Award and the Volpi Cup for Best Actor and received his first Academy Award nomination. In 2010, his portrayal of King George VI in Tom Hooper's The King's Speech won him the Academy Award for Best Actor. He subsequently appeared as MI6 agent Bill Haydon in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), and as secret agent Harry Hart / Agent Galahad in Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014) and its sequel Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017). He has since appeared in the musical fantasy film Mary Poppins Returns (2018), the war film 1917 (2019), and the romance film Supernova (2020). He is also known for his performances in television, including BBC's Conspiracy (2001) and HBO's The Staircase (2022), receiving Primetime Emmy Award nominations for each. In 2012, he founded the production company Raindog Films, where he served as a producer for Eye in the Sky (2015) and Loving (2016). His films have grossed more than $3 billion from 42 releases worldwide. Firth has campaigned for the rights of Indigenous people and is a member of Survival International. He has also campaigned on issues of asylum seekers, refugees' rights and the environment. He commissioned and co-authored a scientific paper on a study of the differences in brain structure between people of differing political orientations. He is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, two British Academy Film Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 2011, Firth was appointed a CBE by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for his services to drama. That same year, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and appeared in Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world. Early life Firth was born in the village of Grayshott, Hampshire, to parents who were academics and teachers. His mother, Shirley Jean (née Rolles), was a comparative religion lecturer at King Alfred's College (now the University of Winchester); and his father, David Norman Lewis Firth, was a history lecturer at King Alfred's","title":"Colin Firth"},{"docid":"42872635","text":"Suzie Mathers is a Scottish-Australian actress and theatre performer best known for her role as Glinda the Good Witch in the Australian, Asian tour, and London productions of Wicked as well Sophie in the 10th Anniversary Australian tour of Mamma Mia! the Musical. Spouse: Laura Francis (7/3/2019) Biography Born in Aberdeen, Scotland and raised in Perth, Western Australia, Suzie received a Bachelor of Arts (Music Theatre) from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) in 2007. In the few short years since graduating, Suzie has fast made her mark in the Australian and International music theatre industry. Career Her career in musical theater started with a spot in an amateur production of Jesus Christ Superstar. In 2007, she graduated with a degree in music theater from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. While in college, she performed in various productions such as \"The Good Fight\" and \"Annie Get Your Gun.\" Originally an offstage vocal swing for the 2008 Melbourne production, Mathers was cast in Wicked straight out of drama school, and remained with the company as an ensemble member until the beginning of the Sydney season in 2009. Suzie left to play the leading role of Sophie in the 10th Anniversary Australian tour of Mamma Mia!, which toured nationally in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth & Brisbane. After the national tour of Mamma Mia! Suzie returned to the cast of Wicked for the first Australian tour performing in Brisbane, Adelaide & Perth, in the role of the Midwife, and was also the understudy for Glinda. Suzie officially took over the role of lead Glinda from Lucy Durack in 2015, performing in Singapore, South Korea, New Zealand and Manila to much critical acclaim. A highlight was performing to the shows composer Stephen Schwartz, twice. She has co-starred alongside various Australian theatre performers including Jemma Rix, Maggie Kirkpatrick, David Harris, Anne Wood and Gretel Scarlett as well as New Zealand actor Jay Laga'aia. Suzie stepped down from the role of Glinda when it returned to Australia at the end of Wicked's Manila run on 9 March 2014. Though Suzie did briefly reprise the role in Melbourne while Lucy Durack took leave due to injury in May 2014. Mathers then again reprised the role of Glinda for the Brisbane and Perth seasons of Wicked, taking over once again from Lucy Durack, who left at the end of the Sydney season due to her pregnancy. During the Brisbane season Suzie reached her 500th performance as Glinda, and is expected have performed the role over 580 times when the show closes in Perth mid 2015. Mathers made her West End debut reprising the role of Glinda this time in the London production of Wicked at the Apollo Victoria Theatre. She performed the role at the 10th anniversary performance on 27 September 2016. Rachel Tucker and Willemijn Verkaik performed as Elphaba alongside her. She left the production on 22 July 2017. Stage credits Other performances Suzie's other appearances include An Afternoon with Stephen Sondheim at Her","title":"Suzie Mathers"},{"docid":"52199703","text":"Gazosa are an Italian teen band, best known for the song \"www.mipiacitu\". Career The band formed in 1998 as Eta Beta and then Zeta Beta, and originally consisted of Jessica Morlacchi (b. 1987, vocalist and bass guitar), Vincenzo Siani (b. 1986, drums), and the brothers Federico Paciotti (b. 1987, guitar) and Valentina Paciotti (b. 1985, keyboards). Put under contract by Caterina Caselli, they made their official debut in 1999, with the Abba's cover \"Mamma Mia\". Their self-titled debut album was released in 2000 and it mixed new songs and covers. In 2001 the band entered the 51st edition of the Sanremo Music Festival and won the newcomers' competition with the song \"Stai con me (Forever)\". In the summer they got a large commercial success with \"www.mipiacitu\", which became theme song of a series of Omnitel commercials and peaked at the fourth place on the Italian hit parade. In 2002 the group returned to the Sanremo Festival, this time competing in the Big Artists section, and placed tenth with the song \"Ogni giorno di più\". After releasing a cover version of \"Nessuno mi può giudicare\", the group disbanded in 2003, with Jessica Morlacchi and Federico Paciotti starting their solo career. In 2009 the musical project was restarted; active only in live events, it has a different line-up except for the drummer Vincenzo Siani. Discography Albums 2000 - Gazosa 2001 - www.mipiacitu 2002 - Inseparabili Singles 1999 - \"Mamma Mia\" 2001 - \"Stai con me (Forever)\" 2001 - \"www.mipiacitu\" 2002 - \"Ogni giorno di più\" 2003 - \"Nessuno mi può giudicare\" (ft. Tormento) References External links Italian pop music groups Living people Musical groups established in 1998 Sanremo Music Festival winners of the newcomers section Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Gazosa"},{"docid":"75128298","text":"Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream was a British television talent competition that began airing on 22 October 2023 on ITV. The show documented the search for two new, unknown musical theatre performers to play the roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!. The series was presented by Zoe Ball, and features Samantha Barks, Alan Carr, Amber Riley and Jessie Ware as judges. The series was won by Stevie Doc and Tobias Turley to play Sophie and Sky respectively. Format The series documented the search to find two unknown musical theatre stars to play the central roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the 2024 West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!, based on the film of the same name for the musical's 25th anniversary. The format was similar to that of the BBC competitions How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, Any Dream Will Do, I'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow which aired on BBC One in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 respectively. ITV later aired a similar programme in 2012, Superstar. The series featured fourteen contestants, seven men and seven women, who took part in masterclasses, challenges and workshops focused on singing, dancing and acting which led to a finale set which took place in a West End theatre where a public vote decided the winners. Production In September 2022, it was reported that ITV were planning to revive the musical theatre talent search format with a new series based on Mamma Mia. In December 2022, ITV confirmed the commissioning of Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream. The series was produced by Thames, the production company behind the reality television formats Britain's Got Talent and I Can See Your Voice. The series is filmed in Corfu, Greece and is presented by Zoe Ball. The judges included Samantha Barks, who was a finalist on I'd Do Anything in 2008, comedian Alan Carr, Glee actress Amber Riley and singer Jessie Ware. Contestants The fourteen contestants competing for the roles of Sophie and Sky were announced on the day of the show's broadcast. Sophie Sky Weekly summary Results summary Colour key Week 1 (22 October) For the show's the first episode, the fourteen contestants were placed in either duos or trios and performed a song by ABBA. Group performances: \"Mamma Mia\" \"I Have a Dream\" Week 2 (29 October) In the show's second episode, the Sophies had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Dancing Queen\" Week 3 (5 November) In the show's third episode, the Skys had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" Week 4 (12 November) For the show's the fourth episode, the Sophies and Skys were paired up and had to recreate a scene","title":"Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream"},{"docid":"3735183","text":"Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an","title":"Catherine Johnson (playwright)"},{"docid":"65136975","text":"\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" is a song recorded and released as a single by Romanian singer Elena Gheorghe, featuring rapper Glance. This marks their second collaboration, the first one being the native number one single \"Ecou\" (2013). \"Mamma Mia\" was initially released for digital download and streaming in the United States on 5 August 2014 under Robbins Entertainment, and worldwide the following year in July under Cat Music. An English language track, it was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă. Music critics gave the song mostly positive reviews, complimenting its catchy instrumentals, but doubted the role of the featured artist by calling it \"not convincing\". An accompanying music video for \"Mamma Mia\", directed by Dan Petcan and Bogdan Filip, premiered on the Cat Music YouTube channel on 21 May 2014 and was supported by a giveaway. The clip depicted Elena at wedding playing the role of the bride, and Italian male as the groomsman. Commercially, the song was modernly successful, peaking at number 33 on the singer's native Romanian Airplay 100. The song was also sent to radio stations across Italy, Poland and Spain, where it had managed to enter several charts. Background and composition In February 2014, Elena went on local radio station Kiss FM for an interview, where she would announce an international single coming up. At the time of the interview, Laurențiu Duță was producing the song in Los Angeles. \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă himself. It was initially sent to radio stations across Italy in July, before being released on streaming devices in the United States by Robbins Entertainment the following month. +Mas Music distributed the song's release on 23 January 2015, while Cat Music handled its worldwide release on 13 July. \"Mamma Mia\" marks Elena and Glance's second collaboration, the first one being \"Ecou\" (2013), which achieved huge chart success in the singer's native country. An English language love song, \"Mamma Mia\" was described as a catchy dance-pop tune. Lyrically, the song is about Elena questing whether she should date a romantic Italian man, knowing well that she will be played on by him. Some lyrics of the song are: \"I just can't getting off my mind he's so amazing / My heart says Yes, my mind says No / Just let him go, go, go.\" Reception and Promotion Upon its release, \"Mamma Mia\" was met positively by music critics. Jonathan Currinn gave the song five stars, calling it a \"lost treasure that we'll forever love\". He went on to compliment the music video, which he called \"completely epic\" and \"full-on amazingness in every way\". He called out the clip's director Dan Petcan for his \"terrific job at directing [it]\", and Elena for her acting skills which were described as \"brilliant\". Zuletzt Aktualisiert from HitFire described the song as a \"catchy dance pop track\". He found the song rather amusing, and","title":"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)"},{"docid":"58104687","text":"Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \"Dancing Queen\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \"Fernando\" and \"Super Trouper\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\" —Cher Cher also said that \"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \"SOS\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song","title":"Dancing Queen (album)"},{"docid":"42318865","text":"Tina Earnshaw is an Oscar- and BAFTA-nominated British make-up designer and the founder of Tina Earnshaw Cosmetics. She has designed the make up looks on some of the world's most successful films, including Titanic, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award, alongside Greg Cannom and Simon Thompson. Born in London, she began her career at the BBC working as a professional makeup artist. Initially working on commercials and for brands such as L'Oréal, Dior, and Chanel, she became known for the flawless beauty looks she created and for her methods of research that informed her designs. In 1995, she began a lasting partnership with Merchant Ivory and relocated to Paris to work on her first feature film. By 1997, she was on the set of James Cameron's Titanic, for which she received her first Oscar nomination. Since then she has designed the makeup looks for films such as Shakespeare in Love, The Italian Job, The Talented Mr. Ripley, Spider-Man 2 and 3, Prometheus, The Martian, Exodus: Gods and Kings, Mamma Mia 2 and Ridley Scott's All the Money in the World’. Her designs have seen her create iconic looks on the world's most recognizable faces, including Penélope Cruz, Gwyneth Paltrow, Cate Blanchett, Charlize Theron, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, and Jude Law. She has also served as a creative ambassador for Max Factor international. She is married to Robin Earnshaw and they have two children: Damon and Polly. Selected filmography 2018 Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2017 All the Money in the World (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2016/II The Promise (makeup department head) 2015 The Martian (make up and hair designer) 2014 Exodus: Gods and Kings (makeup designer) 2014 Before I Go to Sleep (makeup department head) 2014 Turks & Caicos (TV Movie) (makeup department head) 2013 The Counsellor (makeup designer) 2012/I Prometheus (makeup designer) 2011 Page Eight (TV Movie) (makeup designer) 2011 Your Highness (makeup designer) 2008 Marley & Me (makeup artist: Owen Wilson) 2008 Mamma Mia! (makeup designer) 2008/ The Deal (makeup artist: Ms. Ryan) 2007 Spider-Man 3 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2005 Dark Water (makeup artist: Ms. Connelly) 2004 Spider-Man 2 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2003 The Italian Job (chief makeup artist) 2001 Domestic Disturbance (key makeup artist - as Tina M. Earnshaw) 2001 Conspiracy (TV Movie) (makeup supervisor) 2001 The Mists of Avalon (TV Mini-Series) (makeup artist - 2 episodes) - Episode #1.2 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) - Episode #1.1 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 2000 Bounce (makeup artist: Gwyneth Paltrow) 2000 Duets (key makeup artist) 1999 The Talented Mr. Ripley (supervising makeup artist) 1998 Shakespeare in Love (makeup designer: Gwyneth Paltrow) 1998 Ever After: A Cinderella Story (key makeup artist) / (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 1998 Sliding Doors (key makeup designer) 1997 Titanic (key makeup artist) 1997 The Designated Mourner (chief makeup artist) 1996 Surviving Picasso (chief makeup artist) 1996 Emma (chief makeup designer) 1995 Othello (chief makeup artist) 1995 Feast of July (key","title":"Tina Earnshaw"},{"docid":"15642908","text":"\"My Love, My Life\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \"My Love, My Life\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \"Monsieur, Monsieur\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \"My Love, My Life\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson","title":"My Love, My Life"},{"docid":"2556660","text":"Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \"my mom\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \"Mamma Mia\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \"Mamma Mia\" (Darin song), 2014 \"Mama Mia\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \"Mamma Mia\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \"Mama Mia\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \"Mammamia\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \"Mamma Mia\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \"Mamma Mia\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \"Mamma Mia\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon","title":"Mamma Mia"},{"docid":"55594395","text":"Oh Na-ra () is a South Korean actress. She began her career by joining the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and made her debut in the musical \"Simcheong\" the following year. She went on to star in various productions such as Bari, Annie Quang, All That Jazz, Broadway 42nd Streets, Empress Myeongseong, Love in the Rain, and Mamma Mia. Since 2004, she started play the main lead in the creative musicals I Love You. Followed by Finding Kim Jong-wook, Singles and Jomjom. Throughout her career, as musical actress, has received several accolades, including the Best New Actress Award at the 2006 Daegu International Musical Festival, the Best Actress Award at the 12th Korea Musical Awards in 2006, the Female Popularity Award at the 1st The Musical Awards in 2007, and the Popular Star Award at the 13th Korea Musical Awards in 2007. In addition to her work in musicals, Oh made her television debut with a minor role in SBS TV's SBS TV . She has since appeared in various dramas, including Pretty Mom, Pretty Woman, Queen of Reversals, Miss Ahjumma, Yong-pal, Hyde Jekyll, Me, Flowers of the Prison, Man to Man, The Lady in Dignity. Her supporting roles performances in dramas such as My Mister, Sky Castle, Racket Boys, and Alchemy of Souls earned her wider recognition. Early Life and education Oh Na-ra born on October 26, 1974 in Seoul as oldest of two sibling. Oh graduated from . Oh chose ballet as her major because she wanted to perform on stage. She graduated from the Department of Dance at Kyung Hee University. Afterwards, she pursued a master's degree in musical theater at Dankook University's Graduate School of Culture and Arts. Career Oh became interested in musicals after watching one on TV during college and wondered if they were real. She approached Nam Gyeong-eup, a musical actor, and expressed her desire to be part of musicals. Oh helped out at the performance hall of the musical \"Love in the Rain,\" doing tasks like cleaning and selling tickets. She also tried to make the actors happy. She joined the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and debuted with her musical “Simcheong” the following year. Afterwards, she appeared in 'Bari', 'Annie Quang', 'All That Jazz', 'Broadway 42nd Street', 'Empress Myeongseong', 'Love in the Rain', and 'Mamma Mia'. In 2001, Oh joined the Japanese theater company \"Four Seasons\" despite being a newcomer in the musical world. Oh was first Korean actor to be selected as a member. She auditioned and landed a role in the production \"Contact.\" Although she couldn't speak Japanese, it was a dance-only production, so there were no major issues. However, she couldn't go on stage due to visa extension problems caused by the office staff's intentional actions. After eight months, Oh (female) returned to Japan and was given the opportunity to appear in \"Mamma Mia.\" Despite initially being cast as the main character, her Japanese skills weren't perfect, so she returned after two years as an ensemble","title":"Oh Na-ra"},{"docid":"68620154","text":"Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \"Just a Notion\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \"Little Things\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \"ABBAtar\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \"Just a Notion\", was","title":"Voyage (ABBA album)"},{"docid":"57917036","text":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums","title":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack"},{"docid":"5432353","text":"\"Upside Down\" (titled \"Bouncing off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" outside Europe) is a song by Swedish pop music group A-Teens, released as first single from their second album, Teen Spirit (2001). A DVD single of the song was released in the United States in February 2001 to coincide with both the single's release and Teen Spirits release, and contains the music videos for both the title track and Mamma Mia from The ABBA Generation. Production and release After the intense promotion in the United States in August 2000, the band went back to the studio to start working on their second album. The song was first announced at the Viva Music Awards in September 2000. The song was the first time the band released an original song instead of a cover, and the song was produced by the hit makers Grizzly and Tysper. Commercial reception The single reached platinum on its 3rd week of release in their homeland, and by early 2001, \"Upside Down\" had peaked at number two and sold over 120,000 copies in Sweden, earning a 2× platinum certification. The song became the band's biggest hit in the United Kingdom, selling 3,711 copies on its first day and peaking at number 10 by the end of the week. The song received 8/10 Stars on UK Yahoo Music Reviews. \"Upside Down\" had a name change in the United States and Canada to \"Bouncing Off The Ceiling (Upside Down)\". The song reached number 93 on the US Billboard Hot 100 while the physical single reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales Chart. Music video Directed by Patrick Kiely, the video was filmed in Universal Studios in Los Angeles from United States on 13–15 October 2000. It shows the band in an alternative world where everything is \"upside down,\" and tells the story of one student who is in love with another student so much that they can't focus on their school studies; thus turning their lives \"upside down.\" The dancing routine was choreographed by Wade Robson. The video reached number-one on several countdowns around the world. It was 2001's 25th most played video of MTV Mexico. Track listings Swedish and European CD single \"Upside Down\" (radio version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (sing-along version) – 3:14 European maxi-CD single \"Upside Down\" – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (Grizzly/Tysper radio remix) – 3:50 \"Upside Down\" (Grizzly/Tysper extended remix) – 4:46 \"Upside Down\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 UK CD single \"Upside Down\" (radio version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (Almighty 7-inch edit) – 4:18 \"Upside Down\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 \"Upside Down\" (karaoke version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (CD-ROM video) UK cassette single \"Upside Down\" – 3:14 \"Mamma Mia\" (radio version) – 3:14 US CD single \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" – 3:14 \"Super Trouper\" – 3:50 \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" (video) US DVD single \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling\" (video) \"Mamma Mia\" (video) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Release history References External links 2000 singles 2000 songs","title":"Upside Down (A-Teens song)"},{"docid":"30864425","text":"Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released in Scandinavia on 17 November 1975 and in other parts of the world in 1976, notably the UK on 10 April, and on 18 September in the US and Canada. The 1976 version of the album included the band's most recent single \"Fernando\". The album was released in response to similar ABBA compilation albums being issued at the time by record labels in other countries who had licensed ABBA's music for release in their own territories, and the threat of import sales of those compilations impacting upon ABBA's home market. This meant that the success of Greatest Hits was largely confined to Scandinavia and the UK, although the size of the latter market and the scale of its success there has ensured that Greatest Hits is one of ABBA's best-selling albums worldwide. The album was the best-selling album of 1976 in the UK, and the country's second-best selling album of the decade. Background ABBA had won the Eurovision Song Contest in April 1974 with the song \"Waterloo\", which went on to be a major hit across Europe and in Australia and New Zealand. However, the immediate follow-up singles did not meet with the same success, and it wasn't until over a year later that \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\", \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became worldwide hits and reignited interest in the band. To capitalise on this resurgence of interest, several labels around the world released their own licensed compilations of ABBA's singles up to and including \"Mamma Mia\" – these included a similarly-titled Greatest Hits by France's Disques Vogue, and The Best of ABBA, released by West Germany's division of Polydor Records and by RCA Victor in Australia and New Zealand. To counteract the possibility of import sales from these records in Scandinavia, ABBA's record label Polar Music rush-released their own version of Greatest Hits. Release The tracks were taken from ABBA's first three studio albums, Ring Ring, Waterloo and ABBA, and with the exception of \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" had all been released as singles somewhere in the world. Despite the title of the compilation, only half of the tracks had actually charted as hit singles in major territories. \"Waterloo\", \"SOS\", \"Mamma Mia\" and (later) \"Fernando\" were top 10 hits in the UK and several other countries, though only the first of these was a top 10 hit in the US. Other hits in multiple territories included \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" (a top 10 hit in several countries, a number one in Australia, and a top 20 hit in the US, though barely cracking the top 40 in the UK), \"Honey, Honey\" (a top 20 hit in several countries and a top 30 hit in the US), \"Hasta Mañana\" (a top 10 hit in South Africa and New Zealand and a top 20 hit in Australia), and \"So Long\"","title":"Greatest Hits (ABBA album)"},{"docid":"656355","text":"ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"SOS\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Mamma Mia\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \"Tropical Loveland\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \"Intermezzo No. 1\" (early working title: \"Mama\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \"Man in the Middle\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \"The ABBA Remasters\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \"Deluxe Edition\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \"Baby\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \"Rock Me\". \"Baby\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Crazy World\" \"Crazy World\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \"Money, Money, Money\" single in November 1976. \"Crazy World\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\" Recording began on 6 May 1975","title":"ABBA (album)"},{"docid":"1195313","text":"The ABBA Generation is the debut studio album by Swedish pop group A-Teens. It was released on 25 August 1999 by Stockholm Records. The album is composed of cover versions of well-known ABBA songs. The album spawned four singles, \"Mamma Mia\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\", \"Super Trouper\", and \"Dancing Queen\". The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. Background In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \"Mamma Mia\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \"Mamma Mia\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \"Super Trouper\" peaked at number two and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \"Happy New Year\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \"Dancing Queen\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. Critical reception Despite its commercial success around the world, the album received generally negative reviews from music critics. Alex Henderson of AllMusic said that the group's \"versions of ABBA gems like \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Dancing Queen\", and \"Voulez-Vous\" aren't brilliant, but they're enjoyable—and they show just how well the songs have held up over time.\" He concluded his review by saying, “All things considered, The ABBA Generation is a pleasing, if unremarkable, testament to the durability of ABBA's songs.\" In an average review for The A.V. Club, Steven Thompson wrote, \"Pop music doesn't get more marginal than a collection of overdriven dance-pop covers, but The ABBA Generation succeeds on its own modest terms.\" David Hiltbrand of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+, saying that the group \"look and sound better than their supergroup heroes; even the music is spruced up, thanks to a cast of savvy Swedish producers.\" Writing for Rolling Stone, Arion Berger gave the album one and a half out of five stars, saying that \"all the keyboard doodling and note-for-note diligence in Scandinavia wouldn't help these poseurs bring the pure-pop greatness of the real ABBA to life.\" Track listing All tracks written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, except as noted. Personnel Adapted from the album liner notes. Musicians Anneli Axon Anders Barrén Tee","title":"The ABBA Generation"},{"docid":"25011865","text":"Hugh William Skinner (born 6 January 1985) is a British actor. He is best known for starring in sitcoms W1A (2014–2017) and The Windsors (2016–present), and his appearances in musical films Les Misérables (2012) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early life Skinner grew up in London and Tunbridge Wells, and attended Eastbourne College from 1998 to 2003. He lived in Perth, Australia, for a year at age four. He graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2006. Career Early work (2007–2015) Skinner's first professional acting role was in the English Touring Theatre's 2007 production of French Without Tears. In addition to his work on stage, he played supporting roles in the BBC series Tess of the D'Urbervilles as Felix Clare in 2008, and Any Human Heart as Lionel in 2010. He also played the role of Joly, one of the student revolutionaries, in the 2012 film of Les Misérables. In the autumn of 2013, Skinner played the role of Luis Carruthers, a closeted gay man who is in love with the show's protagonist, Patrick Bateman, in the world premiere of American Psycho at the Almeida Theatre. He also appeared on the London cast album, which was released in 2016. While performing in American Psycho, he began filming the first series of the comedy W1A, playing the role of Will Humphries, an inept yet endearing intern at the BBC. The first series was released in 2014, with subsequent series airing on BBC2 in 2015 and 2017. Skinner played the role of Dr. Barnaby Ford in the BBC series Our Zoo. He also appeared at the Theatre Royal, Bath as Camille in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Thérèse Raquin, and as Yepikhodov in Simon Stephens' new translation of The Cherry Orchard at the Young Vic. He returned to the Young Vic in the summer of 2015 to play dual roles in Nick Gill's adaptation of The Trial. In the autumn of 2015, it was announced that he had been cast as Unwin Trevaunance, an aspiring Member of Parliament, in the second series of the BBC production of Poldark, which aired in 2016. Breakthrough (2016–present) Skinner starred in The Windsors, a spoof of the British royal family, as Prince William which aired on Channel 4 in 2016. The same year, he had a role in Fleabag, a BBC3 and Amazon production, where he played the protagonist's hapless boyfriend Harry. The following year, he played Sir George Howard in the first series of Harlots, an 18th-century costume drama that premiered on ITV Encore and Hulu in March. Also in 2017, he played a supporting role in Hampstead opposite Diane Keaton and Brendan Gleeson, and appeared in Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Skinner co-starred in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the 2018 sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, in which he played Young Harry, a version of the character originated by Colin Firth in the first film. In 2018 he also starred in the eighth and final","title":"Hugh Skinner"},{"docid":"45592129","text":"Miss Mamma Mia () is a 2015 South Korean television series starring Kang Byul, Han Go-eun, Shim Hyung-tak and Seo Do-young. It aired on KBS Drama on Wednesdays to Thursdays at 23:00 for 12 episodes beginning January 28, 2015. Plot Seo Young-joo was abandoned by her parents as a child and betrayed by the man she loved. Despite all that, she stays positive as she raises her five-year-old daughter on her own while working part-time jobs. Cast Kang Byul as Seo Young-joo Han Go-eun as Oh Joo-ri Shim Hyung-tak as Na Woo-jin/Kevin Edwards Seo Do-young as Yoo Myung-han Jang Young-nam as Lee Mi-ryun Kim Ha-eun as Kang Bong-sook Jang Eun-poong as Joo Ki-chan Ahn Seung-hoon as President Ahn Park Soo-young as Shim Seok-bong Shin Yi as Seo Ha-roo's biological mother Gil Hae-yeon as Ma Hae-yeon Kim Ha-yoo as Seo Ha-ru Bae Kang-yoo as Lee Jong-min References External links Miss Mamma Mia official KBSN website Korean Broadcasting System television dramas 2015 South Korean television series debuts Korean-language television shows 2015 South Korean television series endings","title":"Miss Mamma Mia"},{"docid":"40748214","text":"\"Hey, Hey Helen\" is a song by ABBA, featured on their 1975 self-titled album. It was used as the B-side to Mamma Mia in Australia and Fernando in the UK. Composition The song is in the Glam rock genre. Analysis George Starostin Reviews says the song has \"perfectly tolerable lyrics about a family breakup\" from an anti-feminist perspective. PopDose says \"'Helen' took an adult look at divorce and single motherhood in a time when the divorce rate was up and the traditional family unit was taking a beating. At first, the lyrics seem a bit judgmental, until you get to that last bit in the chorus where the girls assure the newly single mother that she can, in fact, make it alone\". Covers Lush covered the song for an abandoned anti-poll tax compilation, the cover version was released on their 1990 album Gala. Critical reception The Trouser Press record guide described the song as \"obscure\". OneWeekOneBand said \"The best bit of this - OK maybe apart from the riff - is where the lyrics go “Can you make it alone?” and the backing vox reply “Yes you can” and to prove it the song goes into a FUNK BREAKDOWN, the only one in ABBA's catalogue.\" George Starostin Reviews says the song is \"quite memorable\", and adds it is \"what all those 'heavy metal tunes' off Waterloo would have sounded like\" if they had been given more of the 'ABBA' sound. It adds \"the heavy guitar riffs on that one don't bother me in the least, as they never try to sound dreary or 'mock-ominous': they just emphasize the power of the tune, which is, in my opinion, a highly underrated ABBA classic, with all those riffs, a catchy, rhythmic synth solo, a groovy drum pattern\". PopDose describes the song as \"one of the earliest glimmers that ABBA were more than just your standard bubblegum pop group\". It wondered why the song wasn't featured in the Mamma Mia musical considering its subject matter, and theorises that it was because the song wasn't popular enough. It notes, however, that the group mimed it for quite a few TV appearances at the time, citing “Don Kirshner’s Rock Concert” in 1975. References 1975 songs ABBA songs Songs with feminist themes Songs about divorce","title":"Hey, Hey Helen"},{"docid":"59057076","text":"Mamma Mia is a Ghanaian film directed by and starring Bob Smith Jnr in 1995. Set in Verona as well as Accra, it was one of the earlier films to focus on the lives of Ghanaians living in Europe. The film was the first of three films in a series sharing that name the others being Double Trouble (Mamma Mia Part 2) (1998) and Black is Black (Mamma Mia 3) (2000). Cast Bob Smith Jnr References English-language Ghanaian films 1990s English-language films","title":"Mamma Mia (1995 film)"},{"docid":"34081868","text":"Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \"the greatest showbiz impresario\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \"The Winner Takes It All\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\") and \"highly savvy writer\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to","title":"Judy Craymer"},{"docid":"41988044","text":"Alan MacDonald (c. 1956 – 30 August 2017) was a British production designer. He was best known for his work on The Queen (2006), which earned him nominations for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film and Best Technical Achievement at the British Independent Film Awards, and for the Rajasthan-set The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) which earned him a nomination for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film. In 2013, he designed the sets for the Academy Award-nominated film Philomena. He had also been a production designer for a number of advertisements for global firms including Coca-Cola, Levi's, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, and was the theatrical designer for Kylie Minogue's 2002 \"KylieFever2002\" tour. Filmography Absurd (1989) (short) Tunnel of Love (1991) (short) Man to Man (1992) Remembrance of Things Fast: True Stories Visual Lies (1994; Art Director) Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998) Rogue Trader (1998) Nora (2000) The Jacket (2005) Kinky Boots (2005) The Queen (2006) The Edge of Love (2008) Chéri (2009) Tamara Drewe (2010) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) Philomena (2013) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2 (2015) The Program (2015) Sing Street (2016) Victoria & Abdul (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Personal life and death He suffered from bipolar disorder. MacDonald died by suicide at his Covent Garden home on 31 August 2017, after spending two weeks as an in-patient at the private Nightingale Hospital at a cost of £20,000. His last two film credits, Victoria & Abdul (2017) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), were dedicated to his memory. References External links 1950s births 2017 deaths British film designers Date of birth missing Suicides in Greater London People with bipolar disorder","title":"Alan MacDonald (production designer)"},{"docid":"56818610","text":"This article lists feature-length British films and full-length documentaries that have had their premieres in 2018 and were at least partly produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom. It does not feature short films, medium-length films, made-for-TV films, pornographic films, filmed theater, VR films and interactive films like Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. It also does not include films screened in previous years that had official release dates in 2018. British co-productions like Bohemian Rhapsody, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again garnered positive reviews and collectively grossed more than $1.5 billion in the Box Office worldwide. Small independent films like The Wife, Three Identical Strangers and At Eternity's Gate performed well in the Specialty Box Office, screening in a limited number of theaters. 2018 was expected to be the best year for British box office since 1971 with Avengers: Infinity War, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Incredibles 2, Black Panther, Bohemian Rhapsody, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Peter Rabbit and The Greatest Showman breaking £40 million at the British box office. Also included is an overview of five awards ceremonies which are major events in British film: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards. Film premieres January – March April – June July – September October – December Other premieres Culturally British Films The following list comprises films not produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom but is strongly associated with British culture. The films in this list should fulfill at least 3 of the following criteria: The film is adapted from a British source material. The story is at least partially set in the United Kingdom. The film was at least partially shot in the United Kingdom. Many of the film's cast and crew members are British. British winners Listed here are the British winners and nominees at the four most prestigious film award ceremonies in the English-speaking world: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards, that were held during 2018, celebrating the best films of 2017. The British nominations were led by Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Dunkirk, and Darkest Hour, with Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri winning awards in the major categories and Dunkirk going on to win large numbers of technical awards, whilst Gary Oldman won multiple best leading actor awards for his portrayal of Sir Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. British films did, however, notably lose out to The Shape of Water from USA. Academy Awards The 90th Academy Awards honoring the best films of 2017 were held on March 4, 2018. British winners: Darkest Hour (Best Actor, Best Makeup and Hairstyling) Dunkirk (Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, Best Film Editing) The Silent Child (Best Live Action Short Film) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor) Alex Gibson (Best Sound Editing) – Dunkirk Chris Overton (Best Live Action Short Film) – The Silent Child David","title":"List of British films of 2018"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"17105979\",\n \"text\": \"Mazz Murray (born 26 November 1974) is an English stage and TV actress, voice artist and singer with a three octave range. As an actress she is known for her theatre roles, including portrayals of Patsy Cline, Dusty Springfield and Vivian Ellis in tribute shows. Career She portrayed the Killer Queen in the West End production of the musical We Will Rock You. She is the longest-running cast member to be involved in the show, having been in the original ensemble when the musical opened in May 2002. She took over the principal role of Killer Queen from Sharon D. Clarke in April 2004. In 2010, she formed a girl group, Woman, with her sister Gina, Anna-Jane Casey and Emma Kershaw, debuting their single \\\"I’m a Woman\\\". In 2015, she joined the cast of the London production of Mamma Mia! as Tanya, a role which was subsequently taken over by Kate Graham when Murray departed in 2017. It was announced that she would join the cast of Chicago from 2 July 2018 until 11 August 2018, playing the role of Matron Mama Morton. In 2019, it was announced that Murray would be returning to the West End production of Mamma Mia! in the role of Donna Sheridan. Personal life Murray was born in London, and is the daughter of songwriter Mitch Murray and actress Grazina Frame. She trained at Redroofs Theatre School, Maidenhead and Sylvia Young Theatre School, London. On 18 June 2009 she married Oren Harush (born 27 July 1980), an Israeli. Brian May played a special version of \\\"Love of My Life\\\", with some new words with Mazz at their wedding. The couple live in Bushey, Hertfordshire, England. Murray is a supporter of Manchester United F.C. Theatre credits We Will Rock You – Killer Queen Fame – Mabel Rent – Maureen Pippin – Berthe Boogie Nights – Debs Only the Lonely – Patsy Cline A Girl Called Dusty – Dusty Springfield Sweet Charity Fiddler on the Roof Chicago – Matron Mama Morton Mamma Mia! – Tanya and Donna Sheridan Sunset Boulevard – Norma Desmond Television Blessed – Shop Assistant (1 episode: \\\"Who Wrote the Book of Love?\\\") Footballers' Wives – Jenny Taylor EastEnders – Miranda (2 episodes) Fimbles – Yodelling Echo The Quest – Lizzie References External links Profile - CastAway Voice Actors & Actresses Brian May's Soapbox About Mazz's Wedding 1973 births English musical theatre actresses Living people Actresses from London\",\n \"title\": \"Mazz Murray\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20312130\",\n \"text\": \"Amén is the tenth studio album by Spanish duo Azúcar Moreno, released on Sony International in 2000. Amén, entirely recorded in Miami, was coproduced by Estéfano, with whom the duo had collaborated on the 1994 album El Amor, and Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez who had produced their two preceding albums Esclava de tu piel and Olé and also the track “Muévete salvaje” on their 1997 greatest hits compilation Mucho Azúcar - Grandes Éxitos. Six of the album's thirteen titles, “Amén”, “Abracadabra”, “Mamma mia”, “Tururú”, “40 kilos de besos”, “Amigo mío” and “Viva la vida”, were written or co-written by Spanish singer and composer Miguel Gallardo, who previously had penned hits like “Hazme el amor”, “Desnúdate, desnúdame”, “A galope”, “Solo se vive una vez”, “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” and “Esclava de tu piel” for the Salazar sisters. The lead single from the album was “Mamma mia” —not to be confused with the ABBA song with the same title— followed by the title track “Amén”, “Ay amor”, “Dale que dale” and the ballad “Piel de seda”, the latter written by prolific Spanish composer José Luis Perales. The track “San José” was co-produced by Spanish remix team Pumpin’ Dolls, who previously had remixed worldwide hits like Cher’s “Strong Enough”, TLC’s “Unpretty” and Carlos Santana’s “María María”. The track “Abracadabra”, the third single from the album, was along with “Juramento” featured in Spanish movie Gitano, starring famous flamenco dancer Joaquín Cortés. “Mamma Mia”, “Amén” and “Abracadabra” were all released in a wide variety of extended dance mixes, mixed by among others Pedro del Moral, David Ferrero and Pablo Flores. Amén continued the Salazar sisters’ series of successful albums, selling some 300.000 copies in Spain alone and achieving triple platinum status. Amén was the first Azúcar Moreno album to be accompanied by a DVD release, entitled Amén Tour. The documentary captures the Salazar sisters touring Spain, Portugal, The Azores, Bulgaria, South America and it also features behind the scenes footage from the making of the videos “Mamma mia”, “Amén”, “Abracadabra” and “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” from their previous album Esclava de tu piel, the latter filmed in New York. Track listing “Amén” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:36 “Abracadabra” (Gallardo) – 3:50 “Mamma mia” (Fano) – 4:17 “El amor se echa de menos” (Fano) – 4:48 “Tururú” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:44 “Piel de seda” (Perales) – 4:33 “Juramento” (Rilo) – 3:33 “Dale que dale” (Alonso, Castro, Flores, Salazar) – 3:59 “Ay amor” (Donato, Fano) – 4:28 “40 kilos de besos” (Caba, Gallardo) – 4:14 “San José” (Gypsy Dance version) (Arana, Belmonte) – 3:51 “Amigo mío” (Gallardo) – 3:14 “Viva la vida” (Gallardo) – 3:47 Personnel Azúcar Moreno – vocals Production Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez – record producer Estéfano – producer Pumpin’ Dolls – co-producers \\\"San José\\\" (Gypsy Dance Version) Certifications and sales Sources and external links [ Allmusic discography] Discogs.com discography Rateyourmusic.com discography Specific 2000 albums Azúcar Moreno albums\",\n \"title\": \"Amén\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8377793\",\n \"text\": \"Number Ones is a compilation album of recordings by Swedish pop group ABBA, released by Polar Music in 2006. Whereas ABBA Gold pulls together 19 of the group's biggest hits and most familiar songs, Number Ones is a variation on this concept, collecting 18 tracks that were #1 hits in many of the countries where ABBA were successful. In the end, only three tracks from ABBA Gold do not make the cut: \\\"Does Your Mother Know\\\", \\\"Lay All Your Love on Me\\\", and \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\". In the UK, the track list includes the full length version of \\\"Summer Night City\\\" (originally released on the Thank You for the Music box set) and an additional track \\\"Ring Ring\\\", which, oddly enough, was never a big hit in that territory. A limited edition, also released in the UK, includes a bonus disc with 12 tracks from ABBA's #1 albums. In Taiwan, a hidden track follows \\\"I Have a Dream\\\". This hidden track, titled \\\"ABBA Remix\\\" and running for 3:31, is a medley of the choruses of the 18 songs on the CD. Track listing International track listing \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" \\\"Super Trouper\\\" \\\"SOS\\\" \\\"Summer Night City\\\" \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" \\\"Chiquitita\\\" \\\"One of Us\\\" \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\" \\\"Voulez-Vous\\\" \\\"Fernando\\\" \\\"Waterloo\\\" \\\"The Name of the Game\\\" \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\" \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" UK track listing \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" \\\"Super Trouper\\\" \\\"SOS\\\" \\\"Summer Night City (Extended version)\\\" \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" \\\"Chiquitita\\\" \\\"One of Us\\\" \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\" \\\"Voulez-Vous\\\" \\\"Fernando\\\" \\\"Waterloo\\\" \\\"Ring Ring\\\" \\\"The Name of the Game\\\" \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\" \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" Limited Edition Bonus Disc: Classic Tracks from Number Ones albums \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" \\\"Hole in Your Soul\\\" \\\"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\\\" \\\"Me and I\\\" \\\"The King Has Lost His Crown\\\" \\\"Rock Me\\\" \\\"Tiger\\\" \\\"I Wonder (Departure)\\\" \\\"Another Town, Another Train\\\" \\\"Our Last Summer\\\" \\\"Kisses of Fire\\\" \\\"Slipping Through My Fingers\\\" Personnel Agnetha Fältskog - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Anni-Frid Lyngstad - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Björn Ulvaeus - lead vocals , co-lead vocals acoustic guitar, backing vocals Benny Andersson – synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2006 greatest hits albums ABBA compilation albums Compilation albums of number-one songs Polar Music compilation albums Albums produced by Björn Ulvaeus Albums produced by Benny Andersson Albums recorded at Polar Studios\",\n \"title\": \"Number Ones (ABBA album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71791370\",\n \"text\": \"Amanda Seyfried is an American actress who has received numerous accolades throughout her career. Seyfried came to prominence following her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), for which she received an MTV Movie & TV Award. She then appeared in the romantic comedy films Dear John and Letters to Juliet (both 2010), earning various nominations at the Teen Choice Awards, and the black comedy horror Jennifer's Body (2009), which won her a second MTV Movie & TV Award. She starred in the ABBA-inspired musicals Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), for which she was nominated for two People's Choice Awards, and the period musical Les Misérables (2012), which earned her a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Seyfried received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020), earning nominations in the Best Supporting Actress category at the Academy Awards, AACTA International Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and Golden Globe Awards. This acclaim continued for her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the drama miniseries The Dropout (2022), for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film. Awards and nominations Notes References External links Seyfried, Amanda\",\n \"title\": \"List of awards and nominations received by Amanda Seyfried\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10708687\",\n \"text\": \"The 56th Annual Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall on June 2, 2002 and broadcast by CBS. \\\"The First Ten\\\" awards ceremony was telecast on PBS television. The event was co-hosted by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. With her win as a producer of Thoroughly Modern Millie, Whoopi Goldberg became the 10th person to become an EGOT winner. The ceremony The show opened with a tribute to Richard Rodgers, featuring a medley of his songs performed by Marvin Hamlisch, Harry Connick Jr., Michele Lee, Mos Def, Lea Salonga, Peter Gallagher, John Raitt, Bernadette Peters, Gregory Hines, and the company of Oklahoma! A Broadway/New York song medley was performed by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. Presentations from nominated musicals: Into the Woods: \\\"Children Will Listen\\\", \\\"Ever After\\\" and \\\"Into the Woods\\\" - Vanessa Williams, John McMartin, Company Mamma Mia!: \\\"I Have a Dream\\\", \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", \\\"Chiquitita\\\" and \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" - Louise Pitre, Judy Kaye, Karen Mason, Tina Maddigan, Company Thoroughly Modern Millie: \\\"Forget About the Boy\\\"/\\\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\\\" - Sutton Foster, Anne L. Nathan, Casey Nicholaw, Noah Racey, Company Sweet Smell of Success: \\\"Dirt\\\" - John Lithgow, Company Urinetown: \\\"Run, Freedom, Run\\\" - Hunter Foster, Spencer Kayden, Jeff McCarthy, Company Oklahoma!: \\\"The Farmer and the Cowman\\\" - Company The First Ten awards were presented prior to the full ceremony and broadcast on PBS. The awards presented were: Best Direction of a Play, Direction of a Musical, Book of a Musical, Original Score, Choreography, Costume Design, Lighting Design and Scenic Design. There were also interviews and \\\"rehearsal and performance clips from the nominated shows.\\\" The broadcast won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program; the director was Glenn Weiss. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 2001–02 season before May 2, 2002 are eligible. Original plays An Almost Holy Picture Fortune’s Fool 45 Seconds from Broadway The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? The Graduate If you ever leave me...I'm going with you! Metamorphoses The Mystery of Charles Dickens QED The Smell of the Kill Topdog/Underdog Original musicals By Jeeves Mamma Mia! One Mo' Time Sweet Smell of Success Thoroughly Modern Millie Thou Shalt Not Urinetown Play revivals A Christmas Carol The Crucible The Dance of Death The Elephant Man Hedda Gabler Major Barbara The Man Who Had All the Luck Morning's at Seven Noises Off Private Lives A Thousand Clowns The Women Musical revivals Into the Woods Oklahoma! Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Source: TheaterMania Regional Theatre Tony Award Williamstown Theatre Festival Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Robert Whitehead Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Julie Harris Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: 11 nominations: Thoroughly Modern Millie 10 nominations: Into the Woods and Urinetown 9 nominations: Morning's at Seven 7 nominations: Oklahoma! and Sweet Smell of Success 6 nominations: The Crucible and Private Lives 5 nominations: Mamma Mia! 3 nominations: Fortune's Fool and\",\n \"title\": \"56th Tony Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17019742\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Michael Goetzman (born November 6, 1952) is an American film and television producer and actor, and co-founder of the production company Playtone with actor Tom Hanks. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Goetzman began his career as a child actor. He had starred in the film Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball, appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, and eventually started a waterbed company and pinball arcade. Goetzman at one time delivered a waterbed to Jon Peters's home. His exploits as a performer and a salesman inspired his friend Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza. In 1984, he produced the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense with director Jonathan Demme. That initiated a successful run as a music supervisor, on such films as Something Wild, Colors, Modern Girls and Married to the Mob, among many others. In 1991, producer Goetzman and director Demme again collaborated to make The Silence of the Lambs, which garnered the top five Academy Awards including Best Picture. In 1993, Goetzman was executive producer of Demme's Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks, beginning a working relationship with Hanks. Goetzman co-produced Hanks's 1996 directorial debut, That Thing You Do! The two then co-founded Playtone in 1998. Since then, Goetzman has produced hit films including My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Polar Express, Charlie Wilson's War and Mamma Mia! Goetzman has also received several Emmy Awards for HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, The Pacific, John Adams, Game Change and Olive Kitteridge. Aside from producing films, Goetzman has been known to play small parts in movies he is connected to. He has also enjoyed a successful parallel career as a music composer and producer, working with such artists as Smokey Robinson, Natalie Cole, Jane Child, Thelma Houston, and The Staples Singers. He currently sits on the National board of directors for the Producers Guild of America. Goetzman is executive producer (with Tom Hanks and Mark Herzog) of the CNN exclusive documentary miniseries The Sixties (2014), The Seventies (2015), The Eighties (2016), and The Nineties (2017). Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Producer Modern Girls (1986) Miami Blues (1990) Amos & Andrew (1993) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) That Thing You Do! (1996) Beloved (1998) My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) The Polar Express (2004) The Ant Bully (2006) Starter for 10 (2006) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) The Great Buck Howard (2008) Mamma Mia! (2008) City of Ember (2008) Where the Wild Things Are (2009) Larry Crowne (2011) Parkland (2013) Ricki and the Flash (2015) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) A Hologram for the King (2016) The Circle (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Greyhound (2020) News of the World (2020) A Man Called Otto (2022) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 (2023) Executive producer The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Philadelphia (1993) Evan Almighty (2007) My Life in Ruins (2009) Ithaca (2015) As an actor Music department Soundtrack Production manager Thanks Television As an actor\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Goetzman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43934954\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\\\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \\\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\\\" has been called a \\\"Fats Domino flavoured\\\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \\\"Why Did It Have To Be Me\\\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \\\"Happy Hawaii\\\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \\\"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\\\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \\\"Happy Hawaii\\\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \\\"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\\\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \\\"for the guys\\\" and praises it as an example of the \\\"professional songwriting\\\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \\\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\\\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs\",\n \"title\": \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38660223\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Guilty Pleasures\\\" is the seventeenth episode of the fourth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the eighty-third episode overall. Written by Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz, it aired on Fox in the United States on March 21, 2013. Kelley Mitchell, Jennifer Greenberg, Melissa Buell, Tym Shutchai Buacharern, Paula Jane Hamilton and Darla Albright were nominated at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series for this episode. Plot Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) take over the glee club while Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) is out sick, and have New Directions perform their musical guilty pleasures in order to strengthen the bond between its members. Blaine and Sam perform \\\"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\\\" as a demonstration, and Sam later performs \\\"Copacabana\\\", followed by Blaine, who performs \\\"Against All Odds\\\". Sam notices that Blaine directs the song at him, and Blaine admits he had a crush on him. Sam reveals that he's known for a while and respects Blaine's feelings as they reaffirm their friendship. Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) and Wade \\\"Unique\\\" Adams (Alex Newell) perform \\\"Wannabe\\\", and Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) notes how Kitty became closer to New Directions. The girls later confront Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist) over performing a Chris Brown song, and although he claims that they should differentiate an artist's personal life from their work, he agrees to change the song and performs \\\"My Prerogative\\\". In New York, Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) returns to the loft, and Brody Weston (Dean Geyer) moves out after his fight with Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith). Santana reveals to Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) that Brody was a gigolo, and Rachel later confronts him at NYADA, where they decide that their relationship has definitely come to an end. Rachel thanks Santana for not giving up on trying to make her see the truth. Santana and Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) later comfort Rachel, and they sing \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" together, simultaneously with New Directions, who perform it to celebrate the success of the assignment. Production The episode was written by Glee executive producers Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz. Shooting continued as late as February 25, 2013. Recurring characters in this episode include glee club members Wade \\\"Unique\\\" Adams (Alex Newell), Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin) and Ryder Lynn (Blake Jenner), and NYADA junior Brody Weston (Dean Geyer). Seven songs from the episode are being released as singles: Barry Manilow's \\\"Copacabana\\\" performed by Overstreet, Radiohead's \\\"Creep\\\" performed by Michele and Geyer, Bobby Brown's \\\"My Prerogative\\\" performed by Artist, Phil Collins's \\\"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)\\\" sung by Criss, Wham!'s \\\"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\\\" performed by Criss and Overstreet, Spice Girls' \\\"Wannabe\\\" performed by Newell, Benoist, Tobin, Ushkowitz and Morris, and ABBA's \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" performed by Michele, Rivera, Colfer and\",\n \"title\": \"Guilty Pleasures (Glee)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72791698\",\n \"text\": \"Park Ji-yeon (, born May 14, 1988) is a South Korean actress. Park debuted in musical Mamma Mia! in 2010. Park has appeared in supporting roles in various dramas but is better known for her work as a musical actress. Park's television debut was on tvN's Oh My Ghost (2015). After that, she played Kang Eun-ju in KBS2's Mad Dog (2017) and Oh Jung-soo in KBS1's Andante (2017). After that, she acted as Yoon Hoon (Kim Hye-eun) in tvN historical drama series Mr. Sunshine (2018), nurse Lee So-jung in JTBC's Life (2018), and role of Cho-hong in SBS Haechi (2019). Her most known works in small screen are Bloody Heart (2022) that earned her best supporting actress award in 2022 KBS Drama Awards. Early years Park Ji-yeon developed an interest in music from an early age. While attending science major in Youngsaeng High School, Park formed a high-school rock band and sung as a vocalist. Park initially wanted to applied to the Department of Practical Music. While searching the internet to find related information, Park found musical clips for the first time. Since then Park also became interested in acting and decided to enroll in an acting academy near her house in Suwon. Park enrolled to the acting department of Seoul Institute of the Arts. However, due to her love of music, Park was not really set on becoming an actress yet. Career In 2010, at the recommendation of a senior, Park went to the audition of Korean production of musical Mamma Mia! When Park appeared in the audition with application letter with no experience written, she made the staff nervous. However Park made everyone surprised when she sang the audition song. Park passed the audition for the role of Sophie, her debut stage was a performance held at the Gyeonggi Icheon Art Hall. Since then, Park has been active as a main character in musical works, from Go Mi-nam (Go Mi-nyeo) in the creative musical You're Beautiful to Éponine in Les Miserables and Molly in Ghost. In 2013, she swept the rookie awards two musical awards, the Korean Musical Awards and The Musical Awards for her role Eponine in Les Miserables. Park was called a rising star in the musical world. Park's television debut was on tvN's Oh My Ghost (2015). After that, she played Kang Eun-ju in KBS2's Mad Dog (2017) and Oh Jung-soo in KBS2's Andante (2017). After eight years as musical actress, Park made her theatrical debut in the National Theater of Korea production of Shakespeare's Richard III, for which she received favorable reviews. Production started in February 2018 and ended in early-March of that year. After that, she acted as Yoon Hoon (Kim Hye-eun) in tvN historical drama series Mr. Sunshine (2018) and followed by the role of nurse Lee So-jung in JTBC's Life (2018). In winter of 2018, Park was back to musical. She was selected for the role helper-bot Claire in 2018 revival of musical Maybe Happy Ending. Directed by Kim Dong-yeon, it\",\n \"title\": \"Park Ji-yeon (actress)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25989073\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mamma Mia\\\" is the 21st episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 57th overall episode of the series. It was written by co-executive producer Ron Weiner and directed by series producer Don Scardino. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 7, 2009. Guest stars in this episode include Alan Alda, Steve Buscemi, Stuart Margolin, Keith Olbermann, Clayton Dean Smith, and Michael Benjamin Washington. In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) begins to search for his biological father with help from Liz Lemon (Tina Fey). Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his supposedly illegitimate son (Washington) to the cast and crew of the fictitious show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS), but some question his intentions. At the same time, Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) and Liz fight for attention when Jenna gets public recognition for a comedic sketch Liz wrote. \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" has received generally positive reception from television critics. According to the Nielsen Media Research, the episode was watched by 6.2 million households during its original broadcast. Ron Weiner and Alan Alda received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, respectively, both for this episode. Plot Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) decides not to search for his biological father, after it was revealed in the previous episode that the man he believed was his father was not. Liz Lemon (Tina Fey), however, convinces him to find out who his real father is, so Jack contacts Lenny Wosniak (Steve Buscemi)—a private investigator—to search for his biological father. Lenny gives him an envelope containing the names of three individuals who could be his father. Jack tells Liz about the envelope, and she suggests they Mamma Mia! this and bring the three men to New York under false pretenses, to which Jack agrees. Jack meets the men, George Park, Fred O'Dwyer (Stuart Margolin), and Professor Milton Greene (Alan Alda). At meeting the three men, Jack comes to the realization that Milton is his father, as George Park is Korean and Fred O'Dwyer lost his genitals in a grenade explosion during World War II. He tells Milton that he is his son, after Milton admitted to sleeping with his mother, Colleen Donaghy (Elaine Stritch), around the time Jack was conceived. Milton is happy to have him as his son, and reveals to Jack that he is in need of a kidney transplant. Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his illegitimate son, Donald (Michael Benjamin Washington), to the TGS with Tracy Jordan staff. Liz and Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit) suspect that Donald is embezzling from Tracy as they do not believe that Donald is twenty-one years old, which Donald claims to be. Cerie Xerox (Katrina Bowden), Liz's assistant, obtains Donald's birth certificate and gives it to Liz and Pete; the two learn that Donald is forty years of age, thus confirming their suspicions about him. Liz tells Tracy about this,\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia (30 Rock)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11143164\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \\\"Rio de Janeiro\\\". Eventually, the track was renamed \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \\\"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\\\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \\\"schoolgirl imagery\\\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \\\"bouncy\\\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \\\"Waterloo\\\". It says the song \\\"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\\\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \\\"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\\\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" is listed alongside \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" as an example of the group's \\\"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\\\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \\\"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\\\" The Los Angeles Times said \\\"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\\\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \\\"expected of ABBA\\\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" with the Van Halen song \\\"Hot for Teacher\\\" and the Jethro Tull song \\\"Teacher\\\" as examples of \\\"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.\",\n \"title\": \"When I Kissed the Teacher\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56937311\",\n \"text\": \"The UK Albums Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling albums of the week in the United Kingdom. Since 2004 the chart has been based on the sales of both physical albums and digital downloads. Since 2015, the album chart has been based on both sales and streaming. This list shows albums that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart during 2018, as well as albums which peaked in 2017 and 2019 but were in the top 10 in 2018. The entry date is when the album appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced). One-hundred and fifty-five albums were in the top ten this year. Thirteen albums from 2017 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while 50 Years – Don't Stop by Fleetwood Mac and Unchained Melodies by Roy Orbison with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra were both released in 2018 but did not reach their peak until 2019. Christmas by Michael Bublé was originally released in 2011, launched a new chart run in 2017, reaching a peak on its latest run in 2018 and again in 2019. Dua Lipa by Dua Lipa was the only album from 2017 to reach its peak in 2018. Twelve artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2018. Anne-Marie, Calum Scott, First Aid Kit, The Greatest Showman Cast and XXXTentacion are among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 album in 2018. Ed Sheeran's Divide returned to the top of the chart for the opening two weeks of the year, totalling twenty weeks at number-one since it was released in March 2017. The first new number-one album of the year was The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by The Greatest Showman cast. Overall, nineteen different albums peaked at number-one in 2018, with nineteen unique artists hitting that position. Background Multiple entries One-hundred and fifty-five albums charted in the top 10 in 2018, with one-hundred and thirty-nine albums reaching their peak this year (including the re-entries Appetite for Destruction, Christmas, ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits, Mamma Mia! The Movie Soundtrack, Wanted on Voyage, The White Album, X, which charted in previous years but reached peaks on their latest chart run). Twelve artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2018. Chart debuts Thirty-four artists achieved their first top 10 album in 2018 as a lead artist. The Mamma Mia! film cast had one other entry in their breakthrough year. The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo album, or featured appearances on compilations or other artists recordings. Notes Camila Cabello's self-titled album Camila, was her first solo effort and her first top 10 album away from the group Fifth\",\n \"title\": \"List of UK top-ten albums in 2018\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9191968\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Thank ABBA for the Music\\\" is a medley of songs originally released by pop group ABBA, performed by Steps, Tina Cousins, Cleopatra, B*Witched and Billie. The medley consists of \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\", \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", and \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\". It was originally performed during the 1999 Brit Awards, which occurred on 16 February, and its release coincided with the debut of the ABBA musical Mamma Mia!. The medley peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in April 1999 and reached the top 10 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and Sweden. Track listings Personnel Tina Cousins – lead and backing vocals Billie Piper – lead and backing vocals Cleopatra Cleo Higgins – lead vocals Yonah Higgins – backing vocals Zainam Higgins – backing vocals B*Witched Lindsay Armaou – backing vocals Edele Lynch – lead vocals Keavy Lynch – backing vocals Sinead O'Carroll – backing vocals Steps Lee Latchford-Evans – lead and backing vocals Claire Richards – lead and backing vocals Lisa Scott-Lee – lead and backing vocals Faye Tozer – lead and backing vocals Ian \\\"H\\\" Watkins – lead and backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References External links Songs about musicians 1999 singles B*Witched songs Billie Piper songs Epic Records singles Music medleys Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson Steps (group) songs Tina Cousins songs\",\n \"title\": \"Thank ABBA for the Music\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35568430\",\n \"text\": \"Carrie Manolakos (pronounced \\\"men-uh-LAH-kiss\\\"; born February 16, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and musical theatre actress. As an actress, she is perhaps best known for her stage work, on Broadway in Mamma Mia! as Sophie Sheridan, and in the original 2nd national tour cast of Wicked as the Elphaba standby. She became an internet sensation after her cover of the Radiohead song \\\"Creep\\\" went viral after it was picked up by Gawker Media, under the title \\\"Eargasm\\\". The cover was performed at her album release party at Le Poisson Rouge in Greenwich Village. Early life and education Manolakos grew up in Syracuse, New York and attended Manlius Pebble Hill School. At age 10, she began participating in the community theater at Syracuse Stage. Manolakos attended the Tisch School of the Arts at NYU. Career 2008–2011: Mamma Mia!, Wicked, and other stage work Manolakos performed in the ensemble of the Mamma Mia! tour for six months before being promoted to the role of Sophie. Shortly after that, she was invited to join the Broadway company, replacing Carey Anderson. She gave her first performance on June 4, 2008. It was announced on February 9, 2009, that Manolakos would be joining the second national tour of Wicked as the standby for Elphaba. On June 25, 2010, Manolakos performed at the Yale Institute for Music Theatre Workshops as Athena in The Daughters, a musical which follows the three daughters of Zeus as they embark on separate and intersecting journeys of self-discovery. Manolakos performed in a concert celebrating Alanis Morissette on September 1, 2010. On November 1, 2010, Manolakos joined Peter Lerman for his debut concert at the Laurie Beechman Theatre, featuring tunes from his original songbook. It was announced on December 3, 2010, that Manolakos would be involved in a concert featuring the music from the musical Jawbreaker. The concert took place on December 12, 2010. Manolakos took part in a concert at Joe's Pub on March 27, 2011, celebrating the release of Joey Contreras debut album, Love Me, Love Me Not. Manolakos appeared as Night Terrors in at the La Jolla Playhouse production of Sleeping Beauty Wakes from July 19 through August 21, 2011. On September 7, 2011, it was announced that Manolakos would be starring as Katie in the rock musical Chix 6 at the Queens Theatre from September 27 to October 30, 2011. 2012–2014: Echo, viral video, and Hit List Manolakos starred as Marianne Reilly in the first run of Seth Rudetsky's Disaster! at Triad Theatre, now renamed Stage 72, on January 22 through March 25, 2012. On February 27, 2012, Manolakos took part in Broadway Remembers Whitney Houston at Joe's Pub, a tribute concert for the late singer. Manolakos performed at Broadway Rhythm and Booze alongside Uzo Aduba on March 26, 2012. Manolakos released her debut album, Echo, on April 2, 2012, produced by Dominick Amendum and Justin Goldner. The album debuted in the top 100 of the iTunes pop charts. On April 23, 2012, Manolakos became an internet sensation\",\n \"title\": \"Carrie Manolakos\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44001649\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mamma Mia\\\" is a song by Swedish singer and songwriter Darin featuring vocals by rapper Prophet of 7Lions. It was released on April 14, 2014 in the Nordic countries in occasion of his 10-year anniversary as an artist. It's Darin's first single with Warner Music Sweden. The song was originally written for Darin's sixth studio album Exit, but it didn't make the final cut. Background and release On March 14, 2014 Darin announced via his Instagram account the release of a new single called Mamma Mia, along with a competition which consisted of sharing a picture on the social network in order to win an exclusive ticket for the premiere of the music video of the song which would take place in a secret venue in Stockholm two days before the single release. A trailer of the music video was also posted on Darin's official YouTube channel the same day. Winners were contacted by Darin himself on April 2 and the event took place in a cinema in Stockholm called Rigoletto on April 12. A seven track EP called Mamma Mia - Remixes was released on June 18, 2014. Music video The music video of the single was released on 21 April on Darin's YouTube channel. It was directed by Alex Herron and filmed in Palmdale, California. As stated by the director himself, \\\"the video feels as if it's a love story in the beginning but then it starts to escalate and she's a Mamma Mia, she's the ultimate crazy woman. They rob a bank, she strips for him. It's pretty dirty, it's pretty good\\\". The production of the video costed 500,000 Swedish crowns. Charts Release history References 2014 songs 2014 singles Darin (singer) songs Songs written by Darin (singer) Warner Music Group singles\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia (Darin song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70096150\",\n \"text\": \"Croatia Songs is a record chart in Croatia for songs, compiled by Billboard since February 2022. The chart is updated every Tuesday on Billboards website. The chart was announced on 14 February 2022 as part of Billboards Hits of the World chart collection. The first number-one song on the chart was \\\"Behute\\\" by Senidah on the issue dated 19 February 2022. The longest charting number-one song is currently \\\"Mamma mia\\\" by Grše. The current number-one song on the chart is \\\"Fantazija\\\" by Grše featuring Miach. Methodology The chart tracks songs' performance from Friday to Thursday. Chart rankings are based on a weighted formula incorporating official-only streams on both subscription and ad-supported tiers of leading audio and video music services, plus download sales from top music retailers within the territory. All data are provided by MRC Data. List of number-one songs Reception All the songs that appeared on the first issue of the chart were released by the former Yugoslav non-Croatian musicians, apart from \\\"Trebaš li me\\\" by Eni Jurišić and Matija Cvek, \\\"Debili\\\" by 30zona and Kuku$ Klan, \\\"Ti i ja\\\" by Jelena Rozga (in collaboration with Serbian singer Saša Matić), and \\\"Highlife\\\" by Grše, alongside \\\"Heat Waves\\\" by Glass Animals and \\\"Black Summer\\\" by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Hrvoje Marjanović of Index.hr criticized the Croatian media for trying to censor mainstream music from other former Yugoslav republics due to its alleged lack of quality, and praised the chart for showcasing what people of Croatia actually listen to. He further praised the death of genre boundaries, claiming that, \\\"on the same IG story of the same person, probably in the same day, you will come across songs by Arctic Monkeys, Drake and Senidah\\\", as well as the death of the \\\"cajka problem\\\". However, in the meantime, multiple other Croatian artists appeared on the chart, such as Hiljson Mandela who debuted with three songs in 2022, Baks, Let 3, and the most frequent Billboard dweller, Grše, whose song \\\"Sip\\\" is one of the longest charting songs on the chart, surpassing the majority of his former Yugoslav non-Croatian colleagues. Grše would go on to become the first Croatian artist to top the chart, doing so with his single \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" in the week of 29 May 2023, and stay at the number one spot for 17 weeks, becoming the longest charting number-one song since the release of the list. Croatian music journalists generally reacted positively to the introduction of such a music chart but criticized the local music industry managers for trying to cover up the popularity of trap music. Tena Šarčević of Jutarnji list explained how the lack of Croatian artists might shock some people, but that the Balkan trap genre has dominated the on-demand streaming for quite some time. She further noted how there's a big difference between the Croatian airplay-based HR Top 40 chart, and the Billboard chart. Ravno Do Dnas Zoran Stajčić commented how the newly introduced Billboard chart is \\\"real\\\" and how it gives real insight into\",\n \"title\": \"Croatia Songs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56231193\",\n \"text\": \"The UK Singles Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling singles of the week in the United Kingdom. Before 2004, the chart was only based on the sales of physical singles. This list shows singles that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart during 1976, as well as singles which peaked in 1975 and 1977 but were in the top 10 in 1976. The entry date is when the single appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced). One-hundred and thirty singles were in the top ten in 1976. Ten singles from 1975 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while \\\"Portsmouth\\\" by Mike Oldfield, \\\"Living Next Door to Alice\\\" by Smokie and \\\"Dr. Love\\\" by Tina Charles were all released in 1976 but did not reach their peak until 1977. Twenty-four artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1976. Billy Ocean, Dolly Parton, John Miles, Mike Oldfield and The Real Thing were among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 single in 1976. The 1975 Christmas number-one, \\\"Bohemian Rhapsody\\\" by Queen, remained at number-one for the first four weeks of 1976. The first new number-one single of the year was \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" by ABBA. Overall, sixteen different singles peaked at number-one in 1976, with ABBA (3) having the most singles hit that position. Background Multiple entries One-hundred and thirty singles charted in the top 10 in 1976, with one-hundred and seventeen singles reaching their peak this year. Twenty-four artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1976. ABBA and The Stylistics shared the record for most top 10 hits in 1976 with four hit singles each. \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", \\\"Fernando\\\" and \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" all reached number-one, while \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" peaked at number three in December. The Wurzels was one of a number of artists with two top-ten entries, including the number-one single \\\"The Combine Harvester\\\". 10cc, Bryan Ferry, Elton John, Mike Oldfield and Wings were among the other artists who had multiple top 10 entries in 1976. Chart debuts Fifty artists achieved their first top 10 single in 1976, either as a lead or featured artist. Gallagher and Lyle, The Manhattans, Mike Oldfield, The Real Thing, Sailor and The Wurzels all had another entry in their breakthrough year. The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo single. Notes Dr. Hook had previously charted under the name Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show but their name was shortened in 1975. Ray Parker Jr. wrote \\\"You See the Trouble with Me\\\" and appeared alongside Barry White on the US single release, however he is not credited by the Official Charts Company for the UK release. His\",\n \"title\": \"List of UK top-ten singles in 1976\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42763109\",\n \"text\": \"Carl Magnus Palm (born 1965) is a Swedish author and historian, writing in Swedish and English, best known for his work on the Swedish pop group ABBA. ABBA Carl Magnus Palm’s first book on ABBA was ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions, a diary-format chronicle of ABBA’s recorded work, published in 1994. Parallel with that book project he was involved in the compilation of the CD box set Thank You For The Music, also released in 1994. Palm is the author of the biography Bright Lights Dark Shadows – The Real Story Of ABBA published in 2001 and referred to as \\\"definitive\\\" and \\\"the first authoritative biography\\\" of ABBA, although some reviewers found it \\\"dense and at times hardgoing\\\". Palm published his first full-scale Swedish-language biography, ABBA – The Story, in 2008. The book met with mixed reviews: some felt that the book didn't live up to expectations and that \\\"the ultimate ABBA bible has yet to be written\\\", while others opined that \\\"if you're going to read something about [ABBA], this is the one to get\\\". Palm is a frequent contributor of research and liner notes to official ABBA-related CDs and DVDs, as well as the co-producer of three television documentaries about ABBA. Palm has also contributed to ABBA The Museum in Stockholm, and to the website ABBA The Official Site. In 2015, Palm started a crowdfunding project to self-publish a revised, updated and expanded edition of his first ABBA book ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions. The campaign was successful and ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions (revised and expanded edition) was published in March 2017. Other work Carl Magnus Palm’s first book was Monica Zetterlund – En diskografi (1992), a discography about the Swedish jazz singer, co-written with Thomas Winberg. He has also written a book about The Beatles, entitled Beatles Beatles (1996), and in 2010 he co-wrote Tunna skivor av mig, the memoirs of Swedish singer Siw Malmkvist. Bibliography Monica Zetterlund - en diskografi (with Thomas Winberg), 1992. ABBA - The Complete Recording Sessions, 1994. ABBA - människorna och musiken (”ABBA - The People And The Music”), 1996. Beatles - Beatles, 1996. Från ABBA till Mamma Mia! (with Anders Hanser), 1999. Published in English as From ABBA To Mamma Mia!, 2000. Bright Lights Dark Shadows - The Real Story Of ABBA, 2001. Cadillac Madness - den otroliga berättelsen om The Hep Stars (”Cadillac Madness - The Incredible Story Of The Hep Stars”, with Dan-Eric Landén), 2004. Benny’s Road To ABBA, 2004. ABBA - The Complete Guide To Their Music, 2005. ABBA - The Story: berättelsen om supergruppen (”ABBA - The Story: The Story About The Super Group”), 2008. Tunna skivor av mig (”Thin Slices Of Me”, with Siw Malmkvist), 2010. ABBA – The Backstage Stories (with Ingmarie Halling), 2014. Published as ABBA – The Treasures in English-speaking countries. ABBA - The Complete Recording Sessions (revised and expanded edition), 2017. ABBA At 50, 2022. ABBA on Record, 2024. References External links 1965 births Living people Swedish male\",\n \"title\": \"Carl Magnus Palm\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"798902\",\n \"text\": \"A-Teens are a Swedish pop music group from Stockholm. The group was formed by Niklas Berg in 1998 as an ABBA tribute group called ABBA-Teens, which was later renamed A-Teens. The band members were Marie Serneholt, Amit Paul, Dhani Lennevald, and Sara Lumholdt. The group is best known for the singles \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (1999) and \\\"Upside Down\\\" (2000), both of which were hits worldwide. The group was particularly successful in their home country where they amassed ten top 10 hit singles on the Swedish charts. After six years together, the group disbanded following the release of their Greatest Hits album in May 2004. History 1998–2000: The ABBA Generation In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. In August 1999, the group released their debut album The ABBA Generation, consisting entirely of ABBA covers reinterpreted with a modern pop and electronic sound. The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. The album sold more than 2 million copies worldwide and was certified Gold or Platinum in over 22 countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \\\"Super Trouper\\\" peaked at number two and \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \\\"Happy New Year\\\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \\\"Dancing Queen\\\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. The group made several appearances on Disney and Nickelodeon. In September 2000, the A-Teens won a Viva Music Award for Best International Newcomer. 2001: Teen Spirit On 26 February 2001, the group released their second studio album Teen Spirit, which consists entirely of original tracks. It debuted at number two in the Swedish Charts. The album peaked at number thirteen on the European Albums Chart. In the United States, the album peaked at number fifty and was certified gold. The album was preceded by the single \\\"Upside Down\\\" in October 2000; this was their first single that was not an ABBA cover song. It peaked at number two in Sweden and was certified 2× Platinum. The song reached the top ten in several countries.\",\n \"title\": \"A-Teens\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18529345\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording is the original cast album for the ABBA-inspired stage musical of the same name. The album was released in 1999 and it reached No.56 in the UK album chart, with 2 weeks on the chart. Re-interest in this 1999 Original London Cast album caused it to reach #12 in the UK Album Chart, having charted at #16 a week earlier. It features performances by the original London cast of the musical including Lisa Stokke, Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae. The album was produced by the two male members of ABBA, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The album featured a number of ABBA's best known songs, including the title track, \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" and \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\". Track listing Original release \\\"Overture / Prologue\\\" - Lisa Stokke—2:56 \\\"Honey, Honey\\\" - Lisa Stokke, Eliza Lumley, and Melissa Gibson—2:02 \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, Neal Wright, and Company—3:01 \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Company-3:21 \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\" - Lisa Stokke, Hilton McRae, Paul Clarkson, and Nicolas Colicos-3:03 \\\"Chiquitita\\\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—2:27 \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—3:44 \\\"Lay All Your Love on Me\\\" - Andrew Langtree, Lisa Stokke, and Company—3:34 \\\"Super Trouper\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Jenny Galloway, Louise Plowright, and Female Company—3:56 \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" - Female Company—3:34 \\\"The Name of the Game\\\" - Lisa Stokke and Nicolas Colicos—3:22 \\\"Voulez-Vous\\\" - Company—3:29 \\\"Entr'acte\\\" - Musical cast—2:17 \\\"Under Attack\\\" - Lisa Stokke and Company—3:11 \\\"One of Us\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy—2:20 \\\"SOS\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae—2:44 \\\"Does Your Mother Know\\\" - Louise Plowright, Neal Wright, and Company—3:21 \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\" - Hilton McRae—2:42 \\\"Our Last Summer\\\" - Paul Clarkson and Siobhán McCarthy—2:42 \\\"Slipping Through My Fingers\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Lisa Stokke—3:36 \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" - Siobhán McCarthy—4:08 \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\" - Jenny Galloway and Nicolas Colicos—3:33 \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" - Hilton McRae, Siobhán McCarthy, and Company—2:29 \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" - Lisa Stokke—2:58 5th anniversary edition The album was re-released in 2004, five years after its initial release to commemorate the musical's 5th anniversary. The new edition contained the original 24 tracks as well as three bonus tracks: the encore versions of \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", and \\\"Waterloo\\\". Another 5th anniversary release, which debuted in 2006, commemorates the Broadway production, which debuted in 2001. Also included is a deluxe souvenir booklet complete with lyrics and glimpses of Donna Sheridan in international productions, and a bonus DVD that basically gives a behind-the-scenes look at the musical as well as glimpses of international productions of the musical. An additional bonus feature includes clips of the West End cast singing \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" and \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", as well as fond memories from original Broadway cast members Joe Machota and Tina Maddigan, who play the roles of Sky and Sophie,\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28897305\",\n \"text\": \"Vintage () is a Russian pop group formed in 2006 by the singer Anna Pletnyova and musician Alexey Romanov. They have released 5 albums and sixteen radio singles, six of which headed the Russian radio-charts. The group is a laureate and nominee of a number of musical awards, including MTV Russia Music Awards, Muz-TV Award, Golden Gramophone Award, RU.TV Award and others. Since 2008 Vintage is a steady laureate of Song of the Year award. In 2011 and 2012 it was named the best group of the year at ZD Awards based on a poll organised by Moskovskij Komsomolets. History 2006 - 2007 Career Beginnings and first album Vintage was formed by ex-soloist of \\\"High School\\\" Anna Pletneva and former soloist of group \\\"A-Mega\\\" Alexei Romanov in mid 2006. Originally, they were going to name the band \\\"Chelsea\\\" but later changed it to \\\"Vintage\\\". 2007: the first album In late August, the group filmed the video for the song \\\"Good-bye\\\". On November 22 they released their first album, called \\\"Криминальная любовь\\\" (\\\"Criminal Love\\\"). 2008 On April 19 the video for new song of \\\"Bad Girl\\\" was released, a duet with actor Elena Korikova. In October, there was a change in the group; Mia exits the band and Svetlana Ivanova replaced her. 2009 In February, the group went on tour, visiting cities such as Moscow, Ulyanovsk, Riga, Minsk, Samara and Kaliningrad. On March 15 they released a new video for the song \\\"Eva\\\". This song was dedicated to singer Eva Polna. On 31 August 2009, they released their fourth single from their forthcoming album \\\"Lunatic Girls\\\". In October they released their second album \\\"SEX\\\". The record debuted at number 12 in the Russian album chart. 2010–2011 While Vintage played live on Love Radio on April 16, they introduced a new single titled \\\"(\\\" (\\\"Mikki\\\"), which is dedicated to Michael Jackson. The band shot two versions of the video clip for the song; a Russian version and English translation. On September 11, Европа плюс (Europe Plus), Русское радио (Russkoe radio), Love-радио (Love-radio) and Свежее радио (Svezhee radio) released Vintage's latest song, \\\"Роман\\\" (\\\"Roman\\\"). The followup single \\\"Derevya\\\", (\\\"Trees\\\") was released in late 2011, followed by their third studio album \\\"Anechka\\\" (\\\"Anny\\\"). Band members Current Anna Pletnyova (2006-2016 + 2018–present; ) Alexey Romanov (2006-2017 + 2018–present; ) Former Mia (2006–2008; ) Svetlana Ivanova (2008–2011; ) Yevgenia Polikarpova (2016-2017;) Anna Kornilova (2016-2017;) Anastasia Kreskina (2016-2017;) Anastasia Kazaku (2016-2017;) Discography Studio albums «Криминальная любовь/Kriminaĺnaja lübov'» \\\"Criminal Love\\\" (CD; Velvet Music; 2007 ) «SEX» (CD; Velvet Music; 2009 ) «Анечка/Anečka» \\\"Anny\\\" (CD; Velvet Music; 2011) «Very Dance» (CD; Velvet Music; 2013) «Decamerone» (CD; Velvet Music; 2014) Навсегда/Forever (2020) Singles «Mamma Mia» (radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2006) «10 поцелуев/10 pocelujev (новогодняя версия)» \\\"10 Kisses (Christmas Version)\\\" (radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2006) «Мама Мия (Radio Edit)» \\\"Mama Mia (Radio Edit)\\\" (radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2007) «Целься/Ceĺsä» \\\"Aim\\\" (radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2007) «Всего хорошего/Vsego horošego» \\\"All the best\\\" (CD, radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2007) «Плохая девочка/Plohaja devočka» \\\"Bad\",\n \"title\": \"Vintage (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40705751\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Wonder (Departure)\\\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \\\"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\\\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \\\"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\\\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \\\"The Name of the Game\\\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \\\"I wonder ... it scares me\\\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \\\"maximum emotional leverage\\\", making it \\\"the most intimate personal portrait\\\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \\\"translate beautifully to the stage\\\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \\\"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\\\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus\",\n \"title\": \"I Wonder (Departure)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4265347\",\n \"text\": \"Hairspray is a 2007 musical romantic comedy film based on the 2002 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was based on John Waters's 1988 comedy film of the same name. Produced by Ingenious Media and Zadan/Meron Productions, and adapted from both Waters's 1988 script and Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell's book for the stage musical by screenwriter Leslie Dixon, the film was directed and choreographed by Adam Shankman and has an ensemble cast including John Travolta, Michelle Pfeiffer, Christopher Walken, Amanda Bynes, James Marsden, Queen Latifah, Brittany Snow, Zac Efron, Elijah Kelley, Allison Janney, and Nikki Blonsky in her feature film debut. Set in 1962 Baltimore, Maryland, the film follows the \\\"pleasantly plump\\\" teenager Tracy Turnblad (Blonsky) as she pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television dance show and rallies against racial segregation. The film began development in 2004, and Dixon reworked Meehan and O'Donnell's first draft of the screenplay to tone down the musical's campiness. In 2005, Shankman agreed to direct the film. Composer/lyricist Marc Shaiman and lyricist Scott Wittman reworked their songs from the Broadway musical for the film's soundtrack, and also wrote four new songs for the film. Principal photography commenced in September 2006 with a budget of $75 million, and ended in December of that year; filming took place on locations in Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and on sound-stages at Toronto's Showline Studios. Recording sessions for the film's songs and soundtrack took place in San Diego, California in the United States. Hairspray premiered on July 10, 2007, at the Mann Village Theater and was released on July 20, 2007, in the United Kingdom and the United States. The film was critically and financially successful, breaking the record for the highest-grossing opening weekend for a movie musical, which the film held until July 2008 when it was surpassed by Mamma Mia! and later High School Musical 3: Senior Year in October. Hairspray went on to become the tenth highest-grossing musical film in US cinema history, behind the film adaptations of Grease, Chicago, and Mamma Mia!, and stands as one of the most critically and commercially successful musical films of the 2000s. Available in a variety of formats, Hairsprays Region 1 home video release took place on November 20, 2007. USA Network purchased the broadcast rights to Hairspray and was scheduled to debut the film on cable television in February 2010, but in the end it did not broadcast that month. Instead the film was pushed back and premiered on USA on July 24, 2010, with sister channel Bravo also showing it multiple times, and in February 2011 aired on ABC for over-the-air broadcasts. Since its release, it has been cited as one of the best musical films of the 21st century and of all time. Plot In May 1962, 16-year-old overweight high school student Tracy Turnblad lives in Baltimore along with her shy best friend Penny Pingleton. Both frequently watch The Corny Collins Show, a local teen dance television show broadcast\",\n \"title\": \"Hairspray (2007 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7491727\",\n \"text\": \"Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.\",\n \"title\": \"Dominic Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57088167\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! is the fourth extended play from South Korean boy band SF9. It was released on February 26, 2018, by FNC Entertainment. The album consists of six tracks, including the title track, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\". Commercial performance The EP sold 11,060+ copies in South Korea. It peaked at number 3 on the Korean Gaon Chart. Track listing References 2018 EPs SF9 (band) EPs FNC Entertainment EPs Kakao M EPs\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! (EP)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"170409\",\n \"text\": \"Colin Andrew Firth (born 10 September 1960) is an English actor and producer. He was identified in the mid-1980s with the \\\"Brit Pack\\\" of rising young British actors, undertaking a challenging series of roles, including leading roles in A Month in the Country (1987), Tumbledown (1988) and Valmont (1989). His portrayal of Mr. Darcy in the 1995 television adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice led to widespread attention, and to roles in more prominent films such as The English Patient (1996), Shakespeare in Love (1998), The Importance of Being Earnest (2002), Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003), and Love Actually (2003), co-starring as Mark Darcy in the romantic comedy films Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), and Bridget Jones's Baby (2016), and Harry Bright in the musical comedy films Mamma Mia! (2008) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again! (2018). In 2009, Firth received international acclaim for his performance in Tom Ford's A Single Man, for which he won a BAFTA Award and the Volpi Cup for Best Actor and received his first Academy Award nomination. In 2010, his portrayal of King George VI in Tom Hooper's The King's Speech won him the Academy Award for Best Actor. He subsequently appeared as MI6 agent Bill Haydon in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), and as secret agent Harry Hart / Agent Galahad in Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014) and its sequel Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017). He has since appeared in the musical fantasy film Mary Poppins Returns (2018), the war film 1917 (2019), and the romance film Supernova (2020). He is also known for his performances in television, including BBC's Conspiracy (2001) and HBO's The Staircase (2022), receiving Primetime Emmy Award nominations for each. In 2012, he founded the production company Raindog Films, where he served as a producer for Eye in the Sky (2015) and Loving (2016). His films have grossed more than $3 billion from 42 releases worldwide. Firth has campaigned for the rights of Indigenous people and is a member of Survival International. He has also campaigned on issues of asylum seekers, refugees' rights and the environment. He commissioned and co-authored a scientific paper on a study of the differences in brain structure between people of differing political orientations. He is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, two British Academy Film Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 2011, Firth was appointed a CBE by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for his services to drama. That same year, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and appeared in Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world. Early life Firth was born in the village of Grayshott, Hampshire, to parents who were academics and teachers. His mother, Shirley Jean (née Rolles), was a comparative religion lecturer at King Alfred's College (now the University of Winchester); and his father, David Norman Lewis Firth, was a history lecturer at King Alfred's\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Firth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42872635\",\n \"text\": \"Suzie Mathers is a Scottish-Australian actress and theatre performer best known for her role as Glinda the Good Witch in the Australian, Asian tour, and London productions of Wicked as well Sophie in the 10th Anniversary Australian tour of Mamma Mia! the Musical. Spouse: Laura Francis (7/3/2019) Biography Born in Aberdeen, Scotland and raised in Perth, Western Australia, Suzie received a Bachelor of Arts (Music Theatre) from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) in 2007. In the few short years since graduating, Suzie has fast made her mark in the Australian and International music theatre industry. Career Her career in musical theater started with a spot in an amateur production of Jesus Christ Superstar. In 2007, she graduated with a degree in music theater from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. While in college, she performed in various productions such as \\\"The Good Fight\\\" and \\\"Annie Get Your Gun.\\\" Originally an offstage vocal swing for the 2008 Melbourne production, Mathers was cast in Wicked straight out of drama school, and remained with the company as an ensemble member until the beginning of the Sydney season in 2009. Suzie left to play the leading role of Sophie in the 10th Anniversary Australian tour of Mamma Mia!, which toured nationally in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth & Brisbane. After the national tour of Mamma Mia! Suzie returned to the cast of Wicked for the first Australian tour performing in Brisbane, Adelaide & Perth, in the role of the Midwife, and was also the understudy for Glinda. Suzie officially took over the role of lead Glinda from Lucy Durack in 2015, performing in Singapore, South Korea, New Zealand and Manila to much critical acclaim. A highlight was performing to the shows composer Stephen Schwartz, twice. She has co-starred alongside various Australian theatre performers including Jemma Rix, Maggie Kirkpatrick, David Harris, Anne Wood and Gretel Scarlett as well as New Zealand actor Jay Laga'aia. Suzie stepped down from the role of Glinda when it returned to Australia at the end of Wicked's Manila run on 9 March 2014. Though Suzie did briefly reprise the role in Melbourne while Lucy Durack took leave due to injury in May 2014. Mathers then again reprised the role of Glinda for the Brisbane and Perth seasons of Wicked, taking over once again from Lucy Durack, who left at the end of the Sydney season due to her pregnancy. During the Brisbane season Suzie reached her 500th performance as Glinda, and is expected have performed the role over 580 times when the show closes in Perth mid 2015. Mathers made her West End debut reprising the role of Glinda this time in the London production of Wicked at the Apollo Victoria Theatre. She performed the role at the 10th anniversary performance on 27 September 2016. Rachel Tucker and Willemijn Verkaik performed as Elphaba alongside her. She left the production on 22 July 2017. Stage credits Other performances Suzie's other appearances include An Afternoon with Stephen Sondheim at Her\",\n \"title\": \"Suzie Mathers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52199703\",\n \"text\": \"Gazosa are an Italian teen band, best known for the song \\\"www.mipiacitu\\\". Career The band formed in 1998 as Eta Beta and then Zeta Beta, and originally consisted of Jessica Morlacchi (b. 1987, vocalist and bass guitar), Vincenzo Siani (b. 1986, drums), and the brothers Federico Paciotti (b. 1987, guitar) and Valentina Paciotti (b. 1985, keyboards). Put under contract by Caterina Caselli, they made their official debut in 1999, with the Abba's cover \\\"Mamma Mia\\\". Their self-titled debut album was released in 2000 and it mixed new songs and covers. In 2001 the band entered the 51st edition of the Sanremo Music Festival and won the newcomers' competition with the song \\\"Stai con me (Forever)\\\". In the summer they got a large commercial success with \\\"www.mipiacitu\\\", which became theme song of a series of Omnitel commercials and peaked at the fourth place on the Italian hit parade. In 2002 the group returned to the Sanremo Festival, this time competing in the Big Artists section, and placed tenth with the song \\\"Ogni giorno di più\\\". After releasing a cover version of \\\"Nessuno mi può giudicare\\\", the group disbanded in 2003, with Jessica Morlacchi and Federico Paciotti starting their solo career. In 2009 the musical project was restarted; active only in live events, it has a different line-up except for the drummer Vincenzo Siani. Discography Albums 2000 - Gazosa 2001 - www.mipiacitu 2002 - Inseparabili Singles 1999 - \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" 2001 - \\\"Stai con me (Forever)\\\" 2001 - \\\"www.mipiacitu\\\" 2002 - \\\"Ogni giorno di più\\\" 2003 - \\\"Nessuno mi può giudicare\\\" (ft. Tormento) References External links Italian pop music groups Living people Musical groups established in 1998 Sanremo Music Festival winners of the newcomers section Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Gazosa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75128298\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream was a British television talent competition that began airing on 22 October 2023 on ITV. The show documented the search for two new, unknown musical theatre performers to play the roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!. The series was presented by Zoe Ball, and features Samantha Barks, Alan Carr, Amber Riley and Jessie Ware as judges. The series was won by Stevie Doc and Tobias Turley to play Sophie and Sky respectively. Format The series documented the search to find two unknown musical theatre stars to play the central roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the 2024 West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!, based on the film of the same name for the musical's 25th anniversary. The format was similar to that of the BBC competitions How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, Any Dream Will Do, I'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow which aired on BBC One in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 respectively. ITV later aired a similar programme in 2012, Superstar. The series featured fourteen contestants, seven men and seven women, who took part in masterclasses, challenges and workshops focused on singing, dancing and acting which led to a finale set which took place in a West End theatre where a public vote decided the winners. Production In September 2022, it was reported that ITV were planning to revive the musical theatre talent search format with a new series based on Mamma Mia. In December 2022, ITV confirmed the commissioning of Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream. The series was produced by Thames, the production company behind the reality television formats Britain's Got Talent and I Can See Your Voice. The series is filmed in Corfu, Greece and is presented by Zoe Ball. The judges included Samantha Barks, who was a finalist on I'd Do Anything in 2008, comedian Alan Carr, Glee actress Amber Riley and singer Jessie Ware. Contestants The fourteen contestants competing for the roles of Sophie and Sky were announced on the day of the show's broadcast. Sophie Sky Weekly summary Results summary Colour key Week 1 (22 October) For the show's the first episode, the fourteen contestants were placed in either duos or trios and performed a song by ABBA. Group performances: \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" Week 2 (29 October) In the show's second episode, the Sophies had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" Week 3 (5 November) In the show's third episode, the Skys had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" Week 4 (12 November) For the show's the fourth episode, the Sophies and Skys were paired up and had to recreate a scene\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3735183\",\n \"text\": \"Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine Johnson (playwright)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65136975\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\\\" is a song recorded and released as a single by Romanian singer Elena Gheorghe, featuring rapper Glance. This marks their second collaboration, the first one being the native number one single \\\"Ecou\\\" (2013). \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was initially released for digital download and streaming in the United States on 5 August 2014 under Robbins Entertainment, and worldwide the following year in July under Cat Music. An English language track, it was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă. Music critics gave the song mostly positive reviews, complimenting its catchy instrumentals, but doubted the role of the featured artist by calling it \\\"not convincing\\\". An accompanying music video for \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", directed by Dan Petcan and Bogdan Filip, premiered on the Cat Music YouTube channel on 21 May 2014 and was supported by a giveaway. The clip depicted Elena at wedding playing the role of the bride, and Italian male as the groomsman. Commercially, the song was modernly successful, peaking at number 33 on the singer's native Romanian Airplay 100. The song was also sent to radio stations across Italy, Poland and Spain, where it had managed to enter several charts. Background and composition In February 2014, Elena went on local radio station Kiss FM for an interview, where she would announce an international single coming up. At the time of the interview, Laurențiu Duță was producing the song in Los Angeles. \\\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\\\" was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă himself. It was initially sent to radio stations across Italy in July, before being released on streaming devices in the United States by Robbins Entertainment the following month. +Mas Music distributed the song's release on 23 January 2015, while Cat Music handled its worldwide release on 13 July. \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" marks Elena and Glance's second collaboration, the first one being \\\"Ecou\\\" (2013), which achieved huge chart success in the singer's native country. An English language love song, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was described as a catchy dance-pop tune. Lyrically, the song is about Elena questing whether she should date a romantic Italian man, knowing well that she will be played on by him. Some lyrics of the song are: \\\"I just can't getting off my mind he's so amazing / My heart says Yes, my mind says No / Just let him go, go, go.\\\" Reception and Promotion Upon its release, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was met positively by music critics. Jonathan Currinn gave the song five stars, calling it a \\\"lost treasure that we'll forever love\\\". He went on to compliment the music video, which he called \\\"completely epic\\\" and \\\"full-on amazingness in every way\\\". He called out the clip's director Dan Petcan for his \\\"terrific job at directing [it]\\\", and Elena for her acting skills which were described as \\\"brilliant\\\". Zuletzt Aktualisiert from HitFire described the song as a \\\"catchy dance pop track\\\". He found the song rather amusing, and\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58104687\",\n \"text\": \"Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \\\"Dancing Queen\\\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \\\"Fernando\\\" and \\\"Super Trouper\\\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \\\"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\\\" —Cher Cher also said that \\\"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\\\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \\\"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\\\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \\\"SOS\\\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing Queen (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42318865\",\n \"text\": \"Tina Earnshaw is an Oscar- and BAFTA-nominated British make-up designer and the founder of Tina Earnshaw Cosmetics. She has designed the make up looks on some of the world's most successful films, including Titanic, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award, alongside Greg Cannom and Simon Thompson. Born in London, she began her career at the BBC working as a professional makeup artist. Initially working on commercials and for brands such as L'Oréal, Dior, and Chanel, she became known for the flawless beauty looks she created and for her methods of research that informed her designs. In 1995, she began a lasting partnership with Merchant Ivory and relocated to Paris to work on her first feature film. By 1997, she was on the set of James Cameron's Titanic, for which she received her first Oscar nomination. Since then she has designed the makeup looks for films such as Shakespeare in Love, The Italian Job, The Talented Mr. Ripley, Spider-Man 2 and 3, Prometheus, The Martian, Exodus: Gods and Kings, Mamma Mia 2 and Ridley Scott's All the Money in the World’. Her designs have seen her create iconic looks on the world's most recognizable faces, including Penélope Cruz, Gwyneth Paltrow, Cate Blanchett, Charlize Theron, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, and Jude Law. She has also served as a creative ambassador for Max Factor international. She is married to Robin Earnshaw and they have two children: Damon and Polly. Selected filmography 2018 Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2017 All the Money in the World (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2016/II The Promise (makeup department head) 2015 The Martian (make up and hair designer) 2014 Exodus: Gods and Kings (makeup designer) 2014 Before I Go to Sleep (makeup department head) 2014 Turks & Caicos (TV Movie) (makeup department head) 2013 The Counsellor (makeup designer) 2012/I Prometheus (makeup designer) 2011 Page Eight (TV Movie) (makeup designer) 2011 Your Highness (makeup designer) 2008 Marley & Me (makeup artist: Owen Wilson) 2008 Mamma Mia! (makeup designer) 2008/ The Deal (makeup artist: Ms. Ryan) 2007 Spider-Man 3 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2005 Dark Water (makeup artist: Ms. Connelly) 2004 Spider-Man 2 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2003 The Italian Job (chief makeup artist) 2001 Domestic Disturbance (key makeup artist - as Tina M. Earnshaw) 2001 Conspiracy (TV Movie) (makeup supervisor) 2001 The Mists of Avalon (TV Mini-Series) (makeup artist - 2 episodes) - Episode #1.2 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) - Episode #1.1 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 2000 Bounce (makeup artist: Gwyneth Paltrow) 2000 Duets (key makeup artist) 1999 The Talented Mr. Ripley (supervising makeup artist) 1998 Shakespeare in Love (makeup designer: Gwyneth Paltrow) 1998 Ever After: A Cinderella Story (key makeup artist) / (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 1998 Sliding Doors (key makeup designer) 1997 Titanic (key makeup artist) 1997 The Designated Mourner (chief makeup artist) 1996 Surviving Picasso (chief makeup artist) 1996 Emma (chief makeup designer) 1995 Othello (chief makeup artist) 1995 Feast of July (key\",\n \"title\": \"Tina Earnshaw\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15642908\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"My Love, My Life\\\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \\\"My Love, My Life\\\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \\\"Monsieur, Monsieur\\\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \\\"My Love, My Life\\\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \\\"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\\\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson\",\n \"title\": \"My Love, My Life\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2556660\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \\\"my mom\\\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Darin song), 2014 \\\"Mama Mia\\\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \\\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\\\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \\\"Mama Mia\\\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \\\"Mammamia\\\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55594395\",\n \"text\": \"Oh Na-ra () is a South Korean actress. She began her career by joining the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and made her debut in the musical \\\"Simcheong\\\" the following year. She went on to star in various productions such as Bari, Annie Quang, All That Jazz, Broadway 42nd Streets, Empress Myeongseong, Love in the Rain, and Mamma Mia. Since 2004, she started play the main lead in the creative musicals I Love You. Followed by Finding Kim Jong-wook, Singles and Jomjom. Throughout her career, as musical actress, has received several accolades, including the Best New Actress Award at the 2006 Daegu International Musical Festival, the Best Actress Award at the 12th Korea Musical Awards in 2006, the Female Popularity Award at the 1st The Musical Awards in 2007, and the Popular Star Award at the 13th Korea Musical Awards in 2007. In addition to her work in musicals, Oh made her television debut with a minor role in SBS TV's SBS TV . She has since appeared in various dramas, including Pretty Mom, Pretty Woman, Queen of Reversals, Miss Ahjumma, Yong-pal, Hyde Jekyll, Me, Flowers of the Prison, Man to Man, The Lady in Dignity. Her supporting roles performances in dramas such as My Mister, Sky Castle, Racket Boys, and Alchemy of Souls earned her wider recognition. Early Life and education Oh Na-ra born on October 26, 1974 in Seoul as oldest of two sibling. Oh graduated from . Oh chose ballet as her major because she wanted to perform on stage. She graduated from the Department of Dance at Kyung Hee University. Afterwards, she pursued a master's degree in musical theater at Dankook University's Graduate School of Culture and Arts. Career Oh became interested in musicals after watching one on TV during college and wondered if they were real. She approached Nam Gyeong-eup, a musical actor, and expressed her desire to be part of musicals. Oh helped out at the performance hall of the musical \\\"Love in the Rain,\\\" doing tasks like cleaning and selling tickets. She also tried to make the actors happy. She joined the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and debuted with her musical “Simcheong” the following year. Afterwards, she appeared in 'Bari', 'Annie Quang', 'All That Jazz', 'Broadway 42nd Street', 'Empress Myeongseong', 'Love in the Rain', and 'Mamma Mia'. In 2001, Oh joined the Japanese theater company \\\"Four Seasons\\\" despite being a newcomer in the musical world. Oh was first Korean actor to be selected as a member. She auditioned and landed a role in the production \\\"Contact.\\\" Although she couldn't speak Japanese, it was a dance-only production, so there were no major issues. However, she couldn't go on stage due to visa extension problems caused by the office staff's intentional actions. After eight months, Oh (female) returned to Japan and was given the opportunity to appear in \\\"Mamma Mia.\\\" Despite initially being cast as the main character, her Japanese skills weren't perfect, so she returned after two years as an ensemble\",\n \"title\": \"Oh Na-ra\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68620154\",\n \"text\": \"Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \\\"I Still Have Faith in You\\\" and \\\"Don't Shut Me Down\\\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \\\"Just a Notion\\\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \\\"Little Things\\\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \\\"I Still Have Faith in You\\\" and \\\"Don't Shut Me Down\\\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \\\"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\\\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \\\"I Still Have Faith in You\\\" and \\\"Don't Shut Me Down\\\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \\\"ABBAtar\\\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \\\"Just a Notion\\\", was\",\n \"title\": \"Voyage (ABBA album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57917036\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5432353\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Upside Down\\\" (titled \\\"Bouncing off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\\\" outside Europe) is a song by Swedish pop music group A-Teens, released as first single from their second album, Teen Spirit (2001). A DVD single of the song was released in the United States in February 2001 to coincide with both the single's release and Teen Spirits release, and contains the music videos for both the title track and Mamma Mia from The ABBA Generation. Production and release After the intense promotion in the United States in August 2000, the band went back to the studio to start working on their second album. The song was first announced at the Viva Music Awards in September 2000. The song was the first time the band released an original song instead of a cover, and the song was produced by the hit makers Grizzly and Tysper. Commercial reception The single reached platinum on its 3rd week of release in their homeland, and by early 2001, \\\"Upside Down\\\" had peaked at number two and sold over 120,000 copies in Sweden, earning a 2× platinum certification. The song became the band's biggest hit in the United Kingdom, selling 3,711 copies on its first day and peaking at number 10 by the end of the week. The song received 8/10 Stars on UK Yahoo Music Reviews. \\\"Upside Down\\\" had a name change in the United States and Canada to \\\"Bouncing Off The Ceiling (Upside Down)\\\". The song reached number 93 on the US Billboard Hot 100 while the physical single reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales Chart. Music video Directed by Patrick Kiely, the video was filmed in Universal Studios in Los Angeles from United States on 13–15 October 2000. It shows the band in an alternative world where everything is \\\"upside down,\\\" and tells the story of one student who is in love with another student so much that they can't focus on their school studies; thus turning their lives \\\"upside down.\\\" The dancing routine was choreographed by Wade Robson. The video reached number-one on several countdowns around the world. It was 2001's 25th most played video of MTV Mexico. Track listings Swedish and European CD single \\\"Upside Down\\\" (radio version) – 3:14 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (sing-along version) – 3:14 European maxi-CD single \\\"Upside Down\\\" – 3:14 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (Grizzly/Tysper radio remix) – 3:50 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (Grizzly/Tysper extended remix) – 4:46 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 UK CD single \\\"Upside Down\\\" (radio version) – 3:14 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (Almighty 7-inch edit) – 4:18 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (karaoke version) – 3:14 \\\"Upside Down\\\" (CD-ROM video) UK cassette single \\\"Upside Down\\\" – 3:14 \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (radio version) – 3:14 US CD single \\\"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\\\" – 3:14 \\\"Super Trouper\\\" – 3:50 \\\"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\\\" (video) US DVD single \\\"Bouncing Off the Ceiling\\\" (video) \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (video) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Release history References External links 2000 singles 2000 songs\",\n \"title\": \"Upside Down (A-Teens song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30864425\",\n \"text\": \"Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released in Scandinavia on 17 November 1975 and in other parts of the world in 1976, notably the UK on 10 April, and on 18 September in the US and Canada. The 1976 version of the album included the band's most recent single \\\"Fernando\\\". The album was released in response to similar ABBA compilation albums being issued at the time by record labels in other countries who had licensed ABBA's music for release in their own territories, and the threat of import sales of those compilations impacting upon ABBA's home market. This meant that the success of Greatest Hits was largely confined to Scandinavia and the UK, although the size of the latter market and the scale of its success there has ensured that Greatest Hits is one of ABBA's best-selling albums worldwide. The album was the best-selling album of 1976 in the UK, and the country's second-best selling album of the decade. Background ABBA had won the Eurovision Song Contest in April 1974 with the song \\\"Waterloo\\\", which went on to be a major hit across Europe and in Australia and New Zealand. However, the immediate follow-up singles did not meet with the same success, and it wasn't until over a year later that \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\", \\\"SOS\\\" and \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" became worldwide hits and reignited interest in the band. To capitalise on this resurgence of interest, several labels around the world released their own licensed compilations of ABBA's singles up to and including \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" – these included a similarly-titled Greatest Hits by France's Disques Vogue, and The Best of ABBA, released by West Germany's division of Polydor Records and by RCA Victor in Australia and New Zealand. To counteract the possibility of import sales from these records in Scandinavia, ABBA's record label Polar Music rush-released their own version of Greatest Hits. Release The tracks were taken from ABBA's first three studio albums, Ring Ring, Waterloo and ABBA, and with the exception of \\\"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\\\" had all been released as singles somewhere in the world. Despite the title of the compilation, only half of the tracks had actually charted as hit singles in major territories. \\\"Waterloo\\\", \\\"SOS\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" and (later) \\\"Fernando\\\" were top 10 hits in the UK and several other countries, though only the first of these was a top 10 hit in the US. Other hits in multiple territories included \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" (a top 10 hit in several countries, a number one in Australia, and a top 20 hit in the US, though barely cracking the top 40 in the UK), \\\"Honey, Honey\\\" (a top 20 hit in several countries and a top 30 hit in the US), \\\"Hasta Mañana\\\" (a top 10 hit in South Africa and New Zealand and a top 20 hit in Australia), and \\\"So Long\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Greatest Hits (ABBA album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"656355\",\n \"text\": \"ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \\\"SOS\\\", \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" and \\\"Mamma Mia\\\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \\\"Waterloo\\\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" shortly after. \\\"SOS\\\" and \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \\\"Tropical Loveland\\\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \\\"Intermezzo No. 1\\\" (early working title: \\\"Mama\\\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \\\"Man in the Middle\\\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \\\"The ABBA Remasters\\\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \\\"Deluxe Edition\\\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \\\"Bang-A-Boomerang\\\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \\\"Baby\\\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \\\"Rock Me\\\". \\\"Baby\\\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \\\"Crazy World\\\" \\\"Crazy World\\\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" single in November 1976. \\\"Crazy World\\\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \\\"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\\\" \\\"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\\\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \\\"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\\\" Recording began on 6 May 1975\",\n \"title\": \"ABBA (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1195313\",\n \"text\": \"The ABBA Generation is the debut studio album by Swedish pop group A-Teens. It was released on 25 August 1999 by Stockholm Records. The album is composed of cover versions of well-known ABBA songs. The album spawned four singles, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\", \\\"Super Trouper\\\", and \\\"Dancing Queen\\\". The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. Background In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \\\"Super Trouper\\\" peaked at number two and \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \\\"Happy New Year\\\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \\\"Dancing Queen\\\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. Critical reception Despite its commercial success around the world, the album received generally negative reviews from music critics. Alex Henderson of AllMusic said that the group's \\\"versions of ABBA gems like \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", \\\"Dancing Queen\\\", and \\\"Voulez-Vous\\\" aren't brilliant, but they're enjoyable—and they show just how well the songs have held up over time.\\\" He concluded his review by saying, “All things considered, The ABBA Generation is a pleasing, if unremarkable, testament to the durability of ABBA's songs.\\\" In an average review for The A.V. Club, Steven Thompson wrote, \\\"Pop music doesn't get more marginal than a collection of overdriven dance-pop covers, but The ABBA Generation succeeds on its own modest terms.\\\" David Hiltbrand of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+, saying that the group \\\"look and sound better than their supergroup heroes; even the music is spruced up, thanks to a cast of savvy Swedish producers.\\\" Writing for Rolling Stone, Arion Berger gave the album one and a half out of five stars, saying that \\\"all the keyboard doodling and note-for-note diligence in Scandinavia wouldn't help these poseurs bring the pure-pop greatness of the real ABBA to life.\\\" Track listing All tracks written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, except as noted. Personnel Adapted from the album liner notes. Musicians Anneli Axon Anders Barrén Tee\",\n \"title\": \"The ABBA Generation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25011865\",\n \"text\": \"Hugh William Skinner (born 6 January 1985) is a British actor. He is best known for starring in sitcoms W1A (2014–2017) and The Windsors (2016–present), and his appearances in musical films Les Misérables (2012) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early life Skinner grew up in London and Tunbridge Wells, and attended Eastbourne College from 1998 to 2003. He lived in Perth, Australia, for a year at age four. He graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2006. Career Early work (2007–2015) Skinner's first professional acting role was in the English Touring Theatre's 2007 production of French Without Tears. In addition to his work on stage, he played supporting roles in the BBC series Tess of the D'Urbervilles as Felix Clare in 2008, and Any Human Heart as Lionel in 2010. He also played the role of Joly, one of the student revolutionaries, in the 2012 film of Les Misérables. In the autumn of 2013, Skinner played the role of Luis Carruthers, a closeted gay man who is in love with the show's protagonist, Patrick Bateman, in the world premiere of American Psycho at the Almeida Theatre. He also appeared on the London cast album, which was released in 2016. While performing in American Psycho, he began filming the first series of the comedy W1A, playing the role of Will Humphries, an inept yet endearing intern at the BBC. The first series was released in 2014, with subsequent series airing on BBC2 in 2015 and 2017. Skinner played the role of Dr. Barnaby Ford in the BBC series Our Zoo. He also appeared at the Theatre Royal, Bath as Camille in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Thérèse Raquin, and as Yepikhodov in Simon Stephens' new translation of The Cherry Orchard at the Young Vic. He returned to the Young Vic in the summer of 2015 to play dual roles in Nick Gill's adaptation of The Trial. In the autumn of 2015, it was announced that he had been cast as Unwin Trevaunance, an aspiring Member of Parliament, in the second series of the BBC production of Poldark, which aired in 2016. Breakthrough (2016–present) Skinner starred in The Windsors, a spoof of the British royal family, as Prince William which aired on Channel 4 in 2016. The same year, he had a role in Fleabag, a BBC3 and Amazon production, where he played the protagonist's hapless boyfriend Harry. The following year, he played Sir George Howard in the first series of Harlots, an 18th-century costume drama that premiered on ITV Encore and Hulu in March. Also in 2017, he played a supporting role in Hampstead opposite Diane Keaton and Brendan Gleeson, and appeared in Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Skinner co-starred in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the 2018 sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, in which he played Young Harry, a version of the character originated by Colin Firth in the first film. In 2018 he also starred in the eighth and final\",\n \"title\": \"Hugh Skinner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45592129\",\n \"text\": \"Miss Mamma Mia () is a 2015 South Korean television series starring Kang Byul, Han Go-eun, Shim Hyung-tak and Seo Do-young. It aired on KBS Drama on Wednesdays to Thursdays at 23:00 for 12 episodes beginning January 28, 2015. Plot Seo Young-joo was abandoned by her parents as a child and betrayed by the man she loved. Despite all that, she stays positive as she raises her five-year-old daughter on her own while working part-time jobs. Cast Kang Byul as Seo Young-joo Han Go-eun as Oh Joo-ri Shim Hyung-tak as Na Woo-jin/Kevin Edwards Seo Do-young as Yoo Myung-han Jang Young-nam as Lee Mi-ryun Kim Ha-eun as Kang Bong-sook Jang Eun-poong as Joo Ki-chan Ahn Seung-hoon as President Ahn Park Soo-young as Shim Seok-bong Shin Yi as Seo Ha-roo's biological mother Gil Hae-yeon as Ma Hae-yeon Kim Ha-yoo as Seo Ha-ru Bae Kang-yoo as Lee Jong-min References External links Miss Mamma Mia official KBSN website Korean Broadcasting System television dramas 2015 South Korean television series debuts Korean-language television shows 2015 South Korean television series endings\",\n \"title\": \"Miss Mamma Mia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40748214\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hey, Hey Helen\\\" is a song by ABBA, featured on their 1975 self-titled album. It was used as the B-side to Mamma Mia in Australia and Fernando in the UK. Composition The song is in the Glam rock genre. Analysis George Starostin Reviews says the song has \\\"perfectly tolerable lyrics about a family breakup\\\" from an anti-feminist perspective. PopDose says \\\"'Helen' took an adult look at divorce and single motherhood in a time when the divorce rate was up and the traditional family unit was taking a beating. At first, the lyrics seem a bit judgmental, until you get to that last bit in the chorus where the girls assure the newly single mother that she can, in fact, make it alone\\\". Covers Lush covered the song for an abandoned anti-poll tax compilation, the cover version was released on their 1990 album Gala. Critical reception The Trouser Press record guide described the song as \\\"obscure\\\". OneWeekOneBand said \\\"The best bit of this - OK maybe apart from the riff - is where the lyrics go “Can you make it alone?” and the backing vox reply “Yes you can” and to prove it the song goes into a FUNK BREAKDOWN, the only one in ABBA's catalogue.\\\" George Starostin Reviews says the song is \\\"quite memorable\\\", and adds it is \\\"what all those 'heavy metal tunes' off Waterloo would have sounded like\\\" if they had been given more of the 'ABBA' sound. It adds \\\"the heavy guitar riffs on that one don't bother me in the least, as they never try to sound dreary or 'mock-ominous': they just emphasize the power of the tune, which is, in my opinion, a highly underrated ABBA classic, with all those riffs, a catchy, rhythmic synth solo, a groovy drum pattern\\\". PopDose describes the song as \\\"one of the earliest glimmers that ABBA were more than just your standard bubblegum pop group\\\". It wondered why the song wasn't featured in the Mamma Mia musical considering its subject matter, and theorises that it was because the song wasn't popular enough. It notes, however, that the group mimed it for quite a few TV appearances at the time, citing “Don Kirshner’s Rock Concert” in 1975. References 1975 songs ABBA songs Songs with feminist themes Songs about divorce\",\n \"title\": \"Hey, Hey Helen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59057076\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia is a Ghanaian film directed by and starring Bob Smith Jnr in 1995. Set in Verona as well as Accra, it was one of the earlier films to focus on the lives of Ghanaians living in Europe. The film was the first of three films in a series sharing that name the others being Double Trouble (Mamma Mia Part 2) (1998) and Black is Black (Mamma Mia 3) (2000). Cast Bob Smith Jnr References English-language Ghanaian films 1990s English-language films\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia (1995 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34081868\",\n \"text\": \"Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \\\"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\\\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \\\"the greatest showbiz impresario\\\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \\\"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\\\") and \\\"highly savvy writer\\\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to\",\n \"title\": \"Judy Craymer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41988044\",\n \"text\": \"Alan MacDonald (c. 1956 – 30 August 2017) was a British production designer. He was best known for his work on The Queen (2006), which earned him nominations for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film and Best Technical Achievement at the British Independent Film Awards, and for the Rajasthan-set The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) which earned him a nomination for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film. In 2013, he designed the sets for the Academy Award-nominated film Philomena. He had also been a production designer for a number of advertisements for global firms including Coca-Cola, Levi's, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, and was the theatrical designer for Kylie Minogue's 2002 \\\"KylieFever2002\\\" tour. Filmography Absurd (1989) (short) Tunnel of Love (1991) (short) Man to Man (1992) Remembrance of Things Fast: True Stories Visual Lies (1994; Art Director) Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998) Rogue Trader (1998) Nora (2000) The Jacket (2005) Kinky Boots (2005) The Queen (2006) The Edge of Love (2008) Chéri (2009) Tamara Drewe (2010) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) Philomena (2013) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2 (2015) The Program (2015) Sing Street (2016) Victoria & Abdul (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Personal life and death He suffered from bipolar disorder. MacDonald died by suicide at his Covent Garden home on 31 August 2017, after spending two weeks as an in-patient at the private Nightingale Hospital at a cost of £20,000. His last two film credits, Victoria & Abdul (2017) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), were dedicated to his memory. References External links 1950s births 2017 deaths British film designers Date of birth missing Suicides in Greater London People with bipolar disorder\",\n \"title\": \"Alan MacDonald (production designer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56818610\",\n \"text\": \"This article lists feature-length British films and full-length documentaries that have had their premieres in 2018 and were at least partly produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom. It does not feature short films, medium-length films, made-for-TV films, pornographic films, filmed theater, VR films and interactive films like Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. It also does not include films screened in previous years that had official release dates in 2018. British co-productions like Bohemian Rhapsody, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again garnered positive reviews and collectively grossed more than $1.5 billion in the Box Office worldwide. Small independent films like The Wife, Three Identical Strangers and At Eternity's Gate performed well in the Specialty Box Office, screening in a limited number of theaters. 2018 was expected to be the best year for British box office since 1971 with Avengers: Infinity War, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Incredibles 2, Black Panther, Bohemian Rhapsody, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Peter Rabbit and The Greatest Showman breaking £40 million at the British box office. Also included is an overview of five awards ceremonies which are major events in British film: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards. Film premieres January – March April – June July – September October – December Other premieres Culturally British Films The following list comprises films not produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom but is strongly associated with British culture. The films in this list should fulfill at least 3 of the following criteria: The film is adapted from a British source material. The story is at least partially set in the United Kingdom. The film was at least partially shot in the United Kingdom. Many of the film's cast and crew members are British. British winners Listed here are the British winners and nominees at the four most prestigious film award ceremonies in the English-speaking world: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards, that were held during 2018, celebrating the best films of 2017. The British nominations were led by Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Dunkirk, and Darkest Hour, with Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri winning awards in the major categories and Dunkirk going on to win large numbers of technical awards, whilst Gary Oldman won multiple best leading actor awards for his portrayal of Sir Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. British films did, however, notably lose out to The Shape of Water from USA. Academy Awards The 90th Academy Awards honoring the best films of 2017 were held on March 4, 2018. British winners: Darkest Hour (Best Actor, Best Makeup and Hairstyling) Dunkirk (Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, Best Film Editing) The Silent Child (Best Live Action Short Film) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor) Alex Gibson (Best Sound Editing) – Dunkirk Chris Overton (Best Live Action Short Film) – The Silent Child David\",\n \"title\": \"List of British films of 2018\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["July 20 , 2018"],"string":"[\n \"July 20 , 2018\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":89,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_5191"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who played peter in the book of henry"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"46323517","text":"The Book of Henry is a 2017 American drama thriller film directed by Colin Trevorrow and written by Gregg Hurwitz. The film stars Naomi Watts, Jaeden Martell (then known as Jaeden Lieberher), Jacob Tremblay, Sarah Silverman, Lee Pace, Maddie Ziegler, and Dean Norris. The story concerns a plan hatched by a young genius, dying of cancer, to save the girl next door from abuse. The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 14, 2017. It was released in theaters by Focus Features on June 16, 2017, was unsuccessful at the box office, and received generally negative reviews from critics, who cited the screenplay's jarring plot twists and tonal shifts, and Trevorrow's direction, although the cast and the film's ambition received some praise. Plot In a small suburban town in the Hudson Valley, 11-year-old genius Henry Carpenter and his younger brother Peter are being raised by their single mother Susan, a waitress who is working on writing children's books. Henry has used his intellect to invest successfully in the stock market, building up a very substantial nest egg for his family. He also protects Peter from a school bully and builds Rube Goldberg machines in their treehouse. Henry and Susan are both fond of their next-door neighbor, Henry's classmate Christina Sickleman, who has recently become glum. Henry believes that he sees Christina being abused by her stepfather Glenn, the local police commissioner. He reports the abuse to social services and the school principal, Janice Wilder, but Glenn has connections throughout the local government, and Wilder is reluctant to challenge the commissioner without \"conclusive evidence\". Henry is unable to get the authorities to launch a serious investigation that would protect Christina. Henry tells his mother that when someone is in trouble, those who can help must take action. He develops a detailed plan to rescue Christina that he details in a notebook. After a violent seizure, he is taken to the hospital, where he is diagnosed with a brain tumor and undergoes surgery. Anticipating his death, he tells Peter to give Susan the notebook. Days later, Henry dies. Susan is distraught at Henry's death and has difficulty functioning, but when Peter gives her the notebook, she focuses on Henry's plan. She tries unsuccessfully to interest a nearby social-services agency in opening an investigation. One night, from the boys' bedroom window, she sees Glenn in Christina's room and decides to carry out the plan. The notebook and an accompanying cassette tape describe Henry's step-by-step plan to kill Glenn with a sniper rifle while covering Susan's tracks so that tracing the murder back to her will be impossible. Her alibi is to be provided by executing the murder while Christina and Peter are performing at the school talent show. Susan slips away from the show, putting the plan into motion. As she is about to pull the trigger, she realizes that Henry's plan, though ingenious, is the construct of a child, and she must act as an adult. She immediately confronts","title":"The Book of Henry"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"46323517\",\n \"text\": \"The Book of Henry is a 2017 American drama thriller film directed by Colin Trevorrow and written by Gregg Hurwitz. The film stars Naomi Watts, Jaeden Martell (then known as Jaeden Lieberher), Jacob Tremblay, Sarah Silverman, Lee Pace, Maddie Ziegler, and Dean Norris. The story concerns a plan hatched by a young genius, dying of cancer, to save the girl next door from abuse. The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 14, 2017. It was released in theaters by Focus Features on June 16, 2017, was unsuccessful at the box office, and received generally negative reviews from critics, who cited the screenplay's jarring plot twists and tonal shifts, and Trevorrow's direction, although the cast and the film's ambition received some praise. Plot In a small suburban town in the Hudson Valley, 11-year-old genius Henry Carpenter and his younger brother Peter are being raised by their single mother Susan, a waitress who is working on writing children's books. Henry has used his intellect to invest successfully in the stock market, building up a very substantial nest egg for his family. He also protects Peter from a school bully and builds Rube Goldberg machines in their treehouse. Henry and Susan are both fond of their next-door neighbor, Henry's classmate Christina Sickleman, who has recently become glum. Henry believes that he sees Christina being abused by her stepfather Glenn, the local police commissioner. He reports the abuse to social services and the school principal, Janice Wilder, but Glenn has connections throughout the local government, and Wilder is reluctant to challenge the commissioner without \\\"conclusive evidence\\\". Henry is unable to get the authorities to launch a serious investigation that would protect Christina. Henry tells his mother that when someone is in trouble, those who can help must take action. He develops a detailed plan to rescue Christina that he details in a notebook. After a violent seizure, he is taken to the hospital, where he is diagnosed with a brain tumor and undergoes surgery. Anticipating his death, he tells Peter to give Susan the notebook. Days later, Henry dies. Susan is distraught at Henry's death and has difficulty functioning, but when Peter gives her the notebook, she focuses on Henry's plan. She tries unsuccessfully to interest a nearby social-services agency in opening an investigation. One night, from the boys' bedroom window, she sees Glenn in Christina's room and decides to carry out the plan. The notebook and an accompanying cassette tape describe Henry's step-by-step plan to kill Glenn with a sniper rifle while covering Susan's tracks so that tracing the murder back to her will be impossible. Her alibi is to be provided by executing the murder while Christina and Peter are performing at the school talent show. Susan slips away from the show, putting the plan into motion. As she is about to pull the trigger, she realizes that Henry's plan, though ingenious, is the construct of a child, and she must act as an adult. She immediately confronts\",\n \"title\": \"The Book of Henry\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"10442982","text":"Henry Herringman (1628–1704) was a prominent London bookseller and publisher in the second half of the 17th century. He is especially noted for his publications in English Renaissance drama and English Restoration drama; he was the first publisher of the works of John Dryden. He conducted his business under the sign of the Blue Anchor in the lower walk of the New Exchange. Herringman had established himself as an independent bookseller and publisher by 1655. He issued the first edition of Thomas Middleton's Hengist, King of Kent in 1661. Herringman had a reputation as a rare stationer who actually profited from the Great Fire of London (1666), in which most of his compatriots lost their stocks of printed books. He was a member of the syndicates of stationers who issued the major collections of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries in the second half of the century, including the Shakespeare Fourth Folio (1685), the third Ben Jonson folio (1692), and the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio (1679). Herringman also published the collected plays of Thomas Killigrew (1664); the collected works of Sir William Davenant (1673); the Dryden/Davenant adaptation of The Tempest (1670); and plays by Thomas Shadwell, William Wycherley, George Etherege, and Sir Robert Howard, among others. Dryden appears to have had a close professional relationship with Herringman early in his career, when he served as a sort of general editorial assistant in Herringman's business, perhaps to the point of taking his board and lodging with Herringman. In this capacity as a supervisor and reviser of texts, Dryden may have worked on Shakespearean plays for Herringman. In addition to dramas, Herringman published a large body of nondramatic literature, including (partnered with John Martyn) the 1678 edition of Samuel Butler's Hudibras, which contained the poem's third and final part. Herringman published works by Abraham Cowley, Katherine Philips, John Donne, Francis Bacon, Roger Boyle, and Robert Boyle. He also produced a wide variety of general-interest works, as well as law books. Herringman became master of the Stationers Company in 1685. After selling his retail business in 1684, Herringman became, in effect, the first wholesale book publisher in England; his imprint exists on 532 publications from his era. Notes References Holland, Peter (ed.), King Lear and Its Afterlife (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Miller, C. William, \"Henry Herringman, Restoration Bookseller-Publisher.\" Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 1948; p. 292. Publishers (people) from London English booksellers 1628 births 1704 deaths","title":"Henry Herringman"},{"docid":"47894242","text":"\"Entirely Beloved\" is the second episode of the BBC Two series Wolf Hall. It was first broadcast on 28 January 2015. Plot summary In December 1529, following Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's departure as Lord Chancellor, Thomas Cromwell gains favour from King Henry VIII and is sworn into the king's Privy Council. Cast Critical reception \"Entirely Beloved\" received positive reviews. The Daily Telegraph again gave the episode 5/5; Reviewer Jasper Reeves also praised Straughan's dialogue and Peter Kosminsky's directing, writing, \"It's like watching a chess grandmaster go around a room playing 20 challengers at once. The spectacle is dizzying, and the acting magnificent.\" Neela Debnath, writing for The Independent, compared the intrigue and scheming in Wolf Hall to that of Game of Thrones, writing, \"Game of Thrones fans tuning in to watch Wolf Hall might notice similarities between the politicking in King's Landing and Henry VIII's court – and they wouldn't be wrong.\" Debnath praised the lead actor, writing, \"Rylance continues to mesmerize as the man of questionable birth rising to become the king's right-hand man. His calm, collected and measured performance really has the audience rooting for him.\" In his review for The Guardian, John Sutherland praised writer Peter Straughan, who wrote the teleplay based on Hilary Mantel's original book: \"Straughan ... has been commendably faithful to Mantel while infusing new televisual life into the narrative. References External links \"Entirely Beloved\" at the BBC Wolf Hall (miniseries) episodes 2015 British television episodes Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Fiction set in 1529","title":"Entirely Beloved"},{"docid":"1870925","text":"Cooleemee (), also known as the Cooleemee Plantation House, is a house located between Mocksville and Lexington, North Carolina, at the terminus of SR 1812 (Peter Hairston Rd.) on the Yadkin River in Davie County, North Carolina. It is a U.S. National Historic Landmark, designated in 1978 for its architecture. History The house's floor plan in the shape of a Greek cross, with four equal wings extending from an octagonal core, is based on a published design by William H. Ranlett, The Architect (New York) 1847, Vol. I, Plate 32, published again in Godey's Lady's Book, January 1850; the Godey's Lady's Book engravings were framed and kept in the house. The house is an \"Anglo-Grecian Villa\", built in the shape of a Greek cross between 1853 and 1855 by Peter and Columbia Stuart Hairston. The builder Peter Wilson Hairston a white Superior Court judge in North Carolina, who had inherited Cooleemee from his grandfather, was a central figure in Henry Wiencek's telling of the family's story. The house is built from approximately 300,000 bricks made on site. Cooleemee Plantation was founded by Colonel Jesse A. Pearson who took part in the capture of approximately 600 tribal Creek Indians during the War of 1812. The Indians known as \"Kulimi\", a tribe of the Creek nation, were from the village of \"Cooleeme\" near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers. The Creek word means \"the place where the white oaks grow\". Upon his return in 1814, he named his existing plantation \"Cooleemee Hill\". In 1817, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and four-time state legislator, Peter Hairston, purchased the Cooleemee Hill Plantation for $8 per acre – $20,000 total. In addition to the plantation house, in 1860 there were twenty-three slave dwellings at Cooleemee. The principal crop at Cooleemee was tobacco. In 1997, the Hairston family, who still owned the house, donated a conservation easement to The LandTrust for Central North Carolina, which helped preserve the house and property against development. At that time, the plantation included of farmland (down from at its peak), surrounded by a two-mile (3 km) stretch of the Yadkin River supporting more than 200 species of bird. Cooleemee Plantation was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978. Family In 1999, Henry Wiencek published The Hairstons: An American Family In Black And White, which told the story of the Hairston family, which continues to own Cooleemee, and of the plantation and its history over the past 150 years. This family, with black and white branches due to slavery, have continued to hold reunions at Cooleemee that honor their family's history and roots in the region. Wiencek, in the course of his preparation for this book, witnessed what he considered to be extraordinary interactions between members of the Hairston Family. In the course of his research, Wiencek learned that the Hairstons were not only the largest slaveholding family in the South, but also slave traders. Peter Wilson Hairston, the latest Hairston to own the property at the","title":"Cooleemee"},{"docid":"14952561","text":"The Sun Also Rises is a 1957 American drama film adaptation of the 1926 Ernest Hemingway novel of the same name directed by Henry King. The screenplay was written by Peter Viertel and it starred Tyrone Power, Ava Gardner, Mel Ferrer, and Errol Flynn. Much of it was filmed on location in France and Spain as well as Mexico in Cinemascope and color by Deluxe. A highlight of the film is the famous \"running of the bulls\" in Pamplona, Spain and two bullfights. Plot A group of disillusioned American expatriate writers live a dissolute, hedonistic lifestyle in France and Spain in the 1920s. Cast Tyrone Power as Jake Barnes Ava Gardner as Lady Brett Ashley Mel Ferrer as Robert Cohn Errol Flynn as Mike Campbell Eddie Albert as Bill Gorton Gregory Ratoff as Count Mippipopolous Juliette Gréco as Georgette Aubin Marcel Dalio as Zizi Henry Daniell as Army doctor Bob Cunningham as Harris Danik Patisson as Marie Robert Evans as Pedro Romero Production notes Development Film rights to the novel were sold in the late 1920s for a reported $10,000. These rights were transferred to Hemingway's first wife, Hadley Richardson, by the author at the time of their divorce, so he never personally benefited from the sale. Originally the film was going to be made at RKO, possibly starring Ann Harding. In 1940 agent-producer Charles Feldman bought the rights from Harding's one-time husband, actor Harry Bannister, for a reported $35,000. In 1948, it was announced Howard Hawks had bought the film rights. He subsequently sold part of his interest to Feldman, but the project did not go beyond the development stage. In 1955, Hawks and Feldman sold the rights of the novel to Darryl F. Zanuck at 20th Century Fox, who still hoped to use Hawks as director. This plan was part of a deal whereby Feldman sold his interest in a number of projects to Fox – the others included Heaven Knows, Mr Allison, The Wayward Bus and Oh Men! Oh Women!. Of this deal, the rights to The Sun Also Rises were estimated at $125,000. Zanuck hired Peter Viertel to write the script. Viertel later reflected: The long lapse of time since the book was published will not cause it to lose its value. The story is ageless. It should renew its impact for our modern generation. It is fascinating in its impressions of Europe after World War I, because so many of these impressions are duplicated again today. Casting Zanuck wanted the lead played by Gregory Peck, who had appeared in several Hemingway adaptations, including the popular The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Jennifer Jones signed to play Lady Brett. The movie became the first to be produced for Zanuck's own independent production company following his departure from Fox (but Fox would distribute). Cinematographer Charles Clarke started filming bullfighting sequences in Pamplona in June 1956. Henry King signed to direct and Walter Reisch to produce. Jennifer Jones had to pull out from the film because of her commitment to","title":"The Sun Also Rises (1957 film)"},{"docid":"1271555","text":"Peter Parnell (; born 1953) is an American Broadway and Off-Broadway playwright, television writer, and children's book author. Parnell is also Vice-President of the Dramatists Guild of America, the professional association of playwrights, composers, lyricists, and librettists. Personal life Parnell is gay and is married to the psychiatrist Justin Richardson. They live in Manhattan with their daughter. Plays The Hunchback of Notre Dame - Disney Theatricals - music by Alan Menken, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz On a Clear Day You Can See Forever - St. James Theater, Broadway - 2011 - starring Harry Connick Jr., Jessie Mueller, and David Turner Trumpery - Atlantic Theatre Company - 2007 Trumpery received its European and British premiere in Oxford, UK during June 2014. QED - Lincoln Center Theater - starring Alan Alda - 2001 The Cider House Rules, Part One, adapted from John Irving's novel - Atlantic Theatre Company, Mark Taper Forum, Seattle Rep The Cider House Rules, Part Two, Mark Taper Forum, Seattle Rep Flaubert's Latest - Playwrights Horizons - 1992 Hyde in Hollywood - Playwrights Horizons - 1989 An Imaginary Life - Playwrights Horizons - 1993 Rise and Rise of Daniel Rocket - starring Thomas Hulce - Playwrights Horizons Romance Language - Playwrights Horizons - 1985 Scooter Thomas Makes It to the Top of the World - National Playwrights Conference at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center, 1977; Alley Theater, Boston, 1981 Sorrows of Stephen - The Public Theater - 1979 Television The West Wing, Season One - Executive Story Editor - 1999–2000 The West Wing, Season Two - Co-Producer - 2000–2001 The Guardian, Season One - Producer - 2001–2002 Inconceivable, Season One - Producer - 2005 Six Degrees, Season One - Consulting Producer - 2006–2007 BrainDead - Producer - 2017 Children's literature And Tango Makes Three with Justin Richardson. The book tells the true story of two male penguins living in the Central Park Zoo who pair-bonded and together hatched a chick named Tango. The book has received numerous awards and was the single most challenged or banned book in the United States in the years 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010. It remains one of the ten most banned books in several countries. Christian, the Hugging Lion, a children's book about the true story of Christian the lion. Grants and awards NEA, Guggenheim, Ingram Merrill and Lecomte de Nouy foundations; the Fund for New American Plays, Kennedy Center, American Theatre Critics' Association and Ovation awards for Best Play (for The Cider House Rules). For [\"And Tango Makes Three\"]: American Library Association Notable Children's Book - 2006 ASPCA's Henry Bergh Award - 2005 Gustavus Myer Outstanding Book Award- 2006 Nick Jr. Family Magazine Best Book of the Year - 2006 Bank Street Best Book of the Year - 2006 Cooperative Children's Book Council Choice, and CBC/NCSS Notable Social Studies Trade Book - 2006 Lambda Literary Award finalist - 2006 Sheffield Children's Book Award - shortlisted - 2008 Further reading Interview in You Can’t Say That! Writers for Young People Talk About Censorship,","title":"Peter Parnell"},{"docid":"19585510","text":"Sayre's law states, in a formulation quoted by Charles Philip Issawi: \"In any dispute the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the issues at stake.\" By way of corollary, it adds: \"That is why academic politics are so bitter.\" Sayre's law is named after Wallace Stanley Sayre (1905–1972), U.S. political scientist and professor at Columbia University. History On 20 December 1973, the Wall Street Journal quoted Sayre as: \"Academic politics is the most vicious and bitter form of politics, because the stakes are so low.\" Political scientist Herbert Kaufman, a colleague and coauthor of Sayre, has attested to Fred R. Shapiro, editor of The Yale Book of Quotations, that Sayre usually stated his claim as \"The politics of the university are so intense because the stakes are so low\", and that Sayre originated the quip by the early 1950s. Many other claimants attach to the thought behind Sayre's law. According to Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson frequently complained about the personalized nature of academic politics, asserting that the \"intensity\" of academic squabbles was a function of the \"triviality\" of the issue at hand. Harvard political scientist Richard Neustadt (Sayre's former colleague at Columbia University) was quoted to a similar effect: \"Academic politics is much more vicious than real politics. We think it's because the stakes are so small.\" In his 1979 book Peter's People and Their Marvelous Ideas, Laurence J. Peter stated \"Peter's Theory of Entrepreneurial Aggressiveness in Higher Education\" as: \"Competition in academia is so vicious because the stakes are so small.\" Another proverbial form is: \"Academic politics are so vicious precisely because the stakes are so small.\" This observation is routinely attributed to Henry Kissinger who in a 1997 speech at the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University, said: \"I formulated the rule that the intensity of academic politics and the bitterness of it is in inverse proportion to the importance of the subject they're discussing. And I promise you at Harvard, they are passionately intense and the subjects are extremely unimportant.\" Variations on the same thought have also been attributed to scientist-author C. P. Snow, professor-politician Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and politician Jesse Unruh, among others. See also Notes References Charles Philip Issawi, Issawi's Laws of Social Motion, Hawthorn Books, 1973. p. 178. Ralph Keyes, The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When, Macmillan, 2006, p. 1. Laurence J. Peter, Peter's People and Their Marvelous Ideas, William Morrow & Co., 1979. Nigel Rees, Brewer's Famous Quotations: 5000 Quotations and the Stories Behind Them, Sterling Publishing Company, 2006, p. 394. Wallace S. Sayre and Herbert Kaufman, Governing New York City: Politics in the Metropolis, Russell Sage Foundation, 1960. Fred R. Shapiro, editor, foreword by Joseph Epstein, The Yale Book of Quotations, Yale University Press, 2006, p. 670. External links Historic examples of the adage. Edward B. Fiske, \"Education; Lessons\", The New York Times, 18 October 1989 Speech by Henry Kissinger, Fourteenth Annual Ashbrook Memorial Dinner, September 11, 1997 Adages Political terminology 1973","title":"Sayre's law"},{"docid":"52831667","text":"The Blanket of the Dark is a 1931 historical novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. The novel is set in the early part of the reign of Henry VIII, and explores the possible consequences had the Tudors been overthrown by a rightful descendant of Edward III. Plot The action of the novel takes place in the country west of Oxford during the 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising against Henry VIII. Peter Pentecost, a young monastic scholar, is informed by shadowy figures who are plotting to depose the king that he is the legitimate son of the deceased Duke of Buckingham and that, as the last of the Bohun line, he has a claim to the English throne. Although his true identity must for now remain secret, Peter finds himself being prepared for his intended kingly role and being tutored in the noble pursuits of swordsmanship and archery. He meets a noblewoman, Sabine Beauforest. To hide from the king’s men, Peter takes to the greenwood where he is aided by Solomon Darking and his vagabond comrades. They introduce him to the lore of the countryside, and reveal the existence of a self-contained outlaw society, invisible to the agents of the state, with its own system of communication and intelligence gathering. He discovers that \"under the blanket of the dark all men are alike and all are nameless\". As the novel progresses, Peter has increasing doubts about the venture he is being asked to undertake, and the motives of those behind it: \"They claimed to stand for the elder England and its rights, and the old Church, but at their heart they stood only for themselves.\" After an encounter with the king himself, Peter asks himself whether there \"might not there be a world of light under the blanket of the dark?\", and he decides that he does not wish to pursue a life of power. He disappears from official sight back into the greenwood with Sabine. Title The title is a phrase from William Shakespeare's Macbeth, where Lady Macbeth, preparing herself to murder King Duncan, says \"Come, thick night, / And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, / That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, / Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, / To cry, Hold, hold!\" Critical reception David Daniell in The Interpreter's House (1975) quotes Kipling who professed to be \"rested and delighted\" by the book and who called it a tour de force. Rose Macaulay said that the book was \"so enchanting and beautiful that I often read it for my pleasure\". Daniell himself notes that while the tone is relaxed, the control is tight, and \"it is as if Buchan is drawing together all his skills under the influence of his response to the land and its people\". Writing for the John Buchan Society website in 2001, Kenneth Hillier called The Blanket of the Dark “a thoroughly enjoyable book, because it not only expresses the deep love","title":"The Blanket of the Dark"},{"docid":"20940966","text":"Allahakbarries was an amateur cricket team founded by author J. M. Barrie, and was active from 1890 to 1913. The team's name was a portmanteau of Barrie's name and the mistaken belief that 'Allah akbar' meant 'Heaven help us' in Arabic (rather than its true meaning: 'God is great'). Notable figures to have featured for the side included Rudyard Kipling, H. G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, P. G. Wodehouse, G. K. Chesterton, Jerome K. Jerome, A. A. Milne, E. W. Hornung, Henry Justice Ford, A. E. W. Mason, Walter Raleigh, E. V. Lucas, Maurice Hewlett, Owen Seaman, Bernard Partridge, Augustine Birrell, Paul Du Chaillu, Henry Herbert La Thangue, George Cecil Ives, and George Llewelyn Davies, as well as the son of Alfred Tennyson. Barrie wrote a 40-page book on his team, Allahakbarries C.C., which was published privately in 1890 and in a revised version in 1899. It was reprinted in 1950 with a foreword by Donald Bradman. These rare books are now highly sought by collectors. Barrie's enthusiasm for the game eclipsed his talent for it; asked to describe his bowling, he replied that after delivering the ball he would go and sit on the turf at mid-off and wait for it to reach the other end which \"it sometimes did\". The team played for the love of the game, rather than the results it achieved, and Barrie was generous in his praise for his teammates and opposition alike. He praised one teammate's performance by observing that \"You scored a good single in the first innings but were not so successful in the second\" while he lauded the opposition's effort by pointing out how \"You ran up a fine total of 14, and very nearly won\". He instructed Bernard Partridge, an illustrator from Punch magazine who was afflicted with a lazy eye, to \"Keep your eye on square leg\" while bowling, and told square leg, \"when Partridge is bowling, keep your eye on him.\" He forbade his team to practise on an opponent's ground before a match because \"this can only give them confidence\". The book notes that his most calamitous performance was being clean-bowled by the American actress Mary Anderson in the 1897 Test match against the village of Broadway, in the Cotswolds. Peter Pan's First XI: The Extraordinary Story of J. M. Barrie's Cricket Team, written by Kevin Telfer, was published in 2011. References External links Peter Pan at play BBC News, 7 May 2010: 'How Peter Pan's author invented celebrity cricket' Club cricket teams in England 1890 establishments in England 1913 disestablishments in England","title":"Allahakbarries"},{"docid":"30665558","text":"King Henry I of England has been portrayed in various cultural media. Theatre Henry I of England, a play by Beth Flintoff, was first performed in November 2016 at St James's Church, Reading. The drama follows the story of the three sons of William the Conqueror and ends with the early reign of Henry I. The narrative continues in Flintoff's second play Matilda the Empress which depicts the king's later life and The Anarchy period after his death when his daughter Matilda and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. Fictional portrayals Henry I has been depicted in historical novels and short stories. They include: Pado, the Priest (1899) by Sabine Baring-Gould revolves around Henry's conflict with the Welsh. A Saxon Maid (1901) by Eliza Frances Pollard. Reportedly \"a good short story of the Norman devastations\", taking place in the reigns of William II and Henry I. The latter being a prominent character. \"Old Men at Pevensey\" by Rudyard Kipling, a short story included in the collection Puck of Pook's Hill (1906). Features both Henry I and Robert Curthose. \"The Tree of Justice\" by Rudyard Kipling, a short story included in the collection Rewards and Fairies (1910). Features both Henry I and Rahere. The King’s Minstrel (1925) by Ivy May Bolton. The title character is Rahere, depicted as \"part jester, part priest, and more wizard than either\". The King of the title is Henry I who is \"prominently introduced\". Henry appears in two novels by George Shipway, The Paladin (1972) and The Wolf Time (1973). In these books, Henry is depicted as organizing the death of King William II. Henry appears briefly in the short story \"A Light on the Road to Woodstock\" (1988) by Ellis Peters, one of her Brother Cadfael stories. \"A Light on the Road to Woodstock\" is collected in A Rare Benedictine: The Advent of Brother Cadfael. The Pillars of the Earth, a 1989 novel by Ken Follett, set during the Anarchy period. In the miniseries based on the book King Henry was portrayed by Clive Wood. References Sources Henry I Henry I of England","title":"Cultural depictions of Henry I of England"},{"docid":"3477069","text":"Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-and-Rock 'N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood is a book by Peter Biskind, published by Simon & Schuster in 1998. Easy Riders, Raging Bulls is about the 1960s and 1970s Hollywood, a period of American film known for the production of such films such as The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, The French Connection, Chinatown, Taxi Driver, Jaws, Star Wars, The Exorcist, and The Last Picture Show. The title is taken from films which bookend the era: Easy Rider (1969) and Raging Bull (1980). The book follows Hollywood on the brink of the Vietnam War, when a group of young Hollywood film directors known as the \"movie brats\" are making their names. It begins in the 1960s and ends in the 1980s. The book was the basis of a 2003 documentary film of the same name directed by Kenneth Bowser and narrated by actor William H. Macy. It was screened out of competition at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 100% based on reviews from 8 critics. Profiles and interviews Profiled in the book Robert Altman Hal Ashby Luke Askew Gerald Ayres Warren Beatty Peter Bogdanovich Francis Ford Coppola Brian De Palma Robert Evans Peter Fonda William Friedkin Buck Henry Dennis Hopper Amy Irving George Lucas Marcia Lucas John Milius Jack Nicholson Polly Platt Bob Rafelson Bert Schneider Leonard Schrader Paul Schrader Martin Scorsese Cybill Shepherd Don Simpson Steven Spielberg Robert Towne Interviewed in the film Dede Allen Peter Bart Tony Bill Karen Black Peter Bogdanovich Ellen Burstyn Roger Corman Micky Dolenz Richard Dreyfuss Peter Fonda Carl Gottlieb Jerome Hellman Monte Hellman Dennis Hopper Willard Huyck Stanley Jaffe Henry Jaglom Gloria Katz Margot Kidder Laszlo Kovacs Kris Kristofferson Mardik Martin Mike Medavoy Sylvia Miles John Milius Charles Mulvehill David Newman Arthur Penn Michael Phillips David Picker Polly Platt Albert S. Ruddy Jennifer Salt Andrew Sarris Paul Schrader Cybill Shepherd Jonathan Taplin Joan Tewkesbury Fred Weintraub Gordon Willis Rudy Wurlitzer Vilmos Zsigmond Controversy and criticism Several of the film-makers profiled in the book have criticized Biskind. Robert Altman denounced both the book and Biskind's methods, saying \"It was hate mail. We were all lured into talking to this guy because people thought he was a straight guy but he was filling a commission from the publisher for a hatchet job. He's the worst kind of human being I know.\" Francis Ford Coppola was similarly critical, alleging that Biskind interviewed only people with negative opinions of him. Critic Roger Ebert noted that Steven Spielberg said of Easy Riders, Raging Bulls that: \"Every single word in that book about me is either erroneous or a lie.\" Ebert himself notes that: \"Biskind has a way of massaging his stories to suit his agenda.\" When asked about Biskind's portrayal of him as \"a womanizer, a tyrant and a bully,\" William Friedkin said: \"I've actually never read the book, but I've talked to some of my friends who are portrayed in it, and we","title":"Easy Riders, Raging Bulls"},{"docid":"19192667","text":"\"Love, Blactually\" is the first episode in the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on September 28, 2008. The episode features anthropomorphic dog Brian as he meets a fellow atheist named Carolyn (Kat Foster) at a book store, and the two begin dating. Heeding advice from Stewie (also voiced by MacFarlane), Brian decides not to have sex with her. Carolyn is led to believe that Brian does not want a substantive relationship, so she begins to date Cleveland (Mike Henry). The episode was originally slated to air during season six on March 2, 2008, but was replaced with \"Play It Again, Brian\" for unknown reasons. The episode was written by Henry, and directed by Cyndi Tang. It received generally positive reviews from critics for its storyline. According to Nielsen ratings, it was watched by 9.2 million viewers in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Foster, along with several recurring voice actors from the series. \"Love, Blactually\" was released on DVD along with eight other episodes from the season on June 16, 2009. Plot After going to the bookstore to buy The God Delusion, Brian meets an atheist named Carolyn, who happens to be looking for the same book. Brian becomes interested in Carolyn, and the two begin to date. When she invites him to her house, Stewie tells Brian that his relationships fail because he has sex with his girlfriends immediately when they meet. Brian realizes that Stewie is right and decides to take things slow. However, after three weeks, he finds out that Carolyn has begun to date Cleveland, since she assumed Brian just wanted to be friends. A heartbroken Brian tries to deal with his loss, but keeps running into Cleveland and Carolyn having sex in various locations. Feeling bad for his botched advice that cost Brian a relationship with Carolyn, Stewie suggests that he can convince Cleveland's ex-wife, Loretta, to reconcile with him. The two visit Loretta in her own home and learn that she feels guilty for cheating on him with Quagmire, and believes she can never go back to Cleveland. Later, Cleveland visits Brian to clear the air with him but reveals that he plans to elope with Carolyn in Hawaii, which makes their friendship tense. Just as Cleveland leaves, Loretta arrives and apologizes to him for her affair with Quagmire; she begs him to allow her to get their family back together and promises she will never betray him again. Cleveland seeks advice from Peter and Lois, who attempt to dissuade Cleveland from going back to Loretta, but Brian, seeing his only chance at getting back with Carolyn, says Cleveland should \"forgive and forget\", and lies about Loretta's good qualities, which Peter immediately sees through and points out that she cannot be trusted. When Cleveland decides to wait until the next day to consider his thoughts, Peter recruits Quagmire to have sex with Loretta again so Cleveland can","title":"Love, Blactually"},{"docid":"30827966","text":"Horrid Henry: The Movie is a 2011 British 3D children's comedy film directed by Nick Moore and produced by Allan Niblo, Rupert Preston, Mike Watts and Lucinda Whiteley, who wrote it. In the film, Henry and the Purple Hand Gang fight to prevent the closure of their school by an evil private school headmaster. It is based on the fictional character Horrid Henry from the children's book series of the same name by Francesca Simon. The film itself takes place before Series 3 of the TV series. Horrid Henry: The Movie stars Theo Stevenson, Richard E. Grant, Parminder Nagra, Kimberley Walsh, Mathew Horne, Siobhan Hayes, Dick and Dom, Noel Fielding, Jo Brand and Anjelica Huston. It was the first British film for children to be shot in 3D, and was officially released in cinemas on 29 July 2011 in 2D, RealD 3D, and 3D formats by Vertigo Films in the United Kingdom. Phase 4 Films and Entertainment One released the film in theatres in the United States and Canada on 22 December 2012. The film received generally negative reviews from critics and audiences, who criticized its humor, use of 3D, acting, and low quality, but was positively received from fans of the books and the TV series. It grossed $10.1 million worldwide. Horrid Henry: The Movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 28 November 2011 in the United Kingdom. Horrid Henry: The Movie has sold over 750,000 DVD copies in the UK. Plot After failing to complete his homework yet again, Horrid Henry has his friend Brainy Brian forge a note from his mother claiming that his cat ate it. His teacher, Miss Battle-Axe, sees through Henry's scheme as the word \"homework\" is spelled correctly, something Henry is incapable of doing. While Henry is in detention, his friends join him to rehearse for a school talent contest; they are interrupted by Mrs Oddbod, the Headmistress, and a pair of school inspectors. Meanwhile, Vic Van Wrinkle, Headmaster of the expensive all-boys private academy, Brick House School, influences the school inspectors to close down Ashton Primary, the school Henry attends, hoping to make a fortune from the resulting influx of students. The inspectors encourage Henry's pranks, leading to Miss Battle-Axe and Miss Lovely being fired for failing to enforce discipline. Mrs Oddbod also bans Henry's band, the Zero Zombies, from entering the talent contest. With Ashton Primary on the brink of closing, Henry's Great Aunt Greta offers to pay for Henry to attend an all-girls private academy (thinking Henry is a girl) and his younger brother, Perfect Peter, to attend Brick House. Miss Lovely applies for a job at Brick House and spies on Van Wrinkle; she is captured, but passes notes about Van Wrinkle's plan to Peter. Meanwhile, Henry and Margaret (who has also been transferred to Henry's new school) are attacked by the students there and escape. Henry and the Zero Zombies compete in the talent contest, hoping that their win will make them famous enough that Ashton Primary","title":"Horrid Henry: The Movie"},{"docid":"2201413","text":"Peter Blegvad (born August 14, 1951) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, writer, and cartoonist. He was a founding member of German/English avant-pop band Slapp Happy, which later merged briefly with Henry Cow, and has released many solo and collaborative albums. He is the son of Lenore and Erik Blegvad, who were respectively, a children's book author and illustrator. Biography Early years Peter Blegvad's life began in America – he was born in New York City and originally raised in Connecticut. When he was 14, the Blegvad family moved to England in 1965, unhappy with the social climate of America following the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the threat posed by the Vietnam draft to Peter and his younger brother Kristoffer. Blegvad was educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth, a boarding school where he met his musical collaborator Anthony Moore. Moore and Blegvad played in various bands during their schooldays, alongside fellow musicians such as Neil Murray (then a drummer, later a well-known hard rock bass guitarist). Slapp Happy and Henry Cow In 1972, Blegvad followed the itinerant Moore to Hamburg, Germany, where the two formed the avant-pop trio Slapp Happy with Dagmar Krause. Slapp Happy recorded two albums for Polydor Germany with krautrock group Faust as their backing band. Polydor released the first, Sort Of in 1972, but rejected the second, Casablanca Moon. Blegvad had got to known Faust due to playing with them at their base in Wümme, and would subsequently go on tour with them in the UK, playing guitar as a live band member. This in turn put him in contact with Faust's tourmates, the avant-rock group Henry Cow, with whom he was \"soon making all sorts of plans\". The rejection of Casablanca Moon prompted Slapp Happy to relocate to London where they signed up with Virgin Records and re-recorded Casablanca Moon, released in 1974 by Virgin as Slapp Happy. (The original Casablanca Moon was later released by Recommended Records as Acnalbasac Noom in 1980.) In 1974, Slapp Happy merged briefly with Henry Cow, recording two albums in 1975, Desperate Straights and In Praise of Learning. Shortly after recording In Praise of Learning, first Moore and then Blegvad left Henry Cow due to incompatibilities with the other musicians in the group. Blegvad has confessed that the technical demands of Henry Cow's music were beyond him (\"It was discovered – not to my surprise – that I actually couldn't play Henry Cow music. The chords and the time signatures were too complicated. And... just generally, Anthony and I felt kinda lost...\") but it was also clear that there were crucial differences in artistic approach. Blegvad would later reveal (in an interview for the Hearsay fanzine) that \"the piece that got me kicked out was \"Living in the Heart of the Beast\". I was assigned the task for the collective to come up with suitable verbals, and I wrote two verses about a woman throwing raisins at a pile of bones. Tim Hodgkinson just said, I'm sorry, this","title":"Peter Blegvad"},{"docid":"33436039","text":"Lulu Hunt Peters (1873–1930) was an American medical doctor and writer who wrote a featured newspaper column entitled Diet and Health, which she followed up with a best-selling book, Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories. She was the first person to widely popularize the concept of counting calories as a method of weight loss. It was also the first weight-loss book to become a bestseller. Early life and education Lulu E. Hunt was one of three children born to Thomas and Alice Hunt of Milford, Maine. She attended the Maine State Normal School in Castine before moving to California. She married Louis H. Peters in Los Angeles in 1899, and in 1909 graduated as a Doctor of Medicine from the University of California. Career For a number of years, Dr. Hunt wrote a featured newspaper column entitled Diet and Health for the Central Press Association, which supplied content for about 400 newspapers nationwide. In 1918, she published the diet book Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories, named after and based on her column and with illustrations by her nephew, Dawson Hunt Perkins (1907-1976), son of Henry Addison Perkins, Jr. and Anna Lydia Hunt). It presented the concept of calorie reduction as the best form of weight loss/watching weight to American women, who were wanting to conform to the new-found body image \"thin is in\". Along with presenting a solution for American women, Peters suggested that weight control was an active form of patriotism in the context of World War I. She suggested that dieting meant having complete self-control and recommended that women organize Watch Your Weight Anti-Kaiser Classes to obtain it. Peters followed her own advice/health regimens and credited them, along with her regular attendance at women's suffragist rallies, for her health and self-sufficiency. Shortly after her book was published, Peters traveled to Bosnia, where she served with the Red Cross. When she returned to the United States, she was pleasantly surprised to learn that she was a best-selling author. She published a later edition describing her life after the book. Beginning in 1922, Peters became a radio lecturer, giving a series of talks about diet and health over station WJZ, then in Newark NJ. She continued to give radio health talks for the next several years. In addition, she also was a popular public speaker, giving motivational talks all over the United States, including at facilities that specialized in weight loss. And she made informational pamphlets available to the readers of her syndicated columns; those who sent for these pamphlets received Peters's strategies for how to successfully lose weight. In 1930, while on a trip by steamship to a medical conference in London, she became ill with neuralgia, and her condition worsened during the trip. She died of pneumonia in late June, 1930. She was survived by her former husband Louis H. Peters. Her book remains in circulation and is still quoted today. Diet and Health: With Key to the Calories Having grown up a","title":"Lulu Hunt Peters"},{"docid":"4707829","text":"{{Infobox musical |name= Shenandoah |subtitle= |image= Shenandoah (musical).jpg |caption= Original Cast Recording |music= Gary Geld |lyrics= Peter Udell |book= Peter Udell Philip Rose James Lee Barrett |basis= 1965 film Shenandoah |productions= 1974 Goodspeed Opera House 1975 Broadway 1977 First National Tour 1989 Broadway revival |awards= Tony Award for Best Book in a Musical Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical (John Cullum) }}Shenandoah is a 1974 musical with music by Gary Geld, lyrics by Peter Udell, and book by Udell, Philip Rose, and James Lee Barrett. It is based on Barrett's original screenplay for the 1965 film Shenandoah. Synopsis Charlie Anderson, a widower, lives with his large family in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, during the American Civil War. Anderson does not wish to be involved with the war because he doesn't consider it \"his\" war, but he is forced to take action when his youngest son Robert is taken prisoner by Union soldiers. In the course of searching for Robert, Charlie, his daughter Jenny, and some of his sons rescue Sam (Jenny's newlywed Confederate soldier husband) from a Yankee POW train. After enduring the tragedy of losing his eldest son Jacob (to a sniper) and his second eldest son James and James' wife Anne (to deserters), Charlie and the rest of the family return home, defeated. In his despair, Charlie is reminded to return to church, where he, at long last, is reunited with Robert once more. Original cast and characters Musical numbers Act I Raise the Flag of Dixie (Prologue) - Ensemble I've Heard it All Before - Charlie Pass the Cross to Me - Ensemble Why Am I Me? - The Boy and Gabriel Next to Lovin' (I Like Fightin') - Jacob, James, Nathan, John and Henry Over the Hill - Jenny The Pickers are Coming - Charlie Next to Lovin' (I Like Fightin') (Reprise) - Jacob, James, Nathan, John, Henry and Jenny Meditation - Charlie We Make a Beautiful Pair - Anne and Jenny Violets and Silverbells - Jenny, Sam and Ensemble It's a Boy! - Charlie, Jacob, James, Nathan, John and Henry Act II Entr'acte - Orchestra Freedom - Anne and Gabriel Violets and Silverbells (reprise) - James and Anne Papa's Gonna Make it Alright - Charlie The Only Home I Know - Corporal and Ensemble The Only Home I Know (Reprise) - Corporal Papa's Gonna Make it Alright (Reprise) - Jenny Meditation II - Charlie Pass the Cross to Me (Finale) - Ensemble Freedom (curtain call) - Ensemble Productions The play was first performed at the Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut, during 1974. It then moved to the Colonial Theater in Boston for a pre-Broadway run from November 25, 1974 - December 14, 1974. It then transferred to the Alvin Theatre on Broadway beginning on January 7, 1975. where it played for a total of 1,050 performances, ending August 7, 1977. The production was directed by Philip Rose, with scenery by Chuck Murawski, lighting by Thomas R. Skelton, costumes by Pearl","title":"Shenandoah (musical)"},{"docid":"177248","text":"Horrid Henry is a children's book series by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. It has been adapted for television, film and theatre. Horrid Henry is set in the United Kingdom in 1994. Books The first Horrid Henry book was written and published in 1994 by Orion Books. Up until 2015, 24 official Horrid Henry titles were published in the series with a special one-off 25th Anniversary book, published in 2019. The series has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide. The books are a slice-of-life series featuring the titular Henry, a wildly misbehaved boy who will typically be faced with a problem and then will often retaliate in interesting ways that involve trickery, rule-breaking and elaborate practical jokes. Henry has a younger brother, Perfect Peter, who is the exact opposite. Almost every character is known by an alliterative nickname (Rude Ralph, Moody Margaret, Brainy Brian, etc.) with a few exceptions e.g. Mum, Dad and Miss Battle-Axe. The Horrid Henry stories are read on audiobook by the actress Miranda Richardson and published by Orion Audio. Each title in the main series consists of four short stories with black and white illustrations. The titles The Early Readers series, aimed at younger readers, each consist of a single story with colour illustrations. Each story in that series, except Don't be Horrid Henry!, was originally published in a main series title. Don't be Horrid Henry! is an original story about Henry as a toddler. Eleven fact books, written from Henry's point of view, have also been published along with eight joke books, eleven colour books and at least twelve activity books as well as a series of annuals. Horrid Henry is published in 25 languages around the world. In April 2009, the US Sourcebooks' Jabberwocky imprint released four Horrid Henry paperbacks nationwide, which included Horrid Henry, Horrid Henry's Stinkbomb, Horrid Henry and the Mega-Mean Time Machine\" and Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy. Sourcebooks has released additional Horrid Henry titles including activity pages, event kits and a teacher's guide. Main series Extra Book Horrid Henry's Bedtime (2005) Early Readers Fact books Joke books Horrid Henry's Joke Book Horrid Henry's Jolly Joke Book Horrid Henry's Mighty Joke Book Horrid Henry's versus Moody Margaret Horrid Henry's Hilariously Horrid Joke Book Horrid Henry's Purple Hand Gang Joke Book Horrid Henry's All Time Favourite Joke Book Horrid Henry's Jumbo Joke Book Colour books Horrid Henry's Big Bad Book Horrid Henry's Wicked Ways Horrid Henry's Evil Enemies Horrid Henry Rules the World Horrid Henry's House of Horrors Horrid Henry's Dreadful Deeds Horrid Henry Shows Who's Boss Horrid Henry's A-Z of Everything Horrid Horrid Henry's Fearsome Four Horrid Henry's Royal Riot Horrid Henry's Tricky Tricks Activity books Horrid Henry's Brainbusters Horrid Henry's Headscratchers Horrid Henry's Mindbenders Horrid Henry's Colouring Book Horrid Henry's Puzzle Book Horrid Henry's Sticker Book Horrid Henry Runs Riot Horrid Henry's Annual Horrid Henry's Classroom Chaos Horrid Henry's Holiday Havoc Horrid Henry's Wicked Wordsearches Horrid Henry's Mad Mazes Horrid Henry's Crazy Crosswords Television adaptation Film","title":"Horrid Henry"},{"docid":"75717217","text":"The Laughing Woman is a 1934 British stage play by Gordon Daviot, a nom de plume for Elisabeth MacKintosh (1896-1955) who also wrote under the name Josephine Tey. It was based on the relationship between Henri Gaudier and Sophie Brzeska. The play debuted in London in 1934 at the New Theatre. It had a short run on Broadway in 1936. Premise According to a synopsis in The Spectator, the \"play... presents a cross-section of the relations between Rene Latour and Ingrid Rydrnan. He is young, French, and a sculptor; she is older, Swedish, and a philosopher with a book to write. They come from Paris to London and live there as brother and sister in great poverty. Their incessant quarrels cannot blind — or deafen — them to the fact that they are necessary to each other. They cling together stormily. The outbreak of the War finds Rene on the threshold of fame. He returns incontinently to the France which rejected him, to die (as the Epilogue tells us) on active service and with the rank of sergeant.\" Australian radio adaptation The play was adapted for Australian radio in 1939 by Max Afford, starring Peter Finch and Neva Carr Glynn. Finch's performance was a milestone in his career. A critic for Wireless Weekly stated: Peter Finch is a great actor.... For the first time in my listening life, I was actually sorry when the play came to an end... As Rene Latour, Peter Finch is inspired. And Neva Carr-Glynn as Ingrid is not far behind... in the hands of the players it came to life — one of the most human, the most extraordinary, the most ruthless, the most delicate love stories that radio has been able to present. The play was performed again on Australian radio in 1941 with Neva Carr Glynn and Paul O'Loughlin in the leads. Wireless Weekly said \"It contains some of the most effective backyard squabbles I have heard in radio drama\" but felt the accents were \"not so good in parts. Perhaps Neva Carr-Glyn, who played Ingrid opposite Peter Finch in the first version, was a little bored with doing it again. Perhaps Paul O'Loughlin, who played the artist Latour, was a little self-conscious.\" It was performed again in 1946, with Finch and Thelma Scott. Reviewing the 1946 production, the Sun said \"Many actors make a hash of foreign characterisations. Not so Peter Finch. His Rene Latour in 2GB's \"Laughing Woman\" was a gem, matched only by Thelma Scott's sensitive performance as Ingrid Rydman. Both artists breathed life into an otherwise average play.\" Finch's performance earned him the Macquarie Award for Best Starring Male Actor of the year. There was another version in 1953. References External links 1939 Radio Adaptation at AustLit 1934 plays British plays 1939 Australian radio dramas 1941 Australian radio dramas 1953 Australian radio dramas 1946 Australian radio dramas Radio plays by Max Afford","title":"The Laughing Woman (play)"},{"docid":"13455876","text":"Andrew Wise (fl. 1589 – 1603), or Wyse or Wythes, was a London publisher of the Elizabethan era who issued first editions of five Shakespearean plays. \"No other London stationer invested in Shakespeare as assiduously as Wise did, at least while Shakespeare was still alive.\" Andrew Wise was the son of a Yorkshire yeoman; as \"Wythes,\" he served an eight-year apprenticeship under Henry Smith and Thomas Bradshaw starting in 1581, and became a \"freeman\" (a full member) of the Stationers Company on 26 May 1589. He ran his own business in London from about 1593 to 1603; his shop was at the sign of the Angel in St. Paul's Churchyard. Wise published editions of the following five Shakespearean plays: He entered Richard II into the Stationers' Register on 20 August 1597, and published the first quarto of the play before the end of the year. The second and third quartos both followed in 1598. All three volumes were printed by Valentine Simmes. Richard III was entered into the Stationers' Register on 20 October 1597; the first quarto appeared later that year. Wise published the second quarto of R3 in 1598, and the third in 1602. Valentine Simmes printed signatures A-G of the first quarto, with H-M coming from Peter Short's print shop. The other two books were printed by Thomas Creede. Henry IV, Part 1 was registered on 25 February 1598 (new style), and published later that year, printed by Valentine Simmes and Peter Short. Q2 followed in 1599, with printing by Simon Stafford. Henry IV, Part 2 was registered on 23 August 1600; the sole quarto edition of the era was published that same year. In this case, Wise worked in partnership with colleague William Aspley; the printing was done once again by Valentine Simmes. Much Ado About Nothing was also registered on 23 August 1600, and published that year by Wise and Aspley, with printing by Simmes. In one view, \"Andrew Wise...struck gold three times in a row in 1597–8 by picking what would become the three best-selling Shakespearean quartos as the first three plays of his brief career.\" In addition to Shakespeare's plays, Wise published a range of other contemporary works, including Thomas Nashe's Christ's Tears Over Jerusalem (1593), and Thomas Campion's Observations in the Art of English Poesy (1602). As was typical of publishers of his era, he published religious and homiletic works, like The Pathway to Perfection and The Mean of Mourning (both 1596) by Thomas Playfair – though he appears to have operated a rather small-scale business, in comparison with other stationers of his generation. On 25 June 1603, Andrew Wise transferred his copyrights to R2, R3, and 1H4 to fellow stationer Matthew Law, who issued subsequent quartos of all three plays. Thereafter Wise \"is not heard of again.\" References Publishers (people) from London 16th-century English businesspeople","title":"Andrew Wise"},{"docid":"8932417","text":"David Henry Wilson (born 1937, in London) is an English writer. As an author he is best known for his children's stories such as the Jeremy James series. Wilson has also had a number of plays produced in the United Kingdom, both for children and adults. He is also the author of The Coachman Rat (1989), a satirical novel based on the Cinderella story. Biography Wilson was educated at Dulwich College and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He has lived in France, Ghana, Germany and Switzerland, and for many years was a lecturer at the universities of Bristol and Konstanz (where he founded and ran the university theatre). Wilson has had many books published in the United Kingdom. A number of these have also been translated into other languages. He also translates many works from French and German, ranging from children's books by Kirsten Boie to travel guides by Peter Sager, art history by Werner Hofmann, and literary theory by Wolfgang Iser. He is also a prolific playwright, writing both short and full-length works. A common theme appears to be sequels to works by Shakespeare. Personal life Wilson is widowed and has three grown-up children; he now lives in Taunton, Somerset. He is a fan of cricket and classical music and also enjoys rugby. His youngest child, J.J. Amaworo Wilson is an American-based author whose magical realist novel Damnificados is an award winner. Selected works for children The Jeremy James series, comprising: Elephants Don’t Sit on Cars (1978) Never Say Moo to a Bull, formerly Getting Rich With Jeremy James (1979) How the Lion Lost his Lunch, formerly Beside the Sea with Jeremy James (1980) Can a Spider Learn to Fly?, formerly How to Stop a Train with One Finger (1983) Do Goldfish Play the Violin? (1985) Please Keep Off the Dinosaur (1993) Do Gerbils Go to Heaven? (1996) Never Steal Wheels from a Dog (2001) These have been combined by Macmillan Children's Books into three volumes: Triple Trouble with Jeremy James Causing Chaos with Jeremy James Making Mischief with Jeremy James The Fastest Gun Alive The Superdog series - Superdog, Superdog the Hero, Superdog in Trouble Gander of the Yard, Gideon Gander Solves the World's Greatest Mysteries The Coachman Rat, a novel (Carroll & Graf, 1989) The Castle of Inside Out (Alma Books, 1997) Selected plays We’re Looking for Mary Pickford. Two ancient children rebel against their mother. Jones v Jones. The disintegration of a marriage. Who Cares? A farcical tragedy, in which two pensioners prepare to donate their meagre savings to charity People in Cages. Are You Normal, Mr Norman? & other short plays, including the title play, in which Mr Norman visits a demon dentist The Death Artist. Gas and Candles The Make-Up Artist (1973), one-act play employing extensive quotation from Shakespeare. Selected Shakespearian themed plays Shylock's Revenge, a full-length sequel to The Merchant of Venice (Shakespearian–sized cast, first produced at University of Hamburg). Iago, The Villain of Venice, a full-length sequel to Othello (another large cast). Excellent Beauty","title":"David Henry Wilson"},{"docid":"1640791","text":"The Guinness Book of Records lists 410 feature-length film and TV versions of William Shakespeares plays, making Shakespeare the most filmed author ever in any language. , the Internet Movie Database lists Shakespeare as having writing credit on 1,800 films, including those under production but not yet released. The earliest known production is King John from 1899. Comedies All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing The Taming of the Shrew Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Histories Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Henry VIII King John Richard II Richard III Romances Pericles Cymbeline The Winter's Tale The Tempest Other Shakespeare as a character Acting Shakespeare Television series NOTE: \"ShakespeaRe-Told\", \"The Animated Shakespeare\" and \"BBC Television Shakespeare\" series have been covered above, under the respective play performed in each episode. Playing Shakespeare (TV, UK, 1979–1984) began as two consecutive episodes of the UK arts series The South Bank Show, and developed into a nine-part series of its own. It features director John Barton, then a leading light of the Royal Shakespeare Company, putting a host of actors through their paces. Many of those actors are now household names, including Judi Dench, Michael Pennington, Patrick Stewart, Ben Kingsley, David Suchet and Ian McKellen. The episodes were: The South Bank Show: \"Speaking Shakespearean Verse\" The South Bank Show: \"Preparing to Perform Shakespeare\" 1. \"The Two Traditions\" 2. \"Using the Verse\" 3. \"Language and Character\" 4. \"Set Speeches and Soliloquies\" 5. \"Irony and Ambiguity\" 6. \"Passion and Coolness\" 7. \"Rehearsing the Text\" 8. \"Exploring a Character\" 9. \"Poetry and Hidden Poetry\" Three further episodes were filmed but never edited or screened. They were to be called \"Using the Prose\", \"Using the Sonnets\" and \"Contemporary Shakespeare\". Their text can be read in the book \"Playing Shakespeare\" by John Barton. The Shakespeare Sessions (USA 2003): An American spin-off from Playing Shakespeare (above) in which John Barton directs notable American actors in Shakespeare scenes. Conjuring Shakespeare (TV, UK, 199?): A series of half-hour documentaries hosted by Fiona Shaw, each episode dealing with scenes from a particular play. In Search of Shakespeare (TV, UK, 2003): A BBC documentary series of four 1-hour episodes, chronicling the life of William Shakespeare, written and presented by Michael Wood. Slings & Arrows (TV, Canada, 2003–2006): A Canadian comedy drama set in the New Burbage Shakespeare Festival, a fictional Shakespearean festival in a small town in Canada comparable to the real-life Stratford Shakespeare Festival. With its entire run written by Susan Coyne, Bob Martin and Mark McKinney, directed by Peter Wellington, and starring Paul Gross, Martha Burns and Stephen Ouimette, it aired in","title":"List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations"},{"docid":"7650705","text":"Frank Muller (May 5, 1951 – June 4, 2008) was a stage and television actor, but was most famous as an audiobook narrator. Early life Muller was born in the Netherlands, the eldest of five children. His family immigrated to the United States when he was five. Career Muller was a classically trained actor who began his career working on stage and doing commercials. He spent many years on the New York stage, where he became a company member of the Riverside Shakespeare Company, for which he played the title role in King Henry V, Edmund the Bastard in The History of King Lear, and the title role in Cyrano de Bergerac, as well as performing with the Roundabout Theater Company and the New York Shakespeare Festival among others. He also played supporting roles on television in shows like Law & Order, Life Goes On, Harry and the Hendersons, and All My Children. It is as an audiobook narrator, however, that he was most famous. In 1979, Henry Trentman founded Recorded Books and hired Muller as its first narrator to record its first book, The Sea Wolf by Jack London. The company began by publishing audiobook recordings of public domain works such as Call of the Wild and A Tale of Two Cities but later expanded into copyrighted works as audiobooks began to grow in popularity. Muller soon became the narrator of choice for such authors as Stephen King, John le Carré, John Grisham, Elmore Leonard and many others. Muller won the 2002 and 2003 Audie Award for Best Male Narrator for his readings of Clive Barker's Coldheart Canyon and Elmore Leonard's Tishomingo Blues, respectively. Motorcycle accident On November 5, 2001, Muller was about to leave on a week-long motorcycle trip with a close relative when his wife Erika surprised him with the news that she was expecting their second child. After celebrating, Muller left on the trip. Two hours into the trip, he lost control of his motorcycle on the freeway when he accidentally clipped a construction barrel and was sent skidding into a median barrier at about . Muller was thrown from the bike landing on his head on the concrete. He sustained multiple fractures, lacerations, and abrasions, and was taken to Antelope Valley Hospital Medical Center in Lancaster, California, and went into cardiac arrest three times. He also suffered severe head trauma, which was subsequently diagnosed as diffuse axonal injury. Muller remained hospitalized for six and a half years and died on June 4, 2008, at Duke University Hospital in Durham, North Carolina. In 2002, Stephen King, who had also experienced a life-threatening auto accident, organized a benefit for Muller with Pat Conroy, John Grisham, and Peter Straub. King went on to help found The Wavedancer Foundation, an organization dedicated to helping \"mid-list writers, audio readers, and freelancers in the book and publishing industry.\" Personal life Muller was married to Erika Muller and had two children. In 2003, the Mullers moved to a house outside Raleigh, North","title":"Frank Muller"},{"docid":"13301746","text":"Peter Short (died 1603) was an English printer based in London in the later Elizabethan era. He printed several first editions and early texts of Shakespeare's works. Career Short became a \"freeman\" (full member) of the Stationers Company on 1 March 1589, and operated his own business from that year until his death; he was partnered with Richard Yardley until 1593. His shop was at the sign of the star on Bread Street Hill. About a third of his titles involved translations from Latin or contemporary European languages. Short began publishing music in 1597; he issued Thomas Morley's A Plaine and Easy Introduction and both Canzonets, Dowland's First Book of Songs, Holborne's Cittharn School, and Hunnis's Seven Sobs. Short used type which was passed on and used by his successors (Humphrey Lownes, James Young). In an era when the functions of publisher and printer were often largely (though not entirely) separate, Short was primarily a printer and only secondarily a publisher; he printed just over 170 works in his career, and the publishers of about 100 are known. Short likely published a good portion of the others himself. Works Apart from Shakespeare's works, Short's most important printing tasks were: the famous 1600 first edition of William Gilbert's De Magnete; the 1601 edition of the Annals of John Stow; and the completion of the fifth edition (1597) of the Acts and Monuments, or Book of Martyrs of John Foxe. He also printed the first edition (1600) of Marlowe's translation of Lucan's Pharsalia for Thomas Thorpe. In music publishing, Short was responsible for printing John Dowland's First Booke of Songes or Ayres, the most successful music anthologyy of the era, as well as Thomas Morley's important theoretical treatise A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Musicke, both printed in 1597 Regarding Shakespeare, Short printed: The first quarto of Henry VI, Part 3 (1595), for publisher Thomas Millington. This was the \"bad quarto,\" the early alternative text of Shakespeare's play known as The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York. The first quarto of Henry IV, Part 1 (1598), for Andrew Wise. The second edition of The Rape of Lucrece (1598), for John Harrison. This was the first edition of that poem in octavo rather than quarto format (O1). The fifth edition of Venus and Adonis (1599), for William Leake; the third octavo edition (O3). For Cuthbert Burby, Short printed Palladis Tamia (1598) by Francis Meres, a book that contains an important early reference to Shakespeare and a list of his plays performed up to 1598. Short printed a few non-Shakespearean play texts as well: For Burby, Short printed Q1 and Q2 of The Taming of a Shrew (1594, 1596), the early alternative version of Shakespeare's The Shrew. For William Ponsonby, he printed the closet drama Antony (1595), translated from the French of Robert Garnier by the Countess of Pembroke. For Simon Waterson, he printed the third, 1598 edition of Samuel Daniel's Cleopatra. And for William Holme, Short printed one of the three editions","title":"Peter Short (printer)"},{"docid":"249596","text":"Henry Eric Beissel (born 12 April 1929 Cologne) is a writer and editor who has published 24 volumes of poetry, six books of plays, a non-fiction book on Canada, two anthologies of plays intended for use in high schools, and numerous essays and pieces of short fiction. Biography Henry Beissel was born in Cologne, Germany, and survived the second World war as a youth. He came to Canada in 1951. He first came to national attention with the controversial literary/political journal Edge (Edmonton 1963 – Montreal 1969). Beissel's internationally successful Inuk and the Sun (\"a mythic masterpiece\", Sherrill Grace) premiered at the Stratford Festival of Canada in 1973. This was followed by a U.S. premiere in 1977 at The Other Theatre in Chicago's Bernard Horwich Jewish Community Center with a musical score by Douglas L. Lieberman. The Other Theatre also commissioned Under Coyote's Eye and performed it at the Field Museum of Natural History. Beissel's work has been translated into many languages. Beissel had a long teaching career in English literature, and later in creative writing, which started as a teaching fellow at the University of Toronto. He taught at the University of Munich (1960–62), the University of Alberta (1962–64) and Concordia University (Montreal) (1966–96), from which he retired as distinguished emeritus professor of English. He lives with his wife, Arlette Francière, in Ottawa. Awards Beissel has received several awards. The first was the Norma Epstein Award for Creative Writing in 1958 at University of Toronto, and the last was the Walter-Bauer Literaturpreis, Merseburg (Germany), 1994. Selected bibliography New Wings for Icarus. Toronto: Coach House, 1966. A Different Sun (poems by Walter Bauer translated from the German). Ottawa: Oberon, 1976. Inuk and the Sun. Toronto: Gage, 1980. Under Coyote's Eye. Dunvegan, Ontario: Quadrant, 1980. Improvisations for Mr. X & the Noose. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant, 1989. Kanada. Romantik und Wirklichkeit (with photographs by Janis Kraulis). Innsbruck: Pinguin Verlag, 1981. Cantos North. Moonbeam, Ontario: Penumbra, 1982. Season of Blood. Toronto: Mosaic, 1984. A Thistle In His Mouth (poems by Peter Huchel translated from the German). Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant Books, 1987. The Noose & Improvisations for Mister X. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant, 1989. Dying I was Born. Waterloo, Ontario: Penumbra, 1992. Stones to Harvest. Gooderich, Ontario: Moonstone, 1993. Across the Sun's Warp. Ottawa: BuschekBooks, 2003. Plays The Curve, University of Alberta, 1963 A Trumpet For Nap, Little Angel Theatre, London, England. 1970 Are You Afraid of Thieves?, Universite du Quebec, 1973, La Troupe Brin'si Inook And The Sun, The Stratford Festival, Canada, 1973 For Crying Out Loud, Char-Lan Theatre Workshop, Williamstown, Ontario. 1975 Goya, Montreal Theatre Lab, 1976 Under Coyote's Eye, Other Theatre, Chicago, 1978 The Emigrants, Saidye Bronfman Centre, Montreal. 1981 Hedda Gabler, Saidye Bronfman Centre, Montreal. 1982 (translation) The Noose, University of Winnipeg, 1985The Glass Mountain'', University of Winnipeg, Manitoba. 1990 References External links Settlement and Survival: Henry Beissel's 'Cantos North' Henry Beissel's website Peace Networking with Professor Beissel by Koozma J. Tarasoff, Spirit-Wrestlers Blog, 17 March 2018. 1929 births 20th-century Canadian","title":"Henry Beissel"},{"docid":"15622473","text":"Henry IV of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times. Literature Almost two hundred years after his death, Henry became the subject of two plays by William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2, as well as featuring prominently in Richard II. As the Earl of Derby, Henry is a character in Gordon Daviot's 1932 play Richard of Bordeaux. Henry appears in a historical novel by Henry Newbolt, The New June (1909). Ellis Peters's novel A Bloody Field by Shrewsbury (1972, US title The Bloody Field) revolves around the relationship between Henry, Prince Hal and Hotspur. Also in 1972, Martha Rofheart wrote a novel featuring Henry IV, Fortune Made His Sword (UK title Cry God For Harry). Henry is a supporting character in Georgette Heyer's 1975 historical novel My Lord John, which details the early life of his son, John of Lancaster. Anya Seton included Henry in her 1954 novel Katherine which depicted the relationship between Henry's father John of Gaunt and his eventual step-mother Katherine Swynford. Henry is a main character in Sara Douglass's The Crucible Trilogy, a work of historical fiction. Henry is the king in Howard Pyle's fictional Men of Iron. The protagonist's father's loyalty to Richard II is the reason that the family is in hiding for most of the book. Film Henry has been portrayed on screen by: Ian Keith in The Black Shield of Falworth (1954), with Tony Curtis John Gielgud in Chimes at Midnight (1965), a merger of several Shakespeare plays Carl Wharton in Henry IV - Part 2 (2012), a film by The Co-operative British Youth Film Academy. Ben Mendelsohn in The King (2019), a film by Netflix Television Henry has been portrayed a number of times on television, mainly in versions of Shakespeare's plays. In this context he has been played by: Clement McCallin in a BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1950) Kent Smith in an American version of Richard II (1954) Tom Fleming in the BBC series An Age of Kings (1960), which contained all the history plays from Richard II to Richard III Erik Hell in Henrik IV (1964), a Swedish version of Henry IV Hartmut Reck in König Richard II (1968), a West German version of Richard II Timothy West in another BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1970) Sándor Lukács in II. Richárd (1976), a Hungarian version of Richard II Jon Finch in the BBC Shakespeare version of King Richard the Second (1978) and both parts of Henry IV (1979) Michael Cronin in the BBC series The Wars of the Roses (1989), which included all of Shakespeare's history plays performed by the English Shakespeare Company Nikolai Lavrov in Richard Vtoroi (1992), a Russian version of Richard II Ronald Pickup in a BBC film, Henry IV (1995), a version of Henry IV, Part 1 Richard Bremmer in a British TV film, Richard II (1997) Veit Schubert in another German version of Richard II (2001)","title":"Cultural depictions of Henry IV of England"},{"docid":"41612828","text":"Next is a short film created by Aardman Animations. Its full title is \"Next: The Infinite Variety Show\". Plot William Shakespeare auditions for an undetermined role in front of a bored Peter Hall with references to his play in under five minutes. Plays Present \"Henry V\" \"Julius Caesar\" \"Antony and Cleopatra\" \"Coriolanus\" \"Henry VIII\" \"Romeo & Juliet\" \"Henry IV\" \"Richard II\" \"Henry VI\" \"Richard III\" \"Troilus & Cressida\" \"A Midsummer Night’s Dream\" \"Hamlet\" \"Othello\" \"Titus Andronicus\" \"Timon of Athens\" \"The Tempest\" \"As You Like It\" \"Macbeth\" \"Alls Well Ends Well\" \"The Taming Of The Shrew\" \"Much Ado About Nothing\" \"The Merry Wives Of Windsor\" \"The Merchant Of Venice\" \"King John\" \"Pericles, Prince Of Tyre\" \"King Lear\" \"Love’s Labour’s Lost\" \"Twelfth Night\" \"Two Gentlemen Of Verona\" \"A Winter’s Tale\" \"Measure For Measure\" \"Cymbeline\" (\"The Two Noble Kinsmen\" is Missing) Cast Barry Purves - Will, a poor player (animation) Roger Rees - Peter, a Producer (voice) Production The film was commissioned by Channel 4 as part of a 5-part series of Aardman animations called \"Lip Synch\": Creature Comforts (1989), Going Equipped (1990), Ident (1990), Next (1990) and War Story (1989). Peter was voiced by Roger Rees and is reading one of Hall's books. The halo indicates that he represents Saint Peter, and that Shakespeare is auditioning to get into Heaven. The film references all of 37 Shakespeare plays. A clip of this short was shown in the 2003 documentary Animated Century. Critical reception On imdb, Next received a rating of 7.3/10 from 188 users. References External links Next on IMDB Excerpt on Vimeo Next on YouTube 1990 animated short films Films based on works by William Shakespeare 1990 films British animated short films 1990s English-language films 1990s British films Aardman Animations short films","title":"Next (1990 film)"},{"docid":"36807094","text":"Horrid Henry: Tricking the Tooth Fairy, published from 2000 to 2019 as Horrid Henry Tricks The Tooth Fairy, is the third book of the Horrid Henry series. It was first published in 1996 as Horrid Henry and the Tooth Fairy and was written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. Plot Horrid Henry Tricks The Tooth Fairy Everyone in Horrid Henry's class had lost at least one tooth - that is except Henry himself. Just today, his younger brother, Perfect Peter had lost a tooth. So, Henry decides to eat as many sweets as he can from his sweet jar, although it is two days before \"Sweet Day\" when he is allowed to eat sweets. Henry's \"hard work\" comes to a waste when none of his teeth feel wobbly and worse, his mouth, gums and stomach hurt. Then, he gets a \"brilliant\" idea. He decides to trick the tooth fairy. So on that night, Henry silently creeps into Peter's room and steals the tooth Peter placed under his pillow but bumps into his mother and manages to escape. The next morning, Henry doesn't find a coin from the tooth fairy but Peter finds a pound coin from the fairy. Henry asks his mother how the tooth fairy knows whose pillow to put money and she says that she looks at the gap between the child's teeth. Henry realizes his mistake and places a piece of black paper over his mouth. At night, when he sleeps, he ties his finger to a fake vampire tooth (a substitute for the real one) to make sure that when the tooth fairy comes and takes his tooth, he gets woken up. The next morning, Henry receives a fake 50p coin and a letter from the tooth fairy, mocking him for his trick. Henry's mother calls him down and scolds him for eating all the sweets and tells him to eat apples instead. Henry takes an apple and bites on it. To his horror, the bite had made him lose a tooth and he had swallowed it! Horrid Henry's Wedding Horrid Henry's cousin, Prissy Polly, is marrying Pimply Paul. Henry has been chosen to be a pageboy, along with Perfect Peter, his brother. First, Henry's family has trouble with Henry's pageboy clothes as they are too \"tight\". Second, they have trouble with Henry going to the wedding and they drag him into the car to go. Worse still, they are caught in the middle of a thunderstorm. They arrive at the wedding later than everybody. While the priest says all the holy blessings and promises, Henry pretends he is a famous chef who is tossing pancakes, only that he is tossing the wedding rings. When the rings (which Henry lost) are needed, Henry gives them a toy pirate ring. Afterwards, when everyone takes photos, Henry jumps in at the last moment and makes horrible faces. A while later, during the reception, while everyone is eating their lunch, Henry secretly eats the wedding cake but","title":"Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy"},{"docid":"36637188","text":"Horrid Henry is the first book of the Horrid Henry series. It was published in 1994 and written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. The book is a collection of short stories about the same characters, along the lines of the Just William books. Plot Horrid Henry's Perfect Day Horrid Henry is a young boy who loves doing unimaginable horrible things. He throws food, he snatches things, he pushes, shoves and pinches. He has a younger brother called Perfect Peter, an extremely perfect boy who does uncountable good deeds. Peter always says \"Please\" and \"Thank You\", he loves vegetables and refuses cake and he never ever picks his nose. One day, Horrid Henry wonders what would happen if he were perfect?! So − the next day, Henry doesn't wake Peter up by splashing water on his head as usual, and Peter and his parents wake up late. Due to this, Henry and Peter are late for a class. Back at home, Henry doesn't bully Peter, instead, he reads a book about super-mice. At dinner time, Henry helps lay the table and ignores Peter's whining that he always lays the table. When the family eat spaghetti and meatballs, Henry does not kick Peter or slurp his food or leave behind his vegetables. Peter wants Henry to become horrid again and tries many ways to get Henry to hit him but Henry is resilient. When Henry's Mum gives Henry some fudge cake and a kiss for being so good, Peter can't stand it any longer and flings his plate at Henry but hits Mum. Mum screams at Peter to go to his room and when Henry laughs, she sends him to his room too. The story ends with Henry being surprised that being perfect was so much fun. Horrid Henry's Dance Class Henry and Peter have to go to the school's dance class taught by Miss Impatience Tutu, a very impatient woman who claims she is patient that Henry hates. The class has to play a concert and everyone is practicing for it. Impatience Tutu makes Henry sit behind a false bush for being horrid at her class so he won't embarrass everyone at the concert. When its time for the concert, Henry decides to make his part bigger and by doing so, makes Impatience Tutu stop the concert this story then ends with Henry being happy to finally go for karate. Horrid Henry & Moody Margaret Horrid Henry has an archenemy, and that is Moody Margaret. Margaret lives next door to Henry, is in Henry's class and owns all the things that Henry's goody-goody parents don't let him have. This is the only reason that Henry plays with Margaret. The two of them are playing pirates and squabbling over who is going to be Captain Hook and Peter is begging to not be the prisoner. When Margaret reluctantly hands over her Captain Hook role to Henry and takes his role as Mr. Smee and Henry orders her and Peter","title":"Horrid Henry (book)"},{"docid":"62864913","text":"Robert Muller (1 September 1925 – 27 May 1998) was a German-born British journalist and screenwriter, who mainly worked in television. Since his father was Jewish, he emigrated to Britain in 1938 as a thirteen-year-old refugee from Nazi Germany. Selected works Film Woman of Straw (1964) The Beauty Jungle (1964) I'm an Elephant, Madame (1969) The Roaring Fifties (1983) Television London Playhouse: \"Jane Clegg\" (dir. Peter Cotes, 1956) Armchair Theatre: \"The Night Conspirators\" (Philip Saville, 1962) Armchair Theatre: \"Afternoon of a Nymph\" (1962) Armchair Theatre: \"Thank You and Goodnight\" (1962) Armchair Theatre: \"The Paradise Suite\" (1963) Playdate: \"The Night Conspirators\" (1963) Armchair Theatre: \"Pleasure Is Where She Finds It\" (Charles Jarrott, 1964) Story Parade: \"The World That Summer\" (Peter Sasdy, 1965) Armchair Mystery Theatre: \"Man and Mirror\" (Patrick Dromgoole, 1965) Armchair Theatre: \"A Cold Peace\" (Don Leaver, 1965) Mystery and Imagination: \"The Body Snatcher\" (Toby Robertson, 1966) ( and , 1966, TV miniseries) — based on a non-fiction book by The Wednesday Play: \"The Executioner\" (Michael Hayes, 1966) Die Unberatenen (Peter Zadek, 1966) — based on a novel by Out of the Unknown: \"The Prophet\" (Naomi Capon, 1967) — based on \"Reason\" by Isaac Asimov Armchair Theatre: \"Easier in the Dark\" (Don Leaver, 1967) Armchair Theatre: \"A World of Time\" (Don Leaver, 1967) Theatre 625: \"Henry IV\" (Michael Hayes, 1967) — based on Luigi Pirandello's Henry IV Haunted: \"After the Funeral\" (Don Leaver, 1967) The Wednesday Play: \"Death of a Private\" (James Ferman, 1967) — loosely based on Woyzeck Man in a Suitcase: \"The Bridge\" (Pat Jackson, 1967) Armchair Theatre: \"You and Me\" (Kim Mills, 1968) Nana (John Davies, 1968, TV miniseries) Mystery and Imagination: \"Frankenstein\" (Voytek, 1968) Out of the Unknown: \"Beach Head\" (James Cellan Jones, 1969) — based on a story by Clifford D. Simak Out of the Unknown: \"The Naked Sun\" (Rudolph Cartier, 1969) Mystery and Imagination: \"The Suicide Club\" (Mike Vardy, 1970) Take Three Girls (1971, TV series, 4 episodes) Bel Ami (John Davies, 1971, TV miniseries) — based on Guy de Maupassant's Bel-Ami Die Sonne angreifen (Peter Lilienthal, 1971) — based on a novel by Witold Gombrowicz Public Eye: \"Shades of White\" (Piers Haggard, 1971) Man of Straw (Herbert Wise, 1972, TV miniseries) — based on Der Untertan by Heinrich Mann Van der Valk und das Mädchen (Peter Zadek, 1972) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling The Song of Songs (Peter Wood, 1973, TV miniseries) (Wolfgang Petersen, 1973) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling Colditz: \"Chameleon\" (Philip Dudley, 1974) Fall of Eagles: \"Indian Summer of an Emperor\" (Donald McWhinnie, 1974) Omnibus: \"The Need for Nightmare\" (Harley Cokeliss, 1974) Churchill's People: \"The Lost Island\" (Philip Saville, 1975) — based on A History of the English-Speaking Peoples A Legacy (Derek Martinus, 1975, TV miniseries) Private Affairs: \"A Dream of Living\" (Philip Saville, 1975) Van der Valk und die Toten (, 1975) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling Ten from the Twenties: \"Motherlove\" (Mark Cullingham, 1975) — based on a story by","title":"Robert Muller (screenwriter)"},{"docid":"68354853","text":"William Henry Ellis is an English actor, voice artist and podcaster known for Great Expectations, Dragon Quest Swords, Queen of the Desert, Parade's End, The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler and EastEnders Early life and education Ellis is a British actor the son of Chris and Becky Ellis. He has two siblings, Adam Ellis and Laura Martin. Ellis trained at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). Career Theatre After graduating from LAMDA in 2005, Ellis starred in British-Asian writer Shan Khan's play Prayer Room at Birmingham Repertory Theatre directed by Angus Jackson. Ellis played 'Griffin', the self-righteous Christian group leader and Charles Spencer in The Daily Telegraph wrote 'William Ellis memorably nails the condescending certainty of charismatic Christianity'. Ellis then went on to play Benvolio in the Nuffield Theatre production of Romeo and Juliet that toured Barbados as part of Holder's Season in 2006. In 2007 he worked with the director Peter Gill at The Royal National Theatre on his production of The Voysey Inheritance. After a UK Tour playing Simon Bliss in Peter Hall's production of Hay Fever in 2008, he returned to work with Peter Gill again, as Algernon Moncreiff for his production of The Importance of Being Earnest. The play was performed at Vaudeville Theatre in London's West End. The play received a positive reception and Ellis's performance was described by The Hollywood Reporter as '...having flair'. Following The Importance of Being Earnest he has appeared as Sam Leadbitter in Theatre Royal, Bath's production of This Happy Breed and also played Prince Charming in Lyric Theatre's Cinderella. In 2015 Ellis starred alongside Olivia Poulet, playing 'Uncle Peck' in Paula Vogel's play How I Learned to Drive at Southwark Playhouse. Ellis's performance as the predatory uncle was described positively by The Evening Standard reviewer Henry Hitchings: 'William Ellis captures the discreet, almost courtly manner in which Peck wields his needy brand of destructiveness'. In 2019, Ellis starred in Frederick Knott's Dial M for Murder, playing the murdering ex-tennis player Tony Wendice at the New Vic Theatre. The play received positive reviews. Film and television Ellis began acting on screen in 2006 with small parts and in 2009 he portrayed Wiktor in The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler. In 2012 he took on the part of Compeyson in Mike Newell's Great Expectations and in 2015, he played The Earl of Chester in Queen of the Desert, directed by Werner Herzog. Further significant credits have included, Parade's End, Father Brown, 24: Live Another Day and The Crown. In 2023 he joined the cast of the BBC soap opera EastEnders, playing Theo Hawthorne, the former teacher of Freddie Slater (Bobby Brazier). A part that Ellis was nominated for \"Best Villain\" at the Inside Soap Awards 2023. Voice over Ellis has voiced a number of British commercials and was the voice of Toyota for their 2012 Paris Motor Show event: Stories of Better. In 2020 he narrated two self-help books for the life-coach and author Vernon Sankey, The Stairway to","title":"William Ellis (actor)"},{"docid":"41448342","text":"The 12th-century ruler Empress Matilda has been depicted in various cultural media. Theatre, film and television Matilda is a character in Henry I of England, a play by Beth Flintoff, which was first performed in November 2016 at St James's Church, Reading. The drama follows the story of the three sons of William the Conqueror and ends with the early reign of her father Henry, including the time when Matilda became Empress by marrying Henry V of Germany. The narrative continues in Flintoff's play Matilda the Empress, first performed in 2017 at the same venue with Dani McCallum taking the lead part. It depicts Matilda's later life and The Anarchy period after Henry I's death when she and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. In the concluding part of Flintoff's trilogy, Henry II, which was first performed in October 2018 at Reading's Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin, Matilda is depicted attending the dedication of Reading Abbey over the Easter weekend of 1164. Matilda is also a character in Jean Anouilh's play Becket. In the 1964 film adaptation, she was portrayed by Martita Hunt. Alison Pill portrayed Matilda in the 2010 TV miniseries The Pillars of the Earth, an adaptation of Follett's novel. She was played by Brenda Bruce in the 1978 BBC TV series The Devil's Crown, which dramatised the reigns of her son and grandsons. Historical fiction Novels dealing with the civil war between Matilda and Stephen include: A Legend of Reading Abbey (1845) by Charles Macfarlane. The Fool by H. C. Bailey (1927), deals with Matilda's relationship with her son, Henry II. The Empress (1932) by Carola Oman Cecelia Holland, The Earl (1971) Graham Shelby, The Villains of the Piece (1972) (published in the US as The Oath and the Sword) E. L. Konigsburg, A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver (1973) Jean Plaidy, The Passionate Enemies, the third book of her Norman Trilogy (1976) The Brother Cadfael series by Ellis Peters (beginning in 1977 with A Morbid Taste for Bones) and the TV series made from them starring Sir Derek Jacobi. In these books Empress Matilda is referred to by her vernacular name, Empress Maud. Roberta Gellis, The Sword and the Swan (1977). Ken Follett, The Pillars of the Earth (1989) Ellen Jones, The Fatal Crown (1991) Sharon Penman, When Christ and His Saints Slept tells the story of the events before, during and after the civil war (1995) Haley Elizabeth Garwood, The Forgotten Queen (1997) Elizabeth Chadwick, Lady of the English (2012) Amy Mantravadi, The Girl Empress (2017), part of a series of novels telling Matilda's life story Gemma Lawrence, The Heirs of Anarchy (2020-2022), four book series See also Cultural depictions of Henry I of England Cultural depictions of Henry II of England Cultural depictions of Adelaide of Italy Cultural depictions of Theophanu Cultural depictions of Gisela of Swabia References Cultural depictions of Holy Roman Empresses Salian dynasty","title":"Cultural depictions of Empress Matilda"},{"docid":"19858793","text":"The Snow Leopard is a 1978 book by Peter Matthiessen. It is an account of his two-month search for the snow leopard with naturalist George Schaller in the Dolpo region on the Tibetan Plateau in the Himalaya. Content The book recounts the journey of Matthiessen and Schaller in 1973 to Shey Gompa in the inner Dolpo region of Nepal. Schaller's original objective was to compare the mating habits of the Himalayan blue sheep (the bharal) with those of the common sheep of the USA, while for Matthiessen the trip was more of a spiritual exploration. Another aim was to spot the snow leopard, a predator on the bharal and a creature that was seldom seen (it had been glimpsed only twice by Westerners in the previous twenty five years). A third part of the plan was to visit the Crystal Monastery and its Buddhist lama. The travel aspect of the work is in the tradition of writing by Sir Richard Burton, Sir Henry Morton Stanley, and Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton. The nature writing aspect brings echoes of the work of Alexander von Humboldt or Charles Darwin. It also involves a meditation upon inner peace, however, as well as external exploration, in a way that is reminiscent of Basho, Wordsworth or Thoreau. For example, towards the end of the book Matthiessen sits on some rocks and observes \"These hard rocks instruct my bones in what my brain could never grasp in the Heart Sutra, that 'form is emptiness and emptiness is form'—the Void, the emptiness of blue-black space, contained in everything.\" Matthiessen frequently digresses to remember his wife Deborah Love who had died of cancer prior to the adventure. The book is, therefore, also a meditation upon death, suffering, loss, memory and healing. The memories of Deborah operate with a number of other recursive stylistic traits that play against the linear, outward progress of the journey logged through maps and dates. Questions of absence and presence play in tandem with the wider question of gaining peace through an acceptance of how the world is rather than desiring phenomena to arise that do not exist. Awards and acclaim The Snow Leopard won the 1979 National Book Award in the category Contemporary Thought and the 1980 National Book Award for Nonfiction (paperback). It has garnered more critical acclaim since then. It has been included in several lists of best travel books including World Hum's ten most celebrated books, Washington Post Book World's Travel Books That Will Take You Far, and National Geographic Traveler's Around the World in 80+ Books. References External links Review published in the NY Times on November 26, 1978 Review by Amanda Fox in Salon's Wanderlust The Snow Leopard - A Pictorial Companion Book documenting PM's trip to Upper Dolpo in pictures American travel books National Book Award for Nonfiction winning works 1978 non-fiction books Books about the Himalayas Viking Press books Non-fiction books about cats Nepalese non-fiction books Snow leopards in popular culture","title":"The Snow Leopard"},{"docid":"4405364","text":"Roy McKie (usually spelled McKié; October 8, 1921 – January 8, 2015) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books, most notably under the Beginner Books imprint. He illustrated many books penned by Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss) under the pen name Theo. LeSieg (\"Geisel\" spelled backwards). Books illustrated by McKie (books he wrote himself are marked with *) include: The Big Orange Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 2015 (with Dr. Seuss, Scott Nash and Michael Frith) (his final work after his death) The Big Purple Book of Beginner Books by Helen Palmer, P.D. and Peter Eastman and Michael Frith - 2012 (with P.D. and Peter Eastman) Skiing by Henry Beard – 2002 Sailing by Henry Beard – 2001 – dictionary of funny sailing terms Computing by Henry Beard – 1999 The Big Green Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 1997 (with Quentin Blake, B. Tobey, George Booth, Michael J. Smollin and James Stevenson) A Big Ball of String by Marion Holland – 1993 (35th anniversary edition) A Dictionary of Silly Words About Growing Up by Henry Beard — 1988 Golfing by Henry Beard – 1987 dictionary of funny golfing terms Cooking by Henry Beard – 1985 dictionary of funny cooking terms Noah's Ark - 1984 Fishing by Henry Beard – 1983 dictionary of funny fishing terms Ship's Log by Henry Beard – 1983 dictionary of funny nautical terms Gardening, A Gardeners Dictionary By Henry Beard – 1982 – dictionary of funny gardening terms. The Tooth Book by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1981 (the 2000 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) The Joke Book* – 1979 The Hair Book by Graham Tether – 1979 (in 2019, the 40th anniversary edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Andrew Joyner) Dog* – 1978 The Riddle Book* – 1978 Roy McKie's Zodiac Book* – 1977 Would You Rather Be a Bullfrog? by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1975 The Many Mice of Mr. Brice by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) - 1973 (the 1989 edition replaces this title with new ones called The Pop-Up Mice of Mr. Brice, and later in early 2015 and early 2021, the 2015 and 2021 editions replace the pop-up book with new board books) In a People House by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1972 I Can Write a book by ME, Myself with a little help from Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1971 The Nose Book by Al Perkins – 1970 (the 2002 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) My Book About Me by ME, Myself with some little help from my friend Dr. Seuss – 1969 The Eye Book by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1968 (the 1999 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) Bennett Cerf's Book of Animal Riddles by Bennett Cerf – 1964 Summer by Alice Low – 1963 (2001 recolor edition without","title":"Roy McKie"},{"docid":"9222319","text":"Something of Value is a 1957 American drama film directed by Richard Brooks and starring Rock Hudson, Dana Wynter, and Sidney Poitier. The film was reissued under the title Africa Ablaze. The film, based on the book of the same name by Robert Ruark, portrays the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya. It shows the colonial and native African conflict caused by colonialism and differing views on how life should be lived. It stars Rock Hudson as the colonial and Sidney Poitier as the native Kenyan. The two men grew up together but have drifted apart at maturity. Plot In British-ruled Kenya in 1945, members of the Kikuyu tribe work peacefully for considerate white settler Henry McKenzie, abiding by colonial laws, as well as their own religious beliefs, which forbid any violence against the settlers. Both in their early twenties, Henry's son Peter and black worker Kimani are close friends, having been raised together as brothers since the death of Henry's wife. One day, when Kimani asks to use a rifle during a lion hunt, Peter's brother-in-law, Jeff Newton, slaps the black man and reminds him that he cannot have the gun nor can he continue his friendship with Peter. A humiliated Kimani disappears from the camp, but, after being injured when his foot is caught in a trap, is rescued by Peter, who carries him home on his back. Kimani suggests that they must assume the roles of master and serf, but Peter refuses to change their relationship. Back at the black settlement, Kimani's father Karanja orders the murder of one of the tribe's newborns, which was born feet first, a condition the tribe believes to be a curse. After Karanja is arrested and sentenced to jail, Henry argues with the Crown consul that if the whites continue to take away the tribal elders' authority, the tribe children will begin to disrespect their own way of life and, he warns, disrespect the colonial Christian God. When Henry, Peter and Kimani visit the elderly man in jail, Karanja gives Henry his sacred stone. Karanja then encourages Kimani to assume his position as headman at the farm, but Kimani refuses to spend his life working as a white man's slave. One night, moved by moral outrage at the injustices against his father, Kimani attends a secret meeting of the Mau Mau, a group of black men planning an insurrection. He is asked by leader Njogu to prove his fidelity by stealing rifles. After one of the Mau Mau kills a black houseboy during the robbery, Kimani, troubled by their methods of achieving freedom, threatens to leave. Njogu tells Kimani he must remain with them because the police will now connect him to the crime. Years later, in 1952, Peter, who now leads safaris to supplement the farm's dwindling income, welcomes Holly Keith, his betrothed, home after her years of studying abroad. As Kenya becomes increasingly tension-filled, Henry and other white settlers question the workers' wives about the sudden disappearance of many of","title":"Something of Value"},{"docid":"47222872","text":"St Mary and St Peter's Church is an active Anglican parish church in the village of Barham near Ipswich. It contains a Henry Moore statue of Madonna and the Child originally held at St Peter, Claydon. It is in the deanery of Bosmere, part of the archdeaconry of Ipswich, and the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. History A church is recorded as being within the village of Barham in the Domesday Book. Architectural features in the tower of long-and-short work (or quoins), which is typical of Anglo-Saxon architecture, suggests the church dates from Saxon times. It was known as St Mary from at least 1538, when the parishioners included the inhabitants of Barham Green. In 1975, the parish extended to include the village of Claydon, and when St Peter's Church in Claydon was officially made redundant, St Mary was retitled as St Mary and St Peter. Monuments The best-known monument in the church is that of the Henry Moore statue of Madonna and Child originally held at St Peter's Church, Claydon. Crafted as a war memorial in commemoration for those in the village who died in the Second World War it was moved to St Mary after the closure of St Peter. Other monuments and brasswork have been part of the church but were removed or destroyed over the course of its history. In the chancel of the church were monuments to Jon Southwell, grandfather to Thomas Bedingfield as well as a tomb used for the burial of an unnamed inhabitant of the local estate of Shrubland Hall. Current status St Mary and St Peter's Church was listed at Grade I on 9 December 1955. Communion services, using the Book of Common Worship are offered on every Sunday morning at 8am except on the fifth Sunday of a month. On the first Sunday of each month a shorter communion service based on the Book of Common Worship is held at 10am, on the second and fourth Sundays a full communion service is held at 10am. On the third Sunday of each month at 10am a community worship service is held. This service is aimed at a wider age range of the congregation including families with children, adults and those with little or no experience of the Church. The services are often run by community groups or local charitable organisations otherwise unaffiliated with the Church itself. Where a 5th Sunday falls within a month a family communion service is held at one of the three parishes served by the same parish grouping. One in three of these is held at St Mary and St Peter; the others being held at St Mary's Church, Great Blakenham or St Peter's Church, Henley. Notable clergy William Kirby 1782–1850 Entomologist See also Grade I listed buildings in Suffolk References Church of England church buildings in Suffolk Grade I listed churches in Suffolk","title":"St Mary and St Peter's Church, Barham"},{"docid":"6271672","text":"Philip van Wilder (Weldre, Welder, Wylder, Wyllender, de Vuildre, Wild, Wildroe; c. 1500 – February 24, 1554) was a Dutch lutenist and composer, active in England. Life and career Early years Like Peter van Wilder, who also worked in the Tudor court and was presumably related to him, Philip was probably born in Millam, near Wormhout, or in the nearby village of Wylder (\"Wilder\" in Dutch). His father may have been Mathis (Matthew) van Wilder, a lutenist from the court of Philip the Fair of Castile who also worked at the Tudor court from 1506 to 1517. It can be speculated that Peter and Philip were his two sons, and that he used his influence to secure court employment for them in England. It is not known when Philip arrived in England, but since Peter dated his residence in England from 1515, it is possible that the two travelled together. A note in Italian in the Jacobean scorebook anthology GB-Lbl Egerton 3665 describes Philip as \"Master Philip of Flanders, musician to King Henry VIII, who lived in England around the year 1520\". He was certainly in London by 1522, living in the parish of St Olave's Hart Street (close to the Tower of London) and having £60 \"in goodes\" and £48 \"in fees\". The court account books for the year 1525-26 describe him as \"mynstrell\"; he was later designated \"lewter\". Van Wilder steadily advanced his position at the Tudor court. By 1529 he was a member of the Privy chamber, the select group of musicians who played to the king in private. He was also active as a merchant, being given a licence to import Toulouse woad and Gascon wine, and in purchasing instruments for the court. He taught the lute to Princess (later Queen) Mary, who rewarded him with a gift on the occasion of his marriage to a woman named Frances in 1537. Later he also taught Prince Edward (later Edward VI), who wrote a letter to his father in 1546 thanking him for \"sending me your servant Philip, as excellent in music as he is noble ... that I might become more excellent in striking the lute\". Later years In 1539 Van Wilder became a denizen, which allowed him to own land. This enabled him to profit from the dissolution of the monasteries and engage in a number of lucrative property deals with the Crown. At various times he was granted leaseholds on former monastic properties in London, as well as in Middlemarsh (in the parish of Minterne Magna) and Littlebredy in Dorset, previously owned by Cerne Abbey. By 1540 he was a Gentleman of the Privy chamber, a prestigious position that enabled him to accept financial inducements to raise legal issues and private grievances with the King. At the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547 Van Wilder was Keeper of the Instruments and effectively head of the Court instrumental musical establishment, a post later known as Master of the King's Music. Van Wilder continued to","title":"Philip van Wilder"},{"docid":"68354664","text":"The twentieth season of Family Guy aired on Fox from September 26, 2021, to May 22, 2022. the twentieth season aired as a part of the show's 20th anniversary. The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family, consisting of father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie, and the family dog Brian, who reside in their hometown of Quahog. During this season, the Griffin men spend a day with Stewie's rival Doug (LASIK Instinct), Peter has a secret meal affair with Bonnie (Cootie & The Blowhard), the Griffins must cover the death of a pizza delivery man and deliver pizzas to the rest of Quahog (The Lois Quagmire), Lois and Carter attend the funeral of Lois' old babysitter (Peterschmidt Manor), Meg becomes a getaway driver and dates a robber (Hard Boiled Meg), Stewie helps Chris put on a school play for Romeo + Juliet (The Jersey Bore), and Peter and Chris go on a road trip to Canada to prove the existence of Chris' girlfriend (Girlfriend, Eh?). This season also featured a cameo from Mike Judge, who reprised his role as Hank Hill from the American television series King of the Hill, who previously cameoed in Season 18 as Beavis and Butt-Head. Season twenty premiered the run of the nineteenth production season, which is executive produced by Seth MacFarlane, Alec Sulkin, Richard Appel, Steve Callaghan, Danny Smith, Kara Vallow, Mark Hentemann, Tom Devanney, and Patrick Meighan. Sulkin and Appel returned as the series' showrunners. The season premiered on ITV2 (UK) Monday 8 August 2022. Production On September 23, 2020, Fox announced that Family Guy had been renewed for a twentieth and twenty-first season, ensuring that the series would last another two years. This season also marks the first full season of the series in which Cleveland Brown is voiced by Arif Zahir, following Mike Henry's departure from the role. Henry continues to voice Herbert and other characters. Before the premiere, Henry sent a video on Twitter saying that he was \"handing the torch\" onto Zahir and said a farewell message in Cleveland's voice. Starting with \"Rock Hard\", long-time recurring actor Patrick Warburton was promoted to the main cast. 20th anniversary Fox celebrated the twentieth season with a special digital panel, with a promotional trailer unveiled during the San Diego Comic-Con 2021 Virtual Convention, teasing clips from the season. In commemoration, FXX set a near full series marathon of all 19 seasons of the show, running from December 25, 2021, to January 2, 2022. A promotional PSA short made to promote COVID-19 vaccines was released on September 21, 2021. MacFarlane himself remarked on the show's milestone. In addition, sweepstakes were held by TBS where entrees had a chance to win T-shirts, Mugs and Blankets. as well as a re-release of the book, \"Family Guy: An Illustrated History\". Release The season premiered on September 26, 2021, airing on Sundays as part of Fox's Animation Domination programming block, along with The Simpsons, Bob's Burgers, Duncanville and The Great North. In Canada, the","title":"Family Guy season 20"},{"docid":"8600471","text":"That Eye, the Sky is a 1986 novel by Australian author Tim Winton. It follows the young protagonist Morton 'Ort' Flack, as he struggles to cope with life in a small country town after his father is paralyzed in a serious car accident. After his father's accident, Ort is forced to step up and become the 'Man' of an increasingly complicated household. The situation becomes all the more convoluted with the introduction of the mysterious Henry Warburton, a dubious figure who says he has come to help. The story explores the theme of coming of age, and the complicated role religion plays in rural Australian life. Reviews The Publishers Weekly said of the book, \"The wrenching story... proves love like Ort's can prevail against hell itself\" The Los Angeles Times writes that, \"The great strength of the novel is in the way the grotesque contrasts and parallels in human life are spread out, examined and accepted.\" Film adaptations The film adaptation was directed by John Ruane and released in 1994. Ruane later said: I think the mistake I made with That Eye, the Sky is not to have more humour in it, because the book had a lot of humour. But, unfortunately, with the novel being written in the first person, a lot of the humour comes from the little boy interpreting the events and the situations he finds himself in and that he observes. So we are party to his sense of humour via his inner thoughts. When you pull that away, you have to come up with an orthodox third person approach. I really wish we had come up with more humour. The film was made by the company of Fred Schepisi who later claimed the film was bad: Because the director didn't know what he was doing or what side he was on. You've got to take a side. He went on an exploration. An exploration is all right but you've got to do it from a point of view. Actor Peter Coyote stated: That Eye, the Sky was masterfully made into a really lovely film by the director, but the producer abandoned them during the final edit, which resulted in a studio hack taking it over, cutting 40 minutes out and making it completely impenetrable. They blamed the director. Cast Peter Coyote as Henry Warburton Jamie Croft as Morton 'Ort' Flack Lisa Harrow as Alice Flack Amanda Douge as Tegwyn Flack Mark Fairall as Sam Flack Alethea McGrath as Grammar Flack Paul Sonkkila as Mr Cherry Louise Siversen as Mrs Cherry Jim Daly as Lawrence Wingham Play The book was adapted by Richard Roxburgh and Justin Monjo into the play That Eye, The Sky (by Justin Monjo, Richard Roxburgh, and Tim Winton) produced by Burning House Theatre Company, at Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia (6 January – 6 February 1994) and Playhouse Theatre, Melbourne (13 – 15 October 1994). There was a later production at the New Theatre, 15 March to 16 April 2016. A review of the","title":"That Eye, the Sky"},{"docid":"22349277","text":"Brighty of the Grand Canyon is a 1953 children's novel by Marguerite Henry and a 1966 film of the same name based on the novel. They present a fictionalized account of a real-life burro named \"Brighty\", who lived in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River from about 1892 to 1922.{{cite book|title=Brighty: Of the Grand Canyon|isbn=0689714858|last1=Henry|first1=Marguerite|year=1953|publisher=Simon and Schuster }} Book and film Henry penned her novel after she read an article about Brighty in Sunset Magazine''. It won the 1956 William Allen White Children's Book Award. Thomas McKee, the former manager of Wiley's Camp on the North Rim of the Canyon, read Henry's novel and wrote to express his interest in the book. McKee told Henry that his son, Bob, was Brighty's closest companion. He sent Henry a photograph of young Bob McKee sitting on Brighty's back. Bob became the composite character Homer Hobbs, played in the film by Dandy Curran. The other film characters include Old Timer, a prospector played by Dick Foran, and Uncle Jim Owen, a man of the Old West played by Joseph Cotten. Pat Conway appears as Jake Irons, who murders Old Timer for his copper ore. Uncle Jim then proceeds to help bring Irons to justice. Theodore Roosevelt was played by Karl Swenson. Parts of the film were shot at the Colorado River in Utah and the Grand Canyon in Arizona. Brighty's monument Brighty is honored with a bronze statue in the lobby of Grand Canyon Lodge, a National Historic Landmark, located near Arizona State Route 67 approximately 43 miles south of the junction with U.S. Route 89 alternate route. The sculpture is by artist Peter Jepsen. See also Platero References 1953 children's books 1953 American novels American children's novels Novels by Marguerite Henry Novels set in Arizona Children's novels about horses American novels adapted into films Films based on American novels 1967 films 1967 Western (genre) films Films set in Flagstaff, Arizona Fictional donkeys Films shot in Utah Films shot in Arizona Works about the Grand Canyon 1960s English-language films Children's books about horses Children's books about donkeys Children's books set in Arizona","title":"Brighty of the Grand Canyon"},{"docid":"84104","text":"Becket or The Honour of God (), often shortened to Becket, is a 1959 stage play written in French by Jean Anouilh. It is a depiction of the conflict between Thomas Becket and King Henry II of England leading to Becket's assassination in 1170. It contains many historical inaccuracies, which the author acknowledged. Background Anouilh's interpretation of the historical story, though often ironic, is more straightforward than T. S. Eliot's 1935 play on the same subject, Murder in the Cathedral, which was intended primarily as a religious treatment. However, there are one or two similarities in the interpretation. In the introduction to the play, Anouilh explained that he based it on a chapter of an old book he had bought because its green binding looked good on his shelves. He and his wife read the 30 pages about Thomas Becket, and she urged him to write a play about Thomas. He did so, finishing the first part in only 15 days. It was not until he showed the finished play to a friend that he found out the old book he had based it on was historically incorrect in certain important aspects. Having built his play on Becket being Saxon (when he was actually a Norman whose family was from near Caen and was called Becquet, Bequet or Becket in Old Norman), Anouilh could not recast the play to accord with historical facts, so he decided to let it stand. Aspects of the content that can safely be considered true are the conflicts between England and France, church and state, and the outline biography of Becket. Synopsis The play is a re-enactment of the conflicts between King Henry II and Thomas Becket as the latter (Henry's best friend) ascends to power, becoming the king's enemy. Becket begins as a clever, but hedonistic, companion; as a result of being created Archbishop of Canterbury, he is transformed into an ascetic who does his best to preserve the rights of the church against the king's power. Ultimately, Becket is slaughtered by several of the king's nobles; and lastly we find the king thrust into penance for the episcopicide. Stage productions The play was first performed in the original French at the Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty in Paris on 8 October 1959 and in an English translation on Broadway in 1960. The original Parisian production was directed by Roland Piétri, and starred Bruno Cremer as Thomas Becket and Daniel Ivernel as King Henry II. Broadway The first Broadway production premiered on 5 October 1960 at the St. James Theatre. It was produced by David Merrick and directed by Peter Glenville, and starred Laurence Olivier as Thomas Becket and Anthony Quinn as King Henry II. The production was nominated for five Tony Awards and won four, including Best Play. The play later transferred to the Royale Theatre and then to the Hudson Theatre. It was wrongly believed that during the run Quinn and Olivier switched roles, with Quinn playing Becket to Olivier's King. In fact, Quinn","title":"Becket"},{"docid":"47441818","text":"{{Infobox writer |name = Christine Chaundler |image = |caption = |pseudonym = Peter Martin |birth_name = Christine Chaundler |birth_date = |birth_place = Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, England |death_date = |death_place = Fittleworth, Sussex |occupation = Writer |language = English |nationality = |alma_mater = |period = 1912–1949 |genre = Children's literature |subject = |movement = |notableworks = {{plain list| Lancelot: The Adventures of King Arthur's Most Celebrated Knight The Right St. John's The Chivalrous Fifth Bunty of the Blackbirds The Madcap of the School\" }} |spouse = |partner = |children = |relatives = |awards = |signature = |website = }} Christine Chaundler (5 September 1887 – 15 December 1972) was a prolific English children's author, who also wrote stories for boys as Peter Martin. Some of her hundreds of short stories were broadcast by the BBC. Life Born in Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, the daughter of a solicitor, Henry Chaundler, and Constance Julia Chaundler (née Thompson), she was educated at Queen Anne's School, Caversham, until the age of sixteen, and then at St Winifred's School, Llanfairfechan. Apart from a brief period in the Land Army during the First World War, Chaundler worked in editorial jobs as she built her writing career. By 1920, her earnings had allowed her to build a house on the Sussex Downs, where she lived until her death in 1972. She never married. Career 1n 1910, Chaundler adapted Sleeping Beauty as a children's play that was performed at the Biggleswade Town Hall. In 1912, she received 10s 6d, her first earnings, for a prize poem published in Girls' Realm, Chaundler's first earnings as a writer came in 1912, when she won 10s 6d in a Prize Poem competition run by Girls' Realm. From then on she made a growing income from writing girls' and boys' stories and books. She was a sub-editor for Little Folks from 1914 to 1917, before serving briefly in the Land Army. After the war, she edited juvenile books for James Nisbet and Company until 1922. During the 1930s, she reviewed children's books for The Quiver. She continued to write and became a prolific author of children's novels, for boys under her pseudonym \"Peter Martin\" and for girls under her own name. A census of young girls conducted by the Western Mail in 1927 ranked Chaundler sixth among popular authors. Although she was bested by Dickens, Shakespeare, and Kipling, she was listed above Alcott and Stevenson. She wrote hundreds of short stories for magazines and children's annuals, some of which were broadcast over the BBC's Children's Hour.E.g. However, the market for these types of children's books had changed by the late 1940s and Chaundler turned to reviewing books, reading books for publishers, and marketing her short stories to the BBC. BibliographyLancelot: The Adventures of King Arthur's Most Celebrated Knight illustrated by Thomas Mackenzie and Eleanor Fortescue Brickdale (1995)Every Man's Book of Superstitions (1970)Everyman's Book of Ancient Customs (1968)A Year Book of Saints (1958)A Year Book of Legends (1954)Winkie Wee and the Silver Sixpences (1947)The Thirteenth Orphan (1947)The","title":"Christine Chaundler"},{"docid":"29731255","text":"The Wars of the Roses was a 1963 theatrical adaptation of William Shakespeare's first historical tetralogy (1 Henry VI, 2 Henry VI, 3 Henry VI and Richard III), which deals with the conflict between the House of Lancaster and the House of York over the throne of England, a conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. The plays were adapted by John Barton, and directed by Barton and Peter Hall at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. The production starred David Warner as Henry VI, Peggy Ashcroft as Margaret of Anjou, Donald Sinden as the Duke of York, Paul Hardwick as the Duke of Gloucester, Janet Suzman as Joan la Pucelle, Brewster Mason as the Earl of Warwick, Roy Dotrice as Edward IV, Susan Engel as Queen Elizabeth and Ian Holm as Richard III. The plays were heavily politicised, with Barton and Hall allowing numerous contemporaneous events of the early 1960s to inform their adaptation. The production was a huge critical and commercial success, and is generally regarded as revitalizing the reputation of the Henry VI plays in the modern theatre. Many critics feel The Wars of the Roses set a standard for future productions of the tetralogy which has yet to be surpassed. In 1965, the BBC adapted the plays for television. The broadcast was so successful that they were shown again, in a differently edited form, in 1966. In 1970, BBC Books published the play scripts along with extensive behind-the-scenes information written by Barton and Hall, and other members of the Royal Shakespeare Company who worked on the production. Theatrical Rewriting The most significant initial alteration to the original text was to conflate the four plays into a trilogy. This was not unprecedented, as adaptations from the seventeenth century onwards had employed truncation when staging the sequence, especially the Henry VI trilogy. In 1681, John Crowne adapted 2 Henry VI and 3 Henry VI into a two-part play called Henry the Sixth, The First Part and The Misery of Civil War. Henry the Sixth comprised Acts 1–3 of 2 Henry VI, with material added by Crowne himself, focusing mainly on the death of Gloucester, whilst Misery adapted the last two acts of 2 Henry VI and a shortened version of 3 Henry VI. In 1699, Colley Cibber's The Tragical History of King Richard the Third used scenes from 3 Henry VI as a form of prologue to rest of the play, establishing a tradition still in use in filmic adaptations of Richard III (see, for example, James Keane and André Calmettes's 1912 version, Laurence Olivier's 1955 version or Richard Loncraine's 1995 version). In 1723, Theophilus Cibber's King Henry VI: A Tragedy used Act 5 of 2 Henry VI and Acts 1 and 2 of 3 Henry VI. In 1817, J.H. Merivale's Richard Duke of York; or the Contention of York and Lancaster used material from all three Henry VI plays, but removed everything not directly related to York. Robert Atkins adapted all three plays into a single piece for","title":"The Wars of the Roses (adaptation)"},{"docid":"8516003","text":"Darling of the Day is a musical with a book by Nunnally Johnson, lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, and music by Jule Styne. It is based on Arnold Bennett's novel Buried Alive and his play The Great Adventure. Patricia Routledge won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance in the 1968 Broadway production. Synopsis In 1905 London, Priam Farll is an artist, brilliant, unconventional and shy, although he can be violently outspoken. He once offended Queen Victoria and was exiled to the South Pacific (shades of Gauguin), but Edward VII has succeeded to the throne, and Farll has been recalled to London to receive a knighthood. Appalled by \"society's\" expectations of its \"darling of the day\" (a common Victorian/Edwardian term meaning something like \"fashionable celebrity\") Farll seizes the chance to \"get out of the world alive\" when his faithful butler Henry Leek suddenly dies, and their identities are confused by an official. Instead of correcting the error, Farll quietly assumes the identity of the deceased, and Leek's corpse is officially buried in Westminster Abbey as the famous artist. He soon finds himself married to Alice Challice, a bright, well-to-do widow who had been corresponding with the real Henry Leek – and settles down to a happy \"upper working class\" existence. Farll continues to paint, and when his wife runs into financial difficulties he sells a few paintings. Complications naturally ensue, and his \"cover\" becomes increasingly flimsy. Just as it looks as if he will be compelled to resume his real identity, a piece of truly Gilbertian nonsense brings all to a satisfactory conclusion, and he is allowed to stay plain Henry Leek after all. Original cast and characters Song list Act I Mad For Art - Chorus He's A Genius - Oxford, Priam, Henry To Get Out Of This World Alive - Priam It's Enough To Make A Lady Fall In Love - Alice, Alf, Bert, Chorus A Gentleman's Gentleman - Company Double Soliloquy - Priam & Alice Let's See What Happens - Alice & Priam Panache - Oxford & Lady Vale I've Got A Rainbow Working For Me - Priam & Chorus Money, Money, Money - Alf, Bert, Sydney That Something Extra Special - Alice Act II What Makes a Marriage Merry - Company He's A Genius (Reprise) - Oxford & Chorus Not On Your Nellie - Chorus Sunset Tree - Priam & Alice Butler In The Abbey - Priam & Chorus Not On Your Nellie (Reprise) - Company An original cast recording was released by RCA Victor. Production history There had been discussions since 1964 to turn the novel Buried Alive into a musical. The book was first written by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall, with Peter Wood to direct and Geraldine Page to star, from lyrics by E.Y. Harburg and music by Jules Styne (who had suggested Harburg). However then S. N. Behrman wrote a new book, and Albert Marre was hired to direct. Fred Saidy also worked on the book Eventually","title":"Darling of the Day"},{"docid":"25254582","text":"The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway is an account of the 1967–1968 season on and off-Broadway by American novelist and screenwriter William Goldman. It originally was published in 1969 and is considered one of the better books ever written on American theater. In The New York Times, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt called the book “Very nearly perfect...It is a loose-limbed, gossipy, insider, savvy, nuts-and-bolts report on the annual search for the winning numbers that is now big-time American commercial theatre.” Goldman reports in the book that he spent over 18 months of reporting on the book, seeing every show on Broadway, many of them more than once, as well as preview productions in the principal try-out towns like Boston, New Haven, and Washington, D.C. The book is presented roughly in chronological order throughout the season. It analyzes the Broadway audience and the economics of Broadway theatre at the time as well as the shows given during the season, and it profiles or interviews the significant theatrical personalities of the day. Plays The plays and musicals described include: A Day in the Death of Joe Egg by Peter Nichols starring Albert Finney and Zena Walker directed by Michael Blakemore A Minor Adjustment After the Rain by John Griffith Bowen Avanti! by Samuel Taylor Before You Go The Boys in the Band by Mart Crowley Brief Lives, starring Roy Dotrice By George starring Max Adrian about the letters of George Bernard Shaw Carry Me Back to Morningside Heights by Robert Alan Aurthur, directed by Sidney Poitier Daphne in Cottage D, starring Sandy Dennis and William Daniels Darling of the Day, starring Vincent Price Dr. Cook's Garden by Ira Levin, starring Burl Ives and Keir Dullea, originally directed by George C. Scott Eddie Fisher and Buddy Hackett at the Palace Everything in the Garden by Edward Albee George M! starring Joel Grey, directed by Joe Layton Golden Rainbow, starring Eydie Gormé and Steve Lawrence Hair Halfway Up the Tree by Peter Ustinov Happiness Is Just a Little Thing Called a Rolls Royce Henry, Sweet Henry by Bob Merrill and Nunnally Johnson with Don Ameche, directed by George Roy Hill Here's Where I Belong by Terrence McNally and others How Now, Dow Jones, directed by George Abbott, music by Elmer Bernstein How to Be a Jewish Mother I Never Sang for My Father by Robert Anderson with Lillian Gish I'm Solomon Johnny No-Trump by Mary Mercier Judy Garland \"At Home at the Palace\" with Judy Garland Keep It In the Family by Bill Naughton Leda Had a Little Swan with Michael J. Pollard Leonard Sillman's New Faces of 1968, produced by Leonard Sillman Loot by Joe Orton Mata Hari, directed by Vincente Minnelli, produced by David Merrick Mike Downstairs More Stately Mansions by Eugene O'Neill, starring Ingrid Bergman and Colleen Dewhurst, directed by Jose Quintero Plaza Suite by Neil Simon, starring George C. Scott and Maureen Stapleton, directed by Mike Nichols Portrait of a Queen Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard Soldiers by","title":"The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway"},{"docid":"32593748","text":"Bill Russell (born 1949) is an American librettist and lyricist. Among his stage musicals are Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens and Side Show, which was nominated for the Tony Award as Best Musical. Career Russell's first musical to be produced is Fortune, which ran Off-Broadway at the Actors' Plahouse from April 27, 1980 to November 23, 1980. Ronald Melrose wrote the music, with Russell writing the book and lyrics. The musical director and arranger was Janet Hood; they have gone on to write several musicals together. The musical concerned four performers who were headed to be stars. According to The New York Times reviewer, John Corry, it \"marked the maturity of the gay musical\", and he commended the \"literate\" lyrics. Russell wrote the book and lyrics for the song cycle Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens, with music by Janet Hood, which originally ran Off-Off-Broadway in 1990 and in the West End in 1993. It played a benefit concert in 2001. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Pageant with Frank Kelly; the music is by Albert Evans, and conception by Robert Longbottom. The musical, which has an all-male cast that plays beauty queens premiered Off-Broadway at the Blue Angel in 1991, and subsequently ran Off-Broadway at New World Stages in 2013, as well as engagements in London (2000) and Australia. He wrote the concert adaptation of the musical Call Me Madam for the New York City Center Encores! staged concert series, which was presented in February 1995 and starred Tyne Daly. Russell write the book and lyrics for the musical Side Show (music by Henry Krieger), which ran on Broadway in 1997. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Up in The Air, with music by Henry Krieger, conceived and directed by Amon Miyamoto. It premiered at the Kennedy Center in February 2008. The musical is suggested by a Japanese story, about Boonah, the tree-climbing frog. He wrote the lyrics and book with Jeffrey Hatcher for the musical Lucky Duck, with music by Henry Krieger. It premiered Off-Broadway at the New Victory Theater in March 2012. The musical starts where the fairy tale \"The Ugly Duckling\" ends, \"showing what happens once one becomes beautiful.\" It premiered at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California, in 2000, then called Everything's Ducky. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical The Last Smoker in America, with music by Peter Melnick. The musical opened Off-Broadway in August 2012. Russell and Janet Hood have teamed again to write the musical Unexpected Joy, which received private readings in March 2012. The musical is the story of four women and was directed by Sheryl Kaller. Honors and awards Russell received a 1998 Tony nomination for Side Show for Best Book and shared a nomination with composer Henry Krieger for Best Score. The show was nominated as Best Musical. Everything's Ducky received the Will Glickman Award for Best New Play (in the San Francisco Bay Area) in 2001 and Garland Awards","title":"Bill Russell (lyricist)"},{"docid":"10141286","text":"Hondo & Fabian is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Peter McCarty. It was released by Henry Holt & Co. in 2002 for ages 2-5. The book follows a day in the life of a dog, Hondo, and a cat, Fabian. Hondo goes on an adventure to the beach and Fabian stays at home with the baby. The story is told through minimal and simple present-tense text and complemented with warm and soft illustrations drawn in pencil and watercolor. Hondo & Fabian was very well received and was recognized with multiple awards including a Caldecott Honor. A sequel, Fabian Escapes, was released in 2007. Plot The characters included in this book are Hondo the dog, Fabian the cat, a little girl referred to as “the baby,” and Fred - Hondo’s friend who is also a dog. The book begins with Hondo and Fabian asleep at home, Fabian on the windowsill and Hondo on the floor. The pets are awakened and the reader is informed that Hondo will have an adventure and Fabian will stay home. Hondo heads to the beach in a 1940s-style car with his head out the window and his ears flapping in the wind. At the beach, he meets Fred and they run around in the sand and jump in the waves together. Meanwhile, Fabian is at home “playing” with the baby, depicted by an illustration of a small girl standing up and holding the cat. Fabian then escapes the grasp of the baby and moves to the bathroom to pull apart a roll of toilet paper. At the beach, Hondo gets hungry and wishes that he could take fish from a bucket that a fisherman has just caught. At home, Fabian is also hungry and wishes he could eat a turkey sandwich sitting on the counter. Hondo then returns from the beach in time for dinner and the two pets eat their food side by side. Fabian returns to the windowsill and Hondo returns to the floor where they fall asleep for the night. The book concludes with an illustration of the little girl in bed and text that reads “Good night, baby!”. Illustrations Hondo & Fabian is known for its unique illustrations drawn in pencil and watercolor. The illustrations show the world of Hondo and Fabian with soft and fuzzy edges, blending light and colors seamlessly and smoothly. Peter McCarty draws Hondo in shades of brown, cream, and white and Fabian in white with gray and dark gray stripes on the top of his back and head. The book consists of warm, sepia-toned pages, with each illustration having its own page with minimal text on the blank page next to it. Reception Hondo & Fabian received many positive reviews and won a Caldecott Honor, which is given to the runners-up for the Caldecott medal awarded by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). The book was one of three recipients of the Caldecott Honor in 2003. The book received positive reviews from","title":"Hondo & Fabian"},{"docid":"21602990","text":"\"The Juice Is Loose\" is the ninth episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 15, 2009. In the episode, Peter cashes in an old raffle ticket from 1989 and wins a golf outing with O. J. Simpson. When he befriends Simpson and brings him home to meet the family, the residents of Quahog are not as welcoming of Peter's new friend and try to force him out of town. The episode was written by Andrew Goldberg and directed by Cyndi Tang. According to Nielsen ratings, the episode was viewed in 7.21 million homes in its original airing. The episode received mixed reviews, with most criticism being directed towards the episode's use of a three-minute-long live-action segment of Conway Twitty. Series regular Mike Henry provided the voice of O. J. Simpson, Cathy Cahlin Ryan guest-starred as Fred Goldman's wife in a cutaway, and Jeff Bergman guest-starred as a parody of Homer Simpson. Plot According to an opening title card, this is one of several recently discovered \"lost episodes\" found in the Griffin family basement; it takes place in March 2007, prior to O. J. Simpson's September 2007 arrest for armed robbery. Lois goes to her book club and asks Peter to babysit Stewie. Instead, he invites Cleveland, Quagmire, and Joe and they all play Truth or Dare, which results in a make out session between Cleveland and Joe. After a fiasco involving Stewie attempting to fix their satellite TV, and getting stuck on the roof, due to Peter's lack of supervision, Brian tries to tell Peter but he does not listen and instead reads a magazine featuring Nick Jonas. After Peter starts a pillow fight that turns violent, Lois comes in after Cleveland accidentally punches her in the nose, angry at Peter for not watching Stewie, who has gotten stuck on the roof. Peter attempts to fix the satellite himself, at which point he comes across a raffle ticket from 1989 that he had forgotten to cash in, winning him a chance to play golf with a celebrity of his choice. Ultimately, he chooses O. J. Simpson. Unaware at first of Simpson's accusation for the murders of his wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman, he grows fearful after Joe convinces him to walk around town with the song \"Dust in the Wind\" while thinking about the murders. Ultimately deciding to cash in the ticket, his friends suggest he spy on Simpson during the golf game and try to get him to confess to the murders. Hooking Peter to a wire, his cover is blown when the device shorts out. Simpson laments having lost a chance of escaping the accusation. Feeling guilty, Peter decides that Simpson is actually innocent, and decides to befriend him. Peter brings Simpson home with him to meet the family, who are initially less tolerant of Simpson than Peter (except Stewie). Brian tries to tell Peter that he","title":"The Juice Is Loose"},{"docid":"2771206","text":"Peter Marshall (May 27, 1902 – January 26, 1949) was a Scottish-American preacher, pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C., and was appointed as Chaplain of the United States Senate. He is remembered popularly from the success of A Man Called Peter (1951), a biography written by his widow, Catherine Marshall, and the book's 1955 film adaptation, which was nominated for an Academy Award for its cinematography. Early life and education Born in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, Scotland, a poverty-stricken coal-mining community, where he was reared by his mother and stepfather. From 1916-1921 he studied electrical engineering at Coatbridge Technical School. He enrolled in evening classes to study for the ministry, while working in the mines by day, but his progress was slow. In 1927, a cousin offered to pay Peter's way to the U.S., where he could receive proper ministerial training. He graduated from Columbia Theological Seminary in 1931. Ministry He was called as the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, a small, rural church in Covington, Georgia. After a brief pastorate, Marshall accepted a call to Atlanta's Westminster Presbyterian Church in 1933. Marriage and family In Atlanta, Marshall met his future wife, Catherine Wood, then a student at Agnes Scott College. They married on November 4, 1936, and had one son, Peter John Marshall (January 21, 1940 – September 8, 2010), who followed his father into the Presbyterian clergy and ran a national ministry, Peter Marshall Ministries, from Orleans, Massachusetts. He wrote many books on the Christian faith in the United States. Later career In 1937, Marshall became pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C. In 1946 he was appointed as US Senate Chaplain, serving from January 4, 1947, until his sudden death of a heart attack just over two years later, at age 46. Marshall is buried at Fort Lincoln Cemetery (Section C, Lot 344, Site 1) in Brentwood, Maryland. Legacy Dr. Peter Marshall School (Anaheim, California). Catherine Marshall wrote a biography of her husband, A Man Called Peter (1951), which was a popular success. It was adapted as a a film of the same title, released in 1955, which was nominated for the Oscar for Best Cinematography. Directed by Henry Koster, it featured Richard Todd as Peter Marshall, and Jean Peters as Catherine Marshall. Todd studied tape recordings of several Marshall sermons from 1947 to 1948; some of these historic recordings were later released to the public by Caedmon Records. The biography was also adapted as a stage play by the same name, produced in 1955. Archival collections The Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, has an undated carbon copy transcript of Catherine Marshall’s biography, A Man Called Peter. The undated transcript includes penciled annotations. The Society also holds a collection of Marshall’s sermons from his years as a pastor at Westminster Presbyterian Church and New York Avenue Presbyterian Church. The McCain Library at Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia holds a large collection of papers donated by the","title":"Peter Marshall (Presbyterian minister)"},{"docid":"10332190","text":"Cue for Treason (1940) is a children's historical novel written by Geoffrey Trease, and is his best-known work. The novel is set in Elizabethan England at the end of the 16th century. Two young runaways become boy actors, at first on the road and later in London, where they are befriended by William Shakespeare. They become aware of a plot against Queen Elizabeth's life and attempt to prevent it. Plot summary Peter Brownrigg, a 14-year-old boy who lives in Cumberland in the north of England, is involved in a night crime against the theft of his village's farmland by Sir Philip Morton. He leaves his village to escape prosecution for throwing a rock at Sir Philip Morton. He first goes to Penrith, but unexpectedly encounters Sir Philip at a performance of Richard III by a touring playing company. He hides from him in a prop coffin (supposed to contain the body of King Henry VI) which is later carried onto the company's cart. The players discover Peter hiding and the kindly Desmonds, who run the playing company, take him on as a boy actor. Another boy, Kit Kirkstone, also joins the company. Kit proves excellent at playing female roles while Peter acts as an understudy. After Peter's jealousy leads to a fight, he discovers Kit's secret. Kit is actually a girl in disguise, really called Katharine Russell, who is running away to avoid a forced marriage to Sir Philip, who is only interested in her inheritance. The company breaks up and the Desmonds promise to take Peter and Kit to a London theatre company. During their trip to London Mr. Desmond breaks his leg in a river accident and Kit almost reveals her true identity to a crowd of observers after swimming down the river to rescue Mr. Desmond, but Peter distracts everyone and saves her. Because of the results of Mr. Desmond's accident Peter and Kit carry on their journey alone. When they arrive in London they audition for Richard Burbage of the Lord Chamberlain's Men at The Theatre in Shoreditch, a neighborhood beyond the northern boundary of the City of London and outside of the jurisdiction of its civil authorities – and consequently an area notorious for licentious behaviour and gaming houses. After being initially turned away by Burbage, they are accepted as apprentices by the playwright William Shakespeare, who recognises Kit's acting ability and Peter's gift of mimicry. They perform in various plays and see Sir Philip in the audience during Romeo and Juliet. Peter's copy of Shakespeare's new play Henry V is stolen by the \"Yellow Gentleman\", and Kit and Peter worry that he plans to profit from the unpublished play. While stealing back the script, Peter overhears a discussion between the thief and another man, sounding very treasonous. He also notices an odd poem written on the script. They realise that some of the poem must be part of a code but have no idea how to decipher it. Peter and Kit take the poem","title":"Cue for Treason"},{"docid":"73896470","text":"Mary Singleton Copley Pelham (c. 1710 – April 29, 1789) was an Irish-American colonial settler. Her son was the artist John Singleton Copley. She operated a tobacco retail and wholesale business and taught education, art, and manners classes. By 1751, she had been widowed twice. Her sons, John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham were accomplished artists. She was step-mother to her second husband, Peter Pelham's five children. Early life Mary Singleton was born c. 1710 and was the daughter of Jane (Bruffel) Singleton and John Singleton. She had two siblings and lived in Quinville Abbey in County Clare, Ireland. Her Singleton ancestors came to Ireland in 1661 from Lancashire, England. Marriages and children Mary Singleton married Richard Copley in Ireland in about 1735, according to family tradition. Richard's father was likely Charles Copley, who was a sheriff of Limerick, an alderman, and one of the landed gentry. Their son, John Singleton Copley, was born on July 3, 1738. Within a year of their marriage or about the time of John's birth, the family immigrated to Boston of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Richard established a tobacco shop on Long Wharf. Richard died before May 6, 1748, when an inventory was taken of his estate. Mary and Peter Pelham were married at the Trinity Church in Boston on May 22, 1748, becoming Mary Singleton Copley Pelham, also known as Mary Pelham. Peter Pelham was a schoolmaster and an artist. He painted portraits and was a mezzotint engraver. They had a son together, Henry, born February 14, 1749, in Boston. Peter brought a daughter and four sons from his previous wives into the marriage. John had access to Peter Pelham's collection of prints, books, engraving equipment, and painting supplies as he grew up. He was also an apprentice to his step-father. Peter died in December 1751. Henry studied art under his half-brother John, with whom he was close. Henry then worked in John's studio making portraits and, about 1772, began painting miniature portraits. Pelham supported and nurtured her son's interest in art and was the matriarch of \"one of America's earliest art families\". John wrote after her death that he benefited from her support. Richard Klayment said that he \"wrote glowingly of her kindness, vitality, and importance to his artistic development.\" By 1753, John created a \"unique mezzotint\" and paintings. He painted portraits of Boston society. John married Susanna Clark, and they started their family. He traveled to Europe and studied in Italy from 1774 to 1775. In 1775, Susanna left Boston at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. She took three of her children, Elizabeth, John, and Mary, with her to London. Mary Pelham took in her infant grandchild, who died on January 19, 1776, of consumption. The child was age one and a few days. Her son Henry, a loyalist, joined the Copleys in London, leaving Boston in August 1776. Because of his loyalty to the King, Henry's business dropped off, and he","title":"Mary Singleton Copley Pelham"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"10442982\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Herringman (1628–1704) was a prominent London bookseller and publisher in the second half of the 17th century. He is especially noted for his publications in English Renaissance drama and English Restoration drama; he was the first publisher of the works of John Dryden. He conducted his business under the sign of the Blue Anchor in the lower walk of the New Exchange. Herringman had established himself as an independent bookseller and publisher by 1655. He issued the first edition of Thomas Middleton's Hengist, King of Kent in 1661. Herringman had a reputation as a rare stationer who actually profited from the Great Fire of London (1666), in which most of his compatriots lost their stocks of printed books. He was a member of the syndicates of stationers who issued the major collections of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries in the second half of the century, including the Shakespeare Fourth Folio (1685), the third Ben Jonson folio (1692), and the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio (1679). Herringman also published the collected plays of Thomas Killigrew (1664); the collected works of Sir William Davenant (1673); the Dryden/Davenant adaptation of The Tempest (1670); and plays by Thomas Shadwell, William Wycherley, George Etherege, and Sir Robert Howard, among others. Dryden appears to have had a close professional relationship with Herringman early in his career, when he served as a sort of general editorial assistant in Herringman's business, perhaps to the point of taking his board and lodging with Herringman. In this capacity as a supervisor and reviser of texts, Dryden may have worked on Shakespearean plays for Herringman. In addition to dramas, Herringman published a large body of nondramatic literature, including (partnered with John Martyn) the 1678 edition of Samuel Butler's Hudibras, which contained the poem's third and final part. Herringman published works by Abraham Cowley, Katherine Philips, John Donne, Francis Bacon, Roger Boyle, and Robert Boyle. He also produced a wide variety of general-interest works, as well as law books. Herringman became master of the Stationers Company in 1685. After selling his retail business in 1684, Herringman became, in effect, the first wholesale book publisher in England; his imprint exists on 532 publications from his era. Notes References Holland, Peter (ed.), King Lear and Its Afterlife (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Miller, C. William, \\\"Henry Herringman, Restoration Bookseller-Publisher.\\\" Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 1948; p. 292. Publishers (people) from London English booksellers 1628 births 1704 deaths\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Herringman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47894242\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Entirely Beloved\\\" is the second episode of the BBC Two series Wolf Hall. It was first broadcast on 28 January 2015. Plot summary In December 1529, following Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's departure as Lord Chancellor, Thomas Cromwell gains favour from King Henry VIII and is sworn into the king's Privy Council. Cast Critical reception \\\"Entirely Beloved\\\" received positive reviews. The Daily Telegraph again gave the episode 5/5; Reviewer Jasper Reeves also praised Straughan's dialogue and Peter Kosminsky's directing, writing, \\\"It's like watching a chess grandmaster go around a room playing 20 challengers at once. The spectacle is dizzying, and the acting magnificent.\\\" Neela Debnath, writing for The Independent, compared the intrigue and scheming in Wolf Hall to that of Game of Thrones, writing, \\\"Game of Thrones fans tuning in to watch Wolf Hall might notice similarities between the politicking in King's Landing and Henry VIII's court – and they wouldn't be wrong.\\\" Debnath praised the lead actor, writing, \\\"Rylance continues to mesmerize as the man of questionable birth rising to become the king's right-hand man. His calm, collected and measured performance really has the audience rooting for him.\\\" In his review for The Guardian, John Sutherland praised writer Peter Straughan, who wrote the teleplay based on Hilary Mantel's original book: \\\"Straughan ... has been commendably faithful to Mantel while infusing new televisual life into the narrative. References External links \\\"Entirely Beloved\\\" at the BBC Wolf Hall (miniseries) episodes 2015 British television episodes Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Fiction set in 1529\",\n \"title\": \"Entirely Beloved\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1870925\",\n \"text\": \"Cooleemee (), also known as the Cooleemee Plantation House, is a house located between Mocksville and Lexington, North Carolina, at the terminus of SR 1812 (Peter Hairston Rd.) on the Yadkin River in Davie County, North Carolina. It is a U.S. National Historic Landmark, designated in 1978 for its architecture. History The house's floor plan in the shape of a Greek cross, with four equal wings extending from an octagonal core, is based on a published design by William H. Ranlett, The Architect (New York) 1847, Vol. I, Plate 32, published again in Godey's Lady's Book, January 1850; the Godey's Lady's Book engravings were framed and kept in the house. The house is an \\\"Anglo-Grecian Villa\\\", built in the shape of a Greek cross between 1853 and 1855 by Peter and Columbia Stuart Hairston. The builder Peter Wilson Hairston a white Superior Court judge in North Carolina, who had inherited Cooleemee from his grandfather, was a central figure in Henry Wiencek's telling of the family's story. The house is built from approximately 300,000 bricks made on site. Cooleemee Plantation was founded by Colonel Jesse A. Pearson who took part in the capture of approximately 600 tribal Creek Indians during the War of 1812. The Indians known as \\\"Kulimi\\\", a tribe of the Creek nation, were from the village of \\\"Cooleeme\\\" near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers. The Creek word means \\\"the place where the white oaks grow\\\". Upon his return in 1814, he named his existing plantation \\\"Cooleemee Hill\\\". In 1817, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and four-time state legislator, Peter Hairston, purchased the Cooleemee Hill Plantation for $8 per acre – $20,000 total. In addition to the plantation house, in 1860 there were twenty-three slave dwellings at Cooleemee. The principal crop at Cooleemee was tobacco. In 1997, the Hairston family, who still owned the house, donated a conservation easement to The LandTrust for Central North Carolina, which helped preserve the house and property against development. At that time, the plantation included of farmland (down from at its peak), surrounded by a two-mile (3 km) stretch of the Yadkin River supporting more than 200 species of bird. Cooleemee Plantation was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978. Family In 1999, Henry Wiencek published The Hairstons: An American Family In Black And White, which told the story of the Hairston family, which continues to own Cooleemee, and of the plantation and its history over the past 150 years. This family, with black and white branches due to slavery, have continued to hold reunions at Cooleemee that honor their family's history and roots in the region. Wiencek, in the course of his preparation for this book, witnessed what he considered to be extraordinary interactions between members of the Hairston Family. In the course of his research, Wiencek learned that the Hairstons were not only the largest slaveholding family in the South, but also slave traders. Peter Wilson Hairston, the latest Hairston to own the property at the\",\n \"title\": \"Cooleemee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14952561\",\n \"text\": \"The Sun Also Rises is a 1957 American drama film adaptation of the 1926 Ernest Hemingway novel of the same name directed by Henry King. The screenplay was written by Peter Viertel and it starred Tyrone Power, Ava Gardner, Mel Ferrer, and Errol Flynn. Much of it was filmed on location in France and Spain as well as Mexico in Cinemascope and color by Deluxe. A highlight of the film is the famous \\\"running of the bulls\\\" in Pamplona, Spain and two bullfights. Plot A group of disillusioned American expatriate writers live a dissolute, hedonistic lifestyle in France and Spain in the 1920s. Cast Tyrone Power as Jake Barnes Ava Gardner as Lady Brett Ashley Mel Ferrer as Robert Cohn Errol Flynn as Mike Campbell Eddie Albert as Bill Gorton Gregory Ratoff as Count Mippipopolous Juliette Gréco as Georgette Aubin Marcel Dalio as Zizi Henry Daniell as Army doctor Bob Cunningham as Harris Danik Patisson as Marie Robert Evans as Pedro Romero Production notes Development Film rights to the novel were sold in the late 1920s for a reported $10,000. These rights were transferred to Hemingway's first wife, Hadley Richardson, by the author at the time of their divorce, so he never personally benefited from the sale. Originally the film was going to be made at RKO, possibly starring Ann Harding. In 1940 agent-producer Charles Feldman bought the rights from Harding's one-time husband, actor Harry Bannister, for a reported $35,000. In 1948, it was announced Howard Hawks had bought the film rights. He subsequently sold part of his interest to Feldman, but the project did not go beyond the development stage. In 1955, Hawks and Feldman sold the rights of the novel to Darryl F. Zanuck at 20th Century Fox, who still hoped to use Hawks as director. This plan was part of a deal whereby Feldman sold his interest in a number of projects to Fox – the others included Heaven Knows, Mr Allison, The Wayward Bus and Oh Men! Oh Women!. Of this deal, the rights to The Sun Also Rises were estimated at $125,000. Zanuck hired Peter Viertel to write the script. Viertel later reflected: The long lapse of time since the book was published will not cause it to lose its value. The story is ageless. It should renew its impact for our modern generation. It is fascinating in its impressions of Europe after World War I, because so many of these impressions are duplicated again today. Casting Zanuck wanted the lead played by Gregory Peck, who had appeared in several Hemingway adaptations, including the popular The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Jennifer Jones signed to play Lady Brett. The movie became the first to be produced for Zanuck's own independent production company following his departure from Fox (but Fox would distribute). Cinematographer Charles Clarke started filming bullfighting sequences in Pamplona in June 1956. Henry King signed to direct and Walter Reisch to produce. Jennifer Jones had to pull out from the film because of her commitment to\",\n \"title\": \"The Sun Also Rises (1957 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1271555\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Parnell (; born 1953) is an American Broadway and Off-Broadway playwright, television writer, and children's book author. Parnell is also Vice-President of the Dramatists Guild of America, the professional association of playwrights, composers, lyricists, and librettists. Personal life Parnell is gay and is married to the psychiatrist Justin Richardson. They live in Manhattan with their daughter. Plays The Hunchback of Notre Dame - Disney Theatricals - music by Alan Menken, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz On a Clear Day You Can See Forever - St. James Theater, Broadway - 2011 - starring Harry Connick Jr., Jessie Mueller, and David Turner Trumpery - Atlantic Theatre Company - 2007 Trumpery received its European and British premiere in Oxford, UK during June 2014. QED - Lincoln Center Theater - starring Alan Alda - 2001 The Cider House Rules, Part One, adapted from John Irving's novel - Atlantic Theatre Company, Mark Taper Forum, Seattle Rep The Cider House Rules, Part Two, Mark Taper Forum, Seattle Rep Flaubert's Latest - Playwrights Horizons - 1992 Hyde in Hollywood - Playwrights Horizons - 1989 An Imaginary Life - Playwrights Horizons - 1993 Rise and Rise of Daniel Rocket - starring Thomas Hulce - Playwrights Horizons Romance Language - Playwrights Horizons - 1985 Scooter Thomas Makes It to the Top of the World - National Playwrights Conference at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center, 1977; Alley Theater, Boston, 1981 Sorrows of Stephen - The Public Theater - 1979 Television The West Wing, Season One - Executive Story Editor - 1999–2000 The West Wing, Season Two - Co-Producer - 2000–2001 The Guardian, Season One - Producer - 2001–2002 Inconceivable, Season One - Producer - 2005 Six Degrees, Season One - Consulting Producer - 2006–2007 BrainDead - Producer - 2017 Children's literature And Tango Makes Three with Justin Richardson. The book tells the true story of two male penguins living in the Central Park Zoo who pair-bonded and together hatched a chick named Tango. The book has received numerous awards and was the single most challenged or banned book in the United States in the years 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010. It remains one of the ten most banned books in several countries. Christian, the Hugging Lion, a children's book about the true story of Christian the lion. Grants and awards NEA, Guggenheim, Ingram Merrill and Lecomte de Nouy foundations; the Fund for New American Plays, Kennedy Center, American Theatre Critics' Association and Ovation awards for Best Play (for The Cider House Rules). For [\\\"And Tango Makes Three\\\"]: American Library Association Notable Children's Book - 2006 ASPCA's Henry Bergh Award - 2005 Gustavus Myer Outstanding Book Award- 2006 Nick Jr. Family Magazine Best Book of the Year - 2006 Bank Street Best Book of the Year - 2006 Cooperative Children's Book Council Choice, and CBC/NCSS Notable Social Studies Trade Book - 2006 Lambda Literary Award finalist - 2006 Sheffield Children's Book Award - shortlisted - 2008 Further reading Interview in You Can’t Say That! Writers for Young People Talk About Censorship,\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Parnell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19585510\",\n \"text\": \"Sayre's law states, in a formulation quoted by Charles Philip Issawi: \\\"In any dispute the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the issues at stake.\\\" By way of corollary, it adds: \\\"That is why academic politics are so bitter.\\\" Sayre's law is named after Wallace Stanley Sayre (1905–1972), U.S. political scientist and professor at Columbia University. History On 20 December 1973, the Wall Street Journal quoted Sayre as: \\\"Academic politics is the most vicious and bitter form of politics, because the stakes are so low.\\\" Political scientist Herbert Kaufman, a colleague and coauthor of Sayre, has attested to Fred R. Shapiro, editor of The Yale Book of Quotations, that Sayre usually stated his claim as \\\"The politics of the university are so intense because the stakes are so low\\\", and that Sayre originated the quip by the early 1950s. Many other claimants attach to the thought behind Sayre's law. According to Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson frequently complained about the personalized nature of academic politics, asserting that the \\\"intensity\\\" of academic squabbles was a function of the \\\"triviality\\\" of the issue at hand. Harvard political scientist Richard Neustadt (Sayre's former colleague at Columbia University) was quoted to a similar effect: \\\"Academic politics is much more vicious than real politics. We think it's because the stakes are so small.\\\" In his 1979 book Peter's People and Their Marvelous Ideas, Laurence J. Peter stated \\\"Peter's Theory of Entrepreneurial Aggressiveness in Higher Education\\\" as: \\\"Competition in academia is so vicious because the stakes are so small.\\\" Another proverbial form is: \\\"Academic politics are so vicious precisely because the stakes are so small.\\\" This observation is routinely attributed to Henry Kissinger who in a 1997 speech at the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University, said: \\\"I formulated the rule that the intensity of academic politics and the bitterness of it is in inverse proportion to the importance of the subject they're discussing. And I promise you at Harvard, they are passionately intense and the subjects are extremely unimportant.\\\" Variations on the same thought have also been attributed to scientist-author C. P. Snow, professor-politician Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and politician Jesse Unruh, among others. See also Notes References Charles Philip Issawi, Issawi's Laws of Social Motion, Hawthorn Books, 1973. p. 178. Ralph Keyes, The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When, Macmillan, 2006, p. 1. Laurence J. Peter, Peter's People and Their Marvelous Ideas, William Morrow & Co., 1979. Nigel Rees, Brewer's Famous Quotations: 5000 Quotations and the Stories Behind Them, Sterling Publishing Company, 2006, p. 394. Wallace S. Sayre and Herbert Kaufman, Governing New York City: Politics in the Metropolis, Russell Sage Foundation, 1960. Fred R. Shapiro, editor, foreword by Joseph Epstein, The Yale Book of Quotations, Yale University Press, 2006, p. 670. External links Historic examples of the adage. Edward B. Fiske, \\\"Education; Lessons\\\", The New York Times, 18 October 1989 Speech by Henry Kissinger, Fourteenth Annual Ashbrook Memorial Dinner, September 11, 1997 Adages Political terminology 1973\",\n \"title\": \"Sayre's law\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52831667\",\n \"text\": \"The Blanket of the Dark is a 1931 historical novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. The novel is set in the early part of the reign of Henry VIII, and explores the possible consequences had the Tudors been overthrown by a rightful descendant of Edward III. Plot The action of the novel takes place in the country west of Oxford during the 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising against Henry VIII. Peter Pentecost, a young monastic scholar, is informed by shadowy figures who are plotting to depose the king that he is the legitimate son of the deceased Duke of Buckingham and that, as the last of the Bohun line, he has a claim to the English throne. Although his true identity must for now remain secret, Peter finds himself being prepared for his intended kingly role and being tutored in the noble pursuits of swordsmanship and archery. He meets a noblewoman, Sabine Beauforest. To hide from the king’s men, Peter takes to the greenwood where he is aided by Solomon Darking and his vagabond comrades. They introduce him to the lore of the countryside, and reveal the existence of a self-contained outlaw society, invisible to the agents of the state, with its own system of communication and intelligence gathering. He discovers that \\\"under the blanket of the dark all men are alike and all are nameless\\\". As the novel progresses, Peter has increasing doubts about the venture he is being asked to undertake, and the motives of those behind it: \\\"They claimed to stand for the elder England and its rights, and the old Church, but at their heart they stood only for themselves.\\\" After an encounter with the king himself, Peter asks himself whether there \\\"might not there be a world of light under the blanket of the dark?\\\", and he decides that he does not wish to pursue a life of power. He disappears from official sight back into the greenwood with Sabine. Title The title is a phrase from William Shakespeare's Macbeth, where Lady Macbeth, preparing herself to murder King Duncan, says \\\"Come, thick night, / And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, / That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, / Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, / To cry, Hold, hold!\\\" Critical reception David Daniell in The Interpreter's House (1975) quotes Kipling who professed to be \\\"rested and delighted\\\" by the book and who called it a tour de force. Rose Macaulay said that the book was \\\"so enchanting and beautiful that I often read it for my pleasure\\\". Daniell himself notes that while the tone is relaxed, the control is tight, and \\\"it is as if Buchan is drawing together all his skills under the influence of his response to the land and its people\\\". Writing for the John Buchan Society website in 2001, Kenneth Hillier called The Blanket of the Dark “a thoroughly enjoyable book, because it not only expresses the deep love\",\n \"title\": \"The Blanket of the Dark\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20940966\",\n \"text\": \"Allahakbarries was an amateur cricket team founded by author J. M. Barrie, and was active from 1890 to 1913. The team's name was a portmanteau of Barrie's name and the mistaken belief that 'Allah akbar' meant 'Heaven help us' in Arabic (rather than its true meaning: 'God is great'). Notable figures to have featured for the side included Rudyard Kipling, H. G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, P. G. Wodehouse, G. K. Chesterton, Jerome K. Jerome, A. A. Milne, E. W. Hornung, Henry Justice Ford, A. E. W. Mason, Walter Raleigh, E. V. Lucas, Maurice Hewlett, Owen Seaman, Bernard Partridge, Augustine Birrell, Paul Du Chaillu, Henry Herbert La Thangue, George Cecil Ives, and George Llewelyn Davies, as well as the son of Alfred Tennyson. Barrie wrote a 40-page book on his team, Allahakbarries C.C., which was published privately in 1890 and in a revised version in 1899. It was reprinted in 1950 with a foreword by Donald Bradman. These rare books are now highly sought by collectors. Barrie's enthusiasm for the game eclipsed his talent for it; asked to describe his bowling, he replied that after delivering the ball he would go and sit on the turf at mid-off and wait for it to reach the other end which \\\"it sometimes did\\\". The team played for the love of the game, rather than the results it achieved, and Barrie was generous in his praise for his teammates and opposition alike. He praised one teammate's performance by observing that \\\"You scored a good single in the first innings but were not so successful in the second\\\" while he lauded the opposition's effort by pointing out how \\\"You ran up a fine total of 14, and very nearly won\\\". He instructed Bernard Partridge, an illustrator from Punch magazine who was afflicted with a lazy eye, to \\\"Keep your eye on square leg\\\" while bowling, and told square leg, \\\"when Partridge is bowling, keep your eye on him.\\\" He forbade his team to practise on an opponent's ground before a match because \\\"this can only give them confidence\\\". The book notes that his most calamitous performance was being clean-bowled by the American actress Mary Anderson in the 1897 Test match against the village of Broadway, in the Cotswolds. Peter Pan's First XI: The Extraordinary Story of J. M. Barrie's Cricket Team, written by Kevin Telfer, was published in 2011. References External links Peter Pan at play BBC News, 7 May 2010: 'How Peter Pan's author invented celebrity cricket' Club cricket teams in England 1890 establishments in England 1913 disestablishments in England\",\n \"title\": \"Allahakbarries\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30665558\",\n \"text\": \"King Henry I of England has been portrayed in various cultural media. Theatre Henry I of England, a play by Beth Flintoff, was first performed in November 2016 at St James's Church, Reading. The drama follows the story of the three sons of William the Conqueror and ends with the early reign of Henry I. The narrative continues in Flintoff's second play Matilda the Empress which depicts the king's later life and The Anarchy period after his death when his daughter Matilda and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. Fictional portrayals Henry I has been depicted in historical novels and short stories. They include: Pado, the Priest (1899) by Sabine Baring-Gould revolves around Henry's conflict with the Welsh. A Saxon Maid (1901) by Eliza Frances Pollard. Reportedly \\\"a good short story of the Norman devastations\\\", taking place in the reigns of William II and Henry I. The latter being a prominent character. \\\"Old Men at Pevensey\\\" by Rudyard Kipling, a short story included in the collection Puck of Pook's Hill (1906). Features both Henry I and Robert Curthose. \\\"The Tree of Justice\\\" by Rudyard Kipling, a short story included in the collection Rewards and Fairies (1910). Features both Henry I and Rahere. The King’s Minstrel (1925) by Ivy May Bolton. The title character is Rahere, depicted as \\\"part jester, part priest, and more wizard than either\\\". The King of the title is Henry I who is \\\"prominently introduced\\\". Henry appears in two novels by George Shipway, The Paladin (1972) and The Wolf Time (1973). In these books, Henry is depicted as organizing the death of King William II. Henry appears briefly in the short story \\\"A Light on the Road to Woodstock\\\" (1988) by Ellis Peters, one of her Brother Cadfael stories. \\\"A Light on the Road to Woodstock\\\" is collected in A Rare Benedictine: The Advent of Brother Cadfael. The Pillars of the Earth, a 1989 novel by Ken Follett, set during the Anarchy period. In the miniseries based on the book King Henry was portrayed by Clive Wood. References Sources Henry I Henry I of England\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of Henry I of England\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3477069\",\n \"text\": \"Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-and-Rock 'N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood is a book by Peter Biskind, published by Simon & Schuster in 1998. Easy Riders, Raging Bulls is about the 1960s and 1970s Hollywood, a period of American film known for the production of such films such as The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, The French Connection, Chinatown, Taxi Driver, Jaws, Star Wars, The Exorcist, and The Last Picture Show. The title is taken from films which bookend the era: Easy Rider (1969) and Raging Bull (1980). The book follows Hollywood on the brink of the Vietnam War, when a group of young Hollywood film directors known as the \\\"movie brats\\\" are making their names. It begins in the 1960s and ends in the 1980s. The book was the basis of a 2003 documentary film of the same name directed by Kenneth Bowser and narrated by actor William H. Macy. It was screened out of competition at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 100% based on reviews from 8 critics. Profiles and interviews Profiled in the book Robert Altman Hal Ashby Luke Askew Gerald Ayres Warren Beatty Peter Bogdanovich Francis Ford Coppola Brian De Palma Robert Evans Peter Fonda William Friedkin Buck Henry Dennis Hopper Amy Irving George Lucas Marcia Lucas John Milius Jack Nicholson Polly Platt Bob Rafelson Bert Schneider Leonard Schrader Paul Schrader Martin Scorsese Cybill Shepherd Don Simpson Steven Spielberg Robert Towne Interviewed in the film Dede Allen Peter Bart Tony Bill Karen Black Peter Bogdanovich Ellen Burstyn Roger Corman Micky Dolenz Richard Dreyfuss Peter Fonda Carl Gottlieb Jerome Hellman Monte Hellman Dennis Hopper Willard Huyck Stanley Jaffe Henry Jaglom Gloria Katz Margot Kidder Laszlo Kovacs Kris Kristofferson Mardik Martin Mike Medavoy Sylvia Miles John Milius Charles Mulvehill David Newman Arthur Penn Michael Phillips David Picker Polly Platt Albert S. Ruddy Jennifer Salt Andrew Sarris Paul Schrader Cybill Shepherd Jonathan Taplin Joan Tewkesbury Fred Weintraub Gordon Willis Rudy Wurlitzer Vilmos Zsigmond Controversy and criticism Several of the film-makers profiled in the book have criticized Biskind. Robert Altman denounced both the book and Biskind's methods, saying \\\"It was hate mail. We were all lured into talking to this guy because people thought he was a straight guy but he was filling a commission from the publisher for a hatchet job. He's the worst kind of human being I know.\\\" Francis Ford Coppola was similarly critical, alleging that Biskind interviewed only people with negative opinions of him. Critic Roger Ebert noted that Steven Spielberg said of Easy Riders, Raging Bulls that: \\\"Every single word in that book about me is either erroneous or a lie.\\\" Ebert himself notes that: \\\"Biskind has a way of massaging his stories to suit his agenda.\\\" When asked about Biskind's portrayal of him as \\\"a womanizer, a tyrant and a bully,\\\" William Friedkin said: \\\"I've actually never read the book, but I've talked to some of my friends who are portrayed in it, and we\",\n \"title\": \"Easy Riders, Raging Bulls\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19192667\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Love, Blactually\\\" is the first episode in the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on September 28, 2008. The episode features anthropomorphic dog Brian as he meets a fellow atheist named Carolyn (Kat Foster) at a book store, and the two begin dating. Heeding advice from Stewie (also voiced by MacFarlane), Brian decides not to have sex with her. Carolyn is led to believe that Brian does not want a substantive relationship, so she begins to date Cleveland (Mike Henry). The episode was originally slated to air during season six on March 2, 2008, but was replaced with \\\"Play It Again, Brian\\\" for unknown reasons. The episode was written by Henry, and directed by Cyndi Tang. It received generally positive reviews from critics for its storyline. According to Nielsen ratings, it was watched by 9.2 million viewers in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Foster, along with several recurring voice actors from the series. \\\"Love, Blactually\\\" was released on DVD along with eight other episodes from the season on June 16, 2009. Plot After going to the bookstore to buy The God Delusion, Brian meets an atheist named Carolyn, who happens to be looking for the same book. Brian becomes interested in Carolyn, and the two begin to date. When she invites him to her house, Stewie tells Brian that his relationships fail because he has sex with his girlfriends immediately when they meet. Brian realizes that Stewie is right and decides to take things slow. However, after three weeks, he finds out that Carolyn has begun to date Cleveland, since she assumed Brian just wanted to be friends. A heartbroken Brian tries to deal with his loss, but keeps running into Cleveland and Carolyn having sex in various locations. Feeling bad for his botched advice that cost Brian a relationship with Carolyn, Stewie suggests that he can convince Cleveland's ex-wife, Loretta, to reconcile with him. The two visit Loretta in her own home and learn that she feels guilty for cheating on him with Quagmire, and believes she can never go back to Cleveland. Later, Cleveland visits Brian to clear the air with him but reveals that he plans to elope with Carolyn in Hawaii, which makes their friendship tense. Just as Cleveland leaves, Loretta arrives and apologizes to him for her affair with Quagmire; she begs him to allow her to get their family back together and promises she will never betray him again. Cleveland seeks advice from Peter and Lois, who attempt to dissuade Cleveland from going back to Loretta, but Brian, seeing his only chance at getting back with Carolyn, says Cleveland should \\\"forgive and forget\\\", and lies about Loretta's good qualities, which Peter immediately sees through and points out that she cannot be trusted. When Cleveland decides to wait until the next day to consider his thoughts, Peter recruits Quagmire to have sex with Loretta again so Cleveland can\",\n \"title\": \"Love, Blactually\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30827966\",\n \"text\": \"Horrid Henry: The Movie is a 2011 British 3D children's comedy film directed by Nick Moore and produced by Allan Niblo, Rupert Preston, Mike Watts and Lucinda Whiteley, who wrote it. In the film, Henry and the Purple Hand Gang fight to prevent the closure of their school by an evil private school headmaster. It is based on the fictional character Horrid Henry from the children's book series of the same name by Francesca Simon. The film itself takes place before Series 3 of the TV series. Horrid Henry: The Movie stars Theo Stevenson, Richard E. Grant, Parminder Nagra, Kimberley Walsh, Mathew Horne, Siobhan Hayes, Dick and Dom, Noel Fielding, Jo Brand and Anjelica Huston. It was the first British film for children to be shot in 3D, and was officially released in cinemas on 29 July 2011 in 2D, RealD 3D, and 3D formats by Vertigo Films in the United Kingdom. Phase 4 Films and Entertainment One released the film in theatres in the United States and Canada on 22 December 2012. The film received generally negative reviews from critics and audiences, who criticized its humor, use of 3D, acting, and low quality, but was positively received from fans of the books and the TV series. It grossed $10.1 million worldwide. Horrid Henry: The Movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 28 November 2011 in the United Kingdom. Horrid Henry: The Movie has sold over 750,000 DVD copies in the UK. Plot After failing to complete his homework yet again, Horrid Henry has his friend Brainy Brian forge a note from his mother claiming that his cat ate it. His teacher, Miss Battle-Axe, sees through Henry's scheme as the word \\\"homework\\\" is spelled correctly, something Henry is incapable of doing. While Henry is in detention, his friends join him to rehearse for a school talent contest; they are interrupted by Mrs Oddbod, the Headmistress, and a pair of school inspectors. Meanwhile, Vic Van Wrinkle, Headmaster of the expensive all-boys private academy, Brick House School, influences the school inspectors to close down Ashton Primary, the school Henry attends, hoping to make a fortune from the resulting influx of students. The inspectors encourage Henry's pranks, leading to Miss Battle-Axe and Miss Lovely being fired for failing to enforce discipline. Mrs Oddbod also bans Henry's band, the Zero Zombies, from entering the talent contest. With Ashton Primary on the brink of closing, Henry's Great Aunt Greta offers to pay for Henry to attend an all-girls private academy (thinking Henry is a girl) and his younger brother, Perfect Peter, to attend Brick House. Miss Lovely applies for a job at Brick House and spies on Van Wrinkle; she is captured, but passes notes about Van Wrinkle's plan to Peter. Meanwhile, Henry and Margaret (who has also been transferred to Henry's new school) are attacked by the students there and escape. Henry and the Zero Zombies compete in the talent contest, hoping that their win will make them famous enough that Ashton Primary\",\n \"title\": \"Horrid Henry: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2201413\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Blegvad (born August 14, 1951) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, writer, and cartoonist. He was a founding member of German/English avant-pop band Slapp Happy, which later merged briefly with Henry Cow, and has released many solo and collaborative albums. He is the son of Lenore and Erik Blegvad, who were respectively, a children's book author and illustrator. Biography Early years Peter Blegvad's life began in America – he was born in New York City and originally raised in Connecticut. When he was 14, the Blegvad family moved to England in 1965, unhappy with the social climate of America following the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the threat posed by the Vietnam draft to Peter and his younger brother Kristoffer. Blegvad was educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth, a boarding school where he met his musical collaborator Anthony Moore. Moore and Blegvad played in various bands during their schooldays, alongside fellow musicians such as Neil Murray (then a drummer, later a well-known hard rock bass guitarist). Slapp Happy and Henry Cow In 1972, Blegvad followed the itinerant Moore to Hamburg, Germany, where the two formed the avant-pop trio Slapp Happy with Dagmar Krause. Slapp Happy recorded two albums for Polydor Germany with krautrock group Faust as their backing band. Polydor released the first, Sort Of in 1972, but rejected the second, Casablanca Moon. Blegvad had got to known Faust due to playing with them at their base in Wümme, and would subsequently go on tour with them in the UK, playing guitar as a live band member. This in turn put him in contact with Faust's tourmates, the avant-rock group Henry Cow, with whom he was \\\"soon making all sorts of plans\\\". The rejection of Casablanca Moon prompted Slapp Happy to relocate to London where they signed up with Virgin Records and re-recorded Casablanca Moon, released in 1974 by Virgin as Slapp Happy. (The original Casablanca Moon was later released by Recommended Records as Acnalbasac Noom in 1980.) In 1974, Slapp Happy merged briefly with Henry Cow, recording two albums in 1975, Desperate Straights and In Praise of Learning. Shortly after recording In Praise of Learning, first Moore and then Blegvad left Henry Cow due to incompatibilities with the other musicians in the group. Blegvad has confessed that the technical demands of Henry Cow's music were beyond him (\\\"It was discovered – not to my surprise – that I actually couldn't play Henry Cow music. The chords and the time signatures were too complicated. And... just generally, Anthony and I felt kinda lost...\\\") but it was also clear that there were crucial differences in artistic approach. Blegvad would later reveal (in an interview for the Hearsay fanzine) that \\\"the piece that got me kicked out was \\\"Living in the Heart of the Beast\\\". I was assigned the task for the collective to come up with suitable verbals, and I wrote two verses about a woman throwing raisins at a pile of bones. Tim Hodgkinson just said, I'm sorry, this\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Blegvad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33436039\",\n \"text\": \"Lulu Hunt Peters (1873–1930) was an American medical doctor and writer who wrote a featured newspaper column entitled Diet and Health, which she followed up with a best-selling book, Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories. She was the first person to widely popularize the concept of counting calories as a method of weight loss. It was also the first weight-loss book to become a bestseller. Early life and education Lulu E. Hunt was one of three children born to Thomas and Alice Hunt of Milford, Maine. She attended the Maine State Normal School in Castine before moving to California. She married Louis H. Peters in Los Angeles in 1899, and in 1909 graduated as a Doctor of Medicine from the University of California. Career For a number of years, Dr. Hunt wrote a featured newspaper column entitled Diet and Health for the Central Press Association, which supplied content for about 400 newspapers nationwide. In 1918, she published the diet book Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories, named after and based on her column and with illustrations by her nephew, Dawson Hunt Perkins (1907-1976), son of Henry Addison Perkins, Jr. and Anna Lydia Hunt). It presented the concept of calorie reduction as the best form of weight loss/watching weight to American women, who were wanting to conform to the new-found body image \\\"thin is in\\\". Along with presenting a solution for American women, Peters suggested that weight control was an active form of patriotism in the context of World War I. She suggested that dieting meant having complete self-control and recommended that women organize Watch Your Weight Anti-Kaiser Classes to obtain it. Peters followed her own advice/health regimens and credited them, along with her regular attendance at women's suffragist rallies, for her health and self-sufficiency. Shortly after her book was published, Peters traveled to Bosnia, where she served with the Red Cross. When she returned to the United States, she was pleasantly surprised to learn that she was a best-selling author. She published a later edition describing her life after the book. Beginning in 1922, Peters became a radio lecturer, giving a series of talks about diet and health over station WJZ, then in Newark NJ. She continued to give radio health talks for the next several years. In addition, she also was a popular public speaker, giving motivational talks all over the United States, including at facilities that specialized in weight loss. And she made informational pamphlets available to the readers of her syndicated columns; those who sent for these pamphlets received Peters's strategies for how to successfully lose weight. In 1930, while on a trip by steamship to a medical conference in London, she became ill with neuralgia, and her condition worsened during the trip. She died of pneumonia in late June, 1930. She was survived by her former husband Louis H. Peters. Her book remains in circulation and is still quoted today. Diet and Health: With Key to the Calories Having grown up a\",\n \"title\": \"Lulu Hunt Peters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4707829\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox musical |name= Shenandoah |subtitle= |image= Shenandoah (musical).jpg |caption= Original Cast Recording |music= Gary Geld |lyrics= Peter Udell |book= Peter Udell Philip Rose James Lee Barrett |basis= 1965 film Shenandoah |productions= 1974 Goodspeed Opera House 1975 Broadway 1977 First National Tour 1989 Broadway revival |awards= Tony Award for Best Book in a Musical Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical (John Cullum) }}Shenandoah is a 1974 musical with music by Gary Geld, lyrics by Peter Udell, and book by Udell, Philip Rose, and James Lee Barrett. It is based on Barrett's original screenplay for the 1965 film Shenandoah. Synopsis Charlie Anderson, a widower, lives with his large family in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, during the American Civil War. Anderson does not wish to be involved with the war because he doesn't consider it \\\"his\\\" war, but he is forced to take action when his youngest son Robert is taken prisoner by Union soldiers. In the course of searching for Robert, Charlie, his daughter Jenny, and some of his sons rescue Sam (Jenny's newlywed Confederate soldier husband) from a Yankee POW train. After enduring the tragedy of losing his eldest son Jacob (to a sniper) and his second eldest son James and James' wife Anne (to deserters), Charlie and the rest of the family return home, defeated. In his despair, Charlie is reminded to return to church, where he, at long last, is reunited with Robert once more. Original cast and characters Musical numbers Act I Raise the Flag of Dixie (Prologue) - Ensemble I've Heard it All Before - Charlie Pass the Cross to Me - Ensemble Why Am I Me? - The Boy and Gabriel Next to Lovin' (I Like Fightin') - Jacob, James, Nathan, John and Henry Over the Hill - Jenny The Pickers are Coming - Charlie Next to Lovin' (I Like Fightin') (Reprise) - Jacob, James, Nathan, John, Henry and Jenny Meditation - Charlie We Make a Beautiful Pair - Anne and Jenny Violets and Silverbells - Jenny, Sam and Ensemble It's a Boy! - Charlie, Jacob, James, Nathan, John and Henry Act II Entr'acte - Orchestra Freedom - Anne and Gabriel Violets and Silverbells (reprise) - James and Anne Papa's Gonna Make it Alright - Charlie The Only Home I Know - Corporal and Ensemble The Only Home I Know (Reprise) - Corporal Papa's Gonna Make it Alright (Reprise) - Jenny Meditation II - Charlie Pass the Cross to Me (Finale) - Ensemble Freedom (curtain call) - Ensemble Productions The play was first performed at the Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut, during 1974. It then moved to the Colonial Theater in Boston for a pre-Broadway run from November 25, 1974 - December 14, 1974. It then transferred to the Alvin Theatre on Broadway beginning on January 7, 1975. where it played for a total of 1,050 performances, ending August 7, 1977. The production was directed by Philip Rose, with scenery by Chuck Murawski, lighting by Thomas R. Skelton, costumes by Pearl\",\n \"title\": \"Shenandoah (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"177248\",\n \"text\": \"Horrid Henry is a children's book series by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. It has been adapted for television, film and theatre. Horrid Henry is set in the United Kingdom in 1994. Books The first Horrid Henry book was written and published in 1994 by Orion Books. Up until 2015, 24 official Horrid Henry titles were published in the series with a special one-off 25th Anniversary book, published in 2019. The series has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide. The books are a slice-of-life series featuring the titular Henry, a wildly misbehaved boy who will typically be faced with a problem and then will often retaliate in interesting ways that involve trickery, rule-breaking and elaborate practical jokes. Henry has a younger brother, Perfect Peter, who is the exact opposite. Almost every character is known by an alliterative nickname (Rude Ralph, Moody Margaret, Brainy Brian, etc.) with a few exceptions e.g. Mum, Dad and Miss Battle-Axe. The Horrid Henry stories are read on audiobook by the actress Miranda Richardson and published by Orion Audio. Each title in the main series consists of four short stories with black and white illustrations. The titles The Early Readers series, aimed at younger readers, each consist of a single story with colour illustrations. Each story in that series, except Don't be Horrid Henry!, was originally published in a main series title. Don't be Horrid Henry! is an original story about Henry as a toddler. Eleven fact books, written from Henry's point of view, have also been published along with eight joke books, eleven colour books and at least twelve activity books as well as a series of annuals. Horrid Henry is published in 25 languages around the world. In April 2009, the US Sourcebooks' Jabberwocky imprint released four Horrid Henry paperbacks nationwide, which included Horrid Henry, Horrid Henry's Stinkbomb, Horrid Henry and the Mega-Mean Time Machine\\\" and Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy. Sourcebooks has released additional Horrid Henry titles including activity pages, event kits and a teacher's guide. Main series Extra Book Horrid Henry's Bedtime (2005) Early Readers Fact books Joke books Horrid Henry's Joke Book Horrid Henry's Jolly Joke Book Horrid Henry's Mighty Joke Book Horrid Henry's versus Moody Margaret Horrid Henry's Hilariously Horrid Joke Book Horrid Henry's Purple Hand Gang Joke Book Horrid Henry's All Time Favourite Joke Book Horrid Henry's Jumbo Joke Book Colour books Horrid Henry's Big Bad Book Horrid Henry's Wicked Ways Horrid Henry's Evil Enemies Horrid Henry Rules the World Horrid Henry's House of Horrors Horrid Henry's Dreadful Deeds Horrid Henry Shows Who's Boss Horrid Henry's A-Z of Everything Horrid Horrid Henry's Fearsome Four Horrid Henry's Royal Riot Horrid Henry's Tricky Tricks Activity books Horrid Henry's Brainbusters Horrid Henry's Headscratchers Horrid Henry's Mindbenders Horrid Henry's Colouring Book Horrid Henry's Puzzle Book Horrid Henry's Sticker Book Horrid Henry Runs Riot Horrid Henry's Annual Horrid Henry's Classroom Chaos Horrid Henry's Holiday Havoc Horrid Henry's Wicked Wordsearches Horrid Henry's Mad Mazes Horrid Henry's Crazy Crosswords Television adaptation Film\",\n \"title\": \"Horrid Henry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75717217\",\n \"text\": \"The Laughing Woman is a 1934 British stage play by Gordon Daviot, a nom de plume for Elisabeth MacKintosh (1896-1955) who also wrote under the name Josephine Tey. It was based on the relationship between Henri Gaudier and Sophie Brzeska. The play debuted in London in 1934 at the New Theatre. It had a short run on Broadway in 1936. Premise According to a synopsis in The Spectator, the \\\"play... presents a cross-section of the relations between Rene Latour and Ingrid Rydrnan. He is young, French, and a sculptor; she is older, Swedish, and a philosopher with a book to write. They come from Paris to London and live there as brother and sister in great poverty. Their incessant quarrels cannot blind — or deafen — them to the fact that they are necessary to each other. They cling together stormily. The outbreak of the War finds Rene on the threshold of fame. He returns incontinently to the France which rejected him, to die (as the Epilogue tells us) on active service and with the rank of sergeant.\\\" Australian radio adaptation The play was adapted for Australian radio in 1939 by Max Afford, starring Peter Finch and Neva Carr Glynn. Finch's performance was a milestone in his career. A critic for Wireless Weekly stated: Peter Finch is a great actor.... For the first time in my listening life, I was actually sorry when the play came to an end... As Rene Latour, Peter Finch is inspired. And Neva Carr-Glynn as Ingrid is not far behind... in the hands of the players it came to life — one of the most human, the most extraordinary, the most ruthless, the most delicate love stories that radio has been able to present. The play was performed again on Australian radio in 1941 with Neva Carr Glynn and Paul O'Loughlin in the leads. Wireless Weekly said \\\"It contains some of the most effective backyard squabbles I have heard in radio drama\\\" but felt the accents were \\\"not so good in parts. Perhaps Neva Carr-Glyn, who played Ingrid opposite Peter Finch in the first version, was a little bored with doing it again. Perhaps Paul O'Loughlin, who played the artist Latour, was a little self-conscious.\\\" It was performed again in 1946, with Finch and Thelma Scott. Reviewing the 1946 production, the Sun said \\\"Many actors make a hash of foreign characterisations. Not so Peter Finch. His Rene Latour in 2GB's \\\"Laughing Woman\\\" was a gem, matched only by Thelma Scott's sensitive performance as Ingrid Rydman. Both artists breathed life into an otherwise average play.\\\" Finch's performance earned him the Macquarie Award for Best Starring Male Actor of the year. There was another version in 1953. References External links 1939 Radio Adaptation at AustLit 1934 plays British plays 1939 Australian radio dramas 1941 Australian radio dramas 1953 Australian radio dramas 1946 Australian radio dramas Radio plays by Max Afford\",\n \"title\": \"The Laughing Woman (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13455876\",\n \"text\": \"Andrew Wise (fl. 1589 – 1603), or Wyse or Wythes, was a London publisher of the Elizabethan era who issued first editions of five Shakespearean plays. \\\"No other London stationer invested in Shakespeare as assiduously as Wise did, at least while Shakespeare was still alive.\\\" Andrew Wise was the son of a Yorkshire yeoman; as \\\"Wythes,\\\" he served an eight-year apprenticeship under Henry Smith and Thomas Bradshaw starting in 1581, and became a \\\"freeman\\\" (a full member) of the Stationers Company on 26 May 1589. He ran his own business in London from about 1593 to 1603; his shop was at the sign of the Angel in St. Paul's Churchyard. Wise published editions of the following five Shakespearean plays: He entered Richard II into the Stationers' Register on 20 August 1597, and published the first quarto of the play before the end of the year. The second and third quartos both followed in 1598. All three volumes were printed by Valentine Simmes. Richard III was entered into the Stationers' Register on 20 October 1597; the first quarto appeared later that year. Wise published the second quarto of R3 in 1598, and the third in 1602. Valentine Simmes printed signatures A-G of the first quarto, with H-M coming from Peter Short's print shop. The other two books were printed by Thomas Creede. Henry IV, Part 1 was registered on 25 February 1598 (new style), and published later that year, printed by Valentine Simmes and Peter Short. Q2 followed in 1599, with printing by Simon Stafford. Henry IV, Part 2 was registered on 23 August 1600; the sole quarto edition of the era was published that same year. In this case, Wise worked in partnership with colleague William Aspley; the printing was done once again by Valentine Simmes. Much Ado About Nothing was also registered on 23 August 1600, and published that year by Wise and Aspley, with printing by Simmes. In one view, \\\"Andrew Wise...struck gold three times in a row in 1597–8 by picking what would become the three best-selling Shakespearean quartos as the first three plays of his brief career.\\\" In addition to Shakespeare's plays, Wise published a range of other contemporary works, including Thomas Nashe's Christ's Tears Over Jerusalem (1593), and Thomas Campion's Observations in the Art of English Poesy (1602). As was typical of publishers of his era, he published religious and homiletic works, like The Pathway to Perfection and The Mean of Mourning (both 1596) by Thomas Playfair – though he appears to have operated a rather small-scale business, in comparison with other stationers of his generation. On 25 June 1603, Andrew Wise transferred his copyrights to R2, R3, and 1H4 to fellow stationer Matthew Law, who issued subsequent quartos of all three plays. Thereafter Wise \\\"is not heard of again.\\\" References Publishers (people) from London 16th-century English businesspeople\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Wise\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8932417\",\n \"text\": \"David Henry Wilson (born 1937, in London) is an English writer. As an author he is best known for his children's stories such as the Jeremy James series. Wilson has also had a number of plays produced in the United Kingdom, both for children and adults. He is also the author of The Coachman Rat (1989), a satirical novel based on the Cinderella story. Biography Wilson was educated at Dulwich College and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He has lived in France, Ghana, Germany and Switzerland, and for many years was a lecturer at the universities of Bristol and Konstanz (where he founded and ran the university theatre). Wilson has had many books published in the United Kingdom. A number of these have also been translated into other languages. He also translates many works from French and German, ranging from children's books by Kirsten Boie to travel guides by Peter Sager, art history by Werner Hofmann, and literary theory by Wolfgang Iser. He is also a prolific playwright, writing both short and full-length works. A common theme appears to be sequels to works by Shakespeare. Personal life Wilson is widowed and has three grown-up children; he now lives in Taunton, Somerset. He is a fan of cricket and classical music and also enjoys rugby. His youngest child, J.J. Amaworo Wilson is an American-based author whose magical realist novel Damnificados is an award winner. Selected works for children The Jeremy James series, comprising: Elephants Don’t Sit on Cars (1978) Never Say Moo to a Bull, formerly Getting Rich With Jeremy James (1979) How the Lion Lost his Lunch, formerly Beside the Sea with Jeremy James (1980) Can a Spider Learn to Fly?, formerly How to Stop a Train with One Finger (1983) Do Goldfish Play the Violin? (1985) Please Keep Off the Dinosaur (1993) Do Gerbils Go to Heaven? (1996) Never Steal Wheels from a Dog (2001) These have been combined by Macmillan Children's Books into three volumes: Triple Trouble with Jeremy James Causing Chaos with Jeremy James Making Mischief with Jeremy James The Fastest Gun Alive The Superdog series - Superdog, Superdog the Hero, Superdog in Trouble Gander of the Yard, Gideon Gander Solves the World's Greatest Mysteries The Coachman Rat, a novel (Carroll & Graf, 1989) The Castle of Inside Out (Alma Books, 1997) Selected plays We’re Looking for Mary Pickford. Two ancient children rebel against their mother. Jones v Jones. The disintegration of a marriage. Who Cares? A farcical tragedy, in which two pensioners prepare to donate their meagre savings to charity People in Cages. Are You Normal, Mr Norman? & other short plays, including the title play, in which Mr Norman visits a demon dentist The Death Artist. Gas and Candles The Make-Up Artist (1973), one-act play employing extensive quotation from Shakespeare. Selected Shakespearian themed plays Shylock's Revenge, a full-length sequel to The Merchant of Venice (Shakespearian–sized cast, first produced at University of Hamburg). Iago, The Villain of Venice, a full-length sequel to Othello (another large cast). Excellent Beauty\",\n \"title\": \"David Henry Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1640791\",\n \"text\": \"The Guinness Book of Records lists 410 feature-length film and TV versions of William Shakespeares plays, making Shakespeare the most filmed author ever in any language. , the Internet Movie Database lists Shakespeare as having writing credit on 1,800 films, including those under production but not yet released. The earliest known production is King John from 1899. Comedies All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing The Taming of the Shrew Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Histories Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Henry VIII King John Richard II Richard III Romances Pericles Cymbeline The Winter's Tale The Tempest Other Shakespeare as a character Acting Shakespeare Television series NOTE: \\\"ShakespeaRe-Told\\\", \\\"The Animated Shakespeare\\\" and \\\"BBC Television Shakespeare\\\" series have been covered above, under the respective play performed in each episode. Playing Shakespeare (TV, UK, 1979–1984) began as two consecutive episodes of the UK arts series The South Bank Show, and developed into a nine-part series of its own. It features director John Barton, then a leading light of the Royal Shakespeare Company, putting a host of actors through their paces. Many of those actors are now household names, including Judi Dench, Michael Pennington, Patrick Stewart, Ben Kingsley, David Suchet and Ian McKellen. The episodes were: The South Bank Show: \\\"Speaking Shakespearean Verse\\\" The South Bank Show: \\\"Preparing to Perform Shakespeare\\\" 1. \\\"The Two Traditions\\\" 2. \\\"Using the Verse\\\" 3. \\\"Language and Character\\\" 4. \\\"Set Speeches and Soliloquies\\\" 5. \\\"Irony and Ambiguity\\\" 6. \\\"Passion and Coolness\\\" 7. \\\"Rehearsing the Text\\\" 8. \\\"Exploring a Character\\\" 9. \\\"Poetry and Hidden Poetry\\\" Three further episodes were filmed but never edited or screened. They were to be called \\\"Using the Prose\\\", \\\"Using the Sonnets\\\" and \\\"Contemporary Shakespeare\\\". Their text can be read in the book \\\"Playing Shakespeare\\\" by John Barton. The Shakespeare Sessions (USA 2003): An American spin-off from Playing Shakespeare (above) in which John Barton directs notable American actors in Shakespeare scenes. Conjuring Shakespeare (TV, UK, 199?): A series of half-hour documentaries hosted by Fiona Shaw, each episode dealing with scenes from a particular play. In Search of Shakespeare (TV, UK, 2003): A BBC documentary series of four 1-hour episodes, chronicling the life of William Shakespeare, written and presented by Michael Wood. Slings & Arrows (TV, Canada, 2003–2006): A Canadian comedy drama set in the New Burbage Shakespeare Festival, a fictional Shakespearean festival in a small town in Canada comparable to the real-life Stratford Shakespeare Festival. With its entire run written by Susan Coyne, Bob Martin and Mark McKinney, directed by Peter Wellington, and starring Paul Gross, Martha Burns and Stephen Ouimette, it aired in\",\n \"title\": \"List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7650705\",\n \"text\": \"Frank Muller (May 5, 1951 – June 4, 2008) was a stage and television actor, but was most famous as an audiobook narrator. Early life Muller was born in the Netherlands, the eldest of five children. His family immigrated to the United States when he was five. Career Muller was a classically trained actor who began his career working on stage and doing commercials. He spent many years on the New York stage, where he became a company member of the Riverside Shakespeare Company, for which he played the title role in King Henry V, Edmund the Bastard in The History of King Lear, and the title role in Cyrano de Bergerac, as well as performing with the Roundabout Theater Company and the New York Shakespeare Festival among others. He also played supporting roles on television in shows like Law & Order, Life Goes On, Harry and the Hendersons, and All My Children. It is as an audiobook narrator, however, that he was most famous. In 1979, Henry Trentman founded Recorded Books and hired Muller as its first narrator to record its first book, The Sea Wolf by Jack London. The company began by publishing audiobook recordings of public domain works such as Call of the Wild and A Tale of Two Cities but later expanded into copyrighted works as audiobooks began to grow in popularity. Muller soon became the narrator of choice for such authors as Stephen King, John le Carré, John Grisham, Elmore Leonard and many others. Muller won the 2002 and 2003 Audie Award for Best Male Narrator for his readings of Clive Barker's Coldheart Canyon and Elmore Leonard's Tishomingo Blues, respectively. Motorcycle accident On November 5, 2001, Muller was about to leave on a week-long motorcycle trip with a close relative when his wife Erika surprised him with the news that she was expecting their second child. After celebrating, Muller left on the trip. Two hours into the trip, he lost control of his motorcycle on the freeway when he accidentally clipped a construction barrel and was sent skidding into a median barrier at about . Muller was thrown from the bike landing on his head on the concrete. He sustained multiple fractures, lacerations, and abrasions, and was taken to Antelope Valley Hospital Medical Center in Lancaster, California, and went into cardiac arrest three times. He also suffered severe head trauma, which was subsequently diagnosed as diffuse axonal injury. Muller remained hospitalized for six and a half years and died on June 4, 2008, at Duke University Hospital in Durham, North Carolina. In 2002, Stephen King, who had also experienced a life-threatening auto accident, organized a benefit for Muller with Pat Conroy, John Grisham, and Peter Straub. King went on to help found The Wavedancer Foundation, an organization dedicated to helping \\\"mid-list writers, audio readers, and freelancers in the book and publishing industry.\\\" Personal life Muller was married to Erika Muller and had two children. In 2003, the Mullers moved to a house outside Raleigh, North\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Muller\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13301746\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Short (died 1603) was an English printer based in London in the later Elizabethan era. He printed several first editions and early texts of Shakespeare's works. Career Short became a \\\"freeman\\\" (full member) of the Stationers Company on 1 March 1589, and operated his own business from that year until his death; he was partnered with Richard Yardley until 1593. His shop was at the sign of the star on Bread Street Hill. About a third of his titles involved translations from Latin or contemporary European languages. Short began publishing music in 1597; he issued Thomas Morley's A Plaine and Easy Introduction and both Canzonets, Dowland's First Book of Songs, Holborne's Cittharn School, and Hunnis's Seven Sobs. Short used type which was passed on and used by his successors (Humphrey Lownes, James Young). In an era when the functions of publisher and printer were often largely (though not entirely) separate, Short was primarily a printer and only secondarily a publisher; he printed just over 170 works in his career, and the publishers of about 100 are known. Short likely published a good portion of the others himself. Works Apart from Shakespeare's works, Short's most important printing tasks were: the famous 1600 first edition of William Gilbert's De Magnete; the 1601 edition of the Annals of John Stow; and the completion of the fifth edition (1597) of the Acts and Monuments, or Book of Martyrs of John Foxe. He also printed the first edition (1600) of Marlowe's translation of Lucan's Pharsalia for Thomas Thorpe. In music publishing, Short was responsible for printing John Dowland's First Booke of Songes or Ayres, the most successful music anthologyy of the era, as well as Thomas Morley's important theoretical treatise A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Musicke, both printed in 1597 Regarding Shakespeare, Short printed: The first quarto of Henry VI, Part 3 (1595), for publisher Thomas Millington. This was the \\\"bad quarto,\\\" the early alternative text of Shakespeare's play known as The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York. The first quarto of Henry IV, Part 1 (1598), for Andrew Wise. The second edition of The Rape of Lucrece (1598), for John Harrison. This was the first edition of that poem in octavo rather than quarto format (O1). The fifth edition of Venus and Adonis (1599), for William Leake; the third octavo edition (O3). For Cuthbert Burby, Short printed Palladis Tamia (1598) by Francis Meres, a book that contains an important early reference to Shakespeare and a list of his plays performed up to 1598. Short printed a few non-Shakespearean play texts as well: For Burby, Short printed Q1 and Q2 of The Taming of a Shrew (1594, 1596), the early alternative version of Shakespeare's The Shrew. For William Ponsonby, he printed the closet drama Antony (1595), translated from the French of Robert Garnier by the Countess of Pembroke. For Simon Waterson, he printed the third, 1598 edition of Samuel Daniel's Cleopatra. And for William Holme, Short printed one of the three editions\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Short (printer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"249596\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Eric Beissel (born 12 April 1929 Cologne) is a writer and editor who has published 24 volumes of poetry, six books of plays, a non-fiction book on Canada, two anthologies of plays intended for use in high schools, and numerous essays and pieces of short fiction. Biography Henry Beissel was born in Cologne, Germany, and survived the second World war as a youth. He came to Canada in 1951. He first came to national attention with the controversial literary/political journal Edge (Edmonton 1963 – Montreal 1969). Beissel's internationally successful Inuk and the Sun (\\\"a mythic masterpiece\\\", Sherrill Grace) premiered at the Stratford Festival of Canada in 1973. This was followed by a U.S. premiere in 1977 at The Other Theatre in Chicago's Bernard Horwich Jewish Community Center with a musical score by Douglas L. Lieberman. The Other Theatre also commissioned Under Coyote's Eye and performed it at the Field Museum of Natural History. Beissel's work has been translated into many languages. Beissel had a long teaching career in English literature, and later in creative writing, which started as a teaching fellow at the University of Toronto. He taught at the University of Munich (1960–62), the University of Alberta (1962–64) and Concordia University (Montreal) (1966–96), from which he retired as distinguished emeritus professor of English. He lives with his wife, Arlette Francière, in Ottawa. Awards Beissel has received several awards. The first was the Norma Epstein Award for Creative Writing in 1958 at University of Toronto, and the last was the Walter-Bauer Literaturpreis, Merseburg (Germany), 1994. Selected bibliography New Wings for Icarus. Toronto: Coach House, 1966. A Different Sun (poems by Walter Bauer translated from the German). Ottawa: Oberon, 1976. Inuk and the Sun. Toronto: Gage, 1980. Under Coyote's Eye. Dunvegan, Ontario: Quadrant, 1980. Improvisations for Mr. X & the Noose. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant, 1989. Kanada. Romantik und Wirklichkeit (with photographs by Janis Kraulis). Innsbruck: Pinguin Verlag, 1981. Cantos North. Moonbeam, Ontario: Penumbra, 1982. Season of Blood. Toronto: Mosaic, 1984. A Thistle In His Mouth (poems by Peter Huchel translated from the German). Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant Books, 1987. The Noose & Improvisations for Mister X. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant, 1989. Dying I was Born. Waterloo, Ontario: Penumbra, 1992. Stones to Harvest. Gooderich, Ontario: Moonstone, 1993. Across the Sun's Warp. Ottawa: BuschekBooks, 2003. Plays The Curve, University of Alberta, 1963 A Trumpet For Nap, Little Angel Theatre, London, England. 1970 Are You Afraid of Thieves?, Universite du Quebec, 1973, La Troupe Brin'si Inook And The Sun, The Stratford Festival, Canada, 1973 For Crying Out Loud, Char-Lan Theatre Workshop, Williamstown, Ontario. 1975 Goya, Montreal Theatre Lab, 1976 Under Coyote's Eye, Other Theatre, Chicago, 1978 The Emigrants, Saidye Bronfman Centre, Montreal. 1981 Hedda Gabler, Saidye Bronfman Centre, Montreal. 1982 (translation) The Noose, University of Winnipeg, 1985The Glass Mountain'', University of Winnipeg, Manitoba. 1990 References External links Settlement and Survival: Henry Beissel's 'Cantos North' Henry Beissel's website Peace Networking with Professor Beissel by Koozma J. Tarasoff, Spirit-Wrestlers Blog, 17 March 2018. 1929 births 20th-century Canadian\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Beissel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15622473\",\n \"text\": \"Henry IV of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times. Literature Almost two hundred years after his death, Henry became the subject of two plays by William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2, as well as featuring prominently in Richard II. As the Earl of Derby, Henry is a character in Gordon Daviot's 1932 play Richard of Bordeaux. Henry appears in a historical novel by Henry Newbolt, The New June (1909). Ellis Peters's novel A Bloody Field by Shrewsbury (1972, US title The Bloody Field) revolves around the relationship between Henry, Prince Hal and Hotspur. Also in 1972, Martha Rofheart wrote a novel featuring Henry IV, Fortune Made His Sword (UK title Cry God For Harry). Henry is a supporting character in Georgette Heyer's 1975 historical novel My Lord John, which details the early life of his son, John of Lancaster. Anya Seton included Henry in her 1954 novel Katherine which depicted the relationship between Henry's father John of Gaunt and his eventual step-mother Katherine Swynford. Henry is a main character in Sara Douglass's The Crucible Trilogy, a work of historical fiction. Henry is the king in Howard Pyle's fictional Men of Iron. The protagonist's father's loyalty to Richard II is the reason that the family is in hiding for most of the book. Film Henry has been portrayed on screen by: Ian Keith in The Black Shield of Falworth (1954), with Tony Curtis John Gielgud in Chimes at Midnight (1965), a merger of several Shakespeare plays Carl Wharton in Henry IV - Part 2 (2012), a film by The Co-operative British Youth Film Academy. Ben Mendelsohn in The King (2019), a film by Netflix Television Henry has been portrayed a number of times on television, mainly in versions of Shakespeare's plays. In this context he has been played by: Clement McCallin in a BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1950) Kent Smith in an American version of Richard II (1954) Tom Fleming in the BBC series An Age of Kings (1960), which contained all the history plays from Richard II to Richard III Erik Hell in Henrik IV (1964), a Swedish version of Henry IV Hartmut Reck in König Richard II (1968), a West German version of Richard II Timothy West in another BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1970) Sándor Lukács in II. Richárd (1976), a Hungarian version of Richard II Jon Finch in the BBC Shakespeare version of King Richard the Second (1978) and both parts of Henry IV (1979) Michael Cronin in the BBC series The Wars of the Roses (1989), which included all of Shakespeare's history plays performed by the English Shakespeare Company Nikolai Lavrov in Richard Vtoroi (1992), a Russian version of Richard II Ronald Pickup in a BBC film, Henry IV (1995), a version of Henry IV, Part 1 Richard Bremmer in a British TV film, Richard II (1997) Veit Schubert in another German version of Richard II (2001)\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of Henry IV of England\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41612828\",\n \"text\": \"Next is a short film created by Aardman Animations. Its full title is \\\"Next: The Infinite Variety Show\\\". Plot William Shakespeare auditions for an undetermined role in front of a bored Peter Hall with references to his play in under five minutes. Plays Present \\\"Henry V\\\" \\\"Julius Caesar\\\" \\\"Antony and Cleopatra\\\" \\\"Coriolanus\\\" \\\"Henry VIII\\\" \\\"Romeo & Juliet\\\" \\\"Henry IV\\\" \\\"Richard II\\\" \\\"Henry VI\\\" \\\"Richard III\\\" \\\"Troilus & Cressida\\\" \\\"A Midsummer Night’s Dream\\\" \\\"Hamlet\\\" \\\"Othello\\\" \\\"Titus Andronicus\\\" \\\"Timon of Athens\\\" \\\"The Tempest\\\" \\\"As You Like It\\\" \\\"Macbeth\\\" \\\"Alls Well Ends Well\\\" \\\"The Taming Of The Shrew\\\" \\\"Much Ado About Nothing\\\" \\\"The Merry Wives Of Windsor\\\" \\\"The Merchant Of Venice\\\" \\\"King John\\\" \\\"Pericles, Prince Of Tyre\\\" \\\"King Lear\\\" \\\"Love’s Labour’s Lost\\\" \\\"Twelfth Night\\\" \\\"Two Gentlemen Of Verona\\\" \\\"A Winter’s Tale\\\" \\\"Measure For Measure\\\" \\\"Cymbeline\\\" (\\\"The Two Noble Kinsmen\\\" is Missing) Cast Barry Purves - Will, a poor player (animation) Roger Rees - Peter, a Producer (voice) Production The film was commissioned by Channel 4 as part of a 5-part series of Aardman animations called \\\"Lip Synch\\\": Creature Comforts (1989), Going Equipped (1990), Ident (1990), Next (1990) and War Story (1989). Peter was voiced by Roger Rees and is reading one of Hall's books. The halo indicates that he represents Saint Peter, and that Shakespeare is auditioning to get into Heaven. The film references all of 37 Shakespeare plays. A clip of this short was shown in the 2003 documentary Animated Century. Critical reception On imdb, Next received a rating of 7.3/10 from 188 users. References External links Next on IMDB Excerpt on Vimeo Next on YouTube 1990 animated short films Films based on works by William Shakespeare 1990 films British animated short films 1990s English-language films 1990s British films Aardman Animations short films\",\n \"title\": \"Next (1990 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36807094\",\n \"text\": \"Horrid Henry: Tricking the Tooth Fairy, published from 2000 to 2019 as Horrid Henry Tricks The Tooth Fairy, is the third book of the Horrid Henry series. It was first published in 1996 as Horrid Henry and the Tooth Fairy and was written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. Plot Horrid Henry Tricks The Tooth Fairy Everyone in Horrid Henry's class had lost at least one tooth - that is except Henry himself. Just today, his younger brother, Perfect Peter had lost a tooth. So, Henry decides to eat as many sweets as he can from his sweet jar, although it is two days before \\\"Sweet Day\\\" when he is allowed to eat sweets. Henry's \\\"hard work\\\" comes to a waste when none of his teeth feel wobbly and worse, his mouth, gums and stomach hurt. Then, he gets a \\\"brilliant\\\" idea. He decides to trick the tooth fairy. So on that night, Henry silently creeps into Peter's room and steals the tooth Peter placed under his pillow but bumps into his mother and manages to escape. The next morning, Henry doesn't find a coin from the tooth fairy but Peter finds a pound coin from the fairy. Henry asks his mother how the tooth fairy knows whose pillow to put money and she says that she looks at the gap between the child's teeth. Henry realizes his mistake and places a piece of black paper over his mouth. At night, when he sleeps, he ties his finger to a fake vampire tooth (a substitute for the real one) to make sure that when the tooth fairy comes and takes his tooth, he gets woken up. The next morning, Henry receives a fake 50p coin and a letter from the tooth fairy, mocking him for his trick. Henry's mother calls him down and scolds him for eating all the sweets and tells him to eat apples instead. Henry takes an apple and bites on it. To his horror, the bite had made him lose a tooth and he had swallowed it! Horrid Henry's Wedding Horrid Henry's cousin, Prissy Polly, is marrying Pimply Paul. Henry has been chosen to be a pageboy, along with Perfect Peter, his brother. First, Henry's family has trouble with Henry's pageboy clothes as they are too \\\"tight\\\". Second, they have trouble with Henry going to the wedding and they drag him into the car to go. Worse still, they are caught in the middle of a thunderstorm. They arrive at the wedding later than everybody. While the priest says all the holy blessings and promises, Henry pretends he is a famous chef who is tossing pancakes, only that he is tossing the wedding rings. When the rings (which Henry lost) are needed, Henry gives them a toy pirate ring. Afterwards, when everyone takes photos, Henry jumps in at the last moment and makes horrible faces. A while later, during the reception, while everyone is eating their lunch, Henry secretly eats the wedding cake but\",\n \"title\": \"Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36637188\",\n \"text\": \"Horrid Henry is the first book of the Horrid Henry series. It was published in 1994 and written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. The book is a collection of short stories about the same characters, along the lines of the Just William books. Plot Horrid Henry's Perfect Day Horrid Henry is a young boy who loves doing unimaginable horrible things. He throws food, he snatches things, he pushes, shoves and pinches. He has a younger brother called Perfect Peter, an extremely perfect boy who does uncountable good deeds. Peter always says \\\"Please\\\" and \\\"Thank You\\\", he loves vegetables and refuses cake and he never ever picks his nose. One day, Horrid Henry wonders what would happen if he were perfect?! So − the next day, Henry doesn't wake Peter up by splashing water on his head as usual, and Peter and his parents wake up late. Due to this, Henry and Peter are late for a class. Back at home, Henry doesn't bully Peter, instead, he reads a book about super-mice. At dinner time, Henry helps lay the table and ignores Peter's whining that he always lays the table. When the family eat spaghetti and meatballs, Henry does not kick Peter or slurp his food or leave behind his vegetables. Peter wants Henry to become horrid again and tries many ways to get Henry to hit him but Henry is resilient. When Henry's Mum gives Henry some fudge cake and a kiss for being so good, Peter can't stand it any longer and flings his plate at Henry but hits Mum. Mum screams at Peter to go to his room and when Henry laughs, she sends him to his room too. The story ends with Henry being surprised that being perfect was so much fun. Horrid Henry's Dance Class Henry and Peter have to go to the school's dance class taught by Miss Impatience Tutu, a very impatient woman who claims she is patient that Henry hates. The class has to play a concert and everyone is practicing for it. Impatience Tutu makes Henry sit behind a false bush for being horrid at her class so he won't embarrass everyone at the concert. When its time for the concert, Henry decides to make his part bigger and by doing so, makes Impatience Tutu stop the concert this story then ends with Henry being happy to finally go for karate. Horrid Henry & Moody Margaret Horrid Henry has an archenemy, and that is Moody Margaret. Margaret lives next door to Henry, is in Henry's class and owns all the things that Henry's goody-goody parents don't let him have. This is the only reason that Henry plays with Margaret. The two of them are playing pirates and squabbling over who is going to be Captain Hook and Peter is begging to not be the prisoner. When Margaret reluctantly hands over her Captain Hook role to Henry and takes his role as Mr. Smee and Henry orders her and Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Horrid Henry (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62864913\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Muller (1 September 1925 – 27 May 1998) was a German-born British journalist and screenwriter, who mainly worked in television. Since his father was Jewish, he emigrated to Britain in 1938 as a thirteen-year-old refugee from Nazi Germany. Selected works Film Woman of Straw (1964) The Beauty Jungle (1964) I'm an Elephant, Madame (1969) The Roaring Fifties (1983) Television London Playhouse: \\\"Jane Clegg\\\" (dir. Peter Cotes, 1956) Armchair Theatre: \\\"The Night Conspirators\\\" (Philip Saville, 1962) Armchair Theatre: \\\"Afternoon of a Nymph\\\" (1962) Armchair Theatre: \\\"Thank You and Goodnight\\\" (1962) Armchair Theatre: \\\"The Paradise Suite\\\" (1963) Playdate: \\\"The Night Conspirators\\\" (1963) Armchair Theatre: \\\"Pleasure Is Where She Finds It\\\" (Charles Jarrott, 1964) Story Parade: \\\"The World That Summer\\\" (Peter Sasdy, 1965) Armchair Mystery Theatre: \\\"Man and Mirror\\\" (Patrick Dromgoole, 1965) Armchair Theatre: \\\"A Cold Peace\\\" (Don Leaver, 1965) Mystery and Imagination: \\\"The Body Snatcher\\\" (Toby Robertson, 1966) ( and , 1966, TV miniseries) — based on a non-fiction book by The Wednesday Play: \\\"The Executioner\\\" (Michael Hayes, 1966) Die Unberatenen (Peter Zadek, 1966) — based on a novel by Out of the Unknown: \\\"The Prophet\\\" (Naomi Capon, 1967) — based on \\\"Reason\\\" by Isaac Asimov Armchair Theatre: \\\"Easier in the Dark\\\" (Don Leaver, 1967) Armchair Theatre: \\\"A World of Time\\\" (Don Leaver, 1967) Theatre 625: \\\"Henry IV\\\" (Michael Hayes, 1967) — based on Luigi Pirandello's Henry IV Haunted: \\\"After the Funeral\\\" (Don Leaver, 1967) The Wednesday Play: \\\"Death of a Private\\\" (James Ferman, 1967) — loosely based on Woyzeck Man in a Suitcase: \\\"The Bridge\\\" (Pat Jackson, 1967) Armchair Theatre: \\\"You and Me\\\" (Kim Mills, 1968) Nana (John Davies, 1968, TV miniseries) Mystery and Imagination: \\\"Frankenstein\\\" (Voytek, 1968) Out of the Unknown: \\\"Beach Head\\\" (James Cellan Jones, 1969) — based on a story by Clifford D. Simak Out of the Unknown: \\\"The Naked Sun\\\" (Rudolph Cartier, 1969) Mystery and Imagination: \\\"The Suicide Club\\\" (Mike Vardy, 1970) Take Three Girls (1971, TV series, 4 episodes) Bel Ami (John Davies, 1971, TV miniseries) — based on Guy de Maupassant's Bel-Ami Die Sonne angreifen (Peter Lilienthal, 1971) — based on a novel by Witold Gombrowicz Public Eye: \\\"Shades of White\\\" (Piers Haggard, 1971) Man of Straw (Herbert Wise, 1972, TV miniseries) — based on Der Untertan by Heinrich Mann Van der Valk und das Mädchen (Peter Zadek, 1972) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling The Song of Songs (Peter Wood, 1973, TV miniseries) (Wolfgang Petersen, 1973) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling Colditz: \\\"Chameleon\\\" (Philip Dudley, 1974) Fall of Eagles: \\\"Indian Summer of an Emperor\\\" (Donald McWhinnie, 1974) Omnibus: \\\"The Need for Nightmare\\\" (Harley Cokeliss, 1974) Churchill's People: \\\"The Lost Island\\\" (Philip Saville, 1975) — based on A History of the English-Speaking Peoples A Legacy (Derek Martinus, 1975, TV miniseries) Private Affairs: \\\"A Dream of Living\\\" (Philip Saville, 1975) Van der Valk und die Toten (, 1975) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling Ten from the Twenties: \\\"Motherlove\\\" (Mark Cullingham, 1975) — based on a story by\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Muller (screenwriter)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68354853\",\n \"text\": \"William Henry Ellis is an English actor, voice artist and podcaster known for Great Expectations, Dragon Quest Swords, Queen of the Desert, Parade's End, The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler and EastEnders Early life and education Ellis is a British actor the son of Chris and Becky Ellis. He has two siblings, Adam Ellis and Laura Martin. Ellis trained at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). Career Theatre After graduating from LAMDA in 2005, Ellis starred in British-Asian writer Shan Khan's play Prayer Room at Birmingham Repertory Theatre directed by Angus Jackson. Ellis played 'Griffin', the self-righteous Christian group leader and Charles Spencer in The Daily Telegraph wrote 'William Ellis memorably nails the condescending certainty of charismatic Christianity'. Ellis then went on to play Benvolio in the Nuffield Theatre production of Romeo and Juliet that toured Barbados as part of Holder's Season in 2006. In 2007 he worked with the director Peter Gill at The Royal National Theatre on his production of The Voysey Inheritance. After a UK Tour playing Simon Bliss in Peter Hall's production of Hay Fever in 2008, he returned to work with Peter Gill again, as Algernon Moncreiff for his production of The Importance of Being Earnest. The play was performed at Vaudeville Theatre in London's West End. The play received a positive reception and Ellis's performance was described by The Hollywood Reporter as '...having flair'. Following The Importance of Being Earnest he has appeared as Sam Leadbitter in Theatre Royal, Bath's production of This Happy Breed and also played Prince Charming in Lyric Theatre's Cinderella. In 2015 Ellis starred alongside Olivia Poulet, playing 'Uncle Peck' in Paula Vogel's play How I Learned to Drive at Southwark Playhouse. Ellis's performance as the predatory uncle was described positively by The Evening Standard reviewer Henry Hitchings: 'William Ellis captures the discreet, almost courtly manner in which Peck wields his needy brand of destructiveness'. In 2019, Ellis starred in Frederick Knott's Dial M for Murder, playing the murdering ex-tennis player Tony Wendice at the New Vic Theatre. The play received positive reviews. Film and television Ellis began acting on screen in 2006 with small parts and in 2009 he portrayed Wiktor in The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler. In 2012 he took on the part of Compeyson in Mike Newell's Great Expectations and in 2015, he played The Earl of Chester in Queen of the Desert, directed by Werner Herzog. Further significant credits have included, Parade's End, Father Brown, 24: Live Another Day and The Crown. In 2023 he joined the cast of the BBC soap opera EastEnders, playing Theo Hawthorne, the former teacher of Freddie Slater (Bobby Brazier). A part that Ellis was nominated for \\\"Best Villain\\\" at the Inside Soap Awards 2023. Voice over Ellis has voiced a number of British commercials and was the voice of Toyota for their 2012 Paris Motor Show event: Stories of Better. In 2020 he narrated two self-help books for the life-coach and author Vernon Sankey, The Stairway to\",\n \"title\": \"William Ellis (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41448342\",\n \"text\": \"The 12th-century ruler Empress Matilda has been depicted in various cultural media. Theatre, film and television Matilda is a character in Henry I of England, a play by Beth Flintoff, which was first performed in November 2016 at St James's Church, Reading. The drama follows the story of the three sons of William the Conqueror and ends with the early reign of her father Henry, including the time when Matilda became Empress by marrying Henry V of Germany. The narrative continues in Flintoff's play Matilda the Empress, first performed in 2017 at the same venue with Dani McCallum taking the lead part. It depicts Matilda's later life and The Anarchy period after Henry I's death when she and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. In the concluding part of Flintoff's trilogy, Henry II, which was first performed in October 2018 at Reading's Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin, Matilda is depicted attending the dedication of Reading Abbey over the Easter weekend of 1164. Matilda is also a character in Jean Anouilh's play Becket. In the 1964 film adaptation, she was portrayed by Martita Hunt. Alison Pill portrayed Matilda in the 2010 TV miniseries The Pillars of the Earth, an adaptation of Follett's novel. She was played by Brenda Bruce in the 1978 BBC TV series The Devil's Crown, which dramatised the reigns of her son and grandsons. Historical fiction Novels dealing with the civil war between Matilda and Stephen include: A Legend of Reading Abbey (1845) by Charles Macfarlane. The Fool by H. C. Bailey (1927), deals with Matilda's relationship with her son, Henry II. The Empress (1932) by Carola Oman Cecelia Holland, The Earl (1971) Graham Shelby, The Villains of the Piece (1972) (published in the US as The Oath and the Sword) E. L. Konigsburg, A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver (1973) Jean Plaidy, The Passionate Enemies, the third book of her Norman Trilogy (1976) The Brother Cadfael series by Ellis Peters (beginning in 1977 with A Morbid Taste for Bones) and the TV series made from them starring Sir Derek Jacobi. In these books Empress Matilda is referred to by her vernacular name, Empress Maud. Roberta Gellis, The Sword and the Swan (1977). Ken Follett, The Pillars of the Earth (1989) Ellen Jones, The Fatal Crown (1991) Sharon Penman, When Christ and His Saints Slept tells the story of the events before, during and after the civil war (1995) Haley Elizabeth Garwood, The Forgotten Queen (1997) Elizabeth Chadwick, Lady of the English (2012) Amy Mantravadi, The Girl Empress (2017), part of a series of novels telling Matilda's life story Gemma Lawrence, The Heirs of Anarchy (2020-2022), four book series See also Cultural depictions of Henry I of England Cultural depictions of Henry II of England Cultural depictions of Adelaide of Italy Cultural depictions of Theophanu Cultural depictions of Gisela of Swabia References Cultural depictions of Holy Roman Empresses Salian dynasty\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of Empress Matilda\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19858793\",\n \"text\": \"The Snow Leopard is a 1978 book by Peter Matthiessen. It is an account of his two-month search for the snow leopard with naturalist George Schaller in the Dolpo region on the Tibetan Plateau in the Himalaya. Content The book recounts the journey of Matthiessen and Schaller in 1973 to Shey Gompa in the inner Dolpo region of Nepal. Schaller's original objective was to compare the mating habits of the Himalayan blue sheep (the bharal) with those of the common sheep of the USA, while for Matthiessen the trip was more of a spiritual exploration. Another aim was to spot the snow leopard, a predator on the bharal and a creature that was seldom seen (it had been glimpsed only twice by Westerners in the previous twenty five years). A third part of the plan was to visit the Crystal Monastery and its Buddhist lama. The travel aspect of the work is in the tradition of writing by Sir Richard Burton, Sir Henry Morton Stanley, and Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton. The nature writing aspect brings echoes of the work of Alexander von Humboldt or Charles Darwin. It also involves a meditation upon inner peace, however, as well as external exploration, in a way that is reminiscent of Basho, Wordsworth or Thoreau. For example, towards the end of the book Matthiessen sits on some rocks and observes \\\"These hard rocks instruct my bones in what my brain could never grasp in the Heart Sutra, that 'form is emptiness and emptiness is form'—the Void, the emptiness of blue-black space, contained in everything.\\\" Matthiessen frequently digresses to remember his wife Deborah Love who had died of cancer prior to the adventure. The book is, therefore, also a meditation upon death, suffering, loss, memory and healing. The memories of Deborah operate with a number of other recursive stylistic traits that play against the linear, outward progress of the journey logged through maps and dates. Questions of absence and presence play in tandem with the wider question of gaining peace through an acceptance of how the world is rather than desiring phenomena to arise that do not exist. Awards and acclaim The Snow Leopard won the 1979 National Book Award in the category Contemporary Thought and the 1980 National Book Award for Nonfiction (paperback). It has garnered more critical acclaim since then. It has been included in several lists of best travel books including World Hum's ten most celebrated books, Washington Post Book World's Travel Books That Will Take You Far, and National Geographic Traveler's Around the World in 80+ Books. References External links Review published in the NY Times on November 26, 1978 Review by Amanda Fox in Salon's Wanderlust The Snow Leopard - A Pictorial Companion Book documenting PM's trip to Upper Dolpo in pictures American travel books National Book Award for Nonfiction winning works 1978 non-fiction books Books about the Himalayas Viking Press books Non-fiction books about cats Nepalese non-fiction books Snow leopards in popular culture\",\n \"title\": \"The Snow Leopard\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4405364\",\n \"text\": \"Roy McKie (usually spelled McKié; October 8, 1921 – January 8, 2015) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books, most notably under the Beginner Books imprint. He illustrated many books penned by Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss) under the pen name Theo. LeSieg (\\\"Geisel\\\" spelled backwards). Books illustrated by McKie (books he wrote himself are marked with *) include: The Big Orange Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 2015 (with Dr. Seuss, Scott Nash and Michael Frith) (his final work after his death) The Big Purple Book of Beginner Books by Helen Palmer, P.D. and Peter Eastman and Michael Frith - 2012 (with P.D. and Peter Eastman) Skiing by Henry Beard – 2002 Sailing by Henry Beard – 2001 – dictionary of funny sailing terms Computing by Henry Beard – 1999 The Big Green Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 1997 (with Quentin Blake, B. Tobey, George Booth, Michael J. Smollin and James Stevenson) A Big Ball of String by Marion Holland – 1993 (35th anniversary edition) A Dictionary of Silly Words About Growing Up by Henry Beard — 1988 Golfing by Henry Beard – 1987 dictionary of funny golfing terms Cooking by Henry Beard – 1985 dictionary of funny cooking terms Noah's Ark - 1984 Fishing by Henry Beard – 1983 dictionary of funny fishing terms Ship's Log by Henry Beard – 1983 dictionary of funny nautical terms Gardening, A Gardeners Dictionary By Henry Beard – 1982 – dictionary of funny gardening terms. The Tooth Book by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1981 (the 2000 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) The Joke Book* – 1979 The Hair Book by Graham Tether – 1979 (in 2019, the 40th anniversary edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Andrew Joyner) Dog* – 1978 The Riddle Book* – 1978 Roy McKie's Zodiac Book* – 1977 Would You Rather Be a Bullfrog? by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1975 The Many Mice of Mr. Brice by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) - 1973 (the 1989 edition replaces this title with new ones called The Pop-Up Mice of Mr. Brice, and later in early 2015 and early 2021, the 2015 and 2021 editions replace the pop-up book with new board books) In a People House by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1972 I Can Write a book by ME, Myself with a little help from Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1971 The Nose Book by Al Perkins – 1970 (the 2002 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) My Book About Me by ME, Myself with some little help from my friend Dr. Seuss – 1969 The Eye Book by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1968 (the 1999 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) Bennett Cerf's Book of Animal Riddles by Bennett Cerf – 1964 Summer by Alice Low – 1963 (2001 recolor edition without\",\n \"title\": \"Roy McKie\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9222319\",\n \"text\": \"Something of Value is a 1957 American drama film directed by Richard Brooks and starring Rock Hudson, Dana Wynter, and Sidney Poitier. The film was reissued under the title Africa Ablaze. The film, based on the book of the same name by Robert Ruark, portrays the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya. It shows the colonial and native African conflict caused by colonialism and differing views on how life should be lived. It stars Rock Hudson as the colonial and Sidney Poitier as the native Kenyan. The two men grew up together but have drifted apart at maturity. Plot In British-ruled Kenya in 1945, members of the Kikuyu tribe work peacefully for considerate white settler Henry McKenzie, abiding by colonial laws, as well as their own religious beliefs, which forbid any violence against the settlers. Both in their early twenties, Henry's son Peter and black worker Kimani are close friends, having been raised together as brothers since the death of Henry's wife. One day, when Kimani asks to use a rifle during a lion hunt, Peter's brother-in-law, Jeff Newton, slaps the black man and reminds him that he cannot have the gun nor can he continue his friendship with Peter. A humiliated Kimani disappears from the camp, but, after being injured when his foot is caught in a trap, is rescued by Peter, who carries him home on his back. Kimani suggests that they must assume the roles of master and serf, but Peter refuses to change their relationship. Back at the black settlement, Kimani's father Karanja orders the murder of one of the tribe's newborns, which was born feet first, a condition the tribe believes to be a curse. After Karanja is arrested and sentenced to jail, Henry argues with the Crown consul that if the whites continue to take away the tribal elders' authority, the tribe children will begin to disrespect their own way of life and, he warns, disrespect the colonial Christian God. When Henry, Peter and Kimani visit the elderly man in jail, Karanja gives Henry his sacred stone. Karanja then encourages Kimani to assume his position as headman at the farm, but Kimani refuses to spend his life working as a white man's slave. One night, moved by moral outrage at the injustices against his father, Kimani attends a secret meeting of the Mau Mau, a group of black men planning an insurrection. He is asked by leader Njogu to prove his fidelity by stealing rifles. After one of the Mau Mau kills a black houseboy during the robbery, Kimani, troubled by their methods of achieving freedom, threatens to leave. Njogu tells Kimani he must remain with them because the police will now connect him to the crime. Years later, in 1952, Peter, who now leads safaris to supplement the farm's dwindling income, welcomes Holly Keith, his betrothed, home after her years of studying abroad. As Kenya becomes increasingly tension-filled, Henry and other white settlers question the workers' wives about the sudden disappearance of many of\",\n \"title\": \"Something of Value\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47222872\",\n \"text\": \"St Mary and St Peter's Church is an active Anglican parish church in the village of Barham near Ipswich. It contains a Henry Moore statue of Madonna and the Child originally held at St Peter, Claydon. It is in the deanery of Bosmere, part of the archdeaconry of Ipswich, and the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. History A church is recorded as being within the village of Barham in the Domesday Book. Architectural features in the tower of long-and-short work (or quoins), which is typical of Anglo-Saxon architecture, suggests the church dates from Saxon times. It was known as St Mary from at least 1538, when the parishioners included the inhabitants of Barham Green. In 1975, the parish extended to include the village of Claydon, and when St Peter's Church in Claydon was officially made redundant, St Mary was retitled as St Mary and St Peter. Monuments The best-known monument in the church is that of the Henry Moore statue of Madonna and Child originally held at St Peter's Church, Claydon. Crafted as a war memorial in commemoration for those in the village who died in the Second World War it was moved to St Mary after the closure of St Peter. Other monuments and brasswork have been part of the church but were removed or destroyed over the course of its history. In the chancel of the church were monuments to Jon Southwell, grandfather to Thomas Bedingfield as well as a tomb used for the burial of an unnamed inhabitant of the local estate of Shrubland Hall. Current status St Mary and St Peter's Church was listed at Grade I on 9 December 1955. Communion services, using the Book of Common Worship are offered on every Sunday morning at 8am except on the fifth Sunday of a month. On the first Sunday of each month a shorter communion service based on the Book of Common Worship is held at 10am, on the second and fourth Sundays a full communion service is held at 10am. On the third Sunday of each month at 10am a community worship service is held. This service is aimed at a wider age range of the congregation including families with children, adults and those with little or no experience of the Church. The services are often run by community groups or local charitable organisations otherwise unaffiliated with the Church itself. Where a 5th Sunday falls within a month a family communion service is held at one of the three parishes served by the same parish grouping. One in three of these is held at St Mary and St Peter; the others being held at St Mary's Church, Great Blakenham or St Peter's Church, Henley. Notable clergy William Kirby 1782–1850 Entomologist See also Grade I listed buildings in Suffolk References Church of England church buildings in Suffolk Grade I listed churches in Suffolk\",\n \"title\": \"St Mary and St Peter's Church, Barham\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6271672\",\n \"text\": \"Philip van Wilder (Weldre, Welder, Wylder, Wyllender, de Vuildre, Wild, Wildroe; c. 1500 – February 24, 1554) was a Dutch lutenist and composer, active in England. Life and career Early years Like Peter van Wilder, who also worked in the Tudor court and was presumably related to him, Philip was probably born in Millam, near Wormhout, or in the nearby village of Wylder (\\\"Wilder\\\" in Dutch). His father may have been Mathis (Matthew) van Wilder, a lutenist from the court of Philip the Fair of Castile who also worked at the Tudor court from 1506 to 1517. It can be speculated that Peter and Philip were his two sons, and that he used his influence to secure court employment for them in England. It is not known when Philip arrived in England, but since Peter dated his residence in England from 1515, it is possible that the two travelled together. A note in Italian in the Jacobean scorebook anthology GB-Lbl Egerton 3665 describes Philip as \\\"Master Philip of Flanders, musician to King Henry VIII, who lived in England around the year 1520\\\". He was certainly in London by 1522, living in the parish of St Olave's Hart Street (close to the Tower of London) and having £60 \\\"in goodes\\\" and £48 \\\"in fees\\\". The court account books for the year 1525-26 describe him as \\\"mynstrell\\\"; he was later designated \\\"lewter\\\". Van Wilder steadily advanced his position at the Tudor court. By 1529 he was a member of the Privy chamber, the select group of musicians who played to the king in private. He was also active as a merchant, being given a licence to import Toulouse woad and Gascon wine, and in purchasing instruments for the court. He taught the lute to Princess (later Queen) Mary, who rewarded him with a gift on the occasion of his marriage to a woman named Frances in 1537. Later he also taught Prince Edward (later Edward VI), who wrote a letter to his father in 1546 thanking him for \\\"sending me your servant Philip, as excellent in music as he is noble ... that I might become more excellent in striking the lute\\\". Later years In 1539 Van Wilder became a denizen, which allowed him to own land. This enabled him to profit from the dissolution of the monasteries and engage in a number of lucrative property deals with the Crown. At various times he was granted leaseholds on former monastic properties in London, as well as in Middlemarsh (in the parish of Minterne Magna) and Littlebredy in Dorset, previously owned by Cerne Abbey. By 1540 he was a Gentleman of the Privy chamber, a prestigious position that enabled him to accept financial inducements to raise legal issues and private grievances with the King. At the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547 Van Wilder was Keeper of the Instruments and effectively head of the Court instrumental musical establishment, a post later known as Master of the King's Music. Van Wilder continued to\",\n \"title\": \"Philip van Wilder\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68354664\",\n \"text\": \"The twentieth season of Family Guy aired on Fox from September 26, 2021, to May 22, 2022. the twentieth season aired as a part of the show's 20th anniversary. The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family, consisting of father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie, and the family dog Brian, who reside in their hometown of Quahog. During this season, the Griffin men spend a day with Stewie's rival Doug (LASIK Instinct), Peter has a secret meal affair with Bonnie (Cootie & The Blowhard), the Griffins must cover the death of a pizza delivery man and deliver pizzas to the rest of Quahog (The Lois Quagmire), Lois and Carter attend the funeral of Lois' old babysitter (Peterschmidt Manor), Meg becomes a getaway driver and dates a robber (Hard Boiled Meg), Stewie helps Chris put on a school play for Romeo + Juliet (The Jersey Bore), and Peter and Chris go on a road trip to Canada to prove the existence of Chris' girlfriend (Girlfriend, Eh?). This season also featured a cameo from Mike Judge, who reprised his role as Hank Hill from the American television series King of the Hill, who previously cameoed in Season 18 as Beavis and Butt-Head. Season twenty premiered the run of the nineteenth production season, which is executive produced by Seth MacFarlane, Alec Sulkin, Richard Appel, Steve Callaghan, Danny Smith, Kara Vallow, Mark Hentemann, Tom Devanney, and Patrick Meighan. Sulkin and Appel returned as the series' showrunners. The season premiered on ITV2 (UK) Monday 8 August 2022. Production On September 23, 2020, Fox announced that Family Guy had been renewed for a twentieth and twenty-first season, ensuring that the series would last another two years. This season also marks the first full season of the series in which Cleveland Brown is voiced by Arif Zahir, following Mike Henry's departure from the role. Henry continues to voice Herbert and other characters. Before the premiere, Henry sent a video on Twitter saying that he was \\\"handing the torch\\\" onto Zahir and said a farewell message in Cleveland's voice. Starting with \\\"Rock Hard\\\", long-time recurring actor Patrick Warburton was promoted to the main cast. 20th anniversary Fox celebrated the twentieth season with a special digital panel, with a promotional trailer unveiled during the San Diego Comic-Con 2021 Virtual Convention, teasing clips from the season. In commemoration, FXX set a near full series marathon of all 19 seasons of the show, running from December 25, 2021, to January 2, 2022. A promotional PSA short made to promote COVID-19 vaccines was released on September 21, 2021. MacFarlane himself remarked on the show's milestone. In addition, sweepstakes were held by TBS where entrees had a chance to win T-shirts, Mugs and Blankets. as well as a re-release of the book, \\\"Family Guy: An Illustrated History\\\". Release The season premiered on September 26, 2021, airing on Sundays as part of Fox's Animation Domination programming block, along with The Simpsons, Bob's Burgers, Duncanville and The Great North. In Canada, the\",\n \"title\": \"Family Guy season 20\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8600471\",\n \"text\": \"That Eye, the Sky is a 1986 novel by Australian author Tim Winton. It follows the young protagonist Morton 'Ort' Flack, as he struggles to cope with life in a small country town after his father is paralyzed in a serious car accident. After his father's accident, Ort is forced to step up and become the 'Man' of an increasingly complicated household. The situation becomes all the more convoluted with the introduction of the mysterious Henry Warburton, a dubious figure who says he has come to help. The story explores the theme of coming of age, and the complicated role religion plays in rural Australian life. Reviews The Publishers Weekly said of the book, \\\"The wrenching story... proves love like Ort's can prevail against hell itself\\\" The Los Angeles Times writes that, \\\"The great strength of the novel is in the way the grotesque contrasts and parallels in human life are spread out, examined and accepted.\\\" Film adaptations The film adaptation was directed by John Ruane and released in 1994. Ruane later said: I think the mistake I made with That Eye, the Sky is not to have more humour in it, because the book had a lot of humour. But, unfortunately, with the novel being written in the first person, a lot of the humour comes from the little boy interpreting the events and the situations he finds himself in and that he observes. So we are party to his sense of humour via his inner thoughts. When you pull that away, you have to come up with an orthodox third person approach. I really wish we had come up with more humour. The film was made by the company of Fred Schepisi who later claimed the film was bad: Because the director didn't know what he was doing or what side he was on. You've got to take a side. He went on an exploration. An exploration is all right but you've got to do it from a point of view. Actor Peter Coyote stated: That Eye, the Sky was masterfully made into a really lovely film by the director, but the producer abandoned them during the final edit, which resulted in a studio hack taking it over, cutting 40 minutes out and making it completely impenetrable. They blamed the director. Cast Peter Coyote as Henry Warburton Jamie Croft as Morton 'Ort' Flack Lisa Harrow as Alice Flack Amanda Douge as Tegwyn Flack Mark Fairall as Sam Flack Alethea McGrath as Grammar Flack Paul Sonkkila as Mr Cherry Louise Siversen as Mrs Cherry Jim Daly as Lawrence Wingham Play The book was adapted by Richard Roxburgh and Justin Monjo into the play That Eye, The Sky (by Justin Monjo, Richard Roxburgh, and Tim Winton) produced by Burning House Theatre Company, at Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia (6 January – 6 February 1994) and Playhouse Theatre, Melbourne (13 – 15 October 1994). There was a later production at the New Theatre, 15 March to 16 April 2016. A review of the\",\n \"title\": \"That Eye, the Sky\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22349277\",\n \"text\": \"Brighty of the Grand Canyon is a 1953 children's novel by Marguerite Henry and a 1966 film of the same name based on the novel. They present a fictionalized account of a real-life burro named \\\"Brighty\\\", who lived in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River from about 1892 to 1922.{{cite book|title=Brighty: Of the Grand Canyon|isbn=0689714858|last1=Henry|first1=Marguerite|year=1953|publisher=Simon and Schuster }} Book and film Henry penned her novel after she read an article about Brighty in Sunset Magazine''. It won the 1956 William Allen White Children's Book Award. Thomas McKee, the former manager of Wiley's Camp on the North Rim of the Canyon, read Henry's novel and wrote to express his interest in the book. McKee told Henry that his son, Bob, was Brighty's closest companion. He sent Henry a photograph of young Bob McKee sitting on Brighty's back. Bob became the composite character Homer Hobbs, played in the film by Dandy Curran. The other film characters include Old Timer, a prospector played by Dick Foran, and Uncle Jim Owen, a man of the Old West played by Joseph Cotten. Pat Conway appears as Jake Irons, who murders Old Timer for his copper ore. Uncle Jim then proceeds to help bring Irons to justice. Theodore Roosevelt was played by Karl Swenson. Parts of the film were shot at the Colorado River in Utah and the Grand Canyon in Arizona. Brighty's monument Brighty is honored with a bronze statue in the lobby of Grand Canyon Lodge, a National Historic Landmark, located near Arizona State Route 67 approximately 43 miles south of the junction with U.S. Route 89 alternate route. The sculpture is by artist Peter Jepsen. See also Platero References 1953 children's books 1953 American novels American children's novels Novels by Marguerite Henry Novels set in Arizona Children's novels about horses American novels adapted into films Films based on American novels 1967 films 1967 Western (genre) films Films set in Flagstaff, Arizona Fictional donkeys Films shot in Utah Films shot in Arizona Works about the Grand Canyon 1960s English-language films Children's books about horses Children's books about donkeys Children's books set in Arizona\",\n \"title\": \"Brighty of the Grand Canyon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"84104\",\n \"text\": \"Becket or The Honour of God (), often shortened to Becket, is a 1959 stage play written in French by Jean Anouilh. It is a depiction of the conflict between Thomas Becket and King Henry II of England leading to Becket's assassination in 1170. It contains many historical inaccuracies, which the author acknowledged. Background Anouilh's interpretation of the historical story, though often ironic, is more straightforward than T. S. Eliot's 1935 play on the same subject, Murder in the Cathedral, which was intended primarily as a religious treatment. However, there are one or two similarities in the interpretation. In the introduction to the play, Anouilh explained that he based it on a chapter of an old book he had bought because its green binding looked good on his shelves. He and his wife read the 30 pages about Thomas Becket, and she urged him to write a play about Thomas. He did so, finishing the first part in only 15 days. It was not until he showed the finished play to a friend that he found out the old book he had based it on was historically incorrect in certain important aspects. Having built his play on Becket being Saxon (when he was actually a Norman whose family was from near Caen and was called Becquet, Bequet or Becket in Old Norman), Anouilh could not recast the play to accord with historical facts, so he decided to let it stand. Aspects of the content that can safely be considered true are the conflicts between England and France, church and state, and the outline biography of Becket. Synopsis The play is a re-enactment of the conflicts between King Henry II and Thomas Becket as the latter (Henry's best friend) ascends to power, becoming the king's enemy. Becket begins as a clever, but hedonistic, companion; as a result of being created Archbishop of Canterbury, he is transformed into an ascetic who does his best to preserve the rights of the church against the king's power. Ultimately, Becket is slaughtered by several of the king's nobles; and lastly we find the king thrust into penance for the episcopicide. Stage productions The play was first performed in the original French at the Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty in Paris on 8 October 1959 and in an English translation on Broadway in 1960. The original Parisian production was directed by Roland Piétri, and starred Bruno Cremer as Thomas Becket and Daniel Ivernel as King Henry II. Broadway The first Broadway production premiered on 5 October 1960 at the St. James Theatre. It was produced by David Merrick and directed by Peter Glenville, and starred Laurence Olivier as Thomas Becket and Anthony Quinn as King Henry II. The production was nominated for five Tony Awards and won four, including Best Play. The play later transferred to the Royale Theatre and then to the Hudson Theatre. It was wrongly believed that during the run Quinn and Olivier switched roles, with Quinn playing Becket to Olivier's King. In fact, Quinn\",\n \"title\": \"Becket\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47441818\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox writer |name = Christine Chaundler |image = |caption = |pseudonym = Peter Martin |birth_name = Christine Chaundler |birth_date = |birth_place = Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, England |death_date = |death_place = Fittleworth, Sussex |occupation = Writer |language = English |nationality = |alma_mater = |period = 1912–1949 |genre = Children's literature |subject = |movement = |notableworks = {{plain list| Lancelot: The Adventures of King Arthur's Most Celebrated Knight The Right St. John's The Chivalrous Fifth Bunty of the Blackbirds The Madcap of the School\\\" }} |spouse = |partner = |children = |relatives = |awards = |signature = |website = }} Christine Chaundler (5 September 1887 – 15 December 1972) was a prolific English children's author, who also wrote stories for boys as Peter Martin. Some of her hundreds of short stories were broadcast by the BBC. Life Born in Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, the daughter of a solicitor, Henry Chaundler, and Constance Julia Chaundler (née Thompson), she was educated at Queen Anne's School, Caversham, until the age of sixteen, and then at St Winifred's School, Llanfairfechan. Apart from a brief period in the Land Army during the First World War, Chaundler worked in editorial jobs as she built her writing career. By 1920, her earnings had allowed her to build a house on the Sussex Downs, where she lived until her death in 1972. She never married. Career 1n 1910, Chaundler adapted Sleeping Beauty as a children's play that was performed at the Biggleswade Town Hall. In 1912, she received 10s 6d, her first earnings, for a prize poem published in Girls' Realm, Chaundler's first earnings as a writer came in 1912, when she won 10s 6d in a Prize Poem competition run by Girls' Realm. From then on she made a growing income from writing girls' and boys' stories and books. She was a sub-editor for Little Folks from 1914 to 1917, before serving briefly in the Land Army. After the war, she edited juvenile books for James Nisbet and Company until 1922. During the 1930s, she reviewed children's books for The Quiver. She continued to write and became a prolific author of children's novels, for boys under her pseudonym \\\"Peter Martin\\\" and for girls under her own name. A census of young girls conducted by the Western Mail in 1927 ranked Chaundler sixth among popular authors. Although she was bested by Dickens, Shakespeare, and Kipling, she was listed above Alcott and Stevenson. She wrote hundreds of short stories for magazines and children's annuals, some of which were broadcast over the BBC's Children's Hour.E.g. However, the market for these types of children's books had changed by the late 1940s and Chaundler turned to reviewing books, reading books for publishers, and marketing her short stories to the BBC. BibliographyLancelot: The Adventures of King Arthur's Most Celebrated Knight illustrated by Thomas Mackenzie and Eleanor Fortescue Brickdale (1995)Every Man's Book of Superstitions (1970)Everyman's Book of Ancient Customs (1968)A Year Book of Saints (1958)A Year Book of Legends (1954)Winkie Wee and the Silver Sixpences (1947)The Thirteenth Orphan (1947)The\",\n \"title\": \"Christine Chaundler\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29731255\",\n \"text\": \"The Wars of the Roses was a 1963 theatrical adaptation of William Shakespeare's first historical tetralogy (1 Henry VI, 2 Henry VI, 3 Henry VI and Richard III), which deals with the conflict between the House of Lancaster and the House of York over the throne of England, a conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. The plays were adapted by John Barton, and directed by Barton and Peter Hall at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. The production starred David Warner as Henry VI, Peggy Ashcroft as Margaret of Anjou, Donald Sinden as the Duke of York, Paul Hardwick as the Duke of Gloucester, Janet Suzman as Joan la Pucelle, Brewster Mason as the Earl of Warwick, Roy Dotrice as Edward IV, Susan Engel as Queen Elizabeth and Ian Holm as Richard III. The plays were heavily politicised, with Barton and Hall allowing numerous contemporaneous events of the early 1960s to inform their adaptation. The production was a huge critical and commercial success, and is generally regarded as revitalizing the reputation of the Henry VI plays in the modern theatre. Many critics feel The Wars of the Roses set a standard for future productions of the tetralogy which has yet to be surpassed. In 1965, the BBC adapted the plays for television. The broadcast was so successful that they were shown again, in a differently edited form, in 1966. In 1970, BBC Books published the play scripts along with extensive behind-the-scenes information written by Barton and Hall, and other members of the Royal Shakespeare Company who worked on the production. Theatrical Rewriting The most significant initial alteration to the original text was to conflate the four plays into a trilogy. This was not unprecedented, as adaptations from the seventeenth century onwards had employed truncation when staging the sequence, especially the Henry VI trilogy. In 1681, John Crowne adapted 2 Henry VI and 3 Henry VI into a two-part play called Henry the Sixth, The First Part and The Misery of Civil War. Henry the Sixth comprised Acts 1–3 of 2 Henry VI, with material added by Crowne himself, focusing mainly on the death of Gloucester, whilst Misery adapted the last two acts of 2 Henry VI and a shortened version of 3 Henry VI. In 1699, Colley Cibber's The Tragical History of King Richard the Third used scenes from 3 Henry VI as a form of prologue to rest of the play, establishing a tradition still in use in filmic adaptations of Richard III (see, for example, James Keane and André Calmettes's 1912 version, Laurence Olivier's 1955 version or Richard Loncraine's 1995 version). In 1723, Theophilus Cibber's King Henry VI: A Tragedy used Act 5 of 2 Henry VI and Acts 1 and 2 of 3 Henry VI. In 1817, J.H. Merivale's Richard Duke of York; or the Contention of York and Lancaster used material from all three Henry VI plays, but removed everything not directly related to York. Robert Atkins adapted all three plays into a single piece for\",\n \"title\": \"The Wars of the Roses (adaptation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8516003\",\n \"text\": \"Darling of the Day is a musical with a book by Nunnally Johnson, lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, and music by Jule Styne. It is based on Arnold Bennett's novel Buried Alive and his play The Great Adventure. Patricia Routledge won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance in the 1968 Broadway production. Synopsis In 1905 London, Priam Farll is an artist, brilliant, unconventional and shy, although he can be violently outspoken. He once offended Queen Victoria and was exiled to the South Pacific (shades of Gauguin), but Edward VII has succeeded to the throne, and Farll has been recalled to London to receive a knighthood. Appalled by \\\"society's\\\" expectations of its \\\"darling of the day\\\" (a common Victorian/Edwardian term meaning something like \\\"fashionable celebrity\\\") Farll seizes the chance to \\\"get out of the world alive\\\" when his faithful butler Henry Leek suddenly dies, and their identities are confused by an official. Instead of correcting the error, Farll quietly assumes the identity of the deceased, and Leek's corpse is officially buried in Westminster Abbey as the famous artist. He soon finds himself married to Alice Challice, a bright, well-to-do widow who had been corresponding with the real Henry Leek – and settles down to a happy \\\"upper working class\\\" existence. Farll continues to paint, and when his wife runs into financial difficulties he sells a few paintings. Complications naturally ensue, and his \\\"cover\\\" becomes increasingly flimsy. Just as it looks as if he will be compelled to resume his real identity, a piece of truly Gilbertian nonsense brings all to a satisfactory conclusion, and he is allowed to stay plain Henry Leek after all. Original cast and characters Song list Act I Mad For Art - Chorus He's A Genius - Oxford, Priam, Henry To Get Out Of This World Alive - Priam It's Enough To Make A Lady Fall In Love - Alice, Alf, Bert, Chorus A Gentleman's Gentleman - Company Double Soliloquy - Priam & Alice Let's See What Happens - Alice & Priam Panache - Oxford & Lady Vale I've Got A Rainbow Working For Me - Priam & Chorus Money, Money, Money - Alf, Bert, Sydney That Something Extra Special - Alice Act II What Makes a Marriage Merry - Company He's A Genius (Reprise) - Oxford & Chorus Not On Your Nellie - Chorus Sunset Tree - Priam & Alice Butler In The Abbey - Priam & Chorus Not On Your Nellie (Reprise) - Company An original cast recording was released by RCA Victor. Production history There had been discussions since 1964 to turn the novel Buried Alive into a musical. The book was first written by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall, with Peter Wood to direct and Geraldine Page to star, from lyrics by E.Y. Harburg and music by Jules Styne (who had suggested Harburg). However then S. N. Behrman wrote a new book, and Albert Marre was hired to direct. Fred Saidy also worked on the book Eventually\",\n \"title\": \"Darling of the Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25254582\",\n \"text\": \"The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway is an account of the 1967–1968 season on and off-Broadway by American novelist and screenwriter William Goldman. It originally was published in 1969 and is considered one of the better books ever written on American theater. In The New York Times, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt called the book “Very nearly perfect...It is a loose-limbed, gossipy, insider, savvy, nuts-and-bolts report on the annual search for the winning numbers that is now big-time American commercial theatre.” Goldman reports in the book that he spent over 18 months of reporting on the book, seeing every show on Broadway, many of them more than once, as well as preview productions in the principal try-out towns like Boston, New Haven, and Washington, D.C. The book is presented roughly in chronological order throughout the season. It analyzes the Broadway audience and the economics of Broadway theatre at the time as well as the shows given during the season, and it profiles or interviews the significant theatrical personalities of the day. Plays The plays and musicals described include: A Day in the Death of Joe Egg by Peter Nichols starring Albert Finney and Zena Walker directed by Michael Blakemore A Minor Adjustment After the Rain by John Griffith Bowen Avanti! by Samuel Taylor Before You Go The Boys in the Band by Mart Crowley Brief Lives, starring Roy Dotrice By George starring Max Adrian about the letters of George Bernard Shaw Carry Me Back to Morningside Heights by Robert Alan Aurthur, directed by Sidney Poitier Daphne in Cottage D, starring Sandy Dennis and William Daniels Darling of the Day, starring Vincent Price Dr. Cook's Garden by Ira Levin, starring Burl Ives and Keir Dullea, originally directed by George C. Scott Eddie Fisher and Buddy Hackett at the Palace Everything in the Garden by Edward Albee George M! starring Joel Grey, directed by Joe Layton Golden Rainbow, starring Eydie Gormé and Steve Lawrence Hair Halfway Up the Tree by Peter Ustinov Happiness Is Just a Little Thing Called a Rolls Royce Henry, Sweet Henry by Bob Merrill and Nunnally Johnson with Don Ameche, directed by George Roy Hill Here's Where I Belong by Terrence McNally and others How Now, Dow Jones, directed by George Abbott, music by Elmer Bernstein How to Be a Jewish Mother I Never Sang for My Father by Robert Anderson with Lillian Gish I'm Solomon Johnny No-Trump by Mary Mercier Judy Garland \\\"At Home at the Palace\\\" with Judy Garland Keep It In the Family by Bill Naughton Leda Had a Little Swan with Michael J. Pollard Leonard Sillman's New Faces of 1968, produced by Leonard Sillman Loot by Joe Orton Mata Hari, directed by Vincente Minnelli, produced by David Merrick Mike Downstairs More Stately Mansions by Eugene O'Neill, starring Ingrid Bergman and Colleen Dewhurst, directed by Jose Quintero Plaza Suite by Neil Simon, starring George C. Scott and Maureen Stapleton, directed by Mike Nichols Portrait of a Queen Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard Soldiers by\",\n \"title\": \"The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32593748\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Russell (born 1949) is an American librettist and lyricist. Among his stage musicals are Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens and Side Show, which was nominated for the Tony Award as Best Musical. Career Russell's first musical to be produced is Fortune, which ran Off-Broadway at the Actors' Plahouse from April 27, 1980 to November 23, 1980. Ronald Melrose wrote the music, with Russell writing the book and lyrics. The musical director and arranger was Janet Hood; they have gone on to write several musicals together. The musical concerned four performers who were headed to be stars. According to The New York Times reviewer, John Corry, it \\\"marked the maturity of the gay musical\\\", and he commended the \\\"literate\\\" lyrics. Russell wrote the book and lyrics for the song cycle Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens, with music by Janet Hood, which originally ran Off-Off-Broadway in 1990 and in the West End in 1993. It played a benefit concert in 2001. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Pageant with Frank Kelly; the music is by Albert Evans, and conception by Robert Longbottom. The musical, which has an all-male cast that plays beauty queens premiered Off-Broadway at the Blue Angel in 1991, and subsequently ran Off-Broadway at New World Stages in 2013, as well as engagements in London (2000) and Australia. He wrote the concert adaptation of the musical Call Me Madam for the New York City Center Encores! staged concert series, which was presented in February 1995 and starred Tyne Daly. Russell write the book and lyrics for the musical Side Show (music by Henry Krieger), which ran on Broadway in 1997. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Up in The Air, with music by Henry Krieger, conceived and directed by Amon Miyamoto. It premiered at the Kennedy Center in February 2008. The musical is suggested by a Japanese story, about Boonah, the tree-climbing frog. He wrote the lyrics and book with Jeffrey Hatcher for the musical Lucky Duck, with music by Henry Krieger. It premiered Off-Broadway at the New Victory Theater in March 2012. The musical starts where the fairy tale \\\"The Ugly Duckling\\\" ends, \\\"showing what happens once one becomes beautiful.\\\" It premiered at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California, in 2000, then called Everything's Ducky. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical The Last Smoker in America, with music by Peter Melnick. The musical opened Off-Broadway in August 2012. Russell and Janet Hood have teamed again to write the musical Unexpected Joy, which received private readings in March 2012. The musical is the story of four women and was directed by Sheryl Kaller. Honors and awards Russell received a 1998 Tony nomination for Side Show for Best Book and shared a nomination with composer Henry Krieger for Best Score. The show was nominated as Best Musical. Everything's Ducky received the Will Glickman Award for Best New Play (in the San Francisco Bay Area) in 2001 and Garland Awards\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Russell (lyricist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10141286\",\n \"text\": \"Hondo & Fabian is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Peter McCarty. It was released by Henry Holt & Co. in 2002 for ages 2-5. The book follows a day in the life of a dog, Hondo, and a cat, Fabian. Hondo goes on an adventure to the beach and Fabian stays at home with the baby. The story is told through minimal and simple present-tense text and complemented with warm and soft illustrations drawn in pencil and watercolor. Hondo & Fabian was very well received and was recognized with multiple awards including a Caldecott Honor. A sequel, Fabian Escapes, was released in 2007. Plot The characters included in this book are Hondo the dog, Fabian the cat, a little girl referred to as “the baby,” and Fred - Hondo’s friend who is also a dog. The book begins with Hondo and Fabian asleep at home, Fabian on the windowsill and Hondo on the floor. The pets are awakened and the reader is informed that Hondo will have an adventure and Fabian will stay home. Hondo heads to the beach in a 1940s-style car with his head out the window and his ears flapping in the wind. At the beach, he meets Fred and they run around in the sand and jump in the waves together. Meanwhile, Fabian is at home “playing” with the baby, depicted by an illustration of a small girl standing up and holding the cat. Fabian then escapes the grasp of the baby and moves to the bathroom to pull apart a roll of toilet paper. At the beach, Hondo gets hungry and wishes that he could take fish from a bucket that a fisherman has just caught. At home, Fabian is also hungry and wishes he could eat a turkey sandwich sitting on the counter. Hondo then returns from the beach in time for dinner and the two pets eat their food side by side. Fabian returns to the windowsill and Hondo returns to the floor where they fall asleep for the night. The book concludes with an illustration of the little girl in bed and text that reads “Good night, baby!”. Illustrations Hondo & Fabian is known for its unique illustrations drawn in pencil and watercolor. The illustrations show the world of Hondo and Fabian with soft and fuzzy edges, blending light and colors seamlessly and smoothly. Peter McCarty draws Hondo in shades of brown, cream, and white and Fabian in white with gray and dark gray stripes on the top of his back and head. The book consists of warm, sepia-toned pages, with each illustration having its own page with minimal text on the blank page next to it. Reception Hondo & Fabian received many positive reviews and won a Caldecott Honor, which is given to the runners-up for the Caldecott medal awarded by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). The book was one of three recipients of the Caldecott Honor in 2003. The book received positive reviews from\",\n \"title\": \"Hondo & Fabian\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21602990\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Juice Is Loose\\\" is the ninth episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 15, 2009. In the episode, Peter cashes in an old raffle ticket from 1989 and wins a golf outing with O. J. Simpson. When he befriends Simpson and brings him home to meet the family, the residents of Quahog are not as welcoming of Peter's new friend and try to force him out of town. The episode was written by Andrew Goldberg and directed by Cyndi Tang. According to Nielsen ratings, the episode was viewed in 7.21 million homes in its original airing. The episode received mixed reviews, with most criticism being directed towards the episode's use of a three-minute-long live-action segment of Conway Twitty. Series regular Mike Henry provided the voice of O. J. Simpson, Cathy Cahlin Ryan guest-starred as Fred Goldman's wife in a cutaway, and Jeff Bergman guest-starred as a parody of Homer Simpson. Plot According to an opening title card, this is one of several recently discovered \\\"lost episodes\\\" found in the Griffin family basement; it takes place in March 2007, prior to O. J. Simpson's September 2007 arrest for armed robbery. Lois goes to her book club and asks Peter to babysit Stewie. Instead, he invites Cleveland, Quagmire, and Joe and they all play Truth or Dare, which results in a make out session between Cleveland and Joe. After a fiasco involving Stewie attempting to fix their satellite TV, and getting stuck on the roof, due to Peter's lack of supervision, Brian tries to tell Peter but he does not listen and instead reads a magazine featuring Nick Jonas. After Peter starts a pillow fight that turns violent, Lois comes in after Cleveland accidentally punches her in the nose, angry at Peter for not watching Stewie, who has gotten stuck on the roof. Peter attempts to fix the satellite himself, at which point he comes across a raffle ticket from 1989 that he had forgotten to cash in, winning him a chance to play golf with a celebrity of his choice. Ultimately, he chooses O. J. Simpson. Unaware at first of Simpson's accusation for the murders of his wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman, he grows fearful after Joe convinces him to walk around town with the song \\\"Dust in the Wind\\\" while thinking about the murders. Ultimately deciding to cash in the ticket, his friends suggest he spy on Simpson during the golf game and try to get him to confess to the murders. Hooking Peter to a wire, his cover is blown when the device shorts out. Simpson laments having lost a chance of escaping the accusation. Feeling guilty, Peter decides that Simpson is actually innocent, and decides to befriend him. Peter brings Simpson home with him to meet the family, who are initially less tolerant of Simpson than Peter (except Stewie). Brian tries to tell Peter that he\",\n \"title\": \"The Juice Is Loose\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2771206\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Marshall (May 27, 1902 – January 26, 1949) was a Scottish-American preacher, pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C., and was appointed as Chaplain of the United States Senate. He is remembered popularly from the success of A Man Called Peter (1951), a biography written by his widow, Catherine Marshall, and the book's 1955 film adaptation, which was nominated for an Academy Award for its cinematography. Early life and education Born in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, Scotland, a poverty-stricken coal-mining community, where he was reared by his mother and stepfather. From 1916-1921 he studied electrical engineering at Coatbridge Technical School. He enrolled in evening classes to study for the ministry, while working in the mines by day, but his progress was slow. In 1927, a cousin offered to pay Peter's way to the U.S., where he could receive proper ministerial training. He graduated from Columbia Theological Seminary in 1931. Ministry He was called as the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, a small, rural church in Covington, Georgia. After a brief pastorate, Marshall accepted a call to Atlanta's Westminster Presbyterian Church in 1933. Marriage and family In Atlanta, Marshall met his future wife, Catherine Wood, then a student at Agnes Scott College. They married on November 4, 1936, and had one son, Peter John Marshall (January 21, 1940 – September 8, 2010), who followed his father into the Presbyterian clergy and ran a national ministry, Peter Marshall Ministries, from Orleans, Massachusetts. He wrote many books on the Christian faith in the United States. Later career In 1937, Marshall became pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C. In 1946 he was appointed as US Senate Chaplain, serving from January 4, 1947, until his sudden death of a heart attack just over two years later, at age 46. Marshall is buried at Fort Lincoln Cemetery (Section C, Lot 344, Site 1) in Brentwood, Maryland. Legacy Dr. Peter Marshall School (Anaheim, California). Catherine Marshall wrote a biography of her husband, A Man Called Peter (1951), which was a popular success. It was adapted as a a film of the same title, released in 1955, which was nominated for the Oscar for Best Cinematography. Directed by Henry Koster, it featured Richard Todd as Peter Marshall, and Jean Peters as Catherine Marshall. Todd studied tape recordings of several Marshall sermons from 1947 to 1948; some of these historic recordings were later released to the public by Caedmon Records. The biography was also adapted as a stage play by the same name, produced in 1955. Archival collections The Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, has an undated carbon copy transcript of Catherine Marshall’s biography, A Man Called Peter. The undated transcript includes penciled annotations. The Society also holds a collection of Marshall’s sermons from his years as a pastor at Westminster Presbyterian Church and New York Avenue Presbyterian Church. The McCain Library at Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia holds a large collection of papers donated by the\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Marshall (Presbyterian minister)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10332190\",\n \"text\": \"Cue for Treason (1940) is a children's historical novel written by Geoffrey Trease, and is his best-known work. The novel is set in Elizabethan England at the end of the 16th century. Two young runaways become boy actors, at first on the road and later in London, where they are befriended by William Shakespeare. They become aware of a plot against Queen Elizabeth's life and attempt to prevent it. Plot summary Peter Brownrigg, a 14-year-old boy who lives in Cumberland in the north of England, is involved in a night crime against the theft of his village's farmland by Sir Philip Morton. He leaves his village to escape prosecution for throwing a rock at Sir Philip Morton. He first goes to Penrith, but unexpectedly encounters Sir Philip at a performance of Richard III by a touring playing company. He hides from him in a prop coffin (supposed to contain the body of King Henry VI) which is later carried onto the company's cart. The players discover Peter hiding and the kindly Desmonds, who run the playing company, take him on as a boy actor. Another boy, Kit Kirkstone, also joins the company. Kit proves excellent at playing female roles while Peter acts as an understudy. After Peter's jealousy leads to a fight, he discovers Kit's secret. Kit is actually a girl in disguise, really called Katharine Russell, who is running away to avoid a forced marriage to Sir Philip, who is only interested in her inheritance. The company breaks up and the Desmonds promise to take Peter and Kit to a London theatre company. During their trip to London Mr. Desmond breaks his leg in a river accident and Kit almost reveals her true identity to a crowd of observers after swimming down the river to rescue Mr. Desmond, but Peter distracts everyone and saves her. Because of the results of Mr. Desmond's accident Peter and Kit carry on their journey alone. When they arrive in London they audition for Richard Burbage of the Lord Chamberlain's Men at The Theatre in Shoreditch, a neighborhood beyond the northern boundary of the City of London and outside of the jurisdiction of its civil authorities – and consequently an area notorious for licentious behaviour and gaming houses. After being initially turned away by Burbage, they are accepted as apprentices by the playwright William Shakespeare, who recognises Kit's acting ability and Peter's gift of mimicry. They perform in various plays and see Sir Philip in the audience during Romeo and Juliet. Peter's copy of Shakespeare's new play Henry V is stolen by the \\\"Yellow Gentleman\\\", and Kit and Peter worry that he plans to profit from the unpublished play. While stealing back the script, Peter overhears a discussion between the thief and another man, sounding very treasonous. He also notices an odd poem written on the script. They realise that some of the poem must be part of a code but have no idea how to decipher it. Peter and Kit take the poem\",\n \"title\": \"Cue for Treason\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73896470\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Singleton Copley Pelham (c. 1710 – April 29, 1789) was an Irish-American colonial settler. Her son was the artist John Singleton Copley. She operated a tobacco retail and wholesale business and taught education, art, and manners classes. By 1751, she had been widowed twice. Her sons, John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham were accomplished artists. She was step-mother to her second husband, Peter Pelham's five children. Early life Mary Singleton was born c. 1710 and was the daughter of Jane (Bruffel) Singleton and John Singleton. She had two siblings and lived in Quinville Abbey in County Clare, Ireland. Her Singleton ancestors came to Ireland in 1661 from Lancashire, England. Marriages and children Mary Singleton married Richard Copley in Ireland in about 1735, according to family tradition. Richard's father was likely Charles Copley, who was a sheriff of Limerick, an alderman, and one of the landed gentry. Their son, John Singleton Copley, was born on July 3, 1738. Within a year of their marriage or about the time of John's birth, the family immigrated to Boston of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Richard established a tobacco shop on Long Wharf. Richard died before May 6, 1748, when an inventory was taken of his estate. Mary and Peter Pelham were married at the Trinity Church in Boston on May 22, 1748, becoming Mary Singleton Copley Pelham, also known as Mary Pelham. Peter Pelham was a schoolmaster and an artist. He painted portraits and was a mezzotint engraver. They had a son together, Henry, born February 14, 1749, in Boston. Peter brought a daughter and four sons from his previous wives into the marriage. John had access to Peter Pelham's collection of prints, books, engraving equipment, and painting supplies as he grew up. He was also an apprentice to his step-father. Peter died in December 1751. Henry studied art under his half-brother John, with whom he was close. Henry then worked in John's studio making portraits and, about 1772, began painting miniature portraits. Pelham supported and nurtured her son's interest in art and was the matriarch of \\\"one of America's earliest art families\\\". John wrote after her death that he benefited from her support. Richard Klayment said that he \\\"wrote glowingly of her kindness, vitality, and importance to his artistic development.\\\" By 1753, John created a \\\"unique mezzotint\\\" and paintings. He painted portraits of Boston society. John married Susanna Clark, and they started their family. He traveled to Europe and studied in Italy from 1774 to 1775. In 1775, Susanna left Boston at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. She took three of her children, Elizabeth, John, and Mary, with her to London. Mary Pelham took in her infant grandchild, who died on January 19, 1776, of consumption. The child was age one and a few days. Her son Henry, a loyalist, joined the Copleys in London, leaving Boston in August 1776. Because of his loyalty to the King, Henry's business dropped off, and he\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Singleton Copley Pelham\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Jacob Tremblay"],"string":"[\n \"Jacob Tremblay\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":90,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_5184"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who sings hit me with your rhythm stick"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"12153992","text":"Straight from the Desk is a live album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads recorded on 23 December 1978 at the Ilford Odeon, Ilford, East London. There is little information available about the album, other than what can be heard on the record. During the performance of \"Billericay Dickie\" the audience break the venue's floor, presumably in excitement causing Dury to warn the audience to mind the hole as an introduction to \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" and mention it repeatedly later in the set. Dury forgets the words totally on \"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards\" forcing the Blockheads to carry on playing while he remembers them and gets back in time. Also featured at the concert was a 'Blockheads light' that was presumably a piece of on-stage equipment that falls over and fails to work at the same time Ian Dury breaks his microphone. This can be heard at the start of \"My Old Man\". Although the set features \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", lasting over 12 minutes, the song is played mostly as a long instrumental featuring band introductions and their respective solos with only the song's first verse and an end repetition of the title. \"Clevor Trever\" features a lengthy instrumental break, including a saxophone solo by Davey Payne and also an ad-lib name checking West Ham United F.C. and Gants Hill, Ilford, Romford, Barking and Dagenham, Dagenham is also name-checked in the performance \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\". These are all areas near the venue. The album was the first time a recording of \"I Made Mary Cry\" was released. A song written during Dury's time with Ian Dury & the Kilburns, the latter-day incarnation of his influential pub rock band Kilburn and the High Roads with Rod Melvin (who also co-wrote his first hit single \"What a Waste\") and a song that Ian Dury continued with the Blockheads as late as 1979. This version, like other live versions with the Blockheads, features a much happier ending than the studio version with the song's protagonist, a criminal, being released rather than dying on the floor of his cell. Also included is a version of Kilburn & The Highroads song \"Upminster Kid\", like \"You're More Than Fair\" Dury sings it in his own regional dialect rather than the accent used on the studio recordings. Track listing All tracks composed by Ian Dury and Chaz Jankel, except where indicated. \"Wake Up and Make Love With Me\" – 4:33 \"I'm Partial To Your Abracadabra\" – 3:00 \"Upminster Kid\" (Dury, Russell Hardy) – 4:08 \"Clevor Trever\" – 7:41 \"This Is What We Find\" (Dury, Mickey Gallagher) – 4:52 \"You're More Than Fair\" (Dury, Hardy) – 2:46 \"Blackmail Man\" (Dury, Steve Nugent) – 2:42 \"Billericay Dickie\" (Dury, Nugent) – 3:16 \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" – 4:55 \"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards\" (Dury, Hardy) – 3:48 \"Plaistow Patricia\" (Dury, Nugent) – 6:10 \"I Made Mary Cry\" (Dury, Rod Melvin) – 4:03 \"What","title":"Straight from the Desk"},{"docid":"5558802","text":"\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" is a song by Ian Dury and the Blockheads, first released as a single on Stiff Records in the UK on 23 November 1978 and credited to \"Ian & the Blockheads\". Written by Dury and the Blockheads' multi-instrumentalist Chaz Jankel, it is the group's most successful single, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart in January 1979 as well as reaching the top three in Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, and it was also a top 20 hit in several European countries. \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" was named the 12th best single of 1978 by the writers of British music magazine NME, and best single of 1979 in the annual 'Pazz & Jop' poll organised by music critic Robert Christgau in The Village Voice. It was also named the 3rd best post-punk 7\" ever made by Fact magazine. By September 2017, it had sold over 1.29 million copies in the UK, making it the 114th biggest selling single of all time in the UK. Composition Co-writer Chaz Jankel has repeated a story both in Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll: The Life of Ian Dury and Ian Dury & The Blockheads: Song by Song that the song was written in Rolvenden, Kent during a jamming session between him and Dury. Jankel relates that the music was inspired by a funky piano part near the end of \"Wake Up and Make Love with Me\", the opening track on Dury's 1977 debut album New Boots and Panties!! Dury mentioned a number of origins for his lyrics, including claiming that he had written them up to three years earlier and it had just taken him all that time to realise their quality. Blockheads guitarist John Turnbull gives a different account, claiming the lyrics were written while on tour in America six months prior to the song's recording and that he was still adjusting in-studio. Whilst researching his book Ian Dury: The Definitive Biography, Will Birch discovered that Dury wrote the lyrics for \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" as early as 1976. Ian's typed manuscript, which differs only slightly from the later recorded version and with hand written notes about arrangement and instrumentation ('drums and fuzz bass doing Roy Buchanan volume trick' after first chorus, for example), was posted to a friend in September of that year. The 'lunatic' line reads 'one two three fourithmatic'. 'O'er the hills and far away' was originally 'down to Hammersmith Broadway'. The manuscript, complete with handwritten annotations, was reproduced in Hallo Sausages, the book of Dury's lyrics compiled by his daughter Jemima. According to Jemima it appeared that the origins of the song could be traced as far back as 1974. The song is noted for a complex 16-notes-to-the-bar bassline played by Norman Watt-Roy, and the saxophone solo in the instrumental break in which Davey Payne plays two saxophones. Recording The song was recorded in The Workhouse Studio on the Old Kent Road, London, the same place","title":"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick"},{"docid":"8051991","text":"Do It Yourself is a 1979 album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads. It was the first album to be credited to Ian Dury & the Blockheads rather than Ian Dury alone, although Dury had used the full band name for the \"What a Waste\" 7\" single of 1978. The album was released in the wake of the chart-topping hit single \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", and reached number two in the charts, behind ABBA's Voulez-Vous. Do It Yourself sold around 200,000 copies, and was Dury's second Platinum album (after its predecessor New Boots and Panties!!). Background and recording Like New Boots and Panties!! before it, much of Do It Yourself was written at Dury's home, no longer a flat near the Oval cricket ground, but now a rented home in Rolvenden, Kent. Even though he declined point blank his management's attempts to get him to dust off and re-record old Kilburn & the High Roads songs like \"England's Glory\" Dury did resurrect one old song, \"Sink My Boats\", the very first song he and Chaz Jankel wrote together. In fact, a number of other songs pre-date the rehearsal and songwriting sessions for Do It Yourself; the instrumentals for \"Quiet\", \"This Is What We Find\" and \"Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy\" were all arranged by Blockheads members while they were still in their band Loving Awareness. The recording session at Dury's house that also produced \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" was used to demo some of the new songs. These demos, later released on Edsel Records' 2-CD re-issue of the album, were for \"This Is What We Find\", \"Inbetweenies\", \"Quiet\" and \"Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy\", along with the first version of \"Duff 'Em Up and Do 'Em Over (Boogie Woogie)\", a song that would remain unreleased but would eventually become the song \"Oh Mr. Peanut\" on the next album, Laughter. Do It Yourself was recorded in the Workhouse Studios on the Old Kent Road, the same place where New Boots and Panties!! had been recorded two years earlier, under the production of Jankel and Latham, though Latham's credit was as 'recording engineer'. In keeping with Dury's policy of not including singles on albums, \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" was omitted, and no singles were released from the album either (his next British single would be \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\"). Most retrospective interviews with band and management bemoan this. and nearly all suggest the opening track \"Inbetweenies\" as the ideal choice of single; \"Inbetweenies\" was released in Europe, backed with \"Dance of the Screamers\". The lack of singles on the album did not greatly affect its chart performance. Packaging Do It Yourself was released on 18 May 1979 with an unusually large publicity drive; in addition to widespread print advertising in the music press, Stiff Records released the album with at least 34 known alternative sleeves, each one featuring a different Crown Wallpaper design. Each sleeve has the Crown catalogue number for the particular wallpaper","title":"Do It Yourself (Ian Dury & the Blockheads album)"},{"docid":"3445921","text":"New Boots and Panties!! is the debut studio album by Ian Dury, released in the UK on Stiff Records on 30 September 1977. The record covers a diverse range of musical styles which reflect Dury's influences and background in pub rock, taking in funk, disco, British music hall and early rock and roll, courtesy of Dury's musical hero Gene Vincent. Consisting mostly of love songs and character stories based on the working-class people of the East End and Essex Estuary areas where he grew up, the songs are frequently ribald and profane, but also contain humour and affection for his characters. Widely considered to be the best album of Ian Dury's career, it is also his biggest selling, having been certified platinum status in the UK for 300,000 sales. Sales of the album during the first few months after its release were modest, and the album's only single, \"Sweet Gene Vincent\", failed to chart. Subsequently, three stand-alone singles, \"What a Waste\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" and \"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\", all reached the top ten of the UK Singles Chart, and their success kept the album in the spotlight and ensured consistent sales over the next two years. New Boots and Panties!! was among the UK's top 30 best selling albums of both 1978 and 1979, and eventually peaked at number five in the UK Albums Chart in February 1979, 17 months after its release, after \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\"'s chart-topping success. The album's title derives from Dury's habit of buying clothes second hand and refers to the only items of clothing he insisted on buying new. According to Ian Dury & the Blockheads: Song By Song, the name was chosen by Dury from a list of twenty potential titles drawn up by compere Kosmo Vinyl. New Boots and Panties!! has been reissued several times, including a three-disc edition for its 30th anniversary and a five-disc box set for its 40th anniversary. Background Much of the album was written by Dury, nearly a year before its release, at Oval Mansions (the top floor flat at 40, Oval Mansions, Kennington, London, which he shared with Denise Roudette, and which he nicknamed 'Catshit Mansions') and was the fruit of Dury's successful writing partnership with Chas Jankel. Some of the tracks that could be considered to be the most 'English' were co-written with American Steve Nugent. Dury and Jankel recorded demo tapes of many of the songs in April 1977, joined in the session by Nugent, at Alvic Studios, Wimbledon (run by two musicians, Al James and Vic Sweeney). Jankel played the bass, guitar and piano parts, while Dury sang and played drums. These recordings have since been included as part of Edsel's current re-issue of the album. The studio engineer at Alvic told Dury about a rhythm section who were acting as session musicians to earn extra money; bassist Norman Watt-Roy and drummer Hugh \"Charley\" Charles. As well as playing on New Boots and Panties!! the","title":"New Boots and Panties!!"},{"docid":"1343254","text":"Charles Jeremy \"Chaz\" Jankel (born 16 April 1952) is an English musician and songwriter. In a music career spanning more than 40 years, he came to prominence in the late 1970s as the guitarist and keyboardist of the rock band Ian Dury and the Blockheads. With Dury, Jankel co-wrote some of the band's best-known songs including \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" and \"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\". In addition to his work with the Blockheads, Jankel has had a solo career which has resulted in nine studio albums. He has a long list of credits as both a performer and as songwriter. Early life Charles Jeremy Jankel was born on 16 April 1952 in Stanmore, Middlesex. Inspired by skiffle singer Lonnie Donegan, he started to learn how to play the Spanish guitar at age 7, and then went on to study the piano. He attended the boarding school Mill Hill School and became a fan of the American rock, funk and soul band Sly and the Family Stone during his time there. Jankel's fondness for this style was later responsible for much of the funk influence on the Blockheads' music and also influenced Jankel's solo career. As a student at the art college Saint Martin's School of Art he played with a folk rock band called Byzantium from 1972 to 1973. Career In 1973, Jankel contributed a track titled \"Let's Go\" to Long John Baldry's studio album Good to Be Alive. He then joined the folk rock band Jonathan Kelly's Outside and worked on their only studio album ...Waiting on You, released in early 1974. Jankel first started working with Ian Dury as part of the pub rock band Kilburn and the High Roads in the early part of the 1970s. He went on to work with Dury on albums such as 1977's New Boots and Panties!! and the Blockheads' albums including the 1979 release Do It Yourself before leaving the band. He wrote funk songs such as \"Hit Me with your Rhythm Stick\", and \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\". In 1981, Jankel joined Dury again, without the Blockheads, for his second solo studio album Lord Upminster, which spawned the US Top 40 dance hit \"Spasticus Autisticus\", which he co-wrote. After leaving the Blockheads, Jankel pursued a solo career and issued four studio albums for A&M, including his 1980 self-titled debut and 1981's Chasanova, which was also released under the title Questionnaire. This album featured major lyrical contributions from Ian Dury, and musical contributions from two of the Blockheads, bassist Norman Watt-Roy, and drummer Charlie Charles and also contained the US dance hit \"Glad to Know You\", which was one of the tracks with lyrics written by Dury, plus the MTV music video of its title track. In 1981, Quincy Jones had a UK chart hit with a cover version of Jankel's \"Ai No Corrida\", which reached No. 14 in April of that year. The song was also covered","title":"Chaz Jankel"},{"docid":"2027052","text":"Samboy (Snackfood) is a brand of crinkled potato chips released in Australia. It is owned by Snack Brands Australia. The most popular flavours are Chicken, Original, Salt & Vinegar, Atomic Tomato and BBQ. History Samboy Chips were originally produced and distributed by Norm and Ed Meyer in the 1950s. In the 1960s Samboy chips were not crinkle cut and only came in barbecue flavour. In the 1980s, the \"Original\" (ready salted) flavour was called \"Samboy Gold\". The brand is best remembered by its 1980s advertising campaign that stated “Samboy: The flavour really hits you”. One ad featured a man on a bicycle delivering chips to various people. He would hit the front brake at the last moment, performing an 'endo' as he came to an abrupt stop. He'd then present the pink bag of \"Salt and Vinegar Samboy\" chips, before immediately cycling off hastily, pulling a 'mono' as he left. The confused customer would then be drenched in a huge amount of salt and vinegar falling from the sky. Subsequent deliveries would see recipients hit by falling giant chickens and flattened by a solid brick BBQ, representing the different flavours available. An advertising campaign during the 1990s included the slogan \"Hit me with a Samboy chip\", with the television commercial featuring a variety of Australian celebrities furthering the slogan to \"hit me slowly, hit me quick, hit me, hit me, hit me\", imitating the song Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick by Ian Dury & The Blockheads. In 2003-2004 Arnotts discontinued the 'Atomic Tomato' flavour. In late 2008 the brand was reintroduced after being acquired by Snack Brands Australia due to demand from groups on the social networking site Facebook. Original, BBQ, Chicken, Salt & Vinegar as well as Atomic Tomato were the flavours re-released. References External links Samboy Snack Brands Australia brands Australian brands Brand name potato chips and crisps","title":"Samboy"},{"docid":"4277811","text":"The Concert for Kampuchea (subtitled \"Rock for Kampuchea\") is a musical film from the best of the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea. The film was directed by Keith McMillan and was 4 nights of concerts in Hammersmith Odeon to raise money for Cambodia. The event was organized by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim (who was then Secretary-General of the U.N.), and it involved well-established artists such as McCartney, The Who and Queen as well as younger punk and new wave acts like The Clash and The Pretenders. The film finishes with the presentation of Wings' Rockestra (more of 25 musicians playing together). Filmed in 1979, Concert for Kampuchea did not receive American theatrical distribution until it was picked up by Miramax in 1988. The concert was also recorded and released as a double LP, 8-track cartridge tape and cassette tape in 1979. It has yet to be released in digital format (CD). Track listing Opening commentary Performed by Queen: \"Now I'm Here\" \"'39\" Performed by Matumbi: \"Guide Us Jah (In Your Own Way)\" Performed by The Clash: \"Armagideon Time\" Performed by The Pretenders: \"The Wait\" Performed by Wings: \"Got To Get You Into My Life\" \"Getting Closer\" \"Every Night\" \"Arrow Through Me\" \"Coming Up\" Performed by The Specials: \"Monkey Man\" Performed by Elvis Costello & The Attractions: \"The Imposter\" Performed by Rockpile \"Crawling From The Wreckage\" \"Little Sister\" (with Robert Plant) Performed by Ian Dury & The Blockheads: \"Sweet Gene Vincent\" \"Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick\" Performed by The Who: \"Sister Disco\" \"Behind Blue Eyes\" \"See Me, Feel Me\" Performed by Billy Connolly: \"Introduction to the Rockestra\" Performed by Rockestra: \"Lucille\" \"Let It Be\" \"Rockestra Theme\" See also Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, the concerts and set lists. Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, the album and the EP about the concerts. References External links The Concert for Kampuchea at Allmovie. 1980 films The Clash Documentary films about rock music and musicians Albums recorded at the Hammersmith Apollo 1980s English-language films 1980s British films British musical documentary films","title":"Concert for Kampuchea"},{"docid":"7739552","text":"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea was a series of concerts featuring Wings, Queen, The Clash, The Pretenders, The Who, Elvis Costello, and many more artists which took place at the Hammersmith Odeon in London during December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia. The event was organised by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim, and it involved artists such as McCartney and The Who as well as punk acts like The Clash and the Pretenders. The last of the concerts was the last concert of Wings. An album and EP were released in 1981, and the best of the concerts were released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea. Rockestra was a McCartney-led supergroup of at least 30 English rockers. The back cover of the LP states the Rockestra performers include: John Bonham, Billy Bremner, Gary Brooker, Howie Casey, Tony Dorsey, Dave Edmunds, Steve Holley, James Honeyman-Scott, Steve Howard, Kenney Jones, John Paul Jones, Laurence Juber, Denny Laine, Ronnie Lane, Linda McCartney, Paul McCartney, Robert Plant, Thadeus Richard, Bruce Thomas, Pete Townshend Concerts 26 December Queen 27 December Ian Dury and the Blockheads (with guest Mick Jones on \"Sweet Gene Vincent\") Matumbi The Clash 28 December The Pretenders The Specials The Who 29 December Elvis Costello & The Attractions Rockpile (with guest Robert Plant on \"Little Sister\") Wings Rockestra Selected set lists Queen Jailhouse Rock We Will Rock You (fast version) Let Me Entertain You Somebody to Love If You Can't Beat Them Mustapha Death on Two Legs Killer Queen I'm in Love with My Car Get Down, Make Love You're My Best Friend Save Me Now I'm Here Don't Stop Me Now Spread Your Wings Love of My Life '39 Keep Yourself Alive Drums solo Guitar solo with parts of Silent Night Brighton Rock reprise Crazy Little Thing Called Love Bohemian Rhapsody Tie Your Mother Down Sheer Heart Attack We Will Rock You We Are the Champions God Save the Queen (tape) Ian Dury & The Blockheads Clevor Trevor Inbetweenies Don't Ask Me Reasons To Be Cheerful Sink My Boats Waiting For Your Taxi This Is What We Find Mischief What A Waste Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick Sweet Gene Vincent The Clash Clash City Rockers Brand New Cadillac Safe European Home Jimmy Jazz Clampdown The Guns of Brixton Train in Vain Wrong ‘Em Boyo Koka Kola (White Man) In Hammersmith Palais Stay Free Bankrobber Janie Jones Complete Control Armagideon Time London Calling The Specials (Dawning Of a) New Era Do The Dog Monkey Man Concrete Jungle Too Hot Doesn't Make It Alright Too Much Too Young Guns Of Navarone Little Bitch A Message To You Rudy Nite Club Gangsters Longshot Kick The Bucket Skinhead Moonstomp Madness The Who Substitute I Can't Explain Baba O'Riley The Punk and the Godfather My Wife Sister Disco Behind Blue Eyes Music Must Change Drowned Who Are You 5.15 Pinball Wizard See Me Feel Me Long Live Rock My Generation I'm a Man Hoochie Coochie Man Sparks I Can See","title":"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea"},{"docid":"4404061","text":"Laurie Latham (born 1955) is a British rock producer who worked with Glenn Tilbrook, Paul Young and others. He has produced albums by Ian Dury & the Blockheads, Echo & the Bunnymen, Squeeze, The Stranglers, The Christians and Slapp Happy. Career Latham worked as an engineer during the 1970s on albums by Monty Python and Manfred Mann's Earth Band. He was the producer and engineer for Ian Dury's New Boots and Panties!! and produced the singles \"What a Waste\" and \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", which went to number one in the UK in 1979. External links SJP Dodgy Music Production Laurie Latham page References 1955 births Living people British record producers","title":"Laurie Latham"},{"docid":"43658119","text":"\"Bang Bang\" is a song performed by BA Robertson. Co-written by Robertson with Terry Britten and produced by Britten, it was released as the second single from his third album Initial Success in 1979. Lyrically, \"Bang Bang\" is a humorous commentary on the pitfalls of love. It uses the examples of famous couples such as Romeo and Juliet, Samson and Delilah, Horatio Nelson and Emma, Lady Hamilton and Mark Antony and Cleopatra. There is also a reference to John Fruin, who was head of WEA Records at the time. The song features the Glaswegian Robertson affecting an Estuary English accent. Many have considered this an impersonation of Ian Dury, whose \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" had topped the UK Singles Chart in January 1979. Robertson has also spoken of comparisons to Squeeze, whose 1979 hit single \"Cool for Cats\" features a lead vocal performance from cockney-accented Squeeze lyricist Chris Difford. Robertson says the vocal was in fact an impression of session bass player Herbie Flowers. \"Bang Bang\" was Robertson's second single with Asylum Records after the flop 'Goosebumps', and Robertson's future with the label would have been in doubt had it failed. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1979 songs 1979 singles BA Robertson songs Songs written by Terry Britten Songs written by BA Robertson Asylum Records singles","title":"Bang Bang (BA Robertson song)"},{"docid":"42082373","text":"Architect is the fourth studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Wallis Bird. The album was released in Ireland on 11 April 2014 alongside Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The album was released in the United Kingdom on 14 April 2014. The first promotional single from the album is \"Hardly Hardly\", and those who pre-ordered the album on iTunes prior to its Irish release received \"I Can Be Your Man\" for free. Singles The first commercial single from the album is \"Hardly Hardly\", released across Europe on 28 March 2014 and on iTunes on 4 April 2014. The single received its first play on Irish radio on 11 February 2014. The single comes in two formats; an album version and a radio version. The Hardly Hardly EP was released on 4 April 2014 featuring remixes by Vinnie and Rebscher, LaRochelleBand and Sebastien Leger. Formats There were a number of versions of the album upon release. The original version of the album features 10 tracks. The box set version of the album features two CDs with a total of 20 tracks, along with stickers and playing cards and a third version was made available on iTunes featuring the two albums as one download. Track listing \"Hardly Hardly\" \"I Can Be Your Man\" \"Daze\" \"Holding a Light\" \"The Cards\" \"Girls\" \"Communion\" \"Gloria\" \"Hammering\" \"River of Paper\" Box set and download version disc 2 \"Little Plastic Castle\" (song by Ani DiFranco) \"Peaches\" (song by The Stranglers) \"Black and Gold\" (song by Sam Sparro) \"Becoming a Jackal\" (song by Villagers) \"Pearl's a Singer\" (song by Elkie Brooks) \"Jóga\" (song by Björk) \"Teardrop\" (song by Massive Attack) \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (song by Ian Dury) \"In My Life\" (song by The Beatles) \"Caledonia\" (song by Dolores Keane) Tour A European tour commenced on 25 April 2014 beginning in Dublin before moving onto other European cities such as Cork, Galway, Vienna, Berlin, London, Zurich, Milan and Haarlem. Charts References 2014 albums Wallis Bird albums","title":"Architect (album)"},{"docid":"5022195","text":"Michael William Gallagher (born 29 October 1945) is an English Hammond organ player best known as a member of Ian Dury and the Blockheads and for his contributions to albums by the Clash. He has also written music for films such as Extremes (1971) and After Midnight (1990), and the Broadway play Serious Money (1987). Early band work Mick Gallagher started his musical career in Newcastle with The Unknowns in the early 1960s. He played with the Animals during 1965, replacing their founding member Alan Price. He moved on to form The Chosen Few, where he played alongside Alan Hull, who later formed Lindisfarne. Other associations include Skip Bifferty, Peter Frampton's Camel and Cochise. In 1977 Gallagher was playing in a band called Loving Awareness, including John Turnbull, Charley Charles and Norman Watt-Roy. Charles and Watt-Roy worked as session musicians with Ian Dury, and when the group went on tour, Gallagher and Turnbull were invited along. This band became the Blockheads. Ian Dury and the Blockheads Under the management of Andrew King and Peter Jenner, the original managers of Pink Floyd, Ian Dury and the Blockheads quickly gained a reputation as one of the top live acts of new wave music. The Blockheads' sound drew from its members' diverse musical influences, which included jazz, rock and roll, funk, reggae and Dury's love of music hall. Gallagher's Hammond sound was a major contribution to the band. The single \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", released 26 August 1977, marked Blockheads' Stiff debut. Although it was banned by the BBC, it was named Single of the Week by NME on its release. The single issue was soon followed at the end of September by the album New Boots and Panties!!, which, although it did not include the single, achieved platinum status. In October 1977 Gallagher and the band started performing as Ian Dury & the Blockheads, when the band signed on for the Stiff \"Live Stiffs Tour\" alongside Elvis Costello & the Attractions, Nick Lowe, Wreckless Eric and Larry Wallis. The tour was a success, and Stiff launched a concerted Ian Dury marketing campaign, resulting in the Top Ten hit \"What a Waste\", and the hit single \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", which reached No. 1 in the UK at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies. Again, \"Hit Me\" was not included on the original release of the subsequent album Do It Yourself. Both the single and its accompanying music video featured Davey Payne playing two saxophones simultaneously during his solo, in evident homage to jazz saxophonist Rahsaan Roland Kirk, whose \"trademark\" technique this was. With their hit singles, the band built up a dedicated following in the UK and other countries, and their next single \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\" made number three in the UK. The band's second album, Do It Yourself, was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based","title":"Mick Gallagher"},{"docid":"3995596","text":"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea is a double album credited to Various Artists and released in March 1981. It contains live performances by Wings, the Who, Queen, Elvis Costello, Pretenders, the Clash, the Specials and other artists from the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, held at London's Hammersmith Odeon in December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia. The event was organised by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim. History The album starts with four songs from the Who (culled from a 3-hour set list) and finishes with three songs from Wings and three from the all-star line-up called Rockestra. A selection of the best performances from the concerts was compiled and released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea. Rockestra was a Paul McCartney-led supergroup of at least thirty English rockers. The credited list appears at the bottom of the back cover of the LP. The name was first given to an assemblage of famous rock stars that were brought together by McCartney for the final Wings album, 1979's Back to the Egg. The supergroup – which consisted of Wings, John Paul Jones and John Bonham of Led Zeppelin, David Gilmour from Pink Floyd, Ronnie Lane of the Faces, Kenney Jones and Pete Townshend of the Who, and Hank Marvin of the Shadows – recorded two McCartney compositions, the instrumental \"Rockestra Theme\" and \"So Glad to See You Here\". Then, McCartney and Kurt Waldheim re-assembled Rockestra for a series of benefit concerts for the people of Cambodia (also known as Kampuchea), suffering from the reign of Pol Pot. This time, Rockestra consisted of, among others, Wings, John Paul Jones, Bonham, Robert Plant, Rockpile, James Honeyman-Scott and Townshend. Hank Marvin was not available and Gilmour for tax reasons had to decline, as he was with the rest of Pink Floyd in Los Angeles, California, where they were in the midst of rehearsing for an upcoming concert tour for the just released Pink Floyd album The Wall. Despite the all-star lineup and charting within the Top 40, it remains one of McCartney's few projects to never receive a remaster or a CD release. Album track listing \"Baba O'Riley\" (Pete Townshend) – 5:12 \"Sister Disco\" (Townshend) – 5:16 \"Behind Blue Eyes\" (Townshend) – 3:46 \"See Me, Feel Me\" (Townshend) – 5:49 Tracks 1–4 performed by the Who \"The Wait\" (Chrissie Hynde, Pete Farndon) – 3:28 \"Precious\" (Hynde) – 3:23 \"Tattooed Love Boys\" (Hynde) – 3:18 Tracks 5–7 performed by Pretenders \"The Imposter\" (Elvis Costello) – 2:10 Performed by Elvis Costello & the Attractions \"Crawling from the Wreckage\" (Graham Parker) – 3:02 Performed by Rockpile \"Little Sister\" (Doc Pomus, Mort Shuman) – 3:33 Performed by Rockpile with Robert Plant \"Now I'm Here\" (Brian May) – 6:49 Performed by Queen \"Armagideon Time\" (Bennett) – 4:15 Performed by the Clash \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (Ian Dury, Chaz Jankel) – 4:30 Performed by Ian Dury & the Blockheads \"Monkey Man\" (Toots Hibbert) – 2:26 Performed by the Specials \"Got to Get","title":"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea (album)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"12153992\",\n \"text\": \"Straight from the Desk is a live album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads recorded on 23 December 1978 at the Ilford Odeon, Ilford, East London. There is little information available about the album, other than what can be heard on the record. During the performance of \\\"Billericay Dickie\\\" the audience break the venue's floor, presumably in excitement causing Dury to warn the audience to mind the hole as an introduction to \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" and mention it repeatedly later in the set. Dury forgets the words totally on \\\"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards\\\" forcing the Blockheads to carry on playing while he remembers them and gets back in time. Also featured at the concert was a 'Blockheads light' that was presumably a piece of on-stage equipment that falls over and fails to work at the same time Ian Dury breaks his microphone. This can be heard at the start of \\\"My Old Man\\\". Although the set features \\\"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\\\", lasting over 12 minutes, the song is played mostly as a long instrumental featuring band introductions and their respective solos with only the song's first verse and an end repetition of the title. \\\"Clevor Trever\\\" features a lengthy instrumental break, including a saxophone solo by Davey Payne and also an ad-lib name checking West Ham United F.C. and Gants Hill, Ilford, Romford, Barking and Dagenham, Dagenham is also name-checked in the performance \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\". These are all areas near the venue. The album was the first time a recording of \\\"I Made Mary Cry\\\" was released. A song written during Dury's time with Ian Dury & the Kilburns, the latter-day incarnation of his influential pub rock band Kilburn and the High Roads with Rod Melvin (who also co-wrote his first hit single \\\"What a Waste\\\") and a song that Ian Dury continued with the Blockheads as late as 1979. This version, like other live versions with the Blockheads, features a much happier ending than the studio version with the song's protagonist, a criminal, being released rather than dying on the floor of his cell. Also included is a version of Kilburn & The Highroads song \\\"Upminster Kid\\\", like \\\"You're More Than Fair\\\" Dury sings it in his own regional dialect rather than the accent used on the studio recordings. Track listing All tracks composed by Ian Dury and Chaz Jankel, except where indicated. \\\"Wake Up and Make Love With Me\\\" – 4:33 \\\"I'm Partial To Your Abracadabra\\\" – 3:00 \\\"Upminster Kid\\\" (Dury, Russell Hardy) – 4:08 \\\"Clevor Trever\\\" – 7:41 \\\"This Is What We Find\\\" (Dury, Mickey Gallagher) – 4:52 \\\"You're More Than Fair\\\" (Dury, Hardy) – 2:46 \\\"Blackmail Man\\\" (Dury, Steve Nugent) – 2:42 \\\"Billericay Dickie\\\" (Dury, Nugent) – 3:16 \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" – 4:55 \\\"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards\\\" (Dury, Hardy) – 3:48 \\\"Plaistow Patricia\\\" (Dury, Nugent) – 6:10 \\\"I Made Mary Cry\\\" (Dury, Rod Melvin) – 4:03 \\\"What\",\n \"title\": \"Straight from the Desk\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5558802\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" is a song by Ian Dury and the Blockheads, first released as a single on Stiff Records in the UK on 23 November 1978 and credited to \\\"Ian & the Blockheads\\\". Written by Dury and the Blockheads' multi-instrumentalist Chaz Jankel, it is the group's most successful single, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart in January 1979 as well as reaching the top three in Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, and it was also a top 20 hit in several European countries. \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" was named the 12th best single of 1978 by the writers of British music magazine NME, and best single of 1979 in the annual 'Pazz & Jop' poll organised by music critic Robert Christgau in The Village Voice. It was also named the 3rd best post-punk 7\\\" ever made by Fact magazine. By September 2017, it had sold over 1.29 million copies in the UK, making it the 114th biggest selling single of all time in the UK. Composition Co-writer Chaz Jankel has repeated a story both in Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll: The Life of Ian Dury and Ian Dury & The Blockheads: Song by Song that the song was written in Rolvenden, Kent during a jamming session between him and Dury. Jankel relates that the music was inspired by a funky piano part near the end of \\\"Wake Up and Make Love with Me\\\", the opening track on Dury's 1977 debut album New Boots and Panties!! Dury mentioned a number of origins for his lyrics, including claiming that he had written them up to three years earlier and it had just taken him all that time to realise their quality. Blockheads guitarist John Turnbull gives a different account, claiming the lyrics were written while on tour in America six months prior to the song's recording and that he was still adjusting in-studio. Whilst researching his book Ian Dury: The Definitive Biography, Will Birch discovered that Dury wrote the lyrics for \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" as early as 1976. Ian's typed manuscript, which differs only slightly from the later recorded version and with hand written notes about arrangement and instrumentation ('drums and fuzz bass doing Roy Buchanan volume trick' after first chorus, for example), was posted to a friend in September of that year. The 'lunatic' line reads 'one two three fourithmatic'. 'O'er the hills and far away' was originally 'down to Hammersmith Broadway'. The manuscript, complete with handwritten annotations, was reproduced in Hallo Sausages, the book of Dury's lyrics compiled by his daughter Jemima. According to Jemima it appeared that the origins of the song could be traced as far back as 1974. The song is noted for a complex 16-notes-to-the-bar bassline played by Norman Watt-Roy, and the saxophone solo in the instrumental break in which Davey Payne plays two saxophones. Recording The song was recorded in The Workhouse Studio on the Old Kent Road, London, the same place\",\n \"title\": \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8051991\",\n \"text\": \"Do It Yourself is a 1979 album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads. It was the first album to be credited to Ian Dury & the Blockheads rather than Ian Dury alone, although Dury had used the full band name for the \\\"What a Waste\\\" 7\\\" single of 1978. The album was released in the wake of the chart-topping hit single \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\", and reached number two in the charts, behind ABBA's Voulez-Vous. Do It Yourself sold around 200,000 copies, and was Dury's second Platinum album (after its predecessor New Boots and Panties!!). Background and recording Like New Boots and Panties!! before it, much of Do It Yourself was written at Dury's home, no longer a flat near the Oval cricket ground, but now a rented home in Rolvenden, Kent. Even though he declined point blank his management's attempts to get him to dust off and re-record old Kilburn & the High Roads songs like \\\"England's Glory\\\" Dury did resurrect one old song, \\\"Sink My Boats\\\", the very first song he and Chaz Jankel wrote together. In fact, a number of other songs pre-date the rehearsal and songwriting sessions for Do It Yourself; the instrumentals for \\\"Quiet\\\", \\\"This Is What We Find\\\" and \\\"Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy\\\" were all arranged by Blockheads members while they were still in their band Loving Awareness. The recording session at Dury's house that also produced \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" was used to demo some of the new songs. These demos, later released on Edsel Records' 2-CD re-issue of the album, were for \\\"This Is What We Find\\\", \\\"Inbetweenies\\\", \\\"Quiet\\\" and \\\"Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy\\\", along with the first version of \\\"Duff 'Em Up and Do 'Em Over (Boogie Woogie)\\\", a song that would remain unreleased but would eventually become the song \\\"Oh Mr. Peanut\\\" on the next album, Laughter. Do It Yourself was recorded in the Workhouse Studios on the Old Kent Road, the same place where New Boots and Panties!! had been recorded two years earlier, under the production of Jankel and Latham, though Latham's credit was as 'recording engineer'. In keeping with Dury's policy of not including singles on albums, \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" was omitted, and no singles were released from the album either (his next British single would be \\\"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\\\"). Most retrospective interviews with band and management bemoan this. and nearly all suggest the opening track \\\"Inbetweenies\\\" as the ideal choice of single; \\\"Inbetweenies\\\" was released in Europe, backed with \\\"Dance of the Screamers\\\". The lack of singles on the album did not greatly affect its chart performance. Packaging Do It Yourself was released on 18 May 1979 with an unusually large publicity drive; in addition to widespread print advertising in the music press, Stiff Records released the album with at least 34 known alternative sleeves, each one featuring a different Crown Wallpaper design. Each sleeve has the Crown catalogue number for the particular wallpaper\",\n \"title\": \"Do It Yourself (Ian Dury & the Blockheads album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3445921\",\n \"text\": \"New Boots and Panties!! is the debut studio album by Ian Dury, released in the UK on Stiff Records on 30 September 1977. The record covers a diverse range of musical styles which reflect Dury's influences and background in pub rock, taking in funk, disco, British music hall and early rock and roll, courtesy of Dury's musical hero Gene Vincent. Consisting mostly of love songs and character stories based on the working-class people of the East End and Essex Estuary areas where he grew up, the songs are frequently ribald and profane, but also contain humour and affection for his characters. Widely considered to be the best album of Ian Dury's career, it is also his biggest selling, having been certified platinum status in the UK for 300,000 sales. Sales of the album during the first few months after its release were modest, and the album's only single, \\\"Sweet Gene Vincent\\\", failed to chart. Subsequently, three stand-alone singles, \\\"What a Waste\\\", \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" and \\\"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\\\", all reached the top ten of the UK Singles Chart, and their success kept the album in the spotlight and ensured consistent sales over the next two years. New Boots and Panties!! was among the UK's top 30 best selling albums of both 1978 and 1979, and eventually peaked at number five in the UK Albums Chart in February 1979, 17 months after its release, after \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\"'s chart-topping success. The album's title derives from Dury's habit of buying clothes second hand and refers to the only items of clothing he insisted on buying new. According to Ian Dury & the Blockheads: Song By Song, the name was chosen by Dury from a list of twenty potential titles drawn up by compere Kosmo Vinyl. New Boots and Panties!! has been reissued several times, including a three-disc edition for its 30th anniversary and a five-disc box set for its 40th anniversary. Background Much of the album was written by Dury, nearly a year before its release, at Oval Mansions (the top floor flat at 40, Oval Mansions, Kennington, London, which he shared with Denise Roudette, and which he nicknamed 'Catshit Mansions') and was the fruit of Dury's successful writing partnership with Chas Jankel. Some of the tracks that could be considered to be the most 'English' were co-written with American Steve Nugent. Dury and Jankel recorded demo tapes of many of the songs in April 1977, joined in the session by Nugent, at Alvic Studios, Wimbledon (run by two musicians, Al James and Vic Sweeney). Jankel played the bass, guitar and piano parts, while Dury sang and played drums. These recordings have since been included as part of Edsel's current re-issue of the album. The studio engineer at Alvic told Dury about a rhythm section who were acting as session musicians to earn extra money; bassist Norman Watt-Roy and drummer Hugh \\\"Charley\\\" Charles. As well as playing on New Boots and Panties!! the\",\n \"title\": \"New Boots and Panties!!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1343254\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Jeremy \\\"Chaz\\\" Jankel (born 16 April 1952) is an English musician and songwriter. In a music career spanning more than 40 years, he came to prominence in the late 1970s as the guitarist and keyboardist of the rock band Ian Dury and the Blockheads. With Dury, Jankel co-wrote some of the band's best-known songs including \\\"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\\\", \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" and \\\"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\\\". In addition to his work with the Blockheads, Jankel has had a solo career which has resulted in nine studio albums. He has a long list of credits as both a performer and as songwriter. Early life Charles Jeremy Jankel was born on 16 April 1952 in Stanmore, Middlesex. Inspired by skiffle singer Lonnie Donegan, he started to learn how to play the Spanish guitar at age 7, and then went on to study the piano. He attended the boarding school Mill Hill School and became a fan of the American rock, funk and soul band Sly and the Family Stone during his time there. Jankel's fondness for this style was later responsible for much of the funk influence on the Blockheads' music and also influenced Jankel's solo career. As a student at the art college Saint Martin's School of Art he played with a folk rock band called Byzantium from 1972 to 1973. Career In 1973, Jankel contributed a track titled \\\"Let's Go\\\" to Long John Baldry's studio album Good to Be Alive. He then joined the folk rock band Jonathan Kelly's Outside and worked on their only studio album ...Waiting on You, released in early 1974. Jankel first started working with Ian Dury as part of the pub rock band Kilburn and the High Roads in the early part of the 1970s. He went on to work with Dury on albums such as 1977's New Boots and Panties!! and the Blockheads' albums including the 1979 release Do It Yourself before leaving the band. He wrote funk songs such as \\\"Hit Me with your Rhythm Stick\\\", and \\\"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\\\". In 1981, Jankel joined Dury again, without the Blockheads, for his second solo studio album Lord Upminster, which spawned the US Top 40 dance hit \\\"Spasticus Autisticus\\\", which he co-wrote. After leaving the Blockheads, Jankel pursued a solo career and issued four studio albums for A&M, including his 1980 self-titled debut and 1981's Chasanova, which was also released under the title Questionnaire. This album featured major lyrical contributions from Ian Dury, and musical contributions from two of the Blockheads, bassist Norman Watt-Roy, and drummer Charlie Charles and also contained the US dance hit \\\"Glad to Know You\\\", which was one of the tracks with lyrics written by Dury, plus the MTV music video of its title track. In 1981, Quincy Jones had a UK chart hit with a cover version of Jankel's \\\"Ai No Corrida\\\", which reached No. 14 in April of that year. The song was also covered\",\n \"title\": \"Chaz Jankel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2027052\",\n \"text\": \"Samboy (Snackfood) is a brand of crinkled potato chips released in Australia. It is owned by Snack Brands Australia. The most popular flavours are Chicken, Original, Salt & Vinegar, Atomic Tomato and BBQ. History Samboy Chips were originally produced and distributed by Norm and Ed Meyer in the 1950s. In the 1960s Samboy chips were not crinkle cut and only came in barbecue flavour. In the 1980s, the \\\"Original\\\" (ready salted) flavour was called \\\"Samboy Gold\\\". The brand is best remembered by its 1980s advertising campaign that stated “Samboy: The flavour really hits you”. One ad featured a man on a bicycle delivering chips to various people. He would hit the front brake at the last moment, performing an 'endo' as he came to an abrupt stop. He'd then present the pink bag of \\\"Salt and Vinegar Samboy\\\" chips, before immediately cycling off hastily, pulling a 'mono' as he left. The confused customer would then be drenched in a huge amount of salt and vinegar falling from the sky. Subsequent deliveries would see recipients hit by falling giant chickens and flattened by a solid brick BBQ, representing the different flavours available. An advertising campaign during the 1990s included the slogan \\\"Hit me with a Samboy chip\\\", with the television commercial featuring a variety of Australian celebrities furthering the slogan to \\\"hit me slowly, hit me quick, hit me, hit me, hit me\\\", imitating the song Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick by Ian Dury & The Blockheads. In 2003-2004 Arnotts discontinued the 'Atomic Tomato' flavour. In late 2008 the brand was reintroduced after being acquired by Snack Brands Australia due to demand from groups on the social networking site Facebook. Original, BBQ, Chicken, Salt & Vinegar as well as Atomic Tomato were the flavours re-released. References External links Samboy Snack Brands Australia brands Australian brands Brand name potato chips and crisps\",\n \"title\": \"Samboy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4277811\",\n \"text\": \"The Concert for Kampuchea (subtitled \\\"Rock for Kampuchea\\\") is a musical film from the best of the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea. The film was directed by Keith McMillan and was 4 nights of concerts in Hammersmith Odeon to raise money for Cambodia. The event was organized by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim (who was then Secretary-General of the U.N.), and it involved well-established artists such as McCartney, The Who and Queen as well as younger punk and new wave acts like The Clash and The Pretenders. The film finishes with the presentation of Wings' Rockestra (more of 25 musicians playing together). Filmed in 1979, Concert for Kampuchea did not receive American theatrical distribution until it was picked up by Miramax in 1988. The concert was also recorded and released as a double LP, 8-track cartridge tape and cassette tape in 1979. It has yet to be released in digital format (CD). Track listing Opening commentary Performed by Queen: \\\"Now I'm Here\\\" \\\"'39\\\" Performed by Matumbi: \\\"Guide Us Jah (In Your Own Way)\\\" Performed by The Clash: \\\"Armagideon Time\\\" Performed by The Pretenders: \\\"The Wait\\\" Performed by Wings: \\\"Got To Get You Into My Life\\\" \\\"Getting Closer\\\" \\\"Every Night\\\" \\\"Arrow Through Me\\\" \\\"Coming Up\\\" Performed by The Specials: \\\"Monkey Man\\\" Performed by Elvis Costello & The Attractions: \\\"The Imposter\\\" Performed by Rockpile \\\"Crawling From The Wreckage\\\" \\\"Little Sister\\\" (with Robert Plant) Performed by Ian Dury & The Blockheads: \\\"Sweet Gene Vincent\\\" \\\"Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick\\\" Performed by The Who: \\\"Sister Disco\\\" \\\"Behind Blue Eyes\\\" \\\"See Me, Feel Me\\\" Performed by Billy Connolly: \\\"Introduction to the Rockestra\\\" Performed by Rockestra: \\\"Lucille\\\" \\\"Let It Be\\\" \\\"Rockestra Theme\\\" See also Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, the concerts and set lists. Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, the album and the EP about the concerts. References External links The Concert for Kampuchea at Allmovie. 1980 films The Clash Documentary films about rock music and musicians Albums recorded at the Hammersmith Apollo 1980s English-language films 1980s British films British musical documentary films\",\n \"title\": \"Concert for Kampuchea\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7739552\",\n \"text\": \"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea was a series of concerts featuring Wings, Queen, The Clash, The Pretenders, The Who, Elvis Costello, and many more artists which took place at the Hammersmith Odeon in London during December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia. The event was organised by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim, and it involved artists such as McCartney and The Who as well as punk acts like The Clash and the Pretenders. The last of the concerts was the last concert of Wings. An album and EP were released in 1981, and the best of the concerts were released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea. Rockestra was a McCartney-led supergroup of at least 30 English rockers. The back cover of the LP states the Rockestra performers include: John Bonham, Billy Bremner, Gary Brooker, Howie Casey, Tony Dorsey, Dave Edmunds, Steve Holley, James Honeyman-Scott, Steve Howard, Kenney Jones, John Paul Jones, Laurence Juber, Denny Laine, Ronnie Lane, Linda McCartney, Paul McCartney, Robert Plant, Thadeus Richard, Bruce Thomas, Pete Townshend Concerts 26 December Queen 27 December Ian Dury and the Blockheads (with guest Mick Jones on \\\"Sweet Gene Vincent\\\") Matumbi The Clash 28 December The Pretenders The Specials The Who 29 December Elvis Costello & The Attractions Rockpile (with guest Robert Plant on \\\"Little Sister\\\") Wings Rockestra Selected set lists Queen Jailhouse Rock We Will Rock You (fast version) Let Me Entertain You Somebody to Love If You Can't Beat Them Mustapha Death on Two Legs Killer Queen I'm in Love with My Car Get Down, Make Love You're My Best Friend Save Me Now I'm Here Don't Stop Me Now Spread Your Wings Love of My Life '39 Keep Yourself Alive Drums solo Guitar solo with parts of Silent Night Brighton Rock reprise Crazy Little Thing Called Love Bohemian Rhapsody Tie Your Mother Down Sheer Heart Attack We Will Rock You We Are the Champions God Save the Queen (tape) Ian Dury & The Blockheads Clevor Trevor Inbetweenies Don't Ask Me Reasons To Be Cheerful Sink My Boats Waiting For Your Taxi This Is What We Find Mischief What A Waste Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick Sweet Gene Vincent The Clash Clash City Rockers Brand New Cadillac Safe European Home Jimmy Jazz Clampdown The Guns of Brixton Train in Vain Wrong ‘Em Boyo Koka Kola (White Man) In Hammersmith Palais Stay Free Bankrobber Janie Jones Complete Control Armagideon Time London Calling The Specials (Dawning Of a) New Era Do The Dog Monkey Man Concrete Jungle Too Hot Doesn't Make It Alright Too Much Too Young Guns Of Navarone Little Bitch A Message To You Rudy Nite Club Gangsters Longshot Kick The Bucket Skinhead Moonstomp Madness The Who Substitute I Can't Explain Baba O'Riley The Punk and the Godfather My Wife Sister Disco Behind Blue Eyes Music Must Change Drowned Who Are You 5.15 Pinball Wizard See Me Feel Me Long Live Rock My Generation I'm a Man Hoochie Coochie Man Sparks I Can See\",\n \"title\": \"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4404061\",\n \"text\": \"Laurie Latham (born 1955) is a British rock producer who worked with Glenn Tilbrook, Paul Young and others. He has produced albums by Ian Dury & the Blockheads, Echo & the Bunnymen, Squeeze, The Stranglers, The Christians and Slapp Happy. Career Latham worked as an engineer during the 1970s on albums by Monty Python and Manfred Mann's Earth Band. He was the producer and engineer for Ian Dury's New Boots and Panties!! and produced the singles \\\"What a Waste\\\" and \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\", which went to number one in the UK in 1979. External links SJP Dodgy Music Production Laurie Latham page References 1955 births Living people British record producers\",\n \"title\": \"Laurie Latham\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43658119\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Bang Bang\\\" is a song performed by BA Robertson. Co-written by Robertson with Terry Britten and produced by Britten, it was released as the second single from his third album Initial Success in 1979. Lyrically, \\\"Bang Bang\\\" is a humorous commentary on the pitfalls of love. It uses the examples of famous couples such as Romeo and Juliet, Samson and Delilah, Horatio Nelson and Emma, Lady Hamilton and Mark Antony and Cleopatra. There is also a reference to John Fruin, who was head of WEA Records at the time. The song features the Glaswegian Robertson affecting an Estuary English accent. Many have considered this an impersonation of Ian Dury, whose \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" had topped the UK Singles Chart in January 1979. Robertson has also spoken of comparisons to Squeeze, whose 1979 hit single \\\"Cool for Cats\\\" features a lead vocal performance from cockney-accented Squeeze lyricist Chris Difford. Robertson says the vocal was in fact an impression of session bass player Herbie Flowers. \\\"Bang Bang\\\" was Robertson's second single with Asylum Records after the flop 'Goosebumps', and Robertson's future with the label would have been in doubt had it failed. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1979 songs 1979 singles BA Robertson songs Songs written by Terry Britten Songs written by BA Robertson Asylum Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"Bang Bang (BA Robertson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42082373\",\n \"text\": \"Architect is the fourth studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Wallis Bird. The album was released in Ireland on 11 April 2014 alongside Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The album was released in the United Kingdom on 14 April 2014. The first promotional single from the album is \\\"Hardly Hardly\\\", and those who pre-ordered the album on iTunes prior to its Irish release received \\\"I Can Be Your Man\\\" for free. Singles The first commercial single from the album is \\\"Hardly Hardly\\\", released across Europe on 28 March 2014 and on iTunes on 4 April 2014. The single received its first play on Irish radio on 11 February 2014. The single comes in two formats; an album version and a radio version. The Hardly Hardly EP was released on 4 April 2014 featuring remixes by Vinnie and Rebscher, LaRochelleBand and Sebastien Leger. Formats There were a number of versions of the album upon release. The original version of the album features 10 tracks. The box set version of the album features two CDs with a total of 20 tracks, along with stickers and playing cards and a third version was made available on iTunes featuring the two albums as one download. Track listing \\\"Hardly Hardly\\\" \\\"I Can Be Your Man\\\" \\\"Daze\\\" \\\"Holding a Light\\\" \\\"The Cards\\\" \\\"Girls\\\" \\\"Communion\\\" \\\"Gloria\\\" \\\"Hammering\\\" \\\"River of Paper\\\" Box set and download version disc 2 \\\"Little Plastic Castle\\\" (song by Ani DiFranco) \\\"Peaches\\\" (song by The Stranglers) \\\"Black and Gold\\\" (song by Sam Sparro) \\\"Becoming a Jackal\\\" (song by Villagers) \\\"Pearl's a Singer\\\" (song by Elkie Brooks) \\\"Jóga\\\" (song by Björk) \\\"Teardrop\\\" (song by Massive Attack) \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" (song by Ian Dury) \\\"In My Life\\\" (song by The Beatles) \\\"Caledonia\\\" (song by Dolores Keane) Tour A European tour commenced on 25 April 2014 beginning in Dublin before moving onto other European cities such as Cork, Galway, Vienna, Berlin, London, Zurich, Milan and Haarlem. Charts References 2014 albums Wallis Bird albums\",\n \"title\": \"Architect (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5022195\",\n \"text\": \"Michael William Gallagher (born 29 October 1945) is an English Hammond organ player best known as a member of Ian Dury and the Blockheads and for his contributions to albums by the Clash. He has also written music for films such as Extremes (1971) and After Midnight (1990), and the Broadway play Serious Money (1987). Early band work Mick Gallagher started his musical career in Newcastle with The Unknowns in the early 1960s. He played with the Animals during 1965, replacing their founding member Alan Price. He moved on to form The Chosen Few, where he played alongside Alan Hull, who later formed Lindisfarne. Other associations include Skip Bifferty, Peter Frampton's Camel and Cochise. In 1977 Gallagher was playing in a band called Loving Awareness, including John Turnbull, Charley Charles and Norman Watt-Roy. Charles and Watt-Roy worked as session musicians with Ian Dury, and when the group went on tour, Gallagher and Turnbull were invited along. This band became the Blockheads. Ian Dury and the Blockheads Under the management of Andrew King and Peter Jenner, the original managers of Pink Floyd, Ian Dury and the Blockheads quickly gained a reputation as one of the top live acts of new wave music. The Blockheads' sound drew from its members' diverse musical influences, which included jazz, rock and roll, funk, reggae and Dury's love of music hall. Gallagher's Hammond sound was a major contribution to the band. The single \\\"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\\\", released 26 August 1977, marked Blockheads' Stiff debut. Although it was banned by the BBC, it was named Single of the Week by NME on its release. The single issue was soon followed at the end of September by the album New Boots and Panties!!, which, although it did not include the single, achieved platinum status. In October 1977 Gallagher and the band started performing as Ian Dury & the Blockheads, when the band signed on for the Stiff \\\"Live Stiffs Tour\\\" alongside Elvis Costello & the Attractions, Nick Lowe, Wreckless Eric and Larry Wallis. The tour was a success, and Stiff launched a concerted Ian Dury marketing campaign, resulting in the Top Ten hit \\\"What a Waste\\\", and the hit single \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\", which reached No. 1 in the UK at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies. Again, \\\"Hit Me\\\" was not included on the original release of the subsequent album Do It Yourself. Both the single and its accompanying music video featured Davey Payne playing two saxophones simultaneously during his solo, in evident homage to jazz saxophonist Rahsaan Roland Kirk, whose \\\"trademark\\\" technique this was. With their hit singles, the band built up a dedicated following in the UK and other countries, and their next single \\\"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\\\" made number three in the UK. The band's second album, Do It Yourself, was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based\",\n \"title\": \"Mick Gallagher\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3995596\",\n \"text\": \"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea is a double album credited to Various Artists and released in March 1981. It contains live performances by Wings, the Who, Queen, Elvis Costello, Pretenders, the Clash, the Specials and other artists from the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, held at London's Hammersmith Odeon in December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia. The event was organised by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim. History The album starts with four songs from the Who (culled from a 3-hour set list) and finishes with three songs from Wings and three from the all-star line-up called Rockestra. A selection of the best performances from the concerts was compiled and released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea. Rockestra was a Paul McCartney-led supergroup of at least thirty English rockers. The credited list appears at the bottom of the back cover of the LP. The name was first given to an assemblage of famous rock stars that were brought together by McCartney for the final Wings album, 1979's Back to the Egg. The supergroup – which consisted of Wings, John Paul Jones and John Bonham of Led Zeppelin, David Gilmour from Pink Floyd, Ronnie Lane of the Faces, Kenney Jones and Pete Townshend of the Who, and Hank Marvin of the Shadows – recorded two McCartney compositions, the instrumental \\\"Rockestra Theme\\\" and \\\"So Glad to See You Here\\\". Then, McCartney and Kurt Waldheim re-assembled Rockestra for a series of benefit concerts for the people of Cambodia (also known as Kampuchea), suffering from the reign of Pol Pot. This time, Rockestra consisted of, among others, Wings, John Paul Jones, Bonham, Robert Plant, Rockpile, James Honeyman-Scott and Townshend. Hank Marvin was not available and Gilmour for tax reasons had to decline, as he was with the rest of Pink Floyd in Los Angeles, California, where they were in the midst of rehearsing for an upcoming concert tour for the just released Pink Floyd album The Wall. Despite the all-star lineup and charting within the Top 40, it remains one of McCartney's few projects to never receive a remaster or a CD release. Album track listing \\\"Baba O'Riley\\\" (Pete Townshend) – 5:12 \\\"Sister Disco\\\" (Townshend) – 5:16 \\\"Behind Blue Eyes\\\" (Townshend) – 3:46 \\\"See Me, Feel Me\\\" (Townshend) – 5:49 Tracks 1–4 performed by the Who \\\"The Wait\\\" (Chrissie Hynde, Pete Farndon) – 3:28 \\\"Precious\\\" (Hynde) – 3:23 \\\"Tattooed Love Boys\\\" (Hynde) – 3:18 Tracks 5–7 performed by Pretenders \\\"The Imposter\\\" (Elvis Costello) – 2:10 Performed by Elvis Costello & the Attractions \\\"Crawling from the Wreckage\\\" (Graham Parker) – 3:02 Performed by Rockpile \\\"Little Sister\\\" (Doc Pomus, Mort Shuman) – 3:33 Performed by Rockpile with Robert Plant \\\"Now I'm Here\\\" (Brian May) – 6:49 Performed by Queen \\\"Armagideon Time\\\" (Bennett) – 4:15 Performed by the Clash \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" (Ian Dury, Chaz Jankel) – 4:30 Performed by Ian Dury & the Blockheads \\\"Monkey Man\\\" (Toots Hibbert) – 2:26 Performed by the Specials \\\"Got to Get\",\n \"title\": \"Concerts for the People of Kampuchea (album)\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"26670527","text":"Why Can't We Live Together is the debut album by Timmy Thomas released in 1972. It was historically the first record to fully replace drummers with a drum machine. The album reached number ten in 1973 on the US R&B albums chart on the strength of the million-seller single, \"Why Can't We Live Together\". Background \"Why Can't We Live Together\" and \"Funky Me\" were recorded Miami in August 1972, with the rest of the album recorded in November. Using the Glades Records studio, Thomas is the sole performer on the recordings; on the title track for instance, which took fifteen minutes to record, he played the organ parts with one hand and percussion on the organ with the other (using pre-programmed rhythms), using his feet to play bass on the organ pedals. Composition Why Can't We Live Together is a sparse album of \"soulful minimalism\". The rhythm is dominant throughout the record. The album features topical themes, similar to its single. Although Thomas wrote most of the album, it also features two cover versions. Regarding his version of \"The Coldest Days of My Life\" by the Chi-Lites, Thomas said the original track gave him \"a deep feeling of having experienced what they were singing about — the cold, cold feeling of being alone simply got through to me and I wanted to sing that song so badly.\" His decision to record \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\" was for similar reasons, though he said \"I experienced the feeling when it was included in the movie, Play Misty For Me.\" The title track and \"Rainbow Power\" both discuss what Thomas described as race relations \"getting out of hand,\" wishing to come up with songs \"which would make people think again.\" Release and promotion In an interview with the NME in March 1973, Thomas mentioned that \"Rain Power\" would \"probably\" be the second single. Critical reception In a contemporary review of Why Can't We Live Together, a writer for the Acton Gazette described Thomas as \"the new soul super-star\" and hailed the \"unforgettable\", hypnotic hit single, but felt that the album becomes monotonous and samey due to Thomas' \"obsessive use of his magic organ, with its built-in rhythm section,\" feeling it exposed the musician's \"limited talents.\" They nonetheless wrote that \"if the idea of hearing a string of different versions of 'Why Can't We Live Together' appeals to you, then you'll probably love it.\" Keith Hunt of the Thanet Times agreed that the \"metronome-like backing, taping away track after track, gets monotonous,\" finding the organ playing to resemble \"the sound you would expect to hear at a holiday camp.\" However, praise was given to Thomas' talents and the album's \"flashes of brilliance.\" Russell Gersten of Rolling Stone was more harsh, describing the album as \"a piece of junk\" and commenting: \"Thirty minutes of listening to a hack organist and a metronome playing basically the same song in eight variations is one of the most abrasive experiences I've undergone in months.\"","title":"Why Can't We Live Together (album)"},{"docid":"6252587","text":"Silver Throat: Bill Cosby Sings (1967) is the sixth album by Bill Cosby. Background This was Cosby's first album that was recorded in the studio, as well as his first album that showcased his singing, backed by the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band. Although marketed as a musical comedy album, it consisted mostly of straightforward rhythm and blues performances, including several Jimmy Reed songs, a cover version of Ray Charles' \"I Got a Woman\" with slightly comedic lyrics, \"Mojo Workout\", which was a sequel to the Muddy Waters classic \"I Got My Mojo Workin'\", and \"Little Ole Man\" which combined a comedic monologue with Stevie Wonder's \"Uptight (Everything's Alright)\". (Note that \"Uptight\" co-author Henry Cosby is no relation to Bill Cosby.) Also included is an original song credited to Bill Cosby, \"Don'cha Know\". \"Little Ole Man\" became a major hit upon release as a single, reaching #4 on the U.S. Hot 100 chart. Track listing Side one \"Bright Lights, Big City\" (Reed) – 2:41 \"Big Boss Man\" (Dixon, Smith) – 2:45 \"Hush Hush\" (Reed) – 1:54 \"Baby, What You Want Me to Do\" (Reed) – 2:43 \"Tell Me You Love Me\" (Reed, Smith) – 3:07 \"Aw Shucks, Hush Your Mouth\" (Reed) – 1:36 Side two \"Little Ole Man (Uptight, Everything's Alright)\" (Henry Cosby, Sylvia Moy, Wonder) – 4:10 \"Mojo Workout\" (Bright) – 2:53 \"I Got a Woman\" (Charles) – 3:22 \"Don'cha Know\" (Bill Cosby) – 2:45 \"Place in the Sun\" (Miller, Wells) – 2:35 References 1967 albums Bill Cosby albums Warner Records albums","title":"Silver Throat: Bill Cosby Sings"},{"docid":"9529366","text":"\"Down with the Clique\" is a song recorded by American singer Aaliyah for her debut studio album Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (1994). It was written and produced by R. Kelly. The song was released as the fourth single from Age Ain't Nothing but a Number exclusively in the United Kingdom on May 1, 1995, by Blackground Records and Jive Records. \"Down with the Clique\" was met with mixed reviews from music critics, who praised Aaliyah's vocal delivery on the song but dismissed its lyrical content. A moderate commercial success, the song peaked at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Aaliyah's fourth consecutive top-40 single in the United Kingdom. Recording and production While recording \"Down with the Clique\", Aaliyah developed an interest in producing, and she watched and helped R. Kelly develop the song. She said: \"When we were recording 'Down With the Clique', I watched how Robert [Kelly] laid the drums and everything. He taught me to play the piano a bit, and I'm also trying to learn the mixing board, though it looks complicated. The studio is my first love.\" Music and lyrics \"Down with the Clique\" is a hip hop song in which Aaliyah displays a \"silky cooing\" with her vocals. In his biography Aaliyah (2021) author Tim Footman said the song was \"macho hip-hop posturing over a cheesy, pseudo–Caribbean rhythm track\". In February 1995, British producers Mafia & Fluxy produced a reggae remix of the song. Lyrically, the song sees her committing to a \"junior-gangsta persona\" with lines such as \"Well now I guess it's time for me to wreck shop\". Footman analyzed the lyrics explaining that, \"Kelly's egomania really goes to town here, as Aaliyah entreats, 'all the dolls in the house' to recognize how cool her mentor/songwriter/producer truly is\". YardBarker said the lyrics were about \"finding out which friends are true blue\", and that Aaliyah was \"adamant about finding out who's really down to support her\". Critical reception Kenneth Partridge from Billboard gave \"Down with the Clique\" a mixed review, saying Aaliyah sounded unnatural singing lines such as \"I guess it's time for me to wreck shop\" and that the song was too much like an R. Kelly song, but described Aaliyah's performance as \"adorable\". James Masterton wrote in his weekly UK chart commentary,\"Why do Americans pronounce it to rhyme with 'stick'? Its 'cleek' as everyone here knows it which perhaps unfairly makes for rather grating listening as Aaliyah croons her way through her fourth UK hit.\" Bianca Gracie from Fuse felt that Aaliyah was embodying an \"effortless swagger that guys twice her age could only dream of having\", also praising Aaliyah's \"mellow\" and \"deep\" vocal performance. Nakita Rathod from HotNewHipHop mentioned that despite the controversy surrounding Aaliyah's debut album, she was still able to be a young, free teenager with songs like \"Down with the Clique\". MTV.com felt that \"Down With The Clique\" was one of the album's highlights, along with \"At Your Best (You Are Love),\" \"Young Nation,\" and","title":"Down with the Clique"},{"docid":"1595043","text":"Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band is an American soul and funk band. Formed in the early 1960s, they had the most visibility from 1967 to 1973 when the band had 9 singles reach Billboard's pop and/or rhythm and blues charts, such as \"Do Your Thing\", \"Till You Get Enough\", and \"Love Land\". They are best known for their biggest hit on Warner Bros. Records, 1970's \"Express Yourself\", a song that has been sampled by rap group N.W.A and others. History Charles Wright and the Wright Sounds Charles Wright was born on April 6, 1940, in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He moved to Los Angeles in the early 1950s, playing guitar and singing in several doo-wop groups including the Turks, the Twilighters, the Shields and the Gallahads. He also briefly worked in A&R for Del-Fi Records and was responsible for the 1961 hit record \"Those Oldies but Goodies (Remind Me of You)\" by Little Caesar & the Romans. In 1962, he formed his own band Charles Wright & the Wright Sounds, which included future Watts Band member John Raynford, along with Daryl Dragon, later known as the \"Captain\" of Captain & Tennille. Over the course of the next six years, Wright added more musicians to his group and these were the players who would eventually become known as the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, at least by 1968. Several of those members, including drummer James Gadson, bassist Melvin Dunlap, trombonist/arranger Ray Jackson, and both guitarists Al McKay and Benorce Blackmon, played on several Dyke and the Blazers charting singles, including \"We Got More Soul\" (1969) and \"Let a Woman Be a Woman, Let a Man Be a Man\" (1969). The Wright Sounds played in several venues across Los Angeles, but their best known stint was three years (ending in 1968) at Hollywood's Haunted House nightclub. Originally located at Hollywood and Vine, the Haunted House was a popular club in the 1960s and appears in several popular culture artifacts, most notably the 1969 go-go dancing B-movie, Girl in Gold Boots. First Watts 103rd Band The name, Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band was originally coined by Los Angeles record producer, and Keymen Records owner, Fred Smith in 1967. However, between 1967 and 1968, the Watts 103rd name applied to three, arguably four different personnel configurations, before settling into the final band, who played on every Watts 103rd album from 1968 onwards. Smith produced a theme song for KGFJ radio personality, DJ Magnificent Montague. The song became so popular that Smith released it as a single in 1967 and created the name, Watts 103rd St. Rhythm Band for the studio group who had recorded it. Purportedly, the players on the single included Wright, James Carmichael, Leon Haywood, and Bobby Womack. There is some confusion because, after \"Spreadin' Honey\" became a success, Montague re-released the single on the MoSoul label (a Keyman subsidiary), and credited to a different group altogether, the Soul Runners. It has been long assumed that the Soul Runners were","title":"Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band"},{"docid":"6874593","text":"\"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\" is a song performed by Irish singer-songwriter Sinéad O'Connor. The song was released in April 1988 by Chrysalis as the fourth single from her debut album, The Lion and the Cobra (1987) and was later remixed to include rapper MC Lyte. O'Connor co-wrote it with Mike Clowes, John Reynolds, Rob Dean and Spike Holifield. And she also co-produced it with Kevin Mooney. Remix In 1988, O'Connor released two remixed versions of \"I Want Your (Hands On Me)\" featuring rapper MC Lyte, \"a grittier 'Street' mix and a 'Dance' mix both mixed by Audio Two\". Curious why O'Connor had requested she be featured on the song, MC Lyte asked, “Why do you want me?” MC Lyte indicated O'Connor was intrigued by one of MC Lyte's lyrics (\"Shut the fuck up\"), especially that a \"young person [was] using this language to get her point across and she wanted [MC Lyte] to say the words exactly like that on the remix.\" Okayplayer noted, \"At face value, MC Lyte and Sinéad O’Connor are a pretty unorthodox pairing, though really they were kindred spirits. [...] Individually, their music is diametrically opposed in sound. [...] However, when the two joined forces [...], it was like night and day met in an eclipse. A moment that changed the course for women in hip-hop simply by giving them another avenue to explore.\" Critical reception Upon the release, Ben Thompson from NME wrote, \"'Rocking It Live Non-stop', or something like that, it's Sinead O'Connor and MC Lyte. The thinking woman's Kate Bush is in danger of becoming the thinking man's Kate Bush if she doesn't watch it. The follow-up to the devilishly catchy 'Mandinka' is a strange throbbing sort of a song which dares to rhyme 'Please Me' with 'Tease Me'. You gave a little wink I guess you knew, apparently. This one will take a bit of getting used to.\" In 2021, Pitchfork said \"I Want Your (Hands On Me)\" is O'Connor's \"rare song that feels modeled after hits of the era, an early attempt at blending her blunt-force, hip-hop influence with gentler melodic gifts.\" Following O'Connor's death in July 2023, multiple news sources recognized \"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\" among other songs in her repertoire. The Guardian, Los Angeles Times, Spin, and Billboard included it on their lists of O'Connor's best songs. The Guardian'''s Annie Zaleski said the song \"was revolutionary in its own way. Musically, it was a sensual funk seduction with a liquid bass groove and percolating hip-hop beats; the aural equivalent of O’Connor’s forthright lyrics, which are frank on sexual desire, and her unapologetic come-hither vocals.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine, writing for Los Angeles Times, wrote, \"O’Connor’s music burns so brightly in its intensity that the playfulness of 'I Want Your (Hands on Me)' remains startling. Setting the song to a bright, bustling drum loop, O’Connor sings over a hip-hop beat, her longing serving as a tantalizing contrast to the colorful rhythms.\" They continued, noting, \"O’Connor never attempted","title":"I Want Your (Hands on Me)"},{"docid":"2068482","text":"James Nelson (April 7, 1919 – July 29, 2007), known as Jimmy \"T99\" Nelson, was an American jump blues and rhythm and blues shouter and songwriter. With a recording career that spanned over 50 years, Jimmy \"T99\" Nelson became a distinguished elder statesman of American music. His best known recordings are \"T-99 Blues\" and \"Meet Me With Your Black Dress On\". Nelson notably worked with Duke Robillard and Otis Grand. Career Nelson got his start singing in church. In 1941, he saw a performance by Big Joe Turner while he was visiting Oakland, California, and realized he wanted to sing the blues. Turner taught Nelson about singing, performance and the music business. Nelson, in turn, absorbed the shouting style of his mentor. From 1951 through 1961, Jimmy Nelson and the Peter Rabbit Trio released eight singles with the Bihari Brothers' Modern/RPM label. The biggest of these was \"T-99 Blues\" (which referred to the old Texas Highway #99), which debuted in June 1951. It stayed on the US Billboard R&B chart for twenty-one weeks and reached number 1. In 1952, Nelson had another RPM hit with \"Meet Me With Your Black Dress On\". Nelson began touring, performing with bands led by Joe Liggins and Roy Milton, and playing venues including the Apollo and Howard theaters. He cut singles for a number of labels including Kent, Music City, Paradise and All Boy, and Chess (including for them the 1955 \"Free and Easy Mind\"). From 1955 to 1975, Nelson took a job working construction, though he continued to write songs and sit in with bands. In the 1980s, Nelson came to the wider attention of blues fans when Ace issued ten of his sides on an album. Sweet Sugar Daddy a compilation album from the Japanese P-Vine Records, which mainly consisted of unreleased studio recordings from the 1960s and 1970s, was also released in 1988. Nelson resumed touring and in 1999, released a comeback album Rockin' and Shoutin' the Blues from the Bullseye Blues & Jazz label. This album was nominated in two categories of the W.C. Handy Awards the following year. Two more newly recorded albums followed on his own Nettie Marie label prior to his death, both featuring an all-star back-up band including Duke Robillard. In 2004, Ace released Cry Hard Luck, featuring re-issues of Nelson's Kent and RPM recordings from 1951-1961. Personal life In 1955, Nelson married Nettie (who has since died) and adopted Houston, Texas as his hometown. Nelson died of cancer at a nursing home in Houston on July 29, 2007. Discography Singles 1951: \"T-99 Blues\" (with the Peter Rabbit Trio) 1952: \"Meet Me With Your Black Dress On\" (RPM Records) 1963: \"Tell Me Who\" (Paradise 1002, Chess 1877) Albums 1987: Watch That Action (Ace, CHD228) 1999: Rockin' and Shoutin' the Blues (Bullseye Blues & Jazz, 793985) (feat. Doug James, Rich Lataille and Clarence Hollimon) 2002: Take Your Pick (Nettie Marie) 2005: The Legend (Nettie Marie) Compilation albums 1981: Jimmy \"Mr. T99\" Nelson (Ace) 1988: Sweet Sugar Daddy","title":"Jimmy Nelson (singer)"},{"docid":"31868356","text":"\"Listen to Me\" is a 1968 single by the Hollies, written by Tony Hazzard. It was the last Hollies single of Graham Nash's original tenure in the group. The song reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1968 and received praise from critics. Background and recording \"Listen to Me\" has been characterised as gentler than previous Hollies releases, with the Evening Standard describing the song as \"a change of style a la Rubber Soul Beatles.\" Tony Hazzard wrote the song after conceiving the lyric \"your ears are deaf, your mouth is dumb, your eyes are blind\". The songwriter was present at its recording session at EMI Studios; there, he pitched a further composition to the Hollies which Graham Nash liked, but the rest of the band chose not to record after Nash's departure. Consequently, \"Listen to Me\" was Hazzard's only composition to be recorded by the Hollies. The recording session for \"Listen to Me\" was Nash's last with the Hollies until he rejoined the band in 1982, with Nash later commenting \"in my head, I had already left the Hollies\". The band promoted the single with an appearance on the 26 September edition of Top of the Pops. According to drummer Bobby Elliott, they were invited to appear on the programme again as the song climbed up the chart but had to decline as Nash was in the USA and could not return in time. Tony Hazzard recorded a studio version of the song for his 1969 album Tony Hazzard Sings Tony Hazzard. Hazzard's 2022 album Demonstration features a remixed version of his original demo of the song with a newly recorded guitar part by the Hollies' Tony Hicks. Reception \"Listen to Me\" received a warm critical reception. John Wells of NME considered the song \"a much more mature and sophisticated sound\" for the band, adding \"this won't please their \"Midas\" fans as out goes that mind-shattering sound to be replaced by a gentle, more melodic treatment.\" Penny Valentine of Disc and Music Echo praised the Hollies' \"instant commerciality\", deeming the song \"very competent, very good and a very big hit\", while Peter Jones of Record Mirror described it as \"fast-tempoed and unusually phrased and clearly a tremendous hit.\" Chris Welch of Melody Maker considered \"Listen to Me\" an example of \"mysterious currents of influence [coursing] their way through the group scene\" that shares \"similar sounds and rhythms\" to \"The Weight\", then recently-released as a single by both the Band and Spooky Tooth, and \"Sour Milk Sea\", a contemporaneous single recorded by Jackie Lomax. He summarised the sound as \"the sort of nostalgic rock affecting many old-established groups... ...a heavy beat tinged with melancholy, which will appeal greatly to melancholy rockers around the 26 age group.\" Billboard described the single as a \"strong outing\" and an \"infectious rhythm entry.\" Charts References 1968 songs The Hollies songs Parlophone singles Songs written by Tony Hazzard","title":"Listen to Me (Hollies song)"},{"docid":"11992464","text":"\"The Best Thing for You (Would Be Me)\" is a popular song written by Irving Berlin and published in 1950. It was featured in the 1950 Broadway musical play, Call Me Madam, in which it was introduced by Ethel Merman in a scene with Paul Lukas. The 1953 film version also featured the song when it was sung by Ethel Merman and George Sanders. Recorded versions Bing Crosby - recorded September 21, 1950 and included in the album Bing Crosby Sings the Song Hits from... (1951) Perry Como - a single release (1950) Doris Day - a single release (1950) Margaret Whiting - a single release for Capitol Records (1950) Alberto Semprini, on piano with rhythm accompaniment, recorded it in London on January 25, 1952, as the second song of the medley \"Part 2. Hit Medley of Foxtrots from 'Call Me Madam'\" along with \"You're Just in Love\" and \"It's a Lovely Day Today\". The medley was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10231. Barbara Lea - A Woman In Love (1955) June Christy - included in her album Fair and Warmer! (1957). Eddie Fisher - included in his album As Long As There's Music (1958). Nat King Cole - Tell Me All About Yourself (1958) Art Farmer - Art (1960) Bud Powell - Bouncing with Bud (1962),The Complete Bud Powell on Verve (1994) Della Reese - Della Reese at Basin Street East (1964) Chet Baker -The Best Thing For You (1977), though not released until 1989. Rosemary Clooney - included in her album Rosemary Clooney Sings the Music of Irving Berlin (1984). Gary Thomas - Till We Have Faces, JMT (1992) Moe Koffman - Devil's Brew (1996) Stan Getz - The Complete Roost Recordings (1997) Bill Charlap - All Through the Night (1998) Diana Krall - When I Look in Your Eyes (1999) References Songs written by Irving Berlin Songs from musicals 1950 songs","title":"The Best Thing for You (Would Be Me)"},{"docid":"5630923","text":"Lenny Zakatek (born Lenny du Platel, 29 July 1947) is a British singer and musician. Born in Karachi just prior to it becoming a part of Pakistan, he has lived in London since the age of thirteen. Zakatek is best known for his work with the British bands Gonzalez and The Alan Parsons Project. Early years In 1964, Zakatek formed a rock band called The Trailblazers, as lead singer and rhythm guitarist. On their first tour of US military bases in Europe, they became familiar with the Motown sound. The Trailblazers returned to the UK with a new soul influence and were renamed Funky Fever. They toured the UK and Europe for several years and also played nightclubs in London, including Gulliver's, Whisky a Go Go, The Marquee, Ronnie Scott's, The Scotch of St. James and The Revolution. Funky Fever also backed Inez and Charlie Foxx and The Drifters on their European tours. Lynsey de Paul and Dudley Moore took an interest in Zakatek's voice, look and stage presence in the early 1970s. De Paul got him signed to Bell Records, dubbed him \"Zakatek\" and wrote two singles \"I Gotcha Now\" backed with \"So Good To You\" (later recorded by de Paul as the B-side on her hit single \"Won't Somebody Dance With Me\") and singles \"Get Your Gun\" backed with \"Gotta Runaway\". A German version of \"Get Your Gun\" entitled \"Roter Mann\", with German lyrics by Gunther Gabriel, was recorded by Zakatek and released in 1974 and appeared on a compilation CD released in 2000 De Paul introduced him to the UK through an article in the Daily Mirror entitled \"Sugar Girl's Heap Big Find\". The musicians who were featured on Zakatek's solo work were already known as some of the members of 10cc. Success Between 1974 and 1981, Zakatek was the lead singer with Gonzalez. They recorded successful albums, including Our Only Weapon Is Our Music, and Shipwrecked. The worldwide disco hit, \"Haven't Stopped Dancing Yet\" came from this collaboration. In 1977, Zakatek became a studio vocalist for The Alan Parsons Project, singing on their albums over a ten-year period. He was featured on twelve songs from eight Alan Parsons Project albums, including the hits \"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You\", \"Games People Play\", \"You Don't Believe,\" and \"Damned If I Do\". The allaboutjazz.com reviewer Todd S. Jenkins wrote that: \"Lenny Zakatek's singing on [\"I Wouldn't Want To Be Like You\" and \"Games People Play\"] is prototypical of soulful prog-rock ... detached from the electronic melange.\" Solo work 1979 saw the release of Zakatek's first solo album Lenny Zakatek, which was produced by Alan Parsons for A&M Records. Single releases included \"Brandy\", \"Say I Love You\" and \"Where Is The Love\". In 1986, Zakatek formed a band called The Immortals, with John Deacon on bass guitar, and Robert Ahwai on lead guitar. Their single \"No Turning Back\" was included on the soundtrack to the film Biggles. In 1986, he guested on the track \"Angel\", written by Bob","title":"Lenny Zakatek"},{"docid":"11450144","text":"\"Who Do You Love?\" is a song written by American rock and roll pioneer Bo Diddley. Recorded in 1956, it is one of his most popular and enduring works. The song represents one of Bo Diddley's strongest lyrical efforts and uses a combination of hoodoo-type imagery and boasting. It is an upbeat rocker, but the original did not use the signature Bo Diddley beat rhythm. \"Who Do You Love?\" was part of Bo Diddley's repertoire throughout his career, but none of his various recordings reached the record charts. The song has been interpreted and recorded by numerous musicians in different styles, often adding a Bo Diddley beat. Popular renditions include those by Ronnie Hawkins and George Thorogood, with charting singles by the Woolies, Tom Rush, Quicksilver Messenger Service, and Juicy Lucy. Guitarists' contributions to the various renditions of the song have been noted by music critics and writers. Beginning with blues guitarist Jody Williams' prominent fills and solo on Bo Diddley's original recording, the guitar work by Robbie Robertson (Hawkins), John Cipollina (Quicksilver), Glenn Ross Campbell (Juicy Lucy), and Thorogood on later adaptations has been also acknowledged. Background and lyrics Bo Diddley wrote \"Who Do You Love\" in 1956. The idea came to him in Kansas City where he heard a group of children trying to out-brag one another using a particular rhythm. \"It was like an African chant, and I wanted words that would suit it\", Bo Diddley recalled. Inspired by Muddy Waters' 1954 hit \"I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man\", he wanted to outdo songwriter Willie Dixon's lyrical swagger: He also sings about a skull, a tombstone, a graveyard, and a scream in the night to convey a sense of foreboding. The use of the homonym \"who do\" is an allusion to \"hoodoo\", a Louisiana/Mississippi folk magic belief that events can be influenced by its use. However, Bo Diddley uses imagery more common to the American Southwest, combined with exaggerated bravado. He explained that the first line, \"I got forty-seven miles of barbed wire\", came to him quickly, \"but I couldn't get a rhyme for it. I thought of car tires and mule trains, and I couldn't get anything to fit. Then one day I said 'use a cobra snake,' and my drummer, Clifton James, added 'for a necktie'\". These are directed at a female he is trying to woo – \"who do you love, me or him\". The lyrics confirm the effect: \"Arlene took me by my hand, she said 'oo-ee daddy I understand', who do you love?\". Composition and recording Musically, \"Who Do You Love?\" is an uptempo song centered on one chord with guitar flourishes that complement the vocals. It has a strong rhythm, but unlike later interpretations, it does not use the typical Bo Diddley beat. Instead, the song uses a \"modified cut shuffle beat\" or 2/4 time, giving it an almost rockabilly feel, similar to Chuck Berry's \"Maybellene\". \"Who Do You Love?\" was recorded in Chicago on March 24, 1956, one year after recording","title":"Who Do You Love? (Bo Diddley song)"},{"docid":"44398558","text":"Disobedient is the fifth full-length studio album by American melodic hardcore band Stick to Your Guns, released on February 10, 2015. It is the band's first album to be produced by John Feldmann (The Used, Escape the Fate, Beartooth). This is the band's last release on Sumerian Records. On October 21, 2014, the band released the first single off the album, \"Nobody\", with the music video premiering on Alternative Press. The album was included at number 16 on Rock Sounds top 50 releases of 2015 list. Though not ashamed of the album, vocalist Jesse Barnett has expressed that in hindsight, the album did not necessarily take the direction they wanted it to. Track listing Personnel Stick to Your Guns Jesse Barnett – lead vocals, additional guitars, piano, lyrics Josh James – lead guitar, backing vocals Chris Rawson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals Andrew Rose – bass, backing vocals George Schmitz – drums Guest musicians Toby Morse (of H2O) – vocals on \"RMA (Revolutionary Mental Attitude)\" Scott Vogel (of Terror) – vocals on \"I Choose Nothing\" Walter Delgado (of Rotting Out) – vocals on \"Nothing You Can Do to Me\" References Citations Sources 2015 albums Albums produced by John Feldmann Stick to Your Guns (band) albums Sumerian Records albums","title":"Disobedient (album)"},{"docid":"16940672","text":"Henry Lee \"Shot\" Williams (May 21, 1938 – November 25, 2011) was an American blues singer. He got the nickname \"Shot\" from his mother at a young age, owing to his fondness for wearing suits and dressing up as a \"big shot.\" Biography Williams grew up in the country close to his cousin and fellow blues man, Little Smokey Smothers. \"Shot\" moved to Detroit in 1954 and to Chicago in 1958. He joined Smothers there and began singing with Smokey's band in 1960 and a few years later joined Magic Sam's band as a vocalist. In 1962, Williams recorded his first singles for Chicago's Foxy label, \"Hello Baby\" and \"I'm Trying\". He recorded a series of singles for other labels, including King/Federal, Palos, Gamma, Shama and Tchula. His 1964 recording \"Welcome to the Club\" was a hit in Chicago, and was later covered by Little Milton for Checker Records in 1965. Another regional hit, \"I Like Your Style\", came out in 1969 and was covered by Junior Parker. Several more singles followed including the popular \"Drop Your Laundry Baby\". His first album under his own name, Country Disco, was released on the Roots label in 1977. In the 1980s, Williams released a slew of singles on labels including Tchula, 4-Way, True & Dis-Muke. He released an album on cassette with many of these cuts called I Like Your Style. In 1994, the Japanese label Vivid Sound released an album called, A Shot of Rhythm and Blues, containing tracks Williams recorded in Memphis apparently for (but not released by) Quinton Claunch's SoulTrax imprint. The Black Magic label decided to give Lee a \"Shot\" behind his own band. The result, Cold Shot was released in 1995 and was voted the Best Blues Album of 1995 (New Recording - Soul/Blues) by Living Blues readers' poll. His debut for Ecko Records, Hot Shot, brought Williams home to the \"Southern Soul Blues\" world with the hit \"I'll Take The Risk\". In 2000, Williams scored another hit with She Made A Freak Out Of Me, followed by Somebody's After My Freak. Williams left the label again and recorded one disc for Charles Wilson's label called Let The Good Times Roll before returning to Ecko for four more albums. In 2008, Williams signed with CDS Records. His first CD for the label was released in 2008 and produced the hits \"It's Friday (Time To Get Paid)\" and \"Wrong Bed\". Two more albums were released by CDS Records, I'm The Man For The Job and The First Rule of Cheating (2010). Death Williams died on November 25, 2011, aged 73, from undisclosed causes. Discography Country Disco (Roots/TK 1977) A Shot Of Rhythm & Blues (Vivid Sound/Soul Trax 1994) Cold Shot (Black Magic 1995) Hot Shot (Ecko 1996) You Turn Me On (Diamond Lady 1999) She Made A Freak Out Of Me (Ecko 2000) Somebody's After My Freak (Ecko 2001) Let The Good Times Roll (Wilson 2002) Before The Honeymoon (Hot Spot 2002) Chicago Blues & Deep Soul Legend","title":"Lee \"Shot\" Williams"},{"docid":"1562492","text":"Wilbert Huntington Harrison (January 5, 1929 – October 26, 1994) was an American rhythm and blues singer, pianist, guitarist and harmonica player. Biography Harrison was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He had a Billboard #1 record in 1959 with the song \"Kansas City\". The song was written in 1952 and was one of the first credited collaborations by the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Harrison recorded \"Kansas City\" for the Harlem-based entrepreneur Bobby Robinson, who released it on his Fury record label. At the height of the song's success, Robinson was sued by Savoy Records who informed them that the release of the record in March 1959 violated a contract Harrison had with that label that was to expire in August 1959. The litigation, which lasted until September 1959, abruptly prevented Robinson from issuing follow-ups to \"Kansas City\" while Harrison was a star. Meanwhile, Harrison continued to perform and record but it would be another ten years before he again cracked the Billboard Top 40 when he released the self-penned \"Let's Work Together (Part 1)\" that went to #32 in early 1970 on the Billboard Hot 100. The 1970 hit version was released as a single on Sue Records (Sue 11) and was backed with \"Let's Work Together (Part 2)\". The song also was released in a 5 minute 19 second version on the Sue Records album SSLP-8801 Let's Work Together. The song was originally released by Harrison in 1962 with different lyrics as \"Let's Stick Together\" on Fury 1059 and Fury 1063. \"Let's Work Together\" was later a hit for Canned Heat, and, again as \"Let's Stick Together\", for Bryan Ferry. It was also recorded by country rock band the Kentucky Headhunters for the soundtrack to the movie Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man. In 1970, Harrison had some success with \"My Heart Is Yours\", and he toured for many years with a band known as 'Wilbert Harrison and the Roamers', and as a solo act. A follow-up album was released that year, Anything You Want. Reviewing it in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \"Let's Work Together was an anachronistic, even primitive r&b album based on the fluke hit of the same name, which makes this the follow-up. Side one consists entirely of roll and rock songs you'd swear you've heard before—'Your Three Letters,' eh, and what's this 'Let's Stick Together,' and why not bring out 'Kansas City' again? Very unprepossessing, very charming. In fact, if the second side weren't all standards and uncharming filler—only 'Sentimental Journey' is even funny—I wouldn't be recommending this to r&b diehards only.\" Harrison died of a stroke in 1994, in a Spencer, North Carolina, nursing home at the age of 65. In 2001, his recording of \"Kansas City\" was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and has also been named as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500","title":"Wilbert Harrison"},{"docid":"19936569","text":"Hollands Glorie: Luv' is a budget-priced compilation album by Dutch girl group Luv' released by CNR Records in 2002. It features hit singles scored in the charts between 1979 and 1981: \"Ooh, Yes I Do\", \"Ann-Maria\", \"One More Little Kissie\", \"My Number One\" and \"Tingalingaling\". These songs originate from their studio albums True Luv' (1979) and Forever Yours (1980). They are part of the CNR back catalogue and are licensed from Hans van Hemert productions, except the \"Megamix '93\" renamed \"Hit-medley (Megamix)\". Track listing All tracks written by Hans van Hemert and Piet Souer under the pseudonym 'Janschen & Janschens', except where noted. \"My Number One\" – 3:11 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"One More Little Kissie\" – 3:46 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"Tingalingaling\" – 2:31 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"Ann-Maria (Piet Souer) – 4:41 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Rhythm 'n' Shoes (Hans van Hemert) – 3:07 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Ooh, Yes I Do\" (van Hemert) – 2:58 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Never Wanted to Be...\" – 4:34 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"Cloud Nr. 9\" (van Hemert) – 3:25 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Boys Goodnight\" (Souer) – 2:40 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Flash\" (van Hemert) – 3:51 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"I Win It\" – 3:05 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"Some Call It Happiness\" – 3:09 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"Wine, Women and Sing\" (van Hemert) – 3:45 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Getaway\" (Souer) – 3:03 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Stop Me\" (Souer) – 3:09 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Let There Be Love\" – 2:39 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Billy the Kid\" – 3:16 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"Hit-medley (Megamix)\" – 2:49 Radio version. (\"U.O.me (Waldolala)\"/\"Trojan Horse\"/\"You're the Greatest Lover\"/\"Ooh, Yes I Do\") Personnel José Hoebee – vocals Patty Brard – vocals Marga Scheide – vocals Ria Thielsch – vocals Production Hans van Hemert – producer, songwriter Piet Souer – arranger/conductor, songwriter References External links Detailed Luv' discography at Rate Your Music Detailed Luv' discography at Discogs Luv' albums 2002 greatest hits albums","title":"Hollands Glorie: Luv'"},{"docid":"1817554","text":"Robert Owens (born August 17, 1961) is an American songwriter, record producer, DJ and singer, best known for his work with the Chicago house group Fingers Inc. in the mid-1980s. As a solo artist, he has placed several songs on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, two of which hit number-one: \"I'll Be Your Friend\" (1992), and \"Mine to Give\" (2000, a collaboration with Photek). Biography Though electronica has typically been a producer's medium (and the few vocalists who succeed are usually women), Robert Owens became one of the people associated with the late-1980s golden era of Chicago house. Born in Ohio, United States, Robert Owens grew up singing in church, but years later, he was working as a DJ in 1985, when he met Chicago producer Larry Heard. The pair formed Fingers Inc., along with Ron Wilson, and they released a few singles (\"You're Mine\"/\"It's Over\") plus the 1988 album, Another Side. The group disbanded quickly, as Heard's burgeoning solo-production career (as Mr. Fingers) took priority. Owens had already released recordings on his own - \"Bring Down the Walls\" and \"I'm Strong\" made for Alleviated (with production from Heard), and he signed a solo contract with 4th & B'way Records. His 1990 album Rhythms in Me lost visibility soon after within the quickly disintegrating Chicago house scene. (One of his best-known features of the late 1980s, \"Tears\", appeared with the names of Frankie Knuckles and producer Satoshi Tomiie.) By 1996, he had returned to dance music with \"Ordinary People\": a two-part EP recording for Musical Directions. He joined up with Tomiie (again) and Cevin Fisher in 1999, to make a track from Tomiie's Full Lick LP. One year later, in 2000, Owens appeared on the Photek hit \"Mine to Give\". In 2003, he joined with drum and bass act London Elektricity to provide the vocals for their album Billion Dollar Gravy. He collaborated with Coldcut on their album Sound Mirrors, on the track \"Walk a Mile in My Shoes\" in 2006. He collaborated with Rob Pearson on single \"Escape from the Madness\" which was released on Plastic City in 2007. In 2011, he collaborated with the Brookes Brothers on their single \"Beautiful\", which was released on the Breakbeat Kaos label. Later on in the same year he collaborated with Dutch drum and bass producer Icicle, and featured on the tracks \"Step Forward\" and \"Redemption\", which appeared on Icicle's debut album Under the Ice released in April 2011 on Shogun Audio. In 2012, he featured on Mosca's song \"Accidentally\" from the Eva Mendes EP and on Orgue Electronique's album Strange Paradise with the song \"Our House\". In 2013, he released the single \"Trusting Me\" taken from the vocal collaboration album Features by Kris Menace. The video of the single was premiered by MTV Iggy in the US. Discography Albums Rhythms in Me (1990) The Journey (1996) Night-Time Stories (2008) Art (2010) See also List of number-one dance hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the US","title":"Robert Owens (musician)"},{"docid":"43173328","text":"\"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" is a song written by Memphis-based songwriter Earl Randle, and first recorded in 1972 by soul singer Ann Peebles. The song was also a hit in 1984 for English singer Paul Young. Ann Peebles version Produced by Willie Mitchell and with performances by the Hi Rhythm Section, Ann Peebles' recording was made at the Royal Studios on South Lauderdale Avenue in Memphis. It was issued as a single on the Hi label in January 1973. It reached no.31 on the US R&B chart, and \"bubbled under\" the Hot 100, reaching no.111. The track was also included on her 1974 album I Can't Stand the Rain. Writer Craig Werner said:Like the most powerful gospel soul from the early sixties, \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" serves notice on a cheating lover (white America? the brothers in the Black Panther movement?) that the free ride has come to an end. It's a restatement of the revolutionary gospel anthem \"Samson and Delilah,\" and the message, on every level, is the same: \"If I had my way, I would tear this building down.\" Later versions The song was later recorded by Graham Parker and the Rumour on their 1977 album Stick to Me. A cover version by Paul Young reached no. 9 on the UK singles chart in 1984, and no.13 on the Billboard Hot 100 when re-released the following year. It was included on Young's album The Secret of Association (1985). Samples The Ann Peebles' version of \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" was sampled in the track \"The Plan\" by Wu-Tang Clan affiliated group Sunz of Man on their album The Last Shall Be First (1998). Charts Ann Peebles Paul Young References 1972 songs 1973 singles 1984 singles Paul Young songs Graham Parker songs Song recordings produced by Willie Mitchell (musician) Hi Records singles Columbia Records singles","title":"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down"},{"docid":"3844601","text":"\"Love Is All Around\" is a song recorded by English rock band the Troggs. Released as a single in October 1967, it was a top-ten hit in both the UK and US. \"Love Is All Around\" has been covered by numerous artists, including R.E.M., with whom the Troggs subsequently recorded their 1992 comeback album Athens Andover. R.E.M.'s cover was a B-side on their 1991 \"Radio Song\" single, and they also played it during their first appearance at MTV's Unplugged series that same year. Wet Wet Wet's cover, for the soundtrack to the 1994 film Four Weddings and a Funeral, was an international hit and spent 15 consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. Writing and original recording Reg Presley, lead singer of the Troggs, wrote \"Love Is All Around\" in about ten minutes, inspired by a TV broadcast of the Salvation Army band Joystrings performing an evangelical song titled \"Love That's All Around\". The Troggs recorded Presley's song at Pye Studios for the record label Page One owned by their manager Larry Page, who also produced the recording. The single was released in the UK in October 1967. The Troggs had intended to sever ties with Page and his record label earlier that year; however, after the success of the single they decided to stay, though changed managers. The single was released in the rest of Europe and North America on Fontana Records. The B-side, \"When Will the Rain Come\" was written by drummer Ronnie Bond. On the UK Record Retailer chart (since recognised as the official chart for this period), \"Love Is All Around\" spent a total of 14 weeks on the chart, reaching its peak at number 5 in the fourth week of November 1967. Whilst, in the US, although it was released there in November 1967, the song did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 until February 1968. It spent a total of 16 weeks on the chart, reaching its peak at number 7 in the third week of May. \"Love Is All Around\" also performed well in Europe, becoming a top-twenty hit in several countries, though it failed to recapture the success of the Troggs' early singles such as \"Wild Thing\" and \"With a Girl Like You\". However, the song performed best in Southern Africa, where it topped the charts in South Africa and Rhodesia. Critical reception Reviewing for New Musical Express, Derek Johnson wrote that \"Love Is All Around\" is \"set to a fairly slow rhythm, with an appealing scoring of guitars, violins and cellos – plus a melody that takes a little time to register, but once you've got it in your mind, it sticks there! Reg sings warmly and sincerely – departing from that rather stilted style which has characterised many of the group's discs\". Peter Jones for Record Mirror described it as \"optimistic and cheery and full of sentiment. Like the way the string section is insinuating itself as it builds. Rather a serene slice of Troggs\". For Disc","title":"Love Is All Around"},{"docid":"43137489","text":"The Night We Called It a Day is the debut studio album by underground hip hop supergroup Deepspace5, released on January 8, 2002, through Uprok Records. It was recorded in Dallas, Texas. Recording The Night We Called It a Day was recorded in one week in Dallas, Texas, in the apartment of group member Playdough. It was produced by Beat Rabbi, DJ Dust, Freddie Bruno, and Playdough, with Playdough producing under a different moniker, Harry Krum. During the recording sessions, the group met future member Sivion. Lyrics and musical style The album features an underground, anti-commercial style. Jayson Young of RapReviews.com called the album \"strictly ground-roots, MC/DJ, hard-core hip-hop\". Young also found Listener's vocal style similar to Son Doobie, and noted that \"Stick This In Your Ear\" includes a flute sample. Jon Corbin, writing for cMusicWeb.com, noted that on \"World Go Round\", Beat Rabbi brings a progressive jazz feel through the use of drum patterns and bass lines. Jesus Freak Hideout's Chanile Campbell described the album as east coast \"smooth and a little jazzy\". RapReviews.com and Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms also described the album as very chill and laid back, with Gunnell commenting that \"If there is such a thing as easy listening hip hop, then this is definitely it!\" Thomas Quinlan of Exclaim! described the lyrical content of the album as mostly \"high concept songs\", but with some testimonials and praises to God. Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms and Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic both noted that the album's lyrics are intellectual and often humorous. Several reviewers noted the unusual verse by Listener on \"Stick This In Your Ear\", where he reads off a paragraph exactly as written – including punctuation. Jason Young wrote that Listener \"literally says every period, comma, and semi-colon found in his verse.\" Also highlighted by reviewers was the skit \"Close Caption\", where Listener translates a sign language rap by \"MC Fong\". Critical reception Critics responded quite favorably to the album. AllMusic rated the album three out of five stars, and found the album's seven-minute-plus long title track to be the standout track. Jon Corbin of cMusicWeb.com wrote \"Locked in Playdough's apartment, these boys got their creative juices flowing and whipped up something sweet, an album that reclaims hip-hop for the emcee.\" Corbin considered all of the songs well-crafted and developed, with the exceptions of \"Murder Creek\" and \"Take the Rhythm\", tracks which Corbin said will have the listener hitting the skip button. These tracks aside, he summarized: The production is very strong, especially considering that the album was created in a week. In all in all, this is a very good disc, filled with a wide range of topics to get your brain working and your head nodding. Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms rated the album eight out of ten squares and stated that when he first heard Deepspace5, he dismissed the group as \"just another depressing Christian rap group\", but that this release proved him wrong. Exclaim!'s Thomas Quinlan opined that \"Deepspace 5","title":"The Night We Called It a Day (album)"},{"docid":"3846631","text":"Barbara Ann Lewis (born February 9, 1943) is an American singer and songwriter whose smooth style influenced rhythm and blues. Career Lewis was born in Salem, Michigan, United States. She was writing and recording by her teens with record producer Ollie McLaughlin, a black DJ at Ann Arbor radio station WHRV, now WAAM. Lewis's first single release, the uptempo \"My Heart Went Do Dat Da\" in 1962, did not chart nationally, but was a local hit in the Detroit, Michigan area. She wrote all of the songs on her debut LP, including the hit \"Hello Stranger\" which reached No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and featured extensive use of the Hammond organ. Lewis had moderate follow-up hits with \"Straighten Up Your Heart\" (#43) and her original \"Puppy Love\" (#38) before Bert Berns produced her million-seller \"Baby I'm Yours\" (U.S. #11), written by Van McCoy. Berns also produced the followup \"Make Me Your Baby\" (U.S. #11) which had originally been recorded by the Pixies Three, and Lewis's final Top 40 hit \"Make Me Belong to You\" (#28 in 1966), written by Chip Taylor and Billy Vera. At the end of the decade, she released a grittier-sounding album on Stax Records. Over the next decade, a number of other artists had success with Lewis' songs. Her own composition \"Hello Stranger\"—which had been remade in 1966 by the Capitols—was a regional hit in 1973 as remade by Fire & Rain and in 1977 Yvonne Elliman's version reached the US Top 20 and the UK Singles Chart Top 30: Elliman's version also topped the US Easy Listening chart for four weeks. In 1985 Carrie Lucas's remake of \"Hello Stranger\" was a Top 20 R&B hit and in 2004 Queen Latifah remade \"Hello Stranger\" for her The Dana Owens Album. Lewis had dropped out of public view for years after her career slowed in the 1960s. It was only after Elliman's hit in 1977 that she was tracked down by Casey Kasem for his AT40 show on June 4 of that year. According to Kasem, nobody knew where she had ended up, including her agent, who did not even know where to send her checks for the Elliman cover. According to Kasem, she was hoping to be rediscovered in Michigan when he found her. Health issues forced Lewis to retire from singing in 2017. \"Baby I'm Yours\" charted in versions by country singer Jody Miller and Debby Boone (the B-side of her single \"God Knows\"). In Canada, Suzanne Stevens had a hit in 1975 with a disco version of \"Make Me Your Baby\". Cover versions of her songs continue into the new millennium, with the Arctic Monkeys including a version of \"Baby I'm Yours\" as a B-side to their 2006 single \"Leave Before the Lights Come On\". In 1995, Lewis's \"Baby I'm Yours\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film The Bridges of Madison County, and in 2016 \"Hello Stranger\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film Moonlight. In 2019,","title":"Barbara Lewis"},{"docid":"10530897","text":"\"Neutron Dance\" is a song written by Allee Willis and Danny Sembello which was introduced by the Pointer Sisters on their 1983 album Break Out. The song became a Top Ten hit in 1985, its success augmented by being prominently featured on the soundtrack of the motion picture Beverly Hills Cop. Background According to Allee Willis, \"Neutron Dance\" was written in hopes of being placed on the soundtrack of the film Streets of Fire: \"We were told that there was a scene on a bus that was leaving town after there had been this nuclear holocaust, and that a '50s doo-wop black group was going to be at the back of the bus that the lead couple was escaping on ... Danny Sembello and I just met that day ... I was very disinterested in songwriting at that point, and I'm writing with this kid who's never had a record before, and I just wanted to get him in and out\". \"He was a phenomenal keyboard player, and I just said: 'Play the most common sounding old fashioned '50s black music bass line that you can think of.' And he just started doing the [rhythm for \"Neutron Dance\"]. And I'm someone who could write a melody to a spoon falling on the table. So I literally sang that melody down. First time down, he just kind of followed and went to the right places. And then I said, Let's just write this quick lyric ... we're taking a half an hour on the lyric, and this thing's gonna get done.\" Willis adds that the lyric theme of \"Neutron Dance\" was due to \"all this stuff going on in my life: I don't want to take it anymore, I'll just stay here locked behind the door. Just no time to stop and get away, because I work so hard to make it every day. Really a lyric about all these things falling apart in your life, and you know what, just get it together and change your life.\" According to Willis while working on the lyrics with Sembello she looked through a window and saw someone attempting to break into her car: while running outside to scare off the thief Willis called out to Sembello: \"Someone stole my brand new Chevrolet\", and the line was included in the song. Released at the height of the Cold War, \"Neutron Dance\" was misinterpreted by the Russian Government as a song about nuclear war. The Pointer Sisters version / Beverly Hills Cop \"Neutron Dance\" featuring Ruth Pointer on lead vocal was introduced on the Pointer Sisters' October 1983 album release Break Out; Ruth Pointer would recall: \"When I first heard 'Neutron Dance' I didn't want to sing it. I liked [its] rhythm and vigorous arrangement but to me the word 'neutron' had a violent connotation on account of the neutron bomb then so much in the news.\" Ruth Pointer recalls suggesting to Allee Willis that the song's lyric be modified: \"she told me to","title":"Neutron Dance"},{"docid":"30242710","text":"The Mauds were an influential band in the 1960s, 1970s Chicago jazz rock, blue-eyed soul, blues rock, garage rock scene that included The Buckinghams, Chicago, Shadows of Knight, and The Ides of March. The Mauds was founded in 1964 by Bill Durling, rhythm guitar. Bill knew Jimy Rogers from 1964 and convinced him to start singing lead for Bill's band. Jimy and Bill then asked Billy Winter, bass, Robert “Fuzzy” Fuscaldo, lead guitar and Craig Baumgard, drums to join and the Mauds were born. These musicians built the Mauds unmistakable Chicago Blue-Eyed Soul Sound c.1965 to 1967. The name Mauds was a play on the 1960s British slang expression \"mod\", which meant modern. Bill Durling went off to college in Storm Lake, Iowa and was replaced by Timmy Coniglio on rhythm guitar and brass. Then, Craig Baumgard was replaced by Phil Weinberg on drums, and later, Denny Horan replaced Weinberg, and Bill Winter was replaced by Bill Sunter. History – band formation and early years It was Shadows frontman/vocalist Jimy Sohns who first discovered and championed The Mauds in 1966. Sohns helped them find gigs and was instrumental in their signing with Dunwich Records distributed by Mercury Records, where in 1967 they gained fame with their debut single, a cover of the Sam & Dave hit \"Hold On\" penned by David Porter and Isaac Hayes. The song was recorded at the original Chess Studios in Chicago, home to blues giants Willie Dixon, Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry. The Rolling Stones had recorded their second album there in 1964. The single charted locally at No. 15 on WCFL and No. 11 on WLS radio. The single might have gone higher, but a censorship controversy erupted when WLS got complaints about the lyrics, “Reach out to me for satisfaction; on my knees for quick reaction.” A cleaned-up version was recorded for WLS but the songs momentum was slowed. The Mauds recorded \"HA HA HA\" in 1967. Full album of material was recorded called “Hold On” that yielded several other blue-eyed soul songs, including “When Something is Wrong with my Baby,”“He Will Break Your Heart,” and “Knock On Wood”. The Mauds version of “Mercy, Mercy, Mercy” an instrumental jazz hit by Cannonball Adderley, written by Joe Zawinul had soulful lyrics written by Curtis Mayfield (though credited to Vincent & Gail Fisher Levy) especially for them. Mayfield was so happy with the way they did his “You Must Believe Me,” complete with Impressions-styled harmonies, that he promised to write several songs just for them. Jimy Rogers often lamented that unfortunately, their version was recorded around the same time (1967) as the Buckinghams more famous version, which had different lyrics and ended up being a No. 5 national hit. Two originals were included, “C’mon and Move” by Rogers and Fuscaldo, and “You Made Me Feel So Bad” by Horan and Fuscaldo. \"I rehearsed the first line-up of The Mauds when Jimy was still in high school and hand-picked them to replace us (the","title":"The Mauds"},{"docid":"19920892","text":"\"Papa Can You Hear Me?\" is a song by British hip hop trio, N-Dubz. The song is dedicated to the group's former manager Byron Contostavlos, who died shortly before the band were signed to new label All Around the World. The song later became their second top 40 hit in the UK. Critical reception David Balls, writing for Digital Spy, wrote the following review: \"N-Dubz seem proud to be a band who sell as many ringtones as they do actual tracks. 'Remember that boy driving you mad every morning on the No.42? He's listening to our music,' they proclaim on their MySpace page. Whether that's a good thing probably depends on your age, but anyone would find it tough to fathom the appeal of their latest pop-garage single. Though it feels a bit harsh to knock 'Papa Can You Hear Me', which is dedicated to the band's late relative and former manager Byron Contostavlos, N-Dubz push any goodwill to the limit here. The mix of uber-serious rapping and abrasive beats is fundamentally awkward, while their lyrics are as crass as they are heartfelt. By showing their softer side, the Camden collective are probably hoping to win some new fans, but they should probably stick to making hip-hop bangers in the futureside.\" Music video The music video was premiered by the All Around the World label on their website on 13 October 2008. It includes Dappy holding onto a door knob after falling through singing in the air, Fazer running away and Tulisa floating in mid-air. Track listing Digital Download \"Papa Can You Hear Me?\" (Album Version) - 4:02 \"Papa Can You Hear Me?\" (Single Version) - 4:07 \"Papa Can You Hear Me?\" (The Studio Allstars V Festival Tribute To N-Dubz) - 4:09 \"Papa Can You Hear Me?\" (Live From BBC Radio Live Lounge) - 4:33 CD Single \"Papa Can You Hear Me?\" (Album Version) - 4:02 Charts On 23 November 2008, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at #30 on downloads alone. It became their second biggest hit peaking at #19, and at number #17 in the download chart. Following the single's success, it started falling down the Top 40, before climbing to #33 again, and finally falling to #47, where it stayed for 2 weeks. The song also peaked at #3 on the official R&B chart. References N-Dubz songs 2008 singles Songs written by Tulisa (singer) Songs written by Richard Rawson Songs written by Dappy 2008 songs All Around the World Productions singles Songs inspired by deaths Commemoration songs","title":"Papa Can You Hear Me?"},{"docid":"6644197","text":"Bettye Swann (born Betty Jean Champion; October 24, 1944), also known as Betty Barton, is an American soul singer. She is best known for her 1967 hit song \"Make Me Yours\". Career Swann was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on October 24, 1944, as one of 14 children. She grew up in Arcadia, Louisiana, and moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1963. Although some sources state that Swann was in a vocal group known as The Fawns who recorded for Capital Records in 1964, she refuted this, saying that she sang with a trio in Arcadia by that name. In 1964, Swann started a solo singing career, changing her name to Bettye Swann at the prompting of local DJ Al Scott, who became her manager. After a minor hit with the self-penned \"Don’t Wait Too Long\", her big breakthrough came with \"Make Me Yours\", which topped the Billboard R&B chart in July 1967 and made No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 1968, she split with Scott, moved to Georgia, won a new contract with Capitol Records, and had another hit in 1969 with her cover of the Jeannie Seely hit \"Don't Touch Me\" (No. 14 R&B, No. 38 Hot 100). In 1972, Swann transferred to Atlantic Records and had a pair of minor hits with \"Victim of a Foolish Heart\" (later covered by Joss Stone) and Merle Haggard's \"Today I Started Loving You Again\". After leaving Money Records she lived for a short time in Athens, Georgia. She continued to record until the mid-1970s, but with little commercial success. Her last public performance was in 1980, the year her husband and manager, George Barton, died. Swann later changed her name to Betty Barton, began working as a teacher in the Las Vegas area, and became a Jehovah's Witness. She retired and, according to a 2005 interview, suffered from a degenerative spinal condition. In 2015, multiple elements from Swann's 1974 recording \"Kiss My Love Goodbye\" were sampled in the Galantis single \"Peanut Butter Jelly\". In 2019, Swann's \"Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye\" enjoyed a resurgence of interest when it was used as the closing song in the finale of the second series of The End of the F***ing World. In 2021, the Vermont-based rapper Subtex [Zeke Kreitzer] sampled the beginning lines of Swann's 1968 song, \"(My Heart Is) Closed for the Season\" in his track, \"Love Art Pain\". Discography Albums 1967: Make Me Yours (Money) 1969: The Soul View Now (Capitol) - R&B #48 1969: Don't You Ever Get Tired of Hurting Me (Capitol) 1990: Sweet Dreams (Capitol) 2001: The Money Recordings (Kent) 2004: Bettye Swann (Astralwerks/Honest Jon's) 2014: The Complete Atlantic Recordings (Rhino) 2015: The Very Best of Bettye Swann (Kent) Singles References External links 1944 births Living people Musicians from Shreveport, Louisiana African-American women singer-songwriters American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters Apex Records artists Atlantic Records artists Capitol Records artists Singer-songwriters from Louisiana People from Arcadia, Louisiana 21st-century African-American women singers 21st-century American women singers 20th-century African-American women","title":"Bettye Swann"},{"docid":"17263228","text":"\"Please Return Your Love to Me\" is a 1968 hit single by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label. Produced by Norman Whitfield, who co-wrote the song with Barrett Strong and Barbara Neely, it is the last single to feature David Ruffin in the lineup (he is featured in the background). With Eddie Kendricks singing lead (his first as a solo lead vocalist since 1966's \"Get Ready\"), it peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 Pop charts in the Top 30 at number 26, and number 4 on the Billboard R&B Singles charts. Billboard described the single as a \"strong easy beat ballad loaded with sales appeal.\" Cash Box said that it is \"in a slow vein that carries new shades of power in the group’s familiar style\" and is \"backed by the solid Motown rhythm section.\" The B-side, \"How Can I Forget\", is led by Paul Williams and was allegedly one of the earliest songs recorded by the group after Ruffin's departure. Though \"How Can I Forget\" was also covered by Marvin Gaye, the Temptations' original did not appear on any album or compilation until 1994's Emperors of Soul box set. Personnel Lead vocals by Eddie Kendricks Background vocals by Melvin Franklin, Paul Williams, David Ruffin, and Otis Williams Written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong Produced by Norman Whitfield Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Notes 1968 singles The Temptations songs Songs written by Barrett Strong Songs written by Norman Whitfield Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield Gordy Records singles 1968 songs","title":"Please Return Your Love to Me"},{"docid":"47385957","text":"Live in London is the first live album by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy that was released in 1978 by Capitol Records and, as with her previous release, did not reach Billboard magazine's Top LP's & Tapes chart. On June 25, 2002, the album was released for the first time on compact disc. Background Reddy had announced in the summer of 1977 that Kim Fowley, producer of her recent album release Ear Candy, would produce an upcoming live album for the singer: it was anticipated that the album would be a recording of Reddy's 8 November 1977 concert at Radio City Music Hall. However, Reddy herself—collaborating with John Palladino—would produce her live album, which was recorded at her three-night plus one matinée gig at the London Palladium in May 1978. Repertoire Eight of Reddy's US Top 40 hits were performed at the Palladium in a penultimate twelve minute medley which also featured the Top 40 shortfall \"Crazy Love\" and two songs featured on albums by Reddy: \"I Believe in Music\" and \"The Last Blues Song\". In 1978 only one of Reddy's singles had reached the UK singles chart - which until May 1978 was a Top 50 ranking - , \"Angie Baby\" having reached #5 UK in 1975, and that song was performed in its entirety at the Palladium: throughout her performing career Reddy would habitually not truncate \"Angie Baby\" in concert due to its being a story song. (Two of Reddy's singles: \"I am Woman\" and \"Leave Me Alone (Ruby Red Dress)\", had almost reached the UK Top 50 but were performed at the Palladium on in the medley.) Also performed in full at the Palladium: \"You're My World\", Reddy's most recent US Top 40 hit (proving to be her last) which was a remake of a 1964 UK #1 hit (by Cilla Black); the Leon Russell composition \"Bluebird\", a 1975 US Top 30 shortfall for Reddy which the singer would apparently always enjoy performing live; and \"I Can't Hear You No More\" a lesser 1976 US hit for Reddy, which at the Palladium served as a frame for Reddy introducing her band members to the audience. Featuring four additional songs from the singer's past albums: \"This Masquerade\", \"The West Wind Circus\", \"I'll Be Your Audience\" (which served as the concert finale) and \"Hold Me in Your Dreams Tonight\" (on which Reddy played piano) and also \"Candle on the Water\" from the 1977 movie Pete's Dragon, Reddy's Palladium set-list also introduced five songs from her upcoming album release We'll Sing in the Sunshine: the title track, the disco track \"Ready or Not\" issued as UK single the month of the Palladium concert (May 1978), \"Mama\", \"Poor Little Fool\", and \"Rhythm Rhapsody\" - the last-named, which served as the concert's opening number, would in fact be cut from Reddy's We'll Sing in the Sunshine album. Live in London would include two songs never featured on an original studio album release by Reddy: besides \"Rhythm Rhapsody\", Reddy's Palladium set-list featured her","title":"Live in London (Helen Reddy album)"},{"docid":"23705271","text":"Make Yr Life is the fourth album by the American lesbian queercore band the Butchies, released in 2004. It was the band's final album. Production The album was produced by Greg Griffith; the band worked for two and half years on the songs, and spent 10 days recording them. The Butchies set out to make a poppier album. The band had been playing \"17\" in concert for years, and recorded the song after it had become a fan favorite. Critical reception The Washington Post thought that \"such thumping new songs as 'Trouble' and 'She's So Lovely' demonstrate that the band has lost none of its swagger, but overall this disc is the band's poppiest outing.\" The Advocate declared that \"Kaia Wilson, Melissa York, and Alison Martlew are undisputed masters of the two- to three-minute power-punk anthem.\" The Orlando Sentinel concluded that \"even when the lyrics lean toward melodrama, Wilson's slashing guitar combines with the rumbling rhythms of bassist Alison Martlew and drummer Melissa York to make words inconsequential.\" The Chicago Reader wrote that \"though York’s stick work is still hard and nimble, Make Yr Life feels a bit less punk than the Butchies’ first three records, as if they were dialing it back to show off their songwriting–which is chewier than ever.\" The Morning Call determined that \"where some may have turned to a cover of The Outfield's 'Your Love' for its nostalgic value, The Butchies make it their own, providing the album with a sexually heated closing track that is deliriously dramatic.\" AllMusic wrote that \"the band's quiet, drastic reworking of the Outfield's 1985 pop hit 'Your Love' just may be the cover version of the year.\" Track listing All songs composed by the Butchies, except as noted. \"Send Me You\" \"Trouble\" \"Make Yr Life\" \"Second Guess\" \"She's So Lovely\" \"Everything + Everywhere\" \"17\" \"Lydia\" \"Tell the Others\" \"Your Love\" (John Spinks) References 2004 albums The Butchies albums Queercore albums Yep Roc Records albums","title":"Make Yr Life"},{"docid":"25881596","text":"\"Mind Your Own Business\" is a 1949 song written and originally performed by Hank Williams. Recording \"Mind Your Own Business\" was recorded on March 2, 1949, at Castle Studio in Nashville. During the same session, Williams also recorded \"You're Gonna Change (Or I'm Gonna Leave)\", \"My Son Calls Another Man Daddy\", and \"Honky Tonk Blues\". He is backed by Dale Potter (fiddle), Don Davis (steel guitar), Zeke Turner (lead guitar), Clyde Baum (mandolin), Jack Shook (rhythm guitar), and probably Ernie Newton (bass). Content In the song, the narrator admonishes a local busybody for snooping and gossiping. While the delivery is light and breezy, the song's lyrics were likely inspired by the singer's own tempestuous relationship with wife Audrey Williams and the buzz it created. The opening lines seem to reference this: \"If the wife and I are fussin', brother that's our right/'Cause me and that sweet woman's got a license to fight...\" His delivery is measured, laconic, and dry. The day before, Hank had cut several duets with his wife Audrey, who by all accounts had limited singing talent. Introducing it in October 1949, he told his radio audience that it was a \"little prophecy in song\", and indeed it would prove to be. The song is similar in tone and structure to Williams' first Billboard hit \"Move It on Over\", with the singer couching his moral indignation in humor, allowing the subject matter to resonate with the public. \"Mind Your Own Business\" went to No. 6 on the C&W Best Seller list where it stayed for two weeks. Hank Williams Jr. version In late 1986, Hank Williams Jr. recorded the song along with Reba McEntire, Tom Petty, Reverend Ike, and Willie Nelson. This version was the most successful, going to No. 1 on the country chart for two weeks. Other versions In 1964, Jimmy Dean hit the country charts with his version of the song. His version spent six weeks on the charts and peaked at No. 35. Ernest Tubb included it on his 1968 LP Ernest Tubb Sings Hank Williams. In 1971, Steve Goodman recorded it on his debut album. In 1975, Henry McCullough recorded the song, and used it as the title track of his solo album on Dark Horse Records. Moe Bandy recorded it for his 1975 LP Here I Am Drunk Again. Charley Pride recorded it for his 1980 album There's a Little Bit of Hank in Me. Moe Bandy recorded the song for his 1983 tribute Sings the Songs of Hank Williams. Taj Mahal recorded the song for his 1997 album Señor Blues. References Sources 1949 songs 1949 singles 1964 singles 1986 singles Songs written by Hank Williams Hank Williams songs Jimmy Dean songs Moe Bandy songs Charley Pride songs Hank Williams Jr. songs Warner Records singles Curb Records singles Song recordings produced by Fred Rose (songwriter) Vocal collaborations","title":"Mind Your Own Business (song)"},{"docid":"3390336","text":"Bettye LaVette (born Betty Jo Haskins, January 29, 1946) is an American soul singer who made her first record at sixteen, but achieved only intermittent fame until 2005, when her album I've Got My Own Hell to Raise was released to widespread critical acclaim, and was named on many critics' \"Best of 2005\" lists. Her next album, The Scene of the Crime, debuted at number one on Billboard's Top Blues Albums chart and was nominated for Best Contemporary Blues Album at the 2008 Grammy Awards. She received the Legacy of Americana Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2023 Americana Music Honors & Awards. LaVette's eclectic musical style combines elements of soul, blues, rock and roll, funk, gospel, and country music. In 2020, she was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. Life and career LaVette was born in Muskegon, Michigan, and raised in Detroit. Unlike many of her contemporaries, she did not begin singing in the church, but in her parents' living room, singing R&B and country and western music. She was raised as a Catholic. She was signed by Johnnie Mae Matthews, a local record producer. In 1962, aged sixteen, she recorded a single, \"My Man – He's a Lovin' Man\", with Matthews: the disc was credited to Betty LaVett, the surname being \"borrowed\" from Sherma Lavette Anderson, the singer's friend who had introduced her to Matthews. Picked up by Atlantic Records, LaVette's disc became a major R&B hit over the fall and winter of 1963–64 – eventually reaching the R&B Top Ten – resulting in LaVette touring with such Atlantic Records R&B hitmakers as Clyde McPhatter, Ben E. King, Barbara Lynn, and rising star Otis Redding. After two overlooked single releases in respectively 1963 and 1964, LaVette in 1965 returned to the R&B charts with \"Let Me Down Easy\" on Calla Records, her first release to be credited to Betty LaVette: the spelling of the singer's first name as Bettye would date from her 1977 Bubbling Brown Sugar gig. Though only a peripheral success with an R&B chart peak of No. 48, \"Let Me Down Easy\" afforded LaVette sufficient cachet to briefly tour with The James Brown Revue. After recording several singles for local Detroit labels, LaVette signed to the Silver Fox label in 1969. She cut a handful of tracks, including two Top 40 R&B hits: \"He Made A Woman Out Of Me\" and \"Do Your Duty\". The Memphis studio musicians on these recordings have since become known as The Dixie Flyers. In 1972, she signed once again with Atlantic/Atco. She was sent to Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Alabama to record what was to be her first album. Titled Child of the Seventies, it was produced by Brad Shapiro and featured the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, now known as The Swampers, but Atco chose not to issue the album. The mid-1970s saw a brief stint and two 45s with Epic, and in 1978 LaVette released the disco smash on West End Records \"Doin' The Best That I","title":"Bettye LaVette"},{"docid":"2416747","text":"Elvis Now is the 16th studio album by American singer Elvis Presley, released in February 1972. The album entered Billboard on February 12, and reached No. 43. The only single from the album, \"Until It's Time for You to Go\" / \"We Can Make the Morning\" reached number 9 on the Easy Listening chart in the US in March 1972 and number 5 on the UK Singles Chart in April 1972. The album was certified Gold on March 27, 1992, by the RIAA. \"Sylvia\" became a hit for Presley in Brazil in the 1970s. Content Despite the \"now\" in the title, the tracks on this album were recorded anywhere from one to three years before its release. The Beatles' \"Hey Jude\" was a leftover from the sessions at the American Studio in Memphis in early 1969. \"Sylvia\" and \"I Was Born About Ten Thousand Years Ago\" were recorded during the Nashville sessions of June 1970 (the latter had been released in fragmentary form on the Elvis Country album). The rest of the songs were from more recent sessions held at RCA Studio B in Nashville in March, May, and June 1971. Unlike Presley's other albums of that period (Elvis Country, He Touched Me and Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas, each dedicated to a particular genre) Elvis Now encompasses a variety of genres, including country, gospel, soul and pop. Reissues In 2010, an extended version of the album was released as part of the FTD collector series. It consists of the original 1972 album and a number of bonus tracks, originating from the 1971 Nashville sessions: two non-album singles from 1971 (\"I'm Leavin'\" and \"It's Only Love\"), a B-side from the upcoming \"An American Trilogy\" single (\"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\") as well as plenty of outtakes, including \"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right\" informal jam, lasting more than nine minutes (its shortened version having been included on the 1973 Elvis album). Track listing Original release 2010 reissue (FTD) Personnel Sourced from Keith Flynn. Elvis Presley - lead vocals; acoustic rhythm guitar on \"Hey Jude\" (uncertain), “Sylvia” (uncertain) and “I Was Born About Ten Thousand Years Ago” James Burton - lead guitar Norbert Putnam - bass Chip Young - rhythm guitar Charlie Hodge - acoustic rhythm guitar David Briggs - piano Jerry Carrigan - drums, percussion on \"Fools Rush In (Where Angels Fear to Tread\", \"We Can Make the Morning\" and \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\" Charlie McCoy - harmonica on \"I Was Born About Ten Thousand Years Ago\" and \"Early Morning Rain\"; organ, percussion, or harmonica on \"Sylvia\" and \"Miracle of the Rosary\"; organ on \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\" and \"Until It's Time For You To Go\" Kenneth Buttrey - drums on \"Until It's Time For You To Go\", \"Fools Rush In (Where Angels Fear to Tread)\", \"We Can Make the Morning\" and \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\" Reggie Young - lead","title":"Elvis Now"},{"docid":"1174867","text":"Ann Lee Peebles (born April 27, 1947) is an American retired singer and songwriter who gained popularity for her Memphis soul albums of the 1970s while signed to Hi Records. Her most successful singles include \"I Can't Stand the Rain\", which she wrote with her husband Don Bryant and radio broadcaster Bernie Miller, and \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\". In 2014, she was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame. Biography She was born in Kinloch, Missouri, the seventh child of eleven. As a child she began singing in the choir of her father's church and with the family's group, the Peebles Choir, who regularly opened shows for gospel stars including Mahalia Jackson and the Soul Stirrers featuring Sam Cooke. She was also influenced by R&B performers, including Muddy Waters, Mary Wells and Aretha Franklin. She began performing in clubs in St. Louis, and in the mid-1960s joined a revue led by bandleader Oliver Sain. While visiting Memphis in 1968, she sang in a club with trumpeter Gene \"Bowlegs\" Miller, a popular local bandleader known for helping other musicians, such as the members of the Hi Rhythm Section who played on Peebles' recordings, get their start in the Memphis music industry. Miller introduced her to Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell, who quickly offered her a recording contract. Her first record, \"Walk Away\", written by Sain, reached the R&B chart in 1969, as did the follow-up, \"Give Me Some Credit\", and she released an album, This Is Ann Peebles. All her early records on Hi were produced by Mitchell, and featured the signature sound of the Hi Rhythm Section and Memphis Horns. In 1970, her single \"Part Time Love\" - a version of Little Johnny Taylor's 1963 hit - reached no. 7 on the R&B chart, and no.45 on the pop chart, and she began working with the Hi label's songwriter Don Bryant, with whom she began a relationship and married in 1974. The first songs he wrote for her were \"99 Pounds\" and \"Good things come in small packages/ You'll have to agree to that\" in 1971. She continued to have R&B hits in the early 1970s, including \"I Pity the Fool,\" \"Slipped, Tripped and Fell in Love,\" \"Breaking Up Somebody's Home\" (a Hot 100 hit in 1973 for Albert King and later recorded by Bette Midler), \"Somebody's on Your Case,\" and \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" (later a hit for Paul Young). She was also the only female singer on Hi to release a string of albums, including Straight from the Heart and I Can't Stand the Rain, which contained many tracks that she co-wrote with Bryant. The title track of the latter album, written by Peebles and Bryant with DJ Bernard Miller, was her biggest commercial success, reaching no. 6 on the R&B chart and no. 38 on the pop chart in 1973. Although she continued to have hit R&B singles and to release albums on Hi, none matched the success of \"I Can't Stand","title":"Ann Peebles"},{"docid":"211626","text":"Johnnie Harrison Taylor (May 5, 1934 – May 31, 2000) was an American recording artist and songwriter who performed a wide variety of genres, from blues, rhythm and blues, soul, and gospel to pop, doo-wop, and disco. He was initially successful at Stax Records with the number-one R&B hits \"Who's Making Love\" (1968), \"Jody's Got Your Girl and Gone\" (1971) and \"I Believe in You (You Believe in Me)\" (1973), and reached number one on the US pop charts with \"Disco Lady\" in 1976. In 2022, Taylor was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. Biography Early years Johnnie Taylor was born in Crawfordsville, Arkansas, United States. He grew up in West Memphis, Arkansas, performing in gospel groups as a youngster. As an adult, he had one release, \"Somewhere to Lay My Head\", on Chicago's Vee Jay Records label in the 1950s, as part of the gospel group The Highway Q.C.'s, which included a young Sam Cooke. Taylor's singing then was strikingly close to that of Cooke, and he was hired to take Cooke's place in the latter's gospel group, the Soul Stirrers, in 1957. A few years later, after Cooke had established his independent SAR Records, Taylor signed on as one of the label's first acts and recorded \"Rome Wasn't Built In A Day\" in 1962. However, SAR Records quickly became defunct after Cooke's death in 1964. In 1966, Taylor moved to Stax Records in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was dubbed \"The Philosopher of Soul\". He recorded with the label's house band, which included Booker T. & the M.G.'s. His hits included \"I Had a Dream\", \"I've Got to Love Somebody's Baby\" (both written by the team of Isaac Hayes and David Porter) and most notably \"Who's Making Love\", which reached No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 1 on the R&B chart in 1968. \"Who's Making Love\" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In 1970, Taylor married Gerlean Rockett and they remained married until his death in 2000. His children from that marriage are Jon Harrison Taylor, and Tasha Taylor, both musicians. During his tenure at Stax, he became an R&B star, with over a dozen chart successes, such as \"Jody's Got Your Girl and Gone\", which reached No. 23 on the Hot 100 chart, \"Cheaper to Keep Her\" (Mack Rice) and record producer Don Davis's penned \"I Believe in You (You Believe in Me)\", which reached No. 11 on the Hot 100 chart. \"I Believe in You (You Believe in Me)\" also sold in excess of one million copies, and was awarded gold disc status by the R.I.A.A. in October 1973. Taylor, along with Isaac Hayes and The Staple Singers, was one of the label's flagship artists, who were credited for keeping the company afloat in the late 1960s and early 1970s after the death of its biggest star, Otis Redding, in an aviation accident. He appeared in the documentary film, Wattstax, which was released in 1973. Columbia Records","title":"Johnnie Taylor"},{"docid":"34057190","text":"We Sing UK Hits is a 2011 karaoke game part of the We Sing series of games, developed by French studio Le Cortex. The game features 100% United Kingdom artists. Gameplay The gameplay is similar to the SingStar set of video games. Players are required to sing along with music in order to score points, matching pitch and rhythm. The game has anti cheat technology whereby tapping or humming will register on the screen but no points will be awarded. We Sing UK Hits also contains the addition of 'Star Notes' that allow the player to score even more points by matching the pitch and rhythm of certain hard to score parts of songs. 40 full licensed songs with music videos where available Solo Mode Multiplayer modes - Group Battle, We Sing, Versus, Pass the Mic, First to X, Expert, Blind, Marathon. Real Karaoke mode Jukebox mode Singing Lessons Award System Customisable backgrounds Four Microphones Integrates with a USB hub Due to hardware limitations with the Wii only having two USB ports, a USB hub is shipped with certain retail versions to add more USB ports. The game uses the standard logitech USB microphone for the Wii. Track List Adele - Chasing Pavements Amy Winehouse - Rehab The Animals - The House of the Rising Sun Bananarama - Venus The Beautiful South - A Little Time Blur - Girls & Boys Bucks Fizz - Making Your Mind Up Coldplay - Speed of Sound David Bowie - Let's Dance Dido - White Flag Dusty Springfield - Son Of A Preacher Man East 17 - Stay Another Day Eliza Doolittle - Pack Up Elton John - Candle In The Wind Example - Kickstarts Florence + the Machine - You've Got The Love Gabrielle - Dreams Happy Mondays - Step On James Blunt - You're Beautiful Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne - Down Jessie J - Do It Like A Dude Kim Wilde - Kids in America Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love Lulu & The Luvvers - Shout Madness - It Must Be Love McFly - 5 Colours In Her Hair Plan B - She Said Pulp - Common People Queen - Don't Stop Me Now Queen & David Bowie - Under Pressure Radiohead - Creep Rick Astley - Never Gonna Give You Up The Saturdays - Missing You Spice Girls - Who Do You Think You Are Sugababes - Push The Button Texas - I Don't Want A Lover Tinchy Stryder Ft. N-Dubz - Number 1 The Ting Tings - That's Not My Name Tinie Tempah - Pass Out Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go Peripherals Due to hardware limitations with the Wii only having two USB ports, a USB hub is shipped with certain retail sku's to add more USB ports. The game uses the standard Logitech USB microphone for the Wii. See also We Sing We Sing Encore We Sing Robbie Williams SingStar Karaoke Revolution Lips References External links We Sing Website 2011 video games Karaoke video games","title":"We Sing UK Hits"},{"docid":"2114441","text":"Denise Lisa Maria Pearson (born 13 June 1968), sometimes credited as Deniece Pearson, is an English singer-songwriter. She was the lead vocalist with the British pop/R&B group Five Star, which comprised herself and her four siblings. The group was created and managed by their father, Buster Pearson, in 1983. The group officially disbanded in 2001, though partial reunions have occurred since. Career with Five Star As well as being lead singer, Pearson was also the most prolific composer of the group. Five Star tracks written by her include \"Stay Out of My Life\" (1986) (Five Star's only self-composed top-ten single), \"Hard Race\" (1987), \"There's a Brand New World\" (1988) and \"What About Me Baby\" (1990); ballads such as \"Live Giving Love\" (1987), \"Let Me Be Yours\" (1988), \"Feel Much Better\" (1990), \"Funktafied\" (2001), \"Don't Let Me Be the Lonely One\" (2001) and \"Tell Me What You Want\" (2001); and the uptempo \"I'm Still Waiting\" (1990), \"Tienes Mi Amour\" (1990), \"Going With the Moment\" (1994) and \"Show Me\" (1994). In 1986, Five Star received a Grammy Award nomination in the \"Best Rhythm and Blues Instrumental Performance\" category for Pearson's composition, \"First Avenue\", which was the B-Side of Five Star's first hit single \"All Fall Down\". After Five Star Projects outside of Five Star included a 1997 recording of \"This Pain\", a duet with former Bros singer Matt Goss. Pearson was featured singing backing vocals for Tamia in 2001 for the song \"Stranger in My House\" (as heard on the WB series For Your Love). In 2005, Pearson and singer-songwriter Ryan Tedder of the group OneRepublic wrote several songs together including \"Over You\" sung by Denise herself, and \"Strike\" which was performed by US teen sensation Nikki Flores. They also worked together on a new version of Five Star's 1986 hit single \"System Addict\". In 2007, Pearson announced she was working on solo material. In May 2008, she recorded a promotional video for one of her tracks, alongside brother Stedman, and a team of trained backing singers and dancers, Denise played several dates as Five Star to celebrate the group's 25th anniversary. In 2009, Pearson made her West End Theatre debut in the show Thriller – Live, a musical based on the music of Michael Jackson. In 2009, City Life magazine described her as \"uncannily pitch perfect as a female answer to MJ [Michael Jackson]\". In September 2011, Pearson appeared as one of the lead singers in the new West End show Respect La Diva which ran at the Garrick Theatre for a limited run. In March 2012, Denise appeared on BBC talent show, The Voice UK, as a contestant. She joined the team of Tom Jones after singing Fighter by Christina Aguilera. She was, however, credited as Deniece Pearson. During the second round of the contest, her rival Ruth Brown was picked by coach Tom Jones over her for the live finals. In December 2012, Pearson appeared in her first pantomime, starring as the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella at the Milton","title":"Denise Pearson"},{"docid":"28143364","text":"Neil Sedaka Sings Little Devil and His Other Hits is a solo album by Neil Sedaka released in 1961 immediately after the cover versions of earlier hits in Circulate. Track listing All tracks composed by Neil Sedaka and Howard Greenfield; except where indicated \"Little Devil\" \"Oh! Carol\" \"You Mean Everything to Me\" \"Run Samson Run\" \"The Girl For Me\" (Sylvester Bradford, Annebelle Thompson) \"Stairway to Heaven\" \"Calendar Girl\" \"I Must Be Dreaming\" \"Going Home to Mary Lou\" \"The Diary\" \"What Am I Gonna Do\" \"One Way Ticket\" (Hank Hunter, Jack Keller) Singles All of the songs on this album were released on 45 rpm singles. Seven of the twelve songs on this album hit the charts as follows: \"Little Devil\" (US #11, UK #9) \"Oh! Carol\" (US #9, UK #3) \"You Mean Everything to Me\" (US #17, UK #45) \"Run Samson Run\" (US #28) \"Stairway to Heaven\" (US #9, UK #8) \"Calendar Girl\" (#4, UK #8) \"The Diary\" (US #14) (already found on the Rock with Sedaka album) \"You Mean Everything to Me\" and \"Run Samson Run\" were released together on a 45 rpm record; with both songs charting, the record gave Sedaka a rare double A-side. The other five songs had also seen 45 rpm single releases as follows: \"The Girl For Me\" was a non-charting A-side from 1959. \"I Must Be Dreaming\" was the B-side of \"Little Devil\" in 1961. \"Going Home To Mary Lou\" was a non-charting single from 1959. \"What Am I Gonna Do\" was the B-side of \"Going Home To Mary Lou\" in 1959. \"One Way Ticket (to the Blues)\" was the B-side of \"Oh, Carol!\" in 1959. Re-releases 1993 The album was re-released in 1993 with the same 12 original tracks in addition to 8 bonus tracks: 13) \"Stupid Cupid\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) 14) \"You Got to Learn Your Rhythm and Blues\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) 15) \"Sweet Little You\" (Mann, Kolber) (US #59) 16) \"King of Clowns\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) (US #45 UK #23) 17) \"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) (US #1, UK #7) 18) \"Next Door To An Angel\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) (US #5, UK #29) 19) \"The Dreamer\" (Grossman) (#47) 20) \"Let's Go Steady Again\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) (US #26, UK #42) 2010 The 12 tracks from the original 1961 release were reissued again in late 2010, combined with the tracks from the 1978 album The Many Sides Of Neil Sedaka. 2017 In April 2017, the UK-based Hallmark Records reissued this album on CD according to the original 1961 track listing. 1961 albums Neil Sedaka albums RCA Records albums","title":"Neil Sedaka Sings Little Devil and His Other Hits"},{"docid":"6688922","text":"Ruby Johnson (April 19, 1936 – July 4, 1999) was an American soul singer, best known for her recordings on the Volt label in the late 1960s. Life and career She was born in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, and was raised in the Jewish faith. She sang, with her eight brothers and sisters, in the Temple Beth-El choir. After completing high school, she moved to Virginia Beach where she worked as a waitress and began singing rhythm and blues with local bands, before spending two years with Samuel Latham and the Rhythm Makers. She then moved to Washington, D.C. in the late 1950s, and joined Ambrose and the Showstoppers, the house band at the Spa nightclub. Local entrepreneur Never Duncan Jnr. became her manager, and placed her with record producer Dicky Williams. Her first single, \"Calling All Boys\", was issued in 1960 on the V-Tone label, before Duncan established his own recording company, NEBS. She released a succession of singles on NEBS, including \"Here I Go Again\", \"Worried Mind\", and \"Nobody Cares\", some of which became local hits. When her local supporter, disc jockey Al Bell, began working for Stax Records in Memphis in 1965, he won her a contract with the label. There, she recorded a handful of classic soul records with the writing and production team of Isaac Hayes and David Porter, and backing musicians including Steve Cropper, \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson. These were issued on the Stax subsidiary label, Volt. They included \"I'll Run Your Hurt Away\", which reached No. 31 on the Billboard R&B chart in 1966, and \"If I Ever Needed Love\", both tracks which became staples of subsequent soul compilations, such as those by Dave Godin. Despite the quality of her records, they met with little success, and after a few more years singing in clubs, she gave up her singing career in 1974. She worked in government posts, and eventually became the director of Foster Grandparents, a federal programme helping handicapped children relate to older generations. She also returned to worship and sing at the Temple Beth-El near her home in Lanham, Maryland. A compilation CD, including many previously unissued tracks, was issued in 1993. She died in 1999, aged 63. Discography Singles 1961 \"Callin' All Boys\" / \"Pleadin' Heart\" – V-TONE 222 1963 \"I Received Your Message\" / \"Stop Wasting Your Tears\" – Pledge 108 1964 \"Worried Mind\" / \"I'm Hooked\" – NEBS 502 1964 \"What Goes Up Must Come Down\" / \"I Want A Real Man\" – NEBS 503 1965 \"Let Me Apologise\" / \"Don't Start Nothing\" – NEBS 101 1965 \"Here I Go Again\" / \"Jerk Shout\" – NEBS 501 1966 \"I'll Run Your Hurt Away\" / \"Weak Spot\" – Volt 133 1966 \"Come To Me My Darling\" / \"When My Love Comes Down\" – Volt 140 1967 \"Reach Out and Touch Me\" / \"Come Back To Me\" – NEBS 508 1967 \"If I Ever Needed Love (I Sure Do Need It Now)\" / \"Keep On Keeping On\" –","title":"Ruby Johnson"},{"docid":"8977744","text":"High School Musical: Sing It! is a video game for the Wii and PlayStation 2 based on the High School Musical franchise. The game features the songs from the first High School Musical and its 2007 sequel, High School Musical 2. It also features a selection of songs from Disney Channel artists and a \"Story mode\" where the players can follow the story of the first movie through Kelsi's perspective. The characters of Troy, Gabriella, Chad, Taylor, Ryan, and Sharpay are available to the player, alongside an option to create their own character. The visuals of the game are animated and based on motion capture. It's the first game in the Disney Sing It series and was followed by the self-titled game. Songs Start of Something New Get'cha Head in the Game What I've Been Looking For (Sharpay and Ryan version) What I've Been Looking For (Troy and Gabriella version) Stick to the Status Quo When There Was Me and You Bop to the Top Breaking Free We're All in This Together I Can't Take My Eyes Off of You What Time Is It? Fabulous Work This Out You Are the Music in Me I Don't Dance You Are the Music in Me (Sharpay Version) Gotta Go My Own Way Bet On It Everyday ** All for One Humuhumunukunukuapua'a All Good Now * Beautiful Soul * Cheetah Sisters * Counting on You * I Will Be Around * Jump to the Rhythm * No One* On The Ride* Push It to the Limit * Bonus Song. This song was not in any of the High School Musical movies. Original movie soundtrack recording of this song. Stages Auditorium Cafeteria Corridors Golf Course Gym New Year's Eve Lodge Rooftop Garden School Grounds Science Class Summer Resort Swimming Pool Trophy Room Reception Reviews for the game are mostly mixed, as GameRankings gave it a score of 55.75% for the PlayStation 2 version and 59.67% for the Wii version, while Metacritic gave it a score of 56 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version and 64 out of 100 for the Wii version. The PlayStation 2 version of Sing It! received a \"Platinum\" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. See also Disney Sing It Disney Sing It! – High School Musical 3: Senior Year Disney Sing It: Pop Hits Disney Sing It: Party Hits Disney Sing It: Family Hits References External links Official site 1 Official site 2 GameSpot page Information on the game PlayStation 2 games Wii games 2007 video games Sing It! Karaoke video games Behaviour Interactive games Video games developed in Canada","title":"High School Musical: Sing It!"},{"docid":"8300664","text":"\"Working in the Coal Mine\" is a song with music and lyrics by the American musician and record producer Allen Toussaint. It was an international hit for Lee Dorsey in 1966, and has been recorded by other musicians including Devo in 1981. Lee Dorsey original version After Toussaint returned to New Orleans from the U.S. Army, in which he served from 1963 to 1965, he formed a production company, Sansu (also known as \"Tou-Sea Productions\"), with partner Marshall Sehorn. He produced a number of singles performed by Lee Dorsey in 1965 and 1966, including \"Ride Your Pony\" and \"Working in the Coal Mine\". Written, arranged and produced by Toussaint, the song concerns the suffering of a man who rises before 5 o'clock each morning in order to work in a coal mine, five days a week, where the conditions are very harsh and dangerous, but which offers the only prospect of paid employment. The singer repeatedly asks the Lord, \"How long can this go on?\" and complains that when the weekend arrives, he's too exhausted to have any fun. In the instrumental section, as in the song's fade, he says: \"Lord, I'm so tired / How long can this go on?\" The song features the sound of a pickaxe clinking, as if the musicians were working in a mine. Says producer Allen Toussaint \"There wasn’t as much percussion as you might think on there. It was a certain drummer and we had my brother hit the mic' stand with a drum stick for the pick sound. Those were the two percussion instruments.\" The recording took place at Cosimo Matassa's Governor Nichols Street studio in the French Quarter of New Orleans. Musicians included guitarist Roy Montrell, drummer Albert \"June\" Gardner, and bassist Walter Payton. It was a hit for Lee Dorsey, released on Amy Records (catalogue number 958), and entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on July 23, 1966, eventually peaking at #8, while reaching #5 on the Billboard R&B chart. It also reached #8 on the UK Singles Chart. Toussaint said that neither he nor Dorsey had ever been down a coal mine: \"We didn’t know anything about a coal mine\". He said of Dorsey: \"He was very good to work with. Very inspiring because he had such a happiness about him. He loved what he was doing when he was singing. He was a body and fender man when he wasn’t singing and even at his peak, when he would come off the road at the end of a successful tour, he would go and get into his grease clothes, his dirty work gear and go and work on cars. Straightening out fenders and painting bodywork. But really it was his finest hour when he was singing. He was a very good person for me to work with and he totally trusted me every step of the way.\" Over time, Dorsey's version of \"Working in the Coal Mine\" has been featured in many movies and television programs, including Where","title":"Working in the Coal Mine"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"26670527\",\n \"text\": \"Why Can't We Live Together is the debut album by Timmy Thomas released in 1972. It was historically the first record to fully replace drummers with a drum machine. The album reached number ten in 1973 on the US R&B albums chart on the strength of the million-seller single, \\\"Why Can't We Live Together\\\". Background \\\"Why Can't We Live Together\\\" and \\\"Funky Me\\\" were recorded Miami in August 1972, with the rest of the album recorded in November. Using the Glades Records studio, Thomas is the sole performer on the recordings; on the title track for instance, which took fifteen minutes to record, he played the organ parts with one hand and percussion on the organ with the other (using pre-programmed rhythms), using his feet to play bass on the organ pedals. Composition Why Can't We Live Together is a sparse album of \\\"soulful minimalism\\\". The rhythm is dominant throughout the record. The album features topical themes, similar to its single. Although Thomas wrote most of the album, it also features two cover versions. Regarding his version of \\\"The Coldest Days of My Life\\\" by the Chi-Lites, Thomas said the original track gave him \\\"a deep feeling of having experienced what they were singing about — the cold, cold feeling of being alone simply got through to me and I wanted to sing that song so badly.\\\" His decision to record \\\"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\\\" was for similar reasons, though he said \\\"I experienced the feeling when it was included in the movie, Play Misty For Me.\\\" The title track and \\\"Rainbow Power\\\" both discuss what Thomas described as race relations \\\"getting out of hand,\\\" wishing to come up with songs \\\"which would make people think again.\\\" Release and promotion In an interview with the NME in March 1973, Thomas mentioned that \\\"Rain Power\\\" would \\\"probably\\\" be the second single. Critical reception In a contemporary review of Why Can't We Live Together, a writer for the Acton Gazette described Thomas as \\\"the new soul super-star\\\" and hailed the \\\"unforgettable\\\", hypnotic hit single, but felt that the album becomes monotonous and samey due to Thomas' \\\"obsessive use of his magic organ, with its built-in rhythm section,\\\" feeling it exposed the musician's \\\"limited talents.\\\" They nonetheless wrote that \\\"if the idea of hearing a string of different versions of 'Why Can't We Live Together' appeals to you, then you'll probably love it.\\\" Keith Hunt of the Thanet Times agreed that the \\\"metronome-like backing, taping away track after track, gets monotonous,\\\" finding the organ playing to resemble \\\"the sound you would expect to hear at a holiday camp.\\\" However, praise was given to Thomas' talents and the album's \\\"flashes of brilliance.\\\" Russell Gersten of Rolling Stone was more harsh, describing the album as \\\"a piece of junk\\\" and commenting: \\\"Thirty minutes of listening to a hack organist and a metronome playing basically the same song in eight variations is one of the most abrasive experiences I've undergone in months.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Why Can't We Live Together (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6252587\",\n \"text\": \"Silver Throat: Bill Cosby Sings (1967) is the sixth album by Bill Cosby. Background This was Cosby's first album that was recorded in the studio, as well as his first album that showcased his singing, backed by the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band. Although marketed as a musical comedy album, it consisted mostly of straightforward rhythm and blues performances, including several Jimmy Reed songs, a cover version of Ray Charles' \\\"I Got a Woman\\\" with slightly comedic lyrics, \\\"Mojo Workout\\\", which was a sequel to the Muddy Waters classic \\\"I Got My Mojo Workin'\\\", and \\\"Little Ole Man\\\" which combined a comedic monologue with Stevie Wonder's \\\"Uptight (Everything's Alright)\\\". (Note that \\\"Uptight\\\" co-author Henry Cosby is no relation to Bill Cosby.) Also included is an original song credited to Bill Cosby, \\\"Don'cha Know\\\". \\\"Little Ole Man\\\" became a major hit upon release as a single, reaching #4 on the U.S. Hot 100 chart. Track listing Side one \\\"Bright Lights, Big City\\\" (Reed) – 2:41 \\\"Big Boss Man\\\" (Dixon, Smith) – 2:45 \\\"Hush Hush\\\" (Reed) – 1:54 \\\"Baby, What You Want Me to Do\\\" (Reed) – 2:43 \\\"Tell Me You Love Me\\\" (Reed, Smith) – 3:07 \\\"Aw Shucks, Hush Your Mouth\\\" (Reed) – 1:36 Side two \\\"Little Ole Man (Uptight, Everything's Alright)\\\" (Henry Cosby, Sylvia Moy, Wonder) – 4:10 \\\"Mojo Workout\\\" (Bright) – 2:53 \\\"I Got a Woman\\\" (Charles) – 3:22 \\\"Don'cha Know\\\" (Bill Cosby) – 2:45 \\\"Place in the Sun\\\" (Miller, Wells) – 2:35 References 1967 albums Bill Cosby albums Warner Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Silver Throat: Bill Cosby Sings\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9529366\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Down with the Clique\\\" is a song recorded by American singer Aaliyah for her debut studio album Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (1994). It was written and produced by R. Kelly. The song was released as the fourth single from Age Ain't Nothing but a Number exclusively in the United Kingdom on May 1, 1995, by Blackground Records and Jive Records. \\\"Down with the Clique\\\" was met with mixed reviews from music critics, who praised Aaliyah's vocal delivery on the song but dismissed its lyrical content. A moderate commercial success, the song peaked at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Aaliyah's fourth consecutive top-40 single in the United Kingdom. Recording and production While recording \\\"Down with the Clique\\\", Aaliyah developed an interest in producing, and she watched and helped R. Kelly develop the song. She said: \\\"When we were recording 'Down With the Clique', I watched how Robert [Kelly] laid the drums and everything. He taught me to play the piano a bit, and I'm also trying to learn the mixing board, though it looks complicated. The studio is my first love.\\\" Music and lyrics \\\"Down with the Clique\\\" is a hip hop song in which Aaliyah displays a \\\"silky cooing\\\" with her vocals. In his biography Aaliyah (2021) author Tim Footman said the song was \\\"macho hip-hop posturing over a cheesy, pseudo–Caribbean rhythm track\\\". In February 1995, British producers Mafia & Fluxy produced a reggae remix of the song. Lyrically, the song sees her committing to a \\\"junior-gangsta persona\\\" with lines such as \\\"Well now I guess it's time for me to wreck shop\\\". Footman analyzed the lyrics explaining that, \\\"Kelly's egomania really goes to town here, as Aaliyah entreats, 'all the dolls in the house' to recognize how cool her mentor/songwriter/producer truly is\\\". YardBarker said the lyrics were about \\\"finding out which friends are true blue\\\", and that Aaliyah was \\\"adamant about finding out who's really down to support her\\\". Critical reception Kenneth Partridge from Billboard gave \\\"Down with the Clique\\\" a mixed review, saying Aaliyah sounded unnatural singing lines such as \\\"I guess it's time for me to wreck shop\\\" and that the song was too much like an R. Kelly song, but described Aaliyah's performance as \\\"adorable\\\". James Masterton wrote in his weekly UK chart commentary,\\\"Why do Americans pronounce it to rhyme with 'stick'? Its 'cleek' as everyone here knows it which perhaps unfairly makes for rather grating listening as Aaliyah croons her way through her fourth UK hit.\\\" Bianca Gracie from Fuse felt that Aaliyah was embodying an \\\"effortless swagger that guys twice her age could only dream of having\\\", also praising Aaliyah's \\\"mellow\\\" and \\\"deep\\\" vocal performance. Nakita Rathod from HotNewHipHop mentioned that despite the controversy surrounding Aaliyah's debut album, she was still able to be a young, free teenager with songs like \\\"Down with the Clique\\\". MTV.com felt that \\\"Down With The Clique\\\" was one of the album's highlights, along with \\\"At Your Best (You Are Love),\\\" \\\"Young Nation,\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Down with the Clique\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1595043\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band is an American soul and funk band. Formed in the early 1960s, they had the most visibility from 1967 to 1973 when the band had 9 singles reach Billboard's pop and/or rhythm and blues charts, such as \\\"Do Your Thing\\\", \\\"Till You Get Enough\\\", and \\\"Love Land\\\". They are best known for their biggest hit on Warner Bros. Records, 1970's \\\"Express Yourself\\\", a song that has been sampled by rap group N.W.A and others. History Charles Wright and the Wright Sounds Charles Wright was born on April 6, 1940, in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He moved to Los Angeles in the early 1950s, playing guitar and singing in several doo-wop groups including the Turks, the Twilighters, the Shields and the Gallahads. He also briefly worked in A&R for Del-Fi Records and was responsible for the 1961 hit record \\\"Those Oldies but Goodies (Remind Me of You)\\\" by Little Caesar & the Romans. In 1962, he formed his own band Charles Wright & the Wright Sounds, which included future Watts Band member John Raynford, along with Daryl Dragon, later known as the \\\"Captain\\\" of Captain & Tennille. Over the course of the next six years, Wright added more musicians to his group and these were the players who would eventually become known as the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, at least by 1968. Several of those members, including drummer James Gadson, bassist Melvin Dunlap, trombonist/arranger Ray Jackson, and both guitarists Al McKay and Benorce Blackmon, played on several Dyke and the Blazers charting singles, including \\\"We Got More Soul\\\" (1969) and \\\"Let a Woman Be a Woman, Let a Man Be a Man\\\" (1969). The Wright Sounds played in several venues across Los Angeles, but their best known stint was three years (ending in 1968) at Hollywood's Haunted House nightclub. Originally located at Hollywood and Vine, the Haunted House was a popular club in the 1960s and appears in several popular culture artifacts, most notably the 1969 go-go dancing B-movie, Girl in Gold Boots. First Watts 103rd Band The name, Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band was originally coined by Los Angeles record producer, and Keymen Records owner, Fred Smith in 1967. However, between 1967 and 1968, the Watts 103rd name applied to three, arguably four different personnel configurations, before settling into the final band, who played on every Watts 103rd album from 1968 onwards. Smith produced a theme song for KGFJ radio personality, DJ Magnificent Montague. The song became so popular that Smith released it as a single in 1967 and created the name, Watts 103rd St. Rhythm Band for the studio group who had recorded it. Purportedly, the players on the single included Wright, James Carmichael, Leon Haywood, and Bobby Womack. There is some confusion because, after \\\"Spreadin' Honey\\\" became a success, Montague re-released the single on the MoSoul label (a Keyman subsidiary), and credited to a different group altogether, the Soul Runners. It has been long assumed that the Soul Runners were\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6874593\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\\\" is a song performed by Irish singer-songwriter Sinéad O'Connor. The song was released in April 1988 by Chrysalis as the fourth single from her debut album, The Lion and the Cobra (1987) and was later remixed to include rapper MC Lyte. O'Connor co-wrote it with Mike Clowes, John Reynolds, Rob Dean and Spike Holifield. And she also co-produced it with Kevin Mooney. Remix In 1988, O'Connor released two remixed versions of \\\"I Want Your (Hands On Me)\\\" featuring rapper MC Lyte, \\\"a grittier 'Street' mix and a 'Dance' mix both mixed by Audio Two\\\". Curious why O'Connor had requested she be featured on the song, MC Lyte asked, “Why do you want me?” MC Lyte indicated O'Connor was intrigued by one of MC Lyte's lyrics (\\\"Shut the fuck up\\\"), especially that a \\\"young person [was] using this language to get her point across and she wanted [MC Lyte] to say the words exactly like that on the remix.\\\" Okayplayer noted, \\\"At face value, MC Lyte and Sinéad O’Connor are a pretty unorthodox pairing, though really they were kindred spirits. [...] Individually, their music is diametrically opposed in sound. [...] However, when the two joined forces [...], it was like night and day met in an eclipse. A moment that changed the course for women in hip-hop simply by giving them another avenue to explore.\\\" Critical reception Upon the release, Ben Thompson from NME wrote, \\\"'Rocking It Live Non-stop', or something like that, it's Sinead O'Connor and MC Lyte. The thinking woman's Kate Bush is in danger of becoming the thinking man's Kate Bush if she doesn't watch it. The follow-up to the devilishly catchy 'Mandinka' is a strange throbbing sort of a song which dares to rhyme 'Please Me' with 'Tease Me'. You gave a little wink I guess you knew, apparently. This one will take a bit of getting used to.\\\" In 2021, Pitchfork said \\\"I Want Your (Hands On Me)\\\" is O'Connor's \\\"rare song that feels modeled after hits of the era, an early attempt at blending her blunt-force, hip-hop influence with gentler melodic gifts.\\\" Following O'Connor's death in July 2023, multiple news sources recognized \\\"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\\\" among other songs in her repertoire. The Guardian, Los Angeles Times, Spin, and Billboard included it on their lists of O'Connor's best songs. The Guardian'''s Annie Zaleski said the song \\\"was revolutionary in its own way. Musically, it was a sensual funk seduction with a liquid bass groove and percolating hip-hop beats; the aural equivalent of O’Connor’s forthright lyrics, which are frank on sexual desire, and her unapologetic come-hither vocals.\\\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine, writing for Los Angeles Times, wrote, \\\"O’Connor’s music burns so brightly in its intensity that the playfulness of 'I Want Your (Hands on Me)' remains startling. Setting the song to a bright, bustling drum loop, O’Connor sings over a hip-hop beat, her longing serving as a tantalizing contrast to the colorful rhythms.\\\" They continued, noting, \\\"O’Connor never attempted\",\n \"title\": \"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2068482\",\n \"text\": \"James Nelson (April 7, 1919 – July 29, 2007), known as Jimmy \\\"T99\\\" Nelson, was an American jump blues and rhythm and blues shouter and songwriter. With a recording career that spanned over 50 years, Jimmy \\\"T99\\\" Nelson became a distinguished elder statesman of American music. His best known recordings are \\\"T-99 Blues\\\" and \\\"Meet Me With Your Black Dress On\\\". Nelson notably worked with Duke Robillard and Otis Grand. Career Nelson got his start singing in church. In 1941, he saw a performance by Big Joe Turner while he was visiting Oakland, California, and realized he wanted to sing the blues. Turner taught Nelson about singing, performance and the music business. Nelson, in turn, absorbed the shouting style of his mentor. From 1951 through 1961, Jimmy Nelson and the Peter Rabbit Trio released eight singles with the Bihari Brothers' Modern/RPM label. The biggest of these was \\\"T-99 Blues\\\" (which referred to the old Texas Highway #99), which debuted in June 1951. It stayed on the US Billboard R&B chart for twenty-one weeks and reached number 1. In 1952, Nelson had another RPM hit with \\\"Meet Me With Your Black Dress On\\\". Nelson began touring, performing with bands led by Joe Liggins and Roy Milton, and playing venues including the Apollo and Howard theaters. He cut singles for a number of labels including Kent, Music City, Paradise and All Boy, and Chess (including for them the 1955 \\\"Free and Easy Mind\\\"). From 1955 to 1975, Nelson took a job working construction, though he continued to write songs and sit in with bands. In the 1980s, Nelson came to the wider attention of blues fans when Ace issued ten of his sides on an album. Sweet Sugar Daddy a compilation album from the Japanese P-Vine Records, which mainly consisted of unreleased studio recordings from the 1960s and 1970s, was also released in 1988. Nelson resumed touring and in 1999, released a comeback album Rockin' and Shoutin' the Blues from the Bullseye Blues & Jazz label. This album was nominated in two categories of the W.C. Handy Awards the following year. Two more newly recorded albums followed on his own Nettie Marie label prior to his death, both featuring an all-star back-up band including Duke Robillard. In 2004, Ace released Cry Hard Luck, featuring re-issues of Nelson's Kent and RPM recordings from 1951-1961. Personal life In 1955, Nelson married Nettie (who has since died) and adopted Houston, Texas as his hometown. Nelson died of cancer at a nursing home in Houston on July 29, 2007. Discography Singles 1951: \\\"T-99 Blues\\\" (with the Peter Rabbit Trio) 1952: \\\"Meet Me With Your Black Dress On\\\" (RPM Records) 1963: \\\"Tell Me Who\\\" (Paradise 1002, Chess 1877) Albums 1987: Watch That Action (Ace, CHD228) 1999: Rockin' and Shoutin' the Blues (Bullseye Blues & Jazz, 793985) (feat. Doug James, Rich Lataille and Clarence Hollimon) 2002: Take Your Pick (Nettie Marie) 2005: The Legend (Nettie Marie) Compilation albums 1981: Jimmy \\\"Mr. T99\\\" Nelson (Ace) 1988: Sweet Sugar Daddy\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Nelson (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31868356\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Listen to Me\\\" is a 1968 single by the Hollies, written by Tony Hazzard. It was the last Hollies single of Graham Nash's original tenure in the group. The song reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1968 and received praise from critics. Background and recording \\\"Listen to Me\\\" has been characterised as gentler than previous Hollies releases, with the Evening Standard describing the song as \\\"a change of style a la Rubber Soul Beatles.\\\" Tony Hazzard wrote the song after conceiving the lyric \\\"your ears are deaf, your mouth is dumb, your eyes are blind\\\". The songwriter was present at its recording session at EMI Studios; there, he pitched a further composition to the Hollies which Graham Nash liked, but the rest of the band chose not to record after Nash's departure. Consequently, \\\"Listen to Me\\\" was Hazzard's only composition to be recorded by the Hollies. The recording session for \\\"Listen to Me\\\" was Nash's last with the Hollies until he rejoined the band in 1982, with Nash later commenting \\\"in my head, I had already left the Hollies\\\". The band promoted the single with an appearance on the 26 September edition of Top of the Pops. According to drummer Bobby Elliott, they were invited to appear on the programme again as the song climbed up the chart but had to decline as Nash was in the USA and could not return in time. Tony Hazzard recorded a studio version of the song for his 1969 album Tony Hazzard Sings Tony Hazzard. Hazzard's 2022 album Demonstration features a remixed version of his original demo of the song with a newly recorded guitar part by the Hollies' Tony Hicks. Reception \\\"Listen to Me\\\" received a warm critical reception. John Wells of NME considered the song \\\"a much more mature and sophisticated sound\\\" for the band, adding \\\"this won't please their \\\"Midas\\\" fans as out goes that mind-shattering sound to be replaced by a gentle, more melodic treatment.\\\" Penny Valentine of Disc and Music Echo praised the Hollies' \\\"instant commerciality\\\", deeming the song \\\"very competent, very good and a very big hit\\\", while Peter Jones of Record Mirror described it as \\\"fast-tempoed and unusually phrased and clearly a tremendous hit.\\\" Chris Welch of Melody Maker considered \\\"Listen to Me\\\" an example of \\\"mysterious currents of influence [coursing] their way through the group scene\\\" that shares \\\"similar sounds and rhythms\\\" to \\\"The Weight\\\", then recently-released as a single by both the Band and Spooky Tooth, and \\\"Sour Milk Sea\\\", a contemporaneous single recorded by Jackie Lomax. He summarised the sound as \\\"the sort of nostalgic rock affecting many old-established groups... ...a heavy beat tinged with melancholy, which will appeal greatly to melancholy rockers around the 26 age group.\\\" Billboard described the single as a \\\"strong outing\\\" and an \\\"infectious rhythm entry.\\\" Charts References 1968 songs The Hollies songs Parlophone singles Songs written by Tony Hazzard\",\n \"title\": \"Listen to Me (Hollies song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11992464\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Best Thing for You (Would Be Me)\\\" is a popular song written by Irving Berlin and published in 1950. It was featured in the 1950 Broadway musical play, Call Me Madam, in which it was introduced by Ethel Merman in a scene with Paul Lukas. The 1953 film version also featured the song when it was sung by Ethel Merman and George Sanders. Recorded versions Bing Crosby - recorded September 21, 1950 and included in the album Bing Crosby Sings the Song Hits from... (1951) Perry Como - a single release (1950) Doris Day - a single release (1950) Margaret Whiting - a single release for Capitol Records (1950) Alberto Semprini, on piano with rhythm accompaniment, recorded it in London on January 25, 1952, as the second song of the medley \\\"Part 2. Hit Medley of Foxtrots from 'Call Me Madam'\\\" along with \\\"You're Just in Love\\\" and \\\"It's a Lovely Day Today\\\". The medley was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10231. Barbara Lea - A Woman In Love (1955) June Christy - included in her album Fair and Warmer! (1957). Eddie Fisher - included in his album As Long As There's Music (1958). Nat King Cole - Tell Me All About Yourself (1958) Art Farmer - Art (1960) Bud Powell - Bouncing with Bud (1962),The Complete Bud Powell on Verve (1994) Della Reese - Della Reese at Basin Street East (1964) Chet Baker -The Best Thing For You (1977), though not released until 1989. Rosemary Clooney - included in her album Rosemary Clooney Sings the Music of Irving Berlin (1984). Gary Thomas - Till We Have Faces, JMT (1992) Moe Koffman - Devil's Brew (1996) Stan Getz - The Complete Roost Recordings (1997) Bill Charlap - All Through the Night (1998) Diana Krall - When I Look in Your Eyes (1999) References Songs written by Irving Berlin Songs from musicals 1950 songs\",\n \"title\": \"The Best Thing for You (Would Be Me)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5630923\",\n \"text\": \"Lenny Zakatek (born Lenny du Platel, 29 July 1947) is a British singer and musician. Born in Karachi just prior to it becoming a part of Pakistan, he has lived in London since the age of thirteen. Zakatek is best known for his work with the British bands Gonzalez and The Alan Parsons Project. Early years In 1964, Zakatek formed a rock band called The Trailblazers, as lead singer and rhythm guitarist. On their first tour of US military bases in Europe, they became familiar with the Motown sound. The Trailblazers returned to the UK with a new soul influence and were renamed Funky Fever. They toured the UK and Europe for several years and also played nightclubs in London, including Gulliver's, Whisky a Go Go, The Marquee, Ronnie Scott's, The Scotch of St. James and The Revolution. Funky Fever also backed Inez and Charlie Foxx and The Drifters on their European tours. Lynsey de Paul and Dudley Moore took an interest in Zakatek's voice, look and stage presence in the early 1970s. De Paul got him signed to Bell Records, dubbed him \\\"Zakatek\\\" and wrote two singles \\\"I Gotcha Now\\\" backed with \\\"So Good To You\\\" (later recorded by de Paul as the B-side on her hit single \\\"Won't Somebody Dance With Me\\\") and singles \\\"Get Your Gun\\\" backed with \\\"Gotta Runaway\\\". A German version of \\\"Get Your Gun\\\" entitled \\\"Roter Mann\\\", with German lyrics by Gunther Gabriel, was recorded by Zakatek and released in 1974 and appeared on a compilation CD released in 2000 De Paul introduced him to the UK through an article in the Daily Mirror entitled \\\"Sugar Girl's Heap Big Find\\\". The musicians who were featured on Zakatek's solo work were already known as some of the members of 10cc. Success Between 1974 and 1981, Zakatek was the lead singer with Gonzalez. They recorded successful albums, including Our Only Weapon Is Our Music, and Shipwrecked. The worldwide disco hit, \\\"Haven't Stopped Dancing Yet\\\" came from this collaboration. In 1977, Zakatek became a studio vocalist for The Alan Parsons Project, singing on their albums over a ten-year period. He was featured on twelve songs from eight Alan Parsons Project albums, including the hits \\\"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You\\\", \\\"Games People Play\\\", \\\"You Don't Believe,\\\" and \\\"Damned If I Do\\\". The allaboutjazz.com reviewer Todd S. Jenkins wrote that: \\\"Lenny Zakatek's singing on [\\\"I Wouldn't Want To Be Like You\\\" and \\\"Games People Play\\\"] is prototypical of soulful prog-rock ... detached from the electronic melange.\\\" Solo work 1979 saw the release of Zakatek's first solo album Lenny Zakatek, which was produced by Alan Parsons for A&M Records. Single releases included \\\"Brandy\\\", \\\"Say I Love You\\\" and \\\"Where Is The Love\\\". In 1986, Zakatek formed a band called The Immortals, with John Deacon on bass guitar, and Robert Ahwai on lead guitar. Their single \\\"No Turning Back\\\" was included on the soundtrack to the film Biggles. In 1986, he guested on the track \\\"Angel\\\", written by Bob\",\n \"title\": \"Lenny Zakatek\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11450144\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Who Do You Love?\\\" is a song written by American rock and roll pioneer Bo Diddley. Recorded in 1956, it is one of his most popular and enduring works. The song represents one of Bo Diddley's strongest lyrical efforts and uses a combination of hoodoo-type imagery and boasting. It is an upbeat rocker, but the original did not use the signature Bo Diddley beat rhythm. \\\"Who Do You Love?\\\" was part of Bo Diddley's repertoire throughout his career, but none of his various recordings reached the record charts. The song has been interpreted and recorded by numerous musicians in different styles, often adding a Bo Diddley beat. Popular renditions include those by Ronnie Hawkins and George Thorogood, with charting singles by the Woolies, Tom Rush, Quicksilver Messenger Service, and Juicy Lucy. Guitarists' contributions to the various renditions of the song have been noted by music critics and writers. Beginning with blues guitarist Jody Williams' prominent fills and solo on Bo Diddley's original recording, the guitar work by Robbie Robertson (Hawkins), John Cipollina (Quicksilver), Glenn Ross Campbell (Juicy Lucy), and Thorogood on later adaptations has been also acknowledged. Background and lyrics Bo Diddley wrote \\\"Who Do You Love\\\" in 1956. The idea came to him in Kansas City where he heard a group of children trying to out-brag one another using a particular rhythm. \\\"It was like an African chant, and I wanted words that would suit it\\\", Bo Diddley recalled. Inspired by Muddy Waters' 1954 hit \\\"I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man\\\", he wanted to outdo songwriter Willie Dixon's lyrical swagger: He also sings about a skull, a tombstone, a graveyard, and a scream in the night to convey a sense of foreboding. The use of the homonym \\\"who do\\\" is an allusion to \\\"hoodoo\\\", a Louisiana/Mississippi folk magic belief that events can be influenced by its use. However, Bo Diddley uses imagery more common to the American Southwest, combined with exaggerated bravado. He explained that the first line, \\\"I got forty-seven miles of barbed wire\\\", came to him quickly, \\\"but I couldn't get a rhyme for it. I thought of car tires and mule trains, and I couldn't get anything to fit. Then one day I said 'use a cobra snake,' and my drummer, Clifton James, added 'for a necktie'\\\". These are directed at a female he is trying to woo – \\\"who do you love, me or him\\\". The lyrics confirm the effect: \\\"Arlene took me by my hand, she said 'oo-ee daddy I understand', who do you love?\\\". Composition and recording Musically, \\\"Who Do You Love?\\\" is an uptempo song centered on one chord with guitar flourishes that complement the vocals. It has a strong rhythm, but unlike later interpretations, it does not use the typical Bo Diddley beat. Instead, the song uses a \\\"modified cut shuffle beat\\\" or 2/4 time, giving it an almost rockabilly feel, similar to Chuck Berry's \\\"Maybellene\\\". \\\"Who Do You Love?\\\" was recorded in Chicago on March 24, 1956, one year after recording\",\n \"title\": \"Who Do You Love? (Bo Diddley song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44398558\",\n \"text\": \"Disobedient is the fifth full-length studio album by American melodic hardcore band Stick to Your Guns, released on February 10, 2015. It is the band's first album to be produced by John Feldmann (The Used, Escape the Fate, Beartooth). This is the band's last release on Sumerian Records. On October 21, 2014, the band released the first single off the album, \\\"Nobody\\\", with the music video premiering on Alternative Press. The album was included at number 16 on Rock Sounds top 50 releases of 2015 list. Though not ashamed of the album, vocalist Jesse Barnett has expressed that in hindsight, the album did not necessarily take the direction they wanted it to. Track listing Personnel Stick to Your Guns Jesse Barnett – lead vocals, additional guitars, piano, lyrics Josh James – lead guitar, backing vocals Chris Rawson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals Andrew Rose – bass, backing vocals George Schmitz – drums Guest musicians Toby Morse (of H2O) – vocals on \\\"RMA (Revolutionary Mental Attitude)\\\" Scott Vogel (of Terror) – vocals on \\\"I Choose Nothing\\\" Walter Delgado (of Rotting Out) – vocals on \\\"Nothing You Can Do to Me\\\" References Citations Sources 2015 albums Albums produced by John Feldmann Stick to Your Guns (band) albums Sumerian Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Disobedient (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16940672\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Lee \\\"Shot\\\" Williams (May 21, 1938 – November 25, 2011) was an American blues singer. He got the nickname \\\"Shot\\\" from his mother at a young age, owing to his fondness for wearing suits and dressing up as a \\\"big shot.\\\" Biography Williams grew up in the country close to his cousin and fellow blues man, Little Smokey Smothers. \\\"Shot\\\" moved to Detroit in 1954 and to Chicago in 1958. He joined Smothers there and began singing with Smokey's band in 1960 and a few years later joined Magic Sam's band as a vocalist. In 1962, Williams recorded his first singles for Chicago's Foxy label, \\\"Hello Baby\\\" and \\\"I'm Trying\\\". He recorded a series of singles for other labels, including King/Federal, Palos, Gamma, Shama and Tchula. His 1964 recording \\\"Welcome to the Club\\\" was a hit in Chicago, and was later covered by Little Milton for Checker Records in 1965. Another regional hit, \\\"I Like Your Style\\\", came out in 1969 and was covered by Junior Parker. Several more singles followed including the popular \\\"Drop Your Laundry Baby\\\". His first album under his own name, Country Disco, was released on the Roots label in 1977. In the 1980s, Williams released a slew of singles on labels including Tchula, 4-Way, True & Dis-Muke. He released an album on cassette with many of these cuts called I Like Your Style. In 1994, the Japanese label Vivid Sound released an album called, A Shot of Rhythm and Blues, containing tracks Williams recorded in Memphis apparently for (but not released by) Quinton Claunch's SoulTrax imprint. The Black Magic label decided to give Lee a \\\"Shot\\\" behind his own band. The result, Cold Shot was released in 1995 and was voted the Best Blues Album of 1995 (New Recording - Soul/Blues) by Living Blues readers' poll. His debut for Ecko Records, Hot Shot, brought Williams home to the \\\"Southern Soul Blues\\\" world with the hit \\\"I'll Take The Risk\\\". In 2000, Williams scored another hit with She Made A Freak Out Of Me, followed by Somebody's After My Freak. Williams left the label again and recorded one disc for Charles Wilson's label called Let The Good Times Roll before returning to Ecko for four more albums. In 2008, Williams signed with CDS Records. His first CD for the label was released in 2008 and produced the hits \\\"It's Friday (Time To Get Paid)\\\" and \\\"Wrong Bed\\\". Two more albums were released by CDS Records, I'm The Man For The Job and The First Rule of Cheating (2010). Death Williams died on November 25, 2011, aged 73, from undisclosed causes. Discography Country Disco (Roots/TK 1977) A Shot Of Rhythm & Blues (Vivid Sound/Soul Trax 1994) Cold Shot (Black Magic 1995) Hot Shot (Ecko 1996) You Turn Me On (Diamond Lady 1999) She Made A Freak Out Of Me (Ecko 2000) Somebody's After My Freak (Ecko 2001) Let The Good Times Roll (Wilson 2002) Before The Honeymoon (Hot Spot 2002) Chicago Blues & Deep Soul Legend\",\n \"title\": \"Lee \\\"Shot\\\" Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1562492\",\n \"text\": \"Wilbert Huntington Harrison (January 5, 1929 – October 26, 1994) was an American rhythm and blues singer, pianist, guitarist and harmonica player. Biography Harrison was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He had a Billboard #1 record in 1959 with the song \\\"Kansas City\\\". The song was written in 1952 and was one of the first credited collaborations by the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Harrison recorded \\\"Kansas City\\\" for the Harlem-based entrepreneur Bobby Robinson, who released it on his Fury record label. At the height of the song's success, Robinson was sued by Savoy Records who informed them that the release of the record in March 1959 violated a contract Harrison had with that label that was to expire in August 1959. The litigation, which lasted until September 1959, abruptly prevented Robinson from issuing follow-ups to \\\"Kansas City\\\" while Harrison was a star. Meanwhile, Harrison continued to perform and record but it would be another ten years before he again cracked the Billboard Top 40 when he released the self-penned \\\"Let's Work Together (Part 1)\\\" that went to #32 in early 1970 on the Billboard Hot 100. The 1970 hit version was released as a single on Sue Records (Sue 11) and was backed with \\\"Let's Work Together (Part 2)\\\". The song also was released in a 5 minute 19 second version on the Sue Records album SSLP-8801 Let's Work Together. The song was originally released by Harrison in 1962 with different lyrics as \\\"Let's Stick Together\\\" on Fury 1059 and Fury 1063. \\\"Let's Work Together\\\" was later a hit for Canned Heat, and, again as \\\"Let's Stick Together\\\", for Bryan Ferry. It was also recorded by country rock band the Kentucky Headhunters for the soundtrack to the movie Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man. In 1970, Harrison had some success with \\\"My Heart Is Yours\\\", and he toured for many years with a band known as 'Wilbert Harrison and the Roamers', and as a solo act. A follow-up album was released that year, Anything You Want. Reviewing it in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \\\"Let's Work Together was an anachronistic, even primitive r&b album based on the fluke hit of the same name, which makes this the follow-up. Side one consists entirely of roll and rock songs you'd swear you've heard before—'Your Three Letters,' eh, and what's this 'Let's Stick Together,' and why not bring out 'Kansas City' again? Very unprepossessing, very charming. In fact, if the second side weren't all standards and uncharming filler—only 'Sentimental Journey' is even funny—I wouldn't be recommending this to r&b diehards only.\\\" Harrison died of a stroke in 1994, in a Spencer, North Carolina, nursing home at the age of 65. In 2001, his recording of \\\"Kansas City\\\" was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and has also been named as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500\",\n \"title\": \"Wilbert Harrison\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19936569\",\n \"text\": \"Hollands Glorie: Luv' is a budget-priced compilation album by Dutch girl group Luv' released by CNR Records in 2002. It features hit singles scored in the charts between 1979 and 1981: \\\"Ooh, Yes I Do\\\", \\\"Ann-Maria\\\", \\\"One More Little Kissie\\\", \\\"My Number One\\\" and \\\"Tingalingaling\\\". These songs originate from their studio albums True Luv' (1979) and Forever Yours (1980). They are part of the CNR back catalogue and are licensed from Hans van Hemert productions, except the \\\"Megamix '93\\\" renamed \\\"Hit-medley (Megamix)\\\". Track listing All tracks written by Hans van Hemert and Piet Souer under the pseudonym 'Janschen & Janschens', except where noted. \\\"My Number One\\\" – 3:11 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \\\"One More Little Kissie\\\" – 3:46 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \\\"Tingalingaling\\\" – 2:31 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \\\"Ann-Maria (Piet Souer) – 4:41 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \\\"Rhythm 'n' Shoes (Hans van Hemert) – 3:07 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \\\"Ooh, Yes I Do\\\" (van Hemert) – 2:58 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \\\"Never Wanted to Be...\\\" – 4:34 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \\\"Cloud Nr. 9\\\" (van Hemert) – 3:25 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \\\"Boys Goodnight\\\" (Souer) – 2:40 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \\\"Flash\\\" (van Hemert) – 3:51 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \\\"I Win It\\\" – 3:05 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \\\"Some Call It Happiness\\\" – 3:09 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \\\"Wine, Women and Sing\\\" (van Hemert) – 3:45 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \\\"Getaway\\\" (Souer) – 3:03 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \\\"Stop Me\\\" (Souer) – 3:09 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \\\"Let There Be Love\\\" – 2:39 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \\\"Billy the Kid\\\" – 3:16 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \\\"Hit-medley (Megamix)\\\" – 2:49 Radio version. (\\\"U.O.me (Waldolala)\\\"/\\\"Trojan Horse\\\"/\\\"You're the Greatest Lover\\\"/\\\"Ooh, Yes I Do\\\") Personnel José Hoebee – vocals Patty Brard – vocals Marga Scheide – vocals Ria Thielsch – vocals Production Hans van Hemert – producer, songwriter Piet Souer – arranger/conductor, songwriter References External links Detailed Luv' discography at Rate Your Music Detailed Luv' discography at Discogs Luv' albums 2002 greatest hits albums\",\n \"title\": \"Hollands Glorie: Luv'\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1817554\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Owens (born August 17, 1961) is an American songwriter, record producer, DJ and singer, best known for his work with the Chicago house group Fingers Inc. in the mid-1980s. As a solo artist, he has placed several songs on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, two of which hit number-one: \\\"I'll Be Your Friend\\\" (1992), and \\\"Mine to Give\\\" (2000, a collaboration with Photek). Biography Though electronica has typically been a producer's medium (and the few vocalists who succeed are usually women), Robert Owens became one of the people associated with the late-1980s golden era of Chicago house. Born in Ohio, United States, Robert Owens grew up singing in church, but years later, he was working as a DJ in 1985, when he met Chicago producer Larry Heard. The pair formed Fingers Inc., along with Ron Wilson, and they released a few singles (\\\"You're Mine\\\"/\\\"It's Over\\\") plus the 1988 album, Another Side. The group disbanded quickly, as Heard's burgeoning solo-production career (as Mr. Fingers) took priority. Owens had already released recordings on his own - \\\"Bring Down the Walls\\\" and \\\"I'm Strong\\\" made for Alleviated (with production from Heard), and he signed a solo contract with 4th & B'way Records. His 1990 album Rhythms in Me lost visibility soon after within the quickly disintegrating Chicago house scene. (One of his best-known features of the late 1980s, \\\"Tears\\\", appeared with the names of Frankie Knuckles and producer Satoshi Tomiie.) By 1996, he had returned to dance music with \\\"Ordinary People\\\": a two-part EP recording for Musical Directions. He joined up with Tomiie (again) and Cevin Fisher in 1999, to make a track from Tomiie's Full Lick LP. One year later, in 2000, Owens appeared on the Photek hit \\\"Mine to Give\\\". In 2003, he joined with drum and bass act London Elektricity to provide the vocals for their album Billion Dollar Gravy. He collaborated with Coldcut on their album Sound Mirrors, on the track \\\"Walk a Mile in My Shoes\\\" in 2006. He collaborated with Rob Pearson on single \\\"Escape from the Madness\\\" which was released on Plastic City in 2007. In 2011, he collaborated with the Brookes Brothers on their single \\\"Beautiful\\\", which was released on the Breakbeat Kaos label. Later on in the same year he collaborated with Dutch drum and bass producer Icicle, and featured on the tracks \\\"Step Forward\\\" and \\\"Redemption\\\", which appeared on Icicle's debut album Under the Ice released in April 2011 on Shogun Audio. In 2012, he featured on Mosca's song \\\"Accidentally\\\" from the Eva Mendes EP and on Orgue Electronique's album Strange Paradise with the song \\\"Our House\\\". In 2013, he released the single \\\"Trusting Me\\\" taken from the vocal collaboration album Features by Kris Menace. The video of the single was premiered by MTV Iggy in the US. Discography Albums Rhythms in Me (1990) The Journey (1996) Night-Time Stories (2008) Art (2010) See also List of number-one dance hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the US\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Owens (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43173328\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\\\" is a song written by Memphis-based songwriter Earl Randle, and first recorded in 1972 by soul singer Ann Peebles. The song was also a hit in 1984 for English singer Paul Young. Ann Peebles version Produced by Willie Mitchell and with performances by the Hi Rhythm Section, Ann Peebles' recording was made at the Royal Studios on South Lauderdale Avenue in Memphis. It was issued as a single on the Hi label in January 1973. It reached no.31 on the US R&B chart, and \\\"bubbled under\\\" the Hot 100, reaching no.111. The track was also included on her 1974 album I Can't Stand the Rain. Writer Craig Werner said:Like the most powerful gospel soul from the early sixties, \\\"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\\\" serves notice on a cheating lover (white America? the brothers in the Black Panther movement?) that the free ride has come to an end. It's a restatement of the revolutionary gospel anthem \\\"Samson and Delilah,\\\" and the message, on every level, is the same: \\\"If I had my way, I would tear this building down.\\\" Later versions The song was later recorded by Graham Parker and the Rumour on their 1977 album Stick to Me. A cover version by Paul Young reached no. 9 on the UK singles chart in 1984, and no.13 on the Billboard Hot 100 when re-released the following year. It was included on Young's album The Secret of Association (1985). Samples The Ann Peebles' version of \\\"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\\\" was sampled in the track \\\"The Plan\\\" by Wu-Tang Clan affiliated group Sunz of Man on their album The Last Shall Be First (1998). Charts Ann Peebles Paul Young References 1972 songs 1973 singles 1984 singles Paul Young songs Graham Parker songs Song recordings produced by Willie Mitchell (musician) Hi Records singles Columbia Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3844601\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Love Is All Around\\\" is a song recorded by English rock band the Troggs. Released as a single in October 1967, it was a top-ten hit in both the UK and US. \\\"Love Is All Around\\\" has been covered by numerous artists, including R.E.M., with whom the Troggs subsequently recorded their 1992 comeback album Athens Andover. R.E.M.'s cover was a B-side on their 1991 \\\"Radio Song\\\" single, and they also played it during their first appearance at MTV's Unplugged series that same year. Wet Wet Wet's cover, for the soundtrack to the 1994 film Four Weddings and a Funeral, was an international hit and spent 15 consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. Writing and original recording Reg Presley, lead singer of the Troggs, wrote \\\"Love Is All Around\\\" in about ten minutes, inspired by a TV broadcast of the Salvation Army band Joystrings performing an evangelical song titled \\\"Love That's All Around\\\". The Troggs recorded Presley's song at Pye Studios for the record label Page One owned by their manager Larry Page, who also produced the recording. The single was released in the UK in October 1967. The Troggs had intended to sever ties with Page and his record label earlier that year; however, after the success of the single they decided to stay, though changed managers. The single was released in the rest of Europe and North America on Fontana Records. The B-side, \\\"When Will the Rain Come\\\" was written by drummer Ronnie Bond. On the UK Record Retailer chart (since recognised as the official chart for this period), \\\"Love Is All Around\\\" spent a total of 14 weeks on the chart, reaching its peak at number 5 in the fourth week of November 1967. Whilst, in the US, although it was released there in November 1967, the song did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 until February 1968. It spent a total of 16 weeks on the chart, reaching its peak at number 7 in the third week of May. \\\"Love Is All Around\\\" also performed well in Europe, becoming a top-twenty hit in several countries, though it failed to recapture the success of the Troggs' early singles such as \\\"Wild Thing\\\" and \\\"With a Girl Like You\\\". However, the song performed best in Southern Africa, where it topped the charts in South Africa and Rhodesia. Critical reception Reviewing for New Musical Express, Derek Johnson wrote that \\\"Love Is All Around\\\" is \\\"set to a fairly slow rhythm, with an appealing scoring of guitars, violins and cellos – plus a melody that takes a little time to register, but once you've got it in your mind, it sticks there! Reg sings warmly and sincerely – departing from that rather stilted style which has characterised many of the group's discs\\\". Peter Jones for Record Mirror described it as \\\"optimistic and cheery and full of sentiment. Like the way the string section is insinuating itself as it builds. Rather a serene slice of Troggs\\\". For Disc\",\n \"title\": \"Love Is All Around\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43137489\",\n \"text\": \"The Night We Called It a Day is the debut studio album by underground hip hop supergroup Deepspace5, released on January 8, 2002, through Uprok Records. It was recorded in Dallas, Texas. Recording The Night We Called It a Day was recorded in one week in Dallas, Texas, in the apartment of group member Playdough. It was produced by Beat Rabbi, DJ Dust, Freddie Bruno, and Playdough, with Playdough producing under a different moniker, Harry Krum. During the recording sessions, the group met future member Sivion. Lyrics and musical style The album features an underground, anti-commercial style. Jayson Young of RapReviews.com called the album \\\"strictly ground-roots, MC/DJ, hard-core hip-hop\\\". Young also found Listener's vocal style similar to Son Doobie, and noted that \\\"Stick This In Your Ear\\\" includes a flute sample. Jon Corbin, writing for cMusicWeb.com, noted that on \\\"World Go Round\\\", Beat Rabbi brings a progressive jazz feel through the use of drum patterns and bass lines. Jesus Freak Hideout's Chanile Campbell described the album as east coast \\\"smooth and a little jazzy\\\". RapReviews.com and Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms also described the album as very chill and laid back, with Gunnell commenting that \\\"If there is such a thing as easy listening hip hop, then this is definitely it!\\\" Thomas Quinlan of Exclaim! described the lyrical content of the album as mostly \\\"high concept songs\\\", but with some testimonials and praises to God. Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms and Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic both noted that the album's lyrics are intellectual and often humorous. Several reviewers noted the unusual verse by Listener on \\\"Stick This In Your Ear\\\", where he reads off a paragraph exactly as written – including punctuation. Jason Young wrote that Listener \\\"literally says every period, comma, and semi-colon found in his verse.\\\" Also highlighted by reviewers was the skit \\\"Close Caption\\\", where Listener translates a sign language rap by \\\"MC Fong\\\". Critical reception Critics responded quite favorably to the album. AllMusic rated the album three out of five stars, and found the album's seven-minute-plus long title track to be the standout track. Jon Corbin of cMusicWeb.com wrote \\\"Locked in Playdough's apartment, these boys got their creative juices flowing and whipped up something sweet, an album that reclaims hip-hop for the emcee.\\\" Corbin considered all of the songs well-crafted and developed, with the exceptions of \\\"Murder Creek\\\" and \\\"Take the Rhythm\\\", tracks which Corbin said will have the listener hitting the skip button. These tracks aside, he summarized: The production is very strong, especially considering that the album was created in a week. In all in all, this is a very good disc, filled with a wide range of topics to get your brain working and your head nodding. Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms rated the album eight out of ten squares and stated that when he first heard Deepspace5, he dismissed the group as \\\"just another depressing Christian rap group\\\", but that this release proved him wrong. Exclaim!'s Thomas Quinlan opined that \\\"Deepspace 5\",\n \"title\": \"The Night We Called It a Day (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3846631\",\n \"text\": \"Barbara Ann Lewis (born February 9, 1943) is an American singer and songwriter whose smooth style influenced rhythm and blues. Career Lewis was born in Salem, Michigan, United States. She was writing and recording by her teens with record producer Ollie McLaughlin, a black DJ at Ann Arbor radio station WHRV, now WAAM. Lewis's first single release, the uptempo \\\"My Heart Went Do Dat Da\\\" in 1962, did not chart nationally, but was a local hit in the Detroit, Michigan area. She wrote all of the songs on her debut LP, including the hit \\\"Hello Stranger\\\" which reached No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and featured extensive use of the Hammond organ. Lewis had moderate follow-up hits with \\\"Straighten Up Your Heart\\\" (#43) and her original \\\"Puppy Love\\\" (#38) before Bert Berns produced her million-seller \\\"Baby I'm Yours\\\" (U.S. #11), written by Van McCoy. Berns also produced the followup \\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\" (U.S. #11) which had originally been recorded by the Pixies Three, and Lewis's final Top 40 hit \\\"Make Me Belong to You\\\" (#28 in 1966), written by Chip Taylor and Billy Vera. At the end of the decade, she released a grittier-sounding album on Stax Records. Over the next decade, a number of other artists had success with Lewis' songs. Her own composition \\\"Hello Stranger\\\"—which had been remade in 1966 by the Capitols—was a regional hit in 1973 as remade by Fire & Rain and in 1977 Yvonne Elliman's version reached the US Top 20 and the UK Singles Chart Top 30: Elliman's version also topped the US Easy Listening chart for four weeks. In 1985 Carrie Lucas's remake of \\\"Hello Stranger\\\" was a Top 20 R&B hit and in 2004 Queen Latifah remade \\\"Hello Stranger\\\" for her The Dana Owens Album. Lewis had dropped out of public view for years after her career slowed in the 1960s. It was only after Elliman's hit in 1977 that she was tracked down by Casey Kasem for his AT40 show on June 4 of that year. According to Kasem, nobody knew where she had ended up, including her agent, who did not even know where to send her checks for the Elliman cover. According to Kasem, she was hoping to be rediscovered in Michigan when he found her. Health issues forced Lewis to retire from singing in 2017. \\\"Baby I'm Yours\\\" charted in versions by country singer Jody Miller and Debby Boone (the B-side of her single \\\"God Knows\\\"). In Canada, Suzanne Stevens had a hit in 1975 with a disco version of \\\"Make Me Your Baby\\\". Cover versions of her songs continue into the new millennium, with the Arctic Monkeys including a version of \\\"Baby I'm Yours\\\" as a B-side to their 2006 single \\\"Leave Before the Lights Come On\\\". In 1995, Lewis's \\\"Baby I'm Yours\\\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film The Bridges of Madison County, and in 2016 \\\"Hello Stranger\\\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film Moonlight. In 2019,\",\n \"title\": \"Barbara Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10530897\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Neutron Dance\\\" is a song written by Allee Willis and Danny Sembello which was introduced by the Pointer Sisters on their 1983 album Break Out. The song became a Top Ten hit in 1985, its success augmented by being prominently featured on the soundtrack of the motion picture Beverly Hills Cop. Background According to Allee Willis, \\\"Neutron Dance\\\" was written in hopes of being placed on the soundtrack of the film Streets of Fire: \\\"We were told that there was a scene on a bus that was leaving town after there had been this nuclear holocaust, and that a '50s doo-wop black group was going to be at the back of the bus that the lead couple was escaping on ... Danny Sembello and I just met that day ... I was very disinterested in songwriting at that point, and I'm writing with this kid who's never had a record before, and I just wanted to get him in and out\\\". \\\"He was a phenomenal keyboard player, and I just said: 'Play the most common sounding old fashioned '50s black music bass line that you can think of.' And he just started doing the [rhythm for \\\"Neutron Dance\\\"]. And I'm someone who could write a melody to a spoon falling on the table. So I literally sang that melody down. First time down, he just kind of followed and went to the right places. And then I said, Let's just write this quick lyric ... we're taking a half an hour on the lyric, and this thing's gonna get done.\\\" Willis adds that the lyric theme of \\\"Neutron Dance\\\" was due to \\\"all this stuff going on in my life: I don't want to take it anymore, I'll just stay here locked behind the door. Just no time to stop and get away, because I work so hard to make it every day. Really a lyric about all these things falling apart in your life, and you know what, just get it together and change your life.\\\" According to Willis while working on the lyrics with Sembello she looked through a window and saw someone attempting to break into her car: while running outside to scare off the thief Willis called out to Sembello: \\\"Someone stole my brand new Chevrolet\\\", and the line was included in the song. Released at the height of the Cold War, \\\"Neutron Dance\\\" was misinterpreted by the Russian Government as a song about nuclear war. The Pointer Sisters version / Beverly Hills Cop \\\"Neutron Dance\\\" featuring Ruth Pointer on lead vocal was introduced on the Pointer Sisters' October 1983 album release Break Out; Ruth Pointer would recall: \\\"When I first heard 'Neutron Dance' I didn't want to sing it. I liked [its] rhythm and vigorous arrangement but to me the word 'neutron' had a violent connotation on account of the neutron bomb then so much in the news.\\\" Ruth Pointer recalls suggesting to Allee Willis that the song's lyric be modified: \\\"she told me to\",\n \"title\": \"Neutron Dance\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30242710\",\n \"text\": \"The Mauds were an influential band in the 1960s, 1970s Chicago jazz rock, blue-eyed soul, blues rock, garage rock scene that included The Buckinghams, Chicago, Shadows of Knight, and The Ides of March. The Mauds was founded in 1964 by Bill Durling, rhythm guitar. Bill knew Jimy Rogers from 1964 and convinced him to start singing lead for Bill's band. Jimy and Bill then asked Billy Winter, bass, Robert “Fuzzy” Fuscaldo, lead guitar and Craig Baumgard, drums to join and the Mauds were born. These musicians built the Mauds unmistakable Chicago Blue-Eyed Soul Sound c.1965 to 1967. The name Mauds was a play on the 1960s British slang expression \\\"mod\\\", which meant modern. Bill Durling went off to college in Storm Lake, Iowa and was replaced by Timmy Coniglio on rhythm guitar and brass. Then, Craig Baumgard was replaced by Phil Weinberg on drums, and later, Denny Horan replaced Weinberg, and Bill Winter was replaced by Bill Sunter. History – band formation and early years It was Shadows frontman/vocalist Jimy Sohns who first discovered and championed The Mauds in 1966. Sohns helped them find gigs and was instrumental in their signing with Dunwich Records distributed by Mercury Records, where in 1967 they gained fame with their debut single, a cover of the Sam & Dave hit \\\"Hold On\\\" penned by David Porter and Isaac Hayes. The song was recorded at the original Chess Studios in Chicago, home to blues giants Willie Dixon, Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry. The Rolling Stones had recorded their second album there in 1964. The single charted locally at No. 15 on WCFL and No. 11 on WLS radio. The single might have gone higher, but a censorship controversy erupted when WLS got complaints about the lyrics, “Reach out to me for satisfaction; on my knees for quick reaction.” A cleaned-up version was recorded for WLS but the songs momentum was slowed. The Mauds recorded \\\"HA HA HA\\\" in 1967. Full album of material was recorded called “Hold On” that yielded several other blue-eyed soul songs, including “When Something is Wrong with my Baby,”“He Will Break Your Heart,” and “Knock On Wood”. The Mauds version of “Mercy, Mercy, Mercy” an instrumental jazz hit by Cannonball Adderley, written by Joe Zawinul had soulful lyrics written by Curtis Mayfield (though credited to Vincent & Gail Fisher Levy) especially for them. Mayfield was so happy with the way they did his “You Must Believe Me,” complete with Impressions-styled harmonies, that he promised to write several songs just for them. Jimy Rogers often lamented that unfortunately, their version was recorded around the same time (1967) as the Buckinghams more famous version, which had different lyrics and ended up being a No. 5 national hit. Two originals were included, “C’mon and Move” by Rogers and Fuscaldo, and “You Made Me Feel So Bad” by Horan and Fuscaldo. \\\"I rehearsed the first line-up of The Mauds when Jimy was still in high school and hand-picked them to replace us (the\",\n \"title\": \"The Mauds\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19920892\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Papa Can You Hear Me?\\\" is a song by British hip hop trio, N-Dubz. The song is dedicated to the group's former manager Byron Contostavlos, who died shortly before the band were signed to new label All Around the World. The song later became their second top 40 hit in the UK. Critical reception David Balls, writing for Digital Spy, wrote the following review: \\\"N-Dubz seem proud to be a band who sell as many ringtones as they do actual tracks. 'Remember that boy driving you mad every morning on the No.42? He's listening to our music,' they proclaim on their MySpace page. Whether that's a good thing probably depends on your age, but anyone would find it tough to fathom the appeal of their latest pop-garage single. Though it feels a bit harsh to knock 'Papa Can You Hear Me', which is dedicated to the band's late relative and former manager Byron Contostavlos, N-Dubz push any goodwill to the limit here. The mix of uber-serious rapping and abrasive beats is fundamentally awkward, while their lyrics are as crass as they are heartfelt. By showing their softer side, the Camden collective are probably hoping to win some new fans, but they should probably stick to making hip-hop bangers in the futureside.\\\" Music video The music video was premiered by the All Around the World label on their website on 13 October 2008. It includes Dappy holding onto a door knob after falling through singing in the air, Fazer running away and Tulisa floating in mid-air. Track listing Digital Download \\\"Papa Can You Hear Me?\\\" (Album Version) - 4:02 \\\"Papa Can You Hear Me?\\\" (Single Version) - 4:07 \\\"Papa Can You Hear Me?\\\" (The Studio Allstars V Festival Tribute To N-Dubz) - 4:09 \\\"Papa Can You Hear Me?\\\" (Live From BBC Radio Live Lounge) - 4:33 CD Single \\\"Papa Can You Hear Me?\\\" (Album Version) - 4:02 Charts On 23 November 2008, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at #30 on downloads alone. It became their second biggest hit peaking at #19, and at number #17 in the download chart. Following the single's success, it started falling down the Top 40, before climbing to #33 again, and finally falling to #47, where it stayed for 2 weeks. The song also peaked at #3 on the official R&B chart. References N-Dubz songs 2008 singles Songs written by Tulisa (singer) Songs written by Richard Rawson Songs written by Dappy 2008 songs All Around the World Productions singles Songs inspired by deaths Commemoration songs\",\n \"title\": \"Papa Can You Hear Me?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6644197\",\n \"text\": \"Bettye Swann (born Betty Jean Champion; October 24, 1944), also known as Betty Barton, is an American soul singer. She is best known for her 1967 hit song \\\"Make Me Yours\\\". Career Swann was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on October 24, 1944, as one of 14 children. She grew up in Arcadia, Louisiana, and moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1963. Although some sources state that Swann was in a vocal group known as The Fawns who recorded for Capital Records in 1964, she refuted this, saying that she sang with a trio in Arcadia by that name. In 1964, Swann started a solo singing career, changing her name to Bettye Swann at the prompting of local DJ Al Scott, who became her manager. After a minor hit with the self-penned \\\"Don’t Wait Too Long\\\", her big breakthrough came with \\\"Make Me Yours\\\", which topped the Billboard R&B chart in July 1967 and made No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 1968, she split with Scott, moved to Georgia, won a new contract with Capitol Records, and had another hit in 1969 with her cover of the Jeannie Seely hit \\\"Don't Touch Me\\\" (No. 14 R&B, No. 38 Hot 100). In 1972, Swann transferred to Atlantic Records and had a pair of minor hits with \\\"Victim of a Foolish Heart\\\" (later covered by Joss Stone) and Merle Haggard's \\\"Today I Started Loving You Again\\\". After leaving Money Records she lived for a short time in Athens, Georgia. She continued to record until the mid-1970s, but with little commercial success. Her last public performance was in 1980, the year her husband and manager, George Barton, died. Swann later changed her name to Betty Barton, began working as a teacher in the Las Vegas area, and became a Jehovah's Witness. She retired and, according to a 2005 interview, suffered from a degenerative spinal condition. In 2015, multiple elements from Swann's 1974 recording \\\"Kiss My Love Goodbye\\\" were sampled in the Galantis single \\\"Peanut Butter Jelly\\\". In 2019, Swann's \\\"Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye\\\" enjoyed a resurgence of interest when it was used as the closing song in the finale of the second series of The End of the F***ing World. In 2021, the Vermont-based rapper Subtex [Zeke Kreitzer] sampled the beginning lines of Swann's 1968 song, \\\"(My Heart Is) Closed for the Season\\\" in his track, \\\"Love Art Pain\\\". Discography Albums 1967: Make Me Yours (Money) 1969: The Soul View Now (Capitol) - R&B #48 1969: Don't You Ever Get Tired of Hurting Me (Capitol) 1990: Sweet Dreams (Capitol) 2001: The Money Recordings (Kent) 2004: Bettye Swann (Astralwerks/Honest Jon's) 2014: The Complete Atlantic Recordings (Rhino) 2015: The Very Best of Bettye Swann (Kent) Singles References External links 1944 births Living people Musicians from Shreveport, Louisiana African-American women singer-songwriters American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters Apex Records artists Atlantic Records artists Capitol Records artists Singer-songwriters from Louisiana People from Arcadia, Louisiana 21st-century African-American women singers 21st-century American women singers 20th-century African-American women\",\n \"title\": \"Bettye Swann\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17263228\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Please Return Your Love to Me\\\" is a 1968 hit single by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label. Produced by Norman Whitfield, who co-wrote the song with Barrett Strong and Barbara Neely, it is the last single to feature David Ruffin in the lineup (he is featured in the background). With Eddie Kendricks singing lead (his first as a solo lead vocalist since 1966's \\\"Get Ready\\\"), it peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 Pop charts in the Top 30 at number 26, and number 4 on the Billboard R&B Singles charts. Billboard described the single as a \\\"strong easy beat ballad loaded with sales appeal.\\\" Cash Box said that it is \\\"in a slow vein that carries new shades of power in the group’s familiar style\\\" and is \\\"backed by the solid Motown rhythm section.\\\" The B-side, \\\"How Can I Forget\\\", is led by Paul Williams and was allegedly one of the earliest songs recorded by the group after Ruffin's departure. Though \\\"How Can I Forget\\\" was also covered by Marvin Gaye, the Temptations' original did not appear on any album or compilation until 1994's Emperors of Soul box set. Personnel Lead vocals by Eddie Kendricks Background vocals by Melvin Franklin, Paul Williams, David Ruffin, and Otis Williams Written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong Produced by Norman Whitfield Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Notes 1968 singles The Temptations songs Songs written by Barrett Strong Songs written by Norman Whitfield Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield Gordy Records singles 1968 songs\",\n \"title\": \"Please Return Your Love to Me\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47385957\",\n \"text\": \"Live in London is the first live album by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy that was released in 1978 by Capitol Records and, as with her previous release, did not reach Billboard magazine's Top LP's & Tapes chart. On June 25, 2002, the album was released for the first time on compact disc. Background Reddy had announced in the summer of 1977 that Kim Fowley, producer of her recent album release Ear Candy, would produce an upcoming live album for the singer: it was anticipated that the album would be a recording of Reddy's 8 November 1977 concert at Radio City Music Hall. However, Reddy herself—collaborating with John Palladino—would produce her live album, which was recorded at her three-night plus one matinée gig at the London Palladium in May 1978. Repertoire Eight of Reddy's US Top 40 hits were performed at the Palladium in a penultimate twelve minute medley which also featured the Top 40 shortfall \\\"Crazy Love\\\" and two songs featured on albums by Reddy: \\\"I Believe in Music\\\" and \\\"The Last Blues Song\\\". In 1978 only one of Reddy's singles had reached the UK singles chart - which until May 1978 was a Top 50 ranking - , \\\"Angie Baby\\\" having reached #5 UK in 1975, and that song was performed in its entirety at the Palladium: throughout her performing career Reddy would habitually not truncate \\\"Angie Baby\\\" in concert due to its being a story song. (Two of Reddy's singles: \\\"I am Woman\\\" and \\\"Leave Me Alone (Ruby Red Dress)\\\", had almost reached the UK Top 50 but were performed at the Palladium on in the medley.) Also performed in full at the Palladium: \\\"You're My World\\\", Reddy's most recent US Top 40 hit (proving to be her last) which was a remake of a 1964 UK #1 hit (by Cilla Black); the Leon Russell composition \\\"Bluebird\\\", a 1975 US Top 30 shortfall for Reddy which the singer would apparently always enjoy performing live; and \\\"I Can't Hear You No More\\\" a lesser 1976 US hit for Reddy, which at the Palladium served as a frame for Reddy introducing her band members to the audience. Featuring four additional songs from the singer's past albums: \\\"This Masquerade\\\", \\\"The West Wind Circus\\\", \\\"I'll Be Your Audience\\\" (which served as the concert finale) and \\\"Hold Me in Your Dreams Tonight\\\" (on which Reddy played piano) and also \\\"Candle on the Water\\\" from the 1977 movie Pete's Dragon, Reddy's Palladium set-list also introduced five songs from her upcoming album release We'll Sing in the Sunshine: the title track, the disco track \\\"Ready or Not\\\" issued as UK single the month of the Palladium concert (May 1978), \\\"Mama\\\", \\\"Poor Little Fool\\\", and \\\"Rhythm Rhapsody\\\" - the last-named, which served as the concert's opening number, would in fact be cut from Reddy's We'll Sing in the Sunshine album. Live in London would include two songs never featured on an original studio album release by Reddy: besides \\\"Rhythm Rhapsody\\\", Reddy's Palladium set-list featured her\",\n \"title\": \"Live in London (Helen Reddy album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23705271\",\n \"text\": \"Make Yr Life is the fourth album by the American lesbian queercore band the Butchies, released in 2004. It was the band's final album. Production The album was produced by Greg Griffith; the band worked for two and half years on the songs, and spent 10 days recording them. The Butchies set out to make a poppier album. The band had been playing \\\"17\\\" in concert for years, and recorded the song after it had become a fan favorite. Critical reception The Washington Post thought that \\\"such thumping new songs as 'Trouble' and 'She's So Lovely' demonstrate that the band has lost none of its swagger, but overall this disc is the band's poppiest outing.\\\" The Advocate declared that \\\"Kaia Wilson, Melissa York, and Alison Martlew are undisputed masters of the two- to three-minute power-punk anthem.\\\" The Orlando Sentinel concluded that \\\"even when the lyrics lean toward melodrama, Wilson's slashing guitar combines with the rumbling rhythms of bassist Alison Martlew and drummer Melissa York to make words inconsequential.\\\" The Chicago Reader wrote that \\\"though York’s stick work is still hard and nimble, Make Yr Life feels a bit less punk than the Butchies’ first three records, as if they were dialing it back to show off their songwriting–which is chewier than ever.\\\" The Morning Call determined that \\\"where some may have turned to a cover of The Outfield's 'Your Love' for its nostalgic value, The Butchies make it their own, providing the album with a sexually heated closing track that is deliriously dramatic.\\\" AllMusic wrote that \\\"the band's quiet, drastic reworking of the Outfield's 1985 pop hit 'Your Love' just may be the cover version of the year.\\\" Track listing All songs composed by the Butchies, except as noted. \\\"Send Me You\\\" \\\"Trouble\\\" \\\"Make Yr Life\\\" \\\"Second Guess\\\" \\\"She's So Lovely\\\" \\\"Everything + Everywhere\\\" \\\"17\\\" \\\"Lydia\\\" \\\"Tell the Others\\\" \\\"Your Love\\\" (John Spinks) References 2004 albums The Butchies albums Queercore albums Yep Roc Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Make Yr Life\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25881596\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mind Your Own Business\\\" is a 1949 song written and originally performed by Hank Williams. Recording \\\"Mind Your Own Business\\\" was recorded on March 2, 1949, at Castle Studio in Nashville. During the same session, Williams also recorded \\\"You're Gonna Change (Or I'm Gonna Leave)\\\", \\\"My Son Calls Another Man Daddy\\\", and \\\"Honky Tonk Blues\\\". He is backed by Dale Potter (fiddle), Don Davis (steel guitar), Zeke Turner (lead guitar), Clyde Baum (mandolin), Jack Shook (rhythm guitar), and probably Ernie Newton (bass). Content In the song, the narrator admonishes a local busybody for snooping and gossiping. While the delivery is light and breezy, the song's lyrics were likely inspired by the singer's own tempestuous relationship with wife Audrey Williams and the buzz it created. The opening lines seem to reference this: \\\"If the wife and I are fussin', brother that's our right/'Cause me and that sweet woman's got a license to fight...\\\" His delivery is measured, laconic, and dry. The day before, Hank had cut several duets with his wife Audrey, who by all accounts had limited singing talent. Introducing it in October 1949, he told his radio audience that it was a \\\"little prophecy in song\\\", and indeed it would prove to be. The song is similar in tone and structure to Williams' first Billboard hit \\\"Move It on Over\\\", with the singer couching his moral indignation in humor, allowing the subject matter to resonate with the public. \\\"Mind Your Own Business\\\" went to No. 6 on the C&W Best Seller list where it stayed for two weeks. Hank Williams Jr. version In late 1986, Hank Williams Jr. recorded the song along with Reba McEntire, Tom Petty, Reverend Ike, and Willie Nelson. This version was the most successful, going to No. 1 on the country chart for two weeks. Other versions In 1964, Jimmy Dean hit the country charts with his version of the song. His version spent six weeks on the charts and peaked at No. 35. Ernest Tubb included it on his 1968 LP Ernest Tubb Sings Hank Williams. In 1971, Steve Goodman recorded it on his debut album. In 1975, Henry McCullough recorded the song, and used it as the title track of his solo album on Dark Horse Records. Moe Bandy recorded it for his 1975 LP Here I Am Drunk Again. Charley Pride recorded it for his 1980 album There's a Little Bit of Hank in Me. Moe Bandy recorded the song for his 1983 tribute Sings the Songs of Hank Williams. Taj Mahal recorded the song for his 1997 album Señor Blues. References Sources 1949 songs 1949 singles 1964 singles 1986 singles Songs written by Hank Williams Hank Williams songs Jimmy Dean songs Moe Bandy songs Charley Pride songs Hank Williams Jr. songs Warner Records singles Curb Records singles Song recordings produced by Fred Rose (songwriter) Vocal collaborations\",\n \"title\": \"Mind Your Own Business (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3390336\",\n \"text\": \"Bettye LaVette (born Betty Jo Haskins, January 29, 1946) is an American soul singer who made her first record at sixteen, but achieved only intermittent fame until 2005, when her album I've Got My Own Hell to Raise was released to widespread critical acclaim, and was named on many critics' \\\"Best of 2005\\\" lists. Her next album, The Scene of the Crime, debuted at number one on Billboard's Top Blues Albums chart and was nominated for Best Contemporary Blues Album at the 2008 Grammy Awards. She received the Legacy of Americana Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2023 Americana Music Honors & Awards. LaVette's eclectic musical style combines elements of soul, blues, rock and roll, funk, gospel, and country music. In 2020, she was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. Life and career LaVette was born in Muskegon, Michigan, and raised in Detroit. Unlike many of her contemporaries, she did not begin singing in the church, but in her parents' living room, singing R&B and country and western music. She was raised as a Catholic. She was signed by Johnnie Mae Matthews, a local record producer. In 1962, aged sixteen, she recorded a single, \\\"My Man – He's a Lovin' Man\\\", with Matthews: the disc was credited to Betty LaVett, the surname being \\\"borrowed\\\" from Sherma Lavette Anderson, the singer's friend who had introduced her to Matthews. Picked up by Atlantic Records, LaVette's disc became a major R&B hit over the fall and winter of 1963–64 – eventually reaching the R&B Top Ten – resulting in LaVette touring with such Atlantic Records R&B hitmakers as Clyde McPhatter, Ben E. King, Barbara Lynn, and rising star Otis Redding. After two overlooked single releases in respectively 1963 and 1964, LaVette in 1965 returned to the R&B charts with \\\"Let Me Down Easy\\\" on Calla Records, her first release to be credited to Betty LaVette: the spelling of the singer's first name as Bettye would date from her 1977 Bubbling Brown Sugar gig. Though only a peripheral success with an R&B chart peak of No. 48, \\\"Let Me Down Easy\\\" afforded LaVette sufficient cachet to briefly tour with The James Brown Revue. After recording several singles for local Detroit labels, LaVette signed to the Silver Fox label in 1969. She cut a handful of tracks, including two Top 40 R&B hits: \\\"He Made A Woman Out Of Me\\\" and \\\"Do Your Duty\\\". The Memphis studio musicians on these recordings have since become known as The Dixie Flyers. In 1972, she signed once again with Atlantic/Atco. She was sent to Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Alabama to record what was to be her first album. Titled Child of the Seventies, it was produced by Brad Shapiro and featured the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, now known as The Swampers, but Atco chose not to issue the album. The mid-1970s saw a brief stint and two 45s with Epic, and in 1978 LaVette released the disco smash on West End Records \\\"Doin' The Best That I\",\n \"title\": \"Bettye LaVette\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2416747\",\n \"text\": \"Elvis Now is the 16th studio album by American singer Elvis Presley, released in February 1972. The album entered Billboard on February 12, and reached No. 43. The only single from the album, \\\"Until It's Time for You to Go\\\" / \\\"We Can Make the Morning\\\" reached number 9 on the Easy Listening chart in the US in March 1972 and number 5 on the UK Singles Chart in April 1972. The album was certified Gold on March 27, 1992, by the RIAA. \\\"Sylvia\\\" became a hit for Presley in Brazil in the 1970s. Content Despite the \\\"now\\\" in the title, the tracks on this album were recorded anywhere from one to three years before its release. The Beatles' \\\"Hey Jude\\\" was a leftover from the sessions at the American Studio in Memphis in early 1969. \\\"Sylvia\\\" and \\\"I Was Born About Ten Thousand Years Ago\\\" were recorded during the Nashville sessions of June 1970 (the latter had been released in fragmentary form on the Elvis Country album). The rest of the songs were from more recent sessions held at RCA Studio B in Nashville in March, May, and June 1971. Unlike Presley's other albums of that period (Elvis Country, He Touched Me and Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas, each dedicated to a particular genre) Elvis Now encompasses a variety of genres, including country, gospel, soul and pop. Reissues In 2010, an extended version of the album was released as part of the FTD collector series. It consists of the original 1972 album and a number of bonus tracks, originating from the 1971 Nashville sessions: two non-album singles from 1971 (\\\"I'm Leavin'\\\" and \\\"It's Only Love\\\"), a B-side from the upcoming \\\"An American Trilogy\\\" single (\\\"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\\\") as well as plenty of outtakes, including \\\"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right\\\" informal jam, lasting more than nine minutes (its shortened version having been included on the 1973 Elvis album). Track listing Original release 2010 reissue (FTD) Personnel Sourced from Keith Flynn. Elvis Presley - lead vocals; acoustic rhythm guitar on \\\"Hey Jude\\\" (uncertain), “Sylvia” (uncertain) and “I Was Born About Ten Thousand Years Ago” James Burton - lead guitar Norbert Putnam - bass Chip Young - rhythm guitar Charlie Hodge - acoustic rhythm guitar David Briggs - piano Jerry Carrigan - drums, percussion on \\\"Fools Rush In (Where Angels Fear to Tread\\\", \\\"We Can Make the Morning\\\" and \\\"Help Me Make It Through the Night\\\" Charlie McCoy - harmonica on \\\"I Was Born About Ten Thousand Years Ago\\\" and \\\"Early Morning Rain\\\"; organ, percussion, or harmonica on \\\"Sylvia\\\" and \\\"Miracle of the Rosary\\\"; organ on \\\"Help Me Make It Through the Night\\\", \\\"Put Your Hand in the Hand\\\" and \\\"Until It's Time For You To Go\\\" Kenneth Buttrey - drums on \\\"Until It's Time For You To Go\\\", \\\"Fools Rush In (Where Angels Fear to Tread)\\\", \\\"We Can Make the Morning\\\" and \\\"Help Me Make It Through the Night\\\" Reggie Young - lead\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Now\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1174867\",\n \"text\": \"Ann Lee Peebles (born April 27, 1947) is an American retired singer and songwriter who gained popularity for her Memphis soul albums of the 1970s while signed to Hi Records. Her most successful singles include \\\"I Can't Stand the Rain\\\", which she wrote with her husband Don Bryant and radio broadcaster Bernie Miller, and \\\"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\\\". In 2014, she was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame. Biography She was born in Kinloch, Missouri, the seventh child of eleven. As a child she began singing in the choir of her father's church and with the family's group, the Peebles Choir, who regularly opened shows for gospel stars including Mahalia Jackson and the Soul Stirrers featuring Sam Cooke. She was also influenced by R&B performers, including Muddy Waters, Mary Wells and Aretha Franklin. She began performing in clubs in St. Louis, and in the mid-1960s joined a revue led by bandleader Oliver Sain. While visiting Memphis in 1968, she sang in a club with trumpeter Gene \\\"Bowlegs\\\" Miller, a popular local bandleader known for helping other musicians, such as the members of the Hi Rhythm Section who played on Peebles' recordings, get their start in the Memphis music industry. Miller introduced her to Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell, who quickly offered her a recording contract. Her first record, \\\"Walk Away\\\", written by Sain, reached the R&B chart in 1969, as did the follow-up, \\\"Give Me Some Credit\\\", and she released an album, This Is Ann Peebles. All her early records on Hi were produced by Mitchell, and featured the signature sound of the Hi Rhythm Section and Memphis Horns. In 1970, her single \\\"Part Time Love\\\" - a version of Little Johnny Taylor's 1963 hit - reached no. 7 on the R&B chart, and no.45 on the pop chart, and she began working with the Hi label's songwriter Don Bryant, with whom she began a relationship and married in 1974. The first songs he wrote for her were \\\"99 Pounds\\\" and \\\"Good things come in small packages/ You'll have to agree to that\\\" in 1971. She continued to have R&B hits in the early 1970s, including \\\"I Pity the Fool,\\\" \\\"Slipped, Tripped and Fell in Love,\\\" \\\"Breaking Up Somebody's Home\\\" (a Hot 100 hit in 1973 for Albert King and later recorded by Bette Midler), \\\"Somebody's on Your Case,\\\" and \\\"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\\\" (later a hit for Paul Young). She was also the only female singer on Hi to release a string of albums, including Straight from the Heart and I Can't Stand the Rain, which contained many tracks that she co-wrote with Bryant. The title track of the latter album, written by Peebles and Bryant with DJ Bernard Miller, was her biggest commercial success, reaching no. 6 on the R&B chart and no. 38 on the pop chart in 1973. Although she continued to have hit R&B singles and to release albums on Hi, none matched the success of \\\"I Can't Stand\",\n \"title\": \"Ann Peebles\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"211626\",\n \"text\": \"Johnnie Harrison Taylor (May 5, 1934 – May 31, 2000) was an American recording artist and songwriter who performed a wide variety of genres, from blues, rhythm and blues, soul, and gospel to pop, doo-wop, and disco. He was initially successful at Stax Records with the number-one R&B hits \\\"Who's Making Love\\\" (1968), \\\"Jody's Got Your Girl and Gone\\\" (1971) and \\\"I Believe in You (You Believe in Me)\\\" (1973), and reached number one on the US pop charts with \\\"Disco Lady\\\" in 1976. In 2022, Taylor was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. Biography Early years Johnnie Taylor was born in Crawfordsville, Arkansas, United States. He grew up in West Memphis, Arkansas, performing in gospel groups as a youngster. As an adult, he had one release, \\\"Somewhere to Lay My Head\\\", on Chicago's Vee Jay Records label in the 1950s, as part of the gospel group The Highway Q.C.'s, which included a young Sam Cooke. Taylor's singing then was strikingly close to that of Cooke, and he was hired to take Cooke's place in the latter's gospel group, the Soul Stirrers, in 1957. A few years later, after Cooke had established his independent SAR Records, Taylor signed on as one of the label's first acts and recorded \\\"Rome Wasn't Built In A Day\\\" in 1962. However, SAR Records quickly became defunct after Cooke's death in 1964. In 1966, Taylor moved to Stax Records in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was dubbed \\\"The Philosopher of Soul\\\". He recorded with the label's house band, which included Booker T. & the M.G.'s. His hits included \\\"I Had a Dream\\\", \\\"I've Got to Love Somebody's Baby\\\" (both written by the team of Isaac Hayes and David Porter) and most notably \\\"Who's Making Love\\\", which reached No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 1 on the R&B chart in 1968. \\\"Who's Making Love\\\" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In 1970, Taylor married Gerlean Rockett and they remained married until his death in 2000. His children from that marriage are Jon Harrison Taylor, and Tasha Taylor, both musicians. During his tenure at Stax, he became an R&B star, with over a dozen chart successes, such as \\\"Jody's Got Your Girl and Gone\\\", which reached No. 23 on the Hot 100 chart, \\\"Cheaper to Keep Her\\\" (Mack Rice) and record producer Don Davis's penned \\\"I Believe in You (You Believe in Me)\\\", which reached No. 11 on the Hot 100 chart. \\\"I Believe in You (You Believe in Me)\\\" also sold in excess of one million copies, and was awarded gold disc status by the R.I.A.A. in October 1973. Taylor, along with Isaac Hayes and The Staple Singers, was one of the label's flagship artists, who were credited for keeping the company afloat in the late 1960s and early 1970s after the death of its biggest star, Otis Redding, in an aviation accident. He appeared in the documentary film, Wattstax, which was released in 1973. Columbia Records\",\n \"title\": \"Johnnie Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34057190\",\n \"text\": \"We Sing UK Hits is a 2011 karaoke game part of the We Sing series of games, developed by French studio Le Cortex. The game features 100% United Kingdom artists. Gameplay The gameplay is similar to the SingStar set of video games. Players are required to sing along with music in order to score points, matching pitch and rhythm. The game has anti cheat technology whereby tapping or humming will register on the screen but no points will be awarded. We Sing UK Hits also contains the addition of 'Star Notes' that allow the player to score even more points by matching the pitch and rhythm of certain hard to score parts of songs. 40 full licensed songs with music videos where available Solo Mode Multiplayer modes - Group Battle, We Sing, Versus, Pass the Mic, First to X, Expert, Blind, Marathon. Real Karaoke mode Jukebox mode Singing Lessons Award System Customisable backgrounds Four Microphones Integrates with a USB hub Due to hardware limitations with the Wii only having two USB ports, a USB hub is shipped with certain retail versions to add more USB ports. The game uses the standard logitech USB microphone for the Wii. Track List Adele - Chasing Pavements Amy Winehouse - Rehab The Animals - The House of the Rising Sun Bananarama - Venus The Beautiful South - A Little Time Blur - Girls & Boys Bucks Fizz - Making Your Mind Up Coldplay - Speed of Sound David Bowie - Let's Dance Dido - White Flag Dusty Springfield - Son Of A Preacher Man East 17 - Stay Another Day Eliza Doolittle - Pack Up Elton John - Candle In The Wind Example - Kickstarts Florence + the Machine - You've Got The Love Gabrielle - Dreams Happy Mondays - Step On James Blunt - You're Beautiful Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne - Down Jessie J - Do It Like A Dude Kim Wilde - Kids in America Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love Lulu & The Luvvers - Shout Madness - It Must Be Love McFly - 5 Colours In Her Hair Plan B - She Said Pulp - Common People Queen - Don't Stop Me Now Queen & David Bowie - Under Pressure Radiohead - Creep Rick Astley - Never Gonna Give You Up The Saturdays - Missing You Spice Girls - Who Do You Think You Are Sugababes - Push The Button Texas - I Don't Want A Lover Tinchy Stryder Ft. N-Dubz - Number 1 The Ting Tings - That's Not My Name Tinie Tempah - Pass Out Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go Peripherals Due to hardware limitations with the Wii only having two USB ports, a USB hub is shipped with certain retail sku's to add more USB ports. The game uses the standard Logitech USB microphone for the Wii. See also We Sing We Sing Encore We Sing Robbie Williams SingStar Karaoke Revolution Lips References External links We Sing Website 2011 video games Karaoke video games\",\n \"title\": \"We Sing UK Hits\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2114441\",\n \"text\": \"Denise Lisa Maria Pearson (born 13 June 1968), sometimes credited as Deniece Pearson, is an English singer-songwriter. She was the lead vocalist with the British pop/R&B group Five Star, which comprised herself and her four siblings. The group was created and managed by their father, Buster Pearson, in 1983. The group officially disbanded in 2001, though partial reunions have occurred since. Career with Five Star As well as being lead singer, Pearson was also the most prolific composer of the group. Five Star tracks written by her include \\\"Stay Out of My Life\\\" (1986) (Five Star's only self-composed top-ten single), \\\"Hard Race\\\" (1987), \\\"There's a Brand New World\\\" (1988) and \\\"What About Me Baby\\\" (1990); ballads such as \\\"Live Giving Love\\\" (1987), \\\"Let Me Be Yours\\\" (1988), \\\"Feel Much Better\\\" (1990), \\\"Funktafied\\\" (2001), \\\"Don't Let Me Be the Lonely One\\\" (2001) and \\\"Tell Me What You Want\\\" (2001); and the uptempo \\\"I'm Still Waiting\\\" (1990), \\\"Tienes Mi Amour\\\" (1990), \\\"Going With the Moment\\\" (1994) and \\\"Show Me\\\" (1994). In 1986, Five Star received a Grammy Award nomination in the \\\"Best Rhythm and Blues Instrumental Performance\\\" category for Pearson's composition, \\\"First Avenue\\\", which was the B-Side of Five Star's first hit single \\\"All Fall Down\\\". After Five Star Projects outside of Five Star included a 1997 recording of \\\"This Pain\\\", a duet with former Bros singer Matt Goss. Pearson was featured singing backing vocals for Tamia in 2001 for the song \\\"Stranger in My House\\\" (as heard on the WB series For Your Love). In 2005, Pearson and singer-songwriter Ryan Tedder of the group OneRepublic wrote several songs together including \\\"Over You\\\" sung by Denise herself, and \\\"Strike\\\" which was performed by US teen sensation Nikki Flores. They also worked together on a new version of Five Star's 1986 hit single \\\"System Addict\\\". In 2007, Pearson announced she was working on solo material. In May 2008, she recorded a promotional video for one of her tracks, alongside brother Stedman, and a team of trained backing singers and dancers, Denise played several dates as Five Star to celebrate the group's 25th anniversary. In 2009, Pearson made her West End Theatre debut in the show Thriller – Live, a musical based on the music of Michael Jackson. In 2009, City Life magazine described her as \\\"uncannily pitch perfect as a female answer to MJ [Michael Jackson]\\\". In September 2011, Pearson appeared as one of the lead singers in the new West End show Respect La Diva which ran at the Garrick Theatre for a limited run. In March 2012, Denise appeared on BBC talent show, The Voice UK, as a contestant. She joined the team of Tom Jones after singing Fighter by Christina Aguilera. She was, however, credited as Deniece Pearson. During the second round of the contest, her rival Ruth Brown was picked by coach Tom Jones over her for the live finals. In December 2012, Pearson appeared in her first pantomime, starring as the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella at the Milton\",\n \"title\": \"Denise Pearson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28143364\",\n \"text\": \"Neil Sedaka Sings Little Devil and His Other Hits is a solo album by Neil Sedaka released in 1961 immediately after the cover versions of earlier hits in Circulate. Track listing All tracks composed by Neil Sedaka and Howard Greenfield; except where indicated \\\"Little Devil\\\" \\\"Oh! Carol\\\" \\\"You Mean Everything to Me\\\" \\\"Run Samson Run\\\" \\\"The Girl For Me\\\" (Sylvester Bradford, Annebelle Thompson) \\\"Stairway to Heaven\\\" \\\"Calendar Girl\\\" \\\"I Must Be Dreaming\\\" \\\"Going Home to Mary Lou\\\" \\\"The Diary\\\" \\\"What Am I Gonna Do\\\" \\\"One Way Ticket\\\" (Hank Hunter, Jack Keller) Singles All of the songs on this album were released on 45 rpm singles. Seven of the twelve songs on this album hit the charts as follows: \\\"Little Devil\\\" (US #11, UK #9) \\\"Oh! Carol\\\" (US #9, UK #3) \\\"You Mean Everything to Me\\\" (US #17, UK #45) \\\"Run Samson Run\\\" (US #28) \\\"Stairway to Heaven\\\" (US #9, UK #8) \\\"Calendar Girl\\\" (#4, UK #8) \\\"The Diary\\\" (US #14) (already found on the Rock with Sedaka album) \\\"You Mean Everything to Me\\\" and \\\"Run Samson Run\\\" were released together on a 45 rpm record; with both songs charting, the record gave Sedaka a rare double A-side. The other five songs had also seen 45 rpm single releases as follows: \\\"The Girl For Me\\\" was a non-charting A-side from 1959. \\\"I Must Be Dreaming\\\" was the B-side of \\\"Little Devil\\\" in 1961. \\\"Going Home To Mary Lou\\\" was a non-charting single from 1959. \\\"What Am I Gonna Do\\\" was the B-side of \\\"Going Home To Mary Lou\\\" in 1959. \\\"One Way Ticket (to the Blues)\\\" was the B-side of \\\"Oh, Carol!\\\" in 1959. Re-releases 1993 The album was re-released in 1993 with the same 12 original tracks in addition to 8 bonus tracks: 13) \\\"Stupid Cupid\\\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) 14) \\\"You Got to Learn Your Rhythm and Blues\\\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) 15) \\\"Sweet Little You\\\" (Mann, Kolber) (US #59) 16) \\\"King of Clowns\\\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) (US #45 UK #23) 17) \\\"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\\\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) (US #1, UK #7) 18) \\\"Next Door To An Angel\\\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) (US #5, UK #29) 19) \\\"The Dreamer\\\" (Grossman) (#47) 20) \\\"Let's Go Steady Again\\\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) (US #26, UK #42) 2010 The 12 tracks from the original 1961 release were reissued again in late 2010, combined with the tracks from the 1978 album The Many Sides Of Neil Sedaka. 2017 In April 2017, the UK-based Hallmark Records reissued this album on CD according to the original 1961 track listing. 1961 albums Neil Sedaka albums RCA Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Sedaka Sings Little Devil and His Other Hits\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6688922\",\n \"text\": \"Ruby Johnson (April 19, 1936 – July 4, 1999) was an American soul singer, best known for her recordings on the Volt label in the late 1960s. Life and career She was born in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, and was raised in the Jewish faith. She sang, with her eight brothers and sisters, in the Temple Beth-El choir. After completing high school, she moved to Virginia Beach where she worked as a waitress and began singing rhythm and blues with local bands, before spending two years with Samuel Latham and the Rhythm Makers. She then moved to Washington, D.C. in the late 1950s, and joined Ambrose and the Showstoppers, the house band at the Spa nightclub. Local entrepreneur Never Duncan Jnr. became her manager, and placed her with record producer Dicky Williams. Her first single, \\\"Calling All Boys\\\", was issued in 1960 on the V-Tone label, before Duncan established his own recording company, NEBS. She released a succession of singles on NEBS, including \\\"Here I Go Again\\\", \\\"Worried Mind\\\", and \\\"Nobody Cares\\\", some of which became local hits. When her local supporter, disc jockey Al Bell, began working for Stax Records in Memphis in 1965, he won her a contract with the label. There, she recorded a handful of classic soul records with the writing and production team of Isaac Hayes and David Porter, and backing musicians including Steve Cropper, \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn and Al Jackson. These were issued on the Stax subsidiary label, Volt. They included \\\"I'll Run Your Hurt Away\\\", which reached No. 31 on the Billboard R&B chart in 1966, and \\\"If I Ever Needed Love\\\", both tracks which became staples of subsequent soul compilations, such as those by Dave Godin. Despite the quality of her records, they met with little success, and after a few more years singing in clubs, she gave up her singing career in 1974. She worked in government posts, and eventually became the director of Foster Grandparents, a federal programme helping handicapped children relate to older generations. She also returned to worship and sing at the Temple Beth-El near her home in Lanham, Maryland. A compilation CD, including many previously unissued tracks, was issued in 1993. She died in 1999, aged 63. Discography Singles 1961 \\\"Callin' All Boys\\\" / \\\"Pleadin' Heart\\\" – V-TONE 222 1963 \\\"I Received Your Message\\\" / \\\"Stop Wasting Your Tears\\\" – Pledge 108 1964 \\\"Worried Mind\\\" / \\\"I'm Hooked\\\" – NEBS 502 1964 \\\"What Goes Up Must Come Down\\\" / \\\"I Want A Real Man\\\" – NEBS 503 1965 \\\"Let Me Apologise\\\" / \\\"Don't Start Nothing\\\" – NEBS 101 1965 \\\"Here I Go Again\\\" / \\\"Jerk Shout\\\" – NEBS 501 1966 \\\"I'll Run Your Hurt Away\\\" / \\\"Weak Spot\\\" – Volt 133 1966 \\\"Come To Me My Darling\\\" / \\\"When My Love Comes Down\\\" – Volt 140 1967 \\\"Reach Out and Touch Me\\\" / \\\"Come Back To Me\\\" – NEBS 508 1967 \\\"If I Ever Needed Love (I Sure Do Need It Now)\\\" / \\\"Keep On Keeping On\\\" –\",\n \"title\": \"Ruby Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8977744\",\n \"text\": \"High School Musical: Sing It! is a video game for the Wii and PlayStation 2 based on the High School Musical franchise. The game features the songs from the first High School Musical and its 2007 sequel, High School Musical 2. It also features a selection of songs from Disney Channel artists and a \\\"Story mode\\\" where the players can follow the story of the first movie through Kelsi's perspective. The characters of Troy, Gabriella, Chad, Taylor, Ryan, and Sharpay are available to the player, alongside an option to create their own character. The visuals of the game are animated and based on motion capture. It's the first game in the Disney Sing It series and was followed by the self-titled game. Songs Start of Something New Get'cha Head in the Game What I've Been Looking For (Sharpay and Ryan version) What I've Been Looking For (Troy and Gabriella version) Stick to the Status Quo When There Was Me and You Bop to the Top Breaking Free We're All in This Together I Can't Take My Eyes Off of You What Time Is It? Fabulous Work This Out You Are the Music in Me I Don't Dance You Are the Music in Me (Sharpay Version) Gotta Go My Own Way Bet On It Everyday ** All for One Humuhumunukunukuapua'a All Good Now * Beautiful Soul * Cheetah Sisters * Counting on You * I Will Be Around * Jump to the Rhythm * No One* On The Ride* Push It to the Limit * Bonus Song. This song was not in any of the High School Musical movies. Original movie soundtrack recording of this song. Stages Auditorium Cafeteria Corridors Golf Course Gym New Year's Eve Lodge Rooftop Garden School Grounds Science Class Summer Resort Swimming Pool Trophy Room Reception Reviews for the game are mostly mixed, as GameRankings gave it a score of 55.75% for the PlayStation 2 version and 59.67% for the Wii version, while Metacritic gave it a score of 56 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version and 64 out of 100 for the Wii version. The PlayStation 2 version of Sing It! received a \\\"Platinum\\\" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. See also Disney Sing It Disney Sing It! – High School Musical 3: Senior Year Disney Sing It: Pop Hits Disney Sing It: Party Hits Disney Sing It: Family Hits References External links Official site 1 Official site 2 GameSpot page Information on the game PlayStation 2 games Wii games 2007 video games Sing It! Karaoke video games Behaviour Interactive games Video games developed in Canada\",\n \"title\": \"High School Musical: Sing It!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8300664\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Working in the Coal Mine\\\" is a song with music and lyrics by the American musician and record producer Allen Toussaint. It was an international hit for Lee Dorsey in 1966, and has been recorded by other musicians including Devo in 1981. Lee Dorsey original version After Toussaint returned to New Orleans from the U.S. Army, in which he served from 1963 to 1965, he formed a production company, Sansu (also known as \\\"Tou-Sea Productions\\\"), with partner Marshall Sehorn. He produced a number of singles performed by Lee Dorsey in 1965 and 1966, including \\\"Ride Your Pony\\\" and \\\"Working in the Coal Mine\\\". Written, arranged and produced by Toussaint, the song concerns the suffering of a man who rises before 5 o'clock each morning in order to work in a coal mine, five days a week, where the conditions are very harsh and dangerous, but which offers the only prospect of paid employment. The singer repeatedly asks the Lord, \\\"How long can this go on?\\\" and complains that when the weekend arrives, he's too exhausted to have any fun. In the instrumental section, as in the song's fade, he says: \\\"Lord, I'm so tired / How long can this go on?\\\" The song features the sound of a pickaxe clinking, as if the musicians were working in a mine. Says producer Allen Toussaint \\\"There wasn’t as much percussion as you might think on there. It was a certain drummer and we had my brother hit the mic' stand with a drum stick for the pick sound. Those were the two percussion instruments.\\\" The recording took place at Cosimo Matassa's Governor Nichols Street studio in the French Quarter of New Orleans. Musicians included guitarist Roy Montrell, drummer Albert \\\"June\\\" Gardner, and bassist Walter Payton. It was a hit for Lee Dorsey, released on Amy Records (catalogue number 958), and entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on July 23, 1966, eventually peaking at #8, while reaching #5 on the Billboard R&B chart. It also reached #8 on the UK Singles Chart. Toussaint said that neither he nor Dorsey had ever been down a coal mine: \\\"We didn’t know anything about a coal mine\\\". He said of Dorsey: \\\"He was very good to work with. Very inspiring because he had such a happiness about him. He loved what he was doing when he was singing. He was a body and fender man when he wasn’t singing and even at his peak, when he would come off the road at the end of a successful tour, he would go and get into his grease clothes, his dirty work gear and go and work on cars. Straightening out fenders and painting bodywork. But really it was his finest hour when he was singing. He was a very good person for me to work with and he totally trusted me every step of the way.\\\" Over time, Dorsey's version of \\\"Working in the Coal Mine\\\" has been featured in many movies and television programs, including Where\",\n \"title\": \"Working in the Coal Mine\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Ian Dury","the Blockheads"],"string":"[\n \"Ian Dury\",\n \"the Blockheads\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":91,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_5118"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what was the first month of the roman calendar"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"311223","text":"Sextilis () or mensis Sextilis was the Latin name for what was originally the sixth month in the Roman calendar, when March (Martius, \"Mars' month\") was the first of ten months in the year. After the calendar reform that produced a twelve-month year, Sextilis became the eighth month, but retained its name. It was renamed Augustus (August) in 8 BC in honor of the first Roman emperor, Augustus. Sextilis followed Quinctilis, which was renamed Julius (July) after Julius Caesar, and preceded September (from septem, \"seven\"), which was originally the seventh month. The month Augustus Julius (July) was renamed from Quintilis (\"fifth\" month) in honor of Julius Caesar, who had adopted his grand-nephew Octavian, the future Augustus, and made him his heir. It has sometimes been thought that the month has 31 days because Augustus wanted as many days in his month as in his predecessor's, but Sextilis in fact had 31 days since the reform during Caesar's dictatorship that created the Julian calendar. The decree of the Senate (senatus consultum) renaming Sextilis reads in part: Whereas the emperor Augustus Caesar, in the month of Sextilis, was first admitted to the consulate, and thrice entered the city in triumph, and in the same month the legions, from the Janiculum, placed themselves under his auspices, and in the same month Egypt was brought under the authority of the Roman people, and in the same month an end was put to the civil wars; and whereas for these reasons the said month is, and has been, most fortunate to this empire, it is hereby decreed by the senate that the said month shall be called Augustus. Iconography of the month The Calendar of Filocalus illustrated the month of August with a seasonal representation of summer's heat. A peacock fan overhangs a nude male who drinks from a large bowl, with his cast-off garment in the top right corner. The amphora beside him is sealed with a flower and in one extant copy is inscribed ZLS, probably a mistaken transcription for the Greek exhortation zeses, \"to your health\". Three mature gourds or melons are another seasonal motif. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of August was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of August was the pridie Kalendas Septembris, \"day before the Kalends of September\". Roman counting was inclusive; 9 August was ante diem V Idūs Sextīlis (ante diem V Idūs Augustas), \"the 5th day before the Ides of August,\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Sext. (a.d. V Id. Aug.), or with the a.d. omitted altogether. The Julian calendar reform added two days to Sextilis; thus on the pre-reform calendar, 23 August was VIII Kal. Sept., \"the 8th day","title":"Sextilis"},{"docid":"40384929","text":"September (from Latin septem, \"seven\") or mensis September was originally the seventh of ten months on the ancient Roman calendar that began with March (mensis Martius, \"Mars' month\"). It had 29 days. After the reforms that resulted in a 12-month year, September became the ninth month, but retained its name. September followed what was originally Sextilis, the \"sixth\" month, renamed Augustus in honor of the first Roman emperor, and preceded October, the \"eighth\" month that like September retained its numerical name contrary to its position on the calendar. A day was added to September in the mid-40s BC as part of the Julian calendar reform. September has none of the archaic festivals that are marked in large letters for other months on extant Roman fasti. Instead, about half the month is devoted to the Ludi Romani, \"Roman Games\", which developed as votive games for Jupiter Optimus Maximus (\"Jupiter Best and Greatest\"). The Ludi Romani are the oldest games instituted by the Romans, dating from 509 BC. On the Ides of September (the 13th), Jupiter was honored with a public banquet, the Epulum Jovis. A nail-driving ritual in the temple marked the passing of the political year during the Republican era, and in the earliest period, the consuls took office on the Ides of September. The month was often represented in art by the grape harvest. September was the birth month of no fewer than four major Roman emperors, including Augustus. The emperor Commodus renamed the month after either himself or Hercules—an innovation that was repealed after his murder in 192. In the Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, the year began with September on some calendars, and was the beginning of the imperial tax year. In the agricultural year For the month of September, ancient farmers' almanacs (menologia rustica) take note of the autumnal equinox on September 24, and the equal number of daylight and nocturnal hours. They note that the month began with the sun in the astrological sign of Virgo, and was under the guardianship (tutela) of Volcanus (the god Vulcan). On an unspecified date an Epulum Minervae (Banquet of Minerva) is to be held, probably as part of the general epulum on the Ides. The farmer is instructed to coat wine vessels with pitch, pick apples, and loosen the compacted soil around trees. In his agricultural treatise, Varro assigns farmers additional tasks in the period from the rising of Sirius to the equinox. Straw must be cut, haystacks pitched, arable land ploughed, fodder gathered, and well-watered meadows mown a second time. Columella specifies that sloping ground should be ploughed between the Kalends (1st) and the Ides (13th). Equinox and medical theory The Aëtius parapegma is an almanac that appears as a chapter in the 6th-century Tetrabiblos of Aëtius of Amida. It treats the rising and setting of constellations, weather forecasting, and medical advice as closely intertwined, and notes of the equinox (placed on September 25) thatThere is the greatest disturbance in the air for three days previous.","title":"September (Roman month)"},{"docid":"26252564","text":"The nundinae (, ), sometimes anglicized to nundines, were the market days of the ancient Roman calendar, forming a kind of weekend including, for a certain period, rest from work for the ruling class (patricians). The nundinal cycle, market week, or 8-day week ( or ) was the cycle of days preceding and including each nundinae. These were marked on fasti using from A to H. The earliest form of the Roman calendar is sometimes said to have included exactly 38 such cycles, running for 304 days from March to December before an unorganized expanse of about 50 winter days. The lengths of the Republican and Julian calendars, however, were not evenly divisible by 8; under these systems, the nundinae fell on a different letter each year. These letters formed the basis of the later Christian dominical letters. Name The name () was apparently formed from an early form of (\"ninth\") and (\"day\"), a root related to and ultimately the Proto-Indo-European root reconstructed as *dyew- (\"to shine\"). It is now glossed as an adjective modifying an understood (\"festival; holiday\"), but not all Romans considered it to be one: a writer named Titius listed the nundinae as a \"customary occasion\" () and the Roman pontiffs themselves told the augur Messala that they did not consider the nones or nundinae to be religious occasions. Like and the names of most other recurring days of the Roman calendar, always appeared as a plural in classical Latin, even in references to a single day. The English form \"nundine\", following French , similarly appeared only as a plural at first, although it is now used in the singular number for individual days. In Roman inscriptions, the word was abbreviated . The form for the span between the nundinae seems to have been standard in early Latin, but only appears in compounds (, , &c.) and phrases () in the classical period. The name of the 8-day cycle is based upon the Latin word for \"nine\" because the Romans tended to count dates inclusively. Each nundinae was thought to follow the next after a 9-day interval because the first day was included in the count. History The Etruscans also celebrated an 8-day week which may have been the basis of the Roman system. They supposedly used each day for royal audiences and councils with their various kings. According to Macrobius, the people of the Roman countryside were first obliged to gather in the city on the nones of each month, about a week after the new moon, to hear from the king or his equivalent what the holy days would be and what they were to do over the course of the coming month. The regular nundinae were credited by Roman legend variously to Romulus when he ruled jointly with Titus Tatius and first established Rome's religious observances, to Servius Tullius when he aimed to improve commerce in the town, or to the plebeians when they began to gather after the expulsion of Tarquin to offer","title":"Nundinae"},{"docid":"15642","text":"January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer). In the Southern hemisphere, January is the seasonal equivalent of July in the Northern hemisphere and vice versa. Ancient Roman observances during this month include Cervula and Juvenalia, celebrated January 1, as well as one of three Agonalia, celebrated January 9, and Carmentalia, celebrated January 11. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. History January (in Latin, Ianuarius) is named after Janus, the god of beginnings and transitions in Roman mythology. Traditionally, the original Roman calendar consisted of 10 months totaling 304 days, winter being considered a month-less period. Around 713 BC, the semi-mythical successor of Romulus, King Numa Pompilius, is supposed to have added the months of January and February, so that the calendar covered a standard lunar year (354 days). Although March was originally the first month in the old Roman calendar, January became the first month of the calendar year either under Numa or under the Decemvirs about 450 BC (Roman writers differ). In contrast, each specific calendar year was identified by the names of the two consuls, who entered office on March 15 until 153 BC, at which point they started entering office on January 1. Various Christian feast dates were used for the New Year in Europe during the Middle Ages, including March 25 (Feast of the Annunciation) and December 25. However, medieval calendars were still displayed in the Roman fashion with twelve columns from January to December. Beginning in the 16th century, European countries began officially making January 1 the start of the New Year once again—sometimes called Circumcision Style because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, being the seventh day after December 25. Historical names for January include its original Roman designation, Ianuarius, the Saxon term Wulf-monath (meaning \"wolf month\") and Charlemagne's designation Wintarmanoth (\"winter / cold month\"). In Slovene, it is traditionally called prosinec; the name, associated with millet bread and the act of asking for something, was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript. According to Theodor Mommsen, 1 January became the first day of the year in 600 AUC of the Roman calendar (153 BC), due to disasters in the Lusitanian War. A Lusitanian chief called Punicus invaded the Roman territory, defeated two Roman governors, and killed their troops. The Romans resolved to send a consul to Hispania, and in order to accelerate the dispatch of aid, \"they even made the new consuls enter into office two months and a half before the legal time\" (March 15). Symbols January's birthstone is the garnet, which represents","title":"January"},{"docid":"25792","text":"The Roman calendar was the calendar used by the Roman Kingdom and Roman Republic. Although the term is primarily used for Rome's pre-Julian calendars, it is often used inclusively of the Julian calendar established by the reforms of the Dictator Julius Caesar and Emperor Augustus in the late 1st century BC. According to most Roman accounts, their original calendar was established by their legendary first king Romulus. It consisted of ten months, beginning in spring with March and leaving winter as an unassigned span of days before the next year. These months each had 30 or 31 days and ran for 38 nundinal cycles, each forming a kind of eight-day weeknine days counted inclusively in the Roman mannerand ending with religious rituals and a public market. This fixed calendar bore traces of its origin as an observational lunar one. In particular, the most important days of each monthits kalends, nones, and idesseem to have derived from the new moon, the first-quarter moon, and the full moon respectively. To a late date, the College of Pontiffs formally proclaimed each of these days on the Capitoline Hill and Roman dating counted down inclusively towards the next such day in any month. (For example, the year-end festival of Terminalia on 23February was called , the 6th day before the March kalends.) Romulus's successor Numa Pompilius was then usually credited with a revised calendar that divided winter between the two months of January and February, shortened most other months accordingly, and brought everything into rough alignment with the solar year by some system of intercalation. This is a typical element of lunisolar calendars and was necessary to keep the Roman religious festivals and other activities in their proper seasons. Modern historians dispute various points of this account. It is possible the original calendar was agriculturally based, observational of the seasons and stars rather the moon, with ten months of varying length filling the entire year. If this ever existed, it would have changed to the lunisolar system later credited to Numa during the kingdom or early Republic under the influence of the Etruscans and of Pythagorean Southern Italian Greeks. After the establishment of the Republic, years began to be dated by consulships but the calendar and its rituals were otherwise very conservatively maintained until the Late Republic. Even when the nundinal cycles had completely departed from correlation with the moon's phases, a pontiff was obliged to meet the sacred king, to claim that he had observed the new moon, and to offer a sacrifice to Juno to solemnize each kalends. It is clear that, for a variety of reasons, the intercalation necessary for the system's accuracy was not always observed. Astronomical events recorded in Livy show the civil calendar had varied from the solar year by an entire season in and was still two months off in . By the or before, control of intercalation was given to the pontifex maximus butas these were often active political leaders like Caesarpolitical considerations continued to interfere","title":"Roman calendar"},{"docid":"2485601","text":"The Equirria (also as Ecurria, from equicurria, \"horse races\") were two ancient Roman festivals of chariot racing, or perhaps horseback racing, held in honor of the god Mars, one 27 February and the other 14 March. Site The Equirria took place in the Campus Martius outside the sacred boundary of Rome (pomerium). The exact course is debated: perhaps near the Altar of Mars in the campus; or on the Tarentum, the site of the ludi tarentini, which became the Saecular Games; or the Trigarium. When the Tiber flooded, the Equirria were transferred to the Campus Martialis on the Caelian Hill, a field without permanent structures. On the calendar The Equirria were said to have been founded by Romulus, the son of Mars. Both appear on the oldest Roman calendars inscribed on stone. The Equirria are part of what Michael Lipka calls \"temporal focalization\" in the Roman conception of deity. The festivals of Mars—the 27 February Equirria, a feria on the Kalends of March (a day sacred also to his mother Juno), Agonalia 17 March, Tubilustrium 23 March, the ritual of the October Horse 15 October, and Armilustrium 19 October—cluster at his namesake month (Latin Martius), except for festivals of Mars in October to close the military campaigning season. In the earliest form of the calendar, the year began with March, and thus the 27 February Equirria originally preceded New Year's Day, and was the last festival for Mars of the year. The 14 March Equirria occurs the day before the Ides, when the Roman people celebrated the feast of Anna Perenna, whose name expresses her role as a goddess of the year (Latin annus; cf. English \"perennial\"). The March Equirria and the Regifugium (\"King's Flight\") are the only such festivals to fall on an even-numbered date. Despite scholarly efforts, no explanation for this displacement has found wide acceptance. Georg Wissowa thought the March Equirria had originally occurred on the Ides, and was moved up a day because of conflicts among religious events concentrated around this ritually fraught time; an alternate view is that it was placed \"at some convenient day\" between the Nones and the Ides. At any rate, the horse races framed the ritual turn of the year, and the difficulties of the placement of the two Equirria arise from changes made to the calendar, when January became the first month. Significance Originally, the Equirria may have featured races on horseback, like the archaic festivals of the Consualia and Taurian Games, rather than chariot races. The gods of the underworld (di inferi) were characteristically propitiated by horse racing in the Campus Martius with \"old and obscure\" festivals such as the Consualia, at sites including the Tarentum and the Trigarium. Hendrik Wagenvoort speculated that the archaic Mars \"had been imagined as the god of death and the underworld in the shape of a horse.\" William Warde Fowler understood the Equirria as \"lustrations of the horse\" for the army. They occur during what most scholars see as a general \"war festival\"","title":"Equirria"},{"docid":"753307","text":"The calends or kalends () is the first day of every month in the Roman calendar. The English word \"calendar\" is derived from this word. Use The Romans called the first day of every month the calends, signifying the start of a new lunar phase. On this day, the pontiffs would announce the number of days until the next month at the Curia Calabra; in addition, debtors had to pay off their debts on this day. These debts were inscribed in the kalendaria, effectively an accounting book. Modern calendars count the number of days after the first of each month; by contrast, the Roman calendar counted the number of days until certain upcoming dates (such as the calends, the nones or the ides). The day before the calends was called pridie kalendas, but the day before that was counted as the \"third day\", as Romans used inclusive counting. To calculate the day of the calends of the upcoming month, counting the number of days remaining in the current month is necessary, then adding two to that number. For example, April 22 is the 10th day before the calends of May (ante diem decimum Kalendas Maius), because eight days are left in April and both end dates are included in the total. Computation The following lines of poetry aid calculations relating to the day of the month from the calends: This means that the first day is called the calends; six days after the calends is the nones of May, October, July and March, while the nones comes only four days later for the other months; the ides comes eight days after the nones. Expressions The calends was a feature of the Roman calendar, but it was not included in the Greek calendar. Consequently, to postpone something ad Kalendas Graecas (\"until the Greek calends\") was a colloquial expression for postponing something forever. This phrase survived for many centuries in Greek () and in the Romance languages (; ; ; ; ; etc.). The Latin term is traditionally written with initial K: this is a relic of traditional Latin orthography, which wrote K (instead of C or Q) before the vowel A. Later, most Latin words adopted C, instead. It is sometimes claimed that the kalends was frequently used in formal or high-register contexts, and that that is why it retained its traditional spelling, but there seems to be no source for this. References Further reading T.P. Wiseman, \"The Kalends of April,\" in Idem, Unwritten Rome. Exeter, University of Exeter Press, 2008. Roman calendar cs:Římská datace#Kalendy","title":"Calends"},{"docid":"3839355","text":", , or January, fully (\"month of Janus\") and abbreviated , was the first month of the ancient Roman calendar, from which the Julian and Gregorian month of January derived. It was followed by Februarius (\"February\"). In the calendars of the Roman Republic, Ianuarius had 29 days. Two days were added when the calendar was reformed under Julius Caesar in 45 BCE. In the oldest Roman calendar, which the Romans believed to have been instituted by their legendary founder Romulus, the first month was Martius (\"month of Mars\", March), and the calendar year had only ten months. Ianuarius and Februarius were supposed to have been added by Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, originally at the end of the year. It is unclear when the Romans reset the course of the year so that January and February came first. Ianuarius is conventionally thought to have taken its name from Janus, the dual-faced god of beginnings, openings, passages, gates and doorways, but according to ancient Roman farmers' almanacs Juno was the tutelary deity of the month. In the agricultural year Many Roman festivals and religious observances reflect the Romans' agrarian way of life in their early history. Agricultural calendars (menologia rustica) show that for farmers, January continued the relatively slack time they experienced in December. For January, these almanacs advised farmers to expect 9¾ hours of daylight and 14¼ hours of darkness, and to sharpen stakes, cut willows and reeds, and offer sacrifice to the Dei Penates, tutelary deities. The agricultural writer Columella says that farmers who were religiosiores, more scrupulous than others, would refrain from working the land until January 13, except that on January 1 they should make an auspicious gesture (auspiciandi causa) of beginning work on everything they wanted to get done that year. Varro, in his agricultural treatise, divides the agricultural year into eight phases. The phase from the winter solstice to February 7, when Favonius the west wind was thought to start blowing favorably, was not for hard work, but odd jobs and tidying. Civic life In the Roman Republic, consuls entered office at the beginning of the year; from 153 BC onward, on January 1. Auspices were taken, and if favorable the two consuls went home and put on their toga praetexta, with the purple stripe signifying their status. A procession of senators and equestrians accompanied them from their home to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill. The people dressed festively and watched the parade. At the temple, each consul sacrificed a white bull to Jupiter in fulfillment of the vow made by the previous year's consuls to ask for the wellbeing (salus) of the commonwealth (vota pro salute rei publicae). New vows were then made. The senior of the two consuls next convened the senate. Among other business, he announced the date of the Feriae Latinae (\"Latin Festival\"), a moveable feast to be held in April and one of the oldest festivals of the religious calendar. Within five days,","title":"Ianuarius"},{"docid":"19344","text":"March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 21 marks the astronomical beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where September is the seasonal equivalent of the Northern Hemisphere's March. History The name of March comes from Martius, the first month of the earliest Roman calendar. It was named after Mars, the Roman god of war, and an ancestor of the Roman people through his sons Romulus and Remus. His month Martius was the beginning of the season for warfare, and the festivals held in his honor during the month were mirrored by others in October, when the season for these activities came to a close. Martius remained the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps as late as 153 BC, and several religious observances in the first half of the month were originally new year's celebrations. Even in late antiquity, Roman mosaics picturing the months sometimes still placed March first. March 1 began the numbered year in Russia until the end of the 15th century. Great Britain and its colonies continued to use March 25 until 1752, when they finally adopted the Gregorian calendar (the fiscal year in the UK continues to begin on 6 April, initially identical to 25 March in the former Julian calendar). Many other cultures, for example in Iran, or Ethiopia, still celebrate the beginning of the New Year in March. March is the first month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Europe, Asia and part of Africa) and the first month of fall or autumn in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, part of Africa, and Oceania). Ancient Roman observances celebrated in March include Agonium Martiale, celebrated on March 1, March 14, and March 17, Matronalia, celebrated on March 1, Junonalia, celebrated on March 7, Equirria, celebrated on March 14, Mamuralia, celebrated on either March 14 or March 15, Hilaria on March 15 and then through March 22–28, Argei, celebrated on March 16–17, Liberalia and Bacchanalia, celebrated March 17, Quinquatria, celebrated March 19–23, and Tubilustrium, celebrated March 23. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Other names In Finnish, the month is called maaliskuu, which is believed to originate from maallinen kuu. The latter means earthy month and may refer to the first appearance of \"earth\" from under the winter's snow. In Ukrainian, the month is called березень/berezenʹ, meaning birch tree, and březen in Czech. Historical names for March include the Saxon Lentmonat, named after the March equinox and gradual lengthening of days, and the eventual namesake of Lent. Saxons also called March Rhed-monat or Hreth-monath (deriving from their goddess Rhedam/Hreth), and Angles called it Hyld-monath. In Slovene, the traditional name is sušec, meaning the month when the earth becomes dry enough so that it","title":"March"},{"docid":"161971","text":"In the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day is the first day of the calendar year, 1 January. Most solar calendars (like the Gregorian and Julian) begin the year regularly at or near the northern winter solstice, while cultures and religions that observe a lunisolar or lunar calendar celebrate their Lunar New Year at less fixed points relative to the solar year. In pre-Christian Rome under the Julian calendar, the day was dedicated to Janus, god of gateways and beginnings, for whom January is also named. From Roman times until the middle of the 18th century, the new year was celebrated at various stages and in various parts of Christian Europe on 25 December, on 1 March, on 25 March and on the movable feast of Easter. In the present day, with most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as their civil calendar, 1 January according to Gregorian calendar is among the most celebrated of public holidays in the world, often observed with fireworks at the stroke of midnight following New Year's Eve as the new year starts in each time zone. Other global New Year's Day traditions include making New Year's resolutions and calling one's friends and family. History The ancient Babylonian calendar was lunisolar, and around the year 2000BC began observing a spring festival and the new year during the month of Nisan, around the time of the March equinox. The early Roman calendar designated 1 March as the first day of the year. The calendar had just 10 months, beginning with March. That the new year once began with the month of March is still reflected in some of the names of the months. September through to December, the ninth through to the twelfth months of the Gregorian calendar, were originally positioned as the seventh through to the tenth months. (Septem is Latin for \"seven\"; octo, \"eight\"; novem, \"nine\"; and decem, \"ten\") Roman mythology usually credits their second king Numa with the establishment of the two new months of Ianuarius and Februarius. These were first placed at the end of the year, but at some point came to be considered the first two months instead. The January kalend ( Ianuariae), the start of the month of January, came to be celebrated as the new year at some point after it became the day for the inaugurating new consuls in 153BC as a result of the rebellion in Hispania which began the second Celtiberian War. Romans had long dated their years by these consulships, rather than sequentially, and making the kalends of January start the new year aligned this dating. Still, private and religious celebrations around the March new year continued for some time and there is no consensus on the question of the timing for 1 January's new status. Once it became the new year, however, it became a time for family gatherings and celebrations. A series of disasters, notably including the failed rebellion of M. Aemilius Lepidus in 78BC, established a superstition against allowing Rome's market days","title":"New Year's Day"},{"docid":"45300210","text":"The Fasti Antiates Maiores is a painted wall-calendar from the late Roman Republic, the oldest archaeologically attested local Roman calendar and the only such calendar known from before the Julian calendar reforms. It was created between 84 and 55 BC and discovered in 1915 at Anzio (ancient Antium) in a crypt next to the coast. It is now located in the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme in Rome, part of the Museo Nazionale Romano. Background Anzio lies about 58 km south of Rome in the region of modern Lazio. In the 6th century BC, at the latest, the Latins inhabited the region of Latium, including Antium, this town until being taken by the Volsci, remaining independent of Rome until 338 BC. The Romans first took control of the region in the Latin War after the Battle of Trifanum and incorporated it into the Roman republic. Description The Fasti Antiates maiores consist of two fragments of the thirteen month calendar and the List of Roman consuls. The 1.16 m high and 2.5 m wide calendar contains the leap month Mensis Intercalaris in addition to the twelve months. The list of consuls was the same height as the calendar, but 1.36 m wide. The names of the consuls span the period from 164 BC to 84 BC. According to the restoration of the lacunae at both ends, the list originally extended from 173 BC to 67 BC. Contents The calendar takes the form of a table with thirteen columns, each of which is a month labelled with an abbreviation of its name. Still legible are the following: IAN for Ianuarius (January), FEB for Februarius (February), APR for Aprilis (April), IVN for Iunius (June), and SEP for September. Each column consists of several rows containing the days as well as a supplementary row indicating the total number of days in the month. Still visible are XXIIX (28) for February, XXIX (29) for April, June and partly for August, XXXI (31) (partial) for May and October. Each day is marked with a letter from A to H, indicating the position of the day in the Roman nundinal cycle, with occasional further letters appended to note the ceremonial category of the day: The first day of each month is marked by the letter K, short for Kalendae. The fifth day of January, February, April, June, August, September, November, and December is marked with the letters NON, short for Nonae, whereas NON is placed in the seventh day for the months of March, May, July, and October. The eighth day after the Nones of each month is labelled EIDVS (Ides). Some days are marked with the letters F, N or C. F is short for fastus dies (\"allowed days\", when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law), N for nefastus dies (banned days, when it was not), and C for comitialis dies (assembly days, when political assemblies were permitted). The calendar also lists the foundation dates (dies natales) of the temples in","title":"Fasti Antiates Maiores"},{"docid":"15651","text":"The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers). The Julian calendar was proposed in 46 BC by (and takes its name from) Julius Caesar, as a reform of the earlier Roman calendar, which was largely a lunisolar one. It took effect on , by his edict. Caesar's calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years, until 1582 when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar. The Julian calendar has two types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. That is more than the actual solar year value of approximately 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar gains one day every 129 years. In other words, the Julian calendar gains 3.1 days every 400 years. Gregory's calendar reform modified the Julian rule, to reduce the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year: the Gregorian calendar gains just 0.1 day over 400 years. For any given event during the years from 1901 through 2099, its date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date (for instance Julian 1 January falls on Gregorian 14 January). Most Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately; Protestant countries did so slowly in the course of the following two centuries or so; most Orthodox countries retain the Julian calendar for religious purposes but adopted the Gregorian as their civil calendar in the early part of the twentieth century. Table of months History Motivation The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. This intercalary month was formed by inserting 22 or 23 days after the first 23 days of February; the last five days of February, which counted down toward the start of March, became the last five days of Intercalaris. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, forming an intercalary year of 377 or 378 days. Some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia (23 February). If managed correctly this system could have allowed the Roman year to stay roughly aligned to a tropical year. However, since the pontifices were often politicians, and because a Roman magistrate's term of office","title":"Julian calendar"},{"docid":"39560972","text":"On the ancient Roman calendar, mensis Iunius or Iunius, also Junius (June), was the fourth month, following Maius (May). In the oldest calendar attributed by the Romans to Romulus, Iunius was the fourth month in a ten-month year that began with March (Martius, \"Mars' month\"). The month following June was thus called Quinctilis or Quintilis, the \"fifth\" month. Iunius had 29 days until a day was added during the Julian reform of the calendar in the mid-40s BC. The month that followed Iunius was renamed Iulius (July) in honour of Julius Caesar. Name of the month In his poem on the Roman calendar, Ovid has three goddesses present three different derivations of the name Iunius. Juno asserts that the month is named for her. Juventas (\"Youth\") pairs Iunius with Maius: the former, she says, comes from junior, \"a younger person\", in contrast to maiores or the \"elders\" for whom May was named. Juno's own name may derive from the same root meaning \"young\", and these two possibilities may be reconcilable. Ovid has Concordia claim that Iunius comes from iungo, iunctus, \"join\", in honor of her uniting the Romans and the Sabines. Elsewhere, an even less likely derivation relates the month name to Marcus Iunius Brutus, a member of the gens Iunia who made the first sacrifice to Dea Carna on the Kalends (June 1). Iconography Month illustrations that draw on the Calendar of Filocalus (354 AD) show a nude male holding a torch that may be an allegory of the summer solstice. Solstitium is noted on June 24 of the calendar. The torch may be a reference to dies lampadarum, \"day of torches\", variously interpreted as the sun's rays or as the torch of Ceres, the grain goddess who carried a torch while searching for her abducted daughter Proserpina. The solstice marked the beginning of the harvest, which is represented by the basket of fruit and a sickle. The plant may be a bean, since June 1 was the \"Bean Kalends\". Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of June was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. Roman counting was inclusive; June 9 was ante diem V Idūs Iunias, \"the 5th day before the Ides of June,\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Iun. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether). The last day of June was the pridie Kalendas Quinctilis (pridie Kalendas Iulias after July was renamed), \"day before the Kalends of July\". The modern equivalent of this date was June 29 on the pre-Julian calendar, but June 30 on the Julian, because June was one of the months to which a day was added in realigning with astronomical time. June 23 was thus VIII Kal. Quinct., \"the 8th day","title":"Iunius (month)"},{"docid":"1068915","text":"Februarius, fully Mensis Februarius (\"month of Februa\"), was the shortest month of the Roman calendar from which the Julian and Gregorian month of February derived. It was eventually placed second in order, preceded by Ianuarius (\"month of Janus\", January) and followed by Martius (\"month of Mars\", March). In the oldest Roman calendar, which the Romans believed to have been instituted by their legendary founder Romulus, March was the first month, and the calendar year had only ten months in all. Ianuarius and Februarius were supposed to have been added by Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, originally at the end of the year. It is unclear when the Romans reset the course of the year so that January and February came first. Februarius was the only month in the pre-Julian calendar to have an even number of days, numbering 28. This was mathematically necessary to permit the year itself to have an odd number of days. Ancient sources derived Februarius from februum, a thing used for ritual purification. Most of the observances in this month concerned the dead or closure, reflecting the month's original position at the end of the year. The Parentalia was a nine-day festival honoring the ancestors and propitiating the dead, while the Terminalia was a set of rituals pertaining to boundary stones that was probably also felt to reinforce the boundary of the year. In the agricultural year Many Roman festivals and religious observances reflect the Romans' agrarian way of life in their early history. In his treatise on farming, Varro divides the agricultural year into eight phases, with Spring beginning officially on February 7, when Favonius the west wind was thought to start blowing favorably and it was time to ready the fields. The grain fields were to be weeded, vineyards tended, and old reeds burned. Some kinds of trees were pruned, and attention was given to olive and fruit trees. The agricultural writer Columella says that meadows and grain fields are \"purged\" (purguntur), probably both in the practical sense of clearing away old debris and by means of ritual. The duties of February thus suggest the close bond between agriculture and religion in Roman culture. According to the farmers' almanacs, the tutelary deity of the month was Neptune. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of February was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of February was the pridie Kalendas Martias, \"day before the Kalends of March\". Roman counting was inclusive; February 9 was ante diem V Idūs Februarias, \"the 5th day before the Ides (13th) of February,\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Feb. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); February 23 was VI Kal. Mart., \"the 6th day","title":"Februarius"},{"docid":"2982683","text":"Bissext, or bissextus () is the leap day which is added to the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar every fourth year to compensate for the roughly six-hour difference in length between the common 365-day year and the actual length of the solar year. (The Gregorian calendar omits this leap day in years evenly divisible by 100, unless they are divisible by 400.) In the Julian calendar, 24 February i.e. the 6th day before the calends (1st) of March, counting backwards inclusively in the Roman style (1/3, 28/2, 27/2, 26/2, 25/2, 24/2) was doubled in a leap year. Consequently the , or sixth before the calends, the or \"second sixth,\" was also 24 February. In modern usage, with the exception of some ecclesiastical calendars, this intercalary day is added for convenience at the end of the month of February, as 29 February, and years in which February has 29 days are called \"bissextile years\" or leap years. Replacement (by 29 February) of the awkward practice of having two days with the same date appears to have evolved by custom and practice. In the course of the fifteenth century, \"29 February\" appears increasingly often in legal documents although the records of the proceedings of the House of Commons of England continued to use the old system until the middle of the sixteenth century. It was not until passage of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 that 29 February was formally recognised in British law. Bissextile The term is first defined in English law, in the statute (Concerning [the] leap year and leap day, 40 Hen. 3, 1256), which defines the bissextile day as consisting of two actual days. (This was to clarify what should happen when \"an essoin was given for a month\" but the month was February in a leap year. Section II of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 (24 Geo. 2. c. 23) uses the word \"bissextile\" as a term for leap years. Notes References Further reading Julian calendar","title":"Bissextus"},{"docid":"27529","text":"September is the ninth month of the year in both the Gregorian calendar and the less commonly used Julian calendar. In the modern Gregorian calendar, its length is 30 days. September in the Northern Hemisphere and March in the Southern Hemisphere are seasonally equivalent. In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological autumn is on 1 September. In the Southern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological spring is on 1 September. September marks the beginning of the ecclesiastical year in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is the start of the academic year in many countries of the northern hemisphere, in which children go back to school after the summer break, sometimes on the first day of the month. September (from Latin septem, \"seven\") was originally the seventh of ten months in the oldest known Roman calendar, the calendar of Romulus , with March (Latin Martius) the first month of the year until perhaps as late as 451 BC. After the calendar reform that added January and February to the beginning of the year, September became the ninth month but retained its name. It had 29 days until the Julian reform, which added a day. Events Ancient Roman observances for September include Ludi Romani, originally celebrated from September 12 to September 14, later extended to September 5 to September 19. In the 1st century BC, an extra day was added in honor of the deified Julius Caesar on 4 September. Epulum Jovis was held on September 13. Ludi Triumphales was held from September 18–22. The Septimontium was celebrated in September, and on December 11 on later calendars. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. September was called \"harvest month\" in Charlemagne's calendar. September corresponds partly to the Fructidor and partly to the Vendémiaire of the first French republic. September is called Herbstmonat, harvest month, in Switzerland. The Anglo-Saxons called the month Gerstmonath, barley month, that crop being then usually harvested. In 1752, the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar. In the British Empire that year, September 2 was immediately followed by September 14. On Usenet, it is said that September 1993 (Eternal September) never ended. In the United States, September is one of the most common birth months (third most popular after August and July, which both have 31 days), as all but one Top 10 most common birthdays are in September, based on the National Center for Health Statistics statistics on births between 1994 and 2014. The most common birthday is September 9 (#1), least common is September 1 (#250). Astronomy and astrology The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC). September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. Symbols September's birthstone is","title":"September"},{"docid":"12532320","text":"Maius or mensis Maius (May) was the third month of the ancient Roman calendar, following Aprilis (April) and preceding Iunius (June). On the oldest Roman calendar that had begun with March, it was the third of ten months in the year. May had 31 days. The Romans considered May an infelicitous month. Although it began with one of the most notoriously licentious holidays of the Roman calendar, the Games of Flora (Ludi Florae), the middle of the month was devoted to propitiating the lemures, the restless shades of the dead. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. Thus the last day of May was the pridie Kalendas Iunias, \"day before the Kalends of June\". Roman counting was inclusive; May 9 was ante diem VII Idūs Maias, \"the 7th day before the Ides (15th) of May,\" usually abbreviated a.d. VII Id. Mai. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); May 23 was X Kal. Iun., \"the 10th day before the Kalends of June.\" On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In May, these were: F for dies fasti, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law; C, for dies comitalis, a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies (comitia), elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings; N for dies nefasti, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited; NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked feriae, public holidays; QRCF (perhaps for quando rex comitiavit fasOn the basis of the Fasti Viae Lanza, which gives Q. Rex C. F.), a day when it was religiously permissible for the rex (probably the priest known as the rex sacrorum) to call for an assembly. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \"market week\" (these are omitted in the table below). On a dies religiosus, individuals were not to undertake any new activity, nor do anything other than tend to the most basic necessities. A dies natalis was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the \"birthday\" of a deity. During the Imperial period, the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. After the mid-1st century AD, a number of dates are added to calendars for spectacles and games (ludi) held in honor of various deities in the venue called a \"circus\"","title":"Maius"},{"docid":"35314","text":"Year 431 (CDXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Antiochus (or, less frequently, year 1184 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 431 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), fights a campaign in Rhaetia (Switzerland) and Noricum (Austria). He is attested in the city of Vindelicia (modern Augsburg), reestablishing Roman rule on the Danube frontier. Aetius pushes the Salian Franks back across the River Somme. King Chlodio signs a peace treaty and becomes a foederatus of the Western Roman Empire. Africa Hippo Regius becomes the capital of the Vandal Kingdom. After 14 months of hunger and disease, the Vandals ravage the city. Emperor Theodosius II sends an imperial fleet with an army under command of Aspar, and lands at Carthage. Aspar is routed by the Vandals and Flavius Marcian, future Byzantine emperor, is captured during the fighting. He negotiates a peace with King Genseric and maintains imperial authority in Carthage. Central America March 10 – K'uk' B'alam I, the first known ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, comes to power and reigns until his death four years later in 435. Possible date of the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of the Ilopango caldera in central El Salvador. By topic Arts and Sciences Greek Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus begins studying at the Academy in Athens. Religion June – First Council of Ephesus: Nestorianism is rejected, the Nicene creed is declared to be complete. Nestorius is deposed from his see. October 1 – Maximianus is enthroned as Patriarch of Constantinople. Pope Celestine I dispatches Palladius to serve as bishop to the Irish. Births Anastasius I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date) Odoacer, first \"barbarian\" king of Italy (d. 493) Deaths June 22 – Paulinus of Nola, Christian bishop and poet (b. 354) Qifu Mumo, prince of the Chinese Xianbei state Western Qin References","title":"431"},{"docid":"38793397","text":"In ancient Roman religion, the Mamuralia or Sacrum Mamurio (\"Rite for Mamurius\") was a festival held on March 14 or 15, named only in sources from late antiquity. According to Joannes Lydus, an old man wearing animal skins was beaten ritually with sticks. The name is connected to Mamurius Veturius, who according to tradition was the craftsman who made the ritual shields (ancilia) that hung in the temple of Mars. Because the Roman calendar originally began in March, the Sacrum Mamurio is usually regarded as a ritual marking the transition from the old year to the new. It shares some characteristics with scapegoat or pharmakos ritual. The craft of Mamurius According to legend, Mamurius was commissioned by Numa, second king of Rome, to make eleven shields identical to the sacred ancile that fell from the heavens as a pledge of Rome's destiny to rule the world. The ancile was one of the sacred guarantors of the Roman state (pignora imperii), and the replicas were intended to conceal the identity of the original and so prevent its theft; it was thus a kind of \"public secret.\" The shields were under the care of Mars' priests the Salii, who used them in their rituals. As payment, Mamurius requested that his name be preserved and remembered in the song sung by the Salii, the Carmen Saliare, as they executed movements with the shields and performed their armed dance. Fragments of this archaic hymn survive, including the invocation of Mamurius. Several sources mention the invocation of the hymn and the story of the smith, but only Lydus describes the ritual as the beating of an old man. Mamurius was also supposed to have made a bronze replacement for a maple statue of Vertumnus, brought to Rome in the time of Romulus. He may have been Oscan and thought to have been buried in his homeland, since at the end of a poem about Vertumnus, Propertius has the god express a wish that the Oscan earth should not wear away Mamurius's skilled hands. Veturius is considered either an Etruscan or Oscan family name. \"Mamurius Veturius\" became the nickname of Marcus Aurelius Marius Augustus, a former smith or metalworker who was briefly Roman emperor in 269. Calendar and name The divine shield is supposed to have fallen from the sky on March 1, the first day of the month Martius, named after the god Mars. In the earliest Roman calendar, which the Romans believed to have been instituted by Romulus, the ten-month year began with Mars' month, and the god himself was thus associated with the agricultural year and the cycle of life and death. The number of ancilia corresponds to the twelve months in the reformed calendar attributed to Numa, and scholars often interpret the Mamuralia as originally a New Year festival, with various explanations as to how it was moved from the beginning of the month to the midpoint. The Mamuralia is named as such only in calendars and sources dating from the 4th","title":"Mamuralia"},{"docid":"311221","text":"In the ancient Roman calendar, Quintilis or Quinctilis was the month following Junius (June) and preceding Sextilis (August). Quintilis is Latin for \"fifth\": it was the fifth month (quintilis mensis) in the earliest calendar attributed to Romulus, which began with Martius (\"Mars' month,\" March) and had 10 months. After the calendar reform that produced a 12-month year, Quintilis became the seventh month, but retained its name. In 45 BC, Julius Caesar instituted a new calendar (the Julian calendar) that corrected astronomical discrepancies in the old. After his death in 44 BC, the month of Quintilis, his birth month, was renamed Julius in his honor, hence July. Quintilis was under the guardianship (tutela) of the Romans' supreme deity Jupiter, with sacrifices made particularly to Neptune and Apollo. Agricultural festivals directed at the harvest gradually lost their importance, and the month became dominated in urban Imperial Rome by the Ludi Apollinares, games (ludi) in honor of Apollo. Ten days of games were celebrated in honor of Julius Caesar at the end of the month. Dates Like the modern month of July, this was one of the \"long\" months that had 31 days. The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (Nonae, 5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (Idūs, 13th or 15th), and the Kalends (Kalendae, 1st) of the following month. Thus, the last day of Quintilis was the pridie Kalendas Sextilis, \"day before the Kalends of Sextilis\" (August). Roman counting was inclusive; July 5 was ante diem III Nonas Quintilis, \"the 3rd day before the Nones (7th) of Quintilis,\" usually abbreviated a.d. III Non. Quint. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); July 23 was X. Kal. Sext., \"the 10th day before the Kalends of Sextilis.\" Each day was marked with a letter such as F for dies fasti, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law; C, for dies comitalis, a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies (comitia), elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings; N for dies nefasti, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited; or NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked feriae, public holidays. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \"market week\" A dies natalis was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the \"birthday\" of a deity. On a dies religiosus, individuals were not to undertake any new activity, nor do anything other than tend to the most basic necessities. During the Imperial period, some of the traditional festivals localized at Rome became less important, and the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. On the calendar of military religious observances known as the Feriale","title":"Quintilis"},{"docid":"17781547","text":"The Rumi calendar (, , lit. \"Roman calendar\"), a specific calendar based on the Julian calendar, was officially used by the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat (1839) and by its successor, the Republic of Turkey until 1926. It was adopted for civic matters and is a solar based calendar, assigning a date to each solar day. History In the Islamic state of the Ottoman Empire, the religious Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) was in use. In this calendar, months coincide with lunar phases. Because a \"lunar year\" (the combined duration of twelve lunar phases) is shorter than the solar year, the seasons cycle through the lunar months as the solar years pass. \"As a result,\" says the Astronomical Almanac, \"the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through the seasons over a period of about 33 [solar] years\". 1677 Introduction of the Fiscal calendar In 1677, Head Treasurer (, ) Hasan Pasha under Sultan Mehmed IV proposed the correction of financial records by dropping one year (an escape year) every 33 years, resulting from the difference between the lunar Islamic calendar and the solar Julian calendar. In 1740 (1152 AH) during the reign of Sultan Mahmud I, March was adopted as the first month of the fiscal year for the payment of taxes and dealings with government officials instead of Muharram following Treasurer Atıf Efendi's proposal. Proposed by Treasurer Moralı Osman Efendi during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid I, the range of the fiscal calendar applications was extended in 1794 to state expenditures and payments in order to prevent surplus cost arising from the time difference between the Islamic and Julian calendar. 1840 Adoption of the Julian Calendar The Julian calendar, used from 1677 AD on for fiscal matters only, was adopted on March 13, 1840 AD (March 1, 1256 AH), in the frame of Tanzimat reforms shortly after the accession to the throne of Sultan Abdülmecid I, as the official calendar for all civic matters and named \"Rumi calendar\" (literally Roman calendar). The counting of years began with the year 622 AD, when Muhammad and his followers emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the same event marking the start of the Islamic calendar. The months and days of the Julian calendar were used, the year starting in March. However, in 1256 AH the difference between the Hijri and the Gregorian calendars amounted to 584 years. With the change from lunar calendar to solar calendar, the difference between the Rumi calendar and the Julian or Gregorian calendar remained a constant 584 years. 1917 Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Since the Julian to Gregorian calendar changeover was finally being adopted in neighboring countries, the Rumi calendar was realigned to the Gregorian calendar in February 1917, leaving the difference of 584 years unchanged, however. Thus, after February 15, 1332 AH (February 1917 AD), the next day instead of being February 16 suddenly became March 1, 1333 AH (March 1, 1917 AD). The year 1333 AH (1917 AD) was made into a year with only","title":"Rumi calendar"},{"docid":"40440232","text":"October (from Latin octo, \"eight\") or mensis October was the eighth of ten months on the oldest Roman calendar. It had 31 days. October followed September (from septem, \"seven\") and preceded November (novem, \"nine\"). After the calendar reform that resulted in a 12-month year, October became the tenth month, but retained its numerical name, as did the other months from September to December. Some of the observances in October marked the close of the season for military campaigning and farming, which commenced in March (Martius, \"Mars' month\"). October was under the guardianship (tutela) of Mars. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of October was the 7th, and the Ides was the 15th. The last day of October was the pridie Kalendas Novembris, \"day before the Kalends of November\". Roman counting was inclusive; October 9 was ante diem VII Idūs Octobris, \"the 7th day before the Ides of October,\" usually abbreviated a.d. VII Id. Oct. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); October 23 was X Kal. Nov., \"the 10th day before the Kalends of November.\" On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In March, these were: F for dies fasti, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law; C, for dies comitalis, a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies (comitia), elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings; N for dies nefasti, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited; NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked feriae, public holidays; EN for endotercissus, an archaic form of intercissus, \"cut in half,\" meaning days that were nefasti in the morning, when sacrifices were being prepared, and in the evening, while sacrifices were being offered, but were fasti in the middle of the day. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \"market week\" (these are omitted in the table below). A dies natalis was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the \"birthday\" of a deity. During the Imperial period, some of the traditional festivals localized at Rome became less important, and the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. On the calendar of military religious observances known as the Feriale Duranum, sacrifices pertaining to Imperial cult outnumber the older festivals, but among the military the importance of Mars was maintained and perhaps","title":"October (Roman month)"},{"docid":"62708833","text":"The Bostran era (also called the era of Bostra, the Arabian era or provincial era) was a calendar era (year numbering) with an epoch (start date) corresponding to 22March 106AD. It was the official era of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea, introduced to replace dating by regnal years after the Roman annexation of the Nabataean Kingdom. It is named after the city of Bostra, which became the headquarters of the Sixth Legion stationed in the province. Dates and names The start date of the Bostran era was once a matter of dispute, in part because the Chronicon Paschale explicitly puts it the year of the consuls Candidus and Quadratus, that is, 105. Manuscript discoveries from the Cave of Letters put the issue to rest: the era of Bostra began in 106. The Bostran calendar was lunisolar. It had twelve months of 30 days with five epagomenal days at the end of the year. The month names came from the ancient Macedonian calendar, although Nabataean equivalents were also used. A leap year came once every four years in the Bostran calendar starting from the second year. Thus years 2, 6, 10 etc. were leap years with a sixth epagomenal day. The first day of the first month, Xanthikos, corresponded to 22 March in the Julian calendar, approximately the vernal equinox. The Bostran calendar—as the calendar of Arabia or of the Arabs—is one of sixteen that appear in the Florence, Leiden and Vatican hemerologia. The Bostran calendar was used in texts of the Nabataean and Palestinian Jewish varieties of Aramaic, in Greek and in Arabic. Inscriptions from Arabia Petraea which do not specify the era but simply provide a year number are usually in the era of Bostra. In documents, this era is usually indicated by the phrase \"[year] of the province\" (e.g., Aramaic lhprkyʾ). Sometimes the province is specified by the name \"Arabia\" or \"Bostra\" (e.g. Greek , , or , ; Aramaic lhprk bṣrʾ). Such indications, however, are rare for inscriptions, where usually only a year number appears. The occasional use of the name \"Bostra\" for dating should not, however, be taken to indicate that it was the capital of the province; Petra was in fact more prominent in the early years. The dating formula and the use of the Bostran era have no special connection to the city beyond the fact that as the seat of the main Roman military base, it was symbolic of the incorporation of Nabataea as a province. The Chronicon Paschale makes clear that the new dating system was common to the whole province. There are only three inscriptions that use the name of the city of Bostra to clarify the year and they are dated to AD265/6, 397/8 and 538/9. There are also two inscriptions from AD576/7 and 581/2 in the same calendar that specify the year as being that of Elusa. Zbigniew Fiema suggests that the Crisis of the Third Century, which ultimately resulted in the division of the province of Arabia,","title":"Bostran era"},{"docid":"15786","text":"July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., being the month of his birth. Before then it was called Quintilis, being the fifth month of the calendar that started with March. It is on average the warmest month in most of the Northern Hemisphere, where it is the second month of summer, and the coldest month in much of the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the second month of winter. The second half of the year commences in July. In the Southern Hemisphere, July is the seasonal equivalent of January in the Northern hemisphere. \"Dog days\" are considered to begin in early July in the Northern Hemisphere, when the hot sultry weather of summer usually starts. Spring lambs born in late winter or early spring are usually sold before 1 July. Symbols July's birthstone is the ruby, which symbolizes contentment. Its birth flowers are the larkspur and the water lily. The zodiac signs are Cancer (until July 22) and Leo (July 23 onward). Observances This list does not necessarily imply either official status nor general observance. Season of Emancipation 14 April to 23 August (Barbados) Honor America Days: 14 June to 4 July (United States) Month-long In Catholic tradition, July is the Month of the Most Precious Blood of Jesus. National Hot Dog Month (United States) National Ice Cream Month (United States) Disability Pride Month (United States) Non-Gregorian (All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown before the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.) List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar List of observances set by the Chinese calendar List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar List of observances set by the Islamic calendar List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar Movable Phi Ta Khon (Dan Sai, Loei province, Isan, Thailand) – Dates are selected by village mediums and can take place anywhere between March and July. Matariki (Māori New Year) – Different iwi celebrate according to their own tradition and the New Zealand Government calculates the public holiday each year according to advice from the Matariki Advisory Committee. Dates can fall from late June to late July. Ra o te Ui Ariki (Cook Islands) July 6 Collector Car Appreciation Day (United States) Senior Citizen's Day (Kiribati) Shark Week (United States) Earth Overshoot Day See also Movable Western Christian observances See also Movable Eastern Christian observances First Friday Fishermen's Holiday (Marshall Islands) First Saturday Día del Amigo (Peru) International Co-operative Day International Free Hugs Day First Saturday and Sunday Navy Days (Netherlands) First Sunday Navy Day (Ukraine) Youth Day (Singapore) Sunday closest to 2 July Alexanderson Day (Sweden) First full week in July NAIDOC Week (Australia) First Monday CARICOM Day (Guyana) Heroes' Day (Zambia) Mother's Day (South Sudan) National Day (Cayman Islands) 5 July or following Monday if","title":"July"},{"docid":"473884","text":"The Irish calendar is the Gregorian calendar as it is in use in Ireland, but also incorporating Irish cultural festivals and views of the division of the seasons, presumably inherited from earlier Celtic calendar traditions. For example, the pre-Christian Celtic year began on 1 November, although in common with the rest of the Western world, the year now begins on 1 January. Winter (\"Geimhreadh\") - November, December, January (Samhain, Nollaig, Eanáir) Spring (\"Earrach\") - February, March, April (Imbolc, then Feabhra, Márta, Aibreán) Summer (\"Samhradh\") - May, June, July (Bealtaine, Meitheamh, Iúil) Autumn (\"Fómhar\" Harvest) - August, September, October (Lúnasa, Meán Fómhair, Deireadh Fómhair) The traditional Irish Calendar uses Astronomical Timing, however Meteorological Timing is also used by organisations such as the Met Éireann. Both are in use in the Republic of Ireland, however generally the Astronomical Calendar is the most commonly used. In English-language Julian calendars and its derivatives, the months are based on names from Classical mythology, such as the name \"February\" which derives from the Roman purification rite, Februa. In the Irish calendar, the names of the months in the Irish language refer to Celtic religion and mythology, and generally predate the arrival of Christianity. The words for May (Bealtaine), August (Lúnasa) and November (Samhain), are the names of Gaelic religious festivals. In addition, the names for September (Meán Fómhair) and October (Deireadh Fómhair) translate directly as \"middle of harvest\" and \"end of harvest\". Christianity has also left its mark on the Irish months: the name for December (Nollaig) derives from Latin natalicia (birthday), referring to the birth of Christ. Historical texts suggest that, during Ireland's Gaelic era, the day began and ended at sunset. Through contact with the Romans, the seven-day week was borrowed by continental Celts, and then spread to the people of Ireland. In Irish, four days of the week have names derived from Latin, while the other three relate to the fasting done by early Gaelic Christians. Dé Luain - from Latin dies Lunae Dé Máirt - from Latin dies Martis Dé Céadaoin - referring to Gaelic fasting: from céad (first) aoin (fast) i.e. the first fast of the week Déardaoin - the day between the fasts Dé hAoine - the day of the fast Dé Sathairn - from Latin dies Saturni Dé Domhnaigh - from Latin dies Dominicus (an alternative Latin name for Sunday, dies Solis being more common) See also Calendar of saints Celtic calendar Coligny calendar Gregorian calendar Liturgical year The Old Cows Days/The Days of the Brindled Cow References Specific calendars Calendar Calendar Calendar Calendar Culture of the Isle of Man Calendar","title":"Irish calendar"},{"docid":"55525","text":"The liturgical year, also called the church year, Christian year or kalendar, consists of the cycle of liturgical days and seasons that determines when feast days, including celebrations of saints, are to be observed, and which portions of scripture are to be read. Distinct liturgical colours may be used in connection with different seasons of the liturgical year. The dates of the festivals vary somewhat among the different churches, although the sequence and logic is largely the same. Liturgical cycle The liturgical cycle divides the year into a series of seasons, each with their own mood, theological emphases, and modes of prayer, which can be signified by different ways of decorating churches, colours of paraments and vestments for clergy, scriptural readings, themes for preaching and even different traditions and practices often observed personally or in the home. In churches that follow the liturgical year, the scripture passages for each Sunday (and even each day of the year in some traditions) are specified in a lectionary. After the Protestant Reformation, Anglicans and Lutherans continued to follow the lectionary of the Roman Rite. Following a decision of the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic Church revised that lectionary in 1969, adopting a three-year cycle of readings for Sundays and a two-year cycle for weekdays. Adaptations of the revised Roman Rite lectionary were adopted by Protestants, leading to the publication in 1994 of the Revised Common Lectionary for Sundays and major feasts, which is now used by many Protestant denominations, including also Methodists, United, some Reformed, etc. This has led to a greater awareness of the traditional Christian year among Protestants, especially among mainline denominations. Biblical calendars Scholars are not in agreement about whether the calendars used by the Jews before the Babylonian exile were solar (based on the return of the same relative position between the Sun and the Earth), lunisolar (based on months that corresponded to the cycle of the moon, with periodic additional months to bring the calendar back into agreement with the solar cycle) like the present-day Jewish calendar of Hillel II, or lunar, such as the Hijri calendar. The first month of the Hebrew year was called (Aviv), evidently adopted by Moses from Ipip as the eleventh month of the non-lunar Egyptian calendar, meaning the month of green ears of grain. Having to occur at the appropriate time in the spring, it thus was originally part of a tropical calendar. At about the time of the Babylonian exile, when using the Babylonian civil calendar, the Jews adopted the term (Nisan) as the name for the month, based on the Babylonian name Nisanu. Thomas J Talley says that the adoption of the Babylonian term occurred even before the exile. In the earlier calendar, most of the months were simply called by a number (such as \"the fifth month\"). The Babylonian-derived names of the month that are used by Jews are: Nisan (March–April) Iyar (April–May) Sivan (May–June) Tammuz (June–July) Av (July–August) Elul (August–September) Tishrei (September–October) Marcheshvan (October–November) Kislev (November–December) Tevet (December–January)","title":"Liturgical year"},{"docid":"19345","text":"May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. May is a month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, May in the Southern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent of November in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. Late May typically marks the start of the summer vacation season in the United States (Memorial Day) and Canada (Victoria Day) that ends on Labour Day, the first Monday of September. May (in Latin, Maius) was named for the Greek goddess Maia, who was identified with the Roman era goddess of fertility, Bona Dea, whose festival was held in May. Conversely, the Roman poet Ovid provides a second etymology, in which he says that the month of May is named for the maiores, Latin for \"elders,\" and that the following month (June) is named for the iuniores, or \"young people\" (Fasti VI.88). Eta Aquariids meteor shower appears in May. It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with peak activity on or around May 6. The Arietids shower from May 22 – July 2, and peaks on June 7. The Virginids also shower at various dates in May. Ancient Roman observances Under the calendar of ancient Rome, the festival of Bona Dea fell on May 1, Argei fell on May 14 or May 15, Agonalia fell on May 21, and Ambarvalia on May 29. Floralia was held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar, and lasted until May 3. Lemuria fell on 9,11, and 13 May under the Julian calendar. The College of Aesculapius and Hygia celebrated two festivals of Rosalia, one on May 11 and one on May 22. Rosalia was also celebrated at Pergamon on May 24–26. A military Rosalia festival, Rosaliae signorum, also occurred on May 31. Ludi Fabarici was celebrated May 29 – June 1. Mercury would receive a sacrifice on the Ides of May (May 15). Tubilustrium took place on May 23 as well as in March. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Symbols May's birthstone is the emerald which is emblematic of love and success. Birth flowers are the Lily of the Valley and Crataegus monogyna. Both are native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia, Europe, and in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the United States, but have been naturalized throughout the temperate climatic world. The \"Mayflower\" Epigaea repens is a North American harbinger of May, and the floral emblem of both Nova Scotia and Massachusetts. Its native range extends from Newfoundland south to Florida, west to Kentucky in the southern range, and to Northwest Territories in the north. The zodiac signs are Taurus (until May 20) and Gemini (May 21 onward). Observances Month-long Working class history month Better Hearing and Speech Month In Catholic tradition, May is the Month of the Blessed Virgin Mary. See May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary","title":"May"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"311223\",\n \"text\": \"Sextilis () or mensis Sextilis was the Latin name for what was originally the sixth month in the Roman calendar, when March (Martius, \\\"Mars' month\\\") was the first of ten months in the year. After the calendar reform that produced a twelve-month year, Sextilis became the eighth month, but retained its name. It was renamed Augustus (August) in 8 BC in honor of the first Roman emperor, Augustus. Sextilis followed Quinctilis, which was renamed Julius (July) after Julius Caesar, and preceded September (from septem, \\\"seven\\\"), which was originally the seventh month. The month Augustus Julius (July) was renamed from Quintilis (\\\"fifth\\\" month) in honor of Julius Caesar, who had adopted his grand-nephew Octavian, the future Augustus, and made him his heir. It has sometimes been thought that the month has 31 days because Augustus wanted as many days in his month as in his predecessor's, but Sextilis in fact had 31 days since the reform during Caesar's dictatorship that created the Julian calendar. The decree of the Senate (senatus consultum) renaming Sextilis reads in part: Whereas the emperor Augustus Caesar, in the month of Sextilis, was first admitted to the consulate, and thrice entered the city in triumph, and in the same month the legions, from the Janiculum, placed themselves under his auspices, and in the same month Egypt was brought under the authority of the Roman people, and in the same month an end was put to the civil wars; and whereas for these reasons the said month is, and has been, most fortunate to this empire, it is hereby decreed by the senate that the said month shall be called Augustus. Iconography of the month The Calendar of Filocalus illustrated the month of August with a seasonal representation of summer's heat. A peacock fan overhangs a nude male who drinks from a large bowl, with his cast-off garment in the top right corner. The amphora beside him is sealed with a flower and in one extant copy is inscribed ZLS, probably a mistaken transcription for the Greek exhortation zeses, \\\"to your health\\\". Three mature gourds or melons are another seasonal motif. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of August was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of August was the pridie Kalendas Septembris, \\\"day before the Kalends of September\\\". Roman counting was inclusive; 9 August was ante diem V Idūs Sextīlis (ante diem V Idūs Augustas), \\\"the 5th day before the Ides of August,\\\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Sext. (a.d. V Id. Aug.), or with the a.d. omitted altogether. The Julian calendar reform added two days to Sextilis; thus on the pre-reform calendar, 23 August was VIII Kal. Sept., \\\"the 8th day\",\n \"title\": \"Sextilis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40384929\",\n \"text\": \"September (from Latin septem, \\\"seven\\\") or mensis September was originally the seventh of ten months on the ancient Roman calendar that began with March (mensis Martius, \\\"Mars' month\\\"). It had 29 days. After the reforms that resulted in a 12-month year, September became the ninth month, but retained its name. September followed what was originally Sextilis, the \\\"sixth\\\" month, renamed Augustus in honor of the first Roman emperor, and preceded October, the \\\"eighth\\\" month that like September retained its numerical name contrary to its position on the calendar. A day was added to September in the mid-40s BC as part of the Julian calendar reform. September has none of the archaic festivals that are marked in large letters for other months on extant Roman fasti. Instead, about half the month is devoted to the Ludi Romani, \\\"Roman Games\\\", which developed as votive games for Jupiter Optimus Maximus (\\\"Jupiter Best and Greatest\\\"). The Ludi Romani are the oldest games instituted by the Romans, dating from 509 BC. On the Ides of September (the 13th), Jupiter was honored with a public banquet, the Epulum Jovis. A nail-driving ritual in the temple marked the passing of the political year during the Republican era, and in the earliest period, the consuls took office on the Ides of September. The month was often represented in art by the grape harvest. September was the birth month of no fewer than four major Roman emperors, including Augustus. The emperor Commodus renamed the month after either himself or Hercules—an innovation that was repealed after his murder in 192. In the Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, the year began with September on some calendars, and was the beginning of the imperial tax year. In the agricultural year For the month of September, ancient farmers' almanacs (menologia rustica) take note of the autumnal equinox on September 24, and the equal number of daylight and nocturnal hours. They note that the month began with the sun in the astrological sign of Virgo, and was under the guardianship (tutela) of Volcanus (the god Vulcan). On an unspecified date an Epulum Minervae (Banquet of Minerva) is to be held, probably as part of the general epulum on the Ides. The farmer is instructed to coat wine vessels with pitch, pick apples, and loosen the compacted soil around trees. In his agricultural treatise, Varro assigns farmers additional tasks in the period from the rising of Sirius to the equinox. Straw must be cut, haystacks pitched, arable land ploughed, fodder gathered, and well-watered meadows mown a second time. Columella specifies that sloping ground should be ploughed between the Kalends (1st) and the Ides (13th). Equinox and medical theory The Aëtius parapegma is an almanac that appears as a chapter in the 6th-century Tetrabiblos of Aëtius of Amida. It treats the rising and setting of constellations, weather forecasting, and medical advice as closely intertwined, and notes of the equinox (placed on September 25) thatThere is the greatest disturbance in the air for three days previous.\",\n \"title\": \"September (Roman month)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26252564\",\n \"text\": \"The nundinae (, ), sometimes anglicized to nundines, were the market days of the ancient Roman calendar, forming a kind of weekend including, for a certain period, rest from work for the ruling class (patricians). The nundinal cycle, market week, or 8-day week ( or ) was the cycle of days preceding and including each nundinae. These were marked on fasti using from A to H. The earliest form of the Roman calendar is sometimes said to have included exactly 38 such cycles, running for 304 days from March to December before an unorganized expanse of about 50 winter days. The lengths of the Republican and Julian calendars, however, were not evenly divisible by 8; under these systems, the nundinae fell on a different letter each year. These letters formed the basis of the later Christian dominical letters. Name The name () was apparently formed from an early form of (\\\"ninth\\\") and (\\\"day\\\"), a root related to and ultimately the Proto-Indo-European root reconstructed as *dyew- (\\\"to shine\\\"). It is now glossed as an adjective modifying an understood (\\\"festival; holiday\\\"), but not all Romans considered it to be one: a writer named Titius listed the nundinae as a \\\"customary occasion\\\" () and the Roman pontiffs themselves told the augur Messala that they did not consider the nones or nundinae to be religious occasions. Like and the names of most other recurring days of the Roman calendar, always appeared as a plural in classical Latin, even in references to a single day. The English form \\\"nundine\\\", following French , similarly appeared only as a plural at first, although it is now used in the singular number for individual days. In Roman inscriptions, the word was abbreviated . The form for the span between the nundinae seems to have been standard in early Latin, but only appears in compounds (, , &c.) and phrases () in the classical period. The name of the 8-day cycle is based upon the Latin word for \\\"nine\\\" because the Romans tended to count dates inclusively. Each nundinae was thought to follow the next after a 9-day interval because the first day was included in the count. History The Etruscans also celebrated an 8-day week which may have been the basis of the Roman system. They supposedly used each day for royal audiences and councils with their various kings. According to Macrobius, the people of the Roman countryside were first obliged to gather in the city on the nones of each month, about a week after the new moon, to hear from the king or his equivalent what the holy days would be and what they were to do over the course of the coming month. The regular nundinae were credited by Roman legend variously to Romulus when he ruled jointly with Titus Tatius and first established Rome's religious observances, to Servius Tullius when he aimed to improve commerce in the town, or to the plebeians when they began to gather after the expulsion of Tarquin to offer\",\n \"title\": \"Nundinae\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15642\",\n \"text\": \"January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer). In the Southern hemisphere, January is the seasonal equivalent of July in the Northern hemisphere and vice versa. Ancient Roman observances during this month include Cervula and Juvenalia, celebrated January 1, as well as one of three Agonalia, celebrated January 9, and Carmentalia, celebrated January 11. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. History January (in Latin, Ianuarius) is named after Janus, the god of beginnings and transitions in Roman mythology. Traditionally, the original Roman calendar consisted of 10 months totaling 304 days, winter being considered a month-less period. Around 713 BC, the semi-mythical successor of Romulus, King Numa Pompilius, is supposed to have added the months of January and February, so that the calendar covered a standard lunar year (354 days). Although March was originally the first month in the old Roman calendar, January became the first month of the calendar year either under Numa or under the Decemvirs about 450 BC (Roman writers differ). In contrast, each specific calendar year was identified by the names of the two consuls, who entered office on March 15 until 153 BC, at which point they started entering office on January 1. Various Christian feast dates were used for the New Year in Europe during the Middle Ages, including March 25 (Feast of the Annunciation) and December 25. However, medieval calendars were still displayed in the Roman fashion with twelve columns from January to December. Beginning in the 16th century, European countries began officially making January 1 the start of the New Year once again—sometimes called Circumcision Style because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, being the seventh day after December 25. Historical names for January include its original Roman designation, Ianuarius, the Saxon term Wulf-monath (meaning \\\"wolf month\\\") and Charlemagne's designation Wintarmanoth (\\\"winter / cold month\\\"). In Slovene, it is traditionally called prosinec; the name, associated with millet bread and the act of asking for something, was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript. According to Theodor Mommsen, 1 January became the first day of the year in 600 AUC of the Roman calendar (153 BC), due to disasters in the Lusitanian War. A Lusitanian chief called Punicus invaded the Roman territory, defeated two Roman governors, and killed their troops. The Romans resolved to send a consul to Hispania, and in order to accelerate the dispatch of aid, \\\"they even made the new consuls enter into office two months and a half before the legal time\\\" (March 15). Symbols January's birthstone is the garnet, which represents\",\n \"title\": \"January\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25792\",\n \"text\": \"The Roman calendar was the calendar used by the Roman Kingdom and Roman Republic. Although the term is primarily used for Rome's pre-Julian calendars, it is often used inclusively of the Julian calendar established by the reforms of the Dictator Julius Caesar and Emperor Augustus in the late 1st century BC. According to most Roman accounts, their original calendar was established by their legendary first king Romulus. It consisted of ten months, beginning in spring with March and leaving winter as an unassigned span of days before the next year. These months each had 30 or 31 days and ran for 38 nundinal cycles, each forming a kind of eight-day weeknine days counted inclusively in the Roman mannerand ending with religious rituals and a public market. This fixed calendar bore traces of its origin as an observational lunar one. In particular, the most important days of each monthits kalends, nones, and idesseem to have derived from the new moon, the first-quarter moon, and the full moon respectively. To a late date, the College of Pontiffs formally proclaimed each of these days on the Capitoline Hill and Roman dating counted down inclusively towards the next such day in any month. (For example, the year-end festival of Terminalia on 23February was called , the 6th day before the March kalends.) Romulus's successor Numa Pompilius was then usually credited with a revised calendar that divided winter between the two months of January and February, shortened most other months accordingly, and brought everything into rough alignment with the solar year by some system of intercalation. This is a typical element of lunisolar calendars and was necessary to keep the Roman religious festivals and other activities in their proper seasons. Modern historians dispute various points of this account. It is possible the original calendar was agriculturally based, observational of the seasons and stars rather the moon, with ten months of varying length filling the entire year. If this ever existed, it would have changed to the lunisolar system later credited to Numa during the kingdom or early Republic under the influence of the Etruscans and of Pythagorean Southern Italian Greeks. After the establishment of the Republic, years began to be dated by consulships but the calendar and its rituals were otherwise very conservatively maintained until the Late Republic. Even when the nundinal cycles had completely departed from correlation with the moon's phases, a pontiff was obliged to meet the sacred king, to claim that he had observed the new moon, and to offer a sacrifice to Juno to solemnize each kalends. It is clear that, for a variety of reasons, the intercalation necessary for the system's accuracy was not always observed. Astronomical events recorded in Livy show the civil calendar had varied from the solar year by an entire season in and was still two months off in . By the or before, control of intercalation was given to the pontifex maximus butas these were often active political leaders like Caesarpolitical considerations continued to interfere\",\n \"title\": \"Roman calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2485601\",\n \"text\": \"The Equirria (also as Ecurria, from equicurria, \\\"horse races\\\") were two ancient Roman festivals of chariot racing, or perhaps horseback racing, held in honor of the god Mars, one 27 February and the other 14 March. Site The Equirria took place in the Campus Martius outside the sacred boundary of Rome (pomerium). The exact course is debated: perhaps near the Altar of Mars in the campus; or on the Tarentum, the site of the ludi tarentini, which became the Saecular Games; or the Trigarium. When the Tiber flooded, the Equirria were transferred to the Campus Martialis on the Caelian Hill, a field without permanent structures. On the calendar The Equirria were said to have been founded by Romulus, the son of Mars. Both appear on the oldest Roman calendars inscribed on stone. The Equirria are part of what Michael Lipka calls \\\"temporal focalization\\\" in the Roman conception of deity. The festivals of Mars—the 27 February Equirria, a feria on the Kalends of March (a day sacred also to his mother Juno), Agonalia 17 March, Tubilustrium 23 March, the ritual of the October Horse 15 October, and Armilustrium 19 October—cluster at his namesake month (Latin Martius), except for festivals of Mars in October to close the military campaigning season. In the earliest form of the calendar, the year began with March, and thus the 27 February Equirria originally preceded New Year's Day, and was the last festival for Mars of the year. The 14 March Equirria occurs the day before the Ides, when the Roman people celebrated the feast of Anna Perenna, whose name expresses her role as a goddess of the year (Latin annus; cf. English \\\"perennial\\\"). The March Equirria and the Regifugium (\\\"King's Flight\\\") are the only such festivals to fall on an even-numbered date. Despite scholarly efforts, no explanation for this displacement has found wide acceptance. Georg Wissowa thought the March Equirria had originally occurred on the Ides, and was moved up a day because of conflicts among religious events concentrated around this ritually fraught time; an alternate view is that it was placed \\\"at some convenient day\\\" between the Nones and the Ides. At any rate, the horse races framed the ritual turn of the year, and the difficulties of the placement of the two Equirria arise from changes made to the calendar, when January became the first month. Significance Originally, the Equirria may have featured races on horseback, like the archaic festivals of the Consualia and Taurian Games, rather than chariot races. The gods of the underworld (di inferi) were characteristically propitiated by horse racing in the Campus Martius with \\\"old and obscure\\\" festivals such as the Consualia, at sites including the Tarentum and the Trigarium. Hendrik Wagenvoort speculated that the archaic Mars \\\"had been imagined as the god of death and the underworld in the shape of a horse.\\\" William Warde Fowler understood the Equirria as \\\"lustrations of the horse\\\" for the army. They occur during what most scholars see as a general \\\"war festival\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Equirria\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"753307\",\n \"text\": \"The calends or kalends () is the first day of every month in the Roman calendar. The English word \\\"calendar\\\" is derived from this word. Use The Romans called the first day of every month the calends, signifying the start of a new lunar phase. On this day, the pontiffs would announce the number of days until the next month at the Curia Calabra; in addition, debtors had to pay off their debts on this day. These debts were inscribed in the kalendaria, effectively an accounting book. Modern calendars count the number of days after the first of each month; by contrast, the Roman calendar counted the number of days until certain upcoming dates (such as the calends, the nones or the ides). The day before the calends was called pridie kalendas, but the day before that was counted as the \\\"third day\\\", as Romans used inclusive counting. To calculate the day of the calends of the upcoming month, counting the number of days remaining in the current month is necessary, then adding two to that number. For example, April 22 is the 10th day before the calends of May (ante diem decimum Kalendas Maius), because eight days are left in April and both end dates are included in the total. Computation The following lines of poetry aid calculations relating to the day of the month from the calends: This means that the first day is called the calends; six days after the calends is the nones of May, October, July and March, while the nones comes only four days later for the other months; the ides comes eight days after the nones. Expressions The calends was a feature of the Roman calendar, but it was not included in the Greek calendar. Consequently, to postpone something ad Kalendas Graecas (\\\"until the Greek calends\\\") was a colloquial expression for postponing something forever. This phrase survived for many centuries in Greek () and in the Romance languages (; ; ; ; ; etc.). The Latin term is traditionally written with initial K: this is a relic of traditional Latin orthography, which wrote K (instead of C or Q) before the vowel A. Later, most Latin words adopted C, instead. It is sometimes claimed that the kalends was frequently used in formal or high-register contexts, and that that is why it retained its traditional spelling, but there seems to be no source for this. References Further reading T.P. Wiseman, \\\"The Kalends of April,\\\" in Idem, Unwritten Rome. Exeter, University of Exeter Press, 2008. Roman calendar cs:Římská datace#Kalendy\",\n \"title\": \"Calends\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3839355\",\n \"text\": \", , or January, fully (\\\"month of Janus\\\") and abbreviated , was the first month of the ancient Roman calendar, from which the Julian and Gregorian month of January derived. It was followed by Februarius (\\\"February\\\"). In the calendars of the Roman Republic, Ianuarius had 29 days. Two days were added when the calendar was reformed under Julius Caesar in 45 BCE. In the oldest Roman calendar, which the Romans believed to have been instituted by their legendary founder Romulus, the first month was Martius (\\\"month of Mars\\\", March), and the calendar year had only ten months. Ianuarius and Februarius were supposed to have been added by Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, originally at the end of the year. It is unclear when the Romans reset the course of the year so that January and February came first. Ianuarius is conventionally thought to have taken its name from Janus, the dual-faced god of beginnings, openings, passages, gates and doorways, but according to ancient Roman farmers' almanacs Juno was the tutelary deity of the month. In the agricultural year Many Roman festivals and religious observances reflect the Romans' agrarian way of life in their early history. Agricultural calendars (menologia rustica) show that for farmers, January continued the relatively slack time they experienced in December. For January, these almanacs advised farmers to expect 9¾ hours of daylight and 14¼ hours of darkness, and to sharpen stakes, cut willows and reeds, and offer sacrifice to the Dei Penates, tutelary deities. The agricultural writer Columella says that farmers who were religiosiores, more scrupulous than others, would refrain from working the land until January 13, except that on January 1 they should make an auspicious gesture (auspiciandi causa) of beginning work on everything they wanted to get done that year. Varro, in his agricultural treatise, divides the agricultural year into eight phases. The phase from the winter solstice to February 7, when Favonius the west wind was thought to start blowing favorably, was not for hard work, but odd jobs and tidying. Civic life In the Roman Republic, consuls entered office at the beginning of the year; from 153 BC onward, on January 1. Auspices were taken, and if favorable the two consuls went home and put on their toga praetexta, with the purple stripe signifying their status. A procession of senators and equestrians accompanied them from their home to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill. The people dressed festively and watched the parade. At the temple, each consul sacrificed a white bull to Jupiter in fulfillment of the vow made by the previous year's consuls to ask for the wellbeing (salus) of the commonwealth (vota pro salute rei publicae). New vows were then made. The senior of the two consuls next convened the senate. Among other business, he announced the date of the Feriae Latinae (\\\"Latin Festival\\\"), a moveable feast to be held in April and one of the oldest festivals of the religious calendar. Within five days,\",\n \"title\": \"Ianuarius\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19344\",\n \"text\": \"March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 21 marks the astronomical beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where September is the seasonal equivalent of the Northern Hemisphere's March. History The name of March comes from Martius, the first month of the earliest Roman calendar. It was named after Mars, the Roman god of war, and an ancestor of the Roman people through his sons Romulus and Remus. His month Martius was the beginning of the season for warfare, and the festivals held in his honor during the month were mirrored by others in October, when the season for these activities came to a close. Martius remained the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps as late as 153 BC, and several religious observances in the first half of the month were originally new year's celebrations. Even in late antiquity, Roman mosaics picturing the months sometimes still placed March first. March 1 began the numbered year in Russia until the end of the 15th century. Great Britain and its colonies continued to use March 25 until 1752, when they finally adopted the Gregorian calendar (the fiscal year in the UK continues to begin on 6 April, initially identical to 25 March in the former Julian calendar). Many other cultures, for example in Iran, or Ethiopia, still celebrate the beginning of the New Year in March. March is the first month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Europe, Asia and part of Africa) and the first month of fall or autumn in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, part of Africa, and Oceania). Ancient Roman observances celebrated in March include Agonium Martiale, celebrated on March 1, March 14, and March 17, Matronalia, celebrated on March 1, Junonalia, celebrated on March 7, Equirria, celebrated on March 14, Mamuralia, celebrated on either March 14 or March 15, Hilaria on March 15 and then through March 22–28, Argei, celebrated on March 16–17, Liberalia and Bacchanalia, celebrated March 17, Quinquatria, celebrated March 19–23, and Tubilustrium, celebrated March 23. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Other names In Finnish, the month is called maaliskuu, which is believed to originate from maallinen kuu. The latter means earthy month and may refer to the first appearance of \\\"earth\\\" from under the winter's snow. In Ukrainian, the month is called березень/berezenʹ, meaning birch tree, and březen in Czech. Historical names for March include the Saxon Lentmonat, named after the March equinox and gradual lengthening of days, and the eventual namesake of Lent. Saxons also called March Rhed-monat or Hreth-monath (deriving from their goddess Rhedam/Hreth), and Angles called it Hyld-monath. In Slovene, the traditional name is sušec, meaning the month when the earth becomes dry enough so that it\",\n \"title\": \"March\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"161971\",\n \"text\": \"In the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day is the first day of the calendar year, 1 January. Most solar calendars (like the Gregorian and Julian) begin the year regularly at or near the northern winter solstice, while cultures and religions that observe a lunisolar or lunar calendar celebrate their Lunar New Year at less fixed points relative to the solar year. In pre-Christian Rome under the Julian calendar, the day was dedicated to Janus, god of gateways and beginnings, for whom January is also named. From Roman times until the middle of the 18th century, the new year was celebrated at various stages and in various parts of Christian Europe on 25 December, on 1 March, on 25 March and on the movable feast of Easter. In the present day, with most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as their civil calendar, 1 January according to Gregorian calendar is among the most celebrated of public holidays in the world, often observed with fireworks at the stroke of midnight following New Year's Eve as the new year starts in each time zone. Other global New Year's Day traditions include making New Year's resolutions and calling one's friends and family. History The ancient Babylonian calendar was lunisolar, and around the year 2000BC began observing a spring festival and the new year during the month of Nisan, around the time of the March equinox. The early Roman calendar designated 1 March as the first day of the year. The calendar had just 10 months, beginning with March. That the new year once began with the month of March is still reflected in some of the names of the months. September through to December, the ninth through to the twelfth months of the Gregorian calendar, were originally positioned as the seventh through to the tenth months. (Septem is Latin for \\\"seven\\\"; octo, \\\"eight\\\"; novem, \\\"nine\\\"; and decem, \\\"ten\\\") Roman mythology usually credits their second king Numa with the establishment of the two new months of Ianuarius and Februarius. These were first placed at the end of the year, but at some point came to be considered the first two months instead. The January kalend ( Ianuariae), the start of the month of January, came to be celebrated as the new year at some point after it became the day for the inaugurating new consuls in 153BC as a result of the rebellion in Hispania which began the second Celtiberian War. Romans had long dated their years by these consulships, rather than sequentially, and making the kalends of January start the new year aligned this dating. Still, private and religious celebrations around the March new year continued for some time and there is no consensus on the question of the timing for 1 January's new status. Once it became the new year, however, it became a time for family gatherings and celebrations. A series of disasters, notably including the failed rebellion of M. Aemilius Lepidus in 78BC, established a superstition against allowing Rome's market days\",\n \"title\": \"New Year's Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45300210\",\n \"text\": \"The Fasti Antiates Maiores is a painted wall-calendar from the late Roman Republic, the oldest archaeologically attested local Roman calendar and the only such calendar known from before the Julian calendar reforms. It was created between 84 and 55 BC and discovered in 1915 at Anzio (ancient Antium) in a crypt next to the coast. It is now located in the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme in Rome, part of the Museo Nazionale Romano. Background Anzio lies about 58 km south of Rome in the region of modern Lazio. In the 6th century BC, at the latest, the Latins inhabited the region of Latium, including Antium, this town until being taken by the Volsci, remaining independent of Rome until 338 BC. The Romans first took control of the region in the Latin War after the Battle of Trifanum and incorporated it into the Roman republic. Description The Fasti Antiates maiores consist of two fragments of the thirteen month calendar and the List of Roman consuls. The 1.16 m high and 2.5 m wide calendar contains the leap month Mensis Intercalaris in addition to the twelve months. The list of consuls was the same height as the calendar, but 1.36 m wide. The names of the consuls span the period from 164 BC to 84 BC. According to the restoration of the lacunae at both ends, the list originally extended from 173 BC to 67 BC. Contents The calendar takes the form of a table with thirteen columns, each of which is a month labelled with an abbreviation of its name. Still legible are the following: IAN for Ianuarius (January), FEB for Februarius (February), APR for Aprilis (April), IVN for Iunius (June), and SEP for September. Each column consists of several rows containing the days as well as a supplementary row indicating the total number of days in the month. Still visible are XXIIX (28) for February, XXIX (29) for April, June and partly for August, XXXI (31) (partial) for May and October. Each day is marked with a letter from A to H, indicating the position of the day in the Roman nundinal cycle, with occasional further letters appended to note the ceremonial category of the day: The first day of each month is marked by the letter K, short for Kalendae. The fifth day of January, February, April, June, August, September, November, and December is marked with the letters NON, short for Nonae, whereas NON is placed in the seventh day for the months of March, May, July, and October. The eighth day after the Nones of each month is labelled EIDVS (Ides). Some days are marked with the letters F, N or C. F is short for fastus dies (\\\"allowed days\\\", when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law), N for nefastus dies (banned days, when it was not), and C for comitialis dies (assembly days, when political assemblies were permitted). The calendar also lists the foundation dates (dies natales) of the temples in\",\n \"title\": \"Fasti Antiates Maiores\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15651\",\n \"text\": \"The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers). The Julian calendar was proposed in 46 BC by (and takes its name from) Julius Caesar, as a reform of the earlier Roman calendar, which was largely a lunisolar one. It took effect on , by his edict. Caesar's calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years, until 1582 when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar. The Julian calendar has two types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. That is more than the actual solar year value of approximately 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar gains one day every 129 years. In other words, the Julian calendar gains 3.1 days every 400 years. Gregory's calendar reform modified the Julian rule, to reduce the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year: the Gregorian calendar gains just 0.1 day over 400 years. For any given event during the years from 1901 through 2099, its date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date (for instance Julian 1 January falls on Gregorian 14 January). Most Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately; Protestant countries did so slowly in the course of the following two centuries or so; most Orthodox countries retain the Julian calendar for religious purposes but adopted the Gregorian as their civil calendar in the early part of the twentieth century. Table of months History Motivation The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. This intercalary month was formed by inserting 22 or 23 days after the first 23 days of February; the last five days of February, which counted down toward the start of March, became the last five days of Intercalaris. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, forming an intercalary year of 377 or 378 days. Some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia (23 February). If managed correctly this system could have allowed the Roman year to stay roughly aligned to a tropical year. However, since the pontifices were often politicians, and because a Roman magistrate's term of office\",\n \"title\": \"Julian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39560972\",\n \"text\": \"On the ancient Roman calendar, mensis Iunius or Iunius, also Junius (June), was the fourth month, following Maius (May). In the oldest calendar attributed by the Romans to Romulus, Iunius was the fourth month in a ten-month year that began with March (Martius, \\\"Mars' month\\\"). The month following June was thus called Quinctilis or Quintilis, the \\\"fifth\\\" month. Iunius had 29 days until a day was added during the Julian reform of the calendar in the mid-40s BC. The month that followed Iunius was renamed Iulius (July) in honour of Julius Caesar. Name of the month In his poem on the Roman calendar, Ovid has three goddesses present three different derivations of the name Iunius. Juno asserts that the month is named for her. Juventas (\\\"Youth\\\") pairs Iunius with Maius: the former, she says, comes from junior, \\\"a younger person\\\", in contrast to maiores or the \\\"elders\\\" for whom May was named. Juno's own name may derive from the same root meaning \\\"young\\\", and these two possibilities may be reconcilable. Ovid has Concordia claim that Iunius comes from iungo, iunctus, \\\"join\\\", in honor of her uniting the Romans and the Sabines. Elsewhere, an even less likely derivation relates the month name to Marcus Iunius Brutus, a member of the gens Iunia who made the first sacrifice to Dea Carna on the Kalends (June 1). Iconography Month illustrations that draw on the Calendar of Filocalus (354 AD) show a nude male holding a torch that may be an allegory of the summer solstice. Solstitium is noted on June 24 of the calendar. The torch may be a reference to dies lampadarum, \\\"day of torches\\\", variously interpreted as the sun's rays or as the torch of Ceres, the grain goddess who carried a torch while searching for her abducted daughter Proserpina. The solstice marked the beginning of the harvest, which is represented by the basket of fruit and a sickle. The plant may be a bean, since June 1 was the \\\"Bean Kalends\\\". Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of June was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. Roman counting was inclusive; June 9 was ante diem V Idūs Iunias, \\\"the 5th day before the Ides of June,\\\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Iun. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether). The last day of June was the pridie Kalendas Quinctilis (pridie Kalendas Iulias after July was renamed), \\\"day before the Kalends of July\\\". The modern equivalent of this date was June 29 on the pre-Julian calendar, but June 30 on the Julian, because June was one of the months to which a day was added in realigning with astronomical time. June 23 was thus VIII Kal. Quinct., \\\"the 8th day\",\n \"title\": \"Iunius (month)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1068915\",\n \"text\": \"Februarius, fully Mensis Februarius (\\\"month of Februa\\\"), was the shortest month of the Roman calendar from which the Julian and Gregorian month of February derived. It was eventually placed second in order, preceded by Ianuarius (\\\"month of Janus\\\", January) and followed by Martius (\\\"month of Mars\\\", March). In the oldest Roman calendar, which the Romans believed to have been instituted by their legendary founder Romulus, March was the first month, and the calendar year had only ten months in all. Ianuarius and Februarius were supposed to have been added by Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, originally at the end of the year. It is unclear when the Romans reset the course of the year so that January and February came first. Februarius was the only month in the pre-Julian calendar to have an even number of days, numbering 28. This was mathematically necessary to permit the year itself to have an odd number of days. Ancient sources derived Februarius from februum, a thing used for ritual purification. Most of the observances in this month concerned the dead or closure, reflecting the month's original position at the end of the year. The Parentalia was a nine-day festival honoring the ancestors and propitiating the dead, while the Terminalia was a set of rituals pertaining to boundary stones that was probably also felt to reinforce the boundary of the year. In the agricultural year Many Roman festivals and religious observances reflect the Romans' agrarian way of life in their early history. In his treatise on farming, Varro divides the agricultural year into eight phases, with Spring beginning officially on February 7, when Favonius the west wind was thought to start blowing favorably and it was time to ready the fields. The grain fields were to be weeded, vineyards tended, and old reeds burned. Some kinds of trees were pruned, and attention was given to olive and fruit trees. The agricultural writer Columella says that meadows and grain fields are \\\"purged\\\" (purguntur), probably both in the practical sense of clearing away old debris and by means of ritual. The duties of February thus suggest the close bond between agriculture and religion in Roman culture. According to the farmers' almanacs, the tutelary deity of the month was Neptune. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of February was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of February was the pridie Kalendas Martias, \\\"day before the Kalends of March\\\". Roman counting was inclusive; February 9 was ante diem V Idūs Februarias, \\\"the 5th day before the Ides (13th) of February,\\\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Feb. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); February 23 was VI Kal. Mart., \\\"the 6th day\",\n \"title\": \"Februarius\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2982683\",\n \"text\": \"Bissext, or bissextus () is the leap day which is added to the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar every fourth year to compensate for the roughly six-hour difference in length between the common 365-day year and the actual length of the solar year. (The Gregorian calendar omits this leap day in years evenly divisible by 100, unless they are divisible by 400.) In the Julian calendar, 24 February i.e. the 6th day before the calends (1st) of March, counting backwards inclusively in the Roman style (1/3, 28/2, 27/2, 26/2, 25/2, 24/2) was doubled in a leap year. Consequently the , or sixth before the calends, the or \\\"second sixth,\\\" was also 24 February. In modern usage, with the exception of some ecclesiastical calendars, this intercalary day is added for convenience at the end of the month of February, as 29 February, and years in which February has 29 days are called \\\"bissextile years\\\" or leap years. Replacement (by 29 February) of the awkward practice of having two days with the same date appears to have evolved by custom and practice. In the course of the fifteenth century, \\\"29 February\\\" appears increasingly often in legal documents although the records of the proceedings of the House of Commons of England continued to use the old system until the middle of the sixteenth century. It was not until passage of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 that 29 February was formally recognised in British law. Bissextile The term is first defined in English law, in the statute (Concerning [the] leap year and leap day, 40 Hen. 3, 1256), which defines the bissextile day as consisting of two actual days. (This was to clarify what should happen when \\\"an essoin was given for a month\\\" but the month was February in a leap year. Section II of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 (24 Geo. 2. c. 23) uses the word \\\"bissextile\\\" as a term for leap years. Notes References Further reading Julian calendar\",\n \"title\": \"Bissextus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27529\",\n \"text\": \"September is the ninth month of the year in both the Gregorian calendar and the less commonly used Julian calendar. In the modern Gregorian calendar, its length is 30 days. September in the Northern Hemisphere and March in the Southern Hemisphere are seasonally equivalent. In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological autumn is on 1 September. In the Southern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological spring is on 1 September. September marks the beginning of the ecclesiastical year in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is the start of the academic year in many countries of the northern hemisphere, in which children go back to school after the summer break, sometimes on the first day of the month. September (from Latin septem, \\\"seven\\\") was originally the seventh of ten months in the oldest known Roman calendar, the calendar of Romulus , with March (Latin Martius) the first month of the year until perhaps as late as 451 BC. After the calendar reform that added January and February to the beginning of the year, September became the ninth month but retained its name. It had 29 days until the Julian reform, which added a day. Events Ancient Roman observances for September include Ludi Romani, originally celebrated from September 12 to September 14, later extended to September 5 to September 19. In the 1st century BC, an extra day was added in honor of the deified Julius Caesar on 4 September. Epulum Jovis was held on September 13. Ludi Triumphales was held from September 18–22. The Septimontium was celebrated in September, and on December 11 on later calendars. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. September was called \\\"harvest month\\\" in Charlemagne's calendar. September corresponds partly to the Fructidor and partly to the Vendémiaire of the first French republic. September is called Herbstmonat, harvest month, in Switzerland. The Anglo-Saxons called the month Gerstmonath, barley month, that crop being then usually harvested. In 1752, the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar. In the British Empire that year, September 2 was immediately followed by September 14. On Usenet, it is said that September 1993 (Eternal September) never ended. In the United States, September is one of the most common birth months (third most popular after August and July, which both have 31 days), as all but one Top 10 most common birthdays are in September, based on the National Center for Health Statistics statistics on births between 1994 and 2014. The most common birthday is September 9 (#1), least common is September 1 (#250). Astronomy and astrology The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC). September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. Symbols September's birthstone is\",\n \"title\": \"September\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12532320\",\n \"text\": \"Maius or mensis Maius (May) was the third month of the ancient Roman calendar, following Aprilis (April) and preceding Iunius (June). On the oldest Roman calendar that had begun with March, it was the third of ten months in the year. May had 31 days. The Romans considered May an infelicitous month. Although it began with one of the most notoriously licentious holidays of the Roman calendar, the Games of Flora (Ludi Florae), the middle of the month was devoted to propitiating the lemures, the restless shades of the dead. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. Thus the last day of May was the pridie Kalendas Iunias, \\\"day before the Kalends of June\\\". Roman counting was inclusive; May 9 was ante diem VII Idūs Maias, \\\"the 7th day before the Ides (15th) of May,\\\" usually abbreviated a.d. VII Id. Mai. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); May 23 was X Kal. Iun., \\\"the 10th day before the Kalends of June.\\\" On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In May, these were: F for dies fasti, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law; C, for dies comitalis, a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies (comitia), elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings; N for dies nefasti, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited; NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked feriae, public holidays; QRCF (perhaps for quando rex comitiavit fasOn the basis of the Fasti Viae Lanza, which gives Q. Rex C. F.), a day when it was religiously permissible for the rex (probably the priest known as the rex sacrorum) to call for an assembly. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \\\"market week\\\" (these are omitted in the table below). On a dies religiosus, individuals were not to undertake any new activity, nor do anything other than tend to the most basic necessities. A dies natalis was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the \\\"birthday\\\" of a deity. During the Imperial period, the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. After the mid-1st century AD, a number of dates are added to calendars for spectacles and games (ludi) held in honor of various deities in the venue called a \\\"circus\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Maius\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35314\",\n \"text\": \"Year 431 (CDXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Antiochus (or, less frequently, year 1184 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 431 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), fights a campaign in Rhaetia (Switzerland) and Noricum (Austria). He is attested in the city of Vindelicia (modern Augsburg), reestablishing Roman rule on the Danube frontier. Aetius pushes the Salian Franks back across the River Somme. King Chlodio signs a peace treaty and becomes a foederatus of the Western Roman Empire. Africa Hippo Regius becomes the capital of the Vandal Kingdom. After 14 months of hunger and disease, the Vandals ravage the city. Emperor Theodosius II sends an imperial fleet with an army under command of Aspar, and lands at Carthage. Aspar is routed by the Vandals and Flavius Marcian, future Byzantine emperor, is captured during the fighting. He negotiates a peace with King Genseric and maintains imperial authority in Carthage. Central America March 10 – K'uk' B'alam I, the first known ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, comes to power and reigns until his death four years later in 435. Possible date of the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of the Ilopango caldera in central El Salvador. By topic Arts and Sciences Greek Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus begins studying at the Academy in Athens. Religion June – First Council of Ephesus: Nestorianism is rejected, the Nicene creed is declared to be complete. Nestorius is deposed from his see. October 1 – Maximianus is enthroned as Patriarch of Constantinople. Pope Celestine I dispatches Palladius to serve as bishop to the Irish. Births Anastasius I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date) Odoacer, first \\\"barbarian\\\" king of Italy (d. 493) Deaths June 22 – Paulinus of Nola, Christian bishop and poet (b. 354) Qifu Mumo, prince of the Chinese Xianbei state Western Qin References\",\n \"title\": \"431\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38793397\",\n \"text\": \"In ancient Roman religion, the Mamuralia or Sacrum Mamurio (\\\"Rite for Mamurius\\\") was a festival held on March 14 or 15, named only in sources from late antiquity. According to Joannes Lydus, an old man wearing animal skins was beaten ritually with sticks. The name is connected to Mamurius Veturius, who according to tradition was the craftsman who made the ritual shields (ancilia) that hung in the temple of Mars. Because the Roman calendar originally began in March, the Sacrum Mamurio is usually regarded as a ritual marking the transition from the old year to the new. It shares some characteristics with scapegoat or pharmakos ritual. The craft of Mamurius According to legend, Mamurius was commissioned by Numa, second king of Rome, to make eleven shields identical to the sacred ancile that fell from the heavens as a pledge of Rome's destiny to rule the world. The ancile was one of the sacred guarantors of the Roman state (pignora imperii), and the replicas were intended to conceal the identity of the original and so prevent its theft; it was thus a kind of \\\"public secret.\\\" The shields were under the care of Mars' priests the Salii, who used them in their rituals. As payment, Mamurius requested that his name be preserved and remembered in the song sung by the Salii, the Carmen Saliare, as they executed movements with the shields and performed their armed dance. Fragments of this archaic hymn survive, including the invocation of Mamurius. Several sources mention the invocation of the hymn and the story of the smith, but only Lydus describes the ritual as the beating of an old man. Mamurius was also supposed to have made a bronze replacement for a maple statue of Vertumnus, brought to Rome in the time of Romulus. He may have been Oscan and thought to have been buried in his homeland, since at the end of a poem about Vertumnus, Propertius has the god express a wish that the Oscan earth should not wear away Mamurius's skilled hands. Veturius is considered either an Etruscan or Oscan family name. \\\"Mamurius Veturius\\\" became the nickname of Marcus Aurelius Marius Augustus, a former smith or metalworker who was briefly Roman emperor in 269. Calendar and name The divine shield is supposed to have fallen from the sky on March 1, the first day of the month Martius, named after the god Mars. In the earliest Roman calendar, which the Romans believed to have been instituted by Romulus, the ten-month year began with Mars' month, and the god himself was thus associated with the agricultural year and the cycle of life and death. The number of ancilia corresponds to the twelve months in the reformed calendar attributed to Numa, and scholars often interpret the Mamuralia as originally a New Year festival, with various explanations as to how it was moved from the beginning of the month to the midpoint. The Mamuralia is named as such only in calendars and sources dating from the 4th\",\n \"title\": \"Mamuralia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"311221\",\n \"text\": \"In the ancient Roman calendar, Quintilis or Quinctilis was the month following Junius (June) and preceding Sextilis (August). Quintilis is Latin for \\\"fifth\\\": it was the fifth month (quintilis mensis) in the earliest calendar attributed to Romulus, which began with Martius (\\\"Mars' month,\\\" March) and had 10 months. After the calendar reform that produced a 12-month year, Quintilis became the seventh month, but retained its name. In 45 BC, Julius Caesar instituted a new calendar (the Julian calendar) that corrected astronomical discrepancies in the old. After his death in 44 BC, the month of Quintilis, his birth month, was renamed Julius in his honor, hence July. Quintilis was under the guardianship (tutela) of the Romans' supreme deity Jupiter, with sacrifices made particularly to Neptune and Apollo. Agricultural festivals directed at the harvest gradually lost their importance, and the month became dominated in urban Imperial Rome by the Ludi Apollinares, games (ludi) in honor of Apollo. Ten days of games were celebrated in honor of Julius Caesar at the end of the month. Dates Like the modern month of July, this was one of the \\\"long\\\" months that had 31 days. The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (Nonae, 5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (Idūs, 13th or 15th), and the Kalends (Kalendae, 1st) of the following month. Thus, the last day of Quintilis was the pridie Kalendas Sextilis, \\\"day before the Kalends of Sextilis\\\" (August). Roman counting was inclusive; July 5 was ante diem III Nonas Quintilis, \\\"the 3rd day before the Nones (7th) of Quintilis,\\\" usually abbreviated a.d. III Non. Quint. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); July 23 was X. Kal. Sext., \\\"the 10th day before the Kalends of Sextilis.\\\" Each day was marked with a letter such as F for dies fasti, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law; C, for dies comitalis, a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies (comitia), elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings; N for dies nefasti, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited; or NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked feriae, public holidays. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \\\"market week\\\" A dies natalis was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the \\\"birthday\\\" of a deity. On a dies religiosus, individuals were not to undertake any new activity, nor do anything other than tend to the most basic necessities. During the Imperial period, some of the traditional festivals localized at Rome became less important, and the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. On the calendar of military religious observances known as the Feriale\",\n \"title\": \"Quintilis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17781547\",\n \"text\": \"The Rumi calendar (, , lit. \\\"Roman calendar\\\"), a specific calendar based on the Julian calendar, was officially used by the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat (1839) and by its successor, the Republic of Turkey until 1926. It was adopted for civic matters and is a solar based calendar, assigning a date to each solar day. History In the Islamic state of the Ottoman Empire, the religious Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) was in use. In this calendar, months coincide with lunar phases. Because a \\\"lunar year\\\" (the combined duration of twelve lunar phases) is shorter than the solar year, the seasons cycle through the lunar months as the solar years pass. \\\"As a result,\\\" says the Astronomical Almanac, \\\"the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through the seasons over a period of about 33 [solar] years\\\". 1677 Introduction of the Fiscal calendar In 1677, Head Treasurer (, ) Hasan Pasha under Sultan Mehmed IV proposed the correction of financial records by dropping one year (an escape year) every 33 years, resulting from the difference between the lunar Islamic calendar and the solar Julian calendar. In 1740 (1152 AH) during the reign of Sultan Mahmud I, March was adopted as the first month of the fiscal year for the payment of taxes and dealings with government officials instead of Muharram following Treasurer Atıf Efendi's proposal. Proposed by Treasurer Moralı Osman Efendi during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid I, the range of the fiscal calendar applications was extended in 1794 to state expenditures and payments in order to prevent surplus cost arising from the time difference between the Islamic and Julian calendar. 1840 Adoption of the Julian Calendar The Julian calendar, used from 1677 AD on for fiscal matters only, was adopted on March 13, 1840 AD (March 1, 1256 AH), in the frame of Tanzimat reforms shortly after the accession to the throne of Sultan Abdülmecid I, as the official calendar for all civic matters and named \\\"Rumi calendar\\\" (literally Roman calendar). The counting of years began with the year 622 AD, when Muhammad and his followers emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the same event marking the start of the Islamic calendar. The months and days of the Julian calendar were used, the year starting in March. However, in 1256 AH the difference between the Hijri and the Gregorian calendars amounted to 584 years. With the change from lunar calendar to solar calendar, the difference between the Rumi calendar and the Julian or Gregorian calendar remained a constant 584 years. 1917 Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Since the Julian to Gregorian calendar changeover was finally being adopted in neighboring countries, the Rumi calendar was realigned to the Gregorian calendar in February 1917, leaving the difference of 584 years unchanged, however. Thus, after February 15, 1332 AH (February 1917 AD), the next day instead of being February 16 suddenly became March 1, 1333 AH (March 1, 1917 AD). The year 1333 AH (1917 AD) was made into a year with only\",\n \"title\": \"Rumi calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40440232\",\n \"text\": \"October (from Latin octo, \\\"eight\\\") or mensis October was the eighth of ten months on the oldest Roman calendar. It had 31 days. October followed September (from septem, \\\"seven\\\") and preceded November (novem, \\\"nine\\\"). After the calendar reform that resulted in a 12-month year, October became the tenth month, but retained its numerical name, as did the other months from September to December. Some of the observances in October marked the close of the season for military campaigning and farming, which commenced in March (Martius, \\\"Mars' month\\\"). October was under the guardianship (tutela) of Mars. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of October was the 7th, and the Ides was the 15th. The last day of October was the pridie Kalendas Novembris, \\\"day before the Kalends of November\\\". Roman counting was inclusive; October 9 was ante diem VII Idūs Octobris, \\\"the 7th day before the Ides of October,\\\" usually abbreviated a.d. VII Id. Oct. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); October 23 was X Kal. Nov., \\\"the 10th day before the Kalends of November.\\\" On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In March, these were: F for dies fasti, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law; C, for dies comitalis, a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies (comitia), elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings; N for dies nefasti, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited; NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked feriae, public holidays; EN for endotercissus, an archaic form of intercissus, \\\"cut in half,\\\" meaning days that were nefasti in the morning, when sacrifices were being prepared, and in the evening, while sacrifices were being offered, but were fasti in the middle of the day. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \\\"market week\\\" (these are omitted in the table below). A dies natalis was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the \\\"birthday\\\" of a deity. During the Imperial period, some of the traditional festivals localized at Rome became less important, and the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. On the calendar of military religious observances known as the Feriale Duranum, sacrifices pertaining to Imperial cult outnumber the older festivals, but among the military the importance of Mars was maintained and perhaps\",\n \"title\": \"October (Roman month)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62708833\",\n \"text\": \"The Bostran era (also called the era of Bostra, the Arabian era or provincial era) was a calendar era (year numbering) with an epoch (start date) corresponding to 22March 106AD. It was the official era of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea, introduced to replace dating by regnal years after the Roman annexation of the Nabataean Kingdom. It is named after the city of Bostra, which became the headquarters of the Sixth Legion stationed in the province. Dates and names The start date of the Bostran era was once a matter of dispute, in part because the Chronicon Paschale explicitly puts it the year of the consuls Candidus and Quadratus, that is, 105. Manuscript discoveries from the Cave of Letters put the issue to rest: the era of Bostra began in 106. The Bostran calendar was lunisolar. It had twelve months of 30 days with five epagomenal days at the end of the year. The month names came from the ancient Macedonian calendar, although Nabataean equivalents were also used. A leap year came once every four years in the Bostran calendar starting from the second year. Thus years 2, 6, 10 etc. were leap years with a sixth epagomenal day. The first day of the first month, Xanthikos, corresponded to 22 March in the Julian calendar, approximately the vernal equinox. The Bostran calendar—as the calendar of Arabia or of the Arabs—is one of sixteen that appear in the Florence, Leiden and Vatican hemerologia. The Bostran calendar was used in texts of the Nabataean and Palestinian Jewish varieties of Aramaic, in Greek and in Arabic. Inscriptions from Arabia Petraea which do not specify the era but simply provide a year number are usually in the era of Bostra. In documents, this era is usually indicated by the phrase \\\"[year] of the province\\\" (e.g., Aramaic lhprkyʾ). Sometimes the province is specified by the name \\\"Arabia\\\" or \\\"Bostra\\\" (e.g. Greek , , or , ; Aramaic lhprk bṣrʾ). Such indications, however, are rare for inscriptions, where usually only a year number appears. The occasional use of the name \\\"Bostra\\\" for dating should not, however, be taken to indicate that it was the capital of the province; Petra was in fact more prominent in the early years. The dating formula and the use of the Bostran era have no special connection to the city beyond the fact that as the seat of the main Roman military base, it was symbolic of the incorporation of Nabataea as a province. The Chronicon Paschale makes clear that the new dating system was common to the whole province. There are only three inscriptions that use the name of the city of Bostra to clarify the year and they are dated to AD265/6, 397/8 and 538/9. There are also two inscriptions from AD576/7 and 581/2 in the same calendar that specify the year as being that of Elusa. Zbigniew Fiema suggests that the Crisis of the Third Century, which ultimately resulted in the division of the province of Arabia,\",\n \"title\": \"Bostran era\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15786\",\n \"text\": \"July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., being the month of his birth. Before then it was called Quintilis, being the fifth month of the calendar that started with March. It is on average the warmest month in most of the Northern Hemisphere, where it is the second month of summer, and the coldest month in much of the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the second month of winter. The second half of the year commences in July. In the Southern Hemisphere, July is the seasonal equivalent of January in the Northern hemisphere. \\\"Dog days\\\" are considered to begin in early July in the Northern Hemisphere, when the hot sultry weather of summer usually starts. Spring lambs born in late winter or early spring are usually sold before 1 July. Symbols July's birthstone is the ruby, which symbolizes contentment. Its birth flowers are the larkspur and the water lily. The zodiac signs are Cancer (until July 22) and Leo (July 23 onward). Observances This list does not necessarily imply either official status nor general observance. Season of Emancipation 14 April to 23 August (Barbados) Honor America Days: 14 June to 4 July (United States) Month-long In Catholic tradition, July is the Month of the Most Precious Blood of Jesus. National Hot Dog Month (United States) National Ice Cream Month (United States) Disability Pride Month (United States) Non-Gregorian (All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown before the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.) List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar List of observances set by the Chinese calendar List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar List of observances set by the Islamic calendar List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar Movable Phi Ta Khon (Dan Sai, Loei province, Isan, Thailand) – Dates are selected by village mediums and can take place anywhere between March and July. Matariki (Māori New Year) – Different iwi celebrate according to their own tradition and the New Zealand Government calculates the public holiday each year according to advice from the Matariki Advisory Committee. Dates can fall from late June to late July. Ra o te Ui Ariki (Cook Islands) July 6 Collector Car Appreciation Day (United States) Senior Citizen's Day (Kiribati) Shark Week (United States) Earth Overshoot Day See also Movable Western Christian observances See also Movable Eastern Christian observances First Friday Fishermen's Holiday (Marshall Islands) First Saturday Día del Amigo (Peru) International Co-operative Day International Free Hugs Day First Saturday and Sunday Navy Days (Netherlands) First Sunday Navy Day (Ukraine) Youth Day (Singapore) Sunday closest to 2 July Alexanderson Day (Sweden) First full week in July NAIDOC Week (Australia) First Monday CARICOM Day (Guyana) Heroes' Day (Zambia) Mother's Day (South Sudan) National Day (Cayman Islands) 5 July or following Monday if\",\n \"title\": \"July\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"473884\",\n \"text\": \"The Irish calendar is the Gregorian calendar as it is in use in Ireland, but also incorporating Irish cultural festivals and views of the division of the seasons, presumably inherited from earlier Celtic calendar traditions. For example, the pre-Christian Celtic year began on 1 November, although in common with the rest of the Western world, the year now begins on 1 January. Winter (\\\"Geimhreadh\\\") - November, December, January (Samhain, Nollaig, Eanáir) Spring (\\\"Earrach\\\") - February, March, April (Imbolc, then Feabhra, Márta, Aibreán) Summer (\\\"Samhradh\\\") - May, June, July (Bealtaine, Meitheamh, Iúil) Autumn (\\\"Fómhar\\\" Harvest) - August, September, October (Lúnasa, Meán Fómhair, Deireadh Fómhair) The traditional Irish Calendar uses Astronomical Timing, however Meteorological Timing is also used by organisations such as the Met Éireann. Both are in use in the Republic of Ireland, however generally the Astronomical Calendar is the most commonly used. In English-language Julian calendars and its derivatives, the months are based on names from Classical mythology, such as the name \\\"February\\\" which derives from the Roman purification rite, Februa. In the Irish calendar, the names of the months in the Irish language refer to Celtic religion and mythology, and generally predate the arrival of Christianity. The words for May (Bealtaine), August (Lúnasa) and November (Samhain), are the names of Gaelic religious festivals. In addition, the names for September (Meán Fómhair) and October (Deireadh Fómhair) translate directly as \\\"middle of harvest\\\" and \\\"end of harvest\\\". Christianity has also left its mark on the Irish months: the name for December (Nollaig) derives from Latin natalicia (birthday), referring to the birth of Christ. Historical texts suggest that, during Ireland's Gaelic era, the day began and ended at sunset. Through contact with the Romans, the seven-day week was borrowed by continental Celts, and then spread to the people of Ireland. In Irish, four days of the week have names derived from Latin, while the other three relate to the fasting done by early Gaelic Christians. Dé Luain - from Latin dies Lunae Dé Máirt - from Latin dies Martis Dé Céadaoin - referring to Gaelic fasting: from céad (first) aoin (fast) i.e. the first fast of the week Déardaoin - the day between the fasts Dé hAoine - the day of the fast Dé Sathairn - from Latin dies Saturni Dé Domhnaigh - from Latin dies Dominicus (an alternative Latin name for Sunday, dies Solis being more common) See also Calendar of saints Celtic calendar Coligny calendar Gregorian calendar Liturgical year The Old Cows Days/The Days of the Brindled Cow References Specific calendars Calendar Calendar Calendar Calendar Culture of the Isle of Man Calendar\",\n \"title\": \"Irish calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55525\",\n \"text\": \"The liturgical year, also called the church year, Christian year or kalendar, consists of the cycle of liturgical days and seasons that determines when feast days, including celebrations of saints, are to be observed, and which portions of scripture are to be read. Distinct liturgical colours may be used in connection with different seasons of the liturgical year. The dates of the festivals vary somewhat among the different churches, although the sequence and logic is largely the same. Liturgical cycle The liturgical cycle divides the year into a series of seasons, each with their own mood, theological emphases, and modes of prayer, which can be signified by different ways of decorating churches, colours of paraments and vestments for clergy, scriptural readings, themes for preaching and even different traditions and practices often observed personally or in the home. In churches that follow the liturgical year, the scripture passages for each Sunday (and even each day of the year in some traditions) are specified in a lectionary. After the Protestant Reformation, Anglicans and Lutherans continued to follow the lectionary of the Roman Rite. Following a decision of the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic Church revised that lectionary in 1969, adopting a three-year cycle of readings for Sundays and a two-year cycle for weekdays. Adaptations of the revised Roman Rite lectionary were adopted by Protestants, leading to the publication in 1994 of the Revised Common Lectionary for Sundays and major feasts, which is now used by many Protestant denominations, including also Methodists, United, some Reformed, etc. This has led to a greater awareness of the traditional Christian year among Protestants, especially among mainline denominations. Biblical calendars Scholars are not in agreement about whether the calendars used by the Jews before the Babylonian exile were solar (based on the return of the same relative position between the Sun and the Earth), lunisolar (based on months that corresponded to the cycle of the moon, with periodic additional months to bring the calendar back into agreement with the solar cycle) like the present-day Jewish calendar of Hillel II, or lunar, such as the Hijri calendar. The first month of the Hebrew year was called (Aviv), evidently adopted by Moses from Ipip as the eleventh month of the non-lunar Egyptian calendar, meaning the month of green ears of grain. Having to occur at the appropriate time in the spring, it thus was originally part of a tropical calendar. At about the time of the Babylonian exile, when using the Babylonian civil calendar, the Jews adopted the term (Nisan) as the name for the month, based on the Babylonian name Nisanu. Thomas J Talley says that the adoption of the Babylonian term occurred even before the exile. In the earlier calendar, most of the months were simply called by a number (such as \\\"the fifth month\\\"). The Babylonian-derived names of the month that are used by Jews are: Nisan (March–April) Iyar (April–May) Sivan (May–June) Tammuz (June–July) Av (July–August) Elul (August–September) Tishrei (September–October) Marcheshvan (October–November) Kislev (November–December) Tevet (December–January)\",\n \"title\": \"Liturgical year\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19345\",\n \"text\": \"May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. May is a month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, May in the Southern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent of November in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. Late May typically marks the start of the summer vacation season in the United States (Memorial Day) and Canada (Victoria Day) that ends on Labour Day, the first Monday of September. May (in Latin, Maius) was named for the Greek goddess Maia, who was identified with the Roman era goddess of fertility, Bona Dea, whose festival was held in May. Conversely, the Roman poet Ovid provides a second etymology, in which he says that the month of May is named for the maiores, Latin for \\\"elders,\\\" and that the following month (June) is named for the iuniores, or \\\"young people\\\" (Fasti VI.88). Eta Aquariids meteor shower appears in May. It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with peak activity on or around May 6. The Arietids shower from May 22 – July 2, and peaks on June 7. The Virginids also shower at various dates in May. Ancient Roman observances Under the calendar of ancient Rome, the festival of Bona Dea fell on May 1, Argei fell on May 14 or May 15, Agonalia fell on May 21, and Ambarvalia on May 29. Floralia was held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar, and lasted until May 3. Lemuria fell on 9,11, and 13 May under the Julian calendar. The College of Aesculapius and Hygia celebrated two festivals of Rosalia, one on May 11 and one on May 22. Rosalia was also celebrated at Pergamon on May 24–26. A military Rosalia festival, Rosaliae signorum, also occurred on May 31. Ludi Fabarici was celebrated May 29 – June 1. Mercury would receive a sacrifice on the Ides of May (May 15). Tubilustrium took place on May 23 as well as in March. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Symbols May's birthstone is the emerald which is emblematic of love and success. Birth flowers are the Lily of the Valley and Crataegus monogyna. Both are native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia, Europe, and in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the United States, but have been naturalized throughout the temperate climatic world. The \\\"Mayflower\\\" Epigaea repens is a North American harbinger of May, and the floral emblem of both Nova Scotia and Massachusetts. Its native range extends from Newfoundland south to Florida, west to Kentucky in the southern range, and to Northwest Territories in the north. The zodiac signs are Taurus (until May 20) and Gemini (May 21 onward). Observances Month-long Working class history month Better Hearing and Speech Month In Catholic tradition, May is the Month of the Blessed Virgin Mary. See May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary\",\n \"title\": \"May\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"80622","text":"The Telesterion (\"Initiation Hall\" from Gr. τελείω, \"to complete, to fulfill, to consecrate, to initiate\") was a great hall and sanctuary in Eleusis, one of the primary centers of the Eleusinian Mysteries. The hall had a fifty-five yard square roof that could cover three-thousand people, but no one revealed what happened during these events beyond there being \"something done, something said, and something shown\". This building was built in the 7th century BCE and was an important site until it was destroyed in the 4th century CE. Devoted to Demeter and Persephone, these initiation ceremonies were the most sacred and ancient of all the religious rites celebrated in Greece. History It is disputed when the site of the Telesterion is believed to have been originally built, there is evidence to suggest that the temple was created in the 7th century BCE, historians know however that it was created at least by the time of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter (650–550 BCE). The Telesterion had ten different building phases that took place over the course of its creation. It was destroyed by the Persians after the Battle of Thermopylae, when the Athenians withdrew to Salamis in 480 BCE and all of Boeotia and Attica fell to the Persian army, who captured and burnt Athens. After the defeat of the Persians, the Telesterion was intended to be reconstructed by Kimon, but it was instead rebuilt some time later due to Pericles' influence. At some point in the 5th century BCE, Iktinos, the great architect of the Parthenon, built the Telesterion big enough to hold thousands of people. In about 318 BCE, Philon added a portico with twelve Doric columns. The Telesterion continued to see use throughout the Roman period. In 170 CE, during the rule of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, an ancient tribe called the Costoboci launched an invasion of Roman territory south of the Danube, entering Thracia and ravaging the provinces of Macedonia and Achaea (Greece). The Costoboci reached as far south as Eleusis, where they destroyed the Telesterion. The emperor responded by dispatching general Vehilius Gratus Iulianus to Greece with emergency reinforcements, who eventually defeated the Costoboci. Marcus Aurelius then had the Telesterion rebuilt bigger than it had been before. Then only a few hundred years later in 396 CE, the forces of Alaric the Visigoth invaded the Eastern Roman Empire and ravaged Attica, destroying the Telesterion, which was never to be rebuilt. Religious use The Athenians used several calendars, each for different purposes. The festival of Eleusinia was celebrated each year in Eleusis and Athens for nine days from the 15th to the 23rd of the month of Boedromion (in September or October of the Gregorian calendar); because the festival calendar had 12 lunar months, the celebrations were not strictly calibrated to a year of 365 days. During the festival, Athens was crowded with visitors. At the climax of the ceremonies at Eleusis, the initiates entered the Telesterion where they were shown the sacred relics of Demeter and the","title":"Telesterion"},{"docid":"7352465","text":"The Fasti ( , \"the Calendar\"), sometimes translated as The Book of Days or On the Roman Calendar, is a six-book Latin poem written by the Roman poet Ovid and published in AD 8. Ovid is believed to have left the Fasti incomplete when he was exiled to Tomis by the emperor Augustus in 8 AD. Written in elegiac couplets and drawing on conventions of Greek and Latin didactic poetry, the Fasti is structured as a series of eye-witness reports and interviews by the first-person vates (\"poet-prophet\" or \"bard\") with Roman deities, who explain the origins of Roman holidays and associated customs—often with multiple aetiologies. The poem is a significant, and in some cases unique, source of fact in studies of religion in ancient Rome; and the influential anthropologist and ritualist J.G. Frazer translated and annotated the work for the Loeb Classical Library series. Each book covers one month, January through June, of the Roman calendar, and was written several years after Julius Caesar replaced the old system of Roman time-keeping with what would come to be known as the Julian calendar. The popularity and reputation of the Fasti has fluctuated more than that of any of Ovid's other works. The poem was widely read in the 15th–18th centuries, and influenced a number of mythological paintings in the tradition of Western art. However, as scholar Carole E. Newlands has observed, throughout the 20th century \"anthropologists and students of Roman religion … found it full of errors, an inadequate and unreliable source for Roman cultic practice and belief. Literary critics have generally regarded the Fasti as an artistic failure.\" In the late 1980s, however, the poem enjoyed a revival of scholarly interest and a subsequent reappraisal; it is now regarded as one of Ovid's major works, and has been published in several new English translations. Ovid was exiled from Rome for his subversive treatment of Augustus, yet the Fasti continues this treatment—which has led to the emergence of an argument in academia for treating the Fasti as a politically weighted work. Composition Only the six books which concern the first six months of the year are extant. It may be that Ovid never finished it, that the remaining half is simply lost, or that only six books were intended. Ovid apparently worked on the poem while he was in exile at Tomis. The Tristia, a collection of elegiac letters on the poet's exile, mentions the Fasti, and that its completion had been interrupted by his banishment from Rome. Ovid also mentions that he had written the entire work, and finished revising six books. However, no ancient source quotes even a fragment from the supposedly six missing books. The Fasti is dedicated to Germanicus, a high-ranking member of the emperor Augustus's family. These circumstances have led some to speculate that the poem was written on religious, patriotic, and antiquarian themes in order to improve Ovid's standing with the rulers of Rome and secure his release from exile. Poetic models The earliest classical","title":"Fasti (poem)"},{"docid":"38364000","text":"Ancient Roman fasti were calendars (fasti) that recorded religious observances and officially commemorated events. They were typically displayed in the form of an inscription at a prominent public location such as a major temple; several of these fasti survive, but in states of varying fragmentation. Some calendars are preserved as papyri or manuscripts. One of the original purposes of Roman calendars was to mark the religious and legal status of each day, by means of letters such as C, F, and NP. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. A feriale is a listing only of dates for religious or official observances, not a day-by-day accounting of time. The words fasti and feriale are not always distinct in usage, and both fasti and ferialia are listed below. Extant fasti include those known by the following names: Fasti Allifani (CIL IX 2320) Fasti Amiternini, dating to the reign of Tiberius, were found at Amiternum (now San Vittorino) in Sabine territory. Fasti Antiates Maiores (84–55 BC), from the colonia of Antium, is the earliest Roman calendar to survive; its large size (1.16m by 2.5 m) allowed the presentation of complex condensed information. Fasti Antiates Ministrorum Domus Augustae, also from Antium, includes a list of ministri from the imperial household as well as a calendar. Feriale Cumanum (4–14 AD), from Cumae, was produced during the reign of Augustus and marks several occasions of relevance to the establishment of Imperial cult. These include a supplication for Jupiter Sempiternus to commemorate the assumption of the fasces by Augustus, sacrifices on the birthday of Augustus, and the date on which he assumed the toga virilis. It is one of only two ancient sources that record the first consulship of Augustus (disputed as August 19 or September 22), the other being the senatus consultum that renamed the month of Sextilis Augustus (August). The goddess Vesta is prominent in this feriale. Feriale Duranum, a calendar of religious observances for a military unit stationed in Dura-Europos, Roman Syria in the 3rd century AD. Fasti Esquilini Fasti Guidizzolenses, a small stone calendar (55 by 30 cm) probably produced for private use, found in Augusta Brixia (present-day Brescia), a civic colony (colonia civica). It is arranged month-by-month in columns, with the Kalends, Nones and Ides marked. These columns contain no letters marking the nundinal cycle or the status of days under religious law, nor holidays. Information on festivals is given in a small feriale (festival calendar) on the right side of the main calendar. Fasti Maffeiani, both one of the smallest examples (90 by 70 cm) and one of the most complete. Its date is uncertain; Mario Torelli places it as 8 AD or later. Fasti Ostienses, fragmentary marble slabs from Ostia Antica. In addition to religious observances, they record events from 49 BC to 175 AD, listing the consuls for each year, events of significance to the Empire","title":"List of ancient Roman fasti"},{"docid":"936098","text":"The Celtic calendar is a compilation of pre-Christian Celtic systems of timekeeping, including the Gaulish Coligny calendar, used by Celtic countries to define the beginning and length of the day, the week, the month, the seasons, quarter days, and festivals. Continental Celtic calendar The Gaulish Coligny calendar is the oldest known Celtic solar-lunar ritual calendar. It was discovered in Coligny, France, and is now on display in the Palais des Arts Gallo-Roman museum, Lyon. It dates from the end of the second century CE, when the Roman Empire imposed the use of the Julian Calendar in Roman Gaul. The calendar was originally a single huge plate, but it survives only in fragments. It is inscribed in Gaulish with Latin characters and uses Roman numerals. The Coligny Calendar reconciles the cycles of the moon and sun. The Coligny calendar considers the phases of the moon to be important, and each month always begins with the same moon phase. The calendar uses a mathematical arrangement to keep a normal 12 month calendar in sync with the moon and keeps the whole system in sync by adding an intercalary month every years. The Coligny calendar registers a five-year cycle of 62 lunar months, divided into a \"bright\" and a \"dark\" fortnight (or half a moon cycle) each. The internal notations show that the months began with the first quarter moon, and a 13th intercalary month was added every two and a half years to align the lunations with the solar year. The astronomical format of the calendar year that the Coligny calendar represents may well be far older, as calendars are usually even more conservative than rites and cults. The date of its inception is unknown, but correspondences of Insular Celtic and Continental Celtic calendars suggest that some early form may date to the earlier Iron Age. The Coligny calendar achieves a complex synchronisation of the solar and lunar months. Whether it does this for philosophical or practical reasons, it points to a considerable degree of sophistication. Medieval Irish and Welsh calendars Among the Insular Celts, the year was divided into a light half and a dark half. As the day was seen as beginning at sunset, so the year was seen as beginning with the arrival of the darkness, at Calan Gaeaf / Samhain (around 1 November in the modern calendar). The light half of the year started at Calan Haf/Bealtaine (around 1 May, modern calendar). This observance of festivals beginning the evening before the festival day is still seen in the celebrations and folkloric practices among the Gaels, such as the traditions of Oíche Shamhna (Samhain Eve) among the Irish and Oidhche Shamhna among the Scots. Julius Caesar said in his Gallic Wars: \"[the Gaulish Celts] keep birthdays and the beginnings of months and years in such an order that the day follows the night.\" Longer periods were reckoned in nights, as in the surviving English term fortnight meaning two weeks, and the obsolete se'nnight meaning one week. The Laws of","title":"Celtic calendar"},{"docid":"295888","text":"The history of calendars covers practices with ancient roots as people created and used various methods to keep track of days and larger divisions of time. Calendars commonly serve both cultural and practical purposes and are often connected to astronomy and agriculture. Archeologists have reconstructed methods of timekeeping that go back to prehistoric times at least as old as the Neolithic. The natural units for timekeeping used by most historical societies are the day, the solar year and the lunation. Calendars are explicit schemes used for timekeeping. The first historically attested and formulized calendars date to the Bronze Age, dependent on the development of writing in the ancient Near East. In 2000 AD, Victoria, Australia, a Wurdi Youang stone arrangement could date back more than 11,000 years. In 2013, archaeologists unearthed ancient evidence of a 10,000-year-old calendar system in Warren Field, Aberdeenshire. This calendar is the next earliest, or \"the first Scottish calendar\". The Sumerian calendar was the next earliest, followed by the Egyptian, Assyrian and Elamite calendars. The Vikram Samvat has been used by Hindus and Sikhs. One of several regional Hindu calendars in use on the Indian subcontinent, it is based on twelve synodic lunar months and 365 solar days. The lunar year begins with the new moon of the month of Chaitra. This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted (optional) holiday in India. A number of ancient and medieval inscriptions used the Vikram Samvat. Although it was purportedly named after the legendary king Vikramaditya Samvatsara (‘Samvat’ in short), ‘Samvat’ is a Sanskrit term for ‘year’. Emperor Vikramaditya of Ujjain started Vikram Samvat in 57 BC and it is believed that this calendar follows his victory over the Saka in 56 B.C. A larger number of calendar systems of the ancient East appear in the Iron Age archaeological record, based on the Assyrian and Babylonian calendars. This includes the calendar of the Persian Empire, which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar as well as the Hebrew calendar. Calendars in antiquity were usually lunisolar, depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years. This was mostly based on observation, but there may have been early attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically, as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd-century Coligny calendar. Nevertheless, the Roman calendar contained very ancient remnants of a pre-Etruscan 10-month solar year. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. The Julian calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon but simply followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This created a dissociation of the calendar month from the lunation. Sub-Saharan African calendars can vary in days and weeks depending on the kingdom or tribe that created it. In the 11th century in Persia, a calendar reform led by Khayyam was announced in 1079, when the length of the year was measured as 365.24219858156 days. Given that the length of the year is changing in","title":"History of calendars"},{"docid":"3796445","text":"The Ancient Macedonian calendar is a lunisolar calendar that was in use in ancient Macedon in the It consisted of 12 synodic lunar months (i.e. 354 days per year), which needed intercalary months to stay in step with the seasons. By the time the calendar was being used across the Hellenistic world, seven total embolimoi (intercalary months) were being added in each 19 year Metonic cycle. The names of the ancient Macedonian Calendar remained in use in Syria even into the Christian era. Names The names of the Macedonian months, just like most of the names of Greek months, are derived from feasts and related celebrations in honor of the Greek gods. Most of them combine a Macedonian dialectal form with a clear Greek etymology (e.g Δῐός from Zeus; Περίτιος from Heracles Peritas (“Guardian”) ; Ξανδικός/Ξανθικός from Xanthos, “the blond” (probably a reference to Heracles); Άρτεμίσιος from Artemis etc.) with the possible exception of one, which is attested in other Greek calendars as well. Description The Macedonian calendar was in essence the Babylonian calendar with the substitution of Macedonian names for the Babylonian ones, and as such it paralleled the Hebrew calendar which is also lunisolar, and was used during the Parthian Empire too. An example of inscriptions from Decapolis, Jordan, bearing the Solar Macedonian calendar, starts from the month Audynaeus. The solar type was merged later with the Julian calendar. In Roman Macedonia, both calendars were used. The Roman one is attested in inscriptions with the name Kalandôn gen. calendae and the Macedonian Hellenikei dat. Hellenic. Finally an inscription from Kassandreia of about bearing a month Athenaion suggests that some cities may have used their own months even after the Macedonian expansion. ‡ Months marked with a double-dagger and including the word \"Embolimos\" were used only occasionally, for intercalation, as noted in the remarks Year numbering Years were usually counted from the re-conquest of Seleucus I Nicator of Babylon, which became \"year 1\". This is equivalent to 312 BCE / 311 BCE in the Anno Domini year count of the modern Gregorian calendar. This practice spread outside the Seleucid Empire and found use in Antigonid Macedonia, Ptolemaic Egypt, and other major Hellenistic states descended from Alexander's conquests as well. Years can be abbreviated SE, S.E., or occasionally AG (Anno Graecorum). See also Ancient Greek calendars Attic calendar References Calendar Obsolete calendars Calendar Lunisolar calendars","title":"Ancient Macedonian calendar"},{"docid":"2075350","text":"The Coligny calendar is a bronze plaque with an inscribed calendar, made in Roman Gaul in the 2nd century CE. It lays out a five-year cycle of a lunisolar calendar, each year with twelve lunar months. An intercalary month is inserted before each 2.5 years. The lunar phase is tracked with exceptional precision, adjusted when necessary by a variable month, and the calendar uses the 19-year Metonic cycle to keep track of the solar year. It is the most important evidence for the reconstruction of an ancient Celtic calendar. It was found in 1897 in France, in Coligny, Ain (, near Lyon), along with broken pieces of a bronze statue of a life-size naked male holding a spear, likely Roman Mars or Romano-Celtic Lugus. It was engraved on a bronze tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that was originally wide by tall. It is written in Latin inscriptional capitals and numerals, but terms are in the Gaulish language. Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying statue, the bronze plaque probably dates to the end of the second century, although the copying errors indicate the calendar itself is much older. It is now held at the Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon-Fourvière. Eight small fragments of a similar calendar were found at the double-shrine of Villards-d'Héria. It does not have the holes of a peg calendar that the Coligny calendar does, but otherwise has the same notations. It is now held in the Musée d'Archéologie du Jura at Lons-le-Saunier. List of months The names of the twelve lunar year months are reconstructed as , , , , , , , , , , , and . The names occur in the form SAMONI (gen.), DUMANNI, RIVRI etc. in the internal notations of the calendar. The name of the first intercalary month is unknown being on a lost fragment, the second is reconstructed as[ S]antaran[...], [R]antaran[...], [B]antaran[...], or Antaran[...]. refers to summer (Gaulish ,< *sṃHo-3) while refers to winter (Gaulish ). These two months divide the calendar into summer and winter seasons of six months, each season led off by a festival of several days marked with IVOS. This indicates an early version of the same traditional seasons as seen in later Celtic contexts: “For two divisions were formerly on the year, viz., summer from Beltaine (the first of May), and winter from Samuin to Beltaine”. It is not possible to align the Coligny lunar months accurately with modern solar months, but allowing for variation across the years it is likely that the month of MID SAMONIOS began around May–June. The lunar month The Coligny calendar as reconstructed consisted of 16 columns and 4 rows, with two intercalary months given half a column each, resulting in a table of the 62 months of the five-year cycle. The 5 years of the calendar plaque is part of a Metonic cycle of 19 years, although it could also be extended to a 30-year cycle. The full length of the calendar is still being debated. Each","title":"Coligny calendar"},{"docid":"31404112","text":"Polemius Silvius (fl. 5th century) was the author of an annotated Julian calendar that attempted to integrate the traditional Roman festival cycle with the new Christian holy days. His calendar, also referred to as a laterculus or fasti, dates to around 448–449. He was active in southeastern Gaul. Background Polemius was among the Christian cultural elite working within the imperial bureaucracy in Gaul under Valentinian III. He was a friend of Hilarius of Arles. The Gallic Chronicle of 452, year 438, knows of one Sylvius, whom some historians conjecture to be Polemius. Polemius was assigned to Eucherius, bishop of Lyon (ancient Lugdunum), and produced the calendar for him. Because fixed Christian feasts were still few in number, Polemius faced the challenge of fulfilling the conventions of a traditional Roman calendar with named holidays while \"disinfecting\" it of the Imperial Roman and other festivals now regarded as \"pagan.\" Although the Calendar of Filocalus in 354 had recorded the traditional religious holidays freely, by the time of Polemius the Christian state had begun to legislate against other religions and to divorce Rome's religious heritage from the culture and civic life of the Empire. Polemius, who had probably consulted the Calendar of Filocalus, filled gaps with meteorological and seasonal markers, and the \"Egyptian days,\" days considered unpropitious for new undertakings and for certain medical practices. Bede was among those who drew information from it. In Polemius's calendar, the word ludi, \"games\" in classical Latin, means more specifically theatrical performances, while circenses is used for chariot races. His work provides significant examples of Gallo-Romance vocabulary, regional variations of the Latin language, and local survivals of Gaulish words. The calendar The format used by Polemius for the most part followed the conventions of Roman calendars, with days arranged in parallel columns under the name of the month, and each day noted on a separate line. Column 1 numbers the days of the month. Column 2 identifies any special days, not only traditional Roman and Christian holidays, but also the birthdays of emperors, and days when consuls and praetors took office. Column 3 gives weather conditions; Columella's 1st-century treatise on agriculture may have influenced the inclusion of references to weather. Polemius also provided information from his own research, such as the birthdays of Cicero, Vergil, and a Faustina who was the divinized wife (diva) of an Antonine emperor. Because the Roman calendar had traditionally served a didactic purpose, the laterculus of Polemius provided several other lists and tables under the month-by-month chronographic presentation: emperors and usurpers; the Roman provinces; animal names, spread out over two months; a table for calculating the date of Easter and the phases of the moon (not extant); buildings and topographical features of Rome; fabulae poeticae (\"poets' tales\"); a breviary of Roman history; \"a register of animal voices\"; weights and measures; meters of poetry (not extant); a survey of philosophical sects (not extant). Lost portions are known only from the introductory synopsis. For each month, the calendar also presents the equivalent Hebrew,","title":"Polemius Silvius"},{"docid":"40463385","text":"November (from Latin novem, \"nine\") or mensis November was originally the ninth of ten months on the Roman calendar, following October (octo, \"eight\") and preceding December (decem, \"ten\"). It had 29 days. In the reform that resulted in a 12-month year, November became the eleventh month, but retained its name, as did the other months from September through December. A day was added to November during the Julian calendar reform in the mid-40s BC. The outstanding event during November was the Plebeian Games from the 4th through the 17th. The month had few other festivals. It was under the guardianship (tutela) of Diana. In the agricultural year The ancient farmers' almanacs (menologia rustica) instruct farmers to sow wheat and barley, and to attend to scribatio, trenching around trees. Iconography of the month When the months are represented by agricultural activities, a man with a four-prong drag hoe (rastrum quadridens) can sometimes appear as November. In the Imperial period, the deity who often represents November in Roman art is Isis. The festival of Isis, which began October 28, continued through November 3. The Isia is first recorded on the menologia rustica, which date to the reign of either Caligula (36–39 AD) or Claudius (41–54). Both emperors favored the cult of Isis. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the first day through the last. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of November was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of November was the pridie Kalendas Decembrīs, \"day before the Kalends of December\". Roman counting was inclusive; November 9 was ante diem V Idūs Novembrīs, \"the 5th day before the Ides of November,\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Nov. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); November 23 was IX Kal. Dec., \"the 9th day before the Kalends of December,\" on the Julian calendar, or VIII Kal. Dec. on the pre-Julian calendar. On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In November, these were: F for dies fasti, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law; C, for dies comitalis, a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies (comitia), elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings; N for dies nefasti, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited; NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked feriae, public holidays. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \"market week\" (these are omitted in the table below). The letter","title":"November (Roman month)"},{"docid":"312726","text":"Festivals in ancient Rome were a very important part in Roman religious life during both the Republican and Imperial eras, and one of the primary features of the Roman calendar. Feriae (\"holidays\" in the sense of \"holy days\"; singular also feriae or dies ferialis) were either public (publicae) or private (privatae). State holidays were celebrated by the Roman people and received public funding. Games (ludi), such as the Ludi Apollinares, were not technically feriae, but the days on which they were celebrated were dies festi, holidays in the modern sense of days off work. Although feriae were paid for by the state, ludi were often funded by wealthy individuals. Feriae privatae were holidays celebrated in honor of private individuals or by families. This article deals only with public holidays, including rites celebrated by the state priests of Rome at temples, as well as celebrations by neighborhoods, families, and friends held simultaneously throughout Rome. Feriae publicae were of three kinds: Stativae were annual holidays that held a fixed or stable date on the calendar. Conceptivae were annual holidays that were moveable feasts (like Easter on the Christian calendar, or Thanksgiving in North America); the date was announced by the magistrates or priests who were responsible for them. Imperativae were holidays held \"on demand\" (from the verb impero, imperare, \"to order, command\") when special celebrations or expiations were called for. One of the most important sources for Roman holidays is Ovid's Fasti, an incomplete poem that describes and provides origins for festivals from January to June at the time of Augustus. Keeping the feriae Varro defined feriae as \"days instituted for the sake of the gods.\" Religious rites were performed on the feriae, and public business was suspended. Even slaves were supposed to be given some form of rest. Cicero says specifically that people who were free should not engage in lawsuits and quarrels, and slaves should get a break from their labours. Agricultural writers recognized that some jobs on a farm might still need to be performed, and specified what these were. Some agricultural tasks not otherwise permitted could be carried out if an expiation were made in advance (piaculum), usually the sacrifice of a puppy. Within the city of Rome, the flamens and the priest known as the Rex sacrorum were not allowed even to see work done. On a practical level, those who \"inadvertently\" worked could pay a fine or offer up a piaculum, usually a pig. Work considered vital either to the gods or preserving human life was excusable, according to some experts on religious law. Although Romans were required not to work, they were not required to take any religious action unless they were priests or had family rites (sacra gentilicia) to maintain. List of festivals by month Following is a month-by-month list of Roman festivals and games that had a fixed place on the calendar. For some, the date on which they were first established is recorded. A deity's festival often marked the anniversary (dies natalis,","title":"Roman festivals"},{"docid":"40332277","text":"In the Roman Empire, the Lychnapsia was a festival of lamps on August 12, widely regarded by scholars as having been held in honor of Isis. It was thus one of several official Roman holidays and observances that publicly linked the cult of Isis with Imperial cult. It is thought to be a Roman adaptation of Egyptian religious ceremonies celebrating the birthday of Isis. By the 4th century, Isiac cult was thoroughly integrated into traditional Roman religious practice, but evidence that Isis was honored by the Lychnapsia is indirect, and lychnapsia is a general word in Greek for festive lamp-lighting. In the 5th century, lychnapsia could be synonymous with lychnikon (lamp-lighting at vespers) as a Christian liturgical office. On the calendar Numerous lamp festivals were celebrated in Egypt. The most important of these began during the five epagomenal days at the end of the year, following Mesore (Coptic Mesori), the twelfth and last month of the Egyptian calendar that corresponded roughly to the Roman month of Augustus. The Egyptian calendar divided a year of 360 days into 12 equal months of 30 days each, with the year-end insertion of five days sometimes called \"lamp days\" to synch with the solar year. The birthday of Isis was celebrated on the fourth epagomenal day. The 12th of August on the Julian calendar corresponds to the 19th of Mesore on the Alexandrian calendar. On or around the 18th of Mesore, the Egyptians held a Nile festival named variously as Wafa El-Nil, Jabr El-Khalig, or Fath El-Khalig (\"The Marriage of the Nile\" in European scholarship), a nocturnally illuminated celebration when a clay statue called the Bride of the Nile (Arousat El-Nil) was deposited in the river. The Calendar of Philocalus (354 AD) places the Roman Lychnapsia pridie Idus Augustas, the day before the Ides of August, a month when the Ides fell on the 13th. It began to be celebrated after the mid-1st century AD. Mommsen conjectured that it was introduced around 36–39 AD along with the longer Roman Isiac festival held October 28 through November 3. During this period, the fourth epagomenal day would have coincided with August 12 on the Roman calendar. According to this theory, the Lychnapsia would have been a Roman celebration of the dies natalis (\"birthday\") of Isis. The birthday of Horus also was celebrated with a lamp festival, according to a decree that marked the Battle of Raphia in 217 BC. A major festival of lights occurred for the rites of Osiris on the 22nd day of the month of Khoiak (December), when 365 lamps were lit. Cultural context Greek awareness of Egyptian lamp-lighting festivals is recorded as early as Herodotus (5th century BC), who mentions the Festival of Lanterns at Sais held for Neith. Illumination by torches or lamps had a long tradition in Greek and Roman religion, under names such as lampadeia and phosphoreia in Greek. Torches were particularly associated with the Eleusinian Mysteries and the cult of Demeter (Roman Ceres), with whose functions Isis was","title":"Lychnapsia"},{"docid":"6498425","text":"A menologium (, pl. menologia), also known by other names, is any collection of information arranged according to the days of a month, usually a set of such collections for all the months of the year. In particular, it is used for ancient Roman farmers' almanacs (); for the untitled Old English poem on the Julian calendar that appears in a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; for the liturgical books (also known as the menaia) used by the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches following the Byzantine Rite that list the propers for fixed dates, typically in twelve volumes covering a month each and largely concerned with saints; for hagiographies (also known as synaxaria) and liturgical calendars written as part of this tradition; and for equivalents of these works among Roman Catholic religious orders for organized but private commemoration of their notable members. Name Menologium is the Latin form of Greek menologion (, menológion), which is also used in English, particularly in the context of Eastern Orthodoxy. The plural of both the Latin and Greek forms of the name is . The Greek term derived from mḗn (, \"month\") + -o- () + lógos (, \"writing, recording\") + -ion (), together meaning a monthly record or account. Although properly referring to the thing recorded, menology is sometimes used as a synonym to mean the menologium itself. More rarely, menologe is as well, borrowed from French . Historical Roman almanacs The ancient Roman farming menologia () were given their name by Theodor Mommsen in the first volume of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, date from the imperial period, and seem to derive from a single source, now lost. They provide the average lengths of day and night for each month at the latitude of Rome, astrological notes, the month's tutelary deity and temples in Rome by their day of dedication, agricultural tasks within the month, and other information but they omit most of the important agricultural festivals and, based on the listed harvest dates, were originally intended for a location rather north of Rome. Old English poem The Menologium, also known as the Old English Metrical Calendar, is an untitled late 10th-century Old English poem covering the Anglo-Saxon liturgical year within the context of the Anglo-Saxon Church's Julian calendar. Hart tentatively identifies its author as Byrhtferth, a Benedictine monk at Ramsey Abbey in Cambridgeshire, England. The Menologium serves as an prologue to a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, introducing the year. There are similar but distinct equivalents in documents from the Celtic Church and in other Anglo-Saxon texts, generally known as kalendars. It has been printed in 18 separate editions beginning with George Hickes in 1703. Hickes entitled the poem \"A Calendar or Poetical Menologium\" (), picked up by Samuel Fox and the probable origin of its usual name. Most editions to date have added various emendations of the preserved text and several include misspellings and other errors, including in one instance changing summer to winter. Eastern Orthodoxy Menaia Menaia, also","title":"Menologium"},{"docid":"5377","text":"A calendar is a system of organizing days. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months and years. A date is the designation of a single and specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a physical record (often paper) of such a system. A calendar can also mean a list of planned events, such as a court calendar, or a partly or fully chronological list of documents, such as a calendar of wills. Periods in a calendar (such as years and months) are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon. The most common type of pre-modern calendar was the lunisolar calendar, a lunar calendar that occasionally adds one intercalary month to remain synchronized with the solar year over the long term. Etymology The term calendar is taken from , the term for the first day of the month in the Roman calendar, related to the verb 'to call out', referring to the \"calling\" of the new moon when it was first seen. Latin meant 'account book, register' (as accounts were settled and debts were collected on the calends of each month). The Latin term was adopted in Old French as and from there in Middle English as by the 13th century (the spelling calendar is early modern). History The course of the Sun and the Moon are the most salient regularly recurring natural events useful for timekeeping, and in pre-modern societies around the world lunation and the year were most commonly used as time units. Nevertheless, the Roman calendar contained remnants of a very ancient pre-Etruscan 10-month solar year. The first recorded physical calendars, dependent on the development of writing in the Ancient Near East, are the Bronze Age Egyptian and Sumerian calendars. During the Vedic period India developed a sophisticated timekeeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals. According to Yukio Ohashi, the Vedanga calendar in ancient India was based on astronomical studies during the Vedic Period and was not derived from other cultures. A large number of calendar systems in the Ancient Near East were based on the Babylonian calendar dating from the Iron Age, among them the calendar system of the Persian Empire, which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar and the Hebrew calendar. A great number of Hellenic calendars were developed in Classical Greece, and during the Hellenistic period they gave rise to the ancient Roman calendar and to various Hindu calendars. Calendars in antiquity were lunisolar, depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years. This was mostly based on observation, but there may have been early attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically, as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd-century Coligny calendar. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. His \"Julian\" calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon, but followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This created","title":"Calendar"},{"docid":"60698","text":"Year 396 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Tribunate of Saccus, Capitolinus, Esquilinus, Augurinus, Capitolinus and Priscus (or, less frequently, year 358 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 396 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Persian Empire The Persians assemble a joint Phoenician, Cilician, and Cypriot fleet, under the command of the experienced Athenian admiral, Conon, and seize Rhodes. Carthage The Carthaginians are forced to abandon their siege of Syracuse (begun in 398 BC) due to a plague, but destroy Messina. Dionysius' first war with Carthage ends with a notable victory for Dionysius, who confines his enemy's power to an area of northwest Sicily. On his return home, the Carthaginian general, Himilco, commits suicide. Greece Agesilaus II, the King of Sparta, campaigns successfully in Asia Minor against the Persian satraps Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes and inflicts a major defeat on Tissaphernes at Sardis. Agesilaus agrees to a three months' truce with the Persians under Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria. Negotiations conducted during that time prove fruitless, and on its termination, Agesilaus raids Phrygia, where he easily captures an immense amount of booty, since Tissaphernes has concentrated his troops in Caria. Roman Republic Marcus Furius Camillus is made dictator by the Romans. Camillus finally destroys the Etruscan city of Veii in southern Etruria as the town falls to Roman forces after what is said to be a 10 year siege. The capture of Veii and its surrounding territories marks the first major expansion of Rome which doubles its territory after this victory. By topic Literature Plato publishes his Apologia, which is a defence of his mentor Socrates. (Approximate date.) Sports Kyniska becomes the first woman to win an event at the Olympic Games when the horse-drawn chariot she sponsors crosses the finish line first, even though the prohibition on women competing forces her to hire a man to drive it. Births Xenocrates, Greek philosopher and scholarch (or rector) of the Academy (d. 314 BC) Deaths Himilco, Carthaginian general. References","title":"396 BC"},{"docid":"40999045","text":"December (from Latin decem, \"ten\") or mensis December was originally the tenth month of the Roman calendar, following November (novem, \"nine\") and preceding Ianuarius. It had 29 days. When the calendar was reformed to create a 12-month year starting in Ianuarius, December became the twelfth month, but retained its name, as did the other numbered months from Quintilis (July) to December. Its length was increased to 31 days under the Julian calendar reform. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the first day through the last. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of December was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of December was the pridie Kalendas Ianuarias, \"day before the Januarian Kalends\". Roman counting was inclusive; December 9 was ante diem V Idūs Decembrīs, \"the 5th day before the Ides of December,\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Dec. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); December 24 was IX Kal. Ian., \"the 9th day before the Kalends of Ianuarius,\" on the Julian calendar (VII Kal. Ian. on the pre-Julian calendar, when December had only 29 days). On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \"market week\". See also December, for the modern calendar month. References Months of the Roman calendar Roman calendar","title":"December (Roman month)"},{"docid":"87473","text":"The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and also used by the farming populace in Egypt. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter (which contained only 365 days each year, year after year, so that the seasons shifted about one day every four years), a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of adding an extra day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the reform was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus imposed the Decree upon Egypt as its official calendar (although initially, namely between 25 BC and AD 5, it was unsynchronised with the original implementation of the Julian calendar which was erroneously intercalating leap days every third year due to a misinterpretation of the leap year rule so as to apply inclusive counting). To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic or Alexandrian calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian calendar but have different numbers and names. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Coptic calendar does not skip leap years three times every 400 years, and therefore it stays synchronised with the Julian calendar over a four-year leap year cycle. Coptic year The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and one at the end of the year of five days (six days in leap years). The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year. The year starts on the Feast of Neyrouz, the first day of the month of Thout, the first month of the Egyptian year. For 1900 to 2099 it coincides with the Gregorian Calendar's 11 September, or 12 September before a leap year, but for any year, it coincides with the Julian Calendar's 29 August, or 30 August before a leap year. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year Diocletian became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for Anno Martyrum or \"in the Year of the Martyrs\"). The first day of year I of the","title":"Coptic calendar"},{"docid":"15785","text":"June—abbreviated Jun or Jun.—is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. June is 30 days long, and comes after May and before July. June marks the start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and contains the summer solstice, the day with the most daylight hours. In the Southern Hemisphere, June is the start of winter and contains the winter solstice, the day with the fewest hours of daylight out of the year. The Atlantic hurricane season—when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. The East Asian rainy season is also generally considered to commence during this month. Multiple meteor showers occur annually in June, including the Arietids, which are among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year, and last between 22 May and 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June. Numerous observances take place in June. Midsummer, the celebration of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, commences in several countries. In Catholicism, this month is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and known as the Month of the Sacred Heart. The most well-known month-long observance in the United States in June is Pride Month, which is the celebration of LGBT individuals and the advancement of their civil liberties. Overview June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. Containing 30 days, June succeeds May and precedes July. It is one of four months to contain 30 days, alongside April, September and November; herein June lies between April, the fourth month of the year, and September—the ninth month of the year. June is abbreviated as Jun, and may be spelled with or without a concluding period (full stop). Etymologically, June is ultimately derived from the Latin month of Iunius, named after the ancient Roman goddess Juno (Latin: ). The name June entered English in the 13th century via the Anglo-Norman join, junye and junie. It was also written in Middle English as Iun and Juin, while the spelling variant Iune was in use until the 17th century. History June originates from the month of Iunius (also called mensis Iunius) in the original Roman calendar used during the Roman Republic. The origin of this calendar is obscure. Iunius, originally the fourth month, had 29 days alongside Aprilis (\"April\"), Sextilis (later renamed Augustus \"August\"), September, November and December. It is unclear when the Romans reset the course of the year so that Ianuarius (\"January\") and Februarius (\"February\") came first—thus moving Iunius to the sixth month of the year—but later Roman scholars generally dated this to 153 BC. In ancient Rome, the period from mid-May through mid-June may have been considered inauspicious for marriages. The Roman poet Ovid claimed to have consulted the flaminica Dialis, the high priestess of the god Jupiter, about","title":"June"},{"docid":"1004","text":"April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. Its length is 30 days. April is commonly associated with the season of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to October in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. History The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis but the derivation of this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire, \"to open\", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to \"open\", which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of άνοιξη (ánixi) (opening) for spring. Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, her Veneralia being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite (Aphros), or from the Etruscan name Apru. Jacob Grimm suggests the name of a hypothetical god or hero, Aper or Aprus. April was the second month of the earliest Roman calendar, before Ianuarius and Februarius were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. It became the fourth month of the calendar year (the year when twelve months are displayed in order) during the time of the decemvirs about 450 BC, when it was 29 days long. The 30th day was added back during the reform of the calendar undertaken by Julius Caesar in the mid-40s BC, which produced the Julian calendar. The Anglo-Saxons called April ēastre-monaþ. The Venerable Bede says in The Reckoning of Time that this month ēastre is the root of the word Easter. He further states that the month was named after a goddess Eostre whose feast was in that month. It is also attested by Einhard in his work Vita Karoli Magni. St George's day is the twenty-third of the month; and St Mark's Eve, with its superstition that the ghosts of those who are doomed to die within the year will be seen to pass into the church, falls on the twenty-fourth. In China the symbolic ploughing of the earth by the emperor and princes of the blood took place in their third month, which frequently corresponds to April. In Finnish April is huhtikuu, meaning slash-and-burn moon, when gymnosperms for beat and burn clearing of farmland were felled. In Slovene, the most established traditional name is mali traven, meaning the month when plants start growing. It was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript. The month Aprilis originally had 30 days; Numa Pompilius made it 29 days long; finally, Julius Caesar's calendar reform made it 30 days long again, which was not changed in the calendar revision of Augustus Caesar in 8 BC. In Ancient Rome, the festival of Cerealia was held for seven days from mid-to-late April, but exact dates are uncertain. Feriae Latinae was also held in April, with the date varying.","title":"April"},{"docid":"10969152","text":"The Berber calendar () is the agricultural calendar traditionally used by Berbers (Amazigh, plural Imazighen). The calendar is utilized to regulate the seasonal agricultural works. The Islamic calendar, a lunar calendar, is not suited for agriculture because it does not relate to seasonal cycles. In other parts of the Islamic world, either Iranian solar calendars, the Coptic calendar, the Rumi calendar, or other calendars based on the Julian calendar were used before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. The current Berber calendar is a legacy of the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis and the Roman province of Africa, as it is a surviving form of the Julian calendar. The latter calendar was used in Europe before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, with month names derived from Latin. Berber populations previously used various indigenous calendars, such as that of the indigenous Guanches of the Canary Islands. However, relatively little is known of these ancient calendrical systems. Differences between calendars The agricultural Berber calendar still in use is almost certainly derived from the Julian calendar, introduced in the Roman province of Africa at the time of Roman domination. The names of the months of this calendar are derived from the corresponding Latin names and traces of the Roman calendar denominations of Kalends, Nones and Ides exist: El Qabisi, an Islamic jurisconsult by Kairawan who lived in the 11th century, condemned the custom of celebrating \"pagans'\" festivals and cited, among traditional habits of North Africa, that of observing the Qalandas (\"Kalends\") of January (1 January, i.e. the Julian New Year's Day). The length of the year and of the individual months is the same as in the Julian calendar: three years of 365 days followed by a leap year of 366, without exceptions, and 30- and 31-day months, except for the second one that has 28 days. The only slight discrepancy lies in that the extra day in leap years is not usually added at the end of February, but at the end of the year. This means that the beginning of the year (the first day of yennayer) corresponds to the 14th day of January in the Gregorian calendar, which coincides with the offset accumulated during the centuries between astronomical dates and the Julian calendar. Months There are standard forms for the names of the Amazigh (Berber) calendar. The table below also provides the forms used in Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia . In addition, some of the month names in Maltese are of Berber origin, specifically January (jannar), February (frar), May (mejju), and August (awwissu), with the others deriving from Italian. Berber and Italian month names are different enough that it is possible to easily determine the source language of each Maltese month name. Seasons and Festivals In addition to the subdivision by months, within the traditional agricultural calendar there are other partitions, by \"seasons\" or by \"strong periods\", characterized by particular festivals and celebrations. Not all the four seasons have retained a Berber denomination: the words for spring and","title":"Berber calendar"},{"docid":"20354","text":"A month is a unit of time, used with calendars, that is approximately as long as a natural orbital period of the Moon; the words month and Moon are cognates. The traditional concept of months arose with the cycle of Moon phases; such lunar months (\"lunations\") are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 days, making for roughly 12.37 such months in one Earth year. From excavated tally sticks, researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the Moon's phases as early as the Paleolithic age. Synodic months, based on the Moon's orbital period with respect to the Earth–Sun line, are still the basis of many calendars today and are used to divide the year. Calendars that developed from the Roman calendar system, such as the internationally used Gregorian calendar, divide the year into 12 months, each of which lasts between 28 and 31 days. The names of the months were Anglicized from various Latin names and events important to Rome, except for the months 9–12, which are named after the Latin numerals 7–10 (septem, octo, novem, and decem) because they were originally the seventh through tenth months in the Roman calendar. In the modern Gregorian calendar, the only month with a variable number of days is the second month, February, which has 29 days during a leap year and 28 days otherwise. Types of months in astronomy The following types of months are mainly of significance in astronomy. Most of them (but not the distinction between sidereal and tropical months) were first recognized in Babylonian lunar astronomy. The sidereal month is defined as the Moon's orbital period in a non-rotating frame of reference (which on average is equal to its rotation period in the same frame). It is about 27.32166 days (27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 11.6 seconds). It is closely equal to the time it takes the Moon to twice pass a \"fixed\" star (different stars give different results because all have a very small proper motion and are not really fixed in position). A synodic month is the most familiar lunar cycle, defined as the time interval between two consecutive occurrences of a particular phase (such as new moon or full moon) as seen by an observer on Earth. The mean length of the synodic month is 29.53059 days (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 2.8 seconds). Due to the eccentricity of the lunar orbit around Earth (and to a lesser degree, the Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun), the length of a synodic month can vary by up to seven hours. The tropical month is the average time for the Moon to pass twice through the same equinox point of the sky. It is 27.32158 days, very slightly shorter than the sidereal month (27.32166) days, because of precession of the equinoxes. An anomalistic month is the average time the Moon takes to go from perigee to perigee—the point in the Moon's orbit when it is closest to Earth. An anomalistic month is about 27.55455","title":"Month"},{"docid":"14021","text":"Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy. It was not completely separated in Europe (see astrology and astronomy) during the Copernican Revolution starting in 1543. In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication. Early history Early cultures identified celestial objects with gods and spirits. They related these objects (and their movements) to phenomena such as rain, drought, seasons, and tides. It is generally believed that the first astronomers were priests, and that they understood celestial objects and events to be manifestations of the divine, hence early astronomy's connection to what is now called astrology. A 32,500-year-old carved ivory mammoth tusk could contain the oldest known star chart (resembling the constellation Orion). It has also been suggested that drawings on the wall of the Lascaux caves in France dating from 33,000 to 10,000 years ago could be a graphical representation of the Pleiades, the Summer Triangle, and the Northern Crown. Ancient structures with possibly astronomical alignments (such as Stonehenge) probably fulfilled astronomical, religious, and social functions. Calendars of the world have often been set by observations of the Sun and Moon (marking the day, month and year), and were important to agricultural societies, in which the harvest depended on planting at the correct time of year, and for which the nearly full moon was the only lighting for night-time travel into city markets. The common modern calendar is based on the Roman calendar. Although originally a lunar calendar, it broke the traditional link of the month to the phases of the Moon and divided the year into twelve almost-equal months, that mostly alternated between thirty and thirty-one days. Julius Caesar instigated calendar reform in 46 BCE and introduced what is now called the Julian calendar, based upon the 365 day year length originally proposed by the 4th century BCE Greek astronomer Callippus. Prehistoric Europe Since 1990 our understanding of prehistoric Europeans has been radically changed by discoveries of ancient astronomical artifacts throughout Europe. The artifacts demonstrate that Neolithic and Bronze Age Europeans had a sophisticated knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. Among the discoveries are: Paleolithic archaeologist Alexander Marshack put forward a theory in 1972 that bone sticks from locations like Africa and Europe from possibly as long ago as 35,000 BCE could be marked in ways that tracked the Moon's phases, an interpretation that has met with criticism. The Warren Field calendar in the Dee River valley of Scotland's Aberdeenshire. First excavated in 2004 but only in 2013 revealed as a find of huge significance, it is to date the oldest known calendar, created around 8000 BC and predating all other calendars by some 5,000 years. The calendar takes the form of an early Mesolithic monument containing a series of 12 pits which appear to help the observer track lunar months","title":"History of astronomy"},{"docid":"1068912","text":"Mercedonius (Latin for \"Work Month\"), also known as Mercedinus, Interkalaris or Intercalaris (), was the intercalary month of the Roman calendar. The resulting leap year was either 377 or 378 days long. It theoretically occurred every two (or occasionally three) years, but was sometimes avoided or employed by the Roman pontiffs for political reasons regardless of the state of the solar year. Mercedonius was eliminated by Julius Caesar when he introduced the Julian calendar in 45 BC. History This month, instituted according to Roman tradition by Numa Pompilius, was supposed to be inserted every two or three years to align the conventional 355-day Roman year with the solar year. The decision of whether to insert the intercalary month was made by the pontifex maximus, supposedly based on observations to ensure the best possible correspondence with the seasons. However, the pontifex maximus would normally be an active politician, and the decision would often be manipulated to allow friends to stay in office longer or force enemies out early. Such unpredictable intercalation meant that dates following the month of Februarius could not be known in advance, and further to this, Roman citizens living outside Rome would often not know the current date. The exact mechanism is not clearly specified in ancient sources. Some scholars hold that in intercalary years February's length was fixed at 23 days and it was followed by a variable-length mensis intercalaris with 27 or 28 days. This view is followed in generalist surveys of calendrical history. However, following a discussion of intercalation by Michels (1967) some specialist studies of the pre-Julian calendar published since 1967 claim that in intercalary years Februarius was set at either 23 or 24 days, which was followed by an intercalary month of 27 days. Whichever interpretation is correct, the days a.d. VI Kal. Mart. to Prid. Kal. Mart., normally referring to the end of February, were in intercalary years the concluding days of the mensis intercalaris. The month was eliminated by Julius Caesar with his revised calendar in 46 BC. See also Roman Calendar and Julian calendar § Motivation Adar Undecimber Notes References External links Roman Dates Months Months of the Roman calendar","title":"Mercedonius"},{"docid":"1190200","text":"The early Germanic calendars were the regional calendars used among the early Germanic peoples before they adopted the Julian calendar in the Early Middle Ages. The calendars were an element of early Germanic culture. The Germanic peoples had names for the months that varied by region and dialect, but they were later replaced with local adaptations of the Julian month names. Records of Old English and Old High German month names date to the 8th and 9th centuries, respectively. Old Norse month names are attested from the 13th century. As with most pre-modern calendars, the reckoning used in early Germanic culture was likely lunisolar. As an example, the Runic calendar developed in medieval Sweden was lunisolar, fixing the beginning of the year at the first full moon after winter solstice. Months The Germanic calendars were lunisolar, the months corresponding to lunations. Tacitus writes in his Germania (Chapter 11) that the Germanic peoples observed the lunar months. The lunisolar calendar is reflected in the Proto-Germanic term \"month\" (Old English , Old Saxon , Old Norse , and Old High German , Gothic ), being a derivation of the word for \"moon\", — which shares its ancestry with the Greek mene \"moon\", men \"month\", and Latin mensis \"month\". Days and weeks Tacitus gives some indication of how the Germanic peoples of the first century reckoned the days. In contrast to Roman usage, they considered the day to begin at sunset, a system that in the Middle Ages came to be known as the \"Florentine reckoning\". The same system is also recorded for the Gauls in Caesar's Gallic Wars. \"They assemble, except in the case of a sudden emergency, on certain fixed days, either at new or at full moon; for this they consider the most auspicious season for the transaction of business. Instead of reckoning by days as we do, they reckon by nights, and in this manner fix both their ordinary and their legal appointments. Night they regard as bringing on day.\" The concept of the week, on the other hand, was adopted from the Romans, from about the first century, the various Germanic languages having adopted the Greco-Roman system of naming of the days of the week after the classical planets, inserting loan translations for the names of the planets, substituting the names of Germanic gods in a process known as . Calendar terms The year was divided into a summer half and a winter half, as attested in Old English and medieval Scandinavian sources. In Scandinavia this continued after Christianization; in Norway and Sweden the first day of summer is marked by the (14 April) and the first day of winter by the Calixtus Day (14 October). The month names do not coincide, so it is not possible to postulate names of a Common Germanic stage, except possibly the names of a spring month and a winter month, and . The names of the seasons are Common Germanic, , , , and for \"spring\" in north Germanic, but in","title":"Early Germanic calendars"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"80622\",\n \"text\": \"The Telesterion (\\\"Initiation Hall\\\" from Gr. τελείω, \\\"to complete, to fulfill, to consecrate, to initiate\\\") was a great hall and sanctuary in Eleusis, one of the primary centers of the Eleusinian Mysteries. The hall had a fifty-five yard square roof that could cover three-thousand people, but no one revealed what happened during these events beyond there being \\\"something done, something said, and something shown\\\". This building was built in the 7th century BCE and was an important site until it was destroyed in the 4th century CE. Devoted to Demeter and Persephone, these initiation ceremonies were the most sacred and ancient of all the religious rites celebrated in Greece. History It is disputed when the site of the Telesterion is believed to have been originally built, there is evidence to suggest that the temple was created in the 7th century BCE, historians know however that it was created at least by the time of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter (650–550 BCE). The Telesterion had ten different building phases that took place over the course of its creation. It was destroyed by the Persians after the Battle of Thermopylae, when the Athenians withdrew to Salamis in 480 BCE and all of Boeotia and Attica fell to the Persian army, who captured and burnt Athens. After the defeat of the Persians, the Telesterion was intended to be reconstructed by Kimon, but it was instead rebuilt some time later due to Pericles' influence. At some point in the 5th century BCE, Iktinos, the great architect of the Parthenon, built the Telesterion big enough to hold thousands of people. In about 318 BCE, Philon added a portico with twelve Doric columns. The Telesterion continued to see use throughout the Roman period. In 170 CE, during the rule of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, an ancient tribe called the Costoboci launched an invasion of Roman territory south of the Danube, entering Thracia and ravaging the provinces of Macedonia and Achaea (Greece). The Costoboci reached as far south as Eleusis, where they destroyed the Telesterion. The emperor responded by dispatching general Vehilius Gratus Iulianus to Greece with emergency reinforcements, who eventually defeated the Costoboci. Marcus Aurelius then had the Telesterion rebuilt bigger than it had been before. Then only a few hundred years later in 396 CE, the forces of Alaric the Visigoth invaded the Eastern Roman Empire and ravaged Attica, destroying the Telesterion, which was never to be rebuilt. Religious use The Athenians used several calendars, each for different purposes. The festival of Eleusinia was celebrated each year in Eleusis and Athens for nine days from the 15th to the 23rd of the month of Boedromion (in September or October of the Gregorian calendar); because the festival calendar had 12 lunar months, the celebrations were not strictly calibrated to a year of 365 days. During the festival, Athens was crowded with visitors. At the climax of the ceremonies at Eleusis, the initiates entered the Telesterion where they were shown the sacred relics of Demeter and the\",\n \"title\": \"Telesterion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7352465\",\n \"text\": \"The Fasti ( , \\\"the Calendar\\\"), sometimes translated as The Book of Days or On the Roman Calendar, is a six-book Latin poem written by the Roman poet Ovid and published in AD 8. Ovid is believed to have left the Fasti incomplete when he was exiled to Tomis by the emperor Augustus in 8 AD. Written in elegiac couplets and drawing on conventions of Greek and Latin didactic poetry, the Fasti is structured as a series of eye-witness reports and interviews by the first-person vates (\\\"poet-prophet\\\" or \\\"bard\\\") with Roman deities, who explain the origins of Roman holidays and associated customs—often with multiple aetiologies. The poem is a significant, and in some cases unique, source of fact in studies of religion in ancient Rome; and the influential anthropologist and ritualist J.G. Frazer translated and annotated the work for the Loeb Classical Library series. Each book covers one month, January through June, of the Roman calendar, and was written several years after Julius Caesar replaced the old system of Roman time-keeping with what would come to be known as the Julian calendar. The popularity and reputation of the Fasti has fluctuated more than that of any of Ovid's other works. The poem was widely read in the 15th–18th centuries, and influenced a number of mythological paintings in the tradition of Western art. However, as scholar Carole E. Newlands has observed, throughout the 20th century \\\"anthropologists and students of Roman religion … found it full of errors, an inadequate and unreliable source for Roman cultic practice and belief. Literary critics have generally regarded the Fasti as an artistic failure.\\\" In the late 1980s, however, the poem enjoyed a revival of scholarly interest and a subsequent reappraisal; it is now regarded as one of Ovid's major works, and has been published in several new English translations. Ovid was exiled from Rome for his subversive treatment of Augustus, yet the Fasti continues this treatment—which has led to the emergence of an argument in academia for treating the Fasti as a politically weighted work. Composition Only the six books which concern the first six months of the year are extant. It may be that Ovid never finished it, that the remaining half is simply lost, or that only six books were intended. Ovid apparently worked on the poem while he was in exile at Tomis. The Tristia, a collection of elegiac letters on the poet's exile, mentions the Fasti, and that its completion had been interrupted by his banishment from Rome. Ovid also mentions that he had written the entire work, and finished revising six books. However, no ancient source quotes even a fragment from the supposedly six missing books. The Fasti is dedicated to Germanicus, a high-ranking member of the emperor Augustus's family. These circumstances have led some to speculate that the poem was written on religious, patriotic, and antiquarian themes in order to improve Ovid's standing with the rulers of Rome and secure his release from exile. Poetic models The earliest classical\",\n \"title\": \"Fasti (poem)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38364000\",\n \"text\": \"Ancient Roman fasti were calendars (fasti) that recorded religious observances and officially commemorated events. They were typically displayed in the form of an inscription at a prominent public location such as a major temple; several of these fasti survive, but in states of varying fragmentation. Some calendars are preserved as papyri or manuscripts. One of the original purposes of Roman calendars was to mark the religious and legal status of each day, by means of letters such as C, F, and NP. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. A feriale is a listing only of dates for religious or official observances, not a day-by-day accounting of time. The words fasti and feriale are not always distinct in usage, and both fasti and ferialia are listed below. Extant fasti include those known by the following names: Fasti Allifani (CIL IX 2320) Fasti Amiternini, dating to the reign of Tiberius, were found at Amiternum (now San Vittorino) in Sabine territory. Fasti Antiates Maiores (84–55 BC), from the colonia of Antium, is the earliest Roman calendar to survive; its large size (1.16m by 2.5 m) allowed the presentation of complex condensed information. Fasti Antiates Ministrorum Domus Augustae, also from Antium, includes a list of ministri from the imperial household as well as a calendar. Feriale Cumanum (4–14 AD), from Cumae, was produced during the reign of Augustus and marks several occasions of relevance to the establishment of Imperial cult. These include a supplication for Jupiter Sempiternus to commemorate the assumption of the fasces by Augustus, sacrifices on the birthday of Augustus, and the date on which he assumed the toga virilis. It is one of only two ancient sources that record the first consulship of Augustus (disputed as August 19 or September 22), the other being the senatus consultum that renamed the month of Sextilis Augustus (August). The goddess Vesta is prominent in this feriale. Feriale Duranum, a calendar of religious observances for a military unit stationed in Dura-Europos, Roman Syria in the 3rd century AD. Fasti Esquilini Fasti Guidizzolenses, a small stone calendar (55 by 30 cm) probably produced for private use, found in Augusta Brixia (present-day Brescia), a civic colony (colonia civica). It is arranged month-by-month in columns, with the Kalends, Nones and Ides marked. These columns contain no letters marking the nundinal cycle or the status of days under religious law, nor holidays. Information on festivals is given in a small feriale (festival calendar) on the right side of the main calendar. Fasti Maffeiani, both one of the smallest examples (90 by 70 cm) and one of the most complete. Its date is uncertain; Mario Torelli places it as 8 AD or later. Fasti Ostienses, fragmentary marble slabs from Ostia Antica. In addition to religious observances, they record events from 49 BC to 175 AD, listing the consuls for each year, events of significance to the Empire\",\n \"title\": \"List of ancient Roman fasti\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"936098\",\n \"text\": \"The Celtic calendar is a compilation of pre-Christian Celtic systems of timekeeping, including the Gaulish Coligny calendar, used by Celtic countries to define the beginning and length of the day, the week, the month, the seasons, quarter days, and festivals. Continental Celtic calendar The Gaulish Coligny calendar is the oldest known Celtic solar-lunar ritual calendar. It was discovered in Coligny, France, and is now on display in the Palais des Arts Gallo-Roman museum, Lyon. It dates from the end of the second century CE, when the Roman Empire imposed the use of the Julian Calendar in Roman Gaul. The calendar was originally a single huge plate, but it survives only in fragments. It is inscribed in Gaulish with Latin characters and uses Roman numerals. The Coligny Calendar reconciles the cycles of the moon and sun. The Coligny calendar considers the phases of the moon to be important, and each month always begins with the same moon phase. The calendar uses a mathematical arrangement to keep a normal 12 month calendar in sync with the moon and keeps the whole system in sync by adding an intercalary month every years. The Coligny calendar registers a five-year cycle of 62 lunar months, divided into a \\\"bright\\\" and a \\\"dark\\\" fortnight (or half a moon cycle) each. The internal notations show that the months began with the first quarter moon, and a 13th intercalary month was added every two and a half years to align the lunations with the solar year. The astronomical format of the calendar year that the Coligny calendar represents may well be far older, as calendars are usually even more conservative than rites and cults. The date of its inception is unknown, but correspondences of Insular Celtic and Continental Celtic calendars suggest that some early form may date to the earlier Iron Age. The Coligny calendar achieves a complex synchronisation of the solar and lunar months. Whether it does this for philosophical or practical reasons, it points to a considerable degree of sophistication. Medieval Irish and Welsh calendars Among the Insular Celts, the year was divided into a light half and a dark half. As the day was seen as beginning at sunset, so the year was seen as beginning with the arrival of the darkness, at Calan Gaeaf / Samhain (around 1 November in the modern calendar). The light half of the year started at Calan Haf/Bealtaine (around 1 May, modern calendar). This observance of festivals beginning the evening before the festival day is still seen in the celebrations and folkloric practices among the Gaels, such as the traditions of Oíche Shamhna (Samhain Eve) among the Irish and Oidhche Shamhna among the Scots. Julius Caesar said in his Gallic Wars: \\\"[the Gaulish Celts] keep birthdays and the beginnings of months and years in such an order that the day follows the night.\\\" Longer periods were reckoned in nights, as in the surviving English term fortnight meaning two weeks, and the obsolete se'nnight meaning one week. The Laws of\",\n \"title\": \"Celtic calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"295888\",\n \"text\": \"The history of calendars covers practices with ancient roots as people created and used various methods to keep track of days and larger divisions of time. Calendars commonly serve both cultural and practical purposes and are often connected to astronomy and agriculture. Archeologists have reconstructed methods of timekeeping that go back to prehistoric times at least as old as the Neolithic. The natural units for timekeeping used by most historical societies are the day, the solar year and the lunation. Calendars are explicit schemes used for timekeeping. The first historically attested and formulized calendars date to the Bronze Age, dependent on the development of writing in the ancient Near East. In 2000 AD, Victoria, Australia, a Wurdi Youang stone arrangement could date back more than 11,000 years. In 2013, archaeologists unearthed ancient evidence of a 10,000-year-old calendar system in Warren Field, Aberdeenshire. This calendar is the next earliest, or \\\"the first Scottish calendar\\\". The Sumerian calendar was the next earliest, followed by the Egyptian, Assyrian and Elamite calendars. The Vikram Samvat has been used by Hindus and Sikhs. One of several regional Hindu calendars in use on the Indian subcontinent, it is based on twelve synodic lunar months and 365 solar days. The lunar year begins with the new moon of the month of Chaitra. This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted (optional) holiday in India. A number of ancient and medieval inscriptions used the Vikram Samvat. Although it was purportedly named after the legendary king Vikramaditya Samvatsara (‘Samvat’ in short), ‘Samvat’ is a Sanskrit term for ‘year’. Emperor Vikramaditya of Ujjain started Vikram Samvat in 57 BC and it is believed that this calendar follows his victory over the Saka in 56 B.C. A larger number of calendar systems of the ancient East appear in the Iron Age archaeological record, based on the Assyrian and Babylonian calendars. This includes the calendar of the Persian Empire, which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar as well as the Hebrew calendar. Calendars in antiquity were usually lunisolar, depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years. This was mostly based on observation, but there may have been early attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically, as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd-century Coligny calendar. Nevertheless, the Roman calendar contained very ancient remnants of a pre-Etruscan 10-month solar year. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. The Julian calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon but simply followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This created a dissociation of the calendar month from the lunation. Sub-Saharan African calendars can vary in days and weeks depending on the kingdom or tribe that created it. In the 11th century in Persia, a calendar reform led by Khayyam was announced in 1079, when the length of the year was measured as 365.24219858156 days. Given that the length of the year is changing in\",\n \"title\": \"History of calendars\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3796445\",\n \"text\": \"The Ancient Macedonian calendar is a lunisolar calendar that was in use in ancient Macedon in the It consisted of 12 synodic lunar months (i.e. 354 days per year), which needed intercalary months to stay in step with the seasons. By the time the calendar was being used across the Hellenistic world, seven total embolimoi (intercalary months) were being added in each 19 year Metonic cycle. The names of the ancient Macedonian Calendar remained in use in Syria even into the Christian era. Names The names of the Macedonian months, just like most of the names of Greek months, are derived from feasts and related celebrations in honor of the Greek gods. Most of them combine a Macedonian dialectal form with a clear Greek etymology (e.g Δῐός from Zeus; Περίτιος from Heracles Peritas (“Guardian”) ; Ξανδικός/Ξανθικός from Xanthos, “the blond” (probably a reference to Heracles); Άρτεμίσιος from Artemis etc.) with the possible exception of one, which is attested in other Greek calendars as well. Description The Macedonian calendar was in essence the Babylonian calendar with the substitution of Macedonian names for the Babylonian ones, and as such it paralleled the Hebrew calendar which is also lunisolar, and was used during the Parthian Empire too. An example of inscriptions from Decapolis, Jordan, bearing the Solar Macedonian calendar, starts from the month Audynaeus. The solar type was merged later with the Julian calendar. In Roman Macedonia, both calendars were used. The Roman one is attested in inscriptions with the name Kalandôn gen. calendae and the Macedonian Hellenikei dat. Hellenic. Finally an inscription from Kassandreia of about bearing a month Athenaion suggests that some cities may have used their own months even after the Macedonian expansion. ‡ Months marked with a double-dagger and including the word \\\"Embolimos\\\" were used only occasionally, for intercalation, as noted in the remarks Year numbering Years were usually counted from the re-conquest of Seleucus I Nicator of Babylon, which became \\\"year 1\\\". This is equivalent to 312 BCE / 311 BCE in the Anno Domini year count of the modern Gregorian calendar. This practice spread outside the Seleucid Empire and found use in Antigonid Macedonia, Ptolemaic Egypt, and other major Hellenistic states descended from Alexander's conquests as well. Years can be abbreviated SE, S.E., or occasionally AG (Anno Graecorum). See also Ancient Greek calendars Attic calendar References Calendar Obsolete calendars Calendar Lunisolar calendars\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient Macedonian calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2075350\",\n \"text\": \"The Coligny calendar is a bronze plaque with an inscribed calendar, made in Roman Gaul in the 2nd century CE. It lays out a five-year cycle of a lunisolar calendar, each year with twelve lunar months. An intercalary month is inserted before each 2.5 years. The lunar phase is tracked with exceptional precision, adjusted when necessary by a variable month, and the calendar uses the 19-year Metonic cycle to keep track of the solar year. It is the most important evidence for the reconstruction of an ancient Celtic calendar. It was found in 1897 in France, in Coligny, Ain (, near Lyon), along with broken pieces of a bronze statue of a life-size naked male holding a spear, likely Roman Mars or Romano-Celtic Lugus. It was engraved on a bronze tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that was originally wide by tall. It is written in Latin inscriptional capitals and numerals, but terms are in the Gaulish language. Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying statue, the bronze plaque probably dates to the end of the second century, although the copying errors indicate the calendar itself is much older. It is now held at the Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon-Fourvière. Eight small fragments of a similar calendar were found at the double-shrine of Villards-d'Héria. It does not have the holes of a peg calendar that the Coligny calendar does, but otherwise has the same notations. It is now held in the Musée d'Archéologie du Jura at Lons-le-Saunier. List of months The names of the twelve lunar year months are reconstructed as , , , , , , , , , , , and . The names occur in the form SAMONI (gen.), DUMANNI, RIVRI etc. in the internal notations of the calendar. The name of the first intercalary month is unknown being on a lost fragment, the second is reconstructed as[ S]antaran[...], [R]antaran[...], [B]antaran[...], or Antaran[...]. refers to summer (Gaulish ,< *sṃHo-3) while refers to winter (Gaulish ). These two months divide the calendar into summer and winter seasons of six months, each season led off by a festival of several days marked with IVOS. This indicates an early version of the same traditional seasons as seen in later Celtic contexts: “For two divisions were formerly on the year, viz., summer from Beltaine (the first of May), and winter from Samuin to Beltaine”. It is not possible to align the Coligny lunar months accurately with modern solar months, but allowing for variation across the years it is likely that the month of MID SAMONIOS began around May–June. The lunar month The Coligny calendar as reconstructed consisted of 16 columns and 4 rows, with two intercalary months given half a column each, resulting in a table of the 62 months of the five-year cycle. The 5 years of the calendar plaque is part of a Metonic cycle of 19 years, although it could also be extended to a 30-year cycle. The full length of the calendar is still being debated. Each\",\n \"title\": \"Coligny calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31404112\",\n \"text\": \"Polemius Silvius (fl. 5th century) was the author of an annotated Julian calendar that attempted to integrate the traditional Roman festival cycle with the new Christian holy days. His calendar, also referred to as a laterculus or fasti, dates to around 448–449. He was active in southeastern Gaul. Background Polemius was among the Christian cultural elite working within the imperial bureaucracy in Gaul under Valentinian III. He was a friend of Hilarius of Arles. The Gallic Chronicle of 452, year 438, knows of one Sylvius, whom some historians conjecture to be Polemius. Polemius was assigned to Eucherius, bishop of Lyon (ancient Lugdunum), and produced the calendar for him. Because fixed Christian feasts were still few in number, Polemius faced the challenge of fulfilling the conventions of a traditional Roman calendar with named holidays while \\\"disinfecting\\\" it of the Imperial Roman and other festivals now regarded as \\\"pagan.\\\" Although the Calendar of Filocalus in 354 had recorded the traditional religious holidays freely, by the time of Polemius the Christian state had begun to legislate against other religions and to divorce Rome's religious heritage from the culture and civic life of the Empire. Polemius, who had probably consulted the Calendar of Filocalus, filled gaps with meteorological and seasonal markers, and the \\\"Egyptian days,\\\" days considered unpropitious for new undertakings and for certain medical practices. Bede was among those who drew information from it. In Polemius's calendar, the word ludi, \\\"games\\\" in classical Latin, means more specifically theatrical performances, while circenses is used for chariot races. His work provides significant examples of Gallo-Romance vocabulary, regional variations of the Latin language, and local survivals of Gaulish words. The calendar The format used by Polemius for the most part followed the conventions of Roman calendars, with days arranged in parallel columns under the name of the month, and each day noted on a separate line. Column 1 numbers the days of the month. Column 2 identifies any special days, not only traditional Roman and Christian holidays, but also the birthdays of emperors, and days when consuls and praetors took office. Column 3 gives weather conditions; Columella's 1st-century treatise on agriculture may have influenced the inclusion of references to weather. Polemius also provided information from his own research, such as the birthdays of Cicero, Vergil, and a Faustina who was the divinized wife (diva) of an Antonine emperor. Because the Roman calendar had traditionally served a didactic purpose, the laterculus of Polemius provided several other lists and tables under the month-by-month chronographic presentation: emperors and usurpers; the Roman provinces; animal names, spread out over two months; a table for calculating the date of Easter and the phases of the moon (not extant); buildings and topographical features of Rome; fabulae poeticae (\\\"poets' tales\\\"); a breviary of Roman history; \\\"a register of animal voices\\\"; weights and measures; meters of poetry (not extant); a survey of philosophical sects (not extant). Lost portions are known only from the introductory synopsis. For each month, the calendar also presents the equivalent Hebrew,\",\n \"title\": \"Polemius Silvius\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40463385\",\n \"text\": \"November (from Latin novem, \\\"nine\\\") or mensis November was originally the ninth of ten months on the Roman calendar, following October (octo, \\\"eight\\\") and preceding December (decem, \\\"ten\\\"). It had 29 days. In the reform that resulted in a 12-month year, November became the eleventh month, but retained its name, as did the other months from September through December. A day was added to November during the Julian calendar reform in the mid-40s BC. The outstanding event during November was the Plebeian Games from the 4th through the 17th. The month had few other festivals. It was under the guardianship (tutela) of Diana. In the agricultural year The ancient farmers' almanacs (menologia rustica) instruct farmers to sow wheat and barley, and to attend to scribatio, trenching around trees. Iconography of the month When the months are represented by agricultural activities, a man with a four-prong drag hoe (rastrum quadridens) can sometimes appear as November. In the Imperial period, the deity who often represents November in Roman art is Isis. The festival of Isis, which began October 28, continued through November 3. The Isia is first recorded on the menologia rustica, which date to the reign of either Caligula (36–39 AD) or Claudius (41–54). Both emperors favored the cult of Isis. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the first day through the last. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of November was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of November was the pridie Kalendas Decembrīs, \\\"day before the Kalends of December\\\". Roman counting was inclusive; November 9 was ante diem V Idūs Novembrīs, \\\"the 5th day before the Ides of November,\\\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Nov. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); November 23 was IX Kal. Dec., \\\"the 9th day before the Kalends of December,\\\" on the Julian calendar, or VIII Kal. Dec. on the pre-Julian calendar. On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In November, these were: F for dies fasti, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law; C, for dies comitalis, a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies (comitia), elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings; N for dies nefasti, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited; NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked feriae, public holidays. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \\\"market week\\\" (these are omitted in the table below). The letter\",\n \"title\": \"November (Roman month)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"312726\",\n \"text\": \"Festivals in ancient Rome were a very important part in Roman religious life during both the Republican and Imperial eras, and one of the primary features of the Roman calendar. Feriae (\\\"holidays\\\" in the sense of \\\"holy days\\\"; singular also feriae or dies ferialis) were either public (publicae) or private (privatae). State holidays were celebrated by the Roman people and received public funding. Games (ludi), such as the Ludi Apollinares, were not technically feriae, but the days on which they were celebrated were dies festi, holidays in the modern sense of days off work. Although feriae were paid for by the state, ludi were often funded by wealthy individuals. Feriae privatae were holidays celebrated in honor of private individuals or by families. This article deals only with public holidays, including rites celebrated by the state priests of Rome at temples, as well as celebrations by neighborhoods, families, and friends held simultaneously throughout Rome. Feriae publicae were of three kinds: Stativae were annual holidays that held a fixed or stable date on the calendar. Conceptivae were annual holidays that were moveable feasts (like Easter on the Christian calendar, or Thanksgiving in North America); the date was announced by the magistrates or priests who were responsible for them. Imperativae were holidays held \\\"on demand\\\" (from the verb impero, imperare, \\\"to order, command\\\") when special celebrations or expiations were called for. One of the most important sources for Roman holidays is Ovid's Fasti, an incomplete poem that describes and provides origins for festivals from January to June at the time of Augustus. Keeping the feriae Varro defined feriae as \\\"days instituted for the sake of the gods.\\\" Religious rites were performed on the feriae, and public business was suspended. Even slaves were supposed to be given some form of rest. Cicero says specifically that people who were free should not engage in lawsuits and quarrels, and slaves should get a break from their labours. Agricultural writers recognized that some jobs on a farm might still need to be performed, and specified what these were. Some agricultural tasks not otherwise permitted could be carried out if an expiation were made in advance (piaculum), usually the sacrifice of a puppy. Within the city of Rome, the flamens and the priest known as the Rex sacrorum were not allowed even to see work done. On a practical level, those who \\\"inadvertently\\\" worked could pay a fine or offer up a piaculum, usually a pig. Work considered vital either to the gods or preserving human life was excusable, according to some experts on religious law. Although Romans were required not to work, they were not required to take any religious action unless they were priests or had family rites (sacra gentilicia) to maintain. List of festivals by month Following is a month-by-month list of Roman festivals and games that had a fixed place on the calendar. For some, the date on which they were first established is recorded. A deity's festival often marked the anniversary (dies natalis,\",\n \"title\": \"Roman festivals\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40332277\",\n \"text\": \"In the Roman Empire, the Lychnapsia was a festival of lamps on August 12, widely regarded by scholars as having been held in honor of Isis. It was thus one of several official Roman holidays and observances that publicly linked the cult of Isis with Imperial cult. It is thought to be a Roman adaptation of Egyptian religious ceremonies celebrating the birthday of Isis. By the 4th century, Isiac cult was thoroughly integrated into traditional Roman religious practice, but evidence that Isis was honored by the Lychnapsia is indirect, and lychnapsia is a general word in Greek for festive lamp-lighting. In the 5th century, lychnapsia could be synonymous with lychnikon (lamp-lighting at vespers) as a Christian liturgical office. On the calendar Numerous lamp festivals were celebrated in Egypt. The most important of these began during the five epagomenal days at the end of the year, following Mesore (Coptic Mesori), the twelfth and last month of the Egyptian calendar that corresponded roughly to the Roman month of Augustus. The Egyptian calendar divided a year of 360 days into 12 equal months of 30 days each, with the year-end insertion of five days sometimes called \\\"lamp days\\\" to synch with the solar year. The birthday of Isis was celebrated on the fourth epagomenal day. The 12th of August on the Julian calendar corresponds to the 19th of Mesore on the Alexandrian calendar. On or around the 18th of Mesore, the Egyptians held a Nile festival named variously as Wafa El-Nil, Jabr El-Khalig, or Fath El-Khalig (\\\"The Marriage of the Nile\\\" in European scholarship), a nocturnally illuminated celebration when a clay statue called the Bride of the Nile (Arousat El-Nil) was deposited in the river. The Calendar of Philocalus (354 AD) places the Roman Lychnapsia pridie Idus Augustas, the day before the Ides of August, a month when the Ides fell on the 13th. It began to be celebrated after the mid-1st century AD. Mommsen conjectured that it was introduced around 36–39 AD along with the longer Roman Isiac festival held October 28 through November 3. During this period, the fourth epagomenal day would have coincided with August 12 on the Roman calendar. According to this theory, the Lychnapsia would have been a Roman celebration of the dies natalis (\\\"birthday\\\") of Isis. The birthday of Horus also was celebrated with a lamp festival, according to a decree that marked the Battle of Raphia in 217 BC. A major festival of lights occurred for the rites of Osiris on the 22nd day of the month of Khoiak (December), when 365 lamps were lit. Cultural context Greek awareness of Egyptian lamp-lighting festivals is recorded as early as Herodotus (5th century BC), who mentions the Festival of Lanterns at Sais held for Neith. Illumination by torches or lamps had a long tradition in Greek and Roman religion, under names such as lampadeia and phosphoreia in Greek. Torches were particularly associated with the Eleusinian Mysteries and the cult of Demeter (Roman Ceres), with whose functions Isis was\",\n \"title\": \"Lychnapsia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6498425\",\n \"text\": \"A menologium (, pl. menologia), also known by other names, is any collection of information arranged according to the days of a month, usually a set of such collections for all the months of the year. In particular, it is used for ancient Roman farmers' almanacs (); for the untitled Old English poem on the Julian calendar that appears in a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; for the liturgical books (also known as the menaia) used by the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches following the Byzantine Rite that list the propers for fixed dates, typically in twelve volumes covering a month each and largely concerned with saints; for hagiographies (also known as synaxaria) and liturgical calendars written as part of this tradition; and for equivalents of these works among Roman Catholic religious orders for organized but private commemoration of their notable members. Name Menologium is the Latin form of Greek menologion (, menológion), which is also used in English, particularly in the context of Eastern Orthodoxy. The plural of both the Latin and Greek forms of the name is . The Greek term derived from mḗn (, \\\"month\\\") + -o- () + lógos (, \\\"writing, recording\\\") + -ion (), together meaning a monthly record or account. Although properly referring to the thing recorded, menology is sometimes used as a synonym to mean the menologium itself. More rarely, menologe is as well, borrowed from French . Historical Roman almanacs The ancient Roman farming menologia () were given their name by Theodor Mommsen in the first volume of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, date from the imperial period, and seem to derive from a single source, now lost. They provide the average lengths of day and night for each month at the latitude of Rome, astrological notes, the month's tutelary deity and temples in Rome by their day of dedication, agricultural tasks within the month, and other information but they omit most of the important agricultural festivals and, based on the listed harvest dates, were originally intended for a location rather north of Rome. Old English poem The Menologium, also known as the Old English Metrical Calendar, is an untitled late 10th-century Old English poem covering the Anglo-Saxon liturgical year within the context of the Anglo-Saxon Church's Julian calendar. Hart tentatively identifies its author as Byrhtferth, a Benedictine monk at Ramsey Abbey in Cambridgeshire, England. The Menologium serves as an prologue to a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, introducing the year. There are similar but distinct equivalents in documents from the Celtic Church and in other Anglo-Saxon texts, generally known as kalendars. It has been printed in 18 separate editions beginning with George Hickes in 1703. Hickes entitled the poem \\\"A Calendar or Poetical Menologium\\\" (), picked up by Samuel Fox and the probable origin of its usual name. Most editions to date have added various emendations of the preserved text and several include misspellings and other errors, including in one instance changing summer to winter. Eastern Orthodoxy Menaia Menaia, also\",\n \"title\": \"Menologium\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5377\",\n \"text\": \"A calendar is a system of organizing days. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months and years. A date is the designation of a single and specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a physical record (often paper) of such a system. A calendar can also mean a list of planned events, such as a court calendar, or a partly or fully chronological list of documents, such as a calendar of wills. Periods in a calendar (such as years and months) are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon. The most common type of pre-modern calendar was the lunisolar calendar, a lunar calendar that occasionally adds one intercalary month to remain synchronized with the solar year over the long term. Etymology The term calendar is taken from , the term for the first day of the month in the Roman calendar, related to the verb 'to call out', referring to the \\\"calling\\\" of the new moon when it was first seen. Latin meant 'account book, register' (as accounts were settled and debts were collected on the calends of each month). The Latin term was adopted in Old French as and from there in Middle English as by the 13th century (the spelling calendar is early modern). History The course of the Sun and the Moon are the most salient regularly recurring natural events useful for timekeeping, and in pre-modern societies around the world lunation and the year were most commonly used as time units. Nevertheless, the Roman calendar contained remnants of a very ancient pre-Etruscan 10-month solar year. The first recorded physical calendars, dependent on the development of writing in the Ancient Near East, are the Bronze Age Egyptian and Sumerian calendars. During the Vedic period India developed a sophisticated timekeeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals. According to Yukio Ohashi, the Vedanga calendar in ancient India was based on astronomical studies during the Vedic Period and was not derived from other cultures. A large number of calendar systems in the Ancient Near East were based on the Babylonian calendar dating from the Iron Age, among them the calendar system of the Persian Empire, which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar and the Hebrew calendar. A great number of Hellenic calendars were developed in Classical Greece, and during the Hellenistic period they gave rise to the ancient Roman calendar and to various Hindu calendars. Calendars in antiquity were lunisolar, depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years. This was mostly based on observation, but there may have been early attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically, as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd-century Coligny calendar. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. His \\\"Julian\\\" calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon, but followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This created\",\n \"title\": \"Calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60698\",\n \"text\": \"Year 396 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Tribunate of Saccus, Capitolinus, Esquilinus, Augurinus, Capitolinus and Priscus (or, less frequently, year 358 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 396 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Persian Empire The Persians assemble a joint Phoenician, Cilician, and Cypriot fleet, under the command of the experienced Athenian admiral, Conon, and seize Rhodes. Carthage The Carthaginians are forced to abandon their siege of Syracuse (begun in 398 BC) due to a plague, but destroy Messina. Dionysius' first war with Carthage ends with a notable victory for Dionysius, who confines his enemy's power to an area of northwest Sicily. On his return home, the Carthaginian general, Himilco, commits suicide. Greece Agesilaus II, the King of Sparta, campaigns successfully in Asia Minor against the Persian satraps Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes and inflicts a major defeat on Tissaphernes at Sardis. Agesilaus agrees to a three months' truce with the Persians under Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria. Negotiations conducted during that time prove fruitless, and on its termination, Agesilaus raids Phrygia, where he easily captures an immense amount of booty, since Tissaphernes has concentrated his troops in Caria. Roman Republic Marcus Furius Camillus is made dictator by the Romans. Camillus finally destroys the Etruscan city of Veii in southern Etruria as the town falls to Roman forces after what is said to be a 10 year siege. The capture of Veii and its surrounding territories marks the first major expansion of Rome which doubles its territory after this victory. By topic Literature Plato publishes his Apologia, which is a defence of his mentor Socrates. (Approximate date.) Sports Kyniska becomes the first woman to win an event at the Olympic Games when the horse-drawn chariot she sponsors crosses the finish line first, even though the prohibition on women competing forces her to hire a man to drive it. Births Xenocrates, Greek philosopher and scholarch (or rector) of the Academy (d. 314 BC) Deaths Himilco, Carthaginian general. References\",\n \"title\": \"396 BC\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40999045\",\n \"text\": \"December (from Latin decem, \\\"ten\\\") or mensis December was originally the tenth month of the Roman calendar, following November (novem, \\\"nine\\\") and preceding Ianuarius. It had 29 days. When the calendar was reformed to create a 12-month year starting in Ianuarius, December became the twelfth month, but retained its name, as did the other numbered months from Quintilis (July) to December. Its length was increased to 31 days under the Julian calendar reform. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the first day through the last. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of December was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of December was the pridie Kalendas Ianuarias, \\\"day before the Januarian Kalends\\\". Roman counting was inclusive; December 9 was ante diem V Idūs Decembrīs, \\\"the 5th day before the Ides of December,\\\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Dec. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); December 24 was IX Kal. Ian., \\\"the 9th day before the Kalends of Ianuarius,\\\" on the Julian calendar (VII Kal. Ian. on the pre-Julian calendar, when December had only 29 days). On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \\\"market week\\\". See also December, for the modern calendar month. References Months of the Roman calendar Roman calendar\",\n \"title\": \"December (Roman month)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"87473\",\n \"text\": \"The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and also used by the farming populace in Egypt. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter (which contained only 365 days each year, year after year, so that the seasons shifted about one day every four years), a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of adding an extra day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the reform was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus imposed the Decree upon Egypt as its official calendar (although initially, namely between 25 BC and AD 5, it was unsynchronised with the original implementation of the Julian calendar which was erroneously intercalating leap days every third year due to a misinterpretation of the leap year rule so as to apply inclusive counting). To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic or Alexandrian calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian calendar but have different numbers and names. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Coptic calendar does not skip leap years three times every 400 years, and therefore it stays synchronised with the Julian calendar over a four-year leap year cycle. Coptic year The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and one at the end of the year of five days (six days in leap years). The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year. The year starts on the Feast of Neyrouz, the first day of the month of Thout, the first month of the Egyptian year. For 1900 to 2099 it coincides with the Gregorian Calendar's 11 September, or 12 September before a leap year, but for any year, it coincides with the Julian Calendar's 29 August, or 30 August before a leap year. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year Diocletian became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for Anno Martyrum or \\\"in the Year of the Martyrs\\\"). The first day of year I of the\",\n \"title\": \"Coptic calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15785\",\n \"text\": \"June—abbreviated Jun or Jun.—is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. June is 30 days long, and comes after May and before July. June marks the start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and contains the summer solstice, the day with the most daylight hours. In the Southern Hemisphere, June is the start of winter and contains the winter solstice, the day with the fewest hours of daylight out of the year. The Atlantic hurricane season—when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. The East Asian rainy season is also generally considered to commence during this month. Multiple meteor showers occur annually in June, including the Arietids, which are among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year, and last between 22 May and 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June. Numerous observances take place in June. Midsummer, the celebration of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, commences in several countries. In Catholicism, this month is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and known as the Month of the Sacred Heart. The most well-known month-long observance in the United States in June is Pride Month, which is the celebration of LGBT individuals and the advancement of their civil liberties. Overview June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. Containing 30 days, June succeeds May and precedes July. It is one of four months to contain 30 days, alongside April, September and November; herein June lies between April, the fourth month of the year, and September—the ninth month of the year. June is abbreviated as Jun, and may be spelled with or without a concluding period (full stop). Etymologically, June is ultimately derived from the Latin month of Iunius, named after the ancient Roman goddess Juno (Latin: ). The name June entered English in the 13th century via the Anglo-Norman join, junye and junie. It was also written in Middle English as Iun and Juin, while the spelling variant Iune was in use until the 17th century. History June originates from the month of Iunius (also called mensis Iunius) in the original Roman calendar used during the Roman Republic. The origin of this calendar is obscure. Iunius, originally the fourth month, had 29 days alongside Aprilis (\\\"April\\\"), Sextilis (later renamed Augustus \\\"August\\\"), September, November and December. It is unclear when the Romans reset the course of the year so that Ianuarius (\\\"January\\\") and Februarius (\\\"February\\\") came first—thus moving Iunius to the sixth month of the year—but later Roman scholars generally dated this to 153 BC. In ancient Rome, the period from mid-May through mid-June may have been considered inauspicious for marriages. The Roman poet Ovid claimed to have consulted the flaminica Dialis, the high priestess of the god Jupiter, about\",\n \"title\": \"June\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1004\",\n \"text\": \"April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. Its length is 30 days. April is commonly associated with the season of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to October in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. History The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis but the derivation of this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire, \\\"to open\\\", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to \\\"open\\\", which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of άνοιξη (ánixi) (opening) for spring. Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, her Veneralia being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite (Aphros), or from the Etruscan name Apru. Jacob Grimm suggests the name of a hypothetical god or hero, Aper or Aprus. April was the second month of the earliest Roman calendar, before Ianuarius and Februarius were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. It became the fourth month of the calendar year (the year when twelve months are displayed in order) during the time of the decemvirs about 450 BC, when it was 29 days long. The 30th day was added back during the reform of the calendar undertaken by Julius Caesar in the mid-40s BC, which produced the Julian calendar. The Anglo-Saxons called April ēastre-monaþ. The Venerable Bede says in The Reckoning of Time that this month ēastre is the root of the word Easter. He further states that the month was named after a goddess Eostre whose feast was in that month. It is also attested by Einhard in his work Vita Karoli Magni. St George's day is the twenty-third of the month; and St Mark's Eve, with its superstition that the ghosts of those who are doomed to die within the year will be seen to pass into the church, falls on the twenty-fourth. In China the symbolic ploughing of the earth by the emperor and princes of the blood took place in their third month, which frequently corresponds to April. In Finnish April is huhtikuu, meaning slash-and-burn moon, when gymnosperms for beat and burn clearing of farmland were felled. In Slovene, the most established traditional name is mali traven, meaning the month when plants start growing. It was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript. The month Aprilis originally had 30 days; Numa Pompilius made it 29 days long; finally, Julius Caesar's calendar reform made it 30 days long again, which was not changed in the calendar revision of Augustus Caesar in 8 BC. In Ancient Rome, the festival of Cerealia was held for seven days from mid-to-late April, but exact dates are uncertain. Feriae Latinae was also held in April, with the date varying.\",\n \"title\": \"April\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10969152\",\n \"text\": \"The Berber calendar () is the agricultural calendar traditionally used by Berbers (Amazigh, plural Imazighen). The calendar is utilized to regulate the seasonal agricultural works. The Islamic calendar, a lunar calendar, is not suited for agriculture because it does not relate to seasonal cycles. In other parts of the Islamic world, either Iranian solar calendars, the Coptic calendar, the Rumi calendar, or other calendars based on the Julian calendar were used before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. The current Berber calendar is a legacy of the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis and the Roman province of Africa, as it is a surviving form of the Julian calendar. The latter calendar was used in Europe before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, with month names derived from Latin. Berber populations previously used various indigenous calendars, such as that of the indigenous Guanches of the Canary Islands. However, relatively little is known of these ancient calendrical systems. Differences between calendars The agricultural Berber calendar still in use is almost certainly derived from the Julian calendar, introduced in the Roman province of Africa at the time of Roman domination. The names of the months of this calendar are derived from the corresponding Latin names and traces of the Roman calendar denominations of Kalends, Nones and Ides exist: El Qabisi, an Islamic jurisconsult by Kairawan who lived in the 11th century, condemned the custom of celebrating \\\"pagans'\\\" festivals and cited, among traditional habits of North Africa, that of observing the Qalandas (\\\"Kalends\\\") of January (1 January, i.e. the Julian New Year's Day). The length of the year and of the individual months is the same as in the Julian calendar: three years of 365 days followed by a leap year of 366, without exceptions, and 30- and 31-day months, except for the second one that has 28 days. The only slight discrepancy lies in that the extra day in leap years is not usually added at the end of February, but at the end of the year. This means that the beginning of the year (the first day of yennayer) corresponds to the 14th day of January in the Gregorian calendar, which coincides with the offset accumulated during the centuries between astronomical dates and the Julian calendar. Months There are standard forms for the names of the Amazigh (Berber) calendar. The table below also provides the forms used in Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia . In addition, some of the month names in Maltese are of Berber origin, specifically January (jannar), February (frar), May (mejju), and August (awwissu), with the others deriving from Italian. Berber and Italian month names are different enough that it is possible to easily determine the source language of each Maltese month name. Seasons and Festivals In addition to the subdivision by months, within the traditional agricultural calendar there are other partitions, by \\\"seasons\\\" or by \\\"strong periods\\\", characterized by particular festivals and celebrations. Not all the four seasons have retained a Berber denomination: the words for spring and\",\n \"title\": \"Berber calendar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20354\",\n \"text\": \"A month is a unit of time, used with calendars, that is approximately as long as a natural orbital period of the Moon; the words month and Moon are cognates. The traditional concept of months arose with the cycle of Moon phases; such lunar months (\\\"lunations\\\") are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 days, making for roughly 12.37 such months in one Earth year. From excavated tally sticks, researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the Moon's phases as early as the Paleolithic age. Synodic months, based on the Moon's orbital period with respect to the Earth–Sun line, are still the basis of many calendars today and are used to divide the year. Calendars that developed from the Roman calendar system, such as the internationally used Gregorian calendar, divide the year into 12 months, each of which lasts between 28 and 31 days. The names of the months were Anglicized from various Latin names and events important to Rome, except for the months 9–12, which are named after the Latin numerals 7–10 (septem, octo, novem, and decem) because they were originally the seventh through tenth months in the Roman calendar. In the modern Gregorian calendar, the only month with a variable number of days is the second month, February, which has 29 days during a leap year and 28 days otherwise. Types of months in astronomy The following types of months are mainly of significance in astronomy. Most of them (but not the distinction between sidereal and tropical months) were first recognized in Babylonian lunar astronomy. The sidereal month is defined as the Moon's orbital period in a non-rotating frame of reference (which on average is equal to its rotation period in the same frame). It is about 27.32166 days (27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 11.6 seconds). It is closely equal to the time it takes the Moon to twice pass a \\\"fixed\\\" star (different stars give different results because all have a very small proper motion and are not really fixed in position). A synodic month is the most familiar lunar cycle, defined as the time interval between two consecutive occurrences of a particular phase (such as new moon or full moon) as seen by an observer on Earth. The mean length of the synodic month is 29.53059 days (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 2.8 seconds). Due to the eccentricity of the lunar orbit around Earth (and to a lesser degree, the Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun), the length of a synodic month can vary by up to seven hours. The tropical month is the average time for the Moon to pass twice through the same equinox point of the sky. It is 27.32158 days, very slightly shorter than the sidereal month (27.32166) days, because of precession of the equinoxes. An anomalistic month is the average time the Moon takes to go from perigee to perigee—the point in the Moon's orbit when it is closest to Earth. An anomalistic month is about 27.55455\",\n \"title\": \"Month\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14021\",\n \"text\": \"Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy. It was not completely separated in Europe (see astrology and astronomy) during the Copernican Revolution starting in 1543. In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication. Early history Early cultures identified celestial objects with gods and spirits. They related these objects (and their movements) to phenomena such as rain, drought, seasons, and tides. It is generally believed that the first astronomers were priests, and that they understood celestial objects and events to be manifestations of the divine, hence early astronomy's connection to what is now called astrology. A 32,500-year-old carved ivory mammoth tusk could contain the oldest known star chart (resembling the constellation Orion). It has also been suggested that drawings on the wall of the Lascaux caves in France dating from 33,000 to 10,000 years ago could be a graphical representation of the Pleiades, the Summer Triangle, and the Northern Crown. Ancient structures with possibly astronomical alignments (such as Stonehenge) probably fulfilled astronomical, religious, and social functions. Calendars of the world have often been set by observations of the Sun and Moon (marking the day, month and year), and were important to agricultural societies, in which the harvest depended on planting at the correct time of year, and for which the nearly full moon was the only lighting for night-time travel into city markets. The common modern calendar is based on the Roman calendar. Although originally a lunar calendar, it broke the traditional link of the month to the phases of the Moon and divided the year into twelve almost-equal months, that mostly alternated between thirty and thirty-one days. Julius Caesar instigated calendar reform in 46 BCE and introduced what is now called the Julian calendar, based upon the 365 day year length originally proposed by the 4th century BCE Greek astronomer Callippus. Prehistoric Europe Since 1990 our understanding of prehistoric Europeans has been radically changed by discoveries of ancient astronomical artifacts throughout Europe. The artifacts demonstrate that Neolithic and Bronze Age Europeans had a sophisticated knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. Among the discoveries are: Paleolithic archaeologist Alexander Marshack put forward a theory in 1972 that bone sticks from locations like Africa and Europe from possibly as long ago as 35,000 BCE could be marked in ways that tracked the Moon's phases, an interpretation that has met with criticism. The Warren Field calendar in the Dee River valley of Scotland's Aberdeenshire. First excavated in 2004 but only in 2013 revealed as a find of huge significance, it is to date the oldest known calendar, created around 8000 BC and predating all other calendars by some 5,000 years. The calendar takes the form of an early Mesolithic monument containing a series of 12 pits which appear to help the observer track lunar months\",\n \"title\": \"History of astronomy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1068912\",\n \"text\": \"Mercedonius (Latin for \\\"Work Month\\\"), also known as Mercedinus, Interkalaris or Intercalaris (), was the intercalary month of the Roman calendar. The resulting leap year was either 377 or 378 days long. It theoretically occurred every two (or occasionally three) years, but was sometimes avoided or employed by the Roman pontiffs for political reasons regardless of the state of the solar year. Mercedonius was eliminated by Julius Caesar when he introduced the Julian calendar in 45 BC. History This month, instituted according to Roman tradition by Numa Pompilius, was supposed to be inserted every two or three years to align the conventional 355-day Roman year with the solar year. The decision of whether to insert the intercalary month was made by the pontifex maximus, supposedly based on observations to ensure the best possible correspondence with the seasons. However, the pontifex maximus would normally be an active politician, and the decision would often be manipulated to allow friends to stay in office longer or force enemies out early. Such unpredictable intercalation meant that dates following the month of Februarius could not be known in advance, and further to this, Roman citizens living outside Rome would often not know the current date. The exact mechanism is not clearly specified in ancient sources. Some scholars hold that in intercalary years February's length was fixed at 23 days and it was followed by a variable-length mensis intercalaris with 27 or 28 days. This view is followed in generalist surveys of calendrical history. However, following a discussion of intercalation by Michels (1967) some specialist studies of the pre-Julian calendar published since 1967 claim that in intercalary years Februarius was set at either 23 or 24 days, which was followed by an intercalary month of 27 days. Whichever interpretation is correct, the days a.d. VI Kal. Mart. to Prid. Kal. Mart., normally referring to the end of February, were in intercalary years the concluding days of the mensis intercalaris. The month was eliminated by Julius Caesar with his revised calendar in 46 BC. See also Roman Calendar and Julian calendar § Motivation Adar Undecimber Notes References External links Roman Dates Months Months of the Roman calendar\",\n \"title\": \"Mercedonius\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1190200\",\n \"text\": \"The early Germanic calendars were the regional calendars used among the early Germanic peoples before they adopted the Julian calendar in the Early Middle Ages. The calendars were an element of early Germanic culture. The Germanic peoples had names for the months that varied by region and dialect, but they were later replaced with local adaptations of the Julian month names. Records of Old English and Old High German month names date to the 8th and 9th centuries, respectively. Old Norse month names are attested from the 13th century. As with most pre-modern calendars, the reckoning used in early Germanic culture was likely lunisolar. As an example, the Runic calendar developed in medieval Sweden was lunisolar, fixing the beginning of the year at the first full moon after winter solstice. Months The Germanic calendars were lunisolar, the months corresponding to lunations. Tacitus writes in his Germania (Chapter 11) that the Germanic peoples observed the lunar months. The lunisolar calendar is reflected in the Proto-Germanic term \\\"month\\\" (Old English , Old Saxon , Old Norse , and Old High German , Gothic ), being a derivation of the word for \\\"moon\\\", — which shares its ancestry with the Greek mene \\\"moon\\\", men \\\"month\\\", and Latin mensis \\\"month\\\". Days and weeks Tacitus gives some indication of how the Germanic peoples of the first century reckoned the days. In contrast to Roman usage, they considered the day to begin at sunset, a system that in the Middle Ages came to be known as the \\\"Florentine reckoning\\\". The same system is also recorded for the Gauls in Caesar's Gallic Wars. \\\"They assemble, except in the case of a sudden emergency, on certain fixed days, either at new or at full moon; for this they consider the most auspicious season for the transaction of business. Instead of reckoning by days as we do, they reckon by nights, and in this manner fix both their ordinary and their legal appointments. Night they regard as bringing on day.\\\" The concept of the week, on the other hand, was adopted from the Romans, from about the first century, the various Germanic languages having adopted the Greco-Roman system of naming of the days of the week after the classical planets, inserting loan translations for the names of the planets, substituting the names of Germanic gods in a process known as . Calendar terms The year was divided into a summer half and a winter half, as attested in Old English and medieval Scandinavian sources. In Scandinavia this continued after Christianization; in Norway and Sweden the first day of summer is marked by the (14 April) and the first day of winter by the Calixtus Day (14 October). The month names do not coincide, so it is not possible to postulate names of a Common Germanic stage, except possibly the names of a spring month and a winter month, and . The names of the seasons are Common Germanic, , , , and for \\\"spring\\\" in north Germanic, but in\",\n \"title\": \"Early Germanic calendars\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["March"],"string":"[\n \"March\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":92,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_5137"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who sings love on the line by hillsong"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"47866144","text":"Open Heaven / River Wild (stylised as OPEN HEAVEN / River Wild) is the 24th live album of Hillsong Worship, which consists of several worship pastors from Australian church Hillsong Church. The album was recorded during the 2015 Hillsong Conference at the Sydney SuperDome (currently named the Qudos Bank Arena) from 29 June until 3 July 2015 and was released on 16 October 2015, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group; this marks the first time the church's annual worship album was recorded entirely during the conference, as opposed to the annual July releases that coincide with the event. Michael Guy Chislett oversaw production of the album, while Hillsong senior pastor Brian Houston and his son, worship leader Joel Houston, served as executive producers. Open Heaven / River Wild features several prominent vocalists of Hillsong, including Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston and Marty Sampson, as well as the Hillsong United band and the Hillsong Young & Free group. Following the Easter release of \"O Praise the Name (Anástasis)\", the album's lead single, \"One Thing\", was released on 18 September 2015. Background In March 2015, \"O Praise the Name (Anástasis)\" was released as a free download on Hillsong's website, and served as a single for Easter. David Ware served as vocalist for \"O Praise the Name\", while prominent worship leader Marty Sampson co-wrote the song. Sampson played the song for Hillsong global creative director Cass Langton, who was \"overwhelmed\" by the song, saying, \"The lyrics… they captivated me. The thoughts in the song opened my eyes again to the Gospel story, and I felt the emotions of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ all over again — I could hardly wait to hear our church worship to this song.\" On 14 June 2015, Langton announced through a blog post that the recording of the next annual live worship album will be at the 2015 Hillsong Conference at the Allphones Arena in Sydney, Australia, marking the first time the album would be recorded entirely during the conference, as opposed to the typical July releases that coincide with the event. On 17 August 2015, Hillsong released a teaser video on various social media accounts; the title of the album as well as the cover art and the 16 October release date were announced the next day. On 3 September 2015 Hillsong released the trailer to YouTube along with the track-listing for the new album. Recording The live worship album and DVD were recorded during the span of the 2015 Hillsong Conference in Sydney, Australia from 29 June to 3 July. Worship leaders from several Hillsong Church locations, such as Aryel Murphy from Hillsong Los Angeles, Chris Davenport from Hillsong New York, Tarryn Stokes from Hillsong Melbourne and Reuben Morgan from Hillsong London, were included in the recording. Promotion Singles \"One Thing\" was released on 18 September 2015 via iTunes as a pre-order single. \"O Praise the Name (Anastásis)\" was released on 2 October 2015 via iTunes as a pre-order single.","title":"Open Heaven / River Wild"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"47866144\",\n \"text\": \"Open Heaven / River Wild (stylised as OPEN HEAVEN / River Wild) is the 24th live album of Hillsong Worship, which consists of several worship pastors from Australian church Hillsong Church. The album was recorded during the 2015 Hillsong Conference at the Sydney SuperDome (currently named the Qudos Bank Arena) from 29 June until 3 July 2015 and was released on 16 October 2015, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group; this marks the first time the church's annual worship album was recorded entirely during the conference, as opposed to the annual July releases that coincide with the event. Michael Guy Chislett oversaw production of the album, while Hillsong senior pastor Brian Houston and his son, worship leader Joel Houston, served as executive producers. Open Heaven / River Wild features several prominent vocalists of Hillsong, including Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston and Marty Sampson, as well as the Hillsong United band and the Hillsong Young & Free group. Following the Easter release of \\\"O Praise the Name (Anástasis)\\\", the album's lead single, \\\"One Thing\\\", was released on 18 September 2015. Background In March 2015, \\\"O Praise the Name (Anástasis)\\\" was released as a free download on Hillsong's website, and served as a single for Easter. David Ware served as vocalist for \\\"O Praise the Name\\\", while prominent worship leader Marty Sampson co-wrote the song. Sampson played the song for Hillsong global creative director Cass Langton, who was \\\"overwhelmed\\\" by the song, saying, \\\"The lyrics… they captivated me. The thoughts in the song opened my eyes again to the Gospel story, and I felt the emotions of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ all over again — I could hardly wait to hear our church worship to this song.\\\" On 14 June 2015, Langton announced through a blog post that the recording of the next annual live worship album will be at the 2015 Hillsong Conference at the Allphones Arena in Sydney, Australia, marking the first time the album would be recorded entirely during the conference, as opposed to the typical July releases that coincide with the event. On 17 August 2015, Hillsong released a teaser video on various social media accounts; the title of the album as well as the cover art and the 16 October release date were announced the next day. On 3 September 2015 Hillsong released the trailer to YouTube along with the track-listing for the new album. Recording The live worship album and DVD were recorded during the span of the 2015 Hillsong Conference in Sydney, Australia from 29 June to 3 July. Worship leaders from several Hillsong Church locations, such as Aryel Murphy from Hillsong Los Angeles, Chris Davenport from Hillsong New York, Tarryn Stokes from Hillsong Melbourne and Reuben Morgan from Hillsong London, were included in the recording. Promotion Singles \\\"One Thing\\\" was released on 18 September 2015 via iTunes as a pre-order single. \\\"O Praise the Name (Anastásis)\\\" was released on 2 October 2015 via iTunes as a pre-order single.\",\n \"title\": \"Open Heaven / River Wild\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"1515361","text":"God Is in the House is the fifth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. It is also the first Hillsong Album where Darlene Zschech was Worship Pastor. The album was recorded live at the Hills Entertainment Centre. The album reached No. 40 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Christian Albums Chart. Track listing \"God Is in the House\" (Russell Fragar & Darlene Zschech) \"Joy in the Holy Ghost\" (Fragar) \"Steppin' Out\" (Steve McPherson) \"My Heart Sings Praises\" (Fragar) \"And That My Soul Knows Very Well\" (Zschech & Fragar) \"Jesus, What a Beautiful Name\" (Tanya Riches) \"Let the Peace of God Reign\" (Zschech) \"I Give You My Heart\" (Reuben Morgan) \"Walking in the Light\" (Zschech) \"Your People Sing Praises\" (Fragar) \"I Believe the Promise\" (Fragar) \"Thank You, Lord\" (Dennis Jernigan) \"Lord of the Heavens\" (Lucy Fisher) \"I Will Run to You\" (Zschech) \"God Is in the House\" (reprise) Band Darlene Zschech - worship leader Erica Crocker - vocals Rob Eastwood - vocals Lucy Fisher - vocals Donia Gandjou - vocals Craig Gower - keyboards, vocals Scott Haslem - vocals Steve McPherson - vocals, electric guitar Lisa Young - vocals Russell Fragar - music director, piano David Moyse - electric guitar Ian Fisher - bass guitar Rick Peteriet - drums Chris Milne - percussion David Schenk - additional percussion Paul Thompson - additional percussion Raymond Floro - additional percussion Karen Packer - tenor saxophone Cathy Coluccio - alto saxophone Megan Howard - alto saxophone Renee Boland - alto saxophone Cathy Coluccio - soprano saxophone Mark Gregory - trumpet Peter King - trumpet Ruth Grant - Hillsong choir conductor Julia Beaumont - Hillsong Kidz choir conductor Amour Mah - Hillsong Kidz choir conductor References 1996 live albums 1996 video albums Live video albums Hillsong Music live albums Hillsong Music video albums","title":"God Is in the House (Hillsong Church album)"},{"docid":"2620298","text":"Joel Timothy Houston (born 19 September 1979) is an Australian musician, songwriter, pastor, and leader in the Sydney-based band Hillsong United, a worship band of Hillsong Church. He was co-pastor at Hillsong NYC between 2010 and 2017. He is the head of the Christian worship band Hillsong United, for which he sings, plays guitar, and writes songs. In 2008, he became the creative director at Hillsong Church. He is the oldest son of the church's Founding Pastors Brian and Bobbie Houston and grandson of Frank Houston. He has two siblings. Houston was also the bass player for the band Able, which was composed of Marty Sampson, Michael Guy Chislett and Luke Munns, which won the Channel V Leg Up competition in 2001. Biography Early life Joel is the oldest child of the former Hillsong Church's founding pastors Brian and Bobbie Houston and grandson of pastor Frank Houston. Joel has two siblings, Ben Houston (lead pastor of Hillsong Los Angeles) and Laura Toggs (pastor of the Hillsong youth ministry in Australia and also member of Hillsong Young & Free). Houston wanted to play the piano at the age of seven. However he found an inclination to play bass and this led him to play the bass guitar for a number of Hillsong Worship albums instead. Hillsong United and Hillsong Houston's debut with the Hillsong United as a vocalist was in 2002, however he had been playing bass guitar with the band for several years prior to this, and contributing various songs, including the title track from the group's debut full-length live album, Everyday. As part of Hillsong United music team, Joel Houston has helped lead worship conferences in North America, South America, Africa, Europe and Asia. He has also contributed to the main Hillsong album recordings as well, which are led by worship pastor Reuben Morgan. Many of the songs he has written or co-written are sung in churches worldwide and have been translated into 32 languages. His music has been featured on Hillsong albums that have quickly risen on both the Australian and American Christian music charts. In March 2007, Hillsong United's eighth album All of the Above debuted at No. 6 on the ARIA charts. Joel Houston has been the creative director of Hillsong since 2008. Joel was co-pastor of Hillsong NYC with Carl Lentz until Lentz's employment was terminated by Brian Houston for unnamed \"moral failings\". Personal life Joel married Brazilian model Esther Lima in 2012, and they had a son in 2013. External links Christianity Today interview SongDiscovery.com interviews Joel Houston , Fresh 103.2 Interview BBC Heart-throb rock gods united in song The Bulletin interview and photo gallery References Hillsong musicians Christian music songwriters Living people Australian people of Tongan descent Australian people of New Zealand descent Australian male songwriters Australian Christian Churches people Australian performers of Christian music 1979 births Musicians from Sydney","title":"Joel Houston"},{"docid":"3949731","text":"If I Had One Chance To Tell You Something is the eighth studio album from Rebecca St. James. The album includes the hit singles \"Alive\" and \"You Are Loved\". Writing and development St. James co-wrote 11 out of the 12 tracks on the album, with the songs \"God Help Me\" and \"You Are Loved\" being written solely by her. St. James wrote \"God Help Me\" on her 27th birthday and says of the song, \"I love singing this song because to me it’s an essential thought of the Christian life... 'God help me... I’m not enough!'\" The album's first single, \"Alive\", is about how God can refresh people. The title song \"You Are Loved\" was inspired by an old family friend. St. James says, \"This is a song for the prodigals—which is all of us. God is the father that has His arms open wide waiting for us. He wants us to run towards Him and He will run toward us. It’s a song of hope and a message my generation needs to hear. ‘No matter where you've been and what you've done... you are loved.' From this song came the album title—and really the key theme of the project.\" \"Shadowlands\" was inspired by the writings of C.S. Lewis, while \"Love Being Loved By You\" is described by St. James as a worship song. \"I Need You\" was written for St. James's best friend Karleen. \"Beautiful Stranger\" is described by the singer as her \"Compassion International song\". Co-written and co-sung by TobyMac, \"Thank You\" is a simple message of thanks to God. The song \"Take All of Me\" was originally written by Hillsong United artist Marty Sampson and was chosen by St. James because of its worshipful tone. St. James says of \"Forgive Me\", \"This song reminds me of the everlasting beauty of God’s grace.\" The song \"I Can Trust You\" was written as a reminder to trust God. St. James says of the final track, \"Lest I Forget\", \"It’s somewhat of a sobering song but a song of gratefulness that simply treasures what Jesus has done for us.\" If I Had One Chance To Tell You Something is described as \"commercial alternative rock\". It is much edgier and rock-based than St. James' prior album, Worship God. The songs are based in guitars, bass lines, and string arrangements. St. James also dabbles in hip-hop on the track \"Thank You\". The album was produced by Tedd T. and Matt Bronleewe, and producer Shaun Shankel. Track listing Personnel Adapted from liner notes and AllMusic Rebecca St. James – lead and backing vocals Tedd T – programming (1, 3, 8, 9, 12), guitars (1, 8, 9), bass (1, 8) Ainslie Grosser – programming (1, 4) Jeremy Bose – programming (2, 4, 5), string arrangements (2, 4, 5) Carl Marsh – programming (3, 9) Shaun Shankel – programming (6, 7, 11), string arrangements (6, 10) Cary Barlowe – guitars (1, 6) Paul Moak – guitars (1, 3, 8, 9, 12) Rob Hawkins – guitars","title":"If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something"},{"docid":"10037168","text":"Michael Guy Chislett (born 6 April 1982) is an Australian musician and producer. He is the lead guitarist and founding member of the Christian worship band Hillsong United and was the lead guitarist of the rock band the Academy Is... Career Hillsong United Chislett has played guitar on all Hillsong United albums excluding Look to You (2005) and Aftermath: Live in Miami (2012). These albums include 2019's People and 2015's Empires, for which he was also the album's producer. In the United States, People sold 107,000 equivalent album units in its opening week, debuting at No. 2 on the mainstream Billboard 200 chart (dated 2 May). Being their third top ten appearance on Billboard 200, the album is the highest ranking appearance for Hillsong United on the chart, beating out the No. 5 debuts by 2015's Empires and 2013's Zion, while breaking their best sales week record, formerly held by Empires. People registered at No. 1 on Billboard's Christian albums chart, and won the Dove Award for 2019 Worship Album of year. In 2013, Chislett came back to Hillsong United full-time to produce the 2013 album Zion. He then became current full-time touring member and producer for Hillsong United. The Academy Is... (2007–2011) Chislett was the lead guitarist of Chicago rock band the Academy Is..., replacing Tom Conrad in late 2006. He played and co-wrote music for the albums Santi and Fast Times at Barrington High. Butch Walker Prior to joining the Academy Is..., Chislett played in Butch Walker's band. He toured with Walker in 2005 and 2006. He appeared on the studio album The Rise and Fall of Butch Walker and the Let's-Go-Out-Tonites and the live DVD Live at Budokan. Other projects Chislett wrote music and played guitar in the band 1969, whose line-up is completed by Butch Walker and drummer Darren Dodd (The Let's-Go-Out-Tonites, Electric South). The band's debut album, Maya, was released on 1 April 2008. Chislett also played guitar in Pistol Youth with Brad Carter from Steriogram. Pistol Youth's Smiling can backfire EP was released digitally in early 2008. Chislett played guitar for Brooke Fraser's Flags tour and is featured on her music video \"Coachella\". Chislett has his own production company, Skipton Productions, Inc., which was established in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2008. Personal life Chislett was born on 6 April 1982 in Skipton, Victoria, a small country town in Australia. Most of his family later moved to Sydney, where he attended Cherrybrook Technology High School. He dropped out in Year 10 to spend more time on music. In 2003, he moved to London with Newcastle band Paperadio. A few months later he moved to Los Angeles. He is married to Naomi and they have two children, Elliott (born 2014) and Ruby (born 2016). Music gear Gretsch guitars (Gretsch White Falcon, Black Penguin, Silverjet) Fender guitars (Jazzmaster, Stratocaster, Jaguar, Telecaster) Divided by 13 RSA-31 amp Milkman Sound 85w pedal steel amp Z.Vex Effects, Cusack Music, JHS Pedals Discography As a producer Hillsong United – All of the","title":"Michael Guy Chislett"},{"docid":"1515138","text":"The Power of Your Love is the first live contemporary worship album released by Hillsong Music — the first album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music released by the label. Production The majority of the songs for the album were written and composed by Geoff Bullock, the then Worship Pastor of Hillsong Church. It was recorded live by Bullock, Darlene Zschech, and the Hillsong team. The cover was designed by a local design firm in Sydney. The font used for the title is Century Gothic (a standard font on Microsoft Windows). The front cover is a panograph taken by Christian photographer; Ken Duncan. His panographs are seen on three other Hillsong album covers. There are no photographs of the actual live service in the original CD sleeve design. The updated version shows \"what's new from Hillsong Music Australia\". Reception In June 1993, Tony Cummings of Cross Rhythms rated the album as 7 out of 10 and described the group as willing to \"take on the full hard rocking armoury of AOR to shout praises to God\". He summarised the album with \"What they lack in subtlety they make up for in exuberance ... Recommended to radical worshippers\". In 2000, the album was certified gold by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 35,000 units. Track listing \"The Time Has Come\" (Geoff Bullock) \"We Will Rise\" (Bullock) \"You Placed Your Love\" (Bullock) \"Your Love\" (Bullock) \"Blessed Be\" (Bullock) \"You Are My Rock\" (Bullock) \"Hear Me Calling\" (Bullock) \"Refresh My Heart\" (Bullock) \"The Power of Your Love\" (Bullock) \"Lord We Come\" (Bullock) \"I Will Worship You\" (Bullock) \"You Are My God\" (Bullock & Gail Dunshea) \"Holy Spirit Rise\" (Bullock) \"Glory\" (Bullock) \"Latter Rain\" (Bullock) \"The Great Southland\" (Bullock) Credits Geoff Bullock - worship pastor, piano, vocals Russell Fragar - keyboards, music director Darlene Zschech - vocals, vocal producer David Evans - vocals David Moyse - guitar Allan Chard - guitar Andy James - bass Adam Simek - drums Stuart Fell - percussion Jeff Todd - engineer, mixer Andrew McPherson - assistant engineer William Bowden - mastering Cameron Wade - production manager Nick Asha - front of house Manager Chris Googe - foldback engineer Brian Houston - executive producer Michael Murphy - executive producer References 1992 live albums Contemporary worship music albums Hillsong Music live albums","title":"The Power of Your Love"},{"docid":"1548983","text":"Hillsong Music is Christian music produced by Hillsong Church in Sydney, Australia as well as offshoot churches, Hillsong London, and Hillsong Kiev. Hillsong albums are released and distributed by Hillsong Music. The main groups are Hillsong Worship, Hillsong United, Hillsong Young & Free, and Hillsong Kids. History Hillsong Church's popularity in Christian praise and worship music stems from the inauguration of the Hillsong Conference in 1986 and the first publication of choruses written by Hills CLC members, especially Darlene Zschech. It is in this context that Hillsong Music was founded in 1991. Their first live worship CD The Power of Your Love was released in 1992. Since then, live praise and worship albums have been produced each year. Other music series include the Worship series, United, Youth Alive, Hillsong Kids and Instrumental series. They have also released two Christmas albums and several compilation albums. \"What a Beautiful Name\" won the 2018 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song. Popularity Some Hillsong songs have distinct gospel influences. Hillsong Music titles regularly feature in the top 25 of most songs sung in all reporting countries recorded through the CCLI website. Christian Copyright Licensing International allows churches to use any listed music through a flat fee based on congregational size rather than buying access to individual songs, making recent music more affordable to churches all over the world. People Just Like Us was the first Christian album to achieve gold status in Australia as well as the first to go Platinum. To date, all Hillsong live worship albums have achieved Gold status in Australia. In 1996, Hillsong Music reached international prominence with the release of Shout to the Lord produced by Integrity Music. This was Integrity Music's first live worship album featuring a female worship leader – Darlene Zschech. The 2004 Hillsong live worship album For All You've Done, debuted at No. 1 on the Australian Record Industry Association album charts. There was some controversy about this outcome as almost all of the albums were sold at Hillsong's annual conference held in early July. The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) has defended the outcome noting that the album sold more copies than any other record on sale in Australia that week. As of December 2011, Hillsong has sold more than 12 million records across the globe, following its first release in 1991 and a quarter of all contemporary songs heard in Australian churches in 2011 were written by Hillsong. Albums Early albums were released solely on cassette and CD. Video recordings of the live albums have also been made for VHS since the second album in 1993, and additionally for DVD since 2000, with increasing additional content such as documentaries and extra songs. The Hillsong United series CDs have included an additional free part-length DVD since 2004. Several music books have also been published. Including all the series (LIVE, UNITED, Kids, Kids Junior, Chapel, Young & Free, Español, Youth Term, Youth Alive, Worship, Compilation, Instrumental, Christmas, Preview, KIEV, LONDON) and other special","title":"Hillsong Music (label)"},{"docid":"44361614","text":"Best Friend is the second live praise and worship album by Hillsong United. The album was released on 10 November 2000. Track listing \"My Best Friend\" (Joel Houston and Marty Sampson) \"Stronger Than\" (Paul Ewing) \"Saving Grace\" (Michelle Fragar) \"Forever\" (Sampson) \"God of All Creation\" (Mark Stevens and Paul Iannuzzelli) \"I Live for You\" (Raymond Badham) \"Jesus Generation\" (Reuben Morgan) \"I Will Sing\" (Rebeca Mesiti) \"Jesus, Lover of My Soul\" (Steve McPherson, David Grul and John Ezzy) \"The Reason I Live\" (Sampson) References Hillsong United albums 2000 live albums","title":"Best Friend (Hillsong United album)"},{"docid":"2272951","text":"Hills Praise is a compilation praise and worship album of Christian Contemporary music by the Hillsong Church. Album details All songs on this CD album are taken directly from previous Hillsong Music Australia and Integrity Music Inc. albums. Reception In June 1998 Dave Derbyshire of Cross Rhythms rated the album as 8 out of 10 and described the group as \"a talented praise band of guitars, drums and the like and a choir complete with red robes\". He summarised the album with \"If you want some upbeat songs to let rip in praise to God, then slap this album into your CD player and dance around the living room\". In April 1998 CCM Magazine rated it as 8 out of 10 and noted that \"Happy, joyful, full of life and energy, were just a few of the phrases that sprang to mind during the first couple of songs\". Track listing \"Your People Sing Praises\" (Russell Fragar; from God Is in the House) \"People Just Like Us\" (Fragar; from People Just Like Us) \"He's Real\" (Fragar; from Shout to the Lord) \"Father of Lights\" (Fragar; from People Just Like Us) \"Praise His Holy Name\" (Darlene Zschech; from Friends in High Places) \"I Can't Wait\" (Fragar; from Friends in High Places) \"My Heart Sings Praises\" (Fragar; from God Is in the House) \"God Is in the House\" (Fragar & Zschech; from God Is in the House) \"Can't Stop Talking\" (Fragar; from All Things Are Possible) \"Shelter House\" (Steve McPherson; from All Things Are Possible) \"Your Love Keeps Following Me\" (Fragar; from People Just Like Us) \"Longin' for Your Touch\" (Paul Iannuzzelli & Tim Uluirewa; from People Just Like Us) \"He Shall be Called\" (Fragar; from Friends in High Places) \"Joy in the Holy Ghost\" (Fragar; from God Is in the House) References 1997 compilation albums Hillsong Music compilation albums","title":"Hills Praise"},{"docid":"33716036","text":"Crazy Noise is the seventh live praise and worship album of contemporary Christian music for children by the Hillsong Church. Reception AllMusic's Jon O'Brien reviewed Crazy Noise and noted that it was \"the first to be targeted specifically toward a preschool audience\". A staff editor at Amazon described the album as an \"energetic collection of kid-friendly praise songs, guaranteed to get your young ones on their feet and singing along!\", which was aimed \"especially for preschoolers and early school age children\". It was nominated for Children's Music Album of the Year at the 44th Annual GMA Dove Awards in 2013. Track listing \"Great Day\" (Beci Wakerley, David Wakerley) \"Free As a Bee\" (Beci Wakerley, David Wakerley) \"Crazy Noise\" (Dan Lee-Archer, David Wakerley) \"Let Your Light Shine\" (Andy Wallis) \"Tiny Little Voice\" (Beci Wakerley, David Wakerley) \"Song of Love\" (Paul Stokes) \"Be Strong\" (Nathan Eshman, Sophie Eshman, David Wakerley) \"I'm So Glad\" (Julia A'Bell, David Wakerley) \"Be Still\" (Beci Wakerley, David Wakerley) \"Children of the Bible\" (Dan Lee-Archer, David Wakerley) \"The Greatest Commandment\" (Nathan Eshman, Sophie Eshman) \"Life with Jesus\" (Nathan Eshman, Sophie Eshman, David Wakerley) Production Luke Munns – producer David Wakerley – producer Jim Monk – recording engineer Josh Nickel – recording engineer Peter Wallis – recording engineer Ben Whincop – recording engineer Josh Telford – recording engineer References 2011 live albums Hillsong Music live albums","title":"Crazy Noise (Hillsong album)"},{"docid":"43097935","text":"Amazing Love may refer to: Music Albums Amazing Love (Hillsong album), a 2002 album from Hillsong Church Amazing Love (Graham Kendrick album), a 1990 Christian live album Amazing Love, a 1973 album by Charley Pride Amazing Love, a 2005 album by Chris Jasper Songs \"Amazing Love\" (song), a 1973 song by Charley Pride \"Amazing Love\", a 2002 song by Hillsong from Amazing Love \"Amazing Love\", a 1990 song by Graham Kendrick from Amazing Love \"Amazing Love\", a 2004 song by Michelle Williams from Do You Know \"Amazing Love\", by Phil Perry \"Amazing Love\", a 1959 song by Joe Williams \"You Are My King (Amazing Love)\", a 2001 song by Phillips, Craig and Dean; also recorded by Newsboys Other uses Amazing Love: The Story of Hosea, a Christian film from Five & Two Pictures","title":"Amazing Love"},{"docid":"12528799","text":"Tanya Levin (born 25 August 1971) is an Australian social worker and writer. A former Hillsong Church member, she has described herself as a feminist and an atheist since at least 2010. Levin has published two books. People In Glass Houses (2007), is an exposé of the Hillsong Church, in which Levin was raised. It was short-listed for the 2007 Walkley Non-fiction Book Award. Crimwife (2012), is about her relationship with a criminal. She is also the host of the 2021 podcast Leaving Hillsong, which interviews people who have left the Hillsong Church, and also Reading Hillsong, also released in 2021. Arrest On 1 July 2015, Levin was arrested for trespass during an interview, after failing to \"move on\" from Hillsong Conference in Sydney Olympic Park at the direction of police. The arrest came amid increased media scrutiny of the conference, after organisers misled the media about the involvement of Mark Driscoll. According to Levin, she was convicted but on appeal \"the findings were upheld, but the convictions were dismissed.\" Bibliography People in Glass Houses: An Insider's Story of a Life in and out of Hillsong (2007) Crimwife: An Insider's Account of Love behind Bars (2012) References 1971 births Australian women writers Australian writers Australian atheists Australian former Christians Former Protestants Living people Hillsong Church South African emigrants to Australia","title":"Tanya Levin"},{"docid":"1075939","text":"Geoffrey William \"Geoff\" Bullock (born 6 November 1955) is an Australian singer-songwriter and pianist. He helped pioneer the Hills Christian Life Centre, which later became Hillsong Church. He was appointed as the church's worship pastor and was also the convenor of their annual conferences from 1987 to 1995, before leaving Hillsong in late 1995. Bullock has recorded over 20 albums and written two books, Hands of Grace (1998) and The power of your love... Jesus the unexpected God (2000). Early life and career Geoffrey William Bullock was born on 6 November 1955 in Sydney. His father is Peter and his mother is Beth; and he grew up with a younger sister, Jane. Bullock was raised as a Presbyterian and attended Knox Grammar School from 1964 to 1972. He completed tertiary studies at North Sydney TAFE in 1976 for a Television Operator's Certificate II. From 1975 to 1984 he worked as a cameraman at ABC Television in Gore Hill, including work on The Marcia Hines Show, Farnham and Byrne (see John Farnham, Debra Byrne), Mastermind, Parkinson, The Norman Gunston Show and Play School as well as news and current affairs programs. During the early 1970s he played in \"garage band after garage band\" and by mid-decade was in a rock group, Arnhem, which toured the east coast of Australia. In November 1978, at the age of 23, Bullock became a committed Christian. He said that \"it was in that real charismatic, pentecostal awakening that was happening... I grew up with a bunch of teenagers and they started getting saved into what has become the Hillsong Church and eventually I went along and that was it.\" He was on the team, led by Brian Houston, that pioneered the Hills Christian Life Centre (later part of Hillsong Church) in August 1983. Aside from Bullock and Houston the initial pastors were Pat Mesiti, Mike Murphy, Donna Quinn and Michael Smith. Bullock was appointed the worship pastor for Hillsong Church in Sydney and was the convenor of their annual conferences from 1987 to 1995. Tanya Levin described him in her book People in Glass Houses: An insider's story of a life in and out of Hillsong (2007) writing that \"[he] was our Piano Man. Short and stock, with blue eyes that pierced you like laser beams.\" Bullock was a pastor at the Hillsong Conference in July 1995. He left Hillsong Church in October that year. In August 2004 he told David Adams and Lloyd Harkness of Sight magazine, \"I burnt out, I suppose. At the time I was so convinced that God was asking me to leave and (now) I’m just not so sure... I just knew I had to go and I think, in a way, it was escaping a damaging spirituality that I'd allowed to happen. I don't want to blame those guys for it – it was my problem. Now I have become a very different person and so you can see that there was a divergence of style and theology and","title":"Geoff Bullock"},{"docid":"1858391","text":"UP: Unified Praise is a live praise and worship album of Praise & worship by the Australian Hillsong Church and English band Delirious?. The album reached No. 24 on the Top Christian Albums Chart. Making of the album UP: Unified Praise was recorded live at the Sydney SuperDome by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong Team with special guests Delirious? at the Hillsong Conference 2003, at which there were over 20,000 people. Track listing Note: The album was released as an audio-only release and as a concert video. The lengths listed are from the CD version. \"King Of Majesty\" was 04:16 on the DVD. • 01. — \"Everyday\" (Joel Houston) — 05:21 • 02. — \"Free\" (Marty Sampson) — 04:08 • 03. — \"I Give You My Heart\" (Reuben Morgan) — 08:09 • 04. — \"More Than Life\" (Morgan) — 09:09 • 05. — \"Worthy Is The Lamb\" (Darlene Zschech) — 06:18 • 06. — \"I Could Sing Of Your Love Forever\"/\"God's Romance\" (Martin Smith) — 08:14 • 07. — \"King Of Majesty\" (Sampson) — 04:11 • 08. — \"Did You Feel The Mountains Tremble\" (Smith) — 09:57 • 09. — \"My Glorious\" (Smith, Stu Garrard) — 07:08 • 10. — \"Rain Down\" (Smith, Garrard) — 06:24 • 11. — \"Majesty (Here I Am)\" (Garrard, Smith) – 06:10 • 12. — \"What A Friend I've Found\" (Smith) — 05:27 • 13. — \"History Maker\" (Smith) — 10:07 Featured musicians Marcus Beaumont – electric guitar Michael Guy Chislett – electric guitar Mitch Farmer – drums Ian Fisher – bass guitar Rolf Wam Fjell – drums Brandon Gillies – drums Nigel Hendroff – electric guitar Luke Holmes – electric guitar Luke Munns – drums Albert Sampson – electric guitar Nathan Taylor – electric guitar Matt Tennikoff – bass guitar References Delirious? albums 2004 live albums 2004 video albums Live video albums 2004 collaborative albums Hillsong Music live albums Hillsong Music video albums","title":"UP: Unified Praise"},{"docid":"56468998","text":"There Is More (stylised in capital letters) is the 26th live album by Australian worship group Hillsong Worship. The album was released on 6 April 2018, by Hillsong Music and Capitol Christian Music Group. Production was handled by Brooke Ligertwood and Michael Guy Chislett. Recorded during the 2017 Hillsong Worship & Creative Conference at Hillsong Church in Sydney, Australia, the album has seventeen songs (four of them being acoustic covers) including \"Who You Say I Am\", \"Remembrance\", \"New Wine\", \"Touch of Heaven\" and two live renditions of previously released songs: Hillsong United's hit single \"So Will I (100 Billion X)\" from Wonder and \"Seasons\" from Hillsong Worship's The Peace Project (2017). It was nominated for Top Christian Album at the 2019 Billboard Music Awards. Background In early January 2018, Hillsong Worship announced that they would be joining Hillsong Church senior pastor Brian Houston on a tour in the United States dubbed There Is More starting on 5 April, stopping in thirteen cities whilst promoting Houston's book titled There Is More which was slated for a 20 March release. On 3 February 2018, Hillsong Worship announced that they would release a live worship album, also carrying the same name, on 6 April, commencing the digital pre-order period. On 2 March 2018, \"Who You Say I Am\" and a live rendition of Hillsong United's \"So Will I (100 Billion X)\" availed as promotional singles during the digital pre-order. The album was released on 6 April, wherein the pre-order period ended. The premise of There Is More is in the story of Jacob wrestling with God through the night, found in Genesis 32, producer and featured worship leader Brooke Ligertwood explains: \"On the other side of Jacob's divine encounter was a new name, a new blessing, a new identity and a new way of walking (literally). Will we be a worshipping people who are not content to sleep through the night (spiritually speaking) and wake in the morning unchanged? Like Jacob, will we enter into the wrestle with God, dare to know Him more intimately and be changed in the process? This is the premise for Hillsong Worship's 26th live praise and worship album. The title, \"THERE IS MORE\", truly is a statement-of-belief more than a record title.\" — Brooke Ligertwood Ligertwood went on to say that \"There is more at stake than we dare realize – souls, communities, families, nations on the other side of our wrestle through the night seasons. Our personal freedom is for corporate revival. There is more of God, and more to God and His love than we can possible conceive of.\" Artwork The album cover of There Is More has artwork that with designs akin to those found in heraldry. There are thirteen symbols on the album cover, according to the Hillsong Worship Zendesk page, and their meanings are as follows: The lion and the man: This denotes Jacob wrestling with God. In Genesis 32, Jacob wrestles with God through the night, and at dawn, his hip","title":"There Is More"},{"docid":"1562365","text":"Amazing Love is the fifth album in the Worship series of praise & worship albums by Hillsong Church, which was released in April 2002. The album reached No. 25 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Christian Albums Chart. Track listing Personnel Raymond Badham – arrangement Damian Bassett – backing vocals Julie Bassett – backing vocals Erica Crocker – backing vocals Mark Cullen – arrangement Tulele Faletolu – lead vocals Mitch Farmer – drums Michelle Fragar – lead vocals Giovanni Galanti – programming Craig Gower – piano and keyboards, programming Scott Haslem – backing vocals Nigel Hendroff – guitars, arrangement David Holmes – guitars Gary Honor – saxophone Bobbie Houston – executive producer Brian Houston – executive producer Peter King – piano and keyboards, programming Steve McPherson – lead vocals, backing vocals, arrangement, choral and vocal arrangement, co-producer Reuben Morgan – lead vocals, co-producer David Moyse – guitars, arrangement, programming Marty Sampson – lead vocals Peter Wallis – bass guitar Holly Watson – lead vocals Miriam Webster – lead vocals Darlene Zschech – lead vocals, backing vocals, arrangement, choral and vocal arrangement, producer \"Amazing Love\", Hillsong CD, Album cover slip References Hillsong Music albums 2002 albums","title":"Amazing Love (Hillsong album)"},{"docid":"39028787","text":"Glorious Ruins is the 22nd live worship album by Hillsong Church. It was recorded live in London, England, and Sydney, Australia by the Hillsong Worship team from around the world including Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston, Ben Fielding, Hillsong United, and international teams from London, Stockholm, and Cape Town. The album includes 12 songs including \"Man of Sorrows\", \"Glorious Ruins\", \"Christ Is Enough\", \"Anchor\", and \"You Crown the Year\". It was released on 28 June 2013 in Australia and New Zealand and on 2 July 2013 internationally. The album reached No. 3 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Background On 27 and 28 October 2012, Hillsong Live recorded the first part at the Hillsong Convention Centre in Sydney with a worship night called \"This Is for Everyone\". The second part of the album was recorded by Hillsong London at London's Dominion Theatre on 17 February 2013. \"Man of Sorrows\", the first single from the album, was released as a free download just before Easter. Hillsong Live announced the new album by releasing its cover artwork 3 April 2013. A trailer for the album and the live video for \"Man of Sorrows\" was released on 4 June 2013. The album was officially released on 2 July 2013. Vision and inspiration \"Let the ruins come to life | In the beauty of Your Name | Rising up from the ashes | God forever You reign\" This chorus of the title track, Glorious Ruins, was an underlying theme through the life of Hillsong Church in the lead up to the Hillsong Live praise & worship album recording, Glorious Ruins. It’s a vivid image which captures the imagination and stirs the soul. Brian Houston, Senior Pastor of Hillsong Church explains, “Ruins can speak of crushing defeat or perhaps of something abandoned, but the good news today is that the ruins come to life. …Through Jesus Christ what we look at is ruins that become glorious...\" Whether it be through times of personal devotion or in your church, we pray that the lyrics contained in this album stir your faith & love in Jesus Christ. Track listing Personnel Worship leaders Juliet Adekambi Jay Cook Matt Crocker Jonathan 'JD' Douglass Ben Fielding Annie Garratt Jad Gillies Joel Houston Reuben Morgan Laura Toganivalu David Ware Vocals Nina Mityuk Sam Evans Cassey Zschech Dan Barrett Ashley John Baptiste Jill Marie Cooper Jenny Deacon Katie Dodson Hannah Hobbs Jorim Kelly Ingrid Kennedy Brad Kohring Ana Loback Collena Masuku Nait Masuku Sheila Mpofu Alexander Pappas Dean Ussher Esther Volstad Kevin Curiel Marcus Temu Music directors Chris Davenport Gio Galanti Autumn Hardman Nigel Hendroff Electric guitars Ben Fielding Chris Davenport Nigel Hendroff Joel Hingston David Kennedy Timon Klein Dave Marinelli Isaac Soon Dylan Thomas Jad Gillies Acoustic guitars Tyler Braland Matt Crocker Ben Fielding Joel Houston Kevin Curiel Reuben Morgan Herny Seely Brian 'BJ' Phodham Keys David Andrew Moses Byun Adam Dodson Gio Galanti Dave George Autumn Hardman Peter James Matt Hann Thiago Pereira Ryan Taubert Ben Tennikoff Bass Ike Graham Matt Hann","title":"Glorious Ruins"},{"docid":"22963034","text":"Faith + Hope + Love is the eighteenth album in the live praise and worship series of Christian Contemporary music by Hillsong Church. It was recorded live on 1 March 2009 at Hillsong Convention Centre, on 8 March 2009 at Hilsong City Campus and on 29 March 2009 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre on . The recording team was composed by the Hillsong Live Worship team led by Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech and Joel Houston. One of the most acclaimed songs on the album is \"It's Your Love\" sung by Darlene Zschech. Album information Joel Houston stated, \"Beyond the sound, the rhythm, the art... beyond the strings, the keys, the melodies... beyond the stage, the set, the lights... are the people. Ordinary men, women & children, from all walks of life, in all sorts of circumstances and each one with a unique story to tell. This is the Church... and this is Hillsong's 18th live praise and worship album 'faith+hope+love'. Everyone together playing their part and lending their voice to the collective story, our story. The prayer is that 'Faith+Hope+Love' will breathe the light, love and freedom of Christ into your life, and continue to give expression to what God is doing in and through people all over the Earth.\" The songs \"You Hold Me Now\" and \"No Reason to Hide\" are also featured on the later Hillsong United album Across the Earth: Tear Down the Walls, released May 2009. This is the first Hillsong Live album that does not feature worship leader Marty Sampson since \"Touching Heaven Changing Earth\" in 1998. It is also the first Hillsong Live album not to take its name from one of its songs. This album was released in Spain 28 July 2009. The majority of the songs were written by Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston, Matt Crocker, and Marty Sampson. Brooke Fraser, Jad Gillies, Mia Fieldes, Jonathon Douglass, Jill McCloghry, Sam Knock, Robert Fergusson, Leeland Mooring, Jack Mooring, and Darlene Zschech contributed songs also. Track listing (CD) Track listing (DVD) No Reason To Hide (Joel Houston) God One and Only (Jonathon Douglass) It's Your Love (Darlene Zschech) I Will Exalt You (Brooke Fraser) Yahweh (Dave Ware & Darlene Zschech) The First and The Last (Joel Houston) For Your Name (Jad Gillies) Glow (Dave Ware) The Wonder of Your Love (Darlene Zschech) His Glory Appears (Brooke Fraser) We The Redeemed (Jill McCloghry) We Will See Him (Reuben Morgan) You Hold Me Now (Jad Gillies) Charts Awards The album was nominated for a Dove Award for Long Form Music Video of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards. Personnel Darlene Zschech – senior worship leader, senior lead vocal, songwriter Reuben Morgan – worship pastor, worship leader, acoustic guitar, lead vocal Joel Houston – creative director, worship leader, acoustic guitar, vocal Brooke Fraser – worship leader, acoustic guitar Jad Gillies – worship leader, vocal, electric guitar, acoustic guitar on \"You Hold Me Now\" Jonathon Douglass (JD) - worship leader, vocal Dave Ware - worship leader, vocals","title":"Faith + Hope + Love"},{"docid":"68899533","text":"These Same Skies is the 27th live album by Australian worship group Hillsong Worship. The album was released on 5 November 2021 by Hillsong Music and Capitol CMG. The album features appearances by Benjamin Hastings, Mi-kaisha Rose, Reuben Morgan, Brooke Ligertwood, Aodhan King, and Saye Pratt. Production was handled by Brooke Ligertwood and Michael Guy Chislett. These Same Skies was preceded by the release of \"Hope of the Ages\" as the lead single from the album, with \"Never Walk Alone\" and \"That's The Power\" being released as promotional singles. These Same Skies debuted at number fifteen on Billboard's Top Christian Albums Chart in the United States, as well as the Official Charts' Official Christian & Gospel Albums Chart in the United Kingdom. Background On 8 October 2021, Hillsong Worship announced These Same Skies as their forthcoming album slated for release on 5 November 2021, being availed for digital pre-order. These Same Skies was recorded in Orange County, California, marking the first Hillsong Worship project to be recorded entirely in the United States. Chris Davenport of Hillsong Worship shared the meaning behind the album's title, saying: Release and promotion Singles Hillsong Worship released a studio-recorded version of \"Hope of the Ages\" alongside Reuben Morgan and Cody Carnes on 20 August 2021. Promotional singles Hillsong Worship released \"Never Walk Alone\" featuring Mi-kaisha Rose as the first promotional single from the album on 8 October 2021. Hillsong Worship released \"That's The Power\" featuring Benjamin Hastings as the second promotional single from the album on 22 October 2021. Critical reception Joshua Andre in his 365 Days of Inspiring Media review gave a positive review of the album, saying: \"These Same Skies is an album that needs to be listened to despite everything that happened to Hillsong the church.\" Christian Ellis of The Christian Beat concluded in his review that \"Hillsong Worship’s These Same Skies reminds us that under the skies we live under, He’s still doing what only what He can do – making something good out of us.\" JubileeCast's Timothy Yap gave a favourable review of the album, saying: \"Hillsong Worship is such a mainstay in contemporary worship music that you can always count on them delivering church-friendly songs. This one's no exception. It's full of songs ready to serve the church in the honor of our Lord Jesus Christ.\" Reviewing for NewReleaseToday, Kevin Davis opined that \"These Same Skies is loaded with several stirring new worship songs that really set me in the proper mindset to praise God for loving me so much that He gave His life away for all that was lost. I really enjoy the exciting musical vibe of this album, and the melodies are catchy, and the lyrics are prayerful.\" Accolades Commercial performance In the United States, These Same Skies debuted at number fifteen on the Top Christian Albums Chart In the United Kingdom, These Same Skies debuted on the OCC's Official Christian & Gospel Albums Chart at number fifteen. Track listing Personnel Vocals Brooke Ligertwood – lead","title":"These Same Skies"},{"docid":"1545062","text":"Extravagant Worship: The Songs of Reuben Morgan is a compilation praise and worship album of contemporary worship music by the Hillsong Church. Cross Rhythms reviewer John Baugh wonder \"why this collection needs to be released apart from 'If you liked ... then you will like ... '\", but concluded that apart from that minor complaint, \"the album itself is of course great if somewhat unsurprising\". Album details All tracks on this double-CD album have been written (or co-written) by Hillsong worship leader, Reuben Morgan. All tracks are taken directly from previous Hillsong Music Australia and Integrity Music Inc. albums. The album includes Morgan's hit song \"I Give You My Heart.\" Track listing All songs, words and music by Reuben Morgan, except where noted. Disc one \"Hear Our Praises\" (from Shout to the Lord 2000) – 5:37 \"One Day\" (from For This Cause) – 4:06 \"Your Love Is Beautiful\" (Morgan, Steve McPherson & Nigel Hendroff; from You Are My World) – 4:25 \"Eagle's Wings\" (from Shout to the Lord 2000) – 4:36 \"My Heart Will Trust\" (from Shout to the Lord 2000) – 5:00 \"You Are Near\" (from For This Cause) – 6:11 \"You Said\" (from By Your Side) – 4:35 \"Heaven\" (from Everyday) – 4:49 \"In Your Hands\" (from All Things Are Possible) – 6:12 \"Jesus' Generation\" (from Best Friend) – 5:11 \"Touching Heaven Changing Earth\" (from Touching Heaven Changing Earth) – 3:55 Disc two \"My Redeemer Lives\" (from By Your Side) – 4:01 \"This Is How We Overcome\" (from By Your Side) – 3:32 \"Faith\" (from For This Cause) – 3:50 \"You Are Holy\" (from Touching Heaven Changing Earth) – 5:32 \"Your Love\" (from All Things Are Possible) – 5:38 \"Your Unfailing Love\" (from By Your Side) – 6:29 \"I Belong to You\" (from Simply Worship 2) – 5:05 \"Glory to God\" (from Christmas) – 5:18 \"On the Lord's Day\" (from Everyday) – 5:42 \"I Give You My Heart\" (from God Is in the House) – 7:51 \"What the Lord Has Done in Me\" (from By Your Side) – 5:04 See also World Through Your Eyes: solo albums by Morgan. References 2002 compilation albums Hillsong Music compilation albums","title":"Extravagant Worship: The Songs of Reuben Morgan"},{"docid":"53012857","text":"This Is Living EP is the first EP from Hillsong Young & Free. Capitol CMG and Sparrow Records alongside Hillsong Music Australia released the EP on 13 January 2015. Critical reception Signifying in a three and a half star review for 365 Days Of Inspiring Media, Jonathan Andre citing that the EP is \"one deserving to be listened to\" and that it is \"A must for anyone who loves EDM and worship,\". David Jeffries of AllMusic, affixing a three and a half star rating to the EP, says that the first three songs \"aim for the club with drum machine beats and bright synthesizer lines fueling the music,\" describes the acoustic version of \"This Is Living\" as settling \"into afternoon material\" and calls \"Sinking Deep\" an \"empowering ballad\". David Hitchcock, allotting the EP a four and a half star rating at Band Hangout, says, \"All in all, the songs chosen make for a great and interesting EP\" and that \"Y&F has definitely pushed the boundaries of what has been considered \"worship\" music. Most of their \"payoff\" moments musically are instrumental breaks. Their melodies and lyrics push the limits of \"congregational\".\" Giving the EP a nine out of ten rating on Geeks Under Grace, David Austin Black describes the EP as being \"bright and God-centered, rejoicing in the freedom that life in Christ gives us and pausing to voice quiet, impassioned cries of the heart.\" Indicating in a four star review at Louder Than The Music, Jono Davies lists \"This Is Living\" and \"Energy\" as the standout tracks and states: \"This isn't just an EP for young people, this is a fresh musical movement for anybody to get involved with. Musical styles and sounds are not ageist. Yet this EP has a youthful, even playfulness to it, but deep down right in the middle of the big dance sound is a heart to live for God. A joyful living for God and for me that's what I got most out of this EP.\" Caitlin Lassiter of NewReleaseToday bestowed the EP a four and a half star rating, noting that \"After only minutes of listening to the music they've poured their heart into, it's clear that they're passionate about Christ and making His name known through worship. This Is Living is a perfect representation of that passion, exuding praise and joy from every single lyric.\" Jeremy Armstrong of Worship Leader rated the EP four stars, stating that Hillsong Young & Free \"describes themselves as “young people who are passionate about bringing the message of Jesus, and the spirit of freedom that comes only from knowing him.” Their music certainly matches that description! Youthful, high energy, and fun. Perfectly suited for youth and young-adult settings.\" Track listing Charts References 2015 debut EPs Sparrow Records albums","title":"This Is Living EP"},{"docid":"26866318","text":"A Beautiful Exchange is the nineteenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship by Hillsong Church. It was recorded at the Sydney Entertainment Centre and Hillsong Church in Australia by Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech, Joel Houston and the Hillsong Worship Team. The album was released in the United States on 29 June 2010 in partnership with EMI. These worship songs explore themes including sacrifice and redemption (\"Beautiful Exchange\"), love (\"Our God Is Love\") and hope (\"Forever Reign\"), which is also the first radio single. Hillsong Live albums are led by worship leaders including Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston, Ben Fielding and Darlene Zschech. Other key songs include: \"Open My Eyes\" (sung by Reuben Morgan), \"The One Who Saves\" (sung by Ben Fielding) and \"Greatness Of Our God\" (sung by Darlene Zschech). Many of the songs were written by Reuben Morgan with other authors such as Jason Ingram, Stu Garrard, Ben Fielding and Darlene Zschech. On 9 July 2010 the album debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard Christian Albums Chart and at No. 40 on the US Billboard 200 chart. During the initial week on the charts it remained in the top 3. And this was also the last official album to feature Brooke Fraser as a worship leader until her return to Hillsong Worship six years later (with the release of the band's 2016 live album \"Let There Be Light\") Track listing (CD) Track listing (DVD/Blu-Ray) \"You\" \"Open My Eyes\" \"Forever Reign\" \"The One Who Saves\" \"Like Incense / Sometimes by Step\" \"The Greatness of Our God\" \"The Father's Heart\" \"Our God Is Love\" \"Love Like Fire\" \"Believe\" \"Thank You\" \"Beautiful Exchange\" Bonus features \"Documentary: A Beautiful Exchange – Behind the Screens\" Hillsong London \"The Answer\" (Reuben Morgan and Braden Lang) Worship leader: Peter Wilson \"God Our Salvation\" (Jay Cook and Dave Tymoszuk) Worship leader: Jay Cook \"For All You Are / You Are Good\" (David Kennedy / Dave George) Worship leader: Ingrid Boe-Kennedy, Jay Cook / Juliet Adekambi \"All Things New\" (Dave George and Tim Steer) Worship leader: Dave George \"Glorious One / To Bring You Glory\" (Reuben Morgan and Jay Cook / Dave Tymoszuk) Worship leader: Jay Cook Reception Ryan Barbee of Jesus Freak Hideout said the highlight of the album is Brooke Fraser's \"Like Incense/Sometimes By Step\" and called it \"one of the most intimate tracks Hillsong has put out to date\". He also wrote: A Beautiful Exchange has some very powerful moments and some weak ones. However, we as listeners are outsiders looking in. You might not find everything you're looking for in [it] but you'll definitely find a heart of worship.\" Kim Jones of About.com called the album \"beautiful, warm and intimate\" and concluded, \"A Beautiful Exchange will suck you in and deliver you to the feet of your Savior - and your day will be all the better for it.\" Awards The album was nominated for two Dove Awards: Praise & Worship Album of the Year and Long Form","title":"A Beautiful Exchange"},{"docid":"33358750","text":"\"I Have Decided to Follow Jesus\" is a Christian hymn that originated in Assam, present-day Meghalaya, India. According to P. Job, the lyrics are based on the last words of Nokseng, a Garo man, a tribe from Meghalaya which then was in Assam, who converted to Christianity in the middle of the 19th century through the efforts of an American Baptist missionary. He is said to have recited verses from the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of John as he and his family were killed. The formation of the martyr's words into a hymn has been attributed to the Indian missionary Sadhu Sundar Singh. An alternative tradition attributes the hymn to pastor Simon K Marak from Jorhat, Assam. The melody of the song is an Indian Folk tune, which was titled \"Assam\" after the region where the text originated. An American hymn editor, William Jensen Reynolds, composed an arrangement which was included in the 1959 Assembly Songbook. His version became a regular feature of Billy Graham's evangelistic meetings in America and elsewhere, spreading its popularity. Due to the lyrics' explicit focus on the believer's own commitment, the hymn is cited as a prime example of decision theology, emphasizing the human response rather than the action of God in giving faith. This has led to its exclusion from some hymnals. A Lutheran writer noted, \"It definitely has a different meaning when we sing it than it did for the person who composed it.\" Cultural references The 2006 film Though None Go with Me uses a line from the song as its title. Four lines of the hymn are used as a bridge in the worship song \"Christ is enough\" (from the album \"Glorious Ruins\" by Hillsong Church). References Indian songs Songs about Jesus Indian Christian hymns Persecution of Christians","title":"I Have Decided to Follow Jesus"},{"docid":"1569871","text":"Christmas is the first Christmas worship album of Christian Contemporary music composed of Christmas songs by the Hillsong Church. It was released, in Australia, for Christmas in 2001 and appeared in international markets by September 2001. Album details The songs on Christmas are renditions of popular Christmas carols and several of Hillsong Music's own songs led by Darlene Zschech & the Hillsong Team. This album has three more tracks than the earlier version of this album entitled Jesus, Christmas Worship Down Under, Hark the Herald Angels Sing, Away in a Manger and The First Noel. Reception In September 2001 Mike Rimmer of Cross Rhythms rated the album as 8 out of 10 and described it as \"their releases are always top quality ... with just less than 50% traditional carols. All the classics are here\". BREATHEcast's Timothy Yap reviewed the disc in November 2013 after it was issued as part of a two-disc compilation, It's Christmas, and found the earlier material on Christmas to be superior as it has a \"more cohesive feel as Darlene Zschech is featured on most of the tracks here\" than the material on Celebrating Christmas (2005). In November 2001 CCM Magazine rated it as 7 out of 10 and felt \"they come up with some wonderful new praise and worship songs, and breath new life into older ones\". Track listing \"Silent Night\" (traditional; arranged by Russell Fragar) \"Hark the Herald Angels Sing\" (traditional; arranged by Peter King) \"Saviour of the World\" (Katia Bowley) \"Jesus, What a Beautiful Name\" (Tanya Riches) \"The Reason Why\" (Russell Fragar) \"Away in a Manger\" (traditional; arranged by Russell Fragar) \"Perfect Love\" (Darlene Zschech & Russell Fragar) \"O Holy Night\" (traditional; arranged by Reuben Morgan & Peter King) \"Rejoice\" (Donia Makedonez) \"Star of Bethlehem\" (instrumental; David Moyse) \"The First Noel\" (traditional; arranged by Peter King) \"O Come, All Ye Faithful\"/\"Jesus You Are All I Live For\" (traditional; arranged by Russell Fragar & Simeon Webster) \"Hallelujah\" (Darlene Zschech) \"Glory to God\" (Reuben Morgan) References 2001 albums 2001 Christmas albums Hillsong Music albums Christmas albums by Australian artists","title":"Christmas (Hillsong album)"},{"docid":"15160494","text":"The I Heart Revolution: With Hearts as One is the ninth album by Hillsong United and the first of the three-part \"I Heart Revolution\" project. With Hearts as One was recorded around the world across the span of two years, and contains thirty songs. The album was released in Australia on 8 March 2008, and internationally on various later dates. It peaked at No. 8 on the ARIA Albums Chart. The album was initially released in both physical and digital formats, along with a USB release. A companion DVD was also released in September 2008. The second part, The I Heart Revolution: We're All in This Together, is a feature film documentary which was released in cinemas beginning November 2009. Background In 2006, Hillsong United's key songwriter and creative director Joel Houston proposed a three-part series of releases under the banner of \"The I Heart Revolution\", stating it's not about loving revolution, but simply about the revolution of the use of the term \"I heart...\". The first of these was initially to be the eighth album (and first studio album) by Hillsong United. That album was simply released with the title All of the Above. The second of these to be part of the series was to be an extended play release compiled of performances by Hillsong United's under 21-year-old members. This ended up being released without the I Heart Revolution title also, only under the title In a Valley by the Sea. Finally, having recorded every performance by themselves for the prior two years, Hillsong United decided to release a compilation album comprising the best performances of the best of the whole era of Hillsong United, while including two new songs, \"You'll Come\", written and performed by Brooke Fraser, and \"Love Enough\", written by Braden Lang and Scott Ligertwood and performed by Jonathon Douglass, who had previously sung the song for the Under 21 EP, but not for a \"full\" Hillsong United album. Both of these new songs were performed in Sydney, while all other songs included were from throughout the world. As the album was recorded throughout the world, the cover art also features notable landmarks from throughout the world, including O Cristo Redentor (Christ the Redeemer), which appears two times on the cover, including at the centre of the heart. Others featured include the Empire State Building, the Eiffel Tower, the Colosseum, Big Ben, the Statue of Liberty and various pictures of people from throughout the world. Release Formats As with most albums, it was released as a CD and also on digital music retailers, but was also released on a one gigabyte USB flash drive, enveloped in a black rubber wristband. This USB version included all of the songs in MP3 format, the lyrical overhead master sheets, a PDF copy of the liner sleeve, and the two versions of the album cover. The live DVD version, with documentary elements and overlays from cities, worship events and moments around the world, was released in September 2008. The","title":"The I Heart Revolution: With Hearts as One"},{"docid":"16755452","text":"This Is Our God is the seventeenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. It was recorded live at the Acer Arena on 9 March 2008 by Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston, Darlene Zschech, and the Hillsong Live Worship team with a crowd of over 10,000 worshippers. The album opened at No. 2 on the ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart in Australia. Album information This Is Our God is the first Hillsong album since 1996 on which Darlene Zschech has not appeared as worship pastor, since Reuben Morgan officially became the new worship pastor of Hillsong in 2008. It also features a greater variety of singers, as the church's most traditional worship leaders are not as heavily featured. This is the third album released under their new name 'Hillsong Live'. Even though Hillsong has been using the 'Live' logo on their albums since 2006's Mighty To Save as well as listing these albums under 'Hillsong Live' on their website for some time, This Is Our God is the first album to be officially released with 'Hillsong Live' listed as the artist name on the spine of the CD and DVD. The majority of the songs were written by Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech, Joel Houston, Michael Guglielmucci, Matt Crocker, Brooke Fraser, and Ben Fielding. \"Healer\" On 21 August 2008, the album attracted controversy when a worship leader from Planetshakers Church and former member of the band Planetshakers, Michael Guglielmucci, admitted that in 2006 he had fabricated a story that he was suffering from cancer when he composed and then performed song \"Healer\", that appeared on the album. Guglielmucci later said that the story had been fabricated to hide a 16-year addiction to pornography. Representatives of churches with which Guglielmucci had affiliations told the press they were totally unaware of this situation. In an email sent to Hillsong members, the church's general manager, George Aghajanian, said the news was even a shock to Guglielmucci's own family and that the suspended pastor was seeking professional help. He was suspended from the church and actions taken to return the money obtained fraudulently. The track \"Healer\" has since then been removed from the track listing in future releases of the album. Track listing CD DVD \"Bible Reading & Prayer\" (Isaiah 42:8-13) (Joel Houston) \"Your Name High\" (Joel Houston) \"Run\" (Joel Houston) \"Across the Earth\" (Matt Crocker) \"Bible Reading\" (Philippians 2:6-11) \"This Is Our God\" (Jill McCloghry and Reuben Morgan) \"He Is Lord\" (Annie Garratt and Marcus Temu) \"High and Lifted Up\" (Darlene Zschech) \"Stronger\" (Jad Gillies) \"Bible Reading\" (Isaiah 53:1-5) (Mike Guglielmucci) \"Healer\" (Mike Guglielmucci) [**Removed from current releases**] \"You are Here (The Same Power) (Joel Houston) [**Removed from current releases**] \"Bible Reading\" (Isaiah 60:1-5, 18-22) \"You Deserve\" (Sam Knock) \"Alive in You\" [Author : Mike Guglielmucci & Scott Ligertwood] (Jonathon Douglass & Sam Knock) \"Bible Reading\" (Psalm 66) (Jill McCloghry) \"Desert Song\" (Brooke Fraser and Jill McCloghry) \"Sing to the Lord\" (Marty Sampson) \"Where We Belong\" (Joel","title":"This Is Our God"},{"docid":"54084386","text":"Wonder is the fifth studio album from Australian contemporary worship music band Hillsong United, a worship band from Hillsong Church. The album was released on 9 June 2017, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. \"Wonder\" was released as the lead single for the album in May 2017, while \"So Will I (100 Billion X)\" and \"Not Today\" were released in 2018. Background The band had several recording sessions for Wonder at The Record Plant in Los Angeles. Lead vocalist Joel Houston felt that the album's title and themes reflected returning wonder to both faith and worship, saying, \"This is the challenge, and this is what worship— if worship can be summed up as an expression of art and music and story— is ultimately designed to do. To elevate the conversation, re-awaken the soul to something other, and lift our eyes to the wonder of a superlative truth.\" \"Splinters and Stones\" was described as having \"striking vocal modification and pulsing bass samplings\" while containing personal lyrics. Promotion Wonder was announced as a surprise album in May 2017, alongside its cover art, release date and track listing. Hillsong United also toured Israel to promote Empires, where they debuted \"Wonder\" alongside several new songs. \"Wonder\" and \"Splinters and Stones\" were released as instant-grat singles for those who pre-ordered the album, and the two songs were also available for streaming. \"Wonder\" was released to radio airplay as the album's first single on the same day. The official lyric video for \"Wonder\" was released on 18 May, while the lyric video for \"Splinters and Stones\" was uploaded two days later. Hillsong United also performed an acoustic version of \"Wonder\" for music website Worship Together. \"Shadow Step\" was released as the album's third promotional single on 26 May 2017, with its lyric video released on the same day. \"Shape of Your Heart\" was released as the album's fourth promotional single on 2 June. \"Wonder\" was debuted live during the band's concert in Caeserea, Israel, which was filmed in a live video and released on 24 May 2017. Hillsong United promoted the album during the 2017 Justice Conference on 9 June, and had \"launch nights\" for the album at the Beacon Theatre in New York City on 18 June 2017, and the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee on 23 June. The band was also announced as part of the line-up of the 2017 Outcry Festival at Toyota Stadium in Frisco, Texas. On 5 January 2018, \"So Will I (100 Billion X)\" was released as the album's second single. Track listing Accolades In 2018, it was announced that \"So Will I (100 Billion X)\" song won a GMA Dove Award in the category of Worship Recorded Song of the Year. The song also nominated Song of the Year. Wonder album was nominated Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year, while Hillsong United band was nominated Artist of the Year. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 2017 albums Hillsong United albums Sparrow Records albums","title":"Wonder (Hillsong United album)"},{"docid":"50974683","text":"Of Dirt and Grace: Live from the Land is the thirteenth live album from Australian contemporary worship music band Hillsong United, a worship band from Hillsong Church. The album was released on 15 July 2016, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. Touted as a \"visual album\", the record features new arrangements of their fourth studio album, Empires (2015), which were performed live and filmed around various locations in Israel. The album was also released in DVD on 29 July 2016. \"Prince of Peace\" was released as the album's lead single in July 2016. Background Hillsong United previously took inspiration from the Sermon on the Mount and the Beatitudes for their fourth studio album, Empires (2015). The group wanted to film live performances of the song around places in Israel where the aforementioned events took place, as well as other Biblically historical locations. The album features new arrangements of the songs from Empires, as well as two tracks from Zion (2013), \"Scandal of Grace\" and \"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\", and the Hillsong Worship song \"I Surrender\" from Cornerstone (2012). While Empires featured \"EDM pulses\" throughout the album, Of Dirt and Grace features the tracks \"decelerated into slow and pensive ballads.\" Of Dirt and Grace: Live from the Land differs from previous Hillsong United albums, due to the visual concept, the abundance of ballads, as well as the prominence of vocalist Taya Smith, who sings in half the album. Several members of the band wrote blog posts on Hillsong's website narrating their experiences while recording and filming the album. Promotion On 21 June 2016, Hillsong United performed \"Say the Word\" on The Morning Show. On 1 July 2016, the live performance of \"Prince of Peace\" was released as an instant-grat single for those who pre-ordered the album, while its music video was released in Hillsong United's official website. The music video of the live performance of \"Say the Word\" was released on 14 July 2016. Reception Giving Of Dirt and Grace four out of five stars, Lucas Munachen of Jesus Freak Hideout opined that the \"slow build\" of most of the songs \"creates an ethereal atmosphere that sets its sight above\", and called the usage of the filmed performances \"an original concept that enhances the beauty of these songs even further.\" Timothy Yap of Hallels praised the visual album concept, stating, \"While many worship albums serve to engage the ears, Of Dirt and Grace makes Jesus palatable through all our five senses. Ryan Loche of The Church Collective felt the new versions of the songs from Empires \"[give] great ways to bring some of the synth-heavy songs from the past album to a more acoustic [worship] team.\" Phil Schneider of ChurchMag called the album \"a beautiful album, a passionate and creative performance,\" adding, \"As a live album, it’s sonically perfect. As a concept album, it’s intellectually inspiring. As a worship album, it’s both spiritually uplifting and challenging.\" Awards and accolades On 9 August 2017, it was announced","title":"Of Dirt and Grace: Live from the Land"},{"docid":"51103345","text":"Let There Be Light (stylised as let there be light.) is the 25th live album of Hillsong Worship, which consists of several worship pastors from Australian church Hillsong Church. The album was recorded during the 2016 Hillsong Conference at the Qudos Bank Arena from 4 July until 7 July 2016 and was released on 14 October 2016, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. Their music captures the heart and sound of Hillsong Church globally and represents the coming together of the Hillsong worship team from around the world; including Reuben Morgan, Marty Sampson, Joel Houston, Brooke Ligertwood, Ben Fielding, Taya Smith, Dave Ware, Annie Garratt and many more. Background In March 2016, \"Grace to Grace\" was released and served as a single for Easter. In July worship leader Ben Fielding said, \"We've been intentional about writing songs that will translate across the Church globally.\" From many of the Hillsong global campuses such as Sydney, London, New York and Los Angeles, songs were written, re-written and collaborated on in the lead up to the album recording. \"The collaborations have been more through relationship this year, and it has felt less segmented. We've been writing in the studio and there would be people from three different campuses in three different countries there. Each would be representing their own congregation's unique sound, but working together to create something that will translate for all campuses.\" The title of the album is a reference to Genesis 1:3. Theme Rich Langton, who oversees the pastoral care of the creative team in Australia, said, \"Jesus is the light of the world and we carry that too.\" Awards and accolades On 9 August 2017, it was announced that Let There Be Light would be nominated for a GMA Dove Award in the Worship Album of the Year and the Long Form Video of the Year categories at the 48th Annual GMA Dove Awards. In addition to the album's nomination, the song \"What a Beautiful Name\" was nominated for a GMA Dove Award in the Song of the Year and Worship Song of the Year categories. On 17 October 2017, \"What a Beautiful Name\" won both GMA Dove Awards for Song of the Year and the Worship Song of the Year at a ceremony held at the Allen Arena in Nashville, Tennessee, with composers Brooke Ligertwood and Ben Fielding receiving the awards. Track listing Notes \"Behold (Then Sings My Soul)\" is inspired by “How Great Thou Art”, courtesy of The Stuart Hine Trust. \"I Will Boast in Christ\" contains additional lyrics from \"Nothing but the Blood\", traditional. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Personnel Credits adapted from Zendesk and AllMusic. Vocals Annie Garratt — lead vocals Ben Fielding — lead vocals Benjamin Hastings — lead vocals Brooke Ligertwood — lead vocals David Ware — lead vocals Jad Gillies — lead vocals Joel Houston — lead vocals Jonathon “JD” Douglass — lead vocals Matt Crocker — lead vocals Marty Sampson — lead vocals Reuben Morgan —","title":"Let There Be Light (album)"},{"docid":"64424153","text":"\"King of Kings\" is a contemporary worship song by Hillsong Worship and is the lead single from their twenty-eighth album, Awake. Released on 12 July 2019, it was written by Brooke Ligertwood, Scott Ligertwood, and Jason Ingram and produced by Michael Guy Chislett and Brooke Ligertwood. Background Speaking with Worship Together, Scott Ligertwood shared that \"King of Kings\" was written when they met in Nashville, Tennessee. Ingram wrote the melody and Brooke Ligertwood wrote the lyrics, which focus on the gospel and the birth of the early church. About the song, Brooke Ligertwood said:The Gospel is a now reality that requires a now response. It should never be treated or viewed as a relic - no matter how reverently one might err in that direction. With origins before time and echoes beyond it, it stands at the intersection of eternity and our every-day present and beckons, urges, demands us to look. Look at the Christ, the Son of God - bloodied for your sin and the sin of all humanity - repent and believe and take your place in the story of all stories - the story of the King of Kings.The song was inspired by Biblical passages found in Revelation 19:16 and Philippians 2:9-11, capturing the sovereignty and exaltation of Jesus from humility to victory. Composition \"King of Kings\" is composed in the key of D major. The song has a tempo of 68 BPM, with a time signature of 4/4. Music videos The lyric video for \"King of Kings\" was published the same day the song was released (12 July), and the live music video, recorded during the 2019 Hillsong Conference, premiered on 5 August; both videos were published on YouTube. On 27 February 2020, the Spanish lyric video for the song was released, titled \"Rey De Reyes\". On 3 August 2020, a video showing Brooke Ligertwood singing the song at Passion 2020 was published. Awards and nominations Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2019 singles Hillsong Worship songs 2019 songs Songs written by Jason Ingram Songs written by Brooke Fraser","title":"King of Kings (Hillsong song)"},{"docid":"2274407","text":"Martin W \"Marty\" Sampson (born 31 May 1979) is an Australian singer-songwriter, musician and former worship leader at the Hillsong Church in Sydney. From the late 1990s until 2019 he featured on the United Live albums and was one of the original Hillsong United band's worship leaders. Sampson's main instrument is the guitar although he also plays the piano, flute and drums. Aside from work for Youth Alive and Hillsong United, Sampson has issued solo albums. Biography Sampson was born on 31 May 1979 and became a member of the Hillsong Church in Sydney. From the late 1990s he has featured on the Youth Alive albums and was one of the original Hillsong United band's worship leaders. His last album with Hillsong United was the 2011's Aftermath. He often lead worship at the church and had contributed for Hillsong albums. Since his departure from Hillsong United, he has worked on his songwriting. Sampson helped with the worship at Northern Beaches, a Hillsong extension service. In November 2006 he married Michelle and the couple have a son. In 2007, Sampson released a solo EP, Let Love Rule, via his official website. In April 2008, Sampson co-wrote \"We Give You Praise\" with band members of the United Kingdom Christian rockers Delirious?. In 2010, he recorded an album in the United States under the band name, The Red Bikes. It was recorded with James Rudder as producer, Luke Munns on drums, Michael Guy Chislett on guitar and Paul Malbury on bass guitar. The album has not yet been released. In June 2011, Sampson released another solo EP, Objects, as Martin Sampson. It is an acoustic guitar folk album in the vein of Bob Dylan. The tracks were recorded at the same time as The Red Bikes project. On 10 August 2019, he publicly stated that he was \"losing his faith\". Sampson initially clarified that he had not \"renounced\" his faith but was \"struggling with many parts of the [Christian] belief system\", then subsequently on 23 August 2019 stated that he is no longer identified as a Christian. Instrumentation According to AllMusic, Sampson is credited with being a composer, lyricist, vocalist, producer, worship leader, guitarist (acoustic, electric) and arranger. Discography Songwriter Songs written or co-written by Sampson include Hillsong Worship albums By Your Side (1999) \"By Your Side\" For This Cause (2000) \"Carry Me\" You Are My World (2001) \"God Is Great\" \"You Are My World\" \"Forever\" \"My Best Friend\" with Joel Houston Blessed (2002) \"Now That You're Near\" \"Son of God\" with Lincoln Brewster \"King of Majesty\" Hope (2003) \"Song of Freedom\" \"Better Than Life\" \"To the Ends of the Earth\" with Houston \"Can't Stop Praising\" with Tulele Faletolu \"Free\" \"Angels\" For All You've Done (2004) \"Hallelujah\" with Jonas Myrin \"Home\" \"Take All of Me\" God He Reigns (2005) \"God He Reigns\" \"All I Need Is You\" \"There Is Nothing Like\" with Myrin \"What the World Will Never Take\" with Matt Crocker & Scott Ligertwood \"Tell the World\" with Jonathon Douglass & Houston","title":"Marty Sampson"},{"docid":"39723537","text":"\"I Give You My Heart\" (sometimes called \"Lord, I Give You My Heart\" or \"This is My Desire\") is a 1995 song by Reuben Morgan, who wrote both the music and the lyrics. The lyrics are about giving God the entirety of oneself. The song is widely used in congregational singing, particularly within evangelicalism. \"I Give You My Heart\" is a devotional song, part of the contemporary worship music genre, and also a slow ballad. In the liner notes of God is in the House, Morgan said of this song: \"The heart of GOD is for us to be completely sold out to HIM. Our thoughts, passions and dreams (everything that makes us who we are) only have true life as they become HIS to shape and to mould. As we give our heart and our soul to GOD we then walk in the endless riches that are found in intimacy with HIM.\" Among Christian songs, \"I Give You My Heart\" is one of the most frequently recorded. The song appeared on Hillsong Music Australia's compilation album Ultimate Worship. Briana Scott released a cover version of the song on her debut album While I'm Here in 2005. Morgan also recorded his own interpretation of I Give You My Heart on his first solo album, World Through Your Eyes. References 1995 songs 1990s ballads Hillsong Worship songs Contemporary worship music Australian songs Songs written by Reuben Morgan","title":"I Give You My Heart (Hillsong song)"},{"docid":"29363332","text":"Aftermath (stylized as 'aftər,maθ), formerly known as This Means Love, is the second studio album by Australian Contemporary Christian band Hillsong United. Production for the album began in March 2010 at Studios 301 in Sydney, Australia. It was announced on 10 November 2010, that coinciding with the Aftermath album release in February, Hillsong United would tour the United States and Canada in February and March 2011. Aftermath debuted at number one on the US Billboard Christian Albums chart and at number 17 on the US Billboard 200 chart. In the United States, it ranked as the 17th best-selling Christian Album of 2011. The first single of the band, \"Search My Heart\", was released from the album on 21 January 2011 and appeared on the Billboard Christian Songs chart. Background In March 2010 it was revealed that Hillsong United was in the studio working on the first part of their latest album. United's Aftermath was originally stated to be a two part project, with a studio release in September 2010 and another in 2011, but would later be conjoined into one album. On 25 May 2010 it was confirmed that stage two of the album was done after three weeks in the studio. The album title was announced via Hillsong United frontman Joel Houston's Twitter account on 27 October 2010. During a broadcast of Hillsong Backstage at Hillsong Conference 2010, it was uncovered that the album would debut in February 2011. There was a photo shoot lasting 3 days in over 10 different locations for the album artwork and photo collection on their website. The album leaked on 15 January 2011, exactly one month before the album's planned release date, when it was unintentionally made available for purchase on the US iTunes Store. Talking about how the album was created, Joel Houston said: \"We took a whole year off really doing something. And we had a bit of a soul search and talked to each other and said, 'if we're gonna do this, as in United, and keep moving with it, what's it going to look like? And how prepared are we? ...Maybe to just ride on the coattails of what we've been doing for the last ten years or so or do we want to really take this thing forward?' And I think we collectively decided, 'you know what? Let's throw ourselves into it like it's the first time we've ever done anything'.\" The album marks Marty Sampson's return, who sings the title track \"Aftermath\". Concerning the title, Houston said: \"Normally 'aftermath' has a negative, even traumatic, connotation. At the same time, when I look at the Crucifixion as an event, it paints an extraordinarily negative and horrific picture. But the aftermath of the Cross is hope for all mankind. It's grace, freedom, peace, life and everything that is good about God. I absolutely love that picture.\" Track listing Reception Critical response Allmusic's Jared Johnson gave the album four out of five stars, saying: \" Aftermath shows that Hillsong continue","title":"Aftermath (Hillsong United album)"},{"docid":"29472792","text":"God Is Able is the twentieth album in the live contemporary worship series by Hillsong Church. It was recorded at the Sydney Entertainment Centre in Australia by Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong Worship Team on 7 November 2010. The songwriters include Reuben Morgan, Ben Fielding and Dylan Thomas, Darlene Zschech, Joel Houston, Harrison Wood, Jill McCloghry, Sam Knock, Joel Davies, Jason Ingram and Chris Tomlin. God Is Able debuted at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart. It was nominated at the 43rd GMA Dove Awards for Inspirational Album of the Year. The DVD was recognized at the 2012 ARIA No.1 Chart Awards for spending one week at number one on the Australian chart. Track listing (* = Tracks only on deluxe album) DVD/Blu-Ray \"Rise\" \"The Difference\" \"With Us\" \"Unending Love\" \"Alive In Us\" \"Narrow Road\" \"My Heart Is Overwhelmed\" \"Cry Of The Broken\" \"Awakening\" \"God In Everything\" (Ben Fielding & Reuben Morgan) Worship leader: Matt Crocker \"You Are More\" \"The Lost Are Found\" \"God Is Able\" \"Go\" \"Yours Forever\" Bonus features Acoustic bonus songs \"God Is Able\" \"The Lost Are Found\" \"My Heart Is Overwhelmed\" Songwriter interviews \"Rise\" - Joel Houston \"With Us\" - Reuben Morgan \"The Lost Are Found\" - Ben Fielding \"God Is Able\" - Reuben Morgan and Ben Fielding \"The Difference\" - Ben Fielding \"Alive in Us\" - Reuben Morgan \"Cry of the Broken\" - Darlene Zschech \"Awakening\" - Reuben Morgan Acoustic worktapes \"Rise\" \"With Us\" \"Unending Love\" \"The Lost Are Found\" \"God Is Able\"' \"The Difference\" \"Alive in Us\" \"You Are More\" \"Narrow Road\" \"My Heart Is Overwhelmed\" \"Cry of the Broken\" Personnel Darlene Zschech – senior worship leader, senior lead vocal, songwriter Reuben Morgan – worship pastor, senior worship leader, songwriter, acoustic guitar Joel Houston – worship leader, backing vocal, songwriter, creative director, acoustic guitar, electric guitar Ben Fielding – worship leader, backing vocal, songwriter, electric guitar Jad Gillies – worship leader, backing vocal, acoustic guitar Annie Garratt – worship leader, backing vocal Jonathan Douglass (JD) – worship leader, backing vocal Dave Ware – worship leader, backing vocal Jill McCloghry – worship leader, songwriter Matt Crocker – worship leader (DVD only) Chantel Norman – worship leader Sam Knock – frontline singer Eric Liljero – frontline singer, keyboard Sheila Mpofu – frontline singer Dean Ussher - frontline singer Peter Wilson - frontline singer, acoustic guitar Esther Volstad - frontline singer Charts and certifications Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Extended play God Is Able was also issued as a five-track digital EP by Hillsong Music on 26 March 2012, after the album. The EP is available on all digital formats, in all digital stores, and contains four songs and one talk by Hillsong Church's Brian Houston. The songs are studio versions for \"God Is Able\" and \"With Us\" with different effects and mixes. The Amazon version includes the live videos for \"With Us\" and \"God Is Able\" Louder Than the Music rated the album four out of five stars, writing that \"This EP is","title":"God Is Able (Hillsong album)"},{"docid":"29404853","text":"Yahweh(GOD) is the first installment in the Hillsong Chapel praise and worship series by Hillsong Church, which was released in Australia on 26 October 2010 by Hillsong Music Australia in partnership with EMI. It was recorded live in the church's Sydney chapel in March 2010. The album peaked in the Top 100 on the ARIA Albums Chart. A companion DVD was also filmed and released at the same time. History and recording Hillsong Chapel is an intimate and devotional collection of Hillsong songs, both recent and beloved, from Hillsong Worship and Hillsong United. Recorded live in the church's chapel in March 2010, Yahweh, contains 13 organic and contemplative versions of top Christian Copyright Licensing International (CCLI) songs such as \"Hosanna\", \"From the Inside Out\" and the No. 1 CCLI song sung by an estimated 40 million people every week in church services around the world, \"Mighty to Save\". Although having never recorded an \"unplugged\" version of their songs, Reuben Morgan, Jill McCloghry, Ben Fielding, Joel Houston, Jad Gillies, Annie Garratt and other Hillsong team members crafted the brand new arrangements in response to churches around the world asking for acoustic versions of their popular anthems. The album was released in Australia on 26 October 2010 in partnership with EMI. Formats A companion, full-length DVD featuring all the songs on the CD was also released and was filmed as 300 worshippers filled the Hillsong Chapel in Sydney, Australia. Track listing Critical reception Bryan Ward, EMI CMG Label Group Director, said Hillsong Chapel's, Yahweh, was perfect for smaller gatherings and personal devotions and would help resource churches wanting more intimate worship expressions of songs from Hillsong Live and Hillsong United. He said: \"Churches love the music from Hillsong Church, but are not always able to reproduce it in their local worship settings. The music from Hillsong Chapel provides another option for these churches to share these inspiring songs of praise.\" Yahweh has received positive reviews from a number of music critics. AllMusic: \"Yahweh represents the very best of what the modern worship community has to offer...A visionary and influential contribution to the modern worship canon that will be remembered for years to come.\" Gmclife.com: \"The new series takes worship back to a simpler time when it wasn’t a movement or a genre but simply a way of praising our God...The new arrangements make for a more organic record, perfect as the background piece to someone’s personal devotions or for smaller congregations who didn’t find the originals a perfect fit.\" Soul-Audio.com calls the recording, \"incredibly peaceful and wonderful.\" References 2010 live albums 2010 video albums Live video albums Hillsong Music live albums Hillsong Music video albums","title":"Yahweh (album)"},{"docid":"57576862","text":"III (Three) is the second studio album from Hillsong Young & Free released on 29 June 2018. Four singles were released from the album, \"Love Won't Let Me Down\" on 4 August 2017 \"P E A C E\" on 22 February 2018 \"Let Go\" on 18 May 2018, and \"Just Jesus\" on 8 June 2018. Hillsong Young and Free released a live recording of the album from Hillsong Conference 2018, III (Live at Hillsong Conference); an acoustic version of the album on 5 April 2019, III (Studio Sessions); and a remixed version of the album on 5 September 2019, III (Reimagined). Background \"Love Won't Let Me Down\" was released as the first single on 4 August 2017. The Love Won't Let Me Down EP was released on 16 February 2018 while \"P E A C E\" was released as a single on 22 February 2018 with the background story uploaded to the band's YouTube channel on 27 February 2018 followed by a studio performance of the song on 17 March 2018 and a \"message and meaning of P E A C E\" on 21 March 2018. On 18 May 2018 they released \"Let Go\" as their third single. They released \"Just Jesus\" as their fourth single on 8 June 2018. Executive producer and featured worship leader Laura Toggs stated that the goal of the project was to have \"a collection of personal songs, written and sung from profound devotions and life wrestles over the last three years\" where, as a group they were \"discovering greater depths and devoting ourselves completely to our faith in Jesus.\" Producer and featured worship leader-songwriter Aodhan King added that it was an attempt to reflect their members' growth in faith. Track listing Live recording On 2 November 2018, a live recording of the album was released. The album was recorded at Hillsong Conference, Sydney on 12 July 2018. A film recording of all 16 songs was released at the same time on YouTube, Apple Music and Hillsong Channel Now. Track listing Studio Sessions On 5 April 2019, an acoustic recording of nine songs from the III album was released via Hillsong Music Australia and Capitol CMG. Track listing Reimagined On 5 September 2019, a reimagined version of eleven songs from the III album was released via Hillsong Music Australia and Capitol CMG. Track listing Charts Studio album Live album Accolades The video for \"Love Won't Let Me Down\", from III, was nominated for a 2018 GMA Dove Award in the Short Form Video of the Year category. References 2018 albums Hillsong Young & Free albums","title":"III (Hillsong Young & Free album)"},{"docid":"46538756","text":"Empires is the fourth studio album from Australian contemporary worship music band Hillsong United, a worship band from Hillsong Church. The album was released on 26 May 2015, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. Michael Guy Chislett served as the album's producer, with vocalist Joel Houston serving as creative director and co-producer. \"Touch the Sky\" was released as the album's lead single in March 2015. The album won the Worship Album of the Year at the 47th Dove Awards. Background The cover of Empires was launched into space on 12 March 2015. To further promote the album, the group performed single \"Touch the Sky\" on the Today Show on 2 April 2015. The album is United's fourth studio album, and was released on 26 May 2015 by Hillsong Music and Sparrow Records. It was released in CD, digital download, and vinyl formats. Singles The lead single from the album was \"Touch the Sky\", which was released to digital retailers on 24 March 2015, and to Christian radio on 11 April 2015. \"Say the Word\" was released as the second single from the album on 1 February 2016. Promotional singles \"Prince of Peace\" was released to digital retailers on 21 April 2015 as a promotional single followed by \"Heart Like Heaven\", released to the iTunes Store and as a lyric video on Hillsong United's YouTube channel on 18 May 2015. Critical reception Giving the album three and a half stars at CCM Magazine, Caroline Lusk says, \"Empires is a stunning display of universally relevant themes\". Brian Mansfield, rating the album two and a half stars out of four for USA Today, states, \"Empires focuses on submission and service.\" Rating the album four stars from New Release Tuesday, Marcus Hathcock describes feeling \"awkward\", after he finished listening to the album. Awarding the album five stars from FDRMX, Jessica Morris writes, \"Hillsong UNITED have done an extraordinary job in putting together and delivering an album that is both authentic and of the highest quality.\" Ryan Barbee, giving the album four and a half stars for Jesus Freak Hideout, says, \"Empires, might continue to walk the love/hate line for some people\". Rating the album three and a half stars at Jesus Freak Hideout, Mark Rice writes, \"Empires all the way through almost relegates it to the status of a lullaby album\", as compared to their previous offering. Scott Fryberer, awarding the album four stars from Jesus Freak Hideout, states, \"United doesn't necessarily win points for the most creative lyricism, but they're leagues above where they used to be\". Indicating in a four and a half star review from Worship Leader, Jeremy Armstrong writes, \"paradoxes of faith and God's greatness resound throughout.\" Awarding the album five stars at Louder Than the Music, Jono Davies says it's simply, \"Superb.\" Abby Baracskai, rating the album a 4.0 out of five for Christian Music Review, states, \"the album was interesting to listen to musically because of all the minute details compiled together to create","title":"Empires (Hillsong United album)"},{"docid":"49650533","text":"Youth Revival is the second live album from Hillsong Young & Free. It was recorded live at Hillsong City Campus in Waterloo, Sydney on November 13, 2015. Sparrow Records alongside Hillsong Music Australia released the album on 26 February 2016. On 2 November 2016, along with their campaign \"An Act of Real Love\", the official music video of \"Real Love\" was released. It received a nomination for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards. Critical reception Matt Conner, allotting the album a three star rating from CCM Magazine, says, \"Youth Revival is...a spirited live recording that captures the blips and bloops, pulses and praises of an impassioned worship gathering.\" Awarding the album five stars at Worship Leader, Jeremy Armstrong states, \"This is a rare release that accomplishes exactly what it sets out to do: make a powerful impact with songs that clearly portray the truth of Christ in a musical and cultural language that resonates with the youth today.\" Mikayla Shriver, rating the album three and a half stars from New Release Today, writes, \"Hillsong Young & Free's Youth Revival packages worship into modern, youth-friendly music, matching the popular style of today's music in its own unique way.\" Giving the album three and a half stars for Today's Christian Entertainment, Laura Chambers describes, \"Youth Revival finally brings a Biblical perspective to the pop culture table, cleverly combining the style of the day with a relevant message of love and gratitude, the latter something that is sorely lacking in our relentless push to have the next thing.\" Chris Major, allocating the album five stars by The Christian Beat, says, \"Youth Revival is a must listen for any fan of contemporary Christian music. Its ambition, its thankful atmosphere, and its joy are unmatched. The melodies and sounds are masterful and beautifully complement the massive wave of ecstatic praise. The unbounded and unrelenting energy surging through every track makes the urge to celebrate along difficult to resist.\" Indicating in a four and a half star review at CM Addict, Michael Tackett writes, \"With this sophomore release, Hillsong Young & Free is an example of modern Christian music done right.\" Track listing Youth Revival Acoustic On 24 February 2017, an acoustic recording of the Youth Revival album was released via Hillsong Music Australia. Track listing Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 2016 live albums Hillsong Young & Free albums Sparrow Records albums","title":"Youth Revival"},{"docid":"6294334","text":"Hillsong Church has produced hundreds of Christian songs on albums since 1992 on more than fifty albums, mostly under their own label, Hillsong Music. This is a list of Hillsong's notable worship leaders and musicians who have written, sung, and/or played instruments on one or more albums. Current worship leaders Taya Smith Smith has been at Hillsong since the late 2000s to early 2010s. She started on Hillsong's youth band Hillsong Young & Free then she went on to sing on some Hillsong United albums and some Hillsong Worship albums. As of September 2023 Taya is no longer a member of Hillsong church... Reuben Morgan Morgan serves as Hillsong's worship pastor, replacing Darlene Zschech in 2008. Originally, alongside Marty Sampson, he was asked by Zschech to start a youth worship band for the church which is now known as Hillsong United. He has written the majority of Hillsong's newer songs and is also the Worship Pastor at Hillsong London. Joel Houston Houston is one of the worship leaders at Hillsong. He is the eldest son of former Hillsong's Global Senior Pastors Brian & Bobbie Houston, and has been writing songs for Hillsong for many years. Originally he was a guitar player for Hillsong United and soon became United's Worship Leader after Reuben Morgan & Marty Sampson joined the main Hillsong Band. Joel currently serves as Hillsong's Creative Director and was the Co-Lead Pastor of Hillsong New York City when it opened in October 2010. Brooke Fraser Ligertwood Brooke in recent years has been a part of the Hillsong team after moving to Australia from New Zealand. She is also a famous New Zealand singer/songwriter, performing under her maiden name as Brooke Fraser. She has sung on both Hillsong Live albums alongside Darlene Zschech and as a part of Hillsong United with Joel Houston. Her song \"What A Beautiful Name\" won the Grammy award 2018 for \"Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song\". Marty Sampson Sampson was one of Hillsong's key musicians and songwriters. Alongside Reuben Morgan, he originally led Hillsong's youth band Hillsong United, and then led worship in the main Hillsong Band alongside Darlene Zschech and Morgan. He has led worship at two of Hillsong New York City's Focus Nights alongside the Hillsong team as well as sung and written new songs on Hillsong United's album Aftermath including singing on the title track. He helped lead worship at one of the many Hillsong extension services. As of 2019, he no longer publicly identifies as a Christian. Aodhan King Aodhan King is a key songwriter and worship leader of Hillsong's Y&F. He has also made numerous contributions to both Hillsong United and Hillsong Worship. Previous worship leaders Darlene Zschech Darlene Zschech is arguably the most well-known of Hillsong's musicians. She is the former worship pastor (1995–2007) and the longest-serving member of Hillsong's worship team. She and her husband, Mark, became the new senior pastors of Hope Unlimited Church on the Central Coast of New South Wales. She continues, however, to be part","title":"List of Hillsong worship leaders"},{"docid":"2194318","text":"Reuben Timothy Morgan (born 9 August 1975) is an Australian worship pastor at Hillsong Church and one of several worship leaders and songwriters in Hillsong Worship group. Prior to this he was a worship pastor at Hillsong Church in Sydney, Australia. He has written songs such as \"Eagles Wings\", \"Hear Our Praises\", \"I Give You My Heart\", \"My Redeemer Lives\" and \"Mighty to Save\", which won the Worship Song of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards. In 2005 his first solo worship album, World Through Your Eyes, debuted at No. 3 in the Australian Christian Charts. Biography In 2005, Morgan signed with Rocketown Records. The company released his debut album in the United States, but four of the original songs were removed in favour of cover versions of Hillsong songs written by Morgan. In addition, the remaining songs were remixed and the resulting songs had a heavier feel when compared to the softer pop-rock originals. Morgan has toured extensively around the United States, Canada and Europe. A 2007 European tour featured events in Scotland, England, Germany and Sweden. Everyone, contains Morgan's interpretation of his music and was mostly written in the previous 18 months, recorded in a big sounding, studio worship without the congregational elements found in the Hillsong Live albums. Everyone largely featured covers of previously released Hillsong songs written by Morgan and was released in Australia on 2 October 2006. Morgan officially became Hillsong's new worship pastor in 2008, succeeding Darlene Zschech, however, Zschech continued to be a worship leader of the Hillsong Worship Team until 2012. On 29 June 2010, Hillsong Live released A Beautiful Exchange, an album featuring songs by Morgan. Morgan led Hillsong's 2010 tour of the United States, which kicked off on 21 July and included events in Dallas, Detroit and Los Angeles. Hillsong Morgan's first songwriting contribution to Hillsong's live praise and worship albums was the song \"I Give You My Heart\", which was featured on the Hillsong live album God is in the House. Morgan himself, however, appeared but did not actually perform on the album, but was featured in the choir; the lead vocals for this performance were sung by Steve McPherson. Morgan subsequently recorded his own version of \"I Give You My Heart\" for his first solo album, World Through Your Eyes. Morgan made his first official performing appearance on Hillsong's next live album, All Things are Possible, playing acoustic guitar and contributing three original compositions to this album. One of these songs, \"Shadow of Your Wings\", was an outtake on the live audio recording, although it did appear on the video recording. Reuben performed co-lead vocals on the live recording of \"Shadow Of Your Wings\" together with Darlene Zschech, although he was not credited as a vocalist for this album. His two other songwriting contributions to All Things are Possible were \"In Your Hands\" (this song was also featured in a \"House of Cards\" episode), which was sung by Rob Eastwood and Donia Makedonez; and \"Your Love\",","title":"Reuben Morgan"},{"docid":"1518177","text":"You Are My World is the tenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. The album reached the ARIA Albums Chart Top 100. Making of the album You Are My World was recorded live at the Sydney Entertainment Centre by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team, with over 300 singers and musicians. This was the first live praise and worship album Hillsong Church recorded in the Sydney Entertainment Centre. Over 9,000 people from the newly merged Hillsong Church congregation in both the Hills and City came together to record the album. Track listing (CD) \"Your Love Is Beautiful\" (Reuben Morgan, Raymond Badham, Steve McPherson, Nigel Hendroff) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 4:38 \"God Is Great\" (Marty Sampson) - worship leader: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 4:56 \"All of My Days\" (Mark Stevens) - worship leader: Mark Stevens - 5:02 \"Emmanuel\" (Badham) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 6:48 \"You Stand Alone\" (Stevens, McPherson) - worship leaders: Steve McPherson, Mark Stevens - 4:48 \"Irresistible\" (Darlene Zschech) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 6:05 \"You Are My World\" (Sampson) - worship leader: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 6:31 \"Everything That Has Breath\" (Morgan) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 4:22 \"God So Loved\" (Morgan) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 5:54 \"To You\" (Zschech) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 7:00 \"Worthy Is the Lamb\" (Zschech) - worship leader: Miriam Webster - 7:16 \"Forever\" (Sampson) - worship leader: Mark Stevens - 4:45 \"My Best Friend\" (Joel Houston, Sampson) - worship leader: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 5:19 Track listing (DVD) The DVD has a slightly different track order and also contains three bonus songs, \"Glorious\" (found on the CD compilation album Extravagant Worship: The Songs of Darlene Zschech), and reprises of \"You Are My World\" and \"God Is Great\". The outro consists of a piano accompaniment version of \"God Is Great\". \"Everything That Has Breath\" \"God Is Great\" \"All of My Days\" \"Emmanuel\" \"You Stand Alone\" \"Irresistible\" \"You Are My World\" \"Your Love Is Beautiful\" \"Glorious\" (Darlene Zschech) \"God So Loved\" \"To You\" \"Worthy Is the Lamb\" \"Forever\" \"My Best Friend\" \"You Are My World\" (reprise) \"God Is Great\" (reprise) Credits Darlene Zschech – worship pastor, producer, senior worship leader, senior lead vocal, vocal producer Reuben Morgan – acoustic guitar, vocals, producer, worship leader, vocal producer Steve McPherson – vocals, vocal producer Marty Sampson – acoustic guitar, vocals Miriam Webster – vocals Paul Andrew – vocals Tulele Faletolu – vocals Donia Makedonez – vocals Julie Bassett – vocals Erica Crocker – vocals Holly Dawson – vocals Lucy Fisher – vocals Michelle Fragar – vocals Peter Hart – vocals Mark Stevens – vocals Scott Haslem – vocals Ned Davies – vocals Woody Pierson – vocals Karen Horn – vocals Tanya Riches – vocals Ruth Athanasio – choir conductor Russell Fragar – piano, music director, producer Peter King – piano, keyboards, Hammond organ, programming, post Craig Gower – keyboard Kevin Lee –","title":"You Are My World"},{"docid":"43317002","text":"Hillsong: Let Hope Rise is a 2016 American Christian documentary film on Hillsong United directed by Michael John Warren. The film was released on 16 September 2016, by Pure Flix Entertainment after several delays. Synopsis The film chronicles the unlikely rise to prominence of the Australia-based Christian band Hillsong United. Their music is so popular it is estimated that on any given Sunday, more than 50 million churchgoers around the world are singing their songs. The film follows an event that took place on 23 October 2014 at the Forum arena in Los Angeles with 17,000 people attending, and moments preceding the concert with the creation of new songs featured on Empires (2015). Soundtrack Hillsong: Let Hope Rise - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released as the film's soundtrack on 12 August 2016 under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. The soundtrack features songs from Hillsong United, as well as Hillsong's Worship and Young & Free divisions. Track listing Charts Release Directed by Michael John Warren, the film was originally supposed be released by Warner Bros. during the 2015 Easter weekend. In March 2015, Relativity Media obtained the distribution rights and the film shifted to a 29 May release. In April, Relativity moved the film to 30 September 2015. However, after Relativity Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, the film was moved to an unknown release date. The film was later picked up by Pure Flix Entertainment and the film was released on 16 September 2016. Reception Box office The film made $1.4 million from 816 theaters in its opening weekend, which was considered low, with Deadline Hollywood saying \"we've seen [documentaries] make this much money on half the number of screens\". Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 60%, based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 6.04/10. On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on six critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an overall positive score of 90%. Nick Olszyk of Catholic World Report gave it his highest rating of five reels, saying it \"renewed [my] courage to face my trails.\" He also said their performance of Oceans was \"as good as anything by Bach, Handel, or the great anonymous monastics of the Middle Ages.\" References External links 2016 films American documentary films 2016 documentary films Documentary films about singers Biographical films about musicians Films about Christianity Christian media Pure Flix Entertainment films 2010s English-language films 2010s American films","title":"Hillsong: Let Hope Rise"},{"docid":"44156982","text":"Hillsong Worship (formerly Hillsong Live) is a praise and worship collective from Sydney, Australia. They started making music in 1983 at Hillsong Church. Fifteen of their songs have appeared on the Billboard magazine charts in the US, with \"What a Beautiful Name\" (2016) representing their greatest success, reaching platinum in the US. The band has some notable members, including Darlene Zschech, Marty Sampson, Brooke Fraser, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. Background The group was formed in 1983 out of Sydney, Australia, where they were located at Hillsong Church, while now they are spread across the globe. Their members have gone on to individually successful careers, the likes of Darlene Zschech, Marty Sampson, Brooke Fraser, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. The group was called Hillsong Live until June 2014, when they took the name Hillsong Worship. History Hillsong Worship released its first album, Spirit and Truth, in 1988. In 1996, Shout to the Lord was their first album in partnership with Integrity Music as part of the Hosanna! Music series. All of the group's albums since 2004 have been charted in Australia and two albums, For All You've Done and Open Heaven / River Wild, have reached number one on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart. The group has also seen twelve albums chart on the Billboard magazine charts, where there have been placements on the Christian Albums and the Heatseekers Albums charts (those were For All You've Done, God He Reigns, and Mighty to Save). Their albums Saviour King, This Is Our God, Faith + Hope + Love, A Beautiful Exchange, God Is Able, Cornerstone, Glorious Ruins, No Other Name, and Open Heaven / River Wild have charted on the Billboard 200 and Christian Albums charts. In 2018, Hillsong Worship won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song with \"What a Beautiful Name\". Their albums have been recorded by the labels Hillsong Music, Sony Music, Integrity Music, Epic Records, Columbia Records, and Sparrow Records. Michael Guglielmucci cancer scandal It was reported in 2008 that Michael Guglielmucci, pastor of the church and former bass player in the Planetshakers band, had fraudulently claimed he was dying of cancer. He wrote \"Healer\", a song of encouragement for believers who were suffering from cancer, for the album Saviour of the World, which was released in June (2007). Guglielmucci performed the song regularly over a two-year period, often with an oxygen tube attached to his nose, and during this time received money from supporters who believed his illness was real. Guglielmucci later explained his actions as being a result of a long-term pornography addiction. The track had also been added to the Hillsong album This Is Our God (2008), but later removed from the album. Representatives of churches with which Guglielmucci had affiliations told the press they were totally unaware of this situation. In an email sent to Hillsong members, the church's general manager, George Aghajanian, said the news was even a shock to Guglielmucci's own family and that the suspended pastor was seeking","title":"Hillsong Worship"},{"docid":"36609376","text":"\"Forever Reign\" is a contemporary worship music song released originally by the collected One Sonic Society and the Australian band Hillsong, from their albums One and A Beautiful Exchange respectively. The song also has been covered by several artists including Kristian Stanfill and the Newsboys. The song is also available in several other languages than English. In all versions, the song keeps a pensive worship style, but One Sonic Society's version is distinctive to the band's individual style. Their version reached No. 17 on Billboards Hot Christian Songs chart, and No. 25 on the related Christian Adult Contemporary chart. Release The song was written by Reuben Morgan (from Hillsong) and Jason Ingram (from One Sonic Society) and was released first by the Ingram's band, in the EP One, days after, was released in two versions in the Hillsong LIVE album, A Beautiful Exchange, LIVE version and radio version. The live version by Hillsong LIVE, released in A Beautiful Exchange is performed by the Australian worship leader Jad Gillies, with a worship (pop/rock) style, begins with a soft piano and drums, (played by Peter James and Brandon Gillies respectively) lasting 5:44 in the album (6:10 in DVD), captures all the live spirit and inspiration during all the song, the crowd can be heard worshipping and singing the entire song, and the DVD, includes a longer ending, also sung by the crowd. This version was recorded at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. The album, also includes a radio version which was released as Single in the same year. The version by One Sonic Society sung by the American producer, singer, songwriter Jason Ingram, who co-wrote the song with the Hillsong LIVE leader Reuben Morgan, has a different style, beginning with drums, played by Paul Mabury. Video versions Hillsong LIVE: A Beautiful Exchange Passion Conferences – Kristian Stanfill: Passion: Here for You One Sonic Society: Live At The Tracking Room References 2010 singles Hillsong Worship songs Songs written by Jason Ingram 2010 songs Songs written by Reuben Morgan","title":"Forever Reign (song)"},{"docid":"2918964","text":"Ultimate Worship is a compilation praise and worship album of contemporary worship music by the Hillsong Church. The album appeared on the Billboard Top Heatseekers and reached No. 19 on the Top Christian Albums Chart. Album details This album is a compilation of songs from previous Hillsong Music albums, including the live praise and worship albums, Hillsong United series, Hillsong London album Shout God's Fame and Shout to the Lord from Darlene Zschech's solo album, Kiss of Heaven. Several of the songs have been edited to make the tracks shorter than the original in order to fit them on the disc. Track listing \"One Way\" (Jonathon Douglass & Joel Houston; from For All You've Done) \"My Redeemer Lives\" (Reuben Morgan; from By Your Side) \"Glory\" (Morgan; from Hope) \"Made Me Glad\" (Miriam Webster; from Blessed) \"The Potter’s Hand\" (Darlene Zschech; from Touching Heaven Changing Earth) \"Shout Your Fame\" (Jonas Myrin, Natasha Bedingfield, Gio Galanti & Paul Nevison; from Shout God's Fame) \"Better Than Life\" (Marty Sampson; from Hope) \"Here I Am to Worship\" (Tim Hughes; from Hope) \"All for Love\" (Mia Fieldes; from Look to You) \"I Give You My Heart\" (Holly Dawson; from UP: Unified Praise) \"Everyday\" (Houston; from UP: Unified Praise) \"Now That You’re Near\" (Sampson; from To the Ends of the Earth) \"Still\" (Morgan; from Hope) \"All the Heavens\" (Morgan; from Blessed) \"Highest\" (Morgan; from Hope) \"Worthy Is the Lamb\" (Zschech; from UP: Unified Praise) \"Shout to the Lord\" (Zschech; from Kiss of Heaven) References 2005 compilation albums Hillsong Music compilation albums","title":"Ultimate Worship"},{"docid":"1518101","text":"By Your Side is the eighth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. It was recorded live at the Hills Christian Life Centre building (now known as the Hillsong Church Hub auditorium) by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team. The album reached No. 21 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Christian Albums Chart. Album design By Your Side cover artwork features the title using the font Trajan Pro. The title uses different versions and weights of the font. This album cover shows images of Darlene Zschech and is also the first to show Reuben Morgan on the cover (he appears five times more on For This Cause, Blessed, Hope, For All You've Done, Mighty to Save, and A Beautiful Exchange as well as the back cover of Saviour King). The majority of the songs were written by Reuben Morgan & Darlene Zschech Marty Sampson, Russell Fragar, Raymond Badham, Miriam Webster, Luke Munns & Aran Puddle contributed to songs also. This is the first official Hillsong Live Album to feature songs contributed from Hillsong United. \"My Redeemer Lives\" and \"Your Unfailling Love\" were also on the Hillsong United album \"One\". Track listing \"My Redeemer Lives\" (Reuben Morgan) — 04:09 worship leader: Darlene Zschech b. Reuben Morgan \"Great In Power\" (Russell Fragar) — 03:25 worship leader: Darlene Zschech \"I Feel Like I'm Falling\" (Raymond Badham) — 05:29 worship leaders: Mark Stevens & Darlene Zschech \"Your Unfailing Love\" (Reuben Morgan) — 06:28 worship leader: Darlene Zschech b. Reuben Morgan \"Dwelling Places\" (Miriam Webster) — 05:06 worship leaders: Darlene Zschech And Miriam Webster \"What The Lord Has Done In Me\" (Reuben Morgan) — 05:00 worship leader: Miriam Webster \"Sing Of Your Great Love\" (Darlene Zschech) — 08:26 worship leader: Darlene Zschech b. Steve McPherson \"By Your Side\" (Marty Sampson) — 04:48 worship leader: Marty Sampson \"In Freedom\" (Aran Puddle) — 03:27 worship leaders: Darlene Zschech And Marty Sampson \"You Said\" (Reuben Morgan) — 04:34 worship leader: Darlene Zschech \"Stay\" (Luke Munns) — 08:28 worship leader: Darlene Zschech \"Eagle's Wings\" (Reuben Morgan) — 06:30 worship leader: Mark Stevens & Darlene Zschech \"Free To Dance\" (Darlene Zschech) — 04:16 worship leaders: Lisa Young & Darlene Zschech \"This Is How We Overcome\" (Reuben Morgan) — 03:49 worship leader: Darlene Zschech b. = lead backing vocal References 1999 live albums Hillsong Music live albums","title":"By Your Side (Hillsong album)"},{"docid":"1827046","text":"God He Reigns is the fourteenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. A single-disc version of this album was released in North America and South America by Integrity Media. The album reached No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Recording God He Reigns was recorded live at the Sydney Entertainment Centre on 27 February 2005 by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team with a congregation of 10,500. God He Reigns was released at the annual Hillsong Conference in July. Writing and composition The majority of songs were written by Marty Sampson, Darlene Zschech, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. Raymond Badham, Ned Davies, Mia Fieldes and Miriam Webster also contributed to writing songs. Songs were written in the 12 months prior to the album recording, some songs were first recorded on the Hillsong United album Look to You. Commercial performance God He Reigns reached No. 2 on the Australian album charts and the DVD hit No. 1. Initially, there was doubt as to the commercial success of the album as the release coincided with the release of new albums by Guy Sebastian and Paulini, but in that week more copies of God He Reigns were sold than every other CD in Australia combined (including pop charts, alternative, rock, et cetera). Track listing, double CD Disc 1 \"Let Creation Sing\" (Reuben Morgan) \"Salvation Is Here\" (Joel Houston) \"His Love\" (Raymond Badham) \"Emmanuel\" (Reuben Morgan) \"Saviour\" (Darlene Zschech) \"Wonderful God\" (Ned Davies) \"God He Reigns\"/\"All I Need Is You\" (chorus) (Marty Sampson) \"Yours Is the Kingdom\" (Joel Houston) \"Welcome in This Place\" (Miriam Webster) Disc 2 \"Let Us Adore\" (Reuben Morgan) \"All for Love\" (Mia Fieldes) \"Know You More\" (Darlene Zschech) \"There Is Nothing Like\" (Marty Sampson and Jonas Myrin) \"What the World Will Never Take\" (Matt Crocker, Scott Ligertwood and Marty Sampson) \"Tell the World\" (Jonathan Douglass, Joel Houston and Marty Sampson) Track listing, single CD \"Let Creation Sing\" (Reuben Morgan) \"Salvation Is Here\" (Joel Houston) \"His Love\" (Raymond Badham) \"Emmanuel\" (Morgan) \"Saviour\" (Darlene Zschech) \"Wonderful God\" (Ned Davies) \"God He Reigns\"/\"All I Need Is You\" (chorus) (Marty Sampson) \"Yours Is the Kingdom\" (Houston) \"Welcome in This Place\" (Miriam Webster) \"Let Us Adore\" (Morgan) \"All for Love\" (Mia Fieldes)(Men of Hillsong) \"Know You More\" (Zschech) \"There Is Nothing Like\" (Sampson, Jonas Myrin) Personnel Darlene Zschech – producer, vocals, songwriter Joel Houston – assistant producer, acoustic guitar, songwriter Julia A'Bell – vocals Vera Kasevich – vocals Paul Andrew – vocals Julie Bassett – vocals, vocal production Gilbert Clark – vocals Holly Dawson – vocals Jonathan Douglass – vocals Deb Ezzy – vocals Faletolu Faletolu – vocals Tulele Faletolu – vocals Lucy Fisher – vocals Michelle Grigg – vocals Peter Hart – vocals Scott Haslem – vocals, vocal production Karen Horn – vocals Steve McPherson – vocals, vocal production Nathan Phillips – vocals Aran Puddle – vocals, production Barry Southgate – vocals Katrina Tadman – vocals Marcus Temu – vocals Dee Uluirewa – vocals, vocal","title":"God He Reigns"},{"docid":"822072","text":"For All You've Done is the thirteenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. The live album was released on 4 July 2004 on Hillsong label, which peaked at No. 1 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It had been recorded in February of that year at the Sydney Entertainment Centre with production by Darlene Zschech, Raymond Badham, Joel Houston and Reuben Morgan. Recording For All You've Done was recorded live at the Sydney Entertainment Centre on 29 February 2004 by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team. Commercial performance However, its previous two albums debuted in the top five due to the strong following of Hillsong and its previous 12 albums have achieved gold status. It is the first Christian Contemporary music album to reach the top of the Australian charts. There was some controversy about the No. 1 debut as almost all of the albums were sold at the annual Hillsong Conference from 5 to 9 July. However, the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) has defended the outcome on the grounds that For All You've Done was the best selling album in Australia that week. Pop singer and former Australian Idol contestant Paulini Curuenavuli was also at the conference promoting her No. 2 single, \"Angel Eyes\", from her forthcoming album, One Determined Heart. Track listing CD Disc 1 \"For All You've Done\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leaders: Darlene Zschech & Reuben Morgan - 5:26 \"One Way\" (Jonathon Douglass & Joel Houston) Worship Leaders: Jonathon Douglass & Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 3:43 \"Evermore\" (Joel Houston) - Worship Leaders: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 5:02 \"With All I Am\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leaders: Darlene Zschech & Reuben Morgan - 7:23 \"Sing (Your Love)\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leader: Reuben Morgan, b. Darlene Zschech - 6:22 \"Hallelujah\" (Marty Sampson & Jonas Myrin) - Worship Leaders: Jonas Myrin b. Darlene Zschech - 9:05 \"You Are Worthy\" (Darlene Zschech) Worship Leader: Darlene Zschech - 6:15 \"Home\" (Marty Sampson) - Worship Leader: Marty Sampson - 4:58 Disc 2 \"Forever and a Day\" (Raymond Badham) - Worship Leader: Darlene Zschech, b. Marty Sampson - 4:55 \"Jesus the Same\" (Raymond Badham) - Worship Leader: Steve McPherson - 5:30 \"I Will Love\" (Miriam Webster) - Worship Leader: Miriam Webster - 4:41 \"Take All of Me\" (Marty Sampson) - Worship Leader: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 8:15 \"More Than Life\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leaders: Tulele Faletolu & Darlene Zschech - 8:52 \"Glorify Your Name\" (Darlene Zschech & David Holmes) - Worship Leader: Darlene Zschech - 7:02 \"To You Alone\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leaders: Holly Dawson & Darlene Zschech - 7:39 DVD \"Intro\"/\"For All You've Done\" \"One Way\" \"Evermore\" \"With All I Am\" \"Sing (Your Love)\" \"Hallelujah\" \"You Are Worthy\" \"Home\" \"Forever and a Day\" \"Jesus the Same\" \"I Will Love\" \"Take All of Me\" \"More Than Life\" \"Glorify Your Name\" \"To You Alone/Credits\" \"Resources\" b. indicates Lead Backing Vocal Personnel Adapted from AllMusic. Taijiro Adachi","title":"For All You've Done"},{"docid":"33944631","text":"Live in Miami is the eleventh live album/DVD by contemporary Christian worship band Hillsong United, released on 14 February 2012 through their own label. The album was recorded at the American Airlines Arena on 6 August 2011 as part of their tour promoting their second studio album, Aftermath (2011). Their first live album since Across the Earth (2009), Live in Miami contains eight songs from Aftermath, two songs from first studio album All of the Above, and several songs from previous live albums. Unlike previous live recordings, the album does not contain new songs. The album peaked in the Top 50 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Background Having led worship in churches, stadiums and open fields around the world, United's Live in Miami is the first live album from the band since 2009 and features 22 tracks, all captured during the band's sold-out worship night in Miami. In 2011, best-selling modern worship band Hillsong United brought a new and fresh approach to tours, visuals, songs and multimedia to the U.S. for the widely successful \"Aftermath Tour\". The tour logged sold out worship nights in venues across the country - from New York to Los Angeles (where the band became the first Christian band to sell out Staples Center) and back east to Miami where the CD and DVD were recorded. Track listing Track listing (DVD/Blu-Ray) \"Go\" \"Break Free\" \"You\" \"Search My Heart\" \"Mighty To Save\" \"Hosanna\" \"All I Need Is You\" \"Bones\" \"Nova\" \"Aftermath\" \"Freedom Is Here/Shout Unto God\" \"Like An Avalanche\" \"Rhythms of Grace\" \"Oh You Bring\" \"The Stand\" \"From The Inside Out\" \"A Song To Sing...\" \"With Everything\" \"Your Name High\" \"Take It All\" \"Yours Forever\" \"Take Heart\" Bonus Features \"In The Aftermath\" Other songs played The song \"Rise\" found in the God Is Able album was played during the concert. Nevertheless, it was not included in the album. Personnel Vocalists Joel Houston, Matt Crocker, Jad Gillies, Jonathon Douglass, Hayley Law, Jill McCloghry, Dylan Thomas Electric guitars Timon Klein, Dylan Thomas, Jad Gillies, Joel Houston Acoustic guitars Jad Gillies, Joel Houston, Dylan Thomas Bass Adam Crosariol Drums Simon Kobler Keys Peter James Additional drums and percussion Matt Crocker, Jonathon Douglass (Tambourine), Joel Houston (on \"Go\"), Dylan Thomas (on \"From the Inside Out\") Synthesizers Jonathon Douglass, Joel Houston, Jill McCloghry, Dylan Thomas. iPad synthesizer Matt Crocker (on \"Bones\" and the DVD's introduction video) Charts Singles chart Chart procession and succession References Hillsong United albums Live video albums 2012 live albums 2012 video albums es:Live in Miami (álbum de Hillsong United)","title":"Hillsong United: Live in Miami"},{"docid":"2783625","text":"Miriam Webster is an Australian Pentecostal worship leader and contemporary singer/songwriter. She is most well known for her classical worship songs with Hillsong Music Australia. Miriam won A.C.E State Student music award as a teenager for singing at the convention in Queensland, Australia. While staying in Sydney in 1996 she joined her friend who attended Hills Christian Life Centre which is known today as Hillsong Church to go to a Friday night youth service. Miriam was asked to sing this night as they were looking for an item so she sang a song she had penned years before called 'Fall upon your knees'. She joined the worship team months later and from there she has led worship in services, rallies, connect groups and conferences. She has toured Australia, New Zealand, Asia and the United States, and recently released her solo album Made Me Glad. She served with the Hillsong Church in Sydney from 1996 to 2007 and was featured on numerous Hillsong Music praise-and-worship albums since 1997. Among her notable congregational songs are \"Dwelling Places\", \"Made Me Glad\", \"Welcome In This Place\" and \"You Are Faithful\". Webster also led worship with Steve Mcpherson and Darlene Zschech at the 25th Hillsong Conference Classic Medlies. List of songs by Webster It is He Most Holy Do what you say Til I see your face Fall upon your knees Angel of the Lord Dwelling Places You are faithful Made me glad Exceeding Joy What the Lord has done in me I will love The only name (co-write with Darlene Zschech) All you are (co-write with Jonas Myrin) Dedication Jesus won it all Welcome in this place Mercies Loving Kindness Praise Him Draw Near Marvelous Greater Never Alone Who will stand Glory to Jesus Loving Kindness Draw Near Love overflows Rescued me References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Australian women singers Australian gospel singers Australian Pentecostals Hillsong musicians","title":"Miriam Webster"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"1515361\",\n \"text\": \"God Is in the House is the fifth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. It is also the first Hillsong Album where Darlene Zschech was Worship Pastor. The album was recorded live at the Hills Entertainment Centre. The album reached No. 40 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Christian Albums Chart. Track listing \\\"God Is in the House\\\" (Russell Fragar & Darlene Zschech) \\\"Joy in the Holy Ghost\\\" (Fragar) \\\"Steppin' Out\\\" (Steve McPherson) \\\"My Heart Sings Praises\\\" (Fragar) \\\"And That My Soul Knows Very Well\\\" (Zschech & Fragar) \\\"Jesus, What a Beautiful Name\\\" (Tanya Riches) \\\"Let the Peace of God Reign\\\" (Zschech) \\\"I Give You My Heart\\\" (Reuben Morgan) \\\"Walking in the Light\\\" (Zschech) \\\"Your People Sing Praises\\\" (Fragar) \\\"I Believe the Promise\\\" (Fragar) \\\"Thank You, Lord\\\" (Dennis Jernigan) \\\"Lord of the Heavens\\\" (Lucy Fisher) \\\"I Will Run to You\\\" (Zschech) \\\"God Is in the House\\\" (reprise) Band Darlene Zschech - worship leader Erica Crocker - vocals Rob Eastwood - vocals Lucy Fisher - vocals Donia Gandjou - vocals Craig Gower - keyboards, vocals Scott Haslem - vocals Steve McPherson - vocals, electric guitar Lisa Young - vocals Russell Fragar - music director, piano David Moyse - electric guitar Ian Fisher - bass guitar Rick Peteriet - drums Chris Milne - percussion David Schenk - additional percussion Paul Thompson - additional percussion Raymond Floro - additional percussion Karen Packer - tenor saxophone Cathy Coluccio - alto saxophone Megan Howard - alto saxophone Renee Boland - alto saxophone Cathy Coluccio - soprano saxophone Mark Gregory - trumpet Peter King - trumpet Ruth Grant - Hillsong choir conductor Julia Beaumont - Hillsong Kidz choir conductor Amour Mah - Hillsong Kidz choir conductor References 1996 live albums 1996 video albums Live video albums Hillsong Music live albums Hillsong Music video albums\",\n \"title\": \"God Is in the House (Hillsong Church album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2620298\",\n \"text\": \"Joel Timothy Houston (born 19 September 1979) is an Australian musician, songwriter, pastor, and leader in the Sydney-based band Hillsong United, a worship band of Hillsong Church. He was co-pastor at Hillsong NYC between 2010 and 2017. He is the head of the Christian worship band Hillsong United, for which he sings, plays guitar, and writes songs. In 2008, he became the creative director at Hillsong Church. He is the oldest son of the church's Founding Pastors Brian and Bobbie Houston and grandson of Frank Houston. He has two siblings. Houston was also the bass player for the band Able, which was composed of Marty Sampson, Michael Guy Chislett and Luke Munns, which won the Channel V Leg Up competition in 2001. Biography Early life Joel is the oldest child of the former Hillsong Church's founding pastors Brian and Bobbie Houston and grandson of pastor Frank Houston. Joel has two siblings, Ben Houston (lead pastor of Hillsong Los Angeles) and Laura Toggs (pastor of the Hillsong youth ministry in Australia and also member of Hillsong Young & Free). Houston wanted to play the piano at the age of seven. However he found an inclination to play bass and this led him to play the bass guitar for a number of Hillsong Worship albums instead. Hillsong United and Hillsong Houston's debut with the Hillsong United as a vocalist was in 2002, however he had been playing bass guitar with the band for several years prior to this, and contributing various songs, including the title track from the group's debut full-length live album, Everyday. As part of Hillsong United music team, Joel Houston has helped lead worship conferences in North America, South America, Africa, Europe and Asia. He has also contributed to the main Hillsong album recordings as well, which are led by worship pastor Reuben Morgan. Many of the songs he has written or co-written are sung in churches worldwide and have been translated into 32 languages. His music has been featured on Hillsong albums that have quickly risen on both the Australian and American Christian music charts. In March 2007, Hillsong United's eighth album All of the Above debuted at No. 6 on the ARIA charts. Joel Houston has been the creative director of Hillsong since 2008. Joel was co-pastor of Hillsong NYC with Carl Lentz until Lentz's employment was terminated by Brian Houston for unnamed \\\"moral failings\\\". Personal life Joel married Brazilian model Esther Lima in 2012, and they had a son in 2013. External links Christianity Today interview SongDiscovery.com interviews Joel Houston , Fresh 103.2 Interview BBC Heart-throb rock gods united in song The Bulletin interview and photo gallery References Hillsong musicians Christian music songwriters Living people Australian people of Tongan descent Australian people of New Zealand descent Australian male songwriters Australian Christian Churches people Australian performers of Christian music 1979 births Musicians from Sydney\",\n \"title\": \"Joel Houston\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3949731\",\n \"text\": \"If I Had One Chance To Tell You Something is the eighth studio album from Rebecca St. James. The album includes the hit singles \\\"Alive\\\" and \\\"You Are Loved\\\". Writing and development St. James co-wrote 11 out of the 12 tracks on the album, with the songs \\\"God Help Me\\\" and \\\"You Are Loved\\\" being written solely by her. St. James wrote \\\"God Help Me\\\" on her 27th birthday and says of the song, \\\"I love singing this song because to me it’s an essential thought of the Christian life... 'God help me... I’m not enough!'\\\" The album's first single, \\\"Alive\\\", is about how God can refresh people. The title song \\\"You Are Loved\\\" was inspired by an old family friend. St. James says, \\\"This is a song for the prodigals—which is all of us. God is the father that has His arms open wide waiting for us. He wants us to run towards Him and He will run toward us. It’s a song of hope and a message my generation needs to hear. ‘No matter where you've been and what you've done... you are loved.' From this song came the album title—and really the key theme of the project.\\\" \\\"Shadowlands\\\" was inspired by the writings of C.S. Lewis, while \\\"Love Being Loved By You\\\" is described by St. James as a worship song. \\\"I Need You\\\" was written for St. James's best friend Karleen. \\\"Beautiful Stranger\\\" is described by the singer as her \\\"Compassion International song\\\". Co-written and co-sung by TobyMac, \\\"Thank You\\\" is a simple message of thanks to God. The song \\\"Take All of Me\\\" was originally written by Hillsong United artist Marty Sampson and was chosen by St. James because of its worshipful tone. St. James says of \\\"Forgive Me\\\", \\\"This song reminds me of the everlasting beauty of God’s grace.\\\" The song \\\"I Can Trust You\\\" was written as a reminder to trust God. St. James says of the final track, \\\"Lest I Forget\\\", \\\"It’s somewhat of a sobering song but a song of gratefulness that simply treasures what Jesus has done for us.\\\" If I Had One Chance To Tell You Something is described as \\\"commercial alternative rock\\\". It is much edgier and rock-based than St. James' prior album, Worship God. The songs are based in guitars, bass lines, and string arrangements. St. James also dabbles in hip-hop on the track \\\"Thank You\\\". The album was produced by Tedd T. and Matt Bronleewe, and producer Shaun Shankel. Track listing Personnel Adapted from liner notes and AllMusic Rebecca St. James – lead and backing vocals Tedd T – programming (1, 3, 8, 9, 12), guitars (1, 8, 9), bass (1, 8) Ainslie Grosser – programming (1, 4) Jeremy Bose – programming (2, 4, 5), string arrangements (2, 4, 5) Carl Marsh – programming (3, 9) Shaun Shankel – programming (6, 7, 11), string arrangements (6, 10) Cary Barlowe – guitars (1, 6) Paul Moak – guitars (1, 3, 8, 9, 12) Rob Hawkins – guitars\",\n \"title\": \"If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10037168\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Guy Chislett (born 6 April 1982) is an Australian musician and producer. He is the lead guitarist and founding member of the Christian worship band Hillsong United and was the lead guitarist of the rock band the Academy Is... Career Hillsong United Chislett has played guitar on all Hillsong United albums excluding Look to You (2005) and Aftermath: Live in Miami (2012). These albums include 2019's People and 2015's Empires, for which he was also the album's producer. In the United States, People sold 107,000 equivalent album units in its opening week, debuting at No. 2 on the mainstream Billboard 200 chart (dated 2 May). Being their third top ten appearance on Billboard 200, the album is the highest ranking appearance for Hillsong United on the chart, beating out the No. 5 debuts by 2015's Empires and 2013's Zion, while breaking their best sales week record, formerly held by Empires. People registered at No. 1 on Billboard's Christian albums chart, and won the Dove Award for 2019 Worship Album of year. In 2013, Chislett came back to Hillsong United full-time to produce the 2013 album Zion. He then became current full-time touring member and producer for Hillsong United. The Academy Is... (2007–2011) Chislett was the lead guitarist of Chicago rock band the Academy Is..., replacing Tom Conrad in late 2006. He played and co-wrote music for the albums Santi and Fast Times at Barrington High. Butch Walker Prior to joining the Academy Is..., Chislett played in Butch Walker's band. He toured with Walker in 2005 and 2006. He appeared on the studio album The Rise and Fall of Butch Walker and the Let's-Go-Out-Tonites and the live DVD Live at Budokan. Other projects Chislett wrote music and played guitar in the band 1969, whose line-up is completed by Butch Walker and drummer Darren Dodd (The Let's-Go-Out-Tonites, Electric South). The band's debut album, Maya, was released on 1 April 2008. Chislett also played guitar in Pistol Youth with Brad Carter from Steriogram. Pistol Youth's Smiling can backfire EP was released digitally in early 2008. Chislett played guitar for Brooke Fraser's Flags tour and is featured on her music video \\\"Coachella\\\". Chislett has his own production company, Skipton Productions, Inc., which was established in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2008. Personal life Chislett was born on 6 April 1982 in Skipton, Victoria, a small country town in Australia. Most of his family later moved to Sydney, where he attended Cherrybrook Technology High School. He dropped out in Year 10 to spend more time on music. In 2003, he moved to London with Newcastle band Paperadio. A few months later he moved to Los Angeles. He is married to Naomi and they have two children, Elliott (born 2014) and Ruby (born 2016). Music gear Gretsch guitars (Gretsch White Falcon, Black Penguin, Silverjet) Fender guitars (Jazzmaster, Stratocaster, Jaguar, Telecaster) Divided by 13 RSA-31 amp Milkman Sound 85w pedal steel amp Z.Vex Effects, Cusack Music, JHS Pedals Discography As a producer Hillsong United – All of the\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Guy Chislett\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1515138\",\n \"text\": \"The Power of Your Love is the first live contemporary worship album released by Hillsong Music — the first album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music released by the label. Production The majority of the songs for the album were written and composed by Geoff Bullock, the then Worship Pastor of Hillsong Church. It was recorded live by Bullock, Darlene Zschech, and the Hillsong team. The cover was designed by a local design firm in Sydney. The font used for the title is Century Gothic (a standard font on Microsoft Windows). The front cover is a panograph taken by Christian photographer; Ken Duncan. His panographs are seen on three other Hillsong album covers. There are no photographs of the actual live service in the original CD sleeve design. The updated version shows \\\"what's new from Hillsong Music Australia\\\". Reception In June 1993, Tony Cummings of Cross Rhythms rated the album as 7 out of 10 and described the group as willing to \\\"take on the full hard rocking armoury of AOR to shout praises to God\\\". He summarised the album with \\\"What they lack in subtlety they make up for in exuberance ... Recommended to radical worshippers\\\". In 2000, the album was certified gold by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 35,000 units. Track listing \\\"The Time Has Come\\\" (Geoff Bullock) \\\"We Will Rise\\\" (Bullock) \\\"You Placed Your Love\\\" (Bullock) \\\"Your Love\\\" (Bullock) \\\"Blessed Be\\\" (Bullock) \\\"You Are My Rock\\\" (Bullock) \\\"Hear Me Calling\\\" (Bullock) \\\"Refresh My Heart\\\" (Bullock) \\\"The Power of Your Love\\\" (Bullock) \\\"Lord We Come\\\" (Bullock) \\\"I Will Worship You\\\" (Bullock) \\\"You Are My God\\\" (Bullock & Gail Dunshea) \\\"Holy Spirit Rise\\\" (Bullock) \\\"Glory\\\" (Bullock) \\\"Latter Rain\\\" (Bullock) \\\"The Great Southland\\\" (Bullock) Credits Geoff Bullock - worship pastor, piano, vocals Russell Fragar - keyboards, music director Darlene Zschech - vocals, vocal producer David Evans - vocals David Moyse - guitar Allan Chard - guitar Andy James - bass Adam Simek - drums Stuart Fell - percussion Jeff Todd - engineer, mixer Andrew McPherson - assistant engineer William Bowden - mastering Cameron Wade - production manager Nick Asha - front of house Manager Chris Googe - foldback engineer Brian Houston - executive producer Michael Murphy - executive producer References 1992 live albums Contemporary worship music albums Hillsong Music live albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Power of Your Love\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1548983\",\n \"text\": \"Hillsong Music is Christian music produced by Hillsong Church in Sydney, Australia as well as offshoot churches, Hillsong London, and Hillsong Kiev. Hillsong albums are released and distributed by Hillsong Music. The main groups are Hillsong Worship, Hillsong United, Hillsong Young & Free, and Hillsong Kids. History Hillsong Church's popularity in Christian praise and worship music stems from the inauguration of the Hillsong Conference in 1986 and the first publication of choruses written by Hills CLC members, especially Darlene Zschech. It is in this context that Hillsong Music was founded in 1991. Their first live worship CD The Power of Your Love was released in 1992. Since then, live praise and worship albums have been produced each year. Other music series include the Worship series, United, Youth Alive, Hillsong Kids and Instrumental series. They have also released two Christmas albums and several compilation albums. \\\"What a Beautiful Name\\\" won the 2018 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song. Popularity Some Hillsong songs have distinct gospel influences. Hillsong Music titles regularly feature in the top 25 of most songs sung in all reporting countries recorded through the CCLI website. Christian Copyright Licensing International allows churches to use any listed music through a flat fee based on congregational size rather than buying access to individual songs, making recent music more affordable to churches all over the world. People Just Like Us was the first Christian album to achieve gold status in Australia as well as the first to go Platinum. To date, all Hillsong live worship albums have achieved Gold status in Australia. In 1996, Hillsong Music reached international prominence with the release of Shout to the Lord produced by Integrity Music. This was Integrity Music's first live worship album featuring a female worship leader – Darlene Zschech. The 2004 Hillsong live worship album For All You've Done, debuted at No. 1 on the Australian Record Industry Association album charts. There was some controversy about this outcome as almost all of the albums were sold at Hillsong's annual conference held in early July. The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) has defended the outcome noting that the album sold more copies than any other record on sale in Australia that week. As of December 2011, Hillsong has sold more than 12 million records across the globe, following its first release in 1991 and a quarter of all contemporary songs heard in Australian churches in 2011 were written by Hillsong. Albums Early albums were released solely on cassette and CD. Video recordings of the live albums have also been made for VHS since the second album in 1993, and additionally for DVD since 2000, with increasing additional content such as documentaries and extra songs. The Hillsong United series CDs have included an additional free part-length DVD since 2004. Several music books have also been published. Including all the series (LIVE, UNITED, Kids, Kids Junior, Chapel, Young & Free, Español, Youth Term, Youth Alive, Worship, Compilation, Instrumental, Christmas, Preview, KIEV, LONDON) and other special\",\n \"title\": \"Hillsong Music (label)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44361614\",\n \"text\": \"Best Friend is the second live praise and worship album by Hillsong United. The album was released on 10 November 2000. Track listing \\\"My Best Friend\\\" (Joel Houston and Marty Sampson) \\\"Stronger Than\\\" (Paul Ewing) \\\"Saving Grace\\\" (Michelle Fragar) \\\"Forever\\\" (Sampson) \\\"God of All Creation\\\" (Mark Stevens and Paul Iannuzzelli) \\\"I Live for You\\\" (Raymond Badham) \\\"Jesus Generation\\\" (Reuben Morgan) \\\"I Will Sing\\\" (Rebeca Mesiti) \\\"Jesus, Lover of My Soul\\\" (Steve McPherson, David Grul and John Ezzy) \\\"The Reason I Live\\\" (Sampson) References Hillsong United albums 2000 live albums\",\n \"title\": \"Best Friend (Hillsong United album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2272951\",\n \"text\": \"Hills Praise is a compilation praise and worship album of Christian Contemporary music by the Hillsong Church. Album details All songs on this CD album are taken directly from previous Hillsong Music Australia and Integrity Music Inc. albums. Reception In June 1998 Dave Derbyshire of Cross Rhythms rated the album as 8 out of 10 and described the group as \\\"a talented praise band of guitars, drums and the like and a choir complete with red robes\\\". He summarised the album with \\\"If you want some upbeat songs to let rip in praise to God, then slap this album into your CD player and dance around the living room\\\". In April 1998 CCM Magazine rated it as 8 out of 10 and noted that \\\"Happy, joyful, full of life and energy, were just a few of the phrases that sprang to mind during the first couple of songs\\\". Track listing \\\"Your People Sing Praises\\\" (Russell Fragar; from God Is in the House) \\\"People Just Like Us\\\" (Fragar; from People Just Like Us) \\\"He's Real\\\" (Fragar; from Shout to the Lord) \\\"Father of Lights\\\" (Fragar; from People Just Like Us) \\\"Praise His Holy Name\\\" (Darlene Zschech; from Friends in High Places) \\\"I Can't Wait\\\" (Fragar; from Friends in High Places) \\\"My Heart Sings Praises\\\" (Fragar; from God Is in the House) \\\"God Is in the House\\\" (Fragar & Zschech; from God Is in the House) \\\"Can't Stop Talking\\\" (Fragar; from All Things Are Possible) \\\"Shelter House\\\" (Steve McPherson; from All Things Are Possible) \\\"Your Love Keeps Following Me\\\" (Fragar; from People Just Like Us) \\\"Longin' for Your Touch\\\" (Paul Iannuzzelli & Tim Uluirewa; from People Just Like Us) \\\"He Shall be Called\\\" (Fragar; from Friends in High Places) \\\"Joy in the Holy Ghost\\\" (Fragar; from God Is in the House) References 1997 compilation albums Hillsong Music compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"Hills Praise\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33716036\",\n \"text\": \"Crazy Noise is the seventh live praise and worship album of contemporary Christian music for children by the Hillsong Church. Reception AllMusic's Jon O'Brien reviewed Crazy Noise and noted that it was \\\"the first to be targeted specifically toward a preschool audience\\\". A staff editor at Amazon described the album as an \\\"energetic collection of kid-friendly praise songs, guaranteed to get your young ones on their feet and singing along!\\\", which was aimed \\\"especially for preschoolers and early school age children\\\". It was nominated for Children's Music Album of the Year at the 44th Annual GMA Dove Awards in 2013. Track listing \\\"Great Day\\\" (Beci Wakerley, David Wakerley) \\\"Free As a Bee\\\" (Beci Wakerley, David Wakerley) \\\"Crazy Noise\\\" (Dan Lee-Archer, David Wakerley) \\\"Let Your Light Shine\\\" (Andy Wallis) \\\"Tiny Little Voice\\\" (Beci Wakerley, David Wakerley) \\\"Song of Love\\\" (Paul Stokes) \\\"Be Strong\\\" (Nathan Eshman, Sophie Eshman, David Wakerley) \\\"I'm So Glad\\\" (Julia A'Bell, David Wakerley) \\\"Be Still\\\" (Beci Wakerley, David Wakerley) \\\"Children of the Bible\\\" (Dan Lee-Archer, David Wakerley) \\\"The Greatest Commandment\\\" (Nathan Eshman, Sophie Eshman) \\\"Life with Jesus\\\" (Nathan Eshman, Sophie Eshman, David Wakerley) Production Luke Munns – producer David Wakerley – producer Jim Monk – recording engineer Josh Nickel – recording engineer Peter Wallis – recording engineer Ben Whincop – recording engineer Josh Telford – recording engineer References 2011 live albums Hillsong Music live albums\",\n \"title\": \"Crazy Noise (Hillsong album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43097935\",\n \"text\": \"Amazing Love may refer to: Music Albums Amazing Love (Hillsong album), a 2002 album from Hillsong Church Amazing Love (Graham Kendrick album), a 1990 Christian live album Amazing Love, a 1973 album by Charley Pride Amazing Love, a 2005 album by Chris Jasper Songs \\\"Amazing Love\\\" (song), a 1973 song by Charley Pride \\\"Amazing Love\\\", a 2002 song by Hillsong from Amazing Love \\\"Amazing Love\\\", a 1990 song by Graham Kendrick from Amazing Love \\\"Amazing Love\\\", a 2004 song by Michelle Williams from Do You Know \\\"Amazing Love\\\", by Phil Perry \\\"Amazing Love\\\", a 1959 song by Joe Williams \\\"You Are My King (Amazing Love)\\\", a 2001 song by Phillips, Craig and Dean; also recorded by Newsboys Other uses Amazing Love: The Story of Hosea, a Christian film from Five & Two Pictures\",\n \"title\": \"Amazing Love\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12528799\",\n \"text\": \"Tanya Levin (born 25 August 1971) is an Australian social worker and writer. A former Hillsong Church member, she has described herself as a feminist and an atheist since at least 2010. Levin has published two books. People In Glass Houses (2007), is an exposé of the Hillsong Church, in which Levin was raised. It was short-listed for the 2007 Walkley Non-fiction Book Award. Crimwife (2012), is about her relationship with a criminal. She is also the host of the 2021 podcast Leaving Hillsong, which interviews people who have left the Hillsong Church, and also Reading Hillsong, also released in 2021. Arrest On 1 July 2015, Levin was arrested for trespass during an interview, after failing to \\\"move on\\\" from Hillsong Conference in Sydney Olympic Park at the direction of police. The arrest came amid increased media scrutiny of the conference, after organisers misled the media about the involvement of Mark Driscoll. According to Levin, she was convicted but on appeal \\\"the findings were upheld, but the convictions were dismissed.\\\" Bibliography People in Glass Houses: An Insider's Story of a Life in and out of Hillsong (2007) Crimwife: An Insider's Account of Love behind Bars (2012) References 1971 births Australian women writers Australian writers Australian atheists Australian former Christians Former Protestants Living people Hillsong Church South African emigrants to Australia\",\n \"title\": \"Tanya Levin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1075939\",\n \"text\": \"Geoffrey William \\\"Geoff\\\" Bullock (born 6 November 1955) is an Australian singer-songwriter and pianist. He helped pioneer the Hills Christian Life Centre, which later became Hillsong Church. He was appointed as the church's worship pastor and was also the convenor of their annual conferences from 1987 to 1995, before leaving Hillsong in late 1995. Bullock has recorded over 20 albums and written two books, Hands of Grace (1998) and The power of your love... Jesus the unexpected God (2000). Early life and career Geoffrey William Bullock was born on 6 November 1955 in Sydney. His father is Peter and his mother is Beth; and he grew up with a younger sister, Jane. Bullock was raised as a Presbyterian and attended Knox Grammar School from 1964 to 1972. He completed tertiary studies at North Sydney TAFE in 1976 for a Television Operator's Certificate II. From 1975 to 1984 he worked as a cameraman at ABC Television in Gore Hill, including work on The Marcia Hines Show, Farnham and Byrne (see John Farnham, Debra Byrne), Mastermind, Parkinson, The Norman Gunston Show and Play School as well as news and current affairs programs. During the early 1970s he played in \\\"garage band after garage band\\\" and by mid-decade was in a rock group, Arnhem, which toured the east coast of Australia. In November 1978, at the age of 23, Bullock became a committed Christian. He said that \\\"it was in that real charismatic, pentecostal awakening that was happening... I grew up with a bunch of teenagers and they started getting saved into what has become the Hillsong Church and eventually I went along and that was it.\\\" He was on the team, led by Brian Houston, that pioneered the Hills Christian Life Centre (later part of Hillsong Church) in August 1983. Aside from Bullock and Houston the initial pastors were Pat Mesiti, Mike Murphy, Donna Quinn and Michael Smith. Bullock was appointed the worship pastor for Hillsong Church in Sydney and was the convenor of their annual conferences from 1987 to 1995. Tanya Levin described him in her book People in Glass Houses: An insider's story of a life in and out of Hillsong (2007) writing that \\\"[he] was our Piano Man. Short and stock, with blue eyes that pierced you like laser beams.\\\" Bullock was a pastor at the Hillsong Conference in July 1995. He left Hillsong Church in October that year. In August 2004 he told David Adams and Lloyd Harkness of Sight magazine, \\\"I burnt out, I suppose. At the time I was so convinced that God was asking me to leave and (now) I’m just not so sure... I just knew I had to go and I think, in a way, it was escaping a damaging spirituality that I'd allowed to happen. I don't want to blame those guys for it – it was my problem. Now I have become a very different person and so you can see that there was a divergence of style and theology and\",\n \"title\": \"Geoff Bullock\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1858391\",\n \"text\": \"UP: Unified Praise is a live praise and worship album of Praise & worship by the Australian Hillsong Church and English band Delirious?. The album reached No. 24 on the Top Christian Albums Chart. Making of the album UP: Unified Praise was recorded live at the Sydney SuperDome by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong Team with special guests Delirious? at the Hillsong Conference 2003, at which there were over 20,000 people. Track listing Note: The album was released as an audio-only release and as a concert video. The lengths listed are from the CD version. \\\"King Of Majesty\\\" was 04:16 on the DVD. • 01. — \\\"Everyday\\\" (Joel Houston) — 05:21 • 02. — \\\"Free\\\" (Marty Sampson) — 04:08 • 03. — \\\"I Give You My Heart\\\" (Reuben Morgan) — 08:09 • 04. — \\\"More Than Life\\\" (Morgan) — 09:09 • 05. — \\\"Worthy Is The Lamb\\\" (Darlene Zschech) — 06:18 • 06. — \\\"I Could Sing Of Your Love Forever\\\"/\\\"God's Romance\\\" (Martin Smith) — 08:14 • 07. — \\\"King Of Majesty\\\" (Sampson) — 04:11 • 08. — \\\"Did You Feel The Mountains Tremble\\\" (Smith) — 09:57 • 09. — \\\"My Glorious\\\" (Smith, Stu Garrard) — 07:08 • 10. — \\\"Rain Down\\\" (Smith, Garrard) — 06:24 • 11. — \\\"Majesty (Here I Am)\\\" (Garrard, Smith) – 06:10 • 12. — \\\"What A Friend I've Found\\\" (Smith) — 05:27 • 13. — \\\"History Maker\\\" (Smith) — 10:07 Featured musicians Marcus Beaumont – electric guitar Michael Guy Chislett – electric guitar Mitch Farmer – drums Ian Fisher – bass guitar Rolf Wam Fjell – drums Brandon Gillies – drums Nigel Hendroff – electric guitar Luke Holmes – electric guitar Luke Munns – drums Albert Sampson – electric guitar Nathan Taylor – electric guitar Matt Tennikoff – bass guitar References Delirious? albums 2004 live albums 2004 video albums Live video albums 2004 collaborative albums Hillsong Music live albums Hillsong Music video albums\",\n \"title\": \"UP: Unified Praise\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56468998\",\n \"text\": \"There Is More (stylised in capital letters) is the 26th live album by Australian worship group Hillsong Worship. The album was released on 6 April 2018, by Hillsong Music and Capitol Christian Music Group. Production was handled by Brooke Ligertwood and Michael Guy Chislett. Recorded during the 2017 Hillsong Worship & Creative Conference at Hillsong Church in Sydney, Australia, the album has seventeen songs (four of them being acoustic covers) including \\\"Who You Say I Am\\\", \\\"Remembrance\\\", \\\"New Wine\\\", \\\"Touch of Heaven\\\" and two live renditions of previously released songs: Hillsong United's hit single \\\"So Will I (100 Billion X)\\\" from Wonder and \\\"Seasons\\\" from Hillsong Worship's The Peace Project (2017). It was nominated for Top Christian Album at the 2019 Billboard Music Awards. Background In early January 2018, Hillsong Worship announced that they would be joining Hillsong Church senior pastor Brian Houston on a tour in the United States dubbed There Is More starting on 5 April, stopping in thirteen cities whilst promoting Houston's book titled There Is More which was slated for a 20 March release. On 3 February 2018, Hillsong Worship announced that they would release a live worship album, also carrying the same name, on 6 April, commencing the digital pre-order period. On 2 March 2018, \\\"Who You Say I Am\\\" and a live rendition of Hillsong United's \\\"So Will I (100 Billion X)\\\" availed as promotional singles during the digital pre-order. The album was released on 6 April, wherein the pre-order period ended. The premise of There Is More is in the story of Jacob wrestling with God through the night, found in Genesis 32, producer and featured worship leader Brooke Ligertwood explains: \\\"On the other side of Jacob's divine encounter was a new name, a new blessing, a new identity and a new way of walking (literally). Will we be a worshipping people who are not content to sleep through the night (spiritually speaking) and wake in the morning unchanged? Like Jacob, will we enter into the wrestle with God, dare to know Him more intimately and be changed in the process? This is the premise for Hillsong Worship's 26th live praise and worship album. The title, \\\"THERE IS MORE\\\", truly is a statement-of-belief more than a record title.\\\" — Brooke Ligertwood Ligertwood went on to say that \\\"There is more at stake than we dare realize – souls, communities, families, nations on the other side of our wrestle through the night seasons. Our personal freedom is for corporate revival. There is more of God, and more to God and His love than we can possible conceive of.\\\" Artwork The album cover of There Is More has artwork that with designs akin to those found in heraldry. There are thirteen symbols on the album cover, according to the Hillsong Worship Zendesk page, and their meanings are as follows: The lion and the man: This denotes Jacob wrestling with God. In Genesis 32, Jacob wrestles with God through the night, and at dawn, his hip\",\n \"title\": \"There Is More\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1562365\",\n \"text\": \"Amazing Love is the fifth album in the Worship series of praise & worship albums by Hillsong Church, which was released in April 2002. The album reached No. 25 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Christian Albums Chart. Track listing Personnel Raymond Badham – arrangement Damian Bassett – backing vocals Julie Bassett – backing vocals Erica Crocker – backing vocals Mark Cullen – arrangement Tulele Faletolu – lead vocals Mitch Farmer – drums Michelle Fragar – lead vocals Giovanni Galanti – programming Craig Gower – piano and keyboards, programming Scott Haslem – backing vocals Nigel Hendroff – guitars, arrangement David Holmes – guitars Gary Honor – saxophone Bobbie Houston – executive producer Brian Houston – executive producer Peter King – piano and keyboards, programming Steve McPherson – lead vocals, backing vocals, arrangement, choral and vocal arrangement, co-producer Reuben Morgan – lead vocals, co-producer David Moyse – guitars, arrangement, programming Marty Sampson – lead vocals Peter Wallis – bass guitar Holly Watson – lead vocals Miriam Webster – lead vocals Darlene Zschech – lead vocals, backing vocals, arrangement, choral and vocal arrangement, producer \\\"Amazing Love\\\", Hillsong CD, Album cover slip References Hillsong Music albums 2002 albums\",\n \"title\": \"Amazing Love (Hillsong album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39028787\",\n \"text\": \"Glorious Ruins is the 22nd live worship album by Hillsong Church. It was recorded live in London, England, and Sydney, Australia by the Hillsong Worship team from around the world including Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston, Ben Fielding, Hillsong United, and international teams from London, Stockholm, and Cape Town. The album includes 12 songs including \\\"Man of Sorrows\\\", \\\"Glorious Ruins\\\", \\\"Christ Is Enough\\\", \\\"Anchor\\\", and \\\"You Crown the Year\\\". It was released on 28 June 2013 in Australia and New Zealand and on 2 July 2013 internationally. The album reached No. 3 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Background On 27 and 28 October 2012, Hillsong Live recorded the first part at the Hillsong Convention Centre in Sydney with a worship night called \\\"This Is for Everyone\\\". The second part of the album was recorded by Hillsong London at London's Dominion Theatre on 17 February 2013. \\\"Man of Sorrows\\\", the first single from the album, was released as a free download just before Easter. Hillsong Live announced the new album by releasing its cover artwork 3 April 2013. A trailer for the album and the live video for \\\"Man of Sorrows\\\" was released on 4 June 2013. The album was officially released on 2 July 2013. Vision and inspiration \\\"Let the ruins come to life | In the beauty of Your Name | Rising up from the ashes | God forever You reign\\\" This chorus of the title track, Glorious Ruins, was an underlying theme through the life of Hillsong Church in the lead up to the Hillsong Live praise & worship album recording, Glorious Ruins. It’s a vivid image which captures the imagination and stirs the soul. Brian Houston, Senior Pastor of Hillsong Church explains, “Ruins can speak of crushing defeat or perhaps of something abandoned, but the good news today is that the ruins come to life. …Through Jesus Christ what we look at is ruins that become glorious...\\\" Whether it be through times of personal devotion or in your church, we pray that the lyrics contained in this album stir your faith & love in Jesus Christ. Track listing Personnel Worship leaders Juliet Adekambi Jay Cook Matt Crocker Jonathan 'JD' Douglass Ben Fielding Annie Garratt Jad Gillies Joel Houston Reuben Morgan Laura Toganivalu David Ware Vocals Nina Mityuk Sam Evans Cassey Zschech Dan Barrett Ashley John Baptiste Jill Marie Cooper Jenny Deacon Katie Dodson Hannah Hobbs Jorim Kelly Ingrid Kennedy Brad Kohring Ana Loback Collena Masuku Nait Masuku Sheila Mpofu Alexander Pappas Dean Ussher Esther Volstad Kevin Curiel Marcus Temu Music directors Chris Davenport Gio Galanti Autumn Hardman Nigel Hendroff Electric guitars Ben Fielding Chris Davenport Nigel Hendroff Joel Hingston David Kennedy Timon Klein Dave Marinelli Isaac Soon Dylan Thomas Jad Gillies Acoustic guitars Tyler Braland Matt Crocker Ben Fielding Joel Houston Kevin Curiel Reuben Morgan Herny Seely Brian 'BJ' Phodham Keys David Andrew Moses Byun Adam Dodson Gio Galanti Dave George Autumn Hardman Peter James Matt Hann Thiago Pereira Ryan Taubert Ben Tennikoff Bass Ike Graham Matt Hann\",\n \"title\": \"Glorious Ruins\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22963034\",\n \"text\": \"Faith + Hope + Love is the eighteenth album in the live praise and worship series of Christian Contemporary music by Hillsong Church. It was recorded live on 1 March 2009 at Hillsong Convention Centre, on 8 March 2009 at Hilsong City Campus and on 29 March 2009 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre on . The recording team was composed by the Hillsong Live Worship team led by Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech and Joel Houston. One of the most acclaimed songs on the album is \\\"It's Your Love\\\" sung by Darlene Zschech. Album information Joel Houston stated, \\\"Beyond the sound, the rhythm, the art... beyond the strings, the keys, the melodies... beyond the stage, the set, the lights... are the people. Ordinary men, women & children, from all walks of life, in all sorts of circumstances and each one with a unique story to tell. This is the Church... and this is Hillsong's 18th live praise and worship album 'faith+hope+love'. Everyone together playing their part and lending their voice to the collective story, our story. The prayer is that 'Faith+Hope+Love' will breathe the light, love and freedom of Christ into your life, and continue to give expression to what God is doing in and through people all over the Earth.\\\" The songs \\\"You Hold Me Now\\\" and \\\"No Reason to Hide\\\" are also featured on the later Hillsong United album Across the Earth: Tear Down the Walls, released May 2009. This is the first Hillsong Live album that does not feature worship leader Marty Sampson since \\\"Touching Heaven Changing Earth\\\" in 1998. It is also the first Hillsong Live album not to take its name from one of its songs. This album was released in Spain 28 July 2009. The majority of the songs were written by Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston, Matt Crocker, and Marty Sampson. Brooke Fraser, Jad Gillies, Mia Fieldes, Jonathon Douglass, Jill McCloghry, Sam Knock, Robert Fergusson, Leeland Mooring, Jack Mooring, and Darlene Zschech contributed songs also. Track listing (CD) Track listing (DVD) No Reason To Hide (Joel Houston) God One and Only (Jonathon Douglass) It's Your Love (Darlene Zschech) I Will Exalt You (Brooke Fraser) Yahweh (Dave Ware & Darlene Zschech) The First and The Last (Joel Houston) For Your Name (Jad Gillies) Glow (Dave Ware) The Wonder of Your Love (Darlene Zschech) His Glory Appears (Brooke Fraser) We The Redeemed (Jill McCloghry) We Will See Him (Reuben Morgan) You Hold Me Now (Jad Gillies) Charts Awards The album was nominated for a Dove Award for Long Form Music Video of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards. Personnel Darlene Zschech – senior worship leader, senior lead vocal, songwriter Reuben Morgan – worship pastor, worship leader, acoustic guitar, lead vocal Joel Houston – creative director, worship leader, acoustic guitar, vocal Brooke Fraser – worship leader, acoustic guitar Jad Gillies – worship leader, vocal, electric guitar, acoustic guitar on \\\"You Hold Me Now\\\" Jonathon Douglass (JD) - worship leader, vocal Dave Ware - worship leader, vocals\",\n \"title\": \"Faith + Hope + Love\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68899533\",\n \"text\": \"These Same Skies is the 27th live album by Australian worship group Hillsong Worship. The album was released on 5 November 2021 by Hillsong Music and Capitol CMG. The album features appearances by Benjamin Hastings, Mi-kaisha Rose, Reuben Morgan, Brooke Ligertwood, Aodhan King, and Saye Pratt. Production was handled by Brooke Ligertwood and Michael Guy Chislett. These Same Skies was preceded by the release of \\\"Hope of the Ages\\\" as the lead single from the album, with \\\"Never Walk Alone\\\" and \\\"That's The Power\\\" being released as promotional singles. These Same Skies debuted at number fifteen on Billboard's Top Christian Albums Chart in the United States, as well as the Official Charts' Official Christian & Gospel Albums Chart in the United Kingdom. Background On 8 October 2021, Hillsong Worship announced These Same Skies as their forthcoming album slated for release on 5 November 2021, being availed for digital pre-order. These Same Skies was recorded in Orange County, California, marking the first Hillsong Worship project to be recorded entirely in the United States. Chris Davenport of Hillsong Worship shared the meaning behind the album's title, saying: Release and promotion Singles Hillsong Worship released a studio-recorded version of \\\"Hope of the Ages\\\" alongside Reuben Morgan and Cody Carnes on 20 August 2021. Promotional singles Hillsong Worship released \\\"Never Walk Alone\\\" featuring Mi-kaisha Rose as the first promotional single from the album on 8 October 2021. Hillsong Worship released \\\"That's The Power\\\" featuring Benjamin Hastings as the second promotional single from the album on 22 October 2021. Critical reception Joshua Andre in his 365 Days of Inspiring Media review gave a positive review of the album, saying: \\\"These Same Skies is an album that needs to be listened to despite everything that happened to Hillsong the church.\\\" Christian Ellis of The Christian Beat concluded in his review that \\\"Hillsong Worship’s These Same Skies reminds us that under the skies we live under, He’s still doing what only what He can do – making something good out of us.\\\" JubileeCast's Timothy Yap gave a favourable review of the album, saying: \\\"Hillsong Worship is such a mainstay in contemporary worship music that you can always count on them delivering church-friendly songs. This one's no exception. It's full of songs ready to serve the church in the honor of our Lord Jesus Christ.\\\" Reviewing for NewReleaseToday, Kevin Davis opined that \\\"These Same Skies is loaded with several stirring new worship songs that really set me in the proper mindset to praise God for loving me so much that He gave His life away for all that was lost. I really enjoy the exciting musical vibe of this album, and the melodies are catchy, and the lyrics are prayerful.\\\" Accolades Commercial performance In the United States, These Same Skies debuted at number fifteen on the Top Christian Albums Chart In the United Kingdom, These Same Skies debuted on the OCC's Official Christian & Gospel Albums Chart at number fifteen. Track listing Personnel Vocals Brooke Ligertwood – lead\",\n \"title\": \"These Same Skies\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1545062\",\n \"text\": \"Extravagant Worship: The Songs of Reuben Morgan is a compilation praise and worship album of contemporary worship music by the Hillsong Church. Cross Rhythms reviewer John Baugh wonder \\\"why this collection needs to be released apart from 'If you liked ... then you will like ... '\\\", but concluded that apart from that minor complaint, \\\"the album itself is of course great if somewhat unsurprising\\\". Album details All tracks on this double-CD album have been written (or co-written) by Hillsong worship leader, Reuben Morgan. All tracks are taken directly from previous Hillsong Music Australia and Integrity Music Inc. albums. The album includes Morgan's hit song \\\"I Give You My Heart.\\\" Track listing All songs, words and music by Reuben Morgan, except where noted. Disc one \\\"Hear Our Praises\\\" (from Shout to the Lord 2000) – 5:37 \\\"One Day\\\" (from For This Cause) – 4:06 \\\"Your Love Is Beautiful\\\" (Morgan, Steve McPherson & Nigel Hendroff; from You Are My World) – 4:25 \\\"Eagle's Wings\\\" (from Shout to the Lord 2000) – 4:36 \\\"My Heart Will Trust\\\" (from Shout to the Lord 2000) – 5:00 \\\"You Are Near\\\" (from For This Cause) – 6:11 \\\"You Said\\\" (from By Your Side) – 4:35 \\\"Heaven\\\" (from Everyday) – 4:49 \\\"In Your Hands\\\" (from All Things Are Possible) – 6:12 \\\"Jesus' Generation\\\" (from Best Friend) – 5:11 \\\"Touching Heaven Changing Earth\\\" (from Touching Heaven Changing Earth) – 3:55 Disc two \\\"My Redeemer Lives\\\" (from By Your Side) – 4:01 \\\"This Is How We Overcome\\\" (from By Your Side) – 3:32 \\\"Faith\\\" (from For This Cause) – 3:50 \\\"You Are Holy\\\" (from Touching Heaven Changing Earth) – 5:32 \\\"Your Love\\\" (from All Things Are Possible) – 5:38 \\\"Your Unfailing Love\\\" (from By Your Side) – 6:29 \\\"I Belong to You\\\" (from Simply Worship 2) – 5:05 \\\"Glory to God\\\" (from Christmas) – 5:18 \\\"On the Lord's Day\\\" (from Everyday) – 5:42 \\\"I Give You My Heart\\\" (from God Is in the House) – 7:51 \\\"What the Lord Has Done in Me\\\" (from By Your Side) – 5:04 See also World Through Your Eyes: solo albums by Morgan. References 2002 compilation albums Hillsong Music compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"Extravagant Worship: The Songs of Reuben Morgan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53012857\",\n \"text\": \"This Is Living EP is the first EP from Hillsong Young & Free. Capitol CMG and Sparrow Records alongside Hillsong Music Australia released the EP on 13 January 2015. Critical reception Signifying in a three and a half star review for 365 Days Of Inspiring Media, Jonathan Andre citing that the EP is \\\"one deserving to be listened to\\\" and that it is \\\"A must for anyone who loves EDM and worship,\\\". David Jeffries of AllMusic, affixing a three and a half star rating to the EP, says that the first three songs \\\"aim for the club with drum machine beats and bright synthesizer lines fueling the music,\\\" describes the acoustic version of \\\"This Is Living\\\" as settling \\\"into afternoon material\\\" and calls \\\"Sinking Deep\\\" an \\\"empowering ballad\\\". David Hitchcock, allotting the EP a four and a half star rating at Band Hangout, says, \\\"All in all, the songs chosen make for a great and interesting EP\\\" and that \\\"Y&F has definitely pushed the boundaries of what has been considered \\\"worship\\\" music. Most of their \\\"payoff\\\" moments musically are instrumental breaks. Their melodies and lyrics push the limits of \\\"congregational\\\".\\\" Giving the EP a nine out of ten rating on Geeks Under Grace, David Austin Black describes the EP as being \\\"bright and God-centered, rejoicing in the freedom that life in Christ gives us and pausing to voice quiet, impassioned cries of the heart.\\\" Indicating in a four star review at Louder Than The Music, Jono Davies lists \\\"This Is Living\\\" and \\\"Energy\\\" as the standout tracks and states: \\\"This isn't just an EP for young people, this is a fresh musical movement for anybody to get involved with. Musical styles and sounds are not ageist. Yet this EP has a youthful, even playfulness to it, but deep down right in the middle of the big dance sound is a heart to live for God. A joyful living for God and for me that's what I got most out of this EP.\\\" Caitlin Lassiter of NewReleaseToday bestowed the EP a four and a half star rating, noting that \\\"After only minutes of listening to the music they've poured their heart into, it's clear that they're passionate about Christ and making His name known through worship. This Is Living is a perfect representation of that passion, exuding praise and joy from every single lyric.\\\" Jeremy Armstrong of Worship Leader rated the EP four stars, stating that Hillsong Young & Free \\\"describes themselves as “young people who are passionate about bringing the message of Jesus, and the spirit of freedom that comes only from knowing him.” Their music certainly matches that description! Youthful, high energy, and fun. Perfectly suited for youth and young-adult settings.\\\" Track listing Charts References 2015 debut EPs Sparrow Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"This Is Living EP\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26866318\",\n \"text\": \"A Beautiful Exchange is the nineteenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship by Hillsong Church. It was recorded at the Sydney Entertainment Centre and Hillsong Church in Australia by Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech, Joel Houston and the Hillsong Worship Team. The album was released in the United States on 29 June 2010 in partnership with EMI. These worship songs explore themes including sacrifice and redemption (\\\"Beautiful Exchange\\\"), love (\\\"Our God Is Love\\\") and hope (\\\"Forever Reign\\\"), which is also the first radio single. Hillsong Live albums are led by worship leaders including Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston, Ben Fielding and Darlene Zschech. Other key songs include: \\\"Open My Eyes\\\" (sung by Reuben Morgan), \\\"The One Who Saves\\\" (sung by Ben Fielding) and \\\"Greatness Of Our God\\\" (sung by Darlene Zschech). Many of the songs were written by Reuben Morgan with other authors such as Jason Ingram, Stu Garrard, Ben Fielding and Darlene Zschech. On 9 July 2010 the album debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard Christian Albums Chart and at No. 40 on the US Billboard 200 chart. During the initial week on the charts it remained in the top 3. And this was also the last official album to feature Brooke Fraser as a worship leader until her return to Hillsong Worship six years later (with the release of the band's 2016 live album \\\"Let There Be Light\\\") Track listing (CD) Track listing (DVD/Blu-Ray) \\\"You\\\" \\\"Open My Eyes\\\" \\\"Forever Reign\\\" \\\"The One Who Saves\\\" \\\"Like Incense / Sometimes by Step\\\" \\\"The Greatness of Our God\\\" \\\"The Father's Heart\\\" \\\"Our God Is Love\\\" \\\"Love Like Fire\\\" \\\"Believe\\\" \\\"Thank You\\\" \\\"Beautiful Exchange\\\" Bonus features \\\"Documentary: A Beautiful Exchange – Behind the Screens\\\" Hillsong London \\\"The Answer\\\" (Reuben Morgan and Braden Lang) Worship leader: Peter Wilson \\\"God Our Salvation\\\" (Jay Cook and Dave Tymoszuk) Worship leader: Jay Cook \\\"For All You Are / You Are Good\\\" (David Kennedy / Dave George) Worship leader: Ingrid Boe-Kennedy, Jay Cook / Juliet Adekambi \\\"All Things New\\\" (Dave George and Tim Steer) Worship leader: Dave George \\\"Glorious One / To Bring You Glory\\\" (Reuben Morgan and Jay Cook / Dave Tymoszuk) Worship leader: Jay Cook Reception Ryan Barbee of Jesus Freak Hideout said the highlight of the album is Brooke Fraser's \\\"Like Incense/Sometimes By Step\\\" and called it \\\"one of the most intimate tracks Hillsong has put out to date\\\". He also wrote: A Beautiful Exchange has some very powerful moments and some weak ones. However, we as listeners are outsiders looking in. You might not find everything you're looking for in [it] but you'll definitely find a heart of worship.\\\" Kim Jones of About.com called the album \\\"beautiful, warm and intimate\\\" and concluded, \\\"A Beautiful Exchange will suck you in and deliver you to the feet of your Savior - and your day will be all the better for it.\\\" Awards The album was nominated for two Dove Awards: Praise & Worship Album of the Year and Long Form\",\n \"title\": \"A Beautiful Exchange\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33358750\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Have Decided to Follow Jesus\\\" is a Christian hymn that originated in Assam, present-day Meghalaya, India. According to P. Job, the lyrics are based on the last words of Nokseng, a Garo man, a tribe from Meghalaya which then was in Assam, who converted to Christianity in the middle of the 19th century through the efforts of an American Baptist missionary. He is said to have recited verses from the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of John as he and his family were killed. The formation of the martyr's words into a hymn has been attributed to the Indian missionary Sadhu Sundar Singh. An alternative tradition attributes the hymn to pastor Simon K Marak from Jorhat, Assam. The melody of the song is an Indian Folk tune, which was titled \\\"Assam\\\" after the region where the text originated. An American hymn editor, William Jensen Reynolds, composed an arrangement which was included in the 1959 Assembly Songbook. His version became a regular feature of Billy Graham's evangelistic meetings in America and elsewhere, spreading its popularity. Due to the lyrics' explicit focus on the believer's own commitment, the hymn is cited as a prime example of decision theology, emphasizing the human response rather than the action of God in giving faith. This has led to its exclusion from some hymnals. A Lutheran writer noted, \\\"It definitely has a different meaning when we sing it than it did for the person who composed it.\\\" Cultural references The 2006 film Though None Go with Me uses a line from the song as its title. Four lines of the hymn are used as a bridge in the worship song \\\"Christ is enough\\\" (from the album \\\"Glorious Ruins\\\" by Hillsong Church). References Indian songs Songs about Jesus Indian Christian hymns Persecution of Christians\",\n \"title\": \"I Have Decided to Follow Jesus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1569871\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas is the first Christmas worship album of Christian Contemporary music composed of Christmas songs by the Hillsong Church. It was released, in Australia, for Christmas in 2001 and appeared in international markets by September 2001. Album details The songs on Christmas are renditions of popular Christmas carols and several of Hillsong Music's own songs led by Darlene Zschech & the Hillsong Team. This album has three more tracks than the earlier version of this album entitled Jesus, Christmas Worship Down Under, Hark the Herald Angels Sing, Away in a Manger and The First Noel. Reception In September 2001 Mike Rimmer of Cross Rhythms rated the album as 8 out of 10 and described it as \\\"their releases are always top quality ... with just less than 50% traditional carols. All the classics are here\\\". BREATHEcast's Timothy Yap reviewed the disc in November 2013 after it was issued as part of a two-disc compilation, It's Christmas, and found the earlier material on Christmas to be superior as it has a \\\"more cohesive feel as Darlene Zschech is featured on most of the tracks here\\\" than the material on Celebrating Christmas (2005). In November 2001 CCM Magazine rated it as 7 out of 10 and felt \\\"they come up with some wonderful new praise and worship songs, and breath new life into older ones\\\". Track listing \\\"Silent Night\\\" (traditional; arranged by Russell Fragar) \\\"Hark the Herald Angels Sing\\\" (traditional; arranged by Peter King) \\\"Saviour of the World\\\" (Katia Bowley) \\\"Jesus, What a Beautiful Name\\\" (Tanya Riches) \\\"The Reason Why\\\" (Russell Fragar) \\\"Away in a Manger\\\" (traditional; arranged by Russell Fragar) \\\"Perfect Love\\\" (Darlene Zschech & Russell Fragar) \\\"O Holy Night\\\" (traditional; arranged by Reuben Morgan & Peter King) \\\"Rejoice\\\" (Donia Makedonez) \\\"Star of Bethlehem\\\" (instrumental; David Moyse) \\\"The First Noel\\\" (traditional; arranged by Peter King) \\\"O Come, All Ye Faithful\\\"/\\\"Jesus You Are All I Live For\\\" (traditional; arranged by Russell Fragar & Simeon Webster) \\\"Hallelujah\\\" (Darlene Zschech) \\\"Glory to God\\\" (Reuben Morgan) References 2001 albums 2001 Christmas albums Hillsong Music albums Christmas albums by Australian artists\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas (Hillsong album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15160494\",\n \"text\": \"The I Heart Revolution: With Hearts as One is the ninth album by Hillsong United and the first of the three-part \\\"I Heart Revolution\\\" project. With Hearts as One was recorded around the world across the span of two years, and contains thirty songs. The album was released in Australia on 8 March 2008, and internationally on various later dates. It peaked at No. 8 on the ARIA Albums Chart. The album was initially released in both physical and digital formats, along with a USB release. A companion DVD was also released in September 2008. The second part, The I Heart Revolution: We're All in This Together, is a feature film documentary which was released in cinemas beginning November 2009. Background In 2006, Hillsong United's key songwriter and creative director Joel Houston proposed a three-part series of releases under the banner of \\\"The I Heart Revolution\\\", stating it's not about loving revolution, but simply about the revolution of the use of the term \\\"I heart...\\\". The first of these was initially to be the eighth album (and first studio album) by Hillsong United. That album was simply released with the title All of the Above. The second of these to be part of the series was to be an extended play release compiled of performances by Hillsong United's under 21-year-old members. This ended up being released without the I Heart Revolution title also, only under the title In a Valley by the Sea. Finally, having recorded every performance by themselves for the prior two years, Hillsong United decided to release a compilation album comprising the best performances of the best of the whole era of Hillsong United, while including two new songs, \\\"You'll Come\\\", written and performed by Brooke Fraser, and \\\"Love Enough\\\", written by Braden Lang and Scott Ligertwood and performed by Jonathon Douglass, who had previously sung the song for the Under 21 EP, but not for a \\\"full\\\" Hillsong United album. Both of these new songs were performed in Sydney, while all other songs included were from throughout the world. As the album was recorded throughout the world, the cover art also features notable landmarks from throughout the world, including O Cristo Redentor (Christ the Redeemer), which appears two times on the cover, including at the centre of the heart. Others featured include the Empire State Building, the Eiffel Tower, the Colosseum, Big Ben, the Statue of Liberty and various pictures of people from throughout the world. Release Formats As with most albums, it was released as a CD and also on digital music retailers, but was also released on a one gigabyte USB flash drive, enveloped in a black rubber wristband. This USB version included all of the songs in MP3 format, the lyrical overhead master sheets, a PDF copy of the liner sleeve, and the two versions of the album cover. The live DVD version, with documentary elements and overlays from cities, worship events and moments around the world, was released in September 2008. The\",\n \"title\": \"The I Heart Revolution: With Hearts as One\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16755452\",\n \"text\": \"This Is Our God is the seventeenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. It was recorded live at the Acer Arena on 9 March 2008 by Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston, Darlene Zschech, and the Hillsong Live Worship team with a crowd of over 10,000 worshippers. The album opened at No. 2 on the ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart in Australia. Album information This Is Our God is the first Hillsong album since 1996 on which Darlene Zschech has not appeared as worship pastor, since Reuben Morgan officially became the new worship pastor of Hillsong in 2008. It also features a greater variety of singers, as the church's most traditional worship leaders are not as heavily featured. This is the third album released under their new name 'Hillsong Live'. Even though Hillsong has been using the 'Live' logo on their albums since 2006's Mighty To Save as well as listing these albums under 'Hillsong Live' on their website for some time, This Is Our God is the first album to be officially released with 'Hillsong Live' listed as the artist name on the spine of the CD and DVD. The majority of the songs were written by Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech, Joel Houston, Michael Guglielmucci, Matt Crocker, Brooke Fraser, and Ben Fielding. \\\"Healer\\\" On 21 August 2008, the album attracted controversy when a worship leader from Planetshakers Church and former member of the band Planetshakers, Michael Guglielmucci, admitted that in 2006 he had fabricated a story that he was suffering from cancer when he composed and then performed song \\\"Healer\\\", that appeared on the album. Guglielmucci later said that the story had been fabricated to hide a 16-year addiction to pornography. Representatives of churches with which Guglielmucci had affiliations told the press they were totally unaware of this situation. In an email sent to Hillsong members, the church's general manager, George Aghajanian, said the news was even a shock to Guglielmucci's own family and that the suspended pastor was seeking professional help. He was suspended from the church and actions taken to return the money obtained fraudulently. The track \\\"Healer\\\" has since then been removed from the track listing in future releases of the album. Track listing CD DVD \\\"Bible Reading & Prayer\\\" (Isaiah 42:8-13) (Joel Houston) \\\"Your Name High\\\" (Joel Houston) \\\"Run\\\" (Joel Houston) \\\"Across the Earth\\\" (Matt Crocker) \\\"Bible Reading\\\" (Philippians 2:6-11) \\\"This Is Our God\\\" (Jill McCloghry and Reuben Morgan) \\\"He Is Lord\\\" (Annie Garratt and Marcus Temu) \\\"High and Lifted Up\\\" (Darlene Zschech) \\\"Stronger\\\" (Jad Gillies) \\\"Bible Reading\\\" (Isaiah 53:1-5) (Mike Guglielmucci) \\\"Healer\\\" (Mike Guglielmucci) [**Removed from current releases**] \\\"You are Here (The Same Power) (Joel Houston) [**Removed from current releases**] \\\"Bible Reading\\\" (Isaiah 60:1-5, 18-22) \\\"You Deserve\\\" (Sam Knock) \\\"Alive in You\\\" [Author : Mike Guglielmucci & Scott Ligertwood] (Jonathon Douglass & Sam Knock) \\\"Bible Reading\\\" (Psalm 66) (Jill McCloghry) \\\"Desert Song\\\" (Brooke Fraser and Jill McCloghry) \\\"Sing to the Lord\\\" (Marty Sampson) \\\"Where We Belong\\\" (Joel\",\n \"title\": \"This Is Our God\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54084386\",\n \"text\": \"Wonder is the fifth studio album from Australian contemporary worship music band Hillsong United, a worship band from Hillsong Church. The album was released on 9 June 2017, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. \\\"Wonder\\\" was released as the lead single for the album in May 2017, while \\\"So Will I (100 Billion X)\\\" and \\\"Not Today\\\" were released in 2018. Background The band had several recording sessions for Wonder at The Record Plant in Los Angeles. Lead vocalist Joel Houston felt that the album's title and themes reflected returning wonder to both faith and worship, saying, \\\"This is the challenge, and this is what worship— if worship can be summed up as an expression of art and music and story— is ultimately designed to do. To elevate the conversation, re-awaken the soul to something other, and lift our eyes to the wonder of a superlative truth.\\\" \\\"Splinters and Stones\\\" was described as having \\\"striking vocal modification and pulsing bass samplings\\\" while containing personal lyrics. Promotion Wonder was announced as a surprise album in May 2017, alongside its cover art, release date and track listing. Hillsong United also toured Israel to promote Empires, where they debuted \\\"Wonder\\\" alongside several new songs. \\\"Wonder\\\" and \\\"Splinters and Stones\\\" were released as instant-grat singles for those who pre-ordered the album, and the two songs were also available for streaming. \\\"Wonder\\\" was released to radio airplay as the album's first single on the same day. The official lyric video for \\\"Wonder\\\" was released on 18 May, while the lyric video for \\\"Splinters and Stones\\\" was uploaded two days later. Hillsong United also performed an acoustic version of \\\"Wonder\\\" for music website Worship Together. \\\"Shadow Step\\\" was released as the album's third promotional single on 26 May 2017, with its lyric video released on the same day. \\\"Shape of Your Heart\\\" was released as the album's fourth promotional single on 2 June. \\\"Wonder\\\" was debuted live during the band's concert in Caeserea, Israel, which was filmed in a live video and released on 24 May 2017. Hillsong United promoted the album during the 2017 Justice Conference on 9 June, and had \\\"launch nights\\\" for the album at the Beacon Theatre in New York City on 18 June 2017, and the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee on 23 June. The band was also announced as part of the line-up of the 2017 Outcry Festival at Toyota Stadium in Frisco, Texas. On 5 January 2018, \\\"So Will I (100 Billion X)\\\" was released as the album's second single. Track listing Accolades In 2018, it was announced that \\\"So Will I (100 Billion X)\\\" song won a GMA Dove Award in the category of Worship Recorded Song of the Year. The song also nominated Song of the Year. Wonder album was nominated Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year, while Hillsong United band was nominated Artist of the Year. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 2017 albums Hillsong United albums Sparrow Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Wonder (Hillsong United album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50974683\",\n \"text\": \"Of Dirt and Grace: Live from the Land is the thirteenth live album from Australian contemporary worship music band Hillsong United, a worship band from Hillsong Church. The album was released on 15 July 2016, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. Touted as a \\\"visual album\\\", the record features new arrangements of their fourth studio album, Empires (2015), which were performed live and filmed around various locations in Israel. The album was also released in DVD on 29 July 2016. \\\"Prince of Peace\\\" was released as the album's lead single in July 2016. Background Hillsong United previously took inspiration from the Sermon on the Mount and the Beatitudes for their fourth studio album, Empires (2015). The group wanted to film live performances of the song around places in Israel where the aforementioned events took place, as well as other Biblically historical locations. The album features new arrangements of the songs from Empires, as well as two tracks from Zion (2013), \\\"Scandal of Grace\\\" and \\\"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\\\", and the Hillsong Worship song \\\"I Surrender\\\" from Cornerstone (2012). While Empires featured \\\"EDM pulses\\\" throughout the album, Of Dirt and Grace features the tracks \\\"decelerated into slow and pensive ballads.\\\" Of Dirt and Grace: Live from the Land differs from previous Hillsong United albums, due to the visual concept, the abundance of ballads, as well as the prominence of vocalist Taya Smith, who sings in half the album. Several members of the band wrote blog posts on Hillsong's website narrating their experiences while recording and filming the album. Promotion On 21 June 2016, Hillsong United performed \\\"Say the Word\\\" on The Morning Show. On 1 July 2016, the live performance of \\\"Prince of Peace\\\" was released as an instant-grat single for those who pre-ordered the album, while its music video was released in Hillsong United's official website. The music video of the live performance of \\\"Say the Word\\\" was released on 14 July 2016. Reception Giving Of Dirt and Grace four out of five stars, Lucas Munachen of Jesus Freak Hideout opined that the \\\"slow build\\\" of most of the songs \\\"creates an ethereal atmosphere that sets its sight above\\\", and called the usage of the filmed performances \\\"an original concept that enhances the beauty of these songs even further.\\\" Timothy Yap of Hallels praised the visual album concept, stating, \\\"While many worship albums serve to engage the ears, Of Dirt and Grace makes Jesus palatable through all our five senses. Ryan Loche of The Church Collective felt the new versions of the songs from Empires \\\"[give] great ways to bring some of the synth-heavy songs from the past album to a more acoustic [worship] team.\\\" Phil Schneider of ChurchMag called the album \\\"a beautiful album, a passionate and creative performance,\\\" adding, \\\"As a live album, it’s sonically perfect. As a concept album, it’s intellectually inspiring. As a worship album, it’s both spiritually uplifting and challenging.\\\" Awards and accolades On 9 August 2017, it was announced\",\n \"title\": \"Of Dirt and Grace: Live from the Land\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51103345\",\n \"text\": \"Let There Be Light (stylised as let there be light.) is the 25th live album of Hillsong Worship, which consists of several worship pastors from Australian church Hillsong Church. The album was recorded during the 2016 Hillsong Conference at the Qudos Bank Arena from 4 July until 7 July 2016 and was released on 14 October 2016, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. Their music captures the heart and sound of Hillsong Church globally and represents the coming together of the Hillsong worship team from around the world; including Reuben Morgan, Marty Sampson, Joel Houston, Brooke Ligertwood, Ben Fielding, Taya Smith, Dave Ware, Annie Garratt and many more. Background In March 2016, \\\"Grace to Grace\\\" was released and served as a single for Easter. In July worship leader Ben Fielding said, \\\"We've been intentional about writing songs that will translate across the Church globally.\\\" From many of the Hillsong global campuses such as Sydney, London, New York and Los Angeles, songs were written, re-written and collaborated on in the lead up to the album recording. \\\"The collaborations have been more through relationship this year, and it has felt less segmented. We've been writing in the studio and there would be people from three different campuses in three different countries there. Each would be representing their own congregation's unique sound, but working together to create something that will translate for all campuses.\\\" The title of the album is a reference to Genesis 1:3. Theme Rich Langton, who oversees the pastoral care of the creative team in Australia, said, \\\"Jesus is the light of the world and we carry that too.\\\" Awards and accolades On 9 August 2017, it was announced that Let There Be Light would be nominated for a GMA Dove Award in the Worship Album of the Year and the Long Form Video of the Year categories at the 48th Annual GMA Dove Awards. In addition to the album's nomination, the song \\\"What a Beautiful Name\\\" was nominated for a GMA Dove Award in the Song of the Year and Worship Song of the Year categories. On 17 October 2017, \\\"What a Beautiful Name\\\" won both GMA Dove Awards for Song of the Year and the Worship Song of the Year at a ceremony held at the Allen Arena in Nashville, Tennessee, with composers Brooke Ligertwood and Ben Fielding receiving the awards. Track listing Notes \\\"Behold (Then Sings My Soul)\\\" is inspired by “How Great Thou Art”, courtesy of The Stuart Hine Trust. \\\"I Will Boast in Christ\\\" contains additional lyrics from \\\"Nothing but the Blood\\\", traditional. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Personnel Credits adapted from Zendesk and AllMusic. Vocals Annie Garratt — lead vocals Ben Fielding — lead vocals Benjamin Hastings — lead vocals Brooke Ligertwood — lead vocals David Ware — lead vocals Jad Gillies — lead vocals Joel Houston — lead vocals Jonathon “JD” Douglass — lead vocals Matt Crocker — lead vocals Marty Sampson — lead vocals Reuben Morgan —\",\n \"title\": \"Let There Be Light (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64424153\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"King of Kings\\\" is a contemporary worship song by Hillsong Worship and is the lead single from their twenty-eighth album, Awake. Released on 12 July 2019, it was written by Brooke Ligertwood, Scott Ligertwood, and Jason Ingram and produced by Michael Guy Chislett and Brooke Ligertwood. Background Speaking with Worship Together, Scott Ligertwood shared that \\\"King of Kings\\\" was written when they met in Nashville, Tennessee. Ingram wrote the melody and Brooke Ligertwood wrote the lyrics, which focus on the gospel and the birth of the early church. About the song, Brooke Ligertwood said:The Gospel is a now reality that requires a now response. It should never be treated or viewed as a relic - no matter how reverently one might err in that direction. With origins before time and echoes beyond it, it stands at the intersection of eternity and our every-day present and beckons, urges, demands us to look. Look at the Christ, the Son of God - bloodied for your sin and the sin of all humanity - repent and believe and take your place in the story of all stories - the story of the King of Kings.The song was inspired by Biblical passages found in Revelation 19:16 and Philippians 2:9-11, capturing the sovereignty and exaltation of Jesus from humility to victory. Composition \\\"King of Kings\\\" is composed in the key of D major. The song has a tempo of 68 BPM, with a time signature of 4/4. Music videos The lyric video for \\\"King of Kings\\\" was published the same day the song was released (12 July), and the live music video, recorded during the 2019 Hillsong Conference, premiered on 5 August; both videos were published on YouTube. On 27 February 2020, the Spanish lyric video for the song was released, titled \\\"Rey De Reyes\\\". On 3 August 2020, a video showing Brooke Ligertwood singing the song at Passion 2020 was published. Awards and nominations Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2019 singles Hillsong Worship songs 2019 songs Songs written by Jason Ingram Songs written by Brooke Fraser\",\n \"title\": \"King of Kings (Hillsong song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2274407\",\n \"text\": \"Martin W \\\"Marty\\\" Sampson (born 31 May 1979) is an Australian singer-songwriter, musician and former worship leader at the Hillsong Church in Sydney. From the late 1990s until 2019 he featured on the United Live albums and was one of the original Hillsong United band's worship leaders. Sampson's main instrument is the guitar although he also plays the piano, flute and drums. Aside from work for Youth Alive and Hillsong United, Sampson has issued solo albums. Biography Sampson was born on 31 May 1979 and became a member of the Hillsong Church in Sydney. From the late 1990s he has featured on the Youth Alive albums and was one of the original Hillsong United band's worship leaders. His last album with Hillsong United was the 2011's Aftermath. He often lead worship at the church and had contributed for Hillsong albums. Since his departure from Hillsong United, he has worked on his songwriting. Sampson helped with the worship at Northern Beaches, a Hillsong extension service. In November 2006 he married Michelle and the couple have a son. In 2007, Sampson released a solo EP, Let Love Rule, via his official website. In April 2008, Sampson co-wrote \\\"We Give You Praise\\\" with band members of the United Kingdom Christian rockers Delirious?. In 2010, he recorded an album in the United States under the band name, The Red Bikes. It was recorded with James Rudder as producer, Luke Munns on drums, Michael Guy Chislett on guitar and Paul Malbury on bass guitar. The album has not yet been released. In June 2011, Sampson released another solo EP, Objects, as Martin Sampson. It is an acoustic guitar folk album in the vein of Bob Dylan. The tracks were recorded at the same time as The Red Bikes project. On 10 August 2019, he publicly stated that he was \\\"losing his faith\\\". Sampson initially clarified that he had not \\\"renounced\\\" his faith but was \\\"struggling with many parts of the [Christian] belief system\\\", then subsequently on 23 August 2019 stated that he is no longer identified as a Christian. Instrumentation According to AllMusic, Sampson is credited with being a composer, lyricist, vocalist, producer, worship leader, guitarist (acoustic, electric) and arranger. Discography Songwriter Songs written or co-written by Sampson include Hillsong Worship albums By Your Side (1999) \\\"By Your Side\\\" For This Cause (2000) \\\"Carry Me\\\" You Are My World (2001) \\\"God Is Great\\\" \\\"You Are My World\\\" \\\"Forever\\\" \\\"My Best Friend\\\" with Joel Houston Blessed (2002) \\\"Now That You're Near\\\" \\\"Son of God\\\" with Lincoln Brewster \\\"King of Majesty\\\" Hope (2003) \\\"Song of Freedom\\\" \\\"Better Than Life\\\" \\\"To the Ends of the Earth\\\" with Houston \\\"Can't Stop Praising\\\" with Tulele Faletolu \\\"Free\\\" \\\"Angels\\\" For All You've Done (2004) \\\"Hallelujah\\\" with Jonas Myrin \\\"Home\\\" \\\"Take All of Me\\\" God He Reigns (2005) \\\"God He Reigns\\\" \\\"All I Need Is You\\\" \\\"There Is Nothing Like\\\" with Myrin \\\"What the World Will Never Take\\\" with Matt Crocker & Scott Ligertwood \\\"Tell the World\\\" with Jonathon Douglass & Houston\",\n \"title\": \"Marty Sampson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39723537\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Give You My Heart\\\" (sometimes called \\\"Lord, I Give You My Heart\\\" or \\\"This is My Desire\\\") is a 1995 song by Reuben Morgan, who wrote both the music and the lyrics. The lyrics are about giving God the entirety of oneself. The song is widely used in congregational singing, particularly within evangelicalism. \\\"I Give You My Heart\\\" is a devotional song, part of the contemporary worship music genre, and also a slow ballad. In the liner notes of God is in the House, Morgan said of this song: \\\"The heart of GOD is for us to be completely sold out to HIM. Our thoughts, passions and dreams (everything that makes us who we are) only have true life as they become HIS to shape and to mould. As we give our heart and our soul to GOD we then walk in the endless riches that are found in intimacy with HIM.\\\" Among Christian songs, \\\"I Give You My Heart\\\" is one of the most frequently recorded. The song appeared on Hillsong Music Australia's compilation album Ultimate Worship. Briana Scott released a cover version of the song on her debut album While I'm Here in 2005. Morgan also recorded his own interpretation of I Give You My Heart on his first solo album, World Through Your Eyes. References 1995 songs 1990s ballads Hillsong Worship songs Contemporary worship music Australian songs Songs written by Reuben Morgan\",\n \"title\": \"I Give You My Heart (Hillsong song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29363332\",\n \"text\": \"Aftermath (stylized as 'aftər,maθ), formerly known as This Means Love, is the second studio album by Australian Contemporary Christian band Hillsong United. Production for the album began in March 2010 at Studios 301 in Sydney, Australia. It was announced on 10 November 2010, that coinciding with the Aftermath album release in February, Hillsong United would tour the United States and Canada in February and March 2011. Aftermath debuted at number one on the US Billboard Christian Albums chart and at number 17 on the US Billboard 200 chart. In the United States, it ranked as the 17th best-selling Christian Album of 2011. The first single of the band, \\\"Search My Heart\\\", was released from the album on 21 January 2011 and appeared on the Billboard Christian Songs chart. Background In March 2010 it was revealed that Hillsong United was in the studio working on the first part of their latest album. United's Aftermath was originally stated to be a two part project, with a studio release in September 2010 and another in 2011, but would later be conjoined into one album. On 25 May 2010 it was confirmed that stage two of the album was done after three weeks in the studio. The album title was announced via Hillsong United frontman Joel Houston's Twitter account on 27 October 2010. During a broadcast of Hillsong Backstage at Hillsong Conference 2010, it was uncovered that the album would debut in February 2011. There was a photo shoot lasting 3 days in over 10 different locations for the album artwork and photo collection on their website. The album leaked on 15 January 2011, exactly one month before the album's planned release date, when it was unintentionally made available for purchase on the US iTunes Store. Talking about how the album was created, Joel Houston said: \\\"We took a whole year off really doing something. And we had a bit of a soul search and talked to each other and said, 'if we're gonna do this, as in United, and keep moving with it, what's it going to look like? And how prepared are we? ...Maybe to just ride on the coattails of what we've been doing for the last ten years or so or do we want to really take this thing forward?' And I think we collectively decided, 'you know what? Let's throw ourselves into it like it's the first time we've ever done anything'.\\\" The album marks Marty Sampson's return, who sings the title track \\\"Aftermath\\\". Concerning the title, Houston said: \\\"Normally 'aftermath' has a negative, even traumatic, connotation. At the same time, when I look at the Crucifixion as an event, it paints an extraordinarily negative and horrific picture. But the aftermath of the Cross is hope for all mankind. It's grace, freedom, peace, life and everything that is good about God. I absolutely love that picture.\\\" Track listing Reception Critical response Allmusic's Jared Johnson gave the album four out of five stars, saying: \\\" Aftermath shows that Hillsong continue\",\n \"title\": \"Aftermath (Hillsong United album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29472792\",\n \"text\": \"God Is Able is the twentieth album in the live contemporary worship series by Hillsong Church. It was recorded at the Sydney Entertainment Centre in Australia by Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong Worship Team on 7 November 2010. The songwriters include Reuben Morgan, Ben Fielding and Dylan Thomas, Darlene Zschech, Joel Houston, Harrison Wood, Jill McCloghry, Sam Knock, Joel Davies, Jason Ingram and Chris Tomlin. God Is Able debuted at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart. It was nominated at the 43rd GMA Dove Awards for Inspirational Album of the Year. The DVD was recognized at the 2012 ARIA No.1 Chart Awards for spending one week at number one on the Australian chart. Track listing (* = Tracks only on deluxe album) DVD/Blu-Ray \\\"Rise\\\" \\\"The Difference\\\" \\\"With Us\\\" \\\"Unending Love\\\" \\\"Alive In Us\\\" \\\"Narrow Road\\\" \\\"My Heart Is Overwhelmed\\\" \\\"Cry Of The Broken\\\" \\\"Awakening\\\" \\\"God In Everything\\\" (Ben Fielding & Reuben Morgan) Worship leader: Matt Crocker \\\"You Are More\\\" \\\"The Lost Are Found\\\" \\\"God Is Able\\\" \\\"Go\\\" \\\"Yours Forever\\\" Bonus features Acoustic bonus songs \\\"God Is Able\\\" \\\"The Lost Are Found\\\" \\\"My Heart Is Overwhelmed\\\" Songwriter interviews \\\"Rise\\\" - Joel Houston \\\"With Us\\\" - Reuben Morgan \\\"The Lost Are Found\\\" - Ben Fielding \\\"God Is Able\\\" - Reuben Morgan and Ben Fielding \\\"The Difference\\\" - Ben Fielding \\\"Alive in Us\\\" - Reuben Morgan \\\"Cry of the Broken\\\" - Darlene Zschech \\\"Awakening\\\" - Reuben Morgan Acoustic worktapes \\\"Rise\\\" \\\"With Us\\\" \\\"Unending Love\\\" \\\"The Lost Are Found\\\" \\\"God Is Able\\\"' \\\"The Difference\\\" \\\"Alive in Us\\\" \\\"You Are More\\\" \\\"Narrow Road\\\" \\\"My Heart Is Overwhelmed\\\" \\\"Cry of the Broken\\\" Personnel Darlene Zschech – senior worship leader, senior lead vocal, songwriter Reuben Morgan – worship pastor, senior worship leader, songwriter, acoustic guitar Joel Houston – worship leader, backing vocal, songwriter, creative director, acoustic guitar, electric guitar Ben Fielding – worship leader, backing vocal, songwriter, electric guitar Jad Gillies – worship leader, backing vocal, acoustic guitar Annie Garratt – worship leader, backing vocal Jonathan Douglass (JD) – worship leader, backing vocal Dave Ware – worship leader, backing vocal Jill McCloghry – worship leader, songwriter Matt Crocker – worship leader (DVD only) Chantel Norman – worship leader Sam Knock – frontline singer Eric Liljero – frontline singer, keyboard Sheila Mpofu – frontline singer Dean Ussher - frontline singer Peter Wilson - frontline singer, acoustic guitar Esther Volstad - frontline singer Charts and certifications Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Extended play God Is Able was also issued as a five-track digital EP by Hillsong Music on 26 March 2012, after the album. The EP is available on all digital formats, in all digital stores, and contains four songs and one talk by Hillsong Church's Brian Houston. The songs are studio versions for \\\"God Is Able\\\" and \\\"With Us\\\" with different effects and mixes. The Amazon version includes the live videos for \\\"With Us\\\" and \\\"God Is Able\\\" Louder Than the Music rated the album four out of five stars, writing that \\\"This EP is\",\n \"title\": \"God Is Able (Hillsong album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29404853\",\n \"text\": \"Yahweh(GOD) is the first installment in the Hillsong Chapel praise and worship series by Hillsong Church, which was released in Australia on 26 October 2010 by Hillsong Music Australia in partnership with EMI. It was recorded live in the church's Sydney chapel in March 2010. The album peaked in the Top 100 on the ARIA Albums Chart. A companion DVD was also filmed and released at the same time. History and recording Hillsong Chapel is an intimate and devotional collection of Hillsong songs, both recent and beloved, from Hillsong Worship and Hillsong United. Recorded live in the church's chapel in March 2010, Yahweh, contains 13 organic and contemplative versions of top Christian Copyright Licensing International (CCLI) songs such as \\\"Hosanna\\\", \\\"From the Inside Out\\\" and the No. 1 CCLI song sung by an estimated 40 million people every week in church services around the world, \\\"Mighty to Save\\\". Although having never recorded an \\\"unplugged\\\" version of their songs, Reuben Morgan, Jill McCloghry, Ben Fielding, Joel Houston, Jad Gillies, Annie Garratt and other Hillsong team members crafted the brand new arrangements in response to churches around the world asking for acoustic versions of their popular anthems. The album was released in Australia on 26 October 2010 in partnership with EMI. Formats A companion, full-length DVD featuring all the songs on the CD was also released and was filmed as 300 worshippers filled the Hillsong Chapel in Sydney, Australia. Track listing Critical reception Bryan Ward, EMI CMG Label Group Director, said Hillsong Chapel's, Yahweh, was perfect for smaller gatherings and personal devotions and would help resource churches wanting more intimate worship expressions of songs from Hillsong Live and Hillsong United. He said: \\\"Churches love the music from Hillsong Church, but are not always able to reproduce it in their local worship settings. The music from Hillsong Chapel provides another option for these churches to share these inspiring songs of praise.\\\" Yahweh has received positive reviews from a number of music critics. AllMusic: \\\"Yahweh represents the very best of what the modern worship community has to offer...A visionary and influential contribution to the modern worship canon that will be remembered for years to come.\\\" Gmclife.com: \\\"The new series takes worship back to a simpler time when it wasn’t a movement or a genre but simply a way of praising our God...The new arrangements make for a more organic record, perfect as the background piece to someone’s personal devotions or for smaller congregations who didn’t find the originals a perfect fit.\\\" Soul-Audio.com calls the recording, \\\"incredibly peaceful and wonderful.\\\" References 2010 live albums 2010 video albums Live video albums Hillsong Music live albums Hillsong Music video albums\",\n \"title\": \"Yahweh (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57576862\",\n \"text\": \"III (Three) is the second studio album from Hillsong Young & Free released on 29 June 2018. Four singles were released from the album, \\\"Love Won't Let Me Down\\\" on 4 August 2017 \\\"P E A C E\\\" on 22 February 2018 \\\"Let Go\\\" on 18 May 2018, and \\\"Just Jesus\\\" on 8 June 2018. Hillsong Young and Free released a live recording of the album from Hillsong Conference 2018, III (Live at Hillsong Conference); an acoustic version of the album on 5 April 2019, III (Studio Sessions); and a remixed version of the album on 5 September 2019, III (Reimagined). Background \\\"Love Won't Let Me Down\\\" was released as the first single on 4 August 2017. The Love Won't Let Me Down EP was released on 16 February 2018 while \\\"P E A C E\\\" was released as a single on 22 February 2018 with the background story uploaded to the band's YouTube channel on 27 February 2018 followed by a studio performance of the song on 17 March 2018 and a \\\"message and meaning of P E A C E\\\" on 21 March 2018. On 18 May 2018 they released \\\"Let Go\\\" as their third single. They released \\\"Just Jesus\\\" as their fourth single on 8 June 2018. Executive producer and featured worship leader Laura Toggs stated that the goal of the project was to have \\\"a collection of personal songs, written and sung from profound devotions and life wrestles over the last three years\\\" where, as a group they were \\\"discovering greater depths and devoting ourselves completely to our faith in Jesus.\\\" Producer and featured worship leader-songwriter Aodhan King added that it was an attempt to reflect their members' growth in faith. Track listing Live recording On 2 November 2018, a live recording of the album was released. The album was recorded at Hillsong Conference, Sydney on 12 July 2018. A film recording of all 16 songs was released at the same time on YouTube, Apple Music and Hillsong Channel Now. Track listing Studio Sessions On 5 April 2019, an acoustic recording of nine songs from the III album was released via Hillsong Music Australia and Capitol CMG. Track listing Reimagined On 5 September 2019, a reimagined version of eleven songs from the III album was released via Hillsong Music Australia and Capitol CMG. Track listing Charts Studio album Live album Accolades The video for \\\"Love Won't Let Me Down\\\", from III, was nominated for a 2018 GMA Dove Award in the Short Form Video of the Year category. References 2018 albums Hillsong Young & Free albums\",\n \"title\": \"III (Hillsong Young & Free album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46538756\",\n \"text\": \"Empires is the fourth studio album from Australian contemporary worship music band Hillsong United, a worship band from Hillsong Church. The album was released on 26 May 2015, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. Michael Guy Chislett served as the album's producer, with vocalist Joel Houston serving as creative director and co-producer. \\\"Touch the Sky\\\" was released as the album's lead single in March 2015. The album won the Worship Album of the Year at the 47th Dove Awards. Background The cover of Empires was launched into space on 12 March 2015. To further promote the album, the group performed single \\\"Touch the Sky\\\" on the Today Show on 2 April 2015. The album is United's fourth studio album, and was released on 26 May 2015 by Hillsong Music and Sparrow Records. It was released in CD, digital download, and vinyl formats. Singles The lead single from the album was \\\"Touch the Sky\\\", which was released to digital retailers on 24 March 2015, and to Christian radio on 11 April 2015. \\\"Say the Word\\\" was released as the second single from the album on 1 February 2016. Promotional singles \\\"Prince of Peace\\\" was released to digital retailers on 21 April 2015 as a promotional single followed by \\\"Heart Like Heaven\\\", released to the iTunes Store and as a lyric video on Hillsong United's YouTube channel on 18 May 2015. Critical reception Giving the album three and a half stars at CCM Magazine, Caroline Lusk says, \\\"Empires is a stunning display of universally relevant themes\\\". Brian Mansfield, rating the album two and a half stars out of four for USA Today, states, \\\"Empires focuses on submission and service.\\\" Rating the album four stars from New Release Tuesday, Marcus Hathcock describes feeling \\\"awkward\\\", after he finished listening to the album. Awarding the album five stars from FDRMX, Jessica Morris writes, \\\"Hillsong UNITED have done an extraordinary job in putting together and delivering an album that is both authentic and of the highest quality.\\\" Ryan Barbee, giving the album four and a half stars for Jesus Freak Hideout, says, \\\"Empires, might continue to walk the love/hate line for some people\\\". Rating the album three and a half stars at Jesus Freak Hideout, Mark Rice writes, \\\"Empires all the way through almost relegates it to the status of a lullaby album\\\", as compared to their previous offering. Scott Fryberer, awarding the album four stars from Jesus Freak Hideout, states, \\\"United doesn't necessarily win points for the most creative lyricism, but they're leagues above where they used to be\\\". Indicating in a four and a half star review from Worship Leader, Jeremy Armstrong writes, \\\"paradoxes of faith and God's greatness resound throughout.\\\" Awarding the album five stars at Louder Than the Music, Jono Davies says it's simply, \\\"Superb.\\\" Abby Baracskai, rating the album a 4.0 out of five for Christian Music Review, states, \\\"the album was interesting to listen to musically because of all the minute details compiled together to create\",\n \"title\": \"Empires (Hillsong United album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49650533\",\n \"text\": \"Youth Revival is the second live album from Hillsong Young & Free. It was recorded live at Hillsong City Campus in Waterloo, Sydney on November 13, 2015. Sparrow Records alongside Hillsong Music Australia released the album on 26 February 2016. On 2 November 2016, along with their campaign \\\"An Act of Real Love\\\", the official music video of \\\"Real Love\\\" was released. It received a nomination for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards. Critical reception Matt Conner, allotting the album a three star rating from CCM Magazine, says, \\\"Youth Revival is...a spirited live recording that captures the blips and bloops, pulses and praises of an impassioned worship gathering.\\\" Awarding the album five stars at Worship Leader, Jeremy Armstrong states, \\\"This is a rare release that accomplishes exactly what it sets out to do: make a powerful impact with songs that clearly portray the truth of Christ in a musical and cultural language that resonates with the youth today.\\\" Mikayla Shriver, rating the album three and a half stars from New Release Today, writes, \\\"Hillsong Young & Free's Youth Revival packages worship into modern, youth-friendly music, matching the popular style of today's music in its own unique way.\\\" Giving the album three and a half stars for Today's Christian Entertainment, Laura Chambers describes, \\\"Youth Revival finally brings a Biblical perspective to the pop culture table, cleverly combining the style of the day with a relevant message of love and gratitude, the latter something that is sorely lacking in our relentless push to have the next thing.\\\" Chris Major, allocating the album five stars by The Christian Beat, says, \\\"Youth Revival is a must listen for any fan of contemporary Christian music. Its ambition, its thankful atmosphere, and its joy are unmatched. The melodies and sounds are masterful and beautifully complement the massive wave of ecstatic praise. The unbounded and unrelenting energy surging through every track makes the urge to celebrate along difficult to resist.\\\" Indicating in a four and a half star review at CM Addict, Michael Tackett writes, \\\"With this sophomore release, Hillsong Young & Free is an example of modern Christian music done right.\\\" Track listing Youth Revival Acoustic On 24 February 2017, an acoustic recording of the Youth Revival album was released via Hillsong Music Australia. Track listing Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 2016 live albums Hillsong Young & Free albums Sparrow Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Youth Revival\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6294334\",\n \"text\": \"Hillsong Church has produced hundreds of Christian songs on albums since 1992 on more than fifty albums, mostly under their own label, Hillsong Music. This is a list of Hillsong's notable worship leaders and musicians who have written, sung, and/or played instruments on one or more albums. Current worship leaders Taya Smith Smith has been at Hillsong since the late 2000s to early 2010s. She started on Hillsong's youth band Hillsong Young & Free then she went on to sing on some Hillsong United albums and some Hillsong Worship albums. As of September 2023 Taya is no longer a member of Hillsong church... Reuben Morgan Morgan serves as Hillsong's worship pastor, replacing Darlene Zschech in 2008. Originally, alongside Marty Sampson, he was asked by Zschech to start a youth worship band for the church which is now known as Hillsong United. He has written the majority of Hillsong's newer songs and is also the Worship Pastor at Hillsong London. Joel Houston Houston is one of the worship leaders at Hillsong. He is the eldest son of former Hillsong's Global Senior Pastors Brian & Bobbie Houston, and has been writing songs for Hillsong for many years. Originally he was a guitar player for Hillsong United and soon became United's Worship Leader after Reuben Morgan & Marty Sampson joined the main Hillsong Band. Joel currently serves as Hillsong's Creative Director and was the Co-Lead Pastor of Hillsong New York City when it opened in October 2010. Brooke Fraser Ligertwood Brooke in recent years has been a part of the Hillsong team after moving to Australia from New Zealand. She is also a famous New Zealand singer/songwriter, performing under her maiden name as Brooke Fraser. She has sung on both Hillsong Live albums alongside Darlene Zschech and as a part of Hillsong United with Joel Houston. Her song \\\"What A Beautiful Name\\\" won the Grammy award 2018 for \\\"Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song\\\". Marty Sampson Sampson was one of Hillsong's key musicians and songwriters. Alongside Reuben Morgan, he originally led Hillsong's youth band Hillsong United, and then led worship in the main Hillsong Band alongside Darlene Zschech and Morgan. He has led worship at two of Hillsong New York City's Focus Nights alongside the Hillsong team as well as sung and written new songs on Hillsong United's album Aftermath including singing on the title track. He helped lead worship at one of the many Hillsong extension services. As of 2019, he no longer publicly identifies as a Christian. Aodhan King Aodhan King is a key songwriter and worship leader of Hillsong's Y&F. He has also made numerous contributions to both Hillsong United and Hillsong Worship. Previous worship leaders Darlene Zschech Darlene Zschech is arguably the most well-known of Hillsong's musicians. She is the former worship pastor (1995–2007) and the longest-serving member of Hillsong's worship team. She and her husband, Mark, became the new senior pastors of Hope Unlimited Church on the Central Coast of New South Wales. She continues, however, to be part\",\n \"title\": \"List of Hillsong worship leaders\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2194318\",\n \"text\": \"Reuben Timothy Morgan (born 9 August 1975) is an Australian worship pastor at Hillsong Church and one of several worship leaders and songwriters in Hillsong Worship group. Prior to this he was a worship pastor at Hillsong Church in Sydney, Australia. He has written songs such as \\\"Eagles Wings\\\", \\\"Hear Our Praises\\\", \\\"I Give You My Heart\\\", \\\"My Redeemer Lives\\\" and \\\"Mighty to Save\\\", which won the Worship Song of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards. In 2005 his first solo worship album, World Through Your Eyes, debuted at No. 3 in the Australian Christian Charts. Biography In 2005, Morgan signed with Rocketown Records. The company released his debut album in the United States, but four of the original songs were removed in favour of cover versions of Hillsong songs written by Morgan. In addition, the remaining songs were remixed and the resulting songs had a heavier feel when compared to the softer pop-rock originals. Morgan has toured extensively around the United States, Canada and Europe. A 2007 European tour featured events in Scotland, England, Germany and Sweden. Everyone, contains Morgan's interpretation of his music and was mostly written in the previous 18 months, recorded in a big sounding, studio worship without the congregational elements found in the Hillsong Live albums. Everyone largely featured covers of previously released Hillsong songs written by Morgan and was released in Australia on 2 October 2006. Morgan officially became Hillsong's new worship pastor in 2008, succeeding Darlene Zschech, however, Zschech continued to be a worship leader of the Hillsong Worship Team until 2012. On 29 June 2010, Hillsong Live released A Beautiful Exchange, an album featuring songs by Morgan. Morgan led Hillsong's 2010 tour of the United States, which kicked off on 21 July and included events in Dallas, Detroit and Los Angeles. Hillsong Morgan's first songwriting contribution to Hillsong's live praise and worship albums was the song \\\"I Give You My Heart\\\", which was featured on the Hillsong live album God is in the House. Morgan himself, however, appeared but did not actually perform on the album, but was featured in the choir; the lead vocals for this performance were sung by Steve McPherson. Morgan subsequently recorded his own version of \\\"I Give You My Heart\\\" for his first solo album, World Through Your Eyes. Morgan made his first official performing appearance on Hillsong's next live album, All Things are Possible, playing acoustic guitar and contributing three original compositions to this album. One of these songs, \\\"Shadow of Your Wings\\\", was an outtake on the live audio recording, although it did appear on the video recording. Reuben performed co-lead vocals on the live recording of \\\"Shadow Of Your Wings\\\" together with Darlene Zschech, although he was not credited as a vocalist for this album. His two other songwriting contributions to All Things are Possible were \\\"In Your Hands\\\" (this song was also featured in a \\\"House of Cards\\\" episode), which was sung by Rob Eastwood and Donia Makedonez; and \\\"Your Love\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Reuben Morgan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1518177\",\n \"text\": \"You Are My World is the tenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. The album reached the ARIA Albums Chart Top 100. Making of the album You Are My World was recorded live at the Sydney Entertainment Centre by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team, with over 300 singers and musicians. This was the first live praise and worship album Hillsong Church recorded in the Sydney Entertainment Centre. Over 9,000 people from the newly merged Hillsong Church congregation in both the Hills and City came together to record the album. Track listing (CD) \\\"Your Love Is Beautiful\\\" (Reuben Morgan, Raymond Badham, Steve McPherson, Nigel Hendroff) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 4:38 \\\"God Is Great\\\" (Marty Sampson) - worship leader: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 4:56 \\\"All of My Days\\\" (Mark Stevens) - worship leader: Mark Stevens - 5:02 \\\"Emmanuel\\\" (Badham) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 6:48 \\\"You Stand Alone\\\" (Stevens, McPherson) - worship leaders: Steve McPherson, Mark Stevens - 4:48 \\\"Irresistible\\\" (Darlene Zschech) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 6:05 \\\"You Are My World\\\" (Sampson) - worship leader: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 6:31 \\\"Everything That Has Breath\\\" (Morgan) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 4:22 \\\"God So Loved\\\" (Morgan) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 5:54 \\\"To You\\\" (Zschech) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 7:00 \\\"Worthy Is the Lamb\\\" (Zschech) - worship leader: Miriam Webster - 7:16 \\\"Forever\\\" (Sampson) - worship leader: Mark Stevens - 4:45 \\\"My Best Friend\\\" (Joel Houston, Sampson) - worship leader: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 5:19 Track listing (DVD) The DVD has a slightly different track order and also contains three bonus songs, \\\"Glorious\\\" (found on the CD compilation album Extravagant Worship: The Songs of Darlene Zschech), and reprises of \\\"You Are My World\\\" and \\\"God Is Great\\\". The outro consists of a piano accompaniment version of \\\"God Is Great\\\". \\\"Everything That Has Breath\\\" \\\"God Is Great\\\" \\\"All of My Days\\\" \\\"Emmanuel\\\" \\\"You Stand Alone\\\" \\\"Irresistible\\\" \\\"You Are My World\\\" \\\"Your Love Is Beautiful\\\" \\\"Glorious\\\" (Darlene Zschech) \\\"God So Loved\\\" \\\"To You\\\" \\\"Worthy Is the Lamb\\\" \\\"Forever\\\" \\\"My Best Friend\\\" \\\"You Are My World\\\" (reprise) \\\"God Is Great\\\" (reprise) Credits Darlene Zschech – worship pastor, producer, senior worship leader, senior lead vocal, vocal producer Reuben Morgan – acoustic guitar, vocals, producer, worship leader, vocal producer Steve McPherson – vocals, vocal producer Marty Sampson – acoustic guitar, vocals Miriam Webster – vocals Paul Andrew – vocals Tulele Faletolu – vocals Donia Makedonez – vocals Julie Bassett – vocals Erica Crocker – vocals Holly Dawson – vocals Lucy Fisher – vocals Michelle Fragar – vocals Peter Hart – vocals Mark Stevens – vocals Scott Haslem – vocals Ned Davies – vocals Woody Pierson – vocals Karen Horn – vocals Tanya Riches – vocals Ruth Athanasio – choir conductor Russell Fragar – piano, music director, producer Peter King – piano, keyboards, Hammond organ, programming, post Craig Gower – keyboard Kevin Lee –\",\n \"title\": \"You Are My World\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43317002\",\n \"text\": \"Hillsong: Let Hope Rise is a 2016 American Christian documentary film on Hillsong United directed by Michael John Warren. The film was released on 16 September 2016, by Pure Flix Entertainment after several delays. Synopsis The film chronicles the unlikely rise to prominence of the Australia-based Christian band Hillsong United. Their music is so popular it is estimated that on any given Sunday, more than 50 million churchgoers around the world are singing their songs. The film follows an event that took place on 23 October 2014 at the Forum arena in Los Angeles with 17,000 people attending, and moments preceding the concert with the creation of new songs featured on Empires (2015). Soundtrack Hillsong: Let Hope Rise - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released as the film's soundtrack on 12 August 2016 under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. The soundtrack features songs from Hillsong United, as well as Hillsong's Worship and Young & Free divisions. Track listing Charts Release Directed by Michael John Warren, the film was originally supposed be released by Warner Bros. during the 2015 Easter weekend. In March 2015, Relativity Media obtained the distribution rights and the film shifted to a 29 May release. In April, Relativity moved the film to 30 September 2015. However, after Relativity Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, the film was moved to an unknown release date. The film was later picked up by Pure Flix Entertainment and the film was released on 16 September 2016. Reception Box office The film made $1.4 million from 816 theaters in its opening weekend, which was considered low, with Deadline Hollywood saying \\\"we've seen [documentaries] make this much money on half the number of screens\\\". Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 60%, based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 6.04/10. On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on six critics, indicating \\\"mixed or average reviews\\\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \\\"A\\\" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an overall positive score of 90%. Nick Olszyk of Catholic World Report gave it his highest rating of five reels, saying it \\\"renewed [my] courage to face my trails.\\\" He also said their performance of Oceans was \\\"as good as anything by Bach, Handel, or the great anonymous monastics of the Middle Ages.\\\" References External links 2016 films American documentary films 2016 documentary films Documentary films about singers Biographical films about musicians Films about Christianity Christian media Pure Flix Entertainment films 2010s English-language films 2010s American films\",\n \"title\": \"Hillsong: Let Hope Rise\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44156982\",\n \"text\": \"Hillsong Worship (formerly Hillsong Live) is a praise and worship collective from Sydney, Australia. They started making music in 1983 at Hillsong Church. Fifteen of their songs have appeared on the Billboard magazine charts in the US, with \\\"What a Beautiful Name\\\" (2016) representing their greatest success, reaching platinum in the US. The band has some notable members, including Darlene Zschech, Marty Sampson, Brooke Fraser, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. Background The group was formed in 1983 out of Sydney, Australia, where they were located at Hillsong Church, while now they are spread across the globe. Their members have gone on to individually successful careers, the likes of Darlene Zschech, Marty Sampson, Brooke Fraser, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. The group was called Hillsong Live until June 2014, when they took the name Hillsong Worship. History Hillsong Worship released its first album, Spirit and Truth, in 1988. In 1996, Shout to the Lord was their first album in partnership with Integrity Music as part of the Hosanna! Music series. All of the group's albums since 2004 have been charted in Australia and two albums, For All You've Done and Open Heaven / River Wild, have reached number one on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart. The group has also seen twelve albums chart on the Billboard magazine charts, where there have been placements on the Christian Albums and the Heatseekers Albums charts (those were For All You've Done, God He Reigns, and Mighty to Save). Their albums Saviour King, This Is Our God, Faith + Hope + Love, A Beautiful Exchange, God Is Able, Cornerstone, Glorious Ruins, No Other Name, and Open Heaven / River Wild have charted on the Billboard 200 and Christian Albums charts. In 2018, Hillsong Worship won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song with \\\"What a Beautiful Name\\\". Their albums have been recorded by the labels Hillsong Music, Sony Music, Integrity Music, Epic Records, Columbia Records, and Sparrow Records. Michael Guglielmucci cancer scandal It was reported in 2008 that Michael Guglielmucci, pastor of the church and former bass player in the Planetshakers band, had fraudulently claimed he was dying of cancer. He wrote \\\"Healer\\\", a song of encouragement for believers who were suffering from cancer, for the album Saviour of the World, which was released in June (2007). Guglielmucci performed the song regularly over a two-year period, often with an oxygen tube attached to his nose, and during this time received money from supporters who believed his illness was real. Guglielmucci later explained his actions as being a result of a long-term pornography addiction. The track had also been added to the Hillsong album This Is Our God (2008), but later removed from the album. Representatives of churches with which Guglielmucci had affiliations told the press they were totally unaware of this situation. In an email sent to Hillsong members, the church's general manager, George Aghajanian, said the news was even a shock to Guglielmucci's own family and that the suspended pastor was seeking\",\n \"title\": \"Hillsong Worship\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36609376\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Forever Reign\\\" is a contemporary worship music song released originally by the collected One Sonic Society and the Australian band Hillsong, from their albums One and A Beautiful Exchange respectively. The song also has been covered by several artists including Kristian Stanfill and the Newsboys. The song is also available in several other languages than English. In all versions, the song keeps a pensive worship style, but One Sonic Society's version is distinctive to the band's individual style. Their version reached No. 17 on Billboards Hot Christian Songs chart, and No. 25 on the related Christian Adult Contemporary chart. Release The song was written by Reuben Morgan (from Hillsong) and Jason Ingram (from One Sonic Society) and was released first by the Ingram's band, in the EP One, days after, was released in two versions in the Hillsong LIVE album, A Beautiful Exchange, LIVE version and radio version. The live version by Hillsong LIVE, released in A Beautiful Exchange is performed by the Australian worship leader Jad Gillies, with a worship (pop/rock) style, begins with a soft piano and drums, (played by Peter James and Brandon Gillies respectively) lasting 5:44 in the album (6:10 in DVD), captures all the live spirit and inspiration during all the song, the crowd can be heard worshipping and singing the entire song, and the DVD, includes a longer ending, also sung by the crowd. This version was recorded at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. The album, also includes a radio version which was released as Single in the same year. The version by One Sonic Society sung by the American producer, singer, songwriter Jason Ingram, who co-wrote the song with the Hillsong LIVE leader Reuben Morgan, has a different style, beginning with drums, played by Paul Mabury. Video versions Hillsong LIVE: A Beautiful Exchange Passion Conferences – Kristian Stanfill: Passion: Here for You One Sonic Society: Live At The Tracking Room References 2010 singles Hillsong Worship songs Songs written by Jason Ingram 2010 songs Songs written by Reuben Morgan\",\n \"title\": \"Forever Reign (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2918964\",\n \"text\": \"Ultimate Worship is a compilation praise and worship album of contemporary worship music by the Hillsong Church. The album appeared on the Billboard Top Heatseekers and reached No. 19 on the Top Christian Albums Chart. Album details This album is a compilation of songs from previous Hillsong Music albums, including the live praise and worship albums, Hillsong United series, Hillsong London album Shout God's Fame and Shout to the Lord from Darlene Zschech's solo album, Kiss of Heaven. Several of the songs have been edited to make the tracks shorter than the original in order to fit them on the disc. Track listing \\\"One Way\\\" (Jonathon Douglass & Joel Houston; from For All You've Done) \\\"My Redeemer Lives\\\" (Reuben Morgan; from By Your Side) \\\"Glory\\\" (Morgan; from Hope) \\\"Made Me Glad\\\" (Miriam Webster; from Blessed) \\\"The Potter’s Hand\\\" (Darlene Zschech; from Touching Heaven Changing Earth) \\\"Shout Your Fame\\\" (Jonas Myrin, Natasha Bedingfield, Gio Galanti & Paul Nevison; from Shout God's Fame) \\\"Better Than Life\\\" (Marty Sampson; from Hope) \\\"Here I Am to Worship\\\" (Tim Hughes; from Hope) \\\"All for Love\\\" (Mia Fieldes; from Look to You) \\\"I Give You My Heart\\\" (Holly Dawson; from UP: Unified Praise) \\\"Everyday\\\" (Houston; from UP: Unified Praise) \\\"Now That You’re Near\\\" (Sampson; from To the Ends of the Earth) \\\"Still\\\" (Morgan; from Hope) \\\"All the Heavens\\\" (Morgan; from Blessed) \\\"Highest\\\" (Morgan; from Hope) \\\"Worthy Is the Lamb\\\" (Zschech; from UP: Unified Praise) \\\"Shout to the Lord\\\" (Zschech; from Kiss of Heaven) References 2005 compilation albums Hillsong Music compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"Ultimate Worship\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1518101\",\n \"text\": \"By Your Side is the eighth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. It was recorded live at the Hills Christian Life Centre building (now known as the Hillsong Church Hub auditorium) by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team. The album reached No. 21 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Christian Albums Chart. Album design By Your Side cover artwork features the title using the font Trajan Pro. The title uses different versions and weights of the font. This album cover shows images of Darlene Zschech and is also the first to show Reuben Morgan on the cover (he appears five times more on For This Cause, Blessed, Hope, For All You've Done, Mighty to Save, and A Beautiful Exchange as well as the back cover of Saviour King). The majority of the songs were written by Reuben Morgan & Darlene Zschech Marty Sampson, Russell Fragar, Raymond Badham, Miriam Webster, Luke Munns & Aran Puddle contributed to songs also. This is the first official Hillsong Live Album to feature songs contributed from Hillsong United. \\\"My Redeemer Lives\\\" and \\\"Your Unfailling Love\\\" were also on the Hillsong United album \\\"One\\\". Track listing \\\"My Redeemer Lives\\\" (Reuben Morgan) — 04:09 worship leader: Darlene Zschech b. Reuben Morgan \\\"Great In Power\\\" (Russell Fragar) — 03:25 worship leader: Darlene Zschech \\\"I Feel Like I'm Falling\\\" (Raymond Badham) — 05:29 worship leaders: Mark Stevens & Darlene Zschech \\\"Your Unfailing Love\\\" (Reuben Morgan) — 06:28 worship leader: Darlene Zschech b. Reuben Morgan \\\"Dwelling Places\\\" (Miriam Webster) — 05:06 worship leaders: Darlene Zschech And Miriam Webster \\\"What The Lord Has Done In Me\\\" (Reuben Morgan) — 05:00 worship leader: Miriam Webster \\\"Sing Of Your Great Love\\\" (Darlene Zschech) — 08:26 worship leader: Darlene Zschech b. Steve McPherson \\\"By Your Side\\\" (Marty Sampson) — 04:48 worship leader: Marty Sampson \\\"In Freedom\\\" (Aran Puddle) — 03:27 worship leaders: Darlene Zschech And Marty Sampson \\\"You Said\\\" (Reuben Morgan) — 04:34 worship leader: Darlene Zschech \\\"Stay\\\" (Luke Munns) — 08:28 worship leader: Darlene Zschech \\\"Eagle's Wings\\\" (Reuben Morgan) — 06:30 worship leader: Mark Stevens & Darlene Zschech \\\"Free To Dance\\\" (Darlene Zschech) — 04:16 worship leaders: Lisa Young & Darlene Zschech \\\"This Is How We Overcome\\\" (Reuben Morgan) — 03:49 worship leader: Darlene Zschech b. = lead backing vocal References 1999 live albums Hillsong Music live albums\",\n \"title\": \"By Your Side (Hillsong album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1827046\",\n \"text\": \"God He Reigns is the fourteenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. A single-disc version of this album was released in North America and South America by Integrity Media. The album reached No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Recording God He Reigns was recorded live at the Sydney Entertainment Centre on 27 February 2005 by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team with a congregation of 10,500. God He Reigns was released at the annual Hillsong Conference in July. Writing and composition The majority of songs were written by Marty Sampson, Darlene Zschech, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. Raymond Badham, Ned Davies, Mia Fieldes and Miriam Webster also contributed to writing songs. Songs were written in the 12 months prior to the album recording, some songs were first recorded on the Hillsong United album Look to You. Commercial performance God He Reigns reached No. 2 on the Australian album charts and the DVD hit No. 1. Initially, there was doubt as to the commercial success of the album as the release coincided with the release of new albums by Guy Sebastian and Paulini, but in that week more copies of God He Reigns were sold than every other CD in Australia combined (including pop charts, alternative, rock, et cetera). Track listing, double CD Disc 1 \\\"Let Creation Sing\\\" (Reuben Morgan) \\\"Salvation Is Here\\\" (Joel Houston) \\\"His Love\\\" (Raymond Badham) \\\"Emmanuel\\\" (Reuben Morgan) \\\"Saviour\\\" (Darlene Zschech) \\\"Wonderful God\\\" (Ned Davies) \\\"God He Reigns\\\"/\\\"All I Need Is You\\\" (chorus) (Marty Sampson) \\\"Yours Is the Kingdom\\\" (Joel Houston) \\\"Welcome in This Place\\\" (Miriam Webster) Disc 2 \\\"Let Us Adore\\\" (Reuben Morgan) \\\"All for Love\\\" (Mia Fieldes) \\\"Know You More\\\" (Darlene Zschech) \\\"There Is Nothing Like\\\" (Marty Sampson and Jonas Myrin) \\\"What the World Will Never Take\\\" (Matt Crocker, Scott Ligertwood and Marty Sampson) \\\"Tell the World\\\" (Jonathan Douglass, Joel Houston and Marty Sampson) Track listing, single CD \\\"Let Creation Sing\\\" (Reuben Morgan) \\\"Salvation Is Here\\\" (Joel Houston) \\\"His Love\\\" (Raymond Badham) \\\"Emmanuel\\\" (Morgan) \\\"Saviour\\\" (Darlene Zschech) \\\"Wonderful God\\\" (Ned Davies) \\\"God He Reigns\\\"/\\\"All I Need Is You\\\" (chorus) (Marty Sampson) \\\"Yours Is the Kingdom\\\" (Houston) \\\"Welcome in This Place\\\" (Miriam Webster) \\\"Let Us Adore\\\" (Morgan) \\\"All for Love\\\" (Mia Fieldes)(Men of Hillsong) \\\"Know You More\\\" (Zschech) \\\"There Is Nothing Like\\\" (Sampson, Jonas Myrin) Personnel Darlene Zschech – producer, vocals, songwriter Joel Houston – assistant producer, acoustic guitar, songwriter Julia A'Bell – vocals Vera Kasevich – vocals Paul Andrew – vocals Julie Bassett – vocals, vocal production Gilbert Clark – vocals Holly Dawson – vocals Jonathan Douglass – vocals Deb Ezzy – vocals Faletolu Faletolu – vocals Tulele Faletolu – vocals Lucy Fisher – vocals Michelle Grigg – vocals Peter Hart – vocals Scott Haslem – vocals, vocal production Karen Horn – vocals Steve McPherson – vocals, vocal production Nathan Phillips – vocals Aran Puddle – vocals, production Barry Southgate – vocals Katrina Tadman – vocals Marcus Temu – vocals Dee Uluirewa – vocals, vocal\",\n \"title\": \"God He Reigns\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"822072\",\n \"text\": \"For All You've Done is the thirteenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. The live album was released on 4 July 2004 on Hillsong label, which peaked at No. 1 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It had been recorded in February of that year at the Sydney Entertainment Centre with production by Darlene Zschech, Raymond Badham, Joel Houston and Reuben Morgan. Recording For All You've Done was recorded live at the Sydney Entertainment Centre on 29 February 2004 by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team. Commercial performance However, its previous two albums debuted in the top five due to the strong following of Hillsong and its previous 12 albums have achieved gold status. It is the first Christian Contemporary music album to reach the top of the Australian charts. There was some controversy about the No. 1 debut as almost all of the albums were sold at the annual Hillsong Conference from 5 to 9 July. However, the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) has defended the outcome on the grounds that For All You've Done was the best selling album in Australia that week. Pop singer and former Australian Idol contestant Paulini Curuenavuli was also at the conference promoting her No. 2 single, \\\"Angel Eyes\\\", from her forthcoming album, One Determined Heart. Track listing CD Disc 1 \\\"For All You've Done\\\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leaders: Darlene Zschech & Reuben Morgan - 5:26 \\\"One Way\\\" (Jonathon Douglass & Joel Houston) Worship Leaders: Jonathon Douglass & Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 3:43 \\\"Evermore\\\" (Joel Houston) - Worship Leaders: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 5:02 \\\"With All I Am\\\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leaders: Darlene Zschech & Reuben Morgan - 7:23 \\\"Sing (Your Love)\\\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leader: Reuben Morgan, b. Darlene Zschech - 6:22 \\\"Hallelujah\\\" (Marty Sampson & Jonas Myrin) - Worship Leaders: Jonas Myrin b. Darlene Zschech - 9:05 \\\"You Are Worthy\\\" (Darlene Zschech) Worship Leader: Darlene Zschech - 6:15 \\\"Home\\\" (Marty Sampson) - Worship Leader: Marty Sampson - 4:58 Disc 2 \\\"Forever and a Day\\\" (Raymond Badham) - Worship Leader: Darlene Zschech, b. Marty Sampson - 4:55 \\\"Jesus the Same\\\" (Raymond Badham) - Worship Leader: Steve McPherson - 5:30 \\\"I Will Love\\\" (Miriam Webster) - Worship Leader: Miriam Webster - 4:41 \\\"Take All of Me\\\" (Marty Sampson) - Worship Leader: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 8:15 \\\"More Than Life\\\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leaders: Tulele Faletolu & Darlene Zschech - 8:52 \\\"Glorify Your Name\\\" (Darlene Zschech & David Holmes) - Worship Leader: Darlene Zschech - 7:02 \\\"To You Alone\\\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leaders: Holly Dawson & Darlene Zschech - 7:39 DVD \\\"Intro\\\"/\\\"For All You've Done\\\" \\\"One Way\\\" \\\"Evermore\\\" \\\"With All I Am\\\" \\\"Sing (Your Love)\\\" \\\"Hallelujah\\\" \\\"You Are Worthy\\\" \\\"Home\\\" \\\"Forever and a Day\\\" \\\"Jesus the Same\\\" \\\"I Will Love\\\" \\\"Take All of Me\\\" \\\"More Than Life\\\" \\\"Glorify Your Name\\\" \\\"To You Alone/Credits\\\" \\\"Resources\\\" b. indicates Lead Backing Vocal Personnel Adapted from AllMusic. Taijiro Adachi\",\n \"title\": \"For All You've Done\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33944631\",\n \"text\": \"Live in Miami is the eleventh live album/DVD by contemporary Christian worship band Hillsong United, released on 14 February 2012 through their own label. The album was recorded at the American Airlines Arena on 6 August 2011 as part of their tour promoting their second studio album, Aftermath (2011). Their first live album since Across the Earth (2009), Live in Miami contains eight songs from Aftermath, two songs from first studio album All of the Above, and several songs from previous live albums. Unlike previous live recordings, the album does not contain new songs. The album peaked in the Top 50 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Background Having led worship in churches, stadiums and open fields around the world, United's Live in Miami is the first live album from the band since 2009 and features 22 tracks, all captured during the band's sold-out worship night in Miami. In 2011, best-selling modern worship band Hillsong United brought a new and fresh approach to tours, visuals, songs and multimedia to the U.S. for the widely successful \\\"Aftermath Tour\\\". The tour logged sold out worship nights in venues across the country - from New York to Los Angeles (where the band became the first Christian band to sell out Staples Center) and back east to Miami where the CD and DVD were recorded. Track listing Track listing (DVD/Blu-Ray) \\\"Go\\\" \\\"Break Free\\\" \\\"You\\\" \\\"Search My Heart\\\" \\\"Mighty To Save\\\" \\\"Hosanna\\\" \\\"All I Need Is You\\\" \\\"Bones\\\" \\\"Nova\\\" \\\"Aftermath\\\" \\\"Freedom Is Here/Shout Unto God\\\" \\\"Like An Avalanche\\\" \\\"Rhythms of Grace\\\" \\\"Oh You Bring\\\" \\\"The Stand\\\" \\\"From The Inside Out\\\" \\\"A Song To Sing...\\\" \\\"With Everything\\\" \\\"Your Name High\\\" \\\"Take It All\\\" \\\"Yours Forever\\\" \\\"Take Heart\\\" Bonus Features \\\"In The Aftermath\\\" Other songs played The song \\\"Rise\\\" found in the God Is Able album was played during the concert. Nevertheless, it was not included in the album. Personnel Vocalists Joel Houston, Matt Crocker, Jad Gillies, Jonathon Douglass, Hayley Law, Jill McCloghry, Dylan Thomas Electric guitars Timon Klein, Dylan Thomas, Jad Gillies, Joel Houston Acoustic guitars Jad Gillies, Joel Houston, Dylan Thomas Bass Adam Crosariol Drums Simon Kobler Keys Peter James Additional drums and percussion Matt Crocker, Jonathon Douglass (Tambourine), Joel Houston (on \\\"Go\\\"), Dylan Thomas (on \\\"From the Inside Out\\\") Synthesizers Jonathon Douglass, Joel Houston, Jill McCloghry, Dylan Thomas. iPad synthesizer Matt Crocker (on \\\"Bones\\\" and the DVD's introduction video) Charts Singles chart Chart procession and succession References Hillsong United albums Live video albums 2012 live albums 2012 video albums es:Live in Miami (álbum de Hillsong United)\",\n \"title\": \"Hillsong United: Live in Miami\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2783625\",\n \"text\": \"Miriam Webster is an Australian Pentecostal worship leader and contemporary singer/songwriter. She is most well known for her classical worship songs with Hillsong Music Australia. Miriam won A.C.E State Student music award as a teenager for singing at the convention in Queensland, Australia. While staying in Sydney in 1996 she joined her friend who attended Hills Christian Life Centre which is known today as Hillsong Church to go to a Friday night youth service. Miriam was asked to sing this night as they were looking for an item so she sang a song she had penned years before called 'Fall upon your knees'. She joined the worship team months later and from there she has led worship in services, rallies, connect groups and conferences. She has toured Australia, New Zealand, Asia and the United States, and recently released her solo album Made Me Glad. She served with the Hillsong Church in Sydney from 1996 to 2007 and was featured on numerous Hillsong Music praise-and-worship albums since 1997. Among her notable congregational songs are \\\"Dwelling Places\\\", \\\"Made Me Glad\\\", \\\"Welcome In This Place\\\" and \\\"You Are Faithful\\\". Webster also led worship with Steve Mcpherson and Darlene Zschech at the 25th Hillsong Conference Classic Medlies. List of songs by Webster It is He Most Holy Do what you say Til I see your face Fall upon your knees Angel of the Lord Dwelling Places You are faithful Made me glad Exceeding Joy What the Lord has done in me I will love The only name (co-write with Darlene Zschech) All you are (co-write with Jonas Myrin) Dedication Jesus won it all Welcome in this place Mercies Loving Kindness Praise Him Draw Near Marvelous Greater Never Alone Who will stand Glory to Jesus Loving Kindness Draw Near Love overflows Rescued me References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Australian women singers Australian gospel singers Australian Pentecostals Hillsong musicians\",\n \"title\": \"Miriam Webster\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Aryel Murphy"],"string":"[\n \"Aryel Murphy\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":93,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_47506"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what was the last year hummer h2 was made"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"14395","text":"Hummer (stylized in all caps) is a brand of pickups and SUVs first marketed in 1992 when AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee. Although discontinued in 2010, Hummer returned as a model under GMC in 2020. In 1998, General Motors (GM) purchased the brand name from AM General and marketed three vehicles: the original Hummer H1, based on the military Humvee, as well as the new H2 and H3 models that were based on smaller, civilian-market GM platforms. By 2008, Hummer's viability in the economic downturn was questioned. Rather than being transferred to the Motors Liquidation Company as part of the GM bankruptcy in 2009, the brand was retained by GM, to investigate its sale. No final deal was made, and in 2010, Hummer dealerships began shutting down. The nameplate returned to the marketplace for the 2022 model year, not as a separate make brand but as electric pickup truck and SUV models sold under the GMC brand as the \"GMC Hummer EV\". The pre-production versions of the EV began November 2021 after a $2.2 billion investment to build a variety of all-electric vehicles in GM's Detroit-Hamtramck assembly plant. History Origin AM General had planned to sell a civilian version of its Humvee as far back as the late 1980s. Having the same structure and most mechanical components, the civilian Hummers were finished in automotive gloss paint, adding passenger car enhancements such as air conditioning, sound insulation, upgraded upholstery, stereo systems, wood trim, and convenience packages. The civilian model began in part because of the persistence of Arnold Schwarzenegger, who saw an Army convoy while filming Kindergarten Cop in Oregon and began to campaign and lobby for a civilian version to be available on the market. In 1992, AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee vehicle to the public under the brand name \"Hummer\". The first two Hummer H1s to be sold were purchased by Schwarzenegger. GM purchase In December 1999, AM General sold the brand name to General Motors but continued to manufacture the vehicles. GM was responsible for the marketing and distribution of all civilian Hummers produced by AM General. Shortly thereafter, GM introduced two of its own design models, the H2 and H3, and renamed the original vehicle H1. AM General continued to build the H1 until it was discontinued in 2006 and was contracted by GM to produce the H2. The H3 was built in Shreveport, LA, alongside the Chevrolet Colorado and GMC Canyon pickups, with which it shared the GMT-355 platform (modified and designated GMT-345). Hummer dealership buildings featured an oversized half Quonset Hut style roof, themed to the Hummer brand's military origins. By 2006, the Hummer began to be exported and sold through importers and distributors in 33 countries. On October 10, 2006, GM began producing the Hummer H3 at its Port Elizabeth plant in South Africa for international markets. The Hummers built there at first were only left-hand drive, but right-hand drive versions were","title":"Hummer"},{"docid":"895075","text":"The Hummer H2 is an full-size off-road sport utility vehicle (SUV) that was marketed by Hummer and built in the AM General facility under contract from General Motors from 2002 until 2009. It is based on a modified GMT820 GM three-quarter-ton pickup truck in the front and a half-ton 1500 frame in the rear. A four-door pickup truck version with a midgate that opens the vehicle's interior to the external cargo bed was introduced for the 2005 model year as the H2 SUT (sport utility truck). Background In 2001 and 2002, GM allowed journalists to examine early versions of the Hummer H2, which were still under development at the time. The H2 was built by AM General under contract with General Motors at AM General Commercial Assembly Plant in Mishawaka, Indiana. Features Standard Standard features include air conditioning with tri-zone climate controls, tilt leather-wrapped steering wheel with radio controls, cruise control, leather upholstery, heated front and rear seats, 8-way power front seats, dual memory system, BOSE premium sound system, single-CD/cassette player and later in 2004, a 6-disc CD changer, then in 2008, a single CD-player with MP3 capability, an auxiliary input jack and DVD player, outside-temperature indicator, compass, rear radio controls, independent front torsion bar suspension, rear 5-link coil spring suspension specially created for the H2, oversized tires with wheels scripted \"HUMMER\" on, universal garage door opener and remote engine start (2008–2009). Optional Options for the H2 include adjustable rear suspension (which is included within the Adventure Package), a wide power sunroof, rearview camera, DVD entertainment system, navigation system, ladder, custom grilles, side step bars, Air compressor with road assistance kit, and 20\" chrome wheels (slightly different from stock wheels). 2008 updates For 2008, the Hummer H2 and H2 SUT received an update. While largely unchanged on the exterior, the H2 and H2 SUT interiors were redesigned. This included a new instrument cluster with improved gauges and Driver Information Center (DIC) based on the higher-trim GMT900 trucks/SUVs, a new leather-wrapped steering wheel, three new radios with a Bose premium audio system and auxiliary audio inputs (including a new touchscreen GPS navigation radio with DVD audio and video playback while the transmission is in the park position, and XM Nav-Traffic capabilities), a new rear seat DVD entertainment system, Bluetooth hands-free calling capabilities, enhanced voice activation, new OnStar hardware with buttons moved from the rearview mirror to the overhead console, a lower dashboard-mounted radio, new dual-zone climate controls, new rear seat audio system controls, a new dash-mounted control knob for the 4X4 system to replace the old pushbutton controls, brushed aluminum interior trim panels, new interior color options, available remote engine start, and a center dashboard-mounted analog clock. Also for 2008, a new 6.2 L V8 gasoline engine replaced the previous 6.0 L, with a new 6L80-E six-speed automatic transmission, replacing the 4L65-E four-speed automatic. Hummer launched a special 2009 Black Chrome Limited Edition featuring a new paint color, Sedona Metallic. All Black Chrome editions also had Sedona interior, black chrome accents","title":"Hummer H2"},{"docid":"12249136","text":"Unique Whips is an American reality television show that aired on the now-defunct Speed network from 2005 to 2008. It premiered on February 8, 2005, The show follows the work of Unique Autosports, based in Long Island, New York, as they customize celebrity automobiles. It was created and Produced by Steve Hillebrand and Corey Damsker of Hollywood East. The customization generally consists of car stereo, wheels, custom paint and interior work. Celebrities whose cars were featured on the show include P. Diddy, DJ Pauly D, Jeff Gordon, Tony Stewart, Pam Anderson, Patti LaBelle, 50 Cent, LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Marcus Camby, Fat Joe, and Tom Wolfe. Spinoffs and related works Unique Autosports: Miami ran on the Spike network for one season. On 2 February 2016, a sequel television series featuring Unique Autosports, Unique Rides, premiered on Discovery's Velocity (now Motor Trend) channel. The first episode featured Castro modifying a Cadillac Escalade for Jason Derulo. The series ran for 3 seasons. Celebrity rides P. Diddy - 2 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited B-Real – 2007 Nissan Pathfinder, 2007 Nissan Armada Pharrell Williams - 1998 Nissan Maxima, 1993 Toyota Supra, 1994 BMW 3 Series 1988 Hyundai Excel Sedan LeBron James - 2003 Hummer H2, Ferrari F430 Orlando Brown - 1996 Chevrolet Impala SS, 2007 Ford F-650 50 Cent - 2007 Lamborghini Murcielago Roadster, 2006 Rolls-Royce Phantom, 2005 Chrysler 300C, 2008 Pontiac G8 Chi-Ali - 2004 Nissan Altima, 2009 Chevrolet Impala, 1995 Ford Mustang Coupe, 2003 Hummer H2, 2000 Toyota Camry, 1997 Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition Lloyd Banks - 1972 Chevrolet Impala, 2006 Bentley Continental, Bulletproof SUV, 2003 Hummer H2 KRS-One - Chevrolet Monte Carlo Stock Car Jadakiss - 2004 Range Rover, 2005 Chevrolet Corvette, 2004 Mercedes-Benz S-Class, 2005 Cadillac XLR, GMC Yukon Denali, 2003 Cadillac Escalade, 1997 Chevrolet Tahoe Fat Joe - 2005 Bentley Continental Dewayne Robertson - Dodge Charger SRT8, Land Rover Range Rover, Cadillac Escalade, Hummer H2 Al Harrington - 2007 Cadillac Escalade, Bentley Continental GT Busta Rhymes - Rolls-Royce Phantom, 1997 Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition, Lamborghini Diablo, 1988 Chevrolet Caprice Queen Latifah - Lamborghini Murcielago, 1984 Cadillac Hearse, 1973 Chevrolet Impala Convertible Mike McGlone - 2006 Chevrolet Impala, 1995 Cadillac Fleetwood Carmelo Anthony - Lincoln Continental Timbaland - 2002 Porsche Cayenne Charles Barkley - Ferrari 458 Spider, Jaguar XJ220, Hummer H1, Aston Martin Vanquish, Lamborghini Gallardo Tony Yayo - 2003 Hummer H2, Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class Young Buck - 2003 BMW 760li The Game - 2003 Cadillac Escalade Jerricho Cotchery - Bentley Continental Flying Spur Gary Sheffield - Cadillac Escalade Marcus Camby - Hummer H2, Corvette Marcus Banks - Land Rover Range Rover, BMW 745i Byron Leftwich - 1967 Lincoln Continental Convertible Jason Giambi - Cadillac Escalade Nelly - Bentley Continental GT Ruben Sierra - Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition truck GZA - Dodge Magnum Patti LaBelle - Mercedes Benz CLS 55 Barry Gardner - Mercedes Benz CLS 55 Wyclef Jean - 1994 BMW 5-Series, 1988 Chevrolet Caprice Sedan, 1992 Honda Civic Sedan Jennifer Capriati - 2005 Range Rover Robinson Cano","title":"Unique Whips"},{"docid":"4531530","text":"Hummer is a sub-brand and then-division of General Motors. Hummer may also refer to: Vehicles Humvee, a military vehicle Hummer H1, a civilian version of the Humvee Hummer H2, other vehicle of the Hummer brand Hummer H3, other vehicle of the Hummer brand Harley-Davidson Hummer, a motorcycle E-2 Hawkeye, an aircraft Music The Hummer, a 2006 album by Devin Townsend \"Hummer\" (Foals song), a 2007 single Hummer, another name for the Corrugaphone A song by Smashing Pumpkins on the album Siamese Dream Other meanings Hummer (surname) Hummingbird, a bird Hummer (cocktail), a boozy milkshake made with vodka Hummer (1997 video game), a 1990s Sega arcade video game Hummer (2009 video game), a 2009 Sega arcade game A person or thing that hums A slang term for fellatio See also Hammer (disambiguation)","title":"Hummer (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"1633865","text":"The Hummer H3 is an off-road vehicle that was produced from 2005 to 2010 by General Motors. The smallest model of the Hummer lineup, it was offered as a 5-door SUV or a 4-door pickup truck known as the H3T. Unlike the larger H1 and H2 models, the H3 was not developed by AM General. It was introduced for the 2006 model year, based on a modified GMT355 that underpinned the Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon compact pickup trucks that were also built at GM's Shreveport Operations in Shreveport, Louisiana and the Port Elizabeth plant in South Africa. While mechanically related to the Colorado and Canyon, GM claims they share only 10% of their components, with the chassis modified and reinforced for heavy off-road duties. Powertrains The H3 was launched with a 3.5 liter straight-5 cylinder L52 engine that produced and of torque and was mated to a standard five-speed Aisin AR5 manual transmission or an optional Hydra-Matic 4L60-E four-speed automatic transmission. In 2007 this engine was replaced by the 3.7 liter LLR that produced and of torque, figures that were revised in 2009 to and . Under revised EPA testing standards when equipped with either transmission this straight-5 engine achieved in the city and on the highway with a combined average of . Available solely with the 4L60-E automatic transmission, a 5.3 liter LH8 V8 engine producing and of torque was added in 2008 for the Alpha model. The V8 version had lower fuel economy, estimated at in the city, on the highway, with a combined average of . In 2007, a H3X edition was added. It included the luxury package, 18-inch chrome wheels with unique center caps, chrome trim, chrome tube steps, a body-colored grille and a hard tire cover. The H3X also came with exclusive colors of Sonoma Red Metallic or Desert Orange Metallic. Capabilities The H3 featured a two-speed, electronically controlled full-time four-wheel drive system that made it for both on-road and off-road driving. An electronic locking rear differential was optional, with a locking front differential also becoming an option on later models. Like the Hummer H2, the H3 can ford of water (tested in depths up to ) at a speed of and of water at a speed of . Standard ground clearance with the 31-inch tires was while the approach, departure, and breakover angles were 37.4°, 34.7°, and 22.1° respectively, allowing the H3 to scale a vertical wall and negotiate grades of 60% and side slopes of 40%. Front and rear recovery hooks were standard, with an optional trailer hitch and wiring harness. The H3 features a traction control that can use the brakes independently to stop wheelspin and improve traction while adjusting to road conditions. It is also equipped with Stabilitrak stability control and ABS with variable brake force distribution assist. The optional Adventure or Off Road package included 33-inch tires, off-road shocks, differential lockers and 4:1 low range gearing. These upgrades increased ground clearance, suspension articulation, approach and departure angles, and increased the H3's","title":"Hummer H3"},{"docid":"1507664","text":"GMT (General Motors Truck) is a nomenclature used by General Motors to designate multiple vehicle platforms. In use since the early 1980s, the GMT nomenclature is used for light trucks, full-size SUVs, and vans, along with several medium-duty trucks. With only a few exceptions, nearly all GMT vehicles use body-on-frame construction, along with rear-wheel drive (or all-wheel drive) powertrain configurations. Primary applications Primary applications of the platform – those that are equivalent in basic RWD/frame structure to each other – existed from 1981 to 1989, and again since 2018. Light trucks and SUVs Pickups and SUVs have been the main vehicles underpinned by GMT platforms, being involved for the entirety of the platform's existence. Fullsize GMT400 – Chevrolet C/K and variants, 1988 – 2002 GMT800 – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 1999 – 2007 GMT900 – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2007 – 2014 GMTK2XX – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2014 – 2019 GMTT1XX – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2019–present Midsize GMT325 – Chevrolet S-10 and truck rebadgings, 1982 – 2012 GMT330 – Chevrolet S-10 Blazer and SUV rebadgings, 1983 – 2012 GMT355 – First-gen. Chevrolet Colorado and truck rebadgings, 2004 – 2012 GMT360 – Chevrolet TrailBlazer and rebadgings, 2002 – 2009 GMT700, later GMT31XX – Second-gen. Chevrolet Colorado, 2012–present GMT700, later GMT31XX – Second-gen. Chevrolet TrailBlazer SUV, 2012–present Hummer In contrast to the Hummer H1–designed and assembled by AM General, the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3 were developed by GM, receiving their own platform designations. Designated the GMT825, the H2 was derived from the GMT820 (Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon), with its own midsection frame design and a rear frame shared with the 2500-series GMT800 pickup trucks. The H3 SUV was designated the GMT345, a close variant of the GMT355 (Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon). The 2009-2010 H3T pickup truck was designated as the GMT745, adopting a nomenclature closer in line with the GMT700 used by the later second-generation Colorado/Canyon. Vans The 1996 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana replaced the previous G-series Van/Vandura, adopting the GMT600 designation. As part of a model update and revision for 2003, GM changed the Express/Savana to GMT610, which remains in use, the model line competes with the Ford Transit, and Ford E-Series (dependent on configuration), Mercedes-Benz/Freightliner Sprinter, Dodge Ram Wagon, and the Ram ProMaster (cargo van only). Medium trucks For 1990, the Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC TopKick medium-duty trucks adopted the GMT530 designation (sharing the cab of the GMT400 trucks). For 2003, the line was redesigned, becoming the GMT560 platform (sharing a version of the GMT610 cab). After the 2009 model year, General Motors ended medium-duty truck production. Since 2018, a medium-duty version of the GMTK2XX has been produced in a joint venture with Navistar International. Other applications While the aforementioned platforms are the ones model commonly referred to as GMT platforms, there have been other instances of the name being applied which are not for RWD and/or body-on-frame vehicles. MPVs For 1990, GM unveiled its first minivans, all of which were underpinned by the first generation of the U platform. This platform","title":"General Motors GMT platform"},{"docid":"177390","text":"AM General is an American heavy vehicle and contract automotive manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana. It is best known for the civilian Hummer and the military Humvee that are assembled in Mishawaka, Indiana. For a relatively brief period, 1974–1979, the company also manufactured transit buses, making more than 5,400 of them. Corporate history AM General traces its roots to the Standard Wheel Company of Terre Haute, Indiana, which expanded in 1903 to include the Overland Automotive Division. In 1908, John North Willys purchased the Overland company, then based in Indianapolis, Indiana, and renamed it Willys-Overland Motors. In the 1940s, as Willys, it collaborated with Ford to develop a vehicle to US Army specifications. It then mass-produced that vehicle as \"America's first four-wheel-drive, one-fourth-ton, tactical utility truck\"—the Jeep of World War II fame. In 1953, Kaiser Motors purchased Willys-Overland, changing its name first to Kaiser-Willys Motor Company, and in 1963, to Kaiser-Jeep Corporation. In 1970, it was purchased by American Motors Corporation (AMC). In July 2020, KPS Capital Partners acquired the company. Defense and Government Products Division In 1964, Kaiser-Jeep purchased the Studebaker facilities on Chippewa Avenue in South Bend, Indiana, which included Studebaker's \"General Products Division\", along with its substantial defense contracts. At the time, Kaiser had been awarded a US$87 million Army truck contract, and under government pressure, agreed to perform the work at the South Bend plant it had recently acquired from Studebaker. American Motors American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased the Jeep Corporation from Kaiser in 1970 when Kaiser decided to leave the auto business. In 1971, AMC made the General Products Division of Jeep (producing military trucks as well as contract and non-commercial vehicles) a wholly owned subsidiary and renamed it AM General Corporation. American Motors ceased to function as an independent automaker in 1982 when a controlling interest was purchased by Renault. US government regulations at that time forbade ownership of defense contractors by foreign governments—and Renault was partially owned by the French government. LTV Corporation In 1983, LTV Corporation bought AM General and established it as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1984, its headquarters moved from the American Motors AMTEK Building in Detroit, Michigan, to Livonia, Michigan, and two years later to South Bend, Indiana, where primary manufacturing operations were located. Renco Group In 1992, AM General was sold to Renco Group, which in 2002 converted it to a limited liability company. Hummer brand In 1984 AM General built a separate factory at 13200 McKinley Hwy in Mishawaka for HMMWV production. In 1992 AM General began marketing the HMMWV to the civilian market under the Hummer brand. In 1999, GM acquired the rights to the brand and continued production of the original civilian Hummer as the H1 until June 2006. The Hummer H2 went on the market in 2002, and was produced until January 2009. It was designed and marketed by GM, but manufactured by AM General at the Mishawaka plant. AM General did not build the H3 model. GM was sued early in","title":"AM General"},{"docid":"1693069","text":"H2, H02, or H-2 may refer to: Arts and media Armenia 2 (H2), a private television company broadcasting in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh H2 (A&E Networks), the rebranded name of the former channel History International H2 (American TV channel), the American version of the channel H2 (manga), a baseball manga by Mitsuru Adachi Halo 2, a video game for the Xbox, created and developed by Bungie Halloween II (2009 film), initially abbreviated to H2 Hollywood Squares, referred to as H2 informally during the 2002–2004 seasons Computing , level 2 heading markup for HTML Web pages, see HTML element#heading H2 (database), an open-source Java SQL database-management system DSC-H2, a 2006 Sony Cyber-shot H series camera HTTP/2, major revision of HTTP, often abbreviated in discussions as h2, and identifying itself to other servers as h2 in TLS negotiation or h2c in the HTTP Upgrade header LGA 1155 CPU socket, also known as Socket H2 Roads and transportation Interstate H-2, a highway in Hawaii, located on the island of Oahu London Buses route H2 Science and mathematics Biology and medicine ATC code H02 Corticosteroids for systemic use, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System British NVC community H2, a heath community in the British National Vegetation Classification system Histamine H2 receptor Prostaglandin H2 H-2, the Major histocompatibility complex of the mouse (equivalent of the Human Leukocyte Antigens) or , wide- or narrow-sense heritability Chemistry H2, the chemical formula for hydrogen gas (dihydrogen) Deuterium (Hydrogen-2, H-2, 2H), the isotope of hydrogen with one proton, one neutron, and one electron Other uses in science and mathematics H II region, a region of interstellar atomic hydrogen that is ionized , one of the three laryngeals in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language The Hardy space H2 Vehicles Air and space H-II, a family of Japanese liquid-fueled rockets H-IIA H-IIB H-II Transfer Vehicle, a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency uncrewed spacecraft H-2 MUPSOW, a precision-guided glide bomb manufactured by Pakistan Landgraf H-2, an American single-seat twin-rotor helicopter produced in 1944 Standard H-2, a U.S. Army reconnaissance plane produced in 1916 Automobiles Haval H2, a Chinese subcompact SUV Hummer H2, an American full-size SUV Motorcycles Kawasaki H2 Mach IV, 1970s two-stroke motorcycle Kawasaki Ninja H2, 2010s supercharged motorcycle Rail LB&SCR H2 class, a British LB&SCR locomotive GNR Class H2, a class of British steam locomotives LNER Class H2, a class of British steam locomotives H02 locomotive (Germany), a high-pressure steam locomotive made in 1930 Saxon XII H2, a German steam locomotive produced in 1922 PRR H2, a model within the American PRR locomotive classification H2, designation for METRORail Siemens S70 light rail vehicles Sea HMAS Success (H02), a Royal Australian Navy Admiralty S-class destroyer completed in 1918 HMS Exmouth (H02), a British Royal Navy E-class destroyer commissioned in 1934 HMS H2, a British Royal Navy H class submarine commissioned in 1915 USS H-2 (SS-29), a U.S. Navy H-class submarine commissioned in 1913 Other uses H-2 Air Base, a military air base in Iraq H2 (classification), a para-cycling classification H-2A Visa,","title":"H2"},{"docid":"23291693","text":"\"Riverside\" is a house song released by Dutch DJ Sidney Samson. The \"Riverside, motherfucker!\" proclamation is the voice of Tupac Shakur sampled from the film Juice (playtime 1:10:25). The song is often censored during prime time, to avoid causing offence. A vocal mix has been made featuring Wizard Sleeve, released in the UK on 4 January 2010. The song name has been changed to \"Riverside (Let's Go!)\". Many British radio stations, including BBC Radio 1, added \"Riverside\" to their playlists, and as such the single received a high amount of radio play throughout December 2009 and January 2010, in preparation for the single's release. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 2 on 10 January 2010. In January 2018, Samson collaborated with Tujamo to release a new version of the song titled \"Riverside (Reloaded)\". Later in the same year, Samson also partnered with Oliver Heldens to release another remake titled \"Riverside 2099\". Music video Released May 2009, the music video features two children who have been hired by 'The Godfather' to collect a package of lollipops from two women. After delivering the goods two lollipops short, 'The Godfather' chases the younger child through the streets, as one of the children sticks 'Riverside' stickers onto various items and eventually slaps a sticker on Sidney himself. The video ends with 'The Godfather' being hit by a Hummer H2. It was filmed on location in Arnhem, the Netherlands. This is visible as there is a fire hose marked 'brandslang' during the indoor chase scene, the cars have Dutch license plates and the clip shows a Dutch Police officer. Finally, at some point in the video clip, the chase takes place on the platform of train station Arnhem Presikhaaf. An additional music video has been made for the Wizard Sleeve version, which was directed by James Copeman. It features on screen painting of people and models walking with paintbrushes. Wizard Sleeve and Sidney Samson are seen holding pictures and then the camera goes into that picture to reveal the model walking with Sidney Samson rapping in a painting behind her. It later has scenes with him and another model rapping. Track listing \"Riverside\" (Explicit Edit) – 3:24 \"Riverside\" (Afrojack Remix) – 5:31 \"Riverside\" (Warren Clarke Remix) – 6:54 \"Riverside (Let's Go!)\" (Dirty Extended Vocal Mix) – 5:09 \"Riverside (Let's Go!)\" (Breakage Remix) – 4:11 Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts Original version Remix featuring Wizard Sleeve Certifications Release history References 2009 songs 2009 singles 2010 singles Data Records singles Number-one singles in Scotland","title":"Riverside (song)"},{"docid":"38164675","text":"Ian MacDonald Hummer (born August 23, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for Osaka Evessa of the Japanese B.League. He has previously played professionally in countries such as Turkey, Russia, France (Monaco), Germany and Finland. He is from Vienna, Virginia and played college basketball for the Princeton Tigers. He was the 2009 The Washington Post Boys basketball Player of the Year for Gonzaga College High School as a senior in high school and the 2013 Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year as a senior in college for Princeton. At Princeton, he is the second leading scorer (behind Bill Bradley) and fifth leading rebounder in program history. He led the team to three postseason tournaments and the 2010–11 Ivy League Championship. He holds the Ivy League record for most single-season and career Player of the Week Awards. He earned Associated Press 2013 All-American honorable mention recognition. Both his father, Ed, and uncle, John, are distinguished former Princeton Tigers men's basketball players. His 2008 Gonzaga team won the District of Columbia championships throughout his junior year. Background Hummer played for Gonzaga College High School of the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference (WCAC). He joined the starting lineup for the final two months of his sophomore season. Hummer was a second team 2007–08 All-Metro DC selection by The Washington Post as Gonzaga finished as the top-ranked school in the Metro area during his junior year. The team's point guard was sophomore Tyler Thornton. Hummer scored 16 points and added 14 rebounds in the 2008 city championship game victory against Theodore Roosevelt High School. He was a 2008–09 All-Metro DC selection and Boys basketball Player of the Year by The Washington Post. Hummer scored a career-high 32 points and added 15 rebounds against DeMatha Catholic High School on January 21, 2009. His performance earned him recognition by ESPN RISE as its ESPN RISE National Boys Basketball Player of the Week. The team's success over #15-ranked Dematha propelled it from 43 to 13 in the national rankings. However, Gonzaga lost the 2009 WCAC championship by a 62–61 margin on a last second shot to DeMatha despite 18 points and 10 rebounds by Hummer. Hummer was selected to play in the 2009 Capital Classic. Hummer was a back to the basket player who generally defended opposing high school centers. He had an underdeveloped face-up game yet he was undersized to play that style of game in power conferences. Power conference schools questioned how much potential he had in a league where his low post skills would likely be defended by larger, stronger and/or more athletic players who relegated him to perimeter play. When Princeton head coach Sydney Johnson recruited him, the only competition was mid-major schools and Hummer was not interested in any of them. During his campus visit with his father at his brother Alex's (Princeton Class of 2011) dorm room, he decided at midnight to go hang out at Dan Mavraides room across campus, signalling to his father that he was pretty","title":"Ian Hummer"},{"docid":"9927380","text":"Rod Hall (born — died June 14, 2019) was an American professional off-road racer. He was inducted in the Off-road Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2005. He has spent his entire adult life around four-wheel-drive vehicles. He competed in fifty straight Baja 1000 races and had class wins in 25 of them. At his death, he had the most desert off-road race wins. Racing career His racing career began in the 1960s, when organized off-road competition was just beginning. Traveling from his Hemet, California, home to races in the Rocky Mountains and desert Southwest, Hall quickly earned a reputation for going faster than other competitors – and surviving races with less vehicle damage. He won the 1964 Afton Canyon Jeep Junket near Riverside, California, in what may have been one of the first organized off-road races in the United States. As the popularity of organized off-road racing mushroomed in the late-1960s, so did Hall's success behind the wheel. In 1967 he won the inaugural NORRA Mexican 1000 Rally (the race now known as the SCORE International Baja 1000). He won the overall Baja 1000 race in 1969. As of 2016, Hall was the only racer to have competed in every Baja 1000 in a four-wheeled vehicle. He raced in the first fifty Baja 1000 races with his final start in 2017 when he was nearly 80 years old. Hall remains the only driver to win Baja overall in a four-wheel-drive vehicle. He has accumulated over 160 major event wins and more than a dozen SCORE/HDRA & Best in the Desert (BitD) championship titles. His string of 35 consecutive race wins in the early 1980s remains the longest unbroken string of race victories in off-road racing history. Hummer Hall switched to Hummer in 1993. In addition to being the owner of Team HUMMER, Hall is partner with Mike Winkel in Reno's Rod Hall/Winkel HUMMER. His franchise was the first stand-alone Hummer dealership in the country. Hall regularly conducted BF Goodrich tire seminars, HUMMER Happenings for dealerships and corporate excursions in HUMMER vehicles. Hall is the driver of the new Hummer H3 SUV race truck, which debuted in the 2005 BitD “Vegas to Reno” competition and helped Hall earn his record 18th Baja 1000 victory in November 2005. Hall retired the Hummer race team from full race series action in 2009, but continues to field a Hummer entry at the Baja 1000. Hall captured his record-breaking 19th, 20th and 21st Baja 1000 class wins in his H3 in 2007, 2009 & 2012. Hall switched to helping to train drivers though his Rod Hall DRIVE program. The Rod Hall DRIVE off-road driving school was located at the Wild West Motorsports Park in Reno, Nevada. Driving style On a SCORE video, Hall described his driving style, \"I was never a fast guy, and I was never the first guy to the first checkpoint. But I did learn that you don’t go any slower than you have to in the rough stuff, maybe you can","title":"Rod Hall (racer)"},{"docid":"21835208","text":"Zombieland is a 2009 American post-apocalyptic zombie comedy film directed by Ruben Fleischer (in his theatrical debut) and written by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick. It stars Woody Harrelson, Jesse Eisenberg, Emma Stone, Abigail Breslin, and Bill Murray. In the film, Tallahassee (Harrelson), Columbus (Eisenberg), Wichita (Stone), and Little Rock (Breslin) make their way on an extended crosscountry road trip to find a sanctuary free from zombies. Development for Zombieland began in 2005, when Reese and Wernick originally wrote the film as a spec script for a television pilot. Fleischer helped develop the teleplay into a screenplay for a self-contained feature. Tony Gardner was hired as the film's special effects makeup designer, which primarily features physical prosthetics to create the look of the zombies. Principal photography for the film began in February 2009 and lasted until that March, with filming locations including Hollywood, Atlanta, and in and around Georgia. Some of the film's scenes contained improvisation by the actors. Zombieland premiered at Fantastic Fest in Austin on September 25, 2009, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 2, by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film received positive critical reception, with praise for its screenplay, dialogue, comedy, and cast performances (especially Murray's). It grossed $102 million worldwide, becoming the then-highest grossing zombie film in the U.S. until the release of World War Z (2013), and $54 million in home sales. A sequel, Zombieland: Double Tap, was released in October 2019. Plot Two months since a strain of mad cow disease mutated to become infectious to humans and turn them into zombies, survivors of the epidemic are advised to use their city of origin as nicknames when meeting other survivors, so as to not get too attached to them and protect themselves. Columbus, a former college student with a unique set of zombie survival rules, travels from Austin, Texas, towards Columbus, Ohio, to search for his parents. On the way, he meets Tallahassee, who somewhat reluctantly agrees to give Columbus a ride towards Ohio. On the way, he mentions to Columbus that he misses his puppy, Buck, who was killed by zombies. The pair meet con artist sisters Wichita and Little Rock, who trick Tallahassee and Columbus and steal their weapons and Escalade after Little Rock feigns being bitten by a zombie. The two men find a yellow Hummer H2 loaded with weapons and continue on before running into another trap set by the girls, who take them hostage. Tallahassee steals his gun back and has a stand-off with Wichita, until Columbus intervenes saying that they have bigger problems to worry about, resulting in an uneasy truce between them. The sisters reveal they are going to the Pacific Playland amusement park in Los Angeles, an area supposedly free of zombies. After learning his hometown has been destroyed, and his parents likely killed, Columbus and Tallahassee decide to accompany them to the amusement park. When the group reach Hollywood, Tallahassee directs them to Bill Murray's house. Tallahassee and Wichita meet Murray,","title":"Zombieland"},{"docid":"26689927","text":"John Hummer (born May 4, 1948) is an American venture capitalist and retired professional basketball player who was an original member of the Buffalo Braves after starring for the Princeton Tigers men's basketball team. He also led his high school to the 1966 Virginia State 1A championship and helped Princeton earn a 1967–68 co-Ivy League Championship as well as a 1968–69 outright Ivy League Championship. Over the course of his basketball career, he was coached by four National Basketball Hall of Fame members. In college, Hummer was a three-time All-Ivy League selection (first-team: 1969 and 1970, second team: 1968). He played for two Ivy League champion teams and served as team captain as a senior. He was a part of the first of head coach Pete Carril's thirteen Ivy League champions (1968), eleven NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament teams (1969) and three undefeated conference champions (1969). Although Hummer set no statistical records, his name continues to be ranked high in the Princeton record book by many statistical measures. He played six seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Braves, Chicago Bulls and Seattle SuperSonics. He was the 15th overall selection in the 1970 NBA draft and the first draft choice in the history of the Braves franchise. As a Braves draft choice, he was a somewhat controversial pick in a draft year with two All-American local products available. During his NBA career, he played for Hall of Famers Dolph Schayes, Bill Russell and Jack Ramsay. After his professional basketball career ended, he went to Stanford University to get an MBA in 1980. In 1989, Ann Winblad and he founded Hummer Winblad Venture Partners, a venture capital firm focusing on software companies. Amateur career Hummer attended Washington-Lee High School in Arlington, Virginia. Following in the footsteps of his brother Ed Hummer, he led W-L to the 1966 Virginia 1A state title as a high school senior. Ed had led the team to the 1962 and 1963 titles. His nephew (Ed's son Ian) was a freshman on the 2009–10 Princeton team. In Hummer's sophomore season at Princeton, the team was co-champion of the Ivy League with a 20–6 (12–3 Ivy) record. Despite the fact that Princeton had three of the five first-team All-Ivy team members, plus second-team member Hummer, they lost the one-game league playoff to the Jim McMillian-led 1968 Columbia Lions. That year the team rose to as high as 8th in the AP Poll. This was the first of thirteen Ivy League championships for head coach Pete Carril. The following season, the team accumulated a 19–7 (14–0) record and participated in the 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. They lost to St. John's in the tournament, but Hummer was joined by Geoff Petrie on the first-team All-Ivy squad. This was the first of eleven NCAA tournament appearance for Carril. It was also the first of three 14–0 conference champions for Carril. As a senior, Hummer was first-team All-Ivy, but the Tigers placed third in the conference","title":"John Hummer"},{"docid":"45565179","text":"The Robert Award for Best Visual Effects () is one of the merit awards presented by the Danish Film Academy at the annual Robert Awards ceremony. The award has been handed out since 1984, although numerous years in the 1980s and 1990s saw no honorees. Between 1984 and 2013 the award was given as the Robert Award for Best Special Effects (Robert Prisen for årets special effects), and since 2014 as the Robert Award for Best Visual Effects (Robert Prisen for årets visuelle effekter). Honorees 1980s 1984: Eg Norre – 1985: – The Element of Crime 1986: Peter Høimark and – 1987: Stig Sparre-Ulrich and Niels Arnt Torp – Barndommens gade 1988: Not awarded 1989: Not awarded 1990s 1990: Not awarded 1991: Not awarded 1992: Hummer Højmark, Morten Jacobsen and Kaj Grönberg – Europa 1993: Not awarded 1994: Not awarded 1995: Not awarded 1996: Not awarded 1997: Not awarded 1998: Not awarded 1999: Hans Peter Ludvigsen – 2000s 2000: Hummer Højmark – I Kina spiser de hunde 2001: Thomas Borch Nielsen – 2002: Hummer Højmark, Steen Lyders, and Kris Kolodziejski – 2003: Jonas Wagner, Morten Lynge, Niels Valentin Dal and Hummer Højmark – Klatretøsen 2004: Peter Hjorth – It's All About Love 2005: Daniel Silwerfeldt and Thomas Borch Nielsen – 2006: Peter Hjort, Hummer Højmark, and Lars K. Andersen – Adam's Apples 2007: Thomas Dyg – Tempelriddernes skat 2008: Hummer Højmark and Jeppe Nygaard Christensen – Island of Lost Souls 2009: Hummer Højmark, Jonas Drehn, and Thomas Busk – Flammen og Citronen 2010s 2010: Peter Hjorth and Ota Bares – Antichrist 2011: Morten Jacobsen and Thomas Foldberg – R 2012: Hummer Højmark and Peter Hjort – Melancholia 2013: Jeppe Nygaard Christensen, Esben Syberg, and Rikke Hovgaard Jørgensen – En kongelig affære 2014: Hummer Højmark, Rikke Gjerløv Hansen, Thomas Øhlenschlæger, and Jeppe Nygaard Christensen – 2015: Peter Hjorth – Nymphomaniac Director's Cut References External links 1984 establishments in Denmark Awards established in 1984 Film awards for Best Visual Effects Visual Effects","title":"Robert Award for Best Visual Effects"},{"docid":"23447417","text":"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots is an action-adventure video game based on the 2009 live action film Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. It is the Nintendo DS port of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, but follows a different storyline and focuses exclusively on the Autobots. It was developed by Vicarious Visions alongside Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons, which follows the Decepticons; the two games share some basic similarities, but overall feature different characters, missions and locations. Both games were published by Activision in June 2009, and received mixed reviews. Gameplay As with Transformers: The Game, the DS version of Revenge of the Fallen splits the Autobot and Decepticon campaigns into two different games. The two games feature 25 missions in total, and the ability to battle friends via the handheld's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Similar to Transformers Autobots, players must customize their own Transformer, known as \"Create-A-Bot\", who can be furthered customized during the game using parts found in missions. The difference between this game and its predecessors is that while scanning a vehicle to choose an alternate form, players are limited to \"light\" vehicles, which are fast but weak, \"medium\" vehicles, which are fast and strong, and \"heavy\" vehicles, which are strong but slow, and the protoform can't scan another vehicle once one has been already chosen. Another addition is that multiple weapons, armor and upgrades can be found throughout the game. Synopsis Characters Similar to the first set of Transformers games for the DS, the player gets to create their own character which they play as throughout the campaign. Many of the main Transformers from the movie appear throughout the story to aid the player, and several are available to play as in challenges. Create-A-Bot: The player character, who is depicted as a Transformer having just recently arrived on Earth and joined the Autobots, seeking to impress his superiors. Optimus Prime (voiced by Peter Cullen): The heroic, wise, and inspiring leader of the Autobots, who transforms into a Peterbilt 379 semi-truck. He is playable in the tutorial and challenge missions. Jetfire (voiced by Clive Revill): An old Transformer and former Decepticon, who defected to the Autobots. He can transform into a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Though unplayable, he is featured in a few missions in the game. Bumblebee (voiced by Mark Ryan): An Autobot recon officer and scout, who transforms into a fifth-generation Chevrolet Camaro. He is only playable in challenge missions. Ratchet (voiced by Robert Foxworth): The Autobots' medical officer, who transforms into a Search and Rescue Hummer H2. Though unplayable, he makes several appearances throughout the game, and gives the player useful hints. Ironhide (voiced by Jess Harnell): The Autobots' weapon specialist, who transforms into a GMC Topkick pickup truck. Though unplayable, he is featured in several story and challenge missions. Sideswipe: An Autobot soldier and a relatively recent addition to the team. He transforms into a Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Concept, and is only playable in challenge missions. Breakaway: An Aerialbot who can transform into a","title":"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"14395\",\n \"text\": \"Hummer (stylized in all caps) is a brand of pickups and SUVs first marketed in 1992 when AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee. Although discontinued in 2010, Hummer returned as a model under GMC in 2020. In 1998, General Motors (GM) purchased the brand name from AM General and marketed three vehicles: the original Hummer H1, based on the military Humvee, as well as the new H2 and H3 models that were based on smaller, civilian-market GM platforms. By 2008, Hummer's viability in the economic downturn was questioned. Rather than being transferred to the Motors Liquidation Company as part of the GM bankruptcy in 2009, the brand was retained by GM, to investigate its sale. No final deal was made, and in 2010, Hummer dealerships began shutting down. The nameplate returned to the marketplace for the 2022 model year, not as a separate make brand but as electric pickup truck and SUV models sold under the GMC brand as the \\\"GMC Hummer EV\\\". The pre-production versions of the EV began November 2021 after a $2.2 billion investment to build a variety of all-electric vehicles in GM's Detroit-Hamtramck assembly plant. History Origin AM General had planned to sell a civilian version of its Humvee as far back as the late 1980s. Having the same structure and most mechanical components, the civilian Hummers were finished in automotive gloss paint, adding passenger car enhancements such as air conditioning, sound insulation, upgraded upholstery, stereo systems, wood trim, and convenience packages. The civilian model began in part because of the persistence of Arnold Schwarzenegger, who saw an Army convoy while filming Kindergarten Cop in Oregon and began to campaign and lobby for a civilian version to be available on the market. In 1992, AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee vehicle to the public under the brand name \\\"Hummer\\\". The first two Hummer H1s to be sold were purchased by Schwarzenegger. GM purchase In December 1999, AM General sold the brand name to General Motors but continued to manufacture the vehicles. GM was responsible for the marketing and distribution of all civilian Hummers produced by AM General. Shortly thereafter, GM introduced two of its own design models, the H2 and H3, and renamed the original vehicle H1. AM General continued to build the H1 until it was discontinued in 2006 and was contracted by GM to produce the H2. The H3 was built in Shreveport, LA, alongside the Chevrolet Colorado and GMC Canyon pickups, with which it shared the GMT-355 platform (modified and designated GMT-345). Hummer dealership buildings featured an oversized half Quonset Hut style roof, themed to the Hummer brand's military origins. By 2006, the Hummer began to be exported and sold through importers and distributors in 33 countries. On October 10, 2006, GM began producing the Hummer H3 at its Port Elizabeth plant in South Africa for international markets. The Hummers built there at first were only left-hand drive, but right-hand drive versions were\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"895075\",\n \"text\": \"The Hummer H2 is an full-size off-road sport utility vehicle (SUV) that was marketed by Hummer and built in the AM General facility under contract from General Motors from 2002 until 2009. It is based on a modified GMT820 GM three-quarter-ton pickup truck in the front and a half-ton 1500 frame in the rear. A four-door pickup truck version with a midgate that opens the vehicle's interior to the external cargo bed was introduced for the 2005 model year as the H2 SUT (sport utility truck). Background In 2001 and 2002, GM allowed journalists to examine early versions of the Hummer H2, which were still under development at the time. The H2 was built by AM General under contract with General Motors at AM General Commercial Assembly Plant in Mishawaka, Indiana. Features Standard Standard features include air conditioning with tri-zone climate controls, tilt leather-wrapped steering wheel with radio controls, cruise control, leather upholstery, heated front and rear seats, 8-way power front seats, dual memory system, BOSE premium sound system, single-CD/cassette player and later in 2004, a 6-disc CD changer, then in 2008, a single CD-player with MP3 capability, an auxiliary input jack and DVD player, outside-temperature indicator, compass, rear radio controls, independent front torsion bar suspension, rear 5-link coil spring suspension specially created for the H2, oversized tires with wheels scripted \\\"HUMMER\\\" on, universal garage door opener and remote engine start (2008–2009). Optional Options for the H2 include adjustable rear suspension (which is included within the Adventure Package), a wide power sunroof, rearview camera, DVD entertainment system, navigation system, ladder, custom grilles, side step bars, Air compressor with road assistance kit, and 20\\\" chrome wheels (slightly different from stock wheels). 2008 updates For 2008, the Hummer H2 and H2 SUT received an update. While largely unchanged on the exterior, the H2 and H2 SUT interiors were redesigned. This included a new instrument cluster with improved gauges and Driver Information Center (DIC) based on the higher-trim GMT900 trucks/SUVs, a new leather-wrapped steering wheel, three new radios with a Bose premium audio system and auxiliary audio inputs (including a new touchscreen GPS navigation radio with DVD audio and video playback while the transmission is in the park position, and XM Nav-Traffic capabilities), a new rear seat DVD entertainment system, Bluetooth hands-free calling capabilities, enhanced voice activation, new OnStar hardware with buttons moved from the rearview mirror to the overhead console, a lower dashboard-mounted radio, new dual-zone climate controls, new rear seat audio system controls, a new dash-mounted control knob for the 4X4 system to replace the old pushbutton controls, brushed aluminum interior trim panels, new interior color options, available remote engine start, and a center dashboard-mounted analog clock. Also for 2008, a new 6.2 L V8 gasoline engine replaced the previous 6.0 L, with a new 6L80-E six-speed automatic transmission, replacing the 4L65-E four-speed automatic. Hummer launched a special 2009 Black Chrome Limited Edition featuring a new paint color, Sedona Metallic. All Black Chrome editions also had Sedona interior, black chrome accents\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer H2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12249136\",\n \"text\": \"Unique Whips is an American reality television show that aired on the now-defunct Speed network from 2005 to 2008. It premiered on February 8, 2005, The show follows the work of Unique Autosports, based in Long Island, New York, as they customize celebrity automobiles. It was created and Produced by Steve Hillebrand and Corey Damsker of Hollywood East. The customization generally consists of car stereo, wheels, custom paint and interior work. Celebrities whose cars were featured on the show include P. Diddy, DJ Pauly D, Jeff Gordon, Tony Stewart, Pam Anderson, Patti LaBelle, 50 Cent, LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Marcus Camby, Fat Joe, and Tom Wolfe. Spinoffs and related works Unique Autosports: Miami ran on the Spike network for one season. On 2 February 2016, a sequel television series featuring Unique Autosports, Unique Rides, premiered on Discovery's Velocity (now Motor Trend) channel. The first episode featured Castro modifying a Cadillac Escalade for Jason Derulo. The series ran for 3 seasons. Celebrity rides P. Diddy - 2 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited B-Real – 2007 Nissan Pathfinder, 2007 Nissan Armada Pharrell Williams - 1998 Nissan Maxima, 1993 Toyota Supra, 1994 BMW 3 Series 1988 Hyundai Excel Sedan LeBron James - 2003 Hummer H2, Ferrari F430 Orlando Brown - 1996 Chevrolet Impala SS, 2007 Ford F-650 50 Cent - 2007 Lamborghini Murcielago Roadster, 2006 Rolls-Royce Phantom, 2005 Chrysler 300C, 2008 Pontiac G8 Chi-Ali - 2004 Nissan Altima, 2009 Chevrolet Impala, 1995 Ford Mustang Coupe, 2003 Hummer H2, 2000 Toyota Camry, 1997 Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition Lloyd Banks - 1972 Chevrolet Impala, 2006 Bentley Continental, Bulletproof SUV, 2003 Hummer H2 KRS-One - Chevrolet Monte Carlo Stock Car Jadakiss - 2004 Range Rover, 2005 Chevrolet Corvette, 2004 Mercedes-Benz S-Class, 2005 Cadillac XLR, GMC Yukon Denali, 2003 Cadillac Escalade, 1997 Chevrolet Tahoe Fat Joe - 2005 Bentley Continental Dewayne Robertson - Dodge Charger SRT8, Land Rover Range Rover, Cadillac Escalade, Hummer H2 Al Harrington - 2007 Cadillac Escalade, Bentley Continental GT Busta Rhymes - Rolls-Royce Phantom, 1997 Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition, Lamborghini Diablo, 1988 Chevrolet Caprice Queen Latifah - Lamborghini Murcielago, 1984 Cadillac Hearse, 1973 Chevrolet Impala Convertible Mike McGlone - 2006 Chevrolet Impala, 1995 Cadillac Fleetwood Carmelo Anthony - Lincoln Continental Timbaland - 2002 Porsche Cayenne Charles Barkley - Ferrari 458 Spider, Jaguar XJ220, Hummer H1, Aston Martin Vanquish, Lamborghini Gallardo Tony Yayo - 2003 Hummer H2, Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class Young Buck - 2003 BMW 760li The Game - 2003 Cadillac Escalade Jerricho Cotchery - Bentley Continental Flying Spur Gary Sheffield - Cadillac Escalade Marcus Camby - Hummer H2, Corvette Marcus Banks - Land Rover Range Rover, BMW 745i Byron Leftwich - 1967 Lincoln Continental Convertible Jason Giambi - Cadillac Escalade Nelly - Bentley Continental GT Ruben Sierra - Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition truck GZA - Dodge Magnum Patti LaBelle - Mercedes Benz CLS 55 Barry Gardner - Mercedes Benz CLS 55 Wyclef Jean - 1994 BMW 5-Series, 1988 Chevrolet Caprice Sedan, 1992 Honda Civic Sedan Jennifer Capriati - 2005 Range Rover Robinson Cano\",\n \"title\": \"Unique Whips\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4531530\",\n \"text\": \"Hummer is a sub-brand and then-division of General Motors. Hummer may also refer to: Vehicles Humvee, a military vehicle Hummer H1, a civilian version of the Humvee Hummer H2, other vehicle of the Hummer brand Hummer H3, other vehicle of the Hummer brand Harley-Davidson Hummer, a motorcycle E-2 Hawkeye, an aircraft Music The Hummer, a 2006 album by Devin Townsend \\\"Hummer\\\" (Foals song), a 2007 single Hummer, another name for the Corrugaphone A song by Smashing Pumpkins on the album Siamese Dream Other meanings Hummer (surname) Hummingbird, a bird Hummer (cocktail), a boozy milkshake made with vodka Hummer (1997 video game), a 1990s Sega arcade video game Hummer (2009 video game), a 2009 Sega arcade game A person or thing that hums A slang term for fellatio See also Hammer (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1633865\",\n \"text\": \"The Hummer H3 is an off-road vehicle that was produced from 2005 to 2010 by General Motors. The smallest model of the Hummer lineup, it was offered as a 5-door SUV or a 4-door pickup truck known as the H3T. Unlike the larger H1 and H2 models, the H3 was not developed by AM General. It was introduced for the 2006 model year, based on a modified GMT355 that underpinned the Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon compact pickup trucks that were also built at GM's Shreveport Operations in Shreveport, Louisiana and the Port Elizabeth plant in South Africa. While mechanically related to the Colorado and Canyon, GM claims they share only 10% of their components, with the chassis modified and reinforced for heavy off-road duties. Powertrains The H3 was launched with a 3.5 liter straight-5 cylinder L52 engine that produced and of torque and was mated to a standard five-speed Aisin AR5 manual transmission or an optional Hydra-Matic 4L60-E four-speed automatic transmission. In 2007 this engine was replaced by the 3.7 liter LLR that produced and of torque, figures that were revised in 2009 to and . Under revised EPA testing standards when equipped with either transmission this straight-5 engine achieved in the city and on the highway with a combined average of . Available solely with the 4L60-E automatic transmission, a 5.3 liter LH8 V8 engine producing and of torque was added in 2008 for the Alpha model. The V8 version had lower fuel economy, estimated at in the city, on the highway, with a combined average of . In 2007, a H3X edition was added. It included the luxury package, 18-inch chrome wheels with unique center caps, chrome trim, chrome tube steps, a body-colored grille and a hard tire cover. The H3X also came with exclusive colors of Sonoma Red Metallic or Desert Orange Metallic. Capabilities The H3 featured a two-speed, electronically controlled full-time four-wheel drive system that made it for both on-road and off-road driving. An electronic locking rear differential was optional, with a locking front differential also becoming an option on later models. Like the Hummer H2, the H3 can ford of water (tested in depths up to ) at a speed of and of water at a speed of . Standard ground clearance with the 31-inch tires was while the approach, departure, and breakover angles were 37.4°, 34.7°, and 22.1° respectively, allowing the H3 to scale a vertical wall and negotiate grades of 60% and side slopes of 40%. Front and rear recovery hooks were standard, with an optional trailer hitch and wiring harness. The H3 features a traction control that can use the brakes independently to stop wheelspin and improve traction while adjusting to road conditions. It is also equipped with Stabilitrak stability control and ABS with variable brake force distribution assist. The optional Adventure or Off Road package included 33-inch tires, off-road shocks, differential lockers and 4:1 low range gearing. These upgrades increased ground clearance, suspension articulation, approach and departure angles, and increased the H3's\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer H3\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1507664\",\n \"text\": \"GMT (General Motors Truck) is a nomenclature used by General Motors to designate multiple vehicle platforms. In use since the early 1980s, the GMT nomenclature is used for light trucks, full-size SUVs, and vans, along with several medium-duty trucks. With only a few exceptions, nearly all GMT vehicles use body-on-frame construction, along with rear-wheel drive (or all-wheel drive) powertrain configurations. Primary applications Primary applications of the platform – those that are equivalent in basic RWD/frame structure to each other – existed from 1981 to 1989, and again since 2018. Light trucks and SUVs Pickups and SUVs have been the main vehicles underpinned by GMT platforms, being involved for the entirety of the platform's existence. Fullsize GMT400 – Chevrolet C/K and variants, 1988 – 2002 GMT800 – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 1999 – 2007 GMT900 – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2007 – 2014 GMTK2XX – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2014 – 2019 GMTT1XX – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2019–present Midsize GMT325 – Chevrolet S-10 and truck rebadgings, 1982 – 2012 GMT330 – Chevrolet S-10 Blazer and SUV rebadgings, 1983 – 2012 GMT355 – First-gen. Chevrolet Colorado and truck rebadgings, 2004 – 2012 GMT360 – Chevrolet TrailBlazer and rebadgings, 2002 – 2009 GMT700, later GMT31XX – Second-gen. Chevrolet Colorado, 2012–present GMT700, later GMT31XX – Second-gen. Chevrolet TrailBlazer SUV, 2012–present Hummer In contrast to the Hummer H1–designed and assembled by AM General, the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3 were developed by GM, receiving their own platform designations. Designated the GMT825, the H2 was derived from the GMT820 (Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon), with its own midsection frame design and a rear frame shared with the 2500-series GMT800 pickup trucks. The H3 SUV was designated the GMT345, a close variant of the GMT355 (Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon). The 2009-2010 H3T pickup truck was designated as the GMT745, adopting a nomenclature closer in line with the GMT700 used by the later second-generation Colorado/Canyon. Vans The 1996 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana replaced the previous G-series Van/Vandura, adopting the GMT600 designation. As part of a model update and revision for 2003, GM changed the Express/Savana to GMT610, which remains in use, the model line competes with the Ford Transit, and Ford E-Series (dependent on configuration), Mercedes-Benz/Freightliner Sprinter, Dodge Ram Wagon, and the Ram ProMaster (cargo van only). Medium trucks For 1990, the Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC TopKick medium-duty trucks adopted the GMT530 designation (sharing the cab of the GMT400 trucks). For 2003, the line was redesigned, becoming the GMT560 platform (sharing a version of the GMT610 cab). After the 2009 model year, General Motors ended medium-duty truck production. Since 2018, a medium-duty version of the GMTK2XX has been produced in a joint venture with Navistar International. Other applications While the aforementioned platforms are the ones model commonly referred to as GMT platforms, there have been other instances of the name being applied which are not for RWD and/or body-on-frame vehicles. MPVs For 1990, GM unveiled its first minivans, all of which were underpinned by the first generation of the U platform. This platform\",\n \"title\": \"General Motors GMT platform\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"177390\",\n \"text\": \"AM General is an American heavy vehicle and contract automotive manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana. It is best known for the civilian Hummer and the military Humvee that are assembled in Mishawaka, Indiana. For a relatively brief period, 1974–1979, the company also manufactured transit buses, making more than 5,400 of them. Corporate history AM General traces its roots to the Standard Wheel Company of Terre Haute, Indiana, which expanded in 1903 to include the Overland Automotive Division. In 1908, John North Willys purchased the Overland company, then based in Indianapolis, Indiana, and renamed it Willys-Overland Motors. In the 1940s, as Willys, it collaborated with Ford to develop a vehicle to US Army specifications. It then mass-produced that vehicle as \\\"America's first four-wheel-drive, one-fourth-ton, tactical utility truck\\\"—the Jeep of World War II fame. In 1953, Kaiser Motors purchased Willys-Overland, changing its name first to Kaiser-Willys Motor Company, and in 1963, to Kaiser-Jeep Corporation. In 1970, it was purchased by American Motors Corporation (AMC). In July 2020, KPS Capital Partners acquired the company. Defense and Government Products Division In 1964, Kaiser-Jeep purchased the Studebaker facilities on Chippewa Avenue in South Bend, Indiana, which included Studebaker's \\\"General Products Division\\\", along with its substantial defense contracts. At the time, Kaiser had been awarded a US$87 million Army truck contract, and under government pressure, agreed to perform the work at the South Bend plant it had recently acquired from Studebaker. American Motors American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased the Jeep Corporation from Kaiser in 1970 when Kaiser decided to leave the auto business. In 1971, AMC made the General Products Division of Jeep (producing military trucks as well as contract and non-commercial vehicles) a wholly owned subsidiary and renamed it AM General Corporation. American Motors ceased to function as an independent automaker in 1982 when a controlling interest was purchased by Renault. US government regulations at that time forbade ownership of defense contractors by foreign governments—and Renault was partially owned by the French government. LTV Corporation In 1983, LTV Corporation bought AM General and established it as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1984, its headquarters moved from the American Motors AMTEK Building in Detroit, Michigan, to Livonia, Michigan, and two years later to South Bend, Indiana, where primary manufacturing operations were located. Renco Group In 1992, AM General was sold to Renco Group, which in 2002 converted it to a limited liability company. Hummer brand In 1984 AM General built a separate factory at 13200 McKinley Hwy in Mishawaka for HMMWV production. In 1992 AM General began marketing the HMMWV to the civilian market under the Hummer brand. In 1999, GM acquired the rights to the brand and continued production of the original civilian Hummer as the H1 until June 2006. The Hummer H2 went on the market in 2002, and was produced until January 2009. It was designed and marketed by GM, but manufactured by AM General at the Mishawaka plant. AM General did not build the H3 model. GM was sued early in\",\n \"title\": \"AM General\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1693069\",\n \"text\": \"H2, H02, or H-2 may refer to: Arts and media Armenia 2 (H2), a private television company broadcasting in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh H2 (A&E Networks), the rebranded name of the former channel History International H2 (American TV channel), the American version of the channel H2 (manga), a baseball manga by Mitsuru Adachi Halo 2, a video game for the Xbox, created and developed by Bungie Halloween II (2009 film), initially abbreviated to H2 Hollywood Squares, referred to as H2 informally during the 2002–2004 seasons Computing , level 2 heading markup for HTML Web pages, see HTML element#heading H2 (database), an open-source Java SQL database-management system DSC-H2, a 2006 Sony Cyber-shot H series camera HTTP/2, major revision of HTTP, often abbreviated in discussions as h2, and identifying itself to other servers as h2 in TLS negotiation or h2c in the HTTP Upgrade header LGA 1155 CPU socket, also known as Socket H2 Roads and transportation Interstate H-2, a highway in Hawaii, located on the island of Oahu London Buses route H2 Science and mathematics Biology and medicine ATC code H02 Corticosteroids for systemic use, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System British NVC community H2, a heath community in the British National Vegetation Classification system Histamine H2 receptor Prostaglandin H2 H-2, the Major histocompatibility complex of the mouse (equivalent of the Human Leukocyte Antigens) or , wide- or narrow-sense heritability Chemistry H2, the chemical formula for hydrogen gas (dihydrogen) Deuterium (Hydrogen-2, H-2, 2H), the isotope of hydrogen with one proton, one neutron, and one electron Other uses in science and mathematics H II region, a region of interstellar atomic hydrogen that is ionized , one of the three laryngeals in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language The Hardy space H2 Vehicles Air and space H-II, a family of Japanese liquid-fueled rockets H-IIA H-IIB H-II Transfer Vehicle, a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency uncrewed spacecraft H-2 MUPSOW, a precision-guided glide bomb manufactured by Pakistan Landgraf H-2, an American single-seat twin-rotor helicopter produced in 1944 Standard H-2, a U.S. Army reconnaissance plane produced in 1916 Automobiles Haval H2, a Chinese subcompact SUV Hummer H2, an American full-size SUV Motorcycles Kawasaki H2 Mach IV, 1970s two-stroke motorcycle Kawasaki Ninja H2, 2010s supercharged motorcycle Rail LB&SCR H2 class, a British LB&SCR locomotive GNR Class H2, a class of British steam locomotives LNER Class H2, a class of British steam locomotives H02 locomotive (Germany), a high-pressure steam locomotive made in 1930 Saxon XII H2, a German steam locomotive produced in 1922 PRR H2, a model within the American PRR locomotive classification H2, designation for METRORail Siemens S70 light rail vehicles Sea HMAS Success (H02), a Royal Australian Navy Admiralty S-class destroyer completed in 1918 HMS Exmouth (H02), a British Royal Navy E-class destroyer commissioned in 1934 HMS H2, a British Royal Navy H class submarine commissioned in 1915 USS H-2 (SS-29), a U.S. Navy H-class submarine commissioned in 1913 Other uses H-2 Air Base, a military air base in Iraq H2 (classification), a para-cycling classification H-2A Visa,\",\n \"title\": \"H2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23291693\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Riverside\\\" is a house song released by Dutch DJ Sidney Samson. The \\\"Riverside, motherfucker!\\\" proclamation is the voice of Tupac Shakur sampled from the film Juice (playtime 1:10:25). The song is often censored during prime time, to avoid causing offence. A vocal mix has been made featuring Wizard Sleeve, released in the UK on 4 January 2010. The song name has been changed to \\\"Riverside (Let's Go!)\\\". Many British radio stations, including BBC Radio 1, added \\\"Riverside\\\" to their playlists, and as such the single received a high amount of radio play throughout December 2009 and January 2010, in preparation for the single's release. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 2 on 10 January 2010. In January 2018, Samson collaborated with Tujamo to release a new version of the song titled \\\"Riverside (Reloaded)\\\". Later in the same year, Samson also partnered with Oliver Heldens to release another remake titled \\\"Riverside 2099\\\". Music video Released May 2009, the music video features two children who have been hired by 'The Godfather' to collect a package of lollipops from two women. After delivering the goods two lollipops short, 'The Godfather' chases the younger child through the streets, as one of the children sticks 'Riverside' stickers onto various items and eventually slaps a sticker on Sidney himself. The video ends with 'The Godfather' being hit by a Hummer H2. It was filmed on location in Arnhem, the Netherlands. This is visible as there is a fire hose marked 'brandslang' during the indoor chase scene, the cars have Dutch license plates and the clip shows a Dutch Police officer. Finally, at some point in the video clip, the chase takes place on the platform of train station Arnhem Presikhaaf. An additional music video has been made for the Wizard Sleeve version, which was directed by James Copeman. It features on screen painting of people and models walking with paintbrushes. Wizard Sleeve and Sidney Samson are seen holding pictures and then the camera goes into that picture to reveal the model walking with Sidney Samson rapping in a painting behind her. It later has scenes with him and another model rapping. Track listing \\\"Riverside\\\" (Explicit Edit) – 3:24 \\\"Riverside\\\" (Afrojack Remix) – 5:31 \\\"Riverside\\\" (Warren Clarke Remix) – 6:54 \\\"Riverside (Let's Go!)\\\" (Dirty Extended Vocal Mix) – 5:09 \\\"Riverside (Let's Go!)\\\" (Breakage Remix) – 4:11 Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts Original version Remix featuring Wizard Sleeve Certifications Release history References 2009 songs 2009 singles 2010 singles Data Records singles Number-one singles in Scotland\",\n \"title\": \"Riverside (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38164675\",\n \"text\": \"Ian MacDonald Hummer (born August 23, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for Osaka Evessa of the Japanese B.League. He has previously played professionally in countries such as Turkey, Russia, France (Monaco), Germany and Finland. He is from Vienna, Virginia and played college basketball for the Princeton Tigers. He was the 2009 The Washington Post Boys basketball Player of the Year for Gonzaga College High School as a senior in high school and the 2013 Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year as a senior in college for Princeton. At Princeton, he is the second leading scorer (behind Bill Bradley) and fifth leading rebounder in program history. He led the team to three postseason tournaments and the 2010–11 Ivy League Championship. He holds the Ivy League record for most single-season and career Player of the Week Awards. He earned Associated Press 2013 All-American honorable mention recognition. Both his father, Ed, and uncle, John, are distinguished former Princeton Tigers men's basketball players. His 2008 Gonzaga team won the District of Columbia championships throughout his junior year. Background Hummer played for Gonzaga College High School of the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference (WCAC). He joined the starting lineup for the final two months of his sophomore season. Hummer was a second team 2007–08 All-Metro DC selection by The Washington Post as Gonzaga finished as the top-ranked school in the Metro area during his junior year. The team's point guard was sophomore Tyler Thornton. Hummer scored 16 points and added 14 rebounds in the 2008 city championship game victory against Theodore Roosevelt High School. He was a 2008–09 All-Metro DC selection and Boys basketball Player of the Year by The Washington Post. Hummer scored a career-high 32 points and added 15 rebounds against DeMatha Catholic High School on January 21, 2009. His performance earned him recognition by ESPN RISE as its ESPN RISE National Boys Basketball Player of the Week. The team's success over #15-ranked Dematha propelled it from 43 to 13 in the national rankings. However, Gonzaga lost the 2009 WCAC championship by a 62–61 margin on a last second shot to DeMatha despite 18 points and 10 rebounds by Hummer. Hummer was selected to play in the 2009 Capital Classic. Hummer was a back to the basket player who generally defended opposing high school centers. He had an underdeveloped face-up game yet he was undersized to play that style of game in power conferences. Power conference schools questioned how much potential he had in a league where his low post skills would likely be defended by larger, stronger and/or more athletic players who relegated him to perimeter play. When Princeton head coach Sydney Johnson recruited him, the only competition was mid-major schools and Hummer was not interested in any of them. During his campus visit with his father at his brother Alex's (Princeton Class of 2011) dorm room, he decided at midnight to go hang out at Dan Mavraides room across campus, signalling to his father that he was pretty\",\n \"title\": \"Ian Hummer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9927380\",\n \"text\": \"Rod Hall (born — died June 14, 2019) was an American professional off-road racer. He was inducted in the Off-road Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2005. He has spent his entire adult life around four-wheel-drive vehicles. He competed in fifty straight Baja 1000 races and had class wins in 25 of them. At his death, he had the most desert off-road race wins. Racing career His racing career began in the 1960s, when organized off-road competition was just beginning. Traveling from his Hemet, California, home to races in the Rocky Mountains and desert Southwest, Hall quickly earned a reputation for going faster than other competitors – and surviving races with less vehicle damage. He won the 1964 Afton Canyon Jeep Junket near Riverside, California, in what may have been one of the first organized off-road races in the United States. As the popularity of organized off-road racing mushroomed in the late-1960s, so did Hall's success behind the wheel. In 1967 he won the inaugural NORRA Mexican 1000 Rally (the race now known as the SCORE International Baja 1000). He won the overall Baja 1000 race in 1969. As of 2016, Hall was the only racer to have competed in every Baja 1000 in a four-wheeled vehicle. He raced in the first fifty Baja 1000 races with his final start in 2017 when he was nearly 80 years old. Hall remains the only driver to win Baja overall in a four-wheel-drive vehicle. He has accumulated over 160 major event wins and more than a dozen SCORE/HDRA & Best in the Desert (BitD) championship titles. His string of 35 consecutive race wins in the early 1980s remains the longest unbroken string of race victories in off-road racing history. Hummer Hall switched to Hummer in 1993. In addition to being the owner of Team HUMMER, Hall is partner with Mike Winkel in Reno's Rod Hall/Winkel HUMMER. His franchise was the first stand-alone Hummer dealership in the country. Hall regularly conducted BF Goodrich tire seminars, HUMMER Happenings for dealerships and corporate excursions in HUMMER vehicles. Hall is the driver of the new Hummer H3 SUV race truck, which debuted in the 2005 BitD “Vegas to Reno” competition and helped Hall earn his record 18th Baja 1000 victory in November 2005. Hall retired the Hummer race team from full race series action in 2009, but continues to field a Hummer entry at the Baja 1000. Hall captured his record-breaking 19th, 20th and 21st Baja 1000 class wins in his H3 in 2007, 2009 & 2012. Hall switched to helping to train drivers though his Rod Hall DRIVE program. The Rod Hall DRIVE off-road driving school was located at the Wild West Motorsports Park in Reno, Nevada. Driving style On a SCORE video, Hall described his driving style, \\\"I was never a fast guy, and I was never the first guy to the first checkpoint. But I did learn that you don’t go any slower than you have to in the rough stuff, maybe you can\",\n \"title\": \"Rod Hall (racer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21835208\",\n \"text\": \"Zombieland is a 2009 American post-apocalyptic zombie comedy film directed by Ruben Fleischer (in his theatrical debut) and written by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick. It stars Woody Harrelson, Jesse Eisenberg, Emma Stone, Abigail Breslin, and Bill Murray. In the film, Tallahassee (Harrelson), Columbus (Eisenberg), Wichita (Stone), and Little Rock (Breslin) make their way on an extended crosscountry road trip to find a sanctuary free from zombies. Development for Zombieland began in 2005, when Reese and Wernick originally wrote the film as a spec script for a television pilot. Fleischer helped develop the teleplay into a screenplay for a self-contained feature. Tony Gardner was hired as the film's special effects makeup designer, which primarily features physical prosthetics to create the look of the zombies. Principal photography for the film began in February 2009 and lasted until that March, with filming locations including Hollywood, Atlanta, and in and around Georgia. Some of the film's scenes contained improvisation by the actors. Zombieland premiered at Fantastic Fest in Austin on September 25, 2009, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 2, by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film received positive critical reception, with praise for its screenplay, dialogue, comedy, and cast performances (especially Murray's). It grossed $102 million worldwide, becoming the then-highest grossing zombie film in the U.S. until the release of World War Z (2013), and $54 million in home sales. A sequel, Zombieland: Double Tap, was released in October 2019. Plot Two months since a strain of mad cow disease mutated to become infectious to humans and turn them into zombies, survivors of the epidemic are advised to use their city of origin as nicknames when meeting other survivors, so as to not get too attached to them and protect themselves. Columbus, a former college student with a unique set of zombie survival rules, travels from Austin, Texas, towards Columbus, Ohio, to search for his parents. On the way, he meets Tallahassee, who somewhat reluctantly agrees to give Columbus a ride towards Ohio. On the way, he mentions to Columbus that he misses his puppy, Buck, who was killed by zombies. The pair meet con artist sisters Wichita and Little Rock, who trick Tallahassee and Columbus and steal their weapons and Escalade after Little Rock feigns being bitten by a zombie. The two men find a yellow Hummer H2 loaded with weapons and continue on before running into another trap set by the girls, who take them hostage. Tallahassee steals his gun back and has a stand-off with Wichita, until Columbus intervenes saying that they have bigger problems to worry about, resulting in an uneasy truce between them. The sisters reveal they are going to the Pacific Playland amusement park in Los Angeles, an area supposedly free of zombies. After learning his hometown has been destroyed, and his parents likely killed, Columbus and Tallahassee decide to accompany them to the amusement park. When the group reach Hollywood, Tallahassee directs them to Bill Murray's house. Tallahassee and Wichita meet Murray,\",\n \"title\": \"Zombieland\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26689927\",\n \"text\": \"John Hummer (born May 4, 1948) is an American venture capitalist and retired professional basketball player who was an original member of the Buffalo Braves after starring for the Princeton Tigers men's basketball team. He also led his high school to the 1966 Virginia State 1A championship and helped Princeton earn a 1967–68 co-Ivy League Championship as well as a 1968–69 outright Ivy League Championship. Over the course of his basketball career, he was coached by four National Basketball Hall of Fame members. In college, Hummer was a three-time All-Ivy League selection (first-team: 1969 and 1970, second team: 1968). He played for two Ivy League champion teams and served as team captain as a senior. He was a part of the first of head coach Pete Carril's thirteen Ivy League champions (1968), eleven NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament teams (1969) and three undefeated conference champions (1969). Although Hummer set no statistical records, his name continues to be ranked high in the Princeton record book by many statistical measures. He played six seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Braves, Chicago Bulls and Seattle SuperSonics. He was the 15th overall selection in the 1970 NBA draft and the first draft choice in the history of the Braves franchise. As a Braves draft choice, he was a somewhat controversial pick in a draft year with two All-American local products available. During his NBA career, he played for Hall of Famers Dolph Schayes, Bill Russell and Jack Ramsay. After his professional basketball career ended, he went to Stanford University to get an MBA in 1980. In 1989, Ann Winblad and he founded Hummer Winblad Venture Partners, a venture capital firm focusing on software companies. Amateur career Hummer attended Washington-Lee High School in Arlington, Virginia. Following in the footsteps of his brother Ed Hummer, he led W-L to the 1966 Virginia 1A state title as a high school senior. Ed had led the team to the 1962 and 1963 titles. His nephew (Ed's son Ian) was a freshman on the 2009–10 Princeton team. In Hummer's sophomore season at Princeton, the team was co-champion of the Ivy League with a 20–6 (12–3 Ivy) record. Despite the fact that Princeton had three of the five first-team All-Ivy team members, plus second-team member Hummer, they lost the one-game league playoff to the Jim McMillian-led 1968 Columbia Lions. That year the team rose to as high as 8th in the AP Poll. This was the first of thirteen Ivy League championships for head coach Pete Carril. The following season, the team accumulated a 19–7 (14–0) record and participated in the 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. They lost to St. John's in the tournament, but Hummer was joined by Geoff Petrie on the first-team All-Ivy squad. This was the first of eleven NCAA tournament appearance for Carril. It was also the first of three 14–0 conference champions for Carril. As a senior, Hummer was first-team All-Ivy, but the Tigers placed third in the conference\",\n \"title\": \"John Hummer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45565179\",\n \"text\": \"The Robert Award for Best Visual Effects () is one of the merit awards presented by the Danish Film Academy at the annual Robert Awards ceremony. The award has been handed out since 1984, although numerous years in the 1980s and 1990s saw no honorees. Between 1984 and 2013 the award was given as the Robert Award for Best Special Effects (Robert Prisen for årets special effects), and since 2014 as the Robert Award for Best Visual Effects (Robert Prisen for årets visuelle effekter). Honorees 1980s 1984: Eg Norre – 1985: – The Element of Crime 1986: Peter Høimark and – 1987: Stig Sparre-Ulrich and Niels Arnt Torp – Barndommens gade 1988: Not awarded 1989: Not awarded 1990s 1990: Not awarded 1991: Not awarded 1992: Hummer Højmark, Morten Jacobsen and Kaj Grönberg – Europa 1993: Not awarded 1994: Not awarded 1995: Not awarded 1996: Not awarded 1997: Not awarded 1998: Not awarded 1999: Hans Peter Ludvigsen – 2000s 2000: Hummer Højmark – I Kina spiser de hunde 2001: Thomas Borch Nielsen – 2002: Hummer Højmark, Steen Lyders, and Kris Kolodziejski – 2003: Jonas Wagner, Morten Lynge, Niels Valentin Dal and Hummer Højmark – Klatretøsen 2004: Peter Hjorth – It's All About Love 2005: Daniel Silwerfeldt and Thomas Borch Nielsen – 2006: Peter Hjort, Hummer Højmark, and Lars K. Andersen – Adam's Apples 2007: Thomas Dyg – Tempelriddernes skat 2008: Hummer Højmark and Jeppe Nygaard Christensen – Island of Lost Souls 2009: Hummer Højmark, Jonas Drehn, and Thomas Busk – Flammen og Citronen 2010s 2010: Peter Hjorth and Ota Bares – Antichrist 2011: Morten Jacobsen and Thomas Foldberg – R 2012: Hummer Højmark and Peter Hjort – Melancholia 2013: Jeppe Nygaard Christensen, Esben Syberg, and Rikke Hovgaard Jørgensen – En kongelig affære 2014: Hummer Højmark, Rikke Gjerløv Hansen, Thomas Øhlenschlæger, and Jeppe Nygaard Christensen – 2015: Peter Hjorth – Nymphomaniac Director's Cut References External links 1984 establishments in Denmark Awards established in 1984 Film awards for Best Visual Effects Visual Effects\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Award for Best Visual Effects\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23447417\",\n \"text\": \"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots is an action-adventure video game based on the 2009 live action film Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. It is the Nintendo DS port of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, but follows a different storyline and focuses exclusively on the Autobots. It was developed by Vicarious Visions alongside Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons, which follows the Decepticons; the two games share some basic similarities, but overall feature different characters, missions and locations. Both games were published by Activision in June 2009, and received mixed reviews. Gameplay As with Transformers: The Game, the DS version of Revenge of the Fallen splits the Autobot and Decepticon campaigns into two different games. The two games feature 25 missions in total, and the ability to battle friends via the handheld's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Similar to Transformers Autobots, players must customize their own Transformer, known as \\\"Create-A-Bot\\\", who can be furthered customized during the game using parts found in missions. The difference between this game and its predecessors is that while scanning a vehicle to choose an alternate form, players are limited to \\\"light\\\" vehicles, which are fast but weak, \\\"medium\\\" vehicles, which are fast and strong, and \\\"heavy\\\" vehicles, which are strong but slow, and the protoform can't scan another vehicle once one has been already chosen. Another addition is that multiple weapons, armor and upgrades can be found throughout the game. Synopsis Characters Similar to the first set of Transformers games for the DS, the player gets to create their own character which they play as throughout the campaign. Many of the main Transformers from the movie appear throughout the story to aid the player, and several are available to play as in challenges. Create-A-Bot: The player character, who is depicted as a Transformer having just recently arrived on Earth and joined the Autobots, seeking to impress his superiors. Optimus Prime (voiced by Peter Cullen): The heroic, wise, and inspiring leader of the Autobots, who transforms into a Peterbilt 379 semi-truck. He is playable in the tutorial and challenge missions. Jetfire (voiced by Clive Revill): An old Transformer and former Decepticon, who defected to the Autobots. He can transform into a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Though unplayable, he is featured in a few missions in the game. Bumblebee (voiced by Mark Ryan): An Autobot recon officer and scout, who transforms into a fifth-generation Chevrolet Camaro. He is only playable in challenge missions. Ratchet (voiced by Robert Foxworth): The Autobots' medical officer, who transforms into a Search and Rescue Hummer H2. Though unplayable, he makes several appearances throughout the game, and gives the player useful hints. Ironhide (voiced by Jess Harnell): The Autobots' weapon specialist, who transforms into a GMC Topkick pickup truck. Though unplayable, he is featured in several story and challenge missions. Sideswipe: An Autobot soldier and a relatively recent addition to the team. He transforms into a Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Concept, and is only playable in challenge missions. Breakaway: An Aerialbot who can transform into a\",\n \"title\": \"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"18913191","text":"Craig B. Hummer (born May 20, 1965) is an American sportscaster. He is best known for his coverage of the Tour de France, Olympic Games, and Professional Bull Riders (PBR) events. Hummer is a former competitive ocean swimmer and lifeguard. Hummer won 39 national championship titles, including 7 years as International Ironman. Early life and education Hummer was born in Akron, Ohio on May 20, 1965. He was a swimmer at Thomas Worthington High School, where he swam All-American times in three events. Hummer received an academic scholarship to attend Kenyon College, and earned 17 All-American titles in the school's NCAA Division III program. He went on to become a surf racer. Career Swimming After graduation, Hummer applied to be a Los Angeles County lifeguard. In 1987, he won his first national title at a lifeguard competition in Hawaii. In 1988, Hummer made the US team that traveled to the World Championships in Australia. In 1989, Hummer was the U.S. Ocean Ironman Champion for the first time. He has been the U.S. Ocean Ironman Champion seven times. starting in 1989. In 1990, he participated in a single race for the Uncle Toby's Super Series, which was held in Hawaii, and was invited to compete in the series in Australia. In 1990 he won the three-day United States Lifesaving Association (USLA). That year, he went to Australia to participate in Uncle Toby's Super Series where top ranked lifeguards travel the continent competing. Hummer was the first American invited to participate in this event. He competed annually in Australia for four years, and was voted Most Improved in 1993. In his last year participating in Uncle Toby's Super Series, he took 9th place. He won the USLA championship again in 1991, and in 1992, he won 7 events at the U.S. Lifesaving Association National Championships, and 8 events in 1993. Hummer won six consecutive series title in the Bud Light Ocean Festival Series. Hummer finished second in the Outrigger's Waikiki King's Race, part of Outrigger Hotel's Hawaiian OceanFest, in 1991. He won the competition the next four consecutive years. He also won the U.S. Surf Lifesaving Championship six times. Hummer was emcee of the National Lifeguard Championships in 1996. In 1997, Hummer hosted the Wakiki King's race and was a commentator on the Fox Sports' Association of Volleyball Professionals series. He also commentated the Oceanman World Tour. He has appeared on Family Feud with the Los Angeles County Lifeguards. Hummer has also done ads for Gatorade, Carl's Jr, Ford, and Dr. Pepper. Hummer has also appeared on Baywatch, Late Show with David Letterman, The Golden Girls. and NBC's Today Show. Broadcasting Hummer has commentated on over 40 different sports. Hummer first pursued a broadcasting career in 1996. He briefly worked for TVG Network, a horse racing network. Hummer became part of the Universal Sports Network when it was still the World Championship Sports Network. In 2003, he worked on the series Global Extremes for OLN. The Global Extremes finale followed a group","title":"Craig Hummer"},{"docid":"26728952","text":"The 1968–69 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team represented the Princeton University in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1968–69 NCAA University Division men's basketball season. The head coach was Pete Carril and the team captain was Christopher Thomforde. The team played its home games in the Dillon Gymnasium on the university campus before the January 25, 1969, opening of Jadwin Gymnasium on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey. The team was the champion of the Ivy League, which earned them an invitation to the 25-team 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. The team was Princeton's first undefeated Ivy League champion, and earned Carril his first of eleven NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament invitations. The team helped Princeton end the decade with a 72.6 winning percentage (188–71), which was the tenth best in the nation. During the regular season, the team played a few of the teams that would eventually participate in the 25-team NCAA tournament: they opened their season against the and later played two of the eventual final four participants (the UCLA Bruins and North Carolina Tar Heels) in the ECAC Holiday Classic at Madison Square Garden in New York City in late December 1968. The team posted a 19–7 overall record and a 14–0 conference record. The team entered the tournament riding an eleven-game winning streak and having won fifteen of their last sixteen games, but they lost their March 8, 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament East Regional first-round game against the St. John's Redmen 72–63 at Reynolds Coliseum in Raleigh, North Carolina. Both John Hummer and Geoff Petrie were selected to the All-Ivy League first team. Petrie, who led the conference in scoring with a 23.9 average in conference games, was also an All-East selection. Thomforde was selected in the 1969 NBA draft by the New York Knicks with the 96th overall selection in the 7th round. Hummer led the conference in field goal percentage with 55.4%. Petrie and Hummer would become the only Tiger teammates to both be drafted in the first round of the NBA draft (in the same draft no less) when they were selected eighth and fifteenth overall in the 1970 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers and the Buffalo Braves. The two were part of a trio of 1970 NBA first-round draftees from the Ivy League that included number thirteen selection Jim McMillian of Columbia. Hummer was the first NBA draft pick by the expansion Buffalo Braves. Petrie would share the 1971 NBA Rookie of the Year Award with Dave Cowens. Brian Taylor was selected in the 1972 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 23rd overall selection in the second round while Reggie Bird was selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the 55th overall selection in the fourth round. Schedule and results The team posted a 19–7 (14–0 Ivy League) record. |- !colspan=9 style=| Regular season |- !colspan=9 style=| NCAA tournament NCAA tournament The team lost in the first round of the 1969 NCAA Division","title":"1968–69 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team"},{"docid":"977047","text":"H2S was the first airborne, ground scanning radar system. It was developed for the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command during World War II to identify targets on the ground for night and all-weather bombing. This allowed attacks outside the range of the various radio navigation aids like Gee or Oboe, which were limited to about of range from various base stations. It was also widely used as a general navigation system, allowing landmarks to be identified at long range. In March 1941, experiments with an early airborne interception radar based on the 9.1 cm wavelength, (3 GHz) cavity magnetron revealed that different objects have very different radar signatures; water, open land and built-up areas of cities and towns all produced distinct returns. In January 1942, a new team was set up to combine the magnetron with a new scanning antenna and plan-position indicator display. The prototype's first use in April confirmed that a map of the area below the aircraft could be produced using radar. The first systems went into service in early 1943 as the H2S Mk. I and H2S Mk. II, as well as ASV Mark III. On its second operational mission on 2/3 February 1943, an H2S was captured almost intact by German forces, and a second unit a week later. Combined with intelligence gathered from the surviving crew, they learned it was a mapping system and were able to determine its method of operation. When they pieced one together from parts and saw the display of Berlin, near panic broke out in the Luftwaffe. This led to the introduction of the FuG 350 Naxos radar detector in late 1943, which enabled Luftwaffe night fighters to home on the transmissions of H2S. The British learned of Naxos and a great debate ensued over the use of H2S. Later calculations showed that losses after the introduction of Naxos were actually less than before it, and use continued. After it was found the resolution of the early sets was too low to be useful over large cities like Berlin, in 1943 work started on a version operating in the X band at 3 cm (10 GHz), the H2S Mk. III. Almost simultaneously, its American equivalent was introduced as the H2X in October of that year. A wide variety of slightly different Mk. III's were produced before the Mk. IIIG was selected as the late-war standard. Development continued through the late-war Mk. IV to the 1950s era Mk. IX that equipped the V bomber fleet and the English Electric Canberra. In the V-force, Mk. IXA was tied into both the bombsight and navigation system to provide a complete long-range Navigation and Bombing System (NBS). In this form, H2S was last used operationally during the Falklands War in 1982 on the Avro Vulcan. Some H2S Mk. IX units remained in service on the Handley Page Victor aircraft until 1993, providing fifty years of service. Etymology of \"H2S\" The radar was originally called \"BN\" (Blind Navigation), but it quickly became \"H2S\". The","title":"H2S (radar)"},{"docid":"61481901","text":"Harunur Rashid (born 1 January 1962) is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the incumbent Jatiya Sangsad member from the Chapai Nawabganj-3 constituency since January 2019. Career Rashid was elected to Jatiya Sangsad from Chapai Nawabganj-3 in the June 1996 Bangladeshi general election as a candidate of Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He had received 77,929 votes while his nearest rival, Latifur Rahman of Awami League, had received 47,048 votes. Rashid was re-elected to the same position in the 2001 Bangladeshi general election. He had received 85,489 votes while the same rival, Latifur Rahman of Awami League, had received 60,460 votes. Rashid contested the 2008 Bangladeshi general election from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as the Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate but lost to Abdul Odud of Awami League. He received 76,178 votes while the winner received 112,753 votes. Latifur Rahman of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami also campaigned against him. In November 2011, Rashid participated in a human chain protesting erosion at the Chapainawabganj Press Club. Rashid boycotted the 2014 election as per decision of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Abdul Odud of Awami League was elected to parliament uncontested from Chapai Nawabganj-3. Rashid was elected to parliament from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate on 30 December 2018. He had received 133,661 votes while Abdul Odul of Awami League and his nearest rival received 85,938 votes. He took the oath of office 90 days after the mandated time following instructions of Tarique Rahman. The four Bangladesh Nationalist Party members of parliament initially refused to join parliament as they had deemed the election unfair. Rashid in parliament asked the speaker to create a committee to investigate the large number of cases filed against Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians. Charges and convictions Assistant director Monayem Hossain of the Anti-Corruption Commission filed a case against Rashid for tax fraud in March 2007 with Tejgaon police station and then pressed charge in July. Rashid had imported a Hummer H2 on 25 April 2005 without paying tax as per his privilege as a member of parliament but later sold the to Ishtiak Sadek, violating the rules of the duty free facility, who sold it to Enayetur Rahman Bappi. The car, imported under duty free privilege, cannot be sold under less than years of being purchased. Rapid Action Battalion-2, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Akbar Hossain, had spotted the Hummer in Panthapath and asked the men to come to their camp where they were detained. In October 2019, Judge Shaikh Nazmul Alam of the Dhaka court sentenced Rashid to five years’ imprisonment for dodging taxes while importing a luxurious car in 2007 and fined him five million taka. It also sent his co-accused former managing director of NTV and Channel 9, Enayetur Rahman Bappi, to two years imprisonment. His other co-accused proprietor of Sky Autos, Ishtiak Sadek, sentenced to jail for three years. A week later, the High Court granted him six months’ bail in the case. Justices Obaidul Hassan and AKM Zahirul Huq asked the government to explain why Rashid's parliamentary membership","title":"Harunur Rashid (Chapai Nawabganj politician)"},{"docid":"12746521","text":"CNW Marketing Research, Inc. (CNWMR), known primarily as an automotive marketing research company, was a private company founded in 1984. It operated separate research offices covering the automotive, computer, electronics, housing, and personal investment industries, as well as a research office covering political issues. CNW was a reclusive firm and has been the subject of some controversy (see below), with subscribers in nine countries including government agencies, Wall Street brokerage houses and financial institutions. Major clients included Gannett Newspapers, Time Inc., Meredith Publishing (Better Homes et al.) as well as a long list of corporate clients. The CNW stands for Coastal Northwest, a consumer magazine founded by Stephanie Yanez Spinella and husband Art Spinella, which was published for only one test issue. Beginning as Coastal Northwest Publishing Company in 1983, according to Art Spinella, it became CNW Marketing/Research in 1984. The slash was dropped with the advent of the internet, making its name CNW Marketing Research, Inc. As of February 2015, after the death of co-founder Art Spinella, the company has closed its doors, according to a statement from Stephanie Yanez Spinella on the main CNW site. CNWMR performed research into consumer motivations and decisions in automotive purchases, and reports a variety of data related to market forecasting. The company's website states that its research and data publications are provided to more than 10,000 subscribers in print and on-line formats, with annual subscription prices list as beginning at $400. It publishes a monthly Retail Automotive Summary periodical, Home and Shelter Update newsletters, Purchase Path studies, sales forecasting and other industry analyses. Current leasing and other trends are tracked regularly through data gleaned from insurance companies, providing a unique data view used by the automotive industry, industry analysts and government agencies. Key personnel Art Spinella was named automotive division president or company president in 2001, 2002, or 2003, according to various accounts, after serving as vice president and general manager since 1992. Often misattributed as the president in articles from 1992 through 2000, he was described as an auto leasing newsletter editor and director of automotive research at the company prior to 1992. Stephanie Yanez is currently listed as the CEO, previously identified as president of CNWMR in 1995, until as recently as 2003. Offices The company's website lists only a Bandon, Oregon P.O. Box as an address, and its \"call centers, data center, and field offices are off limits\" to clients and other visitors. Controversy CNWMR's publication \"From Dust to Dust\" states that for the 2005 model year a Hummer H2 or H3 (but not the H1) is more efficient in terms of cost per lifetime mile than a Prius. While a Prius is one-third the weight of a Hummer and gets between four and six times better fuel economy, CNWMR argued the Hummer vehicles are built using less costly technology and are driven more over their lifetime. CNWMR calculates most expenses occur during construction and disposal, not during operation. Additionally, their efficiencies are based on Priuses lasting fifteen years","title":"CNW Marketing Research"},{"docid":"15623467","text":"Armando Carpio Sanchez (June 15, 1952 – April 27, 2010) was a Filipino politician. He is a former two-term mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas and one-term governor of the Province of Batangas. During his term as governor, he was also the treasurer of the League of Provinces of the Philippines. Political career Mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas During the 1998 elections, he ran for mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas, which he subsequently won. Batangas Governorship After two terms as mayor of Sto. Tomas, he decided to run as Batangas Governor. He ran as the Liberal Party official candidate during the 2004 elections. His opponents included former Justice Secretary Hernando Perez, former Board Member Dennis Hernandez and former Nasugbu Mayor Rosario Apacible. One of his projects during his term was the beautification of Batangas Capitol Grounds. He facilitated the relocation of national government agencies and squatters who occupied a portion of the Capitol Grounds. During his governorship, allegations of corruption surfaced. On May 30, 2005, Batangas ombudsman and graft investigator Guillermo Gamo was gunned down in Batangas City on his way to the capitol. At the time, Gamo was investigating what he described as multimillion-peso anomalous deals and projects at the capitol. On April 13, 2015, Melinda “Mei” Magsino, a journalist of the Philippine Daily Inquirer until 2005 who covered corruption and illegal gambling (\"jueteng\") issues in Batangas, was also shot dead. Records from the National Union of Journalists in the Philippines (NUJP) showed that Magsino reported “threats” to her life sometime in 2005, during which she exposed alleged corruption and illegal gambling activities of late Batangas Governor Armando Sanchez. Assassination attempt He survived an assassination attempt on June 1, 2006, when he was able to get out of his Hummer H2 that exploded while boarding it inside the Batangas Capitol Grounds. His driver and bodyguard were killed during the explosion. 2007 Elections During the 2007 elections, he opted to run for re-election as governor. He was the official candidate of Kampi, a pro-administration party. He faced Lipa City Mayor Vilma Santos-Recto who was the official candidate of Lakas CMD, another pro-administration party. Since two pro-administration candidates were battling it out for the governorship of Batangas, administration officials opted to declare the Province of Batangas a \"free-zone\". Santos-Recto is the wife of then Senator Ralph Recto who was running for re-election as part of the pro-administration Team Unity. Since Sanchez was a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, governors threatened to junk the candidacy of Recto as senator. Sanchez lost to Santos-Recto by more than 100,000 votes. 2010 Elections and death Sanchez, once again ran for the gubernatorial position with Edwin Ermita, who was the defeated running mate of Santos-Recto in 2007, as his running mate. Sanchez was rushed to the Mary Mediatrix Medical Center in Lipa City on April 26, 2010, after collapsing during a campaign and was placed inside an intensive care unit. Sanchez suffered a stroke due to fatigue, decreased sugar levels and severe hypertension,","title":"Armando Sanchez"},{"docid":"51885439","text":"Mohammad Akbar Hossain is a retired lieutenant general in the Bangladesh Army and former commandant of National Defence College. Career Hossain is the former general officer commanding of 9th Infantry Division and commander of Savar area. He previously served as Director General of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. He also served as Director of Counter Intelligence Bureau of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. He previously Commanded a Artillery Brigade and a Air Defence Artillery Brigade. He was an artillery officer who was commissioned in the 13th BMA long course on 20 December 1985 from Bangladesh Military Academy. Under him a new monogram of DGFI was designed. On October 2005, Akbar was posted to 2nd Rapid Action Battalion as commanding officer. On February 2007 the battalion surveillance team had spotted a Hummer in Panthapath and asked the owners to come to their camp where they were detained. Assistant director Monayem Hossain of the Anti-Corruption Commission filed a case against Harunur Rashid for tax fraud in March 2007 with Tejgaon police station and then pressed charge in July. Harunur Rashid had imported a Hummer H2 on 25 April 2005 without paying tax as per his privilege as a member of parliament but later sold the to Ishtiak Sadek, violating the rules of the duty free facility, who sold it to Enayetur Rahman Bappi. A vehicle imported duty free using such a privilege may not be resold within three years of its importation. Hossain became the 1st Colonel Commandant of the Remount Veterinary and Farm Corps in December 2020. References Living people Bangladeshi military personnel Bangladesh Army generals Bangladeshi generals Directors General of the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence 1965 births","title":"Mohammad Akbar Hossain"},{"docid":"847342","text":"Sut is a demon in Islam. SUT may refer to: H2 SUT, a model of Hummer H2 Shaanxi University of Technology, China Sharif University of Technology, Iran Shenyang University of Technology, China Society for Underwater Technology Solar updraft tower, a solar power plant Sport Utility Truck Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand System under test in software testing IATA airport code for Sumbawanga Airport London Underground station code for Sudbury Town tube station, England Sutherland, historic county in Scotland, Chapman code TV Shizuoka, a Japanese commercial broadcaster","title":"SUT"},{"docid":"1307965","text":"Need for Speed: Underground 2 is a 2004 racing video game developed by EA Black Box and published by Electronic Arts. It is the eighth installment in the Need for Speed series and the direct sequel to Need for Speed: Underground. It was developed for Microsoft Windows, GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions were developed by Pocketeers, and a PlayStation Portable version, titled Need for Speed: Underground Rivals, was developed by Team Fusion. Another version for mobile phones was also developed. Like its predecessor, it was also commercially successful, selling around 11 million copies worldwide and breaking sales records in the United Kingdom. The game entails tuning cars for street races, resuming the Need for Speed: Underground storyline. Need for Speed: Underground 2 provides several new features, such as broader customization, new methods of selecting races, set in a city known as Bayview. The game stars Brooke Burke as the voice of Rachel Teller, who guides the player throughout the game. The game's storyline is presented in a comic book strip. The Nintendo DS port introduces a new feature in which the player can design custom decals to adorn any vehicle in the game. Plot The story takes place after the initial events of Underground, shortly after the player beats Eddie and his street racing gang The Eastsiders in Olympic City, along with Melissa. Revered as the best street racer in Olympic City, the player wins a race while driving a blue Nissan Skyline GT-R and promptly receives a call from an unidentified individual with an \"invitation\" to join his team, followed by a threat explicitly disclaiming that he is not \"taking no for an answer\". Angered, the player immediately hangs up the call and drives to a celebratory party; while talking to Samantha on the phone, they are blinded and ambushed by a Hummer H2 from a dark alley, which rams and wrecks their Skyline. A man with a scythe tattoo on his hand calls to confirm that he \"took care of a problem\". Six months later, the player boards a plane to Bayview with a good luck note from Samantha, referring to her friend Rachel Teller, as well as being given a car key bearing the name 'Rachel'. The player arrives in Bayview and is contacted by Rachel, who has left them her Nissan 350Z at the airport car lot, asking to meet at a car dealership; the player can ignore these instructions and race in three events and outruns before Rachel calls demanding her car back, after which no more races will spawn. At the dealership, he buys his first car using the money provided by their insurance company over the totaled Nissan Skyline, and begins to race again. Rachel becomes the key contact within Bayview. She explains the layout of Bayview street racing scene, introducing the sponsorship mechanics, the Underground Racing League (URL) and actively aids the player afterwards by giving them tips on driving, secret shops, important events and","title":"Need for Speed: Underground 2"},{"docid":"48753513","text":"A doppelgänger brand image is a parody logo or narrative intended to highlight ethical issues regarding the product advertised. They are commonly associated with the brand's lack of authenticity, and most are created as a form of individual protest, either posted digitally on social media, or displayed as physical graffiti. A 2012 study concluded that doppelgänger brand images were able to negatively affect sales, because they created a perception of mistrust in the minds of the customers. A 2006 study concluded that, Doppelgänger has an impact on emotional brand image of a brand. In a 2006 paper, Craig J. Thompson, Aric Rindfleisch and Zeynep Arsel suggest that doppelgänger brand images are a sign that \"an emotional-branding story is beginning to lose its cultural resonance\", and can be useful as a warning symptom. Examples The \"Joe Chemo\" campaign, an internet campaign created by an organization called Adbusters, criticized the product message of Camel cigarettes, and emphasized the harmful effects of smoking, by depicting the company's camel mascot as \"a camel who wishes he'd never smoked cigarettes\". In this doppelganger image the confident, cool and popular Joe Camel is replaced by this sick, depressed and lonely Joe Chemo. Shortly after this doppelganger campaign began, Joe Camel was withdrawn from the market. McDonald's is often criticized because of its harmful effects on human health. To illustrate its negative effect, the McDonald's logo was redesigned as \"McDiabetes\". For this DBI, there is a long running hashtag on Twitter. In 2015, a designer reinterpreted the Pepsi logo to represent a corpulent man. The intention was to emphasize the direct relation between consumption of sweetened soft drinks and obesity. After General Motors launched the Hummer H2 in the mid-2000s, a creative viral Internet campaign called \"FUH2\" began. This campaign concentrated not only on the brand itself, but also on its owners who were portrayed as savages who cared about style more than the environment. During Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, comedian John Oliver satirised Trump's \"Make America Great Again\" slogan with the parody \"Make Donald Drumpf Again\", referring to Trump's alleged ancestral surname. Nike's logo and slogan (\"Just do it\") appear in several images either altered or adjusted, often highlighting the company's use of sweat shop labor. Following the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, several satirical logos reflecting a negative image were born out of a contest sponsored by Greenpeace. The South Butt was an attempt to commercialize a parody of The North Face's brand. The Indian Premier League major cricket sporting event was severely criticized as Indian Puppet League, after revelations came out in 2015 regarding the match fixing and mis-governance issues associated with it. This negative portrayal of brand affected the events popularity and the credibility of associated players. The Board of Control for Cricket in India was also severely affected. Walmart has several anti-branding doppelganger initiatives aimed against it. A spoof of the Apple logo that shows a worm coming out of the bitten apple and the words","title":"Doppelgänger brand image"},{"docid":"11258440","text":"Hummer Winblad Venture Partners (HWVP) is an American software and web focused venture capital firm based in San Francisco, California. Its founders include John Hummer and Ann Winblad. The firm was an early investor in Napster, the first popular file sharing service, and in several internet firms that failed during the dot-com bubble. History First decade (1989–1999) Ann Winblad started Hummer Winblad Venture Partners with former professional basketball player John Hummer after selling her company Open Systems and serving as a consultant to Microsoft, Apple Computer, and IBM. The company originally focused on raising money from pension funds and investing in software companies. In 1999 Bill Gates invested in the company's venture fund. In her book The Kingmakers, reporter Karen Southwick wrote that Hummer Winblad Venture Partners \"may not be among the super tier of VC firms, but it certainly gets just about as much publicity.\" Napster and the dot-com bubble (2000–2014) In 2000 Hummer Winblad led a US$15 million round of funding for Napster while the internet company was being sued by the Recording Industry Association of America. The Economist noted that this investment was unusual for a company that previously had been \"notably more risk-averse than most Silicon Valley rivals towards Internet investments.\" In 2001 several of the company's investments ended in company bankruptcies or closures, including Pets.com, Homes.com, eHow, and Rival Networks. In 2006 Hummer Winblad Venture Partners settled a lawsuit brought by EMI Group and Universal Music Group after Napster's bankruptcy. Rebranding as HWVP (2015–) In 2015 Hummer Winblad Venture Partners rebranded as HWVP. The next year, for the first time, it raised a fund without Ann Winblad or John Hummer listed among the general partners. , its investments include Ace Metrix and NuoDB. References External links Financial services companies established in 1989 Venture capital firms of the United States Companies based in San Francisco American companies established in 1989 1989 establishments in California","title":"Hummer Winblad Venture Partners"},{"docid":"43793484","text":"The Kawasaki Ninja H2 is a supercharged four-stroke supersport-class motorcycle in the Ninja sports bike series manufactured by Kawasaki, featuring a variable-speed centrifugal supercharger. Its namesake is the 750 cc Kawasaki H2 Mach IV, an inline triple that was introduced by Kawasaki in 1972 to \"disrupt what it saw as a sleeping motorcycle market\". Its Ninja H2R track-only variant is the fastest and most powerful production motorcycle on the market, producing a maximum of and with ram-air. The H2R has 50% more power than the fastest street-legal motorcycles, while the street-legal Ninja H2 has a lower power output of – with ram-air. Design Kawasaki selected the literbike platform for its top-of-the-line Ninja H2 model, rather than continuing with the higher-displacement Ninja ZX-14 hyperbike. Cycle World's Kevin Cameron explained that the literbike class is \"the center of the high-performance market\", attracting the best development in racing, with the best chassis and suspension design, so it made sense for Kawasaki to create a machine that could leverage this. The H2 is the first production motorcycle with a supercharger, although turbochargers were available on some models in the early 1980s. Specifications in the infobox are from Kawasaki unless noted. Production The street-legal Ninja H2 has mirrors in place of the track-only H2R's winglets, and plastic body panels in place of the H2R's carbon-fiber panels but there is the H2 carbon version that has them in carbon. The street-legal H2 is said to make , probably with reduced supercharger boost compared to the H2R. The H2 and H2R share the supercharger (with a lower boost level on the H2) and many other components, with the exception of the head gasket, cam profile and timing with ECU mapping, exhaust system, and clutch (the H2R's clutch has two additional plates). For 2017, Kawasaki made a limited-edition model with 120 units produced globally: the individually-numbered Kawasaki Ninja H2 Carbon with special paint and carbon-fiber upper cowl. For 2017, the standard Ninja H2 was also updated. For 2018, Kawasaki made a new sport touring version of the H2, the , with a claimed wet weight of . Features that are options on the base model H2 SX come standard on the Kawasaki H2 SX SE, which has a claimed wet weight of . It has revised throttle bodies, camshafts, crankshaft, pistons, cylinder and cylinder head as well as a new exhaust system aimed at increasing mid range torque. The intake system and supercharger impeller were also redesigned. A new larger fuel tank, rear trellis subframe and panniers increase the bike's weight by . For 2019, the H2 received an update with 15% more power from updates to the intake, spark plugs, ECU, and air filter, among other components. Also added was a new LED lighting scheme and a special top coat of paint that is claimed to be self-healing and able to smooth over small scratches in warmer conditions. Also new were lighter and smaller Brembo Stylema calipers, a new TFT dash, and smartphone connectivity that provides information","title":"Kawasaki Ninja H2"},{"docid":"2674653","text":"\"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\" is a song by American rapper Khia, released in April 2002 as the lead single from her debut studio album, Thug Misses. Owing to its sexually explicit lyrics, an edited version of the song was released to mainstream radio. The song reached number 42 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It also reached number four in the United Kingdom two years later and number 12 in Australia. Lyrically, “My Neck, My Back (Lick It)” is about a woman searching for and pursuing a man at a club, demanding that he perform sexual acts on her, including licking her clitoris and anus, and encouraging other women to do the same. Background and meaning The lyrics contain detailed, explicit descriptions of both cunnilingus and anilingus, so a heavily edited version was used for radio broadcasting and the official music video. Khia later stated in a 2002 interview for MTV News concerning the song's big success: \"I guess the world is just nasty and freaky like that […] It's not even my favorite song, and I was kind of surprised that's the song that everybody jumped on. … That song is just nothing compared to my other music. It's like, 'That's what the world is about today,' so hey, it works for me.\" In 2018, NPR ranked the song as #184 for their The 200 Greatest Songs By 21st Century Women list, saying: \"'My Neck, My Back' is the most enduring erotic pleasure procedural of this era, and rightfully so. Underscoring the dirty in Dirty South, Khia raps simple demands as to where she wants to be licked (short version: 'all over'), with explicit suggestions towards technique that span two dedicated verses. It's a delightfully nasty club classic where a woman's pleasure is presented as a debt owed her.\" Recording and composition \"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\" is a dirty rap song, and India Mae Alby of Keakie.com described it as a \"low beat Club song\". The song is noted for its chorus, in which Khia raps \"My neck, my back, lick my pussy and my crack\". The song was written by Khia herself and Edward Meriwether. During a studio session, Khia recorded \"My Neck, My Back\" at Grooveland Studios in Clearwater, Florida. Music video Background The music video was directed by Diane Martel, and was released during the spring of 2002. In the United Kingdom, a different video was used, which did not feature Khia, instead depicting a group of bikini-clad models washing a Hummer H2 in a seductive manner while lip-synching the words to the song. Synopsis The music video begins with Khia dancing in a half-bikini dress at a party in front of various people full of arcade games. It later shows scenes of Khia at a pool receiving a massage by a dreadheaded man. Khia is also seen dancing at a barbecue. There are also scenes showing Khia in a house wearing a polka-dot shirt and heels surrounded by men. Khia can","title":"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)"},{"docid":"64339286","text":"The Crosstown Line, designated Routes H2 and H4, is a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Brookland–CUA station and Tenleytown–AU station of the Red Line of the Washington Metro. The line operates every 24 minutes between 7AM and 9PM, and 20 - 40 minutes after 9PM at a combined frequency of 12 minutes during the day and, 20 minutes during the late nights. Trips roughly take 48 minutes to complete. Background Routes H2 and H4 operate as part of the Crosstown Line between Brookland–CUA station and Tenleytown–AU station. Routes H2 and H4 serve the hospital complex along 1st Street. The line splits after serving Columbia Heights station. Route H2 mainly operates along Adams Mill Road, Connecticut Avenue, Van Ness Street, and Veazey Street. While Route H4 mainly operates along Mount Pleasant Street, Park Road, Porter Street, and Wisconsin Avenue. Both routes connect Brookland and Tenleytown stations by bus without having to take the Red Line. Routes H2 and H4 currently operate out of Bladensburg division with some select weekday trips operating out of Western division. H2 stops H4 stops History Routes H2 and H4 originally operated under streetcars by the Capital Traction Company. The line was then made into buses in the 1920s. Routes H2 and H4 operated between Fort Lincoln and Westmoreland Circle connecting Tenleytown, Forest Hills, Cleveland Park, Mount Pleasant, Columbia Heights, Rock Creek Park, Brookland along Yuma Street, Massachusetts Avenue, Wisconsin Avenue, Porter Street NW (H4), Van Ness/Veazey Street NW (H2), Connecticut Avenue (H2), Columbia Road NW, Irving Street NW, Michigan Avenue NW/NE, Franklin Street NE, and 14th Street NE. It mostly provides service in outer DC without having to enter Downtown. The line was later acquired by DC Transit in 1956 and later diverted to serve the Washington Hospital Complexes along 1st Street. It later became a Metrobus route in 1973. On February 19, 1978, after Brookland–CUA station opened, routes H2 and H4 were diverted off Monroe Street to serve the new station. This gives residents access to the Red Line on its route. No route changes were made during its route. On August 25, 1984, routes H2 and H4 were rerouted off Tenley Circle to serve Tenleytown–AU station in the middle of its route when it opened. No route changes were made on the route. On September 18, 1999, after Columbia Heights station opened a series of changes were made to the H2 and H4. Routes H2 was shorten to terminate at Van Ness–UDC station and route H4 was shorten to terminate at Tenleytown–AU station. Service to Westmoreland Circle and along Yuma Street was replaced by a new route N8 which will operate between Van Ness and Wesley Heights. This was due to resident complaint along Yuma Street and Tenleytown over H2 and H4 buses making loud noises along Yuma street causing noise pollution and damage to homes. The new N8 solves the noise complaint problem by using smaller and quieter 30 ft buses. Routes H2 and H4 were","title":"Crosstown Line (Washington, D.C.)"},{"docid":"10565411","text":"Foals (stylised in all caps) are a British rock band formed in Oxford in 2005. The band's current line-up consists of Greek-born lead vocalist and guitarist Yannis Philippakis, drummer and percussionist Jack Bevan, rhythm guitarist Jimmy Smith and bassist Walter Gervers. They are currently signed to Warner Records, and have released seven studio albums to date: Antidotes (2008), Total Life Forever (2010), Holy Fire (2013), What Went Down (2015), and Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 & 2 (2019) and their most recent, Life Is Yours (2022). They have also released one video album, six extended plays and thirty-five singles. The band have toured internationally for over a decade, and have featured at many festivals including Glastonbury, Coachella, and Roskilde. They have won a number of awards, including best live act at the 2013 Q Awards while producers Alan Moulder and Flood were awarded 'UK Producer of the Year' for their work on the album Holy Fire. The band's studio albums Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 and 2 were released March and October 2019, respectively, with the latter becoming the group's first album to top the UK Album Chart. History 2005–2006: Formation The lead singer of the band Youthmovies, Andrew Mears, originally formed the band Foals. He was present on the band's debut 7\" single, \"Try This on Your Piano/Look at My Furrows of Worry\", but left shortly afterwards to concentrate on Youthmovies's debut album, Good Nature. Jack Bevan, Lina Simon and Yannis Philippakis were originally in cult math rock band the Edmund Fitzgerald. The group disbanded, claiming that things had become \"too serious\" and that they wanted to have more \"fun making their music\". Walter Gervers and Jimmy Smith were part of a small Oxford band called Face Meets Grill. They met at and formed the band from members of Abingdon School, the same school that Radiohead attended. They played gigs in and around Oxford, and recorded an EP in Hull. After playing Truck Festival in 2004 they separated to follow different paths and careers. Guitarist Jimmy Smith is the only one of the band members to have completed his degree, at Hull University, each of the other band members quit their respective universities when the band signed to Transgressive Records. 2007–2008: Antidotes In early 2007, the band released the limited edition 7\" singles \"Hummer\" and \"Mathletics\", both produced by Gareth Parton. \"Hummer\" later featured on the Channel Four teen drama Skins. Philippakis described this period as 'the music was almost a premeditated mix of blending techno and minimalism [and] we'd set ourselves these rules, like 'only staccato rhythms', and 'guitars must be played really high'. In the summer of 2007, Foals began working on their debut album in New York. It was produced by Dave Sitek of TV on the Radio. However, the band decided to mix the album themselves, stating that Sitek made the first master copy of the album sound like \"it was recorded in the Grand Canyon\". Philippakis","title":"Foals (band)"},{"docid":"59749306","text":"H2 (or History2) is a brand name owned by A&E Networks (a joint venture between the Hearst Communications and the Walt Disney Television division of The Walt Disney Company), used for a sister television channel of History. The brand was debuted in September 2011 when History International in the United States was relaunched as H2. The brand was expanded outside the U.S. since then. H2 in the United States was relaunched on February 29, 2016 as Viceland, but the H2 brand is still used for sister channels to History in other markets. A&E Networks began rebranding the remaining versions of H2 as History2, starting with Latin American version on January 1, 2019. On November 6, 2018, concerning Disney's proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox, the European Commission required Disney to sell A&E's television operations in Europe, which include the versions of H2 in the area. North America The H2 brand was introduced in the United States, when History International was re-branded as such on September 26, 2011, with its programming was refocused to feature documentary content from its sister network History, prior to that network's shift towards more reality programming. The American channel was subsequently replaced by Viceland on February 29, 2016. Canada On August 27, 2012, Shaw Media, relaunched the male-focused Category A digital channel, The Cave as a domestic Canadian version of H2. Latin America In 2014, a Latin American version of H2 was launched under the ownership of A+E Networks Latin America (a joint venture between A+E Networks and Ole Communications) and distributed by Ole Distribution. On January 1, 2019, H2 was re-branded as History2. Europe Croatia: The Croatian version of H2 was launched on 1 February 2018 on Hrvatski Telekom's MaxTV. Poland: The Polish version of H2 was launched on 28 October 2014. On 6 February 2019, the channel was rebranded as History2. Serbia: On 12 April 2015, the Serbian version of H2 was launched to Orion TV customers. It was also made available to MTS TV customers in May of that year. United Kingdom and Ireland: On 4 May 2013, the local version of Military History was re-branded as H2. It launched on TalkTalk on August 28, 2014, and a few months later on BT TV. An HD version launched on Virgin Media on 1 December 2015, and later on BT TV in October 2016. On February 6, 2019, this version was re-branded again as History2. On May 27, 2020, to coincide with the launches of Sky Documentaries and Sky Nature, History and History2 rebranded to Sky History and Sky History2, respectively, in the UK and Ireland. MENA In the Middle East and North Africa, the regional version of H2 is available on OSN since 1 February 2016. Asia In Southeast Asia, A+E Networks launched a regional version of H2 on 14 June 2013. After 9 years of broadcasting, H2 Asia ceased broadcasting on 1 October 2022. See also List of programs broadcast by History (TV channel) References A&E Networks Television channels in North Macedonia","title":"H2 (A&E Networks)"},{"docid":"4680235","text":"Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE) is an American automotive engineering company specializing in high-performance automobile modifications, specifically engines and induction systems. Now headquartered in Brighton, Michigan the company was founded by and named for NHRA driver John Lingenfelter in Decatur, IN. Over the decades since its founding, LPE has been creating high-performance versions of many GM vehicles, such as the F-Bodies (Camaro, Firebird), B Bodies (Impala SS, Caprice, Roadmaster, Fleetwood), Corvette, CTS-V, GTO, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Escalade, Denali, SSR, Hummer H2, and Sierra. Furthermore, it has also created performance enhancement packages for the Dodge Viper and Plymouth Prowler. In January 1998, MotorTrend tested a Chevrolet Tahoe modified and tuned by Lingenfelter, powered by a 396 (6.5L) cubic inch Chevrolet V8 and achieved a 5.1-second 0-60 time as well as a 0.9g lateral acceleration figure. The SUV completed the quarter mile in 13.8 seconds at 96 mph. These numbers matched the performance figures of a base model C4 Corvette and GMC Syclones/Typhoons of that era. Motor Trend also tested an LPE-built Impala SS that had the same performance numbers as the last generation M5 (0-60 4.7 sec) due to its bored and stroked LT-1 (displacement rose to 383 in3 and horsepower rose to 425). Another LPE vehicle was featured in the June 1996 issue of Car and Driver: A special C4 Corvette with a 427.6 in3 engine that attained a top speed of 212 mph (ca. 341 km/h) . LPE's 2001 Corvette 427 twin-turbo with 800 rear-wheel horsepower accomplished a 0-60 mph acceleration in 1.97 seconds. Another LPE vehicle that the company developed and marketed to customers which has been one of their most powerful vehicles offered to date was a 2006 twin-turbo Corvette Z06 with 1,109 rear wheel horsepower. In 2014, they expanded operations. The current owner of Lingenfelter Performance Engineering is Ken Lingenfelter. References External links Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Automotive companies of the United States Companies based in Indiana","title":"Lingenfelter Performance Engineering"},{"docid":"1303680","text":"Wayne Kent Cherry (born 1937) is an American car designer educated at Art Center College of Design and employed by General Motors from 1962 through 2004, retiring as Vice President of Design. Cherry worked for General Motors in the United States from 1962 until 1965, when he moved to the United Kingdom to take a position with General Motors' Vauxhall Motors subsidiary, becoming Design Director at Vauxhall in 1975. In 1983 General Motors consolidated all European passenger car design under Cherry and made him Design Director at General Motors' Adam Opel AG subsidiary. Cherry returned to the United States in 1991 and in 1992 became General Motors Vice President of Design. Cherry retired from General Motors in 2004. Cherry was one of twenty-five nominees for the 1999 Car Designer of the Century. Education In the 1950s, Cherry read an article about the Art Center College of Design and wrote to the college, asking how to become a car designer. The college replied, telling Cherry to submit a portfolio. Cherry submitted a portfolio that included sketches of cars and engines, and was accepted to the college. Cherry graduated with a bachelor's degree in industrial and transportation design in early 1962. Career Cherry joined General Motors in 1962 after graduating from the Art Center College of Design, initially working at General Motors in the US as an Associate Creative Designer. Cherry was a member of the team that designed the original Chevrolet Camaro/Pontiac Firebird and the team that designed the 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado. In 1965, Cherry transferred to General Motors' United Kingdom-based Vauxhall Motors subsidiary. His first project was in 1965 under Assistant Director of Design Leo Pruneau working on the Vauxhall XVR concept car. became Assistant Design Director at Vauxhall in 1970. In that same year, the Vauxhall SRV concept car was shown. Under Cherry, General Motors released the redesigned 1973 Vauxhall Firenza with its aerodynamic \"droopsnoot\". Cherry became the Design Director for Vauxhall in 1975. In 1983, General Motors consolidated the design activities of its Vauxhall and Opel subsidiaries. As part of the consolidation plan, Cherry became Design Director at General Motors' Rüsselsheim, Germany-based Adam Opel AG subsidiary and became responsible for overall design of passenger cars in Europe. During his time at Opel, Cherry supervised the design of the Astra, Corsa, Calibra, Tigra, among many others. Cherry returned to the United States in 1991 to direct the design studios of General Motors' Chevrolet and Geo divisions. In 1992 Cherry became Vice President of Design for General Motors worldwide, one of seven to have held the position, including Harley Earl, Bill Mitchell, Irv Rybicki, Chuck Jordan, Ed Welburn and Michael Simcoe. While Cherry Vice President of Design, he oversaw the designs of the Pontiac Solstice, Cadillac Sixteen concept car, Hummer H2, Chevrolet SSR and many other vehicles, including the Cadillac CTS introduced in 2002. Cherry retired from General Motors on January 1, 2004. Automobiles Designed As Design Director at Vauxhall & Opel: 1975-1981 Vauxhall Cavalier Mark I (front end only)","title":"Wayne Cherry"},{"docid":"9036354","text":"The Hummer HX is a two-door off-road concept compact SUV that was revealed at the 2008 North American International Auto Show by General Motors. Design The objective of the HX concept car project was to potentially market a Hummer branded vehicle in the smaller-sized and lower priced SUV market segments. Development of the vehicle, dubbed H4, began in 2004 and the new model was to be Jeep Wrangler sized. The 2008 HX show car was smaller than both the H2 and H3. It featured a V6 engine mated to a six-speed automatic transmission. The HX shared with other Hummers a body-on-frame design, with front and rear independent suspensions, four-wheel-disc brakes, and full-time four-wheel drive. The HX was shown with a slant-back configuration, wearing a desert-inspired matte olive paint scheme, and featured removable doors with exposed hinge pins and removable composite fender flares that are attached with quarter-turn quick-release fasteners. The exterior's matte olive color was also applied to the interior's largely sheet metal-covered panels. The floor was a rubberized material. The HX seats four, with a pair of bucket-type seats in the second row. The rear seats are removable to allow cargo room. The console included a compartment for phones and MP3 players with no conventional radio, only integrated speakers and a connector for digital players or similar devices. Three designers, recent graduates of College for Creative Studies who were new to General Motors, Robert Jablonski; Kang Min-young, a South Korea native; and David Rojas, a native of Peru, participated in the development of the Hummer HX. Production Through MEV The Hummer HX never reached production through GM; however, MEV (My Electric Vehicle) won exclusive rights to the Hummer HX brand. MEV produce the Hummer HX as a small electric vehicle with similar proportions to the original HX concept although significantly smaller and is intended as a resort vehicle/golf cart. It utilizes a 72v drive system, powering an AC brushless motor, giving a range of 60+ miles and top speed of 19mph. MEV also produce the Hummer HXT, which is a soft-top version of their HX. References Hummer vehicles General Motors concept cars","title":"Hummer HX"},{"docid":"2826629","text":"\"We Be Burnin'\" is the first single from Jamaican musician Sean Paul's third studio album, The Trinity (2005). It achieved success worldwide, becoming a top-10 hit on at least 10 national music charts, including those of Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Background and release \"We Be Burnin'\" was released as the first single from The Trinity on 22 August 2005 in the US and on 12 September 2005 in the UK. In the US, the single peaked inside the Billboard Hot 100 at number six, and in the UK, the single peaking at number two. The single became his biggest solo hit in the UK, beating the number-three peak of \"Like Glue\" in 2003 and spending just under five months inside the UK top 75. It was the biggest hit from the album in the UK; however, it was \"Temperature\" that was the biggest hit from the album in the US. The original version, sometimes denoted by the title being followed by \"Legalize It\", features prominent themes of marijuana use, referencing \"trees\", \"weed\" and \"herb\" several times and smoking it for \"meditation\". Another radio-friendly version was released with the title being followed by \"Recognize It\", which changed all drug-related lyrics to ones concerning women. Although the lyrics are different, Tami Chynn's single \"Hyperventilating\" as well as Capleton's \"Or Wah\" from the album Reign of Fire utilize the same riddim as Sean Paul's \"We Be Burnin'\", since both use the riddim \"Stepz\". Music video The video was shot in Southern California deserts by Jessy Terrero, showing dancers accompanying Paul, and two girls in an overheated Hummer H2. Sean Paul is seen dancing with three other girls in front of highly modified trucks. Track listings US 12-inch single A1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It club version) – 3:28 A2. \"We Be Burnin'\" (instrumental) – 3:52 B1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It radio version) – 3:36 B2. \"We Be Burnin'\" (instrumental) – 3:53 UK CD1 and European CD single \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It) UK CD2 \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) \"Bounce It Right There\" \"We Be Burnin\" (video) Ringtone UK 12-inch single A1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) A2. \"We Be Burnin'\" (instrumental) B1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It) B2. \"Bounce It Right There\" Australian CD single \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) \"Bounce It Right There\" \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications !scope=\"col\" colspan=\"3\"| Ringtone |- Release history References Sean Paul songs 2005 singles 2005 songs Atlantic Records singles Music videos directed by Jessy Terrero Songs about cannabis Songs written by Sean Paul Songs written by Steven \"Lenky\" Marsden VP Records singles","title":"We Be Burnin'"},{"docid":"6865153","text":"Racing Gears Advance is a combat racing game for the Game Boy Advance system released in 2004 and includes licensed vehicles from GM, Dodge, Mitsubishi and Lotus Cars. The soundtrack is notable for having been composed by Neil Voss, known for his prior work on Tetrisphere and The New Tetris. All circuit cups (there are five total) take the name of letters from the Greek alphabet (Alpha, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Omega), with each cup having five tracks (25 tracks total). Characters such as Spacewave, Jack Speed, Throttle, etc., drive the following cars: Cadillac Cien Chevrolet Corvette Chevrolet SSR Dodge Viper Dodge M80 Dodge Super 8 Hemi Hummer H2 Lotus Esprit Lotus Exige Lotus Elise Lotus 340R Mitsubishi RPM 7000 Due to its success, a sequel was announced for Nintendo DS under the working title Racing Gears DS, but was later cancelled. Reception Racing Gears Advance received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the game holds a score of 83/100 based on 17 reviews. Alex Navarro of GameSpot gave the game 8.5/10 while praising its controls, vehicle upgrades, and multiplayer. Craig Harris of IGN was similarly positive towards the game, giving it 8.9/10 and praising almost everything about the game except for its inability to save records for the player's best lap and race times. References 2004 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Racing video games Video games developed in Canada Video games scored by Neil Voss Multiplayer and single-player video games","title":"Racing Gears Advance"},{"docid":"66474715","text":"is a former Japanese YouTuber and rapper. He was part of the hip hop group Kaiware Hummer, releasing music under the stage name Bema. In January 2021, Watanabe allegedly solicited nude photos from an underage fan, which subsequently caused his agency UUUM to drop him as an act and YouTube to permanently ban his channel. Career When Watanabe was in middle school, he posted on Niconico under the username . Watanabe began uploading to YouTube in 2011. Watanabe released his debut solo album, Shinryakuteki Sukima, on November 26, 2016. In addition, Watanabe co-authored an autobiography about Kaiware Hummer with fellow members Naru and Imiga titled Kaiware Hummer Monogatari, with the first book released on July 20, 2017 and the second book released on August 31, 2017. Watanabe made an appearance on YouTuber 's second album Season 2, in which he was a featured artist on the song \"Kokomo.\" In 2018, Watanabe left Genesis One and signed with UUUM as his network. By June 2019, he had over 2.7 million subscribers on his main channel. After getting arrested on suspicion of battery in the same month, his activities were cancelled for the remainder of the year, including an appearance with Kaiware Hummer at A-nation 2019, while he remained at his agency to do clerical work. On February 7, 2020, UUUM announced that Watanabe would resume activities on February 14, 2020 on a new channel, which was named \"Mahoto.\" On January 22, 2021, UUUM announced that Watanabe had been dismissed from the agency after confirming he solicited nude photos from an underage girl. On January 28, 2021, YouTube suspended his channel for community violations. Following the events, on March 2, 2021, Watanabe issued an apology on Twitter and also announced he was retiring from YouTube. Since his retirement from YouTube, Watanabe started editing videos for Gardman, a YouTube channel with 2 million subscribers, earning him a million yen a month. Personal life On January 21, 2021, Watanabe announced that he was marrying actress and former Keyakizaka46 member Yui Imaizumi and that they were expecting a child. The child, a daughter was born in June 2021. Following Watanabe's 2021 arrest, Imaizumi announced in July 2021 that she would not be registering their marriage and that she would be raising the child herself with support from her family. Legal troubles On June 2, 2019, Watanabe was arrested on suspicion of battery. He had reportedly beat a female acquaintance and stomped on her face during an argument while he was intoxicated. On June 19, 2019, he issued an apology and also claimed he reconciled with the victim. On July 18, 2019, UUUM later stated that Watanabe's activities would be suspended, including Kaiware Hummer's appearance at A-nation 2019. Instead, he would be doing clerical work within the agency until December 31, 2019, though there were no immediate plans of him returning in January 2020. During this period, he was also prohibited from drinking. On January 21, 2021, the same day where Watanabe announced his marriage to","title":"Mahoto Watanabe"},{"docid":"44529226","text":"A nitrogen fixation package is a piece of research equipment for studying nitrogen fixation in plants. One product of this kind, the Q-Box NF1LP made by Qubit Systems, operates by measuring the hydrogen (H2) given off in the nitrogen-fixing chemical reaction enabled by nitrogenase enzymes. Principle of operation Nitrogen is produced by bacteria, which have an endo-symbiotic relationship with the legume host. In this relationship, the plant shares its carbohydrates with the bacteria so that the bacteria can thrive, and the plant benefits by having excess nitrogen made available. The bacteria's creation of nitrogen also creates hydrogen, which is what the unit measures to determine the nitrogen produced. Measurement of H2 evolution as a means of determining nitrogenase activity is an alternative technique to acetylene reduction assay, and allows real-time monitoring of changes in nitrogenase activity. Product description Q-Box NF1LP is an experimental package using an open-flow gas exchange system for measurement of nitrogen fixation in H2-producing legume symbioses. A flow-through H2 sensor (Q-S121) measures the production rate of H2 from N2-fixing tissues, allowing in vivo measurement of nitrogenase activity in real time. Measurements of nitrogenase activity on up to three plants is possible, i.e. a four-channel system including a reference sample. Operation Nitrogen fixation packages must be used in a laboratory-type environment. This can be a temporary laboratory set up in the field, as long as it is under stable, uncontaminated conditions. The product must be supplied with many potted samples of the plants and of the neighbouring soil, taken from separate areas on the farm or field under study. The tests rely on the availability of the Herbaspirillum bacteria in the soil. This bacterium is found at the root of most legumes, which is where they produce nitrogen. To test soil properly, it must be free of added nitrogen fertilizers, which have harmful effects on the Herbaspirillum bacteria needed for fixation. Applications Different aspects of nitrogen fixation can be examined with these products, such as effects of temperature on the fixation process, the regulation of the process by oxygen, and the inhibition of nitrogen fixation by an over-abundance of fertilizers. References External links Microbiology equipment Nitrogen cycle","title":"Nitrogen fixation package"},{"docid":"28540730","text":"The Kawasaki H2 Mach IV is a 750 cc 3-cylinder two-stroke production motorcycle manufactured by Kawasaki. The H2 was a Kawasaki triple sold from September 1971 through 1975. A standard, factory produced H2 was able to travel a quarter mile from a standing start in 12.0 seconds. It handled better than the Mach III that preceded it. By the standards of its time, its handling was sufficient to make it the production bike to beat on the race track. Nonetheless, its tendency to pull wheelies and a less than solid feel through high speed corners led to adjustments to the design as it evolved. More than any other model, it created Kawasaki's reputation for building what motorcycle journalist Alastair Walker called, \"scarily fast, good-looking, no holds barred motorcycles\", and led to a further decline in the market place of the British motorcycle industry. History In September 1971 the H2 was a direct result of the success of the 500 cc Kawasaki H1 Mach III introduced in 1969. The H2 engine was a 3-cylinder two-stroke with an engine displacement of which produced at 6,800 rpm, a power-to-weight ratio of to every of weight. This made it the fastest accelerating motorcycle in production. This was an entirely new engine and not a bored-out 500. Unlike the H1 500, the 750 had much more low engine speed torque, with a strong burst of power starting at 3,500 rpm to the 7,500 rpm red line. The 1972 H2 came with a single front disc brake, a second disc brake was an optional Kawasaki part, an all-new capacitor discharge ignition system unique to the H2, a chain oiler, and two steering dampers; one friction and one hydraulic. In 1973, there were minor mechanical changes made to the carburetor jets, oil injection pump and cylinder port timing in an effort by the factory to get more MPG from the H2A. Because of these changes the most powerful H2 was the 1972 model. In 1974 the H2B engine was modified for more civilized performance at the expense of raw power. The race tail was slimmed down from the previous year. An oil-based steering damper and check valve were added. The power was reduced to at 6,800 rpm. The oil injection system was substantially changed with two separate sets of injection lines, unlike the earlier models with one set of lines. Oil was injected into the carburetors on a separate line. The oil injection to the bottom end bearings (both main and rod big ends) was retained as a single branched line. A longer swingarm improved stability. The final model had a weight of . The H2B and H2C had the steering damper repositioned to the left. In 1972, the H2, as well as the 350 cc S2 Mach II, had a race tail that held the taillight, and had a small storage space. See also List of fastest production motorcycles List of motorcycles by type of engine Notes References Weekblad Motor 1971 pages 1515 and 1516, 1760-1762","title":"Kawasaki H2 Mach IV"},{"docid":"44411529","text":"The H2 Hinde Tree is a heritage-listed tree of the species Macadamia integrifolia at Colliston, 926 Gilston Road, Gilston, City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008. History The H2 Hinde tree is located on Colliston, a former farm in the Gold Coast hinterland about nine kilometres southwest of Nerang in the Gilston district. It is the parent of a variety (see note below) of the species Macadamia integrifolia and was probably planted in the 1920s. It was registered by the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock in 1960 as a scion wood (see note below) and in the two decades after that time, a significant number of commercial orchards in the State propagated trees using material from this tagged parent tree, it being one of only two Australian-developed varieties to have then achieved such a status. The macadamia nut industry is the largest based on an indigenous Australian food crop and since the mid-1990s this country has become the world's largest exporter of the nuts. Note. The horticultural use of the term \"variety\" refers to selected clones usually propagated by grafting. A parent tree is a genetically unique plant that is selected for specific traits, in the case of macadamias these include: strong tree growth, low incidence of pests and diseases, low incidence of stick-tights and premature germination of nuts, reduced years to bearing, high kernel quality and desirable market requirements. Note. The term \"scion wood\" refers to the part of a tree that is grafted onto the roots or stem of another, known as the rootstock. This grafted branch or bud transmits the flowering or fruiting characteristics of the variety from which it is taken. With macadamia trees grafting is the only method, reliable and speedy enough by commercial standards, of growing a plant that will exhibit the sought after nut bearing characteristics, as they do not always grow true-to-type when propagated from seeds or seedlings. Colliston was selected by Michael James Hinde in 1879 when land along the upper reaches of the Nerang River was being opened to closer settlement. In 1882 he married Alice Batten, the daughter of a Crown Land Ranger living at Pimpama. According to family lore, it was while he was walking to visit her before they married that he came across some native macadamia nut seedlings, uprooted them and re-planted them on Colliston. Otherwise he practiced small-scale farming and eked out a difficult living for himself and what was to become a large family of eight children, his enterprise emulating the nature of many other farms in the Albert Shire. He was resourceful in his efforts to cultivate new crops and test their worthiness as saleable products. Some of his crop choices reflected those made by many other farmers in the area, including maize and arrowroot in the early years, and turning to oranges in the early twentieth century. Like many others he established a small dairy. In lean times he harvested","title":"H2 Hinde Tree"},{"docid":"71836226","text":"Hummer Team (Chinese: 悍馬小組) was a Taiwanese developer of bootleg video games which was founded in 1992 and closed down in 2010 History Hummer Team was founded in Taipei, Taiwan in 1992 and was dedicated to the development and publishing of unauthorized ports of video games for the Nintendo Famicom. The first video game published by Hummer Team was Jing Ke Xin Zhuan (1992), a role-playing video game. Upon the releases of Kart Fighter (1993) and Somari (1994), the company began to gain attention. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Hummer Team experienced economic troubles because it had difficulty developing for the fifth generation of video game consoles. Nintendo had stopped producing Famicom cartridges by 2003, making it impossible for the Hummer Team to continue working on the platform. Despite Hummer's economic problems, the team continued to release video games for Plug and Play Consoles until 2006. Recognition (1992–2006) Hummer Team's first game, Jing Ke Xin Zhuan, was released in 1992. The company was known in Argentina under the pseudonym Yoko Soft after having released Street Fighter: The World Warrior in 1993. Some of Hummer Team's better known games include Street Fighter II: The World Warrior, an unlicensed port of Street Fighter II, Kart Fighter, a Street Fighter clone infamously using characters from the Super Mario Bros. series, and Somari, a port of the original Sonic the Hedgehog game to the Famicom, featuring Mario instead of Sonic. Somari in particular gained a bit of notoriety, having been made fun of by many content creators and video game journalists for its poor physics, modified object placement and replacement of Sonic as the main character. Games References Video game development companies Video gaming in Taiwan Unauthorized video games","title":"Hummer Team"},{"docid":"4517307","text":"\"Long Term Parking\" is the 64th episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the 12th of the show's fifth season. Written by Terence Winter and directed by Tim Van Patten, it originally aired on May 23, 2004. Starring James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi * Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano Jr. * Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano Jr. Jamie-Lynn DiScala as Meadow Soprano * Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano Baccalieri * Vincent Curatola as Johnny Sack John Ventimiglia as Artie Bucco and Steve Buscemi as Tony Blundetto * = credit only Guest starring Synopsis Little Carmine recoils from the escalating violence of the New York mob war, and Johnny becomes the new boss of the Lupertazzi family. In a sit-down with Tony, both Johnny and Phil make threats against his blood relations. Johnny says he wants Tony B \"on a fucking spit\". In hiding, Tony B calls Tony to apologize. Tony tells him not to come back and says he will look after his sons. He further admits why he was not at the hijack where Tony B was arrested decades earlier, saying that he has always felt guilty; \"Now we're even.\" Ending the call, they tell each other to take care. Tony then has the call traced and learns that Tony B is in upstate New York, near their uncle's now-empty house. Tony and Johnny meet alone. Tony says he knows where Tony B is and what has to be done. Johnny refuses to let Tony handle it himself and states that Tony B will be at Phil's mercy. Tony subsequently refuses to give up Tony B's location and the meeting ends in antagonism. Tony punishes Christopher for bungling a cigarette smuggling operation. Back home, Chris rants about Tony's treatment and what he sees as his favoritism towards Tony B. Adriana, under intense stress, is diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. When FBI surveillance catches Adriana behaving oddly with a bag of garbage behind her nightclub, she is brought in. She admits that she was cleaning up after a murder in her office: drug dealer Matush Giamona killed a customer who claimed he had been ripped off. Threatened with imprisonment for covering up the murder, Adriana is told she has to wear a wire. She refuses but persuades the FBI that Chris is ready to turn. They let her go, with a deadline for bringing him in. When Adriana tells Chris she has been talking to the FBI, he reacts violently and begins to strangle her before he breaks down crying. They eventually agree to flee and start a new life. Getting gas for his Hummer H2 the next morning, Chris pensively observes a poor family in front of the gas station, their meager possessions strapped to the roof of a run-down car. Adriana soon receives","title":"Long Term Parking"},{"docid":"65047940","text":"The Hummer is an ice cream cocktail originally created in Detroit, Michigan, at Bayview Yacht Club by Jerome Adams. It was the first \"boozy milkshake\" of the late 1960s. It is made with light rum and Kahlua and vanilla ice cream. Two legendary bartenders have been credited with creating the drink. According to The Detroit Free Press Jerome Adams created the drink at the Bayview Yacht Club in 1967, but in a 1982 article The Free Press said it was invented at the London Chop House by Farouk Elhaje. The original recipe has evolved over the years, with new versions replacing the vanilla ice cream with peppermint, butter pecan or using fresh cream instead of ice cream. The drink is made strong with nearly 4 ounces of alcohol in a 7.5 ounce glass. The consistency is so thick, made with two scoops of vanilla ice cream, that a straw would stand up straight in the glass. Despite the high alcohol content of the drink, it doesn't taste strongly of alcohol. The price of a pitcher for 10 or 12 was around $90 in 2014. The Hummer has not seen as much of a resurgence as other classic cocktails like the Last Word because ice cream is considered a difficult ingredient to work with. References Cocktails with vodka Cocktails with rum Cocktails with coffee liqueur Cocktails with ice cream Creamy cocktails Sweet cocktails Vanilla ice cream","title":"Hummer (cocktail)"},{"docid":"2668825","text":"John Earl Lingenfelter (October 6, 1945 in East Freedom, Pennsylvania – December 25, 2003 in Decatur, Indiana) was an NHRA driver, engineer and tuner. Over his career, Lingenfelter won 13 career national event events in Competition Eliminator and was the first driver in the class to break the six-second quarter-mile barrier. He finished second in the Pro Stock Truck standings in 1998, which was the first year of competition for the now defunct class. His Cavalier had an E.T. of 7.08 seconds. In October 1988, Lingenfelter also drove the Callaway Sledgehammer to attain the closed-course speed record for a street driven car at 254.76 mph; a record that stood for 25 years. He was the founder of Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE for short) in Decatur, Indiana. LPE is a shop specializing in the modification of GM vehicles such as the F-Bodies (Camaro, Firebird), B Bodies (Impala SS, Caprice, Roadmaster, Fleetwood), Corvette, CTS-V, GTO, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Escalade, Denali, SSR, Hummer H2, and Sierra. The shop also worked with tuning packages for the Dodge Viper and Plymouth Prowler. In the press, his tuned vehicles were reported to have as much civility as the stock vehicles upon which they were based in everyday driving. However, these vehicles were brutally fast. Motor Trend tested a Tahoe tuned by Lingenfelter and achieved a 5.1 second 0-60 time as well as a 0.95g lateral acceleration figure. These numbers match the performance figures of the C4 Corvette and GMC Syclones/Typhoons of that era. This Tahoe had its 350in3 V8 bored and stroked to 396in3, making 500 hp and still retaining its 4WD drivetrain. Motor Trend also tested a Lingenfelter built Impala SS that had the same performance numbers as the last generation M5 (0-60 4.7 sec) due to its bored and stroked LT-1 (Displacement rose to 383in3 and horsepower rose to 440). Another vehicle built by Lingenfelter was also featured in the June 1996 issue of Car and Driver when they built a special C4 Corvette with a 427in3 engine that attained a top speed of 212 mph. Currently, the most powerful vehicle they have in their stable is a 2006 twin-turbo Corvette Z06 with 1,109 rear wheel horsepower worth $288,540. Lingenfelter built the engine for \"Big Red\", a 1969 Camaro that has achieved speeds in excess of 220 mph. He was critically injured during an NHRA Summit Sports Compact drag racing event at Pomona, California on October 27, 2002. He died Thursday December 25, 2003 at Adams County Memorial Hospital in Decatur, Indiana at age 58. See also John Lingenfelter Memorial Trophy References External links Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Dragster drivers 1945 births 2003 deaths","title":"John Lingenfelter"},{"docid":"26082385","text":"The GM Instrument Cluster Settlement was a 2008 class action settlement awarded to owners of certain General Motors vehicles with allegedly defective speedometers. The settlement allows the owner or lessee to get their instrument cluster replaced under the terms of a special coverage adjustment to their factory standard warranty. Background As early as 2005, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration had received complaints concerning erratic speedometer and gauge readings from numerous makes and models of GM vehicles. No deaths or injuries were ever attributed to the erratic gauges, but owners of the vehicles felt the problem was a safety concern. In 2007, Kevin Zwicker filed suit against General Motors in U.S. District Court in Seattle seeking three types of compensation: Replacement of all speedometers on the affected models Reimbursement for anyone who already paid to have a defective speedometer replaced Reimbursement for anyone who paid speeding tickets and whose auto insurance rates rose due to a defective speedometer John Hall filed a nearly identical suit in U.S. District Court in Oregon after paying the out of warranty repair cost to replace the instrument cluster in his 2003 GMC Envoy SLE. Both Zwicker and Hall were represented by Beth Terrell, an attorney with the Seattle law firm of Tousley Brain Stephens. The case was assigned to U.S. District Judge John Coughenour, who decided to certify the lawsuit as a class-action. Terms If the vehicle is within 7 years or 70,000 miles (110,000 km) of the date it was first placed in service, GM must replace the instrument panel (parts and labor) for free. If the vehicle is within 7 years and between 70,001 miles (110,001 km) and 80,000 miles (130,000 km) of the date it was first placed in service, GM must replace the instrument panel (parts) for free. Any labor costs will be the responsibility of the vehicle owner. Owners who paid for repairs to the speedometer before the class action settlement are eligible for reimbursement under the following terms: If the speedometer failed and the vehicle is within 7 years had less than 70,000 miles on it, upon proper proof of claim GM will reimburse the cost of repairs (parts and labor) up to the limit of what a GM dealership would have charged. If the speedometer failed and the vehicle is within 7 years and had more than 70,000 miles but less than 80,000 miles on it, upon proper proof of claim GM will reimburse the cost of the part only (no labor). Vehicles covered (made 2000 to 2007) Cadillac Deville Cadillac Escalade ESV Cadillac Escalade EXT Chevrolet Avalanche Chevrolet Impala Chevrolet Silverado Chevrolet Suburban Chevrolet Tahoe GMC Sierra GMC Envoy Hummer H2 See also Automobile products liability List of class-action lawsuits References Class action lawsuits General Motors litigation Speed sensors","title":"GM Instrument Cluster Settlement"},{"docid":"1113423","text":"The RT 125 was a German two-stroke motorcycle made by DKW in Zschopau in the 1930s, IFA and MZ in the 1950s and early 1960s, and DKW in Ingolstadt in the 1950s and 1960s. \"RT\" stands for , . In the 1930s DKW pioneered the Schnürle two-stroke loop scavenging process to dispense with the use of a deflector piston and improve efficiency of the combustion chamber. DKW also developed a highly efficient arrangement of transfer ports. These two features were included in the RT 125 to great commercial advantage. Competitor companies such as Adler and TWN copied the adoption of flat-topped pistons and strove to develop equally efficient transfer port arrangements without infringing DKW's patent. Copies and variants Copies of the RT 125 were built by at least eight different entities in at least six countries. War reparations After World War II the Soviet Union took plans, tooling and even several dozen personnel as war reparations to MMZ in Moscow (later transferred to MMVZ and SMZ) and to a factory in Kovrov, and produced copies of the RT 125 as the M1A Moskva and K-125 respectively. WFM of Poland made a modified version of the RT 125 (under SHL 125 and Sokół 125 brands), developed into 125/175 cc family motorcycles, produced until 1985. RT 125 plans were also taken to the United Kingdom where they became the basis of the BSA Bantam, and to the USA where they formed the basis of the Harley-Davidson \"Hummer\" (Hummer is really just a few specific years, but generally people call the Harley lightweights Hummers). Postwar German production: DKW and MZ After the Second World War, DKW's factories in Zschopau were in the Soviet occupation zone. As such, they were under the control of the Soviet Union until they were handed over to the government of East Germany. The factory continued production of the RT 125 under the MZ (Motorradwerk Zschopau) brand into the 1950s. Meanwhile, DKW had reorganized itself in Ingolstadt, where it began production of the RT 125W (for \"West\") in 1949. Variants of the RT 125W, usually with larger engines, were in production throughout the 1950s. Yamaha YA-1 In the 1950s, after reestablishing themselves as manufacturers of musical instruments, Nippon Gakki decided to use the manufacturing equipment left over from wartime production to make motorcycles. Since the copyright on the RT 125 had been voided by the Allies, the company reverse engineered it as the basis for their first motorcycle. Nippon Gakki formed the Yamaha Motor Company in 1955 to build their copy of the RT 125 as the Yamaha YA-1, which was in production from 1955 to 1958. The YA-1 inherited design characteristics of RT 125 and, due to its thin body and chestnut brown tank, was affectionately nicknamed the . References RT 125 Motorcycles introduced in the 1930s Two-stroke motorcycles","title":"DKW RT 125"},{"docid":"60856076","text":"H2 Motorsports was an American professional stock car racing team owned by Matt Hurley. The team operated part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, fielding the No. 28 Toyota Supra for Shane Lee. The team shutdown before the start of the 2020 season due to financial troubles and because of the pending investigation against Hurley. The assets of H2 Motorsports were purchased by Sam Hunt Racing for the 2020 season. Founder Founder Matt Hurley was born April 5, 1996. Hurley graduated from Cypress Lake High School in Fort Myers, Florida, and claims to have worked at least 40 hours per week since he was 14 years old. Hurley once described himself as an \"...investor, entrepreneur, and political hack...\" Hurley founded H2 Motorsports and based it in Mooresville, North Carolina. H2's primary sponsor was Circuit City. An entrepreneur, Hurley has started additional businesses such as H2 Innovation Center, and Youngbloods, Inc., a private holding company which later changed its name to the H2 Organization. Hurley co-founded Torchlight Productions, a website design and development firm at the age of 15. Controversy & legal actions In 2017, Hurley leased a commercial building in Fort Myers, Florida for Southwest Florida Innovation Center, at a building named The Atrium, with plans to renovate the 132,000sf building with 42,000sf set aside for startup companies and the remainder of which were sublet spaces to other tenants. The estimate for the purchase and renovation was $20 Million. He was later sued for not paying rent, and the tenants in the building were evicted, including one business that was a United States Contract Postal Unit. Hurley blamed a number of the tenant complaints and issues on the fact the building purchase had not been yet completed, and on hurricane Irma. He is currently under investigation by the State of Florida's Office of Financial regulation, and was arrested for contempt of court in 2020. Xfinity Series The team announced on May 23, 2019, that they would attempt twenty races with Lee in the No. 28 Toyota Supra, beginning at Iowa in June with Circuit City as the sponsor for all races. In late summer 2019, it was revealed that Lee was signed for all of 2020, and that depending on sponsorship, the team could expand to two cars for 2020. Due to concerns that their cars would not be ready in time for the three road course races in August with being a new team, H2 decided to skip those races (at Watkins Glen, Mid-Ohio, and Road America) and better prepare for the upcoming oval races. Before the race at Darlington in September, they released Lee due to what they deemed a lack of performance, who the team released on August 28, 2019, after less than 3 months with the team and despite the fact that he finished in the top 21 in all but one of his races, and had great runs at both Daytona (before crashing in \"the big one\") and Iowa, where he finished in the top 10.","title":"H2 Motorsports"},{"docid":"1616308","text":"Ratatat is the debut album from the Brooklyn-based electronic duo of the same name. It was recorded between July 2001 and May 2003 in bassist Evan Mast's Crown Heights, Brooklyn apartment and mixed in June 2003 before its release on April 20, 2004. The album is essentially instrumental, although it has occasional voice excerpts (referred to in the liner notes as \"spoken interludes\") by local MC and rapper Young Churf. The track \"Spanish Armada\" contains a French horn played by Michal Emanovsky. Other tracks of note are \"Germany to Germany\", later released as a single; and \"Cherry\", a homage to Ratatat's original name. The most well known song on the album is \"Seventeen Years\". It was featured in a television advertisement titled \"Accessorize\" for the Hummer H2 in 2004, in the British television show Soccer AM as the original background music for The Crossbar Challenge segment, and in Level One Productions's ski movie Shanghai Six. It was also played during Rob's party in the 2008 monster movie Cloverfield as well as Keith Hufnagel's part in the DVS skateboard video Skate More. The song \"Bustelo\" was used in several Jaguar commercials in mid-2006. Track listing \"Seventeen Years\" – 4:26 \"El Pico\" – 4:41 \"Crips\" – 3:47 \"Desert Eagle\" – 4:25 \"Everest\" – 4:10 \"Bustelo\" – 2:27 \"Breaking Away\" – 4:19 \"Lapland\" – 4:56 \"Germany to Germany\" – 3:38 \"Spanish Armada\" – 2:58 \"Cherry\" – 5:58 References External links Official Ratatat Website Official Cherry video 2004 debut albums Ratatat albums XL Recordings albums Albums produced by E*vax","title":"Ratatat (album)"},{"docid":"62984822","text":"The GMC Hummer EV (badged as HEV) is a line of battery electric heavy-duty vehicles produced by General Motors since 2021, and sold under the GMC marque. The Hummer EV is offered in two variants: a pickup truck and a sport utility vehicle (SUV), unveiled in October 2020 and April 2021 respectively. Weighing roughly , the Hummer EV is among the heaviest consumer automobiles currently sold in the United States. Its size, mass, and acceleration have led to concerns about the danger it poses to other road users in the event of collisions, as well as its efficiency and environmental impact. Overview The Hummer EV is assembled in Detroit and has batteries produced by LG Chem in South Korea, with plans to later start producing batteries in the U.S. It is intended that SUV models produced from 2024 onward will be able to charge other electric vehicles using an onboard 19.2 kWh charger. The electric motors' torque profile makes it suited for towing trailers. It includes various technologies, such as cameras that allow the driver to see underneath it and four-wheel steering. The SUV variant is rated to tow up to and seats five passengers with of cargo space behind the rear seats and with the back seats folded down. The pickup truck variant has a longer wheelbase than the SUV. The pickup variant has a high loadbed with a payload capacity of as well as a front trunk. The front trunk on both models is also intended to store the four removable roof panels when needed. It has eighteen cameras installed, as well as front-and-rear pedestrian alerts designed to aid drivers' situational awareness. These accompany numerous other driver-assistance features such as automatic braking and blind-spot warnings. It weighs , with the battery weighing almost . With a gross vehicle weight rating of , it is classified as a class 3 medium-duty truck in the United States. Origins The GMC Hummer EV originates from the discontinued Hummer brand that was founded by AM General, the manufacturer of the original HUMVEE light military vehicle that was later adapted to civilian spec and sold to the public as the Hummer H1. In 1999, General Motors purchased the rights to the Hummer name and began marketing it as a full-fledged brand with a lineup that eventually included the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3. The Hummer brand was discontinued in 2010 following the General Motors bankruptcy. Trims Edition 1 Edition 1 started production in 2022 as a limited edition and the sole model available for the first year. It was available for pre-order by the end of the launch event on October 20, 2020. All Edition 1 units are white with a black roof and feature bronze-colored wheels. The interior is a two-tone black-and-gray with bronze accents and Edition 1 badges. The Edition 1 will also feature Easter eggs themed after the Apollo 11 moon landing. Edition 1 has three electric motors with , of range, and is fitted with the Extreme Off-Road package,","title":"GMC Hummer EV"},{"docid":"33496063","text":"Netzwelt (own writing: netzwelt) is a technology-related news website run by Netzwelt GmbH. The two founders, Dirk and Sascha Hottes, founded Netzwelt in early 1999 in Darmstadt. The site, which bills itself as \"Guter Rat auf einen Klick\" (Good advice at a click), features consumer electronics and software, as well as user-generated content in a popular forum. With up to 4,8 million visitors and 18 million page impressions, Netzwelt is one of the top five IT websites in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. History The two brothers Sascha and Dirk Hottes have turned their passion into a profession. At the ages of just 20, they created the H² Web GbR in 1999, in Darmstadt. The IT-specialist Dirk Hottes and business economist Sascha Hottes initially created the news portal MP3 World, which dealt primarily with audio software issues. A little later, they gave up their professions, they held as a tax consultant and free advisor to IT companies. In 2003 the H2 media factory GmbH was founded. Also headquartered in Darmstadt, it took over the operations of H2 Web GbR. In 2008 the company moved to Hamburg, hoping for closer contact with potential investors. In the same year, the H2 media factory GmbH was awarded the regional prize in the competition Hamburger Gründer Champion award (Founders Champion award), organized by the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW). In August 2011 the H2 media factory GmbH was renamed in netzwelt GmbH. Some SEO blogs have speculated that the unusual success of netzwelt.de was achieved in part with the support of search engine optimization, since after a sharp rise in the reach within the quarter followed by equally dramatic crashes, which may be explained with a punishment by Google. On a not entirely serious question from medienhandbuch.de in 2008 if they had bribed Google, Sascha Hottes responds: „Of course, our sales is geared primarily towards search engine optimization and online marketing. This is our home, this is our business. We do not need anyone to bribe. To bribe Google is anyway not so easy.“ Content The range of topics discussed by Netzwelt extends from the introduction of new software to reports about Computer hardware companies, apps, social networks, monitors, smartphones, notebooks, tablets or cameras. In some articles instructions are given with valuable tips for the simple operation of programs. Reviews for computer games are also offered. Altogether, there are nine categories: computers, software, audio, video, photo, mobile, internet, business and gaming. Free programs are discussed and made available for download. In an integrated forum on the page, it is possible to discuss all the issues related to IT and technology, or to get advice when problems arise. Furthermore, a dedicated YouTube channel exists under the name of netzwelt tv, on which the editors give valuable tips, for example how to use smartphones, give reports on what's new to see at fairs or offer interviews with key players of the Internet scene. Project Akuma The young entrepreneurs’ talent was proven with the founding of the audio download","title":"Netzwelt"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"18913191\",\n \"text\": \"Craig B. Hummer (born May 20, 1965) is an American sportscaster. He is best known for his coverage of the Tour de France, Olympic Games, and Professional Bull Riders (PBR) events. Hummer is a former competitive ocean swimmer and lifeguard. Hummer won 39 national championship titles, including 7 years as International Ironman. Early life and education Hummer was born in Akron, Ohio on May 20, 1965. He was a swimmer at Thomas Worthington High School, where he swam All-American times in three events. Hummer received an academic scholarship to attend Kenyon College, and earned 17 All-American titles in the school's NCAA Division III program. He went on to become a surf racer. Career Swimming After graduation, Hummer applied to be a Los Angeles County lifeguard. In 1987, he won his first national title at a lifeguard competition in Hawaii. In 1988, Hummer made the US team that traveled to the World Championships in Australia. In 1989, Hummer was the U.S. Ocean Ironman Champion for the first time. He has been the U.S. Ocean Ironman Champion seven times. starting in 1989. In 1990, he participated in a single race for the Uncle Toby's Super Series, which was held in Hawaii, and was invited to compete in the series in Australia. In 1990 he won the three-day United States Lifesaving Association (USLA). That year, he went to Australia to participate in Uncle Toby's Super Series where top ranked lifeguards travel the continent competing. Hummer was the first American invited to participate in this event. He competed annually in Australia for four years, and was voted Most Improved in 1993. In his last year participating in Uncle Toby's Super Series, he took 9th place. He won the USLA championship again in 1991, and in 1992, he won 7 events at the U.S. Lifesaving Association National Championships, and 8 events in 1993. Hummer won six consecutive series title in the Bud Light Ocean Festival Series. Hummer finished second in the Outrigger's Waikiki King's Race, part of Outrigger Hotel's Hawaiian OceanFest, in 1991. He won the competition the next four consecutive years. He also won the U.S. Surf Lifesaving Championship six times. Hummer was emcee of the National Lifeguard Championships in 1996. In 1997, Hummer hosted the Wakiki King's race and was a commentator on the Fox Sports' Association of Volleyball Professionals series. He also commentated the Oceanman World Tour. He has appeared on Family Feud with the Los Angeles County Lifeguards. Hummer has also done ads for Gatorade, Carl's Jr, Ford, and Dr. Pepper. Hummer has also appeared on Baywatch, Late Show with David Letterman, The Golden Girls. and NBC's Today Show. Broadcasting Hummer has commentated on over 40 different sports. Hummer first pursued a broadcasting career in 1996. He briefly worked for TVG Network, a horse racing network. Hummer became part of the Universal Sports Network when it was still the World Championship Sports Network. In 2003, he worked on the series Global Extremes for OLN. The Global Extremes finale followed a group\",\n \"title\": \"Craig Hummer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26728952\",\n \"text\": \"The 1968–69 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team represented the Princeton University in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1968–69 NCAA University Division men's basketball season. The head coach was Pete Carril and the team captain was Christopher Thomforde. The team played its home games in the Dillon Gymnasium on the university campus before the January 25, 1969, opening of Jadwin Gymnasium on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey. The team was the champion of the Ivy League, which earned them an invitation to the 25-team 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. The team was Princeton's first undefeated Ivy League champion, and earned Carril his first of eleven NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament invitations. The team helped Princeton end the decade with a 72.6 winning percentage (188–71), which was the tenth best in the nation. During the regular season, the team played a few of the teams that would eventually participate in the 25-team NCAA tournament: they opened their season against the and later played two of the eventual final four participants (the UCLA Bruins and North Carolina Tar Heels) in the ECAC Holiday Classic at Madison Square Garden in New York City in late December 1968. The team posted a 19–7 overall record and a 14–0 conference record. The team entered the tournament riding an eleven-game winning streak and having won fifteen of their last sixteen games, but they lost their March 8, 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament East Regional first-round game against the St. John's Redmen 72–63 at Reynolds Coliseum in Raleigh, North Carolina. Both John Hummer and Geoff Petrie were selected to the All-Ivy League first team. Petrie, who led the conference in scoring with a 23.9 average in conference games, was also an All-East selection. Thomforde was selected in the 1969 NBA draft by the New York Knicks with the 96th overall selection in the 7th round. Hummer led the conference in field goal percentage with 55.4%. Petrie and Hummer would become the only Tiger teammates to both be drafted in the first round of the NBA draft (in the same draft no less) when they were selected eighth and fifteenth overall in the 1970 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers and the Buffalo Braves. The two were part of a trio of 1970 NBA first-round draftees from the Ivy League that included number thirteen selection Jim McMillian of Columbia. Hummer was the first NBA draft pick by the expansion Buffalo Braves. Petrie would share the 1971 NBA Rookie of the Year Award with Dave Cowens. Brian Taylor was selected in the 1972 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 23rd overall selection in the second round while Reggie Bird was selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the 55th overall selection in the fourth round. Schedule and results The team posted a 19–7 (14–0 Ivy League) record. |- !colspan=9 style=| Regular season |- !colspan=9 style=| NCAA tournament NCAA tournament The team lost in the first round of the 1969 NCAA Division\",\n \"title\": \"1968–69 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"977047\",\n \"text\": \"H2S was the first airborne, ground scanning radar system. It was developed for the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command during World War II to identify targets on the ground for night and all-weather bombing. This allowed attacks outside the range of the various radio navigation aids like Gee or Oboe, which were limited to about of range from various base stations. It was also widely used as a general navigation system, allowing landmarks to be identified at long range. In March 1941, experiments with an early airborne interception radar based on the 9.1 cm wavelength, (3 GHz) cavity magnetron revealed that different objects have very different radar signatures; water, open land and built-up areas of cities and towns all produced distinct returns. In January 1942, a new team was set up to combine the magnetron with a new scanning antenna and plan-position indicator display. The prototype's first use in April confirmed that a map of the area below the aircraft could be produced using radar. The first systems went into service in early 1943 as the H2S Mk. I and H2S Mk. II, as well as ASV Mark III. On its second operational mission on 2/3 February 1943, an H2S was captured almost intact by German forces, and a second unit a week later. Combined with intelligence gathered from the surviving crew, they learned it was a mapping system and were able to determine its method of operation. When they pieced one together from parts and saw the display of Berlin, near panic broke out in the Luftwaffe. This led to the introduction of the FuG 350 Naxos radar detector in late 1943, which enabled Luftwaffe night fighters to home on the transmissions of H2S. The British learned of Naxos and a great debate ensued over the use of H2S. Later calculations showed that losses after the introduction of Naxos were actually less than before it, and use continued. After it was found the resolution of the early sets was too low to be useful over large cities like Berlin, in 1943 work started on a version operating in the X band at 3 cm (10 GHz), the H2S Mk. III. Almost simultaneously, its American equivalent was introduced as the H2X in October of that year. A wide variety of slightly different Mk. III's were produced before the Mk. IIIG was selected as the late-war standard. Development continued through the late-war Mk. IV to the 1950s era Mk. IX that equipped the V bomber fleet and the English Electric Canberra. In the V-force, Mk. IXA was tied into both the bombsight and navigation system to provide a complete long-range Navigation and Bombing System (NBS). In this form, H2S was last used operationally during the Falklands War in 1982 on the Avro Vulcan. Some H2S Mk. IX units remained in service on the Handley Page Victor aircraft until 1993, providing fifty years of service. Etymology of \\\"H2S\\\" The radar was originally called \\\"BN\\\" (Blind Navigation), but it quickly became \\\"H2S\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"H2S (radar)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61481901\",\n \"text\": \"Harunur Rashid (born 1 January 1962) is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the incumbent Jatiya Sangsad member from the Chapai Nawabganj-3 constituency since January 2019. Career Rashid was elected to Jatiya Sangsad from Chapai Nawabganj-3 in the June 1996 Bangladeshi general election as a candidate of Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He had received 77,929 votes while his nearest rival, Latifur Rahman of Awami League, had received 47,048 votes. Rashid was re-elected to the same position in the 2001 Bangladeshi general election. He had received 85,489 votes while the same rival, Latifur Rahman of Awami League, had received 60,460 votes. Rashid contested the 2008 Bangladeshi general election from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as the Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate but lost to Abdul Odud of Awami League. He received 76,178 votes while the winner received 112,753 votes. Latifur Rahman of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami also campaigned against him. In November 2011, Rashid participated in a human chain protesting erosion at the Chapainawabganj Press Club. Rashid boycotted the 2014 election as per decision of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Abdul Odud of Awami League was elected to parliament uncontested from Chapai Nawabganj-3. Rashid was elected to parliament from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate on 30 December 2018. He had received 133,661 votes while Abdul Odul of Awami League and his nearest rival received 85,938 votes. He took the oath of office 90 days after the mandated time following instructions of Tarique Rahman. The four Bangladesh Nationalist Party members of parliament initially refused to join parliament as they had deemed the election unfair. Rashid in parliament asked the speaker to create a committee to investigate the large number of cases filed against Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians. Charges and convictions Assistant director Monayem Hossain of the Anti-Corruption Commission filed a case against Rashid for tax fraud in March 2007 with Tejgaon police station and then pressed charge in July. Rashid had imported a Hummer H2 on 25 April 2005 without paying tax as per his privilege as a member of parliament but later sold the to Ishtiak Sadek, violating the rules of the duty free facility, who sold it to Enayetur Rahman Bappi. The car, imported under duty free privilege, cannot be sold under less than years of being purchased. Rapid Action Battalion-2, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Akbar Hossain, had spotted the Hummer in Panthapath and asked the men to come to their camp where they were detained. In October 2019, Judge Shaikh Nazmul Alam of the Dhaka court sentenced Rashid to five years’ imprisonment for dodging taxes while importing a luxurious car in 2007 and fined him five million taka. It also sent his co-accused former managing director of NTV and Channel 9, Enayetur Rahman Bappi, to two years imprisonment. His other co-accused proprietor of Sky Autos, Ishtiak Sadek, sentenced to jail for three years. A week later, the High Court granted him six months’ bail in the case. Justices Obaidul Hassan and AKM Zahirul Huq asked the government to explain why Rashid's parliamentary membership\",\n \"title\": \"Harunur Rashid (Chapai Nawabganj politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12746521\",\n \"text\": \"CNW Marketing Research, Inc. (CNWMR), known primarily as an automotive marketing research company, was a private company founded in 1984. It operated separate research offices covering the automotive, computer, electronics, housing, and personal investment industries, as well as a research office covering political issues. CNW was a reclusive firm and has been the subject of some controversy (see below), with subscribers in nine countries including government agencies, Wall Street brokerage houses and financial institutions. Major clients included Gannett Newspapers, Time Inc., Meredith Publishing (Better Homes et al.) as well as a long list of corporate clients. The CNW stands for Coastal Northwest, a consumer magazine founded by Stephanie Yanez Spinella and husband Art Spinella, which was published for only one test issue. Beginning as Coastal Northwest Publishing Company in 1983, according to Art Spinella, it became CNW Marketing/Research in 1984. The slash was dropped with the advent of the internet, making its name CNW Marketing Research, Inc. As of February 2015, after the death of co-founder Art Spinella, the company has closed its doors, according to a statement from Stephanie Yanez Spinella on the main CNW site. CNWMR performed research into consumer motivations and decisions in automotive purchases, and reports a variety of data related to market forecasting. The company's website states that its research and data publications are provided to more than 10,000 subscribers in print and on-line formats, with annual subscription prices list as beginning at $400. It publishes a monthly Retail Automotive Summary periodical, Home and Shelter Update newsletters, Purchase Path studies, sales forecasting and other industry analyses. Current leasing and other trends are tracked regularly through data gleaned from insurance companies, providing a unique data view used by the automotive industry, industry analysts and government agencies. Key personnel Art Spinella was named automotive division president or company president in 2001, 2002, or 2003, according to various accounts, after serving as vice president and general manager since 1992. Often misattributed as the president in articles from 1992 through 2000, he was described as an auto leasing newsletter editor and director of automotive research at the company prior to 1992. Stephanie Yanez is currently listed as the CEO, previously identified as president of CNWMR in 1995, until as recently as 2003. Offices The company's website lists only a Bandon, Oregon P.O. Box as an address, and its \\\"call centers, data center, and field offices are off limits\\\" to clients and other visitors. Controversy CNWMR's publication \\\"From Dust to Dust\\\" states that for the 2005 model year a Hummer H2 or H3 (but not the H1) is more efficient in terms of cost per lifetime mile than a Prius. While a Prius is one-third the weight of a Hummer and gets between four and six times better fuel economy, CNWMR argued the Hummer vehicles are built using less costly technology and are driven more over their lifetime. CNWMR calculates most expenses occur during construction and disposal, not during operation. Additionally, their efficiencies are based on Priuses lasting fifteen years\",\n \"title\": \"CNW Marketing Research\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15623467\",\n \"text\": \"Armando Carpio Sanchez (June 15, 1952 – April 27, 2010) was a Filipino politician. He is a former two-term mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas and one-term governor of the Province of Batangas. During his term as governor, he was also the treasurer of the League of Provinces of the Philippines. Political career Mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas During the 1998 elections, he ran for mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas, which he subsequently won. Batangas Governorship After two terms as mayor of Sto. Tomas, he decided to run as Batangas Governor. He ran as the Liberal Party official candidate during the 2004 elections. His opponents included former Justice Secretary Hernando Perez, former Board Member Dennis Hernandez and former Nasugbu Mayor Rosario Apacible. One of his projects during his term was the beautification of Batangas Capitol Grounds. He facilitated the relocation of national government agencies and squatters who occupied a portion of the Capitol Grounds. During his governorship, allegations of corruption surfaced. On May 30, 2005, Batangas ombudsman and graft investigator Guillermo Gamo was gunned down in Batangas City on his way to the capitol. At the time, Gamo was investigating what he described as multimillion-peso anomalous deals and projects at the capitol. On April 13, 2015, Melinda “Mei” Magsino, a journalist of the Philippine Daily Inquirer until 2005 who covered corruption and illegal gambling (\\\"jueteng\\\") issues in Batangas, was also shot dead. Records from the National Union of Journalists in the Philippines (NUJP) showed that Magsino reported “threats” to her life sometime in 2005, during which she exposed alleged corruption and illegal gambling activities of late Batangas Governor Armando Sanchez. Assassination attempt He survived an assassination attempt on June 1, 2006, when he was able to get out of his Hummer H2 that exploded while boarding it inside the Batangas Capitol Grounds. His driver and bodyguard were killed during the explosion. 2007 Elections During the 2007 elections, he opted to run for re-election as governor. He was the official candidate of Kampi, a pro-administration party. He faced Lipa City Mayor Vilma Santos-Recto who was the official candidate of Lakas CMD, another pro-administration party. Since two pro-administration candidates were battling it out for the governorship of Batangas, administration officials opted to declare the Province of Batangas a \\\"free-zone\\\". Santos-Recto is the wife of then Senator Ralph Recto who was running for re-election as part of the pro-administration Team Unity. Since Sanchez was a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, governors threatened to junk the candidacy of Recto as senator. Sanchez lost to Santos-Recto by more than 100,000 votes. 2010 Elections and death Sanchez, once again ran for the gubernatorial position with Edwin Ermita, who was the defeated running mate of Santos-Recto in 2007, as his running mate. Sanchez was rushed to the Mary Mediatrix Medical Center in Lipa City on April 26, 2010, after collapsing during a campaign and was placed inside an intensive care unit. Sanchez suffered a stroke due to fatigue, decreased sugar levels and severe hypertension,\",\n \"title\": \"Armando Sanchez\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51885439\",\n \"text\": \"Mohammad Akbar Hossain is a retired lieutenant general in the Bangladesh Army and former commandant of National Defence College. Career Hossain is the former general officer commanding of 9th Infantry Division and commander of Savar area. He previously served as Director General of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. He also served as Director of Counter Intelligence Bureau of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. He previously Commanded a Artillery Brigade and a Air Defence Artillery Brigade. He was an artillery officer who was commissioned in the 13th BMA long course on 20 December 1985 from Bangladesh Military Academy. Under him a new monogram of DGFI was designed. On October 2005, Akbar was posted to 2nd Rapid Action Battalion as commanding officer. On February 2007 the battalion surveillance team had spotted a Hummer in Panthapath and asked the owners to come to their camp where they were detained. Assistant director Monayem Hossain of the Anti-Corruption Commission filed a case against Harunur Rashid for tax fraud in March 2007 with Tejgaon police station and then pressed charge in July. Harunur Rashid had imported a Hummer H2 on 25 April 2005 without paying tax as per his privilege as a member of parliament but later sold the to Ishtiak Sadek, violating the rules of the duty free facility, who sold it to Enayetur Rahman Bappi. A vehicle imported duty free using such a privilege may not be resold within three years of its importation. Hossain became the 1st Colonel Commandant of the Remount Veterinary and Farm Corps in December 2020. References Living people Bangladeshi military personnel Bangladesh Army generals Bangladeshi generals Directors General of the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence 1965 births\",\n \"title\": \"Mohammad Akbar Hossain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"847342\",\n \"text\": \"Sut is a demon in Islam. SUT may refer to: H2 SUT, a model of Hummer H2 Shaanxi University of Technology, China Sharif University of Technology, Iran Shenyang University of Technology, China Society for Underwater Technology Solar updraft tower, a solar power plant Sport Utility Truck Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand System under test in software testing IATA airport code for Sumbawanga Airport London Underground station code for Sudbury Town tube station, England Sutherland, historic county in Scotland, Chapman code TV Shizuoka, a Japanese commercial broadcaster\",\n \"title\": \"SUT\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1307965\",\n \"text\": \"Need for Speed: Underground 2 is a 2004 racing video game developed by EA Black Box and published by Electronic Arts. It is the eighth installment in the Need for Speed series and the direct sequel to Need for Speed: Underground. It was developed for Microsoft Windows, GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions were developed by Pocketeers, and a PlayStation Portable version, titled Need for Speed: Underground Rivals, was developed by Team Fusion. Another version for mobile phones was also developed. Like its predecessor, it was also commercially successful, selling around 11 million copies worldwide and breaking sales records in the United Kingdom. The game entails tuning cars for street races, resuming the Need for Speed: Underground storyline. Need for Speed: Underground 2 provides several new features, such as broader customization, new methods of selecting races, set in a city known as Bayview. The game stars Brooke Burke as the voice of Rachel Teller, who guides the player throughout the game. The game's storyline is presented in a comic book strip. The Nintendo DS port introduces a new feature in which the player can design custom decals to adorn any vehicle in the game. Plot The story takes place after the initial events of Underground, shortly after the player beats Eddie and his street racing gang The Eastsiders in Olympic City, along with Melissa. Revered as the best street racer in Olympic City, the player wins a race while driving a blue Nissan Skyline GT-R and promptly receives a call from an unidentified individual with an \\\"invitation\\\" to join his team, followed by a threat explicitly disclaiming that he is not \\\"taking no for an answer\\\". Angered, the player immediately hangs up the call and drives to a celebratory party; while talking to Samantha on the phone, they are blinded and ambushed by a Hummer H2 from a dark alley, which rams and wrecks their Skyline. A man with a scythe tattoo on his hand calls to confirm that he \\\"took care of a problem\\\". Six months later, the player boards a plane to Bayview with a good luck note from Samantha, referring to her friend Rachel Teller, as well as being given a car key bearing the name 'Rachel'. The player arrives in Bayview and is contacted by Rachel, who has left them her Nissan 350Z at the airport car lot, asking to meet at a car dealership; the player can ignore these instructions and race in three events and outruns before Rachel calls demanding her car back, after which no more races will spawn. At the dealership, he buys his first car using the money provided by their insurance company over the totaled Nissan Skyline, and begins to race again. Rachel becomes the key contact within Bayview. She explains the layout of Bayview street racing scene, introducing the sponsorship mechanics, the Underground Racing League (URL) and actively aids the player afterwards by giving them tips on driving, secret shops, important events and\",\n \"title\": \"Need for Speed: Underground 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48753513\",\n \"text\": \"A doppelgänger brand image is a parody logo or narrative intended to highlight ethical issues regarding the product advertised. They are commonly associated with the brand's lack of authenticity, and most are created as a form of individual protest, either posted digitally on social media, or displayed as physical graffiti. A 2012 study concluded that doppelgänger brand images were able to negatively affect sales, because they created a perception of mistrust in the minds of the customers. A 2006 study concluded that, Doppelgänger has an impact on emotional brand image of a brand. In a 2006 paper, Craig J. Thompson, Aric Rindfleisch and Zeynep Arsel suggest that doppelgänger brand images are a sign that \\\"an emotional-branding story is beginning to lose its cultural resonance\\\", and can be useful as a warning symptom. Examples The \\\"Joe Chemo\\\" campaign, an internet campaign created by an organization called Adbusters, criticized the product message of Camel cigarettes, and emphasized the harmful effects of smoking, by depicting the company's camel mascot as \\\"a camel who wishes he'd never smoked cigarettes\\\". In this doppelganger image the confident, cool and popular Joe Camel is replaced by this sick, depressed and lonely Joe Chemo. Shortly after this doppelganger campaign began, Joe Camel was withdrawn from the market. McDonald's is often criticized because of its harmful effects on human health. To illustrate its negative effect, the McDonald's logo was redesigned as \\\"McDiabetes\\\". For this DBI, there is a long running hashtag on Twitter. In 2015, a designer reinterpreted the Pepsi logo to represent a corpulent man. The intention was to emphasize the direct relation between consumption of sweetened soft drinks and obesity. After General Motors launched the Hummer H2 in the mid-2000s, a creative viral Internet campaign called \\\"FUH2\\\" began. This campaign concentrated not only on the brand itself, but also on its owners who were portrayed as savages who cared about style more than the environment. During Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, comedian John Oliver satirised Trump's \\\"Make America Great Again\\\" slogan with the parody \\\"Make Donald Drumpf Again\\\", referring to Trump's alleged ancestral surname. Nike's logo and slogan (\\\"Just do it\\\") appear in several images either altered or adjusted, often highlighting the company's use of sweat shop labor. Following the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, several satirical logos reflecting a negative image were born out of a contest sponsored by Greenpeace. The South Butt was an attempt to commercialize a parody of The North Face's brand. The Indian Premier League major cricket sporting event was severely criticized as Indian Puppet League, after revelations came out in 2015 regarding the match fixing and mis-governance issues associated with it. This negative portrayal of brand affected the events popularity and the credibility of associated players. The Board of Control for Cricket in India was also severely affected. Walmart has several anti-branding doppelganger initiatives aimed against it. A spoof of the Apple logo that shows a worm coming out of the bitten apple and the words\",\n \"title\": \"Doppelgänger brand image\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11258440\",\n \"text\": \"Hummer Winblad Venture Partners (HWVP) is an American software and web focused venture capital firm based in San Francisco, California. Its founders include John Hummer and Ann Winblad. The firm was an early investor in Napster, the first popular file sharing service, and in several internet firms that failed during the dot-com bubble. History First decade (1989–1999) Ann Winblad started Hummer Winblad Venture Partners with former professional basketball player John Hummer after selling her company Open Systems and serving as a consultant to Microsoft, Apple Computer, and IBM. The company originally focused on raising money from pension funds and investing in software companies. In 1999 Bill Gates invested in the company's venture fund. In her book The Kingmakers, reporter Karen Southwick wrote that Hummer Winblad Venture Partners \\\"may not be among the super tier of VC firms, but it certainly gets just about as much publicity.\\\" Napster and the dot-com bubble (2000–2014) In 2000 Hummer Winblad led a US$15 million round of funding for Napster while the internet company was being sued by the Recording Industry Association of America. The Economist noted that this investment was unusual for a company that previously had been \\\"notably more risk-averse than most Silicon Valley rivals towards Internet investments.\\\" In 2001 several of the company's investments ended in company bankruptcies or closures, including Pets.com, Homes.com, eHow, and Rival Networks. In 2006 Hummer Winblad Venture Partners settled a lawsuit brought by EMI Group and Universal Music Group after Napster's bankruptcy. Rebranding as HWVP (2015–) In 2015 Hummer Winblad Venture Partners rebranded as HWVP. The next year, for the first time, it raised a fund without Ann Winblad or John Hummer listed among the general partners. , its investments include Ace Metrix and NuoDB. References External links Financial services companies established in 1989 Venture capital firms of the United States Companies based in San Francisco American companies established in 1989 1989 establishments in California\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer Winblad Venture Partners\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43793484\",\n \"text\": \"The Kawasaki Ninja H2 is a supercharged four-stroke supersport-class motorcycle in the Ninja sports bike series manufactured by Kawasaki, featuring a variable-speed centrifugal supercharger. Its namesake is the 750 cc Kawasaki H2 Mach IV, an inline triple that was introduced by Kawasaki in 1972 to \\\"disrupt what it saw as a sleeping motorcycle market\\\". Its Ninja H2R track-only variant is the fastest and most powerful production motorcycle on the market, producing a maximum of and with ram-air. The H2R has 50% more power than the fastest street-legal motorcycles, while the street-legal Ninja H2 has a lower power output of – with ram-air. Design Kawasaki selected the literbike platform for its top-of-the-line Ninja H2 model, rather than continuing with the higher-displacement Ninja ZX-14 hyperbike. Cycle World's Kevin Cameron explained that the literbike class is \\\"the center of the high-performance market\\\", attracting the best development in racing, with the best chassis and suspension design, so it made sense for Kawasaki to create a machine that could leverage this. The H2 is the first production motorcycle with a supercharger, although turbochargers were available on some models in the early 1980s. Specifications in the infobox are from Kawasaki unless noted. Production The street-legal Ninja H2 has mirrors in place of the track-only H2R's winglets, and plastic body panels in place of the H2R's carbon-fiber panels but there is the H2 carbon version that has them in carbon. The street-legal H2 is said to make , probably with reduced supercharger boost compared to the H2R. The H2 and H2R share the supercharger (with a lower boost level on the H2) and many other components, with the exception of the head gasket, cam profile and timing with ECU mapping, exhaust system, and clutch (the H2R's clutch has two additional plates). For 2017, Kawasaki made a limited-edition model with 120 units produced globally: the individually-numbered Kawasaki Ninja H2 Carbon with special paint and carbon-fiber upper cowl. For 2017, the standard Ninja H2 was also updated. For 2018, Kawasaki made a new sport touring version of the H2, the , with a claimed wet weight of . Features that are options on the base model H2 SX come standard on the Kawasaki H2 SX SE, which has a claimed wet weight of . It has revised throttle bodies, camshafts, crankshaft, pistons, cylinder and cylinder head as well as a new exhaust system aimed at increasing mid range torque. The intake system and supercharger impeller were also redesigned. A new larger fuel tank, rear trellis subframe and panniers increase the bike's weight by . For 2019, the H2 received an update with 15% more power from updates to the intake, spark plugs, ECU, and air filter, among other components. Also added was a new LED lighting scheme and a special top coat of paint that is claimed to be self-healing and able to smooth over small scratches in warmer conditions. Also new were lighter and smaller Brembo Stylema calipers, a new TFT dash, and smartphone connectivity that provides information\",\n \"title\": \"Kawasaki Ninja H2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2674653\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\\\" is a song by American rapper Khia, released in April 2002 as the lead single from her debut studio album, Thug Misses. Owing to its sexually explicit lyrics, an edited version of the song was released to mainstream radio. The song reached number 42 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It also reached number four in the United Kingdom two years later and number 12 in Australia. Lyrically, “My Neck, My Back (Lick It)” is about a woman searching for and pursuing a man at a club, demanding that he perform sexual acts on her, including licking her clitoris and anus, and encouraging other women to do the same. Background and meaning The lyrics contain detailed, explicit descriptions of both cunnilingus and anilingus, so a heavily edited version was used for radio broadcasting and the official music video. Khia later stated in a 2002 interview for MTV News concerning the song's big success: \\\"I guess the world is just nasty and freaky like that […] It's not even my favorite song, and I was kind of surprised that's the song that everybody jumped on. … That song is just nothing compared to my other music. It's like, 'That's what the world is about today,' so hey, it works for me.\\\" In 2018, NPR ranked the song as #184 for their The 200 Greatest Songs By 21st Century Women list, saying: \\\"'My Neck, My Back' is the most enduring erotic pleasure procedural of this era, and rightfully so. Underscoring the dirty in Dirty South, Khia raps simple demands as to where she wants to be licked (short version: 'all over'), with explicit suggestions towards technique that span two dedicated verses. It's a delightfully nasty club classic where a woman's pleasure is presented as a debt owed her.\\\" Recording and composition \\\"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\\\" is a dirty rap song, and India Mae Alby of Keakie.com described it as a \\\"low beat Club song\\\". The song is noted for its chorus, in which Khia raps \\\"My neck, my back, lick my pussy and my crack\\\". The song was written by Khia herself and Edward Meriwether. During a studio session, Khia recorded \\\"My Neck, My Back\\\" at Grooveland Studios in Clearwater, Florida. Music video Background The music video was directed by Diane Martel, and was released during the spring of 2002. In the United Kingdom, a different video was used, which did not feature Khia, instead depicting a group of bikini-clad models washing a Hummer H2 in a seductive manner while lip-synching the words to the song. Synopsis The music video begins with Khia dancing in a half-bikini dress at a party in front of various people full of arcade games. It later shows scenes of Khia at a pool receiving a massage by a dreadheaded man. Khia is also seen dancing at a barbecue. There are also scenes showing Khia in a house wearing a polka-dot shirt and heels surrounded by men. Khia can\",\n \"title\": \"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64339286\",\n \"text\": \"The Crosstown Line, designated Routes H2 and H4, is a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Brookland–CUA station and Tenleytown–AU station of the Red Line of the Washington Metro. The line operates every 24 minutes between 7AM and 9PM, and 20 - 40 minutes after 9PM at a combined frequency of 12 minutes during the day and, 20 minutes during the late nights. Trips roughly take 48 minutes to complete. Background Routes H2 and H4 operate as part of the Crosstown Line between Brookland–CUA station and Tenleytown–AU station. Routes H2 and H4 serve the hospital complex along 1st Street. The line splits after serving Columbia Heights station. Route H2 mainly operates along Adams Mill Road, Connecticut Avenue, Van Ness Street, and Veazey Street. While Route H4 mainly operates along Mount Pleasant Street, Park Road, Porter Street, and Wisconsin Avenue. Both routes connect Brookland and Tenleytown stations by bus without having to take the Red Line. Routes H2 and H4 currently operate out of Bladensburg division with some select weekday trips operating out of Western division. H2 stops H4 stops History Routes H2 and H4 originally operated under streetcars by the Capital Traction Company. The line was then made into buses in the 1920s. Routes H2 and H4 operated between Fort Lincoln and Westmoreland Circle connecting Tenleytown, Forest Hills, Cleveland Park, Mount Pleasant, Columbia Heights, Rock Creek Park, Brookland along Yuma Street, Massachusetts Avenue, Wisconsin Avenue, Porter Street NW (H4), Van Ness/Veazey Street NW (H2), Connecticut Avenue (H2), Columbia Road NW, Irving Street NW, Michigan Avenue NW/NE, Franklin Street NE, and 14th Street NE. It mostly provides service in outer DC without having to enter Downtown. The line was later acquired by DC Transit in 1956 and later diverted to serve the Washington Hospital Complexes along 1st Street. It later became a Metrobus route in 1973. On February 19, 1978, after Brookland–CUA station opened, routes H2 and H4 were diverted off Monroe Street to serve the new station. This gives residents access to the Red Line on its route. No route changes were made during its route. On August 25, 1984, routes H2 and H4 were rerouted off Tenley Circle to serve Tenleytown–AU station in the middle of its route when it opened. No route changes were made on the route. On September 18, 1999, after Columbia Heights station opened a series of changes were made to the H2 and H4. Routes H2 was shorten to terminate at Van Ness–UDC station and route H4 was shorten to terminate at Tenleytown–AU station. Service to Westmoreland Circle and along Yuma Street was replaced by a new route N8 which will operate between Van Ness and Wesley Heights. This was due to resident complaint along Yuma Street and Tenleytown over H2 and H4 buses making loud noises along Yuma street causing noise pollution and damage to homes. The new N8 solves the noise complaint problem by using smaller and quieter 30 ft buses. Routes H2 and H4 were\",\n \"title\": \"Crosstown Line (Washington, D.C.)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10565411\",\n \"text\": \"Foals (stylised in all caps) are a British rock band formed in Oxford in 2005. The band's current line-up consists of Greek-born lead vocalist and guitarist Yannis Philippakis, drummer and percussionist Jack Bevan, rhythm guitarist Jimmy Smith and bassist Walter Gervers. They are currently signed to Warner Records, and have released seven studio albums to date: Antidotes (2008), Total Life Forever (2010), Holy Fire (2013), What Went Down (2015), and Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 & 2 (2019) and their most recent, Life Is Yours (2022). They have also released one video album, six extended plays and thirty-five singles. The band have toured internationally for over a decade, and have featured at many festivals including Glastonbury, Coachella, and Roskilde. They have won a number of awards, including best live act at the 2013 Q Awards while producers Alan Moulder and Flood were awarded 'UK Producer of the Year' for their work on the album Holy Fire. The band's studio albums Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 and 2 were released March and October 2019, respectively, with the latter becoming the group's first album to top the UK Album Chart. History 2005–2006: Formation The lead singer of the band Youthmovies, Andrew Mears, originally formed the band Foals. He was present on the band's debut 7\\\" single, \\\"Try This on Your Piano/Look at My Furrows of Worry\\\", but left shortly afterwards to concentrate on Youthmovies's debut album, Good Nature. Jack Bevan, Lina Simon and Yannis Philippakis were originally in cult math rock band the Edmund Fitzgerald. The group disbanded, claiming that things had become \\\"too serious\\\" and that they wanted to have more \\\"fun making their music\\\". Walter Gervers and Jimmy Smith were part of a small Oxford band called Face Meets Grill. They met at and formed the band from members of Abingdon School, the same school that Radiohead attended. They played gigs in and around Oxford, and recorded an EP in Hull. After playing Truck Festival in 2004 they separated to follow different paths and careers. Guitarist Jimmy Smith is the only one of the band members to have completed his degree, at Hull University, each of the other band members quit their respective universities when the band signed to Transgressive Records. 2007–2008: Antidotes In early 2007, the band released the limited edition 7\\\" singles \\\"Hummer\\\" and \\\"Mathletics\\\", both produced by Gareth Parton. \\\"Hummer\\\" later featured on the Channel Four teen drama Skins. Philippakis described this period as 'the music was almost a premeditated mix of blending techno and minimalism [and] we'd set ourselves these rules, like 'only staccato rhythms', and 'guitars must be played really high'. In the summer of 2007, Foals began working on their debut album in New York. It was produced by Dave Sitek of TV on the Radio. However, the band decided to mix the album themselves, stating that Sitek made the first master copy of the album sound like \\\"it was recorded in the Grand Canyon\\\". Philippakis\",\n \"title\": \"Foals (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59749306\",\n \"text\": \"H2 (or History2) is a brand name owned by A&E Networks (a joint venture between the Hearst Communications and the Walt Disney Television division of The Walt Disney Company), used for a sister television channel of History. The brand was debuted in September 2011 when History International in the United States was relaunched as H2. The brand was expanded outside the U.S. since then. H2 in the United States was relaunched on February 29, 2016 as Viceland, but the H2 brand is still used for sister channels to History in other markets. A&E Networks began rebranding the remaining versions of H2 as History2, starting with Latin American version on January 1, 2019. On November 6, 2018, concerning Disney's proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox, the European Commission required Disney to sell A&E's television operations in Europe, which include the versions of H2 in the area. North America The H2 brand was introduced in the United States, when History International was re-branded as such on September 26, 2011, with its programming was refocused to feature documentary content from its sister network History, prior to that network's shift towards more reality programming. The American channel was subsequently replaced by Viceland on February 29, 2016. Canada On August 27, 2012, Shaw Media, relaunched the male-focused Category A digital channel, The Cave as a domestic Canadian version of H2. Latin America In 2014, a Latin American version of H2 was launched under the ownership of A+E Networks Latin America (a joint venture between A+E Networks and Ole Communications) and distributed by Ole Distribution. On January 1, 2019, H2 was re-branded as History2. Europe Croatia: The Croatian version of H2 was launched on 1 February 2018 on Hrvatski Telekom's MaxTV. Poland: The Polish version of H2 was launched on 28 October 2014. On 6 February 2019, the channel was rebranded as History2. Serbia: On 12 April 2015, the Serbian version of H2 was launched to Orion TV customers. It was also made available to MTS TV customers in May of that year. United Kingdom and Ireland: On 4 May 2013, the local version of Military History was re-branded as H2. It launched on TalkTalk on August 28, 2014, and a few months later on BT TV. An HD version launched on Virgin Media on 1 December 2015, and later on BT TV in October 2016. On February 6, 2019, this version was re-branded again as History2. On May 27, 2020, to coincide with the launches of Sky Documentaries and Sky Nature, History and History2 rebranded to Sky History and Sky History2, respectively, in the UK and Ireland. MENA In the Middle East and North Africa, the regional version of H2 is available on OSN since 1 February 2016. Asia In Southeast Asia, A+E Networks launched a regional version of H2 on 14 June 2013. After 9 years of broadcasting, H2 Asia ceased broadcasting on 1 October 2022. See also List of programs broadcast by History (TV channel) References A&E Networks Television channels in North Macedonia\",\n \"title\": \"H2 (A&E Networks)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4680235\",\n \"text\": \"Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE) is an American automotive engineering company specializing in high-performance automobile modifications, specifically engines and induction systems. Now headquartered in Brighton, Michigan the company was founded by and named for NHRA driver John Lingenfelter in Decatur, IN. Over the decades since its founding, LPE has been creating high-performance versions of many GM vehicles, such as the F-Bodies (Camaro, Firebird), B Bodies (Impala SS, Caprice, Roadmaster, Fleetwood), Corvette, CTS-V, GTO, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Escalade, Denali, SSR, Hummer H2, and Sierra. Furthermore, it has also created performance enhancement packages for the Dodge Viper and Plymouth Prowler. In January 1998, MotorTrend tested a Chevrolet Tahoe modified and tuned by Lingenfelter, powered by a 396 (6.5L) cubic inch Chevrolet V8 and achieved a 5.1-second 0-60 time as well as a 0.9g lateral acceleration figure. The SUV completed the quarter mile in 13.8 seconds at 96 mph. These numbers matched the performance figures of a base model C4 Corvette and GMC Syclones/Typhoons of that era. Motor Trend also tested an LPE-built Impala SS that had the same performance numbers as the last generation M5 (0-60 4.7 sec) due to its bored and stroked LT-1 (displacement rose to 383 in3 and horsepower rose to 425). Another LPE vehicle was featured in the June 1996 issue of Car and Driver: A special C4 Corvette with a 427.6 in3 engine that attained a top speed of 212 mph (ca. 341 km/h) . LPE's 2001 Corvette 427 twin-turbo with 800 rear-wheel horsepower accomplished a 0-60 mph acceleration in 1.97 seconds. Another LPE vehicle that the company developed and marketed to customers which has been one of their most powerful vehicles offered to date was a 2006 twin-turbo Corvette Z06 with 1,109 rear wheel horsepower. In 2014, they expanded operations. The current owner of Lingenfelter Performance Engineering is Ken Lingenfelter. References External links Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Automotive companies of the United States Companies based in Indiana\",\n \"title\": \"Lingenfelter Performance Engineering\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1303680\",\n \"text\": \"Wayne Kent Cherry (born 1937) is an American car designer educated at Art Center College of Design and employed by General Motors from 1962 through 2004, retiring as Vice President of Design. Cherry worked for General Motors in the United States from 1962 until 1965, when he moved to the United Kingdom to take a position with General Motors' Vauxhall Motors subsidiary, becoming Design Director at Vauxhall in 1975. In 1983 General Motors consolidated all European passenger car design under Cherry and made him Design Director at General Motors' Adam Opel AG subsidiary. Cherry returned to the United States in 1991 and in 1992 became General Motors Vice President of Design. Cherry retired from General Motors in 2004. Cherry was one of twenty-five nominees for the 1999 Car Designer of the Century. Education In the 1950s, Cherry read an article about the Art Center College of Design and wrote to the college, asking how to become a car designer. The college replied, telling Cherry to submit a portfolio. Cherry submitted a portfolio that included sketches of cars and engines, and was accepted to the college. Cherry graduated with a bachelor's degree in industrial and transportation design in early 1962. Career Cherry joined General Motors in 1962 after graduating from the Art Center College of Design, initially working at General Motors in the US as an Associate Creative Designer. Cherry was a member of the team that designed the original Chevrolet Camaro/Pontiac Firebird and the team that designed the 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado. In 1965, Cherry transferred to General Motors' United Kingdom-based Vauxhall Motors subsidiary. His first project was in 1965 under Assistant Director of Design Leo Pruneau working on the Vauxhall XVR concept car. became Assistant Design Director at Vauxhall in 1970. In that same year, the Vauxhall SRV concept car was shown. Under Cherry, General Motors released the redesigned 1973 Vauxhall Firenza with its aerodynamic \\\"droopsnoot\\\". Cherry became the Design Director for Vauxhall in 1975. In 1983, General Motors consolidated the design activities of its Vauxhall and Opel subsidiaries. As part of the consolidation plan, Cherry became Design Director at General Motors' Rüsselsheim, Germany-based Adam Opel AG subsidiary and became responsible for overall design of passenger cars in Europe. During his time at Opel, Cherry supervised the design of the Astra, Corsa, Calibra, Tigra, among many others. Cherry returned to the United States in 1991 to direct the design studios of General Motors' Chevrolet and Geo divisions. In 1992 Cherry became Vice President of Design for General Motors worldwide, one of seven to have held the position, including Harley Earl, Bill Mitchell, Irv Rybicki, Chuck Jordan, Ed Welburn and Michael Simcoe. While Cherry Vice President of Design, he oversaw the designs of the Pontiac Solstice, Cadillac Sixteen concept car, Hummer H2, Chevrolet SSR and many other vehicles, including the Cadillac CTS introduced in 2002. Cherry retired from General Motors on January 1, 2004. Automobiles Designed As Design Director at Vauxhall & Opel: 1975-1981 Vauxhall Cavalier Mark I (front end only)\",\n \"title\": \"Wayne Cherry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9036354\",\n \"text\": \"The Hummer HX is a two-door off-road concept compact SUV that was revealed at the 2008 North American International Auto Show by General Motors. Design The objective of the HX concept car project was to potentially market a Hummer branded vehicle in the smaller-sized and lower priced SUV market segments. Development of the vehicle, dubbed H4, began in 2004 and the new model was to be Jeep Wrangler sized. The 2008 HX show car was smaller than both the H2 and H3. It featured a V6 engine mated to a six-speed automatic transmission. The HX shared with other Hummers a body-on-frame design, with front and rear independent suspensions, four-wheel-disc brakes, and full-time four-wheel drive. The HX was shown with a slant-back configuration, wearing a desert-inspired matte olive paint scheme, and featured removable doors with exposed hinge pins and removable composite fender flares that are attached with quarter-turn quick-release fasteners. The exterior's matte olive color was also applied to the interior's largely sheet metal-covered panels. The floor was a rubberized material. The HX seats four, with a pair of bucket-type seats in the second row. The rear seats are removable to allow cargo room. The console included a compartment for phones and MP3 players with no conventional radio, only integrated speakers and a connector for digital players or similar devices. Three designers, recent graduates of College for Creative Studies who were new to General Motors, Robert Jablonski; Kang Min-young, a South Korea native; and David Rojas, a native of Peru, participated in the development of the Hummer HX. Production Through MEV The Hummer HX never reached production through GM; however, MEV (My Electric Vehicle) won exclusive rights to the Hummer HX brand. MEV produce the Hummer HX as a small electric vehicle with similar proportions to the original HX concept although significantly smaller and is intended as a resort vehicle/golf cart. It utilizes a 72v drive system, powering an AC brushless motor, giving a range of 60+ miles and top speed of 19mph. MEV also produce the Hummer HXT, which is a soft-top version of their HX. References Hummer vehicles General Motors concept cars\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer HX\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2826629\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" is the first single from Jamaican musician Sean Paul's third studio album, The Trinity (2005). It achieved success worldwide, becoming a top-10 hit on at least 10 national music charts, including those of Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Background and release \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" was released as the first single from The Trinity on 22 August 2005 in the US and on 12 September 2005 in the UK. In the US, the single peaked inside the Billboard Hot 100 at number six, and in the UK, the single peaking at number two. The single became his biggest solo hit in the UK, beating the number-three peak of \\\"Like Glue\\\" in 2003 and spending just under five months inside the UK top 75. It was the biggest hit from the album in the UK; however, it was \\\"Temperature\\\" that was the biggest hit from the album in the US. The original version, sometimes denoted by the title being followed by \\\"Legalize It\\\", features prominent themes of marijuana use, referencing \\\"trees\\\", \\\"weed\\\" and \\\"herb\\\" several times and smoking it for \\\"meditation\\\". Another radio-friendly version was released with the title being followed by \\\"Recognize It\\\", which changed all drug-related lyrics to ones concerning women. Although the lyrics are different, Tami Chynn's single \\\"Hyperventilating\\\" as well as Capleton's \\\"Or Wah\\\" from the album Reign of Fire utilize the same riddim as Sean Paul's \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\", since both use the riddim \\\"Stepz\\\". Music video The video was shot in Southern California deserts by Jessy Terrero, showing dancers accompanying Paul, and two girls in an overheated Hummer H2. Sean Paul is seen dancing with three other girls in front of highly modified trucks. Track listings US 12-inch single A1. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Legalize It club version) – 3:28 A2. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (instrumental) – 3:52 B1. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Recognize It radio version) – 3:36 B2. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (instrumental) – 3:53 UK CD1 and European CD single \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Recognize It) \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Legalize It) UK CD2 \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Recognize It) \\\"Bounce It Right There\\\" \\\"We Be Burnin\\\" (video) Ringtone UK 12-inch single A1. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Recognize It) A2. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (instrumental) B1. \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Legalize It) B2. \\\"Bounce It Right There\\\" Australian CD single \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Recognize It) \\\"Bounce It Right There\\\" \\\"We Be Burnin'\\\" (Legalize It) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications !scope=\\\"col\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\"| Ringtone |- Release history References Sean Paul songs 2005 singles 2005 songs Atlantic Records singles Music videos directed by Jessy Terrero Songs about cannabis Songs written by Sean Paul Songs written by Steven \\\"Lenky\\\" Marsden VP Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"We Be Burnin'\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6865153\",\n \"text\": \"Racing Gears Advance is a combat racing game for the Game Boy Advance system released in 2004 and includes licensed vehicles from GM, Dodge, Mitsubishi and Lotus Cars. The soundtrack is notable for having been composed by Neil Voss, known for his prior work on Tetrisphere and The New Tetris. All circuit cups (there are five total) take the name of letters from the Greek alphabet (Alpha, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Omega), with each cup having five tracks (25 tracks total). Characters such as Spacewave, Jack Speed, Throttle, etc., drive the following cars: Cadillac Cien Chevrolet Corvette Chevrolet SSR Dodge Viper Dodge M80 Dodge Super 8 Hemi Hummer H2 Lotus Esprit Lotus Exige Lotus Elise Lotus 340R Mitsubishi RPM 7000 Due to its success, a sequel was announced for Nintendo DS under the working title Racing Gears DS, but was later cancelled. Reception Racing Gears Advance received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the game holds a score of 83/100 based on 17 reviews. Alex Navarro of GameSpot gave the game 8.5/10 while praising its controls, vehicle upgrades, and multiplayer. Craig Harris of IGN was similarly positive towards the game, giving it 8.9/10 and praising almost everything about the game except for its inability to save records for the player's best lap and race times. References 2004 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Racing video games Video games developed in Canada Video games scored by Neil Voss Multiplayer and single-player video games\",\n \"title\": \"Racing Gears Advance\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66474715\",\n \"text\": \"is a former Japanese YouTuber and rapper. He was part of the hip hop group Kaiware Hummer, releasing music under the stage name Bema. In January 2021, Watanabe allegedly solicited nude photos from an underage fan, which subsequently caused his agency UUUM to drop him as an act and YouTube to permanently ban his channel. Career When Watanabe was in middle school, he posted on Niconico under the username . Watanabe began uploading to YouTube in 2011. Watanabe released his debut solo album, Shinryakuteki Sukima, on November 26, 2016. In addition, Watanabe co-authored an autobiography about Kaiware Hummer with fellow members Naru and Imiga titled Kaiware Hummer Monogatari, with the first book released on July 20, 2017 and the second book released on August 31, 2017. Watanabe made an appearance on YouTuber 's second album Season 2, in which he was a featured artist on the song \\\"Kokomo.\\\" In 2018, Watanabe left Genesis One and signed with UUUM as his network. By June 2019, he had over 2.7 million subscribers on his main channel. After getting arrested on suspicion of battery in the same month, his activities were cancelled for the remainder of the year, including an appearance with Kaiware Hummer at A-nation 2019, while he remained at his agency to do clerical work. On February 7, 2020, UUUM announced that Watanabe would resume activities on February 14, 2020 on a new channel, which was named \\\"Mahoto.\\\" On January 22, 2021, UUUM announced that Watanabe had been dismissed from the agency after confirming he solicited nude photos from an underage girl. On January 28, 2021, YouTube suspended his channel for community violations. Following the events, on March 2, 2021, Watanabe issued an apology on Twitter and also announced he was retiring from YouTube. Since his retirement from YouTube, Watanabe started editing videos for Gardman, a YouTube channel with 2 million subscribers, earning him a million yen a month. Personal life On January 21, 2021, Watanabe announced that he was marrying actress and former Keyakizaka46 member Yui Imaizumi and that they were expecting a child. The child, a daughter was born in June 2021. Following Watanabe's 2021 arrest, Imaizumi announced in July 2021 that she would not be registering their marriage and that she would be raising the child herself with support from her family. Legal troubles On June 2, 2019, Watanabe was arrested on suspicion of battery. He had reportedly beat a female acquaintance and stomped on her face during an argument while he was intoxicated. On June 19, 2019, he issued an apology and also claimed he reconciled with the victim. On July 18, 2019, UUUM later stated that Watanabe's activities would be suspended, including Kaiware Hummer's appearance at A-nation 2019. Instead, he would be doing clerical work within the agency until December 31, 2019, though there were no immediate plans of him returning in January 2020. During this period, he was also prohibited from drinking. On January 21, 2021, the same day where Watanabe announced his marriage to\",\n \"title\": \"Mahoto Watanabe\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44529226\",\n \"text\": \"A nitrogen fixation package is a piece of research equipment for studying nitrogen fixation in plants. One product of this kind, the Q-Box NF1LP made by Qubit Systems, operates by measuring the hydrogen (H2) given off in the nitrogen-fixing chemical reaction enabled by nitrogenase enzymes. Principle of operation Nitrogen is produced by bacteria, which have an endo-symbiotic relationship with the legume host. In this relationship, the plant shares its carbohydrates with the bacteria so that the bacteria can thrive, and the plant benefits by having excess nitrogen made available. The bacteria's creation of nitrogen also creates hydrogen, which is what the unit measures to determine the nitrogen produced. Measurement of H2 evolution as a means of determining nitrogenase activity is an alternative technique to acetylene reduction assay, and allows real-time monitoring of changes in nitrogenase activity. Product description Q-Box NF1LP is an experimental package using an open-flow gas exchange system for measurement of nitrogen fixation in H2-producing legume symbioses. A flow-through H2 sensor (Q-S121) measures the production rate of H2 from N2-fixing tissues, allowing in vivo measurement of nitrogenase activity in real time. Measurements of nitrogenase activity on up to three plants is possible, i.e. a four-channel system including a reference sample. Operation Nitrogen fixation packages must be used in a laboratory-type environment. This can be a temporary laboratory set up in the field, as long as it is under stable, uncontaminated conditions. The product must be supplied with many potted samples of the plants and of the neighbouring soil, taken from separate areas on the farm or field under study. The tests rely on the availability of the Herbaspirillum bacteria in the soil. This bacterium is found at the root of most legumes, which is where they produce nitrogen. To test soil properly, it must be free of added nitrogen fertilizers, which have harmful effects on the Herbaspirillum bacteria needed for fixation. Applications Different aspects of nitrogen fixation can be examined with these products, such as effects of temperature on the fixation process, the regulation of the process by oxygen, and the inhibition of nitrogen fixation by an over-abundance of fertilizers. References External links Microbiology equipment Nitrogen cycle\",\n \"title\": \"Nitrogen fixation package\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28540730\",\n \"text\": \"The Kawasaki H2 Mach IV is a 750 cc 3-cylinder two-stroke production motorcycle manufactured by Kawasaki. The H2 was a Kawasaki triple sold from September 1971 through 1975. A standard, factory produced H2 was able to travel a quarter mile from a standing start in 12.0 seconds. It handled better than the Mach III that preceded it. By the standards of its time, its handling was sufficient to make it the production bike to beat on the race track. Nonetheless, its tendency to pull wheelies and a less than solid feel through high speed corners led to adjustments to the design as it evolved. More than any other model, it created Kawasaki's reputation for building what motorcycle journalist Alastair Walker called, \\\"scarily fast, good-looking, no holds barred motorcycles\\\", and led to a further decline in the market place of the British motorcycle industry. History In September 1971 the H2 was a direct result of the success of the 500 cc Kawasaki H1 Mach III introduced in 1969. The H2 engine was a 3-cylinder two-stroke with an engine displacement of which produced at 6,800 rpm, a power-to-weight ratio of to every of weight. This made it the fastest accelerating motorcycle in production. This was an entirely new engine and not a bored-out 500. Unlike the H1 500, the 750 had much more low engine speed torque, with a strong burst of power starting at 3,500 rpm to the 7,500 rpm red line. The 1972 H2 came with a single front disc brake, a second disc brake was an optional Kawasaki part, an all-new capacitor discharge ignition system unique to the H2, a chain oiler, and two steering dampers; one friction and one hydraulic. In 1973, there were minor mechanical changes made to the carburetor jets, oil injection pump and cylinder port timing in an effort by the factory to get more MPG from the H2A. Because of these changes the most powerful H2 was the 1972 model. In 1974 the H2B engine was modified for more civilized performance at the expense of raw power. The race tail was slimmed down from the previous year. An oil-based steering damper and check valve were added. The power was reduced to at 6,800 rpm. The oil injection system was substantially changed with two separate sets of injection lines, unlike the earlier models with one set of lines. Oil was injected into the carburetors on a separate line. The oil injection to the bottom end bearings (both main and rod big ends) was retained as a single branched line. A longer swingarm improved stability. The final model had a weight of . The H2B and H2C had the steering damper repositioned to the left. In 1972, the H2, as well as the 350 cc S2 Mach II, had a race tail that held the taillight, and had a small storage space. See also List of fastest production motorcycles List of motorcycles by type of engine Notes References Weekblad Motor 1971 pages 1515 and 1516, 1760-1762\",\n \"title\": \"Kawasaki H2 Mach IV\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44411529\",\n \"text\": \"The H2 Hinde Tree is a heritage-listed tree of the species Macadamia integrifolia at Colliston, 926 Gilston Road, Gilston, City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008. History The H2 Hinde tree is located on Colliston, a former farm in the Gold Coast hinterland about nine kilometres southwest of Nerang in the Gilston district. It is the parent of a variety (see note below) of the species Macadamia integrifolia and was probably planted in the 1920s. It was registered by the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock in 1960 as a scion wood (see note below) and in the two decades after that time, a significant number of commercial orchards in the State propagated trees using material from this tagged parent tree, it being one of only two Australian-developed varieties to have then achieved such a status. The macadamia nut industry is the largest based on an indigenous Australian food crop and since the mid-1990s this country has become the world's largest exporter of the nuts. Note. The horticultural use of the term \\\"variety\\\" refers to selected clones usually propagated by grafting. A parent tree is a genetically unique plant that is selected for specific traits, in the case of macadamias these include: strong tree growth, low incidence of pests and diseases, low incidence of stick-tights and premature germination of nuts, reduced years to bearing, high kernel quality and desirable market requirements. Note. The term \\\"scion wood\\\" refers to the part of a tree that is grafted onto the roots or stem of another, known as the rootstock. This grafted branch or bud transmits the flowering or fruiting characteristics of the variety from which it is taken. With macadamia trees grafting is the only method, reliable and speedy enough by commercial standards, of growing a plant that will exhibit the sought after nut bearing characteristics, as they do not always grow true-to-type when propagated from seeds or seedlings. Colliston was selected by Michael James Hinde in 1879 when land along the upper reaches of the Nerang River was being opened to closer settlement. In 1882 he married Alice Batten, the daughter of a Crown Land Ranger living at Pimpama. According to family lore, it was while he was walking to visit her before they married that he came across some native macadamia nut seedlings, uprooted them and re-planted them on Colliston. Otherwise he practiced small-scale farming and eked out a difficult living for himself and what was to become a large family of eight children, his enterprise emulating the nature of many other farms in the Albert Shire. He was resourceful in his efforts to cultivate new crops and test their worthiness as saleable products. Some of his crop choices reflected those made by many other farmers in the area, including maize and arrowroot in the early years, and turning to oranges in the early twentieth century. Like many others he established a small dairy. In lean times he harvested\",\n \"title\": \"H2 Hinde Tree\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71836226\",\n \"text\": \"Hummer Team (Chinese: 悍馬小組) was a Taiwanese developer of bootleg video games which was founded in 1992 and closed down in 2010 History Hummer Team was founded in Taipei, Taiwan in 1992 and was dedicated to the development and publishing of unauthorized ports of video games for the Nintendo Famicom. The first video game published by Hummer Team was Jing Ke Xin Zhuan (1992), a role-playing video game. Upon the releases of Kart Fighter (1993) and Somari (1994), the company began to gain attention. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Hummer Team experienced economic troubles because it had difficulty developing for the fifth generation of video game consoles. Nintendo had stopped producing Famicom cartridges by 2003, making it impossible for the Hummer Team to continue working on the platform. Despite Hummer's economic problems, the team continued to release video games for Plug and Play Consoles until 2006. Recognition (1992–2006) Hummer Team's first game, Jing Ke Xin Zhuan, was released in 1992. The company was known in Argentina under the pseudonym Yoko Soft after having released Street Fighter: The World Warrior in 1993. Some of Hummer Team's better known games include Street Fighter II: The World Warrior, an unlicensed port of Street Fighter II, Kart Fighter, a Street Fighter clone infamously using characters from the Super Mario Bros. series, and Somari, a port of the original Sonic the Hedgehog game to the Famicom, featuring Mario instead of Sonic. Somari in particular gained a bit of notoriety, having been made fun of by many content creators and video game journalists for its poor physics, modified object placement and replacement of Sonic as the main character. Games References Video game development companies Video gaming in Taiwan Unauthorized video games\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer Team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4517307\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Long Term Parking\\\" is the 64th episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the 12th of the show's fifth season. Written by Terence Winter and directed by Tim Van Patten, it originally aired on May 23, 2004. Starring James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi * Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano Jr. * Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano Jr. Jamie-Lynn DiScala as Meadow Soprano * Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano Baccalieri * Vincent Curatola as Johnny Sack John Ventimiglia as Artie Bucco and Steve Buscemi as Tony Blundetto * = credit only Guest starring Synopsis Little Carmine recoils from the escalating violence of the New York mob war, and Johnny becomes the new boss of the Lupertazzi family. In a sit-down with Tony, both Johnny and Phil make threats against his blood relations. Johnny says he wants Tony B \\\"on a fucking spit\\\". In hiding, Tony B calls Tony to apologize. Tony tells him not to come back and says he will look after his sons. He further admits why he was not at the hijack where Tony B was arrested decades earlier, saying that he has always felt guilty; \\\"Now we're even.\\\" Ending the call, they tell each other to take care. Tony then has the call traced and learns that Tony B is in upstate New York, near their uncle's now-empty house. Tony and Johnny meet alone. Tony says he knows where Tony B is and what has to be done. Johnny refuses to let Tony handle it himself and states that Tony B will be at Phil's mercy. Tony subsequently refuses to give up Tony B's location and the meeting ends in antagonism. Tony punishes Christopher for bungling a cigarette smuggling operation. Back home, Chris rants about Tony's treatment and what he sees as his favoritism towards Tony B. Adriana, under intense stress, is diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. When FBI surveillance catches Adriana behaving oddly with a bag of garbage behind her nightclub, she is brought in. She admits that she was cleaning up after a murder in her office: drug dealer Matush Giamona killed a customer who claimed he had been ripped off. Threatened with imprisonment for covering up the murder, Adriana is told she has to wear a wire. She refuses but persuades the FBI that Chris is ready to turn. They let her go, with a deadline for bringing him in. When Adriana tells Chris she has been talking to the FBI, he reacts violently and begins to strangle her before he breaks down crying. They eventually agree to flee and start a new life. Getting gas for his Hummer H2 the next morning, Chris pensively observes a poor family in front of the gas station, their meager possessions strapped to the roof of a run-down car. Adriana soon receives\",\n \"title\": \"Long Term Parking\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65047940\",\n \"text\": \"The Hummer is an ice cream cocktail originally created in Detroit, Michigan, at Bayview Yacht Club by Jerome Adams. It was the first \\\"boozy milkshake\\\" of the late 1960s. It is made with light rum and Kahlua and vanilla ice cream. Two legendary bartenders have been credited with creating the drink. According to The Detroit Free Press Jerome Adams created the drink at the Bayview Yacht Club in 1967, but in a 1982 article The Free Press said it was invented at the London Chop House by Farouk Elhaje. The original recipe has evolved over the years, with new versions replacing the vanilla ice cream with peppermint, butter pecan or using fresh cream instead of ice cream. The drink is made strong with nearly 4 ounces of alcohol in a 7.5 ounce glass. The consistency is so thick, made with two scoops of vanilla ice cream, that a straw would stand up straight in the glass. Despite the high alcohol content of the drink, it doesn't taste strongly of alcohol. The price of a pitcher for 10 or 12 was around $90 in 2014. The Hummer has not seen as much of a resurgence as other classic cocktails like the Last Word because ice cream is considered a difficult ingredient to work with. References Cocktails with vodka Cocktails with rum Cocktails with coffee liqueur Cocktails with ice cream Creamy cocktails Sweet cocktails Vanilla ice cream\",\n \"title\": \"Hummer (cocktail)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2668825\",\n \"text\": \"John Earl Lingenfelter (October 6, 1945 in East Freedom, Pennsylvania – December 25, 2003 in Decatur, Indiana) was an NHRA driver, engineer and tuner. Over his career, Lingenfelter won 13 career national event events in Competition Eliminator and was the first driver in the class to break the six-second quarter-mile barrier. He finished second in the Pro Stock Truck standings in 1998, which was the first year of competition for the now defunct class. His Cavalier had an E.T. of 7.08 seconds. In October 1988, Lingenfelter also drove the Callaway Sledgehammer to attain the closed-course speed record for a street driven car at 254.76 mph; a record that stood for 25 years. He was the founder of Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE for short) in Decatur, Indiana. LPE is a shop specializing in the modification of GM vehicles such as the F-Bodies (Camaro, Firebird), B Bodies (Impala SS, Caprice, Roadmaster, Fleetwood), Corvette, CTS-V, GTO, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Escalade, Denali, SSR, Hummer H2, and Sierra. The shop also worked with tuning packages for the Dodge Viper and Plymouth Prowler. In the press, his tuned vehicles were reported to have as much civility as the stock vehicles upon which they were based in everyday driving. However, these vehicles were brutally fast. Motor Trend tested a Tahoe tuned by Lingenfelter and achieved a 5.1 second 0-60 time as well as a 0.95g lateral acceleration figure. These numbers match the performance figures of the C4 Corvette and GMC Syclones/Typhoons of that era. This Tahoe had its 350in3 V8 bored and stroked to 396in3, making 500 hp and still retaining its 4WD drivetrain. Motor Trend also tested a Lingenfelter built Impala SS that had the same performance numbers as the last generation M5 (0-60 4.7 sec) due to its bored and stroked LT-1 (Displacement rose to 383in3 and horsepower rose to 440). Another vehicle built by Lingenfelter was also featured in the June 1996 issue of Car and Driver when they built a special C4 Corvette with a 427in3 engine that attained a top speed of 212 mph. Currently, the most powerful vehicle they have in their stable is a 2006 twin-turbo Corvette Z06 with 1,109 rear wheel horsepower worth $288,540. Lingenfelter built the engine for \\\"Big Red\\\", a 1969 Camaro that has achieved speeds in excess of 220 mph. He was critically injured during an NHRA Summit Sports Compact drag racing event at Pomona, California on October 27, 2002. He died Thursday December 25, 2003 at Adams County Memorial Hospital in Decatur, Indiana at age 58. See also John Lingenfelter Memorial Trophy References External links Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Dragster drivers 1945 births 2003 deaths\",\n \"title\": \"John Lingenfelter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26082385\",\n \"text\": \"The GM Instrument Cluster Settlement was a 2008 class action settlement awarded to owners of certain General Motors vehicles with allegedly defective speedometers. The settlement allows the owner or lessee to get their instrument cluster replaced under the terms of a special coverage adjustment to their factory standard warranty. Background As early as 2005, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration had received complaints concerning erratic speedometer and gauge readings from numerous makes and models of GM vehicles. No deaths or injuries were ever attributed to the erratic gauges, but owners of the vehicles felt the problem was a safety concern. In 2007, Kevin Zwicker filed suit against General Motors in U.S. District Court in Seattle seeking three types of compensation: Replacement of all speedometers on the affected models Reimbursement for anyone who already paid to have a defective speedometer replaced Reimbursement for anyone who paid speeding tickets and whose auto insurance rates rose due to a defective speedometer John Hall filed a nearly identical suit in U.S. District Court in Oregon after paying the out of warranty repair cost to replace the instrument cluster in his 2003 GMC Envoy SLE. Both Zwicker and Hall were represented by Beth Terrell, an attorney with the Seattle law firm of Tousley Brain Stephens. The case was assigned to U.S. District Judge John Coughenour, who decided to certify the lawsuit as a class-action. Terms If the vehicle is within 7 years or 70,000 miles (110,000 km) of the date it was first placed in service, GM must replace the instrument panel (parts and labor) for free. If the vehicle is within 7 years and between 70,001 miles (110,001 km) and 80,000 miles (130,000 km) of the date it was first placed in service, GM must replace the instrument panel (parts) for free. Any labor costs will be the responsibility of the vehicle owner. Owners who paid for repairs to the speedometer before the class action settlement are eligible for reimbursement under the following terms: If the speedometer failed and the vehicle is within 7 years had less than 70,000 miles on it, upon proper proof of claim GM will reimburse the cost of repairs (parts and labor) up to the limit of what a GM dealership would have charged. If the speedometer failed and the vehicle is within 7 years and had more than 70,000 miles but less than 80,000 miles on it, upon proper proof of claim GM will reimburse the cost of the part only (no labor). Vehicles covered (made 2000 to 2007) Cadillac Deville Cadillac Escalade ESV Cadillac Escalade EXT Chevrolet Avalanche Chevrolet Impala Chevrolet Silverado Chevrolet Suburban Chevrolet Tahoe GMC Sierra GMC Envoy Hummer H2 See also Automobile products liability List of class-action lawsuits References Class action lawsuits General Motors litigation Speed sensors\",\n \"title\": \"GM Instrument Cluster Settlement\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1113423\",\n \"text\": \"The RT 125 was a German two-stroke motorcycle made by DKW in Zschopau in the 1930s, IFA and MZ in the 1950s and early 1960s, and DKW in Ingolstadt in the 1950s and 1960s. \\\"RT\\\" stands for , . In the 1930s DKW pioneered the Schnürle two-stroke loop scavenging process to dispense with the use of a deflector piston and improve efficiency of the combustion chamber. DKW also developed a highly efficient arrangement of transfer ports. These two features were included in the RT 125 to great commercial advantage. Competitor companies such as Adler and TWN copied the adoption of flat-topped pistons and strove to develop equally efficient transfer port arrangements without infringing DKW's patent. Copies and variants Copies of the RT 125 were built by at least eight different entities in at least six countries. War reparations After World War II the Soviet Union took plans, tooling and even several dozen personnel as war reparations to MMZ in Moscow (later transferred to MMVZ and SMZ) and to a factory in Kovrov, and produced copies of the RT 125 as the M1A Moskva and K-125 respectively. WFM of Poland made a modified version of the RT 125 (under SHL 125 and Sokół 125 brands), developed into 125/175 cc family motorcycles, produced until 1985. RT 125 plans were also taken to the United Kingdom where they became the basis of the BSA Bantam, and to the USA where they formed the basis of the Harley-Davidson \\\"Hummer\\\" (Hummer is really just a few specific years, but generally people call the Harley lightweights Hummers). Postwar German production: DKW and MZ After the Second World War, DKW's factories in Zschopau were in the Soviet occupation zone. As such, they were under the control of the Soviet Union until they were handed over to the government of East Germany. The factory continued production of the RT 125 under the MZ (Motorradwerk Zschopau) brand into the 1950s. Meanwhile, DKW had reorganized itself in Ingolstadt, where it began production of the RT 125W (for \\\"West\\\") in 1949. Variants of the RT 125W, usually with larger engines, were in production throughout the 1950s. Yamaha YA-1 In the 1950s, after reestablishing themselves as manufacturers of musical instruments, Nippon Gakki decided to use the manufacturing equipment left over from wartime production to make motorcycles. Since the copyright on the RT 125 had been voided by the Allies, the company reverse engineered it as the basis for their first motorcycle. Nippon Gakki formed the Yamaha Motor Company in 1955 to build their copy of the RT 125 as the Yamaha YA-1, which was in production from 1955 to 1958. The YA-1 inherited design characteristics of RT 125 and, due to its thin body and chestnut brown tank, was affectionately nicknamed the . References RT 125 Motorcycles introduced in the 1930s Two-stroke motorcycles\",\n \"title\": \"DKW RT 125\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60856076\",\n \"text\": \"H2 Motorsports was an American professional stock car racing team owned by Matt Hurley. The team operated part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, fielding the No. 28 Toyota Supra for Shane Lee. The team shutdown before the start of the 2020 season due to financial troubles and because of the pending investigation against Hurley. The assets of H2 Motorsports were purchased by Sam Hunt Racing for the 2020 season. Founder Founder Matt Hurley was born April 5, 1996. Hurley graduated from Cypress Lake High School in Fort Myers, Florida, and claims to have worked at least 40 hours per week since he was 14 years old. Hurley once described himself as an \\\"...investor, entrepreneur, and political hack...\\\" Hurley founded H2 Motorsports and based it in Mooresville, North Carolina. H2's primary sponsor was Circuit City. An entrepreneur, Hurley has started additional businesses such as H2 Innovation Center, and Youngbloods, Inc., a private holding company which later changed its name to the H2 Organization. Hurley co-founded Torchlight Productions, a website design and development firm at the age of 15. Controversy & legal actions In 2017, Hurley leased a commercial building in Fort Myers, Florida for Southwest Florida Innovation Center, at a building named The Atrium, with plans to renovate the 132,000sf building with 42,000sf set aside for startup companies and the remainder of which were sublet spaces to other tenants. The estimate for the purchase and renovation was $20 Million. He was later sued for not paying rent, and the tenants in the building were evicted, including one business that was a United States Contract Postal Unit. Hurley blamed a number of the tenant complaints and issues on the fact the building purchase had not been yet completed, and on hurricane Irma. He is currently under investigation by the State of Florida's Office of Financial regulation, and was arrested for contempt of court in 2020. Xfinity Series The team announced on May 23, 2019, that they would attempt twenty races with Lee in the No. 28 Toyota Supra, beginning at Iowa in June with Circuit City as the sponsor for all races. In late summer 2019, it was revealed that Lee was signed for all of 2020, and that depending on sponsorship, the team could expand to two cars for 2020. Due to concerns that their cars would not be ready in time for the three road course races in August with being a new team, H2 decided to skip those races (at Watkins Glen, Mid-Ohio, and Road America) and better prepare for the upcoming oval races. Before the race at Darlington in September, they released Lee due to what they deemed a lack of performance, who the team released on August 28, 2019, after less than 3 months with the team and despite the fact that he finished in the top 21 in all but one of his races, and had great runs at both Daytona (before crashing in \\\"the big one\\\") and Iowa, where he finished in the top 10.\",\n \"title\": \"H2 Motorsports\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1616308\",\n \"text\": \"Ratatat is the debut album from the Brooklyn-based electronic duo of the same name. It was recorded between July 2001 and May 2003 in bassist Evan Mast's Crown Heights, Brooklyn apartment and mixed in June 2003 before its release on April 20, 2004. The album is essentially instrumental, although it has occasional voice excerpts (referred to in the liner notes as \\\"spoken interludes\\\") by local MC and rapper Young Churf. The track \\\"Spanish Armada\\\" contains a French horn played by Michal Emanovsky. Other tracks of note are \\\"Germany to Germany\\\", later released as a single; and \\\"Cherry\\\", a homage to Ratatat's original name. The most well known song on the album is \\\"Seventeen Years\\\". It was featured in a television advertisement titled \\\"Accessorize\\\" for the Hummer H2 in 2004, in the British television show Soccer AM as the original background music for The Crossbar Challenge segment, and in Level One Productions's ski movie Shanghai Six. It was also played during Rob's party in the 2008 monster movie Cloverfield as well as Keith Hufnagel's part in the DVS skateboard video Skate More. The song \\\"Bustelo\\\" was used in several Jaguar commercials in mid-2006. Track listing \\\"Seventeen Years\\\" – 4:26 \\\"El Pico\\\" – 4:41 \\\"Crips\\\" – 3:47 \\\"Desert Eagle\\\" – 4:25 \\\"Everest\\\" – 4:10 \\\"Bustelo\\\" – 2:27 \\\"Breaking Away\\\" – 4:19 \\\"Lapland\\\" – 4:56 \\\"Germany to Germany\\\" – 3:38 \\\"Spanish Armada\\\" – 2:58 \\\"Cherry\\\" – 5:58 References External links Official Ratatat Website Official Cherry video 2004 debut albums Ratatat albums XL Recordings albums Albums produced by E*vax\",\n \"title\": \"Ratatat (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62984822\",\n \"text\": \"The GMC Hummer EV (badged as HEV) is a line of battery electric heavy-duty vehicles produced by General Motors since 2021, and sold under the GMC marque. The Hummer EV is offered in two variants: a pickup truck and a sport utility vehicle (SUV), unveiled in October 2020 and April 2021 respectively. Weighing roughly , the Hummer EV is among the heaviest consumer automobiles currently sold in the United States. Its size, mass, and acceleration have led to concerns about the danger it poses to other road users in the event of collisions, as well as its efficiency and environmental impact. Overview The Hummer EV is assembled in Detroit and has batteries produced by LG Chem in South Korea, with plans to later start producing batteries in the U.S. It is intended that SUV models produced from 2024 onward will be able to charge other electric vehicles using an onboard 19.2 kWh charger. The electric motors' torque profile makes it suited for towing trailers. It includes various technologies, such as cameras that allow the driver to see underneath it and four-wheel steering. The SUV variant is rated to tow up to and seats five passengers with of cargo space behind the rear seats and with the back seats folded down. The pickup truck variant has a longer wheelbase than the SUV. The pickup variant has a high loadbed with a payload capacity of as well as a front trunk. The front trunk on both models is also intended to store the four removable roof panels when needed. It has eighteen cameras installed, as well as front-and-rear pedestrian alerts designed to aid drivers' situational awareness. These accompany numerous other driver-assistance features such as automatic braking and blind-spot warnings. It weighs , with the battery weighing almost . With a gross vehicle weight rating of , it is classified as a class 3 medium-duty truck in the United States. Origins The GMC Hummer EV originates from the discontinued Hummer brand that was founded by AM General, the manufacturer of the original HUMVEE light military vehicle that was later adapted to civilian spec and sold to the public as the Hummer H1. In 1999, General Motors purchased the rights to the Hummer name and began marketing it as a full-fledged brand with a lineup that eventually included the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3. The Hummer brand was discontinued in 2010 following the General Motors bankruptcy. Trims Edition 1 Edition 1 started production in 2022 as a limited edition and the sole model available for the first year. It was available for pre-order by the end of the launch event on October 20, 2020. All Edition 1 units are white with a black roof and feature bronze-colored wheels. The interior is a two-tone black-and-gray with bronze accents and Edition 1 badges. The Edition 1 will also feature Easter eggs themed after the Apollo 11 moon landing. Edition 1 has three electric motors with , of range, and is fitted with the Extreme Off-Road package,\",\n \"title\": \"GMC Hummer EV\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33496063\",\n \"text\": \"Netzwelt (own writing: netzwelt) is a technology-related news website run by Netzwelt GmbH. The two founders, Dirk and Sascha Hottes, founded Netzwelt in early 1999 in Darmstadt. The site, which bills itself as \\\"Guter Rat auf einen Klick\\\" (Good advice at a click), features consumer electronics and software, as well as user-generated content in a popular forum. With up to 4,8 million visitors and 18 million page impressions, Netzwelt is one of the top five IT websites in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. History The two brothers Sascha and Dirk Hottes have turned their passion into a profession. At the ages of just 20, they created the H² Web GbR in 1999, in Darmstadt. The IT-specialist Dirk Hottes and business economist Sascha Hottes initially created the news portal MP3 World, which dealt primarily with audio software issues. A little later, they gave up their professions, they held as a tax consultant and free advisor to IT companies. In 2003 the H2 media factory GmbH was founded. Also headquartered in Darmstadt, it took over the operations of H2 Web GbR. In 2008 the company moved to Hamburg, hoping for closer contact with potential investors. In the same year, the H2 media factory GmbH was awarded the regional prize in the competition Hamburger Gründer Champion award (Founders Champion award), organized by the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW). In August 2011 the H2 media factory GmbH was renamed in netzwelt GmbH. Some SEO blogs have speculated that the unusual success of netzwelt.de was achieved in part with the support of search engine optimization, since after a sharp rise in the reach within the quarter followed by equally dramatic crashes, which may be explained with a punishment by Google. On a not entirely serious question from medienhandbuch.de in 2008 if they had bribed Google, Sascha Hottes responds: „Of course, our sales is geared primarily towards search engine optimization and online marketing. This is our home, this is our business. We do not need anyone to bribe. To bribe Google is anyway not so easy.“ Content The range of topics discussed by Netzwelt extends from the introduction of new software to reports about Computer hardware companies, apps, social networks, monitors, smartphones, notebooks, tablets or cameras. In some articles instructions are given with valuable tips for the simple operation of programs. Reviews for computer games are also offered. Altogether, there are nine categories: computers, software, audio, video, photo, mobile, internet, business and gaming. Free programs are discussed and made available for download. In an integrated forum on the page, it is possible to discuss all the issues related to IT and technology, or to get advice when problems arise. Furthermore, a dedicated YouTube channel exists under the name of netzwelt tv, on which the editors give valuable tips, for example how to use smartphones, give reports on what's new to see at fairs or offer interviews with key players of the Internet scene. Project Akuma The young entrepreneurs’ talent was proven with the founding of the audio download\",\n \"title\": \"Netzwelt\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["2009"],"string":"[\n \"2009\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":94,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_23604"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when did the us add the 49th state"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"45365476","text":"The National Movement for the Establishment of the 49th State was an intellectual movement popular among African-American separatists during the 1930s. The movement sought to create a state for African Americans in the American South. The movement was led by Oscar Brown, Sr., a leading civil rights activist from Chicago, Illinois. The movement did not succeed in creating a new state. Alaska became the 49th U.S. state in 1959. Leadership The principal advocate for the movement was Oscar Brown, Sr., father of Oscar Brown, Jr. who was a popular entertainer. Brown lived a varied life in Chicago, Illinois. Brown was the son of a former slave, born in 1895 and grew up in Edwards, Mississippi. During World War I, he served as a lieutenant in France, returning to graduate from Howard University with a degree in law. He then began his work as an activist by starting a student branch of the NAACP. He moved to Chicago and used his law degree to start a law firm called Brown, Brown, Cyrus, and Green, before shifting his interests to real estate. It was during this time that he focused his energy on starting the Movement to Establish a 49th State. He led a group of fellow separatists in Chicago. He wanted descendants of slaves like himself to have a place where they could build their own economy without the detriments of being an ex-slave in the white-dominated world. After the movement failed, he continued his involvement in activism as the president of the Chicago branch of the NAACP and the Chicago Negro Chamber of Commerce. He died in 1990 at the age of 94. Purpose The main purpose of the National Movement for the Establishment of the 49th state was to create a separate state for African American people. The beginning of the movement saw Oscar Brown seeking the establishment of a state in the union territories. The state was to be populated and governed by African American people. The primary goal of statehood was to ensure that the benefits of the New Deal were fairly allocated to African American citizens. The organization gradually declined due to the lack of support, and the other outside federal forces prohibiting the creation of the 49th State. Later, Alaska would become the 49th state. History The National Movement for the Establishment of the 49th state took place in the 1930s. During this time in the United States, Southern segregation and Northern economic deprivation were prevalent in the United States. The movement was originally based in Chicago, Illinois. Later there were several smaller campaigns held by African American groups all over the country. In 1931, campaigns were held in Chicago, and the states of Virginia, California, New York, Ohio, and Florida. Process \"In order to prepare the Negro for the responsibilities of the proper functioning of the new state, and to better equip those who would live elsewhere to survive, there shall be created in the Negro a new state of mind, of hope and","title":"National Movement for the Establishment of a 49th State"},{"docid":"19343510","text":"The 832nd Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Tactical Air Command, (TAC) assigned to Twelfth Air Force at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, where it was inactivated on 1 October 1991. The division was first activated at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico in October 1957 to command the two North American F-100 Super Sabre wings stationed there and to provide support for them through its 832nd Air Base Group. It deployed all its operational squadrons to Florida during the Cuban Missile Crisis, along with the headquarters of one of its subordinate wings. In 1964, the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing was activated at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico and assigned to the division. Although initially equipped with Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks reclaimed from the Air National Guard, the 366th re-equipped with the McDonnell F-4 Phantom II, with which it moved to Vietnam in 1966. During the Pueblo Crisis, the division was assigned a wing of the Colorado Air National Guard, whose squadrons also served in Vietnam. Between 1968 and 1970, the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing was assigned to the 832nd. The 49th Wing moved to the United States from Germany, but was \"dual based\", committed to deploy to Germany to support the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as needed. The 832nd once again deployed forces to Southeast Asia in 1972, when the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvarks of its 474th Tactical Fighter Wing deployed to Thailand. The division was inactivated in 1975 and its subordinate units assigned directly to Twelfth Air Force. In 1980, the division was again activated to replace Tactical Training, Luke, whose mission and personnel it absorbed. It continued to train fighter crews from the United States Air Force and allied countries until it was inactivated in 1991 when TAC implemented the Objective Wing organization, which called for all organizations on an installation to be assigned to a single wing. Although the division did not directly participate in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, it deployed support forces and combat elements to the combat theater. History Fighter operations at Cannon Air Force Base The 832nd Air Division was activated at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico and assigned to Eighteenth Air Force in October 1957, when the 474th Fighter-Bomber Wing was activated as Tactical Air Command (TAC)'s second fighter-bomber wing there. The 474th joined the 312th Fighter-Bomber Wing, which had been at Cannon since 1954. The two wings, which flew the North American F-100 Super Sabre, became the air division's initial tactical components, while the 832nd Air Base Group was assigned to the division to manage support activities at George. The 312th Wing headquarters provided the cadre for the division and its former commander, Colonel William W. Momyer, became the division's first commander. Three months after its activation, the division was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force, which moved without personnel or equipment from Germany to replace Eighteenth Air Force. From late in 1958 through the end of 1959, the 1st","title":"832nd Air Division"},{"docid":"24739862","text":"Vatry Air Base was a United States Air Force base in France. After its closure, it was redeveloped into Chalons-Vatry Airport, primarily used for international air cargo transport. History Vatry Airport's origins begin in 1950 when, with the Cold War, NATO faced several problems when attempting to solve the air power survival equation. Planning for first strike survival in both conventional and nuclear wars had to be considered. The primary operating bases for NATO air forces were built on small parcels of land with very limited dispersal space. It was decided to build dispersal bases away from the primary bases to be used in the event of an emergency. Vatry was selected to be one of these \"NATO Dispersed Operating Bases\". No flying unit was ever permanently assigned to Vatry and it was used for dispersal training only. However, it did require the same level of equipment as a standard air base. NATO security personnel were required to control base access, guard equipment, munitions and supplies stored on the facility, as well as prevent vandalism. Construction began in 1953, and Vatry Air Base was designed for 50 fighters with three large hangars constructed. In 1956 construction was completed and Det #2, 48th Air Base Group from Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base was designated as the host unit. Aircraft from the United States Air Force 21st, 48th, 49th and 388th Fighter-Bomber Wings deployed to Vatry, usually one fighter squadron at a time. In 1959 Vatry Air Base was phased down and all munitions, equipment and supplies were sent to Chaumont Air Base's Base Supply and the host detachment was inactivated. The facility was transferred to the United States Army as a training facility in 1960. With the French withdrawal from the integrated NATO military structure in 1967, the American forces left Vatry Air Base and it was closed. For many years, Vatry Air Base was under the control of the French Air Force and used for a training facility. About 2000 it was sold to civil interests and today is being used as an international heavy cargo airport. References Installations of the United States Air Force in France French Air and Space Force bases Airports established in 1956 Military installations established in 1956 Military installations closed in the 2000s","title":"Vatry Air Base"},{"docid":"41428138","text":"Legal education in Alaska refers to the history of efforts to educate Alaskans in the laws of the state, including the education of those representing themselves before the courts, paralegals and the continuing legal education of Alaskan lawyers after their admission to the Alaska Bar Association. Since becoming the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959 Alaska has not had a public, American Bar Association-accredited law school. A 1975 study by former Alaska Attorney General (1970–1973) John E. Havelock concluded that the state did not require a law school. Without a state law school, Alaska did not receive a 2001 distribution of the complete legal papers of Abraham Lincoln and the Alaska Law Review has been published outside Alaska. As of 2015, Alaska was the only state without a law school, but Seattle University School of Law has opened a satellite campus at Alaska Pacific University, where law students from any ABA accredited school can study Alaska-specific courses during summers or for part or all of their third (and final) year of law school. Also, although it still requires students to leave the state, as of 2021, University of Alaska Anchorage undergraduates can qualify for direct admission to Case Western Reserve University School of Law and Willamette University College of Law on an accelerated schedule. History 1970s–2000s The District (previously Department) of Alaska became an organized incorporated territory of the United States on August 24, 1912, and was admitted to the union as the 49th state on January 3, 1959. In 1971 the Los Angeles-based UCLA School of Law began publishing the Alaska Law Review, a semiannual publication devoted to legal issues pertinent to Alaskans. Funded by the Alaska Bar Association, the Alaska Law Review is provided to every Alaskan attorney in return for their ABA dues. In 1975 former Alaska Attorney General (1970–1973) John E. Havelock published \"Legal Education for a Frontier Society: A Survey of Alaskan Needs and Opportunities in Education, Research and the Delivery of Legal Services\", the first comprehensive study on meeting the need for legal services in Alaska. Published on behalf of the University of Alaska Regents and the Alaska Legislative Council, it found that there were barely enough qualified Alaskans to support a law school. A 2013 summary of the 1975 study noted: In 1983, Duke University School of Law took over the publication of the Alaska Law Review from UCLA. The following year, residents of Kenai founded the unaccredited Alaska Common Law School. The school offered a two-year program enabling students to represent themselves before Alaskan courts, with graduates receiving pre-law certificates. In June 1989, the University of Alaska Anchorage established a paralegal certificate program. In 1994 the University of Alaska Anchorage and Alaska Academy of Trial Lawyers sponsored a weekly Community Law School course at Central Junior High School in Anchorage, with local attorneys teaching property, personal injury, employment and criminal law and providing legal information about insurance contracts. In 1998, the accredited William S. Boyd School of Law","title":"Legal education in Alaska"},{"docid":"31738821","text":"Brock Barracks is a British Army barracks in the town of Reading in the English county of Berkshire. Located on Oxford Road in the district of West Reading. The majority of the buildings and structures within Brock Barracks are Grade II listed. History The barracks, which were named after Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, were built in the Fortress Gothic Revival Style and completed in 1881. Their creation took place as part of the Cardwell Reforms which encouraged the localisation of British military forces. The barracks became the depot for the 49th (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot and the 66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot. Following the Childers Reforms, the 49th and 66th regiments amalgamated to form the Royal Berkshire Regiment with its depot in the barracks later that year. During the Second World War the 401st Glider Infantry Regiment of 101st Airborne of the United States Army were based at the barracks in preparation for the Normandy landings. The barracks ceased to be the home of the Royal Berkshire Regiment when that regiment merged with the Wiltshire Regiment to form the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment at Albany Barracks on the Isle of Wight in 1959. The Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment retained their administrative headquarters at Brock Barracks until they moved to Cathedral Close in Salisbury in 1982. The barracks continued in use as a Territorial Army base with D Company (Berkshire), Wessex Volunteers using the base from 1967: this unit evolved as D Company, the Wessex Regiment in 1972, the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Company, the Royal Rifle Volunteers in 1999 and HQ Company, 7th Battalion The Rifles in 2007. The Keep On 12 May 1980 the Secretary of State for Defence sold the Keep, the Gatehouse and the original Gateway to Brock Barracks to Reading Borough Council. Since then Brock Keep has provided artists studios and exhibition space, and is currently occupied by OpenHand OpenSpace. References External links 7 RIFLES – British Army Website Installations of the British Army Barracks in England Grade II listed buildings in Reading Government buildings completed in 1881 Residential buildings completed in 1881 The Rifles 1881 establishments in England","title":"Brock Barracks"},{"docid":"18317576","text":"Alaska Native cultures are rich and diverse, and their art forms are representations of their history, skills, tradition, adaptation, and nearly twenty thousand years of continuous life in some of the most remote places on earth. These art forms are largely unseen and unknown outside the state of Alaska, due to distance from the art markets of the world. History Historically, \"art\" as a decorative concept did not traditionally exist among these indigenous people. Objects were utilitarian, although decorated in ways that conveyed images of spiritual or physical activity. It was not until Europeans and Asians first made contact with the indigenous people of coastal Alaska in the 17th century that such non-utilitarian art objects began to be traded in exchange for metal implements, cloth, and foodstuffs such as tea, flour, or sugar. Many objects traded were valued for their functionality: clothing woven of grass, harpoon tips carved from the ivory tusk of the walrus; rainproof outerwear sewn from membranes in the intestines of seals; and animal skins valued for their warmth and durability. Gradually, these items were refined to be more decorative, as a way to increase their value in trade. For example, a walrus tusk might be etched with many hunting scenes depicting life of the coastal people; later, this technique would come to be known as \"scrimshaw\" when brought back to New England on whaling ships. Elaborate patterns in beadwork were designed as the beads themselves arrived through trade; regalia of all types used for ceremonial purposes – masks, woven clothing, hats, dance fans – all became souvenirs for the whalers and explorers of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Even the towering totem poles from Southeastern Alaska found their way back to the East Coast of the United States, where they formed the basis of many museum collections. While the art forms were and still are as different as the cultures of the Native people who made them – Athabaskan Indians of the vast Interior, Inupiaq of the Northwestern Arctic coasts; Yupik and St. Lawrence Island Yupik of the Bering Sea coast; Aleuts and Alutiiq people from the Aleutian islands; and the Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian Indians often known as Northwest Coastal tribes – they commonly evoke references to living in harmony with nature and all its many creatures. No part of an animal hunted, fished or trapped could be wasted, for example, so one might see boots or \"mukluks\" made of bearded seal skin for soles, salmon skin for the outer layer, and straps of caribou or deerskin, perhaps even dyed with berries. As Native people lived off the land and the sea, their relationships to a particular place could always be seen in their objects in both physical and metaphorical terms. As traditions evolved through more \"westernization\" with Russian America in the 17th century and Territorial Alaska beginning in 1867 and finally the creation of Alaska as our 49th State in 1959, so did their art forms. All are continually evolving, blurring the distinction","title":"Alaska Native art"},{"docid":"54528846","text":"The 115th Field Artillery Brigade, known as “Cowboy Thunder” is an artillery formation of the United States Army, raised by the Wyoming Army National Guard. It is headquartered in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Its history stretches back to the 1800s when Wyoming was a U.S. territory. The first muster formation was in 1888 as 1st Regiment Infantry. It was redesignated as the 115th Field Artillery Brigade September 1, 1978. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 197th Armored Cavalry Group, and the 115th and 117th Tank Battalions were consolidated 1 March 1951 to form the 115th Armored Cavalry, with headquarters at Cheyenne. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 115th Armored Cavalry, converted and redesignated 16 January 1953 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Field Artillery Group (remainder of regiment—hereafter separate lineages). Redesignated 1 August 1959 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Artillery Group. Consolidated 18 December 1967 with Company C, 102d Engineer Battalion (organized and Federally recognized 25 September 1956 at Cheyenne), and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Artillery Group. Redesignated 1 May 1972 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Field Artillery Group. Redesignated 1 September 1978 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Field Artillery Brigade. In 1959, the 300th Armored Field Artillery Battalion was consolidated with two other armored field artillery battalions into the 49th Field Artillery under the Combat Arms Regimental System. In 1996, the 49th was reorganized and redesignated as the 300th Field Artillery. In the mid 1980s, the brigade consisted of the 1st Battalion, 49th Field Artillery Regiment, and the 3rd Battalion, 49th Field Artillery. The regiment had a long history, dating back to units formed in the Wyoming Territory. On 1 September 1996, both battalions were reorganized into a single towed artillery battalion, the 2-300 FA. The new battalion remained headquartered in Sheridan. Current Structure 115th Field Artillery Brigade, in Cheyenne, Wyoming Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, in Cheyenne, Wyoming 2nd Battalion, 300th Field Artillery Regiment (M142 HIMARS), in Casper, Wyoming 960th Brigade Support Battalion, in Sheridan, Wyoming 148th Signal Company, in Laramie, Wyoming Battery E (Target Acquisition), 151st Field Artillery Regiment, in Anoka, Minnesota (Minnesota Army National Guard) Three additional field artillery battalions of the brigade are under administrative control of other formations: 84th Troop Command, in Cambridge, Minnesota (Minnesota Army National Guard) 1st Battalion, 151st Field Artillery Regiment (M777A2), in Montevideo, Minnesota 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Wisconsin Army National Guard) 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery Regiment (M142 HIMARS), in Milwaukee, Wisconsin 196th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota (South Dakota Army National Guard) 1st Battalion, 147th Field Artillery Regiment (M270A1 MLRS), in Watertown, South Dakota References Field artillery brigades of the United States Army Military units and formations established in 1953","title":"115th Field Artillery Brigade"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"45365476\",\n \"text\": \"The National Movement for the Establishment of the 49th State was an intellectual movement popular among African-American separatists during the 1930s. The movement sought to create a state for African Americans in the American South. The movement was led by Oscar Brown, Sr., a leading civil rights activist from Chicago, Illinois. The movement did not succeed in creating a new state. Alaska became the 49th U.S. state in 1959. Leadership The principal advocate for the movement was Oscar Brown, Sr., father of Oscar Brown, Jr. who was a popular entertainer. Brown lived a varied life in Chicago, Illinois. Brown was the son of a former slave, born in 1895 and grew up in Edwards, Mississippi. During World War I, he served as a lieutenant in France, returning to graduate from Howard University with a degree in law. He then began his work as an activist by starting a student branch of the NAACP. He moved to Chicago and used his law degree to start a law firm called Brown, Brown, Cyrus, and Green, before shifting his interests to real estate. It was during this time that he focused his energy on starting the Movement to Establish a 49th State. He led a group of fellow separatists in Chicago. He wanted descendants of slaves like himself to have a place where they could build their own economy without the detriments of being an ex-slave in the white-dominated world. After the movement failed, he continued his involvement in activism as the president of the Chicago branch of the NAACP and the Chicago Negro Chamber of Commerce. He died in 1990 at the age of 94. Purpose The main purpose of the National Movement for the Establishment of the 49th state was to create a separate state for African American people. The beginning of the movement saw Oscar Brown seeking the establishment of a state in the union territories. The state was to be populated and governed by African American people. The primary goal of statehood was to ensure that the benefits of the New Deal were fairly allocated to African American citizens. The organization gradually declined due to the lack of support, and the other outside federal forces prohibiting the creation of the 49th State. Later, Alaska would become the 49th state. History The National Movement for the Establishment of the 49th state took place in the 1930s. During this time in the United States, Southern segregation and Northern economic deprivation were prevalent in the United States. The movement was originally based in Chicago, Illinois. Later there were several smaller campaigns held by African American groups all over the country. In 1931, campaigns were held in Chicago, and the states of Virginia, California, New York, Ohio, and Florida. Process \\\"In order to prepare the Negro for the responsibilities of the proper functioning of the new state, and to better equip those who would live elsewhere to survive, there shall be created in the Negro a new state of mind, of hope and\",\n \"title\": \"National Movement for the Establishment of a 49th State\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19343510\",\n \"text\": \"The 832nd Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Tactical Air Command, (TAC) assigned to Twelfth Air Force at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, where it was inactivated on 1 October 1991. The division was first activated at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico in October 1957 to command the two North American F-100 Super Sabre wings stationed there and to provide support for them through its 832nd Air Base Group. It deployed all its operational squadrons to Florida during the Cuban Missile Crisis, along with the headquarters of one of its subordinate wings. In 1964, the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing was activated at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico and assigned to the division. Although initially equipped with Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks reclaimed from the Air National Guard, the 366th re-equipped with the McDonnell F-4 Phantom II, with which it moved to Vietnam in 1966. During the Pueblo Crisis, the division was assigned a wing of the Colorado Air National Guard, whose squadrons also served in Vietnam. Between 1968 and 1970, the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing was assigned to the 832nd. The 49th Wing moved to the United States from Germany, but was \\\"dual based\\\", committed to deploy to Germany to support the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as needed. The 832nd once again deployed forces to Southeast Asia in 1972, when the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvarks of its 474th Tactical Fighter Wing deployed to Thailand. The division was inactivated in 1975 and its subordinate units assigned directly to Twelfth Air Force. In 1980, the division was again activated to replace Tactical Training, Luke, whose mission and personnel it absorbed. It continued to train fighter crews from the United States Air Force and allied countries until it was inactivated in 1991 when TAC implemented the Objective Wing organization, which called for all organizations on an installation to be assigned to a single wing. Although the division did not directly participate in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, it deployed support forces and combat elements to the combat theater. History Fighter operations at Cannon Air Force Base The 832nd Air Division was activated at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico and assigned to Eighteenth Air Force in October 1957, when the 474th Fighter-Bomber Wing was activated as Tactical Air Command (TAC)'s second fighter-bomber wing there. The 474th joined the 312th Fighter-Bomber Wing, which had been at Cannon since 1954. The two wings, which flew the North American F-100 Super Sabre, became the air division's initial tactical components, while the 832nd Air Base Group was assigned to the division to manage support activities at George. The 312th Wing headquarters provided the cadre for the division and its former commander, Colonel William W. Momyer, became the division's first commander. Three months after its activation, the division was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force, which moved without personnel or equipment from Germany to replace Eighteenth Air Force. From late in 1958 through the end of 1959, the 1st\",\n \"title\": \"832nd Air Division\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24739862\",\n \"text\": \"Vatry Air Base was a United States Air Force base in France. After its closure, it was redeveloped into Chalons-Vatry Airport, primarily used for international air cargo transport. History Vatry Airport's origins begin in 1950 when, with the Cold War, NATO faced several problems when attempting to solve the air power survival equation. Planning for first strike survival in both conventional and nuclear wars had to be considered. The primary operating bases for NATO air forces were built on small parcels of land with very limited dispersal space. It was decided to build dispersal bases away from the primary bases to be used in the event of an emergency. Vatry was selected to be one of these \\\"NATO Dispersed Operating Bases\\\". No flying unit was ever permanently assigned to Vatry and it was used for dispersal training only. However, it did require the same level of equipment as a standard air base. NATO security personnel were required to control base access, guard equipment, munitions and supplies stored on the facility, as well as prevent vandalism. Construction began in 1953, and Vatry Air Base was designed for 50 fighters with three large hangars constructed. In 1956 construction was completed and Det #2, 48th Air Base Group from Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base was designated as the host unit. Aircraft from the United States Air Force 21st, 48th, 49th and 388th Fighter-Bomber Wings deployed to Vatry, usually one fighter squadron at a time. In 1959 Vatry Air Base was phased down and all munitions, equipment and supplies were sent to Chaumont Air Base's Base Supply and the host detachment was inactivated. The facility was transferred to the United States Army as a training facility in 1960. With the French withdrawal from the integrated NATO military structure in 1967, the American forces left Vatry Air Base and it was closed. For many years, Vatry Air Base was under the control of the French Air Force and used for a training facility. About 2000 it was sold to civil interests and today is being used as an international heavy cargo airport. References Installations of the United States Air Force in France French Air and Space Force bases Airports established in 1956 Military installations established in 1956 Military installations closed in the 2000s\",\n \"title\": \"Vatry Air Base\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41428138\",\n \"text\": \"Legal education in Alaska refers to the history of efforts to educate Alaskans in the laws of the state, including the education of those representing themselves before the courts, paralegals and the continuing legal education of Alaskan lawyers after their admission to the Alaska Bar Association. Since becoming the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959 Alaska has not had a public, American Bar Association-accredited law school. A 1975 study by former Alaska Attorney General (1970–1973) John E. Havelock concluded that the state did not require a law school. Without a state law school, Alaska did not receive a 2001 distribution of the complete legal papers of Abraham Lincoln and the Alaska Law Review has been published outside Alaska. As of 2015, Alaska was the only state without a law school, but Seattle University School of Law has opened a satellite campus at Alaska Pacific University, where law students from any ABA accredited school can study Alaska-specific courses during summers or for part or all of their third (and final) year of law school. Also, although it still requires students to leave the state, as of 2021, University of Alaska Anchorage undergraduates can qualify for direct admission to Case Western Reserve University School of Law and Willamette University College of Law on an accelerated schedule. History 1970s–2000s The District (previously Department) of Alaska became an organized incorporated territory of the United States on August 24, 1912, and was admitted to the union as the 49th state on January 3, 1959. In 1971 the Los Angeles-based UCLA School of Law began publishing the Alaska Law Review, a semiannual publication devoted to legal issues pertinent to Alaskans. Funded by the Alaska Bar Association, the Alaska Law Review is provided to every Alaskan attorney in return for their ABA dues. In 1975 former Alaska Attorney General (1970–1973) John E. Havelock published \\\"Legal Education for a Frontier Society: A Survey of Alaskan Needs and Opportunities in Education, Research and the Delivery of Legal Services\\\", the first comprehensive study on meeting the need for legal services in Alaska. Published on behalf of the University of Alaska Regents and the Alaska Legislative Council, it found that there were barely enough qualified Alaskans to support a law school. A 2013 summary of the 1975 study noted: In 1983, Duke University School of Law took over the publication of the Alaska Law Review from UCLA. The following year, residents of Kenai founded the unaccredited Alaska Common Law School. The school offered a two-year program enabling students to represent themselves before Alaskan courts, with graduates receiving pre-law certificates. In June 1989, the University of Alaska Anchorage established a paralegal certificate program. In 1994 the University of Alaska Anchorage and Alaska Academy of Trial Lawyers sponsored a weekly Community Law School course at Central Junior High School in Anchorage, with local attorneys teaching property, personal injury, employment and criminal law and providing legal information about insurance contracts. In 1998, the accredited William S. Boyd School of Law\",\n \"title\": \"Legal education in Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31738821\",\n \"text\": \"Brock Barracks is a British Army barracks in the town of Reading in the English county of Berkshire. Located on Oxford Road in the district of West Reading. The majority of the buildings and structures within Brock Barracks are Grade II listed. History The barracks, which were named after Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, were built in the Fortress Gothic Revival Style and completed in 1881. Their creation took place as part of the Cardwell Reforms which encouraged the localisation of British military forces. The barracks became the depot for the 49th (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot and the 66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot. Following the Childers Reforms, the 49th and 66th regiments amalgamated to form the Royal Berkshire Regiment with its depot in the barracks later that year. During the Second World War the 401st Glider Infantry Regiment of 101st Airborne of the United States Army were based at the barracks in preparation for the Normandy landings. The barracks ceased to be the home of the Royal Berkshire Regiment when that regiment merged with the Wiltshire Regiment to form the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment at Albany Barracks on the Isle of Wight in 1959. The Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment retained their administrative headquarters at Brock Barracks until they moved to Cathedral Close in Salisbury in 1982. The barracks continued in use as a Territorial Army base with D Company (Berkshire), Wessex Volunteers using the base from 1967: this unit evolved as D Company, the Wessex Regiment in 1972, the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Company, the Royal Rifle Volunteers in 1999 and HQ Company, 7th Battalion The Rifles in 2007. The Keep On 12 May 1980 the Secretary of State for Defence sold the Keep, the Gatehouse and the original Gateway to Brock Barracks to Reading Borough Council. Since then Brock Keep has provided artists studios and exhibition space, and is currently occupied by OpenHand OpenSpace. References External links 7 RIFLES – British Army Website Installations of the British Army Barracks in England Grade II listed buildings in Reading Government buildings completed in 1881 Residential buildings completed in 1881 The Rifles 1881 establishments in England\",\n \"title\": \"Brock Barracks\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18317576\",\n \"text\": \"Alaska Native cultures are rich and diverse, and their art forms are representations of their history, skills, tradition, adaptation, and nearly twenty thousand years of continuous life in some of the most remote places on earth. These art forms are largely unseen and unknown outside the state of Alaska, due to distance from the art markets of the world. History Historically, \\\"art\\\" as a decorative concept did not traditionally exist among these indigenous people. Objects were utilitarian, although decorated in ways that conveyed images of spiritual or physical activity. It was not until Europeans and Asians first made contact with the indigenous people of coastal Alaska in the 17th century that such non-utilitarian art objects began to be traded in exchange for metal implements, cloth, and foodstuffs such as tea, flour, or sugar. Many objects traded were valued for their functionality: clothing woven of grass, harpoon tips carved from the ivory tusk of the walrus; rainproof outerwear sewn from membranes in the intestines of seals; and animal skins valued for their warmth and durability. Gradually, these items were refined to be more decorative, as a way to increase their value in trade. For example, a walrus tusk might be etched with many hunting scenes depicting life of the coastal people; later, this technique would come to be known as \\\"scrimshaw\\\" when brought back to New England on whaling ships. Elaborate patterns in beadwork were designed as the beads themselves arrived through trade; regalia of all types used for ceremonial purposes – masks, woven clothing, hats, dance fans – all became souvenirs for the whalers and explorers of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Even the towering totem poles from Southeastern Alaska found their way back to the East Coast of the United States, where they formed the basis of many museum collections. While the art forms were and still are as different as the cultures of the Native people who made them – Athabaskan Indians of the vast Interior, Inupiaq of the Northwestern Arctic coasts; Yupik and St. Lawrence Island Yupik of the Bering Sea coast; Aleuts and Alutiiq people from the Aleutian islands; and the Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian Indians often known as Northwest Coastal tribes – they commonly evoke references to living in harmony with nature and all its many creatures. No part of an animal hunted, fished or trapped could be wasted, for example, so one might see boots or \\\"mukluks\\\" made of bearded seal skin for soles, salmon skin for the outer layer, and straps of caribou or deerskin, perhaps even dyed with berries. As Native people lived off the land and the sea, their relationships to a particular place could always be seen in their objects in both physical and metaphorical terms. As traditions evolved through more \\\"westernization\\\" with Russian America in the 17th century and Territorial Alaska beginning in 1867 and finally the creation of Alaska as our 49th State in 1959, so did their art forms. All are continually evolving, blurring the distinction\",\n \"title\": \"Alaska Native art\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54528846\",\n \"text\": \"The 115th Field Artillery Brigade, known as “Cowboy Thunder” is an artillery formation of the United States Army, raised by the Wyoming Army National Guard. It is headquartered in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Its history stretches back to the 1800s when Wyoming was a U.S. territory. The first muster formation was in 1888 as 1st Regiment Infantry. It was redesignated as the 115th Field Artillery Brigade September 1, 1978. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 197th Armored Cavalry Group, and the 115th and 117th Tank Battalions were consolidated 1 March 1951 to form the 115th Armored Cavalry, with headquarters at Cheyenne. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 115th Armored Cavalry, converted and redesignated 16 January 1953 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Field Artillery Group (remainder of regiment—hereafter separate lineages). Redesignated 1 August 1959 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Artillery Group. Consolidated 18 December 1967 with Company C, 102d Engineer Battalion (organized and Federally recognized 25 September 1956 at Cheyenne), and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Artillery Group. Redesignated 1 May 1972 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Field Artillery Group. Redesignated 1 September 1978 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Field Artillery Brigade. In 1959, the 300th Armored Field Artillery Battalion was consolidated with two other armored field artillery battalions into the 49th Field Artillery under the Combat Arms Regimental System. In 1996, the 49th was reorganized and redesignated as the 300th Field Artillery. In the mid 1980s, the brigade consisted of the 1st Battalion, 49th Field Artillery Regiment, and the 3rd Battalion, 49th Field Artillery. The regiment had a long history, dating back to units formed in the Wyoming Territory. On 1 September 1996, both battalions were reorganized into a single towed artillery battalion, the 2-300 FA. The new battalion remained headquartered in Sheridan. Current Structure 115th Field Artillery Brigade, in Cheyenne, Wyoming Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, in Cheyenne, Wyoming 2nd Battalion, 300th Field Artillery Regiment (M142 HIMARS), in Casper, Wyoming 960th Brigade Support Battalion, in Sheridan, Wyoming 148th Signal Company, in Laramie, Wyoming Battery E (Target Acquisition), 151st Field Artillery Regiment, in Anoka, Minnesota (Minnesota Army National Guard) Three additional field artillery battalions of the brigade are under administrative control of other formations: 84th Troop Command, in Cambridge, Minnesota (Minnesota Army National Guard) 1st Battalion, 151st Field Artillery Regiment (M777A2), in Montevideo, Minnesota 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Wisconsin Army National Guard) 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery Regiment (M142 HIMARS), in Milwaukee, Wisconsin 196th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota (South Dakota Army National Guard) 1st Battalion, 147th Field Artillery Regiment (M270A1 MLRS), in Watertown, South Dakota References Field artillery brigades of the United States Army Military units and formations established in 1953\",\n \"title\": \"115th Field Artillery Brigade\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"9470391","text":"The Alberta Township System (ATS) is a land surveying system used in the Canadian province of Alberta and other parts of western Canada. History and background In principle there is a mathematical basis for the Alberta Township System (ATS) variant of the Dominion Land Survey (DLS) system as implemented in Canada. The implementation in western Canada reflects a number of slightly different approaches, as well as a large number of errors. Long before the Dominion Land Surveyor (DLS) first came into official existence in 1872, licensed surveyors known as provincial land surveyors had been functioning in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec (then called Canada West and Canada East) under an Act of 1849. Establishing a system of examination for new aspirants to the title of \"Dominion Land Surveyor\" was officially adopted in 1874. In 1910 The Alberta Surveyors Act prescribed the system and the methods whereby land surveys were to be carried out under the general purview of a provincial director of surveys whose responsibility it was to see that all survey work was performed in accordance with the provisions of that Act. The system is also used by provincial governments when selling exploration rights, and oil and gas wells are referenced by their location as defined within the Alberta Township System. How it works Below is a brief description of how to lay out the DLS grid for Alberta. Lay off ticks from the 49th parallel of latitude to the 60th parallel. This gives 127 township lines. The 49th parallel of latitude is the first base line of the ATS system. On it lay off ticks westwards starting at the 110th line of longitude (4th DLS meridian). Start over at the 114th and 118th lines of longitude (5th and 6th DLS meridians). Extend these ticks due north (following a line of constant longitude) to the first correction line. This gets you your first set of range lines. Starting at the 49th parallel (first base line) go directly north. This gets you to the second base line. At the latitude corresponding to this distance from the 49th parallel lay off 6-mile-6-chain ticks westwards from 110th meridian as you did at the 1st base line. The circumference of the earth has decreased as you went northwards, so there will be fewer full ticks than there were one base line south. Extend 12 miles 6 chains north and 12 miles 6 chains south from these ticks. This gets you your next set of range lines. You will note there is an offset between the range lines extending north from the lower base line and those extending south from the current ones. This offset occurs along what is called a correction line. Repeat the base line process every 24 miles 12 chains northwards (to the 32nd). All this will result in a mesh of cells nominally six miles (plus 3 or 6 chains for road allowances) on a side. Each such cell is called a township (not to be confused with the","title":"Alberta Township System"},{"docid":"74133","text":"An adding machine is a class of mechanical calculator, usually specialized for bookkeeping calculations. In the United States, the earliest adding machines were usually built to read in dollars and cents. Adding machines were ubiquitous office equipment until they were phased out in favor of calculators in the 1970s and by personal computers beginning in about 1985. The older adding machines were rarely seen in American office settings by the year 2000. Blaise Pascal and Wilhelm Schickard were the two original inventors of the mechanical calculator in 1642. For Pascal, this was an adding machine that could perform additions and subtractions directly and multiplication and divisions by repetitions, while Schickard's machine, invented several decades earlier, was less functionally efficient but was supported by a mechanised form of multiplication tables. These two were followed by a series of inventors and inventions leading to those of Thomas de Colmar, who launched the mechanical calculator industry in 1851 when he released his simplified arithmometer (it took him thirty years to refine his machine, patented in 1820, into a simpler and more reliable form). However, they did not gain widespread use until Dorr E. Felt started manufacturing his comptometer (1887) and Burroughs started the commercialization of differently conceived adding machines (1892). Operation To add a new list of numbers and arrive at a total, the user was first required to \"ZERO\" the machine. Then, to add sets of numbers, the user was required to press numbered keys on a keyboard, which would remain depressed (rather than immediately rebound like the keys of a computer keyboard or typewriter or the buttons of a typical modern machine). The user would then pull the crank, which caused the numbers to be shown on the rotary wheels, and the keys to be released (i.e. to pop back up) in preparation for the next input. To add, for example, the amounts of 30.72 and 4.49 (which, in adding machine terms, on a decimal adding machine is 3,072 plus 449 \"decimal units\"), the following process took place: Press the key in the column fourth from the right (multiples of one thousand), the key in the column second from right (multiples of ten) and the key in the rightmost column (multiples of 1). Pull the crank. The rotary wheels now showed 3072. Press the key in the third column from the right, the key in the second column from right, and the key in the rightmost column. Pull the crank. The rotary wheels now show a running 'total' of 3521 which, when interpreted using the decimal currency colour-coding of the key columns, equates to 35.21. Keyboards typically did not have or need (zero) keys; one simply did not press any key in the column containing a zero. Trailing zeros (those to the right of a number), were there by default because when a machine was zeroed, all numbers visible on the rotary wheels were reset to zero. Subtraction was impossible, except by adding the complement of a number (for instance, subtract","title":"Adding machine"},{"docid":"21937030","text":"The 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron is an active United States Air Force unit. Its current assignment is with the 53d Wing, based at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. The 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron is an Air Combat Command (ACC) unit tasked to support and conduct operational testing for the B-52. The Squadron is responsible for the conduct of the entirety of B-52 operational test programs. Additionally, the squadron also conducts the Nuclear Weapon System Evaluation Program of the Air Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM). To accomplish its mission, the squadron employs two assigned operational aircraft for operational test via Air Force Global Strike Command. History World War I 49th Aero Squadron Formed at Kelly Field No. 1, San Antonio, Texas on 6 August 1917. During its initial indoctrination training at Kelly Field, many squadron members were reassigned to other squadrons, however on 25 August, personnel from the 68th Aero Squadron were assigned to the 49th. After about a month of basic training as soldiers, the squadron was moved to the newly opened Kelly Field No. 2 where they began training with Curtiss JN-4 Jennys as a school squadron. Deployed to England in late November 1917, spent six months training with the Royal Flying Corps, then an additional month of training at the Third Aviation Instruction Center at Issoudun Aerodrome, France for combat training. Equipped with new Spad XIIIs, the 49th began flying operations with the First Army and was credited with participation in the Lorraine, St Mihiel, and the Meuse-Argonne campaigns. During its time in combat, the 49th Aero Squadron downed 25 enemy aircraft, losing six pilots killed, wounded, or missing. 166th Aero Squadron The squadron was organized at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas on 18 December 1917. After several days, the squadron was moved to Wilbur Wright Field, Dayton Ohio where it received its first training in the handling of Curtiss JN-4 and Standard J-1 aircraft. Moved to England in March 1919, spent several months with the Royal Flying Corps being trained. Transferred to the American Expeditionary Forces in France during August 1918. Assigned to the 1st Day Bombardment Group, First Army. Equipped with De Havilland DH-4 and became a Day Bombardment squadron. In combat during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, 18 October-11 November 1918. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, was assigned to the US Third Army, became part of the occupation forces in the German Rhineland, November 1918 – April 1919. Returned to the United States, most squadron personnel demobilized in New York. Inter-War period Remained as part of the Air Service, moved to Ellington Field, Texas in July 1919 and was reformed with new personnel. Participated in demonstrations of effectiveness of aerial bombardment on warships, June–September 1921; mercy mission in relief of marooned inhabitants of islands in the frozen Chesapeake, 9–11 February 1936. Began its association with testing when it received the first of the five Boeing YB-9, first all-metal monoplane bomber aircraft designed for the United States Army Air Corps, on 14 September 1932. The new","title":"49th Test and Evaluation Squadron"},{"docid":"172753","text":"Christmas crackers are festive table decorations that make a snapping sound when pulled open, and typically contain a small gift, paper hat and a joke. They are part of Christmas celebrations in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Commonwealth countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. A cracker consists of a segmented cardboard tube wrapped in a brightly decorated twist of paper with a prize in the centre, making it resemble an oversized sweet-wrapper. The cracker is pulled apart by two people, each holding an outer chamber, causing the cracker to split unevenly and leaving one person holding the central chamber and prize. The split is accompanied by a mild bang or snapping sound produced by the effect of friction on a shock-sensitive, chemically impregnated card strip (similar to that used in a cap gun). One chemical used for the friction strip is silver fulminate. Tradition Crackers are traditionally pulled during Christmas dinner or at Christmas parties. One version of the cracker ritual holds that the person who ends up with the larger end of cracker earns the right to keep the contents of the cardboard tube. Sometimes, each participant retains ownership of their own cracker and keeps its contents regardless of the outcome. Christmas crackers traditionally contain a colourful crown-shaped hat made of tissue paper, a small toy, a plastic model, or a trinket, and a small strip of paper with a motto, a joke, a riddle, or a piece of trivia. The paper hats, with the appearance of crowns, are usually worn at Christmas dinner. The tradition of wearing festive hats is believed to date back to Roman times and the Saturnalia celebrations, which also involved decorative headgear. Christmas crackers are also associated with Knut's parties, held in Sweden at the end of the Christmas season. Author and historian John Julius Norwich (Viscount Norwich) was known for sending his family and friends a Christmas Cracker each year which was a kind of expanded Christmas card of anecdotes, trivia and witticisms collected from history and literature. Initially he printed them privately to give to friends but also sold via some London bookstores. His 49th and final cracker was published posthumously in the year of his death. History The Oxford English Dictionary records the pulling of crackers from 1847. Tom Smith Tradition tells of how Tom Smith (1823–1869) of London invented crackers in 1847. He created the crackers as a development of his bon-bon sweets, which he sold in a twist of paper (the origins of the traditional sweet-wrapper). As sales of bon-bons slumped, Smith began to come up with new promotional ideas. His first tactic was to insert love messages into the wrappers of the sweets (similar to fortune cookies). Smith was inspired to add a \"crackle\" element after hearing the crackle of a log he had just put on a fire. The size of the paper wrapper had to be increased to incorporate the banger mechanism, and the sweet itself was eventually dropped, to be replaced","title":"Christmas cracker"},{"docid":"2728846","text":"The 49th Quartermaster Group (Petroleum and Water) was a United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) combat service support unit stationed at Fort Gregg-Adams (formerly Fort Lee), Virginia. The group motto was \"Fueling the Force.\" Reactivated in 1993, the 49th held an inactivation ceremony at Fort Lee on 14 September 2012. Its subordinate 530th Support Battalion and 108th Quartermaster Company were reassigned to a brigade headquarters to await their own inactivation in September 2013. According to an article in the post newspaper, \"The 54th and 111th, the Army's only active duty mortuary affairs units, are not likely to be inactivated but may be transferred. If any of the units remain at Fort Lee, they may be realigned under battalions either at Fort Eustis, home of the 7th Sustainment Brigade, or Fort Bragg, N.C., home of the XVIII Airborne Corps, the 49th's current higher headquarters.\" Subordinate units 49th Quartermaster Group, Fort Gregg-Adams 240th Quartermaster Battalion (Pipeline) (inactivated 24 June 2011) 530th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (inactivation ceremony held on 31 May 2013) Headquarters and Headquarters Company 54th Quartermaster Company (Mortuary Affairs) 109th Quartermaster Company (POL) 111th Quartermaster Company (Mortuary Affairs) 64th Transportation Company 612th Movement Control Team History Constituted 1 May 1936 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Regiment (Truck-Army) (Colored) and allotted to the Fifth Corps area. Redesignated 29 September 1939 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Regiment (Truck-Corps) (Colored). Redesignated 8 January 1940 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Regiment (Truck) (Colored). Redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Truck Regiment (Colored) and activated 1 April 1942 at the Port of San Francisco. Reorganized and redesignated 14 December 1943 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Group (Colored). Inactivated 15 November 1947 at Leghorn, Italy. Redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 49th Quartermaster Group and activated 1 June 1993 at Fort Lee, Virginia. CAMPAIGN PARTICIPATION CREDIT World War II Naples-Foggia Rome-Arno Po Valley North Apennines Iraq War DECORATIONS Meritorious Unit Commendation, Streamer embroidered ITALY (HHD 49th QM Gp cited for period 1 October 1944 – 1 January 1945; GO 228 Hq, PBS 25 August 1945) Meritorious Unit Commendation for exceptional meritorious service as the Theater Bulk Petroleum and Water Group in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq, 10 January 2003 to 25 September 2003 Shoulder Sleeve Insignia Description: On a buff rectangle with rounded corners in width and in height overall with a black border, a black vertical stripe charged with a light blue flash superimposed by a black annulet counterchanged. Symbolism: Buff and light blue are the colors traditionally used by the Quartermaster Corps. Black denotes solidity and refers to petroleum; the light blue flash represents speed and quick response. The vertical stripe symbolizes the flow of fuel and water, while the annulet, suggesting a wheel (as on the Quartermaster insignia of branch), highlights the constant movement of supplies and materiel. Background: The shoulder sleeve insignia (unit patch) was approved on 22 June 1998. Distinctive unit insignia Description: A","title":"49th Quartermaster Group"},{"docid":"336468","text":"The 49th Armored Division —nicknamed the \"Lone Star\"— was an armored division of the Texas Army National Guard during the Cold War. Active from 1947, the division formed part of the Texas Army National Guard together with the 36th Infantry Division. It was called up for active duty between 1961 and 1962 during the Berlin Crisis. In 1968 both Texas divisions were inactivated and used to form separate units. The 49th Armored was reformed in 1973 as the sole Texas division. When reflagged as the 36th Infantry Division in 2004, it was the last armored division remaining in the United States Army National Guard. History After the end of World War II, the United States National Guard was reorganized and expanded from its prewar size. Initial War Department unit allocations submitted to states for review in early February 1946 gave the 49th Armored Division to Texas and New Mexico, with the latter receiving one combat command headquarters and its subordinate units as well as field artillery and engineer battalions. As the governor of New Mexico desired to continue his state's prewar antiaircraft units, the 49th Armored Division was made all-Texas and New Mexico received the 111th Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade. The division, whose units were accepted by the Texas adjutant general on 2 July 1946, included two combat commands and a reserve command with the 145th, 146th, and 147th Tank Battalions and the 145th, 146th, and 147th Armored Infantry Battalions. The division artillery included the 105 mm howitzer-equipped 645th, 646th, and 647th Armored Field Artillery Battalions. Division troops included the 49th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and the 386th Armored Engineer Battalion as well as other support units. It and the New Jersey 50th Armored Division were the only armored divisions in the National Guard at the time. A number of the original divisional units received federal recognition from the National Guard Bureau on 27 February 1947, a date used thereafter as the formation's \"birthday\", including the division headquarters at Camp Mabry in Austin. In 1947, all four battalions of the 144th Infantry Regiment were placed into the Division as mechanized infantry units. The division headquarters location changed to Fort Worth on 4 August 1949 and to Dallas on 31 August 1950. Beginning in the northern and northeastern areas of the State, there were 111 units in 56 Texas cities by 1952. In September 1961, an executive order alerted the division for mobilization at Dallas due to the 1961 Berlin Crisis. The 49th Armored and the Wisconsin 32nd Infantry Division were mobilized in order to replace active divisions scheduled to be deployed from the strategic reserve. On 15 October the division entered federal service and soon afterwards concentrated at Fort Hood. It subsequently deployed to Fort Polk, Louisiana, where it remained for ten months. In May 1962, the division staged the large-scale Exercise Iron Dragoon, still remembered among National Guard armor exercises. Also while at Fort Polk the division's missile unit became the first Army National Guard unit to fire the Honest","title":"49th Armored Division (United States)"},{"docid":"8169761","text":"The 49th Military Police Brigade is California's only Army National Guard military police brigade and is headquartered in Fairfield, California. The 49th's primary role in California is to provide defense support to civilian authorities (DSCA) in the northern region of the state. As part of its federal mission, the 49th Military Police Brigade stands ready to deploy and respond to support missions around the world. The brigade is the part of the Homeland Response Force (HRF). History The 49th was officially reorganized in May 2005 and was immediately deployed forward in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). During its OIF tour, the 49th was tasked with the training of fledgling Iraqi Police force and maintained command and control over 3-thousand Soldiers in three military police battalions. Operation Iraqi Freedom (2005–07) The 49th MP Brigade reorganized on 16 January 2005, specifically to mobilize and deploy in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The brigade mobilized at Fort Hood, TX in May 2005. They conducted four months of post mobilization training and deployed to Iraq, through Kuwait in October 2005. The unit formally took over the mission from the 42nd Military Police Brigade, Fort Lewis, WA, on 2 November 2005. The mission of the brigade was to provide military police support to Multi-National Forces-Iraq, as well as support to the Iraqi Police. As part of its support to the Iraqi police, the brigade formed Police Transition Teams which worked closely with local police in 14 of Iraq's 18 provinces. In addition to its mission to train the Iraqi police, they also provided security for Iraq's Tier 1 government officials, including the President and Prime Minister of Iraq. They also provided security for the US Embassy in Baghdad and personal security for the US Ambassador, Deputy US Ambassador, and the UN Ambassador and Deputy. While theater level detention operations where the responsibility of the 43rd Military Police Brigade, the brigades 709th Military Police Battalion did assist the 101st Airborne Division in running their brigade and division internment facilities until that mission was withdrawn. The brigade also conducted law and order missions for Victory Base Complex, COB Speicher, LSA Anaconda, and Talil Air Base. This mission enabled commanders to provide a safe and secure environment for their soldiers to live. The brigade was relieved of its mission in March 2007. While deployed the brigade commanded military police units from the Regular Army stationed in CONUS, Europe, and Korea, National Guard from eight states and the District of Columbia, one US Army Reserve region, and the United States Air Force. They consisted of three MP battalions, 23 companies, and five detachments. Organization It is composed of the following units: 49th MP Brigade, Headquarters & Headquarters Company – Fairfield 143rd Military Police Battalion – Lancaster Headquarters & Headquarters Company – Lancaster 40th MP Company – Los Alamitos 140th Chemical Company – Gardena 330th MP Company – Ontario 670th MP Company – National City 185th Military Police Battalion – Pittsburg Headquarters & Headquarters Company – Pittsburg 149th Chemical","title":"49th Military Police Brigade (United States)"},{"docid":"128668","text":"Pembina () is a city in Pembina County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 512 at the 2020 census. Pembina is located south of the Canada–US border. Interstate 29 passes on the western side of Pembina, leading north to the Canada–US border at Emerson, Manitoba and south to the cities of Grand Forks and Fargo. The Pembina–Emerson Border Crossing is the busiest between Surrey–Blaine, and Windsor–Detroit, and the fifth busiest along the Canada-United States border. It is one of three 24-hour ports of entry in North Dakota, the others being Portal and Dunseith. The Noyes–Emerson East Border Crossing, located to the east on the Minnesota side of the Red River, also processed cross-border traffic until its closure in 2006. The area of Pembina was long inhabited by various indigenous peoples. At the time of 16th century French exploration and fur trading, historical Native American tribes included the Lakota (Sioux, as the French called them), the Chippewa (Ojibwe), and the Assiniboine. The British/Canadian Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established a fur-trading post on the site of present-day Pembina in 1797, and it is the oldest European-American community in the Dakotas. The first permanent HBC-sponsored settlement in Pembina started in 1812. Prior to the Treaty of 1818, Pembina was in Rupert's Land, the HBC's trading territory. The treaty transferred the Red River Valley south of the 49th parallel to the United States, but until 1823, both the United States and the British authorities believed Pembina was north of the 49th and therefore still in Rupert's Land. That year United States Army Major Stephen H. Long's survey of the 49th parallel revealed Pembina's location to be just south of the Rupert's Land–United States border. Pembina was officially founded in 1843. In 1851, the US established its first post office in present-day North Dakota in Pembina. Pembina was the most populous place in North Dakota according to the 1860 census. Pembina served as county seat from 1867 to 1911, being designated as a town in 1885. Namesake The name Pembina derives from an Ojibwe word for Viburnum edule, a bushy plant with bright red berries which grows in the area. Nineteenth-century journal-writers and observers translated the word as \"summer berry\" or \"high cranberry\". History The Pembina area was historically at the borders of the territories of the Lakota, the Chippewa, and the Assiniboine, American Indian tribes, who competed for hegemony. Their conflict increased beginning with the French introduction of firearms in the late 17th century as part of their goods traded for furs. The first known European] visitors to the Pembina region were the French La Vérendrye family in the early 18th century. Pembina's recorded history of European encounter extended for more than 200 years. Started by the French as a fur trading post for commerce with Native Americans, it was also tied to trade for plains bison. European trappers who hunted in the Red River of the North area frequently married Native women and often lived with local tribes at least part of","title":"Pembina, North Dakota"},{"docid":"5122583","text":"General John Vincent (1764–1848) was the British commanding officer of the Niagara Peninsula in Upper Canada when the United States attacked in the spring of 1813. He was defeated at the Battle of Fort George but was able to rebound and establish the new lines at Burlington Heights. He directed the campaign during the summer and fall that eventually forced the Americans to abandon the Niagara area in December 1813, thanks in large part due to his victory over the Americans at the Battle of Stoney Creek. Due to illness he was replaced by General Phineas Riall, though of the several officers of the 49th Regiment who reached high command during the War of 1812, Vincent was the longest-serving of them. British and Canadian accounts of the War give the impression of a modest, well-liked and generous officer, who gave whatever help he could to other commanders. From 1814, he had held the sinecure post of Lieutenant-Governor of Dumbarton Castle. Early life He was born in Ireland, the son of John Vincent (1734–1779) of Mardyke, County Limerick, Sheriff of Limerick, by his first wife, Catherine (d.1768), daughter and co-heiress of John Love (d.1750), of Castle Saffron (later renamed Creagh Castle), near Doneraile, County Cork, great grandson of Sir Philip Perceval. Vincent entered the army as an Ensign in 1781. He transferred as a Lieutenant into the 49th Foot in 1783, becoming a Captain in 1786. He saw service with the regiment in the West Indies and was present at the taking of Haiti. After being promoted to Major in 1795, he was ordered back to England for his health, but the vessel on which he sailed was captured by a French frigate and he was detained a prisoner in France for one year. He took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in 1799 (was promoted to Lt.-Colonel in 1800), and was present at the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker. Two years later, the 49th were posted to Upper Canada, and Vincent was accompanied there by his nephew, William Vincent (who had married Frances Blood of Castle Fergus, County Clare, descended from the noted bravo and desperado Colonel Thomas Blood), who had joined the 49th in 1800. Vincent performed various garrison duties at York (Toronto), Fort George (Niagara-on-the-Lake) and Kingston, Ontario for the next ten years or so. War of 1812 On the outbreak of war, Vincent led a detachment of the 49th from Lower Canada to Kingston, Ontario, and was commander of this post during the winter of 1812 to 1813, being promoted to brigadier general. His forces fought off one half-hearted attack by ships under the American Commodore Isaac Chauncey, and over the winter he successfully bluffed the American Commander-in-Chief, General Henry Dearborn, into thinking his forces were much larger than they actually were and deterred any attack. Vincent was subsequently transferred to the Niagara frontier. On 27 May 1813, his positions were attacked in the Battle of Fort George. Although his British","title":"John Vincent (British Army officer)"},{"docid":"350903","text":"The Sunset District is a neighborhood located in the southwest quadrant of San Francisco, California, United States. Location The Sunset District is the largest neighborhood within the city and county of San Francisco. Golden Gate Park forms the neighborhood's northern border, and the Pacific Ocean (or, more specifically, the long, flat strand of beach known as Ocean Beach) forms its western border. A section of the Sunset District towards its southeastern end is known as the Parkside neighborhood. Prior to the residential and commercial development of the Sunset District, much of the area was covered by sand dunes and was originally referred to by 19th century San Franciscans as the \"Outside Lands.\" The Sunset District and the neighboring Richmond District (on the north side of Golden Gate Park) are often collectively known as The Avenues, because the majority of both neighborhoods are spanned by numbered north-south avenues. When the city was originally laid out, the avenues were numbered from 1st to 49th, and the east-west streets were lettered A to X. In 1909, to reduce confusion for mail carriers, the east-west streets and 1st Avenue and 49th Avenue were renamed. The east-west streets were named in ascending alphabetical order in a southward direction after prominent 19th-century American politicians, military leaders, or explorers; 19th-century Mexican landowners; and Spanish conquistadors. 1st Avenue was renamed Arguello Boulevard, and 49th Avenue was renamed La Playa Street (Spanish for \"the beach\"). Today, the first numbered avenue is 2nd Avenue, starting one block west of Arguello Boulevard, and the last is 48th Avenue near Ocean Beach. The avenue numbers increase incrementally, with one exception: what would be 13th Avenue is known as Funston Avenue, named after Frederick Funston, a U.S. Army general known for his exploits during the Spanish–American War and Philippine–American War, and for directing the U.S. Army response to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The east-west streets in the Sunset appear mostly in alphabetical order. These streets are: Lincoln Way (bordering the south side of Golden Gate Park), Hugo (from Arguello to 7th Avenue only), Irving, Judah, Kirkham, Lawton, Moraga, Noriega, Ortega, Pacheco, Quintara, Rivera, Santiago, Taraval, Ulloa, Vicente, Wawona, Yorba, and Sloat Boulevard. \"X\" was originally proposed to be Xavier, but was changed to Yorba due to a pronunciation controversy. History The origin of the \"Sunset\" name is not entirely clear. One claim indicates that Aurelius Buckingham, a developer who owned property in the area, coined the term in 1886. Another claim comes from the California Midwinter Exposition, held in Golden Gate Park in 1894 and also known as \"The Sunset City.\" Before construction of the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1917, the Sunset was a vast, sparsely inhabited area of large sand dunes and coastal scrub land known as the \"Outside Lands.\" Development was initiated in the 1870s and 1880s with construction of Golden Gate Park, but it did not reach a full scale until after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, when small lots of tract homes and row homes now characteristic of","title":"Sunset District, San Francisco"},{"docid":"16897621","text":"The 146th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army, part of the Territorial Force (Territorial Army from 1920) with the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. The brigade saw active service during both the First and the Second World Wars, and during the early part of the Cold War. The brigade was active from 1908 until 1967 when it was finally disbanded. The brigade was reformed in 1983, though with a much smaller and insignificant role before finally disbanding again in 1993. History Formation The brigade was raised in 1908 upon the creation of the Territorial Force, formed by the amalgamation of the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry, as the 1st West Riding Brigade, composed of four Volunteer battalions of the Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment), including two of the Leeds Rifles. The brigade was assigned to the West Riding Division. First World War On the outbreak of the First World War in early August 1914, the division was immediately mobilised and most men volunteered for overseas service. In mid-May 1915 the brigade and division would become the 146th (1/1st West Riding) Brigade and 49th (West Riding) Division respectively. The battalions adopted the '1/' prefix (1/5th West Yorks) to differentiate them from their 2nd Line duplicates, which were forming up as 185th (2/1st West Riding) Brigade, of the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. The 2nd Line units were raised from those men who did not originally volunteer for overseas service, although many of them did end up seeing active service. The brigade served on the Western Front from July 1915 to the end of the war in November 1918. Two men from the brigade were awarded the Victoria Cross: Corporal Samuel Meekosha of the 1/6th Battalion and Corporal (later Captain) George Sanders of the 1/7th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion. First World War order of battle 1/5th Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) 1/6th Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) 1/7th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) 1/8th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) (until January 1918) 146th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 27 January 1916, moved to 49th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps 1 March 1918) 146th Trench Mortar Battery (formed 12 June 1916) Interwar Both the brigade and division were disbanded shortly the war when the Territorial Force was itself disbanded. However it was reformed in the 1920s as the Territorial Army and the brigade was reformed with all four battalions of the West Yorkshire Regiment and continued to serve with the 49th Division, now as the 147th (1st West Riding) Infantry Brigade. In the late 1930s, however, many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army were converted to anti-aircraft and searchlight units and so, in 1936, the 8th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, West Yorks was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into the 66th (Leeds Rifles, The West Yorkshire Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery and was transferred to 31st (North Midland) Anti-Aircraft","title":"146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)"},{"docid":"24709592","text":"The northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods was a critical landmark for the boundary between United States territory and the British possessions to the north. This point, on the shore of the Lake of the Woods, was referred to in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and in later treaties including the Treaty of 1818. The point lies at the corner of the Northwest Angle in the U.S. state of Minnesota, and is thus the northernmost point of the contiguous United States. After Canadian Confederation, the point became the basis for the border between the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario. The \"northwesternmost point\" of the lake had not yet been identified when it was referenced in treaties defining the border between the US and Britain; it was simply an easily described abstraction based on a large landmark. The best maps at the time of the original negotiation depicted the lake as a simple oval. However, although the southern portion of the lake is easily mapped, to the north it becomes a complex tangle of bays, peninsulas, and islands, with many adjacent bodies of water separated or connected by narrow isthmuses or straits. An 1822 survey crew declared the referenced point impossible to determine. In 1824, British explorer David Thompson was hired to identify it. Thompson mapped the lake and found four possibilities, but did not conclusively declare one location. In 1825, Johann Ludwig Tiarks, a German astronomer in British service, surveyed the lake. Tiarks identified two possibilities for the northwesternmost point on the lake, based on Thompson's maps: the Angle Inlet and Rat Portage. To determine which point was the most northwestern, he drew a line from each point in the southwest–northeast direction. If the line intersected the lake at any point, it was not the most northwestern point, as shown in the example diagram here. Tiarks determined that the only such line that did not intersect the lake was at the edge of a pond on the Angle Inlet. (A 1940 academic study documents this point as being in the immediate vicinity of (NAD83).) Under the 1783 treaty, the international border would have run due west from this point to the Mississippi River. As this was determined to be geographically impossible (the Mississippi begins further south), under the 1818 treaty the international border instead ran from the point determined by Tiarks, to the 49th parallel. (It was not known at the time whether that was to the north or – in fact – the south.) From there it ran due west to the Rocky Mountains (and later, the Pacific coast). Tiarks's point, however, created problems, because the 1818 treaty called for the border to run directly north–south from it. South of that point, the channel of the Northwest Angle Inlet meandered east and west, crossing the border five times, thereby creating two small enclaves of water areas totaling two and a half acres that belonged to the United States but were surrounded by Canadian waters. A","title":"Northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods"},{"docid":"15747045","text":"Samuel Fallows (December 13, 1835September 5, 1922) was an English American immigrant, minister, lecturer, and author. He was the 9th Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin and served as Presiding Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church for 30 years between 1877 and 1922. During the American Civil War he served as a chaplain and later as an officer in the Union Army, receiving an honorary brevet to Brigadier General after the war. Early life Fallows was born in Pendleton, Greater Manchester, in England, and emigrated to the Wisconsin Territory as a child in 1848. His family settled at Marshall (then called \"Bird's Ruins\") in eastern Dane County, and established a farm. He worked as a farm hand to pay for school, becoming a Methodist minister in 1858 and graduating from the University of Wisconsin (now University of Wisconsin–Madison) in 1859. He was elected Vice-President and principal of Galesburg University and served there for two years, then became minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Civil War service 32nd Wisconsin Volunteers Fallows was ministering to the Oshkosh church at the time of the outbreak of the American Civil War and did not volunteer in the first year of the war. In 1862, however, he resigned his ministry and enlisted for service in the Union Army, becoming chaplain of the 32nd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment under Colonel James Henry Howe. He served for a year with the regiment which mostly performed guard duty during that time to protect supplies and logistics along the Mississippi River in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. He resigned due to poor health on June 29, 1863. 40th Wisconsin Volunteers He returned to his ministry in Wisconsin, this time at Appleton, Wisconsin, and was also elected professor of natural science at Lawrence University, in Appleton. As his health recovered, so to did his fervor to fight for the Union, and, in early 1864, he helped to raise a number of volunteers for the 40th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment—called the \"Normal Regiment\" due to the large number of teachers and students in the unit—and was selected as the regiment's lieutenant colonel. The regiment was assigned mostly to the defense of Memphis, Tennessee, and was engaged in the defense of Memphis during the raid known as the Second Battle of Memphis, carried out by Confederate cavalry under General Nathan Bedford Forrest on August 21, 1864. 49th Wisconsin Volunteers In January 1865, Lt. Colonel Fallows was promoted to colonel and appointed to the organization of a new regiment in Madison, Wisconsin, which became the 49th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. The 49th Wisconsin mustered into service on March 8, 1865, and proceeded to St. Louis and then to Rolla, Missouri, where they engaged in guard duty through the end of the war. Colonel Fallows mustered out November 1, 1865. Brevet to brigadier general On January 13, 1866, U.S. President Andrew Johnson nominated Colonel Fallows for a brevet to brigadier general of volunteers in recognition for his service. The United States","title":"Samuel Fallows"},{"docid":"156352","text":"The Hatch Act of 1887 (ch. 314, , enacted 1887-03-02, et seq.) gave federal funds, initially $15,000 each, to state land-grant colleges in order to create a series of agricultural experiment stations, as well as pass along new information, especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth. The bill was named for Congressman William Hatch, who chaired the House Committee of Agriculture at the time the bill was introduced. State agricultural stations created under this act were usually connected with those land-grant state colleges and universities founded under the Morrill Act of 1862, with few exceptions. Many stations founded under the Hatch Act later became the foundations for state cooperative extension services under the Smith–Lever Act of 1914. Congress amended the act in 1955 to add a formula that uses rural and farm population factors to allocate the annual appropriation for agricultural experiment stations among the states. Under the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107–171, Sec. 7212), states will continue to be required to provide at least 100% matching funds (traditionally, most states have provided more). On average, Hatch Act formula funds constitute 10% of total funding for each experiment station. (7 U.S.C. 361a et seq.). See also Adams Act of 1906 Purnell Act of 1925 Bankhead–Jones Act of 1935 George W. Atherton External links Hatch Act of 1887 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection United States federal agriculture legislation United States federal public land legislation 1887 in American law 49th United States Congress","title":"Hatch Act of 1887"},{"docid":"2939322","text":"The United States Australian Football League (USAFL) is the governing body for Australian rules football in the United States. It was conceived in 1996 and organized in 1997. It is based in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. As of 2011, there were over 1,000 registered USAFL players. There are 48 member clubs, of which 47 have men's teams (all except North Star Blue Ox) and 25 have women's teams. Most of the football clubs in the United States have a traditional 18-a-side team for representative purposes and multiple 9-a-side teams running in a local league. Each year the USAFL holds a National club championship, a tournament open to all clubs across the nation, the largest of its type in the world for the sport. In addition to the Nationals, the USAFL holds major regional tournaments including the Central, East and West regional tournaments. The USAFL selects the national men's (USA Revolution) and women's (USA Freedom) teams for competitions such as the Australian Football International Cup and the 49th Parallel Cup. History The first match between two local US clubs was played in 1996 between Cincinnati and Louisville. In the first year the Mid American Australian Football League was formed. Many of the local players had found out about the game in the 1980s on television via the then-nascent ESPN cable network. Although the local game grew, ESPN no longer broadcast AFL matches, and in response the lobby group, Australian Football Association of North America was formed. In 1997, the first club national championships were held in Cincinnati. Nashville hosted the first Australian Grand Final Festival in the same year. The United States Australian Football League (USAFL) was formed in 1997 to govern the code in the country. The involvement of many well-known Australians has helped boost the relations between the USAFL and AFL. In the early days, Paul Roos was a key figure. Robert DiPierdomenico, Leigh Matthews and Michael Voss are official USAFL ambassadors. National teams USAFL is responsible for the co-ordination of the National Teams, the USA Revolution men's team and the USA Freedom women's team. The team plays in international tournaments and exhibition matches against other countries. National team players are selected from the best US-born players from the club teams across the country. With close proximity to Canada, the Revolution & Freedom participate in the annual 49th Parallel Cup against Canada each year except for years of the Australian Football International Cup. The Revolution competed in the 2002 Australian Football International Cup, finishing 5th out of 11 countries and in the 2005 Australian Football International Cup finishing 3rd out of 10 countries. They competed in the 2008 Australian Football International Cup where the Revolution finished 7th out of 16 countries. At the 2011 Australian Football International Cup, the Revolution finished 4th in an increased field of 18 countries. The Revolution finished 8th at the 2014 Australian Football International Cup, again with 18 countries participating. Domestic tournaments and competitions USAFL National Championships USAFL East vs West 49th Parallel Cup USAFL","title":"United States Australian Football League"},{"docid":"1097066","text":"is a joint Japan-US naval air base located in the cities of Yamato and Ayase in Kanagawa, Japan. It is the largest United States Navy (USN) air base in the Pacific Ocean and once housed the squadrons of Carrier Air Wing Five (CVW-5), which deploys with the American aircraft carrier . During 2017 and 2018 the fixed-wing aircraft of CVW-5 relocated to Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni in western Japan. CVW-5 shares the base with the Headquarters Fleet Air Force and Fleet Air Wing 4 of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). NAF Atsugi is also home to Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 51 (HSM-51), which provides detachments of MH-60R helicopters to forward deployed U.S. Navy guided missile cruisers, guided missile destroyers and frigates homeported at the nearby Yokosuka Naval Base. Service members stationed at Atsugi also work in conjunction with the former Kamiseya Naval Radio Receiving Facility. Despite its name, the base is east northeast from the city of Atsugi, and is not adjacent to the city. History The Imperial Japanese Navy constructed the base in 1938 to house the 302nd Kokutai, one of the Navy's most formidable fighter squadrons during World War II. Aircraft based at Atsugi shot down more than 300 American bombers during the firebombings of 1945. After Japan's surrender, many of Atsugi's pilots refused to follow Emperor Hirohito's order to lay down their arms, and took to the skies to drop leaflets on Tokyo and Yokohama urging locals to resist the Americans. Eventually, these pilots gave up and left Atsugi. General Douglas MacArthur arrived at Atsugi on 30 August to accept Japan's surrender. Shortly afterwards, elements of the USAAF 3d Bombardment Group moved in about 8 September, being replaced by the USAAF 49th Fighter Group on 15 September which handled the initial cleanup of the heavily damaged airfield along with the 1539th Army Air Forces Base Unit to provide station facilities. Minimal flight operations were restored by October which allowed the P-61 Black Widow-equipped 418th Night Fighter Squadron to operate from the airfield to provide air defense over the area, along with the P-38 Lightnings of the 49th FG. The 49th moved to Chitose Airfield on Hokkaido in mid February 1946, the 418th NFS to Okinawa in June, and on 31 December 1946 the 1539th AAFBU moved to Haneda Airfield. During the occupation, the base housed the overflow from nearby Camp Zama; it was not refurbished to handle military air traffic until the Korean War. The Seabees (Navy construction battalions) came to the base in 1950 and prepared it for re-opening that December as Naval Air Station Atsugi. NAF Atsugi was a major naval air base during both the Korean War and Vietnam War, serving fighters, bombers, and transport aircraft. One of the aircraft based at Atsugi at least since 1957 was the U-2 spy plane. The plane made local Japanese headlines when it ran low on fuel and made an emergency landing at a glider-club landing strip. This same plane was piloted by Gary Powers,","title":"Naval Air Facility Atsugi"},{"docid":"800142","text":"49th parallel may refer to: 49th parallel north, a circle of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere 49th parallel south, a circle of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere 49th Parallel (film), a 1941 Canadian and British film Canada–United States border, sometimes referred to as the \"49th parallel\" due to much of it following the 49th parallel north","title":"49th parallel"},{"docid":"42003225","text":"Shed No Tears () is a 2013 Swedish film directed by Måns Mårlind and Björn Stein and starring Adam Lundgren and Jonathan Andersson. The plot is based on the lyrics and music by Swedish artist Håkan Hellström, and the script is written by Cilla Jackert. The film premiered on 19 July 2013 and was well received by critics. It won the Guldbagge Award for Best Sound Editing at the 49th Guldbagge Awards. The main role is played by Adam Lundgren, while Tomas von Brömssen, Gunilla Nyroos and Josefin Neldén appear in supporting roles. Even Håkan Hellström himself appears in a minor role. The film's title is based on Hellström's debut single \"Känn ingen sorg för mig Göteborg\" from the album of the same name. The film received extensive good reviews, and 27,766 Swedes saw it at the cinema on the opening weekend, which took it up to Biotoppens second place. The following week it had dropped down to sixth place, and at the end of the year was the year's fifth highest grossing Swedish film. Plot Pål (Adam Lundgren)'s biggest dream is to get involved with music. His childhood friends Lena (Josefin Neldén) and Johnny (Jonathan Andersson) knows this, and his grandfather Rolle (Tomas von Brömssen), although he most of all would see that Pål gained an orderly job. When Eva (Disa Östrand) turns up as a summer night and captures Påls attention, she discovers that she shares his dream. The problem is that the only thing standing between Pål and the dream is his own obsessions that once after another leads him to derail just when most are at stake. Cast Adam Lundgren as Pål Disa Östrand as Eva Josefin Neldén as Lena Jonathan Andersson as Johnny Tomas von Brömssen as Rolle, Pål's grandfather Marie Richardson as Lisbeth Lindén Reine Brynolfsson as Bosse Gunilla Nyroos as Hopp Daniel Larsson as Isse Eric Ericson as Priest Kim Lantz as Denis Hanna Hedin Hillberg as Samba Dancer Gregers Dohn as Pusher Darko Savor as Thug Lucas Miklin as Hooligan Freddie Wadling as A-lagare Ebbot Lundberg as A-lagare Håkan Hellström as a Street musician Critical response The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from Swedish critics. Aftonbladet called it \"Beats the most ever seen in the Swedish film\", and gave it a rating of 5 out of 5. The rival newspaper, Expressen called it \"Hellström knew what he was doing\", and gave it a rating of 4 out of 5. The film site Moviezine, called it a \"Musical treat\", and gave it a rating of 4 out of 5. Awards and nominations 49th Guldbagge Awards For the 49th Guldbagge Awards, Shed No Tears was nominated for nine awards, some of which it won in the categories Best Editing and Best Sound Editing: MovieZine Awards 2013 MovieZine did a poll at the end of 2013, in which readers got to vote for winners in various categories with substance Movie Year 2013, which Shed No Tears won in the category Best Swedish film, with 49%","title":"Shed No Tears (2013 film)"},{"docid":"5970554","text":"The Bayside Bridge is a girder bridge in Pinellas County which crosses over the northwesternmost end of Tampa Bay, connecting Clearwater, Florida and Largo, Florida. Construction began in the early 1990s and was completed in the summer of 1993, officially opening for traffic on June 2 of that year. Originally conceived in the 1970s as the 49th Street Bridge, a toll-levied part of the Pinellas Parkway, the current six-lane twin-span bridge provides direct, unmitigated access from eastern Clearwater to St. Petersburg/Clearwater International Airport by connecting McMullen Booth Road to 49th Street North and also serves as a bypass for heavily congested US 19. The speed limit is 55 mph (or about 88 km/h) until McMullen Booth. Due to cambering differences, cars experience bouncing when traveling in the northbound lanes. This occurs for the first (southern) half of the northbound span. It features a SPUI interchange at State Road 60 and a diamond interchange on the south end of the bridge. Along with the bridge, a $12 million interchange was built at the intersection of 49th Street and Roosevelt Boulevard. The bridge was completed before McMullen Booth Road was widened, dumping up to 36,000 cars a day onto the two-lane road. On streets such as Marlo Road, drivers could wait as long as 15 minutes before being able to make a left turn. In 1991, Pinellas County administrator Fred Marquis argued that the cost of the bridge could be funded by a 10-year extension of gasoline taxes. The plan went through as the \"Penny for Pinellas\" tax. This eliminated the need for a planned $2.5 million, 16-lane toll booth that would have been built on sensitive marshlands at the south end of the bridge. The cost of construction of the bridge is estimated at $71 million. The plan is for the Bayside Bridge to connect to nearby Interstate 275 via the Gateway Expressway that started construction in August 2017. References External links County Road 296 Connection Project at Tampa Bay Interstates site Bridges completed in 1993 Bridges in Pinellas County, Florida Buildings and structures in Clearwater, Florida Buildings and structures in Largo, Florida Road bridges in Florida Bridges over Tampa Bay 1993 establishments in Florida Cantilever bridges in the United States","title":"Bayside Bridge (Pinellas County, Florida)"},{"docid":"17353035","text":"The 49th Primetime Emmy Awards were held at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California, in 1997. They were presented in two ceremonies hosted by Bryant Gumbel, one on Saturday, September 13 and another on Sunday, September 14. The September 14th ceremony was televised on CBS. Frasier became the first series to win Outstanding Comedy Series four consecutive years, it joined Hill Street Blues which won Outstanding Drama Series four straight years a decade earlier. For the first time since 1979, James Burrows did not receive a Directing nomination, ending his run at 17 consecutive years. Beginning the following year, Burrows would begin a new streak that lasted another six years. In the drama field perennial nominee Law & Order won for its seventh season, the first time a show had won for this specific season. In winning Law & Order became the first drama series that did not have serialized story arcs since Hill Street Blues perfected the formula. Law & Order remains the only non-serialized winner since 1981. For the first time, not only did the Fox Network win the Lead Actress, Drama award, with Gillian Anderson, for The X-Files, but hers was also the network's first win in any of the Major Acting categories. (Laurence Fishburne and Peter Boyle won for Fox in only guest performances. The latter of which was for The X-Files just the year before.) This ceremony marked the end of a 20-year residency for the Primetime Emmy Awards at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium dating back to the 29th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1977 ceremony. This is the most recent year in which the Big Four Networks (ABC, CBS, FOX, and NBC) took home the top 14 Emmys (Comedy and Drama Series, Actor, Actress, Supporting Actor, Supporting Actress in Comedy and Drama, and Directing and Writing for Comedy and Drama). The Larry Sanders Show had 16 nominations and zero wins, tying the record with Northern Exposure in 1993 and becoming the first (and only to date) comedy series to set the record. These records would later be broken by Mad Men in 2012 with 17 nominations and without a single win and The Handmaid's Tale in 2021 with 21 nominations and without a single win. Winners and nominees Programs Acting Lead performances Supporting performances Directing Writing Most major nominations Most major awards Notes References External links Emmys.com list of 1997 Nominees & Winners 049 Primetime Emmy Awards 1997 in California Events in Pasadena, California September 1997 events in the United States 20th century in Pasadena, California","title":"49th Primetime Emmy Awards"},{"docid":"6725778","text":"James Wickes Taylor (1819–1893) was born in Starkey, New York, and, after his formal education, studied law under his father. He was admitted to the bar in Ohio in 1843 and in 1846 established the Cincinnati Morning Signal newspaper while taking an active role in politics. He enjoyed a varied and successful career on a number of fronts in business and government. He functioned as a special agent with the US Treasury Department from 1859 to 1869. His experience there led to his appointment as United States Consul in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, in 1870, a position he held until his death. Taylor spent the majority of his career advocating for the United States, through negotiation, military force or trade, to take the interior plains north of the 49th parallel, particularly the lands west of the Red River settlements along the Saskatchewan Valley. Having dedicated so much of his life to this cause, he was nicknamed James Wickes \"Saskatchewan\" Taylor. Career James Wickes Taylor spent his career trying to help the United States of America gain the northwestern plains of Rupert's Land. Taylor believed that the land surrounding the Saskatchewan Valley and the Red River of the North was ideal for agricultural land that could, theoretically, support 6-8 million people. In 1866, Taylor spoke to the United States House of Representatives about the land north of the 49th parallel. Following Taylor's speech, Congress introduced a bill that favoured Taylor's views and encouraged the idea that America should be making an attempt at the northern plains. Unfortunately for Taylor, in a common theme that would haunt him throughout his career, American citizens did not respond with the same enthusiasm that Taylor had regarding the land to the north. In 1867, a Minnesota Republican named Alexander Ramsey sent Taylor north to the Red River Colony, which is located in present-day Manitoba, as a special agent. Ramsey, like Taylor, saw the prospects of the land around the Saskatchewan Valley. Since Canada was still developing its federal power and the Saskatchewan Valley still belonged in Rupert's Land, Ramsey saw this as the perfect chance for the United States to sneak into a politically unstable country and gain the prairies. Taylor spent two years with his ear to the ground reporting back to Ramsey about the political situation in Red River. By 1869, Hamilton Fish, the Secretary of State to President Ulysses S. Grant, sent Taylor to Fort Garry, present-day Winnipeg, \"to investigate and report full details of the revolt as well as all aspects of the territory and its inhabitants.\" During Taylor's time in Fort Garry, he predicted that the United States could purchase the land from Canada for as little as $25,000. Following the uprising of Louis Riel, in March of 1870 Prime Minister John A. Macdonald agreed to meet with a few delegates from Riel's Red River Settlement. At the end, the negotiations were finalized and Manitoba was created. Taylor followed the Red River delegates all the way to Ottawa and stayed in","title":"James Wickes Taylor"},{"docid":"7560789","text":"The Hunterspoint Avenue station is a station on the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road within the City Terminal Zone. It is located at 49th Avenue (formerly Hunters Point Avenue) between 21st Street and Skillman Avenue in the Hunters Point and Long Island City neighborhoods of Queens, New York City. This ground-level station has an island platform between two tracks and is currently not wheelchair accessible from the entrance above the station. The station is served only during weekday rush hours in the peak direction (to Hunterspoint Avenue from Long Island in the morning, from Hunterspoint Avenue to Long Island in the evening). Trains serving here usually run on the Oyster Bay, Montauk, or Port Jefferson Branches. Some westbound trains continue to and terminate at Long Island City, and some eastbound trains originate in Long Island City. All service is provided by diesel trains that cannot use the East River Tunnels or 63rd Street Tunnel, but the tracks are electrified. History Hunterspoint Avenue station opened in August 1860, three years before the New York and Flushing Railroad built their own Hunter's Point station. LIRR's Hunterspoint Avenue was renovated in April 1878. According to a New York Times article from May 1914, the third station was scheduled to open on July 1, 1914. Instead, the reopening date was delayed until October 18, 1914. In June 1947, only two weekday trains were scheduled east from Hunterspoint Ave, one to Jamaica and one to Queens Village. Trains destined beyond electrified territory could leave Penn Station behind DD1 electric locomotives and change engines at Jamaica; thirteen weekday trains did so. That service ended in 1951, leading to Hunterspoint Avenue's present role. On November 22, 1948, a -long extension of the platform went into service. In the 2010s, it was announced that the station would receive renovations and become compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as part of the 2015-2019 MTA Capital Program. However, this was pushed back in an amendment from August 2017 until the MTA's 2020-2024 Capital Program. Station layout The station has one 10-car long high-level island platform between the two Main Line tracks, with stairways on both sides of 49th Avenue. Gallery References External links Hunterspoint Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View Platform from Google Maps Street View Wooden Station Sign and covered entrance from the bridge in 1958; by W.J. Edwards (TrainsAreFun) Long Island Rail Road stations in New York City Railway stations in the United States opened in 1860 Railway stations in Queens, New York Long Island City 1860 establishments in New York (state)","title":"Hunterspoint Avenue station (LIRR)"},{"docid":"67533813","text":"219 East 49th Street, also known as the Morris B. Sanders Studio & Apartment, is a building in the East Midtown and Turtle Bay neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City, along the northern sidewalk of 49th Street between Second Avenue and Third Avenue. The house, designed by Arkansas architect Morris B. Sanders Jr. and constructed in 1935, replaced a 19th-century brownstone townhouse. It contained Sanders's studio, as well as a residence for him and his wife Barbara Castleton Davis. The five-and-a-half-story building contains a facade of dark blue bricks as well as glass block windows. The glass blocks were installed to provide insulation and privacy while also allowing illumination. The house was designed with two residential units: Sanders's seven-room apartment on the fourth, fifth, and partial sixth floors, as well as a six-room unit on the second and third floors that was rented to others. The ground story, with a white marble facade and a slightly angled entrance doorway, was used for Sanders's studios. Upon completion, 219 East 49th Street was largely praised for its design. Davis bought the previous structure in mid-1934 and originally intended to remodel it. Ultimately, the old brownstone was removed and replaced with the current building, which was completed in December 1935. Sanders lived in the house until his death in 1948, and it was sold the year afterward. Since 1980, the house has been owned by Donald Wise. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as an official landmark in 2008. Site The Morris B. Sanders Studio & Apartment is at 219 East 49th Street in the East Midtown and Turtle Bay neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City. It is along the northern sidewalk of 49th Street between Second Avenue and Third Avenue. The building has a frontage of along 49th Street. The land lot has an area of and a depth of . Nearby buildings and places include Amster Yard immediately adjacent to the north; Turtle Bay Gardens to the east; and Lescaze House to the south. The site occupied by the Sanders Studio was previously occupied by a two-story (plus basement) house completed in 1869. It was one of numerous masonry houses with brick or brownstone facades to be developed in Turtle Bay starting in the 1860s. These buildings usually occupied land lots that were at most wide and had classically inspired design features such as cornices and porticos. In the early 20th century, some of these houses were renovated with new interiors or exteriors. By then, a large portion of Turtle Bay's population was involved in the arts or architecture, and structures such as the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design and the residential Turtle Bay Gardens and Beaux-Arts Apartments were constructed for this community. William Lescaze's renovation of an existing brownstone on 48th Street, and its subsequent conversion into the Lescaze House, inspired similar renovations to other structures in the neighborhood, including four townhouses on 49th Street in the 1930s and 1940s. Architecture 219 East 49th Street","title":"219 East 49th Street"},{"docid":"238699","text":"The Northwest Angle, known simply as the Angle by locals, and coextensive with Angle Township, is a pene-exclave of northern Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota. Except for surveying errors, it is the only place in the contiguous United States north of the 49th parallel, which forms the border between the U.S. and Canada from the Northwest Angle westward to the Strait of Georgia (between the U.S. state of Washington and the province of British Columbia). The land area of the Angle is separated from the rest of Minnesota by Lake of the Woods, but shares a land border with Canada. It is one of six non-island locations in the 48 contiguous states that are practical exclaves of the U.S. It is the northernmost township in Minnesota and contains the northernmost point in the contiguous 48 states. The unincorporated community of Angle Inlet is in the Northwest Angle. Seventy percent of the land of the Angle is held in trust by the Red Lake Indian Reservation (Ojibwa). Although the Angle is listed as one of several distinct regions of Minnesota, its total population was 119 at the 2010 census. The area is mostly water and the land is mostly forest. Origin Angle Township was designated as territory of the United States because negotiators of the initial Canada–U.S. border misunderstood the geography of the area. Benjamin Franklin and British representatives relied on the Mitchell Map of colonial American geographer John Mitchell, which did not indicate the source of the Mississippi River—thought to lie some distance to the northwest—or the true shape of Lake of the Woods, which was instead shown as roughly oval. The 1783 Treaty of Paris thus stated that the boundary between U.S. territory and the British possessions to the north would run \"...through the Lake of the Woods to the northwesternmost point thereof, and from thence on a due west course to the river Mississippi...\" But the source of the Mississippi River, Lake Itasca (then unknown to European explorers), lies almost due south of Lake of the Woods, rather than north and west of it. Additionally, the irregular actual shape of the lake made the identification of its northwest corner difficult. By the time of the Jay Treaty of 1794, there was concern that the Mississippi did not go far enough north, and so as part of that treaty it was decided that a joint survey of the river would be conducted, and if it did not extend far enough north that new, \"amicable negotiations\" would be undertaken to set the boundary in accordance with the intent of the Treaty of Paris. In 1797, it was confirmed when David Thompson, an explorer, located the most northerly source of the Mississippi a few miles north of Bemidji, which is south of Lake of the Woods. When the Treaty of Ghent was signed in 1814, it again tried to settle the boundary, this time by creating a commission that would settle on the northwestern point of the Lake of the","title":"Northwest Angle"},{"docid":"68532155","text":"The 2021–22 Lake Superior State Lakers men's ice hockey season was the 56th season of play for the program, the 49th at the Division I level and the 42nd season in the CCHA conference. The Lakers represented Lake Superior State University and were coached by Damon Whitten, in his 8th season. Season Lake Superior State joined with six other members of the WCHA to restart the CCHA for the 2021–22 season. The Lakers were hoping to build upon their first NCAA tournament appearance in 25 years with a strong performance. Unfortunately, they lost three critical games in the first two weeks. While they went undefeated in their succeeding seven games, the strength of their opponents kept them out of the polls. A bad stretch in November also cost Lake State and put the Lakers on the wrong side of .500. The defense looked like it had recovered during a weekend split with top-ranked Minnesota State but then the offense flagged the following week against lowly Ferris State. The team went up and down in their play for several months but began to show a bit more consistency towards the end of the season. However, despite the improvement, Lake Superior was too far down the PairWise rankings to make the tournament without a conference championship. Lake Superior began postseason play at home against Northern Michigan and laid an egg in the first game. The Lakers allowed the first five goals of the game and were only able to score with less than 5 minutes to play. They were much better in the rematch, winning 3–2 to tie the series and force a deciding rubber match. After surrendering the first goal, the Lakers reeled off three in a row to build a 3–1 lead early in the second period. Northern Michigan replied with a deluge of goals, scoring four times in the span of 8 minutes to take a commanding lead. Lake State was unable to add to their total for most of the third and were forced to pull Ethan Langenegger in desperation. The ploy worked once but the Wildcats managed to stop a tying goal from being scored and the Lakers' season was over. Departures Recruiting Roster As of August 20, 2021. Standings Schedule and results |- !colspan=12 style=\";\" | Regular Season |- !colspan=12 style=\";\" | |- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#e0e0e0\" |colspan=12|Lake Superior State Lost Series 1–2 Scoring statistics Goaltending statistics Rankings Note: USCHO did not release a poll in week 24. Awards and honors References 2021-22 2021–22 CCHA season 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey by team 2021 in sports in Michigan 2022 in sports in Michigan","title":"2021–22 Lake Superior State Lakers men's ice hockey season"},{"docid":"50010563","text":"The 49th State Hawaii Record Company is a defunct Hawaiian record label specializing in traditional Hawaiian music. Established in 1948 by George K. Ching, the label was purchased by Cord International in the early 1990s. History The 49th State Hawaii Record Company was founded in Honolulu, Hawaii by record store owner George K. Ching in 1948. The label was named in anticipation of Hawaii's eventual attainment of statehood, though Alaska gained statehood eight months before Hawaii, making Hawaii the 50th state. Ching founded the label to answer the growing demand for traditional Hawaiian music in his record store, with the first 49th State recordings released as 78 rpm records made using an acetate record cutting machine in a makeshift studio in Ching's own home. Later, production moved to initial recording on tape before later being pressed in vinyl. To guarantee authenticity in recorded performances, Ching collaborated with Hawaiian composer and musician Johnny Almeida, known as the \"Dean of Hawaiian Music\". Almeida served as the label's music director. 49th State served as a successor to Bell Records Honolulu, which released Hawaiian music between 1944 and 1950. By 1950, the headquarters for the label had moved from Ching's home to 1121 Bethel St, Honolulu. The company, which has been described as \"the first, top, most significant, authentic label of Hawaii\", was defunct by 1958. Purchase by Cord International Cord International purchased the rights to The 49th State Hawaii record company and has restored and re-mastered many of the LPs released between 1948 and 1958. According to the May 18, 2015 obituary of Michael Cord: \"In the 1980s, he noticed that many of the important old-time Hawaiian record labels had gone out of business and their releases were out of print. In 1991, [Cord] began leasing the rights to those old recordings and digitally restoring them for reissue. Among the Hawaii record labels Cord brought back to life were Bell, 49th State Hawaii, Mele, Trim, Tradewinds, and Gold Coin.\" Another obituary for Michael Cord stated that the 49th State Hawaii Records label was among Cord's first acquisitions. The purchase was made in order to restore, remaster, and re-release the recordings, which by that point were out of print and in poor quality. Cord was quoted in the obituary, stating: \"There was lots of noise-hisses and pops- and we wanted the listening experience to be just like it was when these recordings were brand new- only better.\" Recordings 45 rpm 78 rpm 33 1/3 rpm References External links The Legacy of the 49th State Hawaii Record label accessed March 31, 2016 Discogs: 49th State Hawaii Record Co. accessed March 31, 2016 49th State Hawaii Classic Recordings! accessed March 31, 2016 Hawaiian music Collection, University of Hawaii at Manoa Library accessed March 31, 2016 Pop record labels American record labels","title":"49th State Hawaii record company"},{"docid":"22480490","text":"The 49th Troop Carrier Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 313th Troop Carrier Group at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts, where it was inactivated on 22 September 1945. The squadron was first activated as the 49th Transport Squadron in June 1942. As the 49th Troop Carrier Squadron, it flew Douglas C-47 Skytrains in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations during World War II, earning Distinguished Unit Citations for carrying reinforcements to Sicily despite fire from ground and naval forces in July 1943, and for participation in Operation Overlord in June 1944. It converted to Curtiss C-46 Commandos, with which it took part in Operation Varsity. After V-E Day, the squadron returned to the United States, where it was inactivated. History The squadron as activated at Daniel Field, Georgia in June 1942 as the 49th Transport Squadron, when the 313th Transport Group expanded from a headquarters and a single squadron, the 29th Troop Carrier Squadron, to a four squadron group. The squadron trained under Air Transport Command with Douglas C-47 Skytrains. A few weeks after the squadron's activation, the Army Air Forces gave the \"transport\" designation to its strategic airlift units, and the squadron became the 49th Troop Carrier Squadron under I Troop Carrier Command. The 49th trained in the southeastern United States until April 1943, when it deployed to North Africa. Mediterranean operations The squadron began flying combat missions from Oujda Airfield in French Morocco. It performed troop carrier and transport airlift of supplies to ground forces advancing through Algeria into Tunisia as part Twelfth Air Force. It also evacuated wounded from the battle area. Although the 49th did not take part in the first airdrop of Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily, two days later, 11 July 1943, the squadron was part of a formation of troop carrier units of the 52d Troop Carrier Wing bringing reinforcements, planning to drop paratroops near Gela. Planes of the 313th Group led the stream of troop carriers. However, attacks in the Gela area by enemy aircraft had sunk two ships and forced other ships in the invasion force to disperse. The heaviest enemy attack came at 2150 hours. Fifty minutes later, the first 313th Group aircraft approached the drop zone. The 49th was able to successfully make its drop on Farello Airfield. Mistaking the troop carriers for another enemy attack, ships of the assault force and antiaircraft units ashore began a heavy fire on squadron's C-47s as they departed. Of the 144 planes of the 52d Wing that participated in the mission, 23 were shot down and an additional 37 were heavily damaged. For its completion of this mission the squadron earned its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC). European operations In February 1944, the squadron moved to RAF Folkingham, England, where it became part of IX Troop Carrier Command and began training for the assault on the continent of Europe. On D-Day the squadron dropped paratroopers near Picauville, Normandy and dropped reinforcements the following","title":"49th Troop Carrier Squadron"},{"docid":"32540328","text":"The 49th Infantry Regiment was a regular infantry regiment in the United States Army. History World War I The regiment was constituted 15 May 1917 in the Regular Army as the 49th Infantry. It was organized 1 June 1917 at Syracuse, New York, from personnel of the 23rd Infantry. It moved to France in July 1918 and was attached to the 83rd Division 12 August 1918. The 83rd Division had been reorganized as the 2nd Depot Division; the 49th Infantry apparently also provided replacement personnel for front-line units. It returned to the US January 1919 and was inactivated on 18 November 1921 at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, with personnel and equipment transferred to the 3rd Infantry. The regiment was disbanded on 31 July 1922. World War II The 49th Infantry Regiment was reconstituted in the Regular Army as the 49th Armored Infantry on 18 July 1941 and assigned to the 8th Armored Division. It was activated 1 April 1942 at Fort Knox, Kentucky. The regiment was broken up on 20 September 1943, and its elements were reorganized and redesignated as elements of the 8th Armored Division as follows: 49th Armored Infantry, less the 1st and 2nd Battalions, as the 49th Armored Infantry Battalion. 1st Battalion, 49th Armored Infantry as the 58th Armored Infantry Battalion. 2nd Battalion, 49th Armored Infantry as the 7th Armored Infantry Battalion. Campaign streamers World War I without Inscription Coat of arms The field is blue for Infantry. The tower is taken from the stone tower at Fort Snelling, the station of the regiment. The key is from the arms of Le Mans, France and commemorates the service of the regiment in the vicinity of that city in 1918. References External links http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lh.html lineage 049 Military units and formations established in 1917 Military units and formations disestablished in 1943","title":"49th Infantry Regiment (United States)"},{"docid":"67473989","text":"Justin Zanik (born October 2, 1974) is the general manager of the Utah Jazz. Zanik has been a certified NBAPA since 2003. Early life and career Zanik grew up in Missouri, and attended Northwestern University to earn a B.A. degree in economics from 1993-98. While in college, Zanik was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity and initially a major in music opera before pivoting to economics. Zanik met player agent Mark Bartelstein, founder of Priority Sports and Entertainment, while volunteering as a coach of a sixth-grade basketball team. Zanik's first job after college was Priority Sports and Entertainment (1998-2002) as VP of basketball operations where he managed European contract negotiations in the Chicago office. While working for Priority Sports, he met his wife, Gina, who also worked with the company. Zanik then served as a sports agent for basketball clients at ASM Sports (2003-13), assistant general manager of the Utah Jazz (2013-16), assistant general manager of the Milwaukee Bucks (2016-17) under GM John Hammond, and assistant general manager (again) for the Utah Jazz (2017-19) which had remained vacant during the span of Zanik’s absence. Utah Jazz In his first year back with the Utah Jazz, Zanik worked alongside GM Dennis Lindsey and assistant GM David Morway to add key players such as Royce O'Neale and Georges Niang. In the summer of 2019, Zanik was involved in the signing of Bojan Bogdanović and trading for Mike Conley. Zanik told Bogdanovic, “Your toughness, your ability to space the floor, contribute to the group…all the little things that you did in Indiana last year, especially after being able to carry the team the last three or four months really made an impression on us.” On May 10, 2019, Justin Zanik was named new GM for the Utah Jazz, taking over the vacancy left by Dennis Lindsey who was promoted to EVP of basketball operations. Zanik helps facilitate contract negotiations, manage salary caps and oversee scouting of prospects, as well as other responsibilities. Zanik brought in chef Anthony Zamora, one of three registered dietitians working for an NBA team, to the Zions Bank Basketball Campus training facility giving personalized meal plans upon request. Family and medical issues Shortly before the Jazz opened their 2023–24 training camp, Zanik's wife Gina urged him to schedule a physical, noticing that he felt more tired than usual. He had not had an examination in eight years. He scheduled his physical with the Jazz's team doctor for September 28, and on his 49th birthday on October 1, the doctor told him he was in kidney failure, with only 14% of his normal kidney function remaining. Zanik was diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease (PKD), a condition that runs in his family; his father received a kidney transplant as a result of the disease in 2003. After a wide search for a living donor, the husband of Gina's childhood best friend proved to be a match, and Zanik's transplant surgery is set for April 2, 2024. He and Gina","title":"Justin Zanik"},{"docid":"50972944","text":"The 49th Anniversary of Lucha Libre in Estado de México was celebrated by a major professional wrestling show produced and scripted by the Mexican lucha libre promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; sometimes referred to as Grupo Internacional Revolución in Mexico) and took place on December 4, 2011 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico (Estado de México). The event commemorated the sport of lucha libre becoming allowed in the State of Mexico, with the first lucha libre show held in the state taking place in December 1962. Over the years IWRG has on occasion celebrated the anniversary, although not consistently holding an anniversary show every year. The main event was a special best two-out-of-three-falls eight-man tag team match between a team that represented wrestlers who used to work for the Universal Wrestling Association (UWA) and a team of wrestlers that all used to work for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) at one point. Team \"UWA\" (Canek, El Brazo, Head Hunter A and Negro Navarro) defeated Team \"CMLL\" (Lizmark Jr., Rayman, Rayo de Jalisco Jr. and El Texano Jr.) two falls to one. The show featured four additional matches. Production Background The history of lucha libre, or professional wrestling in Mexico goes all the way back to the early 1900s where individual promoters would hold shows on a local basis in various Mexican states. In 1933 Salvador Lutteroth created Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL; Spanish for \"Mexican Wrestling Enterprise\") and in subsequent years took EMLL to a national level. In the 1930s and 1940s various Mexican states (as well as Mexico City, which is a federal district and not part of any state) began to create lucha libre commissions, often as an extension of the existing boxing commissions, responsible for overview of lucha libre in each state, licensing wrestlers and ensuring the rules were being enforced. In the State of Mexico lucha libre was not officially sanctioned until late 1962, with the first lucha libre show in the state held in December 1962. The Mexican wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; sometimes referred to as Grupo Internacional Revolución in Spanish) has on occasion held a major show in December to commemorate the \"birth\" of Lucha Libre in its home state. It is unclear exactly when IWRG started to mark the Anniversary; records confirm that they held a show to commemorate the event starting in 2010 commemorating the 48th Anniversary of Lucha Libre in Estado de Mexico, possibly prior to that. The 2011 show was for the 49th anniversary and was held on December 4, 2011 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico where IWRG holds almost all of its major shows. Storylines The event featured five professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the \"bad guys\") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the \"good guy\" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated","title":"49th Anniversary of Lucha Libre in Estado de México"},{"docid":"60338331","text":"The 49th Coast Artillery Regiment was a Coast Artillery Corps regiment in the Regular Army. It was mobilized in World War I, with the searchlight battery mobilized in World War II. World War I The 49th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps) (CAC) was organized in July 1918 at Camp Eustis, Virginia, commanded by Colonel Le Vert Coleman. The regiment was one of a number of US Army coast artillery units organized to operate heavy field artillery and railway artillery on the Western Front. It moved to Brest, France, via the Newport News port of embarkation in October 1918 on the French transport SS Lutetia, accompanied by the 38th Artillery Brigade (CAC) headquarters. Upon arrival, the regiment moved from Brest to Operations & Training Center No. 4 at Angers, France. The regiment was slated to be armed with 24 British-designed, American-made 8-inch M1917 howitzers, but did not commence training, see action, or receive guns before the war ended. It returned to the US on the troop transport USS Panaman, arriving at Camp Merritt, New Jersey, in March 1919, and demobilized that month at Camp Grant, Illinois. An American Legion memorial with a retrospective on Captain Samuel H. Bradbury, Jr., an officer of the regiment who died of influenza in transit to France, mentions that he was an uncle of science fiction author Ray Bradbury, though Samuel died before Ray was born. Captain Bradbury is interred at the Oise-Aisne American Cemetery near Fère-en-Tardenois, France. The memorial was probably placed by the American Legion Homer Dahringer Post 281 in Waukegan, Illinois, birthplace of both Bradburys. World War II During World War II, the regiment was re-constituted on 28 April 1942 as an inactive regiment in the Army of the United States. Battery G (searchlight) activated 1 May 1942 at Fort MacArthur, California, in the Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles. No other components were activated. One source states the unit served in the northern Solomon Islands campaign but has no specific locations or dates. The 49th moved to Camp Barkeley, Texas, on 28 April 1944 and inactivated there on 8 May 1944. Campaign streamers World War II Northern Solomons See also United States Army Coast Artillery Corps References Bibliography Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950, Coast Defense Journal, vol. 23, issue 2 (Regular Army regiments) Coast artillery regiments of the United States Army Military units and formations established in 1918 Military units and formations disestablished in 1919 Military units and formations established in 1942 1942 establishments in the United States Military units and formations disestablished in 1944 1918 establishments in Virginia","title":"49th Coast Artillery (United States)"},{"docid":"3364879","text":"The Second Battle of Canton () was fought between British and Chinese forces in Canton (Guangzhou), Guangdong province, China, in May 1841 during the First Opium War. Background Canton was the only port in China open to foreign countries, mostly European, for trade under the Canton System. In the early stages of this commerce the demand in foreign countries for commodities including tea, silk and porcelain greatly outweighed Chinese needs for foreign products, and thus a significant trade imbalance developed. This unequal situation ended in the late 18th century when opium was shipped into China from plantations in India owned by the British East India Company. The number of people using the drug in China grew rapidly, to the point that the trade imbalance shifted in the foreign countries' favor. In 1839 matters came to a head when Chinese official Lin Zexu tried to end the opium trade altogether by destroying a large amount of opium in Canton, thereby triggering the First Opium War. In response to Zexu's actions, in January 1841 the Royal Navy bombarded Chinese positions near Canton and landed troops ashore in several locations. Local officials surrendered and signed peace treaties with the British. When they brought these peace treaties to Beijing they were punished for their failures. The Qing dynasty government refused to acknowledge the treaties, nor did they acknowledge any Chinese territory had been lost. Instead, they sent in more troops to drive back the British. Battle On May21 Chinese forces attempted a night ambush on British positions in the hills to the north of Canton but were repelled. By 2:00am on the 24th a contingent of naval and land units under Maj. Gen. Hugh Gough assembled, ready to attack the city. The right column, towed by the steamer Atlanta, comprised around 330 men of the 26th Cameronian, Madras Artillery and an officer of the Engineers. They were to attack and hold the factories with support from the men-of-war anchored on the Canton River. The left column towed by Nemesis consisted of more than 700 troops drawn from regiments that included the 49th Foot, 27th Madras Infantry and Bengal Volunteers along with 380 Royal Marines. The right column reached its objective by 5:00pm under Maj. Pratt of the 26th Cameronians, who held his men ready for defensive or offensive action. The large number of troop-carrying vessels under tow by Nemesis slowed her progress and she did not reach the bank next to the village of Tsing-Hae, some five miles up river, until dusk. Gough landed with the 49th Foot and carried out reconnaissance while other troops unloaded artillery from the ships. In his official report he later noted, \"The heights to the north of Canton were crowned by four strong forts and the city walls, which run over the southern extremity of these heights, appeared to be about three miles and a half distant.\" At 3:00 and already under bombardment from the two Western forts, British troops set up a rocket battery, two 5 mortars,","title":"Battle of Canton (May 1841)"},{"docid":"74271404","text":"MacArthur Playground, officially named General Douglas MacArthur Memorial Park, is a public park in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, New York, United States. The park is located on the east end of the block bounded by First Avenue, General Douglas MacArthur Plaza, and East 48th and 49th streets, immediately to the north of the Headquarters of the United Nations. The park and plaza, the latter of which is a north–south street that runs for a single block between the playground and the FDR Drive, were named after Douglas MacArthur in October 1964. The park was donated to the city by Alcoa Plaza Associates, the developer of the adjacent mixed-use building at 860-870 United Nations Plaza. History Redevelopment of site In the late 1950s, Joseph I. Lubin planned to construct two apartment buildings on the block bounded by First Avenue, the FDR Drive, and East 48th and 49th streets. At that time, most of the block—including the current site of MacArthur Playground—was occupied by a parking lot. To improve vehicular access to the planned development, Lubin proposed constructing a bridge from the top of the retaining wall at the south end of Beekman Place across East 49th Street to an elevated plaza located between the apartment buildings. The proposed bridge was met by strong opposition from local residents, who did not want more traffic drawn to Beekman Place, a narrow two-block-long street. The New York City Planning Commission also did not support the proposal because the bridge would only serve a private interest. The application for the bridge was withdrawn by Lubin in February 1958. Lubin later sold the property to Webb & Knapp, which announced plans to develop the site with a mixed-use building that would provide office space designed for United Nations delegations along with residential units on the top floors, with the first choices for apartments going to diplomats. As part of the plans for the building, the developer would give the city a third of an acre at the end of the block for park uses. The new plans for the site also met opposition from local residents, who questioned the scale of the proposed 37-story tower and that a requested change to the zoning would only benefit the developer. In 1961, the plans for the building were revised from a single tower to shorter twin towers to appease residents living near Beekman Place. Local residents and neighborhood associations still expressed concerns over the amount of traffic that the project would generate and requested that the City Planning Commission instead rezone the block from commercial to residential so that the existing apartment building at the southeast corner of First Avenue and East 49th Street could remain and the rest of the block could be redeveloped as a park with an underground parking garage. However, construction of the new buildings began in June 1963. The development was sponsored by the Alcoa Plaza Associates, a joint venture that included the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) as a partner.","title":"MacArthur Playground"},{"docid":"13653210","text":"Under the U.S. tax code, businesses expenditures can be deducted from the total taxable income when filing income taxes if a taxpayer can show the funds were used for business-related activities, not personal or capital expenses (i.e., long-term, tangible assets, such as property). Capital expenditures either create cost basis or add to a preexisting cost basis and cannot be deducted in the year the taxpayer pays or incurs the expenditure. In terms of its accounting treatment, an expense is recorded immediately and impacts directly the income statement of the company, reducing its net profit. In contrast, a capital expenditure is capitalized, recorded as an asset and depreciated over time. Four ways costs can be capital expenditures The Internal Revenue Code, Treasury Regulations (including new regulations proposed in 2006), and case law set forth a series of guidelines that help to distinguish expenses from capital expenditures, although in reality distinguishing between these two types of costs can be extremely difficult. In general, four types of costs related to tangible property must be capitalized: 1. Costs that produce a benefit that will last substantially beyond the end of the taxable year. 2. New assets that have a useful life substantially beyond one year. For example, in Commissioner v. Idaho Power Co., the taxpayer used its own equipment to construct and improve various facilities that it owned. The taxpayer sought to have the depreciation of the construction equipment treated as a deduction. The Court held that because the equipment was used to invest in a capital asset – the new and improved facilities – the costs had to be treated as capital expenditures. 3. Improvements that prolong the life of the property, restore property to a “like-new” condition, or add value to the property. For example, in Fedex Corp. v. United States, the taxpayer performed repairs upon jet engines by removing them from the airplane and then having parts replaced. The taxpayer argued that these expenses were deductible, but the IRS stated that the costs should be capitalized. The court held that the inspection and replacement costs could be deducted because the improvements did not add to the value and did not prolong the life of the airplanes as a whole. In Midland Empire Packing Co. v. Commissioner, the taxpayer added a concrete lining to its basement floor to prevent oil from seeping into where the taxpayer stored meat. The taxpayer argued that the costs of installation were deductible and the tax court agreed. The costs of installation only permitted the taxpayer to continue the plant’s operation. The expenses did not add to the value of the business or permit the taxpayer to make new uses of the basement. 4. Adaptations that permit the property to be used for a new or different purpose. In contrast to Midland Empire Packing Co., in Mt. Morris Drive-In Theatre Co. v. Commissioner, under threat of litigation, the taxpayer was forced to create a new drainage system to prevent run-off rainwater from flooding his neighbor's farm. The","title":"Expenses versus capital expenditures"},{"docid":"25060195","text":"Andrew C. Russo (born October 22, 1975) is an American pianist. Russo was born in Syracuse, New York, and studied music in New York City and Europe. He started a nonprofit youth educational foundation in New York at the age of 25 and recorded albums in the 2000s. In 2005, Russo became director of music at Le Moyne College, where he works as an artist in residence. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for the 49th New York State Senate district in the 2010 state election. Early life and career Russo was born to a father of the same name who played baseball as a catcher for the Philadelphia Phillies. He is a native of Syracuse, New York, and graduated from Fayetteville-Manlius High School in 1993. Russo received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the Juilliard School in New York City and did post-graduate study in France and Germany. He participated in the Gina Bachauer International Piano Competition in 1998, returned to New York at the age of 25, and created Music Journeys Inc., a nonprofit youth educational foundation. Russo played in the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition in 2001, and released Voice of the Whale, an album of songs by composer George Crumb, for the British label Black Box Records in 2002. Subsequent albums for Black Box, Corigliano: Violin Sonata; Etude Fantasy; Fantasia on an Ostinato; Chiaroscuro (2006), Aaron Jay Kernis: 100 Greatest Dance Hits (2007), Paul Schoenfield: Four Parables; Four Souvenirs; Café Music (2007), and Mix Tape (2008) received positive reviews by Allmusic. Russo's 2007 album Dirty Little Secret for Endeavour Classics was favorably reviewed by Allmusic and The New York Times. Politics In November 2009, Russo announced his candidacy for the 49th New York State Senate district as a Republican in the 2010 state election. He had become a registered Republican on June 24, 2009 and was previously registered as a Democrat from 1995 to 2006, when he changed his registration to independent. The 49th Senate district is represented since 2005 by Democrat David Valesky. Russo named as his goals the implementation of term limits, the reduction of taxes, a spending freeze, and the removal of discretionary spending by individual senators. Russo attacked Valesky over his support for same-sex marriage and for \"broken promises\", \"painful tax hikes\", and \"failed leadership\". In December 2009, The Post-Standard reported that Russo had rarely voted since registering in 2001. Russo maintained he had voted in 2006 and 2008, and had failed to vote more often because he had lived outside of the country. Michael Long, chairman of the Conservative Party of New York State, stated on March 3, 2010, that Russo would be the Conservative Party candidate over of his Republican contender, East Syracuse mayor Danny Liedka. In May 2010, the Senate Republican Campaign Committee endorsed Russo over Liedka for the primary election. Russo won the primary election on September 14 and became the Republican and Conservative candidate. Russo sought to run on the Taxpayers Party of New York ballot line","title":"Andrew Russo"},{"docid":"716209","text":"The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves, also known as the London Convention, Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, is an international treaty signed in 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom. This treaty resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations. The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district New Caledonia. The two nations agreed to a boundary line involving the 49th parallel north, in part because a straight-line boundary would be easier to survey than the pre-existing boundaries based on watersheds. The treaty marked both the United Kingdom's last permanent major loss of territory in what is now the Continental United States and the United States' first permanent significant cession of North American territory to a foreign power, the second being the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842. The British ceded all of Rupert's Land south of the 49th parallel and east of the Continental Divide, including all of the Red River Colony south of that latitude, while the United States ceded the northernmost edge of the Missouri Territory north of the 49th parallel. Provisions The treaty name is variously cited as \"Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves\", \"Convention of Commerce (Fisheries, Boundary and the Restoration of Slaves)\", and \"Convention of Commerce between His Majesty and the United States of America\". Article I secured fishing rights along Newfoundland and Labrador for the US. Article II set the boundary between British North America and the United States along \"a line drawn from the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods, [due south, then] along the 49th parallel of north latitude...\" to the \"Stony Mountains\" (now known as the Rocky Mountains). Britain ceded all territory south of the 49th parallel, including portions of the Red River Colony and Rupert's Land (comprising parts of the present states of Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota). The United States ceded the portion of the Louisiana Purchase lying north of the 49th parallel (the northernmost portion of the Mississippi River watershed, including those parts of the Milk River, Poplar River, and Big Muddy Creek watersheds in modern-day Alberta and Saskatchewan). The article settled a boundary dispute caused by ignorance of actual geography in the boundary agreed to in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolutionary War. The earlier treaty had placed the boundary between the United States and British North America along a line extending westward from the Lake of the Woods to the Mississippi River. The parties did not realize that the river did not extend that far north and so such a line would never meet the river. In fixing the problem, the 1818 treaty created a pene-enclave of the United States, the Northwest Angle, the small section of the present state of Minnesota","title":"Treaty of 1818"},{"docid":"22269858","text":"The 141st Infantry Regiment (\"1st Texas Infantry\") is an infantry regiment in the United States Army. The lineage of the 141st includes units tracing origins to the Texas Revolution, such as Company A, First Texas, 1836, and other infantry companies of the First Texas formed in the 1870s and 1880s. History World War II On 24 October 1944, the 1st Battalion, 141st Infantry Regiment of the 36th Division was given the assignment to clear a ridge deep in the Vosges but was then cut off by the Germans. Flanking units had received an order to withdraw, but that order failed to reach the 1st Battalion. The other two battalions of the 141st were unable to break through. The 100th Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team, composed primarily of Japanese-Americans, was ordered to relieve the Lost Battalion. More men were lost in the 442nd during the rescue operation than there were to save in the 1st Battalion of the 141st. Postwar years In 1973 the 49th Armored Division was reactivated, with the first and third battalions of the 141st Infantry (mechanized) assigned to the 1st Brigade. The 2/141 was mechanized and assigned to the 3d Brigade of the 49th Armored Division. By 1979, all three battalions of the 141st were assigned to the 1st Brigade, 49th Armored Division. In 1984, the 1/141 and 2/141 continued to be assigned to the 49th Armored, and 3d/141st was assigned to Texas National Guard Troop Command. In 1995, 2/141 was demobilized and the 3/141 was assigned to the 36th Brigade of the 49th Armored Division. As part of the 2004 reorganization of the 49th Armored Division into the 36th Infantry Division the 141st Infantry is now part of the latter division as part of the 72nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Lineage Constituted 18 February 1823 in the Mexican National Militia as the Texas Regiment Organized 22 June 1824 as the Austin Colony Battalion of Militia with headquarters at San Felipe de Austin to consist of the following companies: 1st Company, Captain Andrew Robinson 2d Company, Captain Horatio Chriesman 3d Company, Captain Randal Jones 4th Company, Captain Jesse Burnam 5th Company, Captain Amos Rawls. Reorganized and redesignated 23 June 1828 as the Austin Battalion, Coahuila y Texas Militia Reorganized and redesignated 5 October 1832 as the 2d Battalion, Militia of the Municipality Regiment Reorganized and redesignated 6 December 1836 as the Harrisburg County Regiment. (Republic of Texas annexed to the United States 29 December 1845) Harrisburg County Regiment reorganized 21 April 1846 and assigned to the 2d Brigade, 3d Division, Texas Militia Mustered into Federal service 4–7 July 1846 at Galveston, Texas as Companies C and E, 1st Texas Foot Riflemen; mustered out of Federal service 24 August 1846 in Mexico Reorganized and redesignated 14 February 1860 as the 16th (Harris) Brigade, Texas State Troops The following companies of the 16th Brigade reorganized and mustered into state service February 1861-June 1862: San Jacinto Guards Confederate Guards Bayland Guards Confederate Greys Palmer Guards Bayou City Guards Turner Rifles","title":"141st Infantry Regiment (United States)"},{"docid":"23456530","text":"49th Regiment or 49th Infantry Regiment may refer to: 49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment, a unit of the Polish Army 49th (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot, a unit of the British Army 49th Royal Tank Regiment, a unit of the British Army 49th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, a unit of the Canadian Army The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, a unit of the Canadian Army 49th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), a unit of the US Army 49th Infantry Regiment (United States), a unit of the US Army 49th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry, a unit of the East India Company's Bengal Army American Civil War regiments Union (Northern) Army 49th Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Mounted Infantry 49th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment 49th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment 49th Indiana Infantry Regiment 49th New York Volunteer Infantry 49th Ohio Infantry 49th Pennsylvania Infantry Confederate (Southern) Army 49th North Carolina Infantry 49th Virginia Infantry See also 49th Division (disambiguation) 49th Brigade (disambiguation) 49th Squadron (disambiguation)","title":"49th Regiment"},{"docid":"3090720","text":"49th Street station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Philadelphia. It is located at 1104 South 49th Street in the Kingsessing section of Southwest Philadelphia, and serves the Media/Wawa Line. In 2013, this station saw 62 boardings and 52 alightings on an average weekday. The station is a sheltered shed that sits on one platform; the other platform has a ramp to the Chester Avenue bridge. The station is handicapped-accessible. Chester Avenue carries the SEPTA Route 13 trolley, which is part of the Subway-Surface Trolley system. The trolleys use an alternate track embedded in 49th Street when the tunnels are closed. 49th Street station is also served by SEPTA bus route 64 which serves 50th and Parkside Avenue going north and Pier 70 Shopping Plaza going south. The Media/Wawa line was originally the main line of the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad, laid in 1852-53. There has been a station at this location since at least 1886, when the line was owned by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. Station layout 49th Street has two low-level side platforms. References External links Chester Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View SEPTA Regional Rail stations Stations on the West Chester Line Railway stations in Philadelphia Former Pennsylvania Railroad stations Railway stations in the United States opened in 1886 Kingsessing, Philadelphia","title":"49th Street station (SEPTA Regional Rail)"},{"docid":"19681733","text":"The Charles Scribner's Sons Building, also known as 597 Fifth Avenue, is a commercial structure in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, on Fifth Avenue between 48th and 49th Streets. Designed by Ernest Flagg in a Beaux Arts style, it was built from 1912 to 1913 for the Scribner's Bookstore. The Fifth Avenue facade contains a glass-and-iron storefront on its lowest two stories with black and gold decoration. On the third through ninth stories, the facade is subdivided into five limestone bays, while at the tenth story is a mansard roof. Among the facade's details are vertical piers with four medallions containing busts of printers: Benjamin Franklin, William Caxton, Johann Gutenberg, and Aldus Manutius. The interior of the first two stories contains a retail space that initially served as a location of the Scribner's Bookstore. The upper stories contain offices, including some space that was initially used by the Scribner's publishing company. The Charles Scribner's Sons Building was constructed to supersede a previous bookstore at 155 Fifth Avenue. The building was owned by Scribner's until 1984, when it was sold to the Cohen family, which subsequently sold it to the Benetton Group. After the bookstore in the lowest two stories closed in 1989, the building has housed numerous retail shops. A&A Investment Co. bought 597 Fifth Avenue in 2006 and it was sold to Thor Equities in 2011. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 597 Fifth Avenue as an official landmark in 1982 and designated the ground-floor interior as a landmark in 1989. Site The Charles Scribner's Sons Building is at 597 Fifth Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, on the eastern side of the avenue between 49th Street to the north and 48th Street to the south. The land lot covers with a frontage of on Fifth Avenue and a depth of . Nearby buildings include 600 Fifth Avenue to the west, 608 Fifth Avenue to the northwest and Tower 49 to the east. Architecture 597 Fifth Avenue was designed by Ernest Flagg in the Beaux Arts style for the company Charles Scribner's Sons. The building is ten stories tall and is of non-load-bearing construction. It is similar in appearance to the predecessor Scribner's bookstore at 155 Fifth Avenue, which Flagg also designed; both structures have symmetrical limestone facades divided horizontally into multiple sections. Flagg said of 597 Fifth Avenue's design, \"I think the building is the best thing I ever did.\" The structure was erected by steel contractor George A. Just Co. and masonry contractor John T. Brady & Co., with additional materials from painter William F. Eastberg & Co., wiring contractor Peet & Powers, and plastering contractor H. W. Miller. Facade The facade is largely subdivided into five vertical bays, except at the two lowest stories, which contain a tripartite storefront. The storefront has glazed glass windows, dark ironwork, and brass-colored trim. The center section of the storefront corresponds to three bays in the upper stories. It has a","title":"Charles Scribner's Sons Building"},{"docid":"74615583","text":"The Ianca Air Base, or the 49th Air Base, was a Romanian Air Force base located in the town of Ianca in the Brăila County. It was active from 1941 to 2001 and was the first unit equipped with jet fighters in Romania. From July 2022, the airfield is owned by the . History The airfield at Ianca was first established in 1941 when a squadron was deployed there to carry out missions in support of the military actions in Bessarabia. After the war, on 28 March 1951, the 3rd Fighter Aviation Division with the 11th, 12th, and 14th Regiments was created at the airfield. At the same time, Soviet equipment was brought to the base, and command and observation points, hangars airplanes, and barracks, as well as a concrete runway were built. During the same month, the unit was equipped with Yak-23 and Yak-17 jets which were brought in and assembled by Soviet technicians and were tested by Soviet pilots. Later, Romanian pilots began also training, and in less than two weeks, the first pilots performed 6 flights on twin-seat airplanes with Soviet instructors. The first flight on a single seat Yak-23 was done by Major Aurel Răican on 26 June 1951. In July 1953, the 206th Fighter Aviation Regiment initially formed at Deveselu was transferred to Ianca, where it was equipped with the MiG-17PF. It remained at the base until 1958, when it was moved to the Borcea aerodrome. In 1965, the 49th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment was moved from the Alexeni airfield to Ianca. After 1989 The last MiG-15s of the air base were retired in 1990. During the 1990s, the 49th Air Base also retired its IAR 93 aircraft and transferred a number of IAR 99s to 67th Air Base from Craiova. After the transfer, the base received several L-39ZA trainers from Boboc. These airplanes were returned by 1998, and the base remained operating only IAR 99s. Eventually, the base was disbanded, with the IARs being sent to Craiova, and the airfield was used for storage. In 2009, the airfield was taken from the Ministry of Defence by the County Council with plans to build a civilian airport. These plans never materialized, and on 27 July 2022, the administration of the airfield was given to the Romanian Aeroclub. The current plans are to establish a territorial aeroclub at Ianca. First interception mission On the night of 28 October 1952, an unidentified aircraft was detected by radar entering Romanian airspace, and moving towards Brașov. From Ianca, the aircraft continued to be tracked as it passed Bucharest, and headed to Giurgiu towards Bulgaria. Intrigued that the Soviet air units stationed at Otopeni did not react, the leadership from Ianca decided to prepare a Yak-23 to be scrambled to intercept, with Major Dumitru Balaur, commander of the 172nd Jet Fighter Regiment, being chosen for the mission. After reaching Sofia, the target turned left towards Varna, then back towards Romanian airspace. Once it reached Constanța, Major Balaur took off to intercept","title":"Ianca Air Base"},{"docid":"12171286","text":"Oregon's Territorial Legislature was a bicameral legislative body created by the United States Congress in 1848 as the legislative branch of the government of the Oregon Territory. The upper chamber Council and lower chamber House of Representatives first met in July 1849; they served as the region's legislative body until Oregon became a state in February 1859, when they were replaced by the bicameral Oregon State Legislature. Ten annual sessions were held, with most starting in December and ending in February. During the sessions the capital of the territory was moved from Oregon City to Salem, then briefly to Corvallis, and back to Salem. Legislation included the creation of new counties, the renaming of old counties, and the authorization to hold the Oregon Constitutional Convention, among other acts. Membership in the Council remained at nine throughout the history of the body, while the House of Representatives membership increased from 17 to as high as 30 due to increases in population. Background The Provisional Government of Oregon was the region's governing body from 1843 until 1849, at the end of the region's joint settlement by Great Britain and the United States. The Provisional Government's legislative body was the unicameral Provisional Legislature of Oregon. In 1846 the United States and Great Britain settled the Oregon Question with the Oregon Treaty. The treaty created a boundary between British North America and the United States west of the Rocky Mountains at the 49th parallel. Two years later on August 14, 1848 the Organic Act was signed into law by President James K. Polk creating the Oregon Territory out of the lands south of the 49th parallel, north of the 42nd parallel (northern boundary of California) and west of the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean. The structural framework for the government came from the Northwest Ordinance, passed in 1787, which created the Northwest Territory. The Territorial Legislature then worked within the legal framework of the Organic Laws of Oregon. These laws were the de facto constitution of the Provisional Government. These laws were determined to be valid by Territorial Governor Joseph Lane when he arrived in the territory in 1849 and effectuated the beginning of United States control and government in Oregon Country. Structure The legislature had two chambers: the larger, lower House of Representatives, and the upper chamber Council. The Council consisted of nine members, apportioned among the territory's counties. The House had about twice as many members, also apportioned by counties. As the population increased and counties added, the number of legislators in the House was expanded. Sessions Though the Oregon Territory was created in August 1848, the territorial government did not arrive and assume power until Joseph Lane arrived on March 2, 1849. The first session of the Legislature convened on July 16, 1849 in Oregon City. Thereafter, regular sessions were held during the winter months of December, January, and February, with special sessions in May 1850 and July 1852. 1849 The first session met from July 16 to September 29 in","title":"Oregon Territorial Legislature"},{"docid":"39842063","text":"The 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team is a brigade combat team unit of the Texas Army National Guard, part of the 36th Infantry Division. Early history At the start of World War I the War Department organized two National Guard Cavalry brigades as part of the Army's wartime expansion, and assigned them to relieve Regular Army Cavalry brigades patrolling the Mexico–United States border after the Pancho Villa Expedition. The unit allocated to Texas was fielded as 1st Texas Cavalry Brigade, and commanded by Brigadier General Jacob F. Wolters (namesake of Fort Wolters). The War Department planned to mobilize the brigade for overseas service, but the war ended before training was complete, and soldiers were demobilized in late 1918 and early 1919. The brigade was reorganized as 1st Cavalry Brigade on 23 August 1919, and General Wolters remained in command. The task organization for the brigade also included the 111th Cavalry Regiment in New Mexico. Post-World War I In 1921 the 1st Cavalry Brigade was renamed the 56th Cavalry Brigade and assigned to the 23rd Cavalry Division as part of the Army's post-World War I reorganization of the National Guard. Soldiers of the 56th Cavalry were called out several times to quell civil disturbances, including: the Longview Race Riot of 1919; the Galveston Longshoreman's Strike of 1920; the Mexia and Borger Oil Field Booms of 1922 and 1929; the booms in the East Texas oil fields in 1931 and 1932; and the response following a hurricane in 1932. Wolters commanded troops on state active duty so often that he published a manual on use of the National Guard in reestablishing law and order following riots and natural disasters. In 1929 the 111th Cavalry Regiment was made a separate organization, and the newly organized 124th Cavalry Regiment was added to the 56th Cavalry Brigade, making it a completely Texas National Guard organization. World War II In 1940 the 56th Cavalry Brigade headquarters was federalized for World War II. The 56th was the last cavalry brigade in the United States to have horses, and in 1944 the headquarters was reorganized as the 56th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized). The new unit was demobilized in November, 1945, following the end of World War II. The brigade headquarters and re-organized reconnaissance troop did not deploy overseas or see combat, but the 112th and 124th Cavalry, the regiments previously assigned to the 56th Cavalry Brigade, did serve overseas. Post-World War II The post-World War II reorganization of the National Guard included the creation of several armored divisions, among them the 49th Armored Division in Texas. The 56th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop was reorganized as Headquarters, and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A, 49th Armored Division and stationed in Fort Worth. In October, 1961 the unit was federalized for during the Berlin crisis and trained at Fort Polk and other locations before being demobilized. The headquarters of Combat Command A was reorganized in 1963 and the new unit was designated Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Brigade, 49th Armored Division. In","title":"56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"9470391\",\n \"text\": \"The Alberta Township System (ATS) is a land surveying system used in the Canadian province of Alberta and other parts of western Canada. History and background In principle there is a mathematical basis for the Alberta Township System (ATS) variant of the Dominion Land Survey (DLS) system as implemented in Canada. The implementation in western Canada reflects a number of slightly different approaches, as well as a large number of errors. Long before the Dominion Land Surveyor (DLS) first came into official existence in 1872, licensed surveyors known as provincial land surveyors had been functioning in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec (then called Canada West and Canada East) under an Act of 1849. Establishing a system of examination for new aspirants to the title of \\\"Dominion Land Surveyor\\\" was officially adopted in 1874. In 1910 The Alberta Surveyors Act prescribed the system and the methods whereby land surveys were to be carried out under the general purview of a provincial director of surveys whose responsibility it was to see that all survey work was performed in accordance with the provisions of that Act. The system is also used by provincial governments when selling exploration rights, and oil and gas wells are referenced by their location as defined within the Alberta Township System. How it works Below is a brief description of how to lay out the DLS grid for Alberta. Lay off ticks from the 49th parallel of latitude to the 60th parallel. This gives 127 township lines. The 49th parallel of latitude is the first base line of the ATS system. On it lay off ticks westwards starting at the 110th line of longitude (4th DLS meridian). Start over at the 114th and 118th lines of longitude (5th and 6th DLS meridians). Extend these ticks due north (following a line of constant longitude) to the first correction line. This gets you your first set of range lines. Starting at the 49th parallel (first base line) go directly north. This gets you to the second base line. At the latitude corresponding to this distance from the 49th parallel lay off 6-mile-6-chain ticks westwards from 110th meridian as you did at the 1st base line. The circumference of the earth has decreased as you went northwards, so there will be fewer full ticks than there were one base line south. Extend 12 miles 6 chains north and 12 miles 6 chains south from these ticks. This gets you your next set of range lines. You will note there is an offset between the range lines extending north from the lower base line and those extending south from the current ones. This offset occurs along what is called a correction line. Repeat the base line process every 24 miles 12 chains northwards (to the 32nd). All this will result in a mesh of cells nominally six miles (plus 3 or 6 chains for road allowances) on a side. Each such cell is called a township (not to be confused with the\",\n \"title\": \"Alberta Township System\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74133\",\n \"text\": \"An adding machine is a class of mechanical calculator, usually specialized for bookkeeping calculations. In the United States, the earliest adding machines were usually built to read in dollars and cents. Adding machines were ubiquitous office equipment until they were phased out in favor of calculators in the 1970s and by personal computers beginning in about 1985. The older adding machines were rarely seen in American office settings by the year 2000. Blaise Pascal and Wilhelm Schickard were the two original inventors of the mechanical calculator in 1642. For Pascal, this was an adding machine that could perform additions and subtractions directly and multiplication and divisions by repetitions, while Schickard's machine, invented several decades earlier, was less functionally efficient but was supported by a mechanised form of multiplication tables. These two were followed by a series of inventors and inventions leading to those of Thomas de Colmar, who launched the mechanical calculator industry in 1851 when he released his simplified arithmometer (it took him thirty years to refine his machine, patented in 1820, into a simpler and more reliable form). However, they did not gain widespread use until Dorr E. Felt started manufacturing his comptometer (1887) and Burroughs started the commercialization of differently conceived adding machines (1892). Operation To add a new list of numbers and arrive at a total, the user was first required to \\\"ZERO\\\" the machine. Then, to add sets of numbers, the user was required to press numbered keys on a keyboard, which would remain depressed (rather than immediately rebound like the keys of a computer keyboard or typewriter or the buttons of a typical modern machine). The user would then pull the crank, which caused the numbers to be shown on the rotary wheels, and the keys to be released (i.e. to pop back up) in preparation for the next input. To add, for example, the amounts of 30.72 and 4.49 (which, in adding machine terms, on a decimal adding machine is 3,072 plus 449 \\\"decimal units\\\"), the following process took place: Press the key in the column fourth from the right (multiples of one thousand), the key in the column second from right (multiples of ten) and the key in the rightmost column (multiples of 1). Pull the crank. The rotary wheels now showed 3072. Press the key in the third column from the right, the key in the second column from right, and the key in the rightmost column. Pull the crank. The rotary wheels now show a running 'total' of 3521 which, when interpreted using the decimal currency colour-coding of the key columns, equates to 35.21. Keyboards typically did not have or need (zero) keys; one simply did not press any key in the column containing a zero. Trailing zeros (those to the right of a number), were there by default because when a machine was zeroed, all numbers visible on the rotary wheels were reset to zero. Subtraction was impossible, except by adding the complement of a number (for instance, subtract\",\n \"title\": \"Adding machine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21937030\",\n \"text\": \"The 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron is an active United States Air Force unit. Its current assignment is with the 53d Wing, based at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. The 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron is an Air Combat Command (ACC) unit tasked to support and conduct operational testing for the B-52. The Squadron is responsible for the conduct of the entirety of B-52 operational test programs. Additionally, the squadron also conducts the Nuclear Weapon System Evaluation Program of the Air Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM). To accomplish its mission, the squadron employs two assigned operational aircraft for operational test via Air Force Global Strike Command. History World War I 49th Aero Squadron Formed at Kelly Field No. 1, San Antonio, Texas on 6 August 1917. During its initial indoctrination training at Kelly Field, many squadron members were reassigned to other squadrons, however on 25 August, personnel from the 68th Aero Squadron were assigned to the 49th. After about a month of basic training as soldiers, the squadron was moved to the newly opened Kelly Field No. 2 where they began training with Curtiss JN-4 Jennys as a school squadron. Deployed to England in late November 1917, spent six months training with the Royal Flying Corps, then an additional month of training at the Third Aviation Instruction Center at Issoudun Aerodrome, France for combat training. Equipped with new Spad XIIIs, the 49th began flying operations with the First Army and was credited with participation in the Lorraine, St Mihiel, and the Meuse-Argonne campaigns. During its time in combat, the 49th Aero Squadron downed 25 enemy aircraft, losing six pilots killed, wounded, or missing. 166th Aero Squadron The squadron was organized at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas on 18 December 1917. After several days, the squadron was moved to Wilbur Wright Field, Dayton Ohio where it received its first training in the handling of Curtiss JN-4 and Standard J-1 aircraft. Moved to England in March 1919, spent several months with the Royal Flying Corps being trained. Transferred to the American Expeditionary Forces in France during August 1918. Assigned to the 1st Day Bombardment Group, First Army. Equipped with De Havilland DH-4 and became a Day Bombardment squadron. In combat during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, 18 October-11 November 1918. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, was assigned to the US Third Army, became part of the occupation forces in the German Rhineland, November 1918 – April 1919. Returned to the United States, most squadron personnel demobilized in New York. Inter-War period Remained as part of the Air Service, moved to Ellington Field, Texas in July 1919 and was reformed with new personnel. Participated in demonstrations of effectiveness of aerial bombardment on warships, June–September 1921; mercy mission in relief of marooned inhabitants of islands in the frozen Chesapeake, 9–11 February 1936. Began its association with testing when it received the first of the five Boeing YB-9, first all-metal monoplane bomber aircraft designed for the United States Army Air Corps, on 14 September 1932. The new\",\n \"title\": \"49th Test and Evaluation Squadron\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"172753\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas crackers are festive table decorations that make a snapping sound when pulled open, and typically contain a small gift, paper hat and a joke. They are part of Christmas celebrations in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Commonwealth countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. A cracker consists of a segmented cardboard tube wrapped in a brightly decorated twist of paper with a prize in the centre, making it resemble an oversized sweet-wrapper. The cracker is pulled apart by two people, each holding an outer chamber, causing the cracker to split unevenly and leaving one person holding the central chamber and prize. The split is accompanied by a mild bang or snapping sound produced by the effect of friction on a shock-sensitive, chemically impregnated card strip (similar to that used in a cap gun). One chemical used for the friction strip is silver fulminate. Tradition Crackers are traditionally pulled during Christmas dinner or at Christmas parties. One version of the cracker ritual holds that the person who ends up with the larger end of cracker earns the right to keep the contents of the cardboard tube. Sometimes, each participant retains ownership of their own cracker and keeps its contents regardless of the outcome. Christmas crackers traditionally contain a colourful crown-shaped hat made of tissue paper, a small toy, a plastic model, or a trinket, and a small strip of paper with a motto, a joke, a riddle, or a piece of trivia. The paper hats, with the appearance of crowns, are usually worn at Christmas dinner. The tradition of wearing festive hats is believed to date back to Roman times and the Saturnalia celebrations, which also involved decorative headgear. Christmas crackers are also associated with Knut's parties, held in Sweden at the end of the Christmas season. Author and historian John Julius Norwich (Viscount Norwich) was known for sending his family and friends a Christmas Cracker each year which was a kind of expanded Christmas card of anecdotes, trivia and witticisms collected from history and literature. Initially he printed them privately to give to friends but also sold via some London bookstores. His 49th and final cracker was published posthumously in the year of his death. History The Oxford English Dictionary records the pulling of crackers from 1847. Tom Smith Tradition tells of how Tom Smith (1823–1869) of London invented crackers in 1847. He created the crackers as a development of his bon-bon sweets, which he sold in a twist of paper (the origins of the traditional sweet-wrapper). As sales of bon-bons slumped, Smith began to come up with new promotional ideas. His first tactic was to insert love messages into the wrappers of the sweets (similar to fortune cookies). Smith was inspired to add a \\\"crackle\\\" element after hearing the crackle of a log he had just put on a fire. The size of the paper wrapper had to be increased to incorporate the banger mechanism, and the sweet itself was eventually dropped, to be replaced\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas cracker\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2728846\",\n \"text\": \"The 49th Quartermaster Group (Petroleum and Water) was a United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) combat service support unit stationed at Fort Gregg-Adams (formerly Fort Lee), Virginia. The group motto was \\\"Fueling the Force.\\\" Reactivated in 1993, the 49th held an inactivation ceremony at Fort Lee on 14 September 2012. Its subordinate 530th Support Battalion and 108th Quartermaster Company were reassigned to a brigade headquarters to await their own inactivation in September 2013. According to an article in the post newspaper, \\\"The 54th and 111th, the Army's only active duty mortuary affairs units, are not likely to be inactivated but may be transferred. If any of the units remain at Fort Lee, they may be realigned under battalions either at Fort Eustis, home of the 7th Sustainment Brigade, or Fort Bragg, N.C., home of the XVIII Airborne Corps, the 49th's current higher headquarters.\\\" Subordinate units 49th Quartermaster Group, Fort Gregg-Adams 240th Quartermaster Battalion (Pipeline) (inactivated 24 June 2011) 530th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (inactivation ceremony held on 31 May 2013) Headquarters and Headquarters Company 54th Quartermaster Company (Mortuary Affairs) 109th Quartermaster Company (POL) 111th Quartermaster Company (Mortuary Affairs) 64th Transportation Company 612th Movement Control Team History Constituted 1 May 1936 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Regiment (Truck-Army) (Colored) and allotted to the Fifth Corps area. Redesignated 29 September 1939 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Regiment (Truck-Corps) (Colored). Redesignated 8 January 1940 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Regiment (Truck) (Colored). Redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Truck Regiment (Colored) and activated 1 April 1942 at the Port of San Francisco. Reorganized and redesignated 14 December 1943 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Group (Colored). Inactivated 15 November 1947 at Leghorn, Italy. Redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 49th Quartermaster Group and activated 1 June 1993 at Fort Lee, Virginia. CAMPAIGN PARTICIPATION CREDIT World War II Naples-Foggia Rome-Arno Po Valley North Apennines Iraq War DECORATIONS Meritorious Unit Commendation, Streamer embroidered ITALY (HHD 49th QM Gp cited for period 1 October 1944 – 1 January 1945; GO 228 Hq, PBS 25 August 1945) Meritorious Unit Commendation for exceptional meritorious service as the Theater Bulk Petroleum and Water Group in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq, 10 January 2003 to 25 September 2003 Shoulder Sleeve Insignia Description: On a buff rectangle with rounded corners in width and in height overall with a black border, a black vertical stripe charged with a light blue flash superimposed by a black annulet counterchanged. Symbolism: Buff and light blue are the colors traditionally used by the Quartermaster Corps. Black denotes solidity and refers to petroleum; the light blue flash represents speed and quick response. The vertical stripe symbolizes the flow of fuel and water, while the annulet, suggesting a wheel (as on the Quartermaster insignia of branch), highlights the constant movement of supplies and materiel. Background: The shoulder sleeve insignia (unit patch) was approved on 22 June 1998. Distinctive unit insignia Description: A\",\n \"title\": \"49th Quartermaster Group\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"336468\",\n \"text\": \"The 49th Armored Division —nicknamed the \\\"Lone Star\\\"— was an armored division of the Texas Army National Guard during the Cold War. Active from 1947, the division formed part of the Texas Army National Guard together with the 36th Infantry Division. It was called up for active duty between 1961 and 1962 during the Berlin Crisis. In 1968 both Texas divisions were inactivated and used to form separate units. The 49th Armored was reformed in 1973 as the sole Texas division. When reflagged as the 36th Infantry Division in 2004, it was the last armored division remaining in the United States Army National Guard. History After the end of World War II, the United States National Guard was reorganized and expanded from its prewar size. Initial War Department unit allocations submitted to states for review in early February 1946 gave the 49th Armored Division to Texas and New Mexico, with the latter receiving one combat command headquarters and its subordinate units as well as field artillery and engineer battalions. As the governor of New Mexico desired to continue his state's prewar antiaircraft units, the 49th Armored Division was made all-Texas and New Mexico received the 111th Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade. The division, whose units were accepted by the Texas adjutant general on 2 July 1946, included two combat commands and a reserve command with the 145th, 146th, and 147th Tank Battalions and the 145th, 146th, and 147th Armored Infantry Battalions. The division artillery included the 105 mm howitzer-equipped 645th, 646th, and 647th Armored Field Artillery Battalions. Division troops included the 49th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and the 386th Armored Engineer Battalion as well as other support units. It and the New Jersey 50th Armored Division were the only armored divisions in the National Guard at the time. A number of the original divisional units received federal recognition from the National Guard Bureau on 27 February 1947, a date used thereafter as the formation's \\\"birthday\\\", including the division headquarters at Camp Mabry in Austin. In 1947, all four battalions of the 144th Infantry Regiment were placed into the Division as mechanized infantry units. The division headquarters location changed to Fort Worth on 4 August 1949 and to Dallas on 31 August 1950. Beginning in the northern and northeastern areas of the State, there were 111 units in 56 Texas cities by 1952. In September 1961, an executive order alerted the division for mobilization at Dallas due to the 1961 Berlin Crisis. The 49th Armored and the Wisconsin 32nd Infantry Division were mobilized in order to replace active divisions scheduled to be deployed from the strategic reserve. On 15 October the division entered federal service and soon afterwards concentrated at Fort Hood. It subsequently deployed to Fort Polk, Louisiana, where it remained for ten months. In May 1962, the division staged the large-scale Exercise Iron Dragoon, still remembered among National Guard armor exercises. Also while at Fort Polk the division's missile unit became the first Army National Guard unit to fire the Honest\",\n \"title\": \"49th Armored Division (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8169761\",\n \"text\": \"The 49th Military Police Brigade is California's only Army National Guard military police brigade and is headquartered in Fairfield, California. The 49th's primary role in California is to provide defense support to civilian authorities (DSCA) in the northern region of the state. As part of its federal mission, the 49th Military Police Brigade stands ready to deploy and respond to support missions around the world. The brigade is the part of the Homeland Response Force (HRF). History The 49th was officially reorganized in May 2005 and was immediately deployed forward in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). During its OIF tour, the 49th was tasked with the training of fledgling Iraqi Police force and maintained command and control over 3-thousand Soldiers in three military police battalions. Operation Iraqi Freedom (2005–07) The 49th MP Brigade reorganized on 16 January 2005, specifically to mobilize and deploy in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The brigade mobilized at Fort Hood, TX in May 2005. They conducted four months of post mobilization training and deployed to Iraq, through Kuwait in October 2005. The unit formally took over the mission from the 42nd Military Police Brigade, Fort Lewis, WA, on 2 November 2005. The mission of the brigade was to provide military police support to Multi-National Forces-Iraq, as well as support to the Iraqi Police. As part of its support to the Iraqi police, the brigade formed Police Transition Teams which worked closely with local police in 14 of Iraq's 18 provinces. In addition to its mission to train the Iraqi police, they also provided security for Iraq's Tier 1 government officials, including the President and Prime Minister of Iraq. They also provided security for the US Embassy in Baghdad and personal security for the US Ambassador, Deputy US Ambassador, and the UN Ambassador and Deputy. While theater level detention operations where the responsibility of the 43rd Military Police Brigade, the brigades 709th Military Police Battalion did assist the 101st Airborne Division in running their brigade and division internment facilities until that mission was withdrawn. The brigade also conducted law and order missions for Victory Base Complex, COB Speicher, LSA Anaconda, and Talil Air Base. This mission enabled commanders to provide a safe and secure environment for their soldiers to live. The brigade was relieved of its mission in March 2007. While deployed the brigade commanded military police units from the Regular Army stationed in CONUS, Europe, and Korea, National Guard from eight states and the District of Columbia, one US Army Reserve region, and the United States Air Force. They consisted of three MP battalions, 23 companies, and five detachments. Organization It is composed of the following units: 49th MP Brigade, Headquarters & Headquarters Company – Fairfield 143rd Military Police Battalion – Lancaster Headquarters & Headquarters Company – Lancaster 40th MP Company – Los Alamitos 140th Chemical Company – Gardena 330th MP Company – Ontario 670th MP Company – National City 185th Military Police Battalion – Pittsburg Headquarters & Headquarters Company – Pittsburg 149th Chemical\",\n \"title\": \"49th Military Police Brigade (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"128668\",\n \"text\": \"Pembina () is a city in Pembina County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 512 at the 2020 census. Pembina is located south of the Canada–US border. Interstate 29 passes on the western side of Pembina, leading north to the Canada–US border at Emerson, Manitoba and south to the cities of Grand Forks and Fargo. The Pembina–Emerson Border Crossing is the busiest between Surrey–Blaine, and Windsor–Detroit, and the fifth busiest along the Canada-United States border. It is one of three 24-hour ports of entry in North Dakota, the others being Portal and Dunseith. The Noyes–Emerson East Border Crossing, located to the east on the Minnesota side of the Red River, also processed cross-border traffic until its closure in 2006. The area of Pembina was long inhabited by various indigenous peoples. At the time of 16th century French exploration and fur trading, historical Native American tribes included the Lakota (Sioux, as the French called them), the Chippewa (Ojibwe), and the Assiniboine. The British/Canadian Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established a fur-trading post on the site of present-day Pembina in 1797, and it is the oldest European-American community in the Dakotas. The first permanent HBC-sponsored settlement in Pembina started in 1812. Prior to the Treaty of 1818, Pembina was in Rupert's Land, the HBC's trading territory. The treaty transferred the Red River Valley south of the 49th parallel to the United States, but until 1823, both the United States and the British authorities believed Pembina was north of the 49th and therefore still in Rupert's Land. That year United States Army Major Stephen H. Long's survey of the 49th parallel revealed Pembina's location to be just south of the Rupert's Land–United States border. Pembina was officially founded in 1843. In 1851, the US established its first post office in present-day North Dakota in Pembina. Pembina was the most populous place in North Dakota according to the 1860 census. Pembina served as county seat from 1867 to 1911, being designated as a town in 1885. Namesake The name Pembina derives from an Ojibwe word for Viburnum edule, a bushy plant with bright red berries which grows in the area. Nineteenth-century journal-writers and observers translated the word as \\\"summer berry\\\" or \\\"high cranberry\\\". History The Pembina area was historically at the borders of the territories of the Lakota, the Chippewa, and the Assiniboine, American Indian tribes, who competed for hegemony. Their conflict increased beginning with the French introduction of firearms in the late 17th century as part of their goods traded for furs. The first known European] visitors to the Pembina region were the French La Vérendrye family in the early 18th century. Pembina's recorded history of European encounter extended for more than 200 years. Started by the French as a fur trading post for commerce with Native Americans, it was also tied to trade for plains bison. European trappers who hunted in the Red River of the North area frequently married Native women and often lived with local tribes at least part of\",\n \"title\": \"Pembina, North Dakota\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5122583\",\n \"text\": \"General John Vincent (1764–1848) was the British commanding officer of the Niagara Peninsula in Upper Canada when the United States attacked in the spring of 1813. He was defeated at the Battle of Fort George but was able to rebound and establish the new lines at Burlington Heights. He directed the campaign during the summer and fall that eventually forced the Americans to abandon the Niagara area in December 1813, thanks in large part due to his victory over the Americans at the Battle of Stoney Creek. Due to illness he was replaced by General Phineas Riall, though of the several officers of the 49th Regiment who reached high command during the War of 1812, Vincent was the longest-serving of them. British and Canadian accounts of the War give the impression of a modest, well-liked and generous officer, who gave whatever help he could to other commanders. From 1814, he had held the sinecure post of Lieutenant-Governor of Dumbarton Castle. Early life He was born in Ireland, the son of John Vincent (1734–1779) of Mardyke, County Limerick, Sheriff of Limerick, by his first wife, Catherine (d.1768), daughter and co-heiress of John Love (d.1750), of Castle Saffron (later renamed Creagh Castle), near Doneraile, County Cork, great grandson of Sir Philip Perceval. Vincent entered the army as an Ensign in 1781. He transferred as a Lieutenant into the 49th Foot in 1783, becoming a Captain in 1786. He saw service with the regiment in the West Indies and was present at the taking of Haiti. After being promoted to Major in 1795, he was ordered back to England for his health, but the vessel on which he sailed was captured by a French frigate and he was detained a prisoner in France for one year. He took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in 1799 (was promoted to Lt.-Colonel in 1800), and was present at the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker. Two years later, the 49th were posted to Upper Canada, and Vincent was accompanied there by his nephew, William Vincent (who had married Frances Blood of Castle Fergus, County Clare, descended from the noted bravo and desperado Colonel Thomas Blood), who had joined the 49th in 1800. Vincent performed various garrison duties at York (Toronto), Fort George (Niagara-on-the-Lake) and Kingston, Ontario for the next ten years or so. War of 1812 On the outbreak of war, Vincent led a detachment of the 49th from Lower Canada to Kingston, Ontario, and was commander of this post during the winter of 1812 to 1813, being promoted to brigadier general. His forces fought off one half-hearted attack by ships under the American Commodore Isaac Chauncey, and over the winter he successfully bluffed the American Commander-in-Chief, General Henry Dearborn, into thinking his forces were much larger than they actually were and deterred any attack. Vincent was subsequently transferred to the Niagara frontier. On 27 May 1813, his positions were attacked in the Battle of Fort George. Although his British\",\n \"title\": \"John Vincent (British Army officer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"350903\",\n \"text\": \"The Sunset District is a neighborhood located in the southwest quadrant of San Francisco, California, United States. Location The Sunset District is the largest neighborhood within the city and county of San Francisco. Golden Gate Park forms the neighborhood's northern border, and the Pacific Ocean (or, more specifically, the long, flat strand of beach known as Ocean Beach) forms its western border. A section of the Sunset District towards its southeastern end is known as the Parkside neighborhood. Prior to the residential and commercial development of the Sunset District, much of the area was covered by sand dunes and was originally referred to by 19th century San Franciscans as the \\\"Outside Lands.\\\" The Sunset District and the neighboring Richmond District (on the north side of Golden Gate Park) are often collectively known as The Avenues, because the majority of both neighborhoods are spanned by numbered north-south avenues. When the city was originally laid out, the avenues were numbered from 1st to 49th, and the east-west streets were lettered A to X. In 1909, to reduce confusion for mail carriers, the east-west streets and 1st Avenue and 49th Avenue were renamed. The east-west streets were named in ascending alphabetical order in a southward direction after prominent 19th-century American politicians, military leaders, or explorers; 19th-century Mexican landowners; and Spanish conquistadors. 1st Avenue was renamed Arguello Boulevard, and 49th Avenue was renamed La Playa Street (Spanish for \\\"the beach\\\"). Today, the first numbered avenue is 2nd Avenue, starting one block west of Arguello Boulevard, and the last is 48th Avenue near Ocean Beach. The avenue numbers increase incrementally, with one exception: what would be 13th Avenue is known as Funston Avenue, named after Frederick Funston, a U.S. Army general known for his exploits during the Spanish–American War and Philippine–American War, and for directing the U.S. Army response to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The east-west streets in the Sunset appear mostly in alphabetical order. These streets are: Lincoln Way (bordering the south side of Golden Gate Park), Hugo (from Arguello to 7th Avenue only), Irving, Judah, Kirkham, Lawton, Moraga, Noriega, Ortega, Pacheco, Quintara, Rivera, Santiago, Taraval, Ulloa, Vicente, Wawona, Yorba, and Sloat Boulevard. \\\"X\\\" was originally proposed to be Xavier, but was changed to Yorba due to a pronunciation controversy. History The origin of the \\\"Sunset\\\" name is not entirely clear. One claim indicates that Aurelius Buckingham, a developer who owned property in the area, coined the term in 1886. Another claim comes from the California Midwinter Exposition, held in Golden Gate Park in 1894 and also known as \\\"The Sunset City.\\\" Before construction of the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1917, the Sunset was a vast, sparsely inhabited area of large sand dunes and coastal scrub land known as the \\\"Outside Lands.\\\" Development was initiated in the 1870s and 1880s with construction of Golden Gate Park, but it did not reach a full scale until after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, when small lots of tract homes and row homes now characteristic of\",\n \"title\": \"Sunset District, San Francisco\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16897621\",\n \"text\": \"The 146th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army, part of the Territorial Force (Territorial Army from 1920) with the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. The brigade saw active service during both the First and the Second World Wars, and during the early part of the Cold War. The brigade was active from 1908 until 1967 when it was finally disbanded. The brigade was reformed in 1983, though with a much smaller and insignificant role before finally disbanding again in 1993. History Formation The brigade was raised in 1908 upon the creation of the Territorial Force, formed by the amalgamation of the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry, as the 1st West Riding Brigade, composed of four Volunteer battalions of the Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment), including two of the Leeds Rifles. The brigade was assigned to the West Riding Division. First World War On the outbreak of the First World War in early August 1914, the division was immediately mobilised and most men volunteered for overseas service. In mid-May 1915 the brigade and division would become the 146th (1/1st West Riding) Brigade and 49th (West Riding) Division respectively. The battalions adopted the '1/' prefix (1/5th West Yorks) to differentiate them from their 2nd Line duplicates, which were forming up as 185th (2/1st West Riding) Brigade, of the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. The 2nd Line units were raised from those men who did not originally volunteer for overseas service, although many of them did end up seeing active service. The brigade served on the Western Front from July 1915 to the end of the war in November 1918. Two men from the brigade were awarded the Victoria Cross: Corporal Samuel Meekosha of the 1/6th Battalion and Corporal (later Captain) George Sanders of the 1/7th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion. First World War order of battle 1/5th Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) 1/6th Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) 1/7th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) 1/8th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) (until January 1918) 146th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 27 January 1916, moved to 49th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps 1 March 1918) 146th Trench Mortar Battery (formed 12 June 1916) Interwar Both the brigade and division were disbanded shortly the war when the Territorial Force was itself disbanded. However it was reformed in the 1920s as the Territorial Army and the brigade was reformed with all four battalions of the West Yorkshire Regiment and continued to serve with the 49th Division, now as the 147th (1st West Riding) Infantry Brigade. In the late 1930s, however, many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army were converted to anti-aircraft and searchlight units and so, in 1936, the 8th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, West Yorks was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into the 66th (Leeds Rifles, The West Yorkshire Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery and was transferred to 31st (North Midland) Anti-Aircraft\",\n \"title\": \"146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24709592\",\n \"text\": \"The northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods was a critical landmark for the boundary between United States territory and the British possessions to the north. This point, on the shore of the Lake of the Woods, was referred to in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and in later treaties including the Treaty of 1818. The point lies at the corner of the Northwest Angle in the U.S. state of Minnesota, and is thus the northernmost point of the contiguous United States. After Canadian Confederation, the point became the basis for the border between the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario. The \\\"northwesternmost point\\\" of the lake had not yet been identified when it was referenced in treaties defining the border between the US and Britain; it was simply an easily described abstraction based on a large landmark. The best maps at the time of the original negotiation depicted the lake as a simple oval. However, although the southern portion of the lake is easily mapped, to the north it becomes a complex tangle of bays, peninsulas, and islands, with many adjacent bodies of water separated or connected by narrow isthmuses or straits. An 1822 survey crew declared the referenced point impossible to determine. In 1824, British explorer David Thompson was hired to identify it. Thompson mapped the lake and found four possibilities, but did not conclusively declare one location. In 1825, Johann Ludwig Tiarks, a German astronomer in British service, surveyed the lake. Tiarks identified two possibilities for the northwesternmost point on the lake, based on Thompson's maps: the Angle Inlet and Rat Portage. To determine which point was the most northwestern, he drew a line from each point in the southwest–northeast direction. If the line intersected the lake at any point, it was not the most northwestern point, as shown in the example diagram here. Tiarks determined that the only such line that did not intersect the lake was at the edge of a pond on the Angle Inlet. (A 1940 academic study documents this point as being in the immediate vicinity of (NAD83).) Under the 1783 treaty, the international border would have run due west from this point to the Mississippi River. As this was determined to be geographically impossible (the Mississippi begins further south), under the 1818 treaty the international border instead ran from the point determined by Tiarks, to the 49th parallel. (It was not known at the time whether that was to the north or – in fact – the south.) From there it ran due west to the Rocky Mountains (and later, the Pacific coast). Tiarks's point, however, created problems, because the 1818 treaty called for the border to run directly north–south from it. South of that point, the channel of the Northwest Angle Inlet meandered east and west, crossing the border five times, thereby creating two small enclaves of water areas totaling two and a half acres that belonged to the United States but were surrounded by Canadian waters. A\",\n \"title\": \"Northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15747045\",\n \"text\": \"Samuel Fallows (December 13, 1835September 5, 1922) was an English American immigrant, minister, lecturer, and author. He was the 9th Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin and served as Presiding Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church for 30 years between 1877 and 1922. During the American Civil War he served as a chaplain and later as an officer in the Union Army, receiving an honorary brevet to Brigadier General after the war. Early life Fallows was born in Pendleton, Greater Manchester, in England, and emigrated to the Wisconsin Territory as a child in 1848. His family settled at Marshall (then called \\\"Bird's Ruins\\\") in eastern Dane County, and established a farm. He worked as a farm hand to pay for school, becoming a Methodist minister in 1858 and graduating from the University of Wisconsin (now University of Wisconsin–Madison) in 1859. He was elected Vice-President and principal of Galesburg University and served there for two years, then became minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Civil War service 32nd Wisconsin Volunteers Fallows was ministering to the Oshkosh church at the time of the outbreak of the American Civil War and did not volunteer in the first year of the war. In 1862, however, he resigned his ministry and enlisted for service in the Union Army, becoming chaplain of the 32nd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment under Colonel James Henry Howe. He served for a year with the regiment which mostly performed guard duty during that time to protect supplies and logistics along the Mississippi River in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. He resigned due to poor health on June 29, 1863. 40th Wisconsin Volunteers He returned to his ministry in Wisconsin, this time at Appleton, Wisconsin, and was also elected professor of natural science at Lawrence University, in Appleton. As his health recovered, so to did his fervor to fight for the Union, and, in early 1864, he helped to raise a number of volunteers for the 40th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment—called the \\\"Normal Regiment\\\" due to the large number of teachers and students in the unit—and was selected as the regiment's lieutenant colonel. The regiment was assigned mostly to the defense of Memphis, Tennessee, and was engaged in the defense of Memphis during the raid known as the Second Battle of Memphis, carried out by Confederate cavalry under General Nathan Bedford Forrest on August 21, 1864. 49th Wisconsin Volunteers In January 1865, Lt. Colonel Fallows was promoted to colonel and appointed to the organization of a new regiment in Madison, Wisconsin, which became the 49th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. The 49th Wisconsin mustered into service on March 8, 1865, and proceeded to St. Louis and then to Rolla, Missouri, where they engaged in guard duty through the end of the war. Colonel Fallows mustered out November 1, 1865. Brevet to brigadier general On January 13, 1866, U.S. President Andrew Johnson nominated Colonel Fallows for a brevet to brigadier general of volunteers in recognition for his service. The United States\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel Fallows\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"156352\",\n \"text\": \"The Hatch Act of 1887 (ch. 314, , enacted 1887-03-02, et seq.) gave federal funds, initially $15,000 each, to state land-grant colleges in order to create a series of agricultural experiment stations, as well as pass along new information, especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth. The bill was named for Congressman William Hatch, who chaired the House Committee of Agriculture at the time the bill was introduced. State agricultural stations created under this act were usually connected with those land-grant state colleges and universities founded under the Morrill Act of 1862, with few exceptions. Many stations founded under the Hatch Act later became the foundations for state cooperative extension services under the Smith–Lever Act of 1914. Congress amended the act in 1955 to add a formula that uses rural and farm population factors to allocate the annual appropriation for agricultural experiment stations among the states. Under the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107–171, Sec. 7212), states will continue to be required to provide at least 100% matching funds (traditionally, most states have provided more). On average, Hatch Act formula funds constitute 10% of total funding for each experiment station. (7 U.S.C. 361a et seq.). See also Adams Act of 1906 Purnell Act of 1925 Bankhead–Jones Act of 1935 George W. Atherton External links Hatch Act of 1887 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection United States federal agriculture legislation United States federal public land legislation 1887 in American law 49th United States Congress\",\n \"title\": \"Hatch Act of 1887\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2939322\",\n \"text\": \"The United States Australian Football League (USAFL) is the governing body for Australian rules football in the United States. It was conceived in 1996 and organized in 1997. It is based in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. As of 2011, there were over 1,000 registered USAFL players. There are 48 member clubs, of which 47 have men's teams (all except North Star Blue Ox) and 25 have women's teams. Most of the football clubs in the United States have a traditional 18-a-side team for representative purposes and multiple 9-a-side teams running in a local league. Each year the USAFL holds a National club championship, a tournament open to all clubs across the nation, the largest of its type in the world for the sport. In addition to the Nationals, the USAFL holds major regional tournaments including the Central, East and West regional tournaments. The USAFL selects the national men's (USA Revolution) and women's (USA Freedom) teams for competitions such as the Australian Football International Cup and the 49th Parallel Cup. History The first match between two local US clubs was played in 1996 between Cincinnati and Louisville. In the first year the Mid American Australian Football League was formed. Many of the local players had found out about the game in the 1980s on television via the then-nascent ESPN cable network. Although the local game grew, ESPN no longer broadcast AFL matches, and in response the lobby group, Australian Football Association of North America was formed. In 1997, the first club national championships were held in Cincinnati. Nashville hosted the first Australian Grand Final Festival in the same year. The United States Australian Football League (USAFL) was formed in 1997 to govern the code in the country. The involvement of many well-known Australians has helped boost the relations between the USAFL and AFL. In the early days, Paul Roos was a key figure. Robert DiPierdomenico, Leigh Matthews and Michael Voss are official USAFL ambassadors. National teams USAFL is responsible for the co-ordination of the National Teams, the USA Revolution men's team and the USA Freedom women's team. The team plays in international tournaments and exhibition matches against other countries. National team players are selected from the best US-born players from the club teams across the country. With close proximity to Canada, the Revolution & Freedom participate in the annual 49th Parallel Cup against Canada each year except for years of the Australian Football International Cup. The Revolution competed in the 2002 Australian Football International Cup, finishing 5th out of 11 countries and in the 2005 Australian Football International Cup finishing 3rd out of 10 countries. They competed in the 2008 Australian Football International Cup where the Revolution finished 7th out of 16 countries. At the 2011 Australian Football International Cup, the Revolution finished 4th in an increased field of 18 countries. The Revolution finished 8th at the 2014 Australian Football International Cup, again with 18 countries participating. Domestic tournaments and competitions USAFL National Championships USAFL East vs West 49th Parallel Cup USAFL\",\n \"title\": \"United States Australian Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1097066\",\n \"text\": \"is a joint Japan-US naval air base located in the cities of Yamato and Ayase in Kanagawa, Japan. It is the largest United States Navy (USN) air base in the Pacific Ocean and once housed the squadrons of Carrier Air Wing Five (CVW-5), which deploys with the American aircraft carrier . During 2017 and 2018 the fixed-wing aircraft of CVW-5 relocated to Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni in western Japan. CVW-5 shares the base with the Headquarters Fleet Air Force and Fleet Air Wing 4 of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). NAF Atsugi is also home to Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 51 (HSM-51), which provides detachments of MH-60R helicopters to forward deployed U.S. Navy guided missile cruisers, guided missile destroyers and frigates homeported at the nearby Yokosuka Naval Base. Service members stationed at Atsugi also work in conjunction with the former Kamiseya Naval Radio Receiving Facility. Despite its name, the base is east northeast from the city of Atsugi, and is not adjacent to the city. History The Imperial Japanese Navy constructed the base in 1938 to house the 302nd Kokutai, one of the Navy's most formidable fighter squadrons during World War II. Aircraft based at Atsugi shot down more than 300 American bombers during the firebombings of 1945. After Japan's surrender, many of Atsugi's pilots refused to follow Emperor Hirohito's order to lay down their arms, and took to the skies to drop leaflets on Tokyo and Yokohama urging locals to resist the Americans. Eventually, these pilots gave up and left Atsugi. General Douglas MacArthur arrived at Atsugi on 30 August to accept Japan's surrender. Shortly afterwards, elements of the USAAF 3d Bombardment Group moved in about 8 September, being replaced by the USAAF 49th Fighter Group on 15 September which handled the initial cleanup of the heavily damaged airfield along with the 1539th Army Air Forces Base Unit to provide station facilities. Minimal flight operations were restored by October which allowed the P-61 Black Widow-equipped 418th Night Fighter Squadron to operate from the airfield to provide air defense over the area, along with the P-38 Lightnings of the 49th FG. The 49th moved to Chitose Airfield on Hokkaido in mid February 1946, the 418th NFS to Okinawa in June, and on 31 December 1946 the 1539th AAFBU moved to Haneda Airfield. During the occupation, the base housed the overflow from nearby Camp Zama; it was not refurbished to handle military air traffic until the Korean War. The Seabees (Navy construction battalions) came to the base in 1950 and prepared it for re-opening that December as Naval Air Station Atsugi. NAF Atsugi was a major naval air base during both the Korean War and Vietnam War, serving fighters, bombers, and transport aircraft. One of the aircraft based at Atsugi at least since 1957 was the U-2 spy plane. The plane made local Japanese headlines when it ran low on fuel and made an emergency landing at a glider-club landing strip. This same plane was piloted by Gary Powers,\",\n \"title\": \"Naval Air Facility Atsugi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"800142\",\n \"text\": \"49th parallel may refer to: 49th parallel north, a circle of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere 49th parallel south, a circle of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere 49th Parallel (film), a 1941 Canadian and British film Canada–United States border, sometimes referred to as the \\\"49th parallel\\\" due to much of it following the 49th parallel north\",\n \"title\": \"49th parallel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42003225\",\n \"text\": \"Shed No Tears () is a 2013 Swedish film directed by Måns Mårlind and Björn Stein and starring Adam Lundgren and Jonathan Andersson. The plot is based on the lyrics and music by Swedish artist Håkan Hellström, and the script is written by Cilla Jackert. The film premiered on 19 July 2013 and was well received by critics. It won the Guldbagge Award for Best Sound Editing at the 49th Guldbagge Awards. The main role is played by Adam Lundgren, while Tomas von Brömssen, Gunilla Nyroos and Josefin Neldén appear in supporting roles. Even Håkan Hellström himself appears in a minor role. The film's title is based on Hellström's debut single \\\"Känn ingen sorg för mig Göteborg\\\" from the album of the same name. The film received extensive good reviews, and 27,766 Swedes saw it at the cinema on the opening weekend, which took it up to Biotoppens second place. The following week it had dropped down to sixth place, and at the end of the year was the year's fifth highest grossing Swedish film. Plot Pål (Adam Lundgren)'s biggest dream is to get involved with music. His childhood friends Lena (Josefin Neldén) and Johnny (Jonathan Andersson) knows this, and his grandfather Rolle (Tomas von Brömssen), although he most of all would see that Pål gained an orderly job. When Eva (Disa Östrand) turns up as a summer night and captures Påls attention, she discovers that she shares his dream. The problem is that the only thing standing between Pål and the dream is his own obsessions that once after another leads him to derail just when most are at stake. Cast Adam Lundgren as Pål Disa Östrand as Eva Josefin Neldén as Lena Jonathan Andersson as Johnny Tomas von Brömssen as Rolle, Pål's grandfather Marie Richardson as Lisbeth Lindén Reine Brynolfsson as Bosse Gunilla Nyroos as Hopp Daniel Larsson as Isse Eric Ericson as Priest Kim Lantz as Denis Hanna Hedin Hillberg as Samba Dancer Gregers Dohn as Pusher Darko Savor as Thug Lucas Miklin as Hooligan Freddie Wadling as A-lagare Ebbot Lundberg as A-lagare Håkan Hellström as a Street musician Critical response The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from Swedish critics. Aftonbladet called it \\\"Beats the most ever seen in the Swedish film\\\", and gave it a rating of 5 out of 5. The rival newspaper, Expressen called it \\\"Hellström knew what he was doing\\\", and gave it a rating of 4 out of 5. The film site Moviezine, called it a \\\"Musical treat\\\", and gave it a rating of 4 out of 5. Awards and nominations 49th Guldbagge Awards For the 49th Guldbagge Awards, Shed No Tears was nominated for nine awards, some of which it won in the categories Best Editing and Best Sound Editing: MovieZine Awards 2013 MovieZine did a poll at the end of 2013, in which readers got to vote for winners in various categories with substance Movie Year 2013, which Shed No Tears won in the category Best Swedish film, with 49%\",\n \"title\": \"Shed No Tears (2013 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5970554\",\n \"text\": \"The Bayside Bridge is a girder bridge in Pinellas County which crosses over the northwesternmost end of Tampa Bay, connecting Clearwater, Florida and Largo, Florida. Construction began in the early 1990s and was completed in the summer of 1993, officially opening for traffic on June 2 of that year. Originally conceived in the 1970s as the 49th Street Bridge, a toll-levied part of the Pinellas Parkway, the current six-lane twin-span bridge provides direct, unmitigated access from eastern Clearwater to St. Petersburg/Clearwater International Airport by connecting McMullen Booth Road to 49th Street North and also serves as a bypass for heavily congested US 19. The speed limit is 55 mph (or about 88 km/h) until McMullen Booth. Due to cambering differences, cars experience bouncing when traveling in the northbound lanes. This occurs for the first (southern) half of the northbound span. It features a SPUI interchange at State Road 60 and a diamond interchange on the south end of the bridge. Along with the bridge, a $12 million interchange was built at the intersection of 49th Street and Roosevelt Boulevard. The bridge was completed before McMullen Booth Road was widened, dumping up to 36,000 cars a day onto the two-lane road. On streets such as Marlo Road, drivers could wait as long as 15 minutes before being able to make a left turn. In 1991, Pinellas County administrator Fred Marquis argued that the cost of the bridge could be funded by a 10-year extension of gasoline taxes. The plan went through as the \\\"Penny for Pinellas\\\" tax. This eliminated the need for a planned $2.5 million, 16-lane toll booth that would have been built on sensitive marshlands at the south end of the bridge. The cost of construction of the bridge is estimated at $71 million. The plan is for the Bayside Bridge to connect to nearby Interstate 275 via the Gateway Expressway that started construction in August 2017. References External links County Road 296 Connection Project at Tampa Bay Interstates site Bridges completed in 1993 Bridges in Pinellas County, Florida Buildings and structures in Clearwater, Florida Buildings and structures in Largo, Florida Road bridges in Florida Bridges over Tampa Bay 1993 establishments in Florida Cantilever bridges in the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Bayside Bridge (Pinellas County, Florida)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17353035\",\n \"text\": \"The 49th Primetime Emmy Awards were held at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California, in 1997. They were presented in two ceremonies hosted by Bryant Gumbel, one on Saturday, September 13 and another on Sunday, September 14. The September 14th ceremony was televised on CBS. Frasier became the first series to win Outstanding Comedy Series four consecutive years, it joined Hill Street Blues which won Outstanding Drama Series four straight years a decade earlier. For the first time since 1979, James Burrows did not receive a Directing nomination, ending his run at 17 consecutive years. Beginning the following year, Burrows would begin a new streak that lasted another six years. In the drama field perennial nominee Law & Order won for its seventh season, the first time a show had won for this specific season. In winning Law & Order became the first drama series that did not have serialized story arcs since Hill Street Blues perfected the formula. Law & Order remains the only non-serialized winner since 1981. For the first time, not only did the Fox Network win the Lead Actress, Drama award, with Gillian Anderson, for The X-Files, but hers was also the network's first win in any of the Major Acting categories. (Laurence Fishburne and Peter Boyle won for Fox in only guest performances. The latter of which was for The X-Files just the year before.) This ceremony marked the end of a 20-year residency for the Primetime Emmy Awards at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium dating back to the 29th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1977 ceremony. This is the most recent year in which the Big Four Networks (ABC, CBS, FOX, and NBC) took home the top 14 Emmys (Comedy and Drama Series, Actor, Actress, Supporting Actor, Supporting Actress in Comedy and Drama, and Directing and Writing for Comedy and Drama). The Larry Sanders Show had 16 nominations and zero wins, tying the record with Northern Exposure in 1993 and becoming the first (and only to date) comedy series to set the record. These records would later be broken by Mad Men in 2012 with 17 nominations and without a single win and The Handmaid's Tale in 2021 with 21 nominations and without a single win. Winners and nominees Programs Acting Lead performances Supporting performances Directing Writing Most major nominations Most major awards Notes References External links Emmys.com list of 1997 Nominees & Winners 049 Primetime Emmy Awards 1997 in California Events in Pasadena, California September 1997 events in the United States 20th century in Pasadena, California\",\n \"title\": \"49th Primetime Emmy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6725778\",\n \"text\": \"James Wickes Taylor (1819–1893) was born in Starkey, New York, and, after his formal education, studied law under his father. He was admitted to the bar in Ohio in 1843 and in 1846 established the Cincinnati Morning Signal newspaper while taking an active role in politics. He enjoyed a varied and successful career on a number of fronts in business and government. He functioned as a special agent with the US Treasury Department from 1859 to 1869. His experience there led to his appointment as United States Consul in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, in 1870, a position he held until his death. Taylor spent the majority of his career advocating for the United States, through negotiation, military force or trade, to take the interior plains north of the 49th parallel, particularly the lands west of the Red River settlements along the Saskatchewan Valley. Having dedicated so much of his life to this cause, he was nicknamed James Wickes \\\"Saskatchewan\\\" Taylor. Career James Wickes Taylor spent his career trying to help the United States of America gain the northwestern plains of Rupert's Land. Taylor believed that the land surrounding the Saskatchewan Valley and the Red River of the North was ideal for agricultural land that could, theoretically, support 6-8 million people. In 1866, Taylor spoke to the United States House of Representatives about the land north of the 49th parallel. Following Taylor's speech, Congress introduced a bill that favoured Taylor's views and encouraged the idea that America should be making an attempt at the northern plains. Unfortunately for Taylor, in a common theme that would haunt him throughout his career, American citizens did not respond with the same enthusiasm that Taylor had regarding the land to the north. In 1867, a Minnesota Republican named Alexander Ramsey sent Taylor north to the Red River Colony, which is located in present-day Manitoba, as a special agent. Ramsey, like Taylor, saw the prospects of the land around the Saskatchewan Valley. Since Canada was still developing its federal power and the Saskatchewan Valley still belonged in Rupert's Land, Ramsey saw this as the perfect chance for the United States to sneak into a politically unstable country and gain the prairies. Taylor spent two years with his ear to the ground reporting back to Ramsey about the political situation in Red River. By 1869, Hamilton Fish, the Secretary of State to President Ulysses S. Grant, sent Taylor to Fort Garry, present-day Winnipeg, \\\"to investigate and report full details of the revolt as well as all aspects of the territory and its inhabitants.\\\" During Taylor's time in Fort Garry, he predicted that the United States could purchase the land from Canada for as little as $25,000. Following the uprising of Louis Riel, in March of 1870 Prime Minister John A. Macdonald agreed to meet with a few delegates from Riel's Red River Settlement. At the end, the negotiations were finalized and Manitoba was created. Taylor followed the Red River delegates all the way to Ottawa and stayed in\",\n \"title\": \"James Wickes Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7560789\",\n \"text\": \"The Hunterspoint Avenue station is a station on the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road within the City Terminal Zone. It is located at 49th Avenue (formerly Hunters Point Avenue) between 21st Street and Skillman Avenue in the Hunters Point and Long Island City neighborhoods of Queens, New York City. This ground-level station has an island platform between two tracks and is currently not wheelchair accessible from the entrance above the station. The station is served only during weekday rush hours in the peak direction (to Hunterspoint Avenue from Long Island in the morning, from Hunterspoint Avenue to Long Island in the evening). Trains serving here usually run on the Oyster Bay, Montauk, or Port Jefferson Branches. Some westbound trains continue to and terminate at Long Island City, and some eastbound trains originate in Long Island City. All service is provided by diesel trains that cannot use the East River Tunnels or 63rd Street Tunnel, but the tracks are electrified. History Hunterspoint Avenue station opened in August 1860, three years before the New York and Flushing Railroad built their own Hunter's Point station. LIRR's Hunterspoint Avenue was renovated in April 1878. According to a New York Times article from May 1914, the third station was scheduled to open on July 1, 1914. Instead, the reopening date was delayed until October 18, 1914. In June 1947, only two weekday trains were scheduled east from Hunterspoint Ave, one to Jamaica and one to Queens Village. Trains destined beyond electrified territory could leave Penn Station behind DD1 electric locomotives and change engines at Jamaica; thirteen weekday trains did so. That service ended in 1951, leading to Hunterspoint Avenue's present role. On November 22, 1948, a -long extension of the platform went into service. In the 2010s, it was announced that the station would receive renovations and become compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as part of the 2015-2019 MTA Capital Program. However, this was pushed back in an amendment from August 2017 until the MTA's 2020-2024 Capital Program. Station layout The station has one 10-car long high-level island platform between the two Main Line tracks, with stairways on both sides of 49th Avenue. Gallery References External links Hunterspoint Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View Platform from Google Maps Street View Wooden Station Sign and covered entrance from the bridge in 1958; by W.J. Edwards (TrainsAreFun) Long Island Rail Road stations in New York City Railway stations in the United States opened in 1860 Railway stations in Queens, New York Long Island City 1860 establishments in New York (state)\",\n \"title\": \"Hunterspoint Avenue station (LIRR)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67533813\",\n \"text\": \"219 East 49th Street, also known as the Morris B. Sanders Studio & Apartment, is a building in the East Midtown and Turtle Bay neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City, along the northern sidewalk of 49th Street between Second Avenue and Third Avenue. The house, designed by Arkansas architect Morris B. Sanders Jr. and constructed in 1935, replaced a 19th-century brownstone townhouse. It contained Sanders's studio, as well as a residence for him and his wife Barbara Castleton Davis. The five-and-a-half-story building contains a facade of dark blue bricks as well as glass block windows. The glass blocks were installed to provide insulation and privacy while also allowing illumination. The house was designed with two residential units: Sanders's seven-room apartment on the fourth, fifth, and partial sixth floors, as well as a six-room unit on the second and third floors that was rented to others. The ground story, with a white marble facade and a slightly angled entrance doorway, was used for Sanders's studios. Upon completion, 219 East 49th Street was largely praised for its design. Davis bought the previous structure in mid-1934 and originally intended to remodel it. Ultimately, the old brownstone was removed and replaced with the current building, which was completed in December 1935. Sanders lived in the house until his death in 1948, and it was sold the year afterward. Since 1980, the house has been owned by Donald Wise. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as an official landmark in 2008. Site The Morris B. Sanders Studio & Apartment is at 219 East 49th Street in the East Midtown and Turtle Bay neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City. It is along the northern sidewalk of 49th Street between Second Avenue and Third Avenue. The building has a frontage of along 49th Street. The land lot has an area of and a depth of . Nearby buildings and places include Amster Yard immediately adjacent to the north; Turtle Bay Gardens to the east; and Lescaze House to the south. The site occupied by the Sanders Studio was previously occupied by a two-story (plus basement) house completed in 1869. It was one of numerous masonry houses with brick or brownstone facades to be developed in Turtle Bay starting in the 1860s. These buildings usually occupied land lots that were at most wide and had classically inspired design features such as cornices and porticos. In the early 20th century, some of these houses were renovated with new interiors or exteriors. By then, a large portion of Turtle Bay's population was involved in the arts or architecture, and structures such as the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design and the residential Turtle Bay Gardens and Beaux-Arts Apartments were constructed for this community. William Lescaze's renovation of an existing brownstone on 48th Street, and its subsequent conversion into the Lescaze House, inspired similar renovations to other structures in the neighborhood, including four townhouses on 49th Street in the 1930s and 1940s. Architecture 219 East 49th Street\",\n \"title\": \"219 East 49th Street\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"238699\",\n \"text\": \"The Northwest Angle, known simply as the Angle by locals, and coextensive with Angle Township, is a pene-exclave of northern Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota. Except for surveying errors, it is the only place in the contiguous United States north of the 49th parallel, which forms the border between the U.S. and Canada from the Northwest Angle westward to the Strait of Georgia (between the U.S. state of Washington and the province of British Columbia). The land area of the Angle is separated from the rest of Minnesota by Lake of the Woods, but shares a land border with Canada. It is one of six non-island locations in the 48 contiguous states that are practical exclaves of the U.S. It is the northernmost township in Minnesota and contains the northernmost point in the contiguous 48 states. The unincorporated community of Angle Inlet is in the Northwest Angle. Seventy percent of the land of the Angle is held in trust by the Red Lake Indian Reservation (Ojibwa). Although the Angle is listed as one of several distinct regions of Minnesota, its total population was 119 at the 2010 census. The area is mostly water and the land is mostly forest. Origin Angle Township was designated as territory of the United States because negotiators of the initial Canada–U.S. border misunderstood the geography of the area. Benjamin Franklin and British representatives relied on the Mitchell Map of colonial American geographer John Mitchell, which did not indicate the source of the Mississippi River—thought to lie some distance to the northwest—or the true shape of Lake of the Woods, which was instead shown as roughly oval. The 1783 Treaty of Paris thus stated that the boundary between U.S. territory and the British possessions to the north would run \\\"...through the Lake of the Woods to the northwesternmost point thereof, and from thence on a due west course to the river Mississippi...\\\" But the source of the Mississippi River, Lake Itasca (then unknown to European explorers), lies almost due south of Lake of the Woods, rather than north and west of it. Additionally, the irregular actual shape of the lake made the identification of its northwest corner difficult. By the time of the Jay Treaty of 1794, there was concern that the Mississippi did not go far enough north, and so as part of that treaty it was decided that a joint survey of the river would be conducted, and if it did not extend far enough north that new, \\\"amicable negotiations\\\" would be undertaken to set the boundary in accordance with the intent of the Treaty of Paris. In 1797, it was confirmed when David Thompson, an explorer, located the most northerly source of the Mississippi a few miles north of Bemidji, which is south of Lake of the Woods. When the Treaty of Ghent was signed in 1814, it again tried to settle the boundary, this time by creating a commission that would settle on the northwestern point of the Lake of the\",\n \"title\": \"Northwest Angle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68532155\",\n \"text\": \"The 2021–22 Lake Superior State Lakers men's ice hockey season was the 56th season of play for the program, the 49th at the Division I level and the 42nd season in the CCHA conference. The Lakers represented Lake Superior State University and were coached by Damon Whitten, in his 8th season. Season Lake Superior State joined with six other members of the WCHA to restart the CCHA for the 2021–22 season. The Lakers were hoping to build upon their first NCAA tournament appearance in 25 years with a strong performance. Unfortunately, they lost three critical games in the first two weeks. While they went undefeated in their succeeding seven games, the strength of their opponents kept them out of the polls. A bad stretch in November also cost Lake State and put the Lakers on the wrong side of .500. The defense looked like it had recovered during a weekend split with top-ranked Minnesota State but then the offense flagged the following week against lowly Ferris State. The team went up and down in their play for several months but began to show a bit more consistency towards the end of the season. However, despite the improvement, Lake Superior was too far down the PairWise rankings to make the tournament without a conference championship. Lake Superior began postseason play at home against Northern Michigan and laid an egg in the first game. The Lakers allowed the first five goals of the game and were only able to score with less than 5 minutes to play. They were much better in the rematch, winning 3–2 to tie the series and force a deciding rubber match. After surrendering the first goal, the Lakers reeled off three in a row to build a 3–1 lead early in the second period. Northern Michigan replied with a deluge of goals, scoring four times in the span of 8 minutes to take a commanding lead. Lake State was unable to add to their total for most of the third and were forced to pull Ethan Langenegger in desperation. The ploy worked once but the Wildcats managed to stop a tying goal from being scored and the Lakers' season was over. Departures Recruiting Roster As of August 20, 2021. Standings Schedule and results |- !colspan=12 style=\\\";\\\" | Regular Season |- !colspan=12 style=\\\";\\\" | |- align=\\\"center\\\" bgcolor=\\\"#e0e0e0\\\" |colspan=12|Lake Superior State Lost Series 1–2 Scoring statistics Goaltending statistics Rankings Note: USCHO did not release a poll in week 24. Awards and honors References 2021-22 2021–22 CCHA season 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey by team 2021 in sports in Michigan 2022 in sports in Michigan\",\n \"title\": \"2021–22 Lake Superior State Lakers men's ice hockey season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50010563\",\n \"text\": \"The 49th State Hawaii Record Company is a defunct Hawaiian record label specializing in traditional Hawaiian music. Established in 1948 by George K. Ching, the label was purchased by Cord International in the early 1990s. History The 49th State Hawaii Record Company was founded in Honolulu, Hawaii by record store owner George K. Ching in 1948. The label was named in anticipation of Hawaii's eventual attainment of statehood, though Alaska gained statehood eight months before Hawaii, making Hawaii the 50th state. Ching founded the label to answer the growing demand for traditional Hawaiian music in his record store, with the first 49th State recordings released as 78 rpm records made using an acetate record cutting machine in a makeshift studio in Ching's own home. Later, production moved to initial recording on tape before later being pressed in vinyl. To guarantee authenticity in recorded performances, Ching collaborated with Hawaiian composer and musician Johnny Almeida, known as the \\\"Dean of Hawaiian Music\\\". Almeida served as the label's music director. 49th State served as a successor to Bell Records Honolulu, which released Hawaiian music between 1944 and 1950. By 1950, the headquarters for the label had moved from Ching's home to 1121 Bethel St, Honolulu. The company, which has been described as \\\"the first, top, most significant, authentic label of Hawaii\\\", was defunct by 1958. Purchase by Cord International Cord International purchased the rights to The 49th State Hawaii record company and has restored and re-mastered many of the LPs released between 1948 and 1958. According to the May 18, 2015 obituary of Michael Cord: \\\"In the 1980s, he noticed that many of the important old-time Hawaiian record labels had gone out of business and their releases were out of print. In 1991, [Cord] began leasing the rights to those old recordings and digitally restoring them for reissue. Among the Hawaii record labels Cord brought back to life were Bell, 49th State Hawaii, Mele, Trim, Tradewinds, and Gold Coin.\\\" Another obituary for Michael Cord stated that the 49th State Hawaii Records label was among Cord's first acquisitions. The purchase was made in order to restore, remaster, and re-release the recordings, which by that point were out of print and in poor quality. Cord was quoted in the obituary, stating: \\\"There was lots of noise-hisses and pops- and we wanted the listening experience to be just like it was when these recordings were brand new- only better.\\\" Recordings 45 rpm 78 rpm 33 1/3 rpm References External links The Legacy of the 49th State Hawaii Record label accessed March 31, 2016 Discogs: 49th State Hawaii Record Co. accessed March 31, 2016 49th State Hawaii Classic Recordings! accessed March 31, 2016 Hawaiian music Collection, University of Hawaii at Manoa Library accessed March 31, 2016 Pop record labels American record labels\",\n \"title\": \"49th State Hawaii record company\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22480490\",\n \"text\": \"The 49th Troop Carrier Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 313th Troop Carrier Group at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts, where it was inactivated on 22 September 1945. The squadron was first activated as the 49th Transport Squadron in June 1942. As the 49th Troop Carrier Squadron, it flew Douglas C-47 Skytrains in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations during World War II, earning Distinguished Unit Citations for carrying reinforcements to Sicily despite fire from ground and naval forces in July 1943, and for participation in Operation Overlord in June 1944. It converted to Curtiss C-46 Commandos, with which it took part in Operation Varsity. After V-E Day, the squadron returned to the United States, where it was inactivated. History The squadron as activated at Daniel Field, Georgia in June 1942 as the 49th Transport Squadron, when the 313th Transport Group expanded from a headquarters and a single squadron, the 29th Troop Carrier Squadron, to a four squadron group. The squadron trained under Air Transport Command with Douglas C-47 Skytrains. A few weeks after the squadron's activation, the Army Air Forces gave the \\\"transport\\\" designation to its strategic airlift units, and the squadron became the 49th Troop Carrier Squadron under I Troop Carrier Command. The 49th trained in the southeastern United States until April 1943, when it deployed to North Africa. Mediterranean operations The squadron began flying combat missions from Oujda Airfield in French Morocco. It performed troop carrier and transport airlift of supplies to ground forces advancing through Algeria into Tunisia as part Twelfth Air Force. It also evacuated wounded from the battle area. Although the 49th did not take part in the first airdrop of Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily, two days later, 11 July 1943, the squadron was part of a formation of troop carrier units of the 52d Troop Carrier Wing bringing reinforcements, planning to drop paratroops near Gela. Planes of the 313th Group led the stream of troop carriers. However, attacks in the Gela area by enemy aircraft had sunk two ships and forced other ships in the invasion force to disperse. The heaviest enemy attack came at 2150 hours. Fifty minutes later, the first 313th Group aircraft approached the drop zone. The 49th was able to successfully make its drop on Farello Airfield. Mistaking the troop carriers for another enemy attack, ships of the assault force and antiaircraft units ashore began a heavy fire on squadron's C-47s as they departed. Of the 144 planes of the 52d Wing that participated in the mission, 23 were shot down and an additional 37 were heavily damaged. For its completion of this mission the squadron earned its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC). European operations In February 1944, the squadron moved to RAF Folkingham, England, where it became part of IX Troop Carrier Command and began training for the assault on the continent of Europe. On D-Day the squadron dropped paratroopers near Picauville, Normandy and dropped reinforcements the following\",\n \"title\": \"49th Troop Carrier Squadron\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32540328\",\n \"text\": \"The 49th Infantry Regiment was a regular infantry regiment in the United States Army. History World War I The regiment was constituted 15 May 1917 in the Regular Army as the 49th Infantry. It was organized 1 June 1917 at Syracuse, New York, from personnel of the 23rd Infantry. It moved to France in July 1918 and was attached to the 83rd Division 12 August 1918. The 83rd Division had been reorganized as the 2nd Depot Division; the 49th Infantry apparently also provided replacement personnel for front-line units. It returned to the US January 1919 and was inactivated on 18 November 1921 at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, with personnel and equipment transferred to the 3rd Infantry. The regiment was disbanded on 31 July 1922. World War II The 49th Infantry Regiment was reconstituted in the Regular Army as the 49th Armored Infantry on 18 July 1941 and assigned to the 8th Armored Division. It was activated 1 April 1942 at Fort Knox, Kentucky. The regiment was broken up on 20 September 1943, and its elements were reorganized and redesignated as elements of the 8th Armored Division as follows: 49th Armored Infantry, less the 1st and 2nd Battalions, as the 49th Armored Infantry Battalion. 1st Battalion, 49th Armored Infantry as the 58th Armored Infantry Battalion. 2nd Battalion, 49th Armored Infantry as the 7th Armored Infantry Battalion. Campaign streamers World War I without Inscription Coat of arms The field is blue for Infantry. The tower is taken from the stone tower at Fort Snelling, the station of the regiment. The key is from the arms of Le Mans, France and commemorates the service of the regiment in the vicinity of that city in 1918. References External links http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lh.html lineage 049 Military units and formations established in 1917 Military units and formations disestablished in 1943\",\n \"title\": \"49th Infantry Regiment (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67473989\",\n \"text\": \"Justin Zanik (born October 2, 1974) is the general manager of the Utah Jazz. Zanik has been a certified NBAPA since 2003. Early life and career Zanik grew up in Missouri, and attended Northwestern University to earn a B.A. degree in economics from 1993-98. While in college, Zanik was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity and initially a major in music opera before pivoting to economics. Zanik met player agent Mark Bartelstein, founder of Priority Sports and Entertainment, while volunteering as a coach of a sixth-grade basketball team. Zanik's first job after college was Priority Sports and Entertainment (1998-2002) as VP of basketball operations where he managed European contract negotiations in the Chicago office. While working for Priority Sports, he met his wife, Gina, who also worked with the company. Zanik then served as a sports agent for basketball clients at ASM Sports (2003-13), assistant general manager of the Utah Jazz (2013-16), assistant general manager of the Milwaukee Bucks (2016-17) under GM John Hammond, and assistant general manager (again) for the Utah Jazz (2017-19) which had remained vacant during the span of Zanik’s absence. Utah Jazz In his first year back with the Utah Jazz, Zanik worked alongside GM Dennis Lindsey and assistant GM David Morway to add key players such as Royce O'Neale and Georges Niang. In the summer of 2019, Zanik was involved in the signing of Bojan Bogdanović and trading for Mike Conley. Zanik told Bogdanovic, “Your toughness, your ability to space the floor, contribute to the group…all the little things that you did in Indiana last year, especially after being able to carry the team the last three or four months really made an impression on us.” On May 10, 2019, Justin Zanik was named new GM for the Utah Jazz, taking over the vacancy left by Dennis Lindsey who was promoted to EVP of basketball operations. Zanik helps facilitate contract negotiations, manage salary caps and oversee scouting of prospects, as well as other responsibilities. Zanik brought in chef Anthony Zamora, one of three registered dietitians working for an NBA team, to the Zions Bank Basketball Campus training facility giving personalized meal plans upon request. Family and medical issues Shortly before the Jazz opened their 2023–24 training camp, Zanik's wife Gina urged him to schedule a physical, noticing that he felt more tired than usual. He had not had an examination in eight years. He scheduled his physical with the Jazz's team doctor for September 28, and on his 49th birthday on October 1, the doctor told him he was in kidney failure, with only 14% of his normal kidney function remaining. Zanik was diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease (PKD), a condition that runs in his family; his father received a kidney transplant as a result of the disease in 2003. After a wide search for a living donor, the husband of Gina's childhood best friend proved to be a match, and Zanik's transplant surgery is set for April 2, 2024. He and Gina\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Zanik\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50972944\",\n \"text\": \"The 49th Anniversary of Lucha Libre in Estado de México was celebrated by a major professional wrestling show produced and scripted by the Mexican lucha libre promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; sometimes referred to as Grupo Internacional Revolución in Mexico) and took place on December 4, 2011 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico (Estado de México). The event commemorated the sport of lucha libre becoming allowed in the State of Mexico, with the first lucha libre show held in the state taking place in December 1962. Over the years IWRG has on occasion celebrated the anniversary, although not consistently holding an anniversary show every year. The main event was a special best two-out-of-three-falls eight-man tag team match between a team that represented wrestlers who used to work for the Universal Wrestling Association (UWA) and a team of wrestlers that all used to work for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) at one point. Team \\\"UWA\\\" (Canek, El Brazo, Head Hunter A and Negro Navarro) defeated Team \\\"CMLL\\\" (Lizmark Jr., Rayman, Rayo de Jalisco Jr. and El Texano Jr.) two falls to one. The show featured four additional matches. Production Background The history of lucha libre, or professional wrestling in Mexico goes all the way back to the early 1900s where individual promoters would hold shows on a local basis in various Mexican states. In 1933 Salvador Lutteroth created Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL; Spanish for \\\"Mexican Wrestling Enterprise\\\") and in subsequent years took EMLL to a national level. In the 1930s and 1940s various Mexican states (as well as Mexico City, which is a federal district and not part of any state) began to create lucha libre commissions, often as an extension of the existing boxing commissions, responsible for overview of lucha libre in each state, licensing wrestlers and ensuring the rules were being enforced. In the State of Mexico lucha libre was not officially sanctioned until late 1962, with the first lucha libre show in the state held in December 1962. The Mexican wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; sometimes referred to as Grupo Internacional Revolución in Spanish) has on occasion held a major show in December to commemorate the \\\"birth\\\" of Lucha Libre in its home state. It is unclear exactly when IWRG started to mark the Anniversary; records confirm that they held a show to commemorate the event starting in 2010 commemorating the 48th Anniversary of Lucha Libre in Estado de Mexico, possibly prior to that. The 2011 show was for the 49th anniversary and was held on December 4, 2011 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico where IWRG holds almost all of its major shows. Storylines The event featured five professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the \\\"bad guys\\\") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the \\\"good guy\\\" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated\",\n \"title\": \"49th Anniversary of Lucha Libre in Estado de México\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60338331\",\n \"text\": \"The 49th Coast Artillery Regiment was a Coast Artillery Corps regiment in the Regular Army. It was mobilized in World War I, with the searchlight battery mobilized in World War II. World War I The 49th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps) (CAC) was organized in July 1918 at Camp Eustis, Virginia, commanded by Colonel Le Vert Coleman. The regiment was one of a number of US Army coast artillery units organized to operate heavy field artillery and railway artillery on the Western Front. It moved to Brest, France, via the Newport News port of embarkation in October 1918 on the French transport SS Lutetia, accompanied by the 38th Artillery Brigade (CAC) headquarters. Upon arrival, the regiment moved from Brest to Operations & Training Center No. 4 at Angers, France. The regiment was slated to be armed with 24 British-designed, American-made 8-inch M1917 howitzers, but did not commence training, see action, or receive guns before the war ended. It returned to the US on the troop transport USS Panaman, arriving at Camp Merritt, New Jersey, in March 1919, and demobilized that month at Camp Grant, Illinois. An American Legion memorial with a retrospective on Captain Samuel H. Bradbury, Jr., an officer of the regiment who died of influenza in transit to France, mentions that he was an uncle of science fiction author Ray Bradbury, though Samuel died before Ray was born. Captain Bradbury is interred at the Oise-Aisne American Cemetery near Fère-en-Tardenois, France. The memorial was probably placed by the American Legion Homer Dahringer Post 281 in Waukegan, Illinois, birthplace of both Bradburys. World War II During World War II, the regiment was re-constituted on 28 April 1942 as an inactive regiment in the Army of the United States. Battery G (searchlight) activated 1 May 1942 at Fort MacArthur, California, in the Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles. No other components were activated. One source states the unit served in the northern Solomon Islands campaign but has no specific locations or dates. The 49th moved to Camp Barkeley, Texas, on 28 April 1944 and inactivated there on 8 May 1944. Campaign streamers World War II Northern Solomons See also United States Army Coast Artillery Corps References Bibliography Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950, Coast Defense Journal, vol. 23, issue 2 (Regular Army regiments) Coast artillery regiments of the United States Army Military units and formations established in 1918 Military units and formations disestablished in 1919 Military units and formations established in 1942 1942 establishments in the United States Military units and formations disestablished in 1944 1918 establishments in Virginia\",\n \"title\": \"49th Coast Artillery (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3364879\",\n \"text\": \"The Second Battle of Canton () was fought between British and Chinese forces in Canton (Guangzhou), Guangdong province, China, in May 1841 during the First Opium War. Background Canton was the only port in China open to foreign countries, mostly European, for trade under the Canton System. In the early stages of this commerce the demand in foreign countries for commodities including tea, silk and porcelain greatly outweighed Chinese needs for foreign products, and thus a significant trade imbalance developed. This unequal situation ended in the late 18th century when opium was shipped into China from plantations in India owned by the British East India Company. The number of people using the drug in China grew rapidly, to the point that the trade imbalance shifted in the foreign countries' favor. In 1839 matters came to a head when Chinese official Lin Zexu tried to end the opium trade altogether by destroying a large amount of opium in Canton, thereby triggering the First Opium War. In response to Zexu's actions, in January 1841 the Royal Navy bombarded Chinese positions near Canton and landed troops ashore in several locations. Local officials surrendered and signed peace treaties with the British. When they brought these peace treaties to Beijing they were punished for their failures. The Qing dynasty government refused to acknowledge the treaties, nor did they acknowledge any Chinese territory had been lost. Instead, they sent in more troops to drive back the British. Battle On May21 Chinese forces attempted a night ambush on British positions in the hills to the north of Canton but were repelled. By 2:00am on the 24th a contingent of naval and land units under Maj. Gen. Hugh Gough assembled, ready to attack the city. The right column, towed by the steamer Atlanta, comprised around 330 men of the 26th Cameronian, Madras Artillery and an officer of the Engineers. They were to attack and hold the factories with support from the men-of-war anchored on the Canton River. The left column towed by Nemesis consisted of more than 700 troops drawn from regiments that included the 49th Foot, 27th Madras Infantry and Bengal Volunteers along with 380 Royal Marines. The right column reached its objective by 5:00pm under Maj. Pratt of the 26th Cameronians, who held his men ready for defensive or offensive action. The large number of troop-carrying vessels under tow by Nemesis slowed her progress and she did not reach the bank next to the village of Tsing-Hae, some five miles up river, until dusk. Gough landed with the 49th Foot and carried out reconnaissance while other troops unloaded artillery from the ships. In his official report he later noted, \\\"The heights to the north of Canton were crowned by four strong forts and the city walls, which run over the southern extremity of these heights, appeared to be about three miles and a half distant.\\\" At 3:00 and already under bombardment from the two Western forts, British troops set up a rocket battery, two 5 mortars,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Canton (May 1841)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74271404\",\n \"text\": \"MacArthur Playground, officially named General Douglas MacArthur Memorial Park, is a public park in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, New York, United States. The park is located on the east end of the block bounded by First Avenue, General Douglas MacArthur Plaza, and East 48th and 49th streets, immediately to the north of the Headquarters of the United Nations. The park and plaza, the latter of which is a north–south street that runs for a single block between the playground and the FDR Drive, were named after Douglas MacArthur in October 1964. The park was donated to the city by Alcoa Plaza Associates, the developer of the adjacent mixed-use building at 860-870 United Nations Plaza. History Redevelopment of site In the late 1950s, Joseph I. Lubin planned to construct two apartment buildings on the block bounded by First Avenue, the FDR Drive, and East 48th and 49th streets. At that time, most of the block—including the current site of MacArthur Playground—was occupied by a parking lot. To improve vehicular access to the planned development, Lubin proposed constructing a bridge from the top of the retaining wall at the south end of Beekman Place across East 49th Street to an elevated plaza located between the apartment buildings. The proposed bridge was met by strong opposition from local residents, who did not want more traffic drawn to Beekman Place, a narrow two-block-long street. The New York City Planning Commission also did not support the proposal because the bridge would only serve a private interest. The application for the bridge was withdrawn by Lubin in February 1958. Lubin later sold the property to Webb & Knapp, which announced plans to develop the site with a mixed-use building that would provide office space designed for United Nations delegations along with residential units on the top floors, with the first choices for apartments going to diplomats. As part of the plans for the building, the developer would give the city a third of an acre at the end of the block for park uses. The new plans for the site also met opposition from local residents, who questioned the scale of the proposed 37-story tower and that a requested change to the zoning would only benefit the developer. In 1961, the plans for the building were revised from a single tower to shorter twin towers to appease residents living near Beekman Place. Local residents and neighborhood associations still expressed concerns over the amount of traffic that the project would generate and requested that the City Planning Commission instead rezone the block from commercial to residential so that the existing apartment building at the southeast corner of First Avenue and East 49th Street could remain and the rest of the block could be redeveloped as a park with an underground parking garage. However, construction of the new buildings began in June 1963. The development was sponsored by the Alcoa Plaza Associates, a joint venture that included the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) as a partner.\",\n \"title\": \"MacArthur Playground\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13653210\",\n \"text\": \"Under the U.S. tax code, businesses expenditures can be deducted from the total taxable income when filing income taxes if a taxpayer can show the funds were used for business-related activities, not personal or capital expenses (i.e., long-term, tangible assets, such as property). Capital expenditures either create cost basis or add to a preexisting cost basis and cannot be deducted in the year the taxpayer pays or incurs the expenditure. In terms of its accounting treatment, an expense is recorded immediately and impacts directly the income statement of the company, reducing its net profit. In contrast, a capital expenditure is capitalized, recorded as an asset and depreciated over time. Four ways costs can be capital expenditures The Internal Revenue Code, Treasury Regulations (including new regulations proposed in 2006), and case law set forth a series of guidelines that help to distinguish expenses from capital expenditures, although in reality distinguishing between these two types of costs can be extremely difficult. In general, four types of costs related to tangible property must be capitalized: 1. Costs that produce a benefit that will last substantially beyond the end of the taxable year. 2. New assets that have a useful life substantially beyond one year. For example, in Commissioner v. Idaho Power Co., the taxpayer used its own equipment to construct and improve various facilities that it owned. The taxpayer sought to have the depreciation of the construction equipment treated as a deduction. The Court held that because the equipment was used to invest in a capital asset – the new and improved facilities – the costs had to be treated as capital expenditures. 3. Improvements that prolong the life of the property, restore property to a “like-new” condition, or add value to the property. For example, in Fedex Corp. v. United States, the taxpayer performed repairs upon jet engines by removing them from the airplane and then having parts replaced. The taxpayer argued that these expenses were deductible, but the IRS stated that the costs should be capitalized. The court held that the inspection and replacement costs could be deducted because the improvements did not add to the value and did not prolong the life of the airplanes as a whole. In Midland Empire Packing Co. v. Commissioner, the taxpayer added a concrete lining to its basement floor to prevent oil from seeping into where the taxpayer stored meat. The taxpayer argued that the costs of installation were deductible and the tax court agreed. The costs of installation only permitted the taxpayer to continue the plant’s operation. The expenses did not add to the value of the business or permit the taxpayer to make new uses of the basement. 4. Adaptations that permit the property to be used for a new or different purpose. In contrast to Midland Empire Packing Co., in Mt. Morris Drive-In Theatre Co. v. Commissioner, under threat of litigation, the taxpayer was forced to create a new drainage system to prevent run-off rainwater from flooding his neighbor's farm. The\",\n \"title\": \"Expenses versus capital expenditures\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25060195\",\n \"text\": \"Andrew C. Russo (born October 22, 1975) is an American pianist. Russo was born in Syracuse, New York, and studied music in New York City and Europe. He started a nonprofit youth educational foundation in New York at the age of 25 and recorded albums in the 2000s. In 2005, Russo became director of music at Le Moyne College, where he works as an artist in residence. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for the 49th New York State Senate district in the 2010 state election. Early life and career Russo was born to a father of the same name who played baseball as a catcher for the Philadelphia Phillies. He is a native of Syracuse, New York, and graduated from Fayetteville-Manlius High School in 1993. Russo received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the Juilliard School in New York City and did post-graduate study in France and Germany. He participated in the Gina Bachauer International Piano Competition in 1998, returned to New York at the age of 25, and created Music Journeys Inc., a nonprofit youth educational foundation. Russo played in the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition in 2001, and released Voice of the Whale, an album of songs by composer George Crumb, for the British label Black Box Records in 2002. Subsequent albums for Black Box, Corigliano: Violin Sonata; Etude Fantasy; Fantasia on an Ostinato; Chiaroscuro (2006), Aaron Jay Kernis: 100 Greatest Dance Hits (2007), Paul Schoenfield: Four Parables; Four Souvenirs; Café Music (2007), and Mix Tape (2008) received positive reviews by Allmusic. Russo's 2007 album Dirty Little Secret for Endeavour Classics was favorably reviewed by Allmusic and The New York Times. Politics In November 2009, Russo announced his candidacy for the 49th New York State Senate district as a Republican in the 2010 state election. He had become a registered Republican on June 24, 2009 and was previously registered as a Democrat from 1995 to 2006, when he changed his registration to independent. The 49th Senate district is represented since 2005 by Democrat David Valesky. Russo named as his goals the implementation of term limits, the reduction of taxes, a spending freeze, and the removal of discretionary spending by individual senators. Russo attacked Valesky over his support for same-sex marriage and for \\\"broken promises\\\", \\\"painful tax hikes\\\", and \\\"failed leadership\\\". In December 2009, The Post-Standard reported that Russo had rarely voted since registering in 2001. Russo maintained he had voted in 2006 and 2008, and had failed to vote more often because he had lived outside of the country. Michael Long, chairman of the Conservative Party of New York State, stated on March 3, 2010, that Russo would be the Conservative Party candidate over of his Republican contender, East Syracuse mayor Danny Liedka. In May 2010, the Senate Republican Campaign Committee endorsed Russo over Liedka for the primary election. Russo won the primary election on September 14 and became the Republican and Conservative candidate. Russo sought to run on the Taxpayers Party of New York ballot line\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Russo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"716209\",\n \"text\": \"The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves, also known as the London Convention, Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, is an international treaty signed in 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom. This treaty resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations. The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district New Caledonia. The two nations agreed to a boundary line involving the 49th parallel north, in part because a straight-line boundary would be easier to survey than the pre-existing boundaries based on watersheds. The treaty marked both the United Kingdom's last permanent major loss of territory in what is now the Continental United States and the United States' first permanent significant cession of North American territory to a foreign power, the second being the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842. The British ceded all of Rupert's Land south of the 49th parallel and east of the Continental Divide, including all of the Red River Colony south of that latitude, while the United States ceded the northernmost edge of the Missouri Territory north of the 49th parallel. Provisions The treaty name is variously cited as \\\"Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves\\\", \\\"Convention of Commerce (Fisheries, Boundary and the Restoration of Slaves)\\\", and \\\"Convention of Commerce between His Majesty and the United States of America\\\". Article I secured fishing rights along Newfoundland and Labrador for the US. Article II set the boundary between British North America and the United States along \\\"a line drawn from the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods, [due south, then] along the 49th parallel of north latitude...\\\" to the \\\"Stony Mountains\\\" (now known as the Rocky Mountains). Britain ceded all territory south of the 49th parallel, including portions of the Red River Colony and Rupert's Land (comprising parts of the present states of Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota). The United States ceded the portion of the Louisiana Purchase lying north of the 49th parallel (the northernmost portion of the Mississippi River watershed, including those parts of the Milk River, Poplar River, and Big Muddy Creek watersheds in modern-day Alberta and Saskatchewan). The article settled a boundary dispute caused by ignorance of actual geography in the boundary agreed to in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolutionary War. The earlier treaty had placed the boundary between the United States and British North America along a line extending westward from the Lake of the Woods to the Mississippi River. The parties did not realize that the river did not extend that far north and so such a line would never meet the river. In fixing the problem, the 1818 treaty created a pene-enclave of the United States, the Northwest Angle, the small section of the present state of Minnesota\",\n \"title\": \"Treaty of 1818\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22269858\",\n \"text\": \"The 141st Infantry Regiment (\\\"1st Texas Infantry\\\") is an infantry regiment in the United States Army. The lineage of the 141st includes units tracing origins to the Texas Revolution, such as Company A, First Texas, 1836, and other infantry companies of the First Texas formed in the 1870s and 1880s. History World War II On 24 October 1944, the 1st Battalion, 141st Infantry Regiment of the 36th Division was given the assignment to clear a ridge deep in the Vosges but was then cut off by the Germans. Flanking units had received an order to withdraw, but that order failed to reach the 1st Battalion. The other two battalions of the 141st were unable to break through. The 100th Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team, composed primarily of Japanese-Americans, was ordered to relieve the Lost Battalion. More men were lost in the 442nd during the rescue operation than there were to save in the 1st Battalion of the 141st. Postwar years In 1973 the 49th Armored Division was reactivated, with the first and third battalions of the 141st Infantry (mechanized) assigned to the 1st Brigade. The 2/141 was mechanized and assigned to the 3d Brigade of the 49th Armored Division. By 1979, all three battalions of the 141st were assigned to the 1st Brigade, 49th Armored Division. In 1984, the 1/141 and 2/141 continued to be assigned to the 49th Armored, and 3d/141st was assigned to Texas National Guard Troop Command. In 1995, 2/141 was demobilized and the 3/141 was assigned to the 36th Brigade of the 49th Armored Division. As part of the 2004 reorganization of the 49th Armored Division into the 36th Infantry Division the 141st Infantry is now part of the latter division as part of the 72nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Lineage Constituted 18 February 1823 in the Mexican National Militia as the Texas Regiment Organized 22 June 1824 as the Austin Colony Battalion of Militia with headquarters at San Felipe de Austin to consist of the following companies: 1st Company, Captain Andrew Robinson 2d Company, Captain Horatio Chriesman 3d Company, Captain Randal Jones 4th Company, Captain Jesse Burnam 5th Company, Captain Amos Rawls. Reorganized and redesignated 23 June 1828 as the Austin Battalion, Coahuila y Texas Militia Reorganized and redesignated 5 October 1832 as the 2d Battalion, Militia of the Municipality Regiment Reorganized and redesignated 6 December 1836 as the Harrisburg County Regiment. (Republic of Texas annexed to the United States 29 December 1845) Harrisburg County Regiment reorganized 21 April 1846 and assigned to the 2d Brigade, 3d Division, Texas Militia Mustered into Federal service 4–7 July 1846 at Galveston, Texas as Companies C and E, 1st Texas Foot Riflemen; mustered out of Federal service 24 August 1846 in Mexico Reorganized and redesignated 14 February 1860 as the 16th (Harris) Brigade, Texas State Troops The following companies of the 16th Brigade reorganized and mustered into state service February 1861-June 1862: San Jacinto Guards Confederate Guards Bayland Guards Confederate Greys Palmer Guards Bayou City Guards Turner Rifles\",\n \"title\": \"141st Infantry Regiment (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23456530\",\n \"text\": \"49th Regiment or 49th Infantry Regiment may refer to: 49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment, a unit of the Polish Army 49th (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot, a unit of the British Army 49th Royal Tank Regiment, a unit of the British Army 49th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, a unit of the Canadian Army The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, a unit of the Canadian Army 49th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), a unit of the US Army 49th Infantry Regiment (United States), a unit of the US Army 49th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry, a unit of the East India Company's Bengal Army American Civil War regiments Union (Northern) Army 49th Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Mounted Infantry 49th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment 49th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment 49th Indiana Infantry Regiment 49th New York Volunteer Infantry 49th Ohio Infantry 49th Pennsylvania Infantry Confederate (Southern) Army 49th North Carolina Infantry 49th Virginia Infantry See also 49th Division (disambiguation) 49th Brigade (disambiguation) 49th Squadron (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"49th Regiment\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3090720\",\n \"text\": \"49th Street station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Philadelphia. It is located at 1104 South 49th Street in the Kingsessing section of Southwest Philadelphia, and serves the Media/Wawa Line. In 2013, this station saw 62 boardings and 52 alightings on an average weekday. The station is a sheltered shed that sits on one platform; the other platform has a ramp to the Chester Avenue bridge. The station is handicapped-accessible. Chester Avenue carries the SEPTA Route 13 trolley, which is part of the Subway-Surface Trolley system. The trolleys use an alternate track embedded in 49th Street when the tunnels are closed. 49th Street station is also served by SEPTA bus route 64 which serves 50th and Parkside Avenue going north and Pier 70 Shopping Plaza going south. The Media/Wawa line was originally the main line of the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad, laid in 1852-53. There has been a station at this location since at least 1886, when the line was owned by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. Station layout 49th Street has two low-level side platforms. References External links Chester Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View SEPTA Regional Rail stations Stations on the West Chester Line Railway stations in Philadelphia Former Pennsylvania Railroad stations Railway stations in the United States opened in 1886 Kingsessing, Philadelphia\",\n \"title\": \"49th Street station (SEPTA Regional Rail)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19681733\",\n \"text\": \"The Charles Scribner's Sons Building, also known as 597 Fifth Avenue, is a commercial structure in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, on Fifth Avenue between 48th and 49th Streets. Designed by Ernest Flagg in a Beaux Arts style, it was built from 1912 to 1913 for the Scribner's Bookstore. The Fifth Avenue facade contains a glass-and-iron storefront on its lowest two stories with black and gold decoration. On the third through ninth stories, the facade is subdivided into five limestone bays, while at the tenth story is a mansard roof. Among the facade's details are vertical piers with four medallions containing busts of printers: Benjamin Franklin, William Caxton, Johann Gutenberg, and Aldus Manutius. The interior of the first two stories contains a retail space that initially served as a location of the Scribner's Bookstore. The upper stories contain offices, including some space that was initially used by the Scribner's publishing company. The Charles Scribner's Sons Building was constructed to supersede a previous bookstore at 155 Fifth Avenue. The building was owned by Scribner's until 1984, when it was sold to the Cohen family, which subsequently sold it to the Benetton Group. After the bookstore in the lowest two stories closed in 1989, the building has housed numerous retail shops. A&A Investment Co. bought 597 Fifth Avenue in 2006 and it was sold to Thor Equities in 2011. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 597 Fifth Avenue as an official landmark in 1982 and designated the ground-floor interior as a landmark in 1989. Site The Charles Scribner's Sons Building is at 597 Fifth Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, on the eastern side of the avenue between 49th Street to the north and 48th Street to the south. The land lot covers with a frontage of on Fifth Avenue and a depth of . Nearby buildings include 600 Fifth Avenue to the west, 608 Fifth Avenue to the northwest and Tower 49 to the east. Architecture 597 Fifth Avenue was designed by Ernest Flagg in the Beaux Arts style for the company Charles Scribner's Sons. The building is ten stories tall and is of non-load-bearing construction. It is similar in appearance to the predecessor Scribner's bookstore at 155 Fifth Avenue, which Flagg also designed; both structures have symmetrical limestone facades divided horizontally into multiple sections. Flagg said of 597 Fifth Avenue's design, \\\"I think the building is the best thing I ever did.\\\" The structure was erected by steel contractor George A. Just Co. and masonry contractor John T. Brady & Co., with additional materials from painter William F. Eastberg & Co., wiring contractor Peet & Powers, and plastering contractor H. W. Miller. Facade The facade is largely subdivided into five vertical bays, except at the two lowest stories, which contain a tripartite storefront. The storefront has glazed glass windows, dark ironwork, and brass-colored trim. The center section of the storefront corresponds to three bays in the upper stories. It has a\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Scribner's Sons Building\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74615583\",\n \"text\": \"The Ianca Air Base, or the 49th Air Base, was a Romanian Air Force base located in the town of Ianca in the Brăila County. It was active from 1941 to 2001 and was the first unit equipped with jet fighters in Romania. From July 2022, the airfield is owned by the . History The airfield at Ianca was first established in 1941 when a squadron was deployed there to carry out missions in support of the military actions in Bessarabia. After the war, on 28 March 1951, the 3rd Fighter Aviation Division with the 11th, 12th, and 14th Regiments was created at the airfield. At the same time, Soviet equipment was brought to the base, and command and observation points, hangars airplanes, and barracks, as well as a concrete runway were built. During the same month, the unit was equipped with Yak-23 and Yak-17 jets which were brought in and assembled by Soviet technicians and were tested by Soviet pilots. Later, Romanian pilots began also training, and in less than two weeks, the first pilots performed 6 flights on twin-seat airplanes with Soviet instructors. The first flight on a single seat Yak-23 was done by Major Aurel Răican on 26 June 1951. In July 1953, the 206th Fighter Aviation Regiment initially formed at Deveselu was transferred to Ianca, where it was equipped with the MiG-17PF. It remained at the base until 1958, when it was moved to the Borcea aerodrome. In 1965, the 49th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment was moved from the Alexeni airfield to Ianca. After 1989 The last MiG-15s of the air base were retired in 1990. During the 1990s, the 49th Air Base also retired its IAR 93 aircraft and transferred a number of IAR 99s to 67th Air Base from Craiova. After the transfer, the base received several L-39ZA trainers from Boboc. These airplanes were returned by 1998, and the base remained operating only IAR 99s. Eventually, the base was disbanded, with the IARs being sent to Craiova, and the airfield was used for storage. In 2009, the airfield was taken from the Ministry of Defence by the County Council with plans to build a civilian airport. These plans never materialized, and on 27 July 2022, the administration of the airfield was given to the Romanian Aeroclub. The current plans are to establish a territorial aeroclub at Ianca. First interception mission On the night of 28 October 1952, an unidentified aircraft was detected by radar entering Romanian airspace, and moving towards Brașov. From Ianca, the aircraft continued to be tracked as it passed Bucharest, and headed to Giurgiu towards Bulgaria. Intrigued that the Soviet air units stationed at Otopeni did not react, the leadership from Ianca decided to prepare a Yak-23 to be scrambled to intercept, with Major Dumitru Balaur, commander of the 172nd Jet Fighter Regiment, being chosen for the mission. After reaching Sofia, the target turned left towards Varna, then back towards Romanian airspace. Once it reached Constanța, Major Balaur took off to intercept\",\n \"title\": \"Ianca Air Base\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12171286\",\n \"text\": \"Oregon's Territorial Legislature was a bicameral legislative body created by the United States Congress in 1848 as the legislative branch of the government of the Oregon Territory. The upper chamber Council and lower chamber House of Representatives first met in July 1849; they served as the region's legislative body until Oregon became a state in February 1859, when they were replaced by the bicameral Oregon State Legislature. Ten annual sessions were held, with most starting in December and ending in February. During the sessions the capital of the territory was moved from Oregon City to Salem, then briefly to Corvallis, and back to Salem. Legislation included the creation of new counties, the renaming of old counties, and the authorization to hold the Oregon Constitutional Convention, among other acts. Membership in the Council remained at nine throughout the history of the body, while the House of Representatives membership increased from 17 to as high as 30 due to increases in population. Background The Provisional Government of Oregon was the region's governing body from 1843 until 1849, at the end of the region's joint settlement by Great Britain and the United States. The Provisional Government's legislative body was the unicameral Provisional Legislature of Oregon. In 1846 the United States and Great Britain settled the Oregon Question with the Oregon Treaty. The treaty created a boundary between British North America and the United States west of the Rocky Mountains at the 49th parallel. Two years later on August 14, 1848 the Organic Act was signed into law by President James K. Polk creating the Oregon Territory out of the lands south of the 49th parallel, north of the 42nd parallel (northern boundary of California) and west of the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean. The structural framework for the government came from the Northwest Ordinance, passed in 1787, which created the Northwest Territory. The Territorial Legislature then worked within the legal framework of the Organic Laws of Oregon. These laws were the de facto constitution of the Provisional Government. These laws were determined to be valid by Territorial Governor Joseph Lane when he arrived in the territory in 1849 and effectuated the beginning of United States control and government in Oregon Country. Structure The legislature had two chambers: the larger, lower House of Representatives, and the upper chamber Council. The Council consisted of nine members, apportioned among the territory's counties. The House had about twice as many members, also apportioned by counties. As the population increased and counties added, the number of legislators in the House was expanded. Sessions Though the Oregon Territory was created in August 1848, the territorial government did not arrive and assume power until Joseph Lane arrived on March 2, 1849. The first session of the Legislature convened on July 16, 1849 in Oregon City. Thereafter, regular sessions were held during the winter months of December, January, and February, with special sessions in May 1850 and July 1852. 1849 The first session met from July 16 to September 29 in\",\n \"title\": \"Oregon Territorial Legislature\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39842063\",\n \"text\": \"The 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team is a brigade combat team unit of the Texas Army National Guard, part of the 36th Infantry Division. Early history At the start of World War I the War Department organized two National Guard Cavalry brigades as part of the Army's wartime expansion, and assigned them to relieve Regular Army Cavalry brigades patrolling the Mexico–United States border after the Pancho Villa Expedition. The unit allocated to Texas was fielded as 1st Texas Cavalry Brigade, and commanded by Brigadier General Jacob F. Wolters (namesake of Fort Wolters). The War Department planned to mobilize the brigade for overseas service, but the war ended before training was complete, and soldiers were demobilized in late 1918 and early 1919. The brigade was reorganized as 1st Cavalry Brigade on 23 August 1919, and General Wolters remained in command. The task organization for the brigade also included the 111th Cavalry Regiment in New Mexico. Post-World War I In 1921 the 1st Cavalry Brigade was renamed the 56th Cavalry Brigade and assigned to the 23rd Cavalry Division as part of the Army's post-World War I reorganization of the National Guard. Soldiers of the 56th Cavalry were called out several times to quell civil disturbances, including: the Longview Race Riot of 1919; the Galveston Longshoreman's Strike of 1920; the Mexia and Borger Oil Field Booms of 1922 and 1929; the booms in the East Texas oil fields in 1931 and 1932; and the response following a hurricane in 1932. Wolters commanded troops on state active duty so often that he published a manual on use of the National Guard in reestablishing law and order following riots and natural disasters. In 1929 the 111th Cavalry Regiment was made a separate organization, and the newly organized 124th Cavalry Regiment was added to the 56th Cavalry Brigade, making it a completely Texas National Guard organization. World War II In 1940 the 56th Cavalry Brigade headquarters was federalized for World War II. The 56th was the last cavalry brigade in the United States to have horses, and in 1944 the headquarters was reorganized as the 56th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized). The new unit was demobilized in November, 1945, following the end of World War II. The brigade headquarters and re-organized reconnaissance troop did not deploy overseas or see combat, but the 112th and 124th Cavalry, the regiments previously assigned to the 56th Cavalry Brigade, did serve overseas. Post-World War II The post-World War II reorganization of the National Guard included the creation of several armored divisions, among them the 49th Armored Division in Texas. The 56th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop was reorganized as Headquarters, and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A, 49th Armored Division and stationed in Fort Worth. In October, 1961 the unit was federalized for during the Berlin crisis and trained at Fort Polk and other locations before being demobilized. The headquarters of Combat Command A was reorganized in 1963 and the new unit was designated Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Brigade, 49th Armored Division. In\",\n \"title\": \"56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1959"],"string":"[\n \"1959\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":95,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_57051"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who wrote because by the dave clark five"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"73216294","text":"The Dave Clark Five Play Good Old Rock & Roll (subtitled \"18 Golden Oldies\") is the album by the Dave Clark Five released in 1971, after the band's breakup. It was released by EMI/Starline label and sometimes is classified as a compilation, as most of the tracks were first released on two EPs (in 1969 and 1970). Dave Clark included the album in the band's core collection and remastered and re-released it on Spotify in 2019. Overview This is the band's only album composed entirely of cover versions of well-known American rock and roll songs. The core of the album consists of two popular hit medleys, the top ten hit \"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\" (peaked on the UK chart at No. 7, 1969) and its sequel \"More Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\" (reached No. 34, 1970). Keith Altham called the first part of the album \"a party piece for the hit parade\" in his article in Record Mirror magazine. Singer Mike Smith in the same interview with Altham said, \"Originally the record Good Old Rock and Roll was a Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys hit in America but Dave recognised the potential and when it died a death here we decided to resurrect it.\" The singles had overdubbed applause to simulate a live recording, but the LP version omitted this effect. The album also includes full versions of songs such as \"Raining In My Heart\", \"Lucille\", \"Reelin' and Rockin'\", \"One Night\" and \"Memphis, Tennessee\". All songs were sung by Mike Smith. Release The Good Old Rock & Roll album was initially released by Starline (a label associated with EMI), with a modified gold record on the cover, but with no picture of the band members (on the back of the cover was featured an artistic caricature of Dave Clark). In 1972, a second version of the LP was released on the Music For Pleasure label (an EMI label designed for budget-priced LPs), which already had a photo of the band and a sleeve note by Roger St. Pierre. Pierre wrote that the group added \"something of their own brillant individuality\" to the songs. Although the album was available in countries on almost every continent (e.g., the UK, Germany, France, Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Africa), it was not released in the United States. This was probably because of the failure of the single \"More Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\" (due to the band's decision, the single \"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\" was not released for the US market). Reception In his AllMusic retrospective review of the release, Richie Unterberger wrote, \"Mike Smith does sing everything with commendable commitment, but otherwise these are routine late-'60s hard rock interpretations that don't have much similarity to the mid-'60s Dave Clark Five sound.\" Singer and songwriter John E Vistic called the album one of his favorites and said, \"Every tune on it is epic rock and roll gold.\" Track listing References The Dave Clark Five albums 1971 albums Covers albums","title":"The Dave Clark Five Play Good Old Rock & Roll"},{"docid":"73865239","text":"Dave Clark & Friends is a British album from 1972. It is partly an album by the Dave Clark Five, and partly a solo project by singer Mike Smith and producer Dave Clark. It contains the Dave Clark Five's 1969 UK Top 50 hit \"Put a Little Love in Your Heart\". Overview The album was created to fulfill a contract between Dave Clark and EMI Records after the Dave Clark Five had already broken up. The LP therefore contains five tracks originally released under the band's name (\"Southern Man\", \"Bring It On Home To Me\", \"Paradise\", \"Won't You Be My Lady\", \"Put A Little Love In Your Heart\"). The others were recorded as a studio project with Eric Ford (bass guitar) and Blue Mink band members guitarist Alan Parker and backing vocalist Madeline Bell. All the songs were sung by Mike Smith, who also composed half of the album. Dave Clark is listed as a co-writer of the songs, but it is generally believed that he was only involved in the production side. Although Mike Smith has dodged questions about whether Clark was involved as a writer, he confirmed in 2003 that he was not. The second part of the record contains cover versions of some successful songs such as \"Southern Man\" by Neil Young, \"Bring It On Home To Me\" by Sam Cooke, \"Draggin' the Line\" by Tommy James, \"Signs\" by Five Man Electrical Band and \"(If Paradise Is) Half as Nice\" (under the title \"Paradise\") by Amen Corner. The album was released in the UK, Germany, Japan and New Zealand. The previously released single \"Put A Little Love In Your Heart\" (originally by Jackie DeShannon) reached No. 31 in the UK chart. Along with the UK album \"5 By 5\", this is the only album Dave Clark hasn't released in a remastered collection on Spotify in 2019. Reception In his AllMusic retrospective review of the release, Richie Unterberger wrote, \"There are too many run-of-the-mill covers in the circa 1970 mainstream rock style (...) Some of the other material sounds a little like the harder edge of early-'70s AM radio pop, though not attached to memorable songs.\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – lead guitar Rick Huxley – bass guitar Denis Payton – tenor saxophone, rhythm guitar Additional musician Madeline Bell – backing vocals Alan Parker – guitar Eric Ford – bass guitar References The Dave Clark Five albums 1970 albums","title":"Dave Clark & Friends"},{"docid":"73625301","text":"5 by 5 is the tenth American album by the British band The Dave Clark Five. It was released on 20 February 1967 and contained the Top 50 hit \"Nineteen Days\". The LP reached the Billboard Top 200 and the Cashbox Top 100. The album was only released in the US; the similarly named British album (subtitled \"14 Titles by Dave Clark Five\") did not contain any of the same songs. Overview The album continued the tendency of previous albums to offer a greater variety of musical styles. Genre-wise, it stood between rock and roll (\"Nineteen Days\"), rhythm and blues (\"Something I've Always Wanted\", \"You Don't Want My Loving\", \"Small Talk\"), country (\"Picture Of You\") and good-time music in the vein of The Lovin' Spoonful (\"Sitting Here Baby\"). All songs were composed by the band members, produced by Dave Clark and the album was released in both mono (LN 24236) and stereo (BN 26236). The artwork featured the band members in a black and white photograph remotely reminiscent of the With the Beatles album. 5 by 5 was unavailable for many years before it was remastered and re-released by Dave Clark in 2019 on Spotify. The band also recorded an instrumental song of the same title (\"Five by Five\"), which was used as the finale of the TV special \"Hold On! It's The Dave Clark Five\" in 1968. But the recording was not released until the If Somebody Loves You album. Reception The album reached position 119 in the Billboard magazine chart, but did better in the competing Cashbox chart, reaching number 66. Cashbox magazine wrote, \"The Dave Clark Five serves up a batch of rock efforts. Among the outstanding tracks are Something I've Always Wanted, You Don’t Want My Loving, and Pick Up Your Phone. The always popular quintet should find themselves with yet another hit on their hands with this album, as they perform with distinction once again.\" In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger wrote, \"LP found the quintet playing pretty much in the same style they had been using since their first hit, even though trends were passing them by left and right by this point...\" and praised the track \"You Don't Want My Loving\" as the best song of the album. Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – electric guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley – bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton – tenor saxophone, backing vocals References The Dave Clark Five albums 1967 albums Epic Records albums","title":"5 by 5 (Dave Clark Five album)"},{"docid":"73270535","text":"Satisfied with You is the ninth album released in the US by the British band the Dave Clark Five. It was released on 15 August 1966 and contained three hit songs, \"Look Before You Leap\", \"Please Tell Me Why\" and \"Satisfied with You\". The LP hit the Billboard Top 200 and the Cashbox Top 100. Overview The album contained ten songs and continued the tendency of its predecessor \"Try Too Hard\" to offer a wider collage of styles. It included songs in the rock and roll (\"Good Lovin'\"), country (\"Satisfied with You\") and waltz (\"Please Tell Me Why\") styles, as well as expressive ballads (\"Go On\"). But in fact, it didn't stray from the tried-and-true successful style of the Dave Clark Five and had none of the progressive tendencies of the emerging psychedelic music or anti-war messages. Dave Clark said, \"To me our music was to have fun with, to enjoy – not any message. That’s always been my feeling: it makes you feel good.\" All the songs were composed by members of the band, with the exception of a cover version of the Young Rascals' hit \"Good Lovin'\". Saxophonist Denis Payton wrote four songs, guitarist Lenny Davidson wrote three songs, and singer and organist Mike Smith wrote two. Dave Clark was credited as co-writer on all of the band's songs, although it is often stated that his contribution is more on the production level. Release and reception The album was released on 15 August 1966 by Epic Records only in the United States. It was released in both mono (LN 24212) and stereo (BN 26212) versions. All recordings were produced by Dave Clark himself. The LP reached number 127 on Billboard and number 85 on Cashbox. The singles sold even better. The UK A-side \"Look Before You Leap\" reached number 50 in the UK chart and 101 in Billboard. Better received was the US A-side \"Please Tell Me Why\" (b/w \"Look Before You Leap\"), which became a Top 5 hit in Canada and number 28 in the US. On June 12, 1966, the group presented both songs on the famous Ed Sullivan television show. The title ballad \"Satisfied with You\" scored 32 in Canada and 50 in the US. The album was not reissued for a long time until 2019 when Dave Clark released a remastered version on Spotify. Cashbox magazine wrote, \"The Dave Clark Five should add to their impressive LP record with this swinging set titled after the group’s latest chart item Satisfied With You. The Britishers have added a host of top tracks to the click for a disk that should spur fans to their local retailers. Among the goodies are I Still Need You, Good Lovin’ and Do You Still Love Me.\" AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger praised the band members' still strong songwriting inventiveness, but added that the album still only benefited from the previous certainty of success of the British Invasion type of songs. Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark -","title":"Satisfied with You"},{"docid":"73068210","text":"Try Too Hard is the eighth American album by the English rock band the Dave Clark Five. It was released on 31 May 1966 on the Epic label. It followed the Top 20 hit of the same name. The album reached No. 77 on the Billboard 200 album chart and No. 25 in Cashbox. Background At a time when rival groups such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys were increasingly experimenting with sound in the recording studio, the Dave Clark Five also offered a sonically modern album. It tried to combine rock songs with edgy guitar (\"I Really Love You\", \"It Don't Feel Good\") with sophisticated melodies in different genre styles (\"Looking In\", \"Ever Since You've Been Away\", \"Today\"). Artwork The album cover art shows the band in a Jaguar E-Type owned by Dave Clark. He also appeared with the same car in the Catch Us If You Can movie and the band posing in the car on the cover of the UK soundtrack album from that film. Release and reception The album was released on 31 May 1966 in mono and stereo versions. The electronically re-channeled stereo version makes the whole album sound more psychedelic. But Dave Clark was not happy with the label when he found out since it was originally recorded in true stereo. Try Too Hard album was less successful than its predecessors, being the band's first album not to make the Top 50 Billboard LP Charts, but still hit No. 77. The album has not been released in the UK. In Canada, it was retitled \"At the Scene\" and included a hit single of the same name. Billboard magazine wrote in the official review, \"With the group's recent singles hit featured as the title tune, the album will sell well in the teen market. There are only 10 cuts in the package, but they're all solid, teen-aimed rockers. I Know and I Never Will are outstanding.\" Cashbox magazine wrote, \"Self-penned (that is group penned) tunes, that become big hits, is the forte of the Dave Clark Five and this set typifies that phenomenon. With the lead track being the group’s most recent smash and the other eleven being in that same bag that has long pleased the quintet’s innumerable devotees, this set should be a top-notch sales item.\" In his AllMusic retrospective review of the release, Bruce Eder wrote, \"DC5 would allow their music to evolve. From the crisp piano chords and lean, restrained guitar and sax sound, as well as the upbeat tone of Try Too Hard there was change in the air from the opening seconds of this LP.\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - electric guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - tenor saxophone, backing vocals References The Dave Clark Five albums 1966 albums Epic Records albums","title":"Try Too Hard"},{"docid":"71791162","text":"\"Callow-la-vita\" is a song by British band Raymond Froggatt released as their debut single in April 1968. It was not successful in the UK, but became very successful in the Netherlands. It became more successful after being covered by the Dave Clark Five as \"The Red Balloon\". In an interview in 1972, Raymond Froggatt said that the song \"becoming such a massive hit was one of the worst things that ever happened\", as \"people still haven't forgotten about it. Now when we play colleges the kids still think we'll be doing that kind of stuff\". By 1972, the song had been recorded by sixteen different artists and sold over three million worldwide sales. Charts The Dave Clark Five version The Dave Clark Five's version was released in September 1968 and became a top-ten hit in several territories, including the UK. It was included on the UK album 5 by 5, but was not included on any US album. Background and release Dave Clark first heard \"Callow-la-vita\" on the radio and several weeks later contacted the publishers asking if they expected anything to become of the song, to which they said no. He then said that he wanted to cover the song so long as he could change the title, some of the lyrics and have a different arrangement. The publishers agreed and the Dave Clark Five recorded the song as \"The Red Balloon\". Recorded at Lansdowne Studios, the band were joined by trumpet session musicians, and the brass and saxophone arrangements were done by Les Reed. The lead vocals were by Dave Clark, which was the only Dave Clark Five single to do so. They were intended to be by usual lead singer Mike Smith, but \"he couldn’t get to grips with it\". The song also includes a verse in French, which had to be written down phonetically as Clark didn't speak the language and he later said \"I didn’t know what the hell I was singing about until Top Of The Pops put a translation on screen\". After the single's release, Polydor then re-released Raymond Froggatt's original version with the title \"The Red Balloon\". Reception Reviewing the Dave Clark Five version and the reissue of Raymond Froggatt's version for New Musical Express, Derek Johnson wrote that \"it's an extremely catchy tune, with a lyrical, flowing quality and the Froggatt team treats it with a delicacy and piquancy ideally suited to the subject matter\". Whereas, Johnson wrote that \"Dave Clark's version is entirely different. He has reverted to his big-bash, drum-thumping style of \"Glad All Over\"\", and that it is \"easily the more commercial of the two and the more likely to achieve Chart status\". Personnel Dave Clark – lead vocals, drums Mike Smith – organ, backing vocals Lenny Davidson – guitar, backing vocals Rick Huxley – bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton – sousaphone Stan Roderick – trumpet Bert Ezard – trumpet Eddie Blair – trumpet Charts Other cover versions In November 1968, French singer Marie Laforêt released a","title":"Callow-la-vita"},{"docid":"45682636","text":"Coast to Coast is the fourth US studio album by the English rock band the Dave Clark Five. It is notable for containing two hit singles \"Any Way You Want It\" and \"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\". Other songs from this album were used in the Dave Clark Five film Having a Wild Weekend such as \"I Can't Stand It\" and \"When\". In Canada, it was released as Across Canada with the Dave Clark Five on Capitol Records. Reception In his retrospective review for Allmusic, critic Bruce Eder wrote, \"Coast To Coast opens strong and it gets better, blooming into an amazingly diverse yet consistently powerful record made up entirely of group originals... Had there been an actual rock press in 1964, or if the Dave Clark Five been taken more seriously sooner, Coast To Coast would probably be regarded today as something close to an essential British Invasion record...\" Cash Box said of the single \"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\" that it has \"an interesting cool quality and a good dance rhythm\" and it \"can't miss.\" Track listing Side one \"Any Way You Want It\" (Ron Ryan) – 2:26 \"Give Me Love\" (Also titled as \"I Can't Stop Loving You\") (Dave Clark, Denny Payton) – 1:55 \"I Can't Stand It\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 1:31 \"I'm Left Without You\" (Also titled as \"What Is There To Say\") (Dave Clark, Denny Payton) – 1:45 \"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 1:39 \"Crying Over You\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 2:04 Side two \"Say You Want Me\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 1:42 \"When\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 2:23 \"Don't You Know\" (Dave Clark, Denny Payton) – 1:33 \"To Me\" (Dave Clark, Denny Payton) – 1:39 \"It's Not True\" (Dave Clark, Mike Smith) – 1:59 Personnel Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - guitars, backing and harmony vocals Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - saxophone, backing vocals References The Dave Clark Five albums 1965 albums Epic Records albums","title":"Coast to Coast (Dave Clark Five album)"},{"docid":"32004370","text":"\"Because\" is a song recorded by English rock band The Dave Clark Five from their third studio album American Tour (1964). The song was produced by Adrian Clark, the song was originally the B-side to \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" in the UK. \"Because\" was released as a single in the United States and reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It also charted at number three in both Canada and New Zealand. Julian Lennon released a version of the song which peaked at number 40 on the UK Singles Chart in 1985. Background and release \"Because\" was written with the intention of being the Dave Clark Five's fifth US single, but the band's label, Epic Records, was initially resistant, believing the ballad strayed too far from the hit-making formula that had proven successful with the band's previous upbeat singles. In May 1964, the song was released in the UK as the B-side to \"Can't You See That She's Mine\". Clark insisted that \"Because\" be released as an A-side in the US, and Epic eventually agreed. The single entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number sixty in August, and peaked six weeks later at number three. \"Because\" became the band's fifth US single to sell more than one million copies. In Canada, the song reached number three on RPM magazine's singles chart. Critical reception In a review for the single, Billboard described \"Because\" as a \"warmly romantic ballad ... that should keep [The Dave Clark Five] on the chart.\" Cash Box described it as \"a most attractive shuffle rock-a-cha-cha beat newcomer...that the artists wax in ear-arresting manner.\" Richie Unterberger of AllMusic said the song \"was on about the same melodic level as all but the best of the early Beatles' compositions\". He felt the song showed a more subtle side of the band, contrasting it with the \"stomping hits that were their main diet.\" Unterberger also complimented the track's harmony vocals, and noted the \"beautiful, unusual, and irresistible chord changes\" as well as the \"tender, romantic lyrics\". Other versions The Supremes recorded a version of \"Because\" on the group's A Bit of Liverpool (1964), a tribute album dedicated to music of the British Invasion. Julian Lennon recorded the song for the soundtrack to Dave Clark's musical Time (1986). Released as a single in 1985, Lennon's version reached number 40 on the UK Singles Chart, and number eight on the Belgium Singles Chart. Track listing 7\" Single (US, Canada) Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts References External links 1964 singles The Dave Clark Five songs The Supremes songs Julian Lennon songs Columbia Graphophone Company singles Capitol Records singles Epic Records singles 1964 songs Songs written by Dave Clark (musician)","title":"Because (Dave Clark Five song)"},{"docid":"73886960","text":"5 By 5 (1964–69) is a British album by The Dave Clark Five, released in November 1968. The subtitle of the album was \"14 Titles by Dave Clark Five\". It contains the band's two big hit singles \"The Red Balloon\" and the ballad \"No One Can Break a Heart Like You\". Alongside this, it also included two American hit singles, cover of the Majors soul song \"Just a Little Bit Now\" and \"Please Stay\" originally recorded by American band The Drifters. Overview Although the Dave Clark Five released twelve albums in the United States, this was only their fourth UK album. It had the same title as their tenth US album, yet did not contain any of the same songs. The artwork was a copy of another US LP \"Everybody Knows\" and comes in a textured jacket. The years \"1964–69\" in the album title gave the impression that it was a compilation album, but this was not true. The LP was released on the fifth anniversary of the Dave Clark Five's professionalization, and that's what the timestamp referred to (the record was not released in 1969, but at the end of 1968). Still, the collection symbolically contained two older songs. \"When I Am Alone\" originally released under the shorter title \"When I'm Alone\" on the US album \"Having A Wild Weekend\" (1965) and \"I Still Need You\" from the US album \"Satisfied with You\" (1966). The song \"Just a Little Bit Now\" was recorded in late 1967 and first appeared on the US album \"Everybody Knows\" in January 1968 (under the shortened title \"A Little Bit Now\"). The album was produced by Dave Clark himself. The writing was mostly the work of Mike Smith, Lenny Davidson and Denis Payton. Although Dave Clark was also listed as a co-writer, his creative contribution was only as producer. The album was divided into a faster rockier first side (labeled \"Go!!\" on the cover) and a slower second side (labeled \"Slow!!\"). The song \"No One Can Break a Heart Like You\" was sung by guitarist Lenny Davidson instead of the band's lead singer Mike Smith. The UK top 10 hit \"The Red Balloon\" is a rare case of drummer Dave Clark singing solo (partly in French). This is the only band's album (from the core series) that Dave Clark has not released in a remastered collection on Spotify in 2019. Reception \"5 By 5\" was well received by critics, but although the record followed several hit singles and the Dave Clark Five simultaneously released a new hit \"Live in the Sky\", the LP did not enter the UK charts (which were only published as Top 20 at the time). Melody Maker magazine wrote in the official review, \"Well-produced and highly commercial album which will sell.\" And highlighted the quality of singer Mike Smith. Allen Evans from New Musical Express wrote, \"All the tracks have that organ-drums-guitar crisp sound and the vocals, by various members but mostly Mike Smith on solos. ... A happy piece","title":"5 By 5 (1964–69)"},{"docid":"23778293","text":"\"Bits and Pieces\" is a song by British beat group The Dave Clark Five. The single hit number 2 in the UK and number 4 in the US, as well as being a success in other countries. It was number 2 or 4 in Australia, number 1 in Canada and Ireland, and number 4 in the Netherlands. In Germany, it reached number 20. Lead vocals are sung by Mike Smith, who also co-wrote the song. The song is in antiphonal style, with Mike Smith singing a solo line and the whole group responding. The drums have a very prominent part in the accompaniment. Additionally, some of the song's unique percussion was supplied by builder’s scaffold boards, which two of the band members (reportedly quite intoxicated) stamped on, not always perfectly in time to the music. Robert Christgau, writing in 1969, called the song \"a wonderfully serviceable rock throwaway, raucous and meaningless, perfect for shouting into the night.\" Cash Box described it as \"a hard-hitting rocker that the boys pound out in a steady, heavy beat style.\" The song's distinct stomp-like pattern has been sampled by numerous musicians. The Dave Clark Five performed \"Bits and Pieces\" in an appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show. References 1964 songs 1964 singles Songs written by Mike Smith (Dave Clark Five) Songs written by Dave Clark (musician) The Dave Clark Five songs RPM Top Singles number-one singles Irish Singles Chart number-one singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles Epic Records singles Capitol Records singles","title":"Bits and Pieces (song)"},{"docid":"73437491","text":"Everybody Knows is the twelfth US album by the British band the Dave Clark Five. Released in January 1968 on Epic Records, it contained four hit singles, a rock cover version of the old Bing Crosby hit \"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby\", the band's guitarist Lenny Davidson's song \"Red and Blue\", cover of the Majors soul song \"A Little Bit Now\", and the UK chartbuster \"Everybody Knows\". It is the band's last American album and the first not to enter the Billboard Top 200 chart. Overview The album combined modern musical trends of soul and rock and roll (\"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby\", \"Concentration Baby\", \"A Little Bit Now\"), powerful ballads (\"Everybody Knows\", \"I'll Do the Best I Can\", \"At the Place\") with a slight influence of psychedelic music (\"Lost in His Dreams\"). LP was produced by Dave Clark himself. Most of the songs were composed by the band members. The album's biggest UK hit \"Everybody Knows\" (written by Barry Mason and Les Reed) was sung by guitarist Lenny Davidson instead of the band's lead singer Mike Smith. LP was released in both mono (LN 24354) and stereo (BN 26354) versions. The artwork featured sepia-toned photographs of the band members, but the author was not credited (they used the same cover for their later UK album 5 By 5). Reception Everybody Knows was the first Dave Clark Five album not to enter the US charts, and the band therefore focused on the UK market, where three more albums followed. The reason for the failure in America may have been the group's declining popularity, noticeable in the success of their singles in the US (the UK smash hit \"Everybody Knows\" remained at No. 43 on Billboard), but also the delayed release, which missed the 1967 Christmas market and wasn't offered until January 1968 (the LP was released in the UK in December 1967). Billboard magazine wrote in the official review, \"There's something old and something new – and they both register. The new is Everybody Knows, with the soft sound not commonly associated with DCF. And in their traditional kick is You Must Have Been A Beautiful Baby. It all adds up to a solid effort, both old and new.\" Cashbox magazine wrote, \"Presently on the charts with the title tune of this LP, the Dave Clark Five should have no difficulty making the charts with the album itself. Rock foot-stompers and ballads make up the bill of fare. One of the grooviest tracks is a swinging, hard-driving updating of You Must Have Been A Beautiful Baby...\" In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger wrote about the songs, \"Some of them saw the group competently, if not excitingly, adapt to trends in late-'60s production with an increased brassiness, as they do on the soul-pop tunes A Little Bit Now and Inside and Out.\" And he concluded the review with the opinion, \"It adds up to an album that has some appeal for serious Dave Clark Five","title":"Everybody Knows (Dave Clark Five album)"},{"docid":"73387752","text":"You Got What It Takes is the eleventh US album by the British band the Dave Clark Five, released on 26 June 1967 by Epic Records. The album contained four successful songs, a cover of Marv Johnson's soul hit \"You Got What It Takes\", the hit single \"I've Got to Have a Reason\" written by the band's guitarist Lenny Davidson and the bubblegum \"Tabatha Twitchit\" written for the band by Les Reed and Barry Mason. The album also features the band's earlier UK top 30 hit \"Thinking of You Baby\". The LP reached the Billboard and Cashbox charts. Overview The album was released at a time when the music world was experimenting with new genres, mainly in the realm of psychedelia. The Dave Clark Five ignored these trends and offered a collection of songs in the traditional vein of their style. They even included three years old 1964 UK hit \"Thinking Of You Baby\", which had not yet been released in the US. They also included a remake of the older Fats Domino's rock and roll hit \"Blueberry Hill\". Still, the LP's cover art had a psychedelic feel, with the band members captured in the artistic concept of a broken mirror. The name of the author of the collage was not mentioned on the cover, the photographs were taken by Bruce Fleming. The following year, the band used identical artwork for their UK album Everybody Knows. Release and reception The album was produced by Dave Clark. Most of the songs were written by members of the band. The horn section consisted of Stan Roderick, Bert Ezzard, and Eddie Blair. Most likely, studio drummer Bobby Graham was also involved in the recording. You Got What It Takes was released in both mono (BN 26312) and stereo (LN 24312) versions. The album reached position 149 in the Billboard magazine chart, but did better in the competing Cashbox chart, reaching number 77. The album was also released in New Zealand and in Canada (with different artwork). It was not released in the UK. Billboard magazine wrote, \"This consistent chart group has another sure-fire chart item in this rockin' disc.\" And alongside the hit singles, it highlighted the songs \"Blueberry Hill\" and \"Let Me Be\". Cashbox magazine wrote, \"The sweet sound of success permeates the disk, and the set should soon gain a foothold on the charts.\" In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger wrote, \"It did mark an improvement over their previous album, Five by Five, and was less formulaic, if hardly bold or startling.\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – electric guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley – bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton – tenor saxophone, backing vocals Additional musician Stan Roderick, Bert Ezzard, Eddie Blair – horn section Bobby Graham – drums (session drummer, not stated on the record sleeve) References The Dave Clark Five albums 1967 albums Epic Records albums","title":"You Got What It Takes (album)"},{"docid":"23778694","text":"A Session with The Dave Clark Five is the UK debut album by the English pop rock band the Dave Clark Five and was released in the United Kingdom in April 1964 on EMI's Columbia Records (see 1964 in music). The album consists of the single \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" along with covers of \"Rumble\" by Link Wray & His Ray Men, \"On Broadway\" by the Drifters, and the Walt Disney song \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\". It peaked at number 3 on the UK Albums Chart. Reception Writing for Beat Instrumental, Dave Gell believes that it is a good representation of Dave Clark and Mike Smith's songwriting talent. He additionally praises the band's musical abilities, particularly noting that Smith is \"well-represented\" on the organ. He also states that the LP's \"overall effect is of a group thoroughly in love with what they're doing\" In a retrospective review published on AllMusic, music critic Bruce Eder wrote \"As the group's first venture in making an LP, it's not as strong as their later efforts, though it does show off their range around the sound that would make them international stars. The lack of the presence of a hit single, however, leaves it weaker than most of the group's American-released LPs.\" Track listing Charts Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals, co-producer Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - lead guitar, backing vocals Rick Huxley - bass, backing vocals Denis Payton - saxes, backing vocals Additional personnel Adrian Kerridge - co-producer Les Reed - musical direction on \"Theme Without a Name\" Bruce Fleming - photography See also The Dave Clark Five discography References 1964 debut albums The Dave Clark Five albums EMI Columbia Records albums","title":"A Session with The Dave Clark Five"},{"docid":"73485037","text":"If Somebody Loves You is the fifth British album by the Dave Clark Five. It was released by EMI (Columbia) in 1970. The album contained four of the group's popular songs, the minor US hit \"Red and Blue\" (Billboard No. 89), and the successful UK singles \"Live in the Sky\" (No. 39), \"Here Comes Summer\" (No. 44), as well as the UK top 10 hit cover version of Chet Powers' \"Everybody Get Together\" (No. 8). A single featuring Mike Smith's ballad \"Julia\" had no success in the UK or the US, but reached No. 2 in Malaysia in August 1970. The album is the first to be released after the band's official breakup and was not available in the US. Overview It is not entirely clear whether all the current band members play on all the recordings. The Dave Clark Five broke up in August 1970 (five months before the release of the album) and an official statement said that, \"the band has ceased to operate as a regular recording unit. But Clark and organist Mike Smith who recently renewed their Columbia recording contract, will continue to record and release material under the group's name.\" It is therefore possible that some of the recordings were made by Dave Clark, Mike Smith and studio musicians. But the truth is that ten of the fourteen songs had already been released on various records before the band broke up (between November 1965 and July 1970). All of the songs were produced by Dave Clark himself and most were written by keyboardist and vocalist Mike Smith or guitarist Lenny Davidson. Guest vocalists included Madeline Bell with a chorus of students from the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama (\"Everybody Get Together\") and Doris Troy (\"If Somebody Loves You\"). Although the band usually avoided political, religious or racial themes in their songs, they made a few exceptions here (\"It Ain't What You Do\", \"How Do You Get To Heaven\", \"Worried Times\"). The song \"I'm On My Own\" was sung by guitarist Lenny Davidson instead of the band's lead singer Mike Smith (and they both shared lead vocals on \"Here Commes Summer\"). Reception Disc and Music Echo magazine wrote in the official review, \"It's probably the best (album) the group has ever done. (...) Title track is excellent and should be released as a single. A splendid album which also features some excellent vocals from Madeline Bell.” The truth is that the song \"If Somebody Loves You\" was released as a single in the United States in 1969, but was not a chart success. Dave Clark remastered the album and re-released it on Spotify in 2019. Record World called the title track \"a big commercial grabber with lots of appeal.\" Track listing First releases of individual songs Although the album was not presented as a compilation, most of the songs had previously been released on UK or US LPs and singles. Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith -","title":"If Somebody Loves You"},{"docid":"73560896","text":"I Like It Like That is the seventh American album by the British band the Dave Clark Five. It was released on 15 November 1965 and was the follow-up to the successful top-ten single of the same name. The LP reached the Billboard and Cashbox charts. Overview The album combined rock songs (\"I Need Love\", \"I Like It Like That\") with catchy rhythmic ballads (\"That's How Long Our Love Will Last\", \"I'll Be Your My Love\") and mid-tempo rockers (\"She's A Loving Girl\", \"You Know You're Lying\"). The LP was produced by Dave Clark and all the songs were written by members of the band (with the exception of the hit \"I Like It Like That\" written by Chris Kenner and Allen Toussaint). Although no one from the band has officially confirmed it, it is widely believed that studio drummer Bobby Graham took part in the recording sessions. The song \"I'm On My Own\" was sung by guitarist Lenny Davidson instead of the band's lead singer Mike Smith. The photo on the album cover art came from the same photo session as a similar image on the cover of their first American album Glad All Over. The sleeve note was written by Myles Eiten, Pop Record Editor of Ingenue magazine. The album was not released in the UK. Canada was the only other country where it was available under the different title \"Over And Over\" and contained a hit single of the same name. \"I Like It Like That\" LP was unavailable for many years before it was remastered and re-released by Dave Clark in 2019 on Spotify. Reception The album was a success for the band and reached No. 32 on the Billboard album chart and No. 41 on Cashbox. Billboard magazine wrote, \"The group offers a program of pulsating rockers mixed with sensitive, tender ballads which insure this hot package of being their seventh hit LP in a row. That's How Long Our Love Will Last is a prime example of the fine ballad performance of the group.\" In a retrospective review published on AllMusic, music critic Bruce Eder wrote, \"The group's sixth American album shows them in somewhat uneven form, delivering the searing I Need Love, with its roaring punk defiance - worthy of Eric Burdon - in addition to the roaring title track, as good a British take on New Orleans-style R&B as there was on the charts in those days.\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – electric guitars, backing vocals (lead on \"I Am On My Own\") Rick Huxley – bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton – tenor saxophone, backing vocals Additional musician Bobby Graham – drums (session drummer, not stated on the record sleeve) References The Dave Clark Five albums 1965 albums Epic Records albums","title":"I Like It Like That (Dave Clark Five album)"},{"docid":"7242817","text":"Michael George Smith (6 December 1943 – 28 February 2008) was an English singer, songwriter and music producer. In the 1960s, Smith was the lead vocalist and keyboard player for the Dave Clark Five. The band was a leading unit in the British Invasion of the United States, and were the Beatles' main British rivals before the emergence of the Rolling Stones. Biography Smith was born in Edmonton, Middlesex (now part of north London), only child of George William Henry Smith, a bus conductor, later interior decorator, and Maudie (née Willis). His parents found he had a natural ability as a pianist that surfaced as early as age five. Smith started lessons in classical piano, and at age 13 passed the entrance exams at Trinity Music College in London. Career Smith first met Dave Clark when they were both members on the same football team for the St. George Boys Club. By his mid-teens, Smith had developed a strong vocal delivery, while idolising Little Richard, among other American rock & roll stars. At age 17, while working for a finance company, Smith was invited by Clark to join his band, which was busy rebuilding itself around the core of Clark and rhythm guitarist (later bassist) Rick Huxley, after having recently lost its lead singer. Dave Clark Five With Smith on vocals, piano or organ (and occasionally playing guitar in later years), the new Dave Clark Five was completed with the additions of saxophonist Denis (Denny) Payton and lead guitarist Lenny Davidson, who was auditioned on Smith's recommendation. Smith made his recording debut, at age 18, with the single \"I Knew It All the Time\" b/w (flip side) \"That's What I Said\" produced by Pye Records in June 1962 and credited to the unknown band The Dave Clark Five featuring Mike Smith. Performed in a style midway between early British beat and the bolder 1960s sounds that were developing, it was a powerful record to be issued while the Beatles were still developing their first recording deal. Due to his role as lead singer, Smith was considered the other star of the band, less visible by name than drummer/founder Clark but still at the centre of the group's sound as lead singer and keyboard player. Smith's singing showed the strong influence of Elvis Presley during the period of \"The Girl of My Best Friend\", \"(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame\", and \"Little Sister\". Due to his lead singing, Mike was very popular around the world on DC5 concert tours, especially in the Philippines. The rock band was so much welcomed at their performance at Smart Araneta Coliseum on 23–26 April 1965. Filipinos loved his rendition of hits Because and Hurting Inside. Smith's rich and raspy baritone voice and keyboards were clearly evident in the band's sound over seven years: during their two major years of success in 1964–1965 and continuing five years after the British Invasion died down in America, until the group disbanded in 1970. Clark & Smith Smith continued","title":"Mike Smith (Dave Clark Five)"},{"docid":"24655435","text":"The Dave Clark Five is a US-only compilation double-album by The Dave Clark Five. The double-LP was released in 1971 three years after the group's last US studio album entitled Everybody Knows. It features 20 studio tracks in true stereo. As all but the group's last three commercial US albums were issued in re-channeled stereo, fifteen tracks make their U.S. true stereo debut in this two-disc package, the exceptions being \"Good Love Is Hard To Find\", \"Sitting Here Baby\", \"Inside and Out\", \"Concentration Baby\" and \"Bernedette\". \"Glad All Over\", \"Can't You See That She's Mine\", \"Try Too Hard\", \"Because\" and \"Come Home\" had made their first true stereo appearances on the 1970 EMI Regal Starline LP The Best Of The Dave Clark Five. Side note: The true stereo mix of \"Try Too Hard\" suffers from speed problems near the end of the song. This occurs on every available true stereo release of the recording. Track listing All tracks written by Dave Clark & Mike Smith except as noted Side one \"Glad All Over\" - 2:43 \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" - 2:22 \"I Need Love\" - 3:39 \"Good Love Is Hard To Find\" - 2:09 \"Try Too Hard\" - 2:10 Side two \"Because\" - 2:23 (Dave Clark) \"'Til The Right One Comes Along\" - 2:15 \"Whenever You're Around\" - 2:59 \"Remember, It's Me\" - 2:23 \"When I'm Alone\" - 2:35 Side three \"Having a Wild Weekend\" - 1:52 \"Sitting Here Baby\" - 2:59 \"Concentration Baby\" - 2:34 \"Please Tell Me Why\" - 1:35 \"Inside and Out\" - 2:51 Side four \"Come Home\" - 2:51 \"I'll Be Yours My Love\" - 2:43 \"Forever and a Day\" - 2:13 \"Bernedette\" - 2:19 \"Hurting Inside\" - 2:41 References 1971 compilation albums The Dave Clark Five albums Epic Records compilation albums","title":"The Dave Clark Five (album)"},{"docid":"45679646","text":"Glad All Over is the American debut studio album of the English rock band the Dave Clark Five. Epic Records released the album on 17 March 1964 in the United States to capitalize on the success of the album's title track, and despite the caption saying \"Featuring Bits and Pieces\", the single did not become a hit until two months later. The album contains some of their hit songs like \"Glad All Over\", \"Bits and Pieces\" and \"Do You Love Me\". In Canada, it was released as Bits and Pieces on Capitol Records. Reception In his AllMusic retrospective review of the release, Richie Unterberger wrote, \"The Dave Clark Five's first album might seem a bit on the meager side outside of the context of the first flush of the British Invasion. At the time, though, it was a pretty exuberant slab o' vinyl that rocked pretty hard for the most part, paced by the three Top 10 singles 'Glad All Over,' 'Do You Love Me,' and 'Bits and Pieces.' And it does have a few decent, though not great, original songs that don't show up on greatest hits compilations: the solid pop/rocker 'I Know You,' the raucous 'Twist and Shout' rip-off 'No Time to Lose,' and the surprisingly savage instrumental 'Chaquita,' an inversion of 'Tequila' with its snaky, growling guitar riffs and dirty sax. There's also some pure filler, like the jazzy instrumental 'Time' and the infantile 'Doo Dah.' It certainly ranks among their best non-greatest-hits albums, which isn't as high a recommendation as it sounds, since the group's LPs weren't that good overall.\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – organ, piano, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley – bass guitar, harmonica, backing vocals Denis Payton – saxophone, backing vocals Bobby Graham - drums References The Dave Clark Five albums 1964 debut albums EMI Columbia Records albums Epic Records albums","title":"Glad All Over (Dave Clark Five album)"},{"docid":"73318989","text":"Having a Wild Weekend is the sixth American album by the British band the Dave Clark Five. It was presented as the soundtrack to the film of the same name, released in the UK as Catch Us If You Can. The album reached the Top 20 on the Billboard and contains the worldwide hit single \"Catch Us If You Can\". Overview The film Having a Wild Weekend was the directorial debut of John Boorman and combined social drama with light-hearted fun in the vein of the Beatles' A Hard Day's Night. Although the album (as well as the UK version) was presented as the soundtrack to the film, only the four songs that actually appeared in the film are included here (\"Having a Wild Weekend\", \"Catch Us If You Can\", \"Sweet Memories\" and \"On The Move\"). The other songs from the film were already released on the band's previous albums. Release The album was produced by Dave Clark and all songs were written by the band members. It was released on 28 June 1965 on the Epic Records label in both mono (LN 24162) and electronic stereo versions (BN 26162). With different artwork but the same title, it was also released in Canada. The sleeve note was written by Myles Eiten of Ingenue magazine. The album cover art featured the band in a scene from the film with actress Barbara Ferris. On the back of the cover was the band captured in costumes of famous people (again from the movie scene). Dave Clark as Groucho Marx, Mike Smith as Jean Harlow, Rick Huxley as Stan Laurel, Denis Payton as Sabu (only Lenny Davidson is dressed as an anonymous \"bathing belle\"). The album was a huge success upon release, returning the group to the Billboard Top 20 (No. 15) and Cashbox (No. 11). The album's pilot single was the song \"Catch Us If You Can\", which became a worldwide hit. Reception Billboard magazine wrote in the official review, \"The rocker New Kind of Love and the swinging Catch Us If You Can have the earmarks of singles hits. Sweet Memories is a beautiful ballad performed instrumentally. A fast chart climber.\" Track listing Songs in the film The British soundtrack was called \"Catch Us If You Can\", but contained mostly different songs than the American album. Here is the actual list of songs used in the film and the albums on which the songs were released. Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - electric guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - tenor saxophone, backing vocals Additional musician Bobby Graham - drums (session drummer, not stated on the record sleeve) References The Dave Clark Five albums 1965 albums Epic Records albums","title":"Having a Wild Weekend (Dave Clark Five album)"},{"docid":"4607239","text":"Catch Us If You Can (U.S. title: Having a Wild Weekend in the U.S.; also known as The Dave Clark Five Runs Wild) is the 1965 feature-film debut of director John Boorman. It was designed as a vehicle for pop band the Dave Clark Five, whose popularity at the time rivalled that of the Beatles, and it is named after their hit song \"Catch Us If You Can\". Plot The five are living together in a London flat. They make breakfast then drive to Smithfield Market, passing multiple advertising posters featuring a girl and the slogan \"Meat for Go\". During the filming of a TV commercial for a \"Meat for Go\" campaign set in London's Smithfield Market, stuntman Steve, disillusioned by the inanity of his job, absconds in an E-type Jaguar (260 EYW, one of the props) with a young actress/model, Dinah. After a visit to Oasis Swimming Pools, an open-air swimming pool in central London, and a scene in and around the Great Conservatory on the grounds of Syon House, they make their way across a wintry southern England toward Burgh Island, off the coast of Devon. Dinah is contemplating buying the island, presumably to escape the pressures of her celebrity as the \"Butcher Girl\" in the TV meat advertising campaign. This act of rebellion is cynically exploited by the advertising executive behind the campaign, Leon Zissell, who dispatches two of his henchmen to pursue the fleeing couple. On their journey, Steve and Dinah first encounter a group of beatniks squatting in MOD-owned buildings on Salisbury Plain (some of this sequence was shot in the evacuated village of Imber), and then, an eccentric, upper-class, middle-aged married couple in the opulent surroundings of the Royal Crescent in Bath, Somerset. Steve also plans to visit his boyhood hero, Louie, whose youth club in London's East End he attended, and who has since relocated to Devon. Having fled the police and Zissell's henchmen after a fancy-dress party in the Roman Baths at Bath, Steve and Dinah (with the rest of Steve's gang and the police in pursuit) make their way toward Devon. Louie recognises Dinah instantly because of her TV celebrity, but fails to recognise Steve and misremembers his name, even after being introduced. Dinah's island also proves to be disappointing; at low tide, it is reachable from the mainland, and Zissell, who is besotted with Dinah, has already arrived. Themes Although they perform the off-screen soundtrack music, the Dave Clark Five (unlike the Beatles in their films) do not portray themselves but appear to be a team of freelance stuntmen/extras led by the saturnine Steve (Dave Clark). Clark had worked as a stuntman on several films, which appears to have provided him with a level of cinematic experience and camera sense rare for a pop artist of the time. The other four members of the band perform under their real first names, but have comparably minor parts. The film is less of a conventional pop vehicle than one dealing with the","title":"Catch Us If You Can (film)"},{"docid":"9443402","text":"\"It's My Life\" is a song written by New York City songwriters Roger Atkins and Carl D'Errico. The song was originally performed by English R&B band The Animals, who released it as a single in October 1965 (see 1965 in music). The song became a hit in several countries and has since been recorded by multiple artists. Animals original D'Errico, who wrote the music, and Atkins, who wrote the lyrics, were professional songwriters associated with the greater Brill Building scene in New York City. By 1965 they were working for Screen Gems Music but had only found minor success at best. \"It's My Life\" was written specifically for The Animals because their producer Mickie Most was soliciting material for the group's next recording sessions. (Other Animals hits to come out of this Brill Building call were \"We Gotta Get Out of This Place\" and \"Don't Bring Me Down.\") \"It's My Life\" has become D'Errico and Atkins' best-known work. The Animals' recording is propelled by a bass guitar riff from Chas Chandler, soon joined by an electric twelve-string guitar riff from Hilton Valentine. In the view of musicologist Walter Everett, the doubled line gives the song its strength. The organ part by Dave Rowberry (Alan Price's replacement) gives the track the sound that distinguishes the Animals from other \"British Invasion\" groups, its darker timbre differing from Mike Smith of the Dave Clark Five, for example. Music writer Dave Marsh has compared the dual part to a rock version of pointillism. James E. Perrone feels the low-pitched, gruff vocal of lead singer Eric Burdon matches lyrics that rhetorically convey Burdon's working class origins in Tyneside, North East England: The song then builds to a musical climax in the chorus, with Burdon complemented by response vocals from Chandler and Rowberry: Songwriter Roger Atkins has said that the lyrics he wrote contained the line \"Sure I'll do wrong, hurt you some time...\", but that Burdon recorded the wrong words: \"Show me I'm wrong, hurt me sometime...\". Atkins said that Burdon's words \"never made any sense to me. Everyone who's recorded it sings the wrong chorus, and sometimes even the wrong lyrics in the verses, too.\" There are two versions of the Animals' recording due to a slight variation of playback speed. The track found on The Best Of The Animals 1987 CD compilation, clocking in at 3:13, is pitched a half-step lower than the one included on the Retrospective CD from 2004, which is trimmed down to 3:08 due to its faster speed. Other than that slight speed/pitch variation and an additional 3 seconds or so of fade-out music on the faster version, the two tracks are exactly the same. \"It's My Life\" was visually premiered on the US television show Hullabaloo in autumn 1965, where the group sang live vocals against canned music on a den-type set that featured attractive young women sticking their heads through holes in the wall, where normally animal heads would be mounted. In Marsh's view, \"It's My Life\"","title":"It's My Life (The Animals song)"},{"docid":"24654934","text":"The History of The Dave Clark Five is a compilation album by The Dave Clark Five, released in 1993. Released at the same time as its UK counterpart Glad All Over Again, it features a different track listing. It spent a week on the Billboard charts in August 1993 at #127. All of the DC5's Top 40 hits are featured (with the exception of \"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby\") as well as classic album tracks, non-LP tracks and UK-only releases. Track listing CD one \"Glad All Over\" \"Bits and Pieces\" \"Do You Love Me\" \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" \"Because\" \"Don't Let Me Down\" \"Any Way You Want It\" \"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\" \"Anytime You Want Love\" \"Thinking of You Baby\" \"Whenever You're Around\" \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" \"Crying Over You\" \"Don't Be Taken In\" \"When\" \"Reelin' and Rockin'\" \"Come Home\" \"Mighty Good Loving\" \"Hurting Inside\" \"Having a Wild Weekend\" \"Till the Right One Comes Along\" (Edited with instrumental break removed) \"Catch Us If You Can\" \"I'll Be Yours (My Love)\" \"I Am on My Own\" \"I Need Love CD two \"Try Too Hard\" \"All Night Long\" \"Look Before You Leap\" \"Please Tell Me Why\" \"Somebody Find a New Love\" (Edited with bass intro removed) \"Satisfied with You\" \"At the Scene\" \"I Miss You\" \"Do You Still Love Me\" \"Nineteen Days\" \"I've Got to Have a Reason\" \"I Like It Like That\" \"Over and Over\" \"You Got What It Takes\" \"Doctor Rhythm\" \"Small Talk\" \"Concentration Baby\" (Single version) \"Everybody Knows\" \"Inside and Out\" \"At the Place\" \"Best Day's Work\" \"Maze of Love\" \"Here Comes Summer\" \"Live in the Sky\" \"Everybody Get Together\" Personnel Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals (except as indicated below) Lenny Davidson - guitars, backing vocals, lead vocals on \"I Am on My Own\" and \"Everybody Knows\" (1967 version) Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - saxophone, harmonica, lead vocals on \"I Miss You\" 1993 compilation albums The Dave Clark Five albums Hollywood Records compilation albums","title":"The History of The Dave Clark Five"},{"docid":"1844949","text":"David or Dave Clark may refer to: Music Dave Clark (Canadian musician), former member of Rheostatics Dave Clark (musician) (born 1939), English drummer who formed and led the Dave Clark Five Dave Clark (promoter) (1909–1995), African-American record promoter and songwriter Politics David Clark, Baron Clark of Windermere (born 1939), British politician Dave Clark (Canadian politician), Progressive Conservative Canadian politician David C. Clark (1926–2015), American politician from the state of Florida David Clark (Utah politician) (born 1953), Republican State Representative for Utah's 74th District David Worth Clark (1902–1955), Democratic U.S. Representative and Senator representing Idaho David Clark (New Zealand politician) (born 1973), Labour MP for Dunedin North since 2011 David Clark (Georgia politician) (born 1986), Republican State Representative for Georgia's 98th District Sports Dave Clark (baseball) (born 1962), baseball player David Clark (cricketer) (1919–2013), English cricketer David Clark (footballer, born 1878), Irish footballer Dave Clark (pole vaulter) (1936–2018), American Olympic athlete David Clark (racing driver) (born 1978), Australian race car driver David Clark (rower) (born 1959), Olympic silver medal winner David Clark (rugby union) (born 1940), former Australian rugby union footballer and current coach Dave Clark (sprinter), Scottish athlete at the 1990 Commonwealth Games Dave Clark (television presenter), presenter on Sky Sports David K. Clark (born 1953), British-born jockey Others Dave Clark, the Midnight comic book superhero David Clark (1816 ship), a convict ship David Clark, 2008 winner of BBC's Mastermind quiz show David Clark (cartoonist), American illustrator David Aaron Clark (1960–2009), pornographic actor and director David B. Clark, American Latter Day Saint leader David D. Clark (born 1944), American Internet pioneer David Delano Clark (1924–1997), American physicist David L. Clark (1864–1939), Pittsburgh businessman and inventor of the Clark bar David Leigh Clark, American paleontologist David Clark (psychiatrist) (1920–2010), British psychiatrist who pioneered therapeutic communities in mental hospitals David M. Clark (born 1954), British psychologist David Worth Clark (1902–1955), educator, media executive and President of Palm Beach Atlantic University See also David Clark Company, a manufacturer of headphones used in professional applications The Dave Clark Five, a musical group David Clarke (disambiguation) Clark, David","title":"David Clark"},{"docid":"1730794","text":"\"Southern Man\" is a song by Canadian-American singer-songwriter Neil Young, from his album After the Gold Rush, released in 1970. An extended live version can be heard on the Crosby Stills Nash & Young album 4 Way Street. Description The lyrics of \"Southern Man\" describe the racism towards blacks in the American South. In the song, Young tells the story of a white man (symbolically the entire white South) and how he mistreated his slaves. Young pleadingly asks when the South will make amends for the fortunes built through slavery when he sings: I saw cotton and I saw black, tall white mansions and little shacks. Southern Man, when will you pay them back? The song also mentions the practice of cross burning referencing the Ku Klux Klan. Young was very sensitive about the song's message of anti-racism and anti-violence. During his 1973 tour, he canceled a show in Oakland, California because a fan was beaten and removed from the stage by a guard while the song was played. Response Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd wrote their song \"Sweet Home Alabama\" in response to \"Southern Man\" and \"Alabama\" from Young's 1972 album Harvest. Young has said that he is a fan of both \"Sweet Home Alabama\" and Ronnie Van Zant, the lead vocalist for Lynyrd Skynyrd. \"They play like they mean it,\" Young said in 1976. \"I'm proud to have my name in a song like theirs.\" Young has also been known to play \"Sweet Home Alabama\" in concert occasionally. To demonstrate this camaraderie, Van Zant frequently wore a Neil Young Tonight's the Night T-shirt while performing \"Sweet Home Alabama\". Crazy Horse bassist Billy Talbot can often be seen reciprocating by wearing a Jack Daniel's-styled Lynyrd Skynyrd T-shirt (including at the Live Rust concert). In his book Waging Heavy Peace: A Hippie Dream, Young stated that Lynyrd Skynyrd wrote \"Sweet Home Alabama\" not in response to \"Southern Man\", but rather to Young's song \"Alabama\". Young noted that Lynyrd Skynyrd's implied criticism was deserved because Young's lyrics on \"Alabama\" were condescending and accusatory. Other versions Merry Clayton's version of the song appeared on her self-titled 1971 album. She later performed backing vocals on \"Sweet Home Alabama\", after some personal conflict. Sylvester and the Hot Band released a funk version of the song as their debut single, from their 1973 self-titled debut album. David Allan Coe covered the song on his 1985 album Unchained. The Dave Clark Five's version was released in 1971 as a single. It also appeared on their Dave Clark & Friends album. Morse Portnoy George included this song in a medley with \"The Needle and the Damage Done\" and \"Cinnamon Girl\" on their album Cover 2 Cover''. References Neil Young songs 1970 songs Songs about racism and xenophobia Southern United States in fiction Songs written by Neil Young Song recordings produced by David Briggs (record producer) Songs about the American South","title":"Southern Man (song)"},{"docid":"68271384","text":"\"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\", also known as \"The Dave Clark Play Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\", is a medley by British band the Dave Clark Five, released as a single in November 1969. It was a top-ten hit in the UK, peaking at number 7 on the Singles Chart in January 1970. Medley The A-side comprises seven songs: \"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\", originally by Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys; \"Sweet Little Sixteen\", originally by Chuck Berry; \"Long Tall Sally\", originally by Little Richard; \"Chantilly Lace\", originally by the Big Bopper; \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On\", best known for the version by Jerry Lee Lewis; \"Blue Suede Shoes\", originally by Carl Perkins; and \"Lucille\", originally by Little Richard. The B-side comprises two songs, \"Reelin' and Rockin'\" and \"Memphis Tennessee\", both originally by Chuck Berry. The single had audience screams dubbed in and the album version of the A-side was over half the time shorter. In the US, a single was also released as \"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\". However, this single is equivalent to the follow-up medley \"More Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\". Reception Reviewing for New Musical Express, Derek Johnson wrote that the single is not the \"official follow-up to \"Put a Little Love in Your Heart\" – but a special 'bonus' release\". He described it as a \"great Christmas party disc for the young-at-heart\", but that it \"would have been better without the dubbed-in audience screams\". Personnel Dave Clark – drums Mike Smith – vocals, piano, organ Lenny Davidson – guitar Rick Huxley – guitar, harmonica Denis Payton – saxophone Charts References 1969 songs 1969 singles The Dave Clark Five songs Columbia Graphophone Company singles","title":"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll"},{"docid":"4857461","text":"\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" is a song composed by Allie Wrubel with lyrics by Ray Gilbert for the Disney 1946 live action and animated movie Song of the South, sung by James Baskett. For \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\", the film won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and was the second Disney song to win this award, after \"When You Wish upon a Star\" from Pinocchio (1940). In 2004, it finished at number 47 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs, a survey of top tunes in American cinema. Disney historian Jim Korkis said the word \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" was reportedly invented by Walt Disney, who was fond of nonsense words such as \"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\" from Cinderella (1950) and \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\" from Mary Poppins (1964). Ken Emerson, author of the book Doo-dah!: Stephen Foster And The Rise Of American Popular Culture, believes that the song is influenced by the chorus of the pre-Civil War folk song \"Zip Coon\", a \"Turkey in the Straw\" variation: \"O Zip a duden duden duden zip a duden day\". Since 2020, Disney has disassociated itself from the song due to the longstanding controversy over racial connotations associated with Song of the South, with the song largely being removed from music loops in the company's theme parks. Notable versions The Walt Disney Company never released a single from the soundtrack. Johnny Mercer & The Pied Pipers had a no. 8 hit with their rendition of the song in December 1946. The flip side of the record was \"Everybody Has a Laughing Place\", from the same movie and by the same composers. As a result, Mercer had to correct listeners who mistakenly assumed that he wrote it. The Modernaires with Paula Kelly - this reached the No. 11 spot in the Billboard charts in 1946. Sammy Kaye & His Orchestra - this also reached the No. 11 spot in the Billboard charts in 1946. The King's Men did a cover of the song during the \"Johnson's Wax 60th Anniversary\" episode of Fibber McGee and Molly. The Dave Clark Five recorded a version, released in 1964 on the albums The Dave Clark Five Return! and A Session with the Dave Clark Five. Louis Armstrong included it on Disney Songs the Satchmo Way (1966). The Jackson 5 recorded their version on Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 (1969). Greg & Steve recorded their version on Playing Favorites (1991). Paula Abdul performed an uplifting rendition of the song as the opening number for the Disney Channel television special For Our Children: The Concert, which aired on February 16, 1993. Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans version Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans, a Phil Spector-produced American rhythm and blues trio from Los Angeles, recorded \"Zip-a-Dee Doo-Dah\" using the Wrecking Crew in late 1962. According to the Beatles' George Harrison: \"When Phil Spector was making 'Zip-A-Dee Doo-Dah', the engineer who's set up the track overloaded the microphone on the guitar player and it became very distorted. Phil Spector said, 'Leave it like that, it's great.' Some years later everyone started","title":"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"},{"docid":"244622","text":"Clark is an English language surname with historical links to England, Scotland, and Ireland, ultimately derived from the Latin clericus meaning \"scribe\", \"secretary\" or a scholar within a religious order, referring to someone who was educated. Clark evolved from \"clerk\". First records of the name are found in 12th-century England. The name has many variants. Clark is the twenty-seventh most common surname in the United Kingdom, including placing fourteenth in Scotland. Clark is also an occasional given name, as in the case of Clark Gable. According to the 1990 United States Census, Clark was the twenty-first most frequently encountered surname, accounting for 0.23% of the population. Disambiguation pages Anne Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Brian Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Cameron Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Charles Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Chris Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Clive Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Colin Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Douglas Clark (disambiguation), multiple people David Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Dick Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Edward Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Eugene Clark (disambiguation), multiple people George Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Gregory Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jack Clark (disambiguation), multiple people James Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jason Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jeff Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jim Clark (disambiguation), multiple people John Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jonathan Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Joseph Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Kate Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Ken Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Kenneth Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Lee Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Mary Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Paul Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Robert Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Ryan Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Sally Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Samuel Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Simon Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Terry Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Thomas Clark (disambiguation), multiple people William Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Arts and literature Alton Dorian Clark (born 1984), better known as American hip-hop musician Dorian Andy Clark (musician), British musician Ann Clarke (born 1944), Canadian artist Annie Erin Clark, better known under her stage name St. Vincent (musician) (born 1982), American singer, songwriter, and musician Appleton P. Clark Jr. (1865–1955), American architect Blake Clark (born 1946), American actor and stand-up comedian Bob Clark (Benjamin \"Bob\" Clark) (1941–2007), an American director Buddy Clark (1911–1949), American singer Catherine Clark (born 1976), Canadian television host Clark (musician) (born 1979), British musician, who is also known as Chris Clark Christian Clark (born 1978), Australian actor Claudine Clark (born 1941), American R&B singer and performer of the 1962 hit record \"Party Lights\" Cora Mildred Maris Clark (1885–1967), New Zealand hockey player and nurse Dave Clark (musician) (born 1939), English drummer of The Dave Clark Five Dorothy Park Clark (1899–1983), American novelist who wrote under the pen name Clark McMeekin Dodie Clark (born 1995), English musician, YouTuber, and author Donté Clark, American poet, actor Ernest Clark (1912–1994), British actor Florence Anderson Clark (1835–1918), American author, newspaper editor, librarian, university dean Guy Clark (1941–2016), American musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer Harriet E. Clark (1850–1945), American teacher and author Helen Taggart Clark (1849–1918), American journalist, poet Hilda Margery Clarke","title":"Clark"},{"docid":"9990837","text":"Dave Clark is a former television presenter from Ilkley, West Yorkshire, England who worked for British television station Sky Sports from 1998 until 2020, where he was the anchorman for boxing and darts coverage. Career Clark was a presenter on Capital Gold radio's football, Olympics and Wimbledon tennis coverage from 1990. He also presented a nightly football phone-in \"Capital Gold Sportstime\" and \"The Dave Clark Show\". He left Capital in 1998 to join Sky Sports News upon its launch. Alongside his presentation on the rolling sports news channel, Sky Sports News, Clark also spent a year hosting the football phone-in You're On Sky Sports. Dave has fronted snooker and pool coverage as well as Soccer Saturday and Soccer AM. Clark began presenting Sky's boxing coverage on a shared basis with Paul Dempsey, until Dempsey left for Setanta Sports. He's been the frontman for several big fights for the likes of David Haye, Amir Khan and Ricky Hatton. Clark replaced Jeff Stelling as darts presenter and covers all of the PDC's major televised tournaments, as well as the Premier League. On 12 July 2020, Dave announced his retirement from Sky Sports live commentating. Fight with Parkinson's Clark was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2011 and has been public about his fight with the disease. His father also suffered from the disease and severe depression connected to the disease. During the 2018 PDC World Darts Championship, in a tweet Ladbrokes Coral uploaded a photo of him and wrote: \"Dave Clark looks like he's caught the whiff of something nasty & wants to murder the person who's caused it ... #LoveTheDarts.\" Clark responded with a screen grab of Ladbrokes' post alongside the message: \"That'll be the chronic degenerative neurological condition that will eventually rob me of the ability to walk, talk and smile @Ladbrokes #parkinsons\".Alan Shearer along with others expressed support for Clark tweeting \"Wow! Two people tweeting. One is a gentleman, who inspires us all. The other a little prat on a keyboard hoping for a cheap laugh. I know who I stand with. You're an inspiration Dave. F**k them. Keep doing yourself and everyone else proud. #parkinsons #hero\". Ladbrokes later deleted the tweet and apologised to Clark. Clark is a Leeds United fan. References External links Dave Clark profile Sky Sports web site. Sky Sports presenters and reporters People from Ilkley Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Boxing commentators Olympic Games broadcasters Tennis commentators Darts people Television personalities from West Yorkshire Professional Darts Corporation Hall of Fame People with Parkinson's disease","title":"Dave Clark (television presenter)"},{"docid":"3704856","text":"\"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye\" is a 1969 song written and recorded by Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo and Dale Frashuer, attributed to a then-fictitious band Steam. It was released under the Mercury subsidiary label Fontana and became a number-one pop single on the Billboard Hot 100 in late 1969, and remained on the charts in early 1970. Original recording Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo and Dale Frashuer wrote a blues shuffle version of the song in the early 1960s when they were members of a doo-wop group from Bridgeport, Connecticut, called the Glenwoods, the Citations, and the Chateaus, of which Leka was the piano player. The group disbanded when Leka talked Frashuer into going into New York City with him to write and possibly produce. In 1969, DeCarlo (using the professional name Garrett Scott) recorded four songs at Mercury Records in New York with Leka as producer. The singles impressed the company's executives, who wanted to issue all of them as A-side singles. In need of a B-side, Leka and DeCarlo resurrected an old song from their days as the Glenwoods, \"Kiss Him Goodbye\", with their old bandmate, Frashuer. With DeCarlo as lead vocalist, they recorded the song in one recording session. Instead of using a full band, Leka played keyboards and had engineer Warren Dewey splice together a drum track from one of DeCarlo's four singles and a conga drum solo by Ange DiGeronimo recorded in Leka's Bridgeport, Connecticut, studio for an entirely different session. \"I said we should put a chorus to it (to make it longer)\", Leka told Fred Bronson in The Billboard Book of Number One Hits. \"I started writing while I was sitting at the piano going 'na, na, na, na, na, na, na, na'... Everything was 'na na' when you didn't have a lyric.\" Gary added \"hey hey\". \"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye\" reached number one in the United States for two weeks, on December 6 and 13, 1969; it was Billboards final multi-week number 1 hit of the 1960s and also peaked at number twenty on the soul chart. In Canada, the song reached number six. By the beginning of the 21st century, sales of \"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye\" had exceeded 6.5 million records, attaining multi-platinum record status. Dave Clark Five version In October of 1973, The Dave Clark Five released the song as a single, credited to Dave Clark & Friends. It did not chart in the US, but was a minor success in the UK, Germany and New Zealand. Bananarama version In February 1983, UK girl group Bananarama released the song as a single from their album Deep Sea Skiving. This version became a top ten hit in the United Kingdom (number 5), but only a minor hit in the US (Billboard number 101) later that year. This was the fifth single released from their first album in 1983. It peaked at number five in the UK singles chart, and number 38 in Australia on","title":"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye"},{"docid":"5063452","text":"\"Rumble\" is an instrumental by American group Link Wray & His Wray Men. Released in the United States on March 31, 1958, as a single (with \"The Swag\" as a B-side), \"Rumble\" utilized the techniques of distortion and tremolo, then largely unexplored in rock and roll. In 2018, the song was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in a new category for singles. In 2008, it was inducted to National Recording Registry by Library of Congress. History At a live gig in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in early 1958, while attempting to work up a backing for The Diamonds' \"The Stroll\", Link Wray & His Ray Men came up with the instrumental \"Rumble\", which they originally called \"Oddball\". It was an instant hit with the audience, which demanded four repeats that night. The host of the sock hop, disc jockey Milt Grant, paid for the song to be recorded and released as a single; in turn, Grant would receive songwriting credit. Eventually the instrumental came to the attention of record producer Archie Bleyer of Cadence Records, who hated it, particularly after Wray poked a pencil through the speaker cone of his amplifier to make the recording sound more like the live version. But Bleyer's stepdaughter loved it, so he released it despite his misgivings. Phil Everly heard it and suggested the title \"Rumble\", as it had a rough sound and said it sounded like a street fight. It was banned in several US radio markets, because the term 'rumble' was a slang term for a gang fight, and it was feared that the piece's harsh sound glorified juvenile delinquency. The record is the only instrumental single ever banned from radio in the United States. Chart performance \"Rumble\" was a hit in the United States, where it climbed to number 16 on the pop charts and number 11 on the R&B chart in the summer of 1958. In Canada the song also reached number 16. Covers and later versions The Dave Clark Five covered it in 1964 on their first album, A Session with The Dave Clark Five; it also appeared on The Dave Clark Five Return!, their second American album. Another recording of the instrumental was released by Wray in 1968 as \"Rumble '68\", and again in 1969 as \"Rumble-69\" (Mr. G Records, G-820). In 2014 jazz guitarist Bill Frisell released a cover of \"Rumble\" on his album Guitar in the Space Age! Influence Bob Dylan once referred to \"Rumble\" as \"the best instrumental ever\", and the piece has remained widely used in various entertainment media. It has been used in movies, documentaries, television shows and elsewhere, including Top Gear, The Warriors (in the deleted opening scene), Pulp Fiction, Screaming Yellow Theater with host Svengoolie, Independence Day, SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One, Blow, the pilot episode of the HBO series The Sopranos, StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty, Riding Giants, Roadracers, and Wild Zero. In the 2008 documentary, It Might Get Loud, featuring guitarists Jimmy Page, The Edge, and","title":"Rumble (instrumental)"},{"docid":"56559670","text":"Weekend in London is the fifth studio album by the English rock band the Dave Clark Five. It contains the single \"Come Home\" and covers of \"Blue Suede Shoes\" by Carl Perkins and \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" by Thurston Harris. The album also features \"Hurting Inside\" and Till the Right One Comes Along\", both of which later appeared on The Dave Clark Five (1971) compilation album. In Canada, it was released as Encores on Capitol Records. Reception In his retrospective review for AllMusic, Greg Adams said the band's own songs on Weekend in London \"vacillate between the pretty Beatlesque pop of 'Your Turn to Cry' and moody rockers similar to early Zombies\" and that as the band released three albums around that time, \"Weekend in London sounds like they were being stretched a little too thin.\" Track listing All tracks written by Dave Clark and Mike Smith, except were noted. Side one \"Come Home\" – 2:49 \"We'll Be Running\" (Dave Clark, Denis Payton) – 1:32 \"Blue Suede Shoes\" (Carl Perkins) – 1:44 \"Hurting Inside\" – 2:37 \"I'll Never Know\" (Dave Clark, Denis Payton) – 1:45 Til the Right One Comes Along\" – 2:11 Side two \"I'm Thinking\" (Dave Clark, Denis Payton) – 1:29 \"Your Turn to Cry\" – 3:12 \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" (Robert James Byrd) – 1:30 \"Remember it's Me\" – 2:19 \"Mighty Good Loving\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 2:40 Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - guitars, backing vocals and harmony vocals Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - saxophone, harmonica, backing vocals Technical Jay Thompson - cover photography Charts References The Dave Clark Five albums 1965 albums Epic Records albums","title":"Weekend in London"},{"docid":"18083698","text":"Get Yourself a College Girl, also released as The Swingin' Set, is a 1964 Metrocolor film comedy in the style of a beach party movie. The plot involves a college student who tries to balance her time writing songs and dealing with her publisher who tries to pursue her. It was directed by Sidney Miller and written by Robert E. Kent, and filmed at Sun Valley, Idaho, United States. Plot Terry Taylor (Mary Ann Mobley) is a senior at conservative Wyndham College for Women (fictitious), and under an assumed name, a successful pop songwriter. After her publisher Gary Underwood (Chad Everett) unknowingly exposes her career, Wyndham's board of trustees—including the college founder's grandson, California State Senator Hubert Morrison (Willard Waterman)—condemns Terry for indecent behavior. To distract herself from a possible expulsion, Terry, her friends Sue Ann Mobley (Chris Noel) and Lynne (Nancy Sinatra), and their physical-education instructor Marge Endicott (Joan O'Brien) travel to Sun Valley, Idaho, for a Christmas-break ski vacation. There, they meet Gary and his artist friend Armand (Fabrizio Mioni); Senator Morrison, who wants to solicit the youth vote; and Lynne's husband. The Dave Clark Five, The Animals, and other musical acts perform in the background as Gary and Armand romance Terry and Sue Ann, respectively, while Lynne and her husband spend the entire vacation in their room. Senator Morrison courts Marge and shows that he is a talented dancer, but an embarrassing newspaper photograph threatens his re-election. The others demonstrate his support among the young by holding a successful telephone poll with musical performances. Cast Mary Ann Mobley as Teresa 'Terry' Taylor Joan O'Brien as teacher Miss Marge Endicott Nancy Sinatra as Lynne Chris Noel as Sue Ann Mobley Chad Everett as Gary Underwood Willard Waterman as Senator Hubert Morrison Fabrizio Mioni as Armand James Millhollin as Gordon Paul Todd as Ray Donnie Brooks as Donnie Hortense Petra as Donna, the Photographer Dorothy Neumann as Miss Martha Stone, Dean of Wyndham College Marti Barris as Secretary Mario Costello as Bellboy Percy Helton as Senator's chauffeur The Standells as Themselves The Dave Clark Five as Themselves Stan Getz as himself Astrud Gilberto as herself Roberta Linn as herself The Bellboys as Themselves The Animals as Themselves The Rhythm Masters as Themselves The Jimmy Smith Trio as Themselves Gary Burton as himself Production The film was known as Watusi A Go-Go, The Swingin' Set and The Go Go Set. Music Sidney Miller and Fred Karger wrote two songs for the film, “The Swingin’ Set,” performed offscreen by Donnie Brooks at the film’s opening, and “Get Yourself a College Girl,” performed in the film by Mary Ann Mobley. Stan Getz with the Stan Getz Quartet back Astrud Gilberto as she performs “The Girl from Ipanema.” The Rhythm Masters perform “Beat Street Rag.” Jimmy Smith with The Jimmy Smith Trio perform “Comin' Home Johnny” and the instrumental \"The Sermon.\" Freddie Bell & Roberta Linn with the Bellboys perform “Talkin' About Love.” The Standells perform “Bony Maronie” and “The Swim.” The Dave","title":"Get Yourself a College Girl"},{"docid":"15681349","text":"\"Can't You See That She's Mine\" is the fourth single released in the United States by the Dave Clark Five. The song was written by Dave Clark and Mike Smith, and was the Dave Clark Five's fourth Gold Record. The B-side \"No Time To Lose\" was taken from the previous Dave Clark Five album \"Glad All Over\". Background The middle four bars start with the lyric \"People talk and try to break us up. Well we know they don't understand\", which is a direct lift from the 1960 Ray Charles song \"Sticks And Stones\". Cash Box described it as a \"sizzling rocker...that should move up the charts in jet -speed fashion..\" Chart performance \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" reached No.4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of 18 July 1964. In the UK, the single rose to No.10 in June 1964. In Canada, the song reached No.5 on the CHUM Charts and No.3 on the RPM charts. References 1964 singles The Dave Clark Five songs 1964 songs Epic Records singles Songs written by Mike Smith (Dave Clark Five)","title":"Can't You See That She's Mine"},{"docid":"5155119","text":"Leslie David Reed (24 July 1935 – 15 April 2019) was an English songwriter, arranger, musician and light-orchestra leader. His major songwriting partners were Gordon Mills, Barry Mason, and Geoff Stephens, although he wrote songs with many others such as Roger Greenaway, Roger Cook, Peter Callander, and Johnny Worth. Reed co-wrote around sixty charting songs, and is best known for \"It's Not Unusual\", \"Delilah\", \"The Last Waltz\" and \"Marching On Together\". His songs gained a number of gold discs and Ivor Novello Awards. Allmusic noted that \"In the mid-1960s, it was unusual for a British singles chart not to list a Les Reed song\". He won the British Academy Gold Badge of Merit in 1982. Early life Reed was born in Woking, Surrey, and grew up there. He was an accomplished musician by the age of 14, playing the piano, accordion and vibraphone. He studied at the London College of Music before joining the Willis Reed Group, with whom he toured for four years. Having been called up for National Service, he played piano and clarinet in the Royal East Kent Military Band. In 1959, he joined The John Barry Seven as their pianist. Songwriting career In the mid-1960s, Reed began a successful songwriting partnership with Geoff Stephens which yielded such hits as \"Tell Me When\", a hit for The Applejacks; \"Here It Comes Again\" for The Fortunes; \"Leave A Little Love\" for Lulu; and \"There's a Kind of Hush\", a 1967 success for Herman's Hermits. During 1964, Reed penned \"It's Not Unusual\" with ex-Viscounts member and Tom Jones' manager Gordon Mills, which was Jones' debut recording and gave him a UK number 1. Reed also arranged the song and played the piano for the recording. Around this time, Reed struck up a songwriting partnership with Barry Mason. They wrote a song for Kathy Kirby, \"I'll Try Not To Cry\", as Britain's entry in 1965 for the Eurovision Song Contest held in Naples. The song was beaten by \"I Belong\". The songwriters had a 1967 hit in \"Everybody Knows\" by The Dave Clark Five—who also recorded a Reed–Mason follow-up—and another success in 1968 with \"Delilah\", again a Top 10 hit for Tom Jones. \"Delilah\" was originally written for P. J. Proby, and later covered by The Sensational Alex Harvey Band in 1975. Reed and Mason also wrote \"The Last Waltz\", which became a million selling UK number one for Engelbert Humperdinck in September 1967. Mason and Reed wrote \"Who's Doctor Who?\", a novelty song recorded by Doctor Who star Frazer Hines in 1967, but it failed to chart. In 1968, the duo scored another UK number 1 hit with Des O'Connor's recording of \"I Pretend\". That same year, \"I've Got My Eyes on You\", written by Reed and Jackie Rae, was recorded by Petula Clark, Ray Conniff, P. J. Proby and The Vogues. Following Petula Clark's original version, Connie Francis recorded \"Kiss Me Goodbye\" on her album Connie Francis Sings the Songs of Les Reed, which featured Reed as producer","title":"Les Reed (songwriter)"},{"docid":"1055144","text":"\"Hang On Sloopy\" (originally \"My Girl Sloopy\") is a 1964 song written by Wes Farrell and Bert Berns. Rhythm and blues vocal group the Vibrations were the first to record the tune in 1964. Atlantic Records released it as a single, which reached No. 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song is associated with Ohio State University and is Ohio's official rock song. The song became standard fare for garage bands and, in 1965, it became one of the first songs recorded by the Yardbirds with guitarist Jeff Beck. A version by the rock group the McCoys was the most successful, when it reached number one in the singles chart. Recordings by additional artists also reached the charts, including versions in Spanish and Portuguese. By one account, the inspiration for the song was Dorothy Sloop, a jazz singer from Steubenville, Ohio, and a student at Ohio University. McCoys version In early 1965, the Strangeloves, a New York City rock band, wanted to make the song the follow-up to their hit single \"I Want Candy\" and began performing it in concert. However, the Dave Clark Five, with whom they were touring, told the Strangeloves that they were going to record their own version when they returned to England, copying the Strangeloves' arrangement. The Strangeloves realized that the Dave Clark Five's cut would likely be a hit, but they were not yet ready to release a new single because they were still enjoying the success of \"I Want Candy\" from a few months earlier. The answer presented itself when a young rock group named Rick and the Raiders opened (and provided backing) for the Strangeloves in July in Dayton, Ohio. The Strangeloves, three writer-producers from Brooklyn, New York City, recruited Rick and the Raiders to record the song under their name. Their 16-year-old leader, Rick Zehringer, was flown to Bell Sound Studios in New York to record his lead vocal over the Strangeloves' already-recorded backing tracks. It was decided to change the name of Rick's group to the McCoys to avoid confusion with another popular band at the time, Paul Revere & the Raiders, and Rick began using the stage name Rick Derringer. The single was issued on Bang Records and entered the chart on August 14, 1965. It reached the top position on October 2. Contrary to the Strangeloves' expectations, the Dave Clark Five version was never even released. Originally written and recorded with three verses, the retitled \"Hang On Sloopy\" was edited down to two verses for the single and resulting Hang On Sloopy album. Record World said that \"Teens will hang on to this new Bang slice, since the rhythmic song about a hard luck girl is riveting.\" The unedited three-verse version, at 3 minutes, 50 seconds, first appeared on the 1970 Bang various artists compilation Bang & Shout Super Hits (BLPS-220), then again on the 1991 Rhino Records various artists compilation Grandson of Frat Rock! Vol. 3 and the 1995 Legacy Recordings compilation Hang On Sloopy:","title":"Hang On Sloopy"},{"docid":"8713880","text":"\"Over and Over\" is a song written by Robert James Byrd and recorded by him using the stage name Bobby Day. Day's version entered the Billboard Hot 100 in 1958, the same week a version of the same song by Thurston Harris entered the chart. Day's version reached #41, and was the B-side to \"Rockin' Robin\". Thurston Harris' version peaked at #96. In the song, the singer describes going to a party with misgivings of having a good time, until he sees a pretty girl. The singer attempts to ask her out, but she is waiting for her date to arrive. He vows to try \"over and over\". Dave Clark Five version In 1965, the most successful version was recorded by the Dave Clark Five, one of the early British Invasion bands of the mid-1960s. This version was sung by lead singer and keyboardist Mike Smith. It followed the group's signature sound of thumping, drum beats accompanied by a wailing saxophone. It omits the final verse of the song. In the US, \"Over and Over\" was the group's 12th Top 40 hit and was their only #1 hit. It was also the last #1 hit of 1965. Despite its success in the United States and the popularity of the group on both sides of the Atlantic, the single only reached number 45 in the band's native United Kingdom. The DC5 also had only one UK number 1, Glad All Over, whilst this was their only US chart-topper. The Dave Clark Five omitted Bobby Day's last verse to the song, while the line \"everybody went stag\" as originally written by Bobby Byrd (Day's real name) was sung as “everybody there was there” on the DC5 version. Cash Box described it as a \"lively, hard-driving rendition\" with \"a danceable, pulsating beat.\" Record World said that \"The Dave Clark Five go to the top over and over, and 'Over and Over' will be no exception.\" Covers In 1981, Mike Love of The Beach Boys covered the song on his solo album Looking Back With Love. Love recorded it again on his 2019 album 12 Sides of Summer. References 1958 songs 1958 singles 1965 singles Bobby Day songs The Dave Clark Five songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Cashbox number-one singles RPM Top Singles number-one singles Songs written by Bobby Day","title":"Over and Over (Bobby Day song)"},{"docid":"2557839","text":"Bobby Graham (born Robert Francis Neate, 11 March 1940 – 14 September 2009) was an English session drummer, composer, arranger and record producer. Shel Talmy, who produced the Kinks, David Bowie and the Who, described Graham as \"the greatest drummer the UK has ever produced.\" In 1962 Graham was offered the drummers position in The Beatles when Pete Best was fired, with Ringo Starr eventually accepting the position. Biography Born at North Middlesex Hospital, Edmonton, North London, England, Graham became a member of the Outlaws and worked with Joe Meek. He left to join work with Joe Brown in 1961. Graham was a part of the British elite session team (comparable to the American \"Wrecking Crew\") made up of artists such as Big Jim Sullivan, Vic Flick and Jimmy Page. Graham played on 13 number one singles, including those by the Dave Clark Five, Engelbert Humperdinck, Peter and Gordon, Jackie Trent, the Kinks, Tom Jones and Dusty Springfield, and appeared on a total of 40 UK top five hits (10 number two hits; 4 number 3 hits; 6 number 4 hits; 7 number five hits; 107 top 50 hits - 1155 days in the charts). In a discography that counts approximately 15,000 titles, he played on hits by John Barry, Shirley Bassey, Joe Cocker, Billy Fury, Herman's Hermits, Benny Hill, Rod Stewart, Dave Berry, Joe Brown and the Bruvvers, Chubby Checker, Petula Clark, Brenda Lee, Lulu, Brian Poole & the Tremeloes, the Pretty Things, PJ Proby, Van Morrison, Them, the Walker Brothers, and Marianne Faithfull. Graham also toured the UK as drummer in his own jazz band. Death On 14 September 2009, Bobby Graham died at the Isabel Hospice in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England after battling stomach cancer for five months. He was 69. Recording credits Graham played on over 15,000 titles, including: \"You Really Got Me\", \"All Day And All Of The Night\" and \"Tired of Waiting For You\" by The Kinks \"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\" by Rod Stewart \"Downtown\" and \"I Know A Place\" by Petula Clark \"Green Green Grass of Home\" by Tom Jones \"Gloria\" and \"Baby Please Don't Go\" by Them (ft. Van Morrison) \"I Only Want to Be with You\" by Dusty Springfield \"I Believe\" by The Bachelors \"Is It True\" by Brenda Lee. Produced by Mickie Most in 1964. \"Glad All Over\" and \"Bits and Pieces\" by The Dave Clark Five Literature Patrick Harrington: The Session Man (Broom House Publishing Ltd., 12 Nov 2004) - References External links Official website 1940 births 2009 deaths Deaths from stomach cancer in England English rock drummers English jazz drummers English male drummers People from Edmonton, London English session musicians The Outlaws (band) members British male jazz musicians 20th-century British male musicians","title":"Bobby Graham (musician)"},{"docid":"23779679","text":"\"Any Way You Want It\" is a single by The Dave Clark Five, from the United States album, Coast to Coast (1964). \"Any Way You Want It\" was written by Dave Clark. It hit number No. 25 in the UK Singles Chart, and No. 14 in the United States. It is notable for its use of echo and reverb made by an Echoplex. \"Any Way You Want It\" was performed on many US variety shows, such as The Ed Sullivan Show and Shindig!. As the song used many production techniques, it had to be lip synched on television performances. Cash Box described it as \"a 'pull-out-all-the-stops' powerhouse that the group pounds out in sales-dynamite fashion.\" Chart performance Cover versions The song was recorded by Kiss on the studio side of their second live album, Alive II (1977). Ramones recorded a studio version, which appears as a bonus track on their album Greatest Hits Live (1996). The song features C.J. Ramone as Joey Ramone's duet partner. It was the last song ever performed by the Ramones. Ramones, featuring Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam as a guest vocalist, performed the song at their last show on August 6, 1996, at The Palace in Los Angeles. This version can be found on the band's last live album We're Outta Here! (1997). Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers include their version of the song on their career-spanning box set, The Live Anthology (2009), appearing on disc three out of four. A-Soma has recorded a version adding words and music of his own to render an alternative interpretation of this song with its ambiguous title (2020). Kiss personnel Paul Stanley – all guitars and bass, lead and backing vocals Peter Criss – drums References 1964 singles Kiss (band) songs The Dave Clark Five songs 1964 songs Songs written by Dave Clark (musician) Columbia Graphophone Company singles","title":"Any Way You Want It (Dave Clark Five song)"},{"docid":"22091752","text":"\"You Got What It Takes\" is a 1959 single by Marv Johnson. In the US it reached number 2 on the Black Singles chart, and number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 early in 1960. In the UK Singles Chart it reached a high of number 7. The original recording of \"You Got What It Takes\" was by Bobby Parker on Vee-Jay 279 in 1958. Parker claims to have written the song, and his name is on the 1958 recording, but later versions credit Berry Gordy, Gwen Gordy, Billy Davis, and sometimes Marv Johnson. Parker told the Forgotten Hits newsletter in 2008: I wrote 'You've Got What It Takes,' that was MY song. Even had the Paul Hucklebuck Williams band playing on it behind me... And then Berry Gordy just stole it out from under me, just put his name on it. And what could I do? I was just trying to make a living, playing guitar and singing, how was I going to go on and fight Berry Gordy, big as he was, and Motown Records? There wasn't really nothing I could do about it - it was just too big and I didn't have any way to fight them... Other notable recordings A contemporary cover version by Johnny Kidd and the Pirates entered the UK charts the same week in 1960 as Marv Johnson's version and reached number 25. A 1967 cover of the song by the Dave Clark Five reached number 7 in the United States and number 28 in the UK. A rock and roll cover by Showaddywaddy reached number 2 in the UK in 1977. References External links List of cover versions of \"You Got What It Takes\" at SecondHandSongs.com 1959 songs 1959 singles 1960 singles 1967 singles 1977 singles Marv Johnson songs Johnny Kidd & the Pirates songs The Dave Clark Five songs Showaddywaddy songs Songs written by Berry Gordy Songs written by Billy Davis (songwriter) Songs written by Gwen Gordy Fuqua Song recordings produced by Berry Gordy United Artists Records singles","title":"You Got What It Takes"},{"docid":"1561855","text":"Robert James Byrd (July 1, 1930 – July 27, 1990), known by the stage name Bobby Day, was an American singer, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, and songwriter. He is best known for his hit record \"Rockin' Robin\", written by Leon René under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. Day also wrote the top-10 Billboard hits \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" (1957, Thurston Harris) and \"Over and Over\" (1965, the Dave Clark Five). Biography Born in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, Day moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 15. His first recording was \"Young Girl\" in 1949 in the R&B group the Hollywood Flames, released in 1950 on the Selective Label. He went several years with minor musical success limited to the West Coast. He recorded under numerous other names: The Jets, The Voices, The Sounds, The Crescendos, and as the original \"Bob\" in the duo Bob & Earl with singer Earl Nelson. As a member of the Flames, he used the stage name Bobby Day. His penned song, \"Buzz Buzz Buzz\" was that outfit's first and biggest success. In 1957, Day formed his own band called the Satellites, following which he recorded three songs that are seen today as rock and roll classics. Day's best known songwriting efforts were \"Over and Over\", later made popular by the Dave Clark Five in 1965, and \"Little Bitty Pretty One\", popularized by Thurston Harris in 1957, Frankie Lymon in 1960, Clyde McPhatter in 1962, and the Jackson Five in 1972. However, Day is most remembered for his 1958 solo recording of the Hot 100 No. 2 hit, \"Rockin' Robin\", written by Leon Rene under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold record. \"Rockin' Robin\" was covered by Bob Luman at Town Hall Party on October 28, 1958, the Hollies in 1964, Gene Vincent in 1969, Michael Jackson in 1972, Lolly in 1999, and by McFly in 2006. In 2012–2013, his uncharted recording, \"Beep-Beep-Beep\", was the musical soundtrack for a Kia Sorento television commercial shown nationwide in the US. Day died of prostate cancer on 27 July 1990, at the age of 60, and is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Discography Albums Rockin' with Robin (1959) The Best of Bobby Day (1984) The Original Rockin' Robin (1987) The Great Bobby Day (1994) Rockin' Robin (1994) The Best of Bobby Day (2001) The Very Best Of (2016) Robins, Bluebirds, Buzzards & Orioles - The Bobby Day Story (2021) Singles Television appearances The Dick Clark Show (two episodes) (1958) American Bandstand (four episodes) (1958) The Cinnamon Cinder Show (1963) The Midnight Special (1973) References External links 1930 births 1990 deaths African-American male songwriters American rhythm and blues singers American rock singers American soul singers Songwriters from Texas Jamie Records artists RCA Victor artists Class Records artists Rock and roll musicians Sue Records artists Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City 20th-century African-American male singers 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American","title":"Bobby Day"},{"docid":"5604924","text":"\"Do You Love Me\" is a rhythm and blues song recorded by the Contours in 1962. Written and produced by Motown Records owner Berry Gordy Jr., it appeared twice on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, reaching numbers three in 1962 and eleven in 1988. As with many American R&B songs of the 1960s, \"Do You Love Me\" was recorded by several British Invasion groups. A 1963 version by Brian Poole and the Tremeloes reached number one on the UK Singles Chart. It also became a hit for the Dave Clark Five, reaching number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1964. Background and recording Berry Gordy wrote \"Do You Love Me\" and earmarked it for the Temptations, who had no top-40 hits to their name yet. However, when Gordy was looking for the group to record it, he could not find them; they had gone to church to see gospel groups the Dixie Hummingbirds, the Harmonizing Four and the Swan Silvertones. Instead, the Contours, who had turned up to the studio to record their song \"It Must Be Love\", were asked by Gordy to try singing \"Do You Love Me\". After several attempts, they sang it exactly how Gordy wanted, and it was then recorded the following day. Contours singer Joe Billingslea stated in an interview in 2009 that \"The Temptations could never have sung that song because it wasn't suited to them but Berry had motivated us to sing it the way he wanted it\". The Contours, who were in danger of being dropped from the label after their first two singles, \"Whole Lotta' Woman\" and \"The Stretch\", failed to chart, immediately accepted. Instrumental backing was provided by Joe Hunter on piano, James Jamerson on bass, and Benny Benjamin on drums (later known as the Funk Brothers). Gordy said that \"getting the concept for the song was easy. I remembered the days when I could never get the girls I liked because I couldn't dance\". As such, the song references the 1960s dance moves the Mashed Potato and the Twist. The song includes a spoken recitation in the intro: Release and reception \"Do You Love Me\" became a successful dance record, built around lead singer Billy Gordon's screaming vocals. Selling over a million copies, \"Do You Love Me\" peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks starting on October 20, 1962, and reached the top position on the Billboard R&B Singles chart. The song was included on the 1962 album Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance). In 1987 the Contours' recording was included in the film Dirty Dancing. Re-issued as a single from the More Dirty Dancing soundtrack album, \"Do You Love Me\" became a hit for the second time, peaking at #11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1988. The Contours, by then composed of Joe Billingslea and three new members, joined Ronnie Spector and Bill Medley, among others, on a \"Dirty Dancing Tour\" resulting from the success of the","title":"Do You Love Me"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"73216294\",\n \"text\": \"The Dave Clark Five Play Good Old Rock & Roll (subtitled \\\"18 Golden Oldies\\\") is the album by the Dave Clark Five released in 1971, after the band's breakup. It was released by EMI/Starline label and sometimes is classified as a compilation, as most of the tracks were first released on two EPs (in 1969 and 1970). Dave Clark included the album in the band's core collection and remastered and re-released it on Spotify in 2019. Overview This is the band's only album composed entirely of cover versions of well-known American rock and roll songs. The core of the album consists of two popular hit medleys, the top ten hit \\\"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\\\" (peaked on the UK chart at No. 7, 1969) and its sequel \\\"More Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\\\" (reached No. 34, 1970). Keith Altham called the first part of the album \\\"a party piece for the hit parade\\\" in his article in Record Mirror magazine. Singer Mike Smith in the same interview with Altham said, \\\"Originally the record Good Old Rock and Roll was a Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys hit in America but Dave recognised the potential and when it died a death here we decided to resurrect it.\\\" The singles had overdubbed applause to simulate a live recording, but the LP version omitted this effect. The album also includes full versions of songs such as \\\"Raining In My Heart\\\", \\\"Lucille\\\", \\\"Reelin' and Rockin'\\\", \\\"One Night\\\" and \\\"Memphis, Tennessee\\\". All songs were sung by Mike Smith. Release The Good Old Rock & Roll album was initially released by Starline (a label associated with EMI), with a modified gold record on the cover, but with no picture of the band members (on the back of the cover was featured an artistic caricature of Dave Clark). In 1972, a second version of the LP was released on the Music For Pleasure label (an EMI label designed for budget-priced LPs), which already had a photo of the band and a sleeve note by Roger St. Pierre. Pierre wrote that the group added \\\"something of their own brillant individuality\\\" to the songs. Although the album was available in countries on almost every continent (e.g., the UK, Germany, France, Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Africa), it was not released in the United States. This was probably because of the failure of the single \\\"More Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\\\" (due to the band's decision, the single \\\"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\\\" was not released for the US market). Reception In his AllMusic retrospective review of the release, Richie Unterberger wrote, \\\"Mike Smith does sing everything with commendable commitment, but otherwise these are routine late-'60s hard rock interpretations that don't have much similarity to the mid-'60s Dave Clark Five sound.\\\" Singer and songwriter John E Vistic called the album one of his favorites and said, \\\"Every tune on it is epic rock and roll gold.\\\" Track listing References The Dave Clark Five albums 1971 albums Covers albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Dave Clark Five Play Good Old Rock & Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73865239\",\n \"text\": \"Dave Clark & Friends is a British album from 1972. It is partly an album by the Dave Clark Five, and partly a solo project by singer Mike Smith and producer Dave Clark. It contains the Dave Clark Five's 1969 UK Top 50 hit \\\"Put a Little Love in Your Heart\\\". Overview The album was created to fulfill a contract between Dave Clark and EMI Records after the Dave Clark Five had already broken up. The LP therefore contains five tracks originally released under the band's name (\\\"Southern Man\\\", \\\"Bring It On Home To Me\\\", \\\"Paradise\\\", \\\"Won't You Be My Lady\\\", \\\"Put A Little Love In Your Heart\\\"). The others were recorded as a studio project with Eric Ford (bass guitar) and Blue Mink band members guitarist Alan Parker and backing vocalist Madeline Bell. All the songs were sung by Mike Smith, who also composed half of the album. Dave Clark is listed as a co-writer of the songs, but it is generally believed that he was only involved in the production side. Although Mike Smith has dodged questions about whether Clark was involved as a writer, he confirmed in 2003 that he was not. The second part of the record contains cover versions of some successful songs such as \\\"Southern Man\\\" by Neil Young, \\\"Bring It On Home To Me\\\" by Sam Cooke, \\\"Draggin' the Line\\\" by Tommy James, \\\"Signs\\\" by Five Man Electrical Band and \\\"(If Paradise Is) Half as Nice\\\" (under the title \\\"Paradise\\\") by Amen Corner. The album was released in the UK, Germany, Japan and New Zealand. The previously released single \\\"Put A Little Love In Your Heart\\\" (originally by Jackie DeShannon) reached No. 31 in the UK chart. Along with the UK album \\\"5 By 5\\\", this is the only album Dave Clark hasn't released in a remastered collection on Spotify in 2019. Reception In his AllMusic retrospective review of the release, Richie Unterberger wrote, \\\"There are too many run-of-the-mill covers in the circa 1970 mainstream rock style (...) Some of the other material sounds a little like the harder edge of early-'70s AM radio pop, though not attached to memorable songs.\\\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – lead guitar Rick Huxley – bass guitar Denis Payton – tenor saxophone, rhythm guitar Additional musician Madeline Bell – backing vocals Alan Parker – guitar Eric Ford – bass guitar References The Dave Clark Five albums 1970 albums\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Clark & Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73625301\",\n \"text\": \"5 by 5 is the tenth American album by the British band The Dave Clark Five. It was released on 20 February 1967 and contained the Top 50 hit \\\"Nineteen Days\\\". The LP reached the Billboard Top 200 and the Cashbox Top 100. The album was only released in the US; the similarly named British album (subtitled \\\"14 Titles by Dave Clark Five\\\") did not contain any of the same songs. Overview The album continued the tendency of previous albums to offer a greater variety of musical styles. Genre-wise, it stood between rock and roll (\\\"Nineteen Days\\\"), rhythm and blues (\\\"Something I've Always Wanted\\\", \\\"You Don't Want My Loving\\\", \\\"Small Talk\\\"), country (\\\"Picture Of You\\\") and good-time music in the vein of The Lovin' Spoonful (\\\"Sitting Here Baby\\\"). All songs were composed by the band members, produced by Dave Clark and the album was released in both mono (LN 24236) and stereo (BN 26236). The artwork featured the band members in a black and white photograph remotely reminiscent of the With the Beatles album. 5 by 5 was unavailable for many years before it was remastered and re-released by Dave Clark in 2019 on Spotify. The band also recorded an instrumental song of the same title (\\\"Five by Five\\\"), which was used as the finale of the TV special \\\"Hold On! It's The Dave Clark Five\\\" in 1968. But the recording was not released until the If Somebody Loves You album. Reception The album reached position 119 in the Billboard magazine chart, but did better in the competing Cashbox chart, reaching number 66. Cashbox magazine wrote, \\\"The Dave Clark Five serves up a batch of rock efforts. Among the outstanding tracks are Something I've Always Wanted, You Don’t Want My Loving, and Pick Up Your Phone. The always popular quintet should find themselves with yet another hit on their hands with this album, as they perform with distinction once again.\\\" In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger wrote, \\\"LP found the quintet playing pretty much in the same style they had been using since their first hit, even though trends were passing them by left and right by this point...\\\" and praised the track \\\"You Don't Want My Loving\\\" as the best song of the album. Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – electric guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley – bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton – tenor saxophone, backing vocals References The Dave Clark Five albums 1967 albums Epic Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"5 by 5 (Dave Clark Five album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73270535\",\n \"text\": \"Satisfied with You is the ninth album released in the US by the British band the Dave Clark Five. It was released on 15 August 1966 and contained three hit songs, \\\"Look Before You Leap\\\", \\\"Please Tell Me Why\\\" and \\\"Satisfied with You\\\". The LP hit the Billboard Top 200 and the Cashbox Top 100. Overview The album contained ten songs and continued the tendency of its predecessor \\\"Try Too Hard\\\" to offer a wider collage of styles. It included songs in the rock and roll (\\\"Good Lovin'\\\"), country (\\\"Satisfied with You\\\") and waltz (\\\"Please Tell Me Why\\\") styles, as well as expressive ballads (\\\"Go On\\\"). But in fact, it didn't stray from the tried-and-true successful style of the Dave Clark Five and had none of the progressive tendencies of the emerging psychedelic music or anti-war messages. Dave Clark said, \\\"To me our music was to have fun with, to enjoy – not any message. That’s always been my feeling: it makes you feel good.\\\" All the songs were composed by members of the band, with the exception of a cover version of the Young Rascals' hit \\\"Good Lovin'\\\". Saxophonist Denis Payton wrote four songs, guitarist Lenny Davidson wrote three songs, and singer and organist Mike Smith wrote two. Dave Clark was credited as co-writer on all of the band's songs, although it is often stated that his contribution is more on the production level. Release and reception The album was released on 15 August 1966 by Epic Records only in the United States. It was released in both mono (LN 24212) and stereo (BN 26212) versions. All recordings were produced by Dave Clark himself. The LP reached number 127 on Billboard and number 85 on Cashbox. The singles sold even better. The UK A-side \\\"Look Before You Leap\\\" reached number 50 in the UK chart and 101 in Billboard. Better received was the US A-side \\\"Please Tell Me Why\\\" (b/w \\\"Look Before You Leap\\\"), which became a Top 5 hit in Canada and number 28 in the US. On June 12, 1966, the group presented both songs on the famous Ed Sullivan television show. The title ballad \\\"Satisfied with You\\\" scored 32 in Canada and 50 in the US. The album was not reissued for a long time until 2019 when Dave Clark released a remastered version on Spotify. Cashbox magazine wrote, \\\"The Dave Clark Five should add to their impressive LP record with this swinging set titled after the group’s latest chart item Satisfied With You. The Britishers have added a host of top tracks to the click for a disk that should spur fans to their local retailers. Among the goodies are I Still Need You, Good Lovin’ and Do You Still Love Me.\\\" AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger praised the band members' still strong songwriting inventiveness, but added that the album still only benefited from the previous certainty of success of the British Invasion type of songs. Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark -\",\n \"title\": \"Satisfied with You\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73068210\",\n \"text\": \"Try Too Hard is the eighth American album by the English rock band the Dave Clark Five. It was released on 31 May 1966 on the Epic label. It followed the Top 20 hit of the same name. The album reached No. 77 on the Billboard 200 album chart and No. 25 in Cashbox. Background At a time when rival groups such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys were increasingly experimenting with sound in the recording studio, the Dave Clark Five also offered a sonically modern album. It tried to combine rock songs with edgy guitar (\\\"I Really Love You\\\", \\\"It Don't Feel Good\\\") with sophisticated melodies in different genre styles (\\\"Looking In\\\", \\\"Ever Since You've Been Away\\\", \\\"Today\\\"). Artwork The album cover art shows the band in a Jaguar E-Type owned by Dave Clark. He also appeared with the same car in the Catch Us If You Can movie and the band posing in the car on the cover of the UK soundtrack album from that film. Release and reception The album was released on 31 May 1966 in mono and stereo versions. The electronically re-channeled stereo version makes the whole album sound more psychedelic. But Dave Clark was not happy with the label when he found out since it was originally recorded in true stereo. Try Too Hard album was less successful than its predecessors, being the band's first album not to make the Top 50 Billboard LP Charts, but still hit No. 77. The album has not been released in the UK. In Canada, it was retitled \\\"At the Scene\\\" and included a hit single of the same name. Billboard magazine wrote in the official review, \\\"With the group's recent singles hit featured as the title tune, the album will sell well in the teen market. There are only 10 cuts in the package, but they're all solid, teen-aimed rockers. I Know and I Never Will are outstanding.\\\" Cashbox magazine wrote, \\\"Self-penned (that is group penned) tunes, that become big hits, is the forte of the Dave Clark Five and this set typifies that phenomenon. With the lead track being the group’s most recent smash and the other eleven being in that same bag that has long pleased the quintet’s innumerable devotees, this set should be a top-notch sales item.\\\" In his AllMusic retrospective review of the release, Bruce Eder wrote, \\\"DC5 would allow their music to evolve. From the crisp piano chords and lean, restrained guitar and sax sound, as well as the upbeat tone of Try Too Hard there was change in the air from the opening seconds of this LP.\\\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - electric guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - tenor saxophone, backing vocals References The Dave Clark Five albums 1966 albums Epic Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Try Too Hard\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71791162\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Callow-la-vita\\\" is a song by British band Raymond Froggatt released as their debut single in April 1968. It was not successful in the UK, but became very successful in the Netherlands. It became more successful after being covered by the Dave Clark Five as \\\"The Red Balloon\\\". In an interview in 1972, Raymond Froggatt said that the song \\\"becoming such a massive hit was one of the worst things that ever happened\\\", as \\\"people still haven't forgotten about it. Now when we play colleges the kids still think we'll be doing that kind of stuff\\\". By 1972, the song had been recorded by sixteen different artists and sold over three million worldwide sales. Charts The Dave Clark Five version The Dave Clark Five's version was released in September 1968 and became a top-ten hit in several territories, including the UK. It was included on the UK album 5 by 5, but was not included on any US album. Background and release Dave Clark first heard \\\"Callow-la-vita\\\" on the radio and several weeks later contacted the publishers asking if they expected anything to become of the song, to which they said no. He then said that he wanted to cover the song so long as he could change the title, some of the lyrics and have a different arrangement. The publishers agreed and the Dave Clark Five recorded the song as \\\"The Red Balloon\\\". Recorded at Lansdowne Studios, the band were joined by trumpet session musicians, and the brass and saxophone arrangements were done by Les Reed. The lead vocals were by Dave Clark, which was the only Dave Clark Five single to do so. They were intended to be by usual lead singer Mike Smith, but \\\"he couldn’t get to grips with it\\\". The song also includes a verse in French, which had to be written down phonetically as Clark didn't speak the language and he later said \\\"I didn’t know what the hell I was singing about until Top Of The Pops put a translation on screen\\\". After the single's release, Polydor then re-released Raymond Froggatt's original version with the title \\\"The Red Balloon\\\". Reception Reviewing the Dave Clark Five version and the reissue of Raymond Froggatt's version for New Musical Express, Derek Johnson wrote that \\\"it's an extremely catchy tune, with a lyrical, flowing quality and the Froggatt team treats it with a delicacy and piquancy ideally suited to the subject matter\\\". Whereas, Johnson wrote that \\\"Dave Clark's version is entirely different. He has reverted to his big-bash, drum-thumping style of \\\"Glad All Over\\\"\\\", and that it is \\\"easily the more commercial of the two and the more likely to achieve Chart status\\\". Personnel Dave Clark – lead vocals, drums Mike Smith – organ, backing vocals Lenny Davidson – guitar, backing vocals Rick Huxley – bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton – sousaphone Stan Roderick – trumpet Bert Ezard – trumpet Eddie Blair – trumpet Charts Other cover versions In November 1968, French singer Marie Laforêt released a\",\n \"title\": \"Callow-la-vita\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45682636\",\n \"text\": \"Coast to Coast is the fourth US studio album by the English rock band the Dave Clark Five. It is notable for containing two hit singles \\\"Any Way You Want It\\\" and \\\"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\\\". Other songs from this album were used in the Dave Clark Five film Having a Wild Weekend such as \\\"I Can't Stand It\\\" and \\\"When\\\". In Canada, it was released as Across Canada with the Dave Clark Five on Capitol Records. Reception In his retrospective review for Allmusic, critic Bruce Eder wrote, \\\"Coast To Coast opens strong and it gets better, blooming into an amazingly diverse yet consistently powerful record made up entirely of group originals... Had there been an actual rock press in 1964, or if the Dave Clark Five been taken more seriously sooner, Coast To Coast would probably be regarded today as something close to an essential British Invasion record...\\\" Cash Box said of the single \\\"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\\\" that it has \\\"an interesting cool quality and a good dance rhythm\\\" and it \\\"can't miss.\\\" Track listing Side one \\\"Any Way You Want It\\\" (Ron Ryan) – 2:26 \\\"Give Me Love\\\" (Also titled as \\\"I Can't Stop Loving You\\\") (Dave Clark, Denny Payton) – 1:55 \\\"I Can't Stand It\\\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 1:31 \\\"I'm Left Without You\\\" (Also titled as \\\"What Is There To Say\\\") (Dave Clark, Denny Payton) – 1:45 \\\"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\\\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 1:39 \\\"Crying Over You\\\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 2:04 Side two \\\"Say You Want Me\\\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 1:42 \\\"When\\\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 2:23 \\\"Don't You Know\\\" (Dave Clark, Denny Payton) – 1:33 \\\"To Me\\\" (Dave Clark, Denny Payton) – 1:39 \\\"It's Not True\\\" (Dave Clark, Mike Smith) – 1:59 Personnel Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - guitars, backing and harmony vocals Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - saxophone, backing vocals References The Dave Clark Five albums 1965 albums Epic Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Coast to Coast (Dave Clark Five album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32004370\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Because\\\" is a song recorded by English rock band The Dave Clark Five from their third studio album American Tour (1964). The song was produced by Adrian Clark, the song was originally the B-side to \\\"Can't You See That She's Mine\\\" in the UK. \\\"Because\\\" was released as a single in the United States and reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It also charted at number three in both Canada and New Zealand. Julian Lennon released a version of the song which peaked at number 40 on the UK Singles Chart in 1985. Background and release \\\"Because\\\" was written with the intention of being the Dave Clark Five's fifth US single, but the band's label, Epic Records, was initially resistant, believing the ballad strayed too far from the hit-making formula that had proven successful with the band's previous upbeat singles. In May 1964, the song was released in the UK as the B-side to \\\"Can't You See That She's Mine\\\". Clark insisted that \\\"Because\\\" be released as an A-side in the US, and Epic eventually agreed. The single entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number sixty in August, and peaked six weeks later at number three. \\\"Because\\\" became the band's fifth US single to sell more than one million copies. In Canada, the song reached number three on RPM magazine's singles chart. Critical reception In a review for the single, Billboard described \\\"Because\\\" as a \\\"warmly romantic ballad ... that should keep [The Dave Clark Five] on the chart.\\\" Cash Box described it as \\\"a most attractive shuffle rock-a-cha-cha beat newcomer...that the artists wax in ear-arresting manner.\\\" Richie Unterberger of AllMusic said the song \\\"was on about the same melodic level as all but the best of the early Beatles' compositions\\\". He felt the song showed a more subtle side of the band, contrasting it with the \\\"stomping hits that were their main diet.\\\" Unterberger also complimented the track's harmony vocals, and noted the \\\"beautiful, unusual, and irresistible chord changes\\\" as well as the \\\"tender, romantic lyrics\\\". Other versions The Supremes recorded a version of \\\"Because\\\" on the group's A Bit of Liverpool (1964), a tribute album dedicated to music of the British Invasion. Julian Lennon recorded the song for the soundtrack to Dave Clark's musical Time (1986). Released as a single in 1985, Lennon's version reached number 40 on the UK Singles Chart, and number eight on the Belgium Singles Chart. Track listing 7\\\" Single (US, Canada) Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts References External links 1964 singles The Dave Clark Five songs The Supremes songs Julian Lennon songs Columbia Graphophone Company singles Capitol Records singles Epic Records singles 1964 songs Songs written by Dave Clark (musician)\",\n \"title\": \"Because (Dave Clark Five song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73886960\",\n \"text\": \"5 By 5 (1964–69) is a British album by The Dave Clark Five, released in November 1968. The subtitle of the album was \\\"14 Titles by Dave Clark Five\\\". It contains the band's two big hit singles \\\"The Red Balloon\\\" and the ballad \\\"No One Can Break a Heart Like You\\\". Alongside this, it also included two American hit singles, cover of the Majors soul song \\\"Just a Little Bit Now\\\" and \\\"Please Stay\\\" originally recorded by American band The Drifters. Overview Although the Dave Clark Five released twelve albums in the United States, this was only their fourth UK album. It had the same title as their tenth US album, yet did not contain any of the same songs. The artwork was a copy of another US LP \\\"Everybody Knows\\\" and comes in a textured jacket. The years \\\"1964–69\\\" in the album title gave the impression that it was a compilation album, but this was not true. The LP was released on the fifth anniversary of the Dave Clark Five's professionalization, and that's what the timestamp referred to (the record was not released in 1969, but at the end of 1968). Still, the collection symbolically contained two older songs. \\\"When I Am Alone\\\" originally released under the shorter title \\\"When I'm Alone\\\" on the US album \\\"Having A Wild Weekend\\\" (1965) and \\\"I Still Need You\\\" from the US album \\\"Satisfied with You\\\" (1966). The song \\\"Just a Little Bit Now\\\" was recorded in late 1967 and first appeared on the US album \\\"Everybody Knows\\\" in January 1968 (under the shortened title \\\"A Little Bit Now\\\"). The album was produced by Dave Clark himself. The writing was mostly the work of Mike Smith, Lenny Davidson and Denis Payton. Although Dave Clark was also listed as a co-writer, his creative contribution was only as producer. The album was divided into a faster rockier first side (labeled \\\"Go!!\\\" on the cover) and a slower second side (labeled \\\"Slow!!\\\"). The song \\\"No One Can Break a Heart Like You\\\" was sung by guitarist Lenny Davidson instead of the band's lead singer Mike Smith. The UK top 10 hit \\\"The Red Balloon\\\" is a rare case of drummer Dave Clark singing solo (partly in French). This is the only band's album (from the core series) that Dave Clark has not released in a remastered collection on Spotify in 2019. Reception \\\"5 By 5\\\" was well received by critics, but although the record followed several hit singles and the Dave Clark Five simultaneously released a new hit \\\"Live in the Sky\\\", the LP did not enter the UK charts (which were only published as Top 20 at the time). Melody Maker magazine wrote in the official review, \\\"Well-produced and highly commercial album which will sell.\\\" And highlighted the quality of singer Mike Smith. Allen Evans from New Musical Express wrote, \\\"All the tracks have that organ-drums-guitar crisp sound and the vocals, by various members but mostly Mike Smith on solos. ... A happy piece\",\n \"title\": \"5 By 5 (1964–69)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23778293\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Bits and Pieces\\\" is a song by British beat group The Dave Clark Five. The single hit number 2 in the UK and number 4 in the US, as well as being a success in other countries. It was number 2 or 4 in Australia, number 1 in Canada and Ireland, and number 4 in the Netherlands. In Germany, it reached number 20. Lead vocals are sung by Mike Smith, who also co-wrote the song. The song is in antiphonal style, with Mike Smith singing a solo line and the whole group responding. The drums have a very prominent part in the accompaniment. Additionally, some of the song's unique percussion was supplied by builder’s scaffold boards, which two of the band members (reportedly quite intoxicated) stamped on, not always perfectly in time to the music. Robert Christgau, writing in 1969, called the song \\\"a wonderfully serviceable rock throwaway, raucous and meaningless, perfect for shouting into the night.\\\" Cash Box described it as \\\"a hard-hitting rocker that the boys pound out in a steady, heavy beat style.\\\" The song's distinct stomp-like pattern has been sampled by numerous musicians. The Dave Clark Five performed \\\"Bits and Pieces\\\" in an appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show. References 1964 songs 1964 singles Songs written by Mike Smith (Dave Clark Five) Songs written by Dave Clark (musician) The Dave Clark Five songs RPM Top Singles number-one singles Irish Singles Chart number-one singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles Epic Records singles Capitol Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"Bits and Pieces (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73437491\",\n \"text\": \"Everybody Knows is the twelfth US album by the British band the Dave Clark Five. Released in January 1968 on Epic Records, it contained four hit singles, a rock cover version of the old Bing Crosby hit \\\"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby\\\", the band's guitarist Lenny Davidson's song \\\"Red and Blue\\\", cover of the Majors soul song \\\"A Little Bit Now\\\", and the UK chartbuster \\\"Everybody Knows\\\". It is the band's last American album and the first not to enter the Billboard Top 200 chart. Overview The album combined modern musical trends of soul and rock and roll (\\\"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby\\\", \\\"Concentration Baby\\\", \\\"A Little Bit Now\\\"), powerful ballads (\\\"Everybody Knows\\\", \\\"I'll Do the Best I Can\\\", \\\"At the Place\\\") with a slight influence of psychedelic music (\\\"Lost in His Dreams\\\"). LP was produced by Dave Clark himself. Most of the songs were composed by the band members. The album's biggest UK hit \\\"Everybody Knows\\\" (written by Barry Mason and Les Reed) was sung by guitarist Lenny Davidson instead of the band's lead singer Mike Smith. LP was released in both mono (LN 24354) and stereo (BN 26354) versions. The artwork featured sepia-toned photographs of the band members, but the author was not credited (they used the same cover for their later UK album 5 By 5). Reception Everybody Knows was the first Dave Clark Five album not to enter the US charts, and the band therefore focused on the UK market, where three more albums followed. The reason for the failure in America may have been the group's declining popularity, noticeable in the success of their singles in the US (the UK smash hit \\\"Everybody Knows\\\" remained at No. 43 on Billboard), but also the delayed release, which missed the 1967 Christmas market and wasn't offered until January 1968 (the LP was released in the UK in December 1967). Billboard magazine wrote in the official review, \\\"There's something old and something new – and they both register. The new is Everybody Knows, with the soft sound not commonly associated with DCF. And in their traditional kick is You Must Have Been A Beautiful Baby. It all adds up to a solid effort, both old and new.\\\" Cashbox magazine wrote, \\\"Presently on the charts with the title tune of this LP, the Dave Clark Five should have no difficulty making the charts with the album itself. Rock foot-stompers and ballads make up the bill of fare. One of the grooviest tracks is a swinging, hard-driving updating of You Must Have Been A Beautiful Baby...\\\" In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger wrote about the songs, \\\"Some of them saw the group competently, if not excitingly, adapt to trends in late-'60s production with an increased brassiness, as they do on the soul-pop tunes A Little Bit Now and Inside and Out.\\\" And he concluded the review with the opinion, \\\"It adds up to an album that has some appeal for serious Dave Clark Five\",\n \"title\": \"Everybody Knows (Dave Clark Five album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73387752\",\n \"text\": \"You Got What It Takes is the eleventh US album by the British band the Dave Clark Five, released on 26 June 1967 by Epic Records. The album contained four successful songs, a cover of Marv Johnson's soul hit \\\"You Got What It Takes\\\", the hit single \\\"I've Got to Have a Reason\\\" written by the band's guitarist Lenny Davidson and the bubblegum \\\"Tabatha Twitchit\\\" written for the band by Les Reed and Barry Mason. The album also features the band's earlier UK top 30 hit \\\"Thinking of You Baby\\\". The LP reached the Billboard and Cashbox charts. Overview The album was released at a time when the music world was experimenting with new genres, mainly in the realm of psychedelia. The Dave Clark Five ignored these trends and offered a collection of songs in the traditional vein of their style. They even included three years old 1964 UK hit \\\"Thinking Of You Baby\\\", which had not yet been released in the US. They also included a remake of the older Fats Domino's rock and roll hit \\\"Blueberry Hill\\\". Still, the LP's cover art had a psychedelic feel, with the band members captured in the artistic concept of a broken mirror. The name of the author of the collage was not mentioned on the cover, the photographs were taken by Bruce Fleming. The following year, the band used identical artwork for their UK album Everybody Knows. Release and reception The album was produced by Dave Clark. Most of the songs were written by members of the band. The horn section consisted of Stan Roderick, Bert Ezzard, and Eddie Blair. Most likely, studio drummer Bobby Graham was also involved in the recording. You Got What It Takes was released in both mono (BN 26312) and stereo (LN 24312) versions. The album reached position 149 in the Billboard magazine chart, but did better in the competing Cashbox chart, reaching number 77. The album was also released in New Zealand and in Canada (with different artwork). It was not released in the UK. Billboard magazine wrote, \\\"This consistent chart group has another sure-fire chart item in this rockin' disc.\\\" And alongside the hit singles, it highlighted the songs \\\"Blueberry Hill\\\" and \\\"Let Me Be\\\". Cashbox magazine wrote, \\\"The sweet sound of success permeates the disk, and the set should soon gain a foothold on the charts.\\\" In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger wrote, \\\"It did mark an improvement over their previous album, Five by Five, and was less formulaic, if hardly bold or startling.\\\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – electric guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley – bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton – tenor saxophone, backing vocals Additional musician Stan Roderick, Bert Ezzard, Eddie Blair – horn section Bobby Graham – drums (session drummer, not stated on the record sleeve) References The Dave Clark Five albums 1967 albums Epic Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"You Got What It Takes (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23778694\",\n \"text\": \"A Session with The Dave Clark Five is the UK debut album by the English pop rock band the Dave Clark Five and was released in the United Kingdom in April 1964 on EMI's Columbia Records (see 1964 in music). The album consists of the single \\\"Can't You See That She's Mine\\\" along with covers of \\\"Rumble\\\" by Link Wray & His Ray Men, \\\"On Broadway\\\" by the Drifters, and the Walt Disney song \\\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\". It peaked at number 3 on the UK Albums Chart. Reception Writing for Beat Instrumental, Dave Gell believes that it is a good representation of Dave Clark and Mike Smith's songwriting talent. He additionally praises the band's musical abilities, particularly noting that Smith is \\\"well-represented\\\" on the organ. He also states that the LP's \\\"overall effect is of a group thoroughly in love with what they're doing\\\" In a retrospective review published on AllMusic, music critic Bruce Eder wrote \\\"As the group's first venture in making an LP, it's not as strong as their later efforts, though it does show off their range around the sound that would make them international stars. The lack of the presence of a hit single, however, leaves it weaker than most of the group's American-released LPs.\\\" Track listing Charts Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals, co-producer Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - lead guitar, backing vocals Rick Huxley - bass, backing vocals Denis Payton - saxes, backing vocals Additional personnel Adrian Kerridge - co-producer Les Reed - musical direction on \\\"Theme Without a Name\\\" Bruce Fleming - photography See also The Dave Clark Five discography References 1964 debut albums The Dave Clark Five albums EMI Columbia Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"A Session with The Dave Clark Five\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73485037\",\n \"text\": \"If Somebody Loves You is the fifth British album by the Dave Clark Five. It was released by EMI (Columbia) in 1970. The album contained four of the group's popular songs, the minor US hit \\\"Red and Blue\\\" (Billboard No. 89), and the successful UK singles \\\"Live in the Sky\\\" (No. 39), \\\"Here Comes Summer\\\" (No. 44), as well as the UK top 10 hit cover version of Chet Powers' \\\"Everybody Get Together\\\" (No. 8). A single featuring Mike Smith's ballad \\\"Julia\\\" had no success in the UK or the US, but reached No. 2 in Malaysia in August 1970. The album is the first to be released after the band's official breakup and was not available in the US. Overview It is not entirely clear whether all the current band members play on all the recordings. The Dave Clark Five broke up in August 1970 (five months before the release of the album) and an official statement said that, \\\"the band has ceased to operate as a regular recording unit. But Clark and organist Mike Smith who recently renewed their Columbia recording contract, will continue to record and release material under the group's name.\\\" It is therefore possible that some of the recordings were made by Dave Clark, Mike Smith and studio musicians. But the truth is that ten of the fourteen songs had already been released on various records before the band broke up (between November 1965 and July 1970). All of the songs were produced by Dave Clark himself and most were written by keyboardist and vocalist Mike Smith or guitarist Lenny Davidson. Guest vocalists included Madeline Bell with a chorus of students from the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama (\\\"Everybody Get Together\\\") and Doris Troy (\\\"If Somebody Loves You\\\"). Although the band usually avoided political, religious or racial themes in their songs, they made a few exceptions here (\\\"It Ain't What You Do\\\", \\\"How Do You Get To Heaven\\\", \\\"Worried Times\\\"). The song \\\"I'm On My Own\\\" was sung by guitarist Lenny Davidson instead of the band's lead singer Mike Smith (and they both shared lead vocals on \\\"Here Commes Summer\\\"). Reception Disc and Music Echo magazine wrote in the official review, \\\"It's probably the best (album) the group has ever done. (...) Title track is excellent and should be released as a single. A splendid album which also features some excellent vocals from Madeline Bell.” The truth is that the song \\\"If Somebody Loves You\\\" was released as a single in the United States in 1969, but was not a chart success. Dave Clark remastered the album and re-released it on Spotify in 2019. Record World called the title track \\\"a big commercial grabber with lots of appeal.\\\" Track listing First releases of individual songs Although the album was not presented as a compilation, most of the songs had previously been released on UK or US LPs and singles. Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith -\",\n \"title\": \"If Somebody Loves You\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73560896\",\n \"text\": \"I Like It Like That is the seventh American album by the British band the Dave Clark Five. It was released on 15 November 1965 and was the follow-up to the successful top-ten single of the same name. The LP reached the Billboard and Cashbox charts. Overview The album combined rock songs (\\\"I Need Love\\\", \\\"I Like It Like That\\\") with catchy rhythmic ballads (\\\"That's How Long Our Love Will Last\\\", \\\"I'll Be Your My Love\\\") and mid-tempo rockers (\\\"She's A Loving Girl\\\", \\\"You Know You're Lying\\\"). The LP was produced by Dave Clark and all the songs were written by members of the band (with the exception of the hit \\\"I Like It Like That\\\" written by Chris Kenner and Allen Toussaint). Although no one from the band has officially confirmed it, it is widely believed that studio drummer Bobby Graham took part in the recording sessions. The song \\\"I'm On My Own\\\" was sung by guitarist Lenny Davidson instead of the band's lead singer Mike Smith. The photo on the album cover art came from the same photo session as a similar image on the cover of their first American album Glad All Over. The sleeve note was written by Myles Eiten, Pop Record Editor of Ingenue magazine. The album was not released in the UK. Canada was the only other country where it was available under the different title \\\"Over And Over\\\" and contained a hit single of the same name. \\\"I Like It Like That\\\" LP was unavailable for many years before it was remastered and re-released by Dave Clark in 2019 on Spotify. Reception The album was a success for the band and reached No. 32 on the Billboard album chart and No. 41 on Cashbox. Billboard magazine wrote, \\\"The group offers a program of pulsating rockers mixed with sensitive, tender ballads which insure this hot package of being their seventh hit LP in a row. That's How Long Our Love Will Last is a prime example of the fine ballad performance of the group.\\\" In a retrospective review published on AllMusic, music critic Bruce Eder wrote, \\\"The group's sixth American album shows them in somewhat uneven form, delivering the searing I Need Love, with its roaring punk defiance - worthy of Eric Burdon - in addition to the roaring title track, as good a British take on New Orleans-style R&B as there was on the charts in those days.\\\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – electric guitars, backing vocals (lead on \\\"I Am On My Own\\\") Rick Huxley – bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton – tenor saxophone, backing vocals Additional musician Bobby Graham – drums (session drummer, not stated on the record sleeve) References The Dave Clark Five albums 1965 albums Epic Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"I Like It Like That (Dave Clark Five album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7242817\",\n \"text\": \"Michael George Smith (6 December 1943 – 28 February 2008) was an English singer, songwriter and music producer. In the 1960s, Smith was the lead vocalist and keyboard player for the Dave Clark Five. The band was a leading unit in the British Invasion of the United States, and were the Beatles' main British rivals before the emergence of the Rolling Stones. Biography Smith was born in Edmonton, Middlesex (now part of north London), only child of George William Henry Smith, a bus conductor, later interior decorator, and Maudie (née Willis). His parents found he had a natural ability as a pianist that surfaced as early as age five. Smith started lessons in classical piano, and at age 13 passed the entrance exams at Trinity Music College in London. Career Smith first met Dave Clark when they were both members on the same football team for the St. George Boys Club. By his mid-teens, Smith had developed a strong vocal delivery, while idolising Little Richard, among other American rock & roll stars. At age 17, while working for a finance company, Smith was invited by Clark to join his band, which was busy rebuilding itself around the core of Clark and rhythm guitarist (later bassist) Rick Huxley, after having recently lost its lead singer. Dave Clark Five With Smith on vocals, piano or organ (and occasionally playing guitar in later years), the new Dave Clark Five was completed with the additions of saxophonist Denis (Denny) Payton and lead guitarist Lenny Davidson, who was auditioned on Smith's recommendation. Smith made his recording debut, at age 18, with the single \\\"I Knew It All the Time\\\" b/w (flip side) \\\"That's What I Said\\\" produced by Pye Records in June 1962 and credited to the unknown band The Dave Clark Five featuring Mike Smith. Performed in a style midway between early British beat and the bolder 1960s sounds that were developing, it was a powerful record to be issued while the Beatles were still developing their first recording deal. Due to his role as lead singer, Smith was considered the other star of the band, less visible by name than drummer/founder Clark but still at the centre of the group's sound as lead singer and keyboard player. Smith's singing showed the strong influence of Elvis Presley during the period of \\\"The Girl of My Best Friend\\\", \\\"(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame\\\", and \\\"Little Sister\\\". Due to his lead singing, Mike was very popular around the world on DC5 concert tours, especially in the Philippines. The rock band was so much welcomed at their performance at Smart Araneta Coliseum on 23–26 April 1965. Filipinos loved his rendition of hits Because and Hurting Inside. Smith's rich and raspy baritone voice and keyboards were clearly evident in the band's sound over seven years: during their two major years of success in 1964–1965 and continuing five years after the British Invasion died down in America, until the group disbanded in 1970. Clark & Smith Smith continued\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Smith (Dave Clark Five)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24655435\",\n \"text\": \"The Dave Clark Five is a US-only compilation double-album by The Dave Clark Five. The double-LP was released in 1971 three years after the group's last US studio album entitled Everybody Knows. It features 20 studio tracks in true stereo. As all but the group's last three commercial US albums were issued in re-channeled stereo, fifteen tracks make their U.S. true stereo debut in this two-disc package, the exceptions being \\\"Good Love Is Hard To Find\\\", \\\"Sitting Here Baby\\\", \\\"Inside and Out\\\", \\\"Concentration Baby\\\" and \\\"Bernedette\\\". \\\"Glad All Over\\\", \\\"Can't You See That She's Mine\\\", \\\"Try Too Hard\\\", \\\"Because\\\" and \\\"Come Home\\\" had made their first true stereo appearances on the 1970 EMI Regal Starline LP The Best Of The Dave Clark Five. Side note: The true stereo mix of \\\"Try Too Hard\\\" suffers from speed problems near the end of the song. This occurs on every available true stereo release of the recording. Track listing All tracks written by Dave Clark & Mike Smith except as noted Side one \\\"Glad All Over\\\" - 2:43 \\\"Can't You See That She's Mine\\\" - 2:22 \\\"I Need Love\\\" - 3:39 \\\"Good Love Is Hard To Find\\\" - 2:09 \\\"Try Too Hard\\\" - 2:10 Side two \\\"Because\\\" - 2:23 (Dave Clark) \\\"'Til The Right One Comes Along\\\" - 2:15 \\\"Whenever You're Around\\\" - 2:59 \\\"Remember, It's Me\\\" - 2:23 \\\"When I'm Alone\\\" - 2:35 Side three \\\"Having a Wild Weekend\\\" - 1:52 \\\"Sitting Here Baby\\\" - 2:59 \\\"Concentration Baby\\\" - 2:34 \\\"Please Tell Me Why\\\" - 1:35 \\\"Inside and Out\\\" - 2:51 Side four \\\"Come Home\\\" - 2:51 \\\"I'll Be Yours My Love\\\" - 2:43 \\\"Forever and a Day\\\" - 2:13 \\\"Bernedette\\\" - 2:19 \\\"Hurting Inside\\\" - 2:41 References 1971 compilation albums The Dave Clark Five albums Epic Records compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Dave Clark Five (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45679646\",\n \"text\": \"Glad All Over is the American debut studio album of the English rock band the Dave Clark Five. Epic Records released the album on 17 March 1964 in the United States to capitalize on the success of the album's title track, and despite the caption saying \\\"Featuring Bits and Pieces\\\", the single did not become a hit until two months later. The album contains some of their hit songs like \\\"Glad All Over\\\", \\\"Bits and Pieces\\\" and \\\"Do You Love Me\\\". In Canada, it was released as Bits and Pieces on Capitol Records. Reception In his AllMusic retrospective review of the release, Richie Unterberger wrote, \\\"The Dave Clark Five's first album might seem a bit on the meager side outside of the context of the first flush of the British Invasion. At the time, though, it was a pretty exuberant slab o' vinyl that rocked pretty hard for the most part, paced by the three Top 10 singles 'Glad All Over,' 'Do You Love Me,' and 'Bits and Pieces.' And it does have a few decent, though not great, original songs that don't show up on greatest hits compilations: the solid pop/rocker 'I Know You,' the raucous 'Twist and Shout' rip-off 'No Time to Lose,' and the surprisingly savage instrumental 'Chaquita,' an inversion of 'Tequila' with its snaky, growling guitar riffs and dirty sax. There's also some pure filler, like the jazzy instrumental 'Time' and the infantile 'Doo Dah.' It certainly ranks among their best non-greatest-hits albums, which isn't as high a recommendation as it sounds, since the group's LPs weren't that good overall.\\\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – organ, piano, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley – bass guitar, harmonica, backing vocals Denis Payton – saxophone, backing vocals Bobby Graham - drums References The Dave Clark Five albums 1964 debut albums EMI Columbia Records albums Epic Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Glad All Over (Dave Clark Five album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73318989\",\n \"text\": \"Having a Wild Weekend is the sixth American album by the British band the Dave Clark Five. It was presented as the soundtrack to the film of the same name, released in the UK as Catch Us If You Can. The album reached the Top 20 on the Billboard and contains the worldwide hit single \\\"Catch Us If You Can\\\". Overview The film Having a Wild Weekend was the directorial debut of John Boorman and combined social drama with light-hearted fun in the vein of the Beatles' A Hard Day's Night. Although the album (as well as the UK version) was presented as the soundtrack to the film, only the four songs that actually appeared in the film are included here (\\\"Having a Wild Weekend\\\", \\\"Catch Us If You Can\\\", \\\"Sweet Memories\\\" and \\\"On The Move\\\"). The other songs from the film were already released on the band's previous albums. Release The album was produced by Dave Clark and all songs were written by the band members. It was released on 28 June 1965 on the Epic Records label in both mono (LN 24162) and electronic stereo versions (BN 26162). With different artwork but the same title, it was also released in Canada. The sleeve note was written by Myles Eiten of Ingenue magazine. The album cover art featured the band in a scene from the film with actress Barbara Ferris. On the back of the cover was the band captured in costumes of famous people (again from the movie scene). Dave Clark as Groucho Marx, Mike Smith as Jean Harlow, Rick Huxley as Stan Laurel, Denis Payton as Sabu (only Lenny Davidson is dressed as an anonymous \\\"bathing belle\\\"). The album was a huge success upon release, returning the group to the Billboard Top 20 (No. 15) and Cashbox (No. 11). The album's pilot single was the song \\\"Catch Us If You Can\\\", which became a worldwide hit. Reception Billboard magazine wrote in the official review, \\\"The rocker New Kind of Love and the swinging Catch Us If You Can have the earmarks of singles hits. Sweet Memories is a beautiful ballad performed instrumentally. A fast chart climber.\\\" Track listing Songs in the film The British soundtrack was called \\\"Catch Us If You Can\\\", but contained mostly different songs than the American album. Here is the actual list of songs used in the film and the albums on which the songs were released. Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - electric guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - tenor saxophone, backing vocals Additional musician Bobby Graham - drums (session drummer, not stated on the record sleeve) References The Dave Clark Five albums 1965 albums Epic Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Having a Wild Weekend (Dave Clark Five album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4607239\",\n \"text\": \"Catch Us If You Can (U.S. title: Having a Wild Weekend in the U.S.; also known as The Dave Clark Five Runs Wild) is the 1965 feature-film debut of director John Boorman. It was designed as a vehicle for pop band the Dave Clark Five, whose popularity at the time rivalled that of the Beatles, and it is named after their hit song \\\"Catch Us If You Can\\\". Plot The five are living together in a London flat. They make breakfast then drive to Smithfield Market, passing multiple advertising posters featuring a girl and the slogan \\\"Meat for Go\\\". During the filming of a TV commercial for a \\\"Meat for Go\\\" campaign set in London's Smithfield Market, stuntman Steve, disillusioned by the inanity of his job, absconds in an E-type Jaguar (260 EYW, one of the props) with a young actress/model, Dinah. After a visit to Oasis Swimming Pools, an open-air swimming pool in central London, and a scene in and around the Great Conservatory on the grounds of Syon House, they make their way across a wintry southern England toward Burgh Island, off the coast of Devon. Dinah is contemplating buying the island, presumably to escape the pressures of her celebrity as the \\\"Butcher Girl\\\" in the TV meat advertising campaign. This act of rebellion is cynically exploited by the advertising executive behind the campaign, Leon Zissell, who dispatches two of his henchmen to pursue the fleeing couple. On their journey, Steve and Dinah first encounter a group of beatniks squatting in MOD-owned buildings on Salisbury Plain (some of this sequence was shot in the evacuated village of Imber), and then, an eccentric, upper-class, middle-aged married couple in the opulent surroundings of the Royal Crescent in Bath, Somerset. Steve also plans to visit his boyhood hero, Louie, whose youth club in London's East End he attended, and who has since relocated to Devon. Having fled the police and Zissell's henchmen after a fancy-dress party in the Roman Baths at Bath, Steve and Dinah (with the rest of Steve's gang and the police in pursuit) make their way toward Devon. Louie recognises Dinah instantly because of her TV celebrity, but fails to recognise Steve and misremembers his name, even after being introduced. Dinah's island also proves to be disappointing; at low tide, it is reachable from the mainland, and Zissell, who is besotted with Dinah, has already arrived. Themes Although they perform the off-screen soundtrack music, the Dave Clark Five (unlike the Beatles in their films) do not portray themselves but appear to be a team of freelance stuntmen/extras led by the saturnine Steve (Dave Clark). Clark had worked as a stuntman on several films, which appears to have provided him with a level of cinematic experience and camera sense rare for a pop artist of the time. The other four members of the band perform under their real first names, but have comparably minor parts. The film is less of a conventional pop vehicle than one dealing with the\",\n \"title\": \"Catch Us If You Can (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9443402\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"It's My Life\\\" is a song written by New York City songwriters Roger Atkins and Carl D'Errico. The song was originally performed by English R&B band The Animals, who released it as a single in October 1965 (see 1965 in music). The song became a hit in several countries and has since been recorded by multiple artists. Animals original D'Errico, who wrote the music, and Atkins, who wrote the lyrics, were professional songwriters associated with the greater Brill Building scene in New York City. By 1965 they were working for Screen Gems Music but had only found minor success at best. \\\"It's My Life\\\" was written specifically for The Animals because their producer Mickie Most was soliciting material for the group's next recording sessions. (Other Animals hits to come out of this Brill Building call were \\\"We Gotta Get Out of This Place\\\" and \\\"Don't Bring Me Down.\\\") \\\"It's My Life\\\" has become D'Errico and Atkins' best-known work. The Animals' recording is propelled by a bass guitar riff from Chas Chandler, soon joined by an electric twelve-string guitar riff from Hilton Valentine. In the view of musicologist Walter Everett, the doubled line gives the song its strength. The organ part by Dave Rowberry (Alan Price's replacement) gives the track the sound that distinguishes the Animals from other \\\"British Invasion\\\" groups, its darker timbre differing from Mike Smith of the Dave Clark Five, for example. Music writer Dave Marsh has compared the dual part to a rock version of pointillism. James E. Perrone feels the low-pitched, gruff vocal of lead singer Eric Burdon matches lyrics that rhetorically convey Burdon's working class origins in Tyneside, North East England: The song then builds to a musical climax in the chorus, with Burdon complemented by response vocals from Chandler and Rowberry: Songwriter Roger Atkins has said that the lyrics he wrote contained the line \\\"Sure I'll do wrong, hurt you some time...\\\", but that Burdon recorded the wrong words: \\\"Show me I'm wrong, hurt me sometime...\\\". Atkins said that Burdon's words \\\"never made any sense to me. Everyone who's recorded it sings the wrong chorus, and sometimes even the wrong lyrics in the verses, too.\\\" There are two versions of the Animals' recording due to a slight variation of playback speed. The track found on The Best Of The Animals 1987 CD compilation, clocking in at 3:13, is pitched a half-step lower than the one included on the Retrospective CD from 2004, which is trimmed down to 3:08 due to its faster speed. Other than that slight speed/pitch variation and an additional 3 seconds or so of fade-out music on the faster version, the two tracks are exactly the same. \\\"It's My Life\\\" was visually premiered on the US television show Hullabaloo in autumn 1965, where the group sang live vocals against canned music on a den-type set that featured attractive young women sticking their heads through holes in the wall, where normally animal heads would be mounted. In Marsh's view, \\\"It's My Life\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"It's My Life (The Animals song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24654934\",\n \"text\": \"The History of The Dave Clark Five is a compilation album by The Dave Clark Five, released in 1993. Released at the same time as its UK counterpart Glad All Over Again, it features a different track listing. It spent a week on the Billboard charts in August 1993 at #127. All of the DC5's Top 40 hits are featured (with the exception of \\\"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby\\\") as well as classic album tracks, non-LP tracks and UK-only releases. Track listing CD one \\\"Glad All Over\\\" \\\"Bits and Pieces\\\" \\\"Do You Love Me\\\" \\\"Can't You See That She's Mine\\\" \\\"Because\\\" \\\"Don't Let Me Down\\\" \\\"Any Way You Want It\\\" \\\"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\\\" \\\"Anytime You Want Love\\\" \\\"Thinking of You Baby\\\" \\\"Whenever You're Around\\\" \\\"Little Bitty Pretty One\\\" \\\"Crying Over You\\\" \\\"Don't Be Taken In\\\" \\\"When\\\" \\\"Reelin' and Rockin'\\\" \\\"Come Home\\\" \\\"Mighty Good Loving\\\" \\\"Hurting Inside\\\" \\\"Having a Wild Weekend\\\" \\\"Till the Right One Comes Along\\\" (Edited with instrumental break removed) \\\"Catch Us If You Can\\\" \\\"I'll Be Yours (My Love)\\\" \\\"I Am on My Own\\\" \\\"I Need Love CD two \\\"Try Too Hard\\\" \\\"All Night Long\\\" \\\"Look Before You Leap\\\" \\\"Please Tell Me Why\\\" \\\"Somebody Find a New Love\\\" (Edited with bass intro removed) \\\"Satisfied with You\\\" \\\"At the Scene\\\" \\\"I Miss You\\\" \\\"Do You Still Love Me\\\" \\\"Nineteen Days\\\" \\\"I've Got to Have a Reason\\\" \\\"I Like It Like That\\\" \\\"Over and Over\\\" \\\"You Got What It Takes\\\" \\\"Doctor Rhythm\\\" \\\"Small Talk\\\" \\\"Concentration Baby\\\" (Single version) \\\"Everybody Knows\\\" \\\"Inside and Out\\\" \\\"At the Place\\\" \\\"Best Day's Work\\\" \\\"Maze of Love\\\" \\\"Here Comes Summer\\\" \\\"Live in the Sky\\\" \\\"Everybody Get Together\\\" Personnel Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals (except as indicated below) Lenny Davidson - guitars, backing vocals, lead vocals on \\\"I Am on My Own\\\" and \\\"Everybody Knows\\\" (1967 version) Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - saxophone, harmonica, lead vocals on \\\"I Miss You\\\" 1993 compilation albums The Dave Clark Five albums Hollywood Records compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"The History of The Dave Clark Five\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1844949\",\n \"text\": \"David or Dave Clark may refer to: Music Dave Clark (Canadian musician), former member of Rheostatics Dave Clark (musician) (born 1939), English drummer who formed and led the Dave Clark Five Dave Clark (promoter) (1909–1995), African-American record promoter and songwriter Politics David Clark, Baron Clark of Windermere (born 1939), British politician Dave Clark (Canadian politician), Progressive Conservative Canadian politician David C. Clark (1926–2015), American politician from the state of Florida David Clark (Utah politician) (born 1953), Republican State Representative for Utah's 74th District David Worth Clark (1902–1955), Democratic U.S. Representative and Senator representing Idaho David Clark (New Zealand politician) (born 1973), Labour MP for Dunedin North since 2011 David Clark (Georgia politician) (born 1986), Republican State Representative for Georgia's 98th District Sports Dave Clark (baseball) (born 1962), baseball player David Clark (cricketer) (1919–2013), English cricketer David Clark (footballer, born 1878), Irish footballer Dave Clark (pole vaulter) (1936–2018), American Olympic athlete David Clark (racing driver) (born 1978), Australian race car driver David Clark (rower) (born 1959), Olympic silver medal winner David Clark (rugby union) (born 1940), former Australian rugby union footballer and current coach Dave Clark (sprinter), Scottish athlete at the 1990 Commonwealth Games Dave Clark (television presenter), presenter on Sky Sports David K. Clark (born 1953), British-born jockey Others Dave Clark, the Midnight comic book superhero David Clark (1816 ship), a convict ship David Clark, 2008 winner of BBC's Mastermind quiz show David Clark (cartoonist), American illustrator David Aaron Clark (1960–2009), pornographic actor and director David B. Clark, American Latter Day Saint leader David D. Clark (born 1944), American Internet pioneer David Delano Clark (1924–1997), American physicist David L. Clark (1864–1939), Pittsburgh businessman and inventor of the Clark bar David Leigh Clark, American paleontologist David Clark (psychiatrist) (1920–2010), British psychiatrist who pioneered therapeutic communities in mental hospitals David M. Clark (born 1954), British psychologist David Worth Clark (1902–1955), educator, media executive and President of Palm Beach Atlantic University See also David Clark Company, a manufacturer of headphones used in professional applications The Dave Clark Five, a musical group David Clarke (disambiguation) Clark, David\",\n \"title\": \"David Clark\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1730794\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Southern Man\\\" is a song by Canadian-American singer-songwriter Neil Young, from his album After the Gold Rush, released in 1970. An extended live version can be heard on the Crosby Stills Nash & Young album 4 Way Street. Description The lyrics of \\\"Southern Man\\\" describe the racism towards blacks in the American South. In the song, Young tells the story of a white man (symbolically the entire white South) and how he mistreated his slaves. Young pleadingly asks when the South will make amends for the fortunes built through slavery when he sings: I saw cotton and I saw black, tall white mansions and little shacks. Southern Man, when will you pay them back? The song also mentions the practice of cross burning referencing the Ku Klux Klan. Young was very sensitive about the song's message of anti-racism and anti-violence. During his 1973 tour, he canceled a show in Oakland, California because a fan was beaten and removed from the stage by a guard while the song was played. Response Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd wrote their song \\\"Sweet Home Alabama\\\" in response to \\\"Southern Man\\\" and \\\"Alabama\\\" from Young's 1972 album Harvest. Young has said that he is a fan of both \\\"Sweet Home Alabama\\\" and Ronnie Van Zant, the lead vocalist for Lynyrd Skynyrd. \\\"They play like they mean it,\\\" Young said in 1976. \\\"I'm proud to have my name in a song like theirs.\\\" Young has also been known to play \\\"Sweet Home Alabama\\\" in concert occasionally. To demonstrate this camaraderie, Van Zant frequently wore a Neil Young Tonight's the Night T-shirt while performing \\\"Sweet Home Alabama\\\". Crazy Horse bassist Billy Talbot can often be seen reciprocating by wearing a Jack Daniel's-styled Lynyrd Skynyrd T-shirt (including at the Live Rust concert). In his book Waging Heavy Peace: A Hippie Dream, Young stated that Lynyrd Skynyrd wrote \\\"Sweet Home Alabama\\\" not in response to \\\"Southern Man\\\", but rather to Young's song \\\"Alabama\\\". Young noted that Lynyrd Skynyrd's implied criticism was deserved because Young's lyrics on \\\"Alabama\\\" were condescending and accusatory. Other versions Merry Clayton's version of the song appeared on her self-titled 1971 album. She later performed backing vocals on \\\"Sweet Home Alabama\\\", after some personal conflict. Sylvester and the Hot Band released a funk version of the song as their debut single, from their 1973 self-titled debut album. David Allan Coe covered the song on his 1985 album Unchained. The Dave Clark Five's version was released in 1971 as a single. It also appeared on their Dave Clark & Friends album. Morse Portnoy George included this song in a medley with \\\"The Needle and the Damage Done\\\" and \\\"Cinnamon Girl\\\" on their album Cover 2 Cover''. References Neil Young songs 1970 songs Songs about racism and xenophobia Southern United States in fiction Songs written by Neil Young Song recordings produced by David Briggs (record producer) Songs about the American South\",\n \"title\": \"Southern Man (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68271384\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\\\", also known as \\\"The Dave Clark Play Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\\\", is a medley by British band the Dave Clark Five, released as a single in November 1969. It was a top-ten hit in the UK, peaking at number 7 on the Singles Chart in January 1970. Medley The A-side comprises seven songs: \\\"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\\\", originally by Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys; \\\"Sweet Little Sixteen\\\", originally by Chuck Berry; \\\"Long Tall Sally\\\", originally by Little Richard; \\\"Chantilly Lace\\\", originally by the Big Bopper; \\\"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On\\\", best known for the version by Jerry Lee Lewis; \\\"Blue Suede Shoes\\\", originally by Carl Perkins; and \\\"Lucille\\\", originally by Little Richard. The B-side comprises two songs, \\\"Reelin' and Rockin'\\\" and \\\"Memphis Tennessee\\\", both originally by Chuck Berry. The single had audience screams dubbed in and the album version of the A-side was over half the time shorter. In the US, a single was also released as \\\"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\\\". However, this single is equivalent to the follow-up medley \\\"More Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\\\". Reception Reviewing for New Musical Express, Derek Johnson wrote that the single is not the \\\"official follow-up to \\\"Put a Little Love in Your Heart\\\" – but a special 'bonus' release\\\". He described it as a \\\"great Christmas party disc for the young-at-heart\\\", but that it \\\"would have been better without the dubbed-in audience screams\\\". Personnel Dave Clark – drums Mike Smith – vocals, piano, organ Lenny Davidson – guitar Rick Huxley – guitar, harmonica Denis Payton – saxophone Charts References 1969 songs 1969 singles The Dave Clark Five songs Columbia Graphophone Company singles\",\n \"title\": \"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4857461\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\" is a song composed by Allie Wrubel with lyrics by Ray Gilbert for the Disney 1946 live action and animated movie Song of the South, sung by James Baskett. For \\\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\", the film won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and was the second Disney song to win this award, after \\\"When You Wish upon a Star\\\" from Pinocchio (1940). In 2004, it finished at number 47 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs, a survey of top tunes in American cinema. Disney historian Jim Korkis said the word \\\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\" was reportedly invented by Walt Disney, who was fond of nonsense words such as \\\"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\\\" from Cinderella (1950) and \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\" from Mary Poppins (1964). Ken Emerson, author of the book Doo-dah!: Stephen Foster And The Rise Of American Popular Culture, believes that the song is influenced by the chorus of the pre-Civil War folk song \\\"Zip Coon\\\", a \\\"Turkey in the Straw\\\" variation: \\\"O Zip a duden duden duden zip a duden day\\\". Since 2020, Disney has disassociated itself from the song due to the longstanding controversy over racial connotations associated with Song of the South, with the song largely being removed from music loops in the company's theme parks. Notable versions The Walt Disney Company never released a single from the soundtrack. Johnny Mercer & The Pied Pipers had a no. 8 hit with their rendition of the song in December 1946. The flip side of the record was \\\"Everybody Has a Laughing Place\\\", from the same movie and by the same composers. As a result, Mercer had to correct listeners who mistakenly assumed that he wrote it. The Modernaires with Paula Kelly - this reached the No. 11 spot in the Billboard charts in 1946. Sammy Kaye & His Orchestra - this also reached the No. 11 spot in the Billboard charts in 1946. The King's Men did a cover of the song during the \\\"Johnson's Wax 60th Anniversary\\\" episode of Fibber McGee and Molly. The Dave Clark Five recorded a version, released in 1964 on the albums The Dave Clark Five Return! and A Session with the Dave Clark Five. Louis Armstrong included it on Disney Songs the Satchmo Way (1966). The Jackson 5 recorded their version on Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 (1969). Greg & Steve recorded their version on Playing Favorites (1991). Paula Abdul performed an uplifting rendition of the song as the opening number for the Disney Channel television special For Our Children: The Concert, which aired on February 16, 1993. Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans version Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans, a Phil Spector-produced American rhythm and blues trio from Los Angeles, recorded \\\"Zip-a-Dee Doo-Dah\\\" using the Wrecking Crew in late 1962. According to the Beatles' George Harrison: \\\"When Phil Spector was making 'Zip-A-Dee Doo-Dah', the engineer who's set up the track overloaded the microphone on the guitar player and it became very distorted. Phil Spector said, 'Leave it like that, it's great.' Some years later everyone started\",\n \"title\": \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"244622\",\n \"text\": \"Clark is an English language surname with historical links to England, Scotland, and Ireland, ultimately derived from the Latin clericus meaning \\\"scribe\\\", \\\"secretary\\\" or a scholar within a religious order, referring to someone who was educated. Clark evolved from \\\"clerk\\\". First records of the name are found in 12th-century England. The name has many variants. Clark is the twenty-seventh most common surname in the United Kingdom, including placing fourteenth in Scotland. Clark is also an occasional given name, as in the case of Clark Gable. According to the 1990 United States Census, Clark was the twenty-first most frequently encountered surname, accounting for 0.23% of the population. Disambiguation pages Anne Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Brian Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Cameron Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Charles Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Chris Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Clive Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Colin Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Douglas Clark (disambiguation), multiple people David Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Dick Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Edward Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Eugene Clark (disambiguation), multiple people George Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Gregory Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jack Clark (disambiguation), multiple people James Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jason Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jeff Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jim Clark (disambiguation), multiple people John Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jonathan Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Joseph Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Kate Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Ken Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Kenneth Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Lee Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Mary Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Paul Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Robert Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Ryan Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Sally Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Samuel Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Simon Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Terry Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Thomas Clark (disambiguation), multiple people William Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Arts and literature Alton Dorian Clark (born 1984), better known as American hip-hop musician Dorian Andy Clark (musician), British musician Ann Clarke (born 1944), Canadian artist Annie Erin Clark, better known under her stage name St. Vincent (musician) (born 1982), American singer, songwriter, and musician Appleton P. Clark Jr. (1865–1955), American architect Blake Clark (born 1946), American actor and stand-up comedian Bob Clark (Benjamin \\\"Bob\\\" Clark) (1941–2007), an American director Buddy Clark (1911–1949), American singer Catherine Clark (born 1976), Canadian television host Clark (musician) (born 1979), British musician, who is also known as Chris Clark Christian Clark (born 1978), Australian actor Claudine Clark (born 1941), American R&B singer and performer of the 1962 hit record \\\"Party Lights\\\" Cora Mildred Maris Clark (1885–1967), New Zealand hockey player and nurse Dave Clark (musician) (born 1939), English drummer of The Dave Clark Five Dorothy Park Clark (1899–1983), American novelist who wrote under the pen name Clark McMeekin Dodie Clark (born 1995), English musician, YouTuber, and author Donté Clark, American poet, actor Ernest Clark (1912–1994), British actor Florence Anderson Clark (1835–1918), American author, newspaper editor, librarian, university dean Guy Clark (1941–2016), American musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer Harriet E. Clark (1850–1945), American teacher and author Helen Taggart Clark (1849–1918), American journalist, poet Hilda Margery Clarke\",\n \"title\": \"Clark\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9990837\",\n \"text\": \"Dave Clark is a former television presenter from Ilkley, West Yorkshire, England who worked for British television station Sky Sports from 1998 until 2020, where he was the anchorman for boxing and darts coverage. Career Clark was a presenter on Capital Gold radio's football, Olympics and Wimbledon tennis coverage from 1990. He also presented a nightly football phone-in \\\"Capital Gold Sportstime\\\" and \\\"The Dave Clark Show\\\". He left Capital in 1998 to join Sky Sports News upon its launch. Alongside his presentation on the rolling sports news channel, Sky Sports News, Clark also spent a year hosting the football phone-in You're On Sky Sports. Dave has fronted snooker and pool coverage as well as Soccer Saturday and Soccer AM. Clark began presenting Sky's boxing coverage on a shared basis with Paul Dempsey, until Dempsey left for Setanta Sports. He's been the frontman for several big fights for the likes of David Haye, Amir Khan and Ricky Hatton. Clark replaced Jeff Stelling as darts presenter and covers all of the PDC's major televised tournaments, as well as the Premier League. On 12 July 2020, Dave announced his retirement from Sky Sports live commentating. Fight with Parkinson's Clark was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2011 and has been public about his fight with the disease. His father also suffered from the disease and severe depression connected to the disease. During the 2018 PDC World Darts Championship, in a tweet Ladbrokes Coral uploaded a photo of him and wrote: \\\"Dave Clark looks like he's caught the whiff of something nasty & wants to murder the person who's caused it ... #LoveTheDarts.\\\" Clark responded with a screen grab of Ladbrokes' post alongside the message: \\\"That'll be the chronic degenerative neurological condition that will eventually rob me of the ability to walk, talk and smile @Ladbrokes #parkinsons\\\".Alan Shearer along with others expressed support for Clark tweeting \\\"Wow! Two people tweeting. One is a gentleman, who inspires us all. The other a little prat on a keyboard hoping for a cheap laugh. I know who I stand with. You're an inspiration Dave. F**k them. Keep doing yourself and everyone else proud. #parkinsons #hero\\\". Ladbrokes later deleted the tweet and apologised to Clark. Clark is a Leeds United fan. References External links Dave Clark profile Sky Sports web site. Sky Sports presenters and reporters People from Ilkley Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Boxing commentators Olympic Games broadcasters Tennis commentators Darts people Television personalities from West Yorkshire Professional Darts Corporation Hall of Fame People with Parkinson's disease\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Clark (television presenter)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3704856\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye\\\" is a 1969 song written and recorded by Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo and Dale Frashuer, attributed to a then-fictitious band Steam. It was released under the Mercury subsidiary label Fontana and became a number-one pop single on the Billboard Hot 100 in late 1969, and remained on the charts in early 1970. Original recording Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo and Dale Frashuer wrote a blues shuffle version of the song in the early 1960s when they were members of a doo-wop group from Bridgeport, Connecticut, called the Glenwoods, the Citations, and the Chateaus, of which Leka was the piano player. The group disbanded when Leka talked Frashuer into going into New York City with him to write and possibly produce. In 1969, DeCarlo (using the professional name Garrett Scott) recorded four songs at Mercury Records in New York with Leka as producer. The singles impressed the company's executives, who wanted to issue all of them as A-side singles. In need of a B-side, Leka and DeCarlo resurrected an old song from their days as the Glenwoods, \\\"Kiss Him Goodbye\\\", with their old bandmate, Frashuer. With DeCarlo as lead vocalist, they recorded the song in one recording session. Instead of using a full band, Leka played keyboards and had engineer Warren Dewey splice together a drum track from one of DeCarlo's four singles and a conga drum solo by Ange DiGeronimo recorded in Leka's Bridgeport, Connecticut, studio for an entirely different session. \\\"I said we should put a chorus to it (to make it longer)\\\", Leka told Fred Bronson in The Billboard Book of Number One Hits. \\\"I started writing while I was sitting at the piano going 'na, na, na, na, na, na, na, na'... Everything was 'na na' when you didn't have a lyric.\\\" Gary added \\\"hey hey\\\". \\\"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye\\\" reached number one in the United States for two weeks, on December 6 and 13, 1969; it was Billboards final multi-week number 1 hit of the 1960s and also peaked at number twenty on the soul chart. In Canada, the song reached number six. By the beginning of the 21st century, sales of \\\"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye\\\" had exceeded 6.5 million records, attaining multi-platinum record status. Dave Clark Five version In October of 1973, The Dave Clark Five released the song as a single, credited to Dave Clark & Friends. It did not chart in the US, but was a minor success in the UK, Germany and New Zealand. Bananarama version In February 1983, UK girl group Bananarama released the song as a single from their album Deep Sea Skiving. This version became a top ten hit in the United Kingdom (number 5), but only a minor hit in the US (Billboard number 101) later that year. This was the fifth single released from their first album in 1983. It peaked at number five in the UK singles chart, and number 38 in Australia on\",\n \"title\": \"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5063452\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rumble\\\" is an instrumental by American group Link Wray & His Wray Men. Released in the United States on March 31, 1958, as a single (with \\\"The Swag\\\" as a B-side), \\\"Rumble\\\" utilized the techniques of distortion and tremolo, then largely unexplored in rock and roll. In 2018, the song was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in a new category for singles. In 2008, it was inducted to National Recording Registry by Library of Congress. History At a live gig in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in early 1958, while attempting to work up a backing for The Diamonds' \\\"The Stroll\\\", Link Wray & His Ray Men came up with the instrumental \\\"Rumble\\\", which they originally called \\\"Oddball\\\". It was an instant hit with the audience, which demanded four repeats that night. The host of the sock hop, disc jockey Milt Grant, paid for the song to be recorded and released as a single; in turn, Grant would receive songwriting credit. Eventually the instrumental came to the attention of record producer Archie Bleyer of Cadence Records, who hated it, particularly after Wray poked a pencil through the speaker cone of his amplifier to make the recording sound more like the live version. But Bleyer's stepdaughter loved it, so he released it despite his misgivings. Phil Everly heard it and suggested the title \\\"Rumble\\\", as it had a rough sound and said it sounded like a street fight. It was banned in several US radio markets, because the term 'rumble' was a slang term for a gang fight, and it was feared that the piece's harsh sound glorified juvenile delinquency. The record is the only instrumental single ever banned from radio in the United States. Chart performance \\\"Rumble\\\" was a hit in the United States, where it climbed to number 16 on the pop charts and number 11 on the R&B chart in the summer of 1958. In Canada the song also reached number 16. Covers and later versions The Dave Clark Five covered it in 1964 on their first album, A Session with The Dave Clark Five; it also appeared on The Dave Clark Five Return!, their second American album. Another recording of the instrumental was released by Wray in 1968 as \\\"Rumble '68\\\", and again in 1969 as \\\"Rumble-69\\\" (Mr. G Records, G-820). In 2014 jazz guitarist Bill Frisell released a cover of \\\"Rumble\\\" on his album Guitar in the Space Age! Influence Bob Dylan once referred to \\\"Rumble\\\" as \\\"the best instrumental ever\\\", and the piece has remained widely used in various entertainment media. It has been used in movies, documentaries, television shows and elsewhere, including Top Gear, The Warriors (in the deleted opening scene), Pulp Fiction, Screaming Yellow Theater with host Svengoolie, Independence Day, SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One, Blow, the pilot episode of the HBO series The Sopranos, StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty, Riding Giants, Roadracers, and Wild Zero. In the 2008 documentary, It Might Get Loud, featuring guitarists Jimmy Page, The Edge, and\",\n \"title\": \"Rumble (instrumental)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56559670\",\n \"text\": \"Weekend in London is the fifth studio album by the English rock band the Dave Clark Five. It contains the single \\\"Come Home\\\" and covers of \\\"Blue Suede Shoes\\\" by Carl Perkins and \\\"Little Bitty Pretty One\\\" by Thurston Harris. The album also features \\\"Hurting Inside\\\" and Till the Right One Comes Along\\\", both of which later appeared on The Dave Clark Five (1971) compilation album. In Canada, it was released as Encores on Capitol Records. Reception In his retrospective review for AllMusic, Greg Adams said the band's own songs on Weekend in London \\\"vacillate between the pretty Beatlesque pop of 'Your Turn to Cry' and moody rockers similar to early Zombies\\\" and that as the band released three albums around that time, \\\"Weekend in London sounds like they were being stretched a little too thin.\\\" Track listing All tracks written by Dave Clark and Mike Smith, except were noted. Side one \\\"Come Home\\\" – 2:49 \\\"We'll Be Running\\\" (Dave Clark, Denis Payton) – 1:32 \\\"Blue Suede Shoes\\\" (Carl Perkins) – 1:44 \\\"Hurting Inside\\\" – 2:37 \\\"I'll Never Know\\\" (Dave Clark, Denis Payton) – 1:45 Til the Right One Comes Along\\\" – 2:11 Side two \\\"I'm Thinking\\\" (Dave Clark, Denis Payton) – 1:29 \\\"Your Turn to Cry\\\" – 3:12 \\\"Little Bitty Pretty One\\\" (Robert James Byrd) – 1:30 \\\"Remember it's Me\\\" – 2:19 \\\"Mighty Good Loving\\\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 2:40 Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - guitars, backing vocals and harmony vocals Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - saxophone, harmonica, backing vocals Technical Jay Thompson - cover photography Charts References The Dave Clark Five albums 1965 albums Epic Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Weekend in London\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18083698\",\n \"text\": \"Get Yourself a College Girl, also released as The Swingin' Set, is a 1964 Metrocolor film comedy in the style of a beach party movie. The plot involves a college student who tries to balance her time writing songs and dealing with her publisher who tries to pursue her. It was directed by Sidney Miller and written by Robert E. Kent, and filmed at Sun Valley, Idaho, United States. Plot Terry Taylor (Mary Ann Mobley) is a senior at conservative Wyndham College for Women (fictitious), and under an assumed name, a successful pop songwriter. After her publisher Gary Underwood (Chad Everett) unknowingly exposes her career, Wyndham's board of trustees—including the college founder's grandson, California State Senator Hubert Morrison (Willard Waterman)—condemns Terry for indecent behavior. To distract herself from a possible expulsion, Terry, her friends Sue Ann Mobley (Chris Noel) and Lynne (Nancy Sinatra), and their physical-education instructor Marge Endicott (Joan O'Brien) travel to Sun Valley, Idaho, for a Christmas-break ski vacation. There, they meet Gary and his artist friend Armand (Fabrizio Mioni); Senator Morrison, who wants to solicit the youth vote; and Lynne's husband. The Dave Clark Five, The Animals, and other musical acts perform in the background as Gary and Armand romance Terry and Sue Ann, respectively, while Lynne and her husband spend the entire vacation in their room. Senator Morrison courts Marge and shows that he is a talented dancer, but an embarrassing newspaper photograph threatens his re-election. The others demonstrate his support among the young by holding a successful telephone poll with musical performances. Cast Mary Ann Mobley as Teresa 'Terry' Taylor Joan O'Brien as teacher Miss Marge Endicott Nancy Sinatra as Lynne Chris Noel as Sue Ann Mobley Chad Everett as Gary Underwood Willard Waterman as Senator Hubert Morrison Fabrizio Mioni as Armand James Millhollin as Gordon Paul Todd as Ray Donnie Brooks as Donnie Hortense Petra as Donna, the Photographer Dorothy Neumann as Miss Martha Stone, Dean of Wyndham College Marti Barris as Secretary Mario Costello as Bellboy Percy Helton as Senator's chauffeur The Standells as Themselves The Dave Clark Five as Themselves Stan Getz as himself Astrud Gilberto as herself Roberta Linn as herself The Bellboys as Themselves The Animals as Themselves The Rhythm Masters as Themselves The Jimmy Smith Trio as Themselves Gary Burton as himself Production The film was known as Watusi A Go-Go, The Swingin' Set and The Go Go Set. Music Sidney Miller and Fred Karger wrote two songs for the film, “The Swingin’ Set,” performed offscreen by Donnie Brooks at the film’s opening, and “Get Yourself a College Girl,” performed in the film by Mary Ann Mobley. Stan Getz with the Stan Getz Quartet back Astrud Gilberto as she performs “The Girl from Ipanema.” The Rhythm Masters perform “Beat Street Rag.” Jimmy Smith with The Jimmy Smith Trio perform “Comin' Home Johnny” and the instrumental \\\"The Sermon.\\\" Freddie Bell & Roberta Linn with the Bellboys perform “Talkin' About Love.” The Standells perform “Bony Maronie” and “The Swim.” The Dave\",\n \"title\": \"Get Yourself a College Girl\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15681349\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Can't You See That She's Mine\\\" is the fourth single released in the United States by the Dave Clark Five. The song was written by Dave Clark and Mike Smith, and was the Dave Clark Five's fourth Gold Record. The B-side \\\"No Time To Lose\\\" was taken from the previous Dave Clark Five album \\\"Glad All Over\\\". Background The middle four bars start with the lyric \\\"People talk and try to break us up. Well we know they don't understand\\\", which is a direct lift from the 1960 Ray Charles song \\\"Sticks And Stones\\\". Cash Box described it as a \\\"sizzling rocker...that should move up the charts in jet -speed fashion..\\\" Chart performance \\\"Can't You See That She's Mine\\\" reached No.4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of 18 July 1964. In the UK, the single rose to No.10 in June 1964. In Canada, the song reached No.5 on the CHUM Charts and No.3 on the RPM charts. References 1964 singles The Dave Clark Five songs 1964 songs Epic Records singles Songs written by Mike Smith (Dave Clark Five)\",\n \"title\": \"Can't You See That She's Mine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5155119\",\n \"text\": \"Leslie David Reed (24 July 1935 – 15 April 2019) was an English songwriter, arranger, musician and light-orchestra leader. His major songwriting partners were Gordon Mills, Barry Mason, and Geoff Stephens, although he wrote songs with many others such as Roger Greenaway, Roger Cook, Peter Callander, and Johnny Worth. Reed co-wrote around sixty charting songs, and is best known for \\\"It's Not Unusual\\\", \\\"Delilah\\\", \\\"The Last Waltz\\\" and \\\"Marching On Together\\\". His songs gained a number of gold discs and Ivor Novello Awards. Allmusic noted that \\\"In the mid-1960s, it was unusual for a British singles chart not to list a Les Reed song\\\". He won the British Academy Gold Badge of Merit in 1982. Early life Reed was born in Woking, Surrey, and grew up there. He was an accomplished musician by the age of 14, playing the piano, accordion and vibraphone. He studied at the London College of Music before joining the Willis Reed Group, with whom he toured for four years. Having been called up for National Service, he played piano and clarinet in the Royal East Kent Military Band. In 1959, he joined The John Barry Seven as their pianist. Songwriting career In the mid-1960s, Reed began a successful songwriting partnership with Geoff Stephens which yielded such hits as \\\"Tell Me When\\\", a hit for The Applejacks; \\\"Here It Comes Again\\\" for The Fortunes; \\\"Leave A Little Love\\\" for Lulu; and \\\"There's a Kind of Hush\\\", a 1967 success for Herman's Hermits. During 1964, Reed penned \\\"It's Not Unusual\\\" with ex-Viscounts member and Tom Jones' manager Gordon Mills, which was Jones' debut recording and gave him a UK number 1. Reed also arranged the song and played the piano for the recording. Around this time, Reed struck up a songwriting partnership with Barry Mason. They wrote a song for Kathy Kirby, \\\"I'll Try Not To Cry\\\", as Britain's entry in 1965 for the Eurovision Song Contest held in Naples. The song was beaten by \\\"I Belong\\\". The songwriters had a 1967 hit in \\\"Everybody Knows\\\" by The Dave Clark Five—who also recorded a Reed–Mason follow-up—and another success in 1968 with \\\"Delilah\\\", again a Top 10 hit for Tom Jones. \\\"Delilah\\\" was originally written for P. J. Proby, and later covered by The Sensational Alex Harvey Band in 1975. Reed and Mason also wrote \\\"The Last Waltz\\\", which became a million selling UK number one for Engelbert Humperdinck in September 1967. Mason and Reed wrote \\\"Who's Doctor Who?\\\", a novelty song recorded by Doctor Who star Frazer Hines in 1967, but it failed to chart. In 1968, the duo scored another UK number 1 hit with Des O'Connor's recording of \\\"I Pretend\\\". That same year, \\\"I've Got My Eyes on You\\\", written by Reed and Jackie Rae, was recorded by Petula Clark, Ray Conniff, P. J. Proby and The Vogues. Following Petula Clark's original version, Connie Francis recorded \\\"Kiss Me Goodbye\\\" on her album Connie Francis Sings the Songs of Les Reed, which featured Reed as producer\",\n \"title\": \"Les Reed (songwriter)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1055144\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hang On Sloopy\\\" (originally \\\"My Girl Sloopy\\\") is a 1964 song written by Wes Farrell and Bert Berns. Rhythm and blues vocal group the Vibrations were the first to record the tune in 1964. Atlantic Records released it as a single, which reached No. 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song is associated with Ohio State University and is Ohio's official rock song. The song became standard fare for garage bands and, in 1965, it became one of the first songs recorded by the Yardbirds with guitarist Jeff Beck. A version by the rock group the McCoys was the most successful, when it reached number one in the singles chart. Recordings by additional artists also reached the charts, including versions in Spanish and Portuguese. By one account, the inspiration for the song was Dorothy Sloop, a jazz singer from Steubenville, Ohio, and a student at Ohio University. McCoys version In early 1965, the Strangeloves, a New York City rock band, wanted to make the song the follow-up to their hit single \\\"I Want Candy\\\" and began performing it in concert. However, the Dave Clark Five, with whom they were touring, told the Strangeloves that they were going to record their own version when they returned to England, copying the Strangeloves' arrangement. The Strangeloves realized that the Dave Clark Five's cut would likely be a hit, but they were not yet ready to release a new single because they were still enjoying the success of \\\"I Want Candy\\\" from a few months earlier. The answer presented itself when a young rock group named Rick and the Raiders opened (and provided backing) for the Strangeloves in July in Dayton, Ohio. The Strangeloves, three writer-producers from Brooklyn, New York City, recruited Rick and the Raiders to record the song under their name. Their 16-year-old leader, Rick Zehringer, was flown to Bell Sound Studios in New York to record his lead vocal over the Strangeloves' already-recorded backing tracks. It was decided to change the name of Rick's group to the McCoys to avoid confusion with another popular band at the time, Paul Revere & the Raiders, and Rick began using the stage name Rick Derringer. The single was issued on Bang Records and entered the chart on August 14, 1965. It reached the top position on October 2. Contrary to the Strangeloves' expectations, the Dave Clark Five version was never even released. Originally written and recorded with three verses, the retitled \\\"Hang On Sloopy\\\" was edited down to two verses for the single and resulting Hang On Sloopy album. Record World said that \\\"Teens will hang on to this new Bang slice, since the rhythmic song about a hard luck girl is riveting.\\\" The unedited three-verse version, at 3 minutes, 50 seconds, first appeared on the 1970 Bang various artists compilation Bang & Shout Super Hits (BLPS-220), then again on the 1991 Rhino Records various artists compilation Grandson of Frat Rock! Vol. 3 and the 1995 Legacy Recordings compilation Hang On Sloopy:\",\n \"title\": \"Hang On Sloopy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8713880\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Over and Over\\\" is a song written by Robert James Byrd and recorded by him using the stage name Bobby Day. Day's version entered the Billboard Hot 100 in 1958, the same week a version of the same song by Thurston Harris entered the chart. Day's version reached #41, and was the B-side to \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\". Thurston Harris' version peaked at #96. In the song, the singer describes going to a party with misgivings of having a good time, until he sees a pretty girl. The singer attempts to ask her out, but she is waiting for her date to arrive. He vows to try \\\"over and over\\\". Dave Clark Five version In 1965, the most successful version was recorded by the Dave Clark Five, one of the early British Invasion bands of the mid-1960s. This version was sung by lead singer and keyboardist Mike Smith. It followed the group's signature sound of thumping, drum beats accompanied by a wailing saxophone. It omits the final verse of the song. In the US, \\\"Over and Over\\\" was the group's 12th Top 40 hit and was their only #1 hit. It was also the last #1 hit of 1965. Despite its success in the United States and the popularity of the group on both sides of the Atlantic, the single only reached number 45 in the band's native United Kingdom. The DC5 also had only one UK number 1, Glad All Over, whilst this was their only US chart-topper. The Dave Clark Five omitted Bobby Day's last verse to the song, while the line \\\"everybody went stag\\\" as originally written by Bobby Byrd (Day's real name) was sung as “everybody there was there” on the DC5 version. Cash Box described it as a \\\"lively, hard-driving rendition\\\" with \\\"a danceable, pulsating beat.\\\" Record World said that \\\"The Dave Clark Five go to the top over and over, and 'Over and Over' will be no exception.\\\" Covers In 1981, Mike Love of The Beach Boys covered the song on his solo album Looking Back With Love. Love recorded it again on his 2019 album 12 Sides of Summer. References 1958 songs 1958 singles 1965 singles Bobby Day songs The Dave Clark Five songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Cashbox number-one singles RPM Top Singles number-one singles Songs written by Bobby Day\",\n \"title\": \"Over and Over (Bobby Day song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2557839\",\n \"text\": \"Bobby Graham (born Robert Francis Neate, 11 March 1940 – 14 September 2009) was an English session drummer, composer, arranger and record producer. Shel Talmy, who produced the Kinks, David Bowie and the Who, described Graham as \\\"the greatest drummer the UK has ever produced.\\\" In 1962 Graham was offered the drummers position in The Beatles when Pete Best was fired, with Ringo Starr eventually accepting the position. Biography Born at North Middlesex Hospital, Edmonton, North London, England, Graham became a member of the Outlaws and worked with Joe Meek. He left to join work with Joe Brown in 1961. Graham was a part of the British elite session team (comparable to the American \\\"Wrecking Crew\\\") made up of artists such as Big Jim Sullivan, Vic Flick and Jimmy Page. Graham played on 13 number one singles, including those by the Dave Clark Five, Engelbert Humperdinck, Peter and Gordon, Jackie Trent, the Kinks, Tom Jones and Dusty Springfield, and appeared on a total of 40 UK top five hits (10 number two hits; 4 number 3 hits; 6 number 4 hits; 7 number five hits; 107 top 50 hits - 1155 days in the charts). In a discography that counts approximately 15,000 titles, he played on hits by John Barry, Shirley Bassey, Joe Cocker, Billy Fury, Herman's Hermits, Benny Hill, Rod Stewart, Dave Berry, Joe Brown and the Bruvvers, Chubby Checker, Petula Clark, Brenda Lee, Lulu, Brian Poole & the Tremeloes, the Pretty Things, PJ Proby, Van Morrison, Them, the Walker Brothers, and Marianne Faithfull. Graham also toured the UK as drummer in his own jazz band. Death On 14 September 2009, Bobby Graham died at the Isabel Hospice in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England after battling stomach cancer for five months. He was 69. Recording credits Graham played on over 15,000 titles, including: \\\"You Really Got Me\\\", \\\"All Day And All Of The Night\\\" and \\\"Tired of Waiting For You\\\" by The Kinks \\\"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\\\" by Rod Stewart \\\"Downtown\\\" and \\\"I Know A Place\\\" by Petula Clark \\\"Green Green Grass of Home\\\" by Tom Jones \\\"Gloria\\\" and \\\"Baby Please Don't Go\\\" by Them (ft. Van Morrison) \\\"I Only Want to Be with You\\\" by Dusty Springfield \\\"I Believe\\\" by The Bachelors \\\"Is It True\\\" by Brenda Lee. Produced by Mickie Most in 1964. \\\"Glad All Over\\\" and \\\"Bits and Pieces\\\" by The Dave Clark Five Literature Patrick Harrington: The Session Man (Broom House Publishing Ltd., 12 Nov 2004) - References External links Official website 1940 births 2009 deaths Deaths from stomach cancer in England English rock drummers English jazz drummers English male drummers People from Edmonton, London English session musicians The Outlaws (band) members British male jazz musicians 20th-century British male musicians\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Graham (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23779679\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Any Way You Want It\\\" is a single by The Dave Clark Five, from the United States album, Coast to Coast (1964). \\\"Any Way You Want It\\\" was written by Dave Clark. It hit number No. 25 in the UK Singles Chart, and No. 14 in the United States. It is notable for its use of echo and reverb made by an Echoplex. \\\"Any Way You Want It\\\" was performed on many US variety shows, such as The Ed Sullivan Show and Shindig!. As the song used many production techniques, it had to be lip synched on television performances. Cash Box described it as \\\"a 'pull-out-all-the-stops' powerhouse that the group pounds out in sales-dynamite fashion.\\\" Chart performance Cover versions The song was recorded by Kiss on the studio side of their second live album, Alive II (1977). Ramones recorded a studio version, which appears as a bonus track on their album Greatest Hits Live (1996). The song features C.J. Ramone as Joey Ramone's duet partner. It was the last song ever performed by the Ramones. Ramones, featuring Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam as a guest vocalist, performed the song at their last show on August 6, 1996, at The Palace in Los Angeles. This version can be found on the band's last live album We're Outta Here! (1997). Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers include their version of the song on their career-spanning box set, The Live Anthology (2009), appearing on disc three out of four. A-Soma has recorded a version adding words and music of his own to render an alternative interpretation of this song with its ambiguous title (2020). Kiss personnel Paul Stanley – all guitars and bass, lead and backing vocals Peter Criss – drums References 1964 singles Kiss (band) songs The Dave Clark Five songs 1964 songs Songs written by Dave Clark (musician) Columbia Graphophone Company singles\",\n \"title\": \"Any Way You Want It (Dave Clark Five song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22091752\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"You Got What It Takes\\\" is a 1959 single by Marv Johnson. In the US it reached number 2 on the Black Singles chart, and number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 early in 1960. In the UK Singles Chart it reached a high of number 7. The original recording of \\\"You Got What It Takes\\\" was by Bobby Parker on Vee-Jay 279 in 1958. Parker claims to have written the song, and his name is on the 1958 recording, but later versions credit Berry Gordy, Gwen Gordy, Billy Davis, and sometimes Marv Johnson. Parker told the Forgotten Hits newsletter in 2008: I wrote 'You've Got What It Takes,' that was MY song. Even had the Paul Hucklebuck Williams band playing on it behind me... And then Berry Gordy just stole it out from under me, just put his name on it. And what could I do? I was just trying to make a living, playing guitar and singing, how was I going to go on and fight Berry Gordy, big as he was, and Motown Records? There wasn't really nothing I could do about it - it was just too big and I didn't have any way to fight them... Other notable recordings A contemporary cover version by Johnny Kidd and the Pirates entered the UK charts the same week in 1960 as Marv Johnson's version and reached number 25. A 1967 cover of the song by the Dave Clark Five reached number 7 in the United States and number 28 in the UK. A rock and roll cover by Showaddywaddy reached number 2 in the UK in 1977. References External links List of cover versions of \\\"You Got What It Takes\\\" at SecondHandSongs.com 1959 songs 1959 singles 1960 singles 1967 singles 1977 singles Marv Johnson songs Johnny Kidd & the Pirates songs The Dave Clark Five songs Showaddywaddy songs Songs written by Berry Gordy Songs written by Billy Davis (songwriter) Songs written by Gwen Gordy Fuqua Song recordings produced by Berry Gordy United Artists Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"You Got What It Takes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1561855\",\n \"text\": \"Robert James Byrd (July 1, 1930 – July 27, 1990), known by the stage name Bobby Day, was an American singer, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, and songwriter. He is best known for his hit record \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\", written by Leon René under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. Day also wrote the top-10 Billboard hits \\\"Little Bitty Pretty One\\\" (1957, Thurston Harris) and \\\"Over and Over\\\" (1965, the Dave Clark Five). Biography Born in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, Day moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 15. His first recording was \\\"Young Girl\\\" in 1949 in the R&B group the Hollywood Flames, released in 1950 on the Selective Label. He went several years with minor musical success limited to the West Coast. He recorded under numerous other names: The Jets, The Voices, The Sounds, The Crescendos, and as the original \\\"Bob\\\" in the duo Bob & Earl with singer Earl Nelson. As a member of the Flames, he used the stage name Bobby Day. His penned song, \\\"Buzz Buzz Buzz\\\" was that outfit's first and biggest success. In 1957, Day formed his own band called the Satellites, following which he recorded three songs that are seen today as rock and roll classics. Day's best known songwriting efforts were \\\"Over and Over\\\", later made popular by the Dave Clark Five in 1965, and \\\"Little Bitty Pretty One\\\", popularized by Thurston Harris in 1957, Frankie Lymon in 1960, Clyde McPhatter in 1962, and the Jackson Five in 1972. However, Day is most remembered for his 1958 solo recording of the Hot 100 No. 2 hit, \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\", written by Leon Rene under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold record. \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\" was covered by Bob Luman at Town Hall Party on October 28, 1958, the Hollies in 1964, Gene Vincent in 1969, Michael Jackson in 1972, Lolly in 1999, and by McFly in 2006. In 2012–2013, his uncharted recording, \\\"Beep-Beep-Beep\\\", was the musical soundtrack for a Kia Sorento television commercial shown nationwide in the US. Day died of prostate cancer on 27 July 1990, at the age of 60, and is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Discography Albums Rockin' with Robin (1959) The Best of Bobby Day (1984) The Original Rockin' Robin (1987) The Great Bobby Day (1994) Rockin' Robin (1994) The Best of Bobby Day (2001) The Very Best Of (2016) Robins, Bluebirds, Buzzards & Orioles - The Bobby Day Story (2021) Singles Television appearances The Dick Clark Show (two episodes) (1958) American Bandstand (four episodes) (1958) The Cinnamon Cinder Show (1963) The Midnight Special (1973) References External links 1930 births 1990 deaths African-American male songwriters American rhythm and blues singers American rock singers American soul singers Songwriters from Texas Jamie Records artists RCA Victor artists Class Records artists Rock and roll musicians Sue Records artists Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City 20th-century African-American male singers 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5604924\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Do You Love Me\\\" is a rhythm and blues song recorded by the Contours in 1962. Written and produced by Motown Records owner Berry Gordy Jr., it appeared twice on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, reaching numbers three in 1962 and eleven in 1988. As with many American R&B songs of the 1960s, \\\"Do You Love Me\\\" was recorded by several British Invasion groups. A 1963 version by Brian Poole and the Tremeloes reached number one on the UK Singles Chart. It also became a hit for the Dave Clark Five, reaching number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1964. Background and recording Berry Gordy wrote \\\"Do You Love Me\\\" and earmarked it for the Temptations, who had no top-40 hits to their name yet. However, when Gordy was looking for the group to record it, he could not find them; they had gone to church to see gospel groups the Dixie Hummingbirds, the Harmonizing Four and the Swan Silvertones. Instead, the Contours, who had turned up to the studio to record their song \\\"It Must Be Love\\\", were asked by Gordy to try singing \\\"Do You Love Me\\\". After several attempts, they sang it exactly how Gordy wanted, and it was then recorded the following day. Contours singer Joe Billingslea stated in an interview in 2009 that \\\"The Temptations could never have sung that song because it wasn't suited to them but Berry had motivated us to sing it the way he wanted it\\\". The Contours, who were in danger of being dropped from the label after their first two singles, \\\"Whole Lotta' Woman\\\" and \\\"The Stretch\\\", failed to chart, immediately accepted. Instrumental backing was provided by Joe Hunter on piano, James Jamerson on bass, and Benny Benjamin on drums (later known as the Funk Brothers). Gordy said that \\\"getting the concept for the song was easy. I remembered the days when I could never get the girls I liked because I couldn't dance\\\". As such, the song references the 1960s dance moves the Mashed Potato and the Twist. The song includes a spoken recitation in the intro: Release and reception \\\"Do You Love Me\\\" became a successful dance record, built around lead singer Billy Gordon's screaming vocals. Selling over a million copies, \\\"Do You Love Me\\\" peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks starting on October 20, 1962, and reached the top position on the Billboard R&B Singles chart. The song was included on the 1962 album Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance). In 1987 the Contours' recording was included in the film Dirty Dancing. Re-issued as a single from the More Dirty Dancing soundtrack album, \\\"Do You Love Me\\\" became a hit for the second time, peaking at #11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1988. The Contours, by then composed of Joe Billingslea and three new members, joined Ronnie Spector and Bill Medley, among others, on a \\\"Dirty Dancing Tour\\\" resulting from the success of the\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Love Me\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"17613109","text":"The Very Thought of You is a 1944 romantic drama film directed by Delmer Daves and starring Dennis Morgan, Eleanor Parker and Dane Clark. The screenplay focuses on a couple who knew each other when he was in college. They meet by chance, fall in love and marry while he is on a short Thanksgiving leave before starting special training. Except for the opening scene on Attu, the on-screen action stays on the homefront, showing how the years of war affect their lives and the lives of their friends, her troubled family, and others. Plot After three years at war, two of them in the Aleutian campaign and in “cold storage” on the island of Attu, Army Sergeants Dave (Dennis Morgan) and his buddy \"Fixit\" (Dane Clark) are sent back to the States. They spend a Thanksgiving pass in Pasadena and visit Dave's alma mater, Caltech, before being transferred elsewhere in the Pacific Theater. They meet two young women who work in a parachute factory. Cora (Faye Emerson) quickly catches Fixit's eye, while Janet (Eleanor Parker) remembers Dave from school days. Upon realizing that Dave has no family nearby, Janet invites him home for Thanksgiving dinner. Her family does not treat him kindly. Janet's mother does not approve of getting involved with a military man who's away all the time. One reason for that is Janet's sister Molly (Andrea King), who is married to a sailor but seeing other men behind his back. Janet's brother, classified 4-F, is rude to Dave as well. Only her father and younger sister Ellie makes their dinner guest feel welcome. Ellie notices the attraction between Janet and Dave and secretly arranges a date on Thanksgiving morning between Dave and Janet. After a day at Mount Wilson runs long and causes them to be late getting Janet back home, but the couple can't bear to part, so Janet and Dave proceed to Cora's apartment and fall asleep. It is 3 a.m. when he takes her home, where Janet's mother slaps her. Dave must report for duty in San Diego, but is in love and marries Janet, enjoying a brief honeymoon. Molly disapproves and intercepts Dave's letters to Janet. Janet decides to move out and live in Cora's apartment. She and Dave (with Fixit's help) have a quick rendezvous in San Diego, sleeping on a beach, because all the hotels and trailer parks are full. Shortly after this, Janet learns she's pregnant, which leads to more acrimony between her and Molly. When news comes that Dave and Fixit have been wounded in the war, everyone in Janet's family finally relents. Molly even begs husband Fred (William Prince) for forgiveness and they reconcile. It takes months more, but Dave finally returns to rejoin his wife and meet their new baby boy. Cast Dennis Morgan as Sergeant David Stewart Eleanor Parker as Janet Wheeler Dane Clark as Sergeant \"Fixit\" Gilman Faye Emerson as Cora Colton Beulah Bondi as Harriet Wheeler Henry Travers as Pop Wheeler William Prince as","title":"The Very Thought of You (film)"},{"docid":"43258933","text":"David Gregory Brainard (born February 9, 1975) is a Grammy nominated American record producer best known for his work in country music in the entertainment industry. Early life Dave Brainard was born in Seoul Korea and raised in Omaha, Nebraska, the second of four children born to Greg Brainard, a retired Air Force Master Sergeant, and South Korean immigrant, So Un Jo. He graduated from Papillion-La Vista High School in 1993 and went on to attend University of Nebraska Omaha for 1 year. Afterwards Brainard served 5 years in the United States Air Force Band stationed at Offutt AFB in Omaha, NE, before moving to Nashville, Tennessee in 1999. Early career In 2001 Dave Brainard began his publishing career writing songs for Balmur Corus Music. Afterwards Brainard wrote for Bigger Picture Music Group formerly Big Picture Music Group. In that time Brainard wrote songs for Neal McCoy, Sammy Kershaw, Kelly Coffee, Ricochet, Tebey Ottoh, and Brooks & Dunn. During this time Brainard went on radio tours, playing on the road with artists such as Rebecca Lynn Howard, Anthony Smith, Marcel, David Nail, and Jessica Andrews. Brainard began recording Music Row demos for other contemporary songwriters, such as Chris Tompkins, Dierks Bentley, Craig Monday, Chris Wallin, Anthony Smith and produced Jamey Johnson's self-released debut album \"They Call Me Country\". Dave Brainard is a self-taught music producer known for his multi-instrumental ability and creativity. deciBel Productions In 2006 Dave Brainard founded deciBel Productions LLC. Brainard founded Mix Dream Studios with engineer Brian Kolb at that time and the two businesses partner to perform artist development services. Designed as a studio and executive office, Mix Dream Studios has produced and collaborated with much of the Nashville creative community. Jerrod Niemann In 2008, friend musician Jerrod Niemann sought production services from Dave Brainard to produce record \"Judge Jerrod & the Hung Jury\". The album was signed by Joe Galante to Arista Nashville as a completed work and went on to debut at No. 1 on the country albums chart. Niemann experienced No. 1 single success with \"Lover Lover\", which went on to sell Platinum in digital single sales. “Judge Jerrod & the Hung Jury” went on to yield another top 5, Gold selling “What Do You Want”, and a top 20 in “Drinkin’ Song”. Brandy Clark In 2011 Dave Brainard and deciBel Nashville produced highly acclaimed album “Twelve Stories” with Brandy Clark. \"Twelve Stories\" would go on to receive a Metacritic score of ‘universal praise’ and national critics (Rolling Stone, SPIN Magazine, NY Magazine) have recognized “Twelve Stories” as “one of the Best Country Albums released in 2013.” In 2014, Brandy Clark was announced as an opener for Eric Church's \"Outsiders World Tour\". Brandy Clark was also nominated as New Artist of the Year by the Country Music Association in 2014. Ray Scott American country singer-songwriter Ray Scott had independent success on Sirius XM's The Highway with his Dave Brainard produced hit \"Those Jeans\"(2012). Brainard and Ray Scott collaborated on the production and promotion","title":"Dave Brainard"},{"docid":"4159388","text":"David or Dave Clarke may refer to: Entertainment David Clarke (actor) (1908–2004), American actor Dave Clarke (musician) (born 1948), American singer, guitarist, and keyboard player Dave Clarke (DJ) (born 1968), English techno DJ David Clarke, a character in the TV series Revenge Politics David Clarke (Australian politician) (born 1947), member of New South Wales Legislative Council David Clarke (sheriff) (born 1956), former sheriff of Milwaukee County David A. Clarke (1943–1997), founding member of the Washington, D.C. city council Sports Football Dave Clarke (English footballer) (born 1949), English football goalkeeper Dave Clarke (Scottish footballer) (born 1950), Scottish football player and manager Dave Clarke (Canadian football) (born 1950), Canadian football player David Clarke Sr. (born 1952), Australian rules footballer David Clarke (footballer, born 1964), English footballer David Clarke (Paralympic footballer) (born 1970), English five-a-side footballer David Clarke (Australian footballer, born 1980) (born 1980), Australian rules footballer David Clarke (Gaelic footballer) (born 1983), Gaelic footballer Other sports David Clarke (English cricketer) (born 1967), English cricketer David Clarke (Australian cricketer) (born 1970), Australian cricketer Dave Clarke (hurler) (born 1971), Irish hurler David Clarke (ice hockey) (born 1981), English ice hockey player Dave Clarke (rugby league), rugby league footballer for Wales in 2004 Dave Clarke (runner) (born 1958), British distance runner Academia David Clarke (journalist) (born 1967), English lecturer and writer on UFO sightings since 2008 David Clarke (professor), Deputy Vice-Chancellor of Bristol University David L. Clarke (1937–1976), English archaeologist David R. Clarke, material scientist and physics professor David J. Clarke (born 1954), professor of modern and contemporary art at the University of Hong Kong Religion David Clarke (minister) (born 1946), Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland 2006 David Clarke (priest) (1923–?), Anglican priest Business David S. Clarke (1942–2011), Australian chief executive and winemaker See also David Clark (disambiguation)","title":"David Clarke"},{"docid":"1788137","text":"Colosseum are an English jazz rock band, mixing blues, rock and jazz-based improvisation. Colin Larkin wrote that \"the commercial acceptance of jazz rock in the UK\" was mainly due to the band. Between 1975 and 1978 a separate band Colosseum II existed playing progressive rock. History Original tenure; 1968–1971 Colosseum, one of the first bands to fuse jazz, rock and blues, were formed in early 1968 by drummer Jon Hiseman with tenor sax player Dick Heckstall-Smith, who had previously worked together in the New Jazz Orchestra and in The Graham Bond Organisation, where Hiseman had replaced Ginger Baker in 1966. They met up again early in 1968 when they both played in John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, during which time they played on the Bare Wires album. Childhood friend Dave Greenslade was quickly recruited on organ, as was bass player Tony Reeves who had also known both Hiseman and Greenslade since being teenage musicians in South East London. The band's line-up was completed, after lengthy auditions, by Jim Roche on guitar and James Litherland (guitar and vocals), although Roche only recorded one track before departing. Their first album, Those Who Are About to Die Salute You, which opened with the Bond composition \"Walkin' in the Park\", was released by the Philips' Fontana label in early 1969. In March the same year they were invited to take part in Supershow, a two-day filmed jam session, along with Modern Jazz Quartet, Led Zeppelin, Jack Bruce, Roland Kirk Quartet, Eric Clapton, Stephen Stills, and Juicy Lucy. Colosseum's second album, later in 1969, was Valentyne Suite, notable as the first release on Philip's newly launched Vertigo label, established to sign and develop artists that did not fit the main Philips' brand, and the first label to sign heavy metal pioneers Black Sabbath. For the third album, The Grass Is Greener, released only in the United States in 1970, Dave \"Clem\" Clempson replaced James Litherland. Louis Cennamo then briefly replaced Tony Reeves on bass, but was replaced in turn by Mark Clarke within a month. Then Hiseman recruited vocalist Chris Farlowe to enable Clempson to concentrate on guitar. This lineup had already partly recorded the 1970 album Daughter of Time. In March 1971, the band recorded concerts at the Big Apple Club in Brighton and at Manchester University. Hiseman was impressed with the atmosphere at the Manchester show, and the band returned five days later for a free concert that was also recorded. The recordings were released as a live double album Colosseum Live in 1971. In October 1971 the original band broke up. Interim, 1971–1994 After the band split, Jon Hiseman formed Tempest with bassist Mark Clarke; Dave Greenslade formed Greenslade together with Tony Reeves. Chris Farlowe joined Atomic Rooster; and Dick Heckstall-Smith embarked on a solo career. Clem Clempson joined the hit group Humble Pie. Hiseman formed another group called Colosseum II in 1975, with a stronger orientation towards jazz-fusion rock, which featured guitarist Gary Moore and Don Airey on keyboards. They released three albums","title":"Colosseum (band)"},{"docid":"34784260","text":"Kevin Clarke's A Young Man's World is a 2000 American gay pornographic film written and directed by Kevin Clarke and starring Joe Landon and Ashton Ryan. It was produced and cinematographed by Barry Knight and Russell Moore of Delta Productions and distributed by Paladin Video. The film's duration is two hours; its date of production is July 22, 2000, and it was shot on high-definition video. Synopsis Five middle-aged menRon Aron, Kevin Clarke, Barry Knight, Russell Moore, and Derrick Stanton; all of whom have non-sexual rolescelebrate Barry Knight's 50th birthday in a spectacular home. They reflect on what they did when they were about 18 and fantasize scenes of young men together. Scenes One: Court Logan and Trent Sebastian; Ron Aron, fantasizing Two: Adam Bristol and Justin Roxx; non-sexual roles, fantasizing Three: Jonathan Prescott, Antonio Madiera, and Zach Rhodes; Russell Moore, fantasizing Four: Aston Ryan and Jace Hughes; Kevin Clarke and Barry Knight, fantasizing Five: Joe Landon, Dave Parker, and Adam Bristol; Kevin Clarke, fantasizing Cast In order of cast appearance: Ashton Ryan Court Logan Zach Rhodes Dave Parker Jace Hughes Justin Roxx Antonio Madiera Jonathan Prescott Trent Sebastian Adam Bristol Non-sexual Ron Aron Kevin Clarke Barry Knight Russell Moore Derrick Stanton Production Kevin Clarke wrote and directed the film. Barry Knight and Russell Moore of Delta Productions produced and cinematographed the film in high-definition video. Reception Giacomo Tramontagna from The Guide magazine awarded the film two stars, and said it was \"the juxtaposition of five middle-aged guests with five young guys in swimsuits\" and a \"problematic tribute to the joys of youth\". Tramontgana found the fictional middle-aged male characters demeaning to real-life middle-aged men, and considered this film suitable for either \"narcissistic airhead brats who hate older men or youth-obsessed older men who hate themselves\". He found the setup of the sex scenes \"inconsistent and sometimes disorienting\", but he picked scenes between Ashton Ryan and Jace Hughes as \"the best of five erotic sequences\", which he said were \"sincere, spontaneous, lively, [and] passionate\". A reviewer from the Ambush Mag website praised the actors' performances, the music score and sex scenes, and wrote, \"you're just gonna love the entire movie\". Bo Champion from ManNet.com praised the sex scenes as mandatory to the video and wrote, \"while the plot is interesting, the execution is at times too cute and sometimes confusing and, in the end, a bit disconcerting to some of us who are graciously considered Baby Boomers\". A reviewer from FriskyFans.org awarded the film four out of five stars and wrote, \"A Young Man's World fulfills anyone's desire to see the finest of the finest young men\". Awards and nominations Adam Bristol, Joe Landon, and Dave Parker (Winner) 2001 GayVN Awards — Best Threesome (Winner) 2001 Gay Erotic Video Awards — Best Three-way (Nominated) 2001 Grabby Awards — Best Threeway Sex Scene References Further reading Retrieved at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. External links Cast Dave Parker at the Gay Erotic Video Index 2000 films 2000 LGBT-related films 2000s pornographic","title":"A Young Man's World"},{"docid":"1156100","text":"Someone Like You is a musical with a book by Robin Midgley and Fay Weldon, lyrics by Dee Shipman, and music by Petula Clark. Based on a concept developed by Clark and Ferdie Pacheco over a period of several years, it is set in West Virginia immediately after the end of the Civil War. Originally entitled Amen, it was conceived as a dark view of the difficulties Southerners faced dealing with carpetbaggers during the Reconstruction period, and also dealt with the problems of morphine-addicted Confederate soldiers returning home. It lost many of its serious overtones as the project evolved; Clark and Shipman's original book was revised substantially by Weldon (who also contributed the new title), and the plot became convoluted, often bordering on the ridiculous. Shipman later stated, \"For all the faults there were in the original book . . . it was better than the hybrid we ended up with because it had passion.\" The story centers on Abigail Kane, who journeys to America from her native England with her son Andy in search of her preacher husband, who allegedly had gone to the States to participate in the skirmish between North and South. She comes to the aid of the Major, a doctor struggling to care for a multitude of injured soldiers without the benefit of medical supplies, and soon discovers her missing husband is involved in shady dealings not usually associated with a man of the cloth. Drawn together out of both necessity and desire, Abigail and the Major forsake their marital vows and become involved in a passionate romance. Directed by Midgley, the musical premiered on 25 October 1989 at the Cambridge Arts Theatre in Cambridge, and in his review in the Cambridge Evening News, Alan Kersey wrote, \"Petula Clark proved last night at the world premiere of Someone Like You that she can still work wonders both on stage and in the tough real world of show business.\" The production toured the UK through 9 December. On 22 March 1990, Someone Like You opened at the Strand Theatre in London's West End. In addition to Clark, it starred Dave Willetts (The Phantom of the Opera) as the Major, Clive Carter as Kane (roles in which Clark had hoped Andy Williams and Sting would be cast) and Lewis Rae as Andy. Reviews were mixed, although most critics praised Clark's performance and her contribution to the score. Due to financial difficulties faced by producer Harold Fielding, all his assets were seized, and the show closed without warning after the 25 April performance. Although an original cast album was never released at the time, Clark's recordings of several of the tunes were issued on various CDs throughout the ensuing years. A studio recording of the score was released by Sepia Records in May 2007. With arrangements by the show's original musical director and arranger, Kenny Clayton, it features vocals by Debi Doss, Andrew Derbyshire, and Lewis Rae, who appeared in the original production as young Andy. Clayton is","title":"Someone like You (musical)"},{"docid":"6914546","text":"The Last Theorem is a 2008 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl. It was first published in the United Kingdom by HarperVoyager in July 2008, and in the United States by Del Rey Books in August 2008. The book is about a young Sri Lankan mathematician who finds a short proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, while an alien invasion of Earth is in progress. The novel began as Clarke's, but when ill health and a psychological (or possibly neurological) form of writer's block prevented him from making progress, he handed over his notes and the incomplete manuscript to Pohl, who, in close consultation with Clarke, completed the novel. Clarke reviewed the final manuscript in early March 2008, just days before he died. In general The Last Theorem was not well received by critics. Entertainment Weekly in their review of the novel said that \"uneven pacing and tone mar an intriguing cautionary tale.\" The Los Angeles Times wondered how stable the manuscript was when it was published, adding that it does nothing to \"burnish the legacy of either of its authors.\" The San Francisco Chronicle, however, described the novel as a \"fitting valedictory for Clarke, ... and a reminder of Pohl's great relevance to a genre he has championed for more than 70 years.\" Background Science fiction Grand Masters Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl collaborated for the first time on The Last Theorem. The novel initially was Clarke's, and he began working on it in early 2004. But in 2006, at the age of 88, ill health brought on by complications from post-polio syndrome, and writer's block, impeded his progress, and he asked Pohl for help. Pohl explained: \"Arthur said to me that he woke up one morning and didn't know how to write any of the books he had contracted. The stories had just gone out of his head.\" Clarke gave Pohl a 40–50 page manuscript plus roughly 50 pages of notes, and over the next two years, Pohl wrote the book. Pohl said that \"Everything in the novel is something he either suggested or wrote or I discussed with him.\" Some of Clarke's notes were so obscure that even Clarke himself could not understand them. Pohl, only two years younger than Clarke, had health problems of his own: he could no longer type and wrote the book out in longhand, leaving it up to his wife to translate his \"indecipherable scribbles\". Clarke reviewed and approved the final manuscript of The Last Theorem in early March 2008, just days before he died. Pohl died five years later in September 2013. Some of the concepts that appear in The Last Theorem originally appeared in Clarke's earlier works. The space elevator that is built in Sri Lanka originally featured in The Fountains of Paradise (1979) where it was also built in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). Because the elevator will work only on or near the equator, Clarke \"moved\" Ceylon south to the equator in The Fountains of","title":"The Last Theorem"},{"docid":"2906611","text":"Blue in Heaven were an Irish rock quartet from Churchtown, Dublin, Ireland, active from 1982 to 1989 and led by singer Shane O'Neill. They reformed in 1990 as The Blue Angels. O'Neill later went on to form Supernaut with Dave Long from Into Paradise. Blue in Heaven released a few singles on U2's Mother Records before being signed to Island Records in 1985, when they released their first album, All The Gods Men, which was produced by Martin Hannett. Their follow-up, Explicit Material (1986), saw them team up with Island Records chief Chris Blackwell and Eric Thorngren. Their popularity grew thanks to touring with The Chameleons, Echo & the Bunnymen, and The Damned, alongside achieving a minor hit with \"I Just Wanna\". Kieran Kennedy joined and they played concerts for two years. They released an EP on the Solid label, Rock 'n' Roll R.I.P., which was a chronological compilation of their work: a 1983 track (\"On and On\") produced by The Edge, four from 1987 and a live cover of The Stooges's song \"Loose.\" Kennedy left to start the Black Velvet Band. Members Original recording members Drums - Dave Clarke (later played drums for The Black Velvet Band, Warren Zevon, and currently, for Hothouse Flowers) Bass - Declan Jones Guitar, keyboards, vocals - Shane O'Neill Guitar, keyboards - Eamonn Tynan Supernaut In 1997, O'Neill played mostly rhythm electric and acoustic guitar and bass, and sang and wrote words and music with Dave Long, from Into Paradise. Clarke played drums and percussion. Paul McQuillan, who later played and wrote with Hope Sandoval and The Warm Inventions, played electric guitar and ray gun and released a self-titled album on Dirt Records. Today, O'Neill runs a recording studio in Dublin. Additional musicians Blue Angels Guitar - Quentin Cowper; he moved to County Clare where he now plays largely traditional Irish music on fiddle and banjo with 'The Fiddle Case' and Ceili Bandits. Discography Blue in Heaven Albums All the Gods' Men (1985) Explicit Material (1986) EPs Rock 'n' Roll R.I.P. (1988) Compilation albums Live for Ireland (1986) -- \"Tell Me\" (recorded live during their performance for Self Aid) Singles \"The Lights Go Out\" (1983) \"Julie Cries\" (1984) \"Across My Heart\" (1984) \"I Just Wanna\" (1986) \"Track 01\" (1988) Blue Angels Albums Coming Out Of Nowhere (1993) EPs Get It Back (1991) All The Way (1992) When It's Gone (1993) \"Blow\" Compilation albums HMV Unplugged: The Acoustic Sessions'' (1993) - \"Candy\" Singles \"Candy\" (1991) \"Loose\" (1992) \"Blow\" (1994) References External links Blue in Heaven in the Irish Music Database Trouser Press Blue in Heaven profile Supernaut review Explicit Material cover Blue in Heaven publicity pic Blue in Heaven thread on \"I Love Music\" Blue Angels in the Irish Music Database New York Times articles Blue in Heaven - Irish Punk & New Wave Discography Blue Angels - Irish Punk & New Wave Discography https://isolations.blogspot.com/2019/02/our-interview-with-dave-clarke-about.html Irish new wave musical groups Musical groups established in 1982 Musical groups from Dublin (city) 1982 establishments in Ireland","title":"Blue in Heaven"},{"docid":"23293927","text":"The 1968 Deutschland Trophäe, also known as the Martini Gold Cup, was a motor race, run to Formula Two rules, held on 7 April 1968 at the Hockenheimring, Germany. The race was run over two heats of 20 laps of the circuit, and was the first round of the 1968 European Formula Two season. During the first heat, British driver and double Formula One World Champion Jim Clark suffered a fatal accident. Clark had also been asked to race at Brands Hatch by Ford, who wanted him to drive their new sports car, but Clark had already agreed to race for his Team Lotus boss, Colin Chapman at Hockenheim. Heat one It had rained before the first heat, rendering visibility very poor. Max Mosley, later President of the FIA, was driving his Brabham in the race. He described the difficult racing conditions: \"The first corner was thick spray. I was thinking, 'this isn't a good idea'. All you could do was steer by looking at the tops of the trees, because you couldn't see where the track went.\" The first incident was when Walter Habegger crashed his Lotus 41 into an earth bank on lap four. On lap five, on a gentle curve just after the first corner, Clark was running eighth when he spun off the track into the dense trees lining the circuit, and he died almost instantly. A flag marshal's eye-witness report stated that the car had lost grip at the rear and Clark had tried to correct the slides a number of times before hitting the trees. Amid the many conflicting rumours concerning why the car left the track, Clark's mechanic, Dave Sims, blamed a right rear tyre deflation for the accident, and the official accident investigation report concurred, concluding that the most likely explanation was that the right rear tyre had explosively deflated after picking up a slow puncture. Colin Chapman, who was not present at Hockenheim that day, suggested that Clark may have picked up debris from an accident during the previous day's practice session, in which Habegger had also crashed. However, Lotus had been experiencing problems with the Lotus 48 cars due to the cold, wet weather at Hockenheim. Sims said afterwards, \"The problem was, it was freezing. It was so cold it was affecting the fuel metering units. The drive belts were breaking.\" Williams driver Derek Bell suspected the engine misfiring problems that had plagued Clark's car all weekend. Sims had confirmed to Bell that the engine issues had not been resolved before the race, and Bell later said, \"I could see it: he goes through that curve, the engine cuts out, the thing gets itself sideways as a result, the engine suddenly cuts back in when he's out of shape... who knows?\" Lola driver Chris Irwin was following around 250 yards behind Clark when the accident happened. \"Suddenly Jim's car broke out,\" he said. \"It looked like something mechanical.\" Jean-Pierre Beltoise narrowly won the heat from team-mate Henri Pescarolo with Chris","title":"1968 Deutschland Trophäe"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"17613109\",\n \"text\": \"The Very Thought of You is a 1944 romantic drama film directed by Delmer Daves and starring Dennis Morgan, Eleanor Parker and Dane Clark. The screenplay focuses on a couple who knew each other when he was in college. They meet by chance, fall in love and marry while he is on a short Thanksgiving leave before starting special training. Except for the opening scene on Attu, the on-screen action stays on the homefront, showing how the years of war affect their lives and the lives of their friends, her troubled family, and others. Plot After three years at war, two of them in the Aleutian campaign and in “cold storage” on the island of Attu, Army Sergeants Dave (Dennis Morgan) and his buddy \\\"Fixit\\\" (Dane Clark) are sent back to the States. They spend a Thanksgiving pass in Pasadena and visit Dave's alma mater, Caltech, before being transferred elsewhere in the Pacific Theater. They meet two young women who work in a parachute factory. Cora (Faye Emerson) quickly catches Fixit's eye, while Janet (Eleanor Parker) remembers Dave from school days. Upon realizing that Dave has no family nearby, Janet invites him home for Thanksgiving dinner. Her family does not treat him kindly. Janet's mother does not approve of getting involved with a military man who's away all the time. One reason for that is Janet's sister Molly (Andrea King), who is married to a sailor but seeing other men behind his back. Janet's brother, classified 4-F, is rude to Dave as well. Only her father and younger sister Ellie makes their dinner guest feel welcome. Ellie notices the attraction between Janet and Dave and secretly arranges a date on Thanksgiving morning between Dave and Janet. After a day at Mount Wilson runs long and causes them to be late getting Janet back home, but the couple can't bear to part, so Janet and Dave proceed to Cora's apartment and fall asleep. It is 3 a.m. when he takes her home, where Janet's mother slaps her. Dave must report for duty in San Diego, but is in love and marries Janet, enjoying a brief honeymoon. Molly disapproves and intercepts Dave's letters to Janet. Janet decides to move out and live in Cora's apartment. She and Dave (with Fixit's help) have a quick rendezvous in San Diego, sleeping on a beach, because all the hotels and trailer parks are full. Shortly after this, Janet learns she's pregnant, which leads to more acrimony between her and Molly. When news comes that Dave and Fixit have been wounded in the war, everyone in Janet's family finally relents. Molly even begs husband Fred (William Prince) for forgiveness and they reconcile. It takes months more, but Dave finally returns to rejoin his wife and meet their new baby boy. Cast Dennis Morgan as Sergeant David Stewart Eleanor Parker as Janet Wheeler Dane Clark as Sergeant \\\"Fixit\\\" Gilman Faye Emerson as Cora Colton Beulah Bondi as Harriet Wheeler Henry Travers as Pop Wheeler William Prince as\",\n \"title\": \"The Very Thought of You (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43258933\",\n \"text\": \"David Gregory Brainard (born February 9, 1975) is a Grammy nominated American record producer best known for his work in country music in the entertainment industry. Early life Dave Brainard was born in Seoul Korea and raised in Omaha, Nebraska, the second of four children born to Greg Brainard, a retired Air Force Master Sergeant, and South Korean immigrant, So Un Jo. He graduated from Papillion-La Vista High School in 1993 and went on to attend University of Nebraska Omaha for 1 year. Afterwards Brainard served 5 years in the United States Air Force Band stationed at Offutt AFB in Omaha, NE, before moving to Nashville, Tennessee in 1999. Early career In 2001 Dave Brainard began his publishing career writing songs for Balmur Corus Music. Afterwards Brainard wrote for Bigger Picture Music Group formerly Big Picture Music Group. In that time Brainard wrote songs for Neal McCoy, Sammy Kershaw, Kelly Coffee, Ricochet, Tebey Ottoh, and Brooks & Dunn. During this time Brainard went on radio tours, playing on the road with artists such as Rebecca Lynn Howard, Anthony Smith, Marcel, David Nail, and Jessica Andrews. Brainard began recording Music Row demos for other contemporary songwriters, such as Chris Tompkins, Dierks Bentley, Craig Monday, Chris Wallin, Anthony Smith and produced Jamey Johnson's self-released debut album \\\"They Call Me Country\\\". Dave Brainard is a self-taught music producer known for his multi-instrumental ability and creativity. deciBel Productions In 2006 Dave Brainard founded deciBel Productions LLC. Brainard founded Mix Dream Studios with engineer Brian Kolb at that time and the two businesses partner to perform artist development services. Designed as a studio and executive office, Mix Dream Studios has produced and collaborated with much of the Nashville creative community. Jerrod Niemann In 2008, friend musician Jerrod Niemann sought production services from Dave Brainard to produce record \\\"Judge Jerrod & the Hung Jury\\\". The album was signed by Joe Galante to Arista Nashville as a completed work and went on to debut at No. 1 on the country albums chart. Niemann experienced No. 1 single success with \\\"Lover Lover\\\", which went on to sell Platinum in digital single sales. “Judge Jerrod & the Hung Jury” went on to yield another top 5, Gold selling “What Do You Want”, and a top 20 in “Drinkin’ Song”. Brandy Clark In 2011 Dave Brainard and deciBel Nashville produced highly acclaimed album “Twelve Stories” with Brandy Clark. \\\"Twelve Stories\\\" would go on to receive a Metacritic score of ‘universal praise’ and national critics (Rolling Stone, SPIN Magazine, NY Magazine) have recognized “Twelve Stories” as “one of the Best Country Albums released in 2013.” In 2014, Brandy Clark was announced as an opener for Eric Church's \\\"Outsiders World Tour\\\". Brandy Clark was also nominated as New Artist of the Year by the Country Music Association in 2014. Ray Scott American country singer-songwriter Ray Scott had independent success on Sirius XM's The Highway with his Dave Brainard produced hit \\\"Those Jeans\\\"(2012). Brainard and Ray Scott collaborated on the production and promotion\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Brainard\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4159388\",\n \"text\": \"David or Dave Clarke may refer to: Entertainment David Clarke (actor) (1908–2004), American actor Dave Clarke (musician) (born 1948), American singer, guitarist, and keyboard player Dave Clarke (DJ) (born 1968), English techno DJ David Clarke, a character in the TV series Revenge Politics David Clarke (Australian politician) (born 1947), member of New South Wales Legislative Council David Clarke (sheriff) (born 1956), former sheriff of Milwaukee County David A. Clarke (1943–1997), founding member of the Washington, D.C. city council Sports Football Dave Clarke (English footballer) (born 1949), English football goalkeeper Dave Clarke (Scottish footballer) (born 1950), Scottish football player and manager Dave Clarke (Canadian football) (born 1950), Canadian football player David Clarke Sr. (born 1952), Australian rules footballer David Clarke (footballer, born 1964), English footballer David Clarke (Paralympic footballer) (born 1970), English five-a-side footballer David Clarke (Australian footballer, born 1980) (born 1980), Australian rules footballer David Clarke (Gaelic footballer) (born 1983), Gaelic footballer Other sports David Clarke (English cricketer) (born 1967), English cricketer David Clarke (Australian cricketer) (born 1970), Australian cricketer Dave Clarke (hurler) (born 1971), Irish hurler David Clarke (ice hockey) (born 1981), English ice hockey player Dave Clarke (rugby league), rugby league footballer for Wales in 2004 Dave Clarke (runner) (born 1958), British distance runner Academia David Clarke (journalist) (born 1967), English lecturer and writer on UFO sightings since 2008 David Clarke (professor), Deputy Vice-Chancellor of Bristol University David L. Clarke (1937–1976), English archaeologist David R. Clarke, material scientist and physics professor David J. Clarke (born 1954), professor of modern and contemporary art at the University of Hong Kong Religion David Clarke (minister) (born 1946), Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland 2006 David Clarke (priest) (1923–?), Anglican priest Business David S. Clarke (1942–2011), Australian chief executive and winemaker See also David Clark (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"David Clarke\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1788137\",\n \"text\": \"Colosseum are an English jazz rock band, mixing blues, rock and jazz-based improvisation. Colin Larkin wrote that \\\"the commercial acceptance of jazz rock in the UK\\\" was mainly due to the band. Between 1975 and 1978 a separate band Colosseum II existed playing progressive rock. History Original tenure; 1968–1971 Colosseum, one of the first bands to fuse jazz, rock and blues, were formed in early 1968 by drummer Jon Hiseman with tenor sax player Dick Heckstall-Smith, who had previously worked together in the New Jazz Orchestra and in The Graham Bond Organisation, where Hiseman had replaced Ginger Baker in 1966. They met up again early in 1968 when they both played in John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, during which time they played on the Bare Wires album. Childhood friend Dave Greenslade was quickly recruited on organ, as was bass player Tony Reeves who had also known both Hiseman and Greenslade since being teenage musicians in South East London. The band's line-up was completed, after lengthy auditions, by Jim Roche on guitar and James Litherland (guitar and vocals), although Roche only recorded one track before departing. Their first album, Those Who Are About to Die Salute You, which opened with the Bond composition \\\"Walkin' in the Park\\\", was released by the Philips' Fontana label in early 1969. In March the same year they were invited to take part in Supershow, a two-day filmed jam session, along with Modern Jazz Quartet, Led Zeppelin, Jack Bruce, Roland Kirk Quartet, Eric Clapton, Stephen Stills, and Juicy Lucy. Colosseum's second album, later in 1969, was Valentyne Suite, notable as the first release on Philip's newly launched Vertigo label, established to sign and develop artists that did not fit the main Philips' brand, and the first label to sign heavy metal pioneers Black Sabbath. For the third album, The Grass Is Greener, released only in the United States in 1970, Dave \\\"Clem\\\" Clempson replaced James Litherland. Louis Cennamo then briefly replaced Tony Reeves on bass, but was replaced in turn by Mark Clarke within a month. Then Hiseman recruited vocalist Chris Farlowe to enable Clempson to concentrate on guitar. This lineup had already partly recorded the 1970 album Daughter of Time. In March 1971, the band recorded concerts at the Big Apple Club in Brighton and at Manchester University. Hiseman was impressed with the atmosphere at the Manchester show, and the band returned five days later for a free concert that was also recorded. The recordings were released as a live double album Colosseum Live in 1971. In October 1971 the original band broke up. Interim, 1971–1994 After the band split, Jon Hiseman formed Tempest with bassist Mark Clarke; Dave Greenslade formed Greenslade together with Tony Reeves. Chris Farlowe joined Atomic Rooster; and Dick Heckstall-Smith embarked on a solo career. Clem Clempson joined the hit group Humble Pie. Hiseman formed another group called Colosseum II in 1975, with a stronger orientation towards jazz-fusion rock, which featured guitarist Gary Moore and Don Airey on keyboards. They released three albums\",\n \"title\": \"Colosseum (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34784260\",\n \"text\": \"Kevin Clarke's A Young Man's World is a 2000 American gay pornographic film written and directed by Kevin Clarke and starring Joe Landon and Ashton Ryan. It was produced and cinematographed by Barry Knight and Russell Moore of Delta Productions and distributed by Paladin Video. The film's duration is two hours; its date of production is July 22, 2000, and it was shot on high-definition video. Synopsis Five middle-aged menRon Aron, Kevin Clarke, Barry Knight, Russell Moore, and Derrick Stanton; all of whom have non-sexual rolescelebrate Barry Knight's 50th birthday in a spectacular home. They reflect on what they did when they were about 18 and fantasize scenes of young men together. Scenes One: Court Logan and Trent Sebastian; Ron Aron, fantasizing Two: Adam Bristol and Justin Roxx; non-sexual roles, fantasizing Three: Jonathan Prescott, Antonio Madiera, and Zach Rhodes; Russell Moore, fantasizing Four: Aston Ryan and Jace Hughes; Kevin Clarke and Barry Knight, fantasizing Five: Joe Landon, Dave Parker, and Adam Bristol; Kevin Clarke, fantasizing Cast In order of cast appearance: Ashton Ryan Court Logan Zach Rhodes Dave Parker Jace Hughes Justin Roxx Antonio Madiera Jonathan Prescott Trent Sebastian Adam Bristol Non-sexual Ron Aron Kevin Clarke Barry Knight Russell Moore Derrick Stanton Production Kevin Clarke wrote and directed the film. Barry Knight and Russell Moore of Delta Productions produced and cinematographed the film in high-definition video. Reception Giacomo Tramontagna from The Guide magazine awarded the film two stars, and said it was \\\"the juxtaposition of five middle-aged guests with five young guys in swimsuits\\\" and a \\\"problematic tribute to the joys of youth\\\". Tramontgana found the fictional middle-aged male characters demeaning to real-life middle-aged men, and considered this film suitable for either \\\"narcissistic airhead brats who hate older men or youth-obsessed older men who hate themselves\\\". He found the setup of the sex scenes \\\"inconsistent and sometimes disorienting\\\", but he picked scenes between Ashton Ryan and Jace Hughes as \\\"the best of five erotic sequences\\\", which he said were \\\"sincere, spontaneous, lively, [and] passionate\\\". A reviewer from the Ambush Mag website praised the actors' performances, the music score and sex scenes, and wrote, \\\"you're just gonna love the entire movie\\\". Bo Champion from ManNet.com praised the sex scenes as mandatory to the video and wrote, \\\"while the plot is interesting, the execution is at times too cute and sometimes confusing and, in the end, a bit disconcerting to some of us who are graciously considered Baby Boomers\\\". A reviewer from FriskyFans.org awarded the film four out of five stars and wrote, \\\"A Young Man's World fulfills anyone's desire to see the finest of the finest young men\\\". Awards and nominations Adam Bristol, Joe Landon, and Dave Parker (Winner) 2001 GayVN Awards — Best Threesome (Winner) 2001 Gay Erotic Video Awards — Best Three-way (Nominated) 2001 Grabby Awards — Best Threeway Sex Scene References Further reading Retrieved at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. External links Cast Dave Parker at the Gay Erotic Video Index 2000 films 2000 LGBT-related films 2000s pornographic\",\n \"title\": \"A Young Man's World\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1156100\",\n \"text\": \"Someone Like You is a musical with a book by Robin Midgley and Fay Weldon, lyrics by Dee Shipman, and music by Petula Clark. Based on a concept developed by Clark and Ferdie Pacheco over a period of several years, it is set in West Virginia immediately after the end of the Civil War. Originally entitled Amen, it was conceived as a dark view of the difficulties Southerners faced dealing with carpetbaggers during the Reconstruction period, and also dealt with the problems of morphine-addicted Confederate soldiers returning home. It lost many of its serious overtones as the project evolved; Clark and Shipman's original book was revised substantially by Weldon (who also contributed the new title), and the plot became convoluted, often bordering on the ridiculous. Shipman later stated, \\\"For all the faults there were in the original book . . . it was better than the hybrid we ended up with because it had passion.\\\" The story centers on Abigail Kane, who journeys to America from her native England with her son Andy in search of her preacher husband, who allegedly had gone to the States to participate in the skirmish between North and South. She comes to the aid of the Major, a doctor struggling to care for a multitude of injured soldiers without the benefit of medical supplies, and soon discovers her missing husband is involved in shady dealings not usually associated with a man of the cloth. Drawn together out of both necessity and desire, Abigail and the Major forsake their marital vows and become involved in a passionate romance. Directed by Midgley, the musical premiered on 25 October 1989 at the Cambridge Arts Theatre in Cambridge, and in his review in the Cambridge Evening News, Alan Kersey wrote, \\\"Petula Clark proved last night at the world premiere of Someone Like You that she can still work wonders both on stage and in the tough real world of show business.\\\" The production toured the UK through 9 December. On 22 March 1990, Someone Like You opened at the Strand Theatre in London's West End. In addition to Clark, it starred Dave Willetts (The Phantom of the Opera) as the Major, Clive Carter as Kane (roles in which Clark had hoped Andy Williams and Sting would be cast) and Lewis Rae as Andy. Reviews were mixed, although most critics praised Clark's performance and her contribution to the score. Due to financial difficulties faced by producer Harold Fielding, all his assets were seized, and the show closed without warning after the 25 April performance. Although an original cast album was never released at the time, Clark's recordings of several of the tunes were issued on various CDs throughout the ensuing years. A studio recording of the score was released by Sepia Records in May 2007. With arrangements by the show's original musical director and arranger, Kenny Clayton, it features vocals by Debi Doss, Andrew Derbyshire, and Lewis Rae, who appeared in the original production as young Andy. Clayton is\",\n \"title\": \"Someone like You (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6914546\",\n \"text\": \"The Last Theorem is a 2008 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl. It was first published in the United Kingdom by HarperVoyager in July 2008, and in the United States by Del Rey Books in August 2008. The book is about a young Sri Lankan mathematician who finds a short proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, while an alien invasion of Earth is in progress. The novel began as Clarke's, but when ill health and a psychological (or possibly neurological) form of writer's block prevented him from making progress, he handed over his notes and the incomplete manuscript to Pohl, who, in close consultation with Clarke, completed the novel. Clarke reviewed the final manuscript in early March 2008, just days before he died. In general The Last Theorem was not well received by critics. Entertainment Weekly in their review of the novel said that \\\"uneven pacing and tone mar an intriguing cautionary tale.\\\" The Los Angeles Times wondered how stable the manuscript was when it was published, adding that it does nothing to \\\"burnish the legacy of either of its authors.\\\" The San Francisco Chronicle, however, described the novel as a \\\"fitting valedictory for Clarke, ... and a reminder of Pohl's great relevance to a genre he has championed for more than 70 years.\\\" Background Science fiction Grand Masters Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl collaborated for the first time on The Last Theorem. The novel initially was Clarke's, and he began working on it in early 2004. But in 2006, at the age of 88, ill health brought on by complications from post-polio syndrome, and writer's block, impeded his progress, and he asked Pohl for help. Pohl explained: \\\"Arthur said to me that he woke up one morning and didn't know how to write any of the books he had contracted. The stories had just gone out of his head.\\\" Clarke gave Pohl a 40–50 page manuscript plus roughly 50 pages of notes, and over the next two years, Pohl wrote the book. Pohl said that \\\"Everything in the novel is something he either suggested or wrote or I discussed with him.\\\" Some of Clarke's notes were so obscure that even Clarke himself could not understand them. Pohl, only two years younger than Clarke, had health problems of his own: he could no longer type and wrote the book out in longhand, leaving it up to his wife to translate his \\\"indecipherable scribbles\\\". Clarke reviewed and approved the final manuscript of The Last Theorem in early March 2008, just days before he died. Pohl died five years later in September 2013. Some of the concepts that appear in The Last Theorem originally appeared in Clarke's earlier works. The space elevator that is built in Sri Lanka originally featured in The Fountains of Paradise (1979) where it was also built in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). Because the elevator will work only on or near the equator, Clarke \\\"moved\\\" Ceylon south to the equator in The Fountains of\",\n \"title\": \"The Last Theorem\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2906611\",\n \"text\": \"Blue in Heaven were an Irish rock quartet from Churchtown, Dublin, Ireland, active from 1982 to 1989 and led by singer Shane O'Neill. They reformed in 1990 as The Blue Angels. O'Neill later went on to form Supernaut with Dave Long from Into Paradise. Blue in Heaven released a few singles on U2's Mother Records before being signed to Island Records in 1985, when they released their first album, All The Gods Men, which was produced by Martin Hannett. Their follow-up, Explicit Material (1986), saw them team up with Island Records chief Chris Blackwell and Eric Thorngren. Their popularity grew thanks to touring with The Chameleons, Echo & the Bunnymen, and The Damned, alongside achieving a minor hit with \\\"I Just Wanna\\\". Kieran Kennedy joined and they played concerts for two years. They released an EP on the Solid label, Rock 'n' Roll R.I.P., which was a chronological compilation of their work: a 1983 track (\\\"On and On\\\") produced by The Edge, four from 1987 and a live cover of The Stooges's song \\\"Loose.\\\" Kennedy left to start the Black Velvet Band. Members Original recording members Drums - Dave Clarke (later played drums for The Black Velvet Band, Warren Zevon, and currently, for Hothouse Flowers) Bass - Declan Jones Guitar, keyboards, vocals - Shane O'Neill Guitar, keyboards - Eamonn Tynan Supernaut In 1997, O'Neill played mostly rhythm electric and acoustic guitar and bass, and sang and wrote words and music with Dave Long, from Into Paradise. Clarke played drums and percussion. Paul McQuillan, who later played and wrote with Hope Sandoval and The Warm Inventions, played electric guitar and ray gun and released a self-titled album on Dirt Records. Today, O'Neill runs a recording studio in Dublin. Additional musicians Blue Angels Guitar - Quentin Cowper; he moved to County Clare where he now plays largely traditional Irish music on fiddle and banjo with 'The Fiddle Case' and Ceili Bandits. Discography Blue in Heaven Albums All the Gods' Men (1985) Explicit Material (1986) EPs Rock 'n' Roll R.I.P. (1988) Compilation albums Live for Ireland (1986) -- \\\"Tell Me\\\" (recorded live during their performance for Self Aid) Singles \\\"The Lights Go Out\\\" (1983) \\\"Julie Cries\\\" (1984) \\\"Across My Heart\\\" (1984) \\\"I Just Wanna\\\" (1986) \\\"Track 01\\\" (1988) Blue Angels Albums Coming Out Of Nowhere (1993) EPs Get It Back (1991) All The Way (1992) When It's Gone (1993) \\\"Blow\\\" Compilation albums HMV Unplugged: The Acoustic Sessions'' (1993) - \\\"Candy\\\" Singles \\\"Candy\\\" (1991) \\\"Loose\\\" (1992) \\\"Blow\\\" (1994) References External links Blue in Heaven in the Irish Music Database Trouser Press Blue in Heaven profile Supernaut review Explicit Material cover Blue in Heaven publicity pic Blue in Heaven thread on \\\"I Love Music\\\" Blue Angels in the Irish Music Database New York Times articles Blue in Heaven - Irish Punk & New Wave Discography Blue Angels - Irish Punk & New Wave Discography https://isolations.blogspot.com/2019/02/our-interview-with-dave-clarke-about.html Irish new wave musical groups Musical groups established in 1982 Musical groups from Dublin (city) 1982 establishments in Ireland\",\n \"title\": \"Blue in Heaven\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23293927\",\n \"text\": \"The 1968 Deutschland Trophäe, also known as the Martini Gold Cup, was a motor race, run to Formula Two rules, held on 7 April 1968 at the Hockenheimring, Germany. The race was run over two heats of 20 laps of the circuit, and was the first round of the 1968 European Formula Two season. During the first heat, British driver and double Formula One World Champion Jim Clark suffered a fatal accident. Clark had also been asked to race at Brands Hatch by Ford, who wanted him to drive their new sports car, but Clark had already agreed to race for his Team Lotus boss, Colin Chapman at Hockenheim. Heat one It had rained before the first heat, rendering visibility very poor. Max Mosley, later President of the FIA, was driving his Brabham in the race. He described the difficult racing conditions: \\\"The first corner was thick spray. I was thinking, 'this isn't a good idea'. All you could do was steer by looking at the tops of the trees, because you couldn't see where the track went.\\\" The first incident was when Walter Habegger crashed his Lotus 41 into an earth bank on lap four. On lap five, on a gentle curve just after the first corner, Clark was running eighth when he spun off the track into the dense trees lining the circuit, and he died almost instantly. A flag marshal's eye-witness report stated that the car had lost grip at the rear and Clark had tried to correct the slides a number of times before hitting the trees. Amid the many conflicting rumours concerning why the car left the track, Clark's mechanic, Dave Sims, blamed a right rear tyre deflation for the accident, and the official accident investigation report concurred, concluding that the most likely explanation was that the right rear tyre had explosively deflated after picking up a slow puncture. Colin Chapman, who was not present at Hockenheim that day, suggested that Clark may have picked up debris from an accident during the previous day's practice session, in which Habegger had also crashed. However, Lotus had been experiencing problems with the Lotus 48 cars due to the cold, wet weather at Hockenheim. Sims said afterwards, \\\"The problem was, it was freezing. It was so cold it was affecting the fuel metering units. The drive belts were breaking.\\\" Williams driver Derek Bell suspected the engine misfiring problems that had plagued Clark's car all weekend. Sims had confirmed to Bell that the engine issues had not been resolved before the race, and Bell later said, \\\"I could see it: he goes through that curve, the engine cuts out, the thing gets itself sideways as a result, the engine suddenly cuts back in when he's out of shape... who knows?\\\" Lola driver Chris Irwin was following around 250 yards behind Clark when the accident happened. \\\"Suddenly Jim's car broke out,\\\" he said. \\\"It looked like something mechanical.\\\" Jean-Pierre Beltoise narrowly won the heat from team-mate Henri Pescarolo with Chris\",\n \"title\": \"1968 Deutschland Trophäe\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Dave Clark"],"string":"[\n \"Dave Clark\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":96,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_23624"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who sponsored the first state-wide alaska native gathering"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"58957120","text":"Emil Reynold Notti (born March 11, 1933) is an American engineer, indigenous activist, businessman, government employee, and political candidate of Koyukon Athabaskan heritage. Early life and education Born in Koyukuk, Alaska, Notti earned a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical and electrical engineering from the now-defunct Northrop University in Inglewood, California. He holds honorary doctorate degrees from both Alaska Pacific University and the University of Alaska Anchorage. Notti served in the United States Navy during the Korean War. Career Notti aided in developing the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 18, 1971, constituting at the time the largest land claims settlement in United States history. ANCSA was intended to resolve long-standing issues surrounding aboriginal land claims in Alaska and could, perhaps, be considered an ending of more than a century of endeavor by the Native people of the state to secure their land, as well as to stimulate economic development throughout Alaska. Notti was the first President of the Alaska Federation of Natives and Doyon's third President, a regional corporation that owns . Notti worked for Autonetics, a division of North American Aviation, on the LGM-30 Minuteman during the Cold War. Later, he served under several Alaska Governors as Deputy Commissioner of Health and Social Services, Commissioner of Community and Regional Affairs and Commissioner of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. Notti served under Bill Sheffield, and Sarah Palin. Notti served on numerous boards, including the National Bank of Alaska (acquired by Wells Fargo), the Alaska Railroad, a two time Board of Trustees for APFC (the United States' largest Sovereign Wealth Fund with $75 billion under management), and Cook Inlet Regional, Inc. Notti was the Democratic nominee for the 1973 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election, losing narrowly to Don Young. AFN and ANCSA In 1966, Notti called for a Statewide meeting inviting numerous leaders around Alaska to gather and create the first meeting of a committee. The meeting was held October 18, 1966—on the 99th anniversary of the transfer of Alaska from Russia. Notti presided over the three-day conference as it discussed matters of land recommendations, claims committees, and political challenges the act would have getting through Congress.The growing presence and political importance of Natives were evidenced when association leaders were elected to the legislature. Members of the association gathered and were able to gain seven of the sixty seats in the legislature. When the group met a second time early in 1967, it emerged with a new name, The Alaska Federation of Natives, and a new full-time President, Notti. Before ANCSA, the Native population had gone through numerous hardships over the last century from European expansion. In the mid-1700s Alaska's population (according to James Mooney) was home to an estimated 74,000 Eskimos, Indians, and Aleuts. After the purchase of Alaska by the United States in 1867, Alaska remained classified as a territory. \"Thus, without further ceremony,\" wrote historian Bancroft, \"this vast area of land, belonging by right to neither, was","title":"Emil Notti"},{"docid":"3035","text":"The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 18, 1971, constituting at the time the largest land claims settlement in United States history. ANCSA was intended to resolve long-standing issues surrounding aboriginal land claims in Alaska, as well as to stimulate economic development throughout Alaska. The settlement established Alaska Native claims to the land by transferring titles to twelve Alaska Native regional corporations and over 200 local village corporations. A thirteenth regional corporation was later created for Alaska Natives who no longer resided in Alaska. The act is codified as 43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq. Background Alaskan statehood When Alaska became a state in 1959, section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act provided that any existing Alaska Native land claims would be unaffected by statehood and held in status quo. Yet while section 4 of the act preserved Native land claims until later settlement, section 6 allowed for the state government to claim lands deemed vacant. Section 6 granted the state of Alaska the right to select lands then in the hands of the federal government, with the exception of Native territory. As a result, nearly from the public domain would eventually be transferred to the state. The state government also attempted to acquire lands under section 6 of the Statehood Act that were subject to Native claims under section 4, and that were currently occupied and used by Alaska Natives. The federal Bureau of Land Management began to process the Alaska government's selections without taking into account the Native claims and without informing the affected Native groups. It was against this backdrop that the original language for a land claims settlement was developed. A 9.2-magnitude earthquake struck the state in 1964. Recovery efforts drew the attention of the federal government. The Federal Field Committee for Development Planning in Alaska decided that Natives should receive $100 million and 10% of revenue as a royalty. Nothing was done with this proposal, however, and a freeze on land transfers remained in effect. Founding of the Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN) In 1966, Emil Notti called for a statewide meeting inviting numerous leaders around Alaska to gather and create the first meeting of a committee. The historic meeting was held October 18, 1966 - on the 99th anniversary of the transfer of Alaska from Russia. Notti presided over the three-day conference as it discussed matters of land recommendations, claims committees, and political challenges the act would have in getting through congress. Many respected politicians and businessmen attended the meeting and delegates were astonished at the attention which they received from well-known political figures of the state. The growing presence and political importance of Natives was evidenced when members were able to gain election to seven of the sixty seats in the legislature. When the group met a second time early in 1967, it emerged with a new name, The Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN), and a new full-time President, Emil Notti. AFN went on","title":"Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act"},{"docid":"15996805","text":"Morris \"Morrie\" Thompson (September 11, 1939 – January 31, 2000) was an Alaska Native leader, American businessman and political appointee working on matters related to Alaska Natives. Thompson was best known as the official in charge of the Bureau of Indian Affairs for the U.S. state of Alaska during the 1970s, and later as head of Doyon, Limited, the Alaska Native Regional Corporation for Interior Alaska. Following his retirement from Doyon, while returning to Alaska from vacationing in Mexico, Thompson died, along with his wife and one of his three daughters, in the crash of Alaska Airlines Flight 261. Early life and career Thompson was born on September 11, 1939, in Tanana, Alaska, the son of Warren H. Thompson, a Caucasian originally from Indiana, and his wife Alice (née Grant), a Koyukon Athabaskan. Thompson graduated from Mt. Edgecumbe High School in Sitka and attended the University of Alaska Fairbanks as a civil engineering major. \"Morrie\" married Thelma Mayo of Rampart on October 5, 1963 in Tanana, then obtained a job at RCA's Gilmore Creek Satellite Tracking Station near Fairbanks in 1964 after attending an RCA electrical technician school in Los Angeles, California. In 1966, Thompson met Walter Hickel, an Anchorage businessman who was running for governor at the time; Morris volunteered to work on Hickel's campaign in Fairbanks and the Interior. As a result, Thompson became Governor Hickel's deputy director of the Rural Development Agency. The next year as executive director of Hickel's North Commission, Thompson began working on a network of transportation routes to open rural Alaska to development. When President Nixon named Hickel to serve as Secretary of the Interior in 1969, Thompson went to Washington, D.C., as special assistant for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In 1970, young Thompson became the Bureau of Indian Affairs Area Director in Juneau. In both Interior jobs, Thompson was deeply involved in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act adopted in December 1971. Thompson served as the youngest Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs at 34 years of age. In 1981, Thompson went to work for Doyon, Limited, his ANCSA Regional Corporation. Originally hired as a Vice-President, he became Doyon's President and Chief Officer in 1985, when Doyon Ltd. had an operating loss of $28 million. When he retired in 2000, Doyon was generating $70.9 million in annual revenues, had 900 employees and 14,000 shareholders. Morris Thompson was widely recognized in Alaska as a Native American leader. Death At 60 years of age, a resident of Fairbanks, Thompson retired as the President of Doyon. To celebrate his retirement, he went on vacation with his wife Thelma and his daughter Sheryl to Mexico. He died with his wife and daughter in the crash of Alaska Airlines Flight 261 on January 31, 2000, while flying back to the United States. Thompson's body was buried in Tanana. Advance fee fraud (419, Nigerian scam) con men used Thompson's name in various scams unrelated to Thompson. The Alaska Federation of Natives altered one of its web","title":"Morris Thompson"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"58957120\",\n \"text\": \"Emil Reynold Notti (born March 11, 1933) is an American engineer, indigenous activist, businessman, government employee, and political candidate of Koyukon Athabaskan heritage. Early life and education Born in Koyukuk, Alaska, Notti earned a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical and electrical engineering from the now-defunct Northrop University in Inglewood, California. He holds honorary doctorate degrees from both Alaska Pacific University and the University of Alaska Anchorage. Notti served in the United States Navy during the Korean War. Career Notti aided in developing the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 18, 1971, constituting at the time the largest land claims settlement in United States history. ANCSA was intended to resolve long-standing issues surrounding aboriginal land claims in Alaska and could, perhaps, be considered an ending of more than a century of endeavor by the Native people of the state to secure their land, as well as to stimulate economic development throughout Alaska. Notti was the first President of the Alaska Federation of Natives and Doyon's third President, a regional corporation that owns . Notti worked for Autonetics, a division of North American Aviation, on the LGM-30 Minuteman during the Cold War. Later, he served under several Alaska Governors as Deputy Commissioner of Health and Social Services, Commissioner of Community and Regional Affairs and Commissioner of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. Notti served under Bill Sheffield, and Sarah Palin. Notti served on numerous boards, including the National Bank of Alaska (acquired by Wells Fargo), the Alaska Railroad, a two time Board of Trustees for APFC (the United States' largest Sovereign Wealth Fund with $75 billion under management), and Cook Inlet Regional, Inc. Notti was the Democratic nominee for the 1973 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election, losing narrowly to Don Young. AFN and ANCSA In 1966, Notti called for a Statewide meeting inviting numerous leaders around Alaska to gather and create the first meeting of a committee. The meeting was held October 18, 1966—on the 99th anniversary of the transfer of Alaska from Russia. Notti presided over the three-day conference as it discussed matters of land recommendations, claims committees, and political challenges the act would have getting through Congress.The growing presence and political importance of Natives were evidenced when association leaders were elected to the legislature. Members of the association gathered and were able to gain seven of the sixty seats in the legislature. When the group met a second time early in 1967, it emerged with a new name, The Alaska Federation of Natives, and a new full-time President, Notti. Before ANCSA, the Native population had gone through numerous hardships over the last century from European expansion. In the mid-1700s Alaska's population (according to James Mooney) was home to an estimated 74,000 Eskimos, Indians, and Aleuts. After the purchase of Alaska by the United States in 1867, Alaska remained classified as a territory. \\\"Thus, without further ceremony,\\\" wrote historian Bancroft, \\\"this vast area of land, belonging by right to neither, was\",\n \"title\": \"Emil Notti\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3035\",\n \"text\": \"The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 18, 1971, constituting at the time the largest land claims settlement in United States history. ANCSA was intended to resolve long-standing issues surrounding aboriginal land claims in Alaska, as well as to stimulate economic development throughout Alaska. The settlement established Alaska Native claims to the land by transferring titles to twelve Alaska Native regional corporations and over 200 local village corporations. A thirteenth regional corporation was later created for Alaska Natives who no longer resided in Alaska. The act is codified as 43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq. Background Alaskan statehood When Alaska became a state in 1959, section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act provided that any existing Alaska Native land claims would be unaffected by statehood and held in status quo. Yet while section 4 of the act preserved Native land claims until later settlement, section 6 allowed for the state government to claim lands deemed vacant. Section 6 granted the state of Alaska the right to select lands then in the hands of the federal government, with the exception of Native territory. As a result, nearly from the public domain would eventually be transferred to the state. The state government also attempted to acquire lands under section 6 of the Statehood Act that were subject to Native claims under section 4, and that were currently occupied and used by Alaska Natives. The federal Bureau of Land Management began to process the Alaska government's selections without taking into account the Native claims and without informing the affected Native groups. It was against this backdrop that the original language for a land claims settlement was developed. A 9.2-magnitude earthquake struck the state in 1964. Recovery efforts drew the attention of the federal government. The Federal Field Committee for Development Planning in Alaska decided that Natives should receive $100 million and 10% of revenue as a royalty. Nothing was done with this proposal, however, and a freeze on land transfers remained in effect. Founding of the Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN) In 1966, Emil Notti called for a statewide meeting inviting numerous leaders around Alaska to gather and create the first meeting of a committee. The historic meeting was held October 18, 1966 - on the 99th anniversary of the transfer of Alaska from Russia. Notti presided over the three-day conference as it discussed matters of land recommendations, claims committees, and political challenges the act would have in getting through congress. Many respected politicians and businessmen attended the meeting and delegates were astonished at the attention which they received from well-known political figures of the state. The growing presence and political importance of Natives was evidenced when members were able to gain election to seven of the sixty seats in the legislature. When the group met a second time early in 1967, it emerged with a new name, The Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN), and a new full-time President, Emil Notti. AFN went on\",\n \"title\": \"Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15996805\",\n \"text\": \"Morris \\\"Morrie\\\" Thompson (September 11, 1939 – January 31, 2000) was an Alaska Native leader, American businessman and political appointee working on matters related to Alaska Natives. Thompson was best known as the official in charge of the Bureau of Indian Affairs for the U.S. state of Alaska during the 1970s, and later as head of Doyon, Limited, the Alaska Native Regional Corporation for Interior Alaska. Following his retirement from Doyon, while returning to Alaska from vacationing in Mexico, Thompson died, along with his wife and one of his three daughters, in the crash of Alaska Airlines Flight 261. Early life and career Thompson was born on September 11, 1939, in Tanana, Alaska, the son of Warren H. Thompson, a Caucasian originally from Indiana, and his wife Alice (née Grant), a Koyukon Athabaskan. Thompson graduated from Mt. Edgecumbe High School in Sitka and attended the University of Alaska Fairbanks as a civil engineering major. \\\"Morrie\\\" married Thelma Mayo of Rampart on October 5, 1963 in Tanana, then obtained a job at RCA's Gilmore Creek Satellite Tracking Station near Fairbanks in 1964 after attending an RCA electrical technician school in Los Angeles, California. In 1966, Thompson met Walter Hickel, an Anchorage businessman who was running for governor at the time; Morris volunteered to work on Hickel's campaign in Fairbanks and the Interior. As a result, Thompson became Governor Hickel's deputy director of the Rural Development Agency. The next year as executive director of Hickel's North Commission, Thompson began working on a network of transportation routes to open rural Alaska to development. When President Nixon named Hickel to serve as Secretary of the Interior in 1969, Thompson went to Washington, D.C., as special assistant for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In 1970, young Thompson became the Bureau of Indian Affairs Area Director in Juneau. In both Interior jobs, Thompson was deeply involved in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act adopted in December 1971. Thompson served as the youngest Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs at 34 years of age. In 1981, Thompson went to work for Doyon, Limited, his ANCSA Regional Corporation. Originally hired as a Vice-President, he became Doyon's President and Chief Officer in 1985, when Doyon Ltd. had an operating loss of $28 million. When he retired in 2000, Doyon was generating $70.9 million in annual revenues, had 900 employees and 14,000 shareholders. Morris Thompson was widely recognized in Alaska as a Native American leader. Death At 60 years of age, a resident of Fairbanks, Thompson retired as the President of Doyon. To celebrate his retirement, he went on vacation with his wife Thelma and his daughter Sheryl to Mexico. He died with his wife and daughter in the crash of Alaska Airlines Flight 261 on January 31, 2000, while flying back to the United States. Thompson's body was buried in Tanana. Advance fee fraud (419, Nigerian scam) con men used Thompson's name in various scams unrelated to Thompson. The Alaska Federation of Natives altered one of its web\",\n \"title\": \"Morris Thompson\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"404279","text":"George Thornton Emmons (June 6, 1852 – June 11, 1945) was an ethnographic photographer and a U.S. Navy Lieutenant. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland. His father was George Foster Emmons. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1874. In 1881, he attained the Master rank, (1883) Lieutenant J.G. and (1887) Lieutenant. In 1882, Emmons was stationed on the Pinta in Alaska, remaining there through the 1880s and 1890s. The Navy was largely responsible for stability in the region in those times. Emmons married Kittie Baker in 1886. Through his duties, Emmons got in contact with, and interested in, the Alaska Native cultures of the region: particularly the Tlingit and Tahltan. He began to record information and collect artifacts as he visited them on his leaves. He was dedicated to learning about native traditions, such Chilkat weaving, bear hunting, feuds, and the potlatch (a large ceremonial feast). With his understanding of beliefs and values, and his ethnographer's devotion, he also recorded Tlingit vocabulary. He was assigned to the World's Columbian Exposition to accompany the Alaskan exhibit from 1891–1893. Emmons retired in 1899 and took on special projects for the federal government. He was sent to Alaska in 1901 to locate border stone markers between Canada and the USA. He gave advice about Alaskan game and forests and salmon fishery in 1902. In 1904, he gathered information about white settlers and Alaska Natives and asked President Theodore Roosevelt to investigate the conditions of Alaska Natives and starvation among the Copper River Indians. He received Roosevelt's support, and presented a report to the Congress in 1905. His interest in Alaska Natives brought him into close contact with the American Museum of Natural History, which purchased his first two collections of Alaska Native artifacts in the 1890s. Emmons had an exchange of items with the Museum for the next three decades. (In 1902, the Field Museum of Natural History purchased a large and varied collection of more than 1,900 Tlingit objects.) F. W. Putnam, curator of the American Natural History Museum, asked for his help on a report in 1896 and repeated the request to the Navy the following year. So Emmons was officially detached from active service and ordered to write the Ethnological Report on the Native Tribes of Southeast Alaska, elaborated from the museum collections. He became a regular contributor to The American Museum Journal (forerunner of Natural History journal) and other scholarly periodicals. At the recommendation of Franz Boas, with whom he corresponded regularly and at the request of the president of the American Museum of Natural History, Morris K. Jesup, he began to organize his notes and prepare a manuscript on the Tlingit. When he died in Victoria, British Columbia in 1945, the encyclopedic work was still unfinished. The project was taken over by Frederica de Laguna in 1955 and finally published 1991 with the title The Tlingit Indians. It includes topics such as census data, names of clans and houses, species of plants and their uses, native","title":"George T. Emmons"},{"docid":"45374166","text":"The Alaska Immigration Justice Project (AIJP) is a non-profit agency that provides low-cost immigration legal assistance to immigrants and refugees in all immigration applications including citizenship, permanent resident status, work permits, asylum, family-based petitions and immigration petitions for immigrant victims of domestic violence, sexual assault and human trafficking. History The Alaska Immigration Justice Project (AIJP) is the only agency in Alaska dedicated to protecting the human rights of immigrants and refugees. Founded in 2005, AIJP staff provides statewide comprehensive immigration legal services. Collectively, AIJP Board and staff have more than 25 years of legal experience serving Alaska's immigrants and refugees. AIJP staff provides services statewide, traveling to many communities throughout Alaska including, Unalaska, Sitka, Ketchikan, Kodiak, Juneau, Fairbanks, Kenai and Homer. AIJP's legal service priorities include representing immigrant crime victims and people fleeing persecution and torture in their home countries. In addition to providing quality direct legal services, AIJP staff members serve as a critical resource for state and federal public agencies on issues involving immigrants and refugees. Health care providers, social service providers, state officials, criminal defense attorneys, prosecutors and judges are just a few of the professionals in our state who rely on the expertise of the AIJP staff. In 2007, AIJP opened the first statewide Language Interpreter Center (LIC). The LIC partners the public and private sector to offer statewide training for interpreters as well as provide referral services for all businesses and agencies in need of interpreter services. The LIC works with foreign language interpreters as well as Alaska Native interpreters. Mission AIJP's mission is to promote and protect the human rights of immigrants and refugees throughout Alaska by providing critical services to this underserved population, including immigration legal services, language interpretative services, training and educational programs. The organization is affiliated with Pro Bono Net, a US nonprofit organization based in New York City and San Francisco. The organization works in close partnership with nonprofit legal aid organizations across the United States and Canada, to increase access to justice for the millions of poor people who face legal problems every year without help from a lawyer. It does this by (i) supporting the innovative and effective use of technology by the nonprofit legal sector, (ii) increasing participation by volunteers, and (iii) facilitating collaborations among nonprofit legal organizations and advocates working on similar issues or in the same region. Founded in 1998 with a grant from the Open Society Institute, Pro Bono Net has developed a broad base of support from foundations, law firms, corporate sponsors and nonprofit partners alike, to build web platforms that offer powerful and sophisticated online tools to pro bono and legal aid advocates, and to provide critical legal information and assistance directly to the public. Its model has been adopted in 30 states and regions, reaching approximately two-thirds of the poverty population and lawyers in the United States. The organization is also affiliated with CitizenshipWorks, which provides easy-to-use online tools to help low and moderate-income individuals to answer important questions about their","title":"Alaska Immigration Justice Project"},{"docid":"2534014","text":"The history of Alaska dates back to the Upper Paleolithic period (around 14,000 BC), when foraging groups crossed the Bering land bridge into what is now western Alaska. At the time of European contact by the Russian explorers, the area was populated by Alaska Native groups. The name \"Alaska\" derives from the Aleut word Alaxsxaq (also spelled Alyeska), meaning \"mainland\" (literally, \"the object toward which the action of the sea is directed\"). The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. In the 1890s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was granted territorial status in 1912 by the United States of America. In 1942, two of the outer Aleutian Islands—Attu and Kiska—were occupied by the Japanese during World War II and their recovery for the U.S. became a matter of national pride. The construction of military bases contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities. Alaska was granted U.S. statehood on January 3, 1959. In 1964, the massive \"Good Friday earthquake\" killed 131 people and leveled several villages. The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to an oil boom. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in Prince William Sound, spilling between of crude oil over of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Prehistory of Alaska Paleolithic families moved into northwestern North America before 10,000 BC across the Bering land bridge in Alaska (see Settlement of the Americas). Alaska became populated by the Inuit and a variety of Native American groups. Today, early Alaskans are divided into several main groups: the Southeastern Coastal Indians (the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian), the Athabascans, the Aleut, and the two groups of Eskimos, the Inupiat and the Yup'ik. The coastal migrants from Asia were probably the first wave of humans to cross the Bering land bridge in western Alaska, and many of them initially settled in the interior of what is now Canada. The Tlingit were the most numerous of this group, claiming most of the coastal Panhandle by the time of European contact and are the northernmost of the group of advanced cultures of the Pacific Northwest Coast renowned for its complex art and political systems and the ceremonial and legal system known as the potlatch. The southern portion of Prince of Wales Island was settled by the Haidas fleeing persecution by other Haidas from the Queen Charlotte Islands (which are now named Haida Gwaii and part of British Columbia). The Aleuts settled the islands of the Aleutian chain approximately 10,000 years ago. Cultural and subsistence practices varied widely among native groups, who were spread across vast geographical distances. 18th century Early Russian settlement Russian expeditions of exploration reached Alaska by the early 18th century, and colonial traders (especially fur-traders) followed. On some islands and parts of the Alaskan peninsula, groups","title":"History of Alaska"},{"docid":"75992094","text":"Margaret Keenan Harrais (1872–1964) was an American educator, suffragist, temperance reformer, and government official. During her 48 years in Alaska, while a territory and after statehood, she devoted herself to community and public service. In Fairbanks, she was the first woman superintendent of schools. For 18 years, she was a member of the territorial board of education. She served as President of the Alaska Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) while living in McCarthy, and was also chair for Alaska of the Women's National Committee for Law Enforcement. In widowhood, she served as a United States Commissioner at Valdez, and after Alaska became a state, Harrais became a deputy magistrate. Early life and education Sarah Margaret Keenan was born at Batesville, Ohio, September 23, 1872, of Scotch-Irish ancestry. Her parents were Thomas Keenan (1833–1888) and Martha Maria (Reed) Keenan (1835–1896). Margaret's siblings were Emma, Emmett, Ella, James, Martha, and Thomas. She came from a temperance family, and was trained from childhood in temperance work by her father. She was educated at Northern Indiana Normal School, Valparaiso, Indiana, and at Valparaiso University (B.S., 1906). Career Idaho Harrais began teaching in the rural schools of Ohio at the age of sixteen, after which she acted as principal of public schools in various parts of Idaho (1897–1911). While teaching in Idaho, she served as vice-president of the WCTU of South Idaho. Alaska Harrais petitioned for suffrage in the Alaska Territory in 1913. The following year, at the age of 42, she removed to Alaska, becoming principal of schools at Skagway, serving in that position for two years, before moving to Fairbanks where she was city superintendent of schools for another two years. Her students included U.S. Senator E. L. Bartlett and Governor of Alaska, William A. Egan. She lost two positions as superintendent of schools because of her temperance activities in wet communities. In 1916, Harrais was also one of the women who directed the territory-wide campaign for Prohibition, and one of two women who organized and \"put across\" the plebiscite of that year which made Alaska dry. At the same time, she was elected vice-president at large of the Alaska Territorial WCTU, and later went to California still holding that position. During the period of 1916 to 1919, Harrais, known at the time as \"Margaret Kennan, spinster\", served as school superintendent in Fairbanks. During World War I, she directed the war bond drive in which each of the 200 children enrolled in school purchased a war bond. Parents were asked not to help their children purchase the bonds. Harrais set up an employment office at school and assisted the children in finding spare time jobs. She edited the unusual \"Women's Edition\" of the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner on Thanksgiving eve, 1917, which enlisted the services of 55 women. The newspaper sparked to success a benefit which raised nearly in less than one month to sponsor six beds in the American Ambulance Hospital near Paris. Only one bed, at , had been anticipated for all","title":"Margaret Keenan Harrais"},{"docid":"525001","text":"Alaska Natives (also known as Alaskan Indians, Alaskan Natives, Native Alaskans, Indigenous Alaskans, Aboriginal Alaskans or First Alaskans) are the Indigenous peoples of Alaska and include Alaskan Creoles, Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures. They are often defined by their language groups. Many Alaska Natives are enrolled in federally recognized Alaska Native tribal entities, who in turn belong to 13 Alaska Native Regional Corporations, who administer land and financial claims. Ancestors of Native Alaskans or Alaska Natives migrated into the area thousands of years ago, in at least two different waves. Some are descendants of the third wave of migration, in which people settled across the northern part of North America. They never migrated to southern areas. For this reason, genetic studies show they are not closely related to native peoples in South America. Alaska Natives came from Asia. Anthropologists have stated that their journey from Asia to Alaska was made possible through the Bering land bridge or by traveling through the sea. Throughout the Arctic and the circumpolar north, the ancestors of Alaska Natives established varying indigenous, complex cultures that have succeeded each other over time. They developed sophisticated ways to deal with the challenging climate and environment. Historical groups have been defined by their languages, which belong to several major language families. Today, Alaska Natives or Native Alaskans constitute more than 20% of the population of Alaska. List of peoples Below is a full list of the different Alaska Native or Native Alaskan peoples, who are largely defined by their historical languages (within each culture are different tribes): Ancient Beringian Alaskan Athabaskans Ahtna Deg Hit'an Dena'ina Eskimo Eyak Gwich'in Haida Hän Holikachuk Koyukon Lower Tanana Tanacross Upper Tanana Upper Kuskokwim (Kolchan) Tlingit Tsimshian Iñupiat, an Inuit group Yupik Siberian Yupik Yup'ik Cup'ik Nunivak Cup'ig Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq Chugach Sugpiaq Koniag Alutiiq Aleut (Unangan) Demographics The Alaska Natives Commission estimated there were about 86,000 Alaska Natives living in Alaska in 1990, with another 17,000 who lived outside Alaska. A 2013 study by the Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development documented more than 120,000 Alaska Native people in Alaska. While the majority of Native Alaskans live in small villages or remote regional hubs such as Nome, Dillingham, and Bethel, the percentage who live in urban areas has been increasing. In 2010, 44% lived in urban areas, compared to 38% in the 2000 census. As of 2018, natives constitute 15.4% of the overall Alaskan population. History The modern history of Alaska Natives begins with the first contact between Alaskan First Nations and Russians sailing from Siberia in the eighteenth century. British and American traders, coming mostly from eastern settlements in North America, generally did not reach the area until the nineteenth century. In some cases, Christian missionaries were not active in Alaska until the twentieth century. Russian colonial period Vitus Bering spotted Alaska during an expedition. Native Alaskans first came into contact with Russians in the 18th century. Time of contact with","title":"Alaska Natives"},{"docid":"8807313","text":"The Auke are an Alaskan Native people, whose autonym Aakʼw Ḵwáan means \"Small Lake People.\" They are a subgroup of the Tlingit. The Auke lived along the northwestern coast of North America, in the area that is now the Alexander Archipelago and adjoining mainland of the Alaska Panhandle around Juneau. The Auke had a village on Auke Bay just east of Point Louisa, about 13 miles northwest of Juneau. There were seasonal festivals associated with the harvest of herring at spawning season. In 1880, after Joe Juneau and Richard Harris were led to gold in the Silver Bow Basin, U.S. naval officers encouraged the Auke to move from the area to avoid conflict with miners and prospectors. The census of Alaska at the time listed the Auke population as 640, of whom 300 were on Admiralty Island, 50 on Douglas Island, and 290 on Stephens Passage, the latter presumably including those at the Point Louisa village. The Auke people continued to return to what they called Indian Point, for the annual harvest of herring at spawning time. They have considered this a sacred place, both because of their traditional gathering for subsistence and their historic village and its burying ground. These local peoples have resisted European-American development of Indian Point, which is located past the Juneau Ferry Terminal and before the Auke Recreation Area operated by the U.S. Forest Service. Federal agencies including the National Park Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) had proposals to build on the site. The Tlingit consider it sacred territory, both because of the burying ground and its place in their traditions of gathering sustenance. The city and state supported recognition of the 78-acre site, which in August 2016 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. \"It is the first traditional cultural property in Southeast Alaska to be placed on the register.\" Clans and houses The Auke were originally formed around clans, based on kinship systems. These were traditionally divided into houses. Extended family groups used to live together in large longhouses. Divisions and houses of the Raven Moiety or Clan Lʼeeneidí (Gift Blanket People) G̱aatáa Hít (Trap House) Téelʼ Hít (Dog Salmon House) Yax̱te Hít (Big Dipper House) Lʼuknax̱.ádi (Coho Salmon People) Lʼook Hít (Coho Salmon House) G̱aanax̱.ádi (People of G̱aanax̱) G̱aanax̱aa Hít (G̱aanax̱ Group House) Yéil Hít (Raven House) Divisions and houses of the Wolf/Eagle Clan Wooshkeetaan G̱unakadeit Hít (Sea Monster House) Hít Tlein (Big House) Noow Hít (Fort House) Tóosʼ Hít (Shark House) Xeitl Hít (Thunder/Thunderbird House) Xóots Hít (Brown Bear House) References Alaska Native ethnic groups Tlingit Native Americans in Alaska","title":"Auke"},{"docid":"61333779","text":"The Alaska Native Industries Cooperative Association (ANICA) is a retailers' cooperative operating in rural Alaska, serving Alaskan native villages. As of the Association's 2018 biennial report, ANICA had 40 member stores. Background In 1934, the 73rd United States Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act. Among other goals, the Act was intended to help Native Americans achieve a greater measure of self-governance and economic self-sufficiency than was possible under previous legislation. Included in the act was a provision for the creation of a revolving credit fund for the advancement of Native business ventures. However, an oversight in the legislation prevented Native Americans in Alaska from taking full advantage of the new law. In 1936, the Alaska Native Reorganization Act was passed, extending the Indian Reorganization Act to cover Alaskan Natives. The extreme difficulties associated with supplying remote villages in Alaska, as well as supply issues caused by World War II caused federal officials in the Bureau of Indian Affairs to conclude that a new organization was required to ensure those villages would remain well-supplied. In addition to improving economic conditions, the organization transferred responsibility for the supply programs to the Alaskan natives. Foundation and early operations Louis Peters and Albert Huber led the government's efforts to create such an organization. Ultimately, the villages of White Mountain, Shaktoolik, Stebbins, Eli, and Unalakleet adopted bylaws and articles of association in 1947, formally creating the ANICA. The Association's Board of Directors had one representative from each member village. Additionally, non-member villages could make deposits with ANICA and receive services. In order to take advantage of economies of scale, a decision was made to postpone commencing operations until at least 25 villages stores had joined the co-op. This feat was achieved in 1948. By the end 1958, 37 villages stores were members of the co-op, and another 7 had made deposits with ANICA. ANICA made use of the revolving credit fund provided by the Indian Reorganization and Alaska Native Reorganization acts. In addition to supplying remote village stores, ANICA attempted to stimulate exports in native craft goods and furs. The Association bought native art and craft goods on consignment and transferred them to the Alaska Native Arts and Crafts Clearing House, another BIA sponsored organization, for re-sale. In another instance of encouraging exports, ANICA purchased whale and seal oil from natives in Point Hope, and shipped oil to Seattle for sale to soap makers. Ultimately, such exports were discontinued. A program of mining coal in the Point Hope region for re-sale to other Alaskan villages was also considered, but never implemented. ANCIA has published two periodicals. The first, ANICA Flash, was published from (probably) 1949 to 1954. In addition to carrying news about the various member stores and villages, ANICA Flash also had some economic news, and prices for various goods. ANICA News Highlights was published later, starting in March 1969 and running to December 1974. In addition to carrying news from the villages, the ANICA News Highlights also carried other news of interest to","title":"Alaska Native Industries Cooperative Association"},{"docid":"1620422","text":"Emmitt Peters Sr. (October 1, 1940 – April 2, 2020) the \"Yukon Fox\", was an Alaskan American hunter, fisher, trapper, and dog musher. The last rookie to win the 1,049 mile Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race (in 1975), he and his lead dogs Nugget and Digger shattered the previous speed record by almost six days. Peters was an Athabaskan Alaska Native who was born in Ruby, deep in the Alaska Interior. He became a hunter, fisher, and trapper, and grew up around sled dogs. Mushing was the primary means of transportation in the rural parts of the state, far from the road system that spans southern Alaska, but the advent of the snowmobile (known as snowmachines in Alaska) in the 1960s almost drove mushing into extinction. Iditarod Peters entered the Iditarod as a rookie in 1975, and won the race with a time of 14 days, 14 hours, 43 minutes, and 45 seconds. The two previous races in 1973 and 1974 were slower and more measured, and both were won in just over 20 days. The 1975 race was a close one, and he placed in the top 10 in the next five races. According to Peters, he earned the \"Yukon Fox\" nickname, \"because I'd sneak away from all my competitors and have five or six teams chasing me\" (Rozell, 2003). Even with a weak team of sled dogs, he regularly placed high in the standings. The race changed as corporate sponsors began to fund top competitors, who ran large kennels and bred faster dogs. Peters gradually fell behind, and until he broke his knee in a training accident in 1986 and stopped racing. He returned briefly in 1990 and 1991, but only placed 41st in the first year, and scratched in the second. Peters raced his final Iditarod in 2000, and finished in 12 days, 2 hours, and 42 minutes, which was his fastest time ever. He earned the Most Inspirational Musher Award, which is given based on a vote by the other finishers. Afterwards he said, \"that's it. No one is going to talk me into anything else\" (Pemberton, 2000). Peters served as a volunteer checker at Ruby, which is an official checkpoint of the Iditarod on even-numbered years. Alaska Native mushers Peters had to sell his dogs to cover his debts after the races in the 1990s, and was only able to race his final race because two friends donated USD $10,000 each, and he leased a team from Rick Swenson. While Alaska Natives won the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Iditarods, and accounted for roughly a third of all the racers, by the 1980s the costs had become prohibitive and the native presence almost vanished from the race. Expenses faced by modern teams include lightweight gear including thousands of booties and quick-change runners, special high-energy dog foods, veterinary care, and breeding costs. According to Athabaskan musher Ken Chase, \"the big expenses [for rural Alaskans] are the freight and having to buy dog food\". (Hutchinson) Most modern teams","title":"Emmitt Peters"},{"docid":"44289967","text":"Yup'ik doll (Yup'ik yugaq sg yugak dual yugat pl or yuguaq, irniaruaq, irnianguaq, inuguaq; also, yunguaq in Unaliq-Pastuliq dialect, sugaq, sugaruaq, suguaq in Bristol Bay dialect, cugaq, cugaruaq in Hooper Bay-Chevak dialect, cuucunguar in Nunivak dialect) is a traditional Eskimo style doll and figurine form made in the southwestern Alaska by Yup'ik people. Also known as Cup'ik doll for the Chevak Cup'ik dialect speaking Eskimos of Chevak and Cup'ig doll for the Nunivak Cup'ig dialect speaking Eskimos of Nunivak Island. Typically, Yup'ik dolls are dressed in traditional Eskimo style Yup'ik clothing (as irniaruam atkua \"doll parka\"), intended to protect the wearer from cold weather, and are often made from traditional materials obtained through food gathering. Play dolls from the Yup'ik area were made of wood, bone, or walrus ivory and measured from one to twelve inches in height or more. Male and female dolls were often distinguished anatomically and can be told apart by the addition of ivory labrets for males and chin tattooing for females. The information about play dolls within Alaska Native cultures is sporadic. As is so often the case in early museum collections, it is difficult to distinguish dolls made for play from those made for ritual. There were always five dolls making up a family: a father, a mother, a son, a daughter, and a baby. Some human figurines were used by shamans. Eskimo doll Both Yup'ik, Siberian Yupik, and Iñupiaq dolls are also known as Eskimo doll in Alaska. It is possible to distinguish Yup'ik human figurines from Iñupiaq examples on the basis of facial features. Yup'ik figurines have a distinct brow line, shaped like two crescents joined at the center by the nose, whereas Iñupiaq figurines lack this brow line and have more pronounced noses and tiny eyes that look as through they had been poked in by the tip of a pencil or pen. The mouth of Yup'ik figurines mirror the crescent shape of the brows, whereas the Inupiaq dolls have small, straight mouths. Overall, the features of the Iñupiaq examples are crudely carved. Characteristics Most had round wooden, walrus ivory or bone heads, ovoid-shaped eyes, and mouths, short necks, solid torsos, and arms that formed but not separated from the body. The faces of female dolls were frequently chin tattooed. Other decorations, including hairdressings, nose piercing earrings, was represented by hair and beads placed in the correct positions. Some even had bracelets and bead necklaces. The male dolls had labrets made from beads or bead pieces. A relatively limited number of women in southwestern Alaska make coiled grass dolls, a spinoff of the coiled grass basketry practiced widely throughout the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Some non-traditional dolls seems as the influence of missionaries. Missionaries well understood that miniature human representations were powerful symbols, and influencing a native culture required reducing its central protectors to the realm of child’s play. Uses Some human figurines were used by shamans. Along the lower Yukon River, Yup'ik Eskimo and Athabaskan shamans hung human figurines made of driftwood","title":"Yupʼik doll"},{"docid":"52906412","text":"David S. Wilson (born ca. 1981) is an American politician from Alaska. A Republican, Wilson has represented Wasilla in the Alaska Senate since 2017. He formerly served as a city councilman in Wasilla. Wilson was elected to the Senate at the age of 35. He narrowly defeated Representative Lynn Gattis in the Republican primary to succeed longtime Senator Charlie Huggins, who was retiring, in August 2016. He was endorsed in his campaign by the conservative Republican Assembly but did not run with the backing of the Alaska Republican Party. He was previously an unaffiliated voter, registering with the Republican Party less than a year before his primary victory. Upon being sworn in on January 17, 2017, Wilson became the first African-American elected to the Senate from Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna Valley, Wilson is the eighth African-American to serve in the Alaska Legislature. Of those eight, he is the third Republican, the second senator, the first Republican senator and the first to represent an area of Alaska outside of Anchorage or Fairbanks. Legislative Accomplishments Senator Wilson has sponsored successful legislation every year he has been in office to date. This legislation includes: SB 46 (2017): \"An Act establishing October 25 of each year as African American Soldiers' Contribution to Building the Alaska Highway Day.\" SB 134 (2018): \"An Act relating to medical assistance reimbursement for the services of licensed professional counselors; and providing for an effective date.\" SB 55 (2019): \"An Act relating to judges of the court of appeals; and providing for an effective date.\" SB 25 (2019): \"An Act extending the termination date of the Board of Dental Examiners; and providing for an effective date.\" SB 43 (2019): \"An Act extending the termination date of the Board of Barbers and Hairdressers; extending the termination date of the Big Game Commercial Services Board; relating to a person's eligibility to hold a registered guide-outfitter license, master guide-outfitter license, class-A assistant guide license, assistant guide license, or transporter license; and providing for an effective date.\" SB 134 (2020): \"An Act relating to medical assistance reimbursement for the services of licensed professional counselors; and providing for an effective date.\" SB 24 (2021): \"An Act relating to holding corporate meetings by remote communication; allowing voting by remote communication at corporate meetings; making shareholder lists available electronically; relating to for-profit and nonprofit corporations; relating to business and industrial development corporations; relating to Native corporations; relating to the Alaska Banking Code; and providing for an effective date.\" SB 70 (2021): \"An Act relating to opioid overdose drugs; and providing for an effective date.\" Controversies On May 2, 2017, Wilson allegedly slapped Nathaniel Herz of the Alaska Dispatch News during an encounter in the Alaska State Capitol in Juneau. The event was recorded by Herz's smartphone as the reporter was questioning Wilson on his reaction to a recent article about a bill proposed by Wilson. Herz filed a police report that day. On December 12, 2017, The Alaska Office of Special Prosecutions declined to pursue charges against Wasilla Republican","title":"David S. Wilson"},{"docid":"41189887","text":"Tobeluk vs. Lind was a landmark case in Alaskan Native education. The 27 teenage plaintiffs brought suit against the State of Alaska, claiming that Native American boarding schools were discriminatory and unjust. The case is widely known as the \"Molly Hootch Case\" after the first plaintiff named. At the time of the case, Alaskan Native parents were forced to send their children away for schooling because of a lack of quality local educational facilities in their towns. Boarding schools had historically been used as a tactic of assimilating Native students into white culture. Alaskan Native children were sent far from their parents for their secondary education, often heading to the contiguous 48 states and boarding with local non-Native families. They were thus immersed in a situation that was both geographically (Oregon, Oklahoma, etc.) and culturally removed from their place of origin. The plaintiffs alleged that this situation led to mistreatment of the Native students and a high dropout rate among them (65% within two years, in one documented case), signs of educational inequality. In October 1976, the signing of the Tobeluk Consent Decree committed the government to building local high schools in Alaska, which they have since done with positive results on retention rates. The state by means of the consent decree agreed to create a secondary school in any village with at least fifteen high school-aged children. References External links Alaska Natives and United States law Alaska state case law Public education in Alaska Native American boarding schools 1976 in Alaska 1976 in education 1976 in United States case law United States Native American case law United States education case law","title":"Tobeluk v. Lind"},{"docid":"67652210","text":"Brenda Tiggausina Itta (born November 13, 1943) is an Iñupiaq activist and former legislator in Alaska's House of Representatives. Early life and education Itta was born in Barrow (now Utqiaġvik), Alaska on November 13, 1943 to parents Noah and Mollie Ungarook Itta, and was the second child of eleven born to them. Growing up, Itta was raised in the traditions of Iñupiat culture, speaking only Iñupiaq until she went off to school. Itta attended a school run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and went on to graduate from Mount Edgecumbe High School in 1961. After High School, she attended Haskell Indian Junior College and graduated in 1965. During her school-age years, she experienced first-hand the discrimination that Native Americans have faced in American society. She once recounted, \"In school, I was sent to a corner if I ever spoke a word of Eskimo.\" Career and activism In 1966, at age 22, she moved to Washington, D.C. to work as a receptionist to Senator Ernest Gruening, where she quickly became known as \"that Eskimo girl.\" While in Washington, she served as a lobbyist for her region. In 1971, Itta returned to Alaska to do community relations work for the Atlantic Richfield Company. During this time, Itta worked with many Iñupiaq leaders and became heavily involved with land claim settlements and Native affairs in Alaska, spurred on by the interactions she had with people while serving as Senator Gruening's aide. Before she was elected to the state legislature, Itta was the City Manager of Barrow, Alaska. When considering a run at the State Legislature, Itta was elected unanimously by Native leaders and received their endorsement. Itta first ran for the Legislature in 1972, but lost the election. From 1974 to 1976 she served as the first Alaska Native woman elected to the House of Representatives , where she served on the House Finance Committee and chaired the subcommittee on Health and Social Services. She co-sponsored the bill that created the Alaska Permanent Fund, which annually provides financial dividends to residents of the state of Alaska. Itta declined to run for subsequent term, \"because [she] needed more inner confidence to better serve [her] people.\" Itta was part of a group of young Native American activists who emerged as leaders in the Native rights movement. She, along with other Native rights activists such as Frances Degnan and Rosita Worl, sought to improve the standard of living for Native peoples through educational and professional opportunities. Itta, while supportive of the women's liberation movement, was skeptical of their methods, calling them \"divisive.\" Itta has held many positions throughout her career. She served as a Coordinator for the Post Secondary Education Program in the North Slope Borough School District. She also served as secretary for the Alaska State Democratic Central Committee, as a member of the executive board of the Alaska Native Foundation, and as a member of the Bush Justice Monitoring Committee, as well as held membership in the Alaska Legal Services. Itta has continued","title":"Brenda Itta"},{"docid":"3702852","text":"The Alaska Native Heritage Center is an educational and cultural institution for all Alaskans, located in Anchorage, Alaska. The center opened in 1999. The Alaska Native Heritage Center shares the heritage of Alaska's 11 major cultural groups. These 11 groups are the Athabaskan people, Eyak people, Tlingit people, Haida people, Tsimshian people, Unangax people (Aleut), Alutiiq people, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Siberian Yupik, and Inupiaq. The Heritage Center, located ten miles from downtown Anchorage, is situated on 26 wooded acres. The Gathering Place provides visitors an opportunity to experience demonstrations of Alaska Native dancing, Native Games, and traditional storytelling. The Hall of Cultures provides rotating exhibits, craft activities for the family, and craft and artwork created by Alaska Native artists. The theatre features rotating films, including a documentary produced by the Heritage Center, titled \"Stories Given, Stories Shared.\" Outside, visitors can tour the village sites, consisting of six life-sized Native dwellings surrounding Lake Tiulana. The six dwellings represent the unique ways of living practiced by the Athabascan, Inupiaq/St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Yup’ik/Cup’ik, Aleut, Alutiiq, and the Eyak, Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian peoples. Youth interns lead many tours of the village sites, which also include artifacts for use in daily life. The Alaska Native Heritage Center is the only statewide organization which represents all Alaska Native cultures. The nonprofit is operated by Alaska Natives and is one of the few tribally unaffiliated arts organizations that is run by Indigenous people. See also Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center References External links 1999 establishments in Alaska Museums established in 1999 Museums in Anchorage, Alaska Native American museums in Alaska Tourist attractions in Anchorage, Alaska","title":"Alaska Native Heritage Center"},{"docid":"926770","text":"Annette Island or Taak'w Aan (Tlingit) is an island in the Gravina Islands of the Alexander Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean on the southeastern coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is at . It is about long and about wide. The land area is . Annette Island is located west across the Revillagigedo Channel from the Alaska mainland and south of Revillagigedo Island. The Island was named in 1879 by William Healey Dall, an American naturalist and explorer in Alaska, in honor of his wife Annette Whitney Dall. The meaning of the Tlingit name for the island is Winter Town. Since the late 19th century, it has been the base of the Annette Island Reserve of the Metlakatla Alaska Native Community, composed mostly of Tsimshian people. This is the only Indian reservation in Alaska as Metlakatla voted to opt out of giving up their lands under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of the 1970s. In 2016 they elected Audrey Hudson as their first Tribal Chairwoman. Community and demographics The largest settlement on the island is Metlakatla. The federally recognized Metlakatla Indian Community was founded by an unordained Anglican missionary William Duncan and Tsimshian followers who moved with him from their community of Metlakatla in British Columbia after he developed new doctrine and schismatized from his church. Since the late 19th century, the entire island has been an Indian reserve, a status enacted by Congress when the Tlingit agreed to let the Tsimshian use this territory. Government The Tsimshian set up their government under the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), writing a constitution for electoral government. They have a twelve-person Council. \"The mayor, secretary, and treasurer are elected by the general voting membership of the community. Each of these is elected for a two-year term. Council seats are staggered, resulting in the election of six Council seats each year and three executives every second year.\" Since the late 1970s, this has been the only remaining reservation in Alaska, as the Metlakatla opted out of giving up their lands for payment under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. In 2016 its Tribal Chairwoman is Audrey Hudson, the first woman to be elected to this role. She also serves as mayor, city manager, and police commissioner of the Metlakatla Indian Community. The island's population was 1,447 at the 2000 census. The island population is composed mainly of Tsimshian people. It is a cultural crossroads for Tlingit and Haida Natives as well. Infrastructure A network of unimproved roads and trails on the island were developed during years of logging. More than 50 years after the United States made a treaty with the Metlakatla Community that promised a cross-island road in exchange for their allowing construction and operation of an airfield on the island, it made good on its word. A joint armed forces task force constructed a 15-mile road across the island, completed from 1997 to 2007, which connected Metlakatla on the ocean side to the side facing Ketchikan, where a ferry","title":"Annette Island"},{"docid":"50237963","text":"The Russian Empire's role in the American Revolutionary War was part of a global conflict of colonial supremacy between the Thirteen Colonies and the Kingdom of Great Britain. Prior to the onset of the war, the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great had already begun exploration along North America's west coast; and, the year following the war's conclusion, Russia established its first colony in Alaska. Although the Russian Empire did not directly send troops or supplies to the colonies or British Empire during the war, it responded to the Declaration of Independence, played a role in international diplomacy, and contributed to the lasting legacy of the American Revolution abroad. Russia in North America prior to the war As other European states expanded westward across the Atlantic Ocean, the Russian Empire went eastward and conquered the vast wilderness of Siberia. Although it initially went east with the hope of increasing its fur trade, the Russian imperial court in St. Petersburg hoped that its eastern expansion would also prove its cultural, political, and scientific belonging to Europe. The Eurasian empire looked to North America after reaching the Pacific Ocean in 1639 and occupying the Kamchatka Peninsula in the 1680s. From 1729 to 1741, the Russian court-sponsored the Danish explorer Vitus Bering and his Russian counterpart Aleksei Chirikov to begin the Russian search for North America. In their initial 1729 expedition, the pair missed the Alaskan coast due to thick fog. When they set off again in 1741, Chirikov reached the shore of the Alaskan panhandle only to have his search party ambushed and killed by the native Tlingits. After the dreadful event, Chirikov hurriedly sailed back to Kamchatka. Bering, on the other hand, had worse luck. He made it ashore to central Alaska, and then sailed back to Kamchatka along the barren Aleutians, only to endure a hard winter on one of the islands, losing many men. However, when Bering and his remaining crew returned to Petropavlovsk, they brought with them over nine hundred sea otter pelts. The valuable furs with which survivors of Bering's expedition returned sparked greater interest in the fur trade. Russian Promyshlenniki, or fur traders, began to set off to Alaska in droves with hopes of striking it rich. The drive to obtain furs led the promyshlenniki to conflict with the native Aleuts who raided the settlements, causing the traders to respond with threats, and forced commerce. The traders also inadvertently caused environmental harm - many animals were hunted to near extinction. The tribes attacked their imperial overlords again in 1764, but their rising was met by fierce retribution and defeat at Russian hands in 1766. Prior to the onset of the American Revolutionary War, the Russian expansion into North America boosted the empire's economy and prestige, but caused much detriment to the local wildlife of Alaska, and brought about the desolation of the Aleut through disease and warfare. Russia and the Declaration of Independence News of the Declaration of Independence's penning and signing finally reached Imperial Russia","title":"Russia and the American Revolution"},{"docid":"105561","text":"Diomede (, ) is a village and the only habitable area of Little Diomede Island in the Nome Census Area of the Unorganized Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. All the buildings are on the west coast of Little Diomede, which is the smaller of the two Diomede Islands located in the middle of the Bering Strait between the United States and the Russian Far East. Diomede is the only settlement on Little Diomede Island. The population is 82 people, down from 115 at the 2010 census and 146 in 2000. Its native name means \"the other one\" or \"the one over there\". It is also imprecisely spelled Inalik. History The current location of the city is believed by some archaeologists to have been inhabited for at least 3,000 years. It was originally a spring hunting campsite and the early explorers from the west found the Iñupiat (Inuit) at Diomede had an advanced culture, including elaborate whale hunting ceremonies. Trade occurred with both continents. 1648–1867 The first European to reach the Diomede Islands was Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, in 1648; the next was Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service Vitus Bering, who re-discovered the islands on August 16, 1728, and named the islands after martyr St. Diomede, who was celebrated in the Russian Orthodox Church on that date. The United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867, including Little Diomede. A new boundary was drawn between the two Diomede Islands, and the Big Diomede was left to Russia. 1880s–1920s According to naturalist John Muir, who visited the Diomede Islands in the 1880s, natives were eager to trade away everything they had. The village was perched on the steep rocky slope of the mountain, which has sheer drops into deep water. Huts were mostly built of stone with skin roofs. During the Nome gold rush at the turn of the 20th century, Diomede villagers traveled to Nome along with the gold seekers, even though Nome was not a native village. People from Diomede arrived in umiaks and stayed in Nome for the summer, trading and gathering items before they returned to their isolated village. 1940s According to Arthur Ahkinga, who lived on Little Diomede island at the turn of the 1940s, the Iñupiat on the island made their living by hunting and carving ivory that they traded or sold. They caught fish such as bullheads, tomcods and bluecods. Whaling was still a major practice. During the winter, they used fur parkas and skin mukluks made out of hunted animals to protect themselves from the cold and wind. Recreational activities included skating, snowshoeing, handball, soccer and Inuit dancing. After dark, people spent the rest of the evening telling jokes and stories. In summer time, they traveled with skin boats equipped with outboard motors to Siberia or Wales, Alaska. Winter travel was limited to neighboring Big Diomede due to weather conditions. Between July and October, half of the population went to Nome to sell their carvings and skins and trade for","title":"Diomede, Alaska"},{"docid":"31580890","text":"Shamanism among Alaska Natives was particularly important as it served to construct their special connection to their land, and a kinship with the animals with whom they share that land. Before the introduction of western culture and the religions that are now practiced in Alaska, there was a common spiritual connection made with the people to the land they occupied. The most common name for this connection is shamanism. Shamanism differs in every culture where it is practiced, in Alaska it is centered in the animals that are common in the area. Through the use of many myths, stories, and ceremonies these animals are personified and their spirits made tangible and in turn are deeply woven within the Native Alaska people today. It was through the shaman that the spirit world was connected to the natural world. A shaman in Alaska Native culture was a mediator, healer and the spirit worlds’ mouthpiece. Although shamanism is no longer popularly practiced, it was and continues to be the heart of the Native Alaskan people. Aleuts The religion of the former Aleuts was an offshoot of the prevailing shamanistic beliefs common to the northern Inuit (formerly Eskimo) and to the tribes of northeastern Asia. They believed in the existence of a creator of everything visible and invisible, but did not connect him with the guidance of the world, and paid him no special worship. As rulers of their entire environment, they acknowledged two spirits, or kinds of spirits, who determined the fate of man in every respect. The earliest Aleuts worshiped light, the celestial bodies, and even the elements. They also believed that there were three worlds, to which they ascribed being and action. The first world, highest world, has no night or evening, and many people live there. The second, or middle world, is the earth. The third is subterranean and called lowest world. The aboriginal Aleuts had no temples or idols, but there were holy or forbidden localities known as . Here they made offerings to invisible spirits. Such holy places were found in every village, being usually a mound, or some prominent place or a crag, which women and young men were strictly prohibited from visiting, and especially from gathering the grasses for their basketry, or taking away stones. If any young person, either from audacity or curiosity, violated this restriction, such infraction was sure to be followed by terrible \"wild\" disease, speedy death, or at least insanity. Old men could visit these spots at certain times, but only for the purpose of making offerings. Among the past-tie Aleuts were both shamans and shamanism. They were considered to be the intermediaries between the visible and invisible worlds, between men and spirits, and the Aleuts believed they were acquainted with demonology and could foretell the future and aid sufferers. And though they were not professional obstetricians, yet as magicians their services were in request in cases of difficult childbirth. Shamans were the aboriginal specialists in dealing with the supernatural. They cured","title":"Shamanism among Alaska Natives"},{"docid":"68479012","text":"Jules Winslow Wright (August 21, 1933 – January 11, 2022) was an American businessman and politician from Alaska. Early life and private sector Jules Wright was born in Nenana, Alaska, on August 21, 1933, the sixth of seven sons born to Episcopal missionaries Arthur and Myrtle Wright. The siblings became known as the \"Alaskan Wright Brothers\", an homage to Orville and Wilbur Wright. He grew up in Nenana and attended the local schools. Around the time he entered his teens, his father died, leaving the family business, Wright Truck and Tractor, to his wife and three youngest sons. Jules Wright finished his education in Fairbanks, graduating from Fairbanks High School. He remained in Fairbanks as a trucker for two years before serving in the United States Army. During his military service, Wright was stationed in Fairbanks. After leaving the army, Wright ran a construction business with his brothers, then started another company, Tundra Contracting, in 1966. Subsequently, he was involved in the mining industry for a decade, then built and operated the Manley Hot Springs resort for eight years. By 1993, Wright was an employment rights officer for the Tanana Chiefs Conference. Political career Wright became involved with the Fairbanks Native Association around 1963, and served as its president before his election to the Alaska House of Representatives. As the leader of the association, Wright helped develop and present a proposal regarding dormitories for Alaskan Native children to the Alaska Legislature's Health, Welfare and Education Committee in February 1966, which led to his decision to mount a campaign of his own later that year. His 1966 run for public office was described as a \"strong person-to-person\" campaign. During his single term as a state representative, Wright was affiliated with the Republican Party and also served on the first convocation of a statewide land claims task force. Wright did not seek reelection to the state house during the 1968 election cycle. During his tenure, Wright voted against a bill regarding mergers of cities and boroughs that ultimately passed the state house in March 1967. That same month, a bill regarding registration of voters passed the Alaska Senate. Prior to the lower house's vote on the legislation, Wright declared his opposition to it. In April, the state house defeated the voter registration bill, with Wright voting against its passage. In February 1968, Wright criticized a bill that would define alcoholism as a disease, and protect alcoholics from criminal charges, fearing that its implementation would lead more people to become alcoholics. Later that month, Wright expressed opposition to a bill sponsored by Don Young to establish a statewide grain incentive program. In 1976, Wright ran for the Alaska Senate as an independent. His campaign was significantly financed by his brother Lawrence Wright, also of Tundra Contracting. The unsuccessful campaign was subject to a fine of $60 for turning its financial report in late. In 1984, Wright contested an open primary as a Republican candidate from Manley Hot Springs, Alaska, losing his bid to","title":"Jules Wright (politician)"},{"docid":"2878142","text":"The Alaska Zoo is a zoo in Anchorage, Alaska, located on of the Anchorage Hillside. It is a popular attraction in Alaska, with nearly 200,000 visitors per year. The zoo is currently home to more than 100 birds and mammals representing some 50 species. The zoo has the widest variety of animals native to the state of Alaska as well as some exotics such as Amur tigers, Bactrian camels, and yaks. In addition to viewing, the zoo specializes in education, research, wildlife conservation, and animal rehabilitation; many of the animals currently in the zoo were found orphaned or injured. History In 1966, Anchorage grocer Jack Snyder won a contest offering a prize of \"$3,000 or a baby elephant\". He chose the elephant, a female Asian elephant named Annabelle. Annabelle was initially kept at the Diamond H Horse Ranch, located in the Hillside area of Anchorage and owned by Sammye Seawell, which had the only heated stalls available. With Annabelle's increasing popularity, Seawell formed a non-profit corporation to build a place \"where the public could visit animals and learn about them.\" It was incorporated on March 28, 1968, as the Alaska Children's Zoo, which opened in 1969 with Annabelle and other donated animals. The zoo was located on land adjacent to Seawell's ranch. The zoo's name was changed to Alaska Zoo in June 1980. In 1983, a female African elephant named Maggie arrived at the Alaska Zoo as a companion for Annabelle. The zoo attracted some attention, even outside Alaska, in 1994 when Binky, then one of the zoo's polar bears, injured several visitors who entered his enclosure, famously pacing with an Australian woman's shoe dangling from his mouth (the current polar bear exhibit is human-proof). In 1997, Annabelle died, leaving her companion, Maggie alone. In 2004, in spite of mounting criticism, Alaska Zoo officials decided to keep Maggie in Alaska for at least three more years, rather than sending her to an elephant sanctuary in a warmer climate, where she could also socialize with other elephants. As of June 6, 2007, she was moved to the PAWS sanctuary in California. Notable animals Annabelle (1964–1997), an Asian elephant Annabelle, an Asian elephant, was born in India in 1964. In 1966, in a Chiffon Tissue contest sponsored by Crown Zellerbach, she was offered as an alternative prize between \"$3,000 or a baby elephant\". The prize-winner, Anchorage grocer Jack Snyder, chose the elephant. Annabelle was initially kept at the Diamond H Horse Ranch, located in the Hillside area of Anchorage and owned by Sammye Seawell, which had the only heated stalls available. Annabelle was one of the first animals when the zoo was founded as the Alaska Children's Zoo in 1969, along with several orphaned and injured animals in need of homes, including a black bear, seal, Arctic fox, and petting zoo goats. Annabelle died of complications of a foot infection on December 15, 1997. Binky (1975–1995), a polar bear Maggie (1983–2021), an African elephant Maggie, an African elephant, came to the Alaska","title":"Alaska Zoo"},{"docid":"1023208","text":"Afognak (; also Agw'aneq in Alutiiq was an Alutiiq village on the island of Afognak in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska, United States. It was located on Afognak Bay on the southwest coast of the island, three miles north of Kodiak Island. The site is now within the CDP of Aleneva. History Prehistory For more than 7,500 years, the Alutiiq people lived in hundreds of settlements in the Kodiak Archipelago. Like most other early native Alaskan peoples, the people of Afognak fished and hunted sea mammals from kayaks covered in seal skin. Men and women performed different tasks for the village. The people of Afognak traded services and goods with other settlements in Southeast Alaska and the Aleutian chain. The Russian settlement period The Russian American Company arrived on the island in 1784. The Russians invited and took several men from the village to hunt sea otters for sale in Europe. However, many people died as a result of mistreatment, and the smallpox epidemic of 1837–1840 killed many others in the archipelago. The Alutiiq began to change their lifestyle and governance. The name \"Afognak\" was derived from Afognak Island and was first reported in 1839 by Russian Sub-Lt. Mikhail Murashev. The natives and Russians on the island continued to fish, hunt, and gather food. Despite tensions between the two groups, many Russians and natives married and started families, and many natives learned Russian and converted to Russian Orthodoxy. The Alutiiq tradition was not abandoned, however, and was just added to. Many Russian workers who had married into the native community settled into the Russian American Company retirement communities upon their retirement. Eventually, the community of Russian Town, located next to Aleut Town, grew into the Afognak village, and the two merged. The American period The U.S. bought the occupation rights in 1867. Schools that only taught in English were established in regions where no one spoke the language, but by 1900, much of the younger community was trilingual, speaking Alutiiq, Russian, and English. In the late 1800s, the U.S. fishing business began to flourish. The business opened many canneries in Kodiak, Alaska, and fishermen from Scandinavia traveled to Alaska. The business in the area raised tension with the Alutiiq, who wanted to keep their fishing lifestyle. A post office was maintained intermittently from 1888 to 1964. Afognak was covered by one meter (3 ft) of ash when Mount Katmai erupted in 1912. The 1964 Good Friday earthquake generated a tsunami which destroyed the village. With help from the Lions Club and the federal government, a new community was constructed on the northeast coast of Kodiak Island, called Port Lions in honor of the Lions Club who helped relocate the village. The former residents of Afognak moved permanently in December 1964, though 11 residents were still residing there as late as 1980. Demographics Afognak first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village of 339 residents with a \"Creole\" (mixed Russian and native) majority of 195 and 144 Inuit minority.","title":"Afognak, Alaska"},{"docid":"31578984","text":"The practice of dental care in rural Alaska is overseen by the American Dental Association and other organizations under the jurisdiction of dentistry in the United States, with major differences from dentistry in the contiguous states. The oral health situation among the Alaskan Native population is among the most severe globally, with notably high rates of oral disease. Children in this population aged 2 to 5 years have almost five times the amount of tooth decay as children of the same age elsewhere in the United States, and adults have 2.5 times the amount of tooth decay as adults elsewhere. Other factors impacting the population's dental health include the difficulty of obtaining fresh food in remote locations, lack of fluoridated running water, and reduced access to education on the importance of dental health. The United States federal government and the Alaska Native Corporations have funded multiple programs in the state to target healthcare discrepancies arising from various factors: distance, affecting accessibility and practitioner retention; environmental or general racism; fear; and lack of access to affordable, quality housing and food. The cost of transportation worsens many of these factors; in 2011, an estimated 85,000 Alaska Natives lived in rural villages accessible only by boat or bush plane. Due to low retention of qualified dentists from external regions, dental therapy programs have taken root in the state to create career opportunities and increase healthcare access. These programs have served as models for other states to create similar programs. History Early healthcare acts The Snyder Act of 1921 was the first Act of Congress to appropriate funds for the health of the Indian population. Next came the Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 1976, signed on October 1 by President Gerald R. Ford. This Act recognized the need for better health care among the Indian population, as their general health registered far below that of the general population of the United States The Improvement Act also appropriated funds for the facilities used for Indian and Alaska Native health care as most of these facilities were far below the quality obtained by non-Indian health care facilities. After the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, Alaska Native Tribes and Regional Native corporations contracted with federal agencies to fund health programs and to allow these entities to deliver health, medical, and educational services to the American Indian and Alaska Native People. In 1997, the United States government required Alaska Native groups to combine their healthcare efforts, creating the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium to manage the distribution of Indian Health Services money and allow the Alaskan Native community to self-govern their own funds. Dental Health Aide Therapists Program Modeled after a program in New Zealand, the Dental Health Aide Therapists (DHAT) Program began in 2006 and created a system for rural healthcare that multiple states would later follow. Early sponsors included: The W.K. Kellogg Foundation (who then funded similar programs in Kansas, New Mexico, Ohio, Vermont and Washington), various Alaska Native regional health organizations","title":"Dentistry in rural Alaska"},{"docid":"60339652","text":"Tina Marie Woods is an American psychologist and Alaska Native community advocate. Early life and education Woods is the daughter of late Maria Shaishnikoff and late Juan Duenas Leon-Guerrero. Woods is half Aleut, originally from St. Paul, Alaska and half Chamorro from the Island of Guam. Woods dropped out of high school in the 10th grade, but went on to graduate from Bartlett High School in Anchorage, Alaska in 1993. In 1999 she graduated from University of Alaska Anchorage with her Bachelors in Psychology primarily focusing on Alaska Native people and Alaska Native youth In 2005 she completed Executive Leadership training through Indian Health Services. In 2007 Woods began her training for her Ph.D. and completed it in 2013, in Clinical Community Psychology with Rural Indigenous Emphasis. Career Woods is a licensed clinical psychologist in the state of Alaska. She has served as wellness program director and administrator for the Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association for over fifteen years, serving the Aleut people of the Aleutians and Pribilof Islands. She is involved in the Alaska Juvenile Justice Advisory Committee, appointed by the Governor in 2002. She served as an alternate member of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration tribal advisory committee on behalf of Alaska. With training from Tlingit teachers, Harold and Phil Gatensby of Carcross, Canada she was able to conduct peacemaking or healing circles. She then was invited in 2007 to use these healing circles at Camp Coho, a day camp sponsored by Alaska Native Tribal Health Counsel for Alaska Native children who have lost a loved one to cancer. Also in 2007 she served as the Alaska Natives into Psychology Coordinator on the University of Alaska Anchorage campus, promoting Native students to study psychology and other behavioral health programs. She serves on the Data Safety Monitoring for HEALTHH Study (Healing and Empowering Alaskan Lives Toward Healthy Hearts Project). Serving also on the University of Alaska Anchorage Psychology Department Community Advisory Board, the Alaska Public Health Association, Alaska Psychological Association, and the American Psychological Association. Woods is a committee member of the Criminal Justice Commission workshop on Behavioral Health, and for the Alaska Opioid Policy Task Force. She was co-chair for the writing of 1115 Behavioral Health Waiver Demonstration Project, which allows patients more access to behavioral health treatment. She has served the Alaskan Tribal Health System for over fifteen years and currently serves as the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortiums Senior Director of Community Health Services. Personal life Woods is married to Daniel Woods, an Athabascan from Rampart, Alaska. They share a daughter, Jasmine Nicole Woods. Woods resides currently in Anchorage, Alaska where she presides as the Senior Director of Community Health Services for Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium. See also List of Alaska Native inventors and scientists References Living people Alaska Native inventors and scientists People from Anchorage, Alaska University of Alaska Anchorage alumni Year of birth missing (living people) American women psychologists 21st-century American women Native American women scientists 21st-century Native American women 21st-century","title":"Tina Marie Woods"},{"docid":"105669","text":"Chenega (; Alutiiq: ) is a census-designated place (CDP) on Evans Island in the Chugach Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. Located in Prince William Sound, the CDP consists of the Chugach Alutiiq village of Chenega Bay, which was established only after the Good Friday earthquake destroyed the original community on Chenega Island to the north. As of the 2020 census, the population of the CDP was 59, largely Alaska Natives; as of 2021, the population of Chenega is estimated at 49. Chenega Bay is in the Chugach School District and has one school, Chenega Bay Community School, serving approximately 16 students from preschool through high school. History Original Chenega The original village of Chenega, located on Chenega Island, was inhabited by the Chenega tribe, a subgroup of the Chugach Alutiiq. The name Chenega derives from \"Beneath the Mountain\". The village was a fishing village that was settled before Russian arrival in the area. A post office operated there from 1946 until the destruction of the town in 1964. Destruction of Chenega The original village of Chenega was destroyed in 1964 by a tsunami from the Good Friday earthquake, which killed 26 residents, a third of the 68 people who lived there at the time, and leveled all the buildings in the town except for the school and a singular house. Immediately following the tsunami, survivors were taken to Cordova, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs later permanently resettled them at Tatitlek. Construction of Chenega Bay After the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was passed, former residents of Chenega formed the Chenega Corporation, which acquired the right to select 76,093 acres of land near the site of the old Chenega Village Township. In 1977, following research into the landscape and the needs of villagers, a new town location was chosen at Crab Bay on Evans Island. Following the acquisition of funding for infrastructure, the new village, named Chenega Bay, was first occupied in 1984. Former and current Chenega residents gathered each Good Friday to remember the dead of Chenega. On the 25th Good Friday after the earthquake, in 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, causing an oil spill that again devastated Chenega and other places around the area economically. Geography Chenega is located at (60.066327, -148.010991). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (1.17%) is water. The village location is isolated, only accessible by boat or by plane. Demographics Old Chenega (1880–1964) The original Chenega, then located on the south end of Chenega Island at , first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated Sugpiaq village (all 80 residents were Sugpiaq/Alutiiq). It reported on the 1890 census as \"Ingamatsha.\" 71 of the residents were Native Alaskans and 2 were \"Creole\" (mixed Russian/Caucasian and Native Alaskan). It returned in 1900 as Chenega. It did not appear on the 1910 & 1920 censuses. It appeared","title":"Chenega, Alaska"},{"docid":"74194069","text":"The Algaaciq Native Village (St. Mary's) is a federally recognized Alaska Native village in St. Mary's in southwest Alaska. They are Yup'ik people with a population of about 500. Algaaciq is part of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region, and their ANCSA Alaska Native Regional Corporation is the Calista Corporation. Government Algaaciq elects a president and tribal council. Their current president is Flora Pauken. They maintain their own tribal court. Location The village is located where the Andreafsky and Yukon Rivers meet. Demographics In 2010, an individual per capita income was $15,688. A medium household earned $38,000. About 25.7 percent of the adults in village were unemployed. Subsistence hunting and gathering is still economically vital to the community. See also List of Alaska Native tribal entities Yup'ik cuisine Yup'ik languages External links Algaaciq Native Village References Native American tribes in Alaska Yupik tribes","title":"Algaaciq Native Village"},{"docid":"9905246","text":"Joan Arend Kickbush (March 23, 1926 – June 16, 2006) was a popular Alaskan artist. Her paintings and illustrations featured Alaska Native children, Yupik villagers and Arctic wildlife. She painted in watercolor and oil. Personal life Joan developed an interest in drawing as a small girl. Joan Arend married Roland Gene Kickbush, who was nicknamed \"Kick\". In 1953 Kickbush and her husband Roland moved to Anchorage, Alaska where they both worked as a teachers and Kickbush painted. They built their first home in 1960 in Anchorage. By 1978 Kickbush and her husband left Alaska to live in the Lower 48 states. They lived in Bend, Oregon; California and Carefree, Arizona. She died on June 16, 2006. Roland died in California on June 25, 2009. In 1965 it was reported that the couple had no children, and there were no children mentioned in Roland's obituary. Career Before moving to Anchorage in 1953, she was a commercial artist in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Hawaii. Once she settled in Anchorage, however, there was little opportunity for a commercial artist. She was a kindergarten teacher when she took an Alaskan teacher's tour to Kotzebue and Nome in 1955. From that time, she embarked on what became a career painting Alaska Native (Inupiat–Yupik) children. Her paintings of the \"wide-eyed\" children were popular, and journalist Phyllis Eilleen Lancaster stated that: \"Her style is realistic, with the charm and appeal of Hummel figurines.\" At an exhibit in 1963 at the Alaska Art Gallery, 40 of her watercolors and oils of native children were shown. It was her first Interior Alaska art showing. Shed exhibited her work at the House of Wood, a local gallery in Fairbanks. The couple purchased a plane that Roland piloted so that they could travel to remote villages in Alaska. She made paintings in her studio of scenes she had sketched during their visits, and he matted and framed her works. The Siberian Yupik village of Savoonga on St. Lawrence Island was her favorite subject. At a United Nations tea in Anchorage in or before 1965, Hubert Humphrey's wife, Muriel Buck Humphrey, was given one of Kickbush's works. The Alaska Crippled Children's Association gave a painting to the head chaplain and it hung in his Washington D.C. office. The University of Wisconsin had her works in a permanent collection. An exhibition of her watercolor and oils was held at the Alaska Art Gallery in Fairbanks from November 18 to December 2, 1966. The Frye Art Museum in Seattle held an exhibition of Kickbush's works in November, 1977. It featured her paintings of Alaska Native children. At that time she and her husband were living in Bend, Oregon, and she made paintings from sketches she had previously made during visits to Alaskan villages. Her trademark technique was to \"transfer the sketches to pressed board and after applying oils, uses a palette knife technique to produce a jewel-like finish;\" Her oils obtained a matte finish through the use of artists' wax. During her career as a","title":"Joan Arend Kickbush"},{"docid":"20818844","text":"The Chugach School District is a school district headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska. It operates three brick-and-mortar schools in Prince William Sound, Alaska; a homeschool program that serves students across the state; and a short-term residential school out of Anchorage. The three brick-and-mortar schools of Chenega Bay, Tatitlek, and Whittier encompass an area across South Central Alaska. Schools Chenega Bay Chenega Bay Community School is located in the Southwest region of Prince William Sound, on Evan's Island. It is part of the Alaska Native Village of Chenega Bay. This school is the smallest in the Chugach School District, with 15 students enrolled for the 2020–2021 school year. Tatitlek Tatitlek Community School is located in the Northeast region of Prince William Sound, in the 90-person community of the Alaska Native Village of Tatitlek. This school has about 19 students enrolled for the 2020–2021 school year. Whittier Whittier Community School is located in Northwestern Prince William Sound, in the 280-person community of Whittier. This is the largest of Chugach's brick-and-mortar schools, with about 55 students enrolled for the 2020–2021 school year. FOCUS Homeschool Chugach's homeschool program, FOCUS Homeschool, has main offices in Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Valdez that serve families across the state. The majority of Chugach's students are part of the homeschool program. There were approximately 608 students enrolled in FOCUS Homeschool for the 2020–2021 school year. Voyage to Excellence The Voyage to Excellence (VTE) Program is a residential school that provides students with opportunities to apply what they have learned in school to real life situations. There are phases of varying lengths, from 6 days to a month, that have specific focuses. During these phases, students gain skills and training in various life skills, personal development, social development, service training, urban/city life familiarization, leadership, and career development. The mission of VTE is to provide youth with the skills and knowledge necessary to make a successful transition from school to life, which they accomplish through over 70 partnerships with schools and businesses. History The Chugach School District underwent major changes starting in 1994. They went from the bottom quartile in Alaska to, just five years after rebuilding their education system, the top quartile. This began with two years of input-gathering from communities and businesses. Performance-based education Chugach is recognized as being one of the longest-running, public performance-based school districts. This model is described as a \"reversal\" of the traditional education equation. Instead of time being the constant and learning being the variable, as in the traditional system, learning is the constant and time is the variable. Awards In 2001, the Chugach School District became the first educational institution to earn the prestigious Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award offered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). In 2008, Chugach School District won the Alaska Performance Excellence (APEX) award of quality. In 2021, Chugach School District's Fairbanks based agricultural education program, Silent Springs FFA, was recognized as 3-Star premier chapter as well as a top 10 National finalist by the National FFA Organization.","title":"Chugach School District"},{"docid":"5224093","text":"The Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) is a nonprofit organization that documents Filipino American history. History Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) was founded on 26 November 1982 in Seattle, Washington, by Dorothy Laigo Cordova and her husband Fred Cordova. The organization states that its mission is “to promote understanding, education, enlightenment, appreciation, and enrichment through the identification, gathering, preservation, and dissemination of the history and culture of Filipino Americans in the United States” with the goal of preserving and documenting Filipino American history. FANHS was first chartered in Washington on 7 January 1985. The national office and archives are housed in Seattle. The first board of trustees was elected with 27 members from 12 states on 1 November 1986. In the same year, Fred Cordova created the National Pinoy Archives. Dorothy Cordova served as executive director. Past projects include the video Filipino Americans Discovering Their Past for the Future, the pictorial essay Filipinos: Forgotten Asian Americans; and various regional publications and photo exhibits. FANHS also contributed significantly to the Smithsonian traveling exhibit Singgalot: The Ties That Bind, which documents the history of Filipino Americans in the US. Filipino American History Month Under the leadership of Fred Cordova, FANHS established Filipino American History Month (FAHM) in 1992. Since then, FAHM has been recognized by several states including New York, California, Hawaii, Minnesota, and Arkansas. In 2009, the U.S. Senate and Congress proclaimed October as Filipino-American History Month. In 2015 and 2016, President Obama officially recognized FAHM in October with a celebration in the White House. Biennial National Conferences Since 1987, FANHS has sponsored national conferences (later ratified as a biennial event) where people gather to share and present research, network with other Filipino Americans, and honor those who have produced innovative work in the field of historical research and analysis. Past conference host cities include: Seattle (1988), New Orleans (1990), Sacramento (1992), Chicago (1994), San Francisco (1996), and New York City (1998). The 2000 conference was hosted by the Hampton Roads Chapter of FANHS in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The theme was \"Forever Pinay/Pinoy: Legacies of the Filipino American Experience\". The 2002 conference was hosted at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, California. Keynote speakers included Vicki Manalo Draves, the first Filipina/Asian-American Olympian and gold medalist. The 2004 conference was hosted in St. Louis, Missouri. The 2006 conference was hosted by the Filipino American Historical Society of Hawaii in Honolulu, Hawaii. It included a centennial celebration as it was in 1906 when the first wave of sakadas (farm workers) landed in Hawaii. The 2008 conference was hosted by the Alaska Chapter of the organization, in Anchorage, Alaska. The theme was \"Lure of the Salmon Song\" referring to the tens of thousands of Filipino Alaskeros who worked in the Alaskan canneries since 1915. The 2010 conference was held in Seattle, Washington, with the theme, \"A Quest for Emergence: A Retrospective.\" The 2012 conference was held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, with the theme \"Resilience: A Filipino Legacy in a Global Community.\" The","title":"Filipino American National Historical Society"},{"docid":"44417421","text":"The Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center (YPCC), also known as Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center and Museum, formerly known as the Yup'ik Museum, Library, and Multipurpose Cultural Center (or Facility), is a non-profit cultural center of the Yup'ik (and sometimes Alaskan Athabaskan of the region) culture centrally located in Bethel, Alaska near the University of Alaska Fairbanks' Kuskokwim Campus and city offices. The center is a unique facility that combines a museum, a library, and multi-purpose cultural activity center including performing arts space, for cultural gatherings, feasts, celebrations, meetings and classes. and that celebrates the Yup'ik culture and serves as a regional cultural center for Southwest Alaska. The name of Yupiit Piciryarait means \"Yup'iks' customs\" in Yup'ik language and derived from piciryaraq meaning \"manner; custom; habit; tradition; way of life\" Construction of this cultural facility was completed in 1995, funded through a State appropriation of federal funds. Total cost for construction was $6.15 million. The center was jointly sponsored by the Association of Village Council Presidents (AVCP) and the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) and at the present the center operated by the UAF's Kuskokwim Campus, AVCP and City of Bethel. The building houses three community resources: the Consortium Library, the Yup'ik Museum, and the Multi-purpose room or auditorium. The mission of the center is promote, preserve and develop the traditions of the Yup'ik through traditional and non-traditional art forms of the Alaska Native art, including arts and crafts, performance arts, education, and Yup'ik language. The center also supports local artists and entrepreneurs. Architecture The Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center was built in 1994‐95 to be a community and regional asset. The architectural design of the facility celebrates the Yup'ik culture and designed by Livingston Slone Architects of Anchorage. In keeping with the preservation and conservation of the Yup'ik culture, Yup'ik themes such as the double circle motif or circle-and-dot design (ellanguaq sg ellanguat pl in Yup'ik) like Yup'ik masks that represent the cosmos and earth, are incorporated into architectural elements throughout the building, such as the ceiling patterns and light fixtures. The performing arts space includes a platform for dancing that is located under a raised ceiling designed to refer to the Yup'ik qasgiq (traditional large semisubterranean men's community house), the museum provides exhibit space for Alaska Native arts and crafts and support spaces and storage areas are environmentally controlled to assure proper storage of artifacts and artwork. Management The entire facility is owned and managed by the UAF's Kuskokwim Campus, which oversees facility operations and maintenance and provides building security. The university is also in charge of renting out the facility's conference space. The multi-purpose room managed by UAF's Kuskokwim Campus. The Yup'ik Museum and gift shop operated by the Association of Village Council Presidents, Inc. (AVCP). The Consortium Library operated by the City of Bethel and the UAF. The UAF presently has a three-year grant from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development to increase the sustainability of this facility. The university is applying for a three-year continuation","title":"Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center"},{"docid":"13472280","text":"Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall, or Sitka Camp No. 1, is significant for being the original chapter of the Alaska Native Brotherhood, an Alaska-wide Native organization. It is located on the waterfront in Sitka, Alaska, on Katlian Street. The two-story building, built in 1914, is of wood-frame construction, and is about wide and long. Most of its length extends out over water, supported on pilings. The roof is trimmed at front and back by plain bargeboard with seven unadorned corbel-like supports in the form of triangular struts. Architectural evidence suggests that the building has been altered and enlarged; adding the front quarter of the building and raising the roof to a full two stories probably occurred sometime after its original construction. The interior of the building is mainly taken up by a large two-story auditorium, with the stage at the rear (over the water). A narrow gallery, accessed by stairs within the auditorium space, wraps around its rear and side walls. The front of the building has a lobby area on the first floor, and office space for the Brotherhood on the second floor. The Alaska Native Brotherhood was founded in Sitka by Tlingit natives in 1912 as a vehicle to fight discrimination against them in restaurants and movie theaters. The organization, which now has a much broader membership across Alaska's many native groups, has been successful in bringing about significant changes for its members, including securing United States citizenship for Alaska natives and passage of the Alaska Historic Preservation Act. The hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Alaska National Register of Historic Places listings in Sitka City and Borough, Alaska References External links Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall, Sitka at Alaska Regional Office, National Park Service. Buildings and structures completed in 1914 Buildings and structures in Sitka, Alaska Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska National Historic Landmarks in Alaska Native American history of Alaska 1914 establishments in Alaska Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Sitka, Alaska","title":"Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall"},{"docid":"1681798","text":"The Anchorage Daily News is a daily newspaper published by the Binkley Co., and based in Anchorage, Alaska. It is the most widely read newspaper and news website (adn.com) in the state of Alaska. The newspaper is headquartered in Anchorage, with bureaus in Wasilla and Juneau. History Early history The Anchorage Daily News was born as the weekly Anchorage News, publishing its first issue January 13, 1946. The paper's founder and first publisher was Norman C. Brown. The early president of the paper's parent company was Harry J. Hill, who was also assistant treasurer of The Lathrop Company. This established the theory that Cap Lathrop was really behind the publication, but didn't wish to have his name formally associated with it, unlike his other newspapers such as the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Brown did share Lathrop's views on the statehood issue. Brown became a leader in the short-lived mid-1950s movement to turn Alaska into a commonwealth rather than a state. The newspaper became an afternoon daily in May 1948, although it wouldn't publish a Sunday newspaper until June 13, 1965. By then, the Anchorage Daily News had become a morning newspaper, making that switch on April 13, 1964. By the 1970s, the gradual downturn in the newspaper industry was taking its toll on the ADN. Lawrence Fanning had purchased the paper in 1968, but suffered a heart attack at his desk and died in 1971. His widow, Katherine Woodruff \"Kay\" Fanning, took over. Kay Fanning had previously been married into the Marshall Field family (she was the mother of Ted Field). This was of no help to her, as the paper plunged further into debt as the decade wore on. In 1974, Fanning entered into a joint operating agreement with the Anchorage Times. Times publisher Robert Atwood cancelled the agreement 4 years later. By this point, the paper's news-gathering and editorial operations were operating out of a small two-story storefront building at the corner of West Seventh Avenue and I Street. Purchase by the McClatchy Company The McClatchy Company purchased the Daily News in 1979, when it bought a controlling interest from Kay Fanning, who had been editor and publisher since Larry Fanning's death in 1971. Kay Fanning continued as the head of the paper until mid-1983. While retaining some financial interest in the paper, she went on to become the editor of The Christian Science Monitor. The Daily News was the first of two newspapers that the then-122-year-old, California-based, McClatchy Company bought outside the state; the Kennewick, Washington, Tri-City Herald was the next. McClatchy would later grow to become a national newspaper company, including the purchase of the Knight-Ridder chain in 2006. Purchase by the Alaska Dispatch In April, 2014, it was announced that the Alaska Dispatch web publication would be buying the Anchorage Daily News for US$34 million. The deal closed in May, 2014. On Sunday, July 20, 2014, the parent-company of the ADN, the Alaska Dispatch, renamed the paper the Alaska Dispatch News. 2017 bankruptcy Adn.com announced on","title":"Anchorage Daily News"},{"docid":"956533","text":"The Dalton Trail is a trail that runs between Pyramid Harbor, west of Haines, Alaska in the United States, and Fort Selkirk, in the Yukon Territory of Canada, using the Chilkat Pass. It is 396 km (246 mi) long. Originally, the Chilkat group of Tlingit controlled the trail, which they used for trade with the Athabascan people of the interior. They called the trail \"grease trail\" after the eulachon oil (extracted from the tiny candlefish) that was the most important item of trade on the Chilkoot side. Each Tlingit chief had an exclusive Athabascan trading partner. Tlingits took eulachon oil and returned with furs, hides and copper nuggets gathered by the Athabascans. Trading parties often lasted a month or more and often consisted of as many as 100 men, each of whom would carry a 45 kg (100 pound) load. Upon the arrival of Europeans, the Chilkat acted as middlemen between the traders and Athabascans and became quite wealthy. The Chilkat trade monopoly was broken in 1890 when E. J. Glave, John (Jack) Dalton and several others were hired by Leslie's Illustrated Magazine of New York to explore the interior of Alaska. While exploring the Grease Trail, they saw the possibility of a trade route there. Dalton and Glave returned in the spring of 1891 to try taking pack horses on the trail. Glave died a few years later, but Dalton remained in the area. He developed a series of trading posts and, in 1899, began charging a toll to use the Grease Trail, which prospectors called Dalton's Trail and later the Dalton Trail. During the Klondike Gold Rush many prospectors walked the trail to Fort Selkirk, where log rafts would float men, horses and cattle to Dawson City. In 1900, the White Pass and Yukon Route Railway was completed to neighboring Skagway. This ended much of the traffic on the Dalton Trail. The west portion of the present-day Haines Highway follows much the same route as the Dalton Trail. The Dalton Trail was named after John „Jack“ Dalton (June 25, 1856 in Bruce County/Ontario – December 16, 1944 in San Francisco), the father of James W. Dalton, the famous prospector of Alaska's North Slope. References External links Atlin District First Nations history Geography of Yukon Grease trails Geography of Haines Borough, Alaska Hiking trails in Alaska Klondike Gold Rush Native American trails in the United States Tlingit Gold rush trails and roads Historic trails and roads in Alaska Historic American Buildings Survey in Alaska Native American history of Alaska","title":"Dalton Trail"},{"docid":"38339991","text":"Jonathan S. Kreiss-Tomkins (born February 7, 1989) is an American politician who was a member of the Alaska House of Representatives from 2013 to 2023. A Democrat, he represented the state's 35th district, which encompasses many Southeast island communities including Hoonah, Sitka, Kake, Klawock, Craig, Angoon, and Petersburg. Alaska House of Representatives Committees For the 30th Legislature, Kreiss-Tomkins was a member of the following committees: House State Affairs (Chair) House Community & Regional Affairs House Fisheries House Judiciary Legislation House Bill 216, sponsored by Kreiss-Tomkins, was signed into law on October 23, 2014, making each of the twenty Native languages in Alaska an official language of the state. The act, which was passed by large bipartisan majorities in both chambers, adds Inupiaq, Siberian Yupik, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unangax, Dena'ina, Deg Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwich'in, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian languages as official languages of the state. Political campaigns 2012 election Due to the 2010 census redistricting, Bill Thomas, a state representative since 2004, was redrawn into a slightly altered district. Kreiss-Tomkins's hometown of Sitka fell into the 34th district and no other candidates from the Democratic party filed to run in the primary, so he decided to run for the seat. Kreiss-Tomkins dropped out of Yale University after three years to run. The race was very close, and Kreiss-Tomkins won with 50.12% of the vote. After a recount that decreased his margin of victory from 34 votes to 32, the vote was finalized on December 3, 2012, almost a month after election day. 2014 election In the 2014 midterm elections, Kreiss-Tomkins was reelected with 60% of the vote (3393 votes to 2288). His opponent was Petersburg Republican Steven Samuelson, who had lost twice before to Peggy Wilson of Wrangell in primaries. Kreiss-Tomkins was elected in a slightly altered district (renumbered as House District 35) that now included Petersburg and the northern end of Prince of Wales Island, but no longer covered Haines and Metlakatla. Media coverage After Kreiss-Tomkins's victory in 2012, The Nation wrote an article about him titled \"Alaska's Lesson for the Left\" and he later featured in Politico’s \"How to Turn a Red State Purple\". Following the 2014 legislative session, during which Kreiss-Tomkins sponsored a successful bill that made Alaska's Native languages official, The Washington Post named him one of its \"40 Under 40\" of American politicians. Personal life As a freshman at Sitka High School in 2003, Kreiss-Tomkins attracted national attention as a major online organizer for the Howard Dean presidential campaign. He is a long distance runner, winning the Alpine Adventure Race in 2009 and placing second in the Coyote Two Moon ultramarathon in 2010. He is also a mountaineer and in 2009 he climbed the highest volcano in the world, Argentina’s Ojos del Salado, to conclusively measure its height against a neighboring peak in Chile. Kreiss-Tomkins founded Outer Coast College and Alaska Fellows Program. In 2020, he co-founded Covid Act Now. References External links Alaska Democrats","title":"Jonathan Kreiss-Tomkins"},{"docid":"10605127","text":"The Yupʼik or Yupiaq (sg & pl) and Yupiit or Yupiat (pl), also Central Alaskan Yupʼik, Central Yupʼik, Alaskan Yupʼik (own name Yupʼik sg Yupiik dual Yupiit pl; Russian: Юпики центральной Аляски), are an Indigenous people of western and southwestern Alaska ranging from southern Norton Sound southwards along the coast of the Bering Sea on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (including living on Nelson and Nunivak Islands) and along the northern coast of Bristol Bay as far east as Nushagak Bay and the northern Alaska Peninsula at Naknek River and Egegik Bay. They are also known as Cupʼik by the Chevak Cupʼik dialect-speaking people of Chevak and Cupʼig for the Nunivak Cupʼig dialect-speaking people of Nunivak Island. The Yupiit are the most numerous of the various Alaska Native groups and speak the Central Alaskan Yupʼik language, a member of the Eskimo–Aleut family of languages. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the Yupiit population in the United States numbered over 34,000 people, of whom over 22,000 lived in Alaska. The vast majority of these live in the seventy or so communities in the traditional Yupʼik territory of western and southwestern Alaska. About 10,000 speak the language. The Yupʼik had the greatest number of people who identified with one tribal grouping and no other race (29,000). In that census, nearly half of American Indians and Alaska Natives identified as being of mixed race. Yupʼik, Cupʼik, and Cupʼig speakers can converse without difficulty, and the regional population is often described using the larger term of Yupʼik. They are one of the four Yupik peoples of Alaska and Siberia, closely related to the Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq (Pacific Yupik) of south-central Alaska, the Siberian Yupik of St. Lawrence Island and Russian Far East, and the Naukan of Russian Far East. The Yupʼik combine a contemporary and a traditional subsistence lifestyle in a blend unique to the Southwest Alaska. Today, the Yupʼik generally work and live in western style but still hunt and fish in traditional subsistence ways and gather traditional foods. Most Yupʼik people still speak the native language and bilingual education has been in force since the 1970s. The neighbours of the Yupʼik are the Iñupiaq to the north, Aleutized Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq to the south, and Alaskan Athabaskans, such as Yupikized Holikachuk and Deg Hitʼan, non-Yupikized Koyukon and Denaʼina, to the east. Naming Originally, the singular form was used in the northern area (Norton Sound, Yukon, some Nelson Island) while the form was used in the southern area (Kuskokwim, Canineq [around Kwigillingok, Kipnuk, Kongiganak, and Chefornak], Bristol Bay). Certain places (Chevak, Nunivak, Egegik) have other forms: , , and . The form is now used as a common term (though not replacing and ). comes from the Yupʼik word , meaning 'person', plus the postbase (or ), meaning 'real' or 'genuine'; thus, literally means 'real person'. The ethnographic literature sometimes refers to the Yupʼik people or their language as Yuk or Yuit. In the Hooper Bay-Chevak and Nunivak dialects of Yupʼik, both the language and","title":"Yup'ik"},{"docid":"61403883","text":"Kerlungner (born about 1877), also written as Ker-Lung-Ner, was an Alaska Native woman who toured the United States as part of Miner W. Bruce's \"Eskimo Troupe\" in the 1890s. Early life Kerlungner is variously described in contemporary sources as belonging to the Kinugumiut or Kumu-Gu-Mut cultural group, based near Port Clarence, Alaska. Touring, 1893-1896 Kerlungner was photographed with other members of her community in 1894, by American ethnographer William Dinwiddie. She was among the Alaska Native people who toured American cities with entrepreneur Miner Wait Bruce's \"Eskimo Troupe\" from 1893 to 1896. The tour was a publicity effort supporting Bruce's business plan, importing and breeding Siberian reindeer in Alaska. Bruce had no particular authority or expertise to travel with the group, or to arrange their appearances at various exhibitions, schools, and other gatherings. They were presented in exploitative ways, and their health and safety were jeopardized more than once. (During these same years, Miner W. Bruce assembled a large collection of Alaska Native artifacts, hundreds of which he sold to the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago in 1894 and in 1896.) The troupe of three men, four women, and three children appeared at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta in 1895, and were welcomed at the White House by president Grover Cleveland. Kerlungner was billed as an \"Alaskan Princess\", the young beauty of the group. \"The 'princess' is really quite a pretty girl, with rosy cheeks and superlatively white teeth,\" commented one report in 1894. She displayed her traditional clothing and cookery, danced, and participated in chants and drumming for curious audiences. Her \"small and shapely\" hands and feet were also measured and admired. Kerlungner married her fellow performer, Iser-Kyner, without legal papers or family involvement, and possibly only for publicity, at a ceremony on the midway during the Cotton States and International Exposition in 1894. On their trip home in 1896, Kerlungner was struck in the head by the ship's rigging and hurt, but recovered by the time the schooner landed at Unalaska. Her mother died in 1897, as noted in a government report from the nearby reindeer station. In 1915, the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of Ethnology exhibited photographs of Kerlungner at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. References Alaska Native people Women in Alaska 1870s births Year of birth uncertain Year of death missing","title":"Kerlungner"},{"docid":"42204775","text":"The Alaskan Athabascans, Alaskan Athapascans or Dena () are Alaska Native peoples of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. They are the original inhabitants of the interior of Alaska. Formerly they identified as a people by the word Tinneh (nowadays Dena; cf. Dene for Canadian Athabaskans). Taken from their own language, it means simply \"men\" or \"people\". Subgroups In Alaska, where they are the oldest, there are eleven groups identified by the languages they speak. These are: Dena’ina or Tanaina (Ht’ana) Ahtna or Copper River Athabascan (Hwt’aene) Deg Hit’an or Ingalik (Hitʼan) Holikachuk (Hitʼan) Koyukon (Hut’aane) Upper Kuskokwim or Kolchan (Hwt’ana) Tanana or Lower Tanana (Kokht’ana) Tanacross or Tanana Crossing (Koxt’een) Upper Tanana (Kohtʼiin) Gwich'in or Kutchin (Gwich’in) Hän (Hwëch’in). Life and culture The Alaskan Athabascan culture is an inland creek and river fishing (also coastal fishing by only Dena'ina of Cook Inlet) and hunter-gatherer culture. The Alaskan Athabascans have a matrilineal system in which children belong to the mother's clan, with the exception of the Yupikized Athabaskans (Holikachuk and Deg Hit'an). The Athabascan people hold potlatches which have religious, social and economic significance. Dogs were their only domesticated animal, but were and are an integral element in their culture for the Athabascan population in North America. History Athabascans are descended from Asian hunter-gatherers, likely originally native to Mongolia, who crossed the Bering Strait and settled in North America. Notable Alaskan Athabascans George Attla (1933–2015) was a champion sprint dog musher. Emil Notti, an American engineer, indigenous activist and democratic politician. Key in the development of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Quinn Christopherson is an American singer-songwriter. He won the 2019 Tiny Desk Contest with his entry \"Erase Me,\" a song describing his experience with male privilege and erasure as a transgender man. John Sackett (1944–2021) served in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1967 to 1971 and in the Alaska Senate from 1973 to 1987. Michael J. Stickman, First Chief of the Nulato Tribal Council. Siobhan Wescott, physician and public health advocate; she has served as Director of the American Indian Health Program and is a Professor of American Indian Health at the University of Nebraska. Poldine Carlo Kathleen Carlo-Kendall Peter Kalifornsky Mary TallMountain See also Tanana Chiefs Conference (all Alaskan Athabaskans' [excl. Ahtna and Dena'ina] a territorial-level organization) Doyon, Limited Alaska Native Language Center Alaska Federation of Natives Indian ice cream (Alaska) Athabascan fiddle References","title":"Alaskan Athabaskans"},{"docid":"5969683","text":"KNOM (780 AM) and KNOM-FM (96.1 FM) are non-commercial Catholic radio stations in Nome, Alaska. The station owners and licensees are KNOM Radio Mission, Inc., a 501(c)3 nonprofit entity with seven board members. The FM signal has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1,000 watts and covers the city of Nome and adjacent communities. KNOM AM 780 is considered a Class A station. By day, it transmits with 25,000 watts and can be heard as far north as Barter Island and as far south as the Alaska Peninsula, with regular coverage of approximately . With a good radio, it can be heard into the Russian Far East. At night, power is reduced to 14,000 watts. In addition to its local news, weather, public affairs and religious programming, KNOM broadcasts a wide range of music in various formats. It also broadcasts some nationally syndicated programming, such as the Christian 20 The Countdown Magazine and the secular American Top 40: The 70s. The station's newsroom is staffed by one full-time news director and several volunteer reporters. An Associated Press member station since 1971, the station dropped its AP affiliation in 2014. In April 2015, the station was awarded \"Best Daily News Program, Radio\" in Alaska by the Alaska Press Club. History KNOM is the oldest Catholic radio station in the United States, and has been broadcasting in western Alaska for over five decades. The idea for the station came from James Poole, S.J. While serving at the Jesuit mission in the village of St. Mary's in 1959, Poole created a makeshift \"radio station\" by wiring 30 homes with speakers linked to the public address system. He was reassigned to Nome in 1966, with fundraising for the station beginning in December of that year. In 1970, Tom Busch, a young broadcast engineer, moved to Nome, becoming the chief engineer and eventually the station's general manager. After several years of work, Busch and a large team of volunteers gathered the money for the equipment, filled out paperwork with the Federal Communications Commission, built the station, and assembled its original broadcasting equipment. KNOM first went on the air on July 15, 1971. Busch was the general manager of KNOM for more than 30 years. Poole left KNOM and Alaska in 1988 when he was reassigned to work in Tacoma, Washington. (Although not involved with the mission at that point, his name was used to thank donors. into the late 1990s.) In 2004 the first of what would become dozens of allegations began to emerge of Poole's sexual abuse of Alaska Native women during his time in rural Alaska from the 1960s through the 1980s. Tom Busch personally mailed every person who had donated to the station, explaining that the allegations were true, and detailing the steps the station would make. For several years after, the station actively aired spots aimed at helping victims of sexual abuse. By April 2005, Busch became development director and part-time engineer. Longtime program director and former volunteer Ric Schmidt became","title":"KNOM"},{"docid":"74713345","text":"The Native Village of Eek is a federally recognized Yup'ik Alaska Native tribal entity. About The Native Village of Eek is headquartered in the city of Eek in the Bethel Census Area. History As of 2005, the tribe had 278 enrolled citizens. In 2023, the Native Village of Eek and several other Alaska Native tribes filed a lawsuit in an attempt to block the creation of a gold mine in Southwest Alaska. In 2020, the village ordered a community-wide lock-down in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, the Native Village of Eek and several other Alaska Native tribes joined a lawsuit against Donlin Gold, LLC, a mining corporation, alleging that the mine was a public health danger and did not have proper permits. The State of Alaska sided with the mining corporation. See also List of Alaska Native tribal entities Eek, Alaska References External links Native Village of Eek, National Indian Law Library Alaska Native tribes Yupik tribes","title":"Native Village of Eek"},{"docid":"1565561","text":"Alaska Pacific University (APU) is a private university in Anchorage, Alaska. It was established as Alaska Methodist University in 1957. Although it was renamed to Alaska Pacific University in 1978, it is still affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The main campus is located adjacent to the University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA) and the Alaska Native Medical Center. History The university was founded in the late 1950s as Alaska Methodist University by Peter Gordon Gould, an Aleut from Unga, Alaska. Gould became the first Alaska Native minister in the United Methodist Church later in life, and used his position to campaign for the development of a Methodist University in Alaska. Alaska Methodist University dedicated its campus on June 28, 1959. In April 1958, Dr. Donald F. Ebright was elected as the university's first administrative president. Frederick P. McGinnis was elected in 1960, and served as acting president to the first class of students to attend the university. Approximately 900 acres of land destined to become the site of the APU Kellogg Campus was attained in 1973 from the DeWolf-Kellogg Trust. In November 1978 Alaska Methodist University was renamed Alaska Pacific University. Despite the university's origins with Judeo-Christian traditions found in United Methodism, there is no sectarian or doctrinal creed found in its educational offerings. In 2016, APU formed a strategic partnership with the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, the largest Tribal health organization in the country. The partnership supports the development of academic and cultural programs focusing on the needs of the state and Alaska Natives. Academics The Early Honors program functions as an alternative to the senior year in high school. Undergraduates can pursue liberal arts and sciences programs. APU's course year is split into \"block\" sessions of four weeks, co-existing alongside the \"session\" of eleven weeks to form a semester. APU offers nine graduate programs, eight master's degrees and one doctoral degree. There are also several graduate certificate options. APU also offers a professional studies programs for non-traditional students. Campus The main campus includes academic facilities, residence halls, community gathering spaces, recreational facilities, and winter and summer recreational trails. The campus consists of eight major buildings, with five of them currently utilized directly by the university. The three other buildings on the main campus are offices for the US Geological Survey, Alaska Public Media, and the Alaska Spine Institute. The Atwood Center is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the location (along with North and South Atwood) of a major conference of Alaska Natives at the time of the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971. APU has an extension of its campus in Palmer, AK known as the Kellogg Campus. It functions as a 700-acre working farm for students of the sustainability program, as well as an environmental learning center for home-schooled students. There are multiple housing accommodations on the main campus, divided up by class year designations. All incoming freshman under 21 years of age are required to live on","title":"Alaska Pacific University"},{"docid":"16176385","text":"Harry T. Crawford, Jr. (born April 17, 1952), is an American Democratic politician from the U.S. state of Alaska. A native of Shreveport, Louisiana, Crawford moved to Alaska in 1975 to help construct the Alaska Pipeline as an ironworker. Along with Eric Croft and David Guttenberg, Crawford sponsored two successful ballot initiatives which passed by wide margins: the Alaska Replacement of U.S. Senators Initiative of 2004, which ensured voters would fill any future Senate vacancies, and the Alaska Campaign Finance Reform Initiative of 2006, which reduced the amount any individual or group could give to a candidate or a political party. Crawford served as a member of the Alaska House of Representatives from 2001 to 2011—in District 22 from 2001 to 2003, then (after districts were renumbered in redistricting) in District 21 for eight years. In 2000, in his second attempt for the seat, he defeated incumbent Ramona Barnes, who had been the first female Speaker of the House, and was previously defeated for renomination to her House seat in 1984 before regaining it two years later. In 2010, Crawford ran for Alaska's single at-large seat in the United States House of Representatives. He lost to Republican incumbent Don Young by a landslide. Crawford ran for the state House of Representatives in District 27 in 2016, however he was defeated by incumbent Lance Pruitt. See also United States House of Representatives election in Alaska, 2010 References External links Representative Harry Crawford official Alaska Legislature site Harry Crawford for State House official campaign site Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org Profile at Alaska's House of Representatives Democratic Caucus Harry Crawford at 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature 1952 births Ironworkers Living people Democratic Party members of the Alaska House of Representatives Politicians from Anchorage, Alaska Politicians from Shreveport, Louisiana 21st-century American legislators","title":"Harry Crawford (politician)"},{"docid":"4258442","text":"The Aleut Restitution Act of 1988 (also known as the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands Restitution Act) was a reparation settlement passed by the United States Congress in 1988, in response to the internment of Aleut people living in the Aleutian Islands during World War II. Before the Japanese invasion of Attu and Kiska in 1942, the United States forcibly relocated some 800 Aleuts to camps in Southeast Alaska, where it is estimated that more than 1 in 10 evacuees perished. Proposal of the Aleutian and Pribilof Restitution Act (1987) The bill was introduced on January 6, 1987, by Representative Thomas S. Foley (D-WA), along with 166 co-sponsors. It declared the following: The Aleut civilian residents of certain islands who were relocated during World War II remained relocated long after any potential danger had passed. The United States failed to provide reasonable care for the Aleuts, resulting in illness, disease, and death, and failed to protect Aleut personal and community property. The United States has not compensated the Aleuts adequately. There is no remedy for injustices suffered by the Aleuts except an Act of Congress. Under the new bill, a trust fund was established to be used \"for the benefit of the following people and purposes\": The elderly, disabled, or seriously ill Students in need of scholarship assistance Preservation of Aleut cultural heritage and historical records The improvement of community centers in affected Aleut villages, and Other purposes to improve Aleut life. For each eligible Aleut, $12,000 was paid to compensate for any personal property losses sustained during the war. Amendment to the Aleutian and Pribilof Restitution Act (1993) On September 14, 1993, an amendment was proposed to the original 1988 Restitution Act, increasing authorization for payments from $1,400,000 to $4,700,000, in order to include church property damaged or lost during the war. The bill was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate, and the Act was amended on October 5, 1994. See also Aleut Aleutian Islands Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy References 100th United States Congress 103rd United States Congress 1988 in Alaska 1994 in Alaska Alaska Natives and United States law Aleut Native American history of Alaska Reparations United States federal Native American legislation History of the Aleutian Islands","title":"Aleut Restitution Act of 1988"},{"docid":"1978587","text":"King Island (; ) (King's Island in early US sources) is an island in the Bering Sea, west of Alaska. It is about west of Cape Douglas and is south of Wales, Alaska. Geography King island is a small island located about offshore, south of the village of Wales, Alaska and about 90 miles northwest of Nome. The island is about wide with steep slopes on all sides. It was named by James Cook, first European to sight the island in 1778, for Lt. James King, a member of his party. It is part of the Bering Sea unit of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. Population The island was once the winter home of a group of about 413 Inupiat who called themselves Asiuluk, meaning \"people of the sea,\" or Ugiuvaŋmiut, from Ugiuvak, the village of King Island and \"miut,\" meaning \"people of\" or \"group of people\". The Ugiuvaŋmiut spent their summers engaging in subsistence hunting and gathering on King Island and on the mainland near the location of present-day Nome, Alaska. Their winters were spent in other subsistence activities, particularly hunting and fishing on the ice. Subsistence activities on and around the island included hunting seals and walruses, crab fishing, and gathering bird eggs and other foods. The spring and summer was the important time of gathering to the Ukivokmiut, while the winters were the time of dance. Due to the limited daylight during the winter, the days were spent dancing in the \"Qagri\", or men's communal house. As an example, the month of December is known to the Uġiuvaŋmiut as Sauyatugvik or \"the time of drumming\". After the establishment of Nome, the islanders began to sell intricate carvings to residents of Nome during the summer. Population relocation In the mid-1900s the Bureau of Indian Affairs closed the school on Ugiuvak, forcefully taking the children of Ukivok to go to school on mainland Alaska, leaving the elders and adults to gather the needed food for winter. Because the children were not on the island to help gather food, the adults and elders had no choice but to move to mainland Alaska to make their living. By 1970, all King Island people had moved to mainland Alaska year-round. Although the King Islanders have moved off the island, they have kept a very distinct cultural identity, living a very similar life as they had on the island. Some King Islanders still return to the island to gather subsistence foods, such as walrus and seal. In 2005 and 2006 the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded a research project which brought a few King Island natives back to the island. Some participants had not been back to the island in 50 years. Demographics King Island first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated native eskimo village of \"Ookivagamute.\" In 1890, it returned as Ukivok. It next appeared in 1910 as King Island and would continue to report until 1960, with the exception of 1950 when no figure was reported. It","title":"King Island (Alaska)"},{"docid":"65568680","text":"The Barrow Duck-In was a civil disobedience event that occurred in Utqiaġvik, Alaska (known as Barrow from 1901 to 2016), in the spring of 1961. During the Duck-in, the Iñupiat protested a federal hunting ban on ducks, which threatened their livelihood and rights to food security. The Alaskan North Slope is a remote and rural area, and many residents rely on seasonal bird hunts for sustenance. A series of attempts to regulate Iñupiat subsistence by federal and international entities led to the Duck-in, in which over one-hundred Iñupiaq residents of Utqiaġvik protested waterfowl regulations in the area. The Duck-in is considered a seminal protest, as it had significant influence over future subsistence regulation and Native claims laws in Alaska, such as the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA). History of waterfowl regulations in Alaska Prior to Alaska's statehood and colonization of the Arctic, the Iñupiat freely practiced subsistence hunting of various marine and terrestrial species, such as the bowhead whale, various species of seal, caribou, waterfowl, and fish. Additionally, eiders, rabbits, geese, berries, and roots are of seasonal importance to the Iñupiat. These subsistence activities have been practiced sustainably since time immemorial and retain a high social and cultural significance. In the Alaskan Arctic, subsistence activities exist as a way for the community to gather, celebrate, and share sustenance. Many Iñupiat dances, songs, and cultural practices tell stories of hunts and explain the relationship the Iñupiat have with various Arctic animals, including the common eider. Due to the remote location and lack of infrastructure in Utqiaġvik (and other areas considered Iñupiat homelands), imported foods in 1961 were both incredibly expensive and inaccessible as the primary source of protein in a person's diet. Subsistence foods remain a critical component of food security for communities in the Arctic. Migratory Bird Treaty Conventions In 1918 and 1937, the federal governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States signed two Migratory Bird Treaty Conventions, which were aimed at protecting North American migration routes for birds. After debate at the congressional level, spring bird hunting was officially outlawed in all three nations. These treaties were primarily an attempt to aid in conservation efforts and combat sport hunting and commercial egg gathering by outlawing duck hunting from March 10 to September 1 of each year. The 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MTBA) prohibited the harvesting of over 800 types of birds, including the gathering of eggs or feathers. Some Alaska Natives critiqued these treaties for their region-specific approach, claiming that both of these treaties failed to recognize subsistence hunting of bird species, as Iñupiat hunted these birds only during the spring months when they migrated to the North Slope region. Despite the passing of this treaty in 1918, it had little effect in the region until Alaska was granted statehood in 1959. Alaska's new statehood status threatened subsistence practices because of newly imposed federal regulations. Almost five decades later, shortly after Alaska's induction as the 49th state, the state made it compulsory that anyone who hunted","title":"The Barrow Duck-In"},{"docid":"88936","text":"The state flag of Alaska displays eight gold stars, forming the Big Dipper and Polaris, on a dark blue field. The Big Dipper is an asterism in the constellation Ursa Major, which symbolizes a bear, indigenous to Alaska. As depicted on the flag, its stars can be used as a guide by the novice to locate Polaris and determine true north. The design was created by Benny Benson of Seward and selected from among roughly 700 entries in a 1927 contest. In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association placed Alaska's flag fifth best in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state, and U.S. territory flags ranked. It finished behind the flags of New Mexico, Texas, Quebec, and Maryland respectively. Design and origin Thirty-two years before Alaska became a state, the Alaska Department of the American Legion sponsored a territorial contest for Alaskan children from seventh grade (age 12–13) to twelfth grade (age 17–18) to design a flag for the territory. In 1927, the contest committee chose fourteen year-old orphan Benny Benson's design to represent the future flag of the Territory of Alaska. Benson, an Alaska Native, was a resident at the Jesse Lee Home for Children in Seward. Until that time, Alaskans had flown only the U.S. flag since the territory's purchase from Russia in 1867. Benson's design was chosen over roughly 700 other submissions from schoolchildren territory-wide. Most other entries featured variations on the territorial seal, the midnight sun, the northern lights, polar bears, and/or gold pans. To celebrate his achievement, Benson was awarded $1,000 and an engraved watch. Benny looked to the sky for the symbols he included in his design. Choosing the familiar constellation he looked for every night before going to sleep at the orphanage, he submitted this description with it: The official design of the flag is outlined in the Alaska Statutes by The Alaska State Legislature, which explains the flag's colors and symbolism, along with proper display, folding, presentation, and retirement of the flag. History Russian-American Company Flag Between 1799 and 1867 Alaska was governed by the Russian-American Company (RAC), a state-sponsored commercial company initially headquartered in Irkutsk, then St. Petersburg, Russia. The flag flown by the Company's ships and their shore establishments was Russia's commercial flag (civil ensign). On September 28 (October 10, new style) 1806, Aleksandr I, Emperor of Russia made a notation on the design submitted to him of a new flag for the Russian-American Company; \"So be it\", and added his cypher, thereby approving the first flag in Russia's history to be used by an Imperial chartered company. After Imperial confirmation, the ukase was heard in the Senate and on October 19, 1806, was sent for execution to the main office of the Russian-American Company (RAC), and also to the Admiralty and Commerce colleges. The new Company flag design of 1806 placed the Imperial eagle in the upper left quarter of Russia's commercial flag. In order that the State symbol remain unobstructed and","title":"Flag of Alaska"},{"docid":"8126670","text":"John Fredson (born 1896, as Neetsaii Gwich'in - August 22, 1945), was a tribal leader born near Table Mountain in the Sheenjek River watershed of the state of Alaska, United States. He is most noted for gaining federal recognition for the Venetie Indian Reserve in 1941, then the largest reservation in Alaska, and containing approximately 1.4 million acres (5,700 km). This was before Alaska was admitted as a state. As a youth, Fredson had taken part in Hudson Stuck's expedition to climb Denali, and served as base camp manager. Afterward Stuck sponsored him for college, and he attended Sewanee, The University of the South, becoming the first Alaska Native to graduate from college. Fredson returned to Alaska, where he worked in a hospital and as a teacher, becoming a leader and political activist. Early life and education Born in 1896 to a Gwich'in family near Table Mountain in what is now designated as Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, John Fredson grew up speaking Gwich'in as his first language. Orphaned at a young age, he attended a mission school operated by the Episcopal Church of the United States, where he learned English. From an early age, he became highly skilled in following trails, climbing and hunting. At the age of 16, Fredson was part of the 1913 climbing expedition of Hudson Stuck, Episcopal Archdeacon of the Yukon, who led the party that ascended Denali, the highest peak in North America. Fredson was the base camp manager. His role is documented in Stuck's book, Ascent of Denali (reprint 2005). Fredson stayed at base at camp for 31 days by himself, hunting caribou and Dall sheep, while awaiting the return of the climbing party. He saved his ration of sugar for their return. With Stuck's encouragement, Fredson gained more formal education, becoming the first native of Athabascan descent to complete high school. He attended Sewanee, The University of the South, an Episcopal college in Middle Tennessee, and was the first Alaska Native to graduate from a university. While there, Fredson worked with Edward Sapir, a noted linguist, and helped to classify Gwich'in within the Na-Dene language family. This work is documented in the book John Fredson Edward Sapir Ha'a Googwandak (1982), a collection of stories that Fredson told to Sapir. His work on communicating Gwich'in concepts of space and time may have also influenced Sapir's later work that established the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. Life's work After his return to Alaska, Fredson worked at a hospital in Fort Yukon. In his later years, Fredson built a solarium for tuberculosis patients at the hospital. Then the only hospital in the far north, the facility was often overwhelmed by Alaska Native patients, primarily Gwich’in. They needed treatment for Eurasian infectious diseases, to which they had no immunity. Fredson taught school in the village of Venetie, and taught the community how to grow gardens. He was assisted by Chief Johnny Frank, a notable medicine man and storyteller among the Gwich'in. The chief's exploits are recounted in the book Neerihiinjik:","title":"John Fredson"},{"docid":"980416","text":"The Koyukon, Dinaa, or Denaa (Denaakk'e: Tl’eeyegge Hut’aane) are an Alaska Native Athabascan people of the Athabascan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their traditional territory is along the Koyukuk and Yukon rivers where they subsisted for thousands of years by hunting and trapping. Many Koyukon live in a similar manner today. The Koyukon language belongs to a large family called Na-Dené or Athabascan, traditionally spoken by numerous groups of native people throughout northwestern North America. In addition, due to ancient migrations of related peoples, other Na-Dené languages, such as Navajo and Apachean varieties, are spoken in the American Southwest and in Mexico. History The first Europeans to enter Koyukon territory were Russians, who came up the Yukon River to Nulato in 1838. When they arrived, they found that items such as iron pots, glass beads, cloth apparel, and tobacco had already reached the people through their trade with coastal Eskimos, who had long traded with Russians. An epidemic of smallpox had preceded them, causing high fatalities in the village. In subsequent years, European infectious diseases drastically reduced the Koyukon population, who had no immunity to these new diseases. Relative isolation persisted along the Koyukuk until 1898, when the Yukon Gold Rush brought more than a thousand men to the river. They found little gold, and most left the following winter. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Koyukon people have inhabited their region for at least 1,000 years, with cultural roots there that stretch back thousands of years earlier. Ethnobotany The Koyukon freeze lingonberries for winter use. Notable Koyukon Nikoosh Carlo, PhD, scientist and policy advisor. Dr. Carlo served as Senior Advisor, Climate & Arctic Policy to the Governor of Alaska (2017–18), Senior Advisor, U.S. Department of State for the U.S. Chairmanship of the Arctic Council (2015–2017), Public Voices Fellow at the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and as executive director, Alaska Arctic Policy Commission (2013–2015). Poldine Carlo, writer and elder Kathleen Carlo-Kendall, professional carver artist Mary Jane Fate, activist and leader Walter Harper, first man known to reach the summit of Denali (Mount McKinley), in June 1913 Emil Notti, American engineer, Indigenous activist and Democratic politician Michael J. Stickman, First Chief of the Nuwato Tribal Council Morris Thompson, businessman and leader References Further reading Hunn, E.S. & Williams, N.M.(Eds.). (1982). Resource Managers: North American and Australian Hunter-Gatherers. Westview Press: Colorado. Nelson, R.K. “A Conservation Ethic and Environment: The Koykon of Alaska” p. 211-228 Rohrlich, R & Baruch, E. (Ed.). (1984). Naciente, Esperanza. \"Indigenous Lifestyles: Lessons for the Industrialized World.\" Fighting For Freedom Because A Better World Is Possible Eds. Edgey Wildchild and Esperanza Naciente. New York: Planting Seeds Press. 2006. 121–126. Nelson, Richard K. Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Nelson, Richard K., Kathleen H. Mautner, and G. Ray Bane. Tracks in the Wildland: A Portrayal of Koyukon and Nunamiut Subsistence. [Fairbanks]: Anthropology and Historic Preservation, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1982. Peter, Adeline. Iñuksuk: Northern Koyukon, Gwich'in","title":"Koyukon"},{"docid":"4253791","text":"John Eliot Thayer (April 3, 1862 – July 29, 1933) was an American amateur ornithologist. Early life Thayer was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 3, 1862. He was a son of Cornelia Paterson (née Van Rensselaer) Thayer (1823–1897) and Nathaniel Thayer Jr., a banker who built Harvard's Thayer Hall. Among his siblings were twin brother Bayard Thayer (yachtsman and horticulturalist), older brother Nathaniel Thayer III (a banker and railroad executive), and sister Cornelia Van Rensselaer Thayer (the wife of New York State Senator J. Hampden Robb). His maternal grandparents were Stephen Van Rensselaer IV (the 10th Patroon and 7th Lord of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck) and Harriet Elizabeth (née Bayard) Van Rensselaer. His paternal grandparents were Sarah Parker (née Toppan) Thayer and the Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Thayer, a Unitarian congregational minister from Lancaster, Massachusetts. Through his father, he was descended from John Cotton, the preeminent minister and theologian of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Career After graduating from Harvard, he married and settled at the family farm at Lancaster, thirty-five miles west of Boston. He became interested in ornithology in the mid-1890s, building up a collection which he housed in a museum in the main street of Lancaster. He used his wealth to sponsor various natural history expeditions and in 1906 he sent Wilmot W. Brown Jr. to Guadalupe Island off Pacific Mexico. Here, Brown, H. W. Marsden and Ignacio Oroso gathered field data on how the natural vegetation was being destroyed by thousands of goats, to the detriment of the native wildlife. The native Guadalupe storm petrel was being predated by introduced cats, as was the Guadalupe flicker. Both birds became extinct shortly afterwards; several other taxa were found to be already gone in 1906. Thayer and Outram Bangs wrote an article in The Condor to draw attention to the situation. In 1913, Thayer and other Harvard graduates sponsored an expedition to Alaska and Siberia, with Joseph S. Dixon and Winthrop Sprague Brooks as zoological collectors. A gull collected by Brooks on this trip was named Larus thayeri in Thayer's honour. Thayer became ill in 1928, and donated his collection of 28,000 skins and 15,000 eggs and nests to Harvard. These included the first clutches ever collected of spoon-billed sandpiper and surfbird. After Thayer's death Harvard received his collection of 3,500 mounted birds. Personal life On June 22, 1886, Thayer was married to Evelyn Duncan Forbes (1862–1943), a daughter of Franklin Forbes and Martha Ann Stearns (née Cushing) Forbes, in Clinton, Massachusetts. After the marriage, they settled at the family farm at Lancaster. Together, John and Evelyn were the parents of: John Eliot Thayer Jr. (1887–1966), a delegate to 1928 Republican National Convention from Massachusetts who married Katherine Lee Bayard Warren, a daughter of Samuel Dennis Warren. Evelyn Thayer (1888–1980), who married Isaac Tucker Burr (1885–1972) Nora Forbes Thayer (1889–1988), who married Francis Abbot Goodhue Jr. Natalie Thayer (1894–1975), who married Lawrence Hemenway (1891–1966). Duncan Forbes Thayer (1900–1957), who married Priscilla Pinkney McHenry (1906–1975). After his death, she married","title":"John Thayer (ornithologist)"},{"docid":"66489335","text":"Florence Nupok Malewotkuk (March 4, 1906 – 1971), also spelled Napaaq Maligutkak, was a Siberian Yupik artist known for her drawings of native Eskimo culture, scenes of local wildlife, and documentation of native tattoos. Her \"somewhat naive\" style earned her the title of \"Grandma Moses of the Bering Sea.\" She was also a skilled artisan of beaded items such as sealskin Mukluks, toys, and slippers. Nupok's artwork has been exhibited across the United States and is in the permanent collection of institutions including the University of Alaska, the National Museum of the American Indian, the Anchorage Museum of History and Art, and the Smithsonian Institution. Early life Nupok was born in the small village of Gambell, on St. Lawrence Island off the western coast of Alaska, to Peter Aghnilu Okinello and Akimuq Qenaaghaq. With the encouragement of an uncle, she began drawing as a young girl at home by lamplight. With resources scarce, Nupok would draw on drawing tablets, labels from tin cans, or on sealskin. Nupok married Chauncy Malewotkuk in 1926. The couple adopted a son, Woodrow, in 1933. Drawings for Otto W. Geist At the end of 1927, archaeologist Otto William Geist was on St. Lawrence Island and commissioned Nupok to create drawings documenting the traditional practices of the early 20th-century Siberian Yupik. Over the winter, she eventually completed over ninety drawings for this collection. Her drawings depicted everyday scenes and figurative studies, documenting fur clothing, food preparation, hunting, fishing, and life in homes and camps. Geist published several of her drawings in his report Archaeological Excavations at Kukulik, which was published by the United States Department of the Interior. The collection of drawings is now housed at the Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska, with copies in the Smithsonian. Documentation of tattoos Nupok's interest in and documentation of women's tattoo markings have been a valuable resource in the study of traditional women's tattoos among the Eskimo people, including markings on the faces of hands of Siberian Yupik, Alaska Yupik, and Inupiaq people. Later career For some years after the Geist commission, Nupok focused on homemaking. In 1955, she took a new commission from Anchorage artist Kay Roberts, who sold reprints of the artwork under the name \"Bering Sea Originals.\" Roberts paid for the artwork, but Nupok did not receive any additional profits from the sale of these works. After 1965, Nupok created more of these commercial-friendly artworks under the same trademark, including more whimsical illustrations of walruses dancing and dining. In 1964, Nupok was accepted into a government-funded designer-craftsman training course in Nome, Alaska, sponsored by the Indian Arts and Crafts Board. She was the only woman in the 32-person class, which was a program of the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962. Nupok was also the only member of the class familiar working with graphic arts on paper. After an extended illness of Echinococcosis, Nupok died in Anchorage in the spring of 1971. That same year, the University of Alaska showed a","title":"Florence Nupok Malewotkuk"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"404279\",\n \"text\": \"George Thornton Emmons (June 6, 1852 – June 11, 1945) was an ethnographic photographer and a U.S. Navy Lieutenant. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland. His father was George Foster Emmons. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1874. In 1881, he attained the Master rank, (1883) Lieutenant J.G. and (1887) Lieutenant. In 1882, Emmons was stationed on the Pinta in Alaska, remaining there through the 1880s and 1890s. The Navy was largely responsible for stability in the region in those times. Emmons married Kittie Baker in 1886. Through his duties, Emmons got in contact with, and interested in, the Alaska Native cultures of the region: particularly the Tlingit and Tahltan. He began to record information and collect artifacts as he visited them on his leaves. He was dedicated to learning about native traditions, such Chilkat weaving, bear hunting, feuds, and the potlatch (a large ceremonial feast). With his understanding of beliefs and values, and his ethnographer's devotion, he also recorded Tlingit vocabulary. He was assigned to the World's Columbian Exposition to accompany the Alaskan exhibit from 1891–1893. Emmons retired in 1899 and took on special projects for the federal government. He was sent to Alaska in 1901 to locate border stone markers between Canada and the USA. He gave advice about Alaskan game and forests and salmon fishery in 1902. In 1904, he gathered information about white settlers and Alaska Natives and asked President Theodore Roosevelt to investigate the conditions of Alaska Natives and starvation among the Copper River Indians. He received Roosevelt's support, and presented a report to the Congress in 1905. His interest in Alaska Natives brought him into close contact with the American Museum of Natural History, which purchased his first two collections of Alaska Native artifacts in the 1890s. Emmons had an exchange of items with the Museum for the next three decades. (In 1902, the Field Museum of Natural History purchased a large and varied collection of more than 1,900 Tlingit objects.) F. W. Putnam, curator of the American Natural History Museum, asked for his help on a report in 1896 and repeated the request to the Navy the following year. So Emmons was officially detached from active service and ordered to write the Ethnological Report on the Native Tribes of Southeast Alaska, elaborated from the museum collections. He became a regular contributor to The American Museum Journal (forerunner of Natural History journal) and other scholarly periodicals. At the recommendation of Franz Boas, with whom he corresponded regularly and at the request of the president of the American Museum of Natural History, Morris K. Jesup, he began to organize his notes and prepare a manuscript on the Tlingit. When he died in Victoria, British Columbia in 1945, the encyclopedic work was still unfinished. The project was taken over by Frederica de Laguna in 1955 and finally published 1991 with the title The Tlingit Indians. It includes topics such as census data, names of clans and houses, species of plants and their uses, native\",\n \"title\": \"George T. Emmons\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45374166\",\n \"text\": \"The Alaska Immigration Justice Project (AIJP) is a non-profit agency that provides low-cost immigration legal assistance to immigrants and refugees in all immigration applications including citizenship, permanent resident status, work permits, asylum, family-based petitions and immigration petitions for immigrant victims of domestic violence, sexual assault and human trafficking. History The Alaska Immigration Justice Project (AIJP) is the only agency in Alaska dedicated to protecting the human rights of immigrants and refugees. Founded in 2005, AIJP staff provides statewide comprehensive immigration legal services. Collectively, AIJP Board and staff have more than 25 years of legal experience serving Alaska's immigrants and refugees. AIJP staff provides services statewide, traveling to many communities throughout Alaska including, Unalaska, Sitka, Ketchikan, Kodiak, Juneau, Fairbanks, Kenai and Homer. AIJP's legal service priorities include representing immigrant crime victims and people fleeing persecution and torture in their home countries. In addition to providing quality direct legal services, AIJP staff members serve as a critical resource for state and federal public agencies on issues involving immigrants and refugees. Health care providers, social service providers, state officials, criminal defense attorneys, prosecutors and judges are just a few of the professionals in our state who rely on the expertise of the AIJP staff. In 2007, AIJP opened the first statewide Language Interpreter Center (LIC). The LIC partners the public and private sector to offer statewide training for interpreters as well as provide referral services for all businesses and agencies in need of interpreter services. The LIC works with foreign language interpreters as well as Alaska Native interpreters. Mission AIJP's mission is to promote and protect the human rights of immigrants and refugees throughout Alaska by providing critical services to this underserved population, including immigration legal services, language interpretative services, training and educational programs. The organization is affiliated with Pro Bono Net, a US nonprofit organization based in New York City and San Francisco. The organization works in close partnership with nonprofit legal aid organizations across the United States and Canada, to increase access to justice for the millions of poor people who face legal problems every year without help from a lawyer. It does this by (i) supporting the innovative and effective use of technology by the nonprofit legal sector, (ii) increasing participation by volunteers, and (iii) facilitating collaborations among nonprofit legal organizations and advocates working on similar issues or in the same region. Founded in 1998 with a grant from the Open Society Institute, Pro Bono Net has developed a broad base of support from foundations, law firms, corporate sponsors and nonprofit partners alike, to build web platforms that offer powerful and sophisticated online tools to pro bono and legal aid advocates, and to provide critical legal information and assistance directly to the public. Its model has been adopted in 30 states and regions, reaching approximately two-thirds of the poverty population and lawyers in the United States. The organization is also affiliated with CitizenshipWorks, which provides easy-to-use online tools to help low and moderate-income individuals to answer important questions about their\",\n \"title\": \"Alaska Immigration Justice Project\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2534014\",\n \"text\": \"The history of Alaska dates back to the Upper Paleolithic period (around 14,000 BC), when foraging groups crossed the Bering land bridge into what is now western Alaska. At the time of European contact by the Russian explorers, the area was populated by Alaska Native groups. The name \\\"Alaska\\\" derives from the Aleut word Alaxsxaq (also spelled Alyeska), meaning \\\"mainland\\\" (literally, \\\"the object toward which the action of the sea is directed\\\"). The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. In the 1890s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was granted territorial status in 1912 by the United States of America. In 1942, two of the outer Aleutian Islands—Attu and Kiska—were occupied by the Japanese during World War II and their recovery for the U.S. became a matter of national pride. The construction of military bases contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities. Alaska was granted U.S. statehood on January 3, 1959. In 1964, the massive \\\"Good Friday earthquake\\\" killed 131 people and leveled several villages. The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to an oil boom. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in Prince William Sound, spilling between of crude oil over of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Prehistory of Alaska Paleolithic families moved into northwestern North America before 10,000 BC across the Bering land bridge in Alaska (see Settlement of the Americas). Alaska became populated by the Inuit and a variety of Native American groups. Today, early Alaskans are divided into several main groups: the Southeastern Coastal Indians (the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian), the Athabascans, the Aleut, and the two groups of Eskimos, the Inupiat and the Yup'ik. The coastal migrants from Asia were probably the first wave of humans to cross the Bering land bridge in western Alaska, and many of them initially settled in the interior of what is now Canada. The Tlingit were the most numerous of this group, claiming most of the coastal Panhandle by the time of European contact and are the northernmost of the group of advanced cultures of the Pacific Northwest Coast renowned for its complex art and political systems and the ceremonial and legal system known as the potlatch. The southern portion of Prince of Wales Island was settled by the Haidas fleeing persecution by other Haidas from the Queen Charlotte Islands (which are now named Haida Gwaii and part of British Columbia). The Aleuts settled the islands of the Aleutian chain approximately 10,000 years ago. Cultural and subsistence practices varied widely among native groups, who were spread across vast geographical distances. 18th century Early Russian settlement Russian expeditions of exploration reached Alaska by the early 18th century, and colonial traders (especially fur-traders) followed. On some islands and parts of the Alaskan peninsula, groups\",\n \"title\": \"History of Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75992094\",\n \"text\": \"Margaret Keenan Harrais (1872–1964) was an American educator, suffragist, temperance reformer, and government official. During her 48 years in Alaska, while a territory and after statehood, she devoted herself to community and public service. In Fairbanks, she was the first woman superintendent of schools. For 18 years, she was a member of the territorial board of education. She served as President of the Alaska Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) while living in McCarthy, and was also chair for Alaska of the Women's National Committee for Law Enforcement. In widowhood, she served as a United States Commissioner at Valdez, and after Alaska became a state, Harrais became a deputy magistrate. Early life and education Sarah Margaret Keenan was born at Batesville, Ohio, September 23, 1872, of Scotch-Irish ancestry. Her parents were Thomas Keenan (1833–1888) and Martha Maria (Reed) Keenan (1835–1896). Margaret's siblings were Emma, Emmett, Ella, James, Martha, and Thomas. She came from a temperance family, and was trained from childhood in temperance work by her father. She was educated at Northern Indiana Normal School, Valparaiso, Indiana, and at Valparaiso University (B.S., 1906). Career Idaho Harrais began teaching in the rural schools of Ohio at the age of sixteen, after which she acted as principal of public schools in various parts of Idaho (1897–1911). While teaching in Idaho, she served as vice-president of the WCTU of South Idaho. Alaska Harrais petitioned for suffrage in the Alaska Territory in 1913. The following year, at the age of 42, she removed to Alaska, becoming principal of schools at Skagway, serving in that position for two years, before moving to Fairbanks where she was city superintendent of schools for another two years. Her students included U.S. Senator E. L. Bartlett and Governor of Alaska, William A. Egan. She lost two positions as superintendent of schools because of her temperance activities in wet communities. In 1916, Harrais was also one of the women who directed the territory-wide campaign for Prohibition, and one of two women who organized and \\\"put across\\\" the plebiscite of that year which made Alaska dry. At the same time, she was elected vice-president at large of the Alaska Territorial WCTU, and later went to California still holding that position. During the period of 1916 to 1919, Harrais, known at the time as \\\"Margaret Kennan, spinster\\\", served as school superintendent in Fairbanks. During World War I, she directed the war bond drive in which each of the 200 children enrolled in school purchased a war bond. Parents were asked not to help their children purchase the bonds. Harrais set up an employment office at school and assisted the children in finding spare time jobs. She edited the unusual \\\"Women's Edition\\\" of the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner on Thanksgiving eve, 1917, which enlisted the services of 55 women. The newspaper sparked to success a benefit which raised nearly in less than one month to sponsor six beds in the American Ambulance Hospital near Paris. Only one bed, at , had been anticipated for all\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret Keenan Harrais\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"525001\",\n \"text\": \"Alaska Natives (also known as Alaskan Indians, Alaskan Natives, Native Alaskans, Indigenous Alaskans, Aboriginal Alaskans or First Alaskans) are the Indigenous peoples of Alaska and include Alaskan Creoles, Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures. They are often defined by their language groups. Many Alaska Natives are enrolled in federally recognized Alaska Native tribal entities, who in turn belong to 13 Alaska Native Regional Corporations, who administer land and financial claims. Ancestors of Native Alaskans or Alaska Natives migrated into the area thousands of years ago, in at least two different waves. Some are descendants of the third wave of migration, in which people settled across the northern part of North America. They never migrated to southern areas. For this reason, genetic studies show they are not closely related to native peoples in South America. Alaska Natives came from Asia. Anthropologists have stated that their journey from Asia to Alaska was made possible through the Bering land bridge or by traveling through the sea. Throughout the Arctic and the circumpolar north, the ancestors of Alaska Natives established varying indigenous, complex cultures that have succeeded each other over time. They developed sophisticated ways to deal with the challenging climate and environment. Historical groups have been defined by their languages, which belong to several major language families. Today, Alaska Natives or Native Alaskans constitute more than 20% of the population of Alaska. List of peoples Below is a full list of the different Alaska Native or Native Alaskan peoples, who are largely defined by their historical languages (within each culture are different tribes): Ancient Beringian Alaskan Athabaskans Ahtna Deg Hit'an Dena'ina Eskimo Eyak Gwich'in Haida Hän Holikachuk Koyukon Lower Tanana Tanacross Upper Tanana Upper Kuskokwim (Kolchan) Tlingit Tsimshian Iñupiat, an Inuit group Yupik Siberian Yupik Yup'ik Cup'ik Nunivak Cup'ig Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq Chugach Sugpiaq Koniag Alutiiq Aleut (Unangan) Demographics The Alaska Natives Commission estimated there were about 86,000 Alaska Natives living in Alaska in 1990, with another 17,000 who lived outside Alaska. A 2013 study by the Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development documented more than 120,000 Alaska Native people in Alaska. While the majority of Native Alaskans live in small villages or remote regional hubs such as Nome, Dillingham, and Bethel, the percentage who live in urban areas has been increasing. In 2010, 44% lived in urban areas, compared to 38% in the 2000 census. As of 2018, natives constitute 15.4% of the overall Alaskan population. History The modern history of Alaska Natives begins with the first contact between Alaskan First Nations and Russians sailing from Siberia in the eighteenth century. British and American traders, coming mostly from eastern settlements in North America, generally did not reach the area until the nineteenth century. In some cases, Christian missionaries were not active in Alaska until the twentieth century. Russian colonial period Vitus Bering spotted Alaska during an expedition. Native Alaskans first came into contact with Russians in the 18th century. Time of contact with\",\n \"title\": \"Alaska Natives\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8807313\",\n \"text\": \"The Auke are an Alaskan Native people, whose autonym Aakʼw Ḵwáan means \\\"Small Lake People.\\\" They are a subgroup of the Tlingit. The Auke lived along the northwestern coast of North America, in the area that is now the Alexander Archipelago and adjoining mainland of the Alaska Panhandle around Juneau. The Auke had a village on Auke Bay just east of Point Louisa, about 13 miles northwest of Juneau. There were seasonal festivals associated with the harvest of herring at spawning season. In 1880, after Joe Juneau and Richard Harris were led to gold in the Silver Bow Basin, U.S. naval officers encouraged the Auke to move from the area to avoid conflict with miners and prospectors. The census of Alaska at the time listed the Auke population as 640, of whom 300 were on Admiralty Island, 50 on Douglas Island, and 290 on Stephens Passage, the latter presumably including those at the Point Louisa village. The Auke people continued to return to what they called Indian Point, for the annual harvest of herring at spawning time. They have considered this a sacred place, both because of their traditional gathering for subsistence and their historic village and its burying ground. These local peoples have resisted European-American development of Indian Point, which is located past the Juneau Ferry Terminal and before the Auke Recreation Area operated by the U.S. Forest Service. Federal agencies including the National Park Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) had proposals to build on the site. The Tlingit consider it sacred territory, both because of the burying ground and its place in their traditions of gathering sustenance. The city and state supported recognition of the 78-acre site, which in August 2016 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. \\\"It is the first traditional cultural property in Southeast Alaska to be placed on the register.\\\" Clans and houses The Auke were originally formed around clans, based on kinship systems. These were traditionally divided into houses. Extended family groups used to live together in large longhouses. Divisions and houses of the Raven Moiety or Clan Lʼeeneidí (Gift Blanket People) G̱aatáa Hít (Trap House) Téelʼ Hít (Dog Salmon House) Yax̱te Hít (Big Dipper House) Lʼuknax̱.ádi (Coho Salmon People) Lʼook Hít (Coho Salmon House) G̱aanax̱.ádi (People of G̱aanax̱) G̱aanax̱aa Hít (G̱aanax̱ Group House) Yéil Hít (Raven House) Divisions and houses of the Wolf/Eagle Clan Wooshkeetaan G̱unakadeit Hít (Sea Monster House) Hít Tlein (Big House) Noow Hít (Fort House) Tóosʼ Hít (Shark House) Xeitl Hít (Thunder/Thunderbird House) Xóots Hít (Brown Bear House) References Alaska Native ethnic groups Tlingit Native Americans in Alaska\",\n \"title\": \"Auke\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61333779\",\n \"text\": \"The Alaska Native Industries Cooperative Association (ANICA) is a retailers' cooperative operating in rural Alaska, serving Alaskan native villages. As of the Association's 2018 biennial report, ANICA had 40 member stores. Background In 1934, the 73rd United States Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act. Among other goals, the Act was intended to help Native Americans achieve a greater measure of self-governance and economic self-sufficiency than was possible under previous legislation. Included in the act was a provision for the creation of a revolving credit fund for the advancement of Native business ventures. However, an oversight in the legislation prevented Native Americans in Alaska from taking full advantage of the new law. In 1936, the Alaska Native Reorganization Act was passed, extending the Indian Reorganization Act to cover Alaskan Natives. The extreme difficulties associated with supplying remote villages in Alaska, as well as supply issues caused by World War II caused federal officials in the Bureau of Indian Affairs to conclude that a new organization was required to ensure those villages would remain well-supplied. In addition to improving economic conditions, the organization transferred responsibility for the supply programs to the Alaskan natives. Foundation and early operations Louis Peters and Albert Huber led the government's efforts to create such an organization. Ultimately, the villages of White Mountain, Shaktoolik, Stebbins, Eli, and Unalakleet adopted bylaws and articles of association in 1947, formally creating the ANICA. The Association's Board of Directors had one representative from each member village. Additionally, non-member villages could make deposits with ANICA and receive services. In order to take advantage of economies of scale, a decision was made to postpone commencing operations until at least 25 villages stores had joined the co-op. This feat was achieved in 1948. By the end 1958, 37 villages stores were members of the co-op, and another 7 had made deposits with ANICA. ANICA made use of the revolving credit fund provided by the Indian Reorganization and Alaska Native Reorganization acts. In addition to supplying remote village stores, ANICA attempted to stimulate exports in native craft goods and furs. The Association bought native art and craft goods on consignment and transferred them to the Alaska Native Arts and Crafts Clearing House, another BIA sponsored organization, for re-sale. In another instance of encouraging exports, ANICA purchased whale and seal oil from natives in Point Hope, and shipped oil to Seattle for sale to soap makers. Ultimately, such exports were discontinued. A program of mining coal in the Point Hope region for re-sale to other Alaskan villages was also considered, but never implemented. ANCIA has published two periodicals. The first, ANICA Flash, was published from (probably) 1949 to 1954. In addition to carrying news about the various member stores and villages, ANICA Flash also had some economic news, and prices for various goods. ANICA News Highlights was published later, starting in March 1969 and running to December 1974. In addition to carrying news from the villages, the ANICA News Highlights also carried other news of interest to\",\n \"title\": \"Alaska Native Industries Cooperative Association\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1620422\",\n \"text\": \"Emmitt Peters Sr. (October 1, 1940 – April 2, 2020) the \\\"Yukon Fox\\\", was an Alaskan American hunter, fisher, trapper, and dog musher. The last rookie to win the 1,049 mile Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race (in 1975), he and his lead dogs Nugget and Digger shattered the previous speed record by almost six days. Peters was an Athabaskan Alaska Native who was born in Ruby, deep in the Alaska Interior. He became a hunter, fisher, and trapper, and grew up around sled dogs. Mushing was the primary means of transportation in the rural parts of the state, far from the road system that spans southern Alaska, but the advent of the snowmobile (known as snowmachines in Alaska) in the 1960s almost drove mushing into extinction. Iditarod Peters entered the Iditarod as a rookie in 1975, and won the race with a time of 14 days, 14 hours, 43 minutes, and 45 seconds. The two previous races in 1973 and 1974 were slower and more measured, and both were won in just over 20 days. The 1975 race was a close one, and he placed in the top 10 in the next five races. According to Peters, he earned the \\\"Yukon Fox\\\" nickname, \\\"because I'd sneak away from all my competitors and have five or six teams chasing me\\\" (Rozell, 2003). Even with a weak team of sled dogs, he regularly placed high in the standings. The race changed as corporate sponsors began to fund top competitors, who ran large kennels and bred faster dogs. Peters gradually fell behind, and until he broke his knee in a training accident in 1986 and stopped racing. He returned briefly in 1990 and 1991, but only placed 41st in the first year, and scratched in the second. Peters raced his final Iditarod in 2000, and finished in 12 days, 2 hours, and 42 minutes, which was his fastest time ever. He earned the Most Inspirational Musher Award, which is given based on a vote by the other finishers. Afterwards he said, \\\"that's it. No one is going to talk me into anything else\\\" (Pemberton, 2000). Peters served as a volunteer checker at Ruby, which is an official checkpoint of the Iditarod on even-numbered years. Alaska Native mushers Peters had to sell his dogs to cover his debts after the races in the 1990s, and was only able to race his final race because two friends donated USD $10,000 each, and he leased a team from Rick Swenson. While Alaska Natives won the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Iditarods, and accounted for roughly a third of all the racers, by the 1980s the costs had become prohibitive and the native presence almost vanished from the race. Expenses faced by modern teams include lightweight gear including thousands of booties and quick-change runners, special high-energy dog foods, veterinary care, and breeding costs. According to Athabaskan musher Ken Chase, \\\"the big expenses [for rural Alaskans] are the freight and having to buy dog food\\\". (Hutchinson) Most modern teams\",\n \"title\": \"Emmitt Peters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44289967\",\n \"text\": \"Yup'ik doll (Yup'ik yugaq sg yugak dual yugat pl or yuguaq, irniaruaq, irnianguaq, inuguaq; also, yunguaq in Unaliq-Pastuliq dialect, sugaq, sugaruaq, suguaq in Bristol Bay dialect, cugaq, cugaruaq in Hooper Bay-Chevak dialect, cuucunguar in Nunivak dialect) is a traditional Eskimo style doll and figurine form made in the southwestern Alaska by Yup'ik people. Also known as Cup'ik doll for the Chevak Cup'ik dialect speaking Eskimos of Chevak and Cup'ig doll for the Nunivak Cup'ig dialect speaking Eskimos of Nunivak Island. Typically, Yup'ik dolls are dressed in traditional Eskimo style Yup'ik clothing (as irniaruam atkua \\\"doll parka\\\"), intended to protect the wearer from cold weather, and are often made from traditional materials obtained through food gathering. Play dolls from the Yup'ik area were made of wood, bone, or walrus ivory and measured from one to twelve inches in height or more. Male and female dolls were often distinguished anatomically and can be told apart by the addition of ivory labrets for males and chin tattooing for females. The information about play dolls within Alaska Native cultures is sporadic. As is so often the case in early museum collections, it is difficult to distinguish dolls made for play from those made for ritual. There were always five dolls making up a family: a father, a mother, a son, a daughter, and a baby. Some human figurines were used by shamans. Eskimo doll Both Yup'ik, Siberian Yupik, and Iñupiaq dolls are also known as Eskimo doll in Alaska. It is possible to distinguish Yup'ik human figurines from Iñupiaq examples on the basis of facial features. Yup'ik figurines have a distinct brow line, shaped like two crescents joined at the center by the nose, whereas Iñupiaq figurines lack this brow line and have more pronounced noses and tiny eyes that look as through they had been poked in by the tip of a pencil or pen. The mouth of Yup'ik figurines mirror the crescent shape of the brows, whereas the Inupiaq dolls have small, straight mouths. Overall, the features of the Iñupiaq examples are crudely carved. Characteristics Most had round wooden, walrus ivory or bone heads, ovoid-shaped eyes, and mouths, short necks, solid torsos, and arms that formed but not separated from the body. The faces of female dolls were frequently chin tattooed. Other decorations, including hairdressings, nose piercing earrings, was represented by hair and beads placed in the correct positions. Some even had bracelets and bead necklaces. The male dolls had labrets made from beads or bead pieces. A relatively limited number of women in southwestern Alaska make coiled grass dolls, a spinoff of the coiled grass basketry practiced widely throughout the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Some non-traditional dolls seems as the influence of missionaries. Missionaries well understood that miniature human representations were powerful symbols, and influencing a native culture required reducing its central protectors to the realm of child’s play. Uses Some human figurines were used by shamans. Along the lower Yukon River, Yup'ik Eskimo and Athabaskan shamans hung human figurines made of driftwood\",\n \"title\": \"Yupʼik doll\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52906412\",\n \"text\": \"David S. Wilson (born ca. 1981) is an American politician from Alaska. A Republican, Wilson has represented Wasilla in the Alaska Senate since 2017. He formerly served as a city councilman in Wasilla. Wilson was elected to the Senate at the age of 35. He narrowly defeated Representative Lynn Gattis in the Republican primary to succeed longtime Senator Charlie Huggins, who was retiring, in August 2016. He was endorsed in his campaign by the conservative Republican Assembly but did not run with the backing of the Alaska Republican Party. He was previously an unaffiliated voter, registering with the Republican Party less than a year before his primary victory. Upon being sworn in on January 17, 2017, Wilson became the first African-American elected to the Senate from Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna Valley, Wilson is the eighth African-American to serve in the Alaska Legislature. Of those eight, he is the third Republican, the second senator, the first Republican senator and the first to represent an area of Alaska outside of Anchorage or Fairbanks. Legislative Accomplishments Senator Wilson has sponsored successful legislation every year he has been in office to date. This legislation includes: SB 46 (2017): \\\"An Act establishing October 25 of each year as African American Soldiers' Contribution to Building the Alaska Highway Day.\\\" SB 134 (2018): \\\"An Act relating to medical assistance reimbursement for the services of licensed professional counselors; and providing for an effective date.\\\" SB 55 (2019): \\\"An Act relating to judges of the court of appeals; and providing for an effective date.\\\" SB 25 (2019): \\\"An Act extending the termination date of the Board of Dental Examiners; and providing for an effective date.\\\" SB 43 (2019): \\\"An Act extending the termination date of the Board of Barbers and Hairdressers; extending the termination date of the Big Game Commercial Services Board; relating to a person's eligibility to hold a registered guide-outfitter license, master guide-outfitter license, class-A assistant guide license, assistant guide license, or transporter license; and providing for an effective date.\\\" SB 134 (2020): \\\"An Act relating to medical assistance reimbursement for the services of licensed professional counselors; and providing for an effective date.\\\" SB 24 (2021): \\\"An Act relating to holding corporate meetings by remote communication; allowing voting by remote communication at corporate meetings; making shareholder lists available electronically; relating to for-profit and nonprofit corporations; relating to business and industrial development corporations; relating to Native corporations; relating to the Alaska Banking Code; and providing for an effective date.\\\" SB 70 (2021): \\\"An Act relating to opioid overdose drugs; and providing for an effective date.\\\" Controversies On May 2, 2017, Wilson allegedly slapped Nathaniel Herz of the Alaska Dispatch News during an encounter in the Alaska State Capitol in Juneau. The event was recorded by Herz's smartphone as the reporter was questioning Wilson on his reaction to a recent article about a bill proposed by Wilson. Herz filed a police report that day. On December 12, 2017, The Alaska Office of Special Prosecutions declined to pursue charges against Wasilla Republican\",\n \"title\": \"David S. Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41189887\",\n \"text\": \"Tobeluk vs. Lind was a landmark case in Alaskan Native education. The 27 teenage plaintiffs brought suit against the State of Alaska, claiming that Native American boarding schools were discriminatory and unjust. The case is widely known as the \\\"Molly Hootch Case\\\" after the first plaintiff named. At the time of the case, Alaskan Native parents were forced to send their children away for schooling because of a lack of quality local educational facilities in their towns. Boarding schools had historically been used as a tactic of assimilating Native students into white culture. Alaskan Native children were sent far from their parents for their secondary education, often heading to the contiguous 48 states and boarding with local non-Native families. They were thus immersed in a situation that was both geographically (Oregon, Oklahoma, etc.) and culturally removed from their place of origin. The plaintiffs alleged that this situation led to mistreatment of the Native students and a high dropout rate among them (65% within two years, in one documented case), signs of educational inequality. In October 1976, the signing of the Tobeluk Consent Decree committed the government to building local high schools in Alaska, which they have since done with positive results on retention rates. The state by means of the consent decree agreed to create a secondary school in any village with at least fifteen high school-aged children. References External links Alaska Natives and United States law Alaska state case law Public education in Alaska Native American boarding schools 1976 in Alaska 1976 in education 1976 in United States case law United States Native American case law United States education case law\",\n \"title\": \"Tobeluk v. Lind\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67652210\",\n \"text\": \"Brenda Tiggausina Itta (born November 13, 1943) is an Iñupiaq activist and former legislator in Alaska's House of Representatives. Early life and education Itta was born in Barrow (now Utqiaġvik), Alaska on November 13, 1943 to parents Noah and Mollie Ungarook Itta, and was the second child of eleven born to them. Growing up, Itta was raised in the traditions of Iñupiat culture, speaking only Iñupiaq until she went off to school. Itta attended a school run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and went on to graduate from Mount Edgecumbe High School in 1961. After High School, she attended Haskell Indian Junior College and graduated in 1965. During her school-age years, she experienced first-hand the discrimination that Native Americans have faced in American society. She once recounted, \\\"In school, I was sent to a corner if I ever spoke a word of Eskimo.\\\" Career and activism In 1966, at age 22, she moved to Washington, D.C. to work as a receptionist to Senator Ernest Gruening, where she quickly became known as \\\"that Eskimo girl.\\\" While in Washington, she served as a lobbyist for her region. In 1971, Itta returned to Alaska to do community relations work for the Atlantic Richfield Company. During this time, Itta worked with many Iñupiaq leaders and became heavily involved with land claim settlements and Native affairs in Alaska, spurred on by the interactions she had with people while serving as Senator Gruening's aide. Before she was elected to the state legislature, Itta was the City Manager of Barrow, Alaska. When considering a run at the State Legislature, Itta was elected unanimously by Native leaders and received their endorsement. Itta first ran for the Legislature in 1972, but lost the election. From 1974 to 1976 she served as the first Alaska Native woman elected to the House of Representatives , where she served on the House Finance Committee and chaired the subcommittee on Health and Social Services. She co-sponsored the bill that created the Alaska Permanent Fund, which annually provides financial dividends to residents of the state of Alaska. Itta declined to run for subsequent term, \\\"because [she] needed more inner confidence to better serve [her] people.\\\" Itta was part of a group of young Native American activists who emerged as leaders in the Native rights movement. She, along with other Native rights activists such as Frances Degnan and Rosita Worl, sought to improve the standard of living for Native peoples through educational and professional opportunities. Itta, while supportive of the women's liberation movement, was skeptical of their methods, calling them \\\"divisive.\\\" Itta has held many positions throughout her career. She served as a Coordinator for the Post Secondary Education Program in the North Slope Borough School District. She also served as secretary for the Alaska State Democratic Central Committee, as a member of the executive board of the Alaska Native Foundation, and as a member of the Bush Justice Monitoring Committee, as well as held membership in the Alaska Legal Services. Itta has continued\",\n \"title\": \"Brenda Itta\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3702852\",\n \"text\": \"The Alaska Native Heritage Center is an educational and cultural institution for all Alaskans, located in Anchorage, Alaska. The center opened in 1999. The Alaska Native Heritage Center shares the heritage of Alaska's 11 major cultural groups. These 11 groups are the Athabaskan people, Eyak people, Tlingit people, Haida people, Tsimshian people, Unangax people (Aleut), Alutiiq people, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Siberian Yupik, and Inupiaq. The Heritage Center, located ten miles from downtown Anchorage, is situated on 26 wooded acres. The Gathering Place provides visitors an opportunity to experience demonstrations of Alaska Native dancing, Native Games, and traditional storytelling. The Hall of Cultures provides rotating exhibits, craft activities for the family, and craft and artwork created by Alaska Native artists. The theatre features rotating films, including a documentary produced by the Heritage Center, titled \\\"Stories Given, Stories Shared.\\\" Outside, visitors can tour the village sites, consisting of six life-sized Native dwellings surrounding Lake Tiulana. The six dwellings represent the unique ways of living practiced by the Athabascan, Inupiaq/St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Yup’ik/Cup’ik, Aleut, Alutiiq, and the Eyak, Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian peoples. Youth interns lead many tours of the village sites, which also include artifacts for use in daily life. The Alaska Native Heritage Center is the only statewide organization which represents all Alaska Native cultures. The nonprofit is operated by Alaska Natives and is one of the few tribally unaffiliated arts organizations that is run by Indigenous people. See also Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center References External links 1999 establishments in Alaska Museums established in 1999 Museums in Anchorage, Alaska Native American museums in Alaska Tourist attractions in Anchorage, Alaska\",\n \"title\": \"Alaska Native Heritage Center\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"926770\",\n \"text\": \"Annette Island or Taak'w Aan (Tlingit) is an island in the Gravina Islands of the Alexander Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean on the southeastern coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is at . It is about long and about wide. The land area is . Annette Island is located west across the Revillagigedo Channel from the Alaska mainland and south of Revillagigedo Island. The Island was named in 1879 by William Healey Dall, an American naturalist and explorer in Alaska, in honor of his wife Annette Whitney Dall. The meaning of the Tlingit name for the island is Winter Town. Since the late 19th century, it has been the base of the Annette Island Reserve of the Metlakatla Alaska Native Community, composed mostly of Tsimshian people. This is the only Indian reservation in Alaska as Metlakatla voted to opt out of giving up their lands under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of the 1970s. In 2016 they elected Audrey Hudson as their first Tribal Chairwoman. Community and demographics The largest settlement on the island is Metlakatla. The federally recognized Metlakatla Indian Community was founded by an unordained Anglican missionary William Duncan and Tsimshian followers who moved with him from their community of Metlakatla in British Columbia after he developed new doctrine and schismatized from his church. Since the late 19th century, the entire island has been an Indian reserve, a status enacted by Congress when the Tlingit agreed to let the Tsimshian use this territory. Government The Tsimshian set up their government under the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), writing a constitution for electoral government. They have a twelve-person Council. \\\"The mayor, secretary, and treasurer are elected by the general voting membership of the community. Each of these is elected for a two-year term. Council seats are staggered, resulting in the election of six Council seats each year and three executives every second year.\\\" Since the late 1970s, this has been the only remaining reservation in Alaska, as the Metlakatla opted out of giving up their lands for payment under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. In 2016 its Tribal Chairwoman is Audrey Hudson, the first woman to be elected to this role. She also serves as mayor, city manager, and police commissioner of the Metlakatla Indian Community. The island's population was 1,447 at the 2000 census. The island population is composed mainly of Tsimshian people. It is a cultural crossroads for Tlingit and Haida Natives as well. Infrastructure A network of unimproved roads and trails on the island were developed during years of logging. More than 50 years after the United States made a treaty with the Metlakatla Community that promised a cross-island road in exchange for their allowing construction and operation of an airfield on the island, it made good on its word. A joint armed forces task force constructed a 15-mile road across the island, completed from 1997 to 2007, which connected Metlakatla on the ocean side to the side facing Ketchikan, where a ferry\",\n \"title\": \"Annette Island\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50237963\",\n \"text\": \"The Russian Empire's role in the American Revolutionary War was part of a global conflict of colonial supremacy between the Thirteen Colonies and the Kingdom of Great Britain. Prior to the onset of the war, the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great had already begun exploration along North America's west coast; and, the year following the war's conclusion, Russia established its first colony in Alaska. Although the Russian Empire did not directly send troops or supplies to the colonies or British Empire during the war, it responded to the Declaration of Independence, played a role in international diplomacy, and contributed to the lasting legacy of the American Revolution abroad. Russia in North America prior to the war As other European states expanded westward across the Atlantic Ocean, the Russian Empire went eastward and conquered the vast wilderness of Siberia. Although it initially went east with the hope of increasing its fur trade, the Russian imperial court in St. Petersburg hoped that its eastern expansion would also prove its cultural, political, and scientific belonging to Europe. The Eurasian empire looked to North America after reaching the Pacific Ocean in 1639 and occupying the Kamchatka Peninsula in the 1680s. From 1729 to 1741, the Russian court-sponsored the Danish explorer Vitus Bering and his Russian counterpart Aleksei Chirikov to begin the Russian search for North America. In their initial 1729 expedition, the pair missed the Alaskan coast due to thick fog. When they set off again in 1741, Chirikov reached the shore of the Alaskan panhandle only to have his search party ambushed and killed by the native Tlingits. After the dreadful event, Chirikov hurriedly sailed back to Kamchatka. Bering, on the other hand, had worse luck. He made it ashore to central Alaska, and then sailed back to Kamchatka along the barren Aleutians, only to endure a hard winter on one of the islands, losing many men. However, when Bering and his remaining crew returned to Petropavlovsk, they brought with them over nine hundred sea otter pelts. The valuable furs with which survivors of Bering's expedition returned sparked greater interest in the fur trade. Russian Promyshlenniki, or fur traders, began to set off to Alaska in droves with hopes of striking it rich. The drive to obtain furs led the promyshlenniki to conflict with the native Aleuts who raided the settlements, causing the traders to respond with threats, and forced commerce. The traders also inadvertently caused environmental harm - many animals were hunted to near extinction. The tribes attacked their imperial overlords again in 1764, but their rising was met by fierce retribution and defeat at Russian hands in 1766. Prior to the onset of the American Revolutionary War, the Russian expansion into North America boosted the empire's economy and prestige, but caused much detriment to the local wildlife of Alaska, and brought about the desolation of the Aleut through disease and warfare. Russia and the Declaration of Independence News of the Declaration of Independence's penning and signing finally reached Imperial Russia\",\n \"title\": \"Russia and the American Revolution\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"105561\",\n \"text\": \"Diomede (, ) is a village and the only habitable area of Little Diomede Island in the Nome Census Area of the Unorganized Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. All the buildings are on the west coast of Little Diomede, which is the smaller of the two Diomede Islands located in the middle of the Bering Strait between the United States and the Russian Far East. Diomede is the only settlement on Little Diomede Island. The population is 82 people, down from 115 at the 2010 census and 146 in 2000. Its native name means \\\"the other one\\\" or \\\"the one over there\\\". It is also imprecisely spelled Inalik. History The current location of the city is believed by some archaeologists to have been inhabited for at least 3,000 years. It was originally a spring hunting campsite and the early explorers from the west found the Iñupiat (Inuit) at Diomede had an advanced culture, including elaborate whale hunting ceremonies. Trade occurred with both continents. 1648–1867 The first European to reach the Diomede Islands was Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, in 1648; the next was Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service Vitus Bering, who re-discovered the islands on August 16, 1728, and named the islands after martyr St. Diomede, who was celebrated in the Russian Orthodox Church on that date. The United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867, including Little Diomede. A new boundary was drawn between the two Diomede Islands, and the Big Diomede was left to Russia. 1880s–1920s According to naturalist John Muir, who visited the Diomede Islands in the 1880s, natives were eager to trade away everything they had. The village was perched on the steep rocky slope of the mountain, which has sheer drops into deep water. Huts were mostly built of stone with skin roofs. During the Nome gold rush at the turn of the 20th century, Diomede villagers traveled to Nome along with the gold seekers, even though Nome was not a native village. People from Diomede arrived in umiaks and stayed in Nome for the summer, trading and gathering items before they returned to their isolated village. 1940s According to Arthur Ahkinga, who lived on Little Diomede island at the turn of the 1940s, the Iñupiat on the island made their living by hunting and carving ivory that they traded or sold. They caught fish such as bullheads, tomcods and bluecods. Whaling was still a major practice. During the winter, they used fur parkas and skin mukluks made out of hunted animals to protect themselves from the cold and wind. Recreational activities included skating, snowshoeing, handball, soccer and Inuit dancing. After dark, people spent the rest of the evening telling jokes and stories. In summer time, they traveled with skin boats equipped with outboard motors to Siberia or Wales, Alaska. Winter travel was limited to neighboring Big Diomede due to weather conditions. Between July and October, half of the population went to Nome to sell their carvings and skins and trade for\",\n \"title\": \"Diomede, Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31580890\",\n \"text\": \"Shamanism among Alaska Natives was particularly important as it served to construct their special connection to their land, and a kinship with the animals with whom they share that land. Before the introduction of western culture and the religions that are now practiced in Alaska, there was a common spiritual connection made with the people to the land they occupied. The most common name for this connection is shamanism. Shamanism differs in every culture where it is practiced, in Alaska it is centered in the animals that are common in the area. Through the use of many myths, stories, and ceremonies these animals are personified and their spirits made tangible and in turn are deeply woven within the Native Alaska people today. It was through the shaman that the spirit world was connected to the natural world. A shaman in Alaska Native culture was a mediator, healer and the spirit worlds’ mouthpiece. Although shamanism is no longer popularly practiced, it was and continues to be the heart of the Native Alaskan people. Aleuts The religion of the former Aleuts was an offshoot of the prevailing shamanistic beliefs common to the northern Inuit (formerly Eskimo) and to the tribes of northeastern Asia. They believed in the existence of a creator of everything visible and invisible, but did not connect him with the guidance of the world, and paid him no special worship. As rulers of their entire environment, they acknowledged two spirits, or kinds of spirits, who determined the fate of man in every respect. The earliest Aleuts worshiped light, the celestial bodies, and even the elements. They also believed that there were three worlds, to which they ascribed being and action. The first world, highest world, has no night or evening, and many people live there. The second, or middle world, is the earth. The third is subterranean and called lowest world. The aboriginal Aleuts had no temples or idols, but there were holy or forbidden localities known as . Here they made offerings to invisible spirits. Such holy places were found in every village, being usually a mound, or some prominent place or a crag, which women and young men were strictly prohibited from visiting, and especially from gathering the grasses for their basketry, or taking away stones. If any young person, either from audacity or curiosity, violated this restriction, such infraction was sure to be followed by terrible \\\"wild\\\" disease, speedy death, or at least insanity. Old men could visit these spots at certain times, but only for the purpose of making offerings. Among the past-tie Aleuts were both shamans and shamanism. They were considered to be the intermediaries between the visible and invisible worlds, between men and spirits, and the Aleuts believed they were acquainted with demonology and could foretell the future and aid sufferers. And though they were not professional obstetricians, yet as magicians their services were in request in cases of difficult childbirth. Shamans were the aboriginal specialists in dealing with the supernatural. They cured\",\n \"title\": \"Shamanism among Alaska Natives\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68479012\",\n \"text\": \"Jules Winslow Wright (August 21, 1933 – January 11, 2022) was an American businessman and politician from Alaska. Early life and private sector Jules Wright was born in Nenana, Alaska, on August 21, 1933, the sixth of seven sons born to Episcopal missionaries Arthur and Myrtle Wright. The siblings became known as the \\\"Alaskan Wright Brothers\\\", an homage to Orville and Wilbur Wright. He grew up in Nenana and attended the local schools. Around the time he entered his teens, his father died, leaving the family business, Wright Truck and Tractor, to his wife and three youngest sons. Jules Wright finished his education in Fairbanks, graduating from Fairbanks High School. He remained in Fairbanks as a trucker for two years before serving in the United States Army. During his military service, Wright was stationed in Fairbanks. After leaving the army, Wright ran a construction business with his brothers, then started another company, Tundra Contracting, in 1966. Subsequently, he was involved in the mining industry for a decade, then built and operated the Manley Hot Springs resort for eight years. By 1993, Wright was an employment rights officer for the Tanana Chiefs Conference. Political career Wright became involved with the Fairbanks Native Association around 1963, and served as its president before his election to the Alaska House of Representatives. As the leader of the association, Wright helped develop and present a proposal regarding dormitories for Alaskan Native children to the Alaska Legislature's Health, Welfare and Education Committee in February 1966, which led to his decision to mount a campaign of his own later that year. His 1966 run for public office was described as a \\\"strong person-to-person\\\" campaign. During his single term as a state representative, Wright was affiliated with the Republican Party and also served on the first convocation of a statewide land claims task force. Wright did not seek reelection to the state house during the 1968 election cycle. During his tenure, Wright voted against a bill regarding mergers of cities and boroughs that ultimately passed the state house in March 1967. That same month, a bill regarding registration of voters passed the Alaska Senate. Prior to the lower house's vote on the legislation, Wright declared his opposition to it. In April, the state house defeated the voter registration bill, with Wright voting against its passage. In February 1968, Wright criticized a bill that would define alcoholism as a disease, and protect alcoholics from criminal charges, fearing that its implementation would lead more people to become alcoholics. Later that month, Wright expressed opposition to a bill sponsored by Don Young to establish a statewide grain incentive program. In 1976, Wright ran for the Alaska Senate as an independent. His campaign was significantly financed by his brother Lawrence Wright, also of Tundra Contracting. The unsuccessful campaign was subject to a fine of $60 for turning its financial report in late. In 1984, Wright contested an open primary as a Republican candidate from Manley Hot Springs, Alaska, losing his bid to\",\n \"title\": \"Jules Wright (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2878142\",\n \"text\": \"The Alaska Zoo is a zoo in Anchorage, Alaska, located on of the Anchorage Hillside. It is a popular attraction in Alaska, with nearly 200,000 visitors per year. The zoo is currently home to more than 100 birds and mammals representing some 50 species. The zoo has the widest variety of animals native to the state of Alaska as well as some exotics such as Amur tigers, Bactrian camels, and yaks. In addition to viewing, the zoo specializes in education, research, wildlife conservation, and animal rehabilitation; many of the animals currently in the zoo were found orphaned or injured. History In 1966, Anchorage grocer Jack Snyder won a contest offering a prize of \\\"$3,000 or a baby elephant\\\". He chose the elephant, a female Asian elephant named Annabelle. Annabelle was initially kept at the Diamond H Horse Ranch, located in the Hillside area of Anchorage and owned by Sammye Seawell, which had the only heated stalls available. With Annabelle's increasing popularity, Seawell formed a non-profit corporation to build a place \\\"where the public could visit animals and learn about them.\\\" It was incorporated on March 28, 1968, as the Alaska Children's Zoo, which opened in 1969 with Annabelle and other donated animals. The zoo was located on land adjacent to Seawell's ranch. The zoo's name was changed to Alaska Zoo in June 1980. In 1983, a female African elephant named Maggie arrived at the Alaska Zoo as a companion for Annabelle. The zoo attracted some attention, even outside Alaska, in 1994 when Binky, then one of the zoo's polar bears, injured several visitors who entered his enclosure, famously pacing with an Australian woman's shoe dangling from his mouth (the current polar bear exhibit is human-proof). In 1997, Annabelle died, leaving her companion, Maggie alone. In 2004, in spite of mounting criticism, Alaska Zoo officials decided to keep Maggie in Alaska for at least three more years, rather than sending her to an elephant sanctuary in a warmer climate, where she could also socialize with other elephants. As of June 6, 2007, she was moved to the PAWS sanctuary in California. Notable animals Annabelle (1964–1997), an Asian elephant Annabelle, an Asian elephant, was born in India in 1964. In 1966, in a Chiffon Tissue contest sponsored by Crown Zellerbach, she was offered as an alternative prize between \\\"$3,000 or a baby elephant\\\". The prize-winner, Anchorage grocer Jack Snyder, chose the elephant. Annabelle was initially kept at the Diamond H Horse Ranch, located in the Hillside area of Anchorage and owned by Sammye Seawell, which had the only heated stalls available. Annabelle was one of the first animals when the zoo was founded as the Alaska Children's Zoo in 1969, along with several orphaned and injured animals in need of homes, including a black bear, seal, Arctic fox, and petting zoo goats. Annabelle died of complications of a foot infection on December 15, 1997. Binky (1975–1995), a polar bear Maggie (1983–2021), an African elephant Maggie, an African elephant, came to the Alaska\",\n \"title\": \"Alaska Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1023208\",\n \"text\": \"Afognak (; also Agw'aneq in Alutiiq was an Alutiiq village on the island of Afognak in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska, United States. It was located on Afognak Bay on the southwest coast of the island, three miles north of Kodiak Island. The site is now within the CDP of Aleneva. History Prehistory For more than 7,500 years, the Alutiiq people lived in hundreds of settlements in the Kodiak Archipelago. Like most other early native Alaskan peoples, the people of Afognak fished and hunted sea mammals from kayaks covered in seal skin. Men and women performed different tasks for the village. The people of Afognak traded services and goods with other settlements in Southeast Alaska and the Aleutian chain. The Russian settlement period The Russian American Company arrived on the island in 1784. The Russians invited and took several men from the village to hunt sea otters for sale in Europe. However, many people died as a result of mistreatment, and the smallpox epidemic of 1837–1840 killed many others in the archipelago. The Alutiiq began to change their lifestyle and governance. The name \\\"Afognak\\\" was derived from Afognak Island and was first reported in 1839 by Russian Sub-Lt. Mikhail Murashev. The natives and Russians on the island continued to fish, hunt, and gather food. Despite tensions between the two groups, many Russians and natives married and started families, and many natives learned Russian and converted to Russian Orthodoxy. The Alutiiq tradition was not abandoned, however, and was just added to. Many Russian workers who had married into the native community settled into the Russian American Company retirement communities upon their retirement. Eventually, the community of Russian Town, located next to Aleut Town, grew into the Afognak village, and the two merged. The American period The U.S. bought the occupation rights in 1867. Schools that only taught in English were established in regions where no one spoke the language, but by 1900, much of the younger community was trilingual, speaking Alutiiq, Russian, and English. In the late 1800s, the U.S. fishing business began to flourish. The business opened many canneries in Kodiak, Alaska, and fishermen from Scandinavia traveled to Alaska. The business in the area raised tension with the Alutiiq, who wanted to keep their fishing lifestyle. A post office was maintained intermittently from 1888 to 1964. Afognak was covered by one meter (3 ft) of ash when Mount Katmai erupted in 1912. The 1964 Good Friday earthquake generated a tsunami which destroyed the village. With help from the Lions Club and the federal government, a new community was constructed on the northeast coast of Kodiak Island, called Port Lions in honor of the Lions Club who helped relocate the village. The former residents of Afognak moved permanently in December 1964, though 11 residents were still residing there as late as 1980. Demographics Afognak first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village of 339 residents with a \\\"Creole\\\" (mixed Russian and native) majority of 195 and 144 Inuit minority.\",\n \"title\": \"Afognak, Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31578984\",\n \"text\": \"The practice of dental care in rural Alaska is overseen by the American Dental Association and other organizations under the jurisdiction of dentistry in the United States, with major differences from dentistry in the contiguous states. The oral health situation among the Alaskan Native population is among the most severe globally, with notably high rates of oral disease. Children in this population aged 2 to 5 years have almost five times the amount of tooth decay as children of the same age elsewhere in the United States, and adults have 2.5 times the amount of tooth decay as adults elsewhere. Other factors impacting the population's dental health include the difficulty of obtaining fresh food in remote locations, lack of fluoridated running water, and reduced access to education on the importance of dental health. The United States federal government and the Alaska Native Corporations have funded multiple programs in the state to target healthcare discrepancies arising from various factors: distance, affecting accessibility and practitioner retention; environmental or general racism; fear; and lack of access to affordable, quality housing and food. The cost of transportation worsens many of these factors; in 2011, an estimated 85,000 Alaska Natives lived in rural villages accessible only by boat or bush plane. Due to low retention of qualified dentists from external regions, dental therapy programs have taken root in the state to create career opportunities and increase healthcare access. These programs have served as models for other states to create similar programs. History Early healthcare acts The Snyder Act of 1921 was the first Act of Congress to appropriate funds for the health of the Indian population. Next came the Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 1976, signed on October 1 by President Gerald R. Ford. This Act recognized the need for better health care among the Indian population, as their general health registered far below that of the general population of the United States The Improvement Act also appropriated funds for the facilities used for Indian and Alaska Native health care as most of these facilities were far below the quality obtained by non-Indian health care facilities. After the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, Alaska Native Tribes and Regional Native corporations contracted with federal agencies to fund health programs and to allow these entities to deliver health, medical, and educational services to the American Indian and Alaska Native People. In 1997, the United States government required Alaska Native groups to combine their healthcare efforts, creating the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium to manage the distribution of Indian Health Services money and allow the Alaskan Native community to self-govern their own funds. Dental Health Aide Therapists Program Modeled after a program in New Zealand, the Dental Health Aide Therapists (DHAT) Program began in 2006 and created a system for rural healthcare that multiple states would later follow. Early sponsors included: The W.K. Kellogg Foundation (who then funded similar programs in Kansas, New Mexico, Ohio, Vermont and Washington), various Alaska Native regional health organizations\",\n \"title\": \"Dentistry in rural Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60339652\",\n \"text\": \"Tina Marie Woods is an American psychologist and Alaska Native community advocate. Early life and education Woods is the daughter of late Maria Shaishnikoff and late Juan Duenas Leon-Guerrero. Woods is half Aleut, originally from St. Paul, Alaska and half Chamorro from the Island of Guam. Woods dropped out of high school in the 10th grade, but went on to graduate from Bartlett High School in Anchorage, Alaska in 1993. In 1999 she graduated from University of Alaska Anchorage with her Bachelors in Psychology primarily focusing on Alaska Native people and Alaska Native youth In 2005 she completed Executive Leadership training through Indian Health Services. In 2007 Woods began her training for her Ph.D. and completed it in 2013, in Clinical Community Psychology with Rural Indigenous Emphasis. Career Woods is a licensed clinical psychologist in the state of Alaska. She has served as wellness program director and administrator for the Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association for over fifteen years, serving the Aleut people of the Aleutians and Pribilof Islands. She is involved in the Alaska Juvenile Justice Advisory Committee, appointed by the Governor in 2002. She served as an alternate member of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration tribal advisory committee on behalf of Alaska. With training from Tlingit teachers, Harold and Phil Gatensby of Carcross, Canada she was able to conduct peacemaking or healing circles. She then was invited in 2007 to use these healing circles at Camp Coho, a day camp sponsored by Alaska Native Tribal Health Counsel for Alaska Native children who have lost a loved one to cancer. Also in 2007 she served as the Alaska Natives into Psychology Coordinator on the University of Alaska Anchorage campus, promoting Native students to study psychology and other behavioral health programs. She serves on the Data Safety Monitoring for HEALTHH Study (Healing and Empowering Alaskan Lives Toward Healthy Hearts Project). Serving also on the University of Alaska Anchorage Psychology Department Community Advisory Board, the Alaska Public Health Association, Alaska Psychological Association, and the American Psychological Association. Woods is a committee member of the Criminal Justice Commission workshop on Behavioral Health, and for the Alaska Opioid Policy Task Force. She was co-chair for the writing of 1115 Behavioral Health Waiver Demonstration Project, which allows patients more access to behavioral health treatment. She has served the Alaskan Tribal Health System for over fifteen years and currently serves as the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortiums Senior Director of Community Health Services. Personal life Woods is married to Daniel Woods, an Athabascan from Rampart, Alaska. They share a daughter, Jasmine Nicole Woods. Woods resides currently in Anchorage, Alaska where she presides as the Senior Director of Community Health Services for Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium. See also List of Alaska Native inventors and scientists References Living people Alaska Native inventors and scientists People from Anchorage, Alaska University of Alaska Anchorage alumni Year of birth missing (living people) American women psychologists 21st-century American women Native American women scientists 21st-century Native American women 21st-century\",\n \"title\": \"Tina Marie Woods\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"105669\",\n \"text\": \"Chenega (; Alutiiq: ) is a census-designated place (CDP) on Evans Island in the Chugach Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. Located in Prince William Sound, the CDP consists of the Chugach Alutiiq village of Chenega Bay, which was established only after the Good Friday earthquake destroyed the original community on Chenega Island to the north. As of the 2020 census, the population of the CDP was 59, largely Alaska Natives; as of 2021, the population of Chenega is estimated at 49. Chenega Bay is in the Chugach School District and has one school, Chenega Bay Community School, serving approximately 16 students from preschool through high school. History Original Chenega The original village of Chenega, located on Chenega Island, was inhabited by the Chenega tribe, a subgroup of the Chugach Alutiiq. The name Chenega derives from \\\"Beneath the Mountain\\\". The village was a fishing village that was settled before Russian arrival in the area. A post office operated there from 1946 until the destruction of the town in 1964. Destruction of Chenega The original village of Chenega was destroyed in 1964 by a tsunami from the Good Friday earthquake, which killed 26 residents, a third of the 68 people who lived there at the time, and leveled all the buildings in the town except for the school and a singular house. Immediately following the tsunami, survivors were taken to Cordova, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs later permanently resettled them at Tatitlek. Construction of Chenega Bay After the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was passed, former residents of Chenega formed the Chenega Corporation, which acquired the right to select 76,093 acres of land near the site of the old Chenega Village Township. In 1977, following research into the landscape and the needs of villagers, a new town location was chosen at Crab Bay on Evans Island. Following the acquisition of funding for infrastructure, the new village, named Chenega Bay, was first occupied in 1984. Former and current Chenega residents gathered each Good Friday to remember the dead of Chenega. On the 25th Good Friday after the earthquake, in 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, causing an oil spill that again devastated Chenega and other places around the area economically. Geography Chenega is located at (60.066327, -148.010991). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (1.17%) is water. The village location is isolated, only accessible by boat or by plane. Demographics Old Chenega (1880–1964) The original Chenega, then located on the south end of Chenega Island at , first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated Sugpiaq village (all 80 residents were Sugpiaq/Alutiiq). It reported on the 1890 census as \\\"Ingamatsha.\\\" 71 of the residents were Native Alaskans and 2 were \\\"Creole\\\" (mixed Russian/Caucasian and Native Alaskan). It returned in 1900 as Chenega. It did not appear on the 1910 & 1920 censuses. It appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Chenega, Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74194069\",\n \"text\": \"The Algaaciq Native Village (St. Mary's) is a federally recognized Alaska Native village in St. Mary's in southwest Alaska. They are Yup'ik people with a population of about 500. Algaaciq is part of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region, and their ANCSA Alaska Native Regional Corporation is the Calista Corporation. Government Algaaciq elects a president and tribal council. Their current president is Flora Pauken. They maintain their own tribal court. Location The village is located where the Andreafsky and Yukon Rivers meet. Demographics In 2010, an individual per capita income was $15,688. A medium household earned $38,000. About 25.7 percent of the adults in village were unemployed. Subsistence hunting and gathering is still economically vital to the community. See also List of Alaska Native tribal entities Yup'ik cuisine Yup'ik languages External links Algaaciq Native Village References Native American tribes in Alaska Yupik tribes\",\n \"title\": \"Algaaciq Native Village\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9905246\",\n \"text\": \"Joan Arend Kickbush (March 23, 1926 – June 16, 2006) was a popular Alaskan artist. Her paintings and illustrations featured Alaska Native children, Yupik villagers and Arctic wildlife. She painted in watercolor and oil. Personal life Joan developed an interest in drawing as a small girl. Joan Arend married Roland Gene Kickbush, who was nicknamed \\\"Kick\\\". In 1953 Kickbush and her husband Roland moved to Anchorage, Alaska where they both worked as a teachers and Kickbush painted. They built their first home in 1960 in Anchorage. By 1978 Kickbush and her husband left Alaska to live in the Lower 48 states. They lived in Bend, Oregon; California and Carefree, Arizona. She died on June 16, 2006. Roland died in California on June 25, 2009. In 1965 it was reported that the couple had no children, and there were no children mentioned in Roland's obituary. Career Before moving to Anchorage in 1953, she was a commercial artist in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Hawaii. Once she settled in Anchorage, however, there was little opportunity for a commercial artist. She was a kindergarten teacher when she took an Alaskan teacher's tour to Kotzebue and Nome in 1955. From that time, she embarked on what became a career painting Alaska Native (Inupiat–Yupik) children. Her paintings of the \\\"wide-eyed\\\" children were popular, and journalist Phyllis Eilleen Lancaster stated that: \\\"Her style is realistic, with the charm and appeal of Hummel figurines.\\\" At an exhibit in 1963 at the Alaska Art Gallery, 40 of her watercolors and oils of native children were shown. It was her first Interior Alaska art showing. Shed exhibited her work at the House of Wood, a local gallery in Fairbanks. The couple purchased a plane that Roland piloted so that they could travel to remote villages in Alaska. She made paintings in her studio of scenes she had sketched during their visits, and he matted and framed her works. The Siberian Yupik village of Savoonga on St. Lawrence Island was her favorite subject. At a United Nations tea in Anchorage in or before 1965, Hubert Humphrey's wife, Muriel Buck Humphrey, was given one of Kickbush's works. The Alaska Crippled Children's Association gave a painting to the head chaplain and it hung in his Washington D.C. office. The University of Wisconsin had her works in a permanent collection. An exhibition of her watercolor and oils was held at the Alaska Art Gallery in Fairbanks from November 18 to December 2, 1966. The Frye Art Museum in Seattle held an exhibition of Kickbush's works in November, 1977. It featured her paintings of Alaska Native children. At that time she and her husband were living in Bend, Oregon, and she made paintings from sketches she had previously made during visits to Alaskan villages. Her trademark technique was to \\\"transfer the sketches to pressed board and after applying oils, uses a palette knife technique to produce a jewel-like finish;\\\" Her oils obtained a matte finish through the use of artists' wax. During her career as a\",\n \"title\": \"Joan Arend Kickbush\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20818844\",\n \"text\": \"The Chugach School District is a school district headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska. It operates three brick-and-mortar schools in Prince William Sound, Alaska; a homeschool program that serves students across the state; and a short-term residential school out of Anchorage. The three brick-and-mortar schools of Chenega Bay, Tatitlek, and Whittier encompass an area across South Central Alaska. Schools Chenega Bay Chenega Bay Community School is located in the Southwest region of Prince William Sound, on Evan's Island. It is part of the Alaska Native Village of Chenega Bay. This school is the smallest in the Chugach School District, with 15 students enrolled for the 2020–2021 school year. Tatitlek Tatitlek Community School is located in the Northeast region of Prince William Sound, in the 90-person community of the Alaska Native Village of Tatitlek. This school has about 19 students enrolled for the 2020–2021 school year. Whittier Whittier Community School is located in Northwestern Prince William Sound, in the 280-person community of Whittier. This is the largest of Chugach's brick-and-mortar schools, with about 55 students enrolled for the 2020–2021 school year. FOCUS Homeschool Chugach's homeschool program, FOCUS Homeschool, has main offices in Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Valdez that serve families across the state. The majority of Chugach's students are part of the homeschool program. There were approximately 608 students enrolled in FOCUS Homeschool for the 2020–2021 school year. Voyage to Excellence The Voyage to Excellence (VTE) Program is a residential school that provides students with opportunities to apply what they have learned in school to real life situations. There are phases of varying lengths, from 6 days to a month, that have specific focuses. During these phases, students gain skills and training in various life skills, personal development, social development, service training, urban/city life familiarization, leadership, and career development. The mission of VTE is to provide youth with the skills and knowledge necessary to make a successful transition from school to life, which they accomplish through over 70 partnerships with schools and businesses. History The Chugach School District underwent major changes starting in 1994. They went from the bottom quartile in Alaska to, just five years after rebuilding their education system, the top quartile. This began with two years of input-gathering from communities and businesses. Performance-based education Chugach is recognized as being one of the longest-running, public performance-based school districts. This model is described as a \\\"reversal\\\" of the traditional education equation. Instead of time being the constant and learning being the variable, as in the traditional system, learning is the constant and time is the variable. Awards In 2001, the Chugach School District became the first educational institution to earn the prestigious Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award offered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). In 2008, Chugach School District won the Alaska Performance Excellence (APEX) award of quality. In 2021, Chugach School District's Fairbanks based agricultural education program, Silent Springs FFA, was recognized as 3-Star premier chapter as well as a top 10 National finalist by the National FFA Organization.\",\n \"title\": \"Chugach School District\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5224093\",\n \"text\": \"The Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) is a nonprofit organization that documents Filipino American history. History Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) was founded on 26 November 1982 in Seattle, Washington, by Dorothy Laigo Cordova and her husband Fred Cordova. The organization states that its mission is “to promote understanding, education, enlightenment, appreciation, and enrichment through the identification, gathering, preservation, and dissemination of the history and culture of Filipino Americans in the United States” with the goal of preserving and documenting Filipino American history. FANHS was first chartered in Washington on 7 January 1985. The national office and archives are housed in Seattle. The first board of trustees was elected with 27 members from 12 states on 1 November 1986. In the same year, Fred Cordova created the National Pinoy Archives. Dorothy Cordova served as executive director. Past projects include the video Filipino Americans Discovering Their Past for the Future, the pictorial essay Filipinos: Forgotten Asian Americans; and various regional publications and photo exhibits. FANHS also contributed significantly to the Smithsonian traveling exhibit Singgalot: The Ties That Bind, which documents the history of Filipino Americans in the US. Filipino American History Month Under the leadership of Fred Cordova, FANHS established Filipino American History Month (FAHM) in 1992. Since then, FAHM has been recognized by several states including New York, California, Hawaii, Minnesota, and Arkansas. In 2009, the U.S. Senate and Congress proclaimed October as Filipino-American History Month. In 2015 and 2016, President Obama officially recognized FAHM in October with a celebration in the White House. Biennial National Conferences Since 1987, FANHS has sponsored national conferences (later ratified as a biennial event) where people gather to share and present research, network with other Filipino Americans, and honor those who have produced innovative work in the field of historical research and analysis. Past conference host cities include: Seattle (1988), New Orleans (1990), Sacramento (1992), Chicago (1994), San Francisco (1996), and New York City (1998). The 2000 conference was hosted by the Hampton Roads Chapter of FANHS in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The theme was \\\"Forever Pinay/Pinoy: Legacies of the Filipino American Experience\\\". The 2002 conference was hosted at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, California. Keynote speakers included Vicki Manalo Draves, the first Filipina/Asian-American Olympian and gold medalist. The 2004 conference was hosted in St. Louis, Missouri. The 2006 conference was hosted by the Filipino American Historical Society of Hawaii in Honolulu, Hawaii. It included a centennial celebration as it was in 1906 when the first wave of sakadas (farm workers) landed in Hawaii. The 2008 conference was hosted by the Alaska Chapter of the organization, in Anchorage, Alaska. The theme was \\\"Lure of the Salmon Song\\\" referring to the tens of thousands of Filipino Alaskeros who worked in the Alaskan canneries since 1915. The 2010 conference was held in Seattle, Washington, with the theme, \\\"A Quest for Emergence: A Retrospective.\\\" The 2012 conference was held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, with the theme \\\"Resilience: A Filipino Legacy in a Global Community.\\\" The\",\n \"title\": \"Filipino American National Historical Society\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44417421\",\n \"text\": \"The Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center (YPCC), also known as Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center and Museum, formerly known as the Yup'ik Museum, Library, and Multipurpose Cultural Center (or Facility), is a non-profit cultural center of the Yup'ik (and sometimes Alaskan Athabaskan of the region) culture centrally located in Bethel, Alaska near the University of Alaska Fairbanks' Kuskokwim Campus and city offices. The center is a unique facility that combines a museum, a library, and multi-purpose cultural activity center including performing arts space, for cultural gatherings, feasts, celebrations, meetings and classes. and that celebrates the Yup'ik culture and serves as a regional cultural center for Southwest Alaska. The name of Yupiit Piciryarait means \\\"Yup'iks' customs\\\" in Yup'ik language and derived from piciryaraq meaning \\\"manner; custom; habit; tradition; way of life\\\" Construction of this cultural facility was completed in 1995, funded through a State appropriation of federal funds. Total cost for construction was $6.15 million. The center was jointly sponsored by the Association of Village Council Presidents (AVCP) and the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) and at the present the center operated by the UAF's Kuskokwim Campus, AVCP and City of Bethel. The building houses three community resources: the Consortium Library, the Yup'ik Museum, and the Multi-purpose room or auditorium. The mission of the center is promote, preserve and develop the traditions of the Yup'ik through traditional and non-traditional art forms of the Alaska Native art, including arts and crafts, performance arts, education, and Yup'ik language. The center also supports local artists and entrepreneurs. Architecture The Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center was built in 1994‐95 to be a community and regional asset. The architectural design of the facility celebrates the Yup'ik culture and designed by Livingston Slone Architects of Anchorage. In keeping with the preservation and conservation of the Yup'ik culture, Yup'ik themes such as the double circle motif or circle-and-dot design (ellanguaq sg ellanguat pl in Yup'ik) like Yup'ik masks that represent the cosmos and earth, are incorporated into architectural elements throughout the building, such as the ceiling patterns and light fixtures. The performing arts space includes a platform for dancing that is located under a raised ceiling designed to refer to the Yup'ik qasgiq (traditional large semisubterranean men's community house), the museum provides exhibit space for Alaska Native arts and crafts and support spaces and storage areas are environmentally controlled to assure proper storage of artifacts and artwork. Management The entire facility is owned and managed by the UAF's Kuskokwim Campus, which oversees facility operations and maintenance and provides building security. The university is also in charge of renting out the facility's conference space. The multi-purpose room managed by UAF's Kuskokwim Campus. The Yup'ik Museum and gift shop operated by the Association of Village Council Presidents, Inc. (AVCP). The Consortium Library operated by the City of Bethel and the UAF. The UAF presently has a three-year grant from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development to increase the sustainability of this facility. The university is applying for a three-year continuation\",\n \"title\": \"Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13472280\",\n \"text\": \"Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall, or Sitka Camp No. 1, is significant for being the original chapter of the Alaska Native Brotherhood, an Alaska-wide Native organization. It is located on the waterfront in Sitka, Alaska, on Katlian Street. The two-story building, built in 1914, is of wood-frame construction, and is about wide and long. Most of its length extends out over water, supported on pilings. The roof is trimmed at front and back by plain bargeboard with seven unadorned corbel-like supports in the form of triangular struts. Architectural evidence suggests that the building has been altered and enlarged; adding the front quarter of the building and raising the roof to a full two stories probably occurred sometime after its original construction. The interior of the building is mainly taken up by a large two-story auditorium, with the stage at the rear (over the water). A narrow gallery, accessed by stairs within the auditorium space, wraps around its rear and side walls. The front of the building has a lobby area on the first floor, and office space for the Brotherhood on the second floor. The Alaska Native Brotherhood was founded in Sitka by Tlingit natives in 1912 as a vehicle to fight discrimination against them in restaurants and movie theaters. The organization, which now has a much broader membership across Alaska's many native groups, has been successful in bringing about significant changes for its members, including securing United States citizenship for Alaska natives and passage of the Alaska Historic Preservation Act. The hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Alaska National Register of Historic Places listings in Sitka City and Borough, Alaska References External links Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall, Sitka at Alaska Regional Office, National Park Service. Buildings and structures completed in 1914 Buildings and structures in Sitka, Alaska Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska National Historic Landmarks in Alaska Native American history of Alaska 1914 establishments in Alaska Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Sitka, Alaska\",\n \"title\": \"Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1681798\",\n \"text\": \"The Anchorage Daily News is a daily newspaper published by the Binkley Co., and based in Anchorage, Alaska. It is the most widely read newspaper and news website (adn.com) in the state of Alaska. The newspaper is headquartered in Anchorage, with bureaus in Wasilla and Juneau. History Early history The Anchorage Daily News was born as the weekly Anchorage News, publishing its first issue January 13, 1946. The paper's founder and first publisher was Norman C. Brown. The early president of the paper's parent company was Harry J. Hill, who was also assistant treasurer of The Lathrop Company. This established the theory that Cap Lathrop was really behind the publication, but didn't wish to have his name formally associated with it, unlike his other newspapers such as the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Brown did share Lathrop's views on the statehood issue. Brown became a leader in the short-lived mid-1950s movement to turn Alaska into a commonwealth rather than a state. The newspaper became an afternoon daily in May 1948, although it wouldn't publish a Sunday newspaper until June 13, 1965. By then, the Anchorage Daily News had become a morning newspaper, making that switch on April 13, 1964. By the 1970s, the gradual downturn in the newspaper industry was taking its toll on the ADN. Lawrence Fanning had purchased the paper in 1968, but suffered a heart attack at his desk and died in 1971. His widow, Katherine Woodruff \\\"Kay\\\" Fanning, took over. Kay Fanning had previously been married into the Marshall Field family (she was the mother of Ted Field). This was of no help to her, as the paper plunged further into debt as the decade wore on. In 1974, Fanning entered into a joint operating agreement with the Anchorage Times. Times publisher Robert Atwood cancelled the agreement 4 years later. By this point, the paper's news-gathering and editorial operations were operating out of a small two-story storefront building at the corner of West Seventh Avenue and I Street. Purchase by the McClatchy Company The McClatchy Company purchased the Daily News in 1979, when it bought a controlling interest from Kay Fanning, who had been editor and publisher since Larry Fanning's death in 1971. Kay Fanning continued as the head of the paper until mid-1983. While retaining some financial interest in the paper, she went on to become the editor of The Christian Science Monitor. The Daily News was the first of two newspapers that the then-122-year-old, California-based, McClatchy Company bought outside the state; the Kennewick, Washington, Tri-City Herald was the next. McClatchy would later grow to become a national newspaper company, including the purchase of the Knight-Ridder chain in 2006. Purchase by the Alaska Dispatch In April, 2014, it was announced that the Alaska Dispatch web publication would be buying the Anchorage Daily News for US$34 million. The deal closed in May, 2014. On Sunday, July 20, 2014, the parent-company of the ADN, the Alaska Dispatch, renamed the paper the Alaska Dispatch News. 2017 bankruptcy Adn.com announced on\",\n \"title\": \"Anchorage Daily News\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"956533\",\n \"text\": \"The Dalton Trail is a trail that runs between Pyramid Harbor, west of Haines, Alaska in the United States, and Fort Selkirk, in the Yukon Territory of Canada, using the Chilkat Pass. It is 396 km (246 mi) long. Originally, the Chilkat group of Tlingit controlled the trail, which they used for trade with the Athabascan people of the interior. They called the trail \\\"grease trail\\\" after the eulachon oil (extracted from the tiny candlefish) that was the most important item of trade on the Chilkoot side. Each Tlingit chief had an exclusive Athabascan trading partner. Tlingits took eulachon oil and returned with furs, hides and copper nuggets gathered by the Athabascans. Trading parties often lasted a month or more and often consisted of as many as 100 men, each of whom would carry a 45 kg (100 pound) load. Upon the arrival of Europeans, the Chilkat acted as middlemen between the traders and Athabascans and became quite wealthy. The Chilkat trade monopoly was broken in 1890 when E. J. Glave, John (Jack) Dalton and several others were hired by Leslie's Illustrated Magazine of New York to explore the interior of Alaska. While exploring the Grease Trail, they saw the possibility of a trade route there. Dalton and Glave returned in the spring of 1891 to try taking pack horses on the trail. Glave died a few years later, but Dalton remained in the area. He developed a series of trading posts and, in 1899, began charging a toll to use the Grease Trail, which prospectors called Dalton's Trail and later the Dalton Trail. During the Klondike Gold Rush many prospectors walked the trail to Fort Selkirk, where log rafts would float men, horses and cattle to Dawson City. In 1900, the White Pass and Yukon Route Railway was completed to neighboring Skagway. This ended much of the traffic on the Dalton Trail. The west portion of the present-day Haines Highway follows much the same route as the Dalton Trail. The Dalton Trail was named after John „Jack“ Dalton (June 25, 1856 in Bruce County/Ontario – December 16, 1944 in San Francisco), the father of James W. Dalton, the famous prospector of Alaska's North Slope. References External links Atlin District First Nations history Geography of Yukon Grease trails Geography of Haines Borough, Alaska Hiking trails in Alaska Klondike Gold Rush Native American trails in the United States Tlingit Gold rush trails and roads Historic trails and roads in Alaska Historic American Buildings Survey in Alaska Native American history of Alaska\",\n \"title\": \"Dalton Trail\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38339991\",\n \"text\": \"Jonathan S. Kreiss-Tomkins (born February 7, 1989) is an American politician who was a member of the Alaska House of Representatives from 2013 to 2023. A Democrat, he represented the state's 35th district, which encompasses many Southeast island communities including Hoonah, Sitka, Kake, Klawock, Craig, Angoon, and Petersburg. Alaska House of Representatives Committees For the 30th Legislature, Kreiss-Tomkins was a member of the following committees: House State Affairs (Chair) House Community & Regional Affairs House Fisheries House Judiciary Legislation House Bill 216, sponsored by Kreiss-Tomkins, was signed into law on October 23, 2014, making each of the twenty Native languages in Alaska an official language of the state. The act, which was passed by large bipartisan majorities in both chambers, adds Inupiaq, Siberian Yupik, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unangax, Dena'ina, Deg Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwich'in, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian languages as official languages of the state. Political campaigns 2012 election Due to the 2010 census redistricting, Bill Thomas, a state representative since 2004, was redrawn into a slightly altered district. Kreiss-Tomkins's hometown of Sitka fell into the 34th district and no other candidates from the Democratic party filed to run in the primary, so he decided to run for the seat. Kreiss-Tomkins dropped out of Yale University after three years to run. The race was very close, and Kreiss-Tomkins won with 50.12% of the vote. After a recount that decreased his margin of victory from 34 votes to 32, the vote was finalized on December 3, 2012, almost a month after election day. 2014 election In the 2014 midterm elections, Kreiss-Tomkins was reelected with 60% of the vote (3393 votes to 2288). His opponent was Petersburg Republican Steven Samuelson, who had lost twice before to Peggy Wilson of Wrangell in primaries. Kreiss-Tomkins was elected in a slightly altered district (renumbered as House District 35) that now included Petersburg and the northern end of Prince of Wales Island, but no longer covered Haines and Metlakatla. Media coverage After Kreiss-Tomkins's victory in 2012, The Nation wrote an article about him titled \\\"Alaska's Lesson for the Left\\\" and he later featured in Politico’s \\\"How to Turn a Red State Purple\\\". Following the 2014 legislative session, during which Kreiss-Tomkins sponsored a successful bill that made Alaska's Native languages official, The Washington Post named him one of its \\\"40 Under 40\\\" of American politicians. Personal life As a freshman at Sitka High School in 2003, Kreiss-Tomkins attracted national attention as a major online organizer for the Howard Dean presidential campaign. He is a long distance runner, winning the Alpine Adventure Race in 2009 and placing second in the Coyote Two Moon ultramarathon in 2010. He is also a mountaineer and in 2009 he climbed the highest volcano in the world, Argentina’s Ojos del Salado, to conclusively measure its height against a neighboring peak in Chile. Kreiss-Tomkins founded Outer Coast College and Alaska Fellows Program. In 2020, he co-founded Covid Act Now. References External links Alaska Democrats\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Kreiss-Tomkins\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10605127\",\n \"text\": \"The Yupʼik or Yupiaq (sg & pl) and Yupiit or Yupiat (pl), also Central Alaskan Yupʼik, Central Yupʼik, Alaskan Yupʼik (own name Yupʼik sg Yupiik dual Yupiit pl; Russian: Юпики центральной Аляски), are an Indigenous people of western and southwestern Alaska ranging from southern Norton Sound southwards along the coast of the Bering Sea on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (including living on Nelson and Nunivak Islands) and along the northern coast of Bristol Bay as far east as Nushagak Bay and the northern Alaska Peninsula at Naknek River and Egegik Bay. They are also known as Cupʼik by the Chevak Cupʼik dialect-speaking people of Chevak and Cupʼig for the Nunivak Cupʼig dialect-speaking people of Nunivak Island. The Yupiit are the most numerous of the various Alaska Native groups and speak the Central Alaskan Yupʼik language, a member of the Eskimo–Aleut family of languages. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the Yupiit population in the United States numbered over 34,000 people, of whom over 22,000 lived in Alaska. The vast majority of these live in the seventy or so communities in the traditional Yupʼik territory of western and southwestern Alaska. About 10,000 speak the language. The Yupʼik had the greatest number of people who identified with one tribal grouping and no other race (29,000). In that census, nearly half of American Indians and Alaska Natives identified as being of mixed race. Yupʼik, Cupʼik, and Cupʼig speakers can converse without difficulty, and the regional population is often described using the larger term of Yupʼik. They are one of the four Yupik peoples of Alaska and Siberia, closely related to the Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq (Pacific Yupik) of south-central Alaska, the Siberian Yupik of St. Lawrence Island and Russian Far East, and the Naukan of Russian Far East. The Yupʼik combine a contemporary and a traditional subsistence lifestyle in a blend unique to the Southwest Alaska. Today, the Yupʼik generally work and live in western style but still hunt and fish in traditional subsistence ways and gather traditional foods. Most Yupʼik people still speak the native language and bilingual education has been in force since the 1970s. The neighbours of the Yupʼik are the Iñupiaq to the north, Aleutized Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq to the south, and Alaskan Athabaskans, such as Yupikized Holikachuk and Deg Hitʼan, non-Yupikized Koyukon and Denaʼina, to the east. Naming Originally, the singular form was used in the northern area (Norton Sound, Yukon, some Nelson Island) while the form was used in the southern area (Kuskokwim, Canineq [around Kwigillingok, Kipnuk, Kongiganak, and Chefornak], Bristol Bay). Certain places (Chevak, Nunivak, Egegik) have other forms: , , and . The form is now used as a common term (though not replacing and ). comes from the Yupʼik word , meaning 'person', plus the postbase (or ), meaning 'real' or 'genuine'; thus, literally means 'real person'. The ethnographic literature sometimes refers to the Yupʼik people or their language as Yuk or Yuit. In the Hooper Bay-Chevak and Nunivak dialects of Yupʼik, both the language and\",\n \"title\": \"Yup'ik\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61403883\",\n \"text\": \"Kerlungner (born about 1877), also written as Ker-Lung-Ner, was an Alaska Native woman who toured the United States as part of Miner W. Bruce's \\\"Eskimo Troupe\\\" in the 1890s. Early life Kerlungner is variously described in contemporary sources as belonging to the Kinugumiut or Kumu-Gu-Mut cultural group, based near Port Clarence, Alaska. Touring, 1893-1896 Kerlungner was photographed with other members of her community in 1894, by American ethnographer William Dinwiddie. She was among the Alaska Native people who toured American cities with entrepreneur Miner Wait Bruce's \\\"Eskimo Troupe\\\" from 1893 to 1896. The tour was a publicity effort supporting Bruce's business plan, importing and breeding Siberian reindeer in Alaska. Bruce had no particular authority or expertise to travel with the group, or to arrange their appearances at various exhibitions, schools, and other gatherings. They were presented in exploitative ways, and their health and safety were jeopardized more than once. (During these same years, Miner W. Bruce assembled a large collection of Alaska Native artifacts, hundreds of which he sold to the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago in 1894 and in 1896.) The troupe of three men, four women, and three children appeared at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta in 1895, and were welcomed at the White House by president Grover Cleveland. Kerlungner was billed as an \\\"Alaskan Princess\\\", the young beauty of the group. \\\"The 'princess' is really quite a pretty girl, with rosy cheeks and superlatively white teeth,\\\" commented one report in 1894. She displayed her traditional clothing and cookery, danced, and participated in chants and drumming for curious audiences. Her \\\"small and shapely\\\" hands and feet were also measured and admired. Kerlungner married her fellow performer, Iser-Kyner, without legal papers or family involvement, and possibly only for publicity, at a ceremony on the midway during the Cotton States and International Exposition in 1894. On their trip home in 1896, Kerlungner was struck in the head by the ship's rigging and hurt, but recovered by the time the schooner landed at Unalaska. Her mother died in 1897, as noted in a government report from the nearby reindeer station. In 1915, the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of Ethnology exhibited photographs of Kerlungner at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. References Alaska Native people Women in Alaska 1870s births Year of birth uncertain Year of death missing\",\n \"title\": \"Kerlungner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42204775\",\n \"text\": \"The Alaskan Athabascans, Alaskan Athapascans or Dena () are Alaska Native peoples of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. They are the original inhabitants of the interior of Alaska. Formerly they identified as a people by the word Tinneh (nowadays Dena; cf. Dene for Canadian Athabaskans). Taken from their own language, it means simply \\\"men\\\" or \\\"people\\\". Subgroups In Alaska, where they are the oldest, there are eleven groups identified by the languages they speak. These are: Dena’ina or Tanaina (Ht’ana) Ahtna or Copper River Athabascan (Hwt’aene) Deg Hit’an or Ingalik (Hitʼan) Holikachuk (Hitʼan) Koyukon (Hut’aane) Upper Kuskokwim or Kolchan (Hwt’ana) Tanana or Lower Tanana (Kokht’ana) Tanacross or Tanana Crossing (Koxt’een) Upper Tanana (Kohtʼiin) Gwich'in or Kutchin (Gwich’in) Hän (Hwëch’in). Life and culture The Alaskan Athabascan culture is an inland creek and river fishing (also coastal fishing by only Dena'ina of Cook Inlet) and hunter-gatherer culture. The Alaskan Athabascans have a matrilineal system in which children belong to the mother's clan, with the exception of the Yupikized Athabaskans (Holikachuk and Deg Hit'an). The Athabascan people hold potlatches which have religious, social and economic significance. Dogs were their only domesticated animal, but were and are an integral element in their culture for the Athabascan population in North America. History Athabascans are descended from Asian hunter-gatherers, likely originally native to Mongolia, who crossed the Bering Strait and settled in North America. Notable Alaskan Athabascans George Attla (1933–2015) was a champion sprint dog musher. Emil Notti, an American engineer, indigenous activist and democratic politician. Key in the development of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Quinn Christopherson is an American singer-songwriter. He won the 2019 Tiny Desk Contest with his entry \\\"Erase Me,\\\" a song describing his experience with male privilege and erasure as a transgender man. John Sackett (1944–2021) served in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1967 to 1971 and in the Alaska Senate from 1973 to 1987. Michael J. Stickman, First Chief of the Nulato Tribal Council. Siobhan Wescott, physician and public health advocate; she has served as Director of the American Indian Health Program and is a Professor of American Indian Health at the University of Nebraska. Poldine Carlo Kathleen Carlo-Kendall Peter Kalifornsky Mary TallMountain See also Tanana Chiefs Conference (all Alaskan Athabaskans' [excl. Ahtna and Dena'ina] a territorial-level organization) Doyon, Limited Alaska Native Language Center Alaska Federation of Natives Indian ice cream (Alaska) Athabascan fiddle References\",\n \"title\": \"Alaskan Athabaskans\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5969683\",\n \"text\": \"KNOM (780 AM) and KNOM-FM (96.1 FM) are non-commercial Catholic radio stations in Nome, Alaska. The station owners and licensees are KNOM Radio Mission, Inc., a 501(c)3 nonprofit entity with seven board members. The FM signal has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1,000 watts and covers the city of Nome and adjacent communities. KNOM AM 780 is considered a Class A station. By day, it transmits with 25,000 watts and can be heard as far north as Barter Island and as far south as the Alaska Peninsula, with regular coverage of approximately . With a good radio, it can be heard into the Russian Far East. At night, power is reduced to 14,000 watts. In addition to its local news, weather, public affairs and religious programming, KNOM broadcasts a wide range of music in various formats. It also broadcasts some nationally syndicated programming, such as the Christian 20 The Countdown Magazine and the secular American Top 40: The 70s. The station's newsroom is staffed by one full-time news director and several volunteer reporters. An Associated Press member station since 1971, the station dropped its AP affiliation in 2014. In April 2015, the station was awarded \\\"Best Daily News Program, Radio\\\" in Alaska by the Alaska Press Club. History KNOM is the oldest Catholic radio station in the United States, and has been broadcasting in western Alaska for over five decades. The idea for the station came from James Poole, S.J. While serving at the Jesuit mission in the village of St. Mary's in 1959, Poole created a makeshift \\\"radio station\\\" by wiring 30 homes with speakers linked to the public address system. He was reassigned to Nome in 1966, with fundraising for the station beginning in December of that year. In 1970, Tom Busch, a young broadcast engineer, moved to Nome, becoming the chief engineer and eventually the station's general manager. After several years of work, Busch and a large team of volunteers gathered the money for the equipment, filled out paperwork with the Federal Communications Commission, built the station, and assembled its original broadcasting equipment. KNOM first went on the air on July 15, 1971. Busch was the general manager of KNOM for more than 30 years. Poole left KNOM and Alaska in 1988 when he was reassigned to work in Tacoma, Washington. (Although not involved with the mission at that point, his name was used to thank donors. into the late 1990s.) In 2004 the first of what would become dozens of allegations began to emerge of Poole's sexual abuse of Alaska Native women during his time in rural Alaska from the 1960s through the 1980s. Tom Busch personally mailed every person who had donated to the station, explaining that the allegations were true, and detailing the steps the station would make. For several years after, the station actively aired spots aimed at helping victims of sexual abuse. By April 2005, Busch became development director and part-time engineer. Longtime program director and former volunteer Ric Schmidt became\",\n \"title\": \"KNOM\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74713345\",\n \"text\": \"The Native Village of Eek is a federally recognized Yup'ik Alaska Native tribal entity. About The Native Village of Eek is headquartered in the city of Eek in the Bethel Census Area. History As of 2005, the tribe had 278 enrolled citizens. In 2023, the Native Village of Eek and several other Alaska Native tribes filed a lawsuit in an attempt to block the creation of a gold mine in Southwest Alaska. In 2020, the village ordered a community-wide lock-down in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, the Native Village of Eek and several other Alaska Native tribes joined a lawsuit against Donlin Gold, LLC, a mining corporation, alleging that the mine was a public health danger and did not have proper permits. The State of Alaska sided with the mining corporation. See also List of Alaska Native tribal entities Eek, Alaska References External links Native Village of Eek, National Indian Law Library Alaska Native tribes Yupik tribes\",\n \"title\": \"Native Village of Eek\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1565561\",\n \"text\": \"Alaska Pacific University (APU) is a private university in Anchorage, Alaska. It was established as Alaska Methodist University in 1957. Although it was renamed to Alaska Pacific University in 1978, it is still affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The main campus is located adjacent to the University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA) and the Alaska Native Medical Center. History The university was founded in the late 1950s as Alaska Methodist University by Peter Gordon Gould, an Aleut from Unga, Alaska. Gould became the first Alaska Native minister in the United Methodist Church later in life, and used his position to campaign for the development of a Methodist University in Alaska. Alaska Methodist University dedicated its campus on June 28, 1959. In April 1958, Dr. Donald F. Ebright was elected as the university's first administrative president. Frederick P. McGinnis was elected in 1960, and served as acting president to the first class of students to attend the university. Approximately 900 acres of land destined to become the site of the APU Kellogg Campus was attained in 1973 from the DeWolf-Kellogg Trust. In November 1978 Alaska Methodist University was renamed Alaska Pacific University. Despite the university's origins with Judeo-Christian traditions found in United Methodism, there is no sectarian or doctrinal creed found in its educational offerings. In 2016, APU formed a strategic partnership with the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, the largest Tribal health organization in the country. The partnership supports the development of academic and cultural programs focusing on the needs of the state and Alaska Natives. Academics The Early Honors program functions as an alternative to the senior year in high school. Undergraduates can pursue liberal arts and sciences programs. APU's course year is split into \\\"block\\\" sessions of four weeks, co-existing alongside the \\\"session\\\" of eleven weeks to form a semester. APU offers nine graduate programs, eight master's degrees and one doctoral degree. There are also several graduate certificate options. APU also offers a professional studies programs for non-traditional students. Campus The main campus includes academic facilities, residence halls, community gathering spaces, recreational facilities, and winter and summer recreational trails. The campus consists of eight major buildings, with five of them currently utilized directly by the university. The three other buildings on the main campus are offices for the US Geological Survey, Alaska Public Media, and the Alaska Spine Institute. The Atwood Center is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the location (along with North and South Atwood) of a major conference of Alaska Natives at the time of the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971. APU has an extension of its campus in Palmer, AK known as the Kellogg Campus. It functions as a 700-acre working farm for students of the sustainability program, as well as an environmental learning center for home-schooled students. There are multiple housing accommodations on the main campus, divided up by class year designations. All incoming freshman under 21 years of age are required to live on\",\n \"title\": \"Alaska Pacific University\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16176385\",\n \"text\": \"Harry T. Crawford, Jr. (born April 17, 1952), is an American Democratic politician from the U.S. state of Alaska. A native of Shreveport, Louisiana, Crawford moved to Alaska in 1975 to help construct the Alaska Pipeline as an ironworker. Along with Eric Croft and David Guttenberg, Crawford sponsored two successful ballot initiatives which passed by wide margins: the Alaska Replacement of U.S. Senators Initiative of 2004, which ensured voters would fill any future Senate vacancies, and the Alaska Campaign Finance Reform Initiative of 2006, which reduced the amount any individual or group could give to a candidate or a political party. Crawford served as a member of the Alaska House of Representatives from 2001 to 2011—in District 22 from 2001 to 2003, then (after districts were renumbered in redistricting) in District 21 for eight years. In 2000, in his second attempt for the seat, he defeated incumbent Ramona Barnes, who had been the first female Speaker of the House, and was previously defeated for renomination to her House seat in 1984 before regaining it two years later. In 2010, Crawford ran for Alaska's single at-large seat in the United States House of Representatives. He lost to Republican incumbent Don Young by a landslide. Crawford ran for the state House of Representatives in District 27 in 2016, however he was defeated by incumbent Lance Pruitt. See also United States House of Representatives election in Alaska, 2010 References External links Representative Harry Crawford official Alaska Legislature site Harry Crawford for State House official campaign site Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org Profile at Alaska's House of Representatives Democratic Caucus Harry Crawford at 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature 1952 births Ironworkers Living people Democratic Party members of the Alaska House of Representatives Politicians from Anchorage, Alaska Politicians from Shreveport, Louisiana 21st-century American legislators\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Crawford (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4258442\",\n \"text\": \"The Aleut Restitution Act of 1988 (also known as the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands Restitution Act) was a reparation settlement passed by the United States Congress in 1988, in response to the internment of Aleut people living in the Aleutian Islands during World War II. Before the Japanese invasion of Attu and Kiska in 1942, the United States forcibly relocated some 800 Aleuts to camps in Southeast Alaska, where it is estimated that more than 1 in 10 evacuees perished. Proposal of the Aleutian and Pribilof Restitution Act (1987) The bill was introduced on January 6, 1987, by Representative Thomas S. Foley (D-WA), along with 166 co-sponsors. It declared the following: The Aleut civilian residents of certain islands who were relocated during World War II remained relocated long after any potential danger had passed. The United States failed to provide reasonable care for the Aleuts, resulting in illness, disease, and death, and failed to protect Aleut personal and community property. The United States has not compensated the Aleuts adequately. There is no remedy for injustices suffered by the Aleuts except an Act of Congress. Under the new bill, a trust fund was established to be used \\\"for the benefit of the following people and purposes\\\": The elderly, disabled, or seriously ill Students in need of scholarship assistance Preservation of Aleut cultural heritage and historical records The improvement of community centers in affected Aleut villages, and Other purposes to improve Aleut life. For each eligible Aleut, $12,000 was paid to compensate for any personal property losses sustained during the war. Amendment to the Aleutian and Pribilof Restitution Act (1993) On September 14, 1993, an amendment was proposed to the original 1988 Restitution Act, increasing authorization for payments from $1,400,000 to $4,700,000, in order to include church property damaged or lost during the war. The bill was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate, and the Act was amended on October 5, 1994. See also Aleut Aleutian Islands Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy References 100th United States Congress 103rd United States Congress 1988 in Alaska 1994 in Alaska Alaska Natives and United States law Aleut Native American history of Alaska Reparations United States federal Native American legislation History of the Aleutian Islands\",\n \"title\": \"Aleut Restitution Act of 1988\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1978587\",\n \"text\": \"King Island (; ) (King's Island in early US sources) is an island in the Bering Sea, west of Alaska. It is about west of Cape Douglas and is south of Wales, Alaska. Geography King island is a small island located about offshore, south of the village of Wales, Alaska and about 90 miles northwest of Nome. The island is about wide with steep slopes on all sides. It was named by James Cook, first European to sight the island in 1778, for Lt. James King, a member of his party. It is part of the Bering Sea unit of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. Population The island was once the winter home of a group of about 413 Inupiat who called themselves Asiuluk, meaning \\\"people of the sea,\\\" or Ugiuvaŋmiut, from Ugiuvak, the village of King Island and \\\"miut,\\\" meaning \\\"people of\\\" or \\\"group of people\\\". The Ugiuvaŋmiut spent their summers engaging in subsistence hunting and gathering on King Island and on the mainland near the location of present-day Nome, Alaska. Their winters were spent in other subsistence activities, particularly hunting and fishing on the ice. Subsistence activities on and around the island included hunting seals and walruses, crab fishing, and gathering bird eggs and other foods. The spring and summer was the important time of gathering to the Ukivokmiut, while the winters were the time of dance. Due to the limited daylight during the winter, the days were spent dancing in the \\\"Qagri\\\", or men's communal house. As an example, the month of December is known to the Uġiuvaŋmiut as Sauyatugvik or \\\"the time of drumming\\\". After the establishment of Nome, the islanders began to sell intricate carvings to residents of Nome during the summer. Population relocation In the mid-1900s the Bureau of Indian Affairs closed the school on Ugiuvak, forcefully taking the children of Ukivok to go to school on mainland Alaska, leaving the elders and adults to gather the needed food for winter. Because the children were not on the island to help gather food, the adults and elders had no choice but to move to mainland Alaska to make their living. By 1970, all King Island people had moved to mainland Alaska year-round. Although the King Islanders have moved off the island, they have kept a very distinct cultural identity, living a very similar life as they had on the island. Some King Islanders still return to the island to gather subsistence foods, such as walrus and seal. In 2005 and 2006 the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded a research project which brought a few King Island natives back to the island. Some participants had not been back to the island in 50 years. Demographics King Island first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated native eskimo village of \\\"Ookivagamute.\\\" In 1890, it returned as Ukivok. It next appeared in 1910 as King Island and would continue to report until 1960, with the exception of 1950 when no figure was reported. It\",\n \"title\": \"King Island (Alaska)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65568680\",\n \"text\": \"The Barrow Duck-In was a civil disobedience event that occurred in Utqiaġvik, Alaska (known as Barrow from 1901 to 2016), in the spring of 1961. During the Duck-in, the Iñupiat protested a federal hunting ban on ducks, which threatened their livelihood and rights to food security. The Alaskan North Slope is a remote and rural area, and many residents rely on seasonal bird hunts for sustenance. A series of attempts to regulate Iñupiat subsistence by federal and international entities led to the Duck-in, in which over one-hundred Iñupiaq residents of Utqiaġvik protested waterfowl regulations in the area. The Duck-in is considered a seminal protest, as it had significant influence over future subsistence regulation and Native claims laws in Alaska, such as the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA). History of waterfowl regulations in Alaska Prior to Alaska's statehood and colonization of the Arctic, the Iñupiat freely practiced subsistence hunting of various marine and terrestrial species, such as the bowhead whale, various species of seal, caribou, waterfowl, and fish. Additionally, eiders, rabbits, geese, berries, and roots are of seasonal importance to the Iñupiat. These subsistence activities have been practiced sustainably since time immemorial and retain a high social and cultural significance. In the Alaskan Arctic, subsistence activities exist as a way for the community to gather, celebrate, and share sustenance. Many Iñupiat dances, songs, and cultural practices tell stories of hunts and explain the relationship the Iñupiat have with various Arctic animals, including the common eider. Due to the remote location and lack of infrastructure in Utqiaġvik (and other areas considered Iñupiat homelands), imported foods in 1961 were both incredibly expensive and inaccessible as the primary source of protein in a person's diet. Subsistence foods remain a critical component of food security for communities in the Arctic. Migratory Bird Treaty Conventions In 1918 and 1937, the federal governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States signed two Migratory Bird Treaty Conventions, which were aimed at protecting North American migration routes for birds. After debate at the congressional level, spring bird hunting was officially outlawed in all three nations. These treaties were primarily an attempt to aid in conservation efforts and combat sport hunting and commercial egg gathering by outlawing duck hunting from March 10 to September 1 of each year. The 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MTBA) prohibited the harvesting of over 800 types of birds, including the gathering of eggs or feathers. Some Alaska Natives critiqued these treaties for their region-specific approach, claiming that both of these treaties failed to recognize subsistence hunting of bird species, as Iñupiat hunted these birds only during the spring months when they migrated to the North Slope region. Despite the passing of this treaty in 1918, it had little effect in the region until Alaska was granted statehood in 1959. Alaska's new statehood status threatened subsistence practices because of newly imposed federal regulations. Almost five decades later, shortly after Alaska's induction as the 49th state, the state made it compulsory that anyone who hunted\",\n \"title\": \"The Barrow Duck-In\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"88936\",\n \"text\": \"The state flag of Alaska displays eight gold stars, forming the Big Dipper and Polaris, on a dark blue field. The Big Dipper is an asterism in the constellation Ursa Major, which symbolizes a bear, indigenous to Alaska. As depicted on the flag, its stars can be used as a guide by the novice to locate Polaris and determine true north. The design was created by Benny Benson of Seward and selected from among roughly 700 entries in a 1927 contest. In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association placed Alaska's flag fifth best in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state, and U.S. territory flags ranked. It finished behind the flags of New Mexico, Texas, Quebec, and Maryland respectively. Design and origin Thirty-two years before Alaska became a state, the Alaska Department of the American Legion sponsored a territorial contest for Alaskan children from seventh grade (age 12–13) to twelfth grade (age 17–18) to design a flag for the territory. In 1927, the contest committee chose fourteen year-old orphan Benny Benson's design to represent the future flag of the Territory of Alaska. Benson, an Alaska Native, was a resident at the Jesse Lee Home for Children in Seward. Until that time, Alaskans had flown only the U.S. flag since the territory's purchase from Russia in 1867. Benson's design was chosen over roughly 700 other submissions from schoolchildren territory-wide. Most other entries featured variations on the territorial seal, the midnight sun, the northern lights, polar bears, and/or gold pans. To celebrate his achievement, Benson was awarded $1,000 and an engraved watch. Benny looked to the sky for the symbols he included in his design. Choosing the familiar constellation he looked for every night before going to sleep at the orphanage, he submitted this description with it: The official design of the flag is outlined in the Alaska Statutes by The Alaska State Legislature, which explains the flag's colors and symbolism, along with proper display, folding, presentation, and retirement of the flag. History Russian-American Company Flag Between 1799 and 1867 Alaska was governed by the Russian-American Company (RAC), a state-sponsored commercial company initially headquartered in Irkutsk, then St. Petersburg, Russia. The flag flown by the Company's ships and their shore establishments was Russia's commercial flag (civil ensign). On September 28 (October 10, new style) 1806, Aleksandr I, Emperor of Russia made a notation on the design submitted to him of a new flag for the Russian-American Company; \\\"So be it\\\", and added his cypher, thereby approving the first flag in Russia's history to be used by an Imperial chartered company. After Imperial confirmation, the ukase was heard in the Senate and on October 19, 1806, was sent for execution to the main office of the Russian-American Company (RAC), and also to the Admiralty and Commerce colleges. The new Company flag design of 1806 placed the Imperial eagle in the upper left quarter of Russia's commercial flag. In order that the State symbol remain unobstructed and\",\n \"title\": \"Flag of Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8126670\",\n \"text\": \"John Fredson (born 1896, as Neetsaii Gwich'in - August 22, 1945), was a tribal leader born near Table Mountain in the Sheenjek River watershed of the state of Alaska, United States. He is most noted for gaining federal recognition for the Venetie Indian Reserve in 1941, then the largest reservation in Alaska, and containing approximately 1.4 million acres (5,700 km). This was before Alaska was admitted as a state. As a youth, Fredson had taken part in Hudson Stuck's expedition to climb Denali, and served as base camp manager. Afterward Stuck sponsored him for college, and he attended Sewanee, The University of the South, becoming the first Alaska Native to graduate from college. Fredson returned to Alaska, where he worked in a hospital and as a teacher, becoming a leader and political activist. Early life and education Born in 1896 to a Gwich'in family near Table Mountain in what is now designated as Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, John Fredson grew up speaking Gwich'in as his first language. Orphaned at a young age, he attended a mission school operated by the Episcopal Church of the United States, where he learned English. From an early age, he became highly skilled in following trails, climbing and hunting. At the age of 16, Fredson was part of the 1913 climbing expedition of Hudson Stuck, Episcopal Archdeacon of the Yukon, who led the party that ascended Denali, the highest peak in North America. Fredson was the base camp manager. His role is documented in Stuck's book, Ascent of Denali (reprint 2005). Fredson stayed at base at camp for 31 days by himself, hunting caribou and Dall sheep, while awaiting the return of the climbing party. He saved his ration of sugar for their return. With Stuck's encouragement, Fredson gained more formal education, becoming the first native of Athabascan descent to complete high school. He attended Sewanee, The University of the South, an Episcopal college in Middle Tennessee, and was the first Alaska Native to graduate from a university. While there, Fredson worked with Edward Sapir, a noted linguist, and helped to classify Gwich'in within the Na-Dene language family. This work is documented in the book John Fredson Edward Sapir Ha'a Googwandak (1982), a collection of stories that Fredson told to Sapir. His work on communicating Gwich'in concepts of space and time may have also influenced Sapir's later work that established the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. Life's work After his return to Alaska, Fredson worked at a hospital in Fort Yukon. In his later years, Fredson built a solarium for tuberculosis patients at the hospital. Then the only hospital in the far north, the facility was often overwhelmed by Alaska Native patients, primarily Gwich’in. They needed treatment for Eurasian infectious diseases, to which they had no immunity. Fredson taught school in the village of Venetie, and taught the community how to grow gardens. He was assisted by Chief Johnny Frank, a notable medicine man and storyteller among the Gwich'in. The chief's exploits are recounted in the book Neerihiinjik:\",\n \"title\": \"John Fredson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"980416\",\n \"text\": \"The Koyukon, Dinaa, or Denaa (Denaakk'e: Tl’eeyegge Hut’aane) are an Alaska Native Athabascan people of the Athabascan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their traditional territory is along the Koyukuk and Yukon rivers where they subsisted for thousands of years by hunting and trapping. Many Koyukon live in a similar manner today. The Koyukon language belongs to a large family called Na-Dené or Athabascan, traditionally spoken by numerous groups of native people throughout northwestern North America. In addition, due to ancient migrations of related peoples, other Na-Dené languages, such as Navajo and Apachean varieties, are spoken in the American Southwest and in Mexico. History The first Europeans to enter Koyukon territory were Russians, who came up the Yukon River to Nulato in 1838. When they arrived, they found that items such as iron pots, glass beads, cloth apparel, and tobacco had already reached the people through their trade with coastal Eskimos, who had long traded with Russians. An epidemic of smallpox had preceded them, causing high fatalities in the village. In subsequent years, European infectious diseases drastically reduced the Koyukon population, who had no immunity to these new diseases. Relative isolation persisted along the Koyukuk until 1898, when the Yukon Gold Rush brought more than a thousand men to the river. They found little gold, and most left the following winter. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Koyukon people have inhabited their region for at least 1,000 years, with cultural roots there that stretch back thousands of years earlier. Ethnobotany The Koyukon freeze lingonberries for winter use. Notable Koyukon Nikoosh Carlo, PhD, scientist and policy advisor. Dr. Carlo served as Senior Advisor, Climate & Arctic Policy to the Governor of Alaska (2017–18), Senior Advisor, U.S. Department of State for the U.S. Chairmanship of the Arctic Council (2015–2017), Public Voices Fellow at the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and as executive director, Alaska Arctic Policy Commission (2013–2015). Poldine Carlo, writer and elder Kathleen Carlo-Kendall, professional carver artist Mary Jane Fate, activist and leader Walter Harper, first man known to reach the summit of Denali (Mount McKinley), in June 1913 Emil Notti, American engineer, Indigenous activist and Democratic politician Michael J. Stickman, First Chief of the Nuwato Tribal Council Morris Thompson, businessman and leader References Further reading Hunn, E.S. & Williams, N.M.(Eds.). (1982). Resource Managers: North American and Australian Hunter-Gatherers. Westview Press: Colorado. Nelson, R.K. “A Conservation Ethic and Environment: The Koykon of Alaska” p. 211-228 Rohrlich, R & Baruch, E. (Ed.). (1984). Naciente, Esperanza. \\\"Indigenous Lifestyles: Lessons for the Industrialized World.\\\" Fighting For Freedom Because A Better World Is Possible Eds. Edgey Wildchild and Esperanza Naciente. New York: Planting Seeds Press. 2006. 121–126. Nelson, Richard K. Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Nelson, Richard K., Kathleen H. Mautner, and G. Ray Bane. Tracks in the Wildland: A Portrayal of Koyukon and Nunamiut Subsistence. [Fairbanks]: Anthropology and Historic Preservation, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1982. Peter, Adeline. Iñuksuk: Northern Koyukon, Gwich'in\",\n \"title\": \"Koyukon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4253791\",\n \"text\": \"John Eliot Thayer (April 3, 1862 – July 29, 1933) was an American amateur ornithologist. Early life Thayer was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 3, 1862. He was a son of Cornelia Paterson (née Van Rensselaer) Thayer (1823–1897) and Nathaniel Thayer Jr., a banker who built Harvard's Thayer Hall. Among his siblings were twin brother Bayard Thayer (yachtsman and horticulturalist), older brother Nathaniel Thayer III (a banker and railroad executive), and sister Cornelia Van Rensselaer Thayer (the wife of New York State Senator J. Hampden Robb). His maternal grandparents were Stephen Van Rensselaer IV (the 10th Patroon and 7th Lord of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck) and Harriet Elizabeth (née Bayard) Van Rensselaer. His paternal grandparents were Sarah Parker (née Toppan) Thayer and the Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Thayer, a Unitarian congregational minister from Lancaster, Massachusetts. Through his father, he was descended from John Cotton, the preeminent minister and theologian of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Career After graduating from Harvard, he married and settled at the family farm at Lancaster, thirty-five miles west of Boston. He became interested in ornithology in the mid-1890s, building up a collection which he housed in a museum in the main street of Lancaster. He used his wealth to sponsor various natural history expeditions and in 1906 he sent Wilmot W. Brown Jr. to Guadalupe Island off Pacific Mexico. Here, Brown, H. W. Marsden and Ignacio Oroso gathered field data on how the natural vegetation was being destroyed by thousands of goats, to the detriment of the native wildlife. The native Guadalupe storm petrel was being predated by introduced cats, as was the Guadalupe flicker. Both birds became extinct shortly afterwards; several other taxa were found to be already gone in 1906. Thayer and Outram Bangs wrote an article in The Condor to draw attention to the situation. In 1913, Thayer and other Harvard graduates sponsored an expedition to Alaska and Siberia, with Joseph S. Dixon and Winthrop Sprague Brooks as zoological collectors. A gull collected by Brooks on this trip was named Larus thayeri in Thayer's honour. Thayer became ill in 1928, and donated his collection of 28,000 skins and 15,000 eggs and nests to Harvard. These included the first clutches ever collected of spoon-billed sandpiper and surfbird. After Thayer's death Harvard received his collection of 3,500 mounted birds. Personal life On June 22, 1886, Thayer was married to Evelyn Duncan Forbes (1862–1943), a daughter of Franklin Forbes and Martha Ann Stearns (née Cushing) Forbes, in Clinton, Massachusetts. After the marriage, they settled at the family farm at Lancaster. Together, John and Evelyn were the parents of: John Eliot Thayer Jr. (1887–1966), a delegate to 1928 Republican National Convention from Massachusetts who married Katherine Lee Bayard Warren, a daughter of Samuel Dennis Warren. Evelyn Thayer (1888–1980), who married Isaac Tucker Burr (1885–1972) Nora Forbes Thayer (1889–1988), who married Francis Abbot Goodhue Jr. Natalie Thayer (1894–1975), who married Lawrence Hemenway (1891–1966). Duncan Forbes Thayer (1900–1957), who married Priscilla Pinkney McHenry (1906–1975). After his death, she married\",\n \"title\": \"John Thayer (ornithologist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66489335\",\n \"text\": \"Florence Nupok Malewotkuk (March 4, 1906 – 1971), also spelled Napaaq Maligutkak, was a Siberian Yupik artist known for her drawings of native Eskimo culture, scenes of local wildlife, and documentation of native tattoos. Her \\\"somewhat naive\\\" style earned her the title of \\\"Grandma Moses of the Bering Sea.\\\" She was also a skilled artisan of beaded items such as sealskin Mukluks, toys, and slippers. Nupok's artwork has been exhibited across the United States and is in the permanent collection of institutions including the University of Alaska, the National Museum of the American Indian, the Anchorage Museum of History and Art, and the Smithsonian Institution. Early life Nupok was born in the small village of Gambell, on St. Lawrence Island off the western coast of Alaska, to Peter Aghnilu Okinello and Akimuq Qenaaghaq. With the encouragement of an uncle, she began drawing as a young girl at home by lamplight. With resources scarce, Nupok would draw on drawing tablets, labels from tin cans, or on sealskin. Nupok married Chauncy Malewotkuk in 1926. The couple adopted a son, Woodrow, in 1933. Drawings for Otto W. Geist At the end of 1927, archaeologist Otto William Geist was on St. Lawrence Island and commissioned Nupok to create drawings documenting the traditional practices of the early 20th-century Siberian Yupik. Over the winter, she eventually completed over ninety drawings for this collection. Her drawings depicted everyday scenes and figurative studies, documenting fur clothing, food preparation, hunting, fishing, and life in homes and camps. Geist published several of her drawings in his report Archaeological Excavations at Kukulik, which was published by the United States Department of the Interior. The collection of drawings is now housed at the Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska, with copies in the Smithsonian. Documentation of tattoos Nupok's interest in and documentation of women's tattoo markings have been a valuable resource in the study of traditional women's tattoos among the Eskimo people, including markings on the faces of hands of Siberian Yupik, Alaska Yupik, and Inupiaq people. Later career For some years after the Geist commission, Nupok focused on homemaking. In 1955, she took a new commission from Anchorage artist Kay Roberts, who sold reprints of the artwork under the name \\\"Bering Sea Originals.\\\" Roberts paid for the artwork, but Nupok did not receive any additional profits from the sale of these works. After 1965, Nupok created more of these commercial-friendly artworks under the same trademark, including more whimsical illustrations of walruses dancing and dining. In 1964, Nupok was accepted into a government-funded designer-craftsman training course in Nome, Alaska, sponsored by the Indian Arts and Crafts Board. She was the only woman in the 32-person class, which was a program of the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962. Nupok was also the only member of the class familiar working with graphic arts on paper. After an extended illness of Echinococcosis, Nupok died in Anchorage in the spring of 1971. That same year, the University of Alaska showed a\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Nupok Malewotkuk\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Alaska Federation of Natives"],"string":"[\n \"The Alaska Federation of Natives\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":97,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_5538"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who did the voice of mittens in bolt"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"24543179","text":"Super Rhino is a 2009 American animated comedy direct-to-video short film, produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and starring the characters from feature film Bolt. Directed by Nathan Greno, the short film picks up sometime after the conclusion of Bolt. The excitable and TV obsessed hamster Rhino finds out his friends Penny and Bolt have been kidnapped. Rhino has to save them from the evil Dr. Calico. The short inspires Bolt: The Video Game and is a spin-off to the fictional TV show featuring Bolt. Super Rhino was included in the 2009 DVD and Blu-Ray release of Bolt. Plot Penny and Bolt have been captured by the evil Dr. Calico, suspended above a pool of lava & they couldn’t speak,inside a heavily guarded warehouse on an island in the middle of nowhere - a base which is impenetrable to both people and dogs. Penny's father watches the events from his lab through a secret camera imbedded in Bolt's collar and worries that he cannot save her. Discovering that no man or dog can break into Dr. Calico's base, he turns to Rhino, who is watching TV in the background. In order to save Penny and Bolt, Rhino is put through the same procedure as Bolt to give him super-powers. Rhino uses his newly found powers to fly across the sea and crash land outside the armed base encased in his ball. Rhino's battle with the guard is witnessed by Penny, Bolt and Dr. Calico from the inside, with helicopters and cars crashing into the side of the building. Rhino uses his heat-vision to create an opening in the wall. Once inside, Rhino uses his eye-beams to defeat the armed guards and commandeers a flying missile, riding it like a surfboard to aim at Dr. Calico, though the missile misses. Instead, Rhino uses his \"super squeak\" (similar to Bolt’s \"super bark\") ability to finish the villain off. With Penny and Bolt saved, Rhino walks away. Rhino is next seen on stage performing \"The Best of Both Worlds\"; the theme song from Hannah Montana (by co-star Miley Cyrus), where it is revealed that Rhino has been dreaming his adventures all along. Mittens wakes him up, telling him that she's not a fan of his singing. The short ends with another dream sequence, this time about Rhino being selected by the President to defeat Calico once again. Cast Mark Walton as Rhino Miley Cyrus as Penny Susie Essman as Mittens Malcolm McDowell as Dr. Calico Sean Donnellan as Penny's TV Dad Randy Savage as Thug See also List of Disney Animated Shorts and Featurettes Walt Disney Animation Studios References External links 2009 animated short films Bolt (franchise) American animated comedy films Computer-animated short films 2009 computer-animated films American animated short films 2000s Disney animated short films Films directed by Nathan Greno Films scored by John Powell 2000s English-language films Animated films about rodents Films produced by Clark Spencer Films about dreams Hamsters","title":"Super Rhino"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"24543179\",\n \"text\": \"Super Rhino is a 2009 American animated comedy direct-to-video short film, produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and starring the characters from feature film Bolt. Directed by Nathan Greno, the short film picks up sometime after the conclusion of Bolt. The excitable and TV obsessed hamster Rhino finds out his friends Penny and Bolt have been kidnapped. Rhino has to save them from the evil Dr. Calico. The short inspires Bolt: The Video Game and is a spin-off to the fictional TV show featuring Bolt. Super Rhino was included in the 2009 DVD and Blu-Ray release of Bolt. Plot Penny and Bolt have been captured by the evil Dr. Calico, suspended above a pool of lava & they couldn’t speak,inside a heavily guarded warehouse on an island in the middle of nowhere - a base which is impenetrable to both people and dogs. Penny's father watches the events from his lab through a secret camera imbedded in Bolt's collar and worries that he cannot save her. Discovering that no man or dog can break into Dr. Calico's base, he turns to Rhino, who is watching TV in the background. In order to save Penny and Bolt, Rhino is put through the same procedure as Bolt to give him super-powers. Rhino uses his newly found powers to fly across the sea and crash land outside the armed base encased in his ball. Rhino's battle with the guard is witnessed by Penny, Bolt and Dr. Calico from the inside, with helicopters and cars crashing into the side of the building. Rhino uses his heat-vision to create an opening in the wall. Once inside, Rhino uses his eye-beams to defeat the armed guards and commandeers a flying missile, riding it like a surfboard to aim at Dr. Calico, though the missile misses. Instead, Rhino uses his \\\"super squeak\\\" (similar to Bolt’s \\\"super bark\\\") ability to finish the villain off. With Penny and Bolt saved, Rhino walks away. Rhino is next seen on stage performing \\\"The Best of Both Worlds\\\"; the theme song from Hannah Montana (by co-star Miley Cyrus), where it is revealed that Rhino has been dreaming his adventures all along. Mittens wakes him up, telling him that she's not a fan of his singing. The short ends with another dream sequence, this time about Rhino being selected by the President to defeat Calico once again. Cast Mark Walton as Rhino Miley Cyrus as Penny Susie Essman as Mittens Malcolm McDowell as Dr. Calico Sean Donnellan as Penny's TV Dad Randy Savage as Thug See also List of Disney Animated Shorts and Featurettes Walt Disney Animation Studios References External links 2009 animated short films Bolt (franchise) American animated comedy films Computer-animated short films 2009 computer-animated films American animated short films 2000s Disney animated short films Films directed by Nathan Greno Films scored by John Powell 2000s English-language films Animated films about rodents Films produced by Clark Spencer Films about dreams Hamsters\",\n \"title\": \"Super Rhino\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"45252624","text":"Lalaloopsy is an animated children's television series based on the dolls of the same name from MGA Entertainment. It was produced by MGA and MoonScoop Entertainment. The series first aired on March 29, 2013. The series' voice production was made and recorded in Calgary, AB, Canada, by Chinook Animation. After the first few episodes were aired on Nickelodeon, it was moved to the Nick Jr. Channel. The show's last episode aired on September 14, 2015. In December 2015, Viacom filed a lawsuit against MGA, stating that the toy company didn't provide proper financing for the advertisement and production of the series. In September 2016, a judge awarded Viacom damages of over $14.9 million relating to the show. It was pulled from the lineup less than a month later, while all traces of the show were also removed from Nick Jr.'s website at the same time. Plot Lalaloopsy focuses on Lalaloopsy Land. Lalaloopsy Land is inhabited by colorful rag dolls, who came to life the moment their last stitch was sewn. Each episode focuses on one or two groups of them facing a problem of their own and either solving it on their own or with incidental or previously planned help from the other group of dolls seen in the episode. Episodes Characters Bea Spells-A-Lot (voiced by Hayley Stone) Crumbs Sugar Cookie (voiced by Calista Schmidt) Dot Starlight (voiced by Marissa Tawiah) Jewel Sparkles (voiced by Selia Sangra) Mittens Fluff ‘N’ Stuff (voiced by Paige Stone) Pillow Featherbed (voiced by Zoe Marlett) Peanut Big Top (voiced by Malia Ashley Kerr) Rosy Bumps ‘N’ Bruises (voiced by Emma Duke) Spot Splatter Splash (voiced by Tate McRae) Supporting Ace Fender Bender (voiced by Griffin Kingston) Berry Jars ‘N’ Jam (voiced by Anna Quick) Blanket Featherbed (voiced by Jordan Anderson) Blossom Flowerpot (voiced by Cascadas Lucia Fuller) Bundles Snuggle Stuff (voiced by Taylor Walters) Candle Slice O’ Cake Charlotte Charades (N/A) Cherry Crisp Crust Dyna Might (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Ember Flicker Flame (voiced by Jessica Young) Forest Evergreen (voiced by Keaton Whitbread) Haley Galaxy (voiced by Greer Hunt) Holly Sleighbells (voiced by Tate McRae) Little Bah Peep (voiced by Greer Hunt) Mango Tiki Wiki (voiced by Jaida Shaleena Lewis) Mari Golden Petals (voiced by Bella Orman) Marina Anchors (voiced by Greer Hunt) Misty Mysterious (voiced by Sara Matsubara) Patch Treasurechest (voiced by Andrew Hilbrecht) Peggy Seven Seas (voiced by Joanna Burchacki) Pepper Pots ‘N’ Pans (voiced by Aurora Hunt) Peppy Pom Poms (voiced by Sofia Tchernetsky) Pickles B.L.T. (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Pix E. Flutters (voiced by Cascadas Lucia Fuller) Prairie Dusty Trails (voiced by Bella Orman) Scraps Stitched ‘N’ Sewn (voiced by Brittany Thurlow) Scribbles Splash Sir Battlescarred (voiced by Carson Pound) Specs Reads-a-Lot Sprinkle Spice Cookie Squirt Lil Top Squiggles N Shapes Star Magic Spells Sunny Side Up (voiced by Jessica Young) Suzette La Sweet (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Tippy Tumblelina (voiced by Sophie Brown) Trace E. Doodles Trinket Sparkles Winter Snowflake (voiced by Olivia Duke) Broadcast In Canada, the series","title":"Lalaloopsy (TV series)"},{"docid":"7328337","text":"Alvin Tresselt (September 30, 1916, in Passaic, New Jersey – July 24, 2000) was a graphic designer and American children's book author. His picture book White Snow, Bright Snow (illustrated by Roger Duvoisin) received the Caldecott Medal. One of his most popular books was his retelling of the Ukrainian folktale The Mitten, illustrated by Yaroslava Mills. Tresselt grew up in Passaic and graduated from Passaic High School in 1934. He was an editor for Humpty Dumpty Magazine and an executive editor for Parents Magazine Press before becoming an instructor and the Dean of Faculty for the Institute of Children's Literature in Connecticut. He wrote over thirty children's books, selling over a million copies. He died on July 24, 2000, at his home in Burlington, Vermont at the age of 83. The many collaborations between Tresselt and the illustrator Roger Duvoisin were given the genre title \"mood books\" when a retrospective of Duvoisin's original art for Tresselt's texts was held at the Zimmerli Art Museum at Rutgers University in 2020. “Mood books were a new type of genre in children’s literature, unlike the typical fantasy and adventure tales,” said Nicole Simpson, the Zimmerli's assistant curator of Prints and Drawings, who organized the exhibition. “These books did not focus on the actions or personalities of iconic characters, but marveled in the natural wonders of our everyday environments. They encourage children to slow down, to observe and appreciate our constantly changing world.” Works Rain Drop Splash (1946) – illustrated by Leonard Weisgard, Caldecott Award, Honor Sun Up (1949) Hi, Mister Robin (1950) Bonnie Bess, the Weathervane Horse (1949), illus. by Erik Blegvad The Rabbit Story (1957), illus. by Carolyn Ewing The Smallest Elephant In the World (1959), illus. by Milton Glaser How Far is Far? (1964), illus. by Ward Brackett The Mitten (1964), illus. by Yaroslava The Old Man and the Tiger (1965), illus. by Albert Aquino A Thousand Lights and Fireflies (1965), illus. by John Moodie The World in the Candy Egg (1967) Under the Trees and Through the Grass (1967) The Legend of the Willow Plate (1968) The Fox Who Traveled (1968), illus. by Nancy Sears The Little Mouse Who Tarried (1971) by Hirosuke Hamada, English version by Alvin Tresselt, illus. by Kozo Kakimoto The Dead Tree (1972), illus. by Charles Robinson Sun Up (1991, retitled reprint of Wake up, Farm! [1955] with new illus. by Henri Sorensen) The Gift of the Tree (1992, retitled reprint of The Dead Tree [1972] with new illus. by Henri Sorensen) Works illustrated by Roger Duvoisin White Snow, Bright Snow (1947) – Caldecott Award Johnny Maple-Leaf (1948) Follow the Wind (1950) Autumn Harvest (1951) Follow the Road (1953) Wake up, Farm! (1955) Wake up, City! (1957) The Frog in the Well (1958) Under the Trees and Through the Grass (1962) Hi, Mister Robin! (1963, new edition from 1950 version) Hide and Seek Fog (1965) – Caldecott Award, Honor Timothy Robbins Climbs the Mountain (1967) It’s Time Now (1969) The Beaver Pond (1971) What Did You","title":"Alvin Tresselt"},{"docid":"44498470","text":"The Doozers is an animated television series that is a spin-off to Fraggle Rock. The series is co-produced by the Halifax studio of DHX Media and The Jim Henson Company, and was developed in association with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The series originally premiered in Australia on Nick Jr. on October 7, 2013. The series began its US run as a Hulu exclusive on April 25, 2014. Turner's Cartoonito and Boomerang also aired it within European countries and Africa, as well as Cartoon Network Asia. On September 12, 2017, it was renewed for a second season. It premiered on May 25, 2018. Premise In the self-sustainable community of Doozer Creek located just beyond the view of humans, the show focuses on the Doozer Pod Squad (consisting of Daisy Wheel, Flex, Spike, and Mollybolt). Characters Main Spike Doozer (voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk) is the member of the Pod Squad who pushes the other Pod Squad members into action. He is the son of Chief Doozer and the older brother of Daisy Wheel Doozer. He has a brown nose and brown hair and wears a blue hat, socks and wristbands. Molly Bolt Doozer (voiced by Jenna Warren) is a Pod Squad member who enjoys organizing events. She can also make lists, maps, and graphs. She has a purple nose and purple hair and wears a pink hat, socks and shirt. Flex Doozer (voiced by Trek Buccino in season 1 and Tyler Barish in season 2) lives on his grandparents farm and uses his room as his workshop. Flex pilots the Pod Squad's vehicles. He has a yellow nose and yellow hair and wears an orange hat, socks and wristbands. Daisy Wheel Doozer (voiced by Millie Davis) is the youngest and smallest of the Doozer Pod Squad. She is the younger sister of Spike Doozer and the daughter of Chief Doozer. She has a blue nose and blue hair and wears a purple hat, socks and shirt. Chief's family Chief Doozer (voiced by Heather Bambrick) is the Chief of Doozer Creek who is the mother of Spike Doozer and Daisy Wheel Doozer. Architect's family Chief Architect Doozer is the wife of Baker and mother of Molly. Baker Timberbolt Doozer (voiced by David Berni) is the father of Molly Bolt Doozer and the husband of Chief Architect Doozer. He runs the bakery shop in Doozer Creek. Peg Bolt Doozer (voiced by Lisa Norton) Others Doozer Doodad (voiced by David Berni) – Manager of the Doozer Creek supply depot, where the Pod Squad gets the supplies for their projects. Pinball Gimbal (voiced by Lisa Norton) Professor Gimbal wears glasses and has a purplish-white color in his nose and hair, wearing a light blue helmet. He manages the Doozarium, where the Pod Squad meet. He issues challenges, and makes suggestions, for various projects for the Pod Squad to complete. Baxter was advertised for the series but has not appeared yet. He had a brown nose and brown hair. Voice cast David Berni – Baker Timberbolt Doozer","title":"The Doozers"},{"docid":"46798001","text":"{{Infobox concert | image = | image_caption = Promotional poster for the tour | image_size = | border = yes | artist = Helene Fischer | album = Farbenspiel | start_date = | end_date = | number_of_legs = 2 | number_of_shows = | gross = | last_tour = | this_tour = Farbenspiel Live(2014-15) | next_tour = Helene Fischer Live 2017/2018(2017-18) }}Farbenspiel Live' was a European concert tour by German singer Helene Fischer, in support of her sixth studio album, Farbenspiel''. It began on 25 September 2014, in Riesa, Germany at the Erdgas Arena, continued throughout Europe, and finally concluded on 8 July 2015 in Dresden at Glücksgas Stadium. The tour visited arenas and stadiums throughout 2014 and 2015. The concerts in Berlin in July 2015 were recorded for an Official Live DVD which was released on 4 September 2015. The 2015 part of the Tour was ranked as the 38th biggest International Tour of the year with earnings of about $42,000,000. Fischer is also the most successful German Act on the list for the second year in a row. Set list {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFE6FF; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | header = 2014 - Die Tournee | content = This set list is representative of the performance in Frankfurt. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the 2014 tour. \"Intro\" \"Unser Tag\" \"Und morgen früh küss' ich dich wach\" \"Fehlerfrei\" \"Mitten im Paradies\" \"In diesen Nächten\" \"Wunder dich nicht\" \"Nur wer den Wahnsinn liebt\" \"Interlude Winter\" \"Lass jetzt los (Let it Go)\" \"Vergeben, vergessen und wieder vertrau'n\" \"Bring Me to Life\" (Evanescence cover) \"Feuerwerk\" \"Rock Medley\" (You're the Voice / I Love Rock 'n' Roll / Jump / Livin' on a Prayer / Purple Rain) \"Mit keinem Andern\" \"Interlude Frühling\" \"Der Augenblick\" \"Caruso\" (Lucio Dalla cover) \"Ein kleines Glück\" \"Interlude Sommer\" \"Marathon\" \"Ich habe Fieber / Fever\" (Peggy Lee cover) \"Ich will immer wieder dieses Fieber spüren\" \"Te quiero\" \"Fly\" (Céline Dion cover) \"My Heart Will Go On\" (Céline Dion cover) \"Von hier bis unendlich\" \"Die Hölle morgen früh\" Encore \"Phänomen\" \"Atemlos durch die Nacht\" }} {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFE6FF; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | header = 2015 - Die Stadion-Tournee | content = This set list is representative of the performance in Hamburg. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the 2015 tour. \"Intro\" \"Unser Tag\" \"Und morgen früh küss' ich dich wach\" \"Fehlerfrei\" \"Mitten im Paradies\" \"Wunder dich nicht\" \"Marathon\" \"Te quiero\" \"Interlude Winter\" \"Ich wollte nie erwachsen sein (Nessaja's Lied)\" (Peter Maffay cover) \"Vergeben, vergessen und wieder vertrau'n\" \"Feuerwerk\" \"Party Medley\" (Party Rock Anthem / Seven Nation Army / Sexy / Männer / Sex on fire / The Best) \"Mit keinem Andern\" \"Interlude Sommer\" \"So kann das Leben sein\" \"Everything I Do\" (Bryan Adams cover) \"Ich habe Fieber / Fever\" (Peggy Lee cover) \"Ich will immer wieder dieses Fieber","title":"Farbenspiel Live"},{"docid":"1149296","text":"The Chinese mitten crab (; ; Shanghainese: du6-zaq8-ha5, \"big sluice crab\"), also known as the Shanghai hairy crab (, p Shànghǎi máoxiè), is a medium-sized burrowing crab that is named for its furry claws, which resemble mittens. It is native to rivers, estuaries and other coastal habitats of East Asia from Korea in the north to Fujian, China in the south. It has also been introduced to Europe and North America, where it is considered an invasive species. The species features on the list of invasive alien species of Union concern. This means that the import of the species and trade in the species is forbidden in the whole of the European Union. Description and ecology This species' distinguishing features are the dense patches of dark setae on its claws. The crab's body is the size of a human palm. The legs are about twice as long as the carapace. Mitten crabs spend most of their life in fresh water and return to the sea to breed. During their fourth or fifth year in late summer, the crustaceans migrate downstream and attain sexual maturity in the tidal estuaries. After mating, the females continue seaward, overwintering in deeper waters. They return to brackish water in the spring to hatch their eggs. After development as larvae, the juvenile crabs gradually move upstream into fresh water, thus completing the life cycle. It moves from freshwater habitats to saltwater habitats once it has reached reproduction maturity. The types of estuaries suitable for the mitten crab is large brackish waters for the larva to develop in, and large shallow waters for the growth of the juvenile crabs. An increase in microplastics has had a significant impact on the population as it affects their metabolism, growth, and oxidative stress response in the liver. The Chinese mitten crab originates from Hong Kong to the border of Korea. It can be found inland but prefers coastal areas. In the Yangtze, the largest river in its native range, Chinese mitten crabs have been recorded up to upstream. It is known to settle in rice fields by the sea and rivers inland. The crab is found in subtropical and temperate regions. Phylogenetically the crab belongs to the Varunidae family which is the newest group of brachyuran crustaceans. Spawning crabs average around in length. Since crabs spawn at the end of their life spans and perish at the end of the breeding cycle, the crabs can live up to 7 (in Germany also 8) years old. The mitten crab diet is omnivorous. Their main prey consists of worms, mussels, snails, dead organic material, and other small crustaceans and fish. Reproduction Mitten crabs start off as freshwater organisms. In late August, sexual instincts awaken and they begin migrating downstream to the sea, away from their feeding grounds. It is during this migration where the crabs reach puberty and develop their sex organs. The crabs begin to breed in the brackish waters in late fall. The males arrive first and stay in the","title":"Chinese mitten crab"},{"docid":"24852180","text":"Joshua Ryan Bolt (born 2 May 1994) is an English actor. He starred in the 2009 film The Be All and End All, a role which saw him shortlisted for the best newcomer at the 2009 British Independent Film Awards. Early life Joshua Ryan Bolt was born in Liverpool on 2 May 1994, and grew up in the Liverpool suburb of Hunt's Cross. Career Bolt began acting at the age of 12 when he was cast in a theatre production of Much Ado About Nothing. In 2009, he played Pete Shotton in the BAFTA nominated film Nowhere Boy. He went on to appear in the ninth series of Shameless, playing the pot smoking psychopath Frasier Kane. He is featured in the music video for punk band The Luka State's single, \"Kick in The Teeth\". In summer 2011, it was announced that Bolt had won the lead role of Henry in ITV1's Just Henry, which aired over the Christmas period of that same year. Upon completing Just Henry, he joined the second series of Accused. In January 2012, he began work on the six-part BBC series Last Tango in Halifax (2012), playing Raphael \"Raff\" Greenwood. He guest starred in the last two episodes of seventh season of the detective series Lewis. In July 2012, IMDb named him as one of their rising British teenage stars. Bolt played Brian Harris, a central character, in the two-part BBC Three drama The Crash which centres on a car crash inspired by real life events. He portrayed Daniel in the third series of Scott & Bailey. In February 2013, he began work on The Heart of Nowhere, a film directed by Charlie Fink to coincide with Noah and the Whale's final album; he played Floyd, the bassist of the group. At the 2013 BAFTA television awards, Last Tango in Halifax won best drama and filming began in June 2013 of its second series. Bolt reprised his role as Raff. He returned for the third series in 2014 and the fourth in 2016. In March 2015, producers of the hit sitcom Benidorm announced that Bolt had been cast as part of a brand new family for Series 8, which aired in January 2016. Bolt played Rob Dawson, the family's son, who befriends regular characters Tyger Dyke and Joey Ellis. Bolt lent his voice to the Doctor Who audio series from Big Finish. The episode, entitled \"Dethras\", featured Bolt alongside the fourth incarnation of the title character and was released in 2017. He appeared alongside in the second series of Grantchester playing an undercover agent and Marxist. He played a young soldier named Thomas Macquillan in the ITV drama Harry Price Ghost Hunter, ITV's adaptation of Neil Spring's debut novel, The Ghost Hunters. The film aired on ITV on 27 December 2015. Bolt starred as Reburrus, a young boy hungry for revenge following the slaughter of his family, in Barbarians Rising, an eight-part drama for the History Channel airing in the U.S. and the UK. It charted","title":"Josh Bolt"},{"docid":"39154767","text":"Bolts and Blip is an animated television series that aired on Teletoon from 2010 to 2011. The show has also aired on 3net at 10:30 am on Sundays, and The CW's Saturday morning block, Vortexx, from July 13, 2013 at 8:30 a.m. Plot The series is a comic action adventure set on the Moon in 2080. It follows two central city misfits, Bolts and Blip, who accidentally find themselves as members of the Lunar League's last placed team the Thunderbolts. With the help of their rag-tag band of teammates, the two friends discover what they are made of in this intergalactic sports circuit. Characters Main cast Blip (Voiced by Matt Murray) - One of the two main titular protagonists. Blip is a bumbling Civi-Bot who attempts to keep within societal norms, but is not very successful. He is best friend and roommate to the wacky Bolts, and often must drag his impulsive friend out of trouble. He is the more mature, level-headed of the duo. He along with Bolts were accidentally drafted into the Lunar League's bottom team, The Thunderbolts. He has a huge crush on Saedee, who spends most of the series ignoring his displays of affection, while occasionally letting slip possible mutual feelings, before revealing in the season finale she too loves Blip. Late in the series he is revealed to be Dr. Tommy's Secret Bot, and has latent powers, which he calls his \"Super Mode\"; in this state he is taller, stronger, faster, and can fly. He has a pet mouse like robot named Squeaker, who prior to undergoing training was very violent and attacked everyone, But nowadays he only attacks Bolts. Bolts/Blood's Bot/Darth Boltor (Voiced by Terry McGurrin) - The other titular protagonist. Bolts is immature, impulsive and has a talent for getting himself into trouble; including one time where he put himself under huge debt to a Robot Mafia Leader Vinnie Two-Chimes, after losing a bet in a (fixed) sock fight match. But he does occasionally show he has some common sense as seen in Little Squeaker when he thinks it's a bad idea to show Squeaker around to the Thunderbolts after Squeaker viciously attacked both him and Saedee's housewarming present. He also shows some signs of intelligence and ingenuity as also seen in little Squeaker when he modified an illegal weapon to bring up to legal standards only to have his talented creation shot down by Gridiron telling the sport was a croquet sport match and not a battle. He's the team's jokester and often drives Coach Gridiron insane. He once entered a secret (and illegal) wrestling tournament under the name Bolto de Fuego (a play on Bola de Fuego), and has continued using the name Boltor as his screen name. Like Blip he has latent powers, where his eyes will turn red and he gains monstrous strength. He is eventually revealed to be \"Blood's Bot\", the ultimate creation of Dr. Blood. Saedee (Voiced by Melissa Altro) - The gorgeous heroine Saedee, who is","title":"Bolts and Blip"},{"docid":"1125177","text":"Karl Willetts (born 21 September 1966) is an English death metal vocalist, best known as the lead singer of Bolt Thrower and Memoriam. Biography Willetts joined the British death metal band Bolt Thrower in 1988. Before that, he drove the backline of the band. He stayed with Bolt Thrower until 1994, after the recording of ...For Victory. He left the band mainly because he wanted to go back to university and finish his degree. Willetts rejoined as a session vocalist for the recording of Mercenary and left shortly thereafter because of financial reasons and lack of commitment. In the meantime, he got a job as a salesman of insurances besides other jobs. He resides in Solihull. Rumours persisted he had returned in 2001, but he did not. However, in November 2004, he actually did re-join Bolt Thrower after the departure of Dave Ingram. Willetts now has a degree in Cultural Studies from the Birmingham University. Willetts stayed in Bolt Thrower until the band broke up in 2016, following the death of drummer Martin Kearns the year before. Willetts also did some guest vocals with UK punk band Doom on their Peel Sessions album and UK death metal band Benediction on two accounts; one on \"Jumping at Shadows\" which appears on The Grand Leveller and Dark is the Season; the other on \"At the Wrong Side of the Grave\", which is a cover of The Accüsed and appears on the Transcend the Rubicon album. Willetts was a vegetarian for a long while, but started eating meat prior to 2006. Discography Bolt Thrower In Battle There Is No Law! (1988) Realm of Chaos (1989) Cenotaph (1991) War Master (1991) The Peel Sessions 1988–90 (1991) The IVth Crusade (1992) Spearhead (1993) ...For Victory (1994) War (1994) Mercenary (1998) Who Dares Wins (1998) Those Once Loyal (2005) Memoriam For the Fallen (2017) The Silent Vigil (2018) Requiem for Mankind (2019) To the End (2021) Rise to Power (2023) H Drive Project H Drive Project (2022) References English male singers Bolt Thrower members Alumni of the University of Birmingham English heavy metal singers Living people 1966 births","title":"Karl Willetts"},{"docid":"37059033","text":"Ark of the Arkans is the fourth studio album by the band Suns of Arqa, released in 1985 by Scarface Records. The album was produced by Suns of Arqa founder Michael Wadada. The full title of the album is Suns of Arqa Vol 5 : Ark of the Arqans, Heaven and Hell, and Other Strange Faces, however it has been referred to simply as Ark of the Arqans where its tracks have appeared on re-issue CDs in later years. It is the first album to feature Professor Stanley Unwin who provides spoken word accompaniment on some tracks. The third track, an Adrian Sherwood remix of \"Heavenly Bodies\", is from the movie The Earthlings. The album Ark of the Arqans has not been released on CD, however five of the six tracks have found their way onto other Suns of Arqa CD releases. Tracks A1, A2 and B2 (\"Heavenly Bodies\", \"Deep Journey\" and \"Ark of the Arqans\") all appear on the CD compilation Land of a Thousand Churches. Track B1 (\"Thunder Bolt, Dark Void\") appears as a bonus track on the CD re-issue Live with Prince Far I. Track B3 (\"Sanskrit Hymn\") appears on the 1992 CD Kokoromochi. According to writer Chuck Eddy, \"legend has it\" that the album was a \"major inspiration for acid house\". Track listing Side A \"Heavenly Bodies\" – 3:38 \"Deep Journey\" – 3:52 \"Heavenly Bodies (On Aid Mix)\" – 5:00 Side B \"Thunder Bolt, Dark Void\" – 3:54 \"Ark of the Arqans\" – 4:46 \"Sanskrit Hymn\" – 2:21 Personnel Keith \"Lizard\" Logan - bass Danny Boy - drums, pennywhistle Michael Wadada - harmonium, shenai, instruments [sajoe], bass, guitar Moot Beret - Hammond organ, saxophone Stalwart - saxophone Kalu Zeria - tabla Eric Random - talking drum, space sounds Aziz Zeria - tambura Doctor Himadri Chaudhuri - violin and voice on track B3 Vocal Harders - vocals (tracks A1, A3) Eric Random - voice (tracks B1, B2) Professor Stanley Unwin - voice (tracks A1, A2, A3) References 1985 albums Suns of Arqa albums","title":"Ark of the Arqans"},{"docid":"62892130","text":"Katrina Mitten (born 1962, Huntington, Indiana) is a Native American artist. She is enrolled in the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. Mitten is beadwork artist, whose embroidery style of beadwork has earned her numerous awards and has been featured in major metropolitan museums. Biography Mitten is a descendant of one of the five Miami families who were allowed to stay after the establishment of the Indian Removal Act by Andrew Jackson. This act allowed him to relocate access to relocate Native people from their ancestral homelands. Those who were not relocated were encouraged to assimilate into Westernized civilization. Instead, they tried to pass on as much of their culture as possible At the age of twelve, Mitten learned beading from her grandmother Josephine. Josephine influenced a large portion of Mitten's works, including her 1950s handbag, which she has stated represents her family heritage. Mitten made this handbag collaborating with her granddaughter Saiyer Miller and teaching her using the same methods as her grandmother. Mitten also learned more about her tribe by visiting museums and studying her families' heirlooms. She is active on the powwow circuit. She has created utilitarian works, such as The Cradle Board, as well as necklaces, bracelets, and beaded handbags. Other influences in her art include the geometric designs found in ribbonwork and the floral patterns depicted throughout the Great Lakes tribal beadwork. She incorporates personal and family stories into her art pieces and uses her art as a means of story telling. In 2016 Mitten collaborated with Native American artists Katy Strass and Angela Ellsworth to create a painting of the states on a fiberglass statue of a bison. Two of her pieces, MMIW (Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women) and Ten Original Clans of the Myaamia, were acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign. Select artworks Cradle Board \"I have been waiting for you\" outfit 1950's Handbag 1940s-styled bag Exhibitions Native Art Market at the National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C. (2014) Myaamia Heritage Museum & Archive (2018) Santa Fe Indian Market Collections Mitten's artwork is held in the permanent collections of: Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian American Art Museum References External links Native Daughter: Katrina Mitten video from Journey Indiana Artists from Indiana Miami people 1962 births Living people Native American women artists 20th-century American artists 20th-century American women artists 21st-century American artists 21st-century American women artists 20th-century Native American artists 21st-century Native American artists 20th-century Native American women 21st-century Native American women Native American people from Indiana Native American beadworkers American beadworkers Women beadworkers","title":"Katrina Mitten"},{"docid":"26740640","text":"Beverly Gooden is an African American writer and social activist known for her work in domestic violence, victimology, and women's health, who created the Why I Stayed hashtag (#WhyIStayed) and movement in 2014. Her writing has appeared in The New York Times, the U.S. Office on Women's Health, and NBC's Today. Early life and education Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Beverly lived in foster care until being adopted by the Gooden family as a child. As a sophomore at Hampton University, she was selected as a media scholar with the Summer Research Opportunities Program at the University of Iowa and researched the connection between alcohol advertisements and teen drinking and driving. During her junior year, she interned with the Scripps Howard Foundation Wire as a reporter on Capitol Hill, covering the Iraqi prisoner abuse scandal and NCAA recruiting reform. In 2005, she graduated with a bachelor's degree in journalism and communications. She went on to attend Loyola University Chicago and graduated with a master's degree in social justice in 2009. Activism On September 8, 2014, Beverly created the hashtag #WhyIStayed in response to the Ray Rice video released by TMZ. A survivor of domestic violence, she tweeted several reasons why she remained in an abusive marriage as a direct response to widespread victim blaming of Janay Rice. Two days later, Gooden was interviewed by Robin Roberts on Good Morning America, where she explained her motivations for creating the Why I Stayed movement. \"The reason that I started the hashtag was to give voice to the people out there who had that voice taken away. I think what bothered me most was that the question was 'why did she stay?' and not 'why did he hit her?'. And we do this across the board with violent situations, we do this with domestic violence by asking 'why did she stay?' and we do this with rape by saying 'why did she wear that?' as if your clothing or your mere presence gives someone the right to hurt you.\" She has been featured on Good Morning America, CNN, Time, The Washington Post, HLN, Inside Edition, NBC Nightly News, and more. Why I Stayed was listed as one of the top social change hashtags of 2014 by Forbes, and one of the \"top 10 hashtags that started a conversation\" by Time magazine. In March 2015, Why I Stayed was recognized as one of \"8 hashtags that changed the world\". The Bolt Bag Project In 2014, Beverly founded the Ella Mae Foundation, which supports \"protection and superior upbringing for children as well as self-actualization and equitable rights for women\". She created the Bolt Bag Project, a program that provides basic necessities to anonymous survivors of relationship violence. Career Gooden served as a development intern at the Chicago Alliance to End Homelessness during graduate school in 2008. Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, she worked for various government and nonprofit agencies to secure or administer housing and food resources for those affected by the crisis. As a","title":"Beverly Gooden"},{"docid":"1598271","text":"A gauntlet is a type of glove that protects the hand and wrist of a combatant. Gauntlets were used particularly in Europe between the early fourteenth century and the early modern period and were often constructed of hardened leather or metal plates. Gauntlets, which cover the hands, wrists, and sometimes forearms, are not to be confused with bracers, which cover the wrists and forearms but not the hands; bracers are common in medieval and fantasy cosplay. Types Armour Beginning in the 11th century, European soldiers and knights relied on chain mail for protection of their bodies, and chain armor \"shirts\" with wide sleeves that hung to the elbow were common. However, it wasn't until the 12th century that chain mail shirts with longer, narrower sleeves began to be worn, and these on occasion had chain mail mittens or \"muffs\" resembling fingerless gloves and with a pocket for the thumb (though some of these did have complete fingers as well). These attached at the lower edge of the sleeve, and protected the wearer's hands from cuts and lacerations during combat but offered no protection against crushing blows. It wasn't until the early 14th century that armorers began to design fully articulated plate armor: along with this development of the use of plates as a means of protecting the body from blows was the development of hand protection in the form of gauntlets made of overlapping plates of steel. These were created both in the fingerless \"mitten\" style (which offered plate armor protection and allowed the fingers to share heat but limited the wearer's ability to move those fingers) as well as the fully fingered \"glove\" style (which though still ungainly and less comfortable in cold weather, permitted full use of all of the fingers). A variety of gauntlet called a \"demi-gauntlet\" or \"demi-gaunt\" also came into use around this time. A demi-gaunt is a type of plate armour gauntlet that only protects the back of the hand and the wrist: demi-gaunts are worn with gloves made from chain mail or padded leather. The advantages of the demi-gaunt are that it allows better dexterity and is lighter than a full gauntlet, but the disadvantage is that the fingers are not as well protected. In a 2021-2022 a well-preserved and nearly-intact 14th-century gauntlet was discovered near Switzerland's Kyburg Castle. Contemporary protective gauntlets Modern protective gloves called \"gauntlets\" continue to be worn by metal workers and welders when handling hot or molten metals or in contexts where sparks are common. These gauntlets no longer sport the metal plates of the originals, but instead are highly insulating against heat. Similar varieties of gauntlet are worn by automotive technicians to protect their hands when handling car components, and meat and fishery butchers often wear chain mail gauntlets to protect their hands from the sharp edges of knives. Motorcyclists wear gauntlets made of leather to protect their hands from abrasion during an accident, and snowmobile drivers wear fingerless gauntlets made of nylon to protect their hands from","title":"Gauntlet (glove)"},{"docid":"52539397","text":"Evelin Võigemast (until 2007, Evelin Pang; born 22 May 1980) is an Estonian stage, film television and voice actress and singer. Early life and education Born Evelin Pang in Tallinn, her parents were Valdur Pang and Eda Pang (née Taska). She has a brother named Margus Pang. She initially studied at Tallinn School No. 21 secondary school, but graduated from Tallinn School No. 49. (now, Tallinn Arte Gymnasium) in 1998. She is also a graduate of the Tallinn Children's Music School (now, the Tallinn Music School) in Kesklinn, Tallinn, where she studied piano. In 1998, she began studying acting at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre under Elmo Nüganen, graduating in 2002. Among his graduating classmates were Priit Võigemast, Karin Rask, Maria Soomets, Hele Kõre, Mart Toome, Ott Aardam, Elisabet Reinsalu, and Argo Aadli. Stage career Following graduation, she joined the Tallinn City Theatre in 2002, where she is still currently engaged. She has appeared in roles at the Tallinn City Theatre in works by such varied authors and playwrights as: Shakespeare, Alexandre Dumas, David Auburn, Anton Chekhov, Franz Kafka, Ivan Turgenev, W. B. Yeats, A. H. Tammsaare, Tennessee Williams, Ernest Hemingway, Arnold Wesker and Nikolai Gogol, among others. She has also performed at the Vanalinnastuudio in roles by Bertolt Brecht and Jim Cartwright; the NUKU Theatre, the Nargen Opera; and at the Vanemuine in Tartu, where she performed as Evita Peron in Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's Evita in 2014. Film In 2000, Pang began voicing the animated character Lotte in the popular Estonian Lotte films; the first was Lotte Goes South. This was followed by Lotte from Gadgetville in 2006, Lotte and the Moonstone Secret in 2011, and Lotte and the Lost Dragons in 2019. The Lotte films and their characters proved so popular in Estonia that a theme park, Lottemaa, was opened in Reiu, Pärnu County, Estonia. She was also cast as a voice actress to dub the role of Mittens in the Estonian release of the 2008 American Disney animated feature film Bolt (Estonian: Välk). She made her feature-length film debut in a small role in the 2002 Elmo Nüganen directed Nimed marmortahvlil (English release titles: Names in Marble and Names Engraved in Marble), based on the novel of the same name by author Albert Kivikas about the Estonian War of Independence. She was billed under her maiden name, Evelin Pang. This was followed by a co-starring role in the Peeter Urbla directed comedy-drama Stiilipidu in 2005, opposite actresses Maarja Jakobson and Anne Reemann. Other film roles include that of Annika Hunt in the Asko Kase directed drama Hundi agoonia; Liisa, in the 2009 Hannu Salonen directed drama Vasha; Evelyn in the 2012 Ain Mäeots directed drama Deemonid; Reet Haljandi in the 2015 Margus Paju directed family adventure film Supilinna Salaselts (English release title: The Secret Society of Souptown), based on the novels of Finnish author Mika Keränen; Marian in the 2017 Andres Maimik and Katrin Maimik directed comedy-drama Minu näoga onu; and Andres'","title":"Evelin Võigemast"},{"docid":"2137368","text":"The Milky Way is a one-reel animated cartoon short subject, produced in Technicolor and released to theatres with the film The Captain Is a Lady in 1940 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The short (produced and directed by Rudolf Ising and co-produced by Fred Quimby with the voice of Bernice Hansen as the kittens and their mother, and musical supervision by Scott Bradley) explores the adventures of the \"three little kittens who lost their mittens\", as they explore a dreamland where space is made up entirely of dairy products (for example, the Milky Way is made of milk and the Moon is made of green cheese). The short won the 1940 Oscar for Best Animated Short Film, and was the first non-Disney film to do so. Other shorts nominated in 1940 included A Wild Hare by Warner Bros., introducing Bugs Bunny, and another MGM cartoon Puss Gets the Boot, with Jasper & Jinx, the prototype for Tom and Jerry. This makes 1940 the first time a Disney film wasn’t even nominated for the award. It was added as a bonus feature in the Marx Bros. DVD release of Go West (1940) and Warner Archive Blu-ray release of Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940). Plot Three kittens, denied milk as punishment for losing their mittens after playing out in the snow, sail up into the Milky Way in a basket lifted by three helium balloons. Their space flight takes them past the Moon, the planet Mars, the Big Dipper, and the Little Dipper, until they reach their destination: the Milky Way. Once in the Milky Way, they find it a land of natural milk springs and geysers. The kittens proceed to happily gorge themselves on milk, until they get into trouble and risk falling back down to Earth. However, it is then revealed that the whole event was imagined. Their mother comes in to their bedroom to invite them down for supper. The kittens rush excitedly into the kitchen, only to be sickened to see that their supper is milk. Additional Crew Production Manager: Fred Quimby Film Co-Produced by William Hanna (uncredited) Uncredited Story by Maurice Day Uncredited Animation by Jack Zander Home Media Go West (unrestored bonus feature) Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection: 15 Winners (restored) Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection, Disc 1 (restored) Broadway Melody of 1940, Warner Archive Collection Blu-ray release (restored bonus feature) References External links The Milky Way (1940) on Dailymotion (uploaded by InternetAnimationDatabase) 1940 films 1940 animated films 1940 short films 1940s American animated films 1940s animated short films 1940s fantasy comedy films 1940 musical comedy films American musical comedy films Best Animated Short Academy Award winners Films directed by Rudolf Ising Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short films 1940s musical fantasy films Animated films based on nursery rhymes Animated films about cats Films about dreams American musical fantasy films Films produced by Fred Quimby Films scored by Scott Bradley Milky Way in fiction Mars in film Moon in film Films set on balloons Fiction about","title":"The Milky Way (1940 film)"},{"docid":"72421517","text":"Twined knitting (also known as two-end knitting) is a traditional Scandinavian knitting technique. It refers to knitting where two strands of yarn are knitted into the fabric alternatively and twisted once and always in the same direction before every stitch. The technique is called tvåändsstickning in Swedish, tvebandsstrikking in Norwegian, and tvebinding in Danish. Their literal meaning is \"two-end knitting\", referring to the traditional way of knitting with both yarn ends from one ball of yarn. While the right-side of the fabric resembles a one-end stocking-stitch fabric (as seen from the right side), the wrong-side of the fabric has a horizontally ridged surface due to the plaits created by the twisting of the two strands of yarn. Intricate relief patterns are characteristic of the technique. Twined knitting produces a firmer and more durable fabric with greater thermal insulation than conventional one-end knitting. The technique has historically been used to knit mittens, gloves, socks, stockings, caps and sleeves for waistcoats. Historical and cultural overview The technique is predominantly associated with the forestry areas of Värmland, Dalarna, Härjedalen, Jämtland and Hälsingland in Sweden, and Hedmark, Oppland, Akershus and Buskerud in Norway. Archaeological finds from these areas provide evidence that the technique has been practiced since the sixteenth century. Practical knowledge of the technique still persists in these areas. Danish archeological findings of the technique have been dated to the seventeenth century. However, practical knowledge of the technique has ceased to exist in Denmark. Evidence of the technique has not yet been found in the remaining Nordic countries. Sweden The technique is historically significant to the Swedish county Dalarna. Two-end knitted garments continue to be included in several of Dalarnas traditional local costumes. The history of knitting in this region can be traced back to the mid-seventeenth century. Wool yarn was the most common knitting material, but linen and cotton yarn was sometimes used to knit socks, mittens and gloves. Mittens and gloves were commonly twine-knitted in white (typically for women) or black (typically for men) wool yarn with a knitted or embroidered colourful pattern. Embroidered twine-knitted mittens with a fringe trimming are particularly associated with Dala-Floda were they are included in the traditional local costume. However, embroidered mittens with or without fringe trimmings are common in other parts of Dalarna as well as in Värmland and Härjedalen. Some two-end knitted mittens were intended to be worn inside unlined leather mittens, in which cases they were known as handskvantar, bälgvantar or körhandskar. On the island of Sollerön in Siljan, half-mittens and gloves were two-end knitted in white linen or cotton yarn for weddings, half-mittens being worn by the bride and gloves by the groom. The gloves and half-mittens were later reused by the couple on ceremonial occasions. The garments from Sollerön are characterised by their elaborate relief patterns. In Lima, twine-knitted cotton gloves were produced and exported during the nineteenth century. Socks and stockings were typically two-end knitted in an undyed wool, linen or cotton yarn, often to be dyed after. During dyeing,","title":"Twined knitting"},{"docid":"13458294","text":"Chung Misook (; born December 25, 1962) is a South Korean voice actress who joined Seoul-based Korean Broadcasting System's voice acting division in 1984. Role Broadcast TV Pororo the Little Penguin (EBS) - Petty Clamp School Detectives (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Nokoru Imonoyama Pita-Ten (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Misha Futari wa Pretty Cure (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Cure Black/Nagisa Misumi (Mook Ha-ram) Jang Geum's Dream (Korea TV Edition, MBC) - Seo Jang Geum One Piece (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Nami Naruto (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Hitomi Uchiha Sailor Moon (Crew Folding) - Sailor Mercury Tokyo Mew Mew (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Ichigo Momomiya InuYasha (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Kagome Higurashi (Yoo Ga-young) Shaman King (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Hao Asakura Kamikaze Kaito Jeanne (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Maron Kusakabe/Kaito Jeanne Magic Knight Rayearth (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Hikaru Shidou (Sunny/Joo Eun-vit) The Irresponsible Captain Tylor (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) Nurse Angel Ririka SOS (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ririka Moriya Digimon Adventure (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Taichi Kamiya (Shin Tae-il) Astro Boy (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Astro Boy Cowboy Bebop (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Faye Valentine Erementar Gerad (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Cisqua Kanon (Korea TV Edition, Animax) - Nayuki Minase Mahojin Guru Guru (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Kukuri Element Hunters (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ren Karas Doug (Korea TV Edition) - Patti Mayonnaise Danny Phantom (Korea TV Edition) - Sam Dragon Tales (Korea TV Edition) - Emmy Flowering Heart (Korea TV Edition) - Ari Jin You're Under Arrest (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Noh Han-na The Fairly OddParents (Korea TV Edition) - Timmy Turner Hello Kitty's Paradise (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Hello Kitty Movie dubbing Harry Potter (replacing Emma Watson, Korea TV Edition, SBS) The Sixth Sense (replacing Haley Joel Osment, Korea TV Edition, KBS) Interview with the Vampire (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, MBC) Jumanji (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Leon (replacing Natalie Portman, Korea TV Edition, KBS) Demolition Man (replacing Sandra Bullock, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Roman Holiday (replacing Audrey Hepburn, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (playing Belle, Walt Disney Pictures) Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (playing Pocahontas, Walt Disney Pictures) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (playing Adult Kiara, Walt Disney Pictures Anastasia (playing Anastasia \"Anya\", 20th Century Fox) Mulan (playing Mulan, Walt Disney Pictures) The Prince of Egypt (playing Miriam, Dreamworks Animation) Finding Nemo (playing Dory, Pixar) Bolt (playing Mittens, Walt Disney Pictures) Finding Dory (playing Dory, Stan's wife, Pixar) Games Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata - Reith The War of Genesis Side Story II: Tempest - Elizabeth Pandragon Girlfriend of Steel - Asuka Langley Soryu Elsword - Rena References External links Jeong Mi Sook Fan Site (in Korean) Jeong Mi Sook Fan Cafe (in Korean) 1962 births Living people South Korean voice actresses 20th-century South Korean actresses 21st-century South Korean actresses","title":"Chung Misook"},{"docid":"20213458","text":"Mark Daniel Walton (born October 24, 1968) is an American storyboard artist and voice actor who has worked for Walt Disney Animation Studios, DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Warner Animation Group, and other companies. He currently works for Illumination, as of 2023. Walton also voiced Rhino the hamster in the 2008 animated film Bolt. Early life Walton was born on October 24, 1968, in Salt Lake City, Utah, the oldest of seven children. Although he is not a professional actor, Walton said in an interview, \"I liked acting in high school and college. I enjoyed it. I think at some point I decided that if I was really going to be a professional actor that it would take at least everything that I would have emotionally or physically and I knew that I really wanted to pursue art.\" He graduated from Utah State University in 1998 with a degree in illustration. Career Mark Walton started at Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida as a story and animation intern in 1995. After performing as a show artist for The Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical Discovery Adventure North American Mall Tour in 1996, he transferred to Walt Disney Feature Animation in Burbank, CA. (now known as Walt Disney Animation Studios) in 1997 to work on his first feature, Tarzan as a storyboard artist. While at Disney, from the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, he did storyboards for The Emperor's New Groove, The Little Matchstick Girl, Home on the Range, Chicken Little, Meet the Robinsons, Tangled, and Gnomeo and Juliet, as well as storyboarding and developing the unproduced films Wild Life, My Peoples, and Rapunzel Unbraided (an early version of Tangled), Joe Jump, and King of the Elves. Also, while at Disney, he provided the voices for Barry & Bob the Longhorns in Home on the Range (2004), Goosey Loosey for the computer-animated film Chicken Little and its video game (2005), and for Rhino the hamster in Bolt (2008) for which he was nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production, and the short film spin-off Super Rhino. He also storyboarded a short CGI film \"The Zit\" for Mike Blum's Pipsqueak Films, shown on the TV series Independent Lens. After leaving Disney in 2009, Walton storyboarded on films for DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Marza Animation Planet, Original Force 3D, Ken Duncan Studio, Mass Animation, On Animation, Kool Produktion AS, Rovio Animation, and Warner Animation Group. He has also taught storyboarding at California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts), Academy of Art, SUU, and CGMA. Numerous positive reviews came from film critics regarding Walton's performance as Rhino in Bolt. CNN noted “Walton's Rhino steals every scene he's in.”, while Enewsi stated \"Walton has perfect comedic timing as Rhino\". Another reviewer noted “The hamster alone is enough to make this movie worth seeing”, with other positive reviews featured in the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, where Walton contemplated Rhino's popularity as, \"he imagines he's actually something bigger","title":"Mark Walton (story artist)"},{"docid":"18487610","text":"J'son of Spartax J2 Jack Flag Jack Frost Gregor Shapanka Jack O'Lantern Jason Macendale Steven Mark Levins Daniel Berkhart Levins' brother Jeremiah Jack of Hearts Jackdaw Jackdaw is a fictional character featured in the Marvel Comics universe. He was created by Dez Skinn, Steve Parkhouse, Paul Neary and John Stokes, and first appeared in The Incredible Hulk Weekly #57 (April 1980). A now-deceased hero, the sidekick of Captain Britain, Jackdaw was an Otherworld elf. Jackdaw had been mortally wounded earlier in his adventures, but was revived by Merlyn and given new powers and a new costume. He was permanently slain later on Earth-238 by The Fury. Jackdaw was literally torn in half by one of the Fury's energy bolts and expired shortly thereafter in Captain Britain's arms. Jackdaw expressed a belief that Merlyn would resurrect him. Saturnyne had abandoned them (and her assistant Dimples, who loved her deeply) to escape. Merlyn did not resurrect Jackdaw as it would have damaged his chances of rescuing Captain Britain, who was killed as well by the Fury after Dimples and Jackdaw, and resurrected by Merlyn back on Earth-616. Jackhammer Jackpot Brent Jackson Jade Dragon Jade Dragon is a fictional character portrayed in the Marvel Comics universe. He was created by Jim Krueger, Alex Ross, and John Paul Leon, and first appeared in Earth X #2 (May 1999). Little is known of Jade Dragon's history before his exposure to Terrigen Mist on Earth-9997. Once exposed to the mist, he mutated into a humanoid dragon and became a slave to the Skull, who gained the ability to control the minds of others after exposure to the mist. The Skull intended to take over first New York City, then the world. Along with the Skull's other slaves, he was forced to fight a team of super-mutants led by Captain America; in the end, the Skull was killed and his slaves were freed. Jade Dragon would move on to work alongside Iron Maiden, Black Bolt, and the Iron Avengers. As part of his transformation by the mist, Jade Dragon gained functional wings with the ability to fly and the ability to blow jade-green flames from his mouth. Sajani Jaffrey J. Jonah Jackal J. Jonah Jackal is an anthropomorphic jackal and animal version of J. Jonah Jameson who is the boss of Spider-Ham. J. Jonah Jackal in other media J. Jonah Jackal appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode \"The Spider-Verse\" Pt. 2, voiced by J.K. Simmons. J. Jonah Jameson J. Jonah Jameson Sr. J. Jonah Jameson Sr. is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Joan Jameson Joan Jameson is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is the deceased wife of J. Jonah Jameson in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Zeb Wells and Dean Haspiel, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #190 (March 1979). Joan was a high school classmate of J. Jonah Jameson and part of the school paper along with Steve \"Tripod\". While","title":"List of Marvel Comics characters: J"},{"docid":"47814429","text":"Supergiant is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña, Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013). The character has made several appearances in other media such as animated television and video games. Publication history Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013) and was created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña. Fictional character biography The character Supergiant is a member of Thanos' supervillain team Black Order. While searching for Thanos' son Thane during the Infinity storyline, Supergiant and Corvus Glaive laid siege to the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning and defeated the X-Men. They left after realizing that Thane was not there. In the comic, When the Black Order seized Wakanda, Supergiant was left in control of Black Bolt who she would mentally order to activate the Illuminati's hidden bombs in Wakanda Necropolis. When the Illuminati arrived to save Black Bolt, Supergiant used Black Bolt's ability to defeat the heroes. Upon activating the bomb, Supergiant was faced by Maximus who had the trigger. Maximus triggered the bomb, but also used Lockjaw to transport Supergiant along with the bomb to a distant uninhabited planet where she perished in the explosion. During the \"No Surrender\" arc, Supergiant came back as a psychic projection, along with the rest of the Black Order, thanks to the Challenger who had set them up against Grandmaster's Lethal Legion. During the battle in Antarctica, the Black Order retreat after Corvus Glaive is killed. Supergiant stays to take control of Thor, but is dissipated by Lethal Legion member Ferene the Other. Powers and abilities Supergiant, in the series, has telepathic abilities, which allow her to mind-control anyone and feed on their intellect. At some point, she was transformed into a psionic entity. Out of her transformation, Supergiant gained the power to phase through living beings and obstacles. She also became immune to physical damage. Reception Accolades In 2022, Screen Rant included Supergiant in their \"10 Best Cosmic Villains Not Yet In The MCU\" list. In 2022, CBR.com ranked Supergiant 3rd in their \"MCU: Every Member Of Thanos’ Black Order, Ranked By Power\" list. In other media Television Supergiant appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Hynden Walch. Supergiant appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced again by Hynden Walch. This version lacks psychic powers, but can grow to a gigantic size and previously dated Star-Lord prior to the series' events. In the episode \"Undercover Angle\", Supergiant is imprisoned by the Nova Corps until the Guardians of the Galaxy accidentally free her while infiltrating the organization, though Gamora is able to subdue her. In the episode \"Come and Gut Your Love\", Supergiant works with another ex-girlfriend of Star-Lord's, Lucy, to attack him after discovering he is J'son's son. Video games Supergiant appears as a mini-boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Supergiant appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Marvel Future Fight. Supergiant appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 as part of the Infinity","title":"Supergiant (comics)"},{"docid":"28064582","text":"The Mitten () is a 1967 Soviet animated film directed by Roman Kachanov. The film received international recognition. Plot summary The film centers on a girl who wants a dog. She brings home a puppy, but her mother wouldn't let the puppy stay. The girl is upset and goes outside to the playground, where all the other kids are walking their dogs. She starts playing with her mitten, pretending that the mitten is a dog. And the power of her imagination turns her mitten into a puppy, which keeps the mitten's red color and black spots on the back. The puppy starts chasing a cat, which ends up finding shelter on top of the ad board saying \"Everyone who has a dog is welcome to take part in the kennel club competition!\" The girl takes her puppy to the competition, and it completes the task better than other dogs, but on the way to finish one of the threads of the puppy's knitted coat gets caught by a nail on the wooden barrier, and it loses the competition. The girl takes it home and is about to feed it, when it turns back to a mitten. Mom notices the girl trying to feed a mitten and decides to get her a real puppy. Creators Dolls and scenery made — Pavel Gusyov, Oleg Masainov, V. Petrov, M. Chesnokova, G. Gettinger, G. Lyutinsky, A. Maximov, V. Kalashnikova, V. Kuranov, S. Etlis, leadership the Roman Gurov Film editor — Vera Gokke Editor — Natalya Abramova Director — Nathan Bitman Awards MKF in Moscow — a silver medal in competition of children's movies, the movie \"The Mitten\" (1967) Annecy International Animation Film Festival — the first award, the movie \"The Mitten\" (1967) Gijón International Film Festival — a prize of the city of Gijon \"For high art quality of animation\", the movie \"The Mitten\" (1968) Gijón International Film Festival — the Grand Prix \"A gold plate\", the movie \"The Mitten\" (1968) All-Union Film Festival — the first award, the movie \"The Mitten\" (1968) Interesting facts There is no dialogue in the film. Leonid Shvartsman based the character of the mother on a very close acquaintance — Tamara Vladimirovna Poletika (the first wife of his friend and animator Lev Milchin). The bulldog in “The Mitten” is based on the director, Roman Kachanov. External links Films directed by Roman Abelevich Kachanov Soviet animated films Soyuzmultfilm 1967 films 1960s Soviet films 1967 animated films","title":"The Mitten (film)"},{"docid":"19731992","text":"Bolt is a video game developed by Avalanche Software and published by Disney Interactive Studios for Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2008 film of the same name. Mark Walton, Sean Donnelan, and Malcolm McDowell reprise their roles as Rhino, Penny's TV father, and Dr. Calico respectively. Miley Cyrus, who voiced Penny, is replaced by Ashleigh Prather. Synopsis Setting In the game, the player follows and controls the super dog Bolt and Penny on various missions taking place in the fictional TV show universe from the movie. The levels are shared between Bolt and Penny. By using Bolt's superpowers, the player can fight hordes of enemies. New powers, such as Superbark and Laser Eyes, will be unlocked during the game. While Bolt has superpowers, Penny has only her maneuverability by using her Wheelbar and is incentivized to take down enemies in a stealthy way. The game focuses on Bolt's fake TV life, not the actual movie storyline. Penny's father has been kidnapped by the evil Dr. Calico, and Penny and Bolt must travel through 5 countries to rescue him. All of this is actually on TV, and Rhino is watching a DVD pack of all the 25 Bolt episodes, possibly at the rural home at the end of the movie with Bolt's family (Penny, Mittens, Bolt himself, and Penny's mother). On the Nintendo DS version, players can play a mini-game called Rhino's Mission, where they go through mazes and avoid obstacles, like cannons. Despite that the end of the Bolt film shows a new storyline, it can be implied that these episodes featured in the game are mostly the episodes in the first season, despite the movie starting with the chase sequence. Plot Penny's father has been captured by Calico and his organization in an attempt to construct a powerful weapon of untold power. Penny and Bolt travel to Italy in an effort to find out more, but they get nowhere other than learning of Calico's location in Belize. Calico finally manages to capture Penny once she and Bolt find his temple base in the Yucatán jungle. To prove to Penny's father that she is alive and being held hostage, Calico gives Penny a cell phone with her father on the other line. Calico then attempts to flee the crumbling temple with his new captive but decides to leave her there with Bolt to die, saying, \"As long as the professor believes she's alive, he will do what is asked and finish the weapon. Too bad we can't all have nine lives\". However, Penny and Bolt survive and discover Calico's new base in the Russian Arctic with a large rocket in the center. But upon entering, Penny notices micro-focusing mirrors and realizes that it is her father's satellite instead of a warhead. All too late as Calico seals the entrance and, to Bolt's horror, launches it with Penny inside screaming for help. Bolt then jumps onto the rocket and","title":"Bolt (video game)"},{"docid":"43839916","text":"Kate & Mim-Mim is an animated children's television series created by husband-and-wife duo, Scott and Julie Stewart. Produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment in season 1 and later by DHX Media in season 2 with FremantleMedia Kids & Family, the first episode premiered on Disney Junior in the United States on December 19, 2014 until July 2, 2017 when Disney Junior lost the rights to air the series. The series also premiered in the United Kingdom on CBeebies on October 30, 2016. The show focuses on the friendship and adventures of a little girl named Kate and her favorite toy, a plush bunny named Mim-Mim who go on daring adventures in the fictional world of Mimiloo. Characters Kate is the main protagonist. She is a 5-year-old girl who wears colored clothes and is best friends with a stuffed bunny named Mim-Mim. Kate is voiced by Maryke Hendrikse in North America and Jessica Hann in the UK. Mim-Mim, a plush purple bunny, is Kate's best friend. Mim-Mim is voiced by Lee Tockar in North America and by Rob Foster in the UK. Valerie is Kate's mother. Valerie is voiced by Nicole Oliver in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK. Marco is Kate's father. Marco is voiced by David Godfrey in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK. Boomer is a blue creature and Lily's younger brother. He is voiced by Maryke Hendrikse in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK. Lily is a pink creature and Boomer's older sister. She is voiced by Tabitha St. Germain in North America and Jess Robinson in the UK. Gobble is a giant brown badger, voiced by Brian Drummond in North America and Terrence Mann in the UK. Tach is an orange-yellow creature, voiced by Matt Hill in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK. Broadcast Other international broadcasters that have picked up the series include DR (Denmark), SVT (Sweden), Clan (Spain), Panda (Portugal), Super RTL (Germany), Tiji (France), JimJam (Central and Eastern Europe), PBS (Thailand) and Okto (Singapore). Episodes Season 1 (2014-15) Rip Roaring Race (1 September 2014) The Need for Seed (2 September 2014) Color Me Happy (3 September 2014) Kittens and Mittens (4 September 2014) Tail Tale (5 September 2014) Mirror Mirror (8 September 2014) Boomer Size (9 September 2014) Mim Mim's Moon Mishap (10 September 2014) Tee Hee Rex (11 September 2014) Mega Music Maker (12 September 2014) Lost Island (15 September 2014) Flight of the Flowers (16 September 2014) A Case of the Giggles (17 September 2014) Hiccups and Night Fun (18 September 2014) Cloud Castle (19 September 2014) Snow Bowling (22 September 2014) Valentine Friends (23 September 2014) A Storybook Ending (24 September 2014) Balloon Buddies (25 September 2014) Twinkle Twinkle (26 September 2014) Snifferific (29 September 2014) Summer Funday Drive (30 September 2014) Mega Mim (1 October 2014) Kate the Great (2 October 2014) Clean Sweep (3 October 2014) Princess Kate (17 November 2014) Lighter than Air (18 November 2014) Gobble's Gift (19 November","title":"Kate & Mim-Mim"},{"docid":"65383201","text":"The Mitten (Ukrainian: Рукавичка) is a Ukrainian fairy tale. It remains popular in modern Ukraine and has been translated into other languages. Some of the written records of The Mitten date back to the 19th century and include the folklore collections of Pavlo Chubynsky. and Ivan Rudchenko. Plot There are numerous variations of this Ukrainian folk tale. In the general story, a person loses their mitten in a forest in the snow during a cold winter. One by one, various animals come and settle inside the mitten planning to stay warm. Eventually, the mitten can no longer hold all who want to warm themselves inside. The mitten then splits open and spills out all the animals into the cold. Variations The individual losing the mitten varies - some versions feature a child who loses their mitten. The animals included varies in different versions but often includes a mouse, a frog, a hare, a fox, a wolf, a boar and a bear. The animals fitting into the mitten get progressively larger. In some retellings, each of the animals have adjectives or nicknames. In many retellings, prior to settling in, the new-comer asks permission from the animals already inside. When the mitten can hold no more, sometimes a sneeze causes the animals to no longer fit inside. In some retellings, the person who lost the mitten finds it after the animals have left. Interpretation The story illustrates the Tragedy of the Commons. Translations The Mitten was translated into various languages, including English, Japanese, Azerbaijani, French, German and Russian. One of the most popular versions of The Mitten retold in English is by Jan Brett. In popular culture In 1996 a Ukrainian Animated Film Studio Ukranimafilm released a cartoon The Mitten (N. Marchenkova, а scriptwriter and director). In 2001, Ukrposhta, the postal service of Ukraine, released a Ukrainian Fairy Tale series of stamps, including The Mitten. References M M M","title":"The Mitten (folk tale)"},{"docid":"1563469","text":", better known as , is a Japanese actor, voice actor and narrator from Kanagawa Prefecture. He is affiliated with Aoni Production. He had roles in the Initial D series (as Jōshima Toshiya \"God Hand\"), Naruto (as Might Guy), Eat-Man (as Bolt Crank), the Shakugan no Shana series (as Alastor the Flame of Heavens), Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! (as Doctor Tsuchiya), Buso Renkin (as Captain Bravo), The Transformers (as Ratchet) and Final Fantasy XIII (as Sazh Katzroy). He is also the official dub-over artist of Tom Hanks, Bill Murray, Wesley Snipes, Bruce Campbell and Robin Williams. He was also the first dubbing voice actor of Andy García and Alec Baldwin in their early days. Much of his roles are occupied by Koichi Yamadera in different editions of the films. Background Ebara graduated from Tōkyōtoritsu Chitosegaoka Senior High School. He initially did not aspire to be an actor, but he chose to attend the Toho Performing Arts Academy to learn the trade because he admired the work of Charlie Chaplin as a student. After previously working with Gekidan Subaru, he affiliated himself with 81 Produce, but he is now affiliated with Aoni Production. Filmography Television animation 1987 Transformers: The Headmasters (Spike Witwicky, Scattershot/Computron, Pounce) 1990 Robin Hood no Daibōken (Baron Alwyn) 1991 Soreike! Anpanman (Unadonman, Pineappleman, Princess Dorian, Crayonman) 1992 O~i! Ryoma (Yamauchi Yōdō) The Laughing Salesman (Kenzō Warii (episode 93), Shokudō no Oyaji (December 26, 1992 special)) 1993 Nintama Rantarō (Young Ryūōmaru, Heishirō Kusai) 1994 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R (Chiral) Yu Yu Hakusho (Yomi) 1996 Baketsu de Gohan (Zubrofsky) Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! (Doctor Tsuchiya) Raideen the Superior (Kraken) 1997 Eat-Man (Bolt Crank) 1998 Eat-Man '98 (Bolt Crank) 1999 Cowboy Bebop (Andy Von de Oniyate) Master Keaton (Robert Fenders) Pocket Monsters (Jangō) 2000 Love Hina (Kōji Maehara) Platinumhugen Ordian (Baltoro) Shūkan Storyland (Leader, narration) 2001 PaRappa Rappa (Boxy Boy) Shaman King (Dōen) The SoulTaker (Richard Vincent) 2002 Tottoko Hamtaro (Lion-sensei) 2003 Astro Boy: Mighty Atom (Archer) Gad Guard (Jack Bruno) Gunslinger Girl (Hilshire) Mugen Senki Potorisu (Black-clothed man) Naruto (Might Guy) 2004 Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple (George Challenger) Fullmetal Alchemist (Hohenheim Elric) Kaiketsu Zorori (Gaon, Husky) 2005 Majime ni Fumajime: Kaiketsu Zorori (Gaon, Husky) Shakugan no Shana (Alastor) Shinshaku Sengoku Eiyūdensetsu Sanada Ten Braves The Animation (Kuroda Nagamasa) Xenosaga: The Animation (Ziggurat 8) 2006 Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z (Mojo Jojo) Ergo Proxy (MCQ) 2007 El Cazador de la Bruja (Shop Manager) Naruto: Shippuden (Might Guy, Might Duy) Nodame Cantabile (Sebastiano Viella) Shakugan no Shana Second (Alastor) 2008 Michiko to Hatchin (Old Gentleman) Negibōzu no Satarō (Aona no Shakimi) 2011 Shakugan no Shana Final (Alastor) 2012 Sword Art Online (Godfree) 2013 Magi: The Kingdom of Magic (Shambal Ramal) Space Battleship Yamato 2199 (Osamu Yamanami) 2014 Future Card Buddyfight (Hitotaba Neginoyama/Captain Answer, Vlad Dracula) Tokyo ESP (Shin Kakuno) Nisekoi (Adlet Wogner Kirisaki) 2016 One Piece (Raizō) 2017 Space Battleship Yamato 2202: Warriors of Love (Osamu Yamanami) Vatican Miracle Examiner (Archbishop Saul) 2018 Pop Team Epic (Popuko","title":"Masashi Ebara"},{"docid":"30989403","text":"John MacKay Shaw (15 May 1897 – 15 March 1984) was a Scottish-American business executive, bibliophile, philanthropist, and writer. He was interested in the tradition of poetry in the English language from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries. He was especially attentive to its treatment of the theme of childhood. Early life Shaw was born on 15 May 1897, in Glasgow, Scotland. His father immigrated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to find work and the rest of the family followed him in 1911. He left school at the age of 14 and went first to work at John Wanamaker's department store as an errand boy and later to Wharton Business School where he took stenographic courses. During World War I, he joined the Ambulance Corps and served in France. Career After the war, Shaw joined the steno pool at Mitten Management but he was chosen by the president of the company, Thomas Mitten, to serve as his private secretary. His specialty was in the field of public relations and advertising. When Mitten died, Shaw left the company to work as a public relations executive for the Bell Telephone System. In this role, he worked on the weekly radio program \"The Bell Telephone Hour\" and redesigned the New York City Yellow Pages. While working for the company, he began to collect British and American poetry by and about children. He joined the Grolier Club and the American Library Association. When he retired in 1959, he donated almost 6,000 volumes to Florida State University. He created an 11-volume annotated bibliography, Childhood in Poetry. He was awarded an honorary doctor of humane letters in 1972. Later life Shaw died on 15 March 1984, in Tallahassee, Florida. Bibliography Birchfield, James D. \"The John MacKay Shaw Collection: Two Decades at Florida State.\" Florida State, Vol. 4, No. 3, Summer 1980, pp. 17– 19. Evory, Ann, ed., \"John MacKay Shaw,\" Contemporary Authors. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1978. Vol. 29-32, p. 629. Hendrickson, Norejane J. and Nancy Taylor Coghill. \"Nineteenth-Century Children's Poetry: A Reflection of the Age.\" Children's Literature Association Quarterly, Vol. 11, Number 2, Summer 1986, pp. 72–77. Korn, Frederick. Poetry of the Great War: A Descriptive Catalogue of Resources in the Shaw Collection. Tallahassee: Florida State University Library, 1984. Patrick, Lucy. \"The John MacKay Shaw Childhood in Poetry Collection,\" Florida Libraries, Vol. 49, No. 2, Fall 2006, pp. 13–15. Shaw, John MacKay. Childhood in Poetry; A Catalogue, With Biographical and Critical Annotations, of the Books of English and American Poets Comprising the Shaw Childhood in Poetry Collection. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1967. 5 vols. Supplement of 3 vols. (1972); Supplement of 2 vols. (1976); Supplement (1980). Shaw, John MacKay. \"Childhood in Poetry: The Forty-Year History of a Collection, 1929-1969,\" Antiquarian Bookman, 22–29 December 1969, rpt. as a monograph, Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1970. Shaw, John MacKay. \"The Life of Thomas Eugene Mitten of Philadelphia (1874-1929),\" unpublished manuscript in Free Library of Philadelphia. Shaw, John MacKay. The Parodies of Lewis Carroll and Their Originals. Tallahassee: Florida State University","title":"John MacKay Shaw"},{"docid":"4450417","text":"Chris Williams (born December 19, 1968) is an American-Canadian animation film director, screenwriter and voice actor who is best known for directing the films Bolt (2008) and Big Hero 6 (2014) and co-directing the film Moana (2016) for Walt Disney Animation Studios, and for directing the film The Sea Beast (2022) for Netflix Animation. Early life Williams was born on December 19, 1968, in Missouri and spent the first 25 years of his life in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, where his father was the director of Counselling Services at the University of Waterloo. Williams graduated from the University of Waterloo with a degree in Fine Arts and then enrolled in the animation program at Sheridan College, Oakville, Ontario. Upon graduation from Sheridan, he was recruited by Disney and moved to Los Angeles. Career Williams previously worked in the story department for Mulan (1998), The Emperor's New Groove (2000) and Frozen (2013), in which he also voiced the character Oaken. In February 2007, it was announced he would direct American Dog, which was re-titled Bolt (2008) and was later joined by Byron Howard, both of them replaced Chris Sanders who was the original director. In July 2010, it was reported by various sources that Williams would direct King of the Elves based on the story by Philip K. Dick. However, in 2012, it was revealed that Williams had joined another Walt Disney Animation film, Big Hero 6, as a co-director inspired by the Marvel Comics of the same name. In November 2018, it was reported that Williams had left Disney and he would write and direct The Sea Beast for Netflix. The Sea Beast was released on Netflix on July 8, 2022. Filmography Feature films Shorts and TV Other credits See also List of University of Waterloo people References External links 1968 births Living people American animated film directors American expatriates in Canada American film directors American male screenwriters American male voice actors Animation screenwriters Animators from Missouri Annie Award winners Directors of Best Animated Feature Academy Award winners Male actors from Missouri People from Kitchener, Ontario Primetime Emmy Award winners Sheridan College animation program alumni University of Waterloo alumni Walt Disney Animation Studios people Netflix people Writers from Ontario","title":"Chris Williams (director)"},{"docid":"72225292","text":"The second season of Big Mouth, an American adult animated coming-of-age sitcom created by Andrew Goldberg, Nick Kroll, Mark Levin, and Jennifer Flackett, was released on Netflix on October 5, 2018. The series centers on teens based on Kroll and Goldberg's upbringing in suburban New York, with Kroll voicing his fictional younger self. Big Mouth explores puberty while \"embrac[ing] a frankness about the human body and sex.\" Cast and characters Main Nick Kroll as Nick Birch, Maurice the Hormone Monster, Coach Steve, Rick the Hormone Monster, Lola Skumpy, Nick Starr, Mila and Lotte Jensen, a webcam girl, Gina's Abuela, Bad Mitten, Rabbi Poblart and others John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman, Detective Florez and Andrew 3000 Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian, Guy Bilzerian, Radio DJ and Gina's Brother #1 Jenny Slate as Missy Foreman-Greenwald, Mirror Missy, Taffiny, The Implant and Additional Voices Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch, Bob the Hormone Monster and a Bus Driver Maya Rudolph as Diane Birch, Connie the Hormone Monstress, Susan, The Pill and Principal Barren Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington (1899–1974), Featuring Ludacris, Cyrus Foreman, Priest, Condom and Magician #2 Recurring Guest Episodes Reception Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 100% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 8.80 out of 10. The website's critics consensus reads \"Poignantly repulsive, Big Mouth continues to confront the awkwardness of adolescence with foul-mouthed glee and an added layer of maturity.\" On Metacritic, it has a score of 90 out of 100 for the second season, based on nine critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Accolades References 2018 American animated television seasons Big Mouth (American TV series) seasons","title":"Big Mouth season 2"},{"docid":"2704591","text":"Hoover Field was an early airport serving the city of Washington, D.C. It was constructed as a private airfield in 1925, but opened to public commercial use on July 16, 1926. It was located in Arlington, Virginia, near the intersection of the Highway Bridge and the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway, where The Pentagon and its northern parking lots now stand. Considered one of the most hazardous airfields in the United States, Hoover Field suffered from short and unpaved runways, numerous life-threatening obstructions around the field, poor visibility (due to a burning garbage dump to its northwest), and poor drainage. It was purchased by the owner of nearby Washington Airport in early 1929, causing a brief merger of the two fields, but was sold to a new owner just 12 months later. It nearly went bankrupt in 1933, and was sold at auction and merged with Washington Airport to become Washington-Hoover Airport on August 2, 1933. Washington-Hoover Airport closed in June 1941. Washington National Airport (now Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport) was built as its replacement. Construction Hoover Field was built in 1925 by Thomas E. Mitten, president of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company (which held the airmail contract between Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia). Hell's Bottom, a site at the foot of the Highway Bridge in Arlington County, Virginia (formerly a horse racing track) directly across the Potomac River from the city, was selected by Mitten for the site of his new \"airport.\" Pioneering aviator Alys McKey Bryant helped clear trees and brush and run the tractor which leveled the land for the airfield. The single sod runway was long. A single hangar, by in size, was constructed. Construction ended in 1925, and at first the field was used only by planes giving sight-seeing tours over the national capital. The then-unnamed airfield was threatened with competition almost immediately. Because the field was privately owned, civic leaders began a campaign for the city of Washington to build a publicly owned municipal airport. The federal government considered filling in all or part of Kingman Lake and using the lake, Kingman Island, and nearby Heritage Island for a federal airport to compete with the nascent field in Arlington, but this plan died in August 1926. The government's actions and Mitten's desire to fly people between D.C. and Philadelphia for the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence led Mitten to expand his airfield. The new airfield was dedicated on July 16, 1926. It was named for then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, a major promoter of civil aviation. The roughly trapezoidal airport was built along a north-by-northeast axis, was approximately long and wide, and in size. The only navigational aid was a windsock. Conditions at the field Flying conditions at Hoover Field were notoriously poor. Arlington Beach, a local amusement park, was located on the north-northeastern edge of the airport (next to Highway Bridge), and a landfill on the north-northwestern side. The trash in the landfill was also on fire. The smoke sometimes obscured the","title":"Hoover Field"},{"docid":"52281037","text":"Marvel's Inhumans, or simply Inhumans, is an American television series created by Scott Buck for ABC based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's other television series. It was produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television in association with Devilina Productions, and was co-financed by IMAX Entertainment in a deal that gave the series a theatrical premiere. Buck served as showrunner on the series. The series is centered on Black Bolt, portrayed by Anson Mount, and other members of the Inhuman Royal Family. Serinda Swan, Ken Leung, Eme Ikwuakor, Isabelle Cornish, Ellen Woglom, and Iwan Rheon also star. Marvel Studios announced an Inhumans film in 2014 as part of their Phase Three slate of films, with the species first introduced to the MCU in the series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The film was removed from Marvel Studios' slate in April 2016, and the Inhumans series was announced that November, to be partly filmed using IMAX cameras. Buck joined the series in October, and Mount was cast in February 2017. Filming took place from March to June 2017, at the former Naval Air Station Barbers Point airfield in Kalaeloa, Hawaii and various locations on the island of Oahu. Inhumans debuted on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, the first live-action television series to do so. The theatrical run lasted two weeks, before the series premiered on ABC on September 29 and ran for eight episodes, concluding on November 10. The series was met with unfavorable reviews and low television ratings, and was canceled by ABC in May 2018. Mount reprised his role as an alternate version of Black Bolt in Marvel Studios' MCU film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Premise After a military coup, the Inhuman Royal Family escape to Hawaii, where they must save themselves and the world. Cast and characters Main Anson Mount as Black Bolt:The Head of the Inhuman Royal Family and King of Attilan, whose voice can cause destruction with the slightest whisper. Showrunner Scott Buck called Black Bolt enigmatic and fascinating because \"a lot of times, we don't know what he's thinking\", and noted the difficulty of writing a character who \"does not speak, but yet he is our hero and the center of the show\". Buck specifically ruled out the series using voice over, with Black Bolt instead communicating via sign language. Premiere director Roel Reiné told Mount to just use 15 or 16 signs, but Mount decided to create his own sign system. He explained that since the character is not from Earth, he would not know Earth-based systems such as American Sign Language (ASL). Mount borrowed the underlying rules of ASL but then \"double-check[ed] my signs against ASL to make sure there is no overlap\", and also studied orchestra conductors. Mount created a document for his language with over 50 pages, and felt that if he could develop the language over several seasons, it could become","title":"Inhumans (TV series)"},{"docid":"54221354","text":"I Am Bolt is a 2016 British biographical documentary sports film co-directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner and produced by Leo Pearlman. It is based on the life of Jamaican sprinter and three times Olympic gold medalist and World Record holder for 100m, 200m, 4×100m relay, Usain Bolt, the fastest man in recorded human history. The film describes Bolt's journey in winning nine gold medals and the incidents surrounding the Olympic titles. The film was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom and then worldwide. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Cast Usain Bolt himself Pelé himself Neymar himself Serena Williams herself Asafa Powell himself Sebastian himself Ziggy Marley himself Nas with voice Glen Mills himself Ricky Simms himself Chronixx himself Yohan Blake himself Maurice Greene himself Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt – his parents themselves Dwayne Jarrett – Bolt's school coach himself Nugent Walker – Bolt's manager himself Dwayne Barnett himself Reception Critical response I Am Bolt received positive reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 242 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \" Bolt's golden era may be too recent and the sponsors too dominant for any real warts to be included, but his charm and sheer physical wonder make this a compelling watch regardless.\" Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter reacted positively, saying: \"Athletic achievements don’t get much more unbeatable than the records held by Jamaican runner Usain Bolt, who’s won nine consecutive Olympic gold medals and even more World Championship awards. Considered the fastest sprinter who’s ever logged track time, Bolt is a hero to millions and admired on a level comparable to global sports legends like Muhammad Ali and Pele.\" Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it 2/5, stating \"Fans of Usain Bolt will find much to relish in this gushing homage to the nine-time Olympic gold medallist, which chases its idol from his 2015 slump, via scenes of downtime in Jamaica to the podium in Rio. References External links Sports films based on actual events Running films Biographical films about sportspeople Documentary films about sportspeople 2010s biographical films 2016 films Pelé Cultural depictions of track and field athletes Cultural depictions of Jamaican people 2010s English-language films","title":"I Am Bolt"},{"docid":"1563682","text":"Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965). Black Bolt is the ruler of Attilan, and a member of the Inhumans, a reclusive race of genetically altered superhumans. Black Bolt's signature power is his voice, as his electron-harnessing ability is linked to the speech center of his brain. Speaking triggers a massive disturbance in the form of a highly destructive shockwave capable of leveling a city. Due to the extreme danger posed by this power, the character has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in his sleep, and he usually remains completely silent and speaks through sign language or via a spokesperson. Black Bolt has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes. Since his original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, different versions of Black Bolt were portrayed by Anson Mount in the Marvel Television series Inhumans (2017) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Publication history Black Bolt debuted in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He re-joined the Illuminati as part of the 2012 Marvel NOW! rebranding initiative. He appeared in the 2017 Black Bolt series, his first solo comic book series, by Saladin Ahmed and Christian James Ward. He appeared in the 2021 Darkhold: Black Bolt #1 one-shot. Fictional character biography 1960s Black Bolt's first appearance established the character as being a member of the Inhuman ruling class. The title Thor featured a back-up feature called \"Tales of the Inhumans\", which recounts the character's origin story. The son of King Agon and Queen Rynda, Black Bolt is exposed to the mutagenic Terrigen Mist while still an embryo, and eventually demonstrates the ability to manipulate electrons. To protect the Inhuman community from his devastating voice, Black Bolt is placed inside a sound-proof chamber and is tutored in the use of his powers. Reentering Inhuman society as a young man—having vowed never to speak—the character is attacked by his younger brother Maximus, who attempts, unsuccessfully, to goad him into speaking. Black Bolt proved popular, and decides to leave Attilan to explore the outside world. The character reappears in a story focusing on his cousin Medusa, drives off the Hulk after the monster defeats the entire Inhuman Royal Family (Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Triton, and Crystal), and with the Fantastic Four, battles his brother Maximus and his own group of rogue Inhumans. 1970s After being forced to intercede in the budding romance between his cousin Crystal and the Fantastic Four's Johnny Storm, Black Bolt and the Inhumans feature in the title Amazing Adventures, and battle villains such as the Mandarin and Magneto. A story in The Avengers, told in flashback, reveals how Black Bolt came","title":"Black Bolt"},{"docid":"1685637","text":"Eat-Man (stylized as EAT-MAN) is a Japanese manga series created by Akihito Yoshitomi in 1996 which was serialized by MediaWorks monthly in 19 volumes until 2003 in Dengeki Comic Gao! magazine. In 1997, Studio Deen adapted the manga into a 12-episode anime television series which was broadcast in Japan from January 9 to March 27, 1997 on TV Tokyo. A sequel, Eat-Man '98, was also animated by Studio Deen and ran from October 8 to December 23, 1998. Both anime series are licensed in North America by Discotek Media and the manga series was licensed by Viz Communications before it was dropped. A second manga called Eat-Man The Main Dish started serialization in Monthly Shonen Sirius in May 2014. Story Eat-Man is a series of short, episodic stories about an \"explorer\" (a type of mercenary) named Bolt Crank who has the ability to eat virtually anything and then, at will, reproduce from his body the objects he's consumed. Eat-Mans world is a mix of high-tech futurist cyberpunk and fairy tale. The episodes take place in various worlds and in undefined times. Characters Bolt Crank (voiced by Masashi Ebara), is the best \"explorer\" in the world. In the manga, \"Explorers\" are a kind of mercenary. Although mercenaries in the manga do any job, even assassinations, the explorers were employees with principles. Bolt has a bizarre power, the ability to eat anything inorganic and then later recreate it (even fixing the item ingested) from any part of his body. The item usually comes out from his arms and hands, but sometimes can be created in other body areas, like his head, chest, or legs. In the manga, it was implied that inside Bolt's body was actually a void of space. Objects that he's consumed float around in a seemingly endless space, much like the inside of Doraemon's fourth-dimensional pocket. A man of few words, Bolt doesn't show his feelings and always keeps a cool head. However, his cynical personality and his \"always get the job done\" attitude can make him seem like a very cold and dark character but, in the end, he always finds a way to do the right thing. He never appears to look back on the past or regret it in any way. Although Bolt's past remained a mystery in all the series, some stories gave clues about his past, including some characters that appeared in various episodes. The end of the manga series revealed a lot about who and what Bolt is, but his exact identity still remains a mystery. Here are some hints in the series: Bolt never ages, but the end of the manga series revealed that he is biologically immortal (he does not age but can be hurt and/or killed). There is a character identical to Bolt called Leon. His creations include an gynoid (Stella) with human feelings who loved him (an antagonist of Bolt in various episodes, trying to transform all living things into machines) and a weird robot capable of assimilating any","title":"Eat-Man"},{"docid":"5273220","text":"\"Three Little Kittens\" is an English language nursery rhyme, probably with roots in the British folk tradition. The rhyme as published today however is a sophisticated piece usually attributed to American poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860). With the passage of time, the poem has been absorbed into the Mother Goose collection. The rhyme tells of three kittens who first lose, then find and soil, their mittens. When all is finally set to rights, the kittens receive their mother's approval and some pie. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16150. The poem was published in England in 1827 in a mock review by William Ewart Gladstone, writing as Bartholomew Bouverie, in The Eton Miscellany. A version was later published in 1833 as an anonymous addition to a volume of Follen's verse and in the United States in 1843. Follen may have developed and refined an existing, rude version of the poem, and, in the process, made it her own. The poem is a sophisticated production that avoids the typical moralization of 19th century children's literature in favour of anthropomorphic fantasy, satirical nonsense, and word play. Text The cat and her kittens They put on their mittens, To eat a Christmas pie. The poor little kittens They lost their mittens, And then they began to cry. \"O mother dear, we sadly fear We cannot go to-day, For we have lost our mittens.\" \"If it be so, ye shall not go, For ye are naughty kittens.\" From Gladstone, The Eton Miscellany (1827) The three little kittens they lost their mittens, And they began to cry, Oh, mother dear, we sadly fear Our mittens we have lost What? Lost your mittens, you naughty kittens! Then you shall have no pie. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We shall have no pie. Our mittens we have lost. The three little kittens they found their mittens, And they began to smile, Oh, mother dear, see here, see here, Our mittens we have found What? Found your mittens, you good little kittens, And you shall have some pie. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We shall have some pie. Let us have some pie. The three little kittens put on their mittens, And soon ate up the pie; Oh, mother dear, we greatly fear Our mittens we have soiled What? Soiled your mittens, you naughty kittens! Then they began to sigh, Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. Our mittens we have soiled. Then they began to sigh. The three little kittens they washed their mittens, And hung them out to dry; Oh! mother dear, look here, look here, Our mittens we have washed What? Washed your mittens, you good little kittens, But I smell a rat close by. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We smell a rat close by. Let's all have some pie. From Follen, New Nursery Songs for All Good Children (1843) Background According to Janet Sinclair Gray, author of Race and Time, \"Three Little Kittens\" may have origins in the British folk tradition, but the poem as known today is a","title":"Three Little Kittens"},{"docid":"38461327","text":"Mihaela Rădulescu (born 3 August 1969) is a Romanian businesswoman, television host and producer, social activist, bestselling author, and columnist. She is also a goodwill ambassador for United Way Worldwide, Hospice House of Hope, and Save the Children and the founder of the charitable children's assistance foundation Fundația Ayan. She has hosted the TV show \"Duminica în familie\" on Antena 1 since 2000, and has hosted or produced programs including Lucky Star, Gala, Punem Pariu că-i vara, Ferma, and Uite cine dansează (Pro TV). Career When Rădulescu was born, her parents were still students. Later, they became teachers. She and her brother, Florin, were raised by their grandparents. Rădulescu attended three colleges, but did not earn a bachelor's degree. She was a student at the National Academy of Physical Education and Sports for three years. She also studied philology and foreign languages for two years and attended courses at the Faculty of Psychology for three years. Rădulescu started her career upon moving to Bucharest. She worked as an instructor of aerobic and fitness gymnastics, a taxi driver (when she was a student), a secretary in the first post-revolution government, a referent at the Office of Foreign Relations and Protocol of the Senate, the head of the cabinet at the Romanian Senate, the director of the International Festival Dakino for three editions, and the director and co-organizer of two editions of the elite international model show, \"Look of the Year\". Rădulescu began a career as a TV host and producer, becoming number 1 in Romania - \"Duminica in familie\" (Sunday in the family) at Antena 1, and \"Your Lucky Star\" at Pro TV. She was the first female journalist to make war documentaries in Iraq and Afghanistan, in 2005 and 2006. During her career, Rădulescu has worked for Tele7ABC, Pro TV, Antena 1, and B1 TV. Rădulescu served as a jury member on Romania's Got Talent at Pro TV, for six years. She has also been a host for \"Dancing with the Stars\" on Pro TV. Since 2017, she has been host of The Farm on Pro TV. In 2021 she served as a jury member on The Masked Singer on Pro TV. In other entertainment work, Rădulescu has appeared in six Romanian films. She was also a voiceover actor as Flame in the animated movie Turbo in 2013 and Mittens in the Disney movie Bolt to dub the films in Romanian. Rădulescu is the author of five best-selling books, published by Polirom Publishing House. She has been on the cover of magazines including Elle, Marie Claire, Unica, Viva, and Cosmopolitan. Rădulescu is an eco-activist, working with To.org and other companies. She was awarded with the Order of Merit by King Mihai of Romania for her humanitarian campaigns and for improving the quality of the public dialogue. She was also awarded Woman of the Year five times for her outstanding philanthropic work and as a social activist. Rădulescu has also received the Tocqueville Award for her charity donations, mostly for hospitals","title":"Mihaela Rădulescu"},{"docid":"72706663","text":"Mittens was a chess engine developed by Chess.com. It was released on January 1, 2023, alongside four other engines, all of them given cat-related names. The engine became a viral sensation in the chess community due to exposure through content made by chess streamers and a social media marketing campaign, later contributing to record levels of traffic to the Chess.com website and causing issues with database scalability. Mittens was given a rating of one point by Chess.com, although it was evidently stronger than that. Various chess masters played matches against the engine, with players such as Hikaru Nakamura and Levy Rozman drawing and losing their games respectively. A month after its release, Mittens was removed from the website on February 1, as expected through Chess.com's monthly bot cycles. In December 2023, Mittens was brought back in a group of Chess.com's most popular bots of 2023. Release Mittens was released on January 1, 2023, as part of a New Year event on Chess.com. It was one of five engines released, all with names related to cats. The other engines released were named Scaredy Cat, rated 800; Angry Cat, rated 1000; Mr. Grumpers, rated 1200 and Catspurrov (a pun on Garry Kasparov), rated 1400. As part of the announcement, a picture of each engine was accompanied by a short description of its character. The description given for Mittens suggested that the engine was hiding something, reading: Of the five engines released, Mittens was by far the most popular. In December 2023, Chess.com re-released Mittens as part of a \"best of 2023\" group of chess bots made to showcase their most popular bots of the year. Design Mittens was conceptualized by Chess.com employee Will Whalen. Appearing as a kitten, Mittens trash talked its opponents with a selection of voice lines: these lines included quotes from J. Robert Oppenheimer, Vincent van Gogh and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as the 1967 film Le Samouraï. The engine's \"personality\" was devised by a writing team headed by Sean Becker, and Marija Casic provided the engine's graphics. Chess.com did not disclose any information about the software running the engine. It may be based on Chess.com's Komodo Dragon 3 engine. Mittens' strategy was to slowly grind down an opponent, a tactic likened to the playing style of Anatoly Karpov. Becker stated that the design team believed it would be \"way more demoralizing and funny\" for the engine to play this way. According to Hikaru Nakamura, Mittens sometimes missed the best move (or winning positions). Rating On Chess.com, Mittens had a rating of one point. However, the engine's playing style and tactics showed that it was stronger than that; Mittens was able to beat or draw against many top human players. In an interview with CNN Business, Whalen stated that the idea behind giving Mittens a rating of one was to surprise its opponents, giving it the upper hand psychologically. Estimates of Mittens' true rating range from an Elo of 3200 to 3500, because of its ability to beat other","title":"Mittens (chess)"},{"docid":"24466292","text":"\"I Thought I Lost You\" is a song performed by American singers and actors Miley Cyrus and John Travolta. It was released as a promotional single in 2008. The song was written by Cyrus alongside producer Jeffrey Steele. It was included in the 2008 Disney animated film Bolt, in which Cyrus and Travolta provide the voices of main characters Penny and Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was made after filmmakers requested Cyrus to write a song for the film. The song reflects the film's story of a dog being separated from his owner and trying to find his way back to her. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was nominated for Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, losing both to Bruce Springsteen's \"The Wrestler\" from The Wrestler (2008). The song's accompanying promotional clip has Cyrus and Travolta performing the song in a recording studio and features clips from Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was promoted by live performances by Cyrus. Background Cyrus became involved with Bolt once she was cast as Penny, Bolt's owner. Filmmakers asked Cyrus to write a song for herself and John Travolta, who stars as Bolt. She co-wrote the song with the aid of Jeffrey Steele, who also produced the track, in a short period of time as they had a due date. The film's settings vary in cities throughout the United States, which Cyrus thought she could capture in the song. \"Not just make it something that sounds from Hollywood and really produced, but we could add a little country twang to it,\" she said. Cyrus said the writing process was easy. Before the song's completion, Travolta agreed to sing it, believing \"Well, it will be a cute song, whatever it is.\" After listening to the song, he was surprised at Cyrus' songwriting abilities. \"She's really gifted at writing, and she really wanted to write something good for me as the character Bolt, so she went out of her way with her writing partner to come up with something good, and I really think they pulled it off\", Travolta told MTV News. John Lasseter, executive producer of Bolt, decided to make \"I Thought I Lost You\" the theme for Bolt, since it lyrically summarized the film's plot. He said, \"[The song] sums up the theme of this film. You know, a dog and its owner and they both were separated, but they love each other so much — there's such an emotional payoff when these characters get reunited, and I think that's what this song's about.\" Lasseter thought that solely the song worked, but it worked better for the film. \"I Thought I Lost You\" is one of two songs on the Bolt soundtrack and was released to Radio Disney to promote Bolt and its accompanying soundtrack. Composition \"I Thought I Lost You\" is a pop rock song and lasts three minutes and thirty-six seconds. Its instrumentation includes electric guitar and piano. The song","title":"I Thought I Lost You"},{"docid":"2915913","text":"The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) was a pioneering computer network protocol for transporting human speech over packetized communications networks. It was an early example of Voice over Internet Protocol technology. History NVP was first defined and implemented in 1974, with definition led by the “Speech” project at ISI, the USC Information Sciences Institute following initial work begun in 1973. ISI leadership was by Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI), University of Southern California, with funding from ARPA's Network Secure Communications (NSC) program. The project's stated goals were \"to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of secure, high-quality, low-bandwidth, real-time, full-duplex (two-way) digital voice communications over packet-switched computer communications networks...[and to] supply digitized speech which can be secured by existing encryption devices. The major goal of this research is to demonstrate a digital high-quality, low-bandwidth, secure voice handling capability as part of the general military requirement for worldwide secure voice communication.\" NVP’s first demonstration was in August 1974 between the groups at ISI and MIT Lincoln Laboratory. That was history’s first “phone call” using a computer network. It was partly enabled by users of vocoders custom-built by BB&N, Bolt Beranek, and Newman. Work as a whole involved many other researchers nationally. Necessary subnet (IMP-to-IMP) changes for real-time packet forwarding were discussed at ISI in March 1974, chaired by Bob Kahn, DARPA’s program director for the speech project. At the end of the meeting, he summarized actions and directed BB&N to make the required subnet updates. NVP was used to send speech between distributed sites on the ARPANET using several different voice-encoding techniques, including linear predictive coding (LPC) and continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD). Cooperating researchers included Steve Casner, Randy Cole, and Paul Raveling (ISI); Jim Forgie (Lincoln Laboratory); Mike McCammon (Culler-Harrison); John Markel (Speech Communications Research Laboratory); John Makhoul (Bolt, Beranek and Newman), and Rod McGuire and Philip Rubin (Haskins Laboratories). NVP was used by experimental Voice Funnel equipment (circa February 1981), based on BBN Butterfly computers, as part of ongoing ARPA research into packetized audio. ARPA staff and contractors used the Voice Funnel, and related video facilities, to do three-way and four-way video conferencing among a handful of US East and West Coast sites. Credit also is due to Dave Retz and his group at the UC Santa Barbara Speech Communication Laboratory. ISI used his operating system, ELF, for the early development of speech networking, including extension to speech conferencing. Protocol The protocol consisted of two distinct parts: control protocols and a data transport protocol. Control protocols included relatively rudimentary telephony features such as indicating who wants to talk to whom; ring tones; negotiation of voice encoding; and call termination. Data messages contained encoded speech. For each encoding scheme (vocoder) a frame was defined as a packet containing the negotiated transmission interval of a number of digitized voice samples. NVP was transported over the Internet Stream Protocol (ST) and a later version called Stream Protocol, version 2 (ST-II), both connection-oriented versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) and which","title":"Network Voice Protocol"},{"docid":"37260910","text":"A mitten is a glove without individual finger openings. Mitten(s) may also refer to: Landforms The Mitten, a mountain in Antarctica West and East Mitten Buttes, a geologic formation in Monument Valley Lower Peninsula of Michigan, nicknamed \"the Mitten\" Animals Chinese mitten crab, a species of crab native to Eastern Asia Mittens (cat), a famous cat from Wellington, New Zealand Polydactyl cat, also known as \"mitten cat\" Arts Film and television The Mitten (film), a 1967 Soviet animated film Mittens, a character in the 2008 film Bolt Mittens, a kitten character in Timmy Time Mittens Fluff 'N' Stuff, a Lalaloopsy doll and character in the TV series Literature Mittens, a kitten in Beatrix Potter tale The Tale of Tom Kitten The Mitten (folk tale), a Ukrainian folk tale adapted to several media Music \"Mittens\", a song by Carly Rae Jepsen Mittens Records, a record label founded by Julie Feeney Other uses Yakovlev Yak-130, NATO reporting name MitteN Fuchu, Shopping center Mittens (chess engine), by Chess.com Mitt Romney (born 1947), American politician nicknamed \"Mittens\" See also Glove (disambiguation) Mitte (disambiguation), a German word for middle—Mitten is another grammatical form of Mitte","title":"Mitten (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"2259372","text":"The Saddletramps were an alternative country band from Toronto, Ontario in the 1980s and 1990s. Core members of the band included Ken Horne, Andrew Lindsay, John DeHaas and Brian Duguay. History In the early 1980s several Fanshawe College students from the Greater Toronto Area who shared a rented house in London, Ontario got together to form the band Tin Mitten. Their first gig was opening for another established local band, The Waiting. Friends of the band members chanted \"No Waiting, Mitten Now\" and pelted the band with mittens. The band was soon renamed The Saddletramps, and performed in various Toronto venues. Lindsay met seventeen-year-old Sarah Harmer while working at Sunrise Records in Burlington, and she joined the band, later commuting to Toronto to perform on weekends while attending Queen's University. In 1989 the Saddletramps released their first album, The Saddle Tramps, on cassette tape, with Dehaas on bass, Duguay on lead guitar and vocals, Harmer on vocals, Horne on percussion, Lindsay on vocals and guitar. Mike Northcott also contributed some instrumental work. The album was recorded at Grant Ave and Axon Studios, and all but one of the songs were written by the band members. In 1990 the band released a second cassette album, Yardsale. Harmer left to concentrate on her studies; she later fronted her own band, Weeping Tile. The Saddletramps disbanded in 1995. In 1999, Harmer began a solo career; her solo album You Were Here included a new recording of \"Don't Get Your Back Up\", which she had originally recorded with The Saddletramps on Yardsale. Lindsay, Duguay, and Dehaas formed a new band called Loomer along with Michael Taylor, Iain Thomson, and Scott Loomer. The band released an album, Love Is A Dull Instrument in 2004. In 2006, Harmer sang \"Only Lovers\" on the band's second album, Songs of the Wild West Island. Discography Albums The Saddle Tramps (1989) Tracks: \"Christ\", \"Life and Times\", \"Church\", \"Winds of Change\", \"Alaska\", \"I Don't Mind\", \"Blue Eyes\" and \"Fallen Angel\" Yardsale (1990) Tracks: \"Weight of the World\", \"Deal With It\", \"Boomerang\", \"4000 Roads\", \"She Don't Love\", \"Rain of Gold\", \"Wastin' It On You\", \"Race Along The Edge\", \"Passin' Thru\", \"Don't Get Your Back Up\" Well Gone Bad (1993) References Canadian alternative country groups","title":"The Saddletramps"},{"docid":"27818012","text":"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas is an independent animated short film and a parody of How the Grinch Stole Christmas! written and directed by John Wardlaw and animated by Andy Angrand. The film features the final performance of actor Jonathan Harris and co-stars Tress MacNeille. The film also features an original score by Gary Stockdale and music by director John Wardlaw's band, Anti-m. Jonathan Harris Written in 1997, the script was presented to Jonathan Harris in 1998 though it was not until 2000 that his voice work was actually recorded. Harris died on November 3, 2002, long before the film was completed making it his last film. In 2006 an additional scene was added to the film and Jonathan Harris' former Lost In Space co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright and Marta Kristen added their voices to the film. The film was dedicated in his memory. Production and release Completed in 2009 the film made its first appearance at the non-theatrical 2009 Los Angeles Reel Film Festival where it was honored with three awards. In 2010 it made its theatrical world premier in the home town of film-maker John Wardlaw at the 25th Annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival (SBIFF). Between December 2009 and December 2011, the film played in 30 film festivals, winning 13 awards. Its final theatrical appearance was at L’hybride in Lille France. Considering the film features a cast from the TV series Lost In Space it was interesting that two of the films praises came from writers from the original series of Star Trek. \"It had a great animation style, clever and slightly naughty story (well put together) and was totally enjoyable!\" claimed D. C. Fontana \"I laughed my nuts off,\" stated David Gerrold. In 2011 The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas was released on DVD as part of a collection of short films and music videos by Wardlaw. The DVD bonus features include early animations and audio outtakes. The film was licensed to ShortsHD and ShortsTV in 2014. Awards See also List of Christmas films References External links Official website American independent films American animated short films 2009 animated short films 2000s Christmas films 2009 films 2000s American animated films American Christmas films 2000s English-language films English-language Christmas films","title":"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas"},{"docid":"31193548","text":"Bolt is a fictional character that appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated film Bolt (2008). He is depicted as a White Shepherd with superpowers such as a \"super bark\" and the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes. When he found himself lost, Bolt discovered that he was an actor in a television show, and must take it upon himself to get back home, learning how to be a normal dog in the process. Bolt's journey and personal evolution as a character are core to the film's main themes. Created by Chris Williams and Byron Howard, Bolt is introduced as a dog who is unknowingly the star of his own TV show. His ignorance is crucial as the cast and crew go to extreme lengths to make Bolt think he is actually a super dog in order to make the performance more authentic. The character is voiced by John Travolta. Much of the inspiration for Bolt was provided by John Lasseter, who also oversaw his visual development with chief character designer Joe Moshier. Aside from the film, the character also appears in the direct-to-video short film Super Rhino, the two video games Bolt and Disney Infinity, and the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom trade card role-playing game. In addition, photos of Bolt appear in Wreck-It Ralph (2012) and Big Hero 6 (2014). Bolt's character, alongside Travolta's vocal performance, has received mostly positive critical acclaim from film critics and became a breakout character, leading to strong sales of merchandise and toys following the film's release. Development Characterization and design The character known as Bolt was originally conceptualized as a bipedal Jack Russell Terrier named Henry, designed by Chris Sanders. In this script, Henry would be aware of the fact that he is an actor. Henry, as well as Sander's idea for the movie, was eventually scrapped when John Lasseter and some colleagues from Pixar reviewed the project. The character was subsequently redesigned after a White Spitz Breed, although changes were done to the muzzle, ears, and overall body structure to give the character a more distinctive and expressive appearance. Some aspects of his design, such as his distinctive ears, were inspired by American White Shepherds in order to emphasize his expressiveness. To make Bolt's movement seem more realistic and in line with that of real canines, the animation department studied the body language and locomotion of real white shepherds and utilized virtual bone-structure in the CGI models. Personality-wise, the new Bolt would be more naïve and insecure, conveying more pathos than Henry. At the same time, the art department worked to give Bolt a whimsical nature with a pose that excels confidence, thus allowing the character to have a contrasting personality and body language which reflects that. Voice work John Travolta was chosen to do the voice work for Bolt, after Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Tom Cruise turned down the role. Despite a history of turning down voice-over offers for animated characters, Travolta agreed to provide the voice for","title":"Bolt (Disney character)"},{"docid":"17093263","text":"The following is a list of known fictional characters who are Inhumans, a race of superhumans appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Known Inhumans Inhuman Royal Family The Inhuman Royal Family are the ruling class of the Inhumans. Among the members of the Inhuman Royal Family are: Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) – King of the Inhumans and husband to Medusa. He has a destructive hypersonic voice capable of defeating other super-powered beings. He has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in sleep. A fork-like antenna on Black Bolt's forehead allows more controlled use of his voice and psychically connects him to Lockjaw. Medusa (Medusalith Amaquelin Boltagon) – Wife of Black Bolt and Queen of the Inhumans. She is also a former member of the Fantastic Four and the Frightful Four, as well as the mother of Ahura and older sister of Crystal. Her prehensile hair possesses super-strength. Crystal (Crystallia Amaquelin Maximoff) – Medusa's sister, ex-wife of Quicksilver and mother of Luna. She is a former member of the Fantastic Four, as well as a former member of the Avengers. She can manipulate Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Gorgon (Gorgon Petragon) – Cousin of Medusa. He has bull-like legs in place of his actual legs capable of creating shockwaves equal in magnitude to an earthquake. Karnak the Shatterer (Karnak Mander-Azur) – Cousin of Black Bolt. He is also a priest and philosopher and chose not to expose himself to the Terrigen Mists (a substance that grants the Inhumans their powers upon contact). Despite this, he does have the ability to sense an opponent's weak points and is a superb martial artist. Triton (Triton Mander-Azur) – Karnak's fish-like brother who can breathe underwater and survive the pressures of the deep sea. Maximus Boltagon – Also known as Maximus the Mad, he is the brother of Black Bolt and attempts to overthrow him numerous times. Maximus has the ability of mind-control. The Unspoken – Cousin of Black Bolt. He was once the King of the Inhumans until the rest of the Royal Family rose up against his power-hungry ways. Black Bolt defeated and banished him, decreeing that his actions would be removed from the history books and his name never be uttered again causing him to be referred to as \"The Unspoken\". The Terrigen Mists gave him the power of \"Terrigenesis,\" the ability to alter his body into any form he wished. Ahura Boltagon – Son of Medusa and Black Bolt. He has psychic abilities. Luna Maximoff - Daughter of Quicksilver and Crystal. Born human, but later mutated by the Terrigen Crystal by her father. Lockjaw – A large bulldog who was granted the power of teleportation after exposure to the Terrigen Mists. This was due to the Inhumans' experiment on canines. Inhuman Royal Guards The Inhuman Royal Guards are a group of Inhumans that are responsible for protecting the Inhuman Royal Family. Among its members are: Chynae – A hydrokinetic Inhuman with pointy","title":"List of Inhumans"},{"docid":"40706081","text":"New Demons is the fourth studio album by American electronicore band I See Stars, released on October 22, 2013 through Sumerian Records. The album was originally set for release on August 13, before being pushed back to September 17, and again to October 22 for unknown reasons. The album marks a progression of the sound in their previous album Digital Renegade, with Zach Johnson having a much bigger vocal role, as well as having a much more prominent EDM sound. The song \"Violent Bounce\" was the first single to be released. It was uploaded to YouTube via the Sumerian Records channel. \"Murder Mitten\" and the title track, \"New Demons\", were to follow. The band did performances of the song \"Ten Thousand Feet\" to give fans a taste of what is going to be on the rest of the album before its release. Klayton of Celldweller, Mutrix, and Razihel all provided additional programming for some of the tracks. It is the final album to feature unclean vocalist/keyboardist Zach Johnson and rhythm guitarist Jimmy Gregerson before they were dismissed from the band in June 2015. Background The album had been worked on by the band immediately after their previous album, Digital Renegade, was finished. The song \"Ten Thousand Feet\" was the only song played from the album before it was released. The song \"Violent Bounce\" was released as the first single from the album several months before the album release date, accompanied by a lyric video. The song \"Murder Mitten\" is written about brothers Devin and Andrew Oliver's relationship with their mother, who was an alcoholic during their childhood. A remix version entitled New Demons (Remixes) was released on February 23, 2015. Featuring eight remixes from various producers, showcasing many styles of EDM. Reception The album debuted on Billboard 200 at No. 28, No. 10 on the Top Rock Albums Albums chart, selling 10,000 copies in its first week. It has sold 47,000 copies in the United States as of June 2016. Track listing Personnel I See Stars Devin Oliver – clean vocals Zach Johnson – unclean vocals, keyboards, synthesizers, sequencer, programming Brent Allen – lead guitar Jimmy Gregerson – rhythm guitar Jeff Valentine – bass guitar Andrew Oliver – drums, percussion, backing vocals; additional clean vocals on \"Murder Mitten\" Production Jake Klein – additional writing for \"Murder Mitten\", \"We're Not in Kansas Anymore\" and \"Who Am I?\" Joey Valentine – additional writing for \"Murder Mitten\", \"We're Not in Kansas Anymore\" and \"Who Am I?\", additional production Joey Sturgis – production, engineering, mixing, mastering Shawn Keith – executive producer, art direction Nick Scott – guitars, bass and vocals engineering, guitar and bass editing Chuck Alkazian – drum engineering Josh Karpowicz – assistant drum engineering at Pearl Sound Studios, Canton, Michigan Jeff Dunne – drum editing Kacey Dodson – vocal editing Scott \"Celldweller\" Albert, Nicolò \"Razihel\" Arquilla and James \"Mutrix\" Ruehlmann – additional production Matt Dalton – additional production, additional gang vocals at 37 Studios, Michigan Dylan Kuhn – painting and wall photography","title":"New Demons"},{"docid":"20082212","text":"The Lime Works is a novel by Thomas Bernhard, first published in German in 1970. It is a complex surrealist work, where the creativity and resourcefulness of a destructive personality is marshalled against itself in a nightmarish narration. Synopsis The story opens with a description of a woman’s brains scattered across the floor of an abandoned lime works, and a half-frozen man crouching on the ground nearby, covered in manure. From this first grotesque scene, Bernhard begins his story, a compelling tale of two people insidiously bound to each other, told through a hypnotic wave of voices – the people of the small Austrian town nearby (Sicking), the officials, the salesmen, the chimney sweeps, the local gossips, the couple themselves. The man, Konrad, is consumed with his work – a book that is to be both visionary and definitive, the ultimate treatise on the subject of hearing. His wife, a cripple, is the victim of his obsessive experiments: he whispers one phrase in her ear, over and over, hundreds of times, demanding from her impossible degrees of aural discrimination. She has no way of knowing, or no strength to tell herself, whether he is a deluded madman or a genius. For three decades, he has been waiting for the ideal moment, the perfect constellation of circumstances, to arise, so that he may begin writing down his conclusions. But he never begins, and he is now an old man. We watch as he compulsively invites his own ruin. We feel him creep from one moment to the next, terrified of failure. Suppose he started writing and then caught a cold? Suppose he finished and his tome was judged worthless? Or his wife destroyed it? Even amidst the total isolation of the lime works, where they live, he is continually distracted. He hallucinates about prowlers. He hoards bits of food for dreaded visitors. And she torments him. He must feed her, read to her, bring her cider from the deep cellar (one glass at the time), maintain her voluminous correspondence with servants he has long ago forgotten, try on a mitten she has been knitting and unravelling for years, tend the earaches she develops from constant experiments... until the monotony and heartlessness of their life together shatters in a bloodbath. Excerpt The many voices narrating the novel appear within brackets (and Laska’s is the local tavern): \"...Konrad’s wife, whose maiden name was Zryd, a woman almost totally crippled by decades of taking the wrong medication, and who had consequently spent half her lifetime hunched over in her custom-built French invalid chair, but who is now, as Wieser puts it, out of her misery, was taught by Konrad how to use a Mannlicher carbine, a weapon the otherwise defenseless woman kept out of sight but always within reach, with the safety off, behind her chair, and it was with this gun that Konrad killed her on the night of December 24–25, with two shots in the back of her head (Fro); two shots","title":"The Lime Works"},{"docid":"41611151","text":"John Mitten (born 30 March 1941) is an English former sportsman who played both football and cricket during the 1950s, '60s and '70s. Football career Born in Manchester, Mitten played as a left winger for Mansfield Town, Newcastle United, Leicester City, Coventry City, Plymouth Argyle, Exeter City, Bath City and Trowbridge Town, making 203 appearances in the Football League. After retiring as a player, Mitten became a manager, and was in charge of Tiverton Town and Sidmouth Town. He is the son of fellow footballer Charlie Mitten. Cricket career He was active from 1958 to 1963 for Leicestershire. He appeared in 14 first-class matches as a right-handed batsman who kept wicket. He scored 259 runs with a highest score of 50* and completed 23 catches. References 1941 births Living people English cricketers English men's footballers Footballers from Manchester Leicestershire cricketers Mansfield Town F.C. players Newcastle United F.C. players Leicester City F.C. players Coventry City F.C. players Plymouth Argyle F.C. players Exeter City F.C. players Bath City F.C. players Trowbridge Town F.C. players English Football League players Men's association football wingers English football managers Tiverton Town F.C. managers","title":"John Mitten"},{"docid":"64365104","text":"White Fang () is a 2018 animated film directed by Alexandre Espigares. Based on the 1906 book White Fang by Jack London, the film features the voices of Nick Offerman, Rashida Jones, Paul Giamatti, and Eddie Spears as natives of Alaska who, at different times, come to know White Fang, a free spirited and at times violent wolfdog who eventually bonds with Offerman's character, a gentle master named Weedon Scott. The film also features Dave Boat, Daniel Hagen, and Stephen Kramer Glickman in the original English version, and Virginie Efira, Raphaël Personnaz, and Dominique Pinon in the French dub. The film premiered at Sundance Film Festival in January 2018. After a limited theatrical run in France and the United States, Netflix acquired the film and released it later that year, on July 6, 2018. The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences. During its theatrical run, White Fang grossed $7.8 million worldwide. Plot White Fang, a wolfdog, is mauled during a dog fight. Town marshal Weedon Scott tries to interfere, but White Fang's owner, Beauty Smith, overpowers him, knocking him out with his cane. When the police search for Weedon, he runs away. In a flashback, White Fang lives with his mother, another wolfdog. While searching for a shelter, they get attacked by a lynx. White Fang's mother successfully kills the predator, but not without injury. While Scott camps for the night after escaping a pack of wolves with Hank, another Marshall, and Jim Hall, a criminal being transported to prison, White Fang and his mother head to their campground to search for food. Hank notices the pair and attempts to shoot White Fang's mother to put her down due to her injured leg. Scott stops Hank from killing White Fang's mother and instead gives White Fang a piece of salmon, saying that he might be able to return the favour in the future. White Fang and Kiche then end up encountering the pack of wolves Weedon encountered. Kiche then throws the salmon towards the pack to distract them, giving her and White Fang a chance to escape. While searching for food the following morning, White Fang and his mother come across an Indigenous camp. When a man named Three Eagles attempts to kill White Fang's mother, Grey Beaver, another man recognises her as Kiche, his old sled dog. Three Eagles leaves Kiche to Grey Beaver, who decides to train her to become a sled dog again. Later, Hank comes to the camp area to tell the Indigenous people that their land is currently on sale due to a recent gold strike, and Grey Beaver resolves to buy back the land by selling beaver pelt mittens in Fort Yukon. When Grey Beaver realises that there are no beavers on his side of the land, he decides to give Kiche to a man named William in exchange for trapping beavers on William's side. After selling the amount of mittens he needs to buy back the land, Grey Beaver travels to","title":"White Fang (2018 film)"},{"docid":"2371419","text":"The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1908 as The Roly-Poly Pudding. In 1926, it was re-published as The Tale of Samuel Whiskers. The book is dedicated to the author's fancy rat \"Sammy\" and tells of Tom Kitten's escape from two rats who plan to make him into a pudding. The tale was adapted to animation in 1993. Plot summary Tom Kitten is a young cat who lives with his mother, Mrs. Tabitha Twitchit, and sisters, Moppet and Mittens, in a house overrun with rats. Her children being an unruly bunch, Mrs. Tabitha puts Moppet and Mittens in a cupboard in order to keep them under control, but Tom Kitten escapes up the chimney. As he makes his way to the top of the house, he comes across a crack in the wall and, squeezing through it, finds himself under the attic's floorboards. There he meets the rats, Mr. Samuel Whiskers and his wife Anna Maria. They catch him and proceed to cover him with butter and dough in order to eat him as a pudding. However, when they proceed to settle the dough with a rolling-pin, the noise gets through the floorboards and attracts the attention of Tabitha Twitchit and her friend Mrs. Ribby who has been helping search for Tom Kitten. They quickly call for John Joiner, a terrier, who saws open the floor and rescues Tom Kitten. Samuel Whiskers and Anna Maria escape to the barn of Farmer Potatoes, spreading their chaos to another location, though leaving the cat family residence in peace. Connections to other books Ribby was one of the main characters of The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan (published in 1905), which also featured Tabitha Twitchit as a shop keeper, with the kittens appearing in the illustrations. The family had also appeared in The Tale of Tom Kitten in 1907. Tabitha's shop is again mentioned in The Tale of Ginger and Pickles (1909) which also included Samuel Whiskers and Anna Maria. Inspirations The cat family home was based on Beatrix Potter's own house, Hill Top in Cumbria. Farmer Potatoes was based on a local man called Poslethwaite. Adaptations In 1933, Theron K. Butterworth published a dramatic adaptation of the tale as Mr. Samuel Whiskers. In 1993, an animated film adaptation was telecast on the BBC anthology series, The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends with the voices of Rosemary Leach as Tabitha Twitchet, John Gordon Sinclair as John Joiner, Patricia Routledge as Ribby, Struan Rodger as Samuel Whiskers, and Sheila Hancock as Anna Maria. References Footnotes Works cited External links 1908 children's books British children's books British picture books Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding, The Tale of Children's books adapted into films Children's books adapted into television shows English-language books Children's books about cats Children's books about mice and rats Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding, The Tale of","title":"The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding"},{"docid":"3898662","text":"The East Valley Tribune is a newspaper concentrated on cities within the East Valley region of metropolitan Phoenix, including Mesa, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, and Queen Creek. Formerly a daily newspaper, the Tribune resulted from the combination of local newspapers acquired by Cox Enterprises: The Tempe Daily News, the Mesa Tribune, the Gilbert Tribune, the Scottsdale Progress, and the Chandler Arizonan. History Attorney Alfred P. Shewman and Judge W.D. Morton founded Mesa's first newspaper, the Evening Weekly Free Press, in 1891. In 1899, Judge W.D. Morton sold out to Shewman, who died in 1901. Frank T. Pomeroy and Harry D. Haines bought the paper in 1910 and converted it into a daily publication, The Evening Press. They then sold the paper in 1911. In 1913, The Evening Press became the Mesa Daily Tribune, and in 1925, the paper was renamed the Mesa Daily Journal. The name changed again to the Daily Mesa Evening Journal in 1928. In 1932, Southside Publishing Company, a corporation of Mesa and Chandler businessmen, acquired ownership. Over the next 7 years, stock was purchased by P.R. Mitten and his son, Charles until 1939 when Charles Mitten bought out his father's share. Mitten began printing the paper five days a week after World War II under the name of the Mesa Daily Tribune. In 1950 Mitten sold the paper to David W. Calvert. In 1952, the Tribune Publishing Company was incorporated. On January 26, 1956, the Mesa Daily Tribune publishing plant on Macdonald Street was destroyed by fire and opened five months later at 120 W. 1st Ave, Mesa. In 1977, Cox Enterprises of Atlanta, Georgia, purchased the Mesa Daily Tribune from Calvert. Cox Newspapers then purchased the Tempe Daily News in 1980 and the Chandler Arizonan in 1983. It started the Gilbert Tribune in 1990, and purchased the Scottsdale Progress in 1993. David C. Scott was appointed president of Cox Arizona Publications and publisher of the Mesa Tribune in 1986, succeeding Roger Kintzel. In December 1996, Cox Newspapers sold its newspaper holdings to Thomson Newspapers. In May 1997, under the leadership of its publisher, Karen Wittmer, all five newspapers were combined into one newspaper, The Tribune. The paper served eastern Maricopa County with a Scottsdale edition for the northern communities. In December 1997, the Daily News-Sun in Sun City, Arizona, joined the Tribune as part of its Phoenix SMG (Strategic Marketing Group). The Ahwatukee Foothills News, which covered news on the southeastern border of Phoenix, joined in November 1998. In December 1999, The Tribune was renamed the East Valley Tribune and, in August 2000, Thomson Newspapers sold its Arizona newspaper holdings to Freedom Communications, Inc. of Irvine, California On October 6, 2008, publisher Julie Moreno announced that, as of 2009, the newspaper would cease publishing in Scottsdale and Tempe. Additionally, it would publish only four days a week in the remainder of its circulation area, although it would publish four distinct editions serving Mesa, Chandler, Gilbert and Queen Creek. More than 140 staff members' jobs were eliminated","title":"East Valley Tribune"},{"docid":"61602150","text":"Mittens is a domestic cat who formerly lived in Wellington, New Zealand, who wandered in Te Aro and the city's central business district. A feline flâneur, he roams up to from his home. Selfie pictures with the cat have become a desired item for locals. Mittens is occasionally taken to the SPCA or the police. Originally from the suburbs of Auckland, he has become a social media celebrity since he, his late brother Latte, and their owner Silvio Bruinsma moved to the capital city in 2017. He featured on the 2018 edition of the Wellington Advent Calendar, an online calendar counting down the days before Christmas. Sam Thacker, an SPCA staff member, posted a polite direction about how to treat Mittens if anyone comes across him; asking members of the public not to report or take him in as they are familiar with his behaviour. On 22 May 2020, Mittens was given the Key to the City of Wellington. Previous recipients include Sir Peter Jackson and Sir Richard Taylor. Later in 2020, he was the subject of an exhibition at the Wellington Museum and a candidate for New Zealander of the year in August. On 5 February 2021, Mittens was seen being taken in to a car, presumably, to be taken to the abductor's home, for pictures. Mittens' owner described the abductor's actions as a \"massive error in judgement\". With the help of the social media community, Mittens was quickly located and returned home. On 10 November 2021, It was reported that Mittens was looking to relocate to his home city of Auckland. Andy Foster the mayor of Wellington was quoted saying \"He does have the Key to the City so he's welcome back at any time.\" See also List of individual cats References External links Individual cats Culture in Wellington Individual animals in New Zealand 2010 animal births","title":"Mittens (cat)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"45252624\",\n \"text\": \"Lalaloopsy is an animated children's television series based on the dolls of the same name from MGA Entertainment. It was produced by MGA and MoonScoop Entertainment. The series first aired on March 29, 2013. The series' voice production was made and recorded in Calgary, AB, Canada, by Chinook Animation. After the first few episodes were aired on Nickelodeon, it was moved to the Nick Jr. Channel. The show's last episode aired on September 14, 2015. In December 2015, Viacom filed a lawsuit against MGA, stating that the toy company didn't provide proper financing for the advertisement and production of the series. In September 2016, a judge awarded Viacom damages of over $14.9 million relating to the show. It was pulled from the lineup less than a month later, while all traces of the show were also removed from Nick Jr.'s website at the same time. Plot Lalaloopsy focuses on Lalaloopsy Land. Lalaloopsy Land is inhabited by colorful rag dolls, who came to life the moment their last stitch was sewn. Each episode focuses on one or two groups of them facing a problem of their own and either solving it on their own or with incidental or previously planned help from the other group of dolls seen in the episode. Episodes Characters Bea Spells-A-Lot (voiced by Hayley Stone) Crumbs Sugar Cookie (voiced by Calista Schmidt) Dot Starlight (voiced by Marissa Tawiah) Jewel Sparkles (voiced by Selia Sangra) Mittens Fluff ‘N’ Stuff (voiced by Paige Stone) Pillow Featherbed (voiced by Zoe Marlett) Peanut Big Top (voiced by Malia Ashley Kerr) Rosy Bumps ‘N’ Bruises (voiced by Emma Duke) Spot Splatter Splash (voiced by Tate McRae) Supporting Ace Fender Bender (voiced by Griffin Kingston) Berry Jars ‘N’ Jam (voiced by Anna Quick) Blanket Featherbed (voiced by Jordan Anderson) Blossom Flowerpot (voiced by Cascadas Lucia Fuller) Bundles Snuggle Stuff (voiced by Taylor Walters) Candle Slice O’ Cake Charlotte Charades (N/A) Cherry Crisp Crust Dyna Might (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Ember Flicker Flame (voiced by Jessica Young) Forest Evergreen (voiced by Keaton Whitbread) Haley Galaxy (voiced by Greer Hunt) Holly Sleighbells (voiced by Tate McRae) Little Bah Peep (voiced by Greer Hunt) Mango Tiki Wiki (voiced by Jaida Shaleena Lewis) Mari Golden Petals (voiced by Bella Orman) Marina Anchors (voiced by Greer Hunt) Misty Mysterious (voiced by Sara Matsubara) Patch Treasurechest (voiced by Andrew Hilbrecht) Peggy Seven Seas (voiced by Joanna Burchacki) Pepper Pots ‘N’ Pans (voiced by Aurora Hunt) Peppy Pom Poms (voiced by Sofia Tchernetsky) Pickles B.L.T. (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Pix E. Flutters (voiced by Cascadas Lucia Fuller) Prairie Dusty Trails (voiced by Bella Orman) Scraps Stitched ‘N’ Sewn (voiced by Brittany Thurlow) Scribbles Splash Sir Battlescarred (voiced by Carson Pound) Specs Reads-a-Lot Sprinkle Spice Cookie Squirt Lil Top Squiggles N Shapes Star Magic Spells Sunny Side Up (voiced by Jessica Young) Suzette La Sweet (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Tippy Tumblelina (voiced by Sophie Brown) Trace E. Doodles Trinket Sparkles Winter Snowflake (voiced by Olivia Duke) Broadcast In Canada, the series\",\n \"title\": \"Lalaloopsy (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7328337\",\n \"text\": \"Alvin Tresselt (September 30, 1916, in Passaic, New Jersey – July 24, 2000) was a graphic designer and American children's book author. His picture book White Snow, Bright Snow (illustrated by Roger Duvoisin) received the Caldecott Medal. One of his most popular books was his retelling of the Ukrainian folktale The Mitten, illustrated by Yaroslava Mills. Tresselt grew up in Passaic and graduated from Passaic High School in 1934. He was an editor for Humpty Dumpty Magazine and an executive editor for Parents Magazine Press before becoming an instructor and the Dean of Faculty for the Institute of Children's Literature in Connecticut. He wrote over thirty children's books, selling over a million copies. He died on July 24, 2000, at his home in Burlington, Vermont at the age of 83. The many collaborations between Tresselt and the illustrator Roger Duvoisin were given the genre title \\\"mood books\\\" when a retrospective of Duvoisin's original art for Tresselt's texts was held at the Zimmerli Art Museum at Rutgers University in 2020. “Mood books were a new type of genre in children’s literature, unlike the typical fantasy and adventure tales,” said Nicole Simpson, the Zimmerli's assistant curator of Prints and Drawings, who organized the exhibition. “These books did not focus on the actions or personalities of iconic characters, but marveled in the natural wonders of our everyday environments. They encourage children to slow down, to observe and appreciate our constantly changing world.” Works Rain Drop Splash (1946) – illustrated by Leonard Weisgard, Caldecott Award, Honor Sun Up (1949) Hi, Mister Robin (1950) Bonnie Bess, the Weathervane Horse (1949), illus. by Erik Blegvad The Rabbit Story (1957), illus. by Carolyn Ewing The Smallest Elephant In the World (1959), illus. by Milton Glaser How Far is Far? (1964), illus. by Ward Brackett The Mitten (1964), illus. by Yaroslava The Old Man and the Tiger (1965), illus. by Albert Aquino A Thousand Lights and Fireflies (1965), illus. by John Moodie The World in the Candy Egg (1967) Under the Trees and Through the Grass (1967) The Legend of the Willow Plate (1968) The Fox Who Traveled (1968), illus. by Nancy Sears The Little Mouse Who Tarried (1971) by Hirosuke Hamada, English version by Alvin Tresselt, illus. by Kozo Kakimoto The Dead Tree (1972), illus. by Charles Robinson Sun Up (1991, retitled reprint of Wake up, Farm! [1955] with new illus. by Henri Sorensen) The Gift of the Tree (1992, retitled reprint of The Dead Tree [1972] with new illus. by Henri Sorensen) Works illustrated by Roger Duvoisin White Snow, Bright Snow (1947) – Caldecott Award Johnny Maple-Leaf (1948) Follow the Wind (1950) Autumn Harvest (1951) Follow the Road (1953) Wake up, Farm! (1955) Wake up, City! (1957) The Frog in the Well (1958) Under the Trees and Through the Grass (1962) Hi, Mister Robin! (1963, new edition from 1950 version) Hide and Seek Fog (1965) – Caldecott Award, Honor Timothy Robbins Climbs the Mountain (1967) It’s Time Now (1969) The Beaver Pond (1971) What Did You\",\n \"title\": \"Alvin Tresselt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44498470\",\n \"text\": \"The Doozers is an animated television series that is a spin-off to Fraggle Rock. The series is co-produced by the Halifax studio of DHX Media and The Jim Henson Company, and was developed in association with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The series originally premiered in Australia on Nick Jr. on October 7, 2013. The series began its US run as a Hulu exclusive on April 25, 2014. Turner's Cartoonito and Boomerang also aired it within European countries and Africa, as well as Cartoon Network Asia. On September 12, 2017, it was renewed for a second season. It premiered on May 25, 2018. Premise In the self-sustainable community of Doozer Creek located just beyond the view of humans, the show focuses on the Doozer Pod Squad (consisting of Daisy Wheel, Flex, Spike, and Mollybolt). Characters Main Spike Doozer (voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk) is the member of the Pod Squad who pushes the other Pod Squad members into action. He is the son of Chief Doozer and the older brother of Daisy Wheel Doozer. He has a brown nose and brown hair and wears a blue hat, socks and wristbands. Molly Bolt Doozer (voiced by Jenna Warren) is a Pod Squad member who enjoys organizing events. She can also make lists, maps, and graphs. She has a purple nose and purple hair and wears a pink hat, socks and shirt. Flex Doozer (voiced by Trek Buccino in season 1 and Tyler Barish in season 2) lives on his grandparents farm and uses his room as his workshop. Flex pilots the Pod Squad's vehicles. He has a yellow nose and yellow hair and wears an orange hat, socks and wristbands. Daisy Wheel Doozer (voiced by Millie Davis) is the youngest and smallest of the Doozer Pod Squad. She is the younger sister of Spike Doozer and the daughter of Chief Doozer. She has a blue nose and blue hair and wears a purple hat, socks and shirt. Chief's family Chief Doozer (voiced by Heather Bambrick) is the Chief of Doozer Creek who is the mother of Spike Doozer and Daisy Wheel Doozer. Architect's family Chief Architect Doozer is the wife of Baker and mother of Molly. Baker Timberbolt Doozer (voiced by David Berni) is the father of Molly Bolt Doozer and the husband of Chief Architect Doozer. He runs the bakery shop in Doozer Creek. Peg Bolt Doozer (voiced by Lisa Norton) Others Doozer Doodad (voiced by David Berni) – Manager of the Doozer Creek supply depot, where the Pod Squad gets the supplies for their projects. Pinball Gimbal (voiced by Lisa Norton) Professor Gimbal wears glasses and has a purplish-white color in his nose and hair, wearing a light blue helmet. He manages the Doozarium, where the Pod Squad meet. He issues challenges, and makes suggestions, for various projects for the Pod Squad to complete. Baxter was advertised for the series but has not appeared yet. He had a brown nose and brown hair. Voice cast David Berni – Baker Timberbolt Doozer\",\n \"title\": \"The Doozers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46798001\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox concert | image = | image_caption = Promotional poster for the tour | image_size = | border = yes | artist = Helene Fischer | album = Farbenspiel | start_date = | end_date = | number_of_legs = 2 | number_of_shows = | gross = | last_tour = | this_tour = Farbenspiel Live(2014-15) | next_tour = Helene Fischer Live 2017/2018(2017-18) }}Farbenspiel Live' was a European concert tour by German singer Helene Fischer, in support of her sixth studio album, Farbenspiel''. It began on 25 September 2014, in Riesa, Germany at the Erdgas Arena, continued throughout Europe, and finally concluded on 8 July 2015 in Dresden at Glücksgas Stadium. The tour visited arenas and stadiums throughout 2014 and 2015. The concerts in Berlin in July 2015 were recorded for an Official Live DVD which was released on 4 September 2015. The 2015 part of the Tour was ranked as the 38th biggest International Tour of the year with earnings of about $42,000,000. Fischer is also the most successful German Act on the list for the second year in a row. Set list {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFE6FF; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | header = 2014 - Die Tournee | content = This set list is representative of the performance in Frankfurt. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the 2014 tour. \\\"Intro\\\" \\\"Unser Tag\\\" \\\"Und morgen früh küss' ich dich wach\\\" \\\"Fehlerfrei\\\" \\\"Mitten im Paradies\\\" \\\"In diesen Nächten\\\" \\\"Wunder dich nicht\\\" \\\"Nur wer den Wahnsinn liebt\\\" \\\"Interlude Winter\\\" \\\"Lass jetzt los (Let it Go)\\\" \\\"Vergeben, vergessen und wieder vertrau'n\\\" \\\"Bring Me to Life\\\" (Evanescence cover) \\\"Feuerwerk\\\" \\\"Rock Medley\\\" (You're the Voice / I Love Rock 'n' Roll / Jump / Livin' on a Prayer / Purple Rain) \\\"Mit keinem Andern\\\" \\\"Interlude Frühling\\\" \\\"Der Augenblick\\\" \\\"Caruso\\\" (Lucio Dalla cover) \\\"Ein kleines Glück\\\" \\\"Interlude Sommer\\\" \\\"Marathon\\\" \\\"Ich habe Fieber / Fever\\\" (Peggy Lee cover) \\\"Ich will immer wieder dieses Fieber spüren\\\" \\\"Te quiero\\\" \\\"Fly\\\" (Céline Dion cover) \\\"My Heart Will Go On\\\" (Céline Dion cover) \\\"Von hier bis unendlich\\\" \\\"Die Hölle morgen früh\\\" Encore \\\"Phänomen\\\" \\\"Atemlos durch die Nacht\\\" }} {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFE6FF; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | header = 2015 - Die Stadion-Tournee | content = This set list is representative of the performance in Hamburg. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the 2015 tour. \\\"Intro\\\" \\\"Unser Tag\\\" \\\"Und morgen früh küss' ich dich wach\\\" \\\"Fehlerfrei\\\" \\\"Mitten im Paradies\\\" \\\"Wunder dich nicht\\\" \\\"Marathon\\\" \\\"Te quiero\\\" \\\"Interlude Winter\\\" \\\"Ich wollte nie erwachsen sein (Nessaja's Lied)\\\" (Peter Maffay cover) \\\"Vergeben, vergessen und wieder vertrau'n\\\" \\\"Feuerwerk\\\" \\\"Party Medley\\\" (Party Rock Anthem / Seven Nation Army / Sexy / Männer / Sex on fire / The Best) \\\"Mit keinem Andern\\\" \\\"Interlude Sommer\\\" \\\"So kann das Leben sein\\\" \\\"Everything I Do\\\" (Bryan Adams cover) \\\"Ich habe Fieber / Fever\\\" (Peggy Lee cover) \\\"Ich will immer wieder dieses Fieber\",\n \"title\": \"Farbenspiel Live\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1149296\",\n \"text\": \"The Chinese mitten crab (; ; Shanghainese: du6-zaq8-ha5, \\\"big sluice crab\\\"), also known as the Shanghai hairy crab (, p Shànghǎi máoxiè), is a medium-sized burrowing crab that is named for its furry claws, which resemble mittens. It is native to rivers, estuaries and other coastal habitats of East Asia from Korea in the north to Fujian, China in the south. It has also been introduced to Europe and North America, where it is considered an invasive species. The species features on the list of invasive alien species of Union concern. This means that the import of the species and trade in the species is forbidden in the whole of the European Union. Description and ecology This species' distinguishing features are the dense patches of dark setae on its claws. The crab's body is the size of a human palm. The legs are about twice as long as the carapace. Mitten crabs spend most of their life in fresh water and return to the sea to breed. During their fourth or fifth year in late summer, the crustaceans migrate downstream and attain sexual maturity in the tidal estuaries. After mating, the females continue seaward, overwintering in deeper waters. They return to brackish water in the spring to hatch their eggs. After development as larvae, the juvenile crabs gradually move upstream into fresh water, thus completing the life cycle. It moves from freshwater habitats to saltwater habitats once it has reached reproduction maturity. The types of estuaries suitable for the mitten crab is large brackish waters for the larva to develop in, and large shallow waters for the growth of the juvenile crabs. An increase in microplastics has had a significant impact on the population as it affects their metabolism, growth, and oxidative stress response in the liver. The Chinese mitten crab originates from Hong Kong to the border of Korea. It can be found inland but prefers coastal areas. In the Yangtze, the largest river in its native range, Chinese mitten crabs have been recorded up to upstream. It is known to settle in rice fields by the sea and rivers inland. The crab is found in subtropical and temperate regions. Phylogenetically the crab belongs to the Varunidae family which is the newest group of brachyuran crustaceans. Spawning crabs average around in length. Since crabs spawn at the end of their life spans and perish at the end of the breeding cycle, the crabs can live up to 7 (in Germany also 8) years old. The mitten crab diet is omnivorous. Their main prey consists of worms, mussels, snails, dead organic material, and other small crustaceans and fish. Reproduction Mitten crabs start off as freshwater organisms. In late August, sexual instincts awaken and they begin migrating downstream to the sea, away from their feeding grounds. It is during this migration where the crabs reach puberty and develop their sex organs. The crabs begin to breed in the brackish waters in late fall. The males arrive first and stay in the\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese mitten crab\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24852180\",\n \"text\": \"Joshua Ryan Bolt (born 2 May 1994) is an English actor. He starred in the 2009 film The Be All and End All, a role which saw him shortlisted for the best newcomer at the 2009 British Independent Film Awards. Early life Joshua Ryan Bolt was born in Liverpool on 2 May 1994, and grew up in the Liverpool suburb of Hunt's Cross. Career Bolt began acting at the age of 12 when he was cast in a theatre production of Much Ado About Nothing. In 2009, he played Pete Shotton in the BAFTA nominated film Nowhere Boy. He went on to appear in the ninth series of Shameless, playing the pot smoking psychopath Frasier Kane. He is featured in the music video for punk band The Luka State's single, \\\"Kick in The Teeth\\\". In summer 2011, it was announced that Bolt had won the lead role of Henry in ITV1's Just Henry, which aired over the Christmas period of that same year. Upon completing Just Henry, he joined the second series of Accused. In January 2012, he began work on the six-part BBC series Last Tango in Halifax (2012), playing Raphael \\\"Raff\\\" Greenwood. He guest starred in the last two episodes of seventh season of the detective series Lewis. In July 2012, IMDb named him as one of their rising British teenage stars. Bolt played Brian Harris, a central character, in the two-part BBC Three drama The Crash which centres on a car crash inspired by real life events. He portrayed Daniel in the third series of Scott & Bailey. In February 2013, he began work on The Heart of Nowhere, a film directed by Charlie Fink to coincide with Noah and the Whale's final album; he played Floyd, the bassist of the group. At the 2013 BAFTA television awards, Last Tango in Halifax won best drama and filming began in June 2013 of its second series. Bolt reprised his role as Raff. He returned for the third series in 2014 and the fourth in 2016. In March 2015, producers of the hit sitcom Benidorm announced that Bolt had been cast as part of a brand new family for Series 8, which aired in January 2016. Bolt played Rob Dawson, the family's son, who befriends regular characters Tyger Dyke and Joey Ellis. Bolt lent his voice to the Doctor Who audio series from Big Finish. The episode, entitled \\\"Dethras\\\", featured Bolt alongside the fourth incarnation of the title character and was released in 2017. He appeared alongside in the second series of Grantchester playing an undercover agent and Marxist. He played a young soldier named Thomas Macquillan in the ITV drama Harry Price Ghost Hunter, ITV's adaptation of Neil Spring's debut novel, The Ghost Hunters. The film aired on ITV on 27 December 2015. Bolt starred as Reburrus, a young boy hungry for revenge following the slaughter of his family, in Barbarians Rising, an eight-part drama for the History Channel airing in the U.S. and the UK. It charted\",\n \"title\": \"Josh Bolt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39154767\",\n \"text\": \"Bolts and Blip is an animated television series that aired on Teletoon from 2010 to 2011. The show has also aired on 3net at 10:30 am on Sundays, and The CW's Saturday morning block, Vortexx, from July 13, 2013 at 8:30 a.m. Plot The series is a comic action adventure set on the Moon in 2080. It follows two central city misfits, Bolts and Blip, who accidentally find themselves as members of the Lunar League's last placed team the Thunderbolts. With the help of their rag-tag band of teammates, the two friends discover what they are made of in this intergalactic sports circuit. Characters Main cast Blip (Voiced by Matt Murray) - One of the two main titular protagonists. Blip is a bumbling Civi-Bot who attempts to keep within societal norms, but is not very successful. He is best friend and roommate to the wacky Bolts, and often must drag his impulsive friend out of trouble. He is the more mature, level-headed of the duo. He along with Bolts were accidentally drafted into the Lunar League's bottom team, The Thunderbolts. He has a huge crush on Saedee, who spends most of the series ignoring his displays of affection, while occasionally letting slip possible mutual feelings, before revealing in the season finale she too loves Blip. Late in the series he is revealed to be Dr. Tommy's Secret Bot, and has latent powers, which he calls his \\\"Super Mode\\\"; in this state he is taller, stronger, faster, and can fly. He has a pet mouse like robot named Squeaker, who prior to undergoing training was very violent and attacked everyone, But nowadays he only attacks Bolts. Bolts/Blood's Bot/Darth Boltor (Voiced by Terry McGurrin) - The other titular protagonist. Bolts is immature, impulsive and has a talent for getting himself into trouble; including one time where he put himself under huge debt to a Robot Mafia Leader Vinnie Two-Chimes, after losing a bet in a (fixed) sock fight match. But he does occasionally show he has some common sense as seen in Little Squeaker when he thinks it's a bad idea to show Squeaker around to the Thunderbolts after Squeaker viciously attacked both him and Saedee's housewarming present. He also shows some signs of intelligence and ingenuity as also seen in little Squeaker when he modified an illegal weapon to bring up to legal standards only to have his talented creation shot down by Gridiron telling the sport was a croquet sport match and not a battle. He's the team's jokester and often drives Coach Gridiron insane. He once entered a secret (and illegal) wrestling tournament under the name Bolto de Fuego (a play on Bola de Fuego), and has continued using the name Boltor as his screen name. Like Blip he has latent powers, where his eyes will turn red and he gains monstrous strength. He is eventually revealed to be \\\"Blood's Bot\\\", the ultimate creation of Dr. Blood. Saedee (Voiced by Melissa Altro) - The gorgeous heroine Saedee, who is\",\n \"title\": \"Bolts and Blip\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1125177\",\n \"text\": \"Karl Willetts (born 21 September 1966) is an English death metal vocalist, best known as the lead singer of Bolt Thrower and Memoriam. Biography Willetts joined the British death metal band Bolt Thrower in 1988. Before that, he drove the backline of the band. He stayed with Bolt Thrower until 1994, after the recording of ...For Victory. He left the band mainly because he wanted to go back to university and finish his degree. Willetts rejoined as a session vocalist for the recording of Mercenary and left shortly thereafter because of financial reasons and lack of commitment. In the meantime, he got a job as a salesman of insurances besides other jobs. He resides in Solihull. Rumours persisted he had returned in 2001, but he did not. However, in November 2004, he actually did re-join Bolt Thrower after the departure of Dave Ingram. Willetts now has a degree in Cultural Studies from the Birmingham University. Willetts stayed in Bolt Thrower until the band broke up in 2016, following the death of drummer Martin Kearns the year before. Willetts also did some guest vocals with UK punk band Doom on their Peel Sessions album and UK death metal band Benediction on two accounts; one on \\\"Jumping at Shadows\\\" which appears on The Grand Leveller and Dark is the Season; the other on \\\"At the Wrong Side of the Grave\\\", which is a cover of The Accüsed and appears on the Transcend the Rubicon album. Willetts was a vegetarian for a long while, but started eating meat prior to 2006. Discography Bolt Thrower In Battle There Is No Law! (1988) Realm of Chaos (1989) Cenotaph (1991) War Master (1991) The Peel Sessions 1988–90 (1991) The IVth Crusade (1992) Spearhead (1993) ...For Victory (1994) War (1994) Mercenary (1998) Who Dares Wins (1998) Those Once Loyal (2005) Memoriam For the Fallen (2017) The Silent Vigil (2018) Requiem for Mankind (2019) To the End (2021) Rise to Power (2023) H Drive Project H Drive Project (2022) References English male singers Bolt Thrower members Alumni of the University of Birmingham English heavy metal singers Living people 1966 births\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Willetts\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37059033\",\n \"text\": \"Ark of the Arkans is the fourth studio album by the band Suns of Arqa, released in 1985 by Scarface Records. The album was produced by Suns of Arqa founder Michael Wadada. The full title of the album is Suns of Arqa Vol 5 : Ark of the Arqans, Heaven and Hell, and Other Strange Faces, however it has been referred to simply as Ark of the Arqans where its tracks have appeared on re-issue CDs in later years. It is the first album to feature Professor Stanley Unwin who provides spoken word accompaniment on some tracks. The third track, an Adrian Sherwood remix of \\\"Heavenly Bodies\\\", is from the movie The Earthlings. The album Ark of the Arqans has not been released on CD, however five of the six tracks have found their way onto other Suns of Arqa CD releases. Tracks A1, A2 and B2 (\\\"Heavenly Bodies\\\", \\\"Deep Journey\\\" and \\\"Ark of the Arqans\\\") all appear on the CD compilation Land of a Thousand Churches. Track B1 (\\\"Thunder Bolt, Dark Void\\\") appears as a bonus track on the CD re-issue Live with Prince Far I. Track B3 (\\\"Sanskrit Hymn\\\") appears on the 1992 CD Kokoromochi. According to writer Chuck Eddy, \\\"legend has it\\\" that the album was a \\\"major inspiration for acid house\\\". Track listing Side A \\\"Heavenly Bodies\\\" – 3:38 \\\"Deep Journey\\\" – 3:52 \\\"Heavenly Bodies (On Aid Mix)\\\" – 5:00 Side B \\\"Thunder Bolt, Dark Void\\\" – 3:54 \\\"Ark of the Arqans\\\" – 4:46 \\\"Sanskrit Hymn\\\" – 2:21 Personnel Keith \\\"Lizard\\\" Logan - bass Danny Boy - drums, pennywhistle Michael Wadada - harmonium, shenai, instruments [sajoe], bass, guitar Moot Beret - Hammond organ, saxophone Stalwart - saxophone Kalu Zeria - tabla Eric Random - talking drum, space sounds Aziz Zeria - tambura Doctor Himadri Chaudhuri - violin and voice on track B3 Vocal Harders - vocals (tracks A1, A3) Eric Random - voice (tracks B1, B2) Professor Stanley Unwin - voice (tracks A1, A2, A3) References 1985 albums Suns of Arqa albums\",\n \"title\": \"Ark of the Arqans\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62892130\",\n \"text\": \"Katrina Mitten (born 1962, Huntington, Indiana) is a Native American artist. She is enrolled in the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. Mitten is beadwork artist, whose embroidery style of beadwork has earned her numerous awards and has been featured in major metropolitan museums. Biography Mitten is a descendant of one of the five Miami families who were allowed to stay after the establishment of the Indian Removal Act by Andrew Jackson. This act allowed him to relocate access to relocate Native people from their ancestral homelands. Those who were not relocated were encouraged to assimilate into Westernized civilization. Instead, they tried to pass on as much of their culture as possible At the age of twelve, Mitten learned beading from her grandmother Josephine. Josephine influenced a large portion of Mitten's works, including her 1950s handbag, which she has stated represents her family heritage. Mitten made this handbag collaborating with her granddaughter Saiyer Miller and teaching her using the same methods as her grandmother. Mitten also learned more about her tribe by visiting museums and studying her families' heirlooms. She is active on the powwow circuit. She has created utilitarian works, such as The Cradle Board, as well as necklaces, bracelets, and beaded handbags. Other influences in her art include the geometric designs found in ribbonwork and the floral patterns depicted throughout the Great Lakes tribal beadwork. She incorporates personal and family stories into her art pieces and uses her art as a means of story telling. In 2016 Mitten collaborated with Native American artists Katy Strass and Angela Ellsworth to create a painting of the states on a fiberglass statue of a bison. Two of her pieces, MMIW (Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women) and Ten Original Clans of the Myaamia, were acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign. Select artworks Cradle Board \\\"I have been waiting for you\\\" outfit 1950's Handbag 1940s-styled bag Exhibitions Native Art Market at the National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C. (2014) Myaamia Heritage Museum & Archive (2018) Santa Fe Indian Market Collections Mitten's artwork is held in the permanent collections of: Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian American Art Museum References External links Native Daughter: Katrina Mitten video from Journey Indiana Artists from Indiana Miami people 1962 births Living people Native American women artists 20th-century American artists 20th-century American women artists 21st-century American artists 21st-century American women artists 20th-century Native American artists 21st-century Native American artists 20th-century Native American women 21st-century Native American women Native American people from Indiana Native American beadworkers American beadworkers Women beadworkers\",\n \"title\": \"Katrina Mitten\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26740640\",\n \"text\": \"Beverly Gooden is an African American writer and social activist known for her work in domestic violence, victimology, and women's health, who created the Why I Stayed hashtag (#WhyIStayed) and movement in 2014. Her writing has appeared in The New York Times, the U.S. Office on Women's Health, and NBC's Today. Early life and education Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Beverly lived in foster care until being adopted by the Gooden family as a child. As a sophomore at Hampton University, she was selected as a media scholar with the Summer Research Opportunities Program at the University of Iowa and researched the connection between alcohol advertisements and teen drinking and driving. During her junior year, she interned with the Scripps Howard Foundation Wire as a reporter on Capitol Hill, covering the Iraqi prisoner abuse scandal and NCAA recruiting reform. In 2005, she graduated with a bachelor's degree in journalism and communications. She went on to attend Loyola University Chicago and graduated with a master's degree in social justice in 2009. Activism On September 8, 2014, Beverly created the hashtag #WhyIStayed in response to the Ray Rice video released by TMZ. A survivor of domestic violence, she tweeted several reasons why she remained in an abusive marriage as a direct response to widespread victim blaming of Janay Rice. Two days later, Gooden was interviewed by Robin Roberts on Good Morning America, where she explained her motivations for creating the Why I Stayed movement. \\\"The reason that I started the hashtag was to give voice to the people out there who had that voice taken away. I think what bothered me most was that the question was 'why did she stay?' and not 'why did he hit her?'. And we do this across the board with violent situations, we do this with domestic violence by asking 'why did she stay?' and we do this with rape by saying 'why did she wear that?' as if your clothing or your mere presence gives someone the right to hurt you.\\\" She has been featured on Good Morning America, CNN, Time, The Washington Post, HLN, Inside Edition, NBC Nightly News, and more. Why I Stayed was listed as one of the top social change hashtags of 2014 by Forbes, and one of the \\\"top 10 hashtags that started a conversation\\\" by Time magazine. In March 2015, Why I Stayed was recognized as one of \\\"8 hashtags that changed the world\\\". The Bolt Bag Project In 2014, Beverly founded the Ella Mae Foundation, which supports \\\"protection and superior upbringing for children as well as self-actualization and equitable rights for women\\\". She created the Bolt Bag Project, a program that provides basic necessities to anonymous survivors of relationship violence. Career Gooden served as a development intern at the Chicago Alliance to End Homelessness during graduate school in 2008. Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, she worked for various government and nonprofit agencies to secure or administer housing and food resources for those affected by the crisis. As a\",\n \"title\": \"Beverly Gooden\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1598271\",\n \"text\": \"A gauntlet is a type of glove that protects the hand and wrist of a combatant. Gauntlets were used particularly in Europe between the early fourteenth century and the early modern period and were often constructed of hardened leather or metal plates. Gauntlets, which cover the hands, wrists, and sometimes forearms, are not to be confused with bracers, which cover the wrists and forearms but not the hands; bracers are common in medieval and fantasy cosplay. Types Armour Beginning in the 11th century, European soldiers and knights relied on chain mail for protection of their bodies, and chain armor \\\"shirts\\\" with wide sleeves that hung to the elbow were common. However, it wasn't until the 12th century that chain mail shirts with longer, narrower sleeves began to be worn, and these on occasion had chain mail mittens or \\\"muffs\\\" resembling fingerless gloves and with a pocket for the thumb (though some of these did have complete fingers as well). These attached at the lower edge of the sleeve, and protected the wearer's hands from cuts and lacerations during combat but offered no protection against crushing blows. It wasn't until the early 14th century that armorers began to design fully articulated plate armor: along with this development of the use of plates as a means of protecting the body from blows was the development of hand protection in the form of gauntlets made of overlapping plates of steel. These were created both in the fingerless \\\"mitten\\\" style (which offered plate armor protection and allowed the fingers to share heat but limited the wearer's ability to move those fingers) as well as the fully fingered \\\"glove\\\" style (which though still ungainly and less comfortable in cold weather, permitted full use of all of the fingers). A variety of gauntlet called a \\\"demi-gauntlet\\\" or \\\"demi-gaunt\\\" also came into use around this time. A demi-gaunt is a type of plate armour gauntlet that only protects the back of the hand and the wrist: demi-gaunts are worn with gloves made from chain mail or padded leather. The advantages of the demi-gaunt are that it allows better dexterity and is lighter than a full gauntlet, but the disadvantage is that the fingers are not as well protected. In a 2021-2022 a well-preserved and nearly-intact 14th-century gauntlet was discovered near Switzerland's Kyburg Castle. Contemporary protective gauntlets Modern protective gloves called \\\"gauntlets\\\" continue to be worn by metal workers and welders when handling hot or molten metals or in contexts where sparks are common. These gauntlets no longer sport the metal plates of the originals, but instead are highly insulating against heat. Similar varieties of gauntlet are worn by automotive technicians to protect their hands when handling car components, and meat and fishery butchers often wear chain mail gauntlets to protect their hands from the sharp edges of knives. Motorcyclists wear gauntlets made of leather to protect their hands from abrasion during an accident, and snowmobile drivers wear fingerless gauntlets made of nylon to protect their hands from\",\n \"title\": \"Gauntlet (glove)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52539397\",\n \"text\": \"Evelin Võigemast (until 2007, Evelin Pang; born 22 May 1980) is an Estonian stage, film television and voice actress and singer. Early life and education Born Evelin Pang in Tallinn, her parents were Valdur Pang and Eda Pang (née Taska). She has a brother named Margus Pang. She initially studied at Tallinn School No. 21 secondary school, but graduated from Tallinn School No. 49. (now, Tallinn Arte Gymnasium) in 1998. She is also a graduate of the Tallinn Children's Music School (now, the Tallinn Music School) in Kesklinn, Tallinn, where she studied piano. In 1998, she began studying acting at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre under Elmo Nüganen, graduating in 2002. Among his graduating classmates were Priit Võigemast, Karin Rask, Maria Soomets, Hele Kõre, Mart Toome, Ott Aardam, Elisabet Reinsalu, and Argo Aadli. Stage career Following graduation, she joined the Tallinn City Theatre in 2002, where she is still currently engaged. She has appeared in roles at the Tallinn City Theatre in works by such varied authors and playwrights as: Shakespeare, Alexandre Dumas, David Auburn, Anton Chekhov, Franz Kafka, Ivan Turgenev, W. B. Yeats, A. H. Tammsaare, Tennessee Williams, Ernest Hemingway, Arnold Wesker and Nikolai Gogol, among others. She has also performed at the Vanalinnastuudio in roles by Bertolt Brecht and Jim Cartwright; the NUKU Theatre, the Nargen Opera; and at the Vanemuine in Tartu, where she performed as Evita Peron in Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's Evita in 2014. Film In 2000, Pang began voicing the animated character Lotte in the popular Estonian Lotte films; the first was Lotte Goes South. This was followed by Lotte from Gadgetville in 2006, Lotte and the Moonstone Secret in 2011, and Lotte and the Lost Dragons in 2019. The Lotte films and their characters proved so popular in Estonia that a theme park, Lottemaa, was opened in Reiu, Pärnu County, Estonia. She was also cast as a voice actress to dub the role of Mittens in the Estonian release of the 2008 American Disney animated feature film Bolt (Estonian: Välk). She made her feature-length film debut in a small role in the 2002 Elmo Nüganen directed Nimed marmortahvlil (English release titles: Names in Marble and Names Engraved in Marble), based on the novel of the same name by author Albert Kivikas about the Estonian War of Independence. She was billed under her maiden name, Evelin Pang. This was followed by a co-starring role in the Peeter Urbla directed comedy-drama Stiilipidu in 2005, opposite actresses Maarja Jakobson and Anne Reemann. Other film roles include that of Annika Hunt in the Asko Kase directed drama Hundi agoonia; Liisa, in the 2009 Hannu Salonen directed drama Vasha; Evelyn in the 2012 Ain Mäeots directed drama Deemonid; Reet Haljandi in the 2015 Margus Paju directed family adventure film Supilinna Salaselts (English release title: The Secret Society of Souptown), based on the novels of Finnish author Mika Keränen; Marian in the 2017 Andres Maimik and Katrin Maimik directed comedy-drama Minu näoga onu; and Andres'\",\n \"title\": \"Evelin Võigemast\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2137368\",\n \"text\": \"The Milky Way is a one-reel animated cartoon short subject, produced in Technicolor and released to theatres with the film The Captain Is a Lady in 1940 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The short (produced and directed by Rudolf Ising and co-produced by Fred Quimby with the voice of Bernice Hansen as the kittens and their mother, and musical supervision by Scott Bradley) explores the adventures of the \\\"three little kittens who lost their mittens\\\", as they explore a dreamland where space is made up entirely of dairy products (for example, the Milky Way is made of milk and the Moon is made of green cheese). The short won the 1940 Oscar for Best Animated Short Film, and was the first non-Disney film to do so. Other shorts nominated in 1940 included A Wild Hare by Warner Bros., introducing Bugs Bunny, and another MGM cartoon Puss Gets the Boot, with Jasper & Jinx, the prototype for Tom and Jerry. This makes 1940 the first time a Disney film wasn’t even nominated for the award. It was added as a bonus feature in the Marx Bros. DVD release of Go West (1940) and Warner Archive Blu-ray release of Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940). Plot Three kittens, denied milk as punishment for losing their mittens after playing out in the snow, sail up into the Milky Way in a basket lifted by three helium balloons. Their space flight takes them past the Moon, the planet Mars, the Big Dipper, and the Little Dipper, until they reach their destination: the Milky Way. Once in the Milky Way, they find it a land of natural milk springs and geysers. The kittens proceed to happily gorge themselves on milk, until they get into trouble and risk falling back down to Earth. However, it is then revealed that the whole event was imagined. Their mother comes in to their bedroom to invite them down for supper. The kittens rush excitedly into the kitchen, only to be sickened to see that their supper is milk. Additional Crew Production Manager: Fred Quimby Film Co-Produced by William Hanna (uncredited) Uncredited Story by Maurice Day Uncredited Animation by Jack Zander Home Media Go West (unrestored bonus feature) Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection: 15 Winners (restored) Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection, Disc 1 (restored) Broadway Melody of 1940, Warner Archive Collection Blu-ray release (restored bonus feature) References External links The Milky Way (1940) on Dailymotion (uploaded by InternetAnimationDatabase) 1940 films 1940 animated films 1940 short films 1940s American animated films 1940s animated short films 1940s fantasy comedy films 1940 musical comedy films American musical comedy films Best Animated Short Academy Award winners Films directed by Rudolf Ising Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short films 1940s musical fantasy films Animated films based on nursery rhymes Animated films about cats Films about dreams American musical fantasy films Films produced by Fred Quimby Films scored by Scott Bradley Milky Way in fiction Mars in film Moon in film Films set on balloons Fiction about\",\n \"title\": \"The Milky Way (1940 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72421517\",\n \"text\": \"Twined knitting (also known as two-end knitting) is a traditional Scandinavian knitting technique. It refers to knitting where two strands of yarn are knitted into the fabric alternatively and twisted once and always in the same direction before every stitch. The technique is called tvåändsstickning in Swedish, tvebandsstrikking in Norwegian, and tvebinding in Danish. Their literal meaning is \\\"two-end knitting\\\", referring to the traditional way of knitting with both yarn ends from one ball of yarn. While the right-side of the fabric resembles a one-end stocking-stitch fabric (as seen from the right side), the wrong-side of the fabric has a horizontally ridged surface due to the plaits created by the twisting of the two strands of yarn. Intricate relief patterns are characteristic of the technique. Twined knitting produces a firmer and more durable fabric with greater thermal insulation than conventional one-end knitting. The technique has historically been used to knit mittens, gloves, socks, stockings, caps and sleeves for waistcoats. Historical and cultural overview The technique is predominantly associated with the forestry areas of Värmland, Dalarna, Härjedalen, Jämtland and Hälsingland in Sweden, and Hedmark, Oppland, Akershus and Buskerud in Norway. Archaeological finds from these areas provide evidence that the technique has been practiced since the sixteenth century. Practical knowledge of the technique still persists in these areas. Danish archeological findings of the technique have been dated to the seventeenth century. However, practical knowledge of the technique has ceased to exist in Denmark. Evidence of the technique has not yet been found in the remaining Nordic countries. Sweden The technique is historically significant to the Swedish county Dalarna. Two-end knitted garments continue to be included in several of Dalarnas traditional local costumes. The history of knitting in this region can be traced back to the mid-seventeenth century. Wool yarn was the most common knitting material, but linen and cotton yarn was sometimes used to knit socks, mittens and gloves. Mittens and gloves were commonly twine-knitted in white (typically for women) or black (typically for men) wool yarn with a knitted or embroidered colourful pattern. Embroidered twine-knitted mittens with a fringe trimming are particularly associated with Dala-Floda were they are included in the traditional local costume. However, embroidered mittens with or without fringe trimmings are common in other parts of Dalarna as well as in Värmland and Härjedalen. Some two-end knitted mittens were intended to be worn inside unlined leather mittens, in which cases they were known as handskvantar, bälgvantar or körhandskar. On the island of Sollerön in Siljan, half-mittens and gloves were two-end knitted in white linen or cotton yarn for weddings, half-mittens being worn by the bride and gloves by the groom. The gloves and half-mittens were later reused by the couple on ceremonial occasions. The garments from Sollerön are characterised by their elaborate relief patterns. In Lima, twine-knitted cotton gloves were produced and exported during the nineteenth century. Socks and stockings were typically two-end knitted in an undyed wool, linen or cotton yarn, often to be dyed after. During dyeing,\",\n \"title\": \"Twined knitting\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13458294\",\n \"text\": \"Chung Misook (; born December 25, 1962) is a South Korean voice actress who joined Seoul-based Korean Broadcasting System's voice acting division in 1984. Role Broadcast TV Pororo the Little Penguin (EBS) - Petty Clamp School Detectives (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Nokoru Imonoyama Pita-Ten (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Misha Futari wa Pretty Cure (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Cure Black/Nagisa Misumi (Mook Ha-ram) Jang Geum's Dream (Korea TV Edition, MBC) - Seo Jang Geum One Piece (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Nami Naruto (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Hitomi Uchiha Sailor Moon (Crew Folding) - Sailor Mercury Tokyo Mew Mew (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Ichigo Momomiya InuYasha (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Kagome Higurashi (Yoo Ga-young) Shaman King (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Hao Asakura Kamikaze Kaito Jeanne (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Maron Kusakabe/Kaito Jeanne Magic Knight Rayearth (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Hikaru Shidou (Sunny/Joo Eun-vit) The Irresponsible Captain Tylor (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) Nurse Angel Ririka SOS (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ririka Moriya Digimon Adventure (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Taichi Kamiya (Shin Tae-il) Astro Boy (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Astro Boy Cowboy Bebop (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Faye Valentine Erementar Gerad (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Cisqua Kanon (Korea TV Edition, Animax) - Nayuki Minase Mahojin Guru Guru (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Kukuri Element Hunters (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ren Karas Doug (Korea TV Edition) - Patti Mayonnaise Danny Phantom (Korea TV Edition) - Sam Dragon Tales (Korea TV Edition) - Emmy Flowering Heart (Korea TV Edition) - Ari Jin You're Under Arrest (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Noh Han-na The Fairly OddParents (Korea TV Edition) - Timmy Turner Hello Kitty's Paradise (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Hello Kitty Movie dubbing Harry Potter (replacing Emma Watson, Korea TV Edition, SBS) The Sixth Sense (replacing Haley Joel Osment, Korea TV Edition, KBS) Interview with the Vampire (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, MBC) Jumanji (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Leon (replacing Natalie Portman, Korea TV Edition, KBS) Demolition Man (replacing Sandra Bullock, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Roman Holiday (replacing Audrey Hepburn, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (playing Belle, Walt Disney Pictures) Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (playing Pocahontas, Walt Disney Pictures) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (playing Adult Kiara, Walt Disney Pictures Anastasia (playing Anastasia \\\"Anya\\\", 20th Century Fox) Mulan (playing Mulan, Walt Disney Pictures) The Prince of Egypt (playing Miriam, Dreamworks Animation) Finding Nemo (playing Dory, Pixar) Bolt (playing Mittens, Walt Disney Pictures) Finding Dory (playing Dory, Stan's wife, Pixar) Games Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata - Reith The War of Genesis Side Story II: Tempest - Elizabeth Pandragon Girlfriend of Steel - Asuka Langley Soryu Elsword - Rena References External links Jeong Mi Sook Fan Site (in Korean) Jeong Mi Sook Fan Cafe (in Korean) 1962 births Living people South Korean voice actresses 20th-century South Korean actresses 21st-century South Korean actresses\",\n \"title\": \"Chung Misook\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20213458\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Daniel Walton (born October 24, 1968) is an American storyboard artist and voice actor who has worked for Walt Disney Animation Studios, DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Warner Animation Group, and other companies. He currently works for Illumination, as of 2023. Walton also voiced Rhino the hamster in the 2008 animated film Bolt. Early life Walton was born on October 24, 1968, in Salt Lake City, Utah, the oldest of seven children. Although he is not a professional actor, Walton said in an interview, \\\"I liked acting in high school and college. I enjoyed it. I think at some point I decided that if I was really going to be a professional actor that it would take at least everything that I would have emotionally or physically and I knew that I really wanted to pursue art.\\\" He graduated from Utah State University in 1998 with a degree in illustration. Career Mark Walton started at Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida as a story and animation intern in 1995. After performing as a show artist for The Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical Discovery Adventure North American Mall Tour in 1996, he transferred to Walt Disney Feature Animation in Burbank, CA. (now known as Walt Disney Animation Studios) in 1997 to work on his first feature, Tarzan as a storyboard artist. While at Disney, from the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, he did storyboards for The Emperor's New Groove, The Little Matchstick Girl, Home on the Range, Chicken Little, Meet the Robinsons, Tangled, and Gnomeo and Juliet, as well as storyboarding and developing the unproduced films Wild Life, My Peoples, and Rapunzel Unbraided (an early version of Tangled), Joe Jump, and King of the Elves. Also, while at Disney, he provided the voices for Barry & Bob the Longhorns in Home on the Range (2004), Goosey Loosey for the computer-animated film Chicken Little and its video game (2005), and for Rhino the hamster in Bolt (2008) for which he was nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production, and the short film spin-off Super Rhino. He also storyboarded a short CGI film \\\"The Zit\\\" for Mike Blum's Pipsqueak Films, shown on the TV series Independent Lens. After leaving Disney in 2009, Walton storyboarded on films for DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Marza Animation Planet, Original Force 3D, Ken Duncan Studio, Mass Animation, On Animation, Kool Produktion AS, Rovio Animation, and Warner Animation Group. He has also taught storyboarding at California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts), Academy of Art, SUU, and CGMA. Numerous positive reviews came from film critics regarding Walton's performance as Rhino in Bolt. CNN noted “Walton's Rhino steals every scene he's in.”, while Enewsi stated \\\"Walton has perfect comedic timing as Rhino\\\". Another reviewer noted “The hamster alone is enough to make this movie worth seeing”, with other positive reviews featured in the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, where Walton contemplated Rhino's popularity as, \\\"he imagines he's actually something bigger\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Walton (story artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18487610\",\n \"text\": \"J'son of Spartax J2 Jack Flag Jack Frost Gregor Shapanka Jack O'Lantern Jason Macendale Steven Mark Levins Daniel Berkhart Levins' brother Jeremiah Jack of Hearts Jackdaw Jackdaw is a fictional character featured in the Marvel Comics universe. He was created by Dez Skinn, Steve Parkhouse, Paul Neary and John Stokes, and first appeared in The Incredible Hulk Weekly #57 (April 1980). A now-deceased hero, the sidekick of Captain Britain, Jackdaw was an Otherworld elf. Jackdaw had been mortally wounded earlier in his adventures, but was revived by Merlyn and given new powers and a new costume. He was permanently slain later on Earth-238 by The Fury. Jackdaw was literally torn in half by one of the Fury's energy bolts and expired shortly thereafter in Captain Britain's arms. Jackdaw expressed a belief that Merlyn would resurrect him. Saturnyne had abandoned them (and her assistant Dimples, who loved her deeply) to escape. Merlyn did not resurrect Jackdaw as it would have damaged his chances of rescuing Captain Britain, who was killed as well by the Fury after Dimples and Jackdaw, and resurrected by Merlyn back on Earth-616. Jackhammer Jackpot Brent Jackson Jade Dragon Jade Dragon is a fictional character portrayed in the Marvel Comics universe. He was created by Jim Krueger, Alex Ross, and John Paul Leon, and first appeared in Earth X #2 (May 1999). Little is known of Jade Dragon's history before his exposure to Terrigen Mist on Earth-9997. Once exposed to the mist, he mutated into a humanoid dragon and became a slave to the Skull, who gained the ability to control the minds of others after exposure to the mist. The Skull intended to take over first New York City, then the world. Along with the Skull's other slaves, he was forced to fight a team of super-mutants led by Captain America; in the end, the Skull was killed and his slaves were freed. Jade Dragon would move on to work alongside Iron Maiden, Black Bolt, and the Iron Avengers. As part of his transformation by the mist, Jade Dragon gained functional wings with the ability to fly and the ability to blow jade-green flames from his mouth. Sajani Jaffrey J. Jonah Jackal J. Jonah Jackal is an anthropomorphic jackal and animal version of J. Jonah Jameson who is the boss of Spider-Ham. J. Jonah Jackal in other media J. Jonah Jackal appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode \\\"The Spider-Verse\\\" Pt. 2, voiced by J.K. Simmons. J. Jonah Jameson J. Jonah Jameson Sr. J. Jonah Jameson Sr. is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Joan Jameson Joan Jameson is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is the deceased wife of J. Jonah Jameson in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Zeb Wells and Dean Haspiel, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #190 (March 1979). Joan was a high school classmate of J. Jonah Jameson and part of the school paper along with Steve \\\"Tripod\\\". While\",\n \"title\": \"List of Marvel Comics characters: J\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47814429\",\n \"text\": \"Supergiant is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña, Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013). The character has made several appearances in other media such as animated television and video games. Publication history Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013) and was created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña. Fictional character biography The character Supergiant is a member of Thanos' supervillain team Black Order. While searching for Thanos' son Thane during the Infinity storyline, Supergiant and Corvus Glaive laid siege to the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning and defeated the X-Men. They left after realizing that Thane was not there. In the comic, When the Black Order seized Wakanda, Supergiant was left in control of Black Bolt who she would mentally order to activate the Illuminati's hidden bombs in Wakanda Necropolis. When the Illuminati arrived to save Black Bolt, Supergiant used Black Bolt's ability to defeat the heroes. Upon activating the bomb, Supergiant was faced by Maximus who had the trigger. Maximus triggered the bomb, but also used Lockjaw to transport Supergiant along with the bomb to a distant uninhabited planet where she perished in the explosion. During the \\\"No Surrender\\\" arc, Supergiant came back as a psychic projection, along with the rest of the Black Order, thanks to the Challenger who had set them up against Grandmaster's Lethal Legion. During the battle in Antarctica, the Black Order retreat after Corvus Glaive is killed. Supergiant stays to take control of Thor, but is dissipated by Lethal Legion member Ferene the Other. Powers and abilities Supergiant, in the series, has telepathic abilities, which allow her to mind-control anyone and feed on their intellect. At some point, she was transformed into a psionic entity. Out of her transformation, Supergiant gained the power to phase through living beings and obstacles. She also became immune to physical damage. Reception Accolades In 2022, Screen Rant included Supergiant in their \\\"10 Best Cosmic Villains Not Yet In The MCU\\\" list. In 2022, CBR.com ranked Supergiant 3rd in their \\\"MCU: Every Member Of Thanos’ Black Order, Ranked By Power\\\" list. In other media Television Supergiant appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Hynden Walch. Supergiant appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced again by Hynden Walch. This version lacks psychic powers, but can grow to a gigantic size and previously dated Star-Lord prior to the series' events. In the episode \\\"Undercover Angle\\\", Supergiant is imprisoned by the Nova Corps until the Guardians of the Galaxy accidentally free her while infiltrating the organization, though Gamora is able to subdue her. In the episode \\\"Come and Gut Your Love\\\", Supergiant works with another ex-girlfriend of Star-Lord's, Lucy, to attack him after discovering he is J'son's son. Video games Supergiant appears as a mini-boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Supergiant appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Marvel Future Fight. Supergiant appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 as part of the Infinity\",\n \"title\": \"Supergiant (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28064582\",\n \"text\": \"The Mitten () is a 1967 Soviet animated film directed by Roman Kachanov. The film received international recognition. Plot summary The film centers on a girl who wants a dog. She brings home a puppy, but her mother wouldn't let the puppy stay. The girl is upset and goes outside to the playground, where all the other kids are walking their dogs. She starts playing with her mitten, pretending that the mitten is a dog. And the power of her imagination turns her mitten into a puppy, which keeps the mitten's red color and black spots on the back. The puppy starts chasing a cat, which ends up finding shelter on top of the ad board saying \\\"Everyone who has a dog is welcome to take part in the kennel club competition!\\\" The girl takes her puppy to the competition, and it completes the task better than other dogs, but on the way to finish one of the threads of the puppy's knitted coat gets caught by a nail on the wooden barrier, and it loses the competition. The girl takes it home and is about to feed it, when it turns back to a mitten. Mom notices the girl trying to feed a mitten and decides to get her a real puppy. Creators Dolls and scenery made — Pavel Gusyov, Oleg Masainov, V. Petrov, M. Chesnokova, G. Gettinger, G. Lyutinsky, A. Maximov, V. Kalashnikova, V. Kuranov, S. Etlis, leadership the Roman Gurov Film editor — Vera Gokke Editor — Natalya Abramova Director — Nathan Bitman Awards MKF in Moscow — a silver medal in competition of children's movies, the movie \\\"The Mitten\\\" (1967) Annecy International Animation Film Festival — the first award, the movie \\\"The Mitten\\\" (1967) Gijón International Film Festival — a prize of the city of Gijon \\\"For high art quality of animation\\\", the movie \\\"The Mitten\\\" (1968) Gijón International Film Festival — the Grand Prix \\\"A gold plate\\\", the movie \\\"The Mitten\\\" (1968) All-Union Film Festival — the first award, the movie \\\"The Mitten\\\" (1968) Interesting facts There is no dialogue in the film. Leonid Shvartsman based the character of the mother on a very close acquaintance — Tamara Vladimirovna Poletika (the first wife of his friend and animator Lev Milchin). The bulldog in “The Mitten” is based on the director, Roman Kachanov. External links Films directed by Roman Abelevich Kachanov Soviet animated films Soyuzmultfilm 1967 films 1960s Soviet films 1967 animated films\",\n \"title\": \"The Mitten (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19731992\",\n \"text\": \"Bolt is a video game developed by Avalanche Software and published by Disney Interactive Studios for Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2008 film of the same name. Mark Walton, Sean Donnelan, and Malcolm McDowell reprise their roles as Rhino, Penny's TV father, and Dr. Calico respectively. Miley Cyrus, who voiced Penny, is replaced by Ashleigh Prather. Synopsis Setting In the game, the player follows and controls the super dog Bolt and Penny on various missions taking place in the fictional TV show universe from the movie. The levels are shared between Bolt and Penny. By using Bolt's superpowers, the player can fight hordes of enemies. New powers, such as Superbark and Laser Eyes, will be unlocked during the game. While Bolt has superpowers, Penny has only her maneuverability by using her Wheelbar and is incentivized to take down enemies in a stealthy way. The game focuses on Bolt's fake TV life, not the actual movie storyline. Penny's father has been kidnapped by the evil Dr. Calico, and Penny and Bolt must travel through 5 countries to rescue him. All of this is actually on TV, and Rhino is watching a DVD pack of all the 25 Bolt episodes, possibly at the rural home at the end of the movie with Bolt's family (Penny, Mittens, Bolt himself, and Penny's mother). On the Nintendo DS version, players can play a mini-game called Rhino's Mission, where they go through mazes and avoid obstacles, like cannons. Despite that the end of the Bolt film shows a new storyline, it can be implied that these episodes featured in the game are mostly the episodes in the first season, despite the movie starting with the chase sequence. Plot Penny's father has been captured by Calico and his organization in an attempt to construct a powerful weapon of untold power. Penny and Bolt travel to Italy in an effort to find out more, but they get nowhere other than learning of Calico's location in Belize. Calico finally manages to capture Penny once she and Bolt find his temple base in the Yucatán jungle. To prove to Penny's father that she is alive and being held hostage, Calico gives Penny a cell phone with her father on the other line. Calico then attempts to flee the crumbling temple with his new captive but decides to leave her there with Bolt to die, saying, \\\"As long as the professor believes she's alive, he will do what is asked and finish the weapon. Too bad we can't all have nine lives\\\". However, Penny and Bolt survive and discover Calico's new base in the Russian Arctic with a large rocket in the center. But upon entering, Penny notices micro-focusing mirrors and realizes that it is her father's satellite instead of a warhead. All too late as Calico seals the entrance and, to Bolt's horror, launches it with Penny inside screaming for help. Bolt then jumps onto the rocket and\",\n \"title\": \"Bolt (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43839916\",\n \"text\": \"Kate & Mim-Mim is an animated children's television series created by husband-and-wife duo, Scott and Julie Stewart. Produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment in season 1 and later by DHX Media in season 2 with FremantleMedia Kids & Family, the first episode premiered on Disney Junior in the United States on December 19, 2014 until July 2, 2017 when Disney Junior lost the rights to air the series. The series also premiered in the United Kingdom on CBeebies on October 30, 2016. The show focuses on the friendship and adventures of a little girl named Kate and her favorite toy, a plush bunny named Mim-Mim who go on daring adventures in the fictional world of Mimiloo. Characters Kate is the main protagonist. She is a 5-year-old girl who wears colored clothes and is best friends with a stuffed bunny named Mim-Mim. Kate is voiced by Maryke Hendrikse in North America and Jessica Hann in the UK. Mim-Mim, a plush purple bunny, is Kate's best friend. Mim-Mim is voiced by Lee Tockar in North America and by Rob Foster in the UK. Valerie is Kate's mother. Valerie is voiced by Nicole Oliver in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK. Marco is Kate's father. Marco is voiced by David Godfrey in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK. Boomer is a blue creature and Lily's younger brother. He is voiced by Maryke Hendrikse in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK. Lily is a pink creature and Boomer's older sister. She is voiced by Tabitha St. Germain in North America and Jess Robinson in the UK. Gobble is a giant brown badger, voiced by Brian Drummond in North America and Terrence Mann in the UK. Tach is an orange-yellow creature, voiced by Matt Hill in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK. Broadcast Other international broadcasters that have picked up the series include DR (Denmark), SVT (Sweden), Clan (Spain), Panda (Portugal), Super RTL (Germany), Tiji (France), JimJam (Central and Eastern Europe), PBS (Thailand) and Okto (Singapore). Episodes Season 1 (2014-15) Rip Roaring Race (1 September 2014) The Need for Seed (2 September 2014) Color Me Happy (3 September 2014) Kittens and Mittens (4 September 2014) Tail Tale (5 September 2014) Mirror Mirror (8 September 2014) Boomer Size (9 September 2014) Mim Mim's Moon Mishap (10 September 2014) Tee Hee Rex (11 September 2014) Mega Music Maker (12 September 2014) Lost Island (15 September 2014) Flight of the Flowers (16 September 2014) A Case of the Giggles (17 September 2014) Hiccups and Night Fun (18 September 2014) Cloud Castle (19 September 2014) Snow Bowling (22 September 2014) Valentine Friends (23 September 2014) A Storybook Ending (24 September 2014) Balloon Buddies (25 September 2014) Twinkle Twinkle (26 September 2014) Snifferific (29 September 2014) Summer Funday Drive (30 September 2014) Mega Mim (1 October 2014) Kate the Great (2 October 2014) Clean Sweep (3 October 2014) Princess Kate (17 November 2014) Lighter than Air (18 November 2014) Gobble's Gift (19 November\",\n \"title\": \"Kate & Mim-Mim\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65383201\",\n \"text\": \"The Mitten (Ukrainian: Рукавичка) is a Ukrainian fairy tale. It remains popular in modern Ukraine and has been translated into other languages. Some of the written records of The Mitten date back to the 19th century and include the folklore collections of Pavlo Chubynsky. and Ivan Rudchenko. Plot There are numerous variations of this Ukrainian folk tale. In the general story, a person loses their mitten in a forest in the snow during a cold winter. One by one, various animals come and settle inside the mitten planning to stay warm. Eventually, the mitten can no longer hold all who want to warm themselves inside. The mitten then splits open and spills out all the animals into the cold. Variations The individual losing the mitten varies - some versions feature a child who loses their mitten. The animals included varies in different versions but often includes a mouse, a frog, a hare, a fox, a wolf, a boar and a bear. The animals fitting into the mitten get progressively larger. In some retellings, each of the animals have adjectives or nicknames. In many retellings, prior to settling in, the new-comer asks permission from the animals already inside. When the mitten can hold no more, sometimes a sneeze causes the animals to no longer fit inside. In some retellings, the person who lost the mitten finds it after the animals have left. Interpretation The story illustrates the Tragedy of the Commons. Translations The Mitten was translated into various languages, including English, Japanese, Azerbaijani, French, German and Russian. One of the most popular versions of The Mitten retold in English is by Jan Brett. In popular culture In 1996 a Ukrainian Animated Film Studio Ukranimafilm released a cartoon The Mitten (N. Marchenkova, а scriptwriter and director). In 2001, Ukrposhta, the postal service of Ukraine, released a Ukrainian Fairy Tale series of stamps, including The Mitten. References M M M\",\n \"title\": \"The Mitten (folk tale)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1563469\",\n \"text\": \", better known as , is a Japanese actor, voice actor and narrator from Kanagawa Prefecture. He is affiliated with Aoni Production. He had roles in the Initial D series (as Jōshima Toshiya \\\"God Hand\\\"), Naruto (as Might Guy), Eat-Man (as Bolt Crank), the Shakugan no Shana series (as Alastor the Flame of Heavens), Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! (as Doctor Tsuchiya), Buso Renkin (as Captain Bravo), The Transformers (as Ratchet) and Final Fantasy XIII (as Sazh Katzroy). He is also the official dub-over artist of Tom Hanks, Bill Murray, Wesley Snipes, Bruce Campbell and Robin Williams. He was also the first dubbing voice actor of Andy García and Alec Baldwin in their early days. Much of his roles are occupied by Koichi Yamadera in different editions of the films. Background Ebara graduated from Tōkyōtoritsu Chitosegaoka Senior High School. He initially did not aspire to be an actor, but he chose to attend the Toho Performing Arts Academy to learn the trade because he admired the work of Charlie Chaplin as a student. After previously working with Gekidan Subaru, he affiliated himself with 81 Produce, but he is now affiliated with Aoni Production. Filmography Television animation 1987 Transformers: The Headmasters (Spike Witwicky, Scattershot/Computron, Pounce) 1990 Robin Hood no Daibōken (Baron Alwyn) 1991 Soreike! Anpanman (Unadonman, Pineappleman, Princess Dorian, Crayonman) 1992 O~i! Ryoma (Yamauchi Yōdō) The Laughing Salesman (Kenzō Warii (episode 93), Shokudō no Oyaji (December 26, 1992 special)) 1993 Nintama Rantarō (Young Ryūōmaru, Heishirō Kusai) 1994 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R (Chiral) Yu Yu Hakusho (Yomi) 1996 Baketsu de Gohan (Zubrofsky) Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! (Doctor Tsuchiya) Raideen the Superior (Kraken) 1997 Eat-Man (Bolt Crank) 1998 Eat-Man '98 (Bolt Crank) 1999 Cowboy Bebop (Andy Von de Oniyate) Master Keaton (Robert Fenders) Pocket Monsters (Jangō) 2000 Love Hina (Kōji Maehara) Platinumhugen Ordian (Baltoro) Shūkan Storyland (Leader, narration) 2001 PaRappa Rappa (Boxy Boy) Shaman King (Dōen) The SoulTaker (Richard Vincent) 2002 Tottoko Hamtaro (Lion-sensei) 2003 Astro Boy: Mighty Atom (Archer) Gad Guard (Jack Bruno) Gunslinger Girl (Hilshire) Mugen Senki Potorisu (Black-clothed man) Naruto (Might Guy) 2004 Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple (George Challenger) Fullmetal Alchemist (Hohenheim Elric) Kaiketsu Zorori (Gaon, Husky) 2005 Majime ni Fumajime: Kaiketsu Zorori (Gaon, Husky) Shakugan no Shana (Alastor) Shinshaku Sengoku Eiyūdensetsu Sanada Ten Braves The Animation (Kuroda Nagamasa) Xenosaga: The Animation (Ziggurat 8) 2006 Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z (Mojo Jojo) Ergo Proxy (MCQ) 2007 El Cazador de la Bruja (Shop Manager) Naruto: Shippuden (Might Guy, Might Duy) Nodame Cantabile (Sebastiano Viella) Shakugan no Shana Second (Alastor) 2008 Michiko to Hatchin (Old Gentleman) Negibōzu no Satarō (Aona no Shakimi) 2011 Shakugan no Shana Final (Alastor) 2012 Sword Art Online (Godfree) 2013 Magi: The Kingdom of Magic (Shambal Ramal) Space Battleship Yamato 2199 (Osamu Yamanami) 2014 Future Card Buddyfight (Hitotaba Neginoyama/Captain Answer, Vlad Dracula) Tokyo ESP (Shin Kakuno) Nisekoi (Adlet Wogner Kirisaki) 2016 One Piece (Raizō) 2017 Space Battleship Yamato 2202: Warriors of Love (Osamu Yamanami) Vatican Miracle Examiner (Archbishop Saul) 2018 Pop Team Epic (Popuko\",\n \"title\": \"Masashi Ebara\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30989403\",\n \"text\": \"John MacKay Shaw (15 May 1897 – 15 March 1984) was a Scottish-American business executive, bibliophile, philanthropist, and writer. He was interested in the tradition of poetry in the English language from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries. He was especially attentive to its treatment of the theme of childhood. Early life Shaw was born on 15 May 1897, in Glasgow, Scotland. His father immigrated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to find work and the rest of the family followed him in 1911. He left school at the age of 14 and went first to work at John Wanamaker's department store as an errand boy and later to Wharton Business School where he took stenographic courses. During World War I, he joined the Ambulance Corps and served in France. Career After the war, Shaw joined the steno pool at Mitten Management but he was chosen by the president of the company, Thomas Mitten, to serve as his private secretary. His specialty was in the field of public relations and advertising. When Mitten died, Shaw left the company to work as a public relations executive for the Bell Telephone System. In this role, he worked on the weekly radio program \\\"The Bell Telephone Hour\\\" and redesigned the New York City Yellow Pages. While working for the company, he began to collect British and American poetry by and about children. He joined the Grolier Club and the American Library Association. When he retired in 1959, he donated almost 6,000 volumes to Florida State University. He created an 11-volume annotated bibliography, Childhood in Poetry. He was awarded an honorary doctor of humane letters in 1972. Later life Shaw died on 15 March 1984, in Tallahassee, Florida. Bibliography Birchfield, James D. \\\"The John MacKay Shaw Collection: Two Decades at Florida State.\\\" Florida State, Vol. 4, No. 3, Summer 1980, pp. 17– 19. Evory, Ann, ed., \\\"John MacKay Shaw,\\\" Contemporary Authors. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1978. Vol. 29-32, p. 629. Hendrickson, Norejane J. and Nancy Taylor Coghill. \\\"Nineteenth-Century Children's Poetry: A Reflection of the Age.\\\" Children's Literature Association Quarterly, Vol. 11, Number 2, Summer 1986, pp. 72–77. Korn, Frederick. Poetry of the Great War: A Descriptive Catalogue of Resources in the Shaw Collection. Tallahassee: Florida State University Library, 1984. Patrick, Lucy. \\\"The John MacKay Shaw Childhood in Poetry Collection,\\\" Florida Libraries, Vol. 49, No. 2, Fall 2006, pp. 13–15. Shaw, John MacKay. Childhood in Poetry; A Catalogue, With Biographical and Critical Annotations, of the Books of English and American Poets Comprising the Shaw Childhood in Poetry Collection. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1967. 5 vols. Supplement of 3 vols. (1972); Supplement of 2 vols. (1976); Supplement (1980). Shaw, John MacKay. \\\"Childhood in Poetry: The Forty-Year History of a Collection, 1929-1969,\\\" Antiquarian Bookman, 22–29 December 1969, rpt. as a monograph, Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1970. Shaw, John MacKay. \\\"The Life of Thomas Eugene Mitten of Philadelphia (1874-1929),\\\" unpublished manuscript in Free Library of Philadelphia. Shaw, John MacKay. The Parodies of Lewis Carroll and Their Originals. Tallahassee: Florida State University\",\n \"title\": \"John MacKay Shaw\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4450417\",\n \"text\": \"Chris Williams (born December 19, 1968) is an American-Canadian animation film director, screenwriter and voice actor who is best known for directing the films Bolt (2008) and Big Hero 6 (2014) and co-directing the film Moana (2016) for Walt Disney Animation Studios, and for directing the film The Sea Beast (2022) for Netflix Animation. Early life Williams was born on December 19, 1968, in Missouri and spent the first 25 years of his life in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, where his father was the director of Counselling Services at the University of Waterloo. Williams graduated from the University of Waterloo with a degree in Fine Arts and then enrolled in the animation program at Sheridan College, Oakville, Ontario. Upon graduation from Sheridan, he was recruited by Disney and moved to Los Angeles. Career Williams previously worked in the story department for Mulan (1998), The Emperor's New Groove (2000) and Frozen (2013), in which he also voiced the character Oaken. In February 2007, it was announced he would direct American Dog, which was re-titled Bolt (2008) and was later joined by Byron Howard, both of them replaced Chris Sanders who was the original director. In July 2010, it was reported by various sources that Williams would direct King of the Elves based on the story by Philip K. Dick. However, in 2012, it was revealed that Williams had joined another Walt Disney Animation film, Big Hero 6, as a co-director inspired by the Marvel Comics of the same name. In November 2018, it was reported that Williams had left Disney and he would write and direct The Sea Beast for Netflix. The Sea Beast was released on Netflix on July 8, 2022. Filmography Feature films Shorts and TV Other credits See also List of University of Waterloo people References External links 1968 births Living people American animated film directors American expatriates in Canada American film directors American male screenwriters American male voice actors Animation screenwriters Animators from Missouri Annie Award winners Directors of Best Animated Feature Academy Award winners Male actors from Missouri People from Kitchener, Ontario Primetime Emmy Award winners Sheridan College animation program alumni University of Waterloo alumni Walt Disney Animation Studios people Netflix people Writers from Ontario\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Williams (director)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72225292\",\n \"text\": \"The second season of Big Mouth, an American adult animated coming-of-age sitcom created by Andrew Goldberg, Nick Kroll, Mark Levin, and Jennifer Flackett, was released on Netflix on October 5, 2018. The series centers on teens based on Kroll and Goldberg's upbringing in suburban New York, with Kroll voicing his fictional younger self. Big Mouth explores puberty while \\\"embrac[ing] a frankness about the human body and sex.\\\" Cast and characters Main Nick Kroll as Nick Birch, Maurice the Hormone Monster, Coach Steve, Rick the Hormone Monster, Lola Skumpy, Nick Starr, Mila and Lotte Jensen, a webcam girl, Gina's Abuela, Bad Mitten, Rabbi Poblart and others John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman, Detective Florez and Andrew 3000 Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian, Guy Bilzerian, Radio DJ and Gina's Brother #1 Jenny Slate as Missy Foreman-Greenwald, Mirror Missy, Taffiny, The Implant and Additional Voices Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch, Bob the Hormone Monster and a Bus Driver Maya Rudolph as Diane Birch, Connie the Hormone Monstress, Susan, The Pill and Principal Barren Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington (1899–1974), Featuring Ludacris, Cyrus Foreman, Priest, Condom and Magician #2 Recurring Guest Episodes Reception Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 100% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 8.80 out of 10. The website's critics consensus reads \\\"Poignantly repulsive, Big Mouth continues to confront the awkwardness of adolescence with foul-mouthed glee and an added layer of maturity.\\\" On Metacritic, it has a score of 90 out of 100 for the second season, based on nine critics, indicating \\\"universal acclaim\\\". Accolades References 2018 American animated television seasons Big Mouth (American TV series) seasons\",\n \"title\": \"Big Mouth season 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2704591\",\n \"text\": \"Hoover Field was an early airport serving the city of Washington, D.C. It was constructed as a private airfield in 1925, but opened to public commercial use on July 16, 1926. It was located in Arlington, Virginia, near the intersection of the Highway Bridge and the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway, where The Pentagon and its northern parking lots now stand. Considered one of the most hazardous airfields in the United States, Hoover Field suffered from short and unpaved runways, numerous life-threatening obstructions around the field, poor visibility (due to a burning garbage dump to its northwest), and poor drainage. It was purchased by the owner of nearby Washington Airport in early 1929, causing a brief merger of the two fields, but was sold to a new owner just 12 months later. It nearly went bankrupt in 1933, and was sold at auction and merged with Washington Airport to become Washington-Hoover Airport on August 2, 1933. Washington-Hoover Airport closed in June 1941. Washington National Airport (now Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport) was built as its replacement. Construction Hoover Field was built in 1925 by Thomas E. Mitten, president of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company (which held the airmail contract between Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia). Hell's Bottom, a site at the foot of the Highway Bridge in Arlington County, Virginia (formerly a horse racing track) directly across the Potomac River from the city, was selected by Mitten for the site of his new \\\"airport.\\\" Pioneering aviator Alys McKey Bryant helped clear trees and brush and run the tractor which leveled the land for the airfield. The single sod runway was long. A single hangar, by in size, was constructed. Construction ended in 1925, and at first the field was used only by planes giving sight-seeing tours over the national capital. The then-unnamed airfield was threatened with competition almost immediately. Because the field was privately owned, civic leaders began a campaign for the city of Washington to build a publicly owned municipal airport. The federal government considered filling in all or part of Kingman Lake and using the lake, Kingman Island, and nearby Heritage Island for a federal airport to compete with the nascent field in Arlington, but this plan died in August 1926. The government's actions and Mitten's desire to fly people between D.C. and Philadelphia for the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence led Mitten to expand his airfield. The new airfield was dedicated on July 16, 1926. It was named for then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, a major promoter of civil aviation. The roughly trapezoidal airport was built along a north-by-northeast axis, was approximately long and wide, and in size. The only navigational aid was a windsock. Conditions at the field Flying conditions at Hoover Field were notoriously poor. Arlington Beach, a local amusement park, was located on the north-northeastern edge of the airport (next to Highway Bridge), and a landfill on the north-northwestern side. The trash in the landfill was also on fire. The smoke sometimes obscured the\",\n \"title\": \"Hoover Field\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52281037\",\n \"text\": \"Marvel's Inhumans, or simply Inhumans, is an American television series created by Scott Buck for ABC based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's other television series. It was produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television in association with Devilina Productions, and was co-financed by IMAX Entertainment in a deal that gave the series a theatrical premiere. Buck served as showrunner on the series. The series is centered on Black Bolt, portrayed by Anson Mount, and other members of the Inhuman Royal Family. Serinda Swan, Ken Leung, Eme Ikwuakor, Isabelle Cornish, Ellen Woglom, and Iwan Rheon also star. Marvel Studios announced an Inhumans film in 2014 as part of their Phase Three slate of films, with the species first introduced to the MCU in the series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The film was removed from Marvel Studios' slate in April 2016, and the Inhumans series was announced that November, to be partly filmed using IMAX cameras. Buck joined the series in October, and Mount was cast in February 2017. Filming took place from March to June 2017, at the former Naval Air Station Barbers Point airfield in Kalaeloa, Hawaii and various locations on the island of Oahu. Inhumans debuted on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, the first live-action television series to do so. The theatrical run lasted two weeks, before the series premiered on ABC on September 29 and ran for eight episodes, concluding on November 10. The series was met with unfavorable reviews and low television ratings, and was canceled by ABC in May 2018. Mount reprised his role as an alternate version of Black Bolt in Marvel Studios' MCU film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Premise After a military coup, the Inhuman Royal Family escape to Hawaii, where they must save themselves and the world. Cast and characters Main Anson Mount as Black Bolt:The Head of the Inhuman Royal Family and King of Attilan, whose voice can cause destruction with the slightest whisper. Showrunner Scott Buck called Black Bolt enigmatic and fascinating because \\\"a lot of times, we don't know what he's thinking\\\", and noted the difficulty of writing a character who \\\"does not speak, but yet he is our hero and the center of the show\\\". Buck specifically ruled out the series using voice over, with Black Bolt instead communicating via sign language. Premiere director Roel Reiné told Mount to just use 15 or 16 signs, but Mount decided to create his own sign system. He explained that since the character is not from Earth, he would not know Earth-based systems such as American Sign Language (ASL). Mount borrowed the underlying rules of ASL but then \\\"double-check[ed] my signs against ASL to make sure there is no overlap\\\", and also studied orchestra conductors. Mount created a document for his language with over 50 pages, and felt that if he could develop the language over several seasons, it could become\",\n \"title\": \"Inhumans (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54221354\",\n \"text\": \"I Am Bolt is a 2016 British biographical documentary sports film co-directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner and produced by Leo Pearlman. It is based on the life of Jamaican sprinter and three times Olympic gold medalist and World Record holder for 100m, 200m, 4×100m relay, Usain Bolt, the fastest man in recorded human history. The film describes Bolt's journey in winning nine gold medals and the incidents surrounding the Olympic titles. The film was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom and then worldwide. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Cast Usain Bolt himself Pelé himself Neymar himself Serena Williams herself Asafa Powell himself Sebastian himself Ziggy Marley himself Nas with voice Glen Mills himself Ricky Simms himself Chronixx himself Yohan Blake himself Maurice Greene himself Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt – his parents themselves Dwayne Jarrett – Bolt's school coach himself Nugent Walker – Bolt's manager himself Dwayne Barnett himself Reception Critical response I Am Bolt received positive reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 242 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \\\" Bolt's golden era may be too recent and the sponsors too dominant for any real warts to be included, but his charm and sheer physical wonder make this a compelling watch regardless.\\\" Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter reacted positively, saying: \\\"Athletic achievements don’t get much more unbeatable than the records held by Jamaican runner Usain Bolt, who’s won nine consecutive Olympic gold medals and even more World Championship awards. Considered the fastest sprinter who’s ever logged track time, Bolt is a hero to millions and admired on a level comparable to global sports legends like Muhammad Ali and Pele.\\\" Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it 2/5, stating \\\"Fans of Usain Bolt will find much to relish in this gushing homage to the nine-time Olympic gold medallist, which chases its idol from his 2015 slump, via scenes of downtime in Jamaica to the podium in Rio. References External links Sports films based on actual events Running films Biographical films about sportspeople Documentary films about sportspeople 2010s biographical films 2016 films Pelé Cultural depictions of track and field athletes Cultural depictions of Jamaican people 2010s English-language films\",\n \"title\": \"I Am Bolt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1563682\",\n \"text\": \"Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965). Black Bolt is the ruler of Attilan, and a member of the Inhumans, a reclusive race of genetically altered superhumans. Black Bolt's signature power is his voice, as his electron-harnessing ability is linked to the speech center of his brain. Speaking triggers a massive disturbance in the form of a highly destructive shockwave capable of leveling a city. Due to the extreme danger posed by this power, the character has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in his sleep, and he usually remains completely silent and speaks through sign language or via a spokesperson. Black Bolt has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes. Since his original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, different versions of Black Bolt were portrayed by Anson Mount in the Marvel Television series Inhumans (2017) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Publication history Black Bolt debuted in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He re-joined the Illuminati as part of the 2012 Marvel NOW! rebranding initiative. He appeared in the 2017 Black Bolt series, his first solo comic book series, by Saladin Ahmed and Christian James Ward. He appeared in the 2021 Darkhold: Black Bolt #1 one-shot. Fictional character biography 1960s Black Bolt's first appearance established the character as being a member of the Inhuman ruling class. The title Thor featured a back-up feature called \\\"Tales of the Inhumans\\\", which recounts the character's origin story. The son of King Agon and Queen Rynda, Black Bolt is exposed to the mutagenic Terrigen Mist while still an embryo, and eventually demonstrates the ability to manipulate electrons. To protect the Inhuman community from his devastating voice, Black Bolt is placed inside a sound-proof chamber and is tutored in the use of his powers. Reentering Inhuman society as a young man—having vowed never to speak—the character is attacked by his younger brother Maximus, who attempts, unsuccessfully, to goad him into speaking. Black Bolt proved popular, and decides to leave Attilan to explore the outside world. The character reappears in a story focusing on his cousin Medusa, drives off the Hulk after the monster defeats the entire Inhuman Royal Family (Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Triton, and Crystal), and with the Fantastic Four, battles his brother Maximus and his own group of rogue Inhumans. 1970s After being forced to intercede in the budding romance between his cousin Crystal and the Fantastic Four's Johnny Storm, Black Bolt and the Inhumans feature in the title Amazing Adventures, and battle villains such as the Mandarin and Magneto. A story in The Avengers, told in flashback, reveals how Black Bolt came\",\n \"title\": \"Black Bolt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1685637\",\n \"text\": \"Eat-Man (stylized as EAT-MAN) is a Japanese manga series created by Akihito Yoshitomi in 1996 which was serialized by MediaWorks monthly in 19 volumes until 2003 in Dengeki Comic Gao! magazine. In 1997, Studio Deen adapted the manga into a 12-episode anime television series which was broadcast in Japan from January 9 to March 27, 1997 on TV Tokyo. A sequel, Eat-Man '98, was also animated by Studio Deen and ran from October 8 to December 23, 1998. Both anime series are licensed in North America by Discotek Media and the manga series was licensed by Viz Communications before it was dropped. A second manga called Eat-Man The Main Dish started serialization in Monthly Shonen Sirius in May 2014. Story Eat-Man is a series of short, episodic stories about an \\\"explorer\\\" (a type of mercenary) named Bolt Crank who has the ability to eat virtually anything and then, at will, reproduce from his body the objects he's consumed. Eat-Mans world is a mix of high-tech futurist cyberpunk and fairy tale. The episodes take place in various worlds and in undefined times. Characters Bolt Crank (voiced by Masashi Ebara), is the best \\\"explorer\\\" in the world. In the manga, \\\"Explorers\\\" are a kind of mercenary. Although mercenaries in the manga do any job, even assassinations, the explorers were employees with principles. Bolt has a bizarre power, the ability to eat anything inorganic and then later recreate it (even fixing the item ingested) from any part of his body. The item usually comes out from his arms and hands, but sometimes can be created in other body areas, like his head, chest, or legs. In the manga, it was implied that inside Bolt's body was actually a void of space. Objects that he's consumed float around in a seemingly endless space, much like the inside of Doraemon's fourth-dimensional pocket. A man of few words, Bolt doesn't show his feelings and always keeps a cool head. However, his cynical personality and his \\\"always get the job done\\\" attitude can make him seem like a very cold and dark character but, in the end, he always finds a way to do the right thing. He never appears to look back on the past or regret it in any way. Although Bolt's past remained a mystery in all the series, some stories gave clues about his past, including some characters that appeared in various episodes. The end of the manga series revealed a lot about who and what Bolt is, but his exact identity still remains a mystery. Here are some hints in the series: Bolt never ages, but the end of the manga series revealed that he is biologically immortal (he does not age but can be hurt and/or killed). There is a character identical to Bolt called Leon. His creations include an gynoid (Stella) with human feelings who loved him (an antagonist of Bolt in various episodes, trying to transform all living things into machines) and a weird robot capable of assimilating any\",\n \"title\": \"Eat-Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5273220\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Three Little Kittens\\\" is an English language nursery rhyme, probably with roots in the British folk tradition. The rhyme as published today however is a sophisticated piece usually attributed to American poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860). With the passage of time, the poem has been absorbed into the Mother Goose collection. The rhyme tells of three kittens who first lose, then find and soil, their mittens. When all is finally set to rights, the kittens receive their mother's approval and some pie. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16150. The poem was published in England in 1827 in a mock review by William Ewart Gladstone, writing as Bartholomew Bouverie, in The Eton Miscellany. A version was later published in 1833 as an anonymous addition to a volume of Follen's verse and in the United States in 1843. Follen may have developed and refined an existing, rude version of the poem, and, in the process, made it her own. The poem is a sophisticated production that avoids the typical moralization of 19th century children's literature in favour of anthropomorphic fantasy, satirical nonsense, and word play. Text The cat and her kittens They put on their mittens, To eat a Christmas pie. The poor little kittens They lost their mittens, And then they began to cry. \\\"O mother dear, we sadly fear We cannot go to-day, For we have lost our mittens.\\\" \\\"If it be so, ye shall not go, For ye are naughty kittens.\\\" From Gladstone, The Eton Miscellany (1827) The three little kittens they lost their mittens, And they began to cry, Oh, mother dear, we sadly fear Our mittens we have lost What? Lost your mittens, you naughty kittens! Then you shall have no pie. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We shall have no pie. Our mittens we have lost. The three little kittens they found their mittens, And they began to smile, Oh, mother dear, see here, see here, Our mittens we have found What? Found your mittens, you good little kittens, And you shall have some pie. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We shall have some pie. Let us have some pie. The three little kittens put on their mittens, And soon ate up the pie; Oh, mother dear, we greatly fear Our mittens we have soiled What? Soiled your mittens, you naughty kittens! Then they began to sigh, Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. Our mittens we have soiled. Then they began to sigh. The three little kittens they washed their mittens, And hung them out to dry; Oh! mother dear, look here, look here, Our mittens we have washed What? Washed your mittens, you good little kittens, But I smell a rat close by. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We smell a rat close by. Let's all have some pie. From Follen, New Nursery Songs for All Good Children (1843) Background According to Janet Sinclair Gray, author of Race and Time, \\\"Three Little Kittens\\\" may have origins in the British folk tradition, but the poem as known today is a\",\n \"title\": \"Three Little Kittens\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38461327\",\n \"text\": \"Mihaela Rădulescu (born 3 August 1969) is a Romanian businesswoman, television host and producer, social activist, bestselling author, and columnist. She is also a goodwill ambassador for United Way Worldwide, Hospice House of Hope, and Save the Children and the founder of the charitable children's assistance foundation Fundația Ayan. She has hosted the TV show \\\"Duminica în familie\\\" on Antena 1 since 2000, and has hosted or produced programs including Lucky Star, Gala, Punem Pariu că-i vara, Ferma, and Uite cine dansează (Pro TV). Career When Rădulescu was born, her parents were still students. Later, they became teachers. She and her brother, Florin, were raised by their grandparents. Rădulescu attended three colleges, but did not earn a bachelor's degree. She was a student at the National Academy of Physical Education and Sports for three years. She also studied philology and foreign languages for two years and attended courses at the Faculty of Psychology for three years. Rădulescu started her career upon moving to Bucharest. She worked as an instructor of aerobic and fitness gymnastics, a taxi driver (when she was a student), a secretary in the first post-revolution government, a referent at the Office of Foreign Relations and Protocol of the Senate, the head of the cabinet at the Romanian Senate, the director of the International Festival Dakino for three editions, and the director and co-organizer of two editions of the elite international model show, \\\"Look of the Year\\\". Rădulescu began a career as a TV host and producer, becoming number 1 in Romania - \\\"Duminica in familie\\\" (Sunday in the family) at Antena 1, and \\\"Your Lucky Star\\\" at Pro TV. She was the first female journalist to make war documentaries in Iraq and Afghanistan, in 2005 and 2006. During her career, Rădulescu has worked for Tele7ABC, Pro TV, Antena 1, and B1 TV. Rădulescu served as a jury member on Romania's Got Talent at Pro TV, for six years. She has also been a host for \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" on Pro TV. Since 2017, she has been host of The Farm on Pro TV. In 2021 she served as a jury member on The Masked Singer on Pro TV. In other entertainment work, Rădulescu has appeared in six Romanian films. She was also a voiceover actor as Flame in the animated movie Turbo in 2013 and Mittens in the Disney movie Bolt to dub the films in Romanian. Rădulescu is the author of five best-selling books, published by Polirom Publishing House. She has been on the cover of magazines including Elle, Marie Claire, Unica, Viva, and Cosmopolitan. Rădulescu is an eco-activist, working with To.org and other companies. She was awarded with the Order of Merit by King Mihai of Romania for her humanitarian campaigns and for improving the quality of the public dialogue. She was also awarded Woman of the Year five times for her outstanding philanthropic work and as a social activist. Rădulescu has also received the Tocqueville Award for her charity donations, mostly for hospitals\",\n \"title\": \"Mihaela Rădulescu\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72706663\",\n \"text\": \"Mittens was a chess engine developed by Chess.com. It was released on January 1, 2023, alongside four other engines, all of them given cat-related names. The engine became a viral sensation in the chess community due to exposure through content made by chess streamers and a social media marketing campaign, later contributing to record levels of traffic to the Chess.com website and causing issues with database scalability. Mittens was given a rating of one point by Chess.com, although it was evidently stronger than that. Various chess masters played matches against the engine, with players such as Hikaru Nakamura and Levy Rozman drawing and losing their games respectively. A month after its release, Mittens was removed from the website on February 1, as expected through Chess.com's monthly bot cycles. In December 2023, Mittens was brought back in a group of Chess.com's most popular bots of 2023. Release Mittens was released on January 1, 2023, as part of a New Year event on Chess.com. It was one of five engines released, all with names related to cats. The other engines released were named Scaredy Cat, rated 800; Angry Cat, rated 1000; Mr. Grumpers, rated 1200 and Catspurrov (a pun on Garry Kasparov), rated 1400. As part of the announcement, a picture of each engine was accompanied by a short description of its character. The description given for Mittens suggested that the engine was hiding something, reading: Of the five engines released, Mittens was by far the most popular. In December 2023, Chess.com re-released Mittens as part of a \\\"best of 2023\\\" group of chess bots made to showcase their most popular bots of the year. Design Mittens was conceptualized by Chess.com employee Will Whalen. Appearing as a kitten, Mittens trash talked its opponents with a selection of voice lines: these lines included quotes from J. Robert Oppenheimer, Vincent van Gogh and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as the 1967 film Le Samouraï. The engine's \\\"personality\\\" was devised by a writing team headed by Sean Becker, and Marija Casic provided the engine's graphics. Chess.com did not disclose any information about the software running the engine. It may be based on Chess.com's Komodo Dragon 3 engine. Mittens' strategy was to slowly grind down an opponent, a tactic likened to the playing style of Anatoly Karpov. Becker stated that the design team believed it would be \\\"way more demoralizing and funny\\\" for the engine to play this way. According to Hikaru Nakamura, Mittens sometimes missed the best move (or winning positions). Rating On Chess.com, Mittens had a rating of one point. However, the engine's playing style and tactics showed that it was stronger than that; Mittens was able to beat or draw against many top human players. In an interview with CNN Business, Whalen stated that the idea behind giving Mittens a rating of one was to surprise its opponents, giving it the upper hand psychologically. Estimates of Mittens' true rating range from an Elo of 3200 to 3500, because of its ability to beat other\",\n \"title\": \"Mittens (chess)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24466292\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" is a song performed by American singers and actors Miley Cyrus and John Travolta. It was released as a promotional single in 2008. The song was written by Cyrus alongside producer Jeffrey Steele. It was included in the 2008 Disney animated film Bolt, in which Cyrus and Travolta provide the voices of main characters Penny and Bolt. \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" was made after filmmakers requested Cyrus to write a song for the film. The song reflects the film's story of a dog being separated from his owner and trying to find his way back to her. \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" was nominated for Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, losing both to Bruce Springsteen's \\\"The Wrestler\\\" from The Wrestler (2008). The song's accompanying promotional clip has Cyrus and Travolta performing the song in a recording studio and features clips from Bolt. \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" was promoted by live performances by Cyrus. Background Cyrus became involved with Bolt once she was cast as Penny, Bolt's owner. Filmmakers asked Cyrus to write a song for herself and John Travolta, who stars as Bolt. She co-wrote the song with the aid of Jeffrey Steele, who also produced the track, in a short period of time as they had a due date. The film's settings vary in cities throughout the United States, which Cyrus thought she could capture in the song. \\\"Not just make it something that sounds from Hollywood and really produced, but we could add a little country twang to it,\\\" she said. Cyrus said the writing process was easy. Before the song's completion, Travolta agreed to sing it, believing \\\"Well, it will be a cute song, whatever it is.\\\" After listening to the song, he was surprised at Cyrus' songwriting abilities. \\\"She's really gifted at writing, and she really wanted to write something good for me as the character Bolt, so she went out of her way with her writing partner to come up with something good, and I really think they pulled it off\\\", Travolta told MTV News. John Lasseter, executive producer of Bolt, decided to make \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" the theme for Bolt, since it lyrically summarized the film's plot. He said, \\\"[The song] sums up the theme of this film. You know, a dog and its owner and they both were separated, but they love each other so much — there's such an emotional payoff when these characters get reunited, and I think that's what this song's about.\\\" Lasseter thought that solely the song worked, but it worked better for the film. \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" is one of two songs on the Bolt soundtrack and was released to Radio Disney to promote Bolt and its accompanying soundtrack. Composition \\\"I Thought I Lost You\\\" is a pop rock song and lasts three minutes and thirty-six seconds. Its instrumentation includes electric guitar and piano. The song\",\n \"title\": \"I Thought I Lost You\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2915913\",\n \"text\": \"The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) was a pioneering computer network protocol for transporting human speech over packetized communications networks. It was an early example of Voice over Internet Protocol technology. History NVP was first defined and implemented in 1974, with definition led by the “Speech” project at ISI, the USC Information Sciences Institute following initial work begun in 1973. ISI leadership was by Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI), University of Southern California, with funding from ARPA's Network Secure Communications (NSC) program. The project's stated goals were \\\"to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of secure, high-quality, low-bandwidth, real-time, full-duplex (two-way) digital voice communications over packet-switched computer communications networks...[and to] supply digitized speech which can be secured by existing encryption devices. The major goal of this research is to demonstrate a digital high-quality, low-bandwidth, secure voice handling capability as part of the general military requirement for worldwide secure voice communication.\\\" NVP’s first demonstration was in August 1974 between the groups at ISI and MIT Lincoln Laboratory. That was history’s first “phone call” using a computer network. It was partly enabled by users of vocoders custom-built by BB&N, Bolt Beranek, and Newman. Work as a whole involved many other researchers nationally. Necessary subnet (IMP-to-IMP) changes for real-time packet forwarding were discussed at ISI in March 1974, chaired by Bob Kahn, DARPA’s program director for the speech project. At the end of the meeting, he summarized actions and directed BB&N to make the required subnet updates. NVP was used to send speech between distributed sites on the ARPANET using several different voice-encoding techniques, including linear predictive coding (LPC) and continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD). Cooperating researchers included Steve Casner, Randy Cole, and Paul Raveling (ISI); Jim Forgie (Lincoln Laboratory); Mike McCammon (Culler-Harrison); John Markel (Speech Communications Research Laboratory); John Makhoul (Bolt, Beranek and Newman), and Rod McGuire and Philip Rubin (Haskins Laboratories). NVP was used by experimental Voice Funnel equipment (circa February 1981), based on BBN Butterfly computers, as part of ongoing ARPA research into packetized audio. ARPA staff and contractors used the Voice Funnel, and related video facilities, to do three-way and four-way video conferencing among a handful of US East and West Coast sites. Credit also is due to Dave Retz and his group at the UC Santa Barbara Speech Communication Laboratory. ISI used his operating system, ELF, for the early development of speech networking, including extension to speech conferencing. Protocol The protocol consisted of two distinct parts: control protocols and a data transport protocol. Control protocols included relatively rudimentary telephony features such as indicating who wants to talk to whom; ring tones; negotiation of voice encoding; and call termination. Data messages contained encoded speech. For each encoding scheme (vocoder) a frame was defined as a packet containing the negotiated transmission interval of a number of digitized voice samples. NVP was transported over the Internet Stream Protocol (ST) and a later version called Stream Protocol, version 2 (ST-II), both connection-oriented versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) and which\",\n \"title\": \"Network Voice Protocol\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37260910\",\n \"text\": \"A mitten is a glove without individual finger openings. Mitten(s) may also refer to: Landforms The Mitten, a mountain in Antarctica West and East Mitten Buttes, a geologic formation in Monument Valley Lower Peninsula of Michigan, nicknamed \\\"the Mitten\\\" Animals Chinese mitten crab, a species of crab native to Eastern Asia Mittens (cat), a famous cat from Wellington, New Zealand Polydactyl cat, also known as \\\"mitten cat\\\" Arts Film and television The Mitten (film), a 1967 Soviet animated film Mittens, a character in the 2008 film Bolt Mittens, a kitten character in Timmy Time Mittens Fluff 'N' Stuff, a Lalaloopsy doll and character in the TV series Literature Mittens, a kitten in Beatrix Potter tale The Tale of Tom Kitten The Mitten (folk tale), a Ukrainian folk tale adapted to several media Music \\\"Mittens\\\", a song by Carly Rae Jepsen Mittens Records, a record label founded by Julie Feeney Other uses Yakovlev Yak-130, NATO reporting name MitteN Fuchu, Shopping center Mittens (chess engine), by Chess.com Mitt Romney (born 1947), American politician nicknamed \\\"Mittens\\\" See also Glove (disambiguation) Mitte (disambiguation), a German word for middle—Mitten is another grammatical form of Mitte\",\n \"title\": \"Mitten (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2259372\",\n \"text\": \"The Saddletramps were an alternative country band from Toronto, Ontario in the 1980s and 1990s. Core members of the band included Ken Horne, Andrew Lindsay, John DeHaas and Brian Duguay. History In the early 1980s several Fanshawe College students from the Greater Toronto Area who shared a rented house in London, Ontario got together to form the band Tin Mitten. Their first gig was opening for another established local band, The Waiting. Friends of the band members chanted \\\"No Waiting, Mitten Now\\\" and pelted the band with mittens. The band was soon renamed The Saddletramps, and performed in various Toronto venues. Lindsay met seventeen-year-old Sarah Harmer while working at Sunrise Records in Burlington, and she joined the band, later commuting to Toronto to perform on weekends while attending Queen's University. In 1989 the Saddletramps released their first album, The Saddle Tramps, on cassette tape, with Dehaas on bass, Duguay on lead guitar and vocals, Harmer on vocals, Horne on percussion, Lindsay on vocals and guitar. Mike Northcott also contributed some instrumental work. The album was recorded at Grant Ave and Axon Studios, and all but one of the songs were written by the band members. In 1990 the band released a second cassette album, Yardsale. Harmer left to concentrate on her studies; she later fronted her own band, Weeping Tile. The Saddletramps disbanded in 1995. In 1999, Harmer began a solo career; her solo album You Were Here included a new recording of \\\"Don't Get Your Back Up\\\", which she had originally recorded with The Saddletramps on Yardsale. Lindsay, Duguay, and Dehaas formed a new band called Loomer along with Michael Taylor, Iain Thomson, and Scott Loomer. The band released an album, Love Is A Dull Instrument in 2004. In 2006, Harmer sang \\\"Only Lovers\\\" on the band's second album, Songs of the Wild West Island. Discography Albums The Saddle Tramps (1989) Tracks: \\\"Christ\\\", \\\"Life and Times\\\", \\\"Church\\\", \\\"Winds of Change\\\", \\\"Alaska\\\", \\\"I Don't Mind\\\", \\\"Blue Eyes\\\" and \\\"Fallen Angel\\\" Yardsale (1990) Tracks: \\\"Weight of the World\\\", \\\"Deal With It\\\", \\\"Boomerang\\\", \\\"4000 Roads\\\", \\\"She Don't Love\\\", \\\"Rain of Gold\\\", \\\"Wastin' It On You\\\", \\\"Race Along The Edge\\\", \\\"Passin' Thru\\\", \\\"Don't Get Your Back Up\\\" Well Gone Bad (1993) References Canadian alternative country groups\",\n \"title\": \"The Saddletramps\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27818012\",\n \"text\": \"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas is an independent animated short film and a parody of How the Grinch Stole Christmas! written and directed by John Wardlaw and animated by Andy Angrand. The film features the final performance of actor Jonathan Harris and co-stars Tress MacNeille. The film also features an original score by Gary Stockdale and music by director John Wardlaw's band, Anti-m. Jonathan Harris Written in 1997, the script was presented to Jonathan Harris in 1998 though it was not until 2000 that his voice work was actually recorded. Harris died on November 3, 2002, long before the film was completed making it his last film. In 2006 an additional scene was added to the film and Jonathan Harris' former Lost In Space co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright and Marta Kristen added their voices to the film. The film was dedicated in his memory. Production and release Completed in 2009 the film made its first appearance at the non-theatrical 2009 Los Angeles Reel Film Festival where it was honored with three awards. In 2010 it made its theatrical world premier in the home town of film-maker John Wardlaw at the 25th Annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival (SBIFF). Between December 2009 and December 2011, the film played in 30 film festivals, winning 13 awards. Its final theatrical appearance was at L’hybride in Lille France. Considering the film features a cast from the TV series Lost In Space it was interesting that two of the films praises came from writers from the original series of Star Trek. \\\"It had a great animation style, clever and slightly naughty story (well put together) and was totally enjoyable!\\\" claimed D. C. Fontana \\\"I laughed my nuts off,\\\" stated David Gerrold. In 2011 The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas was released on DVD as part of a collection of short films and music videos by Wardlaw. The DVD bonus features include early animations and audio outtakes. The film was licensed to ShortsHD and ShortsTV in 2014. Awards See also List of Christmas films References External links Official website American independent films American animated short films 2009 animated short films 2000s Christmas films 2009 films 2000s American animated films American Christmas films 2000s English-language films English-language Christmas films\",\n \"title\": \"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31193548\",\n \"text\": \"Bolt is a fictional character that appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated film Bolt (2008). He is depicted as a White Shepherd with superpowers such as a \\\"super bark\\\" and the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes. When he found himself lost, Bolt discovered that he was an actor in a television show, and must take it upon himself to get back home, learning how to be a normal dog in the process. Bolt's journey and personal evolution as a character are core to the film's main themes. Created by Chris Williams and Byron Howard, Bolt is introduced as a dog who is unknowingly the star of his own TV show. His ignorance is crucial as the cast and crew go to extreme lengths to make Bolt think he is actually a super dog in order to make the performance more authentic. The character is voiced by John Travolta. Much of the inspiration for Bolt was provided by John Lasseter, who also oversaw his visual development with chief character designer Joe Moshier. Aside from the film, the character also appears in the direct-to-video short film Super Rhino, the two video games Bolt and Disney Infinity, and the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom trade card role-playing game. In addition, photos of Bolt appear in Wreck-It Ralph (2012) and Big Hero 6 (2014). Bolt's character, alongside Travolta's vocal performance, has received mostly positive critical acclaim from film critics and became a breakout character, leading to strong sales of merchandise and toys following the film's release. Development Characterization and design The character known as Bolt was originally conceptualized as a bipedal Jack Russell Terrier named Henry, designed by Chris Sanders. In this script, Henry would be aware of the fact that he is an actor. Henry, as well as Sander's idea for the movie, was eventually scrapped when John Lasseter and some colleagues from Pixar reviewed the project. The character was subsequently redesigned after a White Spitz Breed, although changes were done to the muzzle, ears, and overall body structure to give the character a more distinctive and expressive appearance. Some aspects of his design, such as his distinctive ears, were inspired by American White Shepherds in order to emphasize his expressiveness. To make Bolt's movement seem more realistic and in line with that of real canines, the animation department studied the body language and locomotion of real white shepherds and utilized virtual bone-structure in the CGI models. Personality-wise, the new Bolt would be more naïve and insecure, conveying more pathos than Henry. At the same time, the art department worked to give Bolt a whimsical nature with a pose that excels confidence, thus allowing the character to have a contrasting personality and body language which reflects that. Voice work John Travolta was chosen to do the voice work for Bolt, after Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Tom Cruise turned down the role. Despite a history of turning down voice-over offers for animated characters, Travolta agreed to provide the voice for\",\n \"title\": \"Bolt (Disney character)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17093263\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of known fictional characters who are Inhumans, a race of superhumans appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Known Inhumans Inhuman Royal Family The Inhuman Royal Family are the ruling class of the Inhumans. Among the members of the Inhuman Royal Family are: Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) – King of the Inhumans and husband to Medusa. He has a destructive hypersonic voice capable of defeating other super-powered beings. He has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in sleep. A fork-like antenna on Black Bolt's forehead allows more controlled use of his voice and psychically connects him to Lockjaw. Medusa (Medusalith Amaquelin Boltagon) – Wife of Black Bolt and Queen of the Inhumans. She is also a former member of the Fantastic Four and the Frightful Four, as well as the mother of Ahura and older sister of Crystal. Her prehensile hair possesses super-strength. Crystal (Crystallia Amaquelin Maximoff) – Medusa's sister, ex-wife of Quicksilver and mother of Luna. She is a former member of the Fantastic Four, as well as a former member of the Avengers. She can manipulate Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Gorgon (Gorgon Petragon) – Cousin of Medusa. He has bull-like legs in place of his actual legs capable of creating shockwaves equal in magnitude to an earthquake. Karnak the Shatterer (Karnak Mander-Azur) – Cousin of Black Bolt. He is also a priest and philosopher and chose not to expose himself to the Terrigen Mists (a substance that grants the Inhumans their powers upon contact). Despite this, he does have the ability to sense an opponent's weak points and is a superb martial artist. Triton (Triton Mander-Azur) – Karnak's fish-like brother who can breathe underwater and survive the pressures of the deep sea. Maximus Boltagon – Also known as Maximus the Mad, he is the brother of Black Bolt and attempts to overthrow him numerous times. Maximus has the ability of mind-control. The Unspoken – Cousin of Black Bolt. He was once the King of the Inhumans until the rest of the Royal Family rose up against his power-hungry ways. Black Bolt defeated and banished him, decreeing that his actions would be removed from the history books and his name never be uttered again causing him to be referred to as \\\"The Unspoken\\\". The Terrigen Mists gave him the power of \\\"Terrigenesis,\\\" the ability to alter his body into any form he wished. Ahura Boltagon – Son of Medusa and Black Bolt. He has psychic abilities. Luna Maximoff - Daughter of Quicksilver and Crystal. Born human, but later mutated by the Terrigen Crystal by her father. Lockjaw – A large bulldog who was granted the power of teleportation after exposure to the Terrigen Mists. This was due to the Inhumans' experiment on canines. Inhuman Royal Guards The Inhuman Royal Guards are a group of Inhumans that are responsible for protecting the Inhuman Royal Family. Among its members are: Chynae – A hydrokinetic Inhuman with pointy\",\n \"title\": \"List of Inhumans\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40706081\",\n \"text\": \"New Demons is the fourth studio album by American electronicore band I See Stars, released on October 22, 2013 through Sumerian Records. The album was originally set for release on August 13, before being pushed back to September 17, and again to October 22 for unknown reasons. The album marks a progression of the sound in their previous album Digital Renegade, with Zach Johnson having a much bigger vocal role, as well as having a much more prominent EDM sound. The song \\\"Violent Bounce\\\" was the first single to be released. It was uploaded to YouTube via the Sumerian Records channel. \\\"Murder Mitten\\\" and the title track, \\\"New Demons\\\", were to follow. The band did performances of the song \\\"Ten Thousand Feet\\\" to give fans a taste of what is going to be on the rest of the album before its release. Klayton of Celldweller, Mutrix, and Razihel all provided additional programming for some of the tracks. It is the final album to feature unclean vocalist/keyboardist Zach Johnson and rhythm guitarist Jimmy Gregerson before they were dismissed from the band in June 2015. Background The album had been worked on by the band immediately after their previous album, Digital Renegade, was finished. The song \\\"Ten Thousand Feet\\\" was the only song played from the album before it was released. The song \\\"Violent Bounce\\\" was released as the first single from the album several months before the album release date, accompanied by a lyric video. The song \\\"Murder Mitten\\\" is written about brothers Devin and Andrew Oliver's relationship with their mother, who was an alcoholic during their childhood. A remix version entitled New Demons (Remixes) was released on February 23, 2015. Featuring eight remixes from various producers, showcasing many styles of EDM. Reception The album debuted on Billboard 200 at No. 28, No. 10 on the Top Rock Albums Albums chart, selling 10,000 copies in its first week. It has sold 47,000 copies in the United States as of June 2016. Track listing Personnel I See Stars Devin Oliver – clean vocals Zach Johnson – unclean vocals, keyboards, synthesizers, sequencer, programming Brent Allen – lead guitar Jimmy Gregerson – rhythm guitar Jeff Valentine – bass guitar Andrew Oliver – drums, percussion, backing vocals; additional clean vocals on \\\"Murder Mitten\\\" Production Jake Klein – additional writing for \\\"Murder Mitten\\\", \\\"We're Not in Kansas Anymore\\\" and \\\"Who Am I?\\\" Joey Valentine – additional writing for \\\"Murder Mitten\\\", \\\"We're Not in Kansas Anymore\\\" and \\\"Who Am I?\\\", additional production Joey Sturgis – production, engineering, mixing, mastering Shawn Keith – executive producer, art direction Nick Scott – guitars, bass and vocals engineering, guitar and bass editing Chuck Alkazian – drum engineering Josh Karpowicz – assistant drum engineering at Pearl Sound Studios, Canton, Michigan Jeff Dunne – drum editing Kacey Dodson – vocal editing Scott \\\"Celldweller\\\" Albert, Nicolò \\\"Razihel\\\" Arquilla and James \\\"Mutrix\\\" Ruehlmann – additional production Matt Dalton – additional production, additional gang vocals at 37 Studios, Michigan Dylan Kuhn – painting and wall photography\",\n \"title\": \"New Demons\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20082212\",\n \"text\": \"The Lime Works is a novel by Thomas Bernhard, first published in German in 1970. It is a complex surrealist work, where the creativity and resourcefulness of a destructive personality is marshalled against itself in a nightmarish narration. Synopsis The story opens with a description of a woman’s brains scattered across the floor of an abandoned lime works, and a half-frozen man crouching on the ground nearby, covered in manure. From this first grotesque scene, Bernhard begins his story, a compelling tale of two people insidiously bound to each other, told through a hypnotic wave of voices – the people of the small Austrian town nearby (Sicking), the officials, the salesmen, the chimney sweeps, the local gossips, the couple themselves. The man, Konrad, is consumed with his work – a book that is to be both visionary and definitive, the ultimate treatise on the subject of hearing. His wife, a cripple, is the victim of his obsessive experiments: he whispers one phrase in her ear, over and over, hundreds of times, demanding from her impossible degrees of aural discrimination. She has no way of knowing, or no strength to tell herself, whether he is a deluded madman or a genius. For three decades, he has been waiting for the ideal moment, the perfect constellation of circumstances, to arise, so that he may begin writing down his conclusions. But he never begins, and he is now an old man. We watch as he compulsively invites his own ruin. We feel him creep from one moment to the next, terrified of failure. Suppose he started writing and then caught a cold? Suppose he finished and his tome was judged worthless? Or his wife destroyed it? Even amidst the total isolation of the lime works, where they live, he is continually distracted. He hallucinates about prowlers. He hoards bits of food for dreaded visitors. And she torments him. He must feed her, read to her, bring her cider from the deep cellar (one glass at the time), maintain her voluminous correspondence with servants he has long ago forgotten, try on a mitten she has been knitting and unravelling for years, tend the earaches she develops from constant experiments... until the monotony and heartlessness of their life together shatters in a bloodbath. Excerpt The many voices narrating the novel appear within brackets (and Laska’s is the local tavern): \\\"...Konrad’s wife, whose maiden name was Zryd, a woman almost totally crippled by decades of taking the wrong medication, and who had consequently spent half her lifetime hunched over in her custom-built French invalid chair, but who is now, as Wieser puts it, out of her misery, was taught by Konrad how to use a Mannlicher carbine, a weapon the otherwise defenseless woman kept out of sight but always within reach, with the safety off, behind her chair, and it was with this gun that Konrad killed her on the night of December 24–25, with two shots in the back of her head (Fro); two shots\",\n \"title\": \"The Lime Works\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41611151\",\n \"text\": \"John Mitten (born 30 March 1941) is an English former sportsman who played both football and cricket during the 1950s, '60s and '70s. Football career Born in Manchester, Mitten played as a left winger for Mansfield Town, Newcastle United, Leicester City, Coventry City, Plymouth Argyle, Exeter City, Bath City and Trowbridge Town, making 203 appearances in the Football League. After retiring as a player, Mitten became a manager, and was in charge of Tiverton Town and Sidmouth Town. He is the son of fellow footballer Charlie Mitten. Cricket career He was active from 1958 to 1963 for Leicestershire. He appeared in 14 first-class matches as a right-handed batsman who kept wicket. He scored 259 runs with a highest score of 50* and completed 23 catches. References 1941 births Living people English cricketers English men's footballers Footballers from Manchester Leicestershire cricketers Mansfield Town F.C. players Newcastle United F.C. players Leicester City F.C. players Coventry City F.C. players Plymouth Argyle F.C. players Exeter City F.C. players Bath City F.C. players Trowbridge Town F.C. players English Football League players Men's association football wingers English football managers Tiverton Town F.C. managers\",\n \"title\": \"John Mitten\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64365104\",\n \"text\": \"White Fang () is a 2018 animated film directed by Alexandre Espigares. Based on the 1906 book White Fang by Jack London, the film features the voices of Nick Offerman, Rashida Jones, Paul Giamatti, and Eddie Spears as natives of Alaska who, at different times, come to know White Fang, a free spirited and at times violent wolfdog who eventually bonds with Offerman's character, a gentle master named Weedon Scott. The film also features Dave Boat, Daniel Hagen, and Stephen Kramer Glickman in the original English version, and Virginie Efira, Raphaël Personnaz, and Dominique Pinon in the French dub. The film premiered at Sundance Film Festival in January 2018. After a limited theatrical run in France and the United States, Netflix acquired the film and released it later that year, on July 6, 2018. The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences. During its theatrical run, White Fang grossed $7.8 million worldwide. Plot White Fang, a wolfdog, is mauled during a dog fight. Town marshal Weedon Scott tries to interfere, but White Fang's owner, Beauty Smith, overpowers him, knocking him out with his cane. When the police search for Weedon, he runs away. In a flashback, White Fang lives with his mother, another wolfdog. While searching for a shelter, they get attacked by a lynx. White Fang's mother successfully kills the predator, but not without injury. While Scott camps for the night after escaping a pack of wolves with Hank, another Marshall, and Jim Hall, a criminal being transported to prison, White Fang and his mother head to their campground to search for food. Hank notices the pair and attempts to shoot White Fang's mother to put her down due to her injured leg. Scott stops Hank from killing White Fang's mother and instead gives White Fang a piece of salmon, saying that he might be able to return the favour in the future. White Fang and Kiche then end up encountering the pack of wolves Weedon encountered. Kiche then throws the salmon towards the pack to distract them, giving her and White Fang a chance to escape. While searching for food the following morning, White Fang and his mother come across an Indigenous camp. When a man named Three Eagles attempts to kill White Fang's mother, Grey Beaver, another man recognises her as Kiche, his old sled dog. Three Eagles leaves Kiche to Grey Beaver, who decides to train her to become a sled dog again. Later, Hank comes to the camp area to tell the Indigenous people that their land is currently on sale due to a recent gold strike, and Grey Beaver resolves to buy back the land by selling beaver pelt mittens in Fort Yukon. When Grey Beaver realises that there are no beavers on his side of the land, he decides to give Kiche to a man named William in exchange for trapping beavers on William's side. After selling the amount of mittens he needs to buy back the land, Grey Beaver travels to\",\n \"title\": \"White Fang (2018 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2371419\",\n \"text\": \"The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1908 as The Roly-Poly Pudding. In 1926, it was re-published as The Tale of Samuel Whiskers. The book is dedicated to the author's fancy rat \\\"Sammy\\\" and tells of Tom Kitten's escape from two rats who plan to make him into a pudding. The tale was adapted to animation in 1993. Plot summary Tom Kitten is a young cat who lives with his mother, Mrs. Tabitha Twitchit, and sisters, Moppet and Mittens, in a house overrun with rats. Her children being an unruly bunch, Mrs. Tabitha puts Moppet and Mittens in a cupboard in order to keep them under control, but Tom Kitten escapes up the chimney. As he makes his way to the top of the house, he comes across a crack in the wall and, squeezing through it, finds himself under the attic's floorboards. There he meets the rats, Mr. Samuel Whiskers and his wife Anna Maria. They catch him and proceed to cover him with butter and dough in order to eat him as a pudding. However, when they proceed to settle the dough with a rolling-pin, the noise gets through the floorboards and attracts the attention of Tabitha Twitchit and her friend Mrs. Ribby who has been helping search for Tom Kitten. They quickly call for John Joiner, a terrier, who saws open the floor and rescues Tom Kitten. Samuel Whiskers and Anna Maria escape to the barn of Farmer Potatoes, spreading their chaos to another location, though leaving the cat family residence in peace. Connections to other books Ribby was one of the main characters of The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan (published in 1905), which also featured Tabitha Twitchit as a shop keeper, with the kittens appearing in the illustrations. The family had also appeared in The Tale of Tom Kitten in 1907. Tabitha's shop is again mentioned in The Tale of Ginger and Pickles (1909) which also included Samuel Whiskers and Anna Maria. Inspirations The cat family home was based on Beatrix Potter's own house, Hill Top in Cumbria. Farmer Potatoes was based on a local man called Poslethwaite. Adaptations In 1933, Theron K. Butterworth published a dramatic adaptation of the tale as Mr. Samuel Whiskers. In 1993, an animated film adaptation was telecast on the BBC anthology series, The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends with the voices of Rosemary Leach as Tabitha Twitchet, John Gordon Sinclair as John Joiner, Patricia Routledge as Ribby, Struan Rodger as Samuel Whiskers, and Sheila Hancock as Anna Maria. References Footnotes Works cited External links 1908 children's books British children's books British picture books Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding, The Tale of Children's books adapted into films Children's books adapted into television shows English-language books Children's books about cats Children's books about mice and rats Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding, The Tale of\",\n \"title\": \"The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3898662\",\n \"text\": \"The East Valley Tribune is a newspaper concentrated on cities within the East Valley region of metropolitan Phoenix, including Mesa, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, and Queen Creek. Formerly a daily newspaper, the Tribune resulted from the combination of local newspapers acquired by Cox Enterprises: The Tempe Daily News, the Mesa Tribune, the Gilbert Tribune, the Scottsdale Progress, and the Chandler Arizonan. History Attorney Alfred P. Shewman and Judge W.D. Morton founded Mesa's first newspaper, the Evening Weekly Free Press, in 1891. In 1899, Judge W.D. Morton sold out to Shewman, who died in 1901. Frank T. Pomeroy and Harry D. Haines bought the paper in 1910 and converted it into a daily publication, The Evening Press. They then sold the paper in 1911. In 1913, The Evening Press became the Mesa Daily Tribune, and in 1925, the paper was renamed the Mesa Daily Journal. The name changed again to the Daily Mesa Evening Journal in 1928. In 1932, Southside Publishing Company, a corporation of Mesa and Chandler businessmen, acquired ownership. Over the next 7 years, stock was purchased by P.R. Mitten and his son, Charles until 1939 when Charles Mitten bought out his father's share. Mitten began printing the paper five days a week after World War II under the name of the Mesa Daily Tribune. In 1950 Mitten sold the paper to David W. Calvert. In 1952, the Tribune Publishing Company was incorporated. On January 26, 1956, the Mesa Daily Tribune publishing plant on Macdonald Street was destroyed by fire and opened five months later at 120 W. 1st Ave, Mesa. In 1977, Cox Enterprises of Atlanta, Georgia, purchased the Mesa Daily Tribune from Calvert. Cox Newspapers then purchased the Tempe Daily News in 1980 and the Chandler Arizonan in 1983. It started the Gilbert Tribune in 1990, and purchased the Scottsdale Progress in 1993. David C. Scott was appointed president of Cox Arizona Publications and publisher of the Mesa Tribune in 1986, succeeding Roger Kintzel. In December 1996, Cox Newspapers sold its newspaper holdings to Thomson Newspapers. In May 1997, under the leadership of its publisher, Karen Wittmer, all five newspapers were combined into one newspaper, The Tribune. The paper served eastern Maricopa County with a Scottsdale edition for the northern communities. In December 1997, the Daily News-Sun in Sun City, Arizona, joined the Tribune as part of its Phoenix SMG (Strategic Marketing Group). The Ahwatukee Foothills News, which covered news on the southeastern border of Phoenix, joined in November 1998. In December 1999, The Tribune was renamed the East Valley Tribune and, in August 2000, Thomson Newspapers sold its Arizona newspaper holdings to Freedom Communications, Inc. of Irvine, California On October 6, 2008, publisher Julie Moreno announced that, as of 2009, the newspaper would cease publishing in Scottsdale and Tempe. Additionally, it would publish only four days a week in the remainder of its circulation area, although it would publish four distinct editions serving Mesa, Chandler, Gilbert and Queen Creek. More than 140 staff members' jobs were eliminated\",\n \"title\": \"East Valley Tribune\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61602150\",\n \"text\": \"Mittens is a domestic cat who formerly lived in Wellington, New Zealand, who wandered in Te Aro and the city's central business district. A feline flâneur, he roams up to from his home. Selfie pictures with the cat have become a desired item for locals. Mittens is occasionally taken to the SPCA or the police. Originally from the suburbs of Auckland, he has become a social media celebrity since he, his late brother Latte, and their owner Silvio Bruinsma moved to the capital city in 2017. He featured on the 2018 edition of the Wellington Advent Calendar, an online calendar counting down the days before Christmas. Sam Thacker, an SPCA staff member, posted a polite direction about how to treat Mittens if anyone comes across him; asking members of the public not to report or take him in as they are familiar with his behaviour. On 22 May 2020, Mittens was given the Key to the City of Wellington. Previous recipients include Sir Peter Jackson and Sir Richard Taylor. Later in 2020, he was the subject of an exhibition at the Wellington Museum and a candidate for New Zealander of the year in August. On 5 February 2021, Mittens was seen being taken in to a car, presumably, to be taken to the abductor's home, for pictures. Mittens' owner described the abductor's actions as a \\\"massive error in judgement\\\". With the help of the social media community, Mittens was quickly located and returned home. On 10 November 2021, It was reported that Mittens was looking to relocate to his home city of Auckland. Andy Foster the mayor of Wellington was quoted saying \\\"He does have the Key to the City so he's welcome back at any time.\\\" See also List of individual cats References External links Individual cats Culture in Wellington Individual animals in New Zealand 2010 animal births\",\n \"title\": \"Mittens (cat)\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Susie Essman"],"string":"[\n \"Susie Essman\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":98,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_18083"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who wrote mama mia here we go again"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"54535911","text":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\"One of Us\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\"Waterloo\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\"Why Did It","title":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"54535911\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\\\"One of Us\\\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\\\"Waterloo\\\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\\\"Why Did It\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"12046558","text":"\"Mama Said Knock You Out\" is a song by American rapper and actor LL Cool J, released in February 1991 by Def Jam and Columbia as the fourth single from his fourth studio album of the same name (1990). The song famously begins with the line, \"Don't call it a comeback/I been here for years.\" Before \"Mama Said Knock You Out\" was released, many people felt that LL Cool J's career was waning; his grandmother, who still believed in his talent, told him to \"knock out\" all his critics. The song takes various shots at Kool Moe Dee. It was produced by Marley Marl with help from DJ Bobcat along with LL. \"Mama Said Knock You Out\" reached the top twenty on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 17. The single was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance. In October 2023, Billboard ranked \"Mama Said Knock You Out\" among the \"500 Best Pop Songs of All Time\". Background The song uses samples from James Brown's \"Funky Drummer\", the Chicago Gangsters' \"Gangster Boogie\", Sly & The Family Stone's \"Trip to Your Heart\", the drum break from Sly & the Family Stone's Sing a Simple Song, and LL Cool J's own \"Rock the Bells\" (from his debut album Radio). The music video features LL Cool J in a boxing ring, rapping into the announcer's microphone. Intercut with this are clips of boxing matches and LL Cool J exercising. LL Cool J said in his autobiography that the idea for the song came from a discussion with his grandmother. He had said to his grandmother that he felt that he couldn't survive as a rapper now that gangsta rap was popular and he was being dissed by several up-and-coming rappers. LL's grandmother responded, \"Oh baby, just knock them out!\" She is featured in the closing scene of the music video, saying \"Todd! Todd! Get upstairs and take out that garbage.\" Critical reception Jon Wilde from Melody Maker said in his review of the single, \"It is rather gratifying to see this arrogant, obnoxious young feller struggling hopelessly to resurrect his career. The Roy Kinnear of the rap scene returns with more of the same bilious rubbish. Nice hat though.\" David Quantick from NME wrote, \"'Mama Said Knock You Out' demands that we don't call it a comeback. I don't think we need go as far as that.\" Another NME editor, Paolo Hewitt, felt the track is \"a vicious and exhilarating display of the man's talents.\" David Fricke from Rolling Stone remarked that the rapper \"obliges big time with producer Marley Marl's steely, stripped-back beats and his own verbal fisticuffs\" on \"the super-slammin'\" track. Legacy Rolling Stone ranked the song 29th in a 2012 list of the \"50 Greatest Hip Hop Songs of All Time\". In October 2023, Billboard magazine ranked \"Mama Said Knock You Out\" number 406 in their list of the \"500 Best Pop Songs of","title":"Mama Said Knock You Out (song)"},{"docid":"73788394","text":"\"Go Hard\" is a song by American rapper Lil Baby, released on April 28, 2023 after being previously teased in 2020. It was produced by Section 8 and Noah Pettigrew. Background Lil Baby first previewed the song in May 2020, in an Instagram video of him and basketball player James Harden hanging out; the track was then called \"Again (Go Hard)\". In April 2023, Baby shared a snippet of the music video, releasing the song a few days later. Composition and lyrics The production of the song features piano keys and trap drums, over which Lil Baby raps melodically, about topics such as his aspirations, trust issues, and blessings. In the chorus, he raps: \"I'm back goin' hard again, I'm shuttin' down my heart again / No one can get next to me, so they gotta put orders in / Try my best to act like I didn't care, but I can't hold it in and / I'm not into losin', I go hard as I can go to win\". Critical reception Alexander Cole of HotNewHipHop wrote, \"Overall, Lil Baby has an immaculate flow here as the melodic rapping sounds fantastic. This is the sound that fans expect from Baby, and it definitely goes hard here.\" Music video An official music video was released alongside the single. Directed by Never Panic Films, it sees Lil Baby throwing a massive party with his crew on multiple yachts, cruising through Miami and surrounded by bikini-clad and twerking women, before going to the restaurant Kiki on the River. The party also includes jet skis and fireworks. Baby is wearing jewelry and at one point is seen getting a massage. His baby mama Jayda Cheaves makes an appearance in the video. Charts References 2023 singles 2023 songs Lil Baby songs Songs written by Lil Baby Motown singles","title":"Go Hard (Lil Baby song)"},{"docid":"68620154","text":"Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \"Just a Notion\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \"Little Things\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \"ABBAtar\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \"Just a Notion\", was","title":"Voyage (ABBA album)"},{"docid":"29104033","text":"Nikola Pejaković (; born 16 September 1966) is a Serbian actor, screenwriter and musician. After finishing Secondary Art School he entered the Art Faculty of Dramatic Arts in Belgrade, department of theater directing. Beside his acting career, Pejaković is also a musician, playing the guitar, piano and harmonica. Since he was born without a little finger on his right hand, he is a four fingered guitarist, registered at the American Coalition for Disabled Musicians. He composed the ultimate kafana hit \"Haljinica boje lila\" (\"Lilac-colored dress\"). Pejaković wrote scenarios and appeared as actor in the movies Lepa sela lepo gore (Pretty village, pretty flame) and Rat uživo (War live). He directed the Složna braća television series and acted in the movies Mi nismo anđeli (We are not angels), directed by Srđan Dragojević, and Rock and roll uzvraća udarac (We Are Not Angels 3: Rock and roll strikes back), directed by Petar Pašić. He is a theatre director and his plays usually feature the mise-en-scene, costumes and soundtrack entirely created by him. Career as musician Kolja i Smak Bijelog Dugmeta The songs Pejaković had composed during the mid-1980s were released on his debut album Mama, nemoj plakati (Mum, do not cry), released by System Records in 2001. Influenced by diverse range genres and crossing them with witty and a bit vulgar lyrics, Pejaković described his musical style as \"porn soul\". The songs were recorded with a studio backing band, which he named Smak Bijelog Dugmeta (a witty remark on the two popular 1970s Yugoslav bands, Smak and Bijelo Dugme), composed of Saša Lokner (keyboards), Vojislav Aralica (album producer, guitar, bass, keyboards) and Dejan Momčilović (drums). For the album cover, Pejaković chose Dragan Papić's work called \"Žalim slučaj\" (\"So sorry\"). The album was recorded between 25 October 1998 and 13 January 1999 at the Goran Kostić Go-Go studio in Belgrade. During the same year, he also appeared as the writer of the Oleg Novković's Normalni ljudi (Normal people) movie soundtrack, and in 2005 he wrote the Wedding short movie soundtrack, both of which never officially released on a soundtrack album. From December 2004 until August of the following year, Pejaković once again entered the Go-Go studio in order to record the material for his second solo album, but it was not until 2009 that the album Kolja was released, once again through System Records. Pejaković recorded the album with the backing vocalists Jasmina Nunić Pera and Tamara Aralica, producer Vojislav Aralica who recorded keyboards, slide, acoustic, electric and bass guitar, Ivan Aleksijević on organ and keyboards, Neša Petrović on alt saxophone and Dejan Sparavalo on violin. In order to promote the album release, Pejaković also recorded a cover version of the Šarlo Akrobata song \"Samo ponekad\" (\"Just occasionally\"), released for free digital download at the System Records official site. \"Haljinica boje lila\" Pejaković wrote the folk music hit \"Haljinica boje lila\" (\"A lily colored dress\"), with his, at the time, girlfriend and turbo folk singer Lola, with whom he recorded the song. The","title":"Nikola Pejaković"},{"docid":"26083568","text":"Jeremy William Fredric Smith (born 18 June 1990), known professionally as Jeremy Irvine, is an English actor who made his film debut in the epic war film War Horse (2011). In 2012, he portrayed Philip \"Pip\" Pirrip in the film adaptation of Great Expectations. Irvine earned a reputation as a Method actor after he went for two months without food, losing around , and performed his torture scene stunts in The Railway Man (2013). He has since starred in The Woman in Black: Angel of Death (2015), and portrayed Daniel Grigori in the direct-to-video film adaptation of the young adult novel Fallen (2016), as well as young Sam in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). In 2019, he starred as John Randolph Bentley in the USA Network television series Treadstone. Early life Irvine was born Jeremy William Fredric Smith on 18 June 1990 in Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire, where he was raised. His mother, Bridget Smith, is a Liberal Democrat councillor on (and latterly leader of) the South Cambridgeshire District Council, and his father, Chris Smith, is an engineer. He has two younger brothers, one of whom portrayed a younger version of Irvine's Pip in Great Expectations. All three boys have diabetes. Irvine's stage surname was his grandfather's first name. His great-grandfather, Sir Ralph Lilley Turner, wrote the quotation used as the inscription on London's Gurkha Memorial. Irvine started acting at age 16. He says his drama teacher inspired him to pursue acting: \"I never fitted in, which led me to acting. I was looking for something different.\" He played Romeo along with other main roles in plays whilst attending Bedford Modern School, followed by a run with the National Youth Theatre. After completing a one-year foundation course at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA), which he attended with Sam Claflin, Irvine spent two years posting his CV through letterboxes to get acting work. He almost gave up acting for good just before he got his big break in War Horse. In an interview with CBS News while promoting Great Expectations, he described this as the lowest point of his life and revealed that he considered taking a different career path: \"I'd kind of hit rock bottom and really did think this was stupid and I just wasted three or four years of my life. My dad wanted me to get a job being a welder. At the company he was at, he was an engineer. I was very very close to doing that.\" Career Irvine worked in his local supermarket and also did web design prior to gaining success as an actor. He played Luke in the television series Life Bites and appeared in the Royal Shakespeare Company's 2010 production of Dunsinane. He was quoted in Interview Magazine, saying: \"My friends all took the mick out of me for Dunsinane saying, 'You're gonna be the tree'. Indeed, in my first scene, I was waving two branches.\" In June 2010, he was cast in the lead role of","title":"Jeremy Irvine"},{"docid":"21703046","text":"Colour Me Free! is the fourth studio album by English singer and songwriter Joss Stone, released on 20 October 2009 by Virgin Records. The album was originally scheduled to be released in April 2009. However, Stone's record label, EMI, delayed it to July and again to 20 October. \"Free Me\" was released on 22 September 2009 as the only single from the album. In the United States, the album's physical and digital releases were made available exclusively through Target and iTunes, respectively. Colour Me Free! features guest appearances by Raphael Saadiq, Nas, Jeff Beck, Sheila E., David Sanborn and Jamie Hartman from Ben's Brother. Despite some criticism towards its ballads, the album was met with generally positive reviews from music critics, who lauded its sonic direction and Stone's vocals. Colour Me Free! peaked at number 75 on the UK Albums Chart, becoming Stone's lowest-peaking album in the United Kingdom. It debuted at number 10 on the US Billboard 200, selling 27,000 units in its first week. The song \"4 and 20\" was included on the soundtrack to the 2010 romantic comedy film Valentine's Day. Background and recording Stone began writing songs with Jonathan Shorten and Conner Reeves in Devon in early 2008. Since they did not have a studio or any musicians, she paid a visit to Mama Stone's, a music venue that her mother was building at an old house in Wellington, Somerset, using the downstairs level as a performance space and the upstairs portion as writing rooms and a recording studio. After noticing a vocal booth recently finished by construction crews, Stone was inspired to record an album. \"I woke up the next day and it was like, 'I want to make an album and I don't want to think about it, I don't want to collect songs. I want to make it—now!'\", Stone said. Stone called her assistant and asked for her touring musicians, who flew from the United States to Devon the following day. Along with Reeves, Shorten and her band, Stone spent \"an intense week of creation\" at Mama Stone's. \"We wrote the song and then we rehearsed it for, like, a little minute, and then we recorded it and then we wrote another one and recorded it. We didn't sit down and say, 'OK, how would we want this album to represent Joss? What songs are we going to choose? and blah, blah, blah ...' It wasn't any of that\", Stone explained. She also enlisted guest musicians such as rapper Nas, guitarist Jeff Beck, percussionist Sheila E. and saxophonist David Sanborn. Release and promotion Stone performed the song \"Governmentalist\" during voter registration group HeadCount's \"Get Out the Vote Party\" at the Highline Ballroom in New York City on 3 November 2008. The track was released as a free download on Stone's and HeadCount's respective websites. On 19 February 2009, Stone kicked off a promotional tour across the United Kingdom at Mama Stone's. The tour included concerts in Darlington, Bristol, Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester","title":"Colour Me Free!"},{"docid":"2556660","text":"Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \"my mom\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \"Mamma Mia\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \"Mamma Mia\" (Darin song), 2014 \"Mama Mia\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \"Mamma Mia\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \"Mama Mia\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \"Mammamia\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \"Mamma Mia\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \"Mamma Mia\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \"Mamma Mia\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon","title":"Mamma Mia"},{"docid":"72568069","text":"Ava Brennan (born 7 January 1987) is an English film and theatre actress from Liverpool, Merseyside, England. She is best known for her portrayal of Nala in the musical The Lion King in the West End and in Hamburg. Biography Brennan grew up in Liverpool and attended Belvedere girls’ school. She trained at the Loretta Legge Theatre School in Maghull, where she learned ballet, modern dance and tap dance, and later joined the National Youth Music Theatre, appearing on stage in London aged 15 in Oklahoma! Theatre Ava Brennan's theatre credits, including Nala in The Lion King (West End), Luisa Vampa in The Count of Monte Cristo, Mercedes in Miami Nights, Dynamite in Hairspray, Cover Aida in Aida, and Ikette in Tina (musical), as well as appearances in Aladdin and Oklahoma!. Brennan also played the female lead Angelica in Lin Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton in London’s West End, she appears as Fantine in Boublil and Schönberg’s Les Misérables at London’s Sondheim Theatre In 2023 Brennan was cast in a leading role in the captivating new musical stage adaptation of The Secret Life of Bees based on the best-selling novel by Sue Monk Kidd at the Almeida Theatre in North London. Film Ava Brennan has appeared in the following movies: Beauty and the Beast, Mama Mia! Here We Go Again, Hellboy and Rocket Man. She also performed as a singer in the famous TV production West Side Stories: The Making of a Classic and Blue Peter. Brennan plays series regular Vee in season 4 of Top Boy for Netflix. References Living people 1987 births","title":"Ava Brennan"},{"docid":"26161220","text":"This is a partial list of recordings of songs on which Hal Blaine, a session drummer in the Wrecking Crew, played. A \"All I Have to Do Is Dream\" (Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell) \"All I Know\" (Art Garfunkel) \"All I Wanna Do\" (The Beach Boys) \"Along Comes Mary\" (The Association) \"America\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Andmoreagain\" (Love) \"Annie's Song\" (John Denver) \"Another Saturday Night\" (Sam Cooke) \"Any World (That I'm Welcome To)\" (Steely Dan) \"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\" (The 5th Dimension) \"At the Zoo\" (Simon & Garfunkel) B \"Baby I Need Your Loving\" (Johnny Rivers) \"Baby Talk\" (Jan and Dean) \"Back Home Again\" (John Denver) \"Barbara Ann\" (The Beach Boys) \"Batman Theme\" (The Marketts) \"Be My Baby\" (The Ronettes) \"Be True to Your School\" (The Beach Boys) \"(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up\" (The Ronettes) \"Bless the Beasts and the Children\" (The Carpenters) \"Bossa Nova Baby\" (Elvis Presley) \"The Boxer\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" (Tony Mann) \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" (Johnny Rivers) \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" (Glen Campbell) C \"California Dreamin'\" (The Mamas and the Papas) \"California Girls\" (The Beach Boys) \"Calypso\" (John Denver) \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" (Elvis Presley) \"Can't You Hear the Song?\" (Wayne Newton) \"Cara Mia\" (Jay and the Americans) \"Caroline, No\" (Brian Wilson) \"Cecilia\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Cherish\" (David Cassidy) \"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)\" (Darlene Love) \"Come a Little Bit Closer\" (Jay and the Americans) \"Come and Knock on Our Door\" (theme from the television series Three's Company) \"Come Back When You Grow Up\" (Bobby Vee) \"Come Saturday Morning\" (The Sandpipers) \"Congratulations\" (Paul Simon), track 11 on 1972 album Paul Simon \"Cotton Fields\" (The Beach Boys) \"Count Me In\" (Gary Lewis & the Playboys) \"Could It Be Forever\" (David Cassidy) \"Cracklin' Rosie\" (Neil Diamond) \"Creeque Alley\" (The Mamas and the Papas) D \"Da Doo Ron Ron\" (The Crystals) \"Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast\" (Wayne Newton) \"The Daily Planet\" (Love) \"Dance, Dance, Dance\" (The Beach Boys) \"Darlin'\" (The Beach Boys) \"Dead Man's Curve\" (Jan and Dean) \"Death of a Ladies' Man\" (Leonard Cohen) \"Dedicated to the One I Love\" (The Mamas and the Papas) \"Didn't We\" (Richard Harris) \"Dizzy\" (Tommy Roe) \"Do You Know Where You're Going To\" (theme from the film Mahogany) (Diana Ross) \"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\" (The Partridge Family) \"Don't Pull Your Love\" (Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds) \"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart\" (Dean Martin) \"Drag City\" (Jan and Dean) \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" (The Mamas and the Papas) E \"18 Yellow Roses\" (Bobby Darin) \"El Condor Pasa\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Elusive Butterfly\" (Bob Lind) \"Evangeline\" (Emmylou Harris) \"Eve of Destruction\" (Barry McGuire) \"Everybody Loves a Clown\" (Gary Lewis & the Playboys) \"Everybody Loves Somebody\" (Dean Martin) \"Everything That Touches You\" (The Association) F \"Fakin' It\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"For All We Know\" (The Carpenters) \"Fun, Fun, Fun\" (The Beach Boys) G \"Galveston\" (Glen Campbell)","title":"List of song recordings featuring Hal Blaine"},{"docid":"41988044","text":"Alan MacDonald (c. 1956 – 30 August 2017) was a British production designer. He was best known for his work on The Queen (2006), which earned him nominations for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film and Best Technical Achievement at the British Independent Film Awards, and for the Rajasthan-set The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) which earned him a nomination for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film. In 2013, he designed the sets for the Academy Award-nominated film Philomena. He had also been a production designer for a number of advertisements for global firms including Coca-Cola, Levi's, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, and was the theatrical designer for Kylie Minogue's 2002 \"KylieFever2002\" tour. Filmography Absurd (1989) (short) Tunnel of Love (1991) (short) Man to Man (1992) Remembrance of Things Fast: True Stories Visual Lies (1994; Art Director) Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998) Rogue Trader (1998) Nora (2000) The Jacket (2005) Kinky Boots (2005) The Queen (2006) The Edge of Love (2008) Chéri (2009) Tamara Drewe (2010) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) Philomena (2013) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2 (2015) The Program (2015) Sing Street (2016) Victoria & Abdul (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Personal life and death He suffered from bipolar disorder. MacDonald died by suicide at his Covent Garden home on 31 August 2017, after spending two weeks as an in-patient at the private Nightingale Hospital at a cost of £20,000. His last two film credits, Victoria & Abdul (2017) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), were dedicated to his memory. References External links 1950s births 2017 deaths British film designers Date of birth missing Suicides in Greater London People with bipolar disorder","title":"Alan MacDonald (production designer)"},{"docid":"58104687","text":"Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \"Dancing Queen\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \"Fernando\" and \"Super Trouper\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\" —Cher Cher also said that \"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \"SOS\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song","title":"Dancing Queen (album)"},{"docid":"17105979","text":"Mazz Murray (born 26 November 1974) is an English stage and TV actress, voice artist and singer with a three octave range. As an actress she is known for her theatre roles, including portrayals of Patsy Cline, Dusty Springfield and Vivian Ellis in tribute shows. Career She portrayed the Killer Queen in the West End production of the musical We Will Rock You. She is the longest-running cast member to be involved in the show, having been in the original ensemble when the musical opened in May 2002. She took over the principal role of Killer Queen from Sharon D. Clarke in April 2004. In 2010, she formed a girl group, Woman, with her sister Gina, Anna-Jane Casey and Emma Kershaw, debuting their single \"I’m a Woman\". In 2015, she joined the cast of the London production of Mamma Mia! as Tanya, a role which was subsequently taken over by Kate Graham when Murray departed in 2017. It was announced that she would join the cast of Chicago from 2 July 2018 until 11 August 2018, playing the role of Matron Mama Morton. In 2019, it was announced that Murray would be returning to the West End production of Mamma Mia! in the role of Donna Sheridan. Personal life Murray was born in London, and is the daughter of songwriter Mitch Murray and actress Grazina Frame. She trained at Redroofs Theatre School, Maidenhead and Sylvia Young Theatre School, London. On 18 June 2009 she married Oren Harush (born 27 July 1980), an Israeli. Brian May played a special version of \"Love of My Life\", with some new words with Mazz at their wedding. The couple live in Bushey, Hertfordshire, England. Murray is a supporter of Manchester United F.C. Theatre credits We Will Rock You – Killer Queen Fame – Mabel Rent – Maureen Pippin – Berthe Boogie Nights – Debs Only the Lonely – Patsy Cline A Girl Called Dusty – Dusty Springfield Sweet Charity Fiddler on the Roof Chicago – Matron Mama Morton Mamma Mia! – Tanya and Donna Sheridan Sunset Boulevard – Norma Desmond Television Blessed – Shop Assistant (1 episode: \"Who Wrote the Book of Love?\") Footballers' Wives – Jenny Taylor EastEnders – Miranda (2 episodes) Fimbles – Yodelling Echo The Quest – Lizzie References External links Profile - CastAway Voice Actors & Actresses Brian May's Soapbox About Mazz's Wedding 1973 births English musical theatre actresses Living people Actresses from London","title":"Mazz Murray"},{"docid":"34081868","text":"Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \"the greatest showbiz impresario\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \"The Winner Takes It All\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\") and \"highly savvy writer\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to","title":"Judy Craymer"},{"docid":"57917036","text":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums","title":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack"},{"docid":"62133902","text":"\"Trouble in Paradise\" is a song by American-Canadian singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright, released on October 24, 2019, as the lead single of his upcoming studio album, slated for release by BMG in 2020. The track was produced by Mitchell Froom. A music video directed by Mia Donovan was released to promote the song on November 5, 2019. Composition \"Trouble in Paradise\" is a pop song about the fashion industry with \"general themes applied to the world at large\". He sings, \"There's always trouble in paradise/ Don't matter if your drinks are neat or on ice/ There's always trouble in paradise/ Don't matter if you're good or bad or mean or awfully nice.\" Wainwright said of the song: \"A little older, a little wiser, but raring to go, I am excited to re-ignite the darker sensibilities of song matched with a musical sense of humor. 'Trouble in Paradise' is my first offering on this typically intense Wainwright journey. We are in the deep end baby.\" In a press release, he said the music has \"a sense of sophistication and an animalistic instinct\", noting, \"After the opera world and natural aging, I can now sing at the full power of my abilities, and this record really shows that off.\" Wainwright also shared a song synopsis in a post for his website about the upcoming album: Drum beats herald a romp through the inner mind of a bob-haired fashion doyenne on her drive from the town to the country. She reflects on the true price of glamour, and weighs its spiritual costs while eyeing her future legacy, and eternity. The music, a nod to solid pop rock production of previous classic LA era's motors the listener on with both a sense of sophistication and an animalistic instinct. Release \"Trouble in Paradise\" was released in October 2019 as the lead single of Wainwright's upcoming studio album. The song's release marks Wainwright's first pop song since his 2012 album Out of the Game, his first single under BMG, and his first collaboration with Froom. Reception Jon Blistein of Rolling Stone described \"Trouble in Paradise\" as a \"clever new pop romp\" and wrote, \"Over lush pop rock orchestration reminiscent of Billy Joel, Wainwright saunters through a vocal performance that lends a lavish edge to his wry lyrics.\" Attitude magazine said the song \"taps into 2019's tense zeitgeist as Wainwright muses on the fronts we all create for ourselves\", and The Times said it has \"soaring harmonies and woozy romanticism\". Music Week Ben Homewood wrote, \"Crisp drum thwacks and a sweeping arrangement herald the first new music in seven years from Rufus Wainwright, who sounds sublime here.\" \"Trouble in Paradise\" was KCMP's song of the day for October 29, 2019. WXPN's Bruce Warren called the track \"a wonderful new song that showcases [Wainwright's] beautiful, rich voice, and penchant for writing ornate pop songs\". Music video A music video for the song, directed by Canadian photographer and filmmaker Mia Donovan, was released on November 5, 2019. Charts References External","title":"Trouble in Paradise (Rufus Wainwright song)"},{"docid":"71791370","text":"Amanda Seyfried is an American actress who has received numerous accolades throughout her career. Seyfried came to prominence following her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), for which she received an MTV Movie & TV Award. She then appeared in the romantic comedy films Dear John and Letters to Juliet (both 2010), earning various nominations at the Teen Choice Awards, and the black comedy horror Jennifer's Body (2009), which won her a second MTV Movie & TV Award. She starred in the ABBA-inspired musicals Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), for which she was nominated for two People's Choice Awards, and the period musical Les Misérables (2012), which earned her a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Seyfried received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020), earning nominations in the Best Supporting Actress category at the Academy Awards, AACTA International Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and Golden Globe Awards. This acclaim continued for her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the drama miniseries The Dropout (2022), for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film. Awards and nominations Notes References External links Seyfried, Amanda","title":"List of awards and nominations received by Amanda Seyfried"},{"docid":"20303544","text":"Here We Go Again! is an album by American folk music group the Kingston Trio, released in 1959 (see 1959 in music). It was one of the four the Trio would have simultaneously in Billboard's Top 10 albums during the year. It spent eight weeks at #1 and received an RIAA gold certification the same day as At Large. \"A Worried Man\" b/w \"San Miguel\" was its lead-off single, though it just made the Top 20. In November, two non-album songs were released as a single—\"Coo Coo-U\" b/w \"Green Grasses\"—but did not chart. Background The trio worked with the assistance of Lou Gottlieb on the song selection and the arrangements. Rehearsals were done at the Cocoanut Grove club where the group was appearing at the time. \"Molly Dee\" was written by John Stewart who would eventually become a member of the Trio, replacing Dave Guard. \"Across the Wide Missouri\" is the Trio's version of the popular American folk song \"Oh Shenandoah\". Although credited to Dave Guard, “Goober Peas” dates from the Confederate South and “A Worried Man” (”Worried Man Blues”) is a song first recorded by The Carter Family in the 1930s and Woody Guthrie in the 1940s. \"Haul Away\" was originally credited to Jack Splittard, a pseudonym the trio members used to split copyright and royalties on public domain songs. Ben Blake states in the 1992 reissue liner notes: \"Here We Go Again! was reportedly the first Kingston Trio album on which Voyle Gilmore utilized what was called 'double-voicing' whenever all three group members sang in unison. This was accomplished by having them record their vocals twice; then Gilmore simply overdubbed one of the tracks. This gave the group a fuller sound. Recorded at Studio B in Los Angeles, Here We Go Again! also benefited from Capitol's Grand Canyon-like echo chamber, which Gilmore used to make the Trio's instruments 'ring' like no other folk group, before or since.\" Reception Sales of Here We Go Again! rose to over 900,000 copies reaching the number one chart position for eight weeks. At one point in 1959 after the release of Here We Go Again!, the Trio had four records at the same time among the Top 10 selling albums according to Billboard Magazine's \"Top Ten Albums\" chart for five consecutive weeks in November and December 1959, a record unmatched now for over 50 years. Here We Go Again! received Grammy nominations in the Folk category and the Vocal Group category. In his retrospective review, Allmusic critic Matt Fink noted standout tracks in his review and called the release \"a very well-rounded album.\" In his review of the 1992 reissue, critic Ronnie D. Lankford, Jr. wrote \"At Large and Here We Go Again! capture the Kingston Trio early in their career, grounded in the success of their first albums and searching for new directions. Fans, folk revival enthusiasts, and the curious will enjoy this one.\" Reissues Here We Go Again! was reissued in 1992 on CD by Capitol with At Large. In","title":"Here We Go Again!"},{"docid":"23292628","text":"\"Here We Go Again\" is a song recorded by American singer Demi Lovato. It was written by Isaac Hasson, Lindy Robbins and Mher Filian and produced by SuperSpy, for Lovato's second studio album of the same name. It was released as the album's lead single on June 23, 2009, through Hollywood Records. The song was the only single from Here We Go Again released in North America. \"Here We Go Again\" is a power pop song with guitar lines and pop hooks and the lyrics speak of the protagonist's on-off relationship with a hesitant boyfriend. The song received positive reviews from critics, who praised its pop hook and made comparisons to works of Kelly Clarkson. \"Here We Go Again\" peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became Lovato's first top 40 hit on the chart as a solo artist. The song was certified platinum by the RIAA in 2014. It also peaked at number 38 in New Zealand and in the lower region of the Canadian Hot 100. Background Lovato released her debut studio album, Don't Forget, in September 2008. Shortly thereafter, in January 2009, she had already begun writing material for her sophomore effort. The recording sessions for the album began in January 2009, right after filming from the first season of Sonny with a Chance. According to Lovato, the album's writing process was nearly finished in just two weeks. Unlike Don't Forget, Lovato did not collaborate with the Jonas Brothers for her second album as she wanted to see what her sound would be like without their input. \"Here We Go Again\" was written by Isaac Hasson, Lindy Robbins and Mher Filian, and produced by Hasson and Filian under the production name SuperSpy. The duo also co-wrote and produced the album track \"U Got Nothin' on Me\". \"Here We Go Again\" was recorded at three different recording studios in California; SuperSpy Studios in Los Angeles, Resonate Studios in Burbank, and The Jungle Room in Glendale. Additional recording took place at Safe House Studios in Greensboro, North Carolina. Co-writer Robbins contributed backing vocals. Hasson provided programming, guitars and synths, and Filian handled programming and keys. The instruments were played by Dorian Crozier, who provided drums, and Kenny Johnson, who played the bass. The song was ultimately mixed by Chris Lord-Alge. \"Here We Go Again\" premiered during Planet Premiere on Radio Disney on June 17, 2009, and was released as the lead single for the album of the same name via digital download on June 23, through Hollywood Records. It was later released in Australia and New Zealand on July 17, 2009. Composition \"Here We Go Again\" is an uptempo power pop song, with guitar lines and pop hooks. Critics made comparisons with works by Kelly Clarkson, particularly the song \"Since U Been Gone\". According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing, \"Here We Go Again\" is written in the time signature of common time, with a moderately fast tempo of 142 beats per","title":"Here We Go Again (Demi Lovato song)"},{"docid":"54263853","text":"The Smooth Tour was the fourth headlining concert tour by the American country music duo Florida Georgia Line. The tour of the United States was in support of their third studio album, Dig Your Roots (2016). It began on June 3, 2017, in Austin, Texas, and concluded on October 21, 2017, in Alpharetta, Georgia. Background In February 2017, Florida Georgia Line announced the tour. Opening acts Backstreet Boys Russell Dickerson Ryan Hurd Chris Lane Nelly Morgan Wallen Setlists {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFFF00; font-size: 100%; width: 59%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | header = Smooth Tour Setlist | content = Florida Georgia Line \"Anything Goes\" \"Smile\" \"Round Here\" \"Confession\" \"Dig Your Roots\" \"May We All\" \"Dirt\" \"Sippin' on Fire\" \"H.O.L.Y.\" \"God, Your Mama, and Me\" \"Sun Daze\" \"Get Your Shine On\" \"This Is How We Roll\" Encore \"Hot in Herre \"Cruise (Remix)\" Nelly \"Party People\" \"E.I\" \"Where the Party At\" \"Where the Party At\" \"Batter Up\" \"Air Force Ones\" \"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)\" \"Ride Wit Me\" \"The Fix\" \"Die a Happy Man\" \"Sounds Good to Me\" \"Get Like Me\" \"Grillz\" \"Move that Body\" \"All I Do Is Win/Fake Love/That's What I Like\" \"Body On Me\" \"Over and Over\" \"Dilemma\" \"Just a Dream\" Chris Lane \"Who's It Gonna Be\" \"Her Own Kind of Beautiful\" \"Let Me Love You\" \"For Her\" \"I Want It That Way/Can't Feel My Face/SexyBack/Want to Want Me/Bye Bye Bye/Whip (Nae Nae)/It's Going Down for Real\" \"Fix\" }} {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFFF00; font-size: 100%; width: 59%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | header = Boston, Minneapolis & Chicago Setlists | content = Florida Georgia Line \"Anything Goes\" \"Smile\" \"Round Here\" \"Confession\" \"Dig Your Roots\" \"May We All\" \"Dirt\" \"Sippin' on Fire\" \"H.O.L.Y.\" \"God, Your Mama, and Me\" \"Sun Daze\" \"Get Your Shine On\" \"This Is How We Roll\" Encore \"Hot in Herre \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" \"Cruise (Remix)\" Backstreet Boys \"Larger Than Life\" \"The One\" \"Get Down (You're the One for Me)\" \"Drowning \"Quit Playing Games (With My Heart)\" \"As Long as You Love Me \"The Call\" \"We've Got It Goin' On\" \"I Want It That WayNelly''' \"Party People\" \"E.I\" \"Where the Party At\" \"Where the Party At\" \"Batter Up\" \"Air Force Ones\" \"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)\" \"Ride Wit Me\" \"The Fix\" \"Die a Happy Man\" \"Sounds Good to Me\" \"Get Like Me\" \"Grillz\" \"Move that Body\" \"All I Do Is Win/Fake Love/That's What I Like\" \"Body On Me\" \"Over and Over\" \"Dilemma\" \"Just a Dream\" Chris Lane \"Who's It Gonna Be\" \"Her Own Kind of Beautiful\" \"Let Me Love You\" \"For Her\" \"Can't Feel My Face/SexyBack/Want to Want Me/Bye Bye Bye/Whip (Nae Nae)/It's Going Down for Real\" \"Fix\" }} Shows References 2017 concert tours Florida Georgia Line concert tours","title":"Smooth Tour"},{"docid":"40705751","text":"\"I Wonder (Departure)\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \"The Name of the Game\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \"I wonder ... it scares me\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \"maximum emotional leverage\", making it \"the most intimate personal portrait\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \"translate beautifully to the stage\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus","title":"I Wonder (Departure)"},{"docid":"7443740","text":"Charles Wayne Day (August 5, 1942 – March 10, 2008), also known as Bing Day, was an American guitarist and baritone bluesman from the South Side of Chicago. Biography His musical talents began to develop at age 3, and at age 15, he recorded the single \"Pony Tail Partner\" under the name \"Bing Day\" at Federal Records (1957). Day recorded several singles over the next ten years as 'Bing Day' and, also, 'Ford Hopkins'. He moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1965 and began a career as one of the most listened to \"unknown\" artists in rock and roll. He became bassist with Johnny Rivers' Band. Day invented the signature lead guitar riff afterward used by Rivers in \"Secret Agent Man\". Day worked with the Mamas and the Papas in 1967, again as bassist, also playing as second guitarist on \"Monday, Monday\" and \"California Dreamin'\". During the 1970s and 1980s, Day played on numerous recordings including Shel Silverstein's Freaker's Ball. He also wrote for the soundtrack of Fritz the Cat and performed with musicians Luther Tucker and Merl Saunders. Day formed his own band in 1986. Day resided in Fairfax, California, from 1969, and continued to play locally in the San Rafael area of California until he was taken ill in January, 2007. After three months of care at Marin General Hospital, he was admitted to Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital before being relocated to District Hospital in Healdsburg, where he remained until his death on March 10, 2008. A memorial and parade were held in Fairfax for Day on March 22, 2008. After his death, it was revealed that he was the biological father of Owen Vanessa Elliot, the daughter of singer Cass Elliot of the Mamas and The Papas. Discography Solo releases \"Pony Tail Partner\" / \"Since You Left Me\" - Federal Records (1957) as Bing Day \"Rain Silver Dollar\" / \"Dancing Puppets\" - Fraternity Records (1958) as Bing Day With Danny Bell And The Bell Hops \"Poor Stagger Lee\" - Mercury Records (1958) \"Mama's Place\" / \"I Can't Help It\" - Mercury Records (1959) as Bing Day \"Mary's Place\" / \"How Do I Do It\" - Mercury Records (1959) as Bing Day \"Ya Fine, Fine, Fine\" - Apex Records (1959) as Ford Hopkins \"How Do I Do It\" - Mercury Records (1960) \"She Was Not My Kind\" - Apex Records (1961) \"Memphis Tennessee\" - Cameo/Parkway Records (1966) \"We Gotta Get Outta this Place\" - Fraternity Records (1967) With Johnny Rivers (1965) \"Here We GoGo Again\" \"Rivers Rocks the Folk\" With The Mamas & the Papas (1965-1966) \"Monday, Monday\" - Second Guitar \"California Dreamin'\" - Second Guitar With The Young Gyants (1968) \"Tom Dooley\" / \"We Gotta Get Out Of This Place\" - Parkway \"Memphis\" / \"It Hurts So Bad\" - Cameo-Parkway (1964) With Shel Silverstein (1971) Freakin' At The Freaker's Ball The Chuck Day Band (1997) Desperate Measures With Steven Wolf (2006) 20th Century Wolf, Volume I Day co-wrote \"You Don't Love Me Anymore\" with Steven Wolf and","title":"Charles Wayne Day"},{"docid":"65887906","text":"\"Here We Go Around Again\" (listed as \"Here We Go Round Again\" on Carey's demo tape) is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released in Japan on December 11, 2020, as the third single from her eighth compilation album, The Rarities (2020) by Columbia and Legacy Records as a cassette single with \"Loverboy (Firecracker – Original Version)\". The song was written and produced by Carey and Ben Margulies. According to Carey, the song was the first track on her demo tape. Background and release \"Here We Go Around Again\" was recorded by Dana Jon Chappelle and mixed by Brian Garten. According to the album's liner notes, Carey \"[had] always liked it and did want it to be included on my first album. I don't remember why it wasn't, except we felt that we never quite captured the magic of that first demo. This recording is as close as we got.\" In an interview with Fred Bronson, Margulies revealed that their first collaboration, “Here We Go Around Again,” was recorded in the back of his father's cabinetry factory in Chelsea, New York City: \"It was this real Motown thing. She wrote all the verses out. We were very excited because she sounded incredible. That was the beginning of the collaborating.\" \"Here We Go Around Again\" was first teased on August 21, 2020, on a Zoom chat with reporters, influencers and fans to promote \"Save the Day\". On November 19, 2020, it was announced that the song would be paired with \"Loverboy (Firecracker – Original Version)\" and released as a limited edition cassette single in Japan, set to be officially released on December 11, 2020. The next day, however, the cassette was made available worldwide on Carey's official online store, included in bundles with clothing items and accessories. Critical reception Billboard writer Joe Lynch described the first teaser of \"Here We Go Around Again\" which was premiered on Carey's Zoom chat for \"Save the Day\" as \"a snippet of a Jackson 5-esque song that dates back to her 1990 debut\". Idolator writer Mike Wass stated was \"hard to understand how something this effortlessly charming and catchy didn’t make the tracklist of Mariah’s debut album.\" Carey channeled The Jackson 5 on this \"buoyant bop from 1990, sounding so innocent that she can barely contain the sheer joy of relishing in her own melismatic powers.\" Los Angeles Times pop-music critic Mikael Wood praised the song stating that her vocals were \"precise as always\" and praised her writing style saying that it was \"already in a tune whose darting melody evokes the comings and goings of a guy who can’t make up his mind about her.\" Track listings and formats Japanese limited edition cassette single \"Here We Go Around Again\" – 3:55 \"Loverboy\" (Firecracker – original version) – 3:17 Charts References 2020 singles Mariah Carey songs 1990 songs Songs written by Mariah Carey Songs written by Ben Margulies Song recordings produced by Mariah Carey Sony Music Entertainment Japan singles","title":"Here We Go Around Again"},{"docid":"3735183","text":"Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an","title":"Catherine Johnson (playwright)"},{"docid":"22566615","text":"Dave Mason & Cass Elliot was the only teaming of artists Dave Mason and Cass Elliot. The album was produced by both Mason and Elliot and recorded in 1970. The album was released by Mason's label, Blue Thumb Records. Conception After being introduced by their mutual friend Gram Parsons, Mason and Elliot hit it off and decided to pursue singing together professionally. Elliot, having released two solo albums at that time, missed the collaborative effort of producing music and Mason, who had just arrived in the U.S. after splitting with Traffic, was interested in a fresh collaboration. Originally Elliot was intended to be co-producer with Mason on an intended solo album by the latter: after Elliot sang background for Mason on some sessions the idea of the album being a Mason/ Elliot collaboration emerged. Album Despite receiving co-billing with Mason, on several of the songs Elliot's contributions are limited to background vocals, which highlighted a raspy, more raw side of Elliot’s voice. When interviewed by Rolling Stone magazine Elliot stated, \"I sing better with David because he's so good. You want to do better. I'm singing notes I never sang with The Mamas & the Papas\". The music falls into the country rock harmony sound of its time, but with a bluesier edge. Mason wrote five of the songs on the album, while Elliot co-wrote two: the single \"Something to Make You Happy\" and her only solo song on the album, \"Here We Go Again\". This was the first time that Elliot lent her hand in songwriting since her days with The Big 3 and The Mugwumps, and also the last. Dave Mason & Cass Elliot was recorded - at the Record Plant West - in the autumn of 1970 for release by Blue Thumb Records, who had released Mason's debut album Alone Together: Dunhill Records, on whose roster Elliot was, held right of release to any singles from the album Dave Mason & Cass Elliot and also a second collaborative album from the two singers. Two singles were released from the album Dave Mason & Cass Elliot: \"Something to Make You Happy\" in January 1971, \"Too Much Truth, Too Much Love\" released the following month. Reception The album was released in March 1971 and was a moderate success landing at the 49th spot on the Billboard Top 200 chart. To promote the album, Mason and Elliot both appeared and performed on The Tonight Show and The Andy Williams Show. They also performed two concerts with the first one at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium and the second at New York’s Fillmore East. Although Mason and Elliot remained close friends and both discussed interest in recording together again, this would be their only collaboration. It was reissued in 2008 by the British Rev-Ola Records. Cherry Red Records reissued the CD in 2019 as CDMRED737. Track listing Personnel Dave Mason - guitar, vocals Cass Elliot - vocals Bryan Garo - bass Paul Harris - keyboards, strings Russ Kunkel - drums, percussion","title":"Dave Mason & Cass Elliot"},{"docid":"948472","text":"Judith Krantz's Till We Meet Again is a 1989 two-episode television miniseries based on the 1988 Judith Krantz novel, Till We Meet Again. Its stars include Mia Sara, Bruce Boxleitner, Hugh Grant, Maxwell Caulfield, and Courteney Cox. The story revolves around Eve, Delphine and Frederique (Freddy), three young women who are looking to get themselves set up in a world that changes quickly. Along the way they find romance and become swept up in war, danger and family intrigue. Events from 1913 to 1952 are included. Plot Part 1 The story starts in Dijon in 1913. Eve (Lucy Gutteridge) is the daughter of a prominent doctor, and is destined to be married off to Roger Grillont (James Langton), but instead she falls in love with a low-class theater performer, Alain Marais (Maxwell Caulfield). Alain believes that she is an orphan from the same social class as him, and loses his interest after finding out that she is a rich, privileged girl. Nevertheless, she follows him to live in Paris, where her neighbor Vivianne de Biron (Juliet Mills) helps her land a job as a showgirl. Alain disapproves of her profession, comparing it with prostitution, following which she leaves him. By 1915 World War I is in full motion. Eve meets Paul de Lancel (Michael York) while performing for the army and falls in love with him. Paul's aristocratic family disapproves of Paul serving in the army, because it requires him to abandon his work at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as his duties as a husband to Laure (Susannah Harker) and their newborn son Bruno. Laure is devastated by Paul's absence and kills herself, after which her family swears revenge by keeping Bruno and raising him to hate his father. By 1917, Paul and Eve meet again in Paris and soon marry. She quits her career to support her husband's political career. In 1930, Paul is stationed as a Consul General at the Consulate in Los Angeles. Here, their daughter Freddy (Elisabeth Harnois) starts getting flying lessons from stunt flyer Terrence 'Mac' McGuire (Barry Bostwick). By 1936, a now-teenaged Freddy (Courteney Cox) is an avid flyer and a tomboy. Her sister Delphine (Mia Sara), meanwhile, leads a reckless life with parties and alcohol. For the first time in their lives, they move to their home country of France to live with their grandparents at Chateau Valmont. They meet their half brother Bruno (Hugh Grant), who is now a political science student and a nazi sympathizer with a deep hatred for Paul. He reveals Eve's scandalous showgirl past to Freddy and Delphine. In 1937, Freddy and Delphine return to Los Angeles. A stubborn Freddy accepts a stunt job from movie stunt coordinator Swede Castelli (Denis Arndt) and is kicked out of the house by her father. She moves in with Mac and starts a relationship with him despite a 23-year age gap. Delphine, meanwhile, is jailed for her reckless party behavior and is sent back to France to live","title":"Judith Krantz's Till We Meet Again"},{"docid":"47713564","text":"Alexa Davies is a Welsh actress best known for her roles as Aretha in Raised by Wolves, Kate in Detectorists, Yvonne in Cradle to Grave, young Rosie in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and Meg in Dead Pixels. She grew up in Rhyl, Denbighshire. Filmography Film Television References External links 1995 births Welsh television actresses Welsh film actresses People from Rhyl Living people 21st-century Welsh actresses","title":"Alexa Davies"},{"docid":"56818610","text":"This article lists feature-length British films and full-length documentaries that have had their premieres in 2018 and were at least partly produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom. It does not feature short films, medium-length films, made-for-TV films, pornographic films, filmed theater, VR films and interactive films like Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. It also does not include films screened in previous years that had official release dates in 2018. British co-productions like Bohemian Rhapsody, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again garnered positive reviews and collectively grossed more than $1.5 billion in the Box Office worldwide. Small independent films like The Wife, Three Identical Strangers and At Eternity's Gate performed well in the Specialty Box Office, screening in a limited number of theaters. 2018 was expected to be the best year for British box office since 1971 with Avengers: Infinity War, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Incredibles 2, Black Panther, Bohemian Rhapsody, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Peter Rabbit and The Greatest Showman breaking £40 million at the British box office. Also included is an overview of five awards ceremonies which are major events in British film: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards. Film premieres January – March April – June July – September October – December Other premieres Culturally British Films The following list comprises films not produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom but is strongly associated with British culture. The films in this list should fulfill at least 3 of the following criteria: The film is adapted from a British source material. The story is at least partially set in the United Kingdom. The film was at least partially shot in the United Kingdom. Many of the film's cast and crew members are British. British winners Listed here are the British winners and nominees at the four most prestigious film award ceremonies in the English-speaking world: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards, that were held during 2018, celebrating the best films of 2017. The British nominations were led by Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Dunkirk, and Darkest Hour, with Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri winning awards in the major categories and Dunkirk going on to win large numbers of technical awards, whilst Gary Oldman won multiple best leading actor awards for his portrayal of Sir Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. British films did, however, notably lose out to The Shape of Water from USA. Academy Awards The 90th Academy Awards honoring the best films of 2017 were held on March 4, 2018. British winners: Darkest Hour (Best Actor, Best Makeup and Hairstyling) Dunkirk (Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, Best Film Editing) The Silent Child (Best Live Action Short Film) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor) Alex Gibson (Best Sound Editing) – Dunkirk Chris Overton (Best Live Action Short Film) – The Silent Child David","title":"List of British films of 2018"},{"docid":"64154101","text":"Teneisha Phehoma Bonner (31 December 1981 – 11 September 2019) was a Jamaican-born English hip-hop and street dancer of stage and screen. She worked with the groups ZooNation and the Bounce Streetdance Company and as a backup dancer for many top performers in the music industry. Bonner played a role in the film StreetDance 3D and danced in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again and Mary Poppins Returns. Biography Bonner was born in St. Catherine, Jamaica on 31 December 1981. She was the daughter of Yvette Singh and Emanuel Bonner and had four half-siblings, being the eldest child in the family. Bonner was raised by her grandmother until she moved to Peckham in London at age seven to be with her mother and stepfather. She began dancing at Brixton Recreation Centre, and after observing the dance musical Cats aged 13, was inspired to dream for a professional dance career. Bonner had her first open stage auditions with the company RJC Dance and attended local street dance classes, borrowing a key for its drama room to allow her to practice solo during intervals away from school. She joined the BRIT School in Croydon at the age of 16, and obtained her first professional work at 17, performing for the pop singer Dane Bowers, and appearing on the television programmes Top of the Pops and CD:UK, to allow her to pay the school fees. Aged 18, Bonner was awarded a full scholarship to the London Studio Centre by its principal, with her training interrupted by her successfully auditioning for the Bounce Streetdance Company and going on a European and United Kingdom tour of the company's show Insane in The Brain. She was persuaded to completed her scholarship by her teacher after initial hesitance to do so, graduating in 2004. Bonner worked as part of a backup troupes for commercial artists such as Kylie Minogue, Rihanna, Take That, The Black Eyed Peas, Will.i.am and Alesha Dixon on tour. In 2002, she was one of the first dancers on Kate Prince's group ZooNation. Bonner was cast in the lead role of hopeful DJ girl Spinderella in the hip hop show Into the Hoods during its run at the Novello Theatre in the West End in 2008. Luke Jennings, the dance reviewer for The Observer, wrote of her performance \"The piece’s star is undoubtedly Bonner, whose dramatic beauty and fluent line compel the attention whenever she’s on stage\", and Katie Colombus of The Stage concurred, saying Bonner \"really steals the show, dancing with an edge, an energy and sharpness that I’ve never seen before. That same year, she performed at the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. In 2010, Bonner portrayed the hairdresser Shawna in the comedy film StreetDance 3D, and had a featured role in the Sadler's Wells Theatre production of the dance musical Shoes. She danced the role of Kerri in Some Like It Hip Hop at the Peacock Theatre in 2011, earning her the Critics' Choice National Dance Outstanding Female Performance (Modern) Award","title":"Teneisha Bonner"},{"docid":"41647807","text":"No Limit Greatest Hits is a 2006 two-disc greatest hits album released on August 1, 2006 by Priority Records. The compilation managed to make it to #56 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Prior to the release of this compilation, No Limit Records went bankrupt in 2003 which resulted in Master P selling the back catalog of the label. Today, EMI owns the No Limit back catalog. Due to no longer owning No Limit, Master P had no involvement in the making of this compilation. Critical response David Jeffries of AllMusic believes that the compiling of this album \"was obviously done by some real No Limit soldiers who reach well past the big names\" and suggests \"this is a great snapshot of the label that taught everyone else how to exploit the underground and released some great gangsta music along the way.\" Track listing Disc one I'm Bout It, Bout It TRU [From The album True] Y'all Ain't Ready Yet Mystikal [From The album Mind of Mystikal] Bounce Dat Azz [Gangsta T, King George, Silkk The Shocker, & Master P [From the album Down South Hustlers: Bouncin' and Swingin'] Gangstafied Kane & Abel Featuring Master P and Mo B. Dick] [From the album 7 Sins] The Shocker [Silkk The Shocker Featuring Master P] [From the album The Shocker] Make 'Em Say Uhh! [Master P, Fiend, Silkk The Shocker, Mia X, & Mystikal] [From the album Ghetto D] He Did That [Silkk The Shocker Featuring Master P and Mac] [From the album My World, My Way] Ain't No Limit [Mystikal Featuring Silkk The Shocker] [From the album Unpredictable] Where The Little Souljas At? Lil Soldiers [From the album Boot Camp] Soldier Party [Mac Featuring Master P] [From the album Shell Shocked] No Limit Soldiers II [Master P, C-Murder, Fiend, Magic, Mr. Serv-On, Mia X, Big Ed, Silkk The Shocker, & Mystikal] [From the album We Can't Be Stopped] Whatcha Wanna Do [Mia X] [From the album Mama Drama] Mr. Whomp Whomp [Fiend] [From the album Street Life] NL Party Soulja Slim Featuring Master P, Silkk The Shocker, Full Blooded, Trenitty, Gambino Family, Big Ed, Prime Suspects, Mac, Kane & Abel, Magic, & Snoop Dogg] [From the album Give It 2 'Em Raw] Assassin [Big Ed Featuring Master P] [From the album The Assassin] It's Your Thing Mercedes Featuring Master P] [From the album Rear End] Down 4 My N's [Snoop Dogg, C-Murder, & Magic] [From the album No Limit Top Dogg] Disc two It Ain't My Fault [Part 2] [Silkk The Shocker & Mystikal] [From the album Made Man] Hot Boys and Girls [Master P Featuring Mystikal, Silkk The Shocker, Mia X, & Kane & Abel] [From the album MP Da Last Don] Bring It On [Mia X Featuring Fiend, Mystikal, C-Murder, Skull Duggery, & Mac] [From the album Mama Drama] I Miss My Homies [Master P Featuring Pimp C & Silkk The Shocker] [From the album Ghetto D] I Got The Hook-Up! [Master P Featuring Sons of Funk] [From the","title":"No Limit Greatest Hits"},{"docid":"31263628","text":"Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles is a live tribute album by country singer Willie Nelson and jazz trumpeter Wynton Marsalis. It was recorded during concerts at the Rose Theater in New York City, on February 9 and 10, 2009. The album received mixed reviews, in which the instrumentation of Marsalis' orchestra was praised by the critics. Background and recording Nelson and Marsalis played together for the first time in 2007 at The Allen Room in Lincoln Center, which resulted in the critically acclaimed album Two Men with the Blues, released the next year. The album held the number one position in the Billboard Jazz Albums chart for four weeks. Nelson and Marsalis joined again in 2009 along with Norah Jones for a series of two concerts, at the Rose Theater, on February 9 and February 10. The recordings were released on March 29, 2011. Reception The Los Angeles Times's music critic rated the release with three stars out of four, and wrote: \"Ray Charles surely would have admired the inventive and lively jazz-drenched arrangements accompanying many of his standards, including \"Hit the Road Jack,\" \"Busted,\" \"Hallelujah I Love Her So,\" \"Unchain My Heart\" and \"Cryin' Time.\" Rolling Stone praised Nelson and Jones' duet on Buck Owens' \"Crying Time\", but criticized the abundance of solos between Nelson and Marsalis' band: \"(Here We Go Again) feels like a missed opportunity. Nelson's nylon-stabbing guitar is too scarce here, giving way to Marsalis' jazz band, a slick cast that rotates solos exhaustively.\" The Texas Monthly also criticized the arrangements: \"applying Willie's offhand cool and Jones's trademark reserve to the genius's hits, particularly his blistering soul classics, makes about as much sense as asking Tony Bennett to cover the Butthole Surfers [...] Here We Go Again is full of arrangements that take the wrong fork in the road. The expert musicianship of Marsalis's working band overthinks and dulls down almost every tune.\" The Daily Telegraph rated it with four stars out of five. Praising Nelson, Marsalis and Jones as well as the backing band, the critic stated \"They have done Ray Charles proud\". Meanwhile, The Austin Chronicle rated the album with two stars out of five; critic Jay Trachtenberg wrote: \"Despite boasting favorites from Charles repertoire including \"Cryin' Time,\" \"Busted,\" and \"Hit the Road Jack,\" this summit never clicks, perhaps a result of the one-off nature of the project making it hard for the musical personalities to fully gel\". The New Zealand Herald wrote: \"While they may seem like a funny couple, with the deft precision and style of Marsalis seemingly at odds with Nelson's more unkempt delivery, it actually works\". AllMusic wrote: \"With Charles' standards like \"Hallelujah I Love Her So\", \"Cryin' Time\", \"Hit the Road Jack\", \"Busted\", \"Makin' Whoopie\", and his iconic signature hit, \"What'd I Say\" all sounding comfortable and fresh. The only thing missing is Ray Charles himself, who undoubtedly would have had no trouble fitting into these shows. Radio now splits everything into little niches.","title":"Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles"},{"docid":"3685331","text":"Godstow is a hamlet about northwest of the centre of Oxford. It lies on the banks of the River Thames between the villages of Wolvercote to the east and Wytham to the west. The ruins of Godstow Abbey, also known as Godstow Nunnery, are here. A bridge spans the Thames and the Trout Inn is at the foot of the bridge across the river from the abbey ruins. There is also a weir and Godstow lock. History Godstow Abbey (see detailed history below) was built here, starting in 1133. It housed an order of Benedictine nuns. Rosamund Clifford, the mistress of King Henry II, retired here and died at 30 in about 1177. Her grave is somewhere in the grounds but now lost. The abbey was suppressed in 1539 under the Second Act of Dissolution. The abbey was then converted into Godstow House by George Owen. It was occupied by his family until 1645, when the building was badly damaged in the English Civil War. After this damage, the building fell into disrepair and was used by the locals as a source of stone for their buildings. A stone bridge was in existence in 1692 and an earlier one was probably that held by the Royalists against Parliamentarians in 1644, during the Civil War. Godstow House itself was fortified as part of the defences of Royalist Oxford against the Parliamentary army at the Siege of Oxford. By the Thames at Lower Wolvercote and Godstow is a 17th-century public house, The Trout Inn, close to Godstow Bridge. The current bridge, in two spans, was built in 1792, the southern span being rebuilt in 1892. Godstow Lock was built here in 1790. In Victorian times, Charles Dodgson (aka Lewis Carroll) brought Alice Liddell (aka Alice in Wonderland) and her sisters, Edith and Lorina, for river trips and picnics at Godstow. The ruins of Godstow Abbey were used as a backdrop in the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again during the musical number \"When I Kissed The Teacher\". History of Godstow Abbey Godstow Abbey was built on what was then an island between streams running into the River Thames. The site was given to the founder Edith de Launceline, in 1133 by John of St. John Edith was the widow of William and she had been living alone in Binsey in Oxfordshire, before deciding to found a group of nuns. The abbey was built in local limestone in honour of St Mary and St John the Baptist for Benedictine nuns; with a further gift of land from him, the site was later enlarged. The church was consecrated in 1139 in the presence of King Stephen. The Bishop of Lincoln confirms that it was Edith's money and will that created the community although she had enjoyed support from Henry I of England. The abbey was again enlarged between 1176 and 1188 when Henry II gave the establishment £258 (which included £100 for the church), 40,000 shingles, 4,000 laths, and a large quantity of","title":"Godstow"},{"docid":"15642908","text":"\"My Love, My Life\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \"My Love, My Life\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \"Monsieur, Monsieur\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \"My Love, My Life\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson","title":"My Love, My Life"},{"docid":"11143164","text":"\"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \"Rio de Janeiro\". Eventually, the track was renamed \"When I Kissed the Teacher\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \"schoolgirl imagery\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \"bouncy\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \"Waterloo\". It says the song \"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \"When I Kissed the Teacher\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is listed alongside \"Dancing Queen\" as an example of the group's \"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\" The Los Angeles Times said \"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \"expected of ABBA\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" with the Van Halen song \"Hot for Teacher\" and the Jethro Tull song \"Teacher\" as examples of \"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.","title":"When I Kissed the Teacher"},{"docid":"11693052","text":"Craig David Ross is an American guitarist, best known for his work with singer Lenny Kravitz. Early life Craig Ross was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. He borrowed a guitar from a neighbor's garage at age eight. He began playing the music of the Beatles and Chuck Berry, his early influences. Career Before the age of 16, Ross started playing the Los Angeles clubs and formed the band the Broken Homes 1980s, with Ross performing under the stage name Kreg Ross. They opened for prominent musicians including Stevie Ray Vaughan, INXS, and Jerry Lee Lewis while doing club gigs with bands such as Guns N' Roses and Jane's Addiction. The band signed with MCA Records to release three albums in the 1980s, on which they worked with producers such as Andy Johns. This seminal period gave Ross his start in professional musical work. He describes his musical influences include Freddie King, Albert King, Jimi Hendrix, and Jimmy Page. A \"chance meeting\" in an Los Angeles pool hall with Lenny Kravitz (facilitated by Kathy Valentine of the Go-Go's) led to a long-tenured musical partnership. After touring with Kravitz for 1991's \"Mama Said\", Craig joined Lenny in the studio, co-writing and playing guitars on his track \"Are You Gonna Go My Way\", an anthem that helped elevate Kravitz's career. The collaboration continued with stand-out solos on tracks such as \"Believe\" and \"Is There Any love in Your Heart\". Ross has since written and performed instruments on each of Kravitz's albums, as well as for other artists including Sheryl Crow, Mick Jagger, B.B. King, Eric Clapton, The Black Crowes, and Nikka Costa, among others. Ross co-wrote the songs \"Spinning Around Over You\", \"Are You Gonna Go My Way\", \"Is There Any Love in Your Heart\", \"Where Are We Runnin'?\", \"Stillness of Heart\", and \"Lady\" with Kravitz, as well as various songs on Kravitz's 2008 album It Is Time for a Love Revolution. He also toured with Kravitz, most notably at the Glastonbury Festival in 1999. Ross and Kravitz performed at the 2012 Kennedy Center Honors tribute to Led Zeppelin, covering their 1969 song \"Whole Lotta Love\". Ross played on The Black Crowes 2001 album, Lions on the track \"Greasy Grass River\", as well as on the band's former guitarist Marc Ford's first solo album, It's About Time in 2003. Personal life Ross has two daughters named Mia and Devon with his first wife Anna. Since 2014, he has been married to Spanish actress Goya Toledo. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American rock guitarists American male guitarists Guitarists from Los Angeles","title":"Craig Ross"},{"docid":"23815752","text":"Leonard Melfi (February 21, 1932 – October 28, 2001) was an American playwright and actor whose work has been widely produced on the American stage. Life and career Leonard was the eldest child of Leonard and Louise Melfi, who owned and operated the Circle Tavern in Binghamton, New York. In a 1966 radio interview with WBAI's Janet Coleman, he said, \"We always talked, and we always cooked together, and while cooking we drank. My father's father was a bootlegger and my mother's father made wine in the cellar... I was sort of doomed.\" He joked that he had developed his taste for alcohol by \"working in the family business.\" Melfi briefly attended St. Bonaventure University, followed by a tour of duty in Germany. Upon his discharge from the U.S. Army, Melfi moved to New York City to pursue a playwriting career. His plays tended to portray social outcasts with dark secrets spontaneously revealed in moments of great anxiety. He was among the most prominent artists making experimental theatre at the beginnings of the off-off-Broadway movement in the 1960s. Lazy Baby Susan was Melfi's first play to be produced. It took place during the inaugural season at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in the East Village of Manhattan in 1962. Melfi's best-known work for the stage, Birdbath, was first produced in 1965 at La MaMa under the direction of Tom O'Horgan. His play Pussies and Rookies was directed at La MaMa in 1965 by Ralph Cook, and his play Niagara Falls was directed at La MaMa by Kevin O'Connor in 1967. In 1968, La MaMa's Ellen Stewart collaborated with actor/producer Leslie Irons to open Corner Theatre ETC in Baltimore. Melfi's Birdbath was that theatre's inaugural production. Altogether, Melfi wrote over 70 plays during his lifetime. Having Fun in the Bathroom was directed by Ed Setrakian at La MaMa in 1968. The Raven Rock was directed and produced by Wes Jensby at Nassau Community College before traveling to University at Albany, SUNY and then La MaMa in 1969. Horse Opera was directed by Wilford Leach with music by John Braden at La MaMa in 1974. Birdbath was revived at La MaMa, again directed by O'Horgan, in 1981. Melfi contributed, along with John Lennon and Sam Shepard, to the 1969 Broadway musical Oh, Calcutta! He also co-wrote the screenplay for Mario Monicelli's Lady Liberty, a 1972 film starring William Devane and Sophia Loren. He appeared in the 1984 film Rent Control in the role of Milton Goeller. A number of Melfi's later plays were produced at the Theater for the New City. Melfi struggled with alcohol for many years, and eventually moved into the single room occupancy Narragansett Hotel at Broadway and 93rd Street. On October 24, 2001, Melfi's niece tried to visit her uncle and found his door to be locked. She tried again two days later, with no success, and became worried. The following day, paramedics arrived at the hotel and transported Melfi to Mount Sinai Hospital, where he died four","title":"Leonard Melfi"},{"docid":"1919297","text":"\"Mama\" is a song by the British girl group the Spice Girls. It was written by the Spice Girls, Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard, and produced by Rowe and Stannard for the group's debut album Spice, released in November 1996. \"Mama\" is a pop ballad that features instrumentation from keyboards, a rhythm guitar, a cello, and a violin, and its lyrics deal with the difficulties in relationships between mothers and daughters that appear during their childhood. It was released as a double A-side with \"Who Do You Think You Are\", and became the official single of the 1997 Comic Relief. Its Big TV! directed music video, featured the group singing to an audience of children and their own mothers. Despite receiving mixed reviews from music critics, \"Mama\" was commercially successful. Released as the album's fourth single in March 1997, it became their fourth consecutive number-one single in the United Kingdom, which made the Spice Girls the first act in UK chart history to have its first four singles reach number one. It was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). The single performed well internationally, reaching the top ten in many European countries and New Zealand, and the top fifteen in Australia. Writing and inspiration \"Mama\" was written by the Spice Girls with songwriting partners Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard. In an interview about the writing process between the group and the duo, Rowe credits Mel B as the one who came up with the song's concept. During the writing process, each member wrote a small verse in a different corner of the recording studio, while the chorus was finished around the piano with a guitar. Then, the producers added a gospel choir filled with the group's harmonies at the end of the song. Brown explained the song's inspiration on the book Real Life: Real Spice The Official Story: We wrote 'Mama' when I was going through a bad phase with my mum. The sentiments are really that your mum's probably the best friend that you've got. Whether she's an over-protective mother or a bit of a landmine, she probably knows you better than yourself in some ways. In the same book, Melanie C further elaborated: \"'Mama's all about how you're such a cow to your mum when you're going through that rebellious teenage stage. Then when you get a bit older, you realise that whatever she was doing, she was only doing it for your own good. And you think: 'God, I was really horrible.'\" \"Mama\" was released in the UK and Ireland as a double A-side along with \"Who Do You Think You Are\" in March 1997, timed not only for the Comic Relief telethon, but also for Mothering Sunday. Composition \"Mama\" is a pop ballad, written in the key of A-flat major, it is set in the time signature of common time and moves at a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute. The song is constructed in a verse-chorus form, with a bridge before the","title":"Mama (Spice Girls song)"},{"docid":"36074412","text":"A God That Can Dance is the second and final studio album from Los Angeles-based musician Paul Delph, released privately in 1996 and officially in 2003. Background A God That Can Dance was privately released to family and friends in 1996. It chronicles Delph's struggle with HIV/AIDS and draws its title from a quote attributed in the liner notes to Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 – 1900): \"I would believe only in a God that knew how to dance.\" — Thus Spoke Zarathustra Writing and recording The album was produced by Delph and Paul Marcus, who also wrote the majority of the material together. The album was engineered by Delph and Jim McMahon. It was recorded at Magic Bus Studio, Magic Studio, and The Aspen Studio, and mastered by Wally Traugott at Capitol Mastering, California. Both \"Eternity Spin\" and \"The Dance at the End of Time\" was written by American singer-songwriter Jimmie Spheeris. In 1983-4, he returned to the studio to record a new album that was produced by Delph, however he was killed by a drunken driver in 1984. The album, titled Spheeris, wasn't released commercially until 2000. In \"Mad at God\", the second verse speaks of Spheeris, where Delph questions whether his \"best friend had to die\", relating to the fatal motorcycle crash Spheeris was involved with. \"Breath of Life\" features vocal from singer and friend Vida Vierra. \"Mama Don't Cry\" is directed to Delph's parents. \"Kyrie\" was written by Medieval French poet and composer Guillaume de Machaut. \"Let Yourself Go\" was later used in the final scene of the 1999 US romantic comedy film Deal of a Lifetime. In 2003, to promote the release of the album, a radio broadcast on KOOP FM 91.7 in Austin, Texas, featured album personnel Paul Marcus, Vida Vierra, Doug Lunn and Andy Markley. Marcus commented: \"Paul and I worked closely on the album, we'd been writing songs for about fifteen years, and he found out he was HIV positive and then finally told me. Slowly but surely we started writing these songs that were sort of a song cycle, and we didn't really realise that until about half way through, but it was basically documenting what he went through and what we were going through. It was very exciting, incredibly sad, and always powerful - what had happened - all the recording that went on during the sessions. Most of it happened in this Magic Bus, somebody had left a 24-track recording studio on a bus in Malibu, and said Paul, here you can use this.\" Recalling \"Mama Don't Cry\", Marcus said: \"I remember when he wrote \"Mama Don't Cry\", it came out of a conversation where I said 'you gotta tell your folks, you've got to tell them', if he wanted to protect them as he's a sweet guy who doesn't want anyone to hurt. And he did, and one of his ways of telling his mother was to write the song.\"Three days after Delph's death, his mother, June, published a letter","title":"A God That Can Dance"},{"docid":"43934954","text":"\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" has been called a \"Fats Domino flavoured\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \"Why Did It Have To Be Me\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \"Happy Hawaii\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \"Happy Hawaii\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \"for the guys\" and praises it as an example of the \"professional songwriting\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs","title":"Why Did It Have to Be Me?"},{"docid":"1181494","text":"Easy rider is an archaic United States slang expression whose meaning has varied with time. History Origins Easy rider originally meant an expert horseman or a horse that was easy to ride. 1900s In the early 1900s the term took on the meaning of freeloader as found in the old song \"We Don't Care What Mr. Crump Don't Allow\", based on \"We Don't Care What Mama Don't Allow\": Mr. Crump won't 'low no easy riders here, Mr. Crump won't 'low no easy riders here, We don't care what Mr. Crump don't 'low, We goin' to bar'l-house anyhow— Mr. Crump can go and catch hisself some air! \"Easy rider\" in blues came to denote a lover, male or female. If it refers to a man, it usually implies he is unscrupulous, is a prostitute's lover and lives off her earnings. It can also mean a male lover whose movements are easy and satisfying. To the easily titillated, the term referred to a woman who had liberal sexual views, had been married more than once, or someone skilled at sex. The term appears in numerous blues lyrics of the 1920s and many popular early folk-blues tunes such as \"See See Rider\", first recorded by Ma Rainey in 1924, and later recorded by Lightnin' Hopkins when with Aladdin Records. Early uses of the term include the 1925 jazz recording by Johnny Bayersdorffer's Jazzola Novelty Orchestra entitled \"I Wonder Where My Easy Rider's Riding Now\" (later covered by Mae West) and \"Mama Don't Allow No Easy Riders Here\" in 1929 by Tampa Red. Great Depression During the Great Depression a large population of Americans driven by poverty rode the railroad system and the term easy rider (along with hobo and bum) found its way into slang vocabulary to mean a slow moving train and the men that, even after the great depression, continued to live and travel along the rails. The majority of these trains, commissioned in the early 1920s, had the letters C.C. (for Colorado Central) or S.C. (for Southern Coastal) stenciled on them in bold white letters. This is most likely where the term C.C. rider originated. World War II In the World War II era the slang term re-emerged with a modified meaning, where G.I.s on extended deployment in Asia or Europe (unofficially) employed children to perform the daily mundane tasks so common in the military like tending to barracks, shining boots, and the like, so a G.I. who employed a houseboy coasted through this work and had an \"easy ride\". Eventually young native women were hired to tend to individual living quarters and soon became lovers as well as maids. When these men left and other G.I.s took their place, the women, accustomed to the workload, would remain to perform the same services, sometimes preparing gear or a living area for inspection better than the soldier could. 1960s The term had a different meaning in the \"free love\" cultural era of the 1960s and was first applied to women who","title":"Easy rider (slang)"},{"docid":"25011865","text":"Hugh William Skinner (born 6 January 1985) is a British actor. He is best known for starring in sitcoms W1A (2014–2017) and The Windsors (2016–present), and his appearances in musical films Les Misérables (2012) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early life Skinner grew up in London and Tunbridge Wells, and attended Eastbourne College from 1998 to 2003. He lived in Perth, Australia, for a year at age four. He graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2006. Career Early work (2007–2015) Skinner's first professional acting role was in the English Touring Theatre's 2007 production of French Without Tears. In addition to his work on stage, he played supporting roles in the BBC series Tess of the D'Urbervilles as Felix Clare in 2008, and Any Human Heart as Lionel in 2010. He also played the role of Joly, one of the student revolutionaries, in the 2012 film of Les Misérables. In the autumn of 2013, Skinner played the role of Luis Carruthers, a closeted gay man who is in love with the show's protagonist, Patrick Bateman, in the world premiere of American Psycho at the Almeida Theatre. He also appeared on the London cast album, which was released in 2016. While performing in American Psycho, he began filming the first series of the comedy W1A, playing the role of Will Humphries, an inept yet endearing intern at the BBC. The first series was released in 2014, with subsequent series airing on BBC2 in 2015 and 2017. Skinner played the role of Dr. Barnaby Ford in the BBC series Our Zoo. He also appeared at the Theatre Royal, Bath as Camille in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Thérèse Raquin, and as Yepikhodov in Simon Stephens' new translation of The Cherry Orchard at the Young Vic. He returned to the Young Vic in the summer of 2015 to play dual roles in Nick Gill's adaptation of The Trial. In the autumn of 2015, it was announced that he had been cast as Unwin Trevaunance, an aspiring Member of Parliament, in the second series of the BBC production of Poldark, which aired in 2016. Breakthrough (2016–present) Skinner starred in The Windsors, a spoof of the British royal family, as Prince William which aired on Channel 4 in 2016. The same year, he had a role in Fleabag, a BBC3 and Amazon production, where he played the protagonist's hapless boyfriend Harry. The following year, he played Sir George Howard in the first series of Harlots, an 18th-century costume drama that premiered on ITV Encore and Hulu in March. Also in 2017, he played a supporting role in Hampstead opposite Diane Keaton and Brendan Gleeson, and appeared in Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Skinner co-starred in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the 2018 sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, in which he played Young Harry, a version of the character originated by Colin Firth in the first film. In 2018 he also starred in the eighth and final","title":"Hugh Skinner"},{"docid":"10862867","text":"The Princess Diaries, Volume VII: Party Princess, released in the United Kingdom as The Princess Diaries: Seventh Heaven, is a young adult book in the Princess Diaries series. Written by Meg Cabot, it was released in 2006 by Harper Collins Publishers and is the seventh novel in the series. Plot Summary When Mia Thermopolis bankrupts the student government buying high-tech recycling bins, she needs to raise $5,000 soon, so that she can pay for the seniors' commencement ceremony. All her friends (including her long-time boyfriend and so-called love of her life Michael Moscovitz) mention selling candles, but Mia absolutely refuses, so Grand-mère comes up with a solution: a musical, Braid! written and directed by Grand-mère, starring Mia and her friends, portraying the achievements of Mia's famous Genovian ancestor, Rosagunde. Mia is thrilled, yet quite worried to be cast as the lead. She attempts to drop out, but Grand-mère threatens to tell the seniors that Mia had bankrupted the student government (making them angry that she had not saved money for the commencement ceremony). Braid! also results in a new-found friendship between Mia and \"The Guy Who Hates It When They Put Corn In The Chili\", aka J.P. - Mia's on-stage love interest, who turns out to be an aspiring screenwriter. Michael mentions his parents are going away for the weekend and he plans on having a party. Mia starts to worry she isn't enough of a party girl. She even (as a last resort, of course) asks her archenemy, Lana Weinberger, how to act like a \"Party Girl\". Mia does what Lana says and it all ends in tragedy. After she drinks and \"sexy dances\" with J.P., her relationship with Michael seems to be on rocky ground, especially as Michael's parents are splitting up and he is being an absent boyfriend. Her friendship with J.P. seems to be going the same way thanks to Lilly's new literary magazine, \"Fat Louie's Pink Butthole\", which includes \"No More Corn!\" a story Mia wrote (before meeting him) about J.P. killing himself. However, Principal Gupta immediately bans the magazine and confiscates all the copies, as Lilly has submitted five explicit stories to it, meaning that J.P. never sees Mia's story. Mia's friendship with Lilly also hits a rough patch after Mia kisses J.P. (on the cheek) as a sign of gratitude for being a supportive friend and Lilly (who clearly has a crush on J.P.) stops speaking to Mia. The play is performed at the Aide de Ferme, a benefit for Genovian olive oil farmers that Grand-mère puts on. Everyone who is anyone attends, but, before the last scene, Mia is worried about her on-stage kiss with J.P. Then Michael shows up in J.P.'s costume and gives her a perfect kiss and they talk about their problems, and, once again, their relationship appears to be strong. Grand-mère also raises enough money to help the Genovian farmers and Mia, solving her problems. References 2006 American novels American young adult novels The Princess Diaries novels HarperCollins","title":"The Princess Diaries, Volume VII: Party Princess"},{"docid":"17019742","text":"Gary Michael Goetzman (born November 6, 1952) is an American film and television producer and actor, and co-founder of the production company Playtone with actor Tom Hanks. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Goetzman began his career as a child actor. He had starred in the film Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball, appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, and eventually started a waterbed company and pinball arcade. Goetzman at one time delivered a waterbed to Jon Peters's home. His exploits as a performer and a salesman inspired his friend Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza. In 1984, he produced the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense with director Jonathan Demme. That initiated a successful run as a music supervisor, on such films as Something Wild, Colors, Modern Girls and Married to the Mob, among many others. In 1991, producer Goetzman and director Demme again collaborated to make The Silence of the Lambs, which garnered the top five Academy Awards including Best Picture. In 1993, Goetzman was executive producer of Demme's Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks, beginning a working relationship with Hanks. Goetzman co-produced Hanks's 1996 directorial debut, That Thing You Do! The two then co-founded Playtone in 1998. Since then, Goetzman has produced hit films including My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Polar Express, Charlie Wilson's War and Mamma Mia! Goetzman has also received several Emmy Awards for HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, The Pacific, John Adams, Game Change and Olive Kitteridge. Aside from producing films, Goetzman has been known to play small parts in movies he is connected to. He has also enjoyed a successful parallel career as a music composer and producer, working with such artists as Smokey Robinson, Natalie Cole, Jane Child, Thelma Houston, and The Staples Singers. He currently sits on the National board of directors for the Producers Guild of America. Goetzman is executive producer (with Tom Hanks and Mark Herzog) of the CNN exclusive documentary miniseries The Sixties (2014), The Seventies (2015), The Eighties (2016), and The Nineties (2017). Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Producer Modern Girls (1986) Miami Blues (1990) Amos & Andrew (1993) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) That Thing You Do! (1996) Beloved (1998) My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) The Polar Express (2004) The Ant Bully (2006) Starter for 10 (2006) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) The Great Buck Howard (2008) Mamma Mia! (2008) City of Ember (2008) Where the Wild Things Are (2009) Larry Crowne (2011) Parkland (2013) Ricki and the Flash (2015) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) A Hologram for the King (2016) The Circle (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Greyhound (2020) News of the World (2020) A Man Called Otto (2022) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 (2023) Executive producer The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Philadelphia (1993) Evan Almighty (2007) My Life in Ruins (2009) Ithaca (2015) As an actor Music department Soundtrack Production manager Thanks Television As an actor","title":"Gary Goetzman"},{"docid":"5004236","text":"Porter & Dolly is the thirteenth and final collaborative studio album by Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton. It was released on August 4, 1980, by RCA Victor. The album is made up of previously unreleased material recorded during Wagoner and Parton's duet years (1967–76), with new studio overdubs. It was released as part of a settlement from legal action Wagoner took against Parton following her departure from his band and syndicated television series. Two singles were released from the album. \"Making Plans\" peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and \"If You Go, I'll Follow You\" peaked at number 12. In 2014, Bear Family Records released Just Between You and Me: The Complete Recordings, 1967-1976. It contains the complete duet recordings made by Wagoner and Parton during their partnership, including the original masters of the songs from this album, without the overdubs. Background Wagoner and Parton recorded \"Here Comes the Freedom Train\" in 1973, their only non-RCA single, as a fundraiser for a bicentennial train that was going to be traveling America with a museum car featuring the nation's historic documents on display. Around this time Wagoner had begun to urge Parton to write about more than her East Tennessee home and the rapidly vanishing rural lifestyle. Wagoner later told CMT, \"I had a pretty long talk with her about it. I said, 'Dolly, the people who live in Idaho and Canada don't care if your mama's got an old black kettle or if your dad has working boots. They know about love. You need to write some love songs.\" That was on Parton's mind one night while she was sitting by the fireplace at her home in Antioch, Tennessee. She had decided to write a song of farewell, which ended up being \"I Will Always Love You\". Parton told CMT, \"I absolutely remember where I was sitting, the time of night and everything. I was having so much trouble leaving Porter's show...We'd had great success, [but] we had a lot of problems. We didn't get along very well, but we loved each other, too...But he wouldn't hear me out. He just couldn't listen to me, and so I thought, 'The only way I'm gonna express what I feel and have him understand is to write a song.' I wrote it in a couple of hours. It just felt so right to get it all out. And while I was at it, I wrote \"Jolene\". A lot of people don't know that I wrote those two songs on the same night, the same writing session.\" The next day Parton went to Wagoner's office and sang \"I Will Always Love You\" for him. Wagoner told her she could go, as long as he could produce that song. They performed their last show together in June 1974, although Wagoner continued to produce Parton's albums through 1976's All I Can Do. Wagoner filed a $3 million lawsuit against Parton on March 21, 1979, alleging breach of contract. The lawsuit","title":"Porter & Dolly"},{"docid":"56756552","text":"Jessica Keenan Wynn (born Jessica Keenan Armstrong; June 12, 1986) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Heather Chandler in the off-Broadway production of Heathers: The Musical and Young Tanya in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Personal life Wynn is the daughter of Edwyna \"Wynnie\" Wynn and Roger Armstrong. Her legal surname is Armstrong, but she changed it to carry on the Wynn name. She is the niece of actor Ned Wynn and screenwriter Tracy Keenan Wynn; the granddaughter of Keenan Wynn, who she was named after; the great-granddaughter of comedian Ed Wynn; and the great-great-granddaughter of Frank Keenan, all of whom were prominent actors. Stage performances Filmography Film Television References External links 1986 births Living people American stage actresses American film actresses American people of Czech-Jewish descent American people of Romanian-Jewish descent Actresses from Los Angeles 21st-century American actresses","title":"Jessica Keenan Wynn"},{"docid":"10945301","text":"\"Suga Mama\" is a song by American singer Beyoncé Knowles for her second studio album, B'Day (2006). It was written by Knowles, Rich Harrison, and Makeba Riddick, and produced by Harrison and Knowles. \"Suga Mama\" is influenced by 1970s funk and rock music. An R&B and soul song, \"Suga Mama\" is built on a hip hop and jazzy beat, and samples Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers' song \"Searching for Soul\", written by Chuck Middleton. Lyrically, it features the female protagonist willing to pay large sums of money to keep her love interest contented. \"Suga Mama\" was generally well received by music critics, who noted it as one of the highlights from B'Day and complimented Harrison's production. However, there was some limited criticism about Knowles' vocal delivery on the song. Though not released as a single, \"Suga Mama\" had a music video filmed in black-and-white, and directed by Melina Matsoukas and Knowles, for the B'Day Anthology Video Album. It received a limited release to British music TV channels. \"Suga Mama\" was added on the set list of Knowles' world tour, The Beyoncé Experience (2007). Recording Knowles enlisted Harrison as one of the five co-producers of B'Day, and she arranged for him, Sean Garrett and Rodney Jerkins to be given individual rooms at Sony Music Studios in New York City. Knowles said she fostered \"healthy competition\" between the producers by going into each of their rooms and commenting on the \"great beats\" the others were creating. She and Harrison had previously collaborated on her 2003 single \"Crazy in Love\", which uses a prominent soul music sample in a similar manner to \"Suga Mama\". Fox News said that \"Suga Mama\" and \"Freakum Dress\", Harrison's other contribution to B'Day \"fall short of originality but mimic the Chi Lites percussion section [of \"Crazy in Love\"] yet again\", adding, \"Harrison is like the Indiana Jones of soul, constantly pulling out forgotten gems of the past for sampling [...] You can't help but think: Thank God someone wrote music in the past that can be repurposed now.\" Music and theme \"Suga Mama\" is a moderate R&B and soul song that displays influences of the 1960s as well as 1970s funk and rock music. It also song contains limited elements of the 1980s go-go and sounds more closely resembling live music than Knowles' previous recordings. According to the sheet music published by Hal Leonard Corporation, \"Suga Mama\" was composed using common time in the key of G minor, with a moderate tempo of 94 beats per minute. Knowles' vocals span from the low note of C4 to the high note of G5 as she sings on a hip hop and jazzy beat. The main instrumentation is provided by a bluesy guitar. IGN Music noted that \"Suga Mama\" is built of a \"static grit groove\", and Jody Rosen of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the song consists of a mixture of \"brute power and slick syncopation\". It samples Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers' song \"Searching for Soul\", which","title":"Suga Mama"},{"docid":"7491727","text":"Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.","title":"Dominic Cooper"},{"docid":"21917901","text":"Nuova Mama Mia Becicherecu Mic was a Romanian professional football club from Jimbolia, Timiș County, Romania, originally from Becicherecu Mic. History The club was founded in 2002 in the Liga V – Timiș and managed to promote to the Liga III for the first time in their history in 2007, after they won Liga IV-Timiș. They are well known for being the club with the longest name from the national football leagues of Romania. In 2012 they relegated to Liga IV, but managed to return in the Liga III after only one year. The team moved from Becicherecu Mic to Timișoara in the summer of 2015, but after a few time the club return to its home location until the end of the 2015–16 Liga III season. In the spring of 2016 the club was bought by a Romanian businessman from the United States, George Sîngeorzan, who moved, in the summer of 2016, the club again to Timișoara and played for four months on the same CFR Stadium like in 2015. In January 2017, the new owner moved again the club, now, from Timișoara to Jimbolia where they started a collaboration with Marcel Băban Football Academy, a well known youth academy in Romania. Honours Liga III Runners-up (2): 2013–14, 2014–15 Liga IV – Timiș County Winners (2): 2006–07, 2012–13 References Defunct football clubs in Romania Football clubs in Timiș County Association football clubs established in 2002 Association football clubs disestablished in 2018 Liga III clubs Liga IV clubs 2002 establishments in Romania 2018 disestablishments in Romania","title":"CS Nuova Mama Mia Becicherecu Mic"},{"docid":"656355","text":"ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"SOS\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Mamma Mia\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \"Tropical Loveland\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \"Intermezzo No. 1\" (early working title: \"Mama\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \"Man in the Middle\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \"The ABBA Remasters\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \"Deluxe Edition\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \"Baby\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \"Rock Me\". \"Baby\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Crazy World\" \"Crazy World\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \"Money, Money, Money\" single in November 1976. \"Crazy World\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\" Recording began on 6 May 1975","title":"ABBA (album)"},{"docid":"3239690","text":"Here We Go Again may refer to: Film and television Here We Go Again (film), a 1942 American comedy film Here We Go Again (1973 TV series), an American sitcom starring Larry Hagman Here We Go Again (2016 TV series), an American sitcom starring LaToya Luckett and Wendy Raquel Robinson Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, a 2018 British-American jukebox musical film sequel based on the music of ABBA Music Albums Here We Go Again (Demi Lovato album) or the title song (see below), 2009 Here We Go Again (pureNRG album) or the title song, 2008 Here We Go Again (SR-71 album) or the title song, 2004 Here We Go Again!, by the Kingston Trio, 1959 Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles, a tribute album by Willie Nelson, Wynton Marsalis, and Norah Jones, 2011 Here We Go Again, or the title song, by Joey McIntyre, 2009 Here We Go Again, by Red Steagall, 2007 Here We Go Again, an EP by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 1995 Songs \"Here We Go Again\" (Aretha Franklin song), 1998 \"Here We Go Again\" (Demi Lovato song), 2009 \"Here We Go Again\" (Glenn Miller song), 1944 \"Here We Go Again\" (Governor song), 2010 \"Here We Go Again\" (Ray Charles song), 1967; covered by several performers \"Here We Go Again\" (Sigma song), 2019 \"Here We Go Again\", by Danger Mouse and Jemini from Ghetto Pop Life, 2003 \"Here We Go Again\", by Dave Mason and Cass Elliot from Dave Mason & Cass Elliot, 1971 \"Here We Go Again\", by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince from He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper, 1988 \"Here We Go Again\", by DMX from ... And Then There Was X, 1999 \"Here We Go Again\", by the Hives from Barely Legal, 1997 \"Here We Go Again\", by John Lennon from Menlove Ave., 1986 \"Here We Go Again\", by Laila from Hello Laila, 1998 \"Here We Go Again\", by Marshmello from Joytime III, 2019 \"Here We Go Again\", by New Found Glory from Tip of the Iceberg, 2008 \"Here We Go Again\", by Operation Ivy from Energy, 1989 \"Here We Go Again\", by Paramore from All We Know Is Falling, 2005 \"Here We Go Again\", by Pixie Lott from Turn It Up, 2009 \"Here We Go Again!\", by Portrait from Portrait, 1992 \"Here We Go Again\", by Sara Paxton \"Here We Go Again\", by Subnoize Souljaz from Droppin Bombs, 2006 \"Here We Go Again (Bump 2000)\", by Kottonmouth Kings from High Society, 2000 \"Here We Go Again (I Love Lake Tahoe)\", by A from Monkey Kong, 1999 See also Here We Go (disambiguation) Here I Go Again (disambiguation) \"Here We Go... Again\", by the Weeknd, 2022","title":"Here We Go Again"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"12046558\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mama Said Knock You Out\\\" is a song by American rapper and actor LL Cool J, released in February 1991 by Def Jam and Columbia as the fourth single from his fourth studio album of the same name (1990). The song famously begins with the line, \\\"Don't call it a comeback/I been here for years.\\\" Before \\\"Mama Said Knock You Out\\\" was released, many people felt that LL Cool J's career was waning; his grandmother, who still believed in his talent, told him to \\\"knock out\\\" all his critics. The song takes various shots at Kool Moe Dee. It was produced by Marley Marl with help from DJ Bobcat along with LL. \\\"Mama Said Knock You Out\\\" reached the top twenty on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 17. The single was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance. In October 2023, Billboard ranked \\\"Mama Said Knock You Out\\\" among the \\\"500 Best Pop Songs of All Time\\\". Background The song uses samples from James Brown's \\\"Funky Drummer\\\", the Chicago Gangsters' \\\"Gangster Boogie\\\", Sly & The Family Stone's \\\"Trip to Your Heart\\\", the drum break from Sly & the Family Stone's Sing a Simple Song, and LL Cool J's own \\\"Rock the Bells\\\" (from his debut album Radio). The music video features LL Cool J in a boxing ring, rapping into the announcer's microphone. Intercut with this are clips of boxing matches and LL Cool J exercising. LL Cool J said in his autobiography that the idea for the song came from a discussion with his grandmother. He had said to his grandmother that he felt that he couldn't survive as a rapper now that gangsta rap was popular and he was being dissed by several up-and-coming rappers. LL's grandmother responded, \\\"Oh baby, just knock them out!\\\" She is featured in the closing scene of the music video, saying \\\"Todd! Todd! Get upstairs and take out that garbage.\\\" Critical reception Jon Wilde from Melody Maker said in his review of the single, \\\"It is rather gratifying to see this arrogant, obnoxious young feller struggling hopelessly to resurrect his career. The Roy Kinnear of the rap scene returns with more of the same bilious rubbish. Nice hat though.\\\" David Quantick from NME wrote, \\\"'Mama Said Knock You Out' demands that we don't call it a comeback. I don't think we need go as far as that.\\\" Another NME editor, Paolo Hewitt, felt the track is \\\"a vicious and exhilarating display of the man's talents.\\\" David Fricke from Rolling Stone remarked that the rapper \\\"obliges big time with producer Marley Marl's steely, stripped-back beats and his own verbal fisticuffs\\\" on \\\"the super-slammin'\\\" track. Legacy Rolling Stone ranked the song 29th in a 2012 list of the \\\"50 Greatest Hip Hop Songs of All Time\\\". In October 2023, Billboard magazine ranked \\\"Mama Said Knock You Out\\\" number 406 in their list of the \\\"500 Best Pop Songs of\",\n \"title\": \"Mama Said Knock You Out (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73788394\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Go Hard\\\" is a song by American rapper Lil Baby, released on April 28, 2023 after being previously teased in 2020. It was produced by Section 8 and Noah Pettigrew. Background Lil Baby first previewed the song in May 2020, in an Instagram video of him and basketball player James Harden hanging out; the track was then called \\\"Again (Go Hard)\\\". In April 2023, Baby shared a snippet of the music video, releasing the song a few days later. Composition and lyrics The production of the song features piano keys and trap drums, over which Lil Baby raps melodically, about topics such as his aspirations, trust issues, and blessings. In the chorus, he raps: \\\"I'm back goin' hard again, I'm shuttin' down my heart again / No one can get next to me, so they gotta put orders in / Try my best to act like I didn't care, but I can't hold it in and / I'm not into losin', I go hard as I can go to win\\\". Critical reception Alexander Cole of HotNewHipHop wrote, \\\"Overall, Lil Baby has an immaculate flow here as the melodic rapping sounds fantastic. This is the sound that fans expect from Baby, and it definitely goes hard here.\\\" Music video An official music video was released alongside the single. Directed by Never Panic Films, it sees Lil Baby throwing a massive party with his crew on multiple yachts, cruising through Miami and surrounded by bikini-clad and twerking women, before going to the restaurant Kiki on the River. The party also includes jet skis and fireworks. Baby is wearing jewelry and at one point is seen getting a massage. His baby mama Jayda Cheaves makes an appearance in the video. Charts References 2023 singles 2023 songs Lil Baby songs Songs written by Lil Baby Motown singles\",\n \"title\": \"Go Hard (Lil Baby song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68620154\",\n \"text\": \"Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \\\"I Still Have Faith in You\\\" and \\\"Don't Shut Me Down\\\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \\\"Just a Notion\\\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \\\"Little Things\\\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \\\"I Still Have Faith in You\\\" and \\\"Don't Shut Me Down\\\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \\\"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\\\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \\\"I Still Have Faith in You\\\" and \\\"Don't Shut Me Down\\\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \\\"ABBAtar\\\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \\\"Just a Notion\\\", was\",\n \"title\": \"Voyage (ABBA album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29104033\",\n \"text\": \"Nikola Pejaković (; born 16 September 1966) is a Serbian actor, screenwriter and musician. After finishing Secondary Art School he entered the Art Faculty of Dramatic Arts in Belgrade, department of theater directing. Beside his acting career, Pejaković is also a musician, playing the guitar, piano and harmonica. Since he was born without a little finger on his right hand, he is a four fingered guitarist, registered at the American Coalition for Disabled Musicians. He composed the ultimate kafana hit \\\"Haljinica boje lila\\\" (\\\"Lilac-colored dress\\\"). Pejaković wrote scenarios and appeared as actor in the movies Lepa sela lepo gore (Pretty village, pretty flame) and Rat uživo (War live). He directed the Složna braća television series and acted in the movies Mi nismo anđeli (We are not angels), directed by Srđan Dragojević, and Rock and roll uzvraća udarac (We Are Not Angels 3: Rock and roll strikes back), directed by Petar Pašić. He is a theatre director and his plays usually feature the mise-en-scene, costumes and soundtrack entirely created by him. Career as musician Kolja i Smak Bijelog Dugmeta The songs Pejaković had composed during the mid-1980s were released on his debut album Mama, nemoj plakati (Mum, do not cry), released by System Records in 2001. Influenced by diverse range genres and crossing them with witty and a bit vulgar lyrics, Pejaković described his musical style as \\\"porn soul\\\". The songs were recorded with a studio backing band, which he named Smak Bijelog Dugmeta (a witty remark on the two popular 1970s Yugoslav bands, Smak and Bijelo Dugme), composed of Saša Lokner (keyboards), Vojislav Aralica (album producer, guitar, bass, keyboards) and Dejan Momčilović (drums). For the album cover, Pejaković chose Dragan Papić's work called \\\"Žalim slučaj\\\" (\\\"So sorry\\\"). The album was recorded between 25 October 1998 and 13 January 1999 at the Goran Kostić Go-Go studio in Belgrade. During the same year, he also appeared as the writer of the Oleg Novković's Normalni ljudi (Normal people) movie soundtrack, and in 2005 he wrote the Wedding short movie soundtrack, both of which never officially released on a soundtrack album. From December 2004 until August of the following year, Pejaković once again entered the Go-Go studio in order to record the material for his second solo album, but it was not until 2009 that the album Kolja was released, once again through System Records. Pejaković recorded the album with the backing vocalists Jasmina Nunić Pera and Tamara Aralica, producer Vojislav Aralica who recorded keyboards, slide, acoustic, electric and bass guitar, Ivan Aleksijević on organ and keyboards, Neša Petrović on alt saxophone and Dejan Sparavalo on violin. In order to promote the album release, Pejaković also recorded a cover version of the Šarlo Akrobata song \\\"Samo ponekad\\\" (\\\"Just occasionally\\\"), released for free digital download at the System Records official site. \\\"Haljinica boje lila\\\" Pejaković wrote the folk music hit \\\"Haljinica boje lila\\\" (\\\"A lily colored dress\\\"), with his, at the time, girlfriend and turbo folk singer Lola, with whom he recorded the song. The\",\n \"title\": \"Nikola Pejaković\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26083568\",\n \"text\": \"Jeremy William Fredric Smith (born 18 June 1990), known professionally as Jeremy Irvine, is an English actor who made his film debut in the epic war film War Horse (2011). In 2012, he portrayed Philip \\\"Pip\\\" Pirrip in the film adaptation of Great Expectations. Irvine earned a reputation as a Method actor after he went for two months without food, losing around , and performed his torture scene stunts in The Railway Man (2013). He has since starred in The Woman in Black: Angel of Death (2015), and portrayed Daniel Grigori in the direct-to-video film adaptation of the young adult novel Fallen (2016), as well as young Sam in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). In 2019, he starred as John Randolph Bentley in the USA Network television series Treadstone. Early life Irvine was born Jeremy William Fredric Smith on 18 June 1990 in Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire, where he was raised. His mother, Bridget Smith, is a Liberal Democrat councillor on (and latterly leader of) the South Cambridgeshire District Council, and his father, Chris Smith, is an engineer. He has two younger brothers, one of whom portrayed a younger version of Irvine's Pip in Great Expectations. All three boys have diabetes. Irvine's stage surname was his grandfather's first name. His great-grandfather, Sir Ralph Lilley Turner, wrote the quotation used as the inscription on London's Gurkha Memorial. Irvine started acting at age 16. He says his drama teacher inspired him to pursue acting: \\\"I never fitted in, which led me to acting. I was looking for something different.\\\" He played Romeo along with other main roles in plays whilst attending Bedford Modern School, followed by a run with the National Youth Theatre. After completing a one-year foundation course at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA), which he attended with Sam Claflin, Irvine spent two years posting his CV through letterboxes to get acting work. He almost gave up acting for good just before he got his big break in War Horse. In an interview with CBS News while promoting Great Expectations, he described this as the lowest point of his life and revealed that he considered taking a different career path: \\\"I'd kind of hit rock bottom and really did think this was stupid and I just wasted three or four years of my life. My dad wanted me to get a job being a welder. At the company he was at, he was an engineer. I was very very close to doing that.\\\" Career Irvine worked in his local supermarket and also did web design prior to gaining success as an actor. He played Luke in the television series Life Bites and appeared in the Royal Shakespeare Company's 2010 production of Dunsinane. He was quoted in Interview Magazine, saying: \\\"My friends all took the mick out of me for Dunsinane saying, 'You're gonna be the tree'. Indeed, in my first scene, I was waving two branches.\\\" In June 2010, he was cast in the lead role of\",\n \"title\": \"Jeremy Irvine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21703046\",\n \"text\": \"Colour Me Free! is the fourth studio album by English singer and songwriter Joss Stone, released on 20 October 2009 by Virgin Records. The album was originally scheduled to be released in April 2009. However, Stone's record label, EMI, delayed it to July and again to 20 October. \\\"Free Me\\\" was released on 22 September 2009 as the only single from the album. In the United States, the album's physical and digital releases were made available exclusively through Target and iTunes, respectively. Colour Me Free! features guest appearances by Raphael Saadiq, Nas, Jeff Beck, Sheila E., David Sanborn and Jamie Hartman from Ben's Brother. Despite some criticism towards its ballads, the album was met with generally positive reviews from music critics, who lauded its sonic direction and Stone's vocals. Colour Me Free! peaked at number 75 on the UK Albums Chart, becoming Stone's lowest-peaking album in the United Kingdom. It debuted at number 10 on the US Billboard 200, selling 27,000 units in its first week. The song \\\"4 and 20\\\" was included on the soundtrack to the 2010 romantic comedy film Valentine's Day. Background and recording Stone began writing songs with Jonathan Shorten and Conner Reeves in Devon in early 2008. Since they did not have a studio or any musicians, she paid a visit to Mama Stone's, a music venue that her mother was building at an old house in Wellington, Somerset, using the downstairs level as a performance space and the upstairs portion as writing rooms and a recording studio. After noticing a vocal booth recently finished by construction crews, Stone was inspired to record an album. \\\"I woke up the next day and it was like, 'I want to make an album and I don't want to think about it, I don't want to collect songs. I want to make it—now!'\\\", Stone said. Stone called her assistant and asked for her touring musicians, who flew from the United States to Devon the following day. Along with Reeves, Shorten and her band, Stone spent \\\"an intense week of creation\\\" at Mama Stone's. \\\"We wrote the song and then we rehearsed it for, like, a little minute, and then we recorded it and then we wrote another one and recorded it. We didn't sit down and say, 'OK, how would we want this album to represent Joss? What songs are we going to choose? and blah, blah, blah ...' It wasn't any of that\\\", Stone explained. She also enlisted guest musicians such as rapper Nas, guitarist Jeff Beck, percussionist Sheila E. and saxophonist David Sanborn. Release and promotion Stone performed the song \\\"Governmentalist\\\" during voter registration group HeadCount's \\\"Get Out the Vote Party\\\" at the Highline Ballroom in New York City on 3 November 2008. The track was released as a free download on Stone's and HeadCount's respective websites. On 19 February 2009, Stone kicked off a promotional tour across the United Kingdom at Mama Stone's. The tour included concerts in Darlington, Bristol, Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester\",\n \"title\": \"Colour Me Free!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2556660\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \\\"my mom\\\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Darin song), 2014 \\\"Mama Mia\\\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \\\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\\\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \\\"Mama Mia\\\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \\\"Mammamia\\\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72568069\",\n \"text\": \"Ava Brennan (born 7 January 1987) is an English film and theatre actress from Liverpool, Merseyside, England. She is best known for her portrayal of Nala in the musical The Lion King in the West End and in Hamburg. Biography Brennan grew up in Liverpool and attended Belvedere girls’ school. She trained at the Loretta Legge Theatre School in Maghull, where she learned ballet, modern dance and tap dance, and later joined the National Youth Music Theatre, appearing on stage in London aged 15 in Oklahoma! Theatre Ava Brennan's theatre credits, including Nala in The Lion King (West End), Luisa Vampa in The Count of Monte Cristo, Mercedes in Miami Nights, Dynamite in Hairspray, Cover Aida in Aida, and Ikette in Tina (musical), as well as appearances in Aladdin and Oklahoma!. Brennan also played the female lead Angelica in Lin Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton in London’s West End, she appears as Fantine in Boublil and Schönberg’s Les Misérables at London’s Sondheim Theatre In 2023 Brennan was cast in a leading role in the captivating new musical stage adaptation of The Secret Life of Bees based on the best-selling novel by Sue Monk Kidd at the Almeida Theatre in North London. Film Ava Brennan has appeared in the following movies: Beauty and the Beast, Mama Mia! Here We Go Again, Hellboy and Rocket Man. She also performed as a singer in the famous TV production West Side Stories: The Making of a Classic and Blue Peter. Brennan plays series regular Vee in season 4 of Top Boy for Netflix. References Living people 1987 births\",\n \"title\": \"Ava Brennan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26161220\",\n \"text\": \"This is a partial list of recordings of songs on which Hal Blaine, a session drummer in the Wrecking Crew, played. A \\\"All I Have to Do Is Dream\\\" (Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell) \\\"All I Know\\\" (Art Garfunkel) \\\"All I Wanna Do\\\" (The Beach Boys) \\\"Along Comes Mary\\\" (The Association) \\\"America\\\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \\\"Andmoreagain\\\" (Love) \\\"Annie's Song\\\" (John Denver) \\\"Another Saturday Night\\\" (Sam Cooke) \\\"Any World (That I'm Welcome To)\\\" (Steely Dan) \\\"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\\\" (The 5th Dimension) \\\"At the Zoo\\\" (Simon & Garfunkel) B \\\"Baby I Need Your Loving\\\" (Johnny Rivers) \\\"Baby Talk\\\" (Jan and Dean) \\\"Back Home Again\\\" (John Denver) \\\"Barbara Ann\\\" (The Beach Boys) \\\"Batman Theme\\\" (The Marketts) \\\"Be My Baby\\\" (The Ronettes) \\\"Be True to Your School\\\" (The Beach Boys) \\\"(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up\\\" (The Ronettes) \\\"Bless the Beasts and the Children\\\" (The Carpenters) \\\"Bossa Nova Baby\\\" (Elvis Presley) \\\"The Boxer\\\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \\\"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\\\" (Tony Mann) \\\"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\\\" (Johnny Rivers) \\\"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\\\" (Glen Campbell) C \\\"California Dreamin'\\\" (The Mamas and the Papas) \\\"California Girls\\\" (The Beach Boys) \\\"Calypso\\\" (John Denver) \\\"Can't Help Falling in Love\\\" (Elvis Presley) \\\"Can't You Hear the Song?\\\" (Wayne Newton) \\\"Cara Mia\\\" (Jay and the Americans) \\\"Caroline, No\\\" (Brian Wilson) \\\"Cecilia\\\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \\\"Cherish\\\" (David Cassidy) \\\"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)\\\" (Darlene Love) \\\"Come a Little Bit Closer\\\" (Jay and the Americans) \\\"Come and Knock on Our Door\\\" (theme from the television series Three's Company) \\\"Come Back When You Grow Up\\\" (Bobby Vee) \\\"Come Saturday Morning\\\" (The Sandpipers) \\\"Congratulations\\\" (Paul Simon), track 11 on 1972 album Paul Simon \\\"Cotton Fields\\\" (The Beach Boys) \\\"Count Me In\\\" (Gary Lewis & the Playboys) \\\"Could It Be Forever\\\" (David Cassidy) \\\"Cracklin' Rosie\\\" (Neil Diamond) \\\"Creeque Alley\\\" (The Mamas and the Papas) D \\\"Da Doo Ron Ron\\\" (The Crystals) \\\"Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast\\\" (Wayne Newton) \\\"The Daily Planet\\\" (Love) \\\"Dance, Dance, Dance\\\" (The Beach Boys) \\\"Darlin'\\\" (The Beach Boys) \\\"Dead Man's Curve\\\" (Jan and Dean) \\\"Death of a Ladies' Man\\\" (Leonard Cohen) \\\"Dedicated to the One I Love\\\" (The Mamas and the Papas) \\\"Didn't We\\\" (Richard Harris) \\\"Dizzy\\\" (Tommy Roe) \\\"Do You Know Where You're Going To\\\" (theme from the film Mahogany) (Diana Ross) \\\"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\\\" (The Partridge Family) \\\"Don't Pull Your Love\\\" (Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds) \\\"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart\\\" (Dean Martin) \\\"Drag City\\\" (Jan and Dean) \\\"Dream a Little Dream of Me\\\" (The Mamas and the Papas) E \\\"18 Yellow Roses\\\" (Bobby Darin) \\\"El Condor Pasa\\\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \\\"Elusive Butterfly\\\" (Bob Lind) \\\"Evangeline\\\" (Emmylou Harris) \\\"Eve of Destruction\\\" (Barry McGuire) \\\"Everybody Loves a Clown\\\" (Gary Lewis & the Playboys) \\\"Everybody Loves Somebody\\\" (Dean Martin) \\\"Everything That Touches You\\\" (The Association) F \\\"Fakin' It\\\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \\\"For All We Know\\\" (The Carpenters) \\\"Fun, Fun, Fun\\\" (The Beach Boys) G \\\"Galveston\\\" (Glen Campbell)\",\n \"title\": \"List of song recordings featuring Hal Blaine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41988044\",\n \"text\": \"Alan MacDonald (c. 1956 – 30 August 2017) was a British production designer. He was best known for his work on The Queen (2006), which earned him nominations for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film and Best Technical Achievement at the British Independent Film Awards, and for the Rajasthan-set The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) which earned him a nomination for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film. In 2013, he designed the sets for the Academy Award-nominated film Philomena. He had also been a production designer for a number of advertisements for global firms including Coca-Cola, Levi's, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, and was the theatrical designer for Kylie Minogue's 2002 \\\"KylieFever2002\\\" tour. Filmography Absurd (1989) (short) Tunnel of Love (1991) (short) Man to Man (1992) Remembrance of Things Fast: True Stories Visual Lies (1994; Art Director) Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998) Rogue Trader (1998) Nora (2000) The Jacket (2005) Kinky Boots (2005) The Queen (2006) The Edge of Love (2008) Chéri (2009) Tamara Drewe (2010) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) Philomena (2013) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2 (2015) The Program (2015) Sing Street (2016) Victoria & Abdul (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Personal life and death He suffered from bipolar disorder. MacDonald died by suicide at his Covent Garden home on 31 August 2017, after spending two weeks as an in-patient at the private Nightingale Hospital at a cost of £20,000. His last two film credits, Victoria & Abdul (2017) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), were dedicated to his memory. References External links 1950s births 2017 deaths British film designers Date of birth missing Suicides in Greater London People with bipolar disorder\",\n \"title\": \"Alan MacDonald (production designer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58104687\",\n \"text\": \"Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \\\"Dancing Queen\\\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \\\"Fernando\\\" and \\\"Super Trouper\\\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \\\"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\\\" —Cher Cher also said that \\\"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\\\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \\\"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\\\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \\\"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\\\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \\\"SOS\\\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing Queen (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17105979\",\n \"text\": \"Mazz Murray (born 26 November 1974) is an English stage and TV actress, voice artist and singer with a three octave range. As an actress she is known for her theatre roles, including portrayals of Patsy Cline, Dusty Springfield and Vivian Ellis in tribute shows. Career She portrayed the Killer Queen in the West End production of the musical We Will Rock You. She is the longest-running cast member to be involved in the show, having been in the original ensemble when the musical opened in May 2002. She took over the principal role of Killer Queen from Sharon D. Clarke in April 2004. In 2010, she formed a girl group, Woman, with her sister Gina, Anna-Jane Casey and Emma Kershaw, debuting their single \\\"I’m a Woman\\\". In 2015, she joined the cast of the London production of Mamma Mia! as Tanya, a role which was subsequently taken over by Kate Graham when Murray departed in 2017. It was announced that she would join the cast of Chicago from 2 July 2018 until 11 August 2018, playing the role of Matron Mama Morton. In 2019, it was announced that Murray would be returning to the West End production of Mamma Mia! in the role of Donna Sheridan. Personal life Murray was born in London, and is the daughter of songwriter Mitch Murray and actress Grazina Frame. She trained at Redroofs Theatre School, Maidenhead and Sylvia Young Theatre School, London. On 18 June 2009 she married Oren Harush (born 27 July 1980), an Israeli. Brian May played a special version of \\\"Love of My Life\\\", with some new words with Mazz at their wedding. The couple live in Bushey, Hertfordshire, England. Murray is a supporter of Manchester United F.C. Theatre credits We Will Rock You – Killer Queen Fame – Mabel Rent – Maureen Pippin – Berthe Boogie Nights – Debs Only the Lonely – Patsy Cline A Girl Called Dusty – Dusty Springfield Sweet Charity Fiddler on the Roof Chicago – Matron Mama Morton Mamma Mia! – Tanya and Donna Sheridan Sunset Boulevard – Norma Desmond Television Blessed – Shop Assistant (1 episode: \\\"Who Wrote the Book of Love?\\\") Footballers' Wives – Jenny Taylor EastEnders – Miranda (2 episodes) Fimbles – Yodelling Echo The Quest – Lizzie References External links Profile - CastAway Voice Actors & Actresses Brian May's Soapbox About Mazz's Wedding 1973 births English musical theatre actresses Living people Actresses from London\",\n \"title\": \"Mazz Murray\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34081868\",\n \"text\": \"Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \\\"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\\\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \\\"the greatest showbiz impresario\\\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \\\"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\\\") and \\\"highly savvy writer\\\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to\",\n \"title\": \"Judy Craymer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57917036\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62133902\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Trouble in Paradise\\\" is a song by American-Canadian singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright, released on October 24, 2019, as the lead single of his upcoming studio album, slated for release by BMG in 2020. The track was produced by Mitchell Froom. A music video directed by Mia Donovan was released to promote the song on November 5, 2019. Composition \\\"Trouble in Paradise\\\" is a pop song about the fashion industry with \\\"general themes applied to the world at large\\\". He sings, \\\"There's always trouble in paradise/ Don't matter if your drinks are neat or on ice/ There's always trouble in paradise/ Don't matter if you're good or bad or mean or awfully nice.\\\" Wainwright said of the song: \\\"A little older, a little wiser, but raring to go, I am excited to re-ignite the darker sensibilities of song matched with a musical sense of humor. 'Trouble in Paradise' is my first offering on this typically intense Wainwright journey. We are in the deep end baby.\\\" In a press release, he said the music has \\\"a sense of sophistication and an animalistic instinct\\\", noting, \\\"After the opera world and natural aging, I can now sing at the full power of my abilities, and this record really shows that off.\\\" Wainwright also shared a song synopsis in a post for his website about the upcoming album: Drum beats herald a romp through the inner mind of a bob-haired fashion doyenne on her drive from the town to the country. She reflects on the true price of glamour, and weighs its spiritual costs while eyeing her future legacy, and eternity. The music, a nod to solid pop rock production of previous classic LA era's motors the listener on with both a sense of sophistication and an animalistic instinct. Release \\\"Trouble in Paradise\\\" was released in October 2019 as the lead single of Wainwright's upcoming studio album. The song's release marks Wainwright's first pop song since his 2012 album Out of the Game, his first single under BMG, and his first collaboration with Froom. Reception Jon Blistein of Rolling Stone described \\\"Trouble in Paradise\\\" as a \\\"clever new pop romp\\\" and wrote, \\\"Over lush pop rock orchestration reminiscent of Billy Joel, Wainwright saunters through a vocal performance that lends a lavish edge to his wry lyrics.\\\" Attitude magazine said the song \\\"taps into 2019's tense zeitgeist as Wainwright muses on the fronts we all create for ourselves\\\", and The Times said it has \\\"soaring harmonies and woozy romanticism\\\". Music Week Ben Homewood wrote, \\\"Crisp drum thwacks and a sweeping arrangement herald the first new music in seven years from Rufus Wainwright, who sounds sublime here.\\\" \\\"Trouble in Paradise\\\" was KCMP's song of the day for October 29, 2019. WXPN's Bruce Warren called the track \\\"a wonderful new song that showcases [Wainwright's] beautiful, rich voice, and penchant for writing ornate pop songs\\\". Music video A music video for the song, directed by Canadian photographer and filmmaker Mia Donovan, was released on November 5, 2019. Charts References External\",\n \"title\": \"Trouble in Paradise (Rufus Wainwright song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71791370\",\n \"text\": \"Amanda Seyfried is an American actress who has received numerous accolades throughout her career. Seyfried came to prominence following her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), for which she received an MTV Movie & TV Award. She then appeared in the romantic comedy films Dear John and Letters to Juliet (both 2010), earning various nominations at the Teen Choice Awards, and the black comedy horror Jennifer's Body (2009), which won her a second MTV Movie & TV Award. She starred in the ABBA-inspired musicals Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), for which she was nominated for two People's Choice Awards, and the period musical Les Misérables (2012), which earned her a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Seyfried received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020), earning nominations in the Best Supporting Actress category at the Academy Awards, AACTA International Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and Golden Globe Awards. This acclaim continued for her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the drama miniseries The Dropout (2022), for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film. Awards and nominations Notes References External links Seyfried, Amanda\",\n \"title\": \"List of awards and nominations received by Amanda Seyfried\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20303544\",\n \"text\": \"Here We Go Again! is an album by American folk music group the Kingston Trio, released in 1959 (see 1959 in music). It was one of the four the Trio would have simultaneously in Billboard's Top 10 albums during the year. It spent eight weeks at #1 and received an RIAA gold certification the same day as At Large. \\\"A Worried Man\\\" b/w \\\"San Miguel\\\" was its lead-off single, though it just made the Top 20. In November, two non-album songs were released as a single—\\\"Coo Coo-U\\\" b/w \\\"Green Grasses\\\"—but did not chart. Background The trio worked with the assistance of Lou Gottlieb on the song selection and the arrangements. Rehearsals were done at the Cocoanut Grove club where the group was appearing at the time. \\\"Molly Dee\\\" was written by John Stewart who would eventually become a member of the Trio, replacing Dave Guard. \\\"Across the Wide Missouri\\\" is the Trio's version of the popular American folk song \\\"Oh Shenandoah\\\". Although credited to Dave Guard, “Goober Peas” dates from the Confederate South and “A Worried Man” (”Worried Man Blues”) is a song first recorded by The Carter Family in the 1930s and Woody Guthrie in the 1940s. \\\"Haul Away\\\" was originally credited to Jack Splittard, a pseudonym the trio members used to split copyright and royalties on public domain songs. Ben Blake states in the 1992 reissue liner notes: \\\"Here We Go Again! was reportedly the first Kingston Trio album on which Voyle Gilmore utilized what was called 'double-voicing' whenever all three group members sang in unison. This was accomplished by having them record their vocals twice; then Gilmore simply overdubbed one of the tracks. This gave the group a fuller sound. Recorded at Studio B in Los Angeles, Here We Go Again! also benefited from Capitol's Grand Canyon-like echo chamber, which Gilmore used to make the Trio's instruments 'ring' like no other folk group, before or since.\\\" Reception Sales of Here We Go Again! rose to over 900,000 copies reaching the number one chart position for eight weeks. At one point in 1959 after the release of Here We Go Again!, the Trio had four records at the same time among the Top 10 selling albums according to Billboard Magazine's \\\"Top Ten Albums\\\" chart for five consecutive weeks in November and December 1959, a record unmatched now for over 50 years. Here We Go Again! received Grammy nominations in the Folk category and the Vocal Group category. In his retrospective review, Allmusic critic Matt Fink noted standout tracks in his review and called the release \\\"a very well-rounded album.\\\" In his review of the 1992 reissue, critic Ronnie D. Lankford, Jr. wrote \\\"At Large and Here We Go Again! capture the Kingston Trio early in their career, grounded in the success of their first albums and searching for new directions. Fans, folk revival enthusiasts, and the curious will enjoy this one.\\\" Reissues Here We Go Again! was reissued in 1992 on CD by Capitol with At Large. In\",\n \"title\": \"Here We Go Again!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23292628\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Here We Go Again\\\" is a song recorded by American singer Demi Lovato. It was written by Isaac Hasson, Lindy Robbins and Mher Filian and produced by SuperSpy, for Lovato's second studio album of the same name. It was released as the album's lead single on June 23, 2009, through Hollywood Records. The song was the only single from Here We Go Again released in North America. \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" is a power pop song with guitar lines and pop hooks and the lyrics speak of the protagonist's on-off relationship with a hesitant boyfriend. The song received positive reviews from critics, who praised its pop hook and made comparisons to works of Kelly Clarkson. \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became Lovato's first top 40 hit on the chart as a solo artist. The song was certified platinum by the RIAA in 2014. It also peaked at number 38 in New Zealand and in the lower region of the Canadian Hot 100. Background Lovato released her debut studio album, Don't Forget, in September 2008. Shortly thereafter, in January 2009, she had already begun writing material for her sophomore effort. The recording sessions for the album began in January 2009, right after filming from the first season of Sonny with a Chance. According to Lovato, the album's writing process was nearly finished in just two weeks. Unlike Don't Forget, Lovato did not collaborate with the Jonas Brothers for her second album as she wanted to see what her sound would be like without their input. \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" was written by Isaac Hasson, Lindy Robbins and Mher Filian, and produced by Hasson and Filian under the production name SuperSpy. The duo also co-wrote and produced the album track \\\"U Got Nothin' on Me\\\". \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" was recorded at three different recording studios in California; SuperSpy Studios in Los Angeles, Resonate Studios in Burbank, and The Jungle Room in Glendale. Additional recording took place at Safe House Studios in Greensboro, North Carolina. Co-writer Robbins contributed backing vocals. Hasson provided programming, guitars and synths, and Filian handled programming and keys. The instruments were played by Dorian Crozier, who provided drums, and Kenny Johnson, who played the bass. The song was ultimately mixed by Chris Lord-Alge. \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" premiered during Planet Premiere on Radio Disney on June 17, 2009, and was released as the lead single for the album of the same name via digital download on June 23, through Hollywood Records. It was later released in Australia and New Zealand on July 17, 2009. Composition \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" is an uptempo power pop song, with guitar lines and pop hooks. Critics made comparisons with works by Kelly Clarkson, particularly the song \\\"Since U Been Gone\\\". According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing, \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" is written in the time signature of common time, with a moderately fast tempo of 142 beats per\",\n \"title\": \"Here We Go Again (Demi Lovato song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54263853\",\n \"text\": \"The Smooth Tour was the fourth headlining concert tour by the American country music duo Florida Georgia Line. The tour of the United States was in support of their third studio album, Dig Your Roots (2016). It began on June 3, 2017, in Austin, Texas, and concluded on October 21, 2017, in Alpharetta, Georgia. Background In February 2017, Florida Georgia Line announced the tour. Opening acts Backstreet Boys Russell Dickerson Ryan Hurd Chris Lane Nelly Morgan Wallen Setlists {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFFF00; font-size: 100%; width: 59%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | header = Smooth Tour Setlist | content = Florida Georgia Line \\\"Anything Goes\\\" \\\"Smile\\\" \\\"Round Here\\\" \\\"Confession\\\" \\\"Dig Your Roots\\\" \\\"May We All\\\" \\\"Dirt\\\" \\\"Sippin' on Fire\\\" \\\"H.O.L.Y.\\\" \\\"God, Your Mama, and Me\\\" \\\"Sun Daze\\\" \\\"Get Your Shine On\\\" \\\"This Is How We Roll\\\" Encore \\\"Hot in Herre \\\"Cruise (Remix)\\\" Nelly \\\"Party People\\\" \\\"E.I\\\" \\\"Where the Party At\\\" \\\"Where the Party At\\\" \\\"Batter Up\\\" \\\"Air Force Ones\\\" \\\"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)\\\" \\\"Ride Wit Me\\\" \\\"The Fix\\\" \\\"Die a Happy Man\\\" \\\"Sounds Good to Me\\\" \\\"Get Like Me\\\" \\\"Grillz\\\" \\\"Move that Body\\\" \\\"All I Do Is Win/Fake Love/That's What I Like\\\" \\\"Body On Me\\\" \\\"Over and Over\\\" \\\"Dilemma\\\" \\\"Just a Dream\\\" Chris Lane \\\"Who's It Gonna Be\\\" \\\"Her Own Kind of Beautiful\\\" \\\"Let Me Love You\\\" \\\"For Her\\\" \\\"I Want It That Way/Can't Feel My Face/SexyBack/Want to Want Me/Bye Bye Bye/Whip (Nae Nae)/It's Going Down for Real\\\" \\\"Fix\\\" }} {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFFF00; font-size: 100%; width: 59%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | header = Boston, Minneapolis & Chicago Setlists | content = Florida Georgia Line \\\"Anything Goes\\\" \\\"Smile\\\" \\\"Round Here\\\" \\\"Confession\\\" \\\"Dig Your Roots\\\" \\\"May We All\\\" \\\"Dirt\\\" \\\"Sippin' on Fire\\\" \\\"H.O.L.Y.\\\" \\\"God, Your Mama, and Me\\\" \\\"Sun Daze\\\" \\\"Get Your Shine On\\\" \\\"This Is How We Roll\\\" Encore \\\"Hot in Herre \\\"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\\\" \\\"Cruise (Remix)\\\" Backstreet Boys \\\"Larger Than Life\\\" \\\"The One\\\" \\\"Get Down (You're the One for Me)\\\" \\\"Drowning \\\"Quit Playing Games (With My Heart)\\\" \\\"As Long as You Love Me \\\"The Call\\\" \\\"We've Got It Goin' On\\\" \\\"I Want It That WayNelly''' \\\"Party People\\\" \\\"E.I\\\" \\\"Where the Party At\\\" \\\"Where the Party At\\\" \\\"Batter Up\\\" \\\"Air Force Ones\\\" \\\"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)\\\" \\\"Ride Wit Me\\\" \\\"The Fix\\\" \\\"Die a Happy Man\\\" \\\"Sounds Good to Me\\\" \\\"Get Like Me\\\" \\\"Grillz\\\" \\\"Move that Body\\\" \\\"All I Do Is Win/Fake Love/That's What I Like\\\" \\\"Body On Me\\\" \\\"Over and Over\\\" \\\"Dilemma\\\" \\\"Just a Dream\\\" Chris Lane \\\"Who's It Gonna Be\\\" \\\"Her Own Kind of Beautiful\\\" \\\"Let Me Love You\\\" \\\"For Her\\\" \\\"Can't Feel My Face/SexyBack/Want to Want Me/Bye Bye Bye/Whip (Nae Nae)/It's Going Down for Real\\\" \\\"Fix\\\" }} Shows References 2017 concert tours Florida Georgia Line concert tours\",\n \"title\": \"Smooth Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40705751\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Wonder (Departure)\\\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \\\"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\\\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \\\"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\\\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \\\"The Name of the Game\\\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \\\"I wonder ... it scares me\\\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \\\"maximum emotional leverage\\\", making it \\\"the most intimate personal portrait\\\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \\\"translate beautifully to the stage\\\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \\\"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\\\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus\",\n \"title\": \"I Wonder (Departure)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7443740\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Wayne Day (August 5, 1942 – March 10, 2008), also known as Bing Day, was an American guitarist and baritone bluesman from the South Side of Chicago. Biography His musical talents began to develop at age 3, and at age 15, he recorded the single \\\"Pony Tail Partner\\\" under the name \\\"Bing Day\\\" at Federal Records (1957). Day recorded several singles over the next ten years as 'Bing Day' and, also, 'Ford Hopkins'. He moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1965 and began a career as one of the most listened to \\\"unknown\\\" artists in rock and roll. He became bassist with Johnny Rivers' Band. Day invented the signature lead guitar riff afterward used by Rivers in \\\"Secret Agent Man\\\". Day worked with the Mamas and the Papas in 1967, again as bassist, also playing as second guitarist on \\\"Monday, Monday\\\" and \\\"California Dreamin'\\\". During the 1970s and 1980s, Day played on numerous recordings including Shel Silverstein's Freaker's Ball. He also wrote for the soundtrack of Fritz the Cat and performed with musicians Luther Tucker and Merl Saunders. Day formed his own band in 1986. Day resided in Fairfax, California, from 1969, and continued to play locally in the San Rafael area of California until he was taken ill in January, 2007. After three months of care at Marin General Hospital, he was admitted to Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital before being relocated to District Hospital in Healdsburg, where he remained until his death on March 10, 2008. A memorial and parade were held in Fairfax for Day on March 22, 2008. After his death, it was revealed that he was the biological father of Owen Vanessa Elliot, the daughter of singer Cass Elliot of the Mamas and The Papas. Discography Solo releases \\\"Pony Tail Partner\\\" / \\\"Since You Left Me\\\" - Federal Records (1957) as Bing Day \\\"Rain Silver Dollar\\\" / \\\"Dancing Puppets\\\" - Fraternity Records (1958) as Bing Day With Danny Bell And The Bell Hops \\\"Poor Stagger Lee\\\" - Mercury Records (1958) \\\"Mama's Place\\\" / \\\"I Can't Help It\\\" - Mercury Records (1959) as Bing Day \\\"Mary's Place\\\" / \\\"How Do I Do It\\\" - Mercury Records (1959) as Bing Day \\\"Ya Fine, Fine, Fine\\\" - Apex Records (1959) as Ford Hopkins \\\"How Do I Do It\\\" - Mercury Records (1960) \\\"She Was Not My Kind\\\" - Apex Records (1961) \\\"Memphis Tennessee\\\" - Cameo/Parkway Records (1966) \\\"We Gotta Get Outta this Place\\\" - Fraternity Records (1967) With Johnny Rivers (1965) \\\"Here We GoGo Again\\\" \\\"Rivers Rocks the Folk\\\" With The Mamas & the Papas (1965-1966) \\\"Monday, Monday\\\" - Second Guitar \\\"California Dreamin'\\\" - Second Guitar With The Young Gyants (1968) \\\"Tom Dooley\\\" / \\\"We Gotta Get Out Of This Place\\\" - Parkway \\\"Memphis\\\" / \\\"It Hurts So Bad\\\" - Cameo-Parkway (1964) With Shel Silverstein (1971) Freakin' At The Freaker's Ball The Chuck Day Band (1997) Desperate Measures With Steven Wolf (2006) 20th Century Wolf, Volume I Day co-wrote \\\"You Don't Love Me Anymore\\\" with Steven Wolf and\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Wayne Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65887906\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Here We Go Around Again\\\" (listed as \\\"Here We Go Round Again\\\" on Carey's demo tape) is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released in Japan on December 11, 2020, as the third single from her eighth compilation album, The Rarities (2020) by Columbia and Legacy Records as a cassette single with \\\"Loverboy (Firecracker – Original Version)\\\". The song was written and produced by Carey and Ben Margulies. According to Carey, the song was the first track on her demo tape. Background and release \\\"Here We Go Around Again\\\" was recorded by Dana Jon Chappelle and mixed by Brian Garten. According to the album's liner notes, Carey \\\"[had] always liked it and did want it to be included on my first album. I don't remember why it wasn't, except we felt that we never quite captured the magic of that first demo. This recording is as close as we got.\\\" In an interview with Fred Bronson, Margulies revealed that their first collaboration, “Here We Go Around Again,” was recorded in the back of his father's cabinetry factory in Chelsea, New York City: \\\"It was this real Motown thing. She wrote all the verses out. We were very excited because she sounded incredible. That was the beginning of the collaborating.\\\" \\\"Here We Go Around Again\\\" was first teased on August 21, 2020, on a Zoom chat with reporters, influencers and fans to promote \\\"Save the Day\\\". On November 19, 2020, it was announced that the song would be paired with \\\"Loverboy (Firecracker – Original Version)\\\" and released as a limited edition cassette single in Japan, set to be officially released on December 11, 2020. The next day, however, the cassette was made available worldwide on Carey's official online store, included in bundles with clothing items and accessories. Critical reception Billboard writer Joe Lynch described the first teaser of \\\"Here We Go Around Again\\\" which was premiered on Carey's Zoom chat for \\\"Save the Day\\\" as \\\"a snippet of a Jackson 5-esque song that dates back to her 1990 debut\\\". Idolator writer Mike Wass stated was \\\"hard to understand how something this effortlessly charming and catchy didn’t make the tracklist of Mariah’s debut album.\\\" Carey channeled The Jackson 5 on this \\\"buoyant bop from 1990, sounding so innocent that she can barely contain the sheer joy of relishing in her own melismatic powers.\\\" Los Angeles Times pop-music critic Mikael Wood praised the song stating that her vocals were \\\"precise as always\\\" and praised her writing style saying that it was \\\"already in a tune whose darting melody evokes the comings and goings of a guy who can’t make up his mind about her.\\\" Track listings and formats Japanese limited edition cassette single \\\"Here We Go Around Again\\\" – 3:55 \\\"Loverboy\\\" (Firecracker – original version) – 3:17 Charts References 2020 singles Mariah Carey songs 1990 songs Songs written by Mariah Carey Songs written by Ben Margulies Song recordings produced by Mariah Carey Sony Music Entertainment Japan singles\",\n \"title\": \"Here We Go Around Again\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3735183\",\n \"text\": \"Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine Johnson (playwright)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22566615\",\n \"text\": \"Dave Mason & Cass Elliot was the only teaming of artists Dave Mason and Cass Elliot. The album was produced by both Mason and Elliot and recorded in 1970. The album was released by Mason's label, Blue Thumb Records. Conception After being introduced by their mutual friend Gram Parsons, Mason and Elliot hit it off and decided to pursue singing together professionally. Elliot, having released two solo albums at that time, missed the collaborative effort of producing music and Mason, who had just arrived in the U.S. after splitting with Traffic, was interested in a fresh collaboration. Originally Elliot was intended to be co-producer with Mason on an intended solo album by the latter: after Elliot sang background for Mason on some sessions the idea of the album being a Mason/ Elliot collaboration emerged. Album Despite receiving co-billing with Mason, on several of the songs Elliot's contributions are limited to background vocals, which highlighted a raspy, more raw side of Elliot’s voice. When interviewed by Rolling Stone magazine Elliot stated, \\\"I sing better with David because he's so good. You want to do better. I'm singing notes I never sang with The Mamas & the Papas\\\". The music falls into the country rock harmony sound of its time, but with a bluesier edge. Mason wrote five of the songs on the album, while Elliot co-wrote two: the single \\\"Something to Make You Happy\\\" and her only solo song on the album, \\\"Here We Go Again\\\". This was the first time that Elliot lent her hand in songwriting since her days with The Big 3 and The Mugwumps, and also the last. Dave Mason & Cass Elliot was recorded - at the Record Plant West - in the autumn of 1970 for release by Blue Thumb Records, who had released Mason's debut album Alone Together: Dunhill Records, on whose roster Elliot was, held right of release to any singles from the album Dave Mason & Cass Elliot and also a second collaborative album from the two singers. Two singles were released from the album Dave Mason & Cass Elliot: \\\"Something to Make You Happy\\\" in January 1971, \\\"Too Much Truth, Too Much Love\\\" released the following month. Reception The album was released in March 1971 and was a moderate success landing at the 49th spot on the Billboard Top 200 chart. To promote the album, Mason and Elliot both appeared and performed on The Tonight Show and The Andy Williams Show. They also performed two concerts with the first one at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium and the second at New York’s Fillmore East. Although Mason and Elliot remained close friends and both discussed interest in recording together again, this would be their only collaboration. It was reissued in 2008 by the British Rev-Ola Records. Cherry Red Records reissued the CD in 2019 as CDMRED737. Track listing Personnel Dave Mason - guitar, vocals Cass Elliot - vocals Bryan Garo - bass Paul Harris - keyboards, strings Russ Kunkel - drums, percussion\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Mason & Cass Elliot\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"948472\",\n \"text\": \"Judith Krantz's Till We Meet Again is a 1989 two-episode television miniseries based on the 1988 Judith Krantz novel, Till We Meet Again. Its stars include Mia Sara, Bruce Boxleitner, Hugh Grant, Maxwell Caulfield, and Courteney Cox. The story revolves around Eve, Delphine and Frederique (Freddy), three young women who are looking to get themselves set up in a world that changes quickly. Along the way they find romance and become swept up in war, danger and family intrigue. Events from 1913 to 1952 are included. Plot Part 1 The story starts in Dijon in 1913. Eve (Lucy Gutteridge) is the daughter of a prominent doctor, and is destined to be married off to Roger Grillont (James Langton), but instead she falls in love with a low-class theater performer, Alain Marais (Maxwell Caulfield). Alain believes that she is an orphan from the same social class as him, and loses his interest after finding out that she is a rich, privileged girl. Nevertheless, she follows him to live in Paris, where her neighbor Vivianne de Biron (Juliet Mills) helps her land a job as a showgirl. Alain disapproves of her profession, comparing it with prostitution, following which she leaves him. By 1915 World War I is in full motion. Eve meets Paul de Lancel (Michael York) while performing for the army and falls in love with him. Paul's aristocratic family disapproves of Paul serving in the army, because it requires him to abandon his work at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as his duties as a husband to Laure (Susannah Harker) and their newborn son Bruno. Laure is devastated by Paul's absence and kills herself, after which her family swears revenge by keeping Bruno and raising him to hate his father. By 1917, Paul and Eve meet again in Paris and soon marry. She quits her career to support her husband's political career. In 1930, Paul is stationed as a Consul General at the Consulate in Los Angeles. Here, their daughter Freddy (Elisabeth Harnois) starts getting flying lessons from stunt flyer Terrence 'Mac' McGuire (Barry Bostwick). By 1936, a now-teenaged Freddy (Courteney Cox) is an avid flyer and a tomboy. Her sister Delphine (Mia Sara), meanwhile, leads a reckless life with parties and alcohol. For the first time in their lives, they move to their home country of France to live with their grandparents at Chateau Valmont. They meet their half brother Bruno (Hugh Grant), who is now a political science student and a nazi sympathizer with a deep hatred for Paul. He reveals Eve's scandalous showgirl past to Freddy and Delphine. In 1937, Freddy and Delphine return to Los Angeles. A stubborn Freddy accepts a stunt job from movie stunt coordinator Swede Castelli (Denis Arndt) and is kicked out of the house by her father. She moves in with Mac and starts a relationship with him despite a 23-year age gap. Delphine, meanwhile, is jailed for her reckless party behavior and is sent back to France to live\",\n \"title\": \"Judith Krantz's Till We Meet Again\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47713564\",\n \"text\": \"Alexa Davies is a Welsh actress best known for her roles as Aretha in Raised by Wolves, Kate in Detectorists, Yvonne in Cradle to Grave, young Rosie in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and Meg in Dead Pixels. She grew up in Rhyl, Denbighshire. Filmography Film Television References External links 1995 births Welsh television actresses Welsh film actresses People from Rhyl Living people 21st-century Welsh actresses\",\n \"title\": \"Alexa Davies\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56818610\",\n \"text\": \"This article lists feature-length British films and full-length documentaries that have had their premieres in 2018 and were at least partly produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom. It does not feature short films, medium-length films, made-for-TV films, pornographic films, filmed theater, VR films and interactive films like Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. It also does not include films screened in previous years that had official release dates in 2018. British co-productions like Bohemian Rhapsody, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again garnered positive reviews and collectively grossed more than $1.5 billion in the Box Office worldwide. Small independent films like The Wife, Three Identical Strangers and At Eternity's Gate performed well in the Specialty Box Office, screening in a limited number of theaters. 2018 was expected to be the best year for British box office since 1971 with Avengers: Infinity War, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Incredibles 2, Black Panther, Bohemian Rhapsody, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Peter Rabbit and The Greatest Showman breaking £40 million at the British box office. Also included is an overview of five awards ceremonies which are major events in British film: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards. Film premieres January – March April – June July – September October – December Other premieres Culturally British Films The following list comprises films not produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom but is strongly associated with British culture. The films in this list should fulfill at least 3 of the following criteria: The film is adapted from a British source material. The story is at least partially set in the United Kingdom. The film was at least partially shot in the United Kingdom. Many of the film's cast and crew members are British. British winners Listed here are the British winners and nominees at the four most prestigious film award ceremonies in the English-speaking world: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards, that were held during 2018, celebrating the best films of 2017. The British nominations were led by Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Dunkirk, and Darkest Hour, with Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri winning awards in the major categories and Dunkirk going on to win large numbers of technical awards, whilst Gary Oldman won multiple best leading actor awards for his portrayal of Sir Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. British films did, however, notably lose out to The Shape of Water from USA. Academy Awards The 90th Academy Awards honoring the best films of 2017 were held on March 4, 2018. British winners: Darkest Hour (Best Actor, Best Makeup and Hairstyling) Dunkirk (Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, Best Film Editing) The Silent Child (Best Live Action Short Film) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor) Alex Gibson (Best Sound Editing) – Dunkirk Chris Overton (Best Live Action Short Film) – The Silent Child David\",\n \"title\": \"List of British films of 2018\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64154101\",\n \"text\": \"Teneisha Phehoma Bonner (31 December 1981 – 11 September 2019) was a Jamaican-born English hip-hop and street dancer of stage and screen. She worked with the groups ZooNation and the Bounce Streetdance Company and as a backup dancer for many top performers in the music industry. Bonner played a role in the film StreetDance 3D and danced in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again and Mary Poppins Returns. Biography Bonner was born in St. Catherine, Jamaica on 31 December 1981. She was the daughter of Yvette Singh and Emanuel Bonner and had four half-siblings, being the eldest child in the family. Bonner was raised by her grandmother until she moved to Peckham in London at age seven to be with her mother and stepfather. She began dancing at Brixton Recreation Centre, and after observing the dance musical Cats aged 13, was inspired to dream for a professional dance career. Bonner had her first open stage auditions with the company RJC Dance and attended local street dance classes, borrowing a key for its drama room to allow her to practice solo during intervals away from school. She joined the BRIT School in Croydon at the age of 16, and obtained her first professional work at 17, performing for the pop singer Dane Bowers, and appearing on the television programmes Top of the Pops and CD:UK, to allow her to pay the school fees. Aged 18, Bonner was awarded a full scholarship to the London Studio Centre by its principal, with her training interrupted by her successfully auditioning for the Bounce Streetdance Company and going on a European and United Kingdom tour of the company's show Insane in The Brain. She was persuaded to completed her scholarship by her teacher after initial hesitance to do so, graduating in 2004. Bonner worked as part of a backup troupes for commercial artists such as Kylie Minogue, Rihanna, Take That, The Black Eyed Peas, Will.i.am and Alesha Dixon on tour. In 2002, she was one of the first dancers on Kate Prince's group ZooNation. Bonner was cast in the lead role of hopeful DJ girl Spinderella in the hip hop show Into the Hoods during its run at the Novello Theatre in the West End in 2008. Luke Jennings, the dance reviewer for The Observer, wrote of her performance \\\"The piece’s star is undoubtedly Bonner, whose dramatic beauty and fluent line compel the attention whenever she’s on stage\\\", and Katie Colombus of The Stage concurred, saying Bonner \\\"really steals the show, dancing with an edge, an energy and sharpness that I’ve never seen before. That same year, she performed at the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. In 2010, Bonner portrayed the hairdresser Shawna in the comedy film StreetDance 3D, and had a featured role in the Sadler's Wells Theatre production of the dance musical Shoes. She danced the role of Kerri in Some Like It Hip Hop at the Peacock Theatre in 2011, earning her the Critics' Choice National Dance Outstanding Female Performance (Modern) Award\",\n \"title\": \"Teneisha Bonner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41647807\",\n \"text\": \"No Limit Greatest Hits is a 2006 two-disc greatest hits album released on August 1, 2006 by Priority Records. The compilation managed to make it to #56 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Prior to the release of this compilation, No Limit Records went bankrupt in 2003 which resulted in Master P selling the back catalog of the label. Today, EMI owns the No Limit back catalog. Due to no longer owning No Limit, Master P had no involvement in the making of this compilation. Critical response David Jeffries of AllMusic believes that the compiling of this album \\\"was obviously done by some real No Limit soldiers who reach well past the big names\\\" and suggests \\\"this is a great snapshot of the label that taught everyone else how to exploit the underground and released some great gangsta music along the way.\\\" Track listing Disc one I'm Bout It, Bout It TRU [From The album True] Y'all Ain't Ready Yet Mystikal [From The album Mind of Mystikal] Bounce Dat Azz [Gangsta T, King George, Silkk The Shocker, & Master P [From the album Down South Hustlers: Bouncin' and Swingin'] Gangstafied Kane & Abel Featuring Master P and Mo B. Dick] [From the album 7 Sins] The Shocker [Silkk The Shocker Featuring Master P] [From the album The Shocker] Make 'Em Say Uhh! [Master P, Fiend, Silkk The Shocker, Mia X, & Mystikal] [From the album Ghetto D] He Did That [Silkk The Shocker Featuring Master P and Mac] [From the album My World, My Way] Ain't No Limit [Mystikal Featuring Silkk The Shocker] [From the album Unpredictable] Where The Little Souljas At? Lil Soldiers [From the album Boot Camp] Soldier Party [Mac Featuring Master P] [From the album Shell Shocked] No Limit Soldiers II [Master P, C-Murder, Fiend, Magic, Mr. Serv-On, Mia X, Big Ed, Silkk The Shocker, & Mystikal] [From the album We Can't Be Stopped] Whatcha Wanna Do [Mia X] [From the album Mama Drama] Mr. Whomp Whomp [Fiend] [From the album Street Life] NL Party Soulja Slim Featuring Master P, Silkk The Shocker, Full Blooded, Trenitty, Gambino Family, Big Ed, Prime Suspects, Mac, Kane & Abel, Magic, & Snoop Dogg] [From the album Give It 2 'Em Raw] Assassin [Big Ed Featuring Master P] [From the album The Assassin] It's Your Thing Mercedes Featuring Master P] [From the album Rear End] Down 4 My N's [Snoop Dogg, C-Murder, & Magic] [From the album No Limit Top Dogg] Disc two It Ain't My Fault [Part 2] [Silkk The Shocker & Mystikal] [From the album Made Man] Hot Boys and Girls [Master P Featuring Mystikal, Silkk The Shocker, Mia X, & Kane & Abel] [From the album MP Da Last Don] Bring It On [Mia X Featuring Fiend, Mystikal, C-Murder, Skull Duggery, & Mac] [From the album Mama Drama] I Miss My Homies [Master P Featuring Pimp C & Silkk The Shocker] [From the album Ghetto D] I Got The Hook-Up! [Master P Featuring Sons of Funk] [From the\",\n \"title\": \"No Limit Greatest Hits\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31263628\",\n \"text\": \"Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles is a live tribute album by country singer Willie Nelson and jazz trumpeter Wynton Marsalis. It was recorded during concerts at the Rose Theater in New York City, on February 9 and 10, 2009. The album received mixed reviews, in which the instrumentation of Marsalis' orchestra was praised by the critics. Background and recording Nelson and Marsalis played together for the first time in 2007 at The Allen Room in Lincoln Center, which resulted in the critically acclaimed album Two Men with the Blues, released the next year. The album held the number one position in the Billboard Jazz Albums chart for four weeks. Nelson and Marsalis joined again in 2009 along with Norah Jones for a series of two concerts, at the Rose Theater, on February 9 and February 10. The recordings were released on March 29, 2011. Reception The Los Angeles Times's music critic rated the release with three stars out of four, and wrote: \\\"Ray Charles surely would have admired the inventive and lively jazz-drenched arrangements accompanying many of his standards, including \\\"Hit the Road Jack,\\\" \\\"Busted,\\\" \\\"Hallelujah I Love Her So,\\\" \\\"Unchain My Heart\\\" and \\\"Cryin' Time.\\\" Rolling Stone praised Nelson and Jones' duet on Buck Owens' \\\"Crying Time\\\", but criticized the abundance of solos between Nelson and Marsalis' band: \\\"(Here We Go Again) feels like a missed opportunity. Nelson's nylon-stabbing guitar is too scarce here, giving way to Marsalis' jazz band, a slick cast that rotates solos exhaustively.\\\" The Texas Monthly also criticized the arrangements: \\\"applying Willie's offhand cool and Jones's trademark reserve to the genius's hits, particularly his blistering soul classics, makes about as much sense as asking Tony Bennett to cover the Butthole Surfers [...] Here We Go Again is full of arrangements that take the wrong fork in the road. The expert musicianship of Marsalis's working band overthinks and dulls down almost every tune.\\\" The Daily Telegraph rated it with four stars out of five. Praising Nelson, Marsalis and Jones as well as the backing band, the critic stated \\\"They have done Ray Charles proud\\\". Meanwhile, The Austin Chronicle rated the album with two stars out of five; critic Jay Trachtenberg wrote: \\\"Despite boasting favorites from Charles repertoire including \\\"Cryin' Time,\\\" \\\"Busted,\\\" and \\\"Hit the Road Jack,\\\" this summit never clicks, perhaps a result of the one-off nature of the project making it hard for the musical personalities to fully gel\\\". The New Zealand Herald wrote: \\\"While they may seem like a funny couple, with the deft precision and style of Marsalis seemingly at odds with Nelson's more unkempt delivery, it actually works\\\". AllMusic wrote: \\\"With Charles' standards like \\\"Hallelujah I Love Her So\\\", \\\"Cryin' Time\\\", \\\"Hit the Road Jack\\\", \\\"Busted\\\", \\\"Makin' Whoopie\\\", and his iconic signature hit, \\\"What'd I Say\\\" all sounding comfortable and fresh. The only thing missing is Ray Charles himself, who undoubtedly would have had no trouble fitting into these shows. Radio now splits everything into little niches.\",\n \"title\": \"Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3685331\",\n \"text\": \"Godstow is a hamlet about northwest of the centre of Oxford. It lies on the banks of the River Thames between the villages of Wolvercote to the east and Wytham to the west. The ruins of Godstow Abbey, also known as Godstow Nunnery, are here. A bridge spans the Thames and the Trout Inn is at the foot of the bridge across the river from the abbey ruins. There is also a weir and Godstow lock. History Godstow Abbey (see detailed history below) was built here, starting in 1133. It housed an order of Benedictine nuns. Rosamund Clifford, the mistress of King Henry II, retired here and died at 30 in about 1177. Her grave is somewhere in the grounds but now lost. The abbey was suppressed in 1539 under the Second Act of Dissolution. The abbey was then converted into Godstow House by George Owen. It was occupied by his family until 1645, when the building was badly damaged in the English Civil War. After this damage, the building fell into disrepair and was used by the locals as a source of stone for their buildings. A stone bridge was in existence in 1692 and an earlier one was probably that held by the Royalists against Parliamentarians in 1644, during the Civil War. Godstow House itself was fortified as part of the defences of Royalist Oxford against the Parliamentary army at the Siege of Oxford. By the Thames at Lower Wolvercote and Godstow is a 17th-century public house, The Trout Inn, close to Godstow Bridge. The current bridge, in two spans, was built in 1792, the southern span being rebuilt in 1892. Godstow Lock was built here in 1790. In Victorian times, Charles Dodgson (aka Lewis Carroll) brought Alice Liddell (aka Alice in Wonderland) and her sisters, Edith and Lorina, for river trips and picnics at Godstow. The ruins of Godstow Abbey were used as a backdrop in the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again during the musical number \\\"When I Kissed The Teacher\\\". History of Godstow Abbey Godstow Abbey was built on what was then an island between streams running into the River Thames. The site was given to the founder Edith de Launceline, in 1133 by John of St. John Edith was the widow of William and she had been living alone in Binsey in Oxfordshire, before deciding to found a group of nuns. The abbey was built in local limestone in honour of St Mary and St John the Baptist for Benedictine nuns; with a further gift of land from him, the site was later enlarged. The church was consecrated in 1139 in the presence of King Stephen. The Bishop of Lincoln confirms that it was Edith's money and will that created the community although she had enjoyed support from Henry I of England. The abbey was again enlarged between 1176 and 1188 when Henry II gave the establishment £258 (which included £100 for the church), 40,000 shingles, 4,000 laths, and a large quantity of\",\n \"title\": \"Godstow\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15642908\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"My Love, My Life\\\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \\\"My Love, My Life\\\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \\\"Monsieur, Monsieur\\\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \\\"My Love, My Life\\\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \\\"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\\\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson\",\n \"title\": \"My Love, My Life\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11143164\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \\\"Rio de Janeiro\\\". Eventually, the track was renamed \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \\\"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\\\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \\\"schoolgirl imagery\\\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \\\"bouncy\\\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \\\"Waterloo\\\". It says the song \\\"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\\\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \\\"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\\\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" is listed alongside \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" as an example of the group's \\\"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\\\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \\\"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\\\" The Los Angeles Times said \\\"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\\\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \\\"expected of ABBA\\\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \\\"When I Kissed the Teacher\\\" with the Van Halen song \\\"Hot for Teacher\\\" and the Jethro Tull song \\\"Teacher\\\" as examples of \\\"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.\",\n \"title\": \"When I Kissed the Teacher\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11693052\",\n \"text\": \"Craig David Ross is an American guitarist, best known for his work with singer Lenny Kravitz. Early life Craig Ross was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. He borrowed a guitar from a neighbor's garage at age eight. He began playing the music of the Beatles and Chuck Berry, his early influences. Career Before the age of 16, Ross started playing the Los Angeles clubs and formed the band the Broken Homes 1980s, with Ross performing under the stage name Kreg Ross. They opened for prominent musicians including Stevie Ray Vaughan, INXS, and Jerry Lee Lewis while doing club gigs with bands such as Guns N' Roses and Jane's Addiction. The band signed with MCA Records to release three albums in the 1980s, on which they worked with producers such as Andy Johns. This seminal period gave Ross his start in professional musical work. He describes his musical influences include Freddie King, Albert King, Jimi Hendrix, and Jimmy Page. A \\\"chance meeting\\\" in an Los Angeles pool hall with Lenny Kravitz (facilitated by Kathy Valentine of the Go-Go's) led to a long-tenured musical partnership. After touring with Kravitz for 1991's \\\"Mama Said\\\", Craig joined Lenny in the studio, co-writing and playing guitars on his track \\\"Are You Gonna Go My Way\\\", an anthem that helped elevate Kravitz's career. The collaboration continued with stand-out solos on tracks such as \\\"Believe\\\" and \\\"Is There Any love in Your Heart\\\". Ross has since written and performed instruments on each of Kravitz's albums, as well as for other artists including Sheryl Crow, Mick Jagger, B.B. King, Eric Clapton, The Black Crowes, and Nikka Costa, among others. Ross co-wrote the songs \\\"Spinning Around Over You\\\", \\\"Are You Gonna Go My Way\\\", \\\"Is There Any Love in Your Heart\\\", \\\"Where Are We Runnin'?\\\", \\\"Stillness of Heart\\\", and \\\"Lady\\\" with Kravitz, as well as various songs on Kravitz's 2008 album It Is Time for a Love Revolution. He also toured with Kravitz, most notably at the Glastonbury Festival in 1999. Ross and Kravitz performed at the 2012 Kennedy Center Honors tribute to Led Zeppelin, covering their 1969 song \\\"Whole Lotta Love\\\". Ross played on The Black Crowes 2001 album, Lions on the track \\\"Greasy Grass River\\\", as well as on the band's former guitarist Marc Ford's first solo album, It's About Time in 2003. Personal life Ross has two daughters named Mia and Devon with his first wife Anna. Since 2014, he has been married to Spanish actress Goya Toledo. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American rock guitarists American male guitarists Guitarists from Los Angeles\",\n \"title\": \"Craig Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23815752\",\n \"text\": \"Leonard Melfi (February 21, 1932 – October 28, 2001) was an American playwright and actor whose work has been widely produced on the American stage. Life and career Leonard was the eldest child of Leonard and Louise Melfi, who owned and operated the Circle Tavern in Binghamton, New York. In a 1966 radio interview with WBAI's Janet Coleman, he said, \\\"We always talked, and we always cooked together, and while cooking we drank. My father's father was a bootlegger and my mother's father made wine in the cellar... I was sort of doomed.\\\" He joked that he had developed his taste for alcohol by \\\"working in the family business.\\\" Melfi briefly attended St. Bonaventure University, followed by a tour of duty in Germany. Upon his discharge from the U.S. Army, Melfi moved to New York City to pursue a playwriting career. His plays tended to portray social outcasts with dark secrets spontaneously revealed in moments of great anxiety. He was among the most prominent artists making experimental theatre at the beginnings of the off-off-Broadway movement in the 1960s. Lazy Baby Susan was Melfi's first play to be produced. It took place during the inaugural season at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in the East Village of Manhattan in 1962. Melfi's best-known work for the stage, Birdbath, was first produced in 1965 at La MaMa under the direction of Tom O'Horgan. His play Pussies and Rookies was directed at La MaMa in 1965 by Ralph Cook, and his play Niagara Falls was directed at La MaMa by Kevin O'Connor in 1967. In 1968, La MaMa's Ellen Stewart collaborated with actor/producer Leslie Irons to open Corner Theatre ETC in Baltimore. Melfi's Birdbath was that theatre's inaugural production. Altogether, Melfi wrote over 70 plays during his lifetime. Having Fun in the Bathroom was directed by Ed Setrakian at La MaMa in 1968. The Raven Rock was directed and produced by Wes Jensby at Nassau Community College before traveling to University at Albany, SUNY and then La MaMa in 1969. Horse Opera was directed by Wilford Leach with music by John Braden at La MaMa in 1974. Birdbath was revived at La MaMa, again directed by O'Horgan, in 1981. Melfi contributed, along with John Lennon and Sam Shepard, to the 1969 Broadway musical Oh, Calcutta! He also co-wrote the screenplay for Mario Monicelli's Lady Liberty, a 1972 film starring William Devane and Sophia Loren. He appeared in the 1984 film Rent Control in the role of Milton Goeller. A number of Melfi's later plays were produced at the Theater for the New City. Melfi struggled with alcohol for many years, and eventually moved into the single room occupancy Narragansett Hotel at Broadway and 93rd Street. On October 24, 2001, Melfi's niece tried to visit her uncle and found his door to be locked. She tried again two days later, with no success, and became worried. The following day, paramedics arrived at the hotel and transported Melfi to Mount Sinai Hospital, where he died four\",\n \"title\": \"Leonard Melfi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1919297\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mama\\\" is a song by the British girl group the Spice Girls. It was written by the Spice Girls, Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard, and produced by Rowe and Stannard for the group's debut album Spice, released in November 1996. \\\"Mama\\\" is a pop ballad that features instrumentation from keyboards, a rhythm guitar, a cello, and a violin, and its lyrics deal with the difficulties in relationships between mothers and daughters that appear during their childhood. It was released as a double A-side with \\\"Who Do You Think You Are\\\", and became the official single of the 1997 Comic Relief. Its Big TV! directed music video, featured the group singing to an audience of children and their own mothers. Despite receiving mixed reviews from music critics, \\\"Mama\\\" was commercially successful. Released as the album's fourth single in March 1997, it became their fourth consecutive number-one single in the United Kingdom, which made the Spice Girls the first act in UK chart history to have its first four singles reach number one. It was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). The single performed well internationally, reaching the top ten in many European countries and New Zealand, and the top fifteen in Australia. Writing and inspiration \\\"Mama\\\" was written by the Spice Girls with songwriting partners Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard. In an interview about the writing process between the group and the duo, Rowe credits Mel B as the one who came up with the song's concept. During the writing process, each member wrote a small verse in a different corner of the recording studio, while the chorus was finished around the piano with a guitar. Then, the producers added a gospel choir filled with the group's harmonies at the end of the song. Brown explained the song's inspiration on the book Real Life: Real Spice The Official Story: We wrote 'Mama' when I was going through a bad phase with my mum. The sentiments are really that your mum's probably the best friend that you've got. Whether she's an over-protective mother or a bit of a landmine, she probably knows you better than yourself in some ways. In the same book, Melanie C further elaborated: \\\"'Mama's all about how you're such a cow to your mum when you're going through that rebellious teenage stage. Then when you get a bit older, you realise that whatever she was doing, she was only doing it for your own good. And you think: 'God, I was really horrible.'\\\" \\\"Mama\\\" was released in the UK and Ireland as a double A-side along with \\\"Who Do You Think You Are\\\" in March 1997, timed not only for the Comic Relief telethon, but also for Mothering Sunday. Composition \\\"Mama\\\" is a pop ballad, written in the key of A-flat major, it is set in the time signature of common time and moves at a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute. The song is constructed in a verse-chorus form, with a bridge before the\",\n \"title\": \"Mama (Spice Girls song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36074412\",\n \"text\": \"A God That Can Dance is the second and final studio album from Los Angeles-based musician Paul Delph, released privately in 1996 and officially in 2003. Background A God That Can Dance was privately released to family and friends in 1996. It chronicles Delph's struggle with HIV/AIDS and draws its title from a quote attributed in the liner notes to Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 – 1900): \\\"I would believe only in a God that knew how to dance.\\\" — Thus Spoke Zarathustra Writing and recording The album was produced by Delph and Paul Marcus, who also wrote the majority of the material together. The album was engineered by Delph and Jim McMahon. It was recorded at Magic Bus Studio, Magic Studio, and The Aspen Studio, and mastered by Wally Traugott at Capitol Mastering, California. Both \\\"Eternity Spin\\\" and \\\"The Dance at the End of Time\\\" was written by American singer-songwriter Jimmie Spheeris. In 1983-4, he returned to the studio to record a new album that was produced by Delph, however he was killed by a drunken driver in 1984. The album, titled Spheeris, wasn't released commercially until 2000. In \\\"Mad at God\\\", the second verse speaks of Spheeris, where Delph questions whether his \\\"best friend had to die\\\", relating to the fatal motorcycle crash Spheeris was involved with. \\\"Breath of Life\\\" features vocal from singer and friend Vida Vierra. \\\"Mama Don't Cry\\\" is directed to Delph's parents. \\\"Kyrie\\\" was written by Medieval French poet and composer Guillaume de Machaut. \\\"Let Yourself Go\\\" was later used in the final scene of the 1999 US romantic comedy film Deal of a Lifetime. In 2003, to promote the release of the album, a radio broadcast on KOOP FM 91.7 in Austin, Texas, featured album personnel Paul Marcus, Vida Vierra, Doug Lunn and Andy Markley. Marcus commented: \\\"Paul and I worked closely on the album, we'd been writing songs for about fifteen years, and he found out he was HIV positive and then finally told me. Slowly but surely we started writing these songs that were sort of a song cycle, and we didn't really realise that until about half way through, but it was basically documenting what he went through and what we were going through. It was very exciting, incredibly sad, and always powerful - what had happened - all the recording that went on during the sessions. Most of it happened in this Magic Bus, somebody had left a 24-track recording studio on a bus in Malibu, and said Paul, here you can use this.\\\" Recalling \\\"Mama Don't Cry\\\", Marcus said: \\\"I remember when he wrote \\\"Mama Don't Cry\\\", it came out of a conversation where I said 'you gotta tell your folks, you've got to tell them', if he wanted to protect them as he's a sweet guy who doesn't want anyone to hurt. And he did, and one of his ways of telling his mother was to write the song.\\\"Three days after Delph's death, his mother, June, published a letter\",\n \"title\": \"A God That Can Dance\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43934954\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\\\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \\\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\\\" has been called a \\\"Fats Domino flavoured\\\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \\\"Why Did It Have To Be Me\\\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \\\"Happy Hawaii\\\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \\\"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\\\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \\\"Happy Hawaii\\\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \\\"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\\\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \\\"for the guys\\\" and praises it as an example of the \\\"professional songwriting\\\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \\\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\\\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs\",\n \"title\": \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1181494\",\n \"text\": \"Easy rider is an archaic United States slang expression whose meaning has varied with time. History Origins Easy rider originally meant an expert horseman or a horse that was easy to ride. 1900s In the early 1900s the term took on the meaning of freeloader as found in the old song \\\"We Don't Care What Mr. Crump Don't Allow\\\", based on \\\"We Don't Care What Mama Don't Allow\\\": Mr. Crump won't 'low no easy riders here, Mr. Crump won't 'low no easy riders here, We don't care what Mr. Crump don't 'low, We goin' to bar'l-house anyhow— Mr. Crump can go and catch hisself some air! \\\"Easy rider\\\" in blues came to denote a lover, male or female. If it refers to a man, it usually implies he is unscrupulous, is a prostitute's lover and lives off her earnings. It can also mean a male lover whose movements are easy and satisfying. To the easily titillated, the term referred to a woman who had liberal sexual views, had been married more than once, or someone skilled at sex. The term appears in numerous blues lyrics of the 1920s and many popular early folk-blues tunes such as \\\"See See Rider\\\", first recorded by Ma Rainey in 1924, and later recorded by Lightnin' Hopkins when with Aladdin Records. Early uses of the term include the 1925 jazz recording by Johnny Bayersdorffer's Jazzola Novelty Orchestra entitled \\\"I Wonder Where My Easy Rider's Riding Now\\\" (later covered by Mae West) and \\\"Mama Don't Allow No Easy Riders Here\\\" in 1929 by Tampa Red. Great Depression During the Great Depression a large population of Americans driven by poverty rode the railroad system and the term easy rider (along with hobo and bum) found its way into slang vocabulary to mean a slow moving train and the men that, even after the great depression, continued to live and travel along the rails. The majority of these trains, commissioned in the early 1920s, had the letters C.C. (for Colorado Central) or S.C. (for Southern Coastal) stenciled on them in bold white letters. This is most likely where the term C.C. rider originated. World War II In the World War II era the slang term re-emerged with a modified meaning, where G.I.s on extended deployment in Asia or Europe (unofficially) employed children to perform the daily mundane tasks so common in the military like tending to barracks, shining boots, and the like, so a G.I. who employed a houseboy coasted through this work and had an \\\"easy ride\\\". Eventually young native women were hired to tend to individual living quarters and soon became lovers as well as maids. When these men left and other G.I.s took their place, the women, accustomed to the workload, would remain to perform the same services, sometimes preparing gear or a living area for inspection better than the soldier could. 1960s The term had a different meaning in the \\\"free love\\\" cultural era of the 1960s and was first applied to women who\",\n \"title\": \"Easy rider (slang)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25011865\",\n \"text\": \"Hugh William Skinner (born 6 January 1985) is a British actor. He is best known for starring in sitcoms W1A (2014–2017) and The Windsors (2016–present), and his appearances in musical films Les Misérables (2012) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early life Skinner grew up in London and Tunbridge Wells, and attended Eastbourne College from 1998 to 2003. He lived in Perth, Australia, for a year at age four. He graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2006. Career Early work (2007–2015) Skinner's first professional acting role was in the English Touring Theatre's 2007 production of French Without Tears. In addition to his work on stage, he played supporting roles in the BBC series Tess of the D'Urbervilles as Felix Clare in 2008, and Any Human Heart as Lionel in 2010. He also played the role of Joly, one of the student revolutionaries, in the 2012 film of Les Misérables. In the autumn of 2013, Skinner played the role of Luis Carruthers, a closeted gay man who is in love with the show's protagonist, Patrick Bateman, in the world premiere of American Psycho at the Almeida Theatre. He also appeared on the London cast album, which was released in 2016. While performing in American Psycho, he began filming the first series of the comedy W1A, playing the role of Will Humphries, an inept yet endearing intern at the BBC. The first series was released in 2014, with subsequent series airing on BBC2 in 2015 and 2017. Skinner played the role of Dr. Barnaby Ford in the BBC series Our Zoo. He also appeared at the Theatre Royal, Bath as Camille in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Thérèse Raquin, and as Yepikhodov in Simon Stephens' new translation of The Cherry Orchard at the Young Vic. He returned to the Young Vic in the summer of 2015 to play dual roles in Nick Gill's adaptation of The Trial. In the autumn of 2015, it was announced that he had been cast as Unwin Trevaunance, an aspiring Member of Parliament, in the second series of the BBC production of Poldark, which aired in 2016. Breakthrough (2016–present) Skinner starred in The Windsors, a spoof of the British royal family, as Prince William which aired on Channel 4 in 2016. The same year, he had a role in Fleabag, a BBC3 and Amazon production, where he played the protagonist's hapless boyfriend Harry. The following year, he played Sir George Howard in the first series of Harlots, an 18th-century costume drama that premiered on ITV Encore and Hulu in March. Also in 2017, he played a supporting role in Hampstead opposite Diane Keaton and Brendan Gleeson, and appeared in Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Skinner co-starred in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the 2018 sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, in which he played Young Harry, a version of the character originated by Colin Firth in the first film. In 2018 he also starred in the eighth and final\",\n \"title\": \"Hugh Skinner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10862867\",\n \"text\": \"The Princess Diaries, Volume VII: Party Princess, released in the United Kingdom as The Princess Diaries: Seventh Heaven, is a young adult book in the Princess Diaries series. Written by Meg Cabot, it was released in 2006 by Harper Collins Publishers and is the seventh novel in the series. Plot Summary When Mia Thermopolis bankrupts the student government buying high-tech recycling bins, she needs to raise $5,000 soon, so that she can pay for the seniors' commencement ceremony. All her friends (including her long-time boyfriend and so-called love of her life Michael Moscovitz) mention selling candles, but Mia absolutely refuses, so Grand-mère comes up with a solution: a musical, Braid! written and directed by Grand-mère, starring Mia and her friends, portraying the achievements of Mia's famous Genovian ancestor, Rosagunde. Mia is thrilled, yet quite worried to be cast as the lead. She attempts to drop out, but Grand-mère threatens to tell the seniors that Mia had bankrupted the student government (making them angry that she had not saved money for the commencement ceremony). Braid! also results in a new-found friendship between Mia and \\\"The Guy Who Hates It When They Put Corn In The Chili\\\", aka J.P. - Mia's on-stage love interest, who turns out to be an aspiring screenwriter. Michael mentions his parents are going away for the weekend and he plans on having a party. Mia starts to worry she isn't enough of a party girl. She even (as a last resort, of course) asks her archenemy, Lana Weinberger, how to act like a \\\"Party Girl\\\". Mia does what Lana says and it all ends in tragedy. After she drinks and \\\"sexy dances\\\" with J.P., her relationship with Michael seems to be on rocky ground, especially as Michael's parents are splitting up and he is being an absent boyfriend. Her friendship with J.P. seems to be going the same way thanks to Lilly's new literary magazine, \\\"Fat Louie's Pink Butthole\\\", which includes \\\"No More Corn!\\\" a story Mia wrote (before meeting him) about J.P. killing himself. However, Principal Gupta immediately bans the magazine and confiscates all the copies, as Lilly has submitted five explicit stories to it, meaning that J.P. never sees Mia's story. Mia's friendship with Lilly also hits a rough patch after Mia kisses J.P. (on the cheek) as a sign of gratitude for being a supportive friend and Lilly (who clearly has a crush on J.P.) stops speaking to Mia. The play is performed at the Aide de Ferme, a benefit for Genovian olive oil farmers that Grand-mère puts on. Everyone who is anyone attends, but, before the last scene, Mia is worried about her on-stage kiss with J.P. Then Michael shows up in J.P.'s costume and gives her a perfect kiss and they talk about their problems, and, once again, their relationship appears to be strong. Grand-mère also raises enough money to help the Genovian farmers and Mia, solving her problems. References 2006 American novels American young adult novels The Princess Diaries novels HarperCollins\",\n \"title\": \"The Princess Diaries, Volume VII: Party Princess\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17019742\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Michael Goetzman (born November 6, 1952) is an American film and television producer and actor, and co-founder of the production company Playtone with actor Tom Hanks. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Goetzman began his career as a child actor. He had starred in the film Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball, appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, and eventually started a waterbed company and pinball arcade. Goetzman at one time delivered a waterbed to Jon Peters's home. His exploits as a performer and a salesman inspired his friend Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza. In 1984, he produced the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense with director Jonathan Demme. That initiated a successful run as a music supervisor, on such films as Something Wild, Colors, Modern Girls and Married to the Mob, among many others. In 1991, producer Goetzman and director Demme again collaborated to make The Silence of the Lambs, which garnered the top five Academy Awards including Best Picture. In 1993, Goetzman was executive producer of Demme's Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks, beginning a working relationship with Hanks. Goetzman co-produced Hanks's 1996 directorial debut, That Thing You Do! The two then co-founded Playtone in 1998. Since then, Goetzman has produced hit films including My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Polar Express, Charlie Wilson's War and Mamma Mia! Goetzman has also received several Emmy Awards for HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, The Pacific, John Adams, Game Change and Olive Kitteridge. Aside from producing films, Goetzman has been known to play small parts in movies he is connected to. He has also enjoyed a successful parallel career as a music composer and producer, working with such artists as Smokey Robinson, Natalie Cole, Jane Child, Thelma Houston, and The Staples Singers. He currently sits on the National board of directors for the Producers Guild of America. Goetzman is executive producer (with Tom Hanks and Mark Herzog) of the CNN exclusive documentary miniseries The Sixties (2014), The Seventies (2015), The Eighties (2016), and The Nineties (2017). Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Producer Modern Girls (1986) Miami Blues (1990) Amos & Andrew (1993) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) That Thing You Do! (1996) Beloved (1998) My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) The Polar Express (2004) The Ant Bully (2006) Starter for 10 (2006) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) The Great Buck Howard (2008) Mamma Mia! (2008) City of Ember (2008) Where the Wild Things Are (2009) Larry Crowne (2011) Parkland (2013) Ricki and the Flash (2015) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) A Hologram for the King (2016) The Circle (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Greyhound (2020) News of the World (2020) A Man Called Otto (2022) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 (2023) Executive producer The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Philadelphia (1993) Evan Almighty (2007) My Life in Ruins (2009) Ithaca (2015) As an actor Music department Soundtrack Production manager Thanks Television As an actor\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Goetzman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5004236\",\n \"text\": \"Porter & Dolly is the thirteenth and final collaborative studio album by Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton. It was released on August 4, 1980, by RCA Victor. The album is made up of previously unreleased material recorded during Wagoner and Parton's duet years (1967–76), with new studio overdubs. It was released as part of a settlement from legal action Wagoner took against Parton following her departure from his band and syndicated television series. Two singles were released from the album. \\\"Making Plans\\\" peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and \\\"If You Go, I'll Follow You\\\" peaked at number 12. In 2014, Bear Family Records released Just Between You and Me: The Complete Recordings, 1967-1976. It contains the complete duet recordings made by Wagoner and Parton during their partnership, including the original masters of the songs from this album, without the overdubs. Background Wagoner and Parton recorded \\\"Here Comes the Freedom Train\\\" in 1973, their only non-RCA single, as a fundraiser for a bicentennial train that was going to be traveling America with a museum car featuring the nation's historic documents on display. Around this time Wagoner had begun to urge Parton to write about more than her East Tennessee home and the rapidly vanishing rural lifestyle. Wagoner later told CMT, \\\"I had a pretty long talk with her about it. I said, 'Dolly, the people who live in Idaho and Canada don't care if your mama's got an old black kettle or if your dad has working boots. They know about love. You need to write some love songs.\\\" That was on Parton's mind one night while she was sitting by the fireplace at her home in Antioch, Tennessee. She had decided to write a song of farewell, which ended up being \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\". Parton told CMT, \\\"I absolutely remember where I was sitting, the time of night and everything. I was having so much trouble leaving Porter's show...We'd had great success, [but] we had a lot of problems. We didn't get along very well, but we loved each other, too...But he wouldn't hear me out. He just couldn't listen to me, and so I thought, 'The only way I'm gonna express what I feel and have him understand is to write a song.' I wrote it in a couple of hours. It just felt so right to get it all out. And while I was at it, I wrote \\\"Jolene\\\". A lot of people don't know that I wrote those two songs on the same night, the same writing session.\\\" The next day Parton went to Wagoner's office and sang \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" for him. Wagoner told her she could go, as long as he could produce that song. They performed their last show together in June 1974, although Wagoner continued to produce Parton's albums through 1976's All I Can Do. Wagoner filed a $3 million lawsuit against Parton on March 21, 1979, alleging breach of contract. The lawsuit\",\n \"title\": \"Porter & Dolly\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56756552\",\n \"text\": \"Jessica Keenan Wynn (born Jessica Keenan Armstrong; June 12, 1986) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Heather Chandler in the off-Broadway production of Heathers: The Musical and Young Tanya in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Personal life Wynn is the daughter of Edwyna \\\"Wynnie\\\" Wynn and Roger Armstrong. Her legal surname is Armstrong, but she changed it to carry on the Wynn name. She is the niece of actor Ned Wynn and screenwriter Tracy Keenan Wynn; the granddaughter of Keenan Wynn, who she was named after; the great-granddaughter of comedian Ed Wynn; and the great-great-granddaughter of Frank Keenan, all of whom were prominent actors. Stage performances Filmography Film Television References External links 1986 births Living people American stage actresses American film actresses American people of Czech-Jewish descent American people of Romanian-Jewish descent Actresses from Los Angeles 21st-century American actresses\",\n \"title\": \"Jessica Keenan Wynn\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10945301\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Suga Mama\\\" is a song by American singer Beyoncé Knowles for her second studio album, B'Day (2006). It was written by Knowles, Rich Harrison, and Makeba Riddick, and produced by Harrison and Knowles. \\\"Suga Mama\\\" is influenced by 1970s funk and rock music. An R&B and soul song, \\\"Suga Mama\\\" is built on a hip hop and jazzy beat, and samples Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers' song \\\"Searching for Soul\\\", written by Chuck Middleton. Lyrically, it features the female protagonist willing to pay large sums of money to keep her love interest contented. \\\"Suga Mama\\\" was generally well received by music critics, who noted it as one of the highlights from B'Day and complimented Harrison's production. However, there was some limited criticism about Knowles' vocal delivery on the song. Though not released as a single, \\\"Suga Mama\\\" had a music video filmed in black-and-white, and directed by Melina Matsoukas and Knowles, for the B'Day Anthology Video Album. It received a limited release to British music TV channels. \\\"Suga Mama\\\" was added on the set list of Knowles' world tour, The Beyoncé Experience (2007). Recording Knowles enlisted Harrison as one of the five co-producers of B'Day, and she arranged for him, Sean Garrett and Rodney Jerkins to be given individual rooms at Sony Music Studios in New York City. Knowles said she fostered \\\"healthy competition\\\" between the producers by going into each of their rooms and commenting on the \\\"great beats\\\" the others were creating. She and Harrison had previously collaborated on her 2003 single \\\"Crazy in Love\\\", which uses a prominent soul music sample in a similar manner to \\\"Suga Mama\\\". Fox News said that \\\"Suga Mama\\\" and \\\"Freakum Dress\\\", Harrison's other contribution to B'Day \\\"fall short of originality but mimic the Chi Lites percussion section [of \\\"Crazy in Love\\\"] yet again\\\", adding, \\\"Harrison is like the Indiana Jones of soul, constantly pulling out forgotten gems of the past for sampling [...] You can't help but think: Thank God someone wrote music in the past that can be repurposed now.\\\" Music and theme \\\"Suga Mama\\\" is a moderate R&B and soul song that displays influences of the 1960s as well as 1970s funk and rock music. It also song contains limited elements of the 1980s go-go and sounds more closely resembling live music than Knowles' previous recordings. According to the sheet music published by Hal Leonard Corporation, \\\"Suga Mama\\\" was composed using common time in the key of G minor, with a moderate tempo of 94 beats per minute. Knowles' vocals span from the low note of C4 to the high note of G5 as she sings on a hip hop and jazzy beat. The main instrumentation is provided by a bluesy guitar. IGN Music noted that \\\"Suga Mama\\\" is built of a \\\"static grit groove\\\", and Jody Rosen of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the song consists of a mixture of \\\"brute power and slick syncopation\\\". It samples Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers' song \\\"Searching for Soul\\\", which\",\n \"title\": \"Suga Mama\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7491727\",\n \"text\": \"Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.\",\n \"title\": \"Dominic Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21917901\",\n \"text\": \"Nuova Mama Mia Becicherecu Mic was a Romanian professional football club from Jimbolia, Timiș County, Romania, originally from Becicherecu Mic. History The club was founded in 2002 in the Liga V – Timiș and managed to promote to the Liga III for the first time in their history in 2007, after they won Liga IV-Timiș. They are well known for being the club with the longest name from the national football leagues of Romania. In 2012 they relegated to Liga IV, but managed to return in the Liga III after only one year. The team moved from Becicherecu Mic to Timișoara in the summer of 2015, but after a few time the club return to its home location until the end of the 2015–16 Liga III season. In the spring of 2016 the club was bought by a Romanian businessman from the United States, George Sîngeorzan, who moved, in the summer of 2016, the club again to Timișoara and played for four months on the same CFR Stadium like in 2015. In January 2017, the new owner moved again the club, now, from Timișoara to Jimbolia where they started a collaboration with Marcel Băban Football Academy, a well known youth academy in Romania. Honours Liga III Runners-up (2): 2013–14, 2014–15 Liga IV – Timiș County Winners (2): 2006–07, 2012–13 References Defunct football clubs in Romania Football clubs in Timiș County Association football clubs established in 2002 Association football clubs disestablished in 2018 Liga III clubs Liga IV clubs 2002 establishments in Romania 2018 disestablishments in Romania\",\n \"title\": \"CS Nuova Mama Mia Becicherecu Mic\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"656355\",\n \"text\": \"ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \\\"SOS\\\", \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" and \\\"Mamma Mia\\\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \\\"Waterloo\\\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \\\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\\\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" shortly after. \\\"SOS\\\" and \\\"Mamma Mia\\\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \\\"Tropical Loveland\\\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \\\"Intermezzo No. 1\\\" (early working title: \\\"Mama\\\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \\\"Man in the Middle\\\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \\\"The ABBA Remasters\\\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \\\"Deluxe Edition\\\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \\\"Bang-A-Boomerang\\\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \\\"Baby\\\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \\\"Rock Me\\\". \\\"Baby\\\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \\\"Crazy World\\\" \\\"Crazy World\\\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \\\"Money, Money, Money\\\" single in November 1976. \\\"Crazy World\\\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \\\"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\\\" \\\"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\\\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \\\"Thank You for the Music\\\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \\\"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\\\" Recording began on 6 May 1975\",\n \"title\": \"ABBA (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3239690\",\n \"text\": \"Here We Go Again may refer to: Film and television Here We Go Again (film), a 1942 American comedy film Here We Go Again (1973 TV series), an American sitcom starring Larry Hagman Here We Go Again (2016 TV series), an American sitcom starring LaToya Luckett and Wendy Raquel Robinson Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, a 2018 British-American jukebox musical film sequel based on the music of ABBA Music Albums Here We Go Again (Demi Lovato album) or the title song (see below), 2009 Here We Go Again (pureNRG album) or the title song, 2008 Here We Go Again (SR-71 album) or the title song, 2004 Here We Go Again!, by the Kingston Trio, 1959 Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles, a tribute album by Willie Nelson, Wynton Marsalis, and Norah Jones, 2011 Here We Go Again, or the title song, by Joey McIntyre, 2009 Here We Go Again, by Red Steagall, 2007 Here We Go Again, an EP by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 1995 Songs \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" (Aretha Franklin song), 1998 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" (Demi Lovato song), 2009 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" (Glenn Miller song), 1944 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" (Governor song), 2010 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" (Ray Charles song), 1967; covered by several performers \\\"Here We Go Again\\\" (Sigma song), 2019 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Danger Mouse and Jemini from Ghetto Pop Life, 2003 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Dave Mason and Cass Elliot from Dave Mason & Cass Elliot, 1971 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince from He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper, 1988 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by DMX from ... And Then There Was X, 1999 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by the Hives from Barely Legal, 1997 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by John Lennon from Menlove Ave., 1986 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Laila from Hello Laila, 1998 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Marshmello from Joytime III, 2019 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by New Found Glory from Tip of the Iceberg, 2008 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Operation Ivy from Energy, 1989 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Paramore from All We Know Is Falling, 2005 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Pixie Lott from Turn It Up, 2009 \\\"Here We Go Again!\\\", by Portrait from Portrait, 1992 \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Sara Paxton \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", by Subnoize Souljaz from Droppin Bombs, 2006 \\\"Here We Go Again (Bump 2000)\\\", by Kottonmouth Kings from High Society, 2000 \\\"Here We Go Again (I Love Lake Tahoe)\\\", by A from Monkey Kong, 1999 See also Here We Go (disambiguation) Here I Go Again (disambiguation) \\\"Here We Go... Again\\\", by the Weeknd, 2022\",\n \"title\": \"Here We Go Again\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Ol Parker"],"string":"[\n \"Ol Parker\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":99,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_57366"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who sang the original version of rockin robin"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"6796603","text":"Bob & Earl were an American music singing duo in the 1960s, best known for writing and recording the original version of \"Harlem Shuffle\". Career The original duo were Bobby Byrd and Earl Nelson. They had both been members of The Hollywood Flames, a prolific doo-wop group in Los Angeles, California whose major hit was \"Buzz-Buzz-Buzz\" in 1958, on which Nelson sang lead. By 1957, Byrd had started a parallel solo career, writing and recording for contractual reasons as Bobby Day. He wrote and recorded the original version of \"Little Bitty Pretty One\", and had a hit of his own with \"Rockin' Robin\" (1958). In 1957, Day/Byrd and Nelson began recording together as Bob & Earl, on the Class record label. However, these releases had relatively little success, and Day/Byrd restarted his solo career. In 1962, Nelson recruited a second \"Bob\", Bobby Relf, who also used the stage names of Bobby Garrett and Bobby Valentino. Relf had already led several Los Angeles based acts in his career, including the Laurels, the Upfronts, and Valentino and the Lovers. The latter two groups also featured the then pianist and bass singer Barry White. This duo of Relf and Nelson recorded several singles for different labels, before \"Harlem Shuffle\" in 1963. The song was written by Relf and Nelson, arranged by Gene Page, and produced by Fred Smith. It was based on a number called \"Slauson Shuffletime\" (named after a boulevard in Los Angeles) by another Los Angeles singer, Round Robin. When released on the Marc label, \"Harlem Shuffle\" became a modest hit on the US Billboard chart. However, its main success came as late as 1969, when it was re-released in the UK and became a Top Ten hit there. Reportedly, George Harrison called it his favorite record of all time. In 1964, the duo signed to Loma Records. They recorded for the label but no singles were released. By 1965, Nelson had achieved further success as a solo artist under the alias of Jackie Lee with \"The Duck\", a hit dance record which reached No. 14 in the U.S. When \"Harlem Shuffle\" became successful on reissue, Nelson and Relf reunited as Bob & Earl to tour. The duo split up for the last time in the early 1970s. Relf composed the song \"Bring Back My Yesterday\", recorded by Barry White on his first 20th Century Records album, 1973's I've Got So Much to Give. Discography Studio albums Harlem Shuffle (1964) Bob & Earl (1969) Singles References External links Obituary of Earl Nelson in The Independent, 30 July 2008 Bob and Earl Bob and Earl Class Records artists Sue Records artists Bob and Earl Loma Records artists Uni Records artists Jay Boy artists Musical groups established in 1957 Rhythm and blues duos Musical groups from Los Angeles American rhythm and blues musical groups American soul musical groups 1957 establishments in California","title":"Bob & Earl"},{"docid":"1561855","text":"Robert James Byrd (July 1, 1930 – July 27, 1990), known by the stage name Bobby Day, was an American singer, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, and songwriter. He is best known for his hit record \"Rockin' Robin\", written by Leon René under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. Day also wrote the top-10 Billboard hits \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" (1957, Thurston Harris) and \"Over and Over\" (1965, the Dave Clark Five). Biography Born in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, Day moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 15. His first recording was \"Young Girl\" in 1949 in the R&B group the Hollywood Flames, released in 1950 on the Selective Label. He went several years with minor musical success limited to the West Coast. He recorded under numerous other names: The Jets, The Voices, The Sounds, The Crescendos, and as the original \"Bob\" in the duo Bob & Earl with singer Earl Nelson. As a member of the Flames, he used the stage name Bobby Day. His penned song, \"Buzz Buzz Buzz\" was that outfit's first and biggest success. In 1957, Day formed his own band called the Satellites, following which he recorded three songs that are seen today as rock and roll classics. Day's best known songwriting efforts were \"Over and Over\", later made popular by the Dave Clark Five in 1965, and \"Little Bitty Pretty One\", popularized by Thurston Harris in 1957, Frankie Lymon in 1960, Clyde McPhatter in 1962, and the Jackson Five in 1972. However, Day is most remembered for his 1958 solo recording of the Hot 100 No. 2 hit, \"Rockin' Robin\", written by Leon Rene under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold record. \"Rockin' Robin\" was covered by Bob Luman at Town Hall Party on October 28, 1958, the Hollies in 1964, Gene Vincent in 1969, Michael Jackson in 1972, Lolly in 1999, and by McFly in 2006. In 2012–2013, his uncharted recording, \"Beep-Beep-Beep\", was the musical soundtrack for a Kia Sorento television commercial shown nationwide in the US. Day died of prostate cancer on 27 July 1990, at the age of 60, and is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Discography Albums Rockin' with Robin (1959) The Best of Bobby Day (1984) The Original Rockin' Robin (1987) The Great Bobby Day (1994) Rockin' Robin (1994) The Best of Bobby Day (2001) The Very Best Of (2016) Robins, Bluebirds, Buzzards & Orioles - The Bobby Day Story (2021) Singles Television appearances The Dick Clark Show (two episodes) (1958) American Bandstand (four episodes) (1958) The Cinnamon Cinder Show (1963) The Midnight Special (1973) References External links 1930 births 1990 deaths African-American male songwriters American rhythm and blues singers American rock singers American soul singers Songwriters from Texas Jamie Records artists RCA Victor artists Class Records artists Rock and roll musicians Sue Records artists Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City 20th-century African-American male singers 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American","title":"Bobby Day"},{"docid":"12091179","text":"The Hollywood Flames were an American R&B vocal group in the 1950s, best known for their No. 11 hit \"Buzz-Buzz-Buzz\" in 1957. Early years They formed as The Flames in 1949, in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, at a talent show where members of various high school groups got together. The original members were Bobby Byrd (lead), David Ford, Curlee Dinkins and Willie Ray Rockwell. Rockwell was replaced by Clyde Tillis, and Ford sometimes sang lead. Their first paying gig was at Johnny Otis's Barrelhouse Club. They first recorded in 1950 for the Selective label, and the following year, billed as The Hollywood Four Flames, released \"Tabarin\", a song written by Murry Wilson (father of The Beach Boys). They later recorded another Wilson song, \"I'll Hide My Tears\". Bands and recordings Over the years the group, under various names, is believed to have recorded for about nineteen different record labels, including Aladdin and Specialty. Although they had no big hits for several years, they were a successful local act in the Los Angeles area. The group also had a series of personnel changes, with Rockwell being replaced by Gaynel Hodge, and for a short while Dinkins being replaced by Curtis Williams. Hodge and Williams, with Jesse Belvin, were co-writers of The Penguins' \"Earth Angel\". In 1953, they released the sketch for this song \"I Know\" on the label Swing Time. Believed to be the first song to present the 6/8 piano-attacca known from later '50s hits such as \"Only You\" and \"Ain't That a Shame\". By 1954, the group were usually billed as The Hollywood Flames, but also recorded as The Turks, The Jets, and The Sounds. David Ford and Gaynel Hodge recorded with Jesse Belvin and Hodge's brother Alex (founding member of the Platters), as The Tangiers, before the Hodge brothers left The Hollywood Flames in 1955 to form a new version of The Turks. He was replaced by Earl Nelson, who had previously recorded with Byrd as The Voices, and with Byrd later formed the duo Bob & Earl. In 1957, the group - Byrd, Ford, Dinkins and Nelson - signed with Class Records, where Byrd was renamed \"Bobby Day\". The group recorded as The Hollywood Flames, as Bobby Day & the Satellites, and as Earl Nelson & the Pelicans. In July 1957, Bobby Day & the Satellites recorded \"Little Bitty Pretty One\", which was covered more successfully by Thurston Harris. Later that year, The Hollywood Flames – with Nelson singing lead – released \"Buzz-Buzz-Buzz\", co-written by Byrd, which reached No. 5 on the R&B chart and No. 11 on the pop chart. Byrd (alias Day) then left The Hollywood Flames, but continued to release singles, at first as Bobby Day & the Satellites, and then as a solo performer. His greatest success came in 1958 with \"Rockin' Robin\". On August 4, 1958, the Hollywood Flames appeared at the Apollo Theater, as part of a Dr. Jive show. Others on the show were Larry Williams, The Cadillacs,","title":"The Hollywood Flames"},{"docid":"33834843","text":"Lawrence Fewell Roberts II (November 23, 1940 – December 22, 1967), known as Robin Roberts and in his music career as \"Rockin' Robin\" Roberts, was an American singer. He performed in the early 1960s with the Wailers, a rock and roll band based in Tacoma, Washington. His recordings include the earliest cover version of Richard Berry's \"Louie Louie\", recorded in 1960 and released the following year. Life Born in New York City, Roberts moved to the Pacific Northwest as a child after his father died, settling with his mother in Tacoma. While at Mason Junior High School he started listening to rhythm and blues music and buying records in Tacoma's black district. At the Puyallup Fair in 1957 he stood up and began singing Little Richard songs unaccompanied, and was heard there by members of a local band, the Bluenotes. He joined the band, who already had a regular lead singer in \"Little Bill\" Engelhart, and performed with them as an occasional guest singer at weekend dances. One of the R&B songs he started performing with the group was \"Louie Louie\", the B-side of a 1957 single by Richard Berry; another was \"Rockin' Robin\" by Bobby Day, which gave him his new stage name. In 1959, the Bluenotes – without Roberts, who was a full-time student at the time – recorded a ballad, \"I Love An Angel\", sung by Englehart. Credited to Little Bill and the Bluenotes, the single was issued by Dolton Records and rose to no. 66 on the Billboard Hot 100. Sidelined by the Bluenotes, Roberts left and, a few months later, joined rival local band The Wailers, whose instrumental \"Tall Cool One\" had also made the national charts. In 1960 he recorded \"Louie Louie\" with the Wailers, although for contractual reasons it was released under Roberts' own name on a new record label, Etiquette, established by the band. The record was released in early 1961 and became a local hit in the Seattle area, before being reissued and promoted by Imperial Records in Los Angeles; however, it failed to chart. The song finally became a hit for Portland, Oregon band The Kingsmen in 1963, largely using the arrangement devised by Roberts and the Wailers, including Roberts' ad-lib \"Okay, let's give it to 'em right now!\". Known for his dynamic onstage performances, Roberts continued to sing with the Wailers, and was one of the singers featured on their live album The Fabulous Wailers at the Castle, recorded in 1961. In parallel with his singing career, Roberts was a successful student who attended the University of Washington and the University of Puget Sound, graduating in 1964. He then attended Oregon State University from 1965 to 1967, eventually achieving a master's degree in biochemistry and becoming an assistant professor. He also served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve from 1962 to 1967. In effect, he abandoned his musical career during this period, and the Wailers continued without him. However, in 1966 he returned to make his last recordings","title":"Rockin' Robin Roberts"},{"docid":"48940453","text":"Earl Lee Nelson (September 8, 1928 – July 12, 2008), who also performed as Jackie Lee, was an American soul singer and songwriter. He started his career in the doo-wop group the Hollywood Flames in the 1950s before founding the R&B duo Bob & Earl with Bobby Byrd. As Jackie Lee, he's best known for his hit song \"The Duck\" (#14 Pop, #4 R&B). Biography Earl Lee Nelson was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana on September 8, 1928. He sang in his church's gospel choir in his youth before his family relocated to Los Angeles in 1937. Nelson enlisted in the U.S. Army at the age of 17, working on the construction of the Panama Canal. In the 1950s he began singing doo-wop and joined the Hollywood Flames. He sang lead on the 1957 single \"Buzz Buzz Buzz\" which reached #11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #5 on the R&B chart. Nelson and Bobby Byrd, not Bobby Byrd of the Famous Flames, collaborated as Bobby \"Baby Face\" Byrd & the Birds as well as Bobby Day & the Satellites. In 1957, Nelson released his first solo single, \"Oh Gee Oh Golly\" / \"I Bow To You,\" on Class Records. That year, Nelson and Byrd released their first single as Bob & Earl, \"You Made a Boo-Boo,\" on Class. In 1958, Nelson sang background vocals on Day's single \"Rockin' Robin\" (#2 Pop, #1 R&B). Afterwards, they left the Hollywood Flames, but after a few years, Byrd left Bob & Earl to focus on his solo career. Bob Relf from the Laurels replaced Byrd, and the new Bob & Earl recorded for different labels before releasing \"Harlem Shuffle\" on Marc Records in 1963. The single reached the Top 50 in the US and years later the Top 10 in the UK. Their follow up singles weren't as successful. In 1965, Nelson relaunched a solo career on Mira Records with the single \"Ooh Honey Baby,\" credited to Earl Cosby. Later that year, Nelson signed to Mirwood Records recorded as Jackie Lee. Jackie was Nelson's wife's name and Lee his own middle name. He released his biggest single \"The Duck\" in November 1965 and by January it peaked at #14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #4 on the R&B chart. In 1966, he released his only album, The Duck, which reached #85 on the Billboard's Top Lp's chart and #8 on the R&B chart. Though Nelson didn't have further chart success, his later singles on Mirwood are popular in Northern soul circles. Nelson later recorded for ABC-Paramount and Uni Records. Barry White produced his 1974 Warner Bros. single \"Strange Funky Games and Things\" (credited to Jay Dee). Nelson continued to perform around Los Angeles, but he was later diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Nelson died at the age of 79 in Los Angeles on July 12, 2008. At the time of his death, Nelson had been married three times and he had seven surviving children (two deceased). Discography Albums 1966: The Duck (Mirwood","title":"Earl Nelson (singer)"},{"docid":"8713880","text":"\"Over and Over\" is a song written by Robert James Byrd and recorded by him using the stage name Bobby Day. Day's version entered the Billboard Hot 100 in 1958, the same week a version of the same song by Thurston Harris entered the chart. Day's version reached #41, and was the B-side to \"Rockin' Robin\". Thurston Harris' version peaked at #96. In the song, the singer describes going to a party with misgivings of having a good time, until he sees a pretty girl. The singer attempts to ask her out, but she is waiting for her date to arrive. He vows to try \"over and over\". Dave Clark Five version In 1965, the most successful version was recorded by the Dave Clark Five, one of the early British Invasion bands of the mid-1960s. This version was sung by lead singer and keyboardist Mike Smith. It followed the group's signature sound of thumping, drum beats accompanied by a wailing saxophone. It omits the final verse of the song. In the US, \"Over and Over\" was the group's 12th Top 40 hit and was their only #1 hit. It was also the last #1 hit of 1965. Despite its success in the United States and the popularity of the group on both sides of the Atlantic, the single only reached number 45 in the band's native United Kingdom. The DC5 also had only one UK number 1, Glad All Over, whilst this was their only US chart-topper. The Dave Clark Five omitted Bobby Day's last verse to the song, while the line \"everybody went stag\" as originally written by Bobby Byrd (Day's real name) was sung as “everybody there was there” on the DC5 version. Cash Box described it as a \"lively, hard-driving rendition\" with \"a danceable, pulsating beat.\" Record World said that \"The Dave Clark Five go to the top over and over, and 'Over and Over' will be no exception.\" Covers In 1981, Mike Love of The Beach Boys covered the song on his solo album Looking Back With Love. Love recorded it again on his 2019 album 12 Sides of Summer. References 1958 songs 1958 singles 1965 singles Bobby Day songs The Dave Clark Five songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Cashbox number-one singles RPM Top Singles number-one singles Songs written by Bobby Day","title":"Over and Over (Bobby Day song)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"6796603\",\n \"text\": \"Bob & Earl were an American music singing duo in the 1960s, best known for writing and recording the original version of \\\"Harlem Shuffle\\\". Career The original duo were Bobby Byrd and Earl Nelson. They had both been members of The Hollywood Flames, a prolific doo-wop group in Los Angeles, California whose major hit was \\\"Buzz-Buzz-Buzz\\\" in 1958, on which Nelson sang lead. By 1957, Byrd had started a parallel solo career, writing and recording for contractual reasons as Bobby Day. He wrote and recorded the original version of \\\"Little Bitty Pretty One\\\", and had a hit of his own with \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\" (1958). In 1957, Day/Byrd and Nelson began recording together as Bob & Earl, on the Class record label. However, these releases had relatively little success, and Day/Byrd restarted his solo career. In 1962, Nelson recruited a second \\\"Bob\\\", Bobby Relf, who also used the stage names of Bobby Garrett and Bobby Valentino. Relf had already led several Los Angeles based acts in his career, including the Laurels, the Upfronts, and Valentino and the Lovers. The latter two groups also featured the then pianist and bass singer Barry White. This duo of Relf and Nelson recorded several singles for different labels, before \\\"Harlem Shuffle\\\" in 1963. The song was written by Relf and Nelson, arranged by Gene Page, and produced by Fred Smith. It was based on a number called \\\"Slauson Shuffletime\\\" (named after a boulevard in Los Angeles) by another Los Angeles singer, Round Robin. When released on the Marc label, \\\"Harlem Shuffle\\\" became a modest hit on the US Billboard chart. However, its main success came as late as 1969, when it was re-released in the UK and became a Top Ten hit there. Reportedly, George Harrison called it his favorite record of all time. In 1964, the duo signed to Loma Records. They recorded for the label but no singles were released. By 1965, Nelson had achieved further success as a solo artist under the alias of Jackie Lee with \\\"The Duck\\\", a hit dance record which reached No. 14 in the U.S. When \\\"Harlem Shuffle\\\" became successful on reissue, Nelson and Relf reunited as Bob & Earl to tour. The duo split up for the last time in the early 1970s. Relf composed the song \\\"Bring Back My Yesterday\\\", recorded by Barry White on his first 20th Century Records album, 1973's I've Got So Much to Give. Discography Studio albums Harlem Shuffle (1964) Bob & Earl (1969) Singles References External links Obituary of Earl Nelson in The Independent, 30 July 2008 Bob and Earl Bob and Earl Class Records artists Sue Records artists Bob and Earl Loma Records artists Uni Records artists Jay Boy artists Musical groups established in 1957 Rhythm and blues duos Musical groups from Los Angeles American rhythm and blues musical groups American soul musical groups 1957 establishments in California\",\n \"title\": \"Bob & Earl\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1561855\",\n \"text\": \"Robert James Byrd (July 1, 1930 – July 27, 1990), known by the stage name Bobby Day, was an American singer, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, and songwriter. He is best known for his hit record \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\", written by Leon René under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. Day also wrote the top-10 Billboard hits \\\"Little Bitty Pretty One\\\" (1957, Thurston Harris) and \\\"Over and Over\\\" (1965, the Dave Clark Five). Biography Born in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, Day moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 15. His first recording was \\\"Young Girl\\\" in 1949 in the R&B group the Hollywood Flames, released in 1950 on the Selective Label. He went several years with minor musical success limited to the West Coast. He recorded under numerous other names: The Jets, The Voices, The Sounds, The Crescendos, and as the original \\\"Bob\\\" in the duo Bob & Earl with singer Earl Nelson. As a member of the Flames, he used the stage name Bobby Day. His penned song, \\\"Buzz Buzz Buzz\\\" was that outfit's first and biggest success. In 1957, Day formed his own band called the Satellites, following which he recorded three songs that are seen today as rock and roll classics. Day's best known songwriting efforts were \\\"Over and Over\\\", later made popular by the Dave Clark Five in 1965, and \\\"Little Bitty Pretty One\\\", popularized by Thurston Harris in 1957, Frankie Lymon in 1960, Clyde McPhatter in 1962, and the Jackson Five in 1972. However, Day is most remembered for his 1958 solo recording of the Hot 100 No. 2 hit, \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\", written by Leon Rene under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold record. \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\" was covered by Bob Luman at Town Hall Party on October 28, 1958, the Hollies in 1964, Gene Vincent in 1969, Michael Jackson in 1972, Lolly in 1999, and by McFly in 2006. In 2012–2013, his uncharted recording, \\\"Beep-Beep-Beep\\\", was the musical soundtrack for a Kia Sorento television commercial shown nationwide in the US. Day died of prostate cancer on 27 July 1990, at the age of 60, and is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Discography Albums Rockin' with Robin (1959) The Best of Bobby Day (1984) The Original Rockin' Robin (1987) The Great Bobby Day (1994) Rockin' Robin (1994) The Best of Bobby Day (2001) The Very Best Of (2016) Robins, Bluebirds, Buzzards & Orioles - The Bobby Day Story (2021) Singles Television appearances The Dick Clark Show (two episodes) (1958) American Bandstand (four episodes) (1958) The Cinnamon Cinder Show (1963) The Midnight Special (1973) References External links 1930 births 1990 deaths African-American male songwriters American rhythm and blues singers American rock singers American soul singers Songwriters from Texas Jamie Records artists RCA Victor artists Class Records artists Rock and roll musicians Sue Records artists Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City 20th-century African-American male singers 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12091179\",\n \"text\": \"The Hollywood Flames were an American R&B vocal group in the 1950s, best known for their No. 11 hit \\\"Buzz-Buzz-Buzz\\\" in 1957. Early years They formed as The Flames in 1949, in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, at a talent show where members of various high school groups got together. The original members were Bobby Byrd (lead), David Ford, Curlee Dinkins and Willie Ray Rockwell. Rockwell was replaced by Clyde Tillis, and Ford sometimes sang lead. Their first paying gig was at Johnny Otis's Barrelhouse Club. They first recorded in 1950 for the Selective label, and the following year, billed as The Hollywood Four Flames, released \\\"Tabarin\\\", a song written by Murry Wilson (father of The Beach Boys). They later recorded another Wilson song, \\\"I'll Hide My Tears\\\". Bands and recordings Over the years the group, under various names, is believed to have recorded for about nineteen different record labels, including Aladdin and Specialty. Although they had no big hits for several years, they were a successful local act in the Los Angeles area. The group also had a series of personnel changes, with Rockwell being replaced by Gaynel Hodge, and for a short while Dinkins being replaced by Curtis Williams. Hodge and Williams, with Jesse Belvin, were co-writers of The Penguins' \\\"Earth Angel\\\". In 1953, they released the sketch for this song \\\"I Know\\\" on the label Swing Time. Believed to be the first song to present the 6/8 piano-attacca known from later '50s hits such as \\\"Only You\\\" and \\\"Ain't That a Shame\\\". By 1954, the group were usually billed as The Hollywood Flames, but also recorded as The Turks, The Jets, and The Sounds. David Ford and Gaynel Hodge recorded with Jesse Belvin and Hodge's brother Alex (founding member of the Platters), as The Tangiers, before the Hodge brothers left The Hollywood Flames in 1955 to form a new version of The Turks. He was replaced by Earl Nelson, who had previously recorded with Byrd as The Voices, and with Byrd later formed the duo Bob & Earl. In 1957, the group - Byrd, Ford, Dinkins and Nelson - signed with Class Records, where Byrd was renamed \\\"Bobby Day\\\". The group recorded as The Hollywood Flames, as Bobby Day & the Satellites, and as Earl Nelson & the Pelicans. In July 1957, Bobby Day & the Satellites recorded \\\"Little Bitty Pretty One\\\", which was covered more successfully by Thurston Harris. Later that year, The Hollywood Flames – with Nelson singing lead – released \\\"Buzz-Buzz-Buzz\\\", co-written by Byrd, which reached No. 5 on the R&B chart and No. 11 on the pop chart. Byrd (alias Day) then left The Hollywood Flames, but continued to release singles, at first as Bobby Day & the Satellites, and then as a solo performer. His greatest success came in 1958 with \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\". On August 4, 1958, the Hollywood Flames appeared at the Apollo Theater, as part of a Dr. Jive show. Others on the show were Larry Williams, The Cadillacs,\",\n \"title\": \"The Hollywood Flames\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33834843\",\n \"text\": \"Lawrence Fewell Roberts II (November 23, 1940 – December 22, 1967), known as Robin Roberts and in his music career as \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\" Roberts, was an American singer. He performed in the early 1960s with the Wailers, a rock and roll band based in Tacoma, Washington. His recordings include the earliest cover version of Richard Berry's \\\"Louie Louie\\\", recorded in 1960 and released the following year. Life Born in New York City, Roberts moved to the Pacific Northwest as a child after his father died, settling with his mother in Tacoma. While at Mason Junior High School he started listening to rhythm and blues music and buying records in Tacoma's black district. At the Puyallup Fair in 1957 he stood up and began singing Little Richard songs unaccompanied, and was heard there by members of a local band, the Bluenotes. He joined the band, who already had a regular lead singer in \\\"Little Bill\\\" Engelhart, and performed with them as an occasional guest singer at weekend dances. One of the R&B songs he started performing with the group was \\\"Louie Louie\\\", the B-side of a 1957 single by Richard Berry; another was \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\" by Bobby Day, which gave him his new stage name. In 1959, the Bluenotes – without Roberts, who was a full-time student at the time – recorded a ballad, \\\"I Love An Angel\\\", sung by Englehart. Credited to Little Bill and the Bluenotes, the single was issued by Dolton Records and rose to no. 66 on the Billboard Hot 100. Sidelined by the Bluenotes, Roberts left and, a few months later, joined rival local band The Wailers, whose instrumental \\\"Tall Cool One\\\" had also made the national charts. In 1960 he recorded \\\"Louie Louie\\\" with the Wailers, although for contractual reasons it was released under Roberts' own name on a new record label, Etiquette, established by the band. The record was released in early 1961 and became a local hit in the Seattle area, before being reissued and promoted by Imperial Records in Los Angeles; however, it failed to chart. The song finally became a hit for Portland, Oregon band The Kingsmen in 1963, largely using the arrangement devised by Roberts and the Wailers, including Roberts' ad-lib \\\"Okay, let's give it to 'em right now!\\\". Known for his dynamic onstage performances, Roberts continued to sing with the Wailers, and was one of the singers featured on their live album The Fabulous Wailers at the Castle, recorded in 1961. In parallel with his singing career, Roberts was a successful student who attended the University of Washington and the University of Puget Sound, graduating in 1964. He then attended Oregon State University from 1965 to 1967, eventually achieving a master's degree in biochemistry and becoming an assistant professor. He also served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve from 1962 to 1967. In effect, he abandoned his musical career during this period, and the Wailers continued without him. However, in 1966 he returned to make his last recordings\",\n \"title\": \"Rockin' Robin Roberts\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48940453\",\n \"text\": \"Earl Lee Nelson (September 8, 1928 – July 12, 2008), who also performed as Jackie Lee, was an American soul singer and songwriter. He started his career in the doo-wop group the Hollywood Flames in the 1950s before founding the R&B duo Bob & Earl with Bobby Byrd. As Jackie Lee, he's best known for his hit song \\\"The Duck\\\" (#14 Pop, #4 R&B). Biography Earl Lee Nelson was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana on September 8, 1928. He sang in his church's gospel choir in his youth before his family relocated to Los Angeles in 1937. Nelson enlisted in the U.S. Army at the age of 17, working on the construction of the Panama Canal. In the 1950s he began singing doo-wop and joined the Hollywood Flames. He sang lead on the 1957 single \\\"Buzz Buzz Buzz\\\" which reached #11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #5 on the R&B chart. Nelson and Bobby Byrd, not Bobby Byrd of the Famous Flames, collaborated as Bobby \\\"Baby Face\\\" Byrd & the Birds as well as Bobby Day & the Satellites. In 1957, Nelson released his first solo single, \\\"Oh Gee Oh Golly\\\" / \\\"I Bow To You,\\\" on Class Records. That year, Nelson and Byrd released their first single as Bob & Earl, \\\"You Made a Boo-Boo,\\\" on Class. In 1958, Nelson sang background vocals on Day's single \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\" (#2 Pop, #1 R&B). Afterwards, they left the Hollywood Flames, but after a few years, Byrd left Bob & Earl to focus on his solo career. Bob Relf from the Laurels replaced Byrd, and the new Bob & Earl recorded for different labels before releasing \\\"Harlem Shuffle\\\" on Marc Records in 1963. The single reached the Top 50 in the US and years later the Top 10 in the UK. Their follow up singles weren't as successful. In 1965, Nelson relaunched a solo career on Mira Records with the single \\\"Ooh Honey Baby,\\\" credited to Earl Cosby. Later that year, Nelson signed to Mirwood Records recorded as Jackie Lee. Jackie was Nelson's wife's name and Lee his own middle name. He released his biggest single \\\"The Duck\\\" in November 1965 and by January it peaked at #14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #4 on the R&B chart. In 1966, he released his only album, The Duck, which reached #85 on the Billboard's Top Lp's chart and #8 on the R&B chart. Though Nelson didn't have further chart success, his later singles on Mirwood are popular in Northern soul circles. Nelson later recorded for ABC-Paramount and Uni Records. Barry White produced his 1974 Warner Bros. single \\\"Strange Funky Games and Things\\\" (credited to Jay Dee). Nelson continued to perform around Los Angeles, but he was later diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Nelson died at the age of 79 in Los Angeles on July 12, 2008. At the time of his death, Nelson had been married three times and he had seven surviving children (two deceased). Discography Albums 1966: The Duck (Mirwood\",\n \"title\": \"Earl Nelson (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8713880\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Over and Over\\\" is a song written by Robert James Byrd and recorded by him using the stage name Bobby Day. Day's version entered the Billboard Hot 100 in 1958, the same week a version of the same song by Thurston Harris entered the chart. Day's version reached #41, and was the B-side to \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\". Thurston Harris' version peaked at #96. In the song, the singer describes going to a party with misgivings of having a good time, until he sees a pretty girl. The singer attempts to ask her out, but she is waiting for her date to arrive. He vows to try \\\"over and over\\\". Dave Clark Five version In 1965, the most successful version was recorded by the Dave Clark Five, one of the early British Invasion bands of the mid-1960s. This version was sung by lead singer and keyboardist Mike Smith. It followed the group's signature sound of thumping, drum beats accompanied by a wailing saxophone. It omits the final verse of the song. In the US, \\\"Over and Over\\\" was the group's 12th Top 40 hit and was their only #1 hit. It was also the last #1 hit of 1965. Despite its success in the United States and the popularity of the group on both sides of the Atlantic, the single only reached number 45 in the band's native United Kingdom. The DC5 also had only one UK number 1, Glad All Over, whilst this was their only US chart-topper. The Dave Clark Five omitted Bobby Day's last verse to the song, while the line \\\"everybody went stag\\\" as originally written by Bobby Byrd (Day's real name) was sung as “everybody there was there” on the DC5 version. Cash Box described it as a \\\"lively, hard-driving rendition\\\" with \\\"a danceable, pulsating beat.\\\" Record World said that \\\"The Dave Clark Five go to the top over and over, and 'Over and Over' will be no exception.\\\" Covers In 1981, Mike Love of The Beach Boys covered the song on his solo album Looking Back With Love. Love recorded it again on his 2019 album 12 Sides of Summer. References 1958 songs 1958 singles 1965 singles Bobby Day songs The Dave Clark Five songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Cashbox number-one singles RPM Top Singles number-one singles Songs written by Bobby Day\",\n \"title\": \"Over and Over (Bobby Day song)\"\n }\n]"},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"13699727","text":"Rock 'n Roll Stage Show is the first studio album and fourth overall album by rock and roll band Bill Haley and His Comets. Released by Decca Records in August 1956, it was the group's first album to include new, as opposed to previously released material. Although the album spawned several singles, it also featured several album-only tracks. Of the released singles, \"Rudy's Rock\" reached No. 34 on Billboard and No. 38 on Cashbox, \"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy\" reached No. 36 on Cashbox, and \"Rockin Thru the Rye\" reached No. 39 on Cashbox The album was number one for one week in the UK on Brunswick Records on the official Record Retailers (RR) chart in 1956. Content Rock 'n Roll Stage Show moved away from focusing solely on Bill Haley as the main singer, and included several instrumental recordings, including \"Rudy's Rock\" featuring tenor saxophone player Rudy Pompilli, which was featured (in a different performance) in the motion picture Rock Around the Clock earlier in the year. Also given the spotlight is guitarist Franny Beecher on \"Goofin' Around\" and \"Blue Comet Blues\", accordion player Johnny Grande on \"A Rockin' Little Tune\", and steel guitar player Billy Williamson sings a solo vocal on a version of Big Joe Turner's \"Hide and Seek\". In addition, two songs - \"Tonight's the Night\" and \"Hey Then, There Now\" were trio vocals featuring Williamson, Beecher and bass player Al Rex. Haley himself is heard on only four tracks: \"Rockin' Thru the Rye\" (a rock and roll version of Robert Burns' poem, \"Comin' Thro' the Rye\"), \"Hook, Line and Sinker\", \"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy\", and \"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie\", a song co-written by the album's producer, Milt Gabler, who had success with it when he produced Louis Jordan a decade earlier. The album is also significant in that all but two of its tracks were original songs written by Haley and/or members of the Comets. Several songs from this album were performed or heard in the band's film, Don't Knock the Rock: \"Calling All Comets\", \"Hook, Line and Sinker\", \"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy\", and an alternate take of \"Goofin' Around.\" The album was reissued in the 1980s by Charly Records, but due to a mastering error, \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" contains noticeable sound distortion in that version. This album should not be confused with Rock 'n' Roll Show, a live recording of Bill Haley & His Comets from April 1955 that was released in 1997 by Hydra Records. Track listing \"Calling All Comets\" (Bill Haley, Milt Gabler, Rudy Pompilli) \"Rockin' Thru the Rye\" (Bill Haley, Milt Gabler, Rusty Keefer, Catherine Cafra) \"A Rockin' Little Tune\" (Johnny Grande, Billy Williamson) \"Hide and Seek\" (Paul Winley, Ethel Byrd) \"Hey Then, There Now\" (Rudy Pompilli, Ralph Jones) \"Goofin' Around\" (Franny Beecher, Johnny Grande) \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" (Bill Haley, Edward A. Khoury, Ronnie Bonner) \"Rudy's Rock\" (Bill Haley, Rudy Pompilli) \"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie\" (Milt Gabler, Denver Darling, Vaughn Horton) \"Blue Comet Blues\" (Franny Beecher, Al Rex) \"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy\"","title":"Rock 'n Roll Stage Show"},{"docid":"1863351","text":"Robin Denise Smith (born October 9, 1964), better known by her ring name Rockin' Robin, is an American retired professional wrestler. The daughter of Grizzly Smith, she is a second-generation wrestler; her brother Sam Houston and half-brother Jake \"The Snake\" Roberts also wrestled. Smith is best known for her appearances with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from 1987 to 1990, where she held the WWF Women's Championship. Professional wrestling career Early career (1986–1987) Smith grew up in a wrestling family and enjoyed going to wrestling shows, where she claims she and her siblings were treated like celebrities. Smith later decided to become a professional wrestler and trained, along with her sister-in-law Nickla Roberts (known by her ring name Baby Doll), under Nelson Royal. During 1987, Smith competed as Rockin' Robin in Wild West Wrestling, where she feuded with Debbie Combs and Sue Green. World Wrestling Federation (1987–1990) When the World Wrestling Federation decided to restart their women's division in the late 1980s, both Smith and Nickla Roberts tried out for the company, but the role ultimately went to Smith. Smith, as Rockin' Robin, debuted in the WWF in late 1987. She competed at the first Survivor Series as a member of The Fabulous Moolah's team, which they were victorious. Throughout 1988, she feuded with Sensational Sherri for the WWF Women's Championship. On October 7, 1988, she defeated Sensational Sherri, who had held the title for fifteen months prior, for the Women's Championship in Paris. At the Royal Rumble in 1989, she defended the title against Judy Martin. Smith defended the belt against Martin for the first six months of 1989. In the meantime, at WrestleMania V, she sang \"America the Beautiful\" to open the show. Smith continued to defend the Women's title against Martin throughout the summer of 1989. She held the championship until 1990, when she left the company. At that time, the title was retired by the WWF due to inactivity. Smith is still in possession of the title belt. The title remained inactive until 1993. Late career (1990–1992) Unlike some former WWF wrestlers, Smith was able to continue using her ring name after leaving the company because she owned the rights to it. In 1990, wrestler Hiro Matsuda, who had feuded with her father in the 1960s, picked Smith to tour for All Japan Women's Pro Wrestling. In Japan, Smith teamed with Luna Vachon. The Japanese bookers gave the girls a positive review for their work with the company. In the United States, Smith defeated Peggy Lee Leather for the Ladies Major League Wrestling's International Championship. She still occasionally defended the WWF Women's Championship, even though the title was officially declared vacant by the World Wrestling Federation. In May 1991 she defended the WWF Women's Championship against \"Japanese Women's Champion\" Madusa Miceli on a Great Lakes Wrestling Association event. On June 9, 1991, she defeated Candi Devine in Herb Abrams's Universal Wrestling Federation to become the first UWF Women's Champion at UWF Beach Brawl. She also competed","title":"Rockin' Robin (wrestler)"},{"docid":"1639663","text":"Andy Pandy is a British children's television series that aired on BBC Television in 1950. Originally live, a series of 26 filmed programmes was shown until 1970, when a new series of 13 episodes was made. This series was based upon a comic strip of the same name (made in the style of children's magazines Robin and Pippin). The series was followed by a revival with 26 episodes (52 segments) in 2002. In total, 92 episodes were produced. Original 1950 and 1970 versions The original version of Andy Pandy premiered on BBC TV in 1950, on either 11 July or 20 June, as part of the For the Children strand (later Watch with Mother) narrated by Maria Bird who also narrated the black & white 1950s original broadcasts of Flower Pot Men, The Woodentops and Bizzy Lizzie. Initially it was broadcast live, but it was realised that if the programmes were filmed, they could be repeated. 26 fifteen-minute episodes were filmed on 16 mm around 1952 and repeated continuously until 1969. In 1970, 13 new episodes were made in colour with Vera McKechnie as narrator. A marionette who lived in a picnic basket, Andy was later joined by Teddy, a teddy bear, and Looby Loo, a rag doll, who came to life when Andy and Teddy were not around. Looby Loo sang \"Here we go Looby Loo\". All three lived in the same picnic basket. Each episode ended with a variation on the song: \"Time to go home / Time to go home / Andy is waving goodbye.\" It is said that the character's design was based on Paul Atterbury, the then young son of puppeteer Audrey Atterbury. A comic-strip version was published in Robin. The production staff for the original series were: Producer: Freda Lingstrom. Narrator: Maria Bird and later in the 1970 remakes Vera McKechnie. Writer/composer: Freda Lingstrom and Maria Bird. Singers: Gladys Whitred, Julia Williams [voiced the 'Little Weed'] and Maria Bird (in the 1970 colour series). Puppeteers: Audrey Atterbury, Molly Gibson, Martin Grainger, The Stavordales and Christopher Leith (in the 1970 colour series). Episode list The 26 episodes were: \"Tea Party\" (20 June 1950) \"Presents\" (27 June 1950) \"Music\" (4 July 1950) \"Hand Bells\" (11 July 1950) \"ABC\" (18 July 1950) \"Bricks\" (25 July 1950) \"Playing School\" (1 August 1950) \"Play Shops\" (8 August 1950) \"Leaning House\" (15 August 1950) \"Pram\" (22 August 1950) \"Farm\" (29 August 1950) \"Garden\" (5 September 1950) \"Wall and Tortoise\" (12 September 1950) \"Turtles\" (19 September 1950) \"Boats\" (26 September 1950) \"Paddling Pool\" (3 October 1950) \"Horse and Fish\" (10 October 1950) \"Bird and Butterfly\" (17 October 1950) \"Rabbits\" (24 October 1950) \"Kittens\" (31 October 1950) \"Kings and Queens\" (7 November 1950) \"Jack in the Box\" (14 November 1950) \"The Cart\" (21 November 1950) \"Swing\" (28 November 1950) \"Train Station\" (5 December 1950) \"Airport\" (12 December 1950) 1970 series By 1970, as BBC1 was by then transmitted in colour, 13 new episodes were produced and shown from 5 January 1970. The","title":"Andy Pandy"},{"docid":"4874481","text":"Their Greatest Hits: The Record is the career retrospective greatest hits album by the Bee Gees, released on UTV Records and Polydor in November 2001 as HDCD. The album includes 40 tracks spanning over 35 years of music. Four of the songs were new recordings of classic Gibb compositions originally recorded by other artists, including \"Emotion\" (Samantha Sang), \"Heartbreaker\" (Dionne Warwick), \"Islands in the Stream\" (Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton), and \"Immortality\" (Celine Dion). It also features the Barry Gibb duet with Barbra Streisand, \"Guilty\", which originally appeared on Streisand's 1980 album of the same name. It is currently out of print and has been supplanted by another compilation, The Ultimate Bee Gees. The album peaked at No. 5 twice in the UK, the first time upon its release in 2001 and again in January 2003 (following the death of Maurice Gibb). It has since been certified triple platinum by the BPI for sales of over 900,000 copies. In the US, the album debuted on the Billboard 200 album chart at No. 49. It spent a total of 40 weeks on the chart and was certified platinum by the RIAA in February 2002 for sales of over one million copies there. There are two bonus songs on the Japanese release, \"Melody Fair\" and \"My World\" (the latter is also a bonus track on the UK release along with \"Jumbo\"). Copies sold at the American retailer Target included a bonus disc entitled 5 Live Recordings. Details Most of the songs are in chronological order, except for the placements of \"You Should Be Dancing\", which was released before \"Love So Right\", and \"Spicks and Specks\", a song from 1966 that ends disc two, which makes it something of a bonus track. \"Emotion\" and \"Heartbreaker\" were recorded in 1994 as part of a Bee Gees compilation album called Love Songs which was planned for release in 1995. \"Islands in the Stream\" was recorded in 2001 with Robin singing lead in contemporary R&B sound rather than the more traditional arrangement like that heard on One Night Only, which had Barry singing lead (Barry did not perform vocals on this revised version). \"Immortality\" is the original writing demo from 1996, which includes Barry singing in high falsetto as a guide to Celine Dion who would go on to record the song in 1997. The very first UK pressings used the wrong version of \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" with Barry singing the opening verse. A mastering fault was also present in \"More Than a Woman\", with the audio noticeably dipping to the right briefly during the first verse. These were corrected after several thousand copies had already been distributed. Track listing All compositions by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb, except as indicated. ** Only appears in Japan Bonus Tracks version. Disc one \"New York Mining Disaster 1941\" (B. Gibb/R. Gibb) – 2:12 \"To Love Somebody\" (B. Gibb/R. Gibb) – 3:02 \"Holiday\" (B. Gibb/R. Gibb) – 2:55 \"Massachusetts\" – 2:25 \"World\" – 3:16 \"Words\"","title":"Their Greatest Hits: The Record"},{"docid":"5123347","text":"\"Thanks for the Memory\" (1938) is a popular song composed by Ralph Rainger with lyrics by Leo Robin. It was introduced in the 1938 film The Big Broadcast of 1938 by Bob Hope and Shirley Ross, and recorded by Shep Fields and His Orchestra featuring John Serry Sr. on accordion in the film and vocals by Bob Goday on Bluebird Records (B-7318, 1937). Dorothy Lamour's solo recording of the song was also popular, and has led to many mistakenly believing over the years that it was she who sang the tune with Hope in the film (in which Lamour also appeared). In the film, Ross and Hope's characters are a divorced couple who encounter each other aboard a ship. Near the film's end, they poignantly sing one of the many versions of this song, recalling the ups and downs of their relationship (then they decide to get back together). In the fifth verse of the song for the film, Robin recalled the couple’s romantic weekend in Niagara. His original lyrics were: \"That weekend at Niagara when we never saw the falls.\" However, this was rejected by the film producers who feared it was too suggestive. Robin was furious and a bitter row ensued with neither side giving way. Finally a compromise was reached that has Bob Hope singing: \"That weekend at Niagara when we hardly saw the falls.\" The lyricist never forgave this censorship: he considered it ridiculously prissy and that it ruined the song. However, the way that Shirley Ross responds with, \"How lovely that was!\" indicates that \"never\" was indeed the better choice. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and became Hope's signature tune, with many different lyrics adapted to any situation. In 2004, it finished No. 63 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. The success of the song resulted in another film starring the same couple. This follow-up film to The Big Broadcast of 1938 is somewhat confusing because it was given the title Thanks for the Memory but the song of that name does not feature. The main song from this latter film was \"Two Sleepy People\" and this is often bracketed with its forerunner as the best romantic duet of Bob Hope's career. It was written in September 1938 by Hoagy Carmichael with lyrics by Frank Loesser, and was once again performed by Bob Hope and Shirley Ross. The film Thanks for the Memory was released in 1938. Cover versions Shep Fields and his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra with vocalist Bobby Goday recorded the song in 1937. Bluebird Records B-7318-A Martha Tilton sang vocals with Benny Goodman's orchestra recorded on December 2, 1937. RCA Camden Records CAL-872 Mildred Bailey recorded the song on January 10, 1938 with a mixed group featuring Chu Berry doing a nice tenor sax solo. Ella Fitzgerald recorded this with André Previn and his orchestra in 1955 (released as a single and on Sweet and Hot) and on her 1967 Verve release","title":"Thanks for the Memory"},{"docid":"47249139","text":"\"Rockin' Chair Daddy\" is a honky tonk country song written and recorded by Braxton Shuffert. Hank Williams was the co-writer. Background After the success of Hank Williams' \"Lovesick Blues'\" in 1949, producer Fred Rose was given carte blanche to sign country acts to MGM, and one of them was Hank's friend Braxton Shuffert. Schuffert also toured with Williams and his Drifting Cowboys. Williams had given Shuffert the song \"A Teardrop on a Rose\" but they needed one more tune for the flipside. Shuffert later recalled: \"I was wanting to sing 'I'll Still Write Your Name in the Sand,' but Fred said, 'No-o-o, we don't give other folks royalties. I'm going over to the house for a few minutes. You and Hank write something.'...When Fred came back, I sang him 'Rockin' Chair Daddy,' and he signed me up that evening.\" Like every record that Rose produced for MGM that was not by Hank Williams, the Jimmie Rodgers-influenced \"Rockin' Chair Daddy\" sold poorly. No recording of Williams singing the song has ever been located. Another version Sam Phillips released a single on his own Sun Records, of \"Rockin' Chair Daddy\" b/w \"The Great Medical Menagerist\" in 1954, which had been recorded by Harmonica Frank. Discography References Hank Williams songs 1951 songs 1951 singles Songs written by Hank Williams","title":"Rockin' Chair Daddy"},{"docid":"17337367","text":"Rachel Kelly Tucker (born 29 May 1981) is a Northern Irish stage actress, best known for her portrayal of Elphaba in the musical Wicked. She also starred in Come from Away on Broadway, having originated the role on the West End. Rachel has starred in various other musicals and plays, including one alongside Sting (The Last Ship). Early life and career Tucker was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and grew up singing on the cabaret circuit from the age of nine with her father, Tommy (Tucker) Kelly and sister Margaret Kelly under the group's name Tucker Kelly and the Kelstar. She was a member of the Arts Youth Theatre during the late 1990s featuring in shows such as Ecstasy and Our Day Out. She then went on to feature in Michael Poyner's version of the Rockin Mikado as Katisha. In 2001, she competed in the Irish version of Popstars, featuring prominently in episode 3 where she is featured singing \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". Her contestant number was B0161. She also featured as a contestant with sister Margaret on Michael Barrymore's My Kind of Music singing \"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!\". She also competed in the talent show Star for a Night making the final with her performance of \"Kids\". Tucker trained at the Royal Academy of Music. She worked with Any Dream Will Do winner Lee Mead in the 2005 United Kingdom tour of the Rock musical, Tommy as Sally Simpson. In December 2007, Tucker appeared as Dorothy Gale in the Royal Shakespeare Company adaptation of The Wizard of Oz at the Lyric Theatre in Belfast. The Stage described her performance as \"looking and sounding uncannily like the legendary Garland\". For her performance, she was nominated for an award in the 2008 TMA Awards. Tucker recorded a version of the civil rights anthem \"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around\" which was used in a television advertisement for Libresse in 2005 entitled \"March\". I'd Do Anything Tucker was chosen as one of the twelve finalists on the show in which began in March 2008, appearing each week in the live show on Saturday evenings and the results shows which aired each Sunday. She made it to the semi-finals in week nine where she was eliminated on 25 May. In week six, she was in the bottom two with Sarah Lark, with Tucker having received the lowest number of viewers votes. In the results show on 4 May 2008, they sang \"As If We Never Said Goodbye\", from the musical Sunset Boulevard. Andrew Lloyd Webber chose to save Tucker and eliminate Lark, saying: \"I have to think as a producer and I do think Rachel was rock solid.\" Tucker was once again in the bottom two in week eight, the quarter-final stage of the series. She was in the sing-off for a second time, this time with Niamh Perry, with Perry having received the lowest number of viewers votes. They sang \"Another Suitcase in Another Hall\" from the musical","title":"Rachel Tucker"},{"docid":"8120171","text":"\"Move It\" is a song written by Ian Samwell and recorded by Cliff Richard and the Drifters (the English band that would later become \"The Shadows\"). Originally intended as the B-side to \"Schoolboy Crush\", it was released as Richard's debut single on 29 August 1958 and became his first hit record, reaching number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. It is credited with being one of the first authentic rock and roll songs produced outside the United States. \"Schoolboy Crush\", written by Aaron Schroeder and Sharon Gilbert, had already been recorded in the US by Bobby Helms. Cliff Richard and the Drifters recorded their own version, which was intended to be the A-side of their debut single. However, when producer Jack Good heard \"Move It\", he insisted that Richard would have to sing that if he was to appear on Good's TV show Oh Boy! On the planned single, \"Move It\" was flipped to be the A-side and it went to number 2 in the charts, starting Cliff Richard on a career which included British hits through six decades. Described by AllMusic as \"Presley-esque\" and by Richard himself as \"my one outstanding rock 'n' roll classic\", \"Move It\" was written on the top deck of a Green Line bus by the Drifters' guitarist Ian \"Sammy\" Samwell while making the trip to Cliff's house for a band rehearsal. The song's lyrics were a riposte to a 1958 article by Steve Race published in Melody Maker which stated: \"So rock’n’roll is dead, is it? My funeral oration consists of just two words: good riddance\". Samwell did not complete the second verse, so on the record Cliff sang the first verse twice. Samwell finally finished the second verse in 1995 and sent it to Hank Marvin who included \"Move It\" on his album Hank plays Cliff, with Cliff Richard having recorded a new vocal track which included the new verse. The new version was debuted live at a Royal Variety Performance in front of Queen Elizabeth II that year. Since then, Richard has continued to perform the song with the additional verse. Influence The Beatles, in an out-take on The Get Back Journals, were recorded playing \"Move It\" in medley with \"Good Rockin' Tonight\". John Lennon was separately quoted as saying, \"I think the first English record that was anywhere near anything was 'Move It' by Cliff Richard, and before that there'd been nothing.\" Led Zeppelin included Richard's original version of the song on a 2010 compilation put together by them, titled Led Zeppelin: The Music that Rocked Us. 1958 original recording Personnel Cliff Richard and the Drifters: Cliff Richard – vocals Ian Samwell – rhythm guitar Terry Smart – drums Session musicians: Ernie Shear – lead guitar Frank Clarke – upright bass Mike Sammes Singers – backing vocals on \"Schoolboy Crush\" 2006 version In 2006, Richard re-recorded \"Move It\" with Brian May of Queen on guitar and Brian Bennett of The Shadows on drums. The track was released as the second track","title":"Move It"},{"docid":"17539064","text":"\"My Toot Toot\", also popularly known as \"Don't Mess with My Toot Toot\" or \"(Don't Mess with) My Toot Toot\", is a song written by Sidney Simien and performed by him under his stage name Rockin' Sidney. Simien wrote the song and released it on the Maison de Soul Records label in Ville Platte, Louisiana. In October 1984, he included the tune on his third album, My Zydeco Shoes Got the Zydeco Blues, recording the entire album at his home studio in Lake Charles, Louisiana and playing all the instruments himself. Content and history In January 1985, \"My Toot Toot\" was released as a single in Louisiana and Texas and became Rockin' Sidney's first true regional hit. Thanks to Cleon Floyd, manager of R&B singer and uncle to King Floyd, it became a huge New Orleans hit. Floyd first heard the crowd's reaction to the song at a bill headlined by Solomon Burke. Cleon was also the president of the Orleans Street Jocks Association and took twenty copies of the record back to the city; he quickly had to order more. By Mardi Gras, it was a jukebox and record hop smash. Huey Meaux got the original leased to Epic Records, who released it nationally, and for a brief moment Rockin' Sidney made musical history. Epic managed to get Rockin' Sidney into the country Top 40 where it stayed for 18 weeks. It was the first zydeco song to receive major airplay on pop, rock and country radio stations. Later in 1985, \"My Toot-Toot\" was certified platinum and won the 1986 Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording. As a result, Simien was featured in People magazine, Rolling Stone, Billboard and Music City News and appeared on many national TV shows, including Nashville Now, Church Street Station, Hee Haw, Austin City Limits, John Fogerty's Showtime Special, New Country and Charlie Daniels Jam. He was also a guest celebrity on You Can Be a Star. Covers \"My Toot Toot\" has been covered by many artists including Fats Domino, Doug Kershaw, Rosie Ledet, Jean Knight, Terrance Simien, Denise LaSalle, Jimmy C. Newman, John Fogerty and Jello Biafra. Other versions include Louisiana Zydeco accordionist and singer Fernest Arceneaux, British-Jamaican television personality Rustie Lee, Swedish dansband Lasse Stefanz and Irish country singer Mike Denver. LaSalle's 1985 version was a hit, peaking at number six in the UK Singles Chart, number three in the Austrian chart and number 76 in the Australia chart. Other-language covers A Spanish version by La Sonora Dinamita titled \"Mi Cucu\" sold over a million copies in Mexico, Central America, and South America. A German beer company licensed the song to use in their radio and television commercials. The German cover version \"Mein Tuut Tuut\" by Leinemann reached number 15 on the West German chart in 1985. Charts Weekly charts Rockin' Sidney version Jean Knight version Denise LaSalle version {|class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center\" !Chart (1985) !Peakposition |- !scope=\"row\"|Australia (Kent Music Report) |76 |- |- |- !scope=\"row\"|Europe (European Top 100","title":"My Toot-Toot"},{"docid":"27763832","text":"\"Fancy\" is a song by Canadian rapper Drake, from his debut album, Thank Me Later. The song features vocals from American rapper T.I. and producer Swizz Beatz, the latter of whom also co-produced the track alongside Noah \"40\" Shebib. The song was released to US radio stations on August 3, 2010, as the album's fourth official single, however promotion of the track ended earlier than expected due to Drake's uncertainty towards the song's planned music video and promotion. The song contains a sample of \"I Don't Want to Play Around\" by Ace Spectrum. The original version that had leaked features the chorus sung by Young Jeezy and T.I., while Young Jeezy and T.I. rap the first verse and the first three are rapped by Drake. It was intended to be on Mary J. Blige's album Stronger with Each Tear, but missed the deadline and was later given to Drake in 2008. Blige's vocals were kept on Drake's version as a backing vocal, though formally uncredited. The track received a nomination for Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards. Music video A music video was filmed for the song on July 16, 2010. It was directed by Anthony Mandler. The video, however, was never released. In late September 2010, Drake told MTV that the reason why the video had not yet premiered is because he was debating whether to reshoot the video for \"Fancy\" or commission a clip for his next single, \"Show Me a Good Time\", he stated: \"We shot 'Fancy,' and to be honest with you, it was done and I watched it and I just had a way better idea, and that's why the video hasn't come out yet. And to follow up 'Find Your Love' and 'Miss Me,' I really wanted to do something different, conceptually, and so I had this amazing idea and now I'm debating whether I should reshoot it or go straight to Show Me a Good Time\". Live performances Drake and Swizz Beatz performed the song at the MTV Video Music Awards in Los Angeles, California, on September 12, 2010. Mary J. Blige performed alongside them in place of T.I., who was unable to attend; she sang a verse from the original leaked version, in addition to the chorus. On New Year's Eve 2011 on ABC, Drake performed a new version of his \"Fancy\" track on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin’ Eve With Ryan Seacrest. The record still has Swizz Beatz. The new verse was ultimately used on \"Over My Dead Body\", the opening track from his sophomore effort Take Care. Remix Following the performance at the MTV Video Music Awards, the song was re-purposed as a remix using one of the verses and additional ad-libs from Blige's original version in place of T.I.'s verse. This version also features part of the first verse of the original Ace Spectrum song preceding the first chorus, as well as some minor alterations to the music in the bridge.","title":"Fancy (Drake song)"},{"docid":"8070005","text":"\"How About You?\" is a popular song composed by Burton Lane, with lyrics by Ralph Freed. It was introduced in the 1941 film Babes on Broadway by Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney. The lyrics of the song are often changed depending on the recording artist. In its original form it is a humorous romantic duet, though rarely recorded that way. Certain lyrics, especially those with topical references, are often changed based on the time of the performance's release. For example, the line \"Franklin Roosevelt's looks give me a thrill\" was changed to \"James Durante's looks\" in a 1956 recording by Sinatra, though he did sing it in its original form when he recorded it with Tommy Dorsey in December 1941. Another example can be found in Bobby Darin's version of the song, which replaces the Roosevelt reference with a reference to \"Mr. Kennedy.\" Darin's version changes the lyrics again near the end of the song to “Mrs. Darin,\" who at the time was American actress Sandra Dee. Similarly, in a shout-out to wife on a 1964 recording, Steve Lawrence sings, “Eydie Gormé’s looks give me a thrill.\" Bob Crosby, Mary Livingstone and Jack Benny sang the song as a novelty trio on a 1955 episode of Benny's TV show. Lucille Ball and Van Johnson sang and danced to this song on an episode of I Love Lucy. Other film appearances The song was also featured in The Fisher King with Robin Williams (when it was sung and whistled by Harry Nilsson). Richard Dreyfuss hums and sings part of the song in The Goodbye Girl. Mammy Two Shoes hums and sings part of the song in 1943 Tom and Jerry cartoon, The Lonesome Mouse. Eve Marley sings it, dubbing for Anne Bancroft, in Don't Bother to Knock (1952). The music of the song appears in the films All About Eve (1950) (it is played on the piano at the party while the guests are gathered on the stairs ) and in Bachelor in Paradise (1961). Denea Wilde sings this song in a key, memorable scene of the original 1971 version of the film Get Carter. Notable recordings 1941 Judy Garland 1956 Frank Sinatra - Songs for Swingin' Lovers! (1956); The Legendary Sides (1997) with Tommy Dorsey 1958 Bing Crosby and Rosemary Clooney - Fancy Meeting You Here with Billy May 1959 Shirley Bassey - Bewitching Miss Bassey 1959 Joni James - Joni Sings Sweet 1961 Bobby Darin - Love Swings 1964 Steve Lawrence - Academy Award Losers. 1988 Michael Feinstein - Isn't It Romantic 1991 Harry Nilsson - The Fisher King Soundtrack 1998 Rosemary Clooney and Barry Manilow - At Long Last with the Count Basie Orchestra 2022 Daisy Duck (Tress MacNeille) - The MousePack - Mickey and Friends Singing Classic Standards References 1941 songs Songs written for films Songs with lyrics by Ralph Freed Songs with music by Burton Lane Judy Garland songs Frank Sinatra songs","title":"How About You?"},{"docid":"4386110","text":"Live at the Fillmore Auditorium is a live album by the American musician Chuck Berry. He was backed by the Steve Miller Blues Band (which later became better known as the Steve Miller Band). Berry's second live album, it was released in 1967 by Mercury Records. The album was re-released on CD by Rebound Records, with three additional tracks, \"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\", \"Reelin' and Rockin'\" and \"My Ding-a-Ling\". Incorrectly marked as bonus tracks are \"Feelin' It\" and \"It Hurts Me Too\", both of which are on the original album. The Rebound reissue omits \"Wee Baby Blues\", which is on the original album. An earlier CD reissue by Mercury additionally includes \"Bring Another Drink\" and \"Worried Life Blues\". Critical reception Rolling Stone wrote that \"the most interesting cuts are the instrumentals where Berry applies his rock guitar to Chicago blues and the Steve Miller Band comes into the foreground.\" Track listing All songs written by Chuck Berry except where noted Medley: \"Rockin' at the Fillmore\" / \"Every Day I Have the Blues\" (Memphis Slim) (8:36) \"C.C. Rider\" (Ma Rainey, Lena Arantt) (4:14) \"Driftin' Blues\" (Charles Brown, Eddie Williams, Johnny Moore) (3:56) \"Feelin' It\" (4:01) \"Flying Home\" (Benny Goodman, Lionel Hampton, Sid Robin) (2:44) \"(I'm Your) Hoochie Coochie Man\" (Willie Dixon) (5:54) \"It Hurts Me Too\" (unknown) (4:47) \"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\" (Sonny Boy Williamson) (2:50) \"Fillmore Blues\" (3:29) \"Wee Baby Blues\" (Joe Turner, Pete Johnson) (4:06) \"Bring Another Drink\" (2:22) \"Worried Life Blues\" (3:47) \"Reelin' and Rockin'\" (5:57) \"My Ding-a-Ling\" (4:36) \"Johnny B. Goode\" (3:14) Personnel Chuck Berry – guitar, vocals The Steve Miller Blues Band Tim Davis – drums Steve Miller – guitar, harmonica; vocals on \"It Hurts Me Too\" Jim \"Curley\" Cooke - guitar Jim Peterman – keyboards Lonnie Turner – bass guitar Technical Bill Halverson – engineer Wally Heider – recording Erik Weber – photography References Chuck Berry live albums 1967 live albums Mercury Records live albums Albums recorded at the Fillmore","title":"Live at the Fillmore Auditorium (Chuck Berry album)"},{"docid":"4606948","text":"Mark Moseley is an American voice actor, radio personality, stand-up comedian, and singer-songwriter. He has appeared in a variety of films, television shows, and video games. He is best known as a voice double for actors such as Eddie Murphy, Patrick Stewart, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Patrick Warburton, and Robin Williams. Career Moseley has also played Mushu for Disney in everything except the original film Mulan, where Eddie Murphy played Mushu. This includes starring in the sequel, Mulan 2, the former Mulan parade, and a trove of theme park attractions, TV shows, and video games, for example, the Square Enix game Kingdom Hearts II. He also voiced several characters in Shrek 2 and sang in Murphy's place in the Shrek extra ending, Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party and Donkey in the Shrek video games. Moseley has also sound-doubled Arnold Schwarzenegger, most notably in the video game Terminator 3: The Redemption, in which Moseley's voice is often heard 'side-by-side' with Schwarzenegger's original recordings for the previous Terminator game. Moseley has appeared on numerous hit TV series-mostly in voice-over roles. These include The Fairly OddParents, The Sopranos, The PJ's, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, My Life as a Teenage Robot, Father of the Pride, House of Mouse, and others. In God of War III, Moseley voiced the character King Minos. In Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian video game, Moseley played the role of Theodore Roosevelt, as portrayed in the movie by Robin Williams. For Star Wars: The Old Republic, he plays eight roles in the game. In 2007, Moseley was chosen for the voice of President Schwarzenegger in The Simpsons Movie. The producers had toyed with the idea of having the Schwarzenegger voice sound realistic (Moseley is known for his authentic-sounding impression of Schwarzenegger), as opposed to a parody. In the end, they used the original cast member Harry Shearer, who performs the Schwarzenegger parody 'Ranier Wolfcastle' in the TV series, in the US theatrical and DVD version of the film, though English-speaking Simpson fans around the world can hear Moseley's version, as producers decided to use his portrayal of Schwarzenegger in the Simpson's International English version of the movie. In 2015, Moseley was cast in the re-occurring role of Agamemnon, in DreamWorks Animation's series The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show, a role originally played in the 2014 film Mr. Peabody & Sherman by Patrick Warburton. Previously in his career, he was a morning personality for Miami's leading pop station, WPOW Power 96, from 1986 through 2002, and again from 2005-2007 (he performed remotely from his home in Los Angeles). While at WPOW in 1986, Moseley created the novelty hit song \"Ronnie's Rapp\", under the name \"Ron And The DC Crew\". Originally created as a comedy sketch for his morning show, the song was distributed by Profile Records, and became a club hit in 1986, reaching number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2009, Moseley worked with his long-time idol Rick Dees, as a member of Dees' morning radio cast","title":"Mark Moseley (actor)"},{"docid":"36080860","text":"\"My Lover's Prayer\" is a song performed by the Bee Gees, written by Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb and Maurice Gibb, and was released in 1997 on the album Still Waters. The track was originally written and recorded in 1995, but it was only a demo. In 2003, it was recorded by Alistair Griffin featuring Robin Gibb and was released as a double A-side. Personnel Barry Gibb - lead vocals Robin Gibb - lead vocals Maurice Gibb - backing vocals Robbie Kondor - keyboard, arranger Rob Mounsey - keyboard Marc Schulman - guitar Anthony Jackson - bass Russ Titelman - arranger Arif Mardin - strings arrangement Steve Eigner - sound engineer Mike Viola - sound engineer Alistair Griffin and Robin Gibb version \"My Lover's Prayer\" was released as a single in 2003 by Alistair Griffin featuring Robin Gibb, as a double A-side with \"Bring It On\". Robin Gibb had intended to re-release the song as a solo single in 2003 with backing vocals by Lance Bass and Wanya Morris, and a promo version of this had already been given radio play. However, the morning after the Fame Academy 2 final, Gibb contacted Griffin with a request to re-record a duet of the song, with the apparent intention of releasing it as a Christmas single. This version also used Gibb's original vocals with a new edit of the instrumental track. Three other performers from Fame Academy 2, Peter Brame, Carolynne Good and winner Alex Parks sang the backing vocals. Personnel Robin Gibb - lead vocals Wanya Morris - backing vocals (first version) Lance Bass - backing vocals (first version) Alistair Griffin - lead vocals (second version) Peter Brame - backing vocals (second version) Carolynne Good - backing vocals (second version) Alex Parks - backing vocals (second version) Deconzo Smith - keyboards, guitar, bass, producer Olly Meacock - programming Dave Ford - sound engineer Ian Curnow - producer References 1997 songs Bee Gees songs Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Songs written by Maurice Gibb 2003 singles Robin Gibb songs Alistair Griffin songs","title":"My Lover's Prayer"},{"docid":"6204206","text":"\"Good Rocking Tonight\" is a jump blues song originally released in 1947 by its writer, Roy Brown and was covered by many recording artists (sometimes as Good Rockin' Tonight). The song includes the memorable refrain, \"Well I heard the news, there's good rocking tonight!\" The song anticipated elements of rock and roll music. Some reviewers state that Brown's version, or Wynonie Harris' (depending on the source), is one of the contenders for the title of \"first rock'n'roll record\". The label of the 45 RPM record by Brown included the words \"Rocking blues\". In 2022, Brown's recording was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in the 'Classics of Blues Recording – Singles' category. Original song Brown had first offered his song to Wynonie Harris, who turned it down. He then approached Cecil Gant later that night, but after hearing Brown sing, Gant made a 2:30 AM phone call to Jules Braun, the president of DeLuxe Records. After Brown sang his song over the phone, Braun asked Brown to sing it a second time. He then told Gant, \"Give him fifty dollars and don't let him out of your sight.\" According to the Paul McCartney Project, \"Harris’s version was even more energetic than Brown’s original version, featuring black gospel style handclapping\". Five weeks later, Brown recorded the song for DeLuxe Records. Only after Brown's record had gained traction in New Orleans did Harris decide to cover it. Harris' more energetic version may have contributed to the composition's greater success on the national R&B chart. Brown's original recording hit #13 of the Billboard R&B chart, but Harris' record became a #1 R&B hit and remained on the chart for half a year. Brown's single would re-enter the chart in 1949, peaking at #11. Harris had a reputation for carousing, and sometimes forgot lyrics. His \"Good Rockin'\" recording session largely followed Brown's original lyrics, but by the end, he replaced the last section with a series of raucous \"hoy hoy hoy!\" interjections, a commonly used expression in jump blues tunes of the time, going back to 1945's \"The Honeydripper\" by Joe Liggins. The song is a primer of sorts on the popular black music of the era, making lyrical reference to Sweet Lorraine, Sioux City Sue, Sweet Georgia Brown, Caldonia, Elder Brown, and Deacon Jones. All of these characters had figured prominently in previous hit songs. The song has also been credited with being the most successful record to that point to use the word \"rock\" not as a euphemism for sex, but as a descriptive for the musical style, a connection which would become even clearer in 1954 when a version of \"Good Rockin' Tonight\" became Elvis Presley's second-ever single. While Brown missed out on the biggest hit version of his song, its success kicked off his own career, which included two #1 R&B hits. In 1949, he released \"Rockin' at Midnight\", a sequel to \"Good Rockin' Tonight.\" It reached #2 on the R&B chart, where it remained for a month. Elvis","title":"Good Rocking Tonight"},{"docid":"11960899","text":"Goodnight L.A. is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Magnum, released in 1990 by Polydor. Most of the material was already written and arranged, at least in demo form, and was taken to Los Angeles and Vancouver to find an American producer. Keith Olsen was suggested because of the success of his work on Whitesnake's 1987. Tony Clarkin, the band's guitarist and usually the sole songwriter, then invited co-writers such as Russ Ballard, Jim Vallance and David Cassidy's wife Sue Shifrin to collaborate on songwriting. Other songs called \"The Rock\" and \"On That Day\" were retitled or dropped. \"Come Back Running\" was recorded as a demo version, but it was never released. An additional title, written by Ballard and Clarkin, was published around this time called \"Dancing With The Devil\"; if this song was recorded, it has yet to be released. The rest of the band flew to Los Angeles in 1990 to record \"Goodnight L.A.\" at Olsen's studios. The album was originally titled Born to Be King but was eventually named after the studio. Three singles were planned. \"Rockin’ Chair\" was released first, followed by \"Heartbroke and Busted\"; the third single, \"No Way Out\", was cancelled because Polydor was disappointed with the chart ranking of \"Heartbroke and Busted\". While Polydor's plan for a Magnum breakthrough in America failed (the album was not released there), Goodnight L.A. was a commercial success at home, charting 9 in the United Kingdom (a position surpassed only by Wings of Heaven). Track listing Singles Rockin' Chair 7\" (1990) \"Rockin' Chair\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Russ Ballard) — 4:10 \"Mama\" [LP version] — 4:34 Rockin' Chair 12\" (1990) \"Rockin' Chair\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Russ Ballard) — 4:10 \"Mama\" [LP version] — 4:34 \"Where Do You Run To\" [B-side] — 3:44 Rockin' Chair CD (1990) \"Rockin' Chair\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Russ Ballard) — 4:10 \"Mama\" [LP version] — 4:34 \"Where Do You Run To\" [B-side] — 3:44 Heartbroke and Busted 7\" (1990) \"Heartbroke and Busted\" [LP version] — 3:37 \"Hanging Tree\" [B-side] — 0:00 Heartbroke and Busted 12\" (1990) \"Heartbroke and Busted\" [LP version] — 3:37 \"Hanging Tree\" [B-side] — 0:00 \"Cry for You\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Sue Shiffron) — 0:00 Heartbroke and Busted EP (1990) \"Heartbroke and Busted\" [LP version] — 3:37 \"Les Mort Dansant\" [acoustic] — 3:37 \"Hanging Tree\" [B-side] — 0:00 \"Cry for You\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Sue Shiffron) — 0:00 Heartbroke and Busted CD (1990) \"Heartbroke and Busted\" [LP version] — 3:30 \"Hanging Tree\" [B-side] — 3:37 \"Cry for You\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Sue Shiffron) — 3:52 Personnel Bob Catley — vocals Tony Clarkin — guitar Wally Lowe — bass guitar Mark Stanway — keyboards Mickey Barker — drums Additional musicians Tommy Funderburk — backing vocals Michael Sadler — backing vocals Paulinho da Costa — percussion Deric Dyer — saxophone Charts References External links www.magnumonline.co.uk — Official Magnum site 1990 albums Magnum (band) albums Albums produced by Keith","title":"Goodnight L.A."},{"docid":"19366733","text":"\"Love Me\" is a song recorded by the Bee Gees, released on the 1976 album Children of the World. It was also included on the compilation albums Bee Gees Greatest and Love from the Bee Gees, which was released only in the UK. Background It was written by Barry and Robin Gibb featuring Robin on lead with his vibrato (with Barry on the middle eight evidenced on the outro). This makes this song a curio among the group's latterday tracks, as during the mid and late 1970s, Barry sang most of the group's leads. Robin sings a falsetto lead on the group's 1979 song \"Living Together\" on the album Spirits Having Flown. He also sang falsetto during the chorus of his solo song \"Remedy\" from the 1985 album Walls Have Eyes. With Robin, Barry also sang the lead on the track's middle-eight. Recording began on 30 March 1976 in Criteria Studios, Miami and finished on 25 April in Le Studio, Quebec, Canada same day as \"I Think I'm Losing You\" (unreleased). Yvonne Elliman version Release Yvonne Elliman's version was released as a single and reached number 14 in the United States, number six in the United Kingdom, number nine in Ireland, number three in New Zealand and South Africa, number 15 in Australia, number 11 in Canada, and number 16 in Netherlands. Record World said that it is \"Elliman's best outing in some time due to the combination of strong material and an inspired vocal performance.\" Charts Martine McCutcheon version Background and release Martine McCutcheon remade \"Love Me\" for her 1999 debut album, You Me & Us, from which the track—serving as the BBC Children in Need single for 1999—was issued as the third single. It was released as a double A-side single along with \"Talking in Your Sleep\" on 22 November 1999 and peaked at number six in the United Kingdom. McCutcheon performed the song at the Children in Need telethon on 26 November 1999. She was supported by 100 children between the age of eight and thirteen, who were selected through nationwide auditions. The successful children had the chance to spend a day in a recording studio with McCutcheon, before serving as backing singers for the song on live television. Track listing \"Love Me\" (radio mix)- 3:44 \"Talking in Your Sleep\" (radio edit) - 4:06 Charts Other versions \"Love Me\" was also recorded by Janie Fricke for her 1981 album Sleeping With Your Memory and cantopop artist Prudence Liew for her 1994 album Thoughts in the Night, Dreams During the Day. References 1976 singles 1976 songs 1999 singles Bee Gees songs Children in Need singles Innocent Records singles Martine McCutcheon songs RSO Records singles Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Song recordings produced by Freddie Perren Song recordings produced by Maurice Gibb Song recordings produced by Robin Gibb Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Virgin Records singles Yvonne Elliman songs","title":"Love Me (Bee Gees song)"},{"docid":"2263149","text":"Roy James Brown (September 10, 1920 or 1925May 25, 1981) was an American blues singer who had a significant influence on the early development of rock and roll and the direction of R&B. His original song and hit recording \"Good Rockin' Tonight\" has been covered by many artists including Wynonie Harris, Elvis Presley, Bruce Springsteen, Paul McCartney, Joe Ely, Ricky Nelson, Jerry Lee Lewis, Pat Boone, James Brown, the Doors, and the rock group Montrose. Brown was one of the first popular R&B singers to perform songs with a gospel-steeped delivery, which was then considered taboo by many churches. In addition, his melismatic, pleading vocal style influenced notable artists such as B.B. King, Bobby Bland, Elvis Presley, Jackie Wilson, James Brown and Little Richard. Early life and education Brown was born in Kinder, Louisiana. Some sources report his birth date as September 10, 1925, but the researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc gave the date as September 10, 1920, on the basis of information in the 1930 census and Social Security records, and stated that 1925 is incorrect. Media reports state that he was either 55 or 56 at the time of his death. Like many R&B singers, Brown started singing gospel music in church. His mother was an accomplished singer and church organist. He moved to Los Angeles in the 1940s and for a short time was a professional boxer in the welterweight division. In 1945 he won a singing contest at the Million Dollar Theater, covering \"There's No You\", originally recorded by Bing Crosby. In 1946, Brown moved to Galveston, Texas, where he sang in Joe Coleman's group, performing mostly songs from the Hit Parade, in a nightclub called the Club Granada. His repertoire included \"Good Rockin' Tonight\". After being rejected by the armed forces because of flat feet, Brown secured his first major job in a club in Shreveport, Louisiana, singing mostly pop ballads, such as \"Stardust\" and \"There's No You\". The owner of Bill Riley's Palace Park hired him, as Brown told an interviewer for Blues Unlimited, because of his appeal as \"a Negro singer who sounds white.\" It was at the Palace Park that Brown started developing a blues repertoire, learning contemporary R&B tunes such as \"Jelly Jelly\" (recorded by Billy Eckstine). He returned to New Orleans in 1947, where he performed at the Dew Drop Inn. Career Brown was a fan of blues singer Wynonie Harris. When Harris appeared in town, Brown tried but failed to interest him in listening to \"Good Rockin' Tonight\". Brown then approached another blues singer, Cecil Gant, who was performing at another club in town. Brown introduced his song, and Gant had him sing it over the telephone to the president of De Luxe Records, Jules Braun, reportedly at 4:00 in the morning. Brown was signed to a recording contract immediately. He recorded the song in a jump blues style with a swing beat. It was released in 1948 and reached number 13 on the Billboard R&B chart. Ironically,","title":"Roy Brown (blues musician)"},{"docid":"5857532","text":"\"Heartbreaker\" is a song performed by American singer Dionne Warwick. It was written by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees for her 1982 studio album of the same name, while production was helmed by Barry Gibb, Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson under their production moniker Gibb-Galuten-Richardson. Barry Gibb's backing vocal is heard on the chorus. The song reached the top ten in over a dozen countries and stands as one of Warwick's biggest career hits, selling an estimated 4 million singles worldwide. In the U.S., it peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in January 1983. The track was Warwick's eighth number one Adult Contemporary hit and reached number 14 on the Hot Black Singles chart. It was ranked as Billboard magazine's 80th-biggest US hit of 1983. On the UK Singles Chart, the track reached number 2 in November 1982. Background \"Heartbreaker\" was written by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees for singer Dionne Warwick's same-titled album. The song blended the Gibb brothers' two schools of songwriting: it has the clear verse and chorus structure favored by Robin and Maurice, yet also has the longer spun-out verses Barry now preferred, both well balanced. The melody is reminiscent of \"Living Eyes\", but the song has a much stronger forward motion. Maurice said later that he wished they had saved it for themselves. The Bee Gees' demo version, sung by Barry, was not released until 2006 when it appeared on The Heartbreaker Demos (2006), the group's demo album of Warwick's album. Warwick admitted in The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits by Wesley Hyatt that she was not fond of \"Heartbreaker\" (regarding the song's international popularity, she quipped, \"I cried all the way to the bank\"), but recorded it because she trusted the Bee Gees' judgment that it would be a hit. Maurice Gibb, who co-wrote the song, commented, \"I cried my eyes out after we wrote it. I drove home and thought, 'We should be doing this one', and when she did it, it was brilliant. We sang on it, and it still became like a duet between the Bee Gees and Dionne Warwick\". Cover versions The Bee Gees' own version, with Barry Gibb on lead vocals, was recorded in 1994. It was originally planned for an album called Love Songs to be released in 1995, but was eventually released in 2001 on Their Greatest Hits: The Record. \"Heartbreaker\" was originally recorded as a single released on the Yep Roc label in 2019. Later it was released on a full length (Walkabout) originally released in Australia to commemorate their tour of the continent. Eventually it was released for the rest of the world as well. Track listings All tracks produced by Gibb-Galuten-Richardson. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts See also List of number-one singles and albums in Sweden List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 1982 References External links \"The Dionne Warwick Channel\" – YouTube site containing over 100 Dionne","title":"Heartbreaker (Dionne Warwick song)"},{"docid":"2508259","text":"\"Rockin' the Suburbs\" is a song by Ben Folds on the album of the same name. Music and lyrics Folds said of the inspiration for the song: \"I used to do this big rant at the end of some gigs with Ben Folds Five. The band broke into this big heavy metal thing and I started as a joke to scream in a heavy metal falsetto. I found myself saying things like: Feel my pain, I am white, feel my pain. I was going to write this song about Korn. I don't know, it wasn't as funny when I directed it at somebody. So I thought I would write it not directed to anybody. I mean, I would be happy to tell the guys from Korn that I wrote a song about them, but I think, when people listen to it, it is a better song when it is not directed to anybody.\" The song parodies Korn and Rage Against the Machine. Folds stated of the song \"I am taking the piss out of the whole scene, especially the followers.\" Single track listing \"Rockin' the Suburbs\" [Radio Edit] \"Girl\" \"Make Me Mommy\" \"Rockin' the Suburbs\" [Video] Japanese EP: \"Rockin' the Suburbs\" [Radio Edit] \"One Down\" \"Girl\" \"Make Me Mommy\" \"The Secret Life of Morgan Davis\" Music video The music video for \"Rockin' the Suburbs\" was directed by friend \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, who also plays the role of a producer who fixes Folds' \"shitty track,\" directly riffing on one of the song's lyrics. The video features Folds playing multiple members of an angry rock band in a suburban den and in front of a white background. After the song's bridge, Folds is shown outside in a suburban neighborhood wearing a backwards red New York Yankees cap, the trademark of Limp Bizkit's Fred Durst, while singing the lyrics, \"girl give me something I can break\", which were a riff on the Limp Bizkit song \"Break Stuff\". During this portion of the video, Folds engages in \"suburban\" activities such as skateboarding, jumping in pools and flipping burgers. At the end of the video, the \"band\" (all played by Folds again) plays in front of a black background with holes punched in it, a style that deliberately matches the live-action parts of the Korn video for \"Freak on a Leash.\" A subliminal message reading \"Korn Sucks\" briefly appears. Over the Hedge remake In 2006, Folds rewrote the song for the animated movie Over the Hedge, with film co-star William Shatner providing vocals during part of the song. Shatner does the voice for Ozzie the Opossum, who encourages his teenage daughter Heather (voice by Avril Lavigne) to play dead in threatening situations. While this version features entirely new lyrics intended to be more family-friendly than the original, Folds maintains the song’s satirical edge. The rewritten lyrics focus more on the institution of suburbia, and include jabs at homeowner associations, tract housing, consumerism, and developments built on Native American burial grounds. This version of the song","title":"Rockin' the Suburbs (song)"},{"docid":"33286844","text":"\"The Singer Sang His Song\" is a song by the Bee Gees, written by Barry, Robin and released in early 1968 as a single along with Jumbo. In some countries the song was the B-side of Jumbo but in others they were promoted as a double A-side. Recording and mixing This track was only issued as a single and not included on a studio album at the time, so by standard practice at the time, it was not mixed to stereo. The song was recorded on 8 January 1968, the same day the song \"Down to Earth\" was recorded, which was included on their third international album Idea and \"Chocolate Symphony\", now included on the expanded version of Idea released in 2007. The song was unavailable until 1990 when it was mixed in stereo for the first time and extended to 3:19 for inclusion on the Tales from the Brothers Gibb boxset. A remastered version featured on the deluxe edition of Idea released in 2006. Its promotional video was filmed in black and white, which featured a man and woman running in a park interspersed with The Bee Gees performing on stage. It reached #25 in the UK. Release Maurice Gibb explained about this song: The only time Robert was wrong when he said to release \"Jumbo\" as the A-side instead of the flipside \"The Singer Sang His Song.\" We thought that was going to be the A-side, but Atlantic convinced Robert, and Robert had been convinced by Vince and Colin 'cause they liked playing a bit more bluesy stuff, Robert said 'never again will I let anybody talk me into anything'. The band's manager Robert Stigwood also explained about this song: I also now realise it was a mistake to release it [Jumbo] as an A-side in Britain because the public still want big, emotional ballads from the boys. In a Billboard magazine interview with the Bee Gees, Maurice said of the song, \"I love 'The Singer Sang His Song' from way back [in 1968]. But the songs are like our kids, and you feel funny favoring one to the other\". Personnel Robin Gibb — lead vocals, organ Barry Gibb — backing and harmony vocals, guitar Maurice Gibb — backing vocals, bass, piano, organ, mellotron Vince Melouney — acoustic guitar Colin Petersen — drums Bill Shepherd — orchestral arrangement Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1968 songs Bee Gees songs Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Songs written by Maurice Gibb Song recordings produced by Robert Stigwood Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Song recordings produced by Robin Gibb Song recordings produced by Maurice Gibb Pop ballads Rock ballads 1968 singles","title":"The Singer Sang His Song"},{"docid":"23420538","text":"Alpana Mukherjee (née Banerjee) () (14 March 1934 – 24 July 2009) was a successful Bengali singer during the late 1940s and 1950s and onwards. Her most noted songs are \"Trader Chumki Jole Akashe\" \"Hatti Matim Tim\", \"Mon Bolchhe Aaj Sandhyay\", \"Chotto Pakhi Chandana\" and \"Ami Alpana Enke Jai Aloy Chhayay\" \" Akash Ar Eai Mati Oi Dure\" \" Jodi Oli Na chahe\". Early life At the age of 13, Alpana was discovered by her father's close friends, Robin Chattopadhyay and Gouri Prasanna Majumdar, who were very active as music composers and lyricists respectively in the Bengali music scene at that time. Her songs became very popular soon after. Career Alpana Banerjee's major popularity derived from singing children's songs, which she transformed from simple rhymes to immortal classics. Bengalis from the 1950s through the 1990s were raised on Alpana's classics like 'Hatti Matim Tim' or 'Chhotto Pakhi Chandana'. Her modern songs received much more popularity. One of the earliest and notable Bengali non-film songs sung by Alpana was \"Samiran Phire Chao\" under Robin Chattopadhyay's baton. Soon after, in 1951, she recorded the song \"Matir Ghare Aaj Nemechhe Chand Re\" for the Bengali film 'Vidyasagar' with music once again by Robin Chattopadhay. This song became remarkably popular. Another notable Bengali film song by her, under Robin Chattopadhay's baton yet again, is \"Hriday Amar Sundara Taba Paye\" from the 1956 film 'Sagarika'. She sang many notable Bengali film and non-film songs in the 1950s under different music composers including Nachiketa Ghosh, Shyamal Mitra, Manabendra Mukhopadhyay, Sailen Mukhopadhyay and Bhupen Hazarika. Her voice was eloquent in capturing a variety of moods ranging from the romantic \"Mon Bolchhe Aaj Sandhyay\", to the frivolous 'Bakul Gandhe Jodi', 'Ami Alpana Enke Jai' and sombre 'Jetha Achhe Ogo Shudhu Nirabata'. Alpana recorded a cover version of the Hindi film song 'Albela main ek dilwala' under Sachin Dev Burman's music direction. The regular version of this song was sung by Asha Bhonsle in the 1957 Hindi film 'Miss India'. Alpana collaborated with many of her colleagues including Utpala Sen, Sandhya Mukhopadhyay, Shyamal Mitra (with whom she sang duets on many occasions), Manabendra Mukhopadhyay, and Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay. She also sang with Lata Mangeshkar under the direction of Pandit Ravi Shankar. She was often the guest of honour at Bengali music functions, TV programmes, and on AIR (All India Radio) programmes. On All India Radio'-Calcutta's 'Ramyageeti' program, she sang songs tuned by internationally renowned Sarod player Ali Akbar Khan. She also toured most of the North Indian Radio stations singing in chain programs with All India Radio. She was noted to have given performances in all corners of West Bengal. Besides touring within India and West Bengal, she also extensively toured in England. She performed at Durga Puja functions in places like Hampstead Town Hall, Belsize Park, King's Cross and gave performances at Bengali communities in Bradford, Leeds, Liverpool, Wolverhampton, West Ham, Seven Sisters, Finsbury Park, Islington, etc. She was interviewed by BBC London on several occasions. Personal life","title":"Alpana Banerjee"},{"docid":"778939","text":"Bernard Shalom Kotzin (November 11, 1918 – December 14, 1997), known as Stubby Kaye, was an American actor, comedian, vaudevillian and singer, known for his appearances on Broadway and in film musicals. Kaye originated the roles of Nicely-Nicely Johnson in Guys and Dolls and Marryin' Sam in Li'l Abner, introducing two show-stopping numbers of the era: \"Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Boat\" and \"Jubilation T. Cornpone.\" He reprised these roles in the movie versions of the shows. Other well-known roles include Herman in Bob Fosse's Sweet Charity, Sam the Shade in Cat Ballou, and Marvin Acme in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Biography Kaye was first generation born Bernard Sholom Kotzin on the last day of the First World War, at West 114th Street in the Morningside Heights section of Manhattan. He kept his original name secret throughout his career. His parents were Jewish-Americans originally from Russia and Austria-Hungary. His father, David Kotzin, was a dress salesman, and the former Harriet \"Hattie\" Freundlish was his mother. He was raised in the Far Rockaway section of Queens and later in The Bronx, where he acted in student productions at DeWitt Clinton High School, and where he graduated in 1937. In 1939, he won the Major Bowes Amateur Hour contest on radio where the prize included touring in vaudeville, where he was sometimes billed as an \"Extra Padded Attraction.\" During the Second World War, he joined the USO where he toured battle fronts and made his London debut performing with Bob Hope. After the war, he continued to work in vaudeville and as master of ceremonies for the swing orchestras of Freddy Martin and Charlie Barnet. As Nicely-Nicely Johnson in Guys and Dolls, first on Broadway (1950) and then in the film version (1955), he introduced \"Fugue for Tinhorns\" (\"I got the horse right here, his name is Paul Revere...\") and \"Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Boat.\" He created the role of Marryin' Sam in Li'l Abner on Broadway (1956), introducing the song \"Jubilation T. Cornpone.\" In 1957 he was named best actor in a musical by the Outer Critics Circle. In his New York Times review, Brooks Atkinson said Kaye sang \"it with that vaudeville rhythm and those vaudeville blandishments that turn song numbers into triumphant occasions.\" He also played the role in the film (1959). His next Broadway show, Everybody Loves Opal, starring Eileen Heckart, closed after 21 performances in 1961. In 1956 he co-starred with June Allyson and Jack Lemmon in the filmYou Can't Run Away from It, a musical remake of It Happened One Night. He played the title character in Michael Winner's British film The Cool Mikado (1962), based on Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera, The Mikado. In the mid-1950s, Kaye guest starred on NBC's early sitcom The Martha Raye Show. In 1958, he appeared on the short-lived NBC variety show The Gisele MacKenzie Show. About this time, he also appeared on ABC's The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom. In the 1959–60 television season, Kaye co-starred in the short-lived","title":"Stubby Kaye"},{"docid":"4192022","text":"\"Pop Muzik\" is a 1979 song by M, a project by English musician Robin Scott, from the debut album New York • London • Paris • Munich. The single, first released in the UK in early 1979, was bolstered by a music video (directed by Brian Grant) that was well received by critics. The clip featured Scott as a DJ singing into a microphone from behind an exaggerated turntable setup, at times flanked by two female models who sang and danced in a robotic manner. The video also featured Brigit Novik, Scott's wife at the time, who provided the backup vocals for the track. The single's B-side, \"M Factor\", was featured in two different versions. The original cut appeared on the first UK and European releases of the single, while a slightly remixed version appeared on the single released in the United States and Canada. \"Pop Muzik\" reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100, the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, and number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. Concept and chart performance The song was initially recorded in R&B and funk styles before a friend of Scott suggested using synthesisers. He describes the genesis of \"Pop Muzik\": I was looking to make a fusion of various styles which somehow would summarise the last 25 years of pop music. It was a deliberate point I was trying to make. Whereas rock and roll had created a generation gap, disco was bringing people together on an enormous scale. That's why I really wanted to make a simple, bland statement, which was, 'All we're talking about basically (is) pop music.' Cash Box described it as a \"quirky Euro-pop number,\" stating that \"the nonsensical lyrics create a catchy cadence.\" Record World described it as a \"totally infectious body-mover.\" The single was released in the UK first, peaking at number 2 on 12 May 1979, unable to break Art Garfunkel's 6-week stint at number one with \"Bright Eyes\". In August of that same year, it was released in North America, where it eventually climbed all the way to number 1 in Canada on 27 October and in the US on 3 November. Along with Scott, other musicians who played on the track were his brother Julian Scott (on bass), then unknown keyboardist Wally Badarou, Canadian synthesiser programmer John Lewis, drummer Phil Gould (who later became one of the founding members of the group Level 42), Gary Barnacle and Brigit Novik, the backing vocalist, credited as \"Brigit Vinchon\" on the records and sleeves. The image of the baby on \"Pop Muzik\"'s single disc is of Robin Scott's daughter, Berenice. She became a singer, piano/keyboard player and composer and involved in projects with her father's friends Phil Gould and Wally Badarou. Album The subsequent full-length album New York • London • Paris • Munich was recorded in Montreux, Switzerland, at Queen's Mountain Studio, with lead singer and guitarist Robin Scott and regular engineer David Richards, as well as Julian Scott, Wally Badarou and Brigit Novik. Additional","title":"Pop Muzik"},{"docid":"66176817","text":"Rockin' with Kay is a studio album by Kay Starr. It was released in 1958 by RCA Victor (catalog no. LPM-1720). It was her third album for RCA Victor. Reception Upon its release, Billboard magazine gave the album a rating of three stars and wrote: \"The wonderful, husky expressiveness of the Starr gal comes through on this selection of tunes arranged for rocking delivery.\" AllMusic also gave the album a rating of three stars. Reviewer William Ruhlmann wrote that the arrangements were \"bluesy and rocking\" and that Starr sang with \"her usual throaty abandon.\" Track listing Side A \"Dry Bones\" (traditional) [2:30] \"Rockin' Chair\" (Hoagy Carmichael) [3:20] \"I Gotta Get Away from You\" (Hal Stanley) [1:57] \"Till We Meet Again\" (Raymond B. Egan, Richard A. Whiting) [2:27] \"True Blue Lou\" (Sam Coslow, Leo Robin, Richard A. Whiting) [2:37] \"Lazy Bones\" (Hoagy Carmigchael, Johnny Mercer) [3:20] Side B \"Lonesome Road\" (traditional) [3:23] \"The Glory of Love\" (Billy Hill) [2:39] \"I'm Confessin'\" (Doc Daugherty, Al J. Neiburg, Ellis Reynolds) [3:22] \"Lover Man\" (Jimmy Davis, Roger \"Ram\" Ramirez, Jimmy Sherman) [3:18] \"How Deep Is the Ocean\" (Iriving Berlin) [2:47] \"Do I Worry\" (Stanley Cowan, Bobby Worth) [3:03] References 1958 albums Kay Starr albums RCA Victor albums","title":"Rockin' with Kay"},{"docid":"27705060","text":"\"When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)\" is a popular song written, both words and music, by Harry Woods in 1926. The song became the signature song for singer and actress Lillian Roth, who performed it often during the height of her musical career from the late 1920s to the late 1930s. Notable recordings The song was a hit in 1926 for: \"Whispering\" Jack Smith; Cliff Edwards; Paul Whiteman; and the band the Ipana Troubadors (vocal by Franklyn Baur). The most successful recording in 1926, however, was by Al Jolson. Jolson recorded it again on December 5, 1947, for Decca Records. 1939 Bob Crosby and His Orchestra – recorded April 7, 1939 for Decca Records (catalog No. 2537A). 1953 – recorded by Doris Day, and briefly reached the charts. 1956 Louis Armstrong and his All-Stars released a recording of the song 1956 Bing Crosby recorded the song for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set The Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings (1954-56) issued by Mosaic Records (catalog MD7-245) in 2009. Crosby also included the song in a medley on his album On the Happy Side (1962). 1957 Julie London – for her album Julie. 1958 Eydie Gormé – included in the album Eydie Gormé – Vamps the Roaring 20's. 1973 Dean Martin – Sittin' on Top of the World. 1996 Steve Goodman – The Easter Tapes (Live Steve Goodman album). 2002 Rosie Flores – The Bottle Let Me Down: Songs for Bumpy Wagon Rides (Various Artists). 2017 Kamasi Washington – Perspective (Harmony of Difference). Also in the 1950s, a version was released by Peter Pan Records, with \"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody\" on the reverse side of the single. Film appearances 1926 A Plantation Act – a sound-on-disc short film – sung by Al Jolson. 1932 When the Red, Red Robin Comes Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along – a Fleischer Studios Screen Song cartoon. 1949 Jolson Sings Again – sung by Larry Parks (dubbed by Al Jolson) 1952 Has Anybody Seen My Gal? – sung by Lynn Bari, Gigi Perreau and Charles Coburn. 1955 I'll Cry Tomorrow – sung by Susan Hayward, playing Lillian Roth, in this biographical film about Roth. 1974 The Conversation – sung by Cindy Williams' character, Ann, during a conversation. In popular culture The song featured an early example of the motivational three-word phrase \"Live, Laugh, Love\", that became a popular slogan on motivational posters and home decor in the late 2000s and early 2010s. The song helped inspire the name of the American casual dining restaurant chain Red Robin: the owner of the original restaurant, in the University District of Seattle, sang in a barbershop quartet which frequently sang the song, and in the 1940s he renamed his restaurant \"Sam's Red Robin\". The English football club Charlton Athletic play Billy Cotton's version of the song as the team come out on to the pitch at their home ground The Valley. The English rugby","title":"When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)"},{"docid":"17683570","text":"\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" is a song by American singer, songwriter and actress Julee Cruise, released in 1990 as the second single from her debut album, Floating into the Night (1989). It was released on Warner Bros. Records. Cruise performs the song in \"Episode 14\" of American mystery serial drama television series Twin Peaks, the long-anticipated episode of the show in which the killer of Laura Palmer was finally revealed after a year of anxious, media-driven anticipation. Cruise also sings \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" in Industrial Symphony No. 1, another David Lynch project. Content The song is in the dream pop genre, with jazzy flourishes. Angelo Badalamenti composed the music and David Lynch wrote the lyrics. Critical reception Andrew Mueller from Melody Maker named \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" Single of the Week, adding, \"So she's runner-up this time. This languid sub-doo-wop finger-clicker is nary a patch on the magisterial \"Falling\", but it is nonetheless floating-away gorgeous and punctuated by a relatively wild saxophone blat in the middle and Julee's voice is still like drowning in a velvet-lined bath full of honey and pineapple jelly. You get the idea.\" Terry Staunton from NME wrote, \"Fingers crossed, Julee Cruise will still be knocking about years after Twin Peaks has been consigned to the studio vaults. This is probably the most immediate and commercial track on the Floating into the Night LP, a Connie Francis love ballad punctuated by a Roxy Music sax solo. Whether Cruise sticks with David Lynch and Angelo Badalamenti in the future remains to be seen, although I'd like to hear the Pet Shop Boys knock out a few tunes for her.\" Track listing UK 7-inch \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Edit) – 4:06 \"Falling\" (LP version) – 5:45 UK 12-inch and CD \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Tibetan Mix) – 5:40 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Edit) – 4:06 \"Mysteries of Love\" – 4:27 US 12-inch \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Tibetan 12\" Mix) – 5:43 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Bonus Beats) – 2:30 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (A Cappella) – 5:05 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Tibetan Dub) – 5:45 \"The World Spins\" – 6:38 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Original Single Edit) – 4:04 US CD \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Tibetan Single Mix) – 3:49 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Tibetan 12\" Mix) – 5:43 \"The World Spins\" – 6:38 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Original Single Edit) – 4:04 Charts References External links 1990 singles 1989 songs Julee Cruise songs Music of Twin Peaks Song recordings produced by Angelo Badalamenti Song recordings produced by David Lynch Songs written by Angelo Badalamenti Songs written by David Lynch Warner Records singles","title":"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart"},{"docid":"5828402","text":"The 1989 Royal Rumble was the second annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). After the inaugural event aired as a television special, the 1989 event aired on pay-per-view (PPV), thus becoming one of the WWF's original four annual PPV events, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which would become recognized as the \"Big Four\". It took place on January 15, 1989, at The Summit in Houston, Texas. It centered on the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. Six matches were contested at the event, including two dark matches. The main event was the 1989 Royal Rumble match, which was won by Big John Studd, who last eliminated Ted DiBiase. Featured matches on the undercard were Jim Duggan and The Hart Foundation (Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart) defeating Dino Bravo and The Fabulous Rougeaus (Jacques and Raymond Rougeau) in a two-out-of-three falls match, Rockin' Robin defeating Judy Martin to retain the WWF Women's Championship, and King Haku defeating Harley Race to retain his King of the Ring crown and cape. Production Background In 1988, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) debuted the Royal Rumble match, although a non-televised version had been tested in 1987. The match was a modified battle royal in which the participants entered at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. The inaugural match featured 20 wrestlers and the inaugural event was named after the match. A second event was scheduled to be held on January 15, 1989, at The Summit in Houston, Texas, thus establishing the Royal Rumble as an annual January event. The previous year's event had been shown as a television special on the USA Network. The 1989 event was instead aired on pay-per-view (PPV), being the first Royal Rumble to be broadcast on PPV, in turn becoming one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which would be dubbed the \"Big Four\". It was also the first to feature 30 wrestlers in the titular match, which is now the traditional number of participants. Storylines The main feud heading into the Royal Rumble was between the 30 superstars from the entire World Wrestling Federation (WWF) who had selected to participate in the first-ever 30 man Royal Rumble match. Big John Studd returned to WWF in late 1988 and turned babyface after not siding with former manager Bobby Heenan and began a feud with Heenan's client André the Giant. Both men signed to participate in the Royal Rumble match. Mr. Perfect, who joined WWF in the summer of 1988 was pushed as an undefeated heel wrestler, entering his name into the match. Bad News Brown was pushed as an arrogant powerful heel who was an enemy of face and heel wrestlers. As a result, he also entered his name into the match. Many tag","title":"Royal Rumble (1989)"},{"docid":"15826503","text":"Time Won't Let Me is the first studio album by the Outsiders. It was named after the band's early 1966 break-out single, \"Time Won't Let Me\". Release data The album was released in the LP format on Capitol in May 1966 in both monaural and stereophonic editions (catalogue numbers T 2501 and ST 2501, respectively). Although never released individually as a CD, the band's first two albums were reissued on Liberty Bell as a \"two-fer\" CD, along with bonus tracks (catalogue number PCD-4365). Notes on the tracks Original LP This album includes all four sides of the band's first two singles, all of which were written by Tom King and Chet Kelley. Their best-known song, \"Time Won't Let Me\" was a Top 5 single in early 1966, and used elements of both Merseybeat and Motown that were dominating the charts in that time period: a brass section, a la the Motown sound, with the big beat formula of the Beatles. It remained one of the most played songs on Classic rock radio stations for several decades after its release. Their next single, \"Girl in Love\", was already charting when the final tracks were laid down for this album. It was written about bassist Mert Madsen's fiancee. The cover songs that constitute the rest of the album include \"Listen People\" (a hit earlier in 1966 by Herman's Hermits); Buddy Holly's 1958 hit \"Maybe Baby\"; the pop music confection \"Rockin' Robin\" (also from 1958); the Spencer Davis Group's first Number One single \"Keep on Running\" (from 1965); and \"She Cried\" (originally a 1962 hit by Jay and the Americans). \"Time Won't Let Me\" was later covered by the all-woman rock band, The Heart Beats and was also covered in 1981 by Iggy Pop on his album, Party. CD bonus tracks The first six bonus tracks are the sides from the last four singles by the band other than the two \"B\" sides that are included on Album #2; these songs are not included on any of the band's 1960s albums. The last two bonus tracks are alternate versions of two songs that are actually by Climax – Sonny Geraci's band after the Outsiders broke up – although \"Think I'm Falling\" was first released under the name the Outsiders before Tom King won the rights to the band name in a lawsuit. \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" went on to be a major hit song by the Righteous Brothers, but not until 1974. Reception Track listing Side 1 \"Keep on Running\" (Jackie Edwards), 2:20 \"Listen People\" (Graham Gouldman), 2:29 \"Time Won't Let Me\" (Tom King, Chet Kelley) 2:47 \"My Girl\" (William Robinson, Ronald White), 2:27 \"What Makes You So Bad, You Weren't Brought up that Way\" (King, Kelley) 2:20 \"She Cried\" (Greg Richards, Ted Daryll), 2:21 Side 2 \"Chase Away the Tears\" (King, Kelley) 2:42 \"Was it Really Real\" (King, Kelley) 2:11 \"Maybe Baby\" (Buddy Holly, Norman Petty), 1:58 \"Rockin' Robin\" (Jeanne Vikki), 2:30 \"Girl in Love\" (King, Kelley) 3:01 CD bonus tracks When","title":"Time Won't Let Me (album)"},{"docid":"3472548","text":"\"Prisoner of Love\" is a 1931 popular song, with music by Russ Columbo and Clarence Gaskill and lyrics by Leo Robin. Background Written in 1931, Leo Robin has related how publisher Con Conrad walked into his hotel room with Russ Columbo and asked him to write words within the hour for a tune he had. Robin, who was on vacation, at first refused, but Conrad explained that he wanted Columbo to demonstrate it to Flo Ziegfeld who needed a song for Helen Morgan in one of his shows. Robin then wrote the lyric, which he afterwards said he disliked, and the song was duly performed for Ziegfeld, but he did not accept it. Russ Columbo, however, sang it on his radio show and recorded it on October 9, 1931, for Victor Records, and it was very popular in 1932. Columbo also sang it in the 1933 short film That Goes Double. In 1946, the song became a major hit for Billy Eckstine, Perry Como, and the Ink Spots. Billy Eckstine version African-American crooner Billy Eckstine recorded his version with Duke Ellington on piano and Art Blakey on drums, on September 4, 1945. The record became a million seller and a No. 10 hit. Perry Como versions Perry Como's first recording was made on December 18, 1945 and released by RCA Victor as catalog number 20-1814-B. It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on March 30, 1946 and lasted 21 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 1. The flip side was \"All Through the Day\". This recording was re-released in 1949, by RCA Victor, as a 78rpm single (catalog number 20-3298-A) and a 45rpm single (catalog number 47-2886), with the flip side \"Temptation\". Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song of the year for 1946. Como made two further recordings of the song: one in February 1946 for a V-Disc, number CS-656-B, and another in July 1970 in a live performance in Las Vegas, issued as a long-playing album (titled Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel, Las Vegas in its United States and United Kingdom releases, Perry Como in Person in its Japanese release, and Perry Como in Concert in its Dutch release). The Como version was used on the soundtrack of the 1980 film, Raging Bull. The Ink Spots version This was recorded on March 18, 1946 for Decca Records (catalogue No. 18864), and it spent 11 weeks in the USA charts, peaking at No. 9. James Brown version James Brown revived \"Prisoner of Love\" in 1963. It charted at No. 6 R&B and at No. 18 Pop. The studio recording was arranged by Sammy Lowe. Brown performed the song live with his vocal group, The Famous Flames, in the concert film T.A.M.I. Show and on a mid-1960s telecast of The Ed Sullivan Show. It also appears on many of his live albums. Other notable recordings 1932 Roy Fox and His Band - vocal by Al Bowlly. 1939 Mildred Bailey recorded for Vocalion Records (catalogue No.","title":"Prisoner of Love (Russ Columbo song)"},{"docid":"6555618","text":"\"Saturday Night Fish Fry\" is a jump blues song written by Louis Jordan and Ellis Lawrence Walsh, best known through the version recorded by Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five. The recording is considered to be one of the \"excellent and commercially successful\" examples of the jump blues genre. While the origins of rock and roll are disputed, some have also suggested that the song may be the first rock 'n' roll record. The song contains elements later common in rock 'n' roll such as electric guitar, a brisk tempo and \"a mix of the bass,\" and the singer begins each chorus with the catchphrase, \"It was rockin',\" repeating it several times. National hit The single was a big hit, topping the R&B chart for twelve non-consecutive weeks in late 1949. It also reached number 21 on the national chart, a rare accomplishment for a \"race record\" at that time (although Jordan had already had earlier crossover hits). Jordan's jump blues combo was one of the most successful acts of its time, and its loose and streamlined style of play was highly influential. First recordings \"Saturday Night Fish Fry\" was first recorded by Eddie Williams and His Brown Buddies with spoken vocals by the song's composer, Ellis Walsh. Williams had a number 2 R&B hit with the song \"Broken Hearted\". \"Saturday Night Fish Fry\" was intended to be the band's next single, but the acetate found its way to Louis Jordan's agent instead. As Williams recalled, \"They got theirs out there first.\" Jordan changed the song. One source provides this summary: he took \"the song’s ‘hook’ and [sang] it twice after every other verse. The arrangement was also more propulsive, too; Williams’ shuffle was replaced by a raucous, rowdy jump Boogie-woogie\". The expression \"it was rockin'\" appears four times in the chorus, which is sung seven times. His version was produced by Milt Gabler. At 5:21, the recording ran longer than a standard side of a 78 record, so it was broken into two halves, one on each side of the disc. The song's lyrics are in the first person and describe two itinerant musicians going to a fish fry on Rampart Street in New Orleans, Louisiana. The party turns wild and is raided by the police; the narrator subsequently spends the night in jail. Composition Jordan's \"Saturday Night Fish Fry\" has been called an example of jump blues because \"it literally made its listeners jump to its pulsing beat\", according to NPR, which points out the use of the word \"rockin'\" in the chorus. The Acoustic Music organization states that the recording marked \"the end of the jump blues dominance of the '40s\". One reviewer offered this comment in 2016 on the Jordan version: \"Jordan’s pithy, witty vocal style, bumping jump-blues rhythms, and taste for lyrics that both wag their tongue and bite are as plainly irresistible as pop music gets\". Some sources also consider it as a precursor to rock and roll, or perhaps, one of the first","title":"Saturday Night Fish Fry"},{"docid":"17657167","text":"Bonnie Tyler: The Best is a compilation album by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler. It was released in 1993 by Columbia in the UK and by Versailles Records in France. Both issues feature the same front cover, but they do not have matching track lists. In 1995, the album was reissued in the UK under the title The Definitive Collection, featuring the original track listing and a bonus CD with five more tracks. Track listing UK Version \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" (Jim Steinman) – 4:27 (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night) \"Faster Than the Speed of Night\" (Steinman) – 4:40 (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night) \"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?\" (John Fogerty) – 4:03 (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night) \"If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)\" (Desmond Child) – 3:57 (from the 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire) \"Here She Comes\" (Pete Bellotte, Giorgio Moroder) – 3:21 (from the 1984 soundtrack for Metropolis) \"Loving You's a Dirty Job but Somebody's Gotta Do It\" (Steinman) – 5:47 (from the 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire) \"Getting So Excited\" (Alan Gruner) – 3:38 (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night) \"Save Up All Your Tears\" (Child, Diane Warren) – 4:02 (from the 1988 album Hide Your Heart) \"The Best\" (Mike Chapman, Holly Knight) – 4:00 (from the 1988 album Hide Your Heart) \"Holding Out for a Hero\" (Steinman, Dean Pitchford) – 4:28 (from the 1984 album Footloose and the 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire) \"(The World Is Full of) Married Men\" (Dominic Bugatti, Frank Musker) – 3:57 (1979 single only) \"A Rockin' Good Way (To Mess Around and Fall in Love)\" (with Shakin' Stevens) (Brook Benton, Luchi de Jesus, Clyde Otis) – 2:54 (from the 1983 Shakin' Stevens album The Bop Won't Stop) \"More Than a Lover\" (Ronnie Scott, Steve Wolfe) – 4:08 (from the 1977 album The World Starts Tonight) \"Don't Turn Around\" (Warren, Albert Hammond) – 4:16 (from the 1988 album Hide Your Heart) \"Lovers Again\" (Child) – 4:13 (from the 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire) \"Lost in France\" (Scott, Wolfe) – 3:57 (from the 1977 album The World Starts Tonight) \"It's a Heartache\" (Scott, Wolfe) – 3:30 (from the 1978 album Natural Force) \"To Love Somebody (Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb) – 5:30 (from the 1988 album Hide Your Heart) France Version Writer is same as English version for any occurrence of the same song. \"Total Eclipse Of The Heart\" \"Holding Out For A Hero\" (Club Mix) \"It's A Heartache\" \"If You Were A Woman (And I Was A Man)\" \"Here She Comes\" \"Loving You Is A Dirty Job But Somebody's Got To Do It\" \"Lost In France\" \"Rockin' Good Way (To Mess Around And Fall In Love)\" \"Have You Ever Seen The Rain?\" \"Straight From The Heart\" (Bryan Adams/Eric Kanga) (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night)","title":"The Best (Bonnie Tyler album)"},{"docid":"2227456","text":"Alive II is the second live album by American hard rock band Kiss, released on October 14, 1977, by Casablanca Records. The band had released three albums (Destroyer, Rock and Roll Over, and Love Gun) since the previous live outing, the 1975 release Alive!, so they drew upon the variety of new tracks, with Eddie Kramer producing. The album is one of the best selling in the Kiss discography, being the band's first to be certified double platinum in February 1996 (signifying sales of over 1,000,000 for a double album), the same month the Kiss reunion tour was announced. It has continued to sell in the US in the Soundscan era, selling over 300,000 copies from 1991 and to March 2012. Album information The origins of Alive II go back to early 1977 when the band's manager Bill Aucoin suggested that Eddie Kramer record a live album during the evening show at Budokan Hall in Tokyo, Japan on April 2, 1977. The plan was to release a live album to give Kiss some time off before recording the album that would become Love Gun later that autumn. Kramer finished work on the album, but Casablanca and Kiss deemed it unusable, and the band forged ahead with their Love Gun sessions. Most of the live tracks on Alive II were recorded during the band's August 26–28 shows at the Forum while on their Love Gun Tour. The 3 p.m. soundchecks at the August 26 and 27 shows were recorded and later used on the album (i.e. \"Tomorrow and Tonight\" with crowd noise being dubbed in later). \"Beth\" and \"I Want You\" were lifted from the unused Japanese live recordings and repurposed for the finished album. As the band did not want to duplicate songs included on Alive!, the songs chosen for the three live sides of the album were all drawn from Kiss' three preceding studio albums: Destroyer, Rock and Roll Over, and Love Gun. The new songs on side 4 (tracks 6–10 on the second CD of the reissue) are tracks recorded live without an audience at Capitol Theatre in Passaic, New Jersey, and overdubbed and mixed at Electric Lady Studios in New York City in September 13–16, 1977. Although Ace Frehley was originally credited for lead guitar on the studio tracks, the remastered version released in 1997 confirmed that Bob Kulick played lead guitar on the tracks \"All American Man\", \"Rockin' in the U.S.A.\", and \"Larger Than Life\", with Paul Stanley playing all guitars on the cover \"Any Way You Want It\". \"Rockin' in the U.S.A.\" had references to both the previous year's Spirit of 76 European Tour and to that spring's debut in Japan. Frehley's sole involvement for the studio songs was \"Rocket Ride\" (originally written for a solo album), on which he sang lead vocals and played both guitar and bass guitar. Several early copies of the album's cover featured a rare misprint of three additional songs (\"Take Me\", \"Hooligan\", and \"Do You Love Me?\") with a","title":"Alive II"},{"docid":"2925326","text":"\"Emotion\" is a song written by Barry and Robin Gibb. It was first recorded by Australian singer Samantha Sang, whose version reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978. The Bee Gees recorded their own version of the song in 1994 as part of an album called Love Songs, which was never released, but it was eventually included on their 2001 collection titled Their Greatest Hits: The Record. In 2001, \"Emotion\" was covered by the American R&B girl group Destiny's Child. Their version of the song was an international hit, reaching the top ten on the US Hot 100 chart and peaking in the top five on the UK Singles Chart. English singer Emma Bunton also covered the song on her 2019 album My Happy Place. Original version Background Originally, \"Emotion\" was recorded by Samantha Sang for the Private Stock label. The song was Sang's only hit single, reaching number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100. Billboard ranked her version as the No. 14 song for 1978. There is a promotional video made for this song. When Sang arrived at Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida, instead of recording \"(Our Love) Don't Throw it All Away\", Barry Gibb offered her a new song called \"Emotion\". On this track, Sang sticks to a breathy, Gibb-like sound. Gibb himself provided harmony and background vocals in his signature falsetto. The B-side was \"When Love Is Gone\", a Francis Lai composition recorded around April 1977 at Criteria, around the same time that Gibb wrote and produced \"Save Me, Save Me\" for the band Network. Blue Weaver identified the musicians as shown from memory. On the session, Joey Murcia plays guitar, George Bitzer on keyboards, Harold Cowart on bass and Ron \"Tubby\" Zeigler on drums. It was originally intended for use in the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever, but ended up being featured in the film The Stud (1978) starring Joan Collins. Also in 1978, \"Emotion\" was used as the B-side of Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams's single \"Too Much, Too Little, Too Late\", which reached number one in the US. Personnel Samantha Sang – vocals Barry Gibb – harmony and background vocals George Terry – guitar Joey Murcia – guitar George Bitzer – keyboards, Fender Rhodes Electric Piano Harold Cowart – bass Ron Ziegler – drums Karl Richardson – engineering Track listings and format \"Emotion\" – 3:43 \"When Love Is Gone\" – 3:46 Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Destiny's Child version Recording and production In 2001, \"Emotion\" was recorded by American group Destiny's Child for their third studio album Survivor (2001). Produced and arranged by Mark J. Feist, it features a slower tempo than the original, although a more uptempo remix produced by Neptunes was also produced and included on the group's remix album This Is The Remix (2002). Feist had previously produced the song for Filipino singer Regine Velasquez for her album Drawn in 1998 and used exactly the same backing track for Destiny's Child. Release and","title":"Emotion (Samantha Sang song)"},{"docid":"12214662","text":"\"A.D. 1928 / Rockin' the Paradise\" is a song by American rock band Styx, released as the fourth single from their tenth album Paradise Theatre. The song peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard Rock Chart. \"A.D. 1928\" is a short, piano-based song by Dennis DeYoung, set to the same melody as \"The Best of Times\", that segues into \"Rockin' the Paradise\". These two tracks would serve as the opening songs of not only the Paradise Theatre album but also its subsequent tour and the 1996 Return to Paradise reunion tour. According to Bismarck Tribune critic Patrick Miller, the message of \"Rockin' the Paradise\" is \"for Americans to get back to the honest hard work that made the country great. DeYoung expanded on this saying that that what is needed in order to turn things around in American \"common decency between human beings and people feeling useful. One of the biggest crimes in the United States is people not feeling useful. People need to feel like they're a useful part of society because they are. We need to get people to believe in themselves—that they are important. Newsday critic Wayne Robins felt that some of the lyrics \"are worthy of a politician's adventures in locution,\" for example \"Let's stick together and futurize our attitudes / I ain't looking to fight but I know with determination we can challenge the schemers / who cheat all the rules. Allmusic critic Eduardo Rivadavia called the song \"a total team effort of wonderfully stripped down hard rock.\" Classic Rock critic Malcolm Dome rated \"Rockin' the Paradise\" as Styx 4th greatest song, praising the \"sparkling sense of fun and nostalgia\" and the band's \"inspired performance.\" The music video for the song was the tenth to air on MTV when it debuted in the U.S. on August 1, 1981. Personnel Dennis DeYoung - lead vocals, keyboards Tommy Shaw - lead guitar, backing vocals James Young - rhythm guitar, backing vocals Chuck Panozzo - bass John Panozzo - drums References 1980 songs 1981 singles Styx (band) songs Songs written by Dennis DeYoung Songs written by Tommy Shaw Songs written by James Young (American musician) A&M Records singles","title":"Rockin' the Paradise"},{"docid":"36477369","text":"Jack Brown Ely (September 11, 1943 – April 28, 2015) was an American guitarist and singer, best known for singing the Kingsmen's version of \"Louie Louie\". Classically trained in piano, he began playing guitar after seeing Elvis Presley on television. In 1959, he co-founded the Kingsmen and with them recorded \"Louie Louie\" in 1963; Ely's famously incoherent vocals were partly the result of his braces and the rudimentary recording method. Before the record became a hit Ely was forced out of the group and began playing with his new band, the Courtmen. Ely died in Terrebonne, Oregon, on April 28, 2015, at age 71. Early life Jack Ely was born on September 11, 1943, in Portland, Oregon. Both of his parents were music majors at the University of Oregon, and his father, Ken Ely, was a singer. His father died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently remarried. Ely began playing piano while still a young child, and was performing recitals all over the Portland area before his seventh birthday. When he was eleven, a piano teacher provided what he termed \"jazz improvisation lessons.\" The teacher would show Ely a section of a classical composition, and the boy would have to make up 15 similar pieces. He would be required to share each in class and then make up one on the spot. On January 28, 1956, Ely watched Elvis Presley on television for the first time, and he decided that he wanted to play guitar. At his first guitar lesson, he was required to play \"Mary Had a Little Lamb\", an experience that Ely found so demeaning that he quit after that lesson and began picking out his favorite guitar riffs by ear. Ely played guitar and sang for the Young Oregonians, a travelling vaudeville show for entertainers under the age of 18. \"We didn't get paid in money, we got paid in experience,\" Ely recalled. The Kingsmen Ely was enrolled at Washington High School in Portland, Oregon. He did not play in the school band, but had a passion for singing. In 1959, Lynn Easton's mother invited him to play at a Portland hotel gig, with Ely singing and playing guitar with the backup band and Easton on the drum kit. The two teenagers had grown up together, as their parents were close friends. Easton and Ely performed at yacht club parties, and soon added Mike Mitchell on guitar and Bob Nordby on bass to round out a band. They called themselves the Kingsmen, taking the name from a recently disbanded group. The Kingsmen began their collective career playing at fashion shows, Red Cross events, and supermarket promotions, generally avoiding rock songs on their setlist. Ely played with the Kingsmen as he attended Portland State University. In 1962, while playing a gig at the Pypo Club in Seaside, Oregon, the band noticed Rockin' Robin Roberts's version of \"Louie Louie\" being played on the jukebox for hours on end. The entire club would get up and","title":"Jack Ely"},{"docid":"6303818","text":"\"Bring It On\" is the debut single from British singer/songwriter Alistair Griffin, and is also the title track and first release from his debut album, Bring It On. It was released in December 2003 as a double A-side with \"My Lover's Prayer\", a duet with Robin Gibb of the Bee Gees and reached number five on the UK Singles Chart. \"Bring It On\" \"Bring It On\" had been written several years before when Griffin had been an unsigned artist working in Germany. It had already been showcased live on the BBC Fame Academy programme, prompting Richard Park to comment: \"the acid test is always if a song gets into your brain, and I have to confess Alistair, that one has got into my brain.\" Griffin had been signed to UMTV, a division of Universal, soon after the programme ended in October 2003 and the label announced shortly afterwards that \"Bring It On\" was to be his debut single, with a November release date. \"My Lover's Prayer\" \"My Lover's Prayer\" (titled \"A Lover's Prayer\" on the cover of the limited edition single) was originally recorded by the Bee Gees, and appeared on their 1997 album Still Waters. Robin Gibb had intended to re-release the song as a solo single in 2003 with backing vocals by Lance Bass and Wanya Morris, and a promo version of this had already been given radio play. However, the morning after the Fame Academy 2 final, Gibb contacted Griffin with a request to re-record a duet of the song, with the apparent intention of releasing it as a Christmas single. This version also used Robin's original vocals with a new remix of the instrumental track. Three other performers from Fame Academy 2, Peter Brame, Carolynne Good and winner Alex Parks sang the backing vocals. Release Initially announced as two separate releases, the dates of both singles were unaccountably delayed until after Christmas 2003, when \"Bring It On\" was eventually released as a double A-side with \"My Lover's Prayer\" (the latter credited as Alistair Griffin feat. Robin Gibb) on 29 December, entering the UK Singles Chart at number five the following week. Many fans were disappointed with the poor production quality and the generic 'pop' treatment of the recorded version of \"Bring It On\", preferring the live version previously seen on TV. Reviewers also criticised it as being too bland. The duet, which was separately produced, was generally well received, but was not popular with music critics. Radio promotion Although given extensive live promotion, \"Bring It On\" was not playlisted on any of the national radio networks, fulfilling Richard Park's prediction that Griffin would not get radio play on any of his Emap stations. Following the controversy over Fame Academy, and in what appeared to be a general backlash against reality TV performers, \"Bring It On\" was not aired on any of the BBC's programmes other than the Sunday evening chart show after it had charted in the United Kingdom. \"My Lover's Prayer\" was included on Radio","title":"Bring It On (Alistair Griffin song)"},{"docid":"14491348","text":"The Rebels (also known as The Rockin' Rebels) were a band from Buffalo, New York, known for their instrumental \"Wild Weekend\". The original members were Jim Kipler (Guitar), Mick Kipler (Saxophone), Tom Gorman (Drums) and Paul Balon (Bass/Guitar). \"Wild Weekend\" \"Wild Weekend\" was written by radio entertainer Tom Shannon and Phil Todaro as a theme song for Shannon's WKBW weekend radio show. The lyrics were: \"Top tunes, news and weather, so glad we can get together... on the Tom Shannon show... KB radio... KB Radio.\" It was recorded with vocals and music by the Russ Hallet trio. A local band, the Buffalo Rebels – or just Rebels – who asked Shannon to play at a record hop also asked if they could play an instrumental-only version of his theme song. They did, and Shannon and Todaro thought there was something to it. They moved the group to a recording studio in the same building where they had a production office. The record came out locally and was a hit, but since it wasn't on a major label, the song did not go any further. It came out on Marlee Records (ML0094) and Casino Records (1307). Two years later the track was re-issued on Swan Records (Swan 4125). It sold more than 1 million copies, peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard charts and earned an appearance for the band on Dick Clark's \"American Bandstand\" TV show. The Rockin' Rebels were inducted into the Buffalo Music Hall of Fame in 2002. To avoid confusion with Duane Eddy and his Rebels, the Rebels became the Rockin' Rebels. Swan pressings can be found with either name; the British Stateside pressings had \"Rockin'\". The band's 1963 LP uses the name \"The Rockin' Rebels\". While the instrumental is the best-known version, the original lyrics were, as mentioned above, a promo for the Shannon radio show. Shannon would tweak the lyrics when he moved to WHTT many years later. Paul Balon died of heart disease on December 17, 2003, at age 61. Tom Gorman died; however, no information about his death is available. Shannon retired in 2005. He died May 26, 2021, in California, following a brief illness. Shannon was 82. Discography Singles Sources Osborne Enterprises & Jellyroll Productions In the year 1958, several important instrumental acts arrived on the scene from Collectors Universe History, from colorradio Play the record at YouTube Notes American surf music groups Musical groups from Buffalo, New York Stateside Records artists Swan Records artists","title":"The Rebels (surf band)"},{"docid":"40175820","text":"\"Wild Weekend\" is an instrumental written by Phil Todaro and Tom Shannon and performed by The Rebels, later known as The Rockin' Rebels. The tune was originally heard in a theme song for Shannon's radio show on WKBW in Buffalo, New York. The words \"Wild Weekend\" are not found in the song's lyrics (Shannon's show aired on weekdays). The Russ Hallett Trio recorded the original theme for radio airplay by Shannon in 1958. Buffalo band The Rebels reworked it as an instrumental that was released as \"Wild Weekend\" on the Marlee label in 1960 without national chart success. In November 1962 the Rebels' single was re-released on the Swan label. The band name was changed to The Rockin' Rebels, apparently to avoid confusion with Duane Eddy And The Rebels. It entered Billboard's national Hot 100 at the end of December with its chart run continuing into 1963 when it peaked at #8, and at #28 on the U.S. R&B chart. The song ranked #22 on Billboard magazine's Top 100 singles of 1963. \"Wild Weekend\" was featured on the 1963 Rockin' Rebels album Wild Weekend. Other versions Bill Justis released a version of the song on his 1963 album Bill Justis Plays 12 Instrumental Smash Hits. Disc jockey Joey Reynolds (who had worked with Shannon at WWKB) added lyrics to make this the theme song for his nightly show on WPOP, Hartford, 1963. The Surfaris released a version of the song on their 1963 album Wipe Out. The Thunderbirds from Melbourne, Australia charted locally with their version in 1961 and upon re-release in 1963. Kim Fowley released a version of the song on his 1968 album Born to Be Wild. Andy Mackay released a version of the song as a single in 1974 in the UK, but it did not chart. It was featured on his album In Search of Eddie Riff. Jon and the Nightriders released a version of the song on their 1987 album Stampede! NRBQ released a version of the song as a single in 1989 with lyrics entitled \"It's a Wild Weekend\", but it did not chart. Euphoria's Id released a live version of the song on their 2003 compilation album Mastering the Art of French Kissing. The Ventures released a version of the song on their 2009 compilation album with The Fabulous Wailers entitled Two Car Garage (50 Years of Rock 'N Roll). The Offbeats on the compilation LP, Do You Wanna Dance - The Best of Frank's Bandstand: Arc Records A669 - a band from Halifax featuring future world class producer, Brian Ahern, Beaver Brown released a live version of the song on their 2017 album Live at the Bottom Line 1980. References 1962 songs 1962 singles 1974 singles 1989 singles Bill Justis songs The Surfaris songs The Ventures songs Swan Records singles Island Records singles Virgin Records singles Surf instrumentals 1960s instrumentals","title":"Wild Weekend (instrumental)"},{"docid":"1555724","text":"Ya Kid K (born Manuela Barbara Kamosi Moaso Djogi, 26 January 1972) is a Congolese–Belgian hip hop recording artist. She was the rapper for the dance/house act Technotronic. Her sister is Karoline \"Leki\" Kamosi. Early life At the age of 11, Djogi moved to Belgium, later moving to Chicago (where she explored hip-hop, and the emerging sounds of house music), and later moved to Dallas, Texas. Music career After moving back to Belgium from the US, Ya Kid K helped form a hip hop label called Fresh Beat Productions. She was part of the dance project Technotronic, which debuted with a major worldwide hit in 1989, \"Pump Up the Jam\". Although she did not appear in the video, she was finally credited as vocalist on the track on the US reissue of the group's debut album. Although Ya Kid K wrote the lyrics and sang vocals on \"Pump Up the Jam\", Technotronic had the fashion model Felly Kilingi perform in the video, without Ya Kid K's consent. The second single \"Get Up! (Before the Night Is Over)\" was Ya Kid K's debut music video with Technotronic. In 1992, Technotronic and Ya Kid K had a hit with \"Move This,\" another single from 1989's Pump Up the Jam: The Album. She also lent her voice to Hi Tek 3, a dance project whose only single, \"Spin that Wheel\", appeared on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles motion picture soundtrack. While Jo Bogaert hired new singers for Technotronic's third album, Body to Body, Ya Kid K returned after limited success of her own album, One World Nation. This album contained many different musical and, in particular, vocal styles. In 1991, Ya Kid K appeared on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, performing \"Awesome (You Are My Hero)\", continuing her work with the music of the film franchise. The partnership continued in 1993, when 2 versions of Ya Kid K's \"Rockin' over the Beat\" appeared on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. In 1995, Technotronic re-emerged in the U.S. with Ya Kid K as its front vocalist, again with limited success of the album, Recall. On the track \"Are You Ready\" she teamed up with Daisy Dee, who already did a cover version of \"This Beat is…\" with MC B. In 1996, a Ya Kid K single titled \"Rock My World\" was released. She appeared in June 2000 on Technotronic's single \"The Mariachi.\" In 2002, she released Take a Trip on Semini Records. In 1997, Ya Kid K also provided fresh vocals for the 2 Skinnee J's cover of \"Pump Up the Jam\" entitled, \"BBQ\". She sang \"Pump up the gas grill\" as the chorus. In October 2005, Ya Kid K made a guest appearance on Public Warning the debut album of English female rapper Lady Sovereign. In 2011, she returned with the song \"DO UC ME Standing\". Ya Kid K also released the song \"Comes Love\". In 2014 she","title":"Ya Kid K"},{"docid":"25903655","text":"The Original Soul of Michael Jackson is a remix album by American singer Michael Jackson. It features songs recorded early in his career mainly during the 1970s and remixed in 1987 before its release that year by Motown. Release While the album claims that it \"contains music never before released\", the only new song available was a re-dubbed cover of Edwin Starr's 1970 hit \"Twenty-Five Miles\", sung by the Jackson Five and solely credited to Michael. The original recording of the song was included on the 2009 set Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection. Some songs were newly edited on the album, with a newly dubbed version of \"Dancing Machine\". \"Ain't No Sunshine\" was also slightly different in the vocals and a modern drum machine was added to \"Twenty-Five Miles\". \"Melodie\" was planned for a single in an effort to promote the record in the US, but was scrapped for a promo-only single \"Twenty-Five Miles\"/\"Up On The Housetop\". Critical reception Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990), Robert Christgau wrote, \"Once you get past the slipshod cynicism of Motown's catalogue exploitation, you have to admit that this mostly remixed, sometimes synthed-up mishmash has its charms and even uses—that in fact it's superior to the 'real' 1975 best-of the label long ago deleted. I love the previously unreleased 'Twenty-Five Miles' and the preteen-sings-the-blues 'Doggin' Around,' could live without the two J5 non hits, and will no doubt pull this down when I want to remember 'Dancing Machine' and 'Rockin' Robin.'\" Track listing References External links 1987 compilation albums 1987 remix albums Michael Jackson compilation albums","title":"The Original Soul of Michael Jackson"},{"docid":"56001487","text":"Rockin' 50's Rock'n'Roll is a rock and roll album by the Crickets. It was The Crickets' first release in the 1970s, and marked the band's embrace of their legacy as Buddy Holly's backing band. The album is a concept album of nostalgia for the 1950s, consisting mostly of songs written by Holly and framed by the new retrospectively-minded title track. Originally released as an LP record in December 1970, the album was re-released on CD by in 2000. Background With the departure of bassist Joe B. Mauldin, and singer Jerry Naylor, who embarking on a career as a solo artist, the Crickets seemed to be on hiatus after their few releases in 1965. The remaining members, guitarist Sonny Curtis and drummer Jerry Allison remained active in the music business. Billed as The Camps, Curtis recorded the novelty single \"The Ballad of Batman\" and \"Batmobile,\" on the Parkway label in 1965. Allison and Curtis worked as session musicians, Allison toured with country singer Roger Miller for two years, and Curtis released two solo records on the Viva label. Keyboardist Glen D. Hardin joined Elvis Presley's TCB Band in 1970. The August 1968 single, \"Million Dollar Movie\" (Curtis) and \"A Million Miles Apart\" (Glen D. Hardin), was the only Crickets release of new material since early 1965. The Crickets signed to Barnaby records, a subsidiary of CBS records founded by singer Andy Williams primarily to manage releases from the Cadence archive, the famed label of the Everly Brothers releases. (Williams had enjoyed success with Cricket Sonny Curtis' \"A Fool Never Learns\" and had recorded other Curtis songs including \"Walk Right Back.\" Additionally, Williams-Price Agency managed The Mary Tyler Moore Show, for which Sonny Curtis penned the theme song \"Love is All Around\" in summer 1970.) In 1970, Curtis and Allison sang backing vocals on Eric Clapton's first solo record, which was produced by Delaney Bramlett. Bramlett would produce the first two songs on Rockin' 50s Rock'n'Roll with Clapton playing lead guitar. The album proceeds like a concept album with all of songs the fading into one another, like the Beatles' album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The opening song \"Rockin' 50s Rock'n'Roll\" serves as an overture stating the album's theme of celebrating 1950s rock'n'roll music. It is reprised at the album's closing. Aside from the opening song, the album consists of new versions of songs made famous by former bandmember Buddy Holly. In this way, the album tapped into an emerging trend in Western popular culture of the 1970s of nostalgia for the 1950s, in which figures like Buddy Holly were iconic. Sleeve The album cover was designed by Bob Cato and Ira Friedlander. The rear of the record sleeve reprints a letter from the Beatles dated January 24, 1963 in full: Track listing Personnel The Crickets Jerry Allison – drums, lead vocals (track 2), co-producer (tracks 3–9) Sonny Curtis – guitar, lead vocals (track 1, 3–9), co-producer (tracks 3–9) Glen D. Hardin – piano, keyboards, arranger Additional personnel Doug Gilmore","title":"Rockin' 50's Rock'n'Roll"},{"docid":"60756096","text":"\"Rockin' for Myself\" is a song by British electronic dance music record producer Motiv8, aka Steve Rodway. Based around a vocal loop originally performed by Anne-Marie Smith on Italian dance act 49ers' 1992 single, \"Move Your Feet\", it was released in late 1993 and features vocals by British singer Angie Brown. This version reached number 67 on the UK Singles Chart. In the spring of 1994, it was re-mixed and re-released, peaking at number 18 in the UK. But on the UK Dance Singles Chart, it was even more successful, peaking at number-one. On the Eurochart Hot 100, it reached number 63. Outside Europe, it was successful in Australia, peaking at number nine. A music video was produced to promote the single, featuring a model and dancer lip-syncing the song on a red sofa, wearing yellow sweater and beret. Background and release Before going under the name Motiv8, Steve Rodway released mostly underground tracks under different names in the early 90's. One of these was an early version of \"Rockin' for Myself\". He thought it sounded much more commercial than the other and when the demand for underground techno began to fall off, he recorded a new version of the track, which would become a massive hit in clubs. Warner Records signed him and a new remix was released, reaching the Top 20 in the UK. From then, Rodway stuck with the name Motiv8. He told in an interview, that because of the song's success, Jarvis Cocker of Pulp approaced him, asking for a remix of \"Common People\". The following success of that remix played a big part in establishing the name Motiv8, according to Rodway. Critical reception Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, \"If rave/NRG is your dance flavor of choice, \"Rockin' for Myself' by Motiv8 is a must menu addition. Angie Brown, last heard fronting singles by Bizarre Inc., puts forth a respectable performance, while Steve Rodway crafts an instrumental picture that strobes with vibrant keyboard colors and racing beats. Paul Gotel steps in and gives the track a beefier bottom, while Stonebridge comes to the table with a recognizable disco-fried interpretation.\" Maria Jimenez from Music & Media stated, \"Motiv8's happy, positivity track a la Urban Cookie Collective, \"Rockin' for Myself\", is appealing in its warm Stonebridge Mix, the wide open Well Hung Parliament Adventure and the hi-pumpin' Ultimate Vocal Mix\". Andy Beevers from Music Week rated it four out of five, calling it a \"irrepressible house tune\". James Hamilton from the RM Dance Update described it as a \"Angie Brown chanted simple pop raver\". Track listing 12\", UK (1993) \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Slammin' Granite Mix) \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Instrumental Mix) \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Dubrock Mix) \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Granite Dub Mix) 12\", Germany (1994) \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Ultimate Vocal Mix) – 5:38 \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Stonebridge Mix) – 7:18 \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Original Dubrock Mix) – 5:34 \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Paul Gotel Funked Out Mix) – 8:50 CD single, UK (1993) \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Radio Version) – 3:50","title":"Rockin' for Myself"},{"docid":"1867680","text":"Rockin' Robin usually refers to either: Robin Yount, a former professional baseball player Rockin' Robin (wrestler), Robin Smith, a professional female wrestler \"Rockin' Robin\" (song), a rock 'n' roll song","title":"Rockin' Robin"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"13699727\",\n \"text\": \"Rock 'n Roll Stage Show is the first studio album and fourth overall album by rock and roll band Bill Haley and His Comets. Released by Decca Records in August 1956, it was the group's first album to include new, as opposed to previously released material. Although the album spawned several singles, it also featured several album-only tracks. Of the released singles, \\\"Rudy's Rock\\\" reached No. 34 on Billboard and No. 38 on Cashbox, \\\"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy\\\" reached No. 36 on Cashbox, and \\\"Rockin Thru the Rye\\\" reached No. 39 on Cashbox The album was number one for one week in the UK on Brunswick Records on the official Record Retailers (RR) chart in 1956. Content Rock 'n Roll Stage Show moved away from focusing solely on Bill Haley as the main singer, and included several instrumental recordings, including \\\"Rudy's Rock\\\" featuring tenor saxophone player Rudy Pompilli, which was featured (in a different performance) in the motion picture Rock Around the Clock earlier in the year. Also given the spotlight is guitarist Franny Beecher on \\\"Goofin' Around\\\" and \\\"Blue Comet Blues\\\", accordion player Johnny Grande on \\\"A Rockin' Little Tune\\\", and steel guitar player Billy Williamson sings a solo vocal on a version of Big Joe Turner's \\\"Hide and Seek\\\". In addition, two songs - \\\"Tonight's the Night\\\" and \\\"Hey Then, There Now\\\" were trio vocals featuring Williamson, Beecher and bass player Al Rex. Haley himself is heard on only four tracks: \\\"Rockin' Thru the Rye\\\" (a rock and roll version of Robert Burns' poem, \\\"Comin' Thro' the Rye\\\"), \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\", \\\"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy\\\", and \\\"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie\\\", a song co-written by the album's producer, Milt Gabler, who had success with it when he produced Louis Jordan a decade earlier. The album is also significant in that all but two of its tracks were original songs written by Haley and/or members of the Comets. Several songs from this album were performed or heard in the band's film, Don't Knock the Rock: \\\"Calling All Comets\\\", \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\", \\\"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy\\\", and an alternate take of \\\"Goofin' Around.\\\" The album was reissued in the 1980s by Charly Records, but due to a mastering error, \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" contains noticeable sound distortion in that version. This album should not be confused with Rock 'n' Roll Show, a live recording of Bill Haley & His Comets from April 1955 that was released in 1997 by Hydra Records. Track listing \\\"Calling All Comets\\\" (Bill Haley, Milt Gabler, Rudy Pompilli) \\\"Rockin' Thru the Rye\\\" (Bill Haley, Milt Gabler, Rusty Keefer, Catherine Cafra) \\\"A Rockin' Little Tune\\\" (Johnny Grande, Billy Williamson) \\\"Hide and Seek\\\" (Paul Winley, Ethel Byrd) \\\"Hey Then, There Now\\\" (Rudy Pompilli, Ralph Jones) \\\"Goofin' Around\\\" (Franny Beecher, Johnny Grande) \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" (Bill Haley, Edward A. Khoury, Ronnie Bonner) \\\"Rudy's Rock\\\" (Bill Haley, Rudy Pompilli) \\\"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie\\\" (Milt Gabler, Denver Darling, Vaughn Horton) \\\"Blue Comet Blues\\\" (Franny Beecher, Al Rex) \\\"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Rock 'n Roll Stage Show\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1863351\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Denise Smith (born October 9, 1964), better known by her ring name Rockin' Robin, is an American retired professional wrestler. The daughter of Grizzly Smith, she is a second-generation wrestler; her brother Sam Houston and half-brother Jake \\\"The Snake\\\" Roberts also wrestled. Smith is best known for her appearances with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from 1987 to 1990, where she held the WWF Women's Championship. Professional wrestling career Early career (1986–1987) Smith grew up in a wrestling family and enjoyed going to wrestling shows, where she claims she and her siblings were treated like celebrities. Smith later decided to become a professional wrestler and trained, along with her sister-in-law Nickla Roberts (known by her ring name Baby Doll), under Nelson Royal. During 1987, Smith competed as Rockin' Robin in Wild West Wrestling, where she feuded with Debbie Combs and Sue Green. World Wrestling Federation (1987–1990) When the World Wrestling Federation decided to restart their women's division in the late 1980s, both Smith and Nickla Roberts tried out for the company, but the role ultimately went to Smith. Smith, as Rockin' Robin, debuted in the WWF in late 1987. She competed at the first Survivor Series as a member of The Fabulous Moolah's team, which they were victorious. Throughout 1988, she feuded with Sensational Sherri for the WWF Women's Championship. On October 7, 1988, she defeated Sensational Sherri, who had held the title for fifteen months prior, for the Women's Championship in Paris. At the Royal Rumble in 1989, she defended the title against Judy Martin. Smith defended the belt against Martin for the first six months of 1989. In the meantime, at WrestleMania V, she sang \\\"America the Beautiful\\\" to open the show. Smith continued to defend the Women's title against Martin throughout the summer of 1989. She held the championship until 1990, when she left the company. At that time, the title was retired by the WWF due to inactivity. Smith is still in possession of the title belt. The title remained inactive until 1993. Late career (1990–1992) Unlike some former WWF wrestlers, Smith was able to continue using her ring name after leaving the company because she owned the rights to it. In 1990, wrestler Hiro Matsuda, who had feuded with her father in the 1960s, picked Smith to tour for All Japan Women's Pro Wrestling. In Japan, Smith teamed with Luna Vachon. The Japanese bookers gave the girls a positive review for their work with the company. In the United States, Smith defeated Peggy Lee Leather for the Ladies Major League Wrestling's International Championship. She still occasionally defended the WWF Women's Championship, even though the title was officially declared vacant by the World Wrestling Federation. In May 1991 she defended the WWF Women's Championship against \\\"Japanese Women's Champion\\\" Madusa Miceli on a Great Lakes Wrestling Association event. On June 9, 1991, she defeated Candi Devine in Herb Abrams's Universal Wrestling Federation to become the first UWF Women's Champion at UWF Beach Brawl. She also competed\",\n \"title\": \"Rockin' Robin (wrestler)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1639663\",\n \"text\": \"Andy Pandy is a British children's television series that aired on BBC Television in 1950. Originally live, a series of 26 filmed programmes was shown until 1970, when a new series of 13 episodes was made. This series was based upon a comic strip of the same name (made in the style of children's magazines Robin and Pippin). The series was followed by a revival with 26 episodes (52 segments) in 2002. In total, 92 episodes were produced. Original 1950 and 1970 versions The original version of Andy Pandy premiered on BBC TV in 1950, on either 11 July or 20 June, as part of the For the Children strand (later Watch with Mother) narrated by Maria Bird who also narrated the black & white 1950s original broadcasts of Flower Pot Men, The Woodentops and Bizzy Lizzie. Initially it was broadcast live, but it was realised that if the programmes were filmed, they could be repeated. 26 fifteen-minute episodes were filmed on 16 mm around 1952 and repeated continuously until 1969. In 1970, 13 new episodes were made in colour with Vera McKechnie as narrator. A marionette who lived in a picnic basket, Andy was later joined by Teddy, a teddy bear, and Looby Loo, a rag doll, who came to life when Andy and Teddy were not around. Looby Loo sang \\\"Here we go Looby Loo\\\". All three lived in the same picnic basket. Each episode ended with a variation on the song: \\\"Time to go home / Time to go home / Andy is waving goodbye.\\\" It is said that the character's design was based on Paul Atterbury, the then young son of puppeteer Audrey Atterbury. A comic-strip version was published in Robin. The production staff for the original series were: Producer: Freda Lingstrom. Narrator: Maria Bird and later in the 1970 remakes Vera McKechnie. Writer/composer: Freda Lingstrom and Maria Bird. Singers: Gladys Whitred, Julia Williams [voiced the 'Little Weed'] and Maria Bird (in the 1970 colour series). Puppeteers: Audrey Atterbury, Molly Gibson, Martin Grainger, The Stavordales and Christopher Leith (in the 1970 colour series). Episode list The 26 episodes were: \\\"Tea Party\\\" (20 June 1950) \\\"Presents\\\" (27 June 1950) \\\"Music\\\" (4 July 1950) \\\"Hand Bells\\\" (11 July 1950) \\\"ABC\\\" (18 July 1950) \\\"Bricks\\\" (25 July 1950) \\\"Playing School\\\" (1 August 1950) \\\"Play Shops\\\" (8 August 1950) \\\"Leaning House\\\" (15 August 1950) \\\"Pram\\\" (22 August 1950) \\\"Farm\\\" (29 August 1950) \\\"Garden\\\" (5 September 1950) \\\"Wall and Tortoise\\\" (12 September 1950) \\\"Turtles\\\" (19 September 1950) \\\"Boats\\\" (26 September 1950) \\\"Paddling Pool\\\" (3 October 1950) \\\"Horse and Fish\\\" (10 October 1950) \\\"Bird and Butterfly\\\" (17 October 1950) \\\"Rabbits\\\" (24 October 1950) \\\"Kittens\\\" (31 October 1950) \\\"Kings and Queens\\\" (7 November 1950) \\\"Jack in the Box\\\" (14 November 1950) \\\"The Cart\\\" (21 November 1950) \\\"Swing\\\" (28 November 1950) \\\"Train Station\\\" (5 December 1950) \\\"Airport\\\" (12 December 1950) 1970 series By 1970, as BBC1 was by then transmitted in colour, 13 new episodes were produced and shown from 5 January 1970. The\",\n \"title\": \"Andy Pandy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4874481\",\n \"text\": \"Their Greatest Hits: The Record is the career retrospective greatest hits album by the Bee Gees, released on UTV Records and Polydor in November 2001 as HDCD. The album includes 40 tracks spanning over 35 years of music. Four of the songs were new recordings of classic Gibb compositions originally recorded by other artists, including \\\"Emotion\\\" (Samantha Sang), \\\"Heartbreaker\\\" (Dionne Warwick), \\\"Islands in the Stream\\\" (Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton), and \\\"Immortality\\\" (Celine Dion). It also features the Barry Gibb duet with Barbra Streisand, \\\"Guilty\\\", which originally appeared on Streisand's 1980 album of the same name. It is currently out of print and has been supplanted by another compilation, The Ultimate Bee Gees. The album peaked at No. 5 twice in the UK, the first time upon its release in 2001 and again in January 2003 (following the death of Maurice Gibb). It has since been certified triple platinum by the BPI for sales of over 900,000 copies. In the US, the album debuted on the Billboard 200 album chart at No. 49. It spent a total of 40 weeks on the chart and was certified platinum by the RIAA in February 2002 for sales of over one million copies there. There are two bonus songs on the Japanese release, \\\"Melody Fair\\\" and \\\"My World\\\" (the latter is also a bonus track on the UK release along with \\\"Jumbo\\\"). Copies sold at the American retailer Target included a bonus disc entitled 5 Live Recordings. Details Most of the songs are in chronological order, except for the placements of \\\"You Should Be Dancing\\\", which was released before \\\"Love So Right\\\", and \\\"Spicks and Specks\\\", a song from 1966 that ends disc two, which makes it something of a bonus track. \\\"Emotion\\\" and \\\"Heartbreaker\\\" were recorded in 1994 as part of a Bee Gees compilation album called Love Songs which was planned for release in 1995. \\\"Islands in the Stream\\\" was recorded in 2001 with Robin singing lead in contemporary R&B sound rather than the more traditional arrangement like that heard on One Night Only, which had Barry singing lead (Barry did not perform vocals on this revised version). \\\"Immortality\\\" is the original writing demo from 1996, which includes Barry singing in high falsetto as a guide to Celine Dion who would go on to record the song in 1997. The very first UK pressings used the wrong version of \\\"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\\\" with Barry singing the opening verse. A mastering fault was also present in \\\"More Than a Woman\\\", with the audio noticeably dipping to the right briefly during the first verse. These were corrected after several thousand copies had already been distributed. Track listing All compositions by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb, except as indicated. ** Only appears in Japan Bonus Tracks version. Disc one \\\"New York Mining Disaster 1941\\\" (B. Gibb/R. Gibb) – 2:12 \\\"To Love Somebody\\\" (B. Gibb/R. Gibb) – 3:02 \\\"Holiday\\\" (B. Gibb/R. Gibb) – 2:55 \\\"Massachusetts\\\" – 2:25 \\\"World\\\" – 3:16 \\\"Words\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Their Greatest Hits: The Record\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5123347\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Thanks for the Memory\\\" (1938) is a popular song composed by Ralph Rainger with lyrics by Leo Robin. It was introduced in the 1938 film The Big Broadcast of 1938 by Bob Hope and Shirley Ross, and recorded by Shep Fields and His Orchestra featuring John Serry Sr. on accordion in the film and vocals by Bob Goday on Bluebird Records (B-7318, 1937). Dorothy Lamour's solo recording of the song was also popular, and has led to many mistakenly believing over the years that it was she who sang the tune with Hope in the film (in which Lamour also appeared). In the film, Ross and Hope's characters are a divorced couple who encounter each other aboard a ship. Near the film's end, they poignantly sing one of the many versions of this song, recalling the ups and downs of their relationship (then they decide to get back together). In the fifth verse of the song for the film, Robin recalled the couple’s romantic weekend in Niagara. His original lyrics were: \\\"That weekend at Niagara when we never saw the falls.\\\" However, this was rejected by the film producers who feared it was too suggestive. Robin was furious and a bitter row ensued with neither side giving way. Finally a compromise was reached that has Bob Hope singing: \\\"That weekend at Niagara when we hardly saw the falls.\\\" The lyricist never forgave this censorship: he considered it ridiculously prissy and that it ruined the song. However, the way that Shirley Ross responds with, \\\"How lovely that was!\\\" indicates that \\\"never\\\" was indeed the better choice. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and became Hope's signature tune, with many different lyrics adapted to any situation. In 2004, it finished No. 63 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. The success of the song resulted in another film starring the same couple. This follow-up film to The Big Broadcast of 1938 is somewhat confusing because it was given the title Thanks for the Memory but the song of that name does not feature. The main song from this latter film was \\\"Two Sleepy People\\\" and this is often bracketed with its forerunner as the best romantic duet of Bob Hope's career. It was written in September 1938 by Hoagy Carmichael with lyrics by Frank Loesser, and was once again performed by Bob Hope and Shirley Ross. The film Thanks for the Memory was released in 1938. Cover versions Shep Fields and his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra with vocalist Bobby Goday recorded the song in 1937. Bluebird Records B-7318-A Martha Tilton sang vocals with Benny Goodman's orchestra recorded on December 2, 1937. RCA Camden Records CAL-872 Mildred Bailey recorded the song on January 10, 1938 with a mixed group featuring Chu Berry doing a nice tenor sax solo. Ella Fitzgerald recorded this with André Previn and his orchestra in 1955 (released as a single and on Sweet and Hot) and on her 1967 Verve release\",\n \"title\": \"Thanks for the Memory\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47249139\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rockin' Chair Daddy\\\" is a honky tonk country song written and recorded by Braxton Shuffert. Hank Williams was the co-writer. Background After the success of Hank Williams' \\\"Lovesick Blues'\\\" in 1949, producer Fred Rose was given carte blanche to sign country acts to MGM, and one of them was Hank's friend Braxton Shuffert. Schuffert also toured with Williams and his Drifting Cowboys. Williams had given Shuffert the song \\\"A Teardrop on a Rose\\\" but they needed one more tune for the flipside. Shuffert later recalled: \\\"I was wanting to sing 'I'll Still Write Your Name in the Sand,' but Fred said, 'No-o-o, we don't give other folks royalties. I'm going over to the house for a few minutes. You and Hank write something.'...When Fred came back, I sang him 'Rockin' Chair Daddy,' and he signed me up that evening.\\\" Like every record that Rose produced for MGM that was not by Hank Williams, the Jimmie Rodgers-influenced \\\"Rockin' Chair Daddy\\\" sold poorly. No recording of Williams singing the song has ever been located. Another version Sam Phillips released a single on his own Sun Records, of \\\"Rockin' Chair Daddy\\\" b/w \\\"The Great Medical Menagerist\\\" in 1954, which had been recorded by Harmonica Frank. Discography References Hank Williams songs 1951 songs 1951 singles Songs written by Hank Williams\",\n \"title\": \"Rockin' Chair Daddy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17337367\",\n \"text\": \"Rachel Kelly Tucker (born 29 May 1981) is a Northern Irish stage actress, best known for her portrayal of Elphaba in the musical Wicked. She also starred in Come from Away on Broadway, having originated the role on the West End. Rachel has starred in various other musicals and plays, including one alongside Sting (The Last Ship). Early life and career Tucker was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and grew up singing on the cabaret circuit from the age of nine with her father, Tommy (Tucker) Kelly and sister Margaret Kelly under the group's name Tucker Kelly and the Kelstar. She was a member of the Arts Youth Theatre during the late 1990s featuring in shows such as Ecstasy and Our Day Out. She then went on to feature in Michael Poyner's version of the Rockin Mikado as Katisha. In 2001, she competed in the Irish version of Popstars, featuring prominently in episode 3 where she is featured singing \\\"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\\\". Her contestant number was B0161. She also featured as a contestant with sister Margaret on Michael Barrymore's My Kind of Music singing \\\"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!\\\". She also competed in the talent show Star for a Night making the final with her performance of \\\"Kids\\\". Tucker trained at the Royal Academy of Music. She worked with Any Dream Will Do winner Lee Mead in the 2005 United Kingdom tour of the Rock musical, Tommy as Sally Simpson. In December 2007, Tucker appeared as Dorothy Gale in the Royal Shakespeare Company adaptation of The Wizard of Oz at the Lyric Theatre in Belfast. The Stage described her performance as \\\"looking and sounding uncannily like the legendary Garland\\\". For her performance, she was nominated for an award in the 2008 TMA Awards. Tucker recorded a version of the civil rights anthem \\\"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around\\\" which was used in a television advertisement for Libresse in 2005 entitled \\\"March\\\". I'd Do Anything Tucker was chosen as one of the twelve finalists on the show in which began in March 2008, appearing each week in the live show on Saturday evenings and the results shows which aired each Sunday. She made it to the semi-finals in week nine where she was eliminated on 25 May. In week six, she was in the bottom two with Sarah Lark, with Tucker having received the lowest number of viewers votes. In the results show on 4 May 2008, they sang \\\"As If We Never Said Goodbye\\\", from the musical Sunset Boulevard. Andrew Lloyd Webber chose to save Tucker and eliminate Lark, saying: \\\"I have to think as a producer and I do think Rachel was rock solid.\\\" Tucker was once again in the bottom two in week eight, the quarter-final stage of the series. She was in the sing-off for a second time, this time with Niamh Perry, with Perry having received the lowest number of viewers votes. They sang \\\"Another Suitcase in Another Hall\\\" from the musical\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Tucker\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8120171\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Move It\\\" is a song written by Ian Samwell and recorded by Cliff Richard and the Drifters (the English band that would later become \\\"The Shadows\\\"). Originally intended as the B-side to \\\"Schoolboy Crush\\\", it was released as Richard's debut single on 29 August 1958 and became his first hit record, reaching number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. It is credited with being one of the first authentic rock and roll songs produced outside the United States. \\\"Schoolboy Crush\\\", written by Aaron Schroeder and Sharon Gilbert, had already been recorded in the US by Bobby Helms. Cliff Richard and the Drifters recorded their own version, which was intended to be the A-side of their debut single. However, when producer Jack Good heard \\\"Move It\\\", he insisted that Richard would have to sing that if he was to appear on Good's TV show Oh Boy! On the planned single, \\\"Move It\\\" was flipped to be the A-side and it went to number 2 in the charts, starting Cliff Richard on a career which included British hits through six decades. Described by AllMusic as \\\"Presley-esque\\\" and by Richard himself as \\\"my one outstanding rock 'n' roll classic\\\", \\\"Move It\\\" was written on the top deck of a Green Line bus by the Drifters' guitarist Ian \\\"Sammy\\\" Samwell while making the trip to Cliff's house for a band rehearsal. The song's lyrics were a riposte to a 1958 article by Steve Race published in Melody Maker which stated: \\\"So rock’n’roll is dead, is it? My funeral oration consists of just two words: good riddance\\\". Samwell did not complete the second verse, so on the record Cliff sang the first verse twice. Samwell finally finished the second verse in 1995 and sent it to Hank Marvin who included \\\"Move It\\\" on his album Hank plays Cliff, with Cliff Richard having recorded a new vocal track which included the new verse. The new version was debuted live at a Royal Variety Performance in front of Queen Elizabeth II that year. Since then, Richard has continued to perform the song with the additional verse. Influence The Beatles, in an out-take on The Get Back Journals, were recorded playing \\\"Move It\\\" in medley with \\\"Good Rockin' Tonight\\\". John Lennon was separately quoted as saying, \\\"I think the first English record that was anywhere near anything was 'Move It' by Cliff Richard, and before that there'd been nothing.\\\" Led Zeppelin included Richard's original version of the song on a 2010 compilation put together by them, titled Led Zeppelin: The Music that Rocked Us. 1958 original recording Personnel Cliff Richard and the Drifters: Cliff Richard – vocals Ian Samwell – rhythm guitar Terry Smart – drums Session musicians: Ernie Shear – lead guitar Frank Clarke – upright bass Mike Sammes Singers – backing vocals on \\\"Schoolboy Crush\\\" 2006 version In 2006, Richard re-recorded \\\"Move It\\\" with Brian May of Queen on guitar and Brian Bennett of The Shadows on drums. The track was released as the second track\",\n \"title\": \"Move It\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17539064\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"My Toot Toot\\\", also popularly known as \\\"Don't Mess with My Toot Toot\\\" or \\\"(Don't Mess with) My Toot Toot\\\", is a song written by Sidney Simien and performed by him under his stage name Rockin' Sidney. Simien wrote the song and released it on the Maison de Soul Records label in Ville Platte, Louisiana. In October 1984, he included the tune on his third album, My Zydeco Shoes Got the Zydeco Blues, recording the entire album at his home studio in Lake Charles, Louisiana and playing all the instruments himself. Content and history In January 1985, \\\"My Toot Toot\\\" was released as a single in Louisiana and Texas and became Rockin' Sidney's first true regional hit. Thanks to Cleon Floyd, manager of R&B singer and uncle to King Floyd, it became a huge New Orleans hit. Floyd first heard the crowd's reaction to the song at a bill headlined by Solomon Burke. Cleon was also the president of the Orleans Street Jocks Association and took twenty copies of the record back to the city; he quickly had to order more. By Mardi Gras, it was a jukebox and record hop smash. Huey Meaux got the original leased to Epic Records, who released it nationally, and for a brief moment Rockin' Sidney made musical history. Epic managed to get Rockin' Sidney into the country Top 40 where it stayed for 18 weeks. It was the first zydeco song to receive major airplay on pop, rock and country radio stations. Later in 1985, \\\"My Toot-Toot\\\" was certified platinum and won the 1986 Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording. As a result, Simien was featured in People magazine, Rolling Stone, Billboard and Music City News and appeared on many national TV shows, including Nashville Now, Church Street Station, Hee Haw, Austin City Limits, John Fogerty's Showtime Special, New Country and Charlie Daniels Jam. He was also a guest celebrity on You Can Be a Star. Covers \\\"My Toot Toot\\\" has been covered by many artists including Fats Domino, Doug Kershaw, Rosie Ledet, Jean Knight, Terrance Simien, Denise LaSalle, Jimmy C. Newman, John Fogerty and Jello Biafra. Other versions include Louisiana Zydeco accordionist and singer Fernest Arceneaux, British-Jamaican television personality Rustie Lee, Swedish dansband Lasse Stefanz and Irish country singer Mike Denver. LaSalle's 1985 version was a hit, peaking at number six in the UK Singles Chart, number three in the Austrian chart and number 76 in the Australia chart. Other-language covers A Spanish version by La Sonora Dinamita titled \\\"Mi Cucu\\\" sold over a million copies in Mexico, Central America, and South America. A German beer company licensed the song to use in their radio and television commercials. The German cover version \\\"Mein Tuut Tuut\\\" by Leinemann reached number 15 on the West German chart in 1985. Charts Weekly charts Rockin' Sidney version Jean Knight version Denise LaSalle version {|class=\\\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center\\\" !Chart (1985) !Peakposition |- !scope=\\\"row\\\"|Australia (Kent Music Report) |76 |- |- |- !scope=\\\"row\\\"|Europe (European Top 100\",\n \"title\": \"My Toot-Toot\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27763832\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Fancy\\\" is a song by Canadian rapper Drake, from his debut album, Thank Me Later. The song features vocals from American rapper T.I. and producer Swizz Beatz, the latter of whom also co-produced the track alongside Noah \\\"40\\\" Shebib. The song was released to US radio stations on August 3, 2010, as the album's fourth official single, however promotion of the track ended earlier than expected due to Drake's uncertainty towards the song's planned music video and promotion. The song contains a sample of \\\"I Don't Want to Play Around\\\" by Ace Spectrum. The original version that had leaked features the chorus sung by Young Jeezy and T.I., while Young Jeezy and T.I. rap the first verse and the first three are rapped by Drake. It was intended to be on Mary J. Blige's album Stronger with Each Tear, but missed the deadline and was later given to Drake in 2008. Blige's vocals were kept on Drake's version as a backing vocal, though formally uncredited. The track received a nomination for Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards. Music video A music video was filmed for the song on July 16, 2010. It was directed by Anthony Mandler. The video, however, was never released. In late September 2010, Drake told MTV that the reason why the video had not yet premiered is because he was debating whether to reshoot the video for \\\"Fancy\\\" or commission a clip for his next single, \\\"Show Me a Good Time\\\", he stated: \\\"We shot 'Fancy,' and to be honest with you, it was done and I watched it and I just had a way better idea, and that's why the video hasn't come out yet. And to follow up 'Find Your Love' and 'Miss Me,' I really wanted to do something different, conceptually, and so I had this amazing idea and now I'm debating whether I should reshoot it or go straight to Show Me a Good Time\\\". Live performances Drake and Swizz Beatz performed the song at the MTV Video Music Awards in Los Angeles, California, on September 12, 2010. Mary J. Blige performed alongside them in place of T.I., who was unable to attend; she sang a verse from the original leaked version, in addition to the chorus. On New Year's Eve 2011 on ABC, Drake performed a new version of his \\\"Fancy\\\" track on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin’ Eve With Ryan Seacrest. The record still has Swizz Beatz. The new verse was ultimately used on \\\"Over My Dead Body\\\", the opening track from his sophomore effort Take Care. Remix Following the performance at the MTV Video Music Awards, the song was re-purposed as a remix using one of the verses and additional ad-libs from Blige's original version in place of T.I.'s verse. This version also features part of the first verse of the original Ace Spectrum song preceding the first chorus, as well as some minor alterations to the music in the bridge.\",\n \"title\": \"Fancy (Drake song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8070005\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"How About You?\\\" is a popular song composed by Burton Lane, with lyrics by Ralph Freed. It was introduced in the 1941 film Babes on Broadway by Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney. The lyrics of the song are often changed depending on the recording artist. In its original form it is a humorous romantic duet, though rarely recorded that way. Certain lyrics, especially those with topical references, are often changed based on the time of the performance's release. For example, the line \\\"Franklin Roosevelt's looks give me a thrill\\\" was changed to \\\"James Durante's looks\\\" in a 1956 recording by Sinatra, though he did sing it in its original form when he recorded it with Tommy Dorsey in December 1941. Another example can be found in Bobby Darin's version of the song, which replaces the Roosevelt reference with a reference to \\\"Mr. Kennedy.\\\" Darin's version changes the lyrics again near the end of the song to “Mrs. Darin,\\\" who at the time was American actress Sandra Dee. Similarly, in a shout-out to wife on a 1964 recording, Steve Lawrence sings, “Eydie Gormé’s looks give me a thrill.\\\" Bob Crosby, Mary Livingstone and Jack Benny sang the song as a novelty trio on a 1955 episode of Benny's TV show. Lucille Ball and Van Johnson sang and danced to this song on an episode of I Love Lucy. Other film appearances The song was also featured in The Fisher King with Robin Williams (when it was sung and whistled by Harry Nilsson). Richard Dreyfuss hums and sings part of the song in The Goodbye Girl. Mammy Two Shoes hums and sings part of the song in 1943 Tom and Jerry cartoon, The Lonesome Mouse. Eve Marley sings it, dubbing for Anne Bancroft, in Don't Bother to Knock (1952). The music of the song appears in the films All About Eve (1950) (it is played on the piano at the party while the guests are gathered on the stairs ) and in Bachelor in Paradise (1961). Denea Wilde sings this song in a key, memorable scene of the original 1971 version of the film Get Carter. Notable recordings 1941 Judy Garland 1956 Frank Sinatra - Songs for Swingin' Lovers! (1956); The Legendary Sides (1997) with Tommy Dorsey 1958 Bing Crosby and Rosemary Clooney - Fancy Meeting You Here with Billy May 1959 Shirley Bassey - Bewitching Miss Bassey 1959 Joni James - Joni Sings Sweet 1961 Bobby Darin - Love Swings 1964 Steve Lawrence - Academy Award Losers. 1988 Michael Feinstein - Isn't It Romantic 1991 Harry Nilsson - The Fisher King Soundtrack 1998 Rosemary Clooney and Barry Manilow - At Long Last with the Count Basie Orchestra 2022 Daisy Duck (Tress MacNeille) - The MousePack - Mickey and Friends Singing Classic Standards References 1941 songs Songs written for films Songs with lyrics by Ralph Freed Songs with music by Burton Lane Judy Garland songs Frank Sinatra songs\",\n \"title\": \"How About You?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4386110\",\n \"text\": \"Live at the Fillmore Auditorium is a live album by the American musician Chuck Berry. He was backed by the Steve Miller Blues Band (which later became better known as the Steve Miller Band). Berry's second live album, it was released in 1967 by Mercury Records. The album was re-released on CD by Rebound Records, with three additional tracks, \\\"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\\\", \\\"Reelin' and Rockin'\\\" and \\\"My Ding-a-Ling\\\". Incorrectly marked as bonus tracks are \\\"Feelin' It\\\" and \\\"It Hurts Me Too\\\", both of which are on the original album. The Rebound reissue omits \\\"Wee Baby Blues\\\", which is on the original album. An earlier CD reissue by Mercury additionally includes \\\"Bring Another Drink\\\" and \\\"Worried Life Blues\\\". Critical reception Rolling Stone wrote that \\\"the most interesting cuts are the instrumentals where Berry applies his rock guitar to Chicago blues and the Steve Miller Band comes into the foreground.\\\" Track listing All songs written by Chuck Berry except where noted Medley: \\\"Rockin' at the Fillmore\\\" / \\\"Every Day I Have the Blues\\\" (Memphis Slim) (8:36) \\\"C.C. Rider\\\" (Ma Rainey, Lena Arantt) (4:14) \\\"Driftin' Blues\\\" (Charles Brown, Eddie Williams, Johnny Moore) (3:56) \\\"Feelin' It\\\" (4:01) \\\"Flying Home\\\" (Benny Goodman, Lionel Hampton, Sid Robin) (2:44) \\\"(I'm Your) Hoochie Coochie Man\\\" (Willie Dixon) (5:54) \\\"It Hurts Me Too\\\" (unknown) (4:47) \\\"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\\\" (Sonny Boy Williamson) (2:50) \\\"Fillmore Blues\\\" (3:29) \\\"Wee Baby Blues\\\" (Joe Turner, Pete Johnson) (4:06) \\\"Bring Another Drink\\\" (2:22) \\\"Worried Life Blues\\\" (3:47) \\\"Reelin' and Rockin'\\\" (5:57) \\\"My Ding-a-Ling\\\" (4:36) \\\"Johnny B. Goode\\\" (3:14) Personnel Chuck Berry – guitar, vocals The Steve Miller Blues Band Tim Davis – drums Steve Miller – guitar, harmonica; vocals on \\\"It Hurts Me Too\\\" Jim \\\"Curley\\\" Cooke - guitar Jim Peterman – keyboards Lonnie Turner – bass guitar Technical Bill Halverson – engineer Wally Heider – recording Erik Weber – photography References Chuck Berry live albums 1967 live albums Mercury Records live albums Albums recorded at the Fillmore\",\n \"title\": \"Live at the Fillmore Auditorium (Chuck Berry album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4606948\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Moseley is an American voice actor, radio personality, stand-up comedian, and singer-songwriter. He has appeared in a variety of films, television shows, and video games. He is best known as a voice double for actors such as Eddie Murphy, Patrick Stewart, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Patrick Warburton, and Robin Williams. Career Moseley has also played Mushu for Disney in everything except the original film Mulan, where Eddie Murphy played Mushu. This includes starring in the sequel, Mulan 2, the former Mulan parade, and a trove of theme park attractions, TV shows, and video games, for example, the Square Enix game Kingdom Hearts II. He also voiced several characters in Shrek 2 and sang in Murphy's place in the Shrek extra ending, Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party and Donkey in the Shrek video games. Moseley has also sound-doubled Arnold Schwarzenegger, most notably in the video game Terminator 3: The Redemption, in which Moseley's voice is often heard 'side-by-side' with Schwarzenegger's original recordings for the previous Terminator game. Moseley has appeared on numerous hit TV series-mostly in voice-over roles. These include The Fairly OddParents, The Sopranos, The PJ's, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, My Life as a Teenage Robot, Father of the Pride, House of Mouse, and others. In God of War III, Moseley voiced the character King Minos. In Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian video game, Moseley played the role of Theodore Roosevelt, as portrayed in the movie by Robin Williams. For Star Wars: The Old Republic, he plays eight roles in the game. In 2007, Moseley was chosen for the voice of President Schwarzenegger in The Simpsons Movie. The producers had toyed with the idea of having the Schwarzenegger voice sound realistic (Moseley is known for his authentic-sounding impression of Schwarzenegger), as opposed to a parody. In the end, they used the original cast member Harry Shearer, who performs the Schwarzenegger parody 'Ranier Wolfcastle' in the TV series, in the US theatrical and DVD version of the film, though English-speaking Simpson fans around the world can hear Moseley's version, as producers decided to use his portrayal of Schwarzenegger in the Simpson's International English version of the movie. In 2015, Moseley was cast in the re-occurring role of Agamemnon, in DreamWorks Animation's series The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show, a role originally played in the 2014 film Mr. Peabody & Sherman by Patrick Warburton. Previously in his career, he was a morning personality for Miami's leading pop station, WPOW Power 96, from 1986 through 2002, and again from 2005-2007 (he performed remotely from his home in Los Angeles). While at WPOW in 1986, Moseley created the novelty hit song \\\"Ronnie's Rapp\\\", under the name \\\"Ron And The DC Crew\\\". Originally created as a comedy sketch for his morning show, the song was distributed by Profile Records, and became a club hit in 1986, reaching number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2009, Moseley worked with his long-time idol Rick Dees, as a member of Dees' morning radio cast\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Moseley (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36080860\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"My Lover's Prayer\\\" is a song performed by the Bee Gees, written by Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb and Maurice Gibb, and was released in 1997 on the album Still Waters. The track was originally written and recorded in 1995, but it was only a demo. In 2003, it was recorded by Alistair Griffin featuring Robin Gibb and was released as a double A-side. Personnel Barry Gibb - lead vocals Robin Gibb - lead vocals Maurice Gibb - backing vocals Robbie Kondor - keyboard, arranger Rob Mounsey - keyboard Marc Schulman - guitar Anthony Jackson - bass Russ Titelman - arranger Arif Mardin - strings arrangement Steve Eigner - sound engineer Mike Viola - sound engineer Alistair Griffin and Robin Gibb version \\\"My Lover's Prayer\\\" was released as a single in 2003 by Alistair Griffin featuring Robin Gibb, as a double A-side with \\\"Bring It On\\\". Robin Gibb had intended to re-release the song as a solo single in 2003 with backing vocals by Lance Bass and Wanya Morris, and a promo version of this had already been given radio play. However, the morning after the Fame Academy 2 final, Gibb contacted Griffin with a request to re-record a duet of the song, with the apparent intention of releasing it as a Christmas single. This version also used Gibb's original vocals with a new edit of the instrumental track. Three other performers from Fame Academy 2, Peter Brame, Carolynne Good and winner Alex Parks sang the backing vocals. Personnel Robin Gibb - lead vocals Wanya Morris - backing vocals (first version) Lance Bass - backing vocals (first version) Alistair Griffin - lead vocals (second version) Peter Brame - backing vocals (second version) Carolynne Good - backing vocals (second version) Alex Parks - backing vocals (second version) Deconzo Smith - keyboards, guitar, bass, producer Olly Meacock - programming Dave Ford - sound engineer Ian Curnow - producer References 1997 songs Bee Gees songs Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Songs written by Maurice Gibb 2003 singles Robin Gibb songs Alistair Griffin songs\",\n \"title\": \"My Lover's Prayer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6204206\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Good Rocking Tonight\\\" is a jump blues song originally released in 1947 by its writer, Roy Brown and was covered by many recording artists (sometimes as Good Rockin' Tonight). The song includes the memorable refrain, \\\"Well I heard the news, there's good rocking tonight!\\\" The song anticipated elements of rock and roll music. Some reviewers state that Brown's version, or Wynonie Harris' (depending on the source), is one of the contenders for the title of \\\"first rock'n'roll record\\\". The label of the 45 RPM record by Brown included the words \\\"Rocking blues\\\". In 2022, Brown's recording was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in the 'Classics of Blues Recording – Singles' category. Original song Brown had first offered his song to Wynonie Harris, who turned it down. He then approached Cecil Gant later that night, but after hearing Brown sing, Gant made a 2:30 AM phone call to Jules Braun, the president of DeLuxe Records. After Brown sang his song over the phone, Braun asked Brown to sing it a second time. He then told Gant, \\\"Give him fifty dollars and don't let him out of your sight.\\\" According to the Paul McCartney Project, \\\"Harris’s version was even more energetic than Brown’s original version, featuring black gospel style handclapping\\\". Five weeks later, Brown recorded the song for DeLuxe Records. Only after Brown's record had gained traction in New Orleans did Harris decide to cover it. Harris' more energetic version may have contributed to the composition's greater success on the national R&B chart. Brown's original recording hit #13 of the Billboard R&B chart, but Harris' record became a #1 R&B hit and remained on the chart for half a year. Brown's single would re-enter the chart in 1949, peaking at #11. Harris had a reputation for carousing, and sometimes forgot lyrics. His \\\"Good Rockin'\\\" recording session largely followed Brown's original lyrics, but by the end, he replaced the last section with a series of raucous \\\"hoy hoy hoy!\\\" interjections, a commonly used expression in jump blues tunes of the time, going back to 1945's \\\"The Honeydripper\\\" by Joe Liggins. The song is a primer of sorts on the popular black music of the era, making lyrical reference to Sweet Lorraine, Sioux City Sue, Sweet Georgia Brown, Caldonia, Elder Brown, and Deacon Jones. All of these characters had figured prominently in previous hit songs. The song has also been credited with being the most successful record to that point to use the word \\\"rock\\\" not as a euphemism for sex, but as a descriptive for the musical style, a connection which would become even clearer in 1954 when a version of \\\"Good Rockin' Tonight\\\" became Elvis Presley's second-ever single. While Brown missed out on the biggest hit version of his song, its success kicked off his own career, which included two #1 R&B hits. In 1949, he released \\\"Rockin' at Midnight\\\", a sequel to \\\"Good Rockin' Tonight.\\\" It reached #2 on the R&B chart, where it remained for a month. Elvis\",\n \"title\": \"Good Rocking Tonight\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11960899\",\n \"text\": \"Goodnight L.A. is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Magnum, released in 1990 by Polydor. Most of the material was already written and arranged, at least in demo form, and was taken to Los Angeles and Vancouver to find an American producer. Keith Olsen was suggested because of the success of his work on Whitesnake's 1987. Tony Clarkin, the band's guitarist and usually the sole songwriter, then invited co-writers such as Russ Ballard, Jim Vallance and David Cassidy's wife Sue Shifrin to collaborate on songwriting. Other songs called \\\"The Rock\\\" and \\\"On That Day\\\" were retitled or dropped. \\\"Come Back Running\\\" was recorded as a demo version, but it was never released. An additional title, written by Ballard and Clarkin, was published around this time called \\\"Dancing With The Devil\\\"; if this song was recorded, it has yet to be released. The rest of the band flew to Los Angeles in 1990 to record \\\"Goodnight L.A.\\\" at Olsen's studios. The album was originally titled Born to Be King but was eventually named after the studio. Three singles were planned. \\\"Rockin’ Chair\\\" was released first, followed by \\\"Heartbroke and Busted\\\"; the third single, \\\"No Way Out\\\", was cancelled because Polydor was disappointed with the chart ranking of \\\"Heartbroke and Busted\\\". While Polydor's plan for a Magnum breakthrough in America failed (the album was not released there), Goodnight L.A. was a commercial success at home, charting 9 in the United Kingdom (a position surpassed only by Wings of Heaven). Track listing Singles Rockin' Chair 7\\\" (1990) \\\"Rockin' Chair\\\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Russ Ballard) — 4:10 \\\"Mama\\\" [LP version] — 4:34 Rockin' Chair 12\\\" (1990) \\\"Rockin' Chair\\\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Russ Ballard) — 4:10 \\\"Mama\\\" [LP version] — 4:34 \\\"Where Do You Run To\\\" [B-side] — 3:44 Rockin' Chair CD (1990) \\\"Rockin' Chair\\\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Russ Ballard) — 4:10 \\\"Mama\\\" [LP version] — 4:34 \\\"Where Do You Run To\\\" [B-side] — 3:44 Heartbroke and Busted 7\\\" (1990) \\\"Heartbroke and Busted\\\" [LP version] — 3:37 \\\"Hanging Tree\\\" [B-side] — 0:00 Heartbroke and Busted 12\\\" (1990) \\\"Heartbroke and Busted\\\" [LP version] — 3:37 \\\"Hanging Tree\\\" [B-side] — 0:00 \\\"Cry for You\\\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Sue Shiffron) — 0:00 Heartbroke and Busted EP (1990) \\\"Heartbroke and Busted\\\" [LP version] — 3:37 \\\"Les Mort Dansant\\\" [acoustic] — 3:37 \\\"Hanging Tree\\\" [B-side] — 0:00 \\\"Cry for You\\\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Sue Shiffron) — 0:00 Heartbroke and Busted CD (1990) \\\"Heartbroke and Busted\\\" [LP version] — 3:30 \\\"Hanging Tree\\\" [B-side] — 3:37 \\\"Cry for You\\\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Sue Shiffron) — 3:52 Personnel Bob Catley — vocals Tony Clarkin — guitar Wally Lowe — bass guitar Mark Stanway — keyboards Mickey Barker — drums Additional musicians Tommy Funderburk — backing vocals Michael Sadler — backing vocals Paulinho da Costa — percussion Deric Dyer — saxophone Charts References External links www.magnumonline.co.uk — Official Magnum site 1990 albums Magnum (band) albums Albums produced by Keith\",\n \"title\": \"Goodnight L.A.\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19366733\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Love Me\\\" is a song recorded by the Bee Gees, released on the 1976 album Children of the World. It was also included on the compilation albums Bee Gees Greatest and Love from the Bee Gees, which was released only in the UK. Background It was written by Barry and Robin Gibb featuring Robin on lead with his vibrato (with Barry on the middle eight evidenced on the outro). This makes this song a curio among the group's latterday tracks, as during the mid and late 1970s, Barry sang most of the group's leads. Robin sings a falsetto lead on the group's 1979 song \\\"Living Together\\\" on the album Spirits Having Flown. He also sang falsetto during the chorus of his solo song \\\"Remedy\\\" from the 1985 album Walls Have Eyes. With Robin, Barry also sang the lead on the track's middle-eight. Recording began on 30 March 1976 in Criteria Studios, Miami and finished on 25 April in Le Studio, Quebec, Canada same day as \\\"I Think I'm Losing You\\\" (unreleased). Yvonne Elliman version Release Yvonne Elliman's version was released as a single and reached number 14 in the United States, number six in the United Kingdom, number nine in Ireland, number three in New Zealand and South Africa, number 15 in Australia, number 11 in Canada, and number 16 in Netherlands. Record World said that it is \\\"Elliman's best outing in some time due to the combination of strong material and an inspired vocal performance.\\\" Charts Martine McCutcheon version Background and release Martine McCutcheon remade \\\"Love Me\\\" for her 1999 debut album, You Me & Us, from which the track—serving as the BBC Children in Need single for 1999—was issued as the third single. It was released as a double A-side single along with \\\"Talking in Your Sleep\\\" on 22 November 1999 and peaked at number six in the United Kingdom. McCutcheon performed the song at the Children in Need telethon on 26 November 1999. She was supported by 100 children between the age of eight and thirteen, who were selected through nationwide auditions. The successful children had the chance to spend a day in a recording studio with McCutcheon, before serving as backing singers for the song on live television. Track listing \\\"Love Me\\\" (radio mix)- 3:44 \\\"Talking in Your Sleep\\\" (radio edit) - 4:06 Charts Other versions \\\"Love Me\\\" was also recorded by Janie Fricke for her 1981 album Sleeping With Your Memory and cantopop artist Prudence Liew for her 1994 album Thoughts in the Night, Dreams During the Day. References 1976 singles 1976 songs 1999 singles Bee Gees songs Children in Need singles Innocent Records singles Martine McCutcheon songs RSO Records singles Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Song recordings produced by Freddie Perren Song recordings produced by Maurice Gibb Song recordings produced by Robin Gibb Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Virgin Records singles Yvonne Elliman songs\",\n \"title\": \"Love Me (Bee Gees song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2263149\",\n \"text\": \"Roy James Brown (September 10, 1920 or 1925May 25, 1981) was an American blues singer who had a significant influence on the early development of rock and roll and the direction of R&B. His original song and hit recording \\\"Good Rockin' Tonight\\\" has been covered by many artists including Wynonie Harris, Elvis Presley, Bruce Springsteen, Paul McCartney, Joe Ely, Ricky Nelson, Jerry Lee Lewis, Pat Boone, James Brown, the Doors, and the rock group Montrose. Brown was one of the first popular R&B singers to perform songs with a gospel-steeped delivery, which was then considered taboo by many churches. In addition, his melismatic, pleading vocal style influenced notable artists such as B.B. King, Bobby Bland, Elvis Presley, Jackie Wilson, James Brown and Little Richard. Early life and education Brown was born in Kinder, Louisiana. Some sources report his birth date as September 10, 1925, but the researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc gave the date as September 10, 1920, on the basis of information in the 1930 census and Social Security records, and stated that 1925 is incorrect. Media reports state that he was either 55 or 56 at the time of his death. Like many R&B singers, Brown started singing gospel music in church. His mother was an accomplished singer and church organist. He moved to Los Angeles in the 1940s and for a short time was a professional boxer in the welterweight division. In 1945 he won a singing contest at the Million Dollar Theater, covering \\\"There's No You\\\", originally recorded by Bing Crosby. In 1946, Brown moved to Galveston, Texas, where he sang in Joe Coleman's group, performing mostly songs from the Hit Parade, in a nightclub called the Club Granada. His repertoire included \\\"Good Rockin' Tonight\\\". After being rejected by the armed forces because of flat feet, Brown secured his first major job in a club in Shreveport, Louisiana, singing mostly pop ballads, such as \\\"Stardust\\\" and \\\"There's No You\\\". The owner of Bill Riley's Palace Park hired him, as Brown told an interviewer for Blues Unlimited, because of his appeal as \\\"a Negro singer who sounds white.\\\" It was at the Palace Park that Brown started developing a blues repertoire, learning contemporary R&B tunes such as \\\"Jelly Jelly\\\" (recorded by Billy Eckstine). He returned to New Orleans in 1947, where he performed at the Dew Drop Inn. Career Brown was a fan of blues singer Wynonie Harris. When Harris appeared in town, Brown tried but failed to interest him in listening to \\\"Good Rockin' Tonight\\\". Brown then approached another blues singer, Cecil Gant, who was performing at another club in town. Brown introduced his song, and Gant had him sing it over the telephone to the president of De Luxe Records, Jules Braun, reportedly at 4:00 in the morning. Brown was signed to a recording contract immediately. He recorded the song in a jump blues style with a swing beat. It was released in 1948 and reached number 13 on the Billboard R&B chart. Ironically,\",\n \"title\": \"Roy Brown (blues musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5857532\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Heartbreaker\\\" is a song performed by American singer Dionne Warwick. It was written by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees for her 1982 studio album of the same name, while production was helmed by Barry Gibb, Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson under their production moniker Gibb-Galuten-Richardson. Barry Gibb's backing vocal is heard on the chorus. The song reached the top ten in over a dozen countries and stands as one of Warwick's biggest career hits, selling an estimated 4 million singles worldwide. In the U.S., it peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in January 1983. The track was Warwick's eighth number one Adult Contemporary hit and reached number 14 on the Hot Black Singles chart. It was ranked as Billboard magazine's 80th-biggest US hit of 1983. On the UK Singles Chart, the track reached number 2 in November 1982. Background \\\"Heartbreaker\\\" was written by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees for singer Dionne Warwick's same-titled album. The song blended the Gibb brothers' two schools of songwriting: it has the clear verse and chorus structure favored by Robin and Maurice, yet also has the longer spun-out verses Barry now preferred, both well balanced. The melody is reminiscent of \\\"Living Eyes\\\", but the song has a much stronger forward motion. Maurice said later that he wished they had saved it for themselves. The Bee Gees' demo version, sung by Barry, was not released until 2006 when it appeared on The Heartbreaker Demos (2006), the group's demo album of Warwick's album. Warwick admitted in The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits by Wesley Hyatt that she was not fond of \\\"Heartbreaker\\\" (regarding the song's international popularity, she quipped, \\\"I cried all the way to the bank\\\"), but recorded it because she trusted the Bee Gees' judgment that it would be a hit. Maurice Gibb, who co-wrote the song, commented, \\\"I cried my eyes out after we wrote it. I drove home and thought, 'We should be doing this one', and when she did it, it was brilliant. We sang on it, and it still became like a duet between the Bee Gees and Dionne Warwick\\\". Cover versions The Bee Gees' own version, with Barry Gibb on lead vocals, was recorded in 1994. It was originally planned for an album called Love Songs to be released in 1995, but was eventually released in 2001 on Their Greatest Hits: The Record. \\\"Heartbreaker\\\" was originally recorded as a single released on the Yep Roc label in 2019. Later it was released on a full length (Walkabout) originally released in Australia to commemorate their tour of the continent. Eventually it was released for the rest of the world as well. Track listings All tracks produced by Gibb-Galuten-Richardson. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts See also List of number-one singles and albums in Sweden List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 1982 References External links \\\"The Dionne Warwick Channel\\\" – YouTube site containing over 100 Dionne\",\n \"title\": \"Heartbreaker (Dionne Warwick song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2508259\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rockin' the Suburbs\\\" is a song by Ben Folds on the album of the same name. Music and lyrics Folds said of the inspiration for the song: \\\"I used to do this big rant at the end of some gigs with Ben Folds Five. The band broke into this big heavy metal thing and I started as a joke to scream in a heavy metal falsetto. I found myself saying things like: Feel my pain, I am white, feel my pain. I was going to write this song about Korn. I don't know, it wasn't as funny when I directed it at somebody. So I thought I would write it not directed to anybody. I mean, I would be happy to tell the guys from Korn that I wrote a song about them, but I think, when people listen to it, it is a better song when it is not directed to anybody.\\\" The song parodies Korn and Rage Against the Machine. Folds stated of the song \\\"I am taking the piss out of the whole scene, especially the followers.\\\" Single track listing \\\"Rockin' the Suburbs\\\" [Radio Edit] \\\"Girl\\\" \\\"Make Me Mommy\\\" \\\"Rockin' the Suburbs\\\" [Video] Japanese EP: \\\"Rockin' the Suburbs\\\" [Radio Edit] \\\"One Down\\\" \\\"Girl\\\" \\\"Make Me Mommy\\\" \\\"The Secret Life of Morgan Davis\\\" Music video The music video for \\\"Rockin' the Suburbs\\\" was directed by friend \\\"Weird Al\\\" Yankovic, who also plays the role of a producer who fixes Folds' \\\"shitty track,\\\" directly riffing on one of the song's lyrics. The video features Folds playing multiple members of an angry rock band in a suburban den and in front of a white background. After the song's bridge, Folds is shown outside in a suburban neighborhood wearing a backwards red New York Yankees cap, the trademark of Limp Bizkit's Fred Durst, while singing the lyrics, \\\"girl give me something I can break\\\", which were a riff on the Limp Bizkit song \\\"Break Stuff\\\". During this portion of the video, Folds engages in \\\"suburban\\\" activities such as skateboarding, jumping in pools and flipping burgers. At the end of the video, the \\\"band\\\" (all played by Folds again) plays in front of a black background with holes punched in it, a style that deliberately matches the live-action parts of the Korn video for \\\"Freak on a Leash.\\\" A subliminal message reading \\\"Korn Sucks\\\" briefly appears. Over the Hedge remake In 2006, Folds rewrote the song for the animated movie Over the Hedge, with film co-star William Shatner providing vocals during part of the song. Shatner does the voice for Ozzie the Opossum, who encourages his teenage daughter Heather (voice by Avril Lavigne) to play dead in threatening situations. While this version features entirely new lyrics intended to be more family-friendly than the original, Folds maintains the song’s satirical edge. The rewritten lyrics focus more on the institution of suburbia, and include jabs at homeowner associations, tract housing, consumerism, and developments built on Native American burial grounds. This version of the song\",\n \"title\": \"Rockin' the Suburbs (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33286844\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Singer Sang His Song\\\" is a song by the Bee Gees, written by Barry, Robin and released in early 1968 as a single along with Jumbo. In some countries the song was the B-side of Jumbo but in others they were promoted as a double A-side. Recording and mixing This track was only issued as a single and not included on a studio album at the time, so by standard practice at the time, it was not mixed to stereo. The song was recorded on 8 January 1968, the same day the song \\\"Down to Earth\\\" was recorded, which was included on their third international album Idea and \\\"Chocolate Symphony\\\", now included on the expanded version of Idea released in 2007. The song was unavailable until 1990 when it was mixed in stereo for the first time and extended to 3:19 for inclusion on the Tales from the Brothers Gibb boxset. A remastered version featured on the deluxe edition of Idea released in 2006. Its promotional video was filmed in black and white, which featured a man and woman running in a park interspersed with The Bee Gees performing on stage. It reached #25 in the UK. Release Maurice Gibb explained about this song: The only time Robert was wrong when he said to release \\\"Jumbo\\\" as the A-side instead of the flipside \\\"The Singer Sang His Song.\\\" We thought that was going to be the A-side, but Atlantic convinced Robert, and Robert had been convinced by Vince and Colin 'cause they liked playing a bit more bluesy stuff, Robert said 'never again will I let anybody talk me into anything'. The band's manager Robert Stigwood also explained about this song: I also now realise it was a mistake to release it [Jumbo] as an A-side in Britain because the public still want big, emotional ballads from the boys. In a Billboard magazine interview with the Bee Gees, Maurice said of the song, \\\"I love 'The Singer Sang His Song' from way back [in 1968]. But the songs are like our kids, and you feel funny favoring one to the other\\\". Personnel Robin Gibb — lead vocals, organ Barry Gibb — backing and harmony vocals, guitar Maurice Gibb — backing vocals, bass, piano, organ, mellotron Vince Melouney — acoustic guitar Colin Petersen — drums Bill Shepherd — orchestral arrangement Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1968 songs Bee Gees songs Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Songs written by Maurice Gibb Song recordings produced by Robert Stigwood Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Song recordings produced by Robin Gibb Song recordings produced by Maurice Gibb Pop ballads Rock ballads 1968 singles\",\n \"title\": \"The Singer Sang His Song\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23420538\",\n \"text\": \"Alpana Mukherjee (née Banerjee) () (14 March 1934 – 24 July 2009) was a successful Bengali singer during the late 1940s and 1950s and onwards. Her most noted songs are \\\"Trader Chumki Jole Akashe\\\" \\\"Hatti Matim Tim\\\", \\\"Mon Bolchhe Aaj Sandhyay\\\", \\\"Chotto Pakhi Chandana\\\" and \\\"Ami Alpana Enke Jai Aloy Chhayay\\\" \\\" Akash Ar Eai Mati Oi Dure\\\" \\\" Jodi Oli Na chahe\\\". Early life At the age of 13, Alpana was discovered by her father's close friends, Robin Chattopadhyay and Gouri Prasanna Majumdar, who were very active as music composers and lyricists respectively in the Bengali music scene at that time. Her songs became very popular soon after. Career Alpana Banerjee's major popularity derived from singing children's songs, which she transformed from simple rhymes to immortal classics. Bengalis from the 1950s through the 1990s were raised on Alpana's classics like 'Hatti Matim Tim' or 'Chhotto Pakhi Chandana'. Her modern songs received much more popularity. One of the earliest and notable Bengali non-film songs sung by Alpana was \\\"Samiran Phire Chao\\\" under Robin Chattopadhyay's baton. Soon after, in 1951, she recorded the song \\\"Matir Ghare Aaj Nemechhe Chand Re\\\" for the Bengali film 'Vidyasagar' with music once again by Robin Chattopadhay. This song became remarkably popular. Another notable Bengali film song by her, under Robin Chattopadhay's baton yet again, is \\\"Hriday Amar Sundara Taba Paye\\\" from the 1956 film 'Sagarika'. She sang many notable Bengali film and non-film songs in the 1950s under different music composers including Nachiketa Ghosh, Shyamal Mitra, Manabendra Mukhopadhyay, Sailen Mukhopadhyay and Bhupen Hazarika. Her voice was eloquent in capturing a variety of moods ranging from the romantic \\\"Mon Bolchhe Aaj Sandhyay\\\", to the frivolous 'Bakul Gandhe Jodi', 'Ami Alpana Enke Jai' and sombre 'Jetha Achhe Ogo Shudhu Nirabata'. Alpana recorded a cover version of the Hindi film song 'Albela main ek dilwala' under Sachin Dev Burman's music direction. The regular version of this song was sung by Asha Bhonsle in the 1957 Hindi film 'Miss India'. Alpana collaborated with many of her colleagues including Utpala Sen, Sandhya Mukhopadhyay, Shyamal Mitra (with whom she sang duets on many occasions), Manabendra Mukhopadhyay, and Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay. She also sang with Lata Mangeshkar under the direction of Pandit Ravi Shankar. She was often the guest of honour at Bengali music functions, TV programmes, and on AIR (All India Radio) programmes. On All India Radio'-Calcutta's 'Ramyageeti' program, she sang songs tuned by internationally renowned Sarod player Ali Akbar Khan. She also toured most of the North Indian Radio stations singing in chain programs with All India Radio. She was noted to have given performances in all corners of West Bengal. Besides touring within India and West Bengal, she also extensively toured in England. She performed at Durga Puja functions in places like Hampstead Town Hall, Belsize Park, King's Cross and gave performances at Bengali communities in Bradford, Leeds, Liverpool, Wolverhampton, West Ham, Seven Sisters, Finsbury Park, Islington, etc. She was interviewed by BBC London on several occasions. Personal life\",\n \"title\": \"Alpana Banerjee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"778939\",\n \"text\": \"Bernard Shalom Kotzin (November 11, 1918 – December 14, 1997), known as Stubby Kaye, was an American actor, comedian, vaudevillian and singer, known for his appearances on Broadway and in film musicals. Kaye originated the roles of Nicely-Nicely Johnson in Guys and Dolls and Marryin' Sam in Li'l Abner, introducing two show-stopping numbers of the era: \\\"Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Boat\\\" and \\\"Jubilation T. Cornpone.\\\" He reprised these roles in the movie versions of the shows. Other well-known roles include Herman in Bob Fosse's Sweet Charity, Sam the Shade in Cat Ballou, and Marvin Acme in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Biography Kaye was first generation born Bernard Sholom Kotzin on the last day of the First World War, at West 114th Street in the Morningside Heights section of Manhattan. He kept his original name secret throughout his career. His parents were Jewish-Americans originally from Russia and Austria-Hungary. His father, David Kotzin, was a dress salesman, and the former Harriet \\\"Hattie\\\" Freundlish was his mother. He was raised in the Far Rockaway section of Queens and later in The Bronx, where he acted in student productions at DeWitt Clinton High School, and where he graduated in 1937. In 1939, he won the Major Bowes Amateur Hour contest on radio where the prize included touring in vaudeville, where he was sometimes billed as an \\\"Extra Padded Attraction.\\\" During the Second World War, he joined the USO where he toured battle fronts and made his London debut performing with Bob Hope. After the war, he continued to work in vaudeville and as master of ceremonies for the swing orchestras of Freddy Martin and Charlie Barnet. As Nicely-Nicely Johnson in Guys and Dolls, first on Broadway (1950) and then in the film version (1955), he introduced \\\"Fugue for Tinhorns\\\" (\\\"I got the horse right here, his name is Paul Revere...\\\") and \\\"Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Boat.\\\" He created the role of Marryin' Sam in Li'l Abner on Broadway (1956), introducing the song \\\"Jubilation T. Cornpone.\\\" In 1957 he was named best actor in a musical by the Outer Critics Circle. In his New York Times review, Brooks Atkinson said Kaye sang \\\"it with that vaudeville rhythm and those vaudeville blandishments that turn song numbers into triumphant occasions.\\\" He also played the role in the film (1959). His next Broadway show, Everybody Loves Opal, starring Eileen Heckart, closed after 21 performances in 1961. In 1956 he co-starred with June Allyson and Jack Lemmon in the filmYou Can't Run Away from It, a musical remake of It Happened One Night. He played the title character in Michael Winner's British film The Cool Mikado (1962), based on Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera, The Mikado. In the mid-1950s, Kaye guest starred on NBC's early sitcom The Martha Raye Show. In 1958, he appeared on the short-lived NBC variety show The Gisele MacKenzie Show. About this time, he also appeared on ABC's The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom. In the 1959–60 television season, Kaye co-starred in the short-lived\",\n \"title\": \"Stubby Kaye\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4192022\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Pop Muzik\\\" is a 1979 song by M, a project by English musician Robin Scott, from the debut album New York • London • Paris • Munich. The single, first released in the UK in early 1979, was bolstered by a music video (directed by Brian Grant) that was well received by critics. The clip featured Scott as a DJ singing into a microphone from behind an exaggerated turntable setup, at times flanked by two female models who sang and danced in a robotic manner. The video also featured Brigit Novik, Scott's wife at the time, who provided the backup vocals for the track. The single's B-side, \\\"M Factor\\\", was featured in two different versions. The original cut appeared on the first UK and European releases of the single, while a slightly remixed version appeared on the single released in the United States and Canada. \\\"Pop Muzik\\\" reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100, the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, and number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. Concept and chart performance The song was initially recorded in R&B and funk styles before a friend of Scott suggested using synthesisers. He describes the genesis of \\\"Pop Muzik\\\": I was looking to make a fusion of various styles which somehow would summarise the last 25 years of pop music. It was a deliberate point I was trying to make. Whereas rock and roll had created a generation gap, disco was bringing people together on an enormous scale. That's why I really wanted to make a simple, bland statement, which was, 'All we're talking about basically (is) pop music.' Cash Box described it as a \\\"quirky Euro-pop number,\\\" stating that \\\"the nonsensical lyrics create a catchy cadence.\\\" Record World described it as a \\\"totally infectious body-mover.\\\" The single was released in the UK first, peaking at number 2 on 12 May 1979, unable to break Art Garfunkel's 6-week stint at number one with \\\"Bright Eyes\\\". In August of that same year, it was released in North America, where it eventually climbed all the way to number 1 in Canada on 27 October and in the US on 3 November. Along with Scott, other musicians who played on the track were his brother Julian Scott (on bass), then unknown keyboardist Wally Badarou, Canadian synthesiser programmer John Lewis, drummer Phil Gould (who later became one of the founding members of the group Level 42), Gary Barnacle and Brigit Novik, the backing vocalist, credited as \\\"Brigit Vinchon\\\" on the records and sleeves. The image of the baby on \\\"Pop Muzik\\\"'s single disc is of Robin Scott's daughter, Berenice. She became a singer, piano/keyboard player and composer and involved in projects with her father's friends Phil Gould and Wally Badarou. Album The subsequent full-length album New York • London • Paris • Munich was recorded in Montreux, Switzerland, at Queen's Mountain Studio, with lead singer and guitarist Robin Scott and regular engineer David Richards, as well as Julian Scott, Wally Badarou and Brigit Novik. Additional\",\n \"title\": \"Pop Muzik\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66176817\",\n \"text\": \"Rockin' with Kay is a studio album by Kay Starr. It was released in 1958 by RCA Victor (catalog no. LPM-1720). It was her third album for RCA Victor. Reception Upon its release, Billboard magazine gave the album a rating of three stars and wrote: \\\"The wonderful, husky expressiveness of the Starr gal comes through on this selection of tunes arranged for rocking delivery.\\\" AllMusic also gave the album a rating of three stars. Reviewer William Ruhlmann wrote that the arrangements were \\\"bluesy and rocking\\\" and that Starr sang with \\\"her usual throaty abandon.\\\" Track listing Side A \\\"Dry Bones\\\" (traditional) [2:30] \\\"Rockin' Chair\\\" (Hoagy Carmichael) [3:20] \\\"I Gotta Get Away from You\\\" (Hal Stanley) [1:57] \\\"Till We Meet Again\\\" (Raymond B. Egan, Richard A. Whiting) [2:27] \\\"True Blue Lou\\\" (Sam Coslow, Leo Robin, Richard A. Whiting) [2:37] \\\"Lazy Bones\\\" (Hoagy Carmigchael, Johnny Mercer) [3:20] Side B \\\"Lonesome Road\\\" (traditional) [3:23] \\\"The Glory of Love\\\" (Billy Hill) [2:39] \\\"I'm Confessin'\\\" (Doc Daugherty, Al J. Neiburg, Ellis Reynolds) [3:22] \\\"Lover Man\\\" (Jimmy Davis, Roger \\\"Ram\\\" Ramirez, Jimmy Sherman) [3:18] \\\"How Deep Is the Ocean\\\" (Iriving Berlin) [2:47] \\\"Do I Worry\\\" (Stanley Cowan, Bobby Worth) [3:03] References 1958 albums Kay Starr albums RCA Victor albums\",\n \"title\": \"Rockin' with Kay\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27705060\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)\\\" is a popular song written, both words and music, by Harry Woods in 1926. The song became the signature song for singer and actress Lillian Roth, who performed it often during the height of her musical career from the late 1920s to the late 1930s. Notable recordings The song was a hit in 1926 for: \\\"Whispering\\\" Jack Smith; Cliff Edwards; Paul Whiteman; and the band the Ipana Troubadors (vocal by Franklyn Baur). The most successful recording in 1926, however, was by Al Jolson. Jolson recorded it again on December 5, 1947, for Decca Records. 1939 Bob Crosby and His Orchestra – recorded April 7, 1939 for Decca Records (catalog No. 2537A). 1953 – recorded by Doris Day, and briefly reached the charts. 1956 Louis Armstrong and his All-Stars released a recording of the song 1956 Bing Crosby recorded the song for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set The Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings (1954-56) issued by Mosaic Records (catalog MD7-245) in 2009. Crosby also included the song in a medley on his album On the Happy Side (1962). 1957 Julie London – for her album Julie. 1958 Eydie Gormé – included in the album Eydie Gormé – Vamps the Roaring 20's. 1973 Dean Martin – Sittin' on Top of the World. 1996 Steve Goodman – The Easter Tapes (Live Steve Goodman album). 2002 Rosie Flores – The Bottle Let Me Down: Songs for Bumpy Wagon Rides (Various Artists). 2017 Kamasi Washington – Perspective (Harmony of Difference). Also in the 1950s, a version was released by Peter Pan Records, with \\\"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody\\\" on the reverse side of the single. Film appearances 1926 A Plantation Act – a sound-on-disc short film – sung by Al Jolson. 1932 When the Red, Red Robin Comes Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along – a Fleischer Studios Screen Song cartoon. 1949 Jolson Sings Again – sung by Larry Parks (dubbed by Al Jolson) 1952 Has Anybody Seen My Gal? – sung by Lynn Bari, Gigi Perreau and Charles Coburn. 1955 I'll Cry Tomorrow – sung by Susan Hayward, playing Lillian Roth, in this biographical film about Roth. 1974 The Conversation – sung by Cindy Williams' character, Ann, during a conversation. In popular culture The song featured an early example of the motivational three-word phrase \\\"Live, Laugh, Love\\\", that became a popular slogan on motivational posters and home decor in the late 2000s and early 2010s. The song helped inspire the name of the American casual dining restaurant chain Red Robin: the owner of the original restaurant, in the University District of Seattle, sang in a barbershop quartet which frequently sang the song, and in the 1940s he renamed his restaurant \\\"Sam's Red Robin\\\". The English football club Charlton Athletic play Billy Cotton's version of the song as the team come out on to the pitch at their home ground The Valley. The English rugby\",\n \"title\": \"When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17683570\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" is a song by American singer, songwriter and actress Julee Cruise, released in 1990 as the second single from her debut album, Floating into the Night (1989). It was released on Warner Bros. Records. Cruise performs the song in \\\"Episode 14\\\" of American mystery serial drama television series Twin Peaks, the long-anticipated episode of the show in which the killer of Laura Palmer was finally revealed after a year of anxious, media-driven anticipation. Cruise also sings \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" in Industrial Symphony No. 1, another David Lynch project. Content The song is in the dream pop genre, with jazzy flourishes. Angelo Badalamenti composed the music and David Lynch wrote the lyrics. Critical reception Andrew Mueller from Melody Maker named \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" Single of the Week, adding, \\\"So she's runner-up this time. This languid sub-doo-wop finger-clicker is nary a patch on the magisterial \\\"Falling\\\", but it is nonetheless floating-away gorgeous and punctuated by a relatively wild saxophone blat in the middle and Julee's voice is still like drowning in a velvet-lined bath full of honey and pineapple jelly. You get the idea.\\\" Terry Staunton from NME wrote, \\\"Fingers crossed, Julee Cruise will still be knocking about years after Twin Peaks has been consigned to the studio vaults. This is probably the most immediate and commercial track on the Floating into the Night LP, a Connie Francis love ballad punctuated by a Roxy Music sax solo. Whether Cruise sticks with David Lynch and Angelo Badalamenti in the future remains to be seen, although I'd like to hear the Pet Shop Boys knock out a few tunes for her.\\\" Track listing UK 7-inch \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" (Edit) – 4:06 \\\"Falling\\\" (LP version) – 5:45 UK 12-inch and CD \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" (Tibetan Mix) – 5:40 \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" (Edit) – 4:06 \\\"Mysteries of Love\\\" – 4:27 US 12-inch \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" (Tibetan 12\\\" Mix) – 5:43 \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" (Bonus Beats) – 2:30 \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" (A Cappella) – 5:05 \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" (Tibetan Dub) – 5:45 \\\"The World Spins\\\" – 6:38 \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" (Original Single Edit) – 4:04 US CD \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" (Tibetan Single Mix) – 3:49 \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" (Tibetan 12\\\" Mix) – 5:43 \\\"The World Spins\\\" – 6:38 \\\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\\\" (Original Single Edit) – 4:04 Charts References External links 1990 singles 1989 songs Julee Cruise songs Music of Twin Peaks Song recordings produced by Angelo Badalamenti Song recordings produced by David Lynch Songs written by Angelo Badalamenti Songs written by David Lynch Warner Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5828402\",\n \"text\": \"The 1989 Royal Rumble was the second annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). After the inaugural event aired as a television special, the 1989 event aired on pay-per-view (PPV), thus becoming one of the WWF's original four annual PPV events, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which would become recognized as the \\\"Big Four\\\". It took place on January 15, 1989, at The Summit in Houston, Texas. It centered on the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. Six matches were contested at the event, including two dark matches. The main event was the 1989 Royal Rumble match, which was won by Big John Studd, who last eliminated Ted DiBiase. Featured matches on the undercard were Jim Duggan and The Hart Foundation (Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart) defeating Dino Bravo and The Fabulous Rougeaus (Jacques and Raymond Rougeau) in a two-out-of-three falls match, Rockin' Robin defeating Judy Martin to retain the WWF Women's Championship, and King Haku defeating Harley Race to retain his King of the Ring crown and cape. Production Background In 1988, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) debuted the Royal Rumble match, although a non-televised version had been tested in 1987. The match was a modified battle royal in which the participants entered at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. The inaugural match featured 20 wrestlers and the inaugural event was named after the match. A second event was scheduled to be held on January 15, 1989, at The Summit in Houston, Texas, thus establishing the Royal Rumble as an annual January event. The previous year's event had been shown as a television special on the USA Network. The 1989 event was instead aired on pay-per-view (PPV), being the first Royal Rumble to be broadcast on PPV, in turn becoming one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which would be dubbed the \\\"Big Four\\\". It was also the first to feature 30 wrestlers in the titular match, which is now the traditional number of participants. Storylines The main feud heading into the Royal Rumble was between the 30 superstars from the entire World Wrestling Federation (WWF) who had selected to participate in the first-ever 30 man Royal Rumble match. Big John Studd returned to WWF in late 1988 and turned babyface after not siding with former manager Bobby Heenan and began a feud with Heenan's client André the Giant. Both men signed to participate in the Royal Rumble match. Mr. Perfect, who joined WWF in the summer of 1988 was pushed as an undefeated heel wrestler, entering his name into the match. Bad News Brown was pushed as an arrogant powerful heel who was an enemy of face and heel wrestlers. As a result, he also entered his name into the match. Many tag\",\n \"title\": \"Royal Rumble (1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15826503\",\n \"text\": \"Time Won't Let Me is the first studio album by the Outsiders. It was named after the band's early 1966 break-out single, \\\"Time Won't Let Me\\\". Release data The album was released in the LP format on Capitol in May 1966 in both monaural and stereophonic editions (catalogue numbers T 2501 and ST 2501, respectively). Although never released individually as a CD, the band's first two albums were reissued on Liberty Bell as a \\\"two-fer\\\" CD, along with bonus tracks (catalogue number PCD-4365). Notes on the tracks Original LP This album includes all four sides of the band's first two singles, all of which were written by Tom King and Chet Kelley. Their best-known song, \\\"Time Won't Let Me\\\" was a Top 5 single in early 1966, and used elements of both Merseybeat and Motown that were dominating the charts in that time period: a brass section, a la the Motown sound, with the big beat formula of the Beatles. It remained one of the most played songs on Classic rock radio stations for several decades after its release. Their next single, \\\"Girl in Love\\\", was already charting when the final tracks were laid down for this album. It was written about bassist Mert Madsen's fiancee. The cover songs that constitute the rest of the album include \\\"Listen People\\\" (a hit earlier in 1966 by Herman's Hermits); Buddy Holly's 1958 hit \\\"Maybe Baby\\\"; the pop music confection \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\" (also from 1958); the Spencer Davis Group's first Number One single \\\"Keep on Running\\\" (from 1965); and \\\"She Cried\\\" (originally a 1962 hit by Jay and the Americans). \\\"Time Won't Let Me\\\" was later covered by the all-woman rock band, The Heart Beats and was also covered in 1981 by Iggy Pop on his album, Party. CD bonus tracks The first six bonus tracks are the sides from the last four singles by the band other than the two \\\"B\\\" sides that are included on Album #2; these songs are not included on any of the band's 1960s albums. The last two bonus tracks are alternate versions of two songs that are actually by Climax – Sonny Geraci's band after the Outsiders broke up – although \\\"Think I'm Falling\\\" was first released under the name the Outsiders before Tom King won the rights to the band name in a lawsuit. \\\"Rock and Roll Heaven\\\" went on to be a major hit song by the Righteous Brothers, but not until 1974. Reception Track listing Side 1 \\\"Keep on Running\\\" (Jackie Edwards), 2:20 \\\"Listen People\\\" (Graham Gouldman), 2:29 \\\"Time Won't Let Me\\\" (Tom King, Chet Kelley) 2:47 \\\"My Girl\\\" (William Robinson, Ronald White), 2:27 \\\"What Makes You So Bad, You Weren't Brought up that Way\\\" (King, Kelley) 2:20 \\\"She Cried\\\" (Greg Richards, Ted Daryll), 2:21 Side 2 \\\"Chase Away the Tears\\\" (King, Kelley) 2:42 \\\"Was it Really Real\\\" (King, Kelley) 2:11 \\\"Maybe Baby\\\" (Buddy Holly, Norman Petty), 1:58 \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\" (Jeanne Vikki), 2:30 \\\"Girl in Love\\\" (King, Kelley) 3:01 CD bonus tracks When\",\n \"title\": \"Time Won't Let Me (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3472548\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Prisoner of Love\\\" is a 1931 popular song, with music by Russ Columbo and Clarence Gaskill and lyrics by Leo Robin. Background Written in 1931, Leo Robin has related how publisher Con Conrad walked into his hotel room with Russ Columbo and asked him to write words within the hour for a tune he had. Robin, who was on vacation, at first refused, but Conrad explained that he wanted Columbo to demonstrate it to Flo Ziegfeld who needed a song for Helen Morgan in one of his shows. Robin then wrote the lyric, which he afterwards said he disliked, and the song was duly performed for Ziegfeld, but he did not accept it. Russ Columbo, however, sang it on his radio show and recorded it on October 9, 1931, for Victor Records, and it was very popular in 1932. Columbo also sang it in the 1933 short film That Goes Double. In 1946, the song became a major hit for Billy Eckstine, Perry Como, and the Ink Spots. Billy Eckstine version African-American crooner Billy Eckstine recorded his version with Duke Ellington on piano and Art Blakey on drums, on September 4, 1945. The record became a million seller and a No. 10 hit. Perry Como versions Perry Como's first recording was made on December 18, 1945 and released by RCA Victor as catalog number 20-1814-B. It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on March 30, 1946 and lasted 21 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 1. The flip side was \\\"All Through the Day\\\". This recording was re-released in 1949, by RCA Victor, as a 78rpm single (catalog number 20-3298-A) and a 45rpm single (catalog number 47-2886), with the flip side \\\"Temptation\\\". Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song of the year for 1946. Como made two further recordings of the song: one in February 1946 for a V-Disc, number CS-656-B, and another in July 1970 in a live performance in Las Vegas, issued as a long-playing album (titled Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel, Las Vegas in its United States and United Kingdom releases, Perry Como in Person in its Japanese release, and Perry Como in Concert in its Dutch release). The Como version was used on the soundtrack of the 1980 film, Raging Bull. The Ink Spots version This was recorded on March 18, 1946 for Decca Records (catalogue No. 18864), and it spent 11 weeks in the USA charts, peaking at No. 9. James Brown version James Brown revived \\\"Prisoner of Love\\\" in 1963. It charted at No. 6 R&B and at No. 18 Pop. The studio recording was arranged by Sammy Lowe. Brown performed the song live with his vocal group, The Famous Flames, in the concert film T.A.M.I. Show and on a mid-1960s telecast of The Ed Sullivan Show. It also appears on many of his live albums. Other notable recordings 1932 Roy Fox and His Band - vocal by Al Bowlly. 1939 Mildred Bailey recorded for Vocalion Records (catalogue No.\",\n \"title\": \"Prisoner of Love (Russ Columbo song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6555618\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Saturday Night Fish Fry\\\" is a jump blues song written by Louis Jordan and Ellis Lawrence Walsh, best known through the version recorded by Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five. The recording is considered to be one of the \\\"excellent and commercially successful\\\" examples of the jump blues genre. While the origins of rock and roll are disputed, some have also suggested that the song may be the first rock 'n' roll record. The song contains elements later common in rock 'n' roll such as electric guitar, a brisk tempo and \\\"a mix of the bass,\\\" and the singer begins each chorus with the catchphrase, \\\"It was rockin',\\\" repeating it several times. National hit The single was a big hit, topping the R&B chart for twelve non-consecutive weeks in late 1949. It also reached number 21 on the national chart, a rare accomplishment for a \\\"race record\\\" at that time (although Jordan had already had earlier crossover hits). Jordan's jump blues combo was one of the most successful acts of its time, and its loose and streamlined style of play was highly influential. First recordings \\\"Saturday Night Fish Fry\\\" was first recorded by Eddie Williams and His Brown Buddies with spoken vocals by the song's composer, Ellis Walsh. Williams had a number 2 R&B hit with the song \\\"Broken Hearted\\\". \\\"Saturday Night Fish Fry\\\" was intended to be the band's next single, but the acetate found its way to Louis Jordan's agent instead. As Williams recalled, \\\"They got theirs out there first.\\\" Jordan changed the song. One source provides this summary: he took \\\"the song’s ‘hook’ and [sang] it twice after every other verse. The arrangement was also more propulsive, too; Williams’ shuffle was replaced by a raucous, rowdy jump Boogie-woogie\\\". The expression \\\"it was rockin'\\\" appears four times in the chorus, which is sung seven times. His version was produced by Milt Gabler. At 5:21, the recording ran longer than a standard side of a 78 record, so it was broken into two halves, one on each side of the disc. The song's lyrics are in the first person and describe two itinerant musicians going to a fish fry on Rampart Street in New Orleans, Louisiana. The party turns wild and is raided by the police; the narrator subsequently spends the night in jail. Composition Jordan's \\\"Saturday Night Fish Fry\\\" has been called an example of jump blues because \\\"it literally made its listeners jump to its pulsing beat\\\", according to NPR, which points out the use of the word \\\"rockin'\\\" in the chorus. The Acoustic Music organization states that the recording marked \\\"the end of the jump blues dominance of the '40s\\\". One reviewer offered this comment in 2016 on the Jordan version: \\\"Jordan’s pithy, witty vocal style, bumping jump-blues rhythms, and taste for lyrics that both wag their tongue and bite are as plainly irresistible as pop music gets\\\". Some sources also consider it as a precursor to rock and roll, or perhaps, one of the first\",\n \"title\": \"Saturday Night Fish Fry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17657167\",\n \"text\": \"Bonnie Tyler: The Best is a compilation album by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler. It was released in 1993 by Columbia in the UK and by Versailles Records in France. Both issues feature the same front cover, but they do not have matching track lists. In 1995, the album was reissued in the UK under the title The Definitive Collection, featuring the original track listing and a bonus CD with five more tracks. Track listing UK Version \\\"Total Eclipse of the Heart\\\" (Jim Steinman) – 4:27 (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night) \\\"Faster Than the Speed of Night\\\" (Steinman) – 4:40 (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night) \\\"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?\\\" (John Fogerty) – 4:03 (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night) \\\"If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)\\\" (Desmond Child) – 3:57 (from the 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire) \\\"Here She Comes\\\" (Pete Bellotte, Giorgio Moroder) – 3:21 (from the 1984 soundtrack for Metropolis) \\\"Loving You's a Dirty Job but Somebody's Gotta Do It\\\" (Steinman) – 5:47 (from the 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire) \\\"Getting So Excited\\\" (Alan Gruner) – 3:38 (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night) \\\"Save Up All Your Tears\\\" (Child, Diane Warren) – 4:02 (from the 1988 album Hide Your Heart) \\\"The Best\\\" (Mike Chapman, Holly Knight) – 4:00 (from the 1988 album Hide Your Heart) \\\"Holding Out for a Hero\\\" (Steinman, Dean Pitchford) – 4:28 (from the 1984 album Footloose and the 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire) \\\"(The World Is Full of) Married Men\\\" (Dominic Bugatti, Frank Musker) – 3:57 (1979 single only) \\\"A Rockin' Good Way (To Mess Around and Fall in Love)\\\" (with Shakin' Stevens) (Brook Benton, Luchi de Jesus, Clyde Otis) – 2:54 (from the 1983 Shakin' Stevens album The Bop Won't Stop) \\\"More Than a Lover\\\" (Ronnie Scott, Steve Wolfe) – 4:08 (from the 1977 album The World Starts Tonight) \\\"Don't Turn Around\\\" (Warren, Albert Hammond) – 4:16 (from the 1988 album Hide Your Heart) \\\"Lovers Again\\\" (Child) – 4:13 (from the 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire) \\\"Lost in France\\\" (Scott, Wolfe) – 3:57 (from the 1977 album The World Starts Tonight) \\\"It's a Heartache\\\" (Scott, Wolfe) – 3:30 (from the 1978 album Natural Force) \\\"To Love Somebody (Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb) – 5:30 (from the 1988 album Hide Your Heart) France Version Writer is same as English version for any occurrence of the same song. \\\"Total Eclipse Of The Heart\\\" \\\"Holding Out For A Hero\\\" (Club Mix) \\\"It's A Heartache\\\" \\\"If You Were A Woman (And I Was A Man)\\\" \\\"Here She Comes\\\" \\\"Loving You Is A Dirty Job But Somebody's Got To Do It\\\" \\\"Lost In France\\\" \\\"Rockin' Good Way (To Mess Around And Fall In Love)\\\" \\\"Have You Ever Seen The Rain?\\\" \\\"Straight From The Heart\\\" (Bryan Adams/Eric Kanga) (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night)\",\n \"title\": \"The Best (Bonnie Tyler album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2227456\",\n \"text\": \"Alive II is the second live album by American hard rock band Kiss, released on October 14, 1977, by Casablanca Records. The band had released three albums (Destroyer, Rock and Roll Over, and Love Gun) since the previous live outing, the 1975 release Alive!, so they drew upon the variety of new tracks, with Eddie Kramer producing. The album is one of the best selling in the Kiss discography, being the band's first to be certified double platinum in February 1996 (signifying sales of over 1,000,000 for a double album), the same month the Kiss reunion tour was announced. It has continued to sell in the US in the Soundscan era, selling over 300,000 copies from 1991 and to March 2012. Album information The origins of Alive II go back to early 1977 when the band's manager Bill Aucoin suggested that Eddie Kramer record a live album during the evening show at Budokan Hall in Tokyo, Japan on April 2, 1977. The plan was to release a live album to give Kiss some time off before recording the album that would become Love Gun later that autumn. Kramer finished work on the album, but Casablanca and Kiss deemed it unusable, and the band forged ahead with their Love Gun sessions. Most of the live tracks on Alive II were recorded during the band's August 26–28 shows at the Forum while on their Love Gun Tour. The 3 p.m. soundchecks at the August 26 and 27 shows were recorded and later used on the album (i.e. \\\"Tomorrow and Tonight\\\" with crowd noise being dubbed in later). \\\"Beth\\\" and \\\"I Want You\\\" were lifted from the unused Japanese live recordings and repurposed for the finished album. As the band did not want to duplicate songs included on Alive!, the songs chosen for the three live sides of the album were all drawn from Kiss' three preceding studio albums: Destroyer, Rock and Roll Over, and Love Gun. The new songs on side 4 (tracks 6–10 on the second CD of the reissue) are tracks recorded live without an audience at Capitol Theatre in Passaic, New Jersey, and overdubbed and mixed at Electric Lady Studios in New York City in September 13–16, 1977. Although Ace Frehley was originally credited for lead guitar on the studio tracks, the remastered version released in 1997 confirmed that Bob Kulick played lead guitar on the tracks \\\"All American Man\\\", \\\"Rockin' in the U.S.A.\\\", and \\\"Larger Than Life\\\", with Paul Stanley playing all guitars on the cover \\\"Any Way You Want It\\\". \\\"Rockin' in the U.S.A.\\\" had references to both the previous year's Spirit of 76 European Tour and to that spring's debut in Japan. Frehley's sole involvement for the studio songs was \\\"Rocket Ride\\\" (originally written for a solo album), on which he sang lead vocals and played both guitar and bass guitar. Several early copies of the album's cover featured a rare misprint of three additional songs (\\\"Take Me\\\", \\\"Hooligan\\\", and \\\"Do You Love Me?\\\") with a\",\n \"title\": \"Alive II\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2925326\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Emotion\\\" is a song written by Barry and Robin Gibb. It was first recorded by Australian singer Samantha Sang, whose version reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978. The Bee Gees recorded their own version of the song in 1994 as part of an album called Love Songs, which was never released, but it was eventually included on their 2001 collection titled Their Greatest Hits: The Record. In 2001, \\\"Emotion\\\" was covered by the American R&B girl group Destiny's Child. Their version of the song was an international hit, reaching the top ten on the US Hot 100 chart and peaking in the top five on the UK Singles Chart. English singer Emma Bunton also covered the song on her 2019 album My Happy Place. Original version Background Originally, \\\"Emotion\\\" was recorded by Samantha Sang for the Private Stock label. The song was Sang's only hit single, reaching number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100. Billboard ranked her version as the No. 14 song for 1978. There is a promotional video made for this song. When Sang arrived at Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida, instead of recording \\\"(Our Love) Don't Throw it All Away\\\", Barry Gibb offered her a new song called \\\"Emotion\\\". On this track, Sang sticks to a breathy, Gibb-like sound. Gibb himself provided harmony and background vocals in his signature falsetto. The B-side was \\\"When Love Is Gone\\\", a Francis Lai composition recorded around April 1977 at Criteria, around the same time that Gibb wrote and produced \\\"Save Me, Save Me\\\" for the band Network. Blue Weaver identified the musicians as shown from memory. On the session, Joey Murcia plays guitar, George Bitzer on keyboards, Harold Cowart on bass and Ron \\\"Tubby\\\" Zeigler on drums. It was originally intended for use in the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever, but ended up being featured in the film The Stud (1978) starring Joan Collins. Also in 1978, \\\"Emotion\\\" was used as the B-side of Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams's single \\\"Too Much, Too Little, Too Late\\\", which reached number one in the US. Personnel Samantha Sang – vocals Barry Gibb – harmony and background vocals George Terry – guitar Joey Murcia – guitar George Bitzer – keyboards, Fender Rhodes Electric Piano Harold Cowart – bass Ron Ziegler – drums Karl Richardson – engineering Track listings and format \\\"Emotion\\\" – 3:43 \\\"When Love Is Gone\\\" – 3:46 Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Destiny's Child version Recording and production In 2001, \\\"Emotion\\\" was recorded by American group Destiny's Child for their third studio album Survivor (2001). Produced and arranged by Mark J. Feist, it features a slower tempo than the original, although a more uptempo remix produced by Neptunes was also produced and included on the group's remix album This Is The Remix (2002). Feist had previously produced the song for Filipino singer Regine Velasquez for her album Drawn in 1998 and used exactly the same backing track for Destiny's Child. Release and\",\n \"title\": \"Emotion (Samantha Sang song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12214662\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"A.D. 1928 / Rockin' the Paradise\\\" is a song by American rock band Styx, released as the fourth single from their tenth album Paradise Theatre. The song peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard Rock Chart. \\\"A.D. 1928\\\" is a short, piano-based song by Dennis DeYoung, set to the same melody as \\\"The Best of Times\\\", that segues into \\\"Rockin' the Paradise\\\". These two tracks would serve as the opening songs of not only the Paradise Theatre album but also its subsequent tour and the 1996 Return to Paradise reunion tour. According to Bismarck Tribune critic Patrick Miller, the message of \\\"Rockin' the Paradise\\\" is \\\"for Americans to get back to the honest hard work that made the country great. DeYoung expanded on this saying that that what is needed in order to turn things around in American \\\"common decency between human beings and people feeling useful. One of the biggest crimes in the United States is people not feeling useful. People need to feel like they're a useful part of society because they are. We need to get people to believe in themselves—that they are important. Newsday critic Wayne Robins felt that some of the lyrics \\\"are worthy of a politician's adventures in locution,\\\" for example \\\"Let's stick together and futurize our attitudes / I ain't looking to fight but I know with determination we can challenge the schemers / who cheat all the rules. Allmusic critic Eduardo Rivadavia called the song \\\"a total team effort of wonderfully stripped down hard rock.\\\" Classic Rock critic Malcolm Dome rated \\\"Rockin' the Paradise\\\" as Styx 4th greatest song, praising the \\\"sparkling sense of fun and nostalgia\\\" and the band's \\\"inspired performance.\\\" The music video for the song was the tenth to air on MTV when it debuted in the U.S. on August 1, 1981. Personnel Dennis DeYoung - lead vocals, keyboards Tommy Shaw - lead guitar, backing vocals James Young - rhythm guitar, backing vocals Chuck Panozzo - bass John Panozzo - drums References 1980 songs 1981 singles Styx (band) songs Songs written by Dennis DeYoung Songs written by Tommy Shaw Songs written by James Young (American musician) A&M Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"Rockin' the Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36477369\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Brown Ely (September 11, 1943 – April 28, 2015) was an American guitarist and singer, best known for singing the Kingsmen's version of \\\"Louie Louie\\\". Classically trained in piano, he began playing guitar after seeing Elvis Presley on television. In 1959, he co-founded the Kingsmen and with them recorded \\\"Louie Louie\\\" in 1963; Ely's famously incoherent vocals were partly the result of his braces and the rudimentary recording method. Before the record became a hit Ely was forced out of the group and began playing with his new band, the Courtmen. Ely died in Terrebonne, Oregon, on April 28, 2015, at age 71. Early life Jack Ely was born on September 11, 1943, in Portland, Oregon. Both of his parents were music majors at the University of Oregon, and his father, Ken Ely, was a singer. His father died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently remarried. Ely began playing piano while still a young child, and was performing recitals all over the Portland area before his seventh birthday. When he was eleven, a piano teacher provided what he termed \\\"jazz improvisation lessons.\\\" The teacher would show Ely a section of a classical composition, and the boy would have to make up 15 similar pieces. He would be required to share each in class and then make up one on the spot. On January 28, 1956, Ely watched Elvis Presley on television for the first time, and he decided that he wanted to play guitar. At his first guitar lesson, he was required to play \\\"Mary Had a Little Lamb\\\", an experience that Ely found so demeaning that he quit after that lesson and began picking out his favorite guitar riffs by ear. Ely played guitar and sang for the Young Oregonians, a travelling vaudeville show for entertainers under the age of 18. \\\"We didn't get paid in money, we got paid in experience,\\\" Ely recalled. The Kingsmen Ely was enrolled at Washington High School in Portland, Oregon. He did not play in the school band, but had a passion for singing. In 1959, Lynn Easton's mother invited him to play at a Portland hotel gig, with Ely singing and playing guitar with the backup band and Easton on the drum kit. The two teenagers had grown up together, as their parents were close friends. Easton and Ely performed at yacht club parties, and soon added Mike Mitchell on guitar and Bob Nordby on bass to round out a band. They called themselves the Kingsmen, taking the name from a recently disbanded group. The Kingsmen began their collective career playing at fashion shows, Red Cross events, and supermarket promotions, generally avoiding rock songs on their setlist. Ely played with the Kingsmen as he attended Portland State University. In 1962, while playing a gig at the Pypo Club in Seaside, Oregon, the band noticed Rockin' Robin Roberts's version of \\\"Louie Louie\\\" being played on the jukebox for hours on end. The entire club would get up and\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Ely\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6303818\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Bring It On\\\" is the debut single from British singer/songwriter Alistair Griffin, and is also the title track and first release from his debut album, Bring It On. It was released in December 2003 as a double A-side with \\\"My Lover's Prayer\\\", a duet with Robin Gibb of the Bee Gees and reached number five on the UK Singles Chart. \\\"Bring It On\\\" \\\"Bring It On\\\" had been written several years before when Griffin had been an unsigned artist working in Germany. It had already been showcased live on the BBC Fame Academy programme, prompting Richard Park to comment: \\\"the acid test is always if a song gets into your brain, and I have to confess Alistair, that one has got into my brain.\\\" Griffin had been signed to UMTV, a division of Universal, soon after the programme ended in October 2003 and the label announced shortly afterwards that \\\"Bring It On\\\" was to be his debut single, with a November release date. \\\"My Lover's Prayer\\\" \\\"My Lover's Prayer\\\" (titled \\\"A Lover's Prayer\\\" on the cover of the limited edition single) was originally recorded by the Bee Gees, and appeared on their 1997 album Still Waters. Robin Gibb had intended to re-release the song as a solo single in 2003 with backing vocals by Lance Bass and Wanya Morris, and a promo version of this had already been given radio play. However, the morning after the Fame Academy 2 final, Gibb contacted Griffin with a request to re-record a duet of the song, with the apparent intention of releasing it as a Christmas single. This version also used Robin's original vocals with a new remix of the instrumental track. Three other performers from Fame Academy 2, Peter Brame, Carolynne Good and winner Alex Parks sang the backing vocals. Release Initially announced as two separate releases, the dates of both singles were unaccountably delayed until after Christmas 2003, when \\\"Bring It On\\\" was eventually released as a double A-side with \\\"My Lover's Prayer\\\" (the latter credited as Alistair Griffin feat. Robin Gibb) on 29 December, entering the UK Singles Chart at number five the following week. Many fans were disappointed with the poor production quality and the generic 'pop' treatment of the recorded version of \\\"Bring It On\\\", preferring the live version previously seen on TV. Reviewers also criticised it as being too bland. The duet, which was separately produced, was generally well received, but was not popular with music critics. Radio promotion Although given extensive live promotion, \\\"Bring It On\\\" was not playlisted on any of the national radio networks, fulfilling Richard Park's prediction that Griffin would not get radio play on any of his Emap stations. Following the controversy over Fame Academy, and in what appeared to be a general backlash against reality TV performers, \\\"Bring It On\\\" was not aired on any of the BBC's programmes other than the Sunday evening chart show after it had charted in the United Kingdom. \\\"My Lover's Prayer\\\" was included on Radio\",\n \"title\": \"Bring It On (Alistair Griffin song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14491348\",\n \"text\": \"The Rebels (also known as The Rockin' Rebels) were a band from Buffalo, New York, known for their instrumental \\\"Wild Weekend\\\". The original members were Jim Kipler (Guitar), Mick Kipler (Saxophone), Tom Gorman (Drums) and Paul Balon (Bass/Guitar). \\\"Wild Weekend\\\" \\\"Wild Weekend\\\" was written by radio entertainer Tom Shannon and Phil Todaro as a theme song for Shannon's WKBW weekend radio show. The lyrics were: \\\"Top tunes, news and weather, so glad we can get together... on the Tom Shannon show... KB radio... KB Radio.\\\" It was recorded with vocals and music by the Russ Hallet trio. A local band, the Buffalo Rebels – or just Rebels – who asked Shannon to play at a record hop also asked if they could play an instrumental-only version of his theme song. They did, and Shannon and Todaro thought there was something to it. They moved the group to a recording studio in the same building where they had a production office. The record came out locally and was a hit, but since it wasn't on a major label, the song did not go any further. It came out on Marlee Records (ML0094) and Casino Records (1307). Two years later the track was re-issued on Swan Records (Swan 4125). It sold more than 1 million copies, peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard charts and earned an appearance for the band on Dick Clark's \\\"American Bandstand\\\" TV show. The Rockin' Rebels were inducted into the Buffalo Music Hall of Fame in 2002. To avoid confusion with Duane Eddy and his Rebels, the Rebels became the Rockin' Rebels. Swan pressings can be found with either name; the British Stateside pressings had \\\"Rockin'\\\". The band's 1963 LP uses the name \\\"The Rockin' Rebels\\\". While the instrumental is the best-known version, the original lyrics were, as mentioned above, a promo for the Shannon radio show. Shannon would tweak the lyrics when he moved to WHTT many years later. Paul Balon died of heart disease on December 17, 2003, at age 61. Tom Gorman died; however, no information about his death is available. Shannon retired in 2005. He died May 26, 2021, in California, following a brief illness. Shannon was 82. Discography Singles Sources Osborne Enterprises & Jellyroll Productions In the year 1958, several important instrumental acts arrived on the scene from Collectors Universe History, from colorradio Play the record at YouTube Notes American surf music groups Musical groups from Buffalo, New York Stateside Records artists Swan Records artists\",\n \"title\": \"The Rebels (surf band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40175820\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Wild Weekend\\\" is an instrumental written by Phil Todaro and Tom Shannon and performed by The Rebels, later known as The Rockin' Rebels. The tune was originally heard in a theme song for Shannon's radio show on WKBW in Buffalo, New York. The words \\\"Wild Weekend\\\" are not found in the song's lyrics (Shannon's show aired on weekdays). The Russ Hallett Trio recorded the original theme for radio airplay by Shannon in 1958. Buffalo band The Rebels reworked it as an instrumental that was released as \\\"Wild Weekend\\\" on the Marlee label in 1960 without national chart success. In November 1962 the Rebels' single was re-released on the Swan label. The band name was changed to The Rockin' Rebels, apparently to avoid confusion with Duane Eddy And The Rebels. It entered Billboard's national Hot 100 at the end of December with its chart run continuing into 1963 when it peaked at #8, and at #28 on the U.S. R&B chart. The song ranked #22 on Billboard magazine's Top 100 singles of 1963. \\\"Wild Weekend\\\" was featured on the 1963 Rockin' Rebels album Wild Weekend. Other versions Bill Justis released a version of the song on his 1963 album Bill Justis Plays 12 Instrumental Smash Hits. Disc jockey Joey Reynolds (who had worked with Shannon at WWKB) added lyrics to make this the theme song for his nightly show on WPOP, Hartford, 1963. The Surfaris released a version of the song on their 1963 album Wipe Out. The Thunderbirds from Melbourne, Australia charted locally with their version in 1961 and upon re-release in 1963. Kim Fowley released a version of the song on his 1968 album Born to Be Wild. Andy Mackay released a version of the song as a single in 1974 in the UK, but it did not chart. It was featured on his album In Search of Eddie Riff. Jon and the Nightriders released a version of the song on their 1987 album Stampede! NRBQ released a version of the song as a single in 1989 with lyrics entitled \\\"It's a Wild Weekend\\\", but it did not chart. Euphoria's Id released a live version of the song on their 2003 compilation album Mastering the Art of French Kissing. The Ventures released a version of the song on their 2009 compilation album with The Fabulous Wailers entitled Two Car Garage (50 Years of Rock 'N Roll). The Offbeats on the compilation LP, Do You Wanna Dance - The Best of Frank's Bandstand: Arc Records A669 - a band from Halifax featuring future world class producer, Brian Ahern, Beaver Brown released a live version of the song on their 2017 album Live at the Bottom Line 1980. References 1962 songs 1962 singles 1974 singles 1989 singles Bill Justis songs The Surfaris songs The Ventures songs Swan Records singles Island Records singles Virgin Records singles Surf instrumentals 1960s instrumentals\",\n \"title\": \"Wild Weekend (instrumental)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1555724\",\n \"text\": \"Ya Kid K (born Manuela Barbara Kamosi Moaso Djogi, 26 January 1972) is a Congolese–Belgian hip hop recording artist. She was the rapper for the dance/house act Technotronic. Her sister is Karoline \\\"Leki\\\" Kamosi. Early life At the age of 11, Djogi moved to Belgium, later moving to Chicago (where she explored hip-hop, and the emerging sounds of house music), and later moved to Dallas, Texas. Music career After moving back to Belgium from the US, Ya Kid K helped form a hip hop label called Fresh Beat Productions. She was part of the dance project Technotronic, which debuted with a major worldwide hit in 1989, \\\"Pump Up the Jam\\\". Although she did not appear in the video, she was finally credited as vocalist on the track on the US reissue of the group's debut album. Although Ya Kid K wrote the lyrics and sang vocals on \\\"Pump Up the Jam\\\", Technotronic had the fashion model Felly Kilingi perform in the video, without Ya Kid K's consent. The second single \\\"Get Up! (Before the Night Is Over)\\\" was Ya Kid K's debut music video with Technotronic. In 1992, Technotronic and Ya Kid K had a hit with \\\"Move This,\\\" another single from 1989's Pump Up the Jam: The Album. She also lent her voice to Hi Tek 3, a dance project whose only single, \\\"Spin that Wheel\\\", appeared on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles motion picture soundtrack. While Jo Bogaert hired new singers for Technotronic's third album, Body to Body, Ya Kid K returned after limited success of her own album, One World Nation. This album contained many different musical and, in particular, vocal styles. In 1991, Ya Kid K appeared on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, performing \\\"Awesome (You Are My Hero)\\\", continuing her work with the music of the film franchise. The partnership continued in 1993, when 2 versions of Ya Kid K's \\\"Rockin' over the Beat\\\" appeared on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. In 1995, Technotronic re-emerged in the U.S. with Ya Kid K as its front vocalist, again with limited success of the album, Recall. On the track \\\"Are You Ready\\\" she teamed up with Daisy Dee, who already did a cover version of \\\"This Beat is…\\\" with MC B. In 1996, a Ya Kid K single titled \\\"Rock My World\\\" was released. She appeared in June 2000 on Technotronic's single \\\"The Mariachi.\\\" In 2002, she released Take a Trip on Semini Records. In 1997, Ya Kid K also provided fresh vocals for the 2 Skinnee J's cover of \\\"Pump Up the Jam\\\" entitled, \\\"BBQ\\\". She sang \\\"Pump up the gas grill\\\" as the chorus. In October 2005, Ya Kid K made a guest appearance on Public Warning the debut album of English female rapper Lady Sovereign. In 2011, she returned with the song \\\"DO UC ME Standing\\\". Ya Kid K also released the song \\\"Comes Love\\\". In 2014 she\",\n \"title\": \"Ya Kid K\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25903655\",\n \"text\": \"The Original Soul of Michael Jackson is a remix album by American singer Michael Jackson. It features songs recorded early in his career mainly during the 1970s and remixed in 1987 before its release that year by Motown. Release While the album claims that it \\\"contains music never before released\\\", the only new song available was a re-dubbed cover of Edwin Starr's 1970 hit \\\"Twenty-Five Miles\\\", sung by the Jackson Five and solely credited to Michael. The original recording of the song was included on the 2009 set Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection. Some songs were newly edited on the album, with a newly dubbed version of \\\"Dancing Machine\\\". \\\"Ain't No Sunshine\\\" was also slightly different in the vocals and a modern drum machine was added to \\\"Twenty-Five Miles\\\". \\\"Melodie\\\" was planned for a single in an effort to promote the record in the US, but was scrapped for a promo-only single \\\"Twenty-Five Miles\\\"/\\\"Up On The Housetop\\\". Critical reception Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990), Robert Christgau wrote, \\\"Once you get past the slipshod cynicism of Motown's catalogue exploitation, you have to admit that this mostly remixed, sometimes synthed-up mishmash has its charms and even uses—that in fact it's superior to the 'real' 1975 best-of the label long ago deleted. I love the previously unreleased 'Twenty-Five Miles' and the preteen-sings-the-blues 'Doggin' Around,' could live without the two J5 non hits, and will no doubt pull this down when I want to remember 'Dancing Machine' and 'Rockin' Robin.'\\\" Track listing References External links 1987 compilation albums 1987 remix albums Michael Jackson compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Original Soul of Michael Jackson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56001487\",\n \"text\": \"Rockin' 50's Rock'n'Roll is a rock and roll album by the Crickets. It was The Crickets' first release in the 1970s, and marked the band's embrace of their legacy as Buddy Holly's backing band. The album is a concept album of nostalgia for the 1950s, consisting mostly of songs written by Holly and framed by the new retrospectively-minded title track. Originally released as an LP record in December 1970, the album was re-released on CD by in 2000. Background With the departure of bassist Joe B. Mauldin, and singer Jerry Naylor, who embarking on a career as a solo artist, the Crickets seemed to be on hiatus after their few releases in 1965. The remaining members, guitarist Sonny Curtis and drummer Jerry Allison remained active in the music business. Billed as The Camps, Curtis recorded the novelty single \\\"The Ballad of Batman\\\" and \\\"Batmobile,\\\" on the Parkway label in 1965. Allison and Curtis worked as session musicians, Allison toured with country singer Roger Miller for two years, and Curtis released two solo records on the Viva label. Keyboardist Glen D. Hardin joined Elvis Presley's TCB Band in 1970. The August 1968 single, \\\"Million Dollar Movie\\\" (Curtis) and \\\"A Million Miles Apart\\\" (Glen D. Hardin), was the only Crickets release of new material since early 1965. The Crickets signed to Barnaby records, a subsidiary of CBS records founded by singer Andy Williams primarily to manage releases from the Cadence archive, the famed label of the Everly Brothers releases. (Williams had enjoyed success with Cricket Sonny Curtis' \\\"A Fool Never Learns\\\" and had recorded other Curtis songs including \\\"Walk Right Back.\\\" Additionally, Williams-Price Agency managed The Mary Tyler Moore Show, for which Sonny Curtis penned the theme song \\\"Love is All Around\\\" in summer 1970.) In 1970, Curtis and Allison sang backing vocals on Eric Clapton's first solo record, which was produced by Delaney Bramlett. Bramlett would produce the first two songs on Rockin' 50s Rock'n'Roll with Clapton playing lead guitar. The album proceeds like a concept album with all of songs the fading into one another, like the Beatles' album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The opening song \\\"Rockin' 50s Rock'n'Roll\\\" serves as an overture stating the album's theme of celebrating 1950s rock'n'roll music. It is reprised at the album's closing. Aside from the opening song, the album consists of new versions of songs made famous by former bandmember Buddy Holly. In this way, the album tapped into an emerging trend in Western popular culture of the 1970s of nostalgia for the 1950s, in which figures like Buddy Holly were iconic. Sleeve The album cover was designed by Bob Cato and Ira Friedlander. The rear of the record sleeve reprints a letter from the Beatles dated January 24, 1963 in full: Track listing Personnel The Crickets Jerry Allison – drums, lead vocals (track 2), co-producer (tracks 3–9) Sonny Curtis – guitar, lead vocals (track 1, 3–9), co-producer (tracks 3–9) Glen D. Hardin – piano, keyboards, arranger Additional personnel Doug Gilmore\",\n \"title\": \"Rockin' 50's Rock'n'Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60756096\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rockin' for Myself\\\" is a song by British electronic dance music record producer Motiv8, aka Steve Rodway. Based around a vocal loop originally performed by Anne-Marie Smith on Italian dance act 49ers' 1992 single, \\\"Move Your Feet\\\", it was released in late 1993 and features vocals by British singer Angie Brown. This version reached number 67 on the UK Singles Chart. In the spring of 1994, it was re-mixed and re-released, peaking at number 18 in the UK. But on the UK Dance Singles Chart, it was even more successful, peaking at number-one. On the Eurochart Hot 100, it reached number 63. Outside Europe, it was successful in Australia, peaking at number nine. A music video was produced to promote the single, featuring a model and dancer lip-syncing the song on a red sofa, wearing yellow sweater and beret. Background and release Before going under the name Motiv8, Steve Rodway released mostly underground tracks under different names in the early 90's. One of these was an early version of \\\"Rockin' for Myself\\\". He thought it sounded much more commercial than the other and when the demand for underground techno began to fall off, he recorded a new version of the track, which would become a massive hit in clubs. Warner Records signed him and a new remix was released, reaching the Top 20 in the UK. From then, Rodway stuck with the name Motiv8. He told in an interview, that because of the song's success, Jarvis Cocker of Pulp approaced him, asking for a remix of \\\"Common People\\\". The following success of that remix played a big part in establishing the name Motiv8, according to Rodway. Critical reception Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, \\\"If rave/NRG is your dance flavor of choice, \\\"Rockin' for Myself' by Motiv8 is a must menu addition. Angie Brown, last heard fronting singles by Bizarre Inc., puts forth a respectable performance, while Steve Rodway crafts an instrumental picture that strobes with vibrant keyboard colors and racing beats. Paul Gotel steps in and gives the track a beefier bottom, while Stonebridge comes to the table with a recognizable disco-fried interpretation.\\\" Maria Jimenez from Music & Media stated, \\\"Motiv8's happy, positivity track a la Urban Cookie Collective, \\\"Rockin' for Myself\\\", is appealing in its warm Stonebridge Mix, the wide open Well Hung Parliament Adventure and the hi-pumpin' Ultimate Vocal Mix\\\". Andy Beevers from Music Week rated it four out of five, calling it a \\\"irrepressible house tune\\\". James Hamilton from the RM Dance Update described it as a \\\"Angie Brown chanted simple pop raver\\\". Track listing 12\\\", UK (1993) \\\"Rockin' for Myself\\\" (Slammin' Granite Mix) \\\"Rockin' for Myself\\\" (Instrumental Mix) \\\"Rockin' for Myself\\\" (Dubrock Mix) \\\"Rockin' for Myself\\\" (Granite Dub Mix) 12\\\", Germany (1994) \\\"Rockin' for Myself\\\" (Ultimate Vocal Mix) – 5:38 \\\"Rockin' for Myself\\\" (Stonebridge Mix) – 7:18 \\\"Rockin' for Myself\\\" (Original Dubrock Mix) – 5:34 \\\"Rockin' for Myself\\\" (Paul Gotel Funked Out Mix) – 8:50 CD single, UK (1993) \\\"Rockin' for Myself\\\" (Radio Version) – 3:50\",\n \"title\": \"Rockin' for Myself\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1867680\",\n \"text\": \"Rockin' Robin usually refers to either: Robin Yount, a former professional baseball player Rockin' Robin (wrestler), Robin Smith, a professional female wrestler \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\" (song), a rock 'n' roll song\",\n \"title\": \"Rockin' Robin\"\n }\n]"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bobby Day"],"string":"[\n \"Bobby Day\"\n]"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":0,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":100,"offset":0,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc0MTQ4NTA5NSwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL2FuZHJlYXBhcmtlci9zbWFsbC13aWtpLXNzLW5xLTEwMCIsImV4cCI6MTc0MTQ4ODY5NSwiaXNzIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9odWdnaW5nZmFjZS5jbyJ9.aCFPmvjy3znnzAj6NzK-nOjYqKIylLKXXJSGEPYjkrHRkX8uPWfGNEFxBSgxAKB2IfHpkyMYGQbRVRmWLPwlCQ","displayUrls":true},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":1,"total":1},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false}">
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train_55350 | who is the original singer for betty davis eyes | [
{
"docid": "1951056",
"text": "Betty, Bette, Bettye, Bettey, Eliza or Elizabeth Davis may refer to: Performers Bette Davis (1908–1989), American actress Betty Davis (1944–2022), American funk, rock and soul singer Elizabeth Davis (bassist) (born 1965), American songwriter and musician Elizabeth A. Davis (born 1980), American actress and musician Writers Eliza Davis (1866–1931), English fashion writer and gossip columnist known as \"Mrs Aria\" Eliza Davis (letter writer), Jewish English woman notable for her correspondence with the novelist Charles Dickens Eliza Van Benthuysen Davis (1811–1863), American letter writer and wife of Joseph Emory Davis Elizabeth Lindsay Davis (1885–1944), African-American teacher and activist Elizabeth Gould Davis (1910–1974), American librarian and feminist writer Elizabeth Davis (midwife), American author and women's health care specialist since 1977 Elizabeth Davis (TV writer), American producer during 2010s, a/k/a Elizabeth Davis Beall Others Elizabeth Davis (Mormon) (1791–1876), American Latter-Day Saint and wife of Joseph Smith Elizabeth Peke Davis (1803–1860), Hawaiian high chiefess, a/k/a Betty Davis Betty Davis (film editor), American film editor during 1920s Bettye Davis (1938–2018), American politician, social worker, and nurse Bette Davis Eyes, 1974 song by Donna Weiss and Jackie DeShannon Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, American academic specializing in international affairs See also Elizabeth Davies (disambiguation) Lisa Davis (disambiguation)",
"title": "Elizabeth Davis"
},
{
"docid": "36495803",
"text": "New Arrangement is an album by Jackie DeShannon, released by Columbia Records (PC 33500) in 1975. It contains the first recording of \"Bette Davis Eyes\", written by Donna Weiss and Jackie DeShannon in 1974 and later turned into a massive hit by Kim Carnes on the album Mistaken Identity (1981). Another song, \"Boat to Sail,\" that features Brian Wilson and then-wife Marilyn singing backing vocals, was covered by The Carpenters in their 1976 album A Kind of Hush. Robert Christgau wrote about New Arrangement: \"As an American songwriter who has escaped the confessional mode, and as a woman who can sing about subjects other than men, DeShannon exemplifies several healthy trends. The main thing this well-made record reveals, however, is an intelligent professionalism that matters about as much as a surge in enrollment in creative writing classes or women's liberation for female executives.\" Track listing: \"Let the Sailors Dance\" (Randy Edelman, DeShannon) – 4:00 \"Boat to Sail\" (DeShannon) – 3:30 \"Sweet Baby Gene\" (DeShannon, Donna Terry Weiss) – 2:53 \"A New Arrangement\" (Glen Ballentyne, DeShannon) – 3:16 \"Over My Head Again\" (John Bettis, DeShannon) – 3:00 \"Bette Davis Eyes\" (Donna Terry Weiss, DeShannon) – 2:45 \"Queen of the Rodeo\" (Donna Terry Weiss, DeShannon) – 3:20 \"I Wanted It All\" (John Bettis, DeShannon) – 2:48 \"Murphy\" (Glen Ballentyne, DeShannon) – 3:11 \"Barefoot Boys and Barefoot Girls\" (DeShannon, Donna Terry Weiss) – 3:04 \"Dreamin' as One\" (David Palmer, William \"Smitty\" Smith) – 3:30 CD bonus tracks \"Pure Natural Love\" (Jackie DeShannon) – 2:45 \"Deep into Paradise\" (John Bettis, DeShannon) – 3:42 \"Somebody Turn the Music On\" (John Bettis, DeShannon) – 3:39 \"All Night Desire\" (John Bettis, DeShannon) – 3:34 \"Fire in the City\" (John Bettis, DeShannon) – 3:25 Personnel: Jackie DeShannon – guitar, vocals Joe Clayton – conga, cymbal Jesse Ed Davis – guitar Mike Deasy – guitar John Kahn – bass Larry Knechtel – keyboards Michael Stewart – guitar Ron Tutt – drums Waddy Wachtel – guitar Laura Creamer – background vocals Mark Creamer – background vocals Susan Steward – background vocals Additional personnel Bob Claire – flute (3) Mark Creamer – guitar (7) Gary Dalton – electric guitar and solo (4)https://www.facebook.com/gary.dalton.9883 Randy Edelman – piano (1, 2) Buddy Emmons – steel guitar (5, 6) Barry Fasman – Moog synthesizer Victor Feldman – vibes (3) Larry Knechtel – string ARP solo (11) Peter Marshall – bass (3) Kenny Rankin – guitar (3) Seychelles Singers – vocals (10) Leland Sklar – bass (11) Brian Wilson – background vocals (2) Marilyn Rovell Wilson – background vocals (2) Michael Stewart – producer, arranger Nick DeCaro – string arrangements (1) Jimmie Haskell – string arrangements (11) Steve Madeo – arranger Ron Malo – recording References 1975 albums Jackie DeShannon albums Columbia Records albums Pop rock albums by American artists Albums produced by Michael Stewart (musician)",
"title": "New Arrangement"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "5172138",
"text": "Top Banana is a musical with music and lyrics by Johnny Mercer and book by Hy Kraft which premiered on Broadway in 1951. The show was written as a star vehicle for comedian Phil Silvers, who played the host of a television variety show program. Silvers won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical in 1952. Production The musical opened on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre on November 1, 1951, and closed on October 4, 1952, after 350 performances. The original cast co-starred Rose Marie, Lindy Doherty, Jack Albertson, Bob Scheerer and Ted \"Sport\" Morgan. Produced by Paula Stone and Mike Sloane, the musical was directed by Jack Donohue and choreographed by Ron Fletcher, with vocal arrangements and direction by Hugh Martin, musical direction by Harold Hasting, and orchestrations by Don Walker. Scenic and lighting design were by Jo Mielziner and costume design was by Alvin Colt. The play was filmed and released in a film version by United Artists in 1954. Plot Setting: New York City Jerry Biffle is the star of the Blendo Soap Program. He has been invited to participate in an autograph-signing party for his new book at an important department store. Jerry meets Sally Peters, one of the department-store models, and makes her part of his TV troupe. As part of his campaign to court Sally, Jerry gets Cliff Lane, the tenor of his TV company, to sing to her over the phone. When Sally and Cliff meet, they fall in love, with Biffle ignorant of the complications. Biffle engineers a big publicity wedding between Cliff and \"a girl\", not knowing that Sally is the girl. To further complicate his life, Jerry learns that he is about to lose his sponsor. The publicity elopement between his girl and Cliff almost shatters his entire career and life. When it seems that his whole world will cave in, Jerry's sponsor comes up with a new format for the Blendo program, and as far as Jerry is concerned, the day is saved. Cast and characters Phil Silvers as Jerry Biffle Rose Marie as Betty Dillon (until 1952) Kaye Ballard as Betty Dillion (1952) Lindy Doherty as Cliff Lane Judy Lynn as Sally Peters Jack Albertson as Vic Davis Bob Scheerer as Tommy Phelps Joey Faye as Pinky Grace Lee Whitney as Miss Holland Songs Act 1 \"Man of the Year This Week\" – Ensemble \"You're So Beautiful That...\" – Cliff Lane \"Top Banana\" – Jerry Biffle, Vic Davis, Cliff Lane, Pinky and Moe \"Elevator Song\" – Ensemble \"Only If You're in Love\" – Cliff Lane and Sally Peters \"My Home Is in My Shoes\" – Tommy and Ensemble \"I Fought Every Step of the Way\" (music by Johnny Mercer and Bill Finnigan) – Betty Dillon \"O.K. for TV\" – Jerry Biffle, Vic Davis, Sally Peters, Pinky, Moe, Danny and Russ Wiswell \"Slogan Song\" – Jerry Biffle, Betty Dillon, Vic Davis, Sally Peters, Cliff Lane, Tommy, Pinky, Moe, Danny, Russ Wiswell and",
"title": "Top Banana (musical)"
},
{
"docid": "19705257",
"text": "Gale Robbins (born Betty Gale Robbins or Betty Gale Murphy, May 7, 1921 – February 18, 1980) was an American actress and singer. Early years Born in Chicago, Illinois, although one source claims she was born in Mitchell, Indiana and her family moved to Chicago \"when she was very young\"; she graduated from Lucy Flower High School in June 1939. Modeling Robbins \"attended the Vera Jones Modeling School and posed for many magazine covers and ads.\" A 1941 newspaper article described her as \"the famous model whose face has appeared on the covers of many leading magazines, and whose eyes and teeth are the trademarks respectively of Murine and Iodent.\" Singing In 1939, Robbins was a singer in the stage show at the Hotel Sherman's College Inn in Chicago, Illinois. She apparently changed her stage name at that time. An article in the August 6, 1939, issue of the Chicago Tribune reported: \"Betty Robbins, Chicago singer who joined the show recently, holds over for the new program, under the name Gale Robbins. Gale is her middle name.\" Robbins sang with the Phil Levant band in 1940, and in 1941, she sang with Jan Garber. Also in 1941, she recorded Jim (one side of RCA Victor 27580) with Art Jarrett. Beginning in June 1942, Robbins sang on The Ben Bernie War Workers' Program, which was broadcast three nights a week on CBS radio. (Walter Winchell wrote in his syndicated newspaper column that Robbins was \"the best part of Ben Bernie's act.\") On August 14, 1942, she was a featured vocalist on a revue headlined by Fred Brady and broadcast over WABC. Also in 1942, she was one of four female singers on the staff at WBBM radio in Chicago, Illinois. In 1945, she sang on Ice Box Follies on ABC, and during the 1945–1946 season, she was a vocalist on The Hoagy Carmichael Show on NBC. In 1949, Robbins sang as part of Dennis Day's Vaudeville show in Boston, prompting a reviewer for the trade publication Billboard to write: \"The acts include Gale Robbins, as fine a vocalist as the town has seen in ages. She's pretty, has a real voice and a personality which never flags.\" That same year, she was the female lead in the musical revue A La Carte at the El Capitan Theater in Hollywood, California. A reviewer wrote in Billboard, \"Song-wise, Gale Robbins and Bill Shirley are admirably suited to their lead parts, scoring vocally and in stage presence.\" In September 1957, Robbins signed with Vik Records and made her first recordings for that label. Film Robbins signed a contract with 20th Century Fox late in 1942. She made her film debut in In the Meantime, Darling in 1944. She appeared in several films, such as Calamity Jane and My Dear Secretary, and briefly sang parts of two songs in The Barkleys of Broadway, playing Shirlene May, the potential understudy to Ginger Rogers' character. Robbins sang another song, \"All Alone Monday,\" in another Fred Astaire vehicle,",
"title": "Gale Robbins"
},
{
"docid": "25666691",
"text": "Betty Davis is the eponymous debut studio album by American funk singer Betty Davis, released through Just Sunshine Records (an upstart label) in 1973. The album was produced by Greg Errico and features contributions from a number of noted musicians such as Neal Schon, Merl Saunders, Sylvester, Larry Graham, Pete Sears, and The Pointer Sisters. In 2007, the album was re-issued on CD and vinyl by the Light in the Attic label. Background Before the album's release, Davis was best known as the second wife of jazz trumpeter Miles Davis, and also as the featured model on the front cover of the jazz legend's 1968 album Filles de Kilimanjaro. The song \"Mademoiselle Mabry\" from the album is dedicated to Betty (whose maiden-name is Mabry) and was recorded around the time of their marriage in September 1968. Unbeknownst to most, the then-23-year-old Davis was herself a professional model and also a performer of soul and funk music, having written for the Chambers Brothers and put out a single on Don Costa's DCP imprint. Davis was a known face in emerging musical circles who had a strong stylistic and musical influence on her former husband (she personally introduced him to Jimi Hendrix) during their short marriage which ended after just a year. Writing and recording In the early '70s, after a stint of modeling in the UK, a 28-year-old Davis moved to Los Angeles in order to record with Santana but soon changed her focus and with help from Greg Errico (of Sly & The Family Stone), assembled a rich list of veteran Bay Area musicians to record her own material. These included Neal Schon (of Santana), Larry Graham and several other members of Graham Central Station, as well as Merl Saunders, Pete Sears, Sylvester and The Pointer Sisters (who performed backing vocals). The resulting album was recorded between 1972 and 1973 and, while primarily a funk-soul album, was stylistically eclectic, reflecting the wide array of musicians who played on the record. The songs, all written by Davis herself, are mostly built around funk grooves, driving percussion and heavy guitars. Davis' vocal stylings are expressive and boisterous (as on \"If I'm In Luck I Might Get Picked Up\"), but also playful and sensual (as on \"Anti Love Song\"). On the former she boldly sings \"I'm wigglin' my fanny, I'm raunchy dancing, I'm-a-doing it doing it\". \"Steppin' In Her I. Miller Shoes\", tells the story of a talented young woman who comes to the 'jungle' with big dreams, only to end up a tragic victim of the entertainment industry. The up-tempo song features hard rock guitars and backing vocals by The Pointer Sisters. In a 2007 interview Davis revealed that the song was based on the life of Devon Wilson, a one-time girlfriend of Jimi Hendrix with whom Davis had been close friends. Wilson is also the subject of \"Dolly Dagger\" by Hendrix. With their hard-funk/rock-fused sounds, few of the songs catered to radio play; perhaps the closest is \"In The Meantime\" featuring",
"title": "Betty Davis (album)"
},
{
"docid": "43543003",
"text": "Betty Davy (September 1919 – September 2010) was an Australian teacher who is credited with playing a \"pivotal role\" in the introduction of the NSW Senior's Card. Biography Davy, whose mother was a teacher at Sydney Technical College, was born in September 1919. She grew up in Strathfield, New South Wales, and attended Meriden School. She studied English and History at the University of Sydney, and gained an educational degree from Sydney Teachers College. She taught at various schools until she got married, and in the late 1960s returned to teaching. Davy was associated with the Liberal Party since the 1940s, and was secretary of the party's Women's Council in the 1980s. With Betty Combe and Betty Grant, she was praised for her \"tireless and uncompromising work\". Through the Council she was able to propose a Senior's Card for New South Wales residents, which was introduced in 1992, and is cited as \"among the enduring achievements of the Greiner-Fahey Government\". She was awarded a medal of the Order of Australia for her community service. References 1919 births 2010 deaths Australian educators Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia University of Sydney alumni",
"title": "Betty Davy"
},
{
"docid": "39606293",
"text": "Jack Davis Griffo (born December 11, 1996) is an American actor. He starred as Max Thunderman on the Nickelodeon series The Thundermans (2013–2018). Griffo also had starring roles in the network's original movies The Thundermans Return, Jinxed, and Splitting Adam, and the Netflix original series Alexa & Katie. Career Acting Griffo first made appearances as an extra in 2011, on the television series Kickin' It and Bucket & Skinner's Epic Adventures. He followed this up with several guest appearances on television series such as See Dad Run and Jessie. From 2013 to 2018, Griffo starred in the Nickelodeon series The Thundermans, where he played Max Thunderman, the twin brother who strived to become a supervillain (his twin sister Phoebe is played by Kira Kosarin). In the same year, Griffo starred alongside Ciara Bravo in the Nickelodeon original film Jinxed. Griffo starred alongside Isabela Moner, Tony Cavalero, and Jace Norman in the Nickelodeon original movie Splitting Adam, which aired in February 2015. He played the role of Billy, the boyfriend of Fin Shepard (Ian Ziering)'s daughter Claudia Shepard (Ryan Newman), in the Syfy original movie Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!, which premiered on July 22, 2015. In 2016, Griffo guest-starred in the season 7 finale of NCIS: Los Angeles as a military cadet named McKenna. In 2017, Griffo played the role of Sebastian in the inspirational family drama film Apple of My Eye (originally titled And Then There Was Light). That same year, he was cast as Noah in the indie drama film Those Left Behind. In August 2017 Griffo was added to the cast of the Netflix original series Alexa & Katie, playing the recurring role of Dylan. He guest starred in School of Rock, Knight Squad, and SEAL Team. In 2020, Griffo starred as Sean Davis in the action film The 2nd alongside Ryan Phillippe. In 2020, he had a minor role in the Lifetime original movie The Christmas High Note. Music Griffo has a YouTube channel where he posts music covers. As of November 2019, the channel has over 178,000 subscribers and over 8.60 million views. Griffo released a single, \"Hold Me\", with his friend Kelsey, on October 17, 2011. The music video for \"Hold Me\" was released on October 29, 2011, and received over 4 million views. He released his solo debut single, \"Slingshot\", on November 13, 2013, which features Douglas James. The music video for \"Slingshot\" was released on Griffo's YouTube channel on January 14, 2014, and has received over 1.8 million views. Filmography Awards and nominations Griffo has been nominated for five Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite TV Actor, the first in 2014, the second in 2015, the third in 2016, the fourth in 2017, and the fifth in 2018. References External links 1996 births Living people 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American singers American child singers American male child actors American male film actors American male pop singers American male singers American male television actors American child pop musicians Male actors from Orlando, Florida",
"title": "Jack Griffo"
},
{
"docid": "61709230",
"text": "Elizabeth Gwladys Davies (24 February 1917 – 27 January 2018) was a British radio drama producer and director, and a prolific dramatist who contributed scripts to radio, primarily at the BBC, for over fifty years. Her work appeared on the BBC Home Service and radio For the Forces during the Second World War and continued to appear on BBC Radio 4 well into the 1990s. As a director of drama she produced the long-running radio soap opera Mrs Dale's Diary and worked closely with writers ranging from the Trinidadian author Samuel Selvon to the historian Lady Antonia Fraser, while directing hundreds of plays and serials for the radio. She died at the age of 100. Life and works Betty Davies was born in Aberystwyth, Wales, on 24 February 1917, towards the end of the First World War, to Esther née Warrington, who was Welsh, and Percy Davies, an English civil servant. Davies was an only child, although her mother was one of six daughters and a single son which provided Davies with a large family network of cousins which sustained her until her death. Davies and her parents moved to London after the war. Davies prepared to fulfill her ambition of a BBC career by learning shorthand and typing, and by reading for an honours degree in English with subsidiary Latin at University College London. She joined the BBC in June 1939, as a secretary, and moved through the Corporation ranks, serving as secretary to the Presentation Manager for Outside Broadcasts and Presentations before becoming Research Assistant in the Analysis Section of the Listener Research Department by November 1946. She had already established herself as a contributing writer to BBC programmes from 1943, in diverse offerings that demonstrated a light touch and included collaborations with musicians. With the band leader Miff Ferrie, later better known as the long-time producer and agent for the British comedian Tommy Cooper, she wrote the musical entertainment Blow Your Own Trumpet! which was first broadcast on the Home Service in 1944 and later shown on BBC Television in 1947. Her early contributions to radio sometimes seemed to develop a theme: For the magazine programme Divertissement transmitted on For the Forces in 1943, she wrote The Telephone, a 'story with a surprise by Betty Davies'. In 1959, when she was preoccupied as 'main producer' of Mrs Dale's Diary, she wrote and produced The Telephone Call for the Home Service. Her 1945 play Best Seller, originally produced for the Home Service by the actor and director Hugh Stewart, was remade for the Home Service in 1961 by David Geary. Davies also wrote for Children's Hour, with plays such as The Conjuror's Rabbit, broadcast twice in 1946, and again in 1949 – a recording is preserved in the British Library Sound Archive – and The Silver Flame, with music by Alan Paul, broadcast in 1951. In the course of her career, Davies was involved in well over 1,300 BBC productions as identifiable in the BBC's searchable database, BBC",
"title": "Betty Davies (radio)"
},
{
"docid": "24991176",
"text": "Joanie Pallatto is a singer and composer from Xenia, Ohio. Biography Joanie Pallatto was born to a father who played violin and a mother who played guitar. When she was four years old, she began to learn violin, then moved to clarinet. In school she sang in the choir, where she discovered her passion for singing. She attended the Cincinnati College Conservatory of Music and was introduced to the music of Chick Corea and Miles Davis and vocalists Betty Carter, Bob Dorough, Cleo Laine, Mark Murphy, and Annie Ross. In the 1970s she went on tour with the Glenn Miller orchestra. In 1979, she moved to Chicago. She married pianist and composer Bradley Parker-Sparrow and founded the label Southport Records. Described by Rick Kogan of the Chicago Tribune as having “a stirring and special voice,” Pallatto has expertise in all aspects of musical production. As a solo singer, group singer and voiceover talent, she has recorded on hundreds of radio and television commercials nationally. As a jazz vocalist, Pallatto has performed at Chicago clubs City Winery, Andy's and The Green Mill and New York venues the Iridium Jazz Club, Pangea and Birdland. Concert engagements have included Chicago Jazz Festival, Chicago Cultural Center, The Old Town School of Folk Music, Park West, Stage 773 and Bailiwick Theater; she was also a featured soloist with Daniel Barenboim in 'Ellington Among Friends' at Symphony Center. Awards and honors Jazz Hero Award, Jazz Journalists Association, 2016 Lifetime Achievement Award for Extra-Ordinary Contributions to the Music Industry, 2021 Martin's International in the 39th Annual Chicago Music Awards Discography Whisper Not (Southport, 1986) Who Wrote This Song? (Southport, 1994) Passing Tones (Southport, 1995) Fire with Von Freeman (1996) Two with Marshall Vente (Southport, 1997) Words & Music (Southport, 1999) The King and I with King Fleming (Southport, 2000) We Are Not Machines (Southport, 2002) Canned Beer (Southport, 2003) It's Not Easy (Southport, 2008) As You Spend Your Life (Southport, 2011) Days with Joanie and Sparrow (Southport, 2013) Two Again with Marshall Vente (Southport, 2015) Float Out to Sea (Southport, 2017) My Original Plan (Southport, 2021) Accidental Melody (Southport, 2023) References American women jazz singers American jazz singers People from Xenia, Ohio Living people Jazz musicians from Ohio Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century American women",
"title": "Joanie Pallatto"
},
{
"docid": "57621063",
"text": "\"All Things (Just Keep Getting Better)\" is a song composed by Canadian electronic music production team Widelife with Simone Denny of Love Inc. on vocals. It was the theme song for the television series Queer Eye for the Straight Guy and was an official song of the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup Release Released as the lead single for the Queer Eye soundtrack, the song peaked at number five on the US Billboard Dance Club Play chart and number 12 in Australia, where it was the 13th-most-successful dance hit of 2004. Widelife performed this single on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. The song was officially remixed by HQ2 (Hex Hector & Mac Quayle), Barry Harris, and Jason Nevins, and appeared in an episode of South Park, titled \"South Park Is Gay!\". Accolades In 2005, Widelife won the Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year for the single \"All Things.\" Track listings Australasian CD single \"All Things (Just Keep Getting Better)\" (original version) – 2:45 \"All Things (Just Keep Getting Better)\" (H2Q club mix) – 7:32 \"All Things (Just Keep Getting Better)\" (Jason Nevins Big Room remix) – 9:30 \"All Things (Just Keep Getting Better)\" (Jason Nevins Hands Up mix) – 6:42 \"All Things (Just Keep Getting Better)\" (Barry Harris Club Interpretation mix) – 9:28 Credits and personnel Credits are taken from the US promo CD liner notes. Studio Mixed at Townhouse Studios (London, England) Personnel Ian J Nieman, Rachid Wehbi – writing, production Widelife – recording Jeremy Wheatley – additional production, mixing Giulio Pierucci – additional programming Rob Eric – executive production Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Release history Betty Who version In 2018, a remixed version by Betty Who was released as the theme song for season two of the Netflix reboot, Queer Eye; however, it was never actually used in any episodes. A music video was released featuring the cast of Queer Eye, Jonathan Van Ness, Karamo Brown, Antoni Porowski, Bobby Berk, and Tan France. References 2003 singles 2003 songs 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup Betty Who songs Capitol Records singles CONCACAF Gold Cup official songs and anthems Juno Award for Single of the Year singles LGBT-related songs",
"title": "All Things (Just Keep Getting Better)"
},
{
"docid": "11243070",
"text": "\"Stolen Moments\" is a jazz standard composed by Oliver Nelson. It is a 16-bar piece though the solos are on a conventional minor blues structure. The recording of the song on Nelson's 1961 album, The Blues and the Abstract Truth, led to it being more generally covered. The tune was given lyrics when Mark Murphy recorded his version in 1978. History The piece first appeared as \"The Stolen Moment\" on the 1960 album Trane Whistle by Eddie \"Lockjaw\" Davis, which was largely written and co-arranged by Oliver Nelson. It was not marked out as anything special, in fact the cover notes only mention that the trumpet solo is by Bobby Bryant and that Eric Dolphy's bass clarinet can be heard briefly on the closing. However, in the liner notes to Eric Dolphy: The Complete Prestige Recordings, Bill Kirchner states that this incorrectly credits Dolphy with playing what is actually the baritone saxophone of George Barrow, with Dolphy's contribution to the piece being the second alto behind Nelson. The first recording of the song to gain attention was the version on Nelson's own 1961 album, The Blues and the Abstract Truth. Ted Gioia describes this version of as \"a querulous hard bop chart that makes full use of the horns on hand with its rich spread-out voicings.\" Gioia also observes \"a clever hook in the song – its brief resolve into the tonic major in bar four of the melody, one of the many interesting twists in Nelson's original chart.\" Nelson's solo on this version contains \"possibly the most famous\" use of the augmented scale in jazz. Singer Mark Murphy wrote lyrics for his 1978 version. Gail Fisher later wrote different lyrics to Nelson's original melody. They were first recorded on the 1987 album The Carmen McRae – Betty Carter Duets. This vocal version of \"Stolen Moments\" was given the alternative title \"You Belong to Her\". Recordings Eddie \"Lockjaw\" Davis – Trane Whistle (1960) Oliver Nelson – The Blues and the Abstract Truth (1961) J. J. Johnson – J.J.! (1964) Herbie Mann with Chick Corea –Standing Ovation at Newport (1965) Phil Woods – Americans Swinging in Paris (1968) Ahmad Jamal, The Awakening (1970) Oliver Nelson – Swiss Suite (1972) Oliver Nelson – Stolen Moments (1975) Kenny Burrell – Moon and Sand (1979) Mark Murphy – Stolen Moments (1978) Jimmy Raney and Doug Raney – Stolen Moments (1979) Carmen McRae and Betty Carter – The Carmen McRae – Betty Carter Duets (1987) Turtle Island Quartet – Turtle Island String Quartet (1988) Frank Zappa and Sting – Broadway the Hard Way (1988) Lee Ritenour – Stolen Moments (1990) Stanley Jordan – Stolen Moments (1991) Joe Locke and Kenny Barron – But Beautiful (1991) United Future Organization – Stolen Moments: Red Hot + Cool (1994) Tina May – 'Time Will Tell...' (1996) Emilie-Claire Barlow – Sings (1998) Andy Summers and Victor Biglione – Strings of Desire (1998) Kenny Barron, Jay Leonhart, and Al Foster – Super Standard (2004) Kazumi Watanabe – Mo' Bop III",
"title": "Stolen Moments (Oliver Nelson song)"
},
{
"docid": "5687944",
"text": "Fairy Ointment or \"The Fairy Nurse\" is an English fairy tale collected by Joseph Jacobs in his English Fairy Tales. It has been told in many variants. Andrew Lang included one in The Lilac Fairy Book. The ointment itself, as a substance allowing a human to see fairies, occasionally appears in fantasy literature. Folk-tales about such an ointment are found in Scandinavia, France and the British Isles. Synopsis A midwife is summoned to attend a childbed. The baby is born, and she is given an ointment to rub in its eyes. Accidentally, or through curiosity, she rubs one or both her own eyes with it. This enables her to see the actual house to which she has been summoned. Sometimes a simple cottage becomes a castle, but most often, a grand castle becomes a wretched cave. In the variant Andrew Lang included, the woman saw a neighbor of hers, kept prisoner as a nurse, and was able to tell her husband how to rescue her, pulling her down from riding fairies as in Tam Lin. Soon, the midwife sees a fairy and admits it. The fairy invariably blinds her in the eye that can see him, or both if she put the ointment in both eyes. In a Cornish tale a woman, Joan, is going to market to buy shoes, and calls on a neighbour, Betty, who has a reputation for witchcraft, to see if she will go along. Joan sees Betty rub an ointment into her children's eyes. When Betty is out of the room she rubs some of the ointment into right eye out of curiosity. Betty returns with a glass of brandy, and when Joan drinks the brandy she is amazed to see that the cottage is full of little people dancing and playing games. Betty says she won't go to market, so Joan goes alone. At the market, Joan sees Betty's husband, Thomas Trenance, taking \"whatever took his fancy\" from the market stalls and putting it into a bag, apparently unnoticed by the stall holders. She challenges him as a thief. He asks which eye she sees him with, and when she points to her right eye he touches it with his finger and she is instantly blinded. Other uses Fairy ointment also appears in many other fairy tales and books of fantasy, usually as a method for seeing through a fairy's magic. For example, in Eloise McGraw's The Moorchild, the protagonists enter a fairy hill in search of a stolen child, but are confused and hypnotized by the fairies' glamour until they smear their eyes with stolen fairy ointment. These tales, of the fairy or magic ointment, come under type: ML 5070 \"Midwife to the fairies\" (see also The Queen of Elfan's Nourice) It is Aarne-Thompson type 476*. References External links Fairy Ointment at SurLaLune Fairy Tales English fairy tales English folklore French folklore Northumbrian folklore Scandinavian folklore ATU 460-499 Joseph Jacobs",
"title": "Fairy Ointment"
},
{
"docid": "9156543",
"text": "Celebrity Time (also known as The Eyes Have It) was an American game and audience participation television series that was broadcast on ABC in 1949 - 1950 and on CBS in 1950 - 1952. The original host was Douglas Edwards. Rules The show began as a battle of the sexes between teams made up of audience and celebrity panelists, who would be asked questions which involved such topics as guessing names from the news, to identifying film clips. By June 1952, the program had become a typical musical variety show. Jack Gould, media critic for The New York Times, wrote, \"for the most part the change is for the better.\" He explained that the quiz format had been \"somewhat labored\", whereas the variety format \"is produced with a high degree of skill and moves along quickly.\" Broadcasting history Celebrity Time began as The Eyes Have It on CBS primetime, airing every Saturday and Sunday from November 20, 1948 to March 13, 1949. The show's title changed to Stop, Look, and Listen when Paul Gallico took over as host on November 28, then to Riddle Me This when Conrad Nagel took over the show on December 12; while Nagel hosted through 1952, the title was left behind after March 1949. The show ran on ABC from April 3, 1949, until March 26, 1950, and on CBS from April 2, 1950, until September 21, 1952. The sponsor was B. F. Goodrich. It was replaced by The Web. Singer Betty Ann Grove and dancer Jonathan Lucas were regulars on Celebrity Time. The program was produced by Richard Levine and directed by Rai Purdy. George Axelrod was the writer. Panelists Panelists included, at various times, Shirley Booth, Gene Lockhart, Roland Young, Kyle MacDonnell, Kitty Carlisle, Ilka Chase, Sir Thomas Beecham, Slapsie Maxie Rosenbloom, John Daly, Peggy Ann Garner, Boris Karloff, Bela Lugosi, Herman Hickman, Martha Wright, Mary McCarty, and Jane Wilson. Name changes The show had the following names during its run. The Eyes Have It (November 20 – 27, 1948) Stop, Look, and Listen (November 28 – December 11, 1948) Riddle Me This (December 12, 1948 – March 13, 1949) Goodrich Celebrity Time (April 3, 1949 – Unknown) Celebrity Time (Unknown – September 21, 1952) NBC version The Eyes Have It holds one footnote in television history – it is the only game show to debut as two unrelated programs with different formats, networks, producers, and hosts on the same day. On November 20, 1948 another show with the same name began on NBC with Ralph McNair as host; NBC's Eyes had actually come first, having been a local show on Washington, D.C. affiliate WNBW since September 25. This version ran until January 27, 1949, with a Sunday-afternoon version running from March 13 (the same day CBS' version, now Riddle Me This, ended) to June 19. Episode status The series (including the unrelated NBC version) is believed to have been destroyed due to network practices. No episodes are known to exist under any",
"title": "Celebrity Time"
},
{
"docid": "25411834",
"text": "Spirits of the Air, Gremlins of the Clouds is a 1989 Australian independent post-apocalyptic sci-fi adventure film directed, produced and written by Alex Proyas, who was making his first feature debut. Set in a post-apocalyptic world in which two siblings live in a homestead whose silence gets interrupted by a fugitive named Smith. Starring Michael Lake, Rhys Davis and Norman Boyd, the film was shot on location near Broken Hill, New South Wales and at Supreme Studios Sydney and was made with a budget of $500,000. Upon release, the film received mixed reviews. It is unknown how much the film grossed at the box office yet it commenced Proyas' status in filmmaking. Premise Siblings Felix and Betty Crabtree live alone in a homestead on a treeless desert plain. Their solitary lives are interrupted by a fugitive with a mysterious past, who gives the name \"Smith\". Smith is fleeing to the north, a trio of sinister figures in pursuit. Felix, who is a wheelchair user, tells Smith that the route to the north is blocked by an impassable wall of cliffs, and convinces him that the only way he can travel beyond them is to fly. Smith, at first sceptical, is eventually convinced that his only means of escape lies with Felix's plan to build a \"flying machine\". Meanwhile, the religiously addled Betty is convinced that Smith is a demon from hell, and makes her own plans to get rid of him. Cast Michael Lake as Felix Crabtree Rhys Davis (Melissa Davis) as Betty Crabtree Norman Boyd (The Norm) as Smith Reception Film critic David Stratton praised the film as having a \"special vision,\" with brilliant production design, but while furthermore opined that \"the film frustrates because of its lethargy and stiltedness\". Rolling Stone magazine called the soundtrack recording \"an album of stunning instrumental beauty and exquisite soundscapes\" and awarded it 4 stars. Re-release In June 2018, director Alex Proyas released a trailer on his YouTube channel for a re-release of the movie, remastered from original 16mm negative and featuring a restored soundtrack from the original Dolby Stereo mixes. The movie was re-released internationally in September 2018 on Blu-ray and DVD by Umbrella Entertainment. Composer Peter Miller's original soundtrack was also re-released as a 30th anniversary edition. Accolades References External links Spirits of the Air, Gremlins of the Clouds at Oz Movies Spirits Image & Trivia Archive Archive of selected behind-the-scenes and production images, and other information. 1980s science fiction adventure films 1989 films Australian aviation films Australian science fiction adventure films Films directed by Alex Proyas Films produced by Alex Proyas Films with screenplays by Alex Proyas Australian post-apocalyptic films 1989 directorial debut films 1980s English-language films",
"title": "Spirits of the Air, Gremlins of the Clouds"
},
{
"docid": "16786189",
"text": "Aaron Collins (September 3, 1930 – March 27, 1997) was an American rhythm and blues singer and songwriter, most active in the 1950s and 1960s. Biography Collins grew up in Arkansas and sang in church. After three years in a gospel group in Michigan, he moved to California. There he joined a spiritual group called the Santa Monica Soul Seekers (whose members later became the Cadets/the Jacks). Collins is best known as being a singer with the doo wop groups the Cadets, the Jacks, and the Flares. The Cadets are best known for their hit \"Stranded in the Jungle\" in 1956. The Jacks' biggest hit was \"Why Don't You Write Me?\" in 1955. \"Foot Stomping\" was the Flares' big hit in 1961. The lead vocals in these groups were usually done by Aaron Collins, Willie Davis, or Will \"Dub\" Jones. While Collins was still a member of the Cadets and the Jacks, a solo album was released in 1957 called Calypso USA. Two recordings from this album, \"Pretty Evey\" and \"Rum Jamaica Rum\", were released as a single by Aaron Collins and the Cadets in 1957. These recordings were actually by Collins and a white studio group and not the Cadets. He released a couple of solo records in the 1960s. Other records were released in the early 1960s as by the Peppers and the Thor-Ables. These two groups were actually members of the Cadets and the Flares including Willie Davis and Aaron Collins. Collins was also part owner of MJC Records in the early 1960s with Cadets members Lloyd McCraw and Will \"Dub\" Jones. His sisters, Betty and Rose Collins, had a hit for RPM Records in 1956 called \"Eddie My Love\" as the Teen Queens. Later in life, Collins had a ladies' shoe store in Los Angeles, California, located on the corner of Manchester and Vermont, and named Collins Shoe Closet, which was burned down in the Rodney King riots April 29, 1992. Discography Singles Pretty Evey/Rum Jamaica Rum (Modern #1019) (1957) (as Aaron Collins and the Cadets) Dry Your Eyes And Try Again/A Prayer For Elaine (Dynasty #640) (1960) Easy To Say/Little Bit Of Lovin’ (Crazy Horse #1302) (1969) You Hit the Spot/If I Could Be Where You Are (Crazy Horse #1308) (1969) Albums Calypso USA (Crown #5028) (1957) Notes External links Marv Goldberg's R&B Notebooks – The Jacks/The Cadets The Coasters – Members' Biographies American rhythm and blues singers 1930 births 1997 deaths Singers from Arkansas Singers from California 20th-century American singers The Cadets (group) members",
"title": "Aaron Collins (singer)"
},
{
"docid": "19546137",
"text": "Light in the Attic Records is an independent record label that was established in 2002 in Seattle, Washington by Matt Sullivan. The label is known for its roster of reissue projects and for its distribution catalog. Light in the Attic has re-released work by The Shaggs, Betty Davis, Serge Gainsbourg, Jim Sullivan, Jane Birkin, Monks and The Free Design. The label has also released albums by contemporary bands The Black Angels and Nicole Willis & The Soul Investigators. History Already in high school, Sullivan was interested in starting his own label. \"I always wanted my own label,\" Sullivan told The Stranger in 2006, \"but it was always the wrong time.\" After high school and college at the University of Arizona, Sullivan interned for Seattle, Washington-based record labels like Sub Pop and the now-defunct Loosegroove Records. Susie Tennant, Sub Pop’s then radio-promotions director, offered Sullivan a chance to intern with Madrid, Spain-based record label, Munster Records. Munster Records focused primarily on reissues of bands like The Stooges and Spacemen 3, inspiring Sullivan to begin rethinking his own concept behind the still active idea of starting a record label. Upon Sullivan’s return to the states he began producing live shows in the Seattle area including performances by performers like Saul Williams, Clinic, and Kid Koala under the name Light In The Attic. With a stronger interest in the production of records, Sullivan returned to his original idea of a reissue label. Major projects were, among others: a reissue of The Last Poets first two releases - The Last Poets and This Is Madness. the reissue of the soundtrack to 1974 blackploitation film Lialeh composed by Bernard Purdie. the reissue of several works from The Free Design. Wheedle's Groove, a collection of songs from forgotten soul and funk groups from Seattle, including, amongst others, Patrinell Wright, The Black & White Affair, Kenny G, Ron Buford, Overton Berry in 2006, Light in the Attic released the album \"Passover\" from the psych-rock group The Black Angels. This was their first contemporary release. the reissue of Betty Davis' albums Betty Davis and They Say I'm Different. Davis agreed with the project, but did not co-operate. In 2009, the label acquired the rights to distribute deceased Serge Gainsbourg's classic album Histoire de Melody Nelson. This was their first project with an already established artist. In 2010, they launched their 50th album. This album was a release of old demos by folk-country singer Kris Kristofferson and was named Please Don't Tell Me How The Story Ends: Publishing Demos 1968 - 1972. In 2011, the reissue of U.F.O. by singer-songwriter Jim Sullivan. In 2014, the label released the compilation album Native North America, Vol. 1. In 2017, for the occasion of Record Store Day, they released the official soundtrack of the cult film Ciao! Manhattan in vinyl and CD formats on their Cinewax imprint. This marks the first time that the soundtrack has been commercially released in any form. Imprints cinewax In 2010, Light in the Attic announced their",
"title": "Light in the Attic Records"
},
{
"docid": "1687529",
"text": "Gail Davis (born Betty Jeanne Grayson; October 5, 1925 – March 15, 1997) was an American actress and singer, best known for her starring role as Annie Oakley in the 1950s television series Annie Oakley. Life and career Early years The daughter of a small-town physician, Davis was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, but was raised in McGehee, Arkansas until her family moved to Little Rock. She had been singing and dancing since childhood. After graduating from Little Rock High School, she studied at the Harcum Junior College for Girls in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, and then completed her education at the University of Texas at Austin. She had a younger sister, Shirley Ann Grayson (August 26, 1937 – February 23, 1971). Film Betty Jeanne and her husband, Bob Davis, moved to Hollywood to pursue a film career. She told an interviewer how she acquired her professional acting name. \"I went under contract to MGM around 1946. They told me 'we can't have a Betty Davis, because of Bette Davis, and we can't have a Betty Grayson because of Kathryn Grayson'.... Then a guy in the casting department said 'how about Gail Davis?' So that's where it came from.\" In 1947, she made her motion picture debut in a comedy short film. She then appeared in minor roles in another four films, the first being The Romance of Rosy Ridge, then landed a supporting role to that of star Roy Rogers in the 1948 The Far Frontier. From 1948 to 53, Davis appeared in 32 feature films, all but three of which were in the Western genre. Twenty of the Western films were with Gene Autry, produced by his company, Gene Autry Productions, released and distributed by Columbia Pictures, Television In 1950, Davis began to guest star in television Westerns, notably in The Cisco Kid, in which she appeared six times in two roles, including that of a niece whose uncle is trying to stop her pending marriage to a gangster. She guest-starred in 1950s episodes titled \"Buried Treasure,\" \"Friend in Need\" and \"Spanish Gold\" of The Lone Ranger and twice each on The Range Rider, The Adventures of Kit Carson and Death Valley Days. Beginning in September 1950, through September 1954, she appeared in 15 episodes of The Gene Autry Show, sponsored by Wrigley's Doublemint gum. Gail Davis was the answer to a long-held dream of Autry's—providing Western programming with a star to whom girls could relate. He said: \"Little boys have had their idols ... from the beginning of the picture business.... Why not give the girls a Western star of their own?\" Davis became that star, but on television rather than in movies, as Autry originally envisioned. Between 1954 and 1957, Davis starred in the Annie Oakley series which ran for 81 episodes. An adroit horseback rider, Davis also toured North America in Gene Autry's traveling rodeo. She went on to manage other celebrities. In 1961, she made a guest appearance on The Andy Griffith Show (season 2,",
"title": "Gail Davis"
},
{
"docid": "6168338",
"text": "Feed the Fire is a 1994 live album by the American jazz singer Betty Carter. The album was recorded at London's Royal Festival Hall during Carter's European tour. It was Carter's first live album since 1990's Droppin' Things, and her only album recorded outside of the United States. Carter, who predominantly worked with young musicians at this stage of her career, was accompanied by an established trio of pianist Geri Allen, bassist Dave Holland and drummer Jack DeJohnette. The trio would reunite a year later with Carter for a performance at the San Francisco Jazz Festival, and after Carter's death, for Allen's 2004 album, The Life of a Song. Feed the Fire peaked at 18 on the Billboard Top Jazz Albums chart. The audio of the concert was recorded by the BBC, and amounted to 105 minutes. Carter only chose to release ten of the fourteen tunes performed, and the released concert amounted to less than an hour's worth of music. Reception In his review for AllMusic.com, Daniel Gioffre gave the album two-and-a-half stars out of five. Gioffre praised Carter's accompanists, describing Dave Holland's \"...unerring sense of melody and pitch\", Jack DeJohnette as \"...nothing less than explosive, punctuating the solo statements of his bandmates with powerful flurries\", and likened Geri Allen to fellow pianist Keith Jarrett, praising her solo on \"Love Notes\". Gioffre's wrote that Carter's \"...vocal improvisations are on par with any instrumentalists,\" and described her \"...dancing around the music with impeccable phrasing, dropping low into her register for punctuation\" on \"Lover Man\" as \"...heady, hypnotizing stuff.\" Gioffre reserved criticism for the length of some tracks and that the \"...quality of the music itself tends to wander a bit.\" New York magazine described the album as a \"live state-of-jazz-vocals address\" and Carter as \"probably the most agile jazz singer alive.\" The Chicago Tribune'''s Howard Reich stated that the album \"captures the singer at her best,\" and noted that the band members \"provide the atmospheric accompaniment, sensitively responding to Carter's mercurial improvisations.\" Michael J. West of JazzTimes praised Allen's contribution to the title track, which she wrote. He commented: \"there's nothing quite like hearing her go at it with the master vocalist... Allen stays almost completely inside as she works with Carter; even so, it's an open question who's leading who... the energy is electric and the swing... is top-notch.\" Writing for Sandy Brown Jazz'', Steve Day remarked: \"Every track is diamond, 'I'm All Smiles' and 'Feed The Fire' exceptionally so. These are performances that ring the truth of music.\" Track listing \"Feed the Fire\" (Geri Allen) – 11:20 \"Love Notes\" (Betty Carter, Mark Zubek) – 7:11 \"Sometimes I'm Happy\" (Irving Caesar, Clifford Grey, Vincent Youmans) – 3:33 \"Lover Man (Oh Where Can You Be?)\" (Jimmy Davis, Ram Ramirez, Jimmy Sherman) – 9:13 \"I'm All Smiles\" (Michael Leonard, Herbert Martin) – 5:26 \"If I Should Lose You\" (Ralph Rainger, Leo Robin) – 6:24 \"All or Nothing at All\" (Arthur Altman, Jack Lawrence) – 8:11 \"What Is This Tune?\" (Carter, Jack",
"title": "Feed the Fire (Betty Carter album)"
},
{
"docid": "29966696",
"text": "Pipe Dreams is a 1976 romantic drama film starring soul singer Gladys Knight in her acting debut as a woman who attempts to regain the love of her husband, played by real-life spouse Barry Hankerson. His boss is played by Wayne Tippit; Bruce French, Sally Kirkland and Altovise Davis (wife of Sammy Davis Jr.) round out the cast. Plot Maria Wilson follows her husband to Alaska, where he is working on the Alaska pipeline, to try to win him back. The local boss disapproves. Cast Gladys Knight as Maria Wilson Barry Hankerson as Rob Wilson Wayne Tippit as Mike Thompson Sherry Bain as Loretta Bruce French as \"The Duke\" Sally Kirkland as Betty \"Two Street Betty\" Altovise Davis as Lydia Redmond Gleeson as \"Hollow Legs\" John Mitchum as Franklin Production The film was written and directed by Steve Verona and produced by Verona Enterprises and California Cinema Pruductions LGN, with financing from Buddah Records and minority organizations. Filming took place on location in Valdez in January 1976. The soundtrack album for the movie was produced by Knight's brother Merald \"Bubba\" Knight. Reception Box office results were poor. Gladys Knight received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star Of The Year (Actress). \"So Sad the Song\" from Pipe Dreams, The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack earned a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Song (Motion Picture). Soundtrack References External links 1976 drama films 1976 films Embassy Pictures films 1970s English-language films American romantic drama films 1970s American films",
"title": "Pipe Dreams (1976 film)"
},
{
"docid": "3715576",
"text": "I'm Yours, You're Mine is a 1997 studio album by the American jazz singer Betty Carter. Recorded in January 1996, this was the last album that Carter recorded before her death in September 1998. I'm Yours, You're Mine peaked at 25 on the Billboard Top Jazz Albums chart. The title track, written by Carter and bassist Curtis Lundy consists of \"scat vocables,\" until the end of the tune, where Carter quotes the final lines from the song \"What's New?\" Reception Allmusic.com awarded I'm Yours, You're Mine four out of five stars, but did not review the album. Billboard positively reviewed the album upon its release, describing it as a \"toned down and moodily evocative set\" adding that \"Carter's voice proves that it can turn phrases like no other on the title cut's wordless, gently delightful, downtempo meditation.\" Howard Reich, writing in the Chicago Tribune said that \"No doubt Betty Carter's singing is an acquired taste, but to those who have acquired it, she's a uniquely appealing artist. The elongated lines, exotic colors and unusual ornaments she brings to every cut on this recording...attest to the singular nature of Carter's singing.\" Writing for All About Jazz, Tom Storer described the songs on I'm Yours, You're Mine as getting \"typical Carter treatments...somehow managing to be both lush and lean. Unable or unwilling to try for the explosive dynamic contrasts and fiendish tempos that were once her forte, she has streamlined her phrasing, taking her playful way with rhythmic tricks to a calmer level and proving yet again her unwillingness to sing anybody's standard licks but her own.\" Storer reserved criticism for Carter's singing of the original Portuguese Brazilian lyrics to \"Useless Landscape\". Storer concluded his review by describing Carter's quote from \"What's New?\" as \"different, surprisingly moving, but wholly unsentimental. That's Betty for you.\" Track listing \"This Time\" (Jule Styne) – 7:43 \"I'm Yours, You're Mine\" (Betty Carter, Curtis Lundy) – 9:34 \"Lonely House\" (Langston Hughes, Kurt Weill) – 6:29 \"Close Your Eyes\" (Bernice Petkere) – 7:45 \"Useless Landscape\" (Aloysio de Oliveira, Ray Gilbert, Antonio Carlos Jobim) – 7:16 \"East of the Sun (and West of the Moon)\" (Brooks Bowman) – 4:50 \"September Song\" (Maxwell Anderson, Weill) – 10:19 Personnel Performance Betty Carter – vocals, producer Mark Shim – tenor saxophone Andre Hayward – trombone Xavier Davis – piano Curtis Lundy – double bass Matt Hughes – bass Gregory Hutchinson – drums Production Joe Ferla – engineer Rory Romano – assistant engineer Ted Wohlsen Greg Calbi – mastering Anthony Barboza – photographer References 1997 albums Albums produced by Betty Carter Betty Carter albums Verve Records albums",
"title": "I'm Yours, You're Mine"
},
{
"docid": "1002377",
"text": "Skeeter Davis (born Mary Frances Penick; December 30, 1931September 19, 2004) was an American country music singer and songwriter who sang crossover pop music songs including 1962's \"The End of the World\". She started out as part of the Davis Sisters as a teenager in the late 1940s, eventually landing on RCA Victor. In the late 1950s, she became a solo star. One of the first women to achieve major stardom in the country music field as a solo vocalist, she was an acknowledged influence on Tammy Wynette and Dolly Parton and was hailed as an \"extraordinary country/pop singer\" by The New York Times music critic Robert Palmer. Early life Davis was born Mary Frances Penick on December 30, 1931, the first of seven children born to farmer William Lee and Sarah Rachel Penick (née Roberts), in Glencoe, Kentucky. Because her grandfather thought she had a lot of energy for a young child, he nicknamed Mary Frances \"Skeeter\" (slang for mosquito), a name she carried for the rest of her life. When Davis was a toddler, her great-uncle was convicted of murdering her maternal grandfather (his brother) in Indiana. After this incident, Davis recalled that her mother became a \"bitterly depressed woman\". Throughout her childhood, Davis's mother made multiple suicide attempts, several of which Davis herself prevented from being carried out: \"I once slapped a bottle of Clorox she was drinking out of her mouth and sat on her hands to keep her from reaching for a butcher knife,\" she recalled. On one occasion, her mother attempted to leap from the family's apartment window with Davis and her infant brother in her arms. Her relationship with her mother remained strained throughout much of her life, and by Davis's account, she \"couldn't seem to win my mother's respect and affection, [so] I turned my attention toward my daddy.\" In the mid-1930s, the Penick family relocated to Cincinnati, Ohio, where they remained for several years before returning to Dry Ridge. They later moved to Erlanger, Kentucky, in 1947. Davis was raised a Protestant, attending Disciples of Christ churches. As an adolescent, Davis was inspired by the music of Betty Hutton and also developed interest in musicals, memorizing songs from films such as Stage Door Canteen (1943) and I'll Be Seeing You (1944). She would sometimes stage routines in her backyard, dancing, singing, and telling ghost stories to neighborhood children. When Davis was in seventh grade, her father relocated to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for work. She and her siblings remained in the care of their mother who, during this time, became an alcoholic. In the summer of 1948, Davis and her family relocated to Covington, Kentucky, where her father was working as an electrician and moved into a house owned by the Villa Madonna Academy, run by Benedictine nuns. Davis became fascinated by the sisters, and for a time considered becoming a nun. While attending Dixie Heights High School in Erlanger, Skeeter met Betty Jack Davis, and the two became close friends, bonding",
"title": "Skeeter Davis"
},
{
"docid": "8502322",
"text": "The History of Mr. Polly is a 1949 British film based on the 1910 comic novel The History of Mr. Polly by H.G. Wells. It was directed by Anthony Pelissier (who is also credited with the script) and stars John Mills, Betty Ann Davies, Megs Jenkins, Moore Marriott and Finlay Currie. It was the first adaptation of one of Wells's works to be produced after his death in 1946. Plot Following his dismissal from a draper's shop, where his father had placed him as an apprentice, protagonist Alfred Polly (John Mills) finds it hard to find another position. When a telegram arrives informing him of his father's death, he returns to the family home. With a bequest of £500, Polly considers his future; and a friend of his father's, Mr Johnsen (Edward Chapman), urges him to invest it in a shop - an idea that Polly dislikes. Whilst dawdling in the country on a newly-bought bicycle, Polly has a brief dalliance with a schoolgirl, Christabel (Sally Ann Howes); but later marries one of his cousins, Miriam Larkins (Betty Ann Davies). Fifteen years later, Polly and his wife are running a draper's shop in Fishbourne, and the marriage has descended to incessant arguments and bickering. While walking in the country, Polly decides to commit suicide. He sets his shop ablaze in the hope that the insurance will assure Miriam's prosperity. However, he botches the arson job and, instead of killing himself, rescues an elderly neighbour and becomes a minor local celebrity. Still unhappy, Polly leaves his wife and is hired by a rural innkeeper (Megs Jenkins) as handyman and ferryman; however, he soon realises that the position was only open because the innkeeper's brother-in-law Jim (Finlay Currie) is a drunkard who bullies any other man to leave the inn. Polly clashes with him until the latter accidentally drowns in a weir while chasing Polly. Three years later, Polly returns to Fishbourne to find Miriam operating a tea-shop with her sister in the belief that Polly has drowned, and he returns to his happier life at the inn. Cast John Mills as Alfred Polly Betty Ann Davies as Miriam Larkins Megs Jenkins as The Innkeeper Finlay Currie as Uncle Jim Gladys Henson as Aunt Larkins Diana Churchill as Annie Larkins Shelagh Fraser as Minnie Larkins Edward Chapman as Mr. Johnson Dandy Nichols as Mrs. Johnson Sally Ann Howes as Christabel Juliet Mills as Little Polly Laurence Baskcomb as Mr. Rumbold Edie Martin as Lady on roof Moore Marriott as Uncle Pentstemon David Horne as Mr. Garvace Ernest Jay as Mr. Hinks Cyril Smith as Mr. Voules Wylie Watson as Mr. Rusper Jay Laurier as Mr. Boomer Critical reception At the time of its release, Variety wrote \"Faithful adherence to the original H. G. Wells story is one of the main virtues of The History of Mr Polly,\" with the reviewer concluding that \"Director Anthony Pelissier has put all the emphasis on the principal characters, and has extracted every ounce of human interest",
"title": "The History of Mr. Polly (film)"
},
{
"docid": "47688118",
"text": "Lady Madcap is an Edwardian musical comedy in two acts, composed by Paul Rubens with a book by Paul Rubens and Nathaniel Newnham-Davis, and lyrics by Paul Rubens and Percy Greenbank. The story concerns a mischievous Earl's daughter who holds a ball at her father's castle without permission, pretends to be her own maid, and causes general confusion. The musical was first performed at the Prince of Wales Theatre, London, on 17 December 1904, under the management of George Edwardes, garnering highly favourable reviews. It ran for 354 performances, nearly a year, closing in November 1905. It starred Adrienne Augarde in the title role, and G. P. Huntley as Trouper Smith. Various changes were made to the cast during the run. Among those who appeared in the piece were Zena Dare, Lily Elsie, Gabrielle Ray and Marie Studholme. It then toured in the British provinces, starring Studholme. In 1906 it ran on Broadway at the Casino Theatre as My Lady's Maid with Madge Crichton in the title role. It also received an Australian production. Synopsis Setting: Framlingham Castle Lady Betty, the daughter of an Earl, Lord Framlingham, is an innocent-looking but mischievous girl. Without her father's knowledge, she has invited the officers of the East Anglian Hussars to their home, Egbert Castle, for a day and night of entertainment. She forges two telegrams that send her father into town on some urgent political pretext and later his butler to follow him. Her father wisely locks her in her room during his absence, but her friend, Gwenny, and lady's maid, Susan, secures a ladder to help her to escape from the window. Although she detests wealth, Lady Betty is interested in a rich, eccentric young trooper, who calls himself Smith, and whose prowess at cricket have caught her eye. She disguises herself as a servant, and has Gwenny impersonate her, so that she can get close to Smith. Meanwhile, two men from the village, attracted by the Earl's advertisement for a rich man to court his daughter, arrive at the castle and mistake each of Gwenny and Susan for Lady Betty; they are both impostors pretending to be wealthy. Betty flirts with Smith and persuades him to pretend to be the butler, which he does, donning the butler's uniform. Class distinctions disappear that evening at the servants' ball as the officers enjoy the entertainment and company of servants and gentry alike. Betty continues her flirtations with Smith and is well-pleased with the progress of her elaborate mischief. Lord Framlingham returns angrily but is soothed that his daughter's suitor is, at least, rich. The impostors are discovered, and all ends happily. Roles and original cast Count de St. Hubert – Maurice Farkoa Bill Stratford (known as Stony Stratford) – Aubrey Fitzgerald Posh Jenkins (his confederate) – Fred Emney Colonel Layton (of the East Anglian Hussars) – Leedham Bantock Major Blatherswaite (of the East Anglian Hussars) – Dennis Eadie Captain Harrington (of the East Anglian Hussars) – J. Edward Fraser Lieutenant Somerset (of",
"title": "Lady Madcap"
},
{
"docid": "414059",
"text": "The Big Apple is both a partner dance and a circle dance that originated in the Afro-American community of the United States in the beginning of the 20th century. History Origin (1860–1936) The exact origin of the Big Apple is unclear but one author suggests that the dance originated from the \"ring shout\", a group dance associated with religious observances that was founded before 1860 by African Americans on plantations in South Carolina and Georgia. The ring shout is described as a dance with \"counterclockwise circling and high arm gestures\" that resembled the Big Apple. It is still practiced today in small populations of the southern United States. The dance that eventually became known as the Big Apple is speculated to have been created in the early 1930s by African-American youth dancing at the Big Apple Club, which was at the former House of Peace Synagogue on Park Street in Columbia, South Carolina. The synagogue was converted into a black juke joint called the \"Big Apple Night Club\". In 1936, three white students from the University of South Carolina – Billy Spivey, Donald Davis, and Harold \"Goo-Goo\" Wiles – heard the music coming from the juke joint as they were driving by. Even though it was very unusual for whites to go into a black club, the three asked the club's owner, Frank \"Fat Sam\" Boyd, if they could enter. Skip Davis, the son of Donald Davis, said that \"Fat Sam made two conditions. They had to pay twenty five cents each and they had to sit in the balcony.\" During the next few months, the white students brought more friends to the night club to watch the black dancers. The white students became so fascinated with the dance that, in order to prevent the music from stopping, they would toss coins down to the black dancers below them when the dancers ran out of money. \"We had a lot of nickels with us because it took a nickel to play a song. If the music stopped and the people on the floor didn't have any money, we didn't get any more dancing. We had to feed the Nickelodeon\", recalls Harold E. Ross, who often visited the club and was 18 years old at the time. The white dancers eventually called the dance the black dancers did the \"Big Apple\", after the night club where they first saw it. Ross commented that \"We always did the best we could to imitate the steps we saw. But we called it the Little Apple. We didn't feel like we should copy the Big Apple, so we called it that.\" Rise in popularity (1937–38) During the summer of 1937, the students from the University of South Carolina started dancing the Big Apple at the Pavilion in Myrtle Beach. Betty Wood (née Henderson), a dancer who helped revive the Big Apple in the 1990s, first saw the dance there, and six months later she won a dance contest and become nicknamed \"Big Apple Betty.\"",
"title": "Big Apple (dance)"
},
{
"docid": "6426041",
"text": "The Davis Sisters were an American country music duo consisting of two unrelated singers, Skeeter Davis and Betty Jack Davis. One of the original female country groups, they are best known for their 1953 No. 1 country hit \"I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know\" and the duo's debut single \"Jealous Love\" on Fortune Records. Rise to fame and success The Davis Sisters were not related; Skeeter Davis was the stage name of Mary Frances Penick. She met Betty Jack Davis at Dixie Heights High School in Edgewood, Kentucky in 1947. They formed a close relationship as friends and musicians. Also sharing a career in the music business, singing and recording, they decided to perform as The Davis Sisters. Fortune Records The duo began appearing regularly on radio shows in nearby Cincinnati, Ohio and Detroit, Michigan. They first started recording in Detroit at Fortune Records in 1952. The pair recorded \"Jealous Love,\" (Fortune 170) a song written by Devora Brown, co-owner of the Fortune label. Two other singles followed in 1953: \"Kaw-Liga / Sorrow And Pain\" (Fortune 174) and \"Heartbreak Ahead / Steel Wool\" (Fortune 175). RCA In 1953, they landed a recording contract with RCA Records. While recording for RCA, the sessions were backed up by future country star and producer Chet Atkins. That same year, they released their first single, \"I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know\". The mournful and heartbreaking song became a No. 1 country hit, as well as a top 20 pop hit. While their vocals invoked the sound of older Appalachian harmony duos such as the Blue Sky Boys and the Delmore Brothers, the Nashville Sound backing made the overall sound more in line with their more polished contemporaries the Louvin Brothers. Tragedy and reformation Shortly after the release of \"I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know\", the Davis Sisters were in a car accident just outside of Cincinnati, Ohio on August 2, 1953, which killed Betty Jack instantly and seriously injured Skeeter. Skeeter reformed the group with Betty Jack's older sister, Georgia. The new duo continued to perform and record until 1956, but failed to have another hit. \"Georgia was a fine singer, but it just wasn't the same,\" Skeeter said in the liner notes to 1995's The Essential Skeeter Davis. Skeeter Davis went on to a successful solo career. Davis continued to perform frequently throughout much of the 1990s and into 2000. In 2001, she became incapacitated by the breast cancer that would claim her life. While Davis remained a member of the Grand Ole Opry until her death, she last appeared on the program in 2002. She died of breast cancer in a Nashville hospice, at the age of 72, on September 19, 2004. Georgia Davis died on February 16, 2022, at the age of 92. Discography Compilation albums Singles Notes References External links Davis Sisters article American country music duos Musical groups established in 1947 Musical groups disestablished in 1956 People from Grant County, Kentucky RCA Victor artists Country music",
"title": "The Davis Sisters (country duo)"
},
{
"docid": "65248050",
"text": "Caroline Davis, née Caroline Rebecca Anson, (b. July 7, 1981) is a saxophonist, flutist, composer, and educator. Background Davis was born in Singapore, Singapore, to Michael Anson (British) and actress Susanne Anson (Swedish). When she was 6 years old, her family moved to Atlanta, Georgia, and she began playing saxophone at Sequoyah Middle School. Soon after, her parents divorced and she moved with her mother to Carrollton, Texas, where she attended Blalack Middle School and Newman Smith High School. After high school, she went to The University of Texas at Arlington, where she majored in Cognitive Psychology and Music (2004). During this time, she was also introduced to the education program at Litchfield Jazz Camp, in Connecticut. Her love for jazz blossomed here, while at the same time, she continued her academic path at Northwestern University and received a Ph.D in Music Cognition in 2010. After her studies, she served as an adjunct instructor at Northwestern University, DePaul University, and Columbia College Chicago. Career in music Davis kept her involvement with the music industry throughout her years in academia, including her participation in IAJE's Sisters in Jazz Program (2006) and Betty Carter's Jazz Ahead Program (2011). In 2013, Davis moved to Brooklyn, New York to pursue her path as a professional musician. In 2018, she was at the top of DownBeat magazine's Critic's Poll Alto-Saxophone Rising Star list. In 2019, Davis was a composer-in-residence at the MacDowell Colony. Discography As leader Heart Tonic (Sunnyside, 2018) Alula (New Amsterdam, 2019) Anthems (Sunnyside, 2019) Portals Vol. 1: Mourning (Sunnyside, 2021) Live Work & Play (Ears & Eyes, 2012) Doors: Chicago Storylines (Ears & Eyes, 2015) As a sidewoman B Forrest, Back to Bodhi (self, 2015) Paul Bedal, Chatter (Ears & Eyes, 2014) Paul Bedal, Mirrors (Bace, 2018) James Davis, Angles of Refraction (Ears & Eyes, 2007) Dion Kerr, Reptile Ground (self, 2015) Lee Konitz, Old Songs New (Sunnyside, 2019) Neak, Kwesbaar (self, 2019) Neak, Love Greater (self, 2012) Pedway, Subventure (Ears & Eyes, 2008) Pedway, Passion Ball (Ears & Eyes, 2013) Saba, Comfort Zone (Saba Pivot, LLC, 2014) Curt Sydnor, Deep End Shallow (Out of Your Head, 2020) Whirlpool, This World and One More (Ears & Eyes, 2014) Whirlpool with Ron Miles, Dancing on the Inside (Ears & Eyes, 2015) Wolff Parkinson White, Favours (2020) Zing!, Magnetic Flux (Ears & Eyes, 2007) References 1981 births Living people Musicians from Brooklyn American jazz flautists American jazz saxophonists Jazz flautists Women jazz saxophonists Sunnyside Records artists",
"title": "Caroline Davis (saxophonist)"
},
{
"docid": "42593574",
"text": "\"I'll Close My Eyes\", first published in 1945, is a song written and composed by the English songwriter and bandleader Billy Reid. This song is usually performed with altered lyrics by the American songwriter Buddy Kaye. The song has become a jazz standard. Composition and recordings The original version of the song had both music and lyrics written by Billy Reid. In this original version, the song is a song of regret, with a verse introducing the theme in words which include: \"Love was mine, you gave me a chance; But my heart was not content and I lost my romance..\" The main song refrain then begins (as it does in the later version) \"I'll close my eyes\" but continues \"and make believe it's you\". The song then continues on the theme that the singer has foolishly lost his love and can now only close his eyes and imagine her in his loneliness. It was recorded with the original Billy Reid words by the English singer Dorothy Squires, who had a close association with Billy Reid. Soon after its release, new words were written for the Billy Reid tune by the American songwriter Buddy Kaye. The new words make the song more upbeat. The initial phrase of the song remains \"I'll close my eyes\" but now it continues \"...to everyone but you\". The song then continues on the theme that the singer will always be faithful, will \"lock my heart to any other caress\" and will close his eyes to see his love \"through the years\" in \"those moments when we're apart\". It thus becomes, not a song of loss, but a commitment to fidelity in a relationship which is expected to last. In this form, it was taken up by a number of singers. It was broadcast by Frances Langford with the new words as early as 1947, in a Maxwell House Radio Show. The Jazz standard \"I'll Close My Eyes\" (with Buddy Kaye lyrics) has been covered by 50+ recording artists, including the Dinah Washington (and Quincy Jones Orchestra) recording that is licensed for soundtrack use in THE BRIDGES OF MADISON COUNTY (film) and Lee Daniels’ THE BUTLER (film). List of recordings Performers who have recorded the song in vocal or instrumental versions include: Dorothy Squires (with Billy Reid's original words) - 1945 Andy Russell - 1947 Mildred Bailey - 1947 Vic Damone - 1947 Sarah Vaughan - 1957 Dinah Washington - 1957 Connie Francis. In 1959, Francis recorded both versions of the lyrics, with the same orchestral arrangement. The 1959 album released from this session was called My Thanks To You, and included only the original version of the lyrics; the recording with the later version of the lyrics was not released until 1993. Blue Mitchell - 1960 Marilyn Michaels - 1965 Joan Regan Dinah Shore Joanie Sommers Peggy Lee Cannonball Adderley and his orchestra Gene Ammons Ray Anthony Betty Scott Jimmy Beaumont Big Maybelle Bob Montgomery Donna Fuller Kenny Burrell Hank Crawford Barrett Deems Joan Griffith",
"title": "I'll Close My Eyes (song)"
},
{
"docid": "26109640",
"text": "Elizabeth Noyes Hand (October 11, 1912 – December 24, 1987) was an American singer and actress best known for dubbing two of Debbie Reynolds' numbers in the 1952 film Singin' in the Rain. Today, this is a well-known example of dubbing in a film musical: While Reynolds's character was the \"ghost singer\" dubbing for another character, her singing voice was actually dubbed by Noyes. She is also known for singing the song \"Baby Mine\" in the Disney film Dumbo (1941), which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. However, she was not given screen credit for this performance. (None of the voice actors for Dumbo were credited on screen.) Known career Noyes began her career in 1938 in The Debutantes, a trio of young women in the Ted Fio Rito big band. They made the original recording of \"My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua, Hawaii.\" As a member of The Debutantes (with Marjorie Briggs, Dottie Hill and Dorothy Compton), she contributed vocals for Candy Candido and the Debutantes. In 1947, she was in a quartet called \"The Girlfriends,\" a regular feature on several NBC Radio programs, including The Bill Goodwin Show, The Carnation Contented Hour, and with Bing Crosby. Norma Zimmer, Lawrence Welk's \"Champagne Lady,\" was also in the group. Noyes and other members of the quartet became \"First Call\" studio singers and can be heard on many movie musicals for two decades, including The Wizard of Oz (1939), White Christmas (1954), and The Sound of Music (1965). She also appeared on-camera in several movies and television series, including regular appearances on The Dinah Shore Show and an episode of I Love Lucy titled \"Lucy Goes to Scotland.\" She appeared as a mother who sings a brief solo in the 1965 television movie Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella, along with fellow dubber Bill Lee. On-screen movie credits include I Married an Angel (1942), the Don Knotts comedy The Love God? (1969), and Abbott and Costello's Jack and the Beanstalk (1952). Her other singing credits include recordings with Ken Darby and Jack Halloren, and singing and voice work for the \"Ice Follies.\" Personal life Betty Noyes was married to Milton Hand, a football and PE coach at Los Angeles City College. They had two daughters, Susan and Deborah. The family lived in Studio City, California. Betty and her husband eventually retired to Balboa Island, Calif. Betty's name has sometimes been incorrectly noted as 'Betty Royce', including in Debbie Reynolds's autobiography. Betty Noyes died on December 24, 1987, at the age of 75, in Los Angeles, CA. Confirmed work Dumbo (1941) uncredited as singer of \"Baby Mine\" I Married an Angel (1942) uncredited specialty bit in Paris Honeymoon sequence Singin' in the Rain (1952) uncredited as the singing voice of Debbie Reynolds on \"Would You\" and \"You Are My Lucky Star.\" Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954) singing voice of Ruta Kilmonis (later known as Ruta Lee) I Love Lucy (1 episode, 1956) as Townsperson in \"Lucy Goes to Scotland\"",
"title": "Betty Noyes"
},
{
"docid": "28152518",
"text": "The Betty Boop Movie Mystery (also known as Betty Boop's Hollywood Mystery) is a 1989 animated special starring Betty Boop. Story The story is set in the 1930s, reflecting on the original Max Fleischer style of animation. Betty works as a waitress in a diner with her friends Bimbo the musical dog and Koko the Clown. Betty and her friends entertain the customers with a Hawaiian hula revue. The trio are seen entertaining the customers by Diner Dan who owns the diner; he gets very angry and fires Betty and her friends. While searching for a new job they bump into detective Sam Slade, who hires Betty and her pals to go undercover for him as musical detectives to keep an eye on Hollywood movie star Lola DaVille's diamond necklace. The lights go out and Lola's necklace is stolen. Betty is left holding the smoke gun, the police arrest Betty, and she is carted off to jail. Bimbo and Koko break Betty out of jail, then head over to Moolah Studios where they find out that Lola's secretary, Miss Green, was behind the robbery, and that her accomplice was the detective Sam Slade. The pursuit ends on a Busby Berkeley set, Lola DaVille receives her diamond necklace and Sam Slade and Miss Green are both arrested by the police. A singing telegram from Betty's old boss, Diner Dan, pleads Betty and her friends to return to the diner, to which Betty agrees. Betty then finishes the story by singing \"You don't have to be star to be star,\" and says the best place to be is with your friends. Cast Melissa Fahn as Betty Boop Lucille Bliss as Miss Green Hamilton Camp as Maxwell Movieola Jodi Carlisle as Lola DaVille Michael Bell William Farmer as Prop Man Toby Gleason Gregory Jones Randi Merzon Roger Rose James Ward External links 1989 animated films 1989 television films Animated films set in the 1930s Betty Boop cartoons 1980s animated short films 1989 films 1980s American animated films 1980s English-language films",
"title": "The Betty Boop Movie Mystery"
},
{
"docid": "17114064",
"text": "Betty Hall Jones (January 11, 1911 – April 20, 2009), was an American boogie-woogie pianist, singer, songwriter and arranger. Biography She was born Cordell Elizabeth Bigbee in Topeka, Kansas. Archie Bigbee, her father, was a part-time cornetist and leader of a brass band. Music ran through her family. She learned piano from her uncle in California, where she was raised after her family moved there in 1921. She learned piano, starting at the age of five, going through her first year of college. A Las Vegas Columnist once described Betty Hall Jones as a \"tiny 70-year-old black songstress-pianist who tore up the joint.\" Around 1927, she married a banjoist, George Hall, and then had two children but divorced after a few years. In 1936, as Betty Hall, she got a job as a backup pianist for Buster Moten in Kansas City. She returned to Los Angeles to play with Roy Milton from 1937 through 1941, then joined Luke Jones' trio, with whom she recorded. Additionally, she was also the colluder of the Satin Dolls, a group of musicians, Dixieland. She married Jasper Jones in the early part of the decade, taking the name Betty Hall Jones. By 1942 she had joined Paul Howard's Quality Serenaders as pianist and arranger, but also led her own Betty Hall Jones Trio in clubs and hotels, mostly in southern California where she was raising her children. Her family did not approve of the type of music that she was involved in. She died in Torrance, California, in 2009, aged 98. Career In 1946 she wrote songs recorded by Alton Redd's band, and, with Luke Jones, recorded with Joe Alexander's Highlanders on the Atlas label. She also recorded under her own name in 1947 for Atomic Records, leading a group that included Jones and, on some recordings, saxophonist Maxwell Davis. She signed for Capitol Records in 1949, and released a string of singles on the label including \"This Joint's Too Hip For Me\", probably her best-known recording. As a writer, her songs were recorded by Ray Charles (\"Ain't That Fine\") and Nellie Lutcher (\"My New Papa's Got To Have Everything\"). However, her own recordings were not chart hits. She left the Capitol label the following year, but continued to perform widely, and recorded for the Dootone and Combo labels in the early 1950s. She worked at the Hotel Sorrento in Seattle, Washington, for seven years, and became noted for the flamboyant hats which she wore while performing, switching from one to another between songs. Betty performed a large number of shows for charity. She performed charity shows for the USO and routinely performed for nursing homes. A compilation of her recordings, The Complete Recordings 1947-1954, was issued in 2005. She was the mother of two children, and married, then divorced, George Hal. She professed to admire Mary Lou Williams, Art Tatum, Teddy Wilson, Fats Waller, Pete Johnson, and Duke Ellington as influences and peers. Tours In the 1960s and 1970s she did USO tours in",
"title": "Betty Hall Jones"
},
{
"docid": "24485708",
"text": "The Co-Optimists is an all-talking sound 1929 British musical film revue directed by Edwin Greenwood and Laddie Cliff and starring Davy Burnaby, Stanley Holloway and Betty Chester. It was made at Twickenham Studios. The film was broken up into parts and re-released as six short films in 1931. Production background The film consists of excerpts from the stage musical of the same name which was devised by Davy Burnaby in 1921. The Co-Optimists consisted of a troupe of actors and singers and became largely successful by touring seaside resorts throughout England. The show opened in London on 21 June 1921 and closed on 4 August 1927. The film was produced by Gordon Craig Productions and was directed by Laddie Cliff (who also starred in the film) and Edwin Greenwood. This film also provided Stanley Holloway with his second film appearance having been with the troupe from the start. In December 1926, co-star Betty Chester appeared in a short film made in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process, singing the song 'Pig-Tail Alley' from the show. Cast Davy Burnaby Laddie Cliff Melville Gideon Gilbert Childs Stanley Holloway Phyllis Monkman Betty Chester Elsa MacFarlane Peggy Petronella Harry S. Pepper Critical response Hal Erickson of All Movie Guide noted that the revue had recently finished its U.S. run at the time of this film's release. He criticized the film for its stagy presentation. He stated that the film was poorly received by the critics, although Burnaby as master of ceremonies was praised. See also List of early sound feature films (1926–1929) References External links Answers.com IMDB NYTimes Movies BFI Database entry CITWF entry MyProducer entry The Filter entry OV Guide entry Fandango Blockbuster Starpulse 1929 films Films directed by Edwin Greenwood British black-and-white films Films shot at Twickenham Film Studios Concert films 1929 musical films 1929 documentary films 1920s English-language films 1920s British films British musical documentary films",
"title": "The Co-Optimists (film)"
},
{
"docid": "31027712",
"text": "Rah is a 1962 studio album by Mark Murphy, arranged by Ernie Wilkins. This was Murphy's first Riverside Records album, and he is supported by an orchestra including Bill Evans, Wynton Kelly, Urbie Green, Ernie Royal, Clark Terry and Jimmy Cobb. Reception Down Beat magazine critic John A. Tynan reviewed the album for the April 12, 1962 issue and stated: \"Murphy should thank his lucky stars for, among other things such as his talent, Ernie Wilkins. Wilkins has written a set of arrangements for the young jazz singer that should turn Frank Sinatra green with envy. Much of the album's success is due to the arranger's pen. The Allmusic review by Eugene Chadbourne awarded the album four stars and said that Rah \"has worn well over the years...On tracks such as \"Green Dolphin Street,\" he dives into the rhythm with the relaxed calm of an expert. And when the result can be the harebrained complexity of \"Twisted\" or the funky timing of \"Doodlin',\" the wisdom of letting the experts handle the hard work has never been more apparent\" The original version of \"My Favourite Things\" on the session featured hip lyrics, including lines like \"Ol' Ernie Wilkins he sure gives you wings\", but these new lyrics were deemed inappropriate by composer Richard Rodgers and as a result Riverside Records/Mark Murphy were asked to substitute a 'straight' shorter version of it, but with the same arrangement. Another track left off the original album is \"I'll Be Seeing You\" for much the same reason. These original versions (still available in Japan) have become a collector's piece. In the entry for Mark Murphy in MusicHound Jazz: The Essential Album Guide, Andrew Gilbert calls Rah! Murphy's \"breakthrough album\", a \"classic session\" with \"a heartbreaking version of \"Angel Eyes\", a \"definitive\" \"Doodlin',\" \"and a roller coaster version of Miles Davis's \"Milestones\", with Murphy \"surrounded by players who know how to swing\". The album is assigned 5 bones. Track listing \"Angel Eyes\" (Earl Brent, Matt Dennis) - 3:12 \"On Green Dolphin Street\" (Bronislaw Kaper, Ned Washington) - 3:44 \"Stoppin' the Clock\" (Kral, Fran Landesman) - 3:10 \"Spring Can Really Hang You up the Most\" (Landesman, Tommy Wolf) - 3:49 \"No Tears for Me\" (Huddleston, McIntyre) - 3:12 \"Out of This World\" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer) - 4:50 \"Milestones\" (Miles Davis) - 2:30 \"My Favorite Things\" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) - 2:17 \"Doodlin'\" (Horace Silver) - 3:30 \"Li'l Darlin'\" (Neal Hefti, Jon Hendricks) - 5:01 \"Twisted\" (Wardell Gray, Annie Ross) - 2:25 \"I'll Be Seeing You\" (only on Milestones 6064) -2:01 \"My Favorite Things\" (Long AND short version- only on Milestones 6064) - 2:56 & 2:13 \"It's Like Love\" (only on Dutch pressing) - 2:32 (Arranged by Al Cohn) Personnel Mark Murphy - vocals Clark Terry, Blue Mitchell, Joe Wilder, Bernie Glow or Ernie Royal - trumpets Jimmy Cleveland, Urbie Green or Melba Liston - trombones Wynton Kelly or Bill Evans - piano Barry Galbraith or Sam Herman - guitar George Duvivier or Art Davis -",
"title": "Rah (Mark Murphy album)"
},
{
"docid": "15147564",
"text": "Sally Jane Bruce (born December 2, 1948, in Los Angeles, California) is an American former child performer, best known for playing little Pearl Harper in Charles Laughton's 1955 film noir The Night of the Hunter. Life and career Sally Jane Bruce was born on December 2, 1948, in Los Angeles; the daughter of country singer Jewell Edwards, who worked with Spade Cooley and his Orchestra. The Night of the Hunter Before Charles Laughton cast five-year-old Sally Jane for the role of little Pearl Harper in his thriller classic The Night of the Hunter, she was already considered a veteran of TV, radio, and such films as Kids Will Be Kids (aka Mischief Makers or Best Dog Wins as the working title of the 1954 16 minute short film by Jules White was also known). According to a United Artists press release, mentioned in Preston Neal Jones' documentary book on the shooting of The Night of the Hunter: \"... she got her big break by singing with a full orchestra for a contest sponsored by a Los Angeles newspaper. Winning that competition led to her first role in a Joan Davis comedy, and ultimately to the attention of (producer) Paul Gregory\". Laughton later told Davis Grubb, the original author of the story, that he found little Sally Jane to be \"a repulsive, little insensitive pie-faced 'teacher’s pet'\" — and yet, this was precisely why he cast her as Pearl. The Pretty Fly The Pretty Fly song was sung live and a cappella by Sally Jane while shooting the scene on the river stage, but because of her too fragile voice, tendency to speed up the phrases, and noise of the river, it was replaced by a studio recording made by a professional singer, Betty Benson. Post-acting career After The Night of the Hunter, there are no further acting roles of Sally Jane Bruce recorded to date. Until her retirement, Sally Jane Bruce worked as a grade school teacher and faculty advisor in Santa Maria, California, teaching young children about gardening and the meaning of the environment. Family Sally Jane Bruce married Peter Woelper in 1973 and divorced him in 1991. She now lives in Arroyo Grande, California. References She now goes by her married name Sally Corwin Woelper. Sources Preston Neal Jones, Heaven & Hell To Play With: The Filming of The Night of the Hunter, Limelight Editions, New York, 2002. (on the shooting of The Night of the Hunter, 1955) External links 1948 births Living people 20th-century American actresses American child actresses American film actresses Schoolteachers from California American women educators Actresses from Los Angeles People from Arroyo Grande, California People from Santa Maria, California 21st-century American women",
"title": "Sally Jane Bruce"
},
{
"docid": "59640376",
"text": "Betty is the third studio album by Australian-American singer Betty Who, released on 15 February 2019. The album was preceded by the singles \"Ignore Me\", \"Taste\", \"Between You & Me\", and \"I Remember\". It is Who's first studio album under the independent record label AWAL, after previously being signed to RCA Records for most of her early career. Betty has been described as a synth-pop and dance-pop album. Background and recording On 19 January 2018, Who released \"Ignore Me\", her first single as an independent artist after parting ways with RCA Records in 2017. She felt it was a necessary step, as the sometimes lagging and slow-paced corporate nature of record labels prevented her from releasing music at the pace she wanted to. In 2018, Who released a remixed version of Widelife's \"All Things (Just Keep Getting Better)\" to be used as the theme song for season two of the Netflix reboot Queer Eye. A music video was released featuring the cast of Queer Eye and Who. On 14 November 2018, \"Between You and Me\" was released as another new single. It was the first single from her then-forthcoming album that had not been previously released on the album's precursory EP. With the release of this single, Betty Who used different shades of blue and photos of herself on her social media profiles to release lyrics to the song. The lyrics that were revealed were \"You've got one hand on the wheel\", \"Sitting at the red light, tensions are high, vibe you could cut with a knife\", and \"just between you & me, I can feel something here, wondering if you do too\". An Instagram post by Betty Who on the day after the release showed that the single already had 22,310 streams on Spotify, and had risen to 31,000 streams two hours later. By 12 December 2018, streams had surpassed 500,000. The music video for this song dropped on 28 November 2018, in which Betty Who plays herself as well as her own love interest. She performed \"Language\" on Full Frontal with Samantha Bee in August 2019. A music video was for \"The One\" was released on 20 February 2020. Release Betty was released on 15 February 2019 to all major digital music stores and streaming platforms. The album saw a physical release on both CD and vinyl on 5 April 2019 and 3 May 2019, respectively. It peaked at number 24 on the US Independent Albums chart and number 86 on the Top Current Albums charts. Critical reception Betty received generally positive reviews from critics, with PopMatters praising the album's exploration of '80s synth-pop as well as comparing it to the works of Carly Rae Jepsen, Robyn, Britney Spears and The 1975. Track listing Charts Betty, Pt. 1 Betty, Pt.1 is the fourth extended play by Australian singer Betty Who. It was released on 15 June 2018 to digital retailers. The songs \"Just Thought You Should Know\", \"Taste\", and \"Ignore Me\" would later appear on Who's third studio",
"title": "Betty (Betty Who album)"
},
{
"docid": "99316",
"text": "Elizabeth \"Betty\" Cooper is one of the main characters appearing in American comic books published by Archie Comics. She is the lead guitarist, percussionist and one of the three singers of The Archies. The character was created by Bob Montana and John L. Goldwater, and first appeared in Pep Comics #22 (cover-dated Dec. 1941), on the first page of the first Archie story, serving as a love interest to Archie Andrews. Betty is in love with Archie, which drives her attempts to win his affections by whatever means possible, and her rivalry with her best friend, vocalist/keyboardist Veronica Lodge, have been among the longest-running themes in the comics. She is portrayed by Lili Reinhart in Riverdale and Khushi Kapoor in The Archies. Publication history Betty was named for, and originally based on, Betty Tokar Jankovich, a Czech immigrant who briefly dated Archie co-creator Bob Montana in 1939 when she was 18. Created to serve as a love interest for Archie Andrews, she is portrayed as a smart, talented, sweet, tomboyish yet beautiful girl with blonde hair and blue eyes. In addition to appearing in many Archie stories, Betty was the star of two long-running comic book titles published by Archie Comics during the period 1965–2012: Betty and Me (later styled as Betty & Me), which published 200 issues from Aug. 1965 to Aug. 1992; and Betty, which published 195 issues from Sept. 1992 to Jan. 2012. She also was featured in Betty's Diary, which published 40 issues from Apr. 1986–Apr. 1990. Currently, Betty is the co-star of Betty and Veronica Digest Magazine, now known as B&V Friends Double Digest, which was launched in Nov. 1980 and has published more than 250 issues; and Betty and Veronica Double Digest, which has published 250+ issues since June 1987. She was the co-star of Betty and Veronica, which ran for 347 issues (and eight annuals) from March 1950–April 1987. A new Betty and Veronica series published 278 issues from June 1987–late 2015. The limited series Betty and Veronica, taking place in their rebooted New Riverdale universe, was published in 2017. Betty and Veronica also co-starred in: Betty and Veronica Spectacular (90 issues, Oct. 1992–July 2009) Betty and Veronica Summer Fun (six annual issues, 1994–1999) Fictional character biography Betty Cooper is the third and youngest child and second daughter of Hal Cooper and Alice Cooper. Her older brother Chic Cooper and older sister Polly Cooper has moved out of Riverdale, their hometown. Chic moved to New York City and Polly to San Francisco, but both occasionally appear in flashbacks to Betty's childhood, and both occasionally visit their family. The quintessential girl next door, Betty's middle class upbringing is a world apart from the flashy lifestyle of her wealthy friend, Veronica Lodge. Nowhere is this more evident than when she and Veronica are competing for Archie Andrews' heart, and yet they remain best friends (Veronica once told Archie that she and Betty are only rivals in unimportant matters, like boys). In the late 1960s, the",
"title": "Betty Cooper"
},
{
"docid": "32453304",
"text": "Valley of Song is a 1953 British comedy drama film directed by Gilbert Gunn and starring Mervyn Johns, Clifford Evans, Maureen Swanson and the London Welsh Association Choral Society. It marked the film debut of actress Rachel Roberts. It was released in the U.S. as Men Are Children Twice. Premise Fierce rivalries flare to the surface in a small Welsh town over a coveted role in the local choir. Cast Mervyn Johns as Minister Griffiths Clifford Evans as Geraint Llewellyn Maureen Swanson as Olwen Davies John Fraser as Cliff Lloyd Rachel Thomas as Mrs. Lloyd Betty Cooper as Mrs. Davies Rachel Roberts as Bessie Lewis Hugh Pryse as Lloyd, Undertaker Edward Evans as Davies Kenneth Williams as Lloyd the Haulage Alun Owen as Pritchard Ronald Lewis as Uncredited role Desmond Llewelyn as Lloyd the Schoolmaster Production Filmed on location in Carmarthenshire in 1952, as well as at Elstree Studios, Valley of Song marks the first film appearance of Rachel Roberts and the first film credit of Kenneth Williams, both of whom worked together in Swansea repertory theatre in 1950 under the directorship of Clifford Evans, who also stars in the film. Release After the initial trade screening to cinema bookers on 26 February 1953, Valley of Song had four simultaneous World premieres in Wales, opening at cinemas in Cardiff, Newport, Merthyr Tydfil, and Swansea, all on 13 April 1953. Critical reception Eye for Film noted \"an enjoyable if somewhat low-key story which, at 72 minutes in length, would make for a suitably harmonious Sunday afternoon. From the whistle of the steam trains, to the film’s score, provided courtesy of the London Welsh Association Choral Society, Valley Of Song is a pleasing if utterly unchallenging delight.\" References External links 1953 films 1953 comedy-drama films British comedy-drama films Films shot at Associated British Studios Films set in Wales Films directed by Gilbert Gunn British black-and-white films 1950s English-language films 1950s British films",
"title": "Valley of Song"
},
{
"docid": "60239675",
"text": "All Together Now is a British reality television music competition which first aired on BBC One on 27 January 2018. It is presented by Rob Beckett and Geri Halliwell (credited as Geri Horner). Michael Rice was crowned the winner of the first series on 3 March 2018. A second series was announced on 28 March 2018. The Performers The Performers are a mix of soloists and groups. They were cast to include a diverse range of ages, backgrounds and genres, including pop, rock, soul, jazz, musicals, and classical. The casting was open to all and the show attracted performers with minimal public performance experience through to seasoned performers who have appeared on major stages and theatres. Performances Result's colour key Artist advanced to the final with the highest score Artist did not score enough points to place inside the Top 3 Artist advanced to the sing-off in 2nd and 3rd place Heat 1 (27 January) Opening song: \"I've Got the Music in Me\" – The Kiki Dee Band (Solos: Larissa, Maxine, Nigel, Nathaniel, Kiki, James, Milad, Divina, Geri, Mr Fabulous and Lindsay) Michael advanced to the final. Sing-Off details Heat 2 (3 February) End Song:\"Best Song Ever\" – One Direction Running order Tabi advanced to the final. Sing-Off details Heat 3 (10 February) Ending Song:\"I'm Still Standing\" — Elton John Running order Jodie advanced to the final. Sing-Off details Heat 4 (17 February) End Song:\"Flashdance... What a Feeling\" from Flashdance Running order Victoria advanced to the final. Sing-Off details Heat 5 (24 February) End Song: The Edge of Glory – Lady Gaga Running order James advanced to the final. Sing-Off details The Final (3 March) Beginning Song: \"Greatest Day\" — Take That End Song: \"Can't Stop the Feeling — Justin Timberlake Running order Sing-Off details The 100 The 100 are a range of music experts and performers from across the UK. Members of the 100 include: Geri Horner, former member of the Spice Girls. Andy McGeoch, a jingle writer and lead singer with rock band Tasty. Kelly Wilde, an 80's singer and UK cabaret artist. Daisy Dance, formally known as Daizy Agnew, a singer-songwriter and member of UK girlband Girls Can't Catch. Lindsay Dracass, who represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2001. Gabz, a rapper who was a finalist on Britain's Got Talent in 2013. Divina de Campo (Owen Farrow), a drag queen who runs a cabaret bar in Manchester called Kiki, and who would later be a runner-up in RuPaul's Drag Race UK. Nikki Lamborn - Singer, Vocal Coach, Actress. Vocalist with Band Never The Bride, London Vocal Coach. Paulus, aka Paul Martin, a cabaret compere. James Lomas, the West End's original Billy Elliot in the musical. Lili Davies, a Romanian-born pub singer going by the name ‘Magic Betty’, who appeared on Britain's Got Talent in 2020. Lili La Scala, a cabaret singer. Chloe Akam, an opera and rock singer from Hampshire. Sophie Armstrong, a singer from Northumberland and part of the acoustic duo Summerland. Joanna",
"title": "All Together Now (British TV series) series 1"
},
{
"docid": "1062713",
"text": "Richard Davies (born 22 July 1944) is an English musician, singer and songwriter best known as founder, vocalist and keyboardist of the rock band Supertramp. Davies was its only constant member, and composed some of the band's best known songs, including \"Rudy\", \"Bloody Well Right\", \"Crime of the Century\" , \"From Now On\", \"Ain't Nobody But Me\", \"Gone Hollywood\", \"Goodbye Stranger\", \"Just Another Nervous Wreck\", \"Cannonball\", and \"I'm Beggin' You\". He is generally noted for his rhythmic blues piano solos and jazz-tinged progressive rock compositions and cynical lyrics. Starting with the self-titled Supertramp in 1970, Davies shared lead vocals with Supertramp songwriting partner Roger Hodgson until the latter's departure in 1983, at which point he became the sole lead vocalist of the group. Davies's voice is deeper than Hodgson's, and he usually employs a raspy baritone which stands in stark contrast to his bandmate's tenor. However, he occasionally sings in a falsetto which superficially resembles Hodgson's vocals, such as on \"Goodbye Stranger\" and \"My Kind of Lady\". Biography and career Early life Richard Davies was born in Swindon, Wiltshire in 1944 to Betty and Dick Davies. Betty was a hairdresser and ran a salon, and Dick was a merchant navy man, who died in 1973. Rick went to Sanford Street School and, according to mother Betty: \"Music was the only thing he was any good at at school.\" His first musical stirrings were at the age of eight, when his parents gave him a secondhand radiogram which included a few records left by the previous owner. Among them were Drummin' Man by drumming legend Gene Krupa, and, in Davies's own words, \"it hit like a thunderbolt\". \"I must have played it 2,000 times,\" he said. \"That was it.\" A friend of the family made Rick a makeshift drum kit out of a biscuit tin, and at the age of 12 he joined the British Railways Staff Association Brass and Silver Jubilee Band as a snare drummer. In an interview in 2002 he said: \"As a kid, I used to hear the drums marching along the street in England, in my home town, when there was some kind of parade, and it was the most fantastic sound to me. Then, eventually, I got some drums and I took lessons. I was serious about it... I figured if I could do that – I mean a real drummer, read music and play with big bands, rock bands, classical, Latin, and know what I was going to do – I would be in demand and my life was set... Eventually, I started fiddling with the keyboards, and that seemed to go over better than my drumming, for some reason. So you've gotta go with what people react to.\" He never had lessons for keyboards, but, according to Betty Davies, \"taught himself most of what he knows about music\". By 1959, his attention had been captured by rock 'n' roll, and he joined a band called Vince and the Vigilantes. In 1962, while studying",
"title": "Rick Davies"
},
{
"docid": "13079546",
"text": "Cassie Davis (born 1987) is an Australian singer and songwriter from Perth. Her debut album, Differently, was released in 2009. Biography Davis was born in Gnangara, Western Australia, the second child of a family of four. Her father, Steven, is a pastor in Perth. Davis' parents introduced her to music. Davis recorded her first songs on her home computer at age twelve. In 1999, she did work experience at a local recording studio for three years and learnt how to use mics, song arranging, basic producing and how to make a good recording. Davis then enrolled at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA), where she studied sound engineering and production. In 2003 she travelled to the United States, accompanied by her elder sister, Emma, who handles the business side of their label, 12 Stones. . Her younger brother, Joseph, plays guitar in her band. Davis wrote and recorded the majority of her album independently. She also worked with producer Printz Board, producer Rodney Jerkins and songwriter/producer Wayne Wilkins who has already brought her in to work on a number of writing and production projects. In a 2009 article in Rolling Stone Australia, she describes herself as Career 2009–present: Differently Davis landed a worldwide four-album deal with Sony BMG through her label 12 Stones. Her debut release was the single \"Like It Loud\" which reached No. 11 on the ARIA singles chart. Davis performed \"Like It Loud\" on Week 2: Top 18 Results episode of So You Think You Can Dance Australia backed by her band and 50 dancers. In support of her single \"Like It Loud\", Davis joined forces with Australian clothing label Supre to create a limited edition T-shirt. Cathy Van Der Meulen said \"Cassie is such an exciting new talent and represents everything our brand stands for in an Australian girl...fun, fashionable and forward thinking. Cassie is going to be an Australian icon not unlike Supre.\" Her second single \"Differently\" was released in Australia on 24 April 2009. The music video features Travis McCoy, Printz Board and Fish from Fishbone. The third single, \"Do it Again\", was co-written by former Australian artist Leah Haywood, and Daniel James and produced under Haywood and James moniker Dreamlab. 'Do it Again' was released digitally and physically on 7 August. Davis' debut album was released 14 August 2009. Cassie Davis' second single \"Differently\" was certified Gold on 18 September 2009. Confirmed via her Twitter page Cassie Davis also wrote and appears on Warren G's 2009 album The G Files, with Snoop Dogg on the track \"Swagger Rich\" which appeared on the final season of Ugly Betty. Cassie is currently the ambassador for Camp Quality and their new program for high school students \"The Teenage Alchemist\" which is the children's family cancer charity that believes in bring optimism and happiness to the lives of children and families affected by cancer through fun therapy. \"I'm thrilled to be helping Camp Quality spread optimism through high schools and to be involved in educating",
"title": "Cassie Davis"
},
{
"docid": "18510299",
"text": "Elizabeth Peke Davis (1803–1860) was a Hawaiian Kingdom high chiefess, being the hapa haole daughter of Isaac Davis, the Welsh advisor of Kamehameha I, who helped him unify the island in 1810. She was the wife of George Prince Kaumualii, also known as Humehume. Early life Betty was born on February 12, 1803 or December 24, 1803, at Waimea, Hawaii Island. Her 45-year-old father, Isaac Davis from Milford Haven, Wales, known as Aikake by Hawaiians, was one of Kamehameha's closest friends and advisors. He was treated like nobility due to his service. He was given the title High Chief, and owned vast tracts of land. Her mother was the chiefess Kalukuna, a relative of Kamehameha I, and her father's second wife. She was given the name of Elizabeth and often referred to as Betty or Peke, the Hawaiian version of Betty. She was the youngest sister of Sarah \"Kale\" Kaniaulono Davis and George Hueu Davis. Tragedy would strike her father in 1810. Aikake was poisoned by the chiefs who disliked the peaceful capitulation of the Kingdom of Kauai, under King Kaumualii, into a vassal state of King Kamehameha. After his death, his close companion, John Young, looked after Betty and her brother and sister. Two of them were living with him in 1807, and after Davis's murder Young continued to raise them along with his own five children James, her future-brother-in-law; Fanny, mother of Emma Rooke; Grace, hānai (foster) mother of Emma; John, future premier or kuhina nui; and Jane, mother of Peter Kaeo and Albert Kunuiakea, at his homestead at Kawaihae. In his will, dated 1834, Young divided his lands equally between all his and Davis's children. Marriages Betty married twice. Her first marriage was to Humehume, known as George Prince Kaumualii, the son of King Kaumualii and a commoner. George was five years her senior and a veteran of the War of 1812. Due to her mother-in-law's status, George was not in line to follow the father as King or even vassal king of Kauai. George was well educated, having been to New England for an education. Soon after arriving on The Thaddeus, he met and married Peke Davis. He called her his \"rib\". They sailed to Kauai to reunite with King Kaumualii. After the death of his father, Kauai was unstable. Many chiefs did not want to follow the new government under King Kamehameha. During the Rebellion of 1824, Humehume and others lost to the forces of Kamehameha. Humehume and Betty were caught and brought to Honolulu, where he died less than two years later from the flu. Betty was a widow at age 23. George and Betty had a son in early 1821, but the boy died in February 1823. Mercy Whitney described the burial: \"A regular procession of two and two followed the corpse. Going into the fort in which the grave was dug seemed like entering a burying ground, more so than anything I have witnessed since I left America.\" The fort referred to",
"title": "Elizabeth Peke Davis"
},
{
"docid": "18350648",
"text": "The Folkways Years, 1959–1961 is a compilation album of songs by Dave Van Ronk released in 1991. Reception Writing for Allmusic, critic William Ruhlman wrote of Van Ronk's musical background and that he continued to \"... play and sing hard, as if still trying to be heard over Dixieland arrangements. That sounded unusual to the more polite folk audiences of the time, in contrast to singers who played tame versions of traditional folk and blues tunes. But more than three decades later, it keeps Van Ronk's performances from sounding as dated as those of many of his peers do. Nobody worries much anymore about an articulate, urban white man trying to sound like an unlettered, rural black man, and these recordings have proven very influential... If he was imitating the originators at the time, now he sounds like a master whose work has been emulated by the rock musicians who followed him (and who made a lot more money doing so than he ever did).\" Track listing \"Duncan and Brady\" – 3:00 \"Hesitation Blues\" (Davis) – 2:32 \"In the Pines\" – 3:04 \"Willie the Weeper\" (Bloom, Melrose, Rymal) – 2:47 \"Twelve Gates to the City\" – 3:12 \"River Come Down\" – 3:43 \"Careless Love\" (Handy, Koenig, Williams) – 3:56 \"Betty and Dupree\" (McGhee) – 3:34 \"Bed Bug Blues\" – 2:43 \"Leave Her Johnny\" – 1:26 \"Yas-Yas-Yas\" (Traditional) – 2:05 \"Please See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" – 2:54 \"Winin' Boy\" – 2:35 \"Just a Closer Walk With Thee\" (Traditional) – 3:00 \"Gambler's Blues\" (Traditional) – 2:42 \"Spike Driver's Moan\" – 3:11 \"Georgie on the IRT\" – 3:28 \"Come Back Baby\" (Davis) – 3:51 \"Black Mountain Blues\" – 4:00 \"My Baby's So Sweet\" – 2:32 References 1990 compilation albums Dave Van Ronk compilation albums Smithsonian Folkways compilation albums",
"title": "The Folkways Years, 1959–1961"
},
{
"docid": "1222909",
"text": "June Haver (born Beverly June Stovenour; June 10, 1926 – July 4, 2005) was an American film actress, singer and dancer. Once groomed by 20th Century Fox to be \"the next Betty Grable,\" Haver appeared in a string of musicals, but she never achieved Grable's popularity. Haver's second husband was the actor Fred MacMurray, whom she married after she retired from showbusiness. Early life Beverly June Stovenour was born in Rock Island, Illinois, and later took the surname of her stepfather, Bert Haver. Her mother Maria Haver (née Carter) was an actress and her father Fred Christian Stovenour was a musician. After the family moved to Ohio, seven-year-old Haver entered and won a contest of the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. At age eight, she won a film test by imitating famous actresses including Greta Garbo, Katharine Hepburn and Helen Hayes, but her mother prohibited her from becoming a child actress because she felt that Haver was too young to work in the film industry. When Haver was 10, the family returned to Rock Island, where she began performing for Rudy Vallée and became a well-known child star on the radio. She worked regularly as a band singer by the time that she was in her teens, performing with the Ted Fio Rito Orchestra for $75 a week. She also worked with bandleaders Dick Jurgens and Freddy Martin. Career In the summer of 1942, Haver moved to Hollywood, where she finished high school. She acted in plays in her spare time, and during a performance as a southern belle, she was discovered by a scout from 20th Century Fox. In 1943, Haver signed a $3,500-per-week contract with the studio and made her film debut playing an uncredited role as a hat-check girl in The Gang's All Here. She was dropped shortly after because the studio executives felt that she looked too young, but she was later signed again after her costume and hairstyle were changed. 20th Century Fox had plans to mold Haver as a glamour girl stand-in for the studio's two greatest stars, Alice Faye and Betty Grable. She debuted on screen in a supporting role as Cri-Cri in Home in Indiana (1944) and had just turned 17 years old when her scenes were filmed. Even before Home in Indiana was released, she was assigned to replace Faye in the Technicolor musical Irish Eyes Are Smiling. Later that year, she costarred with her future husband Fred MacMurray in Where Do We Go From Here?, which was the only time that the pair appeared together in a film. During her career at Fox, Haver was originally groomed to be the next Betty Grable (standing a diminutive 5'2\", she was known as \"Pocket Grable\"). She costarred with Grable in the 1945 film The Dolly Sisters, for which she had to gain weight. While filming, rumors about a possible clash between the two actresses arose, mostly because of their frequent comparison, but Haver said: \"Betty is a big star and I'm just starting.",
"title": "June Haver"
},
{
"docid": "7131955",
"text": "The Force Behind the Power is the nineteenth studio album by American singer Diana Ross, released on September 10, 1991, by Motown Records. The album reached No. 11 on the UK Albums chart and became the biggest selling studio album of her career there, selling over half a million copies in the UK alone. Singles The album spun off five hit singles in the UK - most successfully \"When You Tell Me That You Love Me\" which reached No. 2 on the UK Singles chart (and No. 26 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary Songs chart), earning a BPI Silver disc for UK sales of over 200,000 copies. \"One Shining Moment\" and the album's Stevie Wonder-produced title track reached Numbers 10 and 27 on the UK Singles chart respectively. If We Hold on Together reached No. 11 on the UK Singles chart and No. 23 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary Songs chart, while a cover of Barbra Streisand's \"Heart (Don't Change My Mind)\" reached No. 31 on the UK Singles chart. \"No Matter What You Do\" - her duet with Al B. Sure! - was a major US R&B hit where it peaked at number 4 on the Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs chart, while \"You're Gonna Love It\" written by Cydney Davis and Lloyd Tolbert was also released as a US single, where it rose to No. 24 on the US Dance Club Songs chart. \"If We Hold on Together\" was originally recorded for Don Bluth's 1988 animated adventure film The Land Before Time. It rose to prominence after it was released as a single worldwide in the latter part of 1988 (most prominently in Japan in 1990, after it was used as the theme song for the TBS drama Omoide ni Kawaru Made). It reached #1 on the Japanese International single charts for 12 contiguous weeks making it the biggest selling record by a foreign artist; and in total, sold over 465,000 copies. Commercial reception In the UK the album certified platinum for sales exceeding 300,000 copies. Track listings US edition \"Change of Heart\" (Terry Britten, Graham Lyle) – 4:02 \"When You Tell Me That You Love Me\" (John Bettis, Albert Hammond) – 4:13 \"Battlefield\" (Paul Carrack, Nick Lowe) – 3:35 \"Blame It on the Sun\" (Stevie Wonder, Syreeta Wright) – 3:55 \"Heavy Weather\" (Michael Sembello) – 4:59 \"The Force Behind the Power\" (Stevie Wonder) – 4:45 \"Heart (Don't Change My Mind)\" (Robbie Buchanan, Diane Warren) – 4:19 \"Waiting in the Wings\" (Andy Hill, Pete Sinfield) – 4:52 \"One Shining Moment\" (Vaneese Thomas) – 4:48 \"You're Gonna Love It\" (Cydney Davis, Lloyd Tolbert) – 5:11 \"If We Hold on Together\" (James Horner, Barry Mann, Will Jennings) – 4:09 International edition \"Change of Heart\" (Britten, Lyle) – 4:03 \"When You Tell Me That You Love Me\" (Bettis, Hammond) – 4:13 \"Battlefield\" (Carrack, Lowe) – 3:35 \"Blame It on the Sun\" (Wonder, Wright) – 3:55 \"You're Gonna Love It\" (Davis, Tolbert) – 5:11 \"Heavy Weather\" (Sembello) – 4:59 \"The Force Behind the",
"title": "The Force Behind the Power"
},
{
"docid": "2160390",
"text": "Lookin' Through the Windows is the sixth studio album by the Jackson 5, released on the Motown label in May 1972. It has sold 3.5 million copies worldwide Production Lookin' Through the Windows marks the beginning of lead singer Michael's vocal change, from the boy soprano who fronted the Jackson 5's early hits, to the tenor who would later become a successful solo artist. Though he could still reach his famed high notes, his voice was filling out, allowing him to also reach lower registers. Most of the album tracks were recorded in late 1971 and intended to be on an album for their hit single at the time, \"Sugar Daddy\". Lookin' Through the Windows was the second-to-last Jackson 5 album to include any songs written by the Corporation (Berry Gordy, Freddie Perren, Deke Richards and Fonce Mizell). The album spawned two hit singles \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" and \"Lookin' Through The Windows\". The album peaked at No. 7 on Billboard 200 album chart. In Europe the album cut \"Doctor, My Eyes\" was a Top 10 hit. Two months after the album was released, Jermaine had his first solo album. The album was arranged by James Anthony Carmichael, John Bahler, the Corporation, Eddie Munson, H.B. Barnum, Arthur G. Wright and Gene Page. Track listing Side one \"Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing\" (originally performed by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell) (Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson) – 2:30 \"Lookin' Through the Windows\" (Clifton Davis) – 3:46 \"Don't Let Your Baby Catch You\" (The Corporation) – 3:11 \"To Know\" (The Corporation) – 3:22 \"Doctor, My Eyes\" (originally performed by Jackson Browne) (Jackson Browne) – 3:14 Side two \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" (originally performed by Bobby Day) (Bobby Day) – 2:51 \"E-Ne-Me-Ne-Mi-Ne-Moe (The Choice is Yours to Pull)\" (Johnny Bristol, Wade Brown, Jr., David Jones, Jr.) – 2:53 \"If I Have to Move a Mountain\" (The Corporation) – 3:20 \"Don't Want to See Tomorrow\" (Stephen Bowden, Jim Chambers, Hal Davis, Theodore McFaddin) – 2:46 \"Children of the Light\" (Michael Randall) – 2:27 \"I Can Only Give You Love\" (Richard Hutch, Willie Hutch) – 2:33 Re-release In 2001, Motown Records remastered all the Jacksons' albums in a \"Two Classic Albums/One CD\" series. This album was paired up with Goin' Back to Indiana. The bonus tracks were \"Love Song\", the B-side of this album's title track single, and a live performance of \"Who's Lovin' You\", which first appeared on the soundtrack of the 1992 TV movie The Jacksons: An American Dream. Charts Notes External links Lookin' Through The Windows Overview at www.jackson5abc.com (in French) 1972 albums The Jackson 5 albums Motown albums Albums arranged by Gene Page Albums arranged by H. B. Barnum Albums produced by Hal Davis Albums produced by the Corporation (record production team)",
"title": "Lookin' Through the Windows"
},
{
"docid": "20875752",
"text": "Bush Davies School of Theatre Arts was a dance and performing arts school in the United Kingdom. Founded by the dance teacher Pauline Bush in Nottingham in 1914, and later with branches in Romford, Essex and London; it was bombed out during the Second World War and then moved to a former boys' school East Grinstead. The Romford branch closed in 1974 and the East Grinstead branch in 1989. After Pauline Bush's death, the school was run by her daughter Noreen and her husband Victor Leopold. Later their son Paul Kimm joined them, and he remained Principal until the school closed. Productions In May 1959, Marjorie Davies produced and directed the musical \"What Katy Did\" by Jo Masters, which starred students of the Bush Davies School with Pat Goh as Katy. In 1974, Susan Passmore and Raymond Bishop produced the annual July performance 'Time Steps' in celebration of the school's Diamond Jubilee in the Adeline Genee Theatre. The 330-seat theatre opened in 1967 on land gifted by the school with a performance of Coppelia. The school staged an annual production each summer. The Theatre was demolished by the owners of the residential care home that now operates in Charters Towers and the grounds of the old school. Notable students Holly Aird, actress Fairuza Balk, actress Doreen Bird, founder of Bird College Warren Carlyle, choreographer Judy Carne, actress Lauren Christy, singer-songwriter and producer Gemma Craven, actress Suzanne Danielle, actress Louise Fribo, actress Francesca Jaynes, choreographer Betty Laine, dancer and founder of Laine Theatre Arts Jane Leeves, Daphne Moon in Frasier Lisa Kay, Actress & Voiceover Artist Fiona Mollison, actress John Partridge, actor and dancer Natalie Roles, actress Saffron (singer), singer, dancer and actress Simon Shelton, Dancer & Actor (Tinky Winky) Polly Walker, television and film actress Doreen Wells, ballet dancer Lorna Yabsley, actress and photographer References Drama schools in the United Kingdom Ballet schools in the United Kingdom Dance schools in the United Kingdom",
"title": "Bush Davies School of Theatre Arts"
},
{
"docid": "7212120",
"text": "Inside Betty Carter is a 1964 Betty Carter album. It contains the first recording of Carter's signature song, \"Open the Door\". Originally released on the United Artists label with eight tracks, it was reissued by Capitol Records in 1993 with seven previously unreleased tracks from a 1965 recording session that included Kenny Burrell on guitar. Carter said in 1979 that Inside Betty Carter was one of her two favorite albums out of the eleven she had recorded to date. Reception Scott Yanow, writing for AllMusic, gave Inside Betty Carter two and a half stars out of five. Yanow commented that \"These recordings can be considered the final ones of Betty Carter's early period for, by the time she next appeared on record...the singer was much more adventurous in her improvisations...Highly recommended to Betty Carter fans and to those listeners who find her later work somewhat forbidding.\" Ebony magazine described Inside Betty Carter on its 1973 reissue as \"...nothing less than a tour de force of the jazz singer's art...the sensitivity of her renditions is simply shattering. The unusual high quality of this album causes one to ask why more of her recordings are not on the market.\" Track listing \"This Is Always\" (Mack Gordon, Harry Warren) – 3:10 \"Look No Further\" (Richard Rodgers) – 1:55 \"Beware My Heart\" (Sam Coslow) – 5:07 \"My Favorite Things\" (Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) – 1:35 \"Some Other Time\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) – 3:46 \"Open the Door\" (Betty Carter) – 3:11 \"Spring Can Really Hang You up the Most\" (Fran Landesman, Tommy Wolff) – 5:15 \"Something Big\" (Richard Adler) – 1:58 \"New England\" (unknown) – 2:55 \"The Moon is Low\" (Arthur Freed, Nacio Herb Brown) – 2:00 \"Once in Your Life\" (unknown) – 2:54 \"It's a Big Wide Wonderful World\" (John Rox) – 1:48 \"There Is No Greater Love\" (Marty Symes, Isham Jones) – 3:46 \"You're a Sweetheart\" (Jimmy McHugh, Harold Adamson) – 4:02 \"Isn't it Romantic?\" (Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 1:44 (Tracks 9-15 not included on the original LP issue) Personnel Recorded April 1964 at Sound Makers, New York City, New York, USA Betty Carter - vocals Harold Mabern - piano Bob Cranshaw - bass Roy McCurdy - drums Recorded March 4 and May 26, 1965 at Regent Sound, New York City, New York, USA Betty Carter - vocals Kenny Burrell - guitar unknown piano, bass and drums References 1964 albums Betty Carter albums Capitol Records albums United Artists Records albums Albums produced by Alan Douglas (record producer)",
"title": "Inside Betty Carter"
},
{
"docid": "14855211",
"text": "Julienne Davis (born September 26, 1973) is an American actress, singer, and model. She was born in Los Angeles, California. Early life Davis was born on September 26, 1973, in Los Angeles. When she was seventeen, she left home to pursue a career in classical ballet in New York but after finding she was too tall to audition for corps de ballet she decided to become a fashion model instead. She is half Yankton Sioux. Career In 1993, Davis was a singer in the short-lived duo Drive with Melanie Blatt, who released the single \"Curfew\". Davis' acting credits include the role of \"Mandy\" in Eyes Wide Shut, Tabloid, House of 9, and The Bill, as well as being a main cast member of the television series Too Much Sun. She also appeared in an advertisement for Carling beer. Prior to acting, she worked as a fashion model for print, editorial, and catalogues, most notably for Gossard Bras and the Pirelli Calendar. Davis is co-writer, co-producer, and lead vocalist for the band Sophisticated Savage. Filmography Film {| class=\"wikitable\" |- ! Year !! Title !! Role(s) !! Director !! Notes |- | 1999 || Eyes Wide Shut || Amanda 'Mandy' Curran || Stanley Kubrick || Feature film debut |- | 2001 || Tabloid || TV show hostess || David Blair || Credited as Trolley Gardner |- | 2005 || House of 9 || Cynthia || Steven R. Monroe || |- | 2010 || Breathe || Detective Toni Foster || Lonny Stevens || Short film |- | 2014 || The Session || Renee Stratton || Laura Russo || Short film |- | 2015 || ''Guilt Trippin || Woman || Laura Russo || Short film |- | 2016 || Going Together || Melinda || Sophie Webb || Short film |}Television''' References External links Sophisticated Savage site 1973 births Actresses from Los Angeles American film actresses Female models from California Living people Native American actresses Yankton Dakota people 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers",
"title": "Julienne Davis"
},
{
"docid": "15642397",
"text": "The Marian Anderson Award was originally established in 1943 by African American singer Marian Anderson after she was awarded the $10,000 Bok Prize that year by the city of Philadelphia. Anderson used the award money to establish a singing competition to help support young singers; recipients of which include Camilla Williams (1943, 1944), Nathaniel Dickerson (1944), Louise Parker (1944), Eudice Mesibov, née Charney (1946), Mattiwilda Dobbs (1947), Rawn Spearman (1949), Georgia Laster (1951), Betty Allen (1952), Gloria Davy (1952), Judith Raskin (1952, 1953), Shirlee Emmons (1953), Miriam Holman (1954), Willis Patterson (1956), Shirley Verrett (1957), Joanna Simon (1962), Billie Lynn Daniel (1963), and Joyce Mathis (1967). Eventually, the prize fund ran out of money and it was disbanded. Florence Quivar was the last recipient of this earlier award in 1976. In 1990, the award was re-established and has dispensed $25,000 annually. In 1998, the prize was restructured with the \"Marian Anderson Award\" going to an established artist, not necessarily a singer, who exhibits leadership in a humanitarian area. A separate prize, the \"Marian Anderson Prize for Emerging Classical Artists\" is given to promising young classical singers. Awardees by year: 1990 – Sylvia McNair 1991 – Denyce Graves 1992 – Philip Zawisza 1993 – Nancy Maultsby 1994 – Patricia Racette 1995 – Michelle DeYoung 1996 – Nathan Gunn 1997 – Marguerite Krull 1998 – Harry Belafonte 1999 – Gregory Peck 2000 – Elizabeth Taylor 2001 – Quincy Jones 2002 – Danny Glover 2003 – Oprah Winfrey 2005 – Ruby Dee and Ossie Davis 2006 – Sidney Poitier 2007 – Richard Gere 2008 – Maya Angelou and Norman Lear 2009 – Bill Cosby (Rescinded) 2011 – Mia Farrow 2012 – James Earl Jones 2013 – Berry Gordy 2014 – Jon Bon Jovi 2015 – Wynton Marsalis 2016 – Patti LaBelle and Gamble and Huff 2017 – Dionne Warwick 2018 – Queen Latifah 2019 – Kool & the Gang References American music awards 1943 establishments in Pennsylvania Humanitarian and service awards Arts awards in the United States",
"title": "Marian Anderson Award"
},
{
"docid": "22470867",
"text": "Bryan Davies (born 4 July 1944) is a British-born Australian pop music singer and entertainer. He appeared on 1960s TV pop shows, Sing! Sing! Sing! and Bandstand. From March 1962, at age 17, he became the youngest person in Australia to host their own TV show, The Bryan Davies Show. The singer issued two albums, On My Way (1965) and Together by Myself (1968). His most popular singles were, \"Dream Girl\" (July 1961) and \"Five Foot Two Eyes of Blue\" (October), which both reached the top 4 on the Sydney charts. Early life Bryan Davies was born in Manchester in 1944. At the age of four his family migrated to Sydney. His father, Norman R Davies, was an analytical chemistry lecturer at the University of New South Wales, his mother was a former dancer. Career His first TV appearance was on teen music show, Teen Time, on 27 September 1960, while he was a student at Canterbury Boys' High School. He left in the following year and was signed by the HMV label. Davies first hit single, a cover version of Mark Wynter's \"Dream Girl\", reached No. 1 in Sydney in July 1961. He also appeared on 1960s TV pop shows, Sing! Sing! Sing! and Bandstand (from 1961). His second hit was \"Five Foot Two Eyes of Blue\" (October 1961), which reached No. 4 in Sydney. It was originally performed by the California Ramblers in 1925 as \"Has Anybody Seen My Gal?\". His other popular singles were, \"I Don't Like to Be Alone\", \"Love and Money\" and \"Ten Pin Bowling\" (July 1962). At age 17, Davies became the youngest person in Australia to host his or her own TV show, The Bryan Davies Show, from March 1962. Regular guests were Neil Williams, Judy Cannon and the Don Burrows Sextet. It was broadcast for 75 episodes on ABC TV, directed by Lloyd Brydon and finished in December of the following year. Resident female singer, Coral Kelly, later became a scriptwriter. From December 1963 to January 1964 Davies appeared in Once upon a Surfie, a youth oriented musical, at the Palace Theatre, Sydney with his then-girlfriend, Jacki Weaver, as well as the Delltones, Dig Richards, Lucky Starr, Rob E G, and Jay Justin. It was written by Bill Watson, and centred on the antics of Gadget, portrayed by Weaver, \"a snooty surfing girl whom the rest of the cast are intent on bringing down a peg or two.\" It was a parody of the then-popular Sandra Dee Gidget films. Jay Justin was a song writer who provided Davies with material. In 1963, Davies met Norrie Paramor, a British composer, producer and conductor, who was impressed with the singer's work and was encouraged to return to England in February 1964. In May that year he recorded with Paramor producing. Davies returned to Australia in October and \"adopted a more Beatles-influenced style and appearance.\" In February 1967 he re-entered the Sydney charts top 20 with \"Alberta\", his last hit recording. According to Australian musicologist,",
"title": "Bryan Davies (singer)"
},
{
"docid": "5922304",
"text": "\"Lost in Your Eyes\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Debbie Gibson, released as the first single from her second album, Electric Youth (1989). Chart performance Released on January 6, 1989, \"Lost in Your Eyes\" debuted at No. 42 on the US Billboard Hot 100 on the week of January 21. On March 4, the ballad climbed to number one and remained there for three weeks, becoming her most successful single and her fifth and last top 10 hit. In Canada, it also reached number one for three weeks, and outside North America, \"Lost in Your Eyes\" experienced moderate chart success, reaching number seven in Australia and the top 40 in Belgium, Ireland, Spain and the United Kingdom. One variant mixed from the original multitrack, \"Lost in Your Eyes\" (Piano and Vocal Mix/3:34), was only available in Europe as Track 3 of the CD3 release #A8970CD. Critical reception Bryan Buss from AllMusic complimented the song as \"a pretty ballad that showcases her songwriting skills, her clear voice, and her talent on the piano.\" A reviewer from People Magazine stated that Gibson \"fares well with torchy ballads\" such as \"Lost in Your Eyes\". Betty Page from Record Mirror wrote, \"Golden larynxed Debs hits us with the big moodsome ballad, proving that she's shaping up to be the Barry Manilow of the Nineties. She's obviously trying to shed the popcorn and candyfloss image already, but she's a bit too Minnie Mouse to carry off the sweeping epic just yet. Still, we all had a bit of a weep over the tinkly piano.\" William Shaw from Smash Hits felt that \"she is crooning along to this creaky ballad that some ageing songstress like Elaine Page or Elkie Brooks would feel comfortable with.\" Re-recordings In 2006, Gibson rearranged the song with Tim and Ryan O'Neill for the O'Neill Brothers album Someone You Love. In 2010, Gibson re-recorded the song in both English and Japanese as extra tracks for the Japan-exclusive album Ms. Vocalist. in 2018, Gibson re-recorded the song as \"Lost in Your Eyes (Dream Wedding Mix)\" for the Hallmark Channel original film Wedding of Dreams. A duet version with Joey McIntyre is featured in Gibson's 2021 album The Body Remembers. This version was first performed live during New Kids on the Block's Mixtape Tour in 2019. Track listing Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Covers Filipino acoustic band Nyoy Volante & The Mannos covered the song on their 2006 self-titled album. Filipina singer Sarah Geronimo did a cover of the song for her album Music and Me in 2009. Japanese singer Nana Mizuki did an acoustic rendition of the song on the January 29, 2017, episode of MTV Unplugged. Kelly Clarkson covered the song on an episode of The Kelly Clarkson Show in 2021. References External links 1988 songs 1989 singles 1980s ballads Debbie Gibson songs Songs written by Debbie Gibson Atlantic Records singles Pop ballads Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Cashbox number-one singles RPM Top Singles number-one singles",
"title": "Lost in Your Eyes"
}
] | [
"Jackie DeShannon"
] |
train_31394 | who plays the aunt in spider man homecoming | [
{
"docid": "51869119",
"text": "Jona Xiao (born May 18, 1989) is an American actress born in China. Early life Xiao was born in Changsha, China and moved to New York as infant, before ultimately settling in St. Louis, Missouri with her family; starting acting in middle school. Growing up, she was called racial slurs and decided to be an actress to break against stereotypes. Xiao founded Career ACTivate, which specializes in helping actors jumpstart and progress their careers. Career Xiao was cast in Spider-Man: Homecoming in a role that she denies was initially written for an Asian-American actress. Marisa Tomei, who plays Aunt May in the film, lobbied for Xiao to be cast. Her role ended up getting cut in the final film. In 2021, Xiao lent her voice to a younger Namaari in Raya and the Last Dragon. Filmography Television Film References External links Jona Xiao on Douban Jona Xiao on Mtime American film actresses 21st-century American actresses American actresses of Chinese descent Living people 1989 births Actresses from Changsha American television actresses Actresses from St. Louis Chinese emigrants to the United States",
"title": "Jona Xiao"
},
{
"docid": "144167",
"text": "Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,",
"title": "Aunt May"
},
{
"docid": "41357270",
"text": "The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for",
"title": "List of Spider-Man film cast members"
},
{
"docid": "52179698",
"text": "Spider-Man: Far From Home is a 2019 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It is the sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and the 23rd film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Jon Watts, written by Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers, and stars Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, alongside Samuel L. Jackson, Zendaya, Cobie Smulders, Jon Favreau, J. B. Smoove, Jacob Batalon, Martin Starr, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, and Jake Gyllenhaal. In the film, Parker is recruited by Nick Fury (Jackson) and Mysterio (Gyllenhaal) to face the Elementals while he is on a school trip to Europe. Discussions for a sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming began by October 2016, and the project was confirmed later that year. Holland, Watts, and the writers were all set to return by the end of 2017. In 2018, Jackson and Gyllenhaal joined the cast as Fury and Mysterio, respectively. Holland revealed the sequel's title ahead of filming, which began that July and took place in England, the Czech Republic, Italy, and the New York metropolitan area. Production wrapped in October 2018. The marketing campaign is one of the most expensive for a film ever and attempted to avoid revealing spoilers for Avengers: Endgame prior to its April 2019 release. Spider-Man: Far From Home premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on June 26, 2019, and was theatrically released in the United States on July 2, as the final film in Phase Three of the MCU. The film received positive reviews with praise for its humor, action sequences, visuals, and the performances of Holland and Gyllenhaal. It grossed over $1.1 billion worldwide, making it the first Spider-Man film to pass the billion-dollar mark, the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2019, and became Sony Pictures' highest-grossing film and the 24th-highest-grossing film of all time. A sequel, Spider-Man: No Way Home, was released in December 2021. Plot In Ixtenco, Mexico, Nick Fury and Maria Hill investigate an unnatural storm and encounter the Earth Elemental. Quentin Beck, a super-powered individual, arrives and defeats the creature. He is subsequently recruited by Fury and Hill. In New York City, the Midtown School of Science and Technology completes its year, which was restarted to accommodate the students who previously disintegrated five years earlier as a result of Thanos's actions; they had reappeared un-aged, thanks to the actions of the Avengers. The school organizes a two-week summer field trip to Europe, where Peter Parker—who is still mourning the death of his mentor Tony Stark—plans to reveal to classmate MJ his attraction to her. Happy Hogan informs Parker that Fury intends to contact him, but Parker ignores Fury's phone call. Parker and his classmates travel to Venice, Italy, where the Water Elemental attacks. While Parker helps protect his classmates, Beck arrives and defeats the creature. Fury meets with Parker and gives him Stark's eyeglasses, which were meant for his successor.",
"title": "Spider-Man: Far From Home"
},
{
"docid": "69714119",
"text": "Spider-Man: No Way Home is a 2021 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It is the sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and the 27th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Jon Watts and written by Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers, and stars Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider-Man alongside Zendaya, Benedict Cumberbatch, Jacob Batalon, Jon Favreau, Jamie Foxx, Willem Dafoe, Alfred Molina, Benedict Wong, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Andrew Garfield, and Tobey Maguire. In the film, Parker asks Dr. Stephen Strange (Cumberbatch) to use magic to make his identity as Spider-Man a secret again following its public revelation at the end of Far From Home. When the spell goes wrong, the multiverse is broken open which allows visitors from alternate realities to enter Parker's universe. No Way Home premiered at the Fox Village Theatre in Los Angeles on December 13, 2021, and was theatrically released in the United States on December 17, as part of Phase Four of the MCU. The film received positive reviews from critics, who praised the story, direction, action sequences, and the cast's performances and chemistry. No Way Home has grossed over $1.9 billion worldwide, surpassing its predecessor as the highest-grossing film released by Sony Pictures. It became the highest-grossing film of 2021, the sixth-highest-grossing film of all time, the highest grossing Spider-Man film, and set several other box office records, including those for films released during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews. The film received a nomination for an Academy Award, three Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (winning all of the categories), five Critics' Choice Super Awards (winning three), nine Saturn Awards (winning one), among several others, chiefly for the writing and technical achievement. No Way Home, did not qualify for 75th British Academy Film Awards, as it was not available on BAFTA's streaming service. As a part of \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest for the 94th Academy Awards, the sequence where three Spider-Men teaming up was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment, finishing second, and being listed in the fourth to win the \"Fan Favorite\" contest, despite being considered as a clear favourite to win the contest. Apart from the technical aspects, both Holland and Garfield received accolades for their performances. Accolades Notes References External links Spider-Man: No Way Home Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Four Accolades Accolades",
"title": "List of accolades received by Spider-Man: No Way Home"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "9752007",
"text": "\"Spider-Man\" is the theme song of the 1967 cartoon show Spider-Man, composed by Paul Francis Webster and Bob Harris. The original song was recorded at RCA Studios in Toronto (where the cartoon was produced) featuring 12 CBC vocalists (members of the Billy Van Singers, and Laurie Bower Singers groups) who added to the musical backing track supplied by RCA Studios, New York. The singers were paid only for the session and have had no residuals from its use since then. The song has since been adopted as Spider-Man's official theme, including in-universe. Other versions Film The Spider-Man (2002) and Spider-Man 2 (2004) film adaptations featured characters as buskers performing the song: Jayce Bartok and Elyse Dinh respectively. Both films also feature the song at the very end of the credits: the 2002 film featured the 1967 version, while the 2004 film featured a re-recording by Michael Bublé. The soundtracks to the 2002 film and 2007 film also features a cover by Aerosmith and Flaming Lips respectively. Spider-Man 3 (2007) had the song played by a marching band during a scene where Spider-Man arrives at a celebration. In The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Peter has the theme song as a ringtone, and whistles the tune while defeating the Rhino. In Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), the theme (orchestrated by Michael Giacchino) is played during the Marvel Studios logo at the beginning of the film. In Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018), the Peter Parker of Earth-1610B refers to it as his own \"catchy theme song\", with footage of the 1967 animated series' opening. The intro to the theme is also played during the post credits scene, when Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099 (voiced by Oscar Isaac) arrives on Earth-67, the home dimension of the animated series' events, and attempts to recruit its Spider-Man as part of his Spider-Society. In Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), an excerpt of the theme is played when Earth-67's Spider-Man (voiced by Jorma Taccone) attempts to intercept Miles Morales within the Spider-Society's headquarters, as the latter attempts to return to his home reality. Video games A remix by Apollo 440 is used in the 2000 action-adventure video game Spider-Man, developed by Neversoft and published by Activision. The song is used in the title screen and the credits, and an instrumental version of it plays in the main menu. A cover by The Distillers is used in the credits of the 2004 video game Spider-Man 2, the tie-in game for the Sam Raimi film. This cover was re-released in 2019 with a single artwork titled \"Spider-Bro\" by Linas Garsys. Covers In 1993, Canadian group Moxy Früvous recorded a version for their debut album, Bargainville. Their version includes more satirical lyrics, as Spider-Man promotes his various items of licensed merchandise. In 1995, Ramones recorded a version of the song for the tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits, later re-released as part of the compilation album Weird Tales of the Ramones. However, it is spelled without the hyphen as \"Spiderman\". In 2019,",
"title": "Spider-Man (theme song)"
},
{
"docid": "15635388",
"text": "\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far",
"title": "Spider-Man: Brand New Day"
},
{
"docid": "1944694",
"text": "Spider-Man: India is a superhero comic book series published in India by Gotham Entertainment Group in 2004, retelling the story of Marvel Comics' Spider-Man in an Indian setting. It ran for four issues, which were later also published in the United States in 2005 and collected into a trade paperback (). The series was created by Sharad Devarajan, Suresh Seetharaman, and Jeevan J. Kang with Marvel Comics. The titular character of Pavitr Prabhakar / Spider-Man made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse voiced by Karan Soni, depicted as a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Plot summary Pavitr Prabhakar, a simple Indian boy from a remote village, moves to Mumbai with his Aunt Maya and Uncle Bhim to study after getting half a scholarship. His parents died some years ago. Other students at his new school tease him and hit him for his studious nature and village background. He knows his Uncle Bhim is struggling to support him and his aunt Maya, and pay his school fees. Only Meera Jain, a popular girl from his school, befriends him. Meanwhile, a local crime lord named Nalin Oberoi uses an amulet to perform an ancient ritual in which he is possessed by a demon committed to opening a gate for other demons to invade Earth. While being chased by bullies, Pavitr Prabhakar encounters an ancient yogi who grants him the powers of a spider, in order to fight the evil that threatens the world. While discovering his powers, Pavitr Prabhakar refuses to help a woman being attacked by several men. He leaves the place, but comes back when he hears his uncle cry out, and discovers that he has been slain. He learns that Bhim was stabbed when he tried to help the woman. Pavitr Prabhakar understands that with great power comes great responsibility, and swears to use his powers for the good of others. Nalin Oberoi briefly becomes human again and transforms a mild-mannered doctor into a demon with four magical tentacles (the Indian version of Doctor Octopus), and sends him to kill Spider-Man, as instructed by the demon voices. Doc Ock fails, and Spider-Man makes his public debut as a hero. He is, however, labeled a threat by the newspapers. Oberoi kidnaps Pavitr Prabhakar's aunt, taking her to a refinery outside Mumbai. There he betrays Doctor Octopus, blasting him into the ocean with a ray. Spider-Man arrives and fights Oberoi, who has also kidnapped Meera. He drops both Maya and Meera from the top of the refinery. Spider-Man dives for his aunt, but fails to rescue Meera, who is saved by Doctor Octopus. Pavitr reveals his identity to Meera and asks her to take his aunt to safety. Oberoi gets rid of Doctor Octopus for good and touches Spider-Man with the amulet. A Venom-like creature emerges from the amulet and tries to lure Spider-Man to the dark side. Pavitr remembers his uncle's saying about responsibility and rejects the evil. By doing so, the link between",
"title": "Spider-Man: India"
},
{
"docid": "313522",
"text": "The Vulture is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as recurring enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collection of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, typically using special suits which allow them to fly at vast speeds. The first incarnation of the character, Isidoro Scarlotti, is an Italian scientist and an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second and most prominent incarnation of the character, Adrian Toomes, is an inventive but maniacal genius who designed his suit and turned to a life of crime, becoming an enemy of Spider-Man and a founding member of the Sinister Six, with later characters to assume the mantle including Blackie Drago, a former cellmate of Toomes, and Clifton Shallot and Jimmy Natale, human/bird hybrids of independent origins. Toomes is later revealed to be the grandfather of the superhero Starling. Since his conception, the character has been adapted from into various other forms of Spider-Man media, including television series and video games. In live-action, the character was played by Michael Keaton in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Morbius (2022). Publication history The first Vulture, Italian scientist Isidoro Scarlotti, first appeared in Young Men #26 (December 1953), created by Joe Gill and Carl Burgos and depicted as an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second Vulture, Adrian Toomes, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. According to Ditko, Lee wanted the villain to be heavy-set and based on actor Sydney Greenstreet. Ditko designed him to be leaner and more gaunt, feeling he should be swift and fast and also because \"The bulkier anything is, the more panel space it has to take up, thereby shrinking panel space for other characters and story panel elements.\" Since Toomes originally assumed the Vulture alias as an enemy of Spider-Man, several other character have taken on the mantle from him. The third incarnation, Blackie Drago, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #48 (May 1967), and was created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr. Lee created the new version because he thought that Spider-Man looked like a bully fighting a wizened old man. However, the readers wrote in that they did not like the new Vulture, and Lee relented and brought the original back. The fourth incarnation, Clifton Shallot, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #127, and was created by Ross Andru, Gerry Conway, and John Romita Sr. A fifth incarnation, Jimmy Natale, first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #593 as part of the story arc \"Spider-Man 24/7\"; created by Mark Waid and Mike McKone, he is a recurring enemy of both Spider-Man and the Punisher. Fictional character biography Isidoro Scarlotti Isidoro Scarlotti was born in Italy, attaining a doctorate in atomic science and rising to become the czar of the International League of Criminals,",
"title": "Vulture (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "51603677",
"text": "Isabella Amara (born October 9, 1998) is an American actress and singer. She gained attention for her role as Sally Avril in the films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018). She also became known for her role in the television series Queen America (2018–19). Career Amara gained an interest in entertainment at an early age doing community theatre. Since then she has made minor appearance in major films such as Joyful Noise, Barely Lethal and Middle School: The Worst Years of My Life. She appeared in a supporting role in The Boss as teenage Michelle Darnell (portrayed by Melissa McCarthy). In 2017, she appeared in the comedy-drama film Wilson, portraying the daughter of Woody Harrelson and Laura Dern's characters, and played Sally Avril in the Marvel Studios production Spider-Man: Homecoming. She reprised the latter role in Avengers: Infinity War (2018). In 2022, she appeared as Luna in the last two episodes of the second season of the teen drama series Euphoria. Filmography Film Television References External links Living people 21st-century American actresses 1998 births Actresses from Atlanta",
"title": "Isabella Amara"
},
{
"docid": "2832556",
"text": "{{Infobox comic book title| | image = Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane 1.jpg | caption = Cover of Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane #1.Artwork by Takeshi Miyazawa. | schedule = Monthly | format = Ongoing | publisher = Marvel Comics | date = {{ubl|Mary Jane miniseries:|June 2004 – June 2005|Season 1:|December 2005 – July 2007|Season 2:|August 2008 – April 2009}} | issues = 20 | main_char_team = Mary Jane | writers = Sean McKeever | artists = Takeshi Miyazawa, David Hahn | colorists = Christina Strain }}Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane is an American Manga-influenced Comic book series focusing on a teenage Mary Jane, the love interest of superhero Spider-Man. The series, published by Marvel Comics, is a teen drama set outside the regular Marvel continuity and aimed at teenage girls as opposed to the traditional male comic book audience. It was originally written by Sean McKeever with art by penciller Takeshi Miyazawa (who left after issue #15 and was replaced by David Hahn, but continued providing covers) and colorist Christina Strain. The series began publication in December 2005 and was preceded by two miniseries from the series' original creative team, Mary Jane in 2004 and Mary Jane: Homecoming in 2005. The original series ended in July 2007 with issue #20 and was followed by a five-issue miniseries, Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane Season 2, in August 2008 by writer Terry Moore and artist Craig Rousseau. Publication history The initial four-issue miniseries, Mary Jane, originally intended as an ongoing series, began publication in June 2004 under the Marvel Age imprint, a line of comic books by Marvel Comics aimed at younger readers. Marvel had decided to launch a comic book series with a female lead to attract young female readers after seeing a growing number of girls becoming comic readers through manga, and had chosen Mary Jane because of her popularity stemming from the Spider-Man film series (Spider-Man 2 was released two weeks after Mary Jane #1). Mary Jane was also the subject of a popular young adult novel by Judith o'Brien the year before. However, due to low sales the series was discontinued after its fourth issue, with Marvel waiting to see how the digest-sized trade paperback collecting the four issues would sell, before deciding whether the series should be canceled for good or not. Simultaneously, a collected edition of the series was also released in magazine size with a cardstock cover, exclusively available at Target Stores. After the initial sales figures for the digest came in, Marvel announced a second four-issue miniseries, Mary Jane: Homecoming, which began publication in March 2005. Unlike the first series, Homecoming was not published under the Marvel Age imprint, but as a regular Marvel Comics title, because Marvel Age had by then been restructured into the Marvel Adventures imprint. The second miniseries also saw a slight change in the creative team, as the original miniseries' inker Norman Lee now only inked the covers, while the interior pages were colored straight from Miyazawa's pencils. A second digest, collecting",
"title": "Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane"
},
{
"docid": "331962",
"text": "The Shocker (Herman Schultz) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr, the character debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #46 in March 1967. He is usually depicted as an enemy of the superhero Spider-Man, and belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery. Schultz was originally a self-taught engineer and renowned safe cracker who invented a pair of gauntlets capable of producing powerful vibrational shock waves. He incorporated these gauntlets into a protective battlesuit and became a mercenary for hire. As the Shocker, Schultz quickly rose in New York City's criminal underworld and has been employed by various crime lords, which has often put him into conflict with Spider-Man. One notable trait that differentiates the Shocker from most other Spider-Man villains is his pursuit of wealth and a comfortable life rather than revenge or chaos. As a result, he has sometimes put aside his differences with Spider-Man and has helped him or other heroes when it was in his best interest. The character was ranked as Spider-Man's 23rd greatest enemy by IGN. The Shocker has been adapted from the comics into various forms of media, having been voiced by Jim Cummings in Spider-Man: The Animated Series, Jeff Bennett in The Spectacular Spider-Man, and David B. Mitchell in the video game Spider-Man. Two iterations of the character were featured in the 2017 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming, with Herman Schultz portrayed by Bokeem Woodbine and Jackson Brice portrayed by Logan Marshall-Green. Publication history The character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #46 (March 1967) and was created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr. In an interview, Romita discussed how he designed the character, \"I used a lot of very subliminal feeling. While designing the Shocker costume, for some reason, I thought 'cushion' and 'quilt.' I'm thinking, if the guy has a shocking power and vibrates buildings so they fell apart by shaking them, then there's got to be some kind of cushion effect, and so, subliminally, I did it.\" He appeared as a regular character in Thunderbolts from issue #157 to 162, when he deserted the team. He was also one of the main characters in \"The Superior Foes of Spider-Man\" comic series. Fictional character biography Herman Schultz was born in New York City. He was a high school dropout who had brilliant talents as both an inventor and an engineer. Instead of using such talents to gain legitimate employment, he became a successful burglar and the world's best safe-cracker (according to him in later stories). After finally being caught and incarcerated for his crimes, he developed a pair of gauntlets designed to shoot air blasts, vibrating at high frequency. Schultz uses his gauntlets to escape from prison and becomes the supervillain known as \"the Shocker\". He defeats Spider-Man in their first confrontation (Spider-Man was at a disadvantage due to having a bad left arm sprain from an earlier battle with the Lizard)",
"title": "Shocker (character)"
},
{
"docid": "43015393",
"text": "Selenis Leyva (born May 26, 1972) is an American actress. She began her career appearing in Off-Broadway productions and had supporting roles on television, before her breakthrough role as Gloria Mendoza in the Netflix comedy-drama series, Orange Is the New Black (2013–19). She later starred in the Disney+ comedy-drama series, Diary of a Future President (2020–21), and the NBC sitcom Lopez vs Lopez (2022–). Leyva also appeared in films Custody (2016), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Breaking (2022) and Creed III (2023). Life and career Leyva was raised in The Bronx. She is of Cuban and Dominican descent. She has appeared in a number of Off-Broadway productions. Her professional debut was in the 1995 production of Puerto Rican Traveling Theatre's Simpson Street. She later acted in New World Stages' production of Celia in 2007, and Cherry Lane Theatre's Basilica in 2013. On television, Leyva co-starred in the 2001 Nickelodeon teen sitcom Taina and had a recurring role of Detective Mariluz Rivera in the NBC police drama series, Law & Order from 2004 to 2006, and also appeared in different roles on the show and on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Law & Order: Criminal Intent. She has guest-starred on Third Watch, The Sopranos, The Good Wife, Girls, and Elementary. In film, she had secondary roles in Maria Full of Grace (2004), Illegal Tender (2007) and Sex and the City 2 (2010). In 2013, Leyva began starring as Gloria Mendoza, a Latina leader in the jail, in the Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black. Her character was recurring for the first two seasons and she was promoted to series regular in Season 3. Along with cast, she received three Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. She also received ALMA Award for Outstanding Special Achievement in Television in 2014. The series ended in 2019, after seven seasons. During her time in Orange Is the New Black, Leyva co-starred opposite Viola Davis and Catalina Sandino Moreno in the 2016 courtroom drama film Custody directed and written by James Lapine, and played Monica Warren in the 2017 superhero film Spider-Man: Homecoming. In 2018, she had a supporting role in the Netflix miniseries Maniac. In 2019, Leyva was cast in the Disney+ comedy-drama series, Diary of a Future President produced by Gina Rodriguez. The series premiered on January 17, 2020 and was cancelled in December 2021. She starred in the 2022 drama film, Breaking, the film premiered at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival and received Dramatic Special Jury Award for Best Ensemble Cast. Later in 2022 she was cast in the NBC sitcom, Lopez vs Lopez playing George Lopez's ex-wife. In 2023, Leyva appeared in the sports drama film Creed III. Personal life Leyva has one daughter, Alina. She is a supporter of the LGBT community and revealed in June 2015 that her sister Marizol is transgender. Leyva is the co-author, with her sister Marizol, of the book My Sister: How One Sibling's Transition Changed",
"title": "Selenis Leyva"
},
{
"docid": "61283242",
"text": "Michelle Jones-Watson, most commonly known as MJ, is a fictional character portrayed by Zendaya in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film franchise, an original character within the media franchise that pays homage to Mary Jane \"MJ\" Watson, a recurring love interest of Spider-Man in comic books and various media. She is depicted as a smart, snarky classmate of Peter Parker in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), and becomes his love interest in the sequel Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), a unique aspect for original characters within the MCU franchise and upon Spider-Man feature films preceding it. She returns in Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), helping Peter, Ned, and Doctor Strange to capture multiple villains that have entered their universe from the multiverse. Her romantic involvement in Peter's personal life would eventually be undone due to Strange's casting of a spell that permanently erased the world's memory of Parker's civilian persona, including the loss of his previous bonds he forged with his friends, loved ones, and allies. The character has received positive reviews, and Zendaya has been praised as a strong female supporting cast member, receiving the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her acting in Far From Home. Creation and concept According to Spider-Man: Homecoming co-screenwriter John Francis Daley, Michelle was intended as a reinvention of Mary Jane Watson. While her nickname reveal was an homage to the supporting character within the comic books and other Spider-Man media, Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige confirmed she is an original Marvel Cinematic Universe character. Feige added: \"Peter's had a lot of friends over the years in the comics, and a lot of schoolmates and characters he's interacted with. It wasn't just Mary Jane Watson; it wasn't just Gwen Stacy; it wasn't just Harry Osborn. So we were very interested in the other characters, and that's where Liz came from and that's where the version of the character Michelle came from.\" Jon Watts, director of Spider-Man: Homecoming, Spider-Man: Far From Home and Spider-Man: No Way Home, likened the character to Ally Sheedy's Allison Reynolds from The Breakfast Club (1985) and Linda Cardellini's Lindsay Weir from Freaks and Geeks (1999–2000). The character's full name is Michelle Jones-Watson, which was first revealed in Spider-Man: No Way Home. Until that point, she had been referred to once as Michelle and primarily known by the nickname MJ; although the name \"Michelle Jones\" had been used in an article by Variety, quickly spreading among the press and fans, the name was not used in any official media until No Way Home. Portrayal and characterization MJ is portrayed by actress Zendaya in the Marvel Cinematic Universe as a classmate of Peter Parker at Midtown School of Science and Technology and a teammate on the academic decathlon team. She is depicted as politically active with critical views, and a loner who claims to eschew friendship. Zendaya described the character as \"very dry, awkward, intellectual\". This sometimes manifests itself in the form of deadpan sarcasm, as when she calls Peter and Ned",
"title": "MJ (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "61108346",
"text": "Spider-Man: Far From Home (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score to the Columbia Pictures / Marvel Studios film Spider-Man: Far From Home composed by Michael Giacchino. The soundtrack album was released by Sony Classical on June 28, 2019. Background Spider-Man: Homecoming composer Michael Giacchino was confirmed to return to score Far From Home in October 2018. Track listing All music composed by Michael Giacchino except where otherwise noted. Additional music Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\" plays during the Marvel Studios opening logo as part of the film's opening \"in memoriam\" scene. \"Back in Black\" by AC/DC (which was previously featured in Iron Man), \"I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend\" by The Ramones, and \"Vacation\" by The Go-Go's are also featured in the film. More vacation-themed and European songs are featured in this movie as well. References 2019 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three soundtracks Sony Music soundtracks Spider-Man film soundtracks Spider-Man (2017 film series) Michael Giacchino soundtracks Sony Classical Records soundtracks",
"title": "Spider-Man: Far From Home (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "33463661",
"text": "The Marvel Cinematic Universe is a media franchise and shared fictional universe that is the setting of superhero films produced by Marvel Studios, based on characters that appear in Marvel Comics publications. Phase One of the franchise includes six films, featuring four different superhero properties, leading up to a crossover in the 2012 film Marvel's The Avengers. The franchise's Phase Two features three sequels to Phase One films, as well as two new film properties, and the crossover Avengers: Age of Ultron, which released in 2015. Phase Three features four sequels to earlier films, and four new film properties, as well as the crossover films Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019). The films from Phase One through Phase Three are collectively known as \"The Infinity Saga\". As the franchise is composed of films adapted from a variety of Marvel Comics properties, there are multiple lead actors: Robert Downey Jr. stars as Tony Stark / Iron Man in the films Iron Man (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), and Iron Man 3 (2013); Chris Evans portrays Steve Rogers / Captain America in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), and Captain America: Civil War (2016), where he is joined by Downey as Stark; and Chris Hemsworth plays Thor in Thor (2011), Thor: The Dark World (2013), and Thor: Ragnarok (2017). All three actors star in The Avengers (2012), and reprise their roles in Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019). Edward Norton headlined The Incredible Hulk (2008), playing Bruce Banner / Hulk, but did not reprise the role in future films, being replaced by Mark Ruffalo for all subsequent films involving the character. Chris Pratt portrays the lead character, Peter Quill / Star-Lord, in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), and returns for its sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), while Paul Rudd and Michael Douglas respectively star as Scott Lang / Ant-Man and Hank Pym / Ant-Man in Ant-Man (2015) and Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), in which Evangeline Lilly co-stars as Hope van Dyne / Wasp. Benedict Cumberbatch portrays Stephen Strange in Doctor Strange (2016), Tom Holland portrays Peter Parker / Spider-Man in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Chadwick Boseman portrayed T'Challa / Black Panther in Black Panther (2018); Holland and Boseman were both introduced in Captain America: Civil War, which Rudd also appeared in. Downey and Evans join Holland in Spider-Man: Homecoming, while Ruffalo and Cumberbatch join Hemsworth in Thor: Ragnarok. Brie Larson portrays Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel in Captain Marvel (2019). Pratt, Cumberbatch, Holland and Boseman also appear in Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame, with Rudd, Lilly and Larson also appearing in the latter. Samuel L. Jackson had cameo and supporting appearances as Nick Fury in several of the early films in the franchise, before co-starring in The Avengers; he would continue to have supporting roles in later films as well. Jeremy Renner and Scarlett Johansson had",
"title": "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors (The Infinity Saga)"
},
{
"docid": "47060975",
"text": "Jonathan Watts (born June 28, 1981) is an American film director, producer and screenwriter. His credits include directing the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films Spider-Man: Homecoming, Spider-Man: Far From Home, and Spider-Man: No Way Home. He also directed and co-wrote the horror film Clown and thriller film Cop Car as well as directing numerous episodes of the parody television news series Onion News Network. Watts has also directed music videos for electronic music artists such as Fatboy Slim and Swedish House Mafia. Early life Watts was born on June 28, 1981, and raised in Fountain, Colorado, where he attended Fountain-Fort Carson High School. He studied film at New York University. Career Watts began his directing career by directing commercials for production company Park Pictures. Watts' film career started with the short Clay Pride: Being Clay in America. A claymation film, it is a satire of films about gay issues, with the main character, Steve Thompson, coming out as \"clay\". Over the next decade, Watts would continue to work in short films, as well as directing several music videos for various artists including Fatboy Slim, Death Cab for Cutie, Relient K, Sleigh Bells, Head Automatica, and TV on the Radio. He even directed a few videos that were selected in episodes of Online Nation. Watts' feature directorial debut was the 2014 horror film, Clown. Watts and his friend Christopher Ford had made a fake trailer for a film about a father turning into a demonic killer clown after trying on an old costume he finds in his basement. After uploading the trailer to YouTube, Watts was approached by Eli Roth with an offer to produce a feature version. Watts' next film was the 2015 thriller, Cop Car. The film is about two young boys who steal an abandoned police car and are pursued by its murderous owner, a Sheriff played by Kevin Bacon. In an interview, Watts revealed that the idea for the film came from a dream he had when he was a child. Watts then directed Spider-Man: Homecoming. Watts was so determined to be the director of the film that he admitted that he had \"bothered\" Marvel by sending them clips of a fake trailer he made for a Spider-Man movie. He admits that he was very surprised and did not know he was going to get the job until the last moment. Watts directed the film's 2019 sequel Spider-Man: Far From Home. He reportedly became increasingly devoted to the franchise, even starting his own extensive collection of rare spiders. Watts has also directed Spider-Man: No Way Home, which was released on December 17, 2021, where he also provided the motion-capture for Sandman while Thomas Haden Church reprised the voice of the character from Spider-Man 3. He was confirmed to be directing the third theatrical iteration of the Fantastic Four, which will be set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe but exited the project in April 2022. Watts also directed the mid-credits scene of Venom: Let There Be Carnage,",
"title": "Jon Watts"
},
{
"docid": "21231253",
"text": "\"Back in Black\" is a 2007 Marvel Comics storyline written by J. Michael Straczynski and illustrated by Ron Garney (penciler), Bill Reinhold (inker), Matt Milla (colorist) and VC's Cory Petit (letterer) published in the comic book series The Amazing Spider-Man #539–543. It takes place immediately after Marvel's Civil War event and depicts what happened to Spider-Man, Mary Jane Watson, and Aunt May during and after the event. The story is about Spider-Man's anger and determination to find Aunt May's shooter. Hence, he wears the black suit, modeled after the Venom symbiote, to emphasize his humorless aggression. He is often seen in action without his mask on, as well, showing his rage and thirst for vengeance. Plot Part 1 Peter Parker, Mary Jane, and Aunt May are outside reminiscing about Uncle Ben and Peter when he was a kid, when an assassin shoots May. Mary Jane attempts to contact 911, but they have no time, so Peter (without taking the time to change into his Spider-Man costume) transports May to the hospital via web-slinging. Peter hides from the hospital staff but still hears that May has lost a lot of blood. Meanwhile, in prison, The Kingpin is given a message by a police officer, Charlie. He quotes Euripides, who wrote \"Whom the gods would destroy, they first make mad.\" (from Medea, citing it as his favorite saying). MJ meets Peter in Times Square, and Peter tells her to do anything she can to keep Aunt May alive while Peter will find evidence of the assassin. He visits the shooter's perch – restraining a police officer with a thick coat of webbing. Inside, he finds a sniper scope there. He leaves without freeing the police officer. He then breaks up an illegal weapons sale (still in the same \"civilian\" clothing since the shooting) and interrogates the criminals about the unusual sniper scope. When a gun-runner hesitates to answer Peter correctly, Peter breaks the man's hand in his grip. MJ visits Aunt May in the hospital and a doctor tells her that May's not going to make it. Peter swears that he won't stop until he finds who is responsible, and puts on his black suit. Part 2 Peter begins hunting down more sniper scope sellers. While beating up the last one, Peter throws the seller out of the window, but then catches him with a line of webbing to his foot. The dealer then tells Peter that the assassin who purchased the scope was named Jake Martino. Peter (still in the black suit) looks for Jake Martino in a police laptop and finds his address. He goes to Martino's apartment but Martino has already left. The apartment owner talks to him, tells him two men were looking for Martino as well, and tells him that Martino has left for the subways. Spider-Man confronts Martino, beats him brutally, breaks his arm, unmasks again, then questions him about who hired him. Just when Martino is about to tell the name, he is shot through",
"title": "Spider-Man: Back in Black"
},
{
"docid": "58055757",
"text": "Kraven the Hunter is an upcoming American superhero film featuring the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel Entertainment, Arad Productions, and Matt Tolmach Productions, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, it is intended to be the sixth film in Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU). The film was directed by J. C. Chandor from a screenplay by Richard Wenk and the writing team of Art Marcum and Matt Holloway. It stars Aaron Taylor-Johnson in the title role alongside Ariana DeBose, Fred Hechinger, Alessandro Nivola, Christopher Abbott, and Russell Crowe. Kraven was considered for film appearances several times before Sony became interested in a standalone film for the character, as part of their new shared universe, in 2017. Wenk was hired in August 2018, with Marcum and Holloway joining later. Chandor entered negotiations to direct in August 2020, and was confirmed in May 2021 when Taylor-Johnson was cast. Further casting took place in early 2022, before filming began in late March in London, England and concluded by mid-June. Shooting also occurred in Iceland, and was expected to occur in Glasgow. Kraven the Hunter is scheduled to be released in the United States on December 13, 2024. Cast Aaron Taylor-Johnson as Sergei Kravinoff / Kraven:A big-game hunter. Taylor-Johnson described his take on the character as a conservationist, a \"protector of the natural world\", and an \"animal lover\". Ariana DeBose as Calypso: A voodoo priestess and Kraven's love interest. Fred Hechinger as Dmitri Smerdyakov / Chameleon: Kraven's estranged half-brother who is a master of disguise. Alessandro Nivola as Aleksei Sytsevich / Rhino: A Russian mercenary who can turn into a human-rhino hybrid. Christopher Abbott as the Foreigner: A mercenary and assassin. Russell Crowe as Nikolai Kravinoff: Kraven's estranged father. Additionally, Levi Miller is cast in an undisclosed role. Production Development Director Sam Raimi planned to include the Marvel Comics character Kraven the Hunter in his fourth Spider-Man film before that project was cancelled in favor of rebooting the franchise with The Amazing Spider-Man (2012). Sony Pictures announced plans in December 2013 for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) to establish a shared universe—inspired by the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)—based on the Marvel properties they held the rights to. Kraven was teased in that film, with its director Marc Webb expressing interest in seeing the character appear on film. In February 2015, Sony and Marvel Studios announced a new partnership to co-produce the film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), and integrate the Spider-Man character with Marvel's MCU. Sony announced their own shared universe, \"Sony's Spider-Man Universe\", in May 2017. Sony intended this to be \"adjunct\" to their MCU Spider-Man films, featuring Spider-Man related properties beginning with Venom (2018). The studio was considering a Kraven film for the universe. Before learning that Sony had the film rights for Kraven, director Ryan Coogler hoped to include the character in his MCU film Black Panther (2018) because of a fight between Black Panther and Kraven in Christopher Priest's Black Panther comic book run.",
"title": "Kraven the Hunter (film)"
},
{
"docid": "5662262",
"text": "This is a list of characters who serve as supporting cast of the Marvel Comics' Spider-Man. Family Tree Note: This tree covers various different alternate realities to varying degrees. Immediate family Richard Parker - Father. Died in an airplane crash. Mary Parker - Mother. Died in an airplane crash. Teresa Parker - Peter Parker's long lost sister who is introduced in the graphic novel Spider-Man: Family Business. She later appeared in the comics. Ben Parker - Peter Parker's uncle. Shot by the Burglar. May Parker - Peter Parker's loving aunt who raises him after his parents died. After the murder of her husband Ben, May is virtually his only family, and they are very close. Mary Jane Watson-Parker (love interest, later wife) - Introduced to Peter by his Aunt May, who is friends with her Aunt Anna, Mary Jane eventually becomes Peter's best friend and wife. Mayday Parker - Daughter from MC2 universe- Earth-982. Benjy Parker - Son from MC2 universe- Earth-982. Will Fitzpatrick - Mary Parker's father and Peter Parker's grandfather. J. Jonah Jameson - He became Peter's stepcousin after his father married Aunt May. Something Jameson personally dislikes. John Jameson - He became Peter's stepcousin once-removed after his grandfather married Aunt May. Clones Ben Reilly - Peter Parker's clone brother who was known as Scarlet Spider and the second Spider-Man. Unlike most of the clones, Peter views Ben Reilly as his brother and considers him family. Kaine Parker - Peter Parker's clone brother who was the second Scarlet Spider. Web-Man - A twin duplicate of Spider-Man. Spidercide - A Peter Parker clone who has control over his own molecules who was used by the Jackal as muscle. Died fighting Ben Reilly and Peter Parker above the Daily Bugle before falling to its death. Jack - A Peter Parker clone who was the Jackal's diminutive henchman, armed with claw-like fingernails (much like Guardian). He dies from clone degeneration. Guardian - A Peter Parker clone with dense skin, super-strength, and claw-like fingernails who guarded the entrance to one of the Jackal's headquarters. He also died of clone degeneration. Skeleton of a Spider-Man clone - Found in a smokestack Doppelganger - A mystical duplicate created by Magus. Elliot Tolliver - A proto-clone with mind of Doctor Octopus in a clone body of Peter Parker and of Otto Octavius. Spider-Man (Isotope Genome Accelerator version) - A duplicate separated from Peter Parker by the Isotope Genome Accelerator. Ultimate Carnage - Related in the Ultimate universe Earth-1610. Ultimate Spider-Woman - A clone of Peter Parker that is also known as Spider-Woman, Black Widow, Ultimate Spider-Woman, Ultimate Black Widow in the Ultimate universe Earth-1610. Mary Jane's family Anna Watson - Mary Jane's aunt and Aunt May's best friend. Madeline Watson - Mother, deceased Philip Watson - Father Kristy Watson - Cousin Gayle Watson-Byrnes - Sister May Parker's Family Albert Reilly (father) Claire Reilly (mother) Horace Reilly (uncle) Bill Reilly (uncle) Claudia Reilly (aunt): Bill Reilly's wife Sam Reilly (cousin): Bill and Claudia's son Julia Reilly",
"title": "List of Spider-Man supporting characters"
},
{
"docid": "69474844",
"text": "Spider-Man: No Way Home (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score to the Columbia Pictures / Marvel Studios film Spider-Man: No Way Home composed by Michael Giacchino. The soundtrack album was released by Sony Classical on December 17, 2021. Background Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Far From Home (2019) composer Michael Giacchino was confirmed to score No Way Home in November 2020. On December 9, a single titled \"Arachnoverture\" was released, with \"Exit Through the Lobby\" being released the following day. The soundtrack also features music from previous Spider-Man soundtracks by other film composers including Hans Zimmer, James Horner and Danny Elfman, as well as Giacchino's theme for Doctor Strange (2016). Track listing All music composed by Michael Giacchino, unless otherwise noted. Notes Additional music Several songs are featured in the film that are absent from the soundtrack album, including \"I Zimbra\" by Talking Heads, \"Native New Yorker\" by Odyssey, \"Scraper\" by Liquid Liquid, \"No Sleep 'Til Brooklyn\" by Beastie Boys, \"Concerto for 2 Violins in G major, RV 516\" by Antonio Vivaldi, \"Deck the Halls\" by Thomas Oliphant, and \"The Magic Number\" by De La Soul. \"Bailando Cumbia\" by Danny Osuna is featured in the mid-credits scene. Charts References 2021 soundtrack albums 2020s film soundtrack albums Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Four soundtracks Sony Music soundtracks Spider-Man film soundtracks Spider-Man (2017 film series) Michael Giacchino soundtracks Sony Classical Records soundtracks",
"title": "Spider-Man: No Way Home (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "3215719",
"text": "The Prowler is an alias used by several fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. These characters are primarily depicted as wearing a green and purple battle suit with a cape and clawed gauntlets. The original version, Hobie Brown, was created by Stan Lee, John Buscema and Jim Mooney, based on a drawing by 13-year-old John Romita Jr., who also named the character. The character was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #78 (November 1969) as an adversary to the superhero Spider-Man. An African-American teenage prodigy, Hobie created the Prowler technology to operate as a petty thief, but following his encounter with Spider-Man, he was convinced to turn his life around. Since his redemption, Hobie has served as a valuable ally to Spider-Man, as well as a superhero in his own right, leading the 1994 limited series Prowler. Additionally, several other characters have used the Prowler alias and technology in the mainstream Marvel universe, including an unnamed self-titled \"Second Prowler\" (created by Lee and Steve Ditko) and medical intern Rick Lawson (created by Todd DeZago and Mike Wieringo). A clone of Hobie Brown (created by Dan Slott and R.B. Silva) serves as the lead character of a second Prowler limited series, which ties-in with the 2016–2017 storyline \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\". The Ultimate Marvel equivalent, Aaron Davis, was created by Brian Michael Bendis and Sara Pichelli, and was introduced in Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man #1 (November 2011) as the career criminal uncle of this reality's Spider-Man. Davis was incorporated into the primary Marvel continuity following Secret Wars as a separate version operating independently from the others. Both Hobie Brown and Aaron Davis have appeared in several media adaptations outside of comics, including films, animated series, and video games. Davis in particular is portrayed by Donald Glover in the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and voiced by Mahershala Ali in the animated film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018). Additionally, both actors make cameo appearances in the animated film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), in which Jharrel Jerome also voices Miles G. Morales, an original incarnation of the Prowler who will return in Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse. Publication history The original and most well-known iteration of Prowler, Hobie Brown, debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #78 (November 1969), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artists John Buscema and Jim Mooney. The character eventually appeared in his own solo comic, The Prowler. The character was inspired by Romita's 13-year-old son John Romita Jr. who sketched a villain called the Prowler. Lee liked the name but not the costume; Romita combined the name with a design that he had previously intended for a character called the Stalker that was intended for the never-published The Spectacular Spider-Man #3. Since Hobie, several other characters have taken up the Prowler identity as well. The second version first appeared in Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #47 (October 1980), and was created by Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. The",
"title": "Prowler (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "42676398",
"text": "Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film which forms part of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy. Spider-Man 2 may also refer to: Spider-Man 2: Enter: Electro, a 2001 video game, sequel to Spider-Man (2000) Spider-Man 2: The Sinister Six, a 2001 video game for Game Boy Color, sequel to Spider-Man (2000) for Game Boy Color Spider-Man 2 (2004 video game), the video game based on the 2004 film Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack), the soundtrack of the 2004 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2, a 2014 American superhero film, sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) Spider-Man: Far From Home, a 2019 American superhero film, sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) Spider-Man 2 (2023 video game), a 2023 video game, sequel to Spider-Man (2018) See also Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man 3 (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man",
"title": "Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "2578538",
"text": "The Tinkerer (Phineas Mason) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an adversary of the superhero Spider-Man and the father of Rick Mason. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963). The Tinkerer is generally depicted as a genius in engineering who is able to create gadgets and other devices from nothing more than spare parts left over from ordinary household appliances. While in his initial appearances he sought to personally eliminate Spider-Man, more recent storylines depict him under the employ of other supervillains, whom he supplies with his gadgets for their personal vendettas against Spider-Man or other heroes. Since his introduction in comics, the character has been adapted into several other forms of media, such as animated television series and video games. The Tinkerer made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Chernus. Additionally, a female version of Phineas Mason named Phin Mason appears in Spider-Man: Miles Morales, voiced by Jasmin Savoy Brown. Publication history The Tinkerer is a character that was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his initial appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (April 1963), opposing Spider-Man as a villain. It would, however, be several years before he would return, and made his second appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #160 (September 1976), once again opposing Spider-Man in a losing effort. The Tinkerer would be mentioned in The Amazing Spider-Man #182 (July 1978). This was his first mention in the publication as a supporting side character to the other villains. Fictional character biography Criminal career Phineas Mason is a brilliant inventor and technician who designs advanced weaponry for criminals and sometimes undertakes crimes of his own. As \"the Terrible Tinkerer\", he runs an underground fix-it shop disguised as a radio repair shop. On at least one occasion, a potential customer gained the inventor's attention by presenting a transistor radio and telling Mason that \"I've got a radio that just can't carry a tune\". The Tinkerer's original scheme involved the employment of a team of petty has-been stuntmen and thugs. They specialized in placing bugs into radios and blackmailing state officials and politicians. The Tinkerer tried to present himself as an alien to confuse his pursuers by leaving behind a mask that looked like his face when he escaped from Spider-Man in a hovercraft shaped like a flying saucer. The Tinkerer's next encounter with Spider-Man resulted in deploying the Toy, a hi-tech robot that serves as an assistant and lackey. The Toy also helped the Tinkerer escape from his hideout when raided by the police. The Tinkerer is known to have created the suit for Mysterio, a man that once worked as one of his alien-suited servants. Much later, he was hired by the Kingpin to rebuild the Spider-Mobile to destroy Spider-Man. The Tinkerer redesigned Rocket Racer's rocket-powered skateboard, designed the",
"title": "Tinkerer (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "50452328",
"text": "Angourie Isabel Teresa Rice ( ; born 1 January 2001) is an Australian actress. She began her career as a child actress, coming to attention for her roles in These Final Hours (2013) and The Nice Guys (2016). She played Betty Brant in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). For her starring role in Ladies in Black (2018), she won the AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. In 2024, she starred as Cady Heron in the musical film Mean Girls. Rice's television credits include the Black Mirror episode \"Rachel, Jack and Ashley Too\" (2019), the HBO miniseries Mare of Easttown (2021) and the Apple TV+ miniseries The Last Thing He Told Me (2023). Early life Rice was named after Angourie, New South Wales, where her grandmother lived.Her parents are Jeremy Rice, a director, and Kate Rice, a writer. She was born in Sydney and then lived in Perth for five years and in Munich, Germany, for one year before moving to Melbourne. She lives in Collingwood, Melbourne and is often away filming, mainly in the US. She attended Princes Hill Secondary College graduating in 2018, but was unable to attend the University of Melbourne due to growing success as an actress. Career Rice began her career in Perth, Western Australia, with several short films and Australian television credits. In 2012, Rice gained industry attention at just eleven years old with her lead role in Zak Hilditch's short Transmission, for which she won the Best Actress award at the St Kilda Short Film Festival. In 2013, Rice made her feature film acting debut with apocalyptic thriller film These Final Hours. She also appeared in the live action sequences at the beginning and end of the animated film Walking with Dinosaurs. In 2014, Rice appeared in the television series The Doctor Blake Mysteries, Worst Year of My Life Again, and appeared in Mako: Island of Secrets in 2015. In 2016, Rice had her break-out performance as Holly March in the action comedy The Nice Guys opposite Ryan Gosling and Russell Crowe. She also appeared in the science-fiction fantasy film Nowhere Boys: The Book of Shadows as Tegan, a supernatural villain. In 2017, she played Eliza Wishart in the Australian film adaptation of the novel Jasper Jones which garnered several AACTA nominations. She also played Jane in The Beguiled. Rice played Betty Brant in the 2017 film Spider-Man: Homecoming. She reprised the part, this time in a more significant role, in the 2019 sequel Spider-Man: Far From Home. She reprised the role again in the web series The Daily Bugle, and yet again in Spider-Man: No Way Home. In 2018, Rice headlined the romantic drama Every Day, and as Lisa in the Australian film adaptation of Ladies in Black for which she won an AACTA award for Best Lead Actress. In 2019, Rice starred opposite Miley Cyrus in the season 5 finale of Black Mirror, an",
"title": "Angourie Rice"
},
{
"docid": "8685753",
"text": "Montana (Jackson W. Brice) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is depicted as the leader of the Enforcers, a team of assassins usually employed by other villains such as the Big Man, the Green Goblin, and the Kingpin, which often places them in conflict with the superheroes Spider-Man and Daredevil. Montana has been adapted from the comics into numerous forms of media, most notably adopting the Shocker persona in both The Spectacular Spider-Man animated series (voiced by Jeff Bennett) and the 2017 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (portrayed by Logan Marshall-Green). Publication history Montana first appeared alongside the other Enforcers in The Amazing Spider-Man #10 (March 1964), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The character subsequently appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964), #19 (December 1964), The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (1964), Marvel Team-Up #39-40 (November–December 1975), The Spectacular Spider-Man #19-20 (June–July 1978), Dazzler #7-8 (October–September 1981), Marvel Team-Up #138 (February 1984), Tales of the Marvels: Inner Demons #1 (1996), Civil War: War Crimes #1 (February 2007), Daredevil #99-100 (September–October 2007), #102 (January 2008), and The Amazing Spider-Man #562-563 (August 2008). Montana appeared as part of the \"Enforcers\" entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #4. Fictional character biography Jackson Brice was born in Bozeman, Montana. Along with Fancy Dan (Daniel Brito) and Ox (Raymond Bloch), he was a founding member of the Enforcers. He has great proficiency with the lariat. Montana, Fancy Dan and Ox make their first appearance under the employ of the Big Man (Frederick Foswell). During this time, they have their first run-in with their longtime nemesis Spider-Man. During their first fight against the web-slinger, Montana's lasso skills initially prove successful but Spider-Man defeats the trio. Over the next couple of years, Montana and the team would be employed by Lightmaster in one of his many schemes, again bringing them into conflict with Spider-Man, with similar results. They would then lend their services to Tech-Master in his revenge plot against Harry S. Osgood, only to be defeated by Dazzler. Montana and the team would also go up against She-Hulk at one point. Following the 2006 \"Civil War\" storyline, Montana, Ox (Ronald Bloch) and Fancy Dan reunite to work for Mister Fear, which pits them directly against Daredevil. After Mister Fear's arrest, the Enforcers are taken in by the Hood's organization. Following the events of the 2008 \"Spider-Man: Brand New Day\" storyline, the Enforcers are patrons at the Bar With No Name. They take bets with a person calling himself \"The Bookie\", over whether Spider-Man will show up to battle \"Basher\", an unknown villain who claimed to have fought Spider-Man. Spider-Man shows up, but is revealed to be Screwball in disguise when the real web-head shows up. The Enforcers decide to get revenge on The Bookie, capturing him. The Bookie's father calls Spider-Man for assistance, and he agrees to help. Spider-Man defeats Fancy Dan and Montana. In the story arc \"Kill",
"title": "Montana (character)"
},
{
"docid": "44226135",
"text": "Spider-Man XXX: A Porn Parody is a 2011 American adult entertainment superhero film written by Axel Braun and Bryn Pryor, and directed by Braun for Vivid Entertainment. As a parody of the Spider-Man comic book series by Marvel, the film stars Xander Corvus, Capri Anderson, Ash Hollywood, and Sarah Shevon. Plot J. Jonah Jameson is attempting to run the Daily Bugle, which is harassing the \"menace\" known as Spider-Man, while his employees Betty Brant and Robbie Robertson have intimate relations in a back room. Across town, a power line accident results in an electric company worker being granted the power to generate and control electricity. The worker decides to become a supervillain, and so dons a costume and rechristens himself Electro. Electro hires a prostitute, and electrocutes her after they have sex. The Kingpin of Crime, Wilson Fisk, then approaches Electro, and hires him as part of an elaborate scheme. Meanwhile, Peter Parker and his promiscuous girlfriend Mary-Jane Watson are walking through an alley when Peter's spider-sense warns him of impending danger. Peter leaves Mary-Jane alone in the alley in order to change into his Spider-Man costume, and the danger that Peter had detected manifests as a gang of thugs who threaten Mary-Jane. Peter reappears as Spider-Man in time to save Mary-Jane, and Mary-Jane rewards the hero with the classic upside-down kiss, which continues into upside-down oral sex. Spider-Man then leaves Mary-Jane, and returns changed back into his Peter Parker attire. Peter and Mary-Jane meet up with Gwen Stacy and Flash Thompson for an off-camera double date to watch the film Black Swan. After they return to Flash's apartment, the city suffers a large scale blackout. Peter alleges that he must go check on his Aunt May, and leaves Mary-Jane at Flash's apartment. Flash suggests that Gwen and Mary-Jane join him in a threesome, and both agree, though due to the blackout much of this is only partially visible. Spider-Man confronts Electro, and engages in a brief fight that ends when Electro accidentally electrocutes himself. Black Widow appears, and attempts to seduce Spider-Man into joining the Avengers. Peter returns home after having sex with Black Widow, and is greeted by his Aunt May, who is being visited by Otto Octavius. Cast Xander Corvus as Spider-Man/Peter Parker Capri Anderson as Mary Jane Watson Ash Hollywood as Gwen Stacy Sarah Shevon as Betty Brant Brooklyn Lee as Black Widow/Natasha Romanoff Tyler Knight as Robbie Robertson Lily Labeau as Liz Allan Robert Black as J. Jonah Jameson Tara Lynn Foxx as Shocked Hooker Blyth Hess as Aunt May Dick Delaware as Electro/Max Dillon Seth Dickens as Flash Thompson Michael Vegas as Harry Osborn Peter O'Tool as Wilson Fisk/Kingpin James Bartholet as Doctor Octopus/Otto Octavius Awards and nominations Follow-ups The film was succeeded by Superman vs. Spider-Man XXX: An Axel Braun Parody in 2012, and Spider-Man XXX 2: An Axel Braun Parody in 2014. Xander Corvus also reprised his role as Spider-Man in 2013's Wolverine XXX: An Axel Braun Parody, and 2015's Avengers XXX",
"title": "Spider-Man XXX: A Porn Parody"
},
{
"docid": "54160471",
"text": "Spider-Man: Homecoming (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score to the Columbia Pictures / Marvel Studios film Spider-Man: Homecoming composed by Michael Giacchino. The soundtrack album was released by Sony Masterworks on July 7, 2017. Background While promoting Doctor Strange in early November 2016, Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige accidentally revealed that Michael Giacchino, who composed the music for that film, would be composing the score for Homecoming as well. Giacchino soon confirmed this himself. Recording for the soundtrack began on April 11, 2017. The score includes the theme from the 1960s cartoon series, which is played during the Marvel Studios logo. The soundtrack was released by Sony Masterworks on July 7, 2017. Track listing Charts Additional music \"Blitzkrieg Bop\" by the Ramones, \"The Underdog\" by Spoon, \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\" by the Rolling Stones, \"The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys\" by Traffic, \"Save It for Later\" by The English Beat and \"Space Age Love Song\" by A Flock of Seagulls are also featured in the film. References 2017 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three soundtracks Sony Music soundtracks Spider-Man film soundtracks Spider-Man (2017 film series) Michael Giacchino soundtracks",
"title": "Spider-Man: Homecoming (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "4391260",
"text": "Spider-Man 2: The Sinister Six (or Spider-Man 2: Enter the Sinister Six in Europe) is a 2001 platform video game based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. It was developed by Torus Games and published by Activision for the Game Boy Color. The game released on May 18, 2001. It is a sequel to Spider-Man (2000) Game Boy Color version. Though it has a similar format, it is not related to Spider-Man: Return of the Sinister Six (1992). A canonical sequel to the first game, Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro, was eventually released on August 26, 2001 (but re-released on October 19, 2001) as a PlayStation exclusive, followed by a standalone sequel, Spider-Man: Mysterio's Menace, released on September 19, 2001 for the Game Boy Advance. Gameplay The player controls Spider-Man through six side-scrolling levels, battling minor thugs and minions until defeating the villains in a boss fight at the end of each level. During gameplay, Spider-Man is able to jump, punch, kick, climb walls, and use his web shooters to web-swing or temporarily stun enemies. Each level involves completing a secondary objective before letting the player access the stage's boss encounter, such as finding keys to unlock doors or seeking out specific enemies who impede the player's progress. Plot The plot of the game revolves around the kidnapping of Aunt May and Spider-Man's efforts to save her from the group of villains who call themselves the Sinister Six: Mysterio, Sandman, Vulture, Scorpion, Kraven, and the mastermind of the group's plans, Doctor Octopus. Dr. Otto Octavius holds a meeting of the Sinister Six during the opening credits sequence of the game. Explaining his plot, Octavius first instructs the members of the Six to hunt down Peter Parker, Spider-Man's photographer, to send a message to their shared enemy. Upon reaching the Parker household, Sandman and the Scorpion realize that Peter isn't home. In Peter's place, the pair kidnaps Peter's aunt, May Parker, and leave a message for Peter, instructing him to \"tell Spidey to go to the Coney Island Pier\". Spider-Man fights through a variety of enemies who patrol the area's sewers and carnival attractions before encountering Mysterio and a number of his hologram duplicates. After his defeat, Mysterio disappears as he gleefully taunts Spider-Man about distracting him from his original task of heading to the pier. Spider-Man then makes his way to the pier, fighting several enemies and being forced to hunt for a key, which one of the nearby thugs possesses. After a brief battle with Sandman, the villain mumbles something about the Vulture being at the World Trade Center before passing out. At the World Trade Center, Spider-Man must unlock a series of doors to access the roofs of the Twin Towers. Upon accessing the outside of the complex, Spider-Man is attacked by the Vulture, who drops a clue leading to Madison Square Garden. Following the clue, Spider-Man battles Scorpion in the massive arena, who tells Peter to make his way to Central Park for his next challenge. Under the",
"title": "Spider-Man 2: The Sinister Six"
},
{
"docid": "33843117",
"text": "Tony Lamberti is an American sound engineer. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Sound Mixing for the film Inglourious Basterds. He has worked on more than 140 films since 1991. Selected filmography Revolutionary Road (2008) Inglourious Basterds (2009) Eat Pray Love (2010) RED (2010) Django Unchained (2012) Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) Green Book (2018) Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) Spider-Man: Far from Home (2019) Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American audio engineers Primetime Emmy Award winners",
"title": "Tony Lamberti"
},
{
"docid": "19054808",
"text": "Bluebird (Sally Avril), sometimes rendered Blue Bird, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is usually depicted as a supporting character in the Spider-Man series. In other media, Sally Avril has appeared in the animated series The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Grey DeLisle; in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), portrayed by Kelsey Asbille; and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), played by Isabella Amara. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Sally Avril first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (1962). Sally was a minor member of Flash Thompson's entourage, appearing in only one issue during the Silver Age. Her \"Bluebird\" career was created by Busiek (scripts) and Olliffe (pencils) in 1996. Fictional character biography Sally Avril was a fellow student of Peter Parker's at Midtown High who turned him down for a date, preferring Flash Thompson. Thirty years later, writing for Untold Tales of Spider-Man, Kurt Busiek resurrected the one-note brunette from obscurity and gave her a background. She was an ambitious, thrill-loving girl who took blue ribbons in gymnastics. With fellow popular kid Jason Ionello, she attempted to cash in on a Daily Bugle contest offering a thousand dollars to a reader who brought in pictures of Spider-Man. Although their mission was a bust, Sally loved the thrill and became very smitten with the web-slinger when he touched her cheek just before leaving her and Jason with a warning to give it up. Sally and Jason tailed Spidey again, who was (unwillingly) working for Electro. The flash from Sally's camera roused Spidey from his hypnotic state, and a well-placed kick by the athletic young Sally took Electro by surprise long enough for Spidey to readjust his mask — which Electro had been preparing to remove — and defeat him. Spider-Man posed for a shot with an ecstatic Sally and Jason that the Bugle ran. Suffused with glee, Sally tried to get a permanent gig on the Bugle, but was told the photographer's job was filled — by Peter Parker. Peter admitted this but asked her not to tell their fellow Midtowners. Sally donned an eccentric blue-and-white costume and decided, with her aerobic skills, to become a superheroine. She asked Peter to take some Bugle pics of her doing some stunts, but Peter refused. Angered, she threatened to blackmail him by revealing that he took Spider-Man pictures, but he undercut her by telling them himself. Bluebird's zeal but lack of experience caused trouble for Spider-Man during fights with Scarlet Beetle and Electro. Her \"ether egg\" weapons would detonate prematurely or have little effect, once even allowing the villain to escape. Considering her more trouble than she was worth, Spider-Man allowed the Black Knight's men to hurt her quite badly in order to dissuade her from interfering in his fights again, although he later felt remorseful. Bruised but undaunted, Sally and Jason headed to an area where",
"title": "Bluebird (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "2291862",
"text": "\"The Death of Jean DeWolff\" is a four-part story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It comprises the comics Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #107–110 (October 1985 – January 1986). The story was written by Peter David, penciled by Rich Buckler, and inked by Brett Breeding, Josef Rubinstein, Kyle Baker and Pat Redding. It was the second professional comic book writing assignment for David and the beginning of his \"break\" into comic book writing. In this arc, Peter Parker (Spider-Man) hunts down the killer of police captain Jean DeWolff, one of his closest friends. Publication history On the first page of \"Part 4: All My Sins Remembered\", when Spider-Man remembers his teenage past with Betty Brant, the flashback panels are reprints of panels from earlier issues of Amazing Spider-Man; e.g. the third panel is from Amazing Spider-Man #41. Plot summary After capturing a trio of muggers assaulting Ernie Popchik (an elderly tenant of his Aunt May's), Spider-Man learns that his close friend NYPD Captain Jean DeWolff has been killed in her sleep. Spider-Man confronts the police officer in charge of the investigation, Sergeant Stan Carter. Carter tells him Jean was killed by a close-range double-barreled shotgun blast, and that her badge is missing. Meanwhile, attorney Matt Murdock (the civilian identity of Daredevil) is assigned to represent Popchik's muggers at their arraignment; he succeeds in getting them released without bail, and through his super-senses also finds out Spider-Man's secret identity as Peter Parker when the latter attends the trial in May's and Popchik's company. However, he is disgusted by his clients' rowdy behavior, and speaks with the judge presiding over the case — his friend and mentor, Horace Rosenthal — about his misgivings with doing pro bono publico work. During their talk he senses an armed and masked intruder in Rosenthal's chamber. After Rosenthal leaves, the intruder introduces himself as the Sin-Eater and tries to shoot Murdock. Hearing the commotion, Rosenthal returns and is shot by the Sin-Eater. The Sin-Eater then escapes through the window. On the streets outside, Spider-Man responds to the panic aroused by the Sin-Eater's appearance. He opens fire on Spider-Man, who leaps above the scattergun blasts. The bullets hit a crowd of bystanders. During their fight, Spider-Man spots a gavel and a badge on the Sin-Eater's belt, and realizes he must be the one who killed Jean DeWolff. However, when he sees Aunt May lying senseless on the ground, he allows the Sin-Eater to escape so that he can help her. Spider-Man successfully petitions Carter for unofficial approval to search DeWolff's apartment. Carter also reveals the folklore behind the term sin-eater, and mentions that he is a former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. Spider-Man is unable to find any clues in DeWolff's apartment, but discovers a collection of news clippings indicating that she was romantically interested in him. While at Rosenthal's funeral, Murdock recognizes Sin-Eater's heartbeat among those attending DeWollf's funeral nearby, but there are too many mourners for him to pick out which one is the Sin-Eater.",
"title": "The Death of Jean DeWolff"
},
{
"docid": "51155025",
"text": "Jacob Batalon (born October 9, 1996) is an American actor. Batalon achieved international recognition playing Ned Leeds in five Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films, beginning with a supporting role in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), cameos in Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and further supporting roles in Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), also appearing in the web series The Daily Bugle (2019–2021). He also played Keon in the Netflix film Let It Snow (2019), and the titular character in the Syfy television series Reginald the Vampire (2022–present). Early life Jacob Batalon was born on October 9, 1996, in Hawaii, to Filipino parents. Batalon has seven half-siblings: a brother and a sister from his mother, and three brothers and two sisters from his father. Upon graduating from the private Catholic school St. Anthony's School, he went to Damien Memorial School, then Batalon attended Kapiʻolani Community College to study music theory, but later dropped out. He then took a two-year program to study acting at the New York Conservatory for Dramatic Arts. Career Batalon made his acting debut in the 2016 film North Woods. As part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, he first appeared as Peter Parker's best friend Ned Leeds in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017). It was Batalon's first major role. He reprised the role in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame, Spider-Man: Far From Home, (both 2019) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). In 2018, Batalon played one of the bodies inhabited by spirit A in the young-adult film Every Day. In 2021, Batalon was cast as the titular Reginald in Syfy's dramedy series Reginald the Vampire. Personal life In 2021, he lost for his role in Spider-Man: No Way Home. Filmography Film Television Web series References External links 1996 births Living people American male actors of Filipino descent American male film actors American male television actors Male actors from Honolulu Kapiʻolani Community College alumni 21st-century American male actors",
"title": "Jacob Batalon"
},
{
"docid": "39216224",
"text": "\"If This Be My Destiny...!\" is a story arc featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It spans the issues The Amazing Spider-Man #31–33 (1965-1966), and was written by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the latter of whom also did the art. The story introduces supporting characters Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy, Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus temporarily assuming the Master Planner alias, and Spider-Man being pinned under heavy machinery, which he lifts after gathering enough will power through thoughts of his family. Background The storyline ran in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 through #33, with a single interconnected story arc, being one of the first of its kind in Spider-Man's history. Lee recounted that he and Ditko jointly plotted the acclaimed sequence in which Spider-Man lifts the heavy machinery off of him, but that stretching the sequence out for several pages was purely Ditko's idea. Having anticipated that Ditko would spend just two or three panels on this plot point, Lee said that when he saw the art for the scene \"I almost shouted in triumph\". In the letters section of the September–October 1998 issue of Comic Book Marketplace, Ditko pointed out that he was credited as sole plotter of series starting with issue 25, and that the sequence in question was in issue 33. He further stated that Stan Lee never knew what was in Ditko's plotted stories until he saw the artwork. Synopsis Peter Parker attends his first day at Empire State University, meeting classmates Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy. Meanwhile, Aunt May succumbs to a mysterious and life-threatening illness and a new evil mastermind called the \"Master Planner\" arranges for the theft of various technological devices. After a fateful battle, Spider-Man discovers that the Master Planner is none other than Doctor Octopus, and that he has stolen a rare isotope that could be the only means to save Aunt May's life. Doc Ock manages to escape, leaving Spider-Man trapped under heavy machinery. Thinking about Uncle Ben's death and not wanting to lose Aunt May as well, Spider-Man is able to gather enough will power to lift the machinery, though his leg gets hurt while escaping from the flooding lab. He gives the serum to Dr. Curt Connors for analysis before delivering it to the hospital where May is treated, and takes some photographs for the Daily Bugle to raise money for May's hospital bills. When he returns to the hospital, Peter is relieved to learn the serum cured May, and goes home for some well deserved rest. Reception One of the most celebrated issues of the Lee-Ditko run is #33 (February 1966), the third part of the story arc \"If This Be My Destiny\", featuring the dramatic scene of Spider-Man who, through willpower and memories of his family, escapes from being pinned by heavy machinery. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that \"Steve Ditko squeezes every ounce of anguish out of Spider-Man's predicament, complete with visions of the uncle he failed and the aunt he has sworn to save\". Peter",
"title": "If This Be My Destiny...!"
},
{
"docid": "197078",
"text": "Homecoming is a tradition at many North American schools. Homecoming(s) or The Homecoming may also refer to: Books Drama and poetry Homecoming (2001 play), a play by Lauren Weedman \"Homecoming\" (poem), a 1968 poem by Bruce Dawe Homecoming, a 1984 poetry collection by Julia Alvarez The Homecoming, a play by Harold Pinter written in 1964 and first published in 1965 Fiction Novels Homecoming (2023 novel), a novel by Kate Morton Homecoming (novel), a 1981 young adult novel by Cynthia Voigt Homecoming, a 1992 novel by Matthew J. Costello Homecoming (Kiryō), a 1948 novel by Osaragi Jirō Homecoming, a 2015 novel in the series The 100 by Kass Morgan Homecoming, a 2003 novel set in the Star Trek universe Homecoming Saga, a 1992—1995 novel series by Orson Scott Card Homecoming, a 2015—2016 novel series by R. A. Salvatore Homecomings (novel), a 1956 novel by C. P. Snow in the Strangers and Brothers series Short stories \"Homecoming\" (Kafka short story) \"Homecoming\", a 1946 short story by Ray Bradbury \"Homecoming\", a short story by Robin Hobb in the 2003 anthology Legends II Nonfiction Homecoming: When the Soldiers Returned from Vietnam, a 1989 book by Bob Greene Homecoming: Essays on African and Caribbean Literature, Culture, and Politics, a 1972 book by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o Homecoming: Reclaiming and Championing Your Inner Child, a 1990 book by John Bradshaw Film and TV Film Homecoming (1928 film), a German drama starring Lars Hanson Homecoming (1934 film), a Chinese film starring Ruan Lingyu Homecoming (1941 film) (), a German propaganda film Homecoming (1948 film), a romantic drama starring Clark Gable and Lana Turner Homecoming (1984 film), a Hong Kong film starring Siqin Gaowa and Josephine Koo Homecoming (1996 film), a TV adaptation of Cynthia Voigt's novel Homecoming (2003 film), a Philippine film of the 2000s directed by Gil Portes Homecoming (2004 film), a film field-produced by Roko Belic Home Coming (2006 film), a Greek-Turkish drama film Homecoming (2009 film), an indie-thriller starring Mischa Barton, Matt Long and Jessica Stroup Homecoming (2011 film), a Singaporean film starring Jack Neo Homecoming, a 2011 film starring Brea Grant Homecoming, a 2013 short film produced by Idil Ibrahim Homecoming (2019 Indonesian film), a drama film directed by Adriyanto Dewo Homecoming (2023 film), a French drama film Home Coming (2022 film), a Chinese drama film Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé, a 2019 concert film directed by and starring Beyoncé Spider-Man: Homecoming, a 2017 superhero film starring Tom Holland How to Train Your Dragon: Homecoming, a 2019 holiday special Television Homecoming (TV series), a 2018 Amazon TV series based on Gimlet Media's podcast (see below) Homecoming with Rick Reilly, an American sports program, broadcast 2009–10 The Homecoming: A Christmas Story, a 1971 TV movie which inspired The Waltons The Waltons: Homecoming, a 2021 remake Episodes \"Homecoming\" (American Dragon: Jake Long) \"Homecoming\" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) \"Homecoming\" (Dawson's Creek) \"Homecoming\" (ER) \"Homecoming\" (Falling Skies) \"Homecoming\" (Ghost Whisperer) \"Homecoming\" (Glee) \"Homecoming\" (Heroes) \"Homecoming\" (Lost) \"Homecoming\" (Masters of Horror) \"Homecoming\" (Miss Guided) \"Homecoming\" (Naruto) \"Homecoming\" (New Girl)",
"title": "Homecoming (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "2175534",
"text": "Martin Schienle (born July 30, 1982), known professionally as Martin Starr, is an American actor. He is known for the television roles of Bill Haverchuck on the short-lived comedy drama Freaks and Geeks (1999–2000), Roman DeBeers on the comedy series Party Down (2009–2010, 2023), Bertram Gilfoyle on the HBO series Silicon Valley (2014–2019), for his film roles in Knocked Up (2007) and Adventureland (2009), and as Roger Harrington in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films The Incredible Hulk (2008), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Personal life Starr was born in Santa Monica, California, the son of actress Jean St. James. He is a Buddhist. In an interview with Wired, Starr said that he felt \"frustrated and depressed\" at 22 due to lack of offers in the years after Freaks and Geeks was cancelled. He had fired his agent and decided to quit acting altogether; however, a few years later he was offered Knocked Up, and other offers then started to come his way. Career Starr was cast as Bill Haverchuck in the NBC sitcom Freaks and Geeks. The series received positive reviews from critics, but it suffered from low ratings and was canceled after only one season. It gained a strong cult following. Starr then had a number of guest appearances and one-time roles on shows such as Ed, Mysterious Ways, Providence, King of the Hill, and Normal, Ohio. He had a small recurring role during the third season of Roswell as the character Monk. In 2002, Starr appeared in the films Stealing Harvard and Cheats. He reunited with both Freaks and Geeks producer Judd Apatow and Freaks and Geeks co-star Seth Rogen when he made a guest appearance on Apatow's situational comedy Undeclared in the episode \"The Perfect Date\". In 2005, he appeared in the miniseries Revelations and the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother. Starr co-starred in the 2007 comedy film Knocked Up, which was directed by Judd Apatow. The same year, he had small appearances in Superbad and Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, both of which were produced by Apatow. Knocked Up was critically praised and was successful at the box office. The success of Knocked Up led to Starr having larger roles in films, such as Good Dick and Adventureland. Starr also appears in many well-received short films that premiere at film festivals, such as the Sundance Film Festival. In 2008, Starr played Roger Harrington in The Incredible Hulk. He reprised the role in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). From 2009 to 2010, Starr was a series regular portraying Roman DeBeers on the Starz sitcom Party Down. The series was cancelled after two seasons and there were discussions of adapting the series into film, but this never came to fruition. From 2011 to 2013, he co-starred on the Adult Swim television series NTSF:SD:SUV::, in which he played Sam Stern. In 2011, Starr had a major role in",
"title": "Martin Starr"
},
{
"docid": "23813636",
"text": "Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that debuted in September 2011 as part of the second re-launch of the Ultimate Marvel imprint. It followed the \"Death of Spider-Man\" storyline that concluded the series Ultimate Spider-Man, to which Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man served as a sequel. Written by Brian Michael Bendis and illustrated by Sara Pichelli, the series also served as a continuation of elements from the miniseries Ultimate Comics: Fallout and focuses on the all-new Spider-Man, Miles Morales. The series was set in a continuity shared with other relaunched Ultimate Marvel titles including Ultimate Comics: X-Men and Ultimate Comics: Ultimates. The title ended in October 2013; the adventures of Miles continue in Miles Morales: Ultimate Spider-Man, released in July 2014. History After the \"Death of Spider-Man\" story arc, in which Peter Parker was killed, the title's third volume was launched, in which writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Sara Pichelli depicted Parker's mantle being passed on to Miles Morales. Characters Miles Morales / Spider-Man II - A thirteen-year-old boy living with both his parents, though he also attends a charter school and roommates with his best friend Ganke Lee and another student named Judge. He has managed to meet a few people associated with the former Spider-Man, including Gwen Stacy, Mary Jane, Aunt May, Spider-Woman and Nick Fury. Gwen Stacy – Now living a normal life, having briefly dated Peter Parker prior to his death. May Parker – Aunt of the deceased Peter Parker. Jessica Drew / Spider-Woman – A female clone of Peter Parker, sharing most of his memories. Peter Parker / Spider-Man – The first Spider-Man, originally thought to be killed by the Green Goblin, apparently returns, and meets Miles, later assisting him in a battle against a recently returned Green Goblin. Villains Norman Osborn / Green Goblin – Spider-Man's oldest nemesis. Thought to be dead, he returns and breaks the Ultimate Six out of the Triskelion to kill Peter Parker, calling themselves the 'Men of God'. Max Dillon / Electro – A former criminal empowered with electrokinesis by Hammer Industries. Freed from prison by Osborn to kill Peter Parker. Elijah Stern / Tinkerer – An evil scientist who tries to get revenge on the Roxxon Company. Aaron Davis / Prowler – A cat burglar named Aaron Davis, brother of Miles' father Jefferson, and Miles' paternal uncle. Maximus Gargan / Scorpion – A Mexican mob boss named Maximus Gargan that worked with Miles Morales' uncle Aaron Davis, a.k.a. The Prowler. Edward Brock Jr. / Venom – Peter Parker's childhood friend, bonded to a protoplasmic, semi-sentient black suit known as a Symbiote. Arkady Gregorivich Rossovich / Omega Red – A mutant zealot who was created by Weapon X. Reception Reviewing the first issue, James Hunt of Comic Book Resources rated issue #1 four and a half out of five stars. Hunt called the issue \"technically strong\", and praised the writing and art. He defended the absence of Peter Parker in the book, stating",
"title": "Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "32300828",
"text": "Ultimate Comics: Fallout is a comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics that debuted in July 2011 as part of the second re-launch of the Ultimate Universe. The story itself deals mainly with the aftermath of the \"Death of Spider-Man\" storyline, and focuses on the impact of the death of Spider-Man on many of the Ultimate Marvel characters, specifically Aunt May, Mary Jane, and Gwen Stacy, as well as the Ultimates and Nick Fury. It is written by Brian Michael Bendis, Jonathan Hickman, and Nick Spencer. It also introduced a new art style by Gabriel Hardman that would go on to be featured in the sequel series Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man and the crossover Spider-Men. Background The series takes place in the Ultimate Universe, following both Ultimate Comics: Avengers, Ultimate Comics: X, and specifically the \"Death of Spider-Man\" in Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man. At the same time, the series represents the beginning of the second re-launch (or Rebirth) of Ultimate Marvel, which would bring about new ongoing titles such as Ultimate Comics: Ultimates, Ultimate Comics: X-Men, and a re-launched Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man featuring a new Spider-Man. Jonathan Hickman, Nick Spencer, and Brian Michael Bendis represent the three writers of these upcoming respective books, as well as the co-writers to Fallout itself. Plot summary Chapter One Spider-Man R.I.P.: writer Brian Michael Bendis, artist Mark Bagley In the aftermath of his death match against the Green Goblin, Spider-Man has died in the arms of Aunt May and Mary Jane Watson. The death of Spider-Man has affected everyone. Gwen Stacy considers herself a curse. J. Jonah Jameson knew that Peter Parker was Spider-Man and couldn't think of a way to print this out for the Daily Bugle. Both the Human Torch and Kitty Pryde are shown to be saddened by the loss of their friend. Tony Stark foots the bill for the largest funeral in New York. At the funeral, Aunt May is visited by a young girl who Spider-Man once saved from a fire. Aunt May is then approached by a remorseful Captain America who states that what happened to Peter was his fault. Mary Jane Watson even blames Nick Fury for Peter's death. Chapter Two Captain America: writer Brian Michael Bendis, artist Gabriel Hardman Thor: writer Jonathan Hickman, artist Bryan Hitch Rogue: writer Nick Spencer, artist Lee Garbett When Captain America tells Aunt May that Spider-Man \"wasn't ready to be one of the Ultimates\" and that the gunshot was meant for him, Aunt May scolds Captain America for making the decision that cost her the life of Peter Parker. Aunt May manages to find condolence from J. Jonah Jameson. The grievances are reached in different ways, ranging from Thor and Rogue. Meanwhile, Mary Jane plans her retribution, stating that Nick Fury and his team of superheroes are responsible for Spider-Man's death. Chapter Three Tony Stark: writer Jonathan Hickman, artist Steve Kurth Kitty Pryde: writer Nick Spencer, artist Eric Nguyen Karen Grant & The Hulk: writer Jonathan Hickman, artist Carlo Pagulayan While at",
"title": "Ultimate Fallout"
},
{
"docid": "4250586",
"text": "The Iron Spider is a fictional powered exoskeleton used by several characters in Marvel Comics. Publication history The Iron Spider armor first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #529 and was designed by Joe Quesada, based on a sketch by Chris Bachalo. Peter Parker wore this gold and red suit as Spider-Man's official costume until writer J. Michael Straczynski chose to revert to the older costume. It was used symbolically to show the character's divided loyalties during the 2006–2007 \"Civil War\" storyline. Known wearers Peter Parker After being revived from a battle with Morlun, Tony Stark created the Iron Spider Armor as a gift to Peter Parker, in order to get the young hero's support for the Superhero Registration Act. But during several fights, Parker slowly became disturbed over the battles with several unregistered heroes, and discovered that Stark was using the suit to monitor him, along with several devices in play to incapacitate him if necessary. But during a trip to 42, a prison that illegally held super-powered individuals within the Negative Zone without trial or counsel, Parker became completely disgusted with Stark's actions, and turned his back from the Registation's side of the war, and forgone the costume after \"reformed\" criminals Jester and Jack O' Lantern attacked his aunt and wife in an attempt to capture him, and after a serious confrontation with Stark, leading the tech genius to repossess it. Scarlet Spiders The Iron Spider armor costume has been duplicated and used by MVP's three genetic clones in the Initiative who identify themselves as Red Team and also labeled the Scarlet Spiders. It is unknown as to what new powers the team possesses, but they have been shown to use some of the built-in powers such as the cloaking device, communications, and waldoes which the original costume possessed. One change is that there are now four waldoes, as opposed to three. These suits have the original's morphing ability, as well as web-shooters, and wall-crawling capability. Mary Jane Watson Mary Jane Watson later donned the Iron Spider armor in order to help Spider-Man and Iron Man fight Regent. She uses her experience in Iron Man's suit and her brief spider powers that she had back in the Spider-Island storyline to operate the armor. Aaron Davis Aaron Davis purchases a recolored and modified Iron Spider armor which he uses to form his incarnation of the Sinister Six. Amadeus Cho Amadeus Cho wears a version of the suit in the comic book The Totally Awesome Hulk. Powers and abilities Supported by a system similar to that of Tony Stark's classic Iron Man design, The Iron Spider armor features many gadgets, including three mechanical spider-arms, or \"waldoes\", that can be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. Stark describes them as too delicate to use in combat, yet Spider-Man shortly afterward uses them to smash through the sensors in Titanium Man's helmet. Later on during the \"Civil War\" arc, he uses them (reluctantly) during",
"title": "Iron Spider"
},
{
"docid": "2839562",
"text": "\"The Other\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \"acts\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes",
"title": "Spider-Man: The Other"
},
{
"docid": "12491682",
"text": "Chris McKenna is an American television writer, film producer, screenwriter, and television producer. He has written for American Dad!, Community, and The Mindy Project, and part of the first Marvel Cinematic Universe Spider-Man trilogy (2017–2021). Early life McKenna attended The Bishop's School in La Jolla, California. Career McKenna was an uncredited writer on the 2004 film The Girl Next Door, having developed the screenplay with director Luke Greenfield. He was denied credit by the WGA arbitration process. McKenna wrote some of Communitys most critically acclaimed episodes, including \"Paradigms of Human Memory\", \"Conspiracy Theories and Interior Design\", and the Emmy- and Hugo-nominated \"Remedial Chaos Theory\". He also co-wrote (along with his brother Matt McKenna) one of the most acclaimed episodes of American Dad!, \"Rapture's Delight\". During his time as a writer for American Dad, he met Erik Sommers, who would later become his writing partner. Together they have since written for The Lego Batman Movie (2017), co-writing Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and its sequels, Far From Home (2019) and No Way Home (2021), along with Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017) and Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018). Having worked with the Russo brothers on the sitcom Community, McKenna contributed to the script of Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) by writing jokes for the film. Filmography Film Writer Igor (2008) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017) Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) Ghosted (2023) Assistant The Thing Called Love (1993) Little Miss Millions (1993) (Production assistant) Greedy (1994) Grumpier Old Men (1995) Executive producer Registered Sex Offender (2008) Producer Lousy Carter (2023) Special thanks Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (2009) Television References External links American television writers American television producers American male screenwriters Living people American male television writers Place of birth missing (living people) 1967 births The Bishop's School alumni",
"title": "Chris McKenna (writer)"
},
{
"docid": "2881177",
"text": "Takeshi Miyazawa (born April 19, 1978) is a comic book artist who was born in Canada and attended Queen's University in Ontario to study art. His art style incorporates a manga sensibility. Bibliography Incomplete comic book checklist: Empowered Special: Nine Beers with Ninjette (Dark Horse) Generation Hope #16–17 (Marvel) Lost Planet Bound Raven #1–2 (Dengeki Comics EX) Mary Jane #1–4 (Marvel) Mary Jane: Homecoming (Marvel) \"Mastermind Excello\" in Amazing Fantasy (2004 series) #15 (Marvel) Mech Cadet Yu #1–12 (Boom! Studios) Ms. Marvel (Vol. 4) #3, 8, 10–12, 14–17 (Marvel) Robotech: Invasion #1–5 (DC Comics/Wildstorm) Runaways (Vol. 1) #11–12 (Marvel) Runaways (Vol. 2) #7–8 (Marvel) Runaways (Vol. 3) #7-9 (Marvel) Secret Invasion: Young Avengers/Runaways #1–3 (Marvel) Sidekicks #1–3, Sidekicks published by Oni Press and the story set in the same universe \"Crash Course\" in the series Love and Tights #1, published by Slave Labor Graphics Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane #1–15 (Marvel) Spider-Man Unlimited #1 (Marvel) Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man #7–8 (Marvel) Uncanny X-Men #434 (Marvel) X-Men Unlimited #42 (Marvel) Spider-Gwen: Ghost-Spider #5–10 (Marvel) Ghost-Spider #1– (Marvel) Silk (Vol. 3) #1–5 (Marvel) Silk (Vol. 4) #1– (Marvel) Incomplete trade paperback checklist: Mary Jane Vol. 1: Circle Of Friends (digest size) Mary Jane Vol. 2: Homecoming (digest size) Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane Vol. 1: Super Crush (digest size) Spider-Gwen:Ghost-Spider Vol. 2: The Impossible Year References External links Factory 9ine, Miyazawa's official website Takeshi Miyazawa on marvel.com Interview on Where Monsters Dwell (May, 2013) https://www.darkhorse.com/Comics/23-899/Empowered-Special-Nine-Beers-with-Ninjette (August 2019) Canadian comics artists Living people 1978 births Canadian people of Japanese descent",
"title": "Takeshi Miyazawa"
},
{
"docid": "23834597",
"text": "is a manga by . It ran in the children's magazine, Comic BomBom, from November 9, 2004, to May 11, 2005. The manga is not connected to Ryoichi Ikegami's Spider-Man: The Manga and takes place in its independent continuity numbered as Earth-7041. Plot In the year 200X, a supervillain who goes by the name Lord Beaustius (Lord Gokibu in the Japanese version) wants to steal the fossil of the Insect King, 15 year-old Peter Parker (Kakeru Amano in the Japanese version) uses his new spider powers to become Spider-Man J, to prevent this from happening. During his time as a superhero, he meets Japanese versions of Elektra, Dr. Doom, Blade, and the Fantastic Four. The story does not provide an extensive introduction to the character like previous Spider-Man series published in Japan did. Daniel Stein, author of \"Of Transcreations and Transpacific Adaptations: Investigating Manga Versions of Spider-Man\", said that \"no reintroduction of Spider-Man through a recap or revision of his origin story was necessary[...]\". Characters is a boy with the paranormal abilities of a spider. He keeps his identity as Spider-Man J a secret, fearing his family or friends might get hurt. The only person who knows Kakeru is Spider-Man J is Detective Makoto. He specializes in a number of weapons that he creates using his web-shooters. He is shy and clumsy, and barely has any friends. In the English version, he is known as Peter Parker. His parents are located in the United States. Stein described the Spider-Man J Peter Parker as \"a small, preadolescent kid who still sleeps with stuffed animals\". is a detective who became a police officer because he wanted to protect people. He has a goofy sense of humor, but has a good heart and believes in justice. In the English version, he is known as Detective Flynn. Stein described Flynn as \"a paternal figure less given to emotional outbursts and childish fantasies than [Spider-Man J's] Peter\". is Kakeru's young, happy go-lucky aunt. She loves Kakeru like he is her own son, and is overprotective of him. She owns her own dress shop. She is quite relaxed, and is known for her spicy curry. In the English version, she is known as Aunt May. Stein described the Spider-Man J Aunt May as \"a somewhat overbearing mother figure\". is Kakeru's classmate and girlfriend. She is a tomboy, and is very careful for everyone, especially Kakeru. In the English version, she is known as Jane-Marie, a name based on that of Mary Jane Watson from the American series. Stein describes Jane-Marie as \"a friend but not yet a potential love interest\". is Kakeru's/Spider-Man J Peter's classmate and friend. He is a fan of Spider-Man J and Comic BomBom, judging by his shirt that reads \"Bom\". In the English version, he is known as Harold. is the main villain of the manga. Not much is known about him, or his past. In the English version, he is known as Lord Beastius. Elektra The Spider-Man J Peter is against",
"title": "Spider-Man J"
},
{
"docid": "61295620",
"text": "Erik Sommers is an American television writer, television producer and screenwriter. Career Erik Sommers began his career working as a production staff in Stark Raving Mad. During his time as a writer on American Dad, he met Chris McKenna, who would become his writing partner. Together they co-wrote The Lego Batman Movie and Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (both 2017), as well as part of the first Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) Spider-Man trilogy from 2017–2021 and co-wrote another MCU film, Ant-Man and the Wasp, in 2018. Filmography Film writer The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017) Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) Ghosted (2023) Television Other credits References External links American television writers American television producers American male screenwriters Living people American male television writers Place of birth missing (living people) 1976 births",
"title": "Erik Sommers"
},
{
"docid": "61485677",
"text": "Debbie Berman is a South African film and television editor. She is best known for her editing work on multiple movies in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, including Spider-Man: Homecoming, Black Panther, and Captain Marvel. Life and career She was born in Johannesburg, South Africa. She attended High School Victory Park, part of the King David Schools, and was introduced to video editing. She would edit films for school events and personal projects. She began editing television shows and movies in South Africa, before moving to Vancouver, Canada. After editing Space Chimps and Invictus, Berman moved to Los Angeles, where she was placed on the editing team for Spider-Man: Homecoming, Black Panther, and Captain Marvel. In Spider-Man: Homecoming, Berman suggested re-shoots for scenes of Liz and Peter interacting to make Liz's character feel more genuine. While working on Black Panther, Berman convinced director Ryan Coogler to do reshoots on the final battle scene, to include the female Jabari warriors. She said that the film's style is based on James Bond and The Godfather and she began work on the production a few months later than the rest of the crew. In 2018, she was inducted into the American Cinema Editors Guild. Her most recent work includes being an editor for Love and Monsters, a monster adventure film released in October 2020. In August 2020, it was announced that she will be making her directorial debut by directing an adaptation of Don Handfield and Joshua Malkin's graphic novel Unikorn, which was published in 2021. Filmography Film As editor Berman was also credited as part of the editorial departments of Ripper 2: Letter from Within (2004), Reflection (2004), Good Session (2015), and The Jesuit (unreleased). She was the visual effects editor for In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale (2007) and Invictus (2009). Television As editor Awards and nominations 2012 recipient of the Sally Menke Editing Fellowship from the Sundance Institute. 2018 - Black Panther (nominated with Michael P. Shawver) - Saturn Award - \"Best Editing\" 2019 - Black Panther (nominated with Michael P. Shawver) - Alliance of Women Film Journalists - \"Best Film Editing\" 2019 - Black Panther (nominated with Michael P. Shawver) - Columbus Film Critics Association - \"Best Film Editing\" References External links Living people South African film editors 1978 births",
"title": "Debbie Berman"
},
{
"docid": "47346528",
"text": "Spider-Man (Peter Parker) from the Marvel Mangaverse is an alternate version of Spider-Man created by Kaare Andrews. He is just one of many examples of different cultural Spider-Men much like Spider-Man (Pavitr Prabhakar), Spider-Man 2099, and Miles Morales. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The Marvel Mangaverse is a comic book universe which was set in the Marvel Comics Multiverse created by Ben Dunn. The universe's incarnation of Peter Parker would debut in Marvel Mangaverse: Spider-Man (2002) a single issue book created, written and drawn by Kaare Andrews. Andrews depicted this version of Spider-Man as a ninja and the last of the Spider Clan after his Uncle Ben was killed by Venom. The character is the third depicted manga version of Spider-Man after Spider-Man: The Manga and Spider-Man J. Fictional character biography The Mangaverse Spider-Man first appeared in the one-shot Marvel Mangaverse: Spider-Man (2002) (created, written and drawn by Kaare Andrews) where his origin was very different from the regular Marvel Spider-Man. In the Mangaverse Peter Parker is the last member of the Spider Clan of ninjas and has been taught martial arts by his sensei, Uncle Ben. After Ben's murder by Venom, an underling of the Kingpin, Peter starts to train in secret so he will be strong enough to exact his revenge. In this version of Spider-Man, Aunt May is Peter's mother's sister instead of Uncle Ben being his father's brother. The Mangaverse Spider-Man was brought back for his own mini-series Spider-Man: Legend of the Spider-Clan (again written by original creator Kaare Andrews) in which he encounters Black Cat, as well as the \"Venom symbiote\". This \"symbiote\" does not become Venom and has mystical origins being the result of a curse this time and connections to an 'evil' clan of ninja who are affiliated with Spiders, who act as a counterpart to Spider-Man's own ninja clan. Norman Osborn, better known as the Green Goblin, also appears in the series as an antagonist. Following the first mini-series a story featuring this version of the character appeared in Spider-Man Family. This story picks up after the events of the series with Peter, Aunt May, and Mary Jane visiting the grave of Uncle Ben. The three are then attacked by a group called The Elementals and May is killed in the battle while Mary Jane is wounded and left unconscious. The Elementals then leave Peter alive and broken with no explanation as to why they attacked him other than \"our task was to seek you out, Spider. To help you shed your skin. To set you on your path.\" Whilst mourning the loss of Aunt May a secret Map reveals itself to Peter it leads to the Land of The Spider-Clan and he decides to follow it in hopes of getting answers. Upon finding them Peter learns of Venom's survival from the end of the previous series where he had thought to",
"title": "Spider-Man (Marvel Mangaverse)"
},
{
"docid": "1355215",
"text": "Featured here is a chronological list of story arcs in the comic book series Ultimate Spider-Man, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Bill Jemas, and drawn by Mark Bagley until Stuart Immonen replaced him. Ultimate Spider-Man is a teenage drama, in background contrast to the adult Spider-Man in the Marvel continuity. Ultimate Spider-Man \"Power and Responsibility\" (#1–7) Published: October 2000 – May 2001 Creative Team: Brian Michael Bendis (writing) / Mark Bagley (art) Plot outline: During a field trip to Osborn Industries, Peter Parker gets bitten by a genetically-mutated spider. The spider was part of the scientific experimentation there and had been injected with a formula that Norman himself had created called OZ. Kong, one of Peter's classmates kills the spider before anyone could retrieve it. Norman Osborn decides to track Peter's progress as he now has the last of the formula in his blood. After several instances of fainting and displaying extraordinary strength and reflexes, Peter realizes the bite gave him spider-like powers. On one occasion, Peter accidentally breaks Flash Thompson's hand when he tries to fight him, a bully who has been tormenting Parker for years. When Flash's family attempt to sue, Peter becomes part of a local wrestling circuit as the masked \"Amazing Spider-Man\" to anonymously pay for his Aunt May and Uncle Ben's legal fees. Peter also gets his Spider-Man suit courtesy of the wrestling organization, although it isn't finished yet. Peter does not reveal this secret double-life to anybody, not even his friends Mary Jane Watson and Harry Osborn. Peter flees the wrestling organization after being accused of stealing. Peter returns home where his aunt and uncle berate him for his failing academic grades and for his change in attitude. Angry and confused, Peter runs away and spends the night at Kong's home before going to party, where Ben finds him and tries to take him home. Ben informs Peter of the \"with great power, comes great responsibility\" ethos that Peter's father abided by. Peter is angered that his father was never there to tell him that himself, and runs off to contemplate Ben's words. More angry and tired, he allows a burglar to escape after robbing a deli owner, but upon returning home, he finds that Uncle Ben had been murdered. Peter tracks down Ben's killer, subdues him, only to find out he is the same burglar he had let get away earlier. He ties him to a rope and leaves the killer to the police. Understanding Uncle Ben's words, Peter is galvanized to using his powers for good, and begins to establish himself as the superhero known as Spider-Man. Meanwhile, Norman Osborn injects himself with the OZ formula, gaining confidence by tracking the effects the spider formula had on Peter. As a result, Norman is transformed into a monstrous, fiery, large goblin. The Goblin destroys the lab, kills several scientists and leaves Dr. Otto Octavius, another scientist, for dead. All this is seen by Harry Osborn who runs home to find his mother",
"title": "List of Ultimate Spider-Man story arcs"
},
{
"docid": "47275084",
"text": "The comic book stories published by Marvel Comics since the 1940s have featured several noteworthy concepts besides its fictional characters, such as unique places and artifacts. Since the introduction of Peter Parker as a character in 1962, with the superhero alter-ego, Spider-Man, a number of these locations have been prominently featured in connection with storylines specific to this character. These have then been carried over to depictions of Spider-Man in film, video games, and other media. There follows a list of those features. Residences Aunt May's house: Located at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens, nearly every depiction of Spider-Man begins with Parker living with his Aunt May and Uncle Ben (or just his Aunt May, where Uncle Ben is already shown as being deceased). The house is sometimes depicted as being next door to the home of Mary Jane Watson. Storylines have occurred in various comic book runs and other media where Aunt May's home is attacked. In the 2018 American computer-animated film, Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, a shed in the backyard leads to a secret underground lair where Parker (deceased in that universe) had kept a variety of costumes and technology. In the 1981 TV cartoon, Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, the house serves as the Spider-Friends' headquarters, though Aunt May remains unaware of their activities. Companies Daily Bugle: A newspaper headquartered in a building where Parker works as a photographer for J. Jonah Jameson. Oscorp Tower: A research company headquartered in a skyscraper owned by Norman Osborn, which later became the headquarters for Alchemax. Parker Industries: A company that was founded and owned by Parker. Educational institutions Empire State University Empire State University (ESU) is a fictional university whose alumni include Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Harry Osborn, Gwen Stacy, Brian Braddock (on an exchange program), Emma Frost, Norman Osborn, Hector Ayala, Harry Osborn, Brad Davis, Chip Martin and Johnny Storm (the Human Torch). Doreen Green (Squirrel Girl) is currently enrolled in its computer science undergraduate program. Staff included Miles Warren, Edward Lansky (aka Lightmaster), Mendel Stromm, Gregson Gilbert (creator of the Dragon Man), Clifton Shallot (the mutant Vulture), David Jude, and Curtis Connors. Empire State University in other media Empire State is featured in Spider-Man with students and faculty like Curt Connors, Farley Stillwell. Students included Alisa Silvermane (daughter of Silvermane), Debra Whitman, Felicia Hardy, Flash Thompson, Liz Allen, Mary Jane Watson, Michael Morbius, and Peter Parker. It appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man with members being Martha and Curt Connors, Dr. Miles Warren and Max Dillon. Students included Eddie Brock, Gwen Stacy and Peter Parker. ESU is seen in Spider-Man set in the Spider-Man Insomniac Universe, where it resembles New York University. ESU is alluded in Spider-Man 3 and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Midtown High School Midtown High School (also known as Midtown Science High School or the Midtown School of Science and Technology) is a fictional school appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The school is depicted as being located in Queens, NYC.",
"title": "Features of Spider-Man media"
},
{
"docid": "25062961",
"text": "Kenneth Choi (born October 20, 1971) is an American actor. He is known for playing Henry Lin on the television series Sons of Anarchy (2008–2014), Chester Ming in Martin Scorsese's The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), and Judge Lance Ito in The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story (2016). He is also known for his roles as Jim Morita and Principal Morita in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) respectively, and Lewis on the Fox comedy series The Last Man on Earth (2016–2017). Since 2018 he has been starring in the Fox drama series 9-1-1, playing LAFD firefighter Howie \"Chimney\" Han. Early life Choi was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Korean immigrants. His father worked as an electrical engineering professor and businessman. His mother was a registered nurse before becoming a stay-at-home mother. Choi is the middle of three children. He attended Longwood Elementary in Glenwood, Illinois. He attended intermediate and junior high school at Brookwood School District 167. Choi performed as a break dancer during his junior high years. He ran cross-country and was a gymnast at Homewood-Flossmoor High School where he held the sophomore record for the pommel horse. His parents, especially his father, discouraged his childhood dreams of becoming an actor, instructing him to pursue a \"responsible and reasonable\" career, like accounting. Choi followed the advice of his parents and majored in accounting at Purdue University, but decided to drop out in order to pursue his acting dreams. Choi stated: \"I came from a very traditional Asian upbringing so they were very strict. When I decided to pursue acting, I knew that I had to do it all on my own. When I left the Midwest, I cut all ties with my family. I basically ran away from home.\" Choi moved to Portland, Oregon to pursue a career in acting. He had no prior work experience so he gained employment at a local Blockbuster video store. He spent the next five years training with local Portland acting teachers, most notably with Paul Warner. Acting career Choi began his acting career in Portland, Oregon. His first role was in the Disney Channel television film, Halloweentown, with Debbie Reynolds. Choi moved to Los Angeles in late 1999 to further pursue a career as an actor. In film, Choi appeared in The Wolf of Wall Street (as Chester Ming), Captain America: The First Avenger (as Jim Morita), Red Dawn (as Smith) and Suicide Squad. In the 2017 film Spider-Man: Homecoming, he plays a grandson of his Captain America character. Choi has appeared in television. He played Henry Lin in Sons of Anarchy, Captain Ed Rollins on the NBC TV series Ironside, and Sam Luttrell for the NBC TV series Allegiance. Choi played Judge Lance Ito in The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story. He appeared in various TV series, including Longmire, The Newsroom, The Last Man on Earth, Glee, Heroes, 24, Lincoln Heights, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation,",
"title": "Kenneth Choi"
},
{
"docid": "24786216",
"text": "The comic book character Spider-Man has had much media attention due to his popularity as a superhero, as have his villains. Here is a list of his primary villains that have undergone media attention such as in films, televisions, and video games as well as some villains who debuted in the TV series. Film This is a list of Spider-Man enemies that have been in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy, Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films, the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), and Sony's Spider-Man Universe. The movies in the original trilogy also introduces Dylan Baker as Dr. Curt Connors, the man who in the comics becomes the Lizard, but this transformation never took place during Raimi's tenure as director. Mendel Stromm was portrayed by actor Ron Perkins in Spider-Man, although he did not become a villain while Spider-Man 2 features Daniel Gillies as John Jameson, whose transformation into the Man-Wolf is not depicted in the film. Additionally, the Kingpin was featured prominently in the Mark Steven Johnson film Daredevil, where he was portrayed by Michael Clarke Duncan. In The Amazing Spider-Man, the Lizard is the villain. Irrfan Khan also portrays the antagonistic Dr. Ratha in that film. In The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Felicity Jones plays Felicia Hardy, the alter ego of Black Cat but her version of Black Cat was never shown. In Spider-Man: Homecoming, Michael Mando appears as Mac Gargan, but did not become Scorpion. In Spider-Man: Far From Home, Jake Gyllenhaal portrays Mysterio, who was originally to be played by Bruce Campbell in Raimi's canceled fourth film. Additionally, although the character has not appeared in an MCU film yet, Vincent D'Onofrio portrays the Kingpin in Marvel Television's Netflix series Daredevil and the Disney+ series Hawkeye, Echo, and Daredevil: Born Again. Live-action films Animated films Television A number of Spider-Man villains have made appearances in Spider-Man television series or other Marvel Comics related shows mostly in animation. Also, in Wolverine and the X-Men, there was a character that closely resembles Shadrac. Here is a listing in alphabetical order. Sinister Six A few of Spider-Man villains in other media have joined the group Sinister Six (or Insidious Six in Spider-Man: The Animated Series and Sinister Seven or Superior Sinister Six in Ultimate Spider-Man) to take down Spider-Man just like in the comics. Here is a list of villains who have joined. The numbers beside the supervillain with the parentheses in between them stand for their first meeting and second meeting and so on. There has never been a proper depiction of the original Sinister Six (Doctor Octopus, Mysterio, Vulture, Sandman, Kraven and Electro), but in most franchises, all of the members appear, mainly without joining. Made-for-TV villains These villains do not appear in the comics. They were created for various cartoon series. Among them are: Spider-Man (1967) Baron von Rantenraven (voiced by Tom Harvey) - A German pilot who commanded Sky Harbor, which he used to invade New York with World War I biplanes. He uses paralyzing devices. Blackwell the",
"title": "List of Spider-Man enemies in other media"
}
] | [
"Marisa Tomei"
] |
train_7204 | the story of gilgamesh might be based on a real king from what ancient civilization | [
{
"docid": "1112309",
"text": "Enkidu ( EN.KI.DU10) was a legendary figure in ancient Mesopotamian mythology, wartime comrade and friend of Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. Their exploits were composed in Sumerian poems and in the Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh, written during the 2nd millennium BC. He is the oldest literary representation of the wild man, a recurrent motif in artistic representations in Mesopotamia and in Ancient Near East literature. The apparition of Enkidu as a primitive man seems to be a potential parallel of the Old Babylonian version (1300–1000 BC), in which he was depicted as a servant-warrior in the Sumerian poems. There have been suggestions that he may be the \"bull-man\" shown in Mesopotamian art, having the head, arms, and body of a man, and the horns, ears, tail and legs of a bull. Thereafter a series of interactions with humans and human ways bring him closer to civilization, culminating in a wrestling match with Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. Enkidu embodies the wild or natural world. Though equal to Gilgamesh in strength and bearing, he acts in some ways as an antithesis to the cultured, city-bred warrior-king. The tales of Enkidu’s servitude are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems, developing from a slave of Gilgamesh into a close comrade by the last poem, which describes Enkidu as Gilgamesh's friend. In the epic, Enkidu is created as a rival to king Gilgamesh, who tyrannizes his people, but they become friends and together slay the monster Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven; because of this, Enkidu is punished and dies, representing the mighty hero who dies early. The deep, tragic loss of Enkidu profoundly inspires in Gilgamesh a quest to escape death by obtaining godly immortality. Enkidu has virtually no existence outside the stories relating to Gilgamesh. To the extent of current knowledge, he was never a god to be worshipped, and is absent from the lists of deities of ancient Mesopotamia. He seems to appear in an invocation from the Paleo-Babylonian era aimed at silencing a crying baby, a text which also evokes the fact that Enkidu would be held to have determined the measurement of the passage of time at night, apparently in relation to his role as herd keeper at night in the epic. Etymology The name of Enkidu is Sumerian, and generally written in texts in this language by the sequence of signs en.ki.du10. The phrase ki.du10 (good place) is well attested in the Early Dynastic personal names, and the name en.ki.du10.ga (Lord of the good place) is cited on the Fara tablets. The lack of genitive or any grammatical element was common until the late third millennium. However, an alternate translation has been proposed as Creation of Enki. In the epic, his name is preceded by the determinative sign of the divinity dingir 𒀭, which means that this character was considered to be of divine essence. Sumerian poems \"The envoys of Agga\" Uruk refuses to participate in the digging of wells for the benefit of Kish, whose kingdom had the hegemony",
"title": "Enkidu"
},
{
"docid": "13151",
"text": "Gilgamesh (, ; ; originally ) was a hero in ancient Mesopotamian mythology and the protagonist of the Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem written in Akkadian during the late 2nd millennium BC. He was possibly a historical king of the Sumerian city-state of Uruk, who was posthumously deified. His rule probably would have taken place sometime in the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, 2900 – 2350 BC, though he became a major figure in Sumerian legend during the Third Dynasty of Ur (). Tales of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems. The earliest of these is likely \"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld\", in which Gilgamesh comes to the aid of the goddess Inanna and drives away the creatures infesting her huluppu tree. She gives him two unknown objects, a mikku and a pikku, which he loses. After Enkidu's death, his shade tells Gilgamesh about the bleak conditions in the Underworld. The poem Gilgamesh and Aga describes Gilgamesh's revolt against his overlord Aga of Kish. Other Sumerian poems relate Gilgamesh's defeat of the giant Huwawa and the Bull of Heaven, while a fifth, poorly preserved poem relates the account of his death and funeral. In later Babylonian times, these stories were woven into a connected narrative. The standard Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh was composed by a scribe named Sîn-lēqi-unninni, probably during the Middle Babylonian Period (), based on much older source material. In the epic, Gilgamesh is a demigod of superhuman strength who befriends the wild man Enkidu. Together, they embark on many journeys, most famously defeating Humbaba (Sumerian: Huwawa) and the Bull of Heaven, who is sent to attack them by Ishtar (Sumerian: Inanna) after Gilgamesh rejects her offer for him to become her consort. After Enkidu dies of a disease sent as punishment from the gods, Gilgamesh becomes afraid of his death and visits the sage Utnapishtim, the survivor of the Great Flood, hoping to find immortality. Gilgamesh repeatedly fails the trials set before him and returns home to Uruk, realizing that immortality is beyond his reach. Most scholars agree that the Epic of Gilgamesh exerted substantial influence on the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems written in ancient Greek during the 8th century BC. The story of Gilgamesh's birth is described in an anecdote in On the Nature of Animals by the Greek writer Aelian (2nd century AD). Aelian relates that Gilgamesh's grandfather kept his mother under guard to prevent her from becoming pregnant, because an oracle had told him that his grandson would overthrow him. She became pregnant and the guards threw the child off a tower, but an eagle rescued him mid-fall and delivered him safely to an orchard, where the gardener raised him. The Epic of Gilgamesh was rediscovered in the Library of Ashurbanipal in 1849. After being translated in the early 1870s, it caused widespread controversy due to similarities between portions of it and the Hebrew Bible. Gilgamesh remained mostly obscure until the mid-20th century, but, since",
"title": "Gilgamesh"
},
{
"docid": "65663322",
"text": "The greater ancient Near East (including Egypt) offers some of the oldest evidence of the existence of international relations, since it was there that states first developed (the city-states and empires of Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Egypt) around the 4th millennium B.C.E. Almost 3000 years of the evolution of diplomatic relations are thus visible in sources from the ancient Near East. However, because only certain periods are well documented within that timespan, there remain many gaps in the modern study of diplomacy in this era. Evolution of diplomatic relations The diplomatic relations of the ancient Near East are known only in a fragmented fashion. A limited number of texts allow us to understand relatively well the contemporary diplomatic practices of certain decades, spread out across more than two millennia and large geographical distances. Long periods with little or no documentation are broken up by brief periods of abundant documentation. However, this does not prevent us from understanding the broad threads and general trends in the evolution of international relations, for it follows the evolution of politics itself, which is known in general terms. Ancient states period Diplomatic relations have existed for as long as human communities have been organized into political units, which precedes the period of this study. The first Near Eastern states formed during the 4th millennium B.C.E., but international relations during this era are unknown due to a lack of documentation. The first surviving documents on the subject of international relations appear towards the end of the Early Dynastic period of ancient Mesopotamia (2600-2340 B.C.E.). They relate to the Sumerian city-state of Lagash. Among them is the oldest known treaty, concluded between the king of Lagash (En-metena) and the king of Uruk. However, the richest of the records concern the series of conflicts between Lagash and its neighbor Umma between 2600 and 2350 B.C.E. The documents about these wars are primarily about the military aspects of the war, with little about the diplomatic side. They display the constant rivalries between the cities of southern Mesopotamia. These also appear in the epic stories of the kings of Uruk (Lugalbanda, Enmerkar, and Gilgamesh), which may describe real events. They show the antagonisms pushing Lagash against its rivals, Kish and Aratta. The city of Kish seemed to assert a hegemonic position at certain points— its king, Mesalim, intervened around 2600 to arbitrate in the conflict between Lagash and Umma, and the title of \"King of Kish\" was also assumed by kings of other cities as a sign of superiority. The site which offers the most important diplomatic archives from this period are those from Ebla, in Syria. The kings of Ebla had contacts with neighboring kings, notably the powerful sovereigns of Mari and Nagar, but also with the kings of more distant regions, like Kish in Mesopotamia and Hamazi in western Iran. Excavations at Ebla have uncovered the oldest example of a written peace treaty, the treaty between Ebla and Abarsal, as well as proof of matrimonial alliances between the",
"title": "Diplomacy in the Ancient Near East"
},
{
"docid": "4625119",
"text": "Timewyrm: Genesys is an original Doctor Who novel, published by Virgin Publishing in their New Adventures range of Doctor Who novels. It was the first book in that series (and the first book in the Timewyrm quartet), and was thought of by some fans as a continuation of the television series; in effect, a Season 27 to follow the televised Season 26. The novel featured the Seventh Doctor and Ace; it also features a brief cameo of the Fourth Doctor – in the form of a holographic message to his future self – and the Seventh Doctor briefly uses the TARDIS to summon the personality of his third incarnation when he needs his past self's technical expertise. The book makes extensive use of characters and plot elements from the Mesopotamian myth of Gilgamesh. Synopsis In ancient Mesopotamia the Seventh Doctor and Ace together with Gilgamesh face a mythological Gallifreyan terror – the Timewyrm. Plot In space above the planet Earth, two spaceships fight. One, commanded by a cybernetic woman, is shot down by the other. She survives and her escape pod crash lands somewhere in ancient Mesopotamia. Gilgamesh, King of Uruk, finds the escape pod while engaged on a spying mission against Kish. The woman, who claims to be the goddess Ishtar, tries to lure Gilgamesh into helping her. Gilgamesh refuses, and Ishtar becomes enraged, vowing that she will have her revenge. On board the TARDIS, Ace awakens to discover that she has no memory of who or where she is. The Doctor informs her that he is accidentally responsible for the removal of her memories. Before he can correct this error, the Doctor triggers a message from his own past in the form of a holographic projection of the Fourth Doctor. Recorded during the events of The Invasion of Time, the Fourth Doctor's warning concerns a mythical creature known only as the Timewyrm. After the Doctor restores Ace's memories, the TARDIS lands in ancient Mesopotamia Back in Uruk, two noblemen, Gudea and Ennatum, plot against Gilgamesh. They send a messenger to Kish warning that Gilgamesh will be returning on a spy mission. The message is received by High Priest Dumuzi in the Temple of Ishtar, a Temple graced by the presence of its divine namesake. Agga, King of Kish, is not pleased that Ishtar had chosen to visit his city. She has ordered the construction of strange, highly intricate metal designs throughout her Temple. Agga knows that Ishtar is immensely powerful and fears for the safety of his people and his daughter, Ninani. When Gilgamesh and his trusted Neanderthal friend Enkidu are ambushed by the Kishite guards, the TARDIS appears. The Doctor and Ace become involved in the melee, and Ace uses her Nitro-9 explosives to frighten the attackers away. Gilgamesh mistakes the strangers for the Gods Ea and Aya. The Doctor leaves Ace in a pub with Gilgamesh and Enkidu while he investigates Kish. Gilgamesh attracts unwanted attention, and, to avoid a brawl, Ace sings \"The Wild Rover\"",
"title": "Timewyrm: Genesys"
},
{
"docid": "6095325",
"text": "The Gilgamesh flood myth is a flood myth in the Epic of Gilgamesh. It is one of three Mesopotamian Flood Myths alongside the one including in the Eridu Genesis, and an episode from the Atra-Hasis Epic. Many scholars believe that the flood myth was added to Tablet XI in the \"standard version\" of the Gilgamesh Epic by an editor who used the flood story from the Epic of Atra-Hasis. A short reference to the flood myth is also present in the much older Sumerian Gilgamesh poems, from which the later Babylonian versions drew much of their inspiration and subject matter. History Gilgamesh's supposed historical reign is believed to have been approximately 2700 BC, shortly before the earliest known written stories. The discovery of artifacts associated with Aga and Enmebaragesi of Kish, two other kings named in the stories, has lent credibility to the historical existence of Gilgamesh. The earliest Sumerian Gilgamesh poems date from as early as the Third dynasty of Ur (2100–2000 BC). One of these poems mentions Gilgamesh’s journey to meet the flood hero, as well as a short version of the flood story. The earliest Akkadian versions of the unified epic are dated to ca. 2000–1500 BC. Due to the fragmentary nature of these Old Babylonian versions, it is unclear whether they included an expanded account of the flood myth; although one fragment definitely includes the story of Gilgamesh's journey to meet Utnapishtim. The \"standard\" Akkadian version included a long version of the story and was edited by Sin-liqe-unninni, who lived sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC. Tablets The first Gilgamesh flood tablet was discovered by Hormuzd Rassam in Nineveh and was in the collection of the British Museum but had not been translated. In 1872, George Smith, an assistant at the British Museum, translated the tablet from the seventh-century B.C Akkadian. Reportedly, he exclaimed, \"I am the first man to read that after more than two thousand years of oblivion\". While on a subsequent archeological expedition to Nineveh in Iraq, Smith found on May 7, 1873 a portion of a tablet containing the missing part of the flood story, describing the provisioning of the ark: \"Into the midst of it thy grain, thy furniture, and thy goods, thy wealth, thy woman servants, thy female slaves...the animals of the field all, I will gather and I will send to thee, and they shall be enclosed in thy door.\" A much older Cuneiform tablet dating to 1646-1626 B.C., about one-thousand years before the Book of Genesis is believed to have been written, and known as the Epic of Atra-Hasis describing a great flood was discovered in 1898. J. P. Morgan acquired it and today it is in the Morgan Library & Museum. In 2007, Andrew George translated a 3,200 year old tablet dating to around 1200 B.C. found during excavations at Ugarit. The tablet contains a fragment of the Epic of Gilgamesh, including parts of the story of Utnapishtim and the flood. Tablet 11 The Gilgamesh flood tablet",
"title": "Gilgamesh flood myth"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "8713710",
"text": "A mythological king is an archetype in mythology. A king is considered a \"mythological king\" if he is included and described in the culture's mythology. Unlike a fictional king, aspects of their lives may have been real and legendary, or that the culture (through legend and story telling) believed to be real. In the myth, the legends that surround any historical truth might have evolved into symbols of \"kinship\" and leadership, and expanded with descriptions of spiritual, supernatural or magical chain of events. For example, in legend the king may have magical weapons and fight dragons or other mythological beasts. His archetypical role is usually to protect and serve the people. Archetypes of kings One mythological archetype is the \"good king\" (McConnel 1979), also sometimes called the \"monarchical hero\". The \"good king\" is often the epic hero who made his world safe for civilization. Two examples that scholars have identified as filling the roles and earning the reputation of \"good kings\" were King Arthur and Beowulf, above and beyond their legendary and historic lives. Beowulf for example is a mythological king in training in the epic tradition, because he fights \"a strenuous battle against the disorganization of the universe.\" (McConnel 1979:59) Another is the great king \"Oxthar\", a leopard headed man that journeyed to the mythical underworld of Palulu (which is the supposed place where the sun goes to rest at night) and stole glowing stones from the bed of the sun to give light and power to his people. Mythemes of kings Some mythemes and cultural belief systems that are explored through myths about kings include: what is the source of the king's power, what is the training he must go through, what tests of courage does he pass, what are the battles he must fight, and what are the effects of taking power. In epics of war, source of power is often having physical skills above ordinary men, owning \"magical\" weapons and political alliances. In spiritual mythologies the king's power may come from a spiritual source and also spiritual weapons. In romantic and contemplative myths his power and success may from internal personality traits, such as from courage, wisdom and self-restraint. Another common theme is the king's wounds, sacrifice and (sometimes) death for the betterment of the people. The Fisher King is an example of theme of the \"wounded king.\" One other theme to be aware of in storytelling and mythology is that the king's health is often symbolic of the health of the kingdom or society: For example, a sick king means a weakened and vulnerable society, a healthy king means a healthy society, an emotionally or physically distant king means the society is in danger. Also, the installation of kings at the New Year was believed to renew the cosmos: \"The king becomes in a manner responsible for the stability, the fecundity and the prosperity of the entire Cosmos.\" (Eliade 1963:41) See also List of legendary kings of Britain List of legendary kings of Denmark List",
"title": "Mythological king"
},
{
"docid": "3207063",
"text": "Mashu, as described in the Epic of Gilgamesh of Mesopotamian mythology, is a great cedar mountain through which the hero-king Gilgamesh passes via a tunnel on his journey to Dilmun after leaving the Cedar Forest, a forest of ten thousand leagues span. Siduri, the alewife, lived on the shore, associated with \"the Waters of Death\" that Gilgamesh had to cross to reach Utnapishtim in search of the secret of eternal life. Possible real location reference for story The corresponding location in reality has been the topic of speculation as no confirming evidence has been found. Jeffrey H. Tigay suggests that in the Sumerian version, through its association with the sun god Utu, \"(t)he Cedar Mountain is implicitly located in the east, whereas in the Akkadian versions, Gilgamesh's destination (is) removed from the east\" and \"explicitly located in the north west, in or near Lebanon\". See also Levant Middle East References Jennifer Westwood: Gilgamesh & Other Babylonian Tales, New York: Coward-McCann, 1968. Epic of Gilgamesh Mythological mountains",
"title": "Mashu"
},
{
"docid": "238735",
"text": "Feral children, children who have lived from a young age without human contact, appear in mythological and fictional works, usually as human characters who have been raised by animals. Often their dual heritage is a benefit to them, protecting them from the corrupting influence of human society (Tarzan), or permitting the development and expression of their own animal nature (Enkidu), or providing access to the wisdom and lore by which animals survive in the wild (Mowgli). In most tales, the child is lost (Tarzan) or abandoned (Romulus and Remus) before being found and adopted in a chance encounter with a sympathetic wild animal. In some stories, the child chooses to abandon human society (Where the Wild Things Are) or refuses to enter society altogether (Peter Pan). The child usually returns to civilization, but may decide to return again to life in the wild (Tarzan). In some cases, they find themselves trapped between worlds unable to enter entirely into either human society or animal society (Mowgli). In mythology, folklore, and ancient literature Enkidu, raised by unspecified beasts, becomes the friend of the hero Gilgamesh. (see also Epic of Gilgamesh) Iranian šāhnāmeh \"The Book of Kings / The king of books\", introduces Zaal, the mythical hero of Iran, raised by Simurgh, a very large and wise bird which darkens the sky when flying, said to be related to the phoenix. In Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, Hayy is raised by a gazelle on a desert island and becomes an autodidactic philosopher. In Ibn al-Nafis' Theologus Autodidactus, Kamil is also raised by animals on a deserted island, and becomes an autodidactic scientist and theologian. According to American folklore, Pecos Bill was raised by coyotes. In Greek mythology, Atalanta was raised by a she-bear after her father abandoned her in a forest until the day she was found by kindly hunters. In Mongolian Oirat mythology, the hero Jangar is taught to roar by a tiger, taught to hunt by an eagle, taught to run by antelope, suckled by she-wolves, and fed fruit by deer. In a Polish fairy tale, Waligóra and Wyrwidąb were two warrior and dragonslayer brothers, who were brought up in the woods by a wolf and a bear. In modern prose In 1879, Albert Robida created The Adventures of Saturnin Farandoul. Saturnin Farandoul a child raised by orangutans who becomes king of the apes. H. Rider Haggard's 1889 novelette, \"Allan's Wife,\" features the antagonist Hendrika, a white Boer child who was stolen and raised by baboons. She is later rescued and \"civilized\" by an English family, but she retains baboon-like behavior and the ability to communicate with baboons. An early modern example of a feral child comes from Rudyard Kipling's 1894 short story collection The Jungle Book. His protagonist Mowgli is raised by wolves and becomes the ruler of the jungle. Peter Pan, created by J. M. Barrie in 1902, is a boy who fled to the magical Neverland and refused to grow up. The Blue Lagoon, created by H. de",
"title": "List of fictional feral children"
},
{
"docid": "10623474",
"text": "Wildness, in its literal sense, is the quality of being wild or untamed. Beyond this, it has been defined as a quality produced in nature and that which is not domesticated. More recently, it has been defined as \"a quality of interactive processing between organism and nature where the realities of base natures are met, allowing the construction of durable systems\" and \"the autonomous ecological influences of nonhuman organisms.\" Cultural perceptions of wildness People have explored the contrast of wildness versus tameness throughout recorded history. The earliest great work of literature, the Epic of Gilgamesh, tells a story of a wild man Enkidu in opposition to Gilgamesh who personifies civilization. In the story, Enkidu is defeated by Gilgamesh and becomes civilized. Cultures vary in their perception of the separation of humans from nature, with western civilization drawing a sharp contrast between the two while the traditions of many indigenous peoples have always seen humans as part of nature. The perception of man's place in nature and civilization has also changed over time. In western civilization, for example, Darwinism and environmentalism have renewed the perception of humans as part of nature, rather than separate from it. Wildness is often mentioned in the writings of naturalists, such as John Muir and David Brower, where it is admired for its freshness and otherness. Henry David Thoreau wrote \"In wildness is the preservation of the world\". Some artists and photographers such as Eliot Porter explore wildness in the themes of their works. The benefits of reconnecting with nature by seeing the achievements of wildness is an area being investigated by ecopsychology. Attempts to identify the characteristics of wildness are varied. One consideration sees wildness as that part of nature which is not controllable by humans. Nature retains a measure of autonomy, or wildness, apart from human constructions. In Wild by Design, Laura J. Martin reviews attempts to manage nature while respecting and even generating the wildness of other species. Another version of this theme is that wildness produces things that are natural, while humans produce things that are artificial (man-made). Ambiguities about the distinction between the natural and the artificial animate much of art, literature and philosophy. There is the perception that naturally produced items have a greater elegance over artificial things. Modern zoos seek to improve the health and vigour of animals by simulating natural settings, in a move away from stark man-made structures. Another view of wildness is that it is a social construct, and that humans cannot be considered innately ‘unnatural. As wildness is claimed to be a quality that builds from animals and ecosystems, it often fails to be considered within reductionist theories for nature. Meanwhile, an ecological perspective sees wildness as \"(the degree of) subjection to natural selection pressures\", many of which emerge independently from the biosphere. Thus modern civilization - contrasted with all humanity – can be seen as an 'unnatural' force (lacking wildness) as it strongly insulates its population from many natural selection mechanisms, including interspecific competition",
"title": "Wildness"
},
{
"docid": "4078497",
"text": "The Cedar Forest ( ) is the glorious realm of the gods of Mesopotamian mythology. It is guarded by the demigod Humbaba and was once entered by the hero Gilgamesh who dared cut down trees from its virgin stands during his quest for fame. The Cedar Forest is described in Tablets 46 of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Earlier descriptions come from the Ur III poem Gilgamesh and Huwawa. The Sumerian poems of his deeds say that Gilgamesh traveled east, presumably, to the Zagros Mountains of Iran (ancient Elam) to the cedar forest, yet the later more extensive Babylonian examples place the cedar forests west in Lebanon. In the Epic of Gilgamesh Tablet 4 Tablet four tells the story of the journey to the Cedar Forest. On each day of the six-day journey, Gilgamesh prays to Shamash; in response to these prayers, Shamash sends Gilgamesh oracular dreams during the night. The first is not preserved. In the second, Gilgamesh dreams that he wrestles a great bull that splits the ground with his breath. Enkidu interprets the dream for Gilgamesh: the dream means that Shamash, the bull, will protect Gilgamesh. In the third, Gilgamesh dreams: The skies roared with thunder and the earth heaved, Then came darkness and a stillness like death. Lightning smashed the ground and fires blazed out; Death flooded from the skies. When the heat died and the fires went out, The plains had turned to ash. Enkidu's interpretation is missing here, but as with the other dreams, it is assumed he puts a positive spin on the volcanic dream. The fourth dream is missing, but Enkidu again tells Gilgamesh that the dream portends success in the upcoming battle. The fifth dream is also missing. At the entrance to the Cedar Forest, Gilgamesh begins to quake with fear; he prays to Shamash, reminding him that he had promised Ninsun that he would be safe. Shamash calls down from heaven, ordering him to enter the forest because Humbaba is not wearing all his armor. The demon Humbaba wears seven coats of armor, but now he is only wearing one, so he is particularly vulnerable. Enkidu loses his courage and turns back; Gilgamesh falls on him and they have a great fight. Hearing the crash of their fighting, Humbaba comes stalking out of the Cedar Forest to challenge the intruders. A large part of the tablet is missing here. On the one part of the tablet still remaining, Gilgamesh convinces Enkidu that they should stand together against the demon. Tablet 5 Gilgamesh and Enkidu enter the gloriously beautiful Cedar Forest and begin to cut down the trees. Hearing the sound, Humbaba comes roaring up to them and warns them off. Enkidu shouts at Humbaba that the two of them are much stronger than the demon, but Humbaba, who knows Gilgamesh is a king, taunts the king for taking orders from a nobody like Enkidu. Turning his face into a hideous mask, Humbaba begins to threaten the pair, and Gilgamesh runs and",
"title": "Cedar Forest"
},
{
"docid": "2064542",
"text": "Enmerkar was an ancient Sumerian ruler to whom the construction of the city of Uruk and a 420-year reign was attributed. According to literary sources, he led various campaigns against the land of Aratta. He is credited in Sumerian legend as the inventor of writing. A excerpt of an ancient text states \"Because the messenger's mouth was heavy and he couldn't repeat (the message), the Lord of Kulaba (Enmerkar) patted some clay and put words on it, like a tablet. Until then, there had been no putting words on clay.\" This is the earliest known story in history about the invention of writing. Historical king Late Uruk period The tradition of Enmerkar as the founder of Uruk seems to date from the Jemdet Nasr period (3100-2900 BC) as found in the Ad-gi4 list. The lexical list mentions Enmerkar and his wife Enmerkarzi as the builders of a town and the bringers of agriculture. A bilingual edition of the list has been found at Nineveh, indicating that the tradition was transmitted into the first millennium.Enmerkar and (his) wife Enmerkar-zi, who know (how to build) towns (made) brick and brick pavements. When the yearly flood reached its proper level, (they made) irrigation canals and all kinds of irrigation ditches.Despite his proclaimed divine descent from the poems, Enmerkar was not deified as his successors Lugalbanda and Gilgamesh. These two last kings were already listed in the god lists of Shuruppak and received offerings during the Ur III period (2112-2004 BC). It concluded that Enmerkar was only remembered as the founder and first king of Uruk. Expeditions to Aratta Some scholars have looked for historical matter in the literature deeds of Enmerkar and the land of Aratta. For example, an archaic tablet from Uruk recording the title \"Lord of Aratta\" was given as a reason to believe the traditions surrounding Enmerkar's deeds were based in reality. Moreover, there are suggestions that Enmerkar and his administration may be factually attributed as the first person/people to put cuneiform to clay tablets; and that writing did indeed exist before Enmerkar, citing the fact that the Lord of Aratta understood the message, but those writing were previously done in different materials. However, assyriologist Dina Katz states that any attempt to find a historical explanation of the legendary account invalidates the claim that Enmerkar invented the clay tablet and the writing system, and weakens the important ideological purpose of the narrative. She further notices that the poem claiming writing as an invention by the founder of the first Sumerian city after the flood is a political and ethnic statement. Akkadian Empire During the reign of Naram-Sin of Akkad, the king accused Enmerkar of not recording his experience on a stele, so as a consequence he holds him responsible for a defeat in war and the devastation of Akkad. Matter of Aratta The Matter of Aratta is a group of four narrative poems in Sumerian, dealing with the various ways Enmerkar won supremacy over the legendary city of Aratta. The",
"title": "Enmerkar"
},
{
"docid": "17874327",
"text": "The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel (often shortened to The Sorceress) is a fantasy novel and the third installment in the six-book series The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel written by Michael Scott. It serves as the sequel to The Magician, and was released on 26 May 2009 in the US, 1 June 2009 in Australia, and 25 June 2009 in the UK. The titular sorceress refers to Perenelle Flamel. Title character The title refers to Perenelle Flamel. Plot summary Flamel takes the twins to London, where he uses Francis to enlist Palamedes, the Saracen Knight, to help them. Palamedes takes them to his home, a junk-yard in London, and they manage to work together to contact Perenelle. Perenelle is trapped on Alcatraz with the friendly but untrustworthy spider elder, Areop-Enap, after narrowly escaping the Sphinx and defeating the Morrigan. Morrigan had been suppressed sufficiently by the Words of Power that resided on the island that her body was retaken by her two elder sisters, Macha and Badb. Perenelle also makes fleeting contact with Scathach and Joan of Arc by scrying. Areop-Enap and its spider army are then attacked by an onslaught of poisoned flies, killing most of the spiders and wounding Areop-Enap. Billy the Kid has joined forces with Machiavelli in an attempt to kill the sorceress, but Perenelle, aided by Macha and Badb, tricks the pair and steals their boat, travelling back to the mainland with her new ally, the Crow Goddess. Unfortunately, the Dark Elders have awakened an ancient being even more powerful and mysterious than them: an Archon (a being that predates the Elders). The Archon, named Cernunnos, is known as the Horned God and is the leader of a pack of wolf people called the Wild Hunt. Cernunnos, the Wild Hunt, and Dr Dee engage Shakespeare, the Gabriel Hounds, Palamedes, the twins, and Flamel in a vicious battle. Flamel, Palamedes and the twins manage to fight their way past Cernunnos and Dee and flee the destruction of the junkyard. They pick up Gilgamesh before heading towards Stonehenge. What Nicholas Flamel withheld from the twins is that Gilgamesh the King is insane. Though he has no magical aura - and hence cannot use any of his abilities - he can still pass on his knowledge to the Awakened human twins. Machiavelli uses his power as head of French intelligence to lock down the roads around Stonehenge, so they head to one of Shakespeare's nearby safe houses. Here Gilgamesh teaches the twins the magic of water. While the twins are adjusting to the powers Gilgamesh has taught them, Cernunnos returns with the Wild Hunt and attacks the twins and Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is wounded by the Archon, but the twins use their newfound magical powers to protect the King. While making their escape, Josh loses Clarent, and Dee grabs the sword, reuniting it with its twin, Excalibur. The two swords fuse together to make a new sword. Flamel, Palamedes and the twins flee for",
"title": "The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel"
},
{
"docid": "15066972",
"text": "Sumerian literature constitutes the earliest known corpus of recorded literature, including the religious writings and other traditional stories maintained by the Sumerian civilization and largely preserved by the later Akkadian and Babylonian empires. These records were written in the Sumerian language in the 18th and 17th centuries BC during the Middle Bronze Age. The Sumerians invented one of the first writing systems, developing Sumerian cuneiform writing out of earlier proto-writing systems by about the 30th century BC. The Sumerian language remained in official and literary use in the Akkadian and Babylonian empires, even after the spoken language disappeared from the population; literacy was widespread, and the Sumerian texts that students copied heavily influenced later Babylonian literature. Poetry Most Sumerian literature is written in left-justified lines, and could contain line-based organization such as the couplet or the stanza, but the Sumerian definition of poetry is unknown. It is not rhymed, although “comparable effects were sometimes exploited.” Though rhymeless, the intricate patterns of similar and alternating sounds of vowels and consonants and the similar and alternating verb and noun endings give the language a musical resonance. It did not use syllabo-tonic versification, and the writing system precludes detection of rhythm, metre, rhyme, or alliteration. Quantitative analysis of other possible poetic features seems to be lacking, or has been intentionally hidden by the scribes who recorded the writing. Literary genres and topics Genre is often the first judgement made of ancient literature; types of literature were not clearly defined, and all Sumerian literature incorporated poetic aspects. Sumerian poems demonstrate basic elements of poetry, including lines, imagery, and metaphor. Humans, gods, talking animals, and inanimate objects were all incorporated as characters. Suspense and humor were both incorporated into Sumerian stories. These stories were primarily shared orally, though they were also recorded by scribes. Some works were associated with specific musical instruments or contexts and may have been performed in specific settings. Sumerian literature did not use titles, instead being referred to by the work's first line. Based on the categorization work of Miguel Civil, Modern assyriologists have divided the extant corpus of Sumerian literature into broad categories including \"Literary Catalogs\", \"Narratives and Mythological Compositions\", \"Historical Compositions and Praise Poetry\", \"Letters, Letter Prayers and Laws\", \"Hymns and Songs\", \"Heterogenous Compositions\" (including Wisdom literature), and \"Proverbs\". Literary catalogs Sumerian scribal education focused on a curriculum called the Decad. Manuscripts of these ten texts are some of the best preserved Sumerian literature. Narrative and mythological compositions Narratives featuring heroes include: Stories from the Epic of Gilgamesh, such as Gilgamesh and Huwawa, Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven, Gilgamesh and Aga, Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Netherworld, and The Death of Gilgamesh. Enmerkar and Lugalbanda: Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta and Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana as well as two tales of Lugalbanda during Enmerkar's campaign against Aratta: Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave and Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird Inanna's Descent to the Underworld, The Legend of Adapa Narratives featuring deities, such as Enki, Enlil (including Enlil and Ninlil), Inanna,",
"title": "Sumerian literature"
},
{
"docid": "26540487",
"text": "There are many references to ghosts in ancient Mesopotamian religion – the religions of Sumer, Babylon, Assyria and other early states in Mesopotamia. Traces of these beliefs survive in the later Abrahamic religions that came to dominate the region. The concept of ghosts or spirits in Mesopotamia is comparable to the shades of the deceased in the Underworld in the mythology of classical antiquity. The shades or spirits of the deceased were known as ( ) in Sumerian, which was borrowed as in Akkadian. The Sumerian word is analyzed as a compound of either gig \"to be sick\" and dim3 \"a demon\", or gi6 \"black\" + dim4 \"to approach\". Gidim were thought to be created at time of death, taking on the memory and personality of the dead person. They traveled to the netherworld, Irkalla, where they were assigned a position, and led an existence similar in some ways to that of the living. Relatives of the dead were expected to make offerings of food and drink to the dead to ease their conditions. If they did not, the ghosts could inflict misfortune and illness on the living. Traditional healing practices ascribed a variety of illnesses to the action of ghosts, while others were caused by gods or demons. Some sources say the spirit was \"inherited from the slain god whose body was used in creating man\". Netherworld In Mesopotamian religion, Irkalla, the Underworld, is ruled by the goddess Ereshkigal and her consort Nergal or Ninazu. Ghosts spent some time traveling to the netherworld, often having to overcome obstacles along the way. The Anunnaki, the court of the netherworld, welcomed each ghost and received their offerings. The court explained the rules and assigned the ghost his fate or place. Another court was presided over by the sun god Utu, who visited the netherworlds on his daily round, Shamash might punish ghosts who harassed the living, and might award a share of funerary offerings to forgotten ghosts. The Babylonian netherworld was populated by an array of monsters and demons. However, within the netherworld the ghosts existed in a manner similar to the living. They had houses and could meet with deceased family members and associates. The Epic of Gilgamesh revolves around a relationship between the hero-king Gilgamesh and his close companion, Enkidu. It may loosely refer to a real king of the 27th century BCE. Part of the story relates Enkidu's death, the adventures of his ghost in the underworld, and the eventual return to the world when Gilgamesh breaks a hole in the earth. Interaction with the living The Babylonians believed that life in the underworld could be made more tolerable if the surviving relatives regularly made offerings of food and drink. The ghosts of people without children to make these offerings would suffer more, while people who died in fire or whose body lies in the desert would have no ghost at all. If the relatives failed to make offerings, the ghost could become restless and visit sickness and",
"title": "Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions"
},
{
"docid": "15062678",
"text": "Gilgamesh in the Outback is a science fiction novella by American writer Robert Silverberg, a sequel to his historical novel Gilgamesh the King as well as a story in the shared universe series Heroes in Hell. It won the Hugo Award for Best Novella in 1987 and was also nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novella in 1986. Originally published in Asimov's Science Fiction, it was then printed in Rebels in Hell before being incorporated into Silverberg's novel To the Land of the Living. Real-life writers Robert E. Howard and H. P. Lovecraft feature as characters in the novella. Robert Silverberg wrote that he was \"drawn into\" writing a story for the \"Heroes in Hell\" project. While he remembered that the central concept of the series was \"never clearly explained\" to him, he noted the similarity of \"Heroes in Hell\" to Philip José Farmer's Riverworld works, and decided \"to run my own variant on what Farmer had done a couple of decades earlier.\" After writing \"Gilgamesh in the Outback\", he decided that, since the story \"was all so much fun,\" to write two sequels, \"The Fascination of the Abomination\" and \"Gilgamesh in Uruk\". In writing those stories, as Silverberg recalled, he \"never read many of the other 'Heroes in Hell' stories\", and had \"no idea\" of how consistent his work was with that of his \"putative collaborators\"; instead, he had \"gone his own way ... with only the most tangential links to what others had invented.\" Silverberg compiled the three stories as To the Land of the Living, revising the stories to remove any references to other writers' contributions to \"Heroes in Hell\" to avoid copyright issues. To the Land of the Living was published in the British market in 1989 and reprinted in an American edition in 1990. References External links 1986 short stories Short stories by Robert Silverberg Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works Works originally published in Asimov's Science Fiction Cultural depictions of Gilgamesh",
"title": "Gilgamesh in the Outback"
},
{
"docid": "1356909",
"text": "Lugalbanda was a deified Sumerian king of Uruk who, according to various sources of Mesopotamian literature, was the father of Gilgamesh. Early sources mention his consort Ninsun and his heroic deeds in an expedition to Aratta by King Enmerkar. Lugalbanda is listed in the Sumerian King List as the second king of Uruk, saying he ruled for 1200 years, and providing him with the epithet of the Shepherd. Lugalbanda's historicity is uncertain among scholars. Attempts to date him in the ED II period are based on an amalgamation of data from the epic traditions of the 2nd millennium with unclear archaeological observations. Mythology Lugalbanda appears in Sumerian literary sources as early as the mid-3rd millennium, as attested by the incomplete mythological text Lugalbanda and Ninsuna, found in Abu Salabikh, that describes a romantic relationship between Lugalbanda and Ninsun. In the earliest god-lists from Fara, his name appears separate and in a much lower ranking than the goddess; however, in later traditions until the Seleucid period, his name is often listed along with his consort Ninsun. There's evidence suggesting the worship of Lugalbanda as a deity originating from the Ur III period, as attested in tablets from Nippur, Ur, Umma and Puzrish-Dagan. In the Old Babylonian period Sin-kashid of Uruk is known to have built a temple called É-KI.KAL dedicated to Lugalbanda and Ninsun, and to have assigned his daughter Niši-īnī-šu as the eresh-dingir priestess of Lugalbanda. At the same time, Lugalbanda would prominently feature as the hero of two Sumerian stories dated to the Third Dynasty of Ur, called by scholars Lugalbanda I (Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave) and Lugalbanda II (Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird). Both are known only in later versions, although there is an Ur III fragment that is quite different from either 18th century version These tales are part of a series of stories that describe the conflicts between Enmerkar, king of Uruk, and Ensuhkeshdanna, lord of Aratta, presumably in the Iranian highlands. In these two stories, Lugalbanda is a soldier in the army of Enmerkar, whose name also appears in the Sumerian King List as the first king of Uruk and predecessor of Lugalbanda. The extant fragments make no reference to Lugalbanda's succession as king following Enmerkar. In royal hymns of the Ur III period, Ur-Nammu of Ur and his son Shulgi describe Lugalbanda and Ninsun as their holy parents, and in the same context call themselves the brother of Gilgamesh. Sin-Kashid of Uruk also refers to Lugalbanda and Ninsun as his divine parents, and names Lugalbanda as his god. In the Epic of Gilgamesh and in earlier Sumerian stories about the hero, Gilgamesh calls himself the son of Lugalbanda and Ninsun. In the Gilgamesh and Huwawa poem, the king consistently uses the assertive phrase: “By the life of my own mother Ninsun and of my father, holy Lugalbanda!”. In Akkadian versions of the epic, Gilgamesh also refers to Lugalbanda as his personal god, and in one episode presents the oil filled horns of the",
"title": "Lugalbanda"
},
{
"docid": "74141958",
"text": "Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria is a book written by Lewis Spence, published in 1916. It comprises 15 chapters, covering the most important and interesting events and figures in the history of Babylonia and Assyria, and provides some historical background. Context Spence was a Scottish journalist and scholar with particular interest folklore and occultism. Before Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria was published, he wrote a series of books investigating myths and legends from other cultures like the Egyptian, Mexican and Peruvian, and the North American Indian culture. His friend Charles Cammell describes Spence as a precise and organized man, something that was also reflected in his literary works. In 1915 another book was published, also called Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria but written by Donald Alexander Mackenzie. Contents The book is not written in chronological order, nor is it intended by the author to provide a full overview of all tales from these two cultures. It is a selection of myths and legends of Babylonia and Assyria that Spence found interesting or considered essential to a popular reader. He aims for this book to be \"a popular account of the religion and mythology of ancient Babylonia and Assyria\". The book begins with an introduction chapter, which is also the longest chapter of the book. Here it describes the history of the Babylonia and Assyria, shedding light onto the most significant figures and events. Spence mentions the relevance of this book and the provided background: these ancient societies had a substantial influence on the cultures surrounding them, mainly on law, literature and religion. One chapter describes the Gilgamesh Epic, a mythical story that dates back to 2150 - 1400 BC and is considered the oldest piece of epic literature, as it predates Homer's Odyssey. There were multiple other tales woven into this myth over time, with slight changes made by the different authors that rewrote the story. In the second upon last chapter Spence describes the modern excavations in Babylonia and Assyria, with 'modern' referring to up until 1916. The book is not only text, but also contains circa 40 images and illustrations. Throughout the book he makes comparisons to western culture, for example comparing a high priest in one of the tales to an English king. This way he can explain certain figures or events by referring to familiar concepts for an Englishmen. The book is written for the British public, relying on the common knowledge a Brit would have back then, and referring to the English people as ‘us’. Reception Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria has received some critical reviews, with multiple pointing toward inaccuracies throughout the book and considering the title to be misleading, as it is mostly a discussion of the religion and history of the two civilizations. One review by Theophile James Meek critiques the book \"The book abounds in inaccuracies, hardly pardonable even in one who is not a specialist\". He accuses Spence of relying on unreliable",
"title": "Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria (Lewis Spence)"
},
{
"docid": "806414",
"text": "Oneiromancy (from the , and ) is a form of divination based upon dreams, and also uses dreams to predict the future. Oneirogen plants may also be used to produce or enhance dream-like states of consciousness. Occasionally, the dreamer feels as if they are transported to another time or place, and this is offered as evidence they are in fact providing divine information upon their return. Oneirocritic literature Oneirocritic literature is the traditional (ancient and medieval) literary format of dream interpretation. The ancient sources of oneirocritic literature are Kemetian (Aegyptian), Akkadian (Babylonian), and Hellenic (Greek). The medieval sources of oneirocritic literature are Āstika (Hindu), Persian, Arabic, and European. Ancient oneirocritic literature Mesopotamia The ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia have left evidence of dream interpretation dating back to at least 3100 BC. Throughout Mesopotamian history, dreams were always held to be extremely important for divination and Mesopotamian kings paid close attention to them. Gudea, the king of the Sumerian city-state of Lagash (reigned 2144–2124 BC), rebuilt the temple of Ningirsu as the result of a dream in which he was told to do so. The standard Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh contains numerous accounts of the prophetic power of dreams. First, Gilgamesh himself has two dreams foretelling the arrival of Enkidu. Later, Enkidu dreams about the heroes' encounter with the giant Humbaba. Dreams were also sometimes seen as a means of seeing into other worlds and it was thought that the soul, or some part of it, moved out of the body of the sleeping person and actually visited the places and persons the dreamer saw in his or her sleep. In Tablet VII of the epic, Enkidu recounts to Gilgamesh a dream in which he saw the gods Anu, Enlil, and Shamash condemn him to death. He also has a dream in which he visits the Underworld. The Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (reigned 883–859 BC) built a temple to Mamu, possibly the god of dreams, at Imgur-Enlil, near Kalhu. The later Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (reigned 668– 627 BC) had a dream during a desperate military situation in which his divine patron, the goddess Ishtar, appeared to him and promised that she would lead him to victory. The Babylonians and Assyrians divided dreams into \"good\", which were sent by the gods, and \"bad\", sent by demons. A surviving collection of dream omens entitled Iškar Zaqīqu records various dream scenarios as well as prognostications of what will happen to the person who experiences each dream, apparently based on previous cases. Some list different possible outcomes, based on occasions in which people experienced similar dreams with different results. Dream scenarios mentioned include a variety of daily work events, journeys to different locations, family matters, sex acts, and encounters with human individuals, animals, and deities. Egyptian In ancient Egypt, as far back as 2000 BC, the Egyptians wrote down their dreams on papyrus. People with vivid and significant dreams were thought to be blessed and were considered special. Ancient Egyptians believed that dreams were like oracles,",
"title": "Oneiromancy"
},
{
"docid": "398318",
"text": "The history of sports extends back to the Ancient world in 7000 BCE. The physical activity that developed into sports had early links with warfare and entertainment. Study of the history of sport can teach lessons about social changes and about the nature of sport itself, as sport seems involved in the development of basic human skills (compare play). As one delves further back in history, dwindling evidence makes theories of the origins and purposes of sport more and more difficult to support. As far back as the beginnings of sport, it was related to military training. For example, competition was used as a mean to determine whether individuals were fit and useful for service. Team sports were used to train and to prove the capability to fight in the military and also to work together as a team (military unit). Sports in pre-history Cave paintings found in the Lascaux caves in France appear to depict sprinting and wrestling in the Upper Paleolithic around 15,300 years ago. Cave paintings in the Bayankhongor Province of Mongolia dating back to the Neolithic Age () show a wrestling match surrounded by crowds. Neolithic Rock art found at the cave of swimmers in Wadi Sura, near Gilf Kebir in Egypt shows evidence of swimming and archery being practiced around 10,000 BCE. Prehistoric cave paintings in Japan depict a sport similar to sumo wrestling. Ancient Sumer Various representations of wrestlers have been found on stone slabs attributed to the Sumerian civilization. One showing three pairs of wrestlers has been generally dated to around 3000 BCE. A cast bronze figurine (perhaps the base of a vase) found at Khafaji in Iraq shows two figures in a wrestling hold and dates to around 2600 BCE. Interpreted as one of the earliest depictions of sport, the statue is housed in the National Museum of Iraq. Archeology has also found early suggestions pointing to the sport of boxing in ancient Sumer. The Epic of Gilgamesh gives one of the first historical records of sport, with Gilgamesh engaging in a form of belt wrestling with Enkidu. The cuneiform tablets recording the tale date to around 2000 BCE; however, the historical Gilgamesh is supposed to have lived around 2800 to 2600 BCE. The Sumerian king Shulgi ( 21st century BCE) boasts of his prowess in sport in the Self-praise of Shulgi A, B, and C. Fishing hooks not unlike those made today have been found during excavations at Ur, suggesting some sort of angling activity in Sumer around 2600 BCE. Ancient Egyptian Monuments to the Pharaohs found at Beni Hasan dating to around 2000 BCE indicate that a number of sports, including wrestling, weightlifting, long jump, swimming, rowing, archery, fishing and athletics, as well as various kinds of ball games, were well-developed and regulated in Ancient Egypt. Other Egyptian sports also included javelin throwing and high jump. An earlier portrayal of figures wrestling was found in the tomb of Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum in Saqqara dating to around 2400 BCE. Ancient Greece",
"title": "History of sport"
},
{
"docid": "20534126",
"text": "Ancient astronauts have been addressed frequently in science fiction and horror fiction. Occurrences in the genres include: Literature J.-H. Rosny aîné's Les Xipehuz [The Shapes] from 1887 features geometric aliens encountered by primitive humans living a thousand years before Babylonian times. Fred T. Jane's novel To Venus in Five Seconds (1897). Garrett P. Serviss' Edison's Conquest of Mars, published in 1898, is perhaps the first story to feature ancient astronauts who have a major influence on early human civilizations, predating Fort's book by over 20 years. In it, the narrator learns that the Martians from The War of the Worlds visited Earth around 7500 BC, enslaving the inhabitants of the Fertile Crescent and bringing them to Egypt to make monuments of their conquest, including the Giza pyramid complex and the Great Sphinx (which is actually the face of the leader of the Martian expedition). Afterwards, a plague caused them to leave, with the Martians taking a number of their human slaves to Mars to serve them there, until an expedition led by Thomas Edison freed their descendants in the early 20th century. In Jack London's short story \"The Red One\" (1916), a giant sphere of extraterrestrial origin is worshiped as a god by pacific islanders. H. P. Lovecraft's \"The Call of Cthulhu\" (1926) and At the Mountains of Madness (1931) are some of the many works of the cosmic horror author that deal with ancient aliens. Robert E. Howard's short story \"The Tower of the Elephant\" (1933). Stanley G. Weinbaum's \"Valley of Dreams\" (1934) has an expedition to Mars discover that its bird-like natives, who refer to themselves as Thoth, visited Egypt approximately 15,000 BCE and were the inspiration for the Egyptian god of the same name, as well as the start of Egyptian writing. Eando Binder's short fiction series Via (1937–1942), published later as Puzzle of the Space Pyramids (1971). Edgard Armond's Os Exilados de Capela (1949), a spiritist book about beings coming from the Capella star to arrive on Earth in Prehistory, both the gods and Adam, the first man from the Genesis would have origins in Capella. Arthur C. Clarke has written several stories utilizing the theme, most famously in his 1953 short story \"Encounter in the Dawn\", which became the basis for the first section of 2001: A Space Odyssey in 1968. In his novel Rendezvous with Rama, a religion called the \"Fifth Church of Christ, Cosmonaut\" is mentioned, whose central tenet is that Jesus was an alien visitor. Wilson Tucker's The Time Masters (1953) has a private detective who turns out to be Gilgamesh, who was a survivor of a starship crash thousands of years ago. Kurt Vonnegut's The Sirens of Titan (1959) depicts the whole of human development and civilization to be a medium used by aliens for relaying messages to an alien space-explorer stranded on one of Saturn's moons. The March 1961 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Science Fact contains a piece by Arthur W. Orton entitled The Four-Faced Visitors of Ezekiel.",
"title": "Ancient astronauts in popular culture"
},
{
"docid": "1362869",
"text": "is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Shotaro Ishinomori. It was serialized in the Shōnen Gahōsha magazine Weekly Shōnen King from 1976 to 1978. In 2003, an anime series based on the original story was produced by Ishimori Entertainment and animated by Group TAC and Japan Vistec. Gilgamesh is set in the near future and the plot revolves around characters who can be divided into four groups: The Countess and the Orga-Superior, the Mitleid Corporation, the siblings, and the Gilgamesh. With the development of the plot, the past and motives of the characters and their relationships with one another are exposed. The 26-episode anime television series was the first directed by Masahiko Murata, with music by Kaoru Wada. It was created by Group TAC, and it aired on Kansai TV from October 2, 2003 to March 18, 2004. The series received generally positive reviews and was subsequently translated, released on DVD and aired in several other countries, including the United States. Music, mystery, intrigues and darkness are central elements of Gilgameshs plot. The series shows clear influences from the story known as the Epic of Gilgamesh, and from different scientific and archaeological influences as well. Plot Background The backdrop of Gilgamesh is the fight between two opposing forces. One of the forces is known as the Gilgamesh, led by Terumichi Madoka (better known as Enkidu), and the other side is the Countess of Werdenberg and the three Orga-Superior children who live with her. In appearance, the Orga-Superior are indistinguishable from humans. However, they carry a special power known as \"Dynamis\" (a variation of the Greek \"Dunamus\" meaning \"strength\" \"power\" especially \"miraculous power\") which allows them to use psychic energy and control objects using only their mind. The overarching theme of Gilgamesh is one of choosing sides. Central The tomb of Gilgamesh in Uruk from the story 'The Epic of Gilgamesh' is discovered by a young genius-scientist named Terumichi Madoka, who is drawn to the energy called Dynamis, a word meaning 'power', resonating from the site. He reports his findings, and all of the world's best scientists gather there. When an unknown life form called Tear materializes in Delphys (a pit that seems to have no dimensions and that surrounds the tomb of Gilgamesh) and begins to contaminate embryos that surround it, the scientists stop all of the experiments. Dr. Madoka goes down to Delphys, breaches all of the guards around it and comes into direct contact with Tear, causing an immense explosion that blocks out the sky with a mirror-like layer. This is considered an act of terrorism, as after the explosion, computers and wireless communications stop working, and the planet falls into war and famine. The human population is nearly wiped out. This occurs on October 10, so the incident is called \"Twin X\" (after the Roman numeral symbol for the number 10). Of the people who worked at Heaven's Gate, which is left in ruins, only Dr. Madoka and a woman introduced as the Countess of",
"title": "Gilgamesh (manga)"
},
{
"docid": "35243473",
"text": "The Graphic Canon: The World's Great Literature as Comics and Visuals (Seven Stories Press) is a three-volume anthology, edited by Russ Kick, that renders some of the world's greatest and most famous literature into graphic-novel form. The first two volumes were released in 2012, and the concluding volume was published in spring 2013. Reception NPR declared: \"It's easily the most ambitious and successfully realized literary project in recent memory, and certainly the one that's most relevant for today's readers.\" In a full-page review, The New York Times Sunday Book Review concluded: \"What [editor Russ Kick] asks us to acknowledge with The Graphic Canon is this: Gulliver’s Travels, Wuthering Heights, Leaves of Grass — these works of literature do not reside just on the shelves of academia; they flourish in the eye of our imagination.” The following week, it was named an \"Editors' Choice\" in the NY Times Sunday Book Review. Publishers Weekly called it \"a must-have anthology,\" Library Journal said it's \"an exciting new benchmark for comics,\" Booklist dubbed it \"a uniquely powerful piece of art,\" and School Library Journal declared it \"startlingly brilliant\" and \"a masterpiece of literary choices as well as art and interpretation.\" The Graphic Canon, Volume 1 Volume 1: From the Epic of Gilgamesh to Shakespeare to Dangerous Liaisons, published May 2012, features 55 classic works of literature, going from the earliest, ancient literature until the end of the 1700s. Some of the artists include Robert Crumb, Will Eisner, Molly Crabapple, Rick Geary, and Seymour Chwast. Featured works The Epic of Gilgamesh \"Coyote and the Pebbles\" The Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer Poem Fragments from Sappho Medea by Euripides Lysistrata by Aristophanes Plato's Symposium The Book of Esther Tao Te Ching by Lao Tzu Mahabharata by Vyasa The Analects and Other Writings by Confucius The Book of Daniel On the Nature of Things by Lucretius Aeneid by Virgil The Book of Revelation Three Tang Poems: \"Frontier Song\" by Wang Han, \"A Village South of the Capital\" by Cui Hu, and \"Drinking Alone Beneath the Moon\" by Li Bai Beowulf The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu The Letters of Heloise and Abelard \"O Nobilissima Viriditas\" by Hildegard of Bingen \"The Fisherman and the Genie\" and \"The Woman with Two Coyntes\" from The Arabian Nights Poems from Rumi The Divine Comedy and The Inferno by Dante Alighieri The Tibetan Book of the Dead by Padmasambhava and Karma Lingpa The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer \"The Last Ballad\" by François Villon Le Morte d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory Apu Ollantay Hagoromo Outlaws of the Water Margin by Shi Nai'an Popol Vuh The Visions of St. Teresa of Avila \"Hot Sun, Cool Fire\" by George Peele Journey to the West by Wu Cheng'en The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser A Midsummer Night's Dream, King Lear, Hamlet, \"Sonnet 18\", and \"Sonnet 20\" by William Shakespeare Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes \"The Flea\" by John Donne \"To His Coy Mistress\" by Andrew Marvell Paradise Lost by John Milton \"Forgive",
"title": "The Graphic Canon"
},
{
"docid": "6299726",
"text": "Uta-napishtim (\"he has found life\" ), was a legendary king of the ancient city of Shuruppak in southern Iraq, who, according to several surviving narratives, survived the Flood by making a boat. He is called by different names in different traditions: Ziusudra (\"Life of long days\", rendered Xisuthros, Ξίσουθρος in Berossus) in the earliest, Sumerian versions, later Shuruppak (after his city), Atra-hasis (\"exceeding wise\") in the earliest Akkadian sources, and Uta-napishtim (\"he has found life\") in later Akkadian sources such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. His father was the king Ubar-Tutu (\"Friend of the god Tutu\"). Uta-napishtim is the eighth of the antediluvian kings in Mesopotamian legend, just as Noah is the eighth from Enoch in Genesis. He would have lived around 2900 BC, corresponding to the flood deposit at Shuruppak between the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic levels. In Mesopotamian narratives he is the Flood Hero, tasked by the god Enki (Akkadian Ea) to create a giant ship to be called Preserver of Life in preparation for a giant flood that will wipe out all life. The character appears in Tablet XI of the Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, at the culmination of Gilgamesh's search for immortality. The story of Uta-napishtim has drawn scholarly comparisons due to the similarities between it and the storylines about Noah in the Bible. Story Uta-napishtim is tasked by the god Enki to abandon his worldly possessions and create a giant ship to be called Preserver of Life. In Erra and Išum, Marduk is said to have been the originator of the flood and the Seven Sages. The Preserver of Life was made of solid timber, so that the rays of Shamash (the sun) would not shine in, and of equal dimensions in length and width. The design of the ship was supposedly drawn on the ground by Enki, and the frame of the ark, which was made in five days, was 200 feet in length, width and height, with a floor-space of one acre. The ark interior had seven floors, each floor divided into 9 sections, finishing the ark fully on the seventh day. The entrance to the ship was sealed once everyone had boarded the ship. He was also tasked with bringing his wife, family, and relatives along with the craftsmen of his village, baby animals, and grains. The oncoming flood would wipe out all animals and people not on the ship. After twelve days on the water, Uta-napishtim opened the hatch of his ship to look around and saw the slopes of Mount Nisir, where he rested his ship for seven days. On the seventh day, he sent a dove out to see if the water had receded, and the dove could find nothing but water, so it returned. Then he sent out a swallow, and just as before, it returned, having found nothing. Finally, Uta-napishtim sent out a raven, and the raven saw that the waters had receded, so it circled around, but did not return. Uta-napishtim then set all",
"title": "Utnapishtim"
},
{
"docid": "53138965",
"text": "Tales is a graphic adventure developed by Ape Marina and published by Screen 7. The game was released DRM-free on Steam, Humble Bundle and GOG for Microsoft Windows and Linux on November 14, 2016. Tales is a 2D point-and-click fantasy game in which stages are based on myths, legends, and fairy-tale books. Since its release, it has been met with mostly positive reviews. Reviewers praised the story, puzzles, voice-acting, and humor, noting it's great to play something suitable for the whole family. Gameplay Each stage takes place within a different book. The player can move from one book to another in a non-linear way. The goal is to progress the main quest by solving puzzles, riddles, and mini-games in each of the specific books. Central to Tales is the magic bell item. This is a magical item that allows you to travel from book to book and is available in all stories. When the player travels into a new book, he leaves behind everything he had in the library and builds a new inventory unique to that tale. The player can return to earlier books and replay them, possibly progressing the main quest. Plot When mysterious darkness is released from a forbidden book inside the library that he has inherited in unknown circumstances, a young man named Alfred Walsh must venture into the stories that have become affected by its power, assisted by none other than the sorcerer Merlin from the legends of King Arthur. Developed by Ape Marina, a small development team inspired by the works of Sierra and Lucasarts, Tales is a point and click adventure that gives us a whole new way to experience some of the world's most treasured literature. Along with the many heroes that inhabit the books affected by the malevolent magic, Alfred must rely on his wits and puzzle-solving abilities to ensure that the darkness is vanquished, and the stories reach their intended endings. Characters Alfred Walsh, a young librarian, is the main protagonist of the story. He is voiced by British comedian and creator of Nelly Cootalot, Alasdair Beckett-King. All the other characters are based on legends like Merlin the Wizard, King Arthur and others from classic stories from Mesopotamian, Norse and Greek mythology. Merlin: The wizard from the legend of King Arthur acts as your guide to the literary worlds. Merlin is voiced by actor Dave Lanzafame. Urshanabi: The ferryman of the dead is voiced by actor Vincent van Ommen and is part of the Epic of Gilgamesh, in which he is a companion of Gilgamesh. His equivalent in Greek mythology is Charon. Loki: Is known as a trickster god. His origins are based in Norse mythology, in which he sometimes assists the gods and sometimes behaves maliciously towards them. Loki is voiced by Klemens Koehring. Thor: Thor is the hammer-wielding god associated with thunder, lightning, and storms. He's the protector of mankind. Thor is voiced by Jesse Lowther. Development Tales was developed by Ape Marina, a small development team inspired",
"title": "Tales (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "342518",
"text": "Gilgamesh the King is a 1984 historical novel by American writer Robert Silverberg, presenting the Epic of Gilgamesh as a novel. In the afterword the author wrote \"at all times I have attempted to interpret the fanciful and fantastic events of these poems in a realistic way, that is, to tell the story of Gilgamesh as though he were writing his own memoirs, and to that end I have introduced many interpretations of my own devising which for better or for worse are in no way to be ascribed to the scholars\". Plot introduction The novel is told from the point of view of Gilgamesh, and is primarily ambivalent about the supernatural elements of the epic. But the events are portrayed in a fairly realistic manner. Gilgamesh is a giant among men and an amazing warrior, even since he was very young. When the king of Uruk (his father) dies, Gilgamesh is exiled by the recently crowned Dumuzi, jealous of his skills and power. When in time Dumuzi dies, Gilgamesh comes back to the kingdom to be proclaimed. Silverberg afterwards wrote a number of stories for the fantasy anthology series Heroes in Hell describing Gilgamesh's posthumous adventures in the underworld, including the award-winning novella Gilgamesh in the Outback. Reception Neil Gaiman reviewed Gilgamesh the King for Imagine magazine, and stated that \"A fascinating look at a long-gone culture, with a magnificent Jim Burns cover.\" Dave Langford reviewed Gilgamesh the King for White Dwarf #69, and stated that \"Silverberg's version is laudable, essential reading [...] but his realistic approach weakens (I think) the theme of immortality. Compare his amazing fantasy The Book of Skulls.\" Reviews Review by Faren Miller (1984) in Locus, #287 December 1984 Review by Lynn F. Williams (1985) in Fantasy Review, January 1985 Review by Baird Searles (1985) in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, February 1985 Review by Doc Kennedy (1985) in Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone Magazine, July-August 1985 Review by Thomas A. Easton [as by Tom Easton] (1985) in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, July 1985 Review by Sue Thomason (1985) in Vector 127 Review by Alma Jo Williams (1986) in Science Fiction Review, Winter 1986 Review [German] by Detlef Hedderich (1988) in Das Science Fiction Jahr Ausgabe 1988 References External links Google Books 1984 American novels American historical novels Novels by Robert Silverberg Novels set in ancient Assyria Works based on the Epic of Gilgamesh",
"title": "Gilgamesh the King"
},
{
"docid": "28797043",
"text": "A lilu or lilû is a masculine Akkadian word for a spirit or demon. History Jo Ann Scurlock and Burton R. Andersen (2005) see the origin of lilu in treatment of mental illness. In Sumerian and Akkadian literature In Akkadian literature hlilu occurs. In Sumerian literature lili occurs. Dating of specific Akkadian, Sumerian, and Babylonian texts mentioning lilu (masculine), lilitu (female) and lili (female) are haphazard. In older scholarship, such as R. Campbell Thompson's The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia (1904), specific text references are rarely given. An exception is K156 which mentions an ardat lili Heinrich Zimmern (1917) tentatively identified vardat lilitu KAT3, 459 as paramour of lilu. A cuneiform inscription lists lilû alongside other wicked beings from Mesopotamian mythology and folklore: Sumerian King List In the Sumerian King List the father of Gilgamesh is said to be a lilu 'Spirit in the tree' in the Gilgamesh cycle Tablet XII, dated , is a later Assyrian Akkadian translation of the latter part of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh. It describes a 'spirit in the tree' referred to a ki-sikil-lil-la-ke. Suggested translations for the Tablet XII 'spirit in the tree' include ki-sikil as \"sacred place\", lil as \"spirit\", and lil-la-ke as \"water spirit\". but also simply \"owl\", given that the lil builds a home in the trunk of the tree. The ki-sikil-lil-la-ke is associated with a serpent and a zu bird. In Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld, a huluppu tree grows in Inanna's garden in Uruk, whose wood she plans to use to build a new throne. After ten years of growth, she comes to harvest it and finds a serpent living at its base, a Zu bird raising young in its crown, and that a ki-sikil-lil-la-ke made a house in its trunk. Gilgamesh is said to have killed the snake, and then the zu bird flew away to the mountains with its young, while the ki-sikil-lil-la-ke fearfully destroys its house and runs for the forest. Relationship to Hebrew Lilith and lilin Judit M. Blair wrote a thesis on the relation of the Akkadian word lilu, or its cognates, to the Hebrew word lilith in Isaiah 34:14, which is thought to be a night bird. The Babylonian concept of lilu may be more strongly related to the later Talmudic concept of Lilith (female) and lilin (female). Samuel Noah Kramer (1932, published 1938) translated ki-sikil-lil-la-ke as Lilith in \"Tablet XII\" of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Identification of ki-sikil-lil-la-ke as Lilith is stated in Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (1999). According to a new source from Late Antiquity, Lilith appears in a Mandaic magic story where she is considered to represent the branches of a tree with other demonic figures that form other parts of the tree, though this may also include multiple \"Liliths\". A connection between the Gilgamesh ki-sikil-lil-la-ke and the Jewish Lilith was rejected on textual grounds by Sergio Ribichini (1978). Notes References Mesopotamian demons Mesopotamian_legendary_creatures Lilith",
"title": "Lilu (mythology)"
},
{
"docid": "2061136",
"text": "The history of education extends at least as far back as the first written records recovered from ancient civilizations. Historical studies have included virtually every nation. Education in ancient civilization North Africa and Middle East The earliest known formal school was developed in Egypt's Middle Kingdom under the direction of Kheti, treasurer to Mentuhotep II (2061-2010 BC). In Mesopotamia, the early logographic system of cuneiform script took many years to master. Thus only a limited number of individuals were hired as scribes to be trained in its reading and writing. Only royal offspring and sons of the rich and professionals, such as scribes, physicians, and temple administrators, were schooled. Most boys were taught their father's trade or were apprenticed to learn a trade. Girls stayed at home with their mothers to learn housekeeping and cooking, and to look after the younger children. Later, when a syllabic script became more widespread, more of the Mesopotamian population became literate. Later still in Babylonian times there were libraries in most towns and temples; an old Sumerian proverb averred \"he who would excel in the school of the scribes must rise with the dawn.\" There arose a whole social class of scribes, mostly employed in agriculture, but some as personal secretaries or lawyers. Women as well as men learned to read and write, and for the Semitic Babylonians, this involved knowledge of the extinct Sumerian language, and a complicated and extensive syllabary. Vocabularies, grammars, and interlinear translations were compiled for the use of students, as well as commentaries on the older texts and explanations of obscure words and phrases. Massive archives of texts were recovered from the archaeological contexts of Old Babylonian scribal schools known as (2000–1600 BCE), through which literacy was disseminated. The Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem from Ancient Mesopotamia is among the earliest known works of literary fiction. The earliest Sumerian versions of the epic date from as early as the Third Dynasty of Ur (2150–2000 BC) (Dalley 1989: 41–42). Ashurbanipal (685 – c. 627 BC), a king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, was proud of his scribal education. His youthful scholarly pursuits included oil divination, mathematics, reading and writing as well as the usual horsemanship, hunting, chariotry, soldierliness, craftsmanship, and royal decorum. During his reign he collected cuneiform texts from all over Mesopotamia, and especially Babylonia, in the library in Nineveh, the first systematically organized library in the ancient Middle East, which survives in part today. In ancient Egypt, literacy was concentrated among an educated elite of scribes. Only people from certain backgrounds were allowed to train to become scribes, in the service of temple, pharaonic, and military authorities. The hieroglyph system was always difficult to learn, but in later centuries was purposely made even more so, as this preserved the scribes' status. Literacy remains an elusive subject for ancient Egypt. Estimations of literacy range from 1 to 5 per cent of the population, based on very limited evidence to much higher numbers. Generalisations for the whole country, even at",
"title": "History of education"
},
{
"docid": "1502086",
"text": "Gilgameš (Serbian Cyrillic: Гилгамеш) is an opera in three acts by Rudolf Brucci. The libretto by Arsenije Arsa Milošević is based on the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh. It premiered on November 2, 1986 at the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad. Roles Gilgamesh, a Sumerian king – baritone Enkidu, his friend and brother – tenor Priestess at the temple of Ishtar – soprano Rishat, Gilgamesh's mother – mezzo-soprano Ishtar, Sumerian goddess of love and fertility – mezzo-soprano Siduri Sabitu, guardian of entrance to the Garden of Gods – soprano Aruru, Sumerian goddess of creation – soprano Utnapishtim, Gilgamesh's ancestor – bass Utnapishtim's wife – mezzo-soprano Hunter / Ur-Shanabi / Utnapishtim's Sailor – tenor First priest – tenor Second priest – bass Anu, sky god / Ea, god of water and wisdom / Shamash, Sun god – bass Scorpion Man – male voice (speaking role) Scorpion Woman – female voice (speaking role) Humbaba, a demon – robot Snake – dancer People of Uruk, Soldiers, Guard, Priests, Priestesses, virgins in service of Ishtar, dancers See also Gilgamesh in the arts and popular culture Gilgamesh (disambiguation)#Operas Sources Basso, Alberto (1996). Musica in scena: storia dello spettacolo musicale, Volume 3, p. 457. UTET. Radović, Branka (2005). \"Two orients in Rudolf Bruci's opera Gilgamesh\". Muzikologija, Issue 5, pp. 153–165 (in Serbian with English summary) Ziolkowski, Eric (September 2007). \"An ancient newcomer to modern culture\". World Literature Today External links Libretto of Gilgamesh in Serbian at sr.wikibooks.org Operas by Rudolf Brucci Operas Serbian-language operas Works based on the Epic of Gilgamesh 1986 operas Music based on poems Operas based on literature",
"title": "Gilgamesh (Brucci opera)"
},
{
"docid": "23405556",
"text": "Epic is a narrative genre characterised by its length, scope, and subject matter. The defining characteristics of the genre are mostly derived from its roots in ancient epics (poems such as Homer's Iliad and Odyssey). An epic is not limited to the traditional medium of oral poetry, but has expanded to include modern mediums including film, theater, television shows, novels, and video games. The use of epic as a genre, specifically for epic poetry, dates back millennia, all the way to the Epic of Gilgamesh, widely agreed to be the first epic. But critique and discourse has continuously arisen over this long period of time, with attempts to clarify what the core characteristics of the “epic” genre really are beginning only in the past two centuries as new mediums of storytelling emerged with developing technologies. Most significantly, the advent of the novel, such as classics like Tolstoy's War and Peace which began to be referred to as “epic novels”, caused critics to reconsider what can be called an “epic”. With this discussion, epic became a larger overarching genre under which many subgenres, such as epic poetry, epic novels, and epic films could fall under. However, the nebulous definitions assigned to even the long-standing ancient epics due to their ubiquitous presence across vastly differing cultures and traditions, are still a topic of discourse for today's literary academics, and have caused lingering difficulties in creating a definitive definition for the umbrella term of “epic” as a genre. Etymology and origin Epic originally comes from the Latin word epicus, which itself comes from the Ancient Greek adjective ἐπικός (epikos) deriving from ἔπος (epos), meaning \"word, story, poem.\" The word Epic, throughout the years, has adapted to different meanings that stem far away from its origins. In Ancient Greece, Epic was used in the form of a noun. Epic (noun) refers to a long poem, book, movie, etc. that tells the story of a hero's adventures. The earliest epics were long poems performed out loud that told these grandiose stories about heroes. Today, in modern society, the word epic has been expanded and associated with all kinds of long literatures that still underlyingly focus on the values of a given society. It is often used as an adjective. Epic (adjective) refers to something very great or large and usually difficult or impressive. In addition, the word epic can be used to describe any media that has a large scope, that speaks about the human condition and that is ambitious with artistic goals. Star Wars, for example, is considered a modern cinematic epic. History Ancient sources Providing a plethora of narrative tropes, the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, as the first recorded epic poem, would lay the foundation for the entire Western branch of the genre. Both the Old Testament and New Testament borrow many themes from Gilgamesh, which in turn has been found to draw from older Sumerian tradition. As such, some anthropologists identify Jesus as an embodiment of the same mythical archetype. Some similarities,",
"title": "Epic (genre)"
},
{
"docid": "40197933",
"text": "Ashurbanipal, also known as the Ashurbanipal Monument or the Statue of Ashurbanipal, is a bronze sculpture by Fred Parhad, an artist of Assyrian descent. It is located in the Civic Center of San Francisco, California, in the United States. The statue depicting the Assyrian king of the same name was commissioned by the Assyrian Foundation for the Arts and presented to the City of San Francisco in 1988 as a gift from the Assyrian people. The sculpture reportedly cost $100,000 and was the first \"sizable\" bronze statue of Ashurbanipal. It is administered by the City and County of San Francisco and the San Francisco Arts Commission. Parhad's work was met with some criticism by local Assyrians, who argued it was inaccurate to portray Ashurbanipal holding a clay tablet and a lion, or wearing a skirt. The critics thought the statue looked more like the Sumerian king Gilgamesh; Maureen Gallery Kovacs, a Yale Ph.D. who has translated The Epic of Gilgamesh (Stanford U.P., 1989), believed the sculpture depicted neither figure, but rather a Mesopotamian \"protective figure\". Parhad defended the accuracy of his work, while also admitting that he took artistic liberties. Background In Assyrian sculpture, the famous colossal entrance way guardian figures of lamassu were often accompanied by a hero grasping a wriggling lion with one hand and typically a snake with the other, also colossal and in high relief; these are generally the only other types of high relief in Assyrian sculpture. They continue the Master of Animals tradition in Mesopotamian art, and may represent Enkidu, a central figure in the Ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh. In the palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad, a group of at least seven lamassu and two such heroes with lions surrounded the entrance to the \"throne room\", \"a concentration of figures which produced an overwhelming impression of power.\" The arrangement was repeated in Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh. Description The patinated bronze statue, mounted on a base and a plinth to reach a total height of , weighs approximately . It depicts Ashurbanipal, the Assyrian king known for building the eponymously named Library of Ashurbanipal, the first and largest library in Nineveh. The bearded king is shown wearing earrings and a tunic; he is holding a clay tablet in one hand and restraining a lion cub against his chest with the other. According to the Historical Marker Database, the cuneiform inscribed on the tablet reads: \"Peace unto heaven and earth / Peace unto countries and cities / Peace unto the dwellers in all lands / This is the statue presented to the City of San Francisco by the Assyrian people in the 210th year of America's sovereignty\". The \"larger-than-life\", full length statue stands above a plinth adorned with a lotus blossom design and a concrete base with an anti-graffiti coating. The base includes rosettes and a bronze plaque. One inscription below the statue reads the text of the tablet in English, Akkadian cuneiform and Aramaic. The text \"Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria, 669–627 B.C.\" appears",
"title": "Statue of Ashurbanipal (San Francisco)"
},
{
"docid": "4769455",
"text": "Portal Through Time is an original novel based on the U.S. television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was published in 2006. The author, Alice Henderson, also wrote, Night Terrors in the Stake Your Destiny series. In this novel, Buffy and her friends time-travel to four different periods of history to protect Slayers of the past from present-day vampires. Plot summary An artifact has been forged which enables time-travelling spells while it remains in Sunnydale. A group of vampire-assassins are travelling into the past in an attempt to kill previous Slayers, and disrupt the Slayer lineage. They are led by the spellcaster Lucien, whose aim is to ensure that Buffy does not interfere with the ascension of the Master. When they discover that killing Buffy in the past merely changes the way in which the Master is killed, they become frustrated and decide to go further back. When Buffy becomes aware of their plans, the vampires have already left and she is forced to follow them into the past. With Giles, Willow and Xander, she travels to first-century Anglesey in Wales where a Druidic stronghold is being invaded by Romans. Next they travel to Uruk in ancient Sumer where they encounter Gilgamesh. Xander inadvertently arouses a plague god, and Willow accidentally summons a snake-demon while trying to banish the god. Then they return to the American Civil War period, where they find themselves in the middle of the Battle of Shiloh. They destroy many vampires feeding on the soldiers. Finally they head for Paris during the French Revolution where they witness executions on the guillotine and meet Angelus and Darla. Continuity Timing The starting point of the novel is in 1998, during Buffy season 2. It is months after the destruction of the Master's bones, during which time the vampire Lucien perfected the time-travelling spell. Buffy is 16. Angel is still ensouled. The Buffy books are listed in order of chronology in a navigation box at the bottom of this article. Canonical issues Buffy novels, such as this one are generally not considered by fans as part of canon. They are usually not viewed as official Buffyverse reality, but are novels from the authors' imaginations. However unlike fanfic, 'overviews' summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by Fox, who in turn may or may not have sought approval from Whedon (or his office). The book will be published as official Buffy merchandise. Canon characters in the novel include: Buffy, Angel, Giles, Xander, Willow, Darla and Angelus. External links Simonsays.com - Publisher's webpage for this book Whedonesque.com - Whedonesquers discuss the book in April 2006 Review of Portal Through Time at www.sci-fi-online.com 2006 novels Books based on Buffy the Vampire Slayer Science fantasy novels Novels about time travel Cultural depictions of Gilgamesh Novels set in Wales Novels set in the Ancient Near East Novels set during the American Civil War Novels set in the French Revolution",
"title": "Portal Through Time"
},
{
"docid": "4629780",
"text": "The Epic of Gilgamesh has directly inspired many manifestations of literature, art, music, and popular culture throughout history. It was extremely influential during the Bronze Age and Iron Age in the Middle East, but gradually fell into obscurity during classical antiquity. The story was rediscovered in the 19th century, and began to regain popular recognition and influence in the 20th century. Overview Ancient reception According to historian Wolfgang Röllig, the Epic of Gilgamesh addressed many basic concerns and important themes of human culture such as creation, death, friendship, enmity, pride, arrogance, humility, and failure. These subjects have remained of importance to humans throughout time, explaining the story's impact and popularity. The Epic of Gilgamesh gradually emerged from the 3rd millennium BC as a collection of tales concering the figure of Gilgamesh. These stories were eventually compiled into a single text by Sîn-lēqi-unninni, though different variants of the compilation continued to circulate. The best-known version of the compiled epic stems from the Neo-Assyrian Empire; this text is also the most important basis for the modern versions of the text. The epic was mainly spread by oral tradition which makes it difficult to gauge Gilgamesh's exact influence on popular culture in ancient times; however, written fragments of his tales were discovered across the Middle East, suggesting that different versions of the epic were widely circulated. It is also likely that tales about Gilgamesh influenced various other stories, including the Bible, Illiad, and Odyssey. Even though the Epic of Gilgamesh was rather popular, it remained tied to Cuneiform and was seemingly never translated into languages using other writing systems such as Ancient Greek or Old Aramaic. Accordingly, the decline of Cuneiform coincided with the disappearance of Gilgamesh from public consciousness. The story was eventually rediscovered by archaeologists in the 19th century, and many of its elements and sub-stories gradually became popular subjects in arts and popular culture. Reception after rediscovery It was only during and after the First World War that the first reliable translations to modern languages of the epic appeared. For instance, the first German translation by Albert Schott was published in 1934. These translations were the first that reached a wide audience, and it was only after the Second World War that the epic of Gilgamesh began to make itself felt more broadly in a variety of genres. As identified by Theodore Ziolkowski in the book Gilgamesh Among Us: Modern Encounters With the Ancient Epic (2011), the epic became increasingly influential from this point onward. In the years following World War II, Gilgamesh, formerly an obscure figure known only by a few scholars, gradually became increasingly popular with modern audiences. The Epic of Gilgameshs existential themes made it particularly appealing to German authors in the years following the war. In his 1947 existentialist novel Die Stadt hinter dem Strom, the German novelist Hermann Kasack adapted elements of the epic into a metaphor for the aftermath of the destruction of World War II in Germany, portraying the bombed-out city of Hamburg",
"title": "Gilgamesh in the arts and popular culture"
},
{
"docid": "70953848",
"text": "This is a partial list of Assyriologists. An Assyriologist is a person who specializes in the archaeological, historical, cultural and linguistic study of Assyria and the rest of ancient Mesopotamia (Iraq). A Arthur Amiaud (French, 1849–1889), known for early researches into Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions. B Zainab Bahrani (Iraqi, born 1962), Professor of Ancient Near Eastern Art and Archaeology at Columbia University. Taha Baqir (Iraqi, 1912–1984), former curator of the National Museum of Iraq, translated the Epic of Gilgamesh into Arabic. Paul-Alain Beaulieu (Canadian, born 1955), Professor of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations at the University of Toronto. Behnam Abu Alsoof (Iraqi, 1931–2012), anthropologist, historian and writer, known for excavations in the Tigris valley. Carl Bezold (German, 1859–1922), known primarily for research in Akkadian, catalogued the Library of Ashurbanipal. Robert D. Biggs (American, born 1934), editor of the Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Riekele Borger (Dutch, 1929–2010), famous for his cuneiform sign lists. Jean Bottéro (French, 1914–2007), expert on the Ancient Near East. C Dominique Charpin (French, born 1954), professor at the Collège de France specializing in the \"Old-Babylonian\" period. Henry Adrian Churchill (British, 1828–1886), diplomat and archaeological explorer of ancient Mesopotamia. Muazzez İlmiye Çığ (Turkish, born 1914; still living in 2022), archaeologist specializing in Sumerian civilization. Miguel Civil (American, 1926–2019), expert on Sumer (including the Sumerian language) and Ancient Mesopotamian studies at the University of Chicago. Albert T. Clay (American, 1866–1925), professor at Yale University, historian and expert on Semitic languages. D Stephanie Dalley (British, born 1943), known for cuneiform texts and investigation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Friedrich Delitzsch (German, 1850–1922), expert on Middle Eastern languages who maintained that much of Old Testament was derived from ancient Babylonian tales. Manfried Manfried Dietrich (German, born 1935), known for Ugaritic studies and the foundation of Ugarit-Verlag. Georges Dossin (Belgian, 1896–1983), archaeologist who worked on excavation of sites in Syria. Jean-Marie Durand (French, born 1940), whose research research mainly concerns texts found in the ruins of the ancient city of Mari. E Dietz-Otto Edzard (German, 1930–2004), scholar of the Ancient Near East and grammarian of the Sumerian language. Joseph Epping (German, 1835–1894), astronomer who undertook a mathematical investigation of the Babylonian astronomical observations and tables. F Irving Finkel (British, born 1951), philologist who specializes in cuneiform inscriptions on clay tablets from ancient Mesopotamia. Daniel E. Fleming (American, born 1957), biblical scholar whose work centres on Hebrew Bible interpretation. Fulgence Fresnel (French, 1795–1855), Orientalist scholar who led one of the first archaeological teams to excavate in Mesopotamia. G Lamia Al-Gailani Werr (Iraqi, 1938–2019), specialist in ancient Mesopotamian antiquities. Paul Garelli (French, 1924–2006), lecturer and professor at the Sorbonne who taught history of the peoples of the Semitic East. Joseph Étienne Gautier (French, 1861–1924), archaeologist who uncovered several overlapping stages of cultures that predated the time of Sargon of Akkad. Andrew R. George (British, born 1955), linguist who translated and annotated of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Ignace Gelb (Polish, American, 1907–1985), linguist who published editions of Akkadian texts and a grammar and",
"title": "List of Assyriologists"
},
{
"docid": "50400",
"text": "Dream interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to dreams. In many ancient societies, such as those of Egypt and Greece, dreaming was considered a supernatural communication or a means of divine intervention, whose message could be interpreted by people with these associated spiritual powers. In the modern era, various schools of psychology and neurobiology have offered theories about the meaning and purpose of dreams. History Early civilizations The ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia have left evidence of dream interpretation dating back to at least 3100 BC in Mesopotamia. Throughout Mesopotamian history, dreams were always held to be extremely important for divination and Mesopotamian kings paid close attention to them. Gudea, the king of the Sumerian city-state of Lagash (reigned 2144–2124 BC), rebuilt the temple of Ningirsu as the result of a dream in which he was told to do so. The standard Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh contains numerous accounts of the prophetic power of dreams. First, Gilgamesh himself has two dreams foretelling the arrival of Enkidu. In one of these dreams, Gilgamesh sees an axe fall from the sky. The people gather around it in admiration and worship. Gilgamesh throws the axe in front of his mother Ninsun and then embraces it like a wife. Ninsun interprets the dream to mean that someone powerful will soon appear. Gilgamesh will struggle with him and try to overpower him, but he will not succeed. Eventually, they will become close friends and accomplish great things. She concludes, \"That you embraced him like a wife means he will never forsake you. Thus your dream is solved.\" Later in the epic, Enkidu dreams about the heroes' encounter with the giant Humbaba. Dreams were also sometimes seen as a means of seeing into other worlds and it was thought that the soul, or some part of it, moved out of the body of the sleeping person and actually visited the places and persons the dreamer saw in his or her sleep. In Tablet VII of the epic, Enkidu recounts to Gilgamesh a dream in which he saw the gods Anu, Enlil, and Shamash condemn him to death. He also has a dream in which he visits the Underworld. The Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (reigned 883–859 BC) built a temple to Mamu, possibly the god of dreams, at Imgur-Enlil, near Kalhu. The later Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (reigned 668– 627 BC) had a dream during a desperate military situation in which his divine patron, the goddess Ishtar, appeared to him and promised that she would lead him to victory. The Babylonians and Assyrians divided dreams into \"good,\" which were sent by the gods, and \"bad,\" sent by demons. A surviving collection of dream omens entitled Iškar Zaqīqu records various dream scenarios as well as prognostications of what will happen to the person who experiences each dream, apparently based on previous cases. Some list different possible outcomes, based on occasions in which people experienced similar dreams with different results. Dream scenarios mentioned include a variety of daily work events,",
"title": "Dream interpretation"
},
{
"docid": "46426961",
"text": "The Statue of Gilgamesh at the University of Sydney, Camperdown, was created by Assyrian-Australian artist Lewis Batros on commission from the Assyrian community, and unveiled in 2000. The 2.5m statue depicts Gilgamesh, an ancient Sumerian king of the city-state of Uruk whose legendary exploits are told in the Epic of Gilgamesh, an Akkadian epic poem written during the late second millennium BC, based on much earlier material. The Gilgamesh Cultural Centre, on behalf of the Assyrian community, presented the statue to the University to commemorate its sesquicentenary. The statue was unveiled by Dame Leonie Kramer, A.C., and D.B.E., on 15 October 2000. It is located in the Camperdown/Darlington Campus of the University of Sydney between the Old Teachers College Building and the Women's Sports Centre, facing towards the Charles Perkins Centre. History Gilgamesh was a king of Uruk in the land of Sumer, Mesopotamia. Gilgamesh is described as a demigod of superhuman strength, as he was two-thirds God from his mother, Ninsun, and one-third human from his father, the former king, Lugalbunda. Gilgamesh built the city walls of Uruk to defend his people. Gilgamesh fought the demon Humbaba (or Huwawa), along with wild man Enkidu and brought his head back to Uruk on a raft. The pair also defeated the Bull of Heaven sent by the furious goddess Ishtar. These conquered beasts can be linked to the creature in the statue as a representation of Gilgamesh's strength and power. Gilgamesh is seen as a worldly-wise, cultured king and protector who is at the centre of human society. The statue was erected to celebrate the might and power of Gilgamesh and commemorate his achievements as a protector and king. Inscription Situated with the Statue of Gilgamesh is a bronze plaque with an inscription of the story of Gilgamesh, which reads: Artist The statue was sculpted by Lewis Batros, whose other sculptures are exhibited in Fairfield and Sydney Olympic Park in Australia, in Moscow, and in the US. He has done many Assyrian-inspired works, some of which have been controversial, including a monument to Assyrian victims of genocide commissioned by Fairfield council. He obtained a degree in fine art in 1986 and migrated to Australia in 1990. Many of Batros' works take inspiration from Assyrian heritage, stories, art and culture. References External links Ziolkowski, T. (2011). Gilgamesh among us: Modern encounters with the ancient epic. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Statues of monarchs University of Sydney Cultural depictions of Gilgamesh 2000 sculptures 2000 in New South Wales Statues in Australia Assyrian diaspora in Australia",
"title": "Statue of Gilgamesh, University of Sydney"
},
{
"docid": "10501110",
"text": "Elements of the supernatural and the fantastic were an element of literature from its beginning, though the idea of a distinct genre, in the modern sense, is less than two centuries old. Ancient Near East The Epic of Gilgamesh was written over generations following the supposed reign of King Gilgamesh, and is seen as a mythologized version of his life. This figure is sometimes an influence and, more rarely, a figure in modern fantasy. South Asian The Vedic civilization situated around the Indus river valley has a long tradition of fantastical stories and characters, dating back to Vedic mythology. Several modern fantasy works such as RG Veda draw on the Rig-Veda as a source. Brahman folklore was an evolution of the earlier Vedic mythology and had many more fantastical stories and characters, particularly in the Indian epics, such as the Mahabharata by Vyasa, and the Ramayana by Valmiki, both of which were influential in Asia. The Panchatantra (Fables of Bidpai) was influential in Europe and the Middle East. It used various animal fables and magical tales to illustrate the central Indian principles of political science. Talking animals endowed with human qualities have now become a staple of modern fantasy. The Baital Pachisi (Vikram and the Vampire) is a collection of various fantasy tales set within a frame story about an encounter between King Vikramāditya and a Vetala, an early mythical creature resembling a vampire. According to Richard Francis Burton and Isabel Burton, the Baital Pachisi \"is the germ which culminated in the Arabian Nights, and which inspired the Golden Ass of Apuleius, Boccacio's Decamerone, the Pentamerone, and all that class of facetious fictitious literature.\" Greco-Roman Classical mythology is replete with fantastical stories and characters, the best known (and perhaps the most relevant to modern fantasy) being the works of Homer (Greek) and Virgil (Roman). The contribution of the Greco-Roman world to fantasy is vast and includes: The hero's journey (also the figure of the chosen hero); magic gifts donated to win (including the ring of power as in the Gyges story contained in the Republic of Plato), prophecies (the oracle of Delphi), monsters and creatures (especially Dragons), magicians and witches with the use of magic. The philosophy of Plato has had great influence on the fantasy genre. In the Christian Platonic tradition, the reality of other worlds, and an overarching structure of great metaphysical and moral importance, has lent substance to the fantasy worlds of modern works. The world of magic is largely connected with the Roman Greek world. With Empedocles, the elements, they are often used in fantasy works as personifications of the forces of nature. Concerns other than magic include the use of a mysterious tool endowed with special powers (the wand); the use of a rare magical herb; and a divine figure that reveals the secret of the magical act. Myths especially important for fantasy include: The myth of Titans; the Gods of Olympus; Pan; Theseus, the hero who killed the Minotaur (with the labyrinth); Perseus, the",
"title": "Early history of fantasy"
},
{
"docid": "50799353",
"text": "Legends of the Hidden Temple (also known as Legends of the Hidden Temple: The Movie) is a 2016 adventure television film inspired by the mid-1990s game show of the same name. The film follows three siblings who ditch a jungle tour and find themselves undergoing a real-life obstacle course with the help of Kirk Fogg and Olmec. It premiered on Nickelodeon on November 26, 2016. Plot Three siblings, teenager Sadie and her kid brothers Noah and Dudley, are vacationing in Mexico with their parents, who allow them to visit the Hidden Temple theme park on their own where Kirk Fogg now works as a tour guide. Noah, being fascinated by the legends of the Hidden Temple, which he believes are real, wishes he could explore it on the inside, but Fogg reveals the Temple was closed to the public following an incident years earlier. Impressed by Noah's knowledge about the Temple, Fogg gives him a map he found inside. Much to Sadie's annoyance, Noah and Dudley sneak into the restricted area where the secret entrance is believed to be. Sadie tries to stop them, but accidentally steps on the trapdoor that sends them into the temple. The kids are welcomed inside the temple by none other than Olmec, who was once a king. He recalls of a moment in his life, then tells them what he remembers. He planned to decree his good son, Prince Zuma, as a successor to the kingdom, when suddenly his evil son Thak and his army of Temple Guards appeared and attempted to kill Zuma and insediate Thak as king. So Olmec had no choice but to turn the entire civilization to stone. Noah believes that he, Sadie and Dudley are the only ones who can restore the kingdom back to its former glory. Olmec instructs them to find both half-pendants of life in the Room of the Ancient Warriors and the Treasure Room, but warns them of the dangers that might lurk around the temple. Once both half-pendants are found, they must be combined to unlock the Temple and then exit within three minutes, otherwise the three siblings will risk being trapped inside the Temple forever. Cast Isabela Moner as Sadie Colin Critchley as Noah Jet Jurgensmeyer as Dudley Kirk Fogg as himself Daniel Cudmore as Thak Michael Benyaer as King Olmec Ioan Sebastian Tirlui as Zuma Catia Ojeda as Mom David Michie as Dad Dee Bradley Baker as Voice of Olmec James Black as Tourist Jon Molerio as Sargento Primedo Oscar Torre as Crew Leader Greg Cromer as Chet Crystal as Mikey the Monkey Squire as Mikey Understudy Production Jet Jurgensmeyer was cast as Dudley, the youngest of the three siblings, who has the ability to talk to all animals except snakes. Kirk Fogg, the original host of Legends of the Hidden Temple, the 1990s game show on which the film is based, returns as a fictionalized version of himself, working as a tour guide. Colin Critchley and Isabela Moner also appear in",
"title": "Legends of the Hidden Temple (film)"
},
{
"docid": "9418",
"text": "An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants. Etymology The English word epic comes from Latin , which itself comes from the Ancient Greek adjective (), from (), \"word, story, poem.\" In ancient Greek, 'epic' could refer to all poetry in dactylic hexameter (epea), which included not only Homer but also the wisdom poetry of Hesiod, the utterances of the Delphic oracle, and the strange theological verses attributed to Orpheus. Later tradition, however, has restricted the term 'epic' to heroic epic, as described in this article. Overview Originating before the invention of writing, primary epics, such as those of Homer, were composed by bards who used complex rhetorical and metrical schemes by which they could memorize the epic as received in tradition and add to the epic in their performances. Later writers like Virgil, Apollonius of Rhodes, Dante, Camões, and Milton adopted and adapted Homer's style and subject matter, but used devices available only to those who write. The oldest epic recognized is the Epic of Gilgamesh (), which was recorded in ancient Sumer during the Neo-Sumerian Empire. The poem details the exploits of Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk. Although recognized as a historical figure, Gilgamesh, as represented in the epic, is a largely legendary or mythical figure. The longest written epic from antiquity is the ancient Indian Mahabharata (–3rd century AD), which consists of 100,000 ślokas or over 200,000 verse lines (each shloka is a couplet), as well as long prose passages, so that at ~1.8 million words it is roughly twice the length of Shahnameh, four times the length of the Rāmāyaṇa, and roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined. Famous examples of epic poetry include the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, the ancient Indian Mahabharata and Rāmāyaṇa in Sanskrit and Silappatikaram and Manimekalai in Tamil, the Persian Shahnameh, the Ancient Greek Odyssey and Iliad, Virgil's Aeneid, the Old English Beowulf, Dante's Divine Comedy, the Finnish Kalevala, the German , the French Song of Roland, the Spanish Cantar de mio Cid, the Portuguese Os Lusíadas, the Armenian Daredevils of Sassoun, John Milton's Paradise Lost, The Secret History of the Mongols, the Kyrgyz Manas, and the Malian Sundiata. Epic poems of the modern era include Derek Walcott's Omeros, Mircea Cărtărescu's The Levant and Adam Mickiewicz's Pan Tadeusz. Paterson by William Carlos Williams, published in five volumes from 1946 to 1958, was inspired in part by another modern epic, The Cantos by Ezra Pound. Oral epics The first epics were products of preliterate societies and oral history poetic traditions. Oral tradition was used alongside written scriptures to communicate and facilitate the spread of culture. In these traditions, poetry is transmitted to the audience and from performer to performer by purely oral means. Early 20th-century study of living oral epic traditions in the Balkans by Milman Parry",
"title": "Epic poetry"
},
{
"docid": "31197491",
"text": "Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave is a Sumerian mythological account. It is one of the four known stories that belong to the same cycle describing conflicts between Enmerkar, king of Unug (Uruk), and an unnamed king of Aratta. The story is also referred to as “Lugalbanda in the Wilderness” or “Lugalbanda I” and followed by the story known as Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird, together forming the two parts of one story. The stories, from the composer’s point of view, take place in the distant past. The accounts are believed to be composed during the Ur III Period (21st century BCE), although almost all extant copies come from Isin-Larsa period (20th-18th centuries BCE). Tablets containing these stories were found in various locations of southern Iraq, primarily in the city of Nippur, and were part of the curriculum of Sumerian scribal schools during the Old Babylonian period (20th-17th centuries BCE). Synopsis Sumerian king Enmerkar wants to conquer the land of Aratta. Rounding up his army, Enmerkar marches toward Aratta, a city on the eastern highlands. Amongst the soldiers is Lugalbanda, who falls seriously ill and is left by his brothers to live or die in a cave along with some provisions. Lugalbanda lies ill for two days; he prays to the gods Shamash, Inanna, and Nanna to be healed of his sickness and is eventually healed by them. A few days later he captures a wild bull and two wild goats before lying down to dream. He is sent a dream instructing him to sacrifice the animals he has captured and he proceeds to do so. The end of the text is very fragmented and not well understood, but sheds light on the gods who, although they hold great power, exhibit a dark side. Comments In separate Sumerian traditions, specifically in the text referred to as Sumerian King List, Lugalbanda is known as the successor of Enmerkar as the king of Uruk, but in these Lugalbanda stories there is no such indication, and Lugalbanda appears only as one of the soldiers of king Enmerkar. In other accounts Lugalbanda is also known as the father of the mythical hero Gilgamesh, who succeeds Lugalbanda to the throne of Uruk. Among Sumerian literary narratives including the four of Enmerkar-Aratta cycle and five known Gilgamesh stories, “Lugalbanda in the Wilderness” and its continuation “Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird” are considered to be the most elaborate and complex texts of their period with a combined length of 1000 lines, as well as their complicated symbolism, strong mythological elements, and unpredictable plot that moves back and forth between the mundane and divine worlds. Although earlier generations of scholars have sought behind these stories a historical reality dating back to Early Dynastic Period, such attempts are mostly based on an amalgamation of data from the epic traditions of the 2nd millennium with unclear archaeological observations. It is argued that even if the earlier oral traditions may have had an influence in the origin of these stories, the texts",
"title": "Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave"
},
{
"docid": "45462502",
"text": "In ancient Mesopotamian mythology, the Bull of Heaven is a mythical beast fought by the hero Gilgamesh. The story of the Bull of Heaven is known from two different versions: one recorded in an earlier Sumerian poem and a later episode in the Standard Babylonian (a literary dialect of Akkadian) Epic of Gilgamesh. In the Sumerian poem, the Bull is sent to attack Gilgamesh by the goddess Inanna for reasons that are unclear. The more complete Akkadian account comes from Tablet VI of the Epic of Gilgamesh, in which Gilgamesh refuses the sexual advances of the goddess Ishtar, the East Semitic equivalent of Inanna, leading the enraged Ishtar to demand the Bull of Heaven from her father Anu, so that she may send it to attack Gilgamesh in Uruk. Anu gives her the Bull and she sends it to attack Gilgamesh and his companion, the hero Enkidu, who slay the Bull together. After defeating the Bull, Enkidu hurls the Bull's right thigh at Ishtar, taunting her. The slaying of the Bull results in the gods condemning Enkidu to death, an event which catalyzes Gilgamesh's fear for his own death, which drives the remaining portion of the epic. The Bull was identified with the constellation Taurus and the myth of its slaying may have held astronomical significance to the ancient Mesopotamians. Aspects of the story have been compared to later tales from the ancient Near East, including legends from Ugarit, the tale of Joseph in the Book of Genesis, and parts of the ancient Greek epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Mythology Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven In the Sumerian poem Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven, Gilgamesh and Enkidu slay the Bull of Heaven, who has been sent to attack them by the goddess Inanna, the Sumerian equivalent of Ishtar. The plot of this poem differs substantially from the corresponding scene in the later Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh. In the Sumerian poem, Inanna does not seem to ask Gilgamesh to become her consort as she does in the later Akkadian epic. Furthermore, while she is coercing her father An to give her the Bull of Heaven, rather than threatening to raise the dead to eat the living as she does in the later epic, she merely threatens to let out a \"cry\" that will reach the earth. Epic of Gilgamesh In Tablet VI of the standard Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh, after Gilgamesh repudiates her sexual advances, Ishtar goes to Heaven, where she complains to her mother Antu and her father Anu. She demands that Anu give her the Bull of Heaven and threatens that, if he refuses, she will smash the gates of the Underworld and raise the dead to eat the living. Anu at first objects to Ishtar's demand, insisting that the Bull of Heaven is so destructive that its release would result in seven years of famine. Ishtar declares that she has stored up enough grain for all people and all animals for the next seven years.",
"title": "Bull of Heaven"
},
{
"docid": "18261301",
"text": "ERIM is the capital letter-(majuscule) Sumerogram for the Akkadian language word army, or \"troops\". The akkadian language word for army is (\"ṣābu\"-using s-dot, the special s); consequently the cuneiform character for ERIM is also equivalent to sab, zab, etc.-(also using s-dot). The cuneiform-compound for the enclosed use of the 'army' cuneiform character is the akkadian language word for battle, or warfare, akkadian \"tāhāzu\"-(also a sumerogram: MÈ-no. 098, Parpola). In the Yašdata letter with the place-name for Hannathon, the determinative is used at the beginning of the word battle, then tāhāzu is spelled ta-ha-(zu). Epic of Gilgamesh The cuneiform character for \"army\"-sab is used 19 times in the Epic of Gilgamesh tablets-(chapters). It is used only once as zab; also only once as ERIM, for \"armies\" in Chapter XI, as ERIM-mesh(the plural), for \"men, troops\". Amarna letter usage In the 1350 BC Amarna letters, the army sumerogram ERIM is used in the formulaic introduction to the pharaoh of ancient Egypt-(mostly Amenhotep IV-Akhenaten, or his father Amenhotep III). The addressing is towards the 'good health'-Shalom-(Akkadian language šālāmu-\"to be safe\") of the list of pharaoh's charges, and near the end of the list his \"troops\", or armies are addressed: as ERIM-mesh; (mesh is the plural as \"s\", in the Akkadian language). The more notable kings used this formal introduction to the pharaoh, for example Tushratta of Mitanni, the \"King of Alashiya\"-(now known as the island Cyprus); also the king of Babylon, Burna-Buriash; also Kadashman-Enlil I of Babylon. A more distinctive use of the army cuneiform character in the Amarna letters, is in the cuneiform-compound for the word 'battle', as a determinative in Amarna letter no. 245, concerning a story about Yašdata, with the subject being the Habiru man, Labaya. References See also Hannathon–Amarna letter using the determinative, and spelling out of word for \"battle\"-\"warfare\"/-(\"tāhāzu\")—Topic: Labaya, and Yašdata. Sumerian words and phrases Sumerograms Cuneiform signs",
"title": "ERIM (Sumerogram)"
},
{
"docid": "40497462",
"text": "The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories is a 2004 book by Christopher Booker containing a Jung-influenced analysis of stories and their psychological meaning. Booker worked on the book for 34 years. Summary The meta-plot The meta-plot begins with the anticipation stage, in which the hero is called to the adventure to come. This is followed by a dream stage, in which the adventure begins, the hero has some success, and has an illusion of invincibility. However, this is then followed by a frustration stage, in which the hero has his first confrontation with the enemy, and the illusion of invincibility is lost. This worsens in the nightmare stage, which is the climax of the plot, where hope is apparently lost. Finally, in the resolution, the hero overcomes his burden against the odds. The key thesis of the book: \"However many characters may appear in a story, its real concern is with just one: its hero. It is the one whose fate we identify with, as we see them gradually developing towards that state of self-realization which marks the end of the story. Ultimately it is in relation to this central figure that all other characters in a story take on their significance. What each of the other characters represents is really only some aspect of the inner state of the hero himself.\" The plots Overcoming the monster Definition: The protagonist sets out to defeat an antagonistic force (often evil) that threatens the protagonist and/or protagonist's homeland. Examples: Perseus, Theseus, Beowulf, Dracula, The War of the Worlds, Nicholas Nickleby, The Guns of Navarone, Seven Samurai (The Magnificent Seven), James Bond, Jaws, Star Wars, Naruto, Harry Potter. Rags to riches Definition: The poor protagonist acquires power, wealth, and/or a mate, loses it all and gains it back, growing as a person as a result. Examples: Cinderella, Aladdin, Jane Eyre, A Little Princess, Great Expectations, David Copperfield, Moll Flanders, The Red and the Black, The Prince and the Pauper, The Ugly Duckling, The Gold Rush, The Jerk. The quest Definition: The protagonist and companions set out to acquire an important object or to get to a location. They face temptations and other obstacles along the way. Examples: The Iliad, The Pilgrim's Progress, The Lord of the Rings, King Solomon's Mines, The Divine Comedy, Watership Down, The Aeneid, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Monty Python and the Holy Grail. Voyage and return Definition: The protagonist goes to a strange land and, after overcoming the threats it poses or learning important lessons unique to that location, returns with experience. Examples: Ramayana, Odyssey, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Orpheus, The Time Machine, Peter Rabbit, The Hobbit, Brideshead Revisited, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Gone with the Wind, The Third Man, The Lion King, Back to the Future, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Gulliver's Travels, Peter Pan, The Epic of Gilgamesh. Comedy Definition: Light and humorous character with a happy or cheerful ending; a dramatic work in which",
"title": "The Seven Basic Plots"
},
{
"docid": "15769423",
"text": "Immortality is a common theme in fiction. The concept has been depicted since the Epic of Gilgamesh, the oldest known work of fiction. Originally appearing in the domain of mythology, it has later become a recurring element in the genres of horror, science fiction, and fantasy. For most of literary history, the dominant perspective has been that the desire for immortality is misguided, albeit strong; among the posited drawbacks are ennui, loneliness, and social stagnation. This view was challenged in the 20th century by writers such as George Bernard Shaw and Roger Zelazny. Immortality is commonly obtained either from supernatural entities or objects such as the Fountain of Youth or through biological or technological means such as brain transplants. History The oldest known fictional account of immortality is also the oldest surviving work of fiction: the Epic of Gilgamesh, an ancient Sumerian tale from . Several Greek myths of antiquity depict mortals such as Ganymede and Tithonus being granted everlasting life by the gods. Influenced by Taoist philosophical thought, Chinese fiction has featured immortality since at least the 1500s. Several historical figures have been portrayed as immortals after their deaths, including Nicolas Flamel and the Count of St. Germain. In Arthurian literature, Sir Galahad attains immortality through the Holy Grail. In medieval Europe, the Christian legend of the Wandering Jew emerged, wherein a man is cursed to live forever for a slight against Jesus. This story was then reworked over and over again by numerous authors across the centuries, well past the end of the Middle Ages and into the 1800s, with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Alexandre Dumas each making their own version which both remain unfinished. The 1800s also saw several Gothic stories of the downsides of immortality. Progress in the field of medicine inspired science fiction stories about immortality in the late 1800s and early 1900s; most of these took a dim view of the prospect of eternal life but more positive attitudes also appeared. By the 1930s, opinions were divided into camps with favourable and unfavourable views on immortality, with authors such as Neil R. Jones and Laurence Manning writing stories where it presents opportunities and others such as D. D. Sharp and Damon Knight depicting it as a cause of stagnation. This division continued at least until the 1960s. Following research into biotechnology and cryonics, the conception that not having to die of old age might soon be a medical reality gained popularity—reflected in the non-fiction works The Prospect of Immortality by Robert Ettinger from 1964 and Conquest of Death by Alvin Silverstein from 1979—and since at least the 1980s, there has been a trend of more analytical treatments of immortality in fiction, as well as contes philosophiques. Types Depictions of immortality vary in a number of ways. The common feature across all types is indefinitely prolonged lifespans. The absence of ageing—i.e. eternal youth—is typically also involved, though some exceptions such as the Greek myth of Tithonus and the Struldbruggs of Jonathan Swift's 1726 novel",
"title": "Immortality in fiction"
},
{
"docid": "15630853",
"text": "Eridu Genesis, also called the Sumerian Creation Myth, Sumerian Flood Story and the Sumerian Deluge Myth, offers a description of the story surrounding how humanity was created by the gods, how the office of kingship entered human civilization, the circumstances leading to the origins of the first cities, and the global flood. Other Sumerian creation myths include the Barton Cylinder, the Debate between sheep and grain and the Debate between Winter and Summer, also found at Nippur. Other flood myths appear in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Genesis creation narrative. Fragments The story is known from three fragments representing different versions of the narrative. One is a tablet excavated from the ancient Sumerian city known as Nippur. This tablet was discovered during the Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania in 1893, and the creation story was recognized by Arno Poebel in 1912. It is written in the Sumerian language and is dated to around 1600 BC. The second fragment is from Ur, also written in Sumerian and from the same time period. The third is a bilingual Sumerian-Akkadian fragment from the Library of Ashurbanipal ca. 600 In 2018, a new fragment of the Eridu Genesis story was published. Synopsis The first 36 lines of the primary tablet from Nippur are lost, although they can be inferred to have discussed the creation of man and animals, and likely spoke about the dissolute existence of mankind prior to civilization (as is indicated by the fragment from Ur). The surviving portion begins with a monologue from Nintur, the goddess who birthed mankind, where she calls humans from a vagrant existence as nomads to build cities, temples, and become both sedentary and civilized. After the monologue, there is another missing section that only resumes after another 36 lines, and at this point humans are still in a nomadic state; the missing section may have spoken of an initial unsuccessful attempt by humans to establish civilization. When the text resumes, Nintur is still planning on providing kingship and organization to humans. Then, the first cities are named (beginning with Eridu, whose leadership Nintur placed under Nudimmud), then Badtibira, Larak, Sippar, and finally Shuruppak. The cities were established as distributional (not monetary) economies. Another lacuna (missing section) of 34 lines proceeds. The fragment from the library of Ashurbanipal, as well as independent evidence from the Sumerian King List, suggests this section included the naming of more cities and their rulers. What occurs next is a statement that humans began to make noises that annoyed the gods: Enlil in particular was entirely unable to sleep due to humanity and made the radical decision to deal with this by destroying humanity with a flood. The god Enki informs one human, Ziusudra (likely a priest), of this decision and advises him to build a boat to save both himself and one couple of every living creature. Ziusudra builds the boat, boards it with his family and the animals, and the gods unleash the flood, although the exact phrasing",
"title": "Eridu Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "5339507",
"text": "Poetry as an oral art form likely predates written text. The earliest poetry is believed to have been recited or sung, employed as a way of remembering oral history, genealogy, and law. Poetry is often closely related to musical traditions, and the earliest poetry exists in the form of hymns (such as Hymn to the Death of Tammuz), and other types of song such as chants. As such, poetry is often a verbal art. Many of the poems surviving from the ancient world are recorded prayers, or stories about religious subject matter, but they also include historical accounts, instructions for everyday activities, love songs, and fiction. Many scholars, particularly those researching the Homeric tradition and the oral epics of the Balkans, suggest that early writing shows clear traces of older oral traditions, including the use of repeated phrases as building blocks in larger poetic units. A rhythmic and repetitious form would make a long story easier to remember and retell, before writing was available as a reminder. Thus, to aid memorization and oral transmission, surviving works from prehistoric and ancient societies appear to have been first composed in a poetic form – from the Vedas (1500–1000 ) to the Odyssey (800–675 ). Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. Oldest known poems The oldest surviving speculative fiction poem is the Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor, written in Hieratic and ascribed a date around 2500 . Other sources ascribe the earliest written poetry to the Epic of Gilgamesh written in cuneiform; however, it is most likely that The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor predates Gilgamesh by half a millennium. The oldest epic poetry besides the Epic of Gilgamesh are the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey and the Indian Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Some scholars believe that either the Mahabharata, or the Tibetan Epic of King Gesar, is the longest example of epic poetry in history. Poetics Ancient thinkers sought to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulting in the development of \"poetics\", or the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Classic of History, one of the Five Classics, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. Context can be critical to poetics and to the development of poetic genres and forms. For example, poetry employed to record historical events in epics, such as Gilgamesh or Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, will necessarily be lengthy and narrative, while poetry used for liturgical purposes in hymns, psalms, suras, and hadiths is likely to have an inspirational tone, whereas elegies and tragedy are intended to invoke deep internal emotional responses. Other contexts include music such as Gregorian chants, formal or diplomatic speech, political rhetoric and invective, light-hearted nursery and nonsense rhymes, threnodies to the deceased and even medical texts. Ancient African poetry In Africa, poetry has a history dating back",
"title": "History of poetry"
},
{
"docid": "1356932",
"text": "Ninsun (also called Ninsumun, cuneiform: dNIN.SUMUN2; Sumerian: Nin-sumun(ak) \"lady of the wild cows\") was a Mesopotamian goddess. She is best known as the mother of the hero Gilgamesh and wife of deified legendary king Lugalbanda, and appears in this role in most versions of the Epic of Gilgamesh. She was associated with Uruk, where she lives in this composition, but she was also worshiped in other cities of ancient Mesopotamia, such as Nippur and Ur, and her main cult center was the settlement KI.KALki. The degree of Ninsun's involvement in Gilgamesh's life varies between various versions of the Epic. She only plays an active role in the so-called \"Standard Babylonian\" version, in which she advises her son and interprets his dreams, petitions the sun god Shamash to protect him, and accepts Enkidu as a member of her family. In the Old Babylonian version her role is passive, with her actions being merely briefly discussed by Shamhat, while a Hittite translation of the text omits her altogether. She is additionally present in older Sumerian compositions, including Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven, as well as a poorly preserved and very early myth describing her first meeting with Lugalbanda and their marriage. Kings from the Third Dynasty of Ur regarded Ninsun as their divine mother, and Gilgamesh as their brother, most likely to legitimize their claim to rule over Mesopotamia. Ur-Nammu and Shulgi both left behind inscriptions attesting their personal devotion to this goddess, and a prince only known from a single attestation bore the theophoric name Puzur-Ninsun. The god list An = Anum mentions multiple children of Ninsun and her husband Lugalbanda separately from Gilgamesh. A sparsely attested tradition additionally regarded her as the mother of the dying god Dumuzi, indicating a degree of conflation with his usual mother Duttur. She could also be equated with the medicine goddess Gula, especially in syncretic hymns. Character Ninsun's name was written dNIN.GUL. The cuneiform sign GUL could be read as both sun and sumun in Sumerian, as attested by syllabic glosses in lexical lists, but its meaning was the same in both cases, \"wild cow.\" It is possible the name was initially understood as \"lady wild cow,\" but in most of the ancient sources it was interpreted as a genitive compound, \"lady of wild cows.\" Ninsun was often compared to these animals, and in the Epic of Gilgamesh she is at one point referred to with the Akkadian epithet Rimāt-Ninsun, \"wild cow Ninsun.\" In texts from Lagash, Ninsun is sometimes referred to as a lamma. In this context, lamma most likely should be understood as a designation of a deity's function, namely their involvement in granting long and prosperous life to devotees. It is possible that \"Lamma-Ninsumuna\" was envisioned as leading Lugalbanda by the wrist, even though lamma goddesses were usually described as walking behind the person they protected. It is also probable that in some cases Ninsun was believed to bestow a lamma upon kings. An inscription of Ur-Ningirsu I identifies her",
"title": "Ninsun"
},
{
"docid": "3387802",
"text": "The literary genre of science fiction is diverse, and its exact definition remains a contested question among both scholars and devotees. This lack of consensus is reflected in debates about the genre's history, particularly over determining its exact origins. There are two broad camps of thought, one that identifies the genre's roots in early fantastical works such as the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (earliest Sumerian text versions c. 2150–2000 BCE). A second approach argues that science fiction only became possible sometime between the 17th and early 19th centuries, following the scientific revolution and major discoveries in astronomy, physics, and mathematics. Science fiction developed and boomed in the 20th century, as the deep integration of science and inventions into daily life encouraged a greater interest in literature that explores the relationship between technology, society, and the individual. Scholar Robert Scholes calls the history of science fiction \"the history of humanity's changing attitudes toward space and time ... the history of our growing understanding of the universe and the position of our species in that universe\". In recent decades, the genre has diversified and become firmly established as a major influence on global culture and thought. Early science fiction Ancient and early modern precursors One of the earliest and most commonly-cited texts for those looking for early precursors to science fiction is the ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, with the earliest text versions identified as being from about 2000 BCE. American science fiction author Lester del Rey was one such supporter of using Gilgamesh as an origin point, arguing that \"science fiction is precisely as old as the first recorded fiction. That is The Epic of Gilgamesh.\" French science fiction writer Pierre Versins also argued that Gilgamesh was the first science fiction work due to its treatment of human reason and the quest for immortality. In addition, Gilgamesh features a flood scene that in some ways resembles a work of apocalyptic science fiction. However, the lack of explicit science or technology in the work has led some to argue that it is better categorized as fantastic literature. Ancient Indian poetry such as the Hindu epic the Ramayana (5th to 4th century BCE) includes Vimana, flying machines able to travel into space or under water, and destroy entire cities using advanced weapons. In the first book of the Rigveda collection of Sanskrit hymns (1700–1100 BCE), there is a description of \"mechanical birds\" that are seen \"jumping into space speedily with a craft using fire and water ... containing twelve stamghas (pillars), one wheel, three machines, 300 pivots, and 60 instruments\". The ancient Hindu mythological epic the Mahabharata (8th and 9th centuries BCE) includes the story of King Kakudmi, who travels to heaven to meet the creator Brahma and is shocked to learn that many ages have passed when he returns to Earth, anticipating the concept of time travel. One frequently cited text is the Syrian-Greek writer Lucian of Samosata's 2nd-century satire True History, which uses a voyage to outer space and conversations with",
"title": "History of science fiction"
},
{
"docid": "4208689",
"text": "The Sirius Mystery is a book written by Robert K. G. Temple (born Robert Kyle Grenville Temple in 1945) supporting the pseudoscientific ancient astronauts hypothesis that intelligent extraterrestrial beings visited the Earth and made contact with humans in antiquity and prehistoric times. The book was first published by St. Martin's Press in 1976. Its second, 1998, edition is called The Sirius Mystery: New Scientific Evidence of Alien Contact 5,000 Years Ago. Overview The book presents the hypothesis that the Dogon people of Mali, in West Africa, preserve a tradition of contact with intelligent extraterrestrial beings from the Sirius star system. These beings, who are hypothesized to have taught the arts of civilization to humans, are claimed in the book to have originated the systems of the Pharaohs of Egypt, the mythology of Greek civilization, and the Epic of Gilgamesh, among other things. Temple's theory is heavily based on his interpretation of the work of ethnographers Marcel Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen. A substantial bulk of The Sirius Mystery consists of comparative linguistic and mythological scholarship, pointing out resemblances among Dogon, Yoruba, Egyptian and Sumerian beliefs and symbols. Greek and Arab myths and words are considered to a lesser extent. The \"mystery\" that is central to the book is how the Dogon allegedly acquired knowledge of Sirius B, the white dwarf companion star of Sirius A, invisible to the naked eye. Sirius B was first observed in 1862, and had been predicted in 1844 on dynamic grounds. Temple considers alternative possibilities other than alien contact, such as a very ancient, advanced, and lost civilization that was behind the sudden appearance of advanced civilization in both Egypt and Sumer. Temple does not argue that contact with an advanced civilization is the only way that the Dogon could have obtained what he understood to be accurate information on Sirius B, but he indicates that he personally finds the theory of alien contact more convincing. However, doubts have been raised about the reliability of Griaule and Dieterlen's work on which The Sirius Mystery is based, and alternative explanations have been proposed. Noah Brosch explained in his book Sirius Matters that cultural transfer could have taken place between 19th century French astronomers and Dogon tribe members during the observations of the solar eclipse on 16 April 1893. The expedition, led by Henri Deslandres, stayed in the field for five weeks, and it is reasonable that during this time many contacts with the locals took place, and that relatively modern astronomical knowledge was then transferred. The claims about the Dogons' astronomical knowledge have also been challenged. For instance, the anthropologist Walter Van Beek, who studied the Dogon after Griaule and Dieterlen, found no evidence that the Dogon considered Sirius to be a double star and/or that astronomy was particularly important in their belief system. Others, such as Marcel Griaule's daughter Geneviève Calame-Griaule and an anthropologist, Luc de Heusch, came to criticize Van Beek's dismissal as \"political\" and riddled with \"unchecked speculation\", demonstrating a general ignorance of Dogon",
"title": "The Sirius Mystery"
},
{
"docid": "32019059",
"text": "Urshanabi, also known as Sursunabu, was a figure in Mesopotamian mythology. His name is considered unusual and difficult to interpret, and consists of a prefix common in Sumerian names and a cuneiform numeral which could be read as both ⅔ or 40. Most likely it was an artificial scholarly construction. He is known from the Old Babylonian and Standard Babylonian versions of the Epic of Gilgamesh, as well as from its Hittite adaptation. He is described as a boatman in the service of the flood hero Utnapishtim, and is responsible for taking Gilgamesh to Utnapishtim's domain. In the Standard Babylonian version, he also subsequently travels with him back to Uruk. It has additionally been proposed that he might have been viewed as a survivor of the great flood, and that he acted as a ferryman of the dead comparable to Ḫumuṭ-tabal or Greek Charon. Name The name Urshanabi was typically written as mur-šanabi in cuneiform, šanabi being the reading of the numeral designating 40 and due to Mesopotamian mathematics relying on a sexagesimal system also ⅔ (). In most cases it is preceded with a determinative designating personal names, and a single attestation of a dingir, the “divine determinative” designating theonyms taking its place is presumed to be a scribal mistake. The first element, ur-, is common in Sumerian personal names and can be translated as “servant”. Following the pattern established by other structurally similar names, the second should be either a theonym, or the name of an object or location regarded as a numen. The fact that it is a numeral instead is unusual, and most likely indicates the name was coined artificially. Gary Beckman notes this might have been the result of renewed interest in Sumerian language in the second half of the second millennium BCE. Sebastian Fink points out that Urshanabi’s name might have been purposely mysterious and unusual to give the ancient readers multiple possibilities of interpreting it. A bilingual list of personal names explains Urshanabi in Akkadian as Amēl-Ea, “man of Ea”, relying on the use of the numeral 40 to represent this god, but according to Andrew R. George Urshanabi is to be understood as an artificial translation of an originally Akkadian name into Sumerian in this context. The convention of using numerals to represent names of deities is best attested from the Middle Assyrian period, though older examples have been noted. Sebastian Fink has instead suggested that due to the numeral in his name also designating ⅔ , Urshanabi’s name might be an allusion to Gilgamesh’s status as one third human and two thirds god. On this basis, he proposes the literal translation “servant of two thirds”, which he interprets as an allusion to his status as Gilgamesh’s helper in the story due to analogy with names of other side characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh which also hint at their roles. George has subsequently accepted this proposal as another plausible explanation. However, Beckman considers all of the proposed translations to be difficult",
"title": "Urshanabi"
},
{
"docid": "1224836",
"text": "Timothy Supple (born 24 September 1962) is a British born, award-winning international theatre director. He is the son of the academic Barry Supple. Career Supple has directed and adapted theatre in London and the UK as well as across the world in a wide range of languages - including in Europe, India, North Africa and the near East, Iran, Turkey, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Russia and the post Soviet States, and North and South America. In the UK he has worked regularly at the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company and was Artistic Director of the Young Vic from 1993-2000 and founding co-Artistic Director of Dash Arts from 2005-2019, creating theatre with artists internationally. He launched his new company, Supple Productions, in 2020. UK Theatre work At the Young Vic he directed A Servant to Two Masters (RSC co-production: national & international tour & West End), As I Lay Dying, Twelfth Night, Blood Wedding, The Jungle Book, Grimm Tales (& international tour), More Grimm Tales (& Broadway), The Slab Boys Trilogy, Oedipus; for the National Theatre: Haroun and the Sea of Stories, The Epic of Gilgamesh, Billy Liar (national tour), Accidental Death of an Anarchist (national tour), Whale, Romeo and Juliet, The Villains Opera; for the RSC: Midnight's Children(Barbican, national tour & Apollo Theatre, New York), Love in a Wood, Tales from Ovid (Young Vic), The Comedy of Errors (national/international tour & Young Vic), Spring Awakening; for Kenneth Branagh's Renaissance Theatre Company: Coriolanus (with Branagh, Judi Dench, Richard Briers and Iain Glenn) and Traveling Tales; The Cosmonauts Last Message... (Donmar Wharehouse); Oh, What a Lovely War!, Guys and Dolls (Haymarket Theatre, Leicester); Billy Budd (Crucible Theatre, Sheffield). As associate director at the Theatre Royal, York, Supple directed work by Kroetz, Arthur Miller, Willy Russell and Brecht. Supple has worked outside the theatre on several occasions: his Opera includes Hansel and Gretel, The Magic Flute (Opera North); John Browne's Babette's Feast (Linbury Studio, ROH); Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (Grange Festival) and his film work includes: Twelfth Night (Projector/Channel 4), Rockabye (IWC/Channel 4). He is the recipient of a NESTA Invention and Innovation Award for experiments in film. In 2017, Supple created Freedom on the Tyne in collaboration with artists, organisations and citizens of Newcastle-Gateshead. With text by Roy Williams and Katie Ebner-Landy, the unique event took place on Sunday 29 October on the Tyne Bridge and in venues and streets across the city centre. Celebrating the Fiftieth anniversary of Dr Martin Luther King’s visit to Tyneside to receive an honorary degree from Newcastle University, Freedom on the Tyne dramatized epic narratives of historic civil rights battles in USA, India, South Africa and UK and was performed by hundreds of local participants. Supple's adaptations for the theatre include: Accidental Death of an Anarchist (with Dario Fo & Alan Cumming); Billy Budd (with David Holman); The Epic of Gilgamesh; Grimm Tales and More Grimm Tales (with Carol Ann Duffy); The Jungle Book; Haroun and the Sea of Stories (with Salman",
"title": "Tim Supple"
}
] | [
"Kish"
] |
train_21833 | what are the duties of the governor of california | [
{
"docid": "62517",
"text": "The governor of California is the head of government of the U.S. state of California. The governor is the commander-in-chief of the California National Guard and the California State Guard. Established in the Constitution of California, the governor's responsibilities also include making the annual State of the State address to the California State Legislature, submitting the budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced. The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor of California is Democrat Gavin Newsom, who was inaugurated on January 7, 2019. Gubernatorial elections, oath, and term of office Qualifications A candidate for governor must be a U.S. citizen and a registered voter within the state, must not have been convicted of a felony involving bribery, embezzlement, or extortion, and must not have served two terms since November 6, 1990. Election and oath of office Governors are elected by popular ballot and serve terms of four years, with a limit of two terms, if served after November 6, 1990. Governors take the following oath: I (Governor) do solemnly swear that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California against all enemies foreign and domestic, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California, that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties upon which I am about to enter.Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election. Gubernatorial removal Two methods exist to remove a governor. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for \"misconduct in office\" by the State Assembly and removed by a two-thirds vote of the State Senate. Recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor (with signatures from each of five counties equal to 1% of the last vote for governor in the county) can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can then vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor, and on the same ballot can vote for a potential replacement. If a majority of the voters in the election vote to recall the governor, then the person who gains a plurality of the votes in the replacement race will become governor. Only two governor recall attempts have ever gained enough signatures to make the ballot in California. The 2003 recall election began with a petition drive that forced Democratic governor Gray Davis into a recall election, which he lost. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger. It was the first time that a California governor was voted out of office. In addition to the successful 2003 recall, current governor Gavin Newsom faced a recall election in 2021, which he defeated. Relationship with the lieutenant governor The lieutenant governor",
"title": "Governor of California"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "1968177",
"text": "The California State Capitol is the seat of the California state government, located in Sacramento, the state capital of California. The building houses the chambers of the California State Legislature, made up of the Assembly and the Senate, along with the office of the governor of California. The Neoclassical structure, designed by Reuben S. Clark, was completed between 1861 and 1874. Located at the west end of Capitol Park and the east end of the Capitol Mall, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The California State Capitol Museum is housed on the grounds of the capitol. History The structure was completed between 1860 and 1874, designed by architect Reuben S. Clark of Clark & Kenitzer, one of San Francisco's oldest architectural firms, founded in 1854. Between 1949 and 1952, the Capitol's apse was demolished to make way for the building's expansion with the construction of the East Annex. The offices of the governor of California are housed in the East Annex. The Capitol and grounds were listed on the office of the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and listed as a California Historical Landmark in 1974, with a re-dedication on January 9, 1982, to commemorate the close of the bicentennial restoration project. The building underwent a major renovation known as the California State Capitol Restoration, from 1975 until 1982, involving an architectural restoration and structural reconstruction for earthquake safety. Although not generally considered earthquake country, Sacramento was hit by two earthquakes within days of each other in 1892 which damaged the Capitol. In 2012, many protesters stormed the building and were arrested. Construction and design Exterior The building is based on the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C. The west facade ends in projecting bays, and a portico projects from the center of the building. At the base of the portico, seven granite archways brace and support the porch above. Eight fluted Corinthian columns line the portico. A cornice supports the pediment above depicting Minerva surrounded by Education, Justice, Industry and Mining. Above the flat roof with balustrade are two drums supporting a dome. The first drum consists of a colonnade of Corinthian columns; the second, Corinthian pilasters. Large arched windows line the drum walls. The dome is high, and supports a lantern with a smaller dome capped with a gold-leafed orbed finial. Interior The California Senate chamber seats its forty members in a large chamber room decorated in red, which is a reference to the British House of Lords (also the upper house of a bicameral legislature). The chamber is entered through a second-floor corridor. From the coffered ceiling hangs an electric reproduction of the original gas chandelier. A hand-carved dais caps off a recessed bay framed by Corinthian columns. The Latin phrase \"Senatoris est civitatis libertatem tueri (\"It is the duty of the Senator to guard the civil liberties of the Commonwealth\") lines the cornice. A portrait of George Washington by Jane Stuart, the daughter of Gilbert Stuart, is",
"title": "California State Capitol"
},
{
"docid": "61607524",
"text": "The Portolá Trail Campsite 2 or Portolá Trail Campsite No. 2 is the spot of the first Europeans to travel and camp overnight in what is now Beverly Hills, California. The Portolá expedition camped at the site on August 3, 1769. The Portolá Trail Campsite No. 2 was designated a California Historic Landmark (No.665) on Nov. 5, 1958. The Portolá Trail Campsite is located in what is now 325 South La Cienega Boulevard between Olympic Boulevard and Gregory, in Beverly Hills. in Los Angeles County. Military officer Gaspar de Portolá was the commander of the expedition for the Spanish Empire with the goal of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The expedition led to the founding of the first mission in the Los Angeles Basin, the Mission Vieja, on September 8, 1771, and of Alta California. The expedition arrived at Portolá Trail Campsite No. 2 from the Portolá Trail Campsite No. 1 in what is now Elysian Park. They came to camp site 1 from the San Gabriel Valley, were the Mission San Gabriel would be built later in 1776. As they depart Portolá Trail Campsite No. 2 they traveled west towards Santa Monica Bay. At San Monica Bay the expedition turned and traveled north to were the future Mission San Fernando would be built in 1797. Form San Fernando the expedition turned west to Ventura, the site of the future Mission San Buenaventura built in 1782. Listed on the state historic mark #665 at the site: Don Gaspar de Portolá (1723–1786) – Expedition Leader would become the first Governor of the Californias. Captain Don Fernando Rivera y Moncada (1725–1781) – soldier and became the third Governor of The Californias. Lieutenant Don Pedro Fages (1734–1794) – soldier, became Lieutenant Governor under Gaspar de Portolá. Sgt. José Francisco Ortega (1734–1798) – soldier and early settler of Alta California. Future leader of the Presidio of San Diego. Father Juan Crespí (1721–1782) – recorded the complete expedition. Founder of first mission in area. Father Francisco Gómez – served as chaplain for the expedition, a Father from Mission San Diego, later moved to Mission Carmel. Marker Marker on the site reads: NO. 665 PORTOLÁ TRAIL CAMPSITE, 2 – The expedition of Don Gaspar de Portolá from Mexico passed this way en route to Monterey to begin the Spanish colonization of California. With Captain Don Fernando Rivera y Moncada, Lieutenant Don Pedro Fages, Sergeant José Francisco Ortega, and Fathers Juan Crespí and Francisco Gómez, Portolá and his party camped near this spot on August 3, 1769. See also California Historical Landmarks in Los Angeles County Spanish missions in California List of California Ranchos References California Historical Landmarks 1769 establishments in Alta California Spanish colonization of the Americas New Spain The Californias 1769 in Alta California 1769 in New Spain",
"title": "Portolá Trail Campsite 2"
},
{
"docid": "8926871",
"text": "By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, the Canadian monarchy operates in Prince Edward Island as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within Prince Edward Island's jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Prince Edward Island, His Majesty in Right of Prince Edward Island, or the King in Right of Prince Edward Island. The Constitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in Prince Edward Island specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the lieutenant governor of Prince Edward Island, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy. Constitutional role The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Prince Edward Island in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government. The Canadian monarch—since 8 September 2022, King Charles III—is represented and his duties carried out by the lieutenant governor of Prince Edward Island, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from among them, and the judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power. This arrangement began with an 1873 order-in-council by Queen Victoria and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the early 16th century. However, though Prince Edward Island has a separate government headed by the King, as a province, Prince Edward Island is not itself a kingdom. Government House in Charlottetown is owned by the sovereign in his capacity as King in Right of Prince Edward Island and is used as an official residence by the lieutenant governor, and the monarch when in Prince Edward Island. It is also where the Executive Council is sworn-in and honours are given to Prince Edward Islanders. According to the Legislative Assembly's Members' Handbook, members are not permitted to speak \"disrespectfully of the Queen, the royal family, the governor general, the lieutenant governor, or the administrator of the province\", as, \"by their rank and position, they are entitled to respect from members.\" What constitutes unacceptable language \"depends largely on circumstances\". However, insults, obscene language, or questioning a royal or viceregal person's integrity, honesty, or character is disallowed. Royal associations Those in the royal family perform ceremonial duties when on a tour of the province; the royal persons do not receive any personal income for their service, only the costs associated with the exercise of these obligations are funded by both the Canadian and Prince Edward Island Crowns in their respective councils. Monuments around Prince Edward Island mark some of those visits, while",
"title": "Monarchy in Prince Edward Island"
},
{
"docid": "39677345",
"text": "Carl Wiegmann Bauer (October 4, 1933 – June 11, 2013) was a lawyer and businessman who served as a Democrat in both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature from 1966 to 1976 and capped his career as the chief lobbyist, specifically the \"Coordinator of Governmental Relations,\" for the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Background Born Carl Packard Wiegmann in rural Centerville in St. Mary Parish in south Louisiana, Bauer, also known by the nickname \"Wimpy\", was the third son of Fred and Mary Packard Wiegmann. After his parents divorced, Carl was placed in foster care at the age of five in Alpine in Brewster County in southwestern Texas. A foster mother, Elma Wooster Boudreaux, cared for Carl until he was twelve. He was then adopted by a distant cousin and Elma's niece, Margaret Wooster Bauer, and her husband, Ralph Norman Bauer, both lawyers in their middle forties and childless. As a teenager, Carl was reared in Franklin, the parish seat of St. Mary Parish. His father, a leading figure in anti-Long politics in Louisiana, served as a member of the Louisiana House from 1928 to 1936 and again from 1940 to 1948. He was the Speaker for his last two terms during the administrations of Governors Sam Houston Jones and Jimmie Davis. In 1929, as a freshman lawmaker, Ralph Bauer led the \"Dynamite Squad\" which sought to impeach and remove Governor Huey Pierce Long Jr., from office, but Long was spared conviction in the state Senate. In 1951, Bauer graduated from Franklin Senior High School. He then studied at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge and in 1955 completed his first year at the LSU Law School. An alumnus of the LSU Reserve Officer Training Corps program, he was called into active duty in the United States Air Force. Bauer was trained as a navigator at Ellington Air Force Base in Houston, Texas. Until his release from duty in 1957, he was stationed in Waco, Texas, Panama City, Florida, and Sacramento, California. He thereafter finished his legal studies at LSU and joined the law firm Bauer and Bauer, named for his father and his uncle, Theodore Bauer. Public career In 1966, freshman state Representative Spencer G. Todd of St. Mary Parish died in office. Bauer won the special election to fill the remaining two years in the term. He was then elected in 1968 to a full term in the state House. His House service coincided with the administration of Governor John McKeithen. In 1972, voters elevated him to the state Senate for a single term, and he served alongside future Lieutenant Governor Paul J. Hardy of St. Martin Parish. As a representative, Bauer was among sponsors of the 1971 law that created Acadiana as an official cultural and regional designation recognized by the state government. Bauer worked to four-lane U.S. Route 90. During the 1990s, he was the chairman of the Governor's Interstate 49 Task Force while also a member of the Greater Lafayette Chamber of Commerce. During this",
"title": "Carl W. Bauer"
},
{
"docid": "7948502",
"text": "José María Figueroa (1792 – 29 September 1835) was a General and the Mexican Governor of Alta California from 1833 to 1835. He wrote the first book to be published in California. Background and governorship Figueroa was a Mestizo of Spanish and Aztec ancestry, and was proud of his Indian background. He had served as a military officer on the Sonoran frontier. He achieved the rank of brevet brigadier general. Figueroa was appointed governor of Alta California in 1832, and arrived for duty in January 1833. Due to political turbulence, Alta California had two rival acting governors at that time. Agustín V. Zamorano held office in Monterey in the north, while José María de Echeandía ruled Southern California from Los Angeles and San Diego. Both men deferred to Figueroa, and the government of Alta California was united. Figueroa oversaw the initial secularization of the missions of Alta (upper) California, which included the expulsion of the Spanish Franciscan mission officials. His government issued many Mexican land grants for former mission lands, although these had originally been intended to be held in trust for Mission Indians. He also had to deal with the Híjar-Padrés Colony in Los Angeles, which briefly rebelled against his rule. Many of the communities that had developed around the twenty-one missions became secular pueblos (towns). Most of the towns kept their previous mission names. In the case of Mission Santa Cruz, Figueroa considered changing the town name to Villa Figueroa, but the change was never put into effect. Híjar-Padrés colony In 1833, the Mexican Congress passed legislation to secularize the California missions. Acting Mexican president Valentín Gómez Farías, a liberal reformer, appointed José María de Híjar and D. José María Padrés to lead a group of 239 colonists to establish secular control of Alta California. Híjar, a wealthy landowner, was appointed governor to replace Figueroa, and Padrés, an army officer, was appointed military commander. The colonists were farmers and artisans, and were volunteers carefully selected by Farías. His objective was to modernize and strengthen Mexican rule over California, as a bulwark against the growing influence of Russia and the United States. While the colonists were traveling north to Alta California on two ships, president Antonio López de Santa Anna took full power, and revoked Híjar's appointment as governor, thereby allowing Figueroa to continue in that post. A horseman traveled for 40 days from Mexico City to Monterey to bring the news to Figueroa. The Morelos arrived in San Diego on 1 September 1833, and La Natalie in Monterey on 25 September. As the horseback courier had preceded them, Híjar learned to his consternation that he had no official powers. Figueroa objected to the colonization plan since he believed that at least half of the mission lands should be turned over to California natives, as had been the Crown's stated intention. The Franciscan missionaries had been charged with administering the missions in trust for the original inhabitants of the region. On 4 August 1834, Figueroa issued a 180-page proclamation",
"title": "José Figueroa"
},
{
"docid": "22368918",
"text": "The following is a list of California state constitutional offices. Please see Constitution of the state of California for further details. Officers These individuals (in the case of the Board of Equalization, its members) are specifically denominated by article V, section 14 and article III, section 8, of the Constitution as 'state officers', are generally elected, are restricted from receiving money from certain sources and have their salaries determined by the California Citizen's Compensation Commission. The Treasurer and Insurance Commissioner are not explicitly created by the Constitution, but are still generally considered constitutional officers and are named as state officers in the Constitution. Governor Lieutenant Governor, who is also the President of the California State Senate Secretary of State Controller Treasurer Attorney General Insurance Commissioner Superintendent of Public Instruction Members of the California State Board of Equalization Members of the California State Legislature Courts The California courts of record were created by article VI, section 1 of the Constitution. Supreme Court of California California Courts of Appeal California superior courts Judicial commissions These commissions were created by article VI of the Constitution to administer the judiciary. Judicial Council, article VI, section 6 Commission on Judicial Appointments, article VI, section 7 Commission on Judicial Performance, article VI, section 8 Constitutional agencies These offices and bodies were specifically created by the Constitution, but their members are not generally known as 'state officers'. However, their decisions are generally reviewable through both certiorari and administrative mandate and their a court's review of their factual findings is \"limited to a determination whether those findings are supported by substantial evidence in light of the whole record\" in deference to their limited judicial powers. Alcoholic Beverage Control Appeals Board, article XX, section 22 Citizens Compensation Commission Citizens Redistricting Commission, article XXI, section 2 Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control, article XX, section 22 Public Utilities Commission, article XII, section 1 State Board of Education, and county boards of education, article IX section 7 State Personnel Board, article VII, section 2 Public corporations California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, article XXXV, section 1 State Bar of California, article VI, section 9 University of California and its Board of Regents, article IX, section 9 County officers The Constitution requires the appointment of certain officers for counties in article XI, section 1. Board of supervisors, which shall also constitute the county board of equalization if it does not delegate these duties to a separate board Sheriff District attorney Assessor References California law-related lists",
"title": "List of California state constitutional offices"
},
{
"docid": "24039358",
"text": "Sukhee Kang (born 15 September 1952) is an American Democratic Party politician from Orange County, California. From 2008 to 2012, Kang served as Mayor of Irvine, California, the first Korean American to serve as mayor of a major American city. Born and educated in South Korea, Kang immigrated to Southern California and became involved in civic life following the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Kang was elected to the Irvine City Council twice, serving from 2004 to 2008. Kang was elected twice to Mayor of Irvine, serving from 2008 to 2012. In 2012 Kang was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States House of Representatives, and in 2016 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the California State Senate. In 2023 he was appointed Regional Administrator for the General Services Administration. Early life and education Kang was born at Yeji-dong near Jongno 5-ga in Seoul, South Korea, to merchant parents from the city of Kaesong, in what is now North Korea. He served military draft duty in the Republic of Korea Army from 1973-75 and immigrated to the United States in June 1977 from South Korea after receiving his bachelor's degree in agricultural economics from Korea University in Seongbuk-gu, Seoul. When he was in a college, he joined the English debating club named Seoul PTC (Pine Tree Club) and served as the president from 1971-72. He received an honorary doctoral degree in Business Administration from Dongseo University in Busan, South Korea in March 2011. Career Early career and activism Kang began his professional career at Circuit City as a sales and customer service representative; he worked with Circuit City for 15 years, from 1977 until 1992. Since 1992, Kang volunteered at the Korean American Scholarship Foundation (KASF), the Korean American Community Fund (KACF), the Orange County Branch of Korean American Corporation, and served as the president of the Korean American Democratic Committee (KADC). Entrance into politics Kang first got involved in politics following the 1992 Los Angeles riots, during which more than 750 Korean businesses suffered extensive losses. Following the riots, Kang took on a more active role in civic and community affairs, and served as Chairman of the Korean American Coalition of Orange County and the Korean American Scholarship Foundation, Western Region. Prior to his service on the Irvine City Council, Kang was a Governor's appointee on the California Workforce Investment Board and was the Mayor's appointee to the Irvine Finance Commission. In November 2004, he was elected Irvine City Councilmember, and was re-elected in November 2006. He served twice as the Mayor Pro Tem. Kang served as a member of the Orange County Great Park Board, Orange County Sanitation District Board, Transportation Corridor Agency Board, Executive Steering Committee of the League of California Cities Orange County Division, and Orange County Transportation Authority Measure M Super Committee. Mayor of Irvine In November 2008 Sukhee Kang defeated Christina L. Shea, a Republican councilwoman, with 52.2% of the vote, to become the first Korean American to serve as mayor of a major U.S.",
"title": "Sukhee Kang"
},
{
"docid": "51108518",
"text": "Eloise Anderson is an American politician and social worker who served as the Wisconsin Secretary of Children and Families from 2011 until 2019. Anderson has been an influential voice opposed to conventional welfare programs in the United States. Radio host Charlie Sykes has referred to Anderson as a \"Conservative Warrior in Fight Against Poverty.\" Biography Career Anderson worked as a social worker in Milwaukee, Wisconsin before joining state government. Anderson served as Administrator of the Division of Community Services at the Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services from 1988-1992, where she helped to develop the W-2 program. She then served as director of the California Department of Social Services. During her time in California, the Los Angeles Times referred to Anderson as \"The Queen of Responsibility\" and \"an outspoken champion of welfare reform.\" Anderson spoke at the Republican National Convention in 1996, endorsing Bob Dole for President of the United States. In her speech, she stated \"Welfare is a tragedy. It has outlived its usefulness. It runs men out of families, leaving children without fathers. We have lost our sense of duty to marriage.\" During her time in California, the Los Angeles Times referred to Anderson as “The Queen of Responsibility” and “an outspoken champion of welfare reform. In 1999, Anderson was featured in George Will's book, The Woven Figure: Conservatism and America's Fabric, where she referred to the welfare system as \"the plantation.\" Anderson has called for the total abolishment of welfare in the United States. Anderson served on the Diocese of Sacramento School Board and the National Poverty Center's National Advisory Board. In October 2006, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger appointed Anderson to the Little Hoover Commission. She served on the commission until 2010. Anderson has held a number of private-sector positions including President of Job Wave America, Director of the Project for the American Family at the Claremont Institute, and as President of Anderson Resource Management Services. Anderson was named by the leadership of the U.S. House of Representatives to the National Advisory Board on Welfare Indicators and was honored with the 1996 National Governors Association award for outstanding state official. Anderson has been a featured speaker and panelist for conservative think tanks including the American Enterprise Institute and The Heritage Foundation. Secretary of Children and Families Upon her appointment as Secretary of Children and Families in 2011, Anderson pledged to \"weed out fraud\" in the state's child care subsidy and other programs. As secretary, she served as a member of the cabinet of Governor of Wisconsin Scott Walker. Anderson has been called an \"important proponent of welfare reform\" in the United States. Anderson was criticized for hiring Walker ally Cindy Archer to the position as legislative liaison at the Department of Children and Families at a salary of 65% more than what the last person to hold the position made. Anderson was also criticized for not interviewing Archer before offering her the nearly $100,000-a-year role. A few weeks after receiving the position, Archer's house was",
"title": "Eloise Anderson"
},
{
"docid": "17861450",
"text": "The president pro tempore of the California State Senate (President Pro Tem) is the highest-ranking leader and most powerful member of the California State Senate. The officeholder also chairs the Senate Rules Committee. At the beginning of each two-year session, all members of the body elect a new State Senate President pro tempore. The President pro tempore is chosen by the other Senators. The current President pro tempore is Mike McGuire, a Democratic member from the 2nd district, who was sworn in on February 5, 2024. Powers and duties The President pro tempore acts as the chair of the Senate while the President, the Lieutenant Governor of California, is absent during meetings, having the same powers of the president. If the President Pro Tempore is absent, another Senator appointed by the President pro tempore can act as chair. The President pro tempore has a responsibility to \"secure the prompt and businesslike disposition of bills and other business before the Senate.\" List of presidents pro tempore of the California State Senate See also California State Senate List of California state legislatures Speaker of the California State Assembly President of the Los Angeles City Council References External links Senate Leadership – California State Senate Politics of California Government of California",
"title": "President pro tempore of the California State Senate"
},
{
"docid": "17334510",
"text": "Perpich v. Department of Defense, 496 U.S. 334 (1990), was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court concerning the Militia Clauses of Article I, Section 8, of the United States Constitution, in which the court held that Congress may authorize members of the National Guard to be ordered to active federal duty for purposes of training outside the United States without either the consent of the governor of the affected state or the declaration of a national emergency. The plaintiff was Rudy Perpich, governor of Minnesota at the time. In 1986, after governors George Deukmejian of California and Joseph E. Brennan of Maine refused to allow the deployment of their states' National Guard units to Central America for training, Congress passed the Montgomery Amendment, which prohibited state governors from withholding their consent. Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis had also challenged the law, but lost in U.S. District Court in Boston in 1988. See also State defense force#Federal activation References Further reading External links United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court United States military case law 1990 in United States case law National Guard (United States) Governor of Minnesota United States–Central American relations",
"title": "Perpich v. Department of Defense"
},
{
"docid": "23456504",
"text": "Don Juan Forster (born John; 1814 – February 20, 1882) was an English-born Californio ranchero and merchant. Born in England, he emigrated to Mexico at age 16 and became a Mexican citizen. Soon after, he moved to California (then a province of Mexico), where he married into the prominent Pico family of California and eventually held vast rancho grants across Southern California. Early life In 1830, John Forster left his home in Liverpool, England to work for his uncle, James (Santiago) Johnson, in Guaymas, Mexico. Arrival in California Forster then came overland to California, reaching Los Angeles in 1833. In 1836 he became a Mexican citizen and worked as a shipping agent at San Pedro. In 1837 he married Ysidora Pico, sister of a future Mexican governor of California, Pio Pico. The Mexican government appointed him captain of the port of San Pedro in March 1843. Land grants Forster began acquiring land in the 1840s as a result of his connection with Governor Pico, who granted him Rancho Trabuco and Rancho Mission Viejo in what is now Orange County, and Rancho de la Nación in what is now San Diego County. He also owned Rancho Valle de San Felipe in San Diego County. In 1844 Forster and James McKinley purchased the and the buildings of the former Mission San Juan Capistrano at public auction for $710.00. Forster made his home here until 1864 when the Mission was given back to the Catholic Church by President Abraham Lincoln. Mexican–American War In the Mexican–American War, Forster, though an Englishman and brother-in-law of both the Californio governor (Pio Pico) and the commander of the insurgents (Andrés Pico), determined that the pragmatic thing to do was to offer assistance to the Americans. In 1846, José Antonio Pico (Forster's oldest brother-in-law) and José Antonio Cot acquired the Mission of San Luis Rey. Forster traveled from San Juan Capistrano to take formal title of the property for the new owners. As Forster took occupancy, Frémont and his American force rode into view. Forster fled back to San Juan Capistrano, leaving the property in the hands of the alcalde, Juan María Marrón. Frémont would have been less favorably disposed had he anticipated that four days later Forster would begin to plan the escape to Mexico of another brother-in-law, Governor Pio Pico. For several weeks, Forster hid Pico in the mountains near San Juan Capistrano; then, at an opportune time, Forster outfitted Pico for a dash to the border on September 7, 1846. Governor Pico fled to Mexico, leaving Forster in charge of Pico's Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores. American rule The California Gold Rush created a demand for southern California cattle, and Forster profited by supplying that demand. Steers, previously worth only the value of their hides (about $2), soon brought $50 and more in San Francisco. Typical of the residents of sparsely populated southern California, Forster opposed statehood but would support territorial status. Forster was selected as one of San Diego County's two delegates to",
"title": "Juan Forster"
},
{
"docid": "3091166",
"text": "The California State Board of Education is the governing and policy-making body of the California Department of Education. The State Board of Education sets K-12 education policy in the areas of standards, instructional materials, assessment, and accountability. The State Board of Education adopts textbooks for grades K-8, adopts regulations to implement legislation, and has authority to grant waivers of the Education Code. Content standards are designed to encourage the highest achievement of every student, by defining the knowledge, concepts, and skills that students should acquire at each grade level. The State Board of Education has eleven members, including one student member, all appointed by the Governor of California. The student member is selected from a group of three students nominated by the board. Those are picked from the delegation of the Student Advisory Board on Education, a conference run by the California Association of Student Councils. The State Board of Education is responsible for the maintenance of such programs as No Child Left Behind Act, the administration of the Standardized Testing and Reporting program (used for student and school accountability), and the Academic Performance Index, which measures the academic performance and growth of schools on a variety of academic measures. The formal state constitutional duties of the State Board of Education include the appointment of one deputy and three associate superintendents to the California Department of Education, upon nomination by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction; and the adoption of textbooks for use in grades one through eight. By statute, the State Board of Education is the governing and policy-making body of California's K-12 education system. Additionally, the State Board of Education is authorized by state law to study and plan for the improvement of California's educational conditions. The State Board of Education can plan for and study the improvement on the administration and efficiency of California public schools. Various commissions, committees, and advisory boards are also established, chartered under, and administered by the State Board of Education. These include the Advisory Commission on Charter Schools, the Advisory Commission on Special Education, the California Practitioners Advisory Group, the California Workforce Pathways Committee, and the Instructional Quality Commission. The Instructional Quality Commission advises the State Board on the adoption or rejection of new curriculum standards. The Commission on Charter Schools helps administer the State Board's oversight of California charter schools. The Commission on Special Education provides advice to the Governor, the State Superintendent, the State Legislature, and the State Board of Education on continuing or new areas of research, program development, and evaluation in California special education. The California Practitioners Advisory Group strives to create a single, coherent accountability system for California public education that complies with federal, state, and local standards. The California Workforce Pathways Committee aims to build and further California's policy objectives on workforce development, particularly as it relates to career technical education. The California State Board of Education plays a critical role in the governance of California's public education system. Unlike many States, California's K-12 education system",
"title": "California State Board of Education"
},
{
"docid": "17545019",
"text": "Robert Maitland O'Reilly (January 14, 1845 – November 3, 1912) was the 20th Surgeon General of the United States Army, serving from September 7, 1902 to January 14, 1909. O'Reilly was born in Philadelphia to John and Ellen (Maitland) O'Reilly. He was a descendant of General Alexander O'Reilly who was a captain general of Cuba and one of the Spanish governors of Louisiana. The American branch settled in Pennsylvania before the American Revolution. O'Reilly was educated in the public schools of his native city. Civil War O'Reilly had commenced the study of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania when the Civil War broke out. In August 1862, he was appointed an acting medical cadet and was assigned for duty in Cuyler General Hospital in Philadelphia. Later he served as a medical cadet in a hospital at Chattanooga, Tennessee, and in the office of the medical director of the Army of the Cumberland. After the Civil War With the close of the Civil War, he resumed his medical studies at the University of Pennsylvania and graduated 1866. On May 14, 1867, O'Reilly was appointed assistant surgeon in the army and sent to Fort Trumbull, Connecticut. Shortly thereafter he was sent out to California by way of Nicaragua with a shipment of recruits. While en route with recruits from San Francisco to Fort Whipple, Arizona, he was wounded by the accidental discharge of a revolver at Camp Mud Springs, California, and was under treatment for some time at Drum Barracks after which he proceeded to his original assignment in Arizona. He served at Camp Date Creek, Fort McDowell, Camp Renon, Fort Whipple, Camp Halleck, and Fort Union, all in the extreme southwest, until June 1870, during which time he saw considerable field service against Native Americans. Mid-1870 was spent in the field in Colorado with the 8th Cavalry, after which he was assigned for station at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, where he served from May 1871 to July 1874. He participated in the campaign of 1874 against the Sioux and at the conclusion of that campaign he took station at Fort D. A. Russell at Cheyenne, Wyoming. In June 1875 he was ordered east, and given short tours of duty at Fort McHenry, Maryland, and at Fort Hamilton, New York. In November 1875 he was sent to Fort Ontario, New York, which was his station until May 1878. While at this station he was detailed, in 1877, to duty incident to labor disturbances in Pennsylvania, and sustained an injury which incapacitated him to a remarkable extent for two years. Short terms of duty at Charleston, South Carolina, and Fort McPherson, Georgia, interspersed with sick leaves brought him to the summer of 1882, when in June he was ordered to duty with the attending surgeon in Washington, D. C. In November 1884 he himself became the attending surgeon, which post he held until November 1889. In this capacity his attractive personality and his professional skill made him a prominent figure in the capital. He",
"title": "Robert Maitland O'Reilly"
},
{
"docid": "4963795",
"text": "The secretary of state of Wisconsin is an officer of the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the second in the order of succession of the governor of Wisconsin, behind the lieutenant governor. The secretary of state is responsible for keeping records of the official acts of the legislative and executive branches of Wisconsin's government and affixing the Great Seal of the State of Wisconsin to the official acts of the governor. As second in the order of succession to Wisconsin's governorship, the secretary of state becomes governor if the governor dies, resigns or is removed from office while the lieutenant governorship is vacant; prior to a 1979 amendment to the Wisconsin Constitution, however, the secretary simply became acting governor if any of these events were to occur. No secretary of state has ever ascended to the governorship or acting-governorship under such circumstances. Both before and after the 1979 amendment, the secretary becomes acting governor while the governor is absent from the state, impeached or incapacitated in the absence of a lieutenant governor. Some secretaries of state have acted as governor for short periods of time under such circumstances. Under the original terms of the state constitution, the secretary of state was elected for a two-year term on a separate ticket from the governor or any other official. A 1967 amendment increased the term of the secretary of state, as well as those of other state officials, to four years. There is no limit to the number of terms a secretary of state may hold. In the event of the death, resignation or removal from office of the secretary of state, the governor may appoint someone to fill the vacancy. Twenty-eight individuals have held the office of secretary of state since Wisconsin's admission to the Union in 1848, two of whom—Fred Zimmerman and Douglas La Follette—served for non-consecutive terms. The first secretary of state was Thomas McHugh, who took office on June 7, 1848. The current secretary is Sarah Godlewski, who took office on March 17, 2023; her current term expires in 2027. Secretaries of state Secretaries of Wisconsin Territory From 1836 until 1848, what is now Wisconsin was part of Wisconsin Territory. The Organic Act which created the territory provided for the office of a secretary, to be appointed by the president, whose duties consisted of recording the proceedings of the territory's legislature, and the laws it produced, as well as the proceedings of the territorial governor. Additionally, in the event of the inability of the governor to serve—due to death or various other circumstances—the secretary was to assume the governor's powers and carry out his duties. Wisconsin Territory was formed on July 3, 1836. During the time of its existence, it had six territorial secretaries. Secretaries of state of Wisconsin Wisconsin was admitted to the Union on May 29, 1848. Since then, it has had 29 secretaries of state, two of whom served non-consecutive terms. Notes Other high offices held This is",
"title": "List of secretaries of state of Wisconsin"
},
{
"docid": "3147682",
"text": "The attorney general of California is the state attorney general of the Government of California. The officer's duty is to ensure that \"the laws of the state are uniformly and adequately enforced\" (Constitution of California, Article V, Section 13). The California attorney general carries out the responsibilities of the office through the California Department of Justice. The department employs over 1,100 attorneys and 3,700 non-attorney employees. The California attorney general is elected to a four-year term, with a maximum of two terms. The election is held at the same statewide election as the governor, lieutenant governor, controller, secretary of state, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, and insurance commissioner. A few individual attorneys general have gone on to higher offices on the state and federal level, including the offices of governor, United States Senator, chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, and vice president of the United States. On March 24, 2021, Governor Gavin Newsom announced that he would be appointing Rob Bonta as attorney general to succeed Xavier Becerra, who resigned from the position to become Secretary of Health and Human Services under President Joe Biden. Bonta's appointment was subject to confirmation by both houses of the California State Legislature, and he was sworn in on April 23, 2021. Duties According to the state Constitution, the Code of Civil Procedure, and the Government Code, the attorney general: As the state's chief law officer, ensures that the laws of the state are uniformly and adequately enforced. Heads the Department of Justice, which is responsible for providing state legal services and support for local law enforcement. Acts as the chief counsel in state litigation. Oversees law enforcement agencies, including district attorneys and sheriffs. History Although the office of attorney general dates to the admission of California to the Union, the office in its modern form dates to Proposition 4 of 1934, sponsored by Alameda County District Attorney Earl Warren as one of four initiatives he sponsored to substantially reform law enforcement and the judiciary. Previously, the attorney general lacked jurisdiction over matters in the jurisdiction of locally elected district attorneys and sheriffs. Warren went on to become attorney general himself in 1938, reorganizing's the state's law enforcement into districts. Under Robert W. Kenny, the office was complicit in the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, a position it has since apologized for. Diversity Stanley Mosk was the first adherent of Judaism to hold the office. George Deukmejian was the first Armenian American to hold the office. Kamala Harris was the first woman, the first Asian American, and the first African American to hold the office. Xavier Becerra was the first Latino to hold the office. Rob Bonta is the first Filipino American to hold the office. List of attorneys general of California See also Impeachment in California References External links California Attorney General articles at ABA Journal News and Commentary at FindLaw Attorney General",
"title": "Attorney General of California"
},
{
"docid": "579076",
"text": "The lieutenant governor of California is the second highest executive officer of the government of the U.S. state of California. The lieutenant governor is elected to serve a four-year term and can serve a maximum of two terms. In addition to largely ministerial roles, serving as acting governor in the absence of the governor of California and as President of the California State Senate, the lieutenant governor either sits on (or appoints representatives to) many of California's regulatory commissions and executive agencies. California is one of seventeen states where the governor and lieutenant governor do not run as running mates on the same ticket: in California the governor and lieutenant governor are elected separately, although both are up for election in the same year every four years. As a result, California has frequently had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties. California has had 41 lieutenant governors and five acting lieutenant governors since achieving statehood in 1850. The current lieutenant governor is Eleni Kounalakis, a Democrat who was sworn into office on January 7, 2019. She is the first woman elected to the office in California history. Responsibilities The lieutenant governor is, after the governor, the highest-ranking executive officer of the state of California. The responsibilities of this independently elected office are largely concerned with core constitutional duties, higher education, natural resources, economic development. In addition, the lieutenant governor carries out some miscellaneous functions. Core constitutional duties The California Constitution designates the lieutenant governor as president of the California State Senate and provides that all the powers of the governor fall to the lieutenant governor whenever the governor is not in the State of California, with the lieutenant governor often signing or vetoing legislation, or making political appointments, whenever the governor leaves the state. In practice, the lieutenant governor only presides over the Senate when requested by the president pro tempore or in order to cast a tie-breaking vote. Moreover, there is a gentlemen's agreement for the lieutenant governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the administration of Jerry Brown and appointed Armand Arabian as presiding justice on the California Courts of Appeal when Brown was out of the state. Brown withdrew Arabian's appointment upon his return, appointing Bernard S. Jefferson in his place. In the 1979 case In re Governorship, the California Supreme Court upheld the lieutenant governor's right to perform the duties and assume all of the prerogatives of governor while the governor is out of the state, but that the governor generally has the right to rescind those actions upon his or her return. Higher education The lieutenant governor is the only elected official in California to have a comprehensive policymaking role over the entire higher education system. By virtue of office, he or she is a full voting member of the Board of Regents of the",
"title": "Lieutenant Governor of California"
},
{
"docid": "2040511",
"text": "The California special election of 2005 was held on November 8, 2005 after being called by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on June 13, 2005. Summary The California special election of 2005 was held on November 8, 2005 after being called by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on June 13, 2005. California voters rejected all eight ballot propositions. Propositions 73, 76, and 77 were initiative constitutional amendments while the others were initiative statutes. The election was believed to have been the most expensive in California history. Lobby groups spent hundreds of millions of dollars on gathering signatures and advertising for this election. Schwarzenegger called the election to allow voters to decide on propositions regarding teacher tenure requirements (Proposition 74), the use of union dues for political campaign contributions (Proposition 75), state budgetary spending limits (Proposition 76), and redistricting (Proposition 77). Schwarzenegger originally proposed a fifth proposition on the issue of public pension, but dropped that proposition amid criticism that the proposition would eliminate death benefits to widows of police and firefighters who died in the line of duty The four propositions that made it to the ballot eventually came to be known as Governor Schwarzenegger's reform agenda. The governor claimed his agenda would clear the way for correction of the problems he was elected to solve. An alliance of public sector unions expended $24 million campaigning against Schwarzenegger's fiscal reform, with the California Teachers Association expending an additional $56 million and going so far as to mortgage its Sacramento headquarters to fund more campaign spending. Schwarzenegger likewise spent nearly $8 million of his own fortune campaigning. The tenor was highly divisive, with Schwarzenegger calling his opponents “stooges” and at one point Warren Beatty leading a bus full of public employees to follow the governor and shout down his events. All Governor Schwarzenegger’s other fiscal reform agenda initiatives were defeated by wide margins. It had been the most expensive election in California history. As the results came out in Sacramento a public union boss waived a broom over his head while state employees chanted “sweep, sweep, sweep”. SEIU's use of compulsory fees on nonmembers to fund its campaign was later found illegal by the U.S. Supreme Court in Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000. Four other propositions appeared on the ballot because they qualified for the next statewide elections. The four other propositions were: Proposition 73: Parental notification for abortions by minors Proposition 78: A proposition on prescription drugs put by the pharmaceutical industry Proposition 79: A proposition on prescription drugs put by consumer groups in response to Proposition 78 Proposition 80: Electric industry regulation Final results Propositions Proposition 73: Parental Notification Summary Amends California Constitution to bar abortion on unemancipated minor until 48 hours after physician notifies minor's parent/legal guardian, except in medical emergency or with parental waiver. Permits judicial waiver of notice based on clear and convincing evidence of minor's maturity or minor's best interests. Physician must report abortions performed on minors and State shall compile statistics. Authorizes monetary damages for",
"title": "2005 California special election"
},
{
"docid": "252290",
"text": "The governor of New Mexico is the head of government of New Mexico and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the New Mexico Legislature, to convene the legislature at any time, and to grant pardons. Twenty-eight individuals have held the office of governor of New Mexico since the state's admission to the Union in 1912, two of whom—Edwin L. Mechem and Bruce King—served three non-consecutive terms. King holds the record as New Mexico's longest-serving governor, with 12 years of service. William C. McDonald, the first governor, took office on January 15, 1912. The first woman to serve as Governor was Republican Susana Martinez, who served from 2011-2019. The current officeholder is Michelle Lujan Grisham, who took office on January 1, 2019, as the first elected female Democratic governor of the state. List of governors On August 18, 1846, American forces led by Stephen W. Kearny captured Santa Fe, capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. A code of laws known as the Kearny Code was established on September 22, 1846. The region remained under military control until formally annexed by the United States on July 4, 1848. Following Kearny's departure for California on September 26, the chief military officer in the territory was Col. Sterling Price until October 11, 1848; Lt. Col. John M. Washington until October 23, 1849; and Col. John Munroe until the territory was organized. Kearny appointed Charles Bent as governor before he left for California; Bent would be assassinated during the Taos Revolt on January 19, 1847. Col. Price appointed Donaciano Vigil as acting governor. A statehood convention chose Henry Connelly as governor on June 20, 1850, but this was never recognized by the federal government. Territory of New Mexico New Mexico Territory was organized on December 13, 1850. It would remain a territory for 62 years. State of New Mexico The state of New Mexico was admitted to the Union on January 6, 1912. The state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor and lieutenant governor every four years. The term was changed to two years by a 1914 amendment, and lengthened back to four years in 1970. Governors originally could not succeed themselves; this was changed in 1914 to allow governors to succeed themselves once before having to take a term off. With the lengthening of the term to four years in 1970, this was changed back to prohibiting them from succeeding themselves, but in 1986 it was lengthened back to two terms. A 1962 amendment made it so that the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on a ticket (election). In the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. Notes References General Specific External links Office of the Governor of New Mexico New Mexico History Museum website Governors of New Mexico, List of Lists of state governors of the",
"title": "List of governors of New Mexico"
},
{
"docid": "14322265",
"text": "The California Postsecondary Education Commission (CPEC) was the higher education planning and coordinating agency of the government of the U.S. state of California. It closed in 2011. History The 1960 California Master Plan for Higher Education recognized that critical to the success of California's tripartite system of public higher education was a central body responsible for coordination and planning for higher education. The California Postsecondary Education Commission was established in 1974 as the State planning and coordinating body for higher education. The Commission serves a unique role in integrating policy, fiscal, and programmatic analyses about California's entire system of postsecondary education; \"to assure the effective utilization of public postsecondary education resources, thereby eliminating waste and unnecessary duplication, and to promote diversity, innovation, and responsiveness to student and societal needs through planning and coordination.\" Closure The California Postsecondary Education Commission's entire General Fund allocation ($1,927,000) for 2011-12 was eliminated by Governor Brown in a line item veto upon signing the State Budget on June 30, 2011. Composition The Commission consisted of 16 members, nine of whom represent the general public, five who represent the major systems of California education (the California Community Colleges, the California State University, the University of California, the independent colleges and universities, and the State Board of Education), and two student representatives. The Commission appointed its executive director who coordinates the agency's staff to carry out the day-to-day work of the Commission. Its external affairs staff interacted on a daily basis with legislators and their staff, administrative offices, governmental officials, and media representatives. Its research staff prepares analyses, briefs, and numerous reports approved and published by the Commission. They also engaged in various continuing activities such as reviewing proposed academic programs, new campuses or centers, conducting data analysis of student flow, and responding to requests of the Legislature and Governor. Purpose While there are many tasks and responsibilities which the Commission and its staff fulfill, the primary statutory purposes of the California Postsecondary Education Commission are: Develop an ongoing statewide plan for the operation of an educationally and economically sound, vigorous, innovative and coordinated system of postsecondary education; Identify and recommend policies to meet the educational, research and public service needs of the State of California; and Advise the Governor and Legislature on policy and budget priorities that best preserve broad access to high quality postsecondary education opportunities. In carrying out its responsibilities, the Commission reflects a deep commitment to serving the State as a whole, consistent with the underlying philosophy of California's Master Plan for Higher Education. The Commission is committed to an educational environment that exemplifies equality and educational opportunity, as well as a focus on student and institutional achievement and accountability. Responsibilities Among the duties and responsibilities of the Commission were the following: Provide independent, comprehensive, and timely information about student enrollment, educational outcomes and other educational policy issues; Conduct long-range planning of the needs for new college or university campuses in light of projected enrollment demand; Review proposals from public colleges and universities",
"title": "California Postsecondary Education Commission"
},
{
"docid": "947947",
"text": "John Downey Works (March 29, 1847June 6, 1928) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a U.S. Senator representing California from 1911 to 1917, and an associate justice of the California Supreme Court from October 2, 1888, to January 5, 1891. Biography Works was born in Ohio County, Indiana, and attended public schools there. During the American Civil War, he served as a member of the 10th Regiment of the Indiana Cavalry. Once discharged, he returned home, read law and in 1868 was admitted to the Indiana bar. In November 1878, he was elected as a representative in the Indiana General Assembly, serving during the 1879 term. In June 1883, he published a book of practice, pleading and forms to match the revised code of Indiana. In 1883, Works's poor health forced a move to San Diego, California, where he became active in the Republican Party, and rose in California politics. In September 1886, he ran on the Republican ticket, and prior to the election was appointed by Governor Robert Waterman as a judge of the San Diego County Superior Court. In September 1887, he resigned to return to private practice, and Governor Waterman appointed Edwin Parker to fill the vacant seat. In 1888, Governor Waterman appointed Works as an associate justice of the California Supreme Court to fill a vacancy after the resignation of Elisha W. McKinstry. In August 1888, the Republican Party nominated Works and he was elected to the remaining portion of McKinstry's term ending January 5, 1891. In 1891, after stepping down from the bench, Works became president of the San Diego Sun company, and then returned to private practice with his son in the firm of Works & Works in San Diego. In January 1896, Works moved to Los Angeles, California. On December 7, 1909, he was elected as a council member of the Los Angeles City Council, and chosen as its president, but he resigned shortly after on March 22, 1910. In 1911, Works was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served on the committee on Expenditures in the War Department (Sixty-second United States Congress) and the Committee on Fisheries. In February 1917, he and other Progressive Senators, under the moniker \"twelve willful men,\" blocked by filibuster legislation empowering President Woodrow Wilson to arm merchant vessels prior to the United States entering World War I. After retiring from the Senate he wrote two books: (1919) Duty to Man: A Study of Social Conditions and How They May Be Improved and (1922) What's Wrong With the World? On June 6, 1928, he died in Los Angeles and his ashes were placed in Inglewood Park Cemetery. Personal life On November 7, 1868, he married Alice Banta, in Vevay, Indiana, and they had two sons, Thomas L. and Louis R., who became an attorney and practiced with his father, and later the presiding justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Division; as well as five daughters: Josephine (who died as an infant), Ida, Laura, Ethel",
"title": "John D. Works"
},
{
"docid": "39901979",
"text": "Helen Ewing Nelson (October 19, 1913 – March 22, 2005) was a consumer protection advocate in the United States. She drafted the Consumer Bill of Rights and served in consumer advocacy positions for various government offices and other organizations. Early life Nelson studied economics at the University of Colorado and at Mills College in San Francisco. In 1938 she was worked at the California Department of Employment where she met her husband, Nathan Nelson. During World War II they moved to Washington D.C. for his military duty, so she took a job there at the War Production Board. After the war they returned to San Francisco. Consumer advocacy Nelson became assistant chief of the Labor Statistics Division of the California Department of Industrial Relations. In 1959 California Governor Pat Brown asked Nelson to be on the board of the California Consumer Counsel which he promised to create during his election campaign. In this position she set up infrastructure for such groups as the NAACP, labor unions, and women's rights groups to be able to lobby their representatives in government. During this time she also drafted what was to become the Consumer Bill of Rights after it was presented by President John F. Kennedy. She also took Kennedy's appointment to the presidential Consumer Advisory Council, and kept that position through the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1967 at the start of the governorship of Ronald Reagan one of Reagan's first actions was to fire Nelson from her state government post at the Consumer Counsel. Nelson said that this was because she was disliked by Reagan's supporters, including the California Grocer's Association and the California Manufacturers' Association. After this she became elected president of the Consumer Federation of California. She served also on the board of Consumers Union, and would be re-elected for a total of five three-year terms on that board. From 1969-1979 served as a professor of economics at the University of Wisconsin. During this time she also served as a public governor for the American Stock Exchange. In 1968 after 15 years of work her lobbying had contributed to the passing of the Truth in Lending Act. She served two terms as president of the Consumer Federation of America from 1972-1982. She was the consumer consultant to the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Academy of Sciences. She petitioned the National Academy of Science to recognize the research showing saccharin as a cancer-causing agent and fluorocarbons as causing ozone depletion. In 1978 President Jimmy Carter appointed Nelson to the President's Export Council. Also in 1978 the American Council on Consumer Interests recognized her as a \"Distinguished Fellow\". In 1979 after the 1977 death of her husband Nelson returned to Mill Valley, California. There she was appointed to the Consumer Advisory Council of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, the consumer advisory panel for Pacific Bell, and the San Francisco chapter of Consumer Action. At this time she said that her worst fear for the future was \"That",
"title": "Helen Ewing Nelson"
},
{
"docid": "1077558",
"text": "The California State Police (CSP) was a state level security police agency founded on March 15, 1887 which primarily served to protect the State Capitol Building, the Governor and other state officials, and other state agencies that did not have their own police force. The CSP also provided services to many different California state agencies, including performing tax seizures for the California Franchise Tax Board and Board of Equalization, as well as patrolling the California Aqueduct. They provided investigative services to elected officials through their Threat Assessment Detail and criminal investigations of crimes committed against the state through the Bureau of Investigative Services. Detectives and line officers routinely conducted investigations with other state agencies and allied law enforcement departments. The California State Police merged with the California Highway Patrol in 1995. History The agency traces to 1853, when the California State Legislature authorized a law enforcement body called the California Rangers, their primary objective being to capture notorious gang leader Joaquin Murrieta. Following his arrest and execution, however, the rangers were disbanded. On March 15, 1887, the California State Legislature authorized a law enforcement body with former leader of the Rangers, Captain Harry Love, and one other ranger, as its sole members to protect the State Capitol and grounds. They were paid $100 monthly and grew to a force of 12 officers. In 1911 the legislature approved more positions, uniforms, and defined the department giving it the official name of, \"California State Capitol Police\". Eventually, as the department grew to approximately 400 personnel and its duties expanded, the word \"Capitol\" was dropped from the agency's name. Public awareness The California State Police (CSP) Division was a small agency, with its official title being a division of the California Department of General Services. Officers and patrol cars of this division were rarely seen outside of the state’s larger metropolitan areas, with its largest presence being situated in the areas of Sacramento (State Capitol Division), Los Angeles, San Francisco, Redding, and San Diego. Its aircraft could be seen flying along the California Aqueduct. Some of the most visible personnel of the CSP were its State Security Officers (SSOs) who were peace officers while on duty. SSOs held powers of arrest as regular police officers under the California Penal Code (CPC), but were not full-time peace officers. Their powers of arrest were only while on duty performing their specific assignments. SSOs were usually at fixed locations at state buildings on foot beats. SSOs sometimes performed patrol (automobile) duties in very limited geographical areas such as Exposition Park in Los Angeles. Despite the California State Police presence in large metropolitan cities, at the State Capitol, at busy State office buildings, on foot beats, on patrol in fully marked police vehicles on the streets and highways, there were many Californians who were still unaware that California had its own State Police. This public knowledge of the California State Police didn't fully come to light until its merger with the California Highway Patrol when it received",
"title": "California State Police"
},
{
"docid": "481934",
"text": "The state controller of California is a constitutional office in the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of California. Thirty-three individuals have held the office of state controller since statehood. The incumbent is Malia Cohen, a Democrat. The state controller's main office is located at 300 Capitol Mall in Sacramento. Election and term of office The state controller assumes office by way of election. The term of office is four years, renewable once. Elections for state controller are held on a four-year basis concurrently with elections for the offices of governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, secretary of state, state treasurer, insurance commissioner, and superintendent of public instruction. Powers and duties As California's chief fiscal officer, the state controller has broad superintending authority over the accounting and disbursement of state and local government finances. As such, the state controller: Acts as the state's accountant. This entails maintaining the statewide accounting system, issuing reports on the financial condition of the state, approving claims against the state, administering payroll for state employees, ordering deposits into the state treasury, and drawing checks and approving electronic fund transfers. Administers California's unclaimed property laws. As such, the state controller audits holders of unclaimed property, safeguards unclaimed property reported to his or her office, and works to return unclaimed property back to its rightful owners. Audits public funds spent by myriad state agencies. The state controller is the internal auditor of California state government, examining the internal controls of state agencies, the state lottery, and oil and gas lease royalties to assure operational effectiveness and efficiency, reliable financial reporting, and legal compliance. A separate state auditor serves as the external auditor for the whole of state government and reports exclusively to the state legislature on state agency financial management and performance. Supervises local government finances. As part of this function, the state controller has broad discretion to audit state funds spent by local governments and prescribes uniform accounting, budgeting, and financial reporting systems applicable to nearly 5,000 counties, cities, towns, school districts, local housing authorities, rural development authorities, and all other political subdivisions of the state. Likewise, the state controller reviews the annual financial and single audits performed by external auditors on behalf of California's local governments for conformity with the law and government auditing standards. Separately, the state controller collects, apportions, and distributes property taxes and other state aids among the many counties, cities, towns, and school districts. Aside from the office's functional responsibilities, the state controller serves on over 70 boards and commissions, including the California State Lands Commission, California State Teachers’ Retirement System, California Public Employees’ Retirement System, California Board of Equalization, California Franchise Tax Board, California Pollution Control Financing Authority, the California Debt Limit Allocation Commission, California Alternative Energy Source Financing Authority, the California Education Facilities Authority, and the California Victim Compensation Board, among others. Staff The Office has a staff of Deputy State Controllers that help the State Controller fulfill her elected duties, including sitting on the Board of",
"title": "California State Controller"
},
{
"docid": "26220407",
"text": "Clarence Edmund Bennett (1833–1902), usually referred to as Clarence E. Bennett, a graduate of West Point, a career American Army officer who saw duty almost exclusively in Western frontier assignments, served in the American Civil War in California, New Mexico and Arizona Territories and later in Reconstruction occupation forces and frontier duty during the later Indian Wars. Early life and army service Born in New York, Clarence E. Bennett graduated from West Point and was promoted to Brevet 2nd Lieutenant of Infantry, July 1, 1855. He served in garrison at Carlisle Barracks, and later on the frontier as a second lieutenant with the U.S. 10th Infantry Regiment from August 16, 1855. He served at Fort Ripley, Minnesota, from 1855 to 1857. He was part of the Utah Expedition from 1857 to 1860, serving as regimental adjutant, of 10th Infantry, from October 1, 1858, to July 16, 1860, and served at Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory, in 1860. He resigned his commission on September 10, 1860, and moved to San Bernardino, California to be a farmer until 1863. He married Sciota or Siotha Whitlock (born in 1835 in Missouri) in San Bernardino about 1861. She was the daughter of Harvey Gilman Whitlock and Minerva Abbott, who had been two of the earliest Mormon converts in 1830. Their four children were: William Clarence, Irvine E., Ida Minerva, and Daisy Whitlock. Civil War service During the secession crisis prior to Civil War and following Fort Sumter, Bennett was active in informing Union officials of the activities of the secessionists in San Bernardino County that led to Federal troops occupying Camp San Bernardino within the town and later at Camp Carleton nearby. He was elected as captain of the local California Militia Company the San Bernardino Mounted Rifles on October 10, 1861, and was commissioned October 26, 1861. With the Rifles he aided the civil authorities in suppressing Rebellion in the county. On April 1, 1862, Captain Bennett tendered his resignation from the militia, to Governor Leland Stanford, wishing to be absent from the county for a few months. Bennett later enlisted in the 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry, in San Francisco on February 9, 1863, serving as a major, stationed first in Southern California commanding at Drum Barracks, with the task of organizing new companies of First California Cavalry Volunteers from February 9 to June 4, 1863. He was on frontier duty at Camp Morris, in San Bernardino, defending against the threat of secessionists to Union men in the town from June to August, 1863. From August 15, 1863, to April 17, 1864, he commanded the garrison at Fort Yuma and was promoted lieutenant colonel of the 1st California Cavalry Volunteers, December 31, 1863. From May to December 1864, he commanded Fort Craig, New Mexico Territory then from January to February 1865, Fort Bowie, Arizona Territory. From February to June 1865, he was given command of District of Arizona, headquartered at Tubac. On March 13, 1865, Bennett was promoted brevet colonel, U. S. Volunteers,",
"title": "Clarence Edmund Bennett"
},
{
"docid": "2154590",
"text": "The California insurance commissioner has been an elected executive office position in California since 1991. Prior to that time, the insurance commissioner was appointed by the governor. The officeholder is in charge of the California Department of Insurance. The current insurance commissioner is Democrat Ricardo Lara. Duties Oversees and directs all functions of the Department of Insurance. Licenses, regulates, and examines insurance companies. Answers public questions and complaints regarding the insurance industry. Enforces the laws of the California Insurance Code and adopts regulations to implement the laws. The mission is to ensure vibrant markets where insurers keep their promises and the health and economic security of individuals, families, and businesses are protected. Office As a result of the passage of Proposition 103 in 1988, the elected office of the California Insurance Commissioner was created in 1991. Previously, the position was held by a person appointed by the Governor. The Insurance Commissioner oversees the Department of Insurance. The Insurance Commissioner does not oversee the majority of Health Plans and Health Insurance. HMO Health Plans and PPO Plans offered by Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield of California are overseen by the California Department of Managed Health Care. References External links 1991 establishments in California Insurance in the United States",
"title": "California Insurance Commissioner"
},
{
"docid": "1021148",
"text": "The California Conservation Corps, or the CCC, is a department of the government of California, falling under the state cabinet-level California Resources Agency. The CCC is a voluntary work development program specifically for men and women between the ages of 18 and 25 (up to 29 for veterans), offering work in environmental conservation, fire protection, land maintenance, and emergency response to natural disasters. Members of the CCC are referred to as \"Corpsmembers\", and are paid a monthly stipend; starting July 2022, the amount was $2,600. History The bill to create the California Conservation Corps was co-authored by California State Senator Ruben Ayala. The legislation was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on July 7, 1976, modeling the corps after the federal Civilian Conservation Corps that started with Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal in the 1930s. Brown envisioned a department marketed specifically to the state's young people as \"a combination Jesuit seminary, Israeli kibbutz, and Marine Corps boot camp.\" Prominent amongst the early CCC administrators was war hero B. T. Collins. The CCC replaced the California Ecology Corps that was created by executive order of Governor Ronald Reagan in 1971 as an \"alternative service\" option for Conscientious Objectors during the Vietnam War. Following the end of his governorship, Brown's successor, Governor George Deukmejian, signed legislation to eliminate the CCC's sunset clause by making it a permanent department under the California Resources Agency in 1983. The duties of operation falling to the CCC include trail maintenance, riparian zone restoration, tree planting and exotic plant species removal, construction, and emergency flood and wildfire response. Other organizations pay the CCC to do the work. Corpsmembers are offered the chance to complete their high school diploma through independent CCC schools and are trained in cooking, office work, chainsaw, and vehicle maintenance. The CCC also encourages corpsmembers to seek higher education or vocational training by offering scholarships. Corpsmembers in some centers across the state participate in CAB (Corpsmember Advisory Board), an employee/ resident board established to be the middle ground. The board is responsible for community check ups and upholding a strong morale among the center's population, as well as bringing up pressing concerns the community faces on a weekly basis. Since 1992, the California Department of Finance has allotted less funding to the CCC, forcing the closure of numerous residential centers throughout the state. The CCC has received presidential praise as well as numerous awards for its work. Related organizations There are Fourteen local conservation corps groups in California that are certified annually by the CCC to offer similar job training, education, and environmental projects in other areas of California. Cesar Chavez Environmental Corps – Tehachapi, CA Civicorps – Oakland, CA Conservation Corps North Bay – San Rafael, CA Conservation Corps of Long Beach – Long Beach, CA Fresno Local Conservation Corps – Fresno, CA Greater Valley Conservation Corps – Stockton, CA Los Angeles Conservation Corps – Los Angeles, CA Orange County Conservation Corps – Anaheim, CA Sacramento Regional Conservation Corps –",
"title": "California Conservation Corps"
},
{
"docid": "17215801",
"text": "The California Military Department is an agency defined under the California Military and Veterans Code § 50. It includes the California National Guard (Army and Air), California State Guard, and the Youth and Community Programs. The California Military Department and the California National Guard are sometimes referred to interchangeably. Adjutant General of California The Adjutant General (TAG) is the commander of all State of California military forces and is subordinate only to the Governor. TAG is: Chief of Staff to the Governor A member of the Governor's cabinet Vested with the duties and responsibilities of the Division of Military Affairs Head of the Military Department, and responsible for its affairs, functions, duties, funds and property. In the 1850 law establishing the California Militia, the office of Adjutant General was separate from that of Quartermaster General. In 1852, the two offices were consolidated when William H. Richardson resigned and Quartermaster General William Chauncey Kibbe became Adjutant General. Adjutants General have included: Theron R. Perlee, April 12 - October 5, 1850 William H. Richardson, October 5, 1850 - May 2, 1852 William Chauncey Kibbe, May 2, 1852 - April 30, 1864 Robert Robinson, January 1, 1864 - May 1, 1864 George S. Evans, May 1, 1864 - May 1, 1868 James M. Allen, May 1, 1868 – Nov. 23, 1870 Thomas N. Cazneau, Nov. 23, 1870 – December 21, 1871 Lucius H. Foote, December 21, 1871 – December 13, 1875 Patrick F. Walsh, December 13, 1875 - January 9, 1880 Samuel W. Backus, January 9, 1880 - July 1, 1882 John F. Sheehan, July 1, 1892 - January 11, 1893 George B. Crosby, January 11, 1883 – November 1, 1887 Richard H. Orton, November 1, 1887 – January 9, 1891 Charles Carroll Allen, January 9, 1891 – May 24, 1895 Andrew W. Bartlett, May 24, 1895 - December 23, 1898 Robert L. Peeler, December 23, 1898 - June 1, 1899 William H. Seamans, June 1, 1899 - January 3, 1902 (died in office) George Stone, January 13, 1902 - February 15, 1904 Joseph B. Lauck, February 15, 1904 - January 7, 1911 Edwin A. Forbes, January 7, 1911 - June 18, 1915 (died in office) Charles W. Thomas, Jr., June 19, 1915 - December 15, 1916 James J. Borree, December 16, 1916 - November 30, 1923 Richard E. Mittelstaedt, December 1, 1923 - January 5, 1931 Seth E.P. Howard, January 6, 1931 - June 26, 1935 (died in office) Paul Arndt, June 27 - October 17, 1935 Harry H. Moorehead, October 18, 1935 - January 3, 1939 Patrick J.H. Farrell, January 4, 1939 - June 10, 1940 Richard E. Mittelstaedt, June 10, 1940 - March 3, 1941 Joseph O. Donovan, March 3, 1941 - July 10, 1942 Junnius Pierce, July 14, 1942 - January 13, 1943 Ray W. Hays, January 14, 1943 - November 30, 1944 Victor R. Hansen, December 27, 1944 - April 28, 1946 Curtis D. O'Sullivan, April 29, 1946 - July 15, 1951 Earl M. Jones, July 16, 1951",
"title": "California Military Department"
},
{
"docid": "2153180",
"text": "The state treasurer of California is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of California. Thirty-five individuals have held the office of state treasurer since statehood. The incumbent is Fiona Ma, a Democrat. The state treasurer's main office is located in the Jesse M. Unruh State Office Building in Sacramento. Election and term of office The state treasurer assumes office by way of election. The term of office is four years, renewable once. Elections for state treasurer are held on a four-year basis concurrently with elections for the offices of governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, secretary of state, state controller, insurance commissioner, and superintendent of public instruction. Powers and duties In California, the state treasurer serves as the chief banker of state government. As such, the state treasurer: Manages the state's cash flows. Cash management involves the collection, accounting, deposit and use of money and securities received by the state. Centralizing cash management within the state treasury allows for better monitoring of the state's cash position, fund balances and liquidity, thereby allowing the state of California to more effectively pay its bills and invest idle funds. Coordinates banking services across state government. This function entails designating banks and other depository institutions as eligible to receive public deposits, ensuring public depositories have sufficient collateral, and administering California's Time Deposit Program. Safeguards public funds held in the state treasury. The state treasurer pays out sums of money only on warrants lawfully drawn by the state controller or pursuant to state agency vouchers examined and approved by the state controller. Issues and manages public debt. To this end, the treasurer is trustee, registrar, and paying agent for all general obligation and revenue bonds contracted by the state of California. In addition, the state treasurer supervises and reports on municipal debt. Invests state funds. Assets under the state treasurer's management include state and local government investment pools along with California's ABLE, college savings, and retirement savings trust funds. However, the state treasurer does not direct the investment of pension funds. Public pensions in California are instead invested by the respective boards of trustees of the California Public Employees' Retirement System and the California State Teachers' Retirement System. Nevertheless, the state treasurer is an ex officio member of these boards. Administers California's ABLE, college savings, and retirement savings programs. These tax-advantaged, state-facilitated programs promote affordable higher education, financial security for disabled Californians, and a secure retirement. Chairs the Tax Credit Allocation Committee and serves as an ex officio board member of the California Housing Finance Agency. These panels award hundreds of millions of dollars annually in tax credits for affordable housing and finances affordable housing projects throughout the state. Chairs or serves on dozens of boards and commissions, most of which relate to the marketing of bonds and their management. The bonds so issued finance a wide range of significant projects, including pollution clean-up, transportation infrastructure, renewable energy development, fish and wildlife conservation, economic development, student loan refinancing,",
"title": "California State Treasurer"
},
{
"docid": "63800621",
"text": "Africano Mande Gedima is the Deputy Commissioner General of the National Revenue Authority in South Sudan. He became the first Governor of Maridi State, in the Republic of South Sudan, on 24 December 2015. Africano Mande hails from Maridi County and is a Baka by tribe belonging to the Mukú clan. Africano Mande served as an active duty Colonel and was later promoted to Brigadier General in the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (Now South Sudan People's Defense Forces) prior to his appointment as Governor on 24 December 2015. Early life Africano Mande was born to the late John Mande Gedima and to the late Mama Gister Asopa who subsequently migrated to the United States of America and took up citizenship in the USA together with all of Africano’s siblings except Africano Mande. Africano Mande started off in the Military by serving under the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) during the days when the SPLA fought for the liberation of Sudan and subsequently the independence of South Sudan. While in the Military, Africano Mande played a wide range of activities ranging from instruction and combat planning to operations. Africano Mande, therefore, served in the SPLA in various capacities such as an instructor, Director of Military Research, Director of Planning and Strategy, Secretary for Military Transformation, and in other classified positions. While in the Military, Mande also served as a part-time lecturer at the University of Juba among others. Africano Mande basically contributed significantly to the ideas and frameworks aimed at transforming the SPLA into what had been referred to as \"professional, accountable, affordable and operational effective military.\" Achievements Mande is known in the South Sudanese Military General Headquarters for his dictum that \"the best soldier is one who talks about the next war that he is going to fight not about the war he has already fought.\" Governor Africano Mande holds a Master’s Degree in National Security Studies from the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California where he also won the Hans Jones Award for excellence in thesis Research in Special Operations & Irregular Warfare or Security. Governor Africano Mande also holds a BA (Hons.) in International Relations from the United States International University – Africa. In addition to the various Military training, Governor Africano Mande also attended other training to include training at the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria (South Africa), International Institute for Humanitarian Law in San Remo (Italy) to mention but a few. Upon his appointment as the Governor of the newly created Maridi State, South Sudan at a time was also faced with a raging civil war and a collapsing economy. Maridi State, in particular, was badly hit by the civil unrest in addition to the hitches and glitches by some political saboteurs who were also said to be mentally below par such as Peter Beshir Bindi, James Saki Palaoko and James Kabila, etc. However, Governor Africano Mande charted his way through and not only embarked on the establishment of State institutions such as the State Assembly,",
"title": "Africano Mande"
},
{
"docid": "15648069",
"text": "George Vernon Orr, Jr. (November 12, 1916 – November 27, 2008) was the 14th Secretary of the Air Force, appointed by President Ronald Reagan. From California, he was a businessman and educator who served in both state and national government positions. Early life Verne Orr was born on November 12, 1916, in Des Moines, Iowa. He grew up in the Midwest, then moved with his family to California just prior to entering high school. He graduated from Pomona College in 1937 where he was awarded a Phi Beta Kappa key. He earned a master's degree in business administration from Stanford University in 1939. Orr served in the United States Navy during World War II. In April 1942, he was called to active duty in the Navy Supply Corps. During the course of the war, Orr served in both the American and Pacific theaters of operations. He reached the rank of lieutenant prior to being released from active duty in November 1945. Orr continued to serve in the Navy Reserve until 1951, when he was honorably discharged as a lieutenant commander. Business and public service Following his release from active duty, Orr began working at his father's new car dealership in Pasadena, California, eventually becoming a partner in the business. Orr was active in the auto dealership from 1946 until 1962. However, Orr began shifting his interests into his family's investment business around 1960. In 1963, he became president of Investors Savings and Loan of Pasadena, serving in that position until 1966. In 1966, California's governor, Ronald Reagan, selected Orr to be the director of the state's Department of Motor Vehicles. He held that position until 1969. He then served briefly as the state's director of General Services before becoming California's Director of Finance in 1970, a position he held until 1975. From 1975 to 1980, Orr taught government finance at the University of Southern California's graduate school of public administration 1975 until 1980. In 1977, California Governor Jerry Brown named him to the University of California's Board of Regents. In 1980, Orr served on Ronald Reagan's Presidential campaign committee. After Reagan was elected President, Orr became deputy director the President-elect's transition office. President Reagan appointed him Secretary of the Air Force in 1981. As the Air Force Secretary, Orr worked well with Air Force Chief of Staff Charles A. Gabriel. Together they secured major budget increases for the United States Air Force, taking care of Air Force personnel and modernizing the Services's force structure. Orr served for five years, leaving the Air Force in 1985. After his Air Force service, Orr returned to Pasadena where he became a partner in Smith Orr & Associates, a planning and management consulting firm. In 1999, Orr accepted the position of dean at the University of La Verne's School of Business and International Studies. He served as dean the university until June 2002 when he retired as dean emeritus. In 2005, after working on his dissertation for 14 years, Orr was award a doctor",
"title": "Verne Orr"
},
{
"docid": "40771487",
"text": "The California Climate Change Executive Orders are a series of Executive Orders of the State of California signed by the Governor of California between 2004 and 2018 by Governors Arnold Schwarzenegger and Jerry Brown relating to efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in California. Summary Individual orders S-03-05 California Executive Order S-03-05 (June 2005, signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger) sets greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets for the State of California and laid out responsibilities among the state agencies for implementing the Executive Order and for reporting on progress toward the targets. Specifically, the Executive Order established these targets: By 2010, reduce GHG emissions to 2000 levels By 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels By 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels The first and second goals were enshrined into law by the legislation known as AB 32, or the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, which gave the California Air Resources Board broad authority to implement a market-based system (also known as cap-and-trade) to achieve these goals. B-30-15 California Executive Order B-30-15 (April 2015, signed by Governor Jerry Brown) added the intermediate target of: By 2030, reduce GHG emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels. This intermediate target was codified into law by SB 32, which was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on September 8, 2016. On July 17, 2017, the legislature passed AB 398, which authorized the Air Resources Board to operate a cap and trade system to achieve these emissions reductions. B-55-18 California Executive Order B-55-18 (Sept 2018, signed by Governor Jerry Brown) took the further step of: By 2045, achieve statewide carbon neutrality. N-79-20 California Executive Order N-79-20 (September 2020, signed by Governor Gavin Newsom) established this executive order with the goal: For all new passenger cars and trucks to be zero-emission by 2035 All medium- and heavy-duty vehicles to be zero-emission by 2045 for all operations where feasible All drayage trucks to be zero-emission by 2035 All off-road vehicles and equipment to be zero-emission by 2035 The Executive Order requires the California Air Resources Board to promulgate regulations implementing these goals and for state agencies to accelerate the deployment of affordable fueling and charging options for zero-emissions vehicles, and to develop a Zero-Emissions Vehicle Market Development Strategy by January 31, 2021. References External links Greenhouse gas emissions in the United States United States executive orders California Environmental Protection Agency Environment of California Air pollution in California Climate change policy in the United States Energy policy of the United States Politics of California",
"title": "California Climate Executive Orders"
},
{
"docid": "25442958",
"text": "Earl King, Ernest Ramsay, and Frank Conner were three merchant seamen convicted of murdering a ship's officer, George Alberts, aboard a freighter anchored in Alameda, California, on March 22, 1936. Their trial, appeals, and terms in San Quentin Prison made up a widely reported case that caught the attention of trade unionists, progressives, and radicals. The actions were prosecuted by Alameda County District Attorney Earl Warren. King was the secretary of the Marine Firemen's Union, Ramsay was a union organizer, and Conner was the engine-room union delegate aboard the steamship Point Lobos, which was on a trip for Swayne & Hoyt's Pacific to Gulf Coast shipping lane and had crossed the Panama Canal on 7 March, heading for Seattle, Washington. Union activists accused the prosecution of engaging in an anti-union plot, alleging prejudice by the judge and other irregularities. The three were not aboard the ship when the crime was committed. The actual assault was laid to a seaman named Sakovitz, whose first name was never revealed and who was never apprehended. Another sailor, George Wallace, admitted being aboard the ship with Sakovitz. Wallace admitted taking part in the crime and testified that Conner, who remained on the dock, had given a signal to begin the killing. Conner also confessed but he later attempted to repudiate his admission. The prosecution accused Ramsay and King of planning the crime. Governor Culbert Olson commuted the sentences of the trio to time served, and in 1953 Warren, who was then the outgoing governor of California, granted Ramsay a full pardon just hours before he left for Washington to take up his new duties as Chief Justice of the United States. See also C.H. Garrigues, defense investigator References People convicted of murder by California History of labor relations in the United States Criminals from the San Francisco Bay Area Seafarers International Union of North America Labor movement in California 1936 crimes",
"title": "Earl King, Ernest Ramsay, and Frank Conner"
},
{
"docid": "358192",
"text": "Clive Eric Cussler (July 15, 1931 – February 24, 2020) was an American adventure novelist and underwater explorer. His thriller novels, many featuring the character Dirk Pitt, have been listed on The New York Times fiction best-seller list more than 20 times. Cussler was the founder and chairman of the National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA), which has discovered more than 60 shipwreck sites and numerous other notable underwater wrecks. He was the sole author or main author of more than 80 books. His novels have inspired various other works of fiction. Early life Clive Cussler was born in Aurora, Illinois, the son of Eric Edward Cussler and Amy Adeline (née Hunnewell), and grew up in Alhambra, California. His father was from Germany and his mother's ancestors were from England. In his memoir The Sea Hunters: True Adventures with Famous Shipwrecks, Cussler revealed that his father served in the Imperial German Army on the Western Front during World War I. Furthermore, one of Cussler's uncles served in the Imperial German Air Service and became a flying ace, shooting down 14 Allied aeroplanes. He was awarded the rank of Eagle Scout when he was 14 years old. He attended Pasadena City College for two years and then enlisted in the United States Air Force during the Korean War. During his service with the Air Force, he was promoted to sergeant and worked as an aircraft mechanic and flight engineer for the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). Career After his discharge from the military, Cussler went to work for the advertising industry, first as a copywriter and later as a creative director for two of the nation's most successful advertising agencies. As part of his duties, Cussler produced radio and television commercials, many of which won international awards including an award at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival. After the publication in 1996 of Cussler's first nonfiction work, The Sea Hunters, he was awarded a Doctor of Letters degree in 1997 by the Board of Governors of the State University of New York Maritime College who accepted the work in lieu of a Ph.D. thesis. This was the first time in the college's 123-year history that such a degree had been awarded. In 2002, Cussler was awarded the Naval Heritage Award from the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation for his efforts concerning marine exploration. Cussler was a fellow of the Explorers Club of New York, the Royal Geographical Society in London, and the American Society of Oceanographers. Literary career Clive Cussler began writing in 1965 when his wife took a job working nights for the local police department where they lived in California. After making dinner for the children and putting them to bed, he had no one to talk to and nothing much to do, so he decided to start writing. His most famous character is marine engineer, government agent and adventurer Dirk Pitt. The Dirk Pitt novels frequently have an alternative history premise—such as \"what if Atlantis were real?\" or \"what",
"title": "Clive Cussler"
},
{
"docid": "36951581",
"text": "The Letters Patent, 1947 (formally, the Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada), are letters patent signed by George VI, as King of Canada, on 8 September 1947 and came into effect on 1 October of the same year. These letters, replacing the previous letters patent issued in 1931, reconstituted the Office of the governor general of Canada under the terms of the Constitution Act, 1867, expanding the governor general's ability to exercise the royal prerogative, thereby allowing her or him to use most of the \"powers and authorities\" lawfully belonging to the sovereign and to carry out an increased number of the sovereign's duties in \"exceptional circumstances\". While the Crown theoretically has the power to revoke or alter the letters patent at will, it remains unclear to what extent that power remains after the enactment of the Constitution Act, 1982, which requires all changes to the office of the King and the governor general to be done through a constitutional amendment approved by Parliament and all provincial legislatures. Historical context The first letters patent in Canada were, starting in 1663, issued to the governors of New France by the kings of France. At that time, the letters patent outlining the office of the governor and its role were issued with a commission appointing the occupant to the office, as well as an accompanying set of royal instructions. In this way, a different set of letters patent were issued by the Crown each time a new governor was appointed, a custom that was continued by the British following the surrender of New France to the United Kingdom in 1763. This system remained largely unchanged until 1947, with two exceptions: The first was the granting of the title commander-in-chief in 1905 and the second occurred in 1931, under the Statute of Westminster, when the governor general went from acting as an agent of the British government (the king in his British council or parliament) to a representative of the Canadian Crown. The experiences of the Kingdom of Iceland during the Second World War also gave Prime Minister Louis St Laurent an example of how the lack of a regency act or similar mechanism could, in certain circumstances, provoke a constitutional crisis. When Denmark was invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940, Iceland found itself in the peculiar position wherein its king, Christian X, who was also king of, and resided in, Denmark, was cut off from Iceland and unable to perform his constitutional duties for that country, such as granting royal assent to bills and exercising the royal prerogative. With no method to allow for the incapacity of the sovereign, the Icelandic parliament was forced into passing an illegal constitutional amendment and appointing Sveinn Björnsson as regent. The subject of the Canadian governor general's ability to act in the absence or incapacitation of the monarch was discussed in the House of Commons in 1947. This brought up Canada's lack of something similar to the United Kingdom's Regency",
"title": "Letters Patent, 1947"
},
{
"docid": "21435698",
"text": "Joseph Warren Revere (May 17, 1812 – April 20, 1880) was a career United States Navy and Army officer. He was the grandson of American Revolutionary War figure Paul Revere. He was an amateur artist and autobiographer, publishing two novels: A Tour of Duty in California (1849) and Keel and Saddle (1872). Both novels include memoirs of his experience traveling in the military. He was involved in the African Slave Trade Patrol, the Second Seminole War, the Mexican-American War, and the Civil War. He was heavily involved in the 1845-1846 Conquest of California, wherein American troops invaded Alta California. Afterwards, he created a plantation in Rancho San Geronimo (near San Francisco, California), which used forced labor of Coast Miwok workers. During the American Civil War, Revere was a Union brigadier general who was court-martialed after the 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville. Revere challenged the court-martial and published multiple pamphlets in attempts to clear his reputation. In 1862, during the Civil War, Revere converted to Catholicism. He completed several tours of duty, during which he travelled to Mexico, Cuba, Liberia, France, Germany, Greece, Egypt, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, and Italy. His 1854 Gothic Revival mansion is historically preserved for educational tours at Fosterfields Living Historical Farm in Morristown, New Jersey. Early life and naval career Joseph Warren Revere was born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 17, 1812 to Lydia LeBaron Goodwin and Dr. John Revere; he was a grandson of Paul Revere. The Reveres descended from a French Huguenot family. He was named after General Joseph Warren, the famous doctor and general in the American Revolution, who was a close friend of his grandfather. In 1826, the fourteen-year-old Revere joined the United States Naval School in New York. Two years later, Revere joined the United States Navy as a midshipman. His 25 years of tours of duty took him to Europe, the Pacific, and the Baltic States. He travelled to Singapore and met Czar Nicholas I of Russia. He was a polyglot, which aided him in his expeditions. Some time in the 1830s, Revere fought to annex Florida during the Second Seminole War, on a mosquito fleet near Florida's coast. He afterwards commanded an anti-piracy fleet in the West Indies. Revere was present in Spain for one of the Carlist Wars. Between 1835 and 1845, he was aboard the frigate USS Constitution. In 1837, he met Rosanna Duncan Lamb in Boston. They both had grandparents who were soldiers during the American Revolution. The courtship would be delayed due to Revere joining the United States Exploring Expedition in 1838, the first American squadron to circumnavigate the globe. He rejoined Lamb in 1840 for a brief time, before returning to the expedition. By 1841, Revere was promoted to lieutenant. In an unknown year, Revere reportedly saved the British HMS Ganges from shipwreck, for which Revere was \"presented with a sword of honor by the governor-general of India.\" On October 4, 1842, Rosanna Duncan Lamb (April 16, 1818 - July 26, 1910) married Joseph Warren Revere",
"title": "Joseph Warren Revere (general)"
},
{
"docid": "11105025",
"text": "The California Department of Finance is a state cabinet-level agency within the government of California. The Department of Finance is responsible for preparing, explaining, and administering the state's annual financial plan, which the governor of California is required under the Constitution of California to present by January 10 of each year to the general public. The Department of Finance's other duties include analyzing the budgets of proposed laws in the California State Legislature, creating and monitoring current and future economic forecasts of the state, estimating population demographics and enrollment projections, and maintaining the state's accounting and financial reporting systems. The current director of finance is Joe Stephenshaw and is a member of Governor Gavin Newsom's cabinet. Stephenshaw was appointed the department's director in July 2022 by Governor Newsom. Units within the department There are nine financial units within the Department of Finance, administering the agency's various duties within the state government: Budget Operations Support (BOS) Legislative Analyses California State Accounting and Reporting System (CALSTARS): Accounting Demographic Research Unit (DRU) Economic/Financial Research Unit (ER/FR) Fiscal Systems and Consulting Unit (FSCU) Office of State Audits and Evaluations (OSAE) Performance Review Unit (PRU) Financial Information System for California Project Finance directors See also Economy of California California State Treasurer California State Controller References External links Investment in the California Code of Regulations Department of Finance's Population Estimate Methodology 2014-2015 Proposed California Budget Finance Organizations based in Sacramento, California",
"title": "California Department of Finance"
},
{
"docid": "8797092",
"text": "The 223rd Military Intelligence Battalion is a military intelligence battalion subordinate to the 300th Military Intelligence Brigade and part of the California Army National Guard. Mission The battalion is tasked with providing linguists for human intelligence, counter-intelligence, and signals intelligence support, in addition to operating a center for language training and development. Like all National Guard units, the battalion can be called up for state duty by the state governor, ranging from support for anti-drug operations to providing linguists for interpretation and translation. History The 223rd Military Intelligence Battalion was constituted on 1 June 1991 in the California Army National Guard, and organized and Federally recognized with its headquarters at Fort Funston in San Francisco on 16 January 1992. On 1 September 1997, its Company E was allotted to the Massachusetts Army National Guard; the latter was reorganized and redesignated as Company D on 1 October 2001. The battalion was ordered to active duty on 10 February 2003 for the 2003 invasion of Iraq, attached to the 205th Military Intelligence Brigade. The battalion returned to the United States and was released from active duty on 25 May 2004, reverting to state control. Its mobilization for Operation United Assistance was announced in November 2014. COVID-19 Humanitarian Mission On 20 March 2020, California Governor Gavin Newsom alerted the California National Guard to be prepared to conduct a COVID-19 mission. The 223rd Military Intelligence Battalion was activated on emergency state active duty for the COVID-19 Humanitarian Mission and arrived at the Sacramento Food Bank to assist in packing food boxes for distribution, the following day. On Monday, 23 March 2020, the battalion was shifted to support food packing and distribution operations at Second Harvest of Silicon Valley in San Jose. The following day, the battalion began supporting two additional food bank locations; the Food Bank of Contra Costa and Solano County in Fairfield, CA and the Napa Food Bank in Napa, CA. Panther Strike As part of the 300th Military Intelligence Brigade, the battalion rotates the duty of hosting the brigade-level Exercise Panther Strike which it did last in 2014 and 2019. Panther Strike is a multi-national, multi-echelon military intelligence (MI) training exercise. The two-week exercise develops and enhances technical competence in counterintelligence (CI), human intelligence (HUMINT), geospatial intelligence (GEOINT), open source intelligence (OSINT), and signals intelligence (SIGINT) collective and individual tasks. Soldiers train in a realistic and challenging \"train as they fight\" non-garrison environment alongside NATO multi-national partners. Army Combat Fitness Test In October, 2018, the 223rd Military Intelligence Battalion was the first battalion in the National Guard to field test the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT). Subordinate units The battalion includes the following units: Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment (San Francisco) Company A (San Rafael) Company B (Mountain View) IC Detachment (San Rafael) Company D (Ayer, Massachusetts under the Massachusetts National Guard's 151st Regional Support Group) Company D Company D, 223rd Military Intelligence Battalion, 300th Military Intelligence Brigade provides interpreters, translators, counter-intelligence, and interrogation support. They provide this support for the US",
"title": "223rd Military Intelligence Battalion (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "22553820",
"text": "Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) is the process by which United States military assets and personnel can be used to assist in missions normally carried out by civil authorities. These missions have included: responses to natural and man-made disasters, law enforcement support, special events, and other domestic activities. A recent example of the use of DSCA is the military response to Hurricane Katrina. DSCA is the overarching guidance of how the United States military can be requested by a federal agency and the procedures that govern the actions of the military during employment. The \"Directorate of military support\" (DOMS) for domestic operations (DOMS) who is the functional process manager of DSCA is located inside each state's \"Joint Operation Center\" (JOC). The normal course of action is for the Office of Emergency Management within the state to request military support through the JOC. In turn, the JOC under the authority of the DOMS will initiate military support in the form of equipment that supports the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Emergency Support Functions. Authority Directive 3025.18 The provision of DSCA is codified in Department of Defense Directive 3025.18. This directive defines DSCA as: Support provided by U.S. Federal military forces, DoD civilians, DoD contract personnel, DoD Component assets, and National Guard forces (when the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Governors of the affected States, elects and requests to use those forces in title 10, U.S.C., status) in response to requests for assistance from civil authorities for domestic emergencies, law enforcement support, and other domestic activities, or from qualifying entities for special events. There are numerous other directives, policies and laws that shape the military's role in conducting operations in support of other federal agencies. Some of them are the Insurrection Act, Homeland Security Act, Stafford Act, Economy Act and the Homeland Security Presidential Directive – 5. Each of these affect the way the military responds to a request for assistance from an interagency partner. When federal forces deploy support of DSCA, they come under the operational control of U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM), once those forces enter the incident area. US Northern Command only controls federal forces deployed into the impact area in response to the incident. When National Guard forces are deployed under the authority of a state's Governor, they remain under control of the Governor. These forces may be operating either in a USC Title 32 duty status, or, under State Active Duty (SAD) duty status. The National Guard refers to this as National Guard Domestic Operations (NGDO). The scope of an incident may sometimes expand beyond just support to civil authorities and require National Guard forces be called to federal active duty in a USC Title 10 duty status. In Title 10 status, National Guard forces operate as a federal force under the authority of the President and the scope of their mission would expand to national defense. What may have previously been a limited-scope NGDO mission evolves into a DSCA mission. Large and complex incidents",
"title": "Defense Support of Civil Authorities"
},
{
"docid": "204098",
"text": "The second USS California (ACR-6), also referred to as \"Armored Cruiser No. 6\", and later renamed San Diego, was a United States Navy armored cruiser. Construction and commissioning California was launched on 28 April 1904 by Union Iron Works at San Francisco, California, sponsored by Miss Florence Pardee, daughter of California Governor George C. Pardee, and commissioned on 1 August 1907. Service history Pre-World War I Joining the 2nd Division, Pacific Fleet, California took part in the Naval Review at San Francisco in May 1908 for the Secretary of the Navy Victor H. Metcalf. Aside from a cruise to Hawaii and Samoa in the fall of 1909, the cruiser operated along the west coast, sharpening her readiness through training exercises and drills, until December 1911, when she sailed for Honolulu, and in March 1912 continued westward for duty on the Asiatic Station. After this service representing American power and prestige in the Far East, she returned home in August 1912, and was ordered to Corinto, Nicaragua, then embroiled in internal political disturbance. Here she protected American lives and property, then resumed her operations along the west coast; she cruised off California, and kept a watchful eye on Mexico, at that time also suffering political disturbance. During that time in Mexico, she was involved in an international incident in which two of her crew were shot and killed. California was renamed San Diego on 1 September 1914, in order to free up her original name for use with the . She served as flagship for Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet, intermittently until a boiler explosion put her in Mare Island Navy Yard in reduced commission through the summer of 1915. The boiler explosion occurred in January 1915 and the actions of Ensign Robert Cary and Fireman Second Class Telesforo Trinidad during the event earned them both the Medal of Honor. San Diego after spending time at Guaymas, went on to repair at Mare Island. Afterwards, she served as a popular attraction during the Panama–California Exposition. San Diego returned to duty as flagship through 12 February 1917, when she went into reserve status until the opening of World War I. World War I Placed in full commission on 7 April, the cruiser operated as flagship for Commander, Patrol Force, Pacific Fleet, until 18 July, when she was ordered to the Atlantic Fleet. Reaching Hampton Roads, Virginia, 4 August, she joined Cruiser Division 2, and later bore the flag of Commander, Cruiser Force, Atlantic, which she flew until 19 September. San Diegos essential mission was the escort of convoys through the first dangerous leg of their passages to Europe. Based in Tompkinsville, New York, and Halifax, Nova Scotia, she operated in the weather-torn, submarine-infested North Atlantic safely convoying all of her charges to the ocean escort. Loss Early on 18 July 1918, San Diego left the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard bound for New York where she was to meet and escort a convoy bound for France. Her captain — Harley H. Christy — ordered a zigzag",
"title": "USS California (ACR-6)"
},
{
"docid": "1826272",
"text": "The lieutenant governor of Maryland is the second highest-ranking official in the executive branch of the state government of Maryland in the United States. The officeholder is elected on the same ticket as the governor of Maryland and must meet the same qualifications. The current lieutenant governor is Aruna Miller, who took office on January 18, 2023. History The position was first created by the Maryland Constitution of 1864. Under that system of government, the lieutenant governor served as president of the Senate and would assume the office of governor if the incumbent should die, resign, be removed, or be disqualified. The state's present constitution, adopted in 1867, abolished the lieutenant governorship. However, the position was re-established by a constitutional amendment ratified on November 3, 1970. Duties and responsibilities Under the 1970 amendment, the lieutenant governor \"shall have only the duties delegated to him by the governor.\" Maryland's lieutenant governorship is thus weaker than the office in several, but not all, other states that have one. For instance, in many states, including Texas, the lieutenant governor is the president of the state's Senate and in California the lieutenant governor assumes all of the governor's powers when the governor is out of the state. In both of those states, as in some others, the lieutenant governor is elected independently of the state's governor. In practice, Maryland's lieutenant governor attends cabinet meetings, chairs various task forces and commissions, represents the state at ceremonial functions and at events with or without the governor, and advises the governor. If the governor dies, resigns or is removed from office (via impeachment conviction), the lieutenant governor becomes governor. A vacancy in the lieutenant governorship is filled by a person nominated by the governor and confirmed by a majority vote of the General Assembly voting in joint session. List of lieutenant governors Parties Under the Maryland Constitution of 1864 Constitution was amended to abolish the office of Lieutenant Governor after Cox's tenure. Under the Maryland Constitution of 1867 Constitution amended November 4, 1970, to re-create the office of Lieutenant Governor. See also Governor of Maryland Government of Maryland Lieutenant Governor (United States) References Maryland State Archives. (October 20, 2017). Maryland Manual On-Line: A Guide to Maryland Government. \"Lieutenant Governor\". Retrieved August 15, 2020. Lieut Maryland#",
"title": "Lieutenant Governor of Maryland"
},
{
"docid": "20075348",
"text": "The California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (also known as CalRecycle) is a branch of the California Environmental Protection Agency that oversees the state's waste management, recycling, and waste reduction programs. CalRecycle was established in 2010 to replace the California Integrated Waste Management Board. It is known for administering the California Redemption Value (CRV) program, among other responsibilities. History State Solid Waste Management Board The original waste management agency, the State Solid Waste Management Board, was established in 1972. It was renamed the California Waste Management Board in 1982. California Integrated Waste Management Board The California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) was established in 1989 under AB 939 introduced by Byron Sher of the California State Assembly and signed into law by Governor George Deukmejian. The CIWMB was one of six agencies under the California Environmental Protection Agency (abbreviated Cal/EPA, to distinguish it from the federal United States Environmental Protection Agency—EPA). The CIWMB was led by a six-member policy-making Board. Four members of the Board were appointed by the governor, and each branch of the Legislature made one appointment. Board terms ran for up to four years. In 2005, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger proposed to eliminate the CIWMB as well as 87 other state boards and commissions. California state senator Tony Strickland introduced Senate Bill (SB) 63 in January 2009 to dissolve the CIWMB; Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed SB 63 into law in July 2009. The California Integrated Waste Management Board—CIWMB became defunct on January 1, 2010. California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery The CIWMB's duties and responsibilities were transferred to the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), another agency within the California Environmental Protection Agency, in January 2010. The functions of the beverage container recycling deposit/California Redemption Value (CRV) programs established by the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act (AB 2020, Margolin - 1986), or \"Bottle Bill,\" were consolidated from California Department of Conservation, Division of Recycling into the new CalRecycle. CalRecycle Monthly Public Meetings provide an overview of many pending and recently-made decisions, updates about ongoing department projects and work activities, and a general report from the Director of CalRecycle. January 2010 – January 2011 Margo Reid Brown, who was board chair under the previous CIMWB structure, was appointed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger as the first chief deputy director and acting director of CalRecycle. January 2011 – February 2012 CalRecycle deputy director Mark Leary (and Executive Director of the former CIWMB from 2001 to 2010 ) served as Acting Chief Deputy Director and Acting Director of CalRecycle. February 2012 – May 2012 Mark Leary was appointed by Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. as Chief Deputy Director of CalRecycle and continued to serve as Acting Director of CalRecycle until Caroll Mortensen was appointed. October 2011 – July 2015 Caroll Mortensen was the first director of CalRecycle appointed by Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. in October 2011, confirmed unanimously by the state senate in May 2012, and served until July 2015. Both Mark Leary (2011-2012)",
"title": "California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery"
},
{
"docid": "53721",
"text": "Juan Bautista de Anza Bezerra Nieto (July 6 or 7, 1736 – December 19, 1788) was an expeditionary leader, military officer, and politician primarily in California and New Mexico under the Spanish Empire. He is credited as one of the founding fathers of Spanish California and served as an official within New Spain as Governor of the province of New Mexico. Early life Juan Bautista de Anza Bezerra Nieto was born in Fronteras, New Navarre, New Spain (today Sonora, Mexico) in 1736 (near Arizpe), most probably at Cuquiarachi, Sonora, but possibly at the Presidio of Fronteras. His family was a part of the military leadership in Nueva España, as his father and maternal grandfather, Captain Antonio Bezerra Nieto, had both served Spain, their families living on the frontier of Nueva Navarra. He was the son of Juan Bautista de Anza I. It is traditionally thought that he may have been educated at the College of San Ildefonso in Mexico City, and later at the military academy there. In 1752 he enlisted in the army at the Presidio of Fronteras. He advanced rapidly and had become a captain by 1760. He married in 1761. His wife was Ana María Pérez Serrano (b. January 1744/45, d. date unknown), the daughter of Spanish mine owner Francisco Pérez Serrano. They had no children. His military duties mainly consisted of hostile forays against Native Americans, such as the Apache, during the course of which he explored much of what is now Arizona. California expeditions The Spanish began colonizing Alta California with the Portolá expedition of 1769–1770. The two-pronged Portolá effort involved both a long sea voyage against prevailing winds and the California Current, and a difficult land route from Baja California. Colonies were established at San Diego and Monterey, with a presidio and Franciscan mission at each location. A more direct land route and further colonization were desired, especially at present-day San Francisco, which Portolá saw but was not able to colonize. By the time of Juan Bautista de Anza's expedition, three more missions had been established, including Mission San Antonio de Padua in the Salinas Valley. In 1772, Anza proposed an expedition to Alta California to the Viceroy of New Spain. This was approved by the King of Spain and on January 8, 1774, with 3 padres, 20 soldiers, 11 servants, 35 mules, 65 cattle, and 140 horses, Anza set forth from Tubac Presidio, south of present-day Tucson, Arizona. Anza heard of a California Native American called Sebastian Tarabal who had fled from Mission San Gabriel to Sonora, and took him as guide. The expedition took a southern route along the Rio Altar (Sonora y Sinaloa, New Spain), then paralleled the modern Mexico/California border, crossing the Colorado River at its confluence with the Gila River. This was in the domain of the Yuma tribe, with which he established good relations. Anza reached Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, near the California coast, on March 22, 1774, and Monterey, California, Alta California's future capital (Alta California split",
"title": "Juan Bautista de Anza"
},
{
"docid": "27163984",
"text": "This is a list of Hispanos, both settlers and their descendants (either fully or partially of such origin), who were born or settled, between the early 16th century and 1850, in what is now the southwestern United States (including California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, southwestern Colorado, Utah and Nevada), as well as Florida, Louisiana (1763–1800) and other Spanish colonies in what is now the United States. Governors and explorers, who spent time in these places serving the Spanish crown but never settled in them as colonists, are not included, although they also helped shape the history of the present United States. This list shows notable people of Spanish and Mexican origin who lived in the Hispanic colonies now part of the United States, as well as their descendants. Spanish and Mexican era These are persons who were born and/or lived, and died, in the Spanish or Mexican territories that later were incorporated in the United States. They were never Americans in the sense of persons born, raised or naturalized in the modern United States. Santiago Abreú (died 8 August 1837) governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México from 1832 to 1833 Nicolás de Aguilar (1627–c. 1666) Spanish official in New Mexico. Rosario E. Aguilar (c. 1792–1847) Early settler in San Diego, California. Andrés Almonaster y Rojas (1724 Mairena del Alcor, Spain – 1798 New Orleans) A Spanish civil servant of New Orleans, today chiefly remembered for his numerous charitable benefactions to the city. Pedro de Alberni (born Tortosa, Spain, January 30, 1747–died Monterrey, New Spain, March 11, 1802) Spanish soldier and Governor of Alta California. José Darío Argüello (1753–1828), Spanish soldier, California pioneer, founder of Los Angeles and twice a Spanish colonial governor. Luis Antonio Argüello (1784-1830) Governor of Alta California Gaspar Flores de Abrego (1781–1836) Tejano who served five terms as the mayor of San Antonio, Texas. He was also a land commissioner and associate of Austin's early colonists. Martín de Argüelles (born 1566) First white child (criollo) known to have been born in what is now the United States. His birthplace was St. Augustine, Florida. Ignacio Lorenzo de Armas (1706–after 1764) Spanish politician who served as mayor of San Antonio, Texas, in 1738 and 1764. Simón de Arocha (1731–1796) Judge presiding over the distribution of public lands and mayor of San Antonio de Béjar (1770 and 1787). Bartolomé Baca (c. 1767 – 1834) Governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México Rosa María Hinojosa de Ballí (1752–1803) was a rancher known as the first \"cattle queen\" of Texas Diego de Borica, a Basque Spanish explorer and the seventh governor of Las Californias from 1794 to 1800. Francisco Bouligny (1736–1800) A Spanish high-ranking military and civilian officer in Spanish Louisiana; he served as lieutenant governor under Bernardo de Gálvez and as acting military governor in 1799. Founded the city of New Iberia in 1779. María Ygnacia López de Carrillo (1793-1849) Californio ranchera and founder of Santa Rosa. José Raimundo Carrillo (1749–1809) Early Hispanic settler of San Diego, California and founder",
"title": "List of Hispanos"
},
{
"docid": "529090",
"text": "Jesse Marvin Unruh (, ; September 30, 1922 – August 4, 1987), also known as Big Daddy Unruh, was an American politician who served as speaker of the California State Assembly and as the California State Treasurer. Early life and education Born 1922 in Newton, Kansas, Unruh served in the United States Navy during World War II. After the war, he enrolled at the University of Southern California, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and journalism in 1948. Career California Assembly Unruh's political career began as an unsuccessful candidate for the California State Assembly in 1950 and 1952. He was elected as a member of the Assembly on his third attempt in 1954. In 1956, he was an unsuccessful candidate for Presidential elector for California as a Democrat. In 1959, he wrote California's Unruh Civil Rights Act, which outlawed discrimination by businesses that offer services to the public and was a model for later reforms enacted nationally in the 1960s and 1970s. Unruh was Speaker of the California State Assembly from 1961 to 1969 and a delegate to Democratic National Convention from California in 1960 and 1968. Campaign work As a national official of the Democratic Party, he often feuded with Governor of California Pat Brown (1959–67), a fellow Democrat, and was a case-study of James Q. Wilson's treatise on machine politics, The Amateur Democrat. Unruh was California campaign manager for John F. Kennedy in 1960 and a close Kennedy associate throughout his presidency. He helped convince Senator Robert F. Kennedy to enter the 1968 presidential race and managed his California campaign. Kennedy won the California primary, but was assassinated shortly after his victory speech at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. U.S. President Lyndon Johnson once described Unruh as \"probably one of the most selfish men\" he had met in politics. After an unsuccessful effort, managed by Unruh and Mayor Richard J. Daley of Chicago, to draft Senator Edward M. Kennedy, Unruh released California delegates to vote their conscience and announced that he would support Eugene McCarthy at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Unruh left the legislature to campaign unsuccessfully for governor against Ronald Reagan in 1970. One of his campaign workers was Timothy Kraft, who a decade later was the campaign manager for the unsuccessful reelection bid of President Jimmy Carter. In 1973, Unruh ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of Los Angeles. California Treasurer When he campaigned for state treasurer in 1974, the post was considered insignificant. Unruh's radio advertisements assured voters, \"Make no mistake about it, I really want this job.\" Once elected, Unruh politicized the office. The Wall Street Journal noted he became \"the most politically powerful public finance officer outside the U.S. Treasury\". California pension funds were a major source of revenue for Wall Street underwriting companies, and Unruh secured campaign contributions in exchange for doing business with them. The New York Times said he had gained control of \"an obscure post whose duties had long emphasized bookkeeping. In characteristic fashion,",
"title": "Jesse M. Unruh"
},
{
"docid": "1833478",
"text": "The California Geological Survey, previously known as the California Division of Mines and Geology, is the California state geologic agency. History Although it was not until 1880 that the California State Mining Bureau, predecessor to the California Geological Survey, was established, the \"roots\" of California's state geological survey date to an earlier time. As might be expected for a state that owed its existence to the gold rush of 1849, the California State Legislature recognized that geologists could provide valuable information. In 1851, one year after California was admitted to the United States, the Legislature named John B. Trask, a medical practitioner and active member of the California Academy of Sciences, as Honorary State Geologist. In 1853 the Legislature passed a joint resolution asking him for geological information about the state. He submitted a report On the Geology of the Sierra Nevada, or California Range. About two months later, the Legislature created the first California Geological Survey headed by Trask, who retained the title of State Geologist. Within a few years the mining of placer gold began to decline and mining of quartz lodes began. These changes, coupled with publication of reports by Trask, created a public clamor for a state geological survey. In 1860 the Legislature passed an act creating the Office of State Geologist and defining the duties thereof. The act named Josiah D. Whitney (for whom Mount Whitney is named) to fill the office. A Yale graduate, Whitney had worked on several surveys in the east. The act directed Whitney to make an accurate and complete geological survey of the state. The Team Whitney chose William Henry Brewer as chief botanist to lead the original field party. Brewer then added Clarence King, James Gardiner, topographer Charles F. Hoffmann and packer Dick Cotter. It was one of the most ambitious geological surveys ever attempted and yielded a vast amount of information about California that was hitherto unknown and unpublished. Among the natural features of California they were the first to describe Kings Canyon, which they discovered in 1864. The original California Geological Survey influenced the future of surveying and spurred the creation of the United States Geological Survey. Funding for the field work was limited and the last field work was done in 1870 by Hoffmann and W. A. Goodyear. In 1874 the Survey was officially ended due to hostility between then Governor of California Newton Booth and Whitney. Later Organizations In 1880 the State Mining Bureau was established by the Legislature. The establishment of the Bureau was a direct action in response to the need for information on the occurrence, mining, and processing of gold in the state. Its focus was on California's mining industry and the Governor appointed the State Mineralogist. In 1891, the Bureau published the first geologic map of the state showing eight stratigraphic units in color, along with numerous blank areas where information was lacking. The second colored geologic map of the state, published in 1916, showed 21 stratigraphic units and was accompanied",
"title": "California Geological Survey"
},
{
"docid": "14299544",
"text": "The state highway system in the U.S. state of California dates back to 1896, when the state took over maintenance of the Lake Tahoe Wagon Road. Before then, roads and streets were managed exclusively by local governments. Construction of a statewide highway system began in 1912, after the state's voters approved an $18 million bond issue for over of highways. The last large addition was made by the California State Assembly in 1959, after which only minor changes have been made. 1895 to 1919 The first state road was authorized on March 26, 1895, by the California State Legislature when it enacted a law which created the post of \"Lake Tahoe Wagon Road Commissioner\" to maintain the Lake Tahoe Wagon Road (the 1852 Johnson's Cut-off of the California Trail), now US 50 from Smith Flat — east of Placerville — to the Nevada state line. The 58 mile (93 km) road had been operated as a toll road until 1886, when El Dorado County bought it; the county deeded the road to the state on February 28, 1896. Funding was only enough for minimal improvements, including a stone bridge over the South Fork American River in 1901. Also in 1895, on March 27, the legislature created the three-person Bureau of Highways to coordinate efforts by the counties to build good roads. The bureau traveled to every county of the state in 1895 and 1896 and prepared a map of a recommended system of state roads, which they submitted to the governor on November 25, 1896. The legislature replaced the Bureau of Highways with the Department of Highways on April 1, 1897, three days after it passed a law creating a second state highway from Sacramento to Folsom — another part of what became US 50 — to be maintained by three \"Folsom Highway Commissioners\". This was the last highway maintained by a separate authority, as the next state road, the Mono Lake Basin State Road (now part of SR 120), was designated by the legislature in 1899 to be built and maintained by the Department of Highways. Several more state highways were legislated in the next decade, and the legislature passed a law creating the Department of Engineering on March 11, 1907. This new department, in addition to non-highway duties, was to maintain all state highways, including the Lake Tahoe Wagon Road. On March 22, 1909, the \"State Highways Act\" was passed, taking effect on December 31, 1910, after a successful vote by the people of the state in November. This law authorized the Department of Engineering to issue $18 million in bonds for a \"continuous and connected state highway system\" that would connect all county seats. To this end, the department created the three-member California Highway Commission on August 8, 1911, to take full charge of the construction and maintenance of this system. As with the 1896 plan by the Bureau of Highways, the Highway Commission traveled the state to determine the best routes, which ended up stretching about",
"title": "History of California's state highway system"
},
{
"docid": "62127568",
"text": "Joseph Vincent Cuffari (born 1959) is an American government administrator who has been the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security since 2019. He previously held positions in the Air Force Office of Special Investigations and Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General. Cuffari was also a policy advisor to Arizona Governors Jan Brewer and Doug Ducey. Education and early career Cuffari was born in 1959 in Philadelphia to an Italian American family. He enlisted in the United States Air Force in 1977, immediately after graduating from high school. He served over 40 years in the Air Force including service on active duty, in the Air Force Reserve, and in the Arizona Air National Guard. In 1984, he received a B.S. degree in business administration and management information systems from the University of Arizona. While on active duty, he rose to hold leadership positions in the Air Force Office of Special Investigations. Between 1993 and 2013, he worked for the Department of Justice, culminating in an assignment as the Assistant Special Agent in Charge for the Office of the Inspector General in Tucson, Arizona. A 2013 investigation into Cuffari’s conduct concluded that he misled investigators and violated the inspector general manual when testifying in a civil lawsuit without approval of his superiors. The report raised doubts about Cuffari recommending law firms run by his friends to a complainant in a case he had worked on. The report also stated that while analyzing his government e-mail account the investigation found other items that could warrant further investigation. However, Cuffari left the position a month after the report was issued to work as policy advisor for Military and Veterans Affairs for Governors Jan Brewer and Doug Ducey of Arizona. He received a M.A. in management from Webster University in 1995, and a Ph.D. in management from California Coast University in 2002, an online, for-profit university which at that time, prior to its accreditation, was characterized as a \"diploma mill\" by the Government Accountability Office. In 2019, Cuffari's government bio incorrectly claimed his Ph.D. was in philosophy. At the time he attended California Coast University, it was unaccredited. In 2005, it received accreditation from the Distance Education Accrediting Commission. During this time he also worked for the Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General. DHS Inspector General Cuffari was nominated by Donald Trump and was confirmed by a voice vote in the U.S. Senate as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Inspector General (IG) on July 25, 2019. Upon being confirmed he pledged to continue unannounced inspections of immigration detention facilities. Cuffari rejected his staff's recommendation to investigate what role the United States Secret Service played in the forcible clearing of protesters from Lafayette Square during the Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church in June 2020. Cuffari also sought to limit the scope of the investigation into the spread of COVID-19 within the Secret Service, which had been attributed to the Trump Re-Election Campaign not following COVID",
"title": "Joseph Cuffari"
},
{
"docid": "28971105",
"text": "George T. Burrill (1810–1856) was the first sheriff of Los Angeles County, California. Early life George Thompson Burrill was born in 1810. Career Burrill was elected as Sheriff of Los Angeles County, California to a one-year term in April 1850, shortly after California became a state. He was re-elected in 1851, after which he was elected and served as a justice of the peace. Burrill, who liked to be called Thompson, \"was particular in his dress, careful in his demeanor, clean shaven and wore a handlebar mustache.\" It is said he patrolled the city \"armed with a navy Colt and an infantry dress sword.\" Burrill was one of the signers of a letter to Peter Burnett, California's first governor under the new state constitution, asking what the duties of the newly elected county officials should be: The undersigned would respectfully state that ... in the absence of any laws, it has been found impractical to organize the courts, or otherwise enter upon the discharge of their duties. ... We would respectfully ask Your Excellency for some suitable instructions ... Death Burrill died in Los Angeles, California on February 2, 1856, at the age of forty-six. See also List of Los Angeles County sheriffs References 1810 births 1856 deaths Politicians from Los Angeles Los Angeles County, California sheriffs",
"title": "George T. Burrill"
},
{
"docid": "70094344",
"text": "Steven Cheung (born June 23, 1982) is an American political advisor who is Donald Trump's campaign spokesman in the 2023–24 Republican primary and served in the Donald J. Trump administration. He previously worked in Trump's 2016 and 2020 campaigns. He also worked in communications for the sports organization Ultimate Fighting Championship based in Las Vegas, Nevada. Early life Cheung was born in Sacramento, California and was raised in South Sacramento. He attended California State University, Sacramento where he majored in Computer Science, Engineering, and Government. Career Political campaigns and UFC Cheung began his political career in then Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's administration in California. He later moved to Washington, DC to work on the John McCain presidential campaign. Cheung has served on the campaigns of Steve Poizner for California governor, Sharron Angle for U.S. Senate, and Texas Lt. Governor David Dewhurst for U.S. Senate. In 2013, Cheung transitioned into a career with the Ultimate Fighting Championship in Las Vegas, Nevada, where he worked as \"a director of communications for public affairs at the UFC.\" He was involved in the UFC practice of banning reporters critical of the organization from live events. Trump 2016 campaign and transition Before then candidate Donald Trump was nominated as the Republican presidential nominee at the Republican National Convention in 2016, Cheung left his job at the UFC and joined the Trump campaign's communications and press team as Director of Rapid Response. His duties included \"keeping the campaign up to date on breaking news and pushing back on false or unbalanced reporting\" according to a press release. Cheung, who identifies as an \"Asian American,\" was involved in a statement disavowing support from the Ku Klux Klan and a white supremacist newspaper, who endorsed Trump's campaign. He said, \"Mr. Trump and the campaign denounces hate in any form. This publication is repulsive and their views do not represent the tens of millions of Americans who are uniting behind our campaign.\" After Trump's victory over Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton, Cheung was named as an advisor to the Presidential Transition team. According to media reports, he was at one point considered for the role of White House Press Secretary. That job ultimately went to Sean Spicer. Trump White House Cheung was named as Special Assistant to the President and Assistant Communications Director at the White House on January 19, 2017, one day prior to Trump's inauguration. He was part of a team tasked with helping nominate and confirm Neil Gorsuch to the United States Supreme Court. Gorsuch was eventually confirmed to the Supreme Court by the United States Senate by a 54–45 vote. Shortly after Gorsuch's confirmation, Cheung assumed a different position at the White House. On August 16, 2017, Cheung was appointed as Special Assistant to the President and Director of Strategic Response. He then worked on the passage of Trump's tax reform bill, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The bill successfully passed Congress and Trump signed it into law on December 22, 2017. According to",
"title": "Steven Cheung (political advisor)"
}
] | [
"submitting the budget"
] |
train_7175 | who 's playing in the rose bowl 2017 | [
{
"docid": "54515882",
"text": "The 2018 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Georgia Bulldogs, played on January 1, 2018 at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena, California. The 104th Rose Bowl Game was a semifinal for the College Football Playoff (CFP), matching two of the top four teams selected by the system's selection committee-Georgia of the SEC and Oklahoma of the Big 12. The Georgia Bulldogs won the game 54–48, with a 27-yard run by Sony Michel, shortly after Lorenzo Carter blocked Oklahoma Sooners' field goal attempt in the second overtime. The game lasted four hours and five minutes. Georgia advanced to face the winner of the Sugar Bowl (Alabama) in the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship game, to be played on January 8, 2018 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. With 26.8 million viewers on ESPN, the game ranked as the fifth most-viewed cable program of all time. The game was one of the 2017–18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season. It was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes, and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, with the kickoff at 5 p.m. ET (2 p.m. local time). The Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association organized the game. Sponsored by the Northwestern Mutual financial services organization, the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. Pre-game activities Pre-game activities were held at the Rose Bowl parking lots and at Brookside Golf Course. The 2017 Rose Bowl Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony was held at the Rose Bowl Stadium Lot K on December 30, 2017 from 12:00 to 1:30 p.m.. The 2017 Class members were Mack Brown (Texas), Cade McNown (UCLA), Charles Woodson (Michigan) and Dr. Charles West (Washington & Jefferson), represented by his daughter. Pre-game Rose Parade The 2018 Rose Parade started at 8:00 a.m. Pacific Time and featured floral floats, marching bands, and equestrian units marching down the 5.5 mile route of the parade down Colorado Boulevard. The 2018 Rose Parade's theme was “Making A Difference,” and actor Gary Sinise was its Grand Marshal. Pre-game buildup Team selection In the 2018 Rose Bowl, the #2-ranked Oklahoma Sooners, champions of the Big 12 Conference, faced the #3-ranked Georgia Bulldogs, champions of the Southeastern Conference. This was the first meeting between the University of Georgia and the University of Oklahoma football teams. Traditionally, the Rose Bowl pits the winners of the Big Ten Conference and Pac-12 Conference. However, any teams may be selected every three years, when the Rose Bowl is a CFP semifinal. The Big 12 and SEC champions traditionally meet in the Sugar Bowl. The 2018 Sugar Bowl was used as the other semifinal this year, allowing any team to be selected. As a result of Oklahoma and Georgia making it to the Rose Bowl, it was the first time since the 2015 Rose Bowl (CFP Semifinal) that the Big Ten Conference was not featured in the game. It",
"title": "2018 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "48966894",
"text": "The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game played on January 8, 2018, at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia, and was televised nationally by ESPN. The fourth College Football Playoff National Championship, the game determined a national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. It was the final game of the 2017-18 College Football Playoff (CFP) and, aside from the all star games following this, was the cumulating game of the 2017-18 bowl season. Sponsored by telecommunications company AT&T, the game was officially known as the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship presented by AT&T. The Alabama Crimson Tide came back from a 13–0 deficit at halftime to defeat the Georgia Bulldogs 26–23. This was the first CFP National Championship game to be decided into overtime, and the first overtime National Championship game since the 2003 Fiesta Bowl. True freshman quarterback Tua Tagovailoa and defensive tackle Daron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game. The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season. Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and Rose Bowl Game respectively on January 1, 2018. Background The Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4, 2015. 2018 College Football Playoff The College Football Playoff (CFP) selection committee selected four teams to advance to the playoff: the Clemson Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, Georgia Bulldogs, and Alabama Crimson Tide. The semifinals were played on January 1, 2018. The first semifinal, played at the Rose Bowl, Georgia won 54–48, after a 27-yard run by Sony Michel, shortly after a blocked Oklahoma field goal in the second overtime. In the second semifinal, played at the Sugar Bowl, Alabama defeated defending national champion Clemson 24–6. Teams The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship featured the No. 4 Alabama Crimson Tide and the No. 3 Georgia Bulldogs. It was the teams' 68th meeting, with Alabama leading the series 37-25-4. Alabama The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24–6 to reach the championship game. The Tide had a 12–1 season, becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers. The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban. Georgia The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54–48 in double overtime to reach the championship game. The Bulldogs had a 13–1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship with a rematch victory over the Auburn Tigers, 28–7. The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart. Starting lineups Source: Game summary First half After winning the coin toss, Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game. After two plays, quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown.",
"title": "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship"
},
{
"docid": "45033253",
"text": "Lincoln Michael Riley (born September 5, 1983) is an American college football coach and former player who is the head coach of the USC Trojans football program at the University of Southern California. Lincoln is the brother of successful coordinator Garrett Riley who is the OC for Clemson. He previously served as the head coach at the University of Oklahoma for five seasons from 2017 to 2021, where he won four consecutive Big 12 Championship Games. Playing quarterback himself as a walk-on player at Texas Tech and known for his \"Air Raid\" offensive scheme, Riley has mentored three Heisman Trophy winners at quarterback (Baker Mayfield, Kyler Murray, and Caleb Williams) as well as another starting NFL quarterback in Jalen Hurts. As a fifth-year head coach, he has produced over 28 draft picks including 5 first-rounders, but is 2–4 in end-of-season bowl games and 0-3 in the College Football Playoff. Early career Riley ran track at Muleshoe High School in Muleshoe, a small town of roughly 5,000 in West Texas. He began his high school career at defensive end and made the move to quarterback for his junior and senior seasons. Riley played quarterback at Texas Tech University as a walk-on in 2002, behind senior starter and future Texas Tech coach Kliff Kingsbury and back-up B. J. Symons. Coaching career Early career In 2003, Riley became a student assistant to Mike Leach, gradually progressing to graduate assistant and then to receivers coach. Following his departure from Texas Tech after the firing of Leach, Riley went on to serve five seasons as offensive coordinator at East Carolina University under Ruffin McNeill. Oklahoma Riley was hired by Bob Stoops to be the offensive coordinator for the Oklahoma Sooners on January 12, 2015. In his first season at Oklahoma, Riley led the Sooners to the 7th ranked offense in the country while Bob Stoops led the Sooners to the College Football Playoff. He also won the Broyles Award, awarded the nation's top assistant coach. On June 7, 2017, Bob Stoops retired as head coach and Riley was named his successor. In the 2017 season, Riley, anchored by Heisman winner Baker Mayfield, led his team to the Big 12 conference championship, a No. 2 ranking in the College Football Playoff ranking, and a berth in one of the CFP semifinal games at the Rose Bowl. Oklahoma went on to lose the 2018 Rose Bowl to Georgia, in double overtime, 54–48. It was the first of three consecutive 12–2 seasons for the Sooners under Riley. Moreover, OU won the 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 Big 12 Championship Games during Riley's tenure there. As of the day he had left, Oklahoma (and Riley) had won all four of the revived Big XII Championship Games since the conference resumed them. However, the Sooners had already been eliminated from contention for the Big XII Championship Game for the 2021 season and would soon to move to a new conference. Riley finished his tenure at Oklahoma with a 55–10 record",
"title": "Lincoln Riley"
},
{
"docid": "13251819",
"text": "The 2003 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2003. It was the 89th Rose Bowl game. It was a match-up between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Washington State Cougars. Oklahoma led 27–0 in the fourth quarter and won, 34–14. Sooner quarterback Nate Hybl was named the Player Of The Game. Pre-Game Activities The Pasadena Tournament of Roses chooses their co-Grand Marshals of the 114th annual Rose Parade, they are: Actor/Comedian Bill Cosby, Art Linkletter and Fred Rogers from Mister Rogers' Neighborhood on PBS. On Tuesday, October 22, 2002 - Tournament of Roses President Gary L. Thomas selects 17-year-old Alexandra Wucetich, a senior at San Marino High School & a resident of San Marino, California to become the 85th Rose Queen to reign over the 114th Tournament of Roses Parade and the 89th Rose Bowl Game. Members of the court are: Princesses Anjali Agrawal, Arcadia, La Salle High School; Heather Bell, Pasadena, John Muir High School; Katherine Berber, San Marino, Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy; Glynn Joseph, Altadena, Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy; Megan Maclennan, Pasadena, Polytechnic School; and Danielle Yamamoto, La Canada Flintridge, La Canada High School. Teams Prior to the BCS, this pairing never would have occurred. Oklahoma came into the game Big 12 Champions, while Washington State came in co-champions of the Pac-10. The Rose Bowl normally features the champions of the Big Ten and the Pac-10. However, because the Buckeyes had finished second in the BCS, they were set to play in the Fiesta Bowl for the national championship against the Miami Hurricanes. Earlier in the season, Ohio State had defeated Washington State 25–7. The Orange Bowl had the next pick after the Fiesta Bowl pairing, and #3 (#5 BCS) Iowa was chosen. The Rose Bowl had the next BCS selection. The next, best available team to choose was #8 (#7 BCS) Oklahoma, who won the Big 12 Championship Game, to play Pac-10 winner Washington State. When it came time for the Orange Bowl and Sugar Bowl to make a second pick, both wanted the fifth-ranked USC Trojans. However, a BCS rule stated that if two bowls want the same team, the bowl with the higher payoff has the option. The Orange Bowl immediately extended an at-large bid to the Trojans and paired them with at-large number 3 Iowa in a Big Ten/Pac-10 \"Rose Bowl\" matchup in the Orange Bowl. Rose Bowl committee executive director Mitch Dorger was not pleased with the results. This left the Sugar Bowl with #14 BCS Florida State, the winner of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Notre Dame at 10–2 and #9 in the BCS standings was invited to the Gator Bowl. Kansas State at #8 also was left out. Oklahoma Sooners The Sooners won the Big 12 South and defeated Colorado in the Big 12 Championship Game. Kansas State, although ranked higher in the AP poll, lost to Colorado in the Big 12 North, and could not play in the championship game. Game summary Statistics Aftermath This game",
"title": "2003 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "6804128",
"text": "The 2005 Rose Bowl Game was the 91st edition of the college football bowl game, held on January 1, 2005 at the self-named stadium in Pasadena, California. The Texas Longhorns, second-place finishers in the Big 12 Conference's South Division, defeated the Michigan Wolverines, co-champions of the Big Ten Conference, 38-37. Texas quarterback Vince Young and Michigan linebacker LaMarr Woodley were named the Rose Bowl Players of the Game, the first time that the Rose Bowl separately recognized an offensive and defensive player of the game. The contest marked the first time Texas and Michigan faced each other in football, despite the long history of each school's football program, and also marked the first Rose Bowl in which a Big Ten team appeared without an opponent from the Pacific-10 Conference. ABC broadcast the game nationally in 720p format, the first time the Rose Bowl was telecast in HDTV in the United States. The game would mark the first of 2 consecutive Rose Bowl appearances for the Longhorns, as they would also play in the 2006 iteration, which they would win over the USC Trojans. Teams The USC Trojans and the Oklahoma Sooners were invited to play in the BCS Championship game in the 2005 Orange Bowl. This gave the Rose Bowl an at-large pick, as it gave up its traditional Pacific-10 Conference champion representative. The 2005 Fiesta Bowl also got an at-large pick, having given up Oklahoma to the Orange Bowl. Because the BCS non-AQ Utah Utes team had finished ranked in the top eight, either the Fiesta Bowl or Rose Bowl had to select them. That left one other slot open for the highest BCS ranked team. The Rose Bowl had first choice of this team over Utah, having given up the higher-ranked team. There was a BCS controversy in the remaining at-large team that was selected to play in the BCS bowl games. The California Golden Bears expected to get the invitation, having only lost one game to the top-ranked and undefeated Trojans. Meanwhile, the Texas Longhorns had lost only one game as well - to the #2 and undefeated Oklahoma Sooners. In the 2004 NCAA Division I-A football rankings on November 27, Cal was in the #4 BCS position and Texas was #5. Texas remained idle the next Saturday, but Cal had defeated the Southern Mississippi Golden Eagles in a makeup game from Hurricane Ivan on December 4. Going into the game, the Golden Bears were made aware that while margin of victory did not affect computer rankings, it did affect human polls and just eight voters changing their vote could affect the final standings. In a dramatic twist, Texas, who had been left out of the BCS the year before because of the Oklahoma loss in the Big 12 championship, got enough voters to change their mind in the final vote and more computer points to slide into the BCS #4 slot. When the December 4 rankings came out, Texas was in the #4 BCS position and",
"title": "2005 Rose Bowl"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "20163135",
"text": "The 1917 Rose Bowl, known at the time as the Tournament East-West Football Game, was a college football bowl game on Monday, It was the third Rose Bowl Game, and matched the Oregon Webfoots and the Penn Quakers. It was played at Tournament Park in Pasadena, California, a suburb northeast of Los Angeles. Scoreless at halftime, Oregon scored a touchdown in each of the final two quarters and won 14–0. Oregon team captain John Beckett was named the Player of the Game when the award was created in 1953, with selections made retroactively. This shutout win was Oregon's sole Rose Bowl victory for 95 years, until January 2012; they made appearances in 1920, 1958, 1995, and 2010, and won again in 2015 and 2020. This was Penn's only appearance; other Ivy League teams at the Rose Bowl were Harvard in 1920 and Columbia in 1934, both winners. Oregon and Washington were both unbeaten in the new Pacific Coast Conference that year, and tied in their head-to-head meeting. Oregon was invited to participate in the Tournament of Roses game prior to their despite the fact that Washington had one more conference win than Oregon, having beaten California twice. On the basis of the extra victory, Washington is credited with having won the conference that year. Game summary Oregon was led by the two Huntington brothers, Shy and Hollis. Following a scoreless first half, the Webfoots scored on a 15-yard pass in the 3rd quarter from Shy Huntington to Lloyd Tegert. Oregon scored again in the 4th quarter on a 1-yard run from Shy to lead the Webfoots to a 14–0 upset win. Shy Huntington also had three interceptions in the game. Oregon captain John Beckett was named MVP of the game. Scoring Statistics Game notes Attendance was swelled to 25,000 when the Pasadena Tournament of Roses put up temporary grandstand seating. References Further reading Danzig, Allison (1956), The History of American Football: Its Great Teams, Players, and Coaches. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Hibner, John Charles (1993). The Rose Bowl, 1902–1929: A Game-by-Game History of Football's Foremost Event, from its Advent through its Golden Era. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. pp. 22–30. Lyons, Robert S. (2010). On Any Given Sunday, A Life of Bert Bell. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. MacCambridge, Michael (2009), ESPN College Football Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Game. New York: ESPN Books, Inc. Schmidt, Raymond (2007), Shaping college football : the transformation of an American sport, 1919-1930. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. Smith, Myron J. Jr. (1994), The College Football Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. * Weyand, Alexander M. (1957), The Saga of American Football. New York: The MacMillan Company. Rose Bowl Rose Bowl Game 20th century in Pasadena, California Oregon Ducks football bowl games Penn Quakers football bowl games 1917 in sports in California Rose Bowl",
"title": "1917 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "335282",
"text": "The Sugar Bowl is an annual American college football bowl game played in New Orleans, Louisiana. Played annually since January 1, 1935, it is tied with the Orange Bowl and Sun Bowl as the second-oldest bowl games in the country, surpassed only by the Rose Bowl Game. The Sugar Bowl was originally played at Tulane Stadium before moving to the Superdome in 1975. When the Superdome and the rest of the city suffered damage due to both the winds from and the flooding in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Sugar Bowl was temporarily moved to the Georgia Dome in Atlanta in 2006. Since 2007, the game has been sponsored by Allstate and officially known as the Allstate Sugar Bowl. Previous sponsors include Nokia (1996–2006) and USF&G Financial Services (1988–1995). The Sugar Bowl has had a longstanding—albeit not exclusive—relationship with the Southeastern Conference (SEC) (which once had a member institution based in New Orleans, Tulane University; another Louisiana school, Louisiana State University (LSU) in Baton Rouge, is still in the SEC today). Indeed, the Sugar Bowl did not feature an SEC team only four times in its first 60 editions, and an SEC team played in the game in every year but one from 1950 to 1995. The SEC's opponent varied from year to year, but prior to the advent of the Bowl Championship Series, it was often a member of the Big Eight, the SWC, or a major independent. The Sugar Bowl-SEC relationship has been altered over the past twenty years due to conference realignments and the emergence of a series of coalitions and alliances intending to produce an undisputed national champion in college football, but the ties between the Sugar Bowl and the SEC have persisted and have recently been strengthened. Since 2015, the Sugar Bowl, along with the Rose, Orange, Cotton, Peach, and Fiesta bowls, is one of the \"New Year's Six\" bowls in rotation for the College Football Playoff. It hosted a playoff semifinal following the 2014, 2017, and 2020 seasons, and will next host one following the 2023 season. In other years, it will feature the best available teams from SEC and the Big 12 conferences, an arrangement nearly identical with the relationship between the Rose Bowl and the champions of the Big Ten and Pac-12. As a member of the Bowl Championship Series, the Sugar Bowl hosted the BCS National Championship Game twice, in 2000 and 2004, as the national championship rotated between the bowls themselves until 2006 when the national championship game became a standalone event. Since the 2014 season, the Sugar Bowl has been in the rotation of bowls—commonly referred to as the New Year's Six—that host College Football Playoff (CFP) semifinal games once every three years. History In 1890, Pasadena, California, held its first Tournament of Roses Parade to showcase the city's mild weather compared to the harsh winters in northern cities. As one of the organizers said: \"In New York, people are buried in snow. Here, our flowers",
"title": "Sugar Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "47315798",
"text": "The CONCACAF Cup (officially the CONCACAF Cup presented by Scotiabank for sponsorship reasons) was an international soccer play-off match to determine CONCACAF's entry into the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia. The 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup winner United States played against the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup winner Mexico on October 10, 2015, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, United States. Mexico won the match 3–2 after extra time, therefore qualifying for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Background Even though the CONCACAF Gold Cup takes place on a biennial basis, under previous guidelines prior to 2013, only the winners of the Gold Cup that was held two years before the FIFA Confederations Cup qualified as CONCACAF's representative. For example, Mexico won the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup and qualified for the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. This, in turn, lowered the prestige of the alternating tournament, with CONCACAF teams fielding weaker rosters in the Gold Cup that was held on the same year as the Confederations Cup because the result would have no bearing on qualification for the Confederations Cup. Many teams that were also involved in qualifying for the FIFA World Cup during that year put less focus on the Gold Cup. CONCACAF announced the introduction of a play-off match on April 5, 2013. Starting from the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, the CONCACAF representative would be decided by a play-off between the two CONCACAF Gold Cup winners prior to the Confederations Cup. Then CONCACAF President Jeffrey Webb stated this \"will allow the Champion of every single Gold Cup edition to have the same competitive opportunity to represent CONCACAF at the international level.\" In the case where the same national team wins both Gold Cup tournaments, no play-off is played, and the team qualifies directly to the Confederations Cup. Following CONCACAF's decision to end their affiliation with Traffic Sports USA due to the 2015 FIFA corruption case, Major League Soccer's sister company Soccer United Marketing was chosen as commercial representative for the match. Qualified teams United States qualified for the play-off by winning the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup, after beating Panama 1–0 in the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final on July 28, 2013. Mexico qualified for the play-off by winning the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup, after beating Jamaica 3–1 in the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final on July 26, 2015. Format CONCACAF originally announced on July 23, 2015, that the play-off would be played as a single match on October 9, 2015, in the United States. After the conclusion of the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup on July 26, 2015, CONCACAF announced the Rose Bowl in Pasadena as the venue. The date was later amended to October 10 in order \"to allow fans in attendance to enjoy a day-long of festivities, including Futbol Fiesta, a free, interactive fan zone outside the Rose Bowl.\" Ticketing On August 27, 2015, CONCACAF announced the ticket allocation process for the match. Both the United States Soccer Federation and the Mexican Football Federation received 30% of the tickets each,",
"title": "CONCACAF Cup"
},
{
"docid": "14153478",
"text": "The 2007 Pacific Life Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played December 27, 2007 in San Diego. It was part of the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season and one of 32 games in the 2007–08 bowl season. It featured the Texas Longhorns from the Big 12 against the Pac-10 co-champion Arizona State Sun Devils. Texas won, 52–34, and set Holiday Bowl records for the earliest score and for most points scored in the first quarter. Texas also set a school record for most points scored in a bowl game. A bizarre play involving Chris Jessee, a member of the Longhorn football operations staff and the stepson of the Texas head coach, has been cited as one of the strangest plays of the season. Bowl background The Holiday Bowl is a post-season NCAA-sanctioned Division I FBS college football bowl game that has been played annually at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, since 1978. The game is currently sponsored by Pacific Life Insurance, so it is known as the \"Pacific Life Holiday Bowl\"; previous title sponsors have been SeaWorld, Thrifty Car Rental, Plymouth, and Culligan. Bowl games typically have contracts with specific colleges to provide eligible teams. The conferences affiliated with the Holiday Bowl has changed over the history of the bowl. As of 2007, the game features the 2nd place Pac-10 team and the 3rd place Big 12 team. In 2004, one-loss California was blown out in an upset by the Big 12's Texas Tech, 45–31. Sonny Cumbie, Tech's quarterback, had one of the most memorable performances in Holiday Bowl history. In 2005, an Oregon team playing without its star quarterback (10–1) lost to a battered Oklahoma team, 17–14, solidifying many people's opinions that Oregon was unworthy of a BCS bid. Oklahoma's victory in 2005 was vacated as penalty for having two ineligible players on the team. As a result, there is officially no winner to that game. In the 2006 Holiday Bowl, the California Golden Bears defeated the Texas A&M Aggies 45–10. One of the more popular (yet unusual) events associated with the Holiday Bowl is the Wiener Nationals, the national championships for the U.S. dachshund racing circuit. Pre-game notes Team selection Before the official bowl invitations were made, executive director Bruce Binkowski speculated that the matchup would be Texas vs. USC, which would have been a rematch of the classic 2006 Rose Bowl. With Texas' loss to Texas A&M the Longhorns fell out of contention for a BCS bowl; their bowl situation would be decided largely by the play of other Big 12 teams. Number four Missouri beat number two Kansas to win the Big 12 North Division. Missouri rose to the top spot in the BCS rankings prior to facing Oklahoma in the Big 12 Championship game. Oklahoma won the game to become the Big 12 Conference champion and secure their berth in the 2008 Fiesta Bowl. Even though Missouri defeated Kansas, won their division, and outranked Kansas in the BCS standings (number 6",
"title": "2007 Holiday Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "19954386",
"text": "The 1922 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game played on January 2, 1922, between the Washington & Jefferson Presidents (W&J) and the California Golden Bears. It holds several distinctions including being the only scoreless Rose Bowl Game, the first tie in a Rose Bowl, the first African-American quarterback to play in the Rose Bowl (Charles Fremont West from Washington & Jefferson), the first freshman to play in a Rose Bowl (Herb Kopf of Washington and Jefferson), and Hal Erickson (W&J) became the only man ever to play in two Rose Bowls (1919 and 1922), with two teams (Great Lakes Navy and W&J), without losing. It was also the last to be played at Tournament Park and to be officially known as the Tournament East-West Football Game, and with only 450 students at the time, Washington & Jefferson College was the smallest school to ever play in a Rose Bowl. Game summary The Cal team was highly favored in this game, causing one sportswriter to say \"All I know about Washington and Jefferson is that they're both dead.\" The 1921 Washington & Jefferson team, coached by Greasy Neale, went 10–0 in the regular season, defeating powerhouses Pitt, University of Detroit, and Syracuse. The 7–0 victory over rival Pitt was celebrated with a day of canceled classes and bonfire with inspiration speeches in front of the Washington County Courthouse. As the best team from the east, W&J was invited to the 1922 Rose Bowl to play the best team from the west: the undefeated and heavily favored California Golden Bears. The Red and Black could only afford to send 11 men on the cross-country trip and graduate manager Robert M. Murphy mortgaged his house to pay his family's way. Thus, W&J would be the last Rose Bowl team to play the same 11 men the entire game. During the train ride to Pasadena, in which Greasy Neale continued to prepare his men, one player caught pneumonia and could not finish the journey. Another player who had secretly stowed away on the train was given the ill player's ticket and roster spot. Cal had outscored their opponents on the season, 312–33, but the W&J defense held the Golden Bears' potent offense, led by Brick Muller, with no points and no completed passes, just two first downs, and only 49 yards rushing. In one of the most disputed plays in Rose Bowl history, a W&J rushing touchdown was overturned for an offside violation. The game was notable as the last time a \"small school\" would be represented in the Rose Bowl. W&J's team featured three Rose Bowl firsts: Herb Kopf was the first freshman to play, Charles Fremont West was the first African American to play quarterback, and Hal Erickson became the only man ever to play in two Rose Bowls, with two teams, without losing. W&J's Russ Stein was named Most Valuable Player. He was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 1991. The Red and Black finished the",
"title": "1922 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "54516386",
"text": "The 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on December 29, 2017, at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. It featured the Ohio State Buckeyes from the Big Ten Conference and the USC Trojans from the Pac-12 Conference. The 82nd Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the 2017–18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season. The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and was officially known as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic. Teams The Cotton Bowl was played by Pac-12 Conference champion USC Trojans and Big Ten Conference champion Ohio State Buckeyes. These teams were chosen by the CFP Selection Committee. Traditionally, the Pac-12 and Big Ten champions meet in the Rose Bowl, however in the 2017 season, that game will be used for one of the two College Football Playoff semifinal games. Of note is that this year's Rose Bowl features SEC champion Georgia and Big 12 champion Oklahoma, a matchup which traditionally occurs in the Sugar Bowl, which is being used as the other CFP semifinal game for this year. Prior to kickoff, the Trojans led the all-time series 13-9-1; the most recent game was on September 12, 2009, where the Trojans defeated the Buckeyes by a score of 18–15, scoring with 1:05 remaining in the game to go ahead to stay. USC had won the last 7 games in the series, with Ohio State's last win coming in the 1974 Rose Bowl. This is the eighth time that the schools met in a bowl game. The previous seven bowl meetings were all in the Rose Bowl, most recently in 1985—a game the Trojans won, 20–17. The Buckeyes defeated the Trojans 24–7. With the victory, the all-time series between the schools now stands at 13-10-1 in favor of USC. Game summary Scoring summary Statistics References Cotton Bowl Classic Cotton Bowl Classic Ohio State Buckeyes football bowl games USC Trojans football bowl games 2017 in sports in Texas 21st century in Arlington, Texas Cotton Bowl Classic",
"title": "2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)"
},
{
"docid": "56261247",
"text": "Rodrigo John Blankenship (born January 29, 1997), nicknamed \"Hot Rod\", is an American football placekicker who is a free agent. He played college football at Georgia, where he kicked the longest field goal in Rose Bowl history. He has received considerable media attention for the thick glasses that he wears during games. Early life Blankenship was born in Marietta, Georgia, to Ken and Izabella Blankenship. He is of Brazilian descent through his maternal grandparents, who still live there. After spending several years playing soccer, he began kicking footballs at ten years old. Blankenship attended Sprayberry High School. As a high schooler, he participated in the 2014–15 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. He was ranked by 247sports.com as the ninth-best kicker in the country. College career Blankenship entered Georgia in 2015 as a preferred walk-on and redshirted his first year. As a redshirt freshman, Blankenship earned the starting kicker spot. During the 2016 season, Blankenship was 14-for-18 on field goals and 26-for-26 on extra points. He led the team in scoring and was named to the All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) Freshman team. In 2017 – his redshirt sophomore season – Blankenship received a full athletic scholarship. He informed the team of the positive news after Georgia's 20–19 victory over Notre Dame. In the 2018 Rose Bowl, Blankenship made a record-long 55-yard field goal that proved pivotal in shifting the momentum away from Oklahoma, leading to Georgia's eventual 54–48 overtime victory. In the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship game against Alabama, Blankenship hit a 51-yard field goal in overtime to put the Bulldogs temporarily ahead. However, Georgia ultimately lost the national championship game, 26–23. Blankenship finished the 2017 season having made 20 of his 23 field goal tries and all 63 extra points attempts. By making 87 percent of his field goals attempts, Blankenship had the sixth-best season in school history. His 67 touchbacks – a dramatic improvement over his 20 touchbacks in 2016 – were also a school record, and they came after he adjusted his technique on kickoffs. He led the SEC in extra point attempts and conversions in the 2017 season. In July 2018, Blankenship was selected for the preseason All-SEC First Team. During the 2018 season, he went 19-for-23 on field goal attempts and made all 65 of his extra point attempts. Following the 2018 regular season, Blankenship was named to the All-SEC Second Team. In December 2019, Blankenship won the Lou Groza Award, given to the nation's top placekicker. He also was honored as a member of the SEC Football Community Service Team. In his senior season, he led the SEC in field goal attempts and conversions. Notably, Blankenship never missed a single extra point (200/200) in his college career. College statistics Professional career Indianapolis Colts 2020 season Blankenship signed with the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent on April 29, 2020. In his first game with the Colts, Blankenship made both extra-point attempts and two of three field goal attempts in a 27–20 loss to the",
"title": "Rodrigo Blankenship"
},
{
"docid": "15657576",
"text": "The 1961 Rose Bowl was the 47th Rose Bowl game, played on January 2, 1961, in Pasadena, California. The #6 Washington Huskies defeated the top-ranked Minnesota Golden Gophers, 17–7. Washington quarterback Bob Schloredt returned from a mid-season injury was named the Player Of The Game for the second straight year. As New Year's Day fell on a Sunday, the major bowl games were played on Monday. This was the first season of the new agreement with the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU) to send their champion. Its predecessor, the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), had dissolved after the 1958 season. The Big Ten was no longer in a formal agreement with the Rose Bowl following the demise of the PCC: Big Ten champion Minnesota received and accepted an \"at-large\" invitation. The Great Rose Bowl Hoax occurred during halftime. As seen by an estimated 30 million television viewers, students from nearby Caltech altered the plans for the Washington card stunts, which spelled \"CALTECH\" instead of \"HUSKIES\" and showed the Caltech Beaver mascot instead of the Washington Husky. Teams The Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), from which the \"West\" representative was historically selected, dissolved in early 1959 following a pay-for-play scandal. A new conference, the AAWU, commonly referred to as the \"Big Five\", formed in 1959 with the four California schools (Cal, Stanford, USC, and UCLA) and Washington. For scheduling, former PCC members Oregon, Oregon State, and Washington State dropped UCLA and USC, with the exception of Oregon State at USC. Idaho, who was not part of the scandal but had become uncompetitive, was dropped from the schedules of all the AAWU members. The PCC agreement with the Rose bowl was dissolved for the 1959 season, but former member Washington was invited to the game and demolished Wisconsin. For the 1960 season, the AAWU contracted a new agreement which went into effect with this game. The Big Ten agreement also was dissolved, but the Big Ten had authorized its members to accept Rose Bowl invitations at their discretion. A new agreement with the Big Ten would not be reached until 1962, which became effective with the 1963 Rose Bowl. 1960 Washington Huskies The 1960 Huskies defeated the College of the Pacific and former PCC member Idaho 23–0 to open the season. Washington lost to Navy at Husky Stadium, ending a seven-game winning streak. The Midshipmen finished the regular season at but lost to Missouri in the Orange Bowl. The Huskies won at Stanford and beat UCLA The Huskies continued on with a full PCC schedule, playing Oregon State in Portland and hosting Oregon in Seattle, winning both non-league games by a single point. The November 5 game against USC at the L.A. Coliseum was the deciding factor in the Rose Bowl race, with the Huskies blanking the Trojans The Huskies beat the Cal Bears at home to win the AAWU (or \"Big Five\") championship outright, undefeated in conference play. The final game of the regular season was the Apple Cup (not yet named),",
"title": "1961 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "15720202",
"text": "The 2004 Holiday Bowl was the third bowl game (also the second of three in California) played of the 2004–05 bowl season on December 30, 2004. The game was held at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, pitting the Pac-10's California Golden Bears and the Big 12's Texas Tech Red Raiders. Cal was edged out for a BCS bowl berth by Texas in the last week of the regular season. Teams In 2004 Cal posted a 10–1 record under head coach Jeff Tedford and quarterback Aaron Rodgers, with their only regular season loss coming against the eventual national champion, USC. They finished the regular season ranked No. 4 according to polls, and appeared to have an excellent chance to receive an at-large BCS bowl berth, most likely in the Rose Bowl. Under normal circumstances, the Bears, as Pac-10 runner-up, would have had first crack at a Rose Bowl berth since conference champion USC was playing for the national championship. The Bears entered their final game of the regular season ranked No. 4 in BCS standings and a 24-point favorite over Southern Miss. They won 26–16 in a closer than-expected game. With 13 seconds left in the game and Cal with the ball at the Southern Miss 22-yard, Tedford elected to run out the clock instead of attempting to increase the margin of victory to possibly impress some voters. Leading up to the game, Tedford said he had no interest to run up the score. In a controversial case, the Texas coach Mack Brown made impassioned pleas to media asking poll voters reconsider their final votes. Several Associated Press (AP) voters were besieged by fan emails and phone calls attempting to sway their votes, apparently spurred from Brown's pleas to rank Texas ahead of other \"less deserving teams.\" Nine of the 65 AP voters switched Texas ahead of Cal, and three of them were from Texas. In the Coaches Poll, four voters moved Cal down to No. 7 and two to No. 8, when the week before none had them lower than No. 6. Meanwhile, two coaches moved Texas up to No. 3 when the team did not play that week. The Los Angeles Times wrote that accusations were raised about coaches manipulated voting, but the individual coaches votes were not released to prove or disprove the allegations. The AP Poll makes its voters' records public. No. 6 Texas gained 23 points on No. 4 Cal in the AP poll, and the fifth-ranked Longhorns closed 43 points on the fourth-ranked Bears in the coaches poll. That allowed Texas to earn a BCS berth, finishing .0129 points ahead of Cal in the BCS standings after being .0013 points behind. The Longhorns went on to beat Michigan 38–37 in the Rose Bowl. In part because of the controversy with Cal's BCS ranking, the AP poll withdrew from the BCS after the season. Texas Tech entered the game with a 7–4 overall record and a 5–3 record in the Big XII. The Red Raiders entered",
"title": "2004 Holiday Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "13301110",
"text": "The 2003 FedEx Orange Bowl was the 69th edition of the college football bowl game, played at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida, on Thursday, January 2. It matched the third-ranked Iowa Hawkeyes of the Big Ten Conference and the USC Trojans of the Pacific-10 Conference. Tied at halftime, favored USC pulled away in the second half to win, 38–17. Televised in the United States on ABC, the game was part of the 2002–03 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) of the 2002 NCAA Division I-A football season and represented the concluding game of the season for both teams. Teams Prior to the BCS, the New Year's Day pairings never would have occurred. The Rose Bowl normally features the champions of the Big Ten (in 2002, the Ohio State Buckeyes) and the Pac-10. However, because the Buckeyes had finished No. 2 in the BCS, they were set to play in the Fiesta Bowl for the national championship against the Miami Hurricanes. The Orange Bowl had the next pick after the Fiesta, and No. 3 (#5 BCS) Iowa was chosen. The Rose Bowl had the next BCS selection. The next, best available team to choose was No. 8 (#7 BCS) Oklahoma, who won the Big 12 Championship Game, to play Pac-10 winner Washington State in the Rose Bowl. When it came time for the Orange Bowl and Sugar Bowl to make a second pick, both wanted USC. However, a BCS rule stated that if two bowls want the same team, the bowl with the higher payoff has the option. The Orange Bowl immediately extended an at-large bid to the #5 Trojans and paired them with at-large #3 Iowa in a Big Ten/Pac-10 \"Rose Bowl\" matchup in the Orange Bowl. Rose Bowl committee executive director Mitch Dorger was not pleased with the results. This left the Sugar Bowl with #14 BCS Florida State, the winner of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Notre Dame at 10–2 and No. 9 in the BCS standings was invited to the Gator Bowl. Kansas State at No. 8 also was left out. Iowa Hawkeyes The Hawkeyes tied for the Big Ten conference championship with Ohio State, and they did not meet this season. Iowa's only setback was a five-point loss to in-state rival Iowa State in mid-September. USC Trojans On October 5, in the 300th game for USC on live television, the Trojans lost 30–27 in overtime at Washington State. The Cougars scored with 1:50 left to play to force overtime. The two tied for first place in the Pac-10, but the Cougars won the tie-breaker by virtue of the head-to-head victory. The final game of the conference season was moved to December 2, with WSU at UCLA. Originally it was thought that the Bruins would be the team playing for the Rose Bowl. A 52–21 loss to USC put the Bruins out of contention and the Trojans and Cougars in. The Cougars defeated UCLA 48–27 in Pasadena to advance to the Rose Bowl on New Year's Day; it",
"title": "2003 Orange Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "34031735",
"text": "The 1993 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. They played their home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California and were coached by Terry Donahue. It was Donahue's 18th season as the UCLA head coach. The Bruins finished 8–4 overall, and were Pacific-10 Conference co-champions with a 6–2 record. The Bruins were invited to play in the Rose Bowl against Wisconsin on January 1, 1994. The team was ranked #18 in the final AP Poll and #17 in the final Coaches Poll. Schedule Game summaries Wisconsin (Rose Bowl) The weather was 73 degrees and hazy. UCLA receiver J. J. Stokes set Rose Bowl records for receptions (14) and receiving yards (176). Brent Moss gashed the UCLA defense for 158 rushing yards and 2 TDs. First quarter scoring: UCLA – Bjorn Merten 27-yard field goal; Wisconsin – Brent Moss three-yard run (Rick Schnetzky kick) Second quarter scoring: Wisconsin – Moss one-yard run (Schnetzky kick) Third quarter scoring: No Scoring Fourth quarter scoring: UCLA – Ricky Davis 12-yard run (Merten kick); Wisconsin – Darrell Bevell 21-yard run (Schnetzky kick); UCLA – Mike Nguyen five-yard pass from Wayne Cook (2-point conversion pass failed) Roster Statistics Awards and honors All-Americans: Marvin Goodwin (S), Bjorn Merten (PK, consensus), Jamir Miller (OLB, consensus), Craig Novitsky (OG), Vaughn Parker (OT), J.J. Stokes (WR, consensus) All-Conference First Team: Marvin Goodwin (SS), Bjorn Merten (PK), Jamir Miller (OLB), Craig Novitsky (OG), Vaughn Parker (OT), Darren Schager (P), J.J. Stokes (WR) References UCLA UCLA Bruins football seasons Pac-12 Conference football champion seasons UCLA Bruins football",
"title": "1993 UCLA Bruins football team"
},
{
"docid": "15385706",
"text": "The 1929 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game and the 15th annual Rose Bowl Game. Played on January 1, 1929, the game saw the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (also known at the time as the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado) defeat the California Golden Bears by a score of 8–7. The game was notable for a play in which Cal's All-American center Roy Riegels scooped up a Georgia Tech fumble and ran in the wrong direction towards his own goal line, earning him the dubious nickname, \"Wrong Way\". The two-point safety on the ensuing punt proved to be the margin of victory. Riegels' teammate Benny Lom, who attempted to tackle Riegels on the run, was named the Rose Bowl Player Of The Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively. Teams Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets This was the first appearance for Georgia Tech in a post season bowl game. They had run through their regular season schedule. This included a 13–0 win over Notre Dame and a 20–6 win over Georgia in the Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate rivalry game. They were named national champion by two organizations. They were invited by the Tournament of Roses committee to play in the game. California Golden Bears California was not the Pacific Coast Conference champion in 1928. The 1928 USC Trojans, under coach Howard Jones, were the PCC champions, and also were named a national champion. They were undefeated with a 9–0–1 record. The lone blemish on the Trojans' record came at Cal, who had tied USC 0–0 on October 20. USC had defeated Notre Dame 27–14, the only common opponent with Georgia Tech. The University of Southern California declined the bid to play in the Rose Bowl. California, the second place team with a 3–0–2 conference record appeared instead to represent the Pacific Coast Conference. After tying USC, Cal had lost to the Olympic Club \"Winged Os\". The Bears beat Oregon, Washington and Nevada. They tied Stanford 13–13 in the 1928 Big Game. The Stanford Indians had appeared in the 1928 Rose Bowl where they defeated Pittsburgh 7–6, having been selected controversially over USC the year before. The game On January 1, 1929, the Golden Bears faced the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. Midway through the second quarter, Cal's Roy Riegels, who played center, picked up a fumble by Tech's Stumpy Thomason. Just 30 yards away from the Yellow Jackets' end zone, Riegels was somehow turned around and ran 65 yards in the wrong direction. Teammate and quarterback Benny Lom chased Riegels, screaming at him to stop. Known for his speed, Lom finally caught up with Riegels at California's 3-yard line and tried to turn him around, but he was immediately hit by a wave of Tech players and tackled back to the 1-yard line. The Bears chose to punt rather than risk a play so close to their own end zone, but Tech's Vance Maree blocked Lom's punt for a",
"title": "1929 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "52725793",
"text": "The 2017 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University in the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The 122nd TCU football team played as a member of the Big 12 Conference and played their home games at Amon G. Carter Stadium, on the TCU campus in Fort Worth, Texas. They were led by 17th-year head coach Gary Patterson. They finished the season 11–3, 7–2 in Big 12 play to finish in second place. They lost to Oklahoma in the Big 12 Championship Game. They were invited to the Alamo Bowl where they defeated Stanford. Schedule Game summaries Jackson State At Arkansas SMU (97th Battle for the Iron Skillet) At No. 6 Oklahoma State No. 23 West Virginia At Kansas State Kansas At No. 25 Iowa State Texas At No. 5 Oklahoma At Texas Tech (60th West Texas Championship) Baylor (113th Revivalry) Vs. No. 3 Oklahoma (Big 12 Championship) Rankings Honors and awards Preseason awards Travin Howard (LB) Preseason All-Big 12 Nick Orr (S) Preseason All-Big 12 Austin Schlottmann (OG) Preseason All-Big 12 KaVontae Turpin (WR) Second-Team Preseason All-American (Return Specialist), USA Today Preseason All-Big 12 (Return Specialist) Weekly awards Darius Anderson (RB) Walter Camp Offensive Player of the Week, at Oklahoma State Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week, at Oklahoma State Earl Campbell Tyler Rose Award Player of the Week, at Oklahoma State Kenny Hill (QB) Paul Hornung Award Honor Roll, vs. Kansas Paul Hornung Award Honor Roll, vs. West Virginia Earl Campbell Tyler Rose Award Honor Roll, vs. West Virginia Davey O'Brien Award Quarterback of the Week, at Oklahoma State Manning Award Star of the week, vs. SMU Earl Campbell Tyler Rose Award Honor Roll, vs. SMU Adam Nunez (P) Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Week, vs. West Virginia Gary Patterson (Head Coach) Bobby Dodd Trophy Coach of the Week, at Oklahoma State KaVontae Turpin (WR) Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Week, vs. Kansas Major award watch lists Darius Anderson (RB) Maxwell Award Ben Banogu (DE) Chuck Bednarik Award Kyle Hicks (RB) Maxwell Award Doak Walker Award Earl Campbell Tyler Rose Award Senior Bowl Kenny Hill (QB) Maxwell Award Manning Award Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award Earl Campbell Tyler Rose Award Travin Howard (LB) Chuck Bednarik Award Bronko Nagurski Trophy Patrick Morris (C) Rimington Trophy Shaun Nixon (WR) Wuerffel Trophy Allstate AFCA Good Works Team Nominee Joseph Noteboom (OT) Senior Bowl Adam Nunez (P) Ray Guy Award Nick Orr (S) Jim Thorpe Award Gary Patterson (Head Coach) Paul \"Bear\" Bryant Award Bobby Dodd Trophy Austin Schlottmann (OG) Outland Trophy Senior Bowl Ty Summers (LB) Chuck Bednarik Award Lott IMPACT Trophy KaVontae Turpin (WR) Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Week, vs. Kansas Paul Hornung Award Earl Campbell Tyler Rose Award Taj Williams (WR) Senior Bowl Major award semifinalists Kenny Hill (QB) Davey O'Brien Award Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award Top 20 Patrick Morris (C) William V. Campbell Trophy Major award finalists Kenny Hill (QB) Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award Top",
"title": "2017 TCU Horned Frogs football team"
},
{
"docid": "17178878",
"text": "The 1934 Rose Bowl, played on January 1, 1934, was an American football bowl game. It was the 20th Rose Bowl Game. The Columbia Lions defeated the Stanford Indians (now Cardinal) 7-0. Cliff Montgomery, the Columbia quarterback, was named the Rose Bowl Player Of The Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively. At 35,000, it has the lowest attendance in the Rose Bowl game since the Rose Bowl Stadium was built in 1922. This was one of the few rainy New Year's Day celebrations in Pasadena, California. Rain three days before had turned the Rose Bowl stadium into a small lake. Teams For New Year's Day, 1934, the Lions traveled to Pasadena, California to play the heavily favored Stanford Indians. Stanford had only been scored on four times the entire season, but the Light Blue had performed well, going 7–1 for the season. Columbia University Lions Columbia entered the bowl with a 7–1 record, having lost only one game, to Princeton, who finished their season undefeated. Stanford University Indians In the previous season, the \"Thundering Herd\" of the 1932 USC Trojans, coached by Howard Jones, defeated Stanford 13–0 on the way to a second consecutive national championship and victory in the 1933 Rose Bowl. Freshman players at Stanford (members of the class of 1936) vowed never to lose to the Trojans, and became known as the \"Vow Boys\". During the 1934 season, USC (6–0–1) hosted Stanford (5–1–1) on November 11 in Los Angeles. The Trojans suffered their first defeat in 27 games, losing 7–13, as the Stanford players kept their vow in a game that ultimately decided the Pacific Coast Conference championship. Game summary For the three days before the game, torrential rains soaked the field. “When we arrived the day before the game after traveling from New York by a train, the Rose Bowl looked like a lake,” Montgomery, the team captain, recalled in a 1981 article in The New York Times. The Pasadena fire department pumped out the stadium. Game day itself, though, was also uncharacteristically rainy for Southern California, and the muddy field rendered the game scoreless going into the second quarter. At that time, and with the ball on the Stanford 17-yard line, Columbia quarterback Cliff Montgomery '34 executed a trick play called KF-79. During the play, he spun and slipped the ball to Al Barabas '36, then faked a hand-off to Ed Brominski '35, who ran in the opposite direction. While the Indians went for Montgomery and Brominski, Barabas successfully ran around the defense to score for the Lions. Stanford \"Vow Boys\" Bobby Grayson (152 yards on 28 carries), end Jim \"Monk\" Moscrip, lineman Bob Reynolds and other stars could not overcome the margin as mishaps ruined Stanford's chances. Columbia ended up winning the game, 7–0, capping one of the biggest upsets in Rose Bowl history. The win also cemented Lou Little's reputation at Columbia as the Lions' greatest coach to that time. Aftermath Winning the 1934 Rose Bowl",
"title": "1934 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "17426415",
"text": "Darren Willis (born December 19, 1964) is a former Arizona State University football player who played professional American football for the Tampa Bay Storm. High school years He is an alumnus of Santa Monica High where he starred as a player on the 1982 CIF football champions and was teammates with Sam Anno and USC standout Keith Davis on the team that beat Long Beach Poly 21-8. He was also teammates in high school with fellow Santa Monica defensive back Junior Thurman who eventually along with Sam Anno transferred to USC after playing football at West LA College. Darren starred as a player on the 1982 CIF championship football team and also played defense with Dean Cain, who starred as a defensive back on the 1981-82 team that beat Long Beach Poly 21-8 before accepting a scholarship to play football at Princeton University. Willis later became a coach on the Santa Monica staff in 2001 and helped guide the Vikings to a CIF title the school's first since he was a prep at the school. College career Willis was the starting free safety on the 1987 Rose Bowl Champions team that helped the Sun Devils reach their first appearance in the 1987 Rose Bowl. The Sun Devils were the 1986 Pac-10 Champions and beat both USC and UCLA in Los Angeles and a 16-9 win over the Bruins on October 4, 1987, would prove to be the deciding game in the conference. Jeff Van Raaphorst, who led Arizona State to its first Rose Bowl appearance, defeating Michigan 22-15, in the 1987 game. Van Raaphorst passed for 193 yards and two touchdowns in the game, out-dueling the Wolverines' Jim Harbaugh, and capturing Rose Bowl MVP honors. (The Arizona State University quarterback and 1987 Rose Bowl Most Valuable Player Jeff Van Raaphorst was eventually inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame). Professional career Willis grabbed 6 receptions for 124 yards and a touchdown in the 1991 Arena Bowl championship and was named the game's Ironman. He is currently recognized as one of the top athletics trainers working with current NFL players such as Shawne Merriman. Willis holds a degree from Arizona State University in Kinesiology and has successfully developed personal workout plans for High school, college, and NFL football players to maximize their athletic potential. References 1964 births Living people American football defensive backs Arizona State Sun Devils football players Tampa Bay Storm players Connecticut Coyotes players",
"title": "Darren Willis (American football)"
},
{
"docid": "385730",
"text": "The Los Angeles Christmas Festival was a post-season college football bowl game played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, California, on December 25, 1924, between the USC Trojans and the Missouri Tigers. It was the first and only Festival game ever played, in a time where bowl games were a fairly new concept. It was Missouri's first bowl appearance and USC's second, having last played in the 1923 Rose Bowl. Proposed revival A group led by Derek Dearwater looked to create a new Christmas Bowl in 2010. According to Dearwater, the game was supposed to pit the Pac-10's No. 7 team (or a school from the Mid-American Conference if the Pac-10 didn't have any more bowl-eligible squads) against the Western Athletic Conference's No. 2 team. The L.A. Coliseum was the planned venue, either on Christmas Eve or the following Monday, December 27. The Children's Miracle Network (\"Creating Christmas Miracles for Children in Need\") was to be the game's chief benefactor. However, the bowl proposal \"fell short of meeting the NCAA's licensing criteria due to an inability to secure a back-up conference agreement\" for the Pac-10's No. 7 selection. The game applied to the NCAA for certification in 2011 and again in 2014, unsuccessfully. In 2019, the Los Angeles Bowl was announced, with the game to be played at the new SoFi Stadium. See also List of college bowl games References 1924–25 college football bowl games Defunct college football bowls Missouri Tigers football bowl games USC Trojans football bowl games American football in Los Angeles 1924 in sports in California December 1924 sports events 1924 in Los Angeles",
"title": "Los Angeles Christmas Festival"
},
{
"docid": "20719679",
"text": "The 1981 Rose Bowl was the 67th Rose Bowl game and was played on January 1, 1981, at the Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California. The game featured the Michigan Wolverines beating the Washington Huskies by a score of 23–6. The game marked the first time Michigan Coach Bo Schembechler won a bowl game after seven prior bowl game losses. The matchup The 1981 Rose Bowl matched the Big Ten Conference and Pacific-10 Conference champions. Both teams, Michigan from the Big Ten, and Washington from the Pac-10, came into the game with identical 9–2 regular season records. Michigan had lost games against Notre Dame and South Carolina, and Washington had lost to Oregon and Navy. Washington came into the game having won the Pac-10 title with a 20–10 upset victory over USC. Despite the identical records, Michigan was favored, due largely to the impressive play of its defense. The Michigan defense did not allow a touchdown in the last 18 quarters of the regular season and gave up only 10 first-quarter points and three touchdown passes all year. The streak included a shutout of a Purdue team led by quarterback Mark Herrmann and a victory over Ohio State in which the Buckeye offense led by Art Schlichter was held to three points. Washington Coach Don James noted, \"Michigan is playing defense so much better than anybody else in the country right now.\" Michigan's defense was led by co-captain and linebacker, Andy Cannavino, who led the team with 160 tackles (54 more than any other player on the team) to become the second leading all-time tackler in the school's history. The defense also featured linebacker, Mel Owens, tackle, Mike Trgovac, and safety Keith Bostic. On offense, Michigan had All-American wide receiver, Anthony Carter, who broke the school's career record for touchdowns as a sophomore. Prior to the 1981 Rose Bowl, Schembechler called Carter \"the most gifted athlete I've ever been around.\" Michigan also featured an offensive line that included All-American George Lilja and future NFL players, Ed Muransky, Kurt Becker, and Bubba Paris. Washington was led by senior quarterback and Pac-10 Player of the Year, Tom Flick, who had passed for 2,178 yards in 1980. Washington also had a superb placekicker, Chuck Nelson, who led the team in scoring with 85 points on 31 extra points and 18 field goals. Don James noted that the biggest difference between the two teams was Washington's reliance on the passing game, and Michigan's reliance on the run. Pre-game focus on Schembechler's bowl record Michigan's long-time coach Bo Schembechler was the focus of much of the pre-game press coverage. Schembechler had gone winless in seven prior bowl games (five Rose Bowls, one Orange Bowl, and one Gator Bowl). Bo's record led to jokes by the media, including one Gannett reporter who opened his pre-game story by noting: \"It's bowl time, so they're playing Michigan's song again. No not The Victors, you know, Taps.\" And a UPI story opened with this line: \"Why doesn't Bo Schembechler",
"title": "1981 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "8816860",
"text": "The 2010 Citi BCS National Championship Game was a college football bowl game to determine the national champion of the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season, and was played between the Texas Longhorns and the Alabama Crimson Tide. It was hosted by the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association at the Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California, January 7, 2010. It was the 12th BCS National Championship Game, and the second consecutive year the champion of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) was matched against the champion of the Big 12 Conference. Alabama got the win over Texas, 37-21, to complete a perfect 14-0 season and clinch the school's 13th national championship and first since 1992. The game was the ninth meeting of Texas and Alabama, though the first since the 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic. Prior to the game, Texas led the all-time series with a 7–0–1 record, with the first meeting in 1902. The match-up was the third game in which the Tournament of Roses hosted the BCS National Championship game in Pasadena, and the fifth time, overall, that it has hosted a No. 1 versus No. 2 match-up. However, this was the first time the Tournament of Roses hosted the game as a separate event from the Rose Bowl Game. They had previously hosted BCS Championship games in the 2006 and 2002 Rose Bowls, and pre-BCS No. 1 versus No. 2 match-ups in the 1969 and 1963 Rose Bowls. With the win, Alabama became only the third team to complete a 14-0 season (after Ohio State in 2002, and Boise State just three nights earlier in the Fiesta Bowl). ABC televised the game, as well as the Rose Bowl; Fox televised the remainder of the BCS. The match-up was the final BCS game to air on broadcast television, with cable network ESPN taking over all Bowl Championship Series telecasts starting in 2011. Following the game in June, Citi decided to end the sponsorship of any future Rose Bowl games, including the National Championship game. Pregame ceremonies Audra McDonald performed America the Beautiful prior to the teams taking the field, while Flea, Josh Groban performed the Star-Spangled Banner. United States Air Force Academy parachute jumpers, Wings of Blue, dropped in before the National Anthem and 4 F-18 Super Hornets flew over at the conclusion. Keith Jackson, long-time ABC Sports college football play-by-play announcer, performed the coin toss. Teams Texas wore its white jerseys and was situated on the east sideline, and Alabama wore its crimson jerseys and used the west bench at the Rose Bowl stadium. The two programs that played in this game had won a combined eleven poll-era national championships. Texas had won four, most recently in 2005, and Alabama had won seven, most recently in 1992. Texas had participated in three previous BCS Bowl games and was only one of two teams who were undefeated and had played in at least three BCS Bowls. Alabama had played in two previous BCS Bowl games, 2009 Sugar Bowl and 2000",
"title": "2010 BCS National Championship Game"
},
{
"docid": "49691760",
"text": "The 2016–17 NCAA football bowl games were a series of college football bowl games which completed the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The games began on December 17, 2016, and aside from the all-star games ended with the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship which was played on January 9, 2017. The total of 41 team-competitive postseason games in FBS, including the national championship game, was unchanged from the previous year. While bowl games had been the purview of only the very best teams for nearly a century, this was the eleventh consecutive year that teams with non-winning seasons participated in bowl games. To fill the 80 available team-competitive bowl slots, a new record of 20 teams (25% of all participants) with non-winning seasons participated in bowl games—17 had a .500 (6–6) season, and three losing teams with sub-.500 records (one 6–7 and two 5–7). This was the fifth time in six years that teams with actual losing records were invited to bowl games. None of the six teams that played in bowls on December 26 had a winning record. Schedule The schedule for the 2016–17 bowl games are below. All times are EST (UTC−5). College Football Playoff and Championship Game The College Football Playoff system was used to determine a national champion of Division I FBS college football. A 13-member committee of experts ranked the top 25 teams in the nation after each of the last seven weeks of the 2016 season. The top four teams in the final ranking then played a single-elimination semifinal round, with the winners advancing to the National Championship game. The semi-final games were held at the Peach Bowl and the Fiesta Bowl as part of a yearly rotation of three pairs of six bowls. Their winners advanced to the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, on January 9, 2017. As with the 2015 season, the two semi-final bowls were held on New Year's Eve (Saturday, December 31, 2016), as the Rose Bowl and Sugar Bowl are guaranteed exclusive TV time slots on January 2 if New Year's Day fell on a Sunday (there is a gentleman's agreement to not play New Year's Day bowl games against NFL games, which are played as usual when New Year's Day falls on a Sunday), regardless of whether they will be hosting a semifinal game. To reduce the impact of the semi-final games' New Year's Eve scheduling—a factor that led to lower viewership of the 2015 semi-finals in comparison to 2014, it was announced on March 8, 2016, that the kickoff times of the two bowls would be pushed forward to 3:00 pm and 7:00 pm ET. CFP commissioner Bill Hancock suggested that starting the games earlier would allow viewers to partake in both the CFP games and New Year's festivities. As the earlier start intrudes on the early afternoon window for New Year's Six games, the 2016 Orange Bowl was instead held as a primetime game on",
"title": "2016–17 NCAA football bowl games"
},
{
"docid": "26865534",
"text": "The 1918 Rose Bowl, known at the time as the Tournament East-West Football Game, was a bowl game played on January 1, 1918, at Tournament Park in Pasadena, California. It was the 4th Rose Bowl Game. With America at war, the game was played with players from the Mare Island Marines of California and the Camp Lewis Army from American Lake, Washington. Game summary Since the Rose Bowl game became so popular and most of the college football players were fighting overseas during World War I, the Pasadena Tournament of Roses decided to stage the game with military units, with the approval from President Woodrow Wilson. The Camp Lewis football team represented the US Army. Scoring Game notes According to the Tournament of Roses, \"Within weeks of the 1918 Rose Bowl Game, the majority of the players from both teams were scheduled to go overseas. John Beckett, left tackle for Mare Island, acknowledged this fact and said that “this would be the last battle that we would fight in the name of sports.\" Hugo Bezdek was the coach to lead two separate schools (Oregon in 1917 and Mare Island in 1918) to victories. He also led Penn State to an appearance in the 1923 Rose Bowl. Dick Romney, who had been a football star at Utah, played halfback for the Camp Lewis team, scoring the team's only touchdown. References Rose Bowl Rose Bowl Game 20th century in Pasadena, California Mare Island Marines football Military competitions in American football 1918 in sports in California January 1918 sports events",
"title": "1918 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "22744310",
"text": "The 1941 Rose Bowl was the 27th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Wednesday, January 1. The undefeated and second-ranked Stanford Indians of the Pacific Coast Conference defeated the #7 Nebraska Cornhuskers of the Big Six Conference, 21–13. This was Nebraska's first bowl game and the eighth for Stanford, all in the Rose Bowl. Through 2020, it remains the only meeting between these football programs. This was the last edition of the Rose Bowl to feature a team from the Big Eight (now Big 12) until 2002. Teams Nebraska Cornhuskers Nebraska was 8–1 going into the Rose Bowl and ranked seventh in the nation; their only blemish was a 13–7 loss at top-ranked Minnesota, who did not play in a bowl game. After the announcement of the Rose Bowl acceptance, the celebration that followed lasted for 24 hours in Lincoln, according to newspaper reports. University classes were canceled, and students stormed the state capitol, demanding that the governor lead the singing of the school song, \"There Is No Place Like Nebraska.\" Led by fourth-year head coach Biff Jones, the Cornhuskers had two All-Americans: Warren Alfson and Forrest Behm. Stanford Indians Stanford was led by first-year head coach Clark Shaughnessy, who brought a revolutionary football style called the T formation. This new style of playing was filled with tricks, fakes, and pitchouts that helped the Indians to a perfect 9–0 regular season and a nickname of the \"Wow Boys\", a nod to Stanford's \"Vow Boys\" teams of the mid-1930s. The new features of the style involved quarterback Frankie Albert taking the snap directly from the center. The season before, the 1939 Stanford varsity had been winless in their seven conference games under seventh-year head coach Tiny Thornhill and finished 1–7–1 overall. Game summary Scoring First quarter NEBR - Vike Francis 2 run (Francis kick). STAN - Hugh Gallarneau 9 run (Frankie Albert kick). Second quarter NEBR - Allen Zikmund 33 pass from Herm Rohrig (kick blocked). STAN - Gallarneau 41 pass from Albert (Albert kick). Third quarter STAN - Pete Kmetovic 39 punt return (Albert kick) Fourth quarter No Scoring Highlight of the game The highlight of the game is often considered to be one of the best plays in Rose Bowl history. The Indians drove from their own 23-yard line to the Cornhusker one-yard line before a valiant goal-line stand by Nebraska denied Stanford the end zone. Stanford had four cracks at the end zone from the one-yard line, but the Cornhuskers held each time. Trailing by one point late in the third quarter, Nebraska took over on their own one and opted to punt on first down, which started the play of the game. Kmetovic took the punt at the Cornhusker 40-yard line and dashed and darted his way to the end zone, giving Stanford a 21–13 lead, which was the final score. Statistics {| class=wikitable style=\"text-align:center\" |- ! Team Stats ! Stanford ! Nebraska |- | First downs",
"title": "1941 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "25951522",
"text": "The 1967 Rose Bowl was the 53rd edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Monday, January 2nd, 1967. The game was played between the Purdue Boilermakers of the Big Ten Conference and the USC Trojans of the AAWU. A total of 101,438 people attended the game. Purdue won 14−13. Purdue defensive back John Charles was named the Player of the Game. Because New Year's Day fell on Sunday in 1967, the game was delayed until the 2nd. Teams Purdue Boilermakers This was Purdue's first Rose Bowl appearance, led by All-American quarterback Bob Griese. The team participated in the Rose Bowl with an record, finishing second in the Big Ten Conference. Purdue's only losses were to #1 Notre Dame and #2 Michigan State. Conference champion Michigan State was undefeated at in the Big Ten, but the conference's \"no-repeat\" rule barred the team from playing in the Rose Bowl. Purdue's only other appearance in the Rose Bowl was 34 years later, in January 2001. USC Trojans The USC Trojans, representing the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU), came into the game with a record, ranked in the second ten of the AP Poll and #18 in the UPI coaches poll. They were controversially awarded with the Rose Bowl bid over UCLA, despite the Bruins' #5 ranking, record, and victory over the Trojans. Because of a flaw in the schedule, USC played one more conference game than UCLA and had a 4–1 Pac-8 record to UCLA's . Prior to the UCLA-USC game, it was widely assumed that the winner would go to the Rose Bowl. USC was voted in to the Rose Bowl by the AAWU athletic directors before prior to the game with Notre Dame on November 26, a 51–0 shutout loss in Los Angeles. Many thought awarding USC the Rose Bowl was to make up for 1964, when USC and Oregon State tied for the AAWU title. In that year, it was assumed that if USC upset #1 Notre Dame in its final game, they would get the nod over Oregon State. USC beat Notre Dame 20–17, but Oregon State was awarded the Rose Bowl berth over USC based on a tiebreaker of most recent Rose bowl appearance despite Oregon State's better overall record ( vs. ). The head coach of Oregon State in 1964 was Tommy Prothro, who left after the season for UCLA. Another factor may have been an ankle injury sustained by Bruin junior quarterback Gary Beban, the Heisman Trophy winner in 1967. USC started the season with six wins, then dropped three of their last four games going into the matchup with Purdue. This was the first of four consecutive Rose Bowl appearances for the Trojans; the Pac-8 did not have a \"no-repeat\" rule. Game summary As 1967 was an odd-numbered year, the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU) representative (USC) was designated the home team and wore cardinal red jerseys while Purdue, the visiting team, wore white",
"title": "1967 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "15004248",
"text": "The 1984 Rose Bowl game, played on Monday, January 2, was the 70th edition. The unranked UCLA Bruins upset the #4 Illinois Fighting Illini by a score of 45–9. Rick Neuheisel, UCLA quarterback, was named the Player of the Game. He completed 22 of 32 passes for 298 yards and four touchdowns. Neuheisel, who later became UCLA's head coach, threw two touchdown passes to his eventual predecessor, Karl Dorrell. As New Year's Day fell on a Sunday in 1984, the game was played the following day. This was the third consecutive Rose Bowl win for the Pac-10, with nine wins in the last ten. Teams See also 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season Illinois Fighting Illini Illinois opened the 1983 season with a loss to Missouri. The Illini then swept through the rest of their games including defeats of #4 Iowa, a 17–13 win over #6 Ohio State, and a 16–6 win over #8 Michigan. They became the first team in Big Ten Conference history to defeat all nine of their conference opponents. This was the fourth appearance for the Illini in the Rose Bowl, with previous appearances in the 1947 Rose Bowl, 1952 Rose Bowl, and 1964 Rose Bowl. The Illini were 3–0 in Rose Bowl appearances. UCLA Bruins The Bruins had won the year before in 1983 Rose Bowl against the Michigan Wolverines. The Bruins had a 3–5 record in previous Rose Bowl games. This was the second season for the Bruins with the Rose Bowl stadium as their home stadium. UCLA opened the season with a loss at Georgia, a tie with Arizona State and then a 42–10 loss at #1-ranked Nebraska. Starting quarterback Rick Neuheisel was benched after the Nebraska loss in favor of Steve Bono. On October 1, the Bruins lost to BYU to start the season 0–3–1. Bono was injured during the BYU game, and Neuheisel came back to finish the season. The Bruins then won five straight Pacific-10 Conference games, including a defeat of #11 Washington. The Bruins then lost at Arizona. They came back to defeat USC 27–17. A win by Washington State over Washington in the Apple Cup game put UCLA in sole possession of first place in the Pac-10. UCLA became the only four-loss team to play in the Rose Bowl. This was the ninth appearance for UCLA in the Rose Bowl. Game summary The weather was sunny and 84 degrees. As the \"visiting team\", UCLA wore their white road jerseys with gold pants, and the Illinois Fighting Illini wore their navy blue home jerseys with orange pants. This was the first time UCLA wore its white jerseys in a Rose Bowl; in three previous appearances as the designated visiting team (1962 vs. Minnesota, 1966 vs. Michigan St., and 1976 vs. Ohio St.), the Bruins wore their home \"powder keg blue\" jerseys since they sufficiently contrasted with the Big Ten representative's jerseys. The game was the second Rose Bowl meeting between the two schools. They met in the 1947 Rose",
"title": "1984 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "32286104",
"text": "The 2012 Rose Bowl, the 98th edition of the annual game, was a college football bowl game played on Monday, January 2, 2012 at the same-named stadium in Pasadena, California. The Oregon Ducks of the Pac-12 Conference beat the Wisconsin Badgers of the Big Ten Conference, 45–38, for their first Rose Bowl win in 95 years. The Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association was the organizer of the game and dedicated the game in honor of all wounded military personnel, who tossed the game coin by their representative Grand Marshal J.R. Martinez. Because of sponsorship by Vizio, the first game in the 2012 edition of the Bowl Championship Series was officially titled the Rose Bowl Game presented by Vizio. The contest was televised on ESPN with a radio broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, which began at 1:30 PM (PST) with kickoff at 2:10 PM (PST). The Rose Bowl Game, themed Just Imagine ..., was a contractual sell-out, with 64,500 tickets allocated to the participating teams and conferences. The remaining tickets went to the Tournament of Roses members, sponsors, City of Pasadena residents, and the general public. On September 8, 2011, Executive Director P. Scott McKibben resigned for personal reasons. William B. Flinn, the Tournament’s longstanding chief operating officer, assumed the role of interim executive director. Pre-game activities The game was presided over by the 2012 Royal Court and the Grand Marshal, J.R. Martinez. Members of the Royal Court are Queen Drew Helen Washington, Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy; Sarah Nicole Zuno, Benjamin Franklin High School; Cynthia Megan Louie, La Salle High School; Morgan Eliza Devaud, La Canada High School; Kimberly Victoria Ostiller, Flintridge Preparatory School; Hanan Bulto Worku, Pasadena High School, and Stephanie Grace Hynes, Maranatha High School. After the teams' arrival in Southern California, the teams participated in the traditional Lawry's Beef Bowl in Beverly Hills and the Disney Media Day at Disneyland in nearby Anaheim. The Rose Bowl Hall of Fame ceremony luncheon was held on December 31, 2011 at the Pasadena Convention Center. The inductees were Ron Dayne, MVP of the 1999 and 2000 games from the University of Wisconsin; Dick Enberg, former NBC broadcaster; and George Fleming, the 1960 co-MVP (with Bob Schloredt, who was inducted in 1991) from the University of Washington. The bands and cheerleaders from both schools participated in the early morning Rose Parade on Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena, California along with the floats, featuring stars and giant helmets, from the two conferences. Teams Teams playing in the Rose Bowl game were the winners of the Pac-12 and Big Ten conference championship games, unless one team (or both teams) play in the BCS National Championship game. The teams were officially selected by the football committee of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association on Selection Sunday on December 4, 2011. The Oregon Ducks, winners of the Pac-12 Championship game, represented the Pac-12 Conference, while the Wisconsin Badgers represented the Big Ten after winning the Big Ten Championship Game. Entering the game, the Badgers",
"title": "2012 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "57973385",
"text": "The 2019 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2019, at the Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California. It was the 105th edition of the Rose Bowl Game, and one of the 2018–19 bowl games concluding the 2018 FBS football season. The game matched the Big Ten champion Ohio State Buckeyes against the Pac-12 champion Washington Huskies. Ohio State won the game, 28–23, to capture its eighth Rose Bowl championship in program history. Ohio State head coach Urban Meyer announced his retirement from coaching the month before, making the 2019 Rose Bowl his final game. Sponsored by the Northwestern Mutual financial services organization, the game was officially known as the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. Pre-game activities \"The Melody of Life\" was the theme chosen by Pasadena Tournament of Roses president Gerald Freeny. The game was presided over by Grand Marshal Chaka Khan, the \"Queen of Funk.\". George Halas (Great Lakes Navy), Randall McDaniel (Arizona State), Pop Warner (Stanford), and Vince Young (Texas) were inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame prior to the game. The 130th Rose Parade was held in downtown Pasadena the morning of the game, with floats from both conferences. The bands and cheerleaders from both schools also participated. Teams The teams playing in the Rose Bowl Game were the highest ranking teams from the Pac-12 Conference and Big Ten Conference that were not selected to play in a College Football Playoff (CFP) semifinal game; Washington and Ohio State, respectively. This game marks the first time those two programs met in a bowl game. This was the schools' 12th meeting; Ohio State led the all-time series, 8–3. Both teams arrived in Los Angeles by December 26 and participated in the Disneyland welcome at Disney California Adventure. Their practices were held at the Dignity Health Sports Park (formerly the StubHub Center) in nearby Carson. Washington Huskies Washington secured its berth in the Rose Bowl with a victory over Utah in the Pac-12 Football Championship Game on November 30. The Huskies entered the Rose Bowl with a 10–3 record (7–2 in conference). This was Washington's 15th appearance in the Rose Bowl Game, with a record of 7–6–1 entering the game. Ohio State Buckeyes Ohio State, winner of the Big Ten Football Championship Game, became the Big Ten representative in the Rose Bowl when the team was not selected for the College Football Playoff. The Buckeyes entered the Rose Bowl with a 12–1 record (8–1 in conference). This was Ohio State's last game under head coach Urban Meyer, who announced his intent to retire on December 4. This was Ohio State's 15th appearance in the Rose Bowl Game, with a record of 7–7 entering the game. Game summary Statistics References External links Box score at ESPN Rose Bowl Rose Bowl Game Ohio State Buckeyes football bowl games Washington Huskies football bowl games Rose Bowl Rose Bowl 21st century in Pasadena, California",
"title": "2019 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "2709430",
"text": "Darrell Wayne Bevell (born January 6, 1970) is an American football coach who is the passing game coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as offensive coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings from 2006 to 2010, the Seattle Seahawks from 2011 to 2017, the Detroit Lions in 2019 and for the first 11 games of the 2020 season before being named the interim head coach for the remainder of the Lions season, and the Jacksonville Jaguars in 2021. Bevell played college football for the University of Wisconsin, where he was a four-year starting quarterback. Playing career After playing at Chaparral High School in Scottsdale, Arizona, Bevell redshirted as a freshman quarterback at Northern Arizona University. At the time, Brad Childress was NAU's offensive coordinator. Bevell then embarked on a two-year Latter-day Saint mission to Cleveland, Ohio. When he returned from his missionary service, Childress had joined the staff of Barry Alvarez at Wisconsin. Bevell was offered scholarships from NAU and Utah, but he decided to join Childress at Wisconsin. The 1994, Bevell guided the Badgers to a winning season culminating in a Rose Bowl victory over UCLA. That win represented the Badgers first Rose Bowl appearance since 1963 and first ever Rose Bowl win. In that game, Bevell had a 4 quarter scramble for 21 yards for a touchdown that sealed the Badger victory. They defeated the Duke Blue Devils 34–20 in the 1995 Hall of Fame Bowl, giving Wisconsin back-to-back bowl wins for the first time ever. Bevell finished his college career with 19 school records, including most passing yards in a single game (423) and in a career (7,686). Coaching career College After going undrafted in the 1996 NFL Draft, Bevell began a career in coaching, including stints at Westmar University (Le Mars, IA), Iowa State University, and the University of Connecticut. National Football League Seattle Seahawks In 2013, the Seahawks finished the season with a 13–3 record and eventually defeated the Denver Broncos by a score of 43–8 in Super Bowl XLVIII. Bevell's rushing offense was 4th in the league with 2,188 yards and averaged 136.8 yards per game. Overall in total offense, Bevell's team finished 18th in the league, producing 339.0 yards per game. In 2014, the Seahawks finished the season at 12–4 and attempted to repeat as Super Bowl champions. They came short in Super Bowl XLIX, which they lost to the New England Patriots after passing on 2nd and goal from the 1-yard line with 26 seconds left. Trailing 28–24, Russell Wilson targeted wide receiver Ricardo Lockette, but New England's Malcolm Butler made a game-saving interception with 20 seconds left on the clock. The play call was widely criticized. \"I can't believe the call,\" NBC color commentator Cris Collinsworth said after the play was run. \"You have Marshawn Lynch. You have a guy who's been borderline unstoppable. ... If I lose this Super Bowl because Marshawn Lynch can't get into the end zone, so be",
"title": "Darrell Bevell"
},
{
"docid": "54516183",
"text": "The 2018 Sugar Bowl was a College Football Playoff semifinal bowl game that was played on January 1, 2018 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The 84th Sugar Bowl game, it matched two of the top four teams selected by the Selection Committee-Alabama from the SEC and Clemson from the ACC to compete to face the winner of the Rose Bowl (Georgia) in the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship played on January 8, 2018, at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. It was one of the 2017–18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season. Sponsored by the Allstate insurance company, the game is officially known as the Allstate Sugar Bowl. The contest was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes, with a radio broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, with kickoff at 8:00 p.m. CT (9:00 p.m. ET). Teams The #1-ranked Clemson Tigers, champions of the Atlantic Coast Conference, faced the #4-ranked Alabama Crimson Tide, co-champions of the SEC West Division (along with Auburn who won head-to-head over Alabama.) This was the third consecutive year in which Clemson and Alabama met in the CFPs, though the previous two meetings were in the CFP Championship Game. See also Alabama–Clemson football rivalry Notes January 1, 2018 – The Rose Bowl in Pasadena hosted the other semi-final game. This was Alabama's first Sugar Bowl win of the Nick Saban era. This was also their first win in a Sugar bowl since 1993 against Miami. The Tide had lost games in the 2008–2009, 2013–2014, and 2014–2015 football/bowl seasons. This was also the first win for the Southeastern Conference in the Sugar Bowl since 2010 (Ole Miss has to vacate a win over Oklahoma State), including losses to Louisville, Oklahoma (twice) and Ohio State (twice). Game summary The Crimson Tide immediately took a 10–3 lead at halftime. Alex Spence was the only player to score for the Clemson Tigers with just two field goals. Alabama's defense was a huge factor in the game holding the Tigers to only six points. This matchup was a rematch of the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship in which the Tigers won with quarterback Deshaun Watson leading the team as the game's MVP. The Tigers were not able to perform without Watson and with Kelly Bryant. Scoring summary Statistics References 2017–18 NCAA football bowl games 2017–18 College Football Playoff Sugar Bowl Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Clemson Tigers football bowl games Sugar Bowl 21st century in New Orleans Sugar Bowl",
"title": "2018 Sugar Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "49072483",
"text": "The 2017 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game played on January 2, 2017 at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena, California. This 103rd Rose Bowl Game matched the Big Ten Conference champions Penn State Nittany Lions against the USC Trojans of the Pac-12 Conference, a rematch of the 1923 and 2009 Rose Bowls, the former the first appearance for either team in the bowl and the latter the most recent appearance for either team. It was one of the 2016–17 bowl games that concluded the 2016 FBS football season. Sponsored by the Northwestern Mutual financial services organization, the game was officially known as the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. USC received the Lathrop K. Leishman trophy for winning the game. The contest, played on January 2 in keeping with the game's standard practice when New Year's Day falls on a Sunday, was televised on ESPN with a radio broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, which began at 1:30 p.m. (PST) with kickoff at 2:10 p.m. (PST). The Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association was the organizer of the game. The Rose Bowl Game was a contractual sell-out, with 64,500 tickets allocated to the participating teams and conferences. The remaining tickets were distributed to the Tournament of Roses members, sponsors, City of Pasadena residents, and the general public. Ticket prices were $150 and $210. The bowl game was preceded by the 2017 Rose Parade, the 128th annual Rose Parade which began at 8:00 a.m. (PST) on game day with a theme of \"Echoes of Success.\" Pre-game activities The game was presided over by the 2017 Rose Queen, the Royal Court, Tournament of Roses President Brad Ratliff, and the grand marshals Janet Evans, Allyson Felix, and Greg Louganis. After the teams' arrival in Southern California, the teams participated in the traditional Lawry's Beef Bowl in Beverly Hills and the Disney Media Day at the Disneyland Resort in nearby Anaheim. The Rose Bowl Hall of Fame ceremony luncheon was held prior to the game at the Rose Bowl, where outstanding former players and participants were inducted into the hall. This year's honorees were Bobby Bell, from the University of Minnesota; Ricky Ervins, University of Southern California; Tommy Prothro, Oregon State University and UCLA; and Art Spander, award-winning sportswriter. The bands and cheerleaders from both schools participated in the pre-game Rose Parade on Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena along with the floats. Teams The teams playing in the Rose Bowl game were the highest ranking teams from the Pac-12 Conference and Big Ten Conference that were not selected to play in a College Football Playoff semifinal game. The teams were officially selected by the football committee of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association on Selection Sunday on December 4, 2016, based on the final rankings by the CFP committee. #9 USC Trojans The Trojans started the year with a dismal 1–3 record, but after a Week 4 loss at No. 24 Utah the Trojans reeled off an eight-game winning streak,",
"title": "2017 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "60987569",
"text": "The 2020 Rose Bowl Game was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2020, with kickoff at 5:00 p.m. EST (2:00 p.m. local PST) on ESPN. It was the 106th edition of the Rose Bowl Game, and one of the 2019–20 bowl games concluding the 2019 FBS football season. Sponsored by the Northwestern Mutual financial services organization, the game was officially known as the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual, and was a rematch of the 2012 Rose Bowl, which Oregon also won. Wisconsin made it to their first Rose Bowl since 2013; the game marked the Badgers' fourth consecutive Rose Bowl loss, having lost three straight times from 2011 to 2013. Teams The game matched Big Ten Conference runner-up Wisconsin and Pac-12 Conference champion Oregon. The 2012 Rose Bowl featured the same teams, won by Oregon, who scored 10 unanswered fourth-quarter points in a 45–38 victory. Oregon Ducks Oregon entered the game with an 11–2 record (8–1 in conference). They finished atop the Pac-12's North Division, then defeated Utah in the Pac-12 Championship Game to secure their spot in the Rose Bowl. Oregon was 2–1 against ranked FBS opponents, defeating Washington and Utah while losing to Auburn. The Ducks' only other loss was to Arizona State. This was Oregon's eighth Rose Bowl; they had a 3–4 record in prior appearances, last playing in the 2015 edition, which they won over Florida State. Wisconsin Badgers Wisconsin entered the game with a 10–3 record (7–2 in conference). They finished tied with Minnesota atop the Big Ten's West Division, and advanced to the Big Ten Championship Game due to their regular season win over Minnesota. In the Big Ten title game, the Badgers fell to Ohio State, 34–21. As Ohio State was selected for the College Football Playoff, Wisconsin received an invitation to the Rose Bowl. The Badgers were 3–2 against ranked opponents, defeating Michigan, Iowa, and Minnesota while losing to Ohio State twice. Their only other loss was to Illinois. This was Wisconsin's tenth Rose Bowl; they had a 3–6 record in prior appearances, last playing in the 2013 edition, which they lost to Stanford. Game summary Statistics Some controversy arose from an offensive pass interference call that went against Wisconsin near the end of the game, which nullified a Wisconsin first down and eventually gave the ball back to Oregon, who was able to run the clock down and win the game. The call and its impact on the game led former NFL referee Terry McAulay to publicly disagree with the call. References External links Game statistics at statbroadcast.com Rose Bowl Rose Bowl Game Oregon Ducks football bowl games Wisconsin Badgers football bowl games Rose Bowl Rose Bowl 21st century in Pasadena, California",
"title": "2020 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "55574524",
"text": "Aziz Shittu Jr. (born July 27, 1994) is a former American football defensive tackle. He played college football at Stanford. He was a member of the Philadelphia Eagles in 2017 when the team won Super Bowl LII. He has also played for the Dallas Cowboys. On April 11, 2020, Shittu joined the University of Colorado as a defensive graduate assistant coach. College career Recruiting College career summary In four years at Stanford University, Shittu had 78 total tackles, including a 10-tackle, two-sack game against Iowa in the Rose Bowl his senior year. In his senior year, Shittu received multiple accolades for his play, including All-Pac-12 first-team, Pac-12 All-Academic first-team, Associated Press All-Pac-12 first-team, and Phil Steele All-Pac-12 second-team. He was named the Most Outstanding Defensive Player for his play in Stanford's win in the 2016 Rose Bowl. In his junior year, Shittu was selected to the All-Academic Pac-12 first-team, and in his senior year, he was selected to the All-Academic Pac-12 second-team. During his first two years, he received honorable mention for his academics. College statistics Professional career Philadelphia Eagles Shittu signed with the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent on May 5, 2016. He was waived on September 3, 2016 and was signed to the Eagles' practice squad the next day. After spending his entire rookie season on the practice squad, he signed a reserve/future contract with the Eagles on January 2, 2017. On May 2, 2017, Shittu was waived/injured by the Eagles with a knee injury and was placed on injured reserve. Shittu won Super Bowl LII when the Eagles defeated the New England Patriots 41-33. On September 1, 2018, Shittu was waived by the Eagles. Dallas Cowboys On September 5, 2018, Shittu was signed to the Dallas Cowboys' practice squad. He was released on September 18, 2018. He was re-signed on November 14, 2018. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Cowboys on January 15, 2019. On April 10, 2019, the Cowboys waived Shittu. Philadelphia Eagles (second stint) On August 13, 2019, Shittu was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles. He was placed on injured reserve on August 31, 2019. He was waived from injured reserve on October 5, 2019. References External links Stanford Cardinal bio NFL bio Philadelphia Eagles bio 1994 births Living people People from Atwater, California Sportspeople from Merced, California Players of American football from Merced County, California American football defensive tackles Stanford Cardinal football players Philadelphia Eagles players Dallas Cowboys players Colorado Buffaloes football coaches",
"title": "Aziz Shittu"
},
{
"docid": "17454828",
"text": "The 1944 Rose Bowl was the thirtieth edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Saturday, January 1. This was the only Rose Bowl game with teams from the same conference (Pacific Coast), necessitated by the travel restrictions imposed by the war effort. It determined the champion of the PCC for the 1943 season, and the USC Trojans shut out the Washington Huskies 29–0 in a one-sided game. USC backup quarterback Jim Hardy threw three touchdown passes to lead the Trojans to their seventh Rose Bowl victory and eighth PCC championship. For the first time, the Rose Bowl was broadcast on the radio abroad to all American servicemen, with General Eisenhower in Western Europe allowing all troops who were not on the front lines to tune in and listen. Teams Washington Huskies Favored Washington won all four of its games in an abbreviated season without any PCC matchups, as the other five programs in the Northern Division were on hiatus in 1943 (and 1944). They played Whitman College, Spokane Air Command (twice), and the March Field Flyers. The Rose Bowl was the Huskies' sole conference game of the season; the three teams of the Southern Division (USC, UCLA and California) played each other twice; Stanford was on hiatus until the 1946 season. Washington's most recent game was two months earlier on October 30, and they had lost a dozen players to active military duty since, including two of their best backs, Jay Stoves (a transfer from idle Washington State) and Pete Susick. Head coach Ralph Welch filled roster holes with Navy V-12 trainees and draft rejects who recently arrived at campus, leaving only 28 players available for the game. Oddsmakers made the Huskies two-touchdown favorites to beat USC, but the fielded team differed greatly from that of the regular season. USC Trojans Scoring First quarter No scoring Second quarter USC – George Callanan, 11-yard pass from Jim Hardy (Dick Jamison kick good); USC leads 7–0 Third quarter USC – Callanan, 10-yard pass from Hardy (Jamison kick good); USC leads 14–0 USC – Gordon Gray, 21-yard pass from Hardy (Jamison kick blocked); USC leads 20–0 Fourth quarter USC – Gray, 36-yard pass from Ainslee Bell (Jamison kick good); USC leads 27–0 USC – Gerry Austin’s punt blocked and rolled into the end zone for a safety; USC leads 29–0 References Rose Bowl Rose Bowl Game 20th century in Pasadena, California USC Trojans football bowl games Washington Huskies football bowl games Rose Bowl Rose Bowl",
"title": "1944 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "15499134",
"text": "The 1973 Rose Bowl was the 59th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Monday, January 1. It matched the undefeated and top-ranked USC Trojans of the Pacific-8 Conference with the #3 Ohio State Buckeyes of the Big Ten Conference. USC running back Sam Cunningham scored four touchdowns in the second half and was named the Player of the Game, as the favored Trojans won They were unanimous national champions in both major polls, the first time in college football history. (The final UPI Coaches Poll was released prior to the bowl games, in early December.) The attendance of 106,869 set the stadium record, as well as the NCAA bowl game record. Teams The national championship was on the line for #1 USC, and likely #3 Ohio State. Although #2 Oklahoma already had defeated Penn State in the Sugar Bowl on New Year's Eve to finish their season a convincing win in the Rose Bowl for the Buckeyes might well have swayed the voters to put Ohio State at #1. USC The USC Trojans won all eleven games in the 1972 regular season. Their opener against #4 Arkansas propelled them to the top of the polls, where they remained throughout the season. They had help from new head coach Pepper Rodgers' UCLA Bruins, who had defeated #1 Nebraska to start the season, led by junior college transfer quarterback Mark Harmon. The Trojans' closest contest was a defeat of #15 Stanford. In the UCLA–USC rivalry game with the Rose Bowl on the line for both teams, the Bruins were outmatched by the Trojans USC then soundly defeated Notre Dame behind the six touchdowns of Anthony Davis. Quarterbacking duties were shared by Mike Rae and Pat Haden. The Trojans were favored by two touchdowns in this the first of three consecutive appearances, all against Ohio State. Ohio State This was the first year that freshmen were eligible for varsity football in the University Division (now FBS) due to the NCAA rescinding an earlier rule, and it was the first of four Rose Bowl appearances for freshman Archie Griffin. Ohio State had one loss at Michigan State, on November 11. USC had demolished the Spartans only five weeks earlier in a night game at the Coliseum. Against rival Michigan, the Rose Bowl was on the line for both teams; the Big Ten had rescinded its long-standing \"no repeat\" rule, so Michigan was eligible to play in the Rose Bowl for a second straight year, and the unbeaten Wolverines were a slight favorite over the Buckeyes in Columbus. However, Ohio State used a defensive goal line stand in the first half and another in the second half to beat #3 Michigan The Buckeyes and Wolverines shared the Big Ten title, and the conference's athletic directors voted to give Ohio State the Rose Bowl bid. Because the Big Ten and Pac-8 did not yet permit teams to play in any postseason game except the Rose Bowl,",
"title": "1973 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "17633056",
"text": "Below is a list of Grand Marshals of the Rose Parade. This is an honorary position selected by the president of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association. Many marshals are picked for a relationship to the theme that is also picked by the president. Traditionally, the Grand Marshal of the Rose Parade also participates in the coin toss during the Rose Bowl Game. History The 2022 Rose Parade and Rose Bowl game was led by Grand Marshal LeVar Burton, while 2023's event was led by former congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords. 2020 featured three Grand Marshals: legendary Oscar, Emmy, Grammy and Tony Award-winning actress and singer Rita Moreno, Olympic gymnast Laurie Hernández & Firefly star Gina Torres. However, the next year no Rose Parade was held due to the ongoing COVID pandemic. It marked the first time such a thing happened in 130 years. Ten-time Grammy Award winner Chaka Khan was chosen by Tournament of Roses Association president Gerald Freeny as the Grand Marshal for the 2019 Rose Parade and Rose Bowl Game. Actor and humanitarian Gary Sinise was chosen as the 2018 Tournament of Roses Grand Marshal by its president Lance Tibbet on October 30, 2017. Sinise is known for playing the role of Lt. Dan Taylor in Forrest Gump. The Disney family is the only family to have more than one member serve as Grand Marshal: Walt Disney was the 1966 Grand Marshal, then his nephew Roy E. Disney held the post in 2000. Additionally, Mickey Mouse was the grand marshal for the 2005 parade. A number of years have featured multiple grand marshals, with the most in one parade being 1952, when seven Medal of Honor recipients were the grand marshals. Dr. Francis F. Rowland has been the grand marshal more than any other person - a total of seven times, in 1890, 1892, 1894, 1904, 1905, 1910 (this year sharing this duty with Prof. Charles F. Holder), and 1916. Former child actress Shirley Temple Black holds the runner-up position, having been grand marshal three times in 1939, 1989 and 1999, the latter year where she shared this honor with astronaut Buzz Aldrin, baseball player Jackie Robinson (who was also the first ever posthumous grand marshal) and film producer David L. Wolper. On May 9, 2014, Louis Zamperini was selected as the Grand Marshal for the 2015 Tournament of Roses Parade, though he died of pneumonia two months later, and six months before the parade was set to begin. Rather than select a new Grand Marshal, the Tournament announced that it was \"committed to honoring him as the Grand Marshal of the 2015 Rose Parade,\" making him the first posthumous grand marshal since Jackie Robinson in 1999. At the parade, the formal honour was given to son Luke Zamperini (with his wife Lisa son Clay) and daughter Cynthia Garris (with her husband Mike). On November 3, 2016, the 2017 Grand Marshals were revealed to be three Olympic athletes: Greg Louganis, Janet Evans and Allyson Felix. The Olympians were deliberately",
"title": "Grand Marshals of the Rose Parade"
},
{
"docid": "53038435",
"text": "The 2017–18 NCAA football bowl games was a series of college football bowl games which completed the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The games began on December 16, 2017, and aside from the all-star games ended with the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship, which was played on January 8, 2018. The total of 40 team-competitive bowls in FBS, including the national championship game, was one less than the previous year, with the folding of the Poinsettia Bowl. To fill the 78 available bowl slots, a total of 15 teams (19% of all participants) with non-winning (6–6) seasons participated in bowl games. This marks only the second time in seven years that no teams with losing seasons (6–7 or 5–7) had to be invited to fill available bowl berths. Schedule The schedule for the 2017–18 bowl games is below. All times are EST (UTC−5). College Football Playoff and Championship Game The College Football Playoff system was used to determine a national champion of Division I FBS college football. A 13-member committee of experts ranked the top 25 teams in the nation after each of the last seven weeks of the 2017 season. The top four teams in the final ranking played a single-elimination semifinal round, with the winners advancing to the National Championship game. The semifinal games were the Rose Bowl and the Sugar Bowl. Both were played on New Year's Day, as part of a yearly rotation of three pairs of six bowls, commonly referred to as the CFP New Year's Six bowl games. Their winners advanced to the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 8, 2018. Each of the games in the following table was televised by ESPN. Non-CFP bowl games On April 11, 2016, the NCAA announced a freeze on new bowl games until after the 2019 season. While bowl games had been the purview of only the very best teams for nearly a century, the NCAA had to lower its postseason eligibility criteria repeatedly (2006, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013), eventually allowing teams with losing seasons (5–7) to participate in bowls due to there being not enough bowl-eligible teams, while also having to allow teams from the same conference to meet in the 2015 Arizona Bowl due to the lack of eligible teams to meet its other tie-ins. For the 2017–18 bowl season, 62% of the 130 teams playing in Division I FBS were deemed eligible to participate in a bowl game, with 60% actually receiving invites to fill the 78 available slots. For the 2017–18 bowl season, changes from the prior season's bowl games include the relocation of the Miami Beach Bowl to Frisco, Texas as the Frisco Bowl, and the discontinuation of the Poinsettia Bowl. The Russel Athletic Bowl was renamed the Camping World Bowl under a new sponsorship, and after going without a sponsor for two years, the St. Petersburg Bowl was renamed the Gasparilla Bowl (a name that pays homage to Tampa",
"title": "2017–18 NCAA football bowl games"
},
{
"docid": "40274019",
"text": "The NFLPA Collegiate Bowl was a postseason college football all-star game for National Football League Draft-eligible players, held annually in January. The event was founded in 2012 by the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA). In 2023, the NFLPA decided to cancel the game after 12 years. Players predominantly, but not exclusively, were from teams within the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). The first six editions of the game were played in Carson, California, at the venue first known as Home Depot Center and later as StubHub Center. Starting with the 2018 edition, the game was held at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. History In January 2012, the NFLPA founded the NFLPA Collegiate Bowl after sponsoring the Texas vs The Nation game in previous years. The inaugural NFLPA Collegiate Bowl was open to NFL draft-eligible underclassmen players but, beginning with the second annual event, only draft-eligible seniors were allowed to participate. The event was established in part to prepare draft-eligible college football players for a career in the NFL. During the week preceding the game, the NFLPA provides an introduction to the players union and educates players on the business side of an NFL career. Current and former NFL players are invited to attend the week's events to share their NFL experiences with the draft eligible players. The NFLPA also hosts community-focused events including a youth football clinic. The 2012 and 2013 games were hosted at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California. The Home Depot Center was renamed the StubHub Center in June 2013; the venue subsequently hosted the 2014 through 2017 games. In November 2017, bowl organizers announced the game would relocate to the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena, California, effective with the 2018 game. The game was sponsored by AstroTurf in 2012, Winnol in 2013, and Panini America in 2014. The game utilizes some special rules. As of the 2018 edition, a kickoff starts each half (per normal rules), while the second and fourth quarters begin with the team that kicked off the half starting with a first-and-ten at their 25-yard-line. Also, a team trailing by 20 or more points retains possession of the ball following a score. According to the game's official website, 112 players participated in the 2018 game, representing 84 colleges; 42 players were invited to the 2018 NFL Scouting Combine, with 19 selected in the 2018 NFL Draft. Game results Through the 2023 playing of the game, the National team leads the series, 9–2. Coach and score of the winning team are in bold font. Source: MVPs Source: Broadcasting In 2012, the inaugural NFLPA Collegiate Bowl was broadcast on the NBC Sports Network. In December 2012, the NFLPA and ESPN signed a multiyear agreement to air the game on the ESPN network. The 2013 game was broadcast on ESPN2 and, as part of the agreement, some of the practices leading up to the event were aired on ESPNU. ESPN continued as the broadcaster through the 2016 game.",
"title": "NFLPA Collegiate Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "15382337",
"text": "The 1947 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game. It was the 33rd Rose Bowl Game. The Illinois Fighting Illini defeated the UCLA Bruins, 45–14. Illinois halfbacks Buddy Young and Jules Rykovich shared the Rose Bowl Player Of The Game award. They were named the Rose Bowl Players Of The Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively. It was the first Rose Bowl game that featured teams from the Pacific Coast Conference and the Big Nine Conference by the terms of an exclusive five-year agreement. It is known as the first \"modern\" Rose Bowl, and the modern Rose Bowl records date back to this game. This exclusive agreement remained in place until the 1999 Rose Bowl when the Rose Bowl became part of the Bowl Championship Series, with the exception of the games from 1960 onward following the collapse of the PCC and prior to the renegotiation with the newly formed Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU), highlighted by the 1962 Rose Bowl where Big Ten champion Ohio State declined the invitation. Big Nine-PCC agreement At the beginning, the Rose Bowl game was intended to match a West Coast team against the best of the nation. The first team to appear was Michigan in the 1902 Rose Bowl when they defeated Stanford 49-0. The Rose Bowl began to be hosted by the Pacific Coast Conference when it was revived in the 1916 Rose Bowl, and permanently with the 1920 Rose Bowl. Ohio State was the next Big Ten team to participate what they lost to California 0-28 in the 1921 Rose Bowl. The Big Ten did not participate in bowl games following that game. The University of Chicago discontinued its football program in 1939 and withdrew from the conference in 1946, leaving the Big Nine Conference. During World War II, many college football schools had dropped some conference opponents and instead played football against local military base teams. Many colleges could not even field teams due to the draft and manpower requirements. After the war was over, demobilization and the G.I. Bill enabled returning servicemen to attend college. The 1946 season was the first true post-war college football season with travel restrictions lifted and civilian college opponents returning to schedules. The Big Nine agreed, after much negotiating over payments, rules, and ticket allocations to a five-year exclusive deal with the Rose Bowl to send the conference champion to meet the PCC conference champion. UCLA, USC, Minnesota and Illinois all voted against it. UCLA, the PCC conference champion, expressed interest in playing either Army or Notre Dame, who had played to a scoreless tie in the 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game. The Big Nine and PCC were of the same accord when it came to treating players as amateurs, as compared to the semi-professional status that the Southern Universities proposed. Also, the Big Nine and PCC both had the same attitudes towards desegregation and allowing African-Americans to play football. Many other universities",
"title": "1947 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "72166006",
"text": "The 2023 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game played on January 2, 2023, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. The 109th annual Rose Bowl, the game featured Penn State from the Big Ten Conference and Utah from the Pac-12 Conference. The game began at 2:11p.m. PST and was aired on ESPN and ESPN Radio. It was one of the 2022–23 bowl games concluding the 2022 FBS football season. Sponsored by Prudential Financial, the game is officially known as The Rose Bowl Game presented by Prudential. This game was the final Rose Bowl with its conference tie in of Pac 12 vs Big Ten before the expansion of the College Football Playoff to 12 teams in 2024 (2025 Calendar year) and hosting the final four team playoff semifinal in 2023 (2024 Calendar year). Induction ceremonies to the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame were held before the game honoring three-time Rose Bowl Game head coach Hugo Bezdek (1884–1952), recently retired Rose Bowl Stadium CEO Darryl Dunn, 1977 Rose Bowl Game MVP Vince Evans (USC), and 1987 All-American Lorenzo White (Michigan State). Teams Based on conference tie-ins, the game featured Big Ten Conference team Penn State and Pac-12 Conference champion Utah. Utah earned their spot by defeating #4 USC in the Pac-12 Championship by a score of 47–24 on December 2. Penn State earned their spot after Ohio State and Michigan made it to the College Football Playoff. This was Utah's second consecutive Rose Bowl, with an appearance in last year's edition against the Ohio State Buckeyes, while this was Penn State's 5th overall Rose Bowl game, most recently playing in the 2017 edition against the USC Trojans. This game marked the Nittany Lions' 100th anniversary of their first Rose Bowl Game. They were defeated by Southern California 14–3 on January 1, 1923. This was the first time Utah and Penn State had ever played each other. Penn State Nittany Lions The Nittany Lions earned their 5th overall Rose Bowl bid after they finished the regular season as the 3rd highest ranked team from the Big Ten Conference. The two higher ranked teams in the Big Ten, Michigan and Ohio State, both reached the College Football Playoff, giving the Nittany Lions the trip to Pasadena. Penn State finished their regular season with an overall 10–2 record, 7–2 in Big Ten play. Their losses came to Michigan and Ohio State in the 7th and 9th weeks of the regular season, respectively. Utah Utes After winning their second-straight Pac-12 championship, this was the second consecutive Rose Bowl appearance for the Utes, who lost to Ohio State in the 2022 edition. Utah finished their regular season with a 9–3 overall record, 7–2 in Pac-12 play. Their losses came to Florida, UCLA (in the same stadium), and Oregon. The Utes faced USC in the Pac-12 Championship, a rematch between the teams. Utah had defeated USC on October 15 by a 43–42 score (USC's only regular season loss), and defeated them again for the Pac-12",
"title": "2023 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "57050661",
"text": "The 2018 Washington State Cougars football team represented Washington State University during the 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team played their home games in Martin Stadium in Pullman, Washington. They were led by 7th-year head coach Mike Leach and were members of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference. The 2018 season was one of the greatest in Washington State history. The Cougars won a school record-tying ten games, the first time they had won that many in the regular season since the Rose Bowl year of 2002. They also surged as high as seventh in major polling and went into the Apple Cup with a chance to clinch the Pac-12 North title and a shot at the Rose Bowl, but lost 28–15 to rival Washington in the snow in Pullman, a sixth consecutive loss to the Huskies. The Cougars were invited to the Alamo Bowl in San Antonio to play the Iowa State Cyclones. They won 28–26 for a school record 11th win. Mike Leach's air raid offense was led by grad transfer quarterback Gardner Minshew, who led FBS in passing completions and attempts, and finished second in passing yards. Minshew was named Pac-12 Offensive Player of the Year and was the recipient of the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award. He and offensive tackle Andre Dillard were named first-team all-conference. Redshirt freshman offensive tackle Abraham Lucas was named to several national all-freshman teams, and was joined on the all-conference second-team by defensive end Logan Tago. Mike Leach was named Pac-12 Coach of the Year for the second time of his career. Preseason Award watch lists Listed in the order that they were released Pac-12 media days The 2018 Pac-12 media days were held July 25, 2018 in Hollywood, California. Mike Leach (HC), Kyle Sweet (WR/P) & Jalen Thompson (S) represented Washington State at this event. The Pac-12 media poll was released with the Cougars predicted to finish in fifth place at Pac-12 North division. Schedule Conference opponents not played this season: Arizona State, UCLA Rankings Game summaries At Wyoming San Jose State Eastern Washington At USC Utah At Oregon State Oregon At Stanford California At Colorado Arizona Washington Vs. Iowa State (Alamo Bowl) Awards Pac-12 Offensive Player of the Year: Gardner Minshew II Pac-12 Coach of the Year: Mike Leach NFL draft References Washington State Washington State Cougars football seasons Alamo Bowl champion seasons Washington State Cougars football",
"title": "2018 Washington State Cougars football team"
},
{
"docid": "42476299",
"text": "Max Bullough (born February 11, 1992) is an American football coach and former linebacker who is the linebackers coach of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. He played college football at Michigan State. He signed with the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL) as an undrafted free agent in 2014. Early years Bullough was selected to the MaxPreps All-American second-team. He was ranked 14th best linebacker prospect by SuperPrep and was ranked as the 17th best linebacker by Phil Steele. He was ranked as Michigan's Top 10 seniors by the Detroit Free Press. He was selected as the Division 7 Player of the Year by The Associated Press. He received the Ron Holland Scholar-Athlete Award. He was ranked as nation's 5th best middle linebacker prospect by Scout.com and ranked the 11th best linebacker prospect by Max Emfinger. College career Bullough was selected to ESPN.com's Big Ten All-Freshman Team before the season. He finished the season with 23 Tackles, half sack and an Interception. Bullough was selected to the Second-team All-Big Ten in his sophomore season. He was selected to the CollegeFootballNews.com All-Sophomore second-team following the season. He was named to the CoSIDA Academic All-District V Team and was named to the Academic All-Big Ten. In 2012, Bullough was selected to the First-team All-Big Ten by coaches. He also was named to the first-team All-Big Ten by Phil Steele and second-team ESPN.com All-Big Ten. He was named an honorable mention All-American by Pro Football Weekly. In 2013 as a senior, he was named team captain for the second consecutive year and was selected to the first-team All-Big Ten by coaches. He was selected to the NFF Scholar-Athlete of the Year and to the All-America third-team. Bullough finished his last year with 76 tackles, 9.5 for loss Bullough was suspended for the 2014 Rose Bowl by head coach Mark Dantonio following the 2013 regular season for a violation of team rules. His last game for the Spartans was the 2013 Big Ten Championship when Michigan State beat #2 and undefeated Ohio State to win the Big Ten Championship and a Rose Bowl berth. The Spartans (a 4.5-point underdog) ended up winning the 100th Rose Bowl over Stanford 24-20, capping off one of the best seasons in Michigan State football history. Professional career Houston Texans On May 16, 2014, Bullough signed with the Houston Texans as an undrafted free agent. After being cut on August 30, 2014, the Houston Texans signed Max Bullough to their practice squad on September 1, 2014, after he went unclaimed. On November 30, 2014, Bullough made his NFL debut against the Tennessee Titans. In the 2015 season, Bullough was promoted to the active roster along with former Michigan State teammate safety Kurtis Drummond. The Texans made Bullough a starter at linebacker for their 2015 game against the Titans. On May 4, 2017, Bullough was suspended for the first four games of the 2017 season for violating the NFL policy on performance-enhancing substances. On June 2, 2017, he",
"title": "Max Bullough"
},
{
"docid": "3383644",
"text": "Richard Ervins (born December 7, 1968) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins and San Francisco 49ers. He played college football for the USC Trojans. He was selected by Washington in the third round of the 1991 NFL draft. High school career Ervins attended John Muir High School in Pasadena, California, where he participated in football, baseball and competed in track and field. College career In college, Ervins' touchdown run won the 1990 Rose Bowl for the USC Trojans and he was the game's [[most valuable player. He was teammates on a powerful 1989 USC team with Todd Marinovich and Junior Seau. His eight consecutive 100-yard performances at USC were behind only Heisman winners Charles White (10) and Marcus Allen (11) and has since been broken by former Trojans running back Reggie Bush. Professional career Ervins was drafted in the third round of the [[1991 NFL draft[[ by Washington. Ervins later played for the Washington Redskins as a rookie running back, he was a second on the team in rushing yards with 680 on the season (behind Earnest Byner) and helped the team win Super Bowl XXVI. In the Super Bowl, he was the game's leading rusher, with 72 yards on 13 carries as the Redskins beat the Buffalo Bills 37-24. Ervins received several honors during his rookie year with Washington, including the PFWA all-Rookie, Football Digest All-Rookie, Pro Football Weekly All-Rookie, Football News All-Rookie, College & Pro Football Newsweekly All-Rookie, Quarterback Club’s Rookie of the year, and Washington Redskin Rookie of the year. He stayed with the Redskins until 1994 when he moved to the San Francisco 49ers. He retired in 1995. Personal Ricky was adopted by Tony and Sharon Crutchfield when he was 14 years old. He now runs a business, Xtreme Xplosion, that trains high school athletes in Northern Virginia. On August 22, 2016, The Tournament of Roses announced Bobby Bell, Ricky Ervins, Tommy Prothro, and Art Spander would be inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in the Class of 2016. The Rose Bowl Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony then took place on January 1, 2017, outside the Rose Bowl Stadium, one day before the kickoff of the 103rd Rose Bowl Game on Monday January 2, 2017. References External links Ricky Ervins Xtreme xplosion 1968 births Living people American football running backs San Francisco 49ers players USC Trojans football players Washington Redskins players Players of American football from Pasadena, California",
"title": "Ricky Ervins"
},
{
"docid": "9507600",
"text": "Charles Albert Taylor (January 24, 1920 – May 7, 1994) was an American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator. He played college football at Stanford University from 1940 to 1942, returned as head football coach from 1951 to 1957, and served as the school's athletic director from 1963 to 1971. During his coaching tenure at Stanford, Taylor compiled a 40–29–2 record and led the Indians to the 1952 Rose Bowl his first season. That same season, at the age of 31, Taylor was named AFCA Coach of the Year, the youngest recipient of the award ever. As a sophomore, Taylor was one of the \"Wow Boys\" on the undefeated 1940 Stanford Indians football team and played in Stanford's 1941 Rose Bowl victory over Nebraska. As a senior in 1942, he was an All-American guard. Taylor was selected in the fourth round of the 1943 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Rams. By coaching his team to the 1952 Rose Bowl, Taylor became the second person to have participated in the Rose Bowl Game both as a player and a head coach. The first was Wallace Wade who played for Brown in the 1916 bowl game and coached Alabama in 1926,1927 and 1931. Wade also coached Duke University in the Rose Bowl (1939 and 1941). Only six other men have accomplished this feat since Taylor. After leaving coaching in 1957, Taylor returned to Stanford in 1963 as athletic director, where he served until 1971, when Stanford played in the 1971 Rose Bowl, giving him the distinction of being only one of two men who has participated in a Rose Bowl Game as a player, coach, and athletic director. The other man is Jess Hill of USC, who played in the 1930 Rose Bowl, coached in the 1953 and 1955 Rose Bowls, and was athletic director for the 1963, 1967, 1968, 1969, and 1970 Rose Bowls. For many years Taylor and his wife also directed a camp for young people in the coastal range of Northern California near Santa Cruz, called Mountain Camp, where hundreds of young people enjoyed two-week sessions with unlimited recreation and character-building activities. His youngest daughter, Janet Ann Taylor, was 21 when she was murdered near the Stanford campus on March 24, 1974. Confirmed serial killer John Getreu was convicted of her murder in September 2021. Head coaching record References External links 1920 births 1994 deaths American football guards Miami Seahawks players San Francisco 49ers coaches Stanford Cardinal athletic directors Stanford Cardinal football coaches Stanford Cardinal football players All-American college football players College Football Hall of Fame inductees Players of American football from Portland, Oregon Players of American football from San Jose, California",
"title": "Chuck Taylor (American football)"
},
{
"docid": "28722694",
"text": "The Ohio State Buckeyes college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, representing the Ohio State University in the East Division of the Big Ten Conference. Ohio State has played their home games at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, Ohio since 1922. The Buckeyes claim eight national championships along with 38 conference championships and ten undefeated seasons (six perfect seasons). Ohio State is second among all Big Ten programs in terms of conference championships (38) and has an overall record of 468-171-24 in conference play. With 924 wins in over 130 seasons of football, Ohio State ranks Second among all programs in terms of total wins and is First all-time in Winning percentage in the NCAA. Football was introduced to the university by George Cole and Alexander S. Lilley in 1890. Lilley led the Buckeyes to a record of three wins and five losses over his two seasons as head coach. Ohio State was a football independent from 1890 to 1901 before joining the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) as a charter member in 1902. The Buckeyes won two conference championships while members of the OAC and in 1913 became members of the Big Ten Conference. The school saw its first real success in football and in the Big Ten under head coach John Wilce, who spent sixteen years at the university and won three conference championships, with a Rose Bowl appearance in 1921. Ohio State won two more Big Ten titles under head coach Francis Schmidt and won their first national championship in 1942 under head coach Paul Brown. Following World War II, Ohio State saw sparse success on the football field with three separate coaches and in 1951 hired Woody Hayes to coach the team. Under his guidance Ohio State won thirteen Big Ten championships and national championships in 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968 and 1970. During his tenure Ohio State appeared in the Rose Bowl eight times, with the Buckeyes winning four of them. Following Hayes' dismissal in 1978, Earle Bruce became the head coach, leading the Buckeyes to a conference championship and a Rose Bowl appearance in his first season. Bruce coached for the Buckeyes from 1979 to 1987 and was replaced in 1988 by John Cooper. Under Cooper and Bruce the Buckeyes won seven conference championships. Jim Tressel was hired as head coach in 2001 and quickly gave Ohio State its seventh national championship in 2002 with a win in the Fiesta Bowl. Ohio State won seven Big Ten championships under Tressel and appeared in eight Bowl Championship Series games, winning five of them. In his debut as head coach, Urban Meyer led the program to an undefeated 2012 season, and two years later to their eighth national championship in the 2014 season. Through the 2019 season, Ohio State has compiled an official overall record of 924 wins, 326 losses and 53 ties, and has appeared in 50 bowl games, with the most recent coming in 2019 Fiesta",
"title": "List of Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons"
},
{
"docid": "17069574",
"text": "The 1940 Rose Bowl was the 26th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Monday, January 1. In a matchup of undefeated teams, the third-ranked USC Trojans of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) shut out the #2 Tennessee Volunteers of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), 14–0. USC quarterback Ambrose Schindler was named the Player of the Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively. Teams The Rose Bowl committee had both USC and Tennessee on their list and it was likely that USC and Tennessee would play each other. The Volunteers were offered a berth in the Sugar Bowl on November 25; they were also in the mix for the Cotton Bowl, which would have pitted them against the #1 Texas A&M Aggies. But the Rose Bowl committee did not extend official invitations until December 10, 1939. Tennessee In the regular season, Tennessee shut out all ten opponents. Led by two All-American guards, Ed Molinski and Bob Suffridge, the Volunteers were forced to play without their star tailback George Cafego, who fell victim to a knee injury against The Citadel on November 11. After a 7–0 win over Auburn on December 9, Tennessee officially was extended an invitation to the Rose Bowl. USC The Trojans opened the season against Oregon, tying the Ducks 7–7, then scored three straight shutouts, becoming ranked #8 following the second, a 26–0 win over Illinois. A November 4 game featured #7 USC defeating #11 Oregon State 19–7. At Notre Dame on November 25, #4 USC defeated the #7 Irish 20–12. A win over Washington by scoring in the last 1:15 set up the very first epic UCLA–USC rivalry matchup. Kenny Washington, Woody Strode, Jackie Robinson, and Ray Bartlett starred on the Bruins, in which African Americans made up three of the four backfield players. This was a rarity to have so many African Americans when only a few dozen at all played on college football teams. The ninth-ranked Bruins also were also undefeated, with three ties. This was the first UCLA–USC rivalry football game with national implications, as it was the first with the Rose Bowl on the line for both. The attendance of 103,303 was the second largest college football crowd ever in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. UCLA attempted a pass on fourth down, instead of kicking a field goal. Bobby Robertson of USC knocked down Ned Matthews’ four-yard pass in the end zone with less than five minutes to play to preserve the scoreless tie. The Pacific Coast Conference voted to have USC, with a 7–0–2 record play in the Rose Bowl instead of UCLA with a 6–0–4 record. Art Cohn, sports editor of the Oakland Tribune implied that race may have been a factor in the decision, since teams from the south refused to play against African Americans. After the regular season, the Trojans were named national champions. Game summary Trojan backs Granny Lansdell and Ambrose Schindler rushed",
"title": "1940 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "42354609",
"text": "Suzette Maria Taylor (born May 12, 1987) is an American sportscaster for NBC Sports. She has worked for ESPN and the SEC Network. She has covered college football, college volleyball, National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), and men's and women's college basketball. Early life Taylor was born on May 12, 1987, to Steve and Suzette Taylor. High school and college athlete While attending Centennial High School in Roswell, Georgia, she had a successful four-year basketball career in which she received many accolades. Among the awards were being a member of the Atlanta Tip-Off Team of the Year, being a Fulton County Scholar Athlete of the Year, Offensive MVP of her high school volleyball team for three years, a three-time All-Region Selection, and being named All-State as a senior. Taylor was additionally selected to be a member of the 2004 USA Volleyball Junior National A2 team. Taylor received an athletic scholarship to the University of Georgia, where she continued to play volleyball and basketball from 2005 until 2009. While at Georgia she was named a member of the All-SEC volleyball team each season. She also continued to play for the US Volleyball Junior National A2 team, and helped them win a bronze medal during the Open Division of the US Volleyball Championships. By the time her playing days were done in the fall of 2008, Taylor ranked fourth all-time in program history in career kills with 1,729 and was fourth all-time in total points with 2,020. She is 6'2\" in height. Career Prior to 2012, Taylor was a reporter and host for IMG College at the University of Georgia for three years. She also appeared on various studio shows, including Dawg Report, SEC Men's Basketball Tonight, and SportsNite. ESPN In 2013, Taylor was the sideline reporter on ESPN2’s weekly Saturday-night primetime college football telecast in addition to the Orange Bowl, her second straight year covering the annual bowl game. She has been an analyst on the NCAA Women's Basketball Selection Show, NCAA Women's Basketball Tournament Preview Show and also ESPN's coverage of both the NCAA Women's Basketball Tournament and Women's Volleyball National Championship for the previous two years. Taylor joined the SEC Network in 2014. She was a college football reporter on SEC Network with commentator Brent Musburger and Jesse Palmer, and was also an analyst on other SEC telecasts including volleyball and women's basketball. Additionally, she provided sideline coverage for the 2016 Rose Bowl Game between Stanford University and the University of Iowa. In 2017, Maria joined the College GameDay broadcast team as reporter and host, replacing Samantha Ponder (who became the host of Sunday NFL Countdown), and was an ESPN host and reporter for the College Football Playoff between the University of Georgia and the University of Oklahoma. Subsequently, she was a host and reporter for the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship between the University of Alabama and the University of Georgia. Taylor was the sideline reporter for Saturday Night Football on ABC, with Chris Fowler",
"title": "Maria Taylor (sportscaster)"
},
{
"docid": "26731398",
"text": "U2360° at the Rose Bowl is a 2010 concert film by Irish rock band U2. It was shot on 25 October 2009 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, during the band's U2 360° Tour. The Rose Bowl concert featured a sold-out crowd of 97,014 people, breaking the US record for single concert attendance for one headline act. It was live streamed over the Internet via YouTube, and was later released on DVD and Blu-ray on 3 June 2010 in the United States, 7 June in the United Kingdom, and 8 June in Canada. It received generally positive reviews from critics. Background The U2 360° Tour was a worldwide concert tour by the Irish rock band U2, launched in support of the group's 2009 album No Line on the Horizon. The tour was designed by Willie Williams, who has worked on every U2 tour since 1982. Mark Fisher was the architect. The tour featured a 360-degree configuration, with the stage being placed closer to the center of the stadium's field than usual. Williams had been toying with ideas for 360-degree stadium staging for U2 for a number of years, and presented sketches of a four-legged design to the group near the end of their Vertigo Tour in 2006. The inspiration for the \"spaceship-on-four-legs\" design, nicknamed \"the Claw\", came from the landmark Theme Building at Los Angeles International Airport. The initial tour dates were formally announced in March 2009. U2 played 44 shows in 2009, with an additional 38 concerts scheduled for 2010. The performance in Pasadena was the group's penultimate concert of 2009. Filming The 25 October 2009 concert in Pasadena, California was streamed live on U2's YouTube channel, the first time a concert was streamed live on YouTube. The feed was initially set to be restricted to 16 countries but was later made available worldwide. Over 10 million viewers streamed the concert, making it the largest streaming event in the website's history. The shoot was directed by Tom Krueger, who had previously worked with the band on the film U2 3D. Following the success of U2 3D, show director Willie Williams asked Krueger to design the photography and video coverage for the U2 360° Tour. Originally 13 cameras were used for filming close-ups during the tour; however, Kruger added additional cameras for the Rose Bowl concert, resulting in a total of 27 cameras for the shoot. The additional cameras were used for crane shots and capturing footage of the audience. The show's attendance reached 97,014 people, breaking the US record for single concert attendance for one headline act, a mark U2 previously held. Release U2360° at the Rose Bowl was released on 3 June 2010 in the United States and 7 June in the United Kingdom. Four different formats were available, including standard DVD, deluxe DVD, a super deluxe box-set, and Blu-ray Disc. It is the first U2 concert available on Blu-ray. The DVD release was available in one- and two-disc formats, the latter which featured bonus features. Both",
"title": "U2360° at the Rose Bowl"
}
] | [
"Georgia Bulldogs",
"Oklahoma Sooners"
] |
train_7193 | what is the mascot of oregon state university | [
{
"docid": "344160",
"text": "Benny Beaver is the official mascot of Oregon State University and winner of the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign. The exact date of when the name was first used as the university's mascot is not known, but photographs in the school's yearbook document its use as early as the 1940s. The beaver has always been a popular animal in Oregon. In fact, wealthy Westerners were dressing in fashionable beaver fur long before Oregon's territorial days. By the late 1700s, the beaver trade was already a major global industry. Beaver fur top hats were popular attire for the North American and European upper class. At the turn of the 19th century, the newly explored Ameican Northwest was found to be plentiful with beaver. As a territory, Oregon grew into a global supplier. When Oregon became a state, it coined itself \"The Beaver State\" due to the beaver's historic importance as an economic catalyst for the region and, similar to the California \"Gold Rush\", helping to attract thousands of early pioneers and homesteaders. The beaver now appears on the back of the state flag and is recognized as the official state animal. Mascot history The university's school newspaper is the first known organization on campus to adopt the beaver as its namesake and did so as early as 1908. The school yearbook's long use of the name, known as \"The Beaver\" starting in 1916, eventually helped solidify the beaver as the university's official mascot. The popularity of the beaver was also shared by students at University of Oregon. For several early publishings, students at this school also used \"The Beaver\" as their yearbook's title. Oregon State University's first documented use of \"Benny Beaver\" was found in a photograph showing students posing next to a statue of a beaver inscribed with the name \"Benny Beaver.\" The photograph appears in the 1942 edition of the yearbook. Prior to the beaver, Oregon State's mascot was an individual known as \"Doc\" Bell (1893–1928), a longtime member of the university's board of regents. Bell became hugely popular among the students for his ritual of marching to the Marys River after each of Oregon State's victories over Oregon and tossing his hat into the water as a token of celebration. Earlier mascots include \"Jimmie\" the Coyote (1892–1893) and \"Bulldog\" (1906–1910, unofficial and for specific teams only, such as the Wrestling squad). The beaver mascot's name, \"Benny,\" was officially adopted in 1945. Two failed attempts to maintain a live beaver mascot include Bevo Beaver (rescued from Mary's River in 1921 and later stolen ) and Billy Beaver. The early Benny Beaver \"cartoon\" icon/logo was created by famous graphic illustrator, and former Disney employee, Arthur C. Evans. As the art director for Angelus Pacific Company, Evans submitted his design to OSU and it was approved for use in 1951. His logos were used at hundreds of other universities and high schools throughout the nation. Evans' beaver logo also appeared in the 1985 movie Teen Wolf. During",
"title": "Benny Beaver"
},
{
"docid": "923017",
"text": "The beaver is a large semiaquatic rodent. Beaver or The Beaver may also refer to: Arts, entertainment and media Fictional characters Beaver Cleaver, in the Leave It to Beaver TV series (1957–1963) Cassidy \"Beaver\" Casablancas, in Veronica Mars, a 2000s teen drama TV series Beaver, in the Franklin preschool franchise Tony Beaver, in American folklore Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, in Narnia, a 1950 fantasy world created by C. S. Lewis Goodman Beaver, in 1950s/1960s comics by Harvey Kurtzman Films The Beaver (film), a 2011 dark comedy Beavers (film), a 1988 IMAX documentary The Beaver Trilogy, a 2001 documentary Periodicals The Beaver (newspaper), the London School of Economics' student newspaper The Beaver, now Canada's History magazine Other uses in arts and entertainment Beaver (band), a stoner rock band from the Netherlands The Beaver, the name of the Canadian Comedy Awards trophy Beaver, an optional gambling rule in backgammon \"Beavers\", a Series B episode of the television series QI (2004) Businesses Beaver Group, a British technology company Beaver Motorcoach Corporation, a defunct American bus manufacturer Education Beaver College, now Arcadia University, Glenside, Pennsylvania, U.S. Beaver Country Day School, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, U.S. Beaver Local High School, St. Clair Township, Ohio, U.S. Beavers (Scouting), programme for children aged 5 to 8 People Beaver (surname), including a list of people with the name Beavers (surname), including a list of people with the name Beaver (singer) (Beverley Jean Morrison, 1950–2010), a New Zealand jazz singer Dane-zaa, historically known as the Beaver tribe, a First Nations people in Canada Beaver First Nation, or the Beavers, a Canadian First Nation government or band Dane-zaa language, once known as Beaver Beaver Harris (William Godvin Harris, 1936–1991), an American jazz drummer Steve Menzies (b. 1973), nicknamed Beaver, an Australian rugby league footballer Places Antarctica Beaver Glacier (Enderby Land) Beaver Glacier (Ross Ice Shelf) Canada Beaver County, Alberta Beaver Cove (British Columbia) Beaver Lakes (Annapolis), two lakes Beaver Mountain (British Columbia), Selkirk Mountains Beaver Valley (Ontario) United States Beaver, Alaska Beaver, Arkansas Beaver City, Indiana Beaver, Iowa Beaver, Kansas Beaver, Kentucky Beaver, Beaver Township, Bay County, Michigan Beaver, Baldwin Township, Delta County, Michigan Beaver, Minnesota Beaver City, Nebraska Beaver, Ohio Beaver, Oklahoma Beaver County, Oklahoma Beaver, Oregon Beaver, Pennsylvania Beaver County, Pennsylvania Beaver, Utah Beaver County, Utah Beaver, Washington Beaver, West Virginia Beaver, Clark County, Wisconsin Beaver, Marinette County, Wisconsin Beaver (community), Marinette County, Wisconsin Beaver, Polk County, Wisconsin Beaver Mountain, Utah Beaver National Forest, Utah Beaver Township (disambiguation) Sports Bemidji State Beavers, athletic teams of Bemidji State University, Minnesota, U.S. Oregon State Beavers, athletic teams of Oregon State University, U.S. Benny Beaver, the mascot of Oregon State University Portland Beavers, baseball teams representing Portland, Oregon, U.S. Beaver Stadium, in University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S. Weyburn Beavers, baseball team in the Western Canadian Baseball League Vehicles Aircraft De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver Spectrum Beaver, an ultralight family Type 93A Beaver, the Bristol Boarhound's bomber variant Other vehicles Beaver (armored bridgelayer vehicle), a variant of the Leopard 1 tank Beaver (ship), the",
"title": "Beaver (disambiguation)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "1205703",
"text": "The Stanford Tree is the Stanford Band's mascot and the unofficial mascot of Stanford University. Stanford's team name is \"Cardinal\", referring to the vivid red color (not the common songbird as at several other schools), and the university does not have an official mascot. The Tree, in various versions, has been called one of America's most bizarre and controversial college mascots. The tree regularly appears at the top of Internet \"worst mascot\" lists but has also appeared on at least one list of top mascots. History The Tree is a member of the Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band (LSJUMB) and appears at football games, basketball games, and other events where the band performs. The \"Tree\" is representative of El Palo Alto, the tree that appears on both the official seal of the University and the municipal seal of Palo Alto, Stanford's nearby city. From 1930 until 1972, Stanford's sports teams had been known as the Indians, and, during the period from 1951 to 1972, Prince Lightfoot (portrayed by Timm Williams, a member of the Yurok tribe) was the official mascot. But in 1972, Native American students and staff members successfully lobbied University President Richard Lyman to abolish the \"Indian\" name along with what they had come to perceive as an offensive and demeaning mascot. Stanford's teams reverted unofficially to the name \"Cardinal\", the color that had represented the school before 1930. From 1972 until 1981, Stanford’s official nickname was the Cardinal, but, during this time, there was debate among students and administrators concerning what the mascot and team name should be. A 1972 student referendum on the issue was in favor of restoring the Indian, while a second 1975 referendum was against. The 1975 vote included new suggestions, many alluding to the industry of the school's founder, railroad tycoon Leland Stanford: the Robber Barons, the Sequoias, the Trees, the Cardinals, the Railroaders, the Spikes, and the Huns. The Robber Barons won, but the university's administration refused to implement the vote. In 1978, 225 varsity athletes started a petition for the mascot to be the griffin, but this campaign also failed. Finally, in 1981, President Donald Kennedy declared that all Stanford athletic teams would be represented exclusively by the color cardinal. However, in 1975, the band had performed a series of halftime shows that facetiously suggested several other new mascot candidates it considered particularly appropriate for Stanford, including the Steaming Manhole, the French Fry, and the Tree. The Tree ended up receiving so much positive attention that the band decided to make it a permanent fixture, and the Tree came to be embraced by the Stanford community at large. The original Tree costume was conceived and constructed by Christine Hutson. When she left Stanford, she passed along the costume and the role of the Tree to a conga drum player in the band, Robert David Siegel. In the spring of 1987, Paul Kelly wrote a column in the Stanford Daily, lamenting the lame stature of the school's mascot since it",
"title": "Stanford Tree"
},
{
"docid": "44669769",
"text": "The 2015 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University during the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was led by first-year head coach Gary Andersen and played their home games at Reser Stadium in Corvallis. Oregon State was a member of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference. Offseason Coaching change For the first time since the 2003 offseason, Oregon State underwent a coaching change. Riley exits In a move that shook the college football world, the University of Nebraska announced the hiring of Oregon State's head coach Mike Riley on December 4, 2014. Riley had what was dubbed a \"lifetime contract\" at Oregon State, where every year he led a team to a bowl game, his contract was extended by one year. In 2010, Oregon State Athletic Director Bob De Carolis said Riley had talked about wanting to retire in Corvallis and be the \"Joe Paterno of Oregon State.\" In the same time period, Riley said, \"I want to make it known that I'm very excited to be to coaching at Oregon State University and I anticipate doing so for a long time.\" Nebraska fired head coach Bo Pelini, opening the door for Riley to make the unanticipated move. Welcoming Andersen An equally shocking move came just six days later, as the Oregon State Athletic Department announced that they had hired Gary Andersen of Wisconsin as Riley's replacement on December 10, 2014. Andersen left Wisconsin after just two years with the program, citing high academic standards set by the university made recruiting difficult for Andersen, compiling a 19–7 overall record and coming off of a trip to the Big Ten Football Championship Game. Since Andersen left after just two seasons, a reported $3 million buyout was in effect. The coaching announcement came moments after the university announced $42 million upgrades to its football operations building, known as the Valley Football Center. It marked the second straight Wisconsin coach (Bret Bielema left for Arkansas) to leave for what many considered a job with a less prestigious program. Andersen was announced in a press conference on December 12, 2014. Schedule Source: Game summaries Weber State Michigan San Jose State Stanford Arizona Washington State Colorado Utah UCLA Referee for the game is Michael Batlan. California Washington Oregon References Oregon State Oregon State Beavers football seasons Oregon State Beavers football",
"title": "2015 Oregon State Beavers football team"
},
{
"docid": "3744448",
"text": "The Oregon State Beavers are the athletic teams that represent Oregon State University, located in Corvallis, Oregon. The Beavers compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) for college football) level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference. Oregon State's mascot is Benny the Beaver. Both the men's and women's teams share the name, competing in 7 NCAA Division I men's sports and 9 NCAA Division I women's sports respectively. The official colors for the athletics department are Beaver Orange (Pantone 1665), black, and white. The primary rivals of the Beavers are the Oregon Ducks of the University of Oregon, located south of the Oregon State campus in Eugene, Oregon. The football rivalry between the Beavers and Ducks, once known as the Civil War, was one of the longest-running in the country, having been contested 123 times through the 2019 season. Other regional rivals include the Washington Huskies and Washington State Cougars. As of December 2023, the Beavers have won one pre-NCAA team national championship and four NCAA team national championships. The 1926 wrestling team won the Amateur Athletic Union national championship, the 1961 men's Cross-country team won the NCAA title, and most recently the baseball team won the 2006, 2007 and 2018 College World Series. Other notable performances include a second-place finish in the 1973 and 1995 NCAA wrestling finals, two Final Four appearances by the men's basketball team, one Final Four appearance by the women's basketball team, the football team defeating Notre Dame by a 32-point margin in the 2001 Fiesta Bowl (and finishing the season ranked #4 in the polls), seven appearances in the College World Series by the baseball program, and several individual NCAA championship titles in gymnastics, wrestling, and track & field. Sports teams Men's sports Oregon State has four NCAA championships: three in baseball (2006, 2007 and 2018), and one in men's cross country (1961). The school dropped its cross country and track programs in 1988 due to budget cuts, though women's track and cross country were reinstated in 2005. Periodically, some men continue to compete individually in an unattached status. Baseball The Oregon State University baseball program was established in 1907. It has since seen dozens of players go on to play in the minor leagues and more than 20 go on to play in the majors. Most notable of these major league players are New York Yankees outfielder Jacoby Ellsbury and Los Angeles Dodgers second baseman Darwin Barney The baseball team has won its conference championship 26 times and has reached the College World Series seven times, first in 1952 and as recently as 2018. They won the NCAA championship in 2006, 2007, and 2018. The team is led by head coach Mitch Canham and they play at Goss Stadium at Coleman Field. Basketball The men's basketball team at Oregon State experienced periods of significant success from the early 1920s to the early 1990s—with 12 conference championships, 16 NCAA tournament appearances, and only 14 losing seasons",
"title": "Oregon State Beavers"
},
{
"docid": "17206631",
"text": "Cayenne was a \"spirit leader\" of the Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns. He was an anthropomorphic Cayenne pepper (a staple spice of the Acadiana region in which the school is located). Louisiana does not have an official mascot. In recent years the university has had several mascots including live bulldogs (when the athletic teams were named the Bulldogs), Mr. Ragin' Cajun (animated), and the Fabulous Cajun Chicken (the most popular mascot in the history of the school). Cayenne was created using an \"out of the box\" method. Instead of being a physical representation of Ragin' Cajuns, like most mascots are, Cayenne was the embodiment of the Ragin' Cajun spirit of Acadiana. Cayenne was introduced in 2000, and changes clothes depending on what sporting event he's at, e.g., he wears a Ragin' Cajun football uniform at the football games, and a Louisiana basketball jersey for the basketball games. Disappearance and Replacement Around 2010, Cayenne went into apparent exile due to budget issues. In 2017, Louisiana Director of Athletics Bryan Maggard announced that a new mascot would be unveiled within two years. In 2019, a secret committee was discovered to be working on creating a new mascot. As of 2020, the Ragin' Cajuns are still without a mascot. For Halloween 2020, the Athletic site’s social media posted a picture of a graveyard with the words “Cayenne” and “The Fabulous Cajun Chicken” (the former Cajuns’ mascot) on two graves, suggesting that Cayenne’s mascot is “dead” and not making a return. References La Louisiane, p34 spring 2001 Article in \"La Louisiane\", Louisiana's official magazine. University of Louisiana at Lafayette Sun Belt Conference mascots",
"title": "Cayenne (mascot)"
},
{
"docid": "1530834",
"text": "A buckaroo is a cowboy of the Great Basin and California region of the United States, from an Anglicization of the Spanish word vaquero. Buckaroo or Buckaroos may also refer to: Music The Buckaroos, the backing band for country singer Buck Owens \"Buckaroo\" (instrumental), a 1965 instrumental by Buck Owens and the Buckaroos \"Buckaroo\" (song), a song from the self-titled debut album by country singer Lee Ann Womack Teams Kelowna Buckaroos (1961-1983), a former Tier II Junior \"A\" ice hockey team from Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada Summerland Buckaroos (1983-1988), the name of the team after relocating to Summerland, British Columbia Port Coquitlam Buckaroos (1999-2006), an ice hockey team based in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia Pendleton Buckaroos (1912-1914), a team in the short-lived professional baseball Western Tri-State League Portland Buckaroos, several defunct ice hockey teams which were based in Portland, Oregon Buckaroos, the sports teams and mascot of Breckenridge High School, Breckenridge, Texas Buckaroos, the sports teams and mascot of Monticello High School in Monticello, Utah Buckaroos, the sports teams and mascot of Kaycee School , Kaycee, Wyoming Other uses Buckaroo Banzai (character), in the film The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension and the Battletech fictional universe Buckaroo: The Winchester Does Not Forgive, a 1968 Italian Spaghetti Western film Buckaroo!, a children's game made by the Milton Bradley company Temco T-35 Buckaroo, an unsuccessful low-cost 1940s trainer aircraft Friendship knot, also known as a buckeroo knot Buckaroo Broadcasting, LLC, former license owner of radio station KWNA-FM, serving Winnemucca, Nevada Buckaroo (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse and leading sire Nailbiter (comic) takes place in the fictional town of Buckaroo, Oregon Slang term for dollar See also \"Bronze Buckaroo\", a nickname given to actor and singing movie cowboy Herb Jeffries (1913–2014)",
"title": "Buckaroo"
},
{
"docid": "47679952",
"text": "\"Country Nation\" is a song recorded by the American country music artist Brad Paisley. It was released on September 14, 2015, by Arista Nashville as the fourth and final single from his tenth studio album, Moonshine in the Trunk. He co-wrote the song with Chris DuBois and Kelley Lovelace, and co-produced it with Luke Wooten. Content The song is an up-tempo country song about the different types of people who make up the United States. The song makes reference to work performed, college athletics, trucks, country music and NASCAR. Paisley worked different college sports team nicknames into the song, including the Mountaineers, Volunteers, Crimson Tide, Seminoles, Longhorns, Wildcats, Wolverines, Tigers (the music video suggests this is referring to Auburn and LSU), Buckeyes, Bruins, Bulldogs, Hogs, Hurricanes, Blue Devils, Tar Heels, Rebels, Fighting Irish and Cavaliers. He also made note of cheering for different numbers (presumably NASCAR), including 14 (Tony Stewart), 24 (Jeff Gordon), 48 (Jimmie Johnson) and 88 (Dale Earnhardt Jr.). Music video The music video was premiered on The Today Show on September 3, 2015. Part of the video was shot in Nashville, Tennessee, and was directed by Jeff Venable. It shows the mascots from Georgia, Tennessee, Western Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia Tech, Duke, Ohio State, Miami, Virginia, Kentucky, LSU, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Arizona State, Arkansas, Auburn, Alabama, Purdue, Oklahoma State, Baylor, Michigan State, Georgia Tech, Vanderbilt, Oregon, Austin Peay, and a Brad Paisley mascot. Synopsis The video celebrates the blue-collar spirit and America's love of sports. Cut into performance shots of Paisley at Vanderbilt University's football stadium, some of the mascots are shown working at jobs such as at a car wash, on a farm and pizza delivery. Towards the end of the video the mascots are all shown playing American football together. Commercial performance The song was first released in August 2014 as a promotional single and charted at number 37 on the Hot Country Songs chart. It debuted at number 53 on the U.S. Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of September 7, 2015, a week before its official release to radio. Chart performance The song debuted on the Country Airplay chart at number 53 for the week ending September 19, 2015. It peaked at #12 on that chart for the week ending January 30, 2016, holding that position for three non-consecutive weeks. Weekly charts Year-end charts References 2014 songs 2015 singles Brad Paisley songs Songs written by Brad Paisley Songs written by Chris DuBois Songs written by Kelley Lovelace Arista Nashville singles Songs about country music",
"title": "Country Nation"
},
{
"docid": "821921",
"text": "Oski the Bear (Oski) is the official mascot of the University of California, Berkeley (\"Cal\"), representing the California Golden Bears. Named after the Oski Yell, he made his debut at a freshman rally in the Greek Theatre on September 25, 1941. Prior to his debut, live bears were used as Cal mascots. Oski's name, design, and character were developed by William “Rocky” Rockwell, who was the first student to play the role, and Warrington Colescott, an editor of The Daily Californian and famed satirist. Since his debut, Oski's activities have been managed by the Oski Committee, which also appoints a new Oski whenever a replacement is required. Historically, persons who played Oski were male and of short stature (under 5'7\"), although the gender requirement was dropped around 1974. Oski's identity is protected by the Committee, and wearers of the suit generally do not disclose their identity to the public. One faculty member is aware of the students on the Oski Committee to provide accountability for any incidents. To that end, there may be multiple members of the Committee who wear the suit, depending on their schedules. Incidents Oski was suspended for two weeks in January 1990, for throwing a cake towards Oregon State fans, of which some landed on the father of Oregon State point guard Gary Payton. In 1999, the Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC) passed a bill calling for a makeover of the \"poorly constructed and pathetic version of a bear\". The ASUC president vetoed the bill. References External links Oski.com includes many photos of Oski. Oski biography at Official Cal Athletic Site. The original Oski discusses the mascot's origin. Cal Songs from the Cal Marching Band website. California Golden Bears Atlantic Coast Conference mascots Fictional bears Bear mascots Mascots introduced in 1941",
"title": "Oski the Bear"
},
{
"docid": "7944857",
"text": "Mountain View High School is a public high school in the northwest United States, located in Bend, Oregon. History Mountain View High School opened in 1979 as the second high school in the greater Bend area. It was the first new high school in the area since Bend High School had opened in 1904, and the two schools remained the only traditional high schools in Bend until Summit High School opened in 2001 (Marshall High School is a magnet high school also located in Bend). The school's first principal was Jack Harris; after his retirement in 1987, the school named the football stadium after him. The school's mascot is a Cougar; MVHS originally adopted University of Notre Dame's fight song, but it is now based on that of Washington State University, whose mascot is also the cougar. Academics In 2008, the graduation rate was 80%. Athletics State titles Cross country: 1995 (boys), 2000 (girls) Football: 2011 Nordic skiing: 2008, 2009, 2010 Alpine skiing: 1983, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1998 Soccer: 1999 (boys) Swimming: 1992 (girls), 1995 (girls), 2001 (girls), 2001 (boys) Water polo: 2013, 2015, 2016 Notable alumni Linsey Corbin – professional triathlete Ashton Eaton – University of Oregon decathlete, 2016 Olympic Champion, 2012 Olympic champion Cody Hollister – NFL wide receiver for the Tennessee Titans Jacob Hollister – NFL tight end for the Buffalo Bills Ethan Blair Miller – perpetrator of the 2022 Bend, Oregon shooting Jourdan Miller – 20th winner of America's Next Top Model Ben Ferguson – professional snowboarder Lydia Jett - venture capitalist References External links Mountain View High School website High schools in Deschutes County, Oregon Educational institutions established in 1979 Education in Bend, Oregon Public high schools in Oregon 1979 establishments in Oregon",
"title": "Mountain View High School (Bend, Oregon)"
},
{
"docid": "8455373",
"text": "Riverside High School (RHS) is a public high school in Painesville Township, Ohio, United States. It is part of the Riverside Local School District. Logo infringement In 2010, Oregon State University forced Riverside High School and the Riverside Local School District to change their Beaver mascot logo because of copyright concerns. Notable alumni Gary Bukovnik, artist Mike Celizic, author and columnist Dan O'Shannon, television writer and producer Scott Shafer, football coach Jason Short, NFL player References External links High schools in Lake County, Ohio Public high schools in Ohio",
"title": "Riverside High School (Painesville Township, Ohio)"
},
{
"docid": "239715",
"text": "This is a list of fictional bears that appear in video games, film, television, animation, comics and literature. This also includes pandas, but not the unrelated red panda species. The list is limited to notable, named characters. This list is a subsidiary to the List of fictional animals article. Animation Comics Film and television Literature Video games Mascots Avalanche the Golden Bear, the official mascot of the Golden Bears of Kutztown University of Pennsylvania Baerenmarken (Nestle Bear Brand) (de), the mascot for , a German milk and dairy products company. Bananas T. Bear, the official mascot of the University of Maine Bandabi, the mascot of the 2018 Winter Paralympic games Bely Mishka, one of 3 mascots of the 2014 Winter Olympics Berlino, the mascot of the 2009 World Championships in Athletics Berni, the mascot of Bundesliga club Bayern Munich Billy Bob Brockali, was the mascot of ShowBiz Pizza Place and was the bass & vocals of the band for the show The Rock-afire Explosion before it re-branded to Chuck E. Cheese's. Bing Dwen Dwen, the mascot of the 2022 Winter Olympics Blue, the official mascot of Labatt Brewing Company Boomer, the official mascot of Lake Forest College Boomer, the official mascot of Missouri State University Broxi Bear, official mascot of Rangers Football Club Bruiser, the official mascot of Baylor University Bruiser, the official mascot of Belmont University Bruno, the official mascot of Brown University Brutus the Bruin Bear, the official mascot Salt Lake Community College Bundy R. Bear, official mascot of Bundaberg Rum The Care Bears, greeting card mascots Carlton the Bear, the official mascot of the Toronto Maple Leafs The Charmin Bears, the mascot family of bears for Charmin Clark, official team mascot of the Chicago Cubs Clutch, the official mascot for the Houston Rockets Coca-Cola polar bears, mascots of the Coca-Cola Company Coal, one of 3 mascots of the 2002 Winter Olympics Comet, the official mascot of Concordia University Cooper, the official mascot for the West Virginia Black Bears Cresta, the official mascot for Cresta General, the official mascot of Georgia Gwinnett College George, the bear in the British Hofmeister Beer commercials of the 1980s. \"For great lager, follow the bear\" Golbear, the official mascot of Haribo Golden Bear, the official mascot for Miles College Golden Bear, the official mascot for Western New England University The Gomdoori, 2 Asian black bear mascots of the 1988 Summer Paralympic games Griz, the official mascot for Franklin College Grizz Also Super Grizz, from the Memphis (Vancouver) Grizzlies Grizz, official mascot of Oakland University Grizzlies, official mascot of Adams State University Grizzly, official mascot of Butler Community College The Grupo Bimbo mascot Hamm's Beer bear and its wife, Harley bear Hidy, one of 2 mascots of the 1988 Winter Olympics Howdy, one of 2 mascots of the 1988 Winter Olympics The Icee Company Bear Jazz Bear, the official mascot of the Utah Jazz John Lewis bear, mascot for the 2013 Christmas Advert by the John Lewis chain of department stores in Great",
"title": "List of fictional bears"
},
{
"docid": "24668859",
"text": "The Indiana University of Pennsylvania Crimson Hawks, commonly known as the IUP Crimson Hawks and formerly called the IUP Indians, are the varsity athletic teams that represent Indiana University of Pennsylvania, which is located in Indiana, Pennsylvania. The university and all of its intercollegiate sports teams compete in the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (PSAC) within the NCAA Division II. The university sponsors 19 different teams, including eight teams for men and eleven teams for women: baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, women's field hockey, football, men's golf, women's lacrosse, women's soccer, softball, men's and women's swimming, women's tennis, men's and women's indoor and outdoor track and field, and women's volleyball. Mascot IUP originally dubbed its sports teams the \"Indians\", in reference to the town and school's name, and used a costumed student as a mascot. Following movements to eliminate Native American-related mascots, the university eliminated the Indian mascot in 1991, replacing it with an American black bear named Cherokee - deriving from the name of the university's fight song, though it retained the Indian nickname. In the early 2000s, the university actively moved to change the nickname as well. A campus poll in 2002 indicated the students favored the \"Fighting Squirrels\" as a nickname. In May 2006, the NCAA ruled that IUP would be prohibited from hosting postseason championship games and using the Indian nickname in postseason events, a year after the university was placed on a list of 18 schools whose mascots were non-compliant with NCAA policies. Suggestions following the NCAA ruling included hellbenders, \"Ridge runners\", and mining-related nicknames, all relevant to the university's location in Western Pennsylvania. In December 2006, the Council of Trustees adopted the \"Crimson Hawk\" The mascot was introduced during the 2007 season-opening football game against Cheyney. In 2008, the hawk was named \"Norm\", in reference to the university's former name as the Indiana Normal School. With the change of the mascot, it was for the best that IUP would change its fight song, \"Cherokee\", as well since it makes references to a Native American tribe. In 2007, Dr. David Martynuik, director of the marching band, composed \"Crimson Xpress\", the new fight song that would replace \"Cherokee\" and would bring in a whole new era to IUP athletics. When a local sportswriter researched what a \"Crimson Hawk\" was, it was discovered that the domain name crimsonhawk.com was the site of an adult cartoon character named \"Crimson Hawk\". Some criticized the university's lack of research prior to making the decision. The site owner moved his content to a different domain name without the university asking or the issue being brought to court. Today, IUP remains the IUP Crimson Hawks in all of their sports and club competitions. Facilities University athletic facilities are roughly divided into two sections. On campus near the Eberly College of Business is Frank Cignetti Field at George P. Miller Stadium, a 6,500-seat artificial turf stadium that serves as the venue for football, field hockey, and track & field.",
"title": "IUP Crimson Hawks"
},
{
"docid": "14490276",
"text": "The Oregon Duck is the mascot of the University of Oregon Ducks athletic program, based on Disney's Donald Duck character through a special license agreement. The mascot wears a green and yellow costume, and a green and yellow beanie cap with the word \"Oregon\" written on it. Early mascots Oregon teams were originally known as Webfoots, possibly as early as the 1890s. The Webfoots name originally applied to a group of fishermen from the coast of Massachusetts who had been heroes during the American Revolutionary War. When their descendants settled in Oregon's Willamette Valley in the 19th century, the name stayed with them. A naming contest in 1926 won by Oregonian sports editor L. H. Gregory made the Webfoots name official, and a subsequent student vote in 1932 affirmed the nickname, chosen over other suggested nicknames such as Pioneers, Trappers, Lumberjacks, Wolves, and Yellow Jackets. Ducks, with their webbed feet, began to be associated with the team in the 1920s, and a live white duck named \"Puddles\" began to appear at sports events. Journalists, especially headline writers, also adopted the shorter Duck nickname. In 1978, a student cartoonist came up with a new duck image called Mallard Drake, but students chose Donald as the official mascot by a 2–to–1 margin. Relationship with Disney Beginning in 1940, cartoon drawings of Puddles in student publications began to resemble Donald Duck, and by 1947, Walt Disney was aware of the issue. Capitalizing on his friendship with Disney cartoonist Mike Royer, Oregon athletic director Leo Harris met Disney and reached an informal handshake agreement that granted the University of Oregon permission to use Donald as its sports mascot, naming him Donald Duck. When Disney lawyers later questioned the agreement in the 1970s, the university produced a photo showing Harris and Disney wearing matching jackets with an Oregon Donald logo. Relying on the photo as evidence of Disney's wishes, in 1973, both parties signed a formal agreement granting the university the right to use Donald's likeness as a symbol for (and restricted to) Oregon sports. The agreement gave Disney control over where the mascot could perform and ensured that the performer inside the costume would \"properly represent the Donald Duck character.\" In 2010, Disney and the university reached an agreement that removed the costumed Oregon Duck mascot from its association with the Donald trademark, and allowed The Duck to make more public appearances, such as at college mascot competitions. The mascot in graphic art, which is more similar to Donald Duck than the rounder head and body of the costume, is still covered by the trademark agreement. Controversy During the 2007 season opener, The Duck got into a fistfight with Shasta, the mascot for the Houston Cougars, for seemingly mimicking the Duck's routine of doing push-ups after the mascot's team scores. Footage of the attack became very popular on YouTube for several weeks. The Duck was suspended for a game and the student inside the costume received an unspecified punishment. Late in the 2009 season,",
"title": "The Oregon Duck"
},
{
"docid": "54400883",
"text": "Mascot was a sternwheel-driven steamboat built in 1890 which operated primarily on a route running from Portland, Oregon down the Willamette and Columbia rivers to points on the Lewis and Lake rivers. Points served included the town of Woodland, Washington, on the main branch of the Lewis, and La Center, Washington on the east fork. Mascot also served Ridgefield on the Lake River. Mascot operated briefly as a replacement boat on the upper Willamette River. Mascot has been described as the \"prime example of a jobbing boat.\" Mascot was in operation from 1890 to 1911, including a 1908 reconstruction, which was a relatively long time for a vessel of its type, built entirely of wood. This sternwheeler should not be confused with the small steamboat Mascot which operated at about the same time on the Alsea River and Yaquina Bay. Mascot was operated a route that ran between Portland, Oregon and the Lewis and Lake rivers in Cowlitz and Clark counties in southwestern Washington. Although Mascot was profitable, it had a series of sinkings and other accidents giving it a reputation as a \"hoodoo\" boat, that is, a jinxed vessel. Much of this reputation was simply newspaper derision, but there were also several fatal incidents, including at least two apparent suicides or attempted suicides and two instances of fatalities to crew members. Mascot was rebuilt in 1908 at Portland for the Lewis and Lake River Co. Mascot burned in 1911 on the Lewis River. Construction Who built Mascot is disputed in the sources. In 1901, it was reported that one river man recalled that Charles Bureau had built and named Mascot, and that when Capt. Bureau could not make a profit from the boat, he sold it to Jacob Kamm, who is usually credited with its construction. Mascot’s hull and cabin were built entirely of wood. Dimensions Mascot was long, exclusive of the extension of the main deck over the stern, called the fantail, on which the sternwheel was mounted. Mascot had a beam of exclusive of the heavy timbers along the upper hull called guards. The steamer had a depth of hold of feet. Mascot measured out at 267.35 gross tons (a unit of volume, not weight) and 199.46 registered tons. Mascot’s original merchant vessel identification number was 92253. After Mascot was reconstructed in 1908, a new merchant vessel identification number was assigned, 204927. Engineering Mascot was driven by twin steam engines, horizontally mounted, each with a bore of 13 (or 15) inches and a stroke of 60 inches. The boiler generating the steam for these engines was wood-fired. Route The Lewis River emptied into the Columbia river at a point about 9 miles downriver fem the mouth of the Willamette River, and about 25 miles from Portland. In 1896 there was no railroad access to the towns along the river. All traffic in and out of the area either had to go by river or by the very poor roads then in existence. At a point 3.75 miles",
"title": "Mascot (sternwheeler)"
},
{
"docid": "11142393",
"text": "South Albany High School (SAHS) is a public high school located in Albany, Oregon, United States. Built in 1970, South Albany occupies the largest facility in the Greater Albany Public School District, encompassing more than of classrooms and other facilities with its outdoor campus. History After splitting from Albany Union High School in 1971, students who were entering as Seniors that year were given the choice to stay and graduate from Albany Union or go to South Albany High School and be part of the first graduating class from there. The school chose \"Rebel\" as their mascot; athletic teams were nicknamed \"The Rebels”. The Rebel was removed and changed to the RedHawks on April 25, 2018. The school's colors are red and grey and were not changed when the mascot was changed. Arson incident On April 1, 2015, classes were canceled for the following days due to a large fire that had destroyed the school's choir room (lore), cooking classrooms, band room, and cafeteria, but school was resumed the following week. By 7 a.m., snorkel water cannons were being used to prevent the four-alarm fire from spreading to the rest of the school. The man who had set the fire, Zachary Lee Burghart, was convicted a few months later for arson after pleading guilty. Academics In 2008, 75% of the school's seniors received a high school diploma. Of 308 students, 231 graduated, 42 dropped out, 13 received a modified diploma, and 22 were still in high school the following year. By 2018, 88% of the 302 seniors graduated. Twenty-eight students dropped out that year. In 2022 84% of the school's seniors received a high school diploma. Of 315 students, 268 graduated, and 47 dropped out. Athletics South Albany High School athletic teams compete in the OSAA 5A-3 Mid-Willamette Conference. The athletic director is Jay Minyard and the athletics secretary is Katie Willard. State Championships: Cheerleading: 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Dance/Drill: 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2014, 2015, 2017 References High schools in Linn County, Oregon Buildings and structures in Albany, Oregon Educational institutions established in 1971 Public high schools in Oregon School buildings in the United States destroyed by arson 1971 establishments in Oregon",
"title": "South Albany High School"
},
{
"docid": "6816642",
"text": "Big Al is the costumed elephant mascot of the University of Alabama Crimson Tide in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. History The origin of the mascot dates back to 1930. On October 8, 1930, a sportswriter for the Atlanta Journal, Everett Strupper, wrote about the previous weekend's Alabama-Ole Miss football game. He wrote, \"That Alabama team of 1930 is a typical [Coach Wallace] Wade machine, powerful, big, tough, fast, aggressive, well-schooled in fundamentals, and the best blocking team for this early in the season that I have ever seen. When those big brutes hit you I mean you go down and stay down, often for an additional two minutes.\" Strupper, using the flair for the dramatic common in sportswriting at the time, wrote, \"At the end of the quarter, the earth started to tremble, there was a distant rumble that continued to grow. Some excited fan in the stands bellowed, 'Hold your horses, the elephants are coming!' and out stamped this Alabama varsity.\" Strupper and other writers would continue to refer to Alabama as the \"Red Elephants,\" the \"red\" as a nod to the players' crimson jerseys, and the name stuck throughout what became a national championship season and beyond. Despite the nickname, it would be nearly five decades before Alabama recognized the animal as its official mascot. However, elephants featured prominently to gameday tradition long before this point. Throughout the 1940s, for instance, the University kept a live elephant mascot named \"Alamite\" that was a regular sight on game days, and it would carry the year's Homecoming queen onto the field every year prior to kickoff at the Homecoming game. By the 1950s, keeping a live elephant year-round proved to be too expensive for the University. Instead, the UA spirit committee started hiring elephants, often from traveling circuses passing through or by Tuscaloosa, for every homecoming. In the early 1960s, Melford Espey, Jr., then a student, was the first to wear an elephant head costume to portray the Crimson Tide's unofficial mascot. Espey later became a university administrator, and football coach Paul \"Bear\" Bryant asked him to take responsibility when student groups asked to resurrect the costumed mascot in the late 1970s. \"Big Al\" The mascot known as \"Big Al\" today was the brainchild of University of Alabama student Walt Tart, member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. In 1979, he was meeting with the homecoming chairman, Ann Paige, as they were trying to come up with something different for the school's homecoming parade. He told Paige that several schools in the Southeastern Conference had obtained mascot costumes and proposed that the University of Alabama should get one as well. By contacting the University of Kentucky and a few other schools, Tart discovered that their mascots were designed and constructed by the Walt Disney Company. He received a price quote from Disney for the design and construction of the elephant costume. Since funding for the costume would have to come from the athletic department, Tart and Paige set up a meeting with Coach",
"title": "Big Al (mascot)"
},
{
"docid": "25830592",
"text": "The West Coast Game Park Safari is a walk-through safari park in Bandon, Oregon, United States. It opened in 1968, and includes snow leopards, African lions, Bengal tigers, emu, capybara, and cougars. The park is a petting zoo and captive breeding program, including endangered species such as the snow leopard. They sell and loan big cats to other parks and zoos. West Coast Game Park Safari is not AZA Accredited. They are a roadside zoo which lets the public interact with big cats, similar to those featured on the Tiger King series. They had multiple USDA violations in 2015 & 2016, including 4 critical violations in their June 22, 2016 inspection report. The critical violations included mishandling adult & baby animals, as well as shooting 2 of their own bears. In 2020 they were listed on PETA's Highway Hellholes: Roadside Zoos on the Blacklist. In 1985, Bob Tenney, the park owner, stated the game park received 60,000 visitors per year. Two American black bears from the game park were bought in 2001 and 2002 by Baylor University, whose mascot is the Baylor Bears. On May 18, 2021, West Coast Game Park Safari was featured in the Showcase on The Price Is Right. See also Wildlife Safari, a safari park in Winston, Oregon References External links West Coast Game Park Safari (official website) Zoos in Oregon Parks in Coos County, Oregon Tourist attractions in Coos County, Oregon 1968 establishments in Oregon Zoos established in 1968",
"title": "West Coast Game Park Safari"
},
{
"docid": "52882085",
"text": "Among the categories of names for sports teams in the United States and Canada, those referring to Indigenous peoples are lesser in popularity only to the names of various animals. In a list of the top 100 team names, \"Indians\" is 14th, \"Braves\" is 38th, \"Chiefs\" is 57th. The typical logo is an image of a stereotypical Native American man in profile, wearing a Plains Indians headdress; and are often cartoons or caricatures. Other imagery include dreamcatchers, feathers, spears, and arrows. Individual schools may have performance traditions, such as the tomahawk chop, a mascot or cheerleaders in stereotypical Native attire, and chants adapted from Hollywood movies. These fictional representations stand in the way of any authentic understanding of contemporary Indigenous peoples, and promote racism. The documents often cited to justifying the trend for change are an advisory opinion by the United States Commission on Civil Rights in 2001 and a resolution by the American Psychological Association in 2005. Both support the views of Native American organizations and individuals that such mascots maintain harmful stereotypes that are discriminatory and cause harm by distorting the past and preventing understanding of Native American/First Nations peoples in the present. The trend towards the elimination of Indigenous names and mascots in local schools has been steady, with two-thirds having been eliminated during the 50 years prior to 2013 according to the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI). In more recent years, the trend has accelerated, particularly in July 2020, following a wave of racial awareness and reforms in wake of national protests after the murder of George Floyd, and the decision by the Washington Commanders to change their Redskins name and logo. In a few states with significant Native American populations; such as Colorado, Maine, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin, change has been mandated by law. A law was passed in Connecticut which withholds tribal funding provided by casino revenue from any school that retains a Native mascots after July 1, 2022. Most have complied, but four school districts have decided to keep their mascots; Derby Red Raiders, Killingly Redmen, Windsor Warriors and Nonnewaug High School Chiefs. The school board in Cambridge, New York voted in June 2021 to eliminate the name and logo of the Cambridge High School \"Indians\". After the seating of two new members, the board voted to reverse this decision in July 2021. A group of parents favoring removal filed an appeal to the New York State Department of Education which issued an order requiring removal of the mascot or lose state funding. This order applies only to Cambridge, although there are 70 schools in the state that have Native mascots. In a final order, the state Education Commissioner ordered the school to entirely eliminate the mascot by July 1, 2022, citing the evidence that Native mascots \"inhibits the creation of 'a safe and supportive environment' for all students\". The school board voted 3-2 to file an appeal with the state Supreme Court, arguing that the state Education Commissioner's order singles",
"title": "List of secondary school sports team names and mascots derived from Indigenous peoples"
},
{
"docid": "26280822",
"text": "Levi Lindsey Rowland FRSE (September 17, 1831 – January 19, 1908) was an American educator and physician in the state of Oregon. A native of Tennessee, he served as the Oregon Superintendent of Public Instruction, president of what became Western Oregon University, and as the superintendent of Oregon's insane asylum, now the Oregon State Hospital. The Republican was also a pastor and farmer. Early years Levi Rowland was born in Nashville, Tennessee, on September 17, 1831, the son of Jeremiah and Lucy (née Butler) Rowland. In 1844, he came over the Oregon Trail with his parents and settled in the Yamhill District in the Oregon Country. After farming for a few years he left what was then the Oregon Territory in 1849 and headed south to the gold mines of California during the California Gold Rush. Rowland returned to Oregon in 1851 after accumulating some wealth, but then returned east to Virginia to attend college. In 1856, he graduated from Bethany College in Virginia (now West Virginia) and was ordained as a minister of the Disciples of Christ. Educator and doctor After graduation from college, Rowland spent time in the eastern United States as a teacher and as a minister. He married Emma J. Sanders in 1859, and they had five children. That year he returned to what had become the state of Oregon and served as the principal at the Bethel Institute in the Eola Hills in Polk County. Rowland worked as the principal until 1861, but in 1860 he became the superintendent of Polk County's schools. In 1862, he started the first teacher's institute in Oregon. He then served as the president of Monmouth Christian College (now Western Oregon University) in Monmouth in Polk County from 1866 to 1869. His former school, Bethel Institute, had merged with the later school in 1865, and he became the first president of the school. Rowland left the college in order to start medical school at Willamette University College of Medicine in Salem, and where he graduated in 1872. While still in school he served as a professor at the medical school from 1870 until 1878. Rowland was elected as Oregon Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1874, while still working as a professor at Willamette. He was the first person elected to that office, as his predecessor had been appointed when the office was still part of the governor's office. He served as state superintendent until 1878 when he then traveled around Europe and Asia. Also during his time in Salem he was the pastor of the First Christian Church. After returning to Oregon from his trip abroad he worked on his farm and started an insurance company, as well as serving as president the State Insurance Society. Later years In 1891, he returned to public office when he was elected as the superintendent of the insane asylum, now known as the Oregon State Hospital. A Republican, he served in that office until 1895 when he retired to his country estate at",
"title": "Levi L. Rowland"
},
{
"docid": "74149921",
"text": "The 2023 Sun Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 29, 2023, at the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas. The 90th edition (89th playing) of the annual Sun Bowl game featured Oregon State from the Pac-12 Conference and Notre Dame, an FBS independent. The game began at approximately 12:00 p.m. MST and was aired on CBS. The Sun Bowl was one of the 2023–24 bowl games concluding the 2023 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by Frosted Flakes breakfast cereal, a brand of WK Kellogg Co, and was officially known as the Tony the Tiger Sun Bowl, referring to the cereal's mascot, Tony the Tiger. Teams The bowl featured the Oregon State Beavers of the Pac-12 Conference and the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, an FBS independent. This was the first Sun Bowl to feature two teams ranked in the AP poll since the 2008 edition. This was the third meeting between Oregon State and Notre Dame. The Beavers defeated the Fighting Irish in both prior meetings, the 2001 Fiesta Bowl and 2004 Insight Bowl. Oregon State Beavers The Beavers entered the game with an 8–4 record (5–4 in the Pac-12), tied for fourth place in their conference and ranked 19th in the College Football Playoff rankings. This was Oregon State's third Sun Bowl; the Beavers previously won the 2006 edition and the aforementioned 2008 edition. Notre Dame Fighting Irish The Fighting Irish entered the game with a 9–3 record, ranked 16th in the College Football Playoff rankings. This was Notre Dame's second Sun Bowl; the Fighting Irish previously won the 2010 edition. Game summary Statistics References External links Game statistics at statbroadcast.com Sun Bowl Sun Bowl Sun Bowl Sun Bowl Oregon State Beavers football bowl games Notre Dame Fighting Irish football bowl games",
"title": "2023 Sun Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "5073889",
"text": "Miles is the plural of mile. Miles may also refer to: People with the name Miles (given name) Miles (surname) Places United States Miles, Iowa, a city Miles, North Carolina, an unincorporated community Miles, Texas, a city Miles, Virginia, an unincorporated community Miles, Washington, an unincorporated community Miles, West Virginia, an unincorporated community Miles, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community Fort Miles, a former American military installation on Cape Henlopen near Lewes, Delaware Miles City, Florida, an unincorporated community Miles City, Montana Miles Glacier, Alaska Miles Lake, Alaska Miles River, Maryland Miles Township, Pennsylvania Elsewhere Miles, Queensland, Australia, a town Miles Islands, Nunavut, Canada Brands and enterprises Miles Aircraft, a UK manufacturer of light and military aircraft Miles Electric Vehicles, a former manufacturer and distributor of all-electric vehicles based in California; declared bankruptcy in 2013 Miles Laboratories, an American pharmaceutical company Miles Mausoleum, two mausoleums in the US Computing and Technology Miles Sound System, a two-dimensional sound software system primarily for computer games Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System or MILES, a method of simulating battle used by US Armed Forces Education Miles College, Fairfield, Alabama, an historically black college founded in 1898 Miles Community College, Miles City, Montana Music Miles (band), a Bangladeshi rock band, or their 1982 debut album Miles: From an Interlude Called Life, an album by Blu & Exile, 2020 Miles: The New Miles Davis Quintet, a 1956 album Miles! Miles! Miles!, a 1993 album by Miles Davis Miles! The Definitive Miles Davis at Montreux DVD Collection, a box set Miles, an album by Topic, or the title song, 2015 Miles, an EP by the Vasco Era, 2005 \"Miles\", a song by Christina Perri from Lovestrong (2011) \"Miles\", a song by Mother Mother from O My Heart (2008) \"Miles\", a song by Sponge from Rotting Piñata (1994) \"Miles\", a song by SZA from the 2022 deluxe edition of Ctrl (2017) Sports Miles (mascot), the official mascot of the Denver Broncos NFL football Miles Field (Oregon), a former professional baseball stadium in Medford, Oregon Miles Field (Virginia Tech), a former collegiate sports venue Miles Stadium, a former stadium in Blacksburg, Virginia, on the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Other uses Miles baronets, a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom Miles: The Autobiography, a 1989 book by Miles Davis and Quincy Troupe Miles (film), a 2016 drama film starring Molly Shannon See also Mile (disambiguation) Myles (given name) Myles (surname) Justice Miles (disambiguation)",
"title": "Miles (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "14486672",
"text": "The Platypus Trophy is a trophy awarded to the winner of the annual Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry game between the University of Oregon and Oregon State University. The trophy depicts a platypus, an animal which has features of both a duck (Oregon's mascot) and a beaver (Oregon State's mascot). For three years, from 1959 to 1961, the trophy was awarded to the winning school. The trophy was lost for more than 40 years before being rediscovered in 2005 and proposed as the game's unofficial trophy in 2007. It is currently awarded to the alumni association of the winning school. History In 1959, University of Oregon director of public service Willard Thompson selected art student Warren Spady to create a trophy depicting a platypus to be presented to the winner of the upcoming rivalry game, then known as the Civil War. A platypus was chosen as the subject because with its duck-like bill and beaver-like tail, it resembles a combination of each school's mascot. Spady had only a month before the game to complete the trophy, which is carved from maple and measures wide and tall. He submitted it unfinished, having not quite completed sculpting the feet. Oregon was heavily favored in the 1959 game, but Oregon State won 15-7 and took home the trophy, which they displayed in a case at Gill Coliseum. During that year, Oregon students apparently stole the trophy, and kept it after the 1960 game ended in a 14-14 tie. In 1961, Oregon State won 6-2 and Oregon returned the trophy to Oregon State immediately following the game. Theft and disappearance Following the 1961 game, the trophy was stolen several more times and was eventually forgotten as the football game's trophy. In 1986, artist Spady, now an art teacher in Eugene, spotted the trophy in a case at Oregon's Leighton Pool. It had apparently been reappropriated as a trophy for the schools' water polo rivalry, and was affixed with a brass plaque commemorating four consecutive Oregon water polo victories from 1964 to 1968. Spady was unable to convince anyone to reacquire the trophy for use in the football game, and in 2000, the pool and its trophy cases were demolished as part of a renovation project. Reappearance In 2004, with the trophy long forgotten, Oregonian sportswriter John Canzano wrote a column lamenting the fact that unlike other college rivalry games, the Oregon–Oregon State rivalry had no trophy. Spady contacted Canzano and informed him of the existence of the Platypus Trophy, and a follow-up Canzano column ignited a search for the missing trophy. Led by Dan Williams, a UO administrator who had been the student body president who handed the trophy over to his OSU counterpart in 1961, the trophy was rediscovered in 2005 in a closet at the University of Oregon's McArthur Court. After obtaining Spady's signature on the work, Williams returned the trophy to the Oregon Alumni Association so it could resume its role as a game trophy. However, despite initial interest from the schools'",
"title": "Platypus Trophy"
},
{
"docid": "11870666",
"text": "A panther (cougar/Puma concolor) is the animal that serves as the official mascot of the University of Pittsburgh and used as a nickname for both athletic teams as well as other organizations and affiliates of the university. The mascot is generally referred to as the Pittsburgh Panther or Pitt Panther, while the costumed panther mascot is also named \"Roc\". Up to 20 physical representations of panthers can be found in and around the university's campus and athletic facilities. History The University of Pittsburgh adopted the Panther as its official animal and mascot on November 16, 1909 at a meeting of students and alumni. This adoption occurred shortly after the university, previously known as the Western University of Pennsylvania, obtained an alteration to its charter in the summer of 1908 in order to change its name to the University of Pittsburgh. When named the Western University of Pennsylvania, the university had been referred to by the nickname of \"Wup\" (pronounced Whup) and athletic teams referred to as the \"Wups\", a play on the school's abbreviation W.U.P. At this time, the university also began the process of moving from what is now Pittsburgh's North Side to its current location in the Oakland section of Pittsburgh. According to George M. P. Baird (class of 1909), who made the suggestion for the Panther as the university's mascot, the reasons it was chosen were: 1. The Panther was the most formidable creature once indigenous to the Pittsburgh region. 2. It had ancient, heraldic standing as a noble animal. 3. The happy accident of alliteration. 4. The close approximation of its hue to the old gold of the University's colors (old gold and blue), hence its easy adaptability in decoration. A costumed Panther character has made appearances at University of Pittsburgh athletic events for decades. Although the Panther costume has changed over time, the mascot was nicknamed \"Roc\" in 1990s to honor Steve Petro, former football player, assistant coach, athletic department assistant, and long-time fan, whose nickname from his playing days under Jock Sutherland was \"the Rock\". The Panther mascot appears at various university events, both athletic and other. Statues and other representations There are 20 representations of Panthers (cougars) in and about Pitt's campus, including ten painted fiberglass panthers decorated by various student groups that are placed around the campus by the Pitt Student Government. The oldest representations of panthers are four Panther statues that guard each corner of the Panther Hollow Bridge. Other Oakland locations include both inside and in front of the William Pitt Union, outside the Petersen Events Center, \"Pitt the Panther\" on the carousel in Schenley Plaza, the Panther head fountain on the front of the Cathedral of Learning, and the Pitt Panther statue outside Heinz Field on Pittsburgh's North Shore. This does not include the large image of a Panther embedded into Litchfield Towers Fifth Avenue entrance plaza pavers (best seen from high above) or the panther depicted in a neon artwork \"Tree of Knowledge\" by Jane Haskell inside the",
"title": "Panthers of Pittsburgh"
},
{
"docid": "76353595",
"text": "David Raymond (born ) is an American sports personality best known as the original portrayer of the Phillie Phanatic. He is considered to have revolutionized the mascot industry and was the Phanatic from 1978 to 1993. Afterwards, he started a mascot business and founded the Mascot Hall of Fame. Early life Raymond is the son of legendary University of Delaware football coach Tubby Raymond. He attended Newark High School where he played football as an end and his team's kicking specialist; in 1973, he was named first-team All-Blue Hen Conference as a specialist while making 2-of-3 field goals, 10-of-13 extra points and averaging 34 yards per punt. He participated in the Delaware Blue-Gold All-Star Game. Raymond then attended the University of Delaware and played for the Fightin' Blue Hens football team under his father, being the starting punter from 1976 to 1977. Career Raymond's father was friends with Ruly Carpenter, the owner of the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB), and was able to get Raymond an internship with the team in 1976, working in the promotions department. He was described as \"'sort of a gofer' in the Phillies front office, helping with promotions and selling tickets, getting noticed as an affably goofy guy.\" He returned to the team in 1977. In 1978, he received a call \"out of the blue\" from the Phillies and \"thought he was going to be fired.\" Rather, he was offered the opportunity to portray the team's new mascot, the Phillie Phanatic, a large, green, flightless bird. He said \"They tapped me because they knew I couldn't say no. 'Hey, stay for the games -- we'll pay ya.' 'OK.' And that was it ... They charged me to dress up like a 300-pound green, furry muppet and entertain the same Philadelphia fans who booed Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny! What was I thinking?\" Raymond first portrayed the Phanatic in April 1978. ESPN noted: \"His job description: hex pitchers, taunt managers, pop wheelies on an ATV, devour foul balls in his prominent proboscis and dance like the fictional, lunatic Galapagos Island bird he was portraying.\" He ultimately served as the Phanatic for 16 years and helped it become one of the most popular and well-known mascots in sports; Raymond is considered to have revolutionized the mascot industry, with The New York Times stating that he \"practically invented the modern sports mascot\". As the Phanatic, Raymond was recognized by several publications as the \"Best Mascot in Sports\" and the \"Best Mascot Ever\". He stayed with the team as they made three appearances in the World Series, retiring after the 1993 season. After his tenure as the Phillie Phanatic, Raymond started his own business designing mascots, the Raymond Entertainment Group. He helped design over 130 different mascots, including Gritty of the Philadelphia Flyers. He founded the Mascot Hall of Fame, a museum in Whiting, Indiana, dedicated to the best sports mascots, and created the \"Mascot Boot Camp\", an event for developing mascots. Raymond now works as",
"title": "David Raymond"
},
{
"docid": "1708209",
"text": "The Beijing Shougang Ducks (simplified Chinese: 北京首钢鸭俱乐部篮球队), also known as Beijing Shougang or Beijing Ducks, are a professional basketball team based in Beijing, China, which plays in the North Division of the Chinese Basketball Association. The Shougang Corporation is the club's corporate sponsor while its mascot is a duck. The team was formerly known as the Beijing Jinyu Ducks or Beijing Jinyu (北京金隅, běijīng jīnyü). The name change was due to a change in corporate sponsorship. This organization should not be confused with the Beijing Olympians, a different club, which was founded in 1955. For at least part of the 2003–04 CBA season, the Ducks were known as Beijing Wanfeng Aote (北京万丰奥特). Their naming rights were then assumed by the \"Beijing Jinyu Group Co., Ltd.\", a prominent construction materials conglomerate in China. History The Beijing Ducks were initially formed as the Beijing Men's Basketball Team in 1956. In October of that same year, the National Basketball League's season was held in Chongqing. Beijing's club, with only 7 players registered on its roster, won the championship of that NBL edition. The team managed a third-place finish in the same competition when the tournament was held in Hangzhou in 1961. In 1988, the club was first sponsored by the Shougang Corporation, and was renamed Beijing Shougang. When the duck was confirmed as the team's mascot in 1995, the club participated in the inaugural season of the Chinese Basketball Association as the Beijing Shougang Ducks Basketball Team. In October 1997, the Shougang Corporation moved to once again rebrand the club as the Beijing Shougang Basketball Team, in an ultimately fruitless attempt to give the corporate name greater popular precedence than the mascot. The club had a formidable frontcourt duo in the early days of CBA competition with Mengke Bateer, who debuted for Beijing at the age of 18, and Shan Tao, who was considered to be one of the top Chinese centers at that time. The two helped the Ducks to a third-place finish in the team's CBA debut season. During the 2004–05 CBA season, the Ducks finished in second place in the North Division, but lost in the Quarter-Finals of the CBA Playoffs to the South Division's Bayi Rockets. In 2008, the team visited the United States, training at Marquette University and the Milwaukee School of Engineering in Wisconsin, as well as visiting Philadelphia, Madison, Wisconsin, and Eugene, Oregon. Beijing started the 2011–12 season with a 13-game winning streak, and eventually finished second in the regular season. The club then advanced to its first CBA Finals match-up, thanks largely to the play of former NBA All-Star Stephon Marbury. They won their first CBA title by defeating the Guangdong Southern Tigers 4 games to 1. The Ducks are the first-ever CBA team to earn the title without any previous trips to the CBA Finals, as well as the league's fourth different club to win a championship. After being eliminated in the Semi-Finals of the 2013 CBA Playoffs, Beijing returned to the Finals at",
"title": "Beijing Ducks"
},
{
"docid": "9571502",
"text": "Thomas Condon (1822–1907) was an Irish Congregational minister, geologist, and paleontologist who gained recognition for his work in the U.S. state of Oregon. Life and career Condon arrived in New York City from Ireland in 1833 and graduated from theological seminary in 1852, after which he traveled to Oregon by ship. As a minister at The Dalles, he became interested in the fossils he found in the area. He found fossil seashells on the Crooked River and fossil camels and other animals along the John Day River. Many of his discoveries were in the present-day John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. He corresponded with noted scientists, including Spencer Baird of the Smithsonian, Edward Cope of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Joseph Leidy, O.C. Marsh, and John C. Merriam, and provided specimens to major museums. Condon was appointed the first State Geologist for Oregon in 1872. He resigned that post to become first professor of geology at the University of Oregon. Previously he was a teacher at Pacific University in Forest Grove. In The Two Islands and What Came of Them, a geology book published in 1902, Condon wrote about two widely separated regions of Oregon that contain its oldest rocks, the Klamath Mountains in the southwestern part of the state and the Blue Mountains in the northeast. The book attempted to summarize what was then known about the state's geology and to draw conclusions about its geologic past. Condon was an advocate of theistic evolution. He has been described as a \"Christian Darwinist\". Legacy Condon Hall at the University of Oregon, which originally housed the geology department, was named for Condon, as were the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center at the Sheep Rock unit of the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, near Kimberly, Oregon, temporary Lake Condon, formed periodically by the Missoula Floods, and the Condon Fossil Collection of the University of Oregon Museum of Natural and Cultural History, which was founded by Condon in 1876. Condon Elementary School (1950-1983) in Eugene still stands as the University of Oregon's Agate Hall. He is the namesake of Condon Butte in Lane County. Condon, Oregon, was named for Harvey C. Condon, a nephew of Thomas Condon. Anser condoni is a synonym for the fossil swan Cygnus paloregonus. See also Thomas Condon: Portrait of Condon (1989) References Works cited Clark, Robert D. The Odyssey of Thomas Condon (1989). Portland, Oregon: The Oregon Historical Society Press. . External links Dr. Thomas Condon from the Oregon Historical Society Thomas Condon profile from the Oregon Cultural Heritage Commission Thomas Condon biography from the National Park Service Thomas Condon: Of Faith and Fossils Documentary produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting Irish emigrants to the United States Oregon pioneers 19th-century American geologists 1822 births 1907 deaths Pacific University faculty People from The Dalles, Oregon University of Oregon faculty Deaths from influenza in the United States Infectious disease deaths in Oregon People from Fermoy Theistic evolutionists Christian clergy from County Cork Scientists from County Cork",
"title": "Thomas Condon"
},
{
"docid": "42285828",
"text": "Chloe Aurelia Clark Willson (April 16, 1818 – June 2, 1874) was an early pioneer of what became the U.S. state of Oregon, and one of the first teachers of the Methodist mission in the Willamette Valley. In 1850, she owned half of the land in Oregon's state capital Salem. Life Chloe Aurelia Clark (sometimes spelled Clarke) was born on April 16, 1818, in East Windsor, Connecticut. She was educated at the Wilbraham Academy. At the age of 21, she sailed from New York on the ship Lausanne in what was known as Jason Lee's \"Great Reinforcement\" of recruits for the Methodist Mission in Salem, Oregon. She married William H. Willson, credited as the founder of Salem, Oregon, on August 16, 1840, at the Nisqually Mission. It was the first wedding of American citizens in western Washington. The two had three daughters: Frances, Laurabelle, and Kate Augusta Lee. Chloe Willson was the first teacher of the Oregon Institute, which was founded after the failure of the Indian Manual Training School. When the Institute opened, Willson was the only teacher, as well as housemother for five white students, the children of settlers. She remained the sole teacher for two years. The board of the Institute decided to lay out a town on the school's land, with the intent to sell lots to fund the school, and attract settlers to the area. The 1846 decision named Dr. William H. Willson as the business agent and landholder for the town he named Salem. When the Donation Land Claim Law of 1850 passed, it meant the held by Willson belonged jointly to him and Chloe. He was bound to the Oregon Institute's board to administer the land, but Chloe was not, leading to controversy which was settled in 1854 with a compromise: the property was split in half along State Street, with the South of the street belonging to the institute (later Willamette University), and the North belonging to Chloe. This northern land would eventually be home to the Oregon State Capitol. William H. Willson died in 1856, prompting Chloe to move back east for her daughters' schooling. She returned to Salem in 1863 to serve as the Governess of the Ladies Department at Willamette University. Willson may be best known for her diary, which chronicled her journey to Oregon on the ship Lausanne and her life as a missionary teacher, as well as her later life, and is a valuable resource for historians. In 1935, the diary was donated to Willamette University (the successor to the Oregon Institute) by her son-in-law Joseph K. Gill. Legacy Chloe Clark Elementary School in DuPont, Washington, is named for her, and a statue of her is on its campus. See also Margaret Jewett Smith Bailey Lausanne Hall References External links 1818 births 1874 deaths Oregon pioneers American educators American women educators People from East Windsor, Connecticut Willamette University faculty",
"title": "Chloe Clark Willson"
},
{
"docid": "5073263",
"text": "Johnson is a common surname in English. Johnson may refer to: People and fictional characters Johnson (given name), a list of people List of people with surname Johnson, including fictional characters Johnson (composer) (1953–2011), Indian film score composer Johnson (rapper) (born 1979), Danish rapper Mr. Johnson (born 1966), Nigerian singer Places Mount Johnson (disambiguation) Canada Johnson, Ontario, township Johnson (electoral district), provincial electoral district in Quebec Johnson Point (British Columbia), a headland on the north side of the entrance to Belize Inlet United States Johnson, Arizona Johnson, Arkansas, a town Johnson, Delaware Johnson, Indiana, an unincorporated town Johnson, Kentucky Johnson, Minnesota Johnson, Nebraska Johnson, New York Johnson, Ohio, an unincorporated community Johnson, Oklahoma Johnson, Utah Johnson, Vermont, a town Johnson (village), Vermont Johnson, Washington Johnson, West Virginia Johnson, Wisconsin, a town Johnson (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community Johnson City (disambiguation) Johnson County (disambiguation) Johnson River (disambiguation) Johnson Creek (disambiguation) Johnson's Island, Ohio, in Lake Erie Johnson Island (West Virginia), a bar in the Greenbrier River Johnson Township (disambiguation) Elsewhere Johnson Island (Antarctica) Johnson Point (South Georgia), a headland on South Georgia Arts, entertainment, and media Johnson, the title character of Johnson and Friends, an Australian children's television series Antony and the Johnsons, the formation of Antony Hegarty and his band The Johnsons (band), music group of the English singer composer Antony Hegarty Johnson's Dictionary, a dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson Brands and enterprises Big Johnson, a brand of tee shirt marketed by Maryland Brand Management E. Normus Johnson, mascot for Big Johnson Johnson & Johnson, American pharmaceutical, medical devices and consumer packaged goods manufacturer Johnson Controls, a company based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. Johnson Financial Group, Inc., the holding company of Johnson Bank, Johnson Insurance and Banque Franck, Galland & Cie. Johnson Outboards, American motor boat manufacturer Education Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode Island Johnson Hall (Eugene, Oregon), the administration building of the University of Oregon Johnson Senior High School (St. Paul, Minnesota) Johnson State College, Johnson, Vermont Johnson University, a private Christian university near Knoxville, Tennessee Johnson University Florida, a private Christian university near Kissimmee, Florida Sol C. Johnson High School (Savannah, Georgia) Weapons M1941 Johnson machine gun M1941 Johnson rifle Other uses Johnson, a slang term for the human penis Johnson Act, a 1934 U.S. securities law Johnson Baronets, one title in the Baronetage of Great Britain and two in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom Johnson Formation, a geologic formation of shale in Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma Johnson counter, also called a Möbius counter, switch-tail ring counter, twisted ring counter, or walking ring counter, or Möbius counter Johnson solid, a convex polyhedron in geometry Johnson Space Center, in the city of Houston, Texas, U.S. See also Jonson Jonsson Johnsson Johanson Johansson",
"title": "Johnson (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "15175923",
"text": "The Dalles High School (TDHS), formerly The Dalles Wahtonka High School (TDW) is a public high school located in The Dalles, Oregon, United States. It houses students from both The Dalles and the adjacent town of Mosier. History In 2004, North Wasco County School Districts 9 and 12 combined to form one school district in The Dalles: SD 21 (this number being chosen as it is the sum of 9 and 12). School District 21 immediately combined Wahtonka High School and The Dalles High School into \"The Dalles Wahtonka Union High School\". Later the \"Union\" was dropped, shortening the name to \"The Dalles Wahtonka High School\". In 2012, the Oregon State Board of Education adopted a rule to ban the use of Native American names and imagery for use in school mascots. As a result, The Dalles-Wahtonka High School changed its name to The Dalles High School, and its mascot from the Eagle-Indians to the Riverhawks, in April 2014. The 2014–2015 school year was the first year of The Dalles Riverhawks. Campus Main campus The main campus has housed grades 9–12 since the 2009–2010 school year. Academics The Dalles High School currently uses a Trimester system as opposed to the standard semester System. The Dalles hosts a number of required common academics courses as well as offering College Now courses with an agreement with Columbia Gorge Community College to earn college credit early. The Dalles High School also offers students Advanced Placement Courses as another means to earn accredited college credit prior to graduating High School. List of current Advanced Placement courses source: US History European History World History US Government Literature Language and Composition Biology Art In 2018, 85% of the school's seniors received a high school diploma. The Dalles High School also offers six current career and technical education (C.T.E) programs and currently is in the process of adding a seventh for students to participate in. List of current CTE programs Woods/Construction Welding/Fabrication Automechanics Culinary Graphic Arts Computer Science/Information Technology Notable alumni John Callahan, Cartoonist H.L Davis, Novelist, Poet, and Pulitzer Prize winner. Greg Walden, Congressman John H. Dick, Basketball Player and Rear Admiral in the U.S Navy. Shemia Fagan, State Senator and Secretary of State of Oregon. See also Pulpit Rock (The Dalles, Oregon) References External links North Wasco County School District 21 Buildings and structures in The Dalles, Oregon High schools in Wasco County, Oregon Public high schools in Oregon 2004 establishments in Oregon",
"title": "The Dalles High School"
},
{
"docid": "131004",
"text": "Forest Grove is a city in Washington County, Oregon, United States, west of Portland. Originally a small farm town, it is now primarily a commuter town in the Portland metro area . Settled in the 1840s, the town was platted in 1850, then incorporated in 1872, making it the first city in Washington County . The population was 21,083 at the 2010 census, an increase of 19.1% over the 2000 figure (17,708). Located in the Tualatin Valley, Oregon routes 8, and 47 pass through Forest Grove with 47 and 8 signed as the Tualatin Valley Highway south and east of the main part of the city, respectively, Oregon Route 8 signed as Gales Creek Road west of the city, and Oregon Route 47 signed as the Nehalem Highway north of the city. Pacific University has been the most distinctive aspect of the town throughout its history. Old College Hall on campus is listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with nine other structures in the city. History Prior to the 1840s when Euro-Americans settled the area, the Atfalati band of the Kalapuya Native American tribe lived on the Tualatin Plains in what is now Forest Grove. In 1841, Alvin T. and Abigail Smith were among the earliest to use the Oregon Trail and settled on what was first known as West Tualatin Plain. They overwintered with Henry Harmon Spalding, arriving in what is now Forest Grove in the fall. Intending to be missionaries, they found little potential as most of the natives had succumbed to European diseases. Smith served as the community's first postmaster beginning on February 1, 1850, and his log cabin served as the post office. According to Oregon Geographic Names, the name Forest Grove was selected on January 10, 1851, at a meeting of the trustees of Tualatin Academy (later known as Pacific University). Resident and school trustee J. Quinn Thornton suggested the name, which he also had used for the name of his homestead. The name referred to a grove of oak trees that still stand on what is now the campus of the university. Previous post offices in the area were called Tuality Plains and Tualatin, with Forest Grove adopted on December 31, 1858. The city was platted in 1850. In 1860, the population reached 430, but declined to 396 in 1870. Forest Grove was incorporated by the state in 1872, the first in the county. In 1880, the now Chemawa Indian School opened in the city to forcibly assimilate Native American children, but moved to Salem in 1884. The city started the Fire Department in 1894. The population reached nearly 1,300 in 1900. In November 1908, the Oregon Electric Railway (OE) began serving the city, and in January 1914, competitor Southern Pacific (SP) followed suit, opening its own line, separate from OE's. Both railroads provided freight and passenger service, SP's passenger service being known as the Red Electric. A company called the Forest Grove Transportation Company operated local streetcar service that linked",
"title": "Forest Grove, Oregon"
},
{
"docid": "6734366",
"text": "Hardy Myers (October 25, 1939 – November 29, 2016) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician who served three terms as the 15th attorney general of the state of Oregon, United States. Prior to taking office in 1997, he served from 1975 to 1985 in the Oregon House of Representatives, the last four of those years as its speaker, and was also a Metro councilor and chaired the Oregon Criminal Justice Council. Early life and education Myers was born October 25, 1939, in Electric Mills, Mississippi. He moved with his family to Bend in central Oregon in 1943 where his father, a lumberman, became manager of the Shevlin-Hixon Lumber Company, one of the two large mills that used to operate on the Deschutes River. His family then moved to Prineville in 1951. He attended public schools until graduation from high school. After high school, he attended the University of Mississippi, where he received his undergraduate degree with distinction in 1961. Myers returned to Oregon to continue on to law school at the University of Oregon School of Law in Eugene, earning a LL.B. in 1964. While at the University of Oregon he became Phi Eta Sigma (freshman scholastic honorary), Phi Kappi Phi (undergraduate scholastic honorary), Omicron Delta Kappa (undergraduate leadership honorary). He was also on the Board of Editors of the Oregon Law Review. Law career Myers clerked for a year to United States District Judge William G. East in 1964–65. During that time, East made national headlines for ordering U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy to show why an Oregon lawyer should not be paid for defending a criminal defendant he had been ordered to defend by the federal court. In what Time magazine said was \"may be the neatest constitutional argument of the year\", East justified the expenditure under the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Myers was an attorney with Stoel Rives – Oregon's largest private law firm – in Portland for 31 years. He first came to the firm in 1965, when it was known Davies, Biggs, Strayer, Stoel and Boley. At Stoel Rives, his practice specialties were labor and employment law, and government affairs law. He was a member of the Oregon State Bar and Multnomah County Bar Association and was admitted to practice before the United States District Court for the District of Oregon and United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Political career Myers' public career began as president of the Portland City Planning Commission, where he served from 1973 to 1974. State legislator He first ran for, and was elected to, the Oregon House of Representatives in the 1974 elections representing what was then House District 19 (parts of NE and SE Portland). He served as in the House until 1985. In that time he was rated most outstanding member of Oregon Legislature in The Oregonian 1979 and 1981 surveys of legislative observers (no 1983 survey); rated most outstanding metro area State Representative in Willamette",
"title": "Hardy Myers"
},
{
"docid": "28307891",
"text": "Various sports teams are named \"the Bruins\" and have a bear for a mascot. Professional Boston Bruins, National Hockey League Chilliwack Bruins, Western Hockey League Providence Bruins, American Hockey League Collegiate Bellevue University Belmont University Bethany University Bob Jones University Carolina University Cornell University - traditional, now Big Red George Fox University Kellogg Community College Salt Lake Community College Sheridan College University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) High school Baldwin Senior High School (Baldwin, New York) Ballard High School (Louisville, Kentucky) Bartlesville High School (Bartlesville, Oklahoma) Bayshore High School (Bradenton, Florida) Bear Creek High School (Stockton, California) Bear River High School (Grass Valley, California) Beddingfield High School (Wilson, North Carolina) Bell City High School (Bell City, Louisiana) Belleview Christian School (Westminster, Colorado) Bethel High School (Hampton, Virginia) Blackford High School (Indiana) Blacksburg High School (Blacksburg, Virginia) Bloomington High School (Bloomington, California) Bolton High School (Alexandria, Louisiana) (Female Team) Brentwood High School (Brentwood, Tennessee) Britannia Secondary School (Vancouver, British Columbia) Broadneck High School (Arnold, Maryland) Brookings-Harbor High School (Brookings, Oregon) Cascade High School (Everett, Washington) Cedaredge High School (Cedaredge, Colorado) Central Hardin High School (Cecilia, Kentucky) Cherry Creek High School (Denver, Colorado) Columbia (White Salmon) High School (White Salmon, Washington) Fargo South High School (Fargo, North Dakota) Forest Park High School (Woodbridge, Virginia) Gardiner High School (Gardiner, Montana) Hopi High School (Keams Canyon, Arizona) Juneau-Douglas High School (Juneau, Alaska) Lancaster High School (Lancaster, South Carolina) Lake Braddock Secondary School (Burke, Virginia) Mountain View High School (Orem, Utah) North Bergen High School (North Bergen, New Jersey) Northrop High School (Fort Wayne, Indiana) Orangeburg Wilkinson High School (Orangeburg, South Carolina) Padua Franciscan High School (Parma, Ohio) Ponderosa High School (Shingle Springs, California) Pulaski Academy (Little Rock, Arkansas) Rock Bridge High School (Columbia, Missouri) Saint Bede Academy (Peru, Illinois) Sam Barlow High School (Gresham, Oregon) Santa Clara High School (Santa Clara, California) South Florence High School (Florence, South Carolina) St. Joseph Catholic School (Madison, Mississippi) Trevor G. Browne High School (Phoenix, Arizona) Tri-West Hendricks High School (Lizton, Indiana) Twin Falls High School (Twin Falls, Idaho) University School of Jackson (Jackson, Tennessee) Western Branch High School (Chesapeake, Virginia) Woodrow Wilson Classical High School (Long Beach, California) St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School (Vallejo, California) Middle school Greenacres Middle School (Spokane Valley, Washington) Robert E. Howard Middle School (Orangeburg, South Carolina) St. Teresa of Avila School (Cincinnati, Ohio) Bearden Middle School (Knoxville, Tennessee) Western Branch Middle School (Chesapeake, Virginia) St. Angela Merici School (K-8) (Fairview Park, Ohio) References Bruin Bruin",
"title": "List of Bruin mascots"
},
{
"docid": "1009652",
"text": "War Eagle is a battle cry, yell, or motto of Auburn University and supporters of Auburn University sports teams. War Eagle is a greeting or salutation among the Auburn Family (e.g., students, alumni, fans). It is also the title of the university's fight song and the name of the university's golden eagle. The widespread use of \"War Eagle\" by Auburn devotees has often led to outside confusion as to Auburn's official mascot. However, the official mascot of Auburn University is Aubie the Tiger, and all Auburn athletic teams, men's and women's, are nicknamed the Tigers. Auburn has never referred to any of its athletic teams as the \"Eagles\" or \"War Eagles.\" The university's official response to the confusion between the Tigers mascot and the War Eagle battle cry is, \"We are the Tigers who say 'War Eagle.'\" Since 1930, and continuously since 1960, Auburn has kept a live golden eagle on campus. Since 2001 Auburn has presented an untethered eagle to fly over Jordan-Hare stadium prior to the start of football games. War Eagle VIII, a golden eagle named Aurea, along with Spirit, a bald eagle, perform the War Eagle Flight before all Auburn home games at Jordan–Hare Stadium. History of the \"War Eagle\" phrase As early as 1916, the Columbus, Georgia Daily Enquirer mentioned \"War Eagle\" as an Auburn battle cry. In the 1846 edition of Francis Parkman's study of the Plains Indians The Oregon Trail, the term \"War Eagle\" is used to describe the feathers in the headdress of various Dakota tribe members. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, \"War Eagle\" appeared from time to time in the United States as an evocative nickname for people and things such as Native Americans (including professional wrestlers); race horses; a U.S. civil war mascot; and, in one case, a coal mine interest. There are several stories about the origin of the battle cry. One of these is a mythical story published in 1959 in the Auburn Plainsman, conceived by its then editorial page editor, Jim Phillips. This myth is detailed below under War Eagle I. Another mythical story is told about an Auburn student who returns to the University after the war with an eagle who was wounded on the battlefield with him but he nursed back to health. The eagle soared above the field in 1892 as Auburn scored the winning touchdown as the crowd chanted \"War Eagle!\" Just then, the eagle fell to the ground dead from age but was to live on as the Auburn football battle cry for generations to come. A 1914 football game against the Carlisle Indians provides another myth. According to this story, there was a lineman/tackle named Bald Eagle on the Indians' team. Attempting to exhaust that player, Auburn's team began running multiple plays directly at his position. Without even huddling, the Auburn quarterback Lucy Hairston would yell \"Bald Eagle,\" letting the rest of the team know that the play would be run at the tackle. Spectators, however, thought the quarterback",
"title": "War Eagle"
},
{
"docid": "1372347",
"text": "Mt. Hood Community College (MHCC) is a public community college in Gresham, Oregon, United States, named after Mount Hood. Opened in 1966, MHCC enrolls around 30,000 students each year and offers classes at the main campus in Gresham, as well as the Maywood Park Center in Portland, the Bruning Center for Allied Health Education (also in Gresham), and at area public schools. The college's sports teams, the Saints, compete in the Northwest Athletic Conference. The college also owns and oversees KMHD, a non-profit FM broadcast radio station based in Portland. Campus The main campus occupies in Gresham. Other facilities include the Maywood Park campus in Portland, the Bruning Center for Allied Health Education and area public schools. The college is within relatively short distance from the nearby communities Sandy and Clackamas, and is roughly from downtown Portland. Academics MHCC enrolls roughly 30,000 students each year and is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities. The college's programs include nursing, funeral science, integrated media, automotive technology and transfer opportunities to local universities toward B.A. degrees in humanities and science programs. The college is financed by local property tax funds, state reimbursement funds and student tuition. Local voters established the college tax base in 1968 and approved tax base increases in 1970 and 1980. MHCC is home to an Eastern Oregon University 4-year degree program in either Business Administration or Education, both with several concentrations. The classes are held in the same manner as a regular 4-year institution, under the Eastern Oregon University - Mt. Hood Metro Center. Student life The college has historically been known for its jazz performance program, and was the home of jazz radio station KMHD and was the site of the Mt. Hood Jazz Festival each summer from 1982 through 2002 and from 2008 through 2010. The college has an active student government, almost 30 student clubs, and a student newspaper, The Advocate. The college also annually hosts the Portland Highland Games. MHCC also features an Institute of Religion for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and is served by a nearby Young Single Adult Ward. Athletics Mt. Hood Community College competes in the Northwest Athletic Conference (NWAC). The college nickname is the Saints in reference to the St. Bernard mascot. There are four men's teams including baseball, basketball, track and field, and cross country. There are five women's teams including volleyball, softball, basketball, track and field, and cross country. The college features a large aquatics center, which includes an indoor swimming pool. Notable people Alumni Chris Botti, Grammy Award-winning trumpeter Brian Burres, Major League Baseball pitcher Dan Carlson, Major League Baseball pitcher Marco Eneidi, free jazz saxophonist Essiet Essiet, jazz bassist Todd Field, Academy Award-nominated filmmaker Nick Kahl, politician Stafford Mays, NFL player Joel David Moore, actor and director Lillian Pitt, Native American artist Patti Smith, politician Dave Veres, Major League Baseball pitcher Lindsay Wagner, actress Paul Wenner, creator of the Gardenburger vegetarian patty Barbara Mae Tucker Presidents 1966–1976: Dr. Earl Klapstein",
"title": "Mt. Hood Community College"
},
{
"docid": "6487068",
"text": "Clear Cut: The Story of Philomath, Oregon is a 2006 American documentary film produced and directed by Peter Richardson. It was filmed in the city of Philomath, Oregon. The film made its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2006. Synopsis This documentary depicts a vivid example of America's current culture war. It shows a rural community, Philomath, Oregon, that is making a large transition from once being a dominant force through an \"old time\" profession, the timber industry, to one that is dominated by professionals and techies, the \"information age\". This is shown by the drastic decline of lumber mills in the area. In 1980, there were twelve mills around Philomath, but twenty-five years later there were only two. The largest employers are no longer the lumber mills but Oregon State University in Corvallis, which is about six miles from Philomath, and a Hewlett-Packard center involved in engineering ink-jet components. The roots of the community go back to a man named Rex Clemens, who lived from 1901 to 1985. He was a high school dropout who became wealthy through the lumber business. Due to his wealth, Clemens set up a foundation in 1958 that helped support school functions, construction, and progress while also providing a four-year scholarship to anyone who graduated from Philomath High School. After several decades, other people started immigrating to the area, and a new school superintendent, Terry Kneisler, was hired from Chicago. He moved to modify many traditions, and as a result, aspects of the timber industry were questioned, a Gay-Straight Alliance group for students was formed, and the school's mascot, the \"Warriors\", was challenged. Many people who had lived there for years, some for their entire lives, began to object to these changes. Three of these people happened to be Rex Clemens' nephews, who were now in charge of the foundation their uncle set up. Steve Lowther, one of the nephews, led the traditionalists in their battle against Kneisler. After the two sides had multiple disagreements and conflicts, Lowther told the school board that Kneisler or the foundation must go. Later, Kneisler did leave. Lowther amended the foundation so that preference would be given to students who come from timber, agricultural, or mining families. Preference will also be given to students who will go on to pursue a career related to one of these fields of work. Later developments In 2008, the Lowthers once again amended the scholarship plan — the program would limit its grants to students who are at least second-generation residents of Philomath, Alsea, Eddyville, or the Eastern Oregon town of Crane, and the awards can be used at public or private colleges, trade, vocational or medical schools. Release The film became available for streaming on Hulu and Netflix on March 1, 2012. References External links Clear Cut: The Story of Philomath, Oregon, official site 2006 films Benton County, Oregon American documentary films Films set in Oregon Films shot in Oregon 2006 documentary films 2000s English-language films 2000s American films",
"title": "Clear Cut: The Story of Philomath, Oregon"
},
{
"docid": "15657576",
"text": "The 1961 Rose Bowl was the 47th Rose Bowl game, played on January 2, 1961, in Pasadena, California. The #6 Washington Huskies defeated the top-ranked Minnesota Golden Gophers, 17–7. Washington quarterback Bob Schloredt returned from a mid-season injury was named the Player Of The Game for the second straight year. As New Year's Day fell on a Sunday, the major bowl games were played on Monday. This was the first season of the new agreement with the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU) to send their champion. Its predecessor, the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), had dissolved after the 1958 season. The Big Ten was no longer in a formal agreement with the Rose Bowl following the demise of the PCC: Big Ten champion Minnesota received and accepted an \"at-large\" invitation. The Great Rose Bowl Hoax occurred during halftime. As seen by an estimated 30 million television viewers, students from nearby Caltech altered the plans for the Washington card stunts, which spelled \"CALTECH\" instead of \"HUSKIES\" and showed the Caltech Beaver mascot instead of the Washington Husky. Teams The Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), from which the \"West\" representative was historically selected, dissolved in early 1959 following a pay-for-play scandal. A new conference, the AAWU, commonly referred to as the \"Big Five\", formed in 1959 with the four California schools (Cal, Stanford, USC, and UCLA) and Washington. For scheduling, former PCC members Oregon, Oregon State, and Washington State dropped UCLA and USC, with the exception of Oregon State at USC. Idaho, who was not part of the scandal but had become uncompetitive, was dropped from the schedules of all the AAWU members. The PCC agreement with the Rose bowl was dissolved for the 1959 season, but former member Washington was invited to the game and demolished Wisconsin. For the 1960 season, the AAWU contracted a new agreement which went into effect with this game. The Big Ten agreement also was dissolved, but the Big Ten had authorized its members to accept Rose Bowl invitations at their discretion. A new agreement with the Big Ten would not be reached until 1962, which became effective with the 1963 Rose Bowl. 1960 Washington Huskies The 1960 Huskies defeated the College of the Pacific and former PCC member Idaho 23–0 to open the season. Washington lost to Navy at Husky Stadium, ending a seven-game winning streak. The Midshipmen finished the regular season at but lost to Missouri in the Orange Bowl. The Huskies won at Stanford and beat UCLA The Huskies continued on with a full PCC schedule, playing Oregon State in Portland and hosting Oregon in Seattle, winning both non-league games by a single point. The November 5 game against USC at the L.A. Coliseum was the deciding factor in the Rose Bowl race, with the Huskies blanking the Trojans The Huskies beat the Cal Bears at home to win the AAWU (or \"Big Five\") championship outright, undefeated in conference play. The final game of the regular season was the Apple Cup (not yet named),",
"title": "1961 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "12935796",
"text": "Leo A. Harris (August 6, 1904 – April 22, 1990) was an American athlete, coach, and athletic director. He played college football at Stanford University, coached football and basketball at Fresno State College, and was the first athletic director for the University of Oregon, bringing success to a financially troubled system. He was also known for his handshake deal with Walt Disney that permitted the University of Oregon to use the likeness of Donald Duck as the basis for its mascot, the Oregon Duck. Playing and coaching career Harris was a fullback and guard at Santa Cruz High School in Santa Cruz, California. He attended Stanford University, where he played tackle for legendary coach \"Pop\" Warner in 1925 and 1926. Following his collegiate playing career, Harris was football coach at Fresno State College from 1933 to 1935, winning Far West Conference championships the last two years. Harris also coached Fresno State's basketball program. Oregon's first athletic director In 1947, Harris was named athletic director at the University of Oregon, the first person to hold that title. At that time, Oregon's athletic department was in serious financial trouble. Through fundraising and careful planning, Harris expanded both the quality of the University's athletic programs as well as its facilities. His most significant achievement was the construction of a new football stadium to replace aging Hayward Field. His efforts, beginning with procurement of property across the Willamette River from campus and continuing with fundraising and governmental negotiations, resulted in the construction of Autzen Stadium, completed in 1967. Harris also oversaw expansion of McArthur Court and improvements to Hayward Field and the baseball team's Howe Field. Harris was also noted for striking a handshake deal with Walt Disney in 1947 that allowed Oregon to use the likeness of Donald Duck as the University's athletic mascot, The Oregon Duck. When Disney lawyers in the 1970s discovered that no written contract existed, the university produced a photograph of Harris alongside Walt Disney wearing a Donald-emblazoned Oregon jacket as proof that an agreement did exist. From that photo evidence, a formal contract licensing Donald's use by the university was created. Legacy Harris served as Oregon's athletic director for 20 years, stepping down in 1967, shortly before Autzen Stadium was completed. Today, the stadium's address is on Leo Harris Parkway. Harris died at his Carmel, California retirement home in 1990. He was inducted into the University of Oregon Athletic Hall of Fame in 1992, and the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame that same year. Head coaching record Football References 1904 births 1990 deaths Basketball coaches from California Fresno State Bulldogs football coaches Fresno State Bulldogs men's basketball coaches Oregon Ducks athletic directors Stanford Cardinal football players Sportspeople from Santa Cruz, California Players of American football from Santa Cruz County, California Santa Cruz High School alumni",
"title": "Leo Harris"
},
{
"docid": "3475515",
"text": "The Demon Deacon is the mascot of Wake Forest University, a school located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States. Probably best known for its slightly unorthodox name and appearance, the Demon Deacon has become a mainstay in the world of U.S. college mascots. History The early years and \"The Old Gold & Black\" The origins of Wake Forest's mascot are distinctive, yet somewhat debated. As early as 1895, Wake Forest College (as it was called at the time) was using its colors in athletic competition. The school's literary magazine, The Wake Forest Student, described them in this manner: During the early part of the 20th century, these colors became more and more associated with the college. Since Wake Forest was founded as a Baptist college, some historians have proposed an association with the Bible, but most people believe their adoption comes from the connection with the original tiger mascot. The tiger mascot stayed with the school for a little more than two decades, but reports indicate that by the early 1920s, the college's nicknames were most commonly noted as the \"Baptists\", or \"The Old Gold & Black\". Origin of the Demon Deacons name The first few decades of the 20th century were particularly rough for the Wake Forest athletic squads, but in 1923, Hank Garrity took the head football and basketball coaching jobs. His leadership gave the school a short relief from its early mediocrity when he led the football team to three consecutive winning seasons, and the basketball team compiled a 33-14 combined record in two seasons. In 1923, the Wake Forest football team defeated rival Trinity (later renamed Duke University). In the following issue of the school newspaper, the editor of the paper, Mayon Parker (1924 Wake Forest graduate), first referred to the team as \"Demon Deacons\", in recognition of what he called their \"devilish\" play and fighting spirit. Henry Belk, Wake Forest's news director, and Garrity liked the title and used it often, so the popularity of the term grew. Mascot The actual mascot made its first appearance in 1941. As the \"Demon Deacon\" terminology became more popular, Jack Baldwin (1943 Wake Forest graduate) became the first Deacon mascot. Baldwin found an old tuxedo and a top hat, and on the following Saturday, he led the Wake Forest football team onto the field, riding the North Carolina ram. Two years later, when Baldwin graduated, many interested students were willing to continue dressing up as the mascot. Initially, the responsibility to pick new Demon Deacons fell on Baldwin's fraternity, but later it broadened to include all students. Today, special tryouts are held annually for new Deacons, and the competition is very intense. A number of years later the mascot continued to be the Demon Deacon, but the full body was designed after a fan and student named \"Doc\" Murphrey. If he wasn't going to become a star on the football field, he would become the biggest fan the school had ever seen. \"We were playing against Carolina, and",
"title": "Demon Deacon"
},
{
"docid": "3028773",
"text": "{{Infobox military unit | unit_name = Oregon Air National Guard | image = 142d Fighter Wing - F-15 Eagle.jpg | image_size = 280px | caption = An F-15C Eagle of the 123rd Fighter Squadron at Portland ANGB. The 123rd is the oldest unit in the Oregon Air National Guard, having over 76 years of service to the state and nation. | dates = 18 April 1941– present | country = | allegiance = | branch = Air National Guard | type = | role = \"To meet state and federal mission responsibilities.\" | size = | command_structure = Oregon Military DepartmentUnited States National Guard Bureau | garrison = Oregon Military Department, 1776 Militia Way SE, Salem, Oregon | garrison_label = | nickname = | patron = | motto = \"When we are needed, we are there.\" | colors = | colors_label = | march = | mascot = | battles = | anniversaries = | decorations = | battle_honours = | commander1 = President Joe Biden(Commander-in-Chief)Frank Kendall III(Secretary of the Air Force)Governor Tina Kotek''(Governor of Oregon) | commander1_label = Civilian leadership | commander2 = Major General Michael E. Stencel, USAF | commander2_label = State Adjutant General | commander3 = Brig. General Donna M. Prigmore, USAF | commander3_label = Commander, Air Component | commander4 = CCM Mark McDaniel, USAF | commander4_label = State Command Chief | notable_commanders = | identification_symbol = | identification_symbol_label = Oregon Air National Guard emblem (approved c. January 1989) | aircraft_attack = | aircraft_bomber = | aircraft_Command_and_Control = | aircraft_electronic = | aircraft_fighter = F-15C/D Eagle Boeing F-15EX Eagle II Lockheed Martin F-35 | aircraft_interceptor = | aircraft_patrol = | aircraft_recon = | aircraft_transport = | aircraft_tanker = }} The Oregon Air National Guard (OR ANG) is the aerial militia of the State of Oregon, United States of America. It is, along with the Oregon Army National Guard, an element of the Oregon National Guard. As state militia units, the units in the Oregon Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Oregon though the office of the Oregon Adjutant General unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States. The Oregon Air National Guard is headquartered at the Oregon Military Department buildings in Salem. Overview Under the \"Total Force\" concept, Oregon Air National Guard units are considered to be Air Reserve Components (ARC) of the United States Air Force (USAF). Oregon ANG units are trained and equipped by the Air Force and are operationally gained by a Major Command of the USAF if federalized. In addition, the Oregon Air National Guard forces are assigned to Air Expeditionary Forces and are subject to deployment tasking orders along with their active duty and Air Force Reserve counterparts in their assigned cycle deployment window. Along with its federal obligations, the Oregon ANG may be activated by order of the Governor to provide protection of life and property, and preserve",
"title": "Oregon Air National Guard"
},
{
"docid": "51775367",
"text": "Mr. Dude is Portland, Oregon's mascot in Japan. Description The bearded, blue character was introduced in a video hosted on the website Odnarotoop.com, which was created by Travel Portland in 2016 as part of a campaign called the \"World of Odnarotoop\". The campaign's name comes from the Japanese pronunciation of Portland, spelled backwards. The video's theme song is performed by the Portland-based rock band Ages and Ages in Japanese, with some English words and phrases such as \"breakfast\", \"crazy donuts\", and \"ice cream\". Mr. Dude is featured on the website, saying, \"Are you the one who want to go to Odnarotoop? I am your guide/camera man. Nice to meet you. Let's take a picture to start the trip.\" He also instructs users to upload their pictures, which are integrated into the music video. The mascot was inspired by \"the joy and lightheartedness that the city embodies\" and Sasquatch (or Bigfoot). Some Reddit users speculated that Mr. Dude was derived from a Portland man who is often seen wearing blue makeup, though a Travel Portland representative has denied that the mascot was based on any particular individual. He clarified, \"[Mr. Dude] is a characterization of the city, but any resemblance to a real person is purely coincidence. The character is not based on 'a man who walks around Portland in blue makeup' and that person is not associated with Travel Portland.\" A live version of Mr. Dude has appeared before the Japanese Association of Travel Agents and at a tourism conference in Tokyo. Impact In September 2016, Travel Portland credited Mr. Dude and the \"World of Odnarotoop\" campaign with helping to increase Japanese visitation to Portland by as much as eleven percent in the preceding eighteen months. References Culture of Portland, Oregon Tourism in Japan Tourism in Oregon Mascots introduced in 2016 Male characters in advertising",
"title": "Mr. Dude"
},
{
"docid": "4370990",
"text": "The Drake Bulldogs are the intercollegiate athletics teams that represent Drake University, located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. The Bulldogs' athletic program is a member of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) and competes at the NCAA Division I level. Drake also sponsors teams in the Pioneer Football League, Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference, and Summit League. Drake's live bulldog mascot is Griff II; the costumed mascot is Spike; and the school colors are blue and white. Sports sponsored Drake University athletics began in 1893. and since 1910, the school has been home to and sponsor of what has become one of the world's premier collegiate athletic events, the annual Drake Relays track and field meet held in April. Drake Bulldogs history Drake University began its athletics program in 1893 with football, baseball, and men's track. The men's basketball program began in 1906. In 1907, Drake joined the Missouri Valley Conference, having previously played as an independent. The teams were known as \"The Drakes\" until 1908, when John L. Griffith, the newly appointed football coach, brought English Bulldogs to the sidelines of games, prompting Des Moines Register sports editor Art Gordon to dub the teams \"the Bulldogs\". Drake's current live mascot, Griff, is named for Griffith as a result. Griffith was later instrumental in another major component of Drake athletics when he organized the first Drake Relays in 1910. The Relays moved to Drake Stadium when it opened in 1925. Drake played the first-ever night game at Soldier Field in 1930, falling to Oregon 14-7. Drake won the national championships for cross country in 1944, 1945, and 1946, with Fred Feiler winning the individual titles in 1944 and 1945. Feiler became the second Bulldog to win an individual national championship, joining 1935 high jump champion Linn Philson; Drake would later see Jim Ford (1952, 200 meters) and Rick Wanamaker (decathlon, 1970) win individual track titles. On October 20, 1951, Drake's black football star Johnny Bright was assaulted in a game at Oklahoma A&M (now known as Oklahoma State). As a result of the incident and the failure of the Missouri Valley Conference to take action against Oklahoma A&M or the offending player, Drake and fellow conference member Bradley both withdrew from the conference. Bright would finish 5th in the balloting for the Heisman Trophy. Drake rejoined the Missouri Valley Conference for non-football sports in 1956. In 1969, the men’s basketball team advanced to the national semifinals, losing narrowly to UCLA. Legend Dolph Pulliam becomes the first athlete to be selected in both the NBA and NFL drafts. Pulliam was drafted by the Boston Celtics and Dallas Cowboys in 1969. Football returned to the MVC in 1971, 20 years after the Bright incident. Baseball was dropped in 1974. Following changes in NCAA regulation in 1985, football was briefly dropped before returning as a non-scholarship Division III sport; it later returned to Division I but remains non-scholarship. Alumnus Zach Johnson has won two major championships, the 2007 Masters and the 2015 Open Championship.",
"title": "Drake Bulldogs"
},
{
"docid": "6875322",
"text": "NCAA Football 2003 is a video game of the sports genre released in 2002 by EA Tiburon. Its cover athlete is former Oregon Ducks quarterback Joey Harrington. Several additions were made to this edition of the game, such as Mascot Games with over 50 mascot teams, 3D cheerleaders, over 200 authentic fight songs, real college rivalries for coveted trophies, 28 bowl games, and more. Like previous years, the game included such features as dynasty mode, create-a-school (notably absent from NCAA Football 2002), create-a-player, campus challenges, and has Lee Corso, Kirk Herbstreit, and Brad Nessler as commentators. Reception The game received \"universal acclaim\" on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. It was nominated for GameSpots annual \"Best Traditional Sports Game on Xbox\" award, which went to NFL 2K3. It was also a nominee for \"Console Sports Game of the Year\" at the AIAS' 6th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, which ultimately went to Madden NFL 2003. The game sold 1.3 million units as of August 2003. References External links 2002 video games College football video games Electronic Arts games NCAA video games GameCube games PlayStation 2 games Video games set in 2003 Xbox games Video games developed in the United States Multiplayer and single-player video games EA Tiburon games",
"title": "NCAA Football 2003"
},
{
"docid": "12744621",
"text": "The Central Florida Future was the independent weekly student newspaper of the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida. The Future was one of the largest student-run newspapers in the United States, with a circulation of 14,000 and readership of over 30,000. It was a member of the USA Today network. The paper printed every Thursday during the fall, spring, and summer semesters. The Future was founded as the university's official newspaper shortly after it opened in 1968. The Future has been financially and editorially independent from the university since 1992. The paper was purchased by Florida Today, which is owned by Gannett, in 2007. Only students from UCF were allowed to be employed by the paper. In addition, the paper gave priority to enrolled college students for work in the editorial department, to be an advertising representative or serve as an intern. The Future was distributed free on UCF's campuses, as well as around Orlando and Oviedo. The paper contained a mix of campus and local news coverage, as well as national and international stories from wire services. It also contained a sports section, entertainment section, and an opinion section. The Future was printed in a tabloid format, similar to that of Boston Herald and the Daily Mail. On July 21, 2016, Gannett announced it was shutting down the newspaper, with its final issue being printed on August 4. History Early years The Future was in publication since the first day of class held at the Orlando campus in 1968. The name of The Future was derived from the original name of the University of Central Florida, Florida Technological University (FuTUre). The words Central Florida were added after the school changed its name to the University of Central Florida in 1978. The Future held its offices in the UCF Library just as many other organizations did in the early years of the university's history. When the university first opened, students had no choice for the mascot. The Citronaut was the unofficial mascot for FTU's first year, appearing on only official publications, like the cover of the 1968–69 student handbook. After a year, students petitioned the student government for a new mascot. In response, The Future published what its staffers felt were important criteria for a new mascot: an animal that flew, as the school motto is \"Reach for the Stars\", it should also be virtuous, include the school colors of black and gold, and it should be something unique because \"FTU stressed the importance of individuality.\" Shortly thereafter, a student health center nurse, Judy Hines, followed the criteria and came up with Vincent the Vulture. This mascot stuck for a year before the school administration and students decided on a new official mascot, \"Knights of the Pegasus.\" Independence In 1993, The Future was made independent of UCF by being spun off as an independent company, Knight Newspapers, Inc. At the time, the company also held ownership of the Seminole Chronicle. In February 2007, Florida Today purchased Knight Newspapers, Inc.",
"title": "Central Florida Future"
},
{
"docid": "14005400",
"text": "The Wichita State Shockers are the athletic teams that represent Wichita State University, located in Wichita, Kansas, in intercollegiate sports as a member of the NCAA Division I ranks, primarily competing in the American Athletic Conference (The American) since the 2017–18 academic year. The Shockers previously competed in the D-I Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) from 1945–46 to 2016–17; as an Independent from 1940–41 to 1944–45; in the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (CIC) from 1923–24 to 1939–40; and in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1902–03 to 1922–23. As of the 2023 conference realignment, it is one of two schools in The American (along with Temple) to have never been a member of Conference USA, although it will become a single-sport member of that conference for bowling in 2024. They are also currently the only non-football-sponsoring institution that is a member of an FBS conference. Athletics history The name for WSU's athletic teams is the Shockers and, collectively, students are also referred to as being \"Shockers\". The name reflects the university's heritage. Early students at what was then Fairmount College earned money by shocking, or harvesting, wheat in nearby fields. Early football games were played on a stubbled wheat field. Pep club members were known as Wheaties. Tradition has it that in 1904, football manager and student R.J. Kirk came up with the nickname Wheatshockers. Although the Wheatshockers name was never officially adopted by the university, it caught on among the fan base. Newspaper writers also liked it because it was easily shortened to \"Shockers\" in headlines, and the shorter name was officially adopted by around the time Fairmount became the Municipal University of Wichita in 1926. Until 1948, the university used a nameless shock of wheat as its symbol. In 1948, junior Wilbur Elsea won the Kappa Pi honorary society's competition to design a mascot typifying the spirit of the school. Elsea, who had been a marine during World War II, decided that \"the school needed a mascot who gave a tough impression, with a serious, no-nonsense scowl.\" Once Elsea's mascot was adopted, all that was needed was a name. The Oct. 7, 1948, issue of The Sunflower, the student newspaper, ran an advertisement urging students to submit names for the school's new mascot. It was freshman Jack Kersting who suggested the winning name, \"WuShock.\" In 1998, WuShock, also referred to as \"Wu\", marked his 50th birthday by undergoing a redesign and getting a pumped-up physique and revved-up attitude. The mascot's costume has changed over the years, as well. With the redesign, a new costume was introduced in fall 1998. In fall 1999, the head of the new costume underwent another redesign after a number of supporters suggested the mascot needed a more intimidating look. In 2006 it was decided to once again update the Wu costume. The general consensus was that many wanted the costume to more accurately reflect the depiction of WU in the school's logo. Many officials feel",
"title": "Wichita State Shockers"
},
{
"docid": "1436349",
"text": "Sigma Alpha () is a professional agricultural sorority. History On January 26, 1978, five students, Ann Huling Mathews, Cindie Davis, Marilyn Burns, Jennifer McMillan and Amy Mathews, founded Sigma Alpha at the Ohio State University. Since that time, Sigma Alpha has become a national organization consisting of 60 collegiate chapters and 32 alumni chapters. Today, more than 11,000 members have been initiated into Sigma Alpha Sorority. The sorority was named Sigma Alpha for \"Sisters in Agriculture.\" The sorority's official colors are emerald and maize, the mascot is the baby bull, the official flower is the yellow chrysanthemum, and the symbolic jewel is the emerald. The mission is Cultivating Professional Women in Agriculture. The objective of Sigma Alpha shall be to promote its members in all facets of agriculture and to strengthen the bonds of friendship among them. It is the purpose of the members to strive for achievement in scholarship, leadership, and service, and to further the development of excellence in women pursuing careers in agriculture. Sigma Alpha is a member of the Professional Fraternity Association (PFA), a national organization of professional Greek letter organizations. The sorority's national philanthropy is Agriculture in the Community which allows members to give back and spread the word about the agriculture industry. It belongs to the Consortium of Collegiate Agricultural Organizations. Collegiate chapters Alpha - Ohio State University Beta - Purdue University Gamma - Michigan State University Delta - Iowa State University Epsilon - Pennsylvania State University Zeta - Louisiana State University Eta - University of Connecticut Theta - University of Tennessee Iota - University of Arkansas Kappa - Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo Lambda - University of California, Davis Nu - Colorado State University Xi - Oregon State University Omicron - Truman State University Pi - Virginia Poly Tech University Rho - Texas Tech University Sigma - Western Illinois University Tau - Clemson University Upsilon - North Dakota State University Phi-Texas A&M University - Commerce Chi - West Virginia University Psi - Middle Tennessee State University Omega - South Dakota State University Alpha Beta - Northwest Missouri State University Alpha Gamma - Southern Illinois University Carbondale Alpha Delta - University of Nebraska–Lincoln Alpha Epsilon - University of Wyoming Alpha Zeta - Tarleton State University Alpha Eta - Stephen F. Austin State University Alpha Theta - North Carolina State University Alpha Iota - California State University, Chico Alpha Kappa - University of Delaware Alpha Lambda - Delaware Valley College Alpha Mu - University of Illinois Alpha Xi - Missouri State University Alpha Omicron - University of Georgia Alpha Pi - Texas A&M University Alpha Rho - University of Arizona Alpha Tau - University of Wisconsin-Madison Alpha Upsilon - Murray State University Alpha Phi - California State University, Fresno Alpha Chi - University of Missouri Alpha Psi - Cornell University Alpha Omega - Kansas State University Beta Alpha - University of Maryland-College Park Beta Gamma - University of Florida Beta Delta - University of Wisconsin-Platteville (largest) Beta Epsilon - University of Idaho Beta Zeta -",
"title": "Sigma Alpha"
},
{
"docid": "41962298",
"text": "Beaver Motorcoach Corporation (also known as Beaver Coach) is a defunct American motor coach manufacturing company that was based in Oregon. The company's manufacturing plant was initially located in Bend and later moved to Coburg. After its initial bankruptcy, the Beaver Coach brand name was purchased by a series of parent companies before it finally disappeared in 2009. In 2016 the Beaver Brand and rights to build were purchased by Ty Kelly owner of Beaver Coach Sales and Service located on the grounds of the original Beaver Factory. Their hope is to one day begin manufacturing Beaver Coaches and restore them to their former glory. History Beaver Motorcoach Corporation was founded in the late 1960s by Jim Hogue and Frank Storch. The company was named after the Oregon State University mascot. The firm originally built slide-in campers for pickup trucks. Sometime around 1974, the company began building Class C motorhomes, commonly called \"minis\". The motor homes were built on a Chevrolet and Dodge chassis with either a Chevrolet 454 or Dodge 440 engine. In the mid-1970s, the company opened a motor coach repair facility in Bend. In the early 1980s, the company began building Class A motorhomes with gas engines. Their product line ranged in size up to in length. During this period, all the Beaver Coach models used a brown and white color scheme. The company introduced its first diesel motor home in 1985. The following year, the company began producing coaches with a European-style rounded front end. They also introduced a new color pattern that featured red, green, and blue rainbow designs. By 1990, the company employed 225 people at its Bend assembly plant. However, a decline in sales in the latter half of that year forced the company to furlough its employees for 30 days to allow demand to catch up with production. During the early 1990s, Beaver Coach continued to employ 250 to 300 people despite growing financial problems. By November 1993, the company's debt exceeded $11 million and it was forced to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. While under the court's protection, Country Coach of Junction City, Oregon offered $6.9 million for the company. At the same time, Safari Motorcoach Corporation of Harrisburg, Oregon submitted a $7.6 million bid and eventually took ownership of Beaver Coach. Under the reorganization plan, Safari took over management of Beaver Coach. As part of the plan, unsecured creditors received less than 50 cents on the dollar. Monaco Coach purchased Safari in 2002. The Beaver Coach brand name passed to Monaco as part of the deal. After acquiring the Beaver Coach brand rights, Monaco began producing a new line of luxury coach called the Beaver Solitaire. In 2006, Monaco moved its Beaver Coach assembly plant to Coburg, Oregon. During this period, several models that were not selling well were eliminated from the Beaver Coach product line. In 2009, Monaco filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The following year, Navistar International purchased Monaco. However, Navistar decided not to purchase the Beaver",
"title": "Beaver Motorcoach Corporation"
},
{
"docid": "8915138",
"text": "North Eugene High School is a public high school in the River Road/Santa Clara neighborhoods of Eugene, Oregon, United States. History North Eugene High School was open to students on October 21, 1957. The opening was delayed nearly two months, causing two months of double-shifting at Colin Kelly Junior High School until the school was finally completed. The current NEHS campus was a filbert orchard belonging to a couple of Scottish ancestry. The couple donated land to Eugene School District 4J for the high school to be built on. The NEHS mascot, \"Scottie\", the Scotch Terrier, reflects the school's heritage, as do the names of the school newspaper (Caledonian) and yearbook (Tartan). In April 2004 NEHS staff, parents, and community members were approached with information about the Oregon Small Schools Initiative project and grant opportunities. In May 2004, a $900,000 grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was awarded to NEHS to begin this project. After a series of meetings and workshops, the school transformation officially began. In the 2006 academic year, 3 small schools were implemented: North International High School, Academy of Arts, and School of IDEAS: Invention, Design, Engineering, Arts, & Science. As the 2013 academic year commenced, the comprehensive high school model was reintroduced to North Eugene High School. Academics In 2008, 84% of the school's seniors received their high school diploma, Of 246 students, 207 graduated, 23 dropped out, 4 received a modified diploma, and 12 remained in high school. The student-produced school newspaper, The Caledonian, appears to be the first in the area to move to an online news production model. The students at N.E.H.S. performed at 47%, 68% and 50% proficient in Math, Reading & Science respectively on the Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills. This compares to state averages of 49%, 67% and 56%. The school in 2016 received a bronze medal ranking from the U.S. News & World Report \"America's Best High Schools\" survey. Campus Principal: Trinity Welch-Radabaugh, Scott Mayers, and Travis Sheaffer College preparation courses North Eugene High School is an authorized International Baccalaureate World School. All N.E.H.S. students take IB classes in Literature and History in 11th and 12th grade. Students may also choose to enroll in several other International Baccalaureate (IB) and Advanced Placement (AP) courses. The school offers a number of these courses, allowing its students the opportunity to take the cumulative exams in the spring to gain college credit at the high school level. North Eugene usually sees very high passing percentages from its students who take these exams, except on the science exams. Students are also offered CollegeNow courses, which directly give students Lane Community College credits which are often transferable to statewide universities. Advanced Placement Courses: Calculus AB International Baccalaurate Courses: English A1: Language & Literature HL, History of the Americas HL, Biology HL/SL, Chemistry HL/SL, Math Studies SL, Film Studies SL, Music Theory SL, Theatre SL, Spanish B SL, Japanese B SL, Theory of Knowledge CollegeNow Courses: Design Fundamentals, Digital Media Design, Yearbook",
"title": "North Eugene High School"
},
{
"docid": "42889231",
"text": "Pistol Pete is the athletics mascot of Oklahoma State University. The Pistol Pete mascot costume features traditional cowboy attire and a headpiece resembling Frank Eaton. Pistol Pete has been the mascot for the Oklahoma State Cowboys since 1923. History From the 1890s on, Oklahoma A&M sports teams had been referred to as the Agriculturists or Aggies, the Farmers, and officially but unpopularly, the Tigers. By 1924 Charles Saulsberry, sports editor of the Oklahoma City Times, and other writers who regularly covered college events had begun to refer to Stillwater's teams as the A&M Cowboys. The Athletic Council authorized Athletic Director Edward C. Gallagher to have 2,000 balloons printed, \"Oklahoma Aggies - Ride 'Em Cowboy\" for sale at football games in 1926. Around 1923, when Oklahoma A&M College was searching for a new mascot to replace their tiger (which had been copied from Princeton and accounts for the orange and black school colors), a group of students saw Frank Eaton leading Stillwater's Armistice Day Parade. He was approached to see if he would be interested in being the model for the new mascot, and he agreed. A likeness was drawn and began to be used on sweatshirts, stickers, etc. and a tradition was born. That caricature was the basis for what is used today as the official Oklahoma State University mascot. For thirty-five years, the crusty old cowboy was a living symbol of OSU, representing the colorful past of the area. As such, he would attend OSU athletic events, building dedications, etc., and sign autographs, pose for photographs and reminisce about the American Old West with anyone who would listen. In more recent years, the University of Wyoming and New Mexico State University began using variations of OSU's artwork as logos for their schools. To this day, his likeness is a visible reminder of the Old West to literally millions of people yearly as a symbol of colleges whose mascots pay homage to the cowboy. However, it was not until 1958 that \"Pistol Pete\" was adopted as the school's mascot. The familiar caricature of \"Pistol Pete\" was officially sanctioned in 1984 by Oklahoma State University as a licensed symbol. Each year, an average of 15 Oklahoma State students audition to portray Pistol Pete. A panel of former \"Petes\" conduct the tryouts and select two replacements based largely on an interview. Candidates are also asked to exhibit themselves as they would during in-game scenarios. The two students chosen share around 650 appearances per year, which includes all OSU Cowboy and Cowgirl athletic events, though Pistol Pete has also assumed a significant role as an ambassador and symbol for Oklahoma State University at large. As such, Pistol Pete is often asked to make appearances in parades, community festivals, corporate functions, weddings and birthday parties. President Thep Phongparnich of Thailand's Maejo University received Oklahoma State's Distinguished International Alumni Award on November 12, 2005, following which his university also adopted Pistol Pete as a mascot. See also Oklahoma State Cowboys and Cowgirls References External links",
"title": "Pistol Pete (Oklahoma State University)"
},
{
"docid": "16870770",
"text": "Jeff Kruse (born September 7, 1951) is a former Republican member of the Oregon Senate, representing the 1st District from 1996 until his resignation for sexual harassment in 2018. Committees Kruse formerly sat on the following Senate Committees: Education and General Government, Vice Chair Health and Human Services, Vice Chair Public Education Appropriation, Member Services to Seniors and People with Disabilities, Vice Chair Native American mascot controversy In July 2013, Kruse gained national attention by appearing in a CNN video news story about a bill he sponsored. His bill would reverse an existing Oregon law requiring public schools to remove what some colleagues consider \"racist\" and \"insensitive\" references to Native Americans on their sports team's uniforms. Prior to the enactment of the 2012 Oregon law, the State Superintendent of Schools had determined that the continued use of Native American mascots has created a \"hostile educational environment\". Schools have been given until 2017 to comply with the required change. In defending his bill, Kruse has asked: \"do we change the entire world for the small few [sic]? He graduated from Roseburg High School whose mascot is \"the Indians\". This mascot is frequently depicted in cartoons as clownish or as a charging warrior. The images have offended citizens of Native American descent and caused local controversy. Sexual harassment allegations In October 2017, Kruse was removed from all of his Senate committee assignments by Senate President Peter Courtney. An article in The Oregonian indicated that Kruse had been accused of inappropriate touching and had failed to resolve ongoing workplace issues. The removal came days after Senator Sara Gelser indicated that Kruse had inappropriately touched her. Senator Ginny Burdick supported Gelser's allegations, calling Kruse's behavior a \"chronic problem\", recalling an incident where she had to tell Kruse to get his hands off of Gelser and another incident where Kruse had inappropriately touched a female staffer on the Senate floor. Kruse's smoking violations in his Capitol office were also a factor in the sanctions. He categorically denied any inappropriate behavior while acknowledging that \"the smoking still is an issue that I will not deny.\" On February 9, 2018, Kruse announced his resignation, to take effect March 15, 2018. On April 17, 2018 fellow member of the Douglas County delegation Dallas Heard succeeded Kruse as State Senator for the Oregon State Senate 1st District. Electoral history References External links Senator Jeff Kruse – official website Project Vote Smart – Senator Jeff Kruse (OR) profile Follow the Money – campaign contributions 1951 births Living people Republican Party Oregon state senators Republican Party members of the Oregon House of Representatives Willamette University alumni 21st-century American legislators",
"title": "Jeff Kruse"
}
] | [
"Benny Beaver"
] |
train_41255 | who plays aunt may in the amazing spider man | [
{
"docid": "144167",
"text": "Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,",
"title": "Aunt May"
},
{
"docid": "5116927",
"text": "is a Japanese voice actress who is represented by Aksent. She is most known for the roles of (Space Battleship Yamato) and Saeko Nogami (City Hunter). Her married name is . Asagmi was born in Otaru, Hokkaidō. In 1952, she began to study traditional Japanese storytelling kōdan under the master . By 2004, she had risen to become a star kōdanshi. When she performs as a storyteller, she goes by the art name . Since 2012, even the work of voice actor has started using the name of Ichiryūsai Harumi. In 2022, she won the Merit Award at the 16th Seiyu Awards. Filmography Television animation 1970s Space Battleship Yamato (1974) – Yuki Mori La Seine no Hoshi (1975) – Michelle Blocker Gundan 4 Machine Blaster (1976) – Yuka Hōjō Galaxy Express 999 (1978) – Claire, Kasumi Majokko Tickle (1978) – Tiko 1980s The Littl' Bits (1980) – Belfy, or \"Lillabit\" in the U.S. version Space Runaway Ideon (1980) – Harulu Ajiba Urusei Yatsura (1981) – Miki (ep. 39) Igano Kabamaru (1983) – Kaoru Nonogusa Sherlock Hound (1984) – Marie Hudson City Hunter (1987) – Saeko Nogami City Hunter 2 (1988) – Saeko Nogami City Hunter 3 (1989) – Saeko Nogami 1990s City Hunter '91 (1991) – Saeko Nogami Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon (1992) – Fraw Thumbelina: A Magical Story (1992) – Mama Detective Conan (1998) – Yōko Asanuma Omishi Magical Theater: Risky Safety (1999) – Narrator, Adachi 2000s PaRappa The Rapper (2001) – Miss Stew (Ep.11) The Galaxy Railways (2003) – Layla Destiny Shura, Kanna Yuuki Angel Heart (2005) – Saeko Nogami Blue Drop (2007) – Shivariel, Blue AI Koihime Musō (2008) – Shibaki Suikyō 2010s Star Twinkle PreCure (2019) – Yōko Hoshina Original video animation (OVA) Urotsukidoji (1987) - Akemi Ito Teito Monogatari (1991) – Keiko Mekata Yamato 2520 (1995) – Amesis Queen Emeraldas (1998) – Baraluda Yukikaze (2002) – Rydia Cooley Films Space Battleship Yamato (1977) – Yuki Mori Farewell to Space Battleship Yamato (1978) – Yuki Mori Galaxy Express 999 series (1979–1981) – Claire, Metalmena Space Runaway Ideon: A Contact & Be Invoked (1982) – Harulu Ajiba Final Yamato (1983) – Yuki Mori City Hunter series (1989–2023) – Saeko Nogami Doraemon: Nobita's Great Adventure in the South Seas (1998) – Rufin Okko's Inn (2018) – Mineko Video games Ogre Battle: The March of the Black Queen (1996) – Norn Super Robot Wars Alpha Gaiden (2001) – Machiko Valencia Super Robot Wars NEO (2009) – Machiko Valencia Syphon Filter (1999) – Lian Xing Dubbing 1941 – Betty Douglas (Dianne Kay) The Amazing Spider-Man – Aunt May (Sally Field) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 – Aunt May (Sally Field) The Big Brawl – Nancy (Kristine DeBell) Cats & Dogs – Mrs. Caroline Brody (Elizabeth Perkins) Death on the Nile – Mrs. Bowers (Dawn French) Four Christmases – Marilyn (Mary Steenburgen) Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde – Representative Victoria Rudd (Sally Field) The Man from Hong Kong – Angelica Pearson (Rebecca Gilling) The Namesake – Ashima Ganguli (Tabu) Nicky",
"title": "Yōko Asagami"
},
{
"docid": "41357270",
"text": "The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for",
"title": "List of Spider-Man film cast members"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "13305157",
"text": "\"One More Day\" (OMD) is a four-part 2007 comic book crossover storyline, connecting the three main Spider-Man series published by Marvel Comics at the time. Written by J. Michael Straczynski and Joe Quesada, with art by Quesada, the story arc concludes the fallout of Spider-Man's actions during the 2007 Civil War crossover. \"One More Day\" starts in The Amazing Spider-Man #544, continues in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #24 and The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2) #41, and concludes in The Amazing Spider-Man #545. After Aunt May had been shot by a stray bullet from a goon of the Kingpin meant for Spider-Man, Spider-Man seeks help to save her life. He encounters the demon Mephisto, who offers to save her life if Spider-Man gives him his marriage. Spider-Man and his wife, Mary Jane Watson, agree, and this part of their history is erased so that, effectively, they have never been married. The storyline set the stage for a restructuring of the Spider-Man titles, resulting in the cancellation of Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, with The Amazing Spider-Man revamped as a thrice-monthly publication. The events of \"One More Day\" regarding Peter Parker and Mary Jane's marriage was met with highly negative criticism, although the artwork received praise. Elements of the storyline were adapted in the feature film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada felt dissolving the Peter Parker and Mary Jane marriage and returning Spider-Man to his roots was necessary to preserve the longevity of the character for the next 20 or 30 years. Quesada said he and other previous editors-in-chief had long been seeking an opportunity to begin a new methodology in which to tell Spider-Man stories, but had not found a reasonable way to do so. Quesada said \"It's very easy to un-marry a character, or fix something like that: you just do a huge universal retcon, and say a few events in history didn't happen. But that's really not the way we do it here at Marvel.\" Quesada found an opportunity to address this in the events of the 2007 Civil War mini-series, which resulted in the unmasking of Spider-Man's identity to the public. Quesada knew J. Michael Straczynski was planning to end his run as a Marvel writer, so he personally approached Straczynski to propose \"One More Day\" as his final project. The ideas for \"One More Day\" began to develop almost two years before its release, at one of Marvel's creative summits for creators and editors. Quesada, Straczynski, Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, Jeph Loeb, Tom Brevoort and Axel Alonso developed the concept between them, and Ed Brubaker and Dan Slott added more at the next summit. \"One More Day\" was announced as the concluding storyline of Straczynski's run on Amazing Spider-Man in early 2007, and Quesada was named as the artist for the storyline. Although Quesada had become more selective in choosing projects to do as an artist since becoming editor-in-chief, he felt",
"title": "Spider-Man: One More Day"
},
{
"docid": "871334",
"text": "The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Amazing Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. The list is updated as of March 19, 2024. Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) This comic book plot is written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Steve Ditko. Features the first appearances of Spider-Man, Aunt May, Uncle Ben, Flash Thompson, and Liz Allan. High school student Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider, thus gaining the proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a spider, along with a precognitive \"spider-sense\" and later creating a web-shooting device. Peter becomes Spider-Man, an instant TV sensation, but coming out of a TV studio one day, Peter does not stop an escaping burglar, claiming it is not his problem. A few days later, he comes home to find his Uncle Ben has been shot and goes to track down the murderer, only to find that it was the same burglar that he had let escape a few days earlier. Peter blames himself for his uncle's death and realizes that with great power there must also come great responsibility. This issue was released on June 5, 1962, and was published in August 1962. The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100 (January 1963 – July 1971) The Amazing Spider-Man #101–200 (August 1971 – November 1979) The Amazing Spider-Man #201–300 (December 1979 – March 1988) The Amazing Spider-Man #301–400 (April 1988 – February 1995) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–499 (March 1995 - September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–441 (March 1995 – September 1998) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #1–58 (November 1998 – September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #500–545 (October 2003 – December 2007) The Amazing Spider-Man #546–647 \"Brand New Day\" (January 2008 – November 2010) Note: Brand New Day is a soft reboot stemming out of the events of One More Day. Three issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month during this time. See Free Comic Book Day (2007): Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man #648–700 (November 2010 – December 2012) Note: During the \"Big Time\" storyline, two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month at the increased length of 30 pages each (compared to the traditional 22 pages). The Amazing Spider-Man #701–801 (January 2013 – June 2018) Superior Spider-Man (vol. 1) #1–33 (January 2013 – April 2014) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1–20 (April 2014 – August 2015) — Marvel NOW! Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows (vol. 1) #1–5 (June 2015 – September 2015) Note: Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is a Secret Wars tie-in miniseries set in an alternate universe where One More Day never happened. The miniseries is counted as part of the legacy numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1–32 (October 2015 – September 2017) — All-New, All-Different Marvel The Amazing Spider-Man #789–801 (October 2017 – June 2018) — Marvel Legacy The Amazing Spider-Man #802–894 (July 2018 – March 2022) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #1–74 (July 2018 – September 2021) — Fresh Start Note: See Free Comic Book Day (2018): Amazing Spider-Man.",
"title": "List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues"
},
{
"docid": "2730206",
"text": "Bert Ira Gordon (September 24, 1922 – March 8, 2023) was an American filmmaker and visual effects artist. He is best known for writing and directing science fiction and horror B-movies such as King Dinosaur (1955), The Amazing Colossal Man (1957), Earth vs. the Spider (1958), Village of the Giants (1965), and Empire of the Ants (1977). Most of Gordon's work is in the idiom of giant monster films, for which he used rear-projection to create the special effects. He was nicknamed \"Mr. B.I.G.\" by Forrest J Ackerman, a reference to both his initials and his films' tendency to feature super-sized creatures. Career Gordon was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin, on September 24, 1922, the son of Sadeline (Barnett) and Charles Abraham Gordon. He began making home movies in 16mm after his aunt gave him a camera for his 13th birthday. He dropped out of college to join the Army Air Forces in World War II. After the war, he married and he and his wife began making television commercials. He later edited British feature films to fit half-hour time slots and became a production assistant on Racket Squad and camera man on Serpent Island (1954). In 1955, Gordon made his first feature, King Dinosaur, followed by The Cyclops in 1957, which co-starred Lon Chaney Jr. and Gloria Talbot. In 1957, he began his prolific association with American International Pictures, beginning with The Amazing Colossal Man and its 1958 sequel, War of the Colossal Beast. AIP distributed some of his other late-50s opuses, such as Earth vs the Spider, Beginning of the End (featuring Peter Graves), and Attack of the Puppet People. In October 1960 Gordon sued AIP for fraud over four films they made together. After filming Tormented (1960), he wrote, produced and directed The Boy and the Pirates, starring active and popular child star of the time Charles Herbert and Gordon's own daughter, Susan Gordon (who died in 2011 from thyroid cancer). All three appeared together in the celebrity lineup at the 2006 Monster Bash, held June 23–25 at the Pittsburgh International Airport Four Points Hotel. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released a Midnite Movies double DVD set with the rarely seen The Boy and the Pirates, and Crystalstone (1987), on June 27, 2006. Gordon held a degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 2012, he hosted and moderated a screening of The Amazing Colossal Man in Dallas, Texas. Personal life and death Gordon was married from 1945 to 1979 to Flora Lang (1925–2016); the two divorced in 1979. They had three daughters: Susan (who predeceased her parents), Carol, and Patricia. Gordon had a fourth daughter, Christina, with his second wife, Eva. Gordon died in Los Angeles on March 8, 2023, at the age of 100. Filmography As director-producer. Source for credits, years and primary titles: Legacy Of these titles, King Dinosaur, The Amazing Colossal Man, Earth Vs. The Spider, War of the Colossal Beast, The Magic Sword, Tormented, Beginning of the End, and Village of the Giants were featured",
"title": "Bert I. Gordon"
},
{
"docid": "25700184",
"text": "This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \"Power Booster\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \"Spider-Friends\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \"costume\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \"Vengeance Of Loki\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \"Windchill Factor Zero\". In \"Mission: Save The Guardstar\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \"fire and ice don't really mix\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \"Opposites Attack!\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in",
"title": "List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters"
},
{
"docid": "2046883",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is a pinball game designed by Ed Krynski and released in 1980 by Gottlieb. It is based on the comic book character Spider-Man released by Marvel Comics. Description The machine, designed by Ed Krynski with art by Gordon Morison, was produced by D. Gottlieb & Co. as part of their Star Series 80 line. The first machine came off the assembly line in May 1980. The Amazing Spider-Man was the first of Gottlieb's System 80 series of pinball machines and was the second Marvel character licensed by Gottlieb to be represented in a pinball machine (the first being The Hulk). The pinball machine featured character poses taken directly from Marvel comics and style guides including Aunt May, Kingpin, Lizard, Scorpion, Vulture, Black Widow, Kraven the Hunter and the Green Goblin. Features The features; Special 24-inch (60 cm) wide-bodied cabinet 4-Player game 4 6-Digit Vacuum fluorescent displays 4 Flippers (No Center Post) 1 Lane (with Spinner) 4 Exit Lanes 2 Slingshot Bumpers 3 Kick-Out Holes 2 Pop Bumpers 2 Spot Targets 2 Drop Target Banks (3 and 5 targets) Design team Game Design: Ed Krynski Artwork: Gordon Morison Production A total of 7,625 machines were produced and are currently sought-after collectors items. It was the first of Gottlieb's System 80 design pinball machines. It also was the first Gottlieb pinball, with an \"attract mode\" lighting. In which various playfield lights, alternate between off an on, to make the game more attractive to passerbye, thus encouraging play. It was also the first solid state pinball with the speaker in the backbox (head) instead of the bottom cabinet. Stan Lee, the co-creator of \"Spider-Man\" and public face of Marvel Comics, claimed ownership of one of the first machines off the assembly line and kept it in his Marvel office until he auctioned it as part of his \"Stan Lee collection\" at Heritage Comics Auctions of Dallas, Texas. Lee said that \"Over the years, I have spent countless frustrating yet perversely enjoyable hours attempting to play on it, as have numerous colleagues, friends and business associates (some quite famous, though a combination of modesty, shame and my legendary bad memory prevents me from divulging their names here) during their unrelenting pilgrimages to my office. In fact, I think many of these scions of arts and industry came over JUST to beat me up at pinball. I hope its new owner will be a better player than I am.\" References External links The Amazing Spider-Man at the Internet Pinball Database (IPDb). Pinball machines based on comics Pinball machines based on television series 1980 pinball machines Gottlieb pinball machines Spider-Man toys",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball)"
},
{
"docid": "6000063",
"text": "Spider-Man and Friends was a line of action figures and related merchandise featuring the comic book character Spider-Man and other characters appearing in Marvel Comics publications, released by Marvel Entertainment's toy division, Toy Biz, from 2003 to 2006. The line was aimed primarily at preschool-age children, and the character likenesses used were often altered to seem \"cuter\" and more childlike (and child-friendly); most characters were depicted as wide-eyed and smiling, even supervillains and characters better known for anger or savagery, such as the Incredible Hulk or Wolverine. Aside from being a toy line, there were also books, clothing, board games, cutlery, plates, bedding and video games. Featured characters Heroes Spider-Man Spider-Girl - essentially a female counterpart to Spider-Man, wearing a near-identical costume; has no perceived connection to the Marvel Comics character of the same name or the various characters known as Spider-Woman. Story books under the Spider-Man and Friends brand name suggest that she is Spider-Man's cousin. Wolverine - some pieces of merchandise depict Wolverine in his Ultimate uniform while other merchandise depicts him in his tiger stripe costume. Hulk Captain America Thor Cyclops Iron Man The Thing Mr. Fantastic Storm Iceman Colossus The Beast - for the most part, he is the same as the original Beast, but he is not a mutant, instead having been an ordinary boy (who appears similar to Beast's earliest appearances) who invented a potion that made him grow long blue hair. Villains The Rhino The Lizard The Green Goblin Doctor Octopus Promo-only characters The Silver Surfer Aunt May The Punisher The Sandman Electro The end of Friends The Spider-Man and Friends line ceased production at the end of 2006, when all toy licenses for Marvel Comics characters passed from Toy Biz to Hasbro; the final wave of figures was released in December 2006. Hasbro carried over the concept of Marvel characters for the preschool set with a new line of action figures called Marvel Super Hero Squad, which debuted in January 2007. Featured characters in Wave 1 include Archangel, Colossus, Captain America, Magneto, Sabretooth, Cyclops, Wolverine, and Hawkeye. Wave 2 included Hulk, Wasp, Iron Man, Thor, Daredevil, Elektra, Punisher, and Ghost Rider. Super Hero Squad figures were much smaller than their Spider-Man and Friends predecessors, and are comparable in size and design to a similarly preschool-specific line of Star Wars toys already produced by Hasbro. In 2009, a full-length animated series based on the toy line debuted on Cartoon Network, titled The Super Hero Squad Show. While Marvel Super Hero Squad is discontinued, Hasbro is currently continuing the concept of Marvel characters for the preschool set with both Marvel Super Hero Adventures (which spawned its own animated short series between 2017 and 2020) and Spidey and His Amazing Friends (which spawned its own full-length animated series on Disney Junior since 2021). Footnotes Marvel Comics action figure lines Spider-Man toys",
"title": "Spider-Man and Friends"
},
{
"docid": "2175409",
"text": "The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2) is a comic book series starring Spider-Man and published monthly by Marvel Comics for 41 issues between 2004 and 2007. It was originally published under the Marvel Knights imprint (as Marvel Knights Spider-Man, vol. 1, issues #1–22). The underlying difference between this title and the other Spider-Man titles was that Marvel Knights Spider-Man was done with a more mature slant (in style if not content), thus the \"Marvel Knights\" prefix. Intended to replace the canceled Spider-Man's Tangled Web series, Marvel Knights Spider-Man was originally supposed to be written by Kevin Smith, but due to scheduling problems he was replaced by Mark Millar. When Millar completed his year-long story arc, he was followed by writer Reginald Hudlin. With the consolidation of the Marvel Knights line, Marvel Knights Spider-Man was renamed The Sensational Spider-Man as of issue 23. At this time, Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa took over writing duties on the book. The Sensational Spider-Man was canceled after issue 41. Following Joseph Michael Straczynski and Joe Quesada's \"One More Day\" storyline the series was canceled to allow The Amazing Spider-Man to be published three times a month starting in 2008. A second volume of Marvel Knights: Spider-Man, written by Matt Kindt, was published as a limited series in late 2013 and early 2014. Storylines \"Down Among the Dead Men\" (issues 1–4) Writer: Mark Millar Penciler: Terry Dodson Inker: Rachel Dodson When Spider-Man finally sends the Green Goblin to jail, an unknown enemy, knowing that Peter Parker is Spider-Man, kidnaps Aunt May. After an embarrassing trip to the Avengers, Spidey visits the Owl, who says that Electro and the Vulture kidnapped her. This turns out to be a ploy by the Owl, who is after the two villains for stealing from him. Spidey goes through a brutal fight with a newly powered up Electro and is hospitalized. He is photographed (with most of his mask torn away) and is ambushed by the Vulture, only to be saved by the Black Cat who leaves Vulture in a bad physical condition due to her foul mood at the time of their fight. The photos are brought to J. Jonah Jameson, who says he thinks the partial face looks familiar. Also in the panel (#4) where a wounded Peter is climbing up an office building three characters are visible bearing a striking resemblance to Clark Kent, Jimmy Olsen and Lois Lane. On the side of the computer there is a note from a man named \"Perry\" and a picture of an \"S\" symbol. \"Venomous\" (issues 5–8) Writer: Mark Millar Penciler: Terry Dodson and Frank Cho Inker: Rachel Dodson The pictures of the unmasked Spider-Man are published by the Daily Bugle, but Parker's face is too mangled to be identified. Jameson issues a $5 million reward for Spidey's alias. Meanwhile, Doctor Octopus goes on a rampage and Eddie Brock auctions off the Venom costume, which is bought by the Fortunato family for the baby of the family, Angelo. Spidey visits the X-Men, where Rachel",
"title": "The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2)"
},
{
"docid": "718997",
"text": "The Sinister Six are a group of supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, mainly those featuring Spider-Man. The members are drawn from the character's list of enemies, with the original members forming the team in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (October 1964). Led by Doctor Octopus (introduced in issue #3), the team in its premiere followed swiftly the very early appearances of many of the most enduring members of Spider-Man's rogue's gallery: Vulture (issue #2), Sandman (issue #4), Electro (issue #9), Mysterio (issue #13), and Kraven the Hunter (issue #15). While Doctor Octopus has generally remained its leader, the Sinister Six has had multiple variations of composition. The team has been adapted into various forms of media, mainly in animated series and video games. A film based on the team is in development as part of Sony's Spider-Man Universe. Publication history The Sinister Six first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (January 1964). Fictional team biography Original Sinister Six After suffering two defeats from Spider-Man, Doctor Octopus is separated from his tentacle pack. After his tentacle pack breaks free and helps Doctor Octopus get out of prison, he contacts every known supervillain who had crossed paths with Spider-Man. Only Electro, Kraven the Hunter, the original Mysterio, the Sandman, and the original Vulture respond. As none of the members are willing to relinquish the honor of killing Spider-Man themselves, they decide to challenge Spider-Man individually with the order in which they face him determined by a random drawing. The Sinister Six kidnap Aunt May and Daily Bugle secretary Betty Brant, holding them hostage in order to force Spider-Man to confront them. Spider-Man defeats the Sinister Six members one-by-one, mocking their decision to battle him individually instead of as a team in front of Doctor Octopus, the last one to be defeated. \"The Return of the Sinister Six\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #334–339, Doctor Octopus recruits Electro, Sandman, Mysterio, and Vulture, along with the demonic Hobgoblin (since Kraven the Hunter had recently died), as part of his plan to take over the world. However, this was a trick, part of a larger plan by which Doc Ock alone would be the master of the world, by releasing a chemical into the atmosphere that would cause pain in anyone who attempted to use cocaine; he would then sell his cure for the chemical to the rich and powerful. Sandman, who at this point in his career had reformed and was blackmailed into joining, aids Spider-Man in defeating the Sinister Six, and ultimately stopping Doc Ock's plans to conquer the world. Because Octopus' chemical is eating away the ozone layer, Spider-Man has no choice but to release the cure into the atmosphere. \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" In Spider-Man #18-23, Electro, Mysterio, Vulture, and Hobgoblin reunite in a bid to take revenge on Doctor Octopus. To trick Sandman into joining them, they hit his foster family with a bomb, leading him to believe Doctor Octopus attacked them as punishment",
"title": "Sinister Six"
},
{
"docid": "24786216",
"text": "The comic book character Spider-Man has had much media attention due to his popularity as a superhero, as have his villains. Here is a list of his primary villains that have undergone media attention such as in films, televisions, and video games as well as some villains who debuted in the TV series. Film This is a list of Spider-Man enemies that have been in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy, Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films, the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), and Sony's Spider-Man Universe. The movies in the original trilogy also introduces Dylan Baker as Dr. Curt Connors, the man who in the comics becomes the Lizard, but this transformation never took place during Raimi's tenure as director. Mendel Stromm was portrayed by actor Ron Perkins in Spider-Man, although he did not become a villain while Spider-Man 2 features Daniel Gillies as John Jameson, whose transformation into the Man-Wolf is not depicted in the film. Additionally, the Kingpin was featured prominently in the Mark Steven Johnson film Daredevil, where he was portrayed by Michael Clarke Duncan. In The Amazing Spider-Man, the Lizard is the villain. Irrfan Khan also portrays the antagonistic Dr. Ratha in that film. In The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Felicity Jones plays Felicia Hardy, the alter ego of Black Cat but her version of Black Cat was never shown. In Spider-Man: Homecoming, Michael Mando appears as Mac Gargan, but did not become Scorpion. In Spider-Man: Far From Home, Jake Gyllenhaal portrays Mysterio, who was originally to be played by Bruce Campbell in Raimi's canceled fourth film. Additionally, although the character has not appeared in an MCU film yet, Vincent D'Onofrio portrays the Kingpin in Marvel Television's Netflix series Daredevil and the Disney+ series Hawkeye, Echo, and Daredevil: Born Again. Live-action films Animated films Television A number of Spider-Man villains have made appearances in Spider-Man television series or other Marvel Comics related shows mostly in animation. Also, in Wolverine and the X-Men, there was a character that closely resembles Shadrac. Here is a listing in alphabetical order. Sinister Six A few of Spider-Man villains in other media have joined the group Sinister Six (or Insidious Six in Spider-Man: The Animated Series and Sinister Seven or Superior Sinister Six in Ultimate Spider-Man) to take down Spider-Man just like in the comics. Here is a list of villains who have joined. The numbers beside the supervillain with the parentheses in between them stand for their first meeting and second meeting and so on. There has never been a proper depiction of the original Sinister Six (Doctor Octopus, Mysterio, Vulture, Sandman, Kraven and Electro), but in most franchises, all of the members appear, mainly without joining. Made-for-TV villains These villains do not appear in the comics. They were created for various cartoon series. Among them are: Spider-Man (1967) Baron von Rantenraven (voiced by Tom Harvey) - A German pilot who commanded Sky Harbor, which he used to invade New York with World War I biplanes. He uses paralyzing devices. Blackwell the",
"title": "List of Spider-Man enemies in other media"
},
{
"docid": "2291862",
"text": "\"The Death of Jean DeWolff\" is a four-part story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It comprises the comics Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #107–110 (October 1985 – January 1986). The story was written by Peter David, penciled by Rich Buckler, and inked by Brett Breeding, Josef Rubinstein, Kyle Baker and Pat Redding. It was the second professional comic book writing assignment for David and the beginning of his \"break\" into comic book writing. In this arc, Peter Parker (Spider-Man) hunts down the killer of police captain Jean DeWolff, one of his closest friends. Publication history On the first page of \"Part 4: All My Sins Remembered\", when Spider-Man remembers his teenage past with Betty Brant, the flashback panels are reprints of panels from earlier issues of Amazing Spider-Man; e.g. the third panel is from Amazing Spider-Man #41. Plot summary After capturing a trio of muggers assaulting Ernie Popchik (an elderly tenant of his Aunt May's), Spider-Man learns that his close friend NYPD Captain Jean DeWolff has been killed in her sleep. Spider-Man confronts the police officer in charge of the investigation, Sergeant Stan Carter. Carter tells him Jean was killed by a close-range double-barreled shotgun blast, and that her badge is missing. Meanwhile, attorney Matt Murdock (the civilian identity of Daredevil) is assigned to represent Popchik's muggers at their arraignment; he succeeds in getting them released without bail, and through his super-senses also finds out Spider-Man's secret identity as Peter Parker when the latter attends the trial in May's and Popchik's company. However, he is disgusted by his clients' rowdy behavior, and speaks with the judge presiding over the case — his friend and mentor, Horace Rosenthal — about his misgivings with doing pro bono publico work. During their talk he senses an armed and masked intruder in Rosenthal's chamber. After Rosenthal leaves, the intruder introduces himself as the Sin-Eater and tries to shoot Murdock. Hearing the commotion, Rosenthal returns and is shot by the Sin-Eater. The Sin-Eater then escapes through the window. On the streets outside, Spider-Man responds to the panic aroused by the Sin-Eater's appearance. He opens fire on Spider-Man, who leaps above the scattergun blasts. The bullets hit a crowd of bystanders. During their fight, Spider-Man spots a gavel and a badge on the Sin-Eater's belt, and realizes he must be the one who killed Jean DeWolff. However, when he sees Aunt May lying senseless on the ground, he allows the Sin-Eater to escape so that he can help her. Spider-Man successfully petitions Carter for unofficial approval to search DeWolff's apartment. Carter also reveals the folklore behind the term sin-eater, and mentions that he is a former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. Spider-Man is unable to find any clues in DeWolff's apartment, but discovers a collection of news clippings indicating that she was romantically interested in him. While at Rosenthal's funeral, Murdock recognizes Sin-Eater's heartbeat among those attending DeWollf's funeral nearby, but there are too many mourners for him to pick out which one is the Sin-Eater.",
"title": "The Death of Jean DeWolff"
},
{
"docid": "47275084",
"text": "The comic book stories published by Marvel Comics since the 1940s have featured several noteworthy concepts besides its fictional characters, such as unique places and artifacts. Since the introduction of Peter Parker as a character in 1962, with the superhero alter-ego, Spider-Man, a number of these locations have been prominently featured in connection with storylines specific to this character. These have then been carried over to depictions of Spider-Man in film, video games, and other media. There follows a list of those features. Residences Aunt May's house: Located at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens, nearly every depiction of Spider-Man begins with Parker living with his Aunt May and Uncle Ben (or just his Aunt May, where Uncle Ben is already shown as being deceased). The house is sometimes depicted as being next door to the home of Mary Jane Watson. Storylines have occurred in various comic book runs and other media where Aunt May's home is attacked. In the 2018 American computer-animated film, Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, a shed in the backyard leads to a secret underground lair where Parker (deceased in that universe) had kept a variety of costumes and technology. In the 1981 TV cartoon, Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, the house serves as the Spider-Friends' headquarters, though Aunt May remains unaware of their activities. Companies Daily Bugle: A newspaper headquartered in a building where Parker works as a photographer for J. Jonah Jameson. Oscorp Tower: A research company headquartered in a skyscraper owned by Norman Osborn, which later became the headquarters for Alchemax. Parker Industries: A company that was founded and owned by Parker. Educational institutions Empire State University Empire State University (ESU) is a fictional university whose alumni include Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Harry Osborn, Gwen Stacy, Brian Braddock (on an exchange program), Emma Frost, Norman Osborn, Hector Ayala, Harry Osborn, Brad Davis, Chip Martin and Johnny Storm (the Human Torch). Doreen Green (Squirrel Girl) is currently enrolled in its computer science undergraduate program. Staff included Miles Warren, Edward Lansky (aka Lightmaster), Mendel Stromm, Gregson Gilbert (creator of the Dragon Man), Clifton Shallot (the mutant Vulture), David Jude, and Curtis Connors. Empire State University in other media Empire State is featured in Spider-Man with students and faculty like Curt Connors, Farley Stillwell. Students included Alisa Silvermane (daughter of Silvermane), Debra Whitman, Felicia Hardy, Flash Thompson, Liz Allen, Mary Jane Watson, Michael Morbius, and Peter Parker. It appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man with members being Martha and Curt Connors, Dr. Miles Warren and Max Dillon. Students included Eddie Brock, Gwen Stacy and Peter Parker. ESU is seen in Spider-Man set in the Spider-Man Insomniac Universe, where it resembles New York University. ESU is alluded in Spider-Man 3 and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Midtown High School Midtown High School (also known as Midtown Science High School or the Midtown School of Science and Technology) is a fictional school appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The school is depicted as being located in Queens, NYC.",
"title": "Features of Spider-Man media"
},
{
"docid": "39216224",
"text": "\"If This Be My Destiny...!\" is a story arc featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It spans the issues The Amazing Spider-Man #31–33 (1965-1966), and was written by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the latter of whom also did the art. The story introduces supporting characters Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy, Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus temporarily assuming the Master Planner alias, and Spider-Man being pinned under heavy machinery, which he lifts after gathering enough will power through thoughts of his family. Background The storyline ran in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 through #33, with a single interconnected story arc, being one of the first of its kind in Spider-Man's history. Lee recounted that he and Ditko jointly plotted the acclaimed sequence in which Spider-Man lifts the heavy machinery off of him, but that stretching the sequence out for several pages was purely Ditko's idea. Having anticipated that Ditko would spend just two or three panels on this plot point, Lee said that when he saw the art for the scene \"I almost shouted in triumph\". In the letters section of the September–October 1998 issue of Comic Book Marketplace, Ditko pointed out that he was credited as sole plotter of series starting with issue 25, and that the sequence in question was in issue 33. He further stated that Stan Lee never knew what was in Ditko's plotted stories until he saw the artwork. Synopsis Peter Parker attends his first day at Empire State University, meeting classmates Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy. Meanwhile, Aunt May succumbs to a mysterious and life-threatening illness and a new evil mastermind called the \"Master Planner\" arranges for the theft of various technological devices. After a fateful battle, Spider-Man discovers that the Master Planner is none other than Doctor Octopus, and that he has stolen a rare isotope that could be the only means to save Aunt May's life. Doc Ock manages to escape, leaving Spider-Man trapped under heavy machinery. Thinking about Uncle Ben's death and not wanting to lose Aunt May as well, Spider-Man is able to gather enough will power to lift the machinery, though his leg gets hurt while escaping from the flooding lab. He gives the serum to Dr. Curt Connors for analysis before delivering it to the hospital where May is treated, and takes some photographs for the Daily Bugle to raise money for May's hospital bills. When he returns to the hospital, Peter is relieved to learn the serum cured May, and goes home for some well deserved rest. Reception One of the most celebrated issues of the Lee-Ditko run is #33 (February 1966), the third part of the story arc \"If This Be My Destiny\", featuring the dramatic scene of Spider-Man who, through willpower and memories of his family, escapes from being pinned by heavy machinery. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that \"Steve Ditko squeezes every ounce of anguish out of Spider-Man's predicament, complete with visions of the uncle he failed and the aunt he has sworn to save\". Peter",
"title": "If This Be My Destiny...!"
},
{
"docid": "7036658",
"text": "\"The Wedding!\" is a story from The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21 in which Mary Jane Watson and Peter Parker (a.k.a. Spider-Man) get married. It was published in 1987 and written by David Michelinie, featuring cover art by John Romita Sr. Plot Spider-Man is web slinging through town and runs into Electro. He defeats him and then returns home, to find Mary Jane in the process of moving in. MJ leaves for a photo shoot, leaving Peter to ponder how on earth he'll be able to provide for him and MJ. Peter takes his photos of Spider-Man defeating Electro to the Daily Bugle and is surprised by the staff with a party in honor of his upcoming wedding to Mary Jane. J. Jonah Jameson arrives, clearly irritated, and starts to complain about why they are hosting a party when they're supposed to be working. As soon as Peter leaves, he states that he wants to cut the pay of everyone who didn't attend. Peter is barely able to sleep that night, contemplating his impending wedding. The next day he meets Mary Jane. He leaps to the ceiling and goes down to one knee, asking her to marry him once again. \"I hate cleaning footprints off the ceiling,\" she responds with a smile. They both eat, but can't help shake their worries about the wedding. Mary Jane leaves for a meeting, where her old boyfriend presents her with two tickets to Paris, that she can only take if she skips the wedding. Peter goes to Aunt May's house, and goes through a scrap book, remembering his most prominent times with Mary Jane. MJ and her aunt arrive, and they announce the upcoming marriage to their family. She leaves in a Ferrari with her ex-boyfriend, and Peter takes the subway home. Both are starting to have second thoughts about their marriage. When they meet up again that night, Spidey takes MJ out web-slinging to clear their heads. The next day, Peter's best man, Flash Thompson, and his best friend, Harry Osborn, take Peter out for a bachelor party, but he's beginning to show his true feelings about the wedding. They try to convince him that love conquers all. Meanwhile, Mary Jane is having a grand party across town. Peter finally decides to go home for the night, and has nightmares about all of his enemies trying to attack MJ, and being helpless to stop them. He wakes up in a sweat, wondering what he should do. Meanwhile, MJ is out with Liz Allan, wondering the same. Later at City Hall, all of the guests are in attendance (for reasons unknown, Matt Murdock is not present), but both Peter and Mary Jane are late, leaving everyone confused. At the last minute, they both appear and are married by Mary Jane's uncle, judge Spenser Watson. (MJ's wedding dress was designed by real-life designer Willi Smith.) MJ gives Peter the tickets to France with which her ex-boyfriend tried to tempt her, and they go off on",
"title": "The Wedding!"
},
{
"docid": "47346528",
"text": "Spider-Man (Peter Parker) from the Marvel Mangaverse is an alternate version of Spider-Man created by Kaare Andrews. He is just one of many examples of different cultural Spider-Men much like Spider-Man (Pavitr Prabhakar), Spider-Man 2099, and Miles Morales. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The Marvel Mangaverse is a comic book universe which was set in the Marvel Comics Multiverse created by Ben Dunn. The universe's incarnation of Peter Parker would debut in Marvel Mangaverse: Spider-Man (2002) a single issue book created, written and drawn by Kaare Andrews. Andrews depicted this version of Spider-Man as a ninja and the last of the Spider Clan after his Uncle Ben was killed by Venom. The character is the third depicted manga version of Spider-Man after Spider-Man: The Manga and Spider-Man J. Fictional character biography The Mangaverse Spider-Man first appeared in the one-shot Marvel Mangaverse: Spider-Man (2002) (created, written and drawn by Kaare Andrews) where his origin was very different from the regular Marvel Spider-Man. In the Mangaverse Peter Parker is the last member of the Spider Clan of ninjas and has been taught martial arts by his sensei, Uncle Ben. After Ben's murder by Venom, an underling of the Kingpin, Peter starts to train in secret so he will be strong enough to exact his revenge. In this version of Spider-Man, Aunt May is Peter's mother's sister instead of Uncle Ben being his father's brother. The Mangaverse Spider-Man was brought back for his own mini-series Spider-Man: Legend of the Spider-Clan (again written by original creator Kaare Andrews) in which he encounters Black Cat, as well as the \"Venom symbiote\". This \"symbiote\" does not become Venom and has mystical origins being the result of a curse this time and connections to an 'evil' clan of ninja who are affiliated with Spiders, who act as a counterpart to Spider-Man's own ninja clan. Norman Osborn, better known as the Green Goblin, also appears in the series as an antagonist. Following the first mini-series a story featuring this version of the character appeared in Spider-Man Family. This story picks up after the events of the series with Peter, Aunt May, and Mary Jane visiting the grave of Uncle Ben. The three are then attacked by a group called The Elementals and May is killed in the battle while Mary Jane is wounded and left unconscious. The Elementals then leave Peter alive and broken with no explanation as to why they attacked him other than \"our task was to seek you out, Spider. To help you shed your skin. To set you on your path.\" Whilst mourning the loss of Aunt May a secret Map reveals itself to Peter it leads to the Land of The Spider-Clan and he decides to follow it in hopes of getting answers. Upon finding them Peter learns of Venom's survival from the end of the previous series where he had thought to",
"title": "Spider-Man (Marvel Mangaverse)"
},
{
"docid": "3480370",
"text": "\"The Six Arms Saga\" is a story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, written by Stan Lee and drawn by Gil Kane. It spans the issues The Amazing Spider-Man #100–102 (1971) and features the first appearance and origin story of Morbius, the Living Vampire. The story arc is mostly remembered for Spider-Man growing four extra arms, and for a subsequent What If…? stating that keeping the arms would have allowed Spider-Man to save Gwen Stacy and defeat Thanos himself. The Six-Armed Spider-Man appears in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Plot Peter Parker has recently experienced a lot of misery in his life: his best friend Harry Osborn has become a junkie, his close friend Captain George Stacy died in his arms, and Gwen Stacy – Peter's girlfriend – wrongly blamed Spider-Man for her father's death. He creates a serum to remove his spider powers, after which he then falls into a troubled sleep in which he fights all his enemies, while enduring excruciating side pains. The dream ends with George Stacy's spirit imploring Peter to keep protecting New York as Spider-Man, stating that his powers are both a blessing and a curse. When he wakes up, Peter realizes that the serum has unintentionally augmented his powers, giving him four additional arms. After rejecting an invitation to a movie from Gwen, and a late-night photo assignment from the Daily Bugle, Peter, as Spider-Man, calls Curt Connors for help, who offers him his summer house as refuge. Elsewhere, Michael Morbius is found stranded in the ocean by a boat and taken aboard, only for numerous passengers to mysteriously disappear. When the crew confronts him, Morbius attacks them and flees. As night falls and the crew goes to sleep, Morbius, now resembling a vampire, returns and feeds on their blood, but is overwhelmed by guilt and attempts to kill himself by jumping into the ocean. He washes ashore and stumbles upon Connors' house, which he enters before falling asleep. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is working on curing himself in Connors' lab when he smashes a test tube in frustration, causing Morbius to be awakened by the noise and attack. As the two fight, Connors arrives and the stress of being attacked by Morbius causes him to transform into the Lizard. Morbius and the Lizard fight over who will kill Spider-Man. Morbius manages to bite the Lizard before escaping. An enzyme in Morbius' blood allows Connors to temporarily regain control of his mind, and he joins forces with Spider-Man to track down Morbius, believing that his blood can help cure them both. Meanwhile, Morbius reflects on how he became a vampire following a failed experiment that he, his fiancée, Martine Bancroft, and his assistant worked on to cure Morbius' rare blood disease; he killed his assistant before jumping into the ocean, not wanting to hurt Martine. As Spider-Man and the Lizard search for Morbius, Gwen and Aunt May worry about Peter, as they haven't heard from him in a while, and J. Jonah Jameson reveals",
"title": "The Six Arms Saga"
},
{
"docid": "2280311",
"text": "Spider-Man: The Manga is a Japanese superhero manga series written by Kōsei Ono and Kazumasa Hirai and illustrated by Ryoichi Ikegami which retold the story of Spider-Man in a Japanese setting. It was originally published in Japan from January 1970 to September 1971 in Monthly Shōnen Magazine. The comic began by loosely adapting American Marvel stories, but over time, Ikegami introduced more original material. The manga features Yu Komori as Spider-Man's teen alter ego, and takes place in a Japanese setting. Within the Marvel Comics multiverse, its reality is designated as Earth-70019. Premise A junior high school student named : A bright and intellectually-gifted, yet outcasted and withdrawn teen genius, is bitten by a radioactive spider during a scientific demonstration, which imbues him with spider-like superhuman abilities, like the American Spider-Man's counterpart, Peter Parker and after a tragic mistake committed by accidentally mis-using his powers, which results in him unintentionally killing someone, a guilt-ridden Yu is driven to do good and atone for his irresponsibility, under the alias of a masked vigilante: \"Spider-Man\". Yu faces Japanese versions of villains such as Electro, the Lizard, Mysterio, and the Kangaroo. The series also featured counterparts of Aunt May, named \"Mei\", and J. Jonah Jameson, who is the publisher of the newspaper publishing company, where Yu is employed as a freelance photographer and which has an anti-Spider-Man stance. Publication Initially, Kōsei Ono wrote the stories. On completion of the sixth story, Kazumasa Hirai became the writer. Ikegami continued to provide the art. The first few stories featured analogues to several of Spider-Man's villains and supporting cast, while maintaining an altogether darker, grittier and moodier tone and atmosphere, compared to the original Spider-Man comics. The later Hirai-written stories deviated further from the source material, being more tonally mature, adult-oriented, violent, while including obscene content, such as profanity, sexual and gruesome imagery of a kind not seen in the original American Spider-Man comics. The later stories involved less comedy, were more dramatic, and had more realistic art, reflecting Ikegami's later style. The majority of the manga's stories focused on Yu's struggles with his alter-ego as Spider-Man and his normal life as a high school student. The negative sides and consequences being a super-powered vigilante brings on to his life, along with his character-arc of initially utilizing his powers for solely selfish gain, to using them to do good and for genuinely altruistic reasons, out of a sense of responsibility, despite being constantly tormented by negative emotions and the burden and misery being Spider-Man brings on to him, while also being careful with the use of his spider-powers and controlling his darker side and grim thoughts regarding his life as Spider-Man and struggling with the increasing tension being a masked vigilante brings on to his relationships with his close ones, being extremely similar with the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko run on the Amazing Spider-Man comics. The books were reprinted in their original format, with the original Japanese text, in 1974, 1976, 1996 and 2006. The covers",
"title": "Spider-Man: The Manga"
},
{
"docid": "69027326",
"text": "Venom is a fictional character primarily voiced by Tom Hardy appearing in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Introduced in Venom (2018), Venom is depicted as a symbiote who binds with human investigative journalist Eddie Brock after landing on Earth, with the duo subsequently becoming a vigilante jointly known by Venom's name, and later as the Lethal Protector, facing Venom's former team leader, Riot, and later Venom's son, Carnage, in combat. They are the second incarnation of the character in film, after Topher Grace and Tobey Maguire's respective portrayals of Eddie Brock / Venom and a symbiote-enveloped Spider-Man in Spider-Man 3 (2007). , the character has appeared in three films: Venom, Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021), and an uncredited cameo appearance in the web series Chen's Market and the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (both 2021). Hardy will reprise his role in Venom: The Last Dance. While Hardy's portrayal of the character in Venom was met with a mixed critical reception, the chemistry between Eddie Brock and Venom received praise. Concept and creation The idea of giving Spider-Man a new costume was conceived by Randy Schueler, a Marvel Comics reader from Norridge, Illinois. In 1982, Schueler was sent a letter by editor-in-chief Jim Shooter, who acknowledged interest in his idea, with Shooter coming up with the idea of a black-and-white costume. \"The Alien Costume\" first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #252 (May 1984), before fully appearing as Venom in the 300th issue. Venom's subsequent host, Eddie Brock, was created for the 300th issue of The Amazing Spider-Man in May 1988 due to cultural sensibilities of David Michelinie's suggestion of a villain consisting of the alien symbiote grafted into the body of a human female that forced him to conceive a male character by editor Jim Salicrup. Brock was later retconned to have a first appearance as a hand in Web of Spider-Man #18 (September 1986), but officially debuting in The Amazing Spider-Man #300, by Michelinie and Todd McFarlane, alongside Venom, initially presented as his alter-ego rather than as a separate living being. Post-Spider-Man 3 By July 2008, Sony Pictures was actively developing a spin-off film based on Venom alongside direct sequels to Spider-Man 3 (2007), hoping the character could \"add longevity\" to the franchise in a similar fashion to Wolverine in 20th Century Fox's X-Men films. Industry insiders suggested Topher Grace, who portrayed Brock in Spider-Man 3, should return for the spin-off because \"the likeable actor could be a sympathetic evildoer\", in response, McFarlane suggested that a Venom film could not do well with a villain as the central character. In December 2013, Sony revealed plans to use The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) to establish their own expanded universe based on the Marvel properties they had the film rights to, including Venom. Since the film underperformed, in February 2015, Sony and Marvel Studios announced a partnership that would see Marvel Studios produce the next",
"title": "Venom (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "144436",
"text": "Benjamin Franklin \"Ben\" Parker, usually referred to as Uncle Ben, was a supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with the superhero Spider-Man (Peter Parker). He was the husband of May Parker and the paternal uncle and father figure of Peter Parker. After appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962), Uncle Ben made his first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He was modeled and named after American founding father Benjamin Franklin. The character has been an essential part of Spider-Man's history. His death at the hands of a petty criminal, whom Spider-Man previously had the chance to apprehend, but chose not to, has been depicted in most versions of the hero's origin story, as the main factor that inspired Peter to become Spider-Man. Uncle Ben's quote, \"With great power there must also come great responsibility\" (often paraphrased as \"With great power comes great responsibility\"), has become Spider-Man's \"moral guide\" and iconic life motto. The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including films, animated series, and video games. He was portrayed by Cliff Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and by Martin Sheen in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012). In December 2021, Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) screenwriters Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers confirmed that Uncle Ben's comic book role as Peter's \"moral guide\" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)—who tells him his life motto before being killed as a result of his actions—had instead been adapted to his aunt May Parker, portrayed by Marisa Tomei in five films from 2016 to 2021. Adam Scott portrays a younger Ben Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history After first appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962)—caring for his niece (a mermaid named Linda Brown) with his wife May—Uncle Ben returned in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962)—caring for his nephew (Peter Parker / Spider-Man) with May—and was killed in the same issue. Although his history as a supporting character was very brief, Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider-Man's life, often appearing in flashbacks. Notability of death The murder of Uncle Ben is possibly the most notable in comic book history. He is also one of the few comic book deaths that has never been reversed in official continuity. He was a member of the \"Big Three\", alongside Jason Todd (an associate of Batman) and Bucky (an associate of Captain America) whose notable deaths, along with Ben's, gave rise to the phrase: \"No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky, Jason Todd, and Uncle Ben\". Later, the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment, \"No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben\". The violent killing of Uncle Ben, done by a common street criminal, also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne, the parents of",
"title": "Uncle Ben"
},
{
"docid": "15635388",
"text": "\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far",
"title": "Spider-Man: Brand New Day"
},
{
"docid": "5857436",
"text": "Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are the parents of Peter Parker, the superhero known as Spider-Man. Richard and Mary Parker have been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portrayed the characters in the films The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Emma Roberts portrays Mary Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Richard and Mary Parker were created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. For many years before The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #5 (November 1968), there had been no explanation of why Peter Parker was being raised by his aunt and uncle, with his parents only appearing in flashbacks and photographs. That issue finally answered the question: Richard and Mary Parker were murdered by Albert Malik, who was one of Johann Schmidt's successors to the persona of Red Skull. In The Amazing Spider-Man #365 (August 1992), Spider-Man's 30th anniversary, they reappeared. Two years later, however, in #388 (April 1994), they were revealed to be Life Model Decoys created by the Chameleon and were destroyed. In the novel Mary Jane, it is said they died in a plane accident while going to Switzerland to turn in some important discovery that Richard made. Peter tries to figure out what the discovery was but fails, as he cannot figure out the things Richard has written on his board. In July 1997, Untold Tales of Spider-Man #-1, part of Marvel Comics' \"Flashback Month\" event, written by Roger Stern and drawn by John Romita, Sr., the characters' origins are expanded. Since then, they have rarely been mentioned. Fictional character biographies Captain Richard Parker, a decorated soldier of the United States Army Special Forces and younger brother of Ben Parker, was recruited by Nick Fury, the future director of S.H.I.E.L.D., to the C.I.A. Mary Fitzpatrick was the daughter of O.S.S. agent \"Wild Will\" Fitzpatrick. She attended the best schools and eventually followed in her father's footsteps, becoming a C.I.A. translator and data analyst. Richard and Mary met on the job, fell in love, and married. Originally they eloped, later having a more elaborate service, fooling many. Mary became a field agent like Richard, giving them both an easy cover as a married couple. They were assigned to investigate Baroness Adelicia Von Krupp, who had captured an agent of a \"friendly power\" (who turned out to be Logan, aka Wolverine, then a Canadian operative called \"Agent Ten\" and who would eventually become an ally of their son Peter who would grow up to become Spider-Man). They rescued Logan from the Baroness and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. After that mission, they discovered Mary was pregnant; Logan was actually the first person to congratulate the Parkers, commenting later that he never saw an agent as tough as Richard Parker go that white that fast. Their son, Peter, was often left in the care of Ben and his wife May",
"title": "Richard and Mary Parker"
},
{
"docid": "54301058",
"text": "The Alien Costume Saga is a superhero comic book story arc published by Marvel Comics and centred on the character Spider-Man. It was originally published in the comic book series The Amazing Spider-Man #252–263, The Spectacular Spider-Man #90–100, Marvel Team-Up #141–150 and Web of Spider-Man #1 from May 1984 to April 1985. It features Spider-Man wearing the alien costume he brought home from Battleworld during the Secret Wars limited series and his subsequent discovery that the new costume is alive. Creation The idea for a new costume for Spider-Man (which would later become the separate character Venom) was conceived of by a Marvel Comics reader from Norridge, Illinois named Randy Schueller. Marvel purchased the idea for $220.00 after then-editor-in-chief Jim Shooter sent Schueller a letter acknowledging Marvel's desire to acquire the idea from him in 1982. Schueller's design was then modified by Mike Zeck, becoming the \"Symbiote\" costume. Shooter came up with the idea of switching Spider-Man to a black-and-white costume with artists Mike Zeck and Rick Leonardi, as well as others, designing the black-and-white costume. It has been suggested this may have been influenced by the intended costume design for the new Spider-Woman. However, writer/artist John Byrne states on his website that the idea for a costume made of self-healing biological material was one he originated when he was the artist on Iron Fist to explain how that character's costume was constantly being torn and then apparently repaired by the next issue, explaining that he ended up not using the idea on that title, but that Roger Stern later asked him if he could use the idea for Spider-Man's alien costume. Stern then plotted the issue in which the costume first appeared but then left the title. It was writer Tom DeFalco and artist Ron Frenz who had established that the costume was a sentient alien being and also that it was vulnerable to high sonic energy during their run on The Amazing Spider-Man. By mid-1984, Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz took over scripting and penciling Amazing Spider-Man. Issue #252 (May 1984) saw the first appearance in the title of Spider-Man's black costume, which the hero would wear almost exclusively for the next four years' worth of comics; issue #258 (Nov. 1984) revealed that the black costume is a living being, an alien of the Symbiote species. Al Milgrom took over scripting and art on sister title The Spectacular Spider-Man with issue #90 (May 1984) and worked on it through #100 (March 1985). Upon taking a serious look at sales figures for Marvel Team-Up, which featured Spider-Man partnering with a rotating guest character, Marvel's editorial staff found that sales dramatically rose or fell with each issue depending solely on the popularity of that issue's co-star. Taking this into consideration, Shooter concluded that it would make more sense to have another Spider-Man solo series with guest stars appearing when the storyline and or promotional needs called for it, rather than a team-up series which unnaturally forced guest-stars upon the story.",
"title": "Alien Costume Saga"
},
{
"docid": "745100",
"text": "James and the Giant Peach is a 1996 musical animated fantasy film directed by Henry Selick, based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Roald Dahl. It was produced by Tim Burton and Denise Di Novi, and starred Paul Terry as James. The film is a combination of live action and stop-motion animation. Joanna Lumley and Miriam Margolyes played James's self-absorbed Aunts Spiker and Sponge, respectively (in the live-action segments), with Simon Callow, Richard Dreyfuss, Jane Leeves, Susan Sarandon and David Thewlis, as well as Margolyes, voicing his insect friends in the animation sequences. Released on April 12, 1996 in the United States, the film received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised its story and visual aspects. However, the film was a box-office failure, grossing $300K less than its budget. Plot In the summer of 1948, English boy James Henry Trotter is a young orphan living with his sadistic and domineering aunts Spiker and Sponge after his parents were eaten by a flying rhinoceros on his birthday. One day, after rescuing a spider from his hysterical aunts, James obtains magic \"crocodile tongues\" from a mysterious old man, which have the power to grow anything they come into contact with to colossal size. James, running home, trips and spills the bag onto the ground; the neon, wormlike “tongues” leap away and into the ground underneath an old peach tree, thus growing a massive fruit that Spiker and Sponge exploit as a tourist attraction. At night, James eats through the peach to find a pit with several human-sized anthropomorphic invertebrates: Mr. Grasshopper, Mr. Centipede, Ms. Spider (the spider he saved prior), Mr. Earthworm, Mrs. Ladybug, and Mrs. Glowworm. As they hear Spiker and Sponge searching for James, Centipede cuts the stem connecting the peach to the tree and the peach rolls away to the Atlantic Ocean. The invertebrates fly the peach to New York City with a flock of seagulls (each tied with a string to the peach stem), as James has dreamed of visiting the Empire State Building like his parents wanted to. Obstacles include a giant mechanical shark and undead skeletal pirates in the Arctic Ocean. When the group arrives, they are suddenly attacked by the tempestuous form of the rhinoceros that killed James' parents. James, though scared, gets everyone to safety and confronts the rhino before it strikes the peach with lightning. James and the peach fall to the city below, landing on the Empire State Building. After he is rescued by firefighters, Spiker and Sponge arrive and attempt to claim James and the peach. James tells the crowd of his amazing adventure and exposes his aunts' abuses. Enraged at James, Spiker and Sponge attempt to attack him with stolen fire axes, but are scared by the insects and arrested by police. James introduces his friends to the crowd of onlookers, and allows the children to eat the peach. The peach pit is made into a cottage in Central Park, where James lives happily with the",
"title": "James and the Giant Peach (film)"
},
{
"docid": "23834597",
"text": "is a manga by . It ran in the children's magazine, Comic BomBom, from November 9, 2004, to May 11, 2005. The manga is not connected to Ryoichi Ikegami's Spider-Man: The Manga and takes place in its independent continuity numbered as Earth-7041. Plot In the year 200X, a supervillain who goes by the name Lord Beaustius (Lord Gokibu in the Japanese version) wants to steal the fossil of the Insect King, 15 year-old Peter Parker (Kakeru Amano in the Japanese version) uses his new spider powers to become Spider-Man J, to prevent this from happening. During his time as a superhero, he meets Japanese versions of Elektra, Dr. Doom, Blade, and the Fantastic Four. The story does not provide an extensive introduction to the character like previous Spider-Man series published in Japan did. Daniel Stein, author of \"Of Transcreations and Transpacific Adaptations: Investigating Manga Versions of Spider-Man\", said that \"no reintroduction of Spider-Man through a recap or revision of his origin story was necessary[...]\". Characters is a boy with the paranormal abilities of a spider. He keeps his identity as Spider-Man J a secret, fearing his family or friends might get hurt. The only person who knows Kakeru is Spider-Man J is Detective Makoto. He specializes in a number of weapons that he creates using his web-shooters. He is shy and clumsy, and barely has any friends. In the English version, he is known as Peter Parker. His parents are located in the United States. Stein described the Spider-Man J Peter Parker as \"a small, preadolescent kid who still sleeps with stuffed animals\". is a detective who became a police officer because he wanted to protect people. He has a goofy sense of humor, but has a good heart and believes in justice. In the English version, he is known as Detective Flynn. Stein described Flynn as \"a paternal figure less given to emotional outbursts and childish fantasies than [Spider-Man J's] Peter\". is Kakeru's young, happy go-lucky aunt. She loves Kakeru like he is her own son, and is overprotective of him. She owns her own dress shop. She is quite relaxed, and is known for her spicy curry. In the English version, she is known as Aunt May. Stein described the Spider-Man J Aunt May as \"a somewhat overbearing mother figure\". is Kakeru's classmate and girlfriend. She is a tomboy, and is very careful for everyone, especially Kakeru. In the English version, she is known as Jane-Marie, a name based on that of Mary Jane Watson from the American series. Stein describes Jane-Marie as \"a friend but not yet a potential love interest\". is Kakeru's/Spider-Man J Peter's classmate and friend. He is a fan of Spider-Man J and Comic BomBom, judging by his shirt that reads \"Bom\". In the English version, he is known as Harold. is the main villain of the manga. Not much is known about him, or his past. In the English version, he is known as Lord Beastius. Elektra The Spider-Man J Peter is against",
"title": "Spider-Man J"
},
{
"docid": "21231253",
"text": "\"Back in Black\" is a 2007 Marvel Comics storyline written by J. Michael Straczynski and illustrated by Ron Garney (penciler), Bill Reinhold (inker), Matt Milla (colorist) and VC's Cory Petit (letterer) published in the comic book series The Amazing Spider-Man #539–543. It takes place immediately after Marvel's Civil War event and depicts what happened to Spider-Man, Mary Jane Watson, and Aunt May during and after the event. The story is about Spider-Man's anger and determination to find Aunt May's shooter. Hence, he wears the black suit, modeled after the Venom symbiote, to emphasize his humorless aggression. He is often seen in action without his mask on, as well, showing his rage and thirst for vengeance. Plot Part 1 Peter Parker, Mary Jane, and Aunt May are outside reminiscing about Uncle Ben and Peter when he was a kid, when an assassin shoots May. Mary Jane attempts to contact 911, but they have no time, so Peter (without taking the time to change into his Spider-Man costume) transports May to the hospital via web-slinging. Peter hides from the hospital staff but still hears that May has lost a lot of blood. Meanwhile, in prison, The Kingpin is given a message by a police officer, Charlie. He quotes Euripides, who wrote \"Whom the gods would destroy, they first make mad.\" (from Medea, citing it as his favorite saying). MJ meets Peter in Times Square, and Peter tells her to do anything she can to keep Aunt May alive while Peter will find evidence of the assassin. He visits the shooter's perch – restraining a police officer with a thick coat of webbing. Inside, he finds a sniper scope there. He leaves without freeing the police officer. He then breaks up an illegal weapons sale (still in the same \"civilian\" clothing since the shooting) and interrogates the criminals about the unusual sniper scope. When a gun-runner hesitates to answer Peter correctly, Peter breaks the man's hand in his grip. MJ visits Aunt May in the hospital and a doctor tells her that May's not going to make it. Peter swears that he won't stop until he finds who is responsible, and puts on his black suit. Part 2 Peter begins hunting down more sniper scope sellers. While beating up the last one, Peter throws the seller out of the window, but then catches him with a line of webbing to his foot. The dealer then tells Peter that the assassin who purchased the scope was named Jake Martino. Peter (still in the black suit) looks for Jake Martino in a police laptop and finds his address. He goes to Martino's apartment but Martino has already left. The apartment owner talks to him, tells him two men were looking for Martino as well, and tells him that Martino has left for the subways. Spider-Man confronts Martino, beats him brutally, breaks his arm, unmasks again, then questions him about who hired him. Just when Martino is about to tell the name, he is shot through",
"title": "Spider-Man: Back in Black"
},
{
"docid": "1355215",
"text": "Featured here is a chronological list of story arcs in the comic book series Ultimate Spider-Man, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Bill Jemas, and drawn by Mark Bagley until Stuart Immonen replaced him. Ultimate Spider-Man is a teenage drama, in background contrast to the adult Spider-Man in the Marvel continuity. Ultimate Spider-Man \"Power and Responsibility\" (#1–7) Published: October 2000 – May 2001 Creative Team: Brian Michael Bendis (writing) / Mark Bagley (art) Plot outline: During a field trip to Osborn Industries, Peter Parker gets bitten by a genetically-mutated spider. The spider was part of the scientific experimentation there and had been injected with a formula that Norman himself had created called OZ. Kong, one of Peter's classmates kills the spider before anyone could retrieve it. Norman Osborn decides to track Peter's progress as he now has the last of the formula in his blood. After several instances of fainting and displaying extraordinary strength and reflexes, Peter realizes the bite gave him spider-like powers. On one occasion, Peter accidentally breaks Flash Thompson's hand when he tries to fight him, a bully who has been tormenting Parker for years. When Flash's family attempt to sue, Peter becomes part of a local wrestling circuit as the masked \"Amazing Spider-Man\" to anonymously pay for his Aunt May and Uncle Ben's legal fees. Peter also gets his Spider-Man suit courtesy of the wrestling organization, although it isn't finished yet. Peter does not reveal this secret double-life to anybody, not even his friends Mary Jane Watson and Harry Osborn. Peter flees the wrestling organization after being accused of stealing. Peter returns home where his aunt and uncle berate him for his failing academic grades and for his change in attitude. Angry and confused, Peter runs away and spends the night at Kong's home before going to party, where Ben finds him and tries to take him home. Ben informs Peter of the \"with great power, comes great responsibility\" ethos that Peter's father abided by. Peter is angered that his father was never there to tell him that himself, and runs off to contemplate Ben's words. More angry and tired, he allows a burglar to escape after robbing a deli owner, but upon returning home, he finds that Uncle Ben had been murdered. Peter tracks down Ben's killer, subdues him, only to find out he is the same burglar he had let get away earlier. He ties him to a rope and leaves the killer to the police. Understanding Uncle Ben's words, Peter is galvanized to using his powers for good, and begins to establish himself as the superhero known as Spider-Man. Meanwhile, Norman Osborn injects himself with the OZ formula, gaining confidence by tracking the effects the spider formula had on Peter. As a result, Norman is transformed into a monstrous, fiery, large goblin. The Goblin destroys the lab, kills several scientists and leaves Dr. Otto Octavius, another scientist, for dead. All this is seen by Harry Osborn who runs home to find his mother",
"title": "List of Ultimate Spider-Man story arcs"
},
{
"docid": "1321810",
"text": "The Jackal is an alias used by several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually depicted as enemies of the superhero Spider-Man. The original and best known incarnation, Miles Warren, was originally introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965) as a professor at the fictional Empire State University. Later storylines established him as also being a scientist researching genetics and biochemistry, and revealed an unhealthy romantic obsession he had for Gwen Stacy. Warren was driven mad with grief and jealousy so he created his Jackal alter-ego to seek revenge on Spider-Man, whom he blamed for Gwen's tragic death. To this end, he trained himself in martial arts, and created a green suit and gauntlets with claw-like razors. Although the Jackal initially didn't possess any superpowers, he later gained enhanced strength, speed and agility by mixing his genes with those of a jackal. The Jackal was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), but his human identity was not revealed until The Amazing Spider-Man #148 (September 1975). Originally one of Spider-Man's less popular rogues, the character rose to prominence after being one of the first in the Marvel Universe to master cloning technology, and creating various clones of Spider-Man, like the Scarlet Spiders Ben Reilly and Kaine Parker, as well as of other characters, including himself and the chimera Spider-Girl. His experiments went on to play a major role in several popular Spider-Man storylines, such as the \"Clone Saga\" (1994–1996), \"Spider-Island\" (2011), and \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" (2016–2017), the latter storyline of which established Ben Reilly as the second Jackal. In 2014, IGN ranked the Jackal as Spider-Man's 17th greatest enemy. The character has been featured in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, including animated series and video games. Publication history The character first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), and was created by writer Gerry Conway and artist Ross Andru. In The Amazing Spider-Man #148 (September 1975), the Jackal's identity was revealed to be Professor Miles Warren who first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. Prior to his Jackal reintroduction, his appearances were essentially limited to the occasional cameo in which he acts as simple background to Spider-Man's civilian life as a college student. When named at all in these early appearances, he is called only \"Professor Warren\". A \"Mister Warren\" had previously appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (January 1964) but he is a high school science teacher rather than a college professor, and is physically very distinct from Miles Warren. Despite this, Conway has said it was always his interpretation that \"Mister Warren\", \"Professor Warren\", and Professor Miles Warren/Jackal were the same character. The character was featured in the controversial 1990s \"Clone Saga\" story arc, the 2011 storyline \"Spider-Island\", and the 2016-2017 storyline \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\". Fictional character biography Miles Warren Miles Warren was a professor of biology at ESU/Empire State University, where",
"title": "Jackal (Marvel Comics character)"
},
{
"docid": "1704633",
"text": "The Astonishing Spider-Man was a comic book series published fortnightly in the United Kingdom by Panini Comics as part of Marvel UK's 'Collectors Edition' line. It reprinted selected Spider-Man stories and material from the American comic books. Format The current format is 76 pages, with three stories being printed every issue. Whilst it usually prints more modern story lines, ‘classic' tales are also used as back-up strips. The inside front cover of the comic contains a message from the editor as well as a ‘Story So Far’ section to allow lapsed readers to catch up. At the back of the comic is a letter’s page (Web-Mail) whereby readers can write in and give their views and opinions on the stories. The letters page also previously included short comic strips entitled ‘Mini-Marvels’, initially reprints of Chris Giarrusso's & Lew Stringer’s work. A subscription is also available. Publication history With Panini Comics having obtained the licence to reprint Marvel comics internationally, Astonishing Spider-Man began publication in November 1995. 150 issues were published in the first volume before the title was re-launched in 2007 to mark its change from a four-weekly publishing schedule to a two-weekly one. Volume 2 ran for two years before it was re-launched again in December 2009 to mark the start of the \"Brand New Day\" storyline. Volume 4 launched in October 2013 as the Superior Spider-Man run of stories began in the title. Volume 7 is ongoing. Printed material Volume 5 (2014–2016) \"Spider-Verse\" \"Secret Wars\" Volume 6 (2016–2018) Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 4 Spider-Man/Deadpool Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows Vol. 2 Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man: Family Business Original Graphic Novel Spider-Man Vol. 2 (Miles Morales) Spider-Gwen Vol. 2 Prowler Vol. 2 Clone Conspiracy Vol. 1/Omega Free Comic Book Day 2017 Captain America Civil War II: Amazing Spider-Man Spidey Vol. 1 Spider-Man & The X-Men Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 1 #148 - #152 was also published. Volume 7 (2018–2020) Issue 1: 100-PAGE-SPECIAL! Amazing Spider-Man #789 Venom Vol. 3 #1 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #13 - #15 Release: 10 May 2018 Issue 2: Amazing Spider-Man #790 Venom Vol. 3 #2 - #3 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #15 Release: 24 May 2018 Issue 3: Amazing Spider-Man #791 Venom Vol. 3 #4 - #6 Release: 7 June 2018 Issue 4: Spider-Men II #1 Venom Vol. 3 #6 Venom #150 - #151 Release: 21 June 2018 Issue 5: Spider-Men II #2 Venom #152 - #153, #150 Release: 5 July 2018 Issue 6: Spider-Men II #3 Venom #153 - #154, #150 Release: 19 July 2018 See also The Amazing Spider-Man List of Spider-Man titles Spider-Man Panini Comics References External links Panini’s Astonishing Spider-Man mini site Panini Comic’s home page Grand Comics Database Spider-Man titles 1995 comics debuts Marvel UK titles",
"title": "Astonishing Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "7820841",
"text": "Venom is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is a sentient alien symbiote with an amorphous, liquid-like form, who survives by bonding with a host, usually human. This dual-life form receives enhanced powers and usually refers to itself as \"Venom\". The symbiote was originally introduced as a living alien costume in The Amazing Spider-Man #252 (May 1984), with a full first appearance as Venom in The Amazing Spider-Man #300 (May 1988). The Venom symbiote's first human host was Spider-Man himself, who eventually discovered its true nefarious nature and separated himself from the creature in The Amazing Spider-Man #258 (November 1984)—with a brief rejoining five months later in Web of Spider-Man #1. The symbiote went on to merge with other hosts, beginning with Eddie Brock, its second and best-known host, with whom it first became Venom. Venom has endured as one of Spider-Man's most prominent villains, and was initially regarded as one of his three archenemies, alongside the Green Goblin and Doctor Octopus. Since his debut however, Venom has evolved into an antiheroic figure, slowly distancing himself from his initial goal to ruin Spider-Man's life to try and do good instead, even putting aside his differences with and helping Spider-Man at times. After Brock, numerous other hosts for Venom followed; some of the most notable are the villain Mac Gargan, who was the main incarnation of Venom from 2005 to 2009, and Flash Thompson, who became the superhero Agent Venom from 2011 to 2016, before Venom returned to Brock in 2017. Venom's most recent and current host is Brock's biological son, Dylan. Venom is also depicted as having spawned several children—Scream, Lasher, Phage, Agony, Riot, Mania, Sleeper, and most notably, Carnage, who becomes Venom's archenemy after being bound to serial killer Cletus Kasady. A fan-favorite character and well-known figure in popular culture, Venom (primarily the Eddie Brock incarnation) is the most recognizable Spider-Man antagonist not first introduced during the original Lee/Ditko run. He has been featured in various media adaptations of Spider-Man over the years, including feature films, television series and video games. The character was portrayed by Tobey Maguire and Topher Grace in Spider-Man 3 (2007), with Tom Hardy primarily portraying the character in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe films Venom (2018) and Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021), as well as an uncredited post-credit scene appearance in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). The Eddie Brock incarnation of Venom is among Spider-Man's most famous rogues, and is regarded by many as a dark reflection of the hero. Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: \"What started out as a replacement costume for Spider-Man turned into one of the Marvel web-slinger's greatest nightmares\". Venom was rated 33rd on Empire's 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters, and ranked 22nd on IGN's 100 Greatest Comic Villains of All Time. Conception and creation The original idea of a new costume for Spider-Man that would later become the character Venom was conceived",
"title": "Venom (character)"
},
{
"docid": "2327605",
"text": "Spider-Man: Chapter One is an American comic book miniseries starring Spider-Man published by Marvel Comics for 13 issues (#1–12, with a #0 issue (April 1999) added between issues #6 (April 1999) and 7 (May 1999) from December 1998 to October 1999. The entire miniseries was written and illustrated by John Byrne. This storyline is designated as being set in the universe of \"Earth-98121\" and is not part of the mainstream Marvel Universe of Earth-616. Issues involved Spider-Man: Chapter One #1–6, 0 and 7–12 (December 1998–October 1999) was a modern-day adaptation of many, but not all, of these particular issues that chronicled the early days of Spider-Man's superhero career: Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) and, years later {real time), #16–18 (December 1995–March 1996); The Amazing Spider-Man #1–15 (March, May, July and September–December 1963 and January–August 1964); The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (1964); The Amazing Spider-Man #16–20 (September–December 1964 and January 1965). Reception The miniseries was a modest success. Some comic book fans objected to Byrne's perceived tampering with the classic Spider-Man stories produced by his creators Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and complained that the original 1960s stories did not require any updating at all. The editorial intention of the miniseries, however, was to be a re-telling of the character's early stories that was designed to attract new readers. Byrne would soon be drawing the relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man title with writer Howard Mackie. Spider-Man: Chapter One, though not a sales record-breaker (possibly because it was sold only through the comic book direct market, which limited its exposure to potential new readers), finished out its run as planned, even adding a #0 issue (April 1999) between issues #6 (April 1999) and 7 (May 1999). On that basis, Byrne was later asked to do a second miniseries to be called Spider-Man: Chapter Two, but turned down the offer. Since Byrne left the Spider-Man titles, his successors have shied away from making any references to the miniseries, and according to Official Index to the Marvel Universe #1–14 (January 2009–February 2010), it is now Marvel's stance that the original stories have regained their canonical status. Spider-Man: Chapter One also brought controversy over the former ongoing series Untold Tales of Spider-Man (#1–25 (September 1995–October 1997); also including two Annuals (Annual '96 and Annual '97), a #–1 issue (July 1997) that occurred between issues #22 (June 1997) and 23 (August 1997), a one-shot issue called Untold Tales of Spider-Man: Strange Encounter (February 1999) and stories in Amazing Fantasy #16–18 (December 1995–March 1996 (which preceded the series)) and The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #37 (2010 (which ended it))), where all the stories presented therein were brand-new stories also set in the early days of Spider-Man's superhero career, but taking place in-between the original stories by Lee and Ditko. The non-canonical Spider-Man: Chapter One ignores the canonical continuity of Untold Tales of Spider-Man entirely. Similar versions Spider-Man's early adventures would be retold, again with a modern twist, in Ultimate Spider-Man, an ongoing series that Marvel launched in October",
"title": "Spider-Man: Chapter One"
},
{
"docid": "75438924",
"text": "\"Gang War\" is a 2023 storyline published by Marvel Comics. It was created by Zeb Wells and John Romita Jr. The story involves Spider-Man and the local superheroes working to deal with a gang war between the different families after Tombstone was shot and the crime families plan to take over the criminal underworld. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #39, Deadly Hands of Kung Fu: Gang War #1, and Luke Cage: Gang War #2 were dedicated in memory of Keith Giffen who died from a stroke on October 9, 2023. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #40, Luke Cage: Gang War #3, Miles Morales: Spider-Man Vol. 2 #14, and Spider-Woman Vol. 8 #2 saluted the retirement of Alison Gill. The event overall received mixed reviews, with criticism directed towards the artwork, tie-ins, pacing, character arcs, and the lack of focus on Spider-Man. Publication history Gang War will detail the different crime families going to war after Tombstone was shot by Shotgun during the wedding of Janice Lincoln and Randy Robertson. With the crime families blaming each other for calling the hit and planning to take over the criminal underworld, Spider-Man works to keep the gang war from getting worse with help from the local superheroes while also dealing with the anti-vigilante laws that will cause all the sides to come into conflict with the NYPD. Plot Lead-up On the day when Tombstone's daughter Janice Lincoln was going to marry Robbie Robertson's son Randy Robertson, it is attended by Peter Parker, Aunt May, Martha Robertson, and the crime lords Hammerhead, Mister Negative, Crime Master, Diamondback, Madame Masque, Black Mariah, and Owl. Just then, Shotgun crashes the wedding on his motorcycle and uses special bullets to wound Tombstone. Peter Parker slips away to become Spider-Man and pursues Shotgun. He follows Shotgun through the forest until he loses him. As Tombstone is loaded into an ambulance, the crime lords blame each other for the attack. Madame Masque leaves in her limousine as Hammerhead sets off an explosive in it. As Spider-Man and Rek-Rap deal with Re-Po (who was made from Peter Parker's debt collector by Madelyne Pryor) in his mission to get Rek-Rap and the other demons back to Limbo, Hammerhead talks with his branch of the Maggia as one of them mentions about what happened to Madam Masque. Just then, they are visited by Count Nefaria who will take the blame on what happened with his daughter Madame Masque. While touching Hammerhead's head, Count Nefaria states that the crime lords will bow to the Maggia once again. As Hammerhead watches the news about Randy Robertson talking about Fisk's law, Hammerhead gets a call from his minion Jake about how they found Lady Yulan's grunts and how he speculated that Lady Yulan's grunts are either vampires or hate holy water. As Hammerhead orders Jake to take Father O'Neil home, he also tells them to lose the masks they got from the Inner Demons as they have a big day tomorrow. The next day, Hammerhead meets with",
"title": "Gang War (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "144170",
"text": "Gwendolyne Maxine \"Gwen\" Stacy is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider-Man. A college student and the daughter of George and Helen Stacy, she is the first romantic interest for Peter following his high school graduation before she is murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Her death has haunted Peter ever since, and stories published long afterwards indicate she still holds a special place in his heart. Gwen is posthumously subjected to numerous cloning experiments by her former professor Miles Warren, Peter's clone Ben Reilly, and an A.I. of Harry Osborn, the latter resulting in the creation of the Kindreds, and Ben briefly resurrecting Gwen in \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" (2016–2017), with the embodiment of Death herself confirming in Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider (2017–2018) that all clones Ben created of deceased people had their souls intact on being brought back, while clones of living people (like Ben himself) had unique souls of their own. In the alternate realities of Ultimate Marvel and Spider-Gwen, a still-living Gwen respectively becomes their universe's versions of Carnage and Spider-Woman. The character was portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider-Man 3 (2007) and by Emma Stone in The Amazing Spider-Man film series (2012–2014) and Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023; archive footage). A multiverse Spider-Gwen is voiced by Hailee Steinfeld in the 2018 animated film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse and its sequel Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), and will reprise the role in Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (TBA) and Spider-Woman (TBA). Publication history Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Fictional character biography Early history In her initial appearances, Peter Parker meets Gwen while both are studying as undergraduates at Empire State University, but with Aunt May in the hospital, Peter is troubled and ignores her advances. She dates both Flash Thompson and Harry Osborn to make Peter jealous. Gradually, however, a romance develops; Gwen, a science major, appreciates Peter's intellect. Their relationship begins almost immediately after Peter stops going out with Mary Jane Watson, whom he begins to see as shallow and self-absorbed. Later issues introduce Gwen's father, NYPD Captain George Stacy, as well as her mother Helen Stacy and her uncle Arthur Stacy. Though her father is both fond of Peter and supportive of his alter-ego Spider-Man, his death strains Peter's relationship with Gwen after he is killed by falling debris during a battle involving Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus. Gwen blames Spider-Man for his death, and leaves for Europe to cope with her loss. She wants Peter to ask her to marry him and convince her to stay, but his guilt stops him from proposing. Gwen's feelings for Peter eventually prompt her to return to New York, and their relationship is rekindled. According to Lee, who scripted all of the stories featuring Gwen Stacy up to this point, the original intent was for Gwen",
"title": "Gwen Stacy"
},
{
"docid": "678412",
"text": "Linda Gary (born Linda Gary Dewoskin, November 4, 1944 – October 5, 1995) was an American actress. Career Live-action appearances Gary worked as a voice-over artist in animation and also appeared in two live-action films, 1977's Joyride To Nowhere with husband Charles Howerton and 1980's Cruising with Al Pacino. She lent her voice in such movies as Wolfen and Switch. Radio Linda played Dr. Maura Cassidy on Lee Hansen's Alien Worlds. Voice-over work Early career She got her start dubbing Italian films into English while living in Rome with her husband Charles Howerton, then returned to the U.S. in 1974. Gary started going to voice acting classes taught by Daws Butler. She later claimed \"When I got my first voice over job, I just sent Daws the check...He believed in me, and I really have him to thank for my career.\" Hanna-Barbera Gary voiced different characters on several Hanna-Barbera television series: Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo; The Smurfs as Dame Barbara in one episode; Top Cat and the Beverly Hills Cats as Mrs. Vandergelt; The Pirates of Dark Water, where she did additional voices; and SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron as Doctor Abby Sinian. She voiced Queen Morbidia & Nekara in The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo. ABC Weekend Specials ABC Weekend Special was a Saturday morning TV series that aired from 1977 to 1997. It featured stories in both the live-action and animated realms. Gary's voice could be heard on Scruffy, The Puppy Saves the Circus, The Amazing Bunjee Venture, The Return of the Bunjee, The Velveteen Rabbit and The Magic Flute. Disney During the 1980s and 90's, Gary did several guest voice-over appearances in such Disney television series as Darkwing Duck, DuckTales, TaleSpin, The Little Mermaid and Bonkers. She voiced a gazelle and a hippo on The Lion King tie-in read-along cassette story The Brightest Star. She also voiced Maleficent and the opening narrator in Fantasmic!. She voiced Muffy Vanderschmere in TaleSpin and Blender, Floor Lamp and Green Car in The Brave Little Toaster. Read-Alongs She narrated Disney read-along stories in 1977: Three Little Pigs, Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland, and It's a Small World. She also narrated a quartet of the Rainbow Brite read-along stories. Sunbow/Marvel Productions Gary voiced several additional characters on the 1984 Transformers animated series. She also voiced Raven, a Cobra Night Raven pilot in the G.I. Joe episode \"In the Presence of Mine Enemies\". Marvel Productions Gary voiced Colleen in an episode of the short-lived 1981 Spider-Man with Ted Schwartz as Peter Parker/Spider-Man, and voiced Aunt May in the first season of the 1994-1998 Spider-Man with Christopher Daniel Barnes as Peter Parker/Spider-Man. She was later replaced by Julie Bennett. Filmation Her voice acting was mostly for the Filmation studio. She voiced characters in several of Filmation's TV series such as The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam!, Blackstar, and as the title character in Web Woman. Gary voiced Jane on an episode of Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle. She also did voice work on He-Man and the",
"title": "Linda Gary"
},
{
"docid": "5662262",
"text": "This is a list of characters who serve as supporting cast of the Marvel Comics' Spider-Man. Family Tree Note: This tree covers various different alternate realities to varying degrees. Immediate family Richard Parker - Father. Died in an airplane crash. Mary Parker - Mother. Died in an airplane crash. Teresa Parker - Peter Parker's long lost sister who is introduced in the graphic novel Spider-Man: Family Business. She later appeared in the comics. Ben Parker - Peter Parker's uncle. Shot by the Burglar. May Parker - Peter Parker's loving aunt who raises him after his parents died. After the murder of her husband Ben, May is virtually his only family, and they are very close. Mary Jane Watson-Parker (love interest, later wife) - Introduced to Peter by his Aunt May, who is friends with her Aunt Anna, Mary Jane eventually becomes Peter's best friend and wife. Mayday Parker - Daughter from MC2 universe- Earth-982. Benjy Parker - Son from MC2 universe- Earth-982. Will Fitzpatrick - Mary Parker's father and Peter Parker's grandfather. J. Jonah Jameson - He became Peter's stepcousin after his father married Aunt May. Something Jameson personally dislikes. John Jameson - He became Peter's stepcousin once-removed after his grandfather married Aunt May. Clones Ben Reilly - Peter Parker's clone brother who was known as Scarlet Spider and the second Spider-Man. Unlike most of the clones, Peter views Ben Reilly as his brother and considers him family. Kaine Parker - Peter Parker's clone brother who was the second Scarlet Spider. Web-Man - A twin duplicate of Spider-Man. Spidercide - A Peter Parker clone who has control over his own molecules who was used by the Jackal as muscle. Died fighting Ben Reilly and Peter Parker above the Daily Bugle before falling to its death. Jack - A Peter Parker clone who was the Jackal's diminutive henchman, armed with claw-like fingernails (much like Guardian). He dies from clone degeneration. Guardian - A Peter Parker clone with dense skin, super-strength, and claw-like fingernails who guarded the entrance to one of the Jackal's headquarters. He also died of clone degeneration. Skeleton of a Spider-Man clone - Found in a smokestack Doppelganger - A mystical duplicate created by Magus. Elliot Tolliver - A proto-clone with mind of Doctor Octopus in a clone body of Peter Parker and of Otto Octavius. Spider-Man (Isotope Genome Accelerator version) - A duplicate separated from Peter Parker by the Isotope Genome Accelerator. Ultimate Carnage - Related in the Ultimate universe Earth-1610. Ultimate Spider-Woman - A clone of Peter Parker that is also known as Spider-Woman, Black Widow, Ultimate Spider-Woman, Ultimate Black Widow in the Ultimate universe Earth-1610. Mary Jane's family Anna Watson - Mary Jane's aunt and Aunt May's best friend. Madeline Watson - Mother, deceased Philip Watson - Father Kristy Watson - Cousin Gayle Watson-Byrnes - Sister May Parker's Family Albert Reilly (father) Claire Reilly (mother) Horace Reilly (uncle) Bill Reilly (uncle) Claudia Reilly (aunt): Bill Reilly's wife Sam Reilly (cousin): Bill and Claudia's son Julia Reilly",
"title": "List of Spider-Man supporting characters"
},
{
"docid": "42659935",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2 is a 2014 American film and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 may also refer to: The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (1992 video game), a 1992 video game The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack), the soundtrack for the 2014 film, composed by Hans Zimmer The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014 video game), a 2014 game based on the 2014 film See also The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "8171200",
"text": "The Looter is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character primarily appears in comic books featuring Spider-Man. The character first appeared in 1966. Publication history The character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #36 (May 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The character subsequently appears in Marvel Team-Up #33-34 (May–June 1975), Defenders #63-64 (September–October 1978), Spectacular Spider-Man #41 (April 1980), Web of Spider-Man #39 (June 1988), The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #26 (1992), The Amazing Scarlet Spider #1 (November 1995), The Spectacular Scarlet Spider #1 (November 1995), Web of Scarlet Spider #2 (December 1995), The Sensational Spider-Man #8 (September 1996), Untold Tales of Spider-Man (October 1997), The Sensational Spider-Man #27 (May 1998), Marvel Knights: Spider-Man #6 (November 2004), Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #5 (April 2006), Spider-Man Family #7 (April 2008), The Amazing Spider-Man #645 (December 2010), The Superior Foes of Spider-Man #11 (2013) and The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 3, #9 (2015). The Looter received an entry in the All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z #6 (2006) #6. Fictional character biography Norton G. Fester was always a poor scientist, and was considered a crackpot by his colleagues. One day, however, he found an unusual meteor that crashed into the Earth. Excited by his discovery, Fester searched for funding into a project, but investors went for more commercial ventures. Fester decided to continue without funding, and while chiseling the meteor, he struck a pocket of gas. Immersed in the strange compound, he discovered that he now had super-strength and agility thanks to the meteor's powers. Fester decided to devote his time and new powers to crime from then on. Calling himself the Looter, he struck banks and offices everywhere, gaining his current name. However, after attempting to steal another meteor to continually supply himself with his powers, he was defeated by Spider-Man after a battle in a hot-air balloon. Since then, the Looter has had no success whatsoever, even after a name change to the Meteor Man. He would come into conflict with Nighthawk after stealing a meteor from Kyle Richmond's home after he purchased it from the museum. Meteor Man would face Nighthawk and Spider-Man but would escape. Valkyrie from the Defenders helps Spider-Man apprehend Meteor Man. Fester tried to escape on his balloon but Valkyrie throws her sword into the balloon, causing it to pop. Meteor Man crashed into the ground and is hospitalized for a few months. He would reappear at the Empire State University campus to find components from a microwave energy exhibit to increase his powers. This would lead into another conflict with Spider-Man and Giant-Man. Fester created a transmitter that transmuted the energy in his meteors into microwaves which is then transmitted into his nervous system. However, his transmitter was channeling too much power and the feedback caused it to explode and Fester was presumed dead. Fester survived the explosion, but his mind was further addled by his experiences and he became a homeless alcoholic.",
"title": "Looter (character)"
},
{
"docid": "17038885",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series about Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The Amazing Spider-Man may also refer to: Comics The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) Film Spider-Man (1977 film) starring Nicholas Hammond, also known as The Amazing Spider-Man on home media The Amazing Spider-Man (film), a reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise The Amazing Spider-Man (soundtrack), a film-score album from the 2012 film, composed by James Horner Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), the title character of the film series Television The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series) starring Nicholas Hammond, which evolved out of the 1977 film Games The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball) See also The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "27330977",
"text": "\"One Moment in Time\" is a 2010 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics starring Spider-Man. Written by Joe Quesada and illustrated by Paolo Rivera, it was originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #638–641, and immediately follows \"The Gauntlet\" storyline. It is notable for revealing what changes the villain Mephisto made to save the life of Peter Parker/Spider-Man's aunt, May Parker, and dissolve the wedding of Parker and Mary Jane Watson at the end of the 2007 \"One More Day\" storyline. The name of the storyline forms the acronym O.M.I.T., which Quesada explained was an intentional reference to how Parker and Watson's wedding was removed from continuity. Storytelling In The Amazing Spider-Man #638, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from the end of \"One More Day\" or Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21. The flashbacks use actual pages from the original comics, and are mixed in with new pages that illustrate how events were changed by the villainous demon Mephisto. In Amazing Spider-Man #639, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from \"Civil War\" and Amazing Spider-Man #539-543. These flashbacks are only panels from the original comics and not full pages. In Amazing Spider-Man #640, the story is told as the altered events of \"Back in Black\" and \"One More Day\", as well as other events contemporaneous with those storylines. Plot Mary Jane Watson whispers to Mephisto that Peter will not trade his marriage for Aunt May's life unless Mary Jane tells him to accept the agreement, and that Mephisto will leave Peter alone forever when the deal is done. Mephisto agrees to these terms. At present time MJ shows up at Peter's door. They talk about how they have been acting towards each other lately and both agree they want to be friends with each other. Then they reminisce about what happened on what was supposed to be their wedding day. Spider-Man stops Electro and his gang. One of the gang members, Eddie, makes note of the arresting officer's name. Then Mephisto, as a red pigeon, swoops down and unlocks the door of the police car Eddie is in, allowing him to escape while the officers are occupied with cuffing Electro. Spider-Man is out patrolling that night and hears the gunshots of Eddie shooting at the arresting officer and his wife. While saving the policeman and his wife, Spider-Man gets hit in the head with a cinder block. He chases after Eddie and tackles him off the side of a building. Though Spider-Man foils the murder, during his struggle, he and Eddie fall from a building to the ground, with Spider-Man absorbing most of the impact. Eddie escapes, declining to kill Spider-Man because he saved Eddie's life. On the wedding morning, Mary Jane shows up but Peter does not as he is lying unconscious in an alleyway. After Peter misses his wedding he tries to explain what happened to Mary Jane, but she knows",
"title": "One Moment in Time (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "2839562",
"text": "\"The Other\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \"acts\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes",
"title": "Spider-Man: The Other"
},
{
"docid": "2218215",
"text": "Ronald Wade Frenz (born February 1, 1960) is an American comics artist known for his work for Marvel Comics. He is well known for his 1980s work on The Amazing Spider-Man, particularly introducing the hero's black costume, and later for his work on Spider-Girl whom he co-created with writer Tom DeFalco. Frenz and DeFalco had earlier co-created the New Warriors in the pages of Thor. Career Frenz began working for Marvel Comics in the early 1980s. Frenz's early work includes such titles as Ka-Zar the Savage, Star Wars, The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones, and Marvel Saga. His first credited story for Marvel was published in Ka-Zar the Savage #16 (July 1982). Frenz has a history of working on comic book series in which the characters were not in their original costumes/identities. Spider-Man wore his black costume, Thor took on a new secret identity and look, and Superman changed costumes and powers while Frenz was the regular artist on their titles. Frenz became the regular artist on The Amazing Spider-Man in 1984 and the stories he pencilled included \"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\" in issue #248 (Jan. 1984) and the first appearance of Spider-Man's black costume in issue #252 (May 1984). Among the new characters introduced during his run were the Puma in issue #256 (Sept. 1984) and Silver Sable in #265 (June 1985). Frenz and Tom DeFalco revealed that the \"black suit\" was an alien creature in issue #258 (Nov. 1984). Frenz drew The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #18 (1984), a story written by Stan Lee, which featured the wedding of Spider-Man supporting characters J. Jonah Jameson and Marla Madison. Frenz had originally been brought onto the series as a short-term substitute for John Romita Jr., but was retained when it became apparent that he meshed well with series writer DeFalco. Frenz recounted: Jim Owsley, editor of the Spider-Man titles at the time, has noted that \"Frenz was passionate about Spider-Man, verging on fanatical.\" In 1986, Frenz and DeFalco were removed from The Amazing Spider-Man by Owsley. Frenz and DeFalco became the creative team on Thor in 1987 and introduced the Eric Masterson character in Thor #391 (May 1988). Eric Masterson later became the superhero known as Thunderstrike and received his own series by DeFalco and Frenz in 1993. In 1995, Frenz moved to DC Comics and became the artist on Superman. The following year, he was one of the many creators who contributed to the Superman: The Wedding Album one-shot wherein the title character married Lois Lane. Superman received a new costume, designed by Frenz himself, and new superpowers in Superman vol. 2 #123 (May 1997). Frenz drew part of the Superman Red/Superman Blue one-shot which launched the storyline of the same name which ran through the various Superman titles. Frenz returned to Marvel with the Spider-Man: Hobgoblin Lives limited series, written by Roger Stern, in 1997. DeFalco and Frenz reunited and introduced Spider-Girl in What If ...? vol. 2 #105 (Feb. 1998). Spider-Girl became an ongoing series in",
"title": "Ron Frenz"
},
{
"docid": "3151317",
"text": "{{Infobox comic book title | image = MASM1.JPG | caption = Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #1 (May 2005). Art by Randy Green. | schedule = Monthly | format = Ongoing | publisher = Marvel Comics | date = May 2005 – May 2010 (Vol. 1)June 2010 – May 2012 (Vol. 2) | issues = 61 (Vol. 1)24 (Vol. 2) | main_char_team = Spider-ManSophia \"Chat\" Sanduval | writers = …AgeDaniel Quantz (1–6)Todd DeZago (7–11, 15, 17–18)Mike Raicht (12–14, 16, 19–20)…Adventures Vol. 1Kitty Fross (1)Erica David (2–3)Jeff Parker (4)Sean McKeever (5–12)Zeb Wells (13–16)Peter David (17–20, 29–32)Fred Van Lente (21–24, 33–36)Chris Kipiniak (25–28, 38)Marc Sumerak (37, 39–44, 46)Todd DeZago (45)Paul Tobin (53–61)…Adventures Vol. 2Paul Tobin (1–24) | artists = …AgeDerec Aucoin (12–14)Shane Davis (15)Gus Vasquez (16)Logan Lubera (17–18)Valentine DeLandro (19–20)…Adventures Vol. 1Cory Hamscher (22–24)Patrick Scherberger (25–28)Jonboy Meyers (44)Zach Howard (45) | pencillers = …AgeMark Brooks (1–6)Jonboy Meyers (7–11)…Adventures Vol. 1Patrick Scherberger (1–8, 13–16)Mike Norton (9–12, 17–20)Michael O'Hare (21)Pop Mhan (29–32)Cory Hamscher (33–36)Ale Garza (37)David Nakayama (38, 40)Ryan Stegman (39, 41)Vicenc Villagrasa (42)Carlos Verreira (43) | inkers = Cory Hamscher (21) | colorists = Guru eFX (21) | creators = Daniel QuantzMark Brooks }}Marvel Adventures Spider-Man (preceded by Marvel Age Spider-Man) is a Marvel Comics comic book series intended for all ages, especially children, that ran for 61 issues from May 2005 through May 2010. The Marvel Age Spider-Man stories were based on early issues that Stan Lee wrote in the 1960s. The first few issues of Marvel Adventures Spider-Man carried on this tradition before switching to original, single-issue stories, as part of the company's Marvel Adventures imprint, with Paul Tobin beginning an ongoing storyline from Issue #53 onward, introducing Sophia \"Chat\" Sanduval as the primary love interest of the Marvel Adventures Spider-Man, the series set in its own alternate continuity of Earth-20051. In June 2010, the series was relaunched as Spider-Man: Marvel Adventures, written in its totality by Tobin, running for a further 24 issues until May 2012, for a total of 85 issues across both volumes. Tobin's run of the series has received a universally positive critical reception. Marvel Age Spider-Man \"Duel to the Death with the Vulture\" / \"The Uncanny Threat of the Terrible Tinkerer\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #2) \"Spider-Man vs. Doctor Octopus\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #3) \"Nothing Can Stop the Sandman!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #4) \"Marked for Destruction by Doctor Doom!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #5) \"Face-to-Face with the Lizard!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #6) \"The Return of the Vulture\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #7) \"The Terrible Threat of the Living Brain!\" / \"Spider-Man Tackles the Torch!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #8) \"The Man Called Electro!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #9) \"The Enforcers!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #10) \"The Return of Doctor Octopus!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #11) \"Unmasked by Doctor Octopus!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #12) \"The Menace of Mysterio\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #13) \"The Grotesque Adventure of the Green Goblin!\" (re-telling of The",
"title": "Marvel Adventures Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "313522",
"text": "The Vulture is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as recurring enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collection of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, typically using special suits which allow them to fly at vast speeds. The first incarnation of the character, Isidoro Scarlotti, is an Italian scientist and an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second and most prominent incarnation of the character, Adrian Toomes, is an inventive but maniacal genius who designed his suit and turned to a life of crime, becoming an enemy of Spider-Man and a founding member of the Sinister Six, with later characters to assume the mantle including Blackie Drago, a former cellmate of Toomes, and Clifton Shallot and Jimmy Natale, human/bird hybrids of independent origins. Toomes is later revealed to be the grandfather of the superhero Starling. Since his conception, the character has been adapted from into various other forms of Spider-Man media, including television series and video games. In live-action, the character was played by Michael Keaton in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Morbius (2022). Publication history The first Vulture, Italian scientist Isidoro Scarlotti, first appeared in Young Men #26 (December 1953), created by Joe Gill and Carl Burgos and depicted as an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second Vulture, Adrian Toomes, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. According to Ditko, Lee wanted the villain to be heavy-set and based on actor Sydney Greenstreet. Ditko designed him to be leaner and more gaunt, feeling he should be swift and fast and also because \"The bulkier anything is, the more panel space it has to take up, thereby shrinking panel space for other characters and story panel elements.\" Since Toomes originally assumed the Vulture alias as an enemy of Spider-Man, several other character have taken on the mantle from him. The third incarnation, Blackie Drago, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #48 (May 1967), and was created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr. Lee created the new version because he thought that Spider-Man looked like a bully fighting a wizened old man. However, the readers wrote in that they did not like the new Vulture, and Lee relented and brought the original back. The fourth incarnation, Clifton Shallot, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #127, and was created by Ross Andru, Gerry Conway, and John Romita Sr. A fifth incarnation, Jimmy Natale, first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #593 as part of the story arc \"Spider-Man 24/7\"; created by Mark Waid and Mike McKone, he is a recurring enemy of both Spider-Man and the Punisher. Fictional character biography Isidoro Scarlotti Isidoro Scarlotti was born in Italy, attaining a doctorate in atomic science and rising to become the czar of the International League of Criminals,",
"title": "Vulture (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "31655527",
"text": "\"The Gathering of Five\" and \"The Final Chapter\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \"re-branding\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \"Issue One\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \"Clone Saga\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \"the gathering of five\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \"package\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time",
"title": "The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter"
},
{
"docid": "32300828",
"text": "Ultimate Comics: Fallout is a comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics that debuted in July 2011 as part of the second re-launch of the Ultimate Universe. The story itself deals mainly with the aftermath of the \"Death of Spider-Man\" storyline, and focuses on the impact of the death of Spider-Man on many of the Ultimate Marvel characters, specifically Aunt May, Mary Jane, and Gwen Stacy, as well as the Ultimates and Nick Fury. It is written by Brian Michael Bendis, Jonathan Hickman, and Nick Spencer. It also introduced a new art style by Gabriel Hardman that would go on to be featured in the sequel series Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man and the crossover Spider-Men. Background The series takes place in the Ultimate Universe, following both Ultimate Comics: Avengers, Ultimate Comics: X, and specifically the \"Death of Spider-Man\" in Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man. At the same time, the series represents the beginning of the second re-launch (or Rebirth) of Ultimate Marvel, which would bring about new ongoing titles such as Ultimate Comics: Ultimates, Ultimate Comics: X-Men, and a re-launched Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man featuring a new Spider-Man. Jonathan Hickman, Nick Spencer, and Brian Michael Bendis represent the three writers of these upcoming respective books, as well as the co-writers to Fallout itself. Plot summary Chapter One Spider-Man R.I.P.: writer Brian Michael Bendis, artist Mark Bagley In the aftermath of his death match against the Green Goblin, Spider-Man has died in the arms of Aunt May and Mary Jane Watson. The death of Spider-Man has affected everyone. Gwen Stacy considers herself a curse. J. Jonah Jameson knew that Peter Parker was Spider-Man and couldn't think of a way to print this out for the Daily Bugle. Both the Human Torch and Kitty Pryde are shown to be saddened by the loss of their friend. Tony Stark foots the bill for the largest funeral in New York. At the funeral, Aunt May is visited by a young girl who Spider-Man once saved from a fire. Aunt May is then approached by a remorseful Captain America who states that what happened to Peter was his fault. Mary Jane Watson even blames Nick Fury for Peter's death. Chapter Two Captain America: writer Brian Michael Bendis, artist Gabriel Hardman Thor: writer Jonathan Hickman, artist Bryan Hitch Rogue: writer Nick Spencer, artist Lee Garbett When Captain America tells Aunt May that Spider-Man \"wasn't ready to be one of the Ultimates\" and that the gunshot was meant for him, Aunt May scolds Captain America for making the decision that cost her the life of Peter Parker. Aunt May manages to find condolence from J. Jonah Jameson. The grievances are reached in different ways, ranging from Thor and Rogue. Meanwhile, Mary Jane plans her retribution, stating that Nick Fury and his team of superheroes are responsible for Spider-Man's death. Chapter Three Tony Stark: writer Jonathan Hickman, artist Steve Kurth Kitty Pryde: writer Nick Spencer, artist Eric Nguyen Karen Grant & The Hulk: writer Jonathan Hickman, artist Carlo Pagulayan While at",
"title": "Ultimate Fallout"
},
{
"docid": "4250586",
"text": "The Iron Spider is a fictional powered exoskeleton used by several characters in Marvel Comics. Publication history The Iron Spider armor first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #529 and was designed by Joe Quesada, based on a sketch by Chris Bachalo. Peter Parker wore this gold and red suit as Spider-Man's official costume until writer J. Michael Straczynski chose to revert to the older costume. It was used symbolically to show the character's divided loyalties during the 2006–2007 \"Civil War\" storyline. Known wearers Peter Parker After being revived from a battle with Morlun, Tony Stark created the Iron Spider Armor as a gift to Peter Parker, in order to get the young hero's support for the Superhero Registration Act. But during several fights, Parker slowly became disturbed over the battles with several unregistered heroes, and discovered that Stark was using the suit to monitor him, along with several devices in play to incapacitate him if necessary. But during a trip to 42, a prison that illegally held super-powered individuals within the Negative Zone without trial or counsel, Parker became completely disgusted with Stark's actions, and turned his back from the Registation's side of the war, and forgone the costume after \"reformed\" criminals Jester and Jack O' Lantern attacked his aunt and wife in an attempt to capture him, and after a serious confrontation with Stark, leading the tech genius to repossess it. Scarlet Spiders The Iron Spider armor costume has been duplicated and used by MVP's three genetic clones in the Initiative who identify themselves as Red Team and also labeled the Scarlet Spiders. It is unknown as to what new powers the team possesses, but they have been shown to use some of the built-in powers such as the cloaking device, communications, and waldoes which the original costume possessed. One change is that there are now four waldoes, as opposed to three. These suits have the original's morphing ability, as well as web-shooters, and wall-crawling capability. Mary Jane Watson Mary Jane Watson later donned the Iron Spider armor in order to help Spider-Man and Iron Man fight Regent. She uses her experience in Iron Man's suit and her brief spider powers that she had back in the Spider-Island storyline to operate the armor. Aaron Davis Aaron Davis purchases a recolored and modified Iron Spider armor which he uses to form his incarnation of the Sinister Six. Amadeus Cho Amadeus Cho wears a version of the suit in the comic book The Totally Awesome Hulk. Powers and abilities Supported by a system similar to that of Tony Stark's classic Iron Man design, The Iron Spider armor features many gadgets, including three mechanical spider-arms, or \"waldoes\", that can be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. Stark describes them as too delicate to use in combat, yet Spider-Man shortly afterward uses them to smash through the sensors in Titanium Man's helmet. Later on during the \"Civil War\" arc, he uses them (reluctantly) during",
"title": "Iron Spider"
},
{
"docid": "417310",
"text": "Harold Theopolis \"Harry\" Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Harry is the best friend of Peter Parker (Spider-Man's alter ego) and Flash Thompson, one of the ex-boyfriends of Mary Jane Watson, the son of Norman Osborn, the husband of Liz Allan and the father of Normie and Stanley Osborn. He is the second character to assume the Green Goblin alias while one of his clones was amongst the many users of the Iron Patriot armor as the superhero American Son. An artificial intelligence (A.I.) copy of Harry (which he created while the Green Goblin) is also the creator of the clones Gabriel and Sarah, who are both later revealed to be operating as his demonic revenant Kindred under the Harry A.I.'s command. The character has appeared in many adaptations of Spider-Man outside of the comic books, including various cartoons and video games. James Franco portrayed the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and Dane DeHaan portrays the character in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Harry Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. In The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973), Harry's father, Norman, is killed off, and a subplot leading to Harry inheriting his father's identity as the Green Goblin is introduced. This subplot culminates in The Amazing Spider-Man #136 (September 1974). Writer Gerry Conway said that the idea of Harry Osborn becoming the Green Goblin stemmed in part from a desire to deal with the consequences of the psychedelic drugs Harry began using in The Amazing Spider-Man #96 (May 1971). Conway said that he had had experience with such drugs himself, and that \"with psychedelic drugs, hallucinogens, if they've been misused, there is a potential for additional hallucinogenic experiences that are completely beyond your control or volition. I could imagine Harry getting hit by something like that, in the fragile emotional state following the death of his father, and losing touch with reality, as a result. Besides, I never had any intention of getting rid of the Green Goblin as a concept forever, so it all came together\". Harry dies in The Spectacular Spider-Man #200 (May 1993). Artist Sal Buscema said that drawing the final two pages of this issue was a deeply emotional experience for him due to how long he had drawn the character, and felt it was appropriate that writer J. M. DeMatteis chose not to add any dialogue to those pages. Several years later, the Spider-Man writers made plans to reveal that the mysterious villain Gaunt was Harry Osborn, who was still alive and had orchestrated the entire \"Clone Saga\", but an editorial edict prevented this from coming to fruition. However, Harry was eventually revived in The Amazing Spider-Man #545 (December 2007). He received an",
"title": "Harry Osborn"
},
{
"docid": "663197",
"text": "Nicholas Hammond (born 15 May 1950) is an American and Australian actor and writer who is best known for his roles as Friedrich von Trapp in the film The Sound of Music and as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the 1970s television series The Amazing Spider-Man. He also appeared in the theatrical films as Spider-Man and its two sequels outside of North America. Early life Hammond was born on May 15, 1950, in Washington, D.C., the son of Colonel Thomas West Hammond, Jr. by his wife Eileen Hammond (née Bennett). Hammond's father was American of English descent and an officer in the U.S. Army, and his mother was English and had played a role in Much Too Shy in 1942. Hammond has one elder brother, David (b. 1946). Hammond's parents had met and married in London during World War II when his father had been posted in the United Kingdom. After the war, the couple moved to the U.S. permanently, and because the Colonel had an army job, the family moved numerous times to various army stations across the country during Hammond's childhood. Nicholas Hammond graduated from the Landon School in Bethesda, Maryland, before attending and graduating from Princeton University. Col. Hammond died in 1970. Career Hammond was 11 years old when he made his acting debut as Robin Rhodes in the Broadway play The Complaisant Lover in 1961, playing alongside Michael Redgrave and Googie Withers. At the same time, he began to shoot for the 1963 film Lord of the Flies, which marked his film debut. After this, Hammond played what was to be his most notable screen role: Friedrich von Trapp (the elder of the two boys) in the 1965 hit The Sound of Music. Hammond's next acting role came in 1970, when he appeared in Conduct Unbecoming, his first role as an adult. In 1972 Hammond appeared as Peter Linder in Skyjacked. In 1973 he made a guest appearance on The Brady Bunch in season 4, episode #090, \"The Subject Was Noses\", as the high school hunk, Doug Simpson, who loses interest in Marcia after her tragic football accident. That year Hammond also appeared in The Waltons episode \"The Townie\", as Theodore Claypool Jr. After making the transition from juvenile to young leading man, Hammond spent several seasons in daytime soaps, such as General Hospital. He also appeared on many television shows of the 1970s including Hawaii Five-O. In the late 1970s Hammond re-joined fellow The Sound of Music alumnus Heather Menzies (who played Louisa von Trapp) for one episode of the TV adaptation of Logan's Run. He also contributed to The Sound of Music Family Scrapbook. Spider-Man From 1977 to 1979, Hammond played the role for which he is perhaps best known, as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the television series The Amazing Spider-Man. Hammond described his approach to the character: \"I liked the idea of taking a fantasy hero and making him believable as a person. I made it clear going into it that I wasn't interested in doing",
"title": "Nicholas Hammond"
},
{
"docid": "2578538",
"text": "The Tinkerer (Phineas Mason) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an adversary of the superhero Spider-Man and the father of Rick Mason. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963). The Tinkerer is generally depicted as a genius in engineering who is able to create gadgets and other devices from nothing more than spare parts left over from ordinary household appliances. While in his initial appearances he sought to personally eliminate Spider-Man, more recent storylines depict him under the employ of other supervillains, whom he supplies with his gadgets for their personal vendettas against Spider-Man or other heroes. Since his introduction in comics, the character has been adapted into several other forms of media, such as animated television series and video games. The Tinkerer made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Chernus. Additionally, a female version of Phineas Mason named Phin Mason appears in Spider-Man: Miles Morales, voiced by Jasmin Savoy Brown. Publication history The Tinkerer is a character that was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his initial appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (April 1963), opposing Spider-Man as a villain. It would, however, be several years before he would return, and made his second appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #160 (September 1976), once again opposing Spider-Man in a losing effort. The Tinkerer would be mentioned in The Amazing Spider-Man #182 (July 1978). This was his first mention in the publication as a supporting side character to the other villains. Fictional character biography Criminal career Phineas Mason is a brilliant inventor and technician who designs advanced weaponry for criminals and sometimes undertakes crimes of his own. As \"the Terrible Tinkerer\", he runs an underground fix-it shop disguised as a radio repair shop. On at least one occasion, a potential customer gained the inventor's attention by presenting a transistor radio and telling Mason that \"I've got a radio that just can't carry a tune\". The Tinkerer's original scheme involved the employment of a team of petty has-been stuntmen and thugs. They specialized in placing bugs into radios and blackmailing state officials and politicians. The Tinkerer tried to present himself as an alien to confuse his pursuers by leaving behind a mask that looked like his face when he escaped from Spider-Man in a hovercraft shaped like a flying saucer. The Tinkerer's next encounter with Spider-Man resulted in deploying the Toy, a hi-tech robot that serves as an assistant and lackey. The Toy also helped the Tinkerer escape from his hideout when raided by the police. The Tinkerer is known to have created the suit for Mysterio, a man that once worked as one of his alien-suited servants. Much later, he was hired by the Kingpin to rebuild the Spider-Mobile to destroy Spider-Man. The Tinkerer redesigned Rocket Racer's rocket-powered skateboard, designed the",
"title": "Tinkerer (Marvel Comics)"
}
] | [
"Sally Field"
] |
train_55830 | which http method is used to send data to the server | [
{
"docid": "22041455",
"text": "In computing, POST is a request method supported by HTTP used by the World Wide Web. By design, the POST request method requests that a web server accepts the data enclosed in the body of the request message, most likely for storing it. It is often used when uploading a file or when submitting a completed web form. In contrast, the HTTP GET request method retrieves information from the server. As part of a GET request, some data can be passed within the URL's query string, specifying (for example) search terms, date ranges, or other information that defines the query. As part of a POST request, an arbitrary amount of data of any type can be sent to the server in the body of the request message. A fields header field in the POST request usually indicates the message body's Internet media type. Posting data The world wide Web and HTTP are based on a number of request methods or 'verbs', including POST and GET as well as PUT, DELETE, and several others. Web browsers normally use only GET and POST, but RESTful online apps make use of many of the others. POST's place in the range of HTTP methods is to send a representation of a new data entity to the server so that it will be stored as a new subordinate of the resource identified by the URI. For example, for the URI http://example.com/customers, POST requests might be expected to represent new customers, each including their name, address, contact details and so on. Early website designers strayed away from this original concept in two important ways. First, there is no technical reason for a URI to textually describe the web resource subordinate to which POST data will be stored. In fact, unless some effort is made, the last part of a URI will more likely describe the web application's processing page and its technology, such as http://example.com/applicationform.php. Secondly, given most web browsers' natural limitation to use only GET or POST, designers felt the need to re-purpose POST to do many other data submission and data management tasks, including the alteration of existing records and their deletion. Efforts by some influential writers to remedy the first point began as early as 1998. Web application frameworks such as Ruby on Rails and others make it easier for designers to provide their users with semantic URLs. With regard to the second point, it is possible to use client-side scripting, or to write standalone apps, to make use of the other HTTP methods where they are relevant, but outside of this most web forms that submit or alter server data continue to use POST for the purpose. That is not to say that every web form should specify method=\"post\" in its opening tag. Many forms are used to specify more precisely the retrieval of information from the server, without any intention of altering the main database. Search forms, for example, are ideally suited to having method=\"get\" specified. There are times when HTTP",
"title": "POST (HTTP)"
},
{
"docid": "17887870",
"text": "Bidirectional-streams Over Synchronous HTTP (BOSH) is a transport protocol that emulates a bidirectional stream between two entities (such as a client and a server) by using multiple synchronous HTTP request/response pairs without requiring the use of polling or asynchronous chunking. For applications that require both \"push\" and \"pull\" communications, BOSH is significantly more bandwidth-efficient and responsive than most other bidirectional HTTP-based transport protocols and AJAX. BOSH achieves this by avoiding HTTP polling, yet it does so without resorting to chunked HTTP responses as is done in the technique known as Comet. To date, BOSH has been used mainly as a transport for traffic exchanged between Jabber/XMPP clients and servers (e.g., to facilitate connections from web clients and from mobile clients on intermittent networks). For \"push\", a BOSH client starts an HTTP request, but the server postpones sending a reply until it has data to send. After receiving a reply, the client immediately makes another request on the same HTTP connection, so the server can always send data to the client without waiting for the client to poll. If, while waiting for a reply, the client needs to send data to the server, it opens a second HTTP connection. There are at most two HTTP connections open at a time, one on which the server can send data as a reply and one on which the client can send data as a POST. \"Bidirectional-streams Over Synchronous HTTP (BOSH)\" and \"XMPP over BOSH\" are stable standards of the XMPP Standards Foundation. The second related standard XMPP Over BOSH (XEP-0206) defines how BOSH may be used to transport XMPP stanzas. The result is an HTTP binding for XMPP communications that is intended to be used in situations where a device or client is unable to maintain a long-lived TCP connection to an XMPP server. See also Push technology WebSocket Notes References XEP-0124: Bidirectional-streams Over Synchronous HTTP (BOSH) XEP-0206: XMPP Over BOSH BOSH overview Web 2.0 neologisms XMPP Hypertext Transfer Protocol",
"title": "BOSH (protocol)"
},
{
"docid": "11972971",
"text": "HTTP tunneling is used to create a network link between two computers in conditions of restricted network connectivity including firewalls, NATs and ACLs, among other restrictions. The tunnel is created by an intermediary called a proxy server which is usually located in a DMZ. Tunneling can also allow communication using a protocol that normally wouldn’t be supported on the restricted network. HTTP CONNECT method The most common form of HTTP tunneling is the standardized HTTP CONNECT method. In this mechanism, the client asks an HTTP proxy server to forward the TCP connection to the desired destination. The server then proceeds to make the connection on behalf of the client. Once the connection has been established by the server, the proxy server continues to proxy the TCP stream to and from the client. Only the initial connection request is HTTP - after that, the server simply proxies the established TCP connection. This mechanism is how a client behind an HTTP proxy can access websites using SSL or TLS (i.e. HTTPS). Proxy servers may also limit connections by only allowing connections to the default HTTPS port 443, whitelisting hosts, or blocking traffic which doesn't appear to be SSL. Example negotiation The client connects to the proxy server and requests tunneling by specifying the port and the host computer to which it would like to connect. The port is used to indicate the protocol being requested. CONNECT streamline.t-mobile.com:22 HTTP/1.1 Proxy-Authorization: Basic encoded-credentials If the connection was allowed and the proxy has connected to the specified host then the proxy will return a 2XX success response. HTTP/1.1 200 OK The client is now being proxied to the remote host. Any data sent to the proxy server is now forwarded, unmodified, to the remote host and the client can communicate using any protocol accepted by the remote host. In the example below, the client is starting SSH communications, as hinted at by the port number in the initial CONNECT request. SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_4.3\\r\\n ... HTTP tunneling without using CONNECT A HTTP tunnel can also be implemented using only the usual HTTP methods as POST, GET, PUT and DELETE. This is similar to the approach used in Bidirectional-streams Over Synchronous HTTP (BOSH). A special HTTP server runs outside the protected network and a client program is run on a computer inside the protected network. Whenever any network traffic is passed from the client, the client repackages the traffic data as a HTTP request and relays the data to the outside server, which extracts and executes the original network request for the client. The response to the request, sent to the server, is then repackaged as an HTTP response and relayed back to the client. Since all traffic is encapsulated inside normal GET and POST requests and responses, this approach works through most proxies and firewalls. See also ICMP tunnel Pseudo-wire Tunnel broker Virtual private network (VPN) Virtual extensible LAN Network virtualization using generic routing encapsulation Notes References Hypertext Transfer Protocol Network protocols Computer security",
"title": "HTTP tunnel"
},
{
"docid": "52638043",
"text": "HTTP Flood is a type of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack in which the attacker manipulates HTTP and POST unwanted requests in order to attack a web server or application. These attacks often use interconnected computers that have been taken over with the aid of malware such as Trojan Horses. Instead of using malformed packets, spoofing and reflection techniques, HTTP floods require less bandwidth to attack the targeted sites or servers. Attack description In an HTTP flood, the HTTP clients such as web browser interact with an application or server to send HTTP requests. The request can be either “GET” or “POST”. The aim of the attack is when to compel the server to allocate as many resources as possible to serving the attack, thus denying legitimate users access to the server's resources. GET flood The GET request is used to retrieve static content like images. Typically this induces relatively low load on the server per request. POST flood An HTTP POST flood (or simply POST flood) is a denial of service attack that uses POST requests, which are part of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). As of late 2013, POST floods were increasingly being launched from mobile devices. POST requests are more likely to require the server to perform some kind of processing, such as looking up items in a database. Therefore, HTTP POST flood attacks typically impose higher load on the server per request. Methods of mitigation As HTTP flood attacks use standard URL requests hence it is quite challenging to differentiate from valid traffic. One of the most effective mitigation methods is the combination of traffic profiling methods that mainly includes identification of IP reputation, tracking abnormal actions and employing progressive sanctuary challenges. References Denial-of-service attacks",
"title": "HTTP Flood"
},
{
"docid": "21756219",
"text": "This is a list of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) response status codes. Status codes are issued by a server in response to a client's request made to the server. It includes codes from IETF Request for Comments (RFCs), other specifications, and some additional codes used in some common applications of the HTTP. The first digit of the status code specifies one of five standard classes of responses. The optional message phrases shown are typical, but any human-readable alternative may be provided, or none at all. Unless otherwise stated, the status code is part of the HTTP standard. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) maintains the official registry of HTTP status codes. All HTTP response status codes are separated into five classes or categories. The first digit of the status code defines the class of response, while the last two digits do not have any classifying or categorization role. There are five classes defined by the standard: 1xx informational response – the request was received, continuing process 2xx successful – the request was successfully received, understood, and accepted 3xx redirection – further action needs to be taken in order to complete the request 4xx client error – the request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled 5xx server error – the server failed to fulfil an apparently valid request 1xx informational response An informational response indicates that the request was received and understood. It is issued on a provisional basis while request processing continues. It alerts the client to wait for a final response. The message consists only of the status line and optional header fields, and is terminated by an empty line. As the HTTP/1.0 standard did not define any 1xx status codes, servers send a 1xx response to an HTTP/1.0 compliant client except under experimental conditions. 100 Continue The server has received the request headers and the client should proceed to send the request body (in the case of a request for which a body needs to be sent; for example, a POST request). Sending a large request body to a server after a request has been rejected for inappropriate headers would be inefficient. To have a server check the request's headers, a client must send Expect: 100-continue as a header in its initial request and receive a 100 Continue status code in response before sending the body. If the client receives an error code such as 403 (Forbidden) or 405 (Method Not Allowed) then it should not send the request's body. The response 417 Expectation Failed indicates that the request should be repeated without the Expect header as it indicates that the server does not support expectations (this is the case, for example, of HTTP/1.0 servers). 101 Switching Protocols The requester has asked the server to switch protocols and the server has agreed to do so. 102 Processing (WebDAV; RFC 2518) A WebDAV request may contain many sub-requests involving file operations, requiring a long time to complete the request. This code indicates that the server has received and",
"title": "List of HTTP status codes"
},
{
"docid": "54132618",
"text": "Linked Data Notifications (LDN) is a W3C Recommendation that describes a communications protocol based on HTTP, URI, and RDF on how servers (receivers) can receive messages pushed to them by applications (senders), as well as how other applications (consumers) may retrieve those messages. Any web resource (like a HTML page) can advertise a receiving endpoint (inbox) for notification messages. Messages are expressed in RDF, and can contain arbitrary data. Motivation The web is a decentralized system of web resources, published by multiple organizations and individuals. Web resources, such as web pages and more formally structured linked data, frequently include links to other resources across the web, and may comment or describe them in various ways. The receiving end, however, are not generally notified of such link creation, and thus are unable to provide backlinks without manual intervention. Interactions within social media platforms, such as comments on a news article, are currently \"locked\" within the platform and hard to access across the web. Several linkback mechanisms exists, and are commonly used between blog systems, e.g. a \"response\" post in blog B about a post in blog A causes B's platform to send a pingback to be shown on the original blog A. These mechanisms are, however, generally limited in which structured information can be sent, and the notifications themselves do not form part of the decentralized web and may be difficult to consume by any third party application. A key motivation for LDN is to support notifications between decentralized Web applications, including web browsers who - not having their own HTTP server - are unable to generate a HTTP link for their reply messages. Another motivation is to structure notifications as RDF statements using any Controlled vocabulary - so that any consuming application can select the particular information they understand. Protocol A sender or receiver performs a GET or HEAD to an existing HTTP resource. Its inbox URI is discovered from either: A Link: relation in the HTTP response headers of type http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#inbox An RDF statement embedded in the HTTP body using the RDF property http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#inbox A sender creates a new notification (e.g. as JSON-LD), which it POSTs to the inbox URI. The receiver creates a new HTTP resource containing the posted notification and responds with 201 Created and the created URI. A consumer retrieves RDF from the discovered inbox URI using GET, then: The consumer parses the response body to find RDF statements with the property http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#contains. The object of these statements give the URIs to the accepted LDN notifications. The consumer retrieve any of the linked notification using GET and process their RDF in an application-specific manner. Notifications remain accessible, and can therefore be linked to and described in other web resources. At each stage, the sender and consumer may perform content negotiation to send or receive in any mutually agreed RDF serialization format, but a compliant LDN receiver must support at least JSON-LD. Examples A sender or consumer discovers the inbox for a given URI, in this example",
"title": "Linked Data Notifications"
},
{
"docid": "3418152",
"text": "Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP) is an obsolete alternative to the HTTPS protocol for encrypting web communications carried over the Internet. It was developed by Eric Rescorla and Allan M. Schiffman at EIT in 1994 and published in 1999 as . Even though S-HTTP was first to market, Netscape's dominance of the browser market led to HTTPS becoming the de facto method for securing web communications. Comparison to HTTP over TLS (HTTPS) S-HTTP encrypts only the served page data and submitted data like POST fields, leaving the initiation of the protocol unchanged. Because of this, S-HTTP could be used concurrently with HTTP (unsecured) on the same port, as the unencrypted header would determine whether the rest of the transmission is encrypted. In contrast, HTTP over TLS wraps the entire communication within Transport Layer Security (TLS; formerly SSL), so the encryption starts before any protocol data is sent. This creates a name-based virtual hosting \"chicken and egg\" issue with determining which DNS name was intended for the request. This means that HTTPS implementations without Server Name Indication (SNI) support require a separate IP address per DNS name, and all HTTPS implementations require a separate port (usually 443 vs. HTTP's standard 80) for unambiguous use of encryption (treated in most browsers as a separate URI scheme, https://). As documented in RFC 2817, HTTP can also be secured by implementing HTTP/1.1 Upgrade headers and upgrading to TLS. Running HTTP over TLS negotiated in this way does not have the implications of HTTPS with regards to name-based virtual hosting (no extra IP addresses, ports, or URI space). However, few implementations support this method. In S-HTTP, the desired URL is not transmitted in the cleartext headers, but left blank; another set of headers is present inside the encrypted payload. In HTTP over TLS, all headers are inside the encrypted payload and the server application does not generally have the opportunity to gracefully recover from TLS fatal errors (including 'client certificate is untrusted' and 'client certificate is expired'). References External links RFC 2660 The Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol Cryptographic protocols",
"title": "Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol"
},
{
"docid": "64120448",
"text": "Rocket is a web framework written in Rust. It supports HTTP requests, Web Sockets JSON, templating and more. Its design was inspired by Rails, Flask, Bottle, and Yesod. It licensed under MIT License or Apache License. To create a web server with Rocket, the user will define an application, then use the \"mount\" function to attach \"routes\" to it. Each \"route\" is a rust function with a macro attched to it. The function will define code that should response to an HTTP request. The macro that is written as part of the function decleration will define which HTTP Method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.) it should be handle, as well as a pattern describing the URL it should be relevant to. Example This is an example of a working rocket application:#[macro_use] extern crate rocket; #[get(\"/hello/<name>/<age>\")] fn hello(name: &str, age: u8) -> String { format!(\"Hello, {} year old named {}!\", age, name) } #[launch] fn rocket() -> _ { rocket::build().mount(\"/\", routes![hello]) }Sending an HTTP GET request to /hello/John/20 would return the following response: Hello, 20 year old named John!. Features Rocket implements the following features: Routing - Rocket allows the user to define the structure of routes that the application should consider, as well as the code that should run in different routing combination. For example, the following code will make the rocket application to respond to the /hello route with \"Hello World\":#[get(\"/\")] fn index() -> &'static str { \"Hello, world!\" } Form Data - Rocket allows the user to define a Serde model, and use it to parse the Form Data, and pass it as native rust object to the route handler. Request Guards - the route handlers can contain a special kind of parameters named \"Request Guard\"s that are meant to prevent the code inside the handler to be called in case a certain condition is not met. This feature can be used for example, to prevent requests that do not contain a API Key. By using the Request Guard feature, the user can define the condition in one place, and apply it to prevent access to multiple routes by adding the guard to their list of parameters. References External links Web frameworks Free software programmed in Rust Software using the Apache license",
"title": "Rocket (web framework)"
},
{
"docid": "519497",
"text": "cURL (pronounced like \"curl\", ) is a computer software project providing a library (libcurl) and command-line tool (curl) for transferring data using various network protocols. The name stands for \"Client for URL\". History curl was first released in 1996. It was originally named httpget and then became urlget before adopting the current name of curl The original author and lead developer is the Swedish developer Daniel Stenberg, who created curl because he wanted to automate the fetching of currency exchange rates for IRC users. libcurl libcurl is a free client-side URL transfer library, supporting cookies, DICT, FTP, FTPS, Gopher, HTTP/1 (with HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 support), HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, HTTP proxy tunneling, HTTPS, IMAP, Kerberos, LDAP, MQTT, POP3, RTSP, RTMP, SCP, SMTP, and SMB. The library supports the file URI scheme, SFTP, Telnet, TFTP, file transfer resume, FTP uploading, HTTP form-based upload, HTTPS certificates, LDAPS, proxies, and user-plus-password authentication. The libcurl library is portable. It builds and works identically on many platforms, including AIX, AmigaOS, Android, BeOS, BlackBerry Tablet OS and BlackBerry 10, OpenVMS, Darwin, DOS, FreeBSD, HP-UX, HURD, iOS, IRIX, Linux, macOS, NetBSD, NetWare, OpenBSD, OS/2, QNX Neutrino, RISC OS, Solaris, Symbian, Tru64, Ultrix, UnixWare, Microsoft Windows and OpenHarmony. The libcurl library is free, thread-safe and IPv6 compatible. Bindings are available for more than 50 languages, including C/C++, Java, Julia (is bundled with), PHP and Python. The libcurl library supports GnuTLS, mbed TLS, NSS, gskit on IBM i, SChannel on Windows, Secure Transport on macOS and iOS, SSL/TLS through OpenSSL, BoringSSL, libreSSL, AmiSSL, wolfSSL, BearSSL and rustls. curl curl is a command-line tool for getting or sending data including files using URL syntax. Since curl uses libcurl, it supports every protocol libcurl supports. curl supports HTTPS and performs SSL certificate verification by default when a secure protocol is specified such as HTTPS. When curl connects to a remote server via HTTPS, it will obtain the remote server certificate, then check against its CA certificate store the validity of the remote server to ensure the remote server is the one it claims to be. Some curl packages are bundled with CA certificate store file. There are several options to specify a CA certificate such as and . The option can be used to specify the location of the CA certificate store file. In the Windows platform, if a CA certificate file is not specified, curl will look for a CA certificate file name “curl-ca-bundle.crt” in the following order: Directory where the curl program is located. Current working directory. Windows system directory. Windows directory. Directories specified in the %PATH% environment variables. curl will return an error message if the remote server is using a self-signed certificate, or if the remote server certificate is not signed by a CA listed in the CA cert file. or option can be used to skip certificate verification. Alternatively, if the remote server is trusted, the remote server CA certificate can be added to the CA certificate store file. Examples Basic use of curl involves simply",
"title": "CURL"
},
{
"docid": "21633079",
"text": "Jakarta RESTful Web Services, (JAX-RS; formerly Java API for RESTful Web Services) is a Jakarta EE API specification that provides support in creating web services according to the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural pattern. JAX-RS uses annotations, introduced in Java SE 5, to simplify the development and deployment of web service clients and endpoints. From version 1.1 on, JAX-RS is an official part of Java EE 6. A notable feature of being an official part of Java EE is that no configuration is necessary to start using JAX-RS. For non-Java EE 6 environments a small entry in the deployment descriptor is required. Specification JAX-RS provides some annotations to aid in mapping a resource class (a POJO) as a web resource. The annotations use the Java package jakarta.ws.rs (previously was javax.ws.rs but was renamed on May 19, 2019). They include: @Path specifies the relative path for a resource class or method. @GET, @PUT, @POST, @DELETE and @HEAD specify the HTTP request type of a resource. @Produces specifies the response Internet media types (used for content negotiation). @Consumes specifies the accepted request Internet media types. In addition, it provides further annotations to method parameters to pull information out of the request. All the @*Param annotations take a key of some form which is used to look up the value required. @PathParam binds the method parameter to a path segment. @QueryParam binds the method parameter to the value of an HTTP query parameter. @MatrixParam binds the method parameter to the value of an HTTP matrix parameter. @HeaderParam binds the method parameter to an HTTP header value. @CookieParam binds the method parameter to a cookie value. @FormParam binds the method parameter to a form value. @DefaultValue specifies a default value for the above bindings when the key is not found. @Context returns the entire context of the object (for example @Context HttpServletRequest request). JAX-RS 2.0 In January 2011 the JCP formed the JSR 339 expert group to work on JAX-RS 2.0. The main targets are (among others) a common client API and support for Hypermedia following the HATEOAS-principle of REST. In May 2013, it reached the Final Release stage. On 2017-08-22 JAX-RS 2.1 specification final release was published. Main new supported features include server-sent events, reactive clients, and JSON-B. Implementations Implementations of JAX-RS include: Apache CXF, an open source Web service framework Jersey, the reference implementation from Sun (now Oracle) RESTeasy, JBoss's implementation Restlet WebSphere Application Server from IBM: Version 7.0: via the \"Feature Pack for Communications Enabled Applications\" Version 8.0 onwards: natively WebLogic Application Server from Oracle, see notes Apache Tuscany (http://tuscany.apache.org/documentation-2x/sca-java-bindingrest.html), discontinued Cuubez framework (https://web.archive.org/web/20190707005602/http://cuubez.com/) Everrest, Codenvy's Implementation Jello-Framework, Java Application Framework optimized for Google App Engine, including a powerful RESTful engine and comprehensive Data Authorization model. Apache TomEE, an addition to Apache Tomcat References Hadley, Marc and Paul Sandoz, eds. (September 17, 2009). JAX-RS: Java API for RESTful WebServices (version 1.1), Java Community Process External links Tutorials https://javabrains.io/courses/javaee_jaxrs/ http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/tutorial/doc/giepu.html http://www.vogella.com/tutorials/REST/article.html http://www.mkyong.com/tutorials/jax-rs-tutorials/ http://www.coderpanda.com/jax-rs-tutorial/ https://www.javavogue.com/2015/03/java-jerseyjax-rs-tutorials/ http://howtodoinjava.com/restful-web-service/ Java enterprise platform Java API for XML",
"title": "Jakarta RESTful Web Services"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "41269053",
"text": "Festi is a rootkit and a botnet also known by its alias of Spamnost, and is mostly involved in email spam and denial of service attacks. It works under operating systems of the Windows family. Autumn of 2009 was the first time Festi came into the view of the companies engaged in the development and sale of antivirus software. At this time it was estimated that the botnet itself consisted of roughly 25.000 infected machines, while having a spam volume capacity of roughly 2.5 billion spam emails a day. Festi showed the greatest activity in 2011-2012. More recent estimates - dated August 2012 - display that the botnet is sending spam from 250,000 unique IP addresses, a quarter of the total amount of one million detected IP's sending spam mails. The main functionality of botnet Festi is spam sending and implementation of cyberattacks like \"distributed denial of service\". Distribution Methods Distribution is carried with scheme PPI (Pay-Per-Install) use. For preventing of detection by antiviruses the loader extends ciphered that complicates signature based detection. Architecture All represented data about the architecture of botnet we have gathered from research ESET antivirus company. The loader downloads and sets up a bot which represents a kernel-mode driver which adds itself in the list of the drivers which are launching together with an operating system. On a hard disk drive only the part of a bot is stored which is responsible for communication with command center and loading of modules. After starting the bot periodically asks the command center for receiving a configuration, loading of the modules and the jobs necessary for execution. Modules From the researches which have been carried out by specialists of the antivirus company ESET, it is known that Festi has at least two modules. One of them intends for spam sending (BotSpam.dll), another for implementation of cyberattacks like \"distributed denial of service\" (BotDoS.dll). The module for implementation of cyberattacks like \"distributed denial of service\" supports the following types of cyberattacks, namely: TCP-flood, UDP-flood, DNS-flood, HTTP(s)-flood, and also flood packets with a random number in the issue of the used protocol. The expert from the \"Kaspersky Lab\" researching botnet drew an output that there are more modules, but not all from them are used. Their list includes the module for socks-server implementation (BotSocks.dll) with the TCP and UDP protocols, the module for remote viewing and control of the computer of the user (BotRemote.dll), the module implementing search on a disk of the remote computer and in a local area network (BotSearch.dll) to which the remote computer is connected, grabber-modules for all browsers known at present time (BotGrabber.dll). Modules are never saved on a hard disk drive that does almost impossible their detection. Network Interaction The bot uses client-server model and for functioning implements own protocol of network interaction with command center which is used for receiving a configuration of a botnet, loading of modules, and also for obtaining jobs from command center and notification of command center about their execution. Data",
"title": "Festi"
},
{
"docid": "6376769",
"text": "The ETag or entity tag is part of HTTP, the protocol for the World Wide Web. It is one of several mechanisms that HTTP provides for Web cache validation, which allows a client to make conditional requests. This mechanism allows caches to be more efficient and saves bandwidth, as a Web server does not need to send a full response if the content has not changed. ETags can also be used for optimistic concurrency control to help prevent simultaneous updates of a resource from overwriting each other. An ETag is an opaque identifier assigned by a Web server to a specific version of a resource found at a URL. If the resource representation at that URL ever changes, a new and different ETag is assigned. Used in this manner, ETags are similar to fingerprints and can quickly be compared to determine whether two representations of a resource are the same. ETag generation The use of ETags in the HTTP header is optional (not mandatory as with some other fields of the HTTP 1.1 header). The method by which ETags are generated has never been specified in the HTTP specification. Common methods of ETag generation include using a collision-resistant hash function of the resource's content, a hash of the last modification timestamp, or even just a revision number. In order to avoid the use of stale cache data, methods used to generate ETags should guarantee (as much as is practical) that each ETag is unique. However, an ETag-generation function could be judged to be \"usable\", if it can be proven (mathematically) that duplication of ETags would be \"acceptably rare\", even if it could or would occur. RFC-7232 explicitly states that ETags should be content-coding aware, e.g. ETag: \"123-a\" – for no Content-Encoding ETag: \"123-b\" – for Content-Encoding: gzip Some earlier checksum functions that were weaker than CRC32 or CRC64 are known to suffer from hash collision problems. Thus they were not good candidates for use in ETag generation. Strong and weak validation The ETag mechanism supports both strong validation and weak validation. They are distinguished by the presence of an initial \"W/\" in the ETag identifier, as: \"123456789\" – A strong ETag validator W/\"123456789\" – A weak ETag validator A strongly validating ETag match indicates that the content of the two resource representations is byte-for-byte identical and that all other entity fields (such as Content-Language) are also unchanged. Strong ETags permit the caching and reassembly of partial responses, as with byte-range requests. A weakly validating ETag match only indicates that the two representations are semantically equivalent, meaning that for practical purposes they are interchangeable and that cached copies can be used. However, the resource representations are not necessarily byte-for-byte identical, and thus weak ETags are not suitable for byte-range requests. Weak ETags may be useful for cases in which strong ETags are impractical for a Web server to generate, such as with dynamically generated content. Typical usage In typical usage, when a URL is retrieved, the Web server will return the",
"title": "HTTP ETag"
},
{
"docid": "24447073",
"text": "Tahoe-LAFS (Tahoe Least-Authority File Store) is a free and open, secure, decentralized, fault-tolerant, distributed data store and distributed file system. It can be used as an online backup system, or to serve as a file or Web host similar to Freenet, depending on the front-end used to insert and access files in the Tahoe system. Tahoe can also be used in a RAID-like fashion using multiple disks to make a single large Redundant Array of Inexpensive Nodes (RAIN) pool of reliable data storage. The system is designed and implemented around the \"principle of least authority\" (POLA), described by Brian Warner (one of the project's original founders) as the idea \"that any component of the system should have as little power of authority as it needs to get its job done\". Strict adherence to this convention is enabled by the use of cryptographic capabilities that provide the minimum set of privileges necessary to perform a given task by asking agents. A RAIN array acts as a storage volume; these servers do not need to be trusted by confidentiality or integrity of the stored data. History Tahoe-LAFS was started in 2006 at online backup services company All My Data and has been actively developed since 2007. In 2008, Brian Warner and Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn published a paper on Tahoe at the 4th ACM international workshop on Storage security and survivability. When All My Data closed in 2009, Tahoe-LAFS became a free software project under the GNU General Public License or The Transitive Grace License, which allows owners of the code twelve months to profit from their work before releasing it. In 2010, Tahoe-LAFS was mentioned as a tool against censorship by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. In 2013, it was one of the hackathon projects at the GNU 30th anniversary. Functionality The Tahoe-LAFS Client sends an unencrypted file via a web API to the HTTPS Server. The HTTPS Server passes the file off to the Tahoe-LAFS Storage client which encrypts the file and then uses erasure coding to store fragments of the file on multiple storage drives. Tahoe-LAFS features \"provider-independent security\", in that the integrity and confidentiality of the files are guaranteed by the algorithms used on the client, independent of the storage servers, which may fail or may be operated by untrusted entities. Files are encrypted using AES, then split up using erasure coding, such that only a subset K of the original N servers storing the file chunks need to be available in order to recreate the original file. The default parameters are K=3, N=10, so each file is shared across 10 different servers, accessing it requires the correct function of any 3 of those servers. Tahoe provides very little control over on which nodes data is stored. Fork A patched version of Tahoe-LAFS exists from 2011, and was made to run on anonymous networks such as I2P, with support for multiple introducers. There is also a version for Microsoft Windows. It is distributed from a site within the I2P network. In",
"title": "Tahoe-LAFS"
},
{
"docid": "42203469",
"text": "Wire data is the information that passes over computer and telecommunication networks defining communications between client and server devices. It is the result of decoding wire and transport protocols containing the bi-directional data payload. More precisely, wire data is the information that is communicated in each layer of the OSI model (Layer 1 not being included because those protocols are used to establish connections and do not communicate information). Relevance Wire data is the observed behavior and communication between networked elements which is an important source of information used by IT operations staff to troubleshoot performance issues, create activity baselines, detect anomalous activity, investigate security incidents, and discover IT assets and their dependencies. According to a March 2016 research note from American IT research and advisory firm Gartner, wire data will play a more important role than machine data for analytics in the future: \"While log data will certainly have a role in future monitoring and analytics, it is wire data—radically rethought and used in new ways—that will prove to be the most critical source of data for availability and performance management over the next five years.\" Real-time wire data streams are also important sources of data for business and operational intelligence teams. In these types of scenarios, wire data is used to measure order transactions for real-time reporting on transaction volume, success, and failure rates; tracking patient admission rates at hospitals; as well as reporting on the weights and measures of airplanes prior to take-off. Distinction between wire data and system self-reported data Wire data is distinct from machine-generated data, which is system self-reported information typically in the form of logs sourced from elements like network routers, servers, and other equipment. Unlike those forms of machine-generated data, which are dependent on the logging configurations of those devices, wire data is defined by wire and transport protocols. There is a small amount of overlap between wire data and machine-generated data but also significant differences. For example, web server logs typically record HTTP status code 200 responses, indicating that a web page was served to a client. However, web servers do not log the transaction payload and so would not be able to show which HTTP status code 200 responses were for pages with a “service unavailable” message. That information is contained in the wire data or transaction payload and is not logged by the server. Examples of information derived from wire data Structured transactional data passed over HTTP, including information encoded using SOAP/XML SQL transaction details, such as errors, methods used, and stored procedures executed Unique customer IDs, handset type, and credit-control details defined by AVPs and commands contained in Diameter transactions Cross-tier (web, database, storage, etc.) transaction metrics parsed by unique session IDs or other GUID Correlation of network transfer time and server processing time TCP mechanisms such as Nagle delays and throttling HTTP metadata including user-agent, session ID, status code, and IP address HTTP page content including page title, user ID, and transaction values Methods of analyzing wire",
"title": "Wire data"
},
{
"docid": "10175634",
"text": "In computer science, request–response or request–reply is one of the basic methods computers use to communicate with each other in a network, in which the first computer sends a request for some data and the second responds to the request. More specifically, it is a message exchange pattern in which a requestor sends a request message to a replier system, which receives and processes the request, ultimately returning a message in response. It is analogous to a telephone call, in which the caller must wait for the recipient to pick up before anything can be discussed. This is a simple but powerful messaging pattern which allows two applications to have a two-way conversation with one another over a channel; it is especially common in client–server architectures. For simplicity, this pattern is typically implemented in a purely synchronous fashion, as in web service calls over HTTP, which holds a connection open and waits until the response is delivered or the timeout period expires. However, request–response may also be implemented asynchronously, with a response being returned at some unknown later time. When a synchronous system communicates with an asynchronous system, it is referred to as \"sync over async\" or \"sync/async\". This is common in enterprise application integration (EAI) implementations where slow aggregations, time-intensive functions, or human workflow must be performed before a response can be constructed and delivered. In contrast, one-way computer communication, which is like the push-to-talk or \"barge in\" feature found on some phones and two-way radios, sends a message without waiting for a response. Sending an email is an example of one-way communication, and another example are fieldbus sensors, such as most CAN bus sensors, which periodically and autonomously send out their data, whether or not any other devices on the bus are listening for it. (Most of these systems use a \"listen before talk\" or other contention-based protocol so multiple sensors can transmit periodic updates without any pre-coordination.) See also Futures and promises Message exchange pattern Publish/subscribe Remote procedure call References External links W3C single-request-response pattern Network protocols",
"title": "Request–response"
},
{
"docid": "39574210",
"text": "httpRange-14 is a long-running logical conundrum or design problem in the semantic web. The problem arises because when HTTP is extended from referring only to documents to talking about real-world things (planets, flowers, emotions, Platonic forms, etc) the domain of HTTP GET becomes undefined. History The HTTP protocol was originally designed to transfer information objects, specifically Hypertext such as HTML. The GET request was issued by a client to retrieve data at a particular URL. Retrieving non-HTML information objects (images, Flash files, CSS files, streaming video, etc) was not a problem, since all of these could be streamed across the network using standard approaches developed by earlier protocols. The semantic web was invented, spearheaded by the W3C and Tim Berners-Lee, which used URLs to refer to real world things (planets, flowers, emotions, Platonic forms, etc) which could not be reduced to network streams. The question of what web servers should do when asked for one of these things arose. Use of # URIs of real world things can be limited to 'hash URIs', that is URIs containing a fragment identifier. These URIs cannot be directly deferenced via HTTP so the protocol does not need to worry about the conflict. In this approach a URI not ending in a hash is understood to refer to a document, whereas the same URI with a '#' appended can refer to an abstract concept. Use of HTTP Status Code 303 See Other The HTTP Status Code 303 See Other is to be interpreted as follows: A 303 response to a GET request indicates that the origin server does not have a representation of the target resource that can be transferred by the server over HTTP. However, the Location field value refers to a resource that is descriptive of the target resource, such that making a retrieval request on that other resource might result in a representation that is useful to recipients without implying that it represents the original target resource. Note that answers to the questions of what can be represented, what representations are adequate, and what might be a useful description are outside the scope of HTTP. By sending a 303 when asked for a non-information resource and redirecting to an information resource about the non-information resource, the server answers the requesters information need without having to supply the actual thing. This is recommended as good practice by the W3C August 2007 draft. Resolution The W3C's Cool URIs for the Semantic Web document recommends using one or other of these two methods, depending on the requirements of the project. Implications The impact of the issue (more correctly the impact of confusion around the issue) is greatest in semantic web communities whose models involve large numbers of abstract concepts which cannot be serialised, such as the FRBR community. Further reading http://www.w3.org/2001/tag/group/track/issues/14 http://www.w3.org/wiki/HttpRange14Webography http://www.ibiblio.org/hhalpin/homepage/notes/uri.html References Semantic Web",
"title": "HTTPRange-14"
},
{
"docid": "1722887",
"text": "Media Resource Control Protocol (MRCP) is a communication protocol used by speech servers to provide various services (such as speech recognition and speech synthesis) to their clients. MRCP relies on another protocol, such as Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) or Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for establishing a control session and audio streams between the client and the server. MRCP uses a similar style of clear-text signaling as HTTP and many other Internet protocols, in which each message contains 3 sections: a first-line, a header and a body. The first line indicates the type of message as well as information such as response codes. The header contains a number of lines, each in the format <header>: <data>. The body, whose length is specified by the header, contains the details of the message. Like HTTP, MRCP uses a request (usually issued by the client) and response model. Responses may simply acknowledge receipt of the request or give other information regarding its processing. For example, an MRCP client may request to send some audio data for processing (say, for speech recognition), to which the server could respond with a message containing a suitable port number to send the data, since MRCP does not have support for audio data specifically as this would have to be handled by some other protocol, such as Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). MRCP protocol version 2 has been approved as an RFC. Version 2 uses SIP for managing sessions and audio streams between the server and the clients, whereas version 1 did not specify the underlying protocol. MRCP has been adopted by a wide range of commercial speech servers, such as Verbio Technologies, Skit.ai's VIVA, Microsoft Speech Server, LumenVox Speech Engine, ReadSpeaker speechServer MRCP, Nuance Recognizer and Vocalizer, Sestek TTS, Sestek Call Steering as well as commercial Interactive Voice Response software such as Blueworx Voice Response.. External links , A Media Resource Control Protocol (MRCP) , Media Resource Control Protocol version 2 (MRCPv2) UniMRCP, An open source cross-platform MRCP implementation Internet protocols Application layer protocols",
"title": "Media Resource Control Protocol"
},
{
"docid": "2111596",
"text": "Silly window syndrome (SWS) is a problem in computer networking caused by poorly implemented TCP flow control. A serious problem can arise in the sliding window operation when the sending application program creates data slowly, the receiving application program consumes data slowly, or both. If a server with this problem is unable to process all incoming data, it requests that its clients reduce the amount of data they send at a time (the window setting on a TCP packet). If the server continues to be unable to process all incoming data, the window becomes smaller and smaller, sometimes to the point that the data transmitted is smaller than the packet header, making data transmission extremely inefficient. The name of this problem is due to the window size shrinking to a \"silly\" value. Since there is a certain amount of overhead associated with processing each packet, the increased number of packets means increased overhead to process a decreasing amount of data. The end result is thrashing. Solution When there is no synchronization between the sender and receiver regarding capacity of the flow of data or the size of the packet, the window syndrome problem is created. When the silly window syndrome is created by the sender, Nagle's algorithm is used. Nagle's solution requires that the sender send the first segment even if it is a small one, then that it wait until an ACK is received or a maximum sized segment (MSS) is accumulated. When the silly window syndrome is created by the receiver, David D Clark's solution is used. Clark's solution closes the window until another segment of maximum segment size (MSS) can be received or the buffer is half empty. There are 3 causes of SWS: When the server announces Empty space as 0 When client is able to generate only 1 byte at a time When server is able to consume only 1 byte at a time During SWS, efficiency of communication is almost 0, so SWS duration should be short as possible. Send-side silly window avoidance A heuristic method where the send TCP must allow the sending application to make \"write\" calls, and collect the data transferred in each call before transmitting it into a large segment. The sending TCP delays sending segments until it can accumulate reasonable amounts of data, which is known as clumping. Receive-side silly window avoidance A heuristic method that a receiver uses to maintain an internal record of the available window, and delay advertising an increase in window size to the sender until it can advance a significant amount. This amount depends on the receiver's buffer size and maximum segment size. By using this method, it prevents small window advertisements where received applications extract data octets slowly. References External links Explanation of the silly window syndrome Recommended sender- and client-side solutions to silly window syndrome Transmission Control Protocol",
"title": "Silly window syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "22047335",
"text": "Rack is a modular interface between web servers and web applications developed in the Ruby programming language. With Rack, application programming interfaces (APIs) for web frameworks and middleware are wrapped into a single method call handling HTTP requests and responses. Rack is used by many Ruby web frameworks and libraries, such as Ruby on Rails and Sinatra. It is available as a Ruby Gem. Many Ruby applications are called \"rack-compliant\". Rack has inspired similar frameworks in JavaScript (jack.js), Clojure, Perl (Plack), Common Lisp (Clack), and .NET (OWIN). Overview The characteristics of a Rack application is that the application object responds to the call method. The call method takes in the environment object as argument and returns the Rack response object. Environment The environment that is taken as argument by the call method refers to an object that has: a) Information on the HTTP Request This includes the information like: HTTP request method The URL information(information that would direct to the application, information that directs to the actual location in the application, Query string) Server information like the server name and server port The HTTP metavariables that are received from the client b) Rack specific information This includes the information like The version of the Rack application that is running The URL scheme that is used, that is, if the request that is received is http or https. The raw HTTP data. A Ruby object for reporting errors. Information like if the application object is simultaneously invoked from another thread or process. Information on the server expectations and capabilities (capability of the server for connection hijacking). In case the application is being used as a middleware, the environment can have objects that would provide session information, logging capabilities, information on the size of the data that can be used for read and writes etc. In addition to these, the server can store their own data in the environment. Rack response The rack server object returns a response which contains three parts: the status, headers and the body. The status contains the HTTP status codes such as 200,404. The header contains the response for each and gives the key-value pairs. The keys have to be strings. Body contains the final data which is sent by the server to the requester. Rack::Response provides a convenient interface to create a Rack response. The class Rack::Response is defined in lib/rack/response.rb. To use the Response class, instantiate it from the middleware layer down the stack. It can be used to modify the cookies. Middleware in racks Rack makes it easy to add a chain of middleware components between the application and the web server. Multiple middleware components can be used in the rack which modifies the request/response before handing it over to the next component. This is called middleware stack. The Rack server adds multiple middle middleware by default for the functionalities like showing exception with all the details, validating the request and responses according to the Rack spec etc. Example application A Rack-compatible \"Hello World\"",
"title": "Rack (web server interface)"
},
{
"docid": "35651791",
"text": "HTTP/2 (originally named HTTP/2.0) is a major revision of the HTTP network protocol used by the World Wide Web. It was derived from the earlier experimental SPDY protocol, originally developed by Google. HTTP/2 was developed by the HTTP Working Group (also called httpbis, where \"\" means \"twice\") of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). HTTP/2 is the first new version of HTTP since HTTP/1.1, which was standardized in in 1997. The Working Group presented HTTP/2 to the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) for consideration as a Proposed Standard in December 2014, and IESG approved it to publish as Proposed Standard on February 17, 2015 (and was updated in February 2020 in regard to TLS 1.3 and again in June 2022). The initial HTTP/2 specification was published as on May 14, 2015. The standardization effort was supported by Chrome, Opera, Firefox, Internet Explorer 11, Safari, Amazon Silk, and Edge browsers. Most major browsers had added HTTP/2 support by the end of 2015. About 97% of web browsers used have the capability (and 100% of \"tracked desktop\" web browsers). , 36% (after topping out at just over 50%) of the top 10 million websites support HTTP/2. Its successor is HTTP/3, a major revision that builds on the concepts established by HTTP/2. Goals The working group charter mentions several goals and issues of concern: Create a negotiation mechanism that allows clients and servers to elect to use HTTP/1.1, 2.0, or potentially other non-HTTP protocols. Maintain high-level compatibility with HTTP/1.1 (for example with methods, status codes, URIs, and most header fields). Decrease latency to improve page load speed in web browsers by considering: data compression of HTTP headers HTTP/2 Server Push prioritization of requests multiplexing multiple requests over a single TCP connection (fixing the HTTP-transaction-level head-of-line blocking problem in HTTP 1.x) Support common existing use cases of HTTP, such as desktop web browsers, mobile web browsers, web APIs, web servers at various scales, proxy servers, reverse proxy servers, firewalls, and content delivery networks. Differences from HTTP/1.1 The proposed changes do not require any changes to how existing web applications work, but new applications can take advantage of new features for increased speed. HTTP/2 leaves all of HTTP/1.1's high-level semantics, such as methods, status codes, header fields, and URIs, the same. What is new is how the data is framed and transported between the client and the server. Websites that are efficient minimize the number of requests required to render an entire page by minifying (reducing the amount of code and packing smaller pieces of code into bundles, without reducing its ability to function) resources such as images and scripts. However, minification is not necessarily convenient nor efficient and may still require separate HTTP connections to get the page and the minified resources. HTTP/2 allows the server to \"push\" content, that is, to respond with data for more queries than the client requested. This allows the server to supply data it knows a web browser will need to render a web page, without waiting for",
"title": "HTTP/2"
},
{
"docid": "1982854",
"text": "Push technology, also known as server push, refers to a communication method, where the communication is initiated by a server rather than a client. This approach is different from the \"pull\" method where the communication is initiated by a client. In push technology, clients can express their preferences for certain types of information or data, typically through a process known as the publish–subscribe model. In this model, a client \"subscribes\" to specific information channels hosted by a server. When new content becomes available on these channels, the server automatically sends, or \"pushes,\" this information to the subscribed client. Under certain conditions, such as restrictive security policies that block incoming HTTP requests, push technology is sometimes simulated using a technique called polling. In these cases, the client periodically checks with the server to see if new information is available, rather than receiving automatic updates. General use Synchronous conferencing and instant messaging are examples of push services. Chat messages and sometimes files are pushed to the user as soon as they are received by the messaging service. Both decentralized peer-to-peer programs (such as WASTE) and centralized programs (such as IRC or XMPP) allow pushing files, which means the sender initiates the data transfer rather than the recipient. Email may also be a push system: SMTP is a push protocol (see Push e-mail). However, the last step—from mail server to desktop computer—typically uses a pull protocol like POP3 or IMAP. Modern e-mail clients make this step seem instantaneous by repeatedly polling the mail server, frequently checking it for new mail. The IMAP protocol includes the IDLE command, which allows the server to tell the client when new messages arrive. The original BlackBerry was the first popular example of push-email in a wireless context. Another example is the PointCast Network, which was widely covered in the 1990s. It delivered news and stock market data as a screensaver. Both Netscape and Microsoft integrated push technology through the Channel Definition Format (CDF) into their software at the height of the browser wars, but it was never very popular. CDF faded away and was removed from the browsers of the time, replaced in the 2000s with RSS (a pull system.) Other uses of push-enabled web applications include software updates distribution (\"push updates\"), market data distribution (stock tickers), online chat/messaging systems (webchat), auctions, online betting and gaming, sport results, monitoring consoles, and sensor network monitoring. Examples Web push The Web push proposal of the Internet Engineering Task Force is a simple protocol using HTTP version 2 to deliver real-time events, such as incoming calls or messages, which can be delivered (or \"pushed\") in a timely fashion. The protocol consolidates all real-time events into a single session which ensures more efficient use of network and radio resources. A single service consolidates all events, distributing those events to applications as they arrive. This requires just one session, avoiding duplicated overhead costs. Web Notifications are part of the W3C standard and define an API for end-user notifications. A notification allows alerting",
"title": "Push technology"
},
{
"docid": "19134930",
"text": "DNSCurve is a proposed secure protocol for the Domain Name System (DNS), designed by Daniel J. Bernstein. It encrypts and authenticates DNS packets between resolvers and authoritative servers. DNSCurve claims advantages over previous DNS services of: Confidentiality—usual DNS requests and responses are not encrypted, and broadcast to any attacker. Integrity—usual DNS has some protection, but with patience and sniffing attackers can forge DNS records; this is prevented by DNSCurve cryptographic authentication. Availability—usual DNS has no protection against denial of service (DoS) by a sniffing attacker sending a few forged packets per second. DNSCurve recognizes and discards forged DNS packets, providing some protection, though SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, are also vulnerable to DoS. Structure DNSCurve uses Curve25519 elliptic curve cryptography to establish the identity of authoritative servers. Public keys for remote authoritative servers are placed in NS records, so recursive resolvers know whether the server supports DNSCurve. Keys begin with the magic string uz5 and are followed by a 51-byte Base32 encoding of the server's 255-bit public key. E.g., in BIND format: The identity is used to establish keys used by an authenticated encryption scheme consisting of Salsa20 and Poly1305.The cryptographic setup is called a \"cryptographic box\", specifically . The \"cryptographic box\" tool used in DNSCurve are the same used in CurveCP, a UDP-based protocol which is similar to TCP but uses elliptic-curve cryptography to encrypt and authenticate data. An analogy is that while DNSSEC is like signing a webpage with Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), CurveCP and DNSCurve are like encrypting and authenticating the channel using Transport Layer Security (TLS). Just as PGP-signed webpages can be sent over an encrypted channel using SSL, DNSSEC data can be protected using DNSCurve. Operation The resolver first retrives the public key from the NS record, see above. The resolver then sends to the server a packet containing its DNSCurve public key, a 96-bit nonce, and a cryptographic box containing the query. The cryptographic box is created using the resolver's private key, the server's public key, and the nonce. The response from the server contains a different 96-bit nonce and its own cryptographic box containing the answer to the query. Security DNSCurve uses 256-bit elliptic-curve cryptography, which NIST estimates to be roughly equivalent to 3072-bit RSA. ECRYPT reports a similar equivalence. It uses per-query public-key crypto (like SSH and SSL), and 96-bit nonces to protect against replay attacks. Adam Langley, security officer at Google, says \"With very high probability, no one will ever solve a single instance of Curve25519 without a large, quantum computer.\" Speed Adam Langley has posted speed tests on his personal website showing Curve25519, used by DNSCurve, to be the fastest among elliptic curves tested. According to the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), elliptic curve cryptography offers vastly superior performance over RSA and Diffie–Hellman at a geometric rate as key sizes increase. Implementations DNSCurve first gained recursive support in dnscache via a patch by Matthew Dempsky. Dempsky also has a GitHub repository which includes Python DNS lookup tools and a forwarder in C.",
"title": "DNSCurve"
},
{
"docid": "10988691",
"text": "HTTP File Server, otherwise known as HFS, is a free web server specifically designed for publishing and sharing files. The complete feature set differs from other web servers; it lacks some common features, like CGI, or even ability to run as a Windows service, but includes, for example, counting file downloads. Features HFS is a small HTTP file server, aimed at mostly sharing files for download. The official documentation describes HFS as: HFS (HTTP File Server) is file sharing software which allows you to send and receive files. You can limit this sharing to just a few friends, or be open to the whole world. HFS is different from classic file sharing because there is no network. HFS is a web server which uses web technology to be more compatible with today's Internet. Since it is actually a web server, your friends can download files as if they were downloading from a website using a web browser, such as Internet Explorer or Firefox. Your users don't have to install any new software. HFS lets you share your files. Most web servers are used to publish a website, but HFS is not designed to do that. You are, however, free to use it in any way you wish, - but at your own risk. As of the latest beta version 2.3, HFS includes its own proprietary scripting language known as \"macros\", which can be used to expand functionality of the program. Scripts can be used in a variety of methods including event handlers and directly on web pages. Macros can even be written to bypass the program's account system with a custom one. HFS can be used as a typical web-server, however it is not easy to support and requires a variety of unconventional programming methods (version 2.3 only), due to its lack of support for PHP or CGI. History Development started in August 2002, and reached version 1.0 in September of the same year. Security HFS has had multiple security issues in the past, but states on its website that as of 2013 \"There are no current known security bugs in the latest version. HFS is open source, so anyone is able to easily check for security flaws (and we have many expert users). Although it was not designed to be extremely robust, HFS is very stable and has been used for months without a restart\". It can be used with Stunnel to provide https (SSL/TLS). See also Web server FTP/HTTP File Server Footnotes External links HFS: Similar software HFS Introduction some of the prior security issues with HFS Free web server software Windows-only free software",
"title": "HTTP File Server"
},
{
"docid": "4954757",
"text": "HTTP compression is a capability that can be built into web servers and web clients to improve transfer speed and bandwidth utilization. HTTP data is compressed before it is sent from the server: compliant browsers will announce what methods are supported to the server before downloading the correct format; browsers that do not support compliant compression method will download uncompressed data. The most common compression schemes include gzip and Brotli; a full list of available schemes is maintained by the IANA. There are two different ways compression can be done in HTTP. At a lower level, a Transfer-Encoding header field may indicate the payload of an HTTP message is compressed. At a higher level, a Content-Encoding header field may indicate that a resource being transferred, cached, or otherwise referenced is compressed. Compression using Content-Encoding is more widely supported than Transfer-Encoding, and some browsers do not advertise support for Transfer-Encoding compression to avoid triggering bugs in servers. Compression scheme negotiation The negotiation is done in two steps, described in RFC 2616 and RFC 9110: 1. The web client advertises which compression schemes it supports by including a list of tokens in the HTTP request. For Content-Encoding, the list is in a field called Accept-Encoding; for Transfer-Encoding, the field is called TE. GET /encrypted-area HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate 2. If the server supports one or more compression schemes, the outgoing data may be compressed by one or more methods supported by both parties. If this is the case, the server will add a Content-Encoding or Transfer-Encoding field in the HTTP response with the used schemes, separated by commas. HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: mon, 26 June 2016 22:38:34 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.3.7 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux) Last-Modified: Wed, 08 Jan 2003 23:11:55 GMT Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 438 Connection: close Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Encoding: gzip The web server is by no means obligated to use any compression method – this depends on the internal settings of the web server and also may depend on the internal architecture of the website in question. Content-Encoding tokens The official list of tokens available to servers and client is maintained by IANA, and it includes: br – Brotli, a compression algorithm specifically designed for HTTP content encoding, defined in and implemented in all modern major browsers. compress – UNIX \"compress\" program method (historic; deprecated in most applications and replaced by gzip or deflate) deflate – compression based on the deflate algorithm (described in ), a combination of the LZ77 algorithm and Huffman coding, wrapped inside the zlib data format (); exi – W3C Efficient XML Interchange gzip – GNU zip format (described in ). Uses the deflate algorithm for compression, but the data format and the checksum algorithm differ from the \"deflate\" content-encoding. This method is the most broadly supported as of March 2011. identity – No transformation is used. This is the default value for content coding. pack200-gzip – Network Transfer Format for Java Archives zstd – Zstandard compression, defined in In addition to these, a number of",
"title": "HTTP compression"
},
{
"docid": "50405950",
"text": "HTTP/2 Server Push is an optional feature of the HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 network protocols that allows servers to send resources to a client before the client requests them. Server Push is a performance technique aimed at reducing latency by sending resources to a client preemptively before it knows they will be needed. In practice, Server Push frequently results in wasted bandwidth because the server rarely knows which resources are already loaded by the client and transmits the same resource multiple times, resulting in slowdowns if the resources being pushed compete for bandwidth with resources that were requested. HTTP/2 Server Push is not a notification mechanism from server to client. Instead, pushed resources are used by the client when it may have otherwise produced a request to get the resource anyway. History On May 14, 2015, HTTP/2 was standardized by , ratified as a Proposed Standard. The document includes section 8.2 entitled \"Server Push\" which introduced the concept to the protocol as an optional extension. Google Chrome 40 became the first browser supporting the final standardized HTTP/2 version, including the optional Server Push. In February 2018, Nginx 1.13.9 was released with optional support for HTTP/2 Server Push. In November 2020, Google announced its intent to remove Server Push from Google Chrome implementation of HTTP/2 and gQUIC (which later evolved into HTTP/3). In October 2022, Google announced their intent to remove Server Push from Google Chrome citing the poor performance of the extension in practice, lack of use and better alternatives. Chrome 106 became the first release disabling Server Push by default. Protocol Unlike HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2 can multiplex multiple streams on one TCP connection. Server Push allows the server to open new streams by sending PUSH_PROMISE frames, in order to send the client resources it expects will be needed. A PUSH_PROMISE frame is similar to a GET request, but sent by the server. A client may choose to reject the push by sending an RST_STREAM frame, for example if it already has the resource cached; if it does not, it will store the pushed data in a cache associated with the connection which will be consulted before a request is sent down that connection. Clients can also request that servers not send server pushes using a SETTINGS frame. The specification itself does not specify how servers choose what to push: a webserver might send pushes to clients only on their first visit, to avoid redundantly sending cached resources. Implementations References Hypertext Transfer Protocol Push technology",
"title": "HTTP/2 Server Push"
},
{
"docid": "28464235",
"text": "The MMS Architecture is the set of standards used by the Multimedia Messaging Service in mobile networks. The standards are prepared by 3GPP. Overview The standard consists of a number of interfaces between components found in the mobile network: MM1: the interface between MMS User Agent and MMS Center (MMSC, the combination of the MMS Relay & Server). Delivered as HTTP over a packet switched data session. MM2: the interface between MMS Relay and MMS Server. MM3: the interface between MMSC and other messaging systems. Using SMTP. MM4: the interface between MMSC and foreign network providers. Using SMTP. MM5: the interface between MMSC and HLR. MM6: the interface between MMSC and user databases. MM7: the interface between MMS Value-added service applications and MMSC. Typically Content Providers using HTTP / SOAP for delivery. MM8: the interface between MMSC and the billing systems. MM9: the interface between MMSC and an online charging system. MM10: the interface between MMSC and a message service control function. MM11: the interface between MMSC and an external transcoder. MM1 MM1 is the interface between a Mobile Station (MS) and an MMSC. MM1 is used in the following actions: The sender subscriber sends an MMS to the MMSC The MMSC notifies the recipient subscriber that they have an MMS waiting for retrieval The recipient subscriber retrieves the MMS from the MMSC The MMSC notifies the sender that the recipient has retrieved the message The recipient subscriber manages their mailbox in the MMSC (uploads MMS, deletes MMS, ...) The MM1 interface is based on the WAP protocol. It includes the PAP notifications that are transformed to SMS's by the WAP gateway for the notifications. MM2 MM2 is an interface between a MMS Relay (MMS-R) and an MMS storage database, two components of an MMSC platform. MM3 MM3 is the interface between MMSC and external servers such as Email server or SMS Centers SMSC. This interface typically uses TCP/IP based protocols for e.g. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) Generally, it is the responsibility of MMSC to do the transformation of MMS multi-part binary data to MIME format of email in both the direction MM3 is used in the following actions: To exchange messages with external servers such as Email Server or SMS Centers MM4 MM4 is the interface used to exchange messages between two different MMSCs. These MMSCs are generally located in two distinct Mobile Networks This interface is also known as the MMSR interface in the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) standards. MM5 MM5 is the interface between MMSC and other network elements like HLR or Domain Name Server. The communication over MM5 Interface is generally to fetch the routing information. MM5 has been defined by the 3GPP in TS 23.140 as a simple reference to Mobile Application Part. MM7 MM7 is the interface between MMSC and a value-added service provider (VASP). The MM7 interface is used to send MMS from 3rd party providers (e.g., a bank sending a statement or an",
"title": "MMS Architecture"
},
{
"docid": "226636",
"text": "SIMPLE, the Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions, is an instant messaging (IM) and presence protocol suite based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) managed by the Internet Engineering Task Force. Purpose SIMPLE applies SIP to the problems of: registering for presence information and receiving notifications when such events occur, for example when a user logs in or comes back from lunch; sending short messages, analogous to SMS or two-way paging; managing a session of real-time messages between two or more participants. Implementations of the SIMPLE based protocols can be found in SIP Softphones and also in SIP Hardphones. Technical description Presence The SIMPLE presence specifications can be broken up into: The core protocol machinery. This provides the actual SIP extensions for subscriptions, notifications and publications. RFC 6665 defines the SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY methods. SUBSCRIBE allows users to subscribe to an event on a server, the server responds with NOTIFY whenever the event occurs. RFC 3856 defines how to make use of SUBSCRIBE/NOTIFY for presence. Two models are defined: an end-to-end model in which each User Agent handles presence subscriptions itself; and a centralized model. The latter introduces the concept of a presence server; all subscriptions are handled by this server. The message PUBLISH (RFC 3903) allows User Agents to inform the presence server about their subscription states. Presence documents. The presence information is coded in XML documents, that are carried in the bodies of the respective SIP messages. RFC 3863 and RFC 4479 describe this procedure, RFC 4480 (RPID), RFC 4481, RFC 4482 (CPID) and various drafts describe contents and formats of the presence documents. Privacy, policy and provisioning. If the centralized model is used, the User Agents need a way to define who may subscribe to which amount of their presence information. RFC 4745 and RFC 5025 define a framework for authorization policies controlling access to application-specific data. The XCAP (RFC 4825), carried by HTTP, allows User Agents to communicate their presence rules to a XCAP server, which rules the information exposed by the presence server. RFC 3857 and RFC 3858 define a subscription event \"watcher info\". User Agents may subscribe to this event to be informed who is subscribing to their presence information. IM SIP defines two modes of instant messaging: The Page Mode makes use of the SIP method MESSAGE, as defined in RFC 3428. This mode establishes no sessions. The Session Mode. The Message Session Relay Protocol (RFC 4975, RFC 4976) is a text-based protocol for exchanging arbitrarily-sized content between users, at any time. An MSRP session is set up by exchanging certain information, such as an MSRP URI, within SIP and SDP signalling. See also Message Session Relay Protocol (MSRP) Presence and Instant Messaging (PRIM) References External links SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (simple) WG - IETF Datatracker Rich Presence - A New User Communications Experience Technology White Paper Instant messaging protocols Application layer protocols Working groups",
"title": "SIMPLE (instant messaging protocol)"
},
{
"docid": "4042967",
"text": "In HTTP networking, typically on the World Wide Web, referer spoofing (based on a canonised misspelling of \"referrer\") sends incorrect referer information in an HTTP request in order to prevent a website from obtaining accurate data on the identity of the web page previously visited by the user. Overview Referer spoofing is typically done for data privacy reasons, in testing, or in order to request information (without genuine authority) which some web servers may only supply in response to requests with specific HTTP referers. To improve their privacy, individual browser users may replace accurate referer data with inaccurate data, though many simply suppress their browser's sending of any referer data. Sending no referrer information is not technically spoofing, though sometimes also described as such. In software, systems and networks testing, and sometimes penetration testing, referer spoofing is often just part of a larger procedure of transmitting both accurate and inaccurate as well as expected and unexpected input to the HTTPD system being tested and observing the results. While many websites are configured to gather referer information and serve different content depending on the referer information obtained, exclusively relying on HTTP referer information for authentication and authorization purposes is not a genuine computer security measure. HTTP referer information is freely alterable and interceptable, and is not a password, though some poorly configured systems treat it as such. Application Some websites, especially many image hosting sites, use referer information to secure their materials: only browsers arriving from their web pages are served images. Additionally a site may want users to click through pages with advertisements before directly being able to access a downloadable file – using the referring page or referring site information can help a site redirect unauthorized users to the landing page the site would like to use. If attackers acquire knowledge of these approved referrers, which is often trivial because many sites follow a common template, they can use that information combined with this to exploit and gain access to the materials. Spoofing often allows access to a site's content where the site's web server is configured to block browsers that do not send referer headers. Website owners may do this to disallow hotlinking. It can also be used to defeat referer checking controls that are used to mitigate Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks. Tools Several software tools exist to facilitate referer spoofing in web browsers. Some are extensions to popular browsers such as Mozilla Firefox or Internet Explorer, which may provide facilities to customise and manage referrer URLs for each website the user visits. Other tools include proxy servers, to which an individual configures their browser to send all HTTP requests. The proxy then forwards different headers to the intended website, usually removing or modifying the referer header. Such proxies may also present privacy issues for users, as they may log the user's activity. See also Notes Internet privacy Internet security he:Referer#הונאת Referer",
"title": "Referer spoofing"
},
{
"docid": "37005552",
"text": "CRIME (Compression Ratio Info-leak Made Easy) is a security vulnerability in HTTPS and SPDY protocols that utilize compression, which can leak the content of secret web cookies. When used to recover the content of secret authentication cookies, it allows an attacker to perform session hijacking on an authenticated web session, allowing the launching of further attacks. CRIME was assigned . Details The vulnerability exploited is a combination of chosen plaintext attack and inadvertent information leakage through data compression, similar to that described in 2002 by the cryptographer John Kelsey. It relies on the attacker being able to observe the size of the ciphertext sent by the browser while at the same time inducing the browser to make multiple carefully crafted web connections to the target site. The attacker then observes the change in size of the compressed request payload, which contains both the secret cookie that is sent by the browser only to the target site, and variable content created by the attacker, as the variable content is altered. When the size of the compressed content is reduced, it can be inferred that it is probable that some part of the injected content matches some part of the source, which includes the secret content that the attacker desires to discover. Divide and conquer techniques can then be used to home in on the true secret content in a relatively small number of probe attempts that is a small multiple of the number of secret bytes to be recovered. The CRIME exploit was hypothesized by Adam Langley, and first demonstrated by the security researchers Juliano Rizzo and Thai Duong, who also created the BEAST exploit. The exploit was due to be revealed in full at the 2012 ekoparty security conference. Rizzo and Duong presented CRIME as a general attack that works effectively against a large number of protocols, including but not limited to SPDY (which always compresses request headers), TLS (which may compress records) and HTTP (which may compress responses). Prevention CRIME can be defeated by preventing the use of compression, either at the client end, by the browser disabling the compression of SPDY requests, or by the website preventing the use of data compression on such transactions using the protocol negotiation features of the TLS protocol. As detailed in The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2, the client sends a list of compression algorithms in its ClientHello message, and the server picks one of them and sends it back in its ServerHello message. The server can only choose a compression method the client has offered, so if the client only offers 'none' (no compression), the data will not be compressed. Similarly, since 'no compression' must be allowed by all TLS clients, a server can always refuse to use compression. Mitigation , the CRIME exploit against SPDY and TLS-level compression was described as mitigated in the then-latest versions of the Chrome and Firefox web browsers. Some websites have applied countermeasures at their end. The nginx web-server was not vulnerable to",
"title": "CRIME"
},
{
"docid": "27711475",
"text": "Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) is a mechanism that allows a web page to access restricted resources from a server on a domain different than the domain that served the web page. A web page may freely embed cross-origin images, stylesheets, scripts, iframes, and videos. Certain \"cross-domain\" requests, notably Ajax requests, are forbidden by default by the same-origin security policy. CORS defines a way in which a browser and server can interact to determine whether it is safe to allow the cross-origin request. It allows for more freedom and functionality than purely same-origin requests, but is more secure than simply allowing all cross-origin requests. The specification for CORS is included as part of the WHATWG's Fetch Living Standard. This specification describes how CORS is currently implemented in browsers. An earlier specification was published as a W3C Recommendation. Technical overview For HTTP requests made from JavaScript that can't be made by using a <form> tag pointing to another domain or containing non-safelisted headers, the specification mandates that browsers \"preflight\" the request, soliciting supported methods from the server with an HTTP OPTIONS request method, and then, upon \"approval\" from the server, sending the actual request with the actual HTTP request method. Servers can also notify clients whether \"credentials\" (including Cookies and HTTP Authentication data) should be sent with requests. Simple request example Suppose a user visits http://www.example.com and the page attempts a cross-origin request to fetch data from http://service.example.com. A CORS-compatible browser will attempt to make a cross-origin request to service.example.com as follows. The browser sends the GET request with an extra Origin HTTP header to service.example.com containing the domain that served the parent page:<nowiki>Origin: http://www.example.com</nowiki> The server at service.example.com sends one of these three responses: The requested data along with an Access-Control-Allow-Origin (ACAO) header in its response indicating the requests from the origin are allowed. For example in this case it should be: <nowiki>Access-Control-Allow-Origin: http://www.example.com</nowiki> The requested data along with an Access-Control-Allow-Origin (ACAO) header with a wildcard indicating that the requests from all domains are allowed: Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * An error page if the server does not allow a cross-origin request A wildcard same-origin policy is appropriate when a page or API response is intended to be accessible to any code on any site. A freely available web font on a public hosting service like Google Fonts is an example. A wildcard same-origin policy is also widely and appropriately used in the object-capability model, where pages have unguessable URLs and are meant to be accessible to anyone who knows the secret. The value of \"*\" is special in that it does not allow requests to supply credentials, meaning that it does not allow HTTP authentication, client-side SSL certificates, or cookies to be sent in the cross-domain request. Note that in the CORS architecture, the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header is being set by the external web service (service.example.com), not the original web application server (www.example.com). Here, service.example.com uses CORS to permit the browser to authorize www.example.com to make requests to service.example.com. If a site specifies the",
"title": "Cross-origin resource sharing"
},
{
"docid": "2714625",
"text": "The Local Inter-Process Communication (LPC, often also referred to as Local Procedure Call or Lightweight Procedure Call) is an internal, undocumented inter-process communication facility provided by the Microsoft Windows NT kernel for lightweight IPC between processes on the same computer. As of Windows Vista, LPC has been rewritten as Asynchronous Local Inter-Process Communication (ALPC, often also Advanced Local Procedure Call) in order to provide a high-speed scalable communication mechanism required to efficiently implement User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF), whose user-mode parts require an efficient communication channel with UMDF's components in the executive. The (A)LPC interface is part of Windows NT's undocumented Native API, and as such is not available to applications for direct use. However, it can be used indirectly in the following instances: when using the Microsoft RPC API to communicate locally, i.e. between the processes on the same machine by calling Windows APIs that are implemented with (A)LPC (see below) Implementation (A)LPC is implemented using kernel \"port\" objects, which are securable (with ACLs, allowing e.g. only specific SIDs to use them) and allow identification of the process on the other side of the connection. Individual messages are also securable: applications can set per-message SIDs, and also test for changes of the security context in the token associated with the (A)LPC message. The typical communication scenario between the server and the client is as follows: A server process first creates a named server connection port object, and waits for clients to connect. A client requests a connection to that named port by sending a connect message. If the server accepts the connection, two unnamed ports are created: client communication port - used by client threads to communicate with a particular server server communication port - used by the server to communicate with a particular client; one such port per client is created The client receives a handle to the client communication port, and server receives a handle to the server communication port, and the inter-process communication channel is established. (A)LPC supports the following three modes of message exchange between the server and client: For short messages (fewer than 256 bytes) the kernel copies the message buffers between processes, from the address space of the sending process to the system address space, and from there to the receiving process' address space. For messages longer than 256 bytes a shared memory section must be used to transfer data, which the (A)LPC service maps between the sending and receiving processes. First the sender places data into the shared memory, and then sends a notification (e.g. a small message, using the first method of (A)LPC) to the receiving process pointing to the sent data in the shared memory section. Server can directly read and write data from the client's address space, when the amount of data is too large to fit in a shared section. ALPC has a performance advantage over the former LPC interface, as it can be configured to use I/O completion ports instead of synchronous request/reply mechanism that LPC exclusively uses.",
"title": "Local Inter-Process Communication"
},
{
"docid": "32447029",
"text": "The Upgrade header field is an HTTP header field introduced in HTTP/1.1. In the exchange, the client begins by making a cleartext request, which is later upgraded to a newer HTTP protocol version or switched to a different protocol. A connection upgrade must be requested by the client; if the server wants to enforce an upgrade it may send a 426 Upgrade Required response. The client can then send a new request with the appropriate upgrade headers while keeping the connection open. Use with TLS One use is to begin a request on the normal HTTP port but switch to Transport Layer Security (TLS). In practice such use is rare, with HTTPS being a far more common way to initiate encrypted HTTP. The server returns a 426 status code to alert legacy clients that the failure was client-related (400 level codes indicate a client failure). This method for establishing a secure connection is advantageous because it: Does not require messy and problematic URL redirection on the server side; Enables virtual hosting of secured websites (although HTTPS also allows this using Server Name Indication); and Reduces the potential for user confusion by providing a single way to access a particular resource. If the same resources are available from the server via both encrypted secure means and unencrypted clear means, a man-in-the-middle may maintain an unencrypted and unauthenticated connection with the client while maintaining an encrypted connection with the server. Disadvantages of this method include: The client cannot specify the requirement for a secure HTTP in the URI (though the client can require such via the upgrade negotiation); and Since HTTP is defined on a hop basis, HTTP tunneling may be required to bypass proxy servers. Use with WebSocket WebSocket also uses this mechanism to set up a connection with a HTTP server in a compatible way. The WebSocket Protocol has two parts: a handshake to establish the upgraded connection, then the actual data transfer. First, a client requests a WebSocket connection by using the Upgrade: WebSocket and Connection: Upgrade headers, along with a few protocol-specific headers to establish the version being used and set up a handshake. The server, if it supports the protocol, replies with the same Upgrade: WebSocket and Connection: Upgrade headers and completes the handshake. Once the handshake is completed successfully, data transfer begins. Use with HTTP/2 The HTTP Upgrade mechanism is used to establish HTTP/2 starting from plain HTTP. The client starts an HTTP/1.1 connection and sends an Upgrade: h2c header. If the server supports HTTP/2, it replies with HTTP 101 Switching Protocol status code. The HTTP Upgrade mechanism is used only for cleartext HTTP2 (h2c). In the case of HTTP2 over TLS (h2), the ALPN TLS protocol extension is used instead. See also Opportunistic encryption Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol References External links Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Upgrade Token Registry at IANA Upgrade header Cryptographic protocols",
"title": "HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header"
},
{
"docid": "5205124",
"text": "Adobe Media Server (AMS) is a proprietary data and media server from Adobe Systems (originally a Macromedia product). This server works with the Flash Player and HTML5 runtime to create media driven, multiuser RIAs (Rich Internet Applications). The server uses ActionScript 1, an ECMAScript based scripting language, for server-side logic. Prior to version 2, it was known as Flash Communication Server. Prior to version 5, it was known as Flash Media Server. In February 2019, Adobe Systems Incorporated granted Veriskope Inc rights to further develop, resell, and extend distribution of the software product. History On March 16, 2002, Macromedia released Flash Player 6. This version included all the functionality for a yet to be released server called Flash Communication Server MX. Version 1.0 was released on 9 July 2002 and included all the basic features that make up the product, including the NetConnection, SharedObject and NetStream objects. Version 1.5 was released on 27 March 2003 giving the server HTTP Tunneling, Linux support and a free developer edition. Version 2.0 was released on November 15, 2005. The server was renamed to Flash Media Server for this build to better illustrate what the server does; however, the version numbers were not reset. Version 2.0 brought support to stream the new video codec in Flash Player 8, On2’s VP6. However the Flash Player (as of version 10.1) can still only encode to the Spark codec. Version 2.0 also introduced edge-origin servers, an optional enterprise architecture that simplifies load balancing. The server side Actionscript runtime also received updates with support for XML, XMLSocket, SOAP and File operations. Version 3.0 was released on December 4, 2007. Version 3.5 was released on January 13, 2009. It also includes a free \"development\" server. Version 4.0 was released on September 13, 2010 and introduced full 64-bit support, more secure multiprotocol streaming, IP multicast broadcast, multicast fusion, peer-assisted networking, enhanced buffer, absolute timecode, RTMP QoS improvements, simplified player development, faster switching with RTMP Dynamic Streaming and integrated HTTP server. Version 5.0 was released on October 8, 2012. In February 2019, Adobe Systems Incorporated granted Veriskope Inc rights to further develop, resell, and extend distribution of the software product. Version 5.0.16 was released on March 1, 2020 by Veriskope. Usage Video on Demand, streaming video stored on the server to the flash client. Real Time Communication, an application which requires collaboration between multiple clients, such as a chat room or multiplayer games. Function Adobe Media Server is a hub. Flash/HTML5 video based applications connect to the hub using Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP). The server can send and receive data to and from the connected users with live web FLV or HTML5 player installed. Connected clients can make Remote procedure calls (RPC) on the server-side and the server can call methods on specific clients. A SharedObject can be used to synchronize complicated data structures and call remote methods on multiple clients in one go by having clients subscribe to a shared object. Standard ActionScript objects are transported across the NetConnection",
"title": "Adobe Media Server"
},
{
"docid": "80850",
"text": "XML-RPC is a remote procedure call (RPC) protocol which uses XML to encode its calls and HTTP as a transport mechanism. History The XML-RPC protocol was created in 1998 by Dave Winer of UserLand Software and Microsoft, with Microsoft seeing the protocol as an essential part of scaling up its efforts in business-to-business e-commerce. As new functionality was introduced, the standard evolved into what is now SOAP. UserLand supported XML-RPC from version 5.1 of its Frontier web content management system, released in June 1998. XML-RPC's idea of a human-readable-and-writable, script-parsable standard for HTTP-based requests and responses has also been implemented in competing specifications such as Allaire's Web Distributed Data Exchange (WDDX) and webMethod's Web Interface Definition Language (WIDL). Prior art wrapping COM, CORBA, and Java RMI objects in XML syntax and transporting them via HTTP also existed in DataChannel's WebBroker technology. The generic use of XML for remote procedure call (RPC) was patented by Phillip Merrick, Stewart Allen, and Joseph Lapp in April 2006, claiming benefit to a provisional application filed in March 1998. The patent was assigned to webMethods, located in Fairfax, Virginia. The patent expired on March 23, 2019. Usage In XML-RPC, a client performs an RPC by sending an HTTP request to a server that implements XML-RPC and receives the HTTP response. A call can have multiple parameters and one result. The protocol defines a few data types for the parameters and result. Some of these data types are complex, i.e. nested. For example, you can have a parameter that is an array of five integers. The parameters/result structure and the set of data types are meant to mirror those used in common programming languages. Identification of clients for authorization purposes can be achieved using popular HTTP security methods. Basic access authentication can be used for identification and authentication. In comparison to RESTful protocols, where resource representations (documents) are transferred, XML-RPC is designed to call methods. The practical difference is just that XML-RPC is much more structured, which means common library code can be used to implement clients and servers and there is less design and documentation work for a specific application protocol. One salient technical difference between typical RESTful protocols and XML-RPC is that many RESTful protocols use the HTTP URI for parameter information, whereas with XML-RPC, the URI just identifies the server. JSON-RPC is similar to XML-RPC. Data types Common datatypes are converted into their XML equivalents with example values shown below: Examples An example of a typical XML-RPC request would be: <?xml version=\"1.0\"?> <methodCall> <methodName>examples.getStateName</methodName> <params> <param> <value><i4>40</i4></value> </param> </params> </methodCall> An example of a typical XML-RPC response would be: <?xml version=\"1.0\"?> <methodResponse> <params> <param> <value><string>South Dakota</string></value> </param> </params> </methodResponse> A typical XML-RPC fault would be: <?xml version=\"1.0\"?> <methodResponse> <fault> <value> <struct> <member> <name>faultCode</name> <value><int>4</int></value> </member> <member> <name>faultString</name> <value><string>Too many parameters.</string></value> </member> </struct> </value> </fault> </methodResponse> Criticism Recent critics (from 2010 and onwards) of XML-RPC argue that RPC calls can be made with plain XML, and that XML-RPC does not add any value over",
"title": "XML-RPC"
},
{
"docid": "1052786",
"text": "In digital file management, copying is a file operation that creates a new file which has the same content as an existing file. Computer operating systems include file copying methods to users; operating systems with graphical user interfaces (GUIs) often providing copy-and-paste or drag-and-drop methods of file copying. Operating systems may have specialized file-copying APIs are usually able to tell the server to perform the copying locally, without sending file contents over the network, thus greatly improving performance. Description File copying is the creation of a new copy file which has the same content as an existing file. Shadow There are several different technologies that use the term shadowing, but the intent of shadowing within these technologies is to provide an exact copy (or mirror of a set) of data. For shadowing to be effective, the shadow needs to exist in a separate physical location than the original data. Depending on the reasons behind the shadow operation, this location may be as close as the BIOS chip to the RAM modules, a second harddrive in the same chassis, or as far away as the other side of the globe. Use All computer operating systems include file copying provisions in the user interface, like the command, \"cp\" in Unix and \"COPY\" in DOS; operating systems with a graphical user interface, or GUI, usually provide copy-and-paste or drag-and-drop methods of file copying. File manager applications, too, provide an easy way of copying files. Implementation Internally, however, while some systems have specialized application programming interfaces (APIs) for copying files (like CopyFile and CopyFileEx in Windows API), others (like Unix and DOS) fall back to simply reading the contents of the old file and writing it to the new file. This makes little difference with local files (those on the computer's hard drive), but provides an interesting situation when both the source and target files are located on a remote file server. Operating systems with specialized file copying APIs are usually able to tell the server to perform the copying locally, without sending file contents over the network, thus greatly improving performance. Those systems that have no comparable APIs, however, have to read the file contents over the network, and then send them back again, over the network. Sometimes, remote file copying is performed with a specialized command, like \"NCOPY\" in DOS clients for Novell NetWare. The COPY command in some versions of DR-DOS since 1992, has built-in support for this. An even more complicated situation arises when one needs to copy files between two remote servers. The simple way is to read data from one server, and then to write the data to the second server. See also Core dump Soft copy Hard copy List of file copying software ln (Unix) NTFS junction point Zero copy References Further reading N-level file shadowing and recovery in a shared file system, United States Patent 5043876 Method of file shadowing among peer systems, United States Patent 5276871 Database Shadow Files External links Instructions on how to",
"title": "File copying"
},
{
"docid": "1594360",
"text": "XMLHttpRequest (XHR) is an API in the form of a JavaScript object whose methods transmit HTTP requests from a web browser to a web server. The methods allow a browser-based application to make a fine-grained server call and store the results in XMLHttpRequest's responseText attribute. XMLHttpRequest is a component of Ajax programming. Prior to Ajax, hyperlinks and form submissions were the primary mechanisms for interacting with the server, often replacing the current page with another one. History The concept behind XMLHttpRequest was conceived in 2000 by the developers of Microsoft Outlook. The concept was then implemented within the Internet Explorer 5 browser (2001). However, the original syntax did not use the XMLHttpRequest identifier. Instead, the developers used the identifiers ActiveXObject(\"Msxml2.XMLHTTP\") and ActiveXObject(\"Microsoft.XMLHTTP\"). As of Internet Explorer 7 (2006), all browsers support the XMLHttpRequest identifier. The XMLHttpRequest identifier is now the de facto standard in all the major browsers, including Mozilla's Gecko layout engine (2002), Safari 1.2 (2004) and Opera 8.0 (2005). Standards The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) published a Working Draft specification for the XMLHttpRequest object on April 5, 2006. On February 25, 2008, the W3C published the Working Draft Level 2 specification. Level 2 added methods to monitor event progress, allow cross-site requests, and handle byte streams. At the end of 2011, the Level 2 specification was absorbed into the original specification. At the end of 2012, the WHATWG took over development and maintains a living document using Web IDL. Usage Generally, sending a request with XMLHttpRequest has several programming steps. Create an XMLHttpRequest object by calling a constructor: var request = new XMLHttpRequest(); Call the \"open\" method to specify the request type, identify the relevant resource, and select synchronous or asynchronous operation: request.open('GET', '/api/message', true /* asynchronous */); Set an event listener that will be notified when the request's state changes: request.onreadystatechange = listener; Initiate the request by calling the \"send\" method: request.send(); Respond to state changes in the event listener. If the server sends response data, by default it is captured in the \"responseText\" property. When the object stops processing the response, it changes to state 4, the \"done\" state. function listener() { // Check whether the request is done and successful. if (request.readyState == 4 && request.status == 200) console.log(request.responseText); // Display the text. } Aside from these general steps, XMLHttpRequest has many options to control how the request is sent and how the response is processed. Custom header fields can be added to the request to indicate how the server should fulfill it, and data can be uploaded to the server by providing it in the \"send\" call. The response can be parsed from the JSON format into a readily usable JavaScript object, or processed gradually as it arrives rather than waiting for the entire text. The request can be aborted prematurely or set to fail if not completed in a specified amount of time. Cross-domain requests In the early development of the World Wide Web, it was found possible to breach users' security",
"title": "XMLHttpRequest"
},
{
"docid": "7061159",
"text": "Chunked transfer encoding is a streaming data transfer mechanism available in Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) version 1.1, defined in RFC 9112 §7.1. In chunked transfer encoding, the data stream is divided into a series of non-overlapping \"chunks\". The chunks are sent out and received independently of one another. No knowledge of the data stream outside the currently-being-processed chunk is necessary for both the sender and the receiver at any given time. Each chunk is preceded by its size in bytes. The transmission ends when a zero-length chunk is received. The chunked keyword in the Transfer-Encoding header is used to indicate chunked transfer. Chunked transfer encoding is not supported in HTTP/2, which provides its own mechanisms for data streaming. Rationale The introduction of chunked encoding provided various benefits: Chunked transfer encoding allows a server to maintain an HTTP persistent connection for dynamically generated content. In this case, the HTTP Content-Length header cannot be used to delimit the content and the next HTTP request/response, as the content size is not yet known. Chunked encoding has the benefit that it is not necessary to generate the full content before writing the header, as it allows streaming of content as chunks and explicitly signaling the end of the content, making the connection available for the next HTTP request/response. Chunked encoding allows the sender to send additional header fields after the message body. This is important in cases where values of a field cannot be known until the content has been produced, such as when the content of the message must be digitally signed. Without chunked encoding, the sender would have to buffer the content until it was complete in order to calculate a field value and send it before the content. Applicability For version 1.1 of the HTTP protocol, the chunked transfer mechanism is considered to be always and anyway acceptable, even if not listed in the TE (transfer encoding) request header field, and when used with other transfer mechanisms, should always be applied last to the transferred data and never more than one time. This transfer coding method also allows additional entity header fields to be sent after the last chunk if the client specified the \"trailers\" parameter as an argument of the TE field. The origin server of the response can also decide to send additional entity trailers even if the client did not specify the \"trailers\" option in the TE request field, but only if the metadata is optional (i.e. the client can use the received entity without them). Whenever the trailers are used, the server should list their names in the Trailer header field; three header field types are specifically prohibited from appearing as a trailer field: Transfer-Encoding, Content-Length and Trailer. Format If a field with a value of \"\" is specified in an HTTP message (either a request sent by a client or the response from the server), the body of the message consists of one or more chunks and one terminating chunk with an optional trailer before the",
"title": "Chunked transfer encoding"
},
{
"docid": "7220",
"text": "In computing, Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is an interface specification that enables web servers to execute an external program to process HTTP or HTTPS user requests. Such programs are often written in a scripting language and are commonly referred to as CGI scripts, but they may include compiled programs. A typical use case occurs when a web user submits a web form on a web page that uses CGI. The form's data is sent to the web server within an HTTP request with a URL denoting a CGI script. The web server then launches the CGI script in a new computer process, passing the form data to it. The CGI script passes its output, usually in the form of HTML, to the Web server, and the server relays it back to the browser as its response to the browser's request. Developed in the early 1990s, CGI was the earliest common method available that allowed a web page to be interactive. Due to a necessity to run CGI scripts in a separate process every time the request comes in from a client, various alternatives were developed. History In 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) team wrote the specification for calling command line executables on the www-talk mailing list. The other Web server developers adopted it, and it has been a standard for Web servers ever since. A work group chaired by Ken Coar started in November 1997 to get the NCSA definition of CGI more formally defined. This work resulted in RFC 3875, which specified CGI Version 1.1. Specifically mentioned in the RFC are the following contributors: Rob McCool (author of the NCSA HTTPd Web server) John Franks (author of the GN Web server) Ari Luotonen (the developer of the CERN httpd Web server) Tony Sanders (author of the Plexus Web server) George Phillips (Web server maintainer at the University of British Columbia) Historically CGI programs were often written using the C programming language. RFC 3875 \"The Common Gateway Interface (CGI)\" partially defines CGI using C, in saying that environment variables \"are accessed by the C library routine getenv() or variable environ\". The name CGI comes from the early days of the Web, where webmasters wanted to connect legacy information systems such as databases to their Web servers. The CGI program was executed by the server and provided a common \"gateway\" between the Web server and the legacy information system. Purpose Traditionally a Web server has a directory which is designated as a document collection, that is, a set of files that can be sent to Web browsers connected to the server. For example, if a web server has the fully-qualified domain name www.example.com, and its document collection is stored at /usr/local/apache/htdocs/ in the local file system (its document root), then the web server will respond to a request for http://www.example.com/index.html by sending to the browser a copy of the file /usr/local/apache/htdocs/index.html (if it exists). For pages constructed on the fly, the server software may defer requests to separate",
"title": "Common Gateway Interface"
},
{
"docid": "1564167",
"text": "The Digital Audio Access Protocol (DAAP) is the proprietary protocol introduced by Apple in its iTunes software to share media across a local network. DAAP addresses the same problems for Apple as the UPnP AV standards address for members of the Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA). Description The DAAP protocol was originally introduced in iTunes version 4.0. Initially, Apple did not officially release a protocol description, but it has been reverse-engineered to a sufficient degree that reimplementations of the protocol for non-iTunes platforms have been possible. A DAAP server is a specialized HTTP server, which performs two functions. It sends a list of songs and it streams requested songs to clients. There are also provisions to notify the client of changes to the server. Requests are sent to the server by the client in form of URLs and are responded to with data in mime-type, which can be converted to XML by the client. iTunes uses the zeroconf (also known as Bonjour) service to announce and discover DAAP shares on a local subnet. The DAAP service uses TCP port 3689 by default. DAAP is one of two media sharing schemes that Apple has currently released. The other, Digital Photo Access Protocol (DPAP), is used by iPhoto for sharing images. They both rely on an underlying protocol, Digital Media Access Protocol (DMAP). Early versions of iTunes allowed users to connect to shares across the Internet, however, in recent versions only computers on the same subnet can share music (workarounds such as port tunneling are possible). The Register speculates that Apple made this move in response to pressure from the record labels. More recent versions of iTunes also limit the number of clients to 5 unique IP addresses within a 24-hour period. DAAP has also been implemented in other non-iTunes media applications such as Banshee, Amarok, Exaile (with a plugin), Songbird (with a plugin), Rhythmbox, and WiFiTunes. DAAP authentication Beginning with iTunes 4.2, Apple introduced authentication to DAAP sharing, meaning that the only clients that could connect to iTunes servers were other instances of iTunes. This was further modified in iTunes 4.5 to use a custom hashing algorithm, rather than the standard MD5 function used previously. Both authentication methods were successfully reverse engineered within months of release. With iTunes 7.0, a new 'Client-DAAP-Validation' header hash is needed when connecting to an iTunes 7.0 server. This does not affect third-party DAAP servers, and all DAAP clients without support for this feature, including iTunes itself before version 7.0, will fail to connect to an iTunes 7.0 server, receiving a '403 Forbidden' HTTP error. The iTunes 7.0 authentication traffic analysis seem to indicate that a certificate exchange is performed to calculate the hash sent in the 'Client-DAAP-Validation' header. DAAP clients DAAP servers See also Digital Audio Control Protocol Remote Audio Output Protocol Notes and references Apple Inc. services ITunes Data transmission Network protocols Computer-related introductions in 2003",
"title": "Digital Audio Access Protocol"
},
{
"docid": "13920686",
"text": "Byte serving (other names: Range Requests; Byte Range Serving; Page on demand) is the process introduced in HTTP protocol 1.1 of sending only a portion of a message from a server to a client. Byte serving begins when an HTTP server advertises its willingness to serve partial requests using the Accept-Ranges response header. A client then requests a specific part of a file from the server using the Range request header. If the range is valid, the server sends it to the client with a 206 Partial Content status code and a Content-Range header listing the range sent. If the range is invalid, the server responds with a 416 Requested Range Not Satisfiable status code. Clients which request byte-serving might do so in cases in which a large file has been only partially delivered and a limited portion of the file is needed in a particular range. Byte Serving is therefore a method of bandwidth optimization. In the HTTP/1.0 standard, clients were only able to request an entire document. By allowing byte-serving, clients may choose to request any portion of the resource. One advantage of this capability is when a large media file is being requested, and that media file is properly formatted, the client may be able to request just the portions of the file known to be of interest. This is essential for serving video files; if a server lacks this feature, videos hosted on that server may not be playable until the entire file has been downloaded by the client, and seeking within the file may be disabled. Similarly PDF files can be optimized for byte serving to allow multi-gigabyte files to be instantly viewable in the browser by only requesting the data required to render the current page. Byte serving can also be used by multihomed clients to simultaneously download a resource over multiple network interfaces. To achieve this type of application-layer link aggregation, multiple HTTP sessions are established and logical file segments are collaboratively downloaded from the server and reassembled at the client. This allows full utilization of several end-to-end paths and therefore leads to an increased download speed. The use of the Chunked Transfer-Encoding is not byte-serving, but is instead a method in which an HTTP/1.1 server sends the entire resource, but in several separate portions (or chunks) of data. It is often used when a server does not know exactly how much data there will be in the total response, allowing the server to start sending data to the client straight away without having to buffer the response and determine the exact length before it begins sending it to the client. This improves latency and reduces memory requirements while preserving the ability to reuse the connection after the response is completed. Byte serving and chunking are compatible and can be used with or without the other. Later versions of the HTTP protocol continue to support byte serving, though the use of chunked transfer encoding is superseded by alternative methods. See also HTTP status",
"title": "Byte serving"
},
{
"docid": "25609917",
"text": "Shinken is an open source computer system and network monitoring software application compatible with Nagios. It watches hosts and services, gathers performance data and alerts users when error conditions occur and again when the conditions clear. Shinken's architecture aims to offer easier load balancing and high availability. The administrator manages a single configuration, the system automatically \"cuts\" it into parts and dispatches it to worker nodes. It takes its name from this functionality: a Shinken is a Japanese sword. Shinken was written by Jean Gabès as a proof of concept for a new Nagios architecture. Believing the new implementation was faster and more flexible than the old C code, he proposed it as the new development branch of Nagios 4. This proposal was turned down by the Nagios authors, so Shinken became an independent network monitoring software application compatible with Nagios. Shinken is designed to run under all operating systems where Python runs. The development environment is under Linux, but also runs well on other Unix variants and Windows. The reactionner process (responsible for sending notifications) can also be run under the Android OS. It is free software, licensed under the terms of the Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation. Overview Design Monitoring system written in Python Distributed architecture using Pyro remote objects Active and Passive monitoring methods Monitoring of network services (SMTP, POP3, HTTP, NNTP, ICMP, SNMP, FTP, SSH) Monitoring of host resources (processor load, disk usage, system logs) on a majority of network operating systems, including Microsoft Windows Using agents such as NSClient++, send_nsca, Check MK, Thrift TSCA Using agents permitting remotely run scripts via Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (An embedded pure-Python implementation is included with Shinken) Using agent-less methods such as SNMP, WMI, scripted SSH or HTTP(SSL) Send check results directly from programs using Apache Thrift (Java, Python, Ruby) Monitoring of systems which have the ability to send collected data via a network to specifically written plugins (Ex. VMWare ESX3/4/5, Collectd) Remote monitoring supported through SSH or SSL encrypted tunnels. Simple plugin design that allows users to easily develop their own service checks depending on needs, by using the tools of choice (shell scripts, C++, Perl, Ruby, Python, PHP, C#, etc.) Ability to calculate KPIs from State and performance data in the Shinken core to create new services and performance data System external interfaces Livestatus compatible API that exposes state, configuration and performance information Exports data to graphing modules (PNP4Nagios, Graphite, and others available) Support for native messaging API of Android Export event data to logging systems using syslog and RabbitMQ Modules can be attached to any Shinken process to extend its capabilities in very efficient ways Performance Parallelized service and host checks available Ability to distribute poller processes on multiple servers Support for implementing easily redundant and load balanced monitoring hosts Support for multiple redundant external interfaces Ability to route checks to dedicated pollers (processes specialized in executing plugins) Correlation and business intelligence Parent child relations Ability to define network host",
"title": "Shinken (software)"
},
{
"docid": "30946587",
"text": "Agora was a World Wide Web email browser and was a proof of concept to help people to use the full internet. Agora was an email-based web browser designed for non-graphic terminals and to help people without full access to the internet such as in developing countries or without a permanent internet connection. Similar to W3Gate, Agora was a server application designed to fetch HTML documents through e-mail rather than http. Functionality Agora was not a client application. To access the Internet you had to install the Agora browser on a server and send Agora an email with the requested URL. The Agora application would send an email back with the requested content of the link. The email which was sent by the server, contained the HTML source code so that a normal web browser was able to display the page as it should be or in a lynx-style. Different options made browsing easier. The servers could be configured differently so that some servers sent emails back containing only JavaScript, because the content was deeper on the page. Agora was praised for handling frames correctly, although other similar applications were able to handle this by serving the source code and rerequest the used frame. Features Although Agora was based on email communication it was able to search by different search engines: Archie, MetaCrawler, Lycos, Yahoo!, WAIS Search in Oxford Univ, Hyper RFC, WebCrawler, Veronica Search, AltaVista and Google. Agora limits the number of requests processed in each message to 10 to prevent the service from being attacked by messages containing excessive commands that could cause a DDOS attack. Supported protocols The Agora server is based on the Line Mode Browser and on the libwww and thus it supported different kinds of internet protocols besides the classical http and gopher browsing, namely NNTP, Archie, Finger, WAIS. Although Agora was able to handle many protocols, the interactive telnet protocol was an exception. Version history From Agora 0.7d it was possible to search some searchable sites by adding the search terms separated by spaces after the URL, but this would not work with forms. Since Agora version 0.8e it was possible to split the requested URLs into two or more lines. Data compression with uuencoded by gzip or zip was also integrated. Agora version 0.8f determined frames and linked pictures goto and the answer mail get help in these cases. Limitations One limitation of Agora was that it had an integrated limit for the output mail of about 10,000 lines (originally 5,000) primarily to protect users and the network from excessive bandwidth/resource usage. With this limitation, uuencoded files would not exceed 1 megabyte because some operating systems and email clients had problems with files larger than 1MB. Uuencoded files used too much bandwidth and so data compression was integrated. Since most websites contained links to inline images or binary files such as archives/executables Agora had to uuencode these files prior to sending them. Usenet support was read only because the server was anonymous.",
"title": "Agora (web browser)"
},
{
"docid": "1259153",
"text": "FTPS (also known as FTP-SSL and FTP Secure) is an extension to the commonly used File Transfer Protocol (FTP) that adds support for the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and, formerly, the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL, which is now prohibited by RFC7568) cryptographic protocols. FTPS should not be confused with the SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), a secure file transfer subsystem for the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol with which it is not compatible. It is also different from FTP over SSH, which is the practice of tunneling FTP through an SSH connection. Background The File Transfer Protocol was drafted in 1971 for use with the scientific and research network, ARPANET. Access to the ARPANET during this time was limited to a small number of military sites and universities and a narrow community of users who could operate without data security and privacy requirements within the protocol. As the ARPANET gave way to the NSFNET and then the Internet, a broader population potentially had access to the data as it traversed increasingly longer paths from client to server. The opportunity for unauthorized third parties to eavesdrop on data transmissions increased proportionally. In 1994, the Internet browser company Netscape developed and released the application layer wrapper, Secure Sockets Layer. This protocol enabled applications to communicate across a network in a private and secure fashion, discouraging eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery. While it could add security to any protocol that uses reliable connections, such as TCP, it was most commonly used by Netscape with HTTP to form HTTPS. The SSL protocol was eventually applied to FTP, with a draft Request for Comments (RFC) published in late 1996. An official IANA port was registered shortly thereafter. However, the RFC was not finalized until 2005. Methods of invoking security Two separate methods were developed to invoke client security for use with FTP clients: Implicit and Explicit. While the implicit method requires that a Transport Layer Security is established from the beginning of the connection, which in turn breaks the compatibility with non-FTPS-aware clients and servers, the explicit method uses standard FTP protocol commands and replies in order to upgrade a plain text connection to an encrypted one, allowing a single control port to be used for serving both FTPS-aware and non-FTPS-aware clients. Implicit Negotiation is not supported with implicit FTPS configurations. A client is immediately expected to challenge the FTPS server with a TLS ClientHello message. If such a message is not received by the FTPS server, the server should drop the connection. In order to maintain compatibility with existing non-FTPS-aware clients, implicit FTPS was expected to listen on the IANA well known port 990/TCP for the FTPS control channel, and port 989/TCP for the FTPS data channel. This allowed administrators to retain legacy-compatible services on the original 21/TCP FTP control channel. Note that implicit negotiation was not defined in RFC 4217. As such, it is considered an earlier, deprecated method of negotiating TLS/SSL for FTP. Explicit In explicit mode (also known as FTPES), an FTPS",
"title": "FTPS"
},
{
"docid": "24646210",
"text": "mod_gzip is an external extension module for the Apache HTTP Server v1 and v2. It allows using the Gzip compression method for a significant reduction of the volume of web page content served over the HTTP protocol. mod_gzip can be compiled into Apache as either a static or dynamic module. Compatibility It is possible to check a server to see if it is sending out compressed data, and compression compatibility of a browser for example here. When textual content is compressed using mod_gzip, it should maintain its MIME-type, according to their recommended media type: HTML: text/html XHTML: application/xhtml+xml CSS: text/css JavaScript: application/x-javascript One of the earliest Apache 1.3 versions introduced some internal function for regular expression evaluation. This function is used by mod_gzip (for evaluating the filter rules), therefore mod_gzip would not work together with Apache 1.2.x or earlier versions. Compatibility between Apache 1.3.x and mod_gzip 1.3.y is granted in general: the Apache 1.3 API doesn't change any more, mod_gzip would even work together with very old Apache 1.3 versions. Some alternatives The mod_deflate module is similar to mod_gzip, but usable only with Apache v2. Early versions of mod_deflate provided lesser amount of compression than mod_gzip. Starting with Apache 2.0.45, the compression level of mod_deflate is configurable using the DeflateCompressionLevel directive, so this difference disappeared. A mod_gz module was independently developed by Ian Holsman. This module implements a gzip compression filter for Apache 2.0, providing similar functionality to mod_gzip. One important difference between the two modules is that mod_gzip includes its own gzip implementation, whereas mod_gz relies on an external zlib library. In PHP similar effect achievable for the output of PHP scripts with: the ob_gzhandler() and the gzencode() functions; zlib.output_compression option in the php.ini file. CherryPy offers the Gzip filter, which uses the zlib module of Python standard library. License The mod_gzip module licensed with Apache License. History Module level content compression for Apache started with mod_gzip, written by Kevin Kiley and Konstantin Balashow in autumn 2000, documented by Michael Schröpl, published by Remote Communications Inc. (RCI). RCI was purchased by HyperSpace Communications, RCI released the code into the public domain. The developers of the Apache 2.0.x servers have included the mod_deflate module in the codebase for the server to perform a similar GZIP-encoding function. mod_gzip remained external extension module. See also mod_deflate HTTP compression Some general purpose Apache modules Some programming language interfaces for Apache External links Original homepage of mod_gzip. Starting with version 1.3.19.2a mod_gzip has found a new home on SourceForge. Notes Web server software Articles with underscores in the title Apache httpd modules",
"title": "Mod gzip"
},
{
"docid": "43437914",
"text": "FCL-Web is part of Free Pascal's Free Component Library (FCL), focusing on web (related) application development. The package helps users to develop CGI, FastCGI and embedded web server applications, as well as Apache modules. It provides units implementing HTTP(S) protocol and a somewhat low level web application framework, in the form of web modules. Some content producers (e.g. for automatic content generation from dataset) are also provided. Other prominent use is to send/retrieve data from/to web services (possibly using JSON-RPC). Web Application Support Units fpcgi, fpfcgi, fphttpapp and fpapache[24] are the units implementing CGI, FastCGI, embedded web server and Apache module respectively. The interface between the units is made similar by utilizing object oriented inheritance. Therefore, a change of used unit in the uses clause is sufficient to create all 4 kinds of web applications, without code changes for the most of the rest of the application. A notable exception might be the need to set port for FastCGI and embedded web server. Other Units httpdefs unit defines base classes for cookies, sessions, file uploads, mime handling, HTTP header, request & response iniwebsession unit implements session management using .ini files fphttpserver unit provides ready to use multithreaded-able standalone http server fphttpclient unit provides class to send http requests and retrieve its responses. It implements all available HTTP 1.1 methods.\\ fphtml unit provides content producers fphttp unit provides abstract web framework support using web modules fpweb unit provides an implementation of fphttp's abstract web framework fpWeb Framework fpWeb is a framework built on top of fcl-web units and itself is a part of fcl-web. The architecture is quite modular and a RAD package for use with Lazarus is available. A fpWeb application consists of one or more web modules, with optional one or more web actions for each module. The framework uses static routing in the form of: <base URL>/<module name>[/<action name>] <module name> is determined from the name given as argument to RegisterHTTPModule call, while <action name> is determined from the key in the action map of each module. As alternative, GET style routing is also supported: <base URL>/?module=<module name>[&action=<action name>] The string \"module\" and \"action\" can be configured through ModuleVariable and ActionVar, respectively. Request handling is done in cascading manner using the following algorithm: Execute module's request handler (TFPWebModule.OnRequest) If the request is handled (TFPWebModule.OnRequest Handled parameter set to true), send the response Otherwise, delegate request handling to web actions Find web action corresponds to current request path, optionally use redirection/rewriting (TFPWebModule.OnGetAction) If found, execute the web action's request handler (TFPWebAction.OnRequest) If the request is handled (TFPWebAction.OnRequest Handled parameter set to true), send the response Otherwise, raise request not handled exception Otherwise, raise request not handled exception References Further reading Leonardo M. Ramé: Lazarus Server Leonardo M. Ramé: Web Programming with Object Pascal Michaël Van Canneyt: Lazarus for the web Michaël Van Canneyt: Creating a simple webserver in Lazarus Mario Ray Mahardhika: Basic fpWeb Tutorial Free Pascal Pascal (programming language) libraries Computer libraries",
"title": "FCL-Web"
},
{
"docid": "30894043",
"text": "The Mobile Location Protocol (MLP) is an application-level protocol for receiving the position of Mobile Stations (MS: mobile phones, wireless devices, etc.) independent of underlying network technology. The MLP serves as the interface between a Location Server and a location-based application. Basic MLP Services are based on location services defined by 3GPP. The Mobile Location Protocol (MLP) is described in LIF TS 101 Specification. Background The purpose of this technology is to define a simple and secure access method that allows mobile application to query location information from a wireless network, regardless of its underlying network technology and positioning methods. The MLP can be used by a location-based application to request mobile station location information from a location server (GMLC/MPC or other entity in the wireless network). This protocol has been prepared by Location Interoperability Forum (LIF: Open Mobile Alliance in nowadays) to provide a simple and secure API (Application Programmer’s Interface), but also could be used for other kinds of location servers and entities in the wireless network. The API is based on XML and is defined to be transported in HTTP or SOAP. Only mapping to HTTP is defined in present days. For security reasons Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) cryptographic protocols can be used to carry HTTP (HTTPS). Apart from HTTPS Mobile Location Protocol which uses authentication by user and password, the information is carried in header part of MLP message. Features: Last draft of MLP specification is OMA-TS-MLP v 3.3 from March 2009. Version 3.3 provides these features: Standard Location Immediate Service (SLIS) Used for requesting the location of one or more Mobile Subscribers (MS). It is used when immediate response is required. Response can be returned in more than one message if the request contained more Mobile Subscribers. Emergency Location Immediate Service (ELIS) Used for requesting the location of one or more MS involved in an emergency call. Response can be returned in more than one message if the server supports it. Standard Location Reporting Service (SLRS) This service is initiated by MS by sending Mobile Originated Location Request [TS23271] through wireless network. It is performed when Mobile Subscriber wants an LCS client to receive MS location. Emergency Location Reporting Service (ELRS) This service is initiated by network when MS initiates or releases emergency call. Report is generated and sent from Location Server to predefined LCS client. Triggered Location Reporting Service (TLRS) This service is used when LCS client wants to track several MS. Triggers can be timers or MS events like change of location. Historic Location Immediate Service (HLIS) This service is used to request reporting of historic locations of one MS when large amount of data is expected. Common Element Definitions: Identity Element Definitions <!ELEMENT msid (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST msid type (MSISDN | IMSI | IMEI | MIN | MDN | EME_MSID | IPV4 | IPV6) \"MSISDN\" enc (ASC | B64 | CRP) \"ASC\"> <!ELEMENT msid_range (start_msid, stop_msid)> <!ATTLIST msid_range type (MSISDN | IMSI | IMEI | MIN | MDN",
"title": "Mobile Location Protocol"
},
{
"docid": "20623257",
"text": "Form grabbing is a form of malware that works by retrieving authorization and log-in credentials from a web data form before it is passed over the Internet to a secure server. This allows the malware to avoid HTTPS encryption. This method is more effective than keylogger software because it will acquire the user’s credentials even if they are input using virtual keyboard, auto-fill, or copy and paste. It can then sort the information based on its variable names, such as email, account name, and password. Additionally, the form grabber will log the URL and title of the website the data was gathered from. History The method was invented in 2003 by the developer of a variant of a trojan horse called Downloader.Barbew, which attempts to download Backdoor.Barbew from the Internet and bring it over to the local system for execution. However, it was not popularized as a well known type of malware attack until the emergence of the infamous banking trojan Zeus in 2007. Zeus was used to steal banking information by man-in-the-browser keystroke logging and form grabbing. Like Zeus, the Barbew trojan was initially spammed to large numbers of individuals through e-mails masquerading as big-name banking companies. Form grabbing as a method first advanced through iterations of Zeus that allowed the module to not only detect the grabbed form data but to also determine how useful the information taken was. In later versions, the form grabber was also privy to the website where the actual data was submitted, leaving sensitive information more vulnerable than before. Known occurrences A trojan known as Tinba (Tiny Banker Trojan) has been built with form grabbing and is able to steal online banking credentials and was first discovered in 2012. Another program called Weyland-Yutani BOT was the first software designed to attack the macOS platform and can work on Firefox. The web injects templates in Weyland-Yutani BOT were different from existing ones such as Zeus and SpyEye. Another known version is British Airways breach in September 2018. In the British Airways’ case, the organizations’ servers appeared to have been compromised directly, with the attackers modifying one of the JavaScript files (Modernizr JavaScript library, version 2.6.2) to include a PII/credit card logging script that would grab the payment information and send the information to the server controlled by the attacker hosted on “[.]com” domain with an SSL certificate issued by “Comodo” Certificate Authority. The British Airways mobile application also loads a webpage built with the same CSS and JavaScript components as the main website, including the malicious script installed by Magecart. Thus, the payments made using the British Airways mobile app were also affected. Countermeasures Due to the recent increase in keylogging and form grabbing, antivirus companies are adding additional protection to counter the efforts of key-loggers and prevent collecting passwords. These efforts have taken different forms varying from antivirus companies, such as safepay, password manager, and others. To further counter form grabbing, users' privileges can become limited which would prevent them from installing Browser",
"title": "Form grabbing"
},
{
"docid": "2212486",
"text": "JSON-RPC (JavaScript Object Notation-Remote Procedure Call) is a remote procedure call (RPC) protocol encoded in JSON. It is similar to the XML-RPC protocol, defining only a few data types and commands. JSON-RPC allows for notifications (data sent to the server that does not require a response) and for multiple calls to be sent to the server which may be answered asynchronously. History Usage JSON-RPC works by sending a request to a server implementing this protocol. The client in that case is typically software intending to call a single method of a remote system. Multiple input parameters can be passed to the remote method as an array or object, whereas the method itself can return multiple output data as well. (This depends on the implemented version.) All transfer types are single objects, serialized using JSON. A request is a call to a specific method provided by a remote system. It can contain three members: method - A String with the name of the method to be invoked. Method names that begin with \"rpc.\" are reserved for rpc-internal methods. params - An Object or Array of values to be passed as parameters to the defined method. This member may be omitted. id - A string or non-fractional number used to match the response with the request that it is replying to. This member may be omitted if no response should be returned. The receiver of the request must reply with a valid response to all received requests. A response can contain the members mentioned below. result - The data returned by the invoked method. If an error occurred while invoking the method, this member must not exist. error - An error object if there was an error invoking the method, otherwise this member must not exist. The object must contain members code (integer) and message (string). An optional data member can contain further server-specific data. There are pre-defined error codes which follow those defined for XML-RPC. id - The id of the request it is responding to. Since there are situations where no response is needed or even desired, notifications were introduced. A notification is similar to a request except for the id, which is not needed because no response will be returned. In this case the id property should be omitted (Version 2.0) or be null (Version 1.0). Examples In these examples, --> denotes data sent to a service (request), while <-- denotes data coming from a service. Although <-- is often called a response in client–server computing, depending on the JSON-RPC version it does not necessarily imply an answer to a request. Version 2.0 Request and response: --> {\"jsonrpc\": \"2.0\", \"method\": \"subtract\", \"params\": {\"minuend\": 42, \"subtrahend\": 23}, \"id\": 3} <-- {\"jsonrpc\": \"2.0\", \"result\": 19, \"id\": 3} Notification (no response): --> {\"jsonrpc\": \"2.0\", \"method\": \"update\", \"params\": [1,2,3,4,5]} Version 1.1 (Working Draft) Request and response: --> {\"version\": \"1.1\", \"method\": \"confirmFruitPurchase\", \"params\": [[\"apple\", \"orange\", \"mangoes\"], 1.123], \"id\": \"194521489\"} <-- {\"version\": \"1.1\", \"result\": \"done\", \"error\": null, \"id\": \"194521489\"} Version 1.0 Request and response: -->",
"title": "JSON-RPC"
},
{
"docid": "51609856",
"text": "In the computing world, where software frameworks make life of developer easier, there are problems associated with it which the developer does not intend. Software frameworks use object-relational mapping (ORM) tool or active record pattern for converting data of different types and if the software framework does not have a strong mechanism to protect the fields of a class (the types of data), then it becomes easily exploitable by the attackers. These frameworks allow developers to bind parameters with HTTP and manipulate the data externally. The HTTP request that is generated carries the parameters that is used to create or manipulate objects in the application program. The phrase mass assignment or overposting refers to assigning values to multiple attributes in a single go. It is a feature available in frameworks like Ruby on Rails that allows the modifications of multiple object attributes at once using modified URL. For example, @person = Person.new(params[:person]) #params contains multiple fields like name, email, isAdmin and contactThis Mass Assignment saves substantial amount of work for developers as they need not set each value individually. Threats In Mass Assignment, a malicious agent can attack and manipulate the data in various ways. It can send the tags which can make him assign various permissions which would otherwise be forbidden. For example, a database schema has a table \"users\" having field \"admin\" which specifies if corresponding user is admin or not. Malicious agent can easily send the value for this field to the server through HTTP request and mark himself as an admin. This is called Mass assignment vulnerability. It explores the security breaches that can be done using mass assignment. GitHub got hacked in 2012 by exploiting mass assignment feature. Homakov who attacked the GitHub gained private access to Rails by replacing his SSH with SSH key of one of the members of Rails GitHub. Protection ASP.NET Core In ASP.NET Core use the Bind attribute. [HttpPost] public IActionResult OnPost( [Bind(\"LastName,FirstMidName,HireDate\")] Instructor instructor) Ruby We can perform some changes in the active record models to ensure the protection of our data. To use attr_protected: We specify the attributes which need to be protected. If the user tries mass assignment, then the user will get an error page which says Mass Assignment Security error and the attribute value will not be changed. This is also called blacklisting In this method, sometimes keeping track of all the attributes we want to protect is difficult. For example, in the code below, assign_project attribute is protected.Class Person < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :projects attr_protected :assign_project endThis method optionally takes a role option using :as which enables to define multiple mass-assignment groupings. These attributes will have the :default role in case no role role is assigned. Here is an example which illustrates that assign_project will only be visible to admin. attr_protected :assign_project, :as => :admin To use attr_accessible: We add attributes that are accessible to everyone and need not be protected. This is easier to manage as the attributes that can be mass-assigned can be",
"title": "Mass-assignment protection"
},
{
"docid": "41326367",
"text": "SymmetricDS is open source software for database and file synchronization with Multi-master replication, filtered synchronization, and transformation capabilities. It is designed to scale for a large number of nodes, work across low-bandwidth connections, and withstand periods of network outage. Data synchronization occurs asynchronously from a scheduled job, with data changes being sent over a push or pull operation. It uses standard web protocols (HTTP) and database technologies (JDBC) in order to support a wide range of platforms and maximize its interoperability. It includes support for Oracle, MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Greenplum, SQL Server, SQL Server Azure, HSQLDB, H2, Derby, DB2, Firebird, Informix, Interbase, SQLite, Sybase ASE, Sybase ASA, MongoDB, Amazon_Redshift, and VoltDB databases. Functionality SymmetricDS runs either as a standalone server (using a built-in Jetty), within an application server (such as Apache Tomcat), or embedded into an application. Configuration is done through properties files and a collection of configuration tables at a central node. Both database tables and filesystems can be synchronized across a network of nodes. Configuration allows for selection of tables, columns (vertical filtering), and subsets of rows (horizontal filtering) to synchronize in one direction or both directions. Files are selected by base directory and whether to recurse into directories. Wildcard characters are used to match multiple tables and files. Tables can be grouped into channels that sync based on priority. Groups of nodes are linked together and assigned a transport method of push or pull. A push will connect to the node and send changes when they are ready, while a pull will periodically connect with a node to check if changes are available. Several network topologies are possible by linking node groups, including fan-in/out, multi-master, star, and multi-tier tree. A node can be prepared with an initial load of data to populate its database. Changes are grouped into batches and assigned for delivery to nodes using Routers. Routers can be configured or scripted to filter data and make decisions on which nodes should receive data. Batches are delivered during synchronization and tracked using a sequence number and status, with periodic retries designed to automatically recover from errors. Administration tools for command line and a web-based JMX console are included to manage nodes from a central location. Programming interfaces for Java and REST are included to extend and customize behavior. Prominent users OpenMRS - open source medical record system Openboxes - supply chain management software See also Multi-master replication Comparison of file synchronization software Replication (computer science) References External links SymmetricDS community website SymmetricDS source code Data synchronization",
"title": "SymmetricDS"
}
] | [
"POST"
] |
train_31800 | when did mama mia by abba come out | [
{
"docid": "656355",
"text": "ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"SOS\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Mamma Mia\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \"Tropical Loveland\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \"Intermezzo No. 1\" (early working title: \"Mama\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \"Man in the Middle\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \"The ABBA Remasters\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \"Deluxe Edition\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \"Baby\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \"Rock Me\". \"Baby\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Crazy World\" \"Crazy World\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \"Money, Money, Money\" single in November 1976. \"Crazy World\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\" Recording began on 6 May 1975",
"title": "ABBA (album)"
},
{
"docid": "2556660",
"text": "Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \"my mom\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \"Mamma Mia\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \"Mamma Mia\" (Darin song), 2014 \"Mama Mia\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \"Mamma Mia\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \"Mama Mia\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \"Mammamia\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \"Mamma Mia\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \"Mamma Mia\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \"Mamma Mia\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon",
"title": "Mamma Mia"
},
{
"docid": "5722841",
"text": "\"Intermezzo No. 1\" is an instrumental track from Swedish pop group ABBA's self-titled third album, released in April 1975. It was the first of only two tracks by the group not to contain lyrics; the other was the title track of their 1976 release, Arrival. It is the only purely instrumental ABBA song however, as Arrival includes \"a static layer of rich harmony vocals\". On the cover, the song was credited as \"Intermezzo No.1 featuring Benny Andersson\". Production Written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, the orchestral rock tune was recorded on October 16, 1974, in Stockholm's Glen and Metronome Studios under the working title \"Mama\". Another working title for the song was Bach-låten (The Bach Tune). In September 1975, it was released as the B-side to ABBA's single, \"Mamma Mia\". Carl Magnus Palm describes it as a \"showcase of Benny's classical music influences\", which first began to appear in his work with The Hep Stars songs “Sunny Girl” and “Wedding”. Carl Magnus Palm explains the song was a \"popular feature on every subsequent ABBA tour\" after the ABBA album was released. For example, the song is shown being performed in the 1977 concert tours in the film ABBA: The Movie. Composition The song has a \"piano and guitar-led instrumental\". Many of ABBA's pieces are full of \"thematic throwaways of the rich folk music culture [of Sweden]\". This song is a \"solo vehicle\" in which to indulge in classical music. The grand piano is the central instrument, layered by a \"flamboyant network of synth textures and brass punches\". ABBA: Let The Music Speak explains \"the main theme is inviting and uncomplicated, constantly giving way to a rapid-fire succession of mood-swinging secondary themes\". Critical reception Music News lists the song as one of ABBA's \"ambitious tracks...that showcase Andersson and Ulvaeus' classical leanings while demonstrating their abilities as proficient songwriters\". Der Tagesspiegel says the song, \"in contrast to the catchy masterpiece [Mamma Mia]\" that it was coupled with on the single, \"has a rather psychedelic-disturbing character\". Abba's Abba Gold notes that ABBA Gold doesn't include any of the \"lackadaisical instrumentals ABBA threw about\" like \"Arrival\" or \"Intermezzo No.1\". It adds though \"fans like the albums precisely for these oddities\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record describes the song as an \"impressive instrumental\". Bright Lights Dark Shadows: The Real Story of Abba explains that while \"experiments in applying classical music to a pop format were very much in vogue at the time [Intermezzo No.1] ha[s] come to seem a little dated\". It nevertheless describes the song as \"show[ing] a sense of musical ambition\" and an \"opus\". Carl Magnus Palm says for fans of ambitious music, the song \"probably remains a highlight in the ABBA oeuvre\", while to those who prefer more straightforward pop hits, the song \"has aged less well\". ABBA: Let The Music Speak says the song is \"whimsical and melodramatic\" and \"a sophisticated pastiche of all that is great and wondrous in the world of classical music, injected with a shot",
"title": "Intermezzo No. 1"
},
{
"docid": "20239071",
"text": "The Albums is a box set of recordings by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released on 11 November 2008 through Universal Music. The box set includes nine discs, the first eight are all of the original studio albums the way they were originally released between 1973 and 1981 while the ninth disc features all of the singles that were not released on the band's studio albums along with some of the B-sides. It includes a 40-page booklet on ABBA’s history. It does not include rarities or extras. The box set has charted in several countries. Background With ABBA's compilation albums re-charting after the release of the movie Mamma Mia! and its soundtrack, The Albums was released, just three years after the 9 CD/2 DVD set The Complete Studio Recordings (in certain territories available without the DVDs). While the latter comprises 133 tracks on its 9 audio discs, including a host of rarities such as recordings in Spanish, French and German as well as studio outtakes, alternate versions and mixes, The Albums only features 99 of these on the same number of discs. Track listing CD 1 – Ring Ring (1973) \"Ring Ring\" \"Another Town, Another Train\" \"Disillusion\" \"People Need Love\" \"I Saw It in the Mirror\" \"Nina, Pretty Ballerina\" \"Love Isn't Easy (But It Sure Is Hard Enough)\" \"Me and Bobby and Bobby’s Brother\" \"He Is Your Brother\" \"She's My Kind of Girl\" \"I Am Just a Girl\" \"Rock'n Roll Band\" CD 2 – Waterloo (1974) \"Waterloo\" \"Sitting in the Palmtree\" \"King Kong Song\" \"Hasta Mañana\" \"My Mama Said\" \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" \"Honey, Honey\" \"Watch Out\" \"What About Livingstone?\" \"Gonna Sing You My Lovesong\" \"Suzy-Hang-Around\" CD 3 – ABBA (1975) \"Mamma Mia\" \"Hey, Hey Helen\" \"Tropical Loveland\" \"SOS\" \"Man in the Middle\" \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Rock Me\" \"Intermezzo No. 1\" \"I've Been Waiting for You\" \"So Long\" CD 4 – Arrival (1976) \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"My Love, My Life\" \"Dum Dum Diddle\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"That's Me\" \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" \"Tiger\" \"Arrival\" CD 5 – The Album (1977) \"Eagle\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"One Man, One Woman\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"Move On\" \"Hole in Your Soul\" The Girl With the Golden Hair: 3 Scenes From a Mini-Musical \"Thank You for the Music\" \"I Wonder (Departure)\" \"I'm a Marionette\" CD 6 – Voulez-Vous (1979) \"As Good as New\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"I Have a Dream\" \"Angeleyes\" \"The King Has Lost His Crown\" \"Does Your Mother Know\" \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" \"Chiquitita\" \"Lovers (Live a Little Longer)\" \"Kisses of Fire\" CD 7 – Super Trouper (1980) \"Super Trouper\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"On and on and On\" \"Andante, Andante\" \"Me and I\" \"Happy New Year\" \"Our Last Summer\" \"The Piper\" \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" \"The Way Old Friends Do\" CD 8 – The Visitors (1981) \"The Visitors\" \"Head Over Heels\"",
"title": "The Albums"
},
{
"docid": "30864425",
"text": "Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released in Scandinavia on 17 November 1975 and in other parts of the world in 1976, notably the UK on 10 April, and on 18 September in the US and Canada. The 1976 version of the album included the band's most recent single \"Fernando\". The album was released in response to similar ABBA compilation albums being issued at the time by record labels in other countries who had licensed ABBA's music for release in their own territories, and the threat of import sales of those compilations impacting upon ABBA's home market. This meant that the success of Greatest Hits was largely confined to Scandinavia and the UK, although the size of the latter market and the scale of its success there has ensured that Greatest Hits is one of ABBA's best-selling albums worldwide. The album was the best-selling album of 1976 in the UK, and the country's second-best selling album of the decade. Background ABBA had won the Eurovision Song Contest in April 1974 with the song \"Waterloo\", which went on to be a major hit across Europe and in Australia and New Zealand. However, the immediate follow-up singles did not meet with the same success, and it wasn't until over a year later that \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\", \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became worldwide hits and reignited interest in the band. To capitalise on this resurgence of interest, several labels around the world released their own licensed compilations of ABBA's singles up to and including \"Mamma Mia\" – these included a similarly-titled Greatest Hits by France's Disques Vogue, and The Best of ABBA, released by West Germany's division of Polydor Records and by RCA Victor in Australia and New Zealand. To counteract the possibility of import sales from these records in Scandinavia, ABBA's record label Polar Music rush-released their own version of Greatest Hits. Release The tracks were taken from ABBA's first three studio albums, Ring Ring, Waterloo and ABBA, and with the exception of \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" had all been released as singles somewhere in the world. Despite the title of the compilation, only half of the tracks had actually charted as hit singles in major territories. \"Waterloo\", \"SOS\", \"Mamma Mia\" and (later) \"Fernando\" were top 10 hits in the UK and several other countries, though only the first of these was a top 10 hit in the US. Other hits in multiple territories included \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" (a top 10 hit in several countries, a number one in Australia, and a top 20 hit in the US, though barely cracking the top 40 in the UK), \"Honey, Honey\" (a top 20 hit in several countries and a top 30 hit in the US), \"Hasta Mañana\" (a top 10 hit in South Africa and New Zealand and a top 20 hit in Australia), and \"So Long\"",
"title": "Greatest Hits (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "57116301",
"text": "Klaus Martin Kopitz (born January 29, 1955, Stendal) is a German composer and musicologist. He became known in particular with his album Mia Brentano's Hidden Sea. 20 songs for 2 pianos. In the US, it was 2018 on the annual \"Want List\" of the music magazine Fanfare. Life Kopitz studied at the Hochschule für Musik \"Hanns Eisler\" (1975–1980) and at the Academy of Arts, Berlin (1985–1987), where he was a pupil of Georg Katzer. Later he worked at the theatre in Neustrelitz, at the Berlin University of the Arts (since 2002) and at the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig (since 2012). Music His compositions are inspired from Classical music, Jazz, Pop and Minimal music, but can not be assigned to any specific style. In particular, his CD Mia Brentano's Hidden Sea was highly praised by the critics. For Dave Saemann it is \"the most titillating CD I've come across in a long time\". Huntley Dent calls it \"unique among current and past releases\". Oliver Buslau stated: \"An ever-surprising panorama from classical to free tonal, from jazzy to minimalist\". Awards 1991: Hanns Eisler Prize 2019: German Record Critics' Award (Crossover Productions) Selected discography 2018: Mia Brentano’s Hidden Sea: 20 Songs for 2 Pianos; with Benyamin Nuss & Max Nyberg (piano) – Mons Records When it Rained, Christina's World, Early Birds, Miss Ada, Misty Morning, Along the River, Slapstick, A Silent Place, Children, My Huckleberry Friend, A Storm is Coming, Canajoharie, Wherever You Are, On the Train to Maine, Footprints, Mama Mia’s Moonshine Bar, Remembering Stella, Summernight Tales, Wake up, 4 o’clock a.m. 2019: Mia Brentano’s River of Memories: A Mystery Trip; with Benyamin Nuss (piano), Andy Miles (clarinet), Johannes Ernst (saxophone), Hans Dekker (drums), Klaus Martin Kopitz (electronics) et al. – Mons Records Blue Moon, Under the Surface, Les Champs magnétiques, Floating, Der Besucher, Wide Open Landscape, Silver Rain, Die Stille des verlassenen Raumes, Over the City of Glass, Angry Mia, Septemberland, Lily of the Valley, Ghosts (for Paul Auster), Dancing in Twilight, Brahms Is Sleeping 2021: Mia Brentano’s Summerhouse: New Music for 2 Pianos; with Benyamin Nuss & Billy Test (piano); produced by WDR Köln – Mons Records The Letter, Roads into Dusk, Cat in the Window, Before Sunrise, I Was Seventeen, Unsung Song, Desert Island, Birds Leaving the Earth, Strange Little Boy, Dreaming Mathilda, Sleepy Landscape, Funky Fox, Angel in the Rain, Nightlounge, She Needs the Wind, Alone at the Lakeside, It’s Dripping on My Roof, Red Shoes, Drifting, Walking in Starlight 2023 – Mia Brentano’s American Diary; Benyamin Nuss (piano), Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg, Christian Köhler (conducting) – Mons Records A Cabin in the Rockies, Good Morning, Good Fairy, Both of Us, Mad Dog in the Fog, Our God Is the Moon Over Alaska, Wie ein Vogel zu fliegen (Wolfgang Richter, arr. by Mia Brentano), The Secret Garden, Midnight in Paradise, Wild Neighbors, Laurel Canyon, I Thought About You (Jimmy Van Heusen, arr. by Mia Brentano), Not All Who Wander Are Lost, Talking with Trees, Me and the",
"title": "Klaus Martin Kopitz"
},
{
"docid": "56231193",
"text": "The UK Singles Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling singles of the week in the United Kingdom. Before 2004, the chart was only based on the sales of physical singles. This list shows singles that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart during 1976, as well as singles which peaked in 1975 and 1977 but were in the top 10 in 1976. The entry date is when the single appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced). One-hundred and thirty singles were in the top ten in 1976. Ten singles from 1975 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while \"Portsmouth\" by Mike Oldfield, \"Living Next Door to Alice\" by Smokie and \"Dr. Love\" by Tina Charles were all released in 1976 but did not reach their peak until 1977. Twenty-four artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1976. Billy Ocean, Dolly Parton, John Miles, Mike Oldfield and The Real Thing were among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 single in 1976. The 1975 Christmas number-one, \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" by Queen, remained at number-one for the first four weeks of 1976. The first new number-one single of the year was \"Mamma Mia\" by ABBA. Overall, sixteen different singles peaked at number-one in 1976, with ABBA (3) having the most singles hit that position. Background Multiple entries One-hundred and thirty singles charted in the top 10 in 1976, with one-hundred and seventeen singles reaching their peak this year. Twenty-four artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1976. ABBA and The Stylistics shared the record for most top 10 hits in 1976 with four hit singles each. \"Mamma Mia\", \"Fernando\" and \"Dancing Queen\" all reached number-one, while \"Money, Money, Money\" peaked at number three in December. The Wurzels was one of a number of artists with two top-ten entries, including the number-one single \"The Combine Harvester\". 10cc, Bryan Ferry, Elton John, Mike Oldfield and Wings were among the other artists who had multiple top 10 entries in 1976. Chart debuts Fifty artists achieved their first top 10 single in 1976, either as a lead or featured artist. Gallagher and Lyle, The Manhattans, Mike Oldfield, The Real Thing, Sailor and The Wurzels all had another entry in their breakthrough year. The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo single. Notes Dr. Hook had previously charted under the name Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show but their name was shortened in 1975. Ray Parker Jr. wrote \"You See the Trouble with Me\" and appeared alongside Barry White on the US single release, however he is not credited by the Official Charts Company for the UK release. His",
"title": "List of UK top-ten singles in 1976"
},
{
"docid": "40748214",
"text": "\"Hey, Hey Helen\" is a song by ABBA, featured on their 1975 self-titled album. It was used as the B-side to Mamma Mia in Australia and Fernando in the UK. Composition The song is in the Glam rock genre. Analysis George Starostin Reviews says the song has \"perfectly tolerable lyrics about a family breakup\" from an anti-feminist perspective. PopDose says \"'Helen' took an adult look at divorce and single motherhood in a time when the divorce rate was up and the traditional family unit was taking a beating. At first, the lyrics seem a bit judgmental, until you get to that last bit in the chorus where the girls assure the newly single mother that she can, in fact, make it alone\". Covers Lush covered the song for an abandoned anti-poll tax compilation, the cover version was released on their 1990 album Gala. Critical reception The Trouser Press record guide described the song as \"obscure\". OneWeekOneBand said \"The best bit of this - OK maybe apart from the riff - is where the lyrics go “Can you make it alone?” and the backing vox reply “Yes you can” and to prove it the song goes into a FUNK BREAKDOWN, the only one in ABBA's catalogue.\" George Starostin Reviews says the song is \"quite memorable\", and adds it is \"what all those 'heavy metal tunes' off Waterloo would have sounded like\" if they had been given more of the 'ABBA' sound. It adds \"the heavy guitar riffs on that one don't bother me in the least, as they never try to sound dreary or 'mock-ominous': they just emphasize the power of the tune, which is, in my opinion, a highly underrated ABBA classic, with all those riffs, a catchy, rhythmic synth solo, a groovy drum pattern\". PopDose describes the song as \"one of the earliest glimmers that ABBA were more than just your standard bubblegum pop group\". It wondered why the song wasn't featured in the Mamma Mia musical considering its subject matter, and theorises that it was because the song wasn't popular enough. It notes, however, that the group mimed it for quite a few TV appearances at the time, citing “Don Kirshner’s Rock Concert” in 1975. References 1975 songs ABBA songs Songs with feminist themes Songs about divorce",
"title": "Hey, Hey Helen"
},
{
"docid": "4635462",
"text": "\"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" is a song by Swedish pop group ABBA. It was the third single to be released from their third studio album, ABBA (1975). The song was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and their manager Stig Anderson, and was released in April 1975 with \"Rock Me\" as the B-side. The song was recorded on 21 February 1975 at Glen Studio, and was inspired by the European schlager music of the 1950s, as well as the saxophone sound of '50s American orchestra leader Billy Vaughn. History After the release of \"Waterloo\", ABBA were having difficulty establishing themselves as an act with longevity. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\", in many cases, put ABBA firmly back in the spotlight. With a rousing saxophone tune and homage to 1950s schlager music, \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" became a significant improvement on the international charts, although it made little impact in Britain. The song's popularity was boosted (particularly in Australia) by the release of a promo clip shown on television. Reception \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" was a notable hit in a number of countries, and was the song that sparked \"ABBA-mania\" in Australia, becoming ABBA's first chart-topper there. With \"Mamma Mia\" and \"SOS\" to follow, this gave the group a run of 14 consecutive weeks at the top of the Australian charts. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" also topped the charts in France, New Zealand, Switzerland and South Africa and hit the Top 5 in Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria and Rhodesia (all in 1975). The song also reached No. 15 in the United States in early 1976. A notable exception to the song's success was in the UK Singles Chart, a market that ABBA was aiming to conquer. Although it did return them to the Top 40 (after their previous UK single \"So Long\" had failed to chart), it stalled at No. 38. Thus, the musical direction taken in the song was not used again for some time. This marked the only time that an ABBA song had more success in the United States than in Britain. Later in 1975, ABBA found success in the UK with \"SOS\", which cemented the group's success in Australia and elsewhere. Cash Box said \"richly textured vocals give this fifties sounding shuffle an extra push, push, push, push\" and praised the \"excellent horn riff.\" Record World said that \"this single should be the one to finally make people sit up and take note\" of ABBA in the US. Track listing a. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" b. \"Rock Me\" Personnel ABBA Agnetha Fältskog – lead and backing vocals Anni-Frid Lyngstad – lead and backing vocals Björn Ulvaeus – backing vocals, rhythm guitar Benny Andersson – backing vocals, keyboards Additional musicians and production staff Lasse Wellander – lead guitar Mike Watson – bass",
"title": "I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do"
},
{
"docid": "2484237",
"text": "Frida ensam () is the second studio album by Swedish singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad. It was first released by Polar Music in 1975 while Lyngstad was a member of the pop group ABBA and produced by her then-fiancé and fellow ABBA member, Benny Andersson. It has since been re-released several times, most significantly in remastered form in 2005 with bonus tracks. The lead song was the original version of \"Fernando\" sung in Swedish by Lyngstad. The album was a huge success in Sweden and Lyngstad was awarded a platinum disc. The album is included in the box set, Frida – 4xCD 1xDVD. Background Frida ensam was recorded in KMH Studio and mixed at Metronome Studio in Stockholm. Benny Andersson plays all the pianos and keyboards, while the rest of the musicians are very much the same team who played on ABBA's records. First recordings and preparations started in 1974 but, due to the rising popularity of ABBA, the album took over 18 months to complete and was recorded between sessions and promotion for the ABBA albums Waterloo and ABBA. Content Frida ensam opens with Lyngstad's Swedish solo version of \"Fernando\" which was not released as a single in Sweden, so that those who wanted it had to buy the album. (It was however released by Polar as a single in Norway but did not reach the charts there). The song was written so that the album would contain something unique and new. This was a song with a great hit potential (being practically a new ABBA song) and this clever decision led to the album selling 130,000 copies. The song became the most popular track on the album and it spent nine weeks at #1 on Svensktoppen (a chart of Swedish songs on Sveriges radio not based on sales). The English version recorded by ABBA became one of the group's biggest hits. The English version, with completely different lyrics by Björn Ulvaeus, presents a vision of nostalgia for two veterans reminiscing in old age about a lost battle in which they participated. \"I wrote all the songs as little stories. \"Fernando\" was about two old freedom-fighters from the war between Texas and Mexico. I was lying outside one summer night, looking at the stars and it suddenly came to me\". This quote indicates that an English version was always foreseen as the summer referred to must be the summer of 1975. With the exception of \"Fernando\", all the other songs are cover versions, showing Lyngstad's and Andersson's fairly eclectic taste in music. Besides dramatic Italian ballads like \"Anima Mia\" and \"Vado Via\", the album includes Lyngstad's interpretations of 10cc's \"The Wall Street Shuffle\" and David Bowie's \"Life on Mars\", sixties hits like The Beach Boys' \"Wouldn't It Be Nice\" and Gary Puckett & The Union Gap's \"Young Girl\", the country and western ballad \"The Most Beautiful Girl\", \"Send in the Clowns\" from Stephen Sondheim's musical A Little Night Music as well as the Greek folk song \"Siko Chorepse Syrtaki\" and \"Som",
"title": "Frida ensam"
},
{
"docid": "2381683",
"text": "\"SOS\" is a song by Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released in June 1975 as the fifth single from their self-titled 1975 album. It was released with \"Man in the Middle\" as the B-side. Agnetha Fältskog, who sang lead, recorded the song in Swedish on her 1975 solo album Elva kvinnor i ett hus. \"SOS\" was ABBA's first major worldwide hit since \"Waterloo\". History \"SOS\" (working title; \"Turn Me On\") was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson and was recorded at Glen Studio in Långängen, Sweden on 22–23 August 1974. The title itself was coined by Stig, though the lyrics he provided were re-written by Ulvaeus. \"SOS\" was among the first of three songs recorded for the group's 1975 album, ABBA and the opening track of their classic Greatest Hits LP released at the end of the same year. The song opens with a piano intro, followed by the first verse sung by Fältskog. Biographer Carl Magnus Palm described it as 'Agnetha's first 'heartbreak classic, wherein the tear-filled vocal delivery, her trademark, would blend a pop melody, with a dash of melancholy. The song features a heavy influence from the Wall of Sound instrumentation of Phil Spector and the melodies of the Beach Boys. Lyricist Ulvaeus has said that, after three years of trying to figure out what style would define them, ABBA found its identity as a pop group with the release of \"SOS\", while Palm described it as 'pure ABBA'. During the band's first visit to the United States, ABBA performed \"SOS\" on the long-running television programs American Bandstand and Saturday Night Live on 15 November 1975. The promotional video was directed by Lasse Hallström and released in the same year, along with the single. The video and three others (for \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\", \"Mamma Mia\" and \"Bang-A-Boomerang\"), were completed in two days for a total cost of Kr 50,000 (£5,500). The video was uploaded to YouTube on 8 October 2009, on the AbbaVEVO channel, and has 88 million views as of February 2024. The song is also featured in the concert film ABBA: The Movie (1977), Good Night Oppy (2022), and Live at Wembley Arena, released in 2014. Reception \"SOS\" marked a significant turnaround in ABBA's fortunes and returned them to the Top 10 in many countries. Reaching #6 and #4 respectively, \"SOS\" started a run of 18 consecutive Top 10 hits for ABBA in the UK and Ireland. \"SOS\" reached #1 in Australia, Belgium, France, West Germany (where it spent 7 weeks at the top), New Zealand and South Africa, and was a Top 3 hit in Austria, the Netherlands, Norway, Italy (where it became ABBA's most successful hit), Mexico, Rhodesia and Switzerland. The song also became ABBA's second Top 20 hit in the United States, peaking at #15. As of September 2021, it is ABBA's 19th-biggest song in the UK, including both pure sales and digital streams. Chicago radio station WLS, which gave \"SOS\"",
"title": "SOS (ABBA song)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "42763109",
"text": "Carl Magnus Palm (born 1965) is a Swedish author and historian, writing in Swedish and English, best known for his work on the Swedish pop group ABBA. ABBA Carl Magnus Palm’s first book on ABBA was ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions, a diary-format chronicle of ABBA’s recorded work, published in 1994. Parallel with that book project he was involved in the compilation of the CD box set Thank You For The Music, also released in 1994. Palm is the author of the biography Bright Lights Dark Shadows – The Real Story Of ABBA published in 2001 and referred to as \"definitive\" and \"the first authoritative biography\" of ABBA, although some reviewers found it \"dense and at times hardgoing\". Palm published his first full-scale Swedish-language biography, ABBA – The Story, in 2008. The book met with mixed reviews: some felt that the book didn't live up to expectations and that \"the ultimate ABBA bible has yet to be written\", while others opined that \"if you're going to read something about [ABBA], this is the one to get\". Palm is a frequent contributor of research and liner notes to official ABBA-related CDs and DVDs, as well as the co-producer of three television documentaries about ABBA. Palm has also contributed to ABBA The Museum in Stockholm, and to the website ABBA The Official Site. In 2015, Palm started a crowdfunding project to self-publish a revised, updated and expanded edition of his first ABBA book ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions. The campaign was successful and ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions (revised and expanded edition) was published in March 2017. Other work Carl Magnus Palm’s first book was Monica Zetterlund – En diskografi (1992), a discography about the Swedish jazz singer, co-written with Thomas Winberg. He has also written a book about The Beatles, entitled Beatles Beatles (1996), and in 2010 he co-wrote Tunna skivor av mig, the memoirs of Swedish singer Siw Malmkvist. Bibliography Monica Zetterlund - en diskografi (with Thomas Winberg), 1992. ABBA - The Complete Recording Sessions, 1994. ABBA - människorna och musiken (”ABBA - The People And The Music”), 1996. Beatles - Beatles, 1996. Från ABBA till Mamma Mia! (with Anders Hanser), 1999. Published in English as From ABBA To Mamma Mia!, 2000. Bright Lights Dark Shadows - The Real Story Of ABBA, 2001. Cadillac Madness - den otroliga berättelsen om The Hep Stars (”Cadillac Madness - The Incredible Story Of The Hep Stars”, with Dan-Eric Landén), 2004. Benny’s Road To ABBA, 2004. ABBA - The Complete Guide To Their Music, 2005. ABBA - The Story: berättelsen om supergruppen (”ABBA - The Story: The Story About The Super Group”), 2008. Tunna skivor av mig (”Thin Slices Of Me”, with Siw Malmkvist), 2010. ABBA – The Backstage Stories (with Ingmarie Halling), 2014. Published as ABBA – The Treasures in English-speaking countries. ABBA - The Complete Recording Sessions (revised and expanded edition), 2017. ABBA At 50, 2022. ABBA on Record, 2024. References External links 1965 births Living people Swedish male",
"title": "Carl Magnus Palm"
},
{
"docid": "32437351",
"text": "Judah bar Meremar (or Judah Mar bar Meremar, or Rab Judah;, or Judah b. Amemar, Hebrew: יהודה בר מרימר) was a Babylonian rabbi, of the seventh generation of amoraim. Biography He was the son of Maremar, dean of the Sura Yeshiva Academy. His rulings are mentioned in the Talmud, and so are his halakhic habits. For example, he would tell his assistant to hire a laborer to work for him, while committing Judah himself to pay the worker. Since the employer was not same person as the wage payer, there was no danger of accidentally violating the commandment of paying one's workers on time. He was highly respected by his peers. Once when Rav Papa was marrying his son to the daughter of Abba of Sura, and wanted to visit Abba's house to discuss Abba's dowry payment, Papa met Judah bar Meremar. Papa invited him to come in, but Judah refused, explaining that he did not want Abba of Sura to be ashamed because of him, and therefore would give his daughter more than he truly wished. At Papa's further urging, though, Judah agreed to come. When Abba of Sura stated the dowry's amount, Judah said nothing. Abba thought Judah was silent out of anger that the dowry amount was too small, so he added vast amounts to the dowry. When he saw that Judah was still silent, he said to Judah: \"I left myself nothing, and you still want me to give more?\" Judah replied: \"What you gave is already against my opinion, in my opinion you did not have to give so much, but since you already gave - you should not retract.\" Once he ate together with Mar bar Rav Ashi and R. Aha of Difti. Because the three were equal in wisdom, they thought they were exempt from the zimun before birkat hamazon. However, Amemar ruled out they did this in error. References Talmud rabbis of Babylonia",
"title": "Judah b. Meremar"
},
{
"docid": "64278556",
"text": "Mia Abbas Uddin (1 January 1949 – 28 December 2017) Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician. He was elected a member of parliament from Bagerhat-4 in 1988. Early life Mia Abbas Uddin was born on 1 January 1949 in Bagerhat District. His father Manik Mia and mother Raushan Ara. She married Setara Abbas. They have 1 son and 3 daughters. Career Mia Abbas Uddin was elected to parliament from Bagerhat-4 as an independent candidate in 1988 Bangladeshi general election. In 1990, he joined the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). He was the president of Morelganj Upazila BNP. In 2014, he moved to Canada with his family. Death Mia Abbas Uddin died on 28 December 2017 at a hospital in Ottawa, Canada, from a brain tumor and geriatric disease. References 1949 births 2017 deaths People from Bagerhat District Politicians from Khulna Division Bangladeshi emigrants to Canada Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians 4th Jatiya Sangsad members",
"title": "Mia Abbas Uddin"
},
{
"docid": "798902",
"text": "A-Teens are a Swedish pop music group from Stockholm. The group was formed by Niklas Berg in 1998 as an ABBA tribute group called ABBA-Teens, which was later renamed A-Teens. The band members were Marie Serneholt, Amit Paul, Dhani Lennevald, and Sara Lumholdt. The group is best known for the singles \"Mamma Mia\" (1999) and \"Upside Down\" (2000), both of which were hits worldwide. The group was particularly successful in their home country where they amassed ten top 10 hit singles on the Swedish charts. After six years together, the group disbanded following the release of their Greatest Hits album in May 2004. History 1998–2000: The ABBA Generation In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \"Mamma Mia\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \"Mamma Mia\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. In August 1999, the group released their debut album The ABBA Generation, consisting entirely of ABBA covers reinterpreted with a modern pop and electronic sound. The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. The album sold more than 2 million copies worldwide and was certified Gold or Platinum in over 22 countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \"Super Trouper\" peaked at number two and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \"Happy New Year\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \"Dancing Queen\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. The group made several appearances on Disney and Nickelodeon. In September 2000, the A-Teens won a Viva Music Award for Best International Newcomer. 2001: Teen Spirit On 26 February 2001, the group released their second studio album Teen Spirit, which consists entirely of original tracks. It debuted at number two in the Swedish Charts. The album peaked at number thirteen on the European Albums Chart. In the United States, the album peaked at number fifty and was certified gold. The album was preceded by the single \"Upside Down\" in October 2000; this was their first single that was not an ABBA cover song. It peaked at number two in Sweden and was certified 2× Platinum. The song reached the top ten in several countries.",
"title": "A-Teens"
},
{
"docid": "58104687",
"text": "Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \"Dancing Queen\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \"Fernando\" and \"Super Trouper\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\" —Cher Cher also said that \"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \"SOS\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song",
"title": "Dancing Queen (album)"
},
{
"docid": "3584520",
"text": "Benny Anderssons orkester is the first album by Benny Anderssons orkester, released in June 2001. Album information Benny Anderssons orkester, a folk music group founded in 2001 by former ABBA member Benny Andersson, follows the style of Andersson's two solo albums from the 1980s, Klinga mina klockor and November 1989. The album combines traditional Swedish folk music with classical, pop und jazz influences. Out of the 14 tracks on the album, 12 are instrumentals and two (\"Vår sista dans\" and \"Lätt som en sommarfjäril\") feature vocals by Helen Sjöholm, who played the role of Kristina in the musical Kristina från Duvemåla, written by Andersson and former ABBA colleague Björn Ulvaeus. Ulvaeus is credited on this album as well, writing the lyrics for the two aforementioned tracks. All music is composed by Benny Andersson, who also produced the album. The album was recorded on two weekends in the spring of 2001 at Atlantis Studios in Stockholm. This studio, formerly known as Metronome Studio, was the location of many recording sessions for ABBA up until 1976. According to Andersson (the \"Kapellmästaren\", as he calls himself in the booklet), the recording of the album was \"live\", which means that all the instruments (including Helen Sjöholm's vocals) were recorded at the same time, in one session. Only slight changes were made afterwards, when the album was finally mixed at Andersson's Mono Music Studios. Various recordings from this album have also been included on film soundtracks. The film Sånger från andra våningen by Roy Andersson includes \"Sång från andra våningen\", \"Laureen\" and \"Tösabiten\", and the film Nu är pappa trött igen by Marie-Louise Ekman features \"Cirkus finemang\" and \"P.S.\". The song \"Briggens blåögda blonda kapten\" is a tribute to Görel Hanser (the \"blue-eyed, blonde captain\", as the title puts it), who has worked together with Andersson and ABBA since the 1970s. To this day, she is responsible for the business aspects of many of Andersson's productions. One of the largest, \"Briggenteater Produktion\", is responsible for Andersson and Ulvaeus's three musical theatre projects Kristina från Duvemåla, Chess and Mamma Mia!. The album's opening track, \"Hardangervidda\", is named after the famous Hardangervidda mountain plateau in Norway. Both vocal tracks on the album were later re-recorded with English lyrics. Benny Anderssons orkester themselves released an English version of their 2001 hit \"Vår sista dans\" in 2009 on their compilation album Story of a Heart, entitled \"(If This Is) Our Last Dance\" (\"our last dance\" being the literal translation of \"vårs sista dans\"). As on the original version, Helen Sjöholm contributed the vocals. The other song, \"Lätt som en sommarfjäril\", was recorded by Swedish mezzo-soprano Anne Sofie von Otter and released in 2006 on her album I Let the Music Speak, her tribute to the compositions of Benny Andersson. The lyrics for both English-language versions were again written by Björn Ulvaeus. Reception and success Upon its release in the end of June 2001, Benny Anderssons Orkester immediately entered the Swedish Albums Chart, peaking at number 30 in the middle",
"title": "Benny Anderssons orkester (album)"
},
{
"docid": "15642908",
"text": "\"My Love, My Life\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \"My Love, My Life\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \"Monsieur, Monsieur\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \"My Love, My Life\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson",
"title": "My Love, My Life"
},
{
"docid": "9191968",
"text": "\"Thank ABBA for the Music\" is a medley of songs originally released by pop group ABBA, performed by Steps, Tina Cousins, Cleopatra, B*Witched and Billie. The medley consists of \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Thank You for the Music\". It was originally performed during the 1999 Brit Awards, which occurred on 16 February, and its release coincided with the debut of the ABBA musical Mamma Mia!. The medley peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in April 1999 and reached the top 10 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and Sweden. Track listings Personnel Tina Cousins – lead and backing vocals Billie Piper – lead and backing vocals Cleopatra Cleo Higgins – lead vocals Yonah Higgins – backing vocals Zainam Higgins – backing vocals B*Witched Lindsay Armaou – backing vocals Edele Lynch – lead vocals Keavy Lynch – backing vocals Sinead O'Carroll – backing vocals Steps Lee Latchford-Evans – lead and backing vocals Claire Richards – lead and backing vocals Lisa Scott-Lee – lead and backing vocals Faye Tozer – lead and backing vocals Ian \"H\" Watkins – lead and backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References External links Songs about musicians 1999 singles B*Witched songs Billie Piper songs Epic Records singles Music medleys Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson Steps (group) songs Tina Cousins songs",
"title": "Thank ABBA for the Music"
},
{
"docid": "18529345",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording is the original cast album for the ABBA-inspired stage musical of the same name. The album was released in 1999 and it reached No.56 in the UK album chart, with 2 weeks on the chart. Re-interest in this 1999 Original London Cast album caused it to reach #12 in the UK Album Chart, having charted at #16 a week earlier. It features performances by the original London cast of the musical including Lisa Stokke, Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae. The album was produced by the two male members of ABBA, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The album featured a number of ABBA's best known songs, including the title track, \"Dancing Queen\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" and \"Thank You for the Music\". Track listing Original release \"Overture / Prologue\" - Lisa Stokke—2:56 \"Honey, Honey\" - Lisa Stokke, Eliza Lumley, and Melissa Gibson—2:02 \"Money, Money, Money\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, Neal Wright, and Company—3:01 \"Mamma Mia\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Company-3:21 \"Thank You for the Music\" - Lisa Stokke, Hilton McRae, Paul Clarkson, and Nicolas Colicos-3:03 \"Chiquitita\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—2:27 \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—3:44 \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" - Andrew Langtree, Lisa Stokke, and Company—3:34 \"Super Trouper\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Jenny Galloway, Louise Plowright, and Female Company—3:56 \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" - Female Company—3:34 \"The Name of the Game\" - Lisa Stokke and Nicolas Colicos—3:22 \"Voulez-Vous\" - Company—3:29 \"Entr'acte\" - Musical cast—2:17 \"Under Attack\" - Lisa Stokke and Company—3:11 \"One of Us\" - Siobhán McCarthy—2:20 \"SOS\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae—2:44 \"Does Your Mother Know\" - Louise Plowright, Neal Wright, and Company—3:21 \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" - Hilton McRae—2:42 \"Our Last Summer\" - Paul Clarkson and Siobhán McCarthy—2:42 \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Lisa Stokke—3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" - Siobhán McCarthy—4:08 \"Take a Chance on Me\" - Jenny Galloway and Nicolas Colicos—3:33 \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" - Hilton McRae, Siobhán McCarthy, and Company—2:29 \"I Have a Dream\" - Lisa Stokke—2:58 5th anniversary edition The album was re-released in 2004, five years after its initial release to commemorate the musical's 5th anniversary. The new edition contained the original 24 tracks as well as three bonus tracks: the encore versions of \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Waterloo\". Another 5th anniversary release, which debuted in 2006, commemorates the Broadway production, which debuted in 2001. Also included is a deluxe souvenir booklet complete with lyrics and glimpses of Donna Sheridan in international productions, and a bonus DVD that basically gives a behind-the-scenes look at the musical as well as glimpses of international productions of the musical. An additional bonus feature includes clips of the West End cast singing \"Money, Money, Money\" and \"Dancing Queen\", as well as fond memories from original Broadway cast members Joe Machota and Tina Maddigan, who play the roles of Sky and Sophie,",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording"
},
{
"docid": "10159655",
"text": "\"Dum Dum Diddle\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1976 album Arrival. In 1977 it was released as a promo single in Argentina on the RCA label. Production When asked how ABBA made \"such a ridiculous and quite banal song [as Dum Dum Diddle] come alive,\" Björn Again founder Rod Leissle said, \"I think ABBA had a special quality about them. They could put ridiculous lyrics into a song, and because they were fundamentally great songwriters they could make it work. A line like 'Dum Dum Diddle, to be your fiddle' doesn't really make a great deal of sense, but it still works because it's something you can sing along to and enjoy\". Composition \"Dum Dum Diddle\" is a folk-inspired pop song. The song has Lasse Wellander's acoustic guitar in the verses. Benny plays piano during the breaks between the girls' \"woh-woh\" vocals. The song has a fiddle-style refrain (simulated by a synthesiser), which serves as its hook. It contains a \"stream of strong melodies and instrumentation\". The lead vocals are shared by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. Synopsis The song is about a woman who quietly longs for the affections of a sad, lonely man who derives his only pleasure from constantly playing and practicing on his violin. The Guardian described it as \"a song about a woman who feels sexually threatened by her partner's violin\". Critical reception Abba's Abba Gold suggests that ABBA criticised the song, but adds that the writers of the book like it. Abba - Uncensored on the Record said the \"unfortunately titled song ... seemed like a reversion to Eurovision-style thinking\". The complete New Zealand music charts, 1966-2006 describes the song as \"rather silly but fun\". Bright Lights Dark Shadows: The Real Story of Abba implied that Eagle was more lyrically ambitious than \"the 'dum dum diddles' of ABBA's earlier work\". The Los Angeles Times described the song as \"cheery nonsense\". The Scotsman implied that \"Dum Dum Diddle\" was a bad song by saying: \"LIFE – to quote Toni Collette in Muriel's Wedding – can be 'as good as an Abba song' but the clunky transfer of Mamma Mia! from stage to screen proves that it can be just as awful as 'Dum Dum Diddle' too.\" Covers Helen Sjöholm has performed \"Dum Dum Diddle\", accompanied by Orsa Spelman's Kalle Moraeus on the fiddle. References 1976 singles 1976 songs ABBA songs Atlantic Records singles Epic Records singles Polar Music singles Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "Dum Dum Diddle"
},
{
"docid": "40705751",
"text": "\"I Wonder (Departure)\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \"The Name of the Game\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \"I wonder ... it scares me\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \"maximum emotional leverage\", making it \"the most intimate personal portrait\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \"translate beautifully to the stage\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "I Wonder (Departure)"
},
{
"docid": "5473469",
"text": "Gabba is a London-based British tribute band performing ABBA songs in the stripped down punk style of the Ramones, a style of pop punk they dubbed discopunk and claim to have invented. They formed in 1996 and took their name in 1999. They have released one album . History Gabba was informally formed in 1996 by Stig Honda, alleged \"professor at the Osaka Rock 'n' Roll High School\", who enrolled five students from all over the world to fuse the disco pop of Abba and the punk rock of the Ramones, creating \"disco-punk\". In 1999, the band took its name of \"GABBA, The Discopunk Sensation\". The name is an acrostic on the members' nicknames, echoing both the \"gabba gabba hey!\" chorus from the Ramones' song \"Pinhead\" and the name of ABBA. Their second recording and official debut album, the CD Leave Stockholm (1999), was produced by Stigma Records (UK) and sub-distributed by Rough Trade Records. According to a band statement, \" [In 2001] GABBA release their complex 3rd album, the Spanish language \"Tijuana Dance\". However, the album was banned and withdrawn from sale after just 1 week for being \"Anti-Establishment\", due to some confusion over Bee Bee's appalling Spanish translations which inadvertently accused the Queen of England of being a Nazi Stormtrouper (in a stupor, no less). It is unclear if the album will ever be released again. \" Some of the facts on their Internet Website are similar to real facts of ABBA and Ramones: They write that they wanted to win the European Snog Contest, but they got the wrong application form, so they won the Eurovision Song Contest. This is the reference to the Eurovision Song Contest 1974, which ABBA won. The song for the \"wrong\" contest was \"Ring Ring\", \"which was basically 'Sing Sing (Like Joey Ramone)' but with new lyrics by Neil Sedated\". ABBA tried first time to be at the contest in 1973 with \"Ring Ring\", but they were sent out in the national vote. Also about the Spanish language album Tijuana Dance. ABBA had recorded an album in Spanish. This GABBA-album was banned cause of lyrics about a \"Nazi Stormtrouper\" (referencing \"Today Your Love, Tomorrow the World\"). In 1980 ABBA was very popular in Russia (Soviet Union), until \"Super Trouper\". A radio announcer translated the title of the song word-by-word on air. He translated it as a Super (like \"perfect\", \"very good\" etc.) Trouper (Trouper from Stormtrouper). Once in the news in 2005 the site wrote: Geeky & Bjoey haven't spoken for almost 5 years. In fact Joey Ramone and Johnny Ramone didn't talk since Johnny married Joey's girlfriend, an incident which led Joey to write \"The KKK Took My Baby Away\" In reference to the website, in New York is a musical based on the songs of GABBA called \"Papa Mao Mao\", which of course is a reference to both \"Mamma Mia\" and the backing vocals (Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow) of the Ramones' version of the Trashmen's \"Surfin' Bird\". Media attention They have been aired",
"title": "Gabba (band)"
},
{
"docid": "3590021",
"text": "\"Money, Money, Money\" is a song recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus with Anni-Frid Lyngstad singing lead vocals. It was released on 1 November 1976, as the second single from their fourth album, Arrival (1976). The B-side, \"Crazy World\", was recorded in 1974 during the sessions for the album ABBA. The song (originally titled \"Gypsy Girl\") is sung from the viewpoint of a woman who, despite hard work, can barely keep her finances in surplus, and therefore desires a well-off man. ABBA perform parts of \"Money, Money, Money\" live in the 1977 film ABBA: The Movie. In the popular musical, Mamma Mia!, the song is sung by the character of Donna as she explains how hard she has to work to keep the taverna in order and her dreams of a better life. Reception Billboard reviewed the single release and described it as a \"fast paced\" song with \"lots of good-natured gimmicks\" that is highlighted by its production. Cash Box said that it \"is [ABBA's] cleverest [single] to date, adding humorous lyrics to the distilled pop hooks.\" Record World said that it \"combines Brecht-Weill overtones with a typically sound ABBA pop structure\" and that \"the ironic lyric goes well with a haunting, music-hall-style tune.\" \"Money, Money, Money\" was the second worldwide hit from Arrival. The song became a number-one chart hit in Australia (ABBA's sixth consecutive chart-topper there), Belgium, France, West Germany, The Netherlands, Mexico and New Zealand, while reaching the top three in Austria, Ireland, Norway, Switzerland and the UK. By peaking at No. 3 in the UK, \"Money, Money, Money\" was the only ABBA single between \"Mamma Mia\" in January 1976 and \"Take a Chance on Me\" in February 1978 not to top the UK chart. A British poll of \"The Nation's Favourite ABBA song\" in December 2010 saw \"Money, Money, Money\" placed at #22 (out of 25). As of September 2021, it is ABBA's 16th-biggest song in the UK, including both pure sales and digital streams. As of September 1979 in Germany \"Money, Money, Money\" had sold over 300,000 units. French sales as of April 1977 stand at 500,000. Music video The music video for \"Money, Money, Money\" was inspired by the film Cabaret, showing Frida wearing a hat typical of the 1920s. The video varies from her determined presence in reality during the verses, to the dream sequences about money and \"the good life\" in the chorus. The video's director, Lasse Hallström, later acknowledged \"Money, Money, Money\" as the best ABBA video he ever directed. An alternate music video was filmed for the TV special ABBA-DABBA-DOOO!! featuring Agnetha and Frida in 1920s style flapper dresses, with feathers in their hair. Personnel Anni-Frid Lyngstad – lead vocals Agnetha Fältskog - backing vocals Anders Glenmark - Guitar Björn Ulvaeus – backing vocals Benny Andersson – keyboards, synthesizer Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Cover versions Part of the song's chorus can be heard in the Soviet cartoon \"Onсe Cowboy,",
"title": "Money, Money, Money"
},
{
"docid": "26161220",
"text": "This is a partial list of recordings of songs on which Hal Blaine, a session drummer in the Wrecking Crew, played. A \"All I Have to Do Is Dream\" (Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell) \"All I Know\" (Art Garfunkel) \"All I Wanna Do\" (The Beach Boys) \"Along Comes Mary\" (The Association) \"America\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Andmoreagain\" (Love) \"Annie's Song\" (John Denver) \"Another Saturday Night\" (Sam Cooke) \"Any World (That I'm Welcome To)\" (Steely Dan) \"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\" (The 5th Dimension) \"At the Zoo\" (Simon & Garfunkel) B \"Baby I Need Your Loving\" (Johnny Rivers) \"Baby Talk\" (Jan and Dean) \"Back Home Again\" (John Denver) \"Barbara Ann\" (The Beach Boys) \"Batman Theme\" (The Marketts) \"Be My Baby\" (The Ronettes) \"Be True to Your School\" (The Beach Boys) \"(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up\" (The Ronettes) \"Bless the Beasts and the Children\" (The Carpenters) \"Bossa Nova Baby\" (Elvis Presley) \"The Boxer\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" (Tony Mann) \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" (Johnny Rivers) \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" (Glen Campbell) C \"California Dreamin'\" (The Mamas and the Papas) \"California Girls\" (The Beach Boys) \"Calypso\" (John Denver) \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" (Elvis Presley) \"Can't You Hear the Song?\" (Wayne Newton) \"Cara Mia\" (Jay and the Americans) \"Caroline, No\" (Brian Wilson) \"Cecilia\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Cherish\" (David Cassidy) \"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)\" (Darlene Love) \"Come a Little Bit Closer\" (Jay and the Americans) \"Come and Knock on Our Door\" (theme from the television series Three's Company) \"Come Back When You Grow Up\" (Bobby Vee) \"Come Saturday Morning\" (The Sandpipers) \"Congratulations\" (Paul Simon), track 11 on 1972 album Paul Simon \"Cotton Fields\" (The Beach Boys) \"Count Me In\" (Gary Lewis & the Playboys) \"Could It Be Forever\" (David Cassidy) \"Cracklin' Rosie\" (Neil Diamond) \"Creeque Alley\" (The Mamas and the Papas) D \"Da Doo Ron Ron\" (The Crystals) \"Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast\" (Wayne Newton) \"The Daily Planet\" (Love) \"Dance, Dance, Dance\" (The Beach Boys) \"Darlin'\" (The Beach Boys) \"Dead Man's Curve\" (Jan and Dean) \"Death of a Ladies' Man\" (Leonard Cohen) \"Dedicated to the One I Love\" (The Mamas and the Papas) \"Didn't We\" (Richard Harris) \"Dizzy\" (Tommy Roe) \"Do You Know Where You're Going To\" (theme from the film Mahogany) (Diana Ross) \"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\" (The Partridge Family) \"Don't Pull Your Love\" (Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds) \"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart\" (Dean Martin) \"Drag City\" (Jan and Dean) \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" (The Mamas and the Papas) E \"18 Yellow Roses\" (Bobby Darin) \"El Condor Pasa\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Elusive Butterfly\" (Bob Lind) \"Evangeline\" (Emmylou Harris) \"Eve of Destruction\" (Barry McGuire) \"Everybody Loves a Clown\" (Gary Lewis & the Playboys) \"Everybody Loves Somebody\" (Dean Martin) \"Everything That Touches You\" (The Association) F \"Fakin' It\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"For All We Know\" (The Carpenters) \"Fun, Fun, Fun\" (The Beach Boys) G \"Galveston\" (Glen Campbell)",
"title": "List of song recordings featuring Hal Blaine"
},
{
"docid": "3421364",
"text": "More ABBA Gold: More ABBA Hits is a compilation album by Swedish pop group ABBA. Released in 1993, it was the follow-up to the highly successful Gold: Greatest Hits, released the previous year, and went on to sell 3 million copies. Overview While Gold: Greatest Hits had showcased 19 of the group's biggest and most recognisable hits, this left out a number of other sizeable international hits, such as \"Summer Night City\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Angeleyes\". These were included here as well as some of ABBA's lesser-known hits from the time when their popularity was declining, such as \"Head over Heels\" and \"The Day Before You Came.\" Also included are several B-sides and album tracks, plus one previously unreleased track; \"I Am the City\", dating back to ABBA’s recording sessions in 1982. Release Like Gold: Greatest Hits, a remaster of More ABBA Gold: More ABBA Hits was released in 1999. A 4:27 edited version of \"The Visitors\" was replaced by the original 5:46 version, while a 3:18 alternate mix of \"Lovelight\" was replaced by the 3:46 version originally released in 1979. In 2008, the album was re-released with a different disc and back cover to coincide with the release of the film Mamma Mia!. Track listing Personnel ABBA Agnetha Fältskog - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Anni-Frid Lyngstad - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Björn Ulvaeus – co-lead vocals , banjo, guitar, vocals, production Benny Andersson – synthesizer, keyboards, vocals, production Additional personnel Ingemar Bergman – compilation Chris Griffin – compilation George McManus – compilation Jackie Stansfield – compilation John Tobler – liner notes, compilation Michael B. Tretow – digital remastering (for original 1993 release) Jon Astley – digital remastering (for 1999 reissue) Henrik Jonsson – digital remastering (for 2008 reissue) Carl Magnus Palm – liner notes (for 1999 version) Michael B. Tretow – engineering Charts Weekly charts Certifications and sales References 1993 greatest hits albums ABBA compilation albums PolyGram compilation albums Albums recorded at Polar Studios Albums produced by Björn Ulvaeus Albums produced by Benny Andersson Sequel albums",
"title": "More ABBA Gold: More ABBA Hits"
},
{
"docid": "33293952",
"text": "ABBA: You Can Dance is a dance and music rhythm game for the Wii, developed by Ubisoft Paris and Ubisoft Bucharest and published by Ubisoft. It released in November 2011 in all territories, and is a spin-off of the Just Dance series, featuring 26 songs by the Swedish pop group ABBA. The game tasks up to four players with matching the movements of ABBA members by dancing with the Wii Remote motion controller in hand, with accuracy being the goal. It includes a multiplayer \"Karaoke Mode\", allowing two players to sing using USB microphones while two other players can dance. The development team was reportedly excited to work on an ABBA game, putting in effort to ensure that they accurately represented the group by examining a variety of ABBA content. For original content, they tried to be distinct while in keeping with ABBA. The game was met with mixed reception, with criticism directed at the lack of available songs; however, the lower price and the idea of an ABBA video game were recognized as positive traits of the game, and the choreography was well-received. Gameplay ABBA: You Can Dance is a music and rhythm game based on Ubisoft's franchise, Just Dance. In the main mode of play, up to four players must match the movements of members of the Swedish pop group ABBA by dancing with the Wii Remote motion controller in hand. The players' score is determined by how accurate their movements are. A karaoke mode is included, where two players can sing along together to the lyrics using USB microphones while two other players can dance during a song. In addition to the lyrics, the songs display the rhythm of the singing. This is unlike past Just Dance and titles connected to Just Dance, which only let players sing along for fun. The game features a story mode called the \"Mini Musical Mode\" that features select songs from the main mode of play, and shows the original ABBA music videos. The game features 26 songs from ABBA. Development and release Development of ABBA: You Can Dance was handled by Ubisoft Paris and Ubisoft Bucharest, divisions of Ubisoft that have worked on other entries in the Just Dance series. The decision to make a dancing game based on ABBA was, according to the development team, due to ABBA and Just Dance having similar philosophies about uniting people through music. They stated that they were excited to work on an ABBA game when given the opportunity. The team chose the band's most popular songs, such as \"Mamma Mia\", \"Dancing Queen\", and \"Take a Chance on Me\", but wanted to reflect the variety of moods and aesthetics ABBA songs represent. To design the dance scenes, they hired professional choreographers, who worked with their level designers. Certain songs, such as ballads and slower songs, were harder to choreograph for. The team reviewed various footage of performances, including music videos, anecdotes, backstage photos, live footage, and TV shows. The backgrounds were designed with",
"title": "ABBA: You Can Dance"
},
{
"docid": "68620154",
"text": "Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \"Just a Notion\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \"Little Things\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \"ABBAtar\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \"Just a Notion\", was",
"title": "Voyage (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "44276679",
"text": "Chhutir Ghonta ( When The Bell Rang) is a 1980 Bangladeshi drama film written and directed by Azizur Rahman. It stars Razzak, Shabana, Sujata and Sumon in the lead. It is based on the true story of a twelve-year-old school boy named Khokon in Bangladesh, who starved to death after the washroom he was in was mistakenly closed by the caretaker the day before the Muslim vacation Eid-ul-Azha started. The boy was found dead after the vacation was over. Plot The film opens up at a mental asylum. At the beginning of the day, a man starts ringing a bell which infuriates one of the patients Abbas Mia. After he gets injured by a guard for yelling(in an effort to stop the ringing), he gets healed by a doctor who asks him why he yells every time the bell rings. After which, Abbas Mia starts to tell him a story. Many years ago, when Abbas Mia was the caretaker of a school (known as \"Nilgiri Multipurpose High School) There was a boy name Khokon. While Khokons mother loves her son to mourn over the loss over her husband, Khokon is generally loved by the students, teachers, and especially Abbas Mia. Since the Muslim vacation Eid-ul-Azha is approaching, Khokon plans to meet his maternal grandfather. However, his maternal grandfather arrives early and he, Khokon, and his mother both go shopping, Khokon later sees an advertisement for a magic show and asks his mother if he can go and see it. The magic show is hosted by Jewel Aich and he explains that he can get out of any locked box or room Cast Razzak as Abbas Mia the school caretaker Sujata as the mother of Khokon Master Sumon as Khokon Khan Ataur Rahman as the school principal Shabana as the school maid ATM Shamsuzzaman as the school teacher Shawkat Akbar as Khokon's maternal grandfather Rabiul Alam as a pickle seller Sarbbari Jewel Aich as a magician Soundtrack The film's soundtrack is composed by Satya Shaha and his chief assistant Swapan Saha. References Further reading External links 1980 films 1980 drama films Bengali-language Bangladeshi films Bangladeshi drama films Films scored by Satya Saha 1980s Bengali-language films Films directed by Azizur Rahman (film director) Bangladeshi films based on actual events",
"title": "Chhutir Ghonta"
},
{
"docid": "40706546",
"text": "\"My Mama Said\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1974 album Waterloo. It was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The song was also released as the B-side to Honey, Honey in. Poland. Synopsis The song is about a girl's grumbles over her overbearing mother. Composition The song has dual vocals by both Frida and Agnetha. The song has an R&B feel, as well as a \"sophisticated refrain and middle eight guitar solo\", which were most likely influenced by the music of the time. The bass guitar links the vocal phrases in the verses. The chorus has a bass guitar and acoustic guitar playing the same notes an octave apart, while the keyboard is played in a chord-per-bar fashion. The verses have a \"chant-like plea\" while the choruses have a \"defiant masculinity\". The vocal lines are cut short so as to eradicate any vibrato, and the vocals have been treated in post-production Critical reception Bright Lights Dark Shadows: The Real Story of Abba says the song has a \"jazzy, almost funky feel, lending it an aura of coolness\". Said there is a \"nice little intro to this one and a clever little bit of jazz playing from Janne Schaffer\". Don't Play with My Balls! says \"My Mama Said has everything you could want in a tune\" including \"big fat bass\" and \"passive aggressive parenting\". The sound of the suburbs described the song as \"oddly neglected\", and added that one can almost hear the early signs of famous ABBA sound fall into place. ABBA: let the music speak said the song is \"unfortunately one of those ABBA songs that earned a reputation more for its lyrical triteness than its musical substance\", arguing that the need to continue the rhyming structure ended up \"belittling a track that succeeds on all other levels\". References ABBA songs 1974 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "My Mama Said"
},
{
"docid": "41647807",
"text": "No Limit Greatest Hits is a 2006 two-disc greatest hits album released on August 1, 2006 by Priority Records. The compilation managed to make it to #56 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Prior to the release of this compilation, No Limit Records went bankrupt in 2003 which resulted in Master P selling the back catalog of the label. Today, EMI owns the No Limit back catalog. Due to no longer owning No Limit, Master P had no involvement in the making of this compilation. Critical response David Jeffries of AllMusic believes that the compiling of this album \"was obviously done by some real No Limit soldiers who reach well past the big names\" and suggests \"this is a great snapshot of the label that taught everyone else how to exploit the underground and released some great gangsta music along the way.\" Track listing Disc one I'm Bout It, Bout It TRU [From The album True] Y'all Ain't Ready Yet Mystikal [From The album Mind of Mystikal] Bounce Dat Azz [Gangsta T, King George, Silkk The Shocker, & Master P [From the album Down South Hustlers: Bouncin' and Swingin'] Gangstafied Kane & Abel Featuring Master P and Mo B. Dick] [From the album 7 Sins] The Shocker [Silkk The Shocker Featuring Master P] [From the album The Shocker] Make 'Em Say Uhh! [Master P, Fiend, Silkk The Shocker, Mia X, & Mystikal] [From the album Ghetto D] He Did That [Silkk The Shocker Featuring Master P and Mac] [From the album My World, My Way] Ain't No Limit [Mystikal Featuring Silkk The Shocker] [From the album Unpredictable] Where The Little Souljas At? Lil Soldiers [From the album Boot Camp] Soldier Party [Mac Featuring Master P] [From the album Shell Shocked] No Limit Soldiers II [Master P, C-Murder, Fiend, Magic, Mr. Serv-On, Mia X, Big Ed, Silkk The Shocker, & Mystikal] [From the album We Can't Be Stopped] Whatcha Wanna Do [Mia X] [From the album Mama Drama] Mr. Whomp Whomp [Fiend] [From the album Street Life] NL Party Soulja Slim Featuring Master P, Silkk The Shocker, Full Blooded, Trenitty, Gambino Family, Big Ed, Prime Suspects, Mac, Kane & Abel, Magic, & Snoop Dogg] [From the album Give It 2 'Em Raw] Assassin [Big Ed Featuring Master P] [From the album The Assassin] It's Your Thing Mercedes Featuring Master P] [From the album Rear End] Down 4 My N's [Snoop Dogg, C-Murder, & Magic] [From the album No Limit Top Dogg] Disc two It Ain't My Fault [Part 2] [Silkk The Shocker & Mystikal] [From the album Made Man] Hot Boys and Girls [Master P Featuring Mystikal, Silkk The Shocker, Mia X, & Kane & Abel] [From the album MP Da Last Don] Bring It On [Mia X Featuring Fiend, Mystikal, C-Murder, Skull Duggery, & Mac] [From the album Mama Drama] I Miss My Homies [Master P Featuring Pimp C & Silkk The Shocker] [From the album Ghetto D] I Got The Hook-Up! [Master P Featuring Sons of Funk] [From the",
"title": "No Limit Greatest Hits"
},
{
"docid": "54535911",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\"One of Us\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\"Waterloo\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\"Why Did It",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again"
},
{
"docid": "2864185",
"text": "Jersey Boys is a jukebox musical with a book by Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice. It is presented in a documentary-style format that dramatizes the formation, success and breakup of the 1960s rock 'n' roll group The Four Seasons. The musical is structured as four \"seasons\", each narrated by a different member of the band who gives his own perspective on its history and music. Songs include \"Big Girls Don't Cry\", \"Sherry\", \"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\", \"My Eyes Adored You\", \"Stay\", \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\", \"Walk Like A Man\", \"Who Loves You\", \"Working My Way Back to You\" and \"Rag Doll\". The musical premiered at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2004 and ran on Broadway from 2005 to 2017. Since its debut it has been on two North American national tours and two national tours of the UK and Ireland. The show has been produced in London's West End, Las Vegas, Chicago, Toronto, Melbourne and other Australian cities, Singapore, South Africa, the Netherlands, Japan, Dubai, and China. Jersey Boys won four 2006 Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and the 2009 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical. Development In the early 2000s, Bob Gaudio, an original Four Seasons member, sought to make a musical from the band's discography; he noted in a 2008 interview that he was inspired by the success of Smokey Joe's Cafe and Mamma Mia! into believing that a rock-and-roll musical with existing songs could work. He hired book writers Rick Elice and Marshall Brickman, who had difficulty finding a willing director until Michael David of Dodger Theatricals recommended them to Des McAnuff. Brickman suggested creating a show about the band's history, instead of repurposing their songs for an independent story the way ABBA did with Mamma Mia!; Gaudio liked the idea, noting that although biopics were a common format in film, such a story format was still relatively rare on stage and that, to his knowledge, none had been tried at the time. Brickman was drawn to the project because \"it's a classic American story. It's rags to riches, and back to rags.\" McAnuff was initially lukewarm to the project and did not like the idea of naming the project after a Four Seasons song, fearing it would look like a cash grab instead of a legitimate artistic work; Gaudio came up with the title on a plane ride, reasoning that the band members were all just a bunch of Jersey boys, and the name stuck. Little was known to the public about the Four Seasons' history before the musical, because magazines of the era did not write much about them. In their research, Brickman and Elice were surprised to find that the members had prison records, which might have prevented their music from being played if it had been publicized when they were active. According to Gaudio, \"Back then, things were a little clean-cut, don't forget, so the idea of our story getting out was horrifying to us.\" Other bands of",
"title": "Jersey Boys"
},
{
"docid": "8377793",
"text": "Number Ones is a compilation album of recordings by Swedish pop group ABBA, released by Polar Music in 2006. Whereas ABBA Gold pulls together 19 of the group's biggest hits and most familiar songs, Number Ones is a variation on this concept, collecting 18 tracks that were #1 hits in many of the countries where ABBA were successful. In the end, only three tracks from ABBA Gold do not make the cut: \"Does Your Mother Know\", \"Lay All Your Love on Me\", and \"Thank You for the Music\". In the UK, the track list includes the full length version of \"Summer Night City\" (originally released on the Thank You for the Music box set) and an additional track \"Ring Ring\", which, oddly enough, was never a big hit in that territory. A limited edition, also released in the UK, includes a bonus disc with 12 tracks from ABBA's #1 albums. In Taiwan, a hidden track follows \"I Have a Dream\". This hidden track, titled \"ABBA Remix\" and running for 3:31, is a medley of the choruses of the 18 songs on the CD. Track listing International track listing \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Super Trouper\" \"SOS\" \"Summer Night City\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Chiquitita\" \"One of Us\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"Fernando\" \"Waterloo\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"I Have a Dream\" UK track listing \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Super Trouper\" \"SOS\" \"Summer Night City (Extended version)\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Chiquitita\" \"One of Us\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"Fernando\" \"Waterloo\" \"Ring Ring\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"I Have a Dream\" Limited Edition Bonus Disc: Classic Tracks from Number Ones albums \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" \"Hole in Your Soul\" \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" \"Me and I\" \"The King Has Lost His Crown\" \"Rock Me\" \"Tiger\" \"I Wonder (Departure)\" \"Another Town, Another Train\" \"Our Last Summer\" \"Kisses of Fire\" \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" Personnel Agnetha Fältskog - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Anni-Frid Lyngstad - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Björn Ulvaeus - lead vocals , co-lead vocals acoustic guitar, backing vocals Benny Andersson – synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2006 greatest hits albums ABBA compilation albums Compilation albums of number-one songs Polar Music compilation albums Albums produced by Björn Ulvaeus Albums produced by Benny Andersson Albums recorded at Polar Studios",
"title": "Number Ones (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "17105979",
"text": "Mazz Murray (born 26 November 1974) is an English stage and TV actress, voice artist and singer with a three octave range. As an actress she is known for her theatre roles, including portrayals of Patsy Cline, Dusty Springfield and Vivian Ellis in tribute shows. Career She portrayed the Killer Queen in the West End production of the musical We Will Rock You. She is the longest-running cast member to be involved in the show, having been in the original ensemble when the musical opened in May 2002. She took over the principal role of Killer Queen from Sharon D. Clarke in April 2004. In 2010, she formed a girl group, Woman, with her sister Gina, Anna-Jane Casey and Emma Kershaw, debuting their single \"I’m a Woman\". In 2015, she joined the cast of the London production of Mamma Mia! as Tanya, a role which was subsequently taken over by Kate Graham when Murray departed in 2017. It was announced that she would join the cast of Chicago from 2 July 2018 until 11 August 2018, playing the role of Matron Mama Morton. In 2019, it was announced that Murray would be returning to the West End production of Mamma Mia! in the role of Donna Sheridan. Personal life Murray was born in London, and is the daughter of songwriter Mitch Murray and actress Grazina Frame. She trained at Redroofs Theatre School, Maidenhead and Sylvia Young Theatre School, London. On 18 June 2009 she married Oren Harush (born 27 July 1980), an Israeli. Brian May played a special version of \"Love of My Life\", with some new words with Mazz at their wedding. The couple live in Bushey, Hertfordshire, England. Murray is a supporter of Manchester United F.C. Theatre credits We Will Rock You – Killer Queen Fame – Mabel Rent – Maureen Pippin – Berthe Boogie Nights – Debs Only the Lonely – Patsy Cline A Girl Called Dusty – Dusty Springfield Sweet Charity Fiddler on the Roof Chicago – Matron Mama Morton Mamma Mia! – Tanya and Donna Sheridan Sunset Boulevard – Norma Desmond Television Blessed – Shop Assistant (1 episode: \"Who Wrote the Book of Love?\") Footballers' Wives – Jenny Taylor EastEnders – Miranda (2 episodes) Fimbles – Yodelling Echo The Quest – Lizzie References External links Profile - CastAway Voice Actors & Actresses Brian May's Soapbox About Mazz's Wedding 1973 births English musical theatre actresses Living people Actresses from London",
"title": "Mazz Murray"
},
{
"docid": "16540933",
"text": "\"Our Last Summer\" is a song by ABBA from the group's seventh studio album, Super Trouper. It was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Ulvaeus found lyrical inspiration for this song in a memory of a romance he had when he was a teenager. During a visit to Paris, he met a girl from his home-town who was working as an au pair. \"We had not been romantically involved in Sweden,\" he recalled, \"but Paris tends to have that effect on people, and so it was with the two of us. She certainly took me to see the Quartier Latin, the Champs-Élysées and the Eiffel Tower, but to be honest I don't really remember much of Paris. I mostly remember her!\" Recording for this track began on 4 June 1980 in Polar Music Studios. The song features Anni-Frid Lyngstad on lead vocals and her time in the studio during the recording is captured in a series of photographs taken by Anders Hanser. In the background of the bridge to this song, during Lasse Wellander's guitar solo, part of the Chess song, \"Anthem\", can be heard. Andersson and Ulvaeus had been working on the melody for \"Anthem\" for a number of years but had never found a place for it in any ABBA project. When they finally came to use it in the musical Chess, they hoped that no one would notice that part of it had already been used in \"Our Last Summer\". The song is used in the ABBA songs-based musical Mamma Mia!, the 2008 film of the same name, and Thor: Love and Thunder. That version was certified Silver by BPI in 2022. References ABBA songs 1980 songs Rock ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs about Paris 1980s ballads Songs about nostalgia",
"title": "Our Last Summer"
},
{
"docid": "75820314",
"text": "Atlantis Studios is a recording studio at Karlbergsvägen 57 in Stockholm. Founded in 1959 as Metronome Studios, it is the location of early recordings of the members of ABBA prior to the formation of the group, as well as the majority of the group's hit singles and recordings by The Cardigans, Roxette, Opeth, The Hives, and others. History Metronome The premises opened in 1941 as the 330-seat Kadetten cinema. Two years later, its name was changed to Terry. The theater closed in 1959. The same year, the Metronome record label converted the premises into a recording studio. The studio was run by Anders Burman and Börje Ekberg sound engineers Gösta Wiholm and Rune Persson. Among the first recordings made in the new studio were with Siw Malmkvist and Owe Thörnqvist. The studio also recorded projects for other record labels, such as Povel Ramel's company Knäppupp and AB Svenska Ord. Michael B. Tretow began working as an engineer at the studios in January 1968. The Swedish folk-Schlager group Hootenanny Singers recorded their albums at Metronome, and when band member Björn Ulvaeus started writing songs with Benny Andersson, most of those compositions were recorded at the studio. Ulvaeus' girlfriend Agnetha Fältskog also recorded at the studio, and she and Andersson's girlfriend Anni-Frid Lyngstad contributed backing vocals to Ulvaeus and Andersson's 1970 album Lycka. The four began recording songs together under the group name ABBA, and the majority of the group's bigger hit singles were recorded at Metronome, including \"Waterloo\", \"Mama Mia\", and \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\". In 1978, Ulvaeus and Andersson, along with Polar Music co-founder Stig Anderson, established Polar Studios, which then became the studio where ABBA recorded. Once Polar Studios was established, Tretow left Metronome to work at Polar, where he eventually became studio manager. Atlantis In 1983, Metronome Studio was bought by Janne Hansson, who had been working there as an engineer for 10 years. Hansson changed the name to Atlantis Grammofon AB. Hansson ran the studio from 1983 to May 2020 when a group consisting of Martin Terefe, Jörgen Ringstrand, Jonas Kamprad, Sami Sirviö, Lars-Johan Jarnheimer and Stefan Boman took over the operation. Artists Selected artists who have recorded at Metronome/Atlantis studios: Abalone Dots ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Ale Möller Amanda Jenssen Ane Brun Anna-Lotta Larsson Anna Ternheim Anne-Lie Rydé Anne Sofie von Otter Arne Domnérus Bear Quartet Benny Anderssons orkester Björn J:son Lindh Brenda Russell Bo Kaspers Orkester Brick The Cardigans Carola Häggkvist Caroline af Ugglas Chris Kläfford Christian Walz Coleman Hawkins The Concretes Cornelis Vreeswijk Ed Harcourt Electric Banana Band Elvis Costello Entombed Esbjörn Svensson Trio Fatboy Slim Fibes, Oh Fibes Fred Åkerström Frida Hyvönen Gladys del Pilar Green Day Gösta Linderholm Harpo Harry Arnold The Hives Hootenanny Singers Imperiet James Iha Jan Johansson Jan Lundgren Jay-Jay Johanson Jeanette Lindström Jenny Wilson Jerry Williams Joey Tempest Jojje Wadenius Kalle Moraeus Kent Kjell Höglund Kristina Lugn Kristofer Åström Lars Winnerbäck Lasse Berghagen Lena Willemark Lenny Kravitz Lill Lindfors Lisa Ekdahl Lisa Nilsson Little Gerhard Louise Hoffsten Lykke Li",
"title": "Atlantis Studios"
},
{
"docid": "40655625",
"text": "\"I Let the Music Speak\" is a song by ABBA, featured as the first track to side two of their 1981 album The Visitors. It is the fifth-longest ABBA track, after \"Eagle\", \"The Day Before You Came\", \"The Visitors\", and \"Chiquitita\". Synopsis Billboard said the song \"is the singer's personal acknowledgement of the wondrous transcendental power and sweep of music\". Abba - Uncensored on the Record says the song \"suggest[s] that after all the good times and bad times, music will never let you down\". Composition The song opens with a \"rolling and wishful piano figure\", and includes a \"warm synth string ensemble\", focusing on the alto and tenor sections. The woodwind filigree is courtesy of flautist Jan Kling. The song also has an acoustic guitar starting in the second verse, which blend with Benny's grand piano, which is the \"leading voice in the rousing musings of the chorus\". The melodic design is quite angular - following the recitative medium. Frida's main vocals are assisted by Agnetha's \"pouncing falsetto grabs\" prior to the chorus. Critical reception Abba - Uncensored on the Record notes the song has a \"theatrical presentation\" and doesn't sound like a pop song. The song was listed among 4 others as one of the \"best cuts\" of the album The Visitors. Managing Information, Volume 7, Issues 6-10 explains \"Songs such as I Let the Music Speak', and the album's title-track [The Visitors] were a major break from their traditional style.\" ABBA:Let the music speak describes the song as a \"thespian ear-grabber\" and \"a rich tapestry of rhythmic contemplation, deftly easing from waltz to march time and back again\". Legacy Benny and Bjorn explained that \"I Let the Music Speak\" was an early example of their foray into musicals: \"Songs like \"Thank You for the Music\" or \"I Let the Music Speak\" had a theatrical quality. You could see \"Chess\" as a development from what we did with Abba\". I Let The Music Speak has lent its name to various media, including a 12-song album tribute to the songs of Benny and Bjorn by Anne Sofie von Otter, and also a book about ABBA entitled ABBA: Let The Music Speak. The opening line \"I'm hearing images, I'm seeing songs, no poet has ever painted\" was included as the quote at the beginning of the chapter entitled \"'I let the music speak': cross domain application for a cognitive model of musical learning'\". Notable covers include: \"Is 't zo bedoeld\", Dutch version by Bonnie & José on their album Herinnering (1985) \"I Let the Music Speak\" by Anne Sofie von Otter on her album of the same name (2006) Instrumental version included in the movie Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) References 1981 songs ABBA songs Songs about music",
"title": "I Let the Music Speak"
},
{
"docid": "832222",
"text": "A Thin Line Between Love and Hate is a 1996 American romantic farce comedy drama film. It tells the story of Darnell Wright (Martin Lawrence), a ladies' man who finds himself stalked by one of his obsessed lovers: Brandi (Lynn Whitfield), an attractive and successful, but unstable older businesswoman. Lawrence directed the film, and co-wrote the screenplay alongside Kenny Buford, Bentley Kyle Evans and Kim Bass. Released on April 3, 1996, the film grossed over $34 million at the box office against a budget of $8 million. Plot Nightclub manager Darnell Wright is a perpetual playboy and hopeless male chauvinist. He works for a nightclub called Chocolate City and aspires to be its owner. He trades VIP privileges at the club for favors from women. Though he is an expert at conning women, he sometimes worries about what his childhood sweetheart Mia thinks of his adventures. When the beautiful and wealthy Brandi Web steps out of a limousine to enter the club, Darnell feels that he's met his ultimate prize. She initially rejects his come-ons, which only fuels his appetite. He pursues her, showing up with flowers at her office. He finally wins over Brandi, only to find out that he's really in love with Mia. One morning, Darnell awakes to find Brandi in his kitchen making bacon and pancakes. She wants him to hold her, but he pushes her off aggressively. However, Brandi doesn't take kindly to rejection. She becomes an obsessed femme fatale: stalking him, taking all four wheels off his SUV to ground him from his rounds, shattering his windshield, and setting his nightclub on fire. She hits herself with a fruit-stuffed stocking to cause herself bruises without fingerprints, and repeatedly slams a door on her arm injuring herself. When Darnell goes to see her at the hospital, he is arrested for a false domestic violence charge. She continues harassing and stalking Darnell, then threatens Mia's life. Ending his relationship with Mia is not enough to satisfy Brandi who finally administers Darnell's punishment for his womanizing. Darnell quickly learns the hard way that if you \"play\", you have to \"pay.\" Darnell, now suffering from a gun wound attempts to take the gun from Brandi, causing Brandi, Mia, and he to fall out of a window and land in a pool. Darnell awakes from the fall in a hospital, with all his friends, family, and Mia standing over him. He decides to change his life for the better and start a life with Mia. Darnell is grateful that Brandi showed him what love really is. Brandi is arrested and imprisoned. Cast Martin Lawrence as Darnell Wright Lynn Whitfield as Brandi Web Regina King as Mia Williams Bobby Brown as \"Tee\" Daryl M. Mitchell as Earl Roger E. Mosley as Smitty Della Reese as Mama Wright Simbi Khali as Adrienne Tangie Ambrose as Nikki Wendy Robinson as Gwen Malinda Williams as Erica Wright Stacii Jae Johnson as \"Peaches\" Miguel A. Núñez Jr. as Reggie Faizon Love as Manny Michael",
"title": "A Thin Line Between Love and Hate"
},
{
"docid": "4246423",
"text": "\"Under Attack\" is a song by Swedish pop group ABBA, released in December 1982 as the second and final single from the compilation The Singles: The First Ten Years. Background ABBA recorded \"Under Attack\" between 2 and 4 August 1982 at Polar Music Studios, Stockholm. The group had originally intended to release a new studio album, but instead decided to release a double-album compilation of their past singles while adding two new songs from the session. The two new tracks that made it onto The Singles: The First Ten Years were \"The Day Before You Came\" and \"Under Attack\". The latter would eventually be added to the expanded editions of The Visitors album. On 11 December 1982, ABBA performed \"Under Attack\" on the BBC's Late Late Breakfast Show, in what was their last collective performance. Reception \"Under Attack\" was not a commercial success upon its release. ABBA's popularity was in decline and the two preceding singles (\"Head over Heels\" and \"The Day Before You Came\") had failed to reach No. 1 anywhere. Although a Top 5 hit in Belgium and the Netherlands, and a Top 20 single in a couple of other European charts, it did not become a major hit anywhere else. It peaked at No. 26 in the United Kingdom. In Australia, where the group's popularity only a few years earlier had rivaled that of The Beatles, \"Under Attack\" only reached No. 96 in the singles chart. \"Under Attack\" became ABBA's lowest charting single since \"So Long\". After the single's release, ABBA went on a temporary hiatus that effectively lasted for almost 40 years. \"Under Attack\" is featured in the musical theatre production Mamma Mia! but not in the film. Music video ABBA filmed a music video for \"Under Attack\" on 16 November 1982. The video shows ABBA navigating their way through an empty warehouse filled with red beacon lights. The video ends with the four members walking through the open warehouse door and into the distance, their backs to the camera, reaching the end of ABBA. Personnel Agnetha Fältskog – lead vocals Anni-Frid Lyngstad – backing vocals Björn Ulvaeus – guitar, vocoder vocals Benny Andersson – keyboards, synthesizer Charts References 1982 singles 1983 singles ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1982 songs Polar Music singles Songs about stalking",
"title": "Under Attack"
},
{
"docid": "11364973",
"text": "ABBA The Museum is a Swedish interactive exhibition about the pop band ABBA that opened in Stockholm, Sweden in May 2013. ABBA's collected works are showcased in a contemporary, interactive setting at Djurgården, Stockholm. History Plans for a dedicated to an ABBA exhibition in Stockholm, inspired by the Beatles museum in Liverpool, England, were first announced by founders Ulf Westman and Ewa Wigenheim-Westman in 2006. The exhibition was expected to open in 2008. Organizers estimated it would draw half a million visitors annually. The exhibition was to be located in the former main customs building in Stockholm harbor. After several years of financial issues the project was abandoned in 2009, and the building was instead set to hold a new contemporary photography exhibition, called Fotografiska. New plans for a permanent ABBA exhibition were announced on 3 October 2012. The exhibition in Stockholm, called \"ABBA The Museum\", is the permanent home for the traveling ABBAWORLD exhibit that toured Europe and Australia in 2009–2011, and houses stage costumes donated by the band members. There are also several interactive audio and video stations that allow visitors to perform the band's music. The exhibition is located in a building near the Gröna Lund theme park on the island of Djurgården. Exhibits Exhibits at the museum include: Benny's Piano – A self-playing piano which is linked to Benny's own piano in his home, so plays when he does. Waterloo – A section, made to look like Brighton at the time of the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest, has a collection of many items from that fateful event. The Polar Studio – A recreation of the studio in which ABBA recorded most of their later music. Many items used in the studio are visible. The Folkpark – A recreation of the site where ABBA first met. Audio Guides – An audio guided tour, written by Catherine Johnson, the writer of the screenplay for Mamma Mia! Ring Ring – A special phone that only the four members of ABBA know the number to. Gallery See also List of music museums References External links ABBA The Museum ABBA Exhibitions in Sweden Music in Stockholm 2013 establishments in Sweden Djurgården Music museums in Sweden",
"title": "ABBA The Museum"
},
{
"docid": "11143164",
"text": "\"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \"Rio de Janeiro\". Eventually, the track was renamed \"When I Kissed the Teacher\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \"schoolgirl imagery\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \"bouncy\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \"Waterloo\". It says the song \"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \"When I Kissed the Teacher\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is listed alongside \"Dancing Queen\" as an example of the group's \"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\" The Los Angeles Times said \"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \"expected of ABBA\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" with the Van Halen song \"Hot for Teacher\" and the Jethro Tull song \"Teacher\" as examples of \"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.",
"title": "When I Kissed the Teacher"
},
{
"docid": "9174861",
"text": "Voila! is the third studio album by Italian singer In-Grid. It was released in 2005, and it featured songs on French and English. An English vocal album was also released. Track listing Mama Mia - 3:40 Le Coquin - 3:28 Dans Tes Yeux - 3:39 Click Clock - 3:43 L'Amoureuse - 3:46 Oui - 3:06 Jamais Eu - 3:11 À Poings Fermés - 3:04 Où Est Ma Vie? - 3:36 Encore Une Fois - 3:08 C'est Pour Toi - 3:38 English version Mama Mia (English Version) - 3:40 Karma Fields - 3:31 Poison In Your Mind - 3:41 Tic Toc - 3:45 One More Time - 3:10 Raining In Your Heart - 3:48 The Slave - 3:05 I Was Happy - 3:12 If - 3:06 Love Out Of Time - 4:07 Say You're Mine - 3:37 You Kissed Me - 3:09 Really Really Wanna - 3:41 Every Night - 4:32 Come Back Home - 3:39 Certifications References External links In-Grid official site Voila! album In-Grid - Voila! album 2005 albums In-Grid albums Italian-language albums",
"title": "Voila!"
},
{
"docid": "25059158",
"text": "Hotel Rival, formerly Hotel Aston, is a hotel founded on September 1, 2003, at Mariatorget on Södermalm in Stockholm, owned by former ABBA musician Benny Andersson. History The hotel is the site of the former Hotel Aston and the , which were acquired in 2002 by Benny Andersson, who had the facilities rebuilt in 2002 to 2003, and officially opened on September 1, 2003. Originally, the property's cinema was inaugurated in 1937 as 's eleventh cinema; it was their largest movie palace with 1218 seats. In 1944, Finnish partisans used the theater to sort and microfilm intelligence material carried out to Sweden in the final stages of the Continuation War. The movie Mamma Mia had its Swedish premiere at the hotel's cinema, with all ABBA members and several cast present. Reviews Hotel Rival has been reviewed extensively in tour guides, major newspapers, websites, and glamour magazines. Dorling Kindersley guides have called the Rival \"one of the trendiest places to stay in Stockholm,\" and \"Sweden's first boutique hotel.\" In 2009, The Daily Telegraph gave it a detailed review. The Independent called it the \"Best hotel for romance\" in Stockholm, adding that \"Each room represents a scene from a Swedish movie.\" Newsweek listed Hotel Rival as one of only four recommended hotels in Stockholm. Smarter Travel called it a relative \"shoestring\" bargain, although it \"has a price point at the around the $200 mark,\" in 2004, because of its \"hipster\" cache. The Travel.com also briefly reviewed the hotel in a survey of celebrity-owned hostelries and resorts. Because of its association with ABBA, the band popular with many members of the LGBT community, Hotel Rival has been reviewed in the LGBT media. PinkNews recommended it as a place to stay. In a 2020 article about celebrity-owned hotels, Architectural Digest lauded the Rival's amenities and décor: it \"is outfitted with Mats Theselius armchairs, a Gunnar Asplund desk chair, faux-fur throws, and offbeat art in the guest rooms. An artfully arranged wall of gold clothes hangers doubles as a functional open-air closet, and enlarged black-and-white photography adorns the walls. Patios flaunt window boxes bursting with flowers, when in season, and faux nailheads adorn the white soaking tub in the bathrooms. Within the shell of a former cinema are not only 99 hotel rooms but also a cocktail bar, a café, a bistro, and bar-friendly food plus live music at Watson’s Bar.\" Architectural Digest had previously reviewed it in 2016, as a survey of luxury hotels in Stockholm, noting: \"Vibrant, colorful, and just plain cool, Rival was Stockholm’s first boutique hotel. Owned by ABBA’s Benny Andersson, the property features 99 modern-minimalist rooms.\" The British Ideal Home also reviewed it as part of a celebrity-focused survey, gushing that \"its décor oozes classy Scandi chic, and we love that the light fittings slightly remind us of 1970s glitter balls – very glam.\" References External links Official web site Hotels in Stockholm Hotel Rival Hotels established in 2003 ABBA",
"title": "Hotel Rival"
},
{
"docid": "59666695",
"text": "Mama Mia Trattoria is an Italian restaurant housed in Portland, Oregon's Waldo Block, in the United States. History Lisa Schroeder opened the restaurant in 2004, and served as chef and owner (along with Mother's Bistro), until she sold the business to Barry Brown of Brown Family Restaurants in mid 2011. The restaurant began serving weekend brunch in 2013. Reception Mama Mia Trattoria was named Portland's best Italian restaurant by The Oregonian readers in 2016. The restaurant was also praised for its happy hour options. See also List of Italian restaurants References External links 2004 establishments in Oregon Italian restaurants in Portland, Oregon Restaurants established in 2004 Southwest Portland, Oregon",
"title": "Mama Mia Trattoria"
},
{
"docid": "29435379",
"text": "\"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" (working title: \"Pandemonium\") is a song recorded in 1978 by the Swedish pop group ABBA for their sixth studio album, Voulez-Vous. History The song was a reflection of Björn Ulvaeus's state of mind during his divorce, an uptempo song with despairing lyrics where the narrator dreads the end of the working day, when they will be all alone to deal with their own thoughts. Ulvaeus later stated: \"There were times that last autumn I was with Agnetha that I had those nights myself. My lyrics were often based around fiction, but that must have been where that one came from.\" Appearances \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" was considered by the band members to be one of the strongest songs recorded during the Voulez-Vous sessions, and was originally intended to be the lead single from the album. ABBA performed the song in Japan in November 1978, upon their promotional visit to the country (known as ABBA in Japan). Although ABBA did not film an official video for \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\", their filmed performance on the Mike Yarwood Christmas Show in December 1978 serves as an \"unofficial\" music video. These filmed performances of the song differ from the original 5:11 version (lasting 3:42 and 3:50). In December 1978, a new song entitled \"Chiquitita\" was recorded, and it was ultimately decided that this would be released as the lead single from the Voulez-Vous album instead. As a result of this decision, \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" remained an album track. Cover versions Singer Hazell Dean included a dance cover of the song for her 1996 album The Winner Takes It All: Hazell Dean Sings ABBA. A hi-NRG/eurodance cover by Abbacadabra can be found on the 2008 compilation We Love ABBA: The Mamma Mia Dance Compilation, released through Almighty Records. An audio sample can be heard on the official Almighty Records website. References 1979 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "If It Wasn't for the Nights"
},
{
"docid": "43934954",
"text": "\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" has been called a \"Fats Domino flavoured\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \"Why Did It Have To Be Me\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \"Happy Hawaii\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \"Happy Hawaii\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \"for the guys\" and praises it as an example of the \"professional songwriting\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs",
"title": "Why Did It Have to Be Me?"
},
{
"docid": "1195313",
"text": "The ABBA Generation is the debut studio album by Swedish pop group A-Teens. It was released on 25 August 1999 by Stockholm Records. The album is composed of cover versions of well-known ABBA songs. The album spawned four singles, \"Mamma Mia\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\", \"Super Trouper\", and \"Dancing Queen\". The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. Background In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \"Mamma Mia\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \"Mamma Mia\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \"Super Trouper\" peaked at number two and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \"Happy New Year\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \"Dancing Queen\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. Critical reception Despite its commercial success around the world, the album received generally negative reviews from music critics. Alex Henderson of AllMusic said that the group's \"versions of ABBA gems like \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Dancing Queen\", and \"Voulez-Vous\" aren't brilliant, but they're enjoyable—and they show just how well the songs have held up over time.\" He concluded his review by saying, “All things considered, The ABBA Generation is a pleasing, if unremarkable, testament to the durability of ABBA's songs.\" In an average review for The A.V. Club, Steven Thompson wrote, \"Pop music doesn't get more marginal than a collection of overdriven dance-pop covers, but The ABBA Generation succeeds on its own modest terms.\" David Hiltbrand of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+, saying that the group \"look and sound better than their supergroup heroes; even the music is spruced up, thanks to a cast of savvy Swedish producers.\" Writing for Rolling Stone, Arion Berger gave the album one and a half out of five stars, saying that \"all the keyboard doodling and note-for-note diligence in Scandinavia wouldn't help these poseurs bring the pure-pop greatness of the real ABBA to life.\" Track listing All tracks written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, except as noted. Personnel Adapted from the album liner notes. Musicians Anneli Axon Anders Barrén Tee",
"title": "The ABBA Generation"
},
{
"docid": "11230980",
"text": "Sator is a Swedish rock band. The band was founded in Borlänge as Sator Codex in 1981. Sator Codex released one album, \"Wanna Start A Fire?\" and three singles before shortening their name in 1987 and continuing without their previous lead singer Björn Clarin and changing their sound. Chips Kiesbye is also a successful producer and has worked with The Hellacopters, Sahara Hotnights, Millencolin and several other rock bands. Members Kent Norberg: lead vocals, guitar Chips Kiesbye: lead vocals, guitar Hans Gäfvert: keyboards, samples Heikki Kiviaho: bass, backing vocals Michael Solén: drums Discography Albums Slammer! (1988) Stock Rocker Nuts! (1990) Headquake (1992) Barbie-Q-Killers Vol. 1 (1994) Stereo (1995) Musical Differences (1998) Basement Noise (2006) Under the Radar (2011) Return of the Barbie-Q-Killers (2022) – No. 14 Sweden Singles \"Oh Mama\" (1988) – Lili & Susie cover \"World\" (1990) \"Restless Again\" (1990) \"Hello Hello! (I'm Back Again)\" (1990) – Gary Glitter cover \"We're Right, You're Wrong\" (1992) \"I Wanna Go Home\" (1992) \"Ring Ring\" (1993) – ABBA cover \"I'd Rather Drink Than Talk\" (1993) \"No Solution\" (1994) – The Nuns cover \"I'll Wait\" (1994) – The Suicide Commandos cover \"Nothing Hurts\" (1994) \"Out of the Void\" (1995) \"This Is My Life\" (1995) – Gasolin' cover \"Even as We Speak\" (1995) \"It Really Doesn't Matter Now\" (1995) \"I'm Gone\" (1995) \"Everybody's Making Plans\" (1998) \"Love MF\" (1998) \"TV-Night\" (1999) \"Droppin' Out!\" (1999) Leksands EP:n (2009) \"I Wanna Go Home (Twenty-Ten)\" (2010) \"World Keeps Turning\" (2013) \"When You Lie Down with Dogs\" (2014) Split single Sator vs White Flag (1994) Sator / Gangbangers (1996) DVDs Live at Sticky Fingers 2006 (2007) Other recordings \"Ring Ring\" – ABBA cover from 1992 Swedish ABBA tribute album \"ABBA: The Tribute\", released on the Polar Music label References External links Official Website Artists from Dalarna",
"title": "Sator (band)"
},
{
"docid": "30642833",
"text": "Maria Elisabeth \"Mia\" Skäringer (born October 4, 1976) is a Swedish actress and comedian who has twice won the Kristallen Award. Her first television job was at the Sanning och konsekvens show on ZTV, where she met Klara Zimmergren. Skäringer and Zimmergren after that hosted the radio show Roll on together. The duo has also had their own sketch comedy show on SVT in Sweden called Mia och Klara. The show was awarded a Kristallen award for best comedy show on television in both 2008 and 2009. She has starred as Anna Svensson in Solsidan since 2010. Early life Skäringer wanted to be an actress from the age of four and became active at her local theater in Kristinehamn. Skäringer describes herself as a \"small girl, quite heavy and a tom-boy\" when she was younger. She related in interviews that she suffered from an eating disorder from the eighth grade until her last year in college. Solsidan success During early 2009, Skäringer starred in the hit television show Solsidan along with Felix Herngren, Johan Rheborg and Josephine Bornebusch. Skäringer stated that she and Herngren had never met before \"but found each other from the start and co-operated like a team which doesn't happen very often in comedy\". The first episode of Solsidan was watched by 1.8 million viewers and was broadcast by TV4 making it the most-watched programme of the day in Sweden. And in March 2010 a second season was announced, which premiered in January 2011. Many other known names in comedy asked to be in it after the success of the first season. Other ventures In 1997, Skäringer appeared on the radio program Bossanova on Swedish radio P3 along with Klara Zimmergren. They also joined the radio programme Frank and Sommarsalva and their own radio programme Roll on. The final episode was broadcast in January 2007. After that, the duo started working on their first comedy show on television, later named Mia & Klara. It was viewed by 610,000 viewers in its premiere episode. The programme continued, as season 2 of Mia & Klara was viewed by more than a million viewers on average for each episode. In 2023, Skäringer along with Hampus Nessvold did the stage show ”Just idag mår vi bra”. Personal life Skäringer has two children, Alfred, born in 2000, and Heli, born in 2003. In 2007, her father died in a car accident. According to Skäringer her father was a heavy drinker but was not drunk at the time of his accident. In August 2009, Skäringer released her first book, Dyngkåt och hur helig som helst (\"Filthy horny and as holy as possible\"), where she wrote about her experiences from her divorce and parenting. The book is also based on chronicles and blogs that Skäringer has written for the magazine Mama. Filmography/television Sanning och konsekvens (1995) Släng dig i brunnen (1997) Mia och Klara (2007–2009) Solsidan (2010–present) The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared (2013) Ängelby (2015) Ack Värmland (2015–present) Awards",
"title": "Mia Skäringer"
}
] | [
"1975"
] |
train_16053 | who won the 2017 british open golf tournament | [
{
"docid": "59914579",
"text": "Céline Boutier (born 10 November 1993) is a French professional golfer who plays on the Ladies European Tour and the LPGA Tour. She has multiple wins on both tours including one major, the 2023 Evian Championship. Amateur career Boutier won several international amateur events including the 2012 European Ladies Amateur Championship and the 2015 British Ladies Amateur. She played college golf at Duke University from 2012 to 2016, winning four events. She helped the team to an NCAA Championship in 2014. In 2014, she was the Women's Golf Coaches Association (WCGA) Player of the Year and won the Honda Sports Award for golf. In her junior year, Boutier began working with Cameron McCormick, a swing coach known for his work with the PGA Tour's Jordan Spieth. On 24 December 2014 Boutier became No. 1 woman in the World Amateur Golf Ranking. She remained on top until 7 April 2015. In September 2014, Boutier finished T-29th at the Evian Championship, an LPGA major in her home country. Professional career In 2017, Boutier captured two wins on the Symetra Tour (Self Regional Healthcare Foundation Classic and Sioux Falls GreatLIFE Challenge) as well as eight top-10 finishes. She became the third member of the 2017 graduating class to exceed $100,000 in a single-season earnings and was the first player from France to earn her LPGA Tour card through the Symetra Tour since 2013. After the Symetra Tour season concluded, Boutier played several events on the Ladies European Tour, winning the Sanya Ladies Open. In 2018, she played in 25 events on the LPGA Tour and made 16 cuts, earning $319,577 and finishing 61st on the money list. She shot a 63 in the third round of the Thornberry Creek LPGA Classic, a career low round. She also won the Australian Ladies Classic, an event co-sanctioned by the Ladies European Tour and the ALPG Tour. She finished 10th on the Ladies European Tour Order of Merit while playing in only seven events. In February 2019, Boutier enjoyed her first LPGA Tour win at the ISPS Handa Vic Open. In the final round, Boutier made a critical birdie on the 15th hole and showed \"nerves of steel\" to claim a two-shot lead and victory in the $1.5 million tournament. In doing so, she ended a long drought for French players on the LPGA Tour, becoming the first female pro from France to win since Patricia Meunier-Lebouc in 2003. With the LPGA Tour on hold because of coronavirus, Boutier won the Texas Women's Open on 4 June 2020, edging out Texas native Cheyenne Knight. In July 2023, Boutier won the Evian Championship, the only major tournament hosted in her home country of France. She shot four rounds in the 60s and won by six strokes. She jumped 11 places from 15th to 4th on the Women's World Golf Rankings. The following week she won the Women's Scottish Open by two strokes over Kim Hyo-joo, with three rounds in the 60s, and a final 70, for a",
"title": "Céline Boutier"
},
{
"docid": "68344792",
"text": "Kristen Gillman (born September 22, 1997) is an American professional golfer currently playing on the LPGA Tour. As an amateur, she won the U.S. Women's Amateur twice, in 2014 and 2018. Early life, college and amateur career Gillman is one of the most-decorated junior golfers in recent U.S. history. She won the U.S. Women's Amateur in 2014 and 2018, the Junior PGA Championship in 2014 and the North and South Women's Amateur in 2016. She made a series of successful appearances for the U.S. national Team and won the 2014 Junior Ryder Cup, the 2015 Junior Solheim Cup, the 2016 Toyota Junior Golf World Cup in Japan, the 2018 Curtis Cup and the 2018 Arnold Palmer Cup at Evian Resort Golf Club in France. She also won the 2018 Espirito Santo Trophy in Ireland with Jennifer Kupcho and Lilia Vu. She won the silver medal with the Mixed team at the 2015 Pan American Games. Gillman enrolled at the University of Alabama in 2016. She was SEC Freshman of the Year playing for Alabama Crimson Tide golf and set several school records. As an amateur, she made six starts on the LPGA Tour, including the 2018 U.S. Women's Open, where she made her first cut and finished T27. She won the Century 21 Ladies Golf Tournament on the 2018 LPGA of Japan Tour. Professional career Gillman turned professional in late 2018 after she finished T13 at the inaugural LPGA Q-Series to earn membership for the 2019 LPGA Tour. She made 22 cuts in 26 starts her rookie season, with a career-best T3 finish at the Buick LPGA Shanghai. She finished 43rd on the money list and second in the Rookie of the Year standings, behind Lee Jeong-eun who won the 2019 U.S. Women's Open. Gillman made the cut in three majors, including a T6 finish at the 2019 ANA Inspiration. Gillman finished tied 11th at the 2020 Women's British Open, after which she rose to 38th in the Women's World Golf Rankings. Amateur wins 2013 Genesis Shootout 2014 Junior PGA Championship, U.S. Women's Amateur 2016 Bishops Gate Golf Academy Junior, Toyota Junior Golf World Cup (individual champion), Under Armour - Jordan Spieth Championship, North and South Women's Amateur 2017 Bryan National Collegiate, The Schooner Fall Classic 2018 U.S. Women's Amateur Source: Professional wins (1) LPGA of Japan Tour wins (1) Results in LPGA majors Results not in chronological order. CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = no tournament T = tied U.S. national team appearances Amateur Junior Ryder Cup: 2014 (winners) Junior Solheim Cup: 2015 (winners) Pan American Games: 2015 Toyota Junior Golf World Cup: 2016 (winners) Curtis Cup: 2018 (winners) Arnold Palmer Cup: 2018 (winners) Espirito Santo Trophy: 2018 (winners) References External links American female golfers LPGA Tour golfers Winners of ladies' major amateur golf championships Alabama Crimson Tide women's golfers Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States in golf Golfers at the 2015 Pan American Games Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games Golfers from",
"title": "Kristen Gillman"
},
{
"docid": "1560753",
"text": "Royal Birkdale Golf Club is a golf course in the United Kingdom in North West England, located in Southport, Merseyside. It is one of the clubs in the rotation for both the Open Championship and Women's British Open and has hosted the Open Championship ten times from 1954 through 2017. Winners of the Open at the course include Pádraig Harrington, Mark O'Meara, Ian Baker-Finch, Tom Watson, Johnny Miller, Lee Trevino, Arnold Palmer, Peter Thomson (twice) and Jordan Spieth. The course is scheduled to hold Open Championship again in 2026. Royal Birkdale hosted the women's tournament for a sixth time in 2014, and was the site of the Senior Open Championship in 2013. It has also hosted the Ryder Cup (1965, 1969), the Walker Cup (1951), and the Curtis Cup (1948). Other courses in the Open rota near Liverpool are Royal Liverpool Golf Club (Hoylake) and Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club. On 22 July 2017, in the third round of the 2017 Open Championship, Branden Grace became the first man in major championship history to record a score of 62 in a single round. History Founded as Birkdale Golf Club in 1889, the club was awarded \"Royal\" status in 1951. Birkdale Golf Club moved to a new site in Birkdale Hills in 1894, and built a new distinctive art deco clubhouse in 1935. In early 1939, Birkdale was nominated as the venue for the 1940 Open Championship but the Second World War started in September 1939 and the Championship was cancelled. In 1946, the club finally hosted its first big championship in the Amateur Championship, won by Irishman Jimmy Bruen. During the immediate postwar era, the club also hosted the 1948 Curtis Cup and the 1951 Walker Cup, both won by the United States. With these successful stagings of important events, Royal Birkdale was felt to be ready for its first Open Championship in 1954 and has continued on the Open rota ever since. Three generations of the Hawtree family of golf course architects have worked on the course. Frederick G. Hawtree and champion golfer J.H. Taylor are the two people most responsible for the current routing, following the valleys between the very large dunes which dominate the property. The arrangement makes for excellent spectator conditions during major events. Frederick W. Hawtree, the son of Frederick G, performed some modifications in the 1960s and in 1993 Martin Hawtree, son of Frederick W., improved and modernised the layout further, with all 18 of the club's greens being completely rebuilt, to improve turf and drainage following the 1991 Open Championship. Only relatively minor tweaking, such as the addition of a few new bunkers and back tees, has been deemed necessary in advance of the last two Open Championships. The course was ranked as the 18th best in the world outside the United States, in the 2007 rankings by Golf Digest magazine. During the 1960s, the club hosted the Ryder Cup twice, in 1965 and in 1969. The United States won in",
"title": "Royal Birkdale Golf Club"
},
{
"docid": "1977453",
"text": "The Singapore Open was a golf tournament in Singapore that was predominantly part of the Asian Tour schedule. The event was held at Sentosa Golf Club since 2005 and since 2017 had been part of the Open Qualifying Series, giving up to four non-exempt players entry into The Open Championship. The Singapore Open was founded in 1961 and was one of the tournaments on the first season of the Far East Circuit (later the Asia Golf Circuit) the following year. It remained part of the Asia circuit until 1993 when it became a fixture on the Australasian Tour. After just 3 seasons, it left the Australasian Tour to join the fledgling Asian Tour for that tour's second season in 1996. The event was also co-sanctioned with the European Tour from 2009 to 2012, and with the Japan Golf Tour since 2016. History The Singapore Open was founded in 1961 and was staged annually until 2001, when it was won by Thaworn Wiratchant. Other winners in the years leading up to this included American Shaun Micheel in 1998, who went on to win the 2003 PGA Championship. Other notable winners of the event who went on to win majors, include Ángel Cabrera, Adam Scott and Sergio García. In 2002 the event was cancelled because of lack of sponsorship. It was not revived until 2005, when sponsorship was secured from the Sentosa Leisure Group. The 2005 prize fund was $2 million, which made the Singapore Open by far the richest tournament exclusive to the Asian Tour that was not co-sanctioned by the European Tour, a status it retained until the European Tour first co-sanctioned the event in 2009. Asian Tour chief executive Louis Martin claimed when the revival of the tournament was announced, \"Competing for a prize purse of two million US dollars will give our playing membership a huge boost and elevate the Asian Tour to a new level.\" The 2005 event was played in September. The 2006 Singapore Open offered a purse of US$3 million with a winner's share of US$475,000. In May 2006, it was announced that Barclays Bank would sponsor the event for five years from 2006 and that the prize fund will be increased to US$4 million in 2007 and US$5 million in 2008. In 2011, the purse was US$6,000,000. The 2013 edition was cancelled due to lack of sponsorship. After a three-year absence, the tournament returned in January 2016. The event was co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and Japan Golf Tour. Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation also became the new title sponsor of the event. Song Young-han won the revived event, beating current world number one Jordan Spieth by one shot in the weather-delayed event. Matt Kuchar won the 2020 event, beating Justin Rose by three shots. The tournament was not played in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Venues The following venues have been used since the founding of the Singapore Open in 1961. Winners See also Singapore Masters – a golf tournament which was co-sanctioned",
"title": "Singapore Open (golf)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "15651920",
"text": "The European Amateur Championship is an annual amateur golf tournament played at various locations throughout Europe. It is organized by the European Golf Association and was one of the \"Elite\" tournaments recognized by the World Amateur Golf Ranking. It was first held in 1986. The winner receives an invitation to the next Open Championship, provided they maintain their amateur status prior to the Open. Before 2016, the European Amateur was played after the Open and the invitation was for the next year's Open. Since 2017, the European Amateur has been played before the Open and the invitation applies to the current year. Both 2016 and 2017 winners received entry to the 2017 Open. Format The top 144 amateur men golfers compete in a format consisting of four rounds of stroke play, with a cut after the third round, out of which the lowest 60 scores, including ties, qualify for the final round. Winners In 2017, Plant won with a birdie at the second hole of a sudden-death playoff after he and Cianchetti had earlier tied a three-hole playoff at level par, Scalise being eliminated at one-over-par. In 2016, Cianchetti won with a par at the fourth hole of a sudden-death playoff after he and Hovland had earlier tied a three-hole playoff. In 2010, Trappel won the three-hole playoff. In 1993, Backhausen won the three-hole playoff by two strokes. External links European Golf Association Past results Amateur golf tournaments Golf tournaments in Europe European Golf Association championships",
"title": "European Amateur"
},
{
"docid": "65588226",
"text": "Alice Hewson (born 19 August 1997) is an English professional golfer. She won the 2019 European Ladies Amateur and joined the Ladies European Tour in 2020 to win in her first event, the Investec South African Women's Open. Amateur career Hewson hails from Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. She started golf at the age of six with her Dad and played in her first tournament on her seventh birthday. She won the England U13 championships and was in the National U18 team at age 15. Her first GB&I cap came at age 15 in the Junior Vagliano Trophy and she played in three Vagliano Trophies. She also represented Great Britain & Ireland in the Curtis Cup in 2016 and 2018 and the Astor Trophy. Hewson represented England twice at the European Girls' Team Championship and five times at the European Ladies' Team Championship. She was the only player to be part of both England teams to win the European Ladies' Team Championships consecutively in 2016 and 2017. Hewson attended Clemson University 2015–2019 and majored in accounting. She won her first two tournaments as a freshman, and by the time she graduated she held 49 records at Clemson. Individually, she played in the inaugural Augusta National Women's Amateur in 2019 and finished T10 with at even-par. Also in 2019, she captured the European Ladies Amateur Championship. She scored two eagles coming from seven shots behind in the final round to win in a five-hole playoff. The win qualified her for her first major, the 2019 Women's British Open, played at Woburn Golf and Country Club, less than 30 minutes from her home. Professional career In 2020, Hewson finished 5th at LET Q-School at La Manga Club and started her LET career with a win in her first event, the Investec South African Women's Open. Held at Westlake Golf Club in Cape Town in mid-March, it was the last tournament played before the COVID-19 pandemic caused a global halt of competitive play. To keep sharp during lockdown she played in the Rose Ladies Series where she won the Grand Final with scores of 67 and 70 (−5), ahead of seasoned campaigners and Solheim Cup stars such as Charley Hull and Georgia Hall. Amateur wins 2010 England U13 Championship 2013 Scottish U16 Championship, Daily Telegraph Championship 2015 Cougar Classic, Lady Paladin 2018 Clemson Invitational 2019 European Ladies Amateur Championship Sources: Professional wins (2) Ladies European Tour wins (1) Other wins (1) 2020 Rose Ladies Series Grand Final Results in LPGA majors CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = no tournament T = tied Summary Team appearances Amateur Junior Vagliano Trophy: (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2013 Vagliano Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2015, 2017, 2019 Curtis Cup (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2016 (winners), 2018 Astor Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2019 European Girls' Team Championship (representing England): 2013, 2014 European Ladies' Team Championship (representing England): 2015, 2016 (winners), 2017 (winners), 2018, 2019 Espirito Santo Trophy (representing England): 2016 Professional International Crown (representing",
"title": "Alice Hewson"
},
{
"docid": "10401150",
"text": "The Interlachen Country Club is a private country club in Edina, Minnesota which has hosted several national golf tournaments, including the 1930 U.S. Open (won by Bobby Jones on his way to winning the Grand Slam), the 2002 Solheim Cup, and the 2008 U.S. Women's Open. History Interlachen's history dates from November 16, 1909, when several members of the Bryn Mawr Golf Club decided to found a new golf club and purchased farmland alongside a suburban Minneapolis streetcar line. The club was officially incorporated on December 31, and the original golf course was opened on July 29, 1911. It was a nine-hole course, and was designed by Willie Watson, a well-known course architect of the time. George Sargent, who won the 1909 U.S. Open and was later president of the PGA of America, was the head professional for a few years. In 1919, the club decided to redesign the course. The new 18-hole course, which is largely the same today, was designed by Donald Ross and opened in 1921. Robert Trent Jones made some alterations in 1963, and Geoffrey Cornish renovated it in 1986. The course is consistently ranked Golf Digest's list of the 100 best courses in the United States (#44 in 2005, #62 in 2007), and #1 in Minnesota. The course is about 6,900 yards long, and is a par 72. The first major tournament held at Interlachen was the Western Open in 1914. In July 1930, the club was the site of the U.S. Open championship. Bobby Jones had already won the British Amateur and the British Open that year, and continued his run by winning at Interlachen by two strokes over Macdonald Smith. Jones completed his unprecedented Grand Slam by winning the U.S. Amateur later in the year. The club was scheduled to host the 1942 U.S. Open, but the event was cancelled after the outbreak of World War II. The club also hosted the 1935 U.S. Women's Amateur Championship, which was won by Glenna Collett Vare 3 & 2 over Patty Berg. Berg was a 17-year-old member of Interlachen, and was playing in her first national tournament. She went on to an illustrious amateur and professional career, and was a founding member of the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA). The 2002 Solheim Cup was held at Interlachen, with the United States retaking the cup by a score of 15½ to 12½. Europe was ahead 9-7 heading into the last day, but the U.S. staged a comeback in the singles matches for the narrow win. Inbee Park won the U.S. Women's Open at Interlachen on June 29, 2008. Course Back tees Tournaments 1914 Western Open, won by Jim Barnes 1916 Trans-Mississippi Amateur, won by Harry Legg 1930 U.S. Open, won by Bobby Jones 1935 U.S. Women's Amateur, won by Glenna Collett Vare 1986 U.S. Senior Amateur, won by R.S. Williams 1993 Walker Cup, won by the United States over Great Britain & Ireland, 19-5 2002 Solheim Cup, won by the United States over Europe, 15½-12½ 2008",
"title": "Interlachen Country Club"
},
{
"docid": "20002641",
"text": "José Jurado (1899–1971) was a professional golfer in the sport’s Golden Age. Born in Villa Ballester, northern suburb of Buenos Aires, he was the first Argentine to travel to major international championships and is thus often credited as the “Father of Argentine Professional Golf” or the “Godfather of Argentinean Golf.” He is perhaps best known for his losing stroke to Tommy Armour at the 1931 Open Championship at Carnoustie. Jurado was personal friends with the Prince of Wales, who was reportedly enraged by his double bogey that lost him the championship. Career Jurado began his career as a caddie at San Andrés Golf Club, located in General San Martín Partido, Province of Buenos Aires. At the age of 21, he won his first of seven championships at the Argentine Open, and was also a seven-time winner of the Argentine PGA Championship. In 1932, Jurado traveled to the US, justifying these journeys as the only way to progress his skill as a professional golfer. After studying the operations of the American PGA, he undertook the organization of the AAPG (Asociación Argentina de Profesionales de Golf). Jurado also recruited international golf figures to teach Argentine enthusiasts the emerging and popular American-style swing. In 1931 he won an exhibition match against Aubrey Boomer in France. Jurado finished in the top ten in four majors: T8 at the British Open in 1926, T6 in the British Open in 1928, 2nd in the British Open in 1931 and 6th in the U.S. Open in 1932. In literature Jurado is referenced in The Book of Golfers: A Biographical History of the Royal & Ancient Game, by Daniel Wexler. The book is an encyclopedia of the most important golfers since the 15th century, and in it Jurado is described as “... a golfing pioneer in the truest sense, for while early British professionals ventured out to parts unknown with the psychological might of the world’s biggest empire (both golfing and otherwise) behind them, Jurado traveled thousands of miles to challenge the British golf monolith on its own turf.” Jurado is also referenced in the 2005 biography Sir Walter: Walter Hagen and the Invention of Professional Golf, by Thomas Clavin. The biography details the life and career of Walter Hagen, who won eleven major professional golf tournaments over his career. In the book, Jurado is described as having “demonstrated the tango” to a group of 1933 Ryder Cup golfers at a dancehall in Southport, UK. Jurado, who was there for the British Open, apparently “won the (dance) contest”. Tournament wins this list may be incomplete all tournaments in Argentina 1920 Argentine Open 1921 Argentine PGA Championship 1922 Argentine PGA Championship 1924 Argentine Open, South Open 1925 Argentine Open, Argentine PGA Championship, South Open 1927 Argentine Open, Argentine PGA Championship 1928 Argentine Open, Argentine PGA Championship 1929 Argentine Open, Argentine PGA Championship, Center Open 1931 Argentine Open 1932 South Open 1933 South Open 1936 Center Open 1937 Argentine PGA Championship 1938 Palermo Masters Results in major championships Note: Jurado",
"title": "José Jurado"
},
{
"docid": "5128117",
"text": "The Women's Amateur Championship, previously known as the Ladies' British Open Amateur Championship, was founded in 1893 by the Ladies' Golf Union. It is organised by The R&A, which merged with the Ladies' Golf Union in 2017. Until the dawn of the professional era in 1976, it was the most important golf tournament for women in Great Britain, and attracted players from continental Europe, North America, and the rest of the world. Along with the U.S. Women's Amateur, it is considered the highest honour in women's amateur golf. The first tournament was played at the Lytham & St Annes Golf Club in Lytham St Annes in Lancashire, England and was won by Lady Margaret Scott, who also won the following two years; her feat of three straight titles remains the record, matched by Cecil Leitch and Enid Wilson. In 1927, Simone de la Chaume of France, who had won the 1924 British Girls Amateur Golf Championship, became the first golfer from outside the British Isles to win the Ladies Championship. The first competitor from the United States to win the title was Babe Zaharias in 1947. Format The championship is contested in two phases. It begins with a 36-hole stroke play competition, played over two days. The leading 64 competitors progress to the knock-out match play competition, ties for 64th place being decided by countback. From 1966 up to 2020, all matches in the knock-out phase were played over 18 holes, but from 2021 the final has been played over 36 holes. Prizes The \"Pam Barton Memorial Salver\" is awarded to the winner to be held for one year, as the actual Championship Cup is held by the Ladies' Golf Union. The runner-up receives The Diana Fishwick Cup. The leading qualifier receives the Doris Chambers Trophy. If two or more players are tied, the result is decided on countback, the player with the lowest second round score being the winner. History Pre-World War I In late 1892 several members of Wimbledon Ladies Golf Club contacted other ladies' clubs, in hopes of forming a ladies' golf union and holding a ladies' championship. The men's Amateur Championship had been held since 1885. Independently the Lytham & St Annes Golf Club, who had not been sent the circular, also decided to organise a ladies' championship. The two clubs combined their efforts in the Ladies' Golf Union, holding their first championship from Tuesday 13 to Thursday 15 June 1893 on the ladies' links of the Lytham & St Annes Golf Club, a 9-hole course, then at Mayfield Road. There were 38 entries, requiring 6 knock-out rounds. Two rounds were played per day with the semi-finals and final played on the Thursday. All matches were over 18 holes, with extra holes played to ensure a result. The winner received a championship cup valued at 50 guineas, and a gold medal. The runner-up received a silver medal, and the other semi-finalists received bronze medals. Lady Margaret Scott beat Issette Pearson in the final by a score",
"title": "The Women's Amateur Championship"
},
{
"docid": "55463344",
"text": "The 2018 U.S. Women's Open was the 73rd U.S. Women's Open, played May 31 – June 3 at Shoal Creek Club in Shoal Creek, Alabama, a suburb southeast of Birmingham. The U.S. Women's Open is the oldest of the five current major championships and the second of the 2018 season. It has the largest purse in women's golf at $5 million. The tournament was televised by Fox Sports 1 and Fox Sports. The championship was moved up in the schedule this year; it had been played in July for decades, with a few exceptions. Also, the playoff format was modified as part of USGA changes for the four U.S. Open championships in golf (Open, Women's Open, Senior Open, Senior Women's) in 2018, reduced from three to two aggregate holes, followed by sudden death. Ariya Jutanugarn won the championship in a playoff over Kim Hyo-joo, which ended on the fourth extra hole. Qualifying and field The championship was open to any female professional or amateur golfer with a USGA handicap index not exceeding 2.4. Players qualified by competing in one of 24 36-hole qualifying tournaments held at sites across the United States and at international sites in China, England, Japan, and South Korea. Additional players were exempt from qualifying because of past performances in professional or amateur tournaments around the world. Exempt from qualifying Many players were exempt in multiple categories. Players are listed only once, in the first category in which they became exempt, with additional categories in parentheses () next to their names. Golfers qualifying in Category 12 who qualified in other categories are denoted with the tour by which they qualified. 1. Winners of the U.S. Women's Open for the last ten years (2008–2017) Chun In-gee (7,9,14,15), Paula Creamer, Ji Eun-hee (9,10,11,14,15), Brittany Lang (9), Inbee Park (4,5,9,10,11,14,15), Park Sung-hyun (8,9,11,14,15), Ryu So-yeon (6,8,9,14,15), Michelle Wie (9,10,11,14,15) Choi Na-yeon did not play 2. Winner and runner-up from the 2017 U.S. Women's Amateur; winner of the 2017 U.S. Girls' Junior and U.S. Women's Mid-Amateur (must be an amateur) Kelsey Chugg (a), Sophia Schubert (a), Erica Shepherd (a), Albane Valenzuela (a) 3. Winner of the 2017 Mark H. McCormack Medal (Women's World Amateur Golf Ranking) (must be an amateur) Leona Maguire (a) did not play 4. Winners of the Women's PGA Championship for the last five years (2013–2017) Brooke Henderson (9,10,11,14,15), Danielle Kang (9,14,15) 5. Winners of the Ricoh Women's British Open for the last five years (2013–2017) Ariya Jutanugarn (9,10,11,14,15), In-Kyung Kim (9,11,14,15), Stacy Lewis (9,11,14,15), Mo Martin (9) 6. Winners of the ANA Inspiration for the last five years (2014–2018) Lydia Ko (7,9,11,14,15), Brittany Lincicome (9,11,14,15), Pernilla Lindberg (9,10,11,14,15), Lexi Thompson (9,11,14,15) 7. Winners of the Evian Championship for the last five years (2013–2017) Kim Hyo-joo (9), Anna Nordqvist (9,11,14,15) Suzann Pettersen (9,14,15) did not play 8. Ten lowest scorers and anyone tying for 10th place from the 2017 U.S. Women's Open Choi Hye-jin (14,15), Carlota Ciganda (9,12-LET,14,15), Shanshan Feng (9,10,11,14,15), M. J. Hur (9,14,15), Kim Sei-young (9,14,15),",
"title": "2018 U.S. Women's Open"
},
{
"docid": "60938345",
"text": "Lee Jeong-eun (; born 28 May 1996) is a South Korean professional golfer who currently plays on the LPGA Tour and the LPGA of Korea Tour. For scoring purposes, she is called Jeongeun Lee6 to differentiate herself from other Korean LPGA golfers with that name, including the older Jeongeun Lee5. In 2019, Lee won her first major championship at the U.S. Women's Open, and was named the 2019 LPGA Louise Suggs Rolex Rookie of the Year. LPGA of Korea Tour Lee began playing on the LPGA of Korea Tour in 2016. When she joined the tour, there had already been five other players with the same name; the like-named players were differentiated by a number, so she started to be called \"Jeongeun Lee6\". Lee is a six-time champion on tour, winning four events in 2017 and two in 2018. She also led the money list both years. LPGA Tour Lee played her first LPGA Tour event in 2017, finishing in a tie for fifth place at the U.S. Women's Open. She made six starts in 2018, her best finish a tie for sixth at the Evian Championship. In November 2018, Lee won the LPGA Q-Series and joined the tour full-time in 2019. In June 2019, she won the U.S. Women's Open by two strokes over Ryu So-yeon, Lexi Thompson and Angel Yin. It was her first victory on the LPGA Tour in addition to being her first major championship. In July 2021, Lee tied the major championship scoring record with a 61 in the second round of the Evian Championship. She took a five-shot lead into the final round but ended up losing in a playoff to Minjee Lee. Professional wins (8) LPGA Tour wins (1) LPGA Tour playoff record (0–2) LPGA of Korea Tour wins (6) 2017 (4) Lotte Rent-a-Car Women's Open, MY Munyoung Queens Park Championship, High1 Resort Ladies Open, OK! Savings Bank Pak Se-ri Invitational 2018 (2) Hanwha Classic, KB Financial Star Championship Events in bold are KLPGA majors. All Thailand Golf Tour wins (1) 2018 Singha E-San Open Major championships Wins (1) Results timeline Results not in chronological order. CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = no tournament T = tied Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 7 (2019 British – 2021 British) Longest streak of top-10s – 3 (2018 Evian – 2019 U.S. Open) LPGA Tour career summary ^ Official as of 2023 season World rank Position in Women's World Golf Rankings at the end of each calendar year. Team appearances The Queens (representing KLPGA): 2017 (winners) Awards 2019 LPGA Louise Suggs Rolex Rookie of the Year References External links Lee Jeong-eun at the KLPGA Tour official site South Korean female golfers LPGA of Korea Tour golfers LPGA Tour golfers Winners of LPGA major golf championships Summer World University Games medalists in golf FISU World University Games gold medalists for South Korea Medalists at the 2015 Summer Universiade People from Suncheon 1996 births Living people",
"title": "Lee Jeong-eun (golfer, born 1996)"
},
{
"docid": "55331697",
"text": "Tapio Pulkkanen (born 21 May 1990) is a Finnish professional golfer, who plays on the European Tour. He won the 2015 Nordic Golf League and the 2017 Challenge Tour Order of Merit. He is known for wearing a trilby hat. Early years Pulkkanen was born in Kotka, 130 kilometres east of Helsinki in southern Finland. Introduced to the game by his brother, he began playing golf at age 9 at Kymen Golf on the island of Mussalö outside Kotka. At 12 years old, he made his first hole-in-one. At 14 years of age, he quit soccer, to concentrate on golf. He has described that he had a group of boys to practice and compete with at his home club and at the same time, in contrast to a team sport, was responsible for his own game. Amateur career At age 16, Pulkkanen represented his country abroad for the first time, at the European Young Masters in Austria. The year after, he played for Finland at the European Boys' Team Championship in Denmark. His last year as a junior, he won the Finnish Junior Championship. He also won the Finnish Championship twice. During his amateur years, Pulkkanen represented Finland at the European Amateur Team Championship three times and at the Eisenhower Trophy twice. At the 2011 European Amateur Team Championship, Pulkkanen finished tied 7th individually in the stroke-play competition, against a 120-man field, which included future European Tour winners Thomas Pieters, Alexander Lévy, Adrián Otaegui and Andy Sullivan. The Finnish team won their last game against Ireland to finish 7th in the championship. In 2012, still an amateur, he won a professional tournament on the Nordic Golf League, the Finnish Open at Vuosaari Golf. Pulkkanen's best ranking on the World Amateur Golf Ranking was 46th. Professional career Pulkkanen turned professional in early 2013 and was runner-up in his first tournament on the Challenge Tour, the Challenge de Madrid in April. The remainder of 2013 and 2014 were disappointing with a best finish of 34th place. Pulkkanen played on the Nordic Golf League in 2015, won five events and headed the Order Of Merit. The return to the Challenge Tour in 2016 was again a disappointment with a best finish of 30th place. His 2017 Challenge Tour season started with a second place in the Turkish Airlines Challenge, followed up with another runner-up finish in the D+D Real Czech Challenge. Later in the year he had his first win, taking the Kazakhstan Open after a playoff with Chase Koepka. He finished first in the 2017 Challenge Tour Order of Merit to earn his European Tour card for 2018. In December 2017, Pulkkanen was tied for third in the Joburg Open, level with Shaun Norris. The event was part of the Open Qualifying Series, with three places available to the 2018 Open Championship. Norris received the entry because he had a higher world ranking, 192 to Pulkkanen's 197. Later in the 2017–18 European Tour season, Pulkkanen earned his biggest paycheck at the Alfred",
"title": "Tapio Pulkkanen"
},
{
"docid": "56753026",
"text": "Sam Horsfield (born 8 October 1996) is an English professional golfer who plays on the European Tour. Amateur career Horsfield has lived in the United States since he was five years old. In 2014, he won the Junior Players Championship and was semi-finalist at the U.S. Junior Amateur. He attended the University of Florida for two years 2015–17. Playing with the Florida Gators men's golf team he recorded 4 individual victories, was named First Team All-American, SEC Freshman of the Year, and semi-finalist for the Ben Hogan Award and Jack Nicklaus Award. Horsfield was selected for the 2015 Walker Cup at Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club but withdrew two weeks before the event. It was later reported that he thought he may not have had the correct visa and was worried he would not be allowed to return to the United States after the event. He was runner-up at the 2016 Western Amateur. Horsfield won the 2016 Arnold Palmer Cup with the European team and turned professional in May 2017. Professional career Horsfield was the medalist at the 2017 European Tour Qualifying School to earn a place on the European Tour for 2018. He had a useful start to 2018, with a 4th place in the ISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth and finishing second at the Tshwane Open, two strokes behind George Coetzee. Later in the season he was tied for 5th place in the Sky Sports British Masters and finished 52nd in the Order of Merit. In early August 2020, Horsfield had his breakthrough win on the European Tour when he won the Hero Open by one shot over Thomas Detry. Two weeks later, Horsfield won his second European Tour event at the Celtic Classic in Wales, two strokes ahead of Detry, who finished as runner-up again. In May 2022, Horsfield picked up his third European Tour victory at the Soudal Open in Belgium. Horsfield was part of the inaugural LIV Golf event at Centurion Club at London, where he placed 5th, winning $975,000. He collected a total of $3.5 million in individual prize money across the 2022 and 2023 LIV seasons, despite missing most of the 2023 season due to hip surgery. Amateur wins 2013 Florida Amateur 2014 New Year's Invitational, Junior Players Championship 2015 New Year's Invitational 2016 Sea Best Invitational, Southern Highlands Collegiate, Mason Rudolph Championship 2017 Mason Rudolph Championship Source: Professional wins (3) European Tour wins (3) Results in major championships Results not in chronological order in 2020. CUT = missed the halfway cut NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Team appearances Amateur Palmer Cup (representing Europe): 2016 (winners) See also 2017 European Tour Qualifying School graduates References External links English male golfers European Tour golfers LIV Golf players Golfers from Manchester 1996 births Living people",
"title": "Sam Horsfield"
},
{
"docid": "54776361",
"text": "Georgia Kelly Hall (born 12 April 1996) is an English professional golfer. She plays on the Ladies European Tour, and the LPGA Tour. In 2018 she won the Women's British Open at Royal Lytham; it was her first victory in a major championship. Amateur career Hall began her golfing career at Canford Magna Golf Club. She won two gold medals at the 2013 Australian Youth Olympic Festival. She had a successful amateur career winning the 2013 British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship. Professional career Turning professional in July 2014, Hall had an early success, winning the Open Generali de Strasbourg on the LET Access Series. In early 2016, she won the Oates Victorian Open on the ALPG Tour. In 2017, Hall won the Ladies European Tour Order of Merit after recording seven top 10 finishes during the season, including a tie for third place at the Women's British Open and a tie for tenth place at the Evian Championship. Hall earned her 2018 LPGA Tour card through qualifying school. In August 2018, she won her first major championship at the 2018 Women's British Open, finishing two strokes ahead of Pornanong Phatlum. She ended the season by winning the Ladies European Tour Order of Merit for the second time, becoming the youngest player to defend the title. In 2020, while the main tours were suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Hall won two tournaments on the Rose Ladies Series and finished second in the overall standings behind Charley Hull. The LPGA Tour returned at the end of July, and in September she won for the second time on the tour, and the first time in the United States, at the Cambia Portland Classic, where she defeated Ashleigh Buhai in a sudden-death playoff. Personal life Hall's father, Wayne, acted as caddie for her during the 2018 Women's British Open. She was born two days before Nick Faldo pulled off one of the greatest sporting comebacks in history to win his third Masters title at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Faldo's famous win in Georgia inspired her name. Hall was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to golf. Amateur wins 2012 Girls Amateur Championship 2013 British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship Professional wins (8) LPGA Tour wins (2) LPGA Tour playoff record (1–1) Ladies European Tour wins (2) LET Tour playoff record (0–1) ALPG Tour wins (1) LET Access Series (1) 2014 Open Generali de Strasbourg Other wins (2) 2020 Rose Ladies Series – Event 6, Rose Ladies Series – Event 7 Major championships Wins (1) Results timeline Results not in chronological order. LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = no tournament \"T\" = tied Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 9 (2021 Women's PGA – 2023 Chevron) Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (twice) LPGA Tour career summary ^ Official as of 2023 *Includes matchplay and other tournaments without a cut. World ranking Position in Women's",
"title": "Georgia Hall"
},
{
"docid": "24003088",
"text": "Marta Figueras-Dotti (born 12 November 1957) is a retired Spanish professional golfer. Early life Figueras-Dotti was born in Madrid and her father was the president of the Spanish Golf Association. She started playing golf at 8 years of age. Amateur career Figueras-Dotti represented Spain seven straight years at the European Lady Junior's Team Championship, for players up to the age of 21, 1973–1979, being on the winning team in 1975 and 1977 and also winning individually in 1977. She won several amateur tournaments in Europe, including the Spanish Closed Amateur and the French and Italian Open Amateur Championships in the same year, 1979. At the 1979 European Ladies' Team Championship, where she was part of the Spanish team, at Hermitage Golf Club, outside Dublin, Ireland, she won the individual stroke-play part of the competition, three strokes ahead of the nearest competitor. She played college golf at the University of Southern California, where she was an All-American in 1982, graduating the same year. In July 1980, she entered the Women's British Open at Wentworth Club, England, as an amateur, lead after the first round and finished tied second one stroke behind Debbie Massay. She remained an amateur through the main part of the 1982 season. At the British Ladies Amateur in June, she was tied winner of the 36-hole stroke-play qualification, but was sent out from the tournament in the following match-play. In late July, she entered the 1982 Women's British Open at Royal Birkdale Golf Club, Southport, England, still an amateur. Figueras-Dotti was one shot from the lead after three rounds, but took command of the tournament on the 8th hole of the final round. Despite a bogey 6 on the last hole, she won by one shot, scoring level par over 72 holes. She remains the last amateur to have won the Women's British Open, the tournament that has been recognized as an LPGA major since 2001. She ended her amateur career by finishing individual runner-up to Juli Inkster at the 1982 Espirito Santo Trophy in Lausanne, Switzerland. Professional career Figueras-Dotti became the first Spanish female tournament golf professional. She failed in her first attempt to qualify for the LPGA Tour at the Qualifying School in Sarasota, Florida, in January 1983. Instead she started her professional career in Europe, on the Women Professional Golfers’ European Tour, later named the Ladies European Tour, and quickly won two tournaments in June 1983. In 1984, her first year on the LPGA Tour, she tied 2nd at the Safeco Classic, at Meridian Valley Country Club in Kent, Washington, and was named the 1984 Rookie of the Year by Golf Digest. She played on the LPGA Tour from 1984 to 2000. Her career earnings totaled $1,247,905. She achieved five holes-in-one in her LPGA career, and won one tournament, the 1994 Cup Noodles Hawaiian Ladies Open. She also won the unofficial JCPenney Classic with Brad Bryant in 1994. Figueras-Dotti never got the opportunity to play in the Solheim Cup. Nevertheless, she captained the European team",
"title": "Marta Figueras-Dotti"
},
{
"docid": "47660542",
"text": "Douglas Norman Sewell (19 November 1929 – 9 September 2017) was an English professional golfer. Before turning professional he had a successful amateur career, playing in the Walker Cup in 1957 and 1959. Amateur career Sewell was a useful amateur golfer and played in the Walker Cup in 1957 and 1959 and the Eisenhower Trophy in 1960. Sewell won the Brabazon Trophy at Moortown Golf Club in 1957, finishing 8 strokes ahead of Tony Slark. The following year he won the English Amateur at Walton Heath Golf Club beating the Rhodesian David Proctor 8&7 in the final. Proctor qualified because his father was born in England. He came close to winning the Berkshire Trophy in April 1959, finishing a stroke behind Joe Carr after making a bogey at the final hole. In June he won his second Brabazon Trophy after a playoff with Michael Bonallack. They had each scored 300, seven ahead of the rest. In the 18-hole playoff Sewell scored 78 to Bonallack's 79. His aggregate score of 580 in the Berkshire and Brabazon trophies made him the first winner of the Philip Scrutton Jug. He won the English Amateur for the second time in 1960 beating Martin Christmas in the final on the 41st hole at Hunstanton Golf Club. Sewell only played once in the Amateur Championship, losing in the 1959 quarter final to the American Bob Magee. Professional career He turned professional in March 1961, becoming an assistant professional at Wentworth. In 1967 he became professional at Ferndown in succession to Percy Alliss. He remained at Ferndown until his retirement in 1994. Sewell's only important professional win was in the 1970 Martini International at Conwy Golf Club where he tied with Peter Thomson. There was no playoff and the two shared the first and second prize money. He was twice runner-up in the Penfold-Bournemouth Tournament at Queens Park Golf Club. In 1971 he was in a four-way tie for second place, four strokes behind Neil Coles. In 1973 he was second again, two behind Eddie Polland. Sewell won the inaugural PGA Club Professionals' Championship in 1973 at Calcot Park Golf Club, a stroke ahead of David Melville. The leading nine formed the team for the first Diamondhead Cup, the forerunner of the PGA Cup, played later in that year. He was 9th in the second PGA Club Professionals' Championship, again gaining a place in the British team for the Diamondhead Cup. In 1975 Sewell won the event for the second time, two strokes ahead of David Huish. He played in the first PGA Cup in October. Death Sewell died in Bournemouth in September 2017. Amateur wins 1954 Surrey Amateur 1956 Surrey Amateur 1957 Brabazon Trophy 1958 English Amateur, Surrey Amateur 1959 Sunningdale Foursomes (with Michael Bonallack), Brabazon Trophy 1960 English Amateur, Golf Illustrated Gold Vase 1964 Surrey Open Amateur Source: Professional wins (9) British PGA Order of Merit wins (1) Other wins (8) 1967 Dorset Professional Championship 1968 Wentworth Foursomes (with Alan Thirlwell), Strong Country Tournament, West",
"title": "Doug Sewell"
},
{
"docid": "70502857",
"text": "The 1991 Seniors' British Open was a professional golf tournament for players aged 50 and above and the fifth Senior British Open, held from 11 to 14 July at Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club in Lytham St Annes, Lancashire, England, United Kingdom. In 2018, the tournament was, as all Senior British Open Championships played 1987–2002, retroactively recognized as a senior major golf championship and a PGA Tour Champions (at the time named the Senior PGA Tour) event. 50-year-old Bobby Verwey won his first Seniors' British Open and first senior major championship. Venue The event was the first Senior Open Championship of four in a row held at Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club. There were windy weather conditions on the course during the tournament. Field Past champions in the field All three past Senior British Open champions participated. All of them made the 36-hole cut, 1989 champion Bob Charles (tied 2nd), 1988 and 1990 champion Gary Player (tied 5th) and 1987 champion Neil Coles (tied 7th), Final results Sunday, 14 July 1991 Bobby Verwey led by one stroke going in to the last round, ahead of defending champion Gary Player and English home players Peter Butler and Tommy Horton. On the last hole of the last round, Verwey drove into a fairway bunker and played out safe to put his third shot on the green. He sank an 8-foot putt for a par 4 and a 1-under-par final round of 70. With his 72-hole-score one over par, he beat Bob Charles, who finished with 67, and Horton by one stroke. (a) denotes amateur, who did not receive any prize money Source: References External links Coverage on European Tour website Senior major golf championships Golf tournaments in England Seniors' British Open Seniors' British Open Seniors' British Open",
"title": "1991 Seniors' British Open"
},
{
"docid": "54207743",
"text": "Chan Kim (born March 24, 1990) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the Korn Ferry Tour. He formerly played on the Japan Golf Tour, where he won eight times. Early life Kim was born in Suwon, South Korea, but grew up in Hawaii. Amateur career Kim played his college golf at Arizona State University. He won the 2009 Pacific Coast Amateur. He was also a two-time winner of the Arizona Stroke Play Championship. Professional career Kim played on the Canadian Tour in 2011. He played on the Challenge Tour in 2013 and the Asian Tour in 2013 and 2014. In 2013, he was runner-up at the Yeangder Tournament Players Championship. He has played on the Japan Golf Tour since 2015. He won the Mizuno Open on the Japan Golf Tour to earn a spot in the 2017 Open Championship. Earlier that week he earned a qualifying spot to the 2017 U.S. Open. In early July, he won his second Japan Golf Tour event, the Shigeo Nagashima Invitational Sega Sammy Cup, after a bogey-free final round of 66. In August 2023, Kim won his first event on the Korn Ferry Tour, winning the Magnit Championship by three shots. He then won the Albertsons Boise Open the week after and by the end of the season, he secured his PGA Tour Card for the next season by finishing 2nd on the points list. Amateur wins 2007 Hawaii Amateur 2008 Arizona Stroke Play Championship, Thunderbird International 2009 Pacific Coast Amateur 2010 Arizona Stroke Play Championship Professional wins (10) Japan Golf Tour wins (8) The Japan Open Golf Championship is also a Japan major championship. Korn Ferry Tour wins (2) Results in major championships Results not in chronological order in 2020. CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Results in World Golf Championships 1Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic NT = No tournament \"T\" = Tied See also 2023 Korn Ferry Tour graduates References External links American male golfers Arizona State Sun Devils men's golfers Japan Golf Tour golfers Asian Tour golfers European Tour golfers PGA Tour golfers Korn Ferry Tour graduates Golfers from Hawaii American sportspeople of Korean descent South Korean emigrants to the United States Sportspeople from Suwon 1990 births Living people",
"title": "Chan Kim"
},
{
"docid": "4873161",
"text": "Prayad Marksaeng (; born 30 January 1966) is a Thai professional golfer. Career Prayad was a member of Thailand's winning golf team at the 1987 South East Asian Games and turned professional in 1991. He has been a member of the Asian Tour since it began in its modern form in 1995. He has won seven events on the tour, becoming one of the first ten men to reach a million U.S. dollars in career earnings. He has also competed on the Japan Golf Tour and in 2008 won three tournaments in Japan. Prayad represented Thailand at the 2007 and 2008 Omega Mission Hills World Cup and has been featured in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. Prayad received a special invitation to play in the 2008 Masters Tournament. Marksaeng shot an 82 (+10) in the first round and withdrew midway through the second round due to a back injury. At the age of 50, Prayad won the SMBC Singapore Open by one stroke over Phachara Khongwatmai, Jbe' Kruger, Juvic Pagunsan and Song Young-han. This event was co-sanctioned by the Japan Golf Tour and the Asian Tour. This win also guaranteed him a place in the 2017 Open Championship. Professional wins (56) Japan Golf Tour wins (6) 1Co-sanctioned by the OneAsia Tour 2Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour Japan Golf Tour playoff record (0–1) Asian Tour wins (10) 1Co-sanctioned by the Japan Golf Tour Asian Tour playoff record (1–0) All Thailand Golf Tour wins (18) 2000 Singha Masters 2004 Singha Masters 2005 Singha Pattaya Open 2007 B-Ing TPC Championships, Singha E-San Open1 2008 Singha Masters 2009 Singha Championship 2010 Singha Classic 2012 Singha Masters 2013 Singha E-San Open1, Road To Panasonic Open Singha Bangkok Open 2014 Singha Pattaya Open1, Singha All Thailand Grand Final 2015 Singha Pattaya Open1, Singha Chiang Mai Open1, Singha Masters 2016 Singha Hua Hin Open1, Singha Chiang Mai Open 1Co-sanctioned by the ASEAN PGA Tour ASEAN PGA Tour wins (6) 1Co-sanctioned by the All Thailand Golf Tour Thailand PGA Tour wins (1) Japan PGA Senior Tour wins (22) 2016 Maruhan Cup Taiheiyo Club Senior, Komatsu Open, Japan Senior Open, Japan PGA Senior Championship 2017 Sumida Cup Senior Golf Tournament, Starts Senior Golf Tournament, Japan Senior Open (2), Fujifilm Senior Championship 2018 Fubon Yeangder Senior Cup, Starts Senior Golf Tournament (2), Japan Senior Open (3), Maruhan Cup Taiheiyo Club Senior (2), Fancl Classic 2019 Fancl Classic (2), Maruhan Cup Taiheiyo Club Senior (3) 2022 Japan Senior Open (4), Japan PGA Senior Championship (2), Trust Group Cup Sasebo Senior Open Golf Tournament, ISPS Handa - Yappariomoshiroi Senior Tourment, Fukuoka Senior Open Golf Tournament, Cosmohealth Cup Senior Tournament 2023 Maruhancup Taiheiyo Club Senior Results in major championships Note: Marksaeng never played in the U.S. Open. CUT = missed the half-way cut WD = withdrew \"T\" = tied Results in World Golf Championships QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = Tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a",
"title": "Prayad Marksaeng"
},
{
"docid": "46310512",
"text": "Enrique Orellana (born c. 1936) is a retired Chilean professional golfer. Orellana had the distinction of being the only Chilean golfer in history to participate in the Masters Tournament (1964) until Matías Domínguez played in the tournament in 2015. Toto Gana (2017) and Joaquín Niemann (2018) also qualified for the Masters, by winning the Latin America Amateur Championship in their respective years. Martín Ureta, Hugo León, and Guillermo Pereira, who played in the U.S. Open in 2007, 2010, and 2019, respectively, are other Chileans who have played in a major golf championship. Orellana grew up son of the greenskeeper of Los Leones Golf Club in Santiago, Chile. His invitation to the Masters was a matter of talent combined with being in the right place at the right time. In addition to playing golf professionally, Orellana instructed golf classes at the club. One of his pupils was Argentinian politician Guillermo Kelly. Kelly had played Augusta National Golf Club a week before the Masters in 1963. In November 1963, Kelly played Los Leones and was one player short of a foursome. He invited Orellana to complete the group. After nine holes of play, when Orellana was four shots under par, Kelly told Orellana, \"I'm going to get you an invitation to the Masters.\" Kelly was friends with the president of Augusta National, Bobby Jones. In March 1964, Orellana received an envelope with an Augusta postmark containing the invitation. After finishing runner-up in the 1964 Masters Par 3 contest, Orellana missed the cut at the tournament. He noted that he had to adapt to playing with a larger golf ball than the \"British ball\" that was used in South America. Orellana won the Chile Open in 1960 and 1963 and the inaugural Argentine Masters in 1961. Team appearances World Cup (representing Chile): 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968 References Chilean male golfers Sportspeople from Santiago 1936 births Living people 20th-century Chilean people",
"title": "Enrique Orellana"
},
{
"docid": "18220643",
"text": "The English Men's Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship for the Brabazon Trophy is the national amateur stroke play golf championship in England (although entry is open to overseas golfers). It has been played annually since 1947 and is organised by the England Golf. The format is 72 hole stroke play contested over four days. After 36 holes the leading 60 competitors and ties play a further 36 holes over the final two days. History In March 1938, John Moore-Brabazon was elected president of the English Golf Union. Early in 1939 a new EGU competition was announced, with a trophy presented by Moore-Brabazon. The event was to be a 72-hole strokeplay tournament to be played at Royal Liverpool from 4 to 6 October. Because of the start of World War II the event was cancelled. The idea was revived after the war and was first played in 1947 at Royal Birkdale Golf Club, called the English Golf Union president's trophy. It was won by Duncan Sutherland following an 18-hole playoff. Before the 1948 event, the official name of the tournament was changed to the Brabazon Trophy, named after Moore-Brabazon, who had become Lord Brabazon in 1942. It was played at Royal Lytham and was won by Charlie Stowe, 7 strokes ahead of Gerald Micklem. The first few events were, like the English Amateur, restricted to English golfers, but from 1951 it became an open event, amateur golfers from any part of the world being able to play. Initially an 18-hole playoff was used if two or more players were tied after the 72 holes. However, after the 1963 event, playoffs were abandoned and the trophy was shared. The last tie was in 2007. Ties are now decided by a sudden-death playoff. The first player to successfully defend the trophy was Ronnie White in 1950 and 1951, a feat which has been matched a further five times, Philip Scrutton (1954–55), Michael Bonallack (outright in 1968 and tied in 1969), Rodney Foster (tied 1969 and outright 1970), Gary Evans (tied 1990–91) and Neil Raymond (2011–12). The tournament has received an increasingly international field over time, the first winner from outside of the British Isles was Neville Sundelson of South Africa in 1974. The tournament has subsequently been won (or tied) by international competitors on eight occasions. The record for the most wins by a single individual is four (including one tie) held by Sir Michael Bonallack and won between 1964 and 1971. The tournament has twice been won by players who would go on to win a men's major championship, Sandy Lyle who won in 1977 would go on to win The Open Championship and the Masters Tournament and Charl Schwartzel who won in 2002 would go on to win the Masters. The championship has never been played on the same course in consecutive years, however many of the host courses have hosted the tournament on multiple occasions with Royal Birkdale Golf Club, Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Moortown Golf Club and Hunstanton Golf",
"title": "Brabazon Trophy"
},
{
"docid": "1034991",
"text": "Ian Harold Woosnam (born 2 March 1958) is a Welsh professional golfer. Nicknamed 'Woosie', Woosnam was one of the \"Big Five\" generation of European golfers, all born within 12 months of one another, all of whom have won majors, and made Europe competitive in the Ryder Cup. His peers in this group were Seve Ballesteros, Nick Faldo, Bernhard Langer, and Sandy Lyle. Woosnam's major championship win was at the 1991 Masters Tournament. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2017. Early life Woosnam was born in the town of Oswestry, Shropshire in England, and his family lived in the nearby village of St Martin's in Shropshire. Amateur career Woosnam started playing at the unique Llanymynech Golf Club, which straddles the Wales-England border. He is short for a male golfer at , but he is a powerful hitter. He played as an amateur in regional competitions in the English county of Shropshire alongside Sandy Lyle. Professional career Woosnam turned professional in 1976 and first played the European Tour in 1979. Woosnam spent his early years on Tour driving around the continent in a camper van, living on a diet of baked beans to save money. After three modest seasons, his career took off in 1982 when he won the Swiss Open and came eighth on the Order of Merit (prize money list). He also finished in the top ten on the Order of Merit every year from 1983 to 1991 and again in 1993, 1996, and 1997, making thirteen times in all. In 1987 and 1990 he was first, and in the former year he set a world record for global tournament earnings of £1,062,662. He has won 28 official money events on the European Tour and many other events around the world. Woosnam placed third in the 1986 Open Championship. In 1987, Woosnam was criticised by antiapartheid campaigners for playing a tournament in Sun City in apartheid South Africa, in contravention of the United Nations cultural moratorium. In 1991, he reached the top of the Official World Golf Ranking, eventually spending a total of 50 weeks as World Number 1 (7 April 1991 – 21 March 1992). In the same year, he emulated his British rivals, Sandy Lyle and Nick Faldo, by winning the Masters Tournament; the first person representing Wales to ever win a major championship. After winning the Torras Monte Carlo Golf Open in 1991, Woosnam had a decline in form in the second half of the year and said that he was suffering from exhaustion after playing in too many tournaments across the world. In December 1991, his sterling silver Masters trophy, a $9,000 copy of the original, was stolen from a British train. Woosnam's last official European Tour victory was in the 1997 Volvo PGA Championship. In the late 1990s, his form began to fade, but he nearly made a spectacular comeback at The Open Championship in 2001, when he finished third despite suffering a two-stroke penalty for starting the final round",
"title": "Ian Woosnam"
},
{
"docid": "2130872",
"text": "Alexander Smith (28 January 1874 – 21 April 1930) was a Scottish-American professional golfer who played in the late 19th and early 20th century. He was a member of a famous Scottish golfing family. His brother Willie won the U.S. Open in 1899, and Alex won it in both 1906 and 1910. Like many British professionals of his era he spent much of his adult life working as a club professional in the United States. Early life Smith was born in Carnoustie, Scotland, on 28 January 1874, the son of John D. Smith and Joann Smith née Robinson. On 18 January 1895 he was married to Jessie Maiden—sister of James Maiden—and they had two daughters, Fannie and Margaret, born in 1896 and 1899, respectively. Smith was sometimes referred to as \"Alec\" Smith, especially early in his career. Golf career He was the head professional at Nassau Country Club in Glen Cove, New York, from 1901 through 1909. James Maiden, who would forge a successful golf career of his own, served as assistant professional under Smith at Nassau. In 1901, Smith lost to Willie Anderson in a playoff for the U.S. Open title. Smith's 1906 U.S. Open victory came at the Onwentsia Club in Lake Forest, Illinois. His 72-hole score of 295 was the lowest at either the U.S. Open or the British Open up to that time, and he won $300. The 1910 U.S. Open was played over the St. Martin's course at the Philadelphia Cricket Club. Smith won a three-man playoff against American John McDermott and another of his own brothers, Macdonald Smith. Alex Smith played in eighteen U.S. Opens in total and accumulated eleven top ten placings. Smith, who partnered with C. A. Dunning in the 1905 Metropolitan Open four-ball tournament held on 16 September 1905 at Fox Hills Golf Club on Staten Island, tied for first place with George Low and Fred Herreshoff with a score of 71. A playoff wasn't held due to the fact that Smith was also competing in the medal competition which he won from Willie Anderson. Smith also won the Western Open twice and the Metropolitan Open four times. Later life In 1910, Smith was a widower and lived with his two young daughters and sister-in-law, Allison Barry, in New Rochelle, New York. He was the head professional at the Westchester Country Club in Rye, New York. After the death of his brother, Willie Smith, he took over responsibility for the design of Club de Golf Chapultepec, which has hosted the Mexican Open multiple times, and the WGC-Mexico Championship since 2017. Death and legacy Smith died on 21 April 1930 at a sanatorium in Baltimore, Maryland. Tournament wins Note: This list may be incomplete 1903 Western Open 1905 Metropolitan Open 1906 U.S. Open, Western Open 1909 Metropolitan Open 1910 U.S. Open, Metropolitan Open 1913 Metropolitan Open Major championships Wins (2) 1Defeated John McDermott and MacDonald Smith in an 18-hole playoff – A. Smith 71 (−2), McDermott 75 (+2) & M. Smith 77",
"title": "Alex Smith (golfer)"
},
{
"docid": "1519740",
"text": "The Senior Open Championship, or simply The Senior Open (and originally known as the Senior British Open), is a professional golf tournament for players aged 50 and over. It is jointly owned and run by The R&A, the same body that organises The Open Championship, and the PGA European Tour. Prize money won in the event is official money on both PGA Tour Champions (formerly the Senior PGA Tour and Champions Tour) and the European Senior Tour. The purse, which is fixed in United States dollars, had increased to $2.75 million for 2023. History The tournament was first held in 1987 and became part of the European Seniors Tour schedule in 1992. It is younger than the PGA Seniors Championship, which started in 1957, as well as the U.S. Senior Open and the Senior PGA Championship. In late 2002 it was designated as the fifth major championship on the Champions Tour schedule. Winners before 2003 were not retroactively designated as Champions Tour major winners until late 2018. Winners gain entry into the following season's Open Championship. The event is usually held the week following The Open Championship, although in 1991 it was held the week before the Open and in 1998 it was held in August, three weeks after the Open. The 2018 Senior Open was held at St Andrews for the first time, a decision which was heavily influenced by five-time Open champion Tom Watson. In 2020, the championship was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Field The standard field size is 144 players and an 18-hole qualifying round is held at the championship course on the Monday before the tournament, with a minimum of 24 places available. If fewer than 120 exempt players enter, the field is filled to 144 with more high finishers from qualifying. If more than 120 exempt players enter, the top 24 finishers earn entry even if it causes the field to expand beyond 144. Winners Multiple winners Seven players have multiple victories in the Senior Open Championship: 4 wins: Bernhard Langer (2010, 2014, 2017, 2019) 3 wins: Gary Player (1988, 1990, 1997), Tom Watson (2003, 2005, 2007) 2 wins: Bob Charles (1989, 1993), Brian Barnes (1995, 1996), Christy O'Connor Jnr (1999, 2000), Loren Roberts (2006, 2009) Winners of both The Open and The Senior Open Four players have won both The Open Championship and The Senior Open Championship, (two of the professional majors run by the R&A). Host courses The Senior Open Championship has been played at the following courses, listed in order of number of times hosted (as of 2023): 7 Turnberry Golf Club 6 Royal Portrush Golf Club 5 Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club 3 Royal County Down Golf Club, Sunningdale Golf Club, Royal Porthcawl Golf Club 2 Royal Troon Golf Club, Carnoustie Golf Links 1 Gleneagles, St Andrews, Muirfield, Royal Birkdale Golf Club, Walton Heath Golf Club, Royal Aberdeen Golf Club Future venues Notes References External links Coverage on the European Senior Tour's official site Coverage on the",
"title": "Senior Open Championship"
},
{
"docid": "70358242",
"text": "The 1997 Senior British Open was a professional golf tournament for players aged 50 and above and the 11th British Senior Open Championship, held from 24 to 27 July at Royal Portrush Golf Club in Portrush, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. In 2018, the tournament was, as all Senior British Open Championships played 1987–2002, retroactively recognized as a senior major golf championship and a PGA Tour Champions (at the time named the Senior PGA Tour) event. 62-year-old Gary Player won in a playoff over John Bland to win his third Senior British Open title and ninth senior major championship victory. Venue The event was the third Senior Open Championship in a row held at Royal Portrush Golf Club. Field 121 professionals, no amateurs, entered the competition. One of them withdrew and one was disqualified. 71 players made the 36-hole cut. Past champions in the field Seven past Senior British Open champions participated. Six of them made the 36-hole cut; 1988 and 1990 champion Gary Player (won), 1991 champion Bobby Verwey (tied 5th), 1994 champion Tom Wargo (tied 6th), 1992 champion John Fourie (tied 15th), 1987 champion Neil Coles (tied 24th) and 1989 and 1993 champion Bob Charles (tied 34th). 1995 and 1996 champion Brian Barnes withdraw after a first round 2-under-par 70. Past winners and runners-up at The Open Championship in the field The field included two former winners of The Open Championship. Both of them made the cut, 1959, 1968 and 1974 Open champion Gary Player (won) and 1963 Open champion Bob Charles (tied 34th). The field also included three former runners-up at The Open Championship. Neil Coles (24th), Brian Huggett (tied 26th) and Christy O'Connor Snr (missed the cut). Final round and playoff summaries Final round Sunday, 27 July 1997 Gary Player, South Africa and his fellow countryman John Bland tied the lead after the fourth round, to meet in a sudden death playoff, to decide the winner. Player scored a bogey-free 68 in the final round, to catch up Bland, who led by two strokes before the final round. Noel Ratcliffe scored a bogey 5 on the 18th hole of the final round to came one shot short of joining the playoff. Playoff Sunday, 27 July 1997 The sudden-death playoff went on, to be played until one of the players had a lower score on the hole than the other. Gary Player beat John Bland with a birdie at the second extra hole, the par 5 17th hole, by holing a 15-foot putt. References External links Results on European Tour website Senior major golf championships Golf tournaments in Northern Ireland Senior British Open Senior British Open Senior British Open",
"title": "1997 Senior British Open"
},
{
"docid": "13068924",
"text": "Renee Powell (born May 4, 1946) is an American professional golfer who played on the US-based LPGA Tour and is currently head professional at her family's Clearview Golf Club in East Canton, Ohio. She was the second African-American woman ever to play on the LPGA Tour. The daughter of golf course entrepreneur Bill Powell, Renee grew up in Ohio and took up golf at an early age. After winning several youth amateur trophies in her teens and captaining the women's golf teams at Ohio University and Ohio State University, she turned professional in 1967. She moved to the UK in the 1970s to further her career and joined the British PGA. In 1977, she became the first woman to compete in a men's golf tournament. Following her retirement in 1980, she appeared as a television commentator and became the head professional of the Clearview Golf Club in 1995. Powell is a member of the Ohio Golf Hall of Fame. She is also a member of Sigma Gamma Rho sorority. In 2017, she was inducted to the PGA of America Hall of Fame. Early life Renee Powell was born in East Canton, Ohio, where she was raised Catholic. She began playing golf at the age of three. Her father, Bill Powell, is the first African American to create and build his own golf course in the US. He made miniature golf clubs for her to use as a child and was her golf teacher. Her early life was quiet, and Powell played a number of different sports as a young person, including archery, ballet and basketball. She helped maintain the Clearview golf course, driving a tractor. Powell entered her first amateur tournament at the age of 12 and won her division. Three years later, in 1960, she had 30 youth tournament trophies. By 1961, she had 50 trophies and was playing golf daily on her father's golf course. She had won the Great Lakes Bantam Golf Tournament, the Columbiana County Open, Clearview Golf Club junior, Sixth City Ladies (three times), Tiretown Open Ladies (twice), Vehicle City tourney, and the Midwest District Junior in three consecutive years. The Akron Beacon Journal called her the \"Queen of the Bantam Golf Show.\" In 1962, she was the first African American to enter the U.S. Girls' Junior. In the junior championship, she caused an upset in winning the first round. In 1963 she won the Akron Tire Town open for a third time. She entered the Girls' Junior Championship again in August 1963. In the summer of 1964, she won a \"sudden death\" match in the Lyle Chevrolet women's golf tournament. She was considered a favorite in the 1964 United Golf Association (UGA) National Open and went on to take the amateur title that year. Powell graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1964. She went on to attend Ohio University (OU) and then transferred to Ohio State University (OSU). At OU she was majoring in speech and hearing therapy, but changed her major to",
"title": "Renee Powell"
},
{
"docid": "68327050",
"text": "María Parra Luque (born 4 December 1997) is a professional golfer from Spain who played on the Ladies European Tour and the LPGA Tour already as a teenager. She won the 2015 European Ladies Amateur and rose to No. 2 in the World Amateur Golf Ranking. Amateur career Parra had a successful amateur career. In 2015, she won the European Ladies Amateur Championship in Austria and was runner-up at the Annika Invitational Europe in Sweden. She won the 2015 European Girls' Team Championship and was runner-up at the 2016 European Ladies' Team Championship, behind England. She represented Spain in the 2016 Junior Golf World Cup and the 2016 Espirito Santo Trophy, and represented Europe in the 2015 Junior Solheim Cup and the 2016 Patsy Hankins Trophy. She rose to No. 2 in the World Amateur Golf Ranking. As the European Ladies Amateur title holder, Parra played in the 2016 Women's British Open, where she made the cut. In 2016, while still an amateur, Parra played on the LET Access Series and won two tournaments, the PGA Halmstad Ladies Open at Haverdal in Sweden and the Drøbak Ladies Open in Norway. She finished at number 3 on the Order of Merit and earned full status for the 2017 Ladies European Tour. She also finished T13 at the Final Stage of the 2016 LPGA Qualifying Tournament to earn membership for the 2017 LPGA Tour. Professional career As a teenager on the 2017 LPGA Tour, Parra made three cuts in 18 starts, and on the 2017 Ladies European Tour she made three cuts in 8 starts. She joined the Symetra Tour in 2018, where she recorded three top-10 finishes including a victory at the IOA Invitational in 2019, to finish 17th in the ranking. Parra made her U.S. Women's Open debut in 2021 after sharing medalist honors with compatriot Azahara Muñoz at the Banyan Cay Resort & Country Club qualifier. She made the cut and finished T35. Amateur wins 2013 North of England U16 2015 European Ladies Amateur Championship, Campeonato Absoluto C Valenciana Source: Professional wins (3) Symetra Tour (1) LET Access Series (2) Results in LPGA majors Results not in chronological order CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = no tournament T = tied Team appearances Amateur Junior Solheim Cup (representing Europe): 2015 European Girls' Team Championship (representing Spain): 2014, 2015 (winners) European Ladies' Team Championship (representing Spain): 2016 Toyota Junior Golf World Cup (representing Spain): 2016 Espirito Santo Trophy (representing Spain): 2016 Patsy Hankins Trophy (representing Europe): 2016 Source: References External links Spanish female golfers Ladies European Tour golfers LPGA Tour golfers Sportspeople from Cádiz 1997 births Living people 21st-century Spanish women 21st-century Spanish people",
"title": "María Parra"
},
{
"docid": "70322607",
"text": "The 2000 Senior British Open, for sponsor reasons named Senior British Open presented by MasterCard, was a professional golf tournament for players aged 50 and above and the 14th British Senior Open Championship, held from 27 to 30 July at Royal County Down Golf Club in Newcastle, County Down, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. In 2018, the tournament was, as all Senior British Open Championships played 1987–2002, retroactively recognized as a senior major golf championship and a PGA Tour Champions (at the time named the Senior PGA Tour) event. Christy O'Connor Jnr beat John Bland by two strokes and successfully defended his Senior British Open title from 1999. Bland repeated his second place finish from the year before. Venue The hosting course, one of the oldest on the island of Ireland, originally designed by Old Tom Morris and located in naturally links settings in the Murlough Nature Reserve, stretching along the shores of Dundrum Bay, was established in 1889. The course had previously hosted several editions of the Irish Open, The Amateur Championship, the British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship and the 1968 Curtis Cup. The event was the first of three editions of the Senior British Open held at the Royal County Down Golf Club three years in a row. Course layout Field 132 players, 124 professionals and eight amateurs, entered the competition. Two qualifying tournaments were held on Tuesday 25 July. 28 players, 25 professionals and three amateurs qualified through an 18-hole qualifying round at Kilkeel Golf Club. 28 players, 25 professionals and three amateurs qualified through an 18-hole qualifying round at Spa Golf Club on 24 July. They joined 76 players, who were exempt into the championship. One player withdraw before the cut. 64 players, 60 professionals and four amateurs, made the 36-hole cut. Ken Forster finished leading amateur at tied 33rd. Past champions in the field Eight past Senior Open champions participated. Four of them made the 36-hole cut; 1999 champion Christy O'Connor Jnr (won), 1989 and 1993 champion Bob Charles (tied 5th). 1987 champion Neil Coles, (tied 10th) and 1991 champion Bobby Verway (tied 12th).1992 champion John Fourie, 1998 champion Brian Huggett, 1988, 1990 and 1997 champion Gary Player missed the cut. 1995 and 1996 champion Brian Barnes withdraw during the first round. Past winners and runners-up at The Open Championship in the field The field included two former winners of The Open Championship. One of them made the cut; 1963 Open champion Bob Charles (tied 5th). 1959, 1968 and 1974 Open champion Gary Player did not make the cut. The field also included two former runners-up at The Open Championship; Neil Coles (tied 10th) and Brian Huggett (missed the cut). Final results Sunday, 30 July 2000 Source: References External links Results on European Tour website Senior major golf championships Golf tournaments in Northern Ireland Senior British Open Senior British Open Senior British Open",
"title": "2000 Senior British Open"
},
{
"docid": "18007119",
"text": "The 1930 U.S. Open was the 34th U.S. Open, held July 10–12 at Interlachen Country Club in Edina, Minnesota, a suburb southwest of Minneapolis. Bobby Jones won his second consecutive and record-tying fourth U.S. Open title. Having already won the British Amateur and the British Open in June, Jones secured his third consecutive major title of the single-season at the U.S. Open. He completed the grand slam with a victory in late September at Merion in the fourth and final leg, the U.S. Amateur. The 1930 U.S. Open was played in oppressive heat, and the first round on Thursday saw Macdonald Smith and 1927 champion Tommy Armour share the lead, with Jones a stroke behind. Jones was one-under through eight holes in his second round when he hit one of his most famous shots: the \"lily pad shot.\" Jones was attempting to reach the par-5 9th in two shots when two spectators ran onto the fairway during his swing. He mishit the ball toward the lake where it fell about twenty yards short of dry ground. Incredibly, the ball skipped off a lily pad and onto the far bank, just thirty yards short of the green. Jones would get up-and-down for an unlikely birdie, one that only added to his growing legend. Jones finished the round with a 73, putting him at 144 in a tie for second, two strokes behind leader Horton Smith. Jones took command over the final two rounds on Saturday; he shot 68 in the third round in the morning and started the final round with a front-nine 38. However, he ran into trouble with a bogey at 12 and a double bogey at 13. Now leading Smith by only one shot, Jones birdied 14 and 16. After finding the water on 17 and settling for a bogey, he needed to two-putt from on the 18th for the championship. Instead, he holed out for birdie and a two-stroke victory over Smith, who claimed the $1,000 winner's share of the $5,000 purse as the top professional. In third place was 36-hole leader Horton Smith, who won the first edition of Jones' \"Augusta National Invitation Tournament\" in 1934, later known as the Masters Tournament, and again in 1936. Jones became the first to successfully defend his Open title since John McDermott in 1911–12. He was now tied with Willie Anderson with four Open titles, but he would not attempt to win a fifth. Only four have won consecutive U.S. Opens since: Ralph Guldahl (1937, 1938), Ben Hogan (1950, 1951), Curtis Strange (1988, 1989), and Brooks Koepka (2017, 2018). After completing the Grand Slam with his U.S. Amateur win, Jones retired from competitive golf at age 28. Round summaries First round Thursday, July 10, 1930 Source: Second round Friday, July 11, 1930 Source: Third round Saturday, July 12, 1930 (morning) Source: Final round Saturday, July 12, 1930 (afternoon) Source: (a) denotes amateur References External links USGA Championship Database USOpen.com - 1930 U.S. Open (golf) Golf tournaments in Minnesota Edina,",
"title": "1930 U.S. Open (golf)"
},
{
"docid": "22885668",
"text": "Royal Porthcawl Golf Club is a golf club in Wales in the United Kingdom, located north of Porthcawl and bordering the Bristol Channel. The club has hosted many prestigious tournaments including The Amateur Championship on six occasions, the Walker Cup in 1995, the Curtis Cup in 1964, the British Masters in 1961, and European Tour event, the Welsh Golf Classic in the early 1980s. In March 2010, it hosted the University Golf Match between Oxford and Cambridge universities, with Oxford winning 9–6. The Senior Open Championship has been played here three times, in 2014, 2017, and 2023. History The club was founded in 1891 by a group of businessmen from Cardiff, with the first nine-hole golf course being laid out on Lock's Common by Charles Gibson the following year. In 1895, the club moved to its present location with the addition of a further nine-hole course. Shortly after that, the new course was extended to eighteen holes, with the original course later being abandoned. Royal status was conferred on the club by Edward VII in 1909. The Senior Open Championship was played at Royal Porthcawl in 2014 and Bernhard Langer won by thirteen strokes over runner-up Colin Montgomerie; it returned again in 2017, where Langer defeated Corey Pavin to win again. In 2015, The R&A championship committee chairman Peter Unsworth said that The R&A had \"no intention\" of hosting The Open Championship at Royal Porthcawl. He added that \"We're happy with the number of courses on the rota, and we don't have any intention to go to Porthcawl\". It is thought that the infrastructure around Royal Porthcawl does not meet requirements, with roads leading to the course being narrow and that public transport would not cope with the huge crowds in the Open Championships. Major tournaments hosted at Royal Porthcawl Future events See also List of golf clubs granted Royal status References External links Golf clubs and courses in Wales Walker Cup venues Curtis Cup venues Organisations based in Wales with royal patronage Royal golf clubs",
"title": "Royal Porthcawl Golf Club"
},
{
"docid": "54207686",
"text": "Shugo Imahira (born 2 October 1992) is a Japanese professional golfer. He has played full-time on the Japan Golf Tour since 2015 and has won nine times on the tour, between 2017 and 2023. He was the leading money winner in 2018 and 2019. Japan Challenge Tour Imahira won twice on the 2014 Japan Challenge Tour en route to winning the season money list title. Japan Golf Tour Since 2015 he has played on the main Japan Golf Tour. In 2015, his best finish was second place in the Shigeo Nagashima Invitational Sega Sammy Cup. In 2016, he tied for second place in the Gateway to The Open Mizuno Open and also had a third-place finish and three fourth-place finishes, finishing 10th in the money list. In 2017, he had his first win on the tour, winning the Kansai Open and finished 6th in the money list. Imahira won the 2018 Bridgestone Open. He was also 2nd three times, 3rd three times and had 7 other top-10 finishes to be the leading money winner on the 2018 Japan Golf Tour. Majors Imahira played in the 2016 Open Championship for his first major appearance. He had an opening round 68, but shot 80 in the second round and missed the cut. He qualified for the 2017 U.S. Open and the 2018 PGA Championship but missed the cut on both occasions. Imahira was 53rd in the world rankings at the end of 2018 and missed out on qualification for the 2019 Masters Tournament, for which the top-50 qualified automatically. However, he later received a special invitation for the event. At the 2020 U.S. Open he did make the cut, but finished last among the remaining players. Amateur wins this list may be incomplete 2008 Japan Junior Championship (Boy's 15–17 division) Professional wins (12) Japan Golf Tour wins (9) *Note: Tournament shortened to 36/54 holes due to weather. 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour Japan Golf Tour playoff record (1–1) Asian Tour wins (1) 1Co-sanctioned by the Japan Golf Tour Japan Challenge Tour wins (2) Other wins (1) 2018 Legend Charity Pro-Am Results in major championships Results not in chronological order in 2020. CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic Results in World Golf Championships 1Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play DQ = Disqualified NT = No tournament \"T\" = Tied References External links Japanese male golfers Japan Golf Tour golfers Sportspeople from Saitama Prefecture 1992 births Living people",
"title": "Shugo Imahira"
},
{
"docid": "23680010",
"text": "Shaughnessy Golf & Country Club is a private golf club in Canada, located on Southwest Marine Drive in Vancouver, British Columbia. In 1984 the Shaughnessy Golf & Country Club was also the subject of a dispute, Guerin v. The Queen between the Crown and the Musqueam Nation; the case ended up in the Supreme Court of Canada and established the government had a fiduciary duty to the First Nations of Canada. History The Shaughnessy Heights Golf Course, today the Shaughnessy Golf and Country Club, had its beginning in 1911 in the office of CPR executive Richard Marpole. Nine businessmen, all residents of the prestigious and quickly developing enclave of Shaughnessy, to turn of land leased from the CPR into the Shaughnessy Heights Golf Course. The first nine holes opened on November 2, 1912; the second nine, the next year. The course was designed by A.V. Macan, an Irish immigrant from Wexford, who was one of the region's best golfers. In the decades to follow, many of the names who played a prominent role in Vancouver's growth and prosperity also appeared on Shaughnessy's membership roster. The club moved to new premises in the late 1950s, responding to the growth of the Vancouver urban region, and sold its original property. Macan, then in his late 70s, also designed the new course, which opened in the early 1960s. The land the club currently resides upon belongs to the Musqueam Nation but was leased to Shaughnessy through a series of meetings with federal agents that did not include the Nation. The land will not be returned to the Musqueam until 2033. In 2011 the club hosted the Canadian Open for the fourth time, which coincides with Shaughnessy's 100th anniversary. It follows the 2011 British Open, which was held at Royal St George's Golf Club. In 2023, the club will host the Canadian Women's Open for the first time. Tournaments hosted British Columbia Open in 1928, 1938, 1948, 1952, 1955, 1962 and 1969 1936 Vancouver Jubilee Open, won by Ken Black 1948 Canadian Open, won by Charles Congdon 1966 Canadian Open, won by Don Massengale 1969 Molson's Canadian Open, won by Carol Mann 2005 Bell Canadian Open, won by Mark Calcavecchia 2011 RBC Canadian Open, won by Sean O'Hair 2023 CPKC Women's Open, Megan Khang See also List of golf courses in British Columbia R v Guerin References External links Golf clubs and courses in British Columbia 1911 establishments in British Columbia Sport in Vancouver Golf clubs and courses designed by A. V. Macan Canadian Open (golf) Clubs and societies based in Vancouver",
"title": "Shaughnessy Golf & Country Club"
},
{
"docid": "47677429",
"text": "Ernest William Henry \"Bob\" Kenyon (16 March 1905 – 15 March 1988) was an English professional golfer. He won the Irish Open in 1931 and 1933 and finished tied for ninth place in the 1939 Open Championship. He won the World Senior Championship in 1956. Early life Kenyon, who was born in Exmouth, Devon, England on 16 March 1905, was the son of Ernest Kenyon (1879–1958), the professional at Exmouth Golf Club from 1903 to 1938. Golf career Kenyon was at Whitchurch Golf Club and Creigiau Golf Club in Wales and was then professional at West Lancashire Golf Club from late 1929 to 1935 where he was replaced by Ted Jarman. In 1936 Kenyon moved to Beaconsfield Golf Club, replacing Percy Alliss. After World War II, he joined Worsley Golf Club and, from 1956, Letchworth Golf Club. Irish Open He won the Irish Open in 1931 and again in 1933. 1939 Open Championship The 1939 Open Championship was held 5–7 July at the Old Course at St Andrews in St Andrews, Scotland. Kenyon played solid, consistent golf and carded rounds of 73-75-74-74=296 finishing +4 for the tournament. He tied with Bobby Locke and Percy Alliss for ninth place and won £11 13s 4d. World Senior Championship Kenyon won the World Senior Championship in 1956. He played at Prenton Golf Club against the Pete Burke who had won the American PGA Seniors' Championship, winning the 36-hole match 4 & 3. From 1957 the British representative in this match was given to the winner of the British PGA Seniors Championship but in 1956 four leading senior golfers played to decide the British entry. Death and legacy Kenyon died on 15 March 1988 in Letchworth, Hertfordshire, England. He is remembered for twice winning the Irish Open. Tournament wins (4) 1931 Irish Open 1932 Leeds Cup 1933 Irish Open 1956 World Senior Championship Results in major championships Note: Kenyon only played in The Open Championship. NT = No tournament CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place Team appearances England–Scotland Professional Match (representing England): 1932 (winners) England–Ireland Professional Match (representing England): 1932 (winners) References English male golfers People from Exmouth 1905 births 1988 deaths",
"title": "Bob Kenyon"
},
{
"docid": "70456252",
"text": "The 1993 Senior British Open was a professional golf tournament for players aged 50 and above and the seventh Senior British Open, held from 22 to 25 July at Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club in Lytham St Annes, Lancashire, England, United Kingdom. In 2018, the tournament was, as all Senior British Open Championships played 1987–2002, retroactively recognized as a senior major golf championship and a PGA Tour Champions (at the time named the Senior PGA Tour) event. Bob Charles, with a birdie on the last hole, won by one stroke over Tommy Horton and Gary Player, to win his second Senior British Open title and second senior major championship. Charles won The Open Championship on the same course 30 years earlier, in 1963. Venue The event was the third Senior Open Championship in a row held at Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club. Field 123 players entered the competition. Two of them withdraw and one was disqualified. 66 players, 56 professionals and ten amateurs, made the 36-hole cut. Joel Hirsch, United States, finished leading amateur on fifth place. Past champions in the field Four past Senior British Open champions participated. All of them made the 36-hole cut, Bob Charles (won), Gary Player (tied 2nd), John Fourie (8th) and Bobby Verway (tied 25th). 1987 champion Neil Coles did not play. Past winners and runners-up at The Open Championship in the field The field included three former winners of The Open Championship. All of them made the cut, Bob Charles (won), Gary Player (tied 2nd) and Arnold Palmer (tied 13th). The field also included two former runners-up at The Open Championship; Brian Huggett (tied 5th) and Christy O'Connor Snr (tied 9th). Final results Sunday, 25 July 1993 (a) denotes amateur, who did not receive any prize money. Source: References External links Results on European Tour website Senior major golf championships Golf tournaments in England Senior British Open Senior British Open Senior British Open",
"title": "1993 Senior British Open"
},
{
"docid": "65589167",
"text": "Stephanie Kyriacou (born 22 November 2000) is an Australian professional golfer. She won the 2020 Australian Ladies Classic Bonville by eight strokes as an amateur and joined the Ladies European Tour on a two-year winner's exemption. Career Kyriacou started to play golf aged four and came through the Jack Newton Junior Golf Programme and played in her first Jack Newton golf tournament, the 2011 State Junior Medals, when she was 10. In January 2020, Kyriacou won the first tournament of the 2020 Ladies European Tour season, the Australian Ladies Classic Bonville at Bonville Golf Resort in New South Wales. She won by eight strokes over the world number 35 Ayean Cho of Korea, with a total of 22-under-par. Her second round of 63 was the lowest score ever recorded at Bonville but not a course record as preferred lies were used. Her tournament victory was the 10th by an amateur in the 42-year history of the LET. Kyriacou earned a two-year exemption on the Ladies European Tour but was unable to collect the €36,000 prize money on offer at Bonville due to her amateur status. She turned professional two days later, on 25 January, ahead of making her professional debut in the Women's NSW Open at Dubbo Golf Club, where she missed the cut. When competitive play resumed again in the second half of 2020, Kyriacou made the cut at her first major, the 2020 Women's British Open. She was runner-up at the Ladies Swiss Open behind Amy Boulden and fifth at both the Czech Ladies Open and the Lacoste Ladies Open de France. In 2021, Kyriacou won her second LET title and her first as a professional after she shot a bogey-free final round of 67 to win the Big Green Egg Open by two strokes ahead of Finland's Sanna Nuutinen. Kyriacou earned her card for the 2022 LPGA Tour through qualifying school. Endorsements Titleist, Under Armour, Aphrodite Hills Resort - Cyprus, Lending Association and Golf Australia Amateur wins 2017 Port Phillip Open Amateur & Victorian Women's Amateur 2019 Australian Master of the Amateurs, Port Phillip Open Amateur, Queensland Amateur Championship Source: Professional wins Ladies European Tour wins (2) ^Co-sanctioned by the ALPG Tour Results in LPGA majors Results not in chronological order. CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = no tournament T = tied LPGA Tour career summary ^ Official as of 2023 season *Includes matchplay and other tournaments without a cut. Team appearances Professional International Crown (representing Australia): 2023 References External links Australian female golfers ALPG Tour golfers Ladies European Tour golfers LPGA Tour golfers Golfers from Sydney 2000 births Living people",
"title": "Stephanie Kyriacou"
},
{
"docid": "12305616",
"text": "St. George's Golf and Country Club (originally The Royal York Golf Club) is a golf course and country club located in Etobicoke, Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the west end neighbourhood of Islington. History The club was originally established in 1909 by Robert Home Smith from Stratford-upon-Avon, England who purchased the area of land which was located on the banks of the Humber River. The club was built in co-ordination with the construction of the Royal York Hotel, which was being designed in downtown Toronto, with the plan being that the golf facilities would be necessary for the guests staying in the hotel. Leading the construction of the hotel was Sir Edward Wentworth Beatty, who was known to be acquainted with Smith. Leading construction of the golf course was Stanley Thompson, the leading Canadian golf course architect. At its Islington Avenue location, the course opened in 1929. The course, under the Royal York name, hosted the Canadian Open in 1933. However, in 1935 Smith died, and his executor trustee Godfrey S. Pettit, became president of the club. In 1946 the name of the country club was changed from The Royal York Golf Club to St. George's Golf and Country Club as a result of the financial arrangement with the Canadian Pacific Railway (of which Beatty was president) ending. The club has been rated several times in the top three of Canada and amongst the top 100 in the world St. George's has hosted the Canadian Open six times: 1933: won by Joe Kirkwood, Sr. 1949: won by Dutch Harrison 1960: won by Art Wall Jr. 1968: won by Bob Charles 2010: won by Carl Pettersson 2022: won by Rory McIlroy The course has been extended in length, to 7,025 yards, par 71, to attract more Canadian Open events. While the course is universally regarded as outstanding, issues of logistics, access, and available space in a crowded neighbourhood make hosting a tournament of this magnitude somewhat problematic. Logistical steps taken to host the Open include closing the busy thoroughfare Islington Avenue before and during the tournament, using the nearby Islington Golf Club's practice facilities, shuttling the players back and forth to Islington Golf Club, limiting the number of spectators who can access the course, and starting play for the first two rounds from the 1st and 9th tees (normally it would be the 1st and 10th tees). St. George's has been announced as the host for the Canadian Open in 2022. The club has also hosted the Canadian Women's Open five times: 1975, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984. The course was also the host venue for golf of the 2017 Invictus Games. The 2020 RBC Canadian Open tournament, which had been scheduled at the club, was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario. After a two-year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Canadian Open returned in 2022. Curling In 2020, members of the golf club voted to discontinue curling operations at St. George's, citing that curling was \"no longer a",
"title": "St. George's Golf and Country Club"
},
{
"docid": "34417394",
"text": "Fred Scobie Ridley (born August 16, 1952) is an American amateur golfer and golf administrator who won the U.S. Amateur in 1975, was elected president of the United States Golf Association (USGA) in 2004, and then became chairman of Augusta National Golf Club in 2017. Early life and education Fred Scobie Ridley was born on August 16, 1952, in Lakeland, Florida. He attended Winter Haven High School in nearby Winter Haven, Florida. Amateur career Ridley attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. While attending the university, he played for coach Buster Bishop's Florida Gators men's golf team and was an alternate on the Gators golf team that won the NCAA national tournament in 1973. He graduated from the University of Florida's College of Business Administration with a bachelor's degree in marketing in 1974. In 1975, Ridley won the U.S. Amateur, the preeminent amateur golf tournament in the United States, on the James River Course of the Country Club of Virginia in Richmond, Virginia. He defeated Keith Fergus in the 36-hole final, having beaten Curtis Strange and Andy Bean in previous rounds of the match-play championship. At the end of 1975 Ridley was ranked the #2 amateur in the country by Golf Digest. In 1976 he won the Monroe Invitational. He also competed in the 1976 British Open later in the year. Ridley was a member of the 1976 Eisenhower Trophy team. Late in the year he was ranked the #10 amateur in the country by Golf Digest. In 1977 he competed in the British Amateur. In the 1977 Walker Cup, he won two singles matches (both against Sandy Lyle) and lost his foursomes match. Between 1974 and 1977 Ridley was a law student. He earned a Juris Doctor degree from Stetson University College of Law in 1977. Later career Ridley never turned professional. Ridley remains the last U.S. Amateur champion to have never become a professional golfer. Ridley worked as a lawyer and golf administrator for most of his career. Ridley still occasionally played notable amateur events, however. For example, Ridley played the 1987 British Amateur. He also served as captain for the American sides of the 1987 Walker Cup, 1989 Walker Cup, and the 2010 Eisenhower Trophy. Ridley was elected president of the United States Golf Association (USGA) in 2004. He has also served as co-chairman of the International Golf Federation. He had been elected as a member of the executive board, treasurer, vice president of the USGA, and has also served as the chairman of the USGA's Championship Committee, Amateur Status and Conduct Committee, and International Team Selection Committee. Late in his career he was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a \"Distinguished Letterwinner.\" Ridley, who is a member of Augusta National Golf Club, served as the competition committee chairman for 2011 Masters Tournament. On August 23, 2017, Augusta National announced that Ridley would succeed Billy Payne as chairman of the club. Ridley took over when the club reopened for its 2017–18",
"title": "Fred Ridley"
},
{
"docid": "11667668",
"text": "The Greater Vancouver Open was a professional golf tournament in Canada on the PGA Tour, held in southwestern British Columbia from 1996 to 2002. It was played after the majors in late summer, at the Northview Golf & Country Club in Surrey, a suburb southeast of Vancouver. History For its first three years, it was an alternate event in late August, concurrent with the NEC World Series of Golf at Firestone in Akron, Ohio. In 1999, the new Reno-Tahoe Open became the alternate event for the WGC-NEC Invitational at Firestone. The Vancouver tournament was promoted to a regular tour event and scheduled a week later, as the Greater Milwaukee Open moved up to July. Renamed the \"Air Canada Championship,\" sponsored by the country's leading airline, it was coupled with the Canadian Open for consecutive tournaments north of the U.S. border in early September. Mike Weir won that year for the first of his eight tour wins; he became the first Canadian to win a PGA Tour event on home soil in The purses grew substantially during the run of the event, from $1 million to $3.5 million in six years. It was replaced on the schedule in 2003 by the Deutsche Bank Championship in Massachusetts, near Boston. This was not the first time the PGA Tour included a stop in British Columbia on their schedule. Dow Finsterwald won the unofficial 1955 British Columbia Open Invitational, and Jim Ferree was victorious at the 1958 Vancouver Open Invitational. Winners References External links Tournament results at GolfObserver.com - select under \"Tournament Name\" 2002 Tournament preview - at GolfToday.co.uk Northview Golf & Country Club Former PGA Tour events Golf tournaments in British Columbia Sport in Surrey, British Columbia Recurring sporting events established in 1996 Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2002 1996 establishments in British Columbia 2002 disestablishments in British Columbia",
"title": "Greater Vancouver Open"
},
{
"docid": "14788628",
"text": "Grace DeMoss Zwahlen (born 1927) is a former competitive women's American amateur golfer from Oregon. She was the first Pacific Northwesterner to be named to the United States Curtis Cup team in 1952 and then again in 1954. After retiring from competitive golf, Zwahlen was elected to numerous sports Halls of Fame. From 1986 to 2017 she gave back to the game of golf by serving as a girls' golf coach at high schools in Oregon and Southern California. Early life and career DeMoss was born in Corvallis, Oregon, one of five daughters of Ray DeMoss, a Corvallis businessman. She started playing golf as a teenager at the Corvallis Country Club, though she was initially more interested in equestrian sports. She entered her first tournament, the Portland Open, in 1945 and came in last place. In her next major tournament a year later, the Pacific Northwest Golf Association Amateur, she made the semifinals, and then a year after that, lost in the finals. Her first tournament victory came in the 1947 Portland City Amateur. Golf success After her win in Portland, she entered tournaments across North America, primarily on the west coast. In 1949, she won her first major tournament, the Canadian Women's Amateur. Following that win, she played throughout the winter in California to keep her game sharp. In 1950, she won the Pacific Northwest Amateur Championship played at Capilano Golf and Country Club in West Vancouver, British Columbia. She followed this victory with a semifinalist finish at the U.S. Women's Amateur, and was a finalist at the Canadian Women's Amateur, the Women's Trans-Mississippi, and the Oregon Women's Amateur, and was medalist at the Women's Western Open. In 1952, she was named to the United States' Curtis Cup team, the first golfer from the Northwest to receive the honor. However, that year, the American team lost the Cup for the first time since its inception. Two years later, in 1954, DeMoss was again named to the team. This time, DeMoss and her team reclaimed the Cup at the matches contested at Merion Golf Club. Following her early success, she relocated to Florida to play golf year round where she won Florida Women's Amateur championships in 1955, 1957, and 1958. She returned to the Northwest to claim three straight Oregon women's amateur titles from 1956 to 1958. She continued to play competitively into the 1960s before retiring to start and raise her family. From 1986–2006, she was the girls' golf coach at Crescent Valley High School in her hometown of Corvallis, Oregon and from 2007–2017 she was the girls' freshman/sophomore golf coach at Santa Margarita Catholic High School in Rancho Santa Margarita, California. Personal DeMoss graduated from Oregon State University in 1952, but did not compete collegiately as Oregon State did not have a women's golf team until the 1970s. Following her graduation, DeMoss married Howard K. Smith and golfed as \"Mrs. Grace DeMoss Smith\" or \"Mrs. Howard Smith\" for several years. She was later married to Fred C. Zwahlen",
"title": "Grace DeMoss"
},
{
"docid": "17431063",
"text": "Sunningdale Golf Club is a golf club in Sunningdale, Berkshire, England, located approximately west-southwest of London. Sunningdale Golf Club was founded in 1900 and has two eighteen hole golf courses: the Old Course, designed by Willie Park Jr., and the New Course, designed by Harry Colt, which opened in 1923. Sunningdale has hosted many prestigious events in golf, including the British Masters, Walker Cup, Women's British Open, and The Senior Open Championship. From 2004 to 2013, Europe's International Final Qualifying tournament for The Open Championship was held over both the Old and New courses at Sunningdale. It hosted the Seniors Amateur Championship in 2017. History Sunningdale Golf Club was founded in 1900 on Chobham Common, on land owned by St. John's College, Cambridge. Its first Secretary was Harry Colt, who went on to design golf courses of international renown, such as the New Course at Sunningdale, Ealing, and Swinley Forest. Colt was highly influential in the creation of the Pine Valley Golf Club in New Jersey, widely acknowledged as one of the best golf courses in the world. The original 18-hole course, set in a heathland area, with sandy subsoil amid mixed treed foliage, was designed by Willie Park Jr., and was ready for play in 1901. It was also among the first successful courses located away from the seaside, as many people had thought at the time that turf would not grow well in such regions. From the start, Sunningdale was well regarded and has hosted many important events. Examples include News of the World Match Play in 1903, 1907, 1912, and 1922; several stagings of the British Masters in the 1940s and 1950s; the 1974–79 Colgate European Open; the 1987 Walker Cup; the 1985, 1986, 1988, and 1992 European Open and the 1997, 2001, 2004, and 2008 Women's British Open. The Open Championship, International Final Qualifying has been held annually over the Old and New Courses since 2004. It was also the venue of the 2009 Senior British Open Championship, which was won by Loren Roberts. It hosted the Senior Open Championship again in July 2015, the winner being Marco Dawson. Bobby Jones had great fondness for Sunningdale. He scored 66-68 over it during qualifying for the 1926 British Open, with the 66 consisting of 33 full strokes and 33 putts, with every hole played in either 3 or 4; this has sometimes been described as the perfect round of golf. Jones said afterwards: \"I wish I could take this course home with me.\" The original course is now called the Old Course, with the club having opened the New Course in 1923; it is also excellent and was designed by Harry Colt. Colt was also the first secretary of Sunningdale, and recollections of his days at the club are described in Sheridan of Sunningdale, a unique history of the early years of Sunningdale, which was written in 1967 by Jimmy Sheridan, caddie master at Sunningdale for 56 years from 1910. The book is available on Kindle. The",
"title": "Sunningdale Golf Club"
},
{
"docid": "70330223",
"text": "The 1999 Senior British Open was a professional golf tournament for players aged 50 and above and the 13th British Senior Open Championship, held from 22 to 25 July at Royal Portrush Golf Club in Portrush, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. In 2018, the tournament was, as were all Senior British Open Championships played 1987–2002, retroactively recognized as a senior major golf championship and a PGA Tour Champions (at the time named the Senior PGA Tour) event. Christy O'Connor Jnr beat John Bland by three strokes and won his first of two Senior British Open titles. Defending champion Brian Huggett finished tied 20th, 15 strokes from the back. Leading amateur was Roy Smethurst, tied 30th, 18 strokes from the winner. Venue The event was the fifth Senior Open Championship in a row held at Royal Portrush Golf Club. Course layout Source: Field 123 players, 113 professionals and 10 amateurs, entered the competition. 55 players qualified through two 18-hole final qualifying tournaments, 26 players at Royal Portrusch Valley Links course and 29 players at nearby Castlerock Golf Club. They joined 68 players, who were exempt into the championship. Five players withdraw and one was disqualified. 63 players made the 36-hole cut. Past champions in the field Seven past Senior British Open champions participated. Six of them made the 36-hole cut, Gary Player (3rd), Bob Charles (tied 5th), Brian Huggett (tied 20th), Brian Barnes (tied 27th), Neil Coles (tied 27th) and John Fourie (tied 30th). One of them, Bobby Verwey, withdraw. Past winners and runners-up at The Open Championship in the field The field included three former winners of The Open Championship, Bob Charles (tied 5th), Gary Player (3rd) and Tony Jacklin (missed cut). The field also included three former runners-up at The Open Championship; Brian Huggett (tied 20th), Neil Coles (tied 27th) and Christy O'Connor Snr (missed the cut). Final results Sunday, 25 July 1999 Source: References External links Results on European Tour website Senior major golf championships Golf tournaments in Northern Ireland Senior British Open Senior British Open Senior British Open",
"title": "1999 Senior British Open"
},
{
"docid": "3870304",
"text": "Patricia Mary \"Trish\" Johnson (born 17 January 1966) is an English professional golfer. Early life and amateur career Johnson was born in Bristol. Her three brothers were all golfers, one of them was a professional golfer. She practised other sports, including badminton, soccer and tennis. She preferred to learn by herself rather than taking golf lessons. She was South Western Champion in 1983 and 1984. In 1984 she was both England Under-23 and Under-21 Champion. In 1985 she won the English Women's Amateur Championship, was the English Women's Strokeplay Champion and repeated as England Under-23 Champion. In 1986 she represented GB & I in the Espirito Santo Trophy World Amateur Golf Team Championships and the Curtis Cup, where she won maximum points. Professional career Johnson turned professional in March 1987. She won three tournaments in her first year as a professional and was Rookie of Year on the Ladies European Tour in 1987. She won four tournaments in 1990 and won the 1990 Order of Merit. Overall, she has won 19 tournaments on the Ladies European Tour and has finished in the top ten of the Order of Merit on thirteen occasions, including second places in 2000 and 2004 when she won the 2004 Wales \"Golf as it should be\" Ladies Open. Her latest victory came at the 2007 BMW Ladies Italian Open. Johnson won the 1987 LPGA Tour Qualifying School to earn playing rights for the 1988 season. She has three wins on the US-based LPGA Tour. She won the 1993 Las Vegas LPGA tournament and the following week's LPGA Atlanta Women's Championship. Her last LPGA victory was the 1996 Fieldcrest Cannon Classic. She was a member of the European Solheim Cup team in 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2005, and 2007 and teamed with Laura Davies to represent England at the 2007 Women's World Cup of Golf. Senior career Johnson has won six tournaments on the Legends Tour, including three senior women's major golf championships; the inaugural Senior LPGA Championship in 2017 and 2021 and the 2023 U.S. Senior Women's Open. Amateur wins 1984 England Under-21 Championship, England Under-23 Championship 1985 English Women's Amateur Championship, English Women's Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship, England Under-23 Championship, French International Lady Juniors Amateur Championship Professional wins (29) LPGA Tour wins (3) Ladies European Tour wins (19) 1987 (3) McEwan's Wirral Classic, Bloor Homes Eastleigh Classic, Woolmark Ladies' Matchplay 1990 (4) Longines Classic, Hennessy Ladies' Cup, Bloor Homes Eastleigh Classic, Ladies European Open 1992 (1) Skol La Manga Club Classic 1996 (2) Marks & Spencer European Open, Open de France Dames 1999 (2) Open de France Dames, Marrakech Open 2000 (1) The Daily Telegraph Ladies British Masters 2004 (1) Wales \"Golf as it should be\" Ladies Open 2007 (1) BMW Ladies Italian Open 2008 (1) VCI European Ladies Golf Cup (with Rebecca Hudson) 2010 (2) Tenerife Ladies Open, Open de France Feminin 2014 (1) Aberdeen Asset Management Ladies Scottish Open Other wins (1) this list may be incomplete 1992 Sunrise Cup",
"title": "Trish Johnson"
},
{
"docid": "51137857",
"text": "Aditi Ashok (born 29 March 1998) is an Indian professional golfer from Bangalore. She plays on the Ladies European Tour and LPGA Tour. She made her Olympic Games debut at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She qualified for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, representing India in golf and finished 4th. Personal life Aditi was born in Bangalore to Ashok Gudlamani and Maheshwari. She was educated at The Frank Anthony Public School, Bangalore and graduated in 2016. When she started playing golf at the age of 5, there were only three golf courses in Bangalore. When she expressed an interest, her father took her to the Karnataka Golf Association driving range. Her father Ashok was her caddie in the 2016 Olympics, while her mother Maheshwari Ashok was her caddie for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Career Aditi at the age of 12, played in the Asia Pacific Invitation tournament. When Aditi was 13, she became victorious in her first professional tour. She won the National Junior Championship three times in a row in 2012, 2013 and 2014. In 2014 she held junior and senior titles at the same time. She was the only Indian golfer, who played at Asian Youth Games of 2013, Youth Olympics and Asian Games - both in 2014. After winning the Ladies British Amateur Stroke Play Championship in 2015 she turned pro on 1 January, 2016. She became the youngest and first Indian to win the Lalla Aicha Tour School and secured her Ladies European Tour card for the 2016 season. This win also made her the youngest winner of a Q School for an international tour. Aditi won the 2016 Hero Women's Indian Open with a score of 3-under-par 213, and in the process became the first Indian to win a Ladies European Tour title. In a country normally focused on cricket, her win garnered outsized attention for the sport of golf. Her win made the front page of the country's largest newspaper, the Times of India and she was featured nationally on television. She picked up a second win two weeks later at the Qatar Ladies Open and finished the season second on the Order of Merit. She won the Rookie of the Year award. She also gained a LPGA Tour card for 2017 via the LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament. In 2017, Aditi became the second LPGA player from India after Simi Mehra and finished eighth in the Louise Suggs Rolex Rookie of the Year standings. In 2018, she made 17 cuts at 24 events, with two top-10 finishes. She recorded a career-best T6 result at the Volunteers of America LPGA Texas Classic (formerly Volunteers of America LPGA North Dallas Classic) and tied her career-low score of 64 at the Walmart NW Arkansas Championship. She ended the year with the second-lowest putting average on the LPGA. In 2019, Aditi made 13 cut out of 22 LPGA Tour events, with best season finish of T13 at CP Women's Open. She ended the year with back-to-back second-place finishes",
"title": "Aditi Ashok"
},
{
"docid": "19553304",
"text": "Kingsbarns Golf Links is a seaside Scottish links golf course along 1.8 miles of shoreline near St Andrews, Scotland. It opened in 2000 and has been rated as one of the best courses in Scotland. It has also been ranked as one of the top 100 courses in the world, and received numerous media and industry awards. The course was designed by Kyle Phillips and the original developers were Mark Parsinen (1948-2019) and Art Dunkley. Dunkley retains ownership of the golf course following Parsinen’s departure in 2005. Since 2001, Kingsbarns has co-hosted the Alfred Dunhill Links Championship, which is a European Tour pro-am event that is also played at The Old Course and Carnoustie Golf Links. In July 2017, Kingsbarns hosted the Ricoh Women’s British Open. Location Kingsbarns Golf Links is located along a 1.8 mile stretch of North Sea coastline, seven miles from St Andrews, Scotland. The 220-acre site is situated within the Cambo Estate. History of Kingsbarns Golf has been played over at least part of the current course site on and off since 1793. The Kingsbarns Golfing Society was established in 1815 and its members played on the original 9-hole Kingsbarns course until it closed in 1850. The course was re-established in 1922 and the golfing society was reformed as Kingsbarns Golf Club which remains in existence today. Willie Auchterlonie laid out the course in 1922 which closed again at the onset of the Second World War. Land mines were installed on the course site as part of the national security defence effort and the ground reverted to rough pasture. Construction of the current Kingsbarns Golf Links began in November 1997 under the direction of architect Kyle Phillips and the course opened in July 2000. The course has no membership and welcomes visitors. Tournaments hosted Ricoh Women's British Open In 2017, the Ricoh Women’s British Open was held at Kingsbarns Golf Links; the winner was South Korean In-Kyung Kim. Alfred Dunhill Links Championship The Alfred Dunhill Links Championship is played over three courses – the Old Course at St Andrews, the Championship Course, Carnoustie Golf Links and Kingsbarns Golf Links. The tournament has a format incorporating two separate competitions – an individual professional tournament and a team competition where amateur golfers play alongside the professionals. The Jacques Léglise Trophy The Jacques Léglise Trophy is an under-18 tournament played annually with the venue alternating between Great Britain and Ireland and the Continent of Europe. 2010 Open Championship qualifying In 2010, Kingsbarns hosted The Open Championship local qualifying event when The Open itself was held at St Andrews. Magazine rankings 13th in \"Top 100 Courses in the World\" Golfscape.com 2020. 27th in \"World's 100 Greatest Courses\" – Golf Digest 2020–2021. 5th in \"Scotland's Top 100 Golf Courses\" – Golf World Top 100 2019. 5th in \"Scotland's Top 100 Golf Courses\" – National Club Golfer 2019. 8th in \"UK and Ireland Top 100 Golf Courses\" – Golf World Top 100 2019. 15th in \"Top 100 Courses of UK and Ireland\"",
"title": "Kingsbarns Golf Links"
},
{
"docid": "27879670",
"text": "The Women's British Open is an annual golf competition held at the end of July start of August, and is conducted by the R&A. Established in 1976, it has been recognised as a major championship by the Ladies European Tour (LET) since 1992, became a recognised LPGA event in 1994, and became one of the LPGA's major championships in 2001. it is the fifth and last of the LPGA's five majors, preceded by the ANA Inspiration (formerly Kraft Nabisco Championship), U.S. Women's Open, the Women's PGA Championship and the Evian Championship (formerly Evian Masters). This event has always been conducted in stroke play competition. Yani Tseng's victories in 2010 and 2011 and Jiyai Shin's in 2008 and 2012 make them the only two golfers to win the event twice since it became an LPGA major. The only other golfers to successfully defend their titles are Debbie Massey in 1980 and 1981, before the tournament became a part of the LPGA tour, and Sherri Steinhauer in 1998 and 1999, when it was a sanctioned LPGA event but not yet a major. The lowest winning score in the tournament's history as an LPGA major is Karen Stupples's 19-under par 269 aggregate in 2004, equalling the record score set by Karrie Webb in 1997. The Women's British Open has had two wire-to-wire champions as a major: Jang Jeong in 2005 and Lorena Ochoa in 2007. Key Champions Multiple champions This table lists the golfers who have won more than one Women's British Open as a major. Champions who won in consecutive years are indicated by the years with italics*. Key Champions by nationality This table lists the total number of titles won by golfers of each nationality as an LPGA major (2001–present). Notes This tournament has had several names, which are the following; 2001–2006: Weetabix Women's British Open, 2007–2018: Ricoh Women's British Open, 2019: AIG Women's British Open, 2020–present AIG Women's Open. See also Chronological list of LPGA major golf champions List of LPGA major championship winning golfers Grand Slam (golf) References General Specific External links LPGA Tour's tournament profile champions Brit Women's British Open champions",
"title": "List of Women's British Open champions"
},
{
"docid": "19878347",
"text": "The Indian Open, titled for sponsorship reasons as the Hero Indian Open since 2011, is the national open golf championship of India, organised by the Indian Golf Union. Founded in 1964, it was added to the Asia Golf Circuit schedule in 1970. In 1998 it became an event on the rival Omega Tour (known as the Asian Tour since 2004). Since 2015, it has also been co-sanctioned by the European Tour. From 1964 until 2000, the tournament was held exclusively at either Delhi Golf Club or Royal Calcutta Golf Club. Since then it has been held at Classic Golf Resort in 2000 and 2001, Karnataka Golf Association in 2012, and DLF Golf and Country Club in 2009 and since 2017; all other editions have been held at Delhi Golf Club. History The inaugural event was held in February 1964. Peter Thomson beat Ralph Moffitt by four strokes. Thomson was the inspiration behind the event. He used to stop off in India while travelling worldwide to play and soon realised the potential for golf and that the best way to promote it would be an international tournament. It was this insight that persuaded the Indian Golf Union to establish the Indian Open. Thompson continued to play in the event and won again in 1966 and 1976. His three wins was equalled by Jyoti Randhawa in 2007. The second event in 1965 was won by Indian amateur Prem Gopal (Billoo) Sethi, who beat Guy Wolstenholme by seven strokes. Sethi still remains the only amateur winner. It was not until 1991, when Ali Sher became champion, that India had another winner. In 1970 the Indian Open became part of the Asia Golf Circuit; it had been an \"associate event\" on the circuit in 1967 and 1968. As a result of joining the tour, the field increased in strength with notable winners including three-time major champion Payne Stewart. There have been a number of sponsors over the years, with Hero Honda Motors Ltd taking over sponsorship in 2005. The prize fund for 2017 was US$1.75 million. No events took place in 2020, 2021 and 2022 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Venues The following venues have been used since the founding of the Indian Open in 1964. Winners Source: Notes References External links Coverage on the European Tour's official site Asia Golf Circuit events Former Asian Tour events European Tour events Golf tournaments in India Recurring sporting events established in 1964 1964 establishments in Delhi",
"title": "Indian Open (golf)"
},
{
"docid": "5510561",
"text": "Portstewart Golf Club consists of three 18-hole courses situated in the town of Portstewart, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Golf was first played there as far back as 1889. The three courses are: the Strand Course (par 72), a championship course, the Riverside Course (par 68) and the Old Course (par 64), which is where the club was founded in 1894. Portstewart Golf Club hosted the Dubai Duty Free Irish Open in 2017, setting up a three-week spell of links golf culminating in The Open Championship. History The club was founded in 1894 and started off as 9 holes at the existing location of the Old Course. This was upgraded to 18 holes in 1934. In 1920 the club built another clubhouse at Strand Head and Willie Park Jr. designed 18 holes and this is now currently the Strand Course. In 1986 the club purchased land in the sand dunes known as 'Thistly Hollow' which allowed seven new stunning holes to be built in these towering dunes and in natural links land, these holes were designed by club member Des Giffin. Due to this makeover on the Strand Course left an extra 9 holes from the original layout, which was expanded to 18 holes in 2001 and this is now currently the Riverside Course. Tournaments The club held a qualifying round for The Open Championship in 1951 when it was played at Royal Portrush. The club played host to the Irish Amateur Close Championship in 1992, and has hosted other events such as the Irish Professional and Irish Amateur. The British Girls Championship was also hosted in 2006, won by Belen Mozo of Spain. Most recently it has co-hosted The Amateur Championship in 2014 along with Royal Portrush which was won by Bradley Neil of Scotland. It also co-hosted the Boys Amateur Championship in 2018 alongside Royal Portrush which was won by Conor Gough of England. It has hosted the British Ladies Amateur Championship as well in 2015, won by Céline Boutier of France. In 2017, Portstewart hosted the Dubai Duty Free Irish Open, from 6–9 July for the first time in the club's history. This was by far the biggest tournament the club had ever hosted and attracted crowds of 92,000+ for the whole week. The young Spaniard Jon Rahm took the title and shot an Irish Open record score of 24 under par for 4 days. David Drysdale broke the course record for The Strand Course by carding a 63 on the final day. Portstewart hosted the North of Ireland Amateur Championship in 2019 along with Castlerock due to Royal Portrush's closure as the 2019 Open Championship host. Scorecard Strand Links – Championship tees See also Royal Portrush Golf Club Royal County Down Golf Club Ballyliffin Golf Club References External links Golf clubs and courses in Northern Ireland Sports clubs and teams in County Londonderry Irish Open (golf) venues 1894 establishments in Ireland Sports venues completed in 1894",
"title": "Portstewart Golf Club"
},
{
"docid": "1520559",
"text": "The Women's Open (originally known as the Women's British Open, and still widely referred to by that name outside the UK) is a major championship in women's professional golf. It is recognised by both the LPGA Tour and the Ladies European Tour as a major. The reigning champion is Lilia Vu, who won at Walton Heath Golf Club in 2023. Since becoming an LPGA major in 2001 it has generally been played in late July or early August. The 2012 edition was scheduled for mid-September, due to the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, while the 2014 event was played in mid-July, the week prior to the Open Championship. In 2019 it was known as the AIG Women's British Open. From 2007 to 2018, it was called the Ricoh Women's British Open while the previous twenty editions (1987–2006) were sponsored by Weetabix, a breakfast cereal. In July 2020, the sponsorship agreement with AIG was extended through to 2025; as part of the deal the championship was rebranded by The R&A (which has organised the event since 2017) by removing the \"British\" qualifier, in line with The R&A's men's and senior men's championships, as the AIG Women's Open. History The first Women's British Open was played in 1976 when the Ladies' British Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship was extended to include professionals. The Amateur Stroke Play Championship had been organised by the Ladies' Golf Union since 1969. In early 1976 two professionals, Vivien Saunders and Gwen Brandom, and the LGU, agreed that the event would be opened up to professionals, with Saunders and Brandom providing £200 in prize money for the professionals. Eventually total prize money was £500, with five professionals competing in the event. An amateur, Jenny Lee Smith, won the event with Saunders the leading professional, tying for fourth place. Saunders won the event in 1977 on \"countback\", having tied with Mary Everard but having the better final round, 76 to Everard's 79. Janet Melville won in 1978, with Saunders again the leading professional and taking the first prize of £1,000. Just four professionals competed. From 1979 the event was separated from the Stroke Play Championship, which returned to being an amateur-only event. Prize money of £10,000, and a first prize of £3,000, attracted a larger number of professionals. At first, it was difficult for the organisers to get the most prestigious courses to agree to host the event, with the exception of Royal Birkdale, which hosted it twice during its early days — in 1982 and 1986. After nearly folding in 1983, the tournament was held at the best of the \"second-tier\" courses, including Woburn Golf and Country Club for seven straight years, 1990 through 1996, as well as in 1984 and 1999. As its prestige continued to increase, more of the links courses that are in the rotation for The Open Championship, such as Turnberry (2002) and Royal Lytham & St Annes (1998, 2003, 2006) hosted the tournament, in addition to Royal Birkdale (2000, 2005, 2010). In 2007,",
"title": "Women's British Open"
},
{
"docid": "52527131",
"text": "The 2017 U.S. Women's Open was the 72nd U.S. Women's Open, held at Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster, New Jersey, west of New York City. The U.S. Women's Open is the oldest of the five current major championships and was the third of the 2017 season. With the largest purse in women's golf, increased to $5 million in 2017, it was televised by Fox Sports 1 and Fox Sports. Park Sung-hyun won her first major title, two strokes ahead of amateur Choi Hye-jin. It was her first win on the LPGA Tour, after ten victories on the LPGA of Korea Tour. Seven strokes back at after 36 holes, Park carded on the weekend with consecutive rounds Qualifying and field The championship is open to any female professional or amateur golfer with a USGA handicap index not exceeding 2.4. Players qualify by competing in one of twenty 36-hole qualifying tournaments held at sites across the United States and at international sites in China, England, Japan, and South Korea. Additional players were exempt from qualifying because of past performances in professional or amateur tournaments around the world. Exempt from qualifying Many players are exempt in multiple categories. Players are listed only once, in the first category in which they became exempt, with additional categories in parentheses () next to their names. Golfers qualifying in Category 14 who qualified in other categories are denoted with the tour by which they qualified. 1. Winners of the U.S. Women's Open for the last ten years (2007–2016) Choi Na-yeon, Chun In-gee (8,12,13,14-KLPGA,16,17), Paula Creamer, Ji Eun-hee (10,16), Cristie Kerr (10,12,13,16,17), Brittany Lang (10,16,17), Inbee Park (5,6,7,9,12,13,16,17), Ryu So-yeon (7,12,13,16,17), Michelle Wie (17) 2. Winner and runner-up from the 2016 U.S. Women's Amateur (must be an amateur) Virginia Elena Carta (a), Seong Eun-jeong (a) 3. Winner of the 2017 British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship (must be an amateur) Leona Maguire (a,4) 4. Winner of the 2016 Mark H. McCormack Medal (Women's World Amateur Golf Ranking) (must be an amateur) 5. Winners of the Women's PGA Championship for the last five years (2013–2017) Brooke Henderson (13,16,17), Danielle Kang (11,17) 6. Winners of the Ricoh Women's British Open for the last five years (2012–2016) Ariya Jutanugarn (12,13,16,17), Stacy Lewis (10,16,17), Mo Martin (16,17), Jiyai Shin (14-JLPGA,16,17) 7. Winners of the ANA Inspiration for the last five years (2013–2017) Lydia Ko (8,10,13,16,17), Brittany Lincicome (13,16,17), Lexi Thompson (12,13,16,17) 8. Winners of the Evian Championship for the last four years (2013–2016) Kim Hyo-joo (16,17), Suzann Pettersen (16,17) 9. Winner of the 2016 Olympic Gold Medal 10. Ten lowest scorers and anyone tying for 10th place from the 2016 U.S. Women's Open Jodi Ewart Shadoff (16,17), Anna Nordqvist (13,16,17), Park Sung-hyun (14-KLPGA,16,17), Gerina Piller (16,17), Amy Yang (12,13,16,17) 11. Top 75 money leaders from the 2016 final official LPGA money list Marina Alex, Katie Burnett, Chella Choi (17), Carlota Ciganda (13,16,17), Jacqui Concolino, Austin Ernst (16,17), Shanshan Feng (13,16,17), Sandra Gal, Charley Hull (13,16,17), M. J. Hur (16,17), Karine Icher (16,17),",
"title": "2017 U.S. Women's Open"
},
{
"docid": "54903023",
"text": "My Leander (born 12 September 1994) is a Swedish professional golfer. She made the cut at the 2017 Women's British Open, was runner-up at the 2019 WPGA International Challenge, and won the 2022 Rose Ladies Open in England. Amateur career Leander was successful on the junior golf circuit in Sweden, amassing 7 career titles. She was runner-up at the 2012 Annika Invitational Europe, 2 strokes behind Linnea Ström. Leander started playing college golf San Jose State Spartans women's golf team at San José State University in the fall of 2013 and graduated in 2017. She was named 2016–17 Mountain West Women's Golfer of the Year. Her stroke average in the 2016–17 season was the best in school history, shooting 17 rounds under par and six rounds of par and winning two tournaments, the Colonel Wollenberg's Ram Classic and Meadow Club Intercollegiate, and placed second at three other tournaments. By 2017, she had a World Amateur Golf Ranking of 28 and got onto the national team. Leander helped the Swedish team to place third at the European Ladies' Team Championship in Portugal. Leander made the cut at the 2017 Women's British Open at Kingsbarns Golf Links in Scotland. She qualified as an amateur by shooting three-under and finishing fifth at the final qualifying, just days before play began. Leander started the tournament with a one-under 71 in the first round and a two-under 70 in the second round, and she was just one of three amateurs to make the cut. In her final two rounds, she shot 77 and 79 to finish nine-over and in 77th place. Professional career Leander turned professional early 2018 and started playing on the LET Access Series and the Swedish Golf Tour, where she won the 2018 Nes Open in Norway, having prevailed in a playoff against Frida Gustafsson-Spång. In 2019, she was runner-up at the WPGA International Challenge in England, one stroke behind Manon De Roey. In 2022, she finished 14th at the Mithra Belgian Ladies Open and 15th at the VP Bank Swiss Ladies Open, her best finishes on the Ladies European Tour so far. In September, she won the Rose Ladies Open at Brocket Hall in England, three strokeas ahead of Noemí Jiménez Martín. Amateur wins 2008 Skandia Tour SGDF Syd #5 2010 Skandia Tour Regional #3 - Stockholm Södra 2011 Alex Norén Junior Open 2012 Skandia Tour Regional #3 - Stockholm Södra 2014 HP Junior Open 2015 HP Junior Open, Vikingaskeppet JMI 2016 Colonel Wollenberg's Ram Classic 2017 Meadow Club Women's Intercollegiate Source: Professional wins (2) LET Access Series wins (1) Swedish Golf Tour wins (1) Results in LPGA majors Team appearances Amateur European Ladies' Team Championship (representing Sweden): 2017 References External links Swedish female golfers San Jose State Spartans women's golfers Sportspeople from Södertälje 1994 births Living people",
"title": "My Leander"
}
] | [
"Jordan Spieth"
] |
train_35717 | who builds the boat in the epic of gilgamesh | [
{
"docid": "4540597",
"text": "Mount Nisir (also spelled Mount Niṣir, and also called Mount Nimush), mentioned in the ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, is supposedly the mountain known today as Pir Omar Gudrun (elevation 2588 m (8490 ft.)), near the city Sulaymaniyah in Iraqi Kurdistan. The name may mean \"Mount of Salvation\". According to the Epic of Gilgamesh, Mt. Nisir is the resting place of the ship built by Utnapishtim. Despite the precise descriptions in the Epic of Gilgamesh, those curious have never attempted to search for the remains of the giant ship on Mount Nisir. An alternative translation of \"Mount Nisir\" in the Epic of Gilgamesh XI,141a is based on the ambiguous words: \"KUR-ú KUR ni-sir held tight the boat.\" The Sumerian word KUR can mean land or country or hill, but not mountain. In Akkadian, KUR with the phonetic complement -ú is read as shadû which can mean hill or mountain. The second KUR is a determinative indicating that nisir is the name of a hill or land or country (or in Akkadian a mountain). But Thompson read this determinative as matu, an Akkadian word for country. The country Nisir may have got its name from nisirtu which means a locality that is hidden, inaccessible, or secluded. Hence the boat may have grounded on an inaccessible hill. References Mythological mountains",
"title": "Mount Nisir"
},
{
"docid": "13151",
"text": "Gilgamesh (, ; ; originally ) was a hero in ancient Mesopotamian mythology and the protagonist of the Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem written in Akkadian during the late 2nd millennium BC. He was possibly a historical king of the Sumerian city-state of Uruk, who was posthumously deified. His rule probably would have taken place sometime in the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, 2900 – 2350 BC, though he became a major figure in Sumerian legend during the Third Dynasty of Ur (). Tales of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems. The earliest of these is likely \"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld\", in which Gilgamesh comes to the aid of the goddess Inanna and drives away the creatures infesting her huluppu tree. She gives him two unknown objects, a mikku and a pikku, which he loses. After Enkidu's death, his shade tells Gilgamesh about the bleak conditions in the Underworld. The poem Gilgamesh and Aga describes Gilgamesh's revolt against his overlord Aga of Kish. Other Sumerian poems relate Gilgamesh's defeat of the giant Huwawa and the Bull of Heaven, while a fifth, poorly preserved poem relates the account of his death and funeral. In later Babylonian times, these stories were woven into a connected narrative. The standard Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh was composed by a scribe named Sîn-lēqi-unninni, probably during the Middle Babylonian Period (), based on much older source material. In the epic, Gilgamesh is a demigod of superhuman strength who befriends the wild man Enkidu. Together, they embark on many journeys, most famously defeating Humbaba (Sumerian: Huwawa) and the Bull of Heaven, who is sent to attack them by Ishtar (Sumerian: Inanna) after Gilgamesh rejects her offer for him to become her consort. After Enkidu dies of a disease sent as punishment from the gods, Gilgamesh becomes afraid of his death and visits the sage Utnapishtim, the survivor of the Great Flood, hoping to find immortality. Gilgamesh repeatedly fails the trials set before him and returns home to Uruk, realizing that immortality is beyond his reach. Most scholars agree that the Epic of Gilgamesh exerted substantial influence on the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems written in ancient Greek during the 8th century BC. The story of Gilgamesh's birth is described in an anecdote in On the Nature of Animals by the Greek writer Aelian (2nd century AD). Aelian relates that Gilgamesh's grandfather kept his mother under guard to prevent her from becoming pregnant, because an oracle had told him that his grandson would overthrow him. She became pregnant and the guards threw the child off a tower, but an eagle rescued him mid-fall and delivered him safely to an orchard, where the gardener raised him. The Epic of Gilgamesh was rediscovered in the Library of Ashurbanipal in 1849. After being translated in the early 1870s, it caused widespread controversy due to similarities between portions of it and the Hebrew Bible. Gilgamesh remained mostly obscure until the mid-20th century, but, since",
"title": "Gilgamesh"
},
{
"docid": "16685",
"text": "Kuwait is a sovereign state in Western Asia located at the head of the Persian Gulf. The geographical region of Kuwait has been occupied by humans since antiquity, particularly due to its strategic location at the head of the Persian Gulf. In the pre-oil era, Kuwait was a regional trade port. In the modern era, Kuwait is best known for the Gulf War (1990–1991). Antiquity Mesopotamia Following the post-glacial flooding of the Persian Gulf basin, debris from the Tigris–Euphrates river formed a substantial delta, creating most of the land in present-day Kuwait and establishing the present coastlines. One of the earliest evidence of human habitation in Kuwait dates back to 8000 BC where Mesolithic tools were found in Burgan. During the Ubaid period (6500 BC), Kuwait was the central site of interaction between the peoples of Mesopotamia and Neolithic Eastern Arabia, including Bahra 1 and site H3 in Subiya. The Neolithic inhabitants of Kuwait were among the world's earliest maritime traders. One of the world's earliest reed-boats was discovered at site H3 dating back to the Ubaid period. Other Neolithic sites in Kuwait are located in Khiran and Sulaibikhat. Mesopotamians first settled in the Kuwaiti island of Failaka in 2000 B.C. Traders from the Sumerian city of Ur inhabited Failaka and ran a mercantile business. The island had many Mesopotamian-style buildings typical of those found in Iraq dating from around 2000 B.C. In 4000 BC until 2000 BC, the bay of Kuwait was home to the Dilmun civilization. Dilmun included Al-Shadadiya, Akkaz, Umm an Namil, and Failaka. Dilmun first appears in Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets dated to the end of fourth millennium BC, found in the temple of goddess Inanna in the city of Uruk. The adjective Dilmun is used to describe a type of axe and one specific official; in addition there are lists of rations of wool issued to people connected with Dilmun. In the Mesopotamian epic poem Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh had to pass through Mount Mashu to reach Dilmun, Mount Mashu is usually identified with the whole of the parallel Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges, with the narrow gap between these mountains constituting the tunnel. Dilmun, sometimes described as \"the place where the sun rises\" and \"the Land of the Living\", is the scene of some versions of the Eridu Genesis, and the place where the deified Sumerian hero of the flood, Utnapishtim (Ziusudra), was taken by the gods to live forever. Thorkild Jacobsen's translation of the Eridu Genesis calls it \"Mount Dilmun\" which he locates as a \"faraway, half-mythical place\". Dilmun is also described in the epic story of Enki and Ninhursag as the site at which the Creation occurred. The promise of Enki to Ninhursag, the Earth Mother: For Dilmun, the land of my lady's heart, I will create long waterways, rivers and canals, whereby water will flow to quench the thirst of all beings and bring abundance to all that lives. The Sumerian goddess of air and wind Ninlil had her home in Dilmun.",
"title": "History of Kuwait"
},
{
"docid": "6095325",
"text": "The Gilgamesh flood myth is a flood myth in the Epic of Gilgamesh. It is one of three Mesopotamian Flood Myths alongside the one including in the Eridu Genesis, and an episode from the Atra-Hasis Epic. Many scholars believe that the flood myth was added to Tablet XI in the \"standard version\" of the Gilgamesh Epic by an editor who used the flood story from the Epic of Atra-Hasis. A short reference to the flood myth is also present in the much older Sumerian Gilgamesh poems, from which the later Babylonian versions drew much of their inspiration and subject matter. History Gilgamesh's supposed historical reign is believed to have been approximately 2700 BC, shortly before the earliest known written stories. The discovery of artifacts associated with Aga and Enmebaragesi of Kish, two other kings named in the stories, has lent credibility to the historical existence of Gilgamesh. The earliest Sumerian Gilgamesh poems date from as early as the Third dynasty of Ur (2100–2000 BC). One of these poems mentions Gilgamesh’s journey to meet the flood hero, as well as a short version of the flood story. The earliest Akkadian versions of the unified epic are dated to ca. 2000–1500 BC. Due to the fragmentary nature of these Old Babylonian versions, it is unclear whether they included an expanded account of the flood myth; although one fragment definitely includes the story of Gilgamesh's journey to meet Utnapishtim. The \"standard\" Akkadian version included a long version of the story and was edited by Sin-liqe-unninni, who lived sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC. Tablets The first Gilgamesh flood tablet was discovered by Hormuzd Rassam in Nineveh and was in the collection of the British Museum but had not been translated. In 1872, George Smith, an assistant at the British Museum, translated the tablet from the seventh-century B.C Akkadian. Reportedly, he exclaimed, \"I am the first man to read that after more than two thousand years of oblivion\". While on a subsequent archeological expedition to Nineveh in Iraq, Smith found on May 7, 1873 a portion of a tablet containing the missing part of the flood story, describing the provisioning of the ark: \"Into the midst of it thy grain, thy furniture, and thy goods, thy wealth, thy woman servants, thy female slaves...the animals of the field all, I will gather and I will send to thee, and they shall be enclosed in thy door.\" A much older Cuneiform tablet dating to 1646-1626 B.C., about one-thousand years before the Book of Genesis is believed to have been written, and known as the Epic of Atra-Hasis describing a great flood was discovered in 1898. J. P. Morgan acquired it and today it is in the Morgan Library & Museum. In 2007, Andrew George translated a 3,200 year old tablet dating to around 1200 B.C. found during excavations at Ugarit. The tablet contains a fragment of the Epic of Gilgamesh, including parts of the story of Utnapishtim and the flood. Tablet 11 The Gilgamesh flood tablet",
"title": "Gilgamesh flood myth"
},
{
"docid": "91556",
"text": "Ziusudra (Old Babylonian: [ṣi₂-u₄-sud-ra₂], Neo-Assyrian: , ) of Shuruppak (c. 2900 BC) is listed in the WB-62 Sumerian King List recension as the last king of Sumer prior to the Great Flood. He is subsequently recorded as the hero of the Eridu Genesis and appears in the writings of Berossus as Xisuthros. Ziusudra is one of several mythic characters who are protagonists of Near Eastern flood myths, including Atrahasis, Utnapishtim and the biblical Noah. Although each story displays its own distinctive features, many key story elements are common to two, three, or all four versions. Literary and archaeological evidence King Ziusudra of Shuruppak In the WB-62 Sumerian king list recension, Ziusudra, or Zin-Suddu of Shuruppak, is listed as son of the last king of Sumer before a great flood. He is recorded as having reigned as both king and gudug priest for ten sars (periods of 3,600 years), although this figure is probably a copyist error for ten years. In this version, Ziusudra inherited rulership from his father Ubara-Tutu, who ruled for ten sars. The lines following the mention of Ziusudra read: The city of Kish flourished in the Early Dynastic period soon after a river flood archaeologically attested by sedimentary strata at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara), Uruk, Kish, and other sites, all of which have been radiocarbon dated to ca. 2900 BC. Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period (ca. 30th century BC), which immediately preceded the Early Dynastic I period, was discovered directly below the Shuruppak flood stratum. Max Mallowan wrote that \"we know from the Weld Blundell prism [i.e. WB-62] that at the time of the Flood, Ziusudra, the Sumerian Noah, was King of the city of Shuruppak where he received warning of the impending disaster. His role as a saviour agrees with that assigned to his counterpart Utnapishtim in the Gilgamesh Epic. ... both epigraphical and archaeological discovery give good grounds for believing that Ziusudra was a prehistoric ruler of a well-known historic city the site of which has been identified.\" That Ziusudra was a king from Shuruppak is supported by the Gilgamesh XI tablet, which makes reference to Utnapishtim (the Akkadian translation of the Sumerian name Ziusudra) with the epithet \"man of Shuruppak\" at line 23. Sumerian flood myth The tale of Ziusudra is known from a single fragmentary tablet written in Sumerian, datable by its script to the 17th century BC (Old Babylonian Empire), and published in 1914 by Arno Poebel. The first part deals with the creation of man and the animals and the founding of the first cities Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larak, Sippar, and Shuruppak. After a missing section in the tablet, we learn that the gods have decided to send a flood to destroy mankind. The god Enki (lord of the underworld sea of fresh water and Sumerian equivalent of Babylonian god Ea) warns Ziusudra, the ruler of Shuruppak, to build a large boat; the passage describing the directions for the boat is also lost. When the tablet resumes, it is describing",
"title": "Ziusudra"
},
{
"docid": "12286018",
"text": "Ubara-tutu (or Ubartutu) of Shuruppak was the last antediluvian king of Sumer, according to some versions of the Sumerian King List. He was said to have reigned for 18,600 years (5 sars and 1 ner). He was the son of En-men-dur-ana, a Sumerian mythological figure often compared to Enoch, as he entered heaven without dying. Ubara-Tutu was the king of Sumer until a flood swept over his land. Ubara-tutu is briefly mentioned in tablet XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh. He is identified as the father of Utnapishtim, a character who is instructed by the god Ea to build a boat in order to survive the coming flood. See also History of Sumer List of Mesopotamian dynasties References Bibliography Antediluvian Sumerian kings Sumerian kings Shuruppak",
"title": "Ubara-Tutu"
},
{
"docid": "19412159",
"text": "The Instructions of Shuruppak (or, Instructions of Šuruppak son of Ubara-tutu) are a significant example of Sumerian wisdom literature. Wisdom literature, intended to teach proper piety, inculcate virtue, and preserve community standards, was common throughout the ancient Near East. Its incipit sets the text in great antiquity by : \"In those days, in those far remote times, in those nights, in those faraway nights, in those years, in those far remote years.\" The precepts are placed in the mouth of a king Šuruppak (SU.KUR.RUki), son of Ubara-Tutu. Ubara-Tutu is recorded in most extant copies of the Sumerian king list as being the final king of Sumer prior to the deluge. Ubara-tutu is briefly mentioned in tablet XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh, where he is identified as the father of Utnapishtim, a character who is instructed by the god Ea to build a boat in order to survive the coming flood. Grouped with the other cuneiform tablets from Abu Salabikh, the Instructions date to the early third millennium BCE, being among the oldest surviving literature. The text consists of admonitory sayings of Šuruppak addressed to his son and eventual flood hero Ziusudra (Akkadian: Utnapishtin). Otherwise named as one of the five antediluvian cities in the Sumerian tradition, the name \"Šuruppak\" appears in one manuscript of the Sumerian King List (WB-62, written SU.KUR.LAM) where it is interpolated as an additional generation between Ubara-Tutu and Ziusudra, who are in every other instance father and son. Lambert reports that it has been suggested the interpolation may have arisen through an epithet of the father (\"man of Shuruppak\") having been taken wrongly for a proper name. However, this epithet, found in the Gilgamesh XI tablet, is a designation applied to Utnapishtim, not his father. The Abu Salabikh tablet, dated to the mid-third millennium BCE, is the oldest extant copy, and the numerous surviving copies attest to its continued popularity within the Sumerian/Akkadian literary canons. Counsels in the three conjoined lists are pithy, occupying one to three lines of cuneiform. Some counsel is purely practical: You should not locate a field on a road; .... You should not make a well in your field: people will cause damage on it for you. (lines 15–18). Moral precepts are followed by the negative practical results of transgression: You should not play around with a married young woman: the slander could be serious. (lines 32–34). Community opinion and the possibility of slander (line 35) play a major role, whether the valued opinion of \"the courtyard\" (line 62) or the less valued opinion of the marketplace, where insults and stupid speaking receive the attention of the land. (line 142). The Instructions contain precepts that reflect those later included in the Ten Commandments, and other sayings that are reflected in the biblical Book of Proverbs. See also Sumerian literature References Further reading Bendt Alster The Instructions of Shuruppak. A Sumerian Proverb Collection, (Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag) 1974. Alster, Bendt, \"Shuruppak’s Instructions — Additional lines identified in the Early Dynastic Version\", Zeitschrift",
"title": "Instructions of Shuruppak"
},
{
"docid": "7471898",
"text": "Scorpion-men ( feature in several Akkadian language myths from ancient Mesopotamia, including the epic Enûma Elish and the Standard Babylonian version of the Epic of Gilgamesh. In the visual arts, the form of scorpion-men varies, though they often have the head, torso, and arms of a man and the body and tail of a scorpion. Mythology and Visual Art Scorpion-men appear in the visual arts of Mesopotamia and ancient Iran before we know them from literature. Among the earliest representations of scorpion-men are an example from Jiroft in Iran, as well as a depiction on the Bull Lyre from the Early Dynastic Period city of Ur. In the epic poem Enuma elish, a scorpion-man is listed among the monsters created by Tiamat in order to wage war against the gods for murdering her mate Apsu. In the Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, they stand guard outside the gates of the sun god Shamash at the mountains of Mashu. These give entrance to Kurnugi, the land of darkness. The scorpion-men open the doors for Shamash as he travels out each day, and close the doors after him when he returns through the netherworld at night. When Gilgamesh comes to Mount Mashu, he encounters scorpion-men guarding the gate. Their \"terror is awesome\" and their \"glance is death\" (Tablet IX 43). Scorpion-Women Scorpion-women appear in the Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, during Gilgamesh's encounter with the scorpion-men (Tablet IX 37-135). The scorpion-man tells his \"female\" (presumably a scorpion-woman, here seen for the first time), that Gilgamesh carries the flesh of the gods in his body. The scorpion-man's \"woman\" responds, in defining lines, that Gilgamesh is two-thirds god but one-third human (Tablet IX 51). Rivkah Harris saw the scorpion-women, like the wife of Utnapishtim in Tablet XI, as traditional and passive wives, whose position was \"relational, given definition as wife or daughter.\" Karen Sonik has recently challenged this interpretation, observing that the scorpion-woman, like the other women of the epic, \"[demonstrate] a striking visual and perceptual acuity\" in their recognition of Gilgamesh's true nature. See also Scorpion goddess Notes External links Graphic of Scorpion man (From boundary stone: Kudurru). Pictured in register IV-(row IV). (Article with Detail-graphic) Epic of Gilgamesh Characters in the Enūma Eliš Anthropomorphic arthropods Mythological arthropods Mesopotamian legendary creatures Mythological human–animal hybrids Offspring of Tiamat Scorpions in culture",
"title": "Scorpion man"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "9418",
"text": "An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants. Etymology The English word epic comes from Latin , which itself comes from the Ancient Greek adjective (), from (), \"word, story, poem.\" In ancient Greek, 'epic' could refer to all poetry in dactylic hexameter (epea), which included not only Homer but also the wisdom poetry of Hesiod, the utterances of the Delphic oracle, and the strange theological verses attributed to Orpheus. Later tradition, however, has restricted the term 'epic' to heroic epic, as described in this article. Overview Originating before the invention of writing, primary epics, such as those of Homer, were composed by bards who used complex rhetorical and metrical schemes by which they could memorize the epic as received in tradition and add to the epic in their performances. Later writers like Virgil, Apollonius of Rhodes, Dante, Camões, and Milton adopted and adapted Homer's style and subject matter, but used devices available only to those who write. The oldest epic recognized is the Epic of Gilgamesh (), which was recorded in ancient Sumer during the Neo-Sumerian Empire. The poem details the exploits of Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk. Although recognized as a historical figure, Gilgamesh, as represented in the epic, is a largely legendary or mythical figure. The longest written epic from antiquity is the ancient Indian Mahabharata (–3rd century AD), which consists of 100,000 ślokas or over 200,000 verse lines (each shloka is a couplet), as well as long prose passages, so that at ~1.8 million words it is roughly twice the length of Shahnameh, four times the length of the Rāmāyaṇa, and roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined. Famous examples of epic poetry include the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, the ancient Indian Mahabharata and Rāmāyaṇa in Sanskrit and Silappatikaram and Manimekalai in Tamil, the Persian Shahnameh, the Ancient Greek Odyssey and Iliad, Virgil's Aeneid, the Old English Beowulf, Dante's Divine Comedy, the Finnish Kalevala, the German , the French Song of Roland, the Spanish Cantar de mio Cid, the Portuguese Os Lusíadas, the Armenian Daredevils of Sassoun, John Milton's Paradise Lost, The Secret History of the Mongols, the Kyrgyz Manas, and the Malian Sundiata. Epic poems of the modern era include Derek Walcott's Omeros, Mircea Cărtărescu's The Levant and Adam Mickiewicz's Pan Tadeusz. Paterson by William Carlos Williams, published in five volumes from 1946 to 1958, was inspired in part by another modern epic, The Cantos by Ezra Pound. Oral epics The first epics were products of preliterate societies and oral history poetic traditions. Oral tradition was used alongside written scriptures to communicate and facilitate the spread of culture. In these traditions, poetry is transmitted to the audience and from performer to performer by purely oral means. Early 20th-century study of living oral epic traditions in the Balkans by Milman Parry",
"title": "Epic poetry"
},
{
"docid": "50868304",
"text": "The cuneiform sa sign is a less common-use sign of the Epic of Gilgamesh, the 1350 BC Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It also has a sumerogrammic usage for SA in the Epic of Gilgamesh. The structure of the cuneiform sign is similar to, Ir (cuneiform), . The \"sa\" sign has the syllabic usage for sa, and a Sumerogram usage for SA. Alphabetically \"sa\" can be used for s (\"s\" can be interchanged with any \"z\"); and \"sa\" can be used for a. In Akkadian, all 4 vowels, a, e, i, u are interchangeable with each other. SA in the Epic of Gilgamesh is a logogram for Akkadian \"Šer'ānu\", translated as: \"muscle, sinew\". Epic of Gilgamesh usage The sa sign usage in the Epic of Gilgamesh is as follows: sa-(89 times); and SA-(2). References Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Sa (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "58635806",
"text": "The cuneiform me sign is a common multi-use sign of the Epic of Gilgamesh, the 1350 BC Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It also has a sumerogrammic usage for ME in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Because of its extensive syllabic multi-use (in the Epic of Gilgamesh), its grammatical usage would be as follows: all the syllabic usages possible, but for alphabetic usage, as follows; for consonants, it could be used for \"m\", \"s\", \"š\", \"b\", and \"p\". (b and p are interchangeable, and s can also be substituted for š, and vice versa for all four). For the vowel e ( or ì, i ), all the four vowels, a, e, i, and u, can also be interchanged in the formation of words. Epic of Gilgamesh usage In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Tablets I-XII, \"me\" is used for the following meanings by the following numbers: me-(98) times, mì-(9), sip-(1), šeb-(3), šep-(1), šib-(12), šip-(2), and ME-(5) times. See also Me (mythology) References Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Me (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "48398910",
"text": "The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. Epic of Gilgamesh may also refer to: The Epic of Gilgamesh (Martinů), 1955 oratorio by Bohuslav Martinů The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom, 1985 stop motion short film The Epic of Gilgamesh, a 2005 album by Abed Azrie See also Gilgamesh (disambiguation) List of characters in Epic of Gilgamesh Gilgamesh and Aga, an earlier version of the epic Gilgamesh: A New English Version, a 2004 translation of the epic by Stephen Mitchell",
"title": "Epic of Gilgamesh (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "45462502",
"text": "In ancient Mesopotamian mythology, the Bull of Heaven is a mythical beast fought by the hero Gilgamesh. The story of the Bull of Heaven is known from two different versions: one recorded in an earlier Sumerian poem and a later episode in the Standard Babylonian (a literary dialect of Akkadian) Epic of Gilgamesh. In the Sumerian poem, the Bull is sent to attack Gilgamesh by the goddess Inanna for reasons that are unclear. The more complete Akkadian account comes from Tablet VI of the Epic of Gilgamesh, in which Gilgamesh refuses the sexual advances of the goddess Ishtar, the East Semitic equivalent of Inanna, leading the enraged Ishtar to demand the Bull of Heaven from her father Anu, so that she may send it to attack Gilgamesh in Uruk. Anu gives her the Bull and she sends it to attack Gilgamesh and his companion, the hero Enkidu, who slay the Bull together. After defeating the Bull, Enkidu hurls the Bull's right thigh at Ishtar, taunting her. The slaying of the Bull results in the gods condemning Enkidu to death, an event which catalyzes Gilgamesh's fear for his own death, which drives the remaining portion of the epic. The Bull was identified with the constellation Taurus and the myth of its slaying may have held astronomical significance to the ancient Mesopotamians. Aspects of the story have been compared to later tales from the ancient Near East, including legends from Ugarit, the tale of Joseph in the Book of Genesis, and parts of the ancient Greek epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Mythology Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven In the Sumerian poem Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven, Gilgamesh and Enkidu slay the Bull of Heaven, who has been sent to attack them by the goddess Inanna, the Sumerian equivalent of Ishtar. The plot of this poem differs substantially from the corresponding scene in the later Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh. In the Sumerian poem, Inanna does not seem to ask Gilgamesh to become her consort as she does in the later Akkadian epic. Furthermore, while she is coercing her father An to give her the Bull of Heaven, rather than threatening to raise the dead to eat the living as she does in the later epic, she merely threatens to let out a \"cry\" that will reach the earth. Epic of Gilgamesh In Tablet VI of the standard Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh, after Gilgamesh repudiates her sexual advances, Ishtar goes to Heaven, where she complains to her mother Antu and her father Anu. She demands that Anu give her the Bull of Heaven and threatens that, if he refuses, she will smash the gates of the Underworld and raise the dead to eat the living. Anu at first objects to Ishtar's demand, insisting that the Bull of Heaven is so destructive that its release would result in seven years of famine. Ishtar declares that she has stored up enough grain for all people and all animals for the next seven years.",
"title": "Bull of Heaven"
},
{
"docid": "11293344",
"text": "Andrew R. George (born 1955) is a British Assyriologist and academic best known for his edition and translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Andrew George is Professor of Babylonian, Department of the Languages and Cultures of Near and Middle East at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Biography Andrew George studied Assyriology at the University of Birmingham (1973–79). In 1985 he presented his doctoral thesis, Babylonian Topographic Texts, at the University of London under the direction of Professor Wilfred G. Lambert. Since 1983 he has been a Lecturer in Akkadian and Sumerian Language and Literature at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. Afterwards he started teaching Babylonian Language and Literature at that University. His best-known book is a translation of The Epic of Gilgamesh for Penguin Classics (2000). He has been elected Honorary Member of the American Oriental Society (2012). He is a former Visiting Professor at the Heidelberg University (2000), Member of the prestigious Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton (2004-2005) and Research Associate at Rikkyo University, Tokyo (2009). Books House Most High: The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia (Mesopotamian Civilizations, Vol 5), Eisenbrauns, 1993, The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian, 228pp, London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press 1999, London: Penguin Books 2000 . The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 996pp, Oxford University Press (England) (2003) . Babylonian Literary Texts (2009), Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions (2011), Babylonian Divinatory Texts (2013) and Assyrian Archival Documents in the Schøyen Collection (2017), Capital Decisions Ltd. Co-Editor of Journal From 1994 to 2011 Andrew R. George was co-editor of the archaeological journal Iraq. References External links University of London, staff BBC Radio 4 In Our Time, \"The Epic of Gilgamesh\". George on the panel with Frances Reynolds and Martin Worthington. Lecture on the Epic of Gilgamesh on the Harvard Semitic Museum YouTube Channel, uploaded 30 January 2017. 21st-century British translators Living people Academics of SOAS University of London 1955 births British Assyriologists Assyriologists",
"title": "Andrew R. George"
},
{
"docid": "6299726",
"text": "Uta-napishtim (\"he has found life\" ), was a legendary king of the ancient city of Shuruppak in southern Iraq, who, according to several surviving narratives, survived the Flood by making a boat. He is called by different names in different traditions: Ziusudra (\"Life of long days\", rendered Xisuthros, Ξίσουθρος in Berossus) in the earliest, Sumerian versions, later Shuruppak (after his city), Atra-hasis (\"exceeding wise\") in the earliest Akkadian sources, and Uta-napishtim (\"he has found life\") in later Akkadian sources such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. His father was the king Ubar-Tutu (\"Friend of the god Tutu\"). Uta-napishtim is the eighth of the antediluvian kings in Mesopotamian legend, just as Noah is the eighth from Enoch in Genesis. He would have lived around 2900 BC, corresponding to the flood deposit at Shuruppak between the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic levels. In Mesopotamian narratives he is the Flood Hero, tasked by the god Enki (Akkadian Ea) to create a giant ship to be called Preserver of Life in preparation for a giant flood that will wipe out all life. The character appears in Tablet XI of the Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, at the culmination of Gilgamesh's search for immortality. The story of Uta-napishtim has drawn scholarly comparisons due to the similarities between it and the storylines about Noah in the Bible. Story Uta-napishtim is tasked by the god Enki to abandon his worldly possessions and create a giant ship to be called Preserver of Life. In Erra and Išum, Marduk is said to have been the originator of the flood and the Seven Sages. The Preserver of Life was made of solid timber, so that the rays of Shamash (the sun) would not shine in, and of equal dimensions in length and width. The design of the ship was supposedly drawn on the ground by Enki, and the frame of the ark, which was made in five days, was 200 feet in length, width and height, with a floor-space of one acre. The ark interior had seven floors, each floor divided into 9 sections, finishing the ark fully on the seventh day. The entrance to the ship was sealed once everyone had boarded the ship. He was also tasked with bringing his wife, family, and relatives along with the craftsmen of his village, baby animals, and grains. The oncoming flood would wipe out all animals and people not on the ship. After twelve days on the water, Uta-napishtim opened the hatch of his ship to look around and saw the slopes of Mount Nisir, where he rested his ship for seven days. On the seventh day, he sent a dove out to see if the water had receded, and the dove could find nothing but water, so it returned. Then he sent out a swallow, and just as before, it returned, having found nothing. Finally, Uta-napishtim sent out a raven, and the raven saw that the waters had receded, so it circled around, but did not return. Uta-napishtim then set all",
"title": "Utnapishtim"
},
{
"docid": "68477331",
"text": "The cuneiform sign É, is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and other cuneiform texts (for example Hittite texts). its most common usage is for the logogram \"É\", which in the Akkadian language is bītu, (for English: \"house\"), (and why bit / pit is listed in the alphabetic usages.) Linguistically, it has the alphabetical usage in texts for bit, pit, pet, in the Epic of Gilgamesh. In Amarna letter EA 290 for BitdNIN.URTA. Epic of Gilgamesh usage The É sign usage in the Epic of Gilgamesh is as follows: (bit, 11 times, pet, 1 time, pit, 7 times, and É,64 times. Notes References Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List. External links Cuneiform signs",
"title": "É (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "4629780",
"text": "The Epic of Gilgamesh has directly inspired many manifestations of literature, art, music, and popular culture throughout history. It was extremely influential during the Bronze Age and Iron Age in the Middle East, but gradually fell into obscurity during classical antiquity. The story was rediscovered in the 19th century, and began to regain popular recognition and influence in the 20th century. Overview Ancient reception According to historian Wolfgang Röllig, the Epic of Gilgamesh addressed many basic concerns and important themes of human culture such as creation, death, friendship, enmity, pride, arrogance, humility, and failure. These subjects have remained of importance to humans throughout time, explaining the story's impact and popularity. The Epic of Gilgamesh gradually emerged from the 3rd millennium BC as a collection of tales concering the figure of Gilgamesh. These stories were eventually compiled into a single text by Sîn-lēqi-unninni, though different variants of the compilation continued to circulate. The best-known version of the compiled epic stems from the Neo-Assyrian Empire; this text is also the most important basis for the modern versions of the text. The epic was mainly spread by oral tradition which makes it difficult to gauge Gilgamesh's exact influence on popular culture in ancient times; however, written fragments of his tales were discovered across the Middle East, suggesting that different versions of the epic were widely circulated. It is also likely that tales about Gilgamesh influenced various other stories, including the Bible, Illiad, and Odyssey. Even though the Epic of Gilgamesh was rather popular, it remained tied to Cuneiform and was seemingly never translated into languages using other writing systems such as Ancient Greek or Old Aramaic. Accordingly, the decline of Cuneiform coincided with the disappearance of Gilgamesh from public consciousness. The story was eventually rediscovered by archaeologists in the 19th century, and many of its elements and sub-stories gradually became popular subjects in arts and popular culture. Reception after rediscovery It was only during and after the First World War that the first reliable translations to modern languages of the epic appeared. For instance, the first German translation by Albert Schott was published in 1934. These translations were the first that reached a wide audience, and it was only after the Second World War that the epic of Gilgamesh began to make itself felt more broadly in a variety of genres. As identified by Theodore Ziolkowski in the book Gilgamesh Among Us: Modern Encounters With the Ancient Epic (2011), the epic became increasingly influential from this point onward. In the years following World War II, Gilgamesh, formerly an obscure figure known only by a few scholars, gradually became increasingly popular with modern audiences. The Epic of Gilgameshs existential themes made it particularly appealing to German authors in the years following the war. In his 1947 existentialist novel Die Stadt hinter dem Strom, the German novelist Hermann Kasack adapted elements of the epic into a metaphor for the aftermath of the destruction of World War II in Germany, portraying the bombed-out city of Hamburg",
"title": "Gilgamesh in the arts and popular culture"
},
{
"docid": "75835225",
"text": "A one-third scale replica of a Babylonian \"ark\" was constructed in 2014 based on recently discovered tablets from the Epic of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh tablets In 2009 the Deputy Keeper of Middle East at the British Museum, Irving Finkel, made a study of a cuneiform tablet from 1750 BCE that contained a flood narrative similar to that of the story of Noah's Ark. The fact that these versions of the Flood Story precede the Biblical version with the one God and Noah by a thousand years caused a sensation in 1872 when British Museum Assyriologist, George Smith, announced he had found the first cuneiform account of the Great Flood. Dr. Finkel first encountered a recently discovered small cuneiform tablet in 1985, which was one of several pieces brought to the British Museum for expert assessment. Several versions of the Epic of Gilgamesh were already known. The earliest surviving tablets date to the 18th century BCE and are named after its hero, Atra-Hasis. Finkel was able to read the clean first verses of the tablet famous among Assyriologists as the opening lines of the Atra-Hasis Flood Story. He was unable to gain access to translated the whole tablet until 2009. Sixty lines of the Ark Tablet go into great detail on the design of the boat and the materials, including sufficient details of its dimensions and construction to enable a copy to be attempted. The tablet describes essentially a very large coracle or kuphar and made of rope on a wooden frame. The design was effectively very large scale version of coracles used until the mid-twentieth century in Iraq. However, the quantities specified were enormous. The tablet described enough palm-fibre rope, wooden ribs and stanchions to build a coracle 3,600 square meters in area, almost two-thirds the size of a soccer field, with walls six metres high. If the amount of rope described were laid out in a single line, it would be 500 km long. Because the hull was to be made of fibrous rope, bitumen was specified in the tablet to waterproof the boat. Construction Because of the large scale of the tablet's specification, it was only feasible to build at about one third scale at a site in Alleppey Kerala, India over a period of four months. The team used the original specification and materials (wood, bamboo, palms and reed to secure the joints) without modern power tools, nails or glue. The completed ark weighed around 35 tonnes. The Iraqi government prevented the export of local bitumen, which meant that inferior bitumen had to be used instead. As a result, the reconstructed ark was only a partial success because of the lower quality bitumen and the boat immediately succumbed to leaks. A gasoline powered pump had to continuously be used to pump out water. Finkel said the scaled-down version of the ark is just large enough to accommodate a few pairs of ‘well behaved animals’. However, Dr Finkel did not think that the full-sized vessel would have been possible,",
"title": "Finkel's replica of Babylonian ark"
},
{
"docid": "46759650",
"text": "The cuneiform sign ur () is a common-use sign in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It has multiple sub-uses in the Epic of Gilgamesh, as well as use for the Sumerogram (capital letter (majuscule)), UR. In the Epic, UR is used to spell Akkadian language barbaru, \"wolf\", as UR.BAR.RA (in Tablet VI, and Tablet XI). Cuneiform ur is a syllabic for \"ur\", and an alphabetic for \"u\", or \"r\". In the Amarna letters, usage is sumerogrammic for English language \"dog\", spelled either UR.KI, or UR.KU, but the 'dog' reference can be found in many Amarna letters. The cuneiform ur cuneiform character (no. 575) is built in a 'rectangular box form', sitting upon a long horizontal stroke. It contains the 2-verticals at left and 1-vertical at right. Three other signs are similarly built, but contain 1-vertical at left, with 2-verticals at right for lu (cuneiform) (with 3-short horizontals in the center, no. 537), and the same but only 1-short horizontal at center, ib (cuneiform) (also ip, no. 535). The third similar sign, (no. 536) has 1-vertical left and right, ku (cuneiform). It also has 3-short verticals in the center, but is often such a compressed cuneiform character that individual strokes are overwritten, and difficult to identify. Epic of Gilgamesh usage Cuneiform ur has many sub-uses in the Epic of Gilgamesh. The following can be found: leq--(1) time, lik--(37), liq--(3), tas--(1), taṣ--(2), taš--(15), tés--(1), téš--(1), ur--(93), UR--(16) times. References Citations Bibliography Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Sumerian words and phrases Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Ur (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "40688834",
"text": "The cuneiform sign 𒀀 (DIŠ, DIŠ OVER DIŠ) for a, and in the Epic of Gilgamesh the sumerogram A, Akkadian for mû, \"water\", which is used in the Gilgamesh flood myth, Chapter XI of the Epic, or other passages. The sign is also used extensively in the Amarna letters. Cuneiform a is the most common of the four vowels in the Akkadian language, a, e, i, and u. All vowels can be interchangeable, depending on the scribe, though spellings of Akkadian words in dictionaries, will be formalized, and typically: unstressed, a 'long-vowel', or thirdly, a 'combined' vowel (often spelled with two signs (same vowel, ending the first sign, and starting the next sign), thus combined into the single vowel, â, ê, î, or û.). Cuneiform a is the most common of the four vowels, as can be shown by usage in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the usage numbers being (ú (u, no. 2) is more common than u, (no. 1), which has additional usages, numeral \"10\", and \"and\", \"but\", etc.): a-(1369), e-(327), i-(698), ú-(493). (For u, only: u-(166)); The usage for a, includes the usage for Akkadian a-na, (ana), the preposition, \"for\", \"to\", etc., about 250 usages (therefore usage: 1369–250). I-ligatured-a, as \"ia\", (iYa) The combined vowel i, , connected (ligatured, attached to a) , ligatured to cuneiform a is the ia (cuneiform) . It has usages in the Akkadian language for words starting with \"ia\", for example \"iā'u\", (English \"mine\"), \"iāši\", (English \"(to) me\"), and \"iāti\", (English \"me\"). In the Amarna letters ia is also used as a suffix: -ia, for example Amarna letter EA 325, \"To King (Pharaoh)-Lord-mine (-ia), God-mine, Sun-God-mine, ....\" (\"A-na Lugal-bēlu-ia, An-meš-ia, An-UTU-ia, ....\") Amarna letter usage The Amarna letter usage of cuneiform a has the same high usage for Akkadian language ana (a-na) as does the Epic of Gilgamesh. Two other high usages for a and typical to the Amarna letters is the negative: lā, Akkadian language, \"lā\", used before the spelling of the verb, which follows. In the Epic of Gilgamesh it almost exclusively is spelled just lā, without the extra a. The opposite is true for the Amarna letters, which has it spelled almost exclusively la-a, (for \"lā\") thus making it very easy to find and read in the letters, and thus the verb usually follows. Akkadian \"enūma\", \"eninna\", often a segue Because the Amarna letters often state the condition of events in the regions where the letters originate, the events are often previewed by Now..., or When..., which are topical segues. They sometimes start new paragraphs. At a minimum, they simply continue the text, as 'seque transition points'. (Some letters, EA 19, Para 2, also include spaces, as part of the segue.) The segue word: Akkadian language \"enūma\", (English \"when\") is only used three times in the Epic of Gilgamesh, as opposed to the Amarna letters where it is used hundreds of times (reverse side of EA 362, 7 times, lines 33–68, mostly spelled \"inûma\"). In the Amarna letters, Akkadaian enūma",
"title": "A (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "37706858",
"text": "The Epic of Gilgamesh (Czech: Epos o Gilgamešovi) is an oratorio for solo voices, chorus and orchestra by Bohuslav Martinů composed in 1954–1955 near Nice in France, and premiered in 1958 in Basel, Switzerland, with a title and text in German, as Das Gilgamesch-Epos. Background Maja Sacher visited the British Museum and brought back to Switzerland the booklet about the clay cuneiform tablets concerning Gilgamesh she had seen. Martinů was very much taken with the subject (he had in 1919 created a work based on another Babylonian theme, Istar) and in September 1948 he urged his friend Sacher to obtain a complete translation; this was one by the archaeologist Reginald Campbell Thompson. However, Martinů wrote his text in English, based on the translation in hexameters by Campbell Thompson, The Epic of Gilgamish (1928), in his own style, choosing freely what would suit his music best. Martinů would have preferred to compose it to a text in Czech and, according to his biographer Miloš Šafránek, he regretted hearing too late about the recent Czech translation of the epic by poet Lubor Matouš. Later, Ferdinand Pujman translated Martinů's text on the basis of Matouš' work for what became Epos o Gilgamešovi. The composer began work around Christmas in 1954 and finished on 18 February 1955, keeping in close contact with the Sachers the whole time. The text comprises a sectional portrait of the original Epic of Gilgamesh in three parts. They are entitled 'Gilgamesh', 'The Death of Enkidu', and 'Evocation' where Gilgamesh summons Enkidu from the world of the dead. Parts of the text are transplanted – for instance the first section contains elements of the Third Tablet and the final section comes from the Tenth Tablet. Synopsis Part 1, \"Gilgamesh\": The people describe the horrors of their ruler and ask Aruru to create a companion for Gilgamesh so that he may be distracted; Aruru creates Enkidu; Gilgamesh learns about the hunter and has him brought under his influence through a sexual seduction; Enkidu accepts the woman's approaches and goes into the city; Enkidu's herd no longer wants to be with him and flees; Gilgamesh and Enkidu fight each other. Part 2, \"Death of Enkidu\": The fight in the past, they become friends; but Enkidu falls ill and dreams that he will die; which he does, after twelve days of pain. Gilgamesh cries for him; he seeks eternal life, but cannot find it. Part 3, \"The Incantation\": Gilgamesh comes to realize that he has not been able to learn the mystery of immortality; Enkidu has to come to life again by an incantation and tell him; in a conversation with his spirit, all that is heard are the words: \"I saw\". This is an example of comparative text; Campbell Thompson and Martinů: Performance history The premiere of the oratorio took place on 24 January 1958 with the Basel Chamber Orchestra and the Basel Chamber Choir conducted by Paul Sacher, and it received further performances in Martinů's lifetime, including one in Vienna where",
"title": "The Epic of Gilgamesh (Martinů)"
},
{
"docid": "46902104",
"text": "The cuneiform ša sign is a common, multi-use sign, a syllabic for ša, and an alphabetic sign used for š, or a; it is common in both the Epic of Gilgamesh over hundreds of years, and the 1350 BC Amarna letters. Besides ša usage in word components of verbs, nouns, etc., it has a major usage between words. In Akkadian, for English language \"who\", it is an interrogative pronoun; in the Akkadian language as ša, (as \"that\", \"what\"; (\"that (of)\", \"which (of)\"), in English it used for who, what, which, etc.. Ša, and Ka, the stroke differences The difference in the construction of the signs ka and ša are as follows: \"ka\" when scribed in the Amarna letters often shows the distinctiveness of the right section of the sign, versus the left section. For ša, the right section is constructed with two wedge strokes (one scribed above the other), between the two verticals, at right. For ka, the right side mostly, in the Amarna letters has two verticals, with two horizontals that cross both of them; (the right side is like a two-step ladder shape—(for Hittite ka:—)). A good example of ša, is shown for EA 365, Reverse (top half), where the 2-wedge strokes of ša between the 2-right verticals is clear. (Note, the ša of EA 365 appears to have 3-horizontals at left (differing lengths), then the 2-verticals with the 2-wedge strokes, at right.) Ša Usage numbers Epic of Gilgamesh The usage numbers for ša in the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows: ša-(66) times. There are no other sub-uses or sumerogramic uses for ša in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Amarna letters Cuneiform ša is common in the Amarna letters, found easily between words (as the pronoun), and especially in word constructs. Since it is similar in appearance to cuneiform ka, the large difference is that ka can easily be found as a suffix to words, for example in the Canaanite sub-corpus of letters as \"Servant-Yours\", , (ARAD-ka). References Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages. (softcover, ) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I through Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary (pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Ša"
},
{
"docid": "3387802",
"text": "The literary genre of science fiction is diverse, and its exact definition remains a contested question among both scholars and devotees. This lack of consensus is reflected in debates about the genre's history, particularly over determining its exact origins. There are two broad camps of thought, one that identifies the genre's roots in early fantastical works such as the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (earliest Sumerian text versions c. 2150–2000 BCE). A second approach argues that science fiction only became possible sometime between the 17th and early 19th centuries, following the scientific revolution and major discoveries in astronomy, physics, and mathematics. Science fiction developed and boomed in the 20th century, as the deep integration of science and inventions into daily life encouraged a greater interest in literature that explores the relationship between technology, society, and the individual. Scholar Robert Scholes calls the history of science fiction \"the history of humanity's changing attitudes toward space and time ... the history of our growing understanding of the universe and the position of our species in that universe\". In recent decades, the genre has diversified and become firmly established as a major influence on global culture and thought. Early science fiction Ancient and early modern precursors One of the earliest and most commonly-cited texts for those looking for early precursors to science fiction is the ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, with the earliest text versions identified as being from about 2000 BCE. American science fiction author Lester del Rey was one such supporter of using Gilgamesh as an origin point, arguing that \"science fiction is precisely as old as the first recorded fiction. That is The Epic of Gilgamesh.\" French science fiction writer Pierre Versins also argued that Gilgamesh was the first science fiction work due to its treatment of human reason and the quest for immortality. In addition, Gilgamesh features a flood scene that in some ways resembles a work of apocalyptic science fiction. However, the lack of explicit science or technology in the work has led some to argue that it is better categorized as fantastic literature. Ancient Indian poetry such as the Hindu epic the Ramayana (5th to 4th century BCE) includes Vimana, flying machines able to travel into space or under water, and destroy entire cities using advanced weapons. In the first book of the Rigveda collection of Sanskrit hymns (1700–1100 BCE), there is a description of \"mechanical birds\" that are seen \"jumping into space speedily with a craft using fire and water ... containing twelve stamghas (pillars), one wheel, three machines, 300 pivots, and 60 instruments\". The ancient Hindu mythological epic the Mahabharata (8th and 9th centuries BCE) includes the story of King Kakudmi, who travels to heaven to meet the creator Brahma and is shocked to learn that many ages have passed when he returns to Earth, anticipating the concept of time travel. One frequently cited text is the Syrian-Greek writer Lucian of Samosata's 2nd-century satire True History, which uses a voyage to outer space and conversations with",
"title": "History of science fiction"
},
{
"docid": "46426961",
"text": "The Statue of Gilgamesh at the University of Sydney, Camperdown, was created by Assyrian-Australian artist Lewis Batros on commission from the Assyrian community, and unveiled in 2000. The 2.5m statue depicts Gilgamesh, an ancient Sumerian king of the city-state of Uruk whose legendary exploits are told in the Epic of Gilgamesh, an Akkadian epic poem written during the late second millennium BC, based on much earlier material. The Gilgamesh Cultural Centre, on behalf of the Assyrian community, presented the statue to the University to commemorate its sesquicentenary. The statue was unveiled by Dame Leonie Kramer, A.C., and D.B.E., on 15 October 2000. It is located in the Camperdown/Darlington Campus of the University of Sydney between the Old Teachers College Building and the Women's Sports Centre, facing towards the Charles Perkins Centre. History Gilgamesh was a king of Uruk in the land of Sumer, Mesopotamia. Gilgamesh is described as a demigod of superhuman strength, as he was two-thirds God from his mother, Ninsun, and one-third human from his father, the former king, Lugalbunda. Gilgamesh built the city walls of Uruk to defend his people. Gilgamesh fought the demon Humbaba (or Huwawa), along with wild man Enkidu and brought his head back to Uruk on a raft. The pair also defeated the Bull of Heaven sent by the furious goddess Ishtar. These conquered beasts can be linked to the creature in the statue as a representation of Gilgamesh's strength and power. Gilgamesh is seen as a worldly-wise, cultured king and protector who is at the centre of human society. The statue was erected to celebrate the might and power of Gilgamesh and commemorate his achievements as a protector and king. Inscription Situated with the Statue of Gilgamesh is a bronze plaque with an inscription of the story of Gilgamesh, which reads: Artist The statue was sculpted by Lewis Batros, whose other sculptures are exhibited in Fairfield and Sydney Olympic Park in Australia, in Moscow, and in the US. He has done many Assyrian-inspired works, some of which have been controversial, including a monument to Assyrian victims of genocide commissioned by Fairfield council. He obtained a degree in fine art in 1986 and migrated to Australia in 1990. Many of Batros' works take inspiration from Assyrian heritage, stories, art and culture. References External links Ziolkowski, T. (2011). Gilgamesh among us: Modern encounters with the ancient epic. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Statues of monarchs University of Sydney Cultural depictions of Gilgamesh 2000 sculptures 2000 in New South Wales Statues in Australia Assyrian diaspora in Australia",
"title": "Statue of Gilgamesh, University of Sydney"
},
{
"docid": "1112309",
"text": "Enkidu ( EN.KI.DU10) was a legendary figure in ancient Mesopotamian mythology, wartime comrade and friend of Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. Their exploits were composed in Sumerian poems and in the Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh, written during the 2nd millennium BC. He is the oldest literary representation of the wild man, a recurrent motif in artistic representations in Mesopotamia and in Ancient Near East literature. The apparition of Enkidu as a primitive man seems to be a potential parallel of the Old Babylonian version (1300–1000 BC), in which he was depicted as a servant-warrior in the Sumerian poems. There have been suggestions that he may be the \"bull-man\" shown in Mesopotamian art, having the head, arms, and body of a man, and the horns, ears, tail and legs of a bull. Thereafter a series of interactions with humans and human ways bring him closer to civilization, culminating in a wrestling match with Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. Enkidu embodies the wild or natural world. Though equal to Gilgamesh in strength and bearing, he acts in some ways as an antithesis to the cultured, city-bred warrior-king. The tales of Enkidu’s servitude are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems, developing from a slave of Gilgamesh into a close comrade by the last poem, which describes Enkidu as Gilgamesh's friend. In the epic, Enkidu is created as a rival to king Gilgamesh, who tyrannizes his people, but they become friends and together slay the monster Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven; because of this, Enkidu is punished and dies, representing the mighty hero who dies early. The deep, tragic loss of Enkidu profoundly inspires in Gilgamesh a quest to escape death by obtaining godly immortality. Enkidu has virtually no existence outside the stories relating to Gilgamesh. To the extent of current knowledge, he was never a god to be worshipped, and is absent from the lists of deities of ancient Mesopotamia. He seems to appear in an invocation from the Paleo-Babylonian era aimed at silencing a crying baby, a text which also evokes the fact that Enkidu would be held to have determined the measurement of the passage of time at night, apparently in relation to his role as herd keeper at night in the epic. Etymology The name of Enkidu is Sumerian, and generally written in texts in this language by the sequence of signs en.ki.du10. The phrase ki.du10 (good place) is well attested in the Early Dynastic personal names, and the name en.ki.du10.ga (Lord of the good place) is cited on the Fara tablets. The lack of genitive or any grammatical element was common until the late third millennium. However, an alternate translation has been proposed as Creation of Enki. In the epic, his name is preceded by the determinative sign of the divinity dingir 𒀭, which means that this character was considered to be of divine essence. Sumerian poems \"The envoys of Agga\" Uruk refuses to participate in the digging of wells for the benefit of Kish, whose kingdom had the hegemony",
"title": "Enkidu"
},
{
"docid": "27187879",
"text": "The Magilum Boat (Magilum: from Sumerian ma-gi-lum, a ship of the netherworld) in Sumerian religion also known as the 'boat of the west' was one of the valuable items seized by Ninurta, patron god of Lagash, in ancient Iraq. This spoil was hung on an unknown part of his chariot according to the ancient source.It is also mentioned in The Epic of Gilgamesh: \"All living creatures born of the flesh shall sit at last in the boat of the West, and when it sinks, when the boat of Magilum sinks, they are gone.\" See also Ninlil Sumerian religion Anzû References External links The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature Mesopotamian mythology",
"title": "Magilum boat"
},
{
"docid": "28797043",
"text": "A lilu or lilû is a masculine Akkadian word for a spirit or demon. History Jo Ann Scurlock and Burton R. Andersen (2005) see the origin of lilu in treatment of mental illness. In Sumerian and Akkadian literature In Akkadian literature hlilu occurs. In Sumerian literature lili occurs. Dating of specific Akkadian, Sumerian, and Babylonian texts mentioning lilu (masculine), lilitu (female) and lili (female) are haphazard. In older scholarship, such as R. Campbell Thompson's The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia (1904), specific text references are rarely given. An exception is K156 which mentions an ardat lili Heinrich Zimmern (1917) tentatively identified vardat lilitu KAT3, 459 as paramour of lilu. A cuneiform inscription lists lilû alongside other wicked beings from Mesopotamian mythology and folklore: Sumerian King List In the Sumerian King List the father of Gilgamesh is said to be a lilu 'Spirit in the tree' in the Gilgamesh cycle Tablet XII, dated , is a later Assyrian Akkadian translation of the latter part of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh. It describes a 'spirit in the tree' referred to a ki-sikil-lil-la-ke. Suggested translations for the Tablet XII 'spirit in the tree' include ki-sikil as \"sacred place\", lil as \"spirit\", and lil-la-ke as \"water spirit\". but also simply \"owl\", given that the lil builds a home in the trunk of the tree. The ki-sikil-lil-la-ke is associated with a serpent and a zu bird. In Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld, a huluppu tree grows in Inanna's garden in Uruk, whose wood she plans to use to build a new throne. After ten years of growth, she comes to harvest it and finds a serpent living at its base, a Zu bird raising young in its crown, and that a ki-sikil-lil-la-ke made a house in its trunk. Gilgamesh is said to have killed the snake, and then the zu bird flew away to the mountains with its young, while the ki-sikil-lil-la-ke fearfully destroys its house and runs for the forest. Relationship to Hebrew Lilith and lilin Judit M. Blair wrote a thesis on the relation of the Akkadian word lilu, or its cognates, to the Hebrew word lilith in Isaiah 34:14, which is thought to be a night bird. The Babylonian concept of lilu may be more strongly related to the later Talmudic concept of Lilith (female) and lilin (female). Samuel Noah Kramer (1932, published 1938) translated ki-sikil-lil-la-ke as Lilith in \"Tablet XII\" of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Identification of ki-sikil-lil-la-ke as Lilith is stated in Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (1999). According to a new source from Late Antiquity, Lilith appears in a Mandaic magic story where she is considered to represent the branches of a tree with other demonic figures that form other parts of the tree, though this may also include multiple \"Liliths\". A connection between the Gilgamesh ki-sikil-lil-la-ke and the Jewish Lilith was rejected on textual grounds by Sergio Ribichini (1978). Notes References Mesopotamian demons Mesopotamian_legendary_creatures Lilith",
"title": "Lilu (mythology)"
},
{
"docid": "15630853",
"text": "Eridu Genesis, also called the Sumerian Creation Myth, Sumerian Flood Story and the Sumerian Deluge Myth, offers a description of the story surrounding how humanity was created by the gods, how the office of kingship entered human civilization, the circumstances leading to the origins of the first cities, and the global flood. Other Sumerian creation myths include the Barton Cylinder, the Debate between sheep and grain and the Debate between Winter and Summer, also found at Nippur. Other flood myths appear in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Genesis creation narrative. Fragments The story is known from three fragments representing different versions of the narrative. One is a tablet excavated from the ancient Sumerian city known as Nippur. This tablet was discovered during the Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania in 1893, and the creation story was recognized by Arno Poebel in 1912. It is written in the Sumerian language and is dated to around 1600 BC. The second fragment is from Ur, also written in Sumerian and from the same time period. The third is a bilingual Sumerian-Akkadian fragment from the Library of Ashurbanipal ca. 600 In 2018, a new fragment of the Eridu Genesis story was published. Synopsis The first 36 lines of the primary tablet from Nippur are lost, although they can be inferred to have discussed the creation of man and animals, and likely spoke about the dissolute existence of mankind prior to civilization (as is indicated by the fragment from Ur). The surviving portion begins with a monologue from Nintur, the goddess who birthed mankind, where she calls humans from a vagrant existence as nomads to build cities, temples, and become both sedentary and civilized. After the monologue, there is another missing section that only resumes after another 36 lines, and at this point humans are still in a nomadic state; the missing section may have spoken of an initial unsuccessful attempt by humans to establish civilization. When the text resumes, Nintur is still planning on providing kingship and organization to humans. Then, the first cities are named (beginning with Eridu, whose leadership Nintur placed under Nudimmud), then Badtibira, Larak, Sippar, and finally Shuruppak. The cities were established as distributional (not monetary) economies. Another lacuna (missing section) of 34 lines proceeds. The fragment from the library of Ashurbanipal, as well as independent evidence from the Sumerian King List, suggests this section included the naming of more cities and their rulers. What occurs next is a statement that humans began to make noises that annoyed the gods: Enlil in particular was entirely unable to sleep due to humanity and made the radical decision to deal with this by destroying humanity with a flood. The god Enki informs one human, Ziusudra (likely a priest), of this decision and advises him to build a boat to save both himself and one couple of every living creature. Ziusudra builds the boat, boards it with his family and the animals, and the gods unleash the flood, although the exact phrasing",
"title": "Eridu Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "40197933",
"text": "Ashurbanipal, also known as the Ashurbanipal Monument or the Statue of Ashurbanipal, is a bronze sculpture by Fred Parhad, an artist of Assyrian descent. It is located in the Civic Center of San Francisco, California, in the United States. The statue depicting the Assyrian king of the same name was commissioned by the Assyrian Foundation for the Arts and presented to the City of San Francisco in 1988 as a gift from the Assyrian people. The sculpture reportedly cost $100,000 and was the first \"sizable\" bronze statue of Ashurbanipal. It is administered by the City and County of San Francisco and the San Francisco Arts Commission. Parhad's work was met with some criticism by local Assyrians, who argued it was inaccurate to portray Ashurbanipal holding a clay tablet and a lion, or wearing a skirt. The critics thought the statue looked more like the Sumerian king Gilgamesh; Maureen Gallery Kovacs, a Yale Ph.D. who has translated The Epic of Gilgamesh (Stanford U.P., 1989), believed the sculpture depicted neither figure, but rather a Mesopotamian \"protective figure\". Parhad defended the accuracy of his work, while also admitting that he took artistic liberties. Background In Assyrian sculpture, the famous colossal entrance way guardian figures of lamassu were often accompanied by a hero grasping a wriggling lion with one hand and typically a snake with the other, also colossal and in high relief; these are generally the only other types of high relief in Assyrian sculpture. They continue the Master of Animals tradition in Mesopotamian art, and may represent Enkidu, a central figure in the Ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh. In the palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad, a group of at least seven lamassu and two such heroes with lions surrounded the entrance to the \"throne room\", \"a concentration of figures which produced an overwhelming impression of power.\" The arrangement was repeated in Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh. Description The patinated bronze statue, mounted on a base and a plinth to reach a total height of , weighs approximately . It depicts Ashurbanipal, the Assyrian king known for building the eponymously named Library of Ashurbanipal, the first and largest library in Nineveh. The bearded king is shown wearing earrings and a tunic; he is holding a clay tablet in one hand and restraining a lion cub against his chest with the other. According to the Historical Marker Database, the cuneiform inscribed on the tablet reads: \"Peace unto heaven and earth / Peace unto countries and cities / Peace unto the dwellers in all lands / This is the statue presented to the City of San Francisco by the Assyrian people in the 210th year of America's sovereignty\". The \"larger-than-life\", full length statue stands above a plinth adorned with a lotus blossom design and a concrete base with an anti-graffiti coating. The base includes rosettes and a bronze plaque. One inscription below the statue reads the text of the tablet in English, Akkadian cuneiform and Aramaic. The text \"Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria, 669–627 B.C.\" appears",
"title": "Statue of Ashurbanipal (San Francisco)"
},
{
"docid": "6906611",
"text": "Gilgamesh was a legendary king of Uruk. Gilgamesh may also refer to: Epic of Gilgamesh, a poem about a legendary king of Uruk Fictional characters Gilgamesh, the protagonist of the Babylonian Castle Saga video game franchise Gilgamesh (Final Fantasy), a character in the Final Fantasy video game series Gilgamesh (Fate/stay night), a character in the Fate franchise Gilgamesh (Marvel Comics) or Forgotten One, an Eternal in the Marvel Comics universe Literature Gilgamesh (novel), a 2001 novel by Joan London Gilgamesh (manga) a manga and anime by Shotaro Ishinomori Gilgamesh the King, 1984 historical novel by Robert Silverberg Music Gilgamesh (band), a jazz fusion band in the 1970s Gilgamesh (Martinů) or The Epic of Gilgamesh, a 1955 choral work by Bohuslav Martinů Operas Gilgamesh (Kodallı opera) (1962–1964) Gilgamesh (Saygun opera) (1964–1970) Gilgamesh (Nørgård opera) (1971–72) Gilgamesh (Brucci opera) (1986) Gilgamesh, a 1992 opera by Franco Battiato Albums Gilgamesh (Acrassicauda album) (2015) Gilgamesh (Gilgamesh album) (1975) Gilgamesh, a 2010 album by Gypsy & The Cat Other uses Gilgamesh (restaurant), a restaurant in London Gilgamesh, a crater on Ganymede 1812 Gilgamesh, an small asteroid See also Epic of Gilgamesh (disambiguation) Gilgamesh flood myth Gilgamesh in the arts and popular culture Gilgamesh II, a miniseries published by DC Comics Gilgamesh Night, a softcore porn Japanese variety TV show broadcast from 1991 to 1998 Gilgamesh Wulfenbach, a character in Girl Genius Girugamesh, a Japanese rock/metal band",
"title": "Gilgamesh (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "46948015",
"text": "The cuneiform du sign, also kup, and sumerograms DU and GUB, is a common-use sign of the Epic of Gilgamesh, the 1350 BC Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. In the Akkadian language for forming words, it can be used syllabically for: du, or kup (and ku, up); also alphabetically for letters d, u, k, or p. (All the four vowels in Akkadian are interchangeable for forming words (a, e, i, u), thus the many choices of scribes is apparent for composing actual 'dictionary-entry' words.) It is also true in the Akkadian language, that some consonants are paired (k/g, k/q), thus the relationship between kup, and sumerogram GUB is explained (k/G). For the sumerogram GUB, GUB in the Akkadian language becomes uzuzzu, English language for \"to stand\", or \"to be present\"; in the Epic of Gilgamesh, GUB is only used (2)-times for uzuzzu, and is used elsewhere in the Tablets I-XII (chapters), (15)-times. Epic of Gilgamesh usage The usage numbers for du in the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows: du-(148) times, kup-(1), and DU-(17) times. References Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Du (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "1356909",
"text": "Lugalbanda was a deified Sumerian king of Uruk who, according to various sources of Mesopotamian literature, was the father of Gilgamesh. Early sources mention his consort Ninsun and his heroic deeds in an expedition to Aratta by King Enmerkar. Lugalbanda is listed in the Sumerian King List as the second king of Uruk, saying he ruled for 1200 years, and providing him with the epithet of the Shepherd. Lugalbanda's historicity is uncertain among scholars. Attempts to date him in the ED II period are based on an amalgamation of data from the epic traditions of the 2nd millennium with unclear archaeological observations. Mythology Lugalbanda appears in Sumerian literary sources as early as the mid-3rd millennium, as attested by the incomplete mythological text Lugalbanda and Ninsuna, found in Abu Salabikh, that describes a romantic relationship between Lugalbanda and Ninsun. In the earliest god-lists from Fara, his name appears separate and in a much lower ranking than the goddess; however, in later traditions until the Seleucid period, his name is often listed along with his consort Ninsun. There's evidence suggesting the worship of Lugalbanda as a deity originating from the Ur III period, as attested in tablets from Nippur, Ur, Umma and Puzrish-Dagan. In the Old Babylonian period Sin-kashid of Uruk is known to have built a temple called É-KI.KAL dedicated to Lugalbanda and Ninsun, and to have assigned his daughter Niši-īnī-šu as the eresh-dingir priestess of Lugalbanda. At the same time, Lugalbanda would prominently feature as the hero of two Sumerian stories dated to the Third Dynasty of Ur, called by scholars Lugalbanda I (Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave) and Lugalbanda II (Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird). Both are known only in later versions, although there is an Ur III fragment that is quite different from either 18th century version These tales are part of a series of stories that describe the conflicts between Enmerkar, king of Uruk, and Ensuhkeshdanna, lord of Aratta, presumably in the Iranian highlands. In these two stories, Lugalbanda is a soldier in the army of Enmerkar, whose name also appears in the Sumerian King List as the first king of Uruk and predecessor of Lugalbanda. The extant fragments make no reference to Lugalbanda's succession as king following Enmerkar. In royal hymns of the Ur III period, Ur-Nammu of Ur and his son Shulgi describe Lugalbanda and Ninsun as their holy parents, and in the same context call themselves the brother of Gilgamesh. Sin-Kashid of Uruk also refers to Lugalbanda and Ninsun as his divine parents, and names Lugalbanda as his god. In the Epic of Gilgamesh and in earlier Sumerian stories about the hero, Gilgamesh calls himself the son of Lugalbanda and Ninsun. In the Gilgamesh and Huwawa poem, the king consistently uses the assertive phrase: “By the life of my own mother Ninsun and of my father, holy Lugalbanda!”. In Akkadian versions of the epic, Gilgamesh also refers to Lugalbanda as his personal god, and in one episode presents the oil filled horns of the",
"title": "Lugalbanda"
},
{
"docid": "24379585",
"text": "Little Songs of the Chief Officer of Hunar Louse, or This Unnameable Little Broom, Being a Largely Disguised Reduction of the Epic of Gilgamesh, Tableau II (aka This Unnameable Little Broom) is a 1985 stop motion short film by The Brothers Quay. The film is loosely based on the first tablet of Epic of Gilgamesh. Boasting the longest title in the Quays' entire output, this 1985 film is generally known as This Unnameable Little Broom. The short began life as a proposed hour-long program Channel 4 exploring aspects of the ancient Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest known surviving works of literature, which would combine puppet animation, dance sequences, and live-action documentary elements. However, Channel Four were unsure about the project, and only agreed to fund a short animated sequence as a pilot - which is all that was ultimately made. Plot In the film, Gilgamesh is a grotesque, Picasso-esque being who moves by tricycle and patrols his box-shaped kingdom that hovers above a dark abyss. The yellow walls are inscribed with calligraphic text and its seemingly vast expanse is randomly broken up by square holes from which medical hooks occasionally project. A table – a mechanism and a trap – concealing a pulsating vagina within one of its drawers, stands at the centre of Gilgamesh's domain. High above this space are strung high-tension wires, vibrating in the wind, one caught with a broken tennis racquet. First, Gilgamesh is seen setting up a bizarre trap to lure and catch the wild man Enkidu (who is depicted as a bird-like creature, partially made of genuine animal skeletons). Enkidu appears to live in a distant forest world visible through a hatch in the side of one of the walls of the floating kingdom. Gilgamesh is seen eating dandelion fluff during the opening credits before he finishes readying the trap. Once finished, Gilgamesh retreats to a room beneath the floor of the floating kingdom, awaiting Enkidu's arrival. Sometime later, Enkidu enters and becomes intrigued by a table with an anatomical, H.R. Giger/da Vinci-esque image of a woman's muscles (symbolizing the character Shamhat). The mechanism activates allowing Enkidu to look inside the image revealing a swaying piece of meat on a hook within the woman's body. A drawer on the table opens, revealing the pulsating vagina. Ecstatic, Enkidu begins to mount the table, which sets off Gilgamesh's trap, flinging him onto the high-tension wires. An excited Gilgamesh resurfaces, retrieving the ensnared Enkidu by means of a giant gold cloth. Gilgamesh binds his captive with twine, beats him with a spiked club, and brushes his wings before cutting them off with scissors. Gilgamesh cuts the twine binding Enkidu and as the gold cloth falls to the ground the viewer is given a shot of Enkidu's forest. The same fluff that Gilgamesh was eating earlier litters the forest floor and the viewer is allowed to observe an insect husk rapidly decay. In the end, Gilgamesh is seen riding frenzied circles around Enkidu, who is",
"title": "The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom"
},
{
"docid": "1362869",
"text": "is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Shotaro Ishinomori. It was serialized in the Shōnen Gahōsha magazine Weekly Shōnen King from 1976 to 1978. In 2003, an anime series based on the original story was produced by Ishimori Entertainment and animated by Group TAC and Japan Vistec. Gilgamesh is set in the near future and the plot revolves around characters who can be divided into four groups: The Countess and the Orga-Superior, the Mitleid Corporation, the siblings, and the Gilgamesh. With the development of the plot, the past and motives of the characters and their relationships with one another are exposed. The 26-episode anime television series was the first directed by Masahiko Murata, with music by Kaoru Wada. It was created by Group TAC, and it aired on Kansai TV from October 2, 2003 to March 18, 2004. The series received generally positive reviews and was subsequently translated, released on DVD and aired in several other countries, including the United States. Music, mystery, intrigues and darkness are central elements of Gilgameshs plot. The series shows clear influences from the story known as the Epic of Gilgamesh, and from different scientific and archaeological influences as well. Plot Background The backdrop of Gilgamesh is the fight between two opposing forces. One of the forces is known as the Gilgamesh, led by Terumichi Madoka (better known as Enkidu), and the other side is the Countess of Werdenberg and the three Orga-Superior children who live with her. In appearance, the Orga-Superior are indistinguishable from humans. However, they carry a special power known as \"Dynamis\" (a variation of the Greek \"Dunamus\" meaning \"strength\" \"power\" especially \"miraculous power\") which allows them to use psychic energy and control objects using only their mind. The overarching theme of Gilgamesh is one of choosing sides. Central The tomb of Gilgamesh in Uruk from the story 'The Epic of Gilgamesh' is discovered by a young genius-scientist named Terumichi Madoka, who is drawn to the energy called Dynamis, a word meaning 'power', resonating from the site. He reports his findings, and all of the world's best scientists gather there. When an unknown life form called Tear materializes in Delphys (a pit that seems to have no dimensions and that surrounds the tomb of Gilgamesh) and begins to contaminate embryos that surround it, the scientists stop all of the experiments. Dr. Madoka goes down to Delphys, breaches all of the guards around it and comes into direct contact with Tear, causing an immense explosion that blocks out the sky with a mirror-like layer. This is considered an act of terrorism, as after the explosion, computers and wireless communications stop working, and the planet falls into war and famine. The human population is nearly wiped out. This occurs on October 10, so the incident is called \"Twin X\" (after the Roman numeral symbol for the number 10). Of the people who worked at Heaven's Gate, which is left in ruins, only Dr. Madoka and a woman introduced as the Countess of",
"title": "Gilgamesh (manga)"
},
{
"docid": "40054138",
"text": "The cuneiform ir (more common usage), or er sign is a sign used in the Epic of Gilgamesh, and the Amarna letters. It is in a small group that have smaller, 3-verticals, as well as 2- and 1-vertical strokes, sitting on a lower horizontal cuneiform stroke. The sign is similar to the sa (cuneiform) sign, but sa's upper horizontal stroke is shorter than the lower anchored horizontal stroke. In the Amarna letters, it can also be confused with specific usages of ú-(the alphabetic u (by usage), Ú-1st prime–Ù-2nd prime is a complex, two-part large cuneiform sign, =\"and\", \"but\", or other conjunction meanings), as in Amarna letter EA 362, (Biridiya to Pharaoh). Amarna letters and Epic of Gilgamesh usage The twelve tablet (I-XII) Epic of Gilgamesh uses the er, and ir signs, 22 and 72 times. In the Epic, there are no other uses for the sign. For the mid 14th century BC Amarna letters, letter EA 365 authored by Biridiya, it is used for \"er\". For example, on the reverse of EA 365, subject of corvee labor, \"harvesting\"-(line 20), lines 15 and following translate as follows: The verb \"cultivating\" (harvesting) is from \"erēšu\", which is from \"harāšu\", Ugaritic ḥrț. 15. \"But see! (But Look! (a major segue)) 16. The city rulers 17. who are with me 18. are not doing 19. as I. They are not 20. cultivating (\"harvesting\") 21. in (determinative URU, city-state)—Shunama 22 and ....\" ... (They are not) 20. te-er-ri-šu-na, 22. and ....\" References Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Rainey, 1970. El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages. Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Ir (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "50400",
"text": "Dream interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to dreams. In many ancient societies, such as those of Egypt and Greece, dreaming was considered a supernatural communication or a means of divine intervention, whose message could be interpreted by people with these associated spiritual powers. In the modern era, various schools of psychology and neurobiology have offered theories about the meaning and purpose of dreams. History Early civilizations The ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia have left evidence of dream interpretation dating back to at least 3100 BC in Mesopotamia. Throughout Mesopotamian history, dreams were always held to be extremely important for divination and Mesopotamian kings paid close attention to them. Gudea, the king of the Sumerian city-state of Lagash (reigned 2144–2124 BC), rebuilt the temple of Ningirsu as the result of a dream in which he was told to do so. The standard Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh contains numerous accounts of the prophetic power of dreams. First, Gilgamesh himself has two dreams foretelling the arrival of Enkidu. In one of these dreams, Gilgamesh sees an axe fall from the sky. The people gather around it in admiration and worship. Gilgamesh throws the axe in front of his mother Ninsun and then embraces it like a wife. Ninsun interprets the dream to mean that someone powerful will soon appear. Gilgamesh will struggle with him and try to overpower him, but he will not succeed. Eventually, they will become close friends and accomplish great things. She concludes, \"That you embraced him like a wife means he will never forsake you. Thus your dream is solved.\" Later in the epic, Enkidu dreams about the heroes' encounter with the giant Humbaba. Dreams were also sometimes seen as a means of seeing into other worlds and it was thought that the soul, or some part of it, moved out of the body of the sleeping person and actually visited the places and persons the dreamer saw in his or her sleep. In Tablet VII of the epic, Enkidu recounts to Gilgamesh a dream in which he saw the gods Anu, Enlil, and Shamash condemn him to death. He also has a dream in which he visits the Underworld. The Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (reigned 883–859 BC) built a temple to Mamu, possibly the god of dreams, at Imgur-Enlil, near Kalhu. The later Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (reigned 668– 627 BC) had a dream during a desperate military situation in which his divine patron, the goddess Ishtar, appeared to him and promised that she would lead him to victory. The Babylonians and Assyrians divided dreams into \"good,\" which were sent by the gods, and \"bad,\" sent by demons. A surviving collection of dream omens entitled Iškar Zaqīqu records various dream scenarios as well as prognostications of what will happen to the person who experiences each dream, apparently based on previous cases. Some list different possible outcomes, based on occasions in which people experienced similar dreams with different results. Dream scenarios mentioned include a variety of daily work events,",
"title": "Dream interpretation"
},
{
"docid": "58636243",
"text": "The cuneiform gi sign is a common multi-use sign of the Epic of Gilgamesh, the 1350 BC Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It also has a sumerogrammic usage for GI in the Epic of Gilgamesh. The structure of the cuneiform sign is like its twin, Zi (cuneiform), . The \"gi\" sign has the syllabic usage for ge and gi, and a sumerogram usage for GI. Alphabetically \"gi\" can be used for g (\"g\" can be interchanged with \"k\", or \"q\"); and \"gi\"/\"ge\" can be used for i, or e. In Akkadian, all 4 vowels, a, e, i, u are interchangeable with each other. Epic of Gilgamesh usage The gi sign usage in the Epic of Gilgamesh is as follows: ge-(4 times); gi-(17), GI-(20 times). References Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Gi (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "40054213",
"text": "The cuneiform sign en, is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and other cuneiform texts (for example Hittite texts). It has a secondary sub-use in the Amarna letters for ka4. Linguistically, it has the alphabetical usage in texts for n, e, or en, and also a replacement for \"e\", by vowels, a, or i, or u. Epic of Gilgamesh usage The en sign usage in the Epic of Gilgamesh is as follows: (en, 32 times, and EN, 184 times). EN in the Epic of Gilgamesh is used for Akkadian, adi (English \"until, plus\", and Akkdian bēlu), for \"lord, owner\". References Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, Cuneiform signs",
"title": "En (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "68440753",
"text": "The cuneiform sign ú is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and other cuneiform texts (for example Hittite texts). It has a secondary sub-use in the Epic of Gilgamesh for šam. Linguistically, it has the alphabetical usage in texts for u, but can replace any of the four vowels, so also used for a, or e, or i. Epic of Gilgamesh usage The ú sign usage in the Epic of Gilgamesh is as follows: (šam, 45 times, ú, 493, KÚŠ, 2, and Ú, 4 times). Ú is logogram, for Akkadian \"tullal\", a soapwort. šam syllabic use in the Epic of Gilgamesh The following words use the syllabic šam as the first syllable in the word entries under š in the glossary. šamhatu, for English, \"harlot\". šamhiš, \"proudly, stoutly\",. šammmu, \"drug, plant, grass\". References Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Ú (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "68776881",
"text": "The cuneiform sign hal, is a common-use sign in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts, for example Hittite texts. Its common usage is syllabic for hal, but could also be use for alphabetic h or l, or the a, and for the other three vowels of e, i, or u. Epic of Gilgamesh usage Cuneiform hal has a single usage in the Epic of Gilgamesh, for hal. The usage is: hal, 11 times. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the most common usage of hal, at the beginning of words spelled \"hal-\" in the glossary, is for Akkadian halāqu, English, to disappear, to cause to be lost; in the Amarna letters it is used to refer to city-states, or towns, lost to the Hapiru. In the Epic, two other words use hal at the beginning of their spellings, halbu, for English forest, three times in the Epic, Tablets VII, IV, and II. One spelling of halāpu, (English, \"to clothe\"), of four spellings, uses hal, Tablet IV, line 196, ú-hal-lip. Amarna letters usage One main usage in the Amarna letters, is for the Akkadian language word halāqu, referring to the capturing of city-states, or towns, (Amarna letter EA 288). References Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Rainey, 1970. El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages. Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Hal (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "46926573",
"text": "The cuneiform giš sign, (also common for is, iṣ, and iz), is a common, multi-use sign, in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It also has a major usage as a sumerogram, GIŠ, (capital letter (majuscule)) for English language \"wood\", and is used as a determinative at the beginning of words, for items made of wood. The 12 Chapters (Tablets) of the Epic of Gilgamesh lists 16 named items beginning with \"GIŠ\". For giš/(is/iz/iṣ) in the construction of words it is used syllabically for giš, and syllabically for the three other constructs; also for eṣ/ez. Besides \"giš\", it can alphabetically be used for: e, i, s, ṣ, or z. Epic of Gilgamesh sign usage The usage numbers for giš in the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows: eṣ-(2) times, ez, (3), giš, (1), is, (46), iṣ, (77), iz, (17), and GIŠ (355) times. Epic words with determinative GIŠ The following list of Akkadian language words are from the sumerograms used in the Epic of Gilgamesh. --GIŠ.APIN, epinnu (\"plow\") --GIŠ.BAN, qaštu (?) --GIŠ.BANŠUR, paššūru (\"table\") --GIŠ.ERIN, erēnu (\"cedar\") --GIŠ.GAG, sikkatu (\"flask (of perfume)\") --GIŠ.GIGIR, mugirru (?) --GIŠ.GU.ZA, kussû (\"throne\", \"seat\") --GIŠ.IG, daltu (\"door\") --GIŠ.MÁ, eleppu (\"boat, ship\") --GIŠ.NIM, baltu (\"thornbush\") --GIŠ.SAR, kirû (\"garden\", \"orchard\") --GIŠ.ŠEM.GIR, asu (\"myrtle\") --GIŠ.ŠUR.MÌN, šurmenu (\"cypress\") --GIŠ.TIR, qištu (\"forest\") --GIŠ.TUKUL, kakku (\"weapon\") --GIŠ.Ú.GIR, ašagu (\"thistle\", \"thorn bush\") References Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Giš"
},
{
"docid": "342518",
"text": "Gilgamesh the King is a 1984 historical novel by American writer Robert Silverberg, presenting the Epic of Gilgamesh as a novel. In the afterword the author wrote \"at all times I have attempted to interpret the fanciful and fantastic events of these poems in a realistic way, that is, to tell the story of Gilgamesh as though he were writing his own memoirs, and to that end I have introduced many interpretations of my own devising which for better or for worse are in no way to be ascribed to the scholars\". Plot introduction The novel is told from the point of view of Gilgamesh, and is primarily ambivalent about the supernatural elements of the epic. But the events are portrayed in a fairly realistic manner. Gilgamesh is a giant among men and an amazing warrior, even since he was very young. When the king of Uruk (his father) dies, Gilgamesh is exiled by the recently crowned Dumuzi, jealous of his skills and power. When in time Dumuzi dies, Gilgamesh comes back to the kingdom to be proclaimed. Silverberg afterwards wrote a number of stories for the fantasy anthology series Heroes in Hell describing Gilgamesh's posthumous adventures in the underworld, including the award-winning novella Gilgamesh in the Outback. Reception Neil Gaiman reviewed Gilgamesh the King for Imagine magazine, and stated that \"A fascinating look at a long-gone culture, with a magnificent Jim Burns cover.\" Dave Langford reviewed Gilgamesh the King for White Dwarf #69, and stated that \"Silverberg's version is laudable, essential reading [...] but his realistic approach weakens (I think) the theme of immortality. Compare his amazing fantasy The Book of Skulls.\" Reviews Review by Faren Miller (1984) in Locus, #287 December 1984 Review by Lynn F. Williams (1985) in Fantasy Review, January 1985 Review by Baird Searles (1985) in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, February 1985 Review by Doc Kennedy (1985) in Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone Magazine, July-August 1985 Review by Thomas A. Easton [as by Tom Easton] (1985) in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, July 1985 Review by Sue Thomason (1985) in Vector 127 Review by Alma Jo Williams (1986) in Science Fiction Review, Winter 1986 Review [German] by Detlef Hedderich (1988) in Das Science Fiction Jahr Ausgabe 1988 References External links Google Books 1984 American novels American historical novels Novels by Robert Silverberg Novels set in ancient Assyria Works based on the Epic of Gilgamesh",
"title": "Gilgamesh the King"
},
{
"docid": "46944972",
"text": "The cuneiform di sign, also de, ṭe, ṭi, and sumerograms DI and SÁ is a common-use sign of the Epic of Gilgamesh, the 1350 BC Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. In the Akkadian language for forming words, it can be used syllabically for: de, di, ṭe, and ṭi; also alphabetically for letters d, ṭ, e, or i. (All the four vowels in Akkadian are interchangeable for forming words (a, e, i, u), thus the many choices of scribes is apparent for composing actual 'dictionary-entry' words.) Some consonant-pairs (d/t), are also interchangeable (for example the d, t, and ṭ). Epic of Gilgamesh usage The usage numbers for di/de in the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows: de-(8) times, di-(161), ṭe-(7), ṭi-(19), DI-(1), SÁ-(2) times. Besides ša usage in word components of verbs, nouns, etc., it has a major usage between words. In Akkadian, for English language \"who\", it is an interrogative pronoun; in the Akkadian language as ša, (as \"that\", \"what\"; (\"that (of)\", \"which (of)\"), in English it used for who, what, which, etc.. Ša, and Ka, the stroke differences The difference in the construction of the signs ka and ša are as follows: \"ka\" when scribed in the Amarna letters often shows the distinctiveness of the right section of the sign, versus the left section. For ša, the right section is constructed with two wedge strokes (one scribed above the other), between the two verticals, at right. For ka, the right side mostly, in the Amarna letters has two verticals, with two horizontals that cross both of them; (the right side is like a two-step ladder shape—(for Hittite ka:—)). A good example of ša, is shown for EA 365, Reverse (top half), where the 2-wedge strokes of ša between the 2-right verticals is clear. (Note, the ša of EA 365 appears to have 3-horizontals at left (differing lengths), then the 2-verticals with the 2-wedge strokes, at right.) Ša usage numbers Epic of Gilgamesh The usage numbers for ša in the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows: ša-(66) times. There are no other sub-uses or sumerogramic uses for ša in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Amarna letters Cuneiform ša is common in the Amarna letters, found easily between words (as the pronoun), and especially in word constructs. Since it is similar in appearance to cuneiform ka, the large difference is that ka can easily be found as a suffix to words, for example in the Canaanite sub-corpus of letters as \"Servant-Yours\", , (ARAD-ka). References Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Di (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "4078497",
"text": "The Cedar Forest ( ) is the glorious realm of the gods of Mesopotamian mythology. It is guarded by the demigod Humbaba and was once entered by the hero Gilgamesh who dared cut down trees from its virgin stands during his quest for fame. The Cedar Forest is described in Tablets 46 of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Earlier descriptions come from the Ur III poem Gilgamesh and Huwawa. The Sumerian poems of his deeds say that Gilgamesh traveled east, presumably, to the Zagros Mountains of Iran (ancient Elam) to the cedar forest, yet the later more extensive Babylonian examples place the cedar forests west in Lebanon. In the Epic of Gilgamesh Tablet 4 Tablet four tells the story of the journey to the Cedar Forest. On each day of the six-day journey, Gilgamesh prays to Shamash; in response to these prayers, Shamash sends Gilgamesh oracular dreams during the night. The first is not preserved. In the second, Gilgamesh dreams that he wrestles a great bull that splits the ground with his breath. Enkidu interprets the dream for Gilgamesh: the dream means that Shamash, the bull, will protect Gilgamesh. In the third, Gilgamesh dreams: The skies roared with thunder and the earth heaved, Then came darkness and a stillness like death. Lightning smashed the ground and fires blazed out; Death flooded from the skies. When the heat died and the fires went out, The plains had turned to ash. Enkidu's interpretation is missing here, but as with the other dreams, it is assumed he puts a positive spin on the volcanic dream. The fourth dream is missing, but Enkidu again tells Gilgamesh that the dream portends success in the upcoming battle. The fifth dream is also missing. At the entrance to the Cedar Forest, Gilgamesh begins to quake with fear; he prays to Shamash, reminding him that he had promised Ninsun that he would be safe. Shamash calls down from heaven, ordering him to enter the forest because Humbaba is not wearing all his armor. The demon Humbaba wears seven coats of armor, but now he is only wearing one, so he is particularly vulnerable. Enkidu loses his courage and turns back; Gilgamesh falls on him and they have a great fight. Hearing the crash of their fighting, Humbaba comes stalking out of the Cedar Forest to challenge the intruders. A large part of the tablet is missing here. On the one part of the tablet still remaining, Gilgamesh convinces Enkidu that they should stand together against the demon. Tablet 5 Gilgamesh and Enkidu enter the gloriously beautiful Cedar Forest and begin to cut down the trees. Hearing the sound, Humbaba comes roaring up to them and warns them off. Enkidu shouts at Humbaba that the two of them are much stronger than the demon, but Humbaba, who knows Gilgamesh is a king, taunts the king for taking orders from a nobody like Enkidu. Turning his face into a hideous mask, Humbaba begins to threaten the pair, and Gilgamesh runs and",
"title": "Cedar Forest"
},
{
"docid": "58707943",
"text": "The cuneiform sign iš is a common use sign in the Amarna letters and the Epic of Gilgamesh. It is used syllabically for iš; also for mel, mil, and a Sumerogramic usage for IŠ (Epic of Gilgamesh). Alphabetically as \"iš\", its most common usage, it can be used for \"i\" or \"š\". In Akkadian, the four vowels a, e, i, o, are all interchangeable, and the three different \"s\", can also be interchanged: s, ṣ, š. Epic of Gilgamesh use For the Epic of Gilgamesh, the following usage is found in Tablets I-XII: iš-(134 times); mel-(1); mil-(8); IŠ-(18 times). Some common uses of \"iš\" in the Amarna letters One of the most common uses of \"iš\" in the Amarna letters, is the use of the Akkadian language word \"ištu\", which means \"from\", (\"since\"), in English. In the vassal city-state letters, in dialogue with the Pharaoh-in-Egypt, there is often mention of having listened to the correspondence – \"words of the pharaoh\", thus the words — \"I have heard ...\", or \"I have listened to ...\", the clay tablet \"words\" (correspondence), from the pharaoh. The common Akkadian word for \"hear\", or \"listen\", is \"šemû\". References Held, Schmalstieg, Gertz, 1987. Beginning Hittite. Warren H. Held, Jr, William R. Schmalstieg, Janet E. Gertz, c. 1987, Slavica Publishers, Inc. w/ Glossaries, Sign List, Indexes, etc., 218 pages. Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Rainey, 1970. El Amarna Tablets, 359–379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8) Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Iš (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "5339507",
"text": "Poetry as an oral art form likely predates written text. The earliest poetry is believed to have been recited or sung, employed as a way of remembering oral history, genealogy, and law. Poetry is often closely related to musical traditions, and the earliest poetry exists in the form of hymns (such as Hymn to the Death of Tammuz), and other types of song such as chants. As such, poetry is often a verbal art. Many of the poems surviving from the ancient world are recorded prayers, or stories about religious subject matter, but they also include historical accounts, instructions for everyday activities, love songs, and fiction. Many scholars, particularly those researching the Homeric tradition and the oral epics of the Balkans, suggest that early writing shows clear traces of older oral traditions, including the use of repeated phrases as building blocks in larger poetic units. A rhythmic and repetitious form would make a long story easier to remember and retell, before writing was available as a reminder. Thus, to aid memorization and oral transmission, surviving works from prehistoric and ancient societies appear to have been first composed in a poetic form – from the Vedas (1500–1000 ) to the Odyssey (800–675 ). Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. Oldest known poems The oldest surviving speculative fiction poem is the Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor, written in Hieratic and ascribed a date around 2500 . Other sources ascribe the earliest written poetry to the Epic of Gilgamesh written in cuneiform; however, it is most likely that The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor predates Gilgamesh by half a millennium. The oldest epic poetry besides the Epic of Gilgamesh are the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey and the Indian Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Some scholars believe that either the Mahabharata, or the Tibetan Epic of King Gesar, is the longest example of epic poetry in history. Poetics Ancient thinkers sought to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulting in the development of \"poetics\", or the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Classic of History, one of the Five Classics, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. Context can be critical to poetics and to the development of poetic genres and forms. For example, poetry employed to record historical events in epics, such as Gilgamesh or Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, will necessarily be lengthy and narrative, while poetry used for liturgical purposes in hymns, psalms, suras, and hadiths is likely to have an inspirational tone, whereas elegies and tragedy are intended to invoke deep internal emotional responses. Other contexts include music such as Gregorian chants, formal or diplomatic speech, political rhetoric and invective, light-hearted nursery and nonsense rhymes, threnodies to the deceased and even medical texts. Ancient African poetry In Africa, poetry has a history dating back",
"title": "History of poetry"
},
{
"docid": "46935275",
"text": "The cuneiform sign MÁ denotes a ship or boat. It is used in Sumerian and as a Sumerogram for the Akkadian word eleppu (also 'ship'/'boat'). MÁ is usually preceded by the determinative for items made of wood, namely GIŠ: GIŠ.MÁ, or GIŠ.MÁ, . Examples The Epic of Gilgamesh lists sixteen wood-related words written with the GIŠ determinative, among them GIŠ.MÁ/eleppu. The epic also uses the 'ship'/'boat' Sumerogram in Tablet XI (the Gilgamesh flood myth), and elsewhere when Gilgamesh is taken by boat. Some of the Amarna letters using the Sumerogram are EA 86, EA 153, EA 149, EA 245, and EA 364. See also Amarna letter EA 86 Amarna letter EA 153 Amarna letter EA 245 References Bibliography (Volume 1) in the original Akkadian cuneiform and transliteration; commentary and glossary are in English External links Amarna letter EA 153-(Obverse), line 10 (7th line from bottom) Amarna letter EA 245-(Reverse), line 4(=line 28) (4th line from top-of-reverse) Sumerian words and phrases Sumerograms Cuneiform signs",
"title": "MÁ"
},
{
"docid": "29154536",
"text": "The cuneiform lu sign is a common, multi-use sign, a syllabic for lu, and an alphabetic sign used for l, or u; it has many other sub-uses, as seen in the Epic of Gilgamesh over hundreds of years, and the 1350 BC Amarna letters. Its other uses show other syllabic and alphabetic forms that it can be used for: other vowels, or consonants; (in Akkadian d can replace t, and b and p are also interchangeable). There are also four sumerogrammic sub-forms for \"lu\" in the Epic of Gilgamesh, LU, and UDU, and DAB and DIB; LU transposes to Akkadian language, \"lullû\", for English language, (primitive) man; DAB transposes to ṣabātu, English for to seize, capture. The usage numbers for lu (sign no. 537) in the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows: dab-(2) times, dap-(4), dib-(1), lu-(293), tep-(1), tàb-(1), tib-(4), DAB-(4), DIB-(1), LU-(9), UDU-(1). The lu cuneiform sign is within a small group of signs that are composed of 1- or 2-vertical strokes (at right or left), the other signs being no. 535 Ib (cuneiform), no. 536 ku (cuneiform) (only 1-vertical, left and right), no. 575 ur (cuneiform), and gáb (cuneiform). Besides ša usage in word components of verbs, nouns, etc., it has a major usage between words. In Akkadian, for English language \"who\", it is an interrogative pronoun; in the Akkadian language as ša, (as \"that\", \"what\"; (\"that (of)\", \"which (of)\"), in English it used for who, what, which, etc.. Ša, and Ka, the stroke differences The difference in the construction of the signs ka and ša are as follows: \"ka\" when scribed in the Amarna letters often shows the distinctiveness of the right section of the sign, versus the left section. For ša, the right section is constructed with two wedge strokes (one scribed above the other), between the two verticals, at right. For ka, the right side mostly, in the Amarna letters has two verticals, with two horizontals that cross both of them; (the right side is like a two-step ladder shape—(for Hittite ka:—)). A good example of ša, is shown for EA 365, Reverse (top half), where the 2-wedge strokes of ša between the 2-right verticals is clear. (Note, the ša of EA 365 appears to have 3-horizontals at left (differing lengths), then the 2-verticals with the 2-wedge strokes, at right.) Ša Usage numbers Epic of Gilgamesh The usage numbers for lu (sign no. 537) in the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows: ša-(66) times. There are no other sub-uses or sumerogramic uses for ša in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Amarna letters Cuneiform ša is common in the Amarna letters, found easily between words (as the pronoun), and especially in word constructs. Since it is similar in appearance to cuneiform ka, the large difference is that ka can easily be found as a suffix to words, for example in the Canaanite sub-corpus of letters as \"Servant-Yours\", , (ARAD-ka). References Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, )",
"title": "Lu (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "58644901",
"text": "The cuneiform zi sign is a common multi-use sign of the Epic of Gilgamesh, the 1350 BC Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It also has a sumerogrammic usage for ZI in the Epic of Gilgamesh. The structure of the cuneiform sign is like its twin, Gi (cuneiform), . The \"zi\" sign has the syllabic usage for ze and zi, and a Sumerogram usage for ZI. Alphabetically \"zi\" can be used for z (\"z\" can be interchanged with any \"s\"); and \"zi\"/\"ze\" can be used for i, or e. In Akkadian, all 4 vowels, a, e, i, u are interchangeable with each other. Epic of Gilgamesh usage The zi sign usage in the Epic of Gilgamesh is as follows: ze-(6 times); gi-(46), ZI-(32 times). References Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I through Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Zi (cuneiform)"
},
{
"docid": "47357701",
"text": "Cuneiform zu, (also sú, ṣú, and Sumerogram ZU (capital letter majuscule)), is an uncommon-use sign in the 1350s BC Amarna letters, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and other cuneiform texts. Alphabetically, it could conceivably be used for letters z, s, ṣ, or u; however in the Amarna letters it is used mostly for personal names or geographical names. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumerogram ZU is used to spell the name of god Ninazu, (a name of god Tammuz, two times, Chapter XII, 28, 47). In the Epic, ZU is also used as a logogram, ZU.AB, for Akkadian language \"apsû\", English language \"abyss\"; it is used twice in Chapter VIII, and twice in Chapter XI, the Gilgamesh flood myth. It was also used to name Giant Squid Studios' game, Abzû. Uses of zu Epic of Gilgamesh The usage numbers for zu in the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows: sú-(1) time, ṣú-(0), zu-(41), and ZU-(7) times. Partial list of uses in Amarna letters EA 100, CitySubaru, (Sú-ba-ru), EA 245, Surata, (Sú-ra-ta), -ra- (personal name) EA 364, CityHazor, (Ha-sú-ra), Ha--ra References Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I through Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. Cuneiform signs",
"title": "Zu (cuneiform)"
}
] | [
"Utnapishtim"
] |
train_35749 | dr jekyll and mr hyde which one is bad | [
{
"docid": "39605652",
"text": "Jekyll and Hyde is an adventure video game by Cryo Interactive. It was released for Microsoft Windows in 2001. The game is based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. A PlayStation 2 version was planned but was eventually cancelled. Story Set in 1890 London, after the tragic death Dr. Jekyll's wife, he has been in mourning with his daughter, Laurie, both went to Jekyll's laboratory located in a Mental Hospital for the insane where he works. A mysterious man called Burnwell, one of the patients of the Asylum goes berserk and poisons with an reagent drug and all the food supplies of the asylum inmates and they go in a killing spree inside the asylum, when Jekyll was working at his lab, Burnwell kidnapped his daughter Laurie from the her room and the Nurse warned Jekyll not go any closer to Burnwell otherwise he would kill her, Jekyll goes after Burnwell and along the way he rescues a Doctor of the asylum but fails to save another when he falls to his death after Burnwell cuts the rope with an knife where the second doctor was trapped besides Laurie in the atrium, Burnwell demands Dr. Jekyll to bring back his alter ego, Mr. Hyde Dr. Jekyll has no choice but to reactivate his laboratory equipment and bring back his dreaded alter ego, Mr. Hyde. after going to the atrium of the asylum a second time and confronting Burnwell the man escapes with Laurie and Jekyll is suddenly faced by an appearance of a second mysterious tall and thin man who calls himself simply by the name \"The Attorney\", he demands Dr. Jekyll to find three metallic piece keys of a book that is called the Book of Zohar, the three metallic pieces are guarded by a Chinese noble called James yang, an Maharaja from India and a Voodoo Witch Doctor. Reception Although the sound effects are praised, Jekyll & Hyde didn't receive many positive reviews from critics. IGN says \"Good voice acting is unfortunately overshadowed by the lack of animation when characters are speaking...if almost nothing else is good about a game, sound cannot save it.\" GameSpot criticized the game's confusing camera angles and bad control, saying \"it seems less like a game and more like a parody of the action-adventure genre.\" See also List of video games by Cryo Interactive Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde References 2001 video games DreamCatcher Interactive games Fiction set in 1890 Video games set in the 1890s Video games set in London Adventure games Cryo Interactive games Video games developed in France Windows games Windows-only games Video games about mental health Video games about shapeshifting Video games based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde",
"title": "Jekyll and Hyde (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "3351590",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, is a 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson. This page lists Wikipedia articles using \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" or a very similar name, or links to the most closely related article for items using that name that do not have a Wikipedia article. For a fuller list of adaptations, including those using other names, see Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde may also refer to: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character), a character in Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Film Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908 film), the first screen adaptation of Stevenson's novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908), directed by Sidney Olcott (US title: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde) (1910), directed by August Blom Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912 film), starring James Cruze Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913 film), directed by Herbert Brenon and Carl Laemmle Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913), produced by Charles Urban Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Haydon film), directed and written by J. Charles Haydon Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Paramount film), featuring John Barrymore Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film), starring Fredric March Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 film), featuring Spencer Tracy Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1986 film), an animated film produced by Burbank Films Australia Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (2002 film), starring John Hannah The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006 film), a film starring Tony Todd Doctor Jekyll (2023 film), a film starring Eddie Izzard Television The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968 film), a television film starring Jack Palance Jekyll and Hyde (TV series), a 2015 British television series written by Charlie Higson \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\", a 1955 episode of Climax! Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, characters in the television series Once Upon A Time Stage Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887 play), a stage adaptation by Thomas Russell Sullivan Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888 play), a stage adaptation by John McKinney Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life, an 1897 stage adaptation by Luella Forepaugh and George F. Fish Jekyll & Hyde (musical), a 1997 Broadway musical based on the story Music Dr. Jeckyll & Mr. Hyde (group), a 1980s hip hop group consisting of Andre \"Dr Jeckyll\" Harrell and Alonzo \"Mr Hyde\" Brown Jeckyll & Hyde (musicians), a Dutch duo Jekyll and Hyde (Petra album), a 2003 album from Christian rock band Petra Jekyll & Hyde en Español, the 2004 Spanish version of the album Jekyll and Hyde (Prime Circle album), a 2010 album from South African rock band Prime Circle Jekyll + Hyde, a 2015 album by the Zac Brown Band Songs \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" (song), by The Who, 1968 \"Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde\", a 1981 song by The Damned from their 1980 album",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "7884497",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1913 horror film based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 gothic novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Directed by Herbert Brenon for producer Carl Laemmle's company IMP (which he later changed to Universal Pictures), the production stars King Baggot in the dual role of Jekyll and Hyde. The film was re-released in the United States in August 1927. Plot Dr. Henry Jekyll (King Baggot) sends a note to his fiancée, Alice (Jane Gail), and her father (Matt B. Snyder) to say that instead of accompanying them to the opera, he must give more time to his charity patients. At Jekyll’s practice, his friends Dr. Lanyon (Howard Crampton) and Utterson (William Sorrel), a lawyer, ridicule him for what they consider his dangerous research. Alice and her father also visit Jekyll’s rooms, but although apologetic, the doctor insists on devoting his time to his patients. That night, however, Jekyll undertakes a dangerous experiment, swallowing a drug intended to releases his evil self. His body convulses, and he transforms into a hunched, twisted figure. The strange creature emerges from Jekyll’s room, bearing a note in Jekyll’s handwriting that orders the household staff to treat the stranger – “Mr Hyde” – as himself. Hyde then slips out into the night, terrorizing the patrons of a nearby tavern before finding himself lodgings. From these rooms, he begins a career of evil, until one night he attacks and injures a crippled child. Outraged witnesses corner Hyde and force him to agree to compensate the boy. Hyde reluctantly leads one man back to Jekyll’s house and gives him money. During this passage of events, a worried Dr. Utterson sees Hyde entering Jekyll’s house. Inside, Hyde takes a potion that transforms him back to Jekyll. The doctor swears that he will abandon his experiments and never tempt fate again; but that night, without taking the drug, he turns spontaneously into Hyde. Cast King Baggot as Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Hyde Jane Gail as Alice, Dr. Jekyll's fiance Matt B. Snyder as Alice's father Howard Crampton as Dr. Lanyon William Sorelle as Utterson, the attorney Herbert Brenon Critique Like so many other performers of this period, it was standard practice for the actors to apply their own make-up. While assuming the dual role of Jekyll and Hyde, King Baggot employed a variety of different greasepaints and a tangled mass of crepe hair. Through the use of camera dissolves, Baggot was able to achieve the transformation. Critic Troy Howarth felt that \"it gave him the chance to play a difficult dual role, but his performance has not aged well....his hunched over walk comes across as forced and ridiculous...evoking comparisons with Jerry Lewis'....performance as The Nutty Professor....with his unruly hair and prominent buckteeth\". The film used a slow dissolve effect to show the transformation, as opposed to a quick matching cut, and the critics were impressed, George Blaisdell of Moving Picture World commenting \"It is through the means of the dissolving process that",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913 film)"
},
{
"docid": "2490751",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1941 American horror film starring Spencer Tracy, Ingrid Bergman, and Lana Turner. The production also features Donald Crisp, Ian Hunter, Barton MacLane, C. Aubrey Smith, and Sara Allgood. Its storyline is based on the 1886 Gothic novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde written by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. There have been many filmed adaptations of the novella. This movie was a remake of the Oscar-winning 1931 version starring Fredric March. Released in August 1941, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was a commercial success, and was nominated for three Academy Awards. Plot In 1887 London, Dr. Henry Jekyll is performing research experiments on the possibility of separating the good and evil aspects of human nature. Jekyll is in love with Beatrix Emery, but her father, Sir Charles, is skeptical of Jekyll's radical ideas. Jekyll develops a serum that he attempts to use on Sam Higgins, a patient who went insane after suffering a gas works explosion, but the plan fails when Jekyll learns that Sam has died. Instead, Jekyll impulsively takes the serum himself, and is transformed in mindset and countenance into a malevolent alter ego. Jekyll takes an antidote to reverse the serum's effects, but not before experiencing an auditory hallucination in which a voice speaks: \"Mr. Hyde\". Beatrix departs England on a trip abroad with her father, who is concerned about the love affair between the two, leaving Jekyll alone. When Beatrix's father extends their time away from London, Jekyll continues to experiment with the serum, ingesting another dose. In his alter ego of Mr. Hyde, he ventures into a music hall where he spots attractive barmaid Ivy Peterson, whom he saved from an attacker in the streets some weeks before. Because his face and manner is disfigured by the evil brought out by the serum, Ivy does not recognize him, and becomes frightened when approaching his table. Hyde surreptitiously instigates mayhem in the music hall, tripping one man, hitting another with a cane, poking another in the eye, pitting one patron against another until a brawl ensues, after which Hyde convinces the owner that Ivy was the cause of the trouble, and bribes the hall owner to fire her. Hyde takes a reluctant Ivy home with him, and rapes her in the carriage. While Beatrix grows concerned after receiving no correspondence, Hyde provides Ivy housing in a flat, although she lives in fear of Hyde's psychological manipulation and violent behavior. When Ivy's friend Marcia visits her, Marcia sees bruises on Ivy's back and suspects Ivy is being abused, but before she can find out what is going on, Hyde appears and menaces Marcia, who leaves in a hurry; afterward, Hyde taunts Ivy that Marcia is more beautiful than Ivy, and he may leave Ivy to pursue Marcia, before subsequently tormenting Ivy by forcing her to sing against her will as a prelude to raping her. Upon learning that Beatrix has returned to England, Jekyll vows not to",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 film)"
},
{
"docid": "1563891",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1988 side-scrolling action video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System loosely based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. Gameplay alternates between the characters of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde based on the player's ability to either avoid or cause damage. Gameplay and premise The story of the game is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's novel, with Dr. Jekyll on the way to his forthcoming wedding to Miss Millicent. The game's ending depends on which character, Jekyll or Hyde, reaches the church first. As Dr. Jekyll walks to the church with his cane in hand, several townspeople, animals, and other obstacles obstruct his path, causing him to become angry. After his stress meter fills up, Dr. Jekyll will transform into Mr. Hyde. The gameplay then moves to a demonic world, where Hyde will fire out a \"psycho wave\" at various monsters. The Psycho Wave is, in fact, proudly displayed on the game's cover. As Mr. Hyde kills these monsters, his anger abates and he eventually transforms back into Dr. Jekyll. The game features six levels, but the levels differ between the Japanese and North American versions. The Japanese version follows this order: City, Park, Alley, Town, Cemetery, Street. However, the North American version replaces a few levels and follows this order: Town, Cemetery, Town, Park, Cemetery, Street. The North American version also removed certain sprites and segments from the original Japanese version. The player starts out controlling Dr. Jekyll on his way to the church, walking to the right. Contrary to most platformers, Dr. Jekyll cannot attack the majority of his enemies (though he is equipped with a cane) and, as a result, must avoid his enemies, rather than confront them directly. As he takes damage from the various enemies and obstacles, his Life Meter decreases and his Anger Meter increases. If his Life Meter is fully depleted, Dr. Jekyll dies and the game is over. If his Anger Meter completely fills, however, he transforms into Mr. Hyde. Day turns to night and monsters appear. At this point, the level is mirrored horizontally and Mr. Hyde walks from right to left with the screen autoscrolling. Mr. Hyde must kill monsters as fast as he can in order to turn back into Dr. Jekyll, with Shepp monsters generally giving the largest refill to his Meter, though killing other monsters may refill the Meter a small amount. Once the player returns as Dr. Jekyll, 70% of his Life Meter is restored. If Hyde reaches a spot equivalent to where Dr. Jekyll reached in the latter's world (except in the final segment), a bolt of lightning strikes and kills him instantly. Therefore, the objective of the game is to advance as far as possible as Dr. Jekyll and to transform back as soon as possible as Mr. Hyde. However, the more detailed alternative ending of the game requires the player to strategically reach the Church with Mr.",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "7120714",
"text": "Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1953 American horror comedy film starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, co-starring Boris Karloff, and directed by Charles Lamont. Inspired by the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, the film follows the story of two American police officers visiting Victorian London who become involved in the hunt for a monster responsible for a series of murders. Plot A series of horrific murders has terrorized Victorian London and baffled police. While returning home from a pub, newspaper reporter Bruce Adams finds one murder victim, a prominent doctor. The next day, two American policemen, Slim and Tubby, who are studying London police methods, respond to brawl at a women's suffrage rally in Hyde Park. Reporter Adams, young suffragette Vicky Edwards, Slim, and Tubby are all caught up in the fray and wind up in jail. Vicky's guardian, Dr. Henry Jekyll, bails Vicky and Adams out, while Tubby and Slim are kicked off the police force. Unknown to anyone, Dr. Jekyll has developed a serum which transforms him into Mr. Hyde—the \"monster\" who is responsible for the recent murders. Dr. Jekyll is secretly in love with Vicky, and is angered by the mutual attraction between Vicky and Bruce. He injects himself to transform once again into Hyde with the intent of murdering Bruce. Meanwhile, Tubby and Slim realize that if they capture the monster they will be reinstated on the police force. Walking down a street at night, Tubby spots Hyde and the boys trail him into the music hall where Vicky is performing and Adams is visiting. A chase ensues, and Tubby manages to trap Hyde inside a cell in a wax museum. But before Tubby can bring the police inspector, Adams and Slim to the scene, the monster has reverted to the respected Dr. Jekyll. Tubby is once again rebuked by the police inspector, but the \"good\" doctor asks Slim and Tubby to escort him to his home. While Slim and Tubby snoop around Jekyll's home, Tubby drinks a potion which transforms him into a large mouse. Slim and Tubby bring this extraordinary news to the inspector, but the inspector refuses to believe them. Vicky announces to Jekyll her intent to marry Adams, but Jekyll does not share her enthusiasm and transforms into Hyde right and attacks her. Adams, Slim and Tubby save her in the nick of time, but Hyde escapes. During the struggle, Jekyll's serum needle falls into a couch cushion, which Tubby accidentally falls onto, transforming him into a Hyde-like monster. Another madcap chase ensues, this time with Adams chasing Jekyll's monster and Slim pursuing Tubby's monster, who they each believe is Jekyll. Reports of the monster seemingly being in multiple places at once frustrate and confuse the London police. Adams' chase ends up back at Jekyll's home, where Hyde falls to his death from an upstairs window, then transforms back into his true identity. Meanwhile, Slim",
"title": "Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "53255738",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a four-act play written by John McKinney in collaboration with the actor Daniel E. Bandmann. It is an adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. The story focuses on Henry Jekyll, a respected London doctor, and his involvement with Edward Hyde, a loathsome criminal. After Hyde murders a vicar, Jekyll's friends suspect he is helping the killer, but the truth is that Jekyll and Hyde are the same person. Jekyll has developed a potion that allows him to transform himself into Hyde and back again. When he runs out of the potion, he is trapped in his Hyde form and commits suicide before he can be arrested. The play debuted on Broadway in March 1888. The adaptation was not authorized by Stevenson, but copyright law in the United States allowed Bandmann to produce the adaptation without permission. In August, Bandmann took the play to London, where it was in direct competition with an authorized adaptation, also using the title Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Thomas Russell Sullivan and starring Richard Mansfield. Both plays opened in London in August 1888, but Bandmann's production was quickly closed due to legal action by Stevenson's publisher. Plot In the first act, attorney J. G. Utterson is at a London vicarage, talking to the vicar, Reverend William Howell. Howell relates a story about how he intervened when he saw a boy being beaten by a man named Edward Hyde. Utterson is dismayed to hear the name Edward Hyde. After the vicar leaves, Utterson speaks with Dr. Lanyon, then with Dr. Henry Jekyll, who lives next door to the vicarage. After Jekyll and Utterson leave, Lanyon speaks to the vicar's daughter, Sybil Howell, who admits to being in love with Jekyll. Sybil sees that Lanyon does not approve, and she asks Jekyll about it when he returns. He says she would not understand, and begins talking about the dual presence of good and evil in men. Suddenly, Jekyll feels that a \"change is approaching\", and runs into the shadows. Edward Hyde emerges from the shadows and menaces Sybil. She calls for her father, who enters and is immediately attacked and murdered by Hyde. Hyde runs away; Jekyll returns and asks who has attacked them. With his dying breath, the vicar says it was Hyde. In the second act, Inspector Newcomen shows Utterson part of the walking stick that Hyde used to club Howell. Utterson recognizes it as one he gave to Jekyll. Newcomen vows to find the killer, and asks to interview Sybil, who has been staying with Utterson since the murder. Jekyll visits Utterson with a letter from Hyde, claiming he has departed. When Jekyll leaves, Utterson's assistant, Mr. Guest, points out that the handwriting on the letter is very similar to Jekyll's. When Utterson leaves, Jekyll returns and delivers a monologue confessing that he is the murderer. After a brief conversation with",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888 play)"
},
{
"docid": "144774",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1931 American pre-Code horror film, directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Fredric March, who plays a possessed doctor who tests his new formula that can unleash people's inner demons. The film is an adaptation of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the 1886 Robert Louis Stevenson tale of a man who takes a potion which turns him from a mild-mannered man of science into a homicidal maniac. The film was a critical and commercial success upon its release. Nominated for three Academy Awards, March won the award for Best Actor, sharing the award with Wallace Beery for The Champ. Plot Dr. Henry Jekyll (Fredric March), a kind English doctor in Victorian London, is certain that within each man lurks impulses for both good and evil. He is desperately in love with his fiancée Muriel Carew (Rose Hobart) and wants to marry her immediately. But her father, Brigadier General Sir Danvers Carew (Halliwell Hobbes), orders them to wait. One night, while walking home with his colleague, Dr. John Lanyon (Holmes Herbert), Jekyll spots a bar singer, Ivy Pierson (Miriam Hopkins), being attacked by a man outside her boarding house. Jekyll drives the man away and carries Ivy up to her room to attend to her. Ivy tries to seduce Jekyll but, though he is tempted, he leaves with Lanyon. When Sir Danvers takes Muriel to Bath, Jekyll begins to experiment with drugs that he believes will unleash his evil side. After imbibing a concoction of these drugs, he transforms into Edward Hyde—an impulsive, sadistic, violent, amoral man who indulges his every desire. Hyde finds Ivy in the music hall where she works. He offers to financially support her in return for her company. They stay at her boarding house where Hyde rapes and psychologically manipulates her. When Hyde reads in the paper that Sir Danvers and Muriel are planning to return to London, Hyde leaves Ivy but threatens her that he'll return when she least expects it. Overcome with guilt, Jekyll sends £50 to Ivy. On the advice of her landlady, Ivy goes to see Dr. Jekyll and recognizes him as the man who saved her from abuse that night. She tearfully tells him about her situation with Hyde, and Jekyll reassures her that she will never see Hyde again. But the next night, while walking to a party at Muriel's where the wedding date is to be announced, Jekyll again changes into Hyde upon seeing a cat stalk and kill a bird. Rather than attend the party, Hyde goes to Ivy's room and murders her. Hyde returns to Jekyll's house but is refused admission by the butler. Desperate, Hyde writes a letter to Lanyon instructing him to take certain chemicals from Jekyll's laboratory and take them home. When Hyde arrives, Lanyon pulls a gun on him and demands that Hyde take him to Jekyll. With no other choice, Hyde drinks the formula and changes back into Jekyll before a shocked",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film)"
},
{
"docid": "68250473",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde is a Canadian film directed by Paolo Barzman and starring Dougray Scott in the title role. Set and shot in Montréal, Québec, Canada, it was released theatrically in both the US and UK in 2008, and then on DVD in 2009. It was given as \"second-tier premiere\" on the ION network on May 17, 2008. Synopsis In modern day Boston, prominent medical researcher Dr. Henry Jekyll spends his evenings experimenting with a rare flower from the Amazon jungles. The natives say the flower has the power to separate the human soul into good and evil parts. After Jekyll's evil side, known as Mr. Hyde, commits a series of murders, Jekyll's DNA is found on one of the victims and he is arrested. Confined to an asylum, Jekyll realizes Hyde must be brought under control. He retains the services of attorney Claire Wheaton and tells her his story. Wheaton is skeptical until Jekyll gives her a locket worn by one of the murdered girls. Wheaton agrees to represent Jekyll and decides to argue in court that Jekyll and Hyde are two separate people and therefore should not be held responsible for each other's actions. Cast Dougray Scott as Dr. Henry Jekyll and Edward Hyde Tom Skerritt as Gabe Utterson Danette Mackay as Ms. Poole Krista Bridges as Claire Wheaton Jack Blumenau as Ned Chandler Ellen David as Detective Newcom Cas Anvar as D.A. McBride Vlasta Vrana as Judge Sheehan Ian Finlay as Chief of Staff Kathleen Fee as Mrs Lanyon Carlo Mestroni as Terrance Gartrell Ifan Meredith as Dr Arthur Lanyon Patrick John Costello as Walter Swain Susan Almgren as Mental Health Expert Arthur Holden as Fowler Gordon Masten as Bob Lanyon Reception The film was not well received. Exclaim! called it \"completely unnecessary and frequently laughable\". PopMatters titled its review \"A Stale Telling of an Old Tale.\" Variety criticized the screenplay, saying it \"botched the fundamental underpinnings and purged any nuance from the story.\" DVD Talk compared it unfavorably with other versions of the story. The New York Times, The News Journal, and The Akron Beacon-Journal also offered their reviews. References External links Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde at YouTube Review at Moria Reviews Review at Eye for Film Review at Dread Central Review at Festivale Reviews 2008 films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films directed by Paolo Barzman 2000s English-language films Films scored by FM Le Sieur",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde (2008 film)"
},
{
"docid": "7870349",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1908 silent horror film starring Hobart Bosworth, and Betty Harte in her film debut. Directed by Otis Turner and produced by William N. Selig, this was the first film adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The screenplay was actually adapted by George F. Fish and Luella Forepaugh from their own 1897 four act stage play derived from the novel, causing a number of plot differences with the original source. Despite Stevenson's protests, this film became the model which influenced all the later film adaptations that were to come. Roy Kinnard states it is also considered to be the first American horror film. There are no known extant copies of the film. Plot The film begins with the raising of a stage curtain. Dr. Jekyll vows his undying love for Alice, a vicar's daughter, in her spacious garden. Suddenly, seized by his addiction to the chemical formula, Jekyll begins to convulse and distort himself into the evil Mr. Hyde. He savagely attacks Alice, and when her father tries to intervene, Mr. Hyde takes great delight in slaughtering him. While in his lawyer's office, Dr. Jekyll sees visions of himself being executed for his crime. Hyde later visits a friend Dr. Lanyon to ask him to procure some chemicals he needs, and after drinking the potion, he transforms back into Jekyll right before the doctor's eyes. Later in his lab, Jekyll transforms back into Mr. Hyde again, but haunted by visions of the gallows, he takes a fatal dose of poison, killing both of his identities simultaneously. In true theatrical tradition, the curtain then closes. Cast Hobart Bosworth as Dr. Jekyll / Mr. Hyde Betty Harte Production The screenplay was adapted by George F. Fish and Luella Forepaugh based on their own 1897 four act stage play, which was condensed into a 16-minute long film. Selig thought the screenplay he used was based directly on Stevenson's novel, not realizing it had been adapted from Fish and Forepaugh's stage play instead, causing some plot differences. Selig erroneously commented upon its release that his film was \"presented in strict accordance with the original book....involving each detail of pose, gesture and expression.....executed by persons of indisputed dramatic ability.\" Despite its brevity, the film was also organized into four acts, just like the play. Each act consisted of a single scene, and the acts were separated onscreen by the rising and falling of a curtain. Selig produced a number of films from this period in much the same way, as if a static camera had simply photographed a stage play that was in progress. The film was released seven months after the death of stage actor Richard Mansfield. (Mansfield had created the part of Jekyll/Hyde in the theater in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the first stage adaptation written by Thomas Russell Sullivan, beginning in 1887.) To cash in on the popularity of their 1908 film, the Selig Polyscope company",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908 film)"
},
{
"docid": "7883633",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1920 horror film directed and written by J. Charles Haydon, starring Sheldon Lewis, based on the 1886 novel Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. The Sheldon Lewis version was somewhat overshadowed by the 1920 Paramount Pictures version starring John Barrymore, which had been released just the month before. Plot The atheistic Dr. Henry Jekyll (Lewis) embarks on a series of experiments determined to segregate the two sides of the human personality, good and evil, to disprove God's existence. His experiments cause his fiancée Bernice to call off their engagement, and in a rage, he manages to unleash the darkest part of his personality as Mr. Hyde. As the first transformation into Hyde begins, Jekyll's butler exclaims that Jekyll is now \"the Apostle from Hell!\". Hyde, complete with fangs and scraggy hair, skulks through the city, committing heinous acts. The police catch up with Hyde, interrogate him, jail him, and strap him into the electric chair. Sitting in his chair at home, Jekyll awakes violently from a nightmare to declare, \"I believe in God! I have a soul...\". He decides not to create the chemical potion and to embrace religion instead. Cast Sheldon Lewis as Dr. Jekyll / Mr. Hyde Alex Shannon as Dr. Lanyon Dora Mills Adams as Mrs. Lanyon Gladys Field as Bernice Lanyon Harold Foshay as Edward Utterson Leslie Austin as Danvers Carew Production Three different adaptations of Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde were released in 1920, the first being the John Barrymore Paramount version, the second the Sheldon Lewis film, and the third Der Januskopf, a German version directed by F. W. Murnau. The film's producer, Louis Meyer (not to be confused with Louis B. Mayer), was concerned about copyright infringement relating to the other two versions, and he set the film in New York and altered the plot structure, although he may have also done it also for budgetary reasons. Contemporary newspaper accounts state that this film went into production before the John Barrymore Paramount version, but the Paramount film was released first. A satirical send-up of the John Barrymore film, produced by Hank Mann Comedies and distributed by Arrow just weeks before the company went out of business, was also distributed in 1920. Hank Mann played both Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The film is now lost. Critique Reviewer Troy Howarth commented \"The script allows the character (of Dr. Jekyll) more background detail....but Lewis fails to bring him to life.The makeup is low key; some false teeth, matted hair and a cocked hat.....his frantic overacting makes the character unintentionally humorous....it's hard to believe even audiences of the period would've found him credibly sinister. The film was clearly made on the cheap and rushed through production.\" The final product was in fact so crude that director J. Charles Haydon had his name removed from the credits. Notes Sheldon Lewis returned once again in 1929 to play",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Haydon film)"
},
{
"docid": "27985958",
"text": "\"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" is a song by English rock band, the Who. It was written by the band's bassist, John Entwistle. The song is about drummer Keith Moon's drinking problems. This is the first of two songs from The Who written about Keith Moon, the second being \"Doctor Jimmy\" from the album Quadrophenia. Who biographer John Atkins calls it \"a macabre tribute to Keith Moon.\" \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" has been compared to a Hammer horror film. The lyrics describe the good and evil elements within a single character, reminiscent of Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The music incorporates a \"scarey opening\" and has a melody led by Entwistle's bass guitar line, which Chris Charlesworth describes as \"menacing\" and Atkins describes as \"grinding.\" It also contains a French horn solo that Charlesworth describes as \"spooky.\" Atkins describes the melody as being \"strongly inventive.\" \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" had been considered as a possible single release, along with \"Call Me Lightning,\" but it was released as the B-side of \"Call Me Lightning\" instead. Atkins laments this decision, stating that although its horror film imagery was not ideal for a single, it was far better than \"Call Me Lightning.\" He considers it one of Entwistle's best songs, saying that the \"music and performance combine to create a perfectly chilling horror-comic Gothic mood piece.\" Charlesworth states that the song \"succeeds admirably.\" Cash Box called \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" a \"psychedelified throbber on the lid that could attract added attention.\" Two very different versions of this song exist. The first one, running 2:24, is the B-side to the US single \"Call Me Lightning\". It is still available on the 1968 compilation album Magic Bus: The Who on Tour. The second version, which exceeds the former's length by 14 seconds, was the B-Side to the UK single \"Magic Bus\". This version has a more prominent guitar line, as well as spooky \"Mr. Hyde\" effects (the voice John Entwistle had used in chorus of the song \"Boris the Spider\") and can be found on the Japanese release of the Who's Missing/Two's Missing compilation released in 2011. This song, as well as \"Boris the Spider\" and \"Silas Stingy\" all had lyrics that suited children. Kit Lambert had the idea of making a kids' album composed entirely of songs like these, but it never saw the light of day. References External links The Hypertext Who -- Liner Notes The Who songs 1968 songs Songs written by John Entwistle Song recordings produced by Kit Lambert",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (song)"
},
{
"docid": "7856323",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1912 horror film based on both Robert Louis Stevenson's novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) and on the 1887 play version written by Thomas Russell Sullivan. Directed by Lucius Henderson, the film stars actor (later noted film director) James Cruze in the dual role of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and co-starred his real life wife Marguerite Snow as well. Plot summary White-haired Dr. Jekyll has secretly locked himself in his laboratory, administering himself with a vial of formula. He slumps into his chair with his head on his chest. As the drug slowly takes effect, a dark-haired, taloned beast with two large fangs now appears in the chair. After repeated use, Jekyll's evil alter ego emerges at will, causing Jekyll to knock a little girl down in the street and even to murder his sweetheart's father (the local minister). The evil personality scuttles back to the laboratory only to discover that the antidote is finished and that he will have to remain as Mr. Hyde forever. A burly policeman breaks down Jekyll's door with an ax to find the kindly doctor dead from drinking poison. Cast James Cruze as Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde Florence La Badie as Jekyll's sweetheart Marie Eline as Little girl knocked down by Hyde Jane Gail (Extra) Marguerite Snow (Extra) Harry Benham as Mr. Hyde (in some scenes, uncredited) Production This film was produced by the Thanhouser Company. Rather than adapt the 1886 novel as earlier film adaptations had done, Thanhouser decided to more closely follow the 1887 stage play, telescoping its events down into a 12-minute-long film. Cruze plays Jekyll as a white-haired, middle-aged, well meaning doctor, but \"upon his transformation into Hyde, he cuts loose and delivers a memorable bit of pantomime acting....as he morphs into an impish and violent sociopath\". Jekyll's girlfriend's father becomes a minister in this version rather than the pompous aristocrat of the novel. Some sources list Harry Benham as the actor who played Mr. Hyde in the film , but in an interview in the October 1963 issue of Famous Monsters of Filmland, Harry Benham revealed that while Cruze played both Jekyll and Hyde, he and Cruze shared the role of Hyde, with Benham doubling for Cruze as Hyde in some scenes (uncredited). Historian Steve Haberman stated that Benham played Mr. Hyde in all of the Hyde scenes, since Hyde was noticeably shorter than Cruze in all of the transformation scenes. He said \"in fact, he is not even tall enough to see himself in the good doctor's mirror hanging on the wall...\" Critiques Critic Troy Howarth felt the Hyde makeup was crude yet effective, although he felt Jekyll's laboratory set looked like a cheap closet. He said Hyde's \"reign of terror\" is confined to a couple of brief scenes of violence, and that Hyde acts more \"like an unrestrained child who is allowed to run amok by a distracted parent...than a genuine menace\". Copyright status The film",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912 film)"
},
{
"docid": "45094397",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a four-act play written by Thomas Russell Sullivan in collaboration with the actor Richard Mansfield. It is an adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. The story focuses on the respected London doctor Henry Jekyll and his involvement with Edward Hyde, a loathsome criminal. After Hyde murders the father of Jekyll's fiancée, Jekyll's friends discover that he and Jekyll are the same person; Jekyll has developed a potion that allows him to transform himself into Hyde and back again. When he runs out of the potion, he is trapped as Hyde and commits suicide before he can be arrested. After reading the novella, Mansfield was intrigued by the opportunity to play a dual role. He secured the right to adapt the story for the stage in the United States and the United Kingdom, and asked Sullivan to write the adaptation. The play debuted in Boston in May 1887, and a revised version opened on Broadway in September of that year. Critics acclaimed Mansfield's performance as the dual character. The play was popular in New York and on tour, and Mansfield was invited to bring it to London. It opened there in August 1888, just before the first Jack the Ripper murders. Some press reports compared the murderer to the JekyllHyde character, and Mansfield was suggested as a possible suspect. Despite significant press coverage, the London production was a financial failure. Mansfield's company continued to perform the play on tours of the U.S. until shortly before his death in 1907. In writing the stage adaptation, Sullivan made several changes to the story; these included creating a fiancée for Jekyll and a stronger moral contrast between Jekyll and Hyde. The changes have been adopted by many subsequent adaptations, including several film versions of the story which were derived from the play. The films included a 1912 adaptation directed by Lucius Henderson, a 1920 adaptation directed by John S. Robertson, and a 1931 adaptation directed by Rouben Mamoulian, which earned Fredric March an Academy Award for Best Actor. A 1941 adaptation, directed by Victor Fleming, was a remake of the 1931 film. Plot In the first act, a group of friends (including Sir Danvers Carew's daughter Agnes, attorney Gabriel Utterson, and Dr. and Mrs. Lanyon) has met up at Sir Danvers' home. Dr. Lanyon brings word that Agnes' fiancé, Dr. Henry Jekyll, will be late to the gathering. He then repeats a second-hand story about a man named Hyde, who injured a child in a collision on the street. The story upsets Utterson because Jekyll recently made a new will that gives his estate to a mysterious friend named Edward Hyde. Jekyll arrives; Utterson confronts him about the will, but Jekyll refuses to consider changing it. Jekyll tells Agnes that they should end their engagement because of sins he has committed, but will not explain. Agnes refuses to accept this, and tells Jekyll she",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887 play)"
},
{
"docid": "24480136",
"text": "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is an 1886 novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. It is about a London lawyer, Gabriel John Utterson, who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr. Henry Jekyll and the misanthropic Mr. Hyde. In a twist ending, it is revealed that Jekyll and Hyde were the same person, and that Jekyll had regularly transformed himself into Hyde by drinking a serum. The work is known for its vivid portrayal of a split personality, and since the 1880s dozens of stage and film adaptations have been produced, although there have been no major adaptations to date that remain faithful to the narrative structure of Stevenson's original. Most omit the figure of Utterson, telling the story from Jekyll's and Hyde's viewpoint and often having them played by the same actor, thus eliminating the mystery aspect of the true identity of Hyde. Many adaptations also introduce a romantic element which does not exist in the original story. While Hyde is portrayed in the novella as an evil-looking man of diminutive height, many adaptations have taken liberties with the character's physical appearance: Hyde is sometimes depicted with bestial or monstrous features, although sometimes he is more dashing and debonair than Jekyll, giving an alternate motivation for Jekyll to transform himself. There are over 123 film versions, not including stage and radio, as well as a number of parodies and imitations. Troy Howarth calls Stevenson's novella \"the most filmed work of literature in the silent era.\" Notable examples are listed below. Direct adaptations Stage 1887, a play in four acts. Thomas Russell Sullivan's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde opened in Boston in May 1887. The first serious theatrical rendering, it went on to tour Britain and ran for 20 years. It became forever linked with Richard Mansfield's performance; he continued playing the part until shortly before his death in 1907. Sullivan reworked the plot to centre around a domestic love interest. 1888, a play in four acts. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was written by John McKinney in collaboration with the actor Daniel E. Bandmann. It opened at Niblo's Garden in March 1887 with Bandmann in the title role. Later that year it competed directly with Sullivan's 1887 adaptation, when both opened in London within days of each other. 1897, a play in four acts. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life was written by Luella Forepaugh and George F. Fish for the repertory company at Forepaugh's Family Theatre in Philadelphia, where it debuted in March 1897. Published in 1904 by Samuel French, Inc. for use by other theatre companies. 1900, a play in four acts. Unproduced adaptation by Marcel Schwob and Vance Thompson. 1990, musical U.S. Jekyll & Hyde. Music by Frank Wildhorn, book and lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. Originally conceived for the stage by Steve Cuden and Frank Wildhorn. This musical features the song \"This Is The Moment\". 1991, stage play, opened in London. Written by David Edgar for",
"title": "Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "53289001",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life is a four-act play written in 1897 by Luella Forepaugh and George F. Fish. It is an adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. The story focuses on Henry Jekyll, a respected London doctor, and his involvement with Edward Hyde, a loathsome criminal. After Hyde murders a vicar, Jekyll's friends suspect he is helping the killer, but the truth is that Jekyll and Hyde are the same person. Jekyll has developed a potion that allows him to transform himself into Hyde and back again. When he runs out of the potion, he is trapped in his Hyde form and commits suicide. Forepaugh and Fish wrote the adaptation for the repertory company at a family theater Forepaugh managed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After Forepaugh and Fish left the theater business, the play was published in 1904 for the use of other theater companies. A 1908 silent film was based on the play. Plot In the first act, attorney J. G. Utterson is visiting with friends outside a London vicarage. The vicar, Reverend Edward Leigh, relates a story about how he intervened when he saw a girl trampled by a man named Edward Hyde. Utterson is dismayed to hear the name Edward Hyde, because his friend and client, Dr. Henry Jekyll, recently made a new will that gives his estate to a mysterious friend named Edward Hyde. After the vicar leaves, Dr. Lanyon arrives. Utterson asks Lanyon if he knows Hyde, but he does not; he and Jekyll have become more distant recently due to scientific disagreements. Jekyll, who lives next door to the vicarage, passes by on his way to see a patient. Utterson expresses his concern about Jekyll's will, but Jekyll refuses to consider changing it. After Jekyll and Utterson leave, Lanyon speaks to the vicar's daughter, Alice Leigh, who admits to being in love with Jekyll. Alice sees that Lanyon does not approve, and she asks Jekyll about it when he returns. He says she would not understand and begins talking about the dual presence of good and evil in men. Suddenly, Jekyll feels \"the change approaching\" and runs home. Before he reaches his door, he transforms into Hyde in view of the audience, but not Alice, who has gone to the other end of the stage. Hyde menaces Alice, who calls for her father. The vicar comes out of the vicarage and is clubbed with a stick by Hyde. Hyde runs away; Jekyll returns and asks who has attacked them. With his dying breath, the vicar says it was Hyde. In the second act, Inspector Newcomen shows Utterson part of the walking stick that Hyde used to kill Howell. Utterson recognizes it as one he gave to Jekyll. Newcomen vows to find the killer, and asks to interview Alice, who has been staying with Utterson since the murder. Jekyll visits Utterson with a letter from Hyde,",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life"
},
{
"docid": "64332553",
"text": "Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a British film adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's novella, directed by Maurice Phillips and starring John Hannah. Set in Victorian England, it was filmed in 2002 and released in Britain in that year. As the result of its release in the US in 2003, that date is sometimes attached to it. Plot Dr Henry Jekyll experiments with a serum on himself, with the result that he is transformed into an evil character who calls himself Edward Hyde. Jekyll does not see that Hyde is a version of himself and develops a multiple personality disorder. After murdering women, Hyde frames Jekyll, who wishes to give himself up to the police, but Hyde intervenes, knowing that if Jekyll is hanged, Hyde will die too. Jekyll then kills himself. Production The film was produced by John Hannah for his company Clerkenwell Films. It was filmed in Lithuania in 2002, and a number of Scottish actors gave the film a Scottish flavour. Originally intended for television, it was released on DVD in 2004. Cast John Hannah as Dr. Henry Jekyll and Mr. Edward Hyde David Warner as Sir Danvers Carew Gerard Horan as John Utterson Kellie Shirley as Mabel Mercer Jack Blumenau as Ned Chandler Brian Pettifer as Poole Janet Henfrey as Mrs. Robey Ellie Haddington as Florrie Bradley Mel Martin as Rachel Carew John Rogan as Father Peter Elodie Kendall as Sarah Carew Ifan Meredith as Dr. Arthur Lanyon Tilly Vosburgh as Mabel's Mother James Saxon as Dr. Johnson Christopher Good as Dr. Brown Marius Jampolskis as Boy With Note Lina Budzeikaite as Bruised Woman Notes External links Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde at YouTube 2003 films 2003 horror films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films British science fiction horror films 2000s English-language films 2000s monster movies 2000s British films Films directed by Maurice Phillips",
"title": "Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (2002 film)"
},
{
"docid": "7870244",
"text": "Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (also Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pride) is a 1925 American silent, black-and-white comedy film, directed by Scott Pembroke and Joe Rock (also the producer). The film itself is both a spoof of the previous Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films (e.g. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912) and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920)) and the well-famed 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The film stars Stan Laurel as the title characters. Plot and Characters Dr. Stanislaus Pyckle, (a play of the actor's name, Stan Laurel), successfully separates the good and evil of man's nature with the use of a powerful drug -- \"Dr. Pyckle's 58th Variety\", a spoof of \"Heinz's 57\". Transforming into the personality of Mr. Pryde (again Laurel), he terrorizes the town with unspeakable acts including stealing a boy's ice cream, cheating at marbles, and popping a bag behind a lady pedestrian. The townspeople track him down where Mr. Pride locks himself in the laboratory and transforms back as Dr. Pyckle. The doctor assures the townspeople that he hasn't seen the \"fiend\" they were after. While he talks, the drug used for the transformation spills in the plate of food of the doctor's dog. Dr. Pyckle confronts the fiendish dog when he locks the door and the townspeople leave. But once again, Mr. Pride emerges and brings havoc to the town, and again is chased down by the townspeople. He enters the lab and transforms back into Pyckle, and again assures the townspeople he has not seen the fiend. His assistant (Julie Leonard) begs the doctor to open and comfort him, but he transforms back into Mr. Pride. He opens the door to the assistant and locks it again. She screams seeing Pride and unsuccessfully tries to knock him out. The townspeople hurry back. Existing versions of the film end abruptly at this point without a resolution. The appearance of the fiendish Mr. Pride is an obvious spoof on the make-up designed for John Barrymore as Mr. Hyde. Also spoofed are the sudden and strange movements Barrymore's Jekyll makes during the transformation, as well as Hyde's confrontation with Millicent, Jekyll's fiancée, when Hyde lets her inside the lab. Other scenes show obvious parodies of other Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films (e.g. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912) and the Haydon film from 1920). Cast Stan Laurel as Dr. Pyckle / Mr. Pryde (sometimes as Mr. Pride) Julie Leonard as Dr. Pyckle's assistant Pete the Dog (as Pete the Pup) Syd Crossley (uncredited bit role) Dot Farley (uncredited bit role) Information The following year (1926), Stan Laurel began his years-long collaboration with Oliver Hardy, and together they would make over 100 films. Pete the dog later starred in a series of Buster Brown films as Buster's dog Tige. The familiar circle around his eye was painted on by a makeup man. Production Directed by: Scott Pembroke and Joe Rock Produced by: Joe Rock Cinematography",
"title": "Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde"
},
{
"docid": "29187590",
"text": "The Ugly Duckling is a 1959 British science fiction comedy film, directed by Lance Comfort and starring Bernard Bresslaw, Jon Pertwee and Reginald Beckwith. The film is a comic adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde storyline and the opening credits include \"with ideas stolen from Robert Louis Stevenson\". The film has no connection to the Hans Christian Andersen story. The tagline on posters was \"He's a changed man after taking Jekyll's family remedy.\" Plot Joe Loss and his Orchestra are playing at a dance. Joe Loss then introduces the Henrietta Jekyll Old Time Dance Team and her brother Henry Jekyll, who is a rather incompetent last-minute stand-in. They give a display of formation ballroom dancing with their brother Victor Jekyll taking over the conducting, but Henry turns it into a disaster, much to his sister's dismay. Henry is a bungling, awkward and socially inept man. He is working in his brother's pharmacy, which is still named after their great-great-grandfather: \"Dr Henry Jekyll M.D. – Pharmacy, Estabd. 1812\". Victor and Henrietta discuss their worries about Henry as he goes to bed with his golliwog. Reginald Bannister comes to woo Henrietta but suggests that Henry should be kept out of the way if they marry. Henry is in the pharmacy lab when his elfin young female friend Snouty appears and accuses him of being a square. Luckily they are both in the rear yard when the lab explodes. The explosion reveals a small metal box containing a scroll. The scroll contains an old formula created by Dr Jekyll in the 19th century which claims to turn \"a man of timid disposition into a bold, fearless dragon\". He eagerly mixes the formula, takes one drink, and is transformed into the suave, dashing and self-confident Teddy Hyde, who makes a big impression at the local dance hall and with the ladies. He encounters Victor at the bar but is unrecognised, and belittles Victor by pouring a drink down the front of his trousers. This draws attention to the crooks who own the dance hall. They are initially going to throw him out but he impresses the boss, Dandy, with his bravado and he recruits him for a robbery he has planned. Teddy leaves just as the potion wears off and Henry wakes in his bed with a bad headache, and his only memory of the events of the previous night is that he thinks it was a dream. Later, Henry accidentally drinks the formula again, and Teddy leaves to join up with Dandy for the robbery. When Snouty tells Victor that the person at the dance hall was called Hyde, he immediately understands the connection from the family history and realises something must be done. Meanwhile, Teddy breaks into a house through a rooflight and cracks a safe to steal some very valuable jewels. As he and Dandy leave, they separate to avoid a policeman, but the formula wears off and when Dandy draws up to pick him up",
"title": "The Ugly Duckling (1959 film)"
},
{
"docid": "57833345",
"text": "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1968 Canadian-American television film based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was directed by Charles Jarrott, produced by Dan Curtis, and written by Ian McLellan Hunter. It was one of a series of adaptations of famous novels done by ABC. Plot Cast Jack Palance as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde Denholm Elliott as Mr. George Devlin Leo Genn as Dr. Lanyon Torin Thatcher as Sir John Turnbull Rex Sevenoaks as Dr. Wright Gillie Fenwick as Poole Elizabeth Cole as Hattie Duncan Lamont as Sergeant Grimes Paul Harding as Constable Johnson Oskar Homolka as Stryker Billie Whitelaw as Gwyn Thomas Tessie O'Shea as Tessie O'Toole Donald Webster as Garvis Production Dan Curtis decided to make a film of Jekyll and Hyde. Originally, Rod Serling wrote a draft of the script, and Jason Robards was to star, with filming to take place in London. However, the project soon was beset with problems. Robards was unhappy with the script. In addition, filming in London proved difficult due to a technician's union strike. Filming was pushed back, and Robards decided to drop out, unhappy with the script. Curtis decided to get a new script and find a new star. Ian McLellan Hunter wrote a new script. Curtis had discussed doing another project with actor Jack Palance, who agreed to take over the lead role. The producer decided to film in Canada, where it would be cheaper than the U.S. Filming took place in Toronto over seven weeks in 1967. Curtis had to pay $200,000 to build a replica of Washington Square in Toronto. Palance was injured while filming a stunt. The budget was approximately $900,000. ABC paid for approximately half of this. The show was nominated for four Emmy awards - Outstanding Dramatic Program, Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Drama, Best Graphic Design, and Best Make-up. References External links The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde at IMDb 1968 horror films 1968 films English-language Canadian films American horror television films Canadian horror television films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films shot in Toronto Films directed by Charles Jarrott 1960s American films 1960s Canadian films",
"title": "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968 film)"
},
{
"docid": "1917399",
"text": "Jekyll may refer to: Entertainment Film The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll, a 1960 horror film Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo, a 1972 Spanish horror film Jekyll (2007 film), a 2007 horror film Television Jekyll (TV series), a 2007 BBC television series Jekyll & Hyde (TV series), a 2015 ITV television series Theatre Jekyll & Hyde (musical), a 1997 Broadway musical Music Jekyll, a 2013 re-release of Hyde (EP) by South Korean boy band VIXX \"Jekyll\", a song by Exo on the album Obsession Literature Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character), the protagonist of the novella Places Jekyll Island, an island off the coast of the U.S. state of Georgia Jekyll Island Club, private club located thereon Other uses Jekyll (software), a static blogging platform Jekyll (surname) See also Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (disambiguation)",
"title": "Jekyll"
},
{
"docid": "18733228",
"text": "The Son of Dr. Jekyll is a 1951 American horror film directed by Seymour Friedman and starring Louis Hayward, Jody Lawrance and Alexander Knox. The film is a continuation of Robert Louis Stevenson's original classic 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Jack Pollexfen, the scriptwriter of this film, wrote and produced a sequel in the same vein, Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957), starring Gloria Talbott. Plot The film begins with a prologue set in 1860, where Mr. Hyde is chased down in the streets of London, after murdering his wife at their Soho flat. He escapes to the house of Dr. Jekyll, where he prepares the potion that will transform him back to the respected doctor. Unfortunately, the mob has already set the house ablaze. The flames drive Hyde to the top floor and in an attempt to leap to the ground, he meets his demise when he falls to the ground. As he dies, he changes back into Dr. Jekyll. John Utterson and Dr. Lanyon (original characters from Stevenson's novel) mourn their unfortunate friend Dr. Jekyll, until Inspector Stoddard brings the two to the Soho flat, where Jekyll/Hyde has left an orphan behind. Utterson agrees to adopt the young Jekyll, since he and his wife have not succeeded in having children. Thirty years later, Edward Jekyll, now fiancé to Utterson's niece Lynn and a student of the Royal Academy of Sciences, is expelled from the academy because of his peculiar and unorthodox experiments. Edward is unaware that he is actually Henry Jekyll's son, and when he inherits the Jekyll mansion, Dr. Lanyon tells him his father's tragic story. Edward and Lynn move to the old Jekyll mansion for the preparations of their marriage, and soon, Edward feels unwelcome by his neighbors. Discovering his father's laboratory, Edward convinces himself to work on his father's experiments in order to clear the family name. He hires Michaels, Dr. Jekyll's old assistant, and begins researching. Unfortunately, after Edward first tests the formula on himself, a Hyde-like man appears in the house and murders a number of people. Edward is charged for the murders and, thought insane, is transferred to Dr. Lanyon's sanitarium where the murders continue. Edward begins wondering if it is he who transforms into a murderer or someone else is trying to drive him to insanity. It was shown clearly that Lanyon changed chemicals and his father's notebook to frame Edward and keep control of his estate. Cast Louis Hayward as Edward Jekyll / Dr. Henry Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Jody Lawrance as Lynn Utterson Alexander Knox as Dr. Curtis Lanyon Lester Matthews as Sir John Utterson Gavin Muir as Richard Daniels, editor Paul Cavanagh as Insp. Stoddard Rhys Williams as Michaels, the butler References External links AFI 1950s English-language films American historical horror films 1950s historical horror films 1950s science fiction horror films 1951 horror films 1951 films Films based on horror novels Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Mad scientist films Columbia Pictures films Films",
"title": "The Son of Dr. Jekyll"
},
{
"docid": "6244334",
"text": "Van Helsing: The London Assignment is a 2004 American anime-influenced action horror animated short film by Universal Studios Home Video. It features the voices of Hugh Jackman, Tress MacNeille, Robbie Coltrane and David Wenham. The London Assignment is an animated prequel to the 2004 motion picture Van Helsing (released the same year). It tells of the events before the film. It was animated by Universal Cartoon Studios, Production I.G, and Sunwoo Entertainment. The short film received mostly positive reviews, with some noting it to be a significant improvement to that of the original film. Plot Monster hunter Gabriel Van Helsing and friar Carl travel to London to investigate a series of horrific, and decidedly supernatural murders, being committed by the mad scientist Dr. Jekyll, in the form of his evil alter-ego, Mr. Hyde. When tracing Hyde to his underground fortress, Van Helsing and Carl find a young woman who claims to be Queen Victoria, and they discover that Dr. Jekyll is in love with the Queen. In order to keep her young and thus immortal, she has been given a potion by Dr. Jekyll that turns her into a young woman for one night. In order to create the potion which causes the transformations, Dr. Jekyll needs the drained souls of his freshly killed victims and thus the killings will never stop. Dr. Jekyll then kidnaps Victoria, using the Golden Jubilee Balloon to escape. Van Helsing uses his grappling gun to follow the balloon, then proceeds to board it. In the balloon, Dr. Jekyll becomes Mr. Hyde to kill Van Helsing and crashes the balloon in the process. While fighting on the in-construction Tower Bridge, Mr. Hyde is shot through the arm but manages to escape. Upon returning Victoria to Buckingham Palace, Van Helsing says that daybreak will break the enchantment, returning her to her real age. To reward him, Victoria kisses him, at the precise moment of daybreak, causing her old self, completely unaware of what happened, to slap him and call for guards. Van Helsing sends word back to Vatican City about what has happened while he tracks Jekyll to Paris. Voice cast Hugh Jackman as Gabriel Van Helsing Tress MacNeille as Queen Victoria Tara Strong as Young Victoria Dwight Schultz as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Jack the Ripper Robbie Coltrane as Edward Hyde / Jack the Ripper David Wenham as Friar Carl Grey DeLisle as the First Victim Tress MacNeille as the Second Victim John DiMaggio as Coachman Scott Mosenson as Palace Guard Alun Armstrong as Cardinal Jinette Roger Jackson as Drunken Gentleman Julia Fletcher as Lady-in-Waiting References External links 2004 direct-to-video films 2004 films 2004 horror films 2000s action horror films 2000s American animated films 2004 animated short films American adult animated films American action horror films Direct-to-video action films Direct-to-video fantasy films Direct-to-video horror films Direct-to-video prequel films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films about Jack the Ripper Films set in 1888 Animated films set in London Universal Pictures direct-to-video animated films Universal Animation",
"title": "Van Helsing: The London Assignment"
},
{
"docid": "2102101",
"text": "Mary Reilly is a 1996 American gothic horror film directed by Stephen Frears and starring Julia Roberts and John Malkovich. It was written by Christopher Hampton and adapted from the 1990 novel of the same name by Valerie Martin (itself inspired by Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde). It reunited director Frears, screenwriter Hampton, and actors Malkovich and Glenn Close, who were involved in the Oscar-winning Dangerous Liaisons (1988). Mary Reilly was theatrically released by TriStar Pictures on February 23, 1996 to poor reviews. It was a box office bomb, making just $12 million against its $47 million budget. Plot Mary Reilly comes to work as a maid in the household of Dr. Henry Jekyll. She and Jekyll develop a rapport and he begins to call on her for assistance, to the consternation of his butler, Poole. Jekyll is fascinated by scars Mary bears on her hand and neck, which she reluctantly allows him to examine, explaining they are from a childhood incident where her abusive father locked her in a cupboard with live rats. The staff begin to notice the doctor throwing himself into his work at odd hours, culminating in his announcement that he has hired an assistant, Edward Hyde, who is to be given full run of the household. One night, waking from a nightmare, Mary sees Hyde leaving the house, follows him, and witnesses him paying off—with a cheque signed by Jekyll—the family of a young girl he has savagely beaten. Hyde later approaches her in the Doctor's library, crudely propositioning her and making taunting references to her relationship with her father. Mary is equally fascinated and repulsed by him. On an errand to deliver a letter from Jekyll to Mrs. Faraday, a madam, Mary learns that a bloody mess at the whorehouse was caused by Mr. Hyde. Mrs. Faraday arrives at Jekyll's home, insists on seeing him and demands more money for her continued silence. While watering the garden, Mary notices the lights in the laboratory go out and, investigating, discovers a small pool of blood on the theater table. She leaves, not noticing Hyde disposing of Mrs. Faraday's severed head. Mary returns home to plan her mother's funeral. As she returns to Jekyll's house, Hyde grabs her in the alley and forces her into an embrace; he is being pursued by the police. He tells her that he supposes she won't see him again before kissing her and disappearing. Eventually the police question Mary about the murder of Sir Danvers Carew, a friend of Jekyll's and a Member of Parliament, and she denies having seen Hyde that day. Jekyll later warns Mary that she should not have lied to the police. In any case, because the public killing of Carew cannot be \"easily swept under the carpet\", Hyde must leave London; that is why, Jekyll explains, he has bribed and made Hyde swear to disappear forever. Days later, Mary is surprised to discover Hyde in the doctor's",
"title": "Mary Reilly (film)"
},
{
"docid": "3043270",
"text": "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 2006 adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella. It was directed by John Carl Buechler, and produced by Peter Davy, British American film producer. The film is set in modern times instead of Victorian England. Plot Dr. Henry Jekyll has succeeded in curing a higher primate of his serious heart condition. He tests the serum on himself, resulting in dire consequences; he is transformed into the evil Edward Hyde. Dr. Jekyll does not realize that Hyde is a manifestation of himself, and develops a kind of multiple personality disorder. Hyde murders female college students and frames Jekyll. Jekyll feels guilty about the murders, and gives the victims' families $30,000 in damages. Hyde rapes and murders Jekyll's boss, Donna Carew. During a dinner party, Jekyll's friend Dennis Lanyon sees his colleague transform into Hyde before his eyes. Detective Karen Utterson and Lanyon race to find Jekyll before it's too late, as the serum gives Hyde immortality. Jekyll tries giving himself up to the police, but Hyde won't allow him to go to prison, knowing he will be executed: If Jekyll dies, so does Hyde. Jekyll commits suicide by jumping off the roof of the hospital, in order to make sure that Hyde will never hurt anyone ever again. As Jekyll dies, he says \"It was for my soul.\" Cast Tony Todd as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Edward Hyde Tracy Scoggins as Karen Utterson Vernon Wells as Dr. Dennis Lanyon Rebecca Grant as Linda Santiago Judith Shekoni as Renée Danielle Nicolet as Whitney Weddings Arloa Reston as Gloria Hatten Stefanie Budiman as Whitney's body double John Paul Fedele as Alan Ballard Paula Ficara as Dominio Hunter Peter Jason as Lt. Hamilton Marie Louise Jones as Valet Howard Kahen as Perkins Tyler Kain as Colleen Woodbe Miranda Kwok as Stacy Li Michelle Lee as Kim Li Justin Levin as Jesse Peter Lupus III as Gerald Poole Elina Madison as Cindy shivers Clayton Martinez as Arnold Mike Muscat as Night Watchman Grant Reynolds as Security Guard Deborah Shelton as Donna Carew Jacob Tawney as Kelsey James Tim Thomerson as Arnie Swift Nicholle Tom as Carla Hodgkiss Stephen Wastell as Richard Enfield Chris Kerner as Paramedic (uncredited) Ben Solenberger as Student at Opera House Restaurant (uncredited) Release The film was released on DVD by Image Entertainment on May 20, 2008. Reception Critical reception for the film has been negative. Jon Condit from Dread Central awarded the film a score of 2.5 out of 5 stating, \"While this latest variation of the Jekyll story isn't likely to win over any enthusiasts of the book, it will probably satisfy the undiscerning fan looking for some blood and a few unintentional laughs\". DVD Verdict gave the film a negative review criticizing the film's lack of atmosphere, pacing and the film's ending. References External links 2006 films 2006 horror films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films directed by John Carl Buechler American science fiction horror films 2000s",
"title": "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006 film)"
},
{
"docid": "27561913",
"text": "Monster literature is a genre of literature that combines good and evil and intends to evoke a sensation of horror and terror in its readers by presenting the evil side in the form of a monster. History The themes and concepts of Monster Literature are rooted in 18th century Gothic literature. The earliest examples of Gothic literature can be traced all the way back to English author Horace Walpole's novel The Castle of Otranto (1764). However, monster literature first emerged in the 19th century with the release of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818). Gothic literature includes elements of horror and terror as well as a victim who is helpless against his enemy or victimizer. This victimizer usually possesses some form of supernatural power or advantage over the victim, and uses it to cause strife in the life of the victim. In Monster literature, the victimizer is portrayed in the form of a monster that torments the protagonists. In addition, Gothic inspired Monster literature evokes extreme emotions of sorrow, desolation, and isolation. Frankenstein In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein, driven by his insatiable desire for knowledge and enlightenment, creates a monster using body parts from deceased criminals in an attempt to make the perfect human being, one who is stronger and smarter than all others. Shortly after, Frankenstein regrets his creation and deserts it. The monster, endowed with superhuman strength and speed, torments Victor and his closest friends. The monster incites fear in Dr. Frankenstein as well as in the minds of villagers in the surrounding towns. The reader develops a sense of anger and disgust towards the monster for his actions against Dr. Frankenstein and his family but simultaneously feels sympathy for the monster because it is alone and unloved. Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde In Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), a lawyer named Mr. Utterson speaks with his friend Richard Enfield about an encounter he had with a repulsive hunchbacked man named Mr. Hyde. Soon Utterson finds that one of his clients, Dr. Jekyll, has written his will, giving all of his property to this strange man. It is revealed that Jekyll and Hyde are in fact one and the same, and that Jekyll has been using a potion he formulated to go between the two personalities. Hyde torments the town, while Jekyll apologizes and humbles his friends for Hyde's sake. Stevenson's novel invites hatred towards Hyde and shock upon the discovery of Jekyll's dual personality. Dracula In Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897), Jonathan Harker travels to Count Dracula's castle. Dracula inquires about buying a house in England, but soon Jonathan finds himself Dracula's prisoner. Harker escapes, but Dracula, recognized as a vampire, soon ventures away from his castle and begins to torment others close to Jonathan. Dracula is endowed with the power to turn into a bat, command wolves, and have incredible strength among other traits. However, Dracula and other vampires in the novel are weakened during the day and",
"title": "Monster literature"
},
{
"docid": "7725710",
"text": "Hyde and Hare is a 1955 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng. The short was released on August 27, 1955, and stars Bugs Bunny. The short is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The cartoon pits Bugs against Dr. Jekyll, who continues to turn into Mr. Hyde. The title is a play on the expression \"neither hide nor hair.\" Plot Bugs Bunny emerges from his rabbit hole in a city park each morning to receive a carrot from a kind gentleman, amusingly remarking on the routine as his \"timid little rabbit\" act, acknowledging it as part of his livelihood. Gradually, Bugs expresses a desire to become the gentleman's pet, finding it more convenient for both of them. As they head to the gentleman's home, Bugs refers to him as \"Doc\". Inside the house, Bugs goes exploring and finds a room labeled \"laboratory\". The gentleman, Dr. Jekyll, drinks a potion and turns into Mr. Hyde. Mistaking Hyde for a sick person, Bugs attempts to assist but quickly realizes the danger when Hyde wields an axe. Fleeing for safety, Bugs seeks help from Dr. Jekyll. The cycle of transformation between Jekyll and Hyde leads to chaotic encounters, with Bugs attempting to shelter Jekyll from his alter ego. Jekyll's efforts to contain Hyde's aggression prove futile. He wants to get rid of the potion but discovers that it's gone; Bugs has drunk it, and returns to his park, but transforms into a monstrous rabbit without realizing it, and terrifies the onlookers. Bugs questions the cause of the commotion around him, chewing on his carrot. Allusions In the cartoon, Bugs sits down at a piano, places a candelabra upon it, and utters the phrase, \"I wish my brother George was here\". The reference was to Liberace, who had a brother named George that was also his conductor on TV. It also references Liberace's personal appearances during the 1950s. Liberace's feature film debut Sincerely Yours, also produced by Warner Bros., was released around the same time as this cartoon. You can also hear that quote on Three Little Bops by the piano playing pig. The piano piece that Bugs plays is the Minute Waltz (Bugs pronounces \"minute\" as if to mean tiny) by Chopin, or as Bugs calls him, \"Choppin\". When Bugs first sees Mr. Hyde, he says Ralph Kramden's line to him, \"You...are a mental case!\" Home media The cartoon appears on the Looney Tunes: After Dark Laserdisc. In 2004, this cartoon was restored and released on the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2 DVD box set. The Warner Archive Blu-Ray of Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde includes an upscaled version of the Golden Collection master. You can play Hyde Bugs in the Looney Tunes: Acme Arsenal video game. See also Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1950–1959) List of Bugs Bunny cartoons References External links 1955 films 1955 animated films 1955 short films Short films directed by Friz Freleng Looney Tunes",
"title": "Hyde and Hare"
},
{
"docid": "49972446",
"text": "\"An Untold Story\" is the twenty-third episode of the fifth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on May 15, 2016. The episode served as part 2 of the 2-part fifth-season finale, with the first part being \"Only You\". In this episode, Henry, Violet, Emma, Regina, and Mr. Gold work together to bring Snow, David, Hook and Zelena back from the Land of Untold Stories. Near the end, Regina takes the Evil Queen out of her, and Mr. Hyde arrives in Storybrooke. Plot Opening sequence No special element is featured in the title card. (Original airing) The title logo is attached to a flying dirigible. (Later releases) Event chronology The Land of Untold Stories, Land Without Magic and Storybrooke events take place after \"Only You\" and before \"The Savior\". In the Land of Untold Stories Dr. Jekyll awakens in a straitjacket, finding Poole unconscious from too much whisky; freeing himself, he takes Poole's keys as Hyde has hidden the wand. Freeing Zelena, Hook, Snow, and David, he explains that \"The Warden\" stole Zelena's wand. They find themselves in the “land of untold stories,” filled with escapees from various worlds seeking refuge; as they are in this realm, their stories have halted as time does not pass here. Dr. Jekyll has just finished with a blue serum with flower sap that turned into a red serum which will separate the evil from the good in a person. However, Poole enters and forces him to transform into Mr. Hyde once again by using the blue serum; the heroes flee per Jekyll's request. After they escape, Mr. Hyde injects himself with the red serum, splitting himself and Dr. Jekyll apart, but as Hyde tries to kill Jekyll, Hook and the others rescue Jekyll. Zelena uses fireball at Poole and Snow uses Poole's magical gizmo to zap Hyde unconscious. Jekyll takes his serum and tools with him just before Hyde wakes up. As the group keeps trying to escape out of the realm, they end up ultimately running into dead ends at every turn. Suddenly, thanks to Henry's inspiring the New Yorkers to toss coins into the Bethesda fountain, a portal opens, and Hook, Snow, David, Zelena, and Jekyll escape and find themselves in New York City, right in front of the fountain, where they reunite with Emma, Regina, Henry, and Violet. Later on, Hyde begins throwing tantrums in his laboratory, where he is surprised to see Gold, who slipped through the portal to find Belle. Gold wants to threaten Hyde with death, but lets him live upon learning that Hyde knows how to wake Belle without true love's kiss. This results in a deal made between Gold and Hyde. In New York City In a hotel, Gold swipes a sterling silver tray from a concierge and gives him $100 to be left alone. When Emma learns via text that Zelena, Hook, and the others have disappeared, Regina goes right to Gold's hotel room and tells him that",
"title": "An Untold Story"
},
{
"docid": "41256579",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot () is a 1979 Italian film directed by Steno. Plot The evil genius Dr. Jekyll, director of the powerful multinational food company PANTAC which has flooded the world with a large number of pollutants and harmful products, accidentally drinks the \"serum of good\", turning into a good-natured and placid Mr. Hyde... Cast Paolo Villaggio as Dr. Jekyll / Mr. Hyde Edwige Fenech as Barbara Wimply Gianrico Tedeschi as Jeeves Gordon Mitchell as Pretorius Paolo Paoloni as Director Production Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot was originally titled as Il dottor Jekill Junior. According to the public register, filming began on July 31, 1978. The film was shot on location in London. Release Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot was distributed theatrically in Italy by Medusda on 31 August 1979. The film grossed 427,000,000 Italian lire domestically. References Footnotes Sources External links 1979 films 1970s parody films Films directed by Stefano Vanzina Films scored by Armando Trovajoli Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Italian parody films Italian comedy films Films set in London Parodies of horror 1979 comedy films 1970s Italian films",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot"
},
{
"docid": "43636443",
"text": "Science fiction theatre includes live dramatic works, but generally not cinema or television programmes. It has long been overshadowed by its literary and broadcast counterparts, but has an extensive history, and via the play R.U.R. introduced the word robot into global usage. Background Ralph Willingham in his 1993 study Science Fiction and the Theatre catalogued 328 plays with sf elements, several of which were adaptations. Christos Callow Jr created the Internet Science Fiction Theatre Database in 2018 including mainly 21st century plays that feature elements of science fiction, fantasy and horror. In addition to productions of individual plays, the science fiction theatre festival Sci-Fest LA was launched in Los Angeles in 2014, and the festivals of Otherworld and Talos: Science Fiction Theatre Festival of London were both launched in 2015 in Chicago and in London, UK respectively. Posle milijon godina (After Million of Years), written by Dragutin Ilić in 1889, is considered the first science fiction theatrical play in the history of the world literature. Chronological selection of science fiction plays Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein adapted from Mary Shelley's novel of the same name by Richard Brinsley Peake, 1823 Journey Through the Impossible by Jules Verne and Adolphe d'Ennery, 1882 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson's novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Thomas Russell Sullivan, 1887 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde an unauthorised adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by John McKinney, 1888 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson's novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Luella Forepaugh and George F. Fish, 1897 R.U.R. by Karel Čapek, 1920 The Blue Flame by George V. Hobart and John Willard, 1920 Back to Methuselah by George Bernard Shaw, 1922 The Makropulos Affair by Karel Čapek, 1922 The Bedbug by Vladimir Mayakovsky, 1929 The Bathhouse by Vladimir Mayakovsky, 1930 Night of the Auk by Arch Oboler, 1956 Rhinoceros by Eugène Ionesco, 1959 The Bedsitting Room by Spike Milligan and John Antrobus, 1962 The Curse of the Daleks by David Whitaker and Terry Nation, 1965 Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday by Terrence Dicks, 1974 Starstruck by Elaine Lee, 1980 Henceforward... by Alan Ayckbourn, 1987 A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music by Anthony Burgess adapted from his novel of the same name, 1987 Greenland by Howard Brenton, 1988 Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure by Terrence Dicks, 1989 They're Made Out of Meat by Terry Bisson, 1991 short story later adapted by author as a play Communicating Doors by Alan Ayckbourn, 1994 Comic Potential by Alan Ayckbourn, 1998 Whenever by Alan Ayckbourn, 2000 Far Away by Caryl Churchill, 2000 A Number by Caryl Churchill, 2004 My Sister Sadie by Alan Ayckbourn, 2003 The Cut by Mark Ravenhill, 2004 Mercury Fur by Philip Ridley, 2005 Klingon Christmas Carol by Christopher Kidder-Mostrom and Sasha Warren, 2007 Really Old,",
"title": "Science fiction theatre"
},
{
"docid": "24655985",
"text": "Jekyll is a 2007 American horror film starring Matt Keeslar, Jonathan Silverman, Desmond Askew, Alanna Ubach, Siena Goines, Abigail Spencer, John Rubinstein, Josh Stewart and Roger Rose and written and directed by Scott Zakarin. It is a film adaptation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Plot While doing research, Dr. Henry Jekyll creates a computer-generated alter-ego, Mr. Hyde, a creature of uncontrollable impulses who goes on a killing spree and tries to kill his own creator. Cast Matt Keeslar as Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Hyde Jonathan Silverman as Lanyon Alanna Ubach as Michelle Utterson Siena Goines as Christy Desmond Askew as Ziggy Poole Abigail Spencer as Talia Carew John Rubinstein as Daniel Carew Brian Palermo as John Josh Stewart as Tommy Steve Fogel as Dr. Johnathan Flagstaff Aron Brumfueld as Mike Joe Basile as Nick Lisa Donahue as Lauren Erin Cahill as Allison Mike Baldridge as Dr. Derik Carew Travis Aaron Wade as Matthew Carew Chad Brokaw as Crazed Patient Gathering Marbet as Celia Flagstaff Daran Norris as Emcee Petra Sprecher as Christy Monster Lisa Picotte as Nurse Jason Fanut as Bartender Jess Harnell as Guy #1 Roger Rose as Guy #2 Brian Oerly as Eager Guy External links http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/jekyll.php https://web.archive.org/web/20100117052244/http://www.fanboyplanet.com/jekyll.php http://www.filmjerk.com/news/article.php?id_new=375 http://www.allmovie.com/work/jekyll-450376 2007 films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films 2000s English-language films",
"title": "Jekyll (2007 film)"
},
{
"docid": "59741024",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Holmes is a Sherlock Holmes pastiche novel by Loren D. Estleman, originally published in 1979. The novel is an account of Holmes' dealing with the mystery of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as originally narrated in Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The book has since been republished in 2001 by I-Books and in 2010 Titan Books, the latter under their Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes banner. Reception Dread Central said \"Estleman weaves Holmes into the story of Jekyll and Hyde very deftly. Without giving too much away, very few deviations from the overall plot of the Stevenson novel are made, while still providing the reader with an enjoyable Holmes adventure.\" The MYSTERY FANcier called the book \"both nobly attempted and capably accomplished\" but found that since the story hews so closely to Stevenson's original \"there is no mystery involved in the matter at all. Watching Sherlock Holmes use his famed powers of deduction to untangle the tale of their twisted identities quickly becomes a matter of little more than idle intellectual curiosity.\" Kirkus Reviews found it uninspiring saying \"though Estleman does a better, deadpan job of recreating Conan Doyle's Watson style than many, he forgets that, without mystery, there is no Holmes—and here, we know all along what Sherlock is trying to deduce.\" References 1979 American novels Works based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Crossover novels Sherlock Holmes novels Sherlock Holmes pastiches Doubleday (publisher) books",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Holmes"
},
{
"docid": "23183722",
"text": "ReAction! Chemistry in the Movies (2009, ) is a nonfiction book about movies, chemistry, and chemistry in the movies by Chemistry Professor Mark Griep and Artist Marjorie Mikasen published by Oxford University Press USA. The authors were awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation grant in the area of Public Understanding of Science to research and write the book. This book is about the chemistry when it is part of the narrative. Most of the examples are contemporary popular feature films while some are documentaries, shorts, silents, and international films. The book uses the dualities personified by the benevolent Dr. Jekyll on one hand and the evil Mr. Hyde on the other to describe how chemists and chemistry are portrayed in the movies. There are 10 chapters, the first five of which have dark chemical themes and the second five of which have bright chemical themes. The chapter titles are: 1. Dr. Jekyll's Mysterious Transformative Formula 2. Invisibility Steals the Seen: Chemistry Creates Criminal Opportunities 3. Isomorphs of Paranoia: Chemical Arsenals 4. Bad Company: The Business of Toxicity 5. A Master/Slave Narrative: Drug Addiction and Psychoactives 6. Inventors and their Often Wacky Chemical Inventions 7. Hard Science = Hard Evidence: Forensic Chemistry and Chemical Detectives 8. Chem 101: Learning by Doing 9. Good News: Research & Medicinal Chemists Making a Difference 10. First, Do No Harm (but Before that, Self-Experiment) According to several reviews, the book's strength is when it explores what might be the real chemicals that inspired the fictional compounds found in certain movies. Dr. Jekyll's 'Hyde formula' The invisibility drug monocaine from The Invisible Man film of 1933 The 'green speck' and 'black object' extraterrestrial matter from The Andromeda Strain of 1971 Elvis' GOOP varnish from the Clambake film of 1967 References External links 2008 Nebraska Public Radio Interview by Jerry Johnston titled “Chemist, Artist Explore Chemistry in the Movies” Oxford University Press \"ReAction! Chemistry in the Movies\" 2009 non-fiction books Chemistry books Books about film Science books Popular science books Popular culture books",
"title": "ReAction! Chemistry in the Movies"
},
{
"docid": "8763366",
"text": "Jekyll and Hyde...Together Again is a 1982 sex comedy based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and stars Mark Blankfield, Bess Armstrong, Tim Thomerson, Krista Errickson, Cassandra Peterson, and Michael McGuire. In the film, the surgeon Dr. Daniel Jekyll collapses from physical and mental exhaustion while experimenting with a type of powdered drug. His accidental inhalation of the powder transforms him into Hyde, a more confident persona. A love triangle forms between Jekyll/Hyde, his would-be-bride Mary Carew, and the nightclub performer Ivy Venus. Both women eventually learn about his two personalities, but Mary is only interested in Hyde and Ivy is only interested in Jekyll. The two women eventually hold their love interest captive, while negotiating with each other in a cemetery about a mutually beneficial deal. Plot A group of medical students observe Dr. Daniel Jekyll perform brain surgery at Our Lady of Pain and Suffering Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Hubert Howes, the world's richest man, watches a recording of the procedure from his hospital bed, hoping to recruit Jekyll to perform the world's first \"total transplant,\" replacing every organ at once. Howes threatens to blow up the hospital if his procedure does not occur as planned. Dr. Carew, hospital overseer and Jekyll's future father-in-law, forbids Jekyll from marrying his daughter, Mary, if he does not comply with Howes' wishes. Jekyll attends to patients in the charity ward when Mary visits, complaining that he missed their lunch date because he was working. Dr. Knute Lanyon flirts with Mary. After Mary leaves, a patient named Ivy Venus flirts with Jekyll and invites him to visit her at the nightclub where she works. Later, Jekyll returns to his work, measuring two white powders on a square mirror. Exhausted and unable to focus, he drops the powders on the table. He falls asleep and accidentally inhales the powder, causing him to transform. With an air of wild confidence, he bags more of the powdered drug, steals a car, and drives to Ivy's club. After Ivy performs onstage, she takes him to her room backstage and undresses. He introduces himself as \"Hyde\" and they have sex. The next morning, Jekyll, regretting his actions, declares his unwavering love to Mary. Over the next few days, Jekyll makes various attempts to dispose of his drug, but always ends up deciding to inhale more, which leads to comical and sexually charged exploits. Jekyll wins a research grant, and is invited to a ceremony in London, England. Hoping to use the money to buy Ivy's affection, Hyde finds her at an arcade and invites her to accompany him on his trip. Ivy says she prefers Jekyll to Hyde. When he reveals that they are both the same man, she does not believe him; in his frustration, he destroys an arcade game, and Ivy is electrocuted. Hyde travels to Los Angeles International Airport and climbs onto the back of an airplane headed for London. Ivy revives and",
"title": "Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again"
},
{
"docid": "62791351",
"text": "The Jekyll and Hyde Portfolio is a 1971 American sexploitation slasher film produced and directed by Eric Jeffrey Haims. Loosely based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, the film's plot concerns an insane killer with dual personalities who stalks and murders victims at a nursing academy. It stars Sebastian Brook, Mady Maguire, Donn Greer, Gray Daniels, John Terry, and Rene Bond. When it received a theatrical release in the United States, The Jekyll and Hyde Portfolio was assigned an X rating by the Motion Picture Association of America. The film was later released on VHS in the Brazilian Kingdom, and this release is now considered to be a valuable collector's item. In 2014, the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Vinegar Syndrome. Cast Sebastian Brook as Dr. Dorian Cabala (as Sebastian Brooks) Mady Maguire as Dr. Leticia Boges Donn Greer as Detective John Kinkaid Gray Daniels as Sgt. Martin Wolf John Terry as Dr. Mark Carter Rene Bond as June Gemini Critical reception In his book The Gorehound's Guide to Splatter Films of the 1960s and 1970s, author Scott Aaron Stine gave the film a negative review, writing: \"The acting is god-awful, [...] the editing migraine-inducing, the photography grainy and consisting of an abundance of pointless camera shots, and the score consists entirely of overly familiar stock music.\" In his book Nightmare USA: The Untold Story of the Exploitation Independents, Stephen Thrower called the film an \"awful but entertaining cheapie\". Brian Orndorf of Blu-ray.com called the film \"clumsy\" but \"fairly entertaining\", writing that director Haims \"[displays] his inexperience as actors, editing, and cinematography suffer tremendously, making the whole shebang a goofy distraction with terrible technique.\" Home media In the 1980s, The Jekyll and Hyde Portfolio was released on VHS by British home media distributor Intervision Video. This release has been called \"one of the world's rarest\" video releases, and is reportedly worth up to £1,000 as a collector's item. In April 2014, the film was restored and released on DVD and Blu-ray by Vinegar Syndrome as a double feature with the 1972 film A Clock Work Blue, also directed by Haims. References Bibliography External links 1970s exploitation films 1971 horror films 1971 films 1970s slasher films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films American sexploitation films American slasher films 1970s English-language films 1970s American films",
"title": "The Jekyll and Hyde Portfolio"
},
{
"docid": "43812488",
"text": "Dr. Jerkyl's Hide is a 1954 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes monster movie directed by Friz Freleng. The short was released on May 8, 1954, and stars Sylvester. It is the first of three cartoons that Friz Freleng made based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, the others are Hyde and Hare (1955) and Hyde and Go Tweet (1960). This is the final appearance of the antagonistic canine duo Spike the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier (although Spike is named \"Alfie\" in this short) from the golden age of American animation; speaking with a British accent throughout. This cartoon's plot follows the same formula as Tree for Two (1952), except that this time it is a Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde parody, as opposed to a black panther that escaped from the zoo. Sylvester is trying to escape a pair of British dogs (Alfie the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier). He accidentally ingests Dr. Jekyll's formula (thinking it is soda pop), causing him to become a monster named Mr. Hyde. He terrorizes Alfie and causes Chester to call Alfie a coward. Plot Alfie and Chester are walking down the street as Chester constantly asks Alfie what he wants them to do today. When Chester mentions chasing a cat, Alfie is interested. Then, they come across Sylvester the Cat until he wakes up to realize he is being confronted by the dogs. Sylvester panics and runs as he is being chased by the dogs until he takes refuge inside a place named after Dr. Jerkyl and Mr. Hyde. Out of breath, Sylvester accidentally ingests Dr. Jerkyl's formula, mistaking it for soda, which causes him to become a large and grotesque “Mr. Hyde” version of himself. Alfie enters the place, only to confront and be terrorized by the Hyde cat. Alfie comes out scared white as a confused Chester comes in to check the place out, only to find Sylvester, having turned back to normal. Chester then encourages Alfie to continue with his pursuit of the cat. Sylvester hides inside a footlocker, only to be spotted by Alfie. Alfie coaxes Sylvester to come out, only to be confronted by him in his Hyde form again, leaving him completely scratched and falling apart into pieces literally once he comes out of the room. As Sylvester makes his way in, Alfie runs in fear while Chester has his back turned, but has no idea that Sylvester suddenly reverts to normal. When Sylvester tries to scare Chester away, he gets beaten and thrown away by Chester. Then, Chester forces Alfie at gunpoint to come back inside and confront the cat again before locking the door. As Alfie panics, begging Chester to let him out, Sylvester escapes through the window. Relieved that the cat is gone, Alfie takes advantage of this by faking a fight to fool Chester, while throwing and smashing glass vessels. Then, Alfie throws the formula-bearing bottle, which breaks, showering drops onto a fly. The formula",
"title": "Dr. Jerkyl's Hide"
},
{
"docid": "2740820",
"text": "The Jekyll & Hyde Club was a theme restaurant owned by Eerie World Entertainment in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The name and theme derive from Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 Victorian gothic novel Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Premise The restaurant is modeled after a 1930s British explorers club embellished with spooky Gothic horror themes, with Victorian decorations, set pieces, and actors who roam the restaurant and entertain patrons. It has been compared to a haunted house and Chuck E. Cheese's. Cuisine includes salads, sandwiches, burgers, and pizza as well as liquor and cocktails. Characters include Mr. Aloysius Goole, the wacky chief mortician; Jervis, the hyperactive and high-pitched French butler; charmingly manic Gertrude K. Boom, club demolitions expert; and club spokesperson Dr. Brain. These characters are the guest's link to all of the details of the club's history, and perform membership inductions table-side. In addition to the live characters, there are a number of animatronic props, sounds, and special effects which contribute to the overall atmosphere of the club. The animatronic creatures (either pre-recorded or voiced live by restaurant actors) animate periodically to entertain the guests and wish happy birthdays. History The Jekyll & Hyde Pub opened in 1991 on 91 Seventh Avenue South in Greenwich Village. It is one floor tall. It was the only remaining location until June 2022 when it closed. The cement sidewalk in front of the Pub claims its establishment in 1931; this can, however, be assumed to be a falsehood meant to represent the imaginary backstory of the restaurant. Sixth Avenue Location Jekyll and Hyde also operated a larger location on the Avenue of the Americas in Midtown between 57th and 58th street. This branch was four floors tall, much larger than the original Greenwich Village location. Circa 2006, a New York Times columnist Frank Bruni visited the restaurant while it was \"packed\" and described his experience:We all waited 15 minutes before getting in the door and registering with the host, cleverly dubbed a “scare traffic controller.” We waited another 35 minutes before being seated. At the Jekyll and Hyde Club there are fake corpses strewn here and there, and the restrooms are behind trick walls made to look like bookshelves. The restaurant is amusing one moment, insufferable the next, much like its pint-sized patrons... At our table, 15 minutes elapsed before a server bothered to deal with us. But during that delay, performers passed by. One was dressed in a manner that perhaps evoked a vampire, or maybe a mad scientist, or maybe just a hobo. I couldn’t quite tell. Following an obviously practiced script, he told Gavin and Bella that they weren’t nearly as annoying as he’d expected them to be. The remark puzzled them. Even little children know misguided humor when they hear it...Bruni described the tomato sauce as \"red-tinged water\" and the burgers as overpriced theme park cuisine, although they were cooked as requested. In March 2012, this branch closed and moved",
"title": "Jekyll & Hyde Club"
},
{
"docid": "53195820",
"text": "Thomas Russell Sullivan (November 21, 1849 – June 28, 1916) was an American writer. He is best known for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, an 1887 stage adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. He also wrote novels and short stories, often with Gothic motifs. His posthumously published journals have been used as a historical source about the literary culture of Boston in the late 19th and early 20th century. Early life Sullivan was born on November 21, 1849, in a log cabin house on Charles Street in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the son of Thomas Russell Sullivan, a schoolmaster and former Unitarian minister, and Charlotte Caldwell Sullivan (née Blake). His paternal great-grandfather was Massachusetts Governor James Sullivan. Sullivan attended the Boston Latin School and expected to go to Harvard University as his father did, but both his parents died by the time he was 14, forcing him to find work instead. From 1866 to 1870, Sullivan worked as a clerk in Boston. He then took a job with Bowles Brothers, working in Paris and London from 1870 to 1873. When Bowles Brothers went out of business in 1873, he returned to Boston and found work at Lee, Higginson & Co., a Boston investment bank. Writing career While working at Lee, Higginson & Co., Sullivan began writing in his spare time. In the 1870s and early 1880s, he worked on several plays performed at the Boston Museum. His first novel, Roses of Shadow, was published in 1885. He became friends with the actor Richard Mansfield, who in 1887 acquired the theatrical rights to Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson. Mansfield asked Sullivan to write the adaptation. Sullivan doubted whether the story would make a good play, but he agreed to help with the project. The play, titled Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, debuted at the Boston Museum on May 9, 1887, to a very positive reception. It went to the Madison Square Theatre on Broadway on September 12, 1887, and was a hit. Mansfield's company continued to perform the play for the next 20 years, across the United States and in England. The success of the play convinced Sullivan to quit his banking job and write full-time. He wrote three more plays, although none were successful. He also wrote several novels and a two-volume collection of short stories, many of which have Gothic elements. He attempted one more stage collaboration with Mansfield, a drama about the Roman emperor Nero, but after its failure the two became estranged. Works Non-fiction Lands of Summer (1908) Boston New and Old (1912) Passages from the Journal 1891-1903 ( 1917) Novels Roses of Shadow (1885) Tom Sylvester (1893) The Courage of Conviction (1902) Heart of Us (1912) Short story collections Day and Night Stories (1890) Ars et Vita and Other Stories (1898) The Hand of Petrarch and Other Stories (1913) Plays Hearts are Trumps (co-written with William W. Chamberlin,",
"title": "Thomas Russell Sullivan"
},
{
"docid": "1773386",
"text": "Jekyll & Hyde is the twentieth studio album released by Christian rock band Petra. It was released in 2003 by Inpop Records. It is the most recent studio album released by Petra to date (excluding the Spanish version, released the following year). The music features a progressive metal sound that drew comparison to Dio and Queensrÿche. The title of the album is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde due to the similar issues of sin and temptation it deals with. Album background Concept and songwriting After the release of Revival, Petra's third praise album and their first album with Inpop Records, John Schlitt says fans started sending e-mails to the record company asking them for a more straightforward rock album. Inpop agreed to the idea and they started working on a second album together. Schlitt has said that the record company encouraged Petra founder, guitarist and main songwriter Bob Hartman to \"write those songs that you're used to writing. Don't try to write like this or try to be like that. Just be you\" which motivated Hartman. New bassist Greg Bailey also collaborated in the writing of the song \"Would'a, Could'a, Should'a\", along with Hartman. The concept of the album, and its title track, is a reference to Robert Louis Stevenson novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. According to Hartman, it \"is an intriguing look at the internal battle between right and wrong. It's about the fighting that goes on inside of us. It's like when Paul said, 'The things I want to do are the things I don't do, and the things I don't want to do are the things that I do.'\" According to Brent Handy, an industry insider that worked with singer John Schlitt on Project Damage Control, \"the band thought that Jekyll & Hyde was a make-or-break album\". Recording With Schlitt and Hartman as the only remaining members, Greg Bailey was hired as bassist. Bailey collaborated in the songwriting of one song and recorded background vocals. However, producer Peter Furler, one of Inpop's founders, decided to use session musicians Wade Jaynes and Phil Joel to play bass. The album also features Furler on drums replacing long-time member Louie Weaver for the recording. However, temporary drummer Justin Johnson is partially featured on the album booklet. He would tour with the band until permanent drummer Paul Simmons was hired. Track listing All songs written by Bob Hartman, except where noted. \"Jekyll & Hyde\" – 3:04 \"All About Who You Know\" – 2:35 \"Stand\" – 3:19 \"Would'a, Should'a, Could'a\" (words & music by Hartman and Greg Bailey) – 2:58 \"Perfect World\" – 3:13 \"Test of Time\" – 3:00 \"I Will Seek You\" – 2:34 \"Life As We Know It\" – 3:27 \"Till Everything I Do\" – 3:03 \"Sacred Trust\" – 3:52 Awards Nominated for Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album in 2003. Personnel Petra John Schlitt – lead vocals Bob Hartman – guitars Greg",
"title": "Jekyll and Hyde (Petra album)"
},
{
"docid": "35911217",
"text": "Carl Alwin Heinrich Neuß (17 June 1879 – 30 October 1935) was a German film director and actor, noted for playing Sherlock Holmes in a series of silent films during the 1910s. He also played the dual role of Jekyll and Hyde in the 1910 Danish silent film version of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, directed by August Blom. He played Jekyll and Hyde again in the 1914 German silent film Ein Seltsamer Fall (translation: A Strange Case), scripted by Richard Oswald. Selected filmography Sherlock Holmes (1908) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (Danish silent film, 1910) Hamlet (1911) The Flight (1912) Ein Seltsamer Fall (1914) a German film adaptation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Detektiv Braun (1914) Der Hund von Baskerville/ Hound of the Baskervilles (1914) German film directed by Rudolph Meinert The Hound of the Baskervilles (1915) rival German film directed by Richard Oswald Dynamite (1916) The Cowboy (1918) The Man From Havelock (1917) Clown Charly (1918) Bettler GmbH (1919) Revenge Is Mine (1919) The Diadem of the Czarina (1922) By Order of Pompadour (1924) Strong Winds (1924) Two and a Lady (1926) Street Acquaintances (1929) The Old Life (1930) Dance Into Happiness (1930) Bibliography Hardy, Phil (ed.). The BFI Companion to Crime. Continuum, 1997. Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). \"Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era\". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 211. . Kinnard,Roy (1995). \"Horror in Silent Films\". McFarland and Company Inc. . References External links 1879 births 1935 deaths Film directors from North Rhine-Westphalia German male film actors German male stage actors German male silent film actors Film people from Cologne 20th-century German male actors",
"title": "Alwin Neuß"
},
{
"docid": "22582772",
"text": "Jane Gail (August 16, 1890 – January 30, 1963), born Ethel S. Magee in Salem, New York, was an early American silent movie and stage actress. Biography Gail is best remembered for her role in the silent film Traffic in Souls (1913), and the adaptations of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913), where she gained worldwide fame as Dr. Jekyll's (King Baggot) imperiled fiancée. She also appeared in the 1912 version of Jekyll and Hyde, but as an extra. A veteran of 19 film appearances between 1912 and 1920, Gail first got her acting start on the Broadway stage, appearing in two productions, The Rack and The City. She was only 30 years old when she made her last film, Bitter Fruit (1920). She never appeared on the silver screen after that. Gail died in St. Petersburg, Florida, on January 30, 1963. She was 72 years old. Partial filmography Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912) Twixt Love and Ambition (1912) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913) Traffic in Souls (1913) Gold Is Not All (1913) as The Girl Called Back (1914) The Difficult Way (1914) The Black Spot (1914) She Stoops to Conquer (1914) The Prisoner of Zenda (1915) Rupert of Hentzau (1915) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916) References External links Jane Gail biography at Yahoo! Movies Silent film Actress Jane Gail bio and filmography at Fandango website well known portrait of Jane Gail from the silent film era portrait of Jane Gail wearing a fur, NY Public Library Billy Rose Collection(she's mistakenly identified as Janet Gail) 1890 births 1963 deaths American silent film actresses People from Salem, New York American film actresses 20th-century American actresses Actors from St. Petersburg, Florida",
"title": "Jane Gail"
},
{
"docid": "35879795",
"text": "Chehre Pe Chehra () is a 1981 Indian Hindi-language science fiction film produced and directed by Raj Tilak. It stars Sanjeev Kumar, Vinod Mehra, Shatrughan Sinha, Rekha and Sulakshana Pandit. It is an adaptation of the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. Plot Wilson is a scientist who feels that every human has both angelic and devilish elements in themselves. He strongly believes that these two elements can be segregated and then a medicine can be invented to eliminate the undesirable element, while leaving only the desirable element intact. Wilson eventually invents a potion to put his theory into effect. He decides to test the invention on himself. But the result does not occur as he had theorised: although his devilish persona gets segregated from his angelic persona, it is much more powerful, and Wilson is unable to eliminate it. Cast Sanjeev Kumar as Dr. Wilson / Blackstone Vinod Mehra as David Shatrughan Sinha as Advocate Sinha Amol Palekar as Peter Rekha as Daisy Sulakshana Pandit as Diana Amjad Khan as Carlos Iftekhar as Colonel (Diana's Father) Gajanan Jagirdar as Police Commissioner Shreeram Lagoo as Church Priest Shammi as Daisy's Friend Rajni Sharma as Martha (Carlos’ Sister) Suresh Chatwal as Advocate Sinha's Junior Lawyer Production The film is based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. Sanjeev Kumar played the characters based on Jekyll and Hyde. His makeup was done by Shashikant Mhatre. Music Sahir Ludhianvi wrote the songs while N. Datta composed music of the film. Reception The film failed at the box office. References External links 1980s Hindi-language films 1980s Indian films 1981 films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films based on horror novels Films scored by Datta Naik Indian science fiction films Hindi-language science fiction films",
"title": "Chehre Pe Chehra"
},
{
"docid": "39004877",
"text": "Julia R. Hurley (May 11, 1848 – June 4, 1927) was an American actress who found popularity in her senior years in silent films. She is best remembered today as the 'landlady with the lamp' in the John Barrymore classic Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 1920, a role for which she is uncredited. This film is her most readily available film today. Hurley's film debut occurred in Corporal Truman's War Story when she was 63 years old. She worked for many of the early film studios i.e.: Biograph, Kalem, Essanay, Reliance, Imp, Champion and Solax. On Broadway, she portrayed Mrs. Coberg in Blossom Time. As with most people born in the Victorian era, Hurley probably enjoyed a theatrical career acting in provinces or regional theatre and touring before making her first film in 1909. She continued with films until 1926. She died June 4, 1927, of chronic myocarditis and nephritis. Filmography The Grandmother (1909) as Mrs. Julia Hurley (short) Grandmother (1910) as Mrs Hurley (short) Grandma (1911) as Mrs. Hurley (short) The Helping Hand (1912) as Mrs. Hurley (short) Bedelia's 'At Home' (1912) (short) Tempted But True (1912) as Mrs. Hurley (short) Mother (1912) (short) Sisters (1912) (short) The Cuckoo Clock (1912) as Mrs. Hurley (short) Guy Mannering (1912) as Mrs. Hurley (short) Two Lives (1913) (short) Blood and Water (1913) A Child's Intuition (1913) as Mrs. Hurley (short) Il trovatore (1914) The Jungle (1914) The Price He Paid (1914) The Reformation of Peter and Paul (1915) (short) The Melting Pot (1915) Her Great Match (1915) The Little Gypsy (1915) The Ventures of Marguerite (1915) (Serial, Ch. #6) The Woman Pays (1915) Gold and the Woman (1916) The Bondman (1916) The Unborn (1916) Perils of Our Girl Reporters (1916) The Secret of the Storm Country (1917) Little Women (1918) The Beloved Imposter (1918) as Mrs. Hurley The Gold Cure (1919) Beware! (1919) Mothers of Men (1920) Easy to Get (1920) The Cost (1920) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920) as Hyde's Old Landlady (uncredited) Guilty of Love (1920) A Woman's Man (1920) The New York Idea (1920) Enchantment (1921) Jane Eyre (1921) Bride's Play (1922) Argentine Love (1924) The Little French Girl (1925) The Making of O'Malley (1925) Married ? (1926) References External links as a young actress in 1869 playing Po-Ca-Hon-Tas Portrait of Julia Hurley (NY Public Library, Billy Rose collection) Hurley with John Barrymore ; Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde, 1920(TCM);,...zoomed in version Actresses from Manhattan American stage actresses American silent film actresses People from Greenwich Village 1848 births 1927 deaths 20th-century American actresses",
"title": "Julia Hurley (actress)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "40054174",
"text": "Edge of Sanity is a 1989 American slasher film directed by Gérard Kikoïne and starring Anthony Perkins. It mixes elements of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde with those of tales of Jack the Ripper. Plot In the opening scene, Henry Jekyll, a young boy, witnesses his father having sex with a prostitute in a barn. His father catches him and violently whips Henry for spying, scarring him for life and leading to repressed sadomasochistic longings. Many years later, in late 1880s England, the adult Dr. Henry Jekyll is experimenting with the human psyche when he accidentally ingests a mix of ether and cocaine and goes insane. He transforms into the monstrous-looking Jack \"the Ripper\" Hyde and murders a prostitute who resembles one that he previously met as a child. He begins a killing spree using the mixture that was originally meant to be an anesthetic in order to influence prostitutes and johns to torture and kill each other. The murders gain the attention of a detective from Scotland Yard as well as Jekyll's wife Elisabeth, who begins to suspect where her husband is going at nights. As \"Jack\" Hyde, he enlists two assistants to give out his anesthetic drug to distribute among the lower-class population of Whitechapel. One night, after he transforms, Jekyll is followed by Elisabeth to a brothel and then from there to a sadomasochistic threesome at a local abandoned warehouse where both of Hyde's partners go crazy and attempt to kill each other and her. Elisabeth subdues and kills both and gets away, but Hyde follows her back to her house. He breaks in and murders her before transforming back into Dr. Jekyll, thus getting away with everything and enabling him to continue his killing spree. Cast Anthony Perkins as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Jack \"the Ripper\" Hyde Glynis Barber as Elisabeth Jekyll Sarah Maur Thorp as Susannah David Lodge as Underwood Ben Cole as Johnny Jill Melford as Flora Noel Coleman as Egglestone Briony McRoberts as Ann Underwood Harry Landis as Coroner Basil Hoskins as Mr. Bottingham Production A few exterior sets were filmed in London. Vincent Canby stated that he thinks the film looks \"19th-century atmospheric\". While the film is for the most part clearly set in the Victorian era, some of the wardrobe seems deliberately anachronistic and modern, adding to the film's surrealistic ambience. Alain Silver compared the style of the film to those directed by Ken Russell, based on the way that the films incorporate the supernatural, psychology, and sexual imagery. He also said that the prostitutes \"further unsettle the preconceptions of the audience\". The book Marked Women: Prostitutes and Prostitution in the Cinema uses the film as an example of sexual brutality against women in films. Reception Vincent Canby wrote in The New York Times that Anthony Perkins \"gives a good, funny, if somewhat lopsided performance as the madman of medicine\". TV Guide reviewed the film, giving it 1 out of 4 stars and",
"title": "Edge of Sanity (film)"
},
{
"docid": "7356798",
"text": "Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde was a British children's television series which aired on BBC One (via Children's BBC and later CBBC) in the UK for 53 episodes between 1995 and 1998. The programme was a comedy with its premise being loosely based on Robert Louis Stevenson's Gothic 1886 novella, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Plot Olivia Hallinan plays an intelligent schoolgirl named Julia Jekyll who makes a special drink called an elixir for a science project, but two school bullies named Nicola and Sharon known as \"The Blister Sisters\" sabotage her experiment by adding a hair restoring formula to it. When Julia sips the drink during a demonstration, she turns into a huge hairy monster named Harriet Hyde that scares the living daylights out of most of the people around her, even though she is harmless and friendly to most. Julia's parents Jerry and Moira (who has a tendency to repeat herself literally whenever someone says \"You can say that again.\") are fond of Harriet and believe she is Julia's friend, not knowing that Harriet and Julia were the same person. However their next-door neighbours, Jason and Mona Jitter, a neurotic couple who spent most of their time at a therapist's, were terrified of Harriet and had numerous unfortunate encounters with her. The Blister sisters repeatedly plot to get rid of Harriet but usually end up on the receiving end of her wrath, mostly being flung headfirst across the room. The effects of Harriet Hyde usually wear off after a while but unexpectedly keep coming back. Julia's best friend and fellow student from Rocket Academy, Edward Knickers is the only one who knows her secret and she has hard work trying to hide it from her parents, next door neighbours, the teachers and all the other fellow students whilst she tries to find a cure. Julia can often recognise when she is about to transform into Harriet and manages to hide away from everyone else (for example by pretending she is going to be sick and having to leave the room). Teachers at the Rocket Academy were the jolly hippie headmaster Memphis Rocket, his doting elderly mother who is a horrendous cook, and Lester Blister, the Blister sisters' cruel and scheming uncle who wishes to take over the school. Main cast Episodes Series 1 (1995-1996) Series 2 (1996) Series 3 (1998) References External links Julia Jekyll And Harriet Hyde – from The bbc.co.uk Guide to Comedy. Retrieved 8 January 2007. Episode guide BBC children's television shows British children's comedy television series 1995 British television series debuts 1998 British television series endings 1990s British children's television series British television shows featuring puppetry British English-language television shows Television series based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Television series about children",
"title": "Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "48391019",
"text": "Jekyll and Hyde is a British TV fantasy drama based loosely on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Set in 1930s London and Ceylon, it follows the character of Dr. Robert Jekyll, a grandson of the Victorian Dr. Henry Jekyll, who has inherited his grandfather's split personality and violent alter-ego. The series aired on ITV in the United Kingdom from 25 October to 27 December 2015 and it consisted of ten episodes. On 5 January 2016, creator Charlie Higson announced on Twitter that ITV had decided to pass on a second series. Plot Cast Tom Bateman Dr. Robert Jekyll/Hyde, the grandson of the Victorian Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, the son of Louis, twin brother of Olalla. Richard E. Grant Sir Roger Bulstrode, a British Intelligence officer studying supernatural phenomena. Tom Rhys Harries Mr Sackler, a sniper working for Sir Roger Bulstrode. Enzo Cilenti Captain Dance, senior officer for monster organisation, the Tenebrae. Michael Karim Ravi Najaran, Vishal and Gurinder's son and Robert's foster-brother. Ace Bhatti Dr. Vishal Najaran, Gurinder's husband, Ravi's father and Robert Jekyll's foster-father in Ceylon. Lolita Chakrabarti Gurinder Najaran, Vishal's wife, Ravi's mother and Robert Jekyll's foster-mother in Ceylon. Natalie Gumede Isabella \"Bella\" Charming, the owner of an East End nightclub the Empire, and love interest of Robert's Hyde persona. Stephanie Hyam Lily Clarke Carew, a former biochemistry student of Cambridge, also, Lily Carew, granddaughter of the murdered Sir Danvers Carew. Christian McKay Maxwell Utterson, Robert's estate lawyer whose father, Gabriel Utterson, worked for Dr. Henry Jekyll. Ruby Bentall Hilary \"Hils\" Barnstaple, Maxwell's assistant. Donald Sumpter Garson, once Henry Jekyll's assistant/footman, now the bartender of the Empire nightclub. Sinéad Cusack Maggie Hope. Lover of Victorian Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, mother of Louis and grandmother of Robert and Olalla. Wallis Day Olalla Jekyll/Hyde, granddaughter of the Victorian Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, daughter of Louis and twin sister of Robert. Amelia Bullmore Renata Jezequiel, a distant relative of the Jekyll family. Natasha O'Keeffe Fedora, member of Tenebrae and love interest of Dance. Tony Way Cyclops Silas Parnell, member of Tenebrae, minion of Dance and leader of a gang of one-eyed thugs. Dee Tails The Harbinger, a creature. Phil McKee Mr Hannigan, an MIO agent working for Sir Roger Bulstrode. Mark Bonnar Lord Protheroe, head of Daily Truth, harbourer of Fedora and the \"killed\" Dance. David Bark-Jones and Thomas Coombes Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, Robert and Olalla's paternal grandfather and the father of Louis. Production The series was based at 3 Mills Studios and also filmed in Kent – Rochester High Street doubles as the exterior of the Empire music hall and The Guildhall Museum features as the hotel where Dr. Jekyll (Tom Bateman) first lodges when arriving in England. The Historic Dockyard Chatham was used as location for the scenes used for Gravesend Docks, Tenebrae offices and factory and various areas of the site feature as London Streets and markets. Elmley Nature Reserve features in episode three as",
"title": "Jekyll and Hyde (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "2539442",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde is a 1971 British horror film directed by Roy Ward Baker based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. The film was made by British studio Hammer Film Productions and was their third adaptation of the story after The Ugly Duckling and The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll. The film is notable for showing Jekyll transform into a female Hyde; it also incorporates into the plot aspects of the historical Jack the Ripper and Burke and Hare cases. The title characters were played by the film's stars, Ralph Bates and Martine Beswick. Plot Dr. Henry Jekyll dedicates his life to the curing of all known illnesses; however, his lecherous friend Professor Robertson remarks that Jekyll's experiments take so long to actually be discovered, he will no doubt be dead by the time he is able to achieve anything. Haunted by this remark, Jekyll abandons his studies and obsessively begins searching for an elixir of life, using female hormones taken from fresh cadavers supplied by murderers Burke and Hare, reasoning that these hormones will help him to extend his life since women traditionally live longer than men and have stronger systems. In the apartment above Jekyll's lives a family: an elderly mother, her daughter Susan Spencer, and Susan's brother Howard. Susan is attracted to Jekyll, and he returns her affections, but is too obsessed with his work to make advances. Mixing the female hormones into a serum and drinking it has the effect of changing Jekyll's sex. Susan becomes jealous when she discovers this mysterious woman, but when she confronts Jekyll, to explain the sudden appearance of his female alter ego, he calls her Mrs. Edwina Hyde, saying she is his widowed sister who has come to live with him. Howard, on the other hand, develops a lust for Mrs. Hyde. Jekyll soon finds that his serum requires a regular supply of female hormones to maintain its effect, necessitating the killing of young girls. Burke and Hare supply his needs, but their criminal activities are uncovered. Burke is lynched by a mob and Hare blinded by lime. The doctor decides to take matters into his own hands and commits the murders attributed to Jack the Ripper. Jekyll abhors this, but Mrs. Hyde relishes the killings as she begins to take control, even seducing and then killing Professor Robertson when he attempts to question her about the murders. As Mrs. Hyde grows more powerful, the two personalities begin to struggle for dominance. Jekyll asks Susan to the opera; however, when he is getting dressed to go out, he unconsciously takes Mrs. Hyde's gown from the wardrobe instead of his own clothes, realizing that he no longer needs to drink the serum in order to transform. Susan is heartbroken when Jekyll fails to take her out to the opera, and she decides to go alone. However, Mrs. Hyde decides that innocent, pure Susan's blood is just what she needs",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "28278433",
"text": "\"Bubba Hyde\" is a song written by Gene Nelson and Craig Wiseman, and recorded by American country music group Diamond Rio. It was released in February 1995 as the third single from the group's 1994 album Love a Little Stronger. The song reached No. 16 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Content The song is about a mild-mannered grocery store employee, Barney Jekyll, who, on Friday nights, puts on leather boots and an \"Elvis jacket\" and drives a sports car to a honky-tonk, where he goes by the name of \"Bubba Hyde\". The song is a reference to the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. Music video The music video was directed by Deaton-Flanigen Productions and premiered in January 1995. It stars Jm J. Bullock, best-known for playing Monroe Ficus on the sitcom Too Close for Comfort and Prince Valium in Spaceballs, as Barney Jekyll/Bubba Hyde. Chart performance References 1994 songs 1995 singles Diamond Rio songs Songs written by Craig Wiseman Songs written by Gene Nelson (songwriter) Music videos directed by Deaton-Flanigen Productions Arista Nashville singles Works based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Music based on works by Robert Louis Stevenson",
"title": "Bubba Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "32677131",
"text": "Docteur Jekyll et les femmes is a 1981 horror film directed by Walerian Borowczyk. The film is a variation on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and stars Udo Kier, Marina Pierro, Patrick Magee, Howard Vernon, and Gérard Zalcberg. The film, a co-production between France and West Germany, was released in France in 1981 and won an award for Best Feature Film Director at the 1981 Sitges Film Festival for Borowczyk. Plot Fanny Osborne and her mother arrive at the home of Dr. Henry Jekyll to celebrate their engagement. The party is attended by numerous dignitaries, including General Carew and his daughter; Dr Lanyon, a close friend and mentor to Henry who is nonetheless nonplused by Henry's endorsement of \"transcendental science\"; Enfield, Henry's attorney; and the Reverend. After dinner, the daughter of a guest is found raped and murdered in a bedroom. In the ensuing investigation, General Carew kills the Osbornes' coachman, thinking he is the culprit. Then someone finds a broken walking stick that used to belong to Henry; it has been used to beat to death a young girl. Henry informs Enfield that he has named Edward Hyde as his sole heir should he die unexpectedly. When Enfield protests, Henry assures him that Hyde will take care of Fanny and their mothers. When Henry goes to see if he can revive the coachman, an unknown man appears in the Jekyll household and begins to attack the guests. He ties up General Carew and forces him to watch as he ravishes the general's willing daughter, then beheads another guest when he tries to intervene before trapping a young male guest in the attic and raping him. Henry returns and professes embarrassment and horror that his guests have been assaulted and murdered. He barricades himself in his laboratory, unaware that Fanny has also hidden herself there. She watches as Henry plunges into a bath of unknown chemicals and transforms into his alter ego: Edward Hyde. Fanny follows Hyde through the house as he brutalizes the other guests, including forcing Mrs. Jekyll to play the piano until her fingers are numb and killing the Carews with arrows. Seeing Fanny, Hyde tells her that he wants to watch her die, then wounds her with an arrow. But before he can kill her or Mrs. Jekyll, Hyde is interrupted by the gun-wielding Lanyard. He takes Lanyard to Henry's laboratory where he plays him a recording in which Henry pleads with Lanyard to give Hyde a dose of a chemical. Lanyard complies and watches in horror as Hyde transforms into Henry. Lanyard dies of a heart attack. Henry takes the injured Fanny to his laboratory. He explains that he is not a hypocrite: his Jekyll persona is completely sincere in his generosity and humanity, and Hyde is completely sincere in his hatred and refusal to conform to social expectations. Seemingly addicted to Hyde's freedom, Henry prepares another bath. But before he can enter, Fanny immerses herself. She",
"title": "Docteur Jekyll et les femmes"
},
{
"docid": "42829172",
"text": "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is an 1886 Gothic novella by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. It follows Gabriel John Utterson, a London-based legal practitioner who investigates a series of strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr Henry Jekyll, and a murderous criminal named Edward Hyde. Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is one of the most famous pieces of English literature, and is considered to be a defining book of the gothic horror genre. The novella has also had a sizeable impact on popular culture, with the phrase \"Jekyll and Hyde\" being used in vernacular to refer to people with an outwardly good but sometimes shockingly evil nature. Inspiration and writing Stevenson had long been intrigued by the idea of how human personalities can reflect the interplay of good and evil. While still a teenager, he developed a script for a play about William Brodie, which he later reworked with the help of W. E. Henley and which was produced for the first time in 1882. In early 1884, he wrote the short story \"Markheim\", which he revised in 1884 for publication in a Christmas annual. Inspiration may also have come from the writer's friendship with an Edinburgh-based French teacher, Eugene Chantrelle, who was convicted and executed for the murder of his wife in May 1878. Chantrelle, who had appeared to lead a normal life in the city, poisoned his wife with opium. According to author Jeremy Hodges, Stevenson was present throughout the trial and as \"the evidence unfolded he found himself, like Dr Jekyll, 'aghast before the acts of Edward Hyde'.\" Moreover, it was believed that the teacher had committed other murders both in France and Britain by poisoning his victims at supper parties with a \"favourite dish of toasted cheese and opium\". The novella was written in the southern English seaside town of Bournemouth in Dorset, where Stevenson had moved in 1884 to benefit from its sea air and warmer climate. Living then in Bournemouth was the former Reverend Walter Jekyll, younger brother of horticulturalist and landscape designer Gertrude Jekyll, whom Stevenson befriended and from whom he borrowed the name Jekyll. Jekyll was almost certainly homosexual, and having renounced his Anglican vocation, and exiled himself to the Continent for several years, had clearly struggled to find his place in society. Stevenson was friends with other homosexual men, including Horatio Brown, Edmund Gosse, and John Addington Symonds, and the duality of their socially-suppressed selves may have shaped his book. Symonds was shocked by the book, writing to Stevenson that \"viewed as an allegory, it touches one too closely.\" According to his essay \"A Chapter on Dreams\" (Scribner's, Jan. 1888), Stevenson racked his brains for an idea for a story and had a dream, and upon waking had the idea for two or three scenes that would appear in the story Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Biographer Graham Balfour quoted Stevenson's wife, Fanny Stevenson: In the small hours of one morning,[...]",
"title": "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde"
}
] | [
"Mr. Hyde"
] |
train_11832 | the bones of the ears in mammals are homologous to what in lizards | [
{
"docid": "4178541",
"text": "Docodonta is an order of extinct Mesozoic mammaliaforms (advanced cynodonts closely related to true crown-group mammals). They were among the most common mammaliaforms of their time, persisting from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous across the continent of Laurasia (modern-day North America, Europe, and Asia). They are distinguished from other early mammaliaforms by their relatively complex molar teeth. Docodont teeth have been described as \"pseudotribosphenic\": a cusp on the inner half of the upper molar grinds into a basin on the front half of the lower molar, like a mortar-and-pestle. This is a case of convergent evolution with the tribosphenic teeth of therian mammals. There is much uncertainty for how docodont teeth developed from their simpler ancestors. Their closest relatives may have been certain Triassic \"symmetrodonts\", namely Woutersia, Delsatia, and Tikitherium. For much of their history of study, docodont fossils were represented by isolated teeth and jaws. The first docodont known from decent remains was Haldanodon, from the Guimarota site of Portugal. Recently, exceptionally preserved skeletons have been discovered in the Tiaojishan Formation of China. Chinese docodonts include otter-like, mole-like, and squirrel-like species, hinting at impressive ecological diversity within the group. Many docodonts have muscular limbs and broad tail vertebrae, adaptations for burrowing or swimming. Like true mammals, docodonts have hair, a saddle-shaped hyoid apparatus, and reduced postdentary jaw bones which are beginning to develop into middle ear ossicles. On the other hand, the postdentary bones are still attached to the jaw and skull, the nostrils have yet to fuse, and in most species the spine's thoracic-lumbar transition is rather subdued. Description Skeletal traits Jaw and ear Docodonts have a long and low mandible (lower jaw), formed primarily by the tooth-bearing dentary bone. The dentary connects to the cranium via a joint with the squamosal, a connection which is strengthened relative to earlier mammaliaforms. The other bones in the jaw, known as postdentary elements, are still connected to the dentary and lie within a groove (the postdentary trough) in the rear part of the dentary's inner edge. Nevertheless, they are very slender, hosting hooked prongs which start to converge towards an oval-shaped area immediately behind the dentary. The ecotympanic bone, also known as the angular, fits into a deep slot on the dentary which opens backwards, a characteristic unique to docodonts. The malleus (also known as the articular) sends down a particularly well-developed prong known as the manubrium, which is sensitive to vibrations. The incus (also known as the quadrate) is still relatively large and rests against the petrosal bone of the braincase, a remnant of a pre-mammalian style jaw joint. In true mammals, the postdentary elements detach fully and shrink further, becoming the ossicles of the middle ear and embracing a circular eardrum. Cranium and throat Docodont skulls are generally fairly low, and in general form are similar to other early mammliaforms such as morganucodonts. The snout is long and has several plesiomorphic traits: the paired nares (bony nostril holes) are small and separate, and their rear edge",
"title": "Docodonta"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "15647771",
"text": "In human anatomy, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, or brain-pan, is the upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain. In the human skull, the neurocranium includes the calvaria or skullcap. The remainder of the skull is the facial skeleton. In comparative anatomy, neurocranium is sometimes used synonymously with endocranium or chondrocranium. Structure The neurocranium is divided into two portions: the membranous part, consisting of flat bones, which surround the brain; and the cartilaginous part, or chondrocranium, which forms bones of the base of the skull. In humans, the neurocranium is usually considered to include the following eight bones: 1 ethmoid bone 1 frontal bone 1 occipital bone 2 parietal bones 1 sphenoid bone 2 temporal bones The ossicles (three on each side) are usually not included as bones of the neurocranium. There may variably also be extra sutural bones present. Below the neurocranium is a complex of openings (foramina) and bones, including the foramen magnum which houses the neural spine. The auditory bullae, located in the same region, aid in hearing. The size of the neurocranium is variable among mammals. The roof may contain ridges such as the temporal crests. Development The neurocranium arises from paraxial mesoderm. There is also some contribution of ectomesenchyme. In Chondrichthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates this portion of the cranium does not ossify; it is not replaced via endochondral ossification. Other animals The neurocranium is formed by the combination of the endocranium, the lower portions of the cranial vault, and the skull roof. Through the course of evolution, the human neurocranium has expanded from comprising the back part of the mammalian skull to being also the upper part: during the evolutionary expansion of the brain, the neurocranium has overgrown the splanchnocranium. The upper-frontmost part of the cranium also houses the evolutionarily newest part of the mammal brain, the frontal lobes. In other vertebrates, the foramen magnum is oriented towards the back, rather than downwards. The braincase contains a greater number of bones, most of which are endochondral rather than dermal: The singular basioccipital is the rear lower part of the braincase, below the foramen magnum. It is homologous to the basilar part of the occipital bone. In the ancestral tetrapod, the basioccipital makes up most of a large central knob-like surface, the occipital condyle, which articulates with the vertebrae as a ball-and-socket joint. This plesiomorphic (\"primitive\") state is retained by modern reptiles and birds. The underside of the basioccipital may have a pair of large projections which act as neck muscle attachments: the basitubera (also known as basioccipital tubera or basal tubera) The paired exoccipitals (singular: exoccipital) are visible at the rear of the braincase, adjacent to the foramen magnum and above the basioccipital. They are homologous to the lateral parts of the occipital bone. Modern amphibians and mammals have independently acquired inflated exoccipitals, acting as paired occipital condyles while the basioccipital is reduced and loses its connection to the vertebrae. The singular supraoccipital",
"title": "Neurocranium"
},
{
"docid": "8240371",
"text": "A neck frill is the relatively extensive margin seen on the back of the heads of reptiles with either a bony support such as those present on the skulls of dinosaurs of the suborder Marginocephalia or a cartilaginous one as in the frill-necked lizard. In technical terms, the bone-supported frill is composed of an enlarged parietal bone flanked by elongated squamosals and sometimes ringed by epoccipitals, bony knobs that gave the margin a jagged appearance. In the early 1900s, the parietal bone was known among paleontologists as the dermosupraoccipital. The feature is now referred to as the parietosquamosal frill. In some genera, such as Triceratops, Pentaceratops, Centrosaurus and Torosaurus, this extension is very large. Despite the neck frill predominantly being made of hard bone, some neck frills are made of skin, as is the case with the frill-necked lizard of today that resides in Australia. The use of the neck frill in dinosaurs is uncertain; it may have been used for thermoregulation or simply as a defense mechanism. Indeed, during battles for territory, competing Triceratops crashed heads together with their elongated horns and the neck frill may have been employed as a kind of shield, protecting the rest of the animal from harm. Usage of the neck frill in modern reptiles is better documented. Two chief and disparate examples are the horned lizards (genus Phrynosoma) with a bony frill, and the frill-necked lizard (genus Chlamydosaurus) with a cartilaginous frill. The frill-necked lizard's frill is mainly made up of flaps of skin, which are usually coloured pink, supported by cartilaginous spines. Frill-necked lizards puff out these neck frills on either side of its head when threatened. The lizards often raise their frills when battling for territory or when coming into contact with another lizard, especially during mating season. Acoustic measurements from the frill-necked lizard suggest that the frill does not affect binaural hearing for localization but may increase gain for sounds from directly in front of the lizard. Numerous other animals of both modern and prehistoric times use both skin or bone protrusions to make themselves seem more threatening, attract mates or to thermoregulate. Examples of these are the usage of dewlaps and crests in lizards, dinosaurs and birds. The unusual red-fan parrot has a feathery neck frill which is used for display purposes. See also Armour (zoology) Crest Dewlap References Weldon Owen Pty Ltd. (1993). Encyclopedia of animals - Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians. Reader's Digest Association, Inc. . Reptile anatomy Dinosaur anatomy",
"title": "Neck frill"
},
{
"docid": "13314227",
"text": "The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary process that resulted in the formation of the bones of the mammalian middle ear. These bones, or ossicles, are a defining characteristic of all mammals. The event is well-documented and important as a demonstration of transitional forms and exaptation, the re-purposing of existing structures during evolution. The ossicles evolved from skull bones present in most tetrapods, including the reptilian lineage. The reptilian quadrate bone, articular bone, and columella evolved into the mammalian incus, malleus, and stapes (anvil, hammer, and stirrup), respectively. In reptiles, the eardrum is connected to the inner ear via a single bone, the columella, while the upper and lower jaws contain several bones not found in mammals. Over the course of the evolution of mammals, one bone from the lower and one from the upper jaw (the articular and quadrate bones) lost their function in the jaw joint and migrated to the middle ear. The shortened columella connected to these bones within the middle ear to form a chain of three bones, the ossicles, which serve to effectively transmit air-based vibrations and facilitate more acute hearing. History Following on the ideas of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1818), and studies by Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger (1820), Carl Gustav Carus (1818), Martin Rathke (1825), and Karl Ernst von Baer (1828), the relationship between the reptilian jaw bones and mammalian middle-ear bones was first established on the basis of embryology and comparative anatomy by Karl Bogislaus Reichert (in 1837, before the publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859). These ideas were advanced by Ernst Gaupp, and are now known as the Reichert–Gaupp theory. The discovery of the link in homology between the reptilian jaw joint and mammalian malleus and incus is considered an important milestone in the history of comparative anatomy. Work on extinct theromorphs by Owen (1845), and continued by Seeley, Broom, and Watson, was pivotal in discovering the intermediate steps to this change. The transition between the \"reptilian\" jaw and the \"mammalian\" middle ear was not bridged in the fossil record until the 1950s with the elaboration of such fossils as the now-famous Morganucodon. During embryonic development, the incus and malleus arise from the same first pharyngeal arch as the mandible and maxilla, and are served by mandibular and maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. Recent genetic studies are able to relate the development of the ossicles from the embryonic arch to hypothesized evolutionary history. Bapx1, also known as Nkx3.2 (a member of the NK2 class of homeobox genes), is implicated in the change from the jaw bones of non-mammals to the ossicles of mammals. Other implicated genes include the Dlx genes, Prx genes, and Wnt genes. Defining characteristic of mammals Living mammal species can be identified by the presence in females of mammary glands which produce milk. Other features are required when classifying fossils, since mammary glands and other soft-tissue features are not visible in fossils. Paleontologists therefore use the ossicles as distinguishing bony features shared",
"title": "Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles"
},
{
"docid": "15648747",
"text": "The splanchnocranium (or visceral skeleton) is the portion of the cranium that is derived from pharyngeal arches. Splanchno indicates to the gut because the face forms around the mouth, which is an end of the gut. The splanchnocranium consists of cartilage and endochondral bone. In mammals, the splanchnocranium comprises the three ear ossicles (i.e., incus, malleus, and stapes), as well as the alisphenoid, the styloid process, the hyoid apparatus, and the thyroid cartilage. In other tetrapods, such as amphibians and reptiles, homologous bones to those of mammals, such as the quadrate, articular, columella, and entoglossus are part of the splanchnocranium. See also Dermatocranium Endocranium Neurocranium References Human anatomy Vertebrate anatomy",
"title": "Splanchnocranium"
},
{
"docid": "838993",
"text": "The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as ancestral mammals. Anatomy In most vertebrates, the articular bone is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular. Developmentally, it originates from the embryonic mandibular cartilage. The most caudal portion of the mandibular cartilage ossifies to form the articular bone, while the remainder of the mandibular cartilage either remains cartilaginous or disappears. In snakes In snakes, the articular, surangular, and prearticular bones have fused to form the compound bone. The mandible is suspended from the quadrate bone and articulates at this compound bone. Function In amphibians and reptiles In most tetrapods, the articular bone forms the lower portion of the jaw joint. The upper jaw articulates at the quadrate bone. In mammals In mammals, the articular bone evolves to form the malleus, one of the mammalian ossicles of the middle ear. This is an apomorphy of the mammalian clade, and is used to determine the fossil transition to mammals. It is analogous to, but not homologous to the articular process of the lower jaw. After the loss of the quadrate-articular joint, the squamosal and dentary bones form the new jaw joint in mammals. See also Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles References Bones of the head and neck Vertebrate anatomy",
"title": "Articular bone"
},
{
"docid": "36690124",
"text": "Varanus marathonensis, the Samos dragon, is an extinct species of monitor lizard from the middle to late Miocene of Greece and Spain, known from several specimens. A specimen consisting of a partial skull and several vertebrae was named Varanus amnhophilis in 2012 and placed in its own subgenus, Varaneades, but a 2018 study found it to be a junior synonym of Varanus marathonensis. Comparisons with other species of monitor lizards put its size between in length. The fossil was found in the Turolian-age Mytilini Formation on the island of Samos and is currently housed in the American Museum of Natural History. Discovery and naming Varanus marathonensis is known from several specimens. One specimen from Cerro de los Batallones, Spain, is currently the most complete fossil of any Varanus species yet discovered. The specimen \"V. amnhophilis\" is known from several bone fragments, including the right side of the braincase, a right quadrate bone, part of the palate and skull roof, the right coronoid process and glenoid region of the lower jaw, a piece of the clavicle, and five vertebrae. These bones were found by American paleontologist Barnum Brown, who stored it in the mammal collections of the American Museum of Natural History. The specimen was not identified as a reptile until 2009. Mammal paleontologist Nikos Solounias, who has worked extensively on Samos Island fossils, then brought the fossil to the attention of Carl Mehling. Mehling removed the specimen from the fossil mammal collection and cataloged it as AMNH FR (fossil reptile) 30630. The specimen was described in 2012 as a new species of Varanus, and was placed in a new subgenus called Varaneades. The species name amnhophilis means 'lover of lamb', from the Greek (, 'lamb') and (, 'a lover of'), as a reference to the diet of the largest living monitor lizards, which often includes sheep-sized (and larger) mammals. The subgenus name Varaneades comes from the genus name Varanus and the Neades, mythical nymphs from Samos. A subsequent study in 2018, however, found V. amnhophilis to be a junior synonym of V. marathonensis. Description Size The body length of AMNH FR 30630 was estimated by comparing the length of the braincase and an individual vertebra with their lengths in living species of monitor lizards. The ratios of braincase length to postcranial length and dorsal (back) vertebra length to postcranial length are very similar for many monitor species, and were used to estimate the postcranial length of V. amnhophilis. The first ratio gave an estimated postcranial length of about and the second gave a length of about . References Varanus Fossil taxa described in 1888",
"title": "Varanus marathonensis"
},
{
"docid": "38543136",
"text": "Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 5 is a gene that encodes a membrane protein thought to play a role in bone mineralization. Genomics The gene is located on the short arm of the Crick strand of chromosome 11 (11p15.5). It is located with a cluster of interferon inducible genes but is itself not interferon inducible. The gene is 1,327 bases in length and encodes a protein of 132 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 14378 daltons. Expression in adults is bone specific and highest in osteoblasts. The homolog in the mouse is located on chromosome 7. A homolog is also known to be present in lizards. Evolution The gene first appeared in bony fish and its bone specific expression appears to be limited to therian mammals. Biochemistry The protein has two transmembrane domains. It associates with FK506 binding protein 11. Clinical Mutations in the gene are associated with osteogenesis imperfecta type 5. References __notoc__ Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue Skeletal disorders Collagen disease",
"title": "Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 5"
},
{
"docid": "146146",
"text": "Pakicetidae (\"Pakistani whales\") is an extinct family of Archaeoceti (early whales) that lived during the Early Eocene in Pakistan. Description described the first pakicetid, Ichthyolestes, but at the time they did not recognize it as a cetacean, identifying it, instead, it as a fish-eating mesonychid. Robert West was the first to identify pakicetids as cetaceans in 1980 and, after discovering a braincase, Phillip Gingerich and Donald Russell described the genus Pakicetus in 1981. On October 26, 2016, a publication represented the idea that the emergence of cetacea in the Paleogene presents the best idea of microevolution that resulted in the phenotype of pakicetid. During the following two decades, more research resulted in additional pakicetid cranial material and by 2001 postcranial material for the family had been described. Though all parts of pakicetid postcrania are known, no complete skeleton from a single individual has been recovered. The pakicetid goldmine is the \"H-GSP Locality 62\" site in the Kala Chitta Hills where fossils from all three genera have been found. However, this site is so littered with bones that identifying bones from a single individual is impossible, and pakicetid skeletons are consequently composites of bones from several individuals. Pakicetids have been found in or near river deposits in northern Pakistan and northwestern India, a region which was probably arid with only temporary streams when these animals lived there. No pakicetids have been found in marine deposits, and they were apparently terrestrial or freshwater animals. Their long limbs and small hands and feet also indicate they were poor swimmers. Their bones are heavy and compact and were probably used as ballast; they clearly indicate pakicetids were not fast runners notwithstanding their otherwise cursorial morphology. Most likely, pakicetids lived in or near bodies of freshwater and their diet could have included both land animals and aquatic organisms. During the Eocene, Pakistan was an island-continent off the coastal region of the Eurasian land mass and therefore an ideal habitat for the evolution, and diversification of the Pakicetids. Hearing Pakicetid ears had an external auditory meatus and ear ossicles (i.e. incus, malleus, tympanic ring, etcetera) similar to those in living land mammals and most likely used normal land mammal hearing in air. In the pakicetid mandible, the mandibular foramen is small and comparable in size to those of extant land mammals and the acoustic mandibular fat pad characteristic of later whales was obviously not present. The lateral wall of the mandible is also relatively thick in pakicetids, further preventing sound transmission through the jaw. The tympanic bulla in pakicetid ears is similar to those in all cetaceans, with a relatively thin lateral wall and thickened medial part known as the involucrum. However, in contrast to later cetaceans, the tympanic bone makes contact with the periotic bone which is firmly attached to the skull leaving no space for isolating air sinuses, effectively preventing directional hearing in water. Pakicetids most likely used bone conduction for hearing in water. Locomotion Interpretations of pakicetid habitat and locomotion behaviour varies considerably:",
"title": "Pakicetidae"
},
{
"docid": "12491594",
"text": "Zhongyuansaurus (meaning “Zhongyuan lizard”) is a monospecific genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur from Henan that lived during the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian, ~125.0-100.5 Ma) in what is now the Haoling Formation. Zhongyuansaurus is possibly a junior synonym of Gobisaurus, a basal ankylosaurid from the Ulansuhai Formation of Inner Mongolia. Discovery and naming The type species, Zhongyuansaurus luoyangensis, was named and described in 2007 by Xu and colleagues. The holotype specimen of Zhongyuansaurus, HGM 41HIII-0002, consists of a nearly complete skull, fragments of the lower jaw, a cervical neural spine, dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, posterior caudal centra, fused distal caudals, ribs, a humerus, both ischia, a pubis, and osteoderms. The specimen was obtained from the Haoling Formation of the Henan Province, Ruyang County. The specimen is currently housed at the Henan Province Geological Museum in China. The generic name, Zhongyuansaurus, is derived from “Zhongyuan”, after the area south of Yellow River area, and the Greek word “sauros” (lizard). The specific name, luoyangensis, refers to the Luoyang area where the holotype was found. In 2015, Victoria Arbour and Phillip J. Currie considered Zhongyuansaurus a junior synonym of Gobisaurus domoculus. The synonymization of Zhongyuansaurus is based on the holotype having all the diagnosable characteristics of Gobisaurus, except for features that cannot be assessed because of damage, like having vomers with elongated premaxillary processes. Description Zhongyuansaurus, like other ankylosaurids, had numerous osteoderms that would have been embedded in the dermis of the skin. Xu et al., 2007 recognised eight different sets of osteoderms pertaining to the holotype specimen. These osteoderms include: A large, thin irregular quadrangle osteoderms that may have been located on the front portion of the back; large, thick, irregular quadrangle osteoderms that had a flat surface, and front edges that extend considerably downwards; circular osteoderms that have an off centred keel on the outer surface; asymmetrical circular osteoderms that have a well developed keel on the outer surface; small circular osteoderms that have irregular grooves and no ridges on the outer surface; hollow cone osteoderms that have an irregular grooved sculpture on the outer surface; kidney shaped osteoderms that have the sides folded upwards and one edge being thicker than the other; ridge shaped osteoderms that have an irregular grooved sculpture on the outer surface. As noted by Xu et al., an arrow-shaped bone with a pointed end was found near the region of the nasal. The authors interpreted it as a nasal horn homologous to other osteoderms that would have protruded from the nasal bone on an angle without being fused to the bone, a feature not seen in any ankylosaur. The authors suggested that the nasal horn may have been used for intraspecific and interspecific combat. The tail club of Zhongyuansaurus only preserves the “handle” and no “knob” osteoderms. The holotype preserves the terminal caudal vertebrae, so the absence of the “knob” osteoderms is not because the distal end of the tail is missing. Although the holotype specimen represents an immature individual based on cranial sutures, ontogeny does not seem to",
"title": "Zhongyuansaurus"
},
{
"docid": "511308",
"text": "The quadrate bone is a skull bone in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids. In most tetrapods, the quadrate bone connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal bones in the skull, and forms upper part of the jaw joint. The lower jaw articulates at the articular bone, located at the rear end of the lower jaw. The quadrate bone forms the lower jaw articulation in all classes except mammals. Evolutionarily, it is derived from the hindmost part of the primitive cartilaginous upper jaw. Function in reptiles In certain extinct reptiles, the variation and stability of the morphology of the quadrate bone has helped paleontologists in the species-level taxonomy and identification of mosasaur squamates and spinosaurine dinosaurs. In some lizards and dinosaurs, the quadrate is articulated at both ends and movable. In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very mobile, and contributes greatly to their ability to swallow very large prey items. Function in mammals In mammals, the articular and quadrate bones have migrated to the middle ear and are known as the malleus and incus. Along with the stapes, which is homologous to some reptilian and amphibian columellae, these are known as the ossicles and are a defining characteristic of mammals. Development In pig embryos, the mandible ossifies on the side of Meckel's cartilage, while the posterior part of that cartilage is ossified into the incus. In later development, this portion detaches from the rest of the cartilage and migrates into the middle ear. References External links Skull",
"title": "Quadrate bone"
},
{
"docid": "5337795",
"text": "The squamosal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In fishes, it is also called the pterotic bone. In most tetrapods, the squamosal and quadratojugal bones form the cheek series of the skull. The bone forms an ancestral component of the dermal roof and is typically thin compared to other skull bones. The squamosal bone lies ventral to the temporal series and otic notch, and is bordered anteriorly by the postorbital. Posteriorly, the squamosal articulates with the quadrate and pterygoid bones. The squamosal is bordered anteroventrally by the jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal. Function in reptiles In reptiles, the quadrate and articular bones of the skull articulate to form the jaw joint. The squamosal bone lies anterior to the quadrate bone. Anatomy in synapsids Non-mammalian synapsids In non-mammalian synapsids, the jaw is composed of four bony elements and referred to as a quadro-articular jaw because the joint is between the articular and quadrate bones. In therapsids (advanced synapsids including mammal), the jaw is simplified into an articulation between the dentary and the squamous part of the temporal bone, and hence referred to as a dentary-squamosal jaw. Mammals In many mammals, including humans, the squamosal fuses with the periotic bone and the auditory bulla to form the temporal bone, then referred to as the squama temporalis. In mammals, the quadrate bone evolves to form the incus, one of the ossicles of the mammalian ear. Similarly, the articular bone evolves to form the malleus. The squamosal bone migrates and lengthens to become a new point of articulation with the lower jaw (at the dentary bone). References Skull Vertebrate anatomy",
"title": "Squamosal bone"
},
{
"docid": "838991",
"text": "The quadratojugal is a skull bone present in many vertebrates, including some living reptiles and amphibians. Anatomy and function In animals with a quadratojugal bone, it is typically found connected to the jugal (cheek) bone from the front and the squamosal bone from above. It is usually positioned at the rear lower corner of the cranium. Many modern tetrapods lack a quadratojugal bone as it has been lost or fused to other bones. Modern examples of tetrapods without a quadratojugal include salamanders, mammals, birds, and squamates (lizards and snakes). In tetrapods with a quadratojugal bone, it often forms a portion of the jaw joint. Developmentally, the quadratojugal bone is a dermal bone in the temporal series, forming the original braincase. The squamosal and quadratojugal bones together form the cheek region and may provide muscular attachments for facial muscles. In reptiles and amphibians In most modern reptiles and amphibians, the quadratojugal is a prominent, straplike bone in the skull and provides structural integrity in the postorbital region of the skull. In many reptiles, the inner face of the quadratojugal also connects to the quadrate bone which forms the cranium's contribution to the jaw joint. Early in their evolution, diapsid reptiles evolved a lower temporal bar which was composed of the quadratojugal and jugal. The lower temporal bar forms the lower border of the infratemporal fenestra, one of two holes in the side of the head and a hallmark of a diapsidan skull. However, many diapsids, including modern squamates (lizards and snakes), have lost the lower temporal bar. Crocodilians and rhynchocephalians (the latter represented solely by the tuatara, Sphenodon) retain a quadratojugal. Turtles also seem to possess a quadratojugal. Among living amphibians, a quadratojugal is known to be present in some frogs and caecilians. However, it is notably absent in salamanders. In birds In modern birds, the quadratojugal bone is a thin and rodlike element of the skull. Upon ossification, the jugal and quadratojugal bones fuse to form the jugal bar, which is homologous to the lower temporal bar of other diapsids. The sections of the jugal bar derived from the jugal and quadratojugal articulate with the postorbital and squamosal bones, respectively. This facilitates cranial kinesis, by allowing the quadrate bone to rotate during opening of the upper jaw. In mammals Advanced cynodonts, including the mammaliaforms, have lost the quadratojugal, with the diminutive quadrate connecting to the stapes to function as a hearing structure. In modern mammals, the quadrate bone evolves to become the incus, one of the ossicles of the middle ear. This is an apomorphy of the mammalian clade, and is used to identify the fossil transition to mammals. Evolution Origin The quadratojugal likely originated within the clade Sarcopterygii, which includes tetrapods and lobe-finned fish. Although a tiny bone similar in position to the quadratojugal has been observed in the placoderm Entelognathus and some early actinopterygiians (Mimipiscis, Cheirolepis), it is unclear whether this bone was homologous to the quadratojugal. A quadratojugal is absent in actinians (coelacanths) and onychodonts, but it",
"title": "Quadratojugal bone"
},
{
"docid": "64485669",
"text": "Bocaconodon (meaning \"La Boca conical tooth\") is an early mammaliaform genus that lived during the Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) of Mexico. The type and only species, Bocaconodon tamaulipensis (referring to Tamaulipas, where the holotype was found), was named and described in 2008. It is known from a single specimen, a partial right dentary bone preserving two nearly complete molar teeth and the rear portion of a third molar. The specimen was found at the Huizachal Canyon locality, \"a Pliensbachian floodplain siltstone in the La Boca Formation\". Description The only known specimen of Bocaconodon (IGM 6617) is a partial right dentary bone, which preserves most of the last two molar teeth and the rear portion of a third molar. The preserved part of the dentary was quite thin from top to bottom, with the thinnest part being beneath the last molar. Behind the tooth row there was a facet that may have housed the coronoid bone. At the rear end of the dentary, there was a depression known as the postdentary trough, where the postdentary bones (homologous to some of the middle ear bones of modern mammals) would have been attached. Since the postdentary bones were attached to the dentary, Bocaconodon may have retained the primitive quadrate-articular jaw joint found in most non-mammalian synapsids, in addition to the newer dentary-squamosal joint found in mammals and other mammaliaforms. The molars had a \"triconodont\" shape, with three main cusps aligned in a straight line. In both of the well-preserved teeth, the middle cusp (cusp a) was the largest, the cusp behind it (cusp c) was smaller, and the front cusp (cusp b) was smaller still. Cusp a had an asymmetrical, backwards-curved shape, while cusps b and c were more symmetrical. Cusp b pointed upwards while cusp c was more backwards-pointing. Behind cusp c there was another, smaller cusp (cusp d). The molars bore a narrow ridge on the lingual (inner) side known as the cingulum. The lingual cingulum differed from those of most morganucodonts in lacking any distinct cusps. Classification The phylogenetic position of Bocaconodon within mammaliaforms is shown in the cladogram below: References Mammaliaformes Pliensbachian life Jurassic synapsids Jurassic Mexico Fossils of Mexico Fossil taxa described in 2008 Taxa named by James Hopson Taxa named by James M. Clark",
"title": "Bocaconodon"
},
{
"docid": "49358033",
"text": "Chromosome 16 open reading frame 95 (C16orf95) is a gene which in humans encodes the protein C16orf95. It has orthologs in mammals, and is expressed at a low level in many tissues. C16orf95 evolves quickly compared to other proteins. Gene C16orf95 is a Homo sapiens gene oriented on the minus strand of chromosome 16. It is located on the cytogenic band 16q24.2 and spans 14.62 kilobases. The gene contains 6 introns and 7 exons. Homology Paralogs There are no known paralogs of C16orf95. Orthologs Orthologs of C16orf95 exist only in mammals (identified with BLAST). The most distant orthologs are found in opossums and Tasmanian devils. mRNA Alternative splicing There are three splice variants of C16orf95. The longest transcript contains 1156 base pairs and 7 exons. Compared to variant 1, the second transcript variant lacks exons 4 and 5. This alternative splicing results in a frameshift of the 3' coding region, and a shorter, unique C-terminus. The third transcript variant lacks exons 4 and 5, and uses an alternate 5' exon and start codon. The resulting peptide has unique N- and C-termini compared to variant 1. Secondary structure The 3' untranslated region of the C16orf95 mRNA contains binding sites for KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 3 (KHDRBS3) within an internal loop structure. KHDRBS3 regulates mRNA splicing and may act as a negative regulator of cell growth. Expression The expression of C16orf95 is not well characterized. However, it has been detected at low levels in the following tissue types: bone, brain, ear, eye, intestine, kidney, lung, lymph nodes, prostate, testes, tonsils, skin, and uterus. Protein Structure Primary The longest isoform of the C16orf95 protein has 239 amino acids. It has a conserved domain of unknown function spanning residues 76 to 239. C16orf95 has a calculated molecular weight of 26.5 kDa, and a predicted isoelectric point of 9.8. Compared to other human proteins, C16orf95 has more cysteine, arginine, and glutamine residues. It has fewer aspartate, glutamate, and asparagine. The high ratio of basic to acidic amino acids contributes to the protein's higher isoelectric point. Secondary C16orf95 is predicted to have several alpha-helices in its C-terminus. This is true for the human and mouse proteins. The N-terminus does not have significant cross-program consensus for secondary structure. Post-translational modifications The tools available at ExPASy were used to predict post-translational modification sites on C16orf95. The following modifications are predicted: palmitoylation, phosphorylation, and O-linked glycosylation. Bolded residues in the table indicate sites that are conserved in more than one species. Evolution C16orf95 has a large number of amino acid changes over time, indicating it is a quickly evolving protein. Interacting proteins There are no proteins known to interact with C16orf95. Clinical significance Deletions of C16orf95 have been associated with hydronephrosis, microcephaly, distichiasis, vesicoureteral reflux, and intellectual impairment. However, the deletions included coding regions of the following genes: F-box Protein 31 (FBXO31), Microtubule-Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3 Beta (MAP1LC3B), and Zinc Finger CCHC Type 14 (ZCCHC14). The contributions of each of these genes to the observed",
"title": "C16orf95"
},
{
"docid": "33038370",
"text": "Bahndwivici is an extinct genus of lizard known from a nearly complete and articulated skeleton discovered in rocks of the Green River Formation of Wyoming, United States. The skeleton is very similar to that of the modern Chinese crocodile lizard, Shinisaurus. Description Bahndwicivi is based on FMNH PR2260, a skeleton collected from the Thompson Ranch Locality of the Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation. It was described in 2006 by Jack Conrad. The type species is B. ammoskius. The genus name means \"handsome in the water\" in Shoshoni, a reference both to the animal's possible semiaquatic lifestyle and to the Shoshone people who once lived in the area. The specific name is a combination of the Ancient Greek words for sandy (ammos) and shade (skia), referring to its habitat. FMNH PR2260 is more or less complete, primarily lacking some bones from the rear of the skull. The skeleton is well-articulated, with numerous rows of osteoderms remaining in place beneath the tail, but is somewhat flattened. The animal appears to have been an adult when it died. It differs from Shinisaurus in a few details. For example, FMNH PR2260 had a proportionally longer snout and an additional tooth in the upper jaw, and its postorbital and postfrontal bones were not fused. Paleoecology Bahndwivici is one of several lizards known from the Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation. This rock unit represents part of Fossil Lake, the smallest and shortest-lived of three prehistoric lake systems that make up the Green River Formation. The lake sediments include a volcanic ash dating to 51.66 million years ago, during the Early Eocene. Fossils are abundant in the rocks of Fossil Lake, and illustrate a diverse assemblage of plants, bivalves, snails, crustaceans, insects, rays, bony fish, salamanders, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, birds, and mammals. References External links Bahndwivici in the Paleobiology Database Eocene reptiles of North America Lizard genera Eocene lizards Eocene United States Prehistoric reptile genera Fossil taxa described in 2006",
"title": "Bahndwivici"
},
{
"docid": "1066212",
"text": "A scute () or scutum (Latin: scutum; plural: scuta \"shield\") is a bony external plate or scale overlaid with horn, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodilians, and the feet of birds. The term is also used to describe the anterior portion of the mesonotum in insects as well as some arachnids (e.g., the family Ixodidae, the scale ticks). Properties Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of lizards and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface . Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer that is superficially similar to that of scales. Scutes will usually not overlap as snake scales (but see the pangolin). The outer keratin layer is shed piecemeal, and not in one continuous layer of skin as seen in snakes or lizards. The dermal base may contain bone and produce dermal armour. Scutes with a bony base are properly called osteoderms. Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles. The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct Glyptodon, and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fishes, such as sturgeons, shad, herring, and menhaden. Mammals Prehistoric ancestors of mammals, the synapsids, are thought to have scutes which were later reduced and replaced by hair. Excluding the attachment surface of fingernails, armoured scutes or scales are almost never seen in modern mammals. The horny scales of pangolins are only rarely called scutes, but \"scute\" is used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo. Turtles The turtle's shell is covered by scutes formed mostly of keratin. They are built similarly to horn, beak, or nail in other species. Fish Some fish, such as pineconefish, are completely or partially covered in scutes. River herrings and threadfins have an abdominal row of scutes, which are scales with raised, sharp points that are used for protection. Some jacks have a row of scutes following the lateral line on either side. Sturgeon have five rows of scutes instead of scales. Birds The tarsometatarsus and toes of most birds are covered in two types of scales. Large scutes run along the dorsal side of the tarsometatarsus and toes, whereas smaller scutellae run along the sides. Both structures share histochemical homology with reptilian scales; however, work on their evolutionary development has revealed that the scales in bird feet have secondarily evolved via suppression of the feather-building genetic program. Unblocking the feather suppression program results in feathers growing in place of scales along the tarsometatarsus and toes. Dinosaur species very close to the origin of birds have been shown to have had \"hind wings\" made of feathers growing from these areas, suggesting that the acquisition",
"title": "Scute"
},
{
"docid": "18432512",
"text": "NK3 homeobox 2 also known as NKX3-2 is a human gene. It is a homolog of bagpipe (bap) in Drosophila and therefore also known as Bapx1 (bagpipe homeobox homolog 1). The protein encoded by this gene is a homeodomain containing transcription factor. Function NKX3-2 plays a role in the development of the axial and limb skeleton. Mutations disrupting the function of this gene are associated with spondylo-megaepiphyseal-metaphyseal dysplasia (SMMD). Nkx3-2 in mice also regulates patterning in the middle ear. Two small bones in the middle ear, the malleus and incus, are homologous to the articular and quadrate, the bones of the proximal jaw joint in fish and other non-mammalian jawed vertebrates. NKX3-2 expression is required to pattern the articulated joint between these jaw bones, as knockdowns or knockouts of this gene result in the loss of the jaw joint in zebrafish, chicken, and amphibians. Overexpression of this gene results in the development of ectopic mandibular cartilages in zebrafish and amphibians. References Further reading External links Transcription factors",
"title": "NKX3-2"
},
{
"docid": "6373564",
"text": "Anteosaurus (meaning \"Antaeus reptile\") is an extinct genus of large carnivorous dinocephalian synapsid. It lived at the end of the Guadalupian (= Middle Permian) during the Capitanian stage, about 265 to 260 million years ago in what is now South Africa. It is mainly known by cranial remains and few postcranial bones. Measuring long and weighing about , Anteosaurus was the largest known carnivorous non-mammalian synapsid and the largest terrestrial predator of the Permian period. Occupying the top of the food chain in the Middle Permian, its skull, jaws and teeth show adaptations to capture large prey like the giants titanosuchids and tapinocephalids dinocephalians and large pareiasaurs. As in many other dinocephalians the cranial bones of Anteosaurus are pachyostosed, but to a lesser extent than in tapinocephalid dinocephalians. In Anteosaurus, pachyostosis mainly occurs in the form of horn-shaped supraorbital protuberances. According to some paleontologists this structure would be implicated in intraspecific agonistic behaviour, including head-pushing probably during the mating season. On the contrary, other scientists believe that this pachyostosis served to reduce cranial stress on the bones of the skull when biting massive prey. Young Anteosaurus started their life with fairly narrow and lean skulls, and as it grew up bones of the skull became progressively thickened (process known as pachyostosis), creating the characteristic robust skull roof of Anteosaurus. The study of its inner ear revealed that Anteosaurus was a largely terrestrial, agile predator with highly advanced senses of vision, balance and coordination. It was also very fast and would have been able to outrun competitors and prey alike thanks to its advanced adaptations. Its body was well-suited to projecting itself forward, both in hunting and evidently in head-butting. Anteosaurus and all other dinocephalians became extinct about 260 million years ago in a mass extinction at the end of the Capitanian in which the large Bradysaurian pareiasaurs also disappeared. The reasons of this extinction are obscure, although some research have shown a temporal association between the extinction of dinocephalian and an important volcanism event in China (known as the Emeishan Traps). Etymology Some confusion surrounds the etymology of the name Anteosaurus. It is often translated as meaning \"before lizard\", \"previous lizard\" or \"primitive lizard\", from the Latin prefix ante which means \"before\". The zoologist and paleontologist David Meredith Seares Watson gave no explanation when he named Anteosaurus in 1921. According to Ben Creisler, the prefix does not come from the Latin ante, but would refer to a Giant of the Greek mythology, Antaios, which once Latinized give Antaeus or more rarely Anteus. The type specimen of Anteosaurus is an incomplete skull that Watson had initially classified in the genus Titanosuchus, named after the Titans of the Greek mythology. Once this specimen recognized as belonging to a different genus, the name dedicated to Antaeus established another connection with a giant of Greek mythology. Description Size Anteosaurus is one of the largest known carnivorous non-mammalian synapsid and anteosaurid, measuring around long and weighing about . Juvenile specimen BP/1/7074 has an estimated body",
"title": "Anteosaurus"
},
{
"docid": "40183414",
"text": "Megaconus is an extinct genus of allotherian mammal from the Middle Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. The type and only species, Megaconus mammaliaformis was first described in the journal Nature in 2013. Megaconus is thought to have been a herbivore that lived on the ground, having a similar posture to modern-day armadillos and rock hyraxes. Megaconus was in its initial description found to be member of a group called Haramiyida. A phylogenetic analysis published along its description suggested that haramiyidans originated before the appearance of true mammals, but in contrast, the later description of the haramiyidan Arboroharamiya in the same issue of Nature indicated that haramyidans were true mammals. If haramiyidans are not mammals, Megaconus would be one of the most basal (\"primitive\") mammaliaforms to possess fur, and an indicator that fur evolved in the ancestors of mammals and not the mammals themselves. However, later studies cast doubt on the euharamiyidan intrepretation, instead finding it to be a basal allotherian mammal. Description Megaconus is one of the few early mammaliaforms known from a complete skeleton. The skeleton includes both the jaw bones and the teeth, which are the most informative features because they allow for comparisons with other mammaliaforms known only from dental features. Megaconus has a dentition similar to those of rodents, with large incisors at the front of the jaws and broad molars in the back. One distinguishing feature of Megaconus is a pair of enlarged premolar teeth in the lower jaw. The teeth of Megaconus have many cusps, allowing them to interlock tightly when the jaws are closed. If Megaconus is a non-mammalian mammaliaform, it is one of the most basal mammaliaforms to possess such complex teeth. The middle ear of Megaconus is more primitive than that of modern mammals. The three bones that make up the middle ear in modern mammals — the malleus, incus, and stapes — originated from the lower jaw in the ancestors of mammals. In Megaconus, these bones are still associated with the lower jaw, placed within a groove behind the dentary bone of the lower jaw. Megaconus is estimated to have weighed about . It probably had an outwardly similar appearance to multituberculates, a major group of Mesozoic mammals. However, its body is longer than those of multituberculates and most other Mesozoic mammaliaforms, having more back vertebrae (24) than other early mammals. The transition between the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae is more gradual in Megaconus than it is in multituberculates, and the boundary between the anterior and posterior epaxial muscles (the muscles that cover the front part and the back part of the back, respectively) is positioned farther back. Megaconus is inferred to have been ambulatory, meaning that it walked on the ground. Its claws are short, meaning that they were not suitable for digging, and only slightly curved, meaning that they were not suitable for climbing. The lack of an elongated calcaneus or \"heel\" on the ankle means that it could not have run fast. However, Megaconus differs",
"title": "Megaconus"
},
{
"docid": "11940901",
"text": "Yanoconodon is a monotypic genus of extinct early mammal whose representative species Yanoconodon allini lived during the Mesozoic in what is now China. The holotype fossil of Yanoconodon was excavated in the Yan Mountains about 300 kilometres from Beijing in the Qiaotou member of the Huajiying Formation (which the original authors considered part of the Yixian Formation) of Hebei Province, China, and is therefore of uncertain age. The Qiaotou Member may correlate with the more well-known Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, and so probably dates to around 122 Ma ago. Yanoconodon was a eutriconodont, a group composing most taxa once classified as \"triconodonts\" which lived during the time of the dinosaurs. These were a highly ecologically diverse group, including large sized taxa such as Repenomamus that were able to eat small dinosaurs, the arboreal Jeholodens, the aerial volaticotherines and the spined Spinolestes. Yanoconodon is inferred to be a generalized terrestrial mammal, capable of multiple forms of locomotion. Yanoconodon'''s name is composed of two elements: 'Yan' is taken from the Yan Mountains in the north of the Hebei Province near where the holotype of Yanoconodon was found; 'Conodon' is an often used as a mammalian taxonomic suffix meaning 'cuspate tooth'. Its species name, \"allini,\" is derived from mammalian researcher Edgar Allin, who was notable for his research on the mammalian middle ear.Paleontologists Discover New Mammal from Mesozoic Era at www.physorg.com - Retrieved 25/6/2007. Description Yanoconodon was a small mammal, barely 5 inches (13 centimetres) long. It had a sprawling posture, and although previously inferred to be semi-aquatic, direct study of its postcrania indicates that Yanoconodon was likely a terrestrial mammal, and that it has features in common with digging, arboreal, and semiaquatic mammals. Yanocodon had lumbar ribs, a feature not seen in modern mammals. The closely related eutriconodont Jeholodens lacks these lumbar ribs, and it has been suggested that this morphological difference is due to changes in the Hox genes, specifically in the Hox10 group. In mice, a triple mutation knocking out all Hox10 genes leads to the presence of lumbar ribs, supporting the theory that these genes have evolved the ability to repress the ancestral lumbar morphology seen in the Eutriconodonts. The Yanoconodon holotype is so well preserved that scientists were able to examine tiny bones of the middle ear. These are of particular interest because of their \"transitional\" state: Yanoconodon has fundamentally modern middle ear bones, but these are still attached to the jaw by an ossified Meckel's cartilage. This is a feature retained from earlier stem mammals, and illustrates the transition from a basal tetrapod jaw and ear, to a mammalian one in which the middle ear bones are fully separate from the jaw. Despite this feature Yanoconodon is a true mammal. It is thought that the feature was retained during early embryo development, whereas it is lost in most other mammal groups. The intermediate anatomy of the middle ear of Yanocodon'' is said to be a \"Rosetta Stone\" of mammalian middle ear evolution. References External links From Jaw",
"title": "Yanoconodon"
},
{
"docid": "4722405",
"text": "The ZW sex-determination system is a chromosomal system that determines the sex of offspring in birds, some fish and crustaceans such as the giant river prawn, some insects (including butterflies and moths), the schistosome family of flatworms, and some reptiles, e.g. majority of snakes, lacertid lizards and monitors, including Komodo dragons. It is also present in some plants, where it has probably evolved independently on several occasions. The letters Z and W are used to distinguish this system from the XY sex-determination system. In the ZW system, females have a pair of dissimilar ZW chromosomes, and males have two similar ZZ chromosomes. In contrast to the XY sex-determination system and the X0 sex-determination system, where the sperm determines the sex, in the ZW system, the ovum determines the sex of the offspring. Males are the homogametic sex (ZZ), while females are the heterogametic sex (ZW). The Z chromosome is larger and has more genes, similarly to the X chromosome in the XY system. Significance of the ZW and XY systems No genes are shared between the avian ZW and mammalian XY chromosomes, and, from a comparison between chicken and human, the Z chromosome appears similar to the autosomal chromosome 9 in humans. It has been proposed that the ZW and XY sex determination systems do not share an origin but that the sex chromosomes are derived from autosomal chromosomes of the common ancestor. These autosomes are thought to have evolved sex-determining loci that eventually developed into the respective sex chromosomes once the recombination between the chromosomes (X and Y or Z and W) was suppressed. The platypus, a monotreme mammal, has a system of five pairs of XY chromosomes. They form a multiple chain due to homologous regions in male meiosis and finally segregates into XXXXX-sperm and YYYYY-sperm. The bird Z-like pair shows up on opposite ends of the chain. Areas homologous to the bird Z chromosome are scattered throughout X3 and X5. Although the sex-determination system is not necessarily linked to that of birds and definitely not to that of therian mammals, the similarity at least allowed for the conclusion that mammals evolved sex chromosomes twice. The previous report that platypus has X chromosomes similar to that of therian mammals is now considered a mistake. Bird and snake ZW are unrelated, having evolved from different autosomes. However, the bird-like chromosomes of platypus may indicate that ancestors of snakes had a bird-like ZW system. Across species In birds While there has not been extensive research on other organisms with the ZW sex-determination system, in 2007, researchers announced that chickens' and zebra finches' sex chromosomes do not exhibit any type of chromosome-wide dosage compensation, and instead seem to dosage compensate on a gene-by-gene basis. Specific locations on the chicken Z chromosome, such as the MHM region, are thought to exhibit regional dosage compensation, though researchers have argued that this region does not actually constitute local dosage compensation. Further research expanded the list of birds that do not exhibit any type of",
"title": "ZW sex-determination system"
},
{
"docid": "51692420",
"text": "Osteoderms are dermal bone structures that support the upper layer of skin and serve as protection against the elements in a large variety of extinct and extant organisms, especially reptiles. This structure is commonly called \"dermal armor\" and serves to protect the organism, while also helping with temperature regulation. Osteoderms represent hard tissue components of the integument, making them easy to identify in fossil examination. This dermal armor is found prominently in many lizards. Some early amphibians have this armor, but it is lost in modern species with the exception a ventral plate, called the gastralia. Osteoderm demonstrates a slightly delayed development compared with the rest of the skeleton, as it does not appear until after hatching has occurred. Osteodermic bone develops via the transformation of the preexisting irregular, connective tissue. This mode of bone formation is identified as metaplasia. Osteoderms are not historically uniform but include a mix of tissues, including irregular calcified and un-calcified connective tissue. There is a pattern of development and modification through fusion, deletions, and sinking bones. This pattern is determined by the appearance of the ossification centers. Similarities in these centers and their sequences help to show trends in development between species. Between taxa, not all osteodermic tissue develop by homologous processes. It is agreed upon that all osteoderms may share a deep homology, connected by the similar properties of their dermis. Scales It is important to understand that scales and osteoderms are not the same thing. In the skin of some reptiles, scales lay over the top of the protective osteoderm layer. The ratio of scale size to osteoderm size and their organization vary by species. The majority of species have a one to one ratio of scales to osteoderms, with little correlation between the layout. In the girdle-tailed lizards, for example, the scales and osteoderms are of the same size and shape and are organized alongside each other. On the other hand, in common geckos, the bony osteoderm plates are much smaller than the scales and appear to be independently organized. Many times, osteodermic tissues are interconnected in a matrix-like organization. For example, larger osteoderms are often just the fusion of smaller ones. Scutes The plate-like formations found on the shells of turtle and tortoise shells are called \"scutes.\" These scutes are large, protective epidermal cells that overlie the interlocking bones beneath the shell's carapace, or upper shell. Scutes are made of keratin, a protein which also makes up human fingernails, along with the horns and claws of some animals. There are different titles for scutes, depending on what region of the shell they occupy. The \"central scutes\" extend over the dorsal mid line of the carapace from head to tail, with the \"costal scutes\" running along each side of the central scutes. The \"marginal scutes\" run along the outer sides of the shell, and the \"nuchal scutes\" are found in the area directly behind the turtle's head. Lastly, the \"supracaudal scutes\" surround the area above the tail. It is theorized that",
"title": "Osteoderm development"
},
{
"docid": "14467949",
"text": "Temporal fenestrae are openings in the temporal region of the skull of some amniotes, behind the orbit (eye socket). These openings have historically been used to track the evolution and affinities of reptiles. Temporal fenestrae are commonly (although not universally) seen in the fossilized skulls of dinosaurs and other sauropsids (the total group of reptiles, including birds). The major reptile group Diapsida, for example, is defined by the presence of two temporal fenestrae on each side of the skull. The infratemporal fenestra, also called the lateral temporal fenestra or lower temporal fenestra, is the lower of the two and is exposed primarily in lateral (side) view.The supratemporal fenestra, also called the upper temporal fenestra, is positioned above the other fenestra and is exposed primarily in dorsal (top) view. In some reptiles, particularly dinosaurs, the parts of the skull roof lying between the supratemporal fenestrae are thinned out by excavations from the adjacent fenestrae. These extended margins of thinned bone are called supratemporal fossae.Synapsids, including mammals, have one temporal fenestra, which is ventrally bordered by a zygomatic arch composed of the jugal and squamosal bones. This single temporal fenestra is homologous to the infratemporal fenestra, as displayed most clearly by early synapsids. In later synapsids, the cynodonts, the orbit fused with the fenestral opening after the latter had started expanding within the therapsids. Most mammals have this merged configuration. Later, primates re-evolved an orbit separated from the temporal fossa. This separation was achieved by the evolution of a postorbital bar, with haplorhines (dry-nosed primates) later evolving a postorbital septum. Physiological speculation associates temporal fenestrae with a rise in metabolic rates and an increase in jaw musculature. The earlier amniotes of the Carboniferous did not have temporal fenestrae, but two more advanced lines did: the synapsids (stem-mammals and mammals) and the diapsids (most reptiles and later birds). Fenestration types There are four types of amniote skull, classified by the number and location of their temporal fenestrae. Though historically important for understanding amniote evolution, some of these configurations have little relevance to modern phylogenetic taxonomy. The four types are: Anapsida – No openings. The plesiomorphic (\"primitive\") condition exemplified by amphibians as well as some early reptiles like captorhinids and parareptiles. Turtles have an anapsid skull, but this was likely acquired secondarily from a diapsid ancestor. Synapsida – One low opening (beneath the postorbital and squamosal bones). A monophyletic group including mammals and their ancestors. Euryapsida – One high opening (above the postorbital and squamosal bones). Euryapsids are a polyphyletic group, as reptiles with euryapsid skulls lack a shared common ancestor. Euryapsids evolved from a diapsid configuration, losing their lower temporal fenestra. Examples of euryapsid reptiles include ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, placodonts, and Trilophosaurus. Diapsida – Two openings. A monophyletic group including all modern reptiles and birds. Turtles, though not diapsids in a purely anatomical sense, qualify as members of the clade Diapsida due to their likely diapsid ancestry. Some diapsids, particularly modern lizards, have an infratemporal fenestra which is open from below due to a",
"title": "Temporal fenestra"
},
{
"docid": "1238189",
"text": "In tetrapods, cervical vertebrae (: vertebra) are the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull. Truncal vertebrae (divided into thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in mammals) lie caudal (toward the tail) of cervical vertebrae. In sauropsid species, the cervical vertebrae bear cervical ribs. In lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds, they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The vertebral transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. Most mammals have seven cervical vertebrae, with the only three known exceptions being the manatee with six, the two-toed sloth with five or six, and the three-toed sloth with nine. In humans, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the true vertebrae and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which the vertebral artery, vertebral veins, and inferior cervical ganglion pass. The remainder of this article focuses upon human anatomy. Structure By convention, the cervical vertebrae are numbered, with the first one (C1) closest to the skull and higher numbered vertebrae (C2–C7) proceeding away from the skull and down the spine. The general characteristics of the third through sixth cervical vertebrae are described here. The first, second, and seventh vertebrae are extraordinary, and are detailed later. The bodies of these four vertebrae are small, and broader from side to side than from front to back. The anterior and posterior surfaces are flattened and of equal depth; the former is placed on a lower level than the latter, and its inferior border is prolonged downward, so as to overlap the upper and forepart of the vertebra below. The upper surface is concave transversely, and presents a projecting lip on either side. The lower surface is concave from front to back, convex from side to side, and presents laterally shallow concavities that receive the corresponding projecting lips of the underlying vertebra. The pedicles are directed laterally and backward, and attach to the body midway between its upper and lower borders, so that the superior vertebral notch is as deep as the inferior, but it is, at the same time, narrower. The laminae are narrow and thinner above than below; the vertebral foramen is large and of a triangular form. The spinous process is short and bifid, the two divisions being often of unequal size. Because the spinous processes are so short, certain superficial muscles (the trapezius and splenius capitis) attach to the nuchal ligament rather than directly to the vertebrae; the nuchal ligament itself attaching to the spinous processes of C2–C7 and to the posterior tubercle of the atlas. The superior and inferior articular processes of cervical vertebrae have fused on either or both sides to form articular pillars, columns of bone that project laterally from the junction of the pedicle and lamina. The articular facets are flat and of an oval form: the superior face backward, upward, and slightly medially. the inferior face forward, downward, and",
"title": "Cervical vertebrae"
},
{
"docid": "15750129",
"text": "Branchial arches, or gill arches, are a series of paired bony \"loops\" that support the gills in fish. As gills are the primitive feature of vertebrates, all vertebrate embryos develop pharyngeal arches, though the eventual fate of these arches varies between taxa. In jawed fish, the first arch pair (mandibular arches) develops into the jaw. The second gill arches (the hyoid arches) develop into the hyomandibular complex, which supports the back of the jaw and the front of the gill series. The remaining posterior arches (simply called branchial arches) support the gills. In amphibians and reptiles, many pharyngeal arch elements are lost, including the gill arches, resulting in only the oral jaws and a hyoid apparatus remaining. In mammals and birds, the hyoid is simplified further. All basal vertebrates breathe with gills, which are carried right behind the head, bordering the posterior margins of a series of openings (gill slits) from the pharynx to the exterior. Each gill is supported by a cartilaginous or bony gill arch. Bony fish (osteichthyans) have four pairs of arches, cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyans) have five to seven pairs, and the more basal jawless fish (\"agnathans\") have up to seven. The vertebrate ancestor no doubt had more arches, as some of their chordate relatives have more than 50 pairs of gills. In amphibians and some primitive bony fish, the larvae bear external gills, branching off from the gill arches. These are reduced in adulthood, their function taken over by the gills proper in fish, and by lungs (which are homologous to swim bladders) in most amphibians. Some neotenic amphibians retain the external larval gills in adulthood, the complex internal gill system as seen in fish apparently being irrevocably lost very early in the evolution of tetrapods. Function The branchial system is typically used for respiration and/or feeding. Many fish have modified posterior gill arches into pharyngeal jaws, often equipped with specialized pharyngeal teeth for handling particular prey items (long, sharp teeth in carnivorous moray eels compared to broad, crushing teeth in durophagous black carp). In amphibians and reptiles, the hyoid arch is modified for similar reasons. It is often used in buccal pumping and often plays a role in tongue protrusion for prey capture. In species with highly specialized ballistic tongue movements such as chameleons or some plethodontid salamanders, the hyoid system is highly modified for this purpose, while it is often hypertrophied in species which use suction feeding. Species such as snakes and monitor lizards, whose tongue has evolved into a purely sensory organ, often have very reduced hyoid systems. Components The primitive arrangement is 7 (possibly 8) arches, each consisting of the same series of paired (left and right) elements. order from dorsal-most (highest) to ventral-most (lowest), these elements are the pharyngobranchial, epibranchial, ceratobranchial, hypobranchial, and basibranchial. The pharyngobranchials may articulate with the neurocranium, while the left and right basibranchials connect to each other (often fusing into a single bone). When part of the hyoid arch, the names of the bones are altered by",
"title": "Branchial arch"
},
{
"docid": "35151538",
"text": "The basilar papilla is the auditory sensory organ of lizards, amphibians, and birds, which is homologous to the organ of Corti in mammals. The basilar papilla is composed of cells called \"hair cells\" which are actually epithelial cells rather than true hairs. These sensory cells, according to some studies, are related to the type II sensory cells in the vestibular epithelium of mammals. These auditory hair cells, unlike those in mammals, are known to spontaneously regenerate following injury, with experimental evidence showing that this ability to proliferate is mediated by a micro-RNA called miR181a. One amphibian who utilizes the basilar papilla during its mate choice is the spring peeper. The basilar papilla units that are located in the inner ear of the female are tuned between 2100 and 3700 Hz. Low frequency calls exhibited by male spring peepers are easier to detect and are there for favored by the females. The specific tuning of the basilar papilla units within the ear, allows for this mate selection to occur. References Sensory organs in animals Auditory system",
"title": "Basilar papilla"
},
{
"docid": "70827497",
"text": "Queen of All Ears is an album by the American band the Lounge Lizards, released in 1998. It was the band's final album. \"The First and Royal Queen\" was used at the end of episodes of Painting with John. The band supported the album with an international tour. Production The album was produced by John Lurie and Pat Dillett. The tracks were written by Lurie, with bass player Erik Sanko cowriting two. Jane Scarpantoni played cello on Queen of All Ears; in total, nine musicians played on the album. Released on Lurie's own label, it was originally intended for Luaka Bop; legal issues delayed the release for two years. Lurie considered writing a book about the ordeal, to be titled What Do You Know About Music? You're Not a Lawyer. The account was told in Lurie's memoir The History of Bones (2021), in which he also apologized to David Tronzo, because a song intended as a showcase for Tronzo was cut from the album and thus the guitarist did not perform a solo on the recording. Critical reception JazzTimes wrote that \"the music relies heavily on group improvisation in the highly colored riffs and patterns that form the basis of most of the proceedings.\" Esquire determined that Lurie's \"alto and soprano saxophoning has become something rather nice: plaintive, searching, Colemanesque, quite at home (soaring) in the upper registers.\" The Boston Globe opined that \"New York's fringe-crawlers mature with impressionistic etchings of chamber jazz and world music.\" The Guardian stated that \"the Lounge Lizards roll from moments of prayer-like intensity—Coltranesque flourishes over African pulsing—to Charles Mingus doing the music for scary Czech cartoons, to blasting Dragnet rumbles.\" The Chicago Tribune opined that the album \"embarks on an Amer-Euro-Afro fake jazz cruise brimming with trans-global eclecticism, defanged Mingus/Monk moves and sometimes striking instrumental explosions.\" AllMusic wrote that \"John Lurie's so-called 'non-jazz' approach is in full flower on this fascinating record.\" Track listing All tracks composed by John Lurie; except where noted. Personnel Lounge Lizard John Lurie – tenor and alto saxophone Michael Blake – tenor saxophone, bass clarinet Steven Bernstein – trumpet David Tronzo – slide guitar Erik Sanko – bass Evan Lurie – piano, organ Calvin Weston – drums Ben Perowsky – percussion Jane Scarpantoni – cello References The Lounge Lizards albums 1998 albums Albums produced by Pat Dillett",
"title": "Queen of All Ears"
},
{
"docid": "70339305",
"text": "Teinolophidae is an extinct family of small, carnivorous mammals that were the earliest known monotremes and were endemic to what would become Australia. Two genera are known: Teinolophos, and possibly also Stirtodon. Teinolophos is deeply divergent within monotreme evolution, so Flannery et al. (2022) proposed to move it into its own family, Teinolophidae, and Stirtodon was also tentatively assigned to Teinolophidae in the same paper. The skulls of the two teinolophids differed from modern monotremes. Among the contrasts are that, unlike modern monotremes, the teinolophids lacked beaks, and the teinolophids had their ear bones connected to the jaw via the Meckel's cartilage, while modern monotremes have suspended ear bones much like placentals and marsupials. References Prehistoric mammal families Early Cretaceous first appearances Cretaceous mammals of Australia Fossils of Australia Taxa named by Tom Rich",
"title": "Teinolophidae"
},
{
"docid": "32825799",
"text": "Ovoo gurvel is an extinct varanid lizard from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. It is one of the smallest and earliest monitor lizards. It was described in 2008. Ovoo possesses a pair of small bones in its skull that are not seen in any other lizard. Description and history Ovoo is only known from a fossilized skull cataloged as IGM 3/767 and designated the holotype. The skull was discovered in 2001 near the rich Ukhaa Tolgod fossil site in a locality known as Little Ukhaa. The deposits at Little Uhhaa date back to the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous. The generic name is derived from the name of a type of cairn called ovoos that are found along roads near Little Ukhaa. The specific name, gurvel, comes from the Mongolian word for lizard. Ovoo was very small compared to living monitor lizards, with the exception of the Short-tailed monitor. Nevertheless, the structures of its skull are very similar to those of living monitors. Ovoo shares many similarities with the extinct monitors Aiolosaurus and Cherminotus, which are also known from Little Ukhaa and Ukhaa Tolgod. Differences between these genera are seen in the shape of the bones in the skull. The distinguishing features of Ovoo include: Nasals, located behind the nostril openings, that are divided into two bones (in living monitors they are fused into one bone). The large size of a pair of holes called premaxillary fenestrae in front of the nostril openings. A bone called the septomaxilla that separates the premaxilla (the bone at the very tip of the snout) from the maxilla (the bone that makes up the upper jaw). The small size of a hole in the septomaxilla bone called the septomaxillary foramen. The most unusual feature of Ovoo is the presence of two small bones that are not present in any other lizard. When it was first described, these structures were called \"mystery bones\". The two bones are located between the eye sockets. They are positioned behind the nasal bones and in front of the frontal bones. There are no homologous bones in any other animal, making their presence a mystery. Classification Ovoo is one of many Late Cretaceous lizards belonging to a group called Varanoidea, which includes the living monitor and helodermatid lizards and the extinct mosasaurs. Features linking it with these lizards include a rounded snout and a lack of contact between the maxillae and frontal bones. A phylogenetic analysis conducted with its first description placed it within the monitor subfamily Varaninae. Ovoo is the oldest known member of Varaninae. Of the other Mongolian varanoids, Aiolosaurus was placed as a basal member of Varanidae (the family to which Varaninae belongs) and Cherminotus was placed in Lanthanotinae (another subfamily within Varanidae). Because of their age, Ovoo, Aiolosaurus, and Cherminotus may be representatives of the first radiation of monitor lizards. The Late Cretaceous varanoids Saniwides and Telmasaurus are just as old as these lizards and have traditionally been viewed as the oldest monitors, but they",
"title": "Ovoo gurvel"
},
{
"docid": "5689046",
"text": "The extinct Mauritius scops owl (Otus sauzieri), also known as Mauritius owl, Mauritius lizard owl, Commerson's owl, Sauzier's owl, or Newton's owl, was endemic to the Mascarene island of Mauritius. It is known from a collection of subfossil bones from the Mare aux Songes swamp, a detailed sketch made by de Jossigny in 1770, a no less detailed description by Desjardins of a bird shot in 1836, and a number of brief reports about owls, the first being those of Van Westzanen in 1602 and Matelief in 1606. Taxonomy No descriptions of owls were recorded between the mid-17th and the late 18th century. This led to considerable confusion, especially since the bones were referred to ear tuft-less Strix or barn owls, whereas the image and the description unequivocally show the presence of ear tufts. Thus, it was for a long time believed that 2 or even 3 species of owls occurred on the island. The supposed \"barn owl\" Tyto newtoni was described from tarsometatarsus bones of what probably was a male individual of this species, whereas the Mauritius owl's type specimen seems to be a bone of a larger female bird. But the bird was neither a Strix nor a barn owl. Instead, the Mascarene owls of the genus Mascarenotus were most probably members of the scops owl lineage. The Mauritius bird was the largest species of its genus, with a total length of approximately 60 cm. Its scientific name honours Théodore Sauzier, who made the first bones available for scientific study. In 2018, a DNA study by Louchart and colleagues found that the Mascarenotus owls grouped among species of Otus (the scops owls), and therefore belonged to that genus. The cladogram below shows the placement of the Mauritius scops owl: Extinction The Mauritius scops owl was the largest carnivore on the island prior to human settlement. Thus, unlike other local species of birds, it was not much affected by the introduction of predators such as cats, rats, and crab-eating macaques. In the 1830s, the species seems to have been not uncommonly found in the southeastern part of the island, between Souillac and the Montagnes Bambous due east of Curepipe, with the last testimony of observations referring to several encounters in 1837. However, as the cultivation of sugarcane and tea encroached upon its habitat, combined with reckless shooting, it disappeared rapidly. In 1859, Clark wrote that the bird was extinct. References Newton, Alfred & Gadow, Hans Friedrich (1893): On additional bones of the Dodo and other extinct birds of Mauritius obtained by Mr. Théodore Sauzier. Trans. Zool. Soc. 13: 281–302, plate 33: figures 11–18. Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands Otus (bird) Bird extinctions since 1500 Birds of Mauritius Birds described in 1893 Extinct animals of Mauritius Species made extinct by human activities Taxa named by Hans Friedrich Gadow Mascarenotus Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN",
"title": "Mauritius scops owl"
},
{
"docid": "8705315",
"text": "A coracoid (from Greek κόραξ, koraks, raven) is a paired bone which is part of the shoulder assembly in all vertebrates except therian mammals (marsupials and placentals). In therian mammals (including humans), a coracoid process is present as part of the scapula, but this is not homologous with the coracoid bone of most other vertebrates. In other tetrapods, it joins the scapula to the front end of the sternum and has a notch on the dorsal surface which, along with a similar notch on the ventral surface of the scapula, forms the socket in which the proximal end of the humerus (upper arm bone) is located. The acrocoracoid process is an expansion adjacent to this contact surface, to which the shoulderward end of the biceps brachii muscle attaches in these animals. In birds (and generally theropods and related animals), the entire unit is rigid and called scapulocoracoid. This plays a major role in bird flight. In other dinosaurs, the main bones of the pectoral girdle were the scapula (shoulder blade) and the coracoid, both of which directly articulated with the clavicle. In fish, it provides the base for the pectoral fin. Monotremes, as well as the extinct therapsids, possess both the coracoid bone of reptiles (aka the procoracoid, or anterior coracoid), and the coracoid process of other mammals, with the latter being present as a separate bone. See also Coracoid process Notes References FishBase (2006): Glossary: Coracoid. Version of 2006-NOV-27. Retrieved 2007-MAY-23. Vertebrate anatomy",
"title": "Coracoid"
},
{
"docid": "46348501",
"text": "Cochlea is Latin for “snail, shell or screw” and originates from the Greek word κοχλίας kokhlias. The modern definition, the auditory portion of the inner ear, originated in the late 17th century. Within the mammalian cochlea exists the organ of Corti, which contains hair cells that are responsible for translating the vibrations it receives from surrounding fluid-filled ducts into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain to process sound. This spiral-shaped cochlea is estimated to have originated during the early Cretaceous Period, around 120 million years ago. Further, the auditory innervation of the spiral-shaped cochlea also traces back to the Cretaceous period. The evolution of the human cochlea is a major area of scientific interest because of its favourable representation in the fossil record. During the last century, many scientists such as evolutionary biologists and paleontologists strove to develop new methods and techniques to overcome the many obstacles associated with working with ancient, delicate artifacts. In the past, scientists were limited in their ability to fully examine specimens without causing damage to them. In more recent times, technologies such as micro-CT scanning became available. These technologies allow for the visual differentiation between fossilized animal materials and other sedimentary remains. With the use of X-ray technologies, it is possible to ascertain some information about the auditory capabilities of extinct creatures, giving insight to human ancestors as well as their contemporary species. Comparative anatomy While the basic structure of the inner ear in lepidosaurs (lizards and snakes), archosaurs (birds and crocodilians) and mammals is similar, and the organs are considered to be homologous, each group has a unique type of auditory organ. The hearing organ arose within the lagenar duct of stem reptiles, lying between the saccular and lagenar epithelia. In lepidosaurs, the hearing organ, the basilar papilla, is generally small, with at most 2000 hair cells, whereas in archosaurs the basilar papilla can be much longer (>10mm in owls) and contain many more hair cells that show two typical size extremes, the short and the tall hair cells. In mammals, the structure is known as the organ of Corti and shows a unique arrangement of hair cells and supporting cells. All mammalian organs of Corti contain a supporting tunnel made up of pillar cells, on the inner side of which there are inner hair cells and outer hair cells on the outer side. The definitive mammalian middle ear and the elongated cochlea allows for better sensitivity for higher frequencies. Lepidosaurs As in all lepidosaurs and archosaurs, the single-ossicle (columellar) middle ear transmits sound to the footplate of the columella, which sends a pressure wave through the inner ear. In snakes, the basilar papilla is roughly 1mm long and only responds to frequencies below about 1 kHz. In contrast, lizards tend to have two areas of hair cells, one responding below and the other above 1 kHz. The upper frequency limit in most lizards is roughly 5–8 kHz. The longest lizard papillae are about 2mm long and contain 2000 hair cells",
"title": "Evolution of the cochlea"
},
{
"docid": "62533245",
"text": "Postparietals are cranial bones present in fish and many tetrapods. Although initially a pair of bones, many lineages possess postparietals which were fused into a single bone. The postparietals were dermal bones situated along the midline of the skull, behind the parietal bones. They formed part of the rear edge of the skull roof, and the lateral edge of each postparietal often contacts the tabular and supratemporal bones. In fish, the postparietals are elongated, typically the largest components of the skull roof. Tetrapods possessed shorter postparietals, which were reduced further and shifted towards the braincase in amniotes. At several points in synapsid evolution, the postparietals fused to each other and the tabulars during embryological development. This fusion produces the interparietal bone, which is inherited by mammals. Postparietals are common in extinct amphibians and early reptiles. However, most living amphibians (of the group Lissamphibia) and living reptiles (of the group Sauria) lack postparietal bones, with a few exceptions. Evolution Fish and amphibians Watson & Day (1916)'s \"orthodox\" interpretation of fish skulls argued that fish lacked independent postparietals, with the elongated paired midline bones at the back of the skull being interpreted as parietals. On the other hand, Westoll (1938) proposed an alternative interpretation which identified the bones as postparietals based on comparisons between early tetrapods and their sarcopterygian ancestors. This latter interpretation has usurped the \"orthodox\" interpretation and is currently more widespread among paleontologists Although the generally large size of fish postparietals are inconsistent with the smaller postparietals of tetrapods, there are many factors supporting the identification of the large posterior midline elements as postparietals, rather than parietals. These include their contact with tabulars and supratemporals, the fact that they are positioned behind the bones which surround the parietal foramen (i.e. the parietal bones), and how transitional taxa show apparent homology with tetrapod postparietals and the large posterior midline elements of fish. Studies of Ichthyostega, Elpistostege, and Edops in particular have demonstrated this concept. One objection to this interpretation is that the single midline postparietal of Ichthyostega has a transverse bend of the lateral line, which in fish typically occurs on extrascapular elements (plates at the back of the skull formed from enlarged neck scales). Proponents of the \"orthodox\" interpretation used this to argue that the unpaired postparietal of Icthyostega is a modified extrascapular element not homologous to what they identify as the \"parietals\" of fish. However, this is more easily explained by a simple shift in the position of the lateral line, as the postparietals of Icthyostega are otherwise identical in proportion and position (and therefore considered homologous) to the large paired posterior midline elements of fish. Many sarcopterygian fish (including living coelocanths) possess a large, robust plate at the back of the skull known as a postparietal shield. This plate consists mostly of the large postparietals along its midline, with smaller tabular bones and one or more supratemporal bones along its edge. The postparietal shield often articulates with the rest of the skull through a mobile joint. As sarcopterygians",
"title": "Postparietal"
},
{
"docid": "6808820",
"text": "Hans Christian Bjerring (born May 30, 1931) is a Danish-Swedish vertebrate paleontologist and comparative anatomist. He has spent his career at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, Sweden, as curator at the Department of Palaeozoology. Bjerring's research is mainly about the fundamental structure of the head in vertebrate evolution. His studies are based on detailed analyses of models of the crania of the sarcopterygian fishes Eusthenopteron foordi and Glyptolepis groenlandica from the Devonian as well as serially-sectioned embryos of fishes and urodeles. He belongs to the Stockholm school of paleontology together with, among others, Erik Stensiö, Erik Jarvik, Gunnar Säve-Söderbergh, and Tor Ørvig. A recurrent theme in Bjerring's research is that much of the vertebrate head is formed by a complex intertwining of serially homologous anatomical segments. According to Bjerring, this holds both for the distribution and composition of cranial nerves, the pharyngeal arches and their contributions to the braincase organs and structures derived from the pharyngeal clefts as well as muscles and cartilages at the base of the skull. Bjerring has also discussed a number of classical problems in comparative anatomy. Like Erik Jarvik, he has argued that the three ear ossicles of mammals can be derived from components of the hyoid branchial arch of osteolepiforms rather than from both the mandibular and hyoid arches as claimed by the Reichert–Gaupp theory. Another classical problem is which one of two pairs of large dermal bones in the skull roof of sarcopterygian fishes that is homologous to the parietal bone of tetrapods. Here, Bjerring has proposed that neither alternative is correct; rather, the confusion may stem from the fact that, owing to the enormous expansion of the telencephalon in therians, one of the bone pairs has been displaced and forms the tentorium cerebelli below the skull roof. He has also analysed the basic structure of the paired limbs by comparing the pectoral and pelvic fins of the Eusthenopteron with the hindleg of the Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega and embryonic humans. Bichirs are a small group of aberrant bony fish whose anatomy has been explored by Bjerring. He identified a pair of intracranial ligaments that hold their brains in place, variations in the structure of the vomer, the structure of the olfactory organ in bichir embryos, and reported a spinobulbar cistern resembling the cerebellomedullary cistern of mammals. Bjerring has disputed the common view that bichirs are actinopterygians, mainly because some alleged homologies between the cranial bones of bichirs and actinopterygians are dubious. Bjerring has named the temnospondyls Selenocara and Aquiloniferus from the Lower Triassic of East Greenland. His papers are richly illustrated and characterized by a pregnant, sometimes polemic style. He has also written popular scientific articles. Honours An Early Triassic temnospondyl amphibian Samarabatrachus bjerringi was named after Bjerring in 2016. References Swedish paleontologists Paleozoologists Swedish scientists 1931 births Living people Swedish ichthyologists",
"title": "Hans C. Bjerring"
},
{
"docid": "34893300",
"text": "In the auditory system, the columella contributes to hearing in amphibians, reptiles and birds. The columella form thin, bony structures in the interior of the skull and serve the purpose of transmitting sounds from the eardrum. It is an evolutionary homolog of the stapes, one of the auditory ossicles in mammals. In many species, the extracolumella is a cartilaginous structure that grows in association with the columella. During development, the columella is derived from the dorsal end of the hyoid arch. Evolution The evolution of the columella is closely related to the evolution of the jaw joint. It is an ancestral homolog of the stapes, and is derived from the hyomandibular bone of fishes. As the columella is derived from the hyomandibula, many of its functional relationships remain the same. The columella resides in the air-filled tympanic cavity of the middle ear. The footplate, or proximal end of the columella, rests in the oval window. Sound is conducted through the oval window to the interior of the otic capsule. This motion ultimately stimulates sensory cells in the inner ear. In the transition of tetrapods from sea to land, the earliest appearance of functional columella appeared in temnospondyls. Extracolumella Crocodilians evolved to lift the head and body off the ground, isolating the head from ground vibrations. Under selective pressure to detect airborne sound vibrations, the columella in crocodilians have become more slender and reduce their mass. The extracolumella, a cartilaginous outgrowth on the distal end of the columella, couples the columella to the tympanum to conduct sound from the exterior air. Birds and modern crocodilians have evolved a trifurcated columella, which forms a Y-shaped support structure on the surface of the tympanic membrane. In birds, this is thought to increase the surface area of the columellar footplate, thus lowering the threshold of hearing and improving the detection of airborne sound waves. Anatomy in amphibians Frogs In frogs, the extracolumella is simple and club-shaped. Anatomy in reptiles In reptiles, the columella function to transduce sound through the middle ear as part of the auditory pathway. The columella is relatively straight and moves in a piston-like motion in response to vibration. Due to the rigid bony structure, the columella primarily responds to low-frequency vibrations transmitted through the ground. Crocodilians In crocodilians, the columella arises from a proximal and a distal component which develop into the columella and extracolumella, respectively. It is typically trifurcated, with three finger-like projections supporting it against the tympanic membrane. The extracolumella remains cartilaginous while the columella ossifies during development. The connection between the columella and extracolumella remains flexible over the animal's lifetime. Snakes Snakes have lost a tympanic membrane, and hence a distal attachment for the columella. The columella is instead connected to the quadrate bone of the jaw. Thus, snakes are able to detect and localize ground vibrations through the lower jaw, rather than the sides of the head. Worm lizards In Amphisbaenia, the extracolumella is particularly lengthened and firmly connects with a layer of skin over dentary",
"title": "Columella (auditory system)"
},
{
"docid": "36207931",
"text": "The Natural History Museum in Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece is in the grounds of the Zoo on Kedrinos Lofos in the Hilia Dendra district. It opened in 1994, its purpose being to show the public the various species of fauna in Greece. All the animals and birds are displayed in natural attitudes and are in themed groups. Inside the museum, the guide shows visitors a wide variety of birds, mammals, skeletons, bones, reptiles, and rocks. There are eight showcases displaying the mouth of the Axios River, a typical forest in Macedonia from 100 m to 1,000 m above sea-level, rock samples, stuffed owls and eagles, a snowy landscape at alpine level, skeletons and bones of mammals and birds; and two showcases containing highland reptiles and lowland reptiles. The first showcase shows the fauna of the Axios delta, an area which is protected by international conventions and has an ecosystem similar to that of the River Evros. The area is home to waterbirds (many types of duck, stork, and heron) and numerous animals, even jackals, which have disappeared from other parts of Greece. In the second showcase we see the wildlife on a typical mountain in Macedonia, particularly as it takes shape at different altitudes between 100 m and 1,000 m above sea level. The display includes the homes of animals (badgers, foxes, rats, moles) and a number of birds. In the third showcase are rocks from the Cyclades, while the fourth displays the raptors of Greece, both nocturnal (long-eared owl, eagle owl, barn owl) and diurnal (marsh harrier, magpie, Levant sparrowhawk). In the fifth and sixth showcases, visitors can see the reptiles of Greece, both those living in the mountains and those that keep to the plains. The seventh showcase portrays the food chain, showing a pine marten hunting a squirrel, a snake catching a mink, a mink catching a lizard, and a fox hunting water rats. Opposite there is a replica of a dolphin which lived in the Thermaic Gulf until ten years ago, and corals, a lobster, a crayfish, crabs, and sponges; and the eighth and last showcase contains the skeletons of numerous animals and birds. From the skeletons on display it is possible to determine the age and the sex of each animal and whether or not it suffered from certain diseases. References Museums in Thessaloniki Natural history museums in Greece 1994 establishments in Greece Museums established in 1994",
"title": "Natural History Museum (Thessaloniki)"
},
{
"docid": "15747965",
"text": "The premaxilla (or praemaxilla) is one of a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw of many animals, usually, but not always, bearing teeth. In humans, they are fused with the maxilla. The \"premaxilla\" of therian mammals has been usually termed as the incisive bone. Other terms used for this structure include premaxillary bone or os premaxillare, intermaxillary bone or os intermaxillare, and Goethe's bone. Human anatomy In human anatomy, the premaxilla is referred to as the incisive bone () and is the part of the maxilla which bears the incisor teeth, and encompasses the anterior nasal spine and alar region. In the nasal cavity, the premaxillary element projects higher than the maxillary element behind. The palatal portion of the premaxilla is a bony plate with a generally transverse orientation. The incisive foramen is bound anteriorly and laterally by the premaxilla and posteriorly by the palatine process of the maxilla. It is formed from the fusion of a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the jaws of many animals, usually bearing teeth, but not always. They are connected to the maxilla and the nasals. While Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was not the first one to discover the incisive bone in humans, he was the first to prove its presence across mammals. Hence, the incisive bone is also known as Goethe's bone. Incisive bone and premaxilla Incisive bone is a term used for mammals, and it has been generally thought to be homologous to premaxilla in non-mammalian animals. However, there are counterarguments. According to them, the incisive bone is a novel character first acquired in therian mammals as a composition of premaxilla derived from medial nasal prominence and septomaxilla derived from maxillary prominence. In the incisive bones, only the palatine process corresponds to the premaxilla, while the other parts are the septomaxilla. Based on this, the incisive bone is not completely homologous to the non-mammalian premaxilla. This was hypothesized by Ernst Gaupp in 1905 and demonstrated by developmental biological- and paleontological experiments in 2021. This issue is still under debate. Embryology In the embryo, the nasal region develops from neural crest cells which start their migration down to the face during the fourth week of gestation. A pair of symmetrical nasal placodes (thickenings in the epithelium) are each divided into medial and lateral processes by the nasal pits. The medial processes become the septum, philtrum, and premaxilla. The first ossification centers in the area of the future premaxilla appear during the seventh week above the germ of the second incisor on the outer surface of the nasal capsule. After eleven weeks an accessory ossification center develops into the alar region of the premaxilla. Then a premaxillary process grow upwards to fuse with the frontal process of the maxilla; and later expands posteriorly to fuse with the alveolar process of the maxilla. The boundary between the premaxilla and the maxilla remains discernible after birth and a suture is often observable up to",
"title": "Premaxilla"
},
{
"docid": "18184",
"text": "Lizard is the common name used for all squamate reptiles other than snakes (and to a lesser extent amphisbaenians), encompassing over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The grouping is paraphyletic as some lizards are more closely related to snakes than they are to other lizards. Lizards range in size from chameleons and geckos a few centimeters long to the 3-meter-long Komodo dragon. Most lizards are quadrupedal, running with a strong side-to-side motion. Some lineages (known as \"legless lizards\") have secondarily lost their legs, and have long snake-like bodies. Some lizards, such as the forest-dwelling Draco, are able to glide. They are often territorial, the males fighting off other males and signalling, often with bright colours, to attract mates and to intimidate rivals. Lizards are mainly carnivorous, often being sit-and-wait predators; many smaller species eat insects, while the Komodo eats mammals as big as water buffalo. Lizards make use of a variety of antipredator adaptations, including venom, camouflage, reflex bleeding, and the ability to sacrifice and regrow their tails. Anatomy Largest and smallest The adult length of species within the suborder ranges from a few centimeters for chameleons such as Brookesia micra and geckos such as Sphaerodactylus ariasae to nearly in the case of the largest living varanid lizard, the Komodo dragon. Most lizards are fairly small animals. Distinguishing features Lizards typically have rounded torsos, elevated heads on short necks, four limbs and long tails, although some are legless. Lizards and snakes share a movable quadrate bone, distinguishing them from the rhynchocephalians, which have more rigid diapsid skulls. Some lizards such as chameleons have prehensile tails, assisting them in climbing among vegetation. As in other reptiles, the skin of lizards is covered in overlapping scales made of keratin. This provides protection from the environment and reduces water loss through evaporation. This adaptation enables lizards to thrive in some of the driest deserts on earth. The skin is tough and leathery, and is shed (sloughed) as the animal grows. Unlike snakes which shed the skin in a single piece, lizards slough their skin in several pieces. The scales may be modified into spines for display or protection, and some species have bone osteoderms underneath the scales. The dentitions of lizards reflect their wide range of diets, including carnivorous, insectivorous, omnivorous, herbivorous, nectivorous, and molluscivorous. Species typically have uniform teeth suited to their diet, but several species have variable teeth, such as cutting teeth in the front of the jaws and crushing teeth in the rear. Most species are pleurodont, though agamids and chameleons are acrodont. The tongue can be extended outside the mouth, and is often long. In the beaded lizards, whiptails and monitor lizards, the tongue is forked and used mainly or exclusively to sense the environment, continually flicking out to sample the environment, and back to transfer molecules to the vomeronasal organ responsible for chemosensation, analogous to but different from smell or taste. In geckos, the tongue is used to",
"title": "Lizard"
},
{
"docid": "73231098",
"text": "Ambolestes is an extinct genus of eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous of China. It includes a single species, Ambolestes zhoui, known from a single complete skeleton recovered from the Yixian Formation (126 Ma), part of the fossiliferous Jehol biota. Ambolestes is one of the most basal eutherians, presenting a combination of features from both early eutherians (stem-placentals) and early metatherians (stem-marsupials). This is responsible for the generic name of Ambolestes: \"ambo\" is Latin for \"both\", while \"-lestes\" (Greek for \"robber\") is a popular suffix for fossil mammals. The species name honors influential Jehol paleontologist Zhou Zhonghe. Description Ambolestes was a fairly small mammal, with an estimated mass of 34–44 g (about the size of a modern mouse opossum, Marmosa). It was likely similar in appearance and habits to other putative Yixian Formation therians, such as Eomaia and Sinodelphys. There are several similarities between Ambolestes and Sinodelphys. Both are interpreted to bear 8 upper postcanine teeth (5 premolars and 3 molars) and 7 lower postcanine teeth (4 premolars and 3 molars) on each side of the skull. The rear premolars are similar to the tall, sharp tribosphenic molars (though the premolars lack a protocone). Earlier premolars are smaller, blade-shaped, and widely spaced. The shape and number of incisors are unknown in Ambolestes, while the canines are distinctively double-rooted. The wrist has enlarged scaphoid, hamate, and triquetrum bones, similar to Sinodelphys and metatherians. Other traits are more similar to Eomaia and eutherians: the mandibular angle is not inturned, and the trapezium bone of the wrist is also large. Ambolestes preserves an ectotympanic bone of the middle ear, a delicate bone which is rarely preserved in Mesozoic mammal fossils. The ectotympanic is horseshoe-shaped and thickened at its lower half, similar to that of short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis). The lower part of the ectotympanic hosts a small groove, the meckelian sulcus. The sulcus is a vestige of the meckel's cartilage, a thin plate which connected the middle ear ossicles to the jaw in earlier mammals. Like other therians, the front part of the malleus is downcurved and confluent with the front edge of the ectotympanic, according to a facet on the latter bone. Ambolestes is also the first Mesozoic mammal to be discovered with a complete hyoid apparatus. The hyoid consists of seven linked bones, similar to some squirrels, though the thyrohyals (lower lateral prongs) are enlarged, more akin to the five-bone hyoids of marsupials. Classification According to a phylogenetic analysis by Bi et al. (2018), Ambolestes forms a small clade with Montanalestes, Acristatherium, and Sinodelphys at the base of Eutheria. In 2022, the new Jehol eutherian Cokotherium was added to the clade, while Acristatherium shifted crownwards (closer to placentals). Ambolestes and its basal eutherian clade prompt a re-evaluation of ancestral conditions at the common ancestor of Eutheria and Metatheria. Sinodelphys, for example, was commonly considered to be the oldest known metatherian in most studies prior to 2018. If interpreted as eutherians, Sinodelphys and Ambolestes would indicate that early eutherians were more metatherian-like than",
"title": "Ambolestes"
},
{
"docid": "22439500",
"text": "Glanosuchus is a genus of scylacosaurid therocephalian from the Late Permian of South Africa. The type species G. macrops was named by Robert Broom in 1904. Glanosuchus had a middle ear structure that was intermediate between that of early therapsids and mammals. Ridges in the nasal cavity of Glanosuchus suggest it had an at least partially endothermic metabolism similar to modern mammals. Description Glanosuchus macrops was first described in 1904 by South African paleontologist Robert Broom, who named the genus and species on the basis of a nearly complete holotype skull. The skull has been distorted during fossilization and the bone is indistinguishable from the surrounding matrix in some parts. In illustrating the holotype, Broom chose to reconstruct the skull of the species rather than draw the actual specimen. The skull of Glanosuchus is about long. Glanosuchus probably grew to around in length. Like other early therocephalians, Glanosuchus had a long, deep snout and large canine teeth. The incisor teeth at the front of the upper jaw are also large and blade-like. There are six incisors on either side of the upper jaw, the furthest one being noticeably smaller than the rest. Five small pointed teeth are located behind each canine. The snout is wider in the front than it is behind, a usual feature among therapsids but present in several other related therocephalians. The nostrils are positioned at the tip of the snout and directed forward. Paleobiology Hearing Glanosuchus represents an early stage in the development of the mammalian middle ear. Modern mammals have three bones in the middle ear (the malleus, incus, and stapes) that transfer sound energy from the eardrum to the fluid of the inner ear. The malleus and incus of mammals developed from the articular and quadrate of early therapsids. Studies of the bones of Glanosuchus show that it had a very thin plate of bone that acted as an eardrum, receiving sounds and transferring them to a small air-filled cavity. The stapes and vestibular foramen (the hole that connects the middle and inner ears) are preserved in one specimen of Glanosuchus that was examined by grinding away cross sections of the skull. The anular ligament, a ring-like structure that forms a seal between the end of the stapes and the rim of the vestibular foramen, was probably held in place by cartilage. The transfer of sound between the thin bony plate and the vestibular foramen in Glanosuchus was not as effective as it is in mammals, meaning that the animal had a less acute sense of hearing. Metabolism Glanosuchus may have been one of the first therapsids to achieve endothermy, or warm-bloodedness. Endothermy is seen today in mammals, the only living group of therapsids. Reptiles, the closest living relatives of mammals, are cold-blooded ectotherms with lower metabolic rates. Endothermic animals likely evolved from more primitive ectothermic synapsids sometime in the Permian or Triassic. While fur, commonly accepted as a clear indication of endothermy, has not been found in non-mammalian therapsids, some skeletal features preserved",
"title": "Glanosuchus"
},
{
"docid": "1006006",
"text": "In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have evolved in their most recent common ancestor. In cladistics, synapomorphy implies homology. Examples of apomorphy are the presence of erect gait, fur, the evolution of three middle ear bones, and mammary glands in mammals but not in other vertebrate animals such as amphibians or reptiles, which have retained their ancestral traits of a sprawling gait and lack of fur. Thus, these derived traits are also synapomorphies of mammals in general as they are not shared by other vertebrate animals. Etymology The word —coined by German entomologist Willi Hennig—is derived from the Ancient Greek words (sún), meaning \"with, together\"; (apó), meaning \"away from\"; and (morphḗ), meaning \"shape, form\". Clade analysis The concept of synapomorphy depends on a given clade in the tree of life. Cladograms are diagrams that depict evolutionary relationships within groups of taxa. These illustrations are accurate predictive device in modern genetics. They are usually depicted in either tree or ladder form. Synapomorphies then create evidence for historical relationships and their associated hierarchical structure. Evolutionarily, a synapomorphy is the marker for the most recent common ancestor of the monophyletic group consisting of a set of taxa in a cladogram. What counts as a synapomorphy for one clade may well be a primitive character or plesiomorphy at a less inclusive or nested clade. For example, the presence of mammary glands is a synapomorphy for mammals in relation to tetrapods but is a symplesiomorphy for mammals in relation to one another—rodents and primates, for example. So the concept can be understood as well in terms of \"a character newer than\" (autapomorphy) and \"a character older than\" (plesiomorphy) the apomorphy: mammary glands are evolutionarily newer than vertebral column, so mammary glands are an autapomorphy if vertebral column is an apomorphy, but if mammary glands are the apomorphy being considered then vertebral column is a plesiomorphy. Relations to other terms These phylogenetic terms are used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived character or trait states as stated in the above diagram in association with apomorphies and synapomorphies. Symplesiomorphy – an ancestral trait shared by two or more taxa. Plesiomorphy – a symplesiomorphy discussed in reference to a more derived state. Pseudoplesiomorphy – is a trait that cannot be identified as neither a plesiomorphy nor an apomorphy that is a reversal. Reversal – is a loss of derived trait present in ancestor and the reestablishment of a plesiomorphic trait. Convergence – independent evolution of a similar trait in two or more taxa. Apomorphy – a derived trait. Apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and inherited from a common ancestor is synapomorphy. Apomorphy unique to a given taxon is autapomorphy. Synapomorphy/homology – a derived trait that is found in some or all terminal groups of a clade, and inherited from a common",
"title": "Apomorphy and synapomorphy"
},
{
"docid": "4350446",
"text": "Petrolacosaurus (\"rock lake lizard\") is an extinct genus of diapsid reptile from the late Carboniferous period. It was a small, long reptile, and one of the earliest known reptile with two temporal fenestrae (holes at the rear part of the skull). This means that it was at the base of Diapsida, the largest and most successful radiation of reptiles that would eventually include all modern reptile groups, as well as dinosaurs (which survive to the modern day as birds) and other famous extinct reptiles such as plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and pterosaurs. However, Petrolacosaurus itself was part of Araeoscelida, a short-lived early branch of the diapsid family tree which went extinct in the mid-Permian. Discovery The first Petrolacosaurus fossil was found in 1932 in Garnett, Kansas, by a field expedition from the University of Kansas Natural History Museum. The party consisted of Henry H. Lane, Claude Hibbard, David Dunkle, Wallace Lane, Louis Coghill, and Curtis Hesse. Unfortunately, no field notes or documentation of their discovery are available. Petrolacosaurus fossils were found preserved within a layer of laminated shale that was also plant bearing. The strata that the remains were found in the middle Gzhelian age (middle Stephanian age on the European scale) of the Upper Pennsylvanian. Description Skull Specimens reveal that Petrolacosaurus had a slightly elongated skull with two temporal fenestrae. The upper temporal fenestra is located posteriorly to an enlarged orbit. This is a distinctly diapsid character. The largest teeth in the jaw were at the front of the snout, erupting from the premaxilla bone. There were also a few larger-than average teeth further back on the maxilla, which were probably homologous with caniform teeth retained from the common ancestor between true sauropsid reptiles and synapsids (mammal ancestors). On the dentary, there are marginal teeth, displaying a primitive type of shallow implantation. The palatal arrangement bears close resemblance to Youngoides. Axial skeleton There are seven elongated cervical vertebrae, 2 sacrals, and 60 caudal vertebrae. The number and placement of the vertebrae show that Petrolacosaurus was a rather long-necked reptile with a shorter torso. The number and spool-like shape of the vertebrae, in addition to the poses that the reptiles died in, show that they were also very flexible creatures. The vertebral centra were amphicoelous (concave from the front and behind) and had large ventrolateral depressions. A similar depression can be seen on the massive neural arches, running from the prezygapophyses to the postzygapophysis. These depressions allowed the vertebral column to be lighter while still retaining a sturdy build. Pectoral girdle The pectoral girdle in Petrolacosaurus is light in comparison to the massive girdles found in taxa such as pelycosaurs. Petrolacosaurus specimens had a clavicle with an expanded ventral blade, yet shorter than that of Captorhinus or pelycosaurs. Also, there is a large cleithrum with a broad, rounded end. Limbs The limbs of Petrolacosaurus were long and slender in comparison to other primitive diapsids such as Araeoscelis. The radius and ulna in Petrolacosaurus are of relatively equal length. Unlike these two bones,",
"title": "Petrolacosaurus"
},
{
"docid": "16591429",
"text": "In evolutionary developmental biology, the concept of deep homology is used to describe cases where growth and differentiation processes are governed by genetic mechanisms that are homologous and deeply conserved across a wide range of species. History In 1822, the French zoologist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire dissected a crayfish, discovering that its body is organised like a vertebrate's, but inverted belly to back (dorsoventrally): Geoffroy's homology theory was denounced by the leading French zoologist of his day, Georges Cuvier, but in 1994, Geoffroy was shown to be correct. In 1915, Santiago Ramon y Cajal mapped the neural connections of the optic lobes of a fly, finding that these resembled those of vertebrates. In 1978, Edward B. Lewis helped to found evolutionary developmental biology, discovering that homeotic genes regulated embryonic development in fruit flies. In 1997, the term deep homology first appeared in a paper by Neil Shubin, Cliff Tabin, and Sean B. Carroll, describing the apparent relatedness in genetic regulatory apparatuses which indicated evolutionary similarities in disparate animal features. A different kind of homology Whereas ordinary homology is seen in the pattern of structures such as limb bones of mammals that are evidently related, deep homology can apply to groups of animals that have quite dissimilar anatomy: vertebrates (with endoskeletons made of bone and cartilage) and arthropods (with exoskeletons made of chitin) nevertheless have limbs that are constructed using similar recipes or \"algorithms\". Within the metazoa, homeotic genes control differentiation along major body axes, and pax genes (especially PAX6) help to control the development of the eye and other sensory organs. The deep homology applies across widely separated groups, such as in the eyes of mammals and the structurally quite different compound eyes of insects. Similarly, hox genes help to form an animal's segmentation pattern. HoxA and HoxD, that regulate finger and toe formation in mice, control the development of ray fins in zebrafish; these structures had until then been considered non-homologous. There is a possible deep homology among animals that use acoustic communication, such as songbirds and humans, which may share unmutated versions of the FOXP2 gene. Future endeavors in science; deep homology of cancer stem cells In modern day biology, the depth of understanding deep homology has evolved into focusing on the molecular and genetic mechanisms and functions rather than simple morphology. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a population of cells within a tumor that have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into different cell types, similar to normal stem cells. The stem cell theory of cancer suggests that there is a subpopulation of cells, referred to as cancer stem cells, that have certain characteristics that make them unique among other types of cells within a cancer. The traits that are included in CSCs are that they multiply indefinitely, are resistant to chemotherapy, and are proposed to be responsible for relapse after therapy. Life cycle of cancer The unicellular life cycle of cancer and Entamoeba is uniquely similar, and thus contradicts the molecular phylostratigraphic theory for the origin of",
"title": "Deep homology"
},
{
"docid": "34529185",
"text": "An interparietal bone (os interparietale or Inca bone or os inca var.) is a dermal bone situated between the parietal and supraoccipital. It is homologous to the postparietal bones of other animals. In humans, it corresponds to the upper portion of the squama of the occipital bone that lies superior to the highest nuchal line and is completely fused to the supraoccipital. However, in some individuals this portion remains separate from the rest of the occipital bone throughout life. In such cases, this separate bone is particularly referred as Inca bone. Inca bones in humans were first found in the skulls of contemporary indigenous peoples of the southern Andes as well as in those of mummies of the Inca civilization. Although the Inca bone was originally encountered as a variation in South American and Latin American cranial remains, the variation occurs in people from all geographic regions of the world and is by no means indicative of South/Latin American origin. The existence of this Inca bone has helped to identify the mummified remains which spent 110 years in two German museums as belonging to a young South American woman who was probably a victim of ritual murder practiced around the 17th century. In many other mammals, this bone is completely fused to the supraoccipital as in humans. However in some mammals (for example, rodents, rabbits, and artiodactyls), this bone remains separate from the supraoccipital bone. Classic comparative anatomy have regarded the interparietal as being lost in various mammalian lineages since the interparietal and supraoccipital fuse with each other in the early ontogenetic period in many mammals, but recent study has shown that its presence is confirmed in all extant mammalian orders, particularly in the embryonic period (Koyabu and others, 2012). See also Wormian bones References Bones",
"title": "Interparietal bone"
},
{
"docid": "46701397",
"text": "The wildlife of Qatar includes the peninsula's flora and fauna and their natural habitats. The country's terrestrial wildlife includes numerous small nocturnal mammals, a number of reptiles which mainly consist of lizard species, and arthropods. Aquatic animals primarily include fish, shrimp and pearl oysters. The desert and the shoreline form an important resting site for migratory bird species during autumn and spring. Urban and agricultural developments have led to an increase in bird species. Fauna Mammals There are 21 species of mammals in Qatar. Larger terrestrial mammals such as the Arabian oryx and Arabian gazelle are protected and are held in nature reserves. The Arabian gazelle is the only native gazelle species to Qatar and is locally referred to as the rheem. Qatar's largest mammal is the dugong. Large numbers of dugong appear north of the peninsula's shores. Qatari waters accommodate one of the largest concentrations of dugong in the world. Two species of fox appear in the country. Sand cats also occur in the desert, and sometimes take over abandoned fox dens. Honey badgers (also known as ratel) appear primarily in the southwest of the peninsula. Golden jackals, a species which was previously thought to have been extirpated in the 1950s, was re-discovered in 2008 in Ras Abrouq. Two species of bat are found in the country: the trident bat and the desert long-eared bat. The former is more common. Qatar has the highest density of camels in the Middle East. Birds There are 215 common birds in Qatar. The desert and the shoreline form an important resting site for a number of migratory bird species during autumn and spring. Coastal birds include gulls, terns, turnstones, sanderlings, Kentish plovers, herons and Socotra cormorants. They are usually observed year round. Lark species, including hoopoes, crested larks and black-crowned sparrow-larks are commonly observed in the desert during the summer. More commonly occurring species during the autumn and spring are swallows, swifts, house martins, warblers, redstarts, shrikes, wheatears, wagtails, harriers and falcons (including kestrels). Four of the primary types of birds which can be observed in deserts during the winter are various types of waders and gulls, coots, and little grebes. Rare birds such as the avocet and red-billed tropicbird breed on the peninsula. The Arabian ostrich went extinct in 1945. The North African ostrich was introduced in the later 20th century and is now concentrated in Ras Abrouq. Reptiles Lizards are the most common reptile in Qatar. There are more than 21 species of lizards, with the most common family being Gekkonidae (9 species). Other common families include Lacertidae (4 species), Agamidae (3 species), Scincidae (2 species), and Varanidae, Sphaerodactylidae, and Trogonophidae with one species each. The horned desert viper, a venomous viper species, has been recorded in the country but is rarely sighted. Fish There are at least 500 fish species in Qatar. The northeastern coast has the highest density of fish. Fish caught in the aforementioned region include Carangidae, Pomadasidae, Lethrinidae and Lutjanidae. Goatfish, sharks, groupers, barracudas, threadfins, lizardfish",
"title": "Wildlife of Qatar"
},
{
"docid": "288205",
"text": "The angular is a large bone in the lower jaw (mandible) of amphibians and reptiles (birds included), which is connected to all other lower jaw bones: the dentary (which is the entire lower jaw in mammals), the splenial, the suprangular, and the articular. It is homologous to the tympanic bone in mammals, due to the incorporation of several jaw bones into the mammalian middle ear early in mammal evolution. In therapsids (mammal ancestors and their kin), the lower jaw is made up of the dentary (the mandible in mammals) and a group of smaller \"postdentary\" bones near the jaw joint. As the dentary increased in size over million of years, two of these postdentary bones, the articular and angular, became increasingly reduced and the dentary eventually made direct contact with the upper jaw. These postdentary bones, even before their articular function was lost, probably transmitted sound vibrations to the stapes and, in some therapsids, a bent plate that might have supported a membrane capable of detecting vibrations developed on the angular. Eventually, it developed into the ectotympanic ring which supports the tympanic membrane in the ears of modern mammals. References Vertebrate anatomy",
"title": "Angular bone"
},
{
"docid": "5687904",
"text": "The Rodrigues scops owl (Otus murivorus), also known as Rodrigues owl, Rodrigues lizard owl, Leguat's owl, or (somewhat misleadingly) Rodrigues little owl, was a small owl. It lived on the Mascarene island of Rodrigues, but it is nowadays extinct. It is part of the three Mascarene owls, formerly classified in the genus Mascarenotus, although they are now classified in the genus Otus. Like many of the Mascarene land-birds, the genus was a distinct relative to South-East Asian taxa, in this case apparently being a descendant of the direct ancestor of the Oriental scops owl. This insular scops owl had evolved gigantism, becoming twice as large and four times heavier than its continental ancestor. Taxonomy It is sometimes assumed that Leguat mentioned this bird in his 1708 memoir, but this seems to be in error; Julien Tafforet gave a good description in 1726, however. The Rodrigues bird, which Tafforet compared to the petit-duc, the Eurasian scops owl (and not, as often assumed to the little owl, the chouette chevêche), was more arboreal than its congeners and fed on small birds and \"lizards\" (small specimens of the Rodrigues day gecko and the Rodrigues giant day gecko). A monotonous call was given in good weather. Considering the bird's likely relationships as evidenced by the subfossil bones discovered later, and the detailed description of the related Mauritius scops owl, the Rodriguez bird was as large as a good-sized Australian boobook, with females reaching the size of a long-eared owl, and had ear tufts like an Otus owl and nearly naked legs. In the original description, Milne-Edwards referred the bones to a Strix owl, mistakenly assuming that Tafforet had described a species of the tuftless owl genera. One larger tibiotarsus was assigned by him to the same sort of bird, but not described further. Günther & E. Newton, in their discussion of additional bones, quite logically assigned this bone to a female of this species, given that the small size of the island seems to preclude two competing similar species of owl to coexist. Rothschild, however, described the larger bone as type of what he assumed was a miniature eagle owl, Bubo leguati. It is nowadays accepted that the assignment to sex by Günther & Newton was correct. In 2018, a DNA study by Louchart and colleagues found that the Mascarenotus owls grouped among species of Otus (the scops owls), and therefore belonged to that genus. The cladogram below shows the placement of the Rodrigues owl: Description Tafforet's description of the bird reads as follows: Extinction Regardless of whether Leguat mentioned owls, Tafforet's record is the last reference to this bird. It probably was unable to cope with the ecological alterations and the predation which resulted from the human settlement and the large rat population. The bird became apparently extinct in the mid-18th century; as Rodrigues is quite a small island, it is likely that Pingré would have recorded them in 1761 if they had still been present. References Milne-Edwards, Alphonse (1873): Recherches sur la",
"title": "Rodrigues scops owl"
},
{
"docid": "52850679",
"text": "The postdentary trough is a skeletal feature seen in Mesozoic mammals. It is found on the inside of the lower jaw (dentary), at the back behind the molar teeth. It is the hollow in which the postdentary bones and Meckel's cartilage sit. These bones form the middle ear in later mammal groups (see Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles); they include the incus (quadrate), malleus (articular), ectotympanic (angular) and prearticular. In Mesozoic mammals these bones gradually change position and size until they are incorporated in the middle ear. References Mammal anatomy Evolution of mammals",
"title": "Postdentary trough"
},
{
"docid": "72921529",
"text": "Gaffneylania is an extinct genus of meiolaniid turtle from the Eocene of Patagonia. Gaffneylania is among the earliest known meiolaniids and, much like its later relatives, possessed characteristic horns atop its head. The shell appears to have had a serrated margin. Gaffneylania is a monotypic genus, only containing a single species, Gaffneylania auricularis. History and naming The first remains of Gaffneylania were uncovered in the summer of 2010 during fieldwork led by researchers of the Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio and the Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael. The fossils were recovered in the south-east of the Chubut Province of Argentina in the lower parts of the Sarmiento Formation. The holotype specimen, MPEF-PV 10556, consists of a partial skeleton including parts of the skull, most of the mandible, various limb remains and vertebrae as well as osteoderms and various parts of the carapace and plastron. Multiple referred specimen are also known, although these remains are less complete and primarily consist of isolated bones and shell remains. The name honors the prolific paleontologist Eugene S. Gaffney, an authority on the anatomy and phylogeny of turtles in general and meiolaniids in particular. The second part of the name is of less clear origin. When Richard Owen named the giant monitor lizard Megalania, he translated the later part of the name as meaning \"to roam about\". Gaffney however argued that -lania is derived from the Greek word \"lanius\" meaning butcher. In this instance, Sterli and colleagues follow the etymology given by Owen. The species name meanwhile derives from auricle, the external ear, due to the prominent halfmoon-shaped rim that surrounds the tympanic cavity. Description Skull and scutes The skull of Gaffneylania is highly ankylosed (fused) and several of the sutures between the different skull bones are therefore not visible. The roof of the skull is not preserved, further obscuring the anatomy of the dorsal scutes. This is a huge detriment to research on this taxon, as the cranial scutes are considered to be diagnostic for meiolaniids and distinct for the different species. However, at least three scale areas are visible surrounding the deep tympanic cavity, designated scutes K1, K2 and K3. The cavity itself is surrounded by a halfmoon-shaped rim formed by the squamosal and quadratojugal, which sets Gaffneylania apart from other meiolaniids. Like other meiolaniids, Gaffneylania'''s head was covered in clearly defined scutes and horns that protruded from the skull. The three K scutes surrounding the tympanic cavity are seemingly not homologous with the cheek scutes of other meiolaniids. Later Australian forms such as Meiolania and Ninjemys only possess two scutes in this region of the skull, J and K, while the Argentinian Niolamia has two J scutes, J1 and J2, and only a single K scute. This renders the three-parted K scute unique to Gaffneylania. The top most of these scale areas, K1, is positioned in a way that places it entirely atop the squamosal bone while the lowermost scale, K3, sits fully atop the quadratojugal bone, with K2 stradling the",
"title": "Gaffneylania"
}
] | [
"bones in the jaw"
] |
train_7743 | what counties are in the 6th congressional district in ga | [
{
"docid": "4968385",
"text": "Alabama's 6th congressional district is a United States congressional district in Alabama that elects a representative to the United States House of Representatives. It is composed of the wealthier portions of Birmingham, nearly all of Jefferson County outside Birmingham, most of Blount County, and the entirety of Bibb, Chilton, Coosa, and Shelby counties. It is currently represented by Republican Gary Palmer. Character Once encompassing all of Birmingham and Jefferson County, Alabama's 6th congressional district is now the suburban Birmingham-area district, with nearly all of the urban precincts having been removed since 1992. Due to a continual process of redistricting since the 1990s, the 6th district has taken on an increasingly unusual shape (typical of gerrymandered districts); it has included all of Jefferson County except for a long gash where most of Birmingham itself has been drawn into the neighboring majority-black 7th district. The demography of the district consists mostly of middle and upper middle-class white-collar white families whose adults work in Birmingham. Increasingly, the population of the Birmingham districts has become racially and politically polarized. Since the 1960s, most wealthier whites moved from the city to the suburbs, settling in newer housing in suburban Jefferson County and nearby Shelby County. The African American population of the region has remained largely in more urban areas, even as the upper-class live in income-related neighborhoods. Since assuming its present configuration in 1993, it has become one of the most Republican districts in the country. In 2004 it voted 78% for Republican George W. Bush in the presidential election (in keeping with the current proportion of white majority of its population). John McCain swept the district in 2008, taking 75.91% of the vote while Barack Obama received 23.28%. The district's Republican bent is no less pronounced at the congressional level. Since it assumed its current configuration after the 1990 census, a Democrat has only won as much as 30 percent of the vote twice. Birmingham was once the vanguard district for steel production and metalworking in the South, but restructuring of heavy industries hollowed out the economy of the city, taking many jobs with it. The economy of the 6th district since the late 20th century has centered on the banking industry (Birmingham is the second-largest banking area in the South) and health care/medical research. Voters are socially conservative; however, fiscal conservatism is the most salient feature of this district. History Alabama's 6th congressional district was originally created in 1843. It encompassed the northeastern portion of Alabama, approximately the modern counties of DeKalb, Jackson, Madison, Marshall, Etowah, St. Clair, Blount and Cullman. The district had a population of 66,111 as of the 1840 U.S. census, which made it the second least populous district in Alabama. Neither Cullman County nor Etowah County existed at the time, so only the eastern portion of what today is Cullman County was in the district. In the case of St. Clair County, it appears that only about half of St. Clair County in 1843 was in the district. The",
"title": "Alabama's 6th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "4142785",
"text": "Georgia's 6th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. , it is represented by Republican Rich McCormick. Previously represented by Democrat Lucy McBath, the district's boundaries were redrawn following the 2020 census to be significantly more Republican-leaning than it had been in the previous decade. As a result, McBath announced that she would be running against Carolyn Bourdeaux in the Democratic primary in the neighboring 7th congressional district, which she subsequently won. Rich McCormick defeated Democrat Bob Christian for the seat in the 2022 congressional elections, took office on January 3, 2023. Georgia's 6th congressional district has existed since the 29th Congress (1845–1847), the first Congress in which U.S. representatives were elected from districts rather than at-large. Georgia gained a sixth U.S. representative for the first time in the 13th Congress (1813–1815). Located in north-central Georgia, the district consists of many of the northern suburbs of Atlanta and includes all of Forsyth, Dawson County, portions of eastern Cobb County, northern Fulton County, a snippet of western Gwinnett County, and eastern Cherokee County. From 1965 to 1993, the 6th District covered a swath of exurban and rural territory south and west of Atlanta. In 1992, it moved to its present position in Atlanta's northern suburbs. The district is known for producing prominent figures in American politics, including former House Speaker and 2012 presidential candidate Newt Gingrich, former Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price, and former U.S. Senator Johnny Isakson. It was also known as a suburban Republican stronghold for much of its recent history, and the party held the seat from 1992 to 2018. However, Metro Atlanta's recent population growth has brought Democratic-leaning voters into the area, as evidenced by McBath's 2018 victory over Republican incumbent Karen Handel. The district's new boundaries have restored its previous Republican bent. Counties Cobb (Partial, see also , , and ) Fulton (Partial, see also , , and ) Forsyth Dawson Gwinnett (Partial, see also , ) Cherokee (''Partial, see also ) List of members representing the district Election results 1974 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2017 special election 2018 2020 2022 See also Georgia's at-large congressional district Georgia's 10th congressional district Georgia's 4th congressional district Georgia's congressional districts Georgia's 6th congressional district special election, 2017 References Further reading External links PDF map of Georgia's 6th district at nationalatlas.gov Interactive Map of Georgia's 6th congressional district Georgia's 6th congressional district at GovTrack.us 06",
"title": "Georgia's 6th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "7255649",
"text": "The 6th congressional district of Tennessee is a congressional district in Middle Tennessee. It has been represented by Republican John Rose since January 2019. Much of the sixth district is rural and wooded. It is spread across the geographic regions known as the Cumberland Plateau, the Highland Rim, and the Central Basin. The area is known for its waterfalls, such as Burgess Falls and Cummins Falls. Much of the western part of the district is located in the Nashville metropolitan area, along with a portion of Nashville itself. With close access to interstates 24, 40, and 65, subdivisions are sprouting almost exponentially, fast filling with new economy managers. Recently, many companies have opened either manufacturing or distribution centers in the 6th district. This includes Amazon and Bridgestone-Firestone in Lebanon, gun manufacturer Beretta in Gallatin, and clothing manufacturer Under Armour in Mt. Juliet. Politically speaking, the region was traditionally a \"Yellow Dog Democrat\" district. However, it began shifting rightward as Nashville's suburbs bled into the district and the rural counties trended Republican. It supported Bill Clinton in 1992, partly due to the presence of Al Gore, who represented it from 1977 to 1985, as Clinton's running mate. However, it has not supported a Democrat for president since. Longtime Democratic incumbent Bart Gordon consistently won reelection easily even as the district swung rightward after the turn of the millennium. By the mid-2000s, however, it was believed that the Democrats would have a hard time keeping the seat after Gordon retired. Gordon retired in 2010, and Republican state senator Diane Black won the seat in a landslide, proving just how Republican this district had become. The 2010 redistricting made the district even more Republican, even as its longtime anchor of Murfreesboro was drawn into the neighboring 4th District. Since 2012, no Democrat has won an entire county within the district in any presidential, gubernatorial, senate, or congressional election. Indeed, no Democrat has crossed the 30 percent mark in the district since Gordon's retirement. Current boundaries The district is located in north-central Tennessee and borders Kentucky to the north. It is currently composed of the following counties: Cannon, Clay, Cumberland, DeKalb, Fentress, Jackson, Macon, Overton, Pickett, Putnam, Smith, Sumner, Trousdale, White, and Van Buren. The district also contains parts of Davidson, Scott, Warren, and Wilson counties. Election results from statewide races Results under old lines (2013-2023) History Prior to the 1980 census, when Tennessee picked up a district, most of what is now the 6th district was in the 4th district. During the 1940s, this area was represented by Albert Gore, Sr. of Carthage. Gore was elected to the United States Senate in 1952, where he was instrumental in creating the Interstate Highway system. From 1953 to 1977, the area was represented by Joe L. Evins of Smithville. Evins's nephew, Dan Evins, was the founder of Cracker Barrel Old Country Store restaurant/retail chain. Cracker Barrel's headquarters are still located in Lebanon. In 1976, Evins was succeeded by Al Gore, then-future Vice President and son",
"title": "Tennessee's 6th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "7845878",
"text": "Indiana's 2nd congressional district is an electoral district for the U.S. Congress in Northern Indiana. It includes South Bend, Elkhart, and Warsaw. Prior to 2002, the 2nd congressional district covered east central Indiana, including most of the territory now in the 6th district. However, following the 2000 U.S. census redistricting, the district was moved to replace most of what had been the 3rd district. On November 8, 2022, Republican candidate Rudy Yakym won both the general election and the special election to complete the rest of incumbent representative Jackie Walorski's term after Walorski died in a car accident August 3, 2022. Election results from presidential races Composition Under its borders from 2023 to 2033, Indiana's 2nd congressional district is located in Northern Indiana. It includes Elkhart, Fulton, Marshall, Miami, Pulaski, St. Joseph, Starke and Wabash Counties in full, most of Kosciusko and La Porte Counties, as well as half of Cass County. From 2013 to 2023, the 2nd district had the same borders except that Cass County was entirely in the 4th district. La Porte County is split between this district and the 1st district. They are partitioned by Indiana West 500N and Indiana South/North 600W. The 2nd district takes in part of the city of LaPorte, and the 15 townships of Hanna, Johnson, Hudson, Scipio, Union, Washington, Prairie, Pleasant, Noble, Lincoln, Clinton, Center, Dewey, Wills, Center, and Kankakee. Kosciusko County is split between this district and the 3rd district. They are partitioned by Indiana S 1000 W35, North 200W and West 700N. The 2nd district takes in the city of Warsaw, and the 14 townships of Clay, Etna, Franklin, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Lake, Monroe, Plain, Prairie, Scott, Seward, Van Buren, and Wayne. Cass County is split between this district and the 4th district. They are partitioned roughly by Indiana S Co Rd 200E, Indiana S Co Rd 500E, Indiana N Co Rd 50E, and Indiana N Co Rd 600W. The 2nd district takes in part of the city of Logansport, and the 7 townships of Adams, Bethlehem, Clay, Harrison, Jackson, Miami, Tipton, and part of the township of Deer Creek. Cities of 10,000 or more people South Bend – 103,453 Elkhart – 53,923 Mishawaka – 51,063 Goshen – 34,517 La Porte – 22,471 Logansport – 18,366 Warsaw – 15,804 Peru – 11,073 Wabash – 10,440 Plymouth – 10,214 2,500 – 10,000 people Nappanee – 6,949 Dunlap – 6,442 Rochester – 6,270 North Manchester – 5,277 Winona Lake – 5,053 Simonton Lake – 4,710 Bremen – 4,696 Middlebury – 3,466 Knox – 3,662 Syracuse – 3,079 Bourbon – 2,861 List of members representing the district Election results 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 See also Indiana's congressional districts List of United States congressional districts References Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present 02 LaPorte County, Indiana St. Joseph County, Indiana Porter County, Indiana Starke County, Indiana Marshall County, Indiana Pulaski County, Indiana Fulton County, Indiana Cass County, Indiana Carroll County, Indiana White County, Indiana",
"title": "Indiana's 2nd congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "31124231",
"text": "The 1854 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held on November 7, 1854, to elect 33 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 34th United States Congress, and two representatives to fill vacancies in the 33rd United States Congress. Background 33 U.S. Representatives had been elected in November 1852 to a term in the 33rd United States Congress, beginning on March 4, 1853. Gilbert Dean was appointed to the New York Supreme Court and resigned his seat on July 3, 1854; Gerrit Smith resigned his seat on August 7, 1854; leaving vacancies in the 12th and the 22nd District. The other representatives' term would end on March 3, 1855. The elections were held with the annual State election on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, about four months before the congressional term began, and a little more than a year before Congress actually met on December 3, 1855. Congressional districts The geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1852, which were apportioned by the New York State Legislature on July 10, 1851. In 1854, the City of Williamsburgh was annexed by the City of Brooklyn, and became the 13th through 16th Ward of Brooklyn. It is unclear if the annexation happened before or after this election. The 1st District comprising Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties; and Kings County except the cities of Brooklyn and Williamsburgh. The 2nd District comprising the City of Brooklyn, as it existed before the annexation of the City of Williamsburgh, i.e. the first 12 wards of Brooklyn after the consolidation. The 3rd District comprising the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 8th Ward of New York City. The 4th District comprising the 4th, 6th, 10th and 14th Ward of New York City. The 5th District comprising the 7th and the 13th Ward of New York City; and the City of Williamsburgh, from 1854 on the 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th Ward of Brooklyn. The 6th District comprising the 11th, 15th and 17th Ward of New York City. The 7th District comprising the 9th, 16th and 20th Ward of New York City. The 8th District comprising the 12th, 18th, 19th, 21st and 22nd Ward of New York City. The 9th District comprising Rockland, Westchester and Putnam counties. The 10th District comprising Orange and Sullivan counties. The 11th District comprising Ulster and Greene counties. The 12th District comprising Dutchess and Columbia counties. The 13th District comprising Rensselaer County. The 14th District comprising Albany County. The 15th District comprising Saratoga, Washington, Hamilton and Warren counties. The 16th District comprising Clinton, Essex and Franklin counties. The 17th District comprising Herkimer and St. Lawrence counties. The 18th District comprising Montgomery, Fulton, Schenectady and Schoharie counties. The 19th District comprising Delaware and Otsego counties. The 20th District comprising Oneida County. The 21st District comprising Chenango, Broome and Cortland counties. The 22nd District comprising Madison and Oswego counties. The",
"title": "1854 United States House of Representatives elections in New York"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "1141881",
"text": "Texas's 6th congressional district of the United States House of Representatives is in an area that includes Ellis and Navarro counties to the south and southeast of the Dallas/Fort Worth area plus the southeast corner of Tarrant County. As of the 2010 census, the 6th district represented 698,498 people. The district is currently represented by Republican Jake Ellzey. The district was represented by Joe Barton from 1985 until 2019. Other notable representatives include Olin \"Tiger\" Teague and Phil Gramm. The latter served as a Democrat, then notably resigned and ran as a Republican to win the ensuing special election. A special election to fill the seat was held on May 1, 2021, with the winner being determined in a July 27 runoff after no candidate received a majority of the vote. In the runoff, Republican state representative Jake Ellzey defeated fellow Republican Susan Wright (the widow of Ron Wright and the endorsee of former President Donald Trump), winning the seat. Election results from presidential races List of members representing the district Election results This special election took place after Wright died from health complications related to COVID-19 on February 7, 2021. Historical district boundaries Early in the district's history, it stretched from the southern Dallas-Fort Worth suburbs all the way to Houston's northern suburbs. As Houston and DFW grew, the district shrank gradually northward, reaching its current boundaries today. 2012 redistricting The 2012 redistricting process removed all of Trinity, Houston, Leon, Freestone, and Limestone counties from the district, while making the district more compact in southeastern Tarrant County. See also List of United States congressional districts References Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present 06",
"title": "Texas's 6th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "27933491",
"text": "The 1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 24 to 26, 1798, to elect ten U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 6th United States Congress. Background Ten U.S. Representatives had been elected in December 1796 to a term in the 5th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1795. Their term would end on March 3, 1799. After three winter elections (January 1793, December 1794 and December 1796), the New York State Legislature moved the congressional elections back to be held together with the State elections in late April (like in 1790), about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1799, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on December 2, 1799. Congressional districts On January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature had divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered. On December 18, 1792, the Legislature divided the State into ten districts, which were still not numbered. On March 27, 1797, the Legislature re-apportioned the districts, taking into account the new counties which had been created in the meanwhile, and for the first time the districts were numbered. The 1st District comprising Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties. The 2nd District comprising the first six wards of New York County. The 3rd District comprising the 7th Ward of New York County, and Westchester and Rockland counties. The 4th District comprising Orange, Ulster and Delaware counties. The 5th District comprising Dutchess County. The 6th District comprising Columbia and Rensselaer counties. The 7th District comprising Clinton, Saratoga and Washington counties. The 8th District comprising Albany and Schoharie counties. The 9th District comprising Herkimer, Montgomery, Chenango and Oneida counties. The 10th District comprising Ontario, Otsego, Tioga, Onondaga and Steuben counties. Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties. Result 6 Democratic-Republicans and 4 Federalists were elected. Of the incumbents, Havens, Livingston, Van Cortlandt, Elmendorf and Glen were re-elected; Brooks and Williams were defeated; and Hezekiah L. Hosmer, John E. Van Alen and James Cochran did not run for re-election. Note: The Anti-Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties. Aftermath The House of Representatives of the 6th United States Congress met for the first time at Congress Hall in Philadelphia on December 2, 1799, and nine representatives took their seats on this day. Special election Jonathan N.",
"title": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New York"
},
{
"docid": "32237322",
"text": "The 13th Senate District of Wisconsin is one of 33 districts in the Wisconsin Senate. Located in south central Wisconsin, the district comprises all of Green Lake and Marquette counties, along with most of Dodge County, western Fond du Lac County, and parts of northern Jefferson County, eastern Adams County, northeast Columbia County, and southwest Winnebago County. It includes the cities of Beaver Dam, Horicon, Markesan, Mayville, Montello, Princeton, Ripon, Watertown, and Waupun. Current elected officials John Jagler is the senator representing the 13th district. He was first elected in a 2021 special election. He previously served 8 years in the State Assembly. Each Wisconsin State Senate district is composed of three Wisconsin State Assembly districts. The 13th Senate district comprises the 37th, 38th, and 39th Assembly districts. The current representatives of those districts are: Assembly District 37: William Penterman (R–Columbus) Assembly District 38: Barbara Dittrich (R–Oconomowoc) Assembly District 39: Mark Born (R–Beaver Dam) The 13th Senate district, in its current borders, crosses three different congressional districts. The part of the district in Adams County falls within Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district, represented by U.S. Representative Derrick Van Orden. The parts of the district in Jefferson County and the southern half of Dodge County fall within Wisconsin's 5th congressional district, represented by Scott L. Fitzgerald. All of the remainder falls within Wisconsin's 6th congressional district, represented by Glenn Grothman. Past senators The district has previously been represented by: Note: the boundaries of districts have changed repeatedly over history. Previous politicians of a specific numbered district have represented a completely different geographic area, due to redistricting. References External links Senate District 13 at Wisconsin Legislature Senator John Jagler (2023) Senator John Jagler (2021) Senator Scott L. Fitzgerald (2019) Senator Scott L. Fitzgerald (2017) Wisconsin Senate districts Adams County, Wisconsin Columbia County, Wisconsin Dodge County, Wisconsin Green Lake County, Wisconsin Marquette County, Wisconsin Jefferson County, Wisconsin Winnebago County, Wisconsin 1848 establishments in Wisconsin",
"title": "Wisconsin's 13th Senate district"
},
{
"docid": "6953615",
"text": "Michigan's 4th congressional district is a United States congressional district located in the state of Michigan. The current 4th district contains much of Michigan's old 2nd district, and includes all of Allegan and Van Buren counties, as well as portions of Ottawa, Kalamazoo, Calhoun, and Berrien counties. In 2022, the district was redrawn to start in St. Joseph Township and extend north to Port Sheldon Township. The 4th is currently represented by Republican Bill Huizenga, who previously represented the old 2nd district. Cities Presidential election results This table indicates how the district has voted in U.S. presidential elections; election results reflect voting in the district as it was configured at the time of the election, not as it is configured today. Recent election results from statewide races This table indicates how the district has voted in recent statewide elections; election results reflect voting in the district as it is currently configured, not necessarily as it was at the time of these elections. History Michigan's 4th congressional district was first formed in 1852. At this time It covered everywhere from Macomb County to the western end of the Upper Peninsula. Ingham County was not in the district, and then the boundary turned northward after Eaton County only going west again Midland County was reached. It went west again along Midland and subsequent counties southern lines and then headed north again on the east side of Muskegon County, with Manistee being its southern county that bordered Lake Michigan. In 1863 it gained the areas around Grand Rapids and Muskegon but lost everything east of Ionia County and most of the Upper Peninsula. In 1872 it was redrawn to cover Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo, Van Buren and St. Joseph Counties. In 1892 these boundaries were altered by the addition of Allegan and Barry Counties but the subtraction of Kalamazoo County. This remained the district boundaries for the next 72 years. In 1964 the 4th district was redrawn. Barry County was subtracted from the district while Branch and Hillsdale Counties were added. In 1972 the district boundaries were altered by adding small sections of Calhoun County and subtracting small portions of Hillsdale and St. Joseph Counties. The 1982 redistricting removed from the district all of Hillsdale County and the portion of Calhoun County that was in the district. Quincy and Butler Townships in Branch County were also removed. In Kalamazoo County Schoolcraft Township and most of Portage were added to the district. The southern and western portions of Allegan County and most of western Ottawa County including Holland, Michigan were also in the district. In the renumbering of 1992 this district essentially became the 6th, while the old 10th became the new 4th. The old 10th and 1990s 4th The old 10th included most of Grand Traverse and all of Kalkaska County which were lost to the new 1st (old 11th) in the 1992 redistricting. It also included Wexford County that was moved to the new 2nd (old 9th) in the 1992 redistricting. The only",
"title": "Michigan's 4th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "9193600",
"text": "Indiana's 6th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Indiana. The district takes in a portion of eastern and central Indiana as of the 2020 census, including Columbus and Richmond, some of Cincinnati's Indiana suburbs, most of Indianapolis' southern suburbs, and a sliver of Indianapolis itself. The district is currently represented by Republican Greg Pence. He is the brother of former U.S. Vice President Mike Pence, who represented this district before serving as Governor of Indiana and Vice President of the United States. Greg Pence was elected on November 6, 2018, after the previous incumbent Luke Messer announced his retirement to run for the U.S. Senate in 2018. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+19, it is one of the most Republican districts in Indiana. Election results from presidential races Composition Cities of 10,000 or more people Indianapolis – 887,642 Greenwood – 63,830 Columbus – 50,474 Richmond – 35,720 Franklin – 25,313 Greenfield – 23,488 Shelbyville – 20,067 New Castle – 17,396 Beech Grove – 14,717 Connersville – 13,324 2,500 – 10,000 people Bargersville – 9,560 McCordsville – 8,592 Rushville – 6,208 New Whiteland – 5,550 Cumberland – 5,954 Fortville – 4,784 Whiteland – 4,599 Edinburgh – 4,435 Centerville – 2,748 New Palestine – 2,744 List of members representing the district Composition As of 2023, Indiana's 6th congressional district is located in eastern and Central Indiana. It includes Fayette, Hancock, Henry, Johnson, Rush, Shelby, Union, and Wayne Counties, and parts of Bartholomew, Marion, and Randolph Counties. Bartholomew County is split between this district and the 9th district. They are partitioned by the borders of Indiana County Rd West 300 South and Indiana County Rd 400 South. The 6th district takes in most of the city of Columbus, and the 9 townships of Camp Atterbury, Clay, Clifty, Columbus Township, Flat Rock, German, Harrison, Haw Creek, and Rock Creek, and part of Sand Creek. Marion County is split between this district and the 7th district. They are partitioned by Stafford Rd, West Troy Ave, and East Troy Ave. The 6th district takes in most of the city of Beech Grove as well as the south side of Indianapolis, encompassing Decatur, Perry, and Franklin Townships. Several eastern and southern Indianapolis suburbs, including Greenwood, Franklin, and Greenfield, are also in the 6th district. Randolph County is split between this district and the 3rd district. They are partitioned by Indiana State Rt 32. The 6th district takes in the 4 townships of Greensfork, Stoney Creek, Union, and Washington, as well as half of White River and Wayne Townships. Largest cities Cities in the district with more than 10,000 residents as of the 2020 Census. Indianapolis (portion in 6th district) – 208,675 Greenwood – 63,830 Columbus – 50,474 Richmond – 35,720 Franklin – 25,313 Greenfield – 23,488 Shelbyville – 20,067 New Castle – 17,396 Beech Grove – 14,192 Connersville – 13,481 Election results 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Historical district boundaries See also Indiana's",
"title": "Indiana's 6th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "15789189",
"text": "The 1994 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 8, 1994, to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. The primary elections for the Democrats and the Republicans were held on August 9 and the runoff elections were held two weeks later on August 23. All four incumbents who ran were re-elected and the Republicans won both of the open seats in the 1st congressional district and the 3rd congressional district. The composition of the state delegation after the elections was four Republicans and two Democrats. 1st congressional district Incumbent Republican Congressman Arthur Ravenel, Jr. of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1987, chose to run for Governor instead of re-election. Mark Sanford, a real estate developer from Sullivan's Island, won the Republican primary and defeated Democrat Robert Barber in the general election. Republican primary General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Republican hold |- 2nd congressional district Incumbent Republican Congressman Floyd Spence of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1971, was unopposed in his bid for re-election. General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Republican hold |- 3rd congressional district Incumbent Democratic Congressman Butler Derrick of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1975, opted to retire. Lindsey Graham, a state representative from Oconee County, won the Republican primary and defeated Democrat James E. Bryan, Jr. in the general election. Democratic primary Republican primary General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Republican gain from Democratic |- 4th congressional district Incumbent Republican Congresswoman Bob Inglis of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1993, defeated Democratic challenger Jerry L. Fowler. General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Republican hold |- 5th congressional district Incumbent Democratic Congressman John M. Spratt, Jr. of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1983, defeated Republican challenger Larry Bigham. General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Democratic hold |- 6th congressional district Incumbent Democratic Congressman Jim Clyburn of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1993, defeated Republican challenger Gary McLeod. Democratic primary General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Democratic hold |- See also 1994 United States House of Representatives elections 1994 South Carolina gubernatorial election South Carolina's congressional districts References 1994 South Carolina elections 1994 South Carolina",
"title": "1994 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina"
},
{
"docid": "4894814",
"text": "Arizona's 3rd congressional district is a congressional district that includes most of southern, western, and downtown Phoenix, along with a portion of Glendale. It is currently represented by Democrat Ruben Gallego. From 2003 to 2013, most of the district's population was in middle-to-upper class areas in the northern part of Phoenix. Like the metropolitan area in general, the 3rd district leaned Republican, although the southern parts of the district in east-central Phoenix and Paradise Valley were more competitive between the parties. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+24, it is the most Democratic district in Arizona. History Arizona picked up a third district after the 1960 census. It encompassed the entire northern portion of the state, essentially wrapping around Phoenix and Maricopa County (the 1st district). After a mid-decade redistricting in 1967, the 3rd absorbed a slice of western Maricopa County, including most of what became the West Valley. Due in part to explosive growth in the Phoenix/Maricopa portion of the district, the 3rd lost much of its eastern portion in the 1970 census. Although it appeared rural on paper, the great majority of its population lived in the West Valley. By the 1970s, as many people lived in the West Valley as in the rest of the district combined. After the 1990 census, the district was reconfigured to include the Hopi Reservation on the other side of the state. This was a product of longstanding disputes between the Hopi and Navajo. Since tribal boundary disputes are a federal matter, it was long believed inappropriate to include both tribes' reservations in the same congressional district. However, the Hopi reservation is completely surrounded by the Navajo reservation. The final map saw the Hopi reservation connected to the rest of the district by a long, narrow tendril stretching through Coconino County. This was the only way to allow the district to remain contiguous without covering significant portions of Navajo land. After the 2000 census, this district essentially became the 2nd district, while the 3rd was reconfigured to include much of what had been the 4th district. It now contained most of northern Phoenix as well as some of its northern suburbs. Most of that territory became the 6th district after the 2010 census, while the 3rd was shifted to cover most of what had been the 7th district. This version of the 3rd stretched from western Tucson to Yuma, running along the entire length of the border between Arizona and Mexico. This district, in turn, had mostly been the 2nd district from 1951 to 2003. From 2003 to 2013, most of the district's population was in middle-to-upper-class areas in the northern part of Phoenix. Like the metropolitan area in general, the 3rd district leaned Republican, although the southern parts of the district in east-central Phoenix and Paradise Valley were more competitive between the parties. George W. Bush received 58% of the vote in this district in 2004. John McCain took in 56.47% of the vote in the district in 2008",
"title": "Arizona's 3rd congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "3629165",
"text": "New Jersey's 4th congressional district is a congressional district that stretches along the New Jersey Shore. It has been represented by Republican Chris Smith since 1981, the second-longest currently serving member of the US House of Representatives and the longest serving member of Congress from New Jersey in history. Although the 4th district had a presence in Mercer County for decades, it lost its two towns in the county (Hamilton and Robbinsville) following the redistricting process in late 2021, which was based on the 2020 census. The district is currently contained to Monmouth County and Ocean County. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+14, it is the most Republican district in New Jersey, and it is also the only one that did not elect a Democrat since 2018. Counties and municipalities in the district For the 118th and successive Congresses (based on redistricting following the 2020 Census), the district contains all or portions of two counties and 40 municipalities. Municipalities in the district are: Monmouth County (19) Avon-By-The-Sea, Belmar, Brielle, Colts Neck Township, Eatontown, Farmingdale, Freehold Township (part; also 3rd), Howell Township, Lake Como, Manasquan, Middletown Township (part; also 6th), Ocean Township, Sea Girt, Shrewsbury, Shrewsbury Township, Spring Lake, Spring Lake Heights, Tinton Falls, Wall Township Ocean County (21) Beachwood, Berkeley Township (part; also 2nd), Bay Head, Brick, Island Heights, Jackson Township, Lacey (part; also 2nd), Lakehurst, Lakewood Township, Lavallette, Manchester Township, Mantoloking, Ocean Gate, Pine Beach, Point Pleasant Beach, Point Pleasant, Plumsted Township, Seaside Heights, Seaside Park, South Toms River, Toms River Election results in statewide races List of members representing the district Recent election results 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 References Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present 04 Mercer County, New Jersey Monmouth County, New Jersey Ocean County, New Jersey Constituencies established in 1799 1799 establishments in New Jersey Constituencies disestablished in 1801 1801 disestablishments in New Jersey Constituencies established in 1843 1843 establishments in New Jersey",
"title": "New Jersey's 4th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "2560591",
"text": "West Virginia's 3rd congressional district is an obsolete U.S. congressional district in southern West Virginia. At various times the district covered different parts of the state, but in its final form included the state's second-largest city, Huntington; included Bluefield, Princeton, and Beckley; and has a long history of coal mining (especially in the southwestern counties), forestry, and farming. The district was last represented by Republican Carol Miller. However, because West Virginia lost a congressional seat in the 2020 census, it was eliminated in 2023. On October 22, 2021, Governor Jim Justice signed the new congressional map plans into law. Under the plan, all of the current 3rd would be part of the new 1st. Incumbent representative Miller announced her candidacy for the new 1st district. Character The district grew in geographic size over the years, as it contained the area of the state that lost the most population. Most of the congressmen listed below prior to the 1992 election cycle actually represented other parts of the state, as most of the recent 3rd district's history was found in the also obsolete 4th, 5th, and 6th districts. The last version of the 3rd district began to take shape in the 1960s. For much of its history, the 4th district had been focused on Huntington and the mill towns and farm communities north of that city along the Ohio River, while the 5th and 6th districts were focused on the then safely Democratic coal fields. In the 1970 redistricting, the 5th (which had absorbed most of the 6th due to population loss 10 years earlier) was eliminated, and most of its territory was merged into the 4th to form what is now the western half of the 3rd. In the 1990 redistricting the old 4th was renumbered as the 3rd and took in what is now the eastern half of its current shape from a previous version of the 2nd district. The major areas of the last version of the district included the industrial and university city of Huntington, the coal producing southwestern part of the state, and the more conservative farm and timber region of the southeastern part of the state. 2010 census figures again showed a major population loss, and Mason County was transferred from the 2nd to the 3rd district. This did not change the character of the district in a significant way. Despite the strength of Democrats at the local and state level, in presidential elections the district followed the increasing Republican trend in West Virginia. While Bill Clinton twice carried the district handily in three-way races, Al Gore had just narrowly won the district in 2000 with 51% of the vote. George W. Bush won the district in 2004 with 53% of the vote, and John McCain carried the district in 2008 with 55.76% of the vote, continuing the district, and the state's rightward shift despite a large shift towards the Democrats nationally in 2008. In 2012, the district shifted significantly towards the Republicans yet again, with",
"title": "West Virginia's 3rd congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "15649647",
"text": "The 1992 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 3, 1992, to elect the six U.S. representatives from the state of South Carolina, one from each of the state's six congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 1992 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections. Primary elections were held on August 25. In the general election, four incumbents were re-elected; however, incumbent Democrat Liz J. Patterson of the was defeated in her bid for a fourth term by Republican challenger Bob Inglis. Additionally, control of the open seat was retained by Democratic newcomer Jim Clyburn following the retirement of five-term incumbent Robin Tallon after the district's racial composition was significantly altered in redistricting. As of 2023, this is the last time South Carolina's congressional delegation comprised an equal number of Republicans and Democrats, and the last time Democrats would receive over 40% of the vote in U.S. House elections in the state until 2006. Redistricting Following the 1990 United States census and subsequent redistricting cycle, South Carolina's congressional districts were redrawn by a federal court after the state legislature failed to produce their own map. The court's plan, which was issued on May 1, 1992, shifted the boundaries of each of the state's six congressional districts substantially; in the 1980s, South Carolina's districts were largely made up of whole counties, with only one (Berkeley County) being split between two districts. In contrast, the court-drawn lines split a total of 13 counties, 11 of which were divided and dispersed to create the new 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 6th districts. This splitting of counties was done largely to shift the 6th district, then-consisting of a predominantly white electorate, into a majority-minority seat that would allow the state's large black population to elect an African American to Congress. Overview District 1 The 1st district stretches from the coastal regions of the Pee Dee into the upper parts of the Lowcountry, including all of Georgetown and Horry counties, and taking in a sizable portion of Berkeley County; due to redistricting, the 1st lost a significant amount of its share of Charleston and Dorchester counties, in addition to all of Beaufort, Colleton, Hampton, and Jasper counties. The incumbent was Republican Arthur Ravenel Jr., who was re-elected with 65.5% of the vote in 1990. Republican primary Candidates Nominee Arthur Ravenel Jr., incumbent U.S. representative Democratic primary Candidates Nominee Bill Oberst Jr., former Georgetown Chamber of Commerce executive director General election Endorsements Fundraising Results District 2 The 2nd district extends from the Midlands down to the Lowcountry, taking in all of Allendale, Barnwell, Hampton, Jasper, and Lexington counties, as well as parts of Aiken, Beaufort, Calhoun, Colleton, Orangeburg, and Richland counties; redistricting shifted the 2nd from a Midlands-centric seat into one which stretches along South Carolina's border with Georgia and includes a relatively large portion of the state's coastline. The incumbent was Republican",
"title": "1992 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina"
},
{
"docid": "3833522",
"text": "California's 7th congressional district is a United States congressional district in California. Doris Matsui, a Democrat, has represented the district since January 2023. Currently, it encompasses southern Sacramento County, part of Yolo County, and a tiny portion of Solano County. It includes all of Sacramento south of the American River, including Downtown Sacramento, and its suburbs of West Sacramento, Elk Grove, and Galt. It is a heavily Democratic district. Prior to redistricting in 2021, it was entirely in Sacramento County and included the eastern and southern suburbs of Sacramento. Competitiveness Containing most of the state capital of Sacramento, the 7th is currently a solidly Democratic district with a D+17 rating from the Cook Partisan Voting Index. Voter registration Registered voter statistics comes from the California Secretary of State: Election results from statewide races Composition As of 2023, California's 7th congressional district is located in the Sacramento Valley, and encompasses most of Sacramento County and parts of Yolo. Sacramento County is split between this district and both the 3rd district and 6th district. The 7th and 3rd districts are partitioned by Latrobe Rd. The 7th and 6th districts are partitioned by the Sacramento River, American River, Fair Oaks Blvd, Watt Ave, Kiefer Blvd, Highway 16, Bradshaw Rd, Highway E2, and Stonehouse Dr. The 7th district takes in the south side of the city of Sacramento, the cities of Galt and Elk Grove, and the census-designated places Florin and Parkway. Yolo County is split between this district and 4th district. They are partitioned by Highway 84 and Elkhorn Slough on the southern border, and by County Rd 126, Tule Canal, Toe Drain Canal, Highway 84, Babel Slough Rd, and Pumphouse Rd. The 7th district takes in the city of West Sacramento, and most of Ryer Island. Cities & CDP with 10,000 or more people Sacramento - 524,943 Elk Grove - 178,997 Vineyard - 39,800 Galt - 26,536 List of representatives Election results for representatives 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Historical district boundaries See also List of United States congressional districts References External links GovTrack.us: California's 7th congressional district 07 Government of Sacramento County, California Elk Grove, California Folsom, California Rancho Cordova, California Constituencies established in 1893 1893 establishments in California",
"title": "California's 7th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "4108080",
"text": "Massachusetts's 6th congressional district is located in northeastern Massachusetts. It contains most of Essex County, including the North Shore and Cape Ann, as well as part of Middlesex County. It is represented by Seth Moulton, who has represented the district since January 2015. The shape of the district went through minor changes effective from the elections of 2012 after Massachusetts congressional redistricting to reflect the 2010 census. The towns of Tewksbury and Billerica were added, along with a small portion of the town of Andover. Election results from presidential races Cities and towns in the district In Essex County: The cities of: Amesbury, Beverly, Gloucester, Lynn, Newburyport, Peabody, and Salem The towns of: Andover: Precincts 1, 7A and, 8 Boxford, Danvers, Essex, Georgetown, Groveland, Hamilton, Ipswich, Lynnfield, Manchester, Marblehead, Merrimac, Middleton, Nahant, Newbury, North Andover, Rockport, Rowley, Salisbury, Saugus, Swampscott, Topsfield, Wenham, and West Newbury. In Middlesex County: The towns of: Bedford, Billerica, Burlington, North Reading, Reading, Tewksbury, Wakefield and Wilmington. Cities and towns in the district prior to 2013 1840s \"Amherst, Belchertown, East-Hampton, Enfield, Granby, Greenwich, Hadley, Hatfield, Northampton, Pelham, Prescott, South Hadley, and Ware, in the County of Hampshire; Brimfield, Holland, Longmeadow, Ludlow, Monson, Palmer, Southwick, Springfield, Wales, Westfield, West Springfield, and Wilbraham, in the County of Hampden; Bernardston, Deerfield, Erving, Gill, Greenfield, Leverett, Montague, New Salem, Northfield, Orange, Shutesbury, Sunderland, Warwick, Wendell, and Whately in the County of Franklin; and Athol and Royalston, in the County of Worcester.\" 1850s \"The cities of Lynn, Newburyport, and Salem, and the towns of Amesbury, Beverly, Essex, Georgetown, Gloucester, Groveland, Hamilton, Ipswich, Manchester, Marblehead, Newbury, Rockport, Rowley, Salisbury, Wenham, and West Newbury, in the county of Essex.\" 1890s \"Suffolk County: City of Boston, wards 3, 4, and 5, and the towns of Chelsea, Revere, and Winthrop. Middlesex County: Towns of Everett, Malden, Medford, Melrose, Reading, Stoneham, Wakefield, and Winchester. Essex County: Towns of Lynn, Nahant, Saugus, and Swampscott.\" 1910s \"Essex County: Cities of Beverly, Gloucester, Haverhill, Newburyport, and Salem; towns of Amesbury, Danvers, Essex, Georgetown, Groveland, Hamilton, Ipswich, Manchester, Marblehead, Merrimac, Newbury, Rockport, Rowley, Salisbury, Swampscott, Topsfleld, Wenham, and West Newbury.\" 1920s–1980s 1990s \"Counties: Essex, Middlesex. Cities and townships: Amesbury, Bedford, Beverly, Boxford, Burlington, Danvers, Essex, Georgetown, Gloucester, Groveland, Hamilton, Haverhill, Ipswich, Lynn, Lynnfield, Manchester by the Sea, Marblehead, Merrimac, Middleton, Nahant, Newbury, Newburyport, North Andover, North Reading, Peabody, Reading (part), Rockport, Rowley, Salem, Salisbury, Saugus, Swampscott, Topsfield, Wenham, West Newbury, and Wilmington.\" 2003 to 2013 In Essex County: The cities of: Amesbury, Beverly, Gloucester, Lynn, Newburyport, Peabody, and Salem The towns of: Boxford, Danvers, Essex, Georgetown, Groveland, Hamilton, Ipswich, Lynnfield, Manchester, Marblehead, Merrimac, Middleton, Nahant, Newbury, North Andover, Rockport, Rowley, Salisbury, Saugus, Swampscott, Topsfield, Wenham, and West Newbury. In Middlesex County: The towns of: Bedford, Billerica, Burlington, North Reading, Reading, Wakefield and Wilmington. List of members representing the district Recent election results The following are the results from the last four general elections for U.S. House of Representatives to represent the Massachusetts's 6th Congressional District: References Specific General Congressional Biographical",
"title": "Massachusetts's 6th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "11585538",
"text": "Christian William Ramseyer (March 13, 1875 – November 1, 1943) was a nine-term Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 6th congressional district. Biography He was born on March 13, 1875, near Collinsville, Ohio. Ramseyer moved to Davis County, Iowa, in 1887 and settled near Pulaski. He attended the public schools. He graduated from the Southern Iowa Normal School in 1897 and from Iowa State Teachers College, Cedar Falls, Iowa, in 1902. He taught school for nine years, and was principal and later superintendent of the Bloomfield High School in Bloomfield, Iowa. He was graduated from the University of Iowa College of Law in 1906. He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced the practice of law in Bloomfield. He served as prosecuting attorney of Davis County from 1911 to 1915. In 1914, Ramseyer was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-fourth Congress. He was re-elected eight consecutive times. However, in 1931, Iowa lost two congressional seats, and the resulting reapportionment placed Ramseyer and former 8th congressional district congressman Lloyd Thurston in the same district (Iowa's 5th congressional district). In 1932 the two incumbents opposed each other for the Republican nomination for that district, but Thurston prevailed in the primary. In all, Ramseyer served in the House from March 4, 1915, to March 3, 1933. After his defeat, he served as commissioner for the United States Court of Claims from 1933 until his death in Washington, D.C., on November 1, 1943. He was interred in Odd Fellows Cemetery in Bloomfield. Legacy Congressman Ramseyer originated what is now known as the Ramseyer Rule (Clause 3(e) of Rule XIII of the Standing Rules of the United States House of Representatives) that requires bills to show exactly how a bill would change existing law. Bills reported out of full House committees now include 'Ramseyering' which shows repealed or deleted portions of existing law surrounded in boldface brackets, and new additions to law shown in italic typeface. These conventions have been adopted by many other legislative bodies. A Ramseyer document shows only those provisions of existing federal statutes which are amended by the bill (as reported) and is included in the House report filed by the full committee. References External links 1875 births 1943 deaths American prosecutors University of Northern Iowa alumni University of Iowa College of Law alumni Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa People from Butler County, Ohio People from Davis County, Iowa People from Bloomfield, Iowa",
"title": "C. William Ramseyer"
},
{
"docid": "4894296",
"text": "Arizona's 5th congressional district is a congressional district located in the U.S. state of Arizona, currently represented by Republican Andy Biggs. The district contains Gilbert, Queen Creek, southern and eastern Chandler, and eastern Mesa. It is within eastern Maricopa County and northern Pinal County, and includes most of the East Valley. Its representative, Andy Biggs, was elected in November 2016. History Arizona picked up a fifth district as a result of the redistricting cycle after the 1980 census. It covered most of the southeastern portion of the state, though the bulk of its population was located in the eastern half of Tucson. It was a Republican-leaning swing district, though a Democrat won it when it was first contested in 1982 before giving way to a Republican in 1984. After the 2000 census, this district essentially became the 8th district, while most of the Maricopa County portion of the old 6th district became the new 5th district. This version of the 5th covered all of Tempe and Scottsdale and portions of Chandler, Mesa and the Ahwatukee section of Phoenix. Although Republicans outnumbered Democrats by about 40,000 voters, the 5th district was considered far less conservative than other suburban Phoenix districts. George W. Bush received 54% of the vote in this district in 2004 and home state candidate John McCain narrowly won the district in 2008 with 51.70% of the vote while Barack Obama received 47.17%. After the 2010 census, this district mostly became the 9th district, while the 5th was reconfigured to take in most of the East Valley. This area had previously been the 1st district from 1951 to 2003 and the 6th district from 2003 to 2013. Like its predecessors, this district was heavily Republican. After the 2020 census, this district, and the 8th, were the only two districts to remain in substantially the same areas. The revised 5th district still covers part of eastern Maricopa County and northern Pinal County, including Apache Junction. In Maricopa County it is basically south of downtown Phoenix and the Salt River and east of Rt. 101. Composition Cities of 10,000 people or more Mesa – 509,475 Chandler – 275,987 Gilbert – 267,918 San Tan Valley – 99,894 Queen Creek – 59,519 Apache Junction – 38,499 Sun Lakes – 14,868 Gold Canyon – 11,404 Voting List of members representing the district Arizona began sending a fifth member to the House after the 1980 census. Recent election results 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 See also Arizona's congressional districts List of United States congressional districts References 1998 Election data from CNN.com 2000 Election data from CNN.com 2002 Election data from CBSNews.com 2004 Election data at CNN.com External links Maps of Congressional Districts first in effect for the 2002 election Tentative Final Congressional Maps for the 2012 election 05 Government of Maricopa County, Arizona Government of Pinal County, Arizona Chandler, Arizona Gilbert, Arizona Mesa, Arizona Constituencies established in 1983 1983 establishments in Arizona",
"title": "Arizona's 5th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "7287176",
"text": "The 7th congressional district of Tennessee is a congressional district located in parts of Middle and West Tennessee. It has been represented by Republican Mark E. Green since January 2019. The seventh district has significant suburban and rural areas. Although most of the area is rural, more than half of the district's vote is cast in either Montgomery County (Clarksville) or Williamson County (Franklin, Brentwood). By most measures, Williamson County is the wealthiest county in the state and is usually ranked near the top nationally. The district has a very strong military presence, as it includes Tennessee's share of Fort Campbell. Politically speaking, the area was secessionist and part of the Democrats' \"Solid South\" for a century after the Civil War, excluding heavily Republican Unionist Highland Rim Wayne County. Starting with the election of Don Sundquist in 1983, this district has become one of the most Republican areas in Tennessee. The presence of Nashville's suburbs gives it a character similar to those of most affluent suburban districts in much of the South until the mid-2000s. It has a strong social conservative bent; many of the state's most politically active churches are either located here or draw most of their congregations from here. The rural secessionist counties are similar demographically to the 8th district and returned to the Democrats until the 2000s; three of the five Tennessee counties won by George McGovern lie within this district. However, since the mid-2000s these counties have turned overwhelmingly Republican in all elections. The only area where Democrats currently compete on anything resembling an even basis is in Clarksville, which still occasionally elects Democrats to the state legislature. Current boundaries The district is located in both West and Middle Tennessee. It stretches as far north as the Kentucky border, as far south as the Alabama border, as far east as Franklin, and as far west as Camden. It is currently composed of the following counties: Cheatham, Dickson, Decatur, Hickman, Houston, Humphreys, Montgomery, Perry, Robertson, Stewart, and Wayne. It also includes significant portions of Benton, Davidson, and Williamson. Election results from statewide races Results under old lines (2013–2023) History Districts stretching from Clarksville to West Tennessee have existed in one form or another since 1871. For most of the time from 1933 to 1983 (except for 1943 to 1953), it was numbered as the 6th district. This district assumed something approaching its current configuration in 1973, when Tennessee lost a congressional district. At that time, the 6th was redrawn to stretch from Williamson County, south of Nashville, to the eastern suburbs of Memphis and covering the rural areas in between. Republican Robin Beard represented this area from 1973 to 1983. Tennessee gained a congressional district following the 1980 census. At this time, the district was re-numbered as the 7th and lost its eastern counties to the 4th and 6th districts. At the same time, most of its black residents closer to Memphis were drawn into the 9th district. Following this re-districting, Beard made an unsuccessful U.S.",
"title": "Tennessee's 7th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "4895064",
"text": "Arizona's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district located in the U.S. state of Arizona. The district is in the north eastern part of the state and includes Apache, Coconino, Gila, Navajo, and Yavapai counties in their entirety and portions of Graham, Maricopa, Mohave, and Pinal counties. The largest city in the district is Flagstaff. Before January 2023, Arizona's second congressional district was located in the southeastern corner of the state and included Cochise county and eastern Pima county drawing most of its population from the city of Tucson. The majority of that district was renumbered as Arizona's 6th congressional district. The 2nd district essentially took over what was Arizona's 1st congressional district from 2003 to 2023. The district includes 12 Native American reservations including the Hualapai, Havasupai, Hopi, Navajo, San Carlos Apache, and White Mountain Apache people. Twenty-two percent of the district's citizens were Native American. History When Arizona was divided into congressional districts for the first time after the 1950 census, the 2nd district comprised the entire state outside of the Phoenix area. Arizona gained a third district after the 1960 census, and the 2nd was cut back to roughly the southern third of the state, stretching border-to-border from New Mexico to California. It ran along the entire length of the border with Mexico. By far the district's largest city was Tucson. The next largest city was Yuma, in the far west. After a mid-decade redistricting in 1967, the district was pushed slightly to the north, picking up a portion of southern Phoenix. This configuration remained largely unchanged until the 1980 census, when much of eastern Tucson was drawn into the new 5th district. The 2nd district remained based in southern Arizona until the 2000 census, when Arizona picked up two districts. At that time, the old 2nd district essentially became the new 7th district, while most of the old 3rd district became the new 2nd district. Located in the northwestern corner of the state, it stretched into the western suburbs of Phoenix, known as the West Valley. It consisted of all of Peoria (within the exception of the portion of that city within Yavapai County) and Surprise, most of Glendale and much of western Phoenix in Maricopa County, all of Mohave County, and the Hopi Nation in Navajo and Coconino counties. The size and diversity of the 2nd district (it included nearly all of the northwestern portion of the state) made it appear rural on a map. However, over 90 percent of its population lived in the strongly conservative West Valley, historically a fairly safe Republican area. The odd shape of the district was indicative of the use of gerrymandering in its construction. The unusual division was not, however, drawn to favor politicians, but was due to historic tensions between the Hopi and the Navajo Native American tribes. Since tribal boundary disputes are a federal matter, it was long believed inappropriate to include both tribes' reservations in the same congressional district. However, the Hopi reservation is completely",
"title": "Arizona's 2nd congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "11585563",
"text": "Daniel Webster Hamilton (December 20, 1861 – August 21, 1936) was a one-term Democratic U.S. Representative from Iowa's 6th congressional district. Born near Dixon, Illinois, Hamilton moved to Miami County, Kansas, with his parents, in 1868 and to Prairie Township in Keokuk County, Iowa, in 1874. He attended the country schools and graduated from the University of Iowa College of Law in June 1884. He was admitted to the bar in 1884. Returning to Keokuk County, he commenced practice in Sigourney, Iowa. He served as Postmaster of Sigourney from 1894 to 1898. In November 1906, Hamilton ran as a Democrat against longtime Republican Congressman John F. Lacey in the general election for Iowa's 6th congressional district. After defeating Lacey, Hamilton became the only Democrat in Iowa's congressional delegation in the Sixtieth Congress. He ran for re-election in 1908, and won renomination from his party's district convention. However, in a general election in which Republicans swept all major races on the ballot in Iowa, Hamilton was defeated by Republican Nathan E. Kendall in a close race. In all he served in Congress from March 4, 1907, to March 3, 1909. He resumed the practice of law in Sigourney. In 1918, he was elected judge of the district court of the sixth judicial district of Iowa, in which capacity he served until his death in Rochester, Minnesota, on August 21, 1936. He was interred in No. 16 Cemetery, near Thornburg, in Keokuk County. References 1861 births 1936 deaths University of Iowa College of Law alumni Iowa state court judges Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa People from Dixon, Illinois People from Miami County, Kansas People from Keokuk County, Iowa People from Sigourney, Iowa",
"title": "Daniel W. Hamilton (politician)"
},
{
"docid": "74974009",
"text": "Redistricting in Georgia is the process by which boundaries are redrawn for federal congressional and state legislative districts. Since statehood, redistricting in Georgia has been carried out by the Georgia General Assembly. It has historically been highly controversial. Critics have accused legislators of attempting to protect themselves from competition by gerrymandering districts. History 20th century The decisions in Gray v. Sanders and the trio of \"one person, one vote\" decisions (Baker v. Carr (1962), Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964)) led to the redrawing of congressional and legislative districts. The speakership of Tom Murphy was directly influential in the redistricting cycles of 1980, 1990 and 2000, in which he worked to protect the Democratic majority from growing rural and suburban gains by Republicans through gerrymandering. Murphy acted to redraw the congressional seats of high-profile Republicans Newt Gingrich (1991), and Bob Barr (2001), in what was viewed as typical of his \"hardball\" application of political power. 21st century 2000s Democrats retained control of the redistricting process after the 2000 United States census, and Murphy led the redrawing of the maps to retain Democratic majorities. Republicans sued against the maps on Voting Rights Act grounds. Following the 2004 election, which saw Republicans gain a majority in both houses for the first time in Georgia history, redrew legislative and congressional maps in 2005 after federal judges struck down both maps which were drawn by the 146th legislature as violating the one person, one vote guarantee of the U.S. Constitution, resulting in a reshuffling of districts which took effect in the next legislature which shored up Republican gains in both chambers and in Congress. 2010s Georgia gained a 14th congressional district after the 2010 Census and redistricting cycle. With Republicans in control of redistricting for the first time after a census, the legislature set about to redraw the map to maximize and strengthen Republican gains in congressional and legislative maps. 2020s Congressional and legislative After the 2020 Census and redistricting cycle, Republicans retained control of the redistricting process for congressional and legislative maps, and also intervened to redraw maps of several county commissions over objections from local elected officials. The 6th congressional district was redrawn to be much more Republican-friendly than in the previous decade, resulting in Democratic incumbent Lucy McBath switching to run for the redrawn 7th congressional district held by Democratic incumbent Carolyn Bourdeaux. In addition, Democrat Sanford Bishop's 2nd congressional district was redrawn to include more of Columbus-Muscogee County and extended to northern Houston County, including Warner Robins, but was also separated from much of the land bordering Florida, which went to the 8th congressional district held by Republican Austin Scott. Litigation ensued over the racial distribution of the resulting maps. On October 26, 2023, federal district judge Steve C. Jones ruled that one district in the U.S. House in Metro Atlanta region, as well as two Georgia Senate and five Georgia House districts in the Atlanta, Macon and Warner Robins metropolitan areas violated Section 2 of the",
"title": "Redistricting in Georgia (U.S. state)"
},
{
"docid": "30171613",
"text": "Arizona's 9th congressional district was created as a result of the 2010 census. The first candidates ran in the 2012 House elections, and the first representative was seated for the 113th Congress in 2013. Formerly located in the Phoenix area, the 9th district has been in western Arizona since 2023. Paul Gosar, who previously represented the 1st and 4th districts, was elected to the seat in 2022 following redistricting. He was sworn in on January 3, 2023. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+16, it is the most Republican district in Arizona. History Because it was created in the 2010 redistricting cycle, the first iteration of the 9th district was in effect for election cycles from 2012 to 2020. This version of the district was entirely within Maricopa County. The district included parts of the 2003–2013 versions of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th districts. Over 60% of the district's population came from the previous 5th district. During this period, the 9th district included liberal bastions such as Tempe, strongly conservative portions of the East Valley, and more moderate Republican voters in eastern and southern Phoenix. Following the 2020 redistricting cycle, this district essentially became the 4th district, while the 9th was redrawn to cover most of the old 4th district. The 9th district's current boundaries include all of La Paz County, most of Mohave County, most of Yuma County, and the western part of Maricopa County. It covers the majority of Arizona's western border, and like its predecessor is heavily Republican, being the most Republican district in Arizona and the fifth-most-Republican district in the West. The 4th's incumbent, Paul Gosar, transferred to the 9th and was re-elected unopposed. Composition Cities of 10,000 people or more Glendale – 248,325 Surprise – 143,148 Yuma – 95,548 Goodyear – 95,294 Buckeye – 91,502 Lake Havasu City – 57,144 Bullhead City – 41,348 Kingman – 32,689 Fortuna Foothills – 27,776 Fort Mohave – 16,190 New Kingman-Butler – 12,907 2,500 – 10,000 people Golden Valley – 8,801 Wickenburg – 7,920 Litchfield Park – 6,847 Citrus Park – 5,194 Parker – 3,417 Desert Hills – 2,764 Mohave Valley – 2,693 Colorado City – 2,550 Voting 2013–2023 boundaries List of members representing the district Arizona began sending a ninth member to the House after the 2010 census, the 2012 congressional election, and the convening of the 113th Congress. Complete election results 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 References Notes External links Maps of Congressional Districts first in effect for the 2002 election Final Congressional Maps for the 2012 election 09 Government of Maricopa County, Arizona Chandler, Arizona Mesa, Arizona Phoenix, Arizona Scottsdale, Arizona Tempe, Arizona Constituencies established in 2013 2013 establishments in Arizona",
"title": "Arizona's 9th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "15617725",
"text": "The 1968 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 5, 1968, to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. The primary elections were held on June 11 and the runoff elections were held two weeks later on June 25. All five incumbents who ran were re-elected and the open seat in the 5th district was retained by the Democrats. The composition of the state delegation remained five Democrats and one Republican. 1st congressional district Incumbent Democratic Congressman L. Mendel Rivers of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1941, defeated black attorney George A. Payton, Jr. in the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election. Charleston County Republican Party chairman James B. Edwards was prepared to run in the general election had George A. Payton, Jr. won the Democratic primary. Democratic primary General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Democratic hold |- 2nd congressional district Incumbent Republican Congressman Albert Watson of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1963, defeated Democratic challenger Frank K. Sloan. General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Republican hold |- 3rd congressional district Incumbent Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan Dorn of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1951, defeated Republican challenger John Grisso. General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Democratic hold |- 4th congressional district Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert T. Ashmore of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1953, opted to retire. James R. Mann won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican challenger Charles Bradshaw in the general election. Democratic primary General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Democratic hold |- 5th congressional district Incumbent Democratic Congressman Thomas S. Gettys of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1964, defeated Fred R. Sheheen in the Democratic primary and Republican Hugh J. Boyd in the general election. Democratic primary General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Democratic hold |- 6th congressional district Incumbent Democratic Congressman John L. McMillan of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1939, defeated Richard G. Dusenbury in the Democratic primary and Republican Ray Harris in the general election. Democratic primary General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Democratic hold |- See also United States House elections, 1968 United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1968 South Carolina's congressional districts Notes References South Carolina United States House of Representatives 1968",
"title": "1968 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina"
},
{
"docid": "5182358",
"text": "New York's 6th congressional district is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York City, located entirely within Queens. It is represented by Democrat Grace Meng. A plurality of the district's population is Asian-American, and a majority of its population is non-white. The district includes several racially and ethnically diverse Queens neighborhoods, including Auburndale, Bayside, East Elmhurst, Elmhurst, Flushing, Forest Hills, Glendale, Kew Gardens, Maspeth, Middle Village, Murray Hill, and Rego Park. Prior to the 2022 election, the district was redrawn to include sections of Jackson Heights and Astoria which were previously part of NY-14. In 2018, Chinese Americans made up 21.9% of the 6th district's population, the highest of any district in New York, and its Asian American population of 39.4% was similarly the highest out of New York's congressional districts, and the only district in New York where Asians formed the largest ethnic group. The 6th district takes in the original Queens Chinatown in Flushing, the neighborhood with the highest concentration of Chinese people in New York, as well as the surrounding neighborhoods of Auburndale and Murray Hill, home to a large Chinese population. Recent statewide election results History 1789–1913: Parts of Manhattan 1913–1945: Parts of Brooklyn 1945–1973: Parts of Queens 1973–1983: Parts of Nassau, Queens 1983–present: Parts of Queens Various New York districts have been numbered \"6\" over the years, including areas in New York City and various parts of upstate New York. From 2003–2013, the district included most of Southeastern Queens including the neighborhoods of Cambria Heights, Edgemere, Far Rockaway, Hollis, Jamaica, Laurelton, Queens Village, Rosedale, Saint Albans, Springfield Gardens, and South Ozone Park, as well as John F. Kennedy International Airport. The district comprised mainly middle-class minority communities, but also included a part of Howard Beach known as Old Howard Beach. List of members representing the district The 6th District was located in northern Queens and adjacent Nassau county until 1982, covering the same territory now in the 5th District. This part of Queens had been in the 7th District prior to that reapportionment. 1789–1809: one seat 1809–1813: two seats From 1809 to 1813, two seats were elected at-large on a general ticket. 1813–present: one seat Election results Note that in New York State electoral politics there are numerous minor parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will invariably endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for every office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes (Listed as \"Recap\"). See also List of United States congressional districts New York's congressional districts United States congressional delegations from New York References Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present 1996 House election data \" 1998 House election data \" 2000 House election data \" 2002 House election data \" 2004 House election data Clerk of the House of Representatives Specific 06 Rockaway, Queens Constituencies established in 1789",
"title": "New York's 6th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "29361343",
"text": "The 1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 24 to 26, 1821, to elect 27 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 17th United States Congress. Background 27 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1818 to a term in the 16th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1819, and ending on March 3, 1821. The previous congressional elections were held usually in even-numbered years, about ten months before the term would start on March 4 of the next year, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met in the following December. This time the congressional elections were moved a year forward, and were held together with the State elections in late April 1821, after the congressional term already had begun, but about half a year before Congress actually met on December 3, 1821. Congressional districts Except for the split of the 21st District, the geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1818. Five new counties had been created. Hamilton Co. was split from Montgomery Co. inside the 14th District. Oswego Co. was created from parts of Oneida and Onondaga counties, but the parts remained in their previous congressional districts. On March 9, 1821, the New York State Legislature divided the 21st District in two districts: Ontario Co. and the newly created Monroe Co. remained as the 21st District; the remainder became the new 22nd District, including the new counties of Erie and Livingston. The 1st District (two seats) comprising the 1st and 2nd Ward of New York County, and Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties. The 2nd District (two seats) comprising the other eight wards of New York County. The 3rd District comprising Westchester and Rockland counties. The 4th District comprising Dutchess County, except the towns of Rhinebeck and Clinton; and Putnam County. The 5th District comprising Columbia County; and Rhinebeck and Clinton in Dutchess County. The 6th District comprising Orange County. The 7th District comprising Ulster and Sullivan counties. The 8th District comprising Delaware and Greene counties. The 9th District comprising Albany County. The 10h District comprising Rensselaer County. The 11th District comprising Saratoga County. The 12th District (two seats) comprising Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Washington and Warren counties. The 13th District comprising Schenectady and Schoharie counties. The 14th District comprising Montgomery County and the Town of Danube in Herkimer County. The 15th District (two seats) comprising Chenango, Broome and Otsego counties. The 16th District comprising Oneida County and the ex-Oneida part of Oswego County. The 17th District comprising Herkimer County, except the Town of Danube; and Madison County. The 18th District comprising St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties. The 19th District comprising Onondaga and Cortland counties, and the ex-Onondaga part of Oswego County. The 20th District (two seats) comprising Tioga, Steuben, Cayuga, Seneca and Tompkins counties. The 21st District comprising Ontario and Monroe counties. The 22nd District comprising",
"title": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York"
},
{
"docid": "6461557",
"text": "Florida's 3rd congressional district is an electoral district of the United States House of Representatives located in Florida. It presently comprises a large section of north central Florida, including the entire counties of Alachua, Baker, Bradford, Columbia, Dixie Gilchrist, Hamilton, Levy, Suwannee, and Union, along with the majority of Lafayette and Marion County. The city of Gainesville is in the district as well as part of Ocala (its northern suburbs). Redistricting in Florida, effective for the 2012 federal elections, radically altered the nature of the 3rd district. From 1993 through 2012 the district called the 3rd district comprised an entirely different territory, roughly similar to the 5th district . Likewise the present territory of the new 3rd district, as of the 2012 elections, is made up of parts of the former 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 6th districts, though it is geographically similar to the pre-2013 6th district. The former 3rd district was an intentionally gerrymandered territory designed to unite disparate areas of northeastern Florida with significant African-American populations into a black-majority district, and was overwhelmingly Democratic in voting patterns. The new 3rd district has a majority white population, largely in rural areas and small towns. The only cities of any size in the district are Gainesville and Ocala. The district has been represented by Republican Kat Cammack since 2021. While Florida has had at least three congressional districts since the 1900 U.S. census, the 1993–2012 3rd congressional district dates to reapportionment done by the Florida Legislature after the 1990 U.S. census. Because Florida has a large population of African Americans, but not a large enough concentration anywhere in the state to easily configure a congressional district with a majority, there were several attempts to create a few gerrymandered districts which were certain to elect an African American candidate. This created an odd coalition of black Democrats and Republicans who supported such districts (since this not only created black-majority districts, but also made \"safer\" Republican districts elsewhere). This effort was opposed by many white Democrats, but eventually, this idea won the support of the state legislature and this district was created as a result. The 1993–2012 3rd congressional district was geographically diverse. Starting from the southern part of the district, it included the Pine Hills area of the Orlando-Kissimmee Metropolitan Area with small pockets of African-American neighborhoods in the cities of Sanford, Gainesville, Palatka, and finally the larger African American communities of Jacksonville. Connecting these areas were regions that are sparsely populated—either expansive rural areas or narrow strips which are only a few miles wide. Barack Obama received 73% of the vote in this district in the 2008 Presidential election. The old 3rd district was represented from 1993 through 2012 by Corrine Brown, who was elected to the similar new 5th district in the November 2012 elections. Voting Voter registration List of members representing the district Recent election results 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Historical district boundaries References Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States",
"title": "Florida's 3rd congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "8921637",
"text": "Michigan's 8th congressional district is a United States congressional district in Central Michigan. The district was first created in 1873, after redistricting following the 1870 census. From 2003 to 2013, it consisted of all of Clinton, Ingham, and Livingston counties, and included the southern portion of Shiawassee and the northern portion of Oakland counties. From 2013 to 2023, the district no longer covered Clinton or Shiawassee counties and instead covered more of Oakland County, including Rochester. In 2023, the district was redrawn to be centered on the city of Flint, and includes all of Saginaw and Bay counties, almost all of Genesee County, and portions of Midland and Tuscola counties. The district's current representative is Democrat incumbent Dan Kildee, who defeated Republican Paul Junge in November 2022, and previously represented the old 5th district. According to the Cook Partisan Voting Index, after 2022 redistricting Michigan's 8th is the median district in the country, with 217 districts rated more Democratic and 217 districts rated more Republican. Major cities Flint Saginaw Bay City Midland Recent election results in presidential races History Prior to 1992, the 8th congressional district included the cities of Saginaw and Bay City as well as Huron, Tuscola and Sanilac Counties in the Thumb of Michigan, Arenac county north from Bay County, a total of about half the area of Saginaw County, and small northern portions of Lapeer and St. Clair counties. This area would largely be transferred to the 5th district after the 1990 census, while most of the old 6th district became the 8th district. Unlike the old 6th district, the 8th did not include Pontiac. To make up for the loss in population, it was pushed further into Lansing (which had previously been split between the 6th and 8th districts), picking up all of Ingham County. It also added the area around Brighton and portions of Washtenaw and Genesee counties. In the 2002 redistricting, the district gained all of Clinton County about half of Shiawasee County and most of its area in Oakland County while losing its shares of Washtenaw and Genesee counties. In the 2012 redistricting, the district dropped all of its area in Clinton and Shiawasee counties and was pushed further into Oakland County. In the 2022 redistricting, the district was shifted to mid-Michigan to include the Tri Cities and Flint. List of members representing the district Recent election results 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Historical district boundaries See also Michigan's congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Notes References Govtrack.us for the 8th District - Lists current Senators and representative, and map showing district outline The Political graveyard: U.S. Representatives from Michigan, 1807-2003 U.S. Representatives 1837-2003, Michigan Manual 2003-2004 Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present 08 Constituencies established in 1873 1873 establishments in Michigan",
"title": "Michigan's 8th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "4681285",
"text": "Arizona's 6th congressional district is a congressional district located in the U.S. state of Arizona and encompasses all of Greenlee County, most of Cochise County, and parts of Pima County, Pinal County and Graham County. Most of its population resides in suburbs of Tucson, including Oro Valley, Marana, Green Valley, and Vail. The district is currently represented by Republican Juan Ciscomani. It was one of 18 districts that would have voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election had they existed in their current configuration while being won or held by a Republican in 2022. The new 6th district includes a notable military presence. The Fort Huachuca installation is located in Cochise County, approximately north of the Mexican border, and is within the city of Sierra Vista. History Arizona picked up a sixth district after the 1990 census. It covered the northeast quadrant of the state, from Flagstaff to the New Mexico border. Most of its population, however, was located in the northeastern portion of the Valley of the Sun, including Tempe and Scottsdale. After the 2000 census, most of the Maricopa County portion of the old 6th became the 5th district, while the 6th was reconfigured to take in most of the former 1st district. It included parts of Mesa, Chandler and all of Gilbert as well as the fast-growing town of Queen Creek. It also contained the city of Apache Junction in Pinal County. For the first time since its creation in 1951, it didn't include any of Phoenix itself. The district and its predecessors had seen its share of Phoenix gradually reduced amid the Valley's explosive growth in the second half of the 20th century. George W. Bush received 64% of the vote in this district in 2004. John McCain—who represented this district (then numbered as the 1st) from 1983 to 1987—received 61.32% of the vote in the district in 2008, making it his best showing in his home state. After the 2010 census, the old 6th district essentially became the 5th district, while the 6th was redrawn to take in most of the old 3rd district. Composition Cities of 10,000 people or more Tucson – 542,629 Casas Adobes – 70,973 Casa Grande – 53,658 Catalina Foothills – 52,401 Marana – 51,908 Oro Valley – 47,070 Sierra Vista – 45,308 Sahuarita – 34,134 Green Valley – 22,616 Douglas – 16,534 Tanque Verde – 16,250 Eloy – 15,635 Sierra Vista Southeast – 14,428 Vail – 13,604 Saddlebrooke – 12,574 Tucson Mountains – 10,862 Safford – 10,129 2,500 – 10,000 people Arizona City – 9,868 Corona de Tucson – 9,240 Catalina – 7,551 Rincon Valley – 5,612 Benson – 5,355 Thatcher – 5,231 Clifton – 3,933 Whetstone – 3,236 Wilcox – 3,213 San Manuel – 3,114 Oracle – 3,051 Pima – 2,847 Swift Trail Junction – 2,810 Red Rock – 2,625 Voting List of members representing the district Arizona began sending a sixth member to the House after the 1990 census. Recent election results 2002 2004 2006 2008",
"title": "Arizona's 6th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "4605572",
"text": "Colorado's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Colorado based primarily in the City and County of Denver in the central part of the state. The district includes all of the City and County of Denver, and the Denver enclaves of Glendale and Holly Hills. The district has been represented by Democrat Diana DeGette since 1997. An urban and diverse district based in the heart of Metropolitan Denver and with a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+29, it is the most Democratic district in both Colorado and the Mountain West. Only two Republicans have been elected to the seat since the Great Depression: Dean M. Gillespie was the district's representative from 1944 to 1947; and Mike McKevitt from 1971 to 1973, winning thanks to an ideological split among Denver Democrats. No Republican has even notched 30% of the vote in the district after 1998. History 1990s Following the 1990 United States census and consequential redrawing of Colorado's congressional districts, the 1st congressional district consisted of all of the City and County of Denver and parts of Adams, Arapahoe, and Jefferson counties. 2000s Following the 2000 United States census and consequential redistricting of Colorado's congressional districts, the 1st congressional district consisted of all of the City and County of Denver and parts of Arapahoe County, including parts or all of the cities of Englewood, Cherry Hills Village, Sheridan, Aurora, and Glendale. 2010s Following the 2010 United States census and consequential redistricting of Colorado's congressional districts, the 1st congressional district consisted of all of the City and County of Denver and parts of Arapahoe County including parts or all of the cities of Englewood, Cherry Hills Village, Sheridan, Aurora, and Glendale. The 1st district also took in additional area in the southwestern suburbs which included parts of Jefferson County and the CDPs of Columbine and Ken Caryl. 2020s Following the 2020 United States census and consequential redistricting of Colorado's congressional districts, the 1st congressional district consisted of all of the City and County of Denver and parts of Arapahoe County that are enclaves within the Denver city borders such as Glendale and Holly Hills: the Jefferson County portions were moved to the 7th District, while the southern Arapahoe County suburbs were moved to the Aurora-based 6th District. Composition Cities of 10,000 people or more Denver – 713,252 2,500 – 10,000 people Glendale – 4,613 Holly Hills – 2,683 Voting List of members representing the district Election results 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1927 (special) 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 (special) 1944 (general) 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Historical district boundaries See also Colorado's congressional districts List of United States congressional districts References Congressional Biographical Directory",
"title": "Colorado's 1st congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "3294361",
"text": "Arizona's 1st congressional district is a congressional district located in the U.S. state of Arizona, covering northeastern Maricopa County. Before 2023, geographically, it was the eleventh-largest congressional district in the country and included much of the state outside the Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas. From 2013 through 2022, it also included the Navajo Nation, the Hopi reservation, and the Gila River Indian Community, with 25% of the population being Native American. At that time, the district had more Native Americans than any other congressional district in the United States. In the 2022 elections, David Schweikert was elected in the redefined district. It was one of 18 districts that would have voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election had they existed in their current configuration while being won or held by a Republican in 2022. The new 1st district includes northeast Phoenix, Scottsdale, Paradise Valley, Cave Creek, Carefree, and Fountain Hills; is majority-white; and is the wealthiest congressional district in Arizona. History When Arizona was first divided into congressional districts as a result of the 1950 census, the 1st district comprised all of Maricopa County, home to Phoenix, while the rest of the state was in the 2nd district. In a mid-decade redistricting resulting from Wesberry v. Sanders in 1967, the 1st was cut back to eastern Phoenix and most of what became the East Valley. Over the years, the 1st's share of Phoenix was gradually reduced due to the area's explosive growth in the second half of the 20th century. However, it remained based in the East Valley until Arizona picked up two seats in the 2000 U.S. census. The old 1st essentially became the 6th district, while a new 1st district was created to serve most of the state outside of Phoenix and Tucson. After the 2012 redistricting, the Hopi reservation was drawn into the 1st district; it had previously been included within the 2nd district. Also included were some northern suburbs of Tucson that had been in the 8th, as well as a tiny section of Phoenix itself near the Gila River Indian Community. Meanwhile, heavily Republican Prescott, the old 1st's largest city, and much of surrounding Yavapai County were drawn into the new, heavily Republican 4th district. The district is now considered to be significantly more competitive for Democrats, and now covers Northeastern Maricopa County, east of I-17 and north of Az-202 along the Salt River. It includes the northeastern suburbs of Phoenix, Scottsdale, Paradise Valley, Cave Creek, Carefree, Fountain Hills, Rio Verde, and the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation. It is essentially the successor to the 2012–2021 6th district. 2012–2021 areas covered From 2012 to 2021, the district covered the entirety of the following counties: Apache County Coconino County Graham County Greenlee County Navajo County The district covered the majority of: Pinal County Small portions of the following counties were also covered: Gila County Maricopa County Mohave County Pima County Yavapai County 2023–2031 areas covered Cities of 10,000 people or more Phoenix – 1,624,569 Mesa",
"title": "Arizona's 1st congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "5968237",
"text": "Illinois's 6th congressional district covers parts of Cook and DuPage counties. It has been represented by Democrat Sean Casten since 2019. Composition 2011 redistricting After the 2011 redistricting which followed the 2010 census, the district included portions of Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake and McHenry counties. All or parts of Algonquin, Barrington, Barrington Hills, Bartlett, Burr Ridge, Carol Stream, Carpentersville, Cary, Clarendon Hills, Crystal Lake, Darien, Deer Park, Downers Grove, Elgin, East Dundee, Forest Lake, Fox River Grove, Gilberts, Illinois, Glen Ellyn, Hawthorn Woods, Hinsdale, Hoffman Estates, Inverness, Kildeer, Lake Barrington, Lake in the Hills, Lake Zurich, Lakewood, Lisle, Lombard, Long Grove, Naperville, North Barrington, Oak Brook, Oakbrook Terrace, Oakwood Hills, Palatine, Port Barrington, Rolling Meadows, Sleepy Hollow, South Barrington, South Elgin, St. Charles, Tower Lakes, Trout Valley, Warrenville, Wayne, West Chicago, West Dundee, Westmont, Wheaton, Willowbrook and Winfield are included. 2021 redistricting Due to the 2020 redistricting, the district will become a more compact district in southern Cook County and eastern DuPage County, as well as part of the Far Southwest Side of Chicago. The 6th district takes in the Chicago neighborhoods of Beverly; most of Mount Greenwood; and western Garfield Ridge and Clearing. Outside of Chicago, the 6th district takes in the Cook County communities of Orland Hills, Western Springs, Orland Park, Palos Hills, Hickory Hills, Chicago Ridge, Bridgeview, Willow Springs, and Indian Head Park; northern Tinley Park; and the western and eastern portions of Evergreen Park. DuPage County is split between this district, the 3rd district, 4th district, and the 11th district. The 6th and 3rd districts are partitioned by 59th St, Illinois Highway 83, 55th St, Walker Ave, Park Ave, Golf Ave, Jane Ct, Prospect Ave, Chicago Ave, Middaugh Rd, Naperville Rd, Hinsdale Golf Course, Illinois Highway 34, Robert Kingery Highway, Oak Brook Rd, Regent Dr, 22nd St, Castle Dr, Illinois Highway 38, Fillmore St, Adams St, Madison St, Euclid Ave, York St, and Illinois Highway 64. The 6th and 4th districts are partitioned by Grand Ave, Frontage Ave, Fullerton Ave, Harvard Ave, Armitage Ave, Addison Rd, Illinois Highway 64, Westmore Ave/Berman Ave, Plymouth St, Lincoln St, Vermont St, Westwood Ave, Le Moyne Ave/Illinois Highway 64, Highway 355, Union Pacific Railroad, North Path, President St, and Naperville Rd. The 6th and 11th district are partitioned by Illinois Highway 23, Highway 88, Fender Rd, Ogden Ave, Beau Bren Blvd, Eugenia Dr, Arlington Ave, Oak Hill Park, Oak Hill Dr, Yackley Ave, Maple Ave, Abbey Dr, Four Lakes Ave, River Bend Golf Course, Riverview Dr, Kohl Rd, Illinois Highway 53, 61st St, Essex Rd, Summerhill Park, Prentiss Creek, 59th St, Chase Ave, 63rd St, Highway 355, Wheeler St, Woodward Ave, 71st Ave, Illinois Highway 33, Illinois Highway 9, 87th St, Meyer Woods Park, Wards Creek, Highway 55, Cass Ave, and 91st St. The 6th district takes in the municipalities of Downers Grove, Lombard, Villa Park, Westmont; most of Elmhurst, Lisle, and Darien; half of Wheaton east of Illinois Highway 23 and south of the Union Pacific Railroad; and the",
"title": "Illinois's 6th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "7050244",
"text": "Indiana's 9th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Indiana. Located in south-central and southeastern Indiana, the district stretches from the south suburbs of Indianapolis to the Indiana side of the Louisville metropolitan area. The district's largest city is Bloomington, home to Indiana University. The district is currently represented by Erin Houchin, first elected in 2022. Election results from presidential races Composition Indiana counties within the 9th Congressional District, and the major cities within the county: As of 2023, Indiana's 9th congressional district is located in southeastern Indiana. It encompasses Brown, Clark, Dearborn, Decatur, Floyd, Franklin, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Jennings, Lawrence, Monroe, Ohio, Ripley, Scott, Switzerland, and Washington Counties, and most of Bartholomew County. Bartholomew County is split between this district and the 6th district. They are partitioned by Indiana County Rd West 300 South and Indiana County Rd 400 South. The 9th district takes in part of the city of Columbus, and the 3 townships of Jackson, Ohio, and Wayne, as well as most of the township of Sand Creek. Cities of 10,000 people or more Bloomington – 79,168 Columbus – 50,474 Jeffersonville – 49,447 New Albany – 37,841 Clarksville – 22,333 Seymour – 21,569 Bedford – 13,792 Madison – 12,375 Greensburg – 12,312 2,500 – 10,000 people Sellersburg – 9,310 Charlestown – 7,775 Scottsburg – 7,345 Batesville – 7,202 Ellettsville – 6,655 North Vernon – 6,608 Salem – 6,371 Bright – 5,814 Lawrenceburg – 5,129 Greendale – 4,602 Austin – 4,064 Mitchell – 3,933 Georgetown – 3,805 Hanover – 3,743 Aurora – 3,479 Smithville-Sanders – 3,323 Corydon – 3,153 Brownstown – 3,025 Brookville – 2,622 List of members representing the district Recent election results 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Historical district boundaries In popular culture In a May 2020 special episode of the comedy series Parks and Recreation, the district is shown as being represented by Ben Wyatt (portrayed by Adam Scott). See also Indiana's congressional districts List of United States congressional districts References United States House of Representatives, Office of the Clerk Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present External links 09 1843 establishments in Indiana Brown County, Indiana Clark County, Indiana Crawford County, Indiana Floyd County, Indiana Harrison County, Indiana Jackson County, Indiana Johnson County, Indiana Lawrence County, Indiana Monroe County, Indiana Morgan County, Indiana Orange County, Indiana Scott County, Indiana Washington County, Indiana Constituencies established in 1843",
"title": "Indiana's 9th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "9723061",
"text": "Morgan Lenore Carroll (born November 24, 1971) is an American politician from Colorado and was the Chairwoman of the Colorado Democratic Party. A Democrat, Carroll represented Colorado House District 36 in the city of Aurora from 2004 to 2008, and she represented the state's 29th Senate district from 2009 to 2017. Carroll served as President of the Colorado State Senate from 2013 to 2014 and as minority leader in 2015. Carroll stepped down as minority leader in July 2015 to unsuccessfully run against incumbent Republican Mike Coffman for Colorado's 6th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives. In addition to her legislative work, Carroll works for the law firm of Bachus & Schanker. Early life and education Morgan Carroll was born November 24, 1971, in Denver, Colorado, to John Carroll and Rebecca Bradley. Her father was a lawyer who served as a Colorado State Representative for Adams County between 1964 and 1974. Her mother was an attorney and Carroll's partner at the mother/daughter disability and family-law firm Carroll & Bradley in Aurora from 2000 to 2010. When Carroll was young, she helped care for her father after he was diagnosed with Parkinson's, and later, Alzheimer's. Her family experienced financial difficulties during that time. Carroll graduated from Boulder High School in 1990. She worked various jobs, including at a gas station and fast-food restaurant, to pay for her education. She graduated from the University of Colorado Denver in 1996 and from the University of Colorado Law School in 2000. Colorado State Legislature Colorado House of Representatives Carroll first ran for the Colorado House of Representatives District 36 in 2004, defeating Republican Jim Parker 55%-45%. She won reelection in 2006 with 62% of the vote against Republican Brian R. Boney. Colorado State Senate Carroll first ran for the Colorado State Senate District 29 in 2008, defeating Republican Suzanne Andrews 69%-31%. She won re-election in 2012 with 59% of the vote, defeating Republican Bill Ross and Libertarian Michele Poague. Tenure Carroll sponsored lobbying disclosure laws in 2006 and 2014. During her first year in office, she refused to discuss legislative issues with lobbyists during debate, a practice that led them to complain about her to the Democratic leadership. Her first bill, a workers compensation measure that would allow injured workers to choose their own doctors, was opposed by 240 lobbyists and ultimately failed, as did the other two bills Carroll submitted that year. She is considered an environmentalist, and has been criticized by lobbyists for oil and gas companies. In 2013, Carroll and fellow Democratic Representative Rhonda Fields sponsored Colorado House Bill 1229, which mandates universal background checks for gun purchases in the state. Colorado State Senate Committee assignments Senate Judiciary Committee (chair) Executive Committee of the Legislative Council (Vice-chair) Legislative Council (Vice-chair) Senate Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Energy Committee Senate Health and Human Services Committee Police Officers and Firefighters Pension Reform Committee Redistricting Committee 2016 U.S. Congress campaign Carroll was the 2016 Democratic nominee in Colorado's 6th congressional district. She was",
"title": "Morgan Carroll"
},
{
"docid": "68842033",
"text": "Various elections were held in Texas in 2021, including a special election to congress, multiple special elections to the Texas House of Representatives, eight legislatively-referred ballot measures on the November 2 ballot, and many regularly-scheduled local elections. Federal Congress Texas's 6th congressional district special election The 2021 Texas's 6th congressional district special election was caused by the death of incumbent Republican Ron Wright on February 7. A nonpartisan blanket primary was held on May 5. No candidate won over 50% of the vote, leading to a run-off between Jake Ellzey, a member of the Texas House of Representatives from the 10th district, and Susan Wright, the widow of Ron Wright—both of whom were Republicans. The run-off was held on July 27 and won by Jake Ellzey with 53.27% of the vote. State Legislative House of Representatives 68th district special election The 2021 Texas's 68th House of Representatives district special election was caused by the resignation of incumbent Republican Drew Springer on January 6 to join the Texas Senate. The special election took place on February 23. A nonpartisan blanket primary was held on January 23. No candidate won over 50% of the vote, leading to a run-off between David Spiller and Craig Carter, both Republicans. The run-off was held on February 23, 2021 and won by Spiller with 62.9% of the vote. House of Representatives 10th district special election The 2021 Texas's 10th House of Representatives district special election was caused by the resignation of incumbent Republican Jake Ellzey on July 30 to become a U.S. Representative after winning the 2021 Texas's 6th congressional district special election. A nonpartisan blanket primary was held on August 31. No candidate won over 50% of the vote, leading to a run-off between Brian Harrison, a former Trump administration official, and John Wray, who previously held the 10th seat—both Republicans. The run-off was held on September 28 and won by Harrison with 55.38% of the vote. House of Representatives 118th district special election The 2021 Texas's 118th House of Representatives district special election was caused by the resignation of incumbent Democrat Leo Pacheco on August 19 to teach public administration at San Antonio College. A nonpartisan blanket primary was held on September 28. No candidate won over 50% of the vote, leading to a run-off between Republican John Lujan, who previously represented the district, and Democrat Frank Ramirez. The run-off was held on November 2 and the seat was flipped by Lujan with about 51% of the vote. Ballot measures Eight ballot measures appeared on the November 2, 2021 general election ballot in Texas. All eight propositions were passed. Proposition 1 Proposition 1, the Authorize Charitable Raffles at Rodeo Venues Amendment, amended the state constitution to allow raffles to be conducted at rodeo venues. Proposition 2 Proposition 2, the Authorize Counties to Issue Infrastructure Bonds in Blighted Areas Amendment, amended the state constitution to allow counties to issue bond to fund transportation projects in blighted areas, within certain restrictions. Proposition 3 Proposition 3, the",
"title": "2021 Texas elections"
},
{
"docid": "8840648",
"text": "Michigan's 2nd congressional district is a United States congressional district in Western Michigan. The current 2nd district contains much of Michigan's old 4th congressional district, and includes all of Barry, Clare, Gladwin, Gratiot, Ionia, Isabella, Lake, Manistee, Mason, Mecosta, Montcalm, Newaygo, Oceana, and Osceola counties, as well as portions of Eaton, Kent, Midland, Muskegon, Ottawa and Wexford counties. Republican John Moolenaar, who had previously represented the old 4th district, was re-elected to represent the new 2nd in 2022. Cities Presidential election results This table indicates how the district has voted in U.S. presidential elections; election results reflect voting in the district as it was configured at the time of the election, not as it is configured today. Recent election results from statewide races This table indicates how the district has voted in recent statewide elections; election results reflect voting in the district as it is currently configured, not necessarily as it was at the time of these elections. History The 2nd congressional district has been associated with the north-central Lake Michigan shoreline region since the 1992 redistricting. There have been some changes, but it still covers in general the same area. Prior to the 1992 redistricting the 2nd district covered the northern half to two thirds of Livonia, Northville Township, the Wayne County portion of the city of Northville, Plymouth and Plymouth Township all in Wayne County. It also covered most of Washtenaw County, Michigan but not Ann Arbor or Ypsilanti. The only county entirely in the district was Hillsdale County. Most of Jackson county was in the district, but the some of that county's northern tier townships were in Michigan's 6th congressional district. About half of Lenawee County was in the district, and the far north-east portion of Branch county was also in the district. In 1992, this district essentially became the 7th district, while the 2nd was redrawn to take in much of the territory of the old 9th district. List of members representing the district Recent election results 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Historical district boundaries See also Michigan's congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Notes References Govtrack.us for the 2nd District - Lists current Senators and representative, and map showing district outline The Political graveyard: U.S. Representatives from Michigan, 1807-2003 U.S. Representatives 1837-2003, Michigan Manual 2003-2004 Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present 02 West Michigan Northern Michigan 1843 establishments in Michigan Constituencies established in 1843",
"title": "Michigan's 2nd congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "28290540",
"text": "The 1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from December 15 to 17, 1812, to elect 27 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 13th United States Congress. At the same time, a vacancy was filled in the 12th United States Congress. Background 17 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1810 to a term in the 12th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1811. The representatives' term would end on March 3, 1813. Although the U.S. census of 1810 showed that New York would be entitled to more seats in the House, the New York State Legislature adjourned on March 27, 1812 without re-apportioning the congressional districts. Congressional elections were held, as usual, together with the State elections from April 28 to 30, 1812, but these were subsequently declared void. On May 6, 1812, Robert Le Roy Livingston resigned his seat to fight in the War of 1812, leaving a vacancy in the 6th District. The State Legislature reconvened on May 21, 1812, and re-apportioned the congressional district by an Act passed on June 10, 1812. The number of seats was increased to 27, and the date of the elections was set for December 15 to 17. At the same time the vacancy in the former 6th District was to be filled. Congressional districts Due to the increase in seats, the previously eliminated 16th and 17th D. were re-established, and four more districts were created. Six districts had two members, elected districtwide on a general ticket. The 1st District (two seats) comprising the 1st and 2nd Ward of New York County, and Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties. The 2nd District (two seats) comprising the other eight wards of New York County. The 3rd District comprising Westchester and Rockland counties. The 4th District comprising Dutchess County, except the towns of Rhinebeck and Clinton; and Putnam County. The 5th District comprising Columbia County; and Rhinebeck and Clinton in Dutchess County. The 6th District comprising Orange County. The 7th District comprising Ulster and Sullivan counties. The 8th District comprising Delaware and Greene counties. The 9th District comprising Albany County. The 10th District comprising Rensselaer County. The 11th District comprising Saratoga County. The 12th District (two seats) comprising Clinton, Essex, Franklin and Washington counties. The 13th District comprising Schenectady and Schoharie counties. The 14th District comprising Montgomery County. The 15th District (two seats) comprising Chenango, Broome and Otsego counties. The 16th District comprising Oneida County. The 17th District comprising Herkimer and Madison counties. The 18th District comprising St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties. The 19th District comprising Onondaga and Cortland counties. The 20th District (two seats) comprising Tioga, Steuben, Cayuga and Seneca counties. The 21st District (two seats) comprising Ontario, Genesee, Allegany, Niagara and Chautauqua counties. Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized,",
"title": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York"
},
{
"docid": "8878489",
"text": "Michigan's 3rd congressional district is a U.S. congressional district in West Michigan. From 2003 to 2013, it consisted of the counties of Barry and Ionia, as well as all except the northwestern portion of Kent, including the city of Grand Rapids. In 2012 redistricting, the district was extended to Battle Creek. In 2022, the district was condensed to the greater Grand Rapids and Muskegon areas, including portions of Kent, Muskegon, and Ottawa counties. Redistricting removed Barry, Calhoun, and Ionia counties. The district is currently represented by Hillary Scholten, a member of the Democratic Party. Cities, townships, and villages Cities Villages Townships Presidential election results This table indicates how the district has voted in U.S. presidential elections; election results reflect voting in the district as it was configured at the time of the election, not as it is configured today. Recent election results from statewide races This table indicates how the district has voted in recent statewide elections; election results reflect voting in the district as it is currently configured, not necessarily as it was at the time of these elections. History Prior to 1993, the 3rd congressional district largely consisted of Calhoun County and Eaton County, along with about half the area of Lansing, as well as Kalamazoo County (including the city of Kalamazoo, but not Portage and the adjacent south-ward township). With the redistricting, the old 3rd district was split between the 6th and 7th congressional districts, with most of Lansing itself going to the 8th congressional district. Meanwhile, the new 3rd district became the Grand Rapids district, covering much of the territory which had previously constituted the 5th district from 1873 to 1993. No Democrat had represented Grand Rapids in Congress since Richard Vander Veen from 1974 to 1977, prior to redistricting due to the 1990 census, which took effect in 1993 and moved Grand Rapids from the 5th to the 3rd congressional district. However, following the 2020 census, the 3rd district was redrawn once again, and in the 2022 midterm elections Democratic candidate Hillary Scholten was chosen to represent the district. List of members representing the district Recent election results 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 See also Michigan's congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Notes References Govtrack.us for the 3rd District – Lists current Senators and representative, and map showing district outline The Political graveyard: U.S. Representatives from Michigan, 1807–2003 Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present 03 West Michigan Barry County, Michigan Ionia County, Michigan Kent County, Michigan Grand Rapids, Michigan Constituencies established in 1843 1843 establishments in Michigan",
"title": "Michigan's 3rd congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "34574051",
"text": "The 21st Senate District of Wisconsin is one of 33 districts in the Wisconsin Senate. Located in southeastern Wisconsin, the district comprises northeast Racine County and southwest Milwaukee County. It includes the city of Franklin, the northern half of the city of Racine, the western half of the city of Greenfield, and part of southwest Milwaukee, as well as the villages of Greendale, Hales Corners, Caledonia, Wind Point, and North Bay. Current elected officials Van H. Wanggaard is the senator representing the 21st district. He was elected to his first term in the 2010 general election, but was removed from office in a recall election in 2012. He subsequently was returned to office in the 2014 general election, and is now in his second four-year term. Each Wisconsin State Senate district is composed of three Wisconsin State Assembly districts. The 21st Senate district comprises the 61st, 62nd, and 63rd Assembly districts. The current representatives of those districts are: Assembly District 61: Amanda Nedweski (R–Pleasant Prairie) Assembly District 62: Robert Wittke (R–Wind Point) Assembly District 63: Robin Vos (R–Rochester) The district, in its current boundaries, crosses three congressional districts. Most of the district is contained within Wisconsin's 1st congressional district, which is represented by U.S. Representative Bryan Steil. The portion of the district in Greenfield falls within Wisconsin's 5th congressional district, represented by Scott L. Fitzgerald. The portion of the district in the city of Milwaukee falls within Wisconsin's 4th congressional district, represented by Gwen Moore. Recalls The 21st Senate district is unique in Wisconsin recall history. In 1996, it became the first district in which a Wisconsin state legislator was successfully removed from office via recall election, when Kimberly Plache defeated George Petak. With the recall of Van H. Wanggaard in 2012, it became the only Wisconsin district where there have been more than one successful recall elections. Boundaries As with all state senate and assembly seats, the boundaries of the 21st have moved over time during decennial redistricting. Senators of previous eras have represented different geographic areas. The district was created after the 1850 census and reapportionment and was drawn for Winnebago County, in central Wisconsin. The inaugural holder was Coles Bashford in the 6th session of the Wisconsin Legislature, 1853. In the 19th century, the district included at various times Marathon, Oconto, Shawano and Waupaca counties, and was located within the now-defunct 9th Congressional District For most of the 20th century, the district covered the city of Racine and Racine County, in southeastern Wisconsin, within the boundaries of the 1st Congressional District. In redistricting after the 2010 census, the city of Racine was mostly removed and rural and suburban portions of Kenosha County were added to the district, turning the 21st into a safe Republican seat. The 2024 redistricting again dramatically reshaped the district, removing all of Kenosha County and most of Racine County. The district instead moved back into the city of Racine, comprising the city's north side and stretching north into southwest Milwaukee County. Under the",
"title": "Wisconsin's 21st Senate district"
},
{
"docid": "22529730",
"text": "The 2000 United States House elections in Pennsylvania was an election for Pennsylvania's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 7, 2000. General election 1st Congressional district 2nd Congressional District 3rd Congressional district 4th Congressional district Prior to the 2000 election, Democratic Congressman Ron Klink vacated Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district to challenge Republican Rick Santorum for the United States Senate. Pennsylvania State Senator Melissa Hart won the Republican nomination unopposed. State Representative Terry Van Horne won an 8-way primary election to win the Democratic nomination. Van Horne's victory was He defeated the state and national party's preferred candidate, Matthew Mangino, the Lawrence County, Pennsylvania district attorney. Shortly after Van Horne's victory, the National Republican Congressional Committee began re-circulating 1994 newspaper accounts alleging that he had been overheard using a racial slur in the halls of the Pennsylvania State Capitol to describe fellow State Representative Dwight E. Evans, who was opposing reduction in welfare. The race was expected to be a close one, with accusations of illegal phone calls, stolen signs, and misleading mailers sent to constituents. Surrogates for both candidates, funded with soft money, aired television advertisements throughout the Western Pennsylvania district. National dignitaries, including Republican Senator John McCain and Democratic Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy of Rhode Island visited the area to advocate for their party's candidates. In the end, Hart won the district with 59% of the vote. 5th Congressional district 6th Congressional district 7th Congressional district 8th Congressional district 9th Congressional district 10th Congressional district 11th Congressional district 12th Congressional district 13th Congressional district 14th Congressional district 15th Congressional district 16th Congressional district 17th Congressional district 18th Congressional district 19th Congressional district 20th Congressional district 21st Congressional district References See also United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania 108th United States Congress 2000 Pennsylvania elections 2000",
"title": "2000 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania"
},
{
"docid": "6319556",
"text": "Wisconsin's 6th congressional district is a congressional district of the United States House of Representatives in eastern Wisconsin. It is based in the rural, suburban and exurban communities between Madison, Milwaukee, and Green Bay. It also includes the village of River Hills in far northern Milwaukee County. The district is currently represented by Glenn Grothman (R-Glenbeaulah) who took office in January 2015. The 6th district has a long history of farming livestock in rural areas, and is a major producer of both milk and grains. The 6th district has been a Republican stronghold for most of its history; since the 1930s, only one Democrat, John A. Race, represented the district between 1965 and 1967. With a Cook PVI of R+10, it is tied with the 8th district as the third-most Republican district in Wisconsin. The 6th district's Republican lean extends to presidential races; since 1952, only three Democrats have carried it: Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, Bill Clinton in 1996, and Barack Obama in 2008, all three of whom swept the state of Wisconsin in landslides. In the 2020 Presidential Election, the district voted 57% for Donald Trump and 42% for Joe Biden. Counties and municipalities within the district Calumet County New Holstein. Columbia County Arlington, Cambria, Columbus, Doylestown, Fall River, Friesland, Lodi, Pardeeville, Portage, Poynette, Rio, Wisconsin Dells (Columbia County section), and Wyocena. Dodge County Beaver Dam, Brownsville, Fox Lake, Lomira, Mayville, Randolph, Theresa, and Waupun. Fond du Lac County Brandon, Campbellsport, Eden, Fairwater, Fond du Lac, Mount Calvary, North Fond du Lac, Oakfield, Ripon, Rosendale, and St. Cloud. Green Lake County Berlin, Green Lake, Kingston, Markesan, Marquette, and Princeton. Manitowoc County Cleveland, Francis Creek, Kellnersville, Kiel, Manitowoc, Maribel, Mishicot, Reedsville, Șt. Nazianz, Two Rivers, Valders, and Whitelaw. Marquette County Endeavor, Montello, Neshkoro, Oxford, and Westfield. Ozaukee Belgium, Cedarburg, Fredonia, Grafton, Port Washington, Saukville, and Thiensville. Sheboygan Adell, Cascade, Cedar Grove, Elkhart Lake, Glenbeulah, Kohler, Oostburg, Plymouth, Random Lake, Sheboygan, Sheboygan Falls, and Waldo. Waushara Coloma, Hancock, Lohrville Plainfield, Redgranite, Wautoma, and Wild Rose. Winnebago Appleton (part), Fox Crossing, Menasha, Neenah, Omro, Oshkosh, and Winneconne. History Wisconsin's 6th congressional district came into existence in 1863 following the federal census of 1860. The first elected representative from the district was Walter D. McIndoe of Wausau. The district originally comprised the counties of the northern and western parts of the state. Following subsequent congressional reapportionment after each decennial census, the district's boundaries shifted eastward. Census of 1860 The reapportionment of Congressional districts following the federal census of 1860 gave Wisconsin three additional members in the House of Representatives. Members elected from the newly created 4th, 5th and 6th districts were chosen in the midterm elections of 1862 and took their seats in the lower house as part of the 38th United States Congress. The 6th District originally included the counties of Adams, Ashland, Bad Ax (Vernon), Buffalo, Burnett, Dallas (Barron), Chippewa, Clark, Douglas, Dunn, Eau Claire, Jackson, Juneau, La Crosse, La Pointe, Marathon, Monroe, Pepin, Pierce, Polk, Portage, St. Croix, Trempealeau,",
"title": "Wisconsin's 6th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "6122008",
"text": "The 4th congressional district of Tennessee is a congressional district in southern Tennessee. It has been represented by Republican Scott DesJarlais since January 2011. Most of the district is rural, but many residents live in the suburbs of Chattanooga and Nashville. The area is very hilly, and has many well-known geographical features related to its location on the Cumberland Plateau. This part of Tennessee has several well-recognized distilleries such as Duck River, George Dickel, Southern Pride, and most famously the Jack Daniel's Distillery in Lynchburg. The region encompasses many of Tennessee's higher education facilities, such as Middle Tennessee State University, Sewanee: The University of the South, and Bryan College. Current boundaries The district lies mostly in the southern part of Middle Tennessee, but stretches into East Tennessee. It is currently composed of the following counties: Bedford, Bledsoe,Coffee, Franklin, Giles, Grundy, Lawrence, Lincoln, Marion, Meigs, Moore, Rhea, Rutherford, Sequatchie, and the vast majority of Warren. Recent election results in statewide races Results under old lines (2013-2023) History Throughout the 20th century, the 4th district took many different forms, but in most cases encompassed most of the rural area between Nashville and Knoxville. It has often been the state's largest district in terms of area, and one of the largest east of the Mississippi River, because of low population density and the district's rural character. For almost thirty years (1947-1977), this area of Tennessee was represented in Congress by Joe L. Evins. (Early in his political career, his district was numbered as the \"5th\", but that district was almost entirely in what became the 4th after the round of redistricting following the 1950 census.) Evins' successor in Congress was future vice president Al Gore Jr., who represented the 4th from 1977 to 1983. The district's current configuration dates from the 1980 census, when Tennessee gained a new congressional seat. Parts of what were previously in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 6th districts were combined to form a new 4th district. Most of Gore's territory became the 6th district. The new district incorporated pieces of heavily Republican East Tennessee and traditionally Democratic Middle Tennessee. It was so large that it stretched across five of Tennessee's eight television markets (Nashville, Knoxville, Chattanooga, the Tri-Cities, as well as the Tennessee share of the Huntsville, Alabama, market). and five of the state's nine radio markets (the above-mentioned cities, plus Cookeville). This gave congressional races much of the feel of statewide races; candidates' advertising budgets sometimes rivaled those for governor and U.S. Senate. Open-seat races in this district were usually among the most-watched in the country. However, the district's large size and lack of unifying influences make it very difficult to unseat an incumbent. Consequently, the district's congressman was usually reckoned as a statewide figure, with a good chance for winning state office in the future. In 1982, Democrat Jim Cooper, son of former governor Prentice Cooper, defeated Cissy Baker, daughter of Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker. Cooper went on to represent the district until 1995.",
"title": "Tennessee's 4th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "7347308",
"text": "Indiana's 7th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Indiana. It is entirely located within Marion County and includes most of Indianapolis, except for the southern side, which is located within the 6th district. The district is currently represented by Democrat André Carson, who won a special election in 2008 to succeed his grandmother Julia Carson following her death in 2007. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+19, it is the most Democratic district in Indiana. The district is one of three to be represented by a Muslim in the United States, the others being Michigan's 13th, represented by Rashida Tlaib; and Minnesota's 5th, represented by Ilhan Omar. From 1967 to 2003, the district served a completely different area of Indiana, covering Fountain, Parke, Tippecanoe, Montgomery, Clinton, Boone, Hendricks, Vigo, Clay, Putnam, and Owen counties and parts of Morgan and Hamilton counties. It had a dramatically different political history from the current 7th; it was a mostly rural area anchored by Terre Haute and Lafayette, and was heavily Republican. After the loss of a congressional seat in 2000 by virtue of that year's census, an ambitious redistricting plan was implemented in 2002. As mentioned above, most of the old 10th became the new 7th, while the territory of the old 7th was split into the 4th and 8th districts. This district and its predecessors have not elected a Republican since 1972, and it is considered a safe Democratic seat. Composition As of 2023, Indiana's 7th congressional district is located entirely in Marion County, covering the capital Indianapolis, except for the southernmost townships of the county. Marion County is split between this district and the 6th district. They are partitioned by E Troy Ave. The 7th district encompasses the cities of Indianapolis and Lawrence, and the surrounding 6 townships of Pike, Washington, Lawrence, Warren, Center, and Wayne, and part of the city of Beech Grove. Cities of 10,000 people or more Indianapolis – 887,642 Lawrence – 49,370 Beech Grove – 14,717 Speedway – 13,952 2,500 – 10,000 people Cumberland – 5,954 Election results from presidential races History The current area of the 7th District is largely the same as what had been the 10th District from 1983 to 2003. It includes all of Center Township, now widely regarded as a Democratic stronghold due to its large African American population and gentrified middle class. Traditionally, the city and the district has been more competitive and much more Republican. In fact, for years Indianapolis was one of the most Republican metropolitan areas in the country, particularly during the years when Richard Lugar and William H. Hudnut III served as Mayor of Indianapolis. However, in recent decades, much of the affluence of the city has begun to migrate to the edges of the city and outer Marion County, which has resulted in the Democratic lean. The southern portion of Marion County, which tilts more Republican, is not included in the district. The southern and eastern parts of the",
"title": "Indiana's 7th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "36619468",
"text": "Virginia's 6th Senate district is one of 40 districts in the Senate of Virginia. The new 2021 redistricting has moved the designation of 6th Senate District to far southwestern Virginia. Before the recent redistricting, the old district had been represented by Democrat Lynwood Lewis since his victory in a highly contested 2014 special election to succeed fellow Democrat Ralph Northam, who was elected Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. Geography Former District 6 was a disparate district which included Accomack County and Northampton County on the Eastern Shore, Mathews County on the Middle Peninsula, and parts of the Hampton Roads cities of Norfolk and Virginia Beach. The former District 6 had overlapped with Virginia's former 1st, 2nd, and 3rd congressional districts, and with the former 79th, 83rd, 89th, 90th, 98th, and 100th districts of the Virginia House of Delegates. It had bordered the state of Maryland. Recent election results 2019 2015 2014 special 2011 Federal and statewide results Historical results All election results below took place prior to 2011 redistricting, and thus were under different district lines. 2007 2003 1999 1995 District officeholders since 1940 References Virginia Senate districts Government of Norfolk, Virginia Accomack County, Virginia Northampton County, Virginia Mathews County, Virginia Government of Virginia Beach, Virginia",
"title": "Virginia's 6th Senate district"
},
{
"docid": "9193004",
"text": "Missouri's 6th congressional district takes in a large swath of land in northern Missouri, stretching across nearly the entire width of the state from Kansas to Illinois. Its largest voting population is centered in the northern portion of the Kansas City metropolitan area and the town of St. Joseph. The district includes much of Kansas City north of the Missouri River (including Kansas City International Airport). The district takes in all or parts of the following counties: Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Buchanan, Caldwell, Carroll, Chariton, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Daviess, De Kalb, Gentry, Grundy, Harrison, Holt, Jackson, Knox, Lewis, Lincoln, Linn, Livingston, Macon, Marion, Mercer, Monroe, Nodaway, Pike, Platte, Putnam, Ralls, Randolph, Schuyler, Scotland, Shelby, Sullivan, Worth. Notable representatives from the district include governors John Smith Phelps and Austin A. King as well as Kansas City Mayor Robert T. Van Horn. In 1976, Jerry Litton was killed on election night as he flew to a victory party after winning the Democratic nomination for United States Senate. The visitors center at Smithville Lake is named in Litton's memory. Democrat Pat Danner, a former aide to Jerry Litton, won the seat in 1992 becoming the first woman to be elected in the district defeating a 16-year Republican incumbent. George W. Bush beat John Kerry in this district 57%–42% in 2004. The district is represented by Republican Sam Graves, who has held the seat since 2001. Graves easily held on to his seat what was expected to be a tough 2008 election, defeating former Kansas City mayor Kay Waldo Barnes by 23 percentage points. Historically, the 6th was not safe for either party. However, in recent years, it has trended Republican, mirroring the increasingly conservative bent of the more rural areas of Missouri that historically voted for Yellow Dog Democrats. Redistricting following 2010 census After Missouri lost a congressional seat following the 2010 census (in part because of losses in population in several rural northern Missouri counties), the 6th was expanded to include most of Missouri north of the Missouri River, stretching from border to border from Kansas to Illinois. The biggest geographic addition was in northeast Missouri (including Kirksville, Missouri and Hannibal, Missouri), which used to be the northern half of the old 9th district. The 6th lost Cooper and Howard counties to the 4th district, and Gladstone in southwestern Clay County to the 5th district. Meanwhile, the 6th was extended into Jackson County for the first time, taking in the northeastern portion between the Missouri River and Interstate 70, as well as a small sliver southwest of Independence. In the 2020 redistricting, more of Clay County was ceded the 5th District, including North Kansas City. The district also moved into the St. Louis metropolitan area for the first time, gaining most of Lincoln County, including its largest city, Troy, from the 3rd district. List of members representing the district Election results from statewide races Election results 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 See also Missouri's congressional",
"title": "Missouri's 6th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "28236054",
"text": "The 1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 24 to 26, 1810, to elect 17 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 12th United States Congress. At the same time, a vacancy was filled in the 11th United States Congress. Background 17 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1808 to a term in the 11th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1809. William Denning never took his seat, and eventually resigned, leaving a vacancy in the 2nd District. The other 16 representatives' term would end on March 3, 1811. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1810, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1811, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on November 4, 1811. Congressional districts After the U.S. census of 1800, New York's representation in the House was increased to 17 seats. On March 30, 1802, the New York State Legislature had re-apportioned the congressional districts, dividing New York County seemingly at random into two districts. After the election of one Democratic-Republican and one Federalist in 1802, the Dem.-Rep. majority in the State Legislature gerrymandered the two districts together in an Act passed on March 20, 1804, so that two congressmen would be elected on a general ticket by the voters of both districts, assuring the election of two Democratic-Republicans. On April 8, 1808, the State Legislature re-apportioned the districts again, separating the 2nd and the 3rd District, and creating two districts with two seats each to be filled on a general ticket: the 2nd and the 6th. Due to the double-seat districts, there were then only 15 districts; the 16th and 17th were eliminated. The districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1808. Only four new counties were created inside some districts: in the 5th D., Sullivan Co. was split from Ulster Co.; in the 7th D., Schenectady Co. was split from Albany Co.; in the 8th D., Franklin Co. was split from Clinton Co.; and in the 15th D., Niagara Co. was split from Genesee Co. The 1st District comprising Kings, Queens and Suffolk counties. The 2nd District (two seats) comprising New York, Richmond and Rockland counties. The 3rd District comprising Orange and Westchester counties. The 4th District comprising Dutchess County. The 5th District comprising Ulster, Greene and Sullivan counties. The 6th District (two seats) comprising Columbia, Rensselaer and Washington counties. The 7th District comprising Albany and Schenectady counties. The 8th District comprising Clinton, Saratoga, Essex and Franklin counties. The 9th District comprising Montgomery and Schoharie counties. The 10th District comprising Herkimer, St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties. The 11th District comprising Oneida and Madison counties. The 12th District comprising Delaware and Otsego counties. The 13th District comprising Chenango, Onondaga, Broome and Cortland counties. The 14th District comprising Tioga, Steuben, Cayuga and Seneca counties. The 15th District comprising",
"title": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York"
},
{
"docid": "9193642",
"text": "Indiana's 5th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Indiana comprising Hamilton, Madison, Delaware, Grant, and Tipton counties, as well as the large majority of Howard County. Much of its population is located in the northern suburbs of Indianapolis, including the cities of Carmel, Noblesville, and Fishers, while other population centers include Muncie, Kokomo, Anderson, and Marion. The district is predominantly white and is the wealthiest congressional district in Indiana, as measured by median income. The district is currently represented by Republican Victoria Spartz. Demographics According to the APM Research Lab's Voter Profile Tools (featuring the U.S. Census Bureau's 2019 American Community Survey), the district contained about 585,000 potential voters (citizens, age 18+). Of these, 84% are White and 8% are Black. Immigrants make up 4% of the district's potential voters. Median income among households (with one or more potential voter) in the district is about $76,700, while 7% of households live below the poverty line. As for the educational attainment of potential voters in the district, 45% hold a bachelor's or higher degree. Composition Cities of 10,000 or more people Carmel – 100,777 Fishers – 98,977 Noblesville – 69,604 Muncie – 65,194 Kokomo – 59,604 Westfield – 58,410 Anderson – 54,788 Marion – 28,310 Yorktown – 11,548 2,500 – 10,000 people Elwood – 8,410 Gas City – 6,157 Cicero – 5,301 Tipton – 5,275 Alexandria – 5,149 Pendleton – 4,717 Upland – 3,821 Fairmount – 3,682 Sheridan – 3,106 As of 2022, Indiana's 5th congressional district is located in central Indiana. It includes Delaware, Grant, Hamilton, Howard, Madison, and Tipton Counties. Recent election results from statewide races List of members representing the district Election results 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 See also Indiana's congressional districts List of United States congressional districts References External links Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present 05 Marion County, Indiana Government of Indianapolis 1833 establishments in Indiana Constituencies established in 1833",
"title": "Indiana's 5th congressional district"
},
{
"docid": "16229634",
"text": "The 1882 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 7, 1882 to select seven Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. Following the 1880 census, the state was granted two additional seats in the House of Representatives. The Democratic controlled state legislature drew the districts to maximize the white vote and limit the black vote. Much of the black population was packed into the 7th congressional district which resulted in the other six congressional districts being evenly split between the races. The Democratic plan achieved its desired effect and the composition of the state delegation after the election was six Democrats and one Republican. 1st congressional district The 1st congressional district shifted from the Pee Dee region to the central part of the state and it also included the city of Charleston. Samuel Dibble was nominated by the Democrats and defeated J.B. Campbell, a fusion candidate of the Greenback-Labor and Republican parties. General election results |- | bgcolor=\"#0BDA51\" | | Greenback-Labor | J.B. Campbell | align=\"right\" | 6,565 | align=\"right\" | 43.1 | align=\"right\" | +6.4 |- |- | | colspan=5 |Democratic hold |- 2nd congressional district The 2nd congressional district shifted from Charleston to the lower western counties of the state. George D. Tillman, the former Democratic Representative of the 5th congressional district, defeated E.M. Brayton, a fusion candidate of the Greenback-Labor and Republican parties. General election results |- | bgcolor=\"#0BDA51\" | | Greenback-Labor | E.M. Brayton | align=\"right\" | 5,361 | align=\"right\" | 31.9 | align=\"right\" | -9.3 |- |- | | colspan=5 |Democratic gain from Republican |- 3rd congressional district The 3rd congressional district remained in the northwest part of the state and incumbent Democratic Congressman D. Wyatt Aiken, in office since 1877, defeated T.H. Russell, a fusion candidate of the Greenback-Labor and Republican parties. General election results |- | bgcolor=\"#0BDA51\" | | Greenback-Labor | T.H. Russell | align=\"right\" | 1,677 | align=\"right\" | 15.4 | align=\"right\" | -10.5 |- |- | | colspan=5 |Democratic hold |- 4th congressional district The 4th congressional district remained in the Greenville-Spartanburg region of the state and incumbent Democratic Congressman John H. Evins, in office since 1877, defeated D.R. Elkins, a fusion candidate of the Greenback-Labor and Republican parties. General election results |- | bgcolor=\"#0BDA51\" | | Greenback-Labor | D.R. Elkins | align=\"right\" | 4,588 | align=\"right\" | 28.2 | align=\"right\" | -2.1 |- |- | | colspan=5 |Democratic hold |- 5th congressional district The 5th congressional district shifted from the southwestern part of the state to the northern central part of the state. John J. Hemphill was nominated by the Democrats and defeated E.B.C. Cash, a fusion candidate of the Greenback-Labor and Republican parties. General election results |- | bgcolor=\"#0BDA51\" | | Greenback-Labor | E.B.C. Cash | align=\"right\" | 7,471 | align=\"right\" | 44.0 | align=\"right\" | +4.4 |- |- | | colspan=5 |Democratic gain from Republican |- 6th congressional district The 6th congressional district was created to cover the Pee",
"title": "1882 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina"
},
{
"docid": "27685931",
"text": "The 1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held in January 1793, to elect 10 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives. Background Six U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1790 to a term in the 2nd United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1791. One representative-elect had died in May 1790, and a representative had been elected in April 1791 to fill the vacancy. Their term would end on March 3, 1793. State elections in New York were at that time held during the last week of April, which meant that the State election preceding the beginning of the next congressional term was held more than ten months in advance, although the regular session of Congress was scheduled to convene only on the first Monday in December. Nevertheless, the New York Legislature had chosen in 1790 to have the congressional elections held that early, in case there might be a special session to convene at an earlier date. However, in 1792, Congress re-apportioned the seats, and New York's representation was increased from six to ten. This required a re-apportionment of congressional districts in the State which was enacted only in December 1792, and the elections were held only in January 1793. Congressional districts On January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature had divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered. On December 18, 1792, the Legislature divided the State into ten districts, which were still not numbered, taking into account the new counties created in 1791. One district (later back-numbered as the 1st) comprising Kings, Queens and Suffolk counties. One district (later back-numbered as the 2nd) comprising New York County. One district (later back-numbered as the 3rd) comprising Westchester and Richmond counties. One district (later back-numbered as the 4th) comprising Orange and Ulster counties. One district (later back-numbered as the 5th) comprising Dutchess County. One district (later back-numbered as the 6th) comprising Columbia County. One district (later back-numbered as the 7th) comprising Clinton and Rensselaer counties. One district (later back-numbered as the 8th) comprising Albany County. One district (later back-numbered as the 9th) comprising Washington and Saratoga counties. One district (later back-numbered as the 10th) comprising Montgomery, Ontario, Herkimer, Otsego and Tioga counties. Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties. Result 7 Federalists and 3 Anti-Federalist (later known as the Democratic-Republicans) were elected. The incumbents Tredwell and Gordon were re-elected; the incumbent Schoonmaker was defeated; and the incumbents John Laurance, Egbert Benson and Peter Silvester did not run for re-election. Note: At this time political parties were still very new in the United States. Politicians aligned in two opposing groups: Those supporting the federal government and those opposing it. The first group are generally",
"title": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York"
}
] | [
"Cobb",
"DeKalb",
"Fulton"
] |
train_11632 | where does the water come from at niagra falls | [
{
"docid": "5837231",
"text": "Open and closed lakes refer to the major subdivisions of lakes – bodies of water surrounded by land. Exorheic, or open, lakes drain into a river or other body of water that ultimately drains into the ocean. Endorheic basins fall into the category of endorheic or closed lakes, wherein waters do not drain into the ocean, but are reduced by evaporation, and/or drain into the ground. Open lake An open lake is a lake where water constantly flows out under almost all climatic circumstances. Because water does not remain in an open lake for any length of time, dissolved solids do not accumulate, and such lakes are usually fresh water. Open lakes form in areas where precipitation is greater than evaporation. Because most of the world's water is found in areas of highly effective rainfall, most lakes are open lakes whose water eventually reaches the sea. For instance, the Great Lakes' water flows into the St. Lawrence River and eventually the Atlantic Ocean. Open lakes typically have relatively stable water levels that do not fluctuate, as input is always matched by outflow to rivers downstream. If more water enters an open lake than was previously leaving it, then more water will leave the lake. The drainage from an open lake, like that from ordinary rivers, is referred to as exorheic (from the Greek exos, outside and rhein, to flow). Closed lake In a closed lake (see endorheic drainage), no water flows out. Water that is not evaporated will remain in a closed lake indefinitely. This means that closed lakes are usually saline, though this salinity varies greatly from around three parts per thousand for most of the Caspian Sea to as much as 400 parts per thousand for the Dead Sea. Only the less salty closed lakes are able to sustain life, and it is completely different from that in rivers or freshwater open lakes. Closed lakes typically form in areas where evaporation is greater than rainfall, although most closed lakes actually obtain their water from a region with much higher precipitation than the area around the lake itself, which is often a depression of some sort. The level of most closed lakes is unstable because if runoff into the lake is lessened, the water balance of a closed lake is altered, and the amount of water in the lake falls. This is what has caused the shrinkage of the Aral Sea, formerly the world's second largest closed lake. Similarly, if runoff into a closed lake is increased, then the level will increase because evaporation is not likely to increase at all - let alone enough to stabilise the level of the lake. Fluctuation in the level of closed lakes is therefore much more useful in paleoclimatology than are studies of open lakes which can reduce the level of outflow if inflow decreases. Conversion between an open and a closed lake If the amount of water entering a closed lake is increased beyond a certain level - for most closed",
"title": "Open and closed lakes"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "4687085",
"text": "Streamflow, or channel runoff, is the flow of water in streams and other channels, and is a major element of the water cycle. It is one runoff component, the movement of water from the land to waterbodies, the other component being surface runoff. Water flowing in channels comes from surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes, from groundwater flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes. The discharge of water flowing in a channel is measured using stream gauges or can be estimated by the Manning equation. The record of flow over time is called a hydrograph. Flooding occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel. Role in the water cycle Streams play a critical role in the hydrologic cycle that is essential for all life on Earth. A diversity of biological species, from unicellular organisms to vertebrates, depend on flowing-water systems for their habitat and food resources. Rivers are major aquatic landscapes for all manners of plants and animals. Rivers even help keep the aquifers underground full of water by discharging water downward through their streambeds. In addition to that, the oceans stay full of water because rivers and runoff continually refreshes them. Streamflow is the main mechanism by which water moves from the land to the oceans or to basins of interior drainage. Sources Stream discharge is derived from four sources: channel precipitation, overland flow, interflow, and groundwater. Channel precipitation is the moisture falling directly on the water surface, and in most streams, it adds very little to discharge. Groundwater enters the streambed where the channel intersects the water table, providing a steady supply of water, termed baseflow, during both dry and rainy periods. Because of the large supply of groundwater available to the streams and the slowness of the response of groundwater to precipitation events, baseflow changes only gradually over time, and it is rarely the main cause of flooding. However, it does contribute to flooding by providing a stage onto which runoff from other sources is superimposed. Interflow is water that infiltrates the soil and then moves laterally to the stream channel in the zone above the water table. Much of this water is transmitted within the soil, some of it moving within the horizons. Next to baseflow, it is the most important source of discharge for streams in forested lands. Overland flow in heavily forested areas makes negligible contributions to streamflow. In dry regions, cultivated, and urbanized areas, overland flow or surface runoff is usually a major source of streamflow. Overland flow is a stormwater runoff that begins as thin layer of water that moves very slowly (typically less than 0.25 feet per second) over the ground. Under intensive rainfall and in the absence of barriers such as rough ground, vegetation, and absorbing soil, it can mount up, rapidly reaching stream channels in minutes and causing sudden rises in discharge. The quickest response times between rainfall and streamflow occur in urbanized areas where yard drains, street gutters, and storm sewers",
"title": "Streamflow"
},
{
"docid": "13956956",
"text": "Twice-Told Tales is a 1963 American horror anthology film directed by Sidney Salkow and starring Vincent Price. It consists of three segments, all loosely adapted by producer/screenwriter Robert E. Kent from works by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Plot Each of the three sequences is introduced by Vincent Price (in a voice-over). Price also stars in all three narratives. \"Dr. Heidegger's Experiment\" Two elderly friends, Carl Heidegger (Sebastian Cabot) and Alex (Price), meet to celebrate Heidegger's 79th birthday. They discover that Heidegger's fiancée from 38 years before, Sylvia (Mari Blanchard), is perfectly preserved in her coffin. Heidegger believes that the water dripping into the coffin has the power to preserve. He tries it on a withered rose and it comes back into full bloom. Carl and Alex drink it and become young again. Carl injects the liquid into Sylvia and she comes back to life. Sylvia reveals that she and Alex were secretly lovers. Carl attacks Alex, but Alex kills him in the struggle. The effects of the water wear off. Sylvia is reduced to a desiccated skeleton, Carl's body returns to its original age. Alex returns to the crypt to find more of the water, but it no longer flows. \"Rappaccini's Daughter\" In Padua, Giacomo Rappaccini (Price) keeps his daughter Beatrice (Joyce Taylor) in a garden. A university student next door, Giovanni (Brett Halsey), sees her and falls in love. One of Giovanni's professors says that he used to teach with Rappaccini. Many years ago, Rappaccini abruptly quit academia and became a recluse after his wife ran away with a lover. Rappaccini has treated Beatrice with an exotic plant extract that makes her touch deadly; he does this to keep her safe from unwanted suitors, but it makes her a prisoner in her own home. When Rappaccini sees the attraction between Giovanni and Beatrice, he surreptitiously treats Giovanni with the extract so they can be together. Giovanni is aghast, and obtains an experimental antidote from his professor. He consumes the antidote in front of Beatrice, but it kills him. Beatrice drinks it also, killing herself. Rappaccini grabs the exotic plant with both hands and its touch kills him. \"The House of the Seven Gables\" Gerald Pyncheon (Price) returns to his family house after an absence of 17 years, bringing with him his wife Alice (Beverly Garland). His sister Hannah (Jacqueline deWit), who had been living in the house, tells Alice about the curse put upon Pyncheon men by Mathew Maulle, who used to own the house but lost it in a shady deal to the Pyncheon family. Jonathan Maulle (Richard Denning), a descendant of Mathew, arrives, but he refuses Gerald's offer to give him the house in exchange for the location of a vault where valuable property deeds are stored. Alice becomes haunted by the curse on the house, which eventually leads her to the cellar. Gerald finds her there and, lifting up the basement grave of Mathew Maulle, discovers the map to the vault. He kills Hannah to keep her share",
"title": "Twice-Told Tales (film)"
},
{
"docid": "69603964",
"text": "Water in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is divided into two types, Mutlaq and Mudaf for Tahara. Tahara or Taharah (the opposite of Najis) is an essential aspect of Islam. It means to remove all physical impurities (Najāsat) that blocks valid worship by Wudu or Ghusl. Water divisions in Fiqh Water in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is divided into two types: Mutlaq Mudaf (Mudaaf or Mudhaf) َAccording to Fiqh, Taharah (Wudu or Ghusl) is valid only with Mutlaq Water. Mutlaq Etymology Mutlaq is an Arabic word that means to absolute or pure. The word means is used by Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) to refer to pure water. Definition in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) Mutlaq water is the same natural water when it fall out of the sky or coming out of the earth. In Fiqh, natural water is called Mutlaq water when no adjective or anything is added to the water which would change its natural condition. Water is still called Mutlaq water if it stays pure during the change such as e.g. mud, soil, stagnation, fallen leaves or collection of straw, etc., or the salt, sulfur, and other minerals that it contains at its source or picks up in its course. Muslims can use Mutlaq water to wudu, ghusl, or any worship that needs to purity themselves. Type of Mutlaq water The types of Mutlaq water are as follows: Kurr water: is a certain quantity of Mutlaq water (480 kg) that does not become Najis (impure) if it comes in contact with Najis things, also Kurr water can purge Najis things. Qalil Water: is a specific quantity of water that is lesser than kurr water and is not Surface runoff or well water. Qalil water becomes Najis If it comes into contact with Najis. Surface runoff (overland flow): is the flow of water occurring on the ground surface. Runoff includes the following: Rainwater Snow Hail Spring River Water of Well Seawater Mudaf Etymology Mudaf (Mudaaf or Mudhaf) is an Arabic word that comes to comes from 'idaafa'. Mudaf means the thing annexed. The word means is used by Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) to refer to mixed water. Definition in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) Mudaf water is a kind of water to which something has been added or It is not so pure that people no longer call it water. Mudaf water is used against Mutlaq water. Wudu and Ghusl are not valid with Mudaf water. Also, it cannot make clean what has become Najis. Type of Mudaf water some examples of Mudaf water is as follows: Extremely muddy water, rosewater, water extracted from fruits, lime and grape juice, rose-water and soda-water. See also Tayammum Salah Tasbih References Salah Ritual purity in Islam Salah terminology",
"title": "Water in fiqh"
},
{
"docid": "286260",
"text": "In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor (reaching 100% relative humidity), so that the water condenses and \"precipitates\" or falls. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but colloids, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers. Moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is typically active when freezing rain occurs. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain and serves as the focus for forcing and rising air. Provided there is necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely nimbostratus and cumulonimbus if significant precipitation is involved. Eventually, the cloud droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops and descend toward the Earth where they will freeze on contact with exposed objects. Where relatively warm water bodies are present, for example due to water evaporation from lakes, lake-effect snowfall becomes a concern downwind of the warm lakes within the cold cyclonic flow around the backside of extratropical cyclones. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy. Thundersnow is possible within a cyclone's comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. Most precipitation occurs within the tropics and is caused by convection. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah regions. Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing fresh water on the planet. Approximately of water falls as precipitation each year: over oceans and over land. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is , but over land it is only . Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Global warming is already causing changes to weather, increasing precipitation in some geographies, and reducing it in others, resulting in additional extreme weather. Precipitation may occur on other celestial bodies. Saturn's largest satellite, Titan, hosts methane precipitation as a slow-falling drizzle, which has been observed as Rain puddles at its equator and polar regions. Types Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle,",
"title": "Precipitation"
},
{
"docid": "40733295",
"text": "The Worthy (Arabic: المختارون, alMukhtarun) is a 2016 Arabic thriller film directed by Ali F. Mostafa, and produced by Image Nation. The movie was released on 23 February 2017 in the Middle East. Plot The Worthy is a narrative film that describes what will happen in a post-apocalyptic future where political conflicts go out of hand. The story begins with a truck driver that goes by the name of Shoaib (also known as Abu Eissa) picking up a stranger. The stranger warns him of what danger is to come due to these conflicts taking frightening twists. Shoaib listens to the man's advice and takes his two children Eissa and Maryam to seek shelter. One of the political parties decides to make matters worse by contaminating the water supply. Most of the population dies out of fear and hunger in the upcoming years; however Shoaib and his family along with seven others find shelter with clean water in an abandoned airplane factory. One night, Shoaib, Eissa, his righthand man Qais and Daoud encounter bandits who hold a vulnerable woman as bait; Shoaib falls victim to this but two other survivors passing by, Mussa and Gulbin, save him. Shoaib invites them in for food and shelter as guests and debates with the others whether to keep them permanently. Eissa insists they keep them as they saved his father's life, while the others say they cannot be trusted. Maryam states she doesn't trust Mussa, as Gulbin−who does not speak the common tongue−is scared of him. Jamaal, another survivor in the factory, mentions that Mussa still has a knife on him. The group has a rule, that weapons must be locked in a cabinet. When Shoaib asks for the knife, Mussa kills him, shouts that the earth is only for the worthy, and leaves. Mussa starts killing off the survivors, first by turning off the water supply and booby-trapping its valve. Raed, a former teacher, dies and Daoud is injured. Jamaal distrusts Gulbin and falls out with Eissa who takes a liking towards Gulbin. Eissa, who is now leader, expels him. Later, Eissa, Qais, and Reya (Raed's wife) go in search of water. They discover Jamaal tied and mutilated. This turns out to be another trap, which leads to Reya's death. Eissa and Qais return to the factory to find Gulbin, who was on watch, bleeding. Qais stays with her, while Eissa goes to help the others. He finds them dead except his sister, Maryam. She has a noose around her neck and is standing on a plane wing with Mussa on the other side. So he has a choice either kill Mussa and risk losing Maryam or save her and be killed. Maryam sacrifices herself and Mussa is killed. Eissa goes back to Qais and Gulbin to find him dead and Gulbin standing there; she speaks the common tongue and was the mastermind. She explains this was a test to find people to join their group (alif-yaa) who are going to build civilization",
"title": "The Worthy"
},
{
"docid": "46591747",
"text": "The finite water-content vadose zone flux method represents a one-dimensional alternative to the numerical solution of Richards' equation for simulating the movement of water in unsaturated soils. The finite water-content method solves the advection-like term of the Soil Moisture Velocity Equation, which is an ordinary differential equation alternative to the Richards partial differential equation. The Richards equation is difficult to approximate in general because it does not have a closed-form analytical solution except in a few cases. The finite water-content method, is perhaps the first generic replacement for the numerical solution of the Richards' equation. The finite water-content solution has several advantages over the Richards equation solution. First, as an ordinary differential equation it is explicit, guaranteed to converge and computationally inexpensive to solve. Second, using a finite volume solution methodology it is guaranteed to conserve mass. The finite water content method readily simulates sharp wetting fronts, something that the Richards solution struggles with. The main limiting assumption required to use the finite water-content method is that the soil be homogeneous in layers. The finite water-content vadose zone flux method is derived from the same starting point as the derivation of Richards' equation. However, the derivation employs a hodograph transformation to produce an advection solution that does not include soil water diffusivity, wherein becomes the dependent variable and becomes an independent variable: where: is the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity [L T−1], is the capillary pressure head [L] (negative for unsaturated soil), is the vertical coordinate [L] (positive downward), is the water content, (−) and is time [T]. This equation was converted into a set of three ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using the Method of Lines to convert the partial derivatives on the right-hand side of the equation into appropriate finite difference forms. These three ODEs represent the dynamics of infiltrating water, falling slugs, and capillary groundwater, respectively. Derivation A superior derivation was published in 2017, showing that this equation is a diffusion-free version of the Soil Moisture Velocity Equation. One way to solve this equation is to solve it for and by integration: Instead, a finite water-content discretization is used and the integrals are replaced with summations: where is the total number of finite water content bins. Using this approach, the conservation equation for each bin is: The method of lines is used to replace the partial differential forms on the right-hand side into appropriate finite-difference forms. This process results in a set of three ordinary differential equations that describe the dynamics of infiltration fronts, falling slugs, and groundwater capillary fronts using a finite water-content discretization. Method essentials The finite water-content vadose zone flux calculation method replaces the Richards' equation PDE with a set of three ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These three ODEs are developed in the following sections. Furthermore, because the finite water-content method does not explicitly include soil water diffusivity, it necessitates a separate capillary relaxation step. Capillary relaxation represents a free-energy minimization process at the pore scale that produces no advection beyond the REV scale. Infiltration fronts With",
"title": "Finite water-content vadose zone flow method"
},
{
"docid": "2256448",
"text": "Rondout Creek is a tributary of the Hudson River in Ulster and Sullivan counties, New York, United States. It rises on Rocky Mountain in the eastern Catskills, flows south into Rondout Reservoir, part of New York City's water supply network, then into the valley between the Catskills and the Shawangunk Ridge, where it goes over High Falls and finally out to the Hudson at Kingston, receiving along the way the Wallkill River. The name of Rondout Creek comes from the fort, or redoubt, that was erected near its mouth. The Dutch equivalent of the English word redoubt (meaning a fort or stronghold) is reduyt. In the Dutch records of Wildwyck, however, the spelling used to designate this same fort is invariably Ronduyt during the earliest period, with the present form rondout (often capitalized) appearing as early as November 22, 1666. The Rondout Creek became economically important in the 19th century when the Delaware and Hudson Canal followed closely alongside it from Napanoch to the village of Rondout, now part of Kingston, which grew rapidly as the canal's northern port. Today it is important not only for the reservoir, but for the fishing and other recreational opportunities it provides. Due to the Wallkill, it drains a vast area stretching over all the way down to Sussex County, New Jersey. The high mountains around its upper course and the reservoir, which collects water from three others, also add to its flow. Course The Rondout goes through several different stages because of the changes in surrounding geography and past development, such as the canal and reservoir, that has drawn on its waters. Its headwaters, above the reservoir, are a typical mountain stream. Below the reservoir it remains fairly rocky but widens into the floor of a narrow valley. At Napanoch, where it turns northeast and receives its first significant tributary, the Ver Nooy Kill, it becomes wider, as does the valley it drains, and deeper. North of the Shawangunks, where the Wallkill trickles down from Sturgeon Pool, it is wide enough to be referred to as the Rondout River at some points. At Creeklocks, the former northern outlet of the canal, it becomes wide and deep enough to be navigable, and several marinas line the banks of the stream, now more than wide, at Kingston just above its mouth. Catskills and headwaters Rising below the col between Rocky Mountain and Balsam Cap, the Rondout Creek flows generally southerly down the slopes of Rocky Mountain into a narrow valley, receiving tributary Picket Brook on the left and three unnamed streams from the slopes of Peekamoose Mountain to the right. A mile or two from its source, it reaches some private lands and its first road, Peekamoose Road (Ulster County 42). It has dropped in its first two miles. It turns to the southwest to follow a wider valley, known informally as Peekamoose Gorge. Most of the land surrounding the creek is part of New York's Forest Preserve, \"forever wild\" and thus undeveloped. The rocky",
"title": "Rondout Creek"
},
{
"docid": "2873257",
"text": "April Morning is a 1961 novel by Howard Fast, about Adam Cooper's coming of age during the Battle of Lexington. One critic notes that in the beginning of the novel he is \"dressed down by his father, Moses, misunderstood by his mother, Sarah, and plagued by his brother, Levi.\" In the backdrop are the peaceful people of Lexington, forced \"to go into a way of war that they abhorred.\" While the novel was not originally written as a young adult story, it has increasingly been assigned in middle school English and social studies classes, due to the age of the protagonist and Fast's meticulous efforts to recreate the texture of daily life in colonial America and the political currents on the eve of the American Revolution. In 1988, a film version was made for television starring Chad Lowe as Adam and Tommy Lee Jones as Moses. Plot The novel begins in the afternoon of April 18, 1775, when Adam's father, Moses, sends him out to draw water from the well for his mother, Sarah. After completing this task, he heads upstairs to talk with Granny. During it, they engage in a debate on religion. Afterwards, they head downstairs for dinner. Then they pray and the meal, consisting of bread pudding and donkers, begins. In the middle of it, Moses confronts Adam about a \"spell\" to be said while drawing water. As a result, the confrontation starts an argument, which is interrupted by Cousin Simmons arriving. He, chosen to draft a letter on the rights of man, comes to Moses with his draft seeking criticism. Another debate arises over his description of rights as \"god-given.\" Moses asserts that rights come from the people backing them, not God. After dinner is over and Adam finishes some evening chores, he heads over to the Simmons' house to meet with Ruth, his love interest, and go on a walk. Before he is able to see her, however, Aunt Simmons makes conversation with him and feeds him pie. Then Ruth comes downstairs, and she and Adam leave on a walk. During it, they talk about various things, including their futures and what they want to be in the world. After a kiss he walks her home and then he himself heads home. Upon arrival, he spots his brother, Levi, cleaning his gun. He does not like this but Sarah insists that he let him do it. Then he heads upstairs and goes to bed. Before falling asleep he overhears his parents talking about the committee meeting. Finally he falls asleep. Suddenly, Adam is awakened by Levi, who draws attention to a speedy rider that stops in the center of town. Now all the Coopers are awake and curious. People gather around the rider on the green, who informs them that the British are coming and may be marching through their town. He then rides off. Because of this news, arguments stir in the crowd on whether to muster the militia. The people of Lexington agree",
"title": "April Morning"
},
{
"docid": "1249014",
"text": "Knife in the Water () is a 1962 Polish psychological thriller film co-written and directed by Roman Polanski in his feature debut, and starring Leon Niemczyk, Jolanta Umecka, and Zygmunt Malanowicz. Its plot follows a husband and wife who are accompanied on a boating trip by a young male hitchhiker, who spurs a number of escalating confrontations between the couple. The film was nominated for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and is Polanski's only Polish-language feature to date. Knife in the Water has garnered acclaim from film critics since its release, and is one of Polanski's best-reviewed works. American filmmaker Martin Scorsese recognized the film as one of the masterpieces of Polish cinema and in 2013 he selected it for screening alongside films such as Andrzej Wajda's Ashes and Diamonds and Innocent Sorcerers in the United States, Canada and United Kingdom as part of the Martin Scorsese Presents: Masterpieces of Polish Cinema festival of Polish films. Plot Andrzej (Leon Niemczyk) and Krystyna (Jolanta Umecka) are driving to a lake to go sailing when they come upon a young man (Zygmunt Malanowicz) hitchhiking in the middle of the road. After nearly hitting him, Andrzej invites the young man along. When they arrive at the lake, instead of leaving the young man behind, Andrzej invites him to go sailing with them. The young man accepts the offer, and, not knowing much about sailing, must learn many hard lessons from Andrzej. Meanwhile, tension gradually builds between Andrzej and the hitchhiker as they vie for the attentions of Krystyna. The title refers to the major turning point in the film when Andrzej taunts the young man with the latter's treasured pocket knife, which is accidentally lost overboard. A fight ensues between Andrzej and the hitchhiker, and the latter falls into the water. Andrzej and his wife search for him but cannot find him and assume that he has drowned since earlier he said that he could not swim. Andrzej and his wife quarrel about what to do, and Andrzej swims to shore to fetch the police. When the young man realizes that Andrzej has gone, he comes out from hiding behind a buoy on the lake and swims to the yacht. There he sees Krystyna naked, drying off. He boards the yacht, and Krystyna tells him he is as bad as Andrzej, but sexual attraction wins out and they have sex, off-screen. Krystyna sails back to the dock, and the man jumps off and goes on his way before Andrzej appears and takes charge again. He wants to go to the police to report the young man missing. Krystyna tells him that the young man returned and she was unfaithful. Andrzej does not know what to believe, and at the road junction, where they would turn one way to return home and another to go to the police station, the car does not move. Cast Leon Niemczyk as Andrzej Jolanta Umecka as Krystyna Zygmunt Malanowicz as Young Man Anna Ciepielewska as Krystyna",
"title": "Knife in the Water"
},
{
"docid": "24885251",
"text": "Vasudhara Falls is a waterfall situated near Badrinath, in Uttarakhand, India. Geography Uttarakhand is surrounded by waterfalls. Vasudhara waterfall is set in the background of a 145 m cliff. Nearby mountains are Chaukhamba, Nilkantha and Balakun. The falls flow into the river Alaknanda, flowing towards Badrinath Temple. The distance from Badrinath to Vasudhara is 9 km. The height of this waterfall is . Satopanth glacier sits near the bottom of Vasudhara. Satopanth Tal is 25 km from Badrinath. Laxmi van (forest) is on the way to Satopanth glacier from Vasudhara. History 'Vasu' refers to Lord Vishnu's Vasudeva. Dhara (river in Sanskrit) means \"path of the river\", so \"the path of Lord Vishnu\". In Hinduism, the legend says that lewania is a 2 person soul. It is also the place where Sage Vedavyasa divided the Vedas into four Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva. The water of this spring does not touch the body of sinners. For this reason, Hindus take the water of this spring with them. Sinners should stay away. It is said that if the holy water of this spring starts falling on you, then you are a virtuous soul. The one on whom it falls is considered to be entitled to salvation and because of this, devotees stand under this holy waterfall. This spring is considered to have a flavor like nectar because its water has been enriched by Ayurvedic herbs, such that the person on which its water falls becomes healthy. Hindus keep holy water at their homes to use in religious practices. The Pandavas passed through Ehi on their way to Swargarohini Yatra. Sahadeva gave up his life near Vasudhara. They reached two hills, but could not cross them. Mahabali Bhima was the most powerful among them, so he picked up a boulder and threw it between the two hills, making an enormous bridge, allowing them to continue towards heaven. From Tawi the bridge is called Bhempul. Asthavasu was described in the Puranas, one of whom meditated there. He received Shri Krishna as his son. He became Nand Baba in Dvapara Yuga, Vasudhara is Nand Baba's favorite meditation place. Access Mana Village and Vasudhara Fall are usually accessible to tourists from the second week of May to October or November when Badrinath temple is open to the general public. Badrinath is accessible by motor vehicles from Rishikesh, the nearest railway station. Trekking The three-hour trek starts from Mana village. After passing Saraswati Mandir, the trek becomes very steep, allowing views of Vasudhara river valley. The route is stony with some grass and shrubs in the sides. Even on a bright sunny day, the weather is mildly cool and breezy (during June to August). Sometime misty and fog may appear. A light jacket is advised for late evening hours. References Waterfalls of Uttarakhand Geography of Chamoli district",
"title": "Vasudhara Falls"
},
{
"docid": "952467",
"text": "The Jump River is a small rocky river in north-central Wisconsin. In the late 19th century it was used to drive logs down to the Chippewa River. Today it is recreational, rambling through woods and farmlands, used mostly by fishermen and paddlers. Geography The Jump is formed at the confluence of the North Fork Jump River and the South Fork Jump River in southwestern Price County, Wisconsin. From there it flows approximately 25 miles (40 km) through Rusk, Taylor and Chippewa counties, emptying into the Holcombe Flowage and joining the Chippewa River, and eventually the Mississippi. Communities along the river are Sheldon, Jump River, and Prentice. History The origin of the river's name is the source of minor local controversy. Some say that the name comes from the jumping water in the many rapids which mark nearly the upper half of its course. Others maintain that the river was so-named because a 19th-century forest fire jumped the river. Still others suggest that log drivers named it for the way the water level \"jumps\" up and down rapidly after rains and thaws. Its name in Ojibwe does not shed light on its present name either, since the Ojibwa call this stream Manidoons-ziibi (\"Little Spirit River\"). Indians lived along the Jump in the early years, growing little plots of crops on the river bottoms. Jump River Falls (Big Falls) was once thought the likely rapids where Father René Menard disappeared in 1661 while trying to reach a band of refugee Hurons near Lake Chelsea. Current thought is that he more likely disappeared at the dells of the Big Rib River, in the southeast corner of Taylor county. Logging on the Jump had begun by 1858. Before that the Jump River valley was covered by heavy forest. The first surveyors in the mid-19th century found hemlock, yellow birch, sugar maple, white pine, black spruce, tamarack, white cedar, and other species, with hemlock most common. Crews cut the white pine first and stored the logs through the winter, then drove them down the river to mills at Chippewa and Eau Claire. Logs were driven from April to July. For the winter of 1888 to 1889, the Chippewa Logging Company and Mississippi River Logging Company estimated the cuts on various branches to be: The last logs were driven down the Jump around 1903. The less buoyant species have been logged ever since, hauled out by rail and truck. The first bridge across the Jump was the Wisconsin Central Railway's trestle at Prentice, built in the 1870s. The \"Black Bridge\" above the village of Jump River's swimming hole was built in 1899 and 1900. The SM&P Railway bridge at Jump River was built in 1904. The Range Line wagon bridge in Jump River was built in 1909. It was wrecked by an ice jam in 1913 and repaired. The Albert bridge on what is now county H was built in 1912. The La Follette Bridge just east of Jump River opened in 1933. The worst flood",
"title": "Jump River"
},
{
"docid": "65355241",
"text": "Jiu Jitsu is a 2020 American science fiction martial arts film directed and co-written by Dimitri Logothetis and starring Alain Moussi, Frank Grillo, JuJu Chan, Tony Jaa and Nicolas Cage. The film is based on the 2017 comic book of the same name by Dimitri Logothetis and Jim McGrath. The film was a box office bomb, grossing less than $100,000 against a budget of $25 million, and was critically panned. Plot Every six years, an ancient order of expert Jiu Jitsu fighters faces a vicious race of alien invaders in a battle for Earth. For thousands of years the invaders have lost to Earth's defenders, up until now. Earth's future is in jeopardy. In a jungle in Burma (Myanmar), Asia, Jake Barnes, a celebrated war hero, is running away from shuriken under the command of Brax, the powerful invader leader. Jake ends up on an oceanside cliff, where he is hit by the stars, falls into the ocean, hits his head and blacks out. Wylie, a senior Jiu Jitsu fighter, rescues Jake from the water and gives him over to the care of two Burmese fishermen. They stitch up Jake's cuts and take him to a nearby military outpost, assuming that he came from there. After foreboding miscommunication between an inexperienced translator and one of the fisherwomen, Jake is left at the outpost and starts to regain consciousness. But he must regain his strength! Puzzled by the mention of a comet that comes every six years and a hole in a temple opening, the operatives set about figuring out where Jake came from. An intelligence officer, Myra, tries to interrogate Jake but he appears to have amnesia, with no recall of events leading to his being found in the water. After a fight sequence Myra injects Jake with a truth serum, but this proves ineffective on what he divulges. She decides it is probable that he actually does not remember, but while discussing this with other operatives, Keung, advanced Jiu Jitsu fighter, begins to work his way through the base, besting fist and gun alike. Keung is unfazed by repeated attacks by men in balaclavas and fatigue uniforms, who he lays flat. Gunfire and the sound of feet against chests, heads and the like alert Myra and the others that indeed something is up. After more fighting, Keung approaches Jake who he recognizes with a special handclasp. Keung exclaims \"We gotta go\" and Jake accepts this chance to leave his captors. Their departure from the base confirms that Jake, too, is skilled in the art of using his limbs in defense against others. Jake then reunites with three other fighters who seem to know him but he does not remember who they are or what his mission is. As they try to leave to head back to their base, soldiers turn up again. The three other fighters defeat the entire unit easily but Jake gets grabbed by Myra. She tried questioning him again back at the military base but he",
"title": "Jiu Jitsu (film)"
},
{
"docid": "41896599",
"text": "An ice dam is an ice build-up on the eaves of sloped roofs of heated buildings that results from melting snow under a snow pack reaching the eave and freezing there. Freezing at the eave impedes the drainage of meltwater, which adds to the ice dam and causes backup of the meltwater, which may cause water leakage into the roof and consequent damage to the building and its contents if the water leaks through the roof. Mechanism Ice dams occur on heated buildings with sloping roofs in cold climates with deep snow accumulation. Ice dams on roofs form when accumulated snow forms an insulating layer under cold conditions that would cause the freezing point to be within the snow layer, if it were not subject to melting. Instead, building heat coming through the roof's surface melts the snow resting on it. This causes meltwater to flow down the roof, until it reaches below a place on the roof's surface that is below freezing—typically at the eaves where there is no building heat. When the meltwater reaches the frozen surface, ice accumulates, growing a barrier that impedes further passage of meltwater off the roof. Ice dams may result in leaks through the roofing material, possibly resulting in damaged ceilings, walls, roof structure and insulation, or injury when the ice dam falls off or from attempts to remove ice dams. The melting of roof snow comes from the combination of three basic causes: Air temperatures well below freezing. A thick layer of dry snow, which has good insulating capabilities. Heat from the building coming through the roof. If any of these factors is absent, ice dams cannot form. Above freezing air does not promote ice dams, nor does granulated spring snow on a roof, which has poor insulating capabilities, nor does a roof that doesn't warm to above freezing at its surface. Ice dams may occur when the under-roof temperature is above and the outdoor air temperature is below . Mitigation Ice dams on sloped roofs can be mitigated in several ways: Assuring sufficient insulation in the roof to prevent freezing at the roof surface under a deep snow pack. Providing ventilation under the roofing material that carries escaping building heat elsewhere and assures a cold roof surface. Attic/roof temperatures can be controlled by installing sufficient insulation and providing natural or mechanical ventilation to produce a \"cold roof\" to keep the roof temperature below . Providing heat tape or cables that create channels for meltwater to escape through any ice dam at the eaves. Heat tapes incur energy expense, may cause long-term damage to asphalt shingles, and may present a risk of fire. Some insurance companies do not allow the use of heat tapes due to the fire danger. Ice dams can also form just above the heat tape. Constructing a roof with a slippery surface that is steep enough for snow to slide off, before it can melt. An ice belt—a band of metal roofing—installed at the eaves helps prevent the",
"title": "Ice dam (roof)"
},
{
"docid": "25604137",
"text": "Gwynns Falls is a stream located in Baltimore County and Baltimore City, Maryland. Its headwaters are located in Reisterstown in Baltimore County, and the stream flows southeast, entering the city of Baltimore and emptying into the Middle Branch of the Patapsco River. The Patapsco drains into the Chesapeake Bay. The watershed area of Gwynns Falls covers , with of streams. The stream was named for Richard Gwinn, who opened a trading post along it in 1669. Gwynns Falls does not actually have a waterfall, but its rough, rocky nature caused John Smith to comment on how the stream tumbled over \"felles\". This confusing local practice of using \"falls\" in the name of rocky streams was also applied to Baltimore's Jones Falls and Gunpowder Falls, which do not have waterfalls. During periods of high water conditions the stream can be whitewater kayaked, with the most challenging section running from the dam in Dickeyville to the Washington Boulevard bridge crossing. This section is entirely within the city limits of Baltimore and runs under the historic Carrollton Viaduct. An unusual feature of the run is a point near U.S. Route 40 where a city water pipe main crosses about a foot above the water level; kayaking normally requires a portage around the pipe crossing. See also List of Maryland rivers Dickeyville Historic District Gwynns Falls Leakin Park References External links Gwynns Falls Trail Gwynns Falls Watershed Association Leakin Park Gwynns Falls Trail Map Landforms of Baltimore Patapsco River Rivers of Maryland",
"title": "Gwynns Falls"
},
{
"docid": "2662485",
"text": "The Witch of Blackbird Pond is a children's novel by American author Elizabeth George Speare, published in 1958. The story takes place in late 17th-century New England. It won the Newbery Medal in 1959. Plot summary In April 1687, 16-year-old Katherine Tyler (known as Kit) leaves her home in Barbados after her grandfather dies and a 50-year-old man tries to marry her. She relocates to Wethersfield, Connecticut to live with her Aunt Rachel, Uncle Matthew, and her two cousins, Judith and Mercy, in their Puritan community. A brief stop is made in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, to pick up four new passengers. As the small rowboat returns to the ship, a young girl named Prudence accidentally drops her doll in the water and begs her harsh mother, Goodwife Cruff, to get it back for her. Impulsively, Kit jumps into the water and retrieves the doll. She is then met with astonished suspicion, as few white people in Connecticut could swim so well. Cruff is the most skeptical of them all, believing Kit is a witch, commenting, \"No respectable woman could stay afloat like that.\" On the slow trip upriver, Kit befriends John Holbrook, another passenger coming to Wethersfield to study with the Reverend Gershom Bulkeley. Kit finds Wethersfield very different from Barbados. Unlike at her previous home, where Kit's family owned servants and slaves, she is expected to work here along with the rest of the family. Her cousin Mercy has a lame leg and is on crutches. Kit is required to attend the Sabbath church meetings twice each Sunday, which she finds dull. Kit meets a rich young man, William Ashby. He begins courting her, though she does not care for him. Originally, her cousin Judith had hoped to marry William, but she focuses on John Holbrook, a divinity student studying with Bulkeley. Kit's life improves when she and Mercy begin teaching some young children of Wethersfield, who are preparing for traditional school. Everything proceeds well until one day, bored with the normal lessons, Kit decides the children will reenact a passage from the Bible: the parable of the Good Samaritan. The head of the school, Eleazer Kimberly, enters the house just as things get out of hand. He is outraged at Kit for having the audacity to act out something from the Bible and shuts down the school. Heartbroken, Kit flees to the meadows where she meets and befriends the kind, elderly Hannah Tupper, who was outlawed from the Massachusetts colony because she is a Quaker and does not attend church meetings, as well as being suspected of being a witch. With Hannah's support, Kit convinces Kimberly to give the school another chance. As fellow outcasts, Kit and Hannah develop a deep bond, and even after her uncle forbids Kit to continue the friendship, she keeps visiting Hannah. During one of her visits, Kit again meets the handsome Nathaniel (Nat) Eaton, son of the captain of the Dolphin. Without realizing it, she falls in love with him, and though",
"title": "The Witch of Blackbird Pond"
},
{
"docid": "4420046",
"text": "Makhshirin is the eighth tractate, in the Mishnah and Tosefta, of the sixth Talmudic order Tohorot (\"Purifications\"). This tractate contains six chapters, divided respectively into 6, 11, 8, 10, 11, and 8 sections, while the Tosefta has only three chapters and 31 sections. It treats of the effects of liquids in rendering foods with which they may come into contact susceptible, under certain conditions, of Levitical uncleanness. There is no Gemara, Yerushalmi or Bavli, to this treatise. Background The laws is based on the Scriptural provision, \"If any water be put upon the seed, and any part of their carcass fall thereon, it shall be unclean\" (Lev. 11:38; see 34 et seq.). From this the Rabbis deduce (1) that foods are not susceptible of uncleanness by contact with the carcass of a reptile unless the foods have first been moistened (see Hullin 36a); and (2) that as Scripture, in the passage just cited, uses the expression כי יתן, which, when vowelless, may be read either \"ki yuttan\" (= \"if it be put\") or \"ki yitten\" (= \"if one will put\"), and as \"putting\" is necessarily the result of intention, \"being put\" also must be accompanied by intention (see Bava Metzia 22b). Where this condition is absent the contact of liquid with foods will have no effect. Hence the general rule elaborated in the first chapter following. Mishnah Chapter 1: All liquids (mashkin; see 6:4 et seq.), when originally desired (expected to be beneficial), though ultimately unwelcome, or when the reverse is the case (not desired originally, but ultimately acceptable), predispose loose fruit moistened by them to Levitical uncleanness. Thus if one shakes a tree to bring down some fruit, or a dead reptile, and at the same time some drops of water fall from the tree on fruit lying near by, the water does not come under the law of ki yuttan, or the fruit under liability to uncleanness by contact with a defiling object; but when one's intention is to shake off the rain-water or the dewdrops, the loose fruit moistened thereby becomes susceptible to uncleanness. Where water is used for other than its ordinary purposes, as where one submerges fruit or vegetables to secrete them from thieves, the effect is not to render the fruit liable to defilement. A precedent under this rule is cited from the history of the last days of Judea's struggle against the Romans, when some citizens of Jerusalem secured their fig-cakes from the sicarii by hiding them under water, the Rabbis deciding that, under the circumstances, the submersion did not predispose the food to uncleanness. Similarly, fruit that is floated down a river is not subject to the rule of ki yuttan. Chapter 2: In doubtful cases, objects and conditions are classified by a majority rule. For example, the defiling effects of receptacles of waste water used in common by Jews and Gentiles will depend on the majority using them; if the majority are non-Jews the water will be considered Levitically unclean, but",
"title": "Makhshirin"
},
{
"docid": "14284769",
"text": "The Walchensee Power Plant () is a hydroelectric power station in Bavaria, Germany. It is a storage power station that is fed water from the Walchensee which is then released into the Kochelsee. The installed capacity is 124 MW with an annual production of 300 GWh. The power plant is south of Kochelsee, about from the village of Walchensee. It is one of the largest of its kind in Germany and has been owned by Uniper Kraftwerke GmbH since 2016. Technical operation The power station uses the hydraulic head of about between the Walchensee (acting as the upper reservoir, at above sea level) and the Kochelsee ( a.s.l.) to generate electricity. Through six, ducts connecting the two natural lakes, the water flows to the hydro-electric plant's four Pelton water turbines with single-phase generators, and four Francis water turbines with three-phase generators, and then exits into the Kochelsee. Because the water level constantly changes, neither lake fully freezes in the winter; what does freeze on the lakes is potentially hazardous thin ice. The natural outflow of the Walchensee at Niedernach — over the Jachen to the River Isar — is blocked by a weir, but the natural inflow to the lake is still insufficient to provide enough water to the reservoir for the operation of the power station, so the waters of the Rißbach river are also used. Isar transfer The Isar, which flows as a whitewater river from the Austrian part of the Karwendel mountains, is dammed between Mittenwald and Krün by a weir to form the Krüner Isar reservoir () and is then diverted to the Walchensee. This water flows past the Krün hydroelectric plant in an open channel, through a culvert, under the B 11 road at Wallgau and then via a tunnel to the Sachensee lake (). Here a 3.9 kilometer long penstock begins. At the end the water enters the hydro-electric power plant at (), propels the turbines, and finally flows into the lake. Rißbach transfer The Rißbach comes from the northern part of the Karwendel mountains, where it gathers the water of smaller streams in the Ahornboden area. After crossing the border between Tirol and Bavaria, and immediately after the inlet of the Fermersbach, a 6960 m lug carries water to the hydro-electric power plant at Niedernach at the southeast end of the Walchensee. The power station has been in operation since 1951. Distinctive features The main road from the village of Walchensee to Urfeld runs below the steep slopes of the Herzogstand. Construction had to withstand the pressure exerted by the Walchensee on the embankment, so that the road did not slide away. If the water level in winter falls due to outflow through the Walchensee power station, use of the road by trucks is limited by weight restrictions. In spring plant operators are obligated to increase the water level again in such a way that traffic restrictions — primarily affecting tourism — can be lifted or penalties are imposed. During winter operators must",
"title": "Walchensee Hydroelectric Power Station"
},
{
"docid": "11544091",
"text": "To Brave Alaska is a 1996 American made-for-TV adventure film directed by Bruce Pittman. Based on a true story, the film stars Alyssa Milano and Cameron Bancroft as a young couple who attempt to survive in the rough Alaskan wilderness. Plot Set in 1979, the film focuses on a Seattleite couple, police officer and former park ranger Roger Lewis (Bancroft), and 22-year-old waitress Denise Harris (Milano). They are invited by businessman Wylie Bennett (Fraser) to Alaska to head out to the fictional wilderness of Surprise Bay and find a goldmine. If they are successful in retrieving gold, they are awarded 10% of the profit. Denise is hesitant to travel into the wilderness, though blindly follows her boyfriend, who regards the exploring as a great adventure. They are flown to the location, roughly 75 miles away from the nearest 'civilization', with just a dog and a radio with bad reception. There, they are set up in a cabin, where they spend their first couple of weeks. When they realize that their food supply is running out and that nobody is coming to help them, they become afraid. Roger considers shooting a deer, but Denise opposes such due to her vegetarianism. Even though sometime later they find their first gold, they realize that it will not buy them dinner in the wilderness. With winter coming, they decide that they must head back to civilization. They gather supplies and their gold and take the canoe, considering it is their only form of transportation. By day three, a storm throws Denise in the water and swamps the canoe. By day five, Bill DeCreeft (Rekert), the aviator who flew them to their Surprise Bay destination, finds out that nobody flew out to the couple for a food supply, and starts a search for them. Roger and Denise, meanwhile, have set out a camp near the river in hope of a boat sailing by. When they realize that they are all alone, they know that they have to travel inland, despite the dangers, and they are forced to turn their weaknesses into strengths in order to survive. While Bill starts a major search, Roger and Denise have to face several obstacles. Denise loses their food supply when she struggles to cross a river; Roger gets mad at her for not having tied the food supply to the rope that she used. She tries to apologize, but he does not listen until he almost falls to his death shortly after. The temperature grows colder rapidly, and they not only have to worry about dying from starvation, but also from hypothermia. Furthermore, Denise almost dies when she breaks through ice and falls in freezing water. Somehow she makes it out, and, regarding it as a miracle, she grows determined to make it to civilization, despite the fact that Roger is now losing hope. As days pass by without food, Denise suggests eating the dog. Roger refuses to kill Newman, explaining that he loves the dog too much. By",
"title": "To Brave Alaska"
},
{
"docid": "18779111",
"text": "A faucet aerator (or tap aerator) is often found at the tip of modern indoor water faucets. Aerators can simply be screwed onto the faucet head, creating a non-splashing stream and often delivering a mixture of water and air. History The aerator was invented by Greek engineer Elie Aghnides. Function An aerator can: Prevent splashing Shape the water stream coming out of the faucet spout, to produce a straight and evenly pressured stream Conserve water and reduce energy costs Reduce faucet noise Increase perceived water pressure (often used in homes with low water pressure); sometimes described as a pressure regulator or flow regulator Provide slight filtration of debris due to a small sieve plate Splash prevention When a single stream of water hits a surface the water must go somewhere, and because the stream is uniform the water will tend to go mostly in the same direction. If a single stream hits a surface which is curved, then the stream will conform to the shape and be easily redirected with the force of the volume of water falling. Adding the aerator does two things: it reduces the volume of falling water which reduces the splash distance, and it creates multiple \"mini-streams\" within the main stream. Each mini-stream, if it were falling by itself, would splash or flow in a unique and different way when it hit the surface, as compared to the other mini-streams. Because they are all falling at the same time, the streams will splash in their own way but end up hitting other splash streams. The resulting interference cancels out the majority of the splashing effect. Conservation and energy reduction Because the aerator limits the water flow through the faucet, water usage is reduced compared to the same duration of flow without an aerator. In the case of hot water, because less water is used, less heat energy is used. Perceived water pressure The perception of water pressure is actually the speed of the water as it hits a surface (the hands, in the case of hand washing). When an aerator is added to the faucet (or fluid stream), there is a region of high pressure created behind the aerator. Because of the higher pressure behind the aerator and the low pressure in front of it (outside the faucet), due to Bernoulli's principle there is an increase in velocity of the fluid flow. Process Aeration occurs in two basic steps: Air is drawn into the water stream, breaking the stream into a flow of tiny droplets mixed with air. The mixture of air and water passes through a screen, further mixing the air and water and evenly spreading out the resulting stream. Design and features Three major components of an aerator are: housing, insert and rubber washer. A faucet aerator can be classified on the basis of its flow rate and the type of water stream (aerated, non-aerated, spray) it produces. In general, standard-sized aerators are available with female (M22x1) or male threading (M24x1). Bathtub spouts often",
"title": "Faucet aerator"
},
{
"docid": "14476384",
"text": "In common usage, the mass of an object is often referred to as its weight, though these are in fact different concepts and quantities. Nevertheless, one object will always weigh more than another with less mass if both are subject to the same gravity (i.e. the same gravitational field strength). In scientific contexts, mass is the amount of \"matter\" in an object (though \"matter\" may be difficult to define), but weight is the force exerted on an object's matter by gravity. At the Earth's surface, an object whose mass is exactly one kilogram weighs approximately 9.81 newtons, the product of its mass and the gravitational field strength there. The object's weight is less on Mars, where gravity is weaker; more on Saturn, where gravity is stronger; and very small in space, far from significant sources of gravity, but it always has the same mass. Material objects at the surface of the Earth have weight despite such sometimes being difficult to measure. An object floating freely on water, for example, does not appear to have weight since it is buoyed by the water. But its weight can be measured if it is added to water in a container which is entirely supported by and weighed on a scale. Thus, the \"weightless object\" floating in water actually transfers its weight to the bottom of the container (where the pressure increases). Similarly, a balloon has mass but may appear to have no weight or even negative weight, due to buoyancy in air. However the weight of the balloon and the gas inside it has merely been transferred to a large area of the Earth's surface, making the weight difficult to measure. The weight of a flying airplane is similarly distributed to the ground, but does not disappear. If the airplane is in level flight, the same weight-force is distributed to the surface of the Earth as when the plane was on the runway, but spread over a larger area. A better scientific definition of mass is its description as being a measure of inertia, which is the tendency of an object to not change its current state of motion (to remain at constant velocity) unless acted on by an external unbalanced force. Gravitational \"weight\" is the force created when a mass is acted upon by a gravitational field and the object is not allowed to free-fall, but is supported or retarded by a mechanical force, such as the surface of a planet. Such a force constitutes weight. This force can be added to by any other kind of force. While the weight of an object varies in proportion to the strength of the gravitational field, its mass is constant, as long as no energy or matter is added to the object. For example, although a satellite in orbit (essentially a free-fall) is \"weightless\", it still retains its mass and inertia. Accordingly, even in orbit, an astronaut trying to accelerate the satellite in any direction is still required to exert force, and needs to",
"title": "Mass versus weight"
},
{
"docid": "11520",
"text": "Four Feather Falls is a British television programme, the third puppet TV show produced by Gerry Anderson for Granada Television. It was based on an idea by Barry Gray, who also wrote the show's music. The series was the first to use an early version of Anderson's Supermarionation puppetry. Thirty-nine 13-minute episodes were produced, broadcast by Granada from February until November 1960. The setting is the late 19th-century fictional Kansas town of Four Feather Falls, where the hero of the series, Tex Tucker, is a sheriff. The four feathers of the title refers to four magical feathers given to Tex by the Indian chief Kalamakooya as a reward for saving his grandson. One of the feathers allowed Tex's guns to swivel and fire without being touched whenever he was in danger, two conferred the power of speech on Tex's horse and dog, and the fourth feather could summon Kalamakooya. Tex's speaking voice was provided by Nicholas Parsons, and his singing voice by Michael Holliday. The series was sporadically repeated on British television until 1968, and was released on DVD in 2005. Plot The series is set in the fictitious late 19th-century Western town of Four Feather Falls, Kansas, and features the adventures of its sheriff, Tex Tucker. In the first episode, Grandpa Twink relates the story of how it all began to his grandson, Little Jake. Tex is riding up from the valley and comes across a lost and hungry Indian boy, Makooya, and saves him. Tex is given four magic feathers by the boy's grandfather, Chief Kalamakooya, as a reward for saving his grandson. Two of the feathers allow his guns to swivel and fire automatically (often while Tex's hands are raised), and the other two allow his horse, Rocky, and his dog, Dusty, to speak. As Tex, his horse, and dog are very thirsty, Kalamakooya also makes a waterfall where there had been no water before, and so when the town was built it was named after Tex's feathers and the waterfall. The characters of the town are Grandpa Twink, who does little but rest in a chair; his grandson Little Jake, the only child in town; Ma Jones, who runs the town store; Doc Haggerty; Slim Jim, the bartender of the Denison saloon; Marvin Jackson, the bank manager; and Dan Morse, the telegraphist. Other characters appeared from time to time for only one episode, often just visiting town. The villains included Pedro, who was introduced in the first show and Fernando, who first appeared in the second episode as a sidekick and someone Pedro could blame when things went wrong, as they always did. Big Ben was another villain who appeared from time to time, as did Red Scalp, a renegade Indian. Other villains only appeared in single episodes. Cast Nicholas Parsons – Sheriff Tex Tucker (speaking voice) / Telegraph Operator Dan Morse / Various Michael Holliday – Sheriff Tex Tucker (singing voice) / Various Kenneth Connor – Dusty the Dog / Rocky the Horse / Pedro",
"title": "Four Feather Falls"
},
{
"docid": "12294004",
"text": "The Cumberland slider (Trachemys scripta troostii), also called commonly the Cumberland turtle and Troost's turtle, is a subspecies of pond slider, a semiaquatic turtle in the family Emydidae. The subspecies is indigenous to the Southeastern United States. Etymology The subspecific name, troostii, is in honor of Dutch-American naturalist Gerard Troost. Taxonomy T. s. troostii, a subspecies of T. scripta, was formerly placed in the genus Pseudemys. The Cumberland slider occurs in a different geographic location from the yellow-bellied slider (T. s. scripta). Intergradation does not occur between these two subspecies. Description The carapace of T. s. troostii is olive brown with yellow markings. It has two rounded projections on the posterior edge of the shell, and is slightly keeled. The adult carapace is wrinkled and oval shaped. The plastron is hingeless and slightly smaller than the carapace. Each of the bottom sides of the marginals has a spot. The skin is brown with an olive to greenish tint with yellow striping. There is a distinct bar behind the eyes that can vary from yellow to red and be either thin or wide. The plastron of the turtle has dark spots, as well as the ridge of the carapace. Also, the plastron has bars or stripes of yellow. The turtle's legs in front have larger yellow stripes than most slider species. There is a yellow and orange stripe directly behind each eye. The stripe is never entirely one color, it starts out yellow and then fades into a dark orange-to-red color closer to the back of the neck. Behavior T. s. troostii is a communal basker. It basks on protrusions out of the water and may bask in stacks or with other species. It is active from April to October. \"Slider\" comes from its habit of sliding into the water when alarmed while basking, going to deep water for safety, where most predators cannot pursue it. Geographic range and habitat T. s. troostii is found throughout the Mississippi and Tennessee River drainages, and the Southeastern United States. This subspecies prefers quiet waters with muddy bottoms. Ponds, lakes, and streams, with a profusion of aquatic vegetation, organic substrate, and overhanging basking spots, are especially favored. Most people agree that the native lands of the Cumberland slider are in the Cumberland River Valley, ranging in Kentucky and Tennessee, but with the exotic animal trade, it has become a common sight even into Alabama, Georgia, and Illinois. Reproduction Breeding of T. s. troostii takes place in spring, fall, and winter. The male and female go through a mating ritual in which the male \"claws\" at the female's face and his fore legs stiffen. The female then allows the male to mount. The females may go extremely far from the water to nest and are occasionally hit by cars while crossing roads. Females construct a nest, usually at night, in various soil types. Clutch size is six to 15 eggs with 71% of the females producing two clutches per year. Diet T. s. troostii is",
"title": "Cumberland slider"
},
{
"docid": "17686807",
"text": "Big Doe Camp was a boys' residential summer camp located on Big Doe Lake not far from the village of Burk's Falls, Ontario. Background The camp was founded in 1946 by Aubrey and Marjorie Rhamey and operated from its location on Big Doe Lake for more than 50 years. Big Doe Camp was an accredited member of the Ontario Camping Association and the Canadian Camping Association by its affiliation with the Ontario Camping Association. The summer camping season at Big Doe was broken down into sessions where campers could attend for two, four, or six weeks at a time. Big Doe often hosted other entities such as sports camps or religious camps during the last two weeks of August in which groups would come in to use the facilities after the regular camping season had concluded. The Camp was operated for more than merely commercial purposes. Aubrey and Marjorie aimed to break even every summer, though quite often they didn't even do that. It was a family tradition, family run operation about giving something back to the community and watching the boys' grow into young men. During the prime years of operation, Aubrey and Marjorie Rhamey had a tough time trying to keep a balance between bringing in new younger campers and allowing the older campers to keep returning every year. They just didn't have the space for everyone that wanted to attend and were at times forced to turn boys away. But even with that pressure, they also kept a few spaces for boys from the Children's Aid Society who were allowed to attend camp for free. These boys were never grouped together, singled out, or identified. Program & Activities The camp program consisted of three periods of assigned programs in the morning and two period of optional in the afternoon. Due to the number of camp activities which revolved around the water swimming was a core program and all campers had swimming as one of their assigned programs during one of the morning periods to receive swimming lessons. Camp Activities included: Swimming, Fishing, Sailing, Canoeing, Campcraft, Water Skiing, Wakeboarding, Nature Lore, Horseback Riding, Archery, Arts and Crafts, Riflery (Shooting) and numerous sports including: Badminton, Volleyball, Basketball, Soccer, Football, Baseball, Rugby, Street Hockey, Tennis, and more. Football Camp Football camps were held at Big Doe beginning in 1949 and ran for many years. The football camps were a brainchild of Argo's professional football player and U of T sports hall of fame member Ted Toogood and former North Toronto Collegeiate coach Bob Coulter. In 1955 the football camp attracted 52 Toronto High School students and a couple of out of towners all trying to get into shape and prepare for the upcoming football season. Camp founder Aubrey Rhamey was himself head grid coach of the Malvern Collegiate football team at the time. There were very few if any football camps operating at the time and this was considered very much needed as the time to get the boys into",
"title": "Big Doe Camp"
},
{
"docid": "20453454",
"text": "There are four prominent waterfalls in the basin of a short tributary of Sulphide Creek, on the southeast flank of 9,127-foot (2,781m) Mount Shuksan in North Cascades National Park, Washington. Seahpo Peak Falls and Cloudcap Falls, the taller two of the three, are located on separate streams that converge and plunge over Rockflow Canyon Falls. The unnamed outlet stream from these waterfalls flows into Sulphide Creek, which flows into the Baker River. Another waterfall is Jagged Ridge Falls, on a tributary of the unnamed stream. Seahpo Peak Falls Seahpo Peak Falls, at , is an intermittent waterfall on an unnamed glacial stream coming off Seahpo Peak. The largest (but not tallest) of the waterfalls on Mount Shuksan, it stands about 2,200 feet (670m) high and has 6 distinct tiers, the largest of which drops about 500 sheer feet (152m) . It is located near the five waterfalls of Sulphide Basin. Its name stems from a Chinook Jargon word meaning \"cap\". Cloudcap Falls Cloudcap Falls, at , is a cascade that drops about 2,400 feet (731m) and runs 5000 feet (1524m) off Jagged Ridge near Mount Shuksan. Although it is slightly taller than Seahpo Peak Falls, it is more seasonal and has a smaller volume, and is essentially a long cascade that does not have any prominent vertical drops. Rockflow Canyon Falls Rockflow Canyon Falls, at , is a 200-foot (60m) horsetail located where the water from Seahpo Peak Falls and Cloudcap Falls converges. It is the final waterfall on the drainage before it empties into the Baker River. In some months it is seen in tandem with a seasonal waterfall of similar height. Jagged Ridge Falls See also List of waterfalls by height Sulphide Creek Falls Notes Waterfalls of Washington (state) North Cascades of Washington (state) Waterfalls of Whatcom County, Washington North Cascades National Park",
"title": "Mount Shuksan Waterfalls"
},
{
"docid": "44545943",
"text": "An aquifer, according to the Oxford dictionary is a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater. Aquifer Susceptibility is the inherent ability of a formation to accept and transmit liquids (potentially including contaminants). Certain areas of the United States are becoming more reliant on groundwater to meet the needs of the population. Causes Every day, roughly 2 millimeters of rainfall falls globally. About one fourth of that will make its way through the aquifers and become ground water. Shallow and permeable water tables tend to be more susceptible to contamination. In addition, the less rain an area receives the more concentrated the contamination will be. Evapotranspiration can also decrease the amount of water moving downward. Some aquifer susceptibility does happen naturally. Natural chemicals can seep through the aquifers from nearby soil and rocks. However, too much of this can be bad. One of the most common concerns is the amount of chloride and dissolved solids that are found in the water. Federal standards state the maximum for dissolved solids are 500 mg/L, and 250 mg/L for chloride. Dissolved solids and chloride are often found in coastal aquifers and in aquifers deeper than a few hundred feet. Iron and Magnesium can also affect the groundwater. It can also reduce the efficiency of well pumping. While there is not usually a huge amount of nitrogen in groundwater, human involvement can increase it. Federal standards state that the maximum level of nitrogen in groundwater is 10 mg/L. If humans do not interfere, levels generally stay around 0.2 mg/L. However, if levels exceed 3 mg/L, this could mean human involvement. Usually nitrogen is not harmful. But, it has been found to cause methemoglobenimia in infants. The susceptibility of the aquifer also depends on if the aquifer has large or small pores. A rock that has low conductivity level is known as an aquitard. This can constrict the amount of water that is available to use. Effects on groundwater Groundwater has become very important source of drinking water for over half of the United States. It is especially important in rural areas, where all of the drinking water comes from the ground. Here are some statistics on ground water dependability proved by the groundwater Project Education Policy: 22 percent of all freshwater withdrawals 53 percent of drinking water for the total population and 97 percent of drinking water for neutral population 40 percent of public water supply withdrawals 46 percent of domestic and commercial use 24 percent of industrial and mining use 34 percent of agricultural use (mostly for irrigation) Aquifers are also an important source for the groundwater that feeds into wells. The groundwater must go through these aquifers to get to the well. However, the well has an effect on the aquifers as well. Pumping through much water through these wells can cause a cone of depression around the well. The Virginia Department of Health and the U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a study to determine the susceptibility of aquifers",
"title": "Aquifer Susceptibility"
},
{
"docid": "11091446",
"text": "Tess of the Storm Country is a 1922 silent film starring Mary Pickford, directed by John S. Robertson, and based upon a Grace Miller White novel. It is a remake of Pickford's film from eight years prior and was subsequently remade a decade later as a sound version starring Janet Gaynor. Plot 17-year-old Tess Skinner is the daughter of a squatter, and wealthy man Elias Graves, who owns the land, is trying to get rid of them and the other squatter families. Tess is just as determined to make sure they all stay. Elias, however, grows more stubborn with failure. His determination to disperse the squatters has become an obsession. He is determined to kick them out of his land, not caring they don't have another place to go to. Graves' son, Frederick, is on her side and doesn't think about squatters the way his father does. Frederick's sister Teola fears her father, who thinks obedience is more important than love. She has fallen in love with law student Dan Jordan and one night lets Dan understand that they cannot wait any longer to marry as she is pregnant with his child. Dan promises that they will run away together if Elias won't agree to them marrying. Dan tries to win over Teola's father's trust in him by suggesting he can throw the squatters off his land, because they are catching fish illegally. Frederick, meanwhile, is charmed by Tess and admits he could really fall for her if she would get cleaned up. When men come to the Skinner residence to find proof they're netting, Tess hides the evidence her father is a fisherman. Later, they become hungry and Tess' father decides to start fishing again. He is discovered by Dan Jordan who in return is shot to death by Ben Letts. Ben thereafter blames Tess' dad for the shooting, who is consequently arrested. Tess is crushed and takes it out on Elias when he announces he will do anything for her dad to pay the penalty. When the trial starts, Tess is crushed she isn't allowed to visit her father. Later, on the way home, Ben Letts forces himself up to her as her future husband, despite the fact Tess is unwilling to marry him. She tries to escape when her dog comes to her rescue, attacking Ben. Ben vows vengeance. Now that Tess is all alone, Frederick keeps her company and they fall in love. Elias finds out and tells Fred he doesn't want to have anything to do with him anymore. Frederick announces he is planning on marrying Tess as soon as he finishes college. Meanwhile, Teola, devastated and pregnant with Dan's child out of wedlock, has walked down to the river to commit suicide but cannot bring herself to do it when she suddenly and accidentally slips and falls into the river anyway. Tess, discovering Teola fighting in the water, jumps in and saves her and brings her to the cottage where the baby is born,",
"title": "Tess of the Storm Country (1922 film)"
},
{
"docid": "7806478",
"text": "Falling into You: Around the World was the seventh world concert tour by Canadian pop singer Celine Dion. It was organized to support one of the best-selling albums of all time, her fourth English-language and fourteenth studio album, Falling into You (1996). The album has sold over 32 million copies. Background In February 1996, Céline Dion announced the launch of her tour in support of a new album. Dion toured Australia, Canada, United States, and many countries in Europe and Asia. In all, the tour lasted more than a year, with 149 shows in 17 different countries. The sold-out tour began on 18 March 1996 in Perth, Australia and continued to major cities around the world. It ended on 28 June 1997 in Nice, France. In June 1997, Céline Dion toured the biggest stadiums in Europe and sang before huge crowds ranging from 35,000 to 70,000 people. Worldwide attendance was about 1.7 million. Opening acts Soul Attorneys The Corrs (select dates in both U.S. and Europe) Mike and the Mechanics Human Nature Set list \"The Power of Love\" \"Falling into You\" \"River Deep, Mountain High\" \"Seduces Me\" \"All by Myself\" \"Pour que tu m'aimes encore\" \"J'irai où tu iras\" \"If You Asked Me To\" \"Beauty and the Beast\" \"When I Fall in Love\" \"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\" \"Misled\" \"Declaration of Love\" \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\" \"To Love You More\" \"Le ballet\" \"Love Can Move Mountains\" \"Fly\" \"Call the Man\" \"The Power of the Dream\" \"Twist and Shout\" \"Because You Loved Me\" \"The Power of Love\" \"Falling into You\" \"River Deep, Mountain High\" \"Seduces Me\" \"All by Myself\" \"Pour que tu m'aimes encore\" \"J'irai où tu iras\" \"Only One Road\" \"Beauty and the Beast\" \"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\" \"Misled\" \"Declaration of Love\" \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\" \"Le ballet\" \"Love Can Move Mountains\" \"Because You Loved Me\" \"Twist and Shout\" \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" \"The Power of the Dream\" \"Think Twice\" \"Je sais pas\" \"Destin\" \"The Power of Love\" \"Falling into You\" \"Regarde-moi\" \"River Deep, Mountain High\" \"Un garçon pas comme les autres (Ziggy)\" \"All by Myself\" \"Because You Loved Me\" \"Love Can Move Mountains\" \"Declaration of Love\" \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\" \"Les derniers seront les premiers\" \"J'irai où tu iras\" \"Le ballet\" \"Prière païenne\" \"The Power of the Dream\" \"Quand on n'a que l'amour\" \"Pour que tu m'aimes encore\" \"Vole\" Additional notes \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\" was not performed in one (or both) concerts in Ghent, Belgium. \"Falling into You\", \"Fly\", and \"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\" were removed from the set list in March 1997. \"To Love You More\" was the final song during the Asian leg of the tour. During the second European leg \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" was removed from the set list and was replaced by \"Call the Man\". \"Because You Loved Me\" was the final song during the second European leg",
"title": "Falling into You: Around the World"
},
{
"docid": "19950228",
"text": "Chhatiwan is a Village Development Committee in Doti District in the Seti Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3000 residing in 478 individual households. The name for this VDC comes from a lake that is situated in the village of Chhatiwan. This lake has fresh drinking water and teamed with various kind of fish. Lately due to the deforestation and soil erosion, this lake is being filled with all debris coming in due to the flash flood from its North side of the mountain. Budar is the major town of this VDC and at this town Dadeldhura and Jogbuda roads cross. Some of the major villages in this VDC are Budar, Ritha, Phaltude, Dharapani, Chhatiwan, Chhahara and many others. There are two small mountain streams that eventually meet up at Deujaal. A stream that comes from the Chhahara village has a wonderful water fall. The name of the water fall itself is Chhahara. In Nepali \"Chhahara\" means water fall. Once in a year there is a special festival at the foot of this water fall where people from many surrounding villages come and celebrate throughout the night. The festival begins in the evening and people sing, dance and merry all through the night. This is also the night when lovers elope if the family does not agree for their marriage. Along the stream grows a plant called \"sisnu\". This plant has mild poisonous element and once the Caterpillar type of hairy things get stuck in the skin, the skin will be burning for a long time. But the belief is that once in a year after the festival you have to be stung by that plant so that you will remain healthy throughout that year. So, people will be chasing each other in the morning to torture each other with that plant. Some times drinking creates big fights among the villager. Chhatiwan VDC is also popular for a model school in far west Nepal. Rampur School is the oldest school and now it has school for the disabled children for the whole of Far west. There is also an Army School in Budar. During the construction of Dadeldhura Highway, Budar was very important place as it was the headquarters for the road construction department. References External links UN map of the municipalities of Doti District Populated places in Doti District",
"title": "Chhatiwan, Doti"
},
{
"docid": "50336817",
"text": "Amarna letter EA 149, titled: \"Neither Water nor Wood\" is a moderate- to extended-length clay tablet Amarna letter (mid 14th century BC) from Abimilku of Tyre-(called Ṣurru in the letters), written to the Pharaoh of Egypt. The letter concerns the intrigues of neighboring city-states and their rulers, and the loss of the neighboring city of Usu, from where the island of Tyre obtained supplies, for example, water, wood, etc. and a place for burying their deceased. EA 149 is located at the British Museum, no BM 29811. Tablet letter EA 149 can be viewed here: Reverse: , Obverse: . The letter EA 149: \"Neither Water nor Wood\" EA 149, letter four of ten from the Abimilku. (Not a linear, line-by-line translation.) Obverse (Image: ) (Lines 1-5)--To the king, my lord, my Sun, my god: Message of Abi-Milku, [yo]ur servant. I fall at the feet of the king, [m]y lo[rd], 7 times and 7 times. I am the dirt under the feet and sandals of the king, my lord. (6-20)--((O)) King, my lord, you are like the Sun, like Baal,1 in the sky. May the king give thought to his servant. The king, my lord, charged me with guarding Tyre, the maidservant of the king, but after I wrote an express tablet to the king, my lord, he has not replied to him. I am a commissioner of the king, my lord, and I am one that brings good news and also bad (news) to the king, my lord. May the king send 20 palace attendants to guard his city in order that I may go in to the king, my lord, and see his face[i.e. presence]. (21-27--What is the life of a palace attendant when breath does not come forth from the mouth of the king, his lord? But he lives if the king writes [t]o his servant, and he lives [for]ever. (28-40)--For my part, [si]nce last year [my intention has been] to go in [and beho]ld the face((presence)) of the king, my lord, [but Zimredda, the p]rince, [heard about m]e. He made [my caravan] turn back [fro]m the king, my lord, [saying, \"Who c]an get you in [to the king?\" Hea]r,2 my lord! Aziru, [the son of 'Abdi]-Ashirta, [the re]bel against the king, [has taken possession of Sumu]r. Reverse (Image: ) (38-40)--.. Haapi [ ... ] ... [g]ave Sumur [t]o Aziru. (40-54)--May the king not neglect [th]is city and his land. When I hear the name of the king and the name of his army, they will be very afraid, and all the land will be afraid, that is, he who does not follow the king, my lord. The king knows whether you installed me as commissioner in Tyre. ((Still)), Zimredda seized Usu from (his) servant. I abandoned it, and so we have neither water nor wood. Nor is there a place where we can put the dead. So may the king, my lord, give thought to his servant. (54-63)--The king, my lord, wrote to me on a tablet,",
"title": "Amarna letter EA 149"
},
{
"docid": "48312",
"text": "Iguazú Falls or Iguaçu Falls ( , ; ) are waterfalls of the Iguazu River on the border of the Argentine province of Misiones and the Brazilian state of Paraná. Together, they make up the largest waterfall system in the world. The falls divide the river into the upper and lower Iguazu. The Iguazu River rises near the heart of the city of Curitiba. For most of its course, the river flows through Brazil; however, most of the falls are on the Argentine side. Below its confluence with the San Antonio River, the Iguazu River forms the border between Argentina and Brazil. The name Iguazú comes from the Guarani or Tupi words \"y\" , meaning \"water\", and \"ûasú\" , meaning \"big\". Legend has it that a deity planned to marry a beautiful woman named Naipí, who fled with her mortal lover Tarobá in a canoe. In a rage, the deity sliced the river, creating the waterfalls and condemning the lovers to an eternal fall. The first European to record the existence of the falls was the Spanish Conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1541. Geology and geography The staircase character of the falls consists of a two-step waterfall formed by three layers of basalt. The steps are in height. The columnar basalt rock sequences are part of the Serra Geral formation within the Paleozoic-Mesozoic Paraná Basin. The tops of these sequences are characterized by of highly resistant vesicular basalt and the contact between these layers controls the shape of the falls. Headwater erosion rates are estimated at . Numerous islands along the edge divide the falls into many separate waterfalls and cataracts, varying between high. The number of these smaller waterfalls fluctuates from 150 to 300, depending on the water level. About half of the river's flow falls into a long and narrow chasm called the Devil's Throat ( in Spanish or in Portuguese). The Devil's Throat canyon is wide and deep. Left of this canyon, another part of the river forms 160–200 individual falls, which merge into a single front during the flood stage. The largest falls are named San Martín, Adam and Eva, Penoni, and Bergano. About of the length does not have water flowing over it. The water of the lower Iguazu collects in a canyon that drains into the Paraná River, a short distance downstream from the Itaipu Dam. The junction of the water flows marks the border between Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. Some points in the cities of Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina, and Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, have access to the Iguazu River, where the borders of all three nations may be seen, a popular tourist attraction for visitors to the three cities. The Iguazu Falls are arranged in a way that resembles a reversed letter \"J\". The Argentina–Brazil border runs through the Devil's Throat. On the right bank is the Brazilian territory, which is home to more than 95% of the Iguazu River basin but has just over 20% of",
"title": "Iguazu Falls"
},
{
"docid": "13585116",
"text": "Rainbow Falls (originally \"Handsome Falls\") is a waterfall on the Missouri River in Great Falls, Montana, just upstream from Crooked Falls and downstream from Colter Falls and Rainbow Dam. It is 47 feet (14m) high and 1,320 feet (402.3m) wide. The waterfall is part of the five Great Falls of the Missouri. The river spills over a sheer ledge of sandstone in the Kootenai Formation, forming the falls. The falls used to flow with a great deal of force year-round. In 1914 the river shortly upstream was dammed for hydroelectric power by the Rainbow Dam, which forms a run-of-the-river reservoir. As a result, the falls can almost totally dry up in the summer with only a few narrow strips of water trickling down its face. A railroad bridge crosses the river directly above the falls. Description Rainbow Falls varies widely - whether it is in full flow in the spring, or greatly diminished by the autumn. In peak flow in the springtime, the falls is much like its original form - especially on the right side where the outlet works of the dam are located, and on the left side where the main spillway structure is positioned. The center section of the dam, which is also a spillway structure, only functions when the flow above the reservoir is too great. The left side of the falls is more heavily eroded than the right side, and sits a little farther upstream. Expansive and arid hills rise above the canyon on each bank. Below the falls is a long, narrow plunge pool, and a series of gravel bars. As the flow over the falls diminishes, usually from summer to early autumn, it splits into two parts, hugging both banks. The flow at this point usually still extends across most (70 percent) of the full width of the river, but a section in the center remains dry except for a narrow stream of water that is found when the flow is low enough to separate it from the left-side drop, but high enough to feed it. The river below the falls remains mostly full. Much of the water is still diverted to generate power, but there is still enough water flow in the river to flow over the dam's spillways. In the autumn, however, the majority of the river is diverted through penstocks around the right side of the falls. The penstocks continue downstream past 19-ft (5m) Crooked Falls, utilizing the combined drop of over 70 ft (21m) to generate hydroelectricity through 8 turbines. The falls themselves are reduced to a mere trickle. Some water still continues down the right side of the falls through a few parallel drops, trickling out of the river outlet works. On the right, there are also two drops, each around 10 ft (3m) wide at low flow. Also, water comes out of a pipe at the left bank side of the falls, and trickles into the river in a series of small waterfalls. Upstream of Rainbow Falls",
"title": "Rainbow Falls (Missouri River)"
},
{
"docid": "6828382",
"text": "Long, Broad and Sharpsight or Long, Broad, and Quickeye is a Bohemian fairy tale, collected and published by Karel Jaromír Erben in 1865 in Sto prostonarodních pohádek a pověstí slovanských and also by Louis Léger in Contes Populaires Slaves. Synopsis An aging king tells his one son that he wishes to see him married before he dies. The son replies that he does not know a suitable bride, so the king sends him to a tower room that has not been opened in years. There he finds windows showing beautiful women, and a curtain over one window. He pulls away the curtain and falls in love with the woman he sees there. He tells his father, who tells him he should have left that window curtained, because the woman is the prisoner of an evil sorcerer, in an iron castle, but the prince has given his word and must try to rescue her. On the way, he meets a man who wants to be taken into his service; his name is Long, and he can extend himself, and shows it by taking down a nest from a tall tree. The prince lets him come along. He also meets Broad, who can make himself grow until he is as large as a mountain, and Sharpsight, who keeps his eyes bandaged because he can see through the bandage, and without it his gaze would set things afire, or break them into pieces. The prince takes them into his service as well. They reach the iron castle, and as soon as they are inside, the gates close. They find many men, turned to stone, and food laid out. As nobody is there, they eat the food. The sorcerer appears with the woman and tells them they can have the princess if they could keep her from escaping for three nights. The prince tries to talk to her, but she does not answer. As the trio falls asleep, she vanishes, but Sharpsight spots her; she has turned into an acorn on an oak tree. Long brings her back. The wizard is furious. The next day, she becomes a precious stone on a mountain, but again Sharpsight sees her, and Long brings her back. The wizard is furious again. The third night, she becomes a golden ring on a shell in the sea. Long brings Broad with him, and Broad, making himself broad, drinks up the sea, while Long gets the ring. On the way back, however, he cannot carry Broad, but drops him. All the water comes out, and Broad barely manages to avoid drowning, but they eventually make it back. The sorcerer turns into a crow, and all the people turned to stone comes back to life. The prince takes the woman home and marries her. Long, Broad, and Sharpsight leave his service and go on to seek their fortune. Translations and versions Slavicist Louis Léger translated the tale as Long, Large et Clairvoyant, in his Contes Populaires Slaves, and indicated its origin",
"title": "Long, Broad and Sharpsight"
},
{
"docid": "63436702",
"text": "Bear falls (, ) is a waterfall found in the Almaty Region of Kazakhstan. Description The falls is in a deep rock niche on the southern slope of the Karash range, where Bear Creek flows from under the Zhambas Pass. It has a glacial origin. According to geologists, about a million years ago significant tectonic movements formed the streambed. The falls is at 1521 meters elevation. Its height is 28 meters, with a water flow is 0.4 cubic meters per second. The falling water forms a cloud of water vapor. The temperature of the stream does not exceed 12 degrees. The rocks at the waterfall hold fossilised imprints of plants from the pre-glacial period. Legend Local legend has it that, at one time, an elderly couple lived in these gorges, raised their children, and lived alone. Once, the head of the family, already an old man, went to the forest for firewood. He did not return, and his wife went in search of him. On the way, she met a young Dzhigit, whom she asked if he had seen her partner. In response, the young man asked with a laugh: \"do You not recognize your spouse?\". The startled old woman could not utter a word. He took her to the spring, where she sipped the water and turned into a beautiful young woman. Since then, people began to call the spring Molodilny and, going to the gorge, fill containers to take water home. Protected status Bear Falls is in a specially protected natural area with the status of a nature conservation and scientific institution. Protection of the falls is assigned to the administration of the state natural park Ile-Alatau. References Further reading Marikovsky P. I. The Fate Of Charyn. Almaty: Foundation \"XXI century\", 1997.-120 Marikovsky P. I. in the deserts of Kazakhstan-M: \"Thought\" 1978.-125 A. P. Gorbunov Mountains Of Central Asia. Explanatory dictionary of geographical names and terms. Almaty, 2006 Geography of Almaty Region Waterfalls of Kazakhstan Landforms of Almaty Region",
"title": "Bear falls (Turgen gorge)"
},
{
"docid": "10855472",
"text": "Düden Waterfalls are a group of waterfalls in the province of Antalya, Turkey. The waterfalls, formed by the recycle station water, are located northeast of Antalya. They end where the waters of the Lower Düden Falls drop off a rocky cliff directly into the Mediterranean Sea. A group of Düden Waterfalls consists of two waterfalls, Upper Düden Waterfalls and Lower Düden Waterfalls. Upper Düden Waterfalls Location and access The waterfalls has the following geo coordinates: . The entrance to the park with the waterfalls is located at 21. Cd. road in Şelale Mahallesi. Gallery Lower Düden Waterfalls Location and access The waterfalls has the following geo coordinates: . The waterfalls is located in Düden Park. Düdenbaşı Waterfall karstic system At the 28th and 30th kilometre markers () of the old route from Antalya-Burdur (which goes through Döşemealtı town), two big karstic sources appear. These sources, Kırkgözler and Pınarbaşı, merge after a short flow and disappear into Bıyıklı Sinkhole. Some of the sinkholes can swallow a river or lake. In this region, the Suğla (Konya) big sinkhole and the Bıyıklı sinkhole output . This quantity is the output of Kırkgöz and Pınarbaşı springs at inundation. The water, which disappears at Bıyıklı Sinkhole, travels underground and comes out again at Varsak pit. After a very short fall, it disappears again from the other end. The water which disappears at Varsak goes underground for 2 km (1.2 mi) and comes out again at Düdenbasi, by pressure made by a syphon. The water which falls from Düdenbasi is the water coming from Kepez Hydroelectrical Complex. A regulator built in front of the Bıyıklı Sinkhole directs the waters of Kırkgözler and Pınarbaşı into a canal to the Kepez Hydroelectric Plant, where a pressure pipe carries it to a balancing funnel and drops it over the plant's turbines. The water from the plant's discharge unit is brought to Düdenbaşı again by a long canal, where it forms artificial cascades. From there the amount of water is that of a large river. Seven irrigation trenches distribute the water to land north-east of Antalya. After Düdenbasi, the waters of Düdençay separate into a number of streams and finally, east of Antalya, cascade from a platform into the Mediterranean. A park surrounds these waterfalls. They can be seen from the sea by taking a boat trip from Antalya yacht harbour. See also The Düden River References External links Antalya and Waterfalls Waterfalls of Turkey Tourist attractions in Antalya Landforms of Antalya Province",
"title": "Düden Waterfalls"
},
{
"docid": "7723284",
"text": "Dry fly fishing is an angling technique in which the lure is an artificial fly which floats on the surface of the water and does not sink below it. Developed originally for trout fly fishing. The fish and the dry fly Fly fishing for trout can be done using various methods and types of flies. Trout mostly feed near the bed of the stream, where wet flies and especially nymphs are used. They typically only come to the surface to feed when there is a large bug hatch during which thousands of aquatic insects grow wings and leave the water to mate and lay eggs. Particularly during the summer months and on smaller mountain streams, trout also often feed on terrestrial insects such as ants, beetles and grasshoppers when they fall onto the water surface. It is on these surface-feeding occasions that the dry fly can be an effective lure. At certain times, salmon will also rise to a fly on the surface and dry flies may also be used to fish for them. The aim of dry-fly fishing is to mimic the downstream drifting of a real fly on the surface of the water. To be successful it requires both manual skill and a good knowledge of the fish and its surroundings. It is also a pleasurable occupation on a slow, dreamy Summer's day. Because of this it gained a reputation as the aristocrat of angling sports, superior to all other kinds of angling. Angling technique Dry-fly fishing uses a line and flies that float. They are joined by a fine 3 to 5 meters long leader, typically of nylon monofilament line, which is tapered so that it is nearly invisible where the fly is knotted, and the angler can replace the last meter or so of nylon as required. Most of a trout's food is carried to it on the current, so they tend to face upstream with their attention focused into the current. Trout fishermen therefore prefer to begin downstream of the fish's suspected lie and work upstream into the current. Trout can see a wide area around them, so the angler must stay not only downstream of the fish, but also as low to the ground and as far from the bank as possible, moving upstream with stealth. Trout tend to strike their food at current \"edges\", where faster- and slower-moving waters mix. Obstructions to the stream flow, such as large rocks or nearby pools, provide a \"low energy\" environment where fish sit and wait for food without expending much energy. Casting upstream to the edge of the slower water, the angler can see the fly land and drift slowly back downstream. The fly should land softly, as if dropped onto the water, with the leader carefully positioned(mended) as to control the drift thru the strike zone and present the fly to intended target first without making fish previously aware of the anglers presence. The challenge in stream fishing is to place the fly with deadly",
"title": "Dry fly fishing"
},
{
"docid": "461791",
"text": "Wuḍūʾ ( ) is the Islamic procedure for cleansing parts of the body, a type of ritual purification, or ablution. The four Fardh (Mandatory) acts of wudu are washing the face, then the arms, then wiping the head, then washing or wiping the feet, and doing these in order without any big breaks between them. Wudu is an important part of ritual purity in Islam. It is governed by fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), which specifies hygienical jurisprudence and defines the rituals that constitute it. Ritual purity is called tahara. Wudu is typically performed before salah (daily ritual prayer). Activities that invalidate wudu include urination, defecation, flatulence, deep sleep, light bleeding (depending on madhhab), menstruation, postpartum status, and sexual intercourse. Wudu is often translated as 'partial ablution', as opposed to ghusl 'full ablution' where the whole body is washed. It also contrasts with tayammum or \"dry ablution\", which uses sand or dust in place of water principally due to water scarcity or other harmful effects on the person. Basis of Wudu Quran Qur'an 2:222 says The Islamic prophet Muhammad said that \"Cleanliness is half of faith.\" Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) Wudu by itself is a mustahabb (\"recommended act\"), but it becomes obligatory in special conditions such as salah and tawaf. Description in Hadith Wudu in a hadith of Abu Hurairah, discussing the Day of Resurrection, said that Muhammad, when asked if he would be able to recognize Muslims, said, \"Yes, you would have a mark which other people will not have. You would come to me with a white blaze on your foreheads and white marks on your feet because of the traces of ablution.\" Abu Hurayra said, \"I have heard the prophet (may peace be upon him) say, \"In a believer, adornment would reach the places where ablution reaches.\" Uthman stated that Muhammad said, \"He who performed ablution well, his sins would come out from his body, even coming out from under his nails.\" Umar reported that Muhammad said, \"No one among you does wuḍūʾ and does wuḍūʾ thoroughly – or adequately – and then testifies, 'There is no god but Allah Alone with no partner and I testify that Muhammad is Allah's Messenger', without the eight doors of the Garden being opened to him so that he can enter by whichever of them he wishes.\" Performing wudu from large bodies of water Ja'far al-Sadiq said in numerous Hadiths that it is permissible to make wudu with water that is not overwhelmed with the smell of dead animals. If there is a dead animal, it is recommended to take wudu from the opposite side of the location of the animal. He also said it is permissible to take wudu from the ponds between Mecca and Medina in which people perform ghusl, dogs and beasts drink, and animals die, so long as the water level is at least up to the knees. Performing wudu from a well Ali al-Rida said that if a drop of urine, blood or animal feces falls into a",
"title": "Wudu"
},
{
"docid": "15634043",
"text": "The Fiend or The Vampire (Russian: Упырь Upyr) is a Russian fairy tale, collected by Alexander Afanasyev as his number 363. The tale was translated and published by William Ralston Shedden-Ralston. Plot synopsis A young woman named Marusia goes to a feast where she meets a kind, handsome and apparently wealthy man. They fall in love with each other and Marusia agrees to marry him. She also consents to her mother's directive that she follow the boy to discover where he lives and more about him. She follows him to the church where she sees him eating a corpse. Later the fiend asks her if she saw him at the church. When Marusia denies having followed him, he tells her that her father will die the next day. Thereafter, he continually poses the question and with each denial he causes another of her family members to die. Finally he tells her that she herself will die. At this point Marusia asks her grandmother what to do. Her grandmother explains a way by which Marusia can come back to life after she dies (a condition of which is that she cannot enter a church afterwards). On coming back to life she meets a good man whom she marries, however he does not like the fact that she will not go to church and eventually forces her to do so. Thus the Fiend discovers that she is alive and kills her husband and her son, but with the help of her grandmother, the water of life, and holy water she brings them back and kills the fiend. Analysis Tale type The tale is classified in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type ATU 363, \"The Vampire\" or \"The Corpse-Eater\", while in the East Slavic Folktale Classification () it is indexed as type SUS 363, . These stories are about a girl who marries a mysterious man. During their way home, they stop by a church and the man enters it. Worried about his long absence, the woman follows him and sees him devouring a corpse. The original name of the tale, Упырь, is the word for \"vampire\" in Slavic languages. Variants Scholarship states that the tale type appears in Europe and Turkey. In Turkish variants, the heroine triumphs in the end over the dervish, while in Europe the fate of the heroine may differ between regions (a Scandinavian and Baltic version, a West Slavic and Ukrainian one). References External links The original text, in Russian in Wikisource Project Gutenberg Russian Fairy Tales by Ralston, William Ralston Shedden, 1828-1889. Russian Fairy Tale Stories, Zeluna.net. Russian fairy tales ATU 300-399",
"title": "The Fiend"
},
{
"docid": "18089114",
"text": "En Swasa Kaatre () is a 1999 Indian Tamil-language romantic crime film written and directed by K. S. Ravi. The film stars Arvind Swamy and Isha Koppikar, while Raghuvaran, Prakash Raj and Thalaivasal Vijay play supporting roles. The film was produced by newcomers R. M. Sait and Ansar Ali, friends of composer A. R. Rahman. The film was released on 26 February 1999 and did average commercial business. Plot A seemingly down-to-earth man, Arun, leads a life of a computer hacker by day and a thief by night. When he meets Madhu, whom he fancies, he wishes to turn over a new leaf. But Arun's rogue foster brother Guru, who has been blackmailing him since young to do his dirty deeds, does not think likewise. A deep love-hate relationship between them which unfolded during their childhood days, traps Arun into a life of crime. How Arun chooses between his family and love forms the crux of the story. Cast Production In 1998, composer A. R. Rahman signed on to work with his friends R. M. Sait and Anwar Ali's Love Letter, with speculation suggesting that Rahman was producing this film along with his friends. Rahman suggested to his friends to instate K. S. Ravi as director, having previously worked with him in Mr. Romeo (1996). The project went through production troubles, with three of Arvind Swamy's projects at the time – Engineer, Mudhal Mudhalaaga and Sasanam – also in a similar situation. The film was soon retitled En Swasa Kaatre and was rumoured to be partially based on the Mission Impossible films. Isha Koppikar was meant to mark her debut with the film but the delays prompted her other films to release before En Swasa Kaatre. Director Kathir had scouted for an actress in North India to play the lead role in his venture Kadhalar Dhinam and had auditioned Isha Koppikar for the role. He subsequently recommended her to his friend K. S. Ravi to cast her in En Swasa Kaatre. Sonali Bendre replaced Kopikkar in Kadhalar Dhinam. The film was also delayed due to a dispute between Arvind Swamy and Nikaba Films, the producers. Nikaba had omitted to pay Arvind Swamy's remuneration for acting in the film, and the actor promptly got a stay order on the release of the producer's next film Ooty. Music The soundtrack was composed by A. R. Rahman. Parts of the song \"En Swasa Katre\" are syncopated as in Carnatic music compositions. In the Theendai song, Rahman had used a similar religious chant which had carnatic allusions like the ones in Enigma (Germany), which had Gregorian chants. The song \"Jumbalakka\" was reused in the Hindi film Thakshak. It was also featured in the 2019 film Kaithi where it became a trend in Tamil Nadu after its release. \"Kadhal Niagra\" was reused with change in instrumentation and vocals and with a considerable extend in length as \"Kay Sera Sera\" in Pukar. A slightly revised version of \"Thirakatha\" was a song that was used in the",
"title": "En Swasa Kaatre"
},
{
"docid": "981417",
"text": "Streetcore is the third and final studio album by Joe Strummer & the Mescaleros. The album was completed after the death of frontman Joe Strummer, primarily by Martin Slattery and Scott Shields, and released on 21 October 2003. The album marks the band's transition from their previous genre-bending work to a more straightforward rock album, reminiscent of Strummer's early work with the Clash. The album received a positive critical reception and is generally seen as a return to form and a high point for Strummer to have gone out on. A remastered version of the album along with Strummer's other two Hellcat released albums was released as a special 57 song digital download titled Joe Strummer & The Mescaleros: The Hellcat Years on 21 August 2012 to celebrate what would have been Strummer's 60th birthday. Hellcat also released each remastered album individually on CD and vinyl on 25 September 2012. Song information Due to Strummer's death, many of the vocal performances are first takes. \"Midnight Jam\" is completely without lyrics – instead, samplings of Joe's BBC Radio show Joe Strummer's London Calling are intermixed with the music. Other tracks, such as a cover of Bob Marley's \"Redemption Song\" and \"Long Shadow\", were recorded with famed producer Rick Rubin, and it is unclear whether or not these tracks were originally intended to be on this album. Another notable track is \"Long Shadow\", which was originally written by Strummer for Johnny Cash. Rubin would however get Strummer and Cash, who died a year after Strummer, together in the studio as the two recorded a version of \"Redemption Song\" that was featured on Cash's posthumously released Unearthed box set. Music videos were released for the album's two singles, \"Coma Girl\" and \"Redemption Song\". The video for \"Redemption Song\", which was directed by Josh Cheuse, who designed the cover art for Strummer's 1989 album Earthquake Weather and who also appears in the video, is a tribute to Strummer's life and legacy. Filmed in November 2003 in Manhattan in the East Village, the video opens with a clip of Strummer talking from The Clash documentary Westway to the World, with the focus of the video being a mural of Strummer that was painted by graffiti artists Zephyr and Dr. Revolt outside Niagra, a bar owned by musician Jesse Malin. The video also features many New Yorkers, along with some of Strummer's closest famous friends including Malin, Matt Dillon, Steve Buscemi, Jim Jarmusch, Tim Armstrong, Lars Fredriksen, Matt Freeman, Cara Seymour, Sara Driver and Cinqué Lee as they watch the mural being painted. Stock footage and photos of Strummer from his tenure with The Clash and Mescaleros is also featured. Reception Critical The album received a positive critical reception and is generally seen as a return to form for Joe Strummer that sees him going out on a high point. AllMusic wrote \"Like Muddy Waters, whose final albums were among the best in his catalog, Streetcore... sends Strummer into rock & roll heaven a roaring, laughing,",
"title": "Streetcore"
},
{
"docid": "50226791",
"text": "Bob: A Life in Five Acts is a play written by actor and playwright Peter Sinn Nachtrieb. The play was the winner of the 2010 Barrie and Bernice Stavis Award from the National Theatre Conference. It follows the life and adventures of Bob, a man certain of his destiny for greatness, as he struggles to find his purpose. Divided into five acts, each section of the play corresponds with a period in Bob's life. In 2012, it was published by Dramatists Play Service, Inc. Plot Act One “How Bob is born, abandoned, discovers his dream, and almost dies.” Bob's birth mother, Helen, unaware that she is pregnant, goes into labor at a White Castle, leaving Bob on the bathroom floor. Bob is subsequently discovered by Jeanine, an infertile waitress who received fortune cookie that she would be the mother to “a great man,” decides to raise the child as her own. Determined to fulfill the prophecy, Jeanine educates Bob by raising him in her Chevy Malibu as she drives around the country, stopping at notable points where American legends achieved their greatness. Just as Bob decides that his dream is to be immortalized on a plaque, Jeanine dies on the steps of the Art Institute of Chicago and begs Bob to burn her body. Bob does so, only to be questioned by a policeman named Connor, Jeanine's ex-boyfriend. Upon realizing the body is Jeanine's, Connor gives Bob a wedding ring intended for Jeanine and leaves. Then, a manic Helen appears and steals all of Bob's belongings, including his pants – unaware that he is her son. Bob then falls into the back of a truck and travels across the country, unconscious. Act Two “How Bob does not die, comes of age at a rest stop, pursues his dream, falls in love and has his heart broken.” Bob awakes on the ground of the William Borroughs Memorial Rest Stop in Mound City, Missouri. His many encounters with passersby inspire him to find his purpose, hoping to be immortalized on a plaque for his dedication to taking care of the rest stop. He enters puberty and falls in love with a socialite named Amelia. Amelia, who is also trying to find her sense of purpose by accomplishing a list of wild tasks prior to her arranged wedding, decides to stay with Bob for a couple weeks. However, she ultimately decides to leave him in order to accomplish her dream - most especially filling a jar with water from the Pacific Ocean - on her own. Unbeknownst to Bob, she does so at the cost of her life, and dies on a raft in the Pacific Ocean. Bob is heartbroken at his breakup, but determined to find his own call to greatness as well. Act Three “How Bob journeys across America, tries to do everything on his list, fails, meets an important man, and turns his back on everything he believes.” Act three begins as four waitresses use Bob for sex, revolting him.",
"title": "Bob: A Life in Five Acts"
},
{
"docid": "3602322",
"text": "Donald and Pluto is a 1936 animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and distributed by United Artists. The film stars Donald Duck, employed as a plumber, and Mickey's dog Pluto as his assistant. The film was directed by Ben Sharpsteen and featured the voice of Clarence Nash as Donald. Donald and Pluto is one of the three installments of the Mickey Mouse series in which Mickey does not appear as a character; the others are 1937's Don Donald and Modern Inventions. The cartoon also introduced Fred Spencer's new design for Donald Duck, which included a slimmer body, shorter neck, rounder feet, and a shorter bill. Plot Donald is a plumber fixing pipes in the basement of a house. Donald first has trouble with pulling his hammer off a magnet, which it gets stuck to. When he unscrews the lid covering the pipe, water spurts out and hits Donald in the face, angering him. To stop the flow, Donald uses the magnet to pull a larger hammer toward himself, which he uses to put on another lid to the hole. In doing so he accidentally wakes Pluto and later accidentally pulls Pluto's bone away from him. While Pluto wrestles with the magnet to get his bone back, he swallows the magnet and gets his bone stuck to his bottom. As he fights to get the bone, he tumbles into the pile of furniture Donald is standing on, causing Donald to come crashing to the ground. Pluto eventually runs into the kitchen and the magnet inside him causes many cooking items to be pulled onto his rear. Pluto's erratic actions eventually cause the dishes to fall off, but his bone continues getting stuck to him and annoying him. As he tries to get it off, he backs into the clock and gets stuck to it. After breaking free of the clock by destroying it, he pulls a much smaller alarm clock to him. He engages in a fight with the clock, soon realizing that if he makes minor movements along the wall rear-end first the clock will not come to him. However, he trips over a rolling pin and the clock sticks to him again, but he loses it in a polar bear rug. His dish sticks to him again and the magnetism causes knives and forks to come out of a drawer and chase him. The chase eventually causes Pluto to end up in the basement again. There, the magnet inside him sucks the nails out of the ladder Donald is standing on, causing it to fall apart under his feet. Donald falls into a tank and is pulled out through a wringer. After an angry outburst he gets stuck to Pluto's bottom and is dragged into the roof of the basement. Pluto is chased by the angry Donald through the house and onto the roof, where the magnetism causes Donald to be pulled into the roof and along the ceiling with the floor separating the two (it looks",
"title": "Donald and Pluto"
},
{
"docid": "2880847",
"text": "Interception refers to precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is instead intercepted by the leaves, branches of plants and the forest floor. It occurs in the canopy (i.e. canopy interception), and in the forest floor or litter layer (i.e. forest floor interception ). Because of evaporation, interception of liquid water generally leads to loss of that precipitation for the drainage basin, except for cases such as fog interception, but increase flood protection dramatically, Alila et al., (2009). Intercepted snowfall does not result in any notable amount of evaporation, and most of the snow falls off the tree by wind or melts. However, intercepted snow can more easily drift with the wind, out of the watershed. Conifers have a greater interception capacity than hardwoods. Their needles gives them more surface area for droplets to adhere to, and they have foliage in spring and fall, therefore interception also depends on the type of vegetation in a wooded area. Mitscherlich in 1971 calculated the water storage potential as interception values for different species and stand densities. A storm event might produce 50 – 100 mm of rainfall and 4 mm might be the maximum intercepted in this way. Grah and Wilson in 1944 did sprinkling experiments where they watered plants to see how much of the intercepted is kept after watering stops. Trees like Norway maple and a small-leaved lime have an interception of approximately 38% of the gross precipitation in temperate climate. The interception depends on the leaf area index and what kind of leaves they are. Interception may increase erosion or reduce it depending on the throughfall effects. See also Stemflow Throughfall Canopy interception Forest floor interception Water ball References External links The Experimental Hydrology Wiki Forest Floor Interception Gerrits (2010) The role of interception in the hydrological cycle PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Hydrology Forest ecology",
"title": "Interception (water)"
},
{
"docid": "36672218",
"text": "The presence of lightning in religion is an historically existing and currently existing cultural aspect where-by the phenomenon of lightning has and is viewed as part of a deity, or a deity in and of itself. Deities One of the most classic portrayals of this is of the Greek god Zeus. An ancient story recounts when Zeus was at war against Cronus and the Titans, he released his brothers, Hades and Poseidon, along with the Cyclopes. In turn, the Cyclopes gave Zeus the thunderbolt as a weapon. The thunderbolt became a popular symbol of Zeus and continues to be today. In Slavic mythology the highest god of the pantheon is Perun, the god of thunder and lightning. A Polish name for lightning is \"piorun\", derived from the god's name. Pērkons/Perkūnas is the common Baltic god of thunder, one of the most important deities in the Baltic pantheon. In both Latvian and Lithuanian mythology, he is documented as the god of thunder, rain, mountains, oak trees and the sky. In Norse mythology, Thor is the god of thunder and the sound of thunder comes from the chariot he rides across the sky. The lightning comes from his hammer Mjölnir. In Finnish mythology, Ukko (engl. Old Man) is the god of thunder, sky and weather. The Finnish word for thunder is ukkonen, derived from the god's name. In Judaism, a blessing \"...He who does acts of creation\" is to be recited, upon sighting lightning. The Talmud refers to the Hebrew word for the sky, (\"Shamaim\") – as built from fire and water (\"Esh Umaim\"), since the sky is the source of the inexplicable mixture of \"fire\" and water that come together, during rainstorms. This is mentioned in various prayers, Psalm 29, and discussed in writings of Kabbalah. In Christianity, lightning is symbolized and attributed to the divinity and power of God. In the Bible, lightning (and thunder) are used, for example, for the wrath of God (Exodus 9:24; 2. Samuel 22.15; Job 37; Psalm 18), for God's judgment (Zechariah 9.14), for God's revelation to men (Exodus 20:18; Revelation 4:5), for the coming of the Son of Man (Matthew 24:27, Luke 17:24), for the fall of Satan (Luke 10:18) and for the nature of the angels and the risen (Hes 1,14; Daniel 10.6; Matthew 28.3), in the book of Revelation the lightning is often referred to as the final judgment. In Islam, the Quran states: \"He it is Who showeth you the lightning, a fear and a hope, and raiseth the heavy clouds. The thunder hymneth His praise and (so do) the angels for awe of Him. He launcheth the thunder-bolts and smiteth with them whom He will.\" (Qur'an 13:12–13) and, \"Have you not seen how God makes the clouds move gently, then joins them together, then makes them into a stack, and then you see the rain come out of it...\" (Quran, 24:43). The preceding verse, after mentioning clouds and rain, speaks about hail and lightning, \"...And He sends down hail from",
"title": "Lightning in religion"
},
{
"docid": "11264877",
"text": "Haapi, also Haip and Ha'ip was a commissioner of the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. The name \"Hapi\" in Egyptian is the name for the Nile god Hapi. Haapi is referenced in 3 letters from the Byblos-(Gubla) corpus of the prolific writer Rib-Hadda, of 68 letters. Haapi is also referenced in letter EA 149 of Abimilku of Tyre-(Surru), (EA for 'el Amarna'). The following letters are referenced to Haapi/Ha'ip: EA 107—Title: \"Charioteers, but no horses\"–Rib-Hadda letter, (no. 36 of 68). Note: see Maryannu; in letter: mar-i(y)a-nu-ma, =charioteer. EA 132—Title: \"The hope for peace\". –Rib-Hadda letter, (no. 61 of 68). See: Egyptian commissioner: Pahura. EA 133—Title: \"Some advice for the king\"–Rib-Hadda letter, (no. 62 of 68). EA 149—Title: \"Neither water nor wood\"–Abimilku letter no. 4 of 10. The letters of commissioner: Haapi/Ha'ip EA 149, \"Neither water nor wood\", letter no. 4 of 10 Letter no. 4 of 10 by Abimilku of Tyre. To the king-(i.e. pharaoh), my lord, my Sun, my god: Message of Abimilku, [yo]ur servant. I fall at the feet of the king, [m]y lo[rd], 7 times and 7 times. I am the dirt under the feet and sandals of the king, my lord. O king, my lord, you are like the Sun, like Baal, in the sky. May the king give thought to his servant. The king, my lord, charged me with guarding Tyre-(\"Surru\"), the maidservant of the king, but after I wrote an express tablet-(i.e. tablet-letter), to the king, my lord, he has not replied to him. I am a commissioner of the king, my lord, and I am one that brings good news and also bad (news) to the king, my lord. May the king send 20 palace attendants to guard his city in order that I may go in to the king, my lord, and see his face. What is the life of a palace attendant when breath does not come forth from the mouth of the king, his lord? But he lives if the king writes [t]o his servant, and he lives [for]ever. For my part, [si]nce last year [my intention has been] to go in [and beho]ld the face of the king, my lord, [but Zimredda-( of Sidon/Siduna), the p]rince, [heard about m]e. He made [my caravan] turn back [fro]m the king, my lord, [saying, \"Who c]an get you in [to the king?\" Hea]r, my lord! Aziru, [the son of Abdi-Ašratu, [the re]bel against the king, [has taken possession of Sumur. Haapi [...] ...[g]ave Sumur [t]o Aziru. May the king not neglect [th]is city and his land. When I hear the name of the king and the name of his army, they will be very afraid, and all the land will be afraid, that is, he who does not follow the king, my lord. The king knows whether you installed me as commissioner in Tyre. (Still), Zimredda seized Usu from (his) servant. I abandoned it, and so we have neither water nor wood. Nor is there a place where we can put the",
"title": "Haapi"
},
{
"docid": "74329140",
"text": "Tezin Nan Dlo is a Haitian Creole folktale with many versions. It deals with the relationship between a human girl and a fish she summons with a magical song; eventually, her family discovers the secret meetings and kills the fish, and the girl dies out of grief for losing her friend. According to scholarship, the story is well-known in Haiti, and similar tales have been located across the West Indies, the Caribbean and in West Africa. Summary Taizan, My Dear Friend In this tale, a girl lives in Haiti with her father and stepmother, and goes to the river to sing and be with her fish lover. The girl's stepmother forces her to do tasks around the house, and becomes annoyed her step-daughter takes so long to come back from the river, so she decides to follow her at one time. After the girl reaches the river, she summons the fish, called Taizan, by singing some verses; the fish appears to her and both play and make love in the water. The stepmother goes home and hurries to the fields to tell her husband about his daughter's amorous encounter. The following day, the girl's father and the stepmother follow the girl again, and the man sees the liaison between his daughter and the fish. He decides there is no harm in what his daughter is doing, but his wife wants the animal dead and convinces him that same night to prepare the manchet (knife). The next morning, they send the girl to sell some sweet potatoes, while the man goes to the river to kill the fish. It happens thus: the man repeats his daughter's verses, the fish appears to him and the man strikes the animal with the knife, almost decapitating it. Back to the girl, she comes home from the market and goes to the river to be with the fish. She summons him once, but he does not come; so she sings a second time, and still he does not appear. She then notices the blood at the water surface and dives to the river's depths. Down there, she sees the fish in agony, its head almost cut off, and, in tears, goes to kiss it. However, she holds the fish, and its head falls off. The story then explains the girl's love for the fish was so strong, she becomes one with it, and that is how mermaids come to be. The Love Story of Thézin and Zilla In a Haitian tale titled Les amours de Thézin et de Zilla (\"The Love Story of Thézin and Zilla\"), Zilia, the beautiful daughter of Ménélas, turns men's heads around with her beauty and charm. This includes a silver fish named Thézin, who professes his love for the girl and they spend time together by the river margin. The girl also brings fresh water in her calabasse, but, when her brother Jean is sent to fetch water himself, the water is always muddy. One day, Jean decides to trail",
"title": "Tezin Nan Dlo"
},
{
"docid": "6965405",
"text": "The River Doe is a river in North Yorkshire, England. The river's source is near God's Bridge close to the settlement of Chapel-le-Dale and flows through Twisleton in a south-westerly direction to Ingleton, where it meets the River Twiss to form the River Greta. The river forms part of the River Lune system that flows into the Irish Sea. Course The source of the river is found at a place named God's Bridge where Chapel Beck disappears underground and the Doe begins. The river flows southwest, fed by several small unnamed springs on the valley sides. The first named tributary is Light Water Spring which feeds northwest into the river near a disused quarry. Near Twisleton Dale House, the river can be crossed by some stepping stones at a fording point as well as some later near the disused granite quarry. Further downstream near Twisleton Hall, there is another set of stepping stones at a fording point just above Beezley Falls. After flowing under a footbridge, there are another set of falls, Snow Falls, just below the quarry which is operated by Hanson. The river continues past several disused quarries and a footbridge until it reaches the town of Ingleton where it forms a confluence with the River Twiss. Falls Beezley Falls are reached approximately from the source at God's Bridge. These falls consist of a series of cascades, including the triple spout, running through Baxengyhll Gorge. Rival Falls has a plunge pool known as the Black Hole. The steepest drops are between and approximately. Snow Falls are situated in the lower gorge about downstream and has similar drops. Geology The main rock of the river valley is turbidite sandstone with some siltstone which are prevalent in the waterfalls and plunge pools. These lay on a bed of Precambrian sedimentary rock which show evidence of its oceanic origins in the ripple and folding marks on exposed surfaces. Habitat The river is home to Brown trout. From Beezley falls to Snow falls, the sides of the gorge are lined with a variety of trees and shrubs. Gallery References Doe, River 2Doe",
"title": "River Doe"
},
{
"docid": "28366781",
"text": "The Husband Who Was to Mind the House is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in their Norske Folkeeventyr. It is Aarne-Thompson type 1408 The man who does his wife's work. Synopsis A husband complains so much about his wife that she suggests that he stay home and do her work. He agrees. He starts to churn butter, but decides to get ale. He hears the pig upstairs, runs to stop it, but does not arrive in time to keep it from overturning the churn, and forgets the ale, which runs all over the cellar. He gets more milk to churn, but remembers that the cow is still in the barn. Since he cannot take her to the meadow, he decides to put her on the sod roof. He carries the churn to keep the baby from overturning it, but he goes for water for the cow, and spills all the milk down the well. It is near dinner and he doesn't have any butter. He sets on the water to boil for porridge, but goes up to tie the cow so she won't fall off, and ties the end of the rope to himself. He goes to grind grain for the porridge, but the cow falls off, and because he has run the rope through the chimney, it drags him up. The wife returns and cuts the rope so the cow comes down, but she finds her husband with his head stuck in the pot. References Norwegian fairy tales ATU 1350-1439 Asbjørnsen and Moe",
"title": "The Husband Who Was to Mind the House"
},
{
"docid": "2545361",
"text": "Prettyboy Reservoir is a reservoir in the Hereford Zone of northern Baltimore County, Maryland. While the reservoir is in Baltimore County, the independent city of Baltimore owns the reservoir and the surrounding land. The reservoir is one of three reservoirs created to supply the municipal water system for Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and northern Anne Arundel County constructed by the Baltimore City Department of Public Works. Prettyboy Reservoir, along with Loch Raven Reservoir further down the Big Gunpowder Falls, provide about 61% of the drinking water for the Baltimore metropolitan area system; for this reason, the Prettyboy is considered a \"source water\" or drinking water watershed. The reservoir contains about of water on average. The water from Prettyboy Reservoir is transferred to Loch Raven via Gunpowder Falls rather than directly to Baltimore. It is then transferred via tunnel from Loch Raven to the Montebello Filtration Plants in Baltimore for treatment and distribution. Prettyboy Dam, completed in 1932, impounds the Gunpowder Falls to create the Reservoir. The dam has a spillway crest elevation of above mean sea level and covers about . According to tradition, the reservoir was named after a settler's horse, Pretty Boy, who drowned in a nearby creek. Parts of the Gunpowder River watershed also serve as Gunpowder Falls State Park. The reservoir area serves as land for hiking, mountain biking, road cycling, fishing, and boating. Hunting is also permitted, though limited to archery with a special permit. Swimming in the reservoir is prohibited. Sport bike riders and sports car enthusiasts also use the roads in the parklands that surround the reservoir. Kayak and tubing enthusiasts float or paddle the Lower Gunpowder Falls from the dam down to Falls Road or Masemore Road. The river between those two points contains mainly Flatwater to class II rapids, but one section contains a class III when the water level is normal or higher. Heavy spring rains mean that both gates at the dam may be opened to allow excess water through. Increased water levels make for excellent kayaking because of the narrow width of Gunpowder Falls' valley. Officers of the Special Department of Public Works, and occasionally Baltimore Police Department officers, patrol all three of the metropolitan area's watersheds. On June 23, 2008, Prettyboy Reservoir became the site of the first rescue performed by the Baltimore County Fire Department using a helicopter with rescuers dangling from a rope. The victim was a 30-year-old woman who had injured herself while walking her dog. The department had just been trained in the rescue two weeks prior to the incident. References External links Prettyboy Watershed Alliance Where does the water come from? Metro Reservoir Anglers, Inc. Protected areas of Baltimore County, Maryland Chesapeake Bay watershed Reservoirs in Maryland Bodies of water of Baltimore County, Maryland",
"title": "Prettyboy Reservoir"
},
{
"docid": "24532465",
"text": "Hydroelectricity is, as of 2019, the second-largest renewable source of energy in both generation and nominal capacity (behind wind power) in the United States. In 2021, hydroelectric power produced 31.5% of the total renewable electricity, and 6.3% of the total U.S. electricity. According to the International Hydropower Association, the United States is the 3rd largest producer of hydroelectric power in the world in 2021 after Brazil and China. Total installed capacity for 2020 was 102,8 GW. The installed capacity was 80 GW in 2015. The amount of hydroelectric power generated is strongly affected by changes in precipitation and surface runoff. Hydroelectric stations exist in at least 34 US states. The largest concentration of hydroelectric generation in the US is in the Columbia River basin, which in 2012 was the source of 44% of the nation's hydroelectricity. Hydroelectricity projects such as Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee Dam, and the Tennessee Valley Authority have become iconic large construction projects. Of note, however, is that California does not consider power generated from large hydroelectric facilities (facilities greater than 30 megawatts) to meet its strictest definition of \"renewable\", due to concerns over the environmental impact of large hydroelectric projects. As such, electricity generated from large hydroelectric facilities does not count toward California's strict Renewable Portfolio Standards, even though other states recognize that water is a renewable resource in the hydrological cycle. Roughly about 10 to 15 percent of California's energy generation is from large hydroelectric generation that is not RPS-eligible. The significant impact of dams on the power sector, water use, river flow, and environmental concerns requires significant policy specific to hydropower. History The earliest hydroelectric power generation in the U.S. was utilized for lighting and employed the better understood direct current (DC) system to provide the electrical flow. It did not flow far however, with ten miles being the system's limit; solving electricity's transmission problems would come later and be the greatest incentive to the new hydroelectric water-power developments. The first DC powerhouse was in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where the water turbine at the Wolverine Chair factory was attached to a dynamo using a mechanical belt drive to illuminate sixteen street lights. This occurred in 1880, the same year Thomas Edison produced the long-lasting incandescent filament light bulb, which was a safety and convenience improvement over existing candles, whale oil lamps and kerosene lamps inside buildings. In 1881, also using DC for lighting at Niagara Falls, Jacob F. Schoellkopf diverted part of the output from his waterwheel-powered flour mills to drive one of Charles Brush's improved generators to provide nighttime illumination for the tourists. Previously the attraction had been illuminated by burning bright calcium flares but arc-lights proved a better and cheaper alternative. In 1882, the world's first commercial central DC hydroelectric power plant provided power for a paper mill in Appleton, Wisconsin; just months later the first investor-owned electric utility, Edison Illuminating Company, completed the first fossil fueled electrical power plant in New York City, to compete with hydroelectric power close to an",
"title": "Hydroelectric power in the United States"
}
] | [
"Great Lakes"
] |
train_11691 | who wrote the strange case of dr jekyll | [
{
"docid": "57833345",
"text": "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1968 Canadian-American television film based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was directed by Charles Jarrott, produced by Dan Curtis, and written by Ian McLellan Hunter. It was one of a series of adaptations of famous novels done by ABC. Plot Cast Jack Palance as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde Denholm Elliott as Mr. George Devlin Leo Genn as Dr. Lanyon Torin Thatcher as Sir John Turnbull Rex Sevenoaks as Dr. Wright Gillie Fenwick as Poole Elizabeth Cole as Hattie Duncan Lamont as Sergeant Grimes Paul Harding as Constable Johnson Oskar Homolka as Stryker Billie Whitelaw as Gwyn Thomas Tessie O'Shea as Tessie O'Toole Donald Webster as Garvis Production Dan Curtis decided to make a film of Jekyll and Hyde. Originally, Rod Serling wrote a draft of the script, and Jason Robards was to star, with filming to take place in London. However, the project soon was beset with problems. Robards was unhappy with the script. In addition, filming in London proved difficult due to a technician's union strike. Filming was pushed back, and Robards decided to drop out, unhappy with the script. Curtis decided to get a new script and find a new star. Ian McLellan Hunter wrote a new script. Curtis had discussed doing another project with actor Jack Palance, who agreed to take over the lead role. The producer decided to film in Canada, where it would be cheaper than the U.S. Filming took place in Toronto over seven weeks in 1967. Curtis had to pay $200,000 to build a replica of Washington Square in Toronto. Palance was injured while filming a stunt. The budget was approximately $900,000. ABC paid for approximately half of this. The show was nominated for four Emmy awards - Outstanding Dramatic Program, Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Drama, Best Graphic Design, and Best Make-up. References External links The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde at IMDb 1968 horror films 1968 films English-language Canadian films American horror television films Canadian horror television films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films shot in Toronto Films directed by Charles Jarrott 1960s American films 1960s Canadian films",
"title": "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968 film)"
},
{
"docid": "42829172",
"text": "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is an 1886 Gothic novella by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. It follows Gabriel John Utterson, a London-based legal practitioner who investigates a series of strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr Henry Jekyll, and a murderous criminal named Edward Hyde. Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is one of the most famous pieces of English literature, and is considered to be a defining book of the gothic horror genre. The novella has also had a sizeable impact on popular culture, with the phrase \"Jekyll and Hyde\" being used in vernacular to refer to people with an outwardly good but sometimes shockingly evil nature. Inspiration and writing Stevenson had long been intrigued by the idea of how human personalities can reflect the interplay of good and evil. While still a teenager, he developed a script for a play about William Brodie, which he later reworked with the help of W. E. Henley and which was produced for the first time in 1882. In early 1884, he wrote the short story \"Markheim\", which he revised in 1884 for publication in a Christmas annual. Inspiration may also have come from the writer's friendship with an Edinburgh-based French teacher, Eugene Chantrelle, who was convicted and executed for the murder of his wife in May 1878. Chantrelle, who had appeared to lead a normal life in the city, poisoned his wife with opium. According to author Jeremy Hodges, Stevenson was present throughout the trial and as \"the evidence unfolded he found himself, like Dr Jekyll, 'aghast before the acts of Edward Hyde'.\" Moreover, it was believed that the teacher had committed other murders both in France and Britain by poisoning his victims at supper parties with a \"favourite dish of toasted cheese and opium\". The novella was written in the southern English seaside town of Bournemouth in Dorset, where Stevenson had moved in 1884 to benefit from its sea air and warmer climate. Living then in Bournemouth was the former Reverend Walter Jekyll, younger brother of horticulturalist and landscape designer Gertrude Jekyll, whom Stevenson befriended and from whom he borrowed the name Jekyll. Jekyll was almost certainly homosexual, and having renounced his Anglican vocation, and exiled himself to the Continent for several years, had clearly struggled to find his place in society. Stevenson was friends with other homosexual men, including Horatio Brown, Edmund Gosse, and John Addington Symonds, and the duality of their socially-suppressed selves may have shaped his book. Symonds was shocked by the book, writing to Stevenson that \"viewed as an allegory, it touches one too closely.\" According to his essay \"A Chapter on Dreams\" (Scribner's, Jan. 1888), Stevenson racked his brains for an idea for a story and had a dream, and upon waking had the idea for two or three scenes that would appear in the story Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Biographer Graham Balfour quoted Stevenson's wife, Fanny Stevenson: In the small hours of one morning,[...]",
"title": "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "3351590",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, is a 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson. This page lists Wikipedia articles using \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" or a very similar name, or links to the most closely related article for items using that name that do not have a Wikipedia article. For a fuller list of adaptations, including those using other names, see Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde may also refer to: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character), a character in Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Film Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908 film), the first screen adaptation of Stevenson's novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908), directed by Sidney Olcott (US title: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde) (1910), directed by August Blom Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912 film), starring James Cruze Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913 film), directed by Herbert Brenon and Carl Laemmle Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913), produced by Charles Urban Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Haydon film), directed and written by J. Charles Haydon Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Paramount film), featuring John Barrymore Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film), starring Fredric March Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 film), featuring Spencer Tracy Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1986 film), an animated film produced by Burbank Films Australia Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (2002 film), starring John Hannah The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006 film), a film starring Tony Todd Doctor Jekyll (2023 film), a film starring Eddie Izzard Television The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968 film), a television film starring Jack Palance Jekyll and Hyde (TV series), a 2015 British television series written by Charlie Higson \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\", a 1955 episode of Climax! Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, characters in the television series Once Upon A Time Stage Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887 play), a stage adaptation by Thomas Russell Sullivan Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888 play), a stage adaptation by John McKinney Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life, an 1897 stage adaptation by Luella Forepaugh and George F. Fish Jekyll & Hyde (musical), a 1997 Broadway musical based on the story Music Dr. Jeckyll & Mr. Hyde (group), a 1980s hip hop group consisting of Andre \"Dr Jeckyll\" Harrell and Alonzo \"Mr Hyde\" Brown Jeckyll & Hyde (musicians), a Dutch duo Jekyll and Hyde (Petra album), a 2003 album from Christian rock band Petra Jekyll & Hyde en Español, the 2004 Spanish version of the album Jekyll and Hyde (Prime Circle album), a 2010 album from South African rock band Prime Circle Jekyll + Hyde, a 2015 album by the Zac Brown Band Songs \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" (song), by The Who, 1968 \"Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde\", a 1981 song by The Damned from their 1980 album",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "39605652",
"text": "Jekyll and Hyde is an adventure video game by Cryo Interactive. It was released for Microsoft Windows in 2001. The game is based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. A PlayStation 2 version was planned but was eventually cancelled. Story Set in 1890 London, after the tragic death Dr. Jekyll's wife, he has been in mourning with his daughter, Laurie, both went to Jekyll's laboratory located in a Mental Hospital for the insane where he works. A mysterious man called Burnwell, one of the patients of the Asylum goes berserk and poisons with an reagent drug and all the food supplies of the asylum inmates and they go in a killing spree inside the asylum, when Jekyll was working at his lab, Burnwell kidnapped his daughter Laurie from the her room and the Nurse warned Jekyll not go any closer to Burnwell otherwise he would kill her, Jekyll goes after Burnwell and along the way he rescues a Doctor of the asylum but fails to save another when he falls to his death after Burnwell cuts the rope with an knife where the second doctor was trapped besides Laurie in the atrium, Burnwell demands Dr. Jekyll to bring back his alter ego, Mr. Hyde Dr. Jekyll has no choice but to reactivate his laboratory equipment and bring back his dreaded alter ego, Mr. Hyde. after going to the atrium of the asylum a second time and confronting Burnwell the man escapes with Laurie and Jekyll is suddenly faced by an appearance of a second mysterious tall and thin man who calls himself simply by the name \"The Attorney\", he demands Dr. Jekyll to find three metallic piece keys of a book that is called the Book of Zohar, the three metallic pieces are guarded by a Chinese noble called James yang, an Maharaja from India and a Voodoo Witch Doctor. Reception Although the sound effects are praised, Jekyll & Hyde didn't receive many positive reviews from critics. IGN says \"Good voice acting is unfortunately overshadowed by the lack of animation when characters are speaking...if almost nothing else is good about a game, sound cannot save it.\" GameSpot criticized the game's confusing camera angles and bad control, saying \"it seems less like a game and more like a parody of the action-adventure genre.\" See also List of video games by Cryo Interactive Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde References 2001 video games DreamCatcher Interactive games Fiction set in 1890 Video games set in the 1890s Video games set in London Adventure games Cryo Interactive games Video games developed in France Windows games Windows-only games Video games about mental health Video games about shapeshifting Video games based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde",
"title": "Jekyll and Hyde (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "53195820",
"text": "Thomas Russell Sullivan (November 21, 1849 – June 28, 1916) was an American writer. He is best known for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, an 1887 stage adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. He also wrote novels and short stories, often with Gothic motifs. His posthumously published journals have been used as a historical source about the literary culture of Boston in the late 19th and early 20th century. Early life Sullivan was born on November 21, 1849, in a log cabin house on Charles Street in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the son of Thomas Russell Sullivan, a schoolmaster and former Unitarian minister, and Charlotte Caldwell Sullivan (née Blake). His paternal great-grandfather was Massachusetts Governor James Sullivan. Sullivan attended the Boston Latin School and expected to go to Harvard University as his father did, but both his parents died by the time he was 14, forcing him to find work instead. From 1866 to 1870, Sullivan worked as a clerk in Boston. He then took a job with Bowles Brothers, working in Paris and London from 1870 to 1873. When Bowles Brothers went out of business in 1873, he returned to Boston and found work at Lee, Higginson & Co., a Boston investment bank. Writing career While working at Lee, Higginson & Co., Sullivan began writing in his spare time. In the 1870s and early 1880s, he worked on several plays performed at the Boston Museum. His first novel, Roses of Shadow, was published in 1885. He became friends with the actor Richard Mansfield, who in 1887 acquired the theatrical rights to Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson. Mansfield asked Sullivan to write the adaptation. Sullivan doubted whether the story would make a good play, but he agreed to help with the project. The play, titled Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, debuted at the Boston Museum on May 9, 1887, to a very positive reception. It went to the Madison Square Theatre on Broadway on September 12, 1887, and was a hit. Mansfield's company continued to perform the play for the next 20 years, across the United States and in England. The success of the play convinced Sullivan to quit his banking job and write full-time. He wrote three more plays, although none were successful. He also wrote several novels and a two-volume collection of short stories, many of which have Gothic elements. He attempted one more stage collaboration with Mansfield, a drama about the Roman emperor Nero, but after its failure the two became estranged. Works Non-fiction Lands of Summer (1908) Boston New and Old (1912) Passages from the Journal 1891-1903 ( 1917) Novels Roses of Shadow (1885) Tom Sylvester (1893) The Courage of Conviction (1902) Heart of Us (1912) Short story collections Day and Night Stories (1890) Ars et Vita and Other Stories (1898) The Hand of Petrarch and Other Stories (1913) Plays Hearts are Trumps (co-written with William W. Chamberlin,",
"title": "Thomas Russell Sullivan"
},
{
"docid": "35879795",
"text": "Chehre Pe Chehra () is a 1981 Indian Hindi-language science fiction film produced and directed by Raj Tilak. It stars Sanjeev Kumar, Vinod Mehra, Shatrughan Sinha, Rekha and Sulakshana Pandit. It is an adaptation of the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. Plot Wilson is a scientist who feels that every human has both angelic and devilish elements in themselves. He strongly believes that these two elements can be segregated and then a medicine can be invented to eliminate the undesirable element, while leaving only the desirable element intact. Wilson eventually invents a potion to put his theory into effect. He decides to test the invention on himself. But the result does not occur as he had theorised: although his devilish persona gets segregated from his angelic persona, it is much more powerful, and Wilson is unable to eliminate it. Cast Sanjeev Kumar as Dr. Wilson / Blackstone Vinod Mehra as David Shatrughan Sinha as Advocate Sinha Amol Palekar as Peter Rekha as Daisy Sulakshana Pandit as Diana Amjad Khan as Carlos Iftekhar as Colonel (Diana's Father) Gajanan Jagirdar as Police Commissioner Shreeram Lagoo as Church Priest Shammi as Daisy's Friend Rajni Sharma as Martha (Carlos’ Sister) Suresh Chatwal as Advocate Sinha's Junior Lawyer Production The film is based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. Sanjeev Kumar played the characters based on Jekyll and Hyde. His makeup was done by Shashikant Mhatre. Music Sahir Ludhianvi wrote the songs while N. Datta composed music of the film. Reception The film failed at the box office. References External links 1980s Hindi-language films 1980s Indian films 1981 films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films based on horror novels Films scored by Datta Naik Indian science fiction films Hindi-language science fiction films",
"title": "Chehre Pe Chehra"
},
{
"docid": "65574086",
"text": "The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter is a 2017 novel by Theodora Goss. It is her debut novel, though she is an author of many short works. Strange Case is the first installment of The Extraordinary Adventures of the Athena Club series, and is followed by European Travel for the Monstrous Gentlewoman. The story follows Mary Jekyll, daughter of the literary character Dr. Jekyll, as she meets and connects with the fictional daughters of major literary characters, and works with and faces various famous 19th century literary personae, including Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, Frankenstein's monster, and others to solve the mystery of a series of killings in London, as well as the mystery of her own family story. Drawing on classic gothic and horror creations of the 19th century, such as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde, Frankenstein, Rappaccini's Daughter, The Island of Doctor Moreau, Dracula and the Sherlock Holmes stories, Goss reimagines the works of such literary greats as Mary Shelley, Robert Louis Stevenson, H. G. Wells, Bram Stoker and Nathaniel Hawthorne from a feminist perspective, as well as the historical record of the Jack the Ripper murders. At the center of the narrative is the connection and various experiences of the women who form the Athena Club, the oppressions they experience, and how they empower each other to accomplish great things. The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter won the Locus Award for Best First Novel and was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel. Synopsis Mary Jekyll is alone and quickly running out of money following her mother's death. As clues arise to indicate that Edward Hyde, her father's former friend and a murderer, may be nearby, Mary becomes curious about the secrets of her father's past. As she discovers that a reward is on offer for information leading to Hyde's capture, she realizes that investigating the mysteries of her family could solve all of her financial woes. Following the trail of money sent by her mother to a religious order, the hunt soon leads her to Diana, Hyde's daughter. Diana is a feral child who was left to be raised by nuns. Diana informs Mary that they are actually half sisters, a truth Mary finds difficult to accept. Mary's investigation crosses that of Scotland Yard, who are investigating a series of murders of women in the area, and becomes acquainted with Sherlock Holmes. Holmes and Dr. Watson help Mary in her continued search for Hyde. In the process, Mary discovers and befriends other \"monstrous\" daughters of infamous scientists, all of whom have been created through terrifying experimentation: Beatrice Rappaccini, Catherine Moreau, and Justine Frankenstein. When their investigations lead them to the discovery of The Alchemists Society, a secret organization of immoral and power-crazed scientists, the horrors of their past return. Now it is up to the monsters to finally triumph over the monstrous. Reception Publishers Weekly, in a starred review, called The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter a \"tour",
"title": "The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter"
},
{
"docid": "18733228",
"text": "The Son of Dr. Jekyll is a 1951 American horror film directed by Seymour Friedman and starring Louis Hayward, Jody Lawrance and Alexander Knox. The film is a continuation of Robert Louis Stevenson's original classic 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Jack Pollexfen, the scriptwriter of this film, wrote and produced a sequel in the same vein, Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957), starring Gloria Talbott. Plot The film begins with a prologue set in 1860, where Mr. Hyde is chased down in the streets of London, after murdering his wife at their Soho flat. He escapes to the house of Dr. Jekyll, where he prepares the potion that will transform him back to the respected doctor. Unfortunately, the mob has already set the house ablaze. The flames drive Hyde to the top floor and in an attempt to leap to the ground, he meets his demise when he falls to the ground. As he dies, he changes back into Dr. Jekyll. John Utterson and Dr. Lanyon (original characters from Stevenson's novel) mourn their unfortunate friend Dr. Jekyll, until Inspector Stoddard brings the two to the Soho flat, where Jekyll/Hyde has left an orphan behind. Utterson agrees to adopt the young Jekyll, since he and his wife have not succeeded in having children. Thirty years later, Edward Jekyll, now fiancé to Utterson's niece Lynn and a student of the Royal Academy of Sciences, is expelled from the academy because of his peculiar and unorthodox experiments. Edward is unaware that he is actually Henry Jekyll's son, and when he inherits the Jekyll mansion, Dr. Lanyon tells him his father's tragic story. Edward and Lynn move to the old Jekyll mansion for the preparations of their marriage, and soon, Edward feels unwelcome by his neighbors. Discovering his father's laboratory, Edward convinces himself to work on his father's experiments in order to clear the family name. He hires Michaels, Dr. Jekyll's old assistant, and begins researching. Unfortunately, after Edward first tests the formula on himself, a Hyde-like man appears in the house and murders a number of people. Edward is charged for the murders and, thought insane, is transferred to Dr. Lanyon's sanitarium where the murders continue. Edward begins wondering if it is he who transforms into a murderer or someone else is trying to drive him to insanity. It was shown clearly that Lanyon changed chemicals and his father's notebook to frame Edward and keep control of his estate. Cast Louis Hayward as Edward Jekyll / Dr. Henry Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Jody Lawrance as Lynn Utterson Alexander Knox as Dr. Curtis Lanyon Lester Matthews as Sir John Utterson Gavin Muir as Richard Daniels, editor Paul Cavanagh as Insp. Stoddard Rhys Williams as Michaels, the butler References External links AFI 1950s English-language films American historical horror films 1950s historical horror films 1950s science fiction horror films 1951 horror films 1951 films Films based on horror novels Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Mad scientist films Columbia Pictures films Films",
"title": "The Son of Dr. Jekyll"
},
{
"docid": "53289001",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life is a four-act play written in 1897 by Luella Forepaugh and George F. Fish. It is an adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. The story focuses on Henry Jekyll, a respected London doctor, and his involvement with Edward Hyde, a loathsome criminal. After Hyde murders a vicar, Jekyll's friends suspect he is helping the killer, but the truth is that Jekyll and Hyde are the same person. Jekyll has developed a potion that allows him to transform himself into Hyde and back again. When he runs out of the potion, he is trapped in his Hyde form and commits suicide. Forepaugh and Fish wrote the adaptation for the repertory company at a family theater Forepaugh managed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After Forepaugh and Fish left the theater business, the play was published in 1904 for the use of other theater companies. A 1908 silent film was based on the play. Plot In the first act, attorney J. G. Utterson is visiting with friends outside a London vicarage. The vicar, Reverend Edward Leigh, relates a story about how he intervened when he saw a girl trampled by a man named Edward Hyde. Utterson is dismayed to hear the name Edward Hyde, because his friend and client, Dr. Henry Jekyll, recently made a new will that gives his estate to a mysterious friend named Edward Hyde. After the vicar leaves, Dr. Lanyon arrives. Utterson asks Lanyon if he knows Hyde, but he does not; he and Jekyll have become more distant recently due to scientific disagreements. Jekyll, who lives next door to the vicarage, passes by on his way to see a patient. Utterson expresses his concern about Jekyll's will, but Jekyll refuses to consider changing it. After Jekyll and Utterson leave, Lanyon speaks to the vicar's daughter, Alice Leigh, who admits to being in love with Jekyll. Alice sees that Lanyon does not approve, and she asks Jekyll about it when he returns. He says she would not understand and begins talking about the dual presence of good and evil in men. Suddenly, Jekyll feels \"the change approaching\" and runs home. Before he reaches his door, he transforms into Hyde in view of the audience, but not Alice, who has gone to the other end of the stage. Hyde menaces Alice, who calls for her father. The vicar comes out of the vicarage and is clubbed with a stick by Hyde. Hyde runs away; Jekyll returns and asks who has attacked them. With his dying breath, the vicar says it was Hyde. In the second act, Inspector Newcomen shows Utterson part of the walking stick that Hyde used to kill Howell. Utterson recognizes it as one he gave to Jekyll. Newcomen vows to find the killer, and asks to interview Alice, who has been staying with Utterson since the murder. Jekyll visits Utterson with a letter from Hyde,",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life"
},
{
"docid": "24480136",
"text": "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is an 1886 novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. It is about a London lawyer, Gabriel John Utterson, who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr. Henry Jekyll and the misanthropic Mr. Hyde. In a twist ending, it is revealed that Jekyll and Hyde were the same person, and that Jekyll had regularly transformed himself into Hyde by drinking a serum. The work is known for its vivid portrayal of a split personality, and since the 1880s dozens of stage and film adaptations have been produced, although there have been no major adaptations to date that remain faithful to the narrative structure of Stevenson's original. Most omit the figure of Utterson, telling the story from Jekyll's and Hyde's viewpoint and often having them played by the same actor, thus eliminating the mystery aspect of the true identity of Hyde. Many adaptations also introduce a romantic element which does not exist in the original story. While Hyde is portrayed in the novella as an evil-looking man of diminutive height, many adaptations have taken liberties with the character's physical appearance: Hyde is sometimes depicted with bestial or monstrous features, although sometimes he is more dashing and debonair than Jekyll, giving an alternate motivation for Jekyll to transform himself. There are over 123 film versions, not including stage and radio, as well as a number of parodies and imitations. Troy Howarth calls Stevenson's novella \"the most filmed work of literature in the silent era.\" Notable examples are listed below. Direct adaptations Stage 1887, a play in four acts. Thomas Russell Sullivan's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde opened in Boston in May 1887. The first serious theatrical rendering, it went on to tour Britain and ran for 20 years. It became forever linked with Richard Mansfield's performance; he continued playing the part until shortly before his death in 1907. Sullivan reworked the plot to centre around a domestic love interest. 1888, a play in four acts. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was written by John McKinney in collaboration with the actor Daniel E. Bandmann. It opened at Niblo's Garden in March 1887 with Bandmann in the title role. Later that year it competed directly with Sullivan's 1887 adaptation, when both opened in London within days of each other. 1897, a play in four acts. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life was written by Luella Forepaugh and George F. Fish for the repertory company at Forepaugh's Family Theatre in Philadelphia, where it debuted in March 1897. Published in 1904 by Samuel French, Inc. for use by other theatre companies. 1900, a play in four acts. Unproduced adaptation by Marcel Schwob and Vance Thompson. 1990, musical U.S. Jekyll & Hyde. Music by Frank Wildhorn, book and lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. Originally conceived for the stage by Steve Cuden and Frank Wildhorn. This musical features the song \"This Is The Moment\". 1991, stage play, opened in London. Written by David Edgar for",
"title": "Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "43636443",
"text": "Science fiction theatre includes live dramatic works, but generally not cinema or television programmes. It has long been overshadowed by its literary and broadcast counterparts, but has an extensive history, and via the play R.U.R. introduced the word robot into global usage. Background Ralph Willingham in his 1993 study Science Fiction and the Theatre catalogued 328 plays with sf elements, several of which were adaptations. Christos Callow Jr created the Internet Science Fiction Theatre Database in 2018 including mainly 21st century plays that feature elements of science fiction, fantasy and horror. In addition to productions of individual plays, the science fiction theatre festival Sci-Fest LA was launched in Los Angeles in 2014, and the festivals of Otherworld and Talos: Science Fiction Theatre Festival of London were both launched in 2015 in Chicago and in London, UK respectively. Posle milijon godina (After Million of Years), written by Dragutin Ilić in 1889, is considered the first science fiction theatrical play in the history of the world literature. Chronological selection of science fiction plays Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein adapted from Mary Shelley's novel of the same name by Richard Brinsley Peake, 1823 Journey Through the Impossible by Jules Verne and Adolphe d'Ennery, 1882 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson's novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Thomas Russell Sullivan, 1887 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde an unauthorised adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by John McKinney, 1888 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson's novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Luella Forepaugh and George F. Fish, 1897 R.U.R. by Karel Čapek, 1920 The Blue Flame by George V. Hobart and John Willard, 1920 Back to Methuselah by George Bernard Shaw, 1922 The Makropulos Affair by Karel Čapek, 1922 The Bedbug by Vladimir Mayakovsky, 1929 The Bathhouse by Vladimir Mayakovsky, 1930 Night of the Auk by Arch Oboler, 1956 Rhinoceros by Eugène Ionesco, 1959 The Bedsitting Room by Spike Milligan and John Antrobus, 1962 The Curse of the Daleks by David Whitaker and Terry Nation, 1965 Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday by Terrence Dicks, 1974 Starstruck by Elaine Lee, 1980 Henceforward... by Alan Ayckbourn, 1987 A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music by Anthony Burgess adapted from his novel of the same name, 1987 Greenland by Howard Brenton, 1988 Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure by Terrence Dicks, 1989 They're Made Out of Meat by Terry Bisson, 1991 short story later adapted by author as a play Communicating Doors by Alan Ayckbourn, 1994 Comic Potential by Alan Ayckbourn, 1998 Whenever by Alan Ayckbourn, 2000 Far Away by Caryl Churchill, 2000 A Number by Caryl Churchill, 2004 My Sister Sadie by Alan Ayckbourn, 2003 The Cut by Mark Ravenhill, 2004 Mercury Fur by Philip Ridley, 2005 Klingon Christmas Carol by Christopher Kidder-Mostrom and Sasha Warren, 2007 Really Old,",
"title": "Science fiction theatre"
},
{
"docid": "27561913",
"text": "Monster literature is a genre of literature that combines good and evil and intends to evoke a sensation of horror and terror in its readers by presenting the evil side in the form of a monster. History The themes and concepts of Monster Literature are rooted in 18th century Gothic literature. The earliest examples of Gothic literature can be traced all the way back to English author Horace Walpole's novel The Castle of Otranto (1764). However, monster literature first emerged in the 19th century with the release of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818). Gothic literature includes elements of horror and terror as well as a victim who is helpless against his enemy or victimizer. This victimizer usually possesses some form of supernatural power or advantage over the victim, and uses it to cause strife in the life of the victim. In Monster literature, the victimizer is portrayed in the form of a monster that torments the protagonists. In addition, Gothic inspired Monster literature evokes extreme emotions of sorrow, desolation, and isolation. Frankenstein In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein, driven by his insatiable desire for knowledge and enlightenment, creates a monster using body parts from deceased criminals in an attempt to make the perfect human being, one who is stronger and smarter than all others. Shortly after, Frankenstein regrets his creation and deserts it. The monster, endowed with superhuman strength and speed, torments Victor and his closest friends. The monster incites fear in Dr. Frankenstein as well as in the minds of villagers in the surrounding towns. The reader develops a sense of anger and disgust towards the monster for his actions against Dr. Frankenstein and his family but simultaneously feels sympathy for the monster because it is alone and unloved. Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde In Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), a lawyer named Mr. Utterson speaks with his friend Richard Enfield about an encounter he had with a repulsive hunchbacked man named Mr. Hyde. Soon Utterson finds that one of his clients, Dr. Jekyll, has written his will, giving all of his property to this strange man. It is revealed that Jekyll and Hyde are in fact one and the same, and that Jekyll has been using a potion he formulated to go between the two personalities. Hyde torments the town, while Jekyll apologizes and humbles his friends for Hyde's sake. Stevenson's novel invites hatred towards Hyde and shock upon the discovery of Jekyll's dual personality. Dracula In Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897), Jonathan Harker travels to Count Dracula's castle. Dracula inquires about buying a house in England, but soon Jonathan finds himself Dracula's prisoner. Harker escapes, but Dracula, recognized as a vampire, soon ventures away from his castle and begins to torment others close to Jonathan. Dracula is endowed with the power to turn into a bat, command wolves, and have incredible strength among other traits. However, Dracula and other vampires in the novel are weakened during the day and",
"title": "Monster literature"
},
{
"docid": "40054174",
"text": "Edge of Sanity is a 1989 American slasher film directed by Gérard Kikoïne and starring Anthony Perkins. It mixes elements of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde with those of tales of Jack the Ripper. Plot In the opening scene, Henry Jekyll, a young boy, witnesses his father having sex with a prostitute in a barn. His father catches him and violently whips Henry for spying, scarring him for life and leading to repressed sadomasochistic longings. Many years later, in late 1880s England, the adult Dr. Henry Jekyll is experimenting with the human psyche when he accidentally ingests a mix of ether and cocaine and goes insane. He transforms into the monstrous-looking Jack \"the Ripper\" Hyde and murders a prostitute who resembles one that he previously met as a child. He begins a killing spree using the mixture that was originally meant to be an anesthetic in order to influence prostitutes and johns to torture and kill each other. The murders gain the attention of a detective from Scotland Yard as well as Jekyll's wife Elisabeth, who begins to suspect where her husband is going at nights. As \"Jack\" Hyde, he enlists two assistants to give out his anesthetic drug to distribute among the lower-class population of Whitechapel. One night, after he transforms, Jekyll is followed by Elisabeth to a brothel and then from there to a sadomasochistic threesome at a local abandoned warehouse where both of Hyde's partners go crazy and attempt to kill each other and her. Elisabeth subdues and kills both and gets away, but Hyde follows her back to her house. He breaks in and murders her before transforming back into Dr. Jekyll, thus getting away with everything and enabling him to continue his killing spree. Cast Anthony Perkins as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Jack \"the Ripper\" Hyde Glynis Barber as Elisabeth Jekyll Sarah Maur Thorp as Susannah David Lodge as Underwood Ben Cole as Johnny Jill Melford as Flora Noel Coleman as Egglestone Briony McRoberts as Ann Underwood Harry Landis as Coroner Basil Hoskins as Mr. Bottingham Production A few exterior sets were filmed in London. Vincent Canby stated that he thinks the film looks \"19th-century atmospheric\". While the film is for the most part clearly set in the Victorian era, some of the wardrobe seems deliberately anachronistic and modern, adding to the film's surrealistic ambience. Alain Silver compared the style of the film to those directed by Ken Russell, based on the way that the films incorporate the supernatural, psychology, and sexual imagery. He also said that the prostitutes \"further unsettle the preconceptions of the audience\". The book Marked Women: Prostitutes and Prostitution in the Cinema uses the film as an example of sexual brutality against women in films. Reception Vincent Canby wrote in The New York Times that Anthony Perkins \"gives a good, funny, if somewhat lopsided performance as the madman of medicine\". TV Guide reviewed the film, giving it 1 out of 4 stars and",
"title": "Edge of Sanity (film)"
},
{
"docid": "3043270",
"text": "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 2006 adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella. It was directed by John Carl Buechler, and produced by Peter Davy, British American film producer. The film is set in modern times instead of Victorian England. Plot Dr. Henry Jekyll has succeeded in curing a higher primate of his serious heart condition. He tests the serum on himself, resulting in dire consequences; he is transformed into the evil Edward Hyde. Dr. Jekyll does not realize that Hyde is a manifestation of himself, and develops a kind of multiple personality disorder. Hyde murders female college students and frames Jekyll. Jekyll feels guilty about the murders, and gives the victims' families $30,000 in damages. Hyde rapes and murders Jekyll's boss, Donna Carew. During a dinner party, Jekyll's friend Dennis Lanyon sees his colleague transform into Hyde before his eyes. Detective Karen Utterson and Lanyon race to find Jekyll before it's too late, as the serum gives Hyde immortality. Jekyll tries giving himself up to the police, but Hyde won't allow him to go to prison, knowing he will be executed: If Jekyll dies, so does Hyde. Jekyll commits suicide by jumping off the roof of the hospital, in order to make sure that Hyde will never hurt anyone ever again. As Jekyll dies, he says \"It was for my soul.\" Cast Tony Todd as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Edward Hyde Tracy Scoggins as Karen Utterson Vernon Wells as Dr. Dennis Lanyon Rebecca Grant as Linda Santiago Judith Shekoni as Renée Danielle Nicolet as Whitney Weddings Arloa Reston as Gloria Hatten Stefanie Budiman as Whitney's body double John Paul Fedele as Alan Ballard Paula Ficara as Dominio Hunter Peter Jason as Lt. Hamilton Marie Louise Jones as Valet Howard Kahen as Perkins Tyler Kain as Colleen Woodbe Miranda Kwok as Stacy Li Michelle Lee as Kim Li Justin Levin as Jesse Peter Lupus III as Gerald Poole Elina Madison as Cindy shivers Clayton Martinez as Arnold Mike Muscat as Night Watchman Grant Reynolds as Security Guard Deborah Shelton as Donna Carew Jacob Tawney as Kelsey James Tim Thomerson as Arnie Swift Nicholle Tom as Carla Hodgkiss Stephen Wastell as Richard Enfield Chris Kerner as Paramedic (uncredited) Ben Solenberger as Student at Opera House Restaurant (uncredited) Release The film was released on DVD by Image Entertainment on May 20, 2008. Reception Critical reception for the film has been negative. Jon Condit from Dread Central awarded the film a score of 2.5 out of 5 stating, \"While this latest variation of the Jekyll story isn't likely to win over any enthusiasts of the book, it will probably satisfy the undiscerning fan looking for some blood and a few unintentional laughs\". DVD Verdict gave the film a negative review criticizing the film's lack of atmosphere, pacing and the film's ending. References External links 2006 films 2006 horror films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films directed by John Carl Buechler American science fiction horror films 2000s",
"title": "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006 film)"
},
{
"docid": "7883633",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1920 horror film directed and written by J. Charles Haydon, starring Sheldon Lewis, based on the 1886 novel Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. The Sheldon Lewis version was somewhat overshadowed by the 1920 Paramount Pictures version starring John Barrymore, which had been released just the month before. Plot The atheistic Dr. Henry Jekyll (Lewis) embarks on a series of experiments determined to segregate the two sides of the human personality, good and evil, to disprove God's existence. His experiments cause his fiancée Bernice to call off their engagement, and in a rage, he manages to unleash the darkest part of his personality as Mr. Hyde. As the first transformation into Hyde begins, Jekyll's butler exclaims that Jekyll is now \"the Apostle from Hell!\". Hyde, complete with fangs and scraggy hair, skulks through the city, committing heinous acts. The police catch up with Hyde, interrogate him, jail him, and strap him into the electric chair. Sitting in his chair at home, Jekyll awakes violently from a nightmare to declare, \"I believe in God! I have a soul...\". He decides not to create the chemical potion and to embrace religion instead. Cast Sheldon Lewis as Dr. Jekyll / Mr. Hyde Alex Shannon as Dr. Lanyon Dora Mills Adams as Mrs. Lanyon Gladys Field as Bernice Lanyon Harold Foshay as Edward Utterson Leslie Austin as Danvers Carew Production Three different adaptations of Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde were released in 1920, the first being the John Barrymore Paramount version, the second the Sheldon Lewis film, and the third Der Januskopf, a German version directed by F. W. Murnau. The film's producer, Louis Meyer (not to be confused with Louis B. Mayer), was concerned about copyright infringement relating to the other two versions, and he set the film in New York and altered the plot structure, although he may have also done it also for budgetary reasons. Contemporary newspaper accounts state that this film went into production before the John Barrymore Paramount version, but the Paramount film was released first. A satirical send-up of the John Barrymore film, produced by Hank Mann Comedies and distributed by Arrow just weeks before the company went out of business, was also distributed in 1920. Hank Mann played both Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The film is now lost. Critique Reviewer Troy Howarth commented \"The script allows the character (of Dr. Jekyll) more background detail....but Lewis fails to bring him to life.The makeup is low key; some false teeth, matted hair and a cocked hat.....his frantic overacting makes the character unintentionally humorous....it's hard to believe even audiences of the period would've found him credibly sinister. The film was clearly made on the cheap and rushed through production.\" The final product was in fact so crude that director J. Charles Haydon had his name removed from the credits. Notes Sheldon Lewis returned once again in 1929 to play",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Haydon film)"
},
{
"docid": "59741024",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Holmes is a Sherlock Holmes pastiche novel by Loren D. Estleman, originally published in 1979. The novel is an account of Holmes' dealing with the mystery of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as originally narrated in Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The book has since been republished in 2001 by I-Books and in 2010 Titan Books, the latter under their Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes banner. Reception Dread Central said \"Estleman weaves Holmes into the story of Jekyll and Hyde very deftly. Without giving too much away, very few deviations from the overall plot of the Stevenson novel are made, while still providing the reader with an enjoyable Holmes adventure.\" The MYSTERY FANcier called the book \"both nobly attempted and capably accomplished\" but found that since the story hews so closely to Stevenson's original \"there is no mystery involved in the matter at all. Watching Sherlock Holmes use his famed powers of deduction to untangle the tale of their twisted identities quickly becomes a matter of little more than idle intellectual curiosity.\" Kirkus Reviews found it uninspiring saying \"though Estleman does a better, deadpan job of recreating Conan Doyle's Watson style than many, he forgets that, without mystery, there is no Holmes—and here, we know all along what Sherlock is trying to deduce.\" References 1979 American novels Works based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Crossover novels Sherlock Holmes novels Sherlock Holmes pastiches Doubleday (publisher) books",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Holmes"
},
{
"docid": "28278433",
"text": "\"Bubba Hyde\" is a song written by Gene Nelson and Craig Wiseman, and recorded by American country music group Diamond Rio. It was released in February 1995 as the third single from the group's 1994 album Love a Little Stronger. The song reached No. 16 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Content The song is about a mild-mannered grocery store employee, Barney Jekyll, who, on Friday nights, puts on leather boots and an \"Elvis jacket\" and drives a sports car to a honky-tonk, where he goes by the name of \"Bubba Hyde\". The song is a reference to the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. Music video The music video was directed by Deaton-Flanigen Productions and premiered in January 1995. It stars Jm J. Bullock, best-known for playing Monroe Ficus on the sitcom Too Close for Comfort and Prince Valium in Spaceballs, as Barney Jekyll/Bubba Hyde. Chart performance References 1994 songs 1995 singles Diamond Rio songs Songs written by Craig Wiseman Songs written by Gene Nelson (songwriter) Music videos directed by Deaton-Flanigen Productions Arista Nashville singles Works based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Music based on works by Robert Louis Stevenson",
"title": "Bubba Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "7884497",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1913 horror film based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 gothic novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Directed by Herbert Brenon for producer Carl Laemmle's company IMP (which he later changed to Universal Pictures), the production stars King Baggot in the dual role of Jekyll and Hyde. The film was re-released in the United States in August 1927. Plot Dr. Henry Jekyll (King Baggot) sends a note to his fiancée, Alice (Jane Gail), and her father (Matt B. Snyder) to say that instead of accompanying them to the opera, he must give more time to his charity patients. At Jekyll’s practice, his friends Dr. Lanyon (Howard Crampton) and Utterson (William Sorrel), a lawyer, ridicule him for what they consider his dangerous research. Alice and her father also visit Jekyll’s rooms, but although apologetic, the doctor insists on devoting his time to his patients. That night, however, Jekyll undertakes a dangerous experiment, swallowing a drug intended to releases his evil self. His body convulses, and he transforms into a hunched, twisted figure. The strange creature emerges from Jekyll’s room, bearing a note in Jekyll’s handwriting that orders the household staff to treat the stranger – “Mr Hyde” – as himself. Hyde then slips out into the night, terrorizing the patrons of a nearby tavern before finding himself lodgings. From these rooms, he begins a career of evil, until one night he attacks and injures a crippled child. Outraged witnesses corner Hyde and force him to agree to compensate the boy. Hyde reluctantly leads one man back to Jekyll’s house and gives him money. During this passage of events, a worried Dr. Utterson sees Hyde entering Jekyll’s house. Inside, Hyde takes a potion that transforms him back to Jekyll. The doctor swears that he will abandon his experiments and never tempt fate again; but that night, without taking the drug, he turns spontaneously into Hyde. Cast King Baggot as Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Hyde Jane Gail as Alice, Dr. Jekyll's fiance Matt B. Snyder as Alice's father Howard Crampton as Dr. Lanyon William Sorelle as Utterson, the attorney Herbert Brenon Critique Like so many other performers of this period, it was standard practice for the actors to apply their own make-up. While assuming the dual role of Jekyll and Hyde, King Baggot employed a variety of different greasepaints and a tangled mass of crepe hair. Through the use of camera dissolves, Baggot was able to achieve the transformation. Critic Troy Howarth felt that \"it gave him the chance to play a difficult dual role, but his performance has not aged well....his hunched over walk comes across as forced and ridiculous...evoking comparisons with Jerry Lewis'....performance as The Nutty Professor....with his unruly hair and prominent buckteeth\". The film used a slow dissolve effect to show the transformation, as opposed to a quick matching cut, and the critics were impressed, George Blaisdell of Moving Picture World commenting \"It is through the means of the dissolving process that",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913 film)"
},
{
"docid": "1917399",
"text": "Jekyll may refer to: Entertainment Film The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll, a 1960 horror film Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo, a 1972 Spanish horror film Jekyll (2007 film), a 2007 horror film Television Jekyll (TV series), a 2007 BBC television series Jekyll & Hyde (TV series), a 2015 ITV television series Theatre Jekyll & Hyde (musical), a 1997 Broadway musical Music Jekyll, a 2013 re-release of Hyde (EP) by South Korean boy band VIXX \"Jekyll\", a song by Exo on the album Obsession Literature Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character), the protagonist of the novella Places Jekyll Island, an island off the coast of the U.S. state of Georgia Jekyll Island Club, private club located thereon Other uses Jekyll (software), a static blogging platform Jekyll (surname) See also Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (disambiguation)",
"title": "Jekyll"
},
{
"docid": "2539442",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde is a 1971 British horror film directed by Roy Ward Baker based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. The film was made by British studio Hammer Film Productions and was their third adaptation of the story after The Ugly Duckling and The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll. The film is notable for showing Jekyll transform into a female Hyde; it also incorporates into the plot aspects of the historical Jack the Ripper and Burke and Hare cases. The title characters were played by the film's stars, Ralph Bates and Martine Beswick. Plot Dr. Henry Jekyll dedicates his life to the curing of all known illnesses; however, his lecherous friend Professor Robertson remarks that Jekyll's experiments take so long to actually be discovered, he will no doubt be dead by the time he is able to achieve anything. Haunted by this remark, Jekyll abandons his studies and obsessively begins searching for an elixir of life, using female hormones taken from fresh cadavers supplied by murderers Burke and Hare, reasoning that these hormones will help him to extend his life since women traditionally live longer than men and have stronger systems. In the apartment above Jekyll's lives a family: an elderly mother, her daughter Susan Spencer, and Susan's brother Howard. Susan is attracted to Jekyll, and he returns her affections, but is too obsessed with his work to make advances. Mixing the female hormones into a serum and drinking it has the effect of changing Jekyll's sex. Susan becomes jealous when she discovers this mysterious woman, but when she confronts Jekyll, to explain the sudden appearance of his female alter ego, he calls her Mrs. Edwina Hyde, saying she is his widowed sister who has come to live with him. Howard, on the other hand, develops a lust for Mrs. Hyde. Jekyll soon finds that his serum requires a regular supply of female hormones to maintain its effect, necessitating the killing of young girls. Burke and Hare supply his needs, but their criminal activities are uncovered. Burke is lynched by a mob and Hare blinded by lime. The doctor decides to take matters into his own hands and commits the murders attributed to Jack the Ripper. Jekyll abhors this, but Mrs. Hyde relishes the killings as she begins to take control, even seducing and then killing Professor Robertson when he attempts to question her about the murders. As Mrs. Hyde grows more powerful, the two personalities begin to struggle for dominance. Jekyll asks Susan to the opera; however, when he is getting dressed to go out, he unconsciously takes Mrs. Hyde's gown from the wardrobe instead of his own clothes, realizing that he no longer needs to drink the serum in order to transform. Susan is heartbroken when Jekyll fails to take her out to the opera, and she decides to go alone. However, Mrs. Hyde decides that innocent, pure Susan's blood is just what she needs",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "53255738",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a four-act play written by John McKinney in collaboration with the actor Daniel E. Bandmann. It is an adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. The story focuses on Henry Jekyll, a respected London doctor, and his involvement with Edward Hyde, a loathsome criminal. After Hyde murders a vicar, Jekyll's friends suspect he is helping the killer, but the truth is that Jekyll and Hyde are the same person. Jekyll has developed a potion that allows him to transform himself into Hyde and back again. When he runs out of the potion, he is trapped in his Hyde form and commits suicide before he can be arrested. The play debuted on Broadway in March 1888. The adaptation was not authorized by Stevenson, but copyright law in the United States allowed Bandmann to produce the adaptation without permission. In August, Bandmann took the play to London, where it was in direct competition with an authorized adaptation, also using the title Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Thomas Russell Sullivan and starring Richard Mansfield. Both plays opened in London in August 1888, but Bandmann's production was quickly closed due to legal action by Stevenson's publisher. Plot In the first act, attorney J. G. Utterson is at a London vicarage, talking to the vicar, Reverend William Howell. Howell relates a story about how he intervened when he saw a boy being beaten by a man named Edward Hyde. Utterson is dismayed to hear the name Edward Hyde. After the vicar leaves, Utterson speaks with Dr. Lanyon, then with Dr. Henry Jekyll, who lives next door to the vicarage. After Jekyll and Utterson leave, Lanyon speaks to the vicar's daughter, Sybil Howell, who admits to being in love with Jekyll. Sybil sees that Lanyon does not approve, and she asks Jekyll about it when he returns. He says she would not understand, and begins talking about the dual presence of good and evil in men. Suddenly, Jekyll feels that a \"change is approaching\", and runs into the shadows. Edward Hyde emerges from the shadows and menaces Sybil. She calls for her father, who enters and is immediately attacked and murdered by Hyde. Hyde runs away; Jekyll returns and asks who has attacked them. With his dying breath, the vicar says it was Hyde. In the second act, Inspector Newcomen shows Utterson part of the walking stick that Hyde used to club Howell. Utterson recognizes it as one he gave to Jekyll. Newcomen vows to find the killer, and asks to interview Sybil, who has been staying with Utterson since the murder. Jekyll visits Utterson with a letter from Hyde, claiming he has departed. When Jekyll leaves, Utterson's assistant, Mr. Guest, points out that the handwriting on the letter is very similar to Jekyll's. When Utterson leaves, Jekyll returns and delivers a monologue confessing that he is the murderer. After a brief conversation with",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888 play)"
},
{
"docid": "144774",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1931 American pre-Code horror film, directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Fredric March, who plays a possessed doctor who tests his new formula that can unleash people's inner demons. The film is an adaptation of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the 1886 Robert Louis Stevenson tale of a man who takes a potion which turns him from a mild-mannered man of science into a homicidal maniac. The film was a critical and commercial success upon its release. Nominated for three Academy Awards, March won the award for Best Actor, sharing the award with Wallace Beery for The Champ. Plot Dr. Henry Jekyll (Fredric March), a kind English doctor in Victorian London, is certain that within each man lurks impulses for both good and evil. He is desperately in love with his fiancée Muriel Carew (Rose Hobart) and wants to marry her immediately. But her father, Brigadier General Sir Danvers Carew (Halliwell Hobbes), orders them to wait. One night, while walking home with his colleague, Dr. John Lanyon (Holmes Herbert), Jekyll spots a bar singer, Ivy Pierson (Miriam Hopkins), being attacked by a man outside her boarding house. Jekyll drives the man away and carries Ivy up to her room to attend to her. Ivy tries to seduce Jekyll but, though he is tempted, he leaves with Lanyon. When Sir Danvers takes Muriel to Bath, Jekyll begins to experiment with drugs that he believes will unleash his evil side. After imbibing a concoction of these drugs, he transforms into Edward Hyde—an impulsive, sadistic, violent, amoral man who indulges his every desire. Hyde finds Ivy in the music hall where she works. He offers to financially support her in return for her company. They stay at her boarding house where Hyde rapes and psychologically manipulates her. When Hyde reads in the paper that Sir Danvers and Muriel are planning to return to London, Hyde leaves Ivy but threatens her that he'll return when she least expects it. Overcome with guilt, Jekyll sends £50 to Ivy. On the advice of her landlady, Ivy goes to see Dr. Jekyll and recognizes him as the man who saved her from abuse that night. She tearfully tells him about her situation with Hyde, and Jekyll reassures her that she will never see Hyde again. But the next night, while walking to a party at Muriel's where the wedding date is to be announced, Jekyll again changes into Hyde upon seeing a cat stalk and kill a bird. Rather than attend the party, Hyde goes to Ivy's room and murders her. Hyde returns to Jekyll's house but is refused admission by the butler. Desperate, Hyde writes a letter to Lanyon instructing him to take certain chemicals from Jekyll's laboratory and take them home. When Hyde arrives, Lanyon pulls a gun on him and demands that Hyde take him to Jekyll. With no other choice, Hyde drinks the formula and changes back into Jekyll before a shocked",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film)"
},
{
"docid": "7356798",
"text": "Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde was a British children's television series which aired on BBC One (via Children's BBC and later CBBC) in the UK for 53 episodes between 1995 and 1998. The programme was a comedy with its premise being loosely based on Robert Louis Stevenson's Gothic 1886 novella, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Plot Olivia Hallinan plays an intelligent schoolgirl named Julia Jekyll who makes a special drink called an elixir for a science project, but two school bullies named Nicola and Sharon known as \"The Blister Sisters\" sabotage her experiment by adding a hair restoring formula to it. When Julia sips the drink during a demonstration, she turns into a huge hairy monster named Harriet Hyde that scares the living daylights out of most of the people around her, even though she is harmless and friendly to most. Julia's parents Jerry and Moira (who has a tendency to repeat herself literally whenever someone says \"You can say that again.\") are fond of Harriet and believe she is Julia's friend, not knowing that Harriet and Julia were the same person. However their next-door neighbours, Jason and Mona Jitter, a neurotic couple who spent most of their time at a therapist's, were terrified of Harriet and had numerous unfortunate encounters with her. The Blister sisters repeatedly plot to get rid of Harriet but usually end up on the receiving end of her wrath, mostly being flung headfirst across the room. The effects of Harriet Hyde usually wear off after a while but unexpectedly keep coming back. Julia's best friend and fellow student from Rocket Academy, Edward Knickers is the only one who knows her secret and she has hard work trying to hide it from her parents, next door neighbours, the teachers and all the other fellow students whilst she tries to find a cure. Julia can often recognise when she is about to transform into Harriet and manages to hide away from everyone else (for example by pretending she is going to be sick and having to leave the room). Teachers at the Rocket Academy were the jolly hippie headmaster Memphis Rocket, his doting elderly mother who is a horrendous cook, and Lester Blister, the Blister sisters' cruel and scheming uncle who wishes to take over the school. Main cast Episodes Series 1 (1995-1996) Series 2 (1996) Series 3 (1998) References External links Julia Jekyll And Harriet Hyde – from The bbc.co.uk Guide to Comedy. Retrieved 8 January 2007. Episode guide BBC children's television shows British children's comedy television series 1995 British television series debuts 1998 British television series endings 1990s British children's television series British television shows featuring puppetry British English-language television shows Television series based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Television series about children",
"title": "Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "343872",
"text": "Gertrude Jekyll ( ; 29 November 1843 – 8 December 1932) was a British horticulturist, garden designer, craftswoman, photographer, writer and artist. She created over 400 gardens in the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States, and wrote over 1000 articles for magazines such as Country Life and William Robinson's The Garden. Jekyll has been described as \"a premier influence in garden design\" by British and American gardening enthusiasts. Early life Jekyll was born at 2 Grafton Street, Mayfair, London, the fifth of the seven children of Captain Edward Joseph Hill Jekyll, Esquire, an officer in the Grenadier Guards, and his wife Julia, née Hammersley. In 1848 her family left London and moved to Bramley House in Surrey. She never married and had no children. Her younger brother, Walter Jekyll (an Anglican priest; sometime Minor Canon of Worcester Cathedral and Chaplain of Malta), was a friend of Robert Louis Stevenson, who borrowed the family name for his 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Themes Jekyll was one half of one of the most influential and historical partnerships of the Arts and Crafts movement, thanks to her association with the English architect Edwin Lutyens, for whose projects she created numerous landscapes and who designed her home Munstead Wood, near Godalming in Surrey. (In 1900, Lutyens and Jekyll's brother Herbert designed the British Pavilion for the Paris Exposition.) Jekyll is remembered for her outstanding designs and subtle, painterly approach to the arrangement of the gardens she created, particularly her \"hardy flower borders\". Her work is known for its radiant colour and the brush-like strokes of her plantings; it is suggested by some that the Impressionistic-style schemes may have been due to Jekyll's deteriorating eyesight, which largely put an end to her career as a painter and watercolourist. Her artistic ability had been evident when she was a child and she had trained as an artist. She was one of the first of her profession to take into account the colour, texture, and experience of gardens as aspects of her designs. Jekyll's theory of how to design with colour was influenced by painter J. M. W. Turner and by Impressionism, and by the theoretical colour wheel. Her focus on gardening began at South Kensington School of Art, where she became interested in the creative art of planting, and more specifically, gardening. In 1904, Jekyll returned to her childhood home in the village of Bramley to design a garden for Millmead House in Snowdenham Lane. Not wanting to limit her influence to teaching the practice of gardening, Jekyll incorporated in her work the theory of gardening and an understanding of the plants themselves. Her writing was influenced by her friend Theresa Earle who had published her \"Pot-pourri\" books. In works like Colour Schemes for the Flower Garden (reprinted 1988) she put her imprint on modern uses of \"warm\" and \"cool\" flower colours in gardens. Her concern that plants should be displayed to best effect even when cut for the house,",
"title": "Gertrude Jekyll"
},
{
"docid": "7870244",
"text": "Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (also Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pride) is a 1925 American silent, black-and-white comedy film, directed by Scott Pembroke and Joe Rock (also the producer). The film itself is both a spoof of the previous Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films (e.g. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912) and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920)) and the well-famed 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The film stars Stan Laurel as the title characters. Plot and Characters Dr. Stanislaus Pyckle, (a play of the actor's name, Stan Laurel), successfully separates the good and evil of man's nature with the use of a powerful drug -- \"Dr. Pyckle's 58th Variety\", a spoof of \"Heinz's 57\". Transforming into the personality of Mr. Pryde (again Laurel), he terrorizes the town with unspeakable acts including stealing a boy's ice cream, cheating at marbles, and popping a bag behind a lady pedestrian. The townspeople track him down where Mr. Pride locks himself in the laboratory and transforms back as Dr. Pyckle. The doctor assures the townspeople that he hasn't seen the \"fiend\" they were after. While he talks, the drug used for the transformation spills in the plate of food of the doctor's dog. Dr. Pyckle confronts the fiendish dog when he locks the door and the townspeople leave. But once again, Mr. Pride emerges and brings havoc to the town, and again is chased down by the townspeople. He enters the lab and transforms back into Pyckle, and again assures the townspeople he has not seen the fiend. His assistant (Julie Leonard) begs the doctor to open and comfort him, but he transforms back into Mr. Pride. He opens the door to the assistant and locks it again. She screams seeing Pride and unsuccessfully tries to knock him out. The townspeople hurry back. Existing versions of the film end abruptly at this point without a resolution. The appearance of the fiendish Mr. Pride is an obvious spoof on the make-up designed for John Barrymore as Mr. Hyde. Also spoofed are the sudden and strange movements Barrymore's Jekyll makes during the transformation, as well as Hyde's confrontation with Millicent, Jekyll's fiancée, when Hyde lets her inside the lab. Other scenes show obvious parodies of other Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films (e.g. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912) and the Haydon film from 1920). Cast Stan Laurel as Dr. Pyckle / Mr. Pryde (sometimes as Mr. Pride) Julie Leonard as Dr. Pyckle's assistant Pete the Dog (as Pete the Pup) Syd Crossley (uncredited bit role) Dot Farley (uncredited bit role) Information The following year (1926), Stan Laurel began his years-long collaboration with Oliver Hardy, and together they would make over 100 films. Pete the dog later starred in a series of Buster Brown films as Buster's dog Tige. The familiar circle around his eye was painted on by a makeup man. Production Directed by: Scott Pembroke and Joe Rock Produced by: Joe Rock Cinematography",
"title": "Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde"
},
{
"docid": "7120714",
"text": "Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1953 American horror comedy film starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, co-starring Boris Karloff, and directed by Charles Lamont. Inspired by the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, the film follows the story of two American police officers visiting Victorian London who become involved in the hunt for a monster responsible for a series of murders. Plot A series of horrific murders has terrorized Victorian London and baffled police. While returning home from a pub, newspaper reporter Bruce Adams finds one murder victim, a prominent doctor. The next day, two American policemen, Slim and Tubby, who are studying London police methods, respond to brawl at a women's suffrage rally in Hyde Park. Reporter Adams, young suffragette Vicky Edwards, Slim, and Tubby are all caught up in the fray and wind up in jail. Vicky's guardian, Dr. Henry Jekyll, bails Vicky and Adams out, while Tubby and Slim are kicked off the police force. Unknown to anyone, Dr. Jekyll has developed a serum which transforms him into Mr. Hyde—the \"monster\" who is responsible for the recent murders. Dr. Jekyll is secretly in love with Vicky, and is angered by the mutual attraction between Vicky and Bruce. He injects himself to transform once again into Hyde with the intent of murdering Bruce. Meanwhile, Tubby and Slim realize that if they capture the monster they will be reinstated on the police force. Walking down a street at night, Tubby spots Hyde and the boys trail him into the music hall where Vicky is performing and Adams is visiting. A chase ensues, and Tubby manages to trap Hyde inside a cell in a wax museum. But before Tubby can bring the police inspector, Adams and Slim to the scene, the monster has reverted to the respected Dr. Jekyll. Tubby is once again rebuked by the police inspector, but the \"good\" doctor asks Slim and Tubby to escort him to his home. While Slim and Tubby snoop around Jekyll's home, Tubby drinks a potion which transforms him into a large mouse. Slim and Tubby bring this extraordinary news to the inspector, but the inspector refuses to believe them. Vicky announces to Jekyll her intent to marry Adams, but Jekyll does not share her enthusiasm and transforms into Hyde right and attacks her. Adams, Slim and Tubby save her in the nick of time, but Hyde escapes. During the struggle, Jekyll's serum needle falls into a couch cushion, which Tubby accidentally falls onto, transforming him into a Hyde-like monster. Another madcap chase ensues, this time with Adams chasing Jekyll's monster and Slim pursuing Tubby's monster, who they each believe is Jekyll. Reports of the monster seemingly being in multiple places at once frustrate and confuse the London police. Adams' chase ends up back at Jekyll's home, where Hyde falls to his death from an upstairs window, then transforms back into his true identity. Meanwhile, Slim",
"title": "Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "45094397",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a four-act play written by Thomas Russell Sullivan in collaboration with the actor Richard Mansfield. It is an adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. The story focuses on the respected London doctor Henry Jekyll and his involvement with Edward Hyde, a loathsome criminal. After Hyde murders the father of Jekyll's fiancée, Jekyll's friends discover that he and Jekyll are the same person; Jekyll has developed a potion that allows him to transform himself into Hyde and back again. When he runs out of the potion, he is trapped as Hyde and commits suicide before he can be arrested. After reading the novella, Mansfield was intrigued by the opportunity to play a dual role. He secured the right to adapt the story for the stage in the United States and the United Kingdom, and asked Sullivan to write the adaptation. The play debuted in Boston in May 1887, and a revised version opened on Broadway in September of that year. Critics acclaimed Mansfield's performance as the dual character. The play was popular in New York and on tour, and Mansfield was invited to bring it to London. It opened there in August 1888, just before the first Jack the Ripper murders. Some press reports compared the murderer to the JekyllHyde character, and Mansfield was suggested as a possible suspect. Despite significant press coverage, the London production was a financial failure. Mansfield's company continued to perform the play on tours of the U.S. until shortly before his death in 1907. In writing the stage adaptation, Sullivan made several changes to the story; these included creating a fiancée for Jekyll and a stronger moral contrast between Jekyll and Hyde. The changes have been adopted by many subsequent adaptations, including several film versions of the story which were derived from the play. The films included a 1912 adaptation directed by Lucius Henderson, a 1920 adaptation directed by John S. Robertson, and a 1931 adaptation directed by Rouben Mamoulian, which earned Fredric March an Academy Award for Best Actor. A 1941 adaptation, directed by Victor Fleming, was a remake of the 1931 film. Plot In the first act, a group of friends (including Sir Danvers Carew's daughter Agnes, attorney Gabriel Utterson, and Dr. and Mrs. Lanyon) has met up at Sir Danvers' home. Dr. Lanyon brings word that Agnes' fiancé, Dr. Henry Jekyll, will be late to the gathering. He then repeats a second-hand story about a man named Hyde, who injured a child in a collision on the street. The story upsets Utterson because Jekyll recently made a new will that gives his estate to a mysterious friend named Edward Hyde. Jekyll arrives; Utterson confronts him about the will, but Jekyll refuses to consider changing it. Jekyll tells Agnes that they should end their engagement because of sins he has committed, but will not explain. Agnes refuses to accept this, and tells Jekyll she",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887 play)"
},
{
"docid": "7725710",
"text": "Hyde and Hare is a 1955 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng. The short was released on August 27, 1955, and stars Bugs Bunny. The short is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The cartoon pits Bugs against Dr. Jekyll, who continues to turn into Mr. Hyde. The title is a play on the expression \"neither hide nor hair.\" Plot Bugs Bunny emerges from his rabbit hole in a city park each morning to receive a carrot from a kind gentleman, amusingly remarking on the routine as his \"timid little rabbit\" act, acknowledging it as part of his livelihood. Gradually, Bugs expresses a desire to become the gentleman's pet, finding it more convenient for both of them. As they head to the gentleman's home, Bugs refers to him as \"Doc\". Inside the house, Bugs goes exploring and finds a room labeled \"laboratory\". The gentleman, Dr. Jekyll, drinks a potion and turns into Mr. Hyde. Mistaking Hyde for a sick person, Bugs attempts to assist but quickly realizes the danger when Hyde wields an axe. Fleeing for safety, Bugs seeks help from Dr. Jekyll. The cycle of transformation between Jekyll and Hyde leads to chaotic encounters, with Bugs attempting to shelter Jekyll from his alter ego. Jekyll's efforts to contain Hyde's aggression prove futile. He wants to get rid of the potion but discovers that it's gone; Bugs has drunk it, and returns to his park, but transforms into a monstrous rabbit without realizing it, and terrifies the onlookers. Bugs questions the cause of the commotion around him, chewing on his carrot. Allusions In the cartoon, Bugs sits down at a piano, places a candelabra upon it, and utters the phrase, \"I wish my brother George was here\". The reference was to Liberace, who had a brother named George that was also his conductor on TV. It also references Liberace's personal appearances during the 1950s. Liberace's feature film debut Sincerely Yours, also produced by Warner Bros., was released around the same time as this cartoon. You can also hear that quote on Three Little Bops by the piano playing pig. The piano piece that Bugs plays is the Minute Waltz (Bugs pronounces \"minute\" as if to mean tiny) by Chopin, or as Bugs calls him, \"Choppin\". When Bugs first sees Mr. Hyde, he says Ralph Kramden's line to him, \"You...are a mental case!\" Home media The cartoon appears on the Looney Tunes: After Dark Laserdisc. In 2004, this cartoon was restored and released on the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2 DVD box set. The Warner Archive Blu-Ray of Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde includes an upscaled version of the Golden Collection master. You can play Hyde Bugs in the Looney Tunes: Acme Arsenal video game. See also Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1950–1959) List of Bugs Bunny cartoons References External links 1955 films 1955 animated films 1955 short films Short films directed by Friz Freleng Looney Tunes",
"title": "Hyde and Hare"
},
{
"docid": "48391019",
"text": "Jekyll and Hyde is a British TV fantasy drama based loosely on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Set in 1930s London and Ceylon, it follows the character of Dr. Robert Jekyll, a grandson of the Victorian Dr. Henry Jekyll, who has inherited his grandfather's split personality and violent alter-ego. The series aired on ITV in the United Kingdom from 25 October to 27 December 2015 and it consisted of ten episodes. On 5 January 2016, creator Charlie Higson announced on Twitter that ITV had decided to pass on a second series. Plot Cast Tom Bateman Dr. Robert Jekyll/Hyde, the grandson of the Victorian Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, the son of Louis, twin brother of Olalla. Richard E. Grant Sir Roger Bulstrode, a British Intelligence officer studying supernatural phenomena. Tom Rhys Harries Mr Sackler, a sniper working for Sir Roger Bulstrode. Enzo Cilenti Captain Dance, senior officer for monster organisation, the Tenebrae. Michael Karim Ravi Najaran, Vishal and Gurinder's son and Robert's foster-brother. Ace Bhatti Dr. Vishal Najaran, Gurinder's husband, Ravi's father and Robert Jekyll's foster-father in Ceylon. Lolita Chakrabarti Gurinder Najaran, Vishal's wife, Ravi's mother and Robert Jekyll's foster-mother in Ceylon. Natalie Gumede Isabella \"Bella\" Charming, the owner of an East End nightclub the Empire, and love interest of Robert's Hyde persona. Stephanie Hyam Lily Clarke Carew, a former biochemistry student of Cambridge, also, Lily Carew, granddaughter of the murdered Sir Danvers Carew. Christian McKay Maxwell Utterson, Robert's estate lawyer whose father, Gabriel Utterson, worked for Dr. Henry Jekyll. Ruby Bentall Hilary \"Hils\" Barnstaple, Maxwell's assistant. Donald Sumpter Garson, once Henry Jekyll's assistant/footman, now the bartender of the Empire nightclub. Sinéad Cusack Maggie Hope. Lover of Victorian Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, mother of Louis and grandmother of Robert and Olalla. Wallis Day Olalla Jekyll/Hyde, granddaughter of the Victorian Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, daughter of Louis and twin sister of Robert. Amelia Bullmore Renata Jezequiel, a distant relative of the Jekyll family. Natasha O'Keeffe Fedora, member of Tenebrae and love interest of Dance. Tony Way Cyclops Silas Parnell, member of Tenebrae, minion of Dance and leader of a gang of one-eyed thugs. Dee Tails The Harbinger, a creature. Phil McKee Mr Hannigan, an MIO agent working for Sir Roger Bulstrode. Mark Bonnar Lord Protheroe, head of Daily Truth, harbourer of Fedora and the \"killed\" Dance. David Bark-Jones and Thomas Coombes Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, Robert and Olalla's paternal grandfather and the father of Louis. Production The series was based at 3 Mills Studios and also filmed in Kent – Rochester High Street doubles as the exterior of the Empire music hall and The Guildhall Museum features as the hotel where Dr. Jekyll (Tom Bateman) first lodges when arriving in England. The Historic Dockyard Chatham was used as location for the scenes used for Gravesend Docks, Tenebrae offices and factory and various areas of the site feature as London Streets and markets. Elmley Nature Reserve features in episode three as",
"title": "Jekyll and Hyde (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "7856323",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1912 horror film based on both Robert Louis Stevenson's novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) and on the 1887 play version written by Thomas Russell Sullivan. Directed by Lucius Henderson, the film stars actor (later noted film director) James Cruze in the dual role of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and co-starred his real life wife Marguerite Snow as well. Plot summary White-haired Dr. Jekyll has secretly locked himself in his laboratory, administering himself with a vial of formula. He slumps into his chair with his head on his chest. As the drug slowly takes effect, a dark-haired, taloned beast with two large fangs now appears in the chair. After repeated use, Jekyll's evil alter ego emerges at will, causing Jekyll to knock a little girl down in the street and even to murder his sweetheart's father (the local minister). The evil personality scuttles back to the laboratory only to discover that the antidote is finished and that he will have to remain as Mr. Hyde forever. A burly policeman breaks down Jekyll's door with an ax to find the kindly doctor dead from drinking poison. Cast James Cruze as Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde Florence La Badie as Jekyll's sweetheart Marie Eline as Little girl knocked down by Hyde Jane Gail (Extra) Marguerite Snow (Extra) Harry Benham as Mr. Hyde (in some scenes, uncredited) Production This film was produced by the Thanhouser Company. Rather than adapt the 1886 novel as earlier film adaptations had done, Thanhouser decided to more closely follow the 1887 stage play, telescoping its events down into a 12-minute-long film. Cruze plays Jekyll as a white-haired, middle-aged, well meaning doctor, but \"upon his transformation into Hyde, he cuts loose and delivers a memorable bit of pantomime acting....as he morphs into an impish and violent sociopath\". Jekyll's girlfriend's father becomes a minister in this version rather than the pompous aristocrat of the novel. Some sources list Harry Benham as the actor who played Mr. Hyde in the film , but in an interview in the October 1963 issue of Famous Monsters of Filmland, Harry Benham revealed that while Cruze played both Jekyll and Hyde, he and Cruze shared the role of Hyde, with Benham doubling for Cruze as Hyde in some scenes (uncredited). Historian Steve Haberman stated that Benham played Mr. Hyde in all of the Hyde scenes, since Hyde was noticeably shorter than Cruze in all of the transformation scenes. He said \"in fact, he is not even tall enough to see himself in the good doctor's mirror hanging on the wall...\" Critiques Critic Troy Howarth felt the Hyde makeup was crude yet effective, although he felt Jekyll's laboratory set looked like a cheap closet. He said Hyde's \"reign of terror\" is confined to a couple of brief scenes of violence, and that Hyde acts more \"like an unrestrained child who is allowed to run amok by a distracted parent...than a genuine menace\". Copyright status The film",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912 film)"
},
{
"docid": "2490751",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1941 American horror film starring Spencer Tracy, Ingrid Bergman, and Lana Turner. The production also features Donald Crisp, Ian Hunter, Barton MacLane, C. Aubrey Smith, and Sara Allgood. Its storyline is based on the 1886 Gothic novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde written by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. There have been many filmed adaptations of the novella. This movie was a remake of the Oscar-winning 1931 version starring Fredric March. Released in August 1941, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was a commercial success, and was nominated for three Academy Awards. Plot In 1887 London, Dr. Henry Jekyll is performing research experiments on the possibility of separating the good and evil aspects of human nature. Jekyll is in love with Beatrix Emery, but her father, Sir Charles, is skeptical of Jekyll's radical ideas. Jekyll develops a serum that he attempts to use on Sam Higgins, a patient who went insane after suffering a gas works explosion, but the plan fails when Jekyll learns that Sam has died. Instead, Jekyll impulsively takes the serum himself, and is transformed in mindset and countenance into a malevolent alter ego. Jekyll takes an antidote to reverse the serum's effects, but not before experiencing an auditory hallucination in which a voice speaks: \"Mr. Hyde\". Beatrix departs England on a trip abroad with her father, who is concerned about the love affair between the two, leaving Jekyll alone. When Beatrix's father extends their time away from London, Jekyll continues to experiment with the serum, ingesting another dose. In his alter ego of Mr. Hyde, he ventures into a music hall where he spots attractive barmaid Ivy Peterson, whom he saved from an attacker in the streets some weeks before. Because his face and manner is disfigured by the evil brought out by the serum, Ivy does not recognize him, and becomes frightened when approaching his table. Hyde surreptitiously instigates mayhem in the music hall, tripping one man, hitting another with a cane, poking another in the eye, pitting one patron against another until a brawl ensues, after which Hyde convinces the owner that Ivy was the cause of the trouble, and bribes the hall owner to fire her. Hyde takes a reluctant Ivy home with him, and rapes her in the carriage. While Beatrix grows concerned after receiving no correspondence, Hyde provides Ivy housing in a flat, although she lives in fear of Hyde's psychological manipulation and violent behavior. When Ivy's friend Marcia visits her, Marcia sees bruises on Ivy's back and suspects Ivy is being abused, but before she can find out what is going on, Hyde appears and menaces Marcia, who leaves in a hurry; afterward, Hyde taunts Ivy that Marcia is more beautiful than Ivy, and he may leave Ivy to pursue Marcia, before subsequently tormenting Ivy by forcing her to sing against her will as a prelude to raping her. Upon learning that Beatrix has returned to England, Jekyll vows not to",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 film)"
},
{
"docid": "1773386",
"text": "Jekyll & Hyde is the twentieth studio album released by Christian rock band Petra. It was released in 2003 by Inpop Records. It is the most recent studio album released by Petra to date (excluding the Spanish version, released the following year). The music features a progressive metal sound that drew comparison to Dio and Queensrÿche. The title of the album is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde due to the similar issues of sin and temptation it deals with. Album background Concept and songwriting After the release of Revival, Petra's third praise album and their first album with Inpop Records, John Schlitt says fans started sending e-mails to the record company asking them for a more straightforward rock album. Inpop agreed to the idea and they started working on a second album together. Schlitt has said that the record company encouraged Petra founder, guitarist and main songwriter Bob Hartman to \"write those songs that you're used to writing. Don't try to write like this or try to be like that. Just be you\" which motivated Hartman. New bassist Greg Bailey also collaborated in the writing of the song \"Would'a, Could'a, Should'a\", along with Hartman. The concept of the album, and its title track, is a reference to Robert Louis Stevenson novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. According to Hartman, it \"is an intriguing look at the internal battle between right and wrong. It's about the fighting that goes on inside of us. It's like when Paul said, 'The things I want to do are the things I don't do, and the things I don't want to do are the things that I do.'\" According to Brent Handy, an industry insider that worked with singer John Schlitt on Project Damage Control, \"the band thought that Jekyll & Hyde was a make-or-break album\". Recording With Schlitt and Hartman as the only remaining members, Greg Bailey was hired as bassist. Bailey collaborated in the songwriting of one song and recorded background vocals. However, producer Peter Furler, one of Inpop's founders, decided to use session musicians Wade Jaynes and Phil Joel to play bass. The album also features Furler on drums replacing long-time member Louie Weaver for the recording. However, temporary drummer Justin Johnson is partially featured on the album booklet. He would tour with the band until permanent drummer Paul Simmons was hired. Track listing All songs written by Bob Hartman, except where noted. \"Jekyll & Hyde\" – 3:04 \"All About Who You Know\" – 2:35 \"Stand\" – 3:19 \"Would'a, Should'a, Could'a\" (words & music by Hartman and Greg Bailey) – 2:58 \"Perfect World\" – 3:13 \"Test of Time\" – 3:00 \"I Will Seek You\" – 2:34 \"Life As We Know It\" – 3:27 \"Till Everything I Do\" – 3:03 \"Sacred Trust\" – 3:52 Awards Nominated for Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album in 2003. Personnel Petra John Schlitt – lead vocals Bob Hartman – guitars Greg",
"title": "Jekyll and Hyde (Petra album)"
},
{
"docid": "27985958",
"text": "\"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" is a song by English rock band, the Who. It was written by the band's bassist, John Entwistle. The song is about drummer Keith Moon's drinking problems. This is the first of two songs from The Who written about Keith Moon, the second being \"Doctor Jimmy\" from the album Quadrophenia. Who biographer John Atkins calls it \"a macabre tribute to Keith Moon.\" \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" has been compared to a Hammer horror film. The lyrics describe the good and evil elements within a single character, reminiscent of Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The music incorporates a \"scarey opening\" and has a melody led by Entwistle's bass guitar line, which Chris Charlesworth describes as \"menacing\" and Atkins describes as \"grinding.\" It also contains a French horn solo that Charlesworth describes as \"spooky.\" Atkins describes the melody as being \"strongly inventive.\" \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" had been considered as a possible single release, along with \"Call Me Lightning,\" but it was released as the B-side of \"Call Me Lightning\" instead. Atkins laments this decision, stating that although its horror film imagery was not ideal for a single, it was far better than \"Call Me Lightning.\" He considers it one of Entwistle's best songs, saying that the \"music and performance combine to create a perfectly chilling horror-comic Gothic mood piece.\" Charlesworth states that the song \"succeeds admirably.\" Cash Box called \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" a \"psychedelified throbber on the lid that could attract added attention.\" Two very different versions of this song exist. The first one, running 2:24, is the B-side to the US single \"Call Me Lightning\". It is still available on the 1968 compilation album Magic Bus: The Who on Tour. The second version, which exceeds the former's length by 14 seconds, was the B-Side to the UK single \"Magic Bus\". This version has a more prominent guitar line, as well as spooky \"Mr. Hyde\" effects (the voice John Entwistle had used in chorus of the song \"Boris the Spider\") and can be found on the Japanese release of the Who's Missing/Two's Missing compilation released in 2011. This song, as well as \"Boris the Spider\" and \"Silas Stingy\" all had lyrics that suited children. Kit Lambert had the idea of making a kids' album composed entirely of songs like these, but it never saw the light of day. References External links The Hypertext Who -- Liner Notes The Who songs 1968 songs Songs written by John Entwistle Song recordings produced by Kit Lambert",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (song)"
},
{
"docid": "17574482",
"text": "\"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive\" is a song by the Australian musical group Men at Work. The song was written by Men at Work singer/guitarist Colin Hay, and the recording was produced by Peter McIan. It was released in October 1982 in Australia as the lead single from their second album Cargo; in the United States it was the band's third single from that album. The song is about a mad scientist named Dr. Heckyll (played by Men at Work keyboardist Greg Ham in the song's music video) who creates a potion that turns him into a smooth, handsome and talkative man. The title is a parody of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The story is also very similar to the premise of the 1963 film The Nutty Professor. Cash Box said that \"sci-fi flick laboratory sounds lend authenticity to an otherwise Men At Work-manlike lively rhythmic and vocal tune.\" Music video The music video shows a Sherlock Holmes-esque detective (Colin Hay) who investigates the case of Dr. Heckyll (Greg Ham), a quirky mad scientist. One night, Heckyll goes out to a party at a house in the neighborhood and takes a swig of the potion he has been working on most recently. Two girls walk in on him, harass him and also take swigs of the drink. They turn into palm trees as a result. Heckyll notices this effect, and transforms into Mr. Jive, a handsome, talkative man who entertains people by playing the piano. The detective, under disguise as a Boy Scouts leader, arrives, but before he can investigate further, Heckyll reverts to normal form and, with his hunchbacked assistant (Jerry Speiser) leaves satisfied and happy into the sunrise. The video was shot in Los Angeles, California, in 1982; Heckyll's house is 1325 Carroll Avenue. The band members also appear as boy scouts and party guests. Track listing 7\": CBS / BA 222986 Australia 1982 \"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive\" – 4:12 \"Shintaro\" – 2:51 7\": Epic / A 6276 Japan 1983 \"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive\" – 4:12 \"No Restrictions\" – 4:29 7\": Columbia / TA 6276 USA 1983 \"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive\" – 4:12 \"I Like To (Live)\" – 4:23 12\" Maxi-Single: Epic / TA 3668 UK 1983 \"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive\" – 4:36 \"No Restrictions\" – 4:29 \"Down Under (Live Version)\" – 4:30 \"Be Good Johnny (Live Version)\" – 4:32 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1983 singles 1982 singles Men at Work songs Songs written by Colin Hay 1982 songs Epic Records singles Works based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Music based on works by Robert Louis Stevenson",
"title": "Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive (song)"
},
{
"docid": "31155644",
"text": "Karutha Rathrikal () is a 1967 Indian Malayalam-language science fiction thriller film directed by P. Subramaniam under the name Mahesh. An adaptation of the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, it was the first science fiction film in the history of Malayalam cinema. Plot Santhan, a medical practitioner, is in love with his cousin Vimala, with whom his marriage is fixed. Vimala's father, a banker, died under mysterious circumstances. Santhan develops a medicine, which transforms a person into a monstrous creature when consumed. He also invents the formula that reverts the person back to their original self. Santhan keeps this invention a secret. After reading his uncle's diary, Santhan realises that other voracious directors of the bank are responsible for his death. Santhan plans revenge on them by utilising his invention. Vimala's cousin Mohan is in love with Vilasini, a night club dancer. The other bank directors influence Mohan, through Vilasini, and try to steal the bank documents from Vimala's house. A monstrous creature appears before Vilasini and threatens her death if she acts accordingly. Vilasini discovers that Santhan is the one killing the bank directors. Mohan also learns about the secret that Santhan is the monstrous creature. Vimala's uncle Kochammavan comes to the city to conduct Vimala and Santhan's marriage. The police also arrive there in pursuit of the monstrous creature. Mohan reaches the spot and exposes Santhan, who then transforms himself into the monstrous creature. But before the police can arrest Santhan, he commits suicide. Cast Madhu as Santhan T. K. Balachandran as Mohan Vaikkom Mani as Kochammavan K. V. Shanthi as Vimala Rajasree as Vilasini Production Karutha Rathrikal, adapted from the novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, was the first science fiction film in Malayalam cinema. Soundtrack The music was composed by Baburaj and the lyrics were written by O. N. V. Kurup. Songs like \"Aararivoo Aararivoo\" and \"Omanathinkale\" attained popularity. See also Science fiction films in India References External links 1960s Malayalam-language films 1960s science fiction thriller films 1968 films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films based on horror novels Indian science fiction thriller films",
"title": "Karutha Rathrikal"
},
{
"docid": "1563891",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1988 side-scrolling action video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System loosely based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. Gameplay alternates between the characters of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde based on the player's ability to either avoid or cause damage. Gameplay and premise The story of the game is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's novel, with Dr. Jekyll on the way to his forthcoming wedding to Miss Millicent. The game's ending depends on which character, Jekyll or Hyde, reaches the church first. As Dr. Jekyll walks to the church with his cane in hand, several townspeople, animals, and other obstacles obstruct his path, causing him to become angry. After his stress meter fills up, Dr. Jekyll will transform into Mr. Hyde. The gameplay then moves to a demonic world, where Hyde will fire out a \"psycho wave\" at various monsters. The Psycho Wave is, in fact, proudly displayed on the game's cover. As Mr. Hyde kills these monsters, his anger abates and he eventually transforms back into Dr. Jekyll. The game features six levels, but the levels differ between the Japanese and North American versions. The Japanese version follows this order: City, Park, Alley, Town, Cemetery, Street. However, the North American version replaces a few levels and follows this order: Town, Cemetery, Town, Park, Cemetery, Street. The North American version also removed certain sprites and segments from the original Japanese version. The player starts out controlling Dr. Jekyll on his way to the church, walking to the right. Contrary to most platformers, Dr. Jekyll cannot attack the majority of his enemies (though he is equipped with a cane) and, as a result, must avoid his enemies, rather than confront them directly. As he takes damage from the various enemies and obstacles, his Life Meter decreases and his Anger Meter increases. If his Life Meter is fully depleted, Dr. Jekyll dies and the game is over. If his Anger Meter completely fills, however, he transforms into Mr. Hyde. Day turns to night and monsters appear. At this point, the level is mirrored horizontally and Mr. Hyde walks from right to left with the screen autoscrolling. Mr. Hyde must kill monsters as fast as he can in order to turn back into Dr. Jekyll, with Shepp monsters generally giving the largest refill to his Meter, though killing other monsters may refill the Meter a small amount. Once the player returns as Dr. Jekyll, 70% of his Life Meter is restored. If Hyde reaches a spot equivalent to where Dr. Jekyll reached in the latter's world (except in the final segment), a bolt of lightning strikes and kills him instantly. Therefore, the objective of the game is to advance as far as possible as Dr. Jekyll and to transform back as soon as possible as Mr. Hyde. However, the more detailed alternative ending of the game requires the player to strategically reach the Church with Mr.",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "2102101",
"text": "Mary Reilly is a 1996 American gothic horror film directed by Stephen Frears and starring Julia Roberts and John Malkovich. It was written by Christopher Hampton and adapted from the 1990 novel of the same name by Valerie Martin (itself inspired by Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde). It reunited director Frears, screenwriter Hampton, and actors Malkovich and Glenn Close, who were involved in the Oscar-winning Dangerous Liaisons (1988). Mary Reilly was theatrically released by TriStar Pictures on February 23, 1996 to poor reviews. It was a box office bomb, making just $12 million against its $47 million budget. Plot Mary Reilly comes to work as a maid in the household of Dr. Henry Jekyll. She and Jekyll develop a rapport and he begins to call on her for assistance, to the consternation of his butler, Poole. Jekyll is fascinated by scars Mary bears on her hand and neck, which she reluctantly allows him to examine, explaining they are from a childhood incident where her abusive father locked her in a cupboard with live rats. The staff begin to notice the doctor throwing himself into his work at odd hours, culminating in his announcement that he has hired an assistant, Edward Hyde, who is to be given full run of the household. One night, waking from a nightmare, Mary sees Hyde leaving the house, follows him, and witnesses him paying off—with a cheque signed by Jekyll—the family of a young girl he has savagely beaten. Hyde later approaches her in the Doctor's library, crudely propositioning her and making taunting references to her relationship with her father. Mary is equally fascinated and repulsed by him. On an errand to deliver a letter from Jekyll to Mrs. Faraday, a madam, Mary learns that a bloody mess at the whorehouse was caused by Mr. Hyde. Mrs. Faraday arrives at Jekyll's home, insists on seeing him and demands more money for her continued silence. While watering the garden, Mary notices the lights in the laboratory go out and, investigating, discovers a small pool of blood on the theater table. She leaves, not noticing Hyde disposing of Mrs. Faraday's severed head. Mary returns home to plan her mother's funeral. As she returns to Jekyll's house, Hyde grabs her in the alley and forces her into an embrace; he is being pursued by the police. He tells her that he supposes she won't see him again before kissing her and disappearing. Eventually the police question Mary about the murder of Sir Danvers Carew, a friend of Jekyll's and a Member of Parliament, and she denies having seen Hyde that day. Jekyll later warns Mary that she should not have lied to the police. In any case, because the public killing of Carew cannot be \"easily swept under the carpet\", Hyde must leave London; that is why, Jekyll explains, he has bribed and made Hyde swear to disappear forever. Days later, Mary is surprised to discover Hyde in the doctor's",
"title": "Mary Reilly (film)"
},
{
"docid": "2091399",
"text": "Jeffrey Hatcher is a much-produced American playwright and screenwriter. He wrote the stage play Compleat Female Stage Beauty, which he later adapted into a screenplay, shortened to just Stage Beauty (2004). He also co-wrote the stage adaptation of Tuesdays with Morrie with author Mitch Albom, and Three Viewings, a comedy consisting of three monologues - each of which takes place in a funeral home. He wrote the screenplay Casanova for director Lasse Hallström, as well as the screenplay for The Duchess (2008). He has also written for the Peter Falk TV series Columbo and E! Entertainment Television. Career His many award-winning original plays have been performed on Broadway, Off-Broadway, and regionally across the US and abroad. In 2023, American Theatre magazine noted that the prolific Hatcher ties for the fifth most-produced playwright in America, with 13 plays in production. Furthermore, his 2022 play DIAL M FOR MURDER is the fifth most produced play in 2023, with 9 productions. Previously, Hatcher adapted Robert Louis Stevenson's novella, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, into a play in which actors play multiple roles, and Mr. Hyde is played by four actors, one of whom is female. The adaptation, which has been called \"hipper, more erotic, and theatrically intense...definitely not your grandfather's 'Jekyll and Hyde'\", was nominated by the Mystery Writers of America for an Edgar Award for Best Play. Some of his other plays include Three Viewings, Scotland Road, A Picasso, Neddy, Korczak's Children, Mercy of a Storm, Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright (with Eric Simonson), and Lucky Duck (with Bill Russell and Henry Kreiger). Hatcher wrote the book for the Broadway musical Never Gonna Dance and the musical, ELLA. Hatcher is a member and/or alumnus of The Playwrights' Center, The Dramatists Guild of America, Writers Guild of America and New Dramatists. Work Plays Dial M for Murder, 2022 (an adaptation of the Frederick Knott play of the same name, premiered at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego) The Alchemist, 2021 (an adaptation of the Ben Jonson play of the same name, premiered at The Red Bull Theatre in New York City) Holmes and Watson, 2018 (originally commissioned and produced by the Arizona Theatre Company) \"Glensheen\", 2015 premiered at History Theatre in Saint Paul, MN To Begin With, 2015 - revived in 2017 (an adaptation of The Life of Our Lord by Charles Dickens), premiered at the Music Box Theatre in Minneapolis and starred Gerald Charles Dickens No Name, 2014 (an adaptation of the Wilkie Collins novel, premiered at Carthage College, then Edinburgh Festival Fringe) Sherlock Holmes and the Adventure of the Suicide Club, 2011 (premiered at Arizona Theatre Company) Ten Chimneys, 2011 Louder Faster, 2011 (co-authored with Eric Simonson, premiered at City Theatre) Bloody Radio Murders, 2010 (written for a MMW's drama club) Mrs. Mannerly, NY premiere 2010 Cousin Bette, 2009, (an adaptation of Honoré de Balzac's La Cousine Bette) Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde, 2008, (an adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's novella, using 4",
"title": "Jeffrey Hatcher"
},
{
"docid": "62791351",
"text": "The Jekyll and Hyde Portfolio is a 1971 American sexploitation slasher film produced and directed by Eric Jeffrey Haims. Loosely based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, the film's plot concerns an insane killer with dual personalities who stalks and murders victims at a nursing academy. It stars Sebastian Brook, Mady Maguire, Donn Greer, Gray Daniels, John Terry, and Rene Bond. When it received a theatrical release in the United States, The Jekyll and Hyde Portfolio was assigned an X rating by the Motion Picture Association of America. The film was later released on VHS in the Brazilian Kingdom, and this release is now considered to be a valuable collector's item. In 2014, the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Vinegar Syndrome. Cast Sebastian Brook as Dr. Dorian Cabala (as Sebastian Brooks) Mady Maguire as Dr. Leticia Boges Donn Greer as Detective John Kinkaid Gray Daniels as Sgt. Martin Wolf John Terry as Dr. Mark Carter Rene Bond as June Gemini Critical reception In his book The Gorehound's Guide to Splatter Films of the 1960s and 1970s, author Scott Aaron Stine gave the film a negative review, writing: \"The acting is god-awful, [...] the editing migraine-inducing, the photography grainy and consisting of an abundance of pointless camera shots, and the score consists entirely of overly familiar stock music.\" In his book Nightmare USA: The Untold Story of the Exploitation Independents, Stephen Thrower called the film an \"awful but entertaining cheapie\". Brian Orndorf of Blu-ray.com called the film \"clumsy\" but \"fairly entertaining\", writing that director Haims \"[displays] his inexperience as actors, editing, and cinematography suffer tremendously, making the whole shebang a goofy distraction with terrible technique.\" Home media In the 1980s, The Jekyll and Hyde Portfolio was released on VHS by British home media distributor Intervision Video. This release has been called \"one of the world's rarest\" video releases, and is reportedly worth up to £1,000 as a collector's item. In April 2014, the film was restored and released on DVD and Blu-ray by Vinegar Syndrome as a double feature with the 1972 film A Clock Work Blue, also directed by Haims. References Bibliography External links 1970s exploitation films 1971 horror films 1971 films 1970s slasher films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films American sexploitation films American slasher films 1970s English-language films 1970s American films",
"title": "The Jekyll and Hyde Portfolio"
},
{
"docid": "42415399",
"text": "My Friend, Dr. Jekyll (), is a 1960 Italian comedy film directed by Marino Girolami. It is a parody of the Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The film deals with the concept of a mind swap. A professor uses a mind swap technique to transfer his own mind to the body of a tutor. A later attempt to return the body to its original owner results in the professor's mind inhabiting the body of a monkey. Plot summary In 20th century Italy, Giacinto Floria is a tutor in a rehabilitation center for former prostitutes. Floria is kidnapped each night by Professor Fabius who transfers his mind into Floria's, making him a crazed sex fiend. A detective later discovers this is happening and frees Floria from his kidnapper while the Professor's mind ends up within the body of a monkey at a zoo. Cast Ugo Tognazzi as Giacinto Floria Raimondo Vianello as Prof. Fabius Abbe Lane as Mafalda de Matteis Hélène Chanel as Rossana Carlo Croccolo as Arguzio Linda Sini as Adelaide Luigi Pavese as Colonel Rolando Anna Campori as Clarissa de Matteis Elena Fontana as Loredana Maria Fiè as Mara Angela Portaluri as Fanny Dori Dorika as Yvonne Trelati Norcia Ivanna Gilli as Margot Release My Friend, Dr. Jekyll was released in Italy on August 11, 1960 where it was distributed by Incei Film. It grossed a total of 157 million Italian Lira on its initial theatrical run. The film received a release in the United States in March 1965 through Union Film Distributors. The film was acquired by Dick Randall through the purchase of Sam Fleishmann's shares in the company. It has not been released on home video as of 2015. References Notes Bibliography External links 1960 films 1960s parody films Films set in the 20th century Films set in Italy Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films directed by Marino Girolami Italian parody films Films with screenplays by Marino Girolami 1960 comedy films Films with screenplays by Giulio Scarnicci 1960s Italian films Films about educators Films about body swapping Films about kidnapping",
"title": "My Friend, Dr. Jekyll"
},
{
"docid": "8763366",
"text": "Jekyll and Hyde...Together Again is a 1982 sex comedy based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and stars Mark Blankfield, Bess Armstrong, Tim Thomerson, Krista Errickson, Cassandra Peterson, and Michael McGuire. In the film, the surgeon Dr. Daniel Jekyll collapses from physical and mental exhaustion while experimenting with a type of powdered drug. His accidental inhalation of the powder transforms him into Hyde, a more confident persona. A love triangle forms between Jekyll/Hyde, his would-be-bride Mary Carew, and the nightclub performer Ivy Venus. Both women eventually learn about his two personalities, but Mary is only interested in Hyde and Ivy is only interested in Jekyll. The two women eventually hold their love interest captive, while negotiating with each other in a cemetery about a mutually beneficial deal. Plot A group of medical students observe Dr. Daniel Jekyll perform brain surgery at Our Lady of Pain and Suffering Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Hubert Howes, the world's richest man, watches a recording of the procedure from his hospital bed, hoping to recruit Jekyll to perform the world's first \"total transplant,\" replacing every organ at once. Howes threatens to blow up the hospital if his procedure does not occur as planned. Dr. Carew, hospital overseer and Jekyll's future father-in-law, forbids Jekyll from marrying his daughter, Mary, if he does not comply with Howes' wishes. Jekyll attends to patients in the charity ward when Mary visits, complaining that he missed their lunch date because he was working. Dr. Knute Lanyon flirts with Mary. After Mary leaves, a patient named Ivy Venus flirts with Jekyll and invites him to visit her at the nightclub where she works. Later, Jekyll returns to his work, measuring two white powders on a square mirror. Exhausted and unable to focus, he drops the powders on the table. He falls asleep and accidentally inhales the powder, causing him to transform. With an air of wild confidence, he bags more of the powdered drug, steals a car, and drives to Ivy's club. After Ivy performs onstage, she takes him to her room backstage and undresses. He introduces himself as \"Hyde\" and they have sex. The next morning, Jekyll, regretting his actions, declares his unwavering love to Mary. Over the next few days, Jekyll makes various attempts to dispose of his drug, but always ends up deciding to inhale more, which leads to comical and sexually charged exploits. Jekyll wins a research grant, and is invited to a ceremony in London, England. Hoping to use the money to buy Ivy's affection, Hyde finds her at an arcade and invites her to accompany him on his trip. Ivy says she prefers Jekyll to Hyde. When he reveals that they are both the same man, she does not believe him; in his frustration, he destroys an arcade game, and Ivy is electrocuted. Hyde travels to Los Angeles International Airport and climbs onto the back of an airplane headed for London. Ivy revives and",
"title": "Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again"
},
{
"docid": "7870349",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1908 silent horror film starring Hobart Bosworth, and Betty Harte in her film debut. Directed by Otis Turner and produced by William N. Selig, this was the first film adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The screenplay was actually adapted by George F. Fish and Luella Forepaugh from their own 1897 four act stage play derived from the novel, causing a number of plot differences with the original source. Despite Stevenson's protests, this film became the model which influenced all the later film adaptations that were to come. Roy Kinnard states it is also considered to be the first American horror film. There are no known extant copies of the film. Plot The film begins with the raising of a stage curtain. Dr. Jekyll vows his undying love for Alice, a vicar's daughter, in her spacious garden. Suddenly, seized by his addiction to the chemical formula, Jekyll begins to convulse and distort himself into the evil Mr. Hyde. He savagely attacks Alice, and when her father tries to intervene, Mr. Hyde takes great delight in slaughtering him. While in his lawyer's office, Dr. Jekyll sees visions of himself being executed for his crime. Hyde later visits a friend Dr. Lanyon to ask him to procure some chemicals he needs, and after drinking the potion, he transforms back into Jekyll right before the doctor's eyes. Later in his lab, Jekyll transforms back into Mr. Hyde again, but haunted by visions of the gallows, he takes a fatal dose of poison, killing both of his identities simultaneously. In true theatrical tradition, the curtain then closes. Cast Hobart Bosworth as Dr. Jekyll / Mr. Hyde Betty Harte Production The screenplay was adapted by George F. Fish and Luella Forepaugh based on their own 1897 four act stage play, which was condensed into a 16-minute long film. Selig thought the screenplay he used was based directly on Stevenson's novel, not realizing it had been adapted from Fish and Forepaugh's stage play instead, causing some plot differences. Selig erroneously commented upon its release that his film was \"presented in strict accordance with the original book....involving each detail of pose, gesture and expression.....executed by persons of indisputed dramatic ability.\" Despite its brevity, the film was also organized into four acts, just like the play. Each act consisted of a single scene, and the acts were separated onscreen by the rising and falling of a curtain. Selig produced a number of films from this period in much the same way, as if a static camera had simply photographed a stage play that was in progress. The film was released seven months after the death of stage actor Richard Mansfield. (Mansfield had created the part of Jekyll/Hyde in the theater in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the first stage adaptation written by Thomas Russell Sullivan, beginning in 1887.) To cash in on the popularity of their 1908 film, the Selig Polyscope company",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908 film)"
},
{
"docid": "35809871",
"text": "Do No Harm is an American medical drama television series that aired on NBC from January 31 through September 7, 2013. The series follows Dr. Jason Cole as he balances working as a neurosurgeon with suppressing his evil alter ego, Ian Price. Do No Harm is a modern take on Robert Louis Stevenson's classic 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The series was panned by critics, and holds a 15% on Rotten Tomatoes. The network placed a series order in May 2012. On November 12, 2012, NBC reduced its episode order for the series from 13 to 12 episodes, due to scheduling conflicts (13 episodes were produced and eventually aired). On February 8, 2013, it was announced that NBC had cancelled the series after airing two episodes, due to low ratings. On April 26, 2013, NBC announced that the remaining episodes would be burned off, beginning June 29, 2013. Cast and characters Main cast Steven Pasquale as Dr. Jason Cole (chief of neurosurgery at Independence Memorial Hospital) and as Ian Price, his alternate personality Alana de la Garza as Dr. Lena Solis, a neurologist at IMH and Dr. Cole's love interest Ruta Gedmintas as Olivia Flynn, Dr. Cole's estranged former fiancé and the mother of his son, Cole Phylicia Rashad as Dr. Vanessa Young, chief of surgery at IMH Michael Esper as Dr. Kenneth Jordan, a neurosurgeon at IMH who is suspicious of Dr. Cole John Carroll Lynch as Will Hayes, a construction contractor and the leader of Dr. Cole's dissociative personality disorder support group Recurring cast Lin-Manuel Miranda as Dr. Ruben Marcado, a clinical pharmacologist at IMH and Dr. Cole's friend Samm Levine as Josh Stern, Dr. Cole's administrative assistant Jeremy Davidson as Rob, another doctor at IMH and Lena's boyfriend Toni Trucks as Dr. Patricia Rivers James Cromwell as Dr. Phillip Carmelo Jurnee Smollett as Abby, Dr. Young's daughter who has just left drug rehab Brendan McHale as Cole Flynn, Jason/Ian and Olivia's son Episodes Reception The series has received a 38 out of 100 on Metacritic, and 15% on Rotten Tomatoes. It also had the lowest-rated in-season scripted premiere ever on the four major broadcast networks. The series was criticized for being far-fetched and having poor writing, although Steven Pasquale's performance as Jason Cole/Ian Price was praised. Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times described the series \"not so much a thrilling psychological drama as a mismatched roommate comedy. Oscar and Felix, if one of them was a doctor and they had to share the same body.\" Entertainment Weekly wrote that \"the Jekyll-and-Hyde medical drama...set a record as the lowest-rated in-season drama debut in modern history...and was axed after two episodes,\" the show being one of many that harmed NBC's winter line-up. Streaming All episodes are available from electronic sell-through platforms such as iTunes, Amazon Instant Video and Vudu. References External links 2010s American workplace drama television series 2010s American medical television series 2013 American television series debuts 2013 American television series endings",
"title": "Do No Harm (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "15358229",
"text": "Dreams have been credited as the inspiration for several creative works and scientific discoveries. Books and poetry Kubla Khan Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote Kubla Khan (completed in 1797 and published in 1816) upon awakening from an opium-influenced dream. In a preface to the work, he described having the poem come to him, fully formed, in his dream. When he woke, he immediately set to writing it down, but was interrupted by a visitor and could not remember the final lines. For this reason, he kept it unpublished for many years. Frankenstein Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818) was inspired by a dream: Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson dreamed the plot for his famous novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886). Tintin in Tibet The Belgian comics artist Hergé was plagued by nightmares in which he was chased by a white skeleton, whereupon the entire environment turned white. A psychiatrist advised him to stop making comics and take a rest, but Hergé drew an entire story set in a white environment: the snowy mountaintops of Tibet. Tintin in Tibet (1960) not only stopped his nightmares and worked as a therapeutic experience, but the work is also regarded as one of his masterpieces. Twilight Inspiration for Stephenie Meyer's Twilight (2005) came by a dream: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane The seeds to the plot of The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane (2006) came to Kate DiCamillo in a dream: \"One Christmas, I received an elegantly dressed toy rabbit as a gift. A few days later, I dreamed that the rabbit was face down on the ocean floor - lost and waiting to be found.\" Music Devil's Trill Sonata Giuseppe Tartini recounted that his most famous work, his Violin Sonata in G minor, more commonly known as the Devil's Trill Sonata, came to him in a dream in 1713. According to Tartini's account given to the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande, he dreamed that he had made a pact with the devil, to whom he had handed a violin after a music lesson, in order to assess whether the devil could play. The devil then proceeded to play \"with such great art and intelligence, as I had never even conceived in my boldest flights of fantasy\". Tartini said that on waking he \"immediately grasped my violin in order to retain, in part at least, the impression of my dream\". \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Keith Richards claimed to have dreamed the riff to the 1965 song \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\". He ran through it once before falling asleep. He said when he listened back to it in the morning, there was about two minutes of acoustic guitar before you could hear him drop the pick and \"then me snoring for the next forty minutes\". \"Yesterday\" Paul McCartney claimed to have dreamed the melody to his song \"Yesterday\" (1965). After he woke up, he thought it was just a vague memory of some song he heard",
"title": "List of works based on dreams"
},
{
"docid": "2590391",
"text": "Der Januskopf () is a 1920 German silent film directed by F. W. Murnau. The film was an adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Little is known about the production; it was shot and previewed under the title Schrecken () with production starting in either February or March 1920. The film received great acclaim in Germany from trade publication and newspapers on its release, specifically noting the performance by Conrad Veidt. The film is a lost film and has been described by Bela Lugosi biographers Gary Rhodes and Bill Kaffenberger as being \"among the most sought-after lost films\" due to its initial critical acclaim and what Robert Louis Stevenson researcher Steve Joyce described as an \"all-star\" film team of cinematographer Karl Freund, director F. W. Murnau and actors Conrad Veidt and Bela Lugosi. Plot The surviving script for the film refers to Dr.Jeskyll who lives in London. Jeskyll purchases a bust in an antique store with two faces: one beautiful and one horrible. The bust becomes an obsession to Jeskyll who attempts to give it away in an auction only to buy it back. Cast Cast adapted from Filmportal.de and Gary Don Rhodes and Bill Kaffenberger's Becoming Dracula - The Early Years of Bela Lugosi. Production The film was developed under the name Schrecken () and directed by F.W. Murnau at an early point of what would become authors Gary Don Rhodes and Bill Kaffenberger described as \"illustrious career in Germany and America\". At this point, Murnau had only directed three feature films. The film is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886). The screenplay for the film was written by Hans Janowitz. Exactly when the film titled Schrecken was shot is hard to determine. One published production calendar suggest it was shot in late February 1920 but as the cinematographer for the film Karl Freund was not reported as hired until March 6, it is possible it was shortly after. Little is known about the film's production outside an industry trade later claiming that star Conrad Veidt had to \"undergo training to be able to take his shaggy hair and turn it into something fashionable\". Unlike Murnau's Nosferatu, the film did not hide its origin story with published ads in Film-Kurier and Lichtbild-Buhne noting its origin to Stevenson's novella. Release and reception The film had a trade preview under the title Schrecken in late April 1920. According to review from this period, the characters names are given as Jekyll rather than Jeskyll. On the trade preview from April 1920, the film received praise from publications Lichtbild-Bühne and Film-Kurier, both specifically noting Conrad Veidt's performance. Following a screening on June 20, a critic in Neue Kino-Rundschau declared that the film \"belongs to the best that German film art has produced. The direction by F.W. Murnau is a textbook example and Konrad Veidt gives an unsurpassed masterly performance.\" The production company Lipow-Film struck",
"title": "Der Januskopf"
},
{
"docid": "32034995",
"text": "Daughter of Dr. Jekyll is a low-budget black-and-white 1957 American horror film produced by Jack Pollexfen, directed by Edgar G. Ulmer and released by Allied Artists. The film is a variation on the 1886 gothic novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. It stars Gloria Talbott, John Agar and Arthur Shields. In the film, Janet Smith (Gloria Talbott) learns that she is not only the daughter of the infamous Dr. Henry Jekyll, but is convinced by her guardian, Dr. Lomas (Arthur Shields), that she has inherited her father's transformative condition. Janet begins to believe that she turns into a monster after two local women are found horribly killed and nearly takes her own life because of it. However, all is not what it seems. Daughter of Dr. Jekyll was released in theaters in the US on a double bill with The Cyclops. Plot In the mid-1910s, Janet Smith and fiancé George Hastings arrive at the English manor house that Janet will inherit the next day, when she turns 21. They meet Mrs. Merchant, the housekeeper; Jacob, the groundskeeper; and Maggie, Janet's personal maid. Oddly, Maggie is frightened and in a hurry to get home before the moon rises. Janet and George also meet Dr. Lomas, Janet's soon-to-be ex-guardian. Janet surprises Lomas by revealing that she and George have decided to marry as soon as possible. Lomas says that their decision is \"rash and ill-advised,\" but then announces that in addition to the house, Janet is inheriting a \"sizable fortune\" and a huge estate. He also says, ominously, that he has another inheritance to explain in the morning. The next morning, Janet and George discover a hidden laboratory in the house. When they ask Lomas about it, he refuses to say anything until George leaves the room. George does, but when Janet returns from the lab, she tells him that the wedding is off because Lomas has told her that she is the daughter of the werewolf Dr. Jekyll. After Lomas takes them to the family crypt to see Jekyll's tomb, Janet says that she fears passing on \"this madness\" to her and George's future children. When George asks if that is possible, Lomas says that there is no proof one way or the other. Lomas hypnotizes Janet that night under the pretence of checking her for shock. Before Janet goes to bed, Maggie tells her that tomorrow night's full moon marks the night that \"the monster Jekyll rises from his tomb.\" Janet has a nightmare in which she sees a monster-woman kill another woman. Once awake, she finds blood on her hands and nightdress, and when she looks in the mirror, she sees the monster-woman looking back. Merchant serves breakfast the next morning, complaining that Maggie and Jacob are late for work. Jacob then appears, carrying Maggie's body. She was killed on her way home last night, according to Jacob, by a werewolf. That night, the night of the full moon, Lomas doses Janet",
"title": "The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll"
},
{
"docid": "50538795",
"text": "Dr. Heckyll and Mr. Jive (a parody of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson) may refer to: Music Dr. Heckle and Mr. Jive (England Dan & John Ford Coley album), 1979 Dr Heckle and Mr Jive (Pigbag album), 1982 \"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive\" (song), 1982 song by Men at Work See also Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (disambiguation)",
"title": "Dr. Heckyll and Mr. Jive"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "76266670",
"text": "The Glass Scientists is a young adult webcomic by Sage Cotugno (published as S.H. Cotugno), published both in-print and online. Set in the Victorian era, it is inspired by the Gothic novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The comic follows a world after the infamous Dr. Frankenstein's death, as a group of \"rogue scientists\" and socialite Jekyll tries to pull themselves out of disrepute. Plot The comic is set in London in the Victorian era filled with magic and supernatural monsters. Thirty years since the death of the infamous Dr. Frankenstein, the citizens are still fearful of the supernatural, threatening the arcane scientists who resides in London. One socialite and scientist Henry Jekyll has founded an organization called Society for Arcane Science, where a group of \"rogue scientists\" could continue their work in secret. They and Jekyll hopes to improve their reputation and allow arcane science to flourish under public eye. However, after a failed experiment on himself, Jekyll has come to live in the same body with a chaotic version of himself, who calls himself Hyde. Publication After first releasing the comic online in 2015, Sage Cotugno writes and draws the series. They are a California Institute of the Arts graduate with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in character animation. In a 2022 auction, publisher Penguin Random House bought the right to publish the comic as a graphic novel. Its Razorbill division released the print edition in October 3, 2023, edited by Chris Hernandez. Reception A critic in Kirkus Reviews said that the first volume makes \"interesting narrative promises\" to be fulfilled by the next volume. The School Library Journal commented the series combines the genres historical and science fiction. Science fiction website Gizmodo praised the dialogue, saying that while it is \"charming\", it also has the \"undertone of nasty things left unspoken\". Literary magazine Booklist said \"the gothic atmosphere is in fun contrast to the cartoonish figures and action.\" References External links Cartoon Brew interview ComicsBeat interview Young adult comics Comics set in the 19th century",
"title": "The Glass Scientists"
},
{
"docid": "51562636",
"text": "\"Strange Case\" is the fourth episode of the sixth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on October 16, 2016. In this episode, the origins of Jekyll and Hyde with its ties to Rumplestiltskin are revealed, as Gold seeks vengeance to stop Hyde from threatening Belle, while Snow welcomes a new assistant who came from the Land of Untold Stories, who has an agenda of her own to deal with. Plot Opening sequence The Elizabeth Tower (known more commonly by the name of the bell it houses, Big Ben) is featured in the forest. Event chronology The Victorian England events take place at an unspecified time, years before Alice is released from the Bethlem Asylum in \"Down the Rabbit Hole\", this story also takes place after Belle becomes Rumplestiltskin's maid in \"Skin Deep\" and before Regina tells him Belle has committed suicide in the same episode. The Storybrooke events take place after \"The Other Shoe\". In the Characters' Past In Victorian England, Dr. Jekyll is joined by his friend Mary Lydgate, whose father, Dr. Lydgate, is a member of a prestigious science academy, as he hopes to convince him to back his project that he created, a serum that separates personalities, only to be rejected. The experiment would later attract the attention of Rumplestiltskin, who suddenly appears and helps Jekyll perfect the serum, and when Jekyll drinks it, he transforms into Hyde for the first time. That night at a party, Hyde, with the help of Rumplestiltskin, confronts Mary’s father and threatens to expose the truth about him sleeping with his lab assistant if he doesn’t grant Jekyll his membership into the academy. In the morning, Jekyll wakes up and remembers nothing but finds himself to be an academy member. Later on, Rumplestiltskin influences Jekyll to become Hyde again, this time to win over Mary, revealing that Jekyll has strong feelings for her, but she admits that she isn’t interested in the same way and wants a man who wants to embrace passion without getting rid of it, and the two kiss. The following morning, Jekyll and Mary are waking up in bed together and are shocked by the outcome, as Jekyll tries to convince her that he is Hyde, but Mary is upset that Jekyll tricked her and tries to run away, prompting an angry Jekyll to push Mary out of the window and to her death. Realizing what he has done, Jekyll drinks the last of the serum and escapes as Hyde. In Storybrooke At the Pawn shop, Gold is looking in the mirror and sees his hair as he prepares to cut it, giving him a more crew cut appearance. He is soon visited by the Evil Queen and Hyde, who demanded a necklace. As Gold choked Hyde, he learned that he cannot be killed by The Evil Queen, although she tells Gold that their deal to protect Belle and the baby is still in effect. When news leaks of Hyde",
"title": "Strange Case"
},
{
"docid": "10343188",
"text": "John Carl Buechler (pronounced Beekler; June 18, 1952 – March 18, 2019) was an American special make-up effects artist, film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. He was best known for his work on horror and science-fiction films, mostly as part of Charles Band's Empire Pictures, and directed films such as Troll, Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood, Cellar Dweller, Ghoulies III: Ghoulies Go to College, and Curse of the Forty-Niner. His make-up work includes Ghoulies, From Beyond, Troll, TerrorVision, Dolls, Prison, A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master, Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers, and Hatchet. After he was diagnosed with Stage IV prostate cancer, his wife set up a GoFundMe page to help pay for medical expenses. Buechler died on March 18, 2019. Filmography Special Make-Up Effects Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype (1980) Sorceress (1982) Forbidden World (1982) The Prey (1983) Mausoleum (1983) Deathstalker (1983) The Dungeonmaster (1984) Trancers (1984) Re-Animator (1985) Ghoulies (1985) Troll (1986) Eliminators (1986) TerrorVision (1986) From Beyond (1986) Dolls (1987) Ghoulies II (1987) Prison (1987) Cellar Dweller (1988) Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988) A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master (1988) Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers (1988) Arena (1989) Robot Jox (1989) Bride of Re-Animator (1990) Ghoulies III: Ghoulies Go to College (1991) Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991) Demonic Toys (1992) uncredited Carnosaur (1993) Carnosaur 2 (1995) Project Metalbeast (1995) Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers (1995) Watchers Reborn (1998) A Light in the Forest (2002) Deep Freeze (2002) Curse of the Forty-Niner (2002) Grandpa's Place (2004) The Gingerdead Man (2005) Saurian (2006) Hatchet (2006) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006) Gingerdead Man 2: Passion of the Crust (2008) Director The Dungeonmaster (1984) Troll (1986) Cellar Dweller (1988) Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988) Ghoulies III: Ghoulies Go to College (1991) Watchers Reborn (1998) A Light in the Forest (2002) Deep Freeze (2002) Curse of the Forty-Niner (2002) Grandpa's Place (2004) Saurian (2006) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006) The Eden Formula (2006) Dark Star Hollow (2011) Under ConTroll (2019) Producer Deep Freeze (2002) Writer The Dungeonmaster (1984) Troll (1986) (uncredited) Demonwarp (1988) (story) A Light in the Forest (2002) Saurian (2006) The Eden Formula (2006) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006) Actor Hatchet (2006) (Jack Cracker) Hatchet II (2010) (Jack Cracker) References External links 1952 births 2019 deaths Male actors from Illinois American male film actors Place of death missing American film producers American male screenwriters American make-up artists People from Belleville, Illinois Special effects people Film directors from Illinois Deaths from prostate cancer in the United States",
"title": "John Carl Buechler"
}
] | [
"Robert Louis Stevenson"
] |
train_3036 | the fourteen points plan called for the creation of a diplomatic organization known as the | [
{
"docid": "295105",
"text": "The Paris Peace Conference was a set of formal and informal diplomatic meetings in 1919 and 1920 after the end of World War I, in which the victorious Allies set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers. Dominated by the leaders of Britain, France, the United States and Italy, the conference resulted in five treaties that rearranged the maps of Europe and parts of Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands, and also imposed financial penalties. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and the other losing nations were not given a voice in the deliberations; this later gave rise to political resentments that lasted for decades. The arrangements made by this conference are considered one of the great watersheds of 20th-century geopolitical history. The conference involved diplomats from 32 countries and nationalities. Its major decisions were the creation of the League of Nations and the five peace treaties with the defeated states. Main arrangements agreed upon in the treaties were, among others, the transition of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as \"mandates\" from the hands of these countries chiefly into the hands of Britain and France; the imposition of reparations upon Germany; and the drawing of new national boundaries, sometimes involving plebiscites, to reflect ethnic boundaries more closely. US President Woodrow Wilson in 1917 commissioned a group of about 150 academics to research topics likely to arise in diplomatic talks on the European stage, and to develop a set of principles to be used for the peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The results of this research were summarized in the so called Fourteen Points document that became the basis for the terms of the German surrender during the conference, as it had earlier been the basis of the German government's negotiations in the Armistice of 11 November 1918. The main result of the conference was the Treaty of Versailles with Germany; Article 231 of that treaty placed the whole guilt for the war on \"the aggression of Germany and her allies\". That provision proved very humiliating for German leaders, armies and citizens alike, and set the stage for the expensive reparations that Germany was intended to pay, only a small portion of which had been delivered when it stopped paying after 1931. The five great powers at that time, France, Britain, Italy, Japan and the United States, controlled the Conference. The \"Big Four\" leaders were French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, US President Woodrow Wilson, and Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. Together with teams of diplomats and jurists, they met informally 145 times and agreed upon all major decisions before they were ratified. The conference began on 18 January 1919. With respect to its end, Professor Michael Neiberg noted, \"Although the senior statesmen stopped working personally on the conference in June 1919, the formal peace process did not really end until July 1923, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed.\" The entire process is often referred to as the \"Versailles Conference\", although only",
"title": "Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)"
},
{
"docid": "2040766",
"text": "Idealism in the foreign policy context holds that a nation-state should make its internal political philosophy the goal of its conduct and rhetoric in international affairs. For example, an idealist might believe that ending poverty at home should be coupled with tackling poverty abroad. Both within and outside of the United States, American president Woodrow Wilson is widely considered an early advocate of idealism and codifier of its practical meaning; specific actions cited include the issuing of the famous \"Fourteen Points\". Wilson's idealism was a precursor to liberal international relations theory, the particular set of viewpoints arising amongst the so-called \"institution builders\" after World War II. Organizations that came about as a direct result of the war's outcome include the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the United Nations (UN) among others. In the broader, philosophical sense, this internationally minded viewpoint can be thought of as an extension of the moral idealism advocated by different thinkers during and after the \"Age of Enlightenment\". That particular era involved multiple prominent individuals promoting a general sense of benevolence and government based upon strong personal character, with international conflict criticized as against the principles of reason. More generally, academic Michael W. Doyle has described idealism as based on the belief that other nations' stated positive intentions can be relied on, whereas realism holds that said intentions are in the long run subject to the security dilemma described by thinker John H. Herz. Although realism in the context of foreign affairs is traditionally seen as the opposite of idealism, numerous scholars and individual leaders in charge of different nations have sought to synthesize the two schools of thought. Scholar Hedley Bull has written: History Since the 1880s, there has been growing study of the major writers of this idealist tradition of thought in international relations, including Sir Alfred Zimmern, Norman Angell, John Maynard Keynes, John A. Hobson, Leonard Woolf, Gilbert Murray, Florence Stawell (known as Melian Stawell), Philip Henry Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian, Arnold J. Toynbee, Lester Pearson and David Davies. Much of this writing has contrasted these idealist writers with 'realists' in the tradition of E. H. Carr, whose The Twenty Years' Crisis (1939) both coined the term 'idealist' and was a fierce and effective assault on the inter-war idealists. Idealism is centered on the notion that states are rational actors capable of ensuring lasting peace and security rather than resorting to war. Idealism is also marked by the prominent role played by international law and international organizations in its conception of policy formation. One of the most well-known tenets of modern idealist thinking is democratic peace theory, which holds that states with similar modes of democratic governance do not fight one another. Wilson's idealistic thought was embodied in his Fourteen points speech, and in the creation of the League of Nations. Idealism transcends the left-right political spectrum. Idealists can include both human rights campaigners (advocates for a cause traditionally, but not always, associated with the left) and promoters of American neoconservatism, with",
"title": "Idealism in international relations"
},
{
"docid": "7213117",
"text": "Tadeusz Ludwik Hołówko (September 17, 1889 – August 29, 1931), codename Kirgiz, was an interwar Polish politician, diplomat and author of many articles and books. He was most notable for his moderate stance on the \"Ukrainian problem\" faced by the Polish government, which due to its nationalist policies in Poland's largely Ukrainian- and Belarusian-populated eastern territories, faced increasing tensions there. Despite, or perhaps because of, being a relative moderate in policies toward the Ukrainian population, and a supporter of peaceful cooperation, he was assassinated in 1931 by two members of the radical Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. Life Born on September 17, 1889, in Semipalatinsk, Governor-Generalship of the Steppes, Russian Empire (now Semey, Kazakhstan), Hołówko became a close collaborator of Józef Piłsudski, first in the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), later in the Polish Military Organization (POW) and finally in the pro-Sanation Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR) party and the Polish government (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). In 1918 he became a vice-minister in the first government of the Second Polish Republic led by Prime Minister Ignacy Daszyński. One of the organizers of the POW and the BBWR, he was the BBWRs vice president and chief ideologist. From 1930 he was a deputy to the Polish parliament (Sejm); he advocated increasing the presidential and executive powers and decreasing the powers of the Sejm. He is credited by many English and Polish authors for advocating and improving relations with Poland's ethnic minorities, chiefly the Ukrainians and Belarusians. However, certain Ukrainian authors consider otherwise pointing out his opposition to granting the autonomy to Ukrainian regions and even to creation of the Ukrainian university in Galicia and to his efforts aimed at convincing the Ukrainian leaders to recall their complaints about pacification submitted to the League of Nations. Modern research however notes he was supportive of giving wide autonomy to the minorities and supported their cultural development, for example, by advocating for using Belarusian language in schools, but not Ukrainian. Considered one of the ideologists and activists of the \"Prometheist\" policies that sought to destabilize the Soviet Union by encouraging national uprisings among the non-Russian nations that had been conquered by the Soviet Union, particularly the Ukrainians and the peoples of the Caucasus, Hołówko took an active part in preparing the 1929 Soviet-Polish treaty, called the Litvinov's Pact after the Soviet diplomat Maxim Litvinov. In his published comments to the Treaty, Hołówko stated apparently contrary to the \"Prometheian\" ideas that the Soviet control over Dnieper Ukraine is the most beneficial condition for the Polish \"solution of the Ukrainian problem\" as any genuinely Ukrainian government would have likely raised territorial claims towards Polish state. On the other hand, he was frequently cited as an advocate for independence of Ukraine, Belarus and other countries. His controversial stance towards the Ukrainian problem made him a target for Ukrainian extremists. Approximately 1/3 of population of the Second Polish Republic was formed of ethnic minorities, but their problems were marginalized by the Polish government, whose heavy-handed policies",
"title": "Tadeusz Hołówko"
},
{
"docid": "21719242",
"text": "The League of Nations Union (LNU) was an organization formed in October 1918 in Great Britain to promote international justice, collective security and a permanent peace between nations based upon the ideals of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was established by the Great Powers as part of the Paris Peace Treaties, the international settlement that followed the First World War. The creation of a general association of nations was the final one of President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points. The LNU became the largest and most influential organisation in the British peace movement. By the mid-1920s, it had over a quarter of a million registered subscribers and its membership eventually peaked at around 407,775 in 1931. By the 1940s, after the disappointments of the international crises of the 1930s and the descent into World War II, membership fell to about 100,000. Formation The LNU was formed on 13 October 1918 by the merger of the League of Free Nations Association and the League of Nations Society, two older organisations already working for the establishment of a new and transparent system of international relations, human rights (as then understood) and for world peace through disarmament and universal collective security, rather than traditional approaches such as the balance of power and the creation of power blocs through secret treaties. Chapters of the LNU were set up in the dominions and in allied nations, including in the capital cities of all of the states of Australia. Internal structure The headquarters of the LNU were located variously at Buckingham Gate and Grosvenor Crescent, Belgravia. In the 1940s, it moved to smaller premises in St Martin's Lane, WC2, for reasons of economy. Its top organ of administration was the General Council, which met twice a year and was responsible for LNU policy under its 1925 Royal Charter of Incorporation. Beneath the General Council sat the Executive Committee, which met every two weeks and co-ordinated all activities, such as the LNU's campaigns and educational programmes; received reports from branches; monitored the output of specialist sub-groups and had responsibility for the LNU's staff. LNU branches had their own independent management structures. Activities The LNU played an important role in inter-war politics. According to one source it had been successful in converting the mainstream of British society, including labour, the churches and the principal newspapers, to the cause of the League of Nations. It also carried great influence in traditional political circles and particularly in the Liberal Party. One historian has gone so far as to describe the LNU as \"a key Liberal pressure group on foreign policy\" and to call Liberal Party members the \"true believers\" of the LNU. Its first president was Edward Grey the Liberal foreign secretary during the First World War. Other leading Liberal lights in the LNU included Geoffrey Mander Liberal MP for Wolverhampton East from 1929 to 1945 and Professor Gilbert Murray, who was the Vice-President of the League of Nations Society from 1916 and Chairman of the LNU after",
"title": "League of Nations Union"
},
{
"docid": "10934970",
"text": "The Estrada Doctrine (also known as La Doctrina Mexico, La Doctrina Mexicana and La Doctrina Ortiz Rubio) is Mexico's core foreign policy guideline since 1930; according to it, states should not formally announce the diplomatic recognition of foreign governments, as that could be perceived as a judgment on the legitimacy of said government, and such an action would imply a breach of state sovereignty. The policy is based on the principles of non-intervention, peaceful resolution of disputes and self-determination of all nations. In line with the Estrada doctrine, Mexico to this day – and in contrast with most other states – does not issue formal declarations of diplomatic recognition of new states or governments. The doctrine’s name derives from Genaro Estrada, Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the presidency of Pascual Ortiz Rubio (1930–1932). Background On September 12, 1931, Mexico was admitted to the League of Nations. That was a significant event as it had not been invited since the creation of the intergovernmental organization once the First World War ended, which can be attributed mainly to some unsolved problems between Mexico and the United States. In the heart of the forum, Mexico established its position in favor of the international law and the principles of non-intervention and self-determination. The Mexican government always supported the peaceful resolution of disputes and rejected the use of force in international relations. All of that gave the country a major international prestige. As for its southern neighbors in Latin America and the Caribbean, Mexico returned to the International Conference of American States, where it had been previously excluded because the government had not been recognized by the US. The country gained an outstanding prestige in the conferences that took place in Havana (1928) and Montevideo (1933), which postured for Latin American union and international law. Meanwhile, Mexico had the opportunity to spread its position towards the international practice of recognition, known as the Estrada Doctrine. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Genaro Estrada, pointed out on September 27, 1930: Content The Estrada Doctrine suggests that upon the establishment of de facto governments in other countries, Mexico did not support giving recognition because it is considered a degrading practice. By injuring the sovereignty of other states, recognition puts them in a vulnerable position because their internal affairs can be judged by other governments, which assume a critical attitude when deciding about the legality and legitimacy of foreign governments. Mexico was itself harmed because of the practice, as it was difficult to obtain recognition of its independence. The most extended use of the Estrada Doctrine was in the 1970s, when Mexico did not withdraw its recognition of any South American government that was formed through a coup d'état. The only measure Mexico could use against such governments was withdrawing its diplomatic mission. In other words, the Estrada Doctrine states that Mexico should not make positive or negative judgements about the governments, or changes in government, of other nations, because such an action would imply a breach to their sovereignty.",
"title": "Estrada Doctrine"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "69543018",
"text": "The Bloody Monday raid (Somali: Isniinta Dhiigii), also known as the Abdi House raid or Operation Michigan, was a US military operation that took place in Mogadishu on 12 July 1993, during the United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) phase of the UN intervention in the Somali Civil War. Carried out by American QRF troops on behalf of UNOSOM II, the raid was the war's deadliest incident in Mogadishu to that point and a turning point in the UN operation. It inflamed anti-UN and anti-American sentiments among Somalis, galvanizing the insurgency that the US military faced during the Battle of Mogadishu three months later. As part of the hunt for General Mohammed Farah Aidid after the attack on Pakistani peacekeepers on 5 June 1993, U.S. forces conducted a 17-minute raid on a villa owned by Aidid's Interior Minister, Abdi \"Qeybdiid\" Awale. The villa was hosting a gathering attended by high-ranking elders of the Habar Gidir and other major subclans, along with prominent members of the Aidid-led Somali National Alliance (SNA). UNOSOM II claimed that the gathering was a war council composed of hardliners taking place at an SNA command center, making it a legitimate military target, but never produced evidence to justify its claims. In contrast, Somali accounts of the raid maintain that the meeting was a peace conference in which eminent elders, SNA moderates, and civilians convened to discuss a proposed diplomatic resolution to the escalating conflict between the SNA and UNOSOM II. The 12 July operation was heavily criticized by the UNOSOM II Justice Division, Doctors Without Borders, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and the Organization of African Unity. Background The day immediately following the 5 June 1993 attack on Pakistani forces, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 837, calling for the arrest of those responsible for the death of the peacekeepers. Though General Mohammed Farah Aidid was not directly named in Resolution 837, his political organization, the Somali National Alliance was blamed; subsequent investigation concluded that the SNA was most likely behind the attack. This marked the beginning of a new phase of escalating tit for tat violence that began with retaliatory AC-130 strikes on SNA sites and attempts to capture Aidid. These were met with response ambushes, mortar attacks, and assassinations of Somali UNOSOM II employees by the SNA. But UNOSOM efforts to capture Aidid in the month following the passing of Resolution 837 would repeatedly end in failure. UN planning The planned surprise attack was both unique and historic, in that it was the first attack where the target would be Somalis instead of weapon caches or other structures and is referred to by Washington Post reporter Keith B. Richburg as, \"the UN's first ever officially authorized assassination\". Abdi \"Qeybdiid\" Awale's residence, a villa in the Hodan district of southern Mogadishu, was well known to have been holding regular clan meetings for the Habar Gidir and became a target, as Qeybdiid was a high ranking member of the SNA, and the organization was",
"title": "Bloody Monday raid"
},
{
"docid": "15630853",
"text": "Eridu Genesis, also called the Sumerian Creation Myth, Sumerian Flood Story and the Sumerian Deluge Myth, offers a description of the story surrounding how humanity was created by the gods, how the office of kingship entered human civilization, the circumstances leading to the origins of the first cities, and the global flood. Other Sumerian creation myths include the Barton Cylinder, the Debate between sheep and grain and the Debate between Winter and Summer, also found at Nippur. Other flood myths appear in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Genesis creation narrative. Fragments The story is known from three fragments representing different versions of the narrative. One is a tablet excavated from the ancient Sumerian city known as Nippur. This tablet was discovered during the Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania in 1893, and the creation story was recognized by Arno Poebel in 1912. It is written in the Sumerian language and is dated to around 1600 BC. The second fragment is from Ur, also written in Sumerian and from the same time period. The third is a bilingual Sumerian-Akkadian fragment from the Library of Ashurbanipal ca. 600 In 2018, a new fragment of the Eridu Genesis story was published. Synopsis The first 36 lines of the primary tablet from Nippur are lost, although they can be inferred to have discussed the creation of man and animals, and likely spoke about the dissolute existence of mankind prior to civilization (as is indicated by the fragment from Ur). The surviving portion begins with a monologue from Nintur, the goddess who birthed mankind, where she calls humans from a vagrant existence as nomads to build cities, temples, and become both sedentary and civilized. After the monologue, there is another missing section that only resumes after another 36 lines, and at this point humans are still in a nomadic state; the missing section may have spoken of an initial unsuccessful attempt by humans to establish civilization. When the text resumes, Nintur is still planning on providing kingship and organization to humans. Then, the first cities are named (beginning with Eridu, whose leadership Nintur placed under Nudimmud), then Badtibira, Larak, Sippar, and finally Shuruppak. The cities were established as distributional (not monetary) economies. Another lacuna (missing section) of 34 lines proceeds. The fragment from the library of Ashurbanipal, as well as independent evidence from the Sumerian King List, suggests this section included the naming of more cities and their rulers. What occurs next is a statement that humans began to make noises that annoyed the gods: Enlil in particular was entirely unable to sleep due to humanity and made the radical decision to deal with this by destroying humanity with a flood. The god Enki informs one human, Ziusudra (likely a priest), of this decision and advises him to build a boat to save both himself and one couple of every living creature. Ziusudra builds the boat, boards it with his family and the animals, and the gods unleash the flood, although the exact phrasing",
"title": "Eridu Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "72474822",
"text": "The Yushchenko Plan, also referred to as the Ukrainian Plan, was a unsuccessful 2005 plan developed by then-President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko and Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council Petro Poroshenko in an effort to bring an end to the Transnistria conflict by peaceful means with the support of Moldova and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Background The Transnistria conflict began prior to the independence of Moldova, with the primarily-Slavic region of Transnistria declaring its sovereignty from the mostly-Romanian Moldova. This led to the Transnistria War in 1992, in which Transnistria, supported by Russia, successfully secured de facto independence from Moldova as part of a ceasefire agreement. Prior to the Yushchenko Plan, multiple unsuccessful attempts to solve the Transnistria conflict. These efforts became particularly notable following the 2001 election of Vladimir Voronin as President of Moldova, a renewed effort was made by the Moldovan government to reach a settlement as part of Voronin's promise to solve the Transnistria conflict within his first term. Key to Voronin's plans, which had backing from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Ukraine, and Russia, was the federalization of Moldova with the inclusion of Transnistria. This proposal was opposed by the Moldovan opposition, and the 2003 Russian-developed Kozak memorandum, which would have granted strong powers to Transnistrian authorities within a Moldovan federation, caused backlash in Moldova and Western diplomatic circles. Relations between Moldova and Transnistria further worsened after the latter closed all Romanian-language schools on its territory the next year, leading to Voronin to declare a halt to negotiations. Following the 2005 Moldovan parliamentary election, the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) was re-elected, and Voronin was re-elected as president by the Parliament of Moldova. The new PCRM government was supportive of further integration with the European Union, in contrast with its previous Russophilic position. To Moldova's east, in Ukraine, there was also a new pro-Western government; the Orange Revolution following the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election had brought the government of Viktor Yushchenko into power. Now surrounded by pro-European governments, the government of Transnistria found the problem of its international isolation and fragility even more pressing than in previous years, particularly as the possibility of the Transnistria–Ukraine border (Transnistria's only open border) closing became clear. Under these circumstances, the Yushchenko Plan was developed by Ukraine. Plan and initial support With Transnistria increasingly isolated, Yushchenko's government began the drafting of a plan to solve the Transnistria conflict. Petro Poroshenko, Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, played a leading role in the creation of the plan, and revealed it at the 22 April 2005 GUUAM summit. The plan included seven points: \"Ukraine proposes to the Administration of Transnistria to create conditions for development of democracy, civil society, and a multiparty system.\" \"Elections to be held soon to Transnistria's Supreme Soviet, the representative body of the Transnistria region of Moldova, on the basis of a legal status of Transnistria.\" \"The European Union,",
"title": "Yushchenko Plan"
},
{
"docid": "72285658",
"text": "The Walter Hines Page School of International Relations was a research institute that was part of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It began official operations in 1930, although it had trouble acquiring sufficient funding, and was led at different times by John Van Antwerp MacMurray, Frederick S. Dunn, and Owen Lattimore. The school came to an end in 1953 as part of a university reorganization and possibly also due to Red Scare accusations against Lattimore. Origins The school's planning started in 1924, with the school to be located at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. It was named after the late American diplomat Walter Hines Page, who had been one of the first fellows in philology in the university's history. The school was intended as a memorial to his life by his relatives, which had gained in stature following the publication of The Life and Letters of Walter Hines Page in 1922. An early advocate for the school was U.S. Navy Admiral William S. Sims, who had shared a worldview with Page. Among the early backers for the idea were industrialist Owen D. Young and politician George L. P. Radcliffe. Vice President of the United States Charles G. Dawes gave his share of the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize to the school, a gift that amounted to around $15,775. Nonetheless, attaining funding for the school was a problem, and the amounts that were raised previously were depleted by the stock market crash of 1929. The school did not officially begin operation until 1930, at which point the fundraising had brought in only $300,000 of an intended goal of $1 million. Under the university presidency of Joseph Sweetman Ames, the Walter Hines Page School of International Relations was organized as a division of Johns Hopkins. At the time, American universities were just beginning to view international relations as a subject for formal programs of study. The goal of the new institution was to do research regarding a broad range of topics and behaviors related to relations among states. The school was intended to look at the specific problems that American foreign policy faced, and there was also the idea that the research produced might give humanity some guidance towards finding world peace. The school had ambitious plans, among them the creation of a professorship international law, theory of diplomacy, international finance, and commercial policy. The Page School was one of several such institutes to be created during the interwar years, with two other well-known instances being the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University and the Institute of International Studies at Yale University. Activities and influence The Page School's initial director was the American diplomat John Van Antwerp MacMurray, who officially stayed in the position until 1936. The international law scholar Frederick Sherwood Dunn was the school's executive secretary from 1929 to 1935, and Dunn was effectively head of the school during the mid-1930s when MacMurray was recalled to diplomatic duty in the Baltics. Some of the initial",
"title": "Walter Hines Page School of International Relations"
},
{
"docid": "45538665",
"text": "The Morrison–Grady Plan, also known as the Morrison Plan or the Provincial Autonomy Plan, was a joint Anglo-American plan announced on 31 July 1946 for the creation of a unitary federal trusteeship in Mandatory Palestine. Following the issuance of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry report on 20 April 1946, a new committee was created to establish how the Anglo-American proposals would be implemented, led by British Deputy Prime Minister Herbert Morrison and US diplomat Henry F. Grady. Morrison presented the plan to the British Parliament on 31 July 1946. In the United States, President Truman's initial support for the plan changed after American Zionist lobbying against it before the November mid-term elections. The pressure from American Zionists resulted in President Truman rejecting the plan, despite it having been proposed by Truman's own appointee. The United States then had no Palestine policy. The plan became the point of departure for the London Conference of 1946–47, convened by the British on 1 October 1946. Details Under the terms of the plan, Jewish and Arab provinces would exercise self-rule under British oversight, and Jerusalem and the Negev would remain under direct British control. Through the Morrison–Grady Plan, the British hoped to maintain influence in the Middle East in the post-war era. Reactions The Arab states discussed the plan with the British at the London Conference of 1946–47, rejected the plan on the grounds that it would lead to partition and instead proposed an independent unitary state. The Jews refused to attend the conference since they had rejected the provisional autonomy plan at a separate Zionist conference. They made attendance conditioned on having their detained leaders released to represent them at the table, which the British did not permit. At a later meeting of the Conference the following February, Britain proposed a plan, known as the Bevin Plan, for a five-year British trusteeship. The trusteeship was to lead to a permanent settlement agreed by all parties. When both the Arabs and the Jews rejected the plan, Britain decided to refer the problem to the United Nations, which set up the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Leaks acquired by the United States press led to a published account of the plan. President Truman was encouraged by his advisor, James F. Byrnes, to make a public statement in support of the Morrison–Grady plan after Byrnes' meeting with Attlee and Bevin in Paris. Truman never made such a statement and the attack on the King David hotel motivated the British to attempt to implement the Morrison–Grady plan. Negev settlement In response to the plan, the Jewish Agency decided to settle the Negev in a scheme known as the 11 points in the Negev. References Bibliography Bain, Kenneth Ray. The March to Zion: United States Policy and the Founding of Israel (Texas A&M University Press, 1979) Grady, Henry Francis. The Memoirs of Ambassador Henry F. Grady: From the Great War to the Cold War (University of Missouri Press, 2009). Levenberg, H. \"Bevin's Disillusionment: The London Conference, Autumn",
"title": "Morrison–Grady Plan"
},
{
"docid": "1803515",
"text": "The Treaty of Fort Pitt, also known as the Treaty With the Delawares, the Delaware Treaty, or the Fourth Treaty of Pittsburgh, was signed on September 17, 1778, and was the first formal treaty between the new United States of America and any American Indians, in this case the Lenape, who were called Delaware by American settlers. Although many informal treaties were held with Native Americans during the American Revolution from 1775 to 1783, the first one that resulted in a formal document was signed at Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania, now the site of Downtown Pittsburgh. It was essentially a treaty of military alliance between the Lenape Nation and the United States. Background In 1778, the Continental Army started to contemplate an expedition against the British to the west of the Appalachian Mountains, in particular at Detroit. For that end the patriots had to march through the Ohio Valley where Lenape tribes resided. Continental Congress decided to negotiate a formal treaty to secure free passage. It appointed three diplomatic commissioners and appropriated $10,000 to purchase trade goods for the Lenapes. Negotiations The commissioners arrived to Pittsburgh in March 1778. It took time to initiate and pursue negotiations. They were conducted on the Lenape side by Koquethaqechton, known as White Eyes, Hopocan, known as Captain Pipe, and John Kill Buck (Gelelemend), and Andrew Lewis and Thomas Lewis for the fledgling United States. After the treaty was finally approved and signed, it was witnessed by Brigadier General Lachlan McIntosh, Colonel Daniel Brodhead, and Colonel William Crawford. Treaty The treaty gave the United States permission to travel through the Lenape territory and called Lenape to afford American troops whatever aid they might require in their war against Great Britain, including participation of Lenape warriors. The United States was planning to attack the British fort at Detroit, and Lenape assistance was essential for success. In exchange, the United States promised \"articles of clothing, utensils and implements of war\" and to build a fort in Delaware country \"for the better security of the old men, women and children... whilst their warriors are engaged against the common enemy.\" Although not part of the signed treaty, the commissioners pointed out the American alliance with France and intended that the Lenape would become active allies in the war against the British. The possibility of creation of a new Native American state was discussed. The treaty also recognized the Lenapes as a sovereign nation, guaranteed their territorial rights, and even encouraged the other Ohio Country Indian tribes friendly to the United States to form a state headed by the Lenapes with representation in the Continental Congress. The extraordinary measure had little chance of success, and some suggest that the authors of the treaty were knowingly dishonest and deceitful. Others suggest that it was the Lenape chief White Eyes who proposed the measure in the hope that the Lenapes and other tribes might become the fourteenth state of the United States. In any case, it was never acted upon by either",
"title": "Treaty of Fort Pitt"
},
{
"docid": "15165619",
"text": "The 1997 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was the 15th Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations. It was held in Edinburgh, Scotland, between 24 October and 27 October 1997, and hosted by Prime Minister Tony Blair. It was the largest summit in modern Commonwealth history up to that point (a title to be taken from it by the 1999 CHOGM), with forty-two heads of state or government. It was also attended by Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, who had recently been ousted as President of Sierra Leone. Most notable, however, was the emergence of the civil society fringe of the 'People's Commonwealth', transforming a conference of policy-makers into a cultural celebration. For this reason, most participants and commentators considered it a success. The appearance of Queen Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth, at the opening of the CHOGM was a novelty. The monarch had never appeared at a CHOGM before, and it marked the beginning of a renewed interest in the Commonwealth from the monarchy. The rest of the opening ceremony was low-key. The Edinburgh Declaration was agreed, endorsing the report of the Inter-Governmental Group on Criteria for Commonwealth Membership (IGCCM) which consolidated and revised previous rules and agreements which had developed over the previous 60 years. Economic declaration The CHOGM was, unlike the preceding meeting in Auckland, an unspectacular affair with regards to policy. This was a result of a large number of newcomers to CHOGM, with twenty countries having new leaders, and the consequent requirement to build new personal relationships, which was compounded by the short retreat, which lasted only a few hours, but at which most business is usually done. Chairperson Tony Blair pushed for a declaration of Commonwealth economic principles to mirror the Harare Declaration of the Commonwealth's political principles of six years earlier. Whilst this was achieved, it was greatly watered-down. The British plan was presented in a sophisticated paper by Robert Cassen and David Greenaway. The paper was rejected almost entirely. India, which opposed the request for another global trade round, scuppered the UK's plan to call for renewed trade negotiations, arguing that globalisation should be slowed. What was agreed included the holding of a biennial Commonwealth Business Forum, the creation of a Trade and Investment Access Facility to help globalisation adjustment, and the creation of a $110m South Asia Regional Fund. Footnotes 1997 1997 in politics 1997 in Scotland Diplomatic conferences in the United Kingdom 20th-century diplomatic conferences 1997 in international relations 1997 conferences United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Nations 1990s in Edinburgh October 1997 events in the United Kingdom",
"title": "1997 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting"
},
{
"docid": "61163963",
"text": "Juan Fernando Lugris (born December 17, 1971) is an Uruguayan diplomat specialized in multilateral negotiations related to the environment, human rights, trade and regional integration, currently serving as the Ambassador of Uruguay to China and Mongolia. Lugris became the first Permanent Representative of Uruguay to UNEP and UN-Habitat and was the Chair of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) in charge of developing a legally binding global instrument on mercury known as the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Background and earlier life Fernando Lugris was born on December 17, 1971, in Montevideo Uruguay. Lugris completed his bachelor's degree in international relations at the University of the Republic in Montevideo, Uruguay and later on went to study at the Presbyterian College in Clinton, South Carolina, USA; at the Foreign Service Institute in New Delhi, India. He completed his diplomatic training in 1999 at the Diplomatic Academy of Uruguay. Diplomatic career Ambassador Lugris was designated as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Uruguay to the People's Republic of China and to the Republic of Mongolia in 2015. Before that, he went on becoming the first Permanent Representative of Uruguay to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). During that time he was also designated as Deputy Director General of the Political Affairs department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uruguay. Lugris environmental work gained widespread recognition after becoming the Chair of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) which led to the creation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury, an international treaty designed to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds. He also became the Political Focal Point of Uruguay to the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) acting as an advisor to the Uruguayan Government during the 4th GEF and as a representative of the LAC recipient countries at the GEF5 replenishment process. He was the National Coordinator of Uruguay of UNASUR, in charge of the Uruguayan Presidency of the South American Union of Nations. His first post as a diplomat serving the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uruguay was Geneva, Switzerland, acting as a Secretary at the Permanent Mission of Uruguay to the UN and the World Trade Organization (WTO). He was Deputy Head of Mission of the Embassy of Uruguay in Berlin, Germany. References Ambassadors of Uruguay 1971 births Ambassadors of Uruguay to China Living people",
"title": "Fernando Lugris"
},
{
"docid": "18932600",
"text": "The African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO), formerly African Regional Industrial Property Organization, is an intergovernmental organization for cooperation among African states in patent and other intellectual property matters. ARIPO was established by the Lusaka Agreement of 1976. It has the capacity to hear applications for patents and registered trademarks in its member states who are parties to the Harare (patents), Banjul (marks) and Arusha (plant varieties) protocols. ARIPO also features a protocol on the protection of traditional knowledge, the Swakopmund Protocol, signed in 2010 by 9 member states of the organization which entered into force on May 11, 2015, and was amended on December 6, 2016. ARIPO has the WIPO ST.3 code AP. Its 22 member states are mostly English-speaking countries. Rwanda became the 18th member state on March 24, 2010, and São Tomé and Príncipe on May 19, 2014 (the Harare Protocol entered into force on August 19, 2014, with respect to São Tomé and Príncipe). Seychelles became a member State of ARIPO on 1 January 2022. The name of the organization changed from African Regional Industrial Property Organization to African Regional Intellectual Property Organization in 2005. History Lusaka Agreement At a patents and copyright seminar for English-speaking African countries organised in October 1972 by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), the country representatives endorsed a plan to have WIPO and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) organise a conference to discuss the harmonisation of industrial property legislation and the creation of a central office. The conference, to which 19 English-speaking countries were invited, took place in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 4 to 10 June 1974. During the conference, a draft agreement toward the establishment of an organisation on industrial property for the English-speaking African countries was prepared and several resolutions were passed to facilitate that goal; it was also agreed to eventually hold a diplomatic conference to adopt the draft. The diplomatic conference to adopt the agreement was subsequently convened by WIPO and UNECA in Lusaka, Zambia, from 6 to 9 December 1976. 13 English-speaking African countries sent delegates. The \"Agreement on the Creation of the Industrial Property Organization for English-speaking Africa\" (Lusaka Agreement) was adopted on 9 December 1976 with Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Somalia, Uganda, and Zambia as original signatories. It entered into force on 15 February 1978. The general purpose of the new regional organisation, known at the time as ESARIPO, was to achieve a higher degree of cooperation in the area of industrial property; this included efforts to work toward the harmonisation and joint development of national industrial property laws. The organisation was originally based in Nairobi, Kenya, until it was decided in 1981 to move the headquarters to Harare, Zimbabwe. Under the Lusaka Agreement, membership to ESARIPO was originally open to English-speaking African countries (Lusaka Agreement, art IV). The Agreement also provided that the organisation maintain a close working relationship with WIPO and UNECA (art V) and cooperate with other appropriate organisations (art VI) such as OAPI. Early on, ESARIPO was",
"title": "African Regional Intellectual Property Organization"
},
{
"docid": "74381375",
"text": "Dato Seri Setia Dr. Haji Ahmad bin Haji Jumat is a Bruneian nobleman, civil servant and politician who is the current representative of Brunei Darussalam to the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR). He formerly held the position of Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports (MCYS) from 2010 to 2008, Minister of Industry and Primary Resources (MIPR) from 2005 to 2008, and Minister of Development (MOD) from 2002 to 2008. Education Ahmad's education background includes a Bachelor of Arts (BA) from the University of Malaya in Malaysia, Master of Education (MEd) from the University of Alberta in Canada, and Doctor of Education (D.Ed.) from the University of Southern California in the United States. Career An overview of his career is as follows; a Brunei administrative officer in Menteri Besar Office from 1965 to 1969, an educational administrator and senior administrator with the Department of Education from 1969 to 1971, the head of planning unit with the Department of Education from 1973 to 1975, the deputy director of education from 1975 to 1977, the director of education from 1977 to 1982, the director of establishment in the head of State Civil Service from 1982 to 1983, the director of diplomatic services from 1983 to 1984, the permanent secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1984 to 1986, the Deputy Minister of Education from 1986 to 2001, Acting Minister of Development in 2001, Minister of Development from 2002 to 2005, Minister of Industry and Primary Resources from 2005 to 2008, Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports from 2008 to 2010, and currently the Representative of Brunei Darussalam to the AICHR since November 2011. An investigation of education-related issues was conducted in Malaysia in 1983 by a group of authorities headed by Dato Ahmad. Minister of Development By bolstering the research and development (R&D) infrastructure and human resource base in science, technology, and engineering in the ASEAN member states, the ASEAN Ministers (including Ahmad) responsible for science and technology, seek to contribute to the realization of these goals. This is done in support of the overall regional goals of enhancing economic integration and building competitiveness. Announcing the creation and operation of the Asean Virtual Institute of Science and Technology (AVIST), the ministerial declaration on 27 November 2004. Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD) organized the international conference Contemporary Issues in Economic Development of Small States, which took place from 5 to 6 January 2005, at UBD's Chancellor's Hall. The event was officiated by Pehin Mohammad Daud, while Pehin Ahmad gave the Keynote Address. Minister of Industry and Primary Resources Government and business organizations should collaborate to change young people's perspectives away from heavily favoring careers in the public sector and toward ones that are entrepreneurial and business-savvy. During the Legislative Council meeting on 5 March 2008, Pehin Ahmad, made the appeal. Out of a total population of 391,000, the minister pointed out that 71,000 people, including those who are paid on a daily basis, are employed by the government in Brunei. He also",
"title": "Ahmad Jumat"
},
{
"docid": "34300445",
"text": "Learning commons, also known as scholars' commons, information commons or digital commons, are learning spaces, similar to libraries and classrooms that share space for information technology, remote or online education, tutoring, collaboration, content creation, meetings, socialization, playing games and studying. Learning commons are increasingly popular in academic and research libraries, and some public and school libraries have now adopted the model. Architecture, furnishings and physical organization are particularly important to the character of a learning commons, as spaces are often designed to be rearranged by users according to their needs. Learning commons may also have tools, equipment, makerspaces, and/or publishing services available for borrowing or use. Along with the so-called \"bookstore model,\" which is focused on customer service, bookless or digital libraries, the learning commons or digital commons is frequently cited as a model for the \"library of the future.\" History and development Learning Commons have developed across the United States and other countries in academic libraries since the early 1990s, when they were more frequently called Information Commons. Two early examples were the Information Arcade at the University of Iowa (1992) and the Information Commons at the University of Southern California (1994). By 1999, Donald Beagle had noted its emergence as \"...a new model for service delivery in academic libraries,\" and proposed that the model could be characterized by offering \"a continuum of service\" from information retrieval to original knowledge creation. This approach, often called \"one-stop shopping,\" could be facilitated, Beagle suggested, though the application of strategic alignment, a management approach adapted from IT enterprise planning. Increased use of the term Learning Commons had become apparent by 2004, when the University of Southern California hosted a national conference titled \"Information Commons: Learning Space Beyond the Classroom.\" Beagle's white paper for this conference proposed a developmental pathway \"From Information Commons to Learning Commons,\" based on a typology of change adapted from research by the American Council on Education. This white paper defined an Information Commons as a library-centric \"...cluster of network access points and associated IT tools situated in the context of physical, digital, human, and social resources organized in support of learning.” A Learning Commons, by contrast, was no longer library-centric, as “…when the resources of the information commons are organized in collaboration with learning initiatives sponsored by other academic units, or aligned with learning outcomes defined through a cooperative process.” These definitions were later adopted and elaborated upon by Scott Bennett, Yale University Librarian Emeritus. Since the late 1990s, hundreds of Learning Commons have developed and morphed in response to Web 2.0 technologies and the continuous evolution of libraries and librarians’ functions. Web 2.0 technologies such as blogs, social networking sites, video sharing sites and web apps, have radically impacted the way that information is exchanged and engaged in. A learning commons takes these technologies into consideration and then adapts to provide the best possible services to the new 2.0 users and students. A driving force for the institution to place various services in the library are caused",
"title": "Learning commons"
},
{
"docid": "30131361",
"text": "Dr. Jorge García Granados (21 April 1900 – 3 May 1961) was a politician and diplomat from Guatemala, a grandson of Miguel García Granados, the leader and philosopher of the liberal revolution in the 19th century. Granados was the ambassador of his country to the United Nations and a member of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). Granados cast the very first vote for the creation of the state of Israel and Guatemala became the first Latin American country to recognize Israel after the proclamation of the state. At the time of the vote on the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, Granados organized a lobby of Central and South American countries to support the partition plan. In 1956, Guatemala became the first country to open an embassy in Jerusalem, with Granados appointed as the first ambassador. The Israeli cities of Jerusalem and Ramat-Gan named streets to honor Granados. Garcia Granados wrote about his experience serving on the UNSCOP in his book, The Birth of Israel: The Drama as I Saw It. In the book, Granados describes his youth, his time in political exile from Guatemala during the reign of military dictatorships, the achievements of the Zionist movement during the British mandate on Palestine, and the events surrounding the creation of Israel. Notes References American Jewish year book, 1974–75 External links Jorge Garcá Granados: The birth of Israel: The Drama as I Saw It Guatemalan diplomats Guatemalan politicians Presidents of the Congress of Guatemala 1961 deaths 1900 births Permanent Representatives of Guatemala to the United Nations Ambassadors of Guatemala to Israel Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the United Nations North American Zionists People of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 0181",
"title": "Jorge García Granados"
},
{
"docid": "76135594",
"text": "Brazil and Thailand began diplomatic relations in 1959. Brazil is Thailand's main trading partner in Latin America. The two nations are members of the G20 developing nations, Non-Aligned Movement, World Trade Organization (WTO) and Forum of East Asia-Latin America Cooperation. History On 17 April 1959, Brazil and Thailand formally established diplomatic ties. That same year, correspondence was exchanged between Thai Foreign Minister Thanat Khomann and Brazilian Ambassador Hugo Gouthier. In that same year, the Brazilian embassy in Bangkok opened. In 1964, Thailand's embassy in Brasília was established. The two nations have had friendly relations and seen the rise and extension of their bilateral cooperation, which has now reached a wide range of sectors, including trade and investment, agriculture, and defense technology. In international contexts, Thailand and Brazil also reciprocate by endorsing each other's candidacies. Since 1959, Brazil has hosted formal visits by four Thai prime ministers, including Maha Vajiralongkorn, then Crown Prince of Thailand, who visited Brazil in 1993. Thailand and Brazil commemorated the 60th anniversary of their diplomatic ties in 2018. The ceremony took place at a time when the two nations were in constant communication and had agreements to work together in a variety of areas, including science and technology. Brazilians are starting to have more and more interest in Thai landscapes and culture. Approximately 66,000 Brazilian travelers came to the nation in the previous year. The nation having the most number of Muay Thai schools is Brazil. \"Brazil is still committed to strengthening relations with Thailand,\" the Brazilian Foreign Ministry stated in a message highlighting the two countries' bilateral ties. The two nations are prepared to deepen their collaboration in energy, trade and investment, security, and military, among other areas. Brazil and Thailand signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on 16 March 2022, to promote technology and information sharing in the agricultural sector. Cooperation on agricultural initiatives involving cattle, vegetable crops, cooperatives, soil, water, and resource management was agreed upon by the two nations. In addition, the agreement mandates the management and preservation of agricultural biodiversity in addition to the creation of new farming organizations and cooperatives. Lastly, planned tasks include ecological engineering and integrated pest management. The document also covers the creation and process of alternate energy sources. The following day marked the 63rd anniversary of the start of diplomatic relations between the two nations. They have grown closer and enjoyed friendly relations over the years, which is seen in the expansion of their bilateral cooperation in a variety of fields, but particularly in commerce and investment. The Third Political Consultations (PC) between Thailand and Brazil took place in the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Brasília on 26 May 2023, with H.E. Ms. Busadee Santipitaks, Deputy Permanent Secretary for Foreign Affairs, serving as co-chair. Following the second PC in Bangkok, the two parties evaluated their current, varied partnerships and long-standing friendships. In order to hasten the post-pandemic recovery, both saw enormous potential and prospects in extending a wide range of cooperative sectors and activities centered",
"title": "Brazil–Thailand relations"
},
{
"docid": "20159272",
"text": "The nations of Brazil and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1825. Together, Brazil and Mexico account as the most populous nations in Latin America and both nations have the largest global emerging economies and are considered to be regional powers. Both countries are members of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, G-20 major economies, Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations. History The first contact between Brazil and Mexico took place in August 1824 when both nations exchanged communications through their respective diplomatic representations in London. Both nations extended mutual recognition as independent States and decided to start negotiations to establish diplomatic relations. Diplomatic relations between Brazil and Mexico were established on 9 March 1825. In 1831, both nations established resident diplomatic missions in each other's capitals respectively. During the 1860s, both nations were the only Latin American countries to be governed by monarchs; in Brazil by Emperor Pedro II and in Mexico by Emperor Maximilian I; both emperors being cousins. In 1914, Brazil belonged to a regional group called the ABC nations (which also included Argentina and Chile). These three nations made up the richest and most influential nations in South America at the time. That year, the ABC nations intervened in a diplomatic dispute between the United States and Mexico who were on verge of war over the Tampico Affair and the subsequent occupation of Veracruz by US forces. The ABC nations met with representatives of the United States and Mexico in Niagara Falls, Canada to ease the tension between the two nations and to avoid war, which afterwards did not occur. Between 1910 and 1920, diplomatic relations between Brazil and Mexico were severed during the Mexican Revolution. Diplomatic relations were re-reestablished in 1920 when Brazil recognized the new Mexican government. In 1922, diplomatic missions in each other's capitals were upgraded to embassies, respectively. During World War II, both Brazil and Mexico were the only two Latin American nations to declare war on the Axis powers and to send troops to fight abroad. Brazil sent an expeditionary force to fight in Italy while Mexico sent the 201st Fighter Squadron to fight in the Philippines. In 1960, President Adolfo López Mateos became the first Mexican head-of-state to pay an official visit to Brazil. The visit was reciprocated with the visit to Mexico by Brazilian President João Goulart in 1962. Since the initial visits, there have been several high-level visits by leaders of both nations. On 1 June 2002, Mexico and Brazil signed an Economic Complementation Agreement (known as ACE 53). In accordance with the decision of Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto and Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in July 2015, the First Round of Negotiations of the Economic Complementation Agreement was held in Mexico City, and both leaders discussed the parameters of the negotiations and discussed the potential creation of and improved access to markets; rules of origin and trade facilitation; international trade rules (technical barriers to trade, regulatory",
"title": "Brazil–Mexico relations"
},
{
"docid": "49664061",
"text": "Failures of water supply and sanitation systems describe situations where water supply and sanitation systems (also called WASH systems) have been put in place (for example by the government or by non-government organizations (NGOs) but have failed to meet the expected outcomes. Often this is due to poor planning, lack of choice of appropriate technology depending upon the context, insufficient stakeholder involvement at the various stages of the project and lack of maintenance. While Hygiene Behavior Change is important in achieving the health benefits of improved WASH systems, the achievement of sustainability of WASH infrastructure depends on creation of demand for sanitation services. National government mapping and monitoring efforts as well as post-project monitoring by NGOs or researchers, have identified the failure of water supply systems (also known as water points, wells, boreholes, or similar) and sanitation systems (one part of sanitation systems are the toilets). The following sections provide examples of those failures sorted by country. Monitoring Some national and local governments monitor water services regularly. One example is the Sistema de Información de Agua y Saneamiento Rural (Rural Water and Sanitation Information System) a monitoring system in Honduras and Nicaragua. For organizations that work on WASH interventions, monitoring means using indicators to measure effectiveness of a development program. Some organizations or research organizations do \"post-implementation monitoring\", which occurs after the WASH intervention has been completed. The Water Point Data Exchange (WPDx), launched in 2015, is a global platform for sharing water point data collected by governments, non-profit organizations, researchers, and others. Failures of water supply systems Afghanistan During a WaterAid-IRC-RWSN webinar in 2011, Leendert Vijselaar of DACAAR said that 35% of 30,182 water points surveyed were non-functional. Nationally, 45% of water supply systems in public schools need extensive repair or replacement (2010). Africa / Sub-Saharan Africa A 2013 survey of 23 European Community-funded projects in six sub-Saharan countries found: Overall, equipment was installed as planned and was in working order. However, fewer than half of the projects examined delivered results meeting the beneficiaries’ needs. While the projects examined were sustainable in technical terms, for a majority of projects, results and benefits will not continue to flow in the medium and long term unless non-tariff revenue is ensured; or because of institutional weaknesses (weak capacity by operators to run the equipment installed). RWSN (Rural Water Supply Network) estimated in 2010 that only two out of three handpumps are working at any time. Figures collated by the RWSN in 2007 indicate an average rate of 36% non-functionality for hand pumps across 21 countries. This level of failure represents a total investment of between $1.2 and $1.5 billion in the last 20 years. Almost 40% of sub-Saharan handpumps are not working in 2005. Sutton (2004) compiled data on non-functionality for several countries. Bangladesh Among 972,865 existing water options for arsenic mitigation, 29% are not active (2009). Belarus 14.5% of rural water supply systems do not meet microbial quality standards and 30.1% do not meet chemical standards (2011). Bolivia In over 100",
"title": "Failures of water supply and sanitation systems"
},
{
"docid": "23967218",
"text": "The 1988 American Soccer League was the first season of the third American Soccer League which took place during the summer of 1988. History The third American Soccer League owed its creation to several events in the early 1980s. In 1983, the second American Soccer League collapsed from over-expansion, runaway spending and a restricted fan base. A year later, the North American Soccer League collapsed for essentially the same reasons. In 1985, the West-coast based Western Soccer Alliance was created as a regional, financially austere league. This new league kept expenditures low while building its fan base. In 1987, the Lone Star Soccer Alliance began its first season, mimicking the WSA model with teams in or near Texas. On May 7, 1987, several team executives led by Clive Toye announced the creation of an east coast-based league using the WSA model. This new league, named the American Soccer League, planned to begin its first season in 1988. Chuck Blazer was announced as the league's commissioner and Clive Toye was named its chairman. The league planned a twenty-game schedule with at least six teams having a $75,000 salary cap. The league initially concentrated on the northeast, but in August 1987, plans expanded to include teams situated in Florida. This was soon followed by announcements of the entry of the Fort Lauderdale Strikers and Tampa Bay Rowdies. By October 1987, the list of teams was finalized with the addition of the Orlando Lions and Miami Sharks. The league now divided itself into two five-team divisions. On April 9, 1988, the American Soccer League began its first season when the New Jersey Eagles defeated the Miami Sharks, 2–1. When the regular season ended the first week of August, Eagles had topped the standings with forty-five points. Four teams made the playoffs, the top two from both the Northern and Southern Divisions. The Washington Diplomats which had the worst record of the four playoff teams, stunned the league by defeating first the New Jersey Eagles, then the Fort Lauderdale Strikers to win the first league championship. League standings Northern Division Southern Division Playoffs Bracket Semifinal 1 Fort Lauderdale advances two games to none. Semifinal 2 Washington advances two games to one. ASL Championship Final Game 1 Game 2 Points leaders 1988 ASL All-Star game The ASL All-Star game was hosted by the Fort Lauderdale Strikers at Lockhart Stadium. Players that were unable to play due to injury, as well as any Strikers selected to the squad were replaced, since the All-Stars' opponent was the Strikers. George Best also suited up for the Strikers in the match. The match ended in a 3–3 draw after 90 minutes, and moved directly to a penalty shootout. Both teams converted four of five attempts, and in an unusual move agreed to end it there with the consent of the referees. All-Star selections Match summary See also American Soccer League 1989 American Soccer League References External links AMERICAN SOCCER LEAGUE III (RSSSF) The Year in American Soccer League -",
"title": "1988 American Soccer League"
},
{
"docid": "31049226",
"text": "Full spectrum diplomacy is a combination of traditional, government-to-government diplomacy with the many components of public diplomacy as well as the integration of these two functions with other instruments of statecraft. The term was coined by John Lenczowski, founder and president of The Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. in his book Full Spectrum Diplomacy and Grand Strategy: Reforming the Structure and Culture of U.S. Foreign Policy which was released in May, 2011. Origin Lenczowski's book appears to be the first attempt to define the term. In it, he references the military concept of \"full spectrum operations\" (or \"full spectrum dominance\") indicating that it inspired his derivation for diplomatic use. He writes that the diplomatic community does not have a comparable term to full spectrum operations, \"but there should be, in order to end the systematic neglect of some dimensions of the larger art of diplomacy.\" In a chapter of the Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, Matthew Armstrong provides a historical perspective on the use of full spectrum diplomatic action: Components Full spectrum diplomacy is an integrated strategy that encompasses all instruments of engagement including traditional diplomacy and public diplomacy. Of particular note is advocacy for the use of cultural diplomacy to enhance contact with people at the grassroots level. To increase the role of public diplomacy, Lenczowski advocates the foundation of a U.S. Public Diplomacy Agency. This would not only take the place of the former United States Information Agency (USIA), but would expand to coordinate all aspects of the public diplomacy instrument. Juliana Pilon advocates a similar organization in her book Why America is Such a Hard Sell in which she promotes an \"American Global Outreach and Research Agency.\" Her idea culminates in a system that links the instruments of public diplomacy throughout the whole of government. Yet another proposal is that of Professor Carnes Lord of the Naval War College writing for the creation of a \"Policy Coordinating Committee on Foreign Information, Assistance, and Democracy Promotion\" that would serve to integrate the leadership of the many organizations involved in public diplomacy to other agencies of strategic influence. Lenczowski provides further explanation of the construct here: Orchestra analogy In support of the concept of full spectrum diplomacy, Lenczowski writes that \"the achievement of foreign policy goals requires a multiplicity of means that can be likened to instruments in an orchestra.\" Additionally, he states that \"the conduct of full spectrum diplomacy thus involves the proper orchestration of both traditional and public diplomacy in such a fashion that the policies governing each function do not jeopardize the effectiveness of the other.\" This collected orchestration becomes a part of what Lenczowski calls an “integrated strategy” defined by \"a concept that requires the coordination of all the instruments of statecraft, including military policy, intelligence, counterintelligence, economic policy, etc.\" A previous use of this musical ensemble analogy for an instrument of statecraft is found in a World War II Soviet anti-Nazi espionage element commonly known as the Red Orchestra. Purpose The purpose",
"title": "Full spectrum diplomacy"
},
{
"docid": "1156763",
"text": "The United States Department of Defense Office of Force Transformation (OFT) was established October 29, 2001 in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld called for the creation of this new office to support his transformation vision along with President George W. Bush’s broad mandate to transform U.S. military capabilities. The transformation process intends to challenge the status quo with new concepts for American defense to ensure an overwhelming and continuing competitive advantage. The Director, Force Transformation serves as advocate, focal point, and catalyst for transformation among the Department, reporting directly to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense. On October 1, 2006, the Office of Force Transformation was disestablished, and its functions spread between the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, and the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. Leadership Vice Admiral (ret.) Arthur K. Cebrowski (often called the \"Godfather\" of Network Centric Warfare) was appointed by the Secretary of Defense as the 1st Director, Force Transformation, October 29, 2001 to February 2, 2005, a position which reported directly to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense. Terry J. Pudas became the Acting Director until October 1, 2006, when he became the Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Forces Transformation and Resources. Defense Transformation OFT transformation plan includes changing the force and its culture from the bottom up through large amounts of experimentation, increased sharing of new knowledge and experiences, and by broadening military capabilities while mitigating risk. One of the pillar theories driving OFT is Network Centric Warfare (NCW), also known as Network Centric Operations, which according to OFT is a theory of war in the information age and the organizing principle for national military planning and joint concepts, capabilities, and systems. According to Cebrowski, \"[Defense] Transformation is foremost a continuing process. It does not have an end point. Transformation is meant to create or anticipate the future. Transformation is meant to deal with the co-evolution of concepts, processes, organizations and technology. Change in any one of these areas necessitates change in all. Transformation is meant to create new competitive areas and new competencies. Transformation is meant to identify, leverage and even create new underlying principles for the way things are done. Transformation is meant to identify and leverage new sources of power. The overall objective of these changes is simply—sustained American competitive advantage in warfare.\" The Defense Department's April 2003 \"Transformation Planning Guidance\" document defines transformation as \"a process that shapes the changing nature of military competition and cooperation through new combinations of concepts, capabilities, people, and organizations that exploit out nation's advantages and protect against our asymmetric vulnerabilities to sustain our strategic position, which helps underpin peace and stability in the world.\" OFT engaged in several project aimed at transforming the Defense Department through experimentation within exercises. Some of its major projects included Operationally Responsive Space and Stiletto, and it produced strategies that helped to form DeVenCI. OFT was also engaged",
"title": "Office of Force Transformation"
},
{
"docid": "64791955",
"text": "The Secret Treaty of Vienna was a defensive alliance signed on 3 January 1815 by France, the Austrian Empire and Great Britain. It took place during the Congress of Vienna, negotiations on the future of Europe following Napoleon's defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition. The long-serving French representative, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, wanted to end France's diplomatic isolation and reassure other powers it had renounced any revolutionary intentions. He was provided an opportunity to do so through the Polish-Saxon crisis, caused by Prussia attempting to annex much of Saxony, and Russia doing the same for Poland. Since such proposals were opposed by Britain and Austria, it allowed France to position itself as a supporter of legality, and divide the Four Powers. Talleyrand proposed the treaty to Lord Castlereagh and Klemens von Metternich, as a means of warning off Prussia and Russia. The three powers signed on 3 January 1815, agreeing to respond to an attack on any party with a field army of at least 120,000 infantry and 30,000 cavalry. However, the signatories had no real intention of going to war, and details of the treaty were deliberately leaked. As a result, Alexander I accepted the creation of a semi-independent Polish state; in February, Prussia agreed to a reduced allocation of 40% of Saxony. After the defeat of Napoleon, the Prussian contribution to the campaign was recognised by increasing this to 60%. Background The Congress of Vienna brought together the European great powers in Austria to discuss the future of Europe following the defeat of France in the 1813-14 War of the Sixth Coalition. The principal allies of the Sixth Coalition, Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia together with representatives from minor nations and the defeated power, France (now under the Bourbon Restoration) sat from September 1814. Among their decisions was the redrawing of national borders and spheres of influence; the creation of free navigation rights on international rivers and the establishment of diplomatic precedence. Disagreements between the Powers over the fate of the Kingdom of Saxony and the Duchy of Poland led to the so-called Polish-Saxon crisis. Prussia and Russia presented a joint plan to improve their position: Austria and Prussia would renounce any claims to Polish territory, with a new state established under Russian influence. In return, Prussia would receive most of Saxony. This was opposed by Austria and Britain, together with some of the minor powers, since they viewed this expansion as a threat to the balance of power. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord was concerned at the creation of a Prussia whose size would threaten both France and Austria, but also saw an opportunity to end French diplomatic isolation. It allowed him to position France as a supporter of legitimacy by claiming that ignoring the sovereign rights of Frederick Augustus I of Saxony would create a dangerous precedent. In November 1814, Alexander's brother Grand Duke Konstantin left Vienna for Warsaw, Prussian generals returned to Berlin, while Austria moved troops into Galicia. Soon after, the Russian military commander",
"title": "Secret Treaty of Vienna"
},
{
"docid": "1003391",
"text": "Albert Sidney Johnson Carnahan (January 9, 1897 – March 24, 1968) was an American educator, diplomat and Democratic Party politician who represented southeastern Missouri in the United States House of Representatives for fourteen years between 1945 and 1961. He was the patriarch of the Carnahan family, a prominent political family in Missouri into the 21st century. He began his career as a teacher and school administrator. Early life Albert Carnahan was born on January 9, 1897 on a farm near Ellsinore, Missouri, the youngest of 10 children. He was named after the Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston. He attended Crommertown School, a one-room schoolhouse in Carter County. In 1914, at the age of 17, Carnahan began a career as an educator. He taught at Crommertown, Hogan Hollow and Ellsinore, Missouri. For a year during World War I, he served in an aviation unit of the Navy at a station in Ireland. Upon returning home, he completed his high school education at the College High School in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. He earned a bachelor's degree in education in 1926 from the Missouri State Teachers College in Cape Girardeau, now called Southeast Missouri State University. Carnahan taught in southeastern Missouri for several years before enrolling at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri, from which earned his master's degree in 1932. For the next several years, Carnahan was a high school administrator serving Carter, Reynolds, and Shannon counties, rising to the post of superintendent of schools in Ellsinore. Mr. Carnahan married Kathel Schupp, with whom he raised two sons, Robert E. and Melvin E. Political career In 1944, Carnahan was elected to represent Missouri's 8th Congressional District in the House of Representatives as a Democrat. He served only one term before being defeated in 1946, but ran again in 1948 and won. Carnahan served in the House for another six consecutive terms, but failed to win the Democratic Party's nomination for his own seat in 1960. As a Member of Congress, Mr. Carnahan served on the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, beginning with his first term, and at the time of his retirement was the ranking member of that Committee. For several years, he served as Chairman of the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements and the Subcommittee on Africa. He helped write such major legislation as the GI Bill, the Marshall Plan, the Area Development Act, and a revision of the Social Security statutes, was a delegate to the 12th General Assembly of the United Nations in 1957, and served as Congressional Advisor to the U. S. Delegation to the Second International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva in 1958. Carnahan did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto, and voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960. In 1961, Carnahan was appointed by President John F. Kennedy as the first United States Ambassador to Sierra Leone. He retired from this post in 1963. Later life After retiring from the political life, Carnahan returned to",
"title": "A. S. J. Carnahan"
},
{
"docid": "14175982",
"text": "Fatima Jibrell (, ; born December 30, 1947) is a Somali-American environmental activist. She was the co-founder and executive director of the Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organization (now Adeso), co-founder of Sun Fire Cooking, and was instrumental in the creation of the Women's Coalition for Peace. Biography Jibrell was born on December 30, 1947, in Sanaag, Somalia to a nomadic family. Her father was a merchant marine who settled in New York City. As a child in Somalia, she attended a British boarding school until the age of 16, when she left the country to join her father in the United States. There, Jibrell graduated from Temple High School. In 1969, she returned to Somalia and worked for the government, whereafter she married her husband, Abdurahman Mohamoud Ali, a diplomat. While she and her family were stationed in Iraq, Jibrell began undergraduate studies at the University of Damascus in nearby Syria. In 1981, her husband was transferred to the U.S., where she completed her Bachelor of Arts in English. She eventually went on to pursue a Master's in Social Work from the University of Connecticut. While living in the U.S., Jibrell and her husband raised five daughters, including Degan Ali. She also became an American citizen. Environmentalism Spurred on by the civil war in Somalia that began in 1991, Jibrell along with her husband and family friends co-founded the Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organization, colloquially referred to as Horn Relief, a non-governmental organization (NGO) for which she served as the executive director. In 2012, Horn Relief officially changed its name to Adeso. While Jibrell retired as executive director in 2006, she maintains a role on the organization's board of directors and in its Somalia programs. Adeso describes its mission as grassroots level work aimed at uplifting local communities. Jibrell was instrumental in the creation of the Women's Coalition for Peace to encourage more participation by women in politics and social issues. She also co-founded Sun Fire Cooking, which aims to introduce solar cookers to Somalia so as to reduce the reliance on charcoal as a fuel. In 2008, Jibrell wrote and co-produced a short film entitled Charcoal Traffic, which employs a fictional storyline to educate the public about the charcoal crisis. The film was directed by the filmmaker Nathan Collett. In 2011, Jibrell along with retired Australian diplomat James Lindsay also published Peace and Milk: Scenes of Northern Somalia, a photography book on Somalia's nomadic countryside and life. The work has received international accolades from environmental organizations, including the Goldman Environmental Foundation and Résistants pour la Terre. Anti-charcoal campaign Through Horn Relief, Jibrell mounted a successful campaign to salvage old-growth forests of acacia trees in the northeastern part of Somalia. These trees, which can grow up to 500 years old, were being cut down to make charcoal since this so-called \"black gold\" is highly in demand in the Arabian Peninsula, where the region's Bedouin tribes believe the acacia to be sacred. However, while being a relatively",
"title": "Fatima Jibrell"
},
{
"docid": "29159192",
"text": "Revolutionary Serbia (), or Karađorđe's Serbia (), refers to the state established by the Serbian revolutionaries in Ottoman Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) after the start of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1804. The Sublime Porte first officially recognized the state as autonomous in January 1807, however, the Serbian revolutionaries rejected the treaty and continued fighting the Ottomans until 1813. Although the first uprising was crushed, it was followed by the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815, which resulted in the creation of the Principality of Serbia, as it gained semi-independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1817. Political history First Serbian Uprising Stratimirović's Memorandum Stratimirović's Memorandum (1804) Ičko's Peace Between July and October 1806 Petar Ičko, an Ottoman dragoman (translator-diplomat) and representative of the Serbian rebels, negotiated a peace treaty known in historiography as \"Ičko's Peace\". Ičko had been sent to Constantinople twice in the latter half of 1806 to negotiate peace. The Ottomans seemed ready to grant Serbia autonomy following rebel victories in 1805 and 1806, also pressured by the Russian Empire, which had taken Moldavia and Wallachia; they agreed to a sort of autonomy and clearer stipulation of taxes in January 1807, by which time the rebels had already taken Belgrade. The rebels rejected the treaty and sought Russian aid to their independence, while the Ottomans had declared war on Russia in December 1806. A Russo-Serbian alliance treaty was signed on 10 June 1807. Russo-Serbian Alliance On 10 July 1807, the Serbian rebels under Karađorđe signed an alliance with the Russian Empire during the First Serbian Uprising. After the Ottoman Empire had allied itself with Napoleon's France in late 1806, and was subsequently at war with Russia and Britain, it sought to meet the demands of the Serbian rebels. At the same time, the Russians offered the Serbs aid and cooperation. The Serbs chose alliance with the Russians over autonomy under the Ottomans (as set by the \"Ičko's Peace\"). Karađorđe was to receive arms, and military and medical missions, which proved to be a turning point in the Serbian Revolution. Proclamations A proclamation (Slavonic-Serbian: Проглашенie) calling for the unity of Serbs, dated 21 February 1809. A proclamation with 15 points, dated 16 August 1809. Treaty of Bucharest (1812) Government Rule was divided between Grand Vožd Karađorđe, the Narodna Skupština (People's Assembly) and the Praviteljstvujušči Sovjet (Governing Council), established in 1805. Governing Council The Governing Council was established by recommendation of the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Czartoryski and on the proposal of some of the voivodes (Jakov and Matija Nenadović, Milan Obrenović, Sima Marković). The idea of Boža Grujović, the first secretary, and Matija Nenadović, the first president, was that the council would become the government of the new Serbian state. It had to organize and supervise the administration, the economy, army supply, order and peace, judiciary, and foreign policy. Ministries In 1811, the government system was reorganized, with the formation of ministries (popečiteljstva) instead of nahija-representatives. Maps See also Timeline of the Serbian Revolution References",
"title": "Revolutionary Serbia"
},
{
"docid": "72334128",
"text": "A National China Garden has been planned for the United States National Arboretum in Washington, D.C. since 2003. In 2018 the proposed construction of the Chinese garden was reported to have been cancelled due to counterintelligence concerns by American intelligence officials. The garden was intended as a replica of the Ge Garden in Yangzhou. The site for the garden was over 12 acres of the United States National Arboretum in Washington, D.C. The Chinese government planned to fund the entire $100 million cost of the project. Construction was planned for the summer of 2017 and was due to take 30 months. The garden was to have been built by craftspeople from China with landscaping by Rhodeside & Harwell. A formal agreement for the creation of the garden was signed in 2003 between Joseph Jen, the Under Secretary, Research, Education, and Economics at the US Department of Agriculture and the head of the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Jiang Zehui. It was agreed that the United States government would pay for the infrastructure of the site and the Chinese government for the development of the site. The construction of the garden was approved by the United States Congress in 2008 but federal funding from the American government was seen as unlikely. Funds were then raised by the National China Garden Foundation, a nonprofit organization. In 2011 the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Hu Jintao, was presented with a model of the proposed garden by the Vice President of the United States, Joe Biden, and the United States Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, during his state visit to the United States. A groundbreaking ceremony was held in 2016 after an agreement on the garden between President Barack Obama and General Secretary Xi Jinping. In 2017 The Washington Post estimated the cost of the materials for the garden as $90 million with work on the site estimated at $30 million. The National China Garden Foundation planned to raise $30 million to fund the operating and upkeep costs of the garden. The Washington Post wrote that the \"idea of a gold-plated Chinese garden with all the stylistic bells and whistles seems hard to reconcile with the [United States National Arboretum's] relentless funding issues\". The arboretum had a yearly budget of $12 million and had closed for three days a week between 2013 and 2015 in an attempt to save costs. The garden planned to include a 70 ft high replica of the White Pagoda in Yangzhou. The pagoda was planned to be constructed on one of the highest points in the arboretum. The construction of the pagoda was planned with all materials entering the United States in diplomatic bags which United States Customs Service officials would have been unable to examine. In 2018 the construction of garden was reported by The Wall Street Journal to have been cancelled due to counterintelligence concerns. A representative from the Chinese Embassy in the United States disputed this saying that preparations for construction work were ongoing. In",
"title": "National China Garden"
},
{
"docid": "8049532",
"text": "The Jewish Territorial Organisation, known as the ITO, was a Jewish political movement which first arose in 1903 in response to the British Uganda Scheme, but only institutionalized in 1905. Its main goal was to find an alternative territory to that of Palestine, which was preferred by the Zionist movement, for the creation of a Jewish homeland. The organization embraced what became known as Jewish Territorialism also known as Jewish Statism (though not to be confused with the political philosophy of the same name). The ITO was dissolved in 1925. Overview of territorialism The first instance of what might be termed Territorialism, though the term did not yet exist, much predated Zionism. In 1825 the playwright, diplomat and journalist, Mordecai Manuel Noah—the first Jew born in the United States to reach national prominence—tried to found a Jewish \"refuge\" at Grand Island in the Niagara River, to be called \"Ararat\", after Mount Ararat, the Biblical resting place of Noah's Ark. He purchased land on Grand Island—then on the frontier of white settlement—for $4.38 per acre, in order to build a refuge for Jews of all nations. He had brought with him a cornerstone which read \"Ararat, a City of Refuge for the Jews, founded by Mordecai M. Noah in the Month of Tishri, 5586 (September, 1825) and in the Fiftieth Year of American Independence.\" However, the scheme failed to attract Noah's fellow Jews. It began and ended with the ceremonial laying of that cornerstone. The Jewish Colonization Association, created in 1891 by the Baron Maurice de Hirsch, was aimed at facilitating mass emigration of Jews from the Russian Empire and other Eastern European countries, by settling them in agricultural colonies on lands purchased by the committee, particularly in North and South America (especially Argentina). Before 1905 some Zionist leaders had seriously considered proposals for Jewish homelands in places other than the Land of Israel. Theodor Herzl hoped for a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel but recognized that global events demanded an immediate solution to the Jewish problem, in Russia at least, even if that solution required Jewish refugees to settle outside of Eretz Israel. Theodor Herzl's Der Judenstaat argued for a Jewish state in either Palestine, \"our ever-memorable historic home\", or Argentina, \"one of the most fertile countries in the world\". Some socialist Zionist groups were more territorialist than Zionist, such as Nachman Syrkin's Zionist Socialist Workers Party (the Z.S.). As early as 1902, Herzl's negotiations with the Ottoman Empire for a Jewish homeland in Palestine had proven so futile and the dream of Zion so distant that he decided to approach the British about the creation of a Jewish colony in Africa. And in April 1903 his efforts in London seemed to bear fruit. In response to the horrors of Kishinev, England's Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain proposed to Herzl the creation a semiautonomous region on the Uasin Gishu plateau in British East Africa for Jewish settlement. When Herzl revealed Chamberlain's offer to the Sixth Zionist Congress in August",
"title": "Jewish Territorial Organization"
},
{
"docid": "270488",
"text": "The National Endowment for Democracy (NED) is a quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization in the United States founded in 1983 to advance democracy worldwide, by promoting political and economic institutions, such as political groups, trade unions, free markets, and business groups. The NED was created as a bipartisan, private, non-profit corporation, and in turn acts as a grant-making foundation. It is funded primarily by an annual allocation from the U.S. Congress. In addition to its grants program, the NED also supports and houses the Journal of Democracy, the World Movement for Democracy, the International Forum for Democratic Studies, the Reagan–Fascell Fellowship Program, the Network of Democracy Research Institutes, and the Center for International Media Assistance. Upon its founding, the NED assumed some former activities of the CIA. Political groups, activists, and some governments have said the NED has been an instrument of United States foreign policy helping to foster regime change. History Founding The National Security Decision Directive 77 was instrumental for the creation of Project Democracy and its offspring NED. In a 1982 speech at the Palace of Westminster, President Ronald Reagan proposed an initiative, before the British Parliament, \"to foster the infrastructure of democracy – the system of a free press, unions, political parties, universities.\" This intersected with previously formulated plans by the American Political Foundation, an NGO supported by some members of the Republican and Democratic parties, together with scholars based at CSIS, to create a government-funded but privately run democracy promotion foundation to support democratic civil society groups and parties. The idea was strongly championed by the State Department, which argued that a non-governmental foundation would be able to support dissident groups and organizations in the Soviet Bloc, and also foster the emergence of democratic movements in US-allied dictatorships that were becoming unstable and in danger of experiencing leftist or radical revolutions, without provoking a diplomatic backlash against the US government. After some initial uncertainty over the idea from Reagan Administration hard-liners, the U.S. government, through USAID (United States Agency for International Development), contracted The American Political Foundation to study democracy promotion, which became known as \"The Democracy Program\". The Program recommended the creation of a bipartisan, private, non-profit corporation to be known as the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). NED, though non-governmental, would be funded primarily through annual appropriations from the U.S. government and subject to congressional oversight. In 1983, the House Foreign Affairs Committee proposed legislation to provide initial funding of $31.3 million for NED as part of the State Department Authorization Act (H.R. 2915), because NED was in its beginning stages of development the appropriation was set at $18 million. Included in the legislation was $13.8 million for the Free Trade Union Institute, an affiliate of the AFL–CIO, $2.5 million for an affiliate of the National Chamber Foundation, and $5 million each for two party institutes, which was later eliminated by a vote of 267–136. The conference report on H.R. 2915 was adopted by the House on November 17, 1983, and the Senate the following",
"title": "National Endowment for Democracy"
},
{
"docid": "69981494",
"text": "The Anti-Bolshevist League (German: Antibolschewistische Liga), later the League for the Protection of German Culture (Liga zum Schutze der deutschen Kultur), was a short-lived German far-right organization that initially opposed the November Revolution and later most notably the Spartacus League. It was founded in early December 1918 by the young conservative and ultra-nationalist publicist Eduard Stadtler. The organization was financed by large industrialists, bankers as well as former representatives of the German aristocracy. According to Stadtler's memoirs published in 1935, German entrepreneurs organized and paid for the military operations of the Freikorps against the Berlin Spartacist Uprising and the contract killings of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht on January 15, 1919, from a fund connected to the organization. The Anti-Bolshevik League distributed anti-communist or “anti-Bolshevik” literature and leaflets, sometimes in very large numbers, and organized lectures, exhibitions and training courses. As early as December 1918, the original leadership group was planning to found a \"National Socialist” party and agitated for a “German socialism” with a nationalist twist. The circle around Stadtler and Heinrich von Gleichen was ousted from the management of the league in the spring of 1919 and continued its organizational activities in the Juniklub and in the associated Politisches Kolleg, journalistically above all in the magazine the Das Gewissen. Background The initiator of the creation of the League was 32-year-old Eduard Stadtler, formerly a school teacher and activist of the Catholic Center Party, who returned from Russian captivity after the end of the First World War. In captivity, he closely watched the Russian Revolution, then he was the press secretary of the German diplomatic mission in Moscow. A staunch anti-communist, Stadtler advocated the violent suppression of Bolshevism. On November 1, 1918, Stadtler spoke at the Berlin Philharmonic with a report \"Bolshevism as a worldwide danger.\" A few days later, the November Revolution began. Stadtler saw in it an exclusively Marxist danger, the spread of Bolshevism to Europe. He immediately set about organizing an effective anti-communist structure, combining activity among the masses with the support of the industrial and financial elite. In October he had founded an association for national and social solidarity. Stadtler originally intended this to be called the Association for National Socialism, but the co-founders, including Karl Helfferich, decided to change it, whom Stadtler knew from Moscow, Heinrich von Gleichen and the Catholic trade unionists Adam Stegerwald and Franz Röhr overruled. From this foundation, in October 1918, the \"Solidarity Circle\" (also called \"Young Club\", \"Young Front\") was called the magazine Das Gewissen, whose most important ideologues, along with Stadtler and peers, were Arthur Moeller van den Bruck and Max Hildebert Boehm. The aim of the Solidarity and their leading member, Heinrich von Gleichen, was to build up a small, elite group. In this they differed from Stadtler, who had a nationalist mass movement in mind. After the proclamation of the republicon November 9, 1918, Stadtler supplied several newspapers with two to three articles a day. Founding and program Through the mediation of Helfferich, Stadtler received 5,000",
"title": "Anti-Bolshevist League"
},
{
"docid": "1048116",
"text": "The GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development is a regional organization of four post-Soviet states: Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova. Conceived in 1997 to harmonize and integrate commercial, diplomatic and democratic relations among its member states, the GUAM treaty charter was signed in 2001 and today covers a population of over 57 million people. Uzbekistan was also a member of GUAM in the 1999–2005 period. In 2003, GUAM became an observer in the UN General Assembly. In 2007, GUAM also established a military peacekeeping force and organized joint military exercises. Such increasingly deepened integration and relationships led to GUAM playing an important role in the region's diplomatic and commercial affairs. The agreement on a Free Trade Area was signed in 2002. In 2017, additional agreements on a free-trade area were announced, but as of 2022 reportedly the FTA has not been ratified and has not entered into force. The WTO was notified only in 2017 and the Agreement is designated as \"Plurilateral\" and \"In Force\". According to the WTO database, the GUAM FTA agreement was signed in 2002 and entered into force in 2003. International Trade Centre says there is no free trade area in operation with distinct rules from an Agreement on Creation of CIS Free Trade Area, was signed on 15 April 1994 by 12 CIS countries. The database of agreements of the International Trade Centre does not indicate that a GUAM FTA agreement has been concluded, but it does indicate that the 1994 Agreement on CIS FTA is in force for Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova. and the 1999 Agreement on CIS FTA version is listed as the current text of the FTA agreement. The official negotiating language of GUAM was Russian, but it was scrapped in favor of English in 2014. History Origins and foundation, Uzbek membership (1997–2005) Cooperation between Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova started with the \"GUAM consultative forum\", established on 10 October 1997, in Strasbourg and named after the initial letters of each of those countries. In 1999, the organisation adopted the name GUUAM due to the membership of Uzbekistan. A summit in Yalta on 6 and 7 June 2001 was accompanied by the signing of GUUAM's charter, which formalized the organization. According to the former Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko, the charter set objectives for cooperation, such as promoting democratic values, ensuring stable development, enhancing international and regional security, and stepping up European integration. In 2002, Uzbekistan announced that it planned to withdraw from the organization and following this announcement started to ignore GUUAM summits and meetings. In May 2005, shortly after the Andijan massacre, Uzbekistan finally gave official notice of withdrawal from the organization to the Moldovan presidency, thus changing the group's name back to GUAM. A summit of GUUAM took place in Chișinău, Moldova, on 22 April 2005. The US Department of State special representative for Eurasian conflicts, Steven Mann, and the OSCE Secretary General, Ján Kubiš, participated in the summit. The Russian ambassador in Chișinău criticized the fact that",
"title": "GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development"
},
{
"docid": "8204112",
"text": "This is the history of the Colombian National Police, for further reading see history of Colombia. Creation 19th century During the second half of the 19th century Colombia went through many political changes and struggles to define itself as a nation. Tensions between the two main political parties; Liberals and Conservatives escalated to numerous civil wars trying to establish a political system between federalism or centralism and other major differences. The Colombian National Police was established by Law 90 of 1888 to be under government orders and as a dependency of the then Ministry of Government with the intention to function as a Gendarmerie force for Bogotá. The new institution was planned to be a force of 300 Gendarmeries divided into three companies; commanded by a captain, two lieutenants and a second lieutenant, all commanded by two high-ranking officers. On October 23, 1890, acting president Carlos Holguín sanctioned into Law the authorization to hire any qualified trainers from the either the United States or Europe to organize and train the newly established National Police. The Colombian officials selected a French Commissioner named Jean Marie Marcelin Gilibert. The institution was formally established by the 1000 of November 5, 1891. The National Police initial mission was to preserve public tranquility, protecting people and public and private properties. By constitutional law the institution had to enforce and guarantee the rights of the people, the constitution and its laws and obey their authority. Its function also included the authority to take action to prevent crimes, persecute and arrest infractors. The National Police was intended to not recognize privileges or distinctions among the general population, with the only exception of international treaties established in the Constitution that gave immunity to members of diplomatic missions. After a civil war broke out in 1895 during the presidency of Rafael Núñez, the president went absent and Miguel Antonio Caro took over office temporarily and declared a general state of emergency in which the National Police was transferred to the Ministry of War on January 21, 1896, and its members received same privileges as the military personnel. When aged president Manuel Antonio Sanclemente was replaced by Vice-president José Manuel Marroquín who assumed the presidency, the National Police was restructured and organized in a military manner. It was transferred back to the Ministry of Government and to guarantee the security of Bogotá was divided into seven districts to cover the entire city. A mutual fund called Caja de Gratificaciones was set up to pay benefits to service members and financed by the penalties imposed to the civilian population. By 1899 the National Police had a 944 agents strong force divided into eight divisions. Twentieth century When the most intense of the civil wars broke out, known as the Thousand Days War (1899–1902), the National Police was once again assigned to the Ministry of War until September 6, 1901. Under the Decree 1380 of September 16, 1902, the National Police created the Presidential Palace Honor Guard Corps with the name Guardia",
"title": "History of the Colombian National Police"
},
{
"docid": "5445985",
"text": "Eschel Mostert Rhoodie (11 July 1933 – 17 July 1993) was a South African civil servant, public relations officer and spin doctor most famous as being one of the key players in the 1978–79 Information Scandal, also known as \"Infogate\" or \"Muldergate\". He served as the Secretary of the Department of Information between 1972 and 1977, while Connie Mulder was Minister of the department. Early life He was born on 11 July 1933 in Caledon, Cape Province, Union of South Africa. He earned a PhD from the University of Pretoria. His thesis was a study of \"penal systems in the British Commonwealth\". Early career Believing that standard diplomatic activity was insufficient to improve Apartheid South Africa's negative image abroad, Rhoodie hatched secret projects, with the knowledge and the huge financial support of top political leaders. One example was the global use of public funds for the covert enticing of finance journalists to write positive articles about South Africa in publications such as the Dutch weekly magazine To the Point. Rhoodie was employed as the press officer of the South African embassy in The Hague in 1971 and he made a clandestine agreement with Dutch publisher Hubert Jussen to establish the magazine. To the Point was to be secretly financed by the South African government. The secret scheme had the approval of the Prime Minister, B.J. Vorster, the chief of the Intelligence Services, General Hendrik van den Bergh, the Minister of Information, Connie Mulder and Gerald Barrie, the head of the Department of Information. Secretary of Department of Information In July 1972, Rhoodie, at the age of 38, was appointed to the post of Secretary of Information. That promotion was quite controversial in South African politics, since Rhoodie was not a member of the Afrikaner Broederbond, a secret fraternal organization dedicated to the promotion of the interests of Afrikaners. He was young, dynamic, enterprising and impatient, particularly with the bureaucratic process, which were the qualities that enabled him to get things done. Shortly after his appointment to what would later be called the Dirty Tricks Department, Rhoodie recruited as his deputies Les de Villiers and his own brother, Deneys Rhoodie. Initially, To the Point was the only secret project in operation, but the Bureau of State Security had plans for a number of other schemes and a long list of spooks (secret agents) willing to see them through. Soon, a second project was instituted. Now, it was the creation of an organization designed to counter South Africa's sporting isolation. The result was the Committee for Fairness in Sport. Then came a scheme involving a group of influential businessmen abroad. The Club of Ten, as the group was known, had the difficult task of tackling the news media, the United Nations, other institutions, individuals and countries for their perceived double-dealing and hypocrisy on South Africa. A number of influential individuals operated more covertly to improve South Africa's image abroad. By 1975, \"Project Annemarie\" was conceived (Annemarie was the name of Rhoodie's teenage",
"title": "Eschel Rhoodie"
},
{
"docid": "47470352",
"text": "The National Human Rights Committee (NHRC) is a government-appointed human rights commission based in the State of Qatar. Established in 2002, it has been tasked with the responsibility of overseeing and carrying out investigations on human rights abuses in the country. Organization As of 2015, Ali bin Samikh Al Marri is the chairman of the commission and Dr. Mohamed Saif Al Kuwari is vice-chairman. Fourteen members serve in the committee. The members are government-appointed and consist of civil servants and government ministers. History The National Human Rights Committee was founded in 2002 by virtue of law no. 38. The law stipulated that it would be headquartered in the capital city of Doha and would be independently financed. All governmental agencies were ordered to procure their full cooperation with the commission. The NHRC was re-organized by the government in 2010 to reinforce its independence, and in the same year, the International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions upgraded the commission's classification to Category A, the highest classification for international human rights institutions. The NHRC signed a memorandum of understanding with the US-based human rights organization Solidarity Center in 2009. In November 2010, the NHRC's new building in Fereej Abdel Aziz was opened by Prime Minister Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani. The NHRC is classified as A by the International Coordinating Committee (ICC), which hosts all the national human rights commissions in the world. The National Human Rights Committee is a member of the ICC Subcommittee on Accrediting and Compiling National Committees in the World The National Human Rights Committees (Asia Pacific Forum) since March 2012 for 3 years. Qatar diplomatic crisis Since the beginning of the Qatari diplomatic crisis in 2017, NHRC has held dozens of workshops, conferences and seminars with organizations and politicians worldwide. NHRC's activities aimed to reveal the crisis violations of human rights as well as discussing the general situation of human rights in Qatar. In September 2017, NHRC Chairman Dr Ali bin Sumaikh Al Marri underlined the urgent need to put an end to the suffering of the Qatari citizens and residents of Qatar as a result of the siege imposed on Qatar since June 2017. During a meeting with U.S official, Al Marri introduced the impact of the siege on the humanitarian status of the civilians in Qatar, as he called on United States to take serious action in order to put an end to the human rights violation caused by Saudi-led blockade. According to the NHRC, the crisis affected the education of 190 Qatari students enrolled in Egyptian universities because of the government's imposition of new visa requirements.Some of the students were prevented from attending final exams in September 2017. As a response NHRC escalated the issue to several international organisations. Mission The commission's aims revolve around raising awareness of human rights abuses, monitoring and observing human rights abuses, and empowering individuals. Their means of advancing this goal include contributing to research programs related to human rights, conducting studies and providing advice",
"title": "National Human Rights Committee (Qatar)"
},
{
"docid": "66225891",
"text": "Israel–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Israel and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Positive initial relations between the two states were subsequently negatively affected by the Arab–Israeli conflict and close relations between Yugoslavia and some Arab states, particularly Yugoslav relations with Egypt. Despite cancelation of the formal relations after the Six-Day War informal, commercial and cultural exchanges continued throughout the Cold War period. History Between the end of World War II and creation of the State of Israel Yugoslavia allowed passage of thousands of illegal Jewish immigrants to Palestine which was perceived as a part of the anti-imperialist struggle. Yugoslavia was one of the 11 members of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine and one of three which voted against the final proposal with Yugoslav side advocating for bi-national one-state solution. Yugoslavia recognized Israel on 19 May 1948. In 1948 Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia sought and received permission from the authorities to send material help and organize Jewish emigration to Israel. More than a half of Yugoslav Jews who survived Holocaust have emigrated to Israel. Contrary to other communist countries in eastern and southeastern Europe, Yugoslavia allowed emigration of its Jewish citizens to Israel, but permitted them to keep only their movable property while the state received real property. Some sources claim that this permission was the result of influence of Moša Pijade, one of the highest ranking Yugoslav functionaries. In 1953, funded by the Yugoslav Government, companies, and trade unions, the Jewish Federation of Yugoslavia organized the planting of sixty thousand trees in Israel to commemorate “Jewish victim of fascism.” By 1952 the community independently built fourteen memorials to commemorate Yugoslav Jews, most notable of them in 1952 in Belgrade and Novi Sad in People's Republic of Serbia, Zagreb and Đakovo in People's Republic of Croatia, and Sarajevo in People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. After 1952, in Serbia alone another forty Holocaust victims monuments were erected with the most prominent one being the Jewish Sephardic Cemetery in Belgrade designed by Bogdan Bogdanović. Formal bilateral relations between the two states were canceled after the 1967 War with Israel expecting at the time that they will remain interrupted as long as Yugoslavia continues to play leading role in the Third World via the Non-Aligned Movement. Nevertheless, cultural and commercial contacts between the two countries continued with prominent exchanges between the two sides including Habima Theatre visit to Belgrade, establishment of direct JAT flights between Belgrade and Tel Aviv, Elazar Granot visit etc. In 1985 former Yugoslav diplomat Vojimir Šobajik told to Politika that the cancelation of relations was a mistake and that \"Israel's legitimacy must not be questioned\". Some ascribed decision not to reestablish relations by 1982 (after the death of President Josip Broz Tito) to personal preference of the Foreign Minister Raif Dizdarević who was leading figure in the influential pro-Arab lobby in the country. On 9 September 1988 Simcha Dinitz, chairman of the Jewish Agency for Israel, was the first Israeli representative",
"title": "Israel–Yugoslavia relations"
},
{
"docid": "69114268",
"text": "United States Army Strategist or Functional Area 59 or FA59 is a functional area of the United States Army. While the U.S. military and Army has had strategic thinkers throughout its history, the United States Army's FA59 career field emerged in the late 1990's with its first cohort beginning duty in 2001, partially due to arguments made by General John R. Galvin in a 1989 article advocating for military strategists during a period of declining strategic expertise in the United States. Colonel (Ret.) Charles Moore stated that by 2010 the \"return of the Army Strategist\" was already reversing this decline. U.S. Army Strategists have diverse backgrounds and advanced education which provide skills such as creative and critical thinking—allowing them to lead planning at organizations such as combatant commands and multinational headquarters. Officers are selected periodically from volunteers for the career field or are assessed through the Harvard Fellowship Program. Strategists do not command, but instead rotate through repeated strategic-level assignments to obtain the strategic planning and leadership abilities necessary for development and to promote “a deep understanding of national defense issues and processes”. FA59 officers in 2021 serve in a wide variety of joint, intergovernmental, interagency, and multinational organizations. Assignments include service staffs, the Joint Staff, the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and combatant commands, while the Departments of State, Treasury, and Homeland Security are seeking Strategists. Strategists serve as speechwriters, authors of key defense documents, planners, military assistants, and in other key positions. According to Moore, \"demand for Army strategists continues to increase\". History Military strategists in the United States Retired Army Colonel Charles Moore notes that, through history, “the Army has always produced strategic thinkers and planners\". He points to successful cases from the U.S. Civil War such as General Winfield Scott and his early Anaconda Plan, General John J. Pershing's activities in World War I, and George C. Marshall in World War II, followed by a declining role during the Cold War where the collective capability of military strategists reached its nadir, a condition also associated with a loss of “America’s strategic competence”. In 1989, General John R. Galvin published an article called: \"What's the Matter with Being a Strategist?\" Besides defining the required characteristics of military strategists, Galvin advocated for their return. Galvin's article was an impetus for the creation of the FA59 career field, and the ultimate result was the creation of Functional Area 59 in the United States Army about a decade later. United States Army Strategists By the 1990s, the U.S. Army had, for decades, provided several paths for officers to acquire an additional skill identifier which identified its holder with skills in the strategy arena. However, the resulting identifier did not equate to fully capable due to “the pressures of maintaining proficiency in traditional military skills in a limited career timeline”. The Army addressed these challenges in 1998 with a “new functional area called Strategy and Force Development as part of Officer Professional Management System XXI, the redesign of its personnel",
"title": "United States Army Strategist"
},
{
"docid": "22714201",
"text": "The Centre for Analysis, Planning and Strategy (Centre d’analyse, de prévision et de stratégie, or CAPS, formerly known as Centre d'analyse et de prévision (or Centre for Analysis and Planning), and then as Direction de la prospective (or Directorate for Foresight) is a think tank within the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, tasked with making strategic recommendations to the Foreign Minister and ensuring a French presence in European and international debates and institutions. It is the French counterpart to the US State Department’s Policy Planning Staff. It is currently headed by diplomat Manuel Lafont Rapnouil, who was appointed by Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian in July 2019. Status The director of the CAPS reports directly to the Minister and is sometimes a member of his cabinet. The CAPS is tasked with performing three tasks with complete independence of approach and expression: analysing the evolutions of international relations and the larger problems which weigh on them in the middle and in the long term, notably economic, religious and demographic issues, all the while seeking to shed light on them from an approach combining multiple social sciences as well as foresight ; recommending to the Minister, either on his instructions or under its own steam, such action or strategic options as it deems necessary with regard to the development of the international situation in the long term ; ensuring that the relationship between the administration and the academic world is well oiled, by presenting administration officials with research relevant to their work and also by emphasising the importance of French institutions abroad. In spite of its small size, the Centre enjoys a solid reputation and has become known the world over for being a breeding ground of intellectual and diplomatic talent. Its PIPA program (Programme d’invitation des personnalités d’avenir – an invitation program for young foreign leaders), established in 1989, which hosts about 75 young leaders (under 45) a year, seeks to present the select few who are chosen with an unvarnished image of contemporary France and establish friendly ties with them. Since its creation, the program has hosted over 2,000 personalities from over 150 countries. Independence The CAPS is made quite unique by the diversity of its team: it is made up of career diplomats, but also civil servants from different ministries, most often Defence and Finance, academics and other experts. Its specificity is particularly marked in the manner with which its team handles topics: indeed, its officials frequently assess situations by using data that originates out of the traditional diplomatic channels, whether in universities, think tanks or specialised services at home or abroad. It also has the resources necessary to commission expert analyses from external sources. This makes it a source of independent and sometimes critical analyses vis-à-vis the government’s policies. It is for instance mentioned for its dissenting analyses, carried out by external consultants, in the Duclert report on France, Rwanda and the Tutsi genocide. Its mission is also to present alternatives and new options and ideas. It has",
"title": "Policy Planning Staff (France)"
},
{
"docid": "53551194",
"text": "The International Civil Defence Organization (ICDO) is an intergovernmental organization with the objective to contribute to the development by States of structures ensuring the protection and assistance of population and safeguarding property and the environment from natural or man-made disasters. These structures are generally known as civil protection, civil defence, civil safety and are all concerned with the management of emergency situations. The ICDO federates the national structures established by States for this purpose with the aim of favoring cooperation and mutual solidarity between them. The International Civil Defence Organization was founded in 1931. It has 60 member states, 16 observer states and 23 affiliated members. History The creation of the Association In 1931, retired Surgeon General Dr. Georges Saint-Paul founded the Association in Paris. It was an association dedicated to the protection of civilians and historic monuments in armed conflict situations. It was a revolutionary idea. Until that time, no one had thought about the collateral damage caused to civilians in armed conflicts. Focusing on the protection of the civilian population was an avant-garde idea. Over time, war would increasingly impact civilian life. Indeed, the International Committee of the Red Cross estimates that as many as 97% of the victims of any armed conflict are civilians. Frightened by the prospect of future wars and aware of what doctors owe to peace, he campaigned for the Red Cross to cover not only ambulances and hospitals in the future, but also for certain places, demarcated in advance, declared and marked on maps where children, the elderly and women could take refuge from the bombing and gas. Today, these areas are called human corridors. Surgeon-General Georges Saint-Paul who by his generous initiative acquired the right to the title of \"benefactor of humanity\", unfortunately succumbed on 7 April 1937 to angina pectoris at his France. Despite the death of General Saint-Paul, his friends and loyal collaborators continued to fight for his ideas. In 1946, the mayor of St. Gallen, Mr. Anderegg, a member of the Swiss Federal Parliament, presented a postulate based on the humanitarian work of Henri Dunant, founder of the Red Cross, and on the actions undertaken at the instigation of the . He asked the Swiss government to examine the problem of the neutralization of cities, areas and regions in the event of war. This was followed by the convening of the Geneva Diplomatic Conference in 1949, where delegates and experts from over 60 countries drew up the new conventions known as the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. General Saint-Paul’s idea found some international legal realization in the Convention relating to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, the so-called Fourth Geneva Convention. In 1949, after the signing of the four diplomatic Geneva Conventions, the turned their attention to the practical implementation of refuge areas for the protection of non-combatants. It was during this jubilee year, 1951, that Milan Bodi, Deputy Secretary General, was called to succeed Henri George, who died on 6 May 1951, after a",
"title": "International Civil Defence Organization"
},
{
"docid": "8844769",
"text": "Amicii URSS (Romanian for \"[The] Friends of the Soviet Union\"; , occasionally known as Prietenii URSS (), which carries the same meaning) was a cultural association in interwar Romania, uniting left-wing and anti-fascist intellectuals who advocated a détente between their country and Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union (at a time when Greater Romania, which included Bessarabia and all of Bukovina, was engaged in a diplomatic conflict with the Soviets). Created in the spring of 1934 by Petre Constantinescu-Iași, an activist of the previously outlawed Romanian Communist Party (PCR or PCdR), the society took its inspiration from the French Amis de l'URSS and from the worldwide network (led by Henri Barbusse and Clara Zetkin). Actively encouraged and financed by the Comintern (under the provisions of the Popular Front doctrine), Amicii URSS was viewed with suspicion by authorities — never officially registered, it was eventually banned on the orders of Premier Gheorghe Tătărescu on November 25, 1934. It ceased its activity after that point, but constituted a precedent for the Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union (ARLUS). The grouping included several early or future PCR activists. Aside from Constantinescu-Iași and the co-founders Ion Niculi and Iorgu Iordan, these were: Scarlat Callimachi, N. D. Cocea, Alexandru Sahia, Stephan Roll, Mihai Beniuc, Petre Pandrea, Teodor Bugnariu, and Mihai Popilian. Its other members were communist sympathizers, or people with no clear political views; among others, these were: Mac Constantinescu, Demostene Botez, Haig Acterian, Ioan Hudiță, Zaharia Stancu, Marcel Janco, Șerban Cioculescu, F. Brunea-Fox, Sergiu Dan, Radu Cernătescu, Octav Doicescu, Constantin Motaș, and Sandu Eliad. Creation and goals Although a PCR section was represented at international meetings of Friends of the Soviet Union as early as 1930, the initiative to create a Romanian branch was delayed until four years after — a period during which an appeal launched by the delegation won approval in several locations throughout the country. The first meeting took place in Chișinău, in the private residence of Constantinescu-Iași (1932). Local circles of supporters were also set up in cities such as Iași, Cluj, and the capital Bucharest. The latter was also the home of another nucleus, the home of sculptor Mac Constantinescu (in the area near the present-day Sala Palatului), where correspondence and affiliations were being received. After its creation, Amicii URSS issued a statement of purpose, publicized on July 28 as an appeal and known as Către toți muncitorii, țăranii, intelectualii de la orașe și sate (\"To All Workers, Peasants, Intellectuals in Towns and Villages\"). It called for an increased awareness of Soviet life, and planned to organize exhibitions, conferences, and sport events, as well as editing a magazine (which was to bear the same name as the association). Special points were made about publishing translations of Russian literature and about showcasing Soviet cinema and theater. In 1932-1933, the PCR had ensured the creation of other outlets (focusing on rallying support in other areas of Romanian society); these were Comitetul Național Antirăzboinic (the National Anti-War Committee), Liga Muncii (the Labor",
"title": "Amicii URSS"
},
{
"docid": "74816488",
"text": "The Fahd Peace Plan, also known as the Fahd Peace Initiative and Fez Initiative, was a peace proposal presented by then Saudi Crown Prince Fahd of Saudi Arabia in 1981 and officially submitted during the Arab League summit in Morocco's city of Fez in November that year. Possibly the first bid to solve the conflict following the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty in 1979, the plan was designed to resolve the Arab–Israeli conflict and establish lasting peace in the region. Made by eight-point proposal, the plan has suggested that \"all states in the region should be able to live in peace in the region.\" Within its provisions, it was included Israeli withdrawal from \"all Arab territory occupied in 1967\", including Arab Jerusalem, dismantling of Israeli settlements built on \"Arab land\" after 1967, a \"guarantee of freedom of worship for all religions in Holy Places\", an \"affirmation of the right of the Palestinian Arab people to return to their homes and compensation for those who do not wish to return\", and the creation of an \"independent Palestinian State\" with Jerusalem as its capital and putting the West Bank and the Gaza Strip under the \"auspices of the United Nations for a period not exceeding several months\". Eight Point Peace Plan The points of the Peace Plan: Israel to withdraw from all Arab territory occupied in 1967, including Arab Jerusalem. Israeli settlements built on Arab land after 1967 to be dismantled, including those in Arab Jerusalem. A guarantee of freedom of worship for all religions in the Holy Places. An affirmation of the right of the Palestinian Arab people to return to their homes and compensation for those who do not wish to return. The West Bank and the Gaza Strip to have a transitional period under the auspices of the United Nations for a period not exceeding several months. An independent Palestinian State should be set up with Jerusalem as its capital. All States in the region should be able to live in peace in the region. The United Nations or Member States of the United Nations to guarantee the carrying out of these provisions. Presentation and reactions The Fahd Peace Plan was presented at the 8th Arab League summit in Fez, Morocco, in November 1981, and it sparked disagreements among the parties. It was only during the sessions of the 12th summit of the organization, held again in Fez in September 1982, that the proposal was endorsed as the Fez Initiative, after including a reference to the Palestine Liberation Organization, and it became the official position of the Arab states regarding the conflict. However, the Israeli government at the time, led by Menachem Begin, did not accept the plan and rejected its provisions. Nevertheless, the Fahd Peace Plan laid a foundation for further discussions on peace in the Middle East and influenced other peace initiatives in the region, such as the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative, which also aimed at a comprehensive solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. See also List of Middle East",
"title": "Fahd Plan"
},
{
"docid": "31727474",
"text": "PLO's Ten Point Program (in Arabic: برنامج النقاط العشر) (by Israel called the PLO's Phased Plan) is the plan accepted by the Palestinian National Council (PNC), the legislative body of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), at its 12th meeting held in Cairo on 8 June 1974. The Program called for the establishment of a national authority \"over every part of Palestinian territory that is liberated\" with the aim of \"completing the liberation of all Palestinian territory\". The program implied that the liberation of Palestine may be partial (at least, at some stage), and though it emphasized armed struggle, it did not exclude other means. This allowed the PLO to engage in diplomatic channels, and provided validation for future compromises made by the Palestinian leadership. Because the Program introduced the concept of a two-state solution in the PLO, it was rejected by the more radical hard-line factions, which vowed to continue to fight to eliminate Israel, and formed the Rejectionist Front, which was strongly backed by Iraq. Background Following the failure of the armies of Egypt and Syria to defeat Israel in 1973 in the Yom Kippur War, the Palestinian leadership began formulating a strategic alternative. Specifics of the Program The PLO's Phased Plan did not stipulate clear operational measures and only repeated the principles of the policies which the Palestinian National Council had accepted in the past: the denial of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (adopted after the Six-Day War) the denial of the existence of the State of Israel the demand of the return of all Palestinian refugees to their original homes the establishment of an Arab-Palestinian state in the entire region of Palestine within the pre-1948 borders. The innovation of PLO's Phased Plan was in the assertion that each step which would lead to the fulfillment of these goals would be a worthy step. It also stated that any territory, from the region of Palestine, which would be transferred to an Arab rule should be transferred to Palestinian control, also if the takeover of other territories would be delayed as a result. Some interpreted these series of decisions, as a realization by the PNC that it can not fulfill all its goals at once, but rather it would be able to do so in gradual small steps, and as a recognition of the council in the possibility of initiating political and diplomatic measures and not just an \"armed struggle\" (although PLO's Phased Plan does not consist of a denial of the use of an armed struggle). Section 2 of the Plan states: The Palestine Liberation Organization will employ all means, and first and foremost armed struggle, to liberate Palestinian territory and to establish the independent combatant national authority for the people over every part of Palestinian territory that is liberated. This will require further changes being effected in the balance of power in favor of our people and their struggle. Section 4 of the Plan states: Any step taken towards liberation is a step towards the realization",
"title": "PLO's Ten Point Program"
},
{
"docid": "701223",
"text": "Oswaldo Euclides de Souza Aranha (, 15 February 1894 – 27 January 1960) was a Brazilian politician, diplomat and statesman, who came to national prominence in 1930 under Getúlio Vargas. He is known in international politics for lobbying for the creation of the State of Israel as head of the Brazilian delegation to the UN and President of the UN General Assembly in 1947. As head of the Brazilian delegation, he was President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1947 during the UNGA 181 vote on the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, in which he postponed the vote for three days to ensure its passage. For his efforts on Palestine, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1948. Early life and career Oswaldo Aranha was born in the city of Alegrete in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Aranha obtained his bachelor's degree in Law and Social Sciences at the Law School of the now-called Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in 1916. After his graduation, he returned to Rio Grande do Sul and practiced as a lawyer for eight years, establishing a personal and professional contact with Getúlio Vargas, who also was a lawyer. His first public office was that of Assistant Police Commissioner in his native state. Aranha fought the insurrection of 1923, deflagrated by sectors that opposed the fifth consecutive re-election of Borges de Medeiros as governor of Rio Grande do Sul. By personally commanding an irregular armed force consisting of civilians, Aranha fought new uprisings promoted by the opposition in the years that led to the Revolution of 1930. In a speedy political career, Oswaldo Aranha ran for his first elective office in 1926 and was elected Mayor of Alegrete, but soon became a member of the state legislature and later elected to the National Congress in 1928. When Vargas ran as opposition candidate for president of Brazil in 1930 and lost, Aranha joined the tenentes to convince Vargas to organize a revolt. When the revolt succeeded, Aranha took the first of several positions in the Cabinet of Brazil under now-President Vargas, heading the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Justice, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, among other positions. Aranha also served as ambassador to the United States in 1934 where he gained recognition as a strong supporter of Pan-Americanism. In 1937 he returned to Brazil to head the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Aranha played a large role in the Rio de Janeiro Conference of 1942. Support for the Allies in World War II While serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Brazil took part in the first three consultative meetings of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics which defined Pan-American policy during the early stages of World War II and worked out the recommendation for the collective severance of diplomatic relations with the Axis Powers. During the 1942 Rio conference, he announced that Brazil had cut all diplomatic ties with Nazi Germany, thereby siding with the United",
"title": "Oswaldo Aranha"
},
{
"docid": "5594479",
"text": "The Iranian Directorate or Directorate for Iran is a unit of The Pentagon created in 2006 to deal with intelligence on Iran in the context of diplomatic and military tensions between the United States and Iran. Critics compare it with the Office of Special Plans (OSP) which dealt with controversial intelligence reports about Iraq. Lt. Col. Barry E. Venable, a spokesman for the Pentagon, confirmed the creation of the directorate for Iran in both a phone conversation and an email message. \"As the State Department stated in early March (Daily Press Brief, Mar. 3), the U.S. Government is organizing itself better to address what Secretary Rice called 'one of the great challenges for the United States, a strategic challenge for the United States and for those who desire peace and freedom,' Venable wrote. 'As a counterpart to the State Department's new Office of Iran Affairs, the Department of Defense has split off a new directorate for Iran-related policy issues from the existing Directorate of Northern Gulf Affairs in the Office of Near East and South Asia Affairs (NESA), he added. These regional policy offices fall within the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs,' and thereafter under Eric Edelman. Edelman, Undersecretary of Defense for Policy. Membership The acting director of the Iranian Directorate is not publicly known but has been reported to be military officer Ladan Archin. Some of the other members are: former director of the Office of Special Plans, Abram Shulsky, Project for the New American Century member Reuel Marc Gerecht, and Defense Intelligence Agency analyst, John Trigilio. Aims The Los Angeles Times claimed that the purpose of the Iranian Directorate in the Pentagon is to \"undercut the government in Tehran\" together with the Office of Iranian Affairs in the State Department. See also Stuxnet References External links Pentagon Iran Office Mimics Former Iraq Office Iran–United States relations United States Department of Defense agencies 2006 establishments in Virginia Defunct United States intelligence agencies",
"title": "Iranian Directorate"
},
{
"docid": "9372330",
"text": "In the history of Lithuania, the Vilnius Conference () or Vilnius National Conference met on 18–22 September 1917, and began the process of establishing a Lithuanian state based on ethnic identity and language that would be independent of the Russian Empire, Poland, and the German Empire. It elected a twenty-member Council of Lithuania that was entrusted with the mission of declaring and re-establishing an independent Lithuania. The Conference, hoping to express the will of the Lithuanian people, gave legal authority to the council and its decisions. While the Conference laid the basic guiding principles of Lithuanian independence, it deferred any matters of the political structure of future Lithuania to the Constituent Assembly, which would later be elected in a democratic manner. Historical background Lithuania existed as an independent state from the beginning of the 13th century until 1569, when it entered into a union with Poland, forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth ceased to exist after the Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century. Most of the Lithuanian territory was incorporated into the Russian Empire. A Lithuanian independence movement arose during the 19th century, based on concepts of national self-determination that were formalized in Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points speech in January 1918. During the course of World War I, the German Army invaded Russia and soon entered the territory which comprised Lithuania. In 1915, the Germans assumed control and organized a military administration known as Ober Ost (short for der Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten: \"supreme command of all German forces in the East\"). At first, the Germans simply exploited Lithuania for the benefit of their war effort. As the war progressed, it became evident that the two-front war that Germany was engaged in would necessitate a compromise peace with the Russian Empire. This necessitated a re-thinking of strategies concerning the occupied territories in the east. An openly pursued goal of annexation gave way to a more guarded policy after Germany perceived that a public relations backlash might occur: the Central Powers realized that the Allies could use such territorial expansion in their propaganda. Lengthy debates between German military leaders (who favored open annexation) and the civilian administration (which leaned towards a more subtle strategy) resulted in a resolution that declared that the military administration governing occupied territories would grant some semblance of autonomy to their populations. The plan was to form a network of formally independent states that would in fact be completely dependent on Germany, the so-called Mitteleuropa. Organizing the Conference A Vertrauensrat (\"Council of Trust\" or \"Confidential Council\") was authorized in May 1917; its membership was to consist of Lithuanians and ethnic minorities in Lithuania. The military administration approached a number of prominent members of the Lithuanian community, including Bishop Pranciškus Karevičius, Antanas Smetona, and Jonas Basanavičius, all of whom refused to participate in their rubber stamp advisory council. The Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers, an organization that helped war victims and mobilized political activists, then entered into negotiations",
"title": "Vilnius Conference"
},
{
"docid": "75383871",
"text": "Ukraine's Peace Formula is an initiative and diplomatic platform that Ukraine proposed to the world community to achieve a just conclusion to the Russo-Ukrainian War. History In September 2022 Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy addressed the UN General Assembly in a pre-recorded speech that focused on five preconditions for peace formula. There were punishment for aggression, protection of life, restoration of security and territorial integrity, security guarantees and determination to defend oneself. On 15 November 2022 during the G20 Bali Summit Zelenskyy announced the detailed contents of the 10-point \"peace formula\". Proposals The November 2022 Ukrainian proposal consists of 10 points, as reported by Ukrainian authorities and by media: nuclear safety, especially that of the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant Food security for Asian and African countries Energy security and restoration of Ukraine's energy infrastructure Release of all prisoners and the return of Ukrainian children deported to Russia Restoration of the Russia–Ukraine border to that prior to the 2014 annexation of Crimea, in line with Article 2 of the Charter of the United Nations Full withdrawal of Russian military forces from Ukraine and cessation of hostilities Prosecution of war crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, including the creation of a special tribunal for Russian war crimes Assessment of ecological damage, including that caused by the destruction of the Kakhovka Dam; prosecution of those responsible; recovery and reconstruction Guarantees against future Russian aggression A multilateral peace conference with a legally binding international treaty. Evaluations Foreign minister of Russia Sergei Lavrov said: \"It is completely not feasible. It is not possible to implement this.\" U.S. President Joe Biden: \"We're going to continue to support Ukraine's diplomatic effort to deliver a just and lasting peace\". French President Emmanuel Macron: \"The plan ... is an essential basis for discussions on this path, which should lead us towards an international peace conference\". Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg: \"Ukraine needs a just and sustainable peace, and I therefore strongly welcome President Zelenskyy's ten-point plan to achieve that goal.\" President Zelenskyy noted that the Ukrainian peace formula can become a universal basis for ending other military conflicts on the planet and overcoming global problems. Diplomatic meetings The Ukrainian peace formula was discussed at the following international meetings (Russia was not invited). A meeting was held on 24 June 2023 in Copenhagen, Denmark, between national security advisers and representatives from Ukraine, United States, European Union, United Kingdom, Denmark, Brazil, India, Italy, Canada, Germany, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, France, Japan and other countries. A meeting was held on 5–6 August 2023 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia – between 42 representatives of Western countries as well as Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia, South Africa, South Korea and China. A meeting was held on 28–29 October 2023 in Valletta, Malta – between 66 representatives from the West and Global South. Among the new participants were Armenia, Holy See and Mexico. At the meeting in Malta, the participants adopted a document in which they confirmed their intention to convene a Global Summit at",
"title": "Ukraine's Peace Formula"
},
{
"docid": "2619563",
"text": "The Flahaut partition plan for Belgium was a proposal developed in 1830 at the London Conference of 1830 by the French diplomat Charles de Flahaut, to partition Belgium. The proposal was immediately rejected by the French Foreign Ministry upon Charles Maurice de Talleyrand's insistence. According to some sources, the French insistence on partitioning Belgium might have been invented by Talleyrand himself to show himself as a skilled statesman by maintaining Belgian independence. Background Despite increasing popular demands for independence, major European powers were divided over the future of Belgium; stalling the negotiations at the London Conference of 1830. In early November 1830, the National Congress of Belgium voted to adopt a monarchy. Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours, the son of Louis Philippe I of France emerged as a popular candidate for the throne, however Louis Philippe rejected the candidacy after being urged to do so by Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. While placing the duke on the Belgian throne would have benefited France, Talleyrand argued that such a decision would offend the British and displace the balance of power in Europe. Plan The Belgians outright refused to consider a candidate from the Dutch House of Nassau. In lieu of the stalemate, French diplomat Charles de Flahaut (a son of Talleyrand) proposed partitioning Belgium. Belgium was to be split between the Netherlands, France and Prussia; with the largest part going to France. Britain on the other hand was to receive the city of Antwerp along with its port: Britain was seen as likely to accept receiving this seemingly small possession as Antwerp was the largest port located close to the British isles in the continent which made it an ideal staging point for any power planning an invasion of Britain (Calais on France was even closer but it was smaller in size, although the British had already in the past sought the demilitarization of Calais by the French). Aftermath Talleyrand was briefly tempted by the prospect of partitioning Belgium, a proposal he had briefly toyed with before; however, he quickly changed his mind and rejected the Flahaut plan as absurd, exclaiming that \"he would rather cut off his arm than sign the document\". Talleyrand argued that providing Britain with a base on the continent after France fought numerous wars to prevent such an event was unacceptable. The creation of a direct border with the Kingdom of Prussia was likewise seen as problematic. Talleyrand ordered Flahaut to carry a letter outlining his objections to the proposal to the French Foreign Minister Sébastiani. Sébastiani heeded Talleyrand's warnings and did not pursue the implementation of the plan. It should be noted though, that it has been argued that Britain would have been likely to reject such a partition of Belgium mostly for the same reasons as having to defend a new land border of such a small size and so exposed sandwiched between two adversaries (France and Germany) would have been too expensive and problematic and it would have been much cheaper to just keep",
"title": "Flahaut partition plan for Belgium"
},
{
"docid": "38447964",
"text": "The foreign policy of Ukraine is the strategic approach Ukraine takes to its relations with foreign nations, cooperation with international organizations, promotion of its national interests and protection of the rights of its citizens and diaspora abroad. Ukraine's foreign policy is guided by a number of key priorities. The strategic goals of Ukraine's foreign policy include forming a relationship of strategic partnership with the United States of America and European Union through European and Euro–Atlantic integration, cooperation with member countries of the CIS and GUAM, active engagement with the UN and other international organizations, effective participation in the global economy with the maximum protection of national interests, and the transformation of Ukraine into a regional power. European integration European integration is a key priority, which accumulates a whole set of domestic and foreign policy efforts of Ukraine in order to move closer to the European Union and create the necessary preconditions for future accession to the bloc. An integral part of Ukraine's European integration course was the provision of diplomatic support for the completion of Ukraine's accession to the World Trade Organization, which took place on May 16, 2008. In 2006, Ukraine was proposed to move to the first stage of integration with the EU with the creation of a free trade area. Currently, the state of dialogue on Ukraine's cooperation with the European Union is based on the implementation of a specially developed Strategy for EU Integration into the Ukrainian economy and the gradual implementation of the European Policy Action Plan. These measures mainly involve reforming most economic and social areas in order to move closer to Europe. Ukraine is already actively cooperating between with European Union in many strategically important areas, such as foreign trade (accounting for about 33% of domestic foreign trade), security, financial institutions, space research and others. Ukraine–NATO relations Ukraine–NATO relations – protection of Ukraine's security interests, participation in the creation of the Euro–Atlantic area of stability and security, gradual integration into NATO. This goal should be achieved through the use of cooperation mechanisms with NATO, in particular the Action Plan and the Annual Target Plans (since 2005 – in the framework of the so–called intensified dialogue). On July 30, 2014, the US Senate passed a bill that gives Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova the status of non–NATO allies. Now, in the event of direct military aggression against these countries, the United States can bring its troops into these countries to protect them from external aggression. Ukraine–United States relations As of May 1, 2009, there were 120 signed and ready to sign agreements and other joint documents between Ukraine and the United States. In July 2014, a document on the recognition of Ukraine as an ally of the United States (along with Georgia and Moldova) was submitted to the US Senate. Ukraine–Russia relations in 2018 According to a sociological survey conducted by the All–Russia Center for the Study of Public Opinion in February 2018, 40% of Russians surveyed assess Russia's relations with Ukraine as tense, and",
"title": "Foreign policy of Ukraine"
},
{
"docid": "8657945",
"text": "The Fourteen Infallibles (, ; , ) in Twelver Shia Islam are the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatima Zahra, and the Twelve Imams. All are considered to be infallible under the theological concept of Ismah. Accordingly, they have the power to commit sin but by their nature are able to avoid doing so, which is regarded as a miraculous gift from God. The Infallibles are believed to follow only God's desire in their actions because of their supreme righteousness, consciousness, and love for God. They are also regarded as being immune to error in practical matters, in calling people to religion, and in the perception of divine knowledge. Some Twelver Shia believe the Fourteen Infallibles are superior to the rest of creation and to the other major prophets. Family tree List of the Infallibles See also Shia Islam Twelvers Ahl al-Bayt Ahl al-Kisa Twelve Imams Imamat doctrine Ismah Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam#Infallibility of Imams Salawat Notes References Sources Encyclopedias Books External links A Chronological List of the Fourteen Infallibles A Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by WOFIS World Organization for Islamic Services Tehran -Iran The Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by Mohammad Hussein il’adeeb Twelver theology Islam-related lists Lists of Muslims Muslim family trees Islamic terminology Family of Muhammad Banu Hashim Imamate",
"title": "The Fourteen Infallibles"
},
{
"docid": "19736780",
"text": "The Colorado Mountain Club (CMC), formed in 1912, is a nonprofit, 501 (c)(3) outdoor education organization based in Golden, Colorado that gathers and disseminates information regarding Colorado's mountains in the areas of art, science, literature and recreation. The club advocates for the preservation of the alpine regions, and was instrumental in the creation of Rocky Mountain National Park. The CMC has its own press with over 30 published titles, and has continuously published Trail & Timberline magazine since 1918. History From 25 charter members in 1912, the club rapidly grew to 200 members barely a year later, when the CMC became a nonprofit corporation. Charter members included such notable historic figures as Enos Mills, Roger Toll, and Carl Blaurock. In 1974, the club purchased its first permanent home in Denver, Colorado. In 1993, the CMC partnered with the American Alpine Club to found the American Mountaineering Center in Golden, Colorado. The building houses the largest mountaineering library in the world, as well as a state-of-the-art museum, which opened in February, 2008, and is named for famed mountaineer Henry Bradford Washburn Jr. Groups The CMC has a state-level organization along with 14 local groups, serving communities such as Denver, Boulder, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, and Aspen. Education The club first ventured into education by forming a mountaineering school in 1939. Today, the club offers classes in a variety of subjects, including wilderness trekking, nature photography, mountaineering, climbing, wilderness first aid, fly fishing, and leadership. Classes are taught by volunteers and often involve lectures and field days. Trips Members of the club are able to sign up for trips, most of which take place within the state of Colorado. Trips are led by volunteer trip leaders who handle the planning and organization as well as the execution. Trips may include such activities as hiking, climbing, fishing, and photography and are offered at various levels of difficulty. The club's adventure travel program also provides international travel opportunities. Stewardship The CMC has a conservation committee that is active in representing hiker interests in the state of Colorado. It also conducts volunteer trail work throughout the state to help maintain and build hiking trails. Fourteeners The CMC is the official repository for summit registers on Colorado's popular fourteeners. It also maintains the comprehensive list of each person who has climbed all 53 of these high peaks. It also provides a free online system called for hikers to report summits of Colorado's 100 highest peaks. Notable club members throughout history Carl Blaurock, one of a pair to first climb all of Colorado's fourteeners Mary Cronin, first woman to climb all of Colorado's fourteeners Albert Russell Ellingwood, pioneering Colorado mountaineer Dick Lamm, former Governor of Colorado Enos Mills, whose efforts were influential in establishing Rocky Mountain National Park James Grafton Rogers, Denver lawyer and outdoorsman who drafted legislation to create Rocky Mountain National Park Roger Toll, who held the positions of superintendent at Yellowstone, Rocky Mountain, and Mount Rainier National Parks William Henry Jackson, famous photographer for the",
"title": "Colorado Mountain Club"
}
] | [
"League of Nations"
] |
train_45560 | where do the mamma mia songs come from | [
{
"docid": "656355",
"text": "ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"SOS\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Mamma Mia\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \"Tropical Loveland\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \"Intermezzo No. 1\" (early working title: \"Mama\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \"Man in the Middle\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \"The ABBA Remasters\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \"Deluxe Edition\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \"Baby\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \"Rock Me\". \"Baby\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Crazy World\" \"Crazy World\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \"Money, Money, Money\" single in November 1976. \"Crazy World\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\" Recording began on 6 May 1975",
"title": "ABBA (album)"
},
{
"docid": "75128298",
"text": "Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream was a British television talent competition that began airing on 22 October 2023 on ITV. The show documented the search for two new, unknown musical theatre performers to play the roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!. The series was presented by Zoe Ball, and features Samantha Barks, Alan Carr, Amber Riley and Jessie Ware as judges. The series was won by Stevie Doc and Tobias Turley to play Sophie and Sky respectively. Format The series documented the search to find two unknown musical theatre stars to play the central roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the 2024 West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!, based on the film of the same name for the musical's 25th anniversary. The format was similar to that of the BBC competitions How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, Any Dream Will Do, I'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow which aired on BBC One in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 respectively. ITV later aired a similar programme in 2012, Superstar. The series featured fourteen contestants, seven men and seven women, who took part in masterclasses, challenges and workshops focused on singing, dancing and acting which led to a finale set which took place in a West End theatre where a public vote decided the winners. Production In September 2022, it was reported that ITV were planning to revive the musical theatre talent search format with a new series based on Mamma Mia. In December 2022, ITV confirmed the commissioning of Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream. The series was produced by Thames, the production company behind the reality television formats Britain's Got Talent and I Can See Your Voice. The series is filmed in Corfu, Greece and is presented by Zoe Ball. The judges included Samantha Barks, who was a finalist on I'd Do Anything in 2008, comedian Alan Carr, Glee actress Amber Riley and singer Jessie Ware. Contestants The fourteen contestants competing for the roles of Sophie and Sky were announced on the day of the show's broadcast. Sophie Sky Weekly summary Results summary Colour key Week 1 (22 October) For the show's the first episode, the fourteen contestants were placed in either duos or trios and performed a song by ABBA. Group performances: \"Mamma Mia\" \"I Have a Dream\" Week 2 (29 October) In the show's second episode, the Sophies had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Dancing Queen\" Week 3 (5 November) In the show's third episode, the Skys had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" Week 4 (12 November) For the show's the fourth episode, the Sophies and Skys were paired up and had to recreate a scene",
"title": "Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream"
},
{
"docid": "2556660",
"text": "Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \"my mom\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \"Mamma Mia\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \"Mamma Mia\" (Darin song), 2014 \"Mama Mia\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \"Mamma Mia\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \"Mama Mia\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \"Mammamia\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \"Mamma Mia\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \"Mamma Mia\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \"Mamma Mia\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon",
"title": "Mamma Mia"
},
{
"docid": "58104687",
"text": "Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \"Dancing Queen\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \"Fernando\" and \"Super Trouper\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\" —Cher Cher also said that \"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \"SOS\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song",
"title": "Dancing Queen (album)"
},
{
"docid": "30864425",
"text": "Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released in Scandinavia on 17 November 1975 and in other parts of the world in 1976, notably the UK on 10 April, and on 18 September in the US and Canada. The 1976 version of the album included the band's most recent single \"Fernando\". The album was released in response to similar ABBA compilation albums being issued at the time by record labels in other countries who had licensed ABBA's music for release in their own territories, and the threat of import sales of those compilations impacting upon ABBA's home market. This meant that the success of Greatest Hits was largely confined to Scandinavia and the UK, although the size of the latter market and the scale of its success there has ensured that Greatest Hits is one of ABBA's best-selling albums worldwide. The album was the best-selling album of 1976 in the UK, and the country's second-best selling album of the decade. Background ABBA had won the Eurovision Song Contest in April 1974 with the song \"Waterloo\", which went on to be a major hit across Europe and in Australia and New Zealand. However, the immediate follow-up singles did not meet with the same success, and it wasn't until over a year later that \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\", \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became worldwide hits and reignited interest in the band. To capitalise on this resurgence of interest, several labels around the world released their own licensed compilations of ABBA's singles up to and including \"Mamma Mia\" – these included a similarly-titled Greatest Hits by France's Disques Vogue, and The Best of ABBA, released by West Germany's division of Polydor Records and by RCA Victor in Australia and New Zealand. To counteract the possibility of import sales from these records in Scandinavia, ABBA's record label Polar Music rush-released their own version of Greatest Hits. Release The tracks were taken from ABBA's first three studio albums, Ring Ring, Waterloo and ABBA, and with the exception of \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" had all been released as singles somewhere in the world. Despite the title of the compilation, only half of the tracks had actually charted as hit singles in major territories. \"Waterloo\", \"SOS\", \"Mamma Mia\" and (later) \"Fernando\" were top 10 hits in the UK and several other countries, though only the first of these was a top 10 hit in the US. Other hits in multiple territories included \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" (a top 10 hit in several countries, a number one in Australia, and a top 20 hit in the US, though barely cracking the top 40 in the UK), \"Honey, Honey\" (a top 20 hit in several countries and a top 30 hit in the US), \"Hasta Mañana\" (a top 10 hit in South Africa and New Zealand and a top 20 hit in Australia), and \"So Long\"",
"title": "Greatest Hits (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "18529345",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording is the original cast album for the ABBA-inspired stage musical of the same name. The album was released in 1999 and it reached No.56 in the UK album chart, with 2 weeks on the chart. Re-interest in this 1999 Original London Cast album caused it to reach #12 in the UK Album Chart, having charted at #16 a week earlier. It features performances by the original London cast of the musical including Lisa Stokke, Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae. The album was produced by the two male members of ABBA, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The album featured a number of ABBA's best known songs, including the title track, \"Dancing Queen\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" and \"Thank You for the Music\". Track listing Original release \"Overture / Prologue\" - Lisa Stokke—2:56 \"Honey, Honey\" - Lisa Stokke, Eliza Lumley, and Melissa Gibson—2:02 \"Money, Money, Money\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, Neal Wright, and Company—3:01 \"Mamma Mia\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Company-3:21 \"Thank You for the Music\" - Lisa Stokke, Hilton McRae, Paul Clarkson, and Nicolas Colicos-3:03 \"Chiquitita\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—2:27 \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—3:44 \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" - Andrew Langtree, Lisa Stokke, and Company—3:34 \"Super Trouper\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Jenny Galloway, Louise Plowright, and Female Company—3:56 \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" - Female Company—3:34 \"The Name of the Game\" - Lisa Stokke and Nicolas Colicos—3:22 \"Voulez-Vous\" - Company—3:29 \"Entr'acte\" - Musical cast—2:17 \"Under Attack\" - Lisa Stokke and Company—3:11 \"One of Us\" - Siobhán McCarthy—2:20 \"SOS\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae—2:44 \"Does Your Mother Know\" - Louise Plowright, Neal Wright, and Company—3:21 \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" - Hilton McRae—2:42 \"Our Last Summer\" - Paul Clarkson and Siobhán McCarthy—2:42 \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Lisa Stokke—3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" - Siobhán McCarthy—4:08 \"Take a Chance on Me\" - Jenny Galloway and Nicolas Colicos—3:33 \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" - Hilton McRae, Siobhán McCarthy, and Company—2:29 \"I Have a Dream\" - Lisa Stokke—2:58 5th anniversary edition The album was re-released in 2004, five years after its initial release to commemorate the musical's 5th anniversary. The new edition contained the original 24 tracks as well as three bonus tracks: the encore versions of \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Waterloo\". Another 5th anniversary release, which debuted in 2006, commemorates the Broadway production, which debuted in 2001. Also included is a deluxe souvenir booklet complete with lyrics and glimpses of Donna Sheridan in international productions, and a bonus DVD that basically gives a behind-the-scenes look at the musical as well as glimpses of international productions of the musical. An additional bonus feature includes clips of the West End cast singing \"Money, Money, Money\" and \"Dancing Queen\", as well as fond memories from original Broadway cast members Joe Machota and Tina Maddigan, who play the roles of Sky and Sophie,",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording"
},
{
"docid": "34081868",
"text": "Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \"the greatest showbiz impresario\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \"The Winner Takes It All\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\") and \"highly savvy writer\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to",
"title": "Judy Craymer"
},
{
"docid": "8377793",
"text": "Number Ones is a compilation album of recordings by Swedish pop group ABBA, released by Polar Music in 2006. Whereas ABBA Gold pulls together 19 of the group's biggest hits and most familiar songs, Number Ones is a variation on this concept, collecting 18 tracks that were #1 hits in many of the countries where ABBA were successful. In the end, only three tracks from ABBA Gold do not make the cut: \"Does Your Mother Know\", \"Lay All Your Love on Me\", and \"Thank You for the Music\". In the UK, the track list includes the full length version of \"Summer Night City\" (originally released on the Thank You for the Music box set) and an additional track \"Ring Ring\", which, oddly enough, was never a big hit in that territory. A limited edition, also released in the UK, includes a bonus disc with 12 tracks from ABBA's #1 albums. In Taiwan, a hidden track follows \"I Have a Dream\". This hidden track, titled \"ABBA Remix\" and running for 3:31, is a medley of the choruses of the 18 songs on the CD. Track listing International track listing \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Super Trouper\" \"SOS\" \"Summer Night City\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Chiquitita\" \"One of Us\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"Fernando\" \"Waterloo\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"I Have a Dream\" UK track listing \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Super Trouper\" \"SOS\" \"Summer Night City (Extended version)\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Chiquitita\" \"One of Us\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"Fernando\" \"Waterloo\" \"Ring Ring\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"I Have a Dream\" Limited Edition Bonus Disc: Classic Tracks from Number Ones albums \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" \"Hole in Your Soul\" \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" \"Me and I\" \"The King Has Lost His Crown\" \"Rock Me\" \"Tiger\" \"I Wonder (Departure)\" \"Another Town, Another Train\" \"Our Last Summer\" \"Kisses of Fire\" \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" Personnel Agnetha Fältskog - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Anni-Frid Lyngstad - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Björn Ulvaeus - lead vocals , co-lead vocals acoustic guitar, backing vocals Benny Andersson – synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2006 greatest hits albums ABBA compilation albums Compilation albums of number-one songs Polar Music compilation albums Albums produced by Björn Ulvaeus Albums produced by Benny Andersson Albums recorded at Polar Studios",
"title": "Number Ones (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "1195313",
"text": "The ABBA Generation is the debut studio album by Swedish pop group A-Teens. It was released on 25 August 1999 by Stockholm Records. The album is composed of cover versions of well-known ABBA songs. The album spawned four singles, \"Mamma Mia\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\", \"Super Trouper\", and \"Dancing Queen\". The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. Background In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \"Mamma Mia\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \"Mamma Mia\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \"Super Trouper\" peaked at number two and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \"Happy New Year\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \"Dancing Queen\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. Critical reception Despite its commercial success around the world, the album received generally negative reviews from music critics. Alex Henderson of AllMusic said that the group's \"versions of ABBA gems like \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Dancing Queen\", and \"Voulez-Vous\" aren't brilliant, but they're enjoyable—and they show just how well the songs have held up over time.\" He concluded his review by saying, “All things considered, The ABBA Generation is a pleasing, if unremarkable, testament to the durability of ABBA's songs.\" In an average review for The A.V. Club, Steven Thompson wrote, \"Pop music doesn't get more marginal than a collection of overdriven dance-pop covers, but The ABBA Generation succeeds on its own modest terms.\" David Hiltbrand of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+, saying that the group \"look and sound better than their supergroup heroes; even the music is spruced up, thanks to a cast of savvy Swedish producers.\" Writing for Rolling Stone, Arion Berger gave the album one and a half out of five stars, saying that \"all the keyboard doodling and note-for-note diligence in Scandinavia wouldn't help these poseurs bring the pure-pop greatness of the real ABBA to life.\" Track listing All tracks written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, except as noted. Personnel Adapted from the album liner notes. Musicians Anneli Axon Anders Barrén Tee",
"title": "The ABBA Generation"
},
{
"docid": "40705751",
"text": "\"I Wonder (Departure)\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \"The Name of the Game\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \"I wonder ... it scares me\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \"maximum emotional leverage\", making it \"the most intimate personal portrait\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \"translate beautifully to the stage\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "I Wonder (Departure)"
},
{
"docid": "798902",
"text": "A-Teens are a Swedish pop music group from Stockholm. The group was formed by Niklas Berg in 1998 as an ABBA tribute group called ABBA-Teens, which was later renamed A-Teens. The band members were Marie Serneholt, Amit Paul, Dhani Lennevald, and Sara Lumholdt. The group is best known for the singles \"Mamma Mia\" (1999) and \"Upside Down\" (2000), both of which were hits worldwide. The group was particularly successful in their home country where they amassed ten top 10 hit singles on the Swedish charts. After six years together, the group disbanded following the release of their Greatest Hits album in May 2004. History 1998–2000: The ABBA Generation In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \"Mamma Mia\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \"Mamma Mia\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. In August 1999, the group released their debut album The ABBA Generation, consisting entirely of ABBA covers reinterpreted with a modern pop and electronic sound. The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. The album sold more than 2 million copies worldwide and was certified Gold or Platinum in over 22 countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \"Super Trouper\" peaked at number two and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \"Happy New Year\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \"Dancing Queen\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. The group made several appearances on Disney and Nickelodeon. In September 2000, the A-Teens won a Viva Music Award for Best International Newcomer. 2001: Teen Spirit On 26 February 2001, the group released their second studio album Teen Spirit, which consists entirely of original tracks. It debuted at number two in the Swedish Charts. The album peaked at number thirteen on the European Albums Chart. In the United States, the album peaked at number fifty and was certified gold. The album was preceded by the single \"Upside Down\" in October 2000; this was their first single that was not an ABBA cover song. It peaked at number two in Sweden and was certified 2× Platinum. The song reached the top ten in several countries.",
"title": "A-Teens"
},
{
"docid": "5432353",
"text": "\"Upside Down\" (titled \"Bouncing off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" outside Europe) is a song by Swedish pop music group A-Teens, released as first single from their second album, Teen Spirit (2001). A DVD single of the song was released in the United States in February 2001 to coincide with both the single's release and Teen Spirits release, and contains the music videos for both the title track and Mamma Mia from The ABBA Generation. Production and release After the intense promotion in the United States in August 2000, the band went back to the studio to start working on their second album. The song was first announced at the Viva Music Awards in September 2000. The song was the first time the band released an original song instead of a cover, and the song was produced by the hit makers Grizzly and Tysper. Commercial reception The single reached platinum on its 3rd week of release in their homeland, and by early 2001, \"Upside Down\" had peaked at number two and sold over 120,000 copies in Sweden, earning a 2× platinum certification. The song became the band's biggest hit in the United Kingdom, selling 3,711 copies on its first day and peaking at number 10 by the end of the week. The song received 8/10 Stars on UK Yahoo Music Reviews. \"Upside Down\" had a name change in the United States and Canada to \"Bouncing Off The Ceiling (Upside Down)\". The song reached number 93 on the US Billboard Hot 100 while the physical single reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales Chart. Music video Directed by Patrick Kiely, the video was filmed in Universal Studios in Los Angeles from United States on 13–15 October 2000. It shows the band in an alternative world where everything is \"upside down,\" and tells the story of one student who is in love with another student so much that they can't focus on their school studies; thus turning their lives \"upside down.\" The dancing routine was choreographed by Wade Robson. The video reached number-one on several countdowns around the world. It was 2001's 25th most played video of MTV Mexico. Track listings Swedish and European CD single \"Upside Down\" (radio version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (sing-along version) – 3:14 European maxi-CD single \"Upside Down\" – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (Grizzly/Tysper radio remix) – 3:50 \"Upside Down\" (Grizzly/Tysper extended remix) – 4:46 \"Upside Down\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 UK CD single \"Upside Down\" (radio version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (Almighty 7-inch edit) – 4:18 \"Upside Down\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 \"Upside Down\" (karaoke version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (CD-ROM video) UK cassette single \"Upside Down\" – 3:14 \"Mamma Mia\" (radio version) – 3:14 US CD single \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" – 3:14 \"Super Trouper\" – 3:50 \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" (video) US DVD single \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling\" (video) \"Mamma Mia\" (video) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Release history References External links 2000 singles 2000 songs",
"title": "Upside Down (A-Teens song)"
},
{
"docid": "3735183",
"text": "Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an",
"title": "Catherine Johnson (playwright)"
},
{
"docid": "38660223",
"text": "\"Guilty Pleasures\" is the seventeenth episode of the fourth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the eighty-third episode overall. Written by Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz, it aired on Fox in the United States on March 21, 2013. Kelley Mitchell, Jennifer Greenberg, Melissa Buell, Tym Shutchai Buacharern, Paula Jane Hamilton and Darla Albright were nominated at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series for this episode. Plot Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) take over the glee club while Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) is out sick, and have New Directions perform their musical guilty pleasures in order to strengthen the bond between its members. Blaine and Sam perform \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" as a demonstration, and Sam later performs \"Copacabana\", followed by Blaine, who performs \"Against All Odds\". Sam notices that Blaine directs the song at him, and Blaine admits he had a crush on him. Sam reveals that he's known for a while and respects Blaine's feelings as they reaffirm their friendship. Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) and Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell) perform \"Wannabe\", and Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) notes how Kitty became closer to New Directions. The girls later confront Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist) over performing a Chris Brown song, and although he claims that they should differentiate an artist's personal life from their work, he agrees to change the song and performs \"My Prerogative\". In New York, Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) returns to the loft, and Brody Weston (Dean Geyer) moves out after his fight with Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith). Santana reveals to Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) that Brody was a gigolo, and Rachel later confronts him at NYADA, where they decide that their relationship has definitely come to an end. Rachel thanks Santana for not giving up on trying to make her see the truth. Santana and Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) later comfort Rachel, and they sing \"Mamma Mia\" together, simultaneously with New Directions, who perform it to celebrate the success of the assignment. Production The episode was written by Glee executive producers Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz. Shooting continued as late as February 25, 2013. Recurring characters in this episode include glee club members Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell), Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin) and Ryder Lynn (Blake Jenner), and NYADA junior Brody Weston (Dean Geyer). Seven songs from the episode are being released as singles: Barry Manilow's \"Copacabana\" performed by Overstreet, Radiohead's \"Creep\" performed by Michele and Geyer, Bobby Brown's \"My Prerogative\" performed by Artist, Phil Collins's \"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)\" sung by Criss, Wham!'s \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" performed by Criss and Overstreet, Spice Girls' \"Wannabe\" performed by Newell, Benoist, Tobin, Ushkowitz and Morris, and ABBA's \"Mamma Mia\" performed by Michele, Rivera, Colfer and",
"title": "Guilty Pleasures (Glee)"
},
{
"docid": "40748214",
"text": "\"Hey, Hey Helen\" is a song by ABBA, featured on their 1975 self-titled album. It was used as the B-side to Mamma Mia in Australia and Fernando in the UK. Composition The song is in the Glam rock genre. Analysis George Starostin Reviews says the song has \"perfectly tolerable lyrics about a family breakup\" from an anti-feminist perspective. PopDose says \"'Helen' took an adult look at divorce and single motherhood in a time when the divorce rate was up and the traditional family unit was taking a beating. At first, the lyrics seem a bit judgmental, until you get to that last bit in the chorus where the girls assure the newly single mother that she can, in fact, make it alone\". Covers Lush covered the song for an abandoned anti-poll tax compilation, the cover version was released on their 1990 album Gala. Critical reception The Trouser Press record guide described the song as \"obscure\". OneWeekOneBand said \"The best bit of this - OK maybe apart from the riff - is where the lyrics go “Can you make it alone?” and the backing vox reply “Yes you can” and to prove it the song goes into a FUNK BREAKDOWN, the only one in ABBA's catalogue.\" George Starostin Reviews says the song is \"quite memorable\", and adds it is \"what all those 'heavy metal tunes' off Waterloo would have sounded like\" if they had been given more of the 'ABBA' sound. It adds \"the heavy guitar riffs on that one don't bother me in the least, as they never try to sound dreary or 'mock-ominous': they just emphasize the power of the tune, which is, in my opinion, a highly underrated ABBA classic, with all those riffs, a catchy, rhythmic synth solo, a groovy drum pattern\". PopDose describes the song as \"one of the earliest glimmers that ABBA were more than just your standard bubblegum pop group\". It wondered why the song wasn't featured in the Mamma Mia musical considering its subject matter, and theorises that it was because the song wasn't popular enough. It notes, however, that the group mimed it for quite a few TV appearances at the time, citing “Don Kirshner’s Rock Concert” in 1975. References 1975 songs ABBA songs Songs with feminist themes Songs about divorce",
"title": "Hey, Hey Helen"
},
{
"docid": "5722841",
"text": "\"Intermezzo No. 1\" is an instrumental track from Swedish pop group ABBA's self-titled third album, released in April 1975. It was the first of only two tracks by the group not to contain lyrics; the other was the title track of their 1976 release, Arrival. It is the only purely instrumental ABBA song however, as Arrival includes \"a static layer of rich harmony vocals\". On the cover, the song was credited as \"Intermezzo No.1 featuring Benny Andersson\". Production Written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, the orchestral rock tune was recorded on October 16, 1974, in Stockholm's Glen and Metronome Studios under the working title \"Mama\". Another working title for the song was Bach-låten (The Bach Tune). In September 1975, it was released as the B-side to ABBA's single, \"Mamma Mia\". Carl Magnus Palm describes it as a \"showcase of Benny's classical music influences\", which first began to appear in his work with The Hep Stars songs “Sunny Girl” and “Wedding”. Carl Magnus Palm explains the song was a \"popular feature on every subsequent ABBA tour\" after the ABBA album was released. For example, the song is shown being performed in the 1977 concert tours in the film ABBA: The Movie. Composition The song has a \"piano and guitar-led instrumental\". Many of ABBA's pieces are full of \"thematic throwaways of the rich folk music culture [of Sweden]\". This song is a \"solo vehicle\" in which to indulge in classical music. The grand piano is the central instrument, layered by a \"flamboyant network of synth textures and brass punches\". ABBA: Let The Music Speak explains \"the main theme is inviting and uncomplicated, constantly giving way to a rapid-fire succession of mood-swinging secondary themes\". Critical reception Music News lists the song as one of ABBA's \"ambitious tracks...that showcase Andersson and Ulvaeus' classical leanings while demonstrating their abilities as proficient songwriters\". Der Tagesspiegel says the song, \"in contrast to the catchy masterpiece [Mamma Mia]\" that it was coupled with on the single, \"has a rather psychedelic-disturbing character\". Abba's Abba Gold notes that ABBA Gold doesn't include any of the \"lackadaisical instrumentals ABBA threw about\" like \"Arrival\" or \"Intermezzo No.1\". It adds though \"fans like the albums precisely for these oddities\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record describes the song as an \"impressive instrumental\". Bright Lights Dark Shadows: The Real Story of Abba explains that while \"experiments in applying classical music to a pop format were very much in vogue at the time [Intermezzo No.1] ha[s] come to seem a little dated\". It nevertheless describes the song as \"show[ing] a sense of musical ambition\" and an \"opus\". Carl Magnus Palm says for fans of ambitious music, the song \"probably remains a highlight in the ABBA oeuvre\", while to those who prefer more straightforward pop hits, the song \"has aged less well\". ABBA: Let The Music Speak says the song is \"whimsical and melodramatic\" and \"a sophisticated pastiche of all that is great and wondrous in the world of classical music, injected with a shot",
"title": "Intermezzo No. 1"
},
{
"docid": "20312130",
"text": "Amén is the tenth studio album by Spanish duo Azúcar Moreno, released on Sony International in 2000. Amén, entirely recorded in Miami, was coproduced by Estéfano, with whom the duo had collaborated on the 1994 album El Amor, and Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez who had produced their two preceding albums Esclava de tu piel and Olé and also the track “Muévete salvaje” on their 1997 greatest hits compilation Mucho Azúcar - Grandes Éxitos. Six of the album's thirteen titles, “Amén”, “Abracadabra”, “Mamma mia”, “Tururú”, “40 kilos de besos”, “Amigo mío” and “Viva la vida”, were written or co-written by Spanish singer and composer Miguel Gallardo, who previously had penned hits like “Hazme el amor”, “Desnúdate, desnúdame”, “A galope”, “Solo se vive una vez”, “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” and “Esclava de tu piel” for the Salazar sisters. The lead single from the album was “Mamma mia” —not to be confused with the ABBA song with the same title— followed by the title track “Amén”, “Ay amor”, “Dale que dale” and the ballad “Piel de seda”, the latter written by prolific Spanish composer José Luis Perales. The track “San José” was co-produced by Spanish remix team Pumpin’ Dolls, who previously had remixed worldwide hits like Cher’s “Strong Enough”, TLC’s “Unpretty” and Carlos Santana’s “María María”. The track “Abracadabra”, the third single from the album, was along with “Juramento” featured in Spanish movie Gitano, starring famous flamenco dancer Joaquín Cortés. “Mamma Mia”, “Amén” and “Abracadabra” were all released in a wide variety of extended dance mixes, mixed by among others Pedro del Moral, David Ferrero and Pablo Flores. Amén continued the Salazar sisters’ series of successful albums, selling some 300.000 copies in Spain alone and achieving triple platinum status. Amén was the first Azúcar Moreno album to be accompanied by a DVD release, entitled Amén Tour. The documentary captures the Salazar sisters touring Spain, Portugal, The Azores, Bulgaria, South America and it also features behind the scenes footage from the making of the videos “Mamma mia”, “Amén”, “Abracadabra” and “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” from their previous album Esclava de tu piel, the latter filmed in New York. Track listing “Amén” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:36 “Abracadabra” (Gallardo) – 3:50 “Mamma mia” (Fano) – 4:17 “El amor se echa de menos” (Fano) – 4:48 “Tururú” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:44 “Piel de seda” (Perales) – 4:33 “Juramento” (Rilo) – 3:33 “Dale que dale” (Alonso, Castro, Flores, Salazar) – 3:59 “Ay amor” (Donato, Fano) – 4:28 “40 kilos de besos” (Caba, Gallardo) – 4:14 “San José” (Gypsy Dance version) (Arana, Belmonte) – 3:51 “Amigo mío” (Gallardo) – 3:14 “Viva la vida” (Gallardo) – 3:47 Personnel Azúcar Moreno – vocals Production Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez – record producer Estéfano – producer Pumpin’ Dolls – co-producers \"San José\" (Gypsy Dance Version) Certifications and sales Sources and external links [ Allmusic discography] Discogs.com discography Rateyourmusic.com discography Specific 2000 albums Azúcar Moreno albums",
"title": "Amén"
},
{
"docid": "11143164",
"text": "\"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \"Rio de Janeiro\". Eventually, the track was renamed \"When I Kissed the Teacher\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \"schoolgirl imagery\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \"bouncy\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \"Waterloo\". It says the song \"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \"When I Kissed the Teacher\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is listed alongside \"Dancing Queen\" as an example of the group's \"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\" The Los Angeles Times said \"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \"expected of ABBA\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" with the Van Halen song \"Hot for Teacher\" and the Jethro Tull song \"Teacher\" as examples of \"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.",
"title": "When I Kissed the Teacher"
},
{
"docid": "20239071",
"text": "The Albums is a box set of recordings by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released on 11 November 2008 through Universal Music. The box set includes nine discs, the first eight are all of the original studio albums the way they were originally released between 1973 and 1981 while the ninth disc features all of the singles that were not released on the band's studio albums along with some of the B-sides. It includes a 40-page booklet on ABBA’s history. It does not include rarities or extras. The box set has charted in several countries. Background With ABBA's compilation albums re-charting after the release of the movie Mamma Mia! and its soundtrack, The Albums was released, just three years after the 9 CD/2 DVD set The Complete Studio Recordings (in certain territories available without the DVDs). While the latter comprises 133 tracks on its 9 audio discs, including a host of rarities such as recordings in Spanish, French and German as well as studio outtakes, alternate versions and mixes, The Albums only features 99 of these on the same number of discs. Track listing CD 1 – Ring Ring (1973) \"Ring Ring\" \"Another Town, Another Train\" \"Disillusion\" \"People Need Love\" \"I Saw It in the Mirror\" \"Nina, Pretty Ballerina\" \"Love Isn't Easy (But It Sure Is Hard Enough)\" \"Me and Bobby and Bobby’s Brother\" \"He Is Your Brother\" \"She's My Kind of Girl\" \"I Am Just a Girl\" \"Rock'n Roll Band\" CD 2 – Waterloo (1974) \"Waterloo\" \"Sitting in the Palmtree\" \"King Kong Song\" \"Hasta Mañana\" \"My Mama Said\" \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" \"Honey, Honey\" \"Watch Out\" \"What About Livingstone?\" \"Gonna Sing You My Lovesong\" \"Suzy-Hang-Around\" CD 3 – ABBA (1975) \"Mamma Mia\" \"Hey, Hey Helen\" \"Tropical Loveland\" \"SOS\" \"Man in the Middle\" \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Rock Me\" \"Intermezzo No. 1\" \"I've Been Waiting for You\" \"So Long\" CD 4 – Arrival (1976) \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"My Love, My Life\" \"Dum Dum Diddle\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"That's Me\" \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" \"Tiger\" \"Arrival\" CD 5 – The Album (1977) \"Eagle\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"One Man, One Woman\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"Move On\" \"Hole in Your Soul\" The Girl With the Golden Hair: 3 Scenes From a Mini-Musical \"Thank You for the Music\" \"I Wonder (Departure)\" \"I'm a Marionette\" CD 6 – Voulez-Vous (1979) \"As Good as New\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"I Have a Dream\" \"Angeleyes\" \"The King Has Lost His Crown\" \"Does Your Mother Know\" \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" \"Chiquitita\" \"Lovers (Live a Little Longer)\" \"Kisses of Fire\" CD 7 – Super Trouper (1980) \"Super Trouper\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"On and on and On\" \"Andante, Andante\" \"Me and I\" \"Happy New Year\" \"Our Last Summer\" \"The Piper\" \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" \"The Way Old Friends Do\" CD 8 – The Visitors (1981) \"The Visitors\" \"Head Over Heels\"",
"title": "The Albums"
},
{
"docid": "9191968",
"text": "\"Thank ABBA for the Music\" is a medley of songs originally released by pop group ABBA, performed by Steps, Tina Cousins, Cleopatra, B*Witched and Billie. The medley consists of \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Thank You for the Music\". It was originally performed during the 1999 Brit Awards, which occurred on 16 February, and its release coincided with the debut of the ABBA musical Mamma Mia!. The medley peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in April 1999 and reached the top 10 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and Sweden. Track listings Personnel Tina Cousins – lead and backing vocals Billie Piper – lead and backing vocals Cleopatra Cleo Higgins – lead vocals Yonah Higgins – backing vocals Zainam Higgins – backing vocals B*Witched Lindsay Armaou – backing vocals Edele Lynch – lead vocals Keavy Lynch – backing vocals Sinead O'Carroll – backing vocals Steps Lee Latchford-Evans – lead and backing vocals Claire Richards – lead and backing vocals Lisa Scott-Lee – lead and backing vocals Faye Tozer – lead and backing vocals Ian \"H\" Watkins – lead and backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References External links Songs about musicians 1999 singles B*Witched songs Billie Piper songs Epic Records singles Music medleys Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson Steps (group) songs Tina Cousins songs",
"title": "Thank ABBA for the Music"
},
{
"docid": "15642908",
"text": "\"My Love, My Life\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \"My Love, My Life\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \"Monsieur, Monsieur\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \"My Love, My Life\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson",
"title": "My Love, My Life"
},
{
"docid": "57917036",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack"
},
{
"docid": "54535911",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\"One of Us\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\"Waterloo\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\"Why Did It",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again"
},
{
"docid": "10147825",
"text": "\"Rock Me\" is a song recorded in 1974 by Swedish pop group ABBA, with Björn Ulvaeus singing the lead vocals. It was first released on their third album, ABBA, and was used as the B-side to the group's 1975 single \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\". However, after \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" hit number one in both Australia and New Zealand, \"Rock Me\" was released as an A-side in April 1976, reaching number four and number two respectively. It was also issued as an A-side in Yugoslavia and in 1979 it was included on the band's Greatest Hits Vol. 2 album. ABBA performed the track on both their world tours, as seen in ABBA: The Movie (1977). The song was originally to be featured in the ABBA musical \"Mamma Mia!\", to be sung on a boat, as the three fathers and a deleted character (Stanley) rocked the boat from side to side. History \"Rock Me\", whose working title had been \"Didn't I?\", was first recorded as \"Baby\" (with different lyrics to the final version) on 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. This \"tongue in cheek\" version, with vocals courtesy of Agnetha, was first released on CD on the 1994 box set Thank You for the Music as part of the \"ABBA Undeleted\" section. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Cover versions Brendon recorded a version in 1977 as a follow-up to his hit \"Gimme Some\". German eurodance group E-Rotic covered the song for their 1997 ABBA tribute album Thank You for the Music. References External links ABBA For the Record 1974 songs 1976 singles ABBA songs Polar Music singles Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "Rock Me (ABBA song)"
},
{
"docid": "43934954",
"text": "\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" has been called a \"Fats Domino flavoured\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \"Why Did It Have To Be Me\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \"Happy Hawaii\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \"Happy Hawaii\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \"for the guys\" and praises it as an example of the \"professional songwriting\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs",
"title": "Why Did It Have to Be Me?"
},
{
"docid": "2381683",
"text": "\"SOS\" is a song by Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released in June 1975 as the fifth single from their self-titled 1975 album. It was released with \"Man in the Middle\" as the B-side. Agnetha Fältskog, who sang lead, recorded the song in Swedish on her 1975 solo album Elva kvinnor i ett hus. \"SOS\" was ABBA's first major worldwide hit since \"Waterloo\". History \"SOS\" (working title; \"Turn Me On\") was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson and was recorded at Glen Studio in Långängen, Sweden on 22–23 August 1974. The title itself was coined by Stig, though the lyrics he provided were re-written by Ulvaeus. \"SOS\" was among the first of three songs recorded for the group's 1975 album, ABBA and the opening track of their classic Greatest Hits LP released at the end of the same year. The song opens with a piano intro, followed by the first verse sung by Fältskog. Biographer Carl Magnus Palm described it as 'Agnetha's first 'heartbreak classic, wherein the tear-filled vocal delivery, her trademark, would blend a pop melody, with a dash of melancholy. The song features a heavy influence from the Wall of Sound instrumentation of Phil Spector and the melodies of the Beach Boys. Lyricist Ulvaeus has said that, after three years of trying to figure out what style would define them, ABBA found its identity as a pop group with the release of \"SOS\", while Palm described it as 'pure ABBA'. During the band's first visit to the United States, ABBA performed \"SOS\" on the long-running television programs American Bandstand and Saturday Night Live on 15 November 1975. The promotional video was directed by Lasse Hallström and released in the same year, along with the single. The video and three others (for \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\", \"Mamma Mia\" and \"Bang-A-Boomerang\"), were completed in two days for a total cost of Kr 50,000 (£5,500). The video was uploaded to YouTube on 8 October 2009, on the AbbaVEVO channel, and has 88 million views as of February 2024. The song is also featured in the concert film ABBA: The Movie (1977), Good Night Oppy (2022), and Live at Wembley Arena, released in 2014. Reception \"SOS\" marked a significant turnaround in ABBA's fortunes and returned them to the Top 10 in many countries. Reaching #6 and #4 respectively, \"SOS\" started a run of 18 consecutive Top 10 hits for ABBA in the UK and Ireland. \"SOS\" reached #1 in Australia, Belgium, France, West Germany (where it spent 7 weeks at the top), New Zealand and South Africa, and was a Top 3 hit in Austria, the Netherlands, Norway, Italy (where it became ABBA's most successful hit), Mexico, Rhodesia and Switzerland. The song also became ABBA's second Top 20 hit in the United States, peaking at #15. As of September 2021, it is ABBA's 19th-biggest song in the UK, including both pure sales and digital streams. Chicago radio station WLS, which gave \"SOS\"",
"title": "SOS (ABBA song)"
},
{
"docid": "52199703",
"text": "Gazosa are an Italian teen band, best known for the song \"www.mipiacitu\". Career The band formed in 1998 as Eta Beta and then Zeta Beta, and originally consisted of Jessica Morlacchi (b. 1987, vocalist and bass guitar), Vincenzo Siani (b. 1986, drums), and the brothers Federico Paciotti (b. 1987, guitar) and Valentina Paciotti (b. 1985, keyboards). Put under contract by Caterina Caselli, they made their official debut in 1999, with the Abba's cover \"Mamma Mia\". Their self-titled debut album was released in 2000 and it mixed new songs and covers. In 2001 the band entered the 51st edition of the Sanremo Music Festival and won the newcomers' competition with the song \"Stai con me (Forever)\". In the summer they got a large commercial success with \"www.mipiacitu\", which became theme song of a series of Omnitel commercials and peaked at the fourth place on the Italian hit parade. In 2002 the group returned to the Sanremo Festival, this time competing in the Big Artists section, and placed tenth with the song \"Ogni giorno di più\". After releasing a cover version of \"Nessuno mi può giudicare\", the group disbanded in 2003, with Jessica Morlacchi and Federico Paciotti starting their solo career. In 2009 the musical project was restarted; active only in live events, it has a different line-up except for the drummer Vincenzo Siani. Discography Albums 2000 - Gazosa 2001 - www.mipiacitu 2002 - Inseparabili Singles 1999 - \"Mamma Mia\" 2001 - \"Stai con me (Forever)\" 2001 - \"www.mipiacitu\" 2002 - \"Ogni giorno di più\" 2003 - \"Nessuno mi può giudicare\" (ft. Tormento) References External links Italian pop music groups Living people Musical groups established in 1998 Sanremo Music Festival winners of the newcomers section Year of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Gazosa"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "62333832",
"text": "Bob Smith Junior, also known as Diabolo Man, is a Ghanaian veteran actor, producer director and writer. He was known for various roles he played in movies like Diabolo and Mamma Mia. Filmography Diabolo Mamma Mia Coming To Ghana Sika Mu Sakawa See also Eddie Coffie References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Ghanaian male film actors 21st-century Ghanaian male actors",
"title": "Bob Smith Junior"
},
{
"docid": "17019742",
"text": "Gary Michael Goetzman (born November 6, 1952) is an American film and television producer and actor, and co-founder of the production company Playtone with actor Tom Hanks. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Goetzman began his career as a child actor. He had starred in the film Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball, appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, and eventually started a waterbed company and pinball arcade. Goetzman at one time delivered a waterbed to Jon Peters's home. His exploits as a performer and a salesman inspired his friend Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza. In 1984, he produced the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense with director Jonathan Demme. That initiated a successful run as a music supervisor, on such films as Something Wild, Colors, Modern Girls and Married to the Mob, among many others. In 1991, producer Goetzman and director Demme again collaborated to make The Silence of the Lambs, which garnered the top five Academy Awards including Best Picture. In 1993, Goetzman was executive producer of Demme's Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks, beginning a working relationship with Hanks. Goetzman co-produced Hanks's 1996 directorial debut, That Thing You Do! The two then co-founded Playtone in 1998. Since then, Goetzman has produced hit films including My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Polar Express, Charlie Wilson's War and Mamma Mia! Goetzman has also received several Emmy Awards for HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, The Pacific, John Adams, Game Change and Olive Kitteridge. Aside from producing films, Goetzman has been known to play small parts in movies he is connected to. He has also enjoyed a successful parallel career as a music composer and producer, working with such artists as Smokey Robinson, Natalie Cole, Jane Child, Thelma Houston, and The Staples Singers. He currently sits on the National board of directors for the Producers Guild of America. Goetzman is executive producer (with Tom Hanks and Mark Herzog) of the CNN exclusive documentary miniseries The Sixties (2014), The Seventies (2015), The Eighties (2016), and The Nineties (2017). Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Producer Modern Girls (1986) Miami Blues (1990) Amos & Andrew (1993) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) That Thing You Do! (1996) Beloved (1998) My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) The Polar Express (2004) The Ant Bully (2006) Starter for 10 (2006) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) The Great Buck Howard (2008) Mamma Mia! (2008) City of Ember (2008) Where the Wild Things Are (2009) Larry Crowne (2011) Parkland (2013) Ricki and the Flash (2015) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) A Hologram for the King (2016) The Circle (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Greyhound (2020) News of the World (2020) A Man Called Otto (2022) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 (2023) Executive producer The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Philadelphia (1993) Evan Almighty (2007) My Life in Ruins (2009) Ithaca (2015) As an actor Music department Soundtrack Production manager Thanks Television As an actor",
"title": "Gary Goetzman"
},
{
"docid": "44001649",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia\" is a song by Swedish singer and songwriter Darin featuring vocals by rapper Prophet of 7Lions. It was released on April 14, 2014 in the Nordic countries in occasion of his 10-year anniversary as an artist. It's Darin's first single with Warner Music Sweden. The song was originally written for Darin's sixth studio album Exit, but it didn't make the final cut. Background and release On March 14, 2014 Darin announced via his Instagram account the release of a new single called Mamma Mia, along with a competition which consisted of sharing a picture on the social network in order to win an exclusive ticket for the premiere of the music video of the song which would take place in a secret venue in Stockholm two days before the single release. A trailer of the music video was also posted on Darin's official YouTube channel the same day. Winners were contacted by Darin himself on April 2 and the event took place in a cinema in Stockholm called Rigoletto on April 12. A seven track EP called Mamma Mia - Remixes was released on June 18, 2014. Music video The music video of the single was released on 21 April on Darin's YouTube channel. It was directed by Alex Herron and filmed in Palmdale, California. As stated by the director himself, \"the video feels as if it's a love story in the beginning but then it starts to escalate and she's a Mamma Mia, she's the ultimate crazy woman. They rob a bank, she strips for him. It's pretty dirty, it's pretty good\". The production of the video costed 500,000 Swedish crowns. Charts Release history References 2014 songs 2014 singles Darin (singer) songs Songs written by Darin (singer) Warner Music Group singles",
"title": "Mamma Mia (Darin song)"
},
{
"docid": "46265080",
"text": "Narsha (stylized as NARSHA) is the eponymous debut extended play by South Korean singer Narsha, a member from girl group Brown Eyed Girls. Lee Min-soo, her group's long-time producer served as the album's executive producer. Featuring a dark and edgy sound, it was released on July 8, 2010, and distributed by Nega Network. The EP features seven tracks in total, including one preview and one instrumental version of the album's title track. Upon its release, the album became a success by debuting at number three on Gaon Weekly Albums Chart with an approximate sale of 5,000+. It also received positive reviews from music critics, praising its dark theme along with the electronic influence. Three singles were released from the album, with the first and pre-release single \"I'm In Love\", a remake of Ra.D's original song. The second and title track, titled \"삐리빠빠 (Bbi Ri Bba Bba)\", became another solo hit for Narsha as well as her signature solo song. \"Mamma Mia\" was released as the last digital single on August 20, 2010, one month after the album's release. Background and composition In 2010, it was announced that all Brown Eyed Girls' members would start their own solo careers beside their group activities, starting first with Narsha. Its original title was \"Narshism\", but later changed to just plain \"NARSHA\". The album was produced executively by Lee Min-soo, while frequent lyricist Kim Eana participated in writing the majority of the album's lyrics. It also featured productions from producer DJ Jinu aka Hitchhiker, whom is responsible for her home group's most well-known hit \"Abracadabra\" and had previously remixed their single \"How Come?\". Musically, the album is a K-pop record with a \"dark and edgy\" electronic sound, while also including R&B and bossa nova elements. Singles \"I'm In Love\" Originally a Ra.D song, \"I'm In Love\" was selected as the album's first single, It was released on July 2, 2010, reaching number six on Gaon Singles Chart (Weekly) and number four on Gaon Download Chart (Weekly). \"Bbi Ri Bba Bba\" The song was announced as the album's title track upon its track list announcement. It peaked at number six on Gaon Singles Chart during the second week while reaching number three on the download chart. An accompanying music video was released online, receiving mixed to positive reacts due to its dark and gothic theme. Upon its release, the song became her most successful solo hit to date \"Mamma Mia\" Previously included as a 27-second preview on the album, the full version was released as the last digital single on August 20, 2010, featuring Sunny Hill. The song also peaked at number six and number four on Gaon Singles Chart and Gaon Download Chart, respectively. An accompanying music video was also released online, receiving an R-19 rating. Release and promotion The album was originally intended to be released in May, 2010, but was pushed back to June, then July, 2010, due to schedule conflicts. Prior to the release of the album, two teasers for both",
"title": "Narsha (EP)"
},
{
"docid": "59057076",
"text": "Mamma Mia is a Ghanaian film directed by and starring Bob Smith Jnr in 1995. Set in Verona as well as Accra, it was one of the earlier films to focus on the lives of Ghanaians living in Europe. The film was the first of three films in a series sharing that name the others being Double Trouble (Mamma Mia Part 2) (1998) and Black is Black (Mamma Mia 3) (2000). Cast Bob Smith Jnr References English-language Ghanaian films 1990s English-language films",
"title": "Mamma Mia (1995 film)"
},
{
"docid": "33848187",
"text": "The following is a discography of original albums and singles released by American singer Mario Lanza. Singles (45rpm) RCA Victor 1950: \"Be My Love\" / \"I’ll Never Love You\" (RCA Victor, 10-1561) ????: \"Vesti la giubba\" / \"Ave Maria\" (RCA Victor, 10-3228) 1951: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 12-1192) 1962: \"O Holy Night\" / \"The Virgin's Slumber Song\" (RCA Victor, 12-1285) Red Seal 1950: \"'O sole mio\" / \"Mattinata\" (RCA Victor, 49-0902) ????: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 49-1169) ????: \"O Holy Night\" / \"The Virgin's Slumber Song\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, 49-1338) 1951: \"Because\" / \"For You Alone\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, 49-3207) 1953: \"Song of India\" / \"If You Were Mine\" (RCA Victor, 49-4209) 1954: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 49-4213) 1954: \"I'll Walk With God\" / \"Beloved\" (RCA Victor, 49-4210) 1954: \"Serenade\" / \"Deep in My Heart, Dear\" (RCA Victor, 49-4218) 1955: \"Ave Maria\" / \"I'll Walk With God\" (RCA Victor, 47-6330) 1957: \"Be My Love\" / \"The Loveliest Night Of The Year\" (RCA Victor, 47-6334) 1957: \"Never till Now\" / \"Come Dance with Me\" (RCA Victor, 47-7119) 1957: \"A Night to Remember\" / \"Behold!\" (RCA Victor, 47-6915) 1959: \"'O sole mio\" / \"For the First Time\" (RCA, 47-7439) ????: \"I'll Walk With God\" / \"Guardian Angels\" (RCA, 47-7622) ????: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 47-9126) 1957: \"Granada\" / \"Mamma mia che vo' sape?\" (RCA Italiana, N 0618) 1957: \"Arrivederci Roma\" / \"The Loveliest Night of the Year\" (RCA Italiana, N 0633) 1958: \"Silent Night\" / \" The First Noel\" (RCA Italiana, N 0698) 1958: \"Come prima\" / \"'O sole mio\" (RCA Italiana, N 0732) 1958: \"There's Gonna Be a Party Tonight\" / \"Imitation Sequence\" (RCA, ERA 115) 1957: \"Behold!\" / \"A Night to Remember\" (RCA, 45RCA 1026) 1958: \"Seven Hills Of Rome\" / \"Come Dance with Me\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1045) 1958: \"Arrivederci Roma\" / \"Never Till Now\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1052) 1958: \"On The Street Where You Live\" / \"Younger Than Springtime\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1059) 1958: \"Love In a Home\" / \"Do You Wonder?\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1080) 1958: \"Drinking Song\" / \"Serenade\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1090) 1958: \"I'll Walk With God\" / \"The Lord's Prayer\" (RCA, RCA 1094) 1959: \"Because\" / \"Ave Maria\" (RCA, RCA 1123) 1959: \"'O Sole Mio\" / \"I Love Thee (Ich Liebe Dich)\" (RCA, RCA 1128) 1959: \"O Come All Ye Faithful\" / \"Silent Night, Holy Night\" (RCA, 45-RCA) 1155 1960: \"Because You're Mine\" / \"The Donkey Serenade\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1166) 1960: \"Only A Rose\" / \"Be My Love\" (RCA, RCA 1210) ????: \"Mamma mia che vo' sape'?\" / \"Core 'ngrato\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, DM 1330) 1951: \"Begin the Beguine\" / \"Night and Day\" (RCA, 447-0772) ????: \"Ave Maria\" / \"The Lord's Prayer\" (RCA, 447-0774) ????: \"Drink, Drink, Drink\" / \"Giannina mia\" (RCA, 447-0775) ????: \"O Holy Night\" / \"I'll Walk With God\" (RCA, 447-0777) ????: \"Arrivederci Roma\" / \"Come prima\" (RCA, 447-0853) His Master's Voice 1950: \"Che gelida manina\" / \"Core 'ngrato\" (HMV, D.B. 21017) 1950: \"Mattinata\" / \"Cielo e mar\" (HMV,",
"title": "Mario Lanza discography"
},
{
"docid": "70096150",
"text": "Croatia Songs is a record chart in Croatia for songs, compiled by Billboard since February 2022. The chart is updated every Tuesday on Billboards website. The chart was announced on 14 February 2022 as part of Billboards Hits of the World chart collection. The first number-one song on the chart was \"Behute\" by Senidah on the issue dated 19 February 2022. The longest charting number-one song is currently \"Mamma mia\" by Grše. The current number-one song on the chart is \"Fantazija\" by Grše featuring Miach. Methodology The chart tracks songs' performance from Friday to Thursday. Chart rankings are based on a weighted formula incorporating official-only streams on both subscription and ad-supported tiers of leading audio and video music services, plus download sales from top music retailers within the territory. All data are provided by MRC Data. List of number-one songs Reception All the songs that appeared on the first issue of the chart were released by the former Yugoslav non-Croatian musicians, apart from \"Trebaš li me\" by Eni Jurišić and Matija Cvek, \"Debili\" by 30zona and Kuku$ Klan, \"Ti i ja\" by Jelena Rozga (in collaboration with Serbian singer Saša Matić), and \"Highlife\" by Grše, alongside \"Heat Waves\" by Glass Animals and \"Black Summer\" by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Hrvoje Marjanović of Index.hr criticized the Croatian media for trying to censor mainstream music from other former Yugoslav republics due to its alleged lack of quality, and praised the chart for showcasing what people of Croatia actually listen to. He further praised the death of genre boundaries, claiming that, \"on the same IG story of the same person, probably in the same day, you will come across songs by Arctic Monkeys, Drake and Senidah\", as well as the death of the \"cajka problem\". However, in the meantime, multiple other Croatian artists appeared on the chart, such as Hiljson Mandela who debuted with three songs in 2022, Baks, Let 3, and the most frequent Billboard dweller, Grše, whose song \"Sip\" is one of the longest charting songs on the chart, surpassing the majority of his former Yugoslav non-Croatian colleagues. Grše would go on to become the first Croatian artist to top the chart, doing so with his single \"Mamma Mia\" in the week of 29 May 2023, and stay at the number one spot for 17 weeks, becoming the longest charting number-one song since the release of the list. Croatian music journalists generally reacted positively to the introduction of such a music chart but criticized the local music industry managers for trying to cover up the popularity of trap music. Tena Šarčević of Jutarnji list explained how the lack of Croatian artists might shock some people, but that the Balkan trap genre has dominated the on-demand streaming for quite some time. She further noted how there's a big difference between the Croatian airplay-based HR Top 40 chart, and the Billboard chart. Ravno Do Dnas Zoran Stajčić commented how the newly introduced Billboard chart is \"real\" and how it gives real insight into",
"title": "Croatia Songs"
},
{
"docid": "3255877",
"text": "Leon Dominic Cooke (born 8 August 1991) is an English actor, singer, dancer, and choreographer. Early life Leon Cooke was born in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. His parents are Joy and Michael Cooke, a former dancer and dance teacher, respectively. He has seven siblings who are also dancers: Tara, Zena, Cassandra, Damian, Anastasia, Valentina, and Dmitri. Cooke started training at The Marilyn Jones Dance Centre at the age of two years. He learned ballet, tap, gymnastics, theatre craft, song and dance, and street dance. He was a junior and mid-associate with the Royal Ballet in Birmingham and graduated from the Millennium Performing Arts College. Career Cooke was cast as Billy Elliot in Billy Elliot the Musical in September 2005. During his time as Billy Elliot, BBC's Blue Peter followed and filmed Cooke for a day on November 18, 2005. After completing 21 months and 200 shows as Billy, Cooke left the cast on July 7, 2007. Between December 2008 and February 2009, he appeared as Tadzio in the English National Opera's production of Death in Venice at the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels and two shows at the Grande Théâtre de la Ville de Luxembourg. Cook appeared as Quaxo and Mr. Mistoffelees in the musical Cats at Jersey (Fort Regent) and Guernsey (Beau Sejour) in 2009. In March 2010, he returned to the stage of the Victoria Palace Theatre to take part in a specially choreographed finale to celebrate the fifth anniversary of Billy Elliot the Musical opening in the West End. He completed the United Kingdom's second tour of We Will Rock You directed by Ben Elton. Cooke made his Chichester Festival debut as Wilton in Barnum, returning the following year to perform in Amadeus. He has performed in the musical Mamma Mia at the Prince of Wales Theatre and as part of the West End Live cast in Trafalgar Square, London. He performed in Mamma Mia at its new venue, the Novello Theatre. Between 2014 and 2015, Cooke was cast in Miss Saigon in the West End. He worked with the National Theatre in their production of the musical Wonder.land, playing the role of Dee. His workshops with the National Theatre include Helen by Euripides (2016, Paris) and The Threepenny Opera (2016). Choreography Leon Cooke choreographed the Songtime Theatre Arts Billy Youth Theatre's production at the Richmond Theatre in 2010. He was an assistant choreographer for the BBC 2 series Our Dancing Town which aired in January 2017. Television While in Billy Elliot the Musical, Cooke appeared on Blue Peter, Ready Steady Cook, the Paul O'Grady Show, Happy Birthday Bafta, and as a guest performer on Any Dream Will Do. He also performed with the cast on Sunday Night at the Palladium for their tenth anniversary. Cooke appeared in Series 3 of Sky One's Got to Dance, where he gained three gold stars for a tap routine that was described by Adam Garcia as \"awesome\". He performed at the Royal Variety Performance, the Olivier Awards 2015, and",
"title": "Leon Cooke"
},
{
"docid": "56814620",
"text": "Equinox was a supergroup consisting of Bulgarian singers Zhana Bergendorff, Georgi Simeonov, and Vladimir Mihaylov, and American singers Johnny Manuel and Trey Campbell. They represented Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 in Lisbon with the song \"Bones\", coming 14th with 166 points. The group has been inactive after the contest. Members Zhana Bergendorff Zhana Bergendorff (), was born on 20 October 1985 in Sofia, Bulgaria. She started singing at the age of 7. She comes from a family of musicians, her mother and grandparents were musicians. When she was 18 years old she moved to sing in South Korea. She lived there until 2010 and later moved to Denmark with her fiancé Stefan, whom she met in South Korea in 2007. In Denmark she entered X Factor Denmark. In 2013, she participated and won the second series of Bulgarian X Factor. As an artist for \"Virginia Records\" she has had hits like \"Samurai\", which became the most broadcast song on Bulgarian air for 5 weeks, \"Igraem s teb do kraya\", featuring Kristo, \"Nevuzmojni sme sami\" and \"Dokrai (Докрай)\". She won the award for the Bulgarian Debut of the year during the 2015 BG radio awards and Woman of the year 2014 from Grazia. During 2014 and 2015 she was included in a Forbes Bulgaria list for the most influential popular figures in Bulgaria. Zhana has one son called Leon born in 2010. She speaks Bulgarian, English, Korean and Danish. Georgi Simeonov Georgi Simeonov known as JJ (Джей Джей), is a singer, songwriter and vocal producer. He debuted in the popular Bulgarian boy band 032 at the age of 16. In 2013 he began his solo career and released the songs \"Po-dobre, che razbrah\" and \"Dilar na lubov\". In 2009 he started teaching pop, soul and RnB singing and has masterclasses in Sofia and Plovdiv. He worked as vocal producer for the albums of one of Bulgaria’s biggest music artists. Every year together with his students he does charity concerts to help children suffering from diabetes, cancer patients, children with disabilities, children with autism and childhood cerebral palsy. In 2014 he took part in The Voice of Summer Tour. He participated in the last edition of X Factor Romania. Vladimir Mihaylov Vladimir Mihaylov, better known as Vlado Mihailov, is Bulgarian singer/songwriter and actor and the front man of the popular Bulgarian groups Safo and Sleng. Prior to being part of Equinox, he was part of the Bulgarian delegation as a backing vocalist for Kristian Kostov in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017. As an actor, he has played in two of Bulgaria’s biggest movies of 2017 – Benzin (Heights) and All She Wrote. He is a co-author and co-producer of all songs by Sleng after joining the band. He is a songwriter for many Bulgarian artists. He was invited to play the leading roles in the Bulgarian production of Mamma Mia!. He has worked as a voice actor in the Bulgarian dubbing of animated films like Frozen, Tangled, or The Muppets,",
"title": "Equinox (Bulgarian band)"
},
{
"docid": "57088167",
"text": "Mamma Mia! is the fourth extended play from South Korean boy band SF9. It was released on February 26, 2018, by FNC Entertainment. The album consists of six tracks, including the title track, \"Mamma Mia\". Commercial performance The EP sold 11,060+ copies in South Korea. It peaked at number 3 on the Korean Gaon Chart. Track listing References 2018 EPs SF9 (band) EPs FNC Entertainment EPs Kakao M EPs",
"title": "Mamma Mia! (EP)"
},
{
"docid": "16800234",
"text": "Karen Mason is an American musical theatre actress and singer. She has appeared on stage in Broadway theatre, notably as Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard, and is a multiple award-winning cabaret performer. Career Mason was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, and grew up in St. Louis and Chicago. She majored in theater at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, graduating in 1999. Mason started as a \"singing hostess at Lawrence of Oregano in Chicago\" in 1976 after leaving college, where she met the late pianist and composer Brian Lasser, with whom she worked until his death in 1992. Mason has performed in cabaret and with symphonies for many years. She was one of the featured cabaret vocalists at Duplex Cabaret Theatre, New York City, in the early 1980s, and in 2005 presented a program \"Better Days\" with songs by her late musical director Brian Lasser. She appeared at the Bay Area Cabaret, Empire Ballroom, San Francisco in 2010. She continues to perform her cabaret act at such venues as Davenport's (Chicago) and The Iridium (New York City). She taught at the Theatre Arts Center's Summer Workshops & Camp in Bayside, Queens, New York in 2010. She first appeared on Broadway in Play Me a Country Song in 1982. She took the role of standby to Glenn Close as Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard in the Los Angeles production in 1993, and went on to play almost 300 performances over two years both in Los Angeles and on Broadway. She originated the role of Tanya in Mamma Mia!, playing the role from October 5, 2001 to October 6, 2002. She took over the role of Velma Von Tussle in Hairspray on April 6, 2008. She was the Queen of Hearts in Wonderland in 2011 on Broadway and in the Tampa and Houston productions in 2009–2010. Mason appears in the US tour of A Christmas Story, The Musical! starting in November 2011. In 2011, Mason was scheduled to play Mrs. Danvers in the musical Rebecca on Broadway. In 2017, she sang, \"It's About Time\", written by her husband, Paul Rolnick (in 2011), to call for marriage equality. Mason appeared on tour in Andrew Lloyd Webber's Love Never Dies as Madame Giry. The tour ended on December 2, 2018. In December 2020, Mason appeared in The Doris Dear Christmas Special on Broadway on Demand, where her performance received a 5-star rating. Work Broadway Play Me a Country Song (1982) Jerome Robbins' Broadway (1989) Sunset Boulevard (1994) Mamma Mia! (Drama Desk Award nomination) (2001) Hairspray (2008) Wonderland (2011) Off Broadway Karen Mason Sings Broadway, Beatles, and Brian, 1986, Minetta Lane Theater And the World Goes 'Round (Outer Critics Circle Award) - 1991 Carnival! - Rosalie, 1993, York Theatre Regional Heartbeats by Amanda McBroom at Goodspeed Opera House, 1993 Gypsy at the Westchester Broadway Theatre in May through August 2007; The Muny in St. Louis, Missouri in July 2006;Bucks County Playhouse in New Hope, Pennsylvania; and the Sundance Theatre Touring Production Love Never Dies",
"title": "Karen Mason"
},
{
"docid": "52523825",
"text": "Tony Clements (born February 19, 1963) is an American theatre director and actor from New York, United States. He is the New York Creative Director for Harmony Japan, Ltd, and the Assistant Producer of \"Disney on Classic,\" an annual series of symphony concert tours throughout Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. His theatrical work includes Bill Austin in \"Mamma Mia!\" on Broadway, Floyd in \"Floyd Collins\" at the Skylight Opera Theatre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and guest vocalist with the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra. He has toured the United States and Canada in \"Mamma Mia,\" and has toured Japan with \"Disney on Classic.\" Early life Clements was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1963 and grew up in Waterford, Wisconsin. In 1983, Clements moved to Milwaukee to pursue a career in theatre, which was preceded by work in the advertising department at a local newspaper, jobs selling pianos and keyboards, and doing market research for DCI Marketing. Theatrical career Early beginnings in community and dinner theatre in the Midwest led to frequent performances with The Skylight Opera Theatre, The Milwaukee Chamber Theatre, The Milwaukee Repertory Theatre, The Madison Repertory Theatre, Madison Opera, and First Stage Milwaukee and others. Most popular roles included Prior Walter in \"Angels in America\" at the Milwaukee Chamber Theatre, Floyd Collins at The Skylight Opera Theatre, and Whizzer in \"Falsettos,\" also at the Skylight Opera Theatre. In 2002, he was cast as part of the original company of the \"Mamma Mia!\" 2nd National Tour. He toured for over four years, he joined the Broadway company of the show as an ensemble member, as understudy for Sam Carmichael, Harry Bright and Bill Austin, as Father Alexandrios, and finally as Bill Austin. He was part of the closing cast on Broadway in September 2015. Composing In 1996 Clements was composer and lyricist for two original children's musicals produced by First Stage Milwaukee - \"Thumbelina,\" and \"The Little Drummer Boy.\" His scores for the Milwaukee Chamber Theatre included \"The School for Scandal,\" and he also spent nine years as a composer for the musical project \"Kidswrites,\" using the creative writing of young people as lyrics in a theatrical piece performed by adults. Directing As a theatrical director, Clements has helmed productions in New York, Japan, Tokyo, Seoul, and regionally throughout the U.S. Most recently he directed \"A Christmas Carol\" for Titan Theatre Company in Queens, New York, \"Fun Home\" for Southern Utah University in Cedar City, Utah, and \"How I Became A Pirate\" for Children's Theatre of Madison. Prior to that was \"Next To Normal\" for Idaho State University at the Stephens Performing Arts Center in Pocatello, Idaho. Past directing projects include \"Sunday in the Park with George,\" \"Urinetown,\" \"Seussical\" and more. In 2007 he joined the company of \"Disney on Classic,\" a symphony concert tour of Japan featuring the 60-piece Orchestra Japan and eight U.S. singers. In 2009 he became the Resident Stage Director for \"Disney on Classic,\" as well as the U.S. Casting Director. In 2017 Clements joined the staff of",
"title": "Tony Clements (director)"
},
{
"docid": "45592129",
"text": "Miss Mamma Mia () is a 2015 South Korean television series starring Kang Byul, Han Go-eun, Shim Hyung-tak and Seo Do-young. It aired on KBS Drama on Wednesdays to Thursdays at 23:00 for 12 episodes beginning January 28, 2015. Plot Seo Young-joo was abandoned by her parents as a child and betrayed by the man she loved. Despite all that, she stays positive as she raises her five-year-old daughter on her own while working part-time jobs. Cast Kang Byul as Seo Young-joo Han Go-eun as Oh Joo-ri Shim Hyung-tak as Na Woo-jin/Kevin Edwards Seo Do-young as Yoo Myung-han Jang Young-nam as Lee Mi-ryun Kim Ha-eun as Kang Bong-sook Jang Eun-poong as Joo Ki-chan Ahn Seung-hoon as President Ahn Park Soo-young as Shim Seok-bong Shin Yi as Seo Ha-roo's biological mother Gil Hae-yeon as Ma Hae-yeon Kim Ha-yoo as Seo Ha-ru Bae Kang-yoo as Lee Jong-min References External links Miss Mamma Mia official KBSN website Korean Broadcasting System television dramas 2015 South Korean television series debuts Korean-language television shows 2015 South Korean television series endings",
"title": "Miss Mamma Mia"
},
{
"docid": "6232351",
"text": "Jenny Galloway is a British actress and singer best known for her stage career, which includes Madame Thénardier in Les Misérables. She has received numerous awards and nominations, winning the 1999 Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for her performance in Mamma Mia!. She had previously won the award seven years earlier for her portrayal of the character Luce in George Abbott's The Boys from Syracuse. Galloway can be heard on the cast recordings of Les Misérables 10th Anniversary Concert, Les Misérables 25th Anniversary Concert, Oliver!, Mamma Mia! and Mary Poppins. In the 2001 ITV children's series Weirdsister College, Galloway portrayed the college porter known as the Beetle. Her film credits include In Transit, About a Boy, Fierce Creatures and the role of the Foreign Secretary in Johnny English. She appeared in Madame de Sade alongside Judi Dench and Deborah Findlay as Charlotte in 2008. Galloway had a principal role in a fifth series episode of Marple, The Pale Horse, alongside Julia McKenzie. Her role was Bella Ellis – the town's local witch and cook to Thyrza Grey (played by Pauline Collins) – who are considered prime suspects at many points during the episode. The episode aired as the first part of the fifth series in the UK in August 2010, before the fourth series had finished airing. She reprised her role as Madame Thénardier in the 25th Anniversary Concert of Les Misérables at the O2 Arena in October 2010. She was briefly reunited with her former co-star Alun Armstrong at the end of the performance, when he appeared alongside the rest of the original cast of the musical for the finale. She and Armstrong had appeared as the Thénardiers in the 10th Anniversary Concert at the Royal Albert Hall. Galloway also played the character in the 2006 Broadway revival of the show. Galloway worked at the Watermill Theatre, Newbury, Berkshire in 1982, returning periodically, to assist stage management, drive the van, and lead sing-alongs. In 2013, she appeared as Sister Thomas in the Father Brown episode \"The Bride of Christ\". In 2017, she featured as the Nanny in the film adaptation of Agatha Christie's Crooked House, alongside Glenn Close, Max Irons and Terence Stamp. In March 2023, she appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors as Mrs Garton-Hill. Theatre credits Sandra – Zigger Zagger (1967) – National Youth Theatre Madame Thénardier – Les Misérables (1992–1994, 1995, 2006–2008 and 2010) Widow Corney – Oliver! (1994; revival cast) Rosie – Mamma Mia! (1999; original cast) Mickey - My One and Only 2002; Original West End Cast Mrs. Lovett – Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Mrs. Brill – Mary Poppins (2004; original cast, 2009) Mrs. Pearce – My Fair Lady (Paris production, 2010) Selected filmography Come Away (2020) Johnny English (2003) The Clandestine Marriage (1999) Doctors (2023) References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) British film actresses British musical theatre actresses Living people British television",
"title": "Jenny Galloway"
},
{
"docid": "65136975",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" is a song recorded and released as a single by Romanian singer Elena Gheorghe, featuring rapper Glance. This marks their second collaboration, the first one being the native number one single \"Ecou\" (2013). \"Mamma Mia\" was initially released for digital download and streaming in the United States on 5 August 2014 under Robbins Entertainment, and worldwide the following year in July under Cat Music. An English language track, it was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă. Music critics gave the song mostly positive reviews, complimenting its catchy instrumentals, but doubted the role of the featured artist by calling it \"not convincing\". An accompanying music video for \"Mamma Mia\", directed by Dan Petcan and Bogdan Filip, premiered on the Cat Music YouTube channel on 21 May 2014 and was supported by a giveaway. The clip depicted Elena at wedding playing the role of the bride, and Italian male as the groomsman. Commercially, the song was modernly successful, peaking at number 33 on the singer's native Romanian Airplay 100. The song was also sent to radio stations across Italy, Poland and Spain, where it had managed to enter several charts. Background and composition In February 2014, Elena went on local radio station Kiss FM for an interview, where she would announce an international single coming up. At the time of the interview, Laurențiu Duță was producing the song in Los Angeles. \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă himself. It was initially sent to radio stations across Italy in July, before being released on streaming devices in the United States by Robbins Entertainment the following month. +Mas Music distributed the song's release on 23 January 2015, while Cat Music handled its worldwide release on 13 July. \"Mamma Mia\" marks Elena and Glance's second collaboration, the first one being \"Ecou\" (2013), which achieved huge chart success in the singer's native country. An English language love song, \"Mamma Mia\" was described as a catchy dance-pop tune. Lyrically, the song is about Elena questing whether she should date a romantic Italian man, knowing well that she will be played on by him. Some lyrics of the song are: \"I just can't getting off my mind he's so amazing / My heart says Yes, my mind says No / Just let him go, go, go.\" Reception and Promotion Upon its release, \"Mamma Mia\" was met positively by music critics. Jonathan Currinn gave the song five stars, calling it a \"lost treasure that we'll forever love\". He went on to compliment the music video, which he called \"completely epic\" and \"full-on amazingness in every way\". He called out the clip's director Dan Petcan for his \"terrific job at directing [it]\", and Elena for her acting skills which were described as \"brilliant\". Zuletzt Aktualisiert from HitFire described the song as a \"catchy dance pop track\". He found the song rather amusing, and",
"title": "Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)"
},
{
"docid": "25989073",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia\" is the 21st episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 57th overall episode of the series. It was written by co-executive producer Ron Weiner and directed by series producer Don Scardino. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 7, 2009. Guest stars in this episode include Alan Alda, Steve Buscemi, Stuart Margolin, Keith Olbermann, Clayton Dean Smith, and Michael Benjamin Washington. In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) begins to search for his biological father with help from Liz Lemon (Tina Fey). Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his supposedly illegitimate son (Washington) to the cast and crew of the fictitious show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS), but some question his intentions. At the same time, Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) and Liz fight for attention when Jenna gets public recognition for a comedic sketch Liz wrote. \"Mamma Mia\" has received generally positive reception from television critics. According to the Nielsen Media Research, the episode was watched by 6.2 million households during its original broadcast. Ron Weiner and Alan Alda received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, respectively, both for this episode. Plot Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) decides not to search for his biological father, after it was revealed in the previous episode that the man he believed was his father was not. Liz Lemon (Tina Fey), however, convinces him to find out who his real father is, so Jack contacts Lenny Wosniak (Steve Buscemi)—a private investigator—to search for his biological father. Lenny gives him an envelope containing the names of three individuals who could be his father. Jack tells Liz about the envelope, and she suggests they Mamma Mia! this and bring the three men to New York under false pretenses, to which Jack agrees. Jack meets the men, George Park, Fred O'Dwyer (Stuart Margolin), and Professor Milton Greene (Alan Alda). At meeting the three men, Jack comes to the realization that Milton is his father, as George Park is Korean and Fred O'Dwyer lost his genitals in a grenade explosion during World War II. He tells Milton that he is his son, after Milton admitted to sleeping with his mother, Colleen Donaghy (Elaine Stritch), around the time Jack was conceived. Milton is happy to have him as his son, and reveals to Jack that he is in need of a kidney transplant. Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his illegitimate son, Donald (Michael Benjamin Washington), to the TGS with Tracy Jordan staff. Liz and Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit) suspect that Donald is embezzling from Tracy as they do not believe that Donald is twenty-one years old, which Donald claims to be. Cerie Xerox (Katrina Bowden), Liz's assistant, obtains Donald's birth certificate and gives it to Liz and Pete; the two learn that Donald is forty years of age, thus confirming their suspicions about him. Liz tells Tracy about this,",
"title": "Mamma Mia (30 Rock)"
},
{
"docid": "7491727",
"text": "Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.",
"title": "Dominic Cooper"
},
{
"docid": "22559166",
"text": "Musicality is the third solo album from English actress-singer Martine McCutcheon. The album features covers of songs from McCutcheon's favourite musicals, including Mamma Mia! and Les Misérables. Released in December 2002, Musicality was a commercial failure; it debuted and peaked only at #55 on the UK Albums Chart, spending just two weeks in the Top 100. It is McCutcheon's lowest-charting and lowest-selling album to date. Track listing \"Maybe This Time\" – from Cabaret \"Zing Went the Strings of My Heart\" – from Listen Darling \"White Christmas\" – from Holiday Inn \"I Dreamed a Dream\" – from Les Misérables \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" – from Babes in Arms \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" – from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" – from Funny Girl \"Out Here on My Own\" – from Fame \"What I Did for Love\" – from A Chorus Line \"There Are Worse Things I Could Do\" – from Grease \"The Winner Takes It All\" – from Mamma Mia! \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" – from The Lion King \"Wouldn't It Be Luverely\" – from My Fair Lady \"Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again\" – from The Phantom of the Opera \"The Man That Got Away\" – from A Star Is Born \"Nobody Does It Like Me\" – from See-Saw Charts References 2002 albums Martine McCutcheon albums",
"title": "Musicality (album)"
},
{
"docid": "5533680",
"text": "Sunny Hill (Hangul: ) is a South Korean girl group (formerly a co-ed group) formed in 2007 by For Everyone Media. The group consists of Bitna and Kota. Janghyun left the group in 2014 and Jubi and Misung left the group in 2019. History 2007–2009: Debut with Love Letter and 2008 My Summer Sunny Hill debuted in September 2007 as a co-ed group consisting of members Janghyun, Jubi, and Seung Ah. Their first release was the single album Love Letter, which later won the Excellent Newcomer Album award. Following this success, the group released their second single album, 2008 My Summer. The group then had a musical hiatus, and only released various songs for film and drama soundtracks. 2010–2011: Label and line-up changes and Midnight Circus Following their musical hiatus, Sunny Hill unexpectedly changed labels to Nega Network, home of girl group Brown Eyed Girls. Nega Network later introduced a new member Kota for the group. Sunny Hill was quickly thrown into their first project under Nega Network by featuring on Narsha's digital single \"Mamma Mia\". Janghyun did not vocally participate in the track, but was featured in the music video. The group quickly became known as \"Narsha's Group\", due to lack of popularity amongst fans of K-pop. Following promotions of \"Mamma Mia\", Nega Network introduced a new member for the group, Misung. The quintet released single \"Pit-A-Pat\" for the Korean drama The Greatest Love. The song attracted much attention and charted high. Sunny Hill made another unexpected label change to LOEN Entertainment. On June 3, 2011, Sunny Hill's first extended play, Midnight Circus with the lead single being the title track. On August 4, 2011, Sunny Hill released their follow-up ballad, \"Pray\". The song continued the group's growing popularity and charted on the Top 10 of the Gaon Chart, despite there being no live promotions. 2012–2013: Antique Romance and Young Folk On January 13, 2012, Sunny Hill made their comeback with their first maxi-single \"The Grasshoppers\". On January 20, it was announced that Janghyun would be entering his mandatory military service on January 31. The single peaked at the Top 3 of the Gaon Chart. On April 14, it was announced that Sunny Hill would be making comeback as four-member girl group with digital single, \"Is the White Horse Coming?\". Sunny Hill released their digital single Is The White Horse Coming? on April 19. The next day, it was reported that the song had topped in the several music site such as Soribada, Melon, Mnet, and Bugs. On December 6, Sunny Hill's second extended play, Antique Romance with the lead single \"Goodbye to Romance\". The track was said to be about the members' first love story. The album was successful and both songs of the album reached the Top 10 songs in Gaon Chart. On April 5, Sunny Hill released collaboration single Love Actually with South Korean modern rock group called Daybreak, as a part of project album Re:code - Episode III. Misung also participated as co-produced and co-wrote",
"title": "Sunny Hill"
},
{
"docid": "3608711",
"text": "London School of Musical Theatre (LSMT) is a training academy of performing arts, that was founded by Glenn Lee in 1995. The school is located on Borough Road, central London. It was originally housed at The Old Vic and then His Majesty's Theatre, before moving to premises on Borough Road, where it currently operates. The school offers a one-year, full-time, vocational training for adults wishing to pursue a career in musical theatre. The ethos of LSMT is to create the environment of a professional company in rehearsal rather than that of an educational institution. The emphasis of the course is on the development of the singing voice as the tool for acting through song alongside a thorough training in dance and drama. Classes are taught by professionals and practitioners working in the industry, with direct experience of the requirements of musical theatre. Since its inception in 1995, the organisation has commissioned new musical theatre productions, many of which have now been published and performed around the world. The school employs Charles Miller as composer-in-residence. Notable Alumni Emma Hatton - actress (Wicked, Evita) Melissa Jacques - actress (Everybody's Talking about Jamie, Mamma Mia) Sophie Isaacs - actress (Six, Heathers, Made In Dagenham, Legally Blonde) Jacqui Tate - actress (Les Miserables, Avenue Q, South Pacific, The Phantom of The Opera) Adam Bayjou - actor/singer (Les Miserables, Assassins, Opera Boys) Richard Meek - actor (Annie, The Producers, Rocky Horror Show, Hairspray) Hollie O'Donoghue - actress (Les Miserables, The Commitments) Nancy Sullivan- actress (Les Miserables, Little Voice, Beautiful Thing) Jodie Jacobs - actress (We Will Rock You, Evita, Fame, Footloose, The Wedding Singer) Rosa O'Reilly - actress (Wicked, Jesus Christ Superstar, Les Miserables, Dirty Dancing) Michael Auger - singer (Collabro) Katie Rough - Legend Natalie Law - actress (Leopaldstadt, The Lady Vanishes, Exit The King, Ink) Soophia Foroughi - actress (Prince of Egypt, Broken Wings, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels) Marcus Ayton - actor (Shrek, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dream Coat) Devon Elise Johnson - actress (Half a Sixpence, Mamma Mia, Titanic) Holly-Anne Hull (Phantom of The Opera, Les Miserables, Copacobana) Kelly Agbowu - actress (Waitress, Book of Mormon, Lion King, Les Miserables) Adam Strong - actor (We Will Rock You, Rock of Ages, Jesus Christ Superstar) Robbie Scotcher - actor (Blood Brothers, Mamma Mia, Miss Saigon) Louise Willoughby - TV/Film actress (Time, Coronation Street, Doctors) Luke Newton - TV/Film actor (Bridgerton, Lake Placid, The Lodge) Danny Walters - TV/Film actor (EastEnders, Benidorm, Call The Midwife) Olivia Chenery - TV/Film actress (Endeavour, Silent Witness, Virgin and Martyr, Penny Dreadful, My Friends Best Wedding, The One) External Sources External links London School of Musical Theatre website Performing arts education in London Schools of the performing arts in the United Kingdom Music schools in London Drama schools in London Educational institutions established in 1995 Musical theatre organizations",
"title": "London School of Musical Theatre"
},
{
"docid": "10708687",
"text": "The 56th Annual Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall on June 2, 2002 and broadcast by CBS. \"The First Ten\" awards ceremony was telecast on PBS television. The event was co-hosted by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. With her win as a producer of Thoroughly Modern Millie, Whoopi Goldberg became the 10th person to become an EGOT winner. The ceremony The show opened with a tribute to Richard Rodgers, featuring a medley of his songs performed by Marvin Hamlisch, Harry Connick Jr., Michele Lee, Mos Def, Lea Salonga, Peter Gallagher, John Raitt, Bernadette Peters, Gregory Hines, and the company of Oklahoma! A Broadway/New York song medley was performed by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. Presentations from nominated musicals: Into the Woods: \"Children Will Listen\", \"Ever After\" and \"Into the Woods\" - Vanessa Williams, John McMartin, Company Mamma Mia!: \"I Have a Dream\", \"Money, Money, Money\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Chiquitita\" and \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Pitre, Judy Kaye, Karen Mason, Tina Maddigan, Company Thoroughly Modern Millie: \"Forget About the Boy\"/\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" - Sutton Foster, Anne L. Nathan, Casey Nicholaw, Noah Racey, Company Sweet Smell of Success: \"Dirt\" - John Lithgow, Company Urinetown: \"Run, Freedom, Run\" - Hunter Foster, Spencer Kayden, Jeff McCarthy, Company Oklahoma!: \"The Farmer and the Cowman\" - Company The First Ten awards were presented prior to the full ceremony and broadcast on PBS. The awards presented were: Best Direction of a Play, Direction of a Musical, Book of a Musical, Original Score, Choreography, Costume Design, Lighting Design and Scenic Design. There were also interviews and \"rehearsal and performance clips from the nominated shows.\" The broadcast won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program; the director was Glenn Weiss. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 2001–02 season before May 2, 2002 are eligible. Original plays An Almost Holy Picture Fortune’s Fool 45 Seconds from Broadway The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? The Graduate If you ever leave me...I'm going with you! Metamorphoses The Mystery of Charles Dickens QED The Smell of the Kill Topdog/Underdog Original musicals By Jeeves Mamma Mia! One Mo' Time Sweet Smell of Success Thoroughly Modern Millie Thou Shalt Not Urinetown Play revivals A Christmas Carol The Crucible The Dance of Death The Elephant Man Hedda Gabler Major Barbara The Man Who Had All the Luck Morning's at Seven Noises Off Private Lives A Thousand Clowns The Women Musical revivals Into the Woods Oklahoma! Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Source: TheaterMania Regional Theatre Tony Award Williamstown Theatre Festival Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Robert Whitehead Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Julie Harris Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: 11 nominations: Thoroughly Modern Millie 10 nominations: Into the Woods and Urinetown 9 nominations: Morning's at Seven 7 nominations: Oklahoma! and Sweet Smell of Success 6 nominations: The Crucible and Private Lives 5 nominations: Mamma Mia! 3 nominations: Fortune's Fool and",
"title": "56th Tony Awards"
},
{
"docid": "55594395",
"text": "Oh Na-ra () is a South Korean actress. She began her career by joining the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and made her debut in the musical \"Simcheong\" the following year. She went on to star in various productions such as Bari, Annie Quang, All That Jazz, Broadway 42nd Streets, Empress Myeongseong, Love in the Rain, and Mamma Mia. Since 2004, she started play the main lead in the creative musicals I Love You. Followed by Finding Kim Jong-wook, Singles and Jomjom. Throughout her career, as musical actress, has received several accolades, including the Best New Actress Award at the 2006 Daegu International Musical Festival, the Best Actress Award at the 12th Korea Musical Awards in 2006, the Female Popularity Award at the 1st The Musical Awards in 2007, and the Popular Star Award at the 13th Korea Musical Awards in 2007. In addition to her work in musicals, Oh made her television debut with a minor role in SBS TV's SBS TV . She has since appeared in various dramas, including Pretty Mom, Pretty Woman, Queen of Reversals, Miss Ahjumma, Yong-pal, Hyde Jekyll, Me, Flowers of the Prison, Man to Man, The Lady in Dignity. Her supporting roles performances in dramas such as My Mister, Sky Castle, Racket Boys, and Alchemy of Souls earned her wider recognition. Early Life and education Oh Na-ra born on October 26, 1974 in Seoul as oldest of two sibling. Oh graduated from . Oh chose ballet as her major because she wanted to perform on stage. She graduated from the Department of Dance at Kyung Hee University. Afterwards, she pursued a master's degree in musical theater at Dankook University's Graduate School of Culture and Arts. Career Oh became interested in musicals after watching one on TV during college and wondered if they were real. She approached Nam Gyeong-eup, a musical actor, and expressed her desire to be part of musicals. Oh helped out at the performance hall of the musical \"Love in the Rain,\" doing tasks like cleaning and selling tickets. She also tried to make the actors happy. She joined the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and debuted with her musical “Simcheong” the following year. Afterwards, she appeared in 'Bari', 'Annie Quang', 'All That Jazz', 'Broadway 42nd Street', 'Empress Myeongseong', 'Love in the Rain', and 'Mamma Mia'. In 2001, Oh joined the Japanese theater company \"Four Seasons\" despite being a newcomer in the musical world. Oh was first Korean actor to be selected as a member. She auditioned and landed a role in the production \"Contact.\" Although she couldn't speak Japanese, it was a dance-only production, so there were no major issues. However, she couldn't go on stage due to visa extension problems caused by the office staff's intentional actions. After eight months, Oh (female) returned to Japan and was given the opportunity to appear in \"Mamma Mia.\" Despite initially being cast as the main character, her Japanese skills weren't perfect, so she returned after two years as an ensemble",
"title": "Oh Na-ra"
},
{
"docid": "35568430",
"text": "Carrie Manolakos (pronounced \"men-uh-LAH-kiss\"; born February 16, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and musical theatre actress. As an actress, she is perhaps best known for her stage work, on Broadway in Mamma Mia! as Sophie Sheridan, and in the original 2nd national tour cast of Wicked as the Elphaba standby. She became an internet sensation after her cover of the Radiohead song \"Creep\" went viral after it was picked up by Gawker Media, under the title \"Eargasm\". The cover was performed at her album release party at Le Poisson Rouge in Greenwich Village. Early life and education Manolakos grew up in Syracuse, New York and attended Manlius Pebble Hill School. At age 10, she began participating in the community theater at Syracuse Stage. Manolakos attended the Tisch School of the Arts at NYU. Career 2008–2011: Mamma Mia!, Wicked, and other stage work Manolakos performed in the ensemble of the Mamma Mia! tour for six months before being promoted to the role of Sophie. Shortly after that, she was invited to join the Broadway company, replacing Carey Anderson. She gave her first performance on June 4, 2008. It was announced on February 9, 2009, that Manolakos would be joining the second national tour of Wicked as the standby for Elphaba. On June 25, 2010, Manolakos performed at the Yale Institute for Music Theatre Workshops as Athena in The Daughters, a musical which follows the three daughters of Zeus as they embark on separate and intersecting journeys of self-discovery. Manolakos performed in a concert celebrating Alanis Morissette on September 1, 2010. On November 1, 2010, Manolakos joined Peter Lerman for his debut concert at the Laurie Beechman Theatre, featuring tunes from his original songbook. It was announced on December 3, 2010, that Manolakos would be involved in a concert featuring the music from the musical Jawbreaker. The concert took place on December 12, 2010. Manolakos took part in a concert at Joe's Pub on March 27, 2011, celebrating the release of Joey Contreras debut album, Love Me, Love Me Not. Manolakos appeared as Night Terrors in at the La Jolla Playhouse production of Sleeping Beauty Wakes from July 19 through August 21, 2011. On September 7, 2011, it was announced that Manolakos would be starring as Katie in the rock musical Chix 6 at the Queens Theatre from September 27 to October 30, 2011. 2012–2014: Echo, viral video, and Hit List Manolakos starred as Marianne Reilly in the first run of Seth Rudetsky's Disaster! at Triad Theatre, now renamed Stage 72, on January 22 through March 25, 2012. On February 27, 2012, Manolakos took part in Broadway Remembers Whitney Houston at Joe's Pub, a tribute concert for the late singer. Manolakos performed at Broadway Rhythm and Booze alongside Uzo Aduba on March 26, 2012. Manolakos released her debut album, Echo, on April 2, 2012, produced by Dominick Amendum and Justin Goldner. The album debuted in the top 100 of the iTunes pop charts. On April 23, 2012, Manolakos became an internet sensation",
"title": "Carrie Manolakos"
}
] | [
"ABBA"
] |
train_3185 | how many days in a julian calendar year | [
{
"docid": "730958",
"text": "In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a or aj) is a unit of measurement of time defined as exactly 365.25 days of SI seconds each. The length of the Julian year is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar that was used in Western societies until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar, and from which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because astronomical Julian years are measuring duration rather than designating dates, this Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year. Usage The Julian year is not a unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI), but it is recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as a non-SI unit for use in astronomy. Before 1984, both the Julian year and the mean tropical year were used by astronomers. In 1898, Simon Newcomb used both in his Tables of the Sun in the form of the Julian century (36 525 days) and the \"solar century\" ( days), a rounded form of 100 mean tropical years of each according to Newcomb. However, the mean tropical year is not suitable as a unit of measurement because it varies from year to year by a small amount, days according to Newcomb. In contrast, the Julian year is defined in terms of the SI unit one second, so is as accurate as that unit and is constant. It approximates both the sidereal year and the tropical year to about ±0.008 days. The Julian year is the basis of the definition of the light-year as a unit of measurement of distance. Epochs In astronomy, an epoch specifies a precise moment in time. The positions of celestial objects and events, as measured from Earth, change over time, so when measuring or predicting celestial positions, the epoch to which they pertain must be specified. A new standard epoch is chosen about every 50 years. The standard epoch in use today is Julian epoch J2000.0. It is exactly 12:00 TT (close to but not exactly Greenwich mean noon) on in the Gregorian (not Julian) calendar. Julian within its name indicates that other Julian epochs can be a number of Julian years of 365.25 days each before or after J2000.0. For example, the future epoch J2100.0 will be exactly 36,525 days (one Julian century) from J2000.0 at 12:00 TT on (the dates will still agree because the Gregorian century 2000–2100 will have the same number of days as a Julian century). Because Julian years are not exactly the same length as years on the Gregorian calendar, astronomical epochs will diverge noticeably from the Gregorian calendar in a few hundred years. For example, in the next 1000 years, seven days will be dropped from the Gregorian calendar but not from 1000 Julian years, so J3000.0 will be . Julian calendar distinguished The Julian year, being a uniform measure of duration, should not be confused with the",
"title": "Julian year (astronomy)"
},
{
"docid": "15651",
"text": "The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers). The Julian calendar was proposed in 46 BC by (and takes its name from) Julius Caesar, as a reform of the earlier Roman calendar, which was largely a lunisolar one. It took effect on , by his edict. Caesar's calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years, until 1582 when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar. The Julian calendar has two types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. That is more than the actual solar year value of approximately 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar gains one day every 129 years. In other words, the Julian calendar gains 3.1 days every 400 years. Gregory's calendar reform modified the Julian rule, to reduce the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year: the Gregorian calendar gains just 0.1 day over 400 years. For any given event during the years from 1901 through 2099, its date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date (for instance Julian 1 January falls on Gregorian 14 January). Most Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately; Protestant countries did so slowly in the course of the following two centuries or so; most Orthodox countries retain the Julian calendar for religious purposes but adopted the Gregorian as their civil calendar in the early part of the twentieth century. Table of months History Motivation The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. This intercalary month was formed by inserting 22 or 23 days after the first 23 days of February; the last five days of February, which counted down toward the start of March, became the last five days of Intercalaris. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, forming an intercalary year of 377 or 378 days. Some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia (23 February). If managed correctly this system could have allowed the Roman year to stay roughly aligned to a tropical year. However, since the pontifices were often politicians, and because a Roman magistrate's term of office",
"title": "Julian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "5203039",
"text": "The Armenian calendar is the calendar traditionally used in Armenia, primarily during the medieval ages. The Armenian calendar is based on an invariant year length of 365 days. Because a solar year is about 365.25 days and not 365 days, the correspondence between the Armenian calendar and both the solar year and the Julian calendar slowly drifted over time, shifting across a year of the Julian calendar once in 1,461 calendar years (see Sothic cycle). Thus, the Armenian year 1461 (Gregorian & Julian 2011) completed the first Sothic cycle, and the Armenian Calendar was one year off. In A.D. 352, tables compiled by Andreas of Byzantium were introduced in Armenia to determine the religious holidays. When those tables exhausted on 11 July 552 (Julian Calendar), the Armenian calendar was introduced. Year 1 of the Armenian calendar began on 11 July 552 of the Julian calendar. The calendar was adopted at the Second Council of Dvin. Armenian year 1462 (the first year of the second cycle) began on 11 July 2012 of the Julian calendar (24 July 2012 of the Gregorian calendar). An analytical expression of the Armenian date includes the ancient names of days of the week, Christian names of the days of the week, days of the month, Date/Month/Year number after 552 A.D., and the religious feasts. The Armenian calendar is divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus an additional (epagomenal) five days, called aweleacʿ (\"superfluous\"). Years in the Armenian era are usually given in Armenian numerals (written in Armenian letters) preceded by the abbreviation , for (, meaning \"in the year\"). For example, , which means \"the year 1455.\" Another prefix is , standing for ( \"in the Armenian year\"). Months The Armenian month names show influence of the Zoroastrian calendar and Kartvelian influence in two cases (2nd and 3rd months). There are different systems for transliterating the names; the forms below are transliterated according to the Hübschmann-Meillet-Benveniste system: Days of the month The Armenian calendar gives the days of the month names instead of numbering them – something also found in the Avestan calendars. Zoroastrian influence is evident in five names: Holidays Per Armenian law, 12 days are declared as non-working days. Non-working days include: See also Public holidays in Armenia Armenian numerals Calendar of saints (Armenian Apostolic Church) Tabarian calendar Georgian calendar Iranian calendar Zoroastrian calendar :hy:Հայկյան տոմար References External links The Haik calendar (Origin of the Armenian calendar). Armenian/Gregorian date converter Literature V. Bănăţeanu, \"Le calendrier arménien et les anciens noms des mois\", in: Studia et Acta Orientalia 10, 1980, pp. 33–46 Edouard Dulaurier, Recherches sur la chronologie arménienne technique et historique (1859), 2001 reprint . Jost Gippert, Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems in The Annual of The Society for The Study of Caucasia\", 1, 1989, 3-12.Jost Gippert: Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems [I]: Frame Louis H. Gray, On Certain Persian and Armenian Month-Names as Influenced by the Avesta Calendar, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1907) P'. Ingoroq'va, \"Jvel-kartuli c'armartuli",
"title": "Armenian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "44100110",
"text": "The adoption of the Gregorian Calendar was an event in the early modern history of most cultures and societies, marking a change from their traditional (or \"old style\") dating system to the modern (or \"new style\") dating system the Gregorian calendar that is widely used around the world today. Some states adopted the new calendar from 1582, some did not do so before the early twentieth century, and others did so at various dates between. A few still have not, but except for these, the Gregorian calendar is now the world's civil calendar universally, although in many places an old style calendar remains used in religious or traditional contexts. During and for some time after the change between systems, it has been common to use the terms \"Old Style\" and \"New Style\" when giving dates, to indicate which calendar was used to reckon them. The Gregorian calendar was decreed in 1582 by the papal bull by Pope Gregory XIII, to correct an error in the Julian calendar that was causing erroneous calculation of the date of Easter. The Julian calendar had been based upon a year lasting 365.25 days, but this was slightly too long; in reality, it is about 365.2422 days, and so over the centuries, the calendar had drifted increasingly out of alignment with the Earth's orbit. According to Gregory's scientific advisers, the calendar had acquired ten excess leap days since the First Council of Nicaea (which established the rule for dating Easter in AD 325). Consequently, he ruled, ten days must be skipped to restore the : Catholic countries did this in 1582. Countries which did not change until the 18th century had by then observed an additional leap year (1700), necessitating the dropping of eleven days. Some countries did not change until the 19th or 20th century, necessitating one or two further days to be omitted from the calendar. Although Gregory's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church, the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States. The changes he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar, over which he had no formal authority. They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect. The bull became the canon law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by Protestant churches, Eastern Orthodox Churches, and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter (and related events in the Liturgical calendar) were celebrated by different Christian churches diverged. Adoption in Catholic countries Catholic states such as France, the Italian principalities, Poland–Lithuania, Spain (along with her European and overseas possessions), Portugal, and the Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire were first to change to the Gregorian calendar. Thursday, 4 October 1582, was followed by Friday, 15 October 1582, with ten days skipped. Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time",
"title": "Adoption of the Gregorian calendar"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "23397214",
"text": "The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian calendar backward to the dates preceding its official introduction in 1582. In nations that adopted the Gregorian calendar after its official and first introduction, dates occurring in the interim period of 15 October 1582 (the first date of use of Gregorian calendrical dates, being dated 5 October 1582 in the preceding Julian calendar) to the date on which the pertinent nation adopted the Gregorian calendar and abandoned the Julian calendar are sometimes 'Gregorianized' also. For example, the birthday of U.S. President George Washington was originally dated 11 February 1731 (Old Style) because Great Britain, of which he was born a subject, used (until September 1752) the Julian calendar and dated the beginning of English years as 25 March. After Great Britain switched to the Gregorian calendar, Washington's birthday was dated 22 February 1732 proleptically, according to the Gregorian calendar applied backward. This remains the modern dating of his birthday. Usage ISO 8601:2004 (clause 3.2.1 The Gregorian calendar) explicitly requires use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all dates before the introduction of 15 October 1582, if the partners to an exchange of information agree. Most scholars of Maya civilization also use it, especially when converting Long Count dates (1st century BC – 10th century AD). The best practice for citation of historically contemporary documents is to cite the date as expressed in the original text and to notate any contextual implications and conclusions regarding the calendar used and equivalents in other calendars. This practice permits others to re-evaluate the original evidence. For these calendars one can distinguish two systems of numbering years BC. Bede and later historians did not enumerate any year as zero (nulla in Latin; see Year zero); therefore the year preceding AD 1 is 1 BC. In this system the year 1 BC is a leap year (likewise in the proleptic Julian calendar). Mathematically, it is more convenient to include a year 0 and represent earlier years as negative numbers for the specific purpose of facilitating the calculation of the number of years between a negative (BC) year and a positive (AD) year. This is the convention in astronomical year numbering and the international standard date system, ISO 8601. In these systems, the year 0 is a leap year. Although the nominal Julian calendar began in 45 BC, leap years between 45 BC and 1 BC were irregular (see Leap year error). Thus the Julian calendar with quadrennial leap years was only used from the end of AD 4 until 1582 or later (contingent on the specific nation in question). The proleptic Gregorian calendar is sometimes used in computer software to simplify identifying pre-Gregorian dates, e. g. in PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, PHP, CIM, Delphi and Python. Difference between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates Before the official and first introduction of the Gregorian calendar, the differences between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates are as follows: The table below assumes a Julian leap day of 29 February,",
"title": "Proleptic Gregorian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "25886202",
"text": "The tables below list equivalent dates in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Conventions Within these tables, January 1 is always the first day of the year. The Gregorian calendar did not exist before October 15, 1582. Gregorian dates before that are proleptic, that is, using the Gregorian rules to reckon backward from October 15, 1582. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Augustus corrected errors in the observance of leap years by omitting leap days until AD 8. Julian calendar dates before March AD 4 are proleptic, and do not necessarily match the dates actually observed in the Roman Empire. Conversion table This table is taken from the book by the Nautical almanac offices of the United Kingdom and United States originally published in 1961. Using the tables Dates near leap days that are observed in the Julian calendar but not in the Gregorian are listed in the table. Dates near the adoption date in some countries are also listed. For dates not listed, see below. The usual rules of algebraic addition and subtraction apply; adding a negative number is the same as subtracting the absolute value, and subtracting a negative number is the same as adding the absolute value. If conversion takes you past a February 29 that exists only in the Julian calendar, then February 29 is counted in the difference. Years affected are those which divide by 100 without remainder but do not divide by 400 without remainder (e.g., 1900 and 2100 but not 2000). No guidance is provided about conversion of dates before March 5, -500, or after February 29, 2100 (both being Julian dates). For unlisted dates, find the date in the table closest to, but earlier than, the date to be converted. Be sure to use the correct column. If converting from Julian to Gregorian, add the number from the \"Difference\" column. If converting from Gregorian to Julian, subtract. See also Revised Julian calendar References External links Calendars",
"title": "Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars"
},
{
"docid": "314227",
"text": "A leap year starting on Monday is any year with 366 days (i.e. it includes 29 February) that begins on Monday, 1 January, and ends on Tuesday, 31 December. Its dominical letters hence are GF. The current year, 2024, is a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar. The last such year was 1996 and the next such year will be 2052 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 2008 and 2036 in the obsolete Julian calendar. 29 February falls on Thursday. Any leap year that starts on Monday, Wednesday or Thursday has two Friday the 13ths: those two in this leap year occur in September and December. Common years starting on Tuesday share this characteristic. Additionally, this type of year has three months (January, April, and July) beginning exactly on the first day of the week, in areas which Monday is considered the first day of the week, Common years starting on Friday share this characteristic on the months of February, March, and November. Calendars Applicable years Gregorian Calendar Leap years that begin on Monday, along with those starting on Saturday and Thursday, occur least frequently: 13 out of 97 (≈ 13.402%) total leap years in a 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar. Their overall occurrence is thus 3.25% (13 out of 400). Julian Calendar Like all leap year types, the one starting with 1 January on a Monday occurs exactly once in a 28-year cycle in the Julian calendar, i.e. in 3.57% of years. As the Julian calendar repeats after 28 years that means it will also repeat after 700 years, i.e. 25 cycles. The year's position in the cycle is given by the formula ((year + 8) mod 28) + 1). Holidays International Valentine's Day falls on a Wednesday The leap day (February 29) falls on a Thursday World Day for Grandparents and the Elderly falls on its latest possible date, July 28 Halloween falls on a Thursday Christmas Day falls on a Wednesday Roman Catholic Solemnities Epiphany falls on a Saturday or, in places when it is transferred to a Sunday, January 7 Candlemas falls on a Friday Saint Joseph's Day falls on a Tuesday The Annunciation of Jesus falls on a Monday The Nativity of John the Baptist falls on a Monday The Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul falls on a Saturday The Transfiguration of Jesus falls on a Tuesday The Assumption of Mary falls on a Thursday The Exaltation of the Holy Cross falls on a Saturday All Saints' Day falls on a Friday All Souls' Day falls on a Saturday The Feast of Christ the King falls on November 24 (or on October 27 in versions of the calendar between 1925 and 1962) The First Sunday of Advent falls on December 1 The Immaculate Conception falls on a Sunday, thus transferred to Monday, December 9. Gaudete Sunday falls on December 15 Rorate Sunday falls on December 22 Australia and New Zealand Australia Day falls on a Friday Waitangi Day falls on",
"title": "Leap year starting on Monday"
},
{
"docid": "68723848",
"text": "A century common year is a common year in the Gregorian calendar that is divisible by 100 but not by 400. Like all common years, these years do not get an extra day in February, meaning they have 365 days instead of 366. These years are the only common years that are divisible by 4. In the obsolete Julian Calendar, all years that were divisible by 4 were leap years, meaning no century years could be common years. However, this rule adds too many leap days, resulting in the calendar drifting with respect to the seasons, which is the same thing that would happen if there were no leap years at all. So, in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced a slightly modified version of the Julian Calendar, the Gregorian Calendar, where century years would not be leap years if they are not divisible by 400. Therefore, 1700 is the first century year in the Gregorian Calendar being a common year. The years 1800 and 1900 were also century common years, and so will 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900, and 3000. The Gregorian Calendar repeats itself every 400 years, so century common years start on a Friday if the remainder obtained when dividing the year by 400 is 100 (dominical letter C), Wednesday if the remainder is 200 (dominical letter E), and Monday if the remainder is 300 (dominical letter G). This means that century leap years always begin on a Saturday (dominical letter BA). References External links An Introduction to Calendars courtesy of the United States Naval Observatory Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars History of Gregorian Calendar Units of time Calendars Gregorian calendar",
"title": "Century common year"
},
{
"docid": "37336",
"text": "The proleptic Julian calendar is produced by extending the Julian calendar backwards to dates preceding AD 8 when the quadrennial leap year stabilized. The leap years that were actually observed between the implementation of the Julian calendar in 45 BC and AD 8 were erratic (see the Julian calendar article for details). A calendar obtained by extension earlier in time than its invention or implementation is called the \"proleptic\" version of the calendar. Likewise, the proleptic Gregorian calendar is occasionally used to specify dates before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1582. Because the Julian calendar was used before that time, one must explicitly state that a given quoted date is based on the proleptic Gregorian calendar if that is the case. The Julian calendar itself was introduced by Julius Caesar, and as such is older than the introduction of the Anno Domini era (or the \"Common Era\"), counting years since the birth of Christ as calculated by Dionysus Exiguus in the 6th century, and widely used in medieval European annals since about the 8th century, notably by Bede. The proleptic Julian calendar uses Anno Domini throughout, including for dates of Late Antiquity when the Julian calendar was in use but Anno Domini was not, and for times predating the introduction of the Julian calendar. Years are given cardinal numbers, using inclusive counting (AD 1 is the first year of the Anno Domini era, immediately preceded by 1 BC, the first year preceding the Anno Domini era; there is no \"zeroth\" year). Thus, the year 1 BC of the proleptic Julian calendar is a leap year. This is to be distinguished from the astronomical year numbering, introduced in 1740 by French astronomer Jacques Cassini, which considers each New Year an integer on a time axis, with year 0 corresponding to 1 BC, and \"year −1\" corresponding to 2 BC, so that in this system, Julian leap years have a number divisible by four. The determination of leap years in the proleptic Julian calendar (in either numbering) is distinct from the question of which years were historically considered leap years during the Roman era, due to the leap year error: Between 45 BC and AD 8, the leap day was somewhat unsystematic. Thus there is no simple way to find an equivalent in the proleptic Julian calendar of a date quoted using either the Roman pre-Julian calendar or the Julian calendar before AD 8. The year 46 BC itself is a special case: because of the historical introduction of the Julian calendar in that year, it was allotted 445 days. Before then, the Roman Republican calendar used a system of intercalary months rather than leap days. See also Julian date Proleptic Gregorian calendar References Julian calendar Specific calendars",
"title": "Proleptic Julian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "26257372",
"text": "Shiv Jayanti, also known as Shivaji festival, is a festival and public holiday of the Indian state of Maharashtra. This festival is celebrated on February 19, celebrating the birth anniversary of Shivaji I, the first Chhatrapati of the Marathas. He established Hindavi Swarajya (Hindavī Svarājya; \"Self-Rule of the hindavi people\"). Some people celebrate this day as per Hindu Calendar in Maharashtra. Birth of Shiv Jayanti Shivaji I was born at the Shivneri fort on the third day of the Krishna Paksha of the Phalgun month in the year 1551 of the Shalivahan Shaka. In the Gregorian calendar, the date generally occurs between February and March. As per the Julian calendar, the date is accepted to be February 19, 1630, However, many Hindus celebrate Shiv Jayanti as per the Hindu calendar. The Marathi Shalivahana Hindu calendar birthdate of Shivaji is Falgun Krishna paksha 3, 1551 Julian February 19, 1630, in Shivneri Fort. The error of not converting the Julian date to the corresponding Gregorian one is still not corrected. References Festivals in India Public holidays in India February observances Birthdays",
"title": "Shiv Jayanti"
},
{
"docid": "1614721",
"text": "The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar describes and dictates the rhythm of the life of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Passages of Holy Scripture, saints and events for commemoration are associated with each date, as are many times special rules for fasting or feasting that correspond to the day of the week or time of year in relationship to the major feast days. There are two types of feasts in the Orthodox Church calendar: fixed and movable. Fixed feasts occur on the same calendar day every year, whereas movable feasts change each year. The moveable feasts are generally relative to Pascha (Easter), and so the cycle of moveable feasts is referred to as the Paschal cycle. Fixed feasts The following list of dates links only to fixed feasts of the Orthodox Church. These are the fixed dates; the particular day on which that date is observed differs depending upon whether one follows the Julian Calendar (sometimes referred to as the \"Old Calendar\") or the Revised Julian Calendar (\"New Calendar\"). All dates having to do with Pascha (Easter) - the beginning of Great Lent, Ascension, Pentecost, etc. - are moveable feasts, and thus are not on this calendar (see Paschal cycle). These important notes should be remembered in using the following calendar: For the day in the modern Gregorian Calendar, on which churches following the Julian Calendar celebrate any fixed date's commemoration, the 13 days which were lapsed to correct the calendar to the seasons must again lapse, by adding the 13 days to the dates below. For example, Christmas Day (December 25) on the Julian Calendar falls on January 7 of the modern Gregorian Calendar. The number of days by which the Gregorian calendar differs from the Julian calendar is currently 13, but will increase to 14 on March 1, 2100. Over the course of future centuries, the difference will continue to increase, limitlessly. For those churches which follow the Revised Julian Calendar, the dates below correspond exactly to the dates on the Gregorian Calendar. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical year begins on September 1. Moveable feasts Pascha (Easter) is, by far, the most important day in the ecclesiastical year, and all other days, in one way or another, are dependent upon it. Pascha falls on different calendar dates from year to year, calculated according to a strict set of rules (see Computus for details). While the Fixed Cycle begins on September 1, the new Paschal Cycle begins on \"Zaccheus Sunday\" in the Slavic tradition or the \"Sunday of the Canaanite Woman\" in the Greek tradition (the beginning of the preparatory season before Great Lent), eleven Sundays before Pascha, and continues until the Zaccheus Sunday or Sunday of the Canaanite Woman of the following year. The Epistle and Gospel readings at the Divine Liturgy throughout the year are determined by the date of Pascha. Great Feasts There are Twelve Great Feasts throughout the church year—not counting Pascha, which is above and beyond all other feast days. These are feasts which celebrate major historical",
"title": "Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar"
},
{
"docid": "214479",
"text": "As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as . Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon (a mathematical approximation of the first astronomical full moon, on or after 21 March itself a fixed approximation of the March equinox). Determining this date in advance requires a correlation between the lunar months and the solar year, while also accounting for the month, date, and weekday of the Julian or Gregorian calendar. The complexity of the algorithm arises because of the desire to associate the date of Easter with the date of the Jewish feast of Passover which, Christians believe, is when Jesus was crucified. It was originally feasible for the entire Christian Church to receive the date of Easter each year through an annual announcement by the pope. By the early third century, however, communications in the Roman Empire had deteriorated to the point that the church put great value in a system that would allow the clergy to determine the date for themselves, independently yet consistently. Additionally, the church wished to eliminate dependencies on the Hebrew calendar, by deriving the date for Easter directly from the March equinox. In The Reckoning of Time (725), Bede uses as a general term for any sort of calculation, although he refers to the Easter cycles of Theophilus as a \"Paschal .\" By the end of the 8th century, came to refer specifically to the calculation of time. The calculations produce different results depending on whether the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar is used. For this reason, the Catholic Church and Protestant churches (which follow the Gregorian calendar) celebrate Easter on a different date from that of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy (which follow the Julian calendar). It was the drift of 21 March from the observed equinox that led to the Gregorian reform of the calendar, to bring them back into line. Background Easter commemorates the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe to have occurred on the third day (inclusive) after the beginning of Passover. In the Hebrew lunisolar calendar, Passover begins at twilight on the 14th day of Nisan. Nisan is the first month of spring in the northern hemisphere, with the 14th corresponding to a full moon. By the 2nd century, many Christians had chosen to observe Easter only on a Sunday. The Hebrew calendar does not have a simple relationship with the Christian calendars: it resynchronizes with the solar year by intercalating a leap month every two or three years, before the lunar new year on 1 Nisan. Later Jews adopted the Metonic cycle to predict future intercalations. A possible consequence of this intercalation is that 14 Nisan could occur before the equinox, which some third-century Christians considered unacceptable (this cannot happen in the fixed calendar in use today). Consequently, it was decided to separate the dating of Easter from the Hebrew calendar, by identifying the first full moon following the March equinox. By the",
"title": "Date of Easter"
},
{
"docid": "1190200",
"text": "The early Germanic calendars were the regional calendars used among the early Germanic peoples before they adopted the Julian calendar in the Early Middle Ages. The calendars were an element of early Germanic culture. The Germanic peoples had names for the months that varied by region and dialect, but they were later replaced with local adaptations of the Julian month names. Records of Old English and Old High German month names date to the 8th and 9th centuries, respectively. Old Norse month names are attested from the 13th century. As with most pre-modern calendars, the reckoning used in early Germanic culture was likely lunisolar. As an example, the Runic calendar developed in medieval Sweden was lunisolar, fixing the beginning of the year at the first full moon after winter solstice. Months The Germanic calendars were lunisolar, the months corresponding to lunations. Tacitus writes in his Germania (Chapter 11) that the Germanic peoples observed the lunar months. The lunisolar calendar is reflected in the Proto-Germanic term \"month\" (Old English , Old Saxon , Old Norse , and Old High German , Gothic ), being a derivation of the word for \"moon\", — which shares its ancestry with the Greek mene \"moon\", men \"month\", and Latin mensis \"month\". Days and weeks Tacitus gives some indication of how the Germanic peoples of the first century reckoned the days. In contrast to Roman usage, they considered the day to begin at sunset, a system that in the Middle Ages came to be known as the \"Florentine reckoning\". The same system is also recorded for the Gauls in Caesar's Gallic Wars. \"They assemble, except in the case of a sudden emergency, on certain fixed days, either at new or at full moon; for this they consider the most auspicious season for the transaction of business. Instead of reckoning by days as we do, they reckon by nights, and in this manner fix both their ordinary and their legal appointments. Night they regard as bringing on day.\" The concept of the week, on the other hand, was adopted from the Romans, from about the first century, the various Germanic languages having adopted the Greco-Roman system of naming of the days of the week after the classical planets, inserting loan translations for the names of the planets, substituting the names of Germanic gods in a process known as . Calendar terms The year was divided into a summer half and a winter half, as attested in Old English and medieval Scandinavian sources. In Scandinavia this continued after Christianization; in Norway and Sweden the first day of summer is marked by the (14 April) and the first day of winter by the Calixtus Day (14 October). The month names do not coincide, so it is not possible to postulate names of a Common Germanic stage, except possibly the names of a spring month and a winter month, and . The names of the seasons are Common Germanic, , , , and for \"spring\" in north Germanic, but in",
"title": "Early Germanic calendars"
},
{
"docid": "27529",
"text": "September is the ninth month of the year in both the Gregorian calendar and the less commonly used Julian calendar. In the modern Gregorian calendar, its length is 30 days. September in the Northern Hemisphere and March in the Southern Hemisphere are seasonally equivalent. In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological autumn is on 1 September. In the Southern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological spring is on 1 September. September marks the beginning of the ecclesiastical year in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is the start of the academic year in many countries of the northern hemisphere, in which children go back to school after the summer break, sometimes on the first day of the month. September (from Latin septem, \"seven\") was originally the seventh of ten months in the oldest known Roman calendar, the calendar of Romulus , with March (Latin Martius) the first month of the year until perhaps as late as 451 BC. After the calendar reform that added January and February to the beginning of the year, September became the ninth month but retained its name. It had 29 days until the Julian reform, which added a day. Events Ancient Roman observances for September include Ludi Romani, originally celebrated from September 12 to September 14, later extended to September 5 to September 19. In the 1st century BC, an extra day was added in honor of the deified Julius Caesar on 4 September. Epulum Jovis was held on September 13. Ludi Triumphales was held from September 18–22. The Septimontium was celebrated in September, and on December 11 on later calendars. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. September was called \"harvest month\" in Charlemagne's calendar. September corresponds partly to the Fructidor and partly to the Vendémiaire of the first French republic. September is called Herbstmonat, harvest month, in Switzerland. The Anglo-Saxons called the month Gerstmonath, barley month, that crop being then usually harvested. In 1752, the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar. In the British Empire that year, September 2 was immediately followed by September 14. On Usenet, it is said that September 1993 (Eternal September) never ended. In the United States, September is one of the most common birth months (third most popular after August and July, which both have 31 days), as all but one Top 10 most common birthdays are in September, based on the National Center for Health Statistics statistics on births between 1994 and 2014. The most common birthday is September 9 (#1), least common is September 1 (#250). Astronomy and astrology The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC). September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. Symbols September's birthstone is",
"title": "September"
},
{
"docid": "4145437",
"text": "A year zero does not exist in the Anno Domini (AD) calendar year system commonly used to number years in the Gregorian calendar (nor in its predecessor, the Julian calendar); in this system, the year is followed directly by year . However, there is a year zero in both the astronomical year numbering system (where it coincides with the Julian year ), and the ISO 8601:2004 system, the interchange standard for all calendar numbering systems (where year zero coincides with the Gregorian year ; see conversion table). There is also a year zero in most Buddhist and Hindu calendars. History The Anno Domini era was introduced in 525 by Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470 – c. 544), who used it to identify the years on his Easter table. He introduced the new era to avoid using the Diocletian era, based on the accession of Roman Emperor Diocletian, as he did not wish to continue the memory of a persecutor of Christians. In the preface to his Easter table, Dionysius stated that the \"present year\" was \"the consulship of Probus Junior\" which was also 525 years \"since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ\". How he arrived at that number is unknown. Dionysius Exiguus did not use 'AD' years to date any historical event. This practice began with the English cleric Bede (c. 672–735), who used AD years in his (731), popularizing the era. Bede also used - only once - a term similar to the modern English term 'before Christ', though the practice did not catch on for nearly a thousand years, when books by Dionysius Petavius treating calendar science gained popularity. Bede did not sequentially number days of the month, weeks of the year, or months of the year. However, he did number many of the days of the week using the counting origin one in Ecclesiastical Latin. Previous Christian histories used several titles for dating events: (\"in the year of the world\") beginning on the purported first day of creation; or (\"in the year of Adam\") beginning at the creation of Adam five days later (or the sixth day of creation according to the Genesis creation narrative) as used by Africanus; or (\"in the year of Abraham\") beginning 3,412 years after Creation according to the Septuagint, used by Eusebius of Caesarea; all of which assigned \"one\" to the year beginning at Creation, or the creation of Adam, or the birth of Abraham, respectively. Bede continued this earlier tradition relative to the AD era. In chapter II of book I of Ecclesiastical History, Bede stated that Julius Caesar invaded Britain \"in the year 693 after the building of Rome, but the sixtieth year before the incarnation of our Lord\", while stating in chapter III, \"in the year of Rome 798, Claudius\" also invaded Britain and \"within a very few days ... concluded the war in ... the forty-sixth [year] from the incarnation of our Lord\". Although both dates are wrong, they are sufficient to conclude that Bede did",
"title": "Year zero"
},
{
"docid": "311400",
"text": "A common year is a calendar year with 365 days, as distinguished from a leap year, which has 366 days. More generally, a common year is one without intercalation. The Gregorian calendar (like the earlier Julian calendar) employs both common years and leap years to keep the calendar aligned with the tropical year, which does not contain an exact number of days. The common year of 365 days has 52 weeks and one day, hence a common year always begins and ends on the same day of the week (for example, January 1 and December 31 will fall on a Wednesday in 2025) and the year following a common year will start on the subsequent day of the week. In common years, February has exactly four weeks, so March begins on the same day of the week. November also begins on this day. For example, February 2025 begins on a Saturday, so March will begin on a Saturday as well. November will follow the same characteristic. Each common year has 179 even-numbered days and 186 odd-numbered days. In the Gregorian calendar, 303 out of every 400 years are common years. By comparison, in the Julian calendar, 300 out of every 400 years are common years, and in the Revised Julian calendar (used by Greece) 682 out of every 900 years are common years. Calendars Common year starting on Monday Common year starting on Tuesday Common year starting on Wednesday Common year starting on Thursday Common year starting on Friday Common year starting on Saturday Common year starting on Sunday Calendars Types of year Units of time",
"title": "Common year"
},
{
"docid": "599965",
"text": "Old Calendarists (Greek: palaioimerologitai or palaioimerologites), also known as Old Feasters (palaioeortologitai), Genuine Orthodox Christians or True Orthodox Christians (GOC; ), are traditionalist groups of Eastern Orthodox Christians who separated from mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches because some of the latter adopted the revised Julian calendar while Old Calendarists remained committed to the Julian calendar. Old Calendarists are not in communion with any mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches. \"Old Calendarists\" is another name for the True Orthodox movement in Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Cyprus. Terminology Mainstream Eastern Orthodox Christians which use the old (Julian) calendar are not what is designated by the expression \"Old Calendarist\", because they remain in communion with the Eastern Orthodox churches that use the new calendar (the Revised Julian calendar). Old Calendarists have severed communion with the mainstream Eastern Orthodox which follow the old calendar, because the latter maintained communion with Eastern Orthodox churches which had adopted the revised calendar. Thus, to be \"Old Calendarist\" is not the same thing as only following the old calendar. The Russian Orthodox Church, for instance, is not Old Calendarist, but follows the old (Julian) calendar. History Background Until 1924, the Eastern Orthodox Church universally used the Julian calendar, whereas the Roman Catholic Church, under Pope Gregory XIII, conducted a calendar reform resulting in the Gregorian calendar in 1582. The difference between the two calendars is 13 days between 1900 and 2100. 1923 Congress In May 1923, the Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople, called by Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, adopted the Revised Julian calendar. This new calendar was different to the Julian calendar, and would not diverge from the Gregorian calendar for a further 800 years. The Revised Julian calendar replaced the tabular date of Easter of the Julian calendar with an astronomical date of Easter. The astronomical Easter was unpopular and hardly used at all, and for the purpose of calculating the date of Easter the Julian calendar was restored. Not all Eastern Orthodox churches were represented at the congress or adopted its decisions, and the Russian Orthodox Church and some other Eastern Orthodox churches have continued to use the Julian calendar liturgically to this day. Birth Greece In 1924, the Church of Greece adopted the Revised Julian calendar, also called 'New calendar'. \"At first, resistance to the New Calendar was muted\". The Old Calendarists in Greece were at first a small number of laymen, priests and monks, whose number grew over the years. Before they were joined by bishops, the Old Calendarist movement in Greece was only composed of priests and laypeople, of which \"several hundreds monks from Athos\". In 1935, three bishops of the Church of Greece joined the movement and consecrated four new bishops for the movement. Of those three bishops, Metropolitan of Florina became the leader of the Greek Old Calendarist movement. Of the three bishops who had joined, Chrysostom of Zakynthos soon left the movement after the consecration and went back to the Church of Greece. Of the four bishops consecrated, two joined the Church of",
"title": "Old Calendarists"
},
{
"docid": "311406",
"text": "A leap year starting on Sunday is any year with 366 days (i.e. it includes 29 February) that begins on Sunday, 1 January, and ends on Monday, 31 December. Its dominical letters hence are AG. The most recent year of such kind was 2012 and the next one will be 2040 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise 2024 and 2052 in the obsolete Julian calendar. This is the only leap year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th: those three in this leap year occur three months (13 weeks) apart: in January, April, and July. Common years starting on Thursday share this characteristic, in the months of February, March, and November. Leap years starting on Wednesday also share the characteristic of three Friday the 13ths occurring three months (13 weeks) apart, wherein the third one occurs in the month of March, while the other two occur in September and December in the common year preceding that type of year. In this type of year, all dates (except 29 February) fall on their respective weekdays the maximal 58 times in the 400 year Gregorian calendar cycle. Leap years starting on Friday share this characteristic. Additionally, these types of years are the only ones which contain 54 different calendar weeks (2 partial, 52 in full) in areas of the world where Monday is considered the first day of the week. Calendars Applicable years Gregorian Calendar Leap years that begin on Sunday, along with those starting on Friday, occur most frequently: 15 of the 97 (≈ 15.46%) total leap years in a 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar. Thus, their overall occurrence is 3.75% (15 out of 400). Julian Calendar Like all leap year types, the one starting with 1 January on a Sunday occurs exactly once in a 28-year cycle in the Julian calendar, i.e., in 3.57% of years. As the Julian calendar repeats after 28 years, it will also repeat after 700 years, i.e., 25 cycles. The formula gives the year's position in the cycle ((year + 8) mod 28) + 1). Holidays International Valentine's Day falls on a Tuesday The leap day (February 29) falls on a Wednesday World Day for Grandparents and the Elderly falls on its earliest possible date, July 22 Halloween falls on a Wednesday Christmas Day falls on a Tuesday Roman Catholic Solemnities Epiphany falls on a Friday Candlemas falls on a Thursday Saint Joseph's Day falls on a Monday The Annunciation of Jesus falls on a Sunday The Nativity of John the Baptist falls on a Sunday The Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul falls on a Friday The Transfiguration of Jesus falls on a Monday The Assumption of Mary falls on a Wednesday The Exaltation of the Holy Cross falls on a Friday All Saints' Day falls on a Thursday All Souls' Day falls on a Friday The Feast of Christ the King falls on November 25 (or on October 28 in versions of the calendar between 1925 and 1962) The First Sunday of",
"title": "Leap year starting on Sunday"
},
{
"docid": "476654",
"text": "Little Christmas (), also known as Old Christmas, Green Christmas, or Twelfth Night, is one of the traditional names among Irish Christians and Amish Christians for 6 January, which is also known more widely as the Feast of the Epiphany, celebrated after the conclusion of the twelve days of Christmastide. It is the traditional end of the Christmas season and until 2013 was the last day of the Christmas holidays for both primary and secondary schools in Ireland. Origins Owing to differences in liturgical calendars, as early as the fourth century, the churches of the eastern Roman Empire were celebrating Christmas on 6 January, while those of the western Roman Empire were celebrating it on 25 December. In October 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar as a correction of the Julian calendar, because the latter has too many leap years that cause it to drift out of alignment with the solar year. This has liturgical significance since calculation of the date of Easter assumes that spring Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on 21 March. To correct the accumulated error, he ordained the date be advanced by ten days. Most Roman Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately and Protestant countries followed suit over the following 200 years. In particular, the British Empire (including the American colonies) did so from 1752 with the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, by which time the divergence had grown to eleven days. This meant that Christmas Day on 25 December ('New Style') was eleven days earlier than it would have been but for the Act, making \"Old Christmas\" [25 December ('Old Style')] happen on 5 January (NS). In February 1800, the Julian calendar had another leap year but the Gregorian did not, moving Old Christmas to 6 January (NS), which coincided with the Feast of the Epiphany. For this reason, in some parts of the world, the Feast of the Epiphany, which is traditionally observed on 6 January, is sometimes referred to as Old Christmas or Old Christmas Day. (Although 1900 was also not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar (and thus the Julian 25 December has since that year coincided with 7January in the Gregorian calendar) the custom of celebrating Little Christmas on 6January did not change.) Observance by country Europe In the Scottish Highlands the term Little Christmas () is applied to New Year's Day, also known as , or , while Epiphany is known as , the feast-day of the Kings. The Transalpine Redemptorists who live on Papa Stronsay in Scotland, celebrate 'Little Christmas' on the twenty-fifth day of every month, except for December, when the twenty-fifth day is celebrated as Christmas Day. The custom of blessing homes on Epiphany developed because the feast commemorates the time that the three kings visited the home of the Holy Family. In the late 19th Century, the day was also known as Little Christmas in some parts of England, such as Lancashire. In the Isle of Man, New Year's Day on",
"title": "Little Christmas"
},
{
"docid": "38007",
"text": "The Julian day is the continuous count of days since the beginning of the Julian period, and is used primarily by astronomers, and in software for easily calculating elapsed days between two events (e.g. food production date and sell by date). The Julian period is a chronological interval of 7980 years; year 1 of the Julian Period was . The Julian calendar year is year of the current Julian Period. The next Julian Period begins in the year . Historians used the period to identify Julian calendar years within which an event occurred when no such year was given in the historical record, or when the year given by previous historians was incorrect. The Julian day number (JDN) is the integer assigned to a whole solar day in the Julian day count starting from noon Universal Time, with Julian day number 0 assigned to the day starting at noon on Monday, January 1, 4713 BC, proleptic Julian calendar (November 24, 4714 BC, in the proleptic Gregorian calendar), a date at which three multi-year cycles started (which are: Indiction, Solar, and Lunar cycles) and which preceded any dates in recorded history. For example, the Julian day number for the day starting at 12:00 UT (noon) on January 1, 2000, was . The Julian date (JD) of any instant is the Julian day number plus the fraction of a day since the preceding noon in Universal Time. Julian dates are expressed as a Julian day number with a decimal fraction added. For example, the Julian Date for 00:30:00.0 UT January 1, 2013, is . This article was loaded at (UTC) – expressed as a Julian date this is . Terminology The term Julian date may also refer, outside of astronomy, to the day-of-year number (more properly, the ordinal date) in the Gregorian calendar, especially in computer programming, the military and the food industry, or it may refer to dates in the Julian calendar. For example, if a given \"Julian date\" is \"October 5, 1582\", this means that date in the Julian calendar (which was October 15, 1582, in the Gregorian calendar—the date it was first established). Without an astronomical or historical context, a \"Julian date\" given as \"36\" most likely means the 36th day of a given Gregorian year, namely February 5. Other possible meanings of a \"Julian date\" of \"36\" include an astronomical Julian Day Number, or the year AD 36 in the Julian calendar, or a duration of 36 astronomical Julian years). This is why the terms \"ordinal date\" or \"day-of-year\" are preferred. In contexts where a \"Julian date\" means simply an ordinal date, calendars of a Gregorian year with formatting for ordinal dates are often called \"Julian calendars\", but this could also mean that the calendars are of years in the Julian calendar system. Historically, Julian dates were recorded relative to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) (later, Ephemeris Time), but since 1997 the International Astronomical Union has recommended that Julian dates be specified in Terrestrial Time. Seidelmann indicates that Julian",
"title": "Julian day"
},
{
"docid": "392000",
"text": "This is an incomplete list of multinational festivals and holidays. January Christianity Feast of the Circumcision: 1 January Twelfth Night (Epiphany Eve): 5 January Epiphany: 6 January – the arrival of the Three Magi Armenian Apostolic Christmas: 6 January Orthodox Christmas: 7 January – in churches using the Julian calendar. Until the year 2100, 7 January in the Julian Calendar is equivalent to 25 December in the Gregorian calendar. Secular Saint Basil's Day: 1 January – In Greece, traditionally he is the Father Christmas figure. New Year's Day: 1 January – First day of the Gregorian Year. Old New Year: 14 January – New Year's Day according to the \"old\" Julian calendar. Includes a winter ritual of strolling and singing that was later incorporated into the Christmas carol. Burns Supper. 25 January – Celebration of the life and poetry of Robert Burns, along with Scottish food and drink such as haggis and Scotch whisky. Sikhism Lohri/Bhogi: 13 January Telugu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra Makar Sankranti: 14 January Tamil Nadu Pongal: 14 January Punjab Lohri: 14 January February Tibetan Buddhism Losar: Sometime in February (Moveable) Christianity Candlemas: 2 February – Feast of the Presentation of the Lord; 40 days after Christmas; end of Christmas/Epiphany Season. Paganism Imbolc: 1 February – first day of spring in the Celtic calendar. Satanism Lupercalia: 15 February – A TST Satanic celebration of bodily autonomy, sexual liberation, and reproduction; based on the Roman end-of-winter festival of the same name. Secular Groundhog Day: 2 February Darwin Day: 12 February Saint Valentine's Day: 14 February March Paganism Ostara, Spring equinox: 21 March Christianity Lent: typically in March, but sometimes in February – the six weeks preceding Easter, starting with Ash Wednesday. See \"Movable\" Judaism Purim: typically in March, but sometimes in February. See \"Movable\" Secular Saint David's Day: 1 March – the fixed date to honor Saint David, patron saint of Wales, celebrated by Welshmen and women everywhere throughout the world. International Women's Day: 8 March World Kidney Day: second Thursday of March Islam Ramadan: 10 March, 2023 See \"moveable\". Secular and multiple religions Saint Patrick's Day: 17 March – the fixed date to honor Saint Patrick has sometimes been moved by Church if it coincides with Holy Week, but the secular world generally always celebrates it on 17 March. World Down Syndrome Awareness Day - 21 March Nowruz/Newroz (نهورۆز/نوروز) : spring equinox (on or near 21 March) – originally the Iranian New Year, celebrated as a secular holiday in Iran and many neighbouring countries and as a religious holiday by Alawites, Alevis, Baháʼís, Bektashis, Zoroastrians, and most Shi'a Muslims. Maithil Sapta-Bipta (Maithil worship festival Sapta Mai worship) Hinduism Holi (Hindu holiday in honor of Lord Vishnu) Dhulendi: 6 March Ram Navami: 28 March - Birthday of Lord Rama is celebrated all over India. The epic Ramayana is recited in temples and homes. April Judaism Pesach/Passover: late March or in April. See \"movable\" Buddhism Hanamatsuri: 8 April – Celebrated in Japan as Buddha's Birthday. Islam Eid-Ul-Fitr: 9 April,",
"title": "List of multinational festivals and holidays"
},
{
"docid": "315929",
"text": "Calendar reform or calendrical reform is any significant revision of a calendar system. The term sometimes is used instead for a proposal to switch to a different calendar design. Principles The prime objective of a calendar is to unambiguously identify any day in past, present and future by a specific date in order to record or organize social, religious, commercial or administrative events. Recurring periods that contain multiple days, such as weeks, months, and years, are secondary, convenient features of a calendar. Most cultures adopt a primary dating system, but different cultures have always needed to align multiple calendars with each other, either because they coexisted in the same space (e.g. secular and religious groups with different demands) or had established trading relations. Once specified, a calendar design cannot be altered without becoming a new design. If a proposed design is sufficiently close to the legacy one, i.e. compatible with it, a reform of the local calendar system is possible without disruption. Examples of this include the changes to the Chinese calendar due to problems between regions in China and practical changes in religious calendars such as the Islamic calendar, where the start of the month is now derived from astronomical data rather than sightings by religious leaders. Some design changes, however, will yield date identifiers different from the previous design for some days, often in the distant past or future. The calendar system must clarify whether dates are changed to the new design retroactively (using a proleptic calendar) or whether the design in use then and there shall be respected. Calendar schisms happen if not all cultures that adopted a common calendar system before perform a calendar reform at the same time. If date identifiers are similar but different, confusion and mistakes are unavoidable. Most calendars have several rules which could be altered by reform: Whether and how days are grouped into subdivisions such as months and weeks, and days outside those subdivisions, if any. Which years are leap years and common years and how they differ. Numbering of years, selection of the epoch, and the issue of year zero. Start of the year (such as the December solstice, January 1, March 1, March equinox, Lady Day). If a week is retained, the start, length, and names of its days. Start of the day (midnight, sunrise, noon, or sunset). If months are retained, number, lengths, and names of months. Special days and periods (such as leap day or intercalary day). Alignment with social cycles. Alignment with astronomical cycles. Alignment with biological cycles. Literal notation of dates. Historical reforms Historically, most calendar reforms have been made in order to synchronize the calendar with the astronomical year (either solar or sidereal) and/or the synodic month in lunar or lunisolar calendars. Most reforms for calendars have been to make them more accurate. This has happened to various lunar and lunisolar calendars, and also the Julian calendar, when it was altered to the Gregorian calendar. The fundamental problems of the calendar are that",
"title": "Calendar reform"
},
{
"docid": "168880",
"text": "A common year starting on Monday is any non-leap year (i.e., a year with 365 days) that begins on Monday, 1 January, and ends on Monday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is G. The most recent year of such kind was 2018 and the next one will be 2029 in the Gregorian calendar, or likewise, 2019 and 2030 in the Julian calendar, see below for more. This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 300 when divided by 400. The most recent such year was 1900 and the next one will be 2300. Any common year that starts on Monday has two Friday the 13ths: those two in this common year occur in April and July. From July of the year preceding this type of year to September in this type of year is the longest period that occurs without a Lucky Monday, in other words the 3rd day of the month being on a Monday (14 months). Calendars Applicable years Gregorian calendar In the (currently used) Gregorian calendar, along with Sunday, Wednesday, Friday or Saturday, the fourteen types of year (seven common, seven leap) repeat in a 400-year cycle (20871 weeks). Forty-three common years per cycle or exactly 10.75% start on a Monday. The 28-year sub-cycle only spans across century years divisible by 400, e.g. 1600, 2000, and 2400. Julian calendar In the Julian calendar, the fourteen types of year (seven common, seven leap) repeat in a 28-year cycle (1461 weeks). This sequence occurs exactly once within a cycle, and every common letter thrice. As the Julian calendar repeats after 28 years that means it will also repeat after 700 years, i.e. 25 cycles. The year's position in the cycle is given by the formula ((year + 8) mod 28) + 1). Years 6, 12 and 23 of the cycle are common years beginning on Monday. 2017 is year 10 of the cycle. Approximately 10.71% of all years are common years beginning on Monday. Holidays International Valentine's Day falls on a Wednesday World Day for Grandparents and the Elderly falls on its earliest possible date, July 22 Halloween falls on a Wednesday Christmas Day falls on a Tuesday Roman Catholic Solemnities Epiphany falls on a Saturday Candlemas falls on a Friday Saint Joseph's Day falls on a Monday The Annunciation of Jesus falls on a Sunday The Nativity of John the Baptist falls on a Sunday The Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul falls on a Friday The Transfiguration of Jesus falls on a Monday The Assumption of Mary falls on a Wednesday The Exaltation of the Holy Cross falls on a Friday All Saints' Day falls on a Thursday All Souls' Day falls on a Friday The Feast of Christ the King falls on November 25 (or on October 28 in versions of the calendar between 1925 and 1962) The First Sunday of Advent falls on",
"title": "Common year starting on Monday"
},
{
"docid": "102059",
"text": "List of Christian liturgical calendars, calendars used by predominantly Christian communities or countries, and calendars referred to as the \"Christian calendar.\" Gregorian calendar, internationally accepted civil calendar used in Western Christendom Armenian calendar, used by Armenian Christians and Churches Coptic calendar, Egyptian liturgical calendar (also known as the Alexandrian calendar) used by Coptic Christians and Churches Ethiopian calendar, principal calendar used in Ethiopia and Eritrea (also known as the Ge'ez calendar or Eritrean calendar) Julian calendar, calendar introduced by Julius Caesar used in most of Eastern Christian churches Revised Julian calendar, calendar used by some Eastern Orthodox churches Liturgical year, annually recurring fixed sequence of Christian feast days See also , abbreviated AD: \"Year of our Lord Jesus Christ\" List of calendars, listing the calendars of many cultures",
"title": "Christian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "1080631",
"text": "Sāwaṇ or Sāuṇ (Shahmukhi: ; Gurmukhi: , ) is the fifth month in the Punjabi calendar and the Nanakshahi calendar. Many Indian calendars started in different eras such as Shaka Calendar (national calendar of India) traditional Vikrama as well as the Nanakshahi calendar which governs the activities within Sikhism. This month coincides with the Sanskrit श्रावण Shraavana in the Hindu calendar and the Indian national calendar, with which it shares derivation, and with July and August in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 31 days long, like the Gregorian and Julian calendars. This month is the most humid month of the year in South Asia. Important events during this month July July 16 - Aug 15 (1 Sawan) - The start of the month Sawan July 23 (8 Sawan) - Birth of Guru Har Krishan August August 16 (1 Bhadon) - The end of the month Sawan(sawansasaram) and the start of Bhadon See also Punjabi calendar References External links www.srigranth.org Guru Granth Sahib Page 133 Importance of sawan (Sawan ka Mahatva) By Jaibhole.co.in Months of the Punjabi calendar Months of the Nanakshahi calendar Sikh practices",
"title": "Sawan"
},
{
"docid": "410750",
"text": "This is a list of calendars. Included are historical calendars as well as proposed ones. Historical calendars are often grouped into larger categories by cultural sphere or historical period; thus O'Neil (1976) distinguishes the groupings Egyptian calendars (Ancient Egypt), Babylonian calendars (Ancient Mesopotamia), Indian calendars (Hindu and Buddhist traditions of the Indian subcontinent), Chinese calendars and Mesoamerican calendars. These are not specific calendars but series of historical calendars undergoing reforms or regional diversification. In Classical Antiquity, the Hellenic calendars inspired the Roman calendar, including the solar Julian calendar introduced in 45 BC. Many modern calendar proposals, including the Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582 AD, contains modifications from that of the Julian calendar. List of calendars In the list below, specific calendars are given, listed by calendar type (solar, lunisolar or lunar), time of introduction (if known), and the context of use and cultural or historical grouping (if applicable). Where appropriate, the regional or historical group (Jewish calendar, Hijri calendar, Sikh, Mayan, Aztecan, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Iranian, Hindu, Buddhist, Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican, Hellenic, Julian or Gregorian-derived) is noted. Calendars fall into four types: lunisolar, solar, lunar and seasonal. Most pre-modern calendars are lunisolar. The seasonal calendars rely on changes in the environment (e.g., \"wet season\", \"dry season\") rather than lunar or solar observations. The Islamic and some Buddhist calendars are lunar, while most modern calendars are solar, based on either the Julian or the Gregorian calendars. Some calendars listed are identical to the Gregorian calendar except for substituting regional month names or using a different calendar epoch. For example, the Thai solar calendar (introduced 1888) is the Gregorian calendar using a different epoch (543 BC) and different names for the Gregorian months (Thai names based on the signs of the zodiac). Variant month names Regional or historical names for lunations or Julian/Gregorian months Non-standard weeks Calendaring and timekeeping standards Coordinated Universal Time, adopted 1960 and since 1972 including a system of observation-based leap seconds. ISO 8601, standard based on the Gregorian calendar, Coordinated Universal Time and ISO week date, a leap week calendar system used with the Gregorian calendar Fiscal year varies with different countries. Used in accounting only. 360-day calendar used for accounting 365-day calendar used for accounting Unix time, number of seconds elapsed since 1 January 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC). Julian day, number of days elapsed since 1 January 4713 BC, 12:00:00 (UTC). Heliocentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the Sun. Barycentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the barycentre of the Solar System. Lilian date, number of days elapsed since the beginning of the Gregorian Calendar on 15 October 1582. Rata Die, number of days elapsed since 1 January 1 AD 1 in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. Non-Earth or fictional Darian calendar (proposed for Mars, not used in planetary science) Discworld calendar (fictional) Middle-earth calendars (fictional) Stardates (from Star Trek, fictional) See also History of calendars Epoch Horology Perpetual calendar Liturgical year Calendar of",
"title": "List of calendars"
},
{
"docid": "5285266",
"text": "The Florentine calendar, also referred to as the stylus Florentinus (\"Florentine style\"), was the calendar used in the Republic of Florence in Italy during the Middle Ages. Unusually, both the beginning of the day and the beginning of the year differed from the traditional Julian calendar. Beginning of the day The Florentine day began at sunset and ended at the following sunset, such that the whole day was shifted forwards by (up to) several hours when compared to the modern day (running from midnight to midnight). As such, a reference to an event at \"two hours into the day\" meant two hours after sunset, and occurred on the previous day by modern reckoning. By way of example, 10 August in the Florentine calendar covers the period from sunset on 9 August in the modern calendar until sunset on 10 August. Conversely, 10 August in the modern calendar runs from midnight (several hours into the day) on 10 August in the Florentine calendar until midnight on 11 August. Beginning of the year The Florentine year began on 25 March, and not on 1 January, with the apparent year lagging behind the traditional Julian calendar. Thus, 31 December 1200 was followed by 1 January 1200 (not 1201, as it would become in the Julian calendar), and the year remained the same until 24 March 1200. This was then followed by 25 March 1201, the day on which the two calendars synchronised. This is the reason that some dates have an apparent discrepancy of one year. For example, a birth date of 10 March 1552 in Florentine reckoning translates to 10 March 1553 in the Julian calendar, setting aside any discrepancy due to the differing start of the day. Beginning the year on a date other than 1 January was common during the mediaeval period. The first day of the year falling on 25 March meant that the Florentine calendar was in the stile dell'Annunciazione (\"style of the Annunciation\") or stile dell'Incarnazione (\"style of the Incarnation\") - also styled in Latin as ab [Dominica] incarnatione (\"from the [Lord's] Incarnation\") - by reference to the Solemnity of the Annunciation, which also saw use in the Sienese, English and Scottish calendars. The Pisan calendar, as well as those of Cortona and Pistoia, were also in this style, but confusingly ran ahead of the Julian calendar rather than behind, resulting in them lying exactly one year ahead of the Florentine calendar. By contrast, calendars in the stile della Natività (\"style of the Nativity\") as in Arezzo, Assisi and Perugia began on the Solemnity of the Nativity of the Lord (Christmas) on 25 December, the Venetian calendar began on 1 March until the Fall of the Venetian Republic, and the French year on Easter day until 1564. The traditional Julian calendar was sometimes said to be in the stile della Circoncisione (\"style of the Circumcision\"). See beginning of the year. End of use Italy was one of the few regions to immediately convert from the Julian calendar",
"title": "Florentine calendar"
},
{
"docid": "219425",
"text": "The Swedish calendar () or Swedish style () was a calendar in use in Sweden and its possessions from 1 March 1700 until 30 February 1712 (see below). It was one day ahead of the Julian calendar and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Easter was calculated astronomically, with a minor exception, from 1740 to 1844. Solar calendar In November 1699, the Government of Sweden decided that, rather than adopt the Gregorian calendar outright, it would gradually approach it over a 40-year period. The plan was to skip all leap days in the period 1700 to 1740. Every fourth year, the gap between the Swedish calendar and the Gregorian would reduce by one day, until they finally lined up in 1740. In the meantime, this calendar would not be in line with either of the major alternative calendars and the differences would change every four years. In accordance with the plan, 29 February was omitted in 1700, but the Great Northern War stopped any further omissions from being made in the following years. In January 1711, King Charles XII declared that Sweden would abandon the calendar, which was not in use by any other nation, in favour of a return to the older Julian calendar. An extra day was added to February in the leap year of 1712, thus giving the month a unique 30-day (30 February) and the year a 367-day length. In 1753, one year later than England and its colonies, Sweden introduced the Gregorian calendar. The leap of 11 days was accomplished in one step, with 17 February being followed by 1 March. Easter Easter was to be calculated according to the Easter rules of the Julian calendar from 1700 until 1739, but from 1700 to 1711, Easter Sunday was dated in the anomalous Swedish calendar, described above. In 1740, Sweden finally adopted the \"improved calendar\" already adopted by the Protestant states of Germany in 1700 (which they used until 1775). Its improvement was to calculate the full moon and vernal equinox of Easter according to astronomical tables, specifically Kepler's Rudolphine Tables at the meridian of Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory (destroyed long before) on the former Danish island of Hven near the southern tip of Sweden. In addition to the usual medieval rule that Easter was the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox, the astronomical Easter Sunday was to be delayed by one week if this calculation would have placed it on the same day as the first day of Jewish Passover week, Nisan 15. It conflicts with the Julian Easter, which could not occur on the 14th day of the moon (Nisan 14), but was permitted on Nisan 15 to 21 although those dates were calculated via Christian, not Jewish, tables (see Computus). The resulting astronomical Easter dates in the Julian calendar used in Sweden from 1740 to 1752 occurred on the same Sunday as the Julian Easter every three years but were earlier than the earliest canonical limit for Easter",
"title": "Swedish calendar"
},
{
"docid": "3328787",
"text": "Menas of Egypt (also Mina, Minas, Mena, Meena; , ; 285 – c. 309), a martyr and wonder-worker, is one of the most well-known Coptic saints in the East and the West, due to the many miracles that are attributed to his intercession and prayers. Menas was a Coptic soldier in the Roman army martyred because he refused to recant his Christian faith. The common date of his commemoration is November 11, which occurs 13 days later (November 24) on the Julian calendar. His feast day is celebrated every year on 15 Hathor in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, which corresponds to November 24 on the Gregorian Calendar. In Eastern Orthodox churches that follow the old style or Julian calendar, it is likewise celebrated on November 24. In the Eastern Orthodox churches that follow the new style or Revised Julian calendar, as well as in the Catholic Church, it is celebrated on November 11. Origin of his name Menas was his original name, according to the story his mother called him \"Mēna\" because she heard a voice saying amēn. Minas (Μηνᾶς) is how he is known in Greek and Armenian, while in Coptic he is known as \"Mīna\" (مينا). Life and martyrdom There are many sources written in different languages (Koine Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, Ge'ez, Latin, Syriac, Armenian) relating to Menas. Menas was born in Egypt in 285 in the city of Nikiou, which lay in the vicinity of Memphis. His parents were ascetic Christians but did not have any children for a long time. His father's name was Eudoxios and his mother's name was Euphemia. On the feast of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus, Euphemia was praying with tears before an icon of the Virgin for God to give her a son. A sound came from the icon saying \"Amen\". A few months later, Euphemia gave birth to a boy and named him Menas. Eudoxios, a ruler of one of the administrative divisions of Egypt, died when Menas was fourteen years old. At the age of fifteen Menas joined the Roman army and was given a high rank due to his father's reputation. Most sources state that he served in Cotyaeus in Phrygia, although some say his appointment was in Algeria. Three years later he left the army, longing to devote his whole life to Christ, and headed towards the desert to live a different kind of life. After spending five years as a hermit, Menas saw in a revelation the angels crowning the martyrs with glorious crowns, and longed to join those martyrs. While he was thinking about it, he heard a voice saying: \"Blessed are you Menas because you have been called to the pious life from your childhood. You shall be granted three immortal crowns: one for your celibacy, another for your asceticism, and a third for your martyrdom.\" Menas subsequently hurried to the ruler, declaring his Christian faith. Relics The soldiers who executed Menas set his body on fire for three days",
"title": "Menas of Egypt"
},
{
"docid": "63575397",
"text": "A concurrent was the weekday of 24 March in the Julian calendar counted from , regarding as Sunday. It was used to calculate the Julian Easter during the Middle Ages. It was derived from the weekday of the first day of the Alexandrian calendar during the 4th century, , counting Wednesday as (see Planetary hours#History). Therefore, the following was a Sunday and the following [ ] was also a Sunday. It was first mentioned by Dionysius Exiguus in 525 in his Latin version of the original Alexandrian Church's Greek computus. The insertion of the sixth epagomenal day immediately before was compensated for by the bissextile day inserted six months later into the Julian calendar. The widely used post-Bedan solar cycle (first year 776), which repeats every 28years, had concurrents of 1 2 3 4 6 7 1 2 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 5 7 1 2 3 5 6 7 1 3 4 5 6. It skips a concurrent every four years due to a bissextile day in the Julian calendar a month earlier. The Sunday after the next was Easter Sunday (see Computus#Julian calendar). The concurrent is not used by the Gregorian Easter. References Date of Easter Julian calendar",
"title": "Concurrent (Easter)"
},
{
"docid": "10969152",
"text": "The Berber calendar () is the agricultural calendar traditionally used by Berbers (Amazigh, plural Imazighen). The calendar is utilized to regulate the seasonal agricultural works. The Islamic calendar, a lunar calendar, is not suited for agriculture because it does not relate to seasonal cycles. In other parts of the Islamic world, either Iranian solar calendars, the Coptic calendar, the Rumi calendar, or other calendars based on the Julian calendar were used before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. The current Berber calendar is a legacy of the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis and the Roman province of Africa, as it is a surviving form of the Julian calendar. The latter calendar was used in Europe before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, with month names derived from Latin. Berber populations previously used various indigenous calendars, such as that of the indigenous Guanches of the Canary Islands. However, relatively little is known of these ancient calendrical systems. Differences between calendars The agricultural Berber calendar still in use is almost certainly derived from the Julian calendar, introduced in the Roman province of Africa at the time of Roman domination. The names of the months of this calendar are derived from the corresponding Latin names and traces of the Roman calendar denominations of Kalends, Nones and Ides exist: El Qabisi, an Islamic jurisconsult by Kairawan who lived in the 11th century, condemned the custom of celebrating \"pagans'\" festivals and cited, among traditional habits of North Africa, that of observing the Qalandas (\"Kalends\") of January (1 January, i.e. the Julian New Year's Day). The length of the year and of the individual months is the same as in the Julian calendar: three years of 365 days followed by a leap year of 366, without exceptions, and 30- and 31-day months, except for the second one that has 28 days. The only slight discrepancy lies in that the extra day in leap years is not usually added at the end of February, but at the end of the year. This means that the beginning of the year (the first day of yennayer) corresponds to the 14th day of January in the Gregorian calendar, which coincides with the offset accumulated during the centuries between astronomical dates and the Julian calendar. Months There are standard forms for the names of the Amazigh (Berber) calendar. The table below also provides the forms used in Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia . In addition, some of the month names in Maltese are of Berber origin, specifically January (jannar), February (frar), May (mejju), and August (awwissu), with the others deriving from Italian. Berber and Italian month names are different enough that it is possible to easily determine the source language of each Maltese month name. Seasons and Festivals In addition to the subdivision by months, within the traditional agricultural calendar there are other partitions, by \"seasons\" or by \"strong periods\", characterized by particular festivals and celebrations. Not all the four seasons have retained a Berber denomination: the words for spring and",
"title": "Berber calendar"
},
{
"docid": "21637",
"text": "The New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day, preceded by New Year's Eve). This was also the first day of the year in the original Julian calendar and the Roman calendar (after 153 BC). Other cultures observe their traditional or religious New Year's Day according to their own customs, typically (though not invariably) because they use a lunar calendar or a lunisolar calendar. Chinese New Year, the Islamic New Year, Tamil New Year (Puthandu), and the Jewish New Year are among well-known examples. India, Nepal, and other countries also celebrate New Year on dates according to their own calendars that are movable in the Gregorian calendar. During the Middle Ages in Western Europe, while the Julian calendar was still in use, authorities moved New Year's Day, depending upon locale, to one of several other days, including March 1, March 25, Easter, September 1, and December 25. Since then, many national civil calendars in the Western World and beyond have changed to using one fixed date for New Year's Day, January 1most doing so when they adopted the Gregorian calendar. By type Based on the used calendar new years are often categorized between lunar or lunisolar new years or solar new years. By month or season January January 1: The first day of the civil year in the Gregorian calendar used by most countries. Contrary to common belief in the west, the civil New Year of January 1 is not an Orthodox Christian religious holiday. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar makes no provision for the observance of a New Year. January 1 is itself a religious holiday, but that is because it is the feast of the circumcision of Christ (seven days after His birth), and a commemoration of saints. While the liturgical calendar begins September 1, there is also no particular religious observance attached to the start of the new cycle. Orthodox nations may, however, make civil celebrations for the New Year. Those who adhere to the revised Julian calendar (which synchronizes dates with the Gregorian calendar), including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, and Turkey, observe both the religious and civil holidays on January 1. In other nations and locations where Orthodox churches still adhere to the Julian calendar, including Georgia, Israel, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Ukraine, the civil new year is observed on January 1 of the civil calendar, while those same religious feasts occur on January 14 Gregorian (which is January 1 Julian), in accord with the liturgical calendar. The Japanese New Year (正月, Shōgatsu) is currently celebrated on January 1, with the holiday usually being observed until the January 3, while other sources say that Shōgatsu lasts until January 6. In 1873, five years after the Meiji Restoration, Japan",
"title": "New Year"
},
{
"docid": "15290",
"text": "Intercalation or embolism in timekeeping is the insertion of a leap day, week, or month into some calendar years to make the calendar follow the seasons or moon phases. Lunisolar calendars may require intercalations of days or months. Solar calendars The solar or tropical year does not have a whole number of days (it is about 365.24 days), but a calendar year must have a whole number of days. The most common way to reconcile the two is to vary the number of days in the calendar year. In solar calendars, this is done by adding an extra day (\"leap day\" or \"intercalary day\") to a common year of 365 days, about once every four years, creating a leap year that has 366 days (Julian, Gregorian and Indian national calendars). The Decree of Canopus, issued by the pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes of Ancient Egypt in 239 BCE, decreed a solar leap day system; an Egyptian leap year was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus instituted a reformed Alexandrian calendar. In the Julian calendar, as well as in the Gregorian calendar, which improved upon it, intercalation is done by adding an extra day to February in each leap year. In the Julian calendar this was done every four years. In the Gregorian, years divisible by 100 but not 400 were exempted in order to improve accuracy. Thus, 2000 was a leap year; 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not. Epagomenal days are days within a solar calendar that are outside any regular month. Usually five epagomenal days are included within every year (Egyptian, Coptic, Ethiopian, Mayan Haab' and French Republican Calendars), but a sixth epagomenal day is intercalated every four years in some (Coptic, Ethiopian and French Republican calendars). The Solar Hijri calendar, used in Iran, is based on solar calculations and is similar to the Gregorian calendar in its structure, and hence the intercalation, with the exception that its epoch the Hijrah. The Bahá'í calendar includes enough epagomenal days (usually 4 or 5) before the last month (, ʿalāʾ) to ensure that the following year starts on the March equinox. These are known as the Ayyám-i-Há. Lunisolar calendars The solar year does not have a whole number of lunar months (it is about 365/29.5 = 12.37 lunations), so a lunisolar calendar must have a variable number of months per year. Regular years have 12 months, but embolismic years insert a 13th \"intercalary\" or \"leap\" month or \"embolismic\" month every second or third year. Whether to insert an intercalary month in a given year may be determined using regular cycles such as the 19-year Metonic cycle (Hebrew calendar and in the determination of Easter) or using calculations of lunar phases (Hindu lunisolar and Chinese calendars). The Buddhist calendar adds both an intercalary day and month on a usually regular cycle. Lunar calendars In principle, lunar calendars do not employ intercalation because they do not seek to synchronise with the seasons, and the motion of the moon is astronomically",
"title": "Intercalation (timekeeping)"
},
{
"docid": "3369076",
"text": "\"Thirty Days Hath September\", or \"Thirty Days Has September\", is a traditional verse mnemonic used to remember the number of days in the months of the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It arose as an oral tradition and exists in many variants. It is currently earliest attested in English, but was and remains common throughout Europe as well. Full: An alternative version goes: History The irregularity of the lengths of the months descends from the Roman calendar, which came to be adopted throughout Europe and then worldwide. The months of Rome's original lunar calendar would have varied between 29 and 30 days, depending on observations of the phases of the moon. Reforms credited to Romulus and Numa established a set year of twelve fixed months. Possibly under the influence of the Pythagoreans in southern Italy, Rome considered odd numbers more lucky and set the lengths of the new months to 29 and 31 days, apart from the last month February and the intercalary month Mercedonius. Its imperfect system and political manipulation of intercalation caused it to slip greatly out of alignment with the solar year, which was known to consist of of 1461 days (rather than 1460 days) by the time of Meton in the 5thcenturyBC. Rather than adopt a new system like the Egyptian calendar, which had 12 months of 30 days each and a set, annual intercalary month of 5 days, Caesar aimed for his 46BC reform to maintain as much continuity as possible with the old calendar. Ultimately, Mercedonius was removed, the four existing 31-day months were maintained, February was left unchanged apart from leap years, and the needed additional ten days of the year were added to the 29-day months to make them either 30 or 31 days long. By the Renaissance, the irregularity of the resulting system had inspired Latin verses to remember the order of long and short months. The first known published form appeared in a 1488 edition of the Latin verses of Anianus: In 2011, the Welsh author Roger Bryan discovered an older English form of the poem written at the bottom of a page of saints' days for February within a Latin manuscript in the British Library's Harleian manuscripts. He dated the entry to 1425 ±20 years. The first published English version appeared in Richard Grafton's Abridgment of the Chronicles of England in 1562 as \"A Rule to Know How Many Dayes Euery Moneth in the Yere Hath\": \"September\" and \"November\" have identical rhythm and rhyme and are thus poetically interchangeable. The early versions tended to favour November and as late as 1891 it was being given as the more common form of the rhyme in some parts of the United States. It is less common now and September variants have a long history as well. A manuscript copy of the verse from runs: An alternate version of this verse, published in 1827, runs: Another version, published in 1844, runs: Another English version from before 1574 is found in a manuscript among",
"title": "Thirty Days Hath September"
},
{
"docid": "20839575",
"text": "A century leap year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar that is evenly divisible by 400. Like all leap years, it has an extra day in February for a total of 366 days instead of 365. In the obsolete Julian calendar, all years that were divisible by 4, including end-of-century years, were considered leap years. The Julian rule, however, adds too many leap days (about 3 extra leap days in 400 years), which resulted in the calendar drifting gradually with respect to the astronomical seasons. To remedy this, Pope Gregory XIII introduced in 1582 a slightly modified version of the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar, where century years are leap years only if they are divisible by 400. This eliminates 3 of the 4 end-of-century years in a 400-year period. For example, the years 1600, 2000, 2400, and 2800 are century leap years since those numbers are evenly divisible by 400, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900, and 3000 are common years despite being evenly divisible by 4. This scheme brings the average length of the calendar year significantly closer to the astronomical length of the year, nearly eliminating the drift of the calendar against the seasons. The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582, but was adopted by various countries at different times over several centuries. Dates prior to 1582 are generally recorded using the Julian calendar, and different countries have different conventions about how to record dates between 1582 and their adoption of the Gregorian calendar. Consequently, for example, the year 1700 was a leap year in the British and Russian empires but not in most of the rest of Europe; 1800 and 1900 were still leap years in the Russian empire but not generally elsewhere. Notes References External links An Introduction to Calendars courtesy of the United States Naval Observatory Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars History of Gregorian Calendar Units of time Calendars Gregorian calendar Leap years in the Gregorian calendar sv:Sekelskottår",
"title": "Century leap year"
},
{
"docid": "321374",
"text": "A leap year starting on Friday is any year with 366 days (i.e. it includes 29 February) that begins on Friday 1 January and ends on Saturday 31 December. Its dominical letters hence are CB. The most recent year of such kind was 2016 and the next one will be 2044 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 2000 and 2028 in the obsolete Julian calendar. Any leap year that starts on Friday has only one Friday the 13th: the only one in this leap year occurs in May. From August of the common year preceding this year to October in this type of year is the longest period that occurs without a Lucky Monday, in other words the 3rd day of the month being on a Monday (14 months). In this type of year, all dates (except 29 February) fall on their respective weekdays the maximal 58 times in the 400 year Gregorian calendar cycle. Leap years starting on Sunday share this characteristic. Calendars Applicable years Gregorian Calendar Leap years that begin on Friday, along with those starting on Sunday, occur most frequently: 15 of the 97 (≈ 15.46%) total leap years in a 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar. Thus, their overall occurrence is 3.75% (15 out of 400). For this kind of year, the ISO week 10 (which begins March 7) and all subsequent ISO weeks occur later than in all other leap years. Julian Calendar Like all leap year types, the one starting with 1 January on a Friday occurs exactly once in a 28-year cycle in the Julian calendar, i.e. in 3.57% of years. As the Julian calendar repeats after 28 years that means it will also repeat after 700 years, i.e. 25 cycles. The year's position in the cycle is given by the formula ((year + 8) mod 28) + 1). Holidays International Valentine's Day falls on a Sunday. This is the only type of leap year when Valentine’s Day falls in ISO week 6. They fall in ISO week 7 in all other leap years. The leap day (February 29) falls on a Monday World Day for Grandparents and the Elderly falls on July 24 Halloween falls on a Monday Christmas Day falls on a Sunday. This is the only type of leap year when Christmas Day falls in ISO week 51. They fall in ISO week 52 in all other leap years. Roman Catholic Solemnities Epiphany falls on a Wednesday Candlemas falls on a Tuesday Saint Joseph's Day falls on a Saturday The Annunciation of Jesus falls on a Friday The Nativity of John the Baptist falls on a Friday The Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul falls on a Saturday The Transfiguration of Jesus falls on a Saturday The Assumption of Mary falls on a Monday The Exaltation of the Holy Cross falls on a Wednesday All Saints' Day falls on a Tuesday All Souls' Day falls on a Wednesday The Feast of Christ the King falls on its earliest possible date,",
"title": "Leap year starting on Friday"
},
{
"docid": "28489906",
"text": "The Pisan calendar, also referred to as the stile pisano (\"Pisan style\") or the calculus Pisanus (\"Pisan calculation\"), was the calendar used in the Republic of Pisa in Italy during the Middle Ages, which differed from the traditional Julian calendar. Beginning of the year The Pisan year began on 25 March, and not on 1 January, with the apparent year lying ahead of the traditional Julian calendar. Thus, 24 March 1200 was followed by 25 March 1201 (not 1200, as it would remain in the Julian calendar), and 31 December 1201 would then be followed by 1 January 1201, which was the point at which the two calendars synchronised. This is the reason that most dates have an apparent discrepancy of one year, as the two calendars differ for just over nine months of each cycle. For example, a birth date of 10 September 1552 in Pisan reckoning translates to 10 September 1551 in the Julian calendar. Beginning the year on a date other than 1 January was common during the mediaeval period. The first day of the year falling on 25 March meant that the Pisan calendar was in the stile dell'Annunciazione (\"style of the Annunciation\") or stile dell'Incarnazione (\"style of the Incarnation\") - also styled in Latin as ab [Dominica] incarnatione (\"by the [Lord's] Incarnation\") - by reference to the Solemnity of the Annunciation, and similar calendars saw use in Cortona and Pistoia. The Florentine, Sienese, English and Scottish calendars were also in this style, but confusingly ran behind the Julian calendar rather than ahead, resulting in them lying exactly one year behind of the Pisan calendar. By contrast, calendars in the stile della Natività (\"style of the Nativity\") as in Arezzo, Assisi and Perugia began on the Solemnity of the Nativity of the Lord (Christmas) on 25 December, the Venetian calendar began on 1 March until the Fall of the Venetian Republic, and the French year on Easter day until 1564. The traditional Julian calendar was sometimes said to be in the stile della Circoncisione (\"style of the Circumcision\"). See beginning of the year. End of use Italy was one of the few regions to immediately convert from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian: 4 October 1582 was followed by 15 October 1582, the latter being the first day of the new Gregorian calendar. Not until 1749, however, were the ancient calendars definitively outlawed in Tuscany: in that year the recently appointed Grand Duke and Holy Roman Emperor, Francis I, ordered that, starting from 1750, the first of January should become the first day of the year, thus having the \"peoples of Tuscia\" conform to all the others. A plaque in Latin commemorating the grand ducal/imperial decree is affixed to the west wall of the Loggia dei Lanzi, in Piazza della Signoria in Florence. Notes References Further reading . Obsolete calendars History of Pisa Medieval Italy Time in Italy",
"title": "Pisan calendar"
},
{
"docid": "180861",
"text": "The Soviet calendar was a modified Gregorian calendar that was used in Soviet Russia between 1918 and 1940. Several variations were used during that time. The Gregorian calendar, under the name \"Western European calendar\", was implemented in Soviet Russia in February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of . As many as nine national holidays (paid days of rest) were implemented in the following decade, but four were eliminated or merged on , leaving only five national holidays: 22January, 1–2May, and 7–8November until 1951, when 22January reverted to a normal day. During the summer of 1929, five-day continuous work weeks were implemented in factories, government offices, and commercial enterprises, but not collective farms. One of the five days was randomly assigned to each worker as their day of rest, without regard to the rest days assigned to their family members or friends. These five-day work weeks continued throughout the Gregorian year, interrupted only by the five national holidays. While the five-day week was used for scheduling work, the Gregorian calendar and its seven-day week were used for all other purposes. During the summer of 1931, six-day interrupted work weeks were implemented for most workers, with a common day of rest for all workers interrupting their work weeks. Five six-day work weeks were assigned to each Gregorian month, more or less, with the five national holidays converting normal work days into days of rest. On five- and six-day work weeks were abandoned in favor of seven-day work weeks. History Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar was implemented in Russia on by dropping the Julian dates of pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree signed (Julian) by Vladimir Lenin. The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date until All surviving examples of physical calendars from show the irregular month lengths of the Gregorian calendar (such as those displayed here). Most calendars displayed all the days of a Gregorian year as a grid with seven rows or columns for the traditional seven-day week with Sunday (Воскресенье; \"Resurrection\") first. The 1931 pocket calendar displayed here is a rare example that excluded the five national holidays, enabling the remaining 360 days of the Gregorian year to be displayed as a grid with five rows labeled for each day of the five-day week. Even it had the full Gregorian calendar on the other side. Work weeks During the second half of May 1929, Yuri Larin (Юрий Ларин, 1882–1932) proposed a continuous production week (nepreryvnaya rabochaya nedelya = nepreryvka) to the Fifth Congress of Soviets of the Union, but so little attention was paid to his suggestion that the president of the Congress did not even mention it in his final speech. By the beginning of , Larin had won the approval of Joseph Stalin, prompting all newspapers to praise the idea. The change was advantageous to the anti-religious movement, as Sundays and religious holidays became working days. On the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR directed its efficiency experts to",
"title": "Soviet calendar"
},
{
"docid": "38642",
"text": "As of March 1 (O.S. February 19), where the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 (O.S. February 17), 1800. In Sweden, the year started in the Julian calendar and remained so until February 28. Then, by skipping the leap day, the Swedish calendar was introduced, letting February 28 be followed by March 1, giving the entire year the same pattern as a common year starting on Monday. This calendar, being ten days behind the Gregorian and one day ahead of the Julian, lasts until 1712. Events January–March January 1 – Protestant nations in Western Europe, except England, start using the Gregorian calendar. Catholic nations have been using the Gregorian calendar since its introduction in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. January 1 (Julian) (January 11, Gregorian) – The Tsardom of Russia begins numbering its calendar from the birth of Christ (Anno Domini), instead of since the Creation (Anno Mundi). January 26 – At approximately 9 p.m., the Cascadia earthquake occurs in the Pacific Northwest, with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptures about of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and causes a tsunami, that strikes the coast of Japan approximately 10 hours later. February 3 – The 'Lesser Great Fire' destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland. February 12 – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the \"Swedish Meteor\". February 27 – The island of New Britain is discovered by William Dampier, in the western Pacific. March 1 (Gregorian) – Protestant Germany and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar. March 1 (Swedish), March 11 (Gregorian), February 29 (Julian) – The Swedish calendar is adopted. March (early) – William Congreve's comedy The Way of the World is first performed in London. March 3 – Shivaji II accedes to the throne of the Maratha Empire as the 4th Chhatrapati after his father Rajaram I's death. March 24 – The Treaty of London is signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic. April–June April 15 – The coronation of King Frederick IV of Denmark takes place at Frederiksborg Castle in Copenhagen. April 18 – Hungarian freedom activist Ferenc Rákóczi is arrested by Austrian authorities and charged with sedition. Imprisoned near Vienna and facing a death sentence, he escapes and later leads the overthrow of the Habsburg control of Hungary. April 21 – In India, the siege of the fortress of Sajjangad (located in the Maharashtra state) is begun by an army led by Fateullahakhan. The",
"title": "1700"
},
{
"docid": "2735812",
"text": "The Cherokee calendar is traditionally defined as a Lunar calendar marked by 13 moon cycles of 28 days. Each cycle was accompanied by a ceremony. In order to rectify the Cherokee calendar with that of the Julian calendar, these cycles were reduced to 12. The seasonal round of ceremonies was integral to Cherokee society. It was considered an important spiritual element for social cohesion and a way to bring all the Cherokee clans together. The Cherokee, like many other Native tribes, used the number of scutes on the backs of certain species of turtles to determine their calendar cycle. The scutes around the edge added up to 28, the same number of days as in a lunar cycle, while the center contained 13 larger scutes, representing the 13 moon cycles of a year. Thirteen seasonal moon ceremonies Cherokee priests, known as (A-ni-ku-ta-ni), defined the 13 ceremonies as listed below. The common names in English are listed followed by their names in Cherokee syllabics, the Cherokee name's transcription in the Latin alphabet in parentheses, and a literal translation of the Cherokee name for some of the moons. Cold Moon – (Nv-da Ka-na-wo-ga) Bone Moon – (Nv-da Ko-la); Wind Moon – (Nv-da U-no-le); Flower Moon – (Nv-da A-tsi-lu-s-gi); Planting Moon – (Nv-da Ga-hlv-sga); Green Corn Moon – (Nv-da Se-lu-i-tse-i-yu-s-di); Corn in Tassel Moon – (Nv-da U-tsi-dsa-ta); Ripe Corn Moon – (Nv-da Se-lu-u-wa-nv-sa) End of Fruit Moon – (Nv-da U-da-ta-nv-a-gi-s-di U-li-s-dv) Nut Moon – (Nv-da U-da-ta-nv) Harvest Moon – (Nv-da Tsi-yah-lo-ha) Hunting Moon – (Nv-da Ga-no-ha-li-do-ha) Snow Moon – (Nv-da Gu-ti-ha); Cherokee names for Julian calendar months With the expansion of Euro-American influences in North America, the Cherokee adapted their calendar to the widely accepted Julian calendar. As such the 13-moon phase calendar was gradually replaced by a 12-month calendar. However, the months were still associated with ceremonies and are still practiced by traditional Cherokee today. Below is a list of months according to the Julian calendar followed by their Latin transliterated Kituwah and Overhill dialect name and then Cherokee syllabics for each dialect. Below is a list of months as they appeared in ethnological studies and books of the Cherokee people from 1894 into the late 20th century, with Julian calendar name followed by Cherokee names and finally the meanings and associations: Seasons Below are the seasons of the year with relatable names from Mooney in 1894, the Kituwah and Overhill dialects and their respective Syllabics. Notes References Citations Bibliography Moon Ceremonies Native American religion Specific calendars Lunar calendars",
"title": "Cherokee calendar"
},
{
"docid": "1656672",
"text": "(from Latin \"in the year of the world\"; ), abbreviated as AM or A.M., or Year After Creation, is a calendar era based on the biblical accounts of the creation of the world and subsequent history. Two such calendar eras have seen notable use historically: Since the Middle Ages, the Hebrew calendar has been based on rabbinic calculations of the year of creation from the Hebrew Masoretic Text of the Bible. This calendar is used within Jewish communities for religious purposes and is one of two official calendars in Israel. In the Hebrew calendar, the day begins at sunset. The calendar's epoch, corresponding to the calculated date of the world's creation, is equivalent to sunset on the Julian proleptic calendar date 6 October 3761 BCE. The new year begins at Rosh Hashanah, in Tishrei. 5784 (meaning the 5,784th year since the creation of the world) began at sunset on 15 September 2023 according to the Gregorian calendar. The Byzantine calendar was used in the Eastern Roman Empire and many Christian Orthodox countries and Eastern Orthodox Churches and was based on the Septuagint text of the Bible. That calendar is similar to the Julian calendar except that its reference date is equivalent to 1 September 5509 BCE on the Julian proleptic calendar. While both calendars reputedly counted the number of years since the creation of the world, the primary reason for their disparity lies in which underlying biblical text is chosen (the Earth seems to have been created roughly around 5500 BCE based on the Greek Septuagint text, and about 3760 BCE based on the Hebrew Masoretic text). Most of the 1,732-year difference resides in numerical discrepancies in the genealogies of the two versions of the Book of Genesis. Patriarchs from Adam to Terah, the father of Abraham, are said to be older by 100 years or more when they begat their named son in the Greek Septuagint than they were in the Latin Vulgate, or the Hebrew Tanakh. The net difference between the two major genealogies of Genesis is 1,466 years (ignoring the \"second year after the flood\" ambiguity), 85% of the total difference. (See Dating creation.) There are also discrepancies between methods of dating based on the text of the Bible vs. modern academic dating of landmark events used to calibrate year counts, such as the destruction of the First Temple—see Missing years (Jewish calendar). Jewish tradition During the Talmudic era, from the 1st to the 10th centuries CE (38th - 48th centuries AM), the center of the Jewish world was in the Middle East, primarily in the Talmudic Academies in Babylonia and Syria Palaestina. Jews in these regions used Seleucid Era dating (also known as the \"Anno Graecorum (AG)\" or the \"Era of Contracts\") as the primary method for calculating the calendar year. For example, the writings of Josephus and the Books of the Maccabees used Seleucid Era dating exclusively, and the Talmud tractate Avodah Zarah states: Other epochs: 3760 BCE Occasionally in Talmudic writings, reference was made",
"title": "Anno Mundi"
},
{
"docid": "168851",
"text": "A common year starting on Sunday is any non-leap year (i.e. a year with 365 days) that begins on Sunday, 1 January, and ends on Sunday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is A. The most recent year of such kind was 2023 and the next one will be 2034 in the Gregorian calendar, or, likewise, 2018 and 2029 in the obsolete Julian calendar, see below for more. Any common year that starts on a Sunday has two Friday the 13ths: those two in this common year occur in January and October. This year has the longest period that occurs without a Lucky Monday, in other words the 3rd day of the month being on a Monday (14 months), from July of this year to September of the following year, unless the following year is a Leap year starting on Monday, then the gap is reduced to 11 months. Calendars Applicable years Gregorian Calendar In the (currently used) Gregorian calendar, alongside Monday, Wednesday, Friday or Saturday, the fourteen types of year (seven common, seven leap) repeat in a 400-year cycle (20871 weeks). Forty-three common years per cycle or exactly 10.75% start on a Sunday. The 28-year sub-cycle only spans across century years divisible by 400, e.g. 1600, 2000, and 2400. Julian Calendar In the now-obsolete Julian calendar, the fourteen types of year (seven common, seven leap) repeat in a 28-year cycle (1461 weeks). A leap year has two adjoining dominical letters (one for January and February and the other for March to December, as 29 February has no letter). This sequence occurs exactly once within a cycle, and every common letter thrice. As the Julian calendar repeats after 28 years that means it will also repeat after 700 years, i.e. 25 cycles. The year's position in the cycle is given by the formula ((year + 8) mod 28) + 1). Years 11, 22 and 28 of the cycle are common years beginning on Sunday. 2017 is year 10 of the cycle. Approximately 10.71% of all years are common years beginning on Sunday. Holidays International Valentine's Day falls on a Tuesday World Day for Grandparents and the Elderly falls on July 23 Halloween falls on a Tuesday Christmas Day falls on a Monday Roman Catholic Solemnities Epiphany falls on a Friday Candlemas falls on a Thursday Saint Joseph's Day falls on a Sunday The Annunciation of Jesus falls on a Saturday The Nativity of John the Baptist falls on a Saturday The Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul falls on a Thursday The Transfiguration of Jesus falls on a Sunday The Assumption of Mary falls on a Tuesday The Exaltation of the Holy Cross falls on a Thursday All Saints' Day falls on a Wednesday All Souls' Day falls on a Thursday The Feast of Christ the King falls on its latest possible date, November 26 (or on October 29 in versions of the calendar between 1925 and 1962) The First Sunday of Advent falls on its latest possible date, December",
"title": "Common year starting on Sunday"
},
{
"docid": "63387720",
"text": "Calendrical Calculations is a book on calendar systems and algorithms for computers to convert between them. It was written by computer scientists Nachum Dershowitz and Edward Reingold and published in 1997 by the Cambridge University Press. A second \"millennium\" edition with a CD-ROM of software was published in 2001, a third edition in 2008, and a fourth \"ultimate\" edition in 2018. Topics There have been many different calendars in different societies, and there is much difficulty in converting between them, largely because of the impossibility of reconciling the irrational ratios of the daily, monthly, and yearly astronomical cycle lengths using integers. The 14 calendars discussed in the first edition of the book included the Gregorian calendar, ISO week date, Julian calendar, Coptic calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Islamic calendar, modern Iranian calendar, Baháʼí calendar, French Republican calendar, old and modern Hindu calendars, Maya calendar, and modern Chinese calendar. Later editions expanded it to many more calendars. They are divided into two groups: \"arithmetical\" calendars, whose calculations can be performed purely mathematically, independently from the positions of the moon and sun, and \"astronomical\" calendars, based in part on those positions. The authors design individual calendrical calculation algorithms for converting each of these calendars to and from a common format, the Rata Die system of days numbered from January 1 of the (fictional) Gregorian year 1. Combining these methods allows the conversion between any two of the calendars. One of the innovations of the book is the use of clever coding to replace tables of values of mildly-irregular sequences, such as the numbers of days in a month. The authors also discuss the history of the calendars they describe, analyze their accuracy with respect to the astronomical events that they were designed to model, and point out important days in the year of each calendar. An appendix includes full documentation of the software. One purpose of the book is to provide usable and efficient open software in an area where previous solutions were largely proprietary, incomplete, and buggy. Author Edward Reingold originally programmed these methods in Emacs Lisp, as part of the text editor GNU Emacs, and the authors expanded an earlier journal publication on this implementation into the book. This code has been converted to Common Lisp for the book, and distributed under an open license, and included within the book as a precise and unambiguous way of describing each algorithm. Audience and reception This is primarily a reference book, but can also be read for pleasure by readers interested in this topic. Reviewer Victor J. Katz recommends this book to anyone who is \"at all interested in how we deal with time\". However, reviewer John D. Cook points out that, to understand the details of the algorithms described in the book, readers must be familiar with Lisp coding, and that it is difficult to skim without working through the details. On the other hand, despite not being easy reading, reviewer Antonio F. Rañada recommends it not only to \"mathematicians, astronomers or computer",
"title": "Calendrical Calculations"
},
{
"docid": "17781547",
"text": "The Rumi calendar (, , lit. \"Roman calendar\"), a specific calendar based on the Julian calendar, was officially used by the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat (1839) and by its successor, the Republic of Turkey until 1926. It was adopted for civic matters and is a solar based calendar, assigning a date to each solar day. History In the Islamic state of the Ottoman Empire, the religious Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) was in use. In this calendar, months coincide with lunar phases. Because a \"lunar year\" (the combined duration of twelve lunar phases) is shorter than the solar year, the seasons cycle through the lunar months as the solar years pass. \"As a result,\" says the Astronomical Almanac, \"the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through the seasons over a period of about 33 [solar] years\". 1677 Introduction of the Fiscal calendar In 1677, Head Treasurer (, ) Hasan Pasha under Sultan Mehmed IV proposed the correction of financial records by dropping one year (an escape year) every 33 years, resulting from the difference between the lunar Islamic calendar and the solar Julian calendar. In 1740 (1152 AH) during the reign of Sultan Mahmud I, March was adopted as the first month of the fiscal year for the payment of taxes and dealings with government officials instead of Muharram following Treasurer Atıf Efendi's proposal. Proposed by Treasurer Moralı Osman Efendi during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid I, the range of the fiscal calendar applications was extended in 1794 to state expenditures and payments in order to prevent surplus cost arising from the time difference between the Islamic and Julian calendar. 1840 Adoption of the Julian Calendar The Julian calendar, used from 1677 AD on for fiscal matters only, was adopted on March 13, 1840 AD (March 1, 1256 AH), in the frame of Tanzimat reforms shortly after the accession to the throne of Sultan Abdülmecid I, as the official calendar for all civic matters and named \"Rumi calendar\" (literally Roman calendar). The counting of years began with the year 622 AD, when Muhammad and his followers emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the same event marking the start of the Islamic calendar. The months and days of the Julian calendar were used, the year starting in March. However, in 1256 AH the difference between the Hijri and the Gregorian calendars amounted to 584 years. With the change from lunar calendar to solar calendar, the difference between the Rumi calendar and the Julian or Gregorian calendar remained a constant 584 years. 1917 Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Since the Julian to Gregorian calendar changeover was finally being adopted in neighboring countries, the Rumi calendar was realigned to the Gregorian calendar in February 1917, leaving the difference of 584 years unchanged, however. Thus, after February 15, 1332 AH (February 1917 AD), the next day instead of being February 16 suddenly became March 1, 1333 AH (March 1, 1917 AD). The year 1333 AH (1917 AD) was made into a year with only",
"title": "Rumi calendar"
},
{
"docid": "51367",
"text": "Year 46 BC was the last year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Lepidus (or, less frequently, year 708 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 46 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. This year marks the change from the pre-Julian Roman calendar to the Julian calendar. The Romans had to periodically add a leap month every few years to keep the calendar year in sync with the solar year but had missed a few with the chaos of the civil wars of the late republic. Julius Caesar added Mercedonius (23 days) and two other intercalary months (33 and 34 days respectively) to the 355-day lunar year, to recalibrate the calendar in preparation for his calendar reform, which went into effect in 45 BC. This year therefore had 445 days, and was nicknamed the annus confusionis (\"year of confusion\") and serves as the longest recorded calendar year in human history. The actual planetary orbit-year remained the same. Events <onlyinclude> By place Roman Republic Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Julius Caesar establishes Julia Paterna Arelate as a colony in Gaul for veterans of the Sixth Legion, at the present day site of Arles. Civil War: January 4 – Titus Labienus fights Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. April - Caesar defeats Pompey loyalists at Thapsus. April 6 – Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio and Juba I of Numidia at Thapsus. After the battle Caesar grants Legio V Alaudae the right to bear the elephant symbol on its shields and standards, for bravery against a charge of elephants. April 20 – Cicero, in Rome, writes to Varro \"If our voices are no longer heard in the Senate and in the Forum, let us follow the example of the ancient sages and serve our country through our writings, concentrating on questions of ethics and constitutional law.\" Caesar's erstwhile mistress, Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and his son by her, Caesarion, take up residence in one of the dictator's estates on the Tiber. September 26 – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to his mythical ancestor Venus Genetrix in fulfillment of a vow he made at the battle of Pharsalus. November – Caesar leaves for Hispania to deal with a fresh outbreak of resistance. Caesar reforms the Roman calendar to create the Julian calendar. The transitional year is extended to 445 days to synchronize the new calendar and the seasonal cycle. The Julian Calendar would remain the standard in the western world for over 1600 years, until superseded by the Gregorian Calendar in 1582. Caesar appoints his nephew Octavian his heir. Caesar subdues a mutiny of his Tenth Legion. Caesar celebrates his Gallic Triumph, after which Vercingetorix is executed. The celebrations run for forty days in Rome, and include public banquets,",
"title": "46 BC"
},
{
"docid": "3659585",
"text": "The Old New Year, or the Orthodox New Year, is an informal traditional holiday, celebrated as the start of the New Year by the Julian calendar. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Old New Year falls on January 14 in the Gregorian calendar. This traditional dating of the New Year is sometimes commonly called \"Orthodox\" because it harks back to a time when governments in Russia and Eastern Europe used the Julian calendar, which is still used by some jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church's liturgical year actually begins in September. By country North Macedonia The holiday in North Macedonia is known as Old New Year () or as Vasilica (), \"St. Basil\". Late on January 13, people gather outside their houses, in the center of their neighborhoods where they start a huge bonfire and drink and eat together. Traditional Macedonian music is sung. For those who stay at home, it is the tradition to eat home-made pita with a coin inside. Whoever finds the coin in their part is said to have luck during the year. Macedonians around the world also celebrate the holiday, especially in Australia, Canada, and the United States where Macedonian Orthodox Church has adherents. Russia Although the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic officially adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, the Russian Orthodox Church continued to use the Julian calendar. The New Year became a holiday that is celebrated by both calendars. As in most countries which use the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day in Russia is a public holiday celebrated on January 1. On that day, joyous entertainment, fireworks, elaborate and often large meals and other festivities are common. The holiday is interesting as it combines secular traditions of bringing in the New Year with the Christian Orthodox Christmastide customs, such as Rozhdestvo. The New Year by the Julian calendar is still informally observed, and the tradition of celebrating the coming of the New Year twice is widely enjoyed: January 1 (New New Year) and January 14 (Old New Year). Usually not as festive as the New New Year, for many this is a nostalgic family holiday ending the New Year holiday cycle (which includes Eastern Orthodox Christmas on January 7) with traditional large meals, singing and celebratory drinking. Scotland In Scotland the Old New Year has traditionally been held on 12 January. In the first half of the 20th century, large segments of the Scottish Gaelic community still observed the feast and today, it is still marked in South Uist and Eriskay as Oidhche Challaig and as Oidhche Challainn in Glenfinnan. Also in Scotland, the coastal town of Burghead in Morayshire celebrates the eve of the Old New Year with \"The Burning o' the Clavie\". Old New Year is the 12th of January in this district as well. Serbia The Old New Year in Serbia and among Serbs is commonly called the Serbian New Year (), and sometimes the Orthodox New Year () and rarely Julian New Year ().",
"title": "Old New Year"
},
{
"docid": "33151859",
"text": "This is the calendar for Old Style 1752, a leap year which began on 1 January, and dropped 3–13 September to transition to the Gregorian calendar. Previously, the Old Style calendar in England (and related regions) had begun on 25 March and ended with the following March, on 24 March. Because the Gregorian calendar did not have leap day in 1700, the original 10-day difference in calendars had expanded to an 11-day difference, and to compensate, 2 September was followed by 14 September, as skipping 11 days beyond 3 September. Year 1753, in England (and related regions) followed the full Gregorian calendar. Note, below, the shortened length of September. |- |- |- With the omission of 3–13 September, then 14 September 1752 became the first day to match the New Style date of the Gregorian calendar, as adopted c.1582 by some Catholic territories. Scotland followed this same plan, in converting to Gregorian dates in 1752, along with England, Wales, Ireland, the American colonies, and related regions. Other nations, such as Russia and Sweden, continued to use the Julian calendar, in 1752. Although the Swedish calendar had tried a gradual transition, beginning in 1700, to drop 11 leap days during 40 years, Sweden returned to the Julian calendar and finally adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1753. Other nations did not change to the Gregorian system until more than 150 years later. There were many different transition plans used by various other nations (see: Gregorian calendar#Adoption). See also Old Style 1751 - first Old Style year to end on 31 December in England and related regions References Julian calendar",
"title": "Old Style 1752"
},
{
"docid": "26254",
"text": "Reform of the date of Easter refers to proposals to change the date for the annual celebration of Easter. These proposals include setting a fixed date or agreeing between Eastern and Western Christendom a common basis for calculating the date of Easter so that all Christians celebrate the Festival on the same day. As of 2023, no such agreement has been reached. Description A reform of the date of Easter has been proposed several times because the current system for determining the date of Easter is seen as presenting two significant problems: Its date varies from year to year. It can fall on up to 35 days in March and April of the respective calendar. While many Christians do not consider this to be a problem, it can cause frequent difficulties of co-ordination with civil calendars, for example academic terms. Many countries have public holidays around Easter weekend or tied to the date of Easter but spread from February to June, such as Shrove Tuesday or Ascension and Pentecost. Many Eastern churches calculate the date of Easter using the Julian calendar, whereas some Eastern churches use the Revised Julian calendar and all Western churches and civil authorities have adopted the Gregorian reforms for all calendrical purposes. Hence in most years, Easter is celebrated on a later date in the East than in the West. There have been controversies about the \"correct\" date of Easter since antiquity, but most Christian churches today agree on certain points. The Roman Catholic Church explains: To justify his calendar reform, which involved removing ten days, in 1582 Pope Gregory XIII claimed that the Council had decreed that Easter should be celebrated: on a Sunday, after the nominal Northward equinox – fixed on 21 March in the Gregorian calendar, that is the start of spring in the Northern and of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere –, after the first ecclesiastical full moon of the astronomic season. There is less agreement whether Easter also should occur: so that Annunciation – celebrated 25 March, 9 months before Christmas – does not fall on any day from the Sunday before Easter to the Sunday after, on or after the 14th day of the lunar month of Nisan, not before Jewish Pesach – Easter is after Christian Passover by definition. The disagreements have been particularly about the determination of moon phases and the equinox, some preferring astronomical observation from a certain location (usually Jerusalem, Alexandria, Rome or local), most others following nominal approximations of these in either the Hebrew, Julian or Gregorian calendar using different lookup tables and cycles in their algorithms. Deviations may also result from different customs for the start of the day, i.e. dusk, sunset, midnight, dawn or sunrise. Furthermore, it may be accepted to have the respective starts of the astronomical season, the full moon and the Sunday occur on the same date as long as they are observed in that order. Fixed date It has been proposed that the first problem could be resolved by",
"title": "Reform of the date of Easter"
},
{
"docid": "87473",
"text": "The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and also used by the farming populace in Egypt. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter (which contained only 365 days each year, year after year, so that the seasons shifted about one day every four years), a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of adding an extra day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the reform was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus imposed the Decree upon Egypt as its official calendar (although initially, namely between 25 BC and AD 5, it was unsynchronised with the original implementation of the Julian calendar which was erroneously intercalating leap days every third year due to a misinterpretation of the leap year rule so as to apply inclusive counting). To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic or Alexandrian calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian calendar but have different numbers and names. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Coptic calendar does not skip leap years three times every 400 years, and therefore it stays synchronised with the Julian calendar over a four-year leap year cycle. Coptic year The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and one at the end of the year of five days (six days in leap years). The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year. The year starts on the Feast of Neyrouz, the first day of the month of Thout, the first month of the Egyptian year. For 1900 to 2099 it coincides with the Gregorian Calendar's 11 September, or 12 September before a leap year, but for any year, it coincides with the Julian Calendar's 29 August, or 30 August before a leap year. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year Diocletian became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for Anno Martyrum or \"in the Year of the Martyrs\"). The first day of year I of the",
"title": "Coptic calendar"
},
{
"docid": "10936",
"text": "February 29 is a leap day (or \"leap year day\")—an intercalary date added periodically to create leap years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the 60th day of a leap year in both Julian and Gregorian calendars, and 306 days remain until the end of the leap year. It is the last day of February in leap years, with the exception of 1712 in Sweden. It is also the last day of meteorological winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the last day of meteorological summer in the Southern Hemisphere in leap years. In the Gregorian calendar, the standard civil calendar used in most of the world, February 29 is added in each year that is an integer multiple of four, unless it is evenly divisible by 100 but not by 400. For example, 1900 was not a leap year, but 2000 was. The Julian calendar—since 1923 a liturgical calendar—has a February 29 every fourth year without exception. Consequently, February 29 in the Julian calendar, since 1900, falls 13 days later than February 29 in the Gregorian, until the year 2100. The convention of using February 29 was not widely accepted before the 15th century; from Julian's edict until the 16th century (formally), February 24 was doubled instead. Events Pre-1600 888 – Odo, count of Paris, is crowned king of West Francia (France) by Archbishop Walter of Sens at Compiègne. 1504 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Jamaican natives to provide him with supplies. 1601–1900 1644 – Abel Tasman's second Pacific voyage begins as he leaves Batavia in command of three ships. 1704 – In Queen Anne's War, French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony, killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive. 1712 – February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden, in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar. 1720 – Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband, who becomes King Frederick I on March 24. 1768 – Polish nobles form the Bar Confederation. 1796 – The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force, facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations. 1892 – St. Petersburg, Florida is incorporated. 1901–present 1908 – James Madison University is founded at Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States as The State Normal and Industrial School for Women by the Virginia General Assembly. 1912 – The Piedra Movediza (Moving Stone) of Tandil falls and breaks. 1916 – Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom. 1916 – In South Carolina, the minimum working age for factory, mill and mine workers is raised from 12 to 14 years old. 1920 – The Czechoslovak National Assembly adopts the Constitution. 1936 – The February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends. 1940 – For her performance as Mammy in Gone with the Wind, Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award. 1940",
"title": "February 29"
}
] | [
"365.25"
] |
train_3508 | when a character speaks to the audience for an extended time such a speech is called a | [
{
"docid": "161095",
"text": "In theatre, a monologue (from , from μόνος mónos, \"alone, solitary\" and λόγος lógos, \"speech\") is a speech presented by a single character, most often to express their thoughts aloud, though sometimes also to directly address another character or the audience. Monologues are common across the range of dramatic media (plays, films, etc.), as well as in non-dramatic media such as poetry. Monologues share much in common with several other literary devices including soliloquies, apostrophes, and asides. There are, however, distinctions between each of these devices. Similar literary devices Monologues are similar to poems, epiphanies, and others, in that, they involve one 'voice' speaking but there are differences between them. For example, a soliloquy involves a character relating their thoughts and feelings to themself and to the audience without addressing any of the other characters. A monologue is the thoughts of a person spoken out loud. Monologues are also distinct from apostrophes, in which the speaker or writer addresses an imaginary person, inanimate object, or idea. Asides differ from each of these not only in length (asides are shorter) but also in that asides are not heard by other characters even in situations where they logically should be (e.g. two characters engaging in a dialogue interrupted by one of them delivering an aside). History In ancient Greek theatre, the origin of western drama, the conventional three actor rule was preceded by a two-actor rule, which was itself preceded by a convention in which only a single actor would appear on stage, along with the chorus. The origin of the monologue as a dramatic device, therefore, is not rooted in dialogue. It is, instead, the other way around; dialogue evolved from the monologue. Ancient Roman theatre featured monologues extensively, more commonly than either Ancient Greek theatre or modern theatre. One of the key purposes of these monologues was to indicate the passage of significant amounts of time (that would be tedious to actually play out in real time) within scenes. This type of monologue is referred to as a linking monologue. Other monologue types included \"entrance monologues\" and exit monologues. In each of these cases a primary function is indicating the passage of time. From Renaissance theatre onward, monologues generally focused on characters using the extended speech to pursue their dramatic need. Postmodern theatre, on the other hand, often embraces the performative aspects of the monologue, even to the point of challenging the boundary between character portrayal (e.g. acting) and autobiographical speeches. Types Interior monologues involve a character externalizing their thoughts so that the audience can witness experiences that would otherwise be mostly internal. In contrast, a dramatic monologue involves one character speaking to another character. Monologues can also be divided along the lines of active and narrative monologues. In an active monologue a character is using their speech to achieve a clear goal. Narrative monologues simply involve a character telling a story and can often be identified by the fact that they are in the past tense. Auditions Actors in",
"title": "Monologue"
},
{
"docid": "649720",
"text": "An aside is a dramatic device in which a character speaks to the audience. By convention, the audience is to realize that the character's speech is unheard by the other characters on stage. It may be addressed to the audience expressly (in character or out) or represent an unspoken thought. An aside is usually a brief comment rather than a speech, such as a monologue or soliloquy. The aside was used by Ian Richardson's character Francis Urquhart in the 1990 BBC mini-series House of Cards, as well as by Kevin Spacey's character Frank Underwood in the 2013 Netflix original series of the same name. It can be used to explain the often complex politics on the show, describe what the character's plans/emotions are or simply for humorous effect. It was also used by Michaela Coel’s character Tracey in the Channel 4 comedy series Chewing Gum; and by the titular character in Fleabag, written and played by Phoebe Waller-Bridge. References Bevington, David (1962). From Mankind to Marlowe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Cox, John D. and David Scott Kastan (Eds) (1997). A New History of English Drama. New York: Columbia University Press. Salingar, Leo (1972). Shakespeare and the Traditions of Comedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Drama Literature Narrative techniques",
"title": "Aside"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "23314912",
"text": "Suicide in B is a play by Sam Shepard. Production history Suicide in B was first produced at the Yale Repertory Theater in New Haven, CT, on 15 October 1976. The first West Coast production took place in 1977 at the Magic Theatre, San Francisco, directed by Robert Woodruff. The cast of the Yale Rep production was as follows: Pianist – Lawrence Wolf Pablo – Clifford David Louis – Joe Grifasi Petrone – William Hickey Laureen – Alma Cuervo Niles – Paul Schierhorn Paullette – Joyce Fideor Directed by: Walt Jones Music composed by Lawrence Wolf Plot summary The play (subtitled \"A Mysterious Overture\") is an extended one-act, lasting about an hour, with a single set. The action takes place at the house of Niles, a jazz musician, although it is indicated very sparsely. There is an upstage wall and two pieces of furniture: an armchair and a floor lamp with an elaborate lamp shade depicting a tropical scene. An upright piano painted white, matching the upstage wall, is against the wall. The white, chalk outline of a dead body is drawn on the stage floor in front of the armchair. The Pianist enters, wearing an old-fashioned costume. He never speaks but only plays various kinds of jazz music, as described in the script. The play begins after he enters, sits down at the piano (facing away from the audience), cracks his knuckles high above his head, and there is a loud, female scream offstage as the lights go out. They come back on. Enter Pablo and Louis, the two detectives, also wearing old-fashioned costumes. They speak in an odd kind of dialogue, which is one part film noir and the other part abstract poetry. They are investigating what may be the suicide of Niles, the owner of the house. His body (indicated by the chalk outline) was found on the floor, with its face and fingerprints completely cut out, so he can't be identified for sure. Louis concocts a \"theory\" about the murder in a long speech which makes very little sense. The two detectives quarrel with each other and threaten to quit. Two friends of Niles enter, one at a time. Petrone has a saxophone but only makes noise with it – it seems as if he doesn't know how to play it. The same is true of Laureen, who has a bass fiddle. Each of them quarrels with the detectives and describes Niles, their hero, as a great genius who composed music which was so far ahead of its time that no one understood it. While these bizarre discussions are going on, Niles enters with Paulette and a large suitcase full of props. Niles and Paulette cannot be seen by the others, although they share the stage with them. The action alternates between the \"investigation\" involving the detectives, Petrone, and Laureen; and various rituals in which Paulette leads Niles, in an effort to banish the other characters, leaving the house for Niles. Paulette's rituals don't work. Finally",
"title": "Suicide in B♭"
},
{
"docid": "74946035",
"text": "Diff'rent is a two-act tragedy written by American playwright Eugene O'Neill. The story concerns a woman who rejects her fiancée over a single infidelity act of and much later becomes engaged to another man who turns out to have poor character. The first man commits suicide, and she regrets her choice. The play premiered in 1921 at the Princess Theatre on Broadway, when theatres reopened following closures due to the Spanish flu. Captain Caleb was played by James Light in the original 1921 production.. A second production ran on Broadway in 1938. Background The Spanish flu ended officially in 1920, the year before the play premiered and for the year that Act II of the play is taking place. World War I had ended three years earlier, in 1918. The Roaring Twenties was at its dawn. Flapper became a new word in the U.S. vocabulary, which according to Webster's Dictionary was \"a young girl, esp. one somewhat daring in conduct, speech and dress,\". Young women in the audience may have seen a world in 1921 where the men who were possible candidates for marriage were tending to be either older or younger than the women seeking husbands. It was known at the time that the Spanish Flu and World War I had altered the U.S. gender ratio, with more young women being in the population than young men, for the age range of 20–40. This was largely due to the Spanish Flu having increased the mortality rates for men from 20 to 40. Like COVID, the Spanish Flu caused people to stay isolated in their homes. The end of the pandemic allowed people to socialize again. The title of the show Diff'rent makes use of the way people speak in the village. Making use of the way a certain community spoke was a device often used in O'Neill plays. Plot Act I Setting: The parlor of home on a side street of a seaport village in New England in 1890. Emma is engaged to an older man, a sea captain named Caleb. She discovers that he was briefly unfaithful while at sea and calls off the wedding. In the seaport village, the women tended to accept the promiscuity of the men who work at sea. Emma however, expected her future husband to be of different nature than the sailors in the village. Act II Setting: The same location in 1920. 30 years go by, but the aging sea captain still hopes that he can marry his former fiancé from 1890, Emma. Caleb's sister's Harriet and her husband, Alfred, have raised their son Benny, who has now returned to the seaside from a tour of duty in World War I, where he had been stationed in France. Benny becomes good friends with Emma, who he sometimes calls Aunt Emma. On the stage, the audience sees that Benny is having various financial problems and has hatched a plan. However, the audience does not know what it is. Emma does not know that",
"title": "Diff'rent"
},
{
"docid": "2396829",
"text": "Kaspar is a play written by Austrian playwright Peter Handke. It was published in 1967. It was Handke's first full-length drama and was hailed by Max Frisch as the \"play of the decade\". It depicts \"the foundling Kaspar Hauser as a near-speechless innocent destroyed by society’s attempts to impose on him its language and its own rational values.\" Plot summary Kaspar is loosely based on the story of Kaspar Hauser. \"Raised in a dark hole, at 17 he wandered into a 1824 German town knowing only a single sentence and became a scientific curiosity: a nearly-adult human without language and external influences, a tabula rasa upon which society and its scientific teachers could write with impunity.\" Major Themes Kaspar is about language and its ability to torture. In this play Handke \"allows us to listen differently and to reflect on how language is forced upon us by a society where conformism is the norm and received speech an almost tyrannical exploitation of the individual.\" It is also a play that suggests individuals are bound to negate themselves under the pressure of the societies that they live in. \"What Kaspar experiences on stage can happen daily: The need or desire to conform, to observe and imitate someone else’s words and actions, to assert oneself and at the same time, negate oneself.\" Individuals can also invent themselves using the language. In Kaspar, Handke writes: \"Already you have a sentence with which you can make yourself noticeable . . . You can explain to yourself how it goes with you . . . You have a sentence with which you can bring order into every disorder . . .\" Handke himself wrote in the prologue to the play: \"The play Kaspar does not show how IT REALLY IS or REALLY WAS with Kaspar Hauser. It shows what is POSSIBLE with someone. It shows how someone can be made to speak through speaking. The play could also be called speech torture.\" One critique summarised the theme of Kaspar thus: \"the inherent authoritative power of language itself to shape, twist, expand, delimit, and mediate human experience, the ultimate tragicomic story of socialization and civilization. Further reading James R. Hamilton, \"Handke's Kaspar, Wittgenstein's Tractates, and the successful representation of alienation,\" Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, Spring 1995. M. Read, \"Peter Handke's Kaspar and the power of negative thinking,\" Oxford Journal, 1993. Linda Eisenstein, \"You Are The Lucky Owner of a Sentence,\" Theatre Perspectives International, May 1994. Kaspar in Iran Kaspar is a play by Peter Handke. Mohsen Moeini was the dramaturgist and director of the play, produced by Negin Mirhasani Vahed. This play went on stage in Av Hall. Its run was extended three time and it was widely praised by the audience. References 1967 plays Plays by Peter Handke German-language plays Kaspar Hauser",
"title": "Kaspar (play)"
},
{
"docid": "25084",
"text": "Public speaking, also called oratory, is the act or skill of delivering speeches on a subject before a live audience. Public speaking has played an important cultural role in human history. Confucius, an ancient Chinese philosopher and prominent public-speaking scholar, believed that a good speech should impact individual lives, regardless of whether they were in the audience. He believed that someone in power could influence the world through words and actions. Public speaking was also studied in Ancient Greece and Rome, where it was analyzed by prominent thinkers as a central part of rhetoric. The Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle indicated 3 speech purposes: deliberative (political speech), forensic (courtroom speech), and epideictic (speech of praise or blame). Similarly, the Roman statesman and philosopher Cicero defined three purposes for public speaking: judicial (courtroom speech), deliberative (political speech), and demonstrative (a ceremonial form of speech, similar to Aristotle's epideictic). Today, public speaking has been transformed by digital technologies, such as video conferencing, multimedia presentations, and other non-traditional forms of presentation. A Speakers' Corner is an area where free speech open-air public speaking, debate, and discussion are allowed. The original and best known is in the northeast corner of Hyde Park in London, England. Purposes The main objective of public speaking is to inform or change the audience's thoughts and actions. The function of public speaking is determined by the speaker's intent, but it is possible for the same speaker, with the same intent, to deliver substantially different speeches to different audiences. Public speaking is frequently directed at a select and sometimes restricted audience, consisting of individuals who may hold different perspectives. This audience can encompass enthusiastic supporters of the speaker, reluctant attendees with opposing views, or strangers with varying levels of interest in the speaker's topic. Proficient speakers recognize that even a modest-sized audience is not a uniform entity but rather a diverse assembly of individuals. Broadly, public speaking aims to either reassure an anxious audience or to alert a complacent audience of something important. Once the speaker has determined which of these approaches is required, they will use a combination of storytelling and informational approaches to achieve their goals. Persuasion Persuasion is a term derived from the Latin word \"persuadere.\" Persuasive speaking aims to change the audience's beliefs and is commonly used in political debates. Leaders use such public forums in an attempt to persuade their audience, whether they be the general public or government officials. Persuasive speaking involves four essential elements: (i) the speaker or persuader; (ii) the audience; (iii) the speaking method; and (iv) the message the speaker is trying to convey. When attempting to persuade an audience to change their opinions, a speaker appeals to their emotions and beliefs. Various techniques exist for speakers to gain audience support. Speakers can demand action from the audience, use inclusive language like 'we' and 'us' to create unity between the speaker and the audience, and choose words with strong connotations to intensify a message's impact. Rhetorical questions, anecdotes, generalizations, exaggerations, metaphors, and",
"title": "Public speaking"
},
{
"docid": "32609",
"text": "Vocal loading is the stress inflicted on the speech organs when speaking for long periods. Background Of the working population, about 13% have professions where their voice is their primary tool. That includes professions such as teachers, sales personnel, actors and singers, and TV and radio reporters. Many of them, especially teachers, suffer from voice-related medical problems. In a larger scope, this involves millions of sick-leave days every year, for example, both in the US and the European Union. Still, research in vocal loading has often been treated as a minor subject. Voice organ Voiced speech is produced by air streaming from the lungs through the vocal cords, setting them into an oscillating movement. In every oscillation, the vocal folds are closed for a short period of time. When the folds reopen the pressure under the folds is released. These changes in pressure form the waves called (voiced) speech. Loading on tissue in vocal folds The fundamental frequency of speech for an average male is around 110 Hz and for an average female around 220 Hz. That means that for voiced sounds the vocal folds will hit together 110 or 220 times a second, respectively. Suppose then that a female is speaking continuously for an hour. Of this time perhaps five minutes is voiced speech. The folds will then hit together more than 30 thousand times an hour. It is intuitively clear that the vocal fold tissue will experience some tiring due to this large number of hits. Vocal loading also includes other kinds of strain on the speech organs. These include all kinds of muscular strain in the speech organs, similarly as usage of any other muscles will experience strain if used for an extended period of time. However, researchers' largest interest lies in stress exerted on the vocal folds. Effect of speaking environment Several studies in vocal loading show that the speaking environment does have a significant impact on vocal loading. Still, the exact details are debated. Most scientists agree on the effect of the following environmental properties: air humidity - dry air is thought to increase the stress experienced in the vocal folds, however, this has not been proven hydration - dehydration may increase effects of stress inflicted on the vocal folds background noise - people tend to speak louder when background noise is present, even when it isn't necessary. Increasing speaking volume increases stress inflicted on the vocal folds pitch - Using a higher or lower pitch than normal will also increase laryngeal stress. voice quality - Using a vocal quality which differs from that habitually used is thought to increase laryngeal stress. In addition, smoking and other types of air pollution might have a negative effect on voice production organs. Symptoms Objective evaluation or measurement of vocal loading is very difficult due to the tight coupling of the experienced psychological and physiological stress. However, there are some typical symptoms that can be objectively measured. Firstly, the pitch range of the voice will decrease. Pitch range",
"title": "Vocal loading"
},
{
"docid": "5225",
"text": "In communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another form, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a communication channel or storage in a storage medium. An early example is an invention of language, which enabled a person, through speech, to communicate what they thought, saw, heard, or felt to others. But speech limits the range of communication to the distance a voice can carry and limits the audience to those present when the speech is uttered. The invention of writing, which converted spoken language into visual symbols, extended the range of communication across space and time. The process of encoding converts information from a source into symbols for communication or storage. Decoding is the reverse process, converting code symbols back into a form that the recipient understands, such as English or/and Spanish. One reason for coding is to enable communication in places where ordinary plain language, spoken or written, is difficult or impossible. For example, semaphore, where the configuration of flags held by a signaler or the arms of a semaphore tower encodes parts of the message, typically individual letters, and numbers. Another person standing a great distance away can interpret the flags and reproduce the words sent. Theory In information theory and computer science, a code is usually considered as an algorithm that uniquely represents symbols from some source alphabet, by encoded strings, which may be in some other target alphabet. An extension of the code for representing sequences of symbols over the source alphabet is obtained by concatenating the encoded strings. Before giving a mathematically precise definition, this is a brief example. The mapping is a code, whose source alphabet is the set and whose target alphabet is the set . Using the extension of the code, the encoded string 0011001 can be grouped into codewords as 0 011 0 01, and these in turn can be decoded to the sequence of source symbols acab. Using terms from formal language theory, the precise mathematical definition of this concept is as follows: let S and T be two finite sets, called the source and target alphabets, respectively. A code is a total function mapping each symbol from S to a sequence of symbols over T. The extension of , is a homomorphism of into , which naturally maps each sequence of source symbols to a sequence of target symbols. Variable-length codes In this section, we consider codes that encode each source (clear text) character by a code word from some dictionary, and concatenation of such code words give us an encoded string. Variable-length codes are especially useful when clear text characters have different probabilities; see also entropy encoding. A prefix code is a code with the \"prefix property\": there is no valid code word in the system that is a prefix (start) of any other valid code word in the set. Huffman coding is the most known algorithm for deriving prefix codes. Prefix codes",
"title": "Code"
},
{
"docid": "11954761",
"text": "William Shakespeare's style of writing was borrowed from the conventions of the day and adapted to his needs. Overview William Shakespeare's first plays were written in the conventional style of the day. He wrote them in a stylised language that does not always spring naturally from the needs of the characters or the drama. The poetry depends on extended, elaborate metaphors and conceits, and the language is often rhetorical—written for actors to declaim rather than speak. For example, the grand speeches in Titus Andronicus, in the view of some critics, often hold up the action, while the verse in The Two Gentlemen of Verona has been described as stilted. Soon, however, William Shakespeare began to adapt the traditional styles to his own purposes. The opening soliloquy of Richard III has its roots in the self-declaration of Vice in medieval drama. At the same time, Richard's vivid self-awareness looks forward to the soliloquies of Shakespeare's mature plays. No single play marks a change from the traditional to the freer style. Shakespeare combined the two throughout his career, with Romeo and Juliet perhaps the best example of the mixing of the styles. By the time of Romeo and Juliet, Richard II, and A Midsummer Night's Dream in the mid-1590s, Shakespeare had begun to write a more natural poetry. He increasingly tuned his metaphors and images to the needs of the drama itself. Shakespeare's standard poetic form was blank verse, composed in iambic pentameter with clever use of puns and imagery. In practice, this meant that his verse was usually unrhymed and consisted of ten syllables to a line, spoken with a stress on every second syllable. The blank verse of his early plays is quite different from that of his later ones. It is often beautiful, but its sentences tend to start, pause, and finish at the end of lines, with the risk of monotony. Once Shakespeare mastered traditional blank verse, he began to interrupt and vary its flow. This technique releases the new power and flexibility of the poetry in plays such as Julius Caesar and Hamlet. Shakespeare uses it, for example, to convey the turmoil in Hamlet's mind: After Hamlet, Shakespeare varied his poetic style further, particularly in the more emotional passages of the late tragedies. The literary critic A. C. Bradley described this style as \"more concentrated, rapid, varied, and, in construction, less regular, not seldom twisted or elliptical\". In the last phase of his career, Shakespeare adopted many techniques to achieve these effects. These included enjambments, irregular pauses and stops, and extreme variations in sentence structure and length. In Macbeth, for example, the language darts from one unrelated metaphor or simile to another in one of Lady Macbeth's well-known speeches: And in Macbeth's preceding speech: The audience is challenged to complete the sense. The late romances, with their shifts in time and surprising turns of plot, inspired a last poetic style in which long and short sentences are set against one another, clauses are piled up, subject and",
"title": "Shakespeare's writing style"
},
{
"docid": "2481666",
"text": "In Greek comedy, the parabasis (plural parabases; , plural: ) is a point in the play when all of the actors leave the stage and the chorus is left to address the audience directly. The chorus partially or completely abandons its dramatic role, to step forward (parabasis) and talk to the audience on a topic completely irrelevant to the subject of the play. Structure A parabasis usually consists of three songs (S) alternating with three speeches (s) (or recitatives) in the order S-s-S-s-S-s. The first speech, or parabasis proper - generally in anapaest - often ends with a passage which is to be rattled off very quickly (theoretically in one breath - called a πνῖγος – pnigos). Examples In The Knights, we find Aristophanes offers a survey of the Athenian comic tradition, thereby enhancing his own role: “if one of the old comic poets had tried to force us Knights to address the public in the parabasis he wouldn’t have got away with so lightly. But this time the poet is worthy...”. In the play The Wasps by the same author, the first parabasis is about Aristophanes' career as a playwright to date; while the second parabasis is shorter, and contains a string of in-jokes about local characters who would be well known to the ancient Athenian audience (e.g. the politician Cleon). Authorial voice The chorus in the parabasis sometimes uses its own voice, sometimes that of the play's author, to address the audience. How far the latter is to be taken as ‘authentic’ is a matter for debate. The old view was that Aristophanes is speaking directly to his fellow-Athenians in the parabasis; and that as a result, as Northrop Frye put it, “his opinions on every subject are written all over his plays”. A postmodern interpretation would see the authorial voice as metatheatrical, offering a parody of rhetorical debating points, rather than unmediated criticism. Decline The parabasis is exclusively a feature of Old Comedy, and its decline can be charted in the plays of Aristophanes. The second parabasis is gradually abandoned, the chorus ceases to speak out of character in the parabasis itself, and finally the latter is abandoned altogether. Where the diminishment in the role of the chorus was traditionally linked to the financial pressures of wartime, more recently Stephen Halliwell has preferred to see the decline in terms of theatrical evolution. See also References Further reading Aristotle, Poetics. Feder, Lillian, The Handbook of Classical Literature, (uniform title: Meridian Handbook of Classical Literature), New York : Da Capo Press, 1998. . Cf. especially the articles on \"Comedy\", \"The Clouds\", pp.100-105. Freund, Philip, The Birth of Theatre, London : Peter Owen, 2003. . Cf. Chapter 6, Greek Laughter Gassner, John, and Quinn, Edward, [editors], The Reader's Encyclopedia of World Drama, New York, Crowell, 1969. Cf. article on \"Comedy\", p.140 Harsh, Philip Whaley, A Handbook of Classical Drama, Stanford University, Calif., Stanford university press; London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944. Cf. Chapter V, Introduction to Old Comedy. Harsh,",
"title": "Parabasis"
},
{
"docid": "1395130",
"text": "\"Tryst with Destiny\" was an English-language speech by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, to the Indian Constituent Assembly in the Parliament House, on the eve of India's Independence, towards midnight on 14 August 1947. The speech spoke on the aspects that transcended Indian history. It is considered to be one of the greatest speeches of the 20th century and to be a landmark oration that captures the essence of the triumphant culmination of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule in India. He declared the end of the colonial era and called on citizens to recognize the promise and opportunity of the moment:\"Long years ago, we made a tryst with destiny. Now the time has come when we shall redeem our pledge - not wholly or in full measure - but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance.\"His speech went on to pay homage to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts in the Independence Movement and called upon his countrymen to work together to\"...bring freedom and opportunity to the common man, to the peasants and workers of India; to fight and end poverty and ignorance and disease; to build up a prosperous, democratic and progressive nation, and to create social, economic and political institutions which will ensure justice and fullness of life to every man and woman.\"The declaration ends with an exhortation to work together in the common weal and cautions against narrow sectarian or religious divisiveness:\"All of us, to whatever religion we may belong, are equally the children of India with equal rights, privileges and obligations. We cannot encourage communalism or narrow-mindedness, for no nation can be great whose people are narrow in thought or in action.\" Popular culture The speech is referenced in the 1998 Hindi film Earth directed by Deepa Mehta. The film portrays the main characters listening to the speech over the radio, against the backdrop of the Hindu-Muslim riots following the Partition of India. This provides an interesting juxtaposition between the realities of Partition and the optimism that followed Independence. Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi, a Hindi film by Sudhir Mishra that portrayed the political and social turbulence of the late 1960s and the '70s in India contains a clip of the speech and the narrative voice speaks of the souring of Nehru's dream within two decades of Independence. In the 2000 film Hey Ram directed by Kamal Haasan, parts of the speech are heard in the background providing the audience a timeline of the happenings in the movie. The book Midnight's Children by Salman Rushdie has a reference to this speech as does the novel Train to Pakistan by Khushwant Singh. The speech is sampled by trance artist John 00 Fleming in the album One Hundred Ten WKO during the",
"title": "Tryst with Destiny"
},
{
"docid": "40857337",
"text": "Ethopoeia (ee-tho-po-EE-ya) is the ancient Greek term for the creation of a character. Ethopoeia was a technique used by early students of rhetoric in order to create a successful speech or oration by impersonating a subject or client. Ethopoeia contains elements of both ethos and pathos and this is noticeable in the three divisions of ethopoeia. These three divisions are pathetical (dealing with emotions), ethical (dealing with character) and mixed (a combination of both emotion and character). It is essential to impersonation, one of the fourteen progymnasmata exercises created for the early schools of rhetoric. Definition Ethopoeia, derived from the Greek ethos (character) and poeia (representation), is the ability to capture the ideas, words, and style of delivery suited to the person for whom an address is written. It also involves adapting a speech to the exact conditions under which it is to be spoken. In fact, while the argument can be made that the act of impersonating words, ideas and style to an audience is the most important factor of ethopoeia, the audience and situational context have a huge impact on whether the technique will actually work. A rhetor has to make sure they are impersonating a character the audience will find appealing. The rhetor also has to make sure the character they are playing is the right one for the situation they find themselves in. Finally, ethopoeia is the art of discovering the exact lines of argument that will turn the case against the opponent. Ethopoeia is largely related to impersonation, a progymnasmata exercise in which early students of rhetoric would compose a dialogue in the style of a person they chose to portray. These dialogues were often dramatic in nature, using description and emotional language where appropriate, fitting the speech to the character of the speaker and the circumstances. Views Renowned philosopher Aristotle held a view that ethopoeia was something that every rhetor engaged in. This view wasn’t one shared by many; people at the time seemed to mostly associate the rhetoric strategy with speech and play writers. Aristotle also viewed ethopoeia as an action that took not only the past into consideration, but also the present. A rhetor would be able to construct a persona based on similar characters' past actions but ethopoeia is an action that takes place in the present. A rhetor has to be able to impersonate on the fly. Aristotle also noted the importance of concealment. The element of concealment is very useful in ethopoeia’s ability to win over an audience and be an effective form of rhetoric. An audience is less likely to fall victim to the charm of ethopoeia if they are actively aware that a form of impersonating is going on. Overall, Aristotle’s view of the technique didn’t seem to take into consideration the risks of it, most notably the notion of trickery. Aristotle’s teacher, Plato, did not overlook this negative connotation. Plato viewed ethopoeia as a strategy of deceit and trickery. He looked at it as though it",
"title": "Ethopoeia"
},
{
"docid": "1637999",
"text": "Extemporaneous Speaking (Extemp, or EXT) is a speech delivery style/speaking style, and a term that identifies a specific forensic competition. The competition is a speech event based on research and original analysis, done with a limited-preparation; in the United States those competitions are held for high school and college students. In a Extemporaneous Speech competition, enrolled participants prepare for thirty minutes on a question related to current events and then give a seven-minute speech responding to that question. The extemporaneous speaking delivery style, referred to as \"off-the-cuff\", is a type of delivery method for a public presentation, that was carefully prepared and practiced but not memorized. Extemporaneous speech is considered to have elements of two other types of speeches, the manuscript (written text that can be read or memorized) and the impromptu (making remarks with little to no preparation). When searching for \"extemporaneous\", the person will find that \"impromptu\" is a synonym for \"extemporaneous\". However, for speech delivery styles, this is not the case. An extemporaneous speech is planned and practiced, but when delivered, is not read. Presenters will normally rely on small notes or outlines with key points. This type of delivery style is recommended because audiences perceive it as more conversational, natural, and spontaneous, and it will be delivered in a slightly different manner each time, because it’s not memorized. Strategies for extemporaneous speaking Speakers may find it challenging to deliver a speech using extemporaneous speech style in order to make the delivery organized, conversational, and responsive to the audience and context. An extemporaneous delivery will require that the speaker use a limited number of notes, and avoid a read or memorized presentation; instead, the speaker should practice and rehearse as many times as needed to become familiar with the subject and deliver the content using their own words and a conversational style. A conversational style is engaging for the audience, while the organization allows for greater understanding of the topic. The first couple of times the speech is rehearsed, speakers may stumble and forget words or what order to follow. Because of this, it is recommended that speakers practice multiple times well in advance of the speech event. Practice should be realistic, replicating the speaking event as closely as possible (using presentation aids and technology, including an audience, the size of the room, mic, etc.). As such, it is imperative that speakers practice with their speaker notes, allowing for familiarity and adjustments to be made so they are useful at a glance. Therefore, practicing the speech out loud is better than silently because it will help master the content being presented. Knowing how to create an outline for an extemporaneous speech helps speakers remember the order that should be followed, a word that the speaker might find it difficult to pronounce or main topics of the speech. An outline used for an extemporaneous speech can be called a \"working outline\" and it consists of three main sections, the introduction, body, and conclusion. Transitions should also be used",
"title": "Extemporaneous speaking"
},
{
"docid": "156592",
"text": "A puppeteer is a person who manipulates an inanimate object called a puppet to create the illusion that the puppet is alive. The puppet is often shaped like a human, animal, or legendary creature. The puppeteer may be visible to or hidden from the audience. Description Performing as a puppeteer can be physically demanding. A puppeteer can operate a puppet indirectly by the use of strings, rods, wires, electronics or directly by their own hands placed inside the puppet or holding it externally or any other part of the body- such as the legs. Some puppet styles require two or more puppeteers to work together to create a single puppet character. The puppeteer's role is to manipulate the physical object in such a manner that the audience believes the object is imbued with life. In some instances, the persona of the puppeteer is also an important feature, as with ventriloquist's dummy performers, in which the puppeteer and the human figure-styled puppet appear onstage together, and in theatre shows like Avenue Q. The puppeteer might speak in the role of the puppet's character, synchronising the movements of the puppet's mouth. However, there is much puppetry which does not use the moving mouth (which is a lip-sync innovation created originally for television where close-ups are popular). Often, in theatre, a moveable mouth is used only for gestural expression, or speech might be produced by a non-moving mouth. In traditional glove puppetry often one puppeteer will operate two puppets at a time out of a cast of several. Much work is produced without any speech at all with all the emphasis on movement. In a shadow play, only the shadows of the puppet are seen on a screen positioned between the puppets and the audience. The relationship between the puppeteer and the puppet-maker is similar to that between an actor and a playwright, in cases where a puppet-maker designs a puppet for a puppeteer. Very often, though, the puppeteer assumes the joint roles of puppet-maker, director, designer, writer and performer. In this case a puppeteer is a more complete theatre practitioner than is the case with other theatre forms, in which one person writes a play, another person directs it, and then actors perform the lines and gestures. Puppetry is a complex medium sometimes consisting of live performance, sometimes contributing to stop frame puppet animation, and film where performances might be technically processed as motion capture, CGI or as virtual puppetry. See also Adult puppeteering Dhalang Machinima creators call themselves puppeteers Puppet Puppetry UNIMA World Puppetry Day Kenya Institute of Puppet Theatre (KIPT) Sockpuppet (Internet) References External links Puppeteers Theatre Performing arts",
"title": "Puppeteer"
},
{
"docid": "1472576",
"text": "Visible Speech is a system of phonetic symbols developed by British linguist Alexander Melville Bell in 1867 to represent the position of the speech organs in articulating sounds. Bell was known internationally as a teacher of speech and proper elocution and an author of books on the subject. The system is composed of symbols that show the position and movement of the throat, tongue, and lips as they produce the sounds of language, and it is a type of phonetic notation. The system was used to aid the deaf in learning to speak. In 1864, Melville promoted his first works on Visible Speech, in order to help the deaf both learn and improve upon their speech (since the profoundly deaf could not hear their own pronunciation). To help promote the system, Bell created two written short forms using his system of 29 modifiers and tones, 52 consonants, 36 vowels and a dozen diphthongs: they were named World English, which was similar to the International Phonetic Alphabet, and also Line Writing, used as a shorthand form for stenographers. Melville's works on Visible Speech became highly notable, and were described by Édouard Séguin as being \"...a greater invention than the telephone by his son, Alexander Graham Bell\". Melville saw numerous applications for his invention, including its worldwide use as a universal language. However, although heavily promoted at the Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf in Milan, Italy in 1880, after a period of a dozen years or so in which it was applied to the education of the deaf, Visible Speech was found to be more cumbersome, and thus a hindrance, to the teaching of speech to the deaf, compared to other methods, and eventually faded from use. Bell's son Alexander Graham Bell learned the symbols, assisted his father in giving public demonstrations of the system and mastered it to the point that he later improved upon his father's work. Eventually, Alexander Graham Bell became a powerful advocate of Visible Speech and oralism in the United States. The money he earned from his patent of the telephone and the sale of his Volta Laboratory patents helped him to pursue this mission. The early years In 1867, Alexander Melville Bell published the book Visible Speech: The Science of Universal Alphabetics. This book contains information about the system of symbols he created that, when used to write words, indicated pronunciation so accurately, that it could even reflect regional accents. A person reading a piece of text handwritten in Melville Bell's system of characters could accurately reproduce a sentence the way it would be spoken by someone with a foreign or regional accent. In his demonstrations, Melville Bell employed his son, Alexander Graham Bell to read from the visible speech transcript of the volunteer's spoken words and would astound the audience by saying it back exactly as the volunteer had spoken it. A few samples of the writing system invented by Melville Bell may be seen in the images on this page. These",
"title": "Visible Speech"
},
{
"docid": "60440836",
"text": "Oral skills are speech enhancers that are used to produce clear sentences that are intelligible to an audience. Oral skills are used to enhance the clarity of speech for effective communication. Communication is the transmission of messages and the correct interpretation of information between people. The production speech is insisted by the respiration of air from the lungs that initiates the vibrations in the vocal cords. The cartilages in the larynx adjust the shape, position and tension of the vocal cords. Speech enhancers are used to improve the clarity and pronunciation of speech for correct interpretation of speech. The articulation of voice enhances the resonance of speech and enables people to speak intelligibly. Speaking at a moderate pace and using clear pronunciation improves the phonation of sounds. The term \"phonation\" means the process to produce intelligible sounds for the correct interpretation of speech. Speaking in a moderate tone enables the audience to process the information word for word. Speech production Speech is produced from the vibrations in the vocal cords. The lungs, vocal cords and larynx play an important role in speech production. The lungs draws in air to produce vibrations in the vocal cords. The movement and shape of the vocal fords determines the pitch of sounds. The larynx consists of nine cartilages that assists the vocal cords to produce sound. Producing clear speech is important for effective communication. Lungs The lungs pump air to the vocal folds initiating air pressure. This creates vibrations in the vocal cords to produce sound. During breathing and speaking, air is exhaled out of the lungs. The pressure of the air opens the vocal cords. The expanding of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles builds high pressure in the thoracic cavity. This causes unbalanced air pressure between the inside and the outside of the body. Thus, the air pressure reaches equilibrium when the air is exhaled. Vocal cords Vibrations in the vocal cords is achieved by the accelerated movements of the opening and closing of the glottis. Sound is produced from this movement as air is expired from the lungs. The size of the opening of the glottis can determine the pitch of sounds. A larger opening of the glottis produces a low pitch tone and a smaller opening of the glottis produces a high pitch tone. The contraction and relaxation of the vocal cords also impacts the pitch of sound. The length and the force of the vocal cords impacts the vibrations of the vocal cords. The longer and relaxed the vocal cord are, the slower they vibrate and in turn produces a lower pitch sound. Larynx The larynx (voice box) is located in the throat. The larynx produces an open airway when breathing and a mechanism for sound production. The larynx is contains the vocal cords and nine cartilages (gristle) that are connected by membranes and ligaments. The large cartilage ring (thyroid cartilage) is located at the upper part of the larynx. The large cartilage is composed of two bands that",
"title": "Oral skills"
},
{
"docid": "725692",
"text": "The Will Rogers Follies is a musical with a book by Peter Stone, lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, and music by Cy Coleman. It focuses on the life and career of humorist and performer Will Rogers, using as a backdrop the Ziegfeld Follies, which he often headlined, and describes episodes in his life in the form of production numbers. The Rogers character also performs rope tricks in between scenes. The revue contains snippets of Rogers' \"homespun\" style of wisdom. Synopsis Act I Rogers frequently speaks directly to the audience and to Florenz Ziegfeld himself, who often interjects to question the progress of the show and to give some directorial advice. After introducing the audience to his friends and family, Rogers discusses leaving home at 19 to become a cowboy in Argentina. Ziegfeld tells Rogers that he must \"meet the girl\". Although Rogers met Betty Blake at a train station, Ziegfeld creates a more \"theatrical\" meeting by having her lowered romantically from the Moon. Because Betty is eager to marry Rogers, the show moves forward several years to a time when Rogers is playing in a small Wild West revue. The couple is about to be married, but Ziegfeld interrupts, saying that the wedding has to be delayed, because it must occur in the first act finale. So, as Rogers' success continues to grow, he and Betty travel around the country performing and produce four children. Rogers gets his big break when he is invited to join the Ziegfeld Follies and, by the early 1910s, he is a big vaudeville and radio star. He is about to leave for Hollywood to start a career in film, when it is at last time for the finale and the wedding. Act II Rogers is at the zenith of his popularity, the country's biggest and highest paid star of every medium of his time– stage, screen, radio, newspapers, and public appearances– and is even asked to run for president. This doesn't leave him much time for Betty, and she begins to feel neglected and starts singing the blues. Rogers comes home with \"a treasury of precious jewels,\" and all is forgiven. The good mood doesn't last long, however, as bill collectors and creditors come knocking at the door. Ziegfeld has lost his fortune, and the Great Depression is in full swing. Herbert Hoover asks Rogers to give a speech to the nation. Rogers also reconciles with his estranged father. The show ends with the fatal plane ride in Alaska that Rogers shares with Wiley Post, a character whose cheerful invitation, \"Let's go flyin' Will!\" is heard throughout the show. Songs Act I Prelude - \"Let's Go Flying\" - Chorus \"Will-a-Mania\" - Ziegfeld's Favorite and Chorus \"Give a Man Enough Rope\" - Will and Ziegfeld's cowboys \"It's a Boy!\" - Clem and Girls Sextet (Will's sisters) \"It's a Boy! (Reprise)\" - Clem \"My Unknown Someone\" - Betty Blake \"The St. Louis Fair\" - Girls Sextet (Betty's sisters) \"The Big Time\" - Will, Betty,",
"title": "The Will Rogers Follies"
},
{
"docid": "3459898",
"text": "Sheldon is a comedy webcomic created by Dave Kellett. It centers on the odd family unit of 10-year-old Sheldon, his grandfather guardian and his talking duck, Arthur. Much humour is character-based, often joking at traits such as Sheldon's geekiness, Gramp's old age or Arthur's over-inflated ego. Kellett's other webcomic, Drive, had appeared on the Sheldon site each Saturday, before moving to a site of its own. Overview Sheldon is based on light character-based humor. Pop-culture references are frequent. The comic consists of a mixture of short story arcs and stand-alone strips which, although most typically are four-panel strips, vary in size and format. The strip employs breaking of the fourth wall on occasion with characters speaking \"to camera\". A narrative voice, delivered through captions and other text, is also frequent. Characters Sheldon: is a smart and geeky ten-year-old kid. In early years of the comic Sheldon was a genius billionaire having founded with his own software company: Sheldonsoft. A running joke in the strip was that boy genius often forgets about his company, preferring to concern himself with more everyday affairs. Over time, references to this aspect of his character diminished, with modern strips omitting it altogether, depicting Sheldo as an ordinary (if extremely nerdy) ten-year-old boy. Gramp: Sheldon is raised by his grandfather, Gramp, an older man who's not sure what to make of his grandson's billions. Now retired, Gramp tries to keep up with the modern world. He also struggles with a coffee addiction. His real first name (revealed in the October 29th, 2012 strip) is Seamus. Arthur: A duck who learned to talk when Sheldon downloaded an encyclopedia and some speech-recognition software into his head. Sarcastic and cocky, Arthur is constantly getting into trouble at home and at the Sheldonsoft offices. Unlike Sheldon, he's captivated with the Sheldonsoft billions, and constantly has visions of shopping sprees at The Sharper Image. Some of Arthur's alter-egos include \"The Duck\", a superhero, and \"Rex Chestington\", a pug-riding cowboy. In daily life, Arthur is often found sitting on lampshades for no other reason than to keep his ducky behind warm. It is known throughout the strip that Arthur has a deep hatred for chickens, and a strong desire for pancakes, Shakira, Jessica Simpson, and Catherine Zeta-Jones. The strip also features a small collection of supporting characters, the principal four which are: Flaco: Thinking he was hatching an abandoned duck egg, Arthur became father to Flaco, a common North American lizard. Most storylines have him playing second-fiddle to his duck \"father\", but in one extended plotline, he became a Hollywood producer for CSI. He has also won the Pentathlon in the Olympics, earned a Mexican pilot's license, gone to space as a cosmonaut from Baikonur, and dated Betty White in São Paulo. Flaco speaks in a characteristic \"squee\" sound, which only Arthur can understand (other characters have described Flaco's voice as \"...a series of high-pitched helium balloons\"). Oso: is Sheldon's pet pug, a whirlwind of energy. Oso was given to Sheldon as",
"title": "Sheldon (webcomic)"
},
{
"docid": "39248671",
"text": "Constitutive rhetoric is a theory of discourse devised by James Boyd White about the capacity of language or symbols to create a collective identity for an audience, especially by means of condensation symbols, literature, and narratives. Such discourse often demands that action be taken to reinforce the identity and the beliefs of that identity. White explains that it denotes \"the art of constituting character, community and culture in language.\" Development of constitutive rhetorical theory The constitutive model of rhetoric dates back to the ancient Greek Sophists, with theories that speech moved audiences to action based on a contingent, shared knowledge. Kenneth Burke contributed to the theory of constitutive rhetoric by highlighting identification, rather than persuasion, as the major means by which language functioned. Burke contended that social identity is founded \"spontaneously, intuitively, even unconsciously.\" Edwin Black's theory of the second persona also aided scholars in rhetoric to analyze the imagined shared values and beliefs between speaker and audience through textual analysis. Audience must adopt a particular ethos prior to being persuaded by constitutive rhetoric, thus the ethos of the subject of discourse can be critically studied and interpreted through a text. While these theorists all contributed to the theory of constitutive rhetoric, James Boyd White was the first to coin the term. In 1985, he explained that the term \"constitutive rhetoric\" described rhetoric that called a common, collective identity into existence. White wrote that persuasion and identification occur only when audiences already understand and relate to method and content. Thus, speech happens within culture, and speakers adapt messages to reflect the ideas and views of a community. When speeches address a diverse crowd as though they are of one community, White describes this as \"calling [identity] into being\" through material identification. According to White, there are two methods of convincing an audience that they belong to an identity. The first is peithõ, persuasion, and the second is deceitful manipulation, or dolos. Using peithõ, speakers convince audiences of shared identity openly and honestly. Dolos creates belonging through deceit. In 1987, Maurice Charland further emphasized the importance of the narrative and Marxist theory He observed, \"While classical narratives have an ending, constitutive rhetorics leave the task of narrative closure to their constituted subjects\". Charland's theory draws from Burke and the philosopher Louis Althusser. Althusser explained interpellation, or \"hailing\", as the social phenomenon of a mass audience having already been \"recruited\" by an ideology. Ideologies create subjects of discourse for persuasion by further discourse. In other words, \"the very existence of social subjects (who would become audience members) is already a rhetorical effect.\" Political speeches, manifestos, and resistance movements participate in this type of discourse, to establish an identity and a call to action within that identity. A leader's speech calling a \"nation\" to war establishes a national identity within the discourse or text. A feminist speaking on women's right establishes the identity of the \"woman\". An African-American protesting during the Civil Rights Movement established an \"African-American\" identity. Every audience member may take",
"title": "Constitutive rhetoric"
},
{
"docid": "33836683",
"text": "The following is a list of recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced between October 3, 1981, and May 22, 1982, the seventh season of SNL. Tyrone Green, Prose and Cons An Eddie Murphy sketch. Debuted October 3, 1981. A Few Minutes with Andy Rooney A parody of the \"A Few Minutes with Andy Rooney\" segments on the newsmagazine TV program 60 Minutes with Joe Piscopo impersonating Andy Rooney. Debuted October 3, 1981. Appearances The Bizarro World A parody of the world of the same name featured in DC Comics, the sketch features characters who all have big ears and speak with a vocoded effect on their voices and everyone does the complete opposite (e.g.: \"Goodbye\" is \"Hello\" and vice versa) List of appearances: October 10, 1981 \"Bizzaro President\" (Host: Susan St. James) February 20, 1982 \"Bizarro Broadcasting Company\" (Host: Bruce Dern) Buckwheat The Our Gang character of Buckwheat, portrayed as an adult by Eddie Murphy, sang current hits in garbled speech. His first appearance, on October 10, 1981, was in a commercial parody for an album titled, Buh-Weet Sings. Right before each song, subtitles on the screen would list the title, spelled phonetically exactly as Buckwheat would say it (example: \"Lookin' for Love\" became \"Wookin' Pa Nub\" and \"Three Times a Lady\" became \"Fee Tines a Mady\"). One song, \"Bette Davis Eyes\" is so poorly pronounced that the superimposed title is \"???\". Those who wanted to purchase the album were instructed to send money to \"Bah Firty Fee, New Nork, New Nork\". The character was also the central focus of a series of sketches called \"Who Shot Buckwheat?\", which parodied the then-recent TV coverage of assassinations and attempted assassinations of public figures, such as the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan and the murder of John Lennon, as well as the \"Who Shot J.R.?\" storyline on the television series Dallas. Appearances Paulette Clooney A Robin Duke sketch. Debuted October 10, 1981. Appearances Velvet Jones Eddie Murphy plays an entrepreneurial pimp and author of the book \"I Wanna Be A Ho\". Debuted on October 17, 1981. Appearances Vic Salukin A Tony Rosato sketch. Debuted October 31, 1981. Pudge & Solomon In this 1980s sketch, two grizzled barflies were played by Joe Piscopo and Eddie Murphy. Piscopo's character played the piano. Debuted January 30, 1982. Appearances Dr. Jack Badofsky Dr. Jack Badofsky was played by Tim Kazurinsky in a series of appearances on SNL Newsbreak or Saturday Night News (the monikers for Weekend Update during the Ebersol years). The doctor would inform the audience about different strains of diseases like influenza or rabies, and each strain would be a rhyming pun (i.e. \"Should you be bitten by an ownerless dog, that’s Straybies, and a foaming French poodle can give you Qu'est-ce Que-C'estbies\"). Badofsky stuttered in a timid, wavering tone, suggesting the sort of \"ultra uptight\" and extremely introverted character he was supposed to be, when thrust into the spotlight. There is, indeed, a real Jack Badofsky. He collaborated with Kazurinsky",
"title": "Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 1981–82"
},
{
"docid": "630966",
"text": "A heckler is a person who harasses and tries to disconcert others with questions, challenges, or gibes. Hecklers are often known to shout discouraging comments at a performance or event, or to interrupt set-piece speeches, with the intent of disturbing performers and/or participants. Origin Although the word heckler, which originated from the textile trade, was first attested in the mid-15th century, its use as \"person who harasses\" is from 1885. To heckle was to tease or comb out flax or hemp fibres. The additional meaning, to interrupt speakers with awkward or embarrassing questions, was first used in Scotland, and specifically in early 19th century Dundee, a town where the hecklers who combed the flax had established a reputation as the most belligerent element in the workforce. In the heckling factory, one heckler would read out the day's news while the others worked, to the accompaniment of interruptions and furious debate. Heckling was a major part of the vaudeville theater. Sometimes it was incorporated into the play. Milton Berle's weekly TV variety series in the 1960s featured a heckler named Sidney Spritzer (German/Yiddish for 'squirter') played by Borscht Belt comic Irving Benson. In the 1970s and 1980s, The Muppet Show, which was also built around a vaudeville theme, featured two hecklers, Statler and Waldorf (two old men named after famous hotels). Heckles are now particularly likely to be heard at comedy performances, to unsettle or compete with the performer. Politics Politicians speaking before live audiences have less latitude to deal with hecklers. In the early 1930s, before becoming Premier of Ontario, Mitchell Hepburn stood on top of a manure spreader, apologizing to the crowd for speaking from a Tory platform, at which someone in the crowd shouted, \"Well, wind 'er up Mitch, she's never carried a bigger load!\" Legally, such conduct may constitute protected free speech. Strategically, coarse or belittling retorts to hecklers entail personal risk disproportionate to any gain. Some politicians, however, have been known to improvise a relevant and witty response despite these pitfalls. One acknowledged expert at this was Harold Wilson, British Prime Minister in the 1960s: Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 \"I Have a Dream\" speech was largely a response to supporter Mahalia Jackson interrupting his prepared speech to shout \"Tell them about the dream, Martin\". At that point, King stopped reading from his previously prepared speech and improvised the remainder of the speech—this improvised portion of the speech is the best-known part of the speech and frequently rated as one of the best of all time. During a campaign stop just before winning the Presidency in 1980, Ronald Reagan was heckled by an audience member who kept interrupting him during a speech. Reagan tried to go on with his speech three times, but after being interrupted yet again glared at the heckler and snapped \"Aw, shut up!\" The audience immediately gave him a standing ovation. In 1992, then-Presidential candidate Bill Clinton was interrupted by Bob Rafsky, a member of the AIDS activism group ACT UP, who",
"title": "Heckler"
},
{
"docid": "60620051",
"text": "Constance Evadine Matthews (August 3, 1943 - 1993), better known as Connie Matthews, was an organizer, a part of the Black Panther Party between 1968 and 1971. A resident of Denmark, she helped co-ordinate the Black Panthers with left-wing political groups based in Europe. Black Panther Party Organizer Matthews was born in Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica on August 3, 1943. As an adult, she had studied in London and Vienna and had obtained a master's degree in psychology. Matthews worked for the International Folk Music Council in Copenhagen, Denmark, 1967–1969. She first became involved with the Panthers in 1968. In May 1969, Matthews was officially designated by the Panthers as their \"International Coordinator\", and was \"authorised to mobilise to carry out demonstrations of support, raise funds, and inform the peoples of Scandinavia about poor black and oppressed peoples' revolutionary struggle from the Panthers' vanguard position\". In early 1969, Matthews organised a tour of Black Panther Party leaders Bobby Seale and Raymond Hewitt around Northern Europe, with the goal being to network with left-wing European political groups and raise funds for the \"Free Huey\" campaign, which sought to see Huey Newton released from prison. The tour was considered a success and Matthews was commended by the Panthers' central committee for her work, leading her to become more involved with the party. Matthews continued to build a base of support for the Panthers in Europe. Matthews was also responsible for recruiting French Intellectual Jean Genet, persuading him to travel to the United States for an extended tour where he took part in the \"Free Huey\" campaign. In February 1970 Matthews was a part of a tour of the United Kingdom, intended to strengthen bonds between the Black Panther Party and the Black Power Movement growing in Britain at the time. Hailing from Jamaica, a commonwealth nation, and having studied in London, Matthews was capable of speaking in a British manner, if not a British accent. However, during the tour, she spoke in a style more in line with the way the American Black Panthers spoke. Speaking to British Black Panthers, She was also critical of the direction they were going, telling them that they needed to work with non-black liberals and socialists instead of dividing into \"sixteen organisations which won't work with white people\". Between the use of American vernacular and stiff criticism, some of the British audience came away from the speech feeling stung. Derek Humphry, a journalist reporting on the speech for The Sunday Times, ran with the headline \"Sister Connie Matthews swears at British Black Panthers\", summarising how the speech was received. Matthews also began to also make visits to the United States as well as writing articles for The Black Panther, the Panthers' official newspaper. In the spring of 1970, she courted controversy in relation to the Chicago Eight trial, of which Bobby Seale was a part of. The Jewish Telegraph Agency accused Matthews of labelling the Judge a \"Zionist\", and of thinking of all Jews as Zionists.",
"title": "Connie Matthews"
},
{
"docid": "64561360",
"text": "Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights, 418 U.S. 298 (1974), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court upheld a city's ban on political advertising within its public transportation system. The Court ruled that ad space on public transit is not a \"public forum\", meaning that speech within this space receives lower First Amendment protections. Background The City of Shaker Heights, Ohio sold advertising space on its rapid transit system. The City forbade political advertising on rapid transit cars. However, other types of businesses and organizations could buy advertising space. In 1970, Harry Lehman, a candidate for the Ohio House of Representatives, wished to purchase advertising space on the rapid transit system to publicize his campaign. He sued the City, claiming the unequal treatment of commercial and political advertising violated the First Amendment. The Ohio Supreme Court sided with Shaker Heights, ruling that the freedom of speech does not extend to commercial or political advertising on public transit vehicles. Opinion of the Court In a 5–4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled for Shaker Heights, upholding the ban on political advertising. Writing for four justices, Harry Blackmun wrote that a rapid transit car is not a public forum, and speech there is subject to a lower level of protection. \"The nature of the forum\" is \"important in determining the degree of protection.\" In running a rapid transit system, the City is principally \"engaged in commerce.\" The provision of advertising space is \"incidental to the provision of public transportation.\" Thus, speech restrictions designed to keep the rapid transit system \"convenient, pleasant, and inexpensive\" are justified as long as such restrictions are not \"arbitrary, capricious, or invidious.\" Blackmun pointed out that, unlike pedestrians in a traditional public forum such as a park or street corner, commuters are a captive audience. Thus, the City has an interest in protecting commuters from the \"blare of political propaganda.\" Other public interests include avoiding \"the appearance of favoritism,\" and steering clear of controversies that might arise when \"parceling out limited space to eager politicians.\" The City was also entitled to determine how best to generate revenue from the public transit system. \"The decision [to ban political advertising] is little different from deciding to impose a 10¢, 25¢, or 35¢ fare.\" Justice William Douglas concurred. He stressed that public transit is a \"practical necessity\" for millions of Americans, making such commuters a \"captive audience.\" Douglas argued that there is no First Amendment right to speak to a captive audience; thus the City should have authority to restrict speech within the cars, whether political or commercial. Justice William Brennan dissented, joined by three other justices. Brennan believed the City had created a public forum when it accepted commercial advertising in the cars. Since, in Brennan's view, the transit system was a public forum, the First Amendment prohibited \"discrimination based solely on subject matter or content.\" See also List of United States Supreme Court cases List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 418 References External links 1974",
"title": "Lehman v. Shaker Heights"
},
{
"docid": "50017237",
"text": "A mic drop is the gesture of intentionally dropping one's microphone at the end of a performance or speech to signal triumph. Figuratively, it is an expression of triumph for a successful event and indicates a boastful attitude toward one's own performance. History When laying down his magazine Then Swänska Argus at the end of 1734, Swedish journalist Olof von Dalin ended with the words \"as I now throw my pen\" (när jag nu kastar min penna), typeset in a slanted manner, as a display of actually throwing his pen. (Possibly this was copied from The Spectator by Addison and Steele or other magazines of the time.) The gesture with a microphone became prevalent in the 1980s, when it was used by rappers and comedians. Performers from different groups can engage in confrontational performance styles — rappers may participate in rap battles; comedians may interact with a heckler in the audience — and dropping the microphone after a particularly effective line indicated complete confidence in the opponent's inability to come back with anything that would be worthy of a response. Johnny Rotten, lead singer of the British punk band the Sex Pistols performed a mic drop at the end of a concert at the Mafcentrum Maasbree, Netherlands, in December 1977. Another early occurrence was Eddie Murphy in 1983 in his standup show Delirious. He did it again in his 1988 film Coming to America after a musical performance of “The Greatest Love of All” when playing the character Randy Watson. The gesture gained increased popularity from 2012. US President Barack Obama performed a mic drop on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, which has been credited with popularising the meme. Then at the White House Correspondents' Dinner on April 30, 2016, Obama ended his speech with the words \"Obama out\", then dropped a mic, evoking a speech by the then retiring NBA basketball player Kobe Bryant, who had ended his speech with the words \"mamba out\" at the end of his last game on April 14, 2016. In 2017, RM, the leader of boy band BTS, revealed that the track \"Mic Drop\" from their extended play Love Yourself: Her was inspired by Obama's speech. A figurative use also features in a promotional video for the Invictus Games featuring Obama and the British Royal Family. Google introduced a \"mic drop\" feature to Gmail on April 1, 2016, as an April Fools' Day joke, allowing users to send a GIF of a Minion dropping a microphone as a reply to any email. If used, the feature also prevented the sender from seeing any subsequent replies that the recipient sent. The feature was removed within hours after Google received complaints from some users, with some reporting that they lost their job as a result of accidentally using it. References External links Drop The Mic Microphone Gestures Internet memes Microphones",
"title": "Mic drop"
},
{
"docid": "210170",
"text": "\"A Plea for Captain John Brown\" is an essay by Henry David Thoreau. It is based on a speech Thoreau first delivered to an audience at Concord, Massachusetts, on October 30, 1859, two weeks after John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, and repeated several times before Brown's execution on December 2, 1859. It was later published as a part of Echoes of Harper's Ferry in 1860. Context John Brown, a radical abolitionist, and 21 other men seized the Federal armory at Harper's Ferry, the holding place for approximately 100,000 rifles and muskets, hoping to arm slaves and create a violent rebellion against the South. After 36 hours, the revolt was suppressed by Federal forces led by Robert E. Lee, and Brown was jailed. The raid resulted in thirteen deaths: twelve rebels and one U.S. Marine. Ralph Waldo Emerson, in a memorial essay written after Thoreau's death, describes the first presentation of this essay:Before the first friendly word had been spoken for Captain John Brown, he [Thoreau] sent notices to most houses in Concord, that he would speak in a public ball on the condition and character of John Brown, on Sunday evening, and invited all people to come. The Republican Committee, the Abolitionist Committee, sent him word that it was premature and not advisable. He replied,—“I did not send to you for advice, but to announce that I am to speak.” The hall was filled at an early hour by people of all parties, and his earnest eulogy of the hero was heard by all respectfully, by many with a sympathy that surprised themselves. Brown himself, after being found guilty of murder, treason, and inciting a slave insurrection, was hanged on December 2, 1859. Although largely called a failure at the time, the raid and Brown's subsequent execution impelled the American Civil War. Synopsis Thoreau's essay espoused John Brown and his fight for abolition. In opposition with popular opinion of the time – Thoreau vehemently refuted the claims of newspapers and his fellow countrymen who characterized Brown as foolish and insane – he painted a portrait of a peerless man whose embrace of a cause was unparalleled. Brown's commitment to justice and adherence to the United States Constitution forced him to fight state-sponsored injustice, one he was only affected by in spirit. A unique man, Thoreau proclaimed in admiration, Brown was highly moral and humane. Independent, \"under the auspices of John Brown and nobody else\", and direct of speech, Brown instilled fear, which he attributed to a lack of cause, into large groups of men who supported slavery. Incomparable to man, Thoreau likens Brown's execution – he states that he regards Brown as dead before his actual death – to Christ's crucifixion at the hands of Pontius Pilate, with whom he compares the American government. Thoreau vents at the scores of Americans who have voiced their displeasure and scorn for John Brown. The same people, Thoreau says, can't relate to Brown because of their concrete stances and \"dead\" existences; they",
"title": "A Plea for Captain John Brown"
},
{
"docid": "620925",
"text": "Monroe's motivated sequence is a technique for organizing persuasion that inspires people to take action. Alan H. Monroe developed this sequence in the mid-1930s. This sequence is unique because it strategically places these strategies to arouse the audience's attention and motivate them toward a specific goal or action. Foundation Alan H. Monroe developed Monroe's motivated sequence theory after studying John Dewey’s work on psycho-logic for human problem-solving and combining it with our human tendency to be self-motivated and self-centered. Additionally, Monroe’s sequence draws from Maslow’s hierarchy in the sense, that the problem has to correspond with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs- lower level first. After combining these theories with his own, Monroe founded Monroe's motivated sequence. Motivated sequence aligns with Edmund Burke's ideas on proper speech form and John Dewey's ideas on qualitative unity. Alan H. Monroe Alan H. Monroe was born in 1903. Monroe earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Northwestern University and taught at Purdue University. By 1926, Monroe shifted his focus from English to Public Speaking and by 1927, he was promoted to assistant professor of Public Speaking. Throughout his time teaching at Purdue University, Monroe continued his education at Northwestern University, earning his master's degree in 1927 and his Doctorate in 1937. In 1963, Monroe retired from Purdue University. He died in 1975. Steps Monroe's motivated sequence states that on the first step is to state the problem the customer is having, then explain it if one cannot solidify the need and give a representation of the situation that may occur. Attention The attention step is audience-focused and uses an attention-getter to catch the audience's attention. Need The topic is applied to the psychological needs of the audience members. Monroe believed that it was most effective to convince the audience that they had specific needs tailored to the topic of the presentation. Satisfaction Specific and viable solutions to the problems raised in the previous step are presented to the audience. Visualization The solution is then described in such a way that the audience can visualize both the solution and its positive effects in a detailed manner. Action The audience is then told how to solve the problem using the solution(s) previously presented. Benefits The advantage of Monroe's motivated sequence is that it emphasizes what the audience can do. Too often the audience feels like a situation is hopeless; Monroe's motivated sequence emphasizes the action the audience can take. It also helps the audience feel like the speaker knows the problem at hand and is listening to them instead of just tuning them out. With its sequential model, Monroe's motivated sequence engages an audience with a psychologically satisfying speech order. The industries of sales and advertising use Monroe's step-by-step sequence to motivate potential buyers to take action (purchase a product). Monroe's Motivated sequence presents itself as a core model in communication theory because there is otherwise little guidance for presenters in organizing ideas in persuasive speech. The benefit of Monroe’s motivated sequence theory is that it focuses",
"title": "Monroe's motivated sequence"
},
{
"docid": "11865833",
"text": "In sociolinguistics, SPEAKING or the SPEAKING model, is a model socio-linguistic study (represented as a mnemonic) developed by Dell Hymes. Hymes developed this model as part of a new methodology referred to as the ethnography of speaking. This model is a tool to assist the identification and labeling of components of interactional linguistics that was driven by his view that, in order to speak a language correctly, one needs not only to learn its vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in which words are used. In essence, learning the components of the SPEAKING model is essential for linguistic competence. To facilitate the application of his representation, Hymes constructed the mnemonic, S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G (for setting and scene, participants, ends, acts sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms, & genre) under which he grouped the sixteen components within eight divisions. The model has sixteen components that can be applied to many sorts of discourse: message form; message content; setting; scene; speaker/sender; addressor; hearer/receiver/audience; addressee; purposes (outcomes); purposes (goals); key; channels; forms of speech; norms of interaction; norms of interpretation; and genres. The SPEAKING model is used by linguistic anthropologists to analyze speech events (one or more speech acts involving one or more participants) as part of an ethnographies. This approach can be used to understand relationships and power dynamics within a given speech community and provide insight on cultural values. Divisions Setting and Scene \"Setting refers to the time and place of a speech act and, in general, to the physical circumstances\". The living room in the grandparents' home might be a setting for a family story. Scene is the \"psychological setting\" or \"cultural definition\" of a scene, including characteristics such as range of formality and sense of play or seriousness. The family story may be told at a reunion celebrating the grandparents' anniversary. At times, the family would be festive and playful; at other times, serious and commemorative. Setting and scene also refer to the implicit rules and expectations surrounding the speech event. The setting of the speech event determines who should speak and who should not, what type of speech is appropriate (see also code-switching), and when interrupting is acceptable. For example, speech events in the classroom have particular implicit rules for the speaking teachers and listening students, certain words are not viewed as appropriate in the classroom, and interrupting is often met with consequences. Conversely, different implicit rules and expectations apply at social gatherings and work settings. The setting of the speech event also refers to the location of participants and any physical barriers that may be present. For instance, whether participants are facing one another, what body language they are exhibiting, and whether or not they are separated by a table, chairs, or space in the room. Documentation of the physical setting is especially useful for completing an ethnography of a given community. Participants Participants include the speaker and the audience. Linguistic anthropologists will make distinctions within these categories. The audience may include those to whom the speech act is directed,",
"title": "SPEAKING"
},
{
"docid": "55240754",
"text": "No Safe Spaces is a 2019 American documentary film directed by Justin Folk that features commentator Dennis Prager and comedian Adam Carolla talking to college students and faculty about university safe spaces. The documentary also covers free speech controversies occasioned when conservatives are invited to speak in university settings. The film was released in Arizona theaters on October 25, 2019, and was successful enough to have a national release on December 6, 2019. It has received mixed reviews from critics. Content With production beginning in 2017, the filmmakers were on hand for commentator Ben Shapiro's September 14, 2017, speech at the University of California, Berkeley, a site of civic protests and unrest. The film focuses on such speech disruptions in the United States of America, but also examines similar incidents in Canada with Jordan Peterson. In particular, it shows the case of Lindsay Shepherd who was disciplined at Wilfrid Laurier University for using a recording of a debate with Peterson in class. It also \"denounce[s] censorship in China\". \"Carolla said, 'We'd be hypocrites if we did a movie about the suppression of free speech but didn't mention China.'\" In a scene filmed at the Laugh Factory, comedians complain that audiences on college campuses are too easily offended now. Among these comedians are Adam Carolla with Karith Foster, and Tim Allen. The film discusses the story of Bret Weinstein, a biology professor at the Evergreen State College in Washington state, who resigned after he was criticized for attending the university during a \"Day of Absence\" that was a long-standing tradition. Each year ethnic minorities would voluntarily stay home from campus to highlight their contributions to the college. In 2017, students attempted to compel white staff and students to stay away from the school, which Weinstein refused to do. Compulsion was also an issue discussed in the segments with Jordan Peterson, who gained international attention when he refused to adopt gender-neutral language, calling it an unwelcome form of compelled speech. According to the Washington Examiner, the filmmakers worked to include \"left-leaning\" views in their movie. CNN's Van Jones complains that too many young people have not learned how to defend their views. Attorney Alan Dershowitz criticizes many college leaders and \"the hard left\" for not standing up for free speech. Commentator Dave Rubin argues that liberals should also fear \"the mob\". The film shows former U.S. President Barack Obama saying \"Anybody who comes to speak to you ... you shouldn't silence them.\" Also in the film are Sharyl Attkisson, Candace Owens, Ann Coulter, and Cornel West. The filmmakers have disputed its PG-13 rating. Reception Box office As of March 2020, the movie had taken in $1.3 million at the box office. On its opening night, the film earned an estimated $45,000 on one screen in Phoenix, the production team said, adding that the only documentary that earned more from one screen on an opening weekend was Michael Moore's Sicko in 2007. The per-screen average was $3,542. No Safe Spaces, which opened in",
"title": "No Safe Spaces"
},
{
"docid": "1574620",
"text": "Matt Foley is a fictional character from the sketch comedy program Saturday Night Live performed by Chris Farley. Foley is a motivational speaker who exhibits characteristics atypical of someone in that position: whereas motivational speakers are usually successful and charismatic, Foley is abrasive, clumsy, and down on his luck. The character was popular in its original run and went on to become one of Farley's best-known characters. History The character was conceived by Bob Odenkirk. Farley debuted the character during his tenure in The Second City comedy troupe prior to his joining the cast of Saturday Night Live. Farley named the character after one of his Marquette University rugby union teammates, an Army chaplain who became a Roman Catholic priest in the Chicago suburb of Arlington Heights. Reviewing the stage version of the sketch in 1990, the Chicago Reader wrote: ...even if he is imitating the loudmouth imbecile Sam Kinison to the decibel, Chris Farley is a stitch in \"Motivation.\" He plays a scuzzy drug abuser hired by parents to scare their kids straight, a case of negative psychology taken over a cliff. Matt Foley appeared in eight Saturday Night Live sketches. Each sketch typically started with Foley brought into a situation by someone to speak to a group. The sketches usually feature Farley's physical comedy, such as the over-caffeinated Foley gesticulating wildly and leaping around, often breaking furniture. At the end of each sketch, he is usually rushed out of his speaking location, where the people left behind huddle together and comment on him, usually bemused and frightened. Though his intended message is always ruined by his bizarre presentation, his results are usually successful as his audience changes their behavior so as to avoid further association with him. The character's debut was so popular that Farley turned it into one of his best-known routines and one which he would repeat many times, both as Foley and as other characters on SNL and in film during the remainder of his life and career, sometimes injuring himself in the process. Being a Wisconsin native, Farley was asked to portray the character at the 1994 Rose Bowl banquet. He delivered a comedic \"motivational speech\" to the Wisconsin Badgers football team, who were to face the UCLA Bruins that year and won the game, 21–16. Plans for a film version with David Spade in a supporting role were shelved after Farley's death in 1997. Personality and appearance Foley is disheveled, sweaty, obese, clumsy and unstylish. He exhibits poor social skills, frequently loses his temper, often disparages and insults his audience, and wallows in cynicism and self-pity about his own poor life choices, to which he often makes reference. Foley's trademark line is warning his audience that they could end up like himself: \"35 years old, eating a steady diet of government cheese, thrice divorced, and living in a van down by the river!\" In most sketches, whenever a member of his audience mentions a personal accomplishment, Foley responds with mockery: \"Well, la-dee-frickin-da!\", \"Whoop-dee-frickin-doo!\",",
"title": "Matt Foley"
},
{
"docid": "535969",
"text": "Paulie is a 1998 American adventure comedy-drama film directed by John Roberts and written by Laurie Craig. The film follows the adventurous story of the eponymous Paulie, a talking parrot who is capable of communicating with humans. It stars Jay Mohr as the voice of the title character, alongside Gena Rowlands, Tony Shalhoub, Cheech Marin, and Bruce Davison. It received mixed-to-positive reviews and was a box office disappointment, grossing $26.9 million domestically against a $23 million budget. However, in the years after its release, Paulie would find a larger audience on home media sales. The film marked Buddy Hackett's last feature film appearance before his death in 2003. Plot While working as a janitor at an American institute, Russian immigrant Misha Vilyenkov encounters Paulie, a wisecracking and loudmouthed blue-crowned conure who can speak as clearly as a human. Subsequently, he doesn't speak a word when Misha brings Dr. Reingold, the head of the institute, and other scientists to witness him. Frustrated with Paulie at first, Misha relents and opens up about his homesickness. Paulie warms up to Misha, and he tells him his story about his original owner, a little girl named Marie who stutters. The story transitions to a flashback when he was gifted to her in his infancy. As Marie works on speech therapy, he begins to speak. Her father, Warren, a soldier, returns home from Vietnam and decides that Paulie is not helping her, believing their bond is disillusioning Marie's reality due to her claims of his ability to talk; Paulie never spoke to her parents out of fear towards them, and also refused to learn how to fly due to acrophobia. After a near-death experience in which she falls off the roof in an attempt to teach Paulie to fly, Warren sends him away, devastating Marie. Paulie is passed down to various owners and eventually ends up in a pawn shop where he spends his time badmouthing the customers. One day, a shady customer named Benny shows interest in purchasing him, thinking he could profit from his speaking abilities, until widowed artist Ivy purchases him first with the intent of reforming his ill behavior after he insults her. She befriends Paulie and agrees to help him find Marie, who has moved to Los Angeles. They begin traveling using her mobile home, but when she becomes blind in the middle of their trip, Paulie decides to stay and take care of her. She eventually passes away, and Paulie, having finally learned to fly, continues his journey. In East Los Angeles, Paulie joins a group of performing conures owned by migrant musician Ignacio, temporarily forgetting about Marie as he develops feelings for a female conure named Lupe. At one of his performances, Benny, having also moved to Los Angeles, recognizes him and attempts to purchase him from Ignacio. When Ignacio refuses, Benny makes a prank call to the police at one of his performances. As the police show up, Benny kidnaps Paulie amidst the chaos as Ignacio is",
"title": "Paulie"
},
{
"docid": "6148418",
"text": "The illusion of transparency is a tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which their personal mental state is known by others. Another manifestation of the illusion of transparency (sometimes called the observer's illusion of transparency) is a tendency for people to overestimate how well they understand others' personal mental states. This cognitive bias is similar to the illusion of asymmetric insight. Experimental support For her PhD dissertation in psychology at Stanford University, Elizabeth Newton created a simple test that she regarded as an illustration of the phenomenon. She would tap out a well-known song, such as \"Happy Birthday to You\" or \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", with her finger and have the test subject guess the song. People usually estimate that the song will be guessed correctly in about 50 percent of the tests, but only 3 percent pick the correct song. The tapper can hear every note and the lyrics in his or her head; however, the observer, with no access to what the tapper is thinking, only hears a rhythmic tapping. Public speaking and stage fright The illusion of transparency is commonly prominent in public speakers. It may be increased by the spotlight effect. The speaker has an exaggerated sense of how obvious his or her nervousness about a speech is to the audience. Studies have shown that when the audience is surveyed, the speaker's emotions were not nearly so evident to the crowd as the speaker perceived them to be. Initial anxiety in a public speaking situation can cause stress that, because of the illusion of transparency, the speaker may feel is evident to the listeners. This mistaken perception can cause the speaker to compensate, which he or she then feels is even more obvious to the crowd, and the stress increases in a feedback loop. Awareness of the limits of others' perceptions of one's mental state can help break the cycle and reduce speech anxiety. Studies on public speaking and the illusion of transparency Kenneth Savitsky and Thomas Gilovich performed two experiments on public speaking anxiety in relation to the illusion of transparency. The first focused on the speaker's perception of his or her anxiety levels versus an observer's perception of the speaker's anxiety levels. The results were as expected: the speaker judged himself or herself more harshly than the observer did. In their second study, Savitsky and Gilovich focused on the connection between the illusion of transparency and the exacerbation of speech anxiety. Participants in this study were divided into three groups: control, reassured, and informed. All were given a topic and had five minutes to prepare a speech in front of a crowd, after which they rated themselves on anxiety, speech quality, and appearance, and observers also rated them on anxiety levels and speech quality. The control group were given no other advance instructions. The reassured and informed groups were both told in advance that it is normal to feel anxiety about giving a speech. The reassured group were told that research indicates they",
"title": "Illusion of transparency"
},
{
"docid": "11333345",
"text": "The Roman Hat Mystery is a novel that was written in 1929 by Ellery Queen. It is the first of the Ellery Queen mysteries. Plot summary The novel deals with the poisoning of a disreputable lawyer named Monte Field in the Roman Theater in New York City during a performance of a play called \"Gunplay!\" Although the play is a sold-out hit, the corpse is discovered seated surrounded by empty seats. A number of suspects whose pasts had made them potentially susceptible to blackmail are in the theater at the time, some connected with the Roman Theater and some audience members. The case is investigated by Inspector Richard Queen of the Homicide Squad with the assistance of his son Ellery, a bibliophile and author. The principal clue in the mystery is the disappearance of the victim's top hat, and it is suspected that the hat may have contained papers with which the victim was blackmailing the murderer. A number of suspects are considered, but nothing can be proved until Ellery performs an extended piece of logical deduction based on the missing hat and thus identifies the murderer. Literary significance & criticism (See Ellery Queen.) The character of Ellery Queen and the more-or-less locked room mystery format were probably suggested by the novels featuring detective Philo Vance by S.S. Van Dine, which were very popular at the time. The novel was written as an entry in a literary contest, which it won, but the sponsoring organization folded before the prize was awarded. This novel began a long series of novels featuring Ellery Queen, the first nine containing a nationality in the title. The introduction to this novel contained some details which are now not considered part of the Ellery Queen canon. For instance, the introduction is written as by the anonymous \"J.J. McC.\", a friend of the Queens, and speaks of Ellery's marriage and child, and their life in Italy, and that the names of both Ellery Queen and his father are pseudonyms—none of these circumstances survived for long, although a Judge J.J. McCue appears in one of the final novels, Face to Face. The introduction also speaks of the \"Barnaby Ross murder case\", which not only does not exist but prefigures the pseudonym adopted by Ellery Queen the author for another series of books, the Drury Lane (fictional detective) mysteries as by Barnaby Ross. The novel, and the other \"nationality\" mysteries, had the unusual feature of a \"Challenge to the Reader\" just before the ending is revealed—the novel breaks the fourth wall and speaks directly to the reader. \"The alert student of mystery tales, now being in possession of all the pertinent facts, should at this stage of the story have reached definite conclusions on the questions propounded. The solution -- or enough of it to point unerringly to the guilty character -- may be reached by a series of logical deductions and psychological observations.\" \"A landmark rather than a cornerstone, perhaps ... Though the egregious bonhomie of the Queens",
"title": "The Roman Hat Mystery"
},
{
"docid": "39728690",
"text": "\"Think of the children\" (also \"What about the children?\") is a cliché that evolved into a rhetorical tactic. In the literal sense, it refers to children's rights (as in discussions of child labor). In debate, it is a plea for pity that is used as an appeal to emotion, and therefore may become a logical fallacy. History Art, Argument, and Advocacy (2002) argued that the appeal substitutes emotion for reason in debate. Ethicist Jack Marshall wrote in 2005 that the phrase's popularity stems from its capacity to stunt rationality, particularly discourse on morals. \"Think of the children\" has been invoked by censorship proponents to shield children from perceived danger. Community, Space and Online Censorship (2009) argued that classifying children in an infantile manner, as innocents in need of protection, is a form of obsession over the concept of purity. A 2011 article in the Journal for Cultural Research observed that the phrase grew out of a moral panic. It was an exhortation in the 1964 Disney film Mary Poppins, when the character of Mrs. Banks pleaded with her departing nanny not to quit and to \"think of the children!\" The phrase was popularized as a satiric reference on the animated television program The Simpsons in 1996, when character Helen Lovejoy pleaded variations of \"Will someone please think of the children?\" multiple times during a contentious debate by citizens of the fictional town of Springfield. In the 2012 Georgia State University Law Review, Charles J. Ten Brink called Lovejoy's use of \"Think of the children\" a successful parody. The appeal's subsequent use in society was often the subject of mockery. After its popularization on The Simpsons, an appeal to the welfare of children has been called \"Lovejoy's Law\", the \"Lovejoy argument\", the \"Mrs. Lovejoy fallacy\", the \"Helen Lovejoy defence\", \"Helen Lovejoy syndrome\", the \"Lovejoy Trap\", and \"think-of-the-children-ism\". In 2018, author Nassim Nicholas Taleb, coined the term 'pedophrasty' for an argument \"involving children to prop up a rationalization ... Often done with the aid of pictures\". Child advocacy \"Think of the children\" has been used in its literal sense to advocate for the rights of children. Early usage during the 20th century included writings in 1914 by the National Child Labor Committee criticizing child labor standards in the United States. U.S. President Bill Clinton used the phrase in a 1999 speech to the International Labour Organization, asking his audience to imagine a significant reduction in child labor: \"Think of the children ... freed of the crushing burden of dangerous and demeaning work, given back those irreplaceable hours of childhood for learning and playing and living.\" The phrase's literal use extends into the 21st century, with Sara Boyce of the Children's Law Centre in Northern Ireland drawing on it to advocate for the legal rights of the region's children. The 2008 book Child Labour in a Globalized World used the phrase to call attention to the role of debt bondage in child labor. Sara Dillon of Suffolk University Law School used the phrase",
"title": "Think of the children"
},
{
"docid": "559077",
"text": "Individual events in speech include public speaking, limited preparation, acting and interpretation are a part of forensics competitions. These events do not include the several different forms of debate offered by many tournaments. These events are called individual events because they tend to be done by one person unlike debate which often includes teams. This distinction however is not entirely accurate any more given the addition of duo interpretation events and forms of single person debate. Competitive speech competitions and debates comprise the area of forensics. Forensics leagues have a number of speech events, generally determined by geographical region or league preference. While there are several key events that have been around a long time, there are several experimental events around the country every year that can be limited to individual tournaments. Forensics leagues in the United States includes the National Speech and Debate Association, the National Christian Forensics and Communications Association, the American Forensics Association, the National Forensics Association, the Interstate Oratorical Association and Stoa USA. Organized competitions are held at the high-school and collegiate level. Outside of the rules for each event provided by the individual leagues, there are several cultural norms within each region that are not written into law but are almost always followed. Rules for time limits vary by event and by individual tournaments, but there are penalties in every event for exceeding the time limits though the severity of the penalty widely varies. Public-speaking events The public speaking events are typically memorized speeches that can be on any topic the competitor desires. Typically, the same speech is used for the entire competitive season but may not be used in more than one season. For the public speaking events, they are performed with the purpose to use information to relate a message to an audience. Original Oratory In Original Oratory, a competitor prepares an original speech which may be informative or persuasive in nature. A competitor may use one speech for the entire season. The purpose of Oratory is to inspire belief or reinforce conviction. At the high-school level, the speech is generally delivered without visual aids or notes. In many leagues (including the two U.S. tournaments), the number of directly quoted words from other sources in the speech is limited; at the NFL nationals, the limit is 150 words. Speeches are generally eight to ten minutes in length, with a warning often given when the allowed time has expired; most tournaments have a 30-second grace period. Persuasion Persuasion is often considered the collegiate equivalent of Oratory. The focus of the event is to change, reinforce, or instill the attitudes, beliefs, and values of the audience. Although few rules that dictate what topics or formats are permissible in persuasion, most persuasion speeches are policy-based; speakers advocate a specific policy proposal to address a need, offering their recommendation in a problem-cause-solution or cause-effect-solution format. In 2006, the winning persuasion topics at the American Forensics Association (AFA) and National Forensics Association (NFA) were how to improve teacher",
"title": "Individual events (speech)"
},
{
"docid": "6309467",
"text": "Berthold of Ratisbon was a Franciscan of the monastery of Ratisbon and the most powerful preacher of repentance in the thirteenth century. Biography He was born about 1210. He was probably a member of a well-to-do middle-class family of Ratisbon named Sachs. The excellence of his literary training is proved by his sermons which show more than common acquaintance with the ancient classics. From his knowledge of the usages of secular life, it may be inferred that he was of mature age before he entered the monastery. The first fixed date in Berthold's life is 1246, when the papal legate appointed him and David of Augsburg inspectors of the convent of Niedermünster. One of his contemporaries, the Abbot of Niederaltaich, a reliable historian, speaks in 1250 of the great reputation that Berthold had in Bavaria as a preacher. Four years later the missionary trips of this preacher extended as far as the valley of the Rhine, Alsace and Switzerland. During the next ten years Berthold's apostolic labours led him eastward into Austria, Moravia, Bohemia and Silesia. In 1263 Pope Urban IV appointed him to preach the Crusade and Albert the Great was designated as his assistant. When speaking to Slavonic audiences, Berthold naturally employed an interpreter, just as St. Bernard, in his day, made use of an interpreter in Germany. Notwithstanding any difficulties that might arise as to speech, wherever he went Berthold exerted an extraordinary power of attraction over his hearers so that the churches were not able to hold the great crowds of plain people who came from all quarters to his services, and he was often obliged to preach in the open air. When this was the case, a pulpit was generally arranged under the spreading branches of a linden tree. Long after his day \"Berthold's linden\" was to be seen at Glatz. About 1270 he seems to have returned to Ratisbon where he remained until his death on 14 December 1272. He had fallen down all these stairs a few days prior. Reputation and sermons The Franciscan martyrology includes his name among the blessed of the order, and his remains form the most precious relic among the treasures of the cathedral at Ratisbon. It is recorded that he would preach to up to 100,000 people at one time. The poets and chroniclers of his time made frequent reference to Berthold. He was called \"sweet Brother Berthold\", \"the beloved of God and man\", \"a second Elias\", \"the teacher of the nations\"; all of these expressions are proofs of the high esteem in which his activities were held. The secret of the preacher's success lay partly in the saintliness of his life and partly in his power to make use of the language of humble life. He became the great master, it may be said, the classic of homely speech, and this rank has been maintained by his sermons to the present day. One of his two popular discourses on the Last Judgment became a favourite book of",
"title": "Berthold of Ratisbon"
},
{
"docid": "5583321",
"text": "James \"Jimmy\" Valmer (), formerly Jimmy Swanson, is a fictional character from the American animated television series South Park. He is voiced by Trey Parker. He is physically disabled, requiring forearm crutches in order to walk. Character biography In season 7 episode 2 \"Krazy Kripples\", it is explicitly stated that both Jimmy and Timmy were born with their disabilities. In any case, hampered by his legs, which in many cases he appears not to be able to use, Jimmy primarily uses his crutches both as substitutes for his legs and sometimes even as extra (weaponized) extensions for his arms. He prefers to be called \"handi-capable\". Jimmy is able to speak coherently, and his various aspirations on several different levels of journalism over time also sometimes even makes him more articulate than any of the other children, though his speech is largely affected by his stuttering, and sometimes also his tendency to end some of his sentences with \"...very much\". He aspires to be a stand-up comedian, and is often featured performing his routines. His catchphrase during his routines is \"Wow, what a terrific audience!\". Jimmy is commonly seen with Craig Tucker, Clyde Donovan, and Tolkien Black as part of \"Craig's Gang\". In the show's Season 5 DVD commentary, the show's creators stated that Jimmy was originally intended to be from another town but at some unspecified point moved to South Park as the character started to be written into more episodes. Despite his disability, he is also shown to be an extremely accomplished drummer, performing with Stan Marsh's death metal group Crimson Dawn in the episode \"Band in China\". In the near future in the movie South Park: Post Covid, Jimmy has his own talk show named Late Night with Jimmy, à la Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and is called \"the king of woke comedy\". History Jimmy first appears in the season five (2001) episode \"Cripple Fight\", in which he moves to South Park from a neighboring town and antagonizes Timmy. Parker and Stone initially intended for this to be Jimmy's only appearance, but decided to include the character in subsequent episodes. Now portrayed as a South Park resident, student, and good friend of Timmy, Jimmy has been a recurring character ever since. Jimmy's parents had made fun of disabled children in high school, and believe that Jimmy's disability is a punishment from God. The season eight (2004) episode \"Up the Down Steroid\" ends with Jimmy addressing the issue of anabolic steroid use in athletic competitions, declaring it as \"cheating\" while suggesting that professional athletes who use steroids voluntarily reject the accolades and records attributed to them. The episode also reveals that Jimmy has a girlfriend named Nancy. Reception Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer describes Jimmy and Timmy's capabilities and portrayal in the show as Parker and Stone declaring their opposition to political correctness as social restriction. When praising the show for both its depiction of Jimmy and Timmy and its coverage of disability-related issues, The Seattle Times columnist Jeff",
"title": "Jimmy Valmer"
},
{
"docid": "8461489",
"text": "Impromptu debate is a type of formalized academic debate. Representative of comedic debate, Impromptu debate is practised at high schools and universities, generally in tandem with other, more serious forms of debate. In some areas, such as portions of Canada, impromptu debate is treated as formally as parliamentary debate. Content Impromptu is an individual event that consists of just one competitor giving a speech against other competitors that give their speech at a separate time. Impromptu differs from other forms of debate because an emphasis on humour is usually given, as well as on logic and performance. The resolutions debated often encourage humorous debates. Further, this form of debate is focused on a specific topic or a quotation. The competitor has a very short window of time usually not more than a few minutes to come up with a speech that generally lasts for a few minutes. This speech is based on how the speaker interprets the message and whether or not the speaker agrees with the quotation. Many colleges and universities compete in this and other forms of speech throughout the US. Format Each team comprises two members, each of whom is named according to their team and speaking position within his or her team. The Impromptu format varies, depending on what \"traditional\" debate format on what it is based. For example, an impromptu debate in Policy Style style, for example, might follow the Policy speech format but with radically altered content or speech lengths. The format is conducted in a different way than typical debates. The rules are bent to provide the students with minimal to zero experience in debating to participate in the debate. Junior State of America Impromptu debate format usually consists of choosing two volunteers out of the students attending the block and then having the audience assign a topic to them. Judging There are several methods of judging an Impromptu debate. The most standard method is when a single judge observes the debate and simply votes one way or another; however, it is sometimes acceptable to have the audience (if it is sufficiently large) cast votes, with the winner determined by majority. Nonetheless, there are other ways to judge these types of debates. One way is to have a minimum of three judges that all come from different backgrounds - providing diversity and different views. It is not necessary, although encouraged for the judges to have some sort of experience in the topic being debated in addition to experience in debating. Debate types Public speaking",
"title": "Impromptu debate"
},
{
"docid": "1530482",
"text": "Anacoenosis is a figure of speech in which the speaker poses a question to an audience in a way that demonstrates a common interest. It can also be classified as a hyponym of rhetorical questions, where Anacoenosis notably invites the reader to cogitate on the subject at hand either through the formation of their own opinion or judgment. Etymology The term comes from the Greek (anakoinoûn), meaning \"to communicate, impart\". Discussion Anacoenosis typically uses a rhetorical question, where no reply is really sought or required, thus softening what is really a statement or command. Asking a question that implies one clear answer is to put others in a difficult position. If they disagree with you, then they risk conflict or derision. In particular if you state the question with certainty, then it makes disagreement seem rude. Particularly when used in a group, this uses social conformance. If there is an implied agreement by all and one person openly disagrees, then they risk isolating themselves from the group, which is a very scary prospect. If I am in an audience and the speaker uses anacoenosis and I do not agree yet do not speak up, then I may suffer cognitive dissonance between my thoughts and actions. As a result, I am likely to shift my thinking toward the speaker's views in order to reduce this tension. Examples Do you not think we can do this now? Now tell me, given the evidence before us, could you have decided any differently? What do you think? Are we a bit weary? Shall we stay here for a while? \"And now, O inhabitants of Jerusalem, and men of Judah, judge, I pray you, betwixt me and my vineyard. What could I have done more to my vineyard, that I have not done in it?\" Isaiah 5:3-4 The entire speech of Marc Anthony in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar forms an extended example of anacoenosis. Marc Anthony begins by building common cause with the audience on stage, addressing them as \"Friends, Romans, countrymen...\" His speech then poses a number of rhetorical questions to them as part of his refutation of Brutus' words: \"Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? / When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept: / Ambition should be made of sterner stuff: / Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;/ And Brutus is an honourable man. / You all did see that on the Lupercal / I thrice presented him a kingly crown, / Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?\" (Act 3, Scene 2) See also Rhetorical question References Figures of speech Rhetoric",
"title": "Anacoenosis"
},
{
"docid": "434805",
"text": "Eloquence (from French eloquence from Latin eloquentia) is fluent, elegant, persuasive, and forceful speech, persuading an audience. Eloquence is both a natural talent and improved by knowledge of language, study of a specific subject to be addressed, philosophy, rationale and ability to form a persuasive set of tenets within a presentation. \"True eloquence,\" Oliver Goldsmith says, \"Does not consist ... in saying great things in a sublime style, but in a simple style; for there is, properly speaking, no such thing as a sublime style, the sublimity lies only in the things; and when they are not so, the language may be turgid, affected, metaphorical, but not affecting.\" Eloquence in antiquity The word eloquence itself derives from the Latin roots: ē (a shortened form of the preposition ex), meaning \"out (of)\", and loqui, a deponent verb meaning \"to speak\". Thus, eloquence is to speak fluently and understand and master language so as to employ a graceful style with persuasiveness, or gracefulness in interpretation and communication. The concept of eloquence could date back to the rhetoric of the ancient Greeks, Calliope (one of the nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne) being the Muse of epic poetry and eloquence. Hermes, the Greek God, was a patron of eloquence. Cicero, a rhetorician and prolific author, was well-regarded in Ancient Rome as an orator of excellent eloquence. Renaissance eloquence The Renaissance humanists focused on the correlation of speech and political principles as a powerful tool to present and persuade others to particular concepts. At the core of presentations was the use of graceful style, clear concise grammar and usage, and over time the insertion of rational and emotional arguments. Petrarch (Fracesco Petrarca), in his study program of the classics and antiquity (Italian Renaissance) focused attention on language and communication. After mastering language, the goal was to reach a \"level of eloquence\", to be able to present gracefully, combine thought and reason in a powerful way, so as to persuade others to a point of view. Petrarch encouraged students to imitate the ancient writers, from a language perspective, combining clear and correct speech with moral thought. Later, Fr. Louis Bourdaloue is regarded as one of the founders of French eloquence. Modern politicians and eloquence Many famous political leaders, like Winston Churchill and Martin Luther King Jr. and dictators such as Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini rose to prominence in large part due to their eloquence. In the Iranian Revolution, Ruhollah Khomeini came to power in part through the eloquence of his speeches, smuggled into the country on audio cassettes while he was still in exile. See also De vulgari eloquentia an essay by Dante Alighieri Peak of Eloquence (Nahj al-Balagha) Public speaking for oratory and oration Conférence du barreau de Paris References Further reading Mark Forsyth (2013), The Elements of Eloquence: How to Turn the Perfect English Phrase. External links Figures of Speech Abraham Lincoln's Lost Speech Modern parliamentary eloquence; the Rede lecture, delivered before the University of Cambridge, 6 November 1913 by George Curzon,",
"title": "Eloquence"
},
{
"docid": "22280378",
"text": "Source credibility is \"a term commonly used to imply a communicator's positive characteristics that affect the receiver's acceptance of a message.\" Academic studies of this topic began in the 20th century and were given a special emphasis during World War II, when the US government sought to use propaganda to influence public opinion in support of the war effort. Psychologist Carl Hovland and his colleagues worked at the War Department upon this during the 1940s and then continued experimental studies at Yale University. They built upon the work of researchers in the first half of the 20th century who had developed a Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model of communication and, with Muzafer Sherif, (Muzaffer Şerif Başoğlu) developed this as part of their theories of persuasion and social judgement. About Source credibility theory is an established theory that explains how communication's persuasiveness is affected by the perceived credibility of the source of the communication. The credibility of all communication, regardless of format, has been found to be heavily influenced by the perceived credibility of the source of that communication. The idea of credibility was first derived from Aristotle who argued that the speaker's reliability must be built and established in speech and that what the speaker did or said before such a speech was not of importance. Aristotle divided the aspects of persuasion into three categories: ethos (credibility), pathos (emotion) and logos (logic). As credibility refers to people believing who they trust, emotion and logic indicate a person's emotional connection and means of reasoning to convince one of a particular argument and/or speech. The area of source credibility is studied for practical applications in communication, marketing, law, and political science. Dimensions There are several dimensions of credibility that affect how an audience will perceive the speaker: competence, extraversion, composure, character, and sociability. These dimensions can be related to French & Raven's five bases of power (see below). These characteristics are fluid and affect each other as well as the speaker's transactional credibility. One dimension may strengthen the speaker's credibility if he/she struggles in another. The audience can perceive these attributes through certain behaviors in which the speaker delivers results, is concise and direct with the audience members. If a speaker displays characteristics of honesty, integrity, sincerity, and can show that they are trustworthy and ethical, the audience will be more inclined to believe the message being communicated to them, even if they do not remember every aspect of the interaction. They will, however, recall how the presenter made them feel, how they took in the information and what they may share with others once the presentation has concluded. For instance, if a speaker presents the audience with a short clip and includes a witty joke at the conclusion of the video to drive the point home, members of the audience may only remember the joke. Although the joke may only be a small element of the entire speech, someone will recall it and share it with others and perhaps speak kindly of the speaker",
"title": "Source credibility"
},
{
"docid": "36889815",
"text": "On Thursday, August 30, 2012, American actor and director Clint Eastwood gave a speech at the Republican National Convention. Eastwood had endorsed Mitt Romney for the 2012 United States presidential election earlier that month, and spent much of his speech's running time on a largely improvised routine in which he addressed an empty chair that represented President Barack Obama. The speech, broadcast in a prime time slot, was viewed live by around 30 million people. It generated many responses and much discussion. Background Eastwood had a political background as the non-partisan mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, and he had served on various state commissions on parks and the film industry. He also previously endorsed Republican candidate John McCain during the 2008 United States presidential election. On August 3, 2012, Eastwood had formally endorsed former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney for the 2012 presidential election, speaking at a fundraiser for the candidate. The three broadcast networks each devoted one hour of coverage to the convention per night, during the prime 10:00 to 11:00 p.m. time slot. In response to criticism that conventions are over-scripted, organizers did not disclose the identity of the first speaker who had been given the high profile speaking slot. On August 30, CNN reported that Eastwood was the \"mystery guest\". Speech Eastwood made an unannounced appearance at the convention, speaking at the top of the final hour. The speech was scheduled to last five minutes. Eastwood started the speech with \"I know what you're thinking\", referencing the number of .44 Magnum rounds his \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan character fired in the eponymous 1971 film, and spent much of his speech time on a largely improvised routine addressing an empty chair representing President Barack Obama. The speech lasted about 12 minutes, and was characterized by multiple sources as \"rambling.\" In at least two instances, Eastwood implied the President had directed vulgarities at either Romney or him, saying \"What do you want me to tell Romney? I can't tell him to do that, he can't do that to himself.\" Following his conversation with the empty chair, Eastwood turned his focus to the delegates and the audience at home, stating in part \"But I'd just like to say something ... that I think is very important. It is that, you, we, we own this country. ... it's not politicians owning it; politicians are employees of ours ... And whether you're Democrat or whether you're a Republican or whether you're Libertarian or whatever, you're the best. And we should not ever forget that. And when somebody does not do the job, we got to let 'em go.\" The speech ends with a reference to \"Go ahead, make my day\", spoken as Dirty Harry from the 1983 film Sudden Impact. Eastwood's speech was viewed live by 30.3 million people, across at least 11 television networks which were broadcasting coverage of the convention. (Those numbers do not count those watching on C-SPAN, whose audience is not measured.) Inspiration Several months later, following the election, Eastwood revealed",
"title": "Clint Eastwood at the 2012 Republican National Convention"
},
{
"docid": "473367",
"text": "Rhetorical criticism analyzes the symbolic artifacts of discourse—the words, phrases, images, gestures, performances, texts, films, etc. that people use to communicate. Rhetorical analysis shows how the artifacts work, how well they work, and how the artifacts, as discourse, inform and instruct, entertain and arouse, and convince and persuade the audience; as such, discourse includes the possibility of morally improving the reader, the viewer, and the listener. Rhetorical criticism studies and analyzes the purpose of the words, sights, and sounds that are the symbolic artifacts used for communications among people. The arts of Rhetorical criticism are an intellectual practice that dates from the time of Plato, in Classical Greece (5th–4th c. BC). Moreover, in the dialogue Phaedrus (c. 370 BC), the philosopher Socrates analyzes a speech by Lysias (230e–235e) the logographer (speech writer) to determine whether or not it is praiseworthy. The academic purpose of Rhetorical criticism is greater understanding and appreciation in human relations: Rhetorical analysis What is called \"rhetorical criticism\" in the Speech Communication discipline is often called \"rhetorical analysis\" in English. Through this analytical process, an analyst defines, classifies, analyzes, interprets and evaluates a rhetorical artifact. Through this process a critic explores, by means of various approaches, the manifest and latent meaning of a piece of rhetoric thereby offering further insight into the field of rhetorical studies generally and into an artifact or rhetor specifically. Such an analysis, for example may reveal the particular motivations or ideologies of a rhetor, how he or she interprets the aspects of a rhetorical situation, or how cultural ideologies are manifested in an artifact. It could also demonstrate how the constraints of a particular situation shape the rhetoric that responds to it. Certain approaches also examine how rhetorical elements compare with the traditional elements of a narrative or drama. Definition Generally speaking, the average audience member lacks the knowledge or experience to recognize rhetoric at first glance. Therefore, one of the more important functions of rhetorical studies is to determine whether an artifact is inherently rhetorical. This involves the identification of the exigence, rhetor's constraints, audience, and the artifact's persuasive potential. Classification Criticism also classifies rhetorical discourses into generic categories either by explicit argumentation or as an implicit part of the critical process. For example, the evaluative standard that the rhetorician utilizes will undoubtedly be gleaned from other works of rhetoric and, thus, impose a certain category. The same can be said about the examples and experts quoted within the work of criticism. Classical genres of rhetoric include apologia, epideictic, or jeremiad but have been expanded to encompass numerous other categories. Analysis Within the realm of rhetorical criticism, analysis involves examining structure and analyzing how the individual rhetorical and communicative elements work within the context of the artifact. Rhetorical criticism is an art that involves the rhetorician developing strong reasoning for their judgement. The rhetorician must act as a rhetorical critic of their own work, they must examine the necessity of their research as well as the analysis. A rhetorician must also",
"title": "Rhetorical criticism"
},
{
"docid": "20177296",
"text": "Characterization or characterisation is the representation of characters (persons, creatures, or other beings) in narrative and dramatic works. The term character development is sometimes used as a synonym. This representation may include direct methods like the attribution of qualities in description or commentary, and indirect (or \"dramatic\") methods inviting readers to infer qualities from characters' actions, dialogue, or appearance. Such a personage is called a character. Character is a literary element. History The term characterization was introduced in the 19th century. Aristotle promoted the primacy of plot over characters, that is, a plot-driven narrative, arguing in his Poetics that tragedy \"is a representation, not of men, but of action and life.\" This view was reversed in the 19th century, when the primacy of the character, that is, a character-driven narrative, was affirmed first with the realist novel, and increasingly later with the influential development of psychology. Direct vs. indirect There are two ways an author can convey information about a character: Direct or explicit characterization The author literally tells the audience what a character is like. This may be done via the narrator, another character or by the character themselves. Indirect or implicit characterization The audience must infer for themselves what the character is like through the character's thoughts, actions, speech (choice of words, manner of speaking), physical appearance, mannerisms and interaction with other characters, including other characters' reactions to that particular person. In drama Characters in theater, television, and film differ from those in novels in that an actor may interpret the writer's description and dialogue in their own unique way to add new layers and depth to a character. This can be seen when critics compare, for example, the 'Lady Macbeths' or 'Heathcliffs' of different actors. Another major difference in drama is that it is not possible to 'go inside the character's head' in the way possible in a novel, meaning this method of character exposition is unavailable. Still another is that in drama, a character usually can be seen and heard and need not be described. In mythology Mythological characters have been depicted to be formulaic and are a part of a classification that consists of several differing, limited archetypes, which is type of component. Multiple components, such as archetypes and other elements of a story, together form a type of configuration that results in fully realized myth. These configurations can be mixed and matched together to form new types of configurations, and humans have never tired of using these configurations for their mythologies. This is an idea that uses the kaleidoscopic model on narrating for mythology. Another perspective holds that humans when reading or hearing a mythology do not dissect it into various parts, that when physically together humans do not tell stories by using limited components in a configuration, and that people and their cultures do change and thus this leads to new developments in stories, including characters. Mythological characters have influence that extends to recent works of literature. The poet Platon Oyunsky draws heavily",
"title": "Characterization"
},
{
"docid": "173533",
"text": "In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, for representing the spoken word, and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into phonemic transcription, which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict phonetic transcription, which records speech sounds with precision. Methods There are many consistent or standardized romanization systems. They can be classified by their characteristics. A particular system's characteristics may make it better-suited for various, sometimes contradictory applications, including document retrieval, linguistic analysis, easy readability, faithful representation of pronunciation. Source, or donor language – A system may be tailored to romanize text from a particular language, or a series of languages, or for any language in a particular writing system. A language-specific system typically preserves language features like pronunciation, while the general one may be better for cataloguing international texts. Target, or receiver language – Most systems are intended for an audience that speaks or reads a particular language. (So-called international romanization systems for Cyrillic text are based on central-European alphabets like the Czech and Croatian alphabet.) Simplicity – Since the basic Latin alphabet has a smaller number of letters than many other writing systems, digraphs, diacritics, or special characters must be used to represent them all in Latin script. This affects the ease of creation, digital storage and transmission, reproduction, and reading of the romanized text. Reversibility – Whether or not the original can be restored from the converted text. Some reversible systems allow for an irreversible simplified version. Transliteration If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the Nihon-shiki romanization of Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese kana syllables with 100% accuracy, but requires additional knowledge for correct pronunciation. Transcription Phonemic Most romanizations are intended to enable the casual reader who is unfamiliar with the original script to pronounce the source language reasonably accurately. Such romanizations follow the principle of phonemic transcription and attempt to render the significant sounds (phonemes) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language. The popular Hepburn Romanization of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers. Phonetic A phonetic conversion goes one step further and attempts to depict all phones in the source language, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in the target script. In practice such a representation almost never tries to represent every possible allophone—especially those that occur naturally due to coarticulation effects—and instead limits itself to the most significant allophonic distinctions. The International Phonetic Alphabet is the most common system of phonetic transcription. Trade For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves trade",
"title": "Romanization"
},
{
"docid": "9982546",
"text": "Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF), also called delayed sidetone, is a type of altered auditory feedback that consists of extending the time between speech and auditory perception. It can consist of a device that enables a user to speak into a microphone and then hear their voice in headphones a fraction of a second later. Some DAF devices are hardware; DAF computer software is also available. Most delays that produce a noticeable effect are between 50–200 milliseconds (ms). DAF usage (with a 175 ms delay) has been shown to induce mental stress. It is a type of altered auditory feedback that—along with frequency-altered feedback and white noise masking—is used to treat stuttering; it has also demonstrated interesting discoveries about the auditory feedback system when used with non-stuttering individuals. It is most effective when used in both ears. Delayed auditory feedback devices are used in speech perception experiments in order to demonstrate the importance of auditory feedback in speech perception as well as in speech production. There are now also different mobile apps available that use DAF in phone calls. Effects in people who stutter Electronic fluency devices use delayed auditory feedback and have been used as a technique to aid with stuttering. Stuttering is a speech disorder that interferes with the fluent production of speech. Some of the symptoms that characterize stuttering disfluencies are repetitions, prolongations and blocks. Early investigators suggested and have continually been proven correct in assuming that those who stutter had an abnormal speech–auditory feedback loop that was corrected or bypassed while speaking under DAF. More specifically, neuroimaging studies of people with stuttering have revealed abnormalities in several fronto-paretotemporal pathways and are thought to affect connectivity between speech (pre)motor regions and auditory regions. The above is consistent with behavioral studies that demonstrate that stutterers present reduced compensatory motor responses to unexpected perturbations of auditory feedback. The mechanism of action of DAF is to reduce the speed of speech in such a way that the longer the delay time, the greater the reduction is made. It has been proposed that it is in fact the reduction in speaking rate that produces fluency when using DAF however, it has been evidenced in other studies that a slow speaking rate is not a prerequisite for improving fluency under DAF. Furthermore, DAF is believed to continue to cause increased fluency over a long period of time, but reports of long-term effects are inconsistent. This is because in some cases a continued but small benefit was obtained, while in others little benefit was found from the beginning and they did not continue using DAF. Clinical observations have determined that DAF may be less effective in people whose fluency failures are mostly blocks as opposed to people who present mostly repetitions and prolongations. In people who stutter with atypical auditory anatomy, DAF improves fluency, but not in those with typical anatomy. DAF is also used with people who clutter. Its effects are slowing of speech which can result in increased fluency for people who",
"title": "Delayed auditory feedback"
},
{
"docid": "45454871",
"text": "The Interlude at the Playhouse (1907) is a short comic sketch written by George Bernard Shaw to be delivered by Cyril Maude and his wife Winifred Emery as a curtain raiser at the opening of The Playhouse, a newly renovated theatre managed by Maude. The sketch was performed on Monday, 28 January 1907. Characters Mrs Goldsmith, the Manager's wife Edwin Goldsmith, the Manager Carpenter Conductor Stage Manager Plot Maude (as \"Edwin Goldsmith\") is an actor-manager who has to give a speech to the audience on the opening of a new theatre. He is so nervous that his wife has to appeal to the audience behind his back to be kind to him when he appears. Other members of the theatre company are getting anxious about the delay. Goldsmith has prepared an interminable speech outlining the history of the location going back to Domesday Book. His wife is anxious that they should start the play \"Pickles\", but Edwin says he is bored with it and wants to play Hamlet. Eventually he is persuaded to finish his speech. He tells the audience, \"I have dealt with our little play-house in its historical aspect. I have dealt with it in its political aspect, in its financial aspect, in its artistic aspect, in its social aspect, in its County Council aspect, in its biological and psychological aspects.\" He leaves, irritated, when the band start to play, undercutting his serious speech. His wife reminds the audience that drama is not mere entertainment, but has a higher purpose, so though they aim to please, \"we will not please you except on terms honourable to ourselves and to you.\" Background Shaw's West End début had been at the Royal Avenue Theatre with Arms and the Man in 1894. It was successful enough to allow him to discontinue music criticism to focus full-time on play writing. The Royal Avenue Theatre was closed and rebuilt between 1905 and 1907, to be reopened as \"The Playhouse\". It opened with showings of new plays. The evening of the opening included a new one-act play by Austin Strong called The Drums of Oudh and an already-successful play called Toddles, a translation of a work by Tristan Bernard and Andre Godferneaux. Shaw's sketch was performed as a curtain raiser for the main piece Toddles (pastiched as \"Pickles\"). Publication The text of the sketch was published in The Daily Mail on 29 January 1907. It was later republished by Cyril Maude in his memoir Lest I Forget (1928) in his chapter on the opening of the theatre. It was included among Shaw's minor works in a 1951 edition after his death. Reviews The sketch was apparently the hit of the night's entertainments, described by the Times as \"the clou of the evening\". The programme did not advertise it as a dramatic piece, but stated \"Mr. Cyril Maude, 'supported' by Miss Wilfred Emery, will 'address the audience'\". Archibald Henderson, Shaw's friend and biographer, calls it a \"dainty little interlude\", and says that \"The genuine delicacy",
"title": "The Interlude at the Playhouse"
},
{
"docid": "2916422",
"text": "A prosopopoeia (, ) is a rhetorical device in which a speaker or writer communicates to the audience by speaking as another person or object. The term literally derives from the Greek roots \"face, person\", and \"to make, to do\". Prosopopoeiae are used mostly to give another perspective on the action being described. For example, in Cicero's Pro Caelio, Cicero speaks as Appius Claudius Caecus, a stern old man. This serves to give the \"ancient\" perspective on the actions of the plaintiff. Prosopopoeiae can also be used to take some of the load off the communicator by placing an unfavorable point of view on the shoulders of an imaginary stereotype. The audience's reactions are predisposed to go towards this figment rather than the communicator himself. This term also refers to a figure of speech in which an animal or inanimate object is ascribed human characteristics or is spoken of in anthropomorphic language. Quintilian writes of the power of this figure of speech to \"bring down the gods from heaven, evoke the dead, and give voices to cities and states\" (Institutes of Oratory [see ref.]). Examples Speaking with another's voice A classic example of this usage can be found in the deuterocanonical book of Sirach in the Bible, where Wisdom is personified and made to speak to the people and to the reader: Another example occurs in the second section of the Cooper Union speech by Abraham Lincoln, who creates a mock debate between Republicans and the South, a debate in which he becomes spokesman for the party. Ascribing human characteristics to a non-person In Jeremiah 47, there is a dialogue between the sword of the Lord and the prophet: In court a prosecutor may suggest to jurors that a homicide victim is \"speaking to us through the evidence\". Before becoming a Senator, John Edwards was reputed to have made such an argument in one of his most famous tort cases, representing the family of a girl who had been killed by a defective pool drain. Slavoj Žižek, in his book The Year of Dreaming Dangerously (Verso Books 2012, p. 14), wrote: William Shakespeare, Sonnet 129 reads, in part: See also Anthropomorphism Character mask References Literary Encyclopedia page on Prosopopoeia Quintilian's Institutes of Oratory, Bk. IX Ch. II Rhetoric Figures of speech eu:Prosopopeia",
"title": "Prosopopoeia"
},
{
"docid": "5015248",
"text": "On April 29, 2006, American comedian Stephen Colbert appeared as the featured entertainer at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Association Dinner, which was held in Washington, D.C., at the Hilton Washington hotel. Colbert's performance, consisting of a 16-minute podium speech and a 7-minute video presentation, was broadcast live across the United States on the cable television networks C-SPAN and MSNBC. Standing a few feet from U.S. President George W. Bush, in front of an audience of celebrities, politicians, and members of the White House Press Corps, Colbert delivered a controversial, searing routine targeting the president and the media. He spoke in the persona of the character he played on Comedy Central's The Colbert Report, a parody of conservative pundits such as Bill O'Reilly and Sean Hannity. Colbert's performance quickly became an Internet and media sensation. Commentators remarked on the humor of Colbert's performance, the political nature of his remarks, and speculated as to whether there was a cover-up by the media in the way the event was reported. James Poniewozik of Time noted that whether or not one liked the speech, it had become a \"political-cultural touchstone issue of 2006—like whether you drive a hybrid or use the term 'freedom fries. Performance at the dinner American comedian Stephen Colbert was the featured entertainer at the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner, held at the Hilton Washington hotel in Washington, D.C., on April 29, 2006. He was invited to speak by Mark Smith, the outgoing president of the White House Press Corps Association. Smith later told reporters that he had not seen much of Colbert's work. Since 1983, the event has featured well-known stand-up comics. Previous performances included President Gerald Ford and Chevy Chase making fun of Ford's alleged clumsiness in 1975, and Ronald Reagan and Rich Little performing together in 1981. Colbert gave his after-dinner remarks in front of an audience described by the Associated Press as a \"Who's Who of power and celebrity\". More than 2,500 guests attended the event, including First Lady Laura Bush, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Peter Pace, U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, China's Ambassador Zhou Wenzhong, AOL co-founder Steve Case, model and tennis player Anna Kournikova, and actor George Clooney. Colbert spoke directly to President Bush several times, satirically praising his foreign policy, lifestyle, and beliefs, and referring to his declining approval rating and popular reputation. Colbert spoke in the persona of the character he played on Comedy Central's The Colbert Report, a parody of a conservative pundit in the fashion of Bill O'Reilly and Sean Hannity. He began by satirizing mass surveillance, joking \"If anybody needs anything else at their tables, just speak slowly and clearly into your table numbers. Someone from the NSA will be right over with a cocktail.\" While many of his jokes were directed at President Bush, he also lampooned the journalists and other figures present at the dinner. Most of the speech was prepared specifically for the event, Colbert's long-time writing partner, Paul Dinello, helped him with",
"title": "Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner"
},
{
"docid": "61018341",
"text": "Banjo & Kazooie are a pair of fictional video game characters and the eponymous protagonists of the video game series Banjo-Kazooie, created by British video game developer Rare. Banjo and Kazooie were both introduced as player characters in the original Banjo-Kazooie (1998). Banjo is a honey bear who is accompanied by Kazooie, a bird who is often seen seeking shelter in Banjo's backpack and emerging to perform various moves and attacks. The pair's numerous adventures usually pit them against the evil witch Gruntilda. Banjo first made his solo debut as one of the playable characters in Diddy Kong Racing (1997). Decades after the release of their original game, Banjo and Kazooie gained widespread attention for their playable appearance in Nintendo's Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. Concept and design The game that would become Banjo-Kazooie began in early development as Dream: Land of Giants, in which players would control a sword-wielding boy named Edson battling pirates. Later in development, Rare decided to heavily rework the premise, and the player character was initially changed to a rabbit before settling on a bear named Banjo. According to Rare, \"We wanted the characters to primarily appeal to a younger audience but, at the same time, give them enough humour and attitude not to discourage older players.\" The addition of Kazooie came as a result of Rare wanting to expand Banjo's abilities. According to Gregg Mayles, who served as the head designer for both characters, \"We came up with the [...] idea that a pair of wings could appear from his backpack to help him perform a second jump. We also wanted Banjo to be able to run very fast when required [so] we added a pair of 'fast-running' legs that appeared from the bottom of the backpack. [And soon after] we came up with the logical conclusion that these could belong to another character, one that actually lived in Banjo's backpack.\" The character was named after a kazoo, which was considered an annoying instrument, \"much like the personality of the bird,\" Mayles explained. Instead of actual dialogue, all the characters in the game feature \"mumbling\" voices. This choice was made to convey their personalities without them actually speaking, as Rare felt the actual speech \"could ruin the player's perception of the characters,\" as well as due to the limited development time available to implement the feature. The game's sequel, Banjo-Tooie, introduced the ability for the characters to separate and be controlled independently of one another, with each one able to perform unique abilities that they would not otherwise be able to while joined. When Rare became a first-party developer for Microsoft's Xbox, character trademarks such as Banjo and Kazooie were retained by Rare. When redesigning the characters of Banjo and Kazooie for Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts, Mayles and Bryan initially designed high-resolution characters for the protagonists, but Bryan recalled that they lacked \"the charm\" the original game held. Later during development, Bryan suggested that the characters in the game should appear cuboid, and thus finalized",
"title": "Banjo & Kazooie"
},
{
"docid": "797380",
"text": "A living museum, also known as a living history museum, is a type of museum which recreates historical settings to simulate a past time period, providing visitors with an experiential interpretation of history. It is a type of museum that recreates to the fullest extent conditions of a culture, natural environment or historical period, in an example of living history. Costumed historians A costumed historian has many roles and responsibilities at historical sites. In addition to conducting tours, interpreting a space, or portraying a historical character, they are also involved in the research process that aides the site interpretation. Full-time staff interpreters develop public programs, tours, and write scripts for interpretative panels, pamphlets, and videos. They often work closely with the curatorial and educational staff to collaborate on ideas about collection tours, school tours, educational programs, and site interpretation. Supervisors are also responsible for the extensive training of new staff members, volunteers, and interns. As a career, historical interpretation positions do not usually require the applicant to have a specific degree or background. Prospective employers are looking for interpreters who have good communication skills and are comfortable speaking in front of large audiences. They should also possess strong research and writing skills. While a master's degree is not usually required, a background or degree in history, public history, museum studies, or education is beneficial. The average salary for full-time museum workers in the United States was $44,430 in 2019. A large part of the competencies acquired by the interpreter are gained through experience and on-the-job-training at each individual site. Interpretation The main interpretative technique of living history museums, aside from exhibitions, are the use of costumed interpreters or historians. Costumed historians make history come alive through interactions that formulate social, cultural, and political connections with the past. There are two different types of costumed interpretation utilized at living history sites: first-person and third-person interpretation. In first-person interpretation, the costumed historian portrays a specific historical character. The historian adopts speech patterns, mannerisms, worldviews, and attitudes appropriate to the character being portrayed. Since the interpreters are representing a historical character during a particular time period, their knowledge and therefore how they interact with the public, is limited to their designated character and historic time period. For example, interpreters at the English Village at Plimoth Plantation are first-person interpreters who portray some of the original residents of Plymouth Colony. For example, a costumed historian will say that \"I am making cornbread\". Third-person interpretation does not limit the costumed historian to a particular historical character or time period and maintain a working knowledge of both the past and present. Instead, they represent a gender, status, and occupation. Plimoth Plantation employs third-person interpretation at the Wampanoag Homesite where, although dressed in historically accurate clothing, the costumed historians speak from a modern perspective about Wampanoag history and culture. For example, a costumed historian will say that \"They ate a healthy, seasonally varied diet that included corn, beans, squash, fish, venison, fruit, and vegetables\". Both first- and",
"title": "Living museum"
}
] | [
"monologue"
] |
train_49303 | who plays jack frost in a touch of frost | [
{
"docid": "6173096",
"text": "Detective Inspector William Edward \"Jack\" Frost, GC QPM, is a fictional detective created by R. D. Wingfield—characterised as sloppy, untidy, hopeless with paperwork—but unmatched at solving mysteries. The character has appeared in two radio plays, ten published novels, and a TV series spanning 42 episodes between 1992 and 2010. \"Jack\" is a nickname, alluding to Jack Frost. Radio plays The character first appeared in a radio play entitled Three Days of Frost first transmitted on BBC Radio 4 on 12 February 1977, which is a re-telling of Wingfield's \"Frost at Christmas\" (the novel had yet to be published). He was portrayed by Leslie Sands. The character's second appearance was also on BBC Radio 4, in a play entitled A Touch of Frost, also based on Wingfield's second novel of the same name, transmitted on 6 February 1982. In the second radio play the character was portrayed by Derek Martin. Novels Wingfield published six novels about DI Frost, starting with Frost at Christmas in 1984. Between 2011 and 2017, four Frost books were published under the name James Henry, with the approval of the Estate of R.D. Wingfield. In the case of First Frost, this pseudonym refers to James Gurbutt and Henry Sutton, but in Fatal Frost, Morning Frost and Frost at Midnight it refers to Gurbutt only. These are all prequels to the Wingfield novels. The first three books are set between 1981 and November 1982 when Frost was a Detective Sergeant, and Frost at Midnight is set in August 1983, when Frost is a Detective Inspector. The two latest—and so far last—Frost books are by Danny Miller. Frost at Christmas (1984 / 1995, Bantam Crimeline, New York), (U.S. mass market paperback edition) A Touch of Frost (1987 / 1995 Bantam Crimeline, New York), (U.S. mass market paperback edition) Night Frost (1992, Constable, London / 1995, Bantam Crimeline, New York), (U.S. mass market paperback edition) Hard Frost (1995 UK & U.S.) (U.S. mass market paperback edition) Winter Frost (1999, Constable, London / 2000 Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) A Killing Frost (2008, Bantam Press / Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) First Frost (2011, Transworld Publishers Ltd / Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) Fatal Frost (2012, Bantam Press / Corgi Books, London) (Bantam Press hardback) (Corgi Books paperback) Morning Frost (2013, Bantam Press / 2014, Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) Frost At Midnight (2017, Bantam Press / 2018 Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) A Lethal Frost (2018, Bantam Press / 2018 Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) The Murder Map (2019, Corgi Books, London) (paperback original) Television series Beginning in 1992, television adaptations of the novels, and further stories based on the characters were transmitted on ITV in the UK. The series starred David Jason as Frost. This series was broadcast under the umbrella title A Touch of Frost. There were thirty-eight stories broadcast (forty-two episodes, if counted individually). These have been released on VHS and DVD internationally. Three endings were filmed for the final episode.",
"title": "Jack Frost (detective)"
},
{
"docid": "2522239",
"text": "Rodney David Wingfield (6 June 1928 – 31 July 2007) was an English author and radio dramatist. He is best remembered for creating the character of Detective Inspector Jack Frost, who was later played by Sir David Jason in A Touch of Frost. Early life Rodney David Wingfield was born in Hackney, east London in 1928. He was educated at the Coopers' Company School and during the Second World War was evacuated to Frome, Somerset. Wingfield was exempted from National Service due to poor eyesight and had various office jobs in the East End before joining the Petrofina oil company. His first radio play, Our West Ladyton Branch was accepted by the BBC in 1968 and two more were then commissioned, at which point Wingfield resigned from his job. Inspector Frost In 1972, Macmillan Publishers invited him to write a book, and he wrote Frost at Christmas. This was rejected and not published until the early 1980s in Canada. Wingfield had originally planned to kill Frost in the first book, but he was persuaded instead to leave it as an open ending. Following this, two more Frost books were written: A Touch of Frost and Night Frost. In 1977 Frost appeared in a radio play called Three Days of Frost, in which Frost was played by Leslie Sands, a friend of Wingfield's. The books were first published in the United Kingdom in early 1989, and in 1992 Frost first appeared on television in A Touch of Frost, played by David Jason. Wingfield was never enthusiastic about the TV adaptation of his detective, once saying he had nothing against David Jason but \"he just isn't my Frost\". Hard Frost was published in 1995, followed by Winter Frost in 1999. Wingfield did not enjoy writing books, and much preferred writing radio scripts. In 20 years he wrote over 40 radio mystery plays, but stopped in 1988, with Hate Mail, due to the decline of radio and the success of his Frost books. As well as the many mystery plays, Wingfield also penned a comedy radio series, The Secret Life of Kenneth Williams, starring Kenneth Williams as a secret agent. Wingfield was a very private man, always avoiding book launches and publishing parties, and being rarely photographed. Other In 1982, Leslie Sands played Sergeant Fowler in Wingfield's BBC radio thriller Outbreak of Fear, a murder mystery set in the West Country. In 1987, Bob Peck starred in the Wingfield BBC radio drama Deadfall, about a demolition man whose past catches up with him. The 'winkle' postcard (sent by Inspector Frost) is most probably based on a Donald McGill seaside postcard. After a dispute with the BBC in 1984 he submitted a number of radio plays under the pseudonym \"Arthur Jefferson\", (the real name of Stan Laurel) one such play being The Killing Season broadcast in six-parts that same year and starring Sean Barrett, Michael Jenner, John Hollis, and Allan Cuthbertson; the serial was essentially a palimpsest of his earlier serial Outbreak of Fear.",
"title": "R. D. Wingfield"
},
{
"docid": "651924",
"text": "A Touch of Frost is a television detective series produced by Yorkshire Television (later ITV Studios) for ITV from 6 December 1992 until 5 April 2010, initially based on the Frost novels by R. D. Wingfield. Writing credit for the three episodes in the first 1992 series went to Richard Harris. The series stars David Jason as Detective Inspector William Edward \"Jack\" Frost, an experienced and dedicated detective who frequently clashes with his superiors. In his cases, Frost is usually assisted by a variety of detective sergeants or constables, with each bringing a different slant to the particular case. Comic relief is provided by Frost's interactions with the bureaucratically-minded Superintendent Norman \"Horn-rimmed Harry\" Mullett, played by Bruce Alexander. A number of young actors had their major debut as supporting cast in the show, including: Matt Bardock, Ben Daniels, Neil Stuke, Mark Letheren, Colin Buchanan, Jason Maza, Jim Sturgess, Damian Lewis and Marc Warren. Background The series is set in the fictional southern England town of Denton. Denton may be in Berkshire, Oxfordshire or Wiltshire. There are many references to Reading, Oxford, and Swindon. In SE1E1 a character mentions going to Bishop's Stortford, implying it is a short journey away and thus in the Hertfordshire or Essex area. In SE2E3 a suspect talks about \"Driving over to Chelmsford\", implying reasonable proximity to Denton, again placing the action in the Herts/Essex area. Frost drives a blue Ford Sierra - D843 MPP. This is a Luton registration (ending 'PP'), a very common registration in Hertfordshire, consistent with Bishop's Stortford. In the earlier episodes, the M4 and A417 were often seen, and the map of Swindon was seen in the control room, although a map of Reading was used occasionally. Paperwork given to Frost and other characters refers to Denton station as being part of the Thames Valley Police. In SE2E4 Frost hurries to Denton station and Network SouthEast branding is visible on the station signs. This is broadly consistent with most of the putative locations listed, though not with the actual Yorkshire locations. In SE4E1 Frost and Toolan observe a train passing, consisting of a British Rail Class 141 Pacer in West Yorkshire Metro red and cream livery coupled with a British Rail Class 142 Pacer in BR Provincial Sector blue livery. Both units in those liveries are quite inconsistent with Network SouthEast but very much with the Yorkshire locations. In some episodes ambiguous references to 'County' are made. This is inconsistent with Denton being part of Thames Valley since this is not part of a County force. One reference implies 'County' has jurisdiction beyond that of Denton. Either 'County' is the HQ of the county force Denton belongs to, or Denton is a small city force, surrounded by a larger county force. A situation analogous to that of Oxford City Police and Oxfordshire Constabulary pre-1968. The programme was produced by ITV in Leeds, and most of the outdoor locations were shot in West Yorkshire. Several scenes were filmed in and around the",
"title": "A Touch of Frost"
},
{
"docid": "42505385",
"text": "Henry Edward Sutton (born 8 September 1963) is a crime novelist. The author of nine works of fiction including My Criminal World (2013) and Get Me Out of Here (2011), he teaches Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia, where he is a Senior Lecturer and the co-director of the Master of Arts in Prose Fiction UEA Creative Writing Course. In 2004, he won the J.B.Priestley Award. Early life Sutton was born in Gorleston-on-Sea, Norfolk, to writer Belinda Brett and furniture maker Toby Sutton. Career In 1983, Sutton began a career in journalism with Eastern Counties Newspapers as a feature writer and reporter. In 1987, he joined Haymarket Publishing as desk editor, and by 1991 he was working at The European where he performed a number of roles: travel editor, deputy arts editor, feature writer. He has served as Books Editor at the Daily Mirror, and as Literary Editor at Esquire magazine UK. By 2008, Sutton was appointed as an Associate Creative Writing Tutor at the UEA, and in 2011, he was made a Senior Lecturer. He is also the director of the new Creative Writing MA Crime Fiction at UEA, and the founder of the Noirwich Crime Writing Festival. In 2009, he was writer-in-residence at the university's British Centre of Literary Translation. Sutton's first published work was Gorleston (1995), a novel about pensioner Percy Lanchester, a pensioner, struggling to come to terms with the death of his wife. Percy's life is turned upside down when he meets a notorious widow named Queenie. The Independent said this debut \"pulls off the stunning feat of humanizing an out-of-season seaside resort\". His second novel, Bank Holiday Monday (1997) was also set in Norfolk, in a rented windmill on the coast where five adults and a child gather to spend the long weekend. The Guardian has said the tale \"should be required reading for any middle-class couples considering renting a holiday home in Norfolk this summer\". The Househunter (1999) was described as \"gloriously original\" and \"unashamedly honest\" by British author and critic Julie Myerson. Flying (2001) focuses on seven characters crewing an airliner on a long-haul return flight between London and New York, and the repercussions of a wild crew party in the down route hotel. Writing in The Guardian, he said he decided to set the novel on a plane, \"thinking that an object capable of inspiring such powerful feelings in me would provide great source material\". Sutton's protagonist in Kids' Stuff (2005), his fifth book, is Mark – a practical man who is reunited with a long lost daughter, and is set in Norwich. His next book, First Frost (2011) was a collaborative effort with James Gurbutt. They co-authored the novel, which is set in Denton, Greater Manchester, in 1981, and illuminates Detective Sergeant Jack Frost's backstory. Actor David Jason, who played Jack Frost (detective) in A Touch of Frost, \"not only a gripping mystery, but an exclusive look at Jack Frost's early years.\" His eighth novel, Get Me Out",
"title": "Henry Sutton (novelist)"
},
{
"docid": "10534697",
"text": "Raymond Russell is an English session musician and experimental jazz rock guitarist. He is also a record producer and composer. Russell made his professional debut as Vic Flick's replacement as lead guitarist in the John Barry Seven. Session guitarist In 1973 he was a member of the band Mouse, which released a progressive rock album entitled Lady Killer for the Sovereign record label. Composition in TV/film In 1963, Russell assumed Vik Flick's position as lead guitarist of the John Barry Seven. He played on the soundtracks for James Bond films - Moonraker, You only live twice, Octopussy, Thunderball, Live and let die, The man with the Golden Gun, and The spy who loved me. Russell was later employed by George Harrison's company HandMade Films and played for the film scores of Monty Python's Life of Brian, Water and Time Bandits. Russell's TV compositions have included A Touch of Frost, for which he won a Royal society Television Award, Bergerac, Plain Jane, A Bit of a Do, Rich Tea and Sympathy, The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries, Dangerfield and Grafters, as well as The Murder of Meredith Kercher and BBC's Hooded Men. He also played in the DVD Simon Phillips Returns with Simon Phillips and Anthony Jackson. Russell was composer for British TV Detective series A Touch of Frost - series 6-15 between 1999-2010.6 He released an album A Touch of FrostT in 2003 which featured David Jason as Frost on the cover. In 2008 Russell, drummer Ralph Salmins, and sound engineer Rik Walton created Made Up Music, a music library that distributes music on its web site and by sending portable hard drives to music editors. In March 2020, Russell featured on an episode of the BBC Television programme Antiques Roadshow, in which his fretless six-string electric guitar, made by Bartell and gifted to him by George Harrison, having originally belonged to John Lennon, was valued at £300,000-£400,000. Discography Turn Circle (CBS, 1968) Dragon Hill (CBS, 1969) June 11, 1971: Live at the ICA (RCA Victor, 1971) Rites & Rituals (CBS, 1971) Secret Asylum (Black Lion, 1973) Ready or Not (DJM, 1977) This Side Up (B&W, 1989) A Table Near the Band (Angel Air, 1990) Guitars from Mars (Virgin, 1990) Why Not Now (1988) Childscape (1990) with Gil Evans and Mark Isham June 11th 1971: Live at the ICA / Retrospective (Mokai, 2000) A Touch of Frost (Universal, 2003) The Composer's Cut (Angel Air, 2005) Goodbye Svengali (Cuneiform, 2006) Myths & Legends (Strip Sounds, 2007) Now, More Than Ever (Abstract Logix, 2013) The Celestial Squid with Henry Kaiser (Cuneiform, 2015) Fluid Architecture (Cuneiform, 2020) References External links 1947 births Living people Military personnel from London People from Islington (district) Cuneiform Records artists English television composers English male composers English jazz guitarists English male guitarists English session musicians Nucleus (band) members British male jazz musicians RMS (band) members Black Lion Records artists",
"title": "Ray Russell (musician)"
},
{
"docid": "2091380",
"text": "John Lyons (born 14 September 1943) is an English stage and screen actor. He played Bert Bill and Sid On The Buses and Detective Sergeant George Toolan in the long-running UK detective drama, A Touch of Frost (1992–2010) alongside David Jason. Early life Lyons was born in Whitechapel in 1943, the son of a dock worker and an office cleaner, and the youngest of three children. Aged six, he would help the local milkman deliver milk to the neighbouring block of flats before school. Leaving school at fifteen, Lyons became a labourer for British Rail at Paddington Station. An aspiring footballer, every Sunday morning, he and several hundred others would play football on Hackney Marshes. Aged 17, a member of his team happened to be a journalist who gave him a business card advertising a new drama school, East 15. Lyons attended the drama school for three years after being accepted after an audition. Career Lyons' first acting job out of drama school was in Catch Hand. After this, he worked consistently in many popular television series including On the Buses, Man About the House, George and Mildred, Doctor in Charge and UFO. Lyons also had a prominent role playing Detective Sgt. Jim Huke in a 1976 episode of The Sweeney and shortly after also appeared in the second film of the series. Following appearances in Spooner's Patch, Bottle Boys and Upstairs Downstairs, in 1992, Lyons starred in the detective series A Touch of Frost opposite David Jason as DS George Toolan, a role he would play until the show's end in 2010. At the same time, Lyons also starred in Shameless, Spooks and Doctors, although he now mainly appears on stage. Continuing his long and successful theatre career, in September 2005, Lyons joined the cast of the world's longest-running play, The Mousetrap, in London's West End. In 2015 and 2016, Lyons toured the UK in a stage adaptation of the BBC amateur detective series, Father Brown. He is, also, a regular performer in Pantomime throughout the country, and appeared in the role of \"King Crumble\" in Sleeping Beauty at the Marina Theatre, Lowestoft in December 2015. Lyons also appeared for the second time as special guest at a 43tv Retro TV Sweeney Meet in October 2016 in Hammersmith, London and gave an after dinner talk about his career in TV & Film. In 2018, Lyons appeared in Ray Cooney's Caught in the Net and also in the new play The Eleventh Hour set in war time. For both the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 Christmas season, Lyons appeared in pantomime at Bridlington Spa in Bridlington as \"The King\" in Jack and the Beanstalk and \"Baron Hardup\" in Cinderella respectively. Personal life Born a true Cockney from the East End of London, Lyons had to take elocution lessons every morning at drama school to remove his accent. Filmography Film Television References External links John Lyons in The Sweeney - Bad Apple at 43tv - The Retro Forum 1943 births Living people English",
"title": "John Lyons (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "6018439",
"text": "Neil Dudgeon (born 2 January 1961) is an English actor who, since 2010, has played DCI John Barnaby in the ITV drama series Midsomer Murders. He replaced John Nettles in the lead role in 2011. Early life and education Dudgeon is the son of James C Dudgeon and June M Weeks. He has an older sister, Lynne W Dudgeon. He was born in Doncaster in 1961, where he was raised. At that time, it was a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, but is now in South Yorkshire. He attended Intake Secondary Modern school in Doncaster, among other schools. He acted in several school plays, (including Rosencrantz and Guildernstern are Dead), then went on to study drama at the University of Bristol (1979–82). Career Dudgeon made his first screen appearance in 1987. The following year he appeared as a Second World War pilot in Piece of Cake, alongside Tim Woodward, Jeremy Northam and Nathaniel Parker. As well as occasional appearances in series such as Casualty, London's Burning and Lovejoy, he appeared in 1994 as Detective Constable Costello, a one-episode subordinate to Detective Inspector William Edward \"Jack\" Frost (played by David Jason), in the TV series A Touch of Frost, in 1998-99 as George the Chauffeur in The Mrs Bradley Mysteries (alongside Dame Diana Rigg), in Inspector Morse (episode \"The Way Through the Woods\"), Between The Lines, Common As Muck (in 1994 & 1997), Out of the Blue, Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking, The Street and four series of Messiah with Ken Stott. He also appeared in the romantic comedy film Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, playing the taxi driver who takes the title character to meet Mark Darcy (played by Colin Firth), towards the end of the film. In 2007 Dudgeon appeared in the eponymous role of self-made millionaire Roman Pretty in the BBC2 sitcom Roman's Empire. In 2009 he played a main character in BBC's Life of Riley, a series recommissioned and aired in April 2011, the same month that Dudgeon played the role of one time Football League secretary Alan Hardaker in the TV drama United, which was centred on the events of the 1958 Munich air disaster involving Manchester United. In 2010 Dudgeon appeared in an episode of the ITV crime drama Midsomer Murders, called \"The Sword of Guillaume\". He was introduced in the episode as the cousin of Detective Chief Inspector Tom Barnaby, played by John Nettles, who retired from the role. Dudgeon, also cast as a senior detective, took over as the lead character in Midsomer Murders after the last episodes featuring John Nettles were screened in 2011. Dudgeon's character name is DCI John Barnaby, which has been suggested may be a vehicle for continued sales to territories where the show is known as \"Inspector Barnaby\". Dudgeon had first appeared in Midsomer Murders in the opening episode of the fourth series (\"Garden of Death\"), playing a secondary character. In 2012 Dudgeon starred as Norman Birkett on BBC Radio 4's",
"title": "Neil Dudgeon"
},
{
"docid": "8297850",
"text": "Bruce John Alexander (born 28 May 1946) is a British actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Superintendent Norman Mullett in the ITV television series A Touch of Frost, in which he plays the superior of the main character Jack Frost, played by David Jason. Life and career Alexander was born on 28 May 1946 in Watford, Hertfordshire, and has appeared with the Royal Shakespeare Company. He played Ferdinand in the 1989 production of John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi. In November 2016, he was in a \"Read Not Dead\" performance of Beaumont and Fletcher's The Coxcomb at the Sam Wanamaker theatre on Bankside. In 1990, he appeared as a doctor in the first episode of the comedy Keeping Up Appearances (entitled \"Daddy's Accident\"), and has also featured in episodes of numerous TV series, including The Bill, Casualty, EastEnders, Midsomer Murders and Doc Martin. In 1997, Alexander had a small role in the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies. In 2013, he played the character of Peter Bachman in several episodes of the TV series Love and Marriage, including \"The Elephant in the Room\", \"Secrets & Lies\", \"Alarm!\" and \"Huge Weekend for the Paradise Family\". Alexander's radio credits include the role of Mike in Westway, the BBC World Service soap opera which ran from 1997 to 2005, and the role of Doc de Salis in the BBC dramatisation of the John le Carré novel The Honourable Schoolboy. Alexander is the president of the Haddenham Museum in Haddenham, Buckinghamshire and is also a patron of Thame Players Theatre in Thame, Oxfordshire. In 2019, Alexander appeared in the BBC soap opera Doctors as Ray Hopkins. In 2022, he appeared as recurring character Doug in Catherine Tate's six-part mockumentary sitcom Hard Cell, released on Netflix. Partial filmography References External links Bruce Alexander at Theatricalia 1946 births Living people 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors Male actors from Watford English male stage actors English male television actors",
"title": "Bruce Alexander (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "9802540",
"text": "Vincent Regan (born 16 May 1965) is a Welsh film and television actor, best known for his roles in 300, Troy, Unleashed, Clash of the Titans, Lockout and One Piece. Early life Regan attended Nicholas Breakspear School, St.Albans, Hertfordshire, before attending the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts in London. Acting career Regan first came on UK TV screens in series 5 (1992) of LWT's London's Burning, playing Don, the love interest of Firefighter Kate Stevens (Samantha Beckinsale). That same year he played PC Shelby alongside Sir David Jason’s DI Jack Frost in the TV series A Touch of Frost. Regan has over 15 stage roles to his credit, most recently as Achilles in Troilus and Cressida at the Edinburgh International Festival. In association with the Royal Shakespeare Company, the festival presented director Peter Stein's strongly cast and visually striking production. He is best known for Ancient Greece-based films 300, in which he played the Captain, Troy, where he played Eudorus, Achilles' second in command, and Clash of the Titans, in which he played King Cepheus. In 1999, Regan received an Irish Best Actor nomination for his co-starring performance in the award-winning miniseries Eureka Street. In 2006–07, he guest starred in two episodes of Wild at Heart as Simon Adams, father of Danny Trevannion's (Stephen Tompkinson) stepchildren Olivia and Evan. In 2012, Regan announced his intention to launch the East Riding Theatre in Beverley, East Yorkshire, along with Judi Dench and other professional actors. That year, he appeared in films such as Outside Bet, Lockout and Snow White and the Huntsman. Regan is also a screenwriter and director, developing projects for his own film company. His script, Come Like Shadows, is an accessible but classic interpretation of Macbeth headlining Sean Bean and Tilda Swinton and will be directed by John Maybury. He also appeared briefly as a sexually confused character in British series The Street. In 2013, he guest starred in the first episode of Series 10 of New Tricks. He played the Duke of Savoy in the 4th episode of the BBC series The Musketeers in 2014. Regan joined the cast of the BBC's Atlantis as Dion for series 2 starting November 2014. He starred as King Simon in E!'s The Royals. Regan has acted in three films set in Ancient Greece: Troy, 300 and Clash of the Titans, and the Ancient Greece-based TV series Atlantis. In 2023, he starred as Vice Admiral Garp in One Piece. Filmography Television References External links 1965 births Living people People educated at St Joseph's College, Ipswich Welsh male film actors Welsh male television actors Male actors from Swansea Alumni of the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts 20th-century Welsh male actors 21st-century Welsh male actors Welsh male stage actors",
"title": "Vincent Regan"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "850212",
"text": "Jonas Martin Frost III (born January 1, 1942) is an American politician, who was the Democratic representative to the U.S. House of Representatives for Texas's 24th congressional district from 1979 to 2005. Personal life Frost was born to a Jewish family in Glendale, California, the son of Doris (nee Marwil) and Jack Frost. He has one sister, Carol Frost Wagner. His grandfather, Joe Frost, was co-founder of Frost Brothers Department Store. In 1949, his family moved to Fort Worth, Texas where his father took a job with Convair Aircraft. In 1964, he graduated from the University of Missouri with a bachelor of journalism and a Bachelor of Arts in history. As a student, Frost was editor of The Maneater, is a brother of Zeta Beta Tau, and was tapped by Omicron Delta Kappa and QEBH. After graduating, Frost worked as a newspaper reporter, including positions at The News Journal of Wilmington, Delaware. He received his Juris Doctor degree from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1970. Following his graduation he worked as a law clerk for Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes of the Northern District of Texas, after which he practiced law in the Dallas–Fort Worth area. In addition, Frost was a legal commentator on KERA-TV. Frost served in the United States Army Reserve from 1966 to 1972. Political career Frost ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House in 1974. He tried again successfully in 1978, becoming the first Jewish U.S. congressman from Texas. Frost was reelected 12 times without serious opposition. In 1980, he defeated an African American Republican opponent, Clay Smothers. On October 10, 2002, Martin Frost was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq. He served two terms as the chairman of the House Democratic Caucus from 1999 to 2003, the number three post in the Democrats' House leadership after the minority leader and minority whip. As Democratic Caucus Chair, Frost was often at odds with another prominent Dallas-area Congressman, Dick Armey, who was the Republican House Majority Leader. Due to term limits as Democratic Caucus Chair, Frost made a bid for Minority Leader after Dick Gephardt resigned in the wake of losing four seats in the 2002 Congressional midterm elections, but Frost dropped out of the race and supported eventual winner Nancy Pelosi. Frost was the ranking member of the House Rules Committee during his last term in the House. Due to his strong fundraising ability for fellow Democrats, and the fact that he led the 1991 redistricting in Texas, he was one of the targets of a controversial mid-decade redistricting engineered by then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay. His district, which included portions of Dallas, Fort Worth and Arlington, was redrawn to be much more Republican. Its portions of Fort Worth and Arlington were replaced with wealthier and more Republican territory around Dallas. While Al Gore won the old 24th fairly handily in 2000, the new 24th would have given George W. Bush a staggering 68 percent",
"title": "Martin Frost"
},
{
"docid": "20436040",
"text": "Jack Frost were a short-term Australian rock band, a side project for Grant McLennan (of the Go-Betweens) and Steve Kilbey (of the Church). They released two albums, Jack Frost (1991) and Snow Job (1996). Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, determined their material, \"ranged from romantic ballads to tough rock, with the two singers' voices fitting together well.\" History In July 1990 Steve Kilbey (of the Church) contacted Grant McLennan (of the Go-Betweens), \"he's interested in the idea of them writing a song together. Grant says 'Come over and bring your 12-string' and offers to bake some cookies.\" Kilbey on lead vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards and drums and McLennan on lead vocals, guitar, keyboards and bass guitar formed Jack Frost in Sydney in 1990. The pair wrote enough tracks for a self-titled album, which was released in 1991, via Red Eye Records/Polydor Records. The album was recorded in three weeks, with Pryce Surplice on drums, synthesiser and as co-producer; plus \"special guests\" including Karin Jansson on backing vocals. Mclennan said, \"Whatever you hear is the only version of that song musically. We didn't do three or four versions to choose from. We didn't plan it at all. Everything was written in the studio on that day. Lisa Waller of The Canberra Times reported in November 1990 that, \"[the duo] are doing a couple of live acoustic performances in Sydney and Brisbane but will wait to see how the album is received before making more commitments to their new found partnership.\" Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described Jack Frost as, \"[the songs] ranged from romantic ballads to tough rock, with the two singers' voices fitting together well.\" Jonathan Romney in Q Magazine called the album \"a mix of mannered intensity, detached fol-krock cool and - occasionally downright wiseacre-hood.\" The album provided two singles, \"Every Hour God Sends\" (November 1990) and \"Thought That I was Over You\" (April 1991) before the members resumed their solo careers and main band projects. Waller's colleague compared their styles, \"Kilbey writes with a lush opulence. The ambience of the songs is as important as the lyrics. McLcnnan writes with a more subtle sound, where the lyrics are as demanding as the arrangements.\" Kilbey and McLennan resumed the Jack Frost project in late 1995. They had recorded new material back in 1993 and were joined in the studio by Kilbey's brother Russell on backing vocal, organ and blues harp, Tim Powles (from the Church) on drums and percussion and Jamie Pattugalan on drums (on the track, \"Pony Express\"). McFarlane noticed, \"The resultant album, Snow Job, came out to little fanfare and duly sank without a trace.\" It was co-produced by the Kilbey brothers and McLennan. Woronis Brett Leigh Dicks described how \"[it] is a reflection of a unique teaming. But whereas Jack Frost's first endeavour relied heavily on programming, the mechanics of this recording is based upon a very different texture.\" By 1996 the pair resumed their separate musical careers. Grant McLennan died in May 2006 of a heart",
"title": "Jack Frost (band)"
},
{
"docid": "17678624",
"text": "Richard Calabro (born 14 April 1979) is a Yorkshire born actor who began his career in the children's TV drama The Ward, playing 'prankster' Digger Reily, until the character was eventually written out of the series in 1992. More recently, Calabro starred with Angela Griffiths in award-winning hospital drama Holby City. Some other television credits include: Woof!, Mike & Angelo, Press Gang, Rosemary and Thyme, The Bill, Band of Gold, Mother Love, Casualty, My Hero, Emmerdale, Doctors, Seven Sisters, Seven Brothers, Macbeth (BBC 2001), Taggart, Caitlin's Way (HBO), A Touch of Frost, Little Boy Lost and Lear's Children. Calabro made his stage debut in Boy George's hit musical Taboo in 2002 and also starred in the same show on the U.K No 1 tour in 2003. Selected Appearances Holby City Taggart The Bill Caitlin's Way Life Support A Touch of Frost Band of Gold Casualty Woof! Press Gang Children's Ward Mother Love References 1979 births Living people Male actors from Yorkshire English male child actors English male television actors English people of Italian descent",
"title": "Richard Calabro"
},
{
"docid": "22121117",
"text": "The Last International Playboy (also known as Frost) is a 2008 American independent film directed by Steve Clark and written by Steve Clark and Thomas Moffett. The cast includes Jason Behr, Monet Mazur, Krysten Ritter, Mike Landry, India Ennenga, Lydia Hearst, Lucy Gordon, and Carlos Velazquez. Shooting began in May 2007. The film premiered at the Slamdance Film Festival in January 2008. The film was also screened and well received at the 2008 Genart Film Festival, Newport Beach Film Festival, and Oxford International Film Festival. Plot summary The ultimate New York City playboy Jack Frost (Jason Behr) is shattered when he discovers his one true love Carolina (Monet Mazur) is about to marry another man. Still haunted by his mother's suicide, Jack spirals into a self-destructive cycle of whiskey and reckless behavior, while his best friends Ozzy (Krysten Ritter) and Scotch (Mike Landry) try to jar him back to reality. Strangely enough, it's Jack's eleven-year-old neighbor, Sophie (India Ennenga), who helps the drowning urbanite shake off the nostalgia and excess that threaten to consume him. Cast Jason Behr ... Jack Frost Monet Mazur ... Carolina Lucy Gordon ... Kate Hardwick Krysten Ritter ... Ozzy Mike Landry ... Scotch Evans India Ennenga ... Sophie Polina Frantsena ... Serafina María Jurado ... Adriana Lydia Hearst-Shaw ... Stella Amber Noelle Ehresmann ... Parsley Leah Cary ... Natty Ruza Madarevic ... Verushka Production The Last International Playboy is the debut feature film production of Director Steve Clark, who penned the original screenplay with co-writer Thomas Moffett and was inspired by the life of George Plimpton, a friend and colleague of the writers. The film was released shortly after the death of Lucy Gordon - who played Kate in the film - and the film was dedicated in memory of her. Thomas Moffett also wrote the film Shrink starring Kevin Spacey and Robin Williams, which was received to much critical acclaim at the 2009 Sundance festival. Soundtrack Bright Eyes- \"First Day of My Life\" The Dresden Dolls- \"Dirty Business\" Apples in Stereo- \"Benefit of Lying (With Your Friends)\" Alexi Murdoch- \"All of My Days\" Silver Seas- \"Imaginary Girl\" K. S. Rhoads- \"New York in Winter\" Burden of Man- \"Walk of Shame\" Burden of Man- \"I Don't Wanna Grow Up\" Ex-Vivian- \"No Other Fish\" Dopo Yume- \"Brigitte Bardot\" Falling Out of Love- \"Your Bedroom\" Peter Salett- \"Big Deal\" External links Official website American independent films 2008 films 2008 drama films American drama films 2008 independent films 2000s English-language films 2000s American films",
"title": "The Last International Playboy"
},
{
"docid": "20647153",
"text": "The Nixon interviews were a series of conversations between former American president Richard Nixon and British journalist David Frost, produced by John Birt. They were recorded and broadcast on television and radio in four programs in 1977. The interviews later became the central subject of Peter Morgan's play Frost/Nixon in 2006. Background Richard Nixon spent more than two years away from public life after resigning from office due to the Watergate scandal. However, Nixon granted David Frost an exclusive series of interviews in 1977. He was publishing his memoirs at the time, but his publicist Irving Paul Lazar believed that he could reach a mass audience by using television. Frost's New York–based talk show had been canceled some years earlier. Frost had agreed to pay Nixon for the interviews but the American television network news operations were not interested, regarding them as checkbook journalism. They refused to distribute the program and Frost was forced to fund the project himself while seeking other investors, who eventually bought air time and syndicated the four programs. The interviews were also broadcast on radio by the Mutual Broadcasting System. Nixon's chief of staff Jack Brennan negotiated the terms of the interview with Frost. Nixon's staff saw the interview as an opportunity for him to restore his reputation with the public and assumed that Frost would be easily outwitted. He had interviewed Nixon in 1968 in a manner that Time magazine described as \"softly\". Frost recruited author and intelligence officer James Reston Jr. and ABC News producer Bob Zelnick to evaluate the Watergate details prior to the interview. Nixon's negotiated fee was $600,000 () and a 20-percent share of any profits. Interviews The 12 interviews began on March 23, 1977, with three interviews per week over four weeks. They were taped for more than two hours a day on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, for a total of 28 hours and 45 minutes. The interviews were managed by executive producer Marvin Minoff who was the president of Frost's David Paradine Productions, and by British current affairs producer John Birt. Recording took place at a seaside home in Monarch Bay, California owned by Harold H. Smith, a longtime Nixon supporter. This location was chosen instead of Nixon's San Clemente home La Casa Pacifica due to interference with the television relay equipment from Coast Guard navigational transmitters near San Clemente. Frost rented the Smith home for $6,000 on a part-time basis. Broadcasts The interviews were broadcast in the US and some other countries in 1977. They were directed by Jorn Winther and edited into four programs, each 90 minutes long. In addition to being televised, the interviews were heard over radio via the Mutual Broadcasting System. On Sunday evening May 1, 1977, CBS's 60 Minutes broadcast an interview of David Frost by Mike Wallace. This was the same network that Frost had \"scooped\" (CBS had negotiated to interview Nixon, but unlike the news organization, Frost was willing to pay for the sessions). Frost talked about looking forward to",
"title": "Nixon interviews"
},
{
"docid": "3166104",
"text": "David Spinx (born 25 April 1951) is an English actor, probably best known for playing Keith Miller in the BBC television soap opera EastEnders from 2004 to 2008. He had previously appeared in EastEnders as a guest character in an episode in 1999 as the cellmate of Steve Owen and provided the voices on the radios in Barry Evans' cab firm. He made guest appearances in many other television series such as A Touch of Frost, The Bill and Hustle. David made his last appearance on EastEnders on 1 July 2008; his character was axed having 'run out of steam'. Filmography Big Boys Don't Cry (2020 film) Casualty (2014) Snow in Paradise (2014 Come Dine with Me (2010) – Himself EastEnders (1999) – Sharkey, (2004–2008) – Keith Miller Hustle (2004) – Security Guard New Tricks (2003) – File Sergeant Falling Apart (2002) – Men's Group Member Tipping the Velvet (2002) – Rough Man Jack of Diamonds (2001) – Kelly Conspiracy (TV) (2001) – Cook Holby City (2000) – Len Palmer Fifteen to One (2000) – Himself A Touch of Frost (1999–2000) – Dick Rycroft The Bill (1999) – Porter, (2003) – Trevor Saunders Grafters (1998) – Bailiff If Only.../The Man with Rain in His Shoes/Twice Upon a Yesterday (1998) – Vendor England, My England (1995) – Smith References English male soap opera actors 1951 births Living people Actors from the London Borough of Ealing People from Ealing",
"title": "David Spinx"
},
{
"docid": "41186018",
"text": "Robert William \"Jack\" Frost (29 December 1870 – 8 July 1935) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Notes External links Jack Frost's profile at Blueseum 1870 births 1935 deaths Place of death missing VFL/AFL players born in England Carlton Football Club (VFA) players Carlton Football Club players English players of Australian rules football",
"title": "Jack Frost (footballer, born 1870)"
},
{
"docid": "38923229",
"text": "Paul Moriarty (born 19 May 1946) is a British actor. He is best known for playing Det. Sgt. Jake Barrett in the ITV police series The Gentle Touch (1980–1984) and George Palmer in the BBC soap opera EastEnders (1996–1998). Known for having a strong cockney accent, Moriarty has often been cast in police or criminal roles and has played police officers in ten different television shows throughout his career. Life and career Moriarty was born and raised in London, England. His acting career began in the early-1970s when he had recurring roles in the drama serial Seven Days In The Life of Andrew Pelham (1971, part of the BBC's Thirty-Minute Theatre series), and in the 1972 ITV series Holly. He also made guest appearances in several popular television shows including Coronation Street, Z Cars and The Sweeney. He also appeared in Milk-O, a sitcom pilot written by Bob Grant in 1975. In 1980, Moriarty landed the role of Detective Sargeant Jake Barrett in the groundbreaking ITV police series The Gentle Touch, a role he played until 1984. After this he continued to play guest roles on established British television series such as Casualty, The Bill, Maigret and Wycliffe. Again playing a police officer, he had a recurring role as Sgt. Bill Wells in the ITV series A Touch of Frost. In 1995, he played Col. Forster in the BBC's acclaimed adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. The following year, he had a recurring role in the ITV crime drama series The Knock, before landing one of his best known roles as gangster George Palmer in the popular long-running BBC soap opera EastEnders. Moriarty's character appeared from 1 July 1996 until 8 December 1998, when his character was one of many axed by executive producer Matthew Robinson, following a dip in ratings. Since leaving EastEnders, Moriarty has continued to appear in television shows, including Doctors as Leonard Beaumont and George Grant, Holby City and Ashes To Ashes. Moriarty has often been cast in police or criminal roles, and has played a police officer in at least ten different British television series; Z Cars, The Gentle Touch, Between The Lines, A Touch of Frost, Maigret, Peak Practice, Expert Witness, Murder Most Horrid, Doctors and Ashes To Ashes. References External links English male film actors English male soap opera actors 1946 births Living people Male actors from London",
"title": "Paul Moriarty (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "32788562",
"text": "William Frost was a Welsh aviator. William Frost may also refer to: William Frost (MP) (died c.1408), MP for City of York William Edward Frost, English painter William Goodell Frost, Greek scholar and president of Berea College Jack Frost (detective) (William Edward Frost), fictional character in A Touch of Frost",
"title": "William Frost (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "49386467",
"text": "\"Hollywood Ending\" is the tenth episode of the second season, and premature series finale, of the American television series Agent Carter, inspired by the films Captain America: The First Avenger and Captain America: The Winter Soldier, and the Marvel One-Shot short film also titled Agent Carter. It features the Marvel Comics character Peggy Carter trying to defeat Whitney Frost, and is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. The episode was written by Michelle Fazekas and Tara Butters and directed by Jennifer Getzinger. Hayley Atwell reprises her role as Carter from the film series, and is joined by regular cast members James D'Arcy, Chad Michael Murray, and Enver Gjokaj. \"Hollywood Ending\" originally aired on ABC on March 1, 2016, and according to Nielsen Media Research, was watched by 2.35 million viewers. Plot Whitney Frost absorbs the Zero Matter released from Jason Wilkes, who is rescued by Peggy Carter, as Howard Stark returns and aids in their escape. Jack Thompson finds in Vernon Masters's possession a supposedly incriminating file on Carter and a secret Council of Nine key. Joseph Manfredi becomes concerned with Frost's behavior, and her new obsession with opening another rift, this time with a machine of her own design. He meets with Stark—an old friend of his—and the others, and agrees to distract Frost while Carter and Daniel Sousa photograph the blueprints for Frost's machine, which Stark and Wilkes build themselves. They open a new rift, and Frost is drawn to it. They use the gamma cannon to knock the Zero Matter from her, into the other dimension; Frost is left insane from her time controlled by the Zero Matter, and is placed in a mental asylum. Thompson gives the secret key to Carter, who is convinced to stay in Los Angeles to be with Sousa. Thompson prepares to return to New York City, but is shot in his hotel room; the shooter takes the file on Carter. Production Development In February 2016, Marvel announced that the tenth episode of the season would be titled \"Hollywood Ending\", to be written by executive producers Michele Fazekas and Tara Butters, based on a story by executive producer Chris Dingess, with Jennifer Getzinger directing. Casting In February 2016, Marvel revealed that main cast members Hayley Atwell, James D'Arcy, Enver Gjokaj, Wynn Everett, Reggie Austin, and Chad Michael Murray would star as Peggy Carter, Edwin Jarvis, Daniel Sousa, Whitney Frost, Jason Wilkes, and Jack Thompson, respectively. It was also revealed that the guest cast for the episode would include Currie Graham as Calvin Chadwick, Lotte Verbeek as Ana Jarvis, Lesley Boone as Rose Roberts, Dominic Cooper as Howard Stark, Ken Marino as Joseph Manfredi, Chris Coppola as Hank, Tina D'Marco as Nonna Manfredi, Matt Braunger as Dr. Aloysius Samberly and Malcolm Brock Jones as orderly. Coppola and Jones did not receive guest star credit in the episode, while Everett and Austin received guest star credit instead of regular starring. Graham, Verbeek, Boone, Cooper, Marino,",
"title": "Hollywood Ending (Agent Carter)"
},
{
"docid": "17312556",
"text": "Exercise Northern Edge is a military joint training exercise conducted by the United States Armed Forces in the Gulf of Alaska. Alaskan Command (ALCOM) uses expansive Alaskan training ranges to conduct this joint training operation. History Jack Frost (1975–1979) Northern Edge evolved over the years from the Jack Frost, Brim Frost and Arctic Warrior exercises. The Jack Frost was composed by three exercitations held in 1975, 1976 and 1979. The first of these was Jack Frost '75, an Alaskan Command-sponsored exercise. Jack Frost '75 focused on joint operations and training in an Arctic environment. Jack Frost '76 marked the beginning of the exercises sponsored by the United States Readiness Command. This year, units from the 9th Infantry Division from Ft. Lewis, WA included the 3/34FA and 2/47 Infantry deployed in the field to test cold weather operations. In addition, in 1976, a detachment of the 337th Army Security Agency Company provided electronic warfare training which included electronic countermeasures (ECM), electronic counter countermeasures (ECCM), and communications security. Jack Frost '77 exercised command and control techniques and procedures for joint task force operations. Later that year, US Readiness Command learned that the nickname, Jack Frost, was prohibited by JCS publications. The command received approval for the name Brim Frost, and the final Jack Frost exercise ran in 1979. Brim Frost (1981–1989) Brim Frost was composed of five exercises. The first, Brim Frost '81, held in 1981, was sponsored by US Readiness Command. Brim Frost '83 was conducted from January 10 to February 11, 1983. Brim Frost '85 began December 10, 1984 and concluded January 24, 1985, with more than 18,000 military troops participating. All three of these operations exercised the ability of Joint Task Force Alaska to conduct winter operations. Brim Frost '87 involved more than 24,000 active and reserve Army, Air Force, Coast Guard, and Navy personnel. More than 143 Air Force aircraft, 130 Army aircraft, and five major Coast Guard cutters were employed during Brim Frost '87. Brim Frost '89, sponsored by Forces Command, involved more than 26,000 troops and cost $15 million. This exercise involved numerous communications initiatives such as Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft, satellites, and electronic intelligence. Brim Frost '89 aimed to include more than 26,000 troops, however nearly all of the units that were slated to participate dropped out of the exercise following the crash due to extreme weather of a Canadian C-130 military transport plane and the death of 9 Canadians at Ft. Wainwright in Fairbanks, Alaska. The only units to participate were the 4th and 5th Battalions of the U.S. Army's 9th Infantry Regiment, 6th Infantry Division, some units of the Alaska National Guard and their necessary support units. Also the 2nd Battalion of the 17th Infantry Regiment who were deployed to Kodiak Island for the duration of the exercise. During this exercise temperatures as low as -80 F and colder were reported along with a North American-record high atmospheric pressure of 31.85 inches. The official temperature recorded in Fairbanks, Alaska was",
"title": "Exercise Northern Edge"
},
{
"docid": "15832414",
"text": "Jack Frost–Big Boulder is a resort with two separate ski areas. It is located in Kidder Township, Pennsylvania, in the Pocono Mountains region of Northeastern Pennsylvania. In 2019, the resort, which had been owned and operated by Peak Resorts, was purchased by Vail Resorts. Big Boulder Big Boulder opened in 1947, and employee John Guresh is credit with developing the first usable snow making equipment while working there in the 1950s. Big Boulder resort has three main parks, Big Boulder Park, Freedom Park, and LOVE Park, inspired by Philadelphia's LOVE Park a popular destination for skateboarders. During the 2020-21 ski season, Vail made the decision to considerably reduce the number of terrain parks at Big Boulder and market the mountain as a learning hill. It remains to be seen if this is a temporary COVID-19 pandemic-related change, or if Vail has decided to take away what made Boulder special when compared to today’s mega resorts. The resort has two lodges, the main lodge, which is located at the bottom of the mountain and can be seen from the parking lot. Inside there are cafes and other services for the snowboarders and skiers. The other lodge, located at the bottom of Big Boulder Park, is called the lower lodge. The lower lodge includes an outdoor grill, a bar a pro shop, and the entire lodge is sponsored by Red Bull Energy Drink. Jack Frost The owners of Big Boulder built Jack Frost with a longer runs and a higher vertical drop, going down to the level of the Lehigh River, rather than up to a ridge top. Ecology Jack Frost Ski Resort According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Jack Frost Ski Resort would have a dominant vegetation type of Northern Hardwood's (106) with a dominant vegetation form of Northern hardwood forest (23). The plant hardiness zone is 5b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of . The spring bloom typically begins around April 30 and fall color usually peaks before October 11. Big Boulder Ski Resort According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Big Boulder Ski Resort would have a dominant vegetation type of Northern Hardwood (106) with a dominant vegetation form of Northern hardwood forest (23). The plant hardiness zone is 6a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of . The spring bloom typically begins around April 30 and fall color usually peaks before October 13. Recreation In 2006, warm weather resulted in issues for local skiers, but was able to stay open with snow reserves made in December. The resort was able to open one week earlier due to an aggressive snow season. Jack Frost is a major tourist destination and attraction in the region and has caused an influx of new home buyers. Home buyers have cited the ski resort, golf courses, and distance from New York City and Philadelphia as factors for purchasing local properties. References External links Official site Big Boulder Ski Area",
"title": "Jack Frost–Big Boulder Ski Resort"
},
{
"docid": "13718326",
"text": "Jack Frost is a 1979 Christmas, Winter, and Groundhog Day stop motion animated television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions. It was directed by Jules Bass and Arthur Rankin, Jr., written by Romeo Muller, narrated by Buddy Hackett, and starring the voices of Robert Morse, Debra Clinger, and Paul Frees. The special premiered on NBC on December 13, 1979, and tells the tale of Jack Frost and his adventures as a human. It airs annually on AMC as part of its Best Christmas Ever programming block. Plot The story is narrated by a groundhog named Pardon-Me-Pete, who has a deal with Jack Frost to extend winter by 6 weeks, letting him sleep that much longer. Pete starts to talk about the legend of Jack Frost. It all starts when Jack Frost, an immortal winter sprite, falls in love with a human girl named Elisa, who proclaims her love for Jack after he rescues her when Kubla Kraus, an evil Cossack king who lives in his castle on Miserable Mountain with his iron horse Klangstomper, his clockwork butler Fetch-Kvetch, his army of Keh-Nights, and a ventriloquist's dummy named Dommy as his sidekick, all made of iron since no human or animal could stand to live with him due to his arrogance and greed, cracks the ice she is standing on. Jack asks Father Winter if he can become human in order to be with her. Father Winter gives him a chance but warns that Jack must prove he can succeed as a human, by earning a house, a horse, a bag of gold, and a wife by the first sign of spring. Jack agrees and turns human, assuming the identity of Jack Snip. He runs a tailor shop in the town of January Junction with two friends who also turned human, Snip the snowflake maker and Holly the snow gypsy. Snip and Holly were sent by Father Winter to ensure Jack does not get into trouble. Elisa is charmed by \"Jack Snip\", but she harbors romantic dreams of Sir Ravenal Rightfellow, a \"knight in golden armor\". Elisa is soon kidnapped by Kraus and taken to his castle. Kraus also possesses all the brick, gold, and timber that January Junction used to have. After Elisa is rescued by Sir Ravenal, Kraus vows to destroy January Junction by sending one-thousand Keh-Nights in an attempt to recapture his bride and throws Jack, Snip, and Holly in the dungeon. Jack gives up his humanity in order to whip up the biggest blizzard ever, freezing Kraus and his 1,000 Keh-Nights in the castle. Snip and Holly change back to sprites as well. This tactic works until Groundhog Day arrives. As the sky is overcast with no sun to cast shadows, Jack Frost uses his magic shadow to scare Pete back into hibernation, and continues whipping up the storm. Finally, with only 1 hour left before the arrival of spring, Jack returns to human form to stop Kraus by tricking his Keh-Nights into walking off the icy mountain",
"title": "Jack Frost (TV special)"
},
{
"docid": "15940564",
"text": "Jack Frost (잭 프로스트) is a complete manhwa series by Jinho Ko (고진호). In May 2009, the first volume of Jack Frost was released by Yen Press in English. Plot Jack Frost follows the story of Noh-A Joo, the new student at Amityville High School. Things start off rather poorly for Noh-A as she quickly comes to realize that the school is not as it appears. Caught in an interschool war between vampires, monsters, and other creatures, she must quickly learn what her new role is as the \"mirror image,\" and how to handle the mysterious Jack Frost. What is known about Amityville; There have been 13 wars/classes, only Jack survived the latest. There are 4 districts North, East, South, West, and of them, North is smallest. The combined population of the four districts is equal to a country in the living world. Those who come there are removed from the karmic cycle of death and rebirth, thus death is truly final there with no hope of any reincarnation or afterlife. There have been multiple statements hinting that the mirror image is somehow able to change this. Characters Noh-A Joo Noha-A Joo is a new student at Amityville High School. She is known as a \"mirror-image\"; a person who has died but becomes immortal. Her blood has the ability to heal wounds. Noh-A is excited to learn that she is a mirror image, and does not show any signs of unhappiness at her new role in Amityville. She is quite naive and manages, somehow, to get her head cut off several times, usually by Jack. Jack Frost Jack Frost is a sinister and mysterious student. He is able to inflict and withstand large amounts of damage, and is shown to be a skilled and legendary fighter. Jack declares himself to be both the strongest in Amityville and the death incarnate that nothing can kill. Helmina has stated that he is able to continuously kill, and then just smile. He appears to be in some way tied to Noh-A, through a doll given to her by her father (presumably before he was killed), who also bears the same name. He was asked by Helmina to protect the mirror image, and even to 'take her as a lover', though he declines, still wearing his smile. Jack declares that the mirror image is just a tool and, in the English version, says she should concern herself with his \"home work.\" Noh-A nicknames him Nasty-Smile or Smirky, due to not knowing his name throughout the first few scenes. His smile seems too wide for his face. He seems to respect, though slightly indifferently, Helmina and treats everyone else as inferior. An interesting point is his full length coat, which is torn and shredded at the edges. This appears to heal his body when he is injured as well as rebuild itself. Also, his main weaponry is his lightning fast reactions, and also blades and armored gauntlets which appear from his lower arms. In Violence",
"title": "Jack Frost (manhwa)"
},
{
"docid": "5807208",
"text": "\"The Frost King\" (originally titled \"Autumn Leaves\") is a short story about King Jack Frost written by Helen Keller, then 11. Keller's teacher, Anne Sullivan, had mentioned that the autumn leaves were \"painted ruby, emerald, gold, crimson, and brown,\" and Keller, by her own account, imagined fairies doing the work. Keller wrote a story about how a cask of jewels, being transported by fairy servants, had melted in the sun and covered the leaves. As a birthday gift, Keller sent the story to Michael Anagnos, the head of the Perkins School for the Blind, who published the story in the January 1892 edition of The Mentor, the Perkins alumni magazine. It was picked up by The Goodson Gazette, a journal on deaf-blind education, based in Virginia. Controversy A friend, one of the Perkins teachers informed the Gazette that Keller's story was a reproduction of \"Frost Fairies\" from Margaret Canby's book Birdie and His Fairy Friends. The Gazette ran both stories, and the editor commented that he believed it a deliberate attempt at fraud by Keller's handlers. Keller insisted she had no memory of having read the book or having had it read to her, but passages in her letters from the period, which she describes as \"dreams\", strongly resembled other episodes in the book. In Sullivan's account of the incident, addressed to John Hitz of the Volta Bureau, she had investigated to see who could have read the story to Helen or even owned a copy of the book. It seemed her own mentor, Sophia Hopkins, had taken charge of the then eight-year-old Keller while Sullivan was on vacation, and had read the book to her through finger spelling. Keller stated that she remembered nothing of that and that she was devastated that people she had loved and trusted would accuse her of lying. Similar stories Father Frost Jack Frost folklore Old Man Winter References to King Frost in popular culture include the temporal \"The reign of King Frost had begun\" in a 1920s dime romance novel. Anagnos was apparently willing to believe that Keller had simply adapted the story from buried memories. However, Keller further discussed the matter with one of the Perkins teachers and, as she remembered it, \"something I said made her think she detected in my words a confession\" that she had knowingly plagiarized the story. The teacher's own detailed account, which was only discovered in 1978 and published in Joseph Lash's Helen and Teacher, confirms that Keller told her Sullivan had read her \"Frost Fairies\" the previous fall and that she had adapted her own story out of that one. By all accounts, the teacher reported what Keller had told her to Anagnos. A storm of outrage swept through the school, apparently headed by the teachers. Keller's biographers, particularly Joseph P. Lash, suggest that they were also incensed by the fact that Sullivan and Keller used the facilities although they were neither employed by nor officially registered with the school. An in-house \"trial\" ensued to",
"title": "The Frost King"
},
{
"docid": "8301408",
"text": "Matthew Arthur Bardock was born in 1969 in Croydon. He is an English actor who is known for playing Jeff Collier in Casualty, DS Clive Barnard in A Touch of Frost, DS Davey Higgins in The Coroner, Albie in The Lakes, Mark Craig in New Blood and DS Simon Morgan in Manhunt: The Nightstalker. Career Bardock made his television debut in 1992, when he appeared in Prime Suspect and the following year, he appeared in Casualty as a leading gang member who set fire to the ED. In 1995, Bardock appeared in the stage production of Mojo by Jez Butterworth at the Royal Court Theatre. Bardock came to notice for his role as DC Clive Barnard in the British television series A Touch of Frost. His character was the nephew of the Chief Constable. While many believe he had only got into CID through his family connections, Frost sees beyond that and takes Barnard under his wing. He was later promoted to Detective Sergeant, but was killed in the 1997 episode \"No Other Love\". July and August 2000 saw Bardock play the role of Danny Weir in the short-lived TV comedy Pay and Display. Bardock also appeared as murder suspect Scott Burnett in The Bill in 2004. His character was developed and he began a relationship with PC Honey Harman and later married her, though the marriage was short-lived after it was discovered that he had murdered his first wife. His character later died in prison having hanged himself. He also appeared in Prime Suspect as the sadistic pornographer Jason Reynolds as well as the Channel 4 series No Angels, in which he played registrar Peter Compton. Bardock had a small part in ITV's Midsomer Murders and in May 2005, he played DI Tom Wilson in New Tricks. Bardock re-joined the BBC television series Casualty as paramedic Jeff Collier in February 2007 for three months, before returning to the programme in September of that year. On 30 June 2014, it was announced that Bardock would be leaving his role as Jeff – a role he played for seven years – and he was killed off in October that year. Between 31 July and 27 September 2014, he appeared in comedy play My Night With Reg at the Donmar Warehouse theatre in the West End. As of 2016 he played Mark Craig in BBC Drama New Blood. Notable roles Film All or Nothing (2002) ... Man at Bar (director: Mike Leigh) Bollywood Queen (2001) ... Facer (director: Jeremy Wooding) Television \"Manhunt\" Series 2 - 2021 New Blood Mark Craig; 2016–present The Coroner Detective Sergeant Davey Higgins; 2015–2016 Doctor Who ... Al; 2014 (director: Douglas Mackinnon) New Street Law ... Dennis Longwell; 2006 (director: David Skynner) The Street ... Alex; 2006 (director: David Blair) No Angels ... Peter; 2005 The Bill ... Scott Burnett; 2005 Judge John Deed ... Alan Ferns; 2004 (director: Tristram Powell) Midsomer Murders ... Harry Rose; 2005 (director: Peter Smith) New Tricks ... DI Tom Wilson; 2004 (director:",
"title": "Matt Bardock"
},
{
"docid": "18446867",
"text": "The John Frost School, formerly known as Duffryn High School (), is a comprehensive school on the south-western outskirts of Newport, south Wales. It is in the suburb of Duffryn and opened in 1959. In 2018 the Welsh-medium secondary school Ysgol Gyfun Gwent Is Coed moved into buildings adjoining the John Frost School. As of 2019, the head teacher is Mark Tucker. Name change At the beginning of 2015 it was announced that Duffryn High School was changing its name to The John Frost School. John Frost (1784−1877) was a Chartist and the leader of the Newport Rising. In popular culture In August 2019, in the BBC TV series Who Do You Think You Are?, the school was visited by TV producer Michael Whitehall and his son, actor and comedian Jack Whitehall, who were revealed to be descendants of Thomas Phillips, mayor of Newport at the time of the Rising. In 2005, the school was used for filming the Doctor Who television episode \"School Reunion\". Some of the school's pupils were used as extras. References 1959 establishments in Wales Educational institutions established in 1959 Secondary schools in Newport, Wales",
"title": "John Frost School"
},
{
"docid": "36197690",
"text": "Rise of the Guardians is a 2012 action-adventure game based on the film of the same name. It is developed by Torus Games and published by D3 Publisher. The game was released on 20 November 2012 in North America and 23 November 2012 in Europe for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Nintendo DS, and Nintendo 3DS, and on 4 December 2012 in North America and 14 December 2012 in Europe for Wii U. Gameplay The player is able to play as Jack Frost with the help of Santa Claus, the Tooth Fairy, the Easter Bunny, and the Sandman as they battle the evil Pitch Black and his Nightmare minions in order to restore world belief in the Guardians. The game features drop-in/drop-out cooperative play for up to four players, as well as a levelling system that allows the player to unlock greater attacks and special team moves. Cast Kevin Noonchester as Jack Frost Fred Tatasciore as North/Santa Claus Thomas Bromhead as E. Aster Bunnymund/Easter Bunny Danielle Kaplowitz as Tooth/Tooth Fairy Fabio Tassone as Pitch/The Bogeyman Reception The game received negative reviews from critics, with Metacritic assigning an average score of 43/100 for the Xbox 360 version and 48/100 for the Wii U version. References 2012 video games Action games Jack Frost Wii games Wii U games Xbox 360 games Wii U eShop games Nintendo DS games D3 Publisher games Nintendo 3DS games PlayStation 3 games Video games based on animated films Video games based on adaptations Video games about rabbits and hares Video games developed in Australia Torus Games games Multiplayer and single-player video games",
"title": "Rise of the Guardians: The Video Game"
},
{
"docid": "62190665",
"text": "Nigel Thompson (born 29 May 1967), better known as Jumpin Jack Frost, is a British jungle and drum and bass DJ and record producer. Biography Frost was born in Brixton, London and, after a troubled youth, started to discover music through local sound system 'dances' and then nights such as Soul II Soul at the Africa Centre. He first started DJing at 18, playing funk and hip hop before the acid house scene arrived and he played at the Carwash nights in the late 1980s with Grooverider, Bryan Gee, and Fabio. As a resident at The Fridge in Brixton, he played alongside Paul 'Trouble' Anderson and Evil Eddie Richards. He also hosted a show on the Brixton-based pirate radio station Passion FM which later became Lightning FM. From here, he would DJ at all the large raves up and down the country including Dreamscape, Telepathy, The Edge, and One Nation. His friendship with Bryan Gee would lead to both forming the celebrated drum and bass label V Recordings in 1993, and signing artists such as Roni Size, DJ Die, and Krust. In 1994, Frost would produce one of the jungle scenes most seminal anthems in Burial, under the alias of Leviticus, released on the V Recordings sub-label Philly Blunt. The track was later picked up by FFRR and upon its wider release in March 1995, debuted at No. 6 in the UK Dance Single Chart and peaked at No. 66 in the UK Singles Chart. During this time, Frost would also host a show on Kiss 100 which continued until 2001. He would plays some regular guest slots on Centreforce around 2007-2009. Frost returned to radio in 2012 co-hosting the drum and bass show on Mi-Soul alongside DJ Bailey. Through writing his autobiography published in 2017, Frost has in the last few years increasingly spoken up about mental health issues. Discography Singles & EPs Jumping Jack Frost EP (F Project, 1993) Underworld (Osmosis/Pornography) EP (Formation Records, 1994) Burial (as Leviticus) (Philly Blunt//FFRR, 1994) Mix compilations DJ Randall & Jumping Jack Frost - MixMag Live 15 (MixMag, 1994) Big, Bad and Heavy Part Three (Chronic, 2012) References External links Official website Jumping Jack Frost at Discogs Further reading Frost (with Woods, Andrew), Big, Bad and Heavy, Music Mondays, 2017 Living people 1967 births English drum and bass musicians English record producers Jungle musicians DJs from London People from Brixton",
"title": "Jumpin Jack Frost"
},
{
"docid": "277665",
"text": "Jack Frost is a personification of frost, ice, snow, sleet, winter, and freezing cold. He is a variant of Old Man Winter who is held responsible for frosty weather, nipping the fingers and toes in such weather, coloring the foliage in autumn, and leaving fern-like patterns on cold windows in winter. Starting in late 19th century literature, more developed characterizations of Jack Frost depict him as a sprite-like character, sometimes appearing as a sinister mischief-maker or as a hero. Background Jack Frost is traditionally said to leave the frosty, fern-like patterns on windows on cold winter mornings (window frost or fern frost) and nipping the extremities in cold weather. Over time, window frost has become far less prevalent in the modern world due to the advance of double-glazing, but Jack Frost remains a well-known figure in popular culture. He is sometimes described or depicted with paint brush and bucket coloring the autumnal foliage red, yellow, brown, and orange. History Tales of Jack Frost may originate from Anglo-Saxon and Norse winter customs. The Finnish equivalent Pakkasukko has an entire chapter named after him in Kalevala, the Finnish national epic compiled from their ancient oral tradition. In Swedish folklore, the equivalent is Kung Bore (King Bore); the name originating from Swedish 17'th century writer Olaus Rudbeck. There are various other mythological beings who take on a similar role yet have a unique folklore to them. In Russia, he has taken on a different form as Grandfather Frost, and in Germany there is instead a different entity altogether known as Mrs. Holle. The Hindu Kush mountain range is named after stories of a resident giant who would kill (kesh) those who attempted to pass, and has been compared to England's Jack Frost. The earliest reference to Jack Frost in literature is in the book 'Round About Our Coal Fire, or Christmas Entertainments' published in 1734. Jack Frost is mentioned in many songs – such as the wintertime song \"The Christmas Song\" (aka \"Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire\") – and movies. He has been presented as a villain in some media and a hero in others. In popular culture Literature Hannah Flagg Gould's (1789-1865) poem \"The Frost\" features a mischievous being responsible for the quieter phenomena of winter, beautiful ice paintings on windows but who also got upset at lack of gifts and caused the cold to break and ruin things. In Margaret T. Canby's \"Birdie and His Fairy Friends\" (1874), there is a short story titled \"The Frost Fairies.\" In this story, Jack Frost is the king of the Winter Spirits and is described as a kind fellow who wants to help children, whereas a king of a neighboring kingdom, King Winter, is cruel to them. The story tells the origins of how Jack Frost began to oversee the coloring of the leaves of the forest in fall. In 1891 Helen Keller made her own reproduction of the story, titled The Frost King. In Charles Sangster's \"Little Jack Frost\", published in The",
"title": "Jack Frost"
},
{
"docid": "1946330",
"text": "Jack Frost is the character from English folklore who personifies winter. Jack Frost may also refer to: People Jack Frost (footballer, born 1870) (1870–1935), Australian footballer Jack Frost (footballer, born 1920) (1920–1988), English professional footballer Jack Frost (footballer, born 1992), Australian footballer Jack Frost (musician) (born 1968), American guitarist Jack Frost (politician) (1911–1995), Australian politician John Frost (SAAF officer) (1918–1942), South African fighter ace John Carver Meadows Frost (1915–1979), aka Jack Frost, British aircraft designer for Avro Canada John W. Frost (born 1934), American academic and former tennis player Jack Frost, pseudonym of Bob Dylan (born 1941) as producer starting in the 1990s Bands Jack Frost (Australian band), Australian rock band Jack Frost (Austrian band), Austrian gothic band Arts and entertainment Jack Frost (1934 film), an animated short film produced by Ub Iwerks Jack Frost (1964 film), Russian film Jack Frost (TV special), a 1979 Rankin-Bass television special Jack Frost (1997 film), a 1997 horror film Jack Frost 2: Revenge of the Mutant Killer Snowman, the 2000 sequel to the above horror film Jack Frost (1998 film), a 1998 family film starring Michael Keaton Jack Frost (manhwa), a 2009 manhwa series by Go Jin Ho Jack Frost, an album from Australian band Jack Frost Fictional characters Jack Frost (comics) Jack Frost (Marvel Comics), pair of characters Jack Frost, a character in the Vertigo Comics series The Invisibles Jack Frost (Fables), a character in Jack of Fables Jack Frost, an Avon Comics character based on the folkloric figure Jack Frost (detective), central character in radio plays and novels by R.D. Wingfield and TV series A Touch of Frost Jack Frost (mascot), the unofficial mascot of Atlus, a Japanese computer and video game company Jack Frost, a minor character in the StarCraft expansion Insurrection Jack Frost, a character played by Martin Short in The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause Jack Frost, a character from the film Rise of the Guardians and the William Joyce book series on which it was based Jack Frost, the antagonist in Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book Jack Frost, antagonist of the Rainbow Magic book series Other uses Jack Frost Ski Resort, in the Poconos region of Pennsylvania, United States See also Frost (surname) John Frost (disambiguation)",
"title": "Jack Frost (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "2091618",
"text": "Max Frost and the Troopers were a fictional rock music group created for the exploitation film Wild in the Streets, released in 1968. The film featured Christopher Jones as the highly influential singer Max Frost. The songs performed by Frost and his band, a group that was never formally named in the film, were credited to Max Frost and the Troopers in the subsequent singles and album. The band name \"Troopers\" is based on the term \"troops,\" the designation Frost used in the film to refer to his friends and followers. A studio group appeared on the soundtrack album for the film, along with incidental music penned by Cynthia Weil and Barry Mann and composed by Les Baxter; however, the songs were not originally credited to Max Frost and the Troopers, but rather to The 13th Power (see following paragraph). Owing to the success of the song \"Shape of Things to Come\" as a single, an accompanying album by Max Frost and The Troopers, Shape of Things to Come, was issued on the Tower record label in 1968. Musicians playing on the album were at first believed to include members of Davie Allan and The Arrows (who also released the \"Shapes of Things to Come\" without lyrics) with lead vocals by Paul Wibier (who also wrote a majority of the songs on the album), however, it is now thought that the album was actually the work of Wibier's own group, the 13th Power, who had previously recorded for Curb under the name The Moms. The music is high-energy rock with some psychedelic touches. The group was produced by Harley Hatcher and Eddie Beram for Mike Curb Productions. Their first single was recorded with Curb's Tower subsidiary Sidewalk Records. Subsequent singles were taken from their album. Their final single, \"Sittin' in Circles,\" was performed in the film Three in the Attic by Davie Allan and the Arrows. The B-side of that single, \"Paxton Quigley's Had The Course,\" was a Chad & Jeremy composition. The soundtrack album for the 1968 film The Glory Stompers, starring Dennis Hopper, contains two additional songs credited to Max Frost and the Troopers: \"There's A Party Going On\" (which was released as their first single) and \"You Might Want Me Baby.\" Later, \"Wild In The Streets: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\" was released, which included the singles from the original \"Shape of Things to Come\" LP and an additional four songs: \"Wild in the Streets,\" \"Listen to Music,\" \"Love to Be Your Man,\" and \"Fourteen or Fight!\" A European release of the Shape of Things to Come album, released in 2014 on the Captain High label, includes the entirety of the Wild in the Streets soundtrack album as bonus tracks. Cultural historian Greil Marcus borrowed the Troopers' song title for his 2006 book \"The Shape of Things to Come: Prophecy & The American Voice.\" Discography Albums Shape of Things to Come Tower ST-5147 (1968) Singles \"There Is a Party Going On\" / \"Stomper's Ride\" Sidewalk 938 (1968) \"Shape",
"title": "Max Frost and the Troopers"
},
{
"docid": "39259036",
"text": "John W. Frost (born October 23, 1934) is an American scholar and former touring tennis player. Tennis career In 1949, Frost won the U.S. National Boys' (15-and-under) Championships at Kalamazoo, Michigan and the U.S. National Juniors' (18-and-under) three years later(1952). Following his win, he was awarded a spot on the four-man U.S. Davis Cup team to play against Canada. In the Fall he entered Stanford University, and in his senior year, 1956, he played in the final of the NCAA Singles Championship, losing to Alex Olmedo of U.S.C. A decade later he was inducted into the Stanford Athletics' Hall of Fame. Following military service, Frost played the international tennis circuit between 1958 and 1963, competing in six Wimbledon Championships and getting out to the 4th round in 1960, before losing to Nicola Pietrangeli. He won the Irish and Wiesbaden (including the mixed doubles with Maria Bueno) and was in the finals of the South African, the Canadian, the Norwegian and the Good Neighbor. During the course of his career he had singles wins in major grass court tournaments over all-time greats Rod Laver, Roy Emerson and Vic Seixas and over numerous international Davis-Cup mainstays on various surfaces: Luis Ayala, Thomaz Koch, Mario Llamas, Antonio Palafox, Giuseppe Merlo, Istvan Gulyas, Bob Mark, Frew McMillan, Christian Kuhnke, Bob Hewitt, Gordon Forbes, Warren Woodcock, Billy Knight, Ron Holmberg, Dennis Ralston, Barry Mackay,\"Jack Douglas\" and Tom Brown. Frost beat Whitney Reed at Newport on grass in 1961, the year in which Reed achieved the number one ranking in the U.S., and in 1954 he defeated Straight Clark at Forest Hills in one of the longest matches played there in the pre-open era. Frost participated in the winning of several major doubles titles: Southampton (with Giammalva over Richardson and Holmberg), Puerto Rico (with Richardson over Contreras and Llamas), and a semi-final win with John Cranston over Laver and Neale Fraser at the Irish Championships. A top 10 player in the United States in 1961, Frost was also ranked number 1 in Northern California in that year. He was subsequently inducted into the Northern California Tennis Hall of Fame. In 1964 Frost conducted a four-month good-will tennis program in Ghana on behalf of the U.S. Government and did another one in India in 1990. Jack is retired and lives in Palm Desert, CA. Academic Frost received a B.A. from Stanford University, an M.A. from the Monterey Institute of Foreign Studies, and a Ph.D. from the University of California, Santa Barbara (June 15, 1974). Simultaneously, through a series of National Defense Foreign Language grants, he was able to become proficient in Arabic and Swahili and eventually was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to cover a year abroad, some four months of it to be spent in Khartoum (Sudan). Later he participated in writing an academic history of the British in the Sudan. and contributed a review to the journal of the American Historical Association. More recently he published a specialized history of the Monterey Peninsula. References 1934 births",
"title": "John W. Frost"
},
{
"docid": "2489779",
"text": "Frost may refer to two distinct weather phenomena: Frost (temperature), a value of air temperature less or equal than the freezing point of water (0 °C, 32 °F) Frost, a solid deposition of ice on surfaces and objects Frost may also refer to: People Frost (surname) David Frost (1939–2013), British broadcaster and presenter Nick Frost, English comedian and actor Robert Frost, an American poet Places United States Frost, Louisiana, an unincorporated community Frost, Minnesota, a town Frost, Ohio, an unincorporated community Frost, Texas, a city Frost, West Virginia, an unincorporated community Frost Township, Michigan, United States Elsewhere Frost (crater), a lunar crater Entertainment Music Performers Frost (Australian band), a pop rock band Frost (Norwegian band), an electronica band Frost (musician), Kjetil-Vidar Haraldstad, Norwegian drummer for Satyricon Frost (rapper), American rapper Frost*, an English neo-progressive rock supergroup The Frost, a late-1960s American psychedelic rock band Albums Frost (album), an album by Enslaved Frost (Monofader album) Other media Frost (collection), stories by Donald Wandrei featuring detective I.V. Frost Frost (comics), a character from the Noble Causes series published by Image Comics Frost (Mortal Kombat), a character in the Mortal Kombat fighting game series Frost, a 6th Universe counterpart of Frieza in the Dragon Ball Super manga and anime Mary Elizabeth Bartowski, code named \"Frost\" in the U.S. TV series Chuck Emma Frost or simply Frost, a character from Marvel Comics Frost (Bernhard novel), a novel by Thomas Bernhard Frost (Bailey novel), a novel by Robin Wayne Bailey Frost (2017 film), a Lithuanian film Frost (2012 film), a Canadian short drama film Killer Frost, the name of 2 fictional villains in DC Comics Tina \"Frost\" Lin Tsang, a playable Operator in Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege Frost, a playable character in Warframe A Touch of Frost, a British television show about a police detective A Touch of Frost (novel), a 1987 crime novel Other uses Frost House (disambiguation), any of several places Frost Art Museum at Florida International University Frost heaving, the process by which the freezing of water-saturated soil causes the deformation and upward thrust of the ground surface Frost National Bank, a bank based in San Antonio, Texas, USA Frostenden, Suffolk, England See also Frosting (disambiguation) Frosty (disambiguation) Jack Frost (disambiguation)",
"title": "Frost (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "6710840",
"text": "Jack Frost is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in 1941 in U.S.A. Comics published by Marvel's 1940s forerunner Timely Comics, during the period fans and historians call the Golden Age of comic books. Publication history First appearing in U.S.A. Comics #1 (cover-dated August 1941) from Marvel predecessor Timely Comics, Jack Frost was one of the first creations of future Marvel editor-in-chief and publisher Stan Lee, who collaborated with penciler Charles Wojtkoski. Another of the Jack Frost stories was written by Carmine Infantino and drawn by Frank Giacoia. Attribution for the other stories has been debated. The character appeared in four issues (U.S.A. Comics #1-4), before he was swept aside by a more popular headliner, Captain America. Jack Frost outwardly recalls the folklorish spirit of winter Jack Frost, with icy blue skin and blue shorts. His powers and appearance resemble Iceman, another Stan Lee creation who appeared twenty years later, in 1963's The X-Men. Jack Frost's four stories were originally untitled, but comics historians refer to them as \"The Origin of Jack Frost\", \"The Mechanical Octopus Pirates\", \"The Ambulance Racketeers\" and \"The Adventure of the Frozen Corpses\". In addition to the four comics stories in U.S.A. Comics, Jack also appeared in a two-page text feature written by Lee in issue #2, \"When U.S.A. Heroes Meet!\" In this story, there's a gathering at the home of Dan Kane (also known as the superhero Captain Terror) of that issue's heroes: Jack Frost, Rockman, the Whizzer, the Defender and the Vagabond. Jack makes friends with the other heroes, although at one point he does call them \"a bunch of sissies\". The group agrees to meet next issue and present the tale that they've decided is the best story of the month. The conceit was dropped, and the group did not reassemble in the next issue. More than three decades after Jack Frost's final appearance, Marvel launched The Invaders in 1975, an intentionally nostalgic comic featuring star characters from the Golden Age — Captain America, Bucky Barnes, the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner — in World War II-era adventures. Writer and editor Roy Thomas wanted to expand the franchise, so he created a second superteam — the Liberty Legion — with a group of second-string Golden Age heroes including Jack Frost, along with Miss America, the Whizzer, the Patriot, the Thin Man, Red Raven and the Blue Diamond. Thomas said that he chose Jack Frost for the team because the character fit an archetype that Thomas was looking for: \"I felt I should have a Sub-Mariner type and, in a way, Jack Frost kind of fit that bill\", he said. He chose not to explore Jack's backstory, although there are indications that he may be an alien: \"His background was vague in the original stories, so I wanted to keep it vague\", said Thomas. Jack fought with the Legion in five stories in 1976. The team was introduced in Marvel Premiere #29 and 30",
"title": "Jack Frost (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "11768519",
"text": "George J. Costigan (born 8 August 1947) is an English actor who is best known for portraying Bob in the 1987 film Rita, Sue and Bob Too and for roles in TV series such as Happy Valley and So Haunt Me. Early life Born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, Costigan grew up in Salford, Greater Manchester. After attending St Augustine's C of E Primary School on Bolton Road in Pendlebury, he went to Wardley Grammar School on Mardale Avenue in Wardley near Swinton. Career Costigan has appeared regularly on television since 1978. He played Tom Towers in the 1982 series of The Barchester Chronicles, an adaption of the novels by Anthony Trollope, and in the same year starred as Tom Hannaway in a BBC adaptation of Fame is the Spur. In 1984, he appeared as lead guest actor playing Wilson Kemp in \"The Greek Interpreter\", an episode of the successful Granada TV series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, and, in the same year, also played Philip the Bastard in the BBC Television Shakespeare production of The Life and Death of King John (alongside Leonard Rossiter in the title role). In 1986, he played the lead role of Bob, an adulterous businessman in the small independent comedy film Rita, Sue and Bob Too, which has since achieved cult status. He has since starred or featured in many television productions, including The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (channelling Peter Lorre) Kavanagh QC, Coogan's Run, Connie, A Touch of Frost, Inspector Morse, Murder Most Horrid, London's Burning, The Bill, Holby City, The Long Firm, City Central, Vera, Dalziel and Pascoe, The Ruth Rendell Mysteries, The Inspector Lynley Mysteries, The Beiderbecke Connection, New Tricks, Linda Green and Casualty. His film work includes Calendar Girls and Shirley Valentine. He appeared in the role of Max Capricorn in the 2007 Doctor Who Christmas special, \"Voyage of the Damned\". In 1974, he joined the Liverpool Everyman Theatre Company, where he met his second wife, Jooles, remaining with the company for eight years. Whilst at the Everyman he appeared as Bert in the Willy Russell musical John, Paul, George, Ringo and Bert alongside Trevor Eve, Anthony Sher, and Bernard Hill. In the theatre, he created the role of Mickey Johnstone in Willy Russell's musical Blood Brothers, originally at the Liverpool Playhouse, and later at the Lyric Theatre, London. He then played the role of Estragon in Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot at the Manchester Library Theatre for three weeks from 16 February to 8 March 2008, and played Willy Loman in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman at York Theatre Royal in November 2008. In December 2009, it was announced that he is to join Emmerdale as a friend of Rodney Blackstock. He made his debut in the soap in March 2010 and his last appearance was shown on 23 July 2010. In April 2010, he starred as Alan, the ex-husband of Christine, Inspector Frost's new love interest in A Touch of Frost. In 2012, he appeared in William Shakespeare's",
"title": "George Costigan"
},
{
"docid": "15904401",
"text": "Frank Otis Frost (April 15, 1936 or 1938 – October 12, 1999) was one of the foremost American Delta blues harmonica players of his generation. Life and career Most sources state that Frost was born in 1936 in Auvergne, Jackson County, Arkansas, though researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc state Patterson, Woodruff County, in 1938. Frost began his musical career at a young age by playing the piano for his family church. At the age of 15, Frost left for St. Louis, where he became a guitarist. At the age of 18, Frost began touring with drummer Sam Carr and Carr's father, Robert Nighthawk. Soon after touring, he toured again with Sonny Boy Williamson II for several years, who helped teach him how to play the harmonica. While playing with guitarist Big Jack Johnson, Frost attracted the interest of the record producer Sam Phillips, founder of Sun Records. Some recordings of note that followed included \"Hey Boss Man\" and \"My Back Scratcher\". Frost also recorded for the Jewel label, four years later. The Sun Records and Jewel Records material was re-released on one CD by Charly Records of London, England. In the late 1970s, Frost was re-discovered by a blues enthusiast, Michael Frank, who began releasing albums on his Earwig Music Company label by the trio, now called The Jelly Roll Kings, after a song from their album, Hey Boss Man. Frost appeared in the films Deep Blues: A Musical Pilgrimage to the Crossroads and Crossroads. In later years, Frost's health declined, yet he continued to play. Four days before his death, he appeared with Carr at the King Biscuit Blues Festival. He died of cardiac arrest in Helena, Arkansas in 1999, and is buried in Magnolia Cemetery in Helena. References External links 1936 births 1999 deaths Delta blues musicians Blues musicians from Arkansas American blues harmonica players Jewel Records artists Soul-blues musicians 20th-century American musicians",
"title": "Frank Frost"
},
{
"docid": "8813372",
"text": "Jack Frost, in comics, may refer to: Jack Frost (Fables), a character in Fables and Jack of Fables Jack Frost (manhwa), a manhwa series by Go Jin-ho Jack Frost (Marvel Comics), two Marvel Comics characters Jack Frost (Vertigo), a character in Grant Morrison's The Invisibles Little Jack Frost, an Avon Comics title See also Jack Frost (disambiguation)",
"title": "Jack Frost (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "7081333",
"text": "Seven Witches is an American heavy metal band from New Jersey, founded in 1998 by Jack Frost and Bobby Lucas. History Seven Witches released a demo-CD in 1998, which resulted in them signing a record deal with Massacre Records. The first two CDs for Massacre, Second War in Heaven and City of Lost Souls, featured vocalist Bobby Lucas. Lucas was the one who named the band and wrote the lyrics with Frost. Lucas left the band in 2000 and was replaced with former Crimson Glory singer Wade Black. With Black on vocals, the band recorded their third studio album Xiled to Infinity and One. Black left the band in 2002 and was replaced with James Rivera (Helstar). Bass guitar player Billy Mez also left the band in 2002, continuing on with Single Bullet Theory, and was replaced by Joey Vera who has played in Anthrax and Armored Saint. Rivera recorded two albums with the band, Passage to the Other Side and Year of the Witch. He left the band in 2005 to continue with his main project, Helstar. In June 2005, singer Alan Tecchio (best known for his work with the band Hades) joined the band and they recorded their sixth studio album, Amped. Tecchio joined the band after singing on \"Hell or High Water\", a song for Jack Frost solo project. Frost, satisfied with Tecchio's vocals, asked him to join the band. Shortly after that, Kevin Bolembach also joined as Seven Witches' new bass player. Bolembach and Tecchio had played together in Non-Fiction from 1991 to 1996. Seven Witches released Deadly Sins in 2007. Former bass player Vera mixed the album. Subsequently, they reunited with vocalist Rivera for a tour and a new album titled Call Upon The Wicked which was released on June 28, 2011. Discography Studio albums Second War in Heaven (1999), Massacre City of Lost Souls (2000), Massacre Xiled to Infinity and One (2002), Noise Passage to the Other Side (2003), Noise/Sanctuary Year of the Witch (2004), Noise Amped (2005), Regain Deadly Sins (2007), Locomotive Call Upon the Wicked (2011), Massacre Rebirth (2013), FrostMetal The Way of the Wicked (2015), Ils Live albums Years of the Witch (2006), Locomotive Members Current members Jack Frost – guitars (1998–present) James Rivera – vocals (2002–2005; 2008–2011; 2019–present) Dennis Hayes – bass (2004–2005; 2019–present) Jeff Curenton – drums (2004–2006; 2019–present) Former members Bobby Lucas – vocals (1998–2000) Wade Black – vocals (2000–2002) Alan Tecchio – vocals (2005–2008; 2011–2012) Anthony Cross A.K.A Anthony Regalbuto – vocals (2012–2019) Billy Mez – bass (1998–2002) Joey Vera – bass (2002–2004) Kevin Bolembach – bass (2005–2008) Mike LePond – bass (2008–2011) Ronnie Parkes – bass (2012–2019) Brian Vincent – drums (1998–2000) John Osborn – drums (2000–2001) Brian Craig – drums (2001–2004) Steve Delaney – drums (2006–2007) Taz Marazz – drums (2011–2012) Johnny Kelly – drums (2012–2019) Timeline References External links Myspace page Interview with Alan Tecchio by Chad Bowar Musical groups established in 1998 Heavy metal musical groups from New Jersey American power metal musical",
"title": "Seven Witches"
},
{
"docid": "39026269",
"text": "Jack Frost (born 25 February 1992) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club and Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League (AFL). AFL career Collingwood He was recruited by Collingwood with forty-first selection in the 2013 rookie draft after playing 10 games with Williamstown in 2011 & 2012, including the 2011 VFL grand final which the VFL Seagulls lost to Port Melbourne. Frost was awarded the best in finals player trophy for Williamstown in 2012. He made his AFL debut in round 1, 2013, against North Melbourne at Etihad Stadium. Frost played 54 games for Collingwood, but only 10 in the 2016 season as he wasn't a consistent starter. Brisbane Lions After being out of contract with Collingwood at the conclusion of the 2016 season, he nominated the Brisbane Lions as his preferred new club. He was officially traded to Brisbane in October. Frost played two games for Brisbane before suffering concussion. The persistence of ongoing symptoms over the past two years were a concern to Frost, his family and the Club. At the end of the 2018 season, concussion symptoms forced him to retire. Frost suffered 14 concussions in his six-year AFL career at Brisbane and Collingwood. Post AFL Frost is currently coach of Hawthorn's AFL Wheelchair and AFL Blind teams. Family His father, David Frost, played thirty-four matches for the Glenelg Football Club and seventy-two matches for the Sturt Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) during the 1980s and his younger brother, Sam Frost currently is on the list after spending time at and Statistics Statistics are correct to the end of the 2018 season |- style=\"background-color: #eaeaea\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2013 | || 45 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 10 || 6 || 16 || 3 || 9 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 5.0 || 3.0 || 8.0 || 1.5 || 4.5 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2014 | || 45 || 22 || 0 || 0 || 109 || 78 || 187 || 69 || 61 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 5.0 || 3.5 || 8.5 || 3.1 || 2.8 |- style=\"background-color: #eaeaea\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2015 | || 45 || 20 || 0 || 0 || 72 || 78 || 150 || 46 || 41 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 3.6 || 3.9 || 7.5 || 2.3 || 2.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2016 | || 45 || 10 || 0 || 0 || 48 || 48 || 96 || 32 || 31 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 4.8 || 4.8 || 9.6 || 3.2 || 3.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2017 | || 45 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 8 || 10 || 1 || 2 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 1.0 || 4.0 || 5.0 || 0.5 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2018 | || 45 || - || - || - || - || - || - || -",
"title": "Jack Frost (footballer, born 1992)"
},
{
"docid": "38236350",
"text": "Ripples of Desire (花漾, Hua Yang) is a 2012 Taiwanese film directed by Zero Chou. Plot The story is set on a floating island populated by pirates and lepers off the shores of 17th century Taiwan. There are two beautiful courtesans, White Snow and White Frost, who are the top attraction for at the establishment of businesswoman Moon. The sisters, known as the Rippling Sisters of Flower Street, are known for their flirtatious love duets. Men from everywhere vie for their hearts, ready to deflower them. Though they are twins, the sisters have very different personalities. While Snow is reserved and unyielding, Frost is wild and rebellious. Both guard a terrible secret. Affected by leprosy, the sisters must inflict a man with the illness to regain their own health. Meanwhile, a naive young music teacher named Wen arrives at Flower House to teach the girls new opera songs. Snow is told by Moon to inflict Wen, but the kind-hearted Snow, touched by his gentleness and talent, chose to sacrifice herself. Moon then had Frost replace Snow as the stage star and sure enough, Frost became the top courtesan in place of Snow. The ever practical Frost chides and ridicules Snow for jeopardizing everything they've sacrificed so much for. Meanwhile, even though Frost is in love with her platonic childhood friend (Scarface), she chose the rich and lustful merchant, Sir Li. In order to make her sister give up on her love, Frost plans a grand dynastic scheme to convince Snow that love is a fools game. The scheme entangles them with unscrupulous pirates, a philandering husband, a vindictive wife and kidnappings and murders. Cast Jerry Yan as Scarface Ivy Chen as White Frost Michelle Chen as White Snow Joe Cheng as Wen Simon Yam as Master Hai Sandra Ng as Madame Moon Li Xiaoran as Jen Mao Zijun as Sir Li Aviis Zhong as Maid Reception The film received mixed reviews. It flopped at the box office, merely grossing NT$3.8 million nationwide. References External links Ripples of Desire at Hong Kong Cinemagic Films directed by Zero Chou Taiwanese historical romance films Chinese historical romance films 2010s historical romance films 2010s Mandarin-language films",
"title": "Ripples of Desire"
},
{
"docid": "6596809",
"text": "Benedict Sandiford is a British actor who is best known for his role as son Neil on the British sitcom Barbara and for 'Harry Enfield & Chums' in 1997. He also made guest appearances on Heartbeat, Peak Practice, A Touch of Frost, Touching Evil, At Home with the Braithwaites, Pie in the Sky, Cadfael, This Life, Foyle's War, Midsomer Murders and Coronation Street. He played rent boy Alfred Wood in the 1997 film Wilde, alongside Stephen Fry and Jude Law, and starred in the TV drama \"Eskimo Day\" and its sequel \"Cold Enough For Snow\", both penned by Jack Rosenthal and also starring Maureen Lipman, Tom Wilkinson, Anna Carteret and David Ross. His theatre credits include: Falling Over England (Greenwich Theatre), The Schoolmistress (Chichester Festival Theatre), Spring and Port Wine, The Grouch, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (West Yorkshire Playhouse), Kafka's Dick (Watford Palace Theatre), Restoration (Salisbury Playhouse), Lady in the Van (Hull Truck and UK Tour). Sandiford is now an Artist in Residence at South Street Arts Centre in Reading, where he has made 8 original pieces of theatre: Jacksons Corner, Kaspar, The Final Whistle, The Great British Bump Off, Being Gordon Greenidge, In Ruins, Amelia, and Behind Closed Doors. He now works at Reading School as Head of Drama, where he teaches GCSE drama and A-level Theatre Studies. External links British male television actors Living people 1973 births",
"title": "Benedict Sandiford"
},
{
"docid": "60918758",
"text": "Jack Frost is a 1934 animated short film produced by Ub Iwerks and is part of the ComiColor Cartoons series. Plot summary The animals are enjoying the warm summer and playing together. Suddenly, Jack Frost arrives to the forest and paints the world in autumn colors. He announces the coming winter to the animals of the forest and urges them to prepare for it. Most of the animals, fearing Old Man Winter, begin their hibernation preparation. A grizzly bear cub named Billy musically retorts \"I don't have to worry; I don't have to care. My coat is very furry, I'm a frizzly, grizzly bear\". His mom chides him if he meets Old Man Winter, he'll change his tune. Back home, where she prepares him to go to bed by putting on his nightshirt. When he tries to sneak away to go back out, his mom catches him, spanks him swiftly, and tucks him in. When his parents have fallen asleep (hibernation), the cub prepares to run away from home. He sees Jack Frost paint frost patterns on his bedroom window and follows him. Frost catches Billy outside while he's painting pumpkins into jack-o'-lanterns and warns him of Old Man Winter again. Billy repeats his mantra, and a miffed Frost exits. Billy notices the jack-o'-lanterns, a scarecrow and trees coming to life and sing. At first, he's happy and thinks he made the right choice to leave his home. Billy's retort is interrupted by the surprise blast of cold winds and heavy snowfall. The scarecrow suddenly turns into a snowman. Billy is soon confronted by the sinister Old Man Winter who chases after him. He tries to take shelter in several trees, but is kicked out by the owners each time...save a hospitable skunk whose scent Billy spurns. Old Man Winter corners Billy within a hollow tree trunk, trapping the cub with icicles. Billy weeps over his entrapment as Frost arrives and mocks Billy's earlier bravado. He apologizes to Frost and begs to return him home to his warm bed. A cheery Frost uses his paintbrush to turn the ice to candy canes and Billy licks his way to freedom. Frost takes him back to his home using the palette. He tucks the happy cub back to his room where he's sleeping peacefully. After tucking him in bed, Frost closes the window and paints the word The End. Alternate versions In 1973, Jack Frost became one of several cartoons to be redrawn and colorized by Color Systems, Inc. under the name \"Radio and Television Packagers\" despite the fact that the cartoon was already in color and its original audio was replaced by stock music and sounds. It's likely that the company got a hold of a silent black and white print of the cartoon to colorize. Image gallery References External links \"It's A Very Special Cel Bloc Xmas: Jack Frost (1934)\", extensive plot summary by Rik Tod Johnson. 1934 animated films 1934 films American animated short films 1930s American animated films",
"title": "Jack Frost (1934 film)"
},
{
"docid": "8069403",
"text": "John Dempsey, known professionally as Jack Frost, is an American guitarist. He is one of the founders of the heavy metal band Seven Witches and also a part of The Bronx Casket Company. Frost is also known for playing guitar on Savatage's tour in support of Poets and Madmen in 2001 and 2002 before being dismissed from the band for unspecified reasons. He also toured in Anthrax vocalist Joey Belladonna's backing band, and played in a cover band called Diesel which featured Taz Marazz of Seven Witches, Mike Lepond of Symphony X on bass, and Jim Pepe on lead vocals. Frost has released two solo albums, Raise Your Fist to Metal in 2003 and Out in the Cold in 2005. Discography Solo artist 2003 – Raise Your Fist to Metal 2005 – Out in the Cold With Frost Bite 1994 – Icy Hell 1996 – Secret Admirer 1997 – Carousel With Seven Witches 1998 – Seven Witches 1999 – Second War in Heaven 2000 – City of Lost Souls 2002 – Xiled to Infinity and One 2003 – Passage to the Other Side 2004 – Year of the Witch 2005 – Amped 2007 – Deadly Sins 2011 – Call Upon the Wicked 2013 – Rebirth 2015 – The Way of the Wicked With The Bronx Casket Company 1999 – Bronx Casket Company 2000 – Sweet Home Transylvania 2005 – Hellectric 2011 – Antihero With Speed 1999 – Powertrip Pigs With Metalium 2000 – State of Triumph: Chapter Two References External links Bronx Casket Company official website American heavy metal guitarists Living people Musicians from Jersey City, New Jersey Guitarists from New Jersey Savatage members American male guitarists Seven Witches members 20th-century American guitarists Metalium members Year of birth missing (living people) Candlelight Records artists Noise Records artists",
"title": "Jack Frost (musician)"
},
{
"docid": "4771728",
"text": "Night Frost is a novel by R. D. Wingfield in the popular series featuring Detective Inspector Jack Frost, coarse, crude, slapdash – and holder of the George Cross. The novel was filmed for the ITV detective series A Touch of Frost. Plot introduction A serial killer is terrorizing the senior citizens of Denton, and the local police are succumbing to a flu epidemic. Tired and demoralized, the force has to contend with a seemingly perfect young couple suffering arson attacks and death threats, a suspicious suicide, burglaries, pornographic videos, poison-pen letters... In uncertain charge of the investigations is Detective Inspector Jack Frost, crumpled, slapdash and foul-mouthed as ever. He tries to cope despite inadequate back-up, but there is never enough time; the unsolved crimes pile up and the vicious killings go on. So Frost has to cut corners and take risks, knowing that his divisional commander will throw him to the wolves if anything goes wrong. And for Frost, things always go wrong... Release details 1992, UK, Constable (), Pub date ? March 1992, hardback (First edition) 1992, UK, Corgi Books (), Pub date ? December 1992, paperback 1993, UK, Magna Large Print Books (), Pub date ? December 1993, hardback 1995, USA, Crimeline, Bantam Books (), Pub date ? May 1995, paperback 1997, UK, Corgi Adult (), Pub date ? January 1997, paperback 1998, UK, ISIS Audio Books (), Pub date ? March 1998, audio book (Complete & Unabridged) 2000, UK, ISIS Audio Books (), Pub date ? August 2000, audio book 2005, UK, Corgi Books (), Pub date ? July 2005, audio book 1992 British novels British crime novels Constable & Robinson books British novels adapted into television shows",
"title": "Night Frost"
},
{
"docid": "58267625",
"text": "Jasmine Delaney is a fictional character from the Australian television soap opera Home and Away, played by Sam Frost. Frost was asked to audition for the serial while she was competing on Hell's Kitchen Australia. After seeing that she was up against several actresses, Frost did not think she would be successful. Following a second audition, Frost was told she had won the role. Frost had no prior acting experience and she began working with an acting coach. She filmed her first scenes in August 2017, and she made her first appearance during the season finale broadcast on 18 December 2017. Jasmine's introductory scenes see her involved in a car crash, which kills Kat Chapman (Pia Miller). Jasmine is portrayed as a naive, trusting, kind \"spirited Aussie girl\". As the character was introduced alone, producers gave her a connection to the community through Leah Patterson (Ada Nicodemou), who Jasmine quickly befriends. The character's first storyline saw the arrival of her abusive former boyfriend David (Jack Ellis), who has been stalking her. David's presence scares Jasmine and when he loses his temper, he holds her and Leah hostage. Frost said the storyline was challenging for her. Later storylines have focused on Jasmine's romantic relationships with Mason Morgan (Orpheus Pledger), Colby Thorne (Tim Franklin) and Robbo (Jake Ryan), whom she later married. Frost's casting attracted criticism from individuals in the acting community, but she was defended by current and former Home and Away stars. She also received death threats on social media from fans who were unhappy that her character was involved in Kat's death. Frost later received a nomination for the Logie Award for Most Popular New Talent for the role. In December 2021, Frost's exit from the serial was confirmed by Channel 7 and she filmed her final scenes that same month. Her final scenes as Jasmine aired on 9 June 2022. Casting On 17 July 2017, Karlie Rutherford of The Daily Telegraph reported that television personality Sam Frost had been cast in Home and Away. Frost, who had no prior acting experience, was asked to audition for the show while she was a contestant on Hell's Kitchen Australia, which airs on the same network. Frost auditioned alongside several actresses, which made her believe that she would not be successful. However, following a second audition, Frost was told she had secured the role. Julie McGauran, the head of drama at Seven Network, stated that Frost has a \"natural ease in front of the camera\", which makes her a \"wonderful\" addition to the cast. Frost commented, \"I grew up watching Home and Away and never in my wildest dreams did I think I would be on set and part of the cast.\" Frost later revealed that she had auditioned for the show before, but failed to win the role. She began working with an acting coach ahead of her debut, and she filmed her first scenes at Palm Beach, the show's outdoor filming location, in early August. Development Characterisation Jasmine is",
"title": "Jasmine Delaney"
},
{
"docid": "49283097",
"text": "Jo Frost: Nanny On Tour is an American short-lived reality television series, themed around parenting skills, hosted by British nanny Jo Frost. The series ran for 10 1-hour long episodes from January to March 2016 on Up TV. Jo Frost also serves as a producer on the show. Background The series uses a similar theme that was used in Supernanny, which has Frost traveling to a new city each week and work with one family that desperately needs her expertise. Prior to her arrival, Frost monitors the family's behavior from her mobile RV office through the use of surveillance cameras through the consent of the family after they agree to have it placed throughout their home. Once she sees their weaknesses and errors, Frost helps the families come up with tools and techniques in order to improve their parenting skills, maintain their discipline and relationship with their children, and to keep in touch through progress reports. In addition, Frost also travels to communities where she seeks out help from people looking for advice from family issues to becoming better parents. Production The series' format was based on a Dutch version that Frost did for RTL 4 in 2015. The concept was later picked up by Up TV in September 2015. Frost also wanted to move away from the Supernanny image by adopting a contemporary look: \"It was really important to be able to think what kind of format I can develop to allow me to be the staple in a family's home,\" Frost said, \"and be able to look at a wider spectrum of issues we see in 21st century modern parenting.\" Episodes (This section is unfinished, you can help finish it by finding more details about these Episodes and edit their descriptions) International broadcast In the United Kingdom, the series aired on Quest Red in March 2017. References External links (UPtv) 2010s American reality television series 2016 American television series debuts 2016 American television series endings American English-language television shows American television series based on Dutch television series Parenting television series Works about child care occupations",
"title": "Jo Frost: Nanny On Tour"
},
{
"docid": "22111448",
"text": "\"The Runaway Shadows, or A Trick of Jack Frost\" is a twentieth-century fairy tale, a fantasy short story written by L. Frank Baum, famous as the creator of the Land of Oz. The story is one of a small cluster of Baum narratives that involve his fantasy land the Forest of Burzee and its exotic denizens. Arguably, Burzee constitutes Baum's second most important fantasy realm after Oz itself, being employed in his novels The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) and Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) and several of his short stories, and is referenced in The Road to Oz (1909). \"The Runaway Shadows\" was first published on 5 June 1901, in some of the newspapers that had published Baum's American Fairy Tales in the spring of the same year. The story was projected as part of that collection, but was omitted when the book was published in October 1901. The story was reprinted in the April 1962 issue of The Baum Bugle. It also appeared in a 1980 edition of Baum's short fiction released by the International Wizard of Oz Club. Plot summary On the coldest day of the year, the Frost King allows his son Jack Frost to play pranks on humans. Jack Frost comes upon the Prince of Thumbumbia and his cousin Lady Lindeva, who have insisted on being allowed to play outside despite the bitter cold. The children have been so well-bundled-up by the royal servants that Jack is unable to pinch their ears or noses; frustrated, he hits upon the idea of freezing the children's shadows. Solidified into independent entities, the shadows run off to the Forest of Burzee to enjoy their newfound freedom. They prove impervious to an attack by the ferocious tiger Kahtah; but a passing ryl convinces the shadows to return to their humans. Otherwise, the frozen shadows will vanish to nothingness when they thaw in the warm weather to come. The King of Thumbumbia dies, and courtiers come to his nephew the Prince to elevate the boy to the throne — but they are amazed to see that the boy casts no shadow. Lady Lindeva, next in line for the crown, suffers the same strange infirmity. The Earl Highlough, the \"chief man in all the kingdom,\" comes to investigate — though by this time the runaway shadows have returned to their young master and mistress. The Prince becomes King, with Lady Lindeva as his Queen. References External links \"The Runaway Shadows\" online Fantasy short stories Children's short stories 1901 short stories Works originally published in American newspapers Works by L. Frank Baum",
"title": "The Runaway Shadows"
},
{
"docid": "2065692",
"text": "Adrienne Frost is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jay Faerber and Terry Dodson. Adrienne frost first appeared in Generation X #48 (February 1999). The character appeared in stories set in the Marvel Universe, commonly in association with the X-Men. She is the older sister of Emma Frost, Christian Frost, and Cordelia Frost. Publication history Adrienne Frost made her debut in Generation X Vol 1 #48 (Feb. 1999). The issue was the scripts written by Jay Faerber and comics drawn by Terry Dodson. Fictional character biography Early years Adrienne was the first-born child to Hazel and Winston Frost. Followed Christian, Emma, and Cordelia who was the last. The Frost family was one of the homes that did not have love and kindness, but rather manipulative and controlling. Adrienne established herself as the \"perfect child\" and was the favorite of their father, hoping to gain his favor and inherit the Frost family fortune. Adrienne was a power monger and showed little remorse or emotion when hurting her siblings both emotionally and physically. At an early age, Adrienne discovered her mutant ability of psychometry: the ability to touch an object and instantly know the object's history in terms of events surrounding its past, present, and future owners. Her power revealed to her what she had always known. Winston, her father had little intention of dividing his fortune between all of his children. Instead, he planned to pick the child whom he perceived as being able to guide his company into a state of growth and prosperity. This simply reinforced her original beliefs, and she became cold and distant from the world. Those who were worth anything were the ones she could manipulate in her chess game of power. Her power allowed her to become a top 'A' student and excel in all her endeavors, and continuing to earn her father's favor. However, Emma's rebellion against their father leads to Winston developing a profound new interest in her. To demoralize her, Adrienne outed Christian, to whom Emma was closest, and set in motion of the events that led to his attempted suicide. She also exposed Emma's kiss with her teacher Ian Kendall, which resulted in him being fired. In retaliation, Emma shocked her sister by exposing Adrienne's secret modeling career, of which their father disapproved. Despite her plans, Adrienne had no control over the fact that her father saw Emma as akin to him when he was young. Confident, Adrienne gathered with her siblings for her father to reveal who would guide his finances into the next millennium. She thought it was her who was going to be the prime candidate, Adrienne was left in shocked when their father chose Emma as his heir. However she was sick of her father's manipulations, and chose to leave succeed on her own. Leaving Adrienne as the second choice. Adrienne continued living under her father, at times even suffering his physical abuse. She continued to resent Emma and",
"title": "Adrienne Frost"
},
{
"docid": "1562935",
"text": "Mika Sue Boorem (; born August 18, 1987) is an American actress and filmmaker. She began her career as a child actress, appearing on television in small guest roles on Touched by an Angel and Ally McBeal, before earning critical acclaim for her performance in The Education of Little Tree (1997). After being cast in supporting roles in Jack Frost and Mighty Joe Young (both 1998), Boorem had a lead role in the drama Hearts in Atlantis (2001), opposite Anton Yelchin and Anthony Hopkins, which garnered her further critical acclaim. Boorem also had prominent supporting roles in the war drama The Patriot (2000) and the thriller Along Came a Spider (2001). She went on to star in numerous teen films in the early-to-mid 2000s, including the surf film Blue Crush (2002), the comedy Sleepover (2004), and the drama Augusta, Gone (2006). Boorem was a recurring guest star on the network series Dawson's Creek in 2002 and 2003. She had a central role in John Carpenter's horror film The Ward (2010), followed by roles in several independent films. Boorem made her feature film directorial debut with Hollywood.Con (2021), starring Tom Arnold and Brian Krause. Life and career Early life Boorem was born on August 18, 1987, at Carondelet St. Joseph's Hospital in Tucson, Arizona, to Holly (née Thomas) and Benjamin Boorem. She has one older brother, Benjamin Jr. Her father is a gemologist. She began acting in local theater in Arizona, and subsequently moved to Los Angeles with her family, where she attended Le Lycée Français de Los Angeles, a French-English bilingual school. Work as a child actress After appearing as herself in the direct-to-video of Disney Sing-Along Songs called Beach Party at Walt Disney World in 1995, Boorem had her first televised role in 1996 as a guest on the series Touched by an Angel. That was followed by a supporting part in The Education of Little Tree (1997), based on the controversial memoir of the same name by Forrest Carter. David Noh of Film Journal International deemed her performance as a young friend of the titular Cherokee character \"delightful.\" For her performance, she was nominated for a Young Artist Award. The same year, Boorem had a guest role playing the young Ally McBeal in the 1997 pilot episode. She also had a supporting role in A Walton Easter, a television film spin-off from The Waltons, which aired in the spring of 1997. She subsequently had a supporting role in the Christmas film Jack Frost (1998) starring Michael Keaton, for which she was nominated for a YoungStar Award for Best Actress in a Drama Film. She then had a part in Disney's live-action film Mighty Joe Young (1998), playing the young counterpart of Charlize Theron's character. She appeared on television again as a main cast member of the comedy series The Tom Show, which aired for one season between 1997 and 1998; in the series, she portrayed the daughter of a television producer, played by Tom Arnold. Also in 1998,",
"title": "Mika Boorem"
},
{
"docid": "10180697",
"text": "Frost is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Alex Frost (born 1987), American actor Andrew Frost (disambiguation), several people Anthony Frost (born 1951), English abstract artist Arthur Burdett Frost (1851–1928), American illustrator and graphic artist Dame Barbara Frost (born 1952), British charity executive Bede Frost (1875–1961), English priest Charles Frost (disambiguation), several people Craig Frost (born 1948), American musician Dan Frost (born 1961), Danish track cyclist Daniel M. Frost (1823–1900), Confederate general during the American Civil War Darrel Frost (born 1951), American herpetologist David Frost (disambiguation), several people Derrick Frost (born 1980), American footballer Doug Frost (swimming coach) (born 1943), Australian swimming coach Doug Frost (wine), American Master of Wine, Master Sommelier and author Edwin Brant Frost (1855–1935), American astronomer Emma Frost, British screenwriter and producer Eunice Frost (1914–1998), British publisher Francis Theodore Frost (1843–1916), Canadian manufacturer and politician Frank Frost (disambiguation), several people Gavin Frost (1930–2016), British occult author and Wiccan Harry Frost (1914–1973), Canadian ice hockey player Harry Frost (rugby union) (1869–1954), New Zealand rugby player Heinrich Adolph Frost (1844–1909), German businessman Henry Atherton Frost (1883–1952), American architect Hildreth Frost (1880–1955), Colorado lawyer and soldier Honor Frost (1917–2010), British pioneer of underwater archaeology Jack Frost (disambiguation), several people James Frost (disambiguation), several people Jenny Frost (born 1978), British singer and model Joanne (Jo) Frost (born 1970), English television personality, nanny, and author John Frost (disambiguation), several people Joseph H. Frost (1805–1866), American missionary Julie Frost (born 1970), American songwriter, singer, guitarist and record producer Kenneth Frost (1934–2013), American astrophysicist Kid Frost (born 1964), Mexican-American hip-hop artist Lane Frost (1963–1989), American bull rider Lauren Frost (born 1985), American actress Laurence Hugh Frost (1902–1977), American Admiral Lee Frost (director) (1935–2007), American film director Lee Frost (footballer) (born 1957), English footballer Leslie Frost (1895–1973), Canadian politician Lilian Frost (c. 1871–1953), Australian organist Lindsay Frost (born 1962), American actress Mark Frost (disambiguation), several people Marshall Frost (born 2005), British trampoline gymnast Martin Frost (born 1942), American politician Maxwell Frost (born 1997), American politician Mervyn Frost (born 1947), British political scientist Michael Frost (disambiguation), several people Morgan Frost (born 1999), Canadian ice hockey player Morten Frost (born 1948), Danish badminton player Nick Frost (born 1972), English actor and comedian Olive Grey Frost, one of several wives of Joseph Smith, Jr. Peter Frost, British writer, photographer, and archaeologist Polly Frost, American journalist Robert Frost (disambiguation), several people Royal Harwood Frost (1879–1950), American astronomer Sadie Frost (born 1965), English actress and fashion designer Scott Frost (born 1965), American football coach Scott Frost (writer), American screenwriter and novelist Sherry Frost, American politician Stef Frost (born 1989), English professional footballer Stephen Frost (born 1955), English comedian Stephen James Frost (born 1972), Texan politician Stuart W. Frost (1891–1990), American entomologist Terry Frost (1915–2003), English abstract artist Terry Frost (actor) (1906–1993), American actor Thomas Frost (disambiguation), several people Tony Frost (born 1975), English cricketer Tyler Frost (born 1999), English footballer Wade Hampton Frost (1880–1938), American epidemiologist Warren Frost (1925–2017), American actor William Frost (disambiguation), several people Wilson",
"title": "Frost (surname)"
}
] | [
"David Jason"
] |
train_25375 | what is the purpose of a roller coaster | [
{
"docid": "67506919",
"text": "A hybrid roller coaster is a category of roller coasters where the track is made out of one material, either steel or wood, and the support structure is made from another. Early hybrid coasters include mine train roller coasters from Arrow Development, which feature a steel track with a wooden support structure. Becoming increasingly more common are hybrids with wooden tracks and steel supports, such as The Voyage at Holiday World. Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) is well-known for their I-Box track design, commonly used to retrofit existing wooden coasters with a new steel track. Such designs provide several benefits, offering smoother rides and reducing maintenance costs. Hybrid coasters can also add inversions, similar to Mean Streak's conversion into Steel Vengeance at Cedar Point in 2018. Newer hybrids also tend to be taller, faster, and feature steeper drops over their wooden coaster counterparts. History Two main components of roller coaster design are their track and support structure. In most cases, both are made of the same material – either wood or steel. Occasionally, they are designed to feature a steel track with a wooden structure, or vice versa, in what has become known as a hybrid roller coaster. Hybrid roller coasters have existed for a long time, with one of the oldest being Cyclone at Luna Park, which opened in 1927. Its track is made from wood, while the support structure is made of steel. Arrow Development built a vast amount of mine train roller coasters beginning in the 1960s, featuring tubular steel track and wooden supports. One of their last installations is Adventure Express at Kings Island, which opened in 1991. Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) and The Gravity Group are at the forefront of modern hybrid coaster construction. RMC entered the industry by refurbishing old wooden roller coasters, converting them into hybrids with steel track, beginning with New Texas Giant at Six Flags Over Texas in 2011. One of their most popular conversions is Steel Vengeance at Cedar Point, which has been consistently ranked as one of the best steel coasters in Amusement Todays Golden Ticket Awards. The Gravity Group designs coasters with wooden track but with a steel support structure, such as Hades 360 at Mount Olympus Theme Park. Terminology The term \"hybrid roller coaster\" started to be used by the coaster community when New Texas Giant opened and Six Flags classified the roller coaster as wood. Six Flags in response of the confusion classified the roller coaster as a \"hybrid\", which has since been used to include many other Rocky Mountain Construction Coasters of the same style. Coasters are usually still classified as either \"steel\" or \"wood\", based on what their track material is. The use of the phrase is controversial. Examples of hybrid roller coasters References Further reading Bennett, David (1998). Roller Coaster: Wooden and Steel Coasters, Twisters and Corkscrews. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books. 9. . Coker, Robert (2002). Roller Coasters: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the Ultimate Scream Machines. New York: Metrobooks. 14. . Urbanowicz,",
"title": "Hybrid roller coaster"
},
{
"docid": "4691490",
"text": "An indoor roller coaster or enclosed roller coaster is a roller coaster built inside a structure. The structure may be unrelated to the ride, or it may be intended solely or primarily for the ride. Many indoor coasters are custom made and placed in amusement parks or shopping malls. LaMarcus Adna Thompson, who pioneered the construction of the first simple roller coasters, initially built \"scenic railway\" rides including \"indoor tableaux, panoramas, and biblical scenes illumined by car-tripped switches and flood lamps\". A \"completely enclosed roller coaster\" called the Twister was built as early as 1925. Walt Disney World's Space Mountain was one of the first rides considered to be an indoor roller coaster, and was \"the first indoor roller coaster where riders were in total darkness for the length of the ride so they couldn't tell where the drops or turns would occur\". List of indoor roller coasters Inside structures purpose-built for the ride Asia Alien Taxi at Trans Studio Cibubur Comet Express at Lotte World Kereta Misteri at Dunia Fantasi Panic Coaster – Back Daaan at Tokyo Dome City Attractions Revenge of the Mummy at Universal Studios Singapore Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain at Hong Kong Disneyland Xtreme Coaster, Festival Mall, Alabang, Philippines Europe Vogel Rok at Efteling Cagliostro at Rainbow MagicLand Crazy Bats at Phantasialand Crush's Coaster at Walt Disney Studios Park Eurosat - CanCan Coaster at Europa-Park Huracan at Bellewaerde Revolution / Mount Mara at Bobbejaanland Movie Park Studios at Movie Park Germany Rock 'n' Roller Coaster avec Aerosmith (closed) at Walt Disney Studios Park Psyké Underground at Walibi Belgium Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain at Disneyland Park (Paris) also named Space Mountain de la Terre à la Lune (1995-2005) and Space Mountain Mission 2 (2005-2017) Van Helsing's Factory at Movie Park Germany The Walking Dead: The Ride at Thorpe Park Winja's Fear & Force at Phantasialand Australia Scooby-Doo Spooky Coaster at Warner Bros. Movie World North America The Dark Knight Coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure, Six Flags Great America and Six Flags México United States Blazing Fury at Dollywood Black Diamond at Knoebels Amusement Resort Disaster Transport at Cedar Point, removed to make way for GateKeeper The Exterminator at Kennywood Fire in the Hole at Silver Dollar City Flight of Fear at Kings Dominion and Kings Island Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Rewind at Epcot Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts at Universal Studios Florida Mystery Mine at Dollywood Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride at Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith at Disney's Hollywood Studios Runaway Mountain at Six Flags Over Texas Skull Mountain at Six Flags Great Adventure Space Mountain at Magic Kingdom and Disneyland Park Laff Trakk at Hersheypark Inside structures unrelated to the ride Asia Jungle Storm at Chakazoolu Indoor Theme Park Sky Train within the Dragon Centre Supersonic Odyssey at Cosmo's World Tron Lightcycle Power Run at Shanghai Disneyland Park At the Wonderful World of Whimsy in Cityplaza 2 Europe Boomerang at Attractiepark Toverland",
"title": "Indoor roller coaster"
},
{
"docid": "6046316",
"text": "A roller coaster is a type of amusement ride. Roller coaster may also refer to: Roller coasters Roller Coaster (Dai Nam Van Hien), a steel roller coaster in Bình Dương, Vietnam Roller Coaster (Dam Sen Park), a steel roller coaster in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Roller Coaster (Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach), a wooden roller coaster in Great Yarmouth UK Roller Coaster (Lagoon), a wooden roller coaster in Farmington, Utah, US Roller Coaster (Suoi Tien Park), a steel roller coaster in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam The Roller Coaster, a steel roller coaster at the New York-New York Hotel & Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Film and television Rollercoaster (1977 film), a film by James Goldstone Rollercoaster (1999 film), a film by Scott Smith Rollercoaster (TV series), a 2005–2010 Australian children's show \"Rollercoaster\" (Phineas and Ferb), a 2007 television episode or its 2011 musical version, \"Rollercoaster: The Musical\" Music Rollercoaster (Australian festival), an annual music festival Albums Rollercoaster (Jim Verraros album), 2005 Rollercoaster (Let Loose album) or the title song, 1996 Rollercoaster (Randy Rogers Band album), 2004 Roller Coaster (Red Bacteria Vacuum album) or the title song, 2006 Roller Coaster (Scott Cain album) or the title song, 2004 Rollercoaster (soundtrack) or the title track, from the 1977 film, by Lalo Schifrin Rollercoaster (EP) or the title song, by The Jesus and Mary Chain, 1990 Red House Painters (Rollercoaster) or the title song, by Red House Painters, 1993 Rollercoaster, by the Adicts, 2004 Songs \"Rollercoaster\" (B*Witched song), 1998 \"Roller Coaster\" (Chungha song), 2018 \"Rollercoaster\" (Dolly Style song), 2016 \"Roller Coaster\" (Erika Jayne song), 2007 \"Rollercoaster\" (Julian Le Play song), 2014 \"Roller Coaster\" (Justin Bieber song), 2013 \"Roller Coaster\" (Luke Bryan song), 2014 \"Roller Coaster\" (Nmixx song), 2023 \"Roller Coaster\" (Toni Braxton and Babyface song), 2014 \"Roller Coaster\", by the 13th Floor Elevators from The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators, 1966 \"Rollercoaster\", by Best Coast from Always Tomorrow, 2020 \"Rollercoaster\", by Black Mountain from Wilderness Heart, 2010 \"Rollercoaster\", by Bleachers from Strange Desire, 2014 \"Roller Coaster\", by Blink-182 from Take Off Your Pants and Jacket, 2001 \"Roller Coaster\", by Bon Jovi from This House Is Not for Sale, 2016 \"Roller Coaster\", by Exo-XC from What a Life, 2019 \"Rollercoaster\", by the Grid from Evolver, 1994 \"Rollercoaster\", by Machine Gun Fellatio from Paging Mr Strike, 2003 \"Rollercoaster\", by Janet Jackson from Discipline, 2008 \"Rollercoaster\", by the Jonas Brothers from Happiness Begins, 2019 \"Rollercoaster\", by Sleater-Kinney from The Woods, 2005 \"Roller Coaster\", by TXT from The Dream Chapter: Magic, 2019 \"Rollercoaster\", from the Phineas and Ferb episode \"Rollercoaster: The Musical!\", 2011 \"Rollercoaster\", by Josh Panda which represented Vermont in the American Song Contest Other uses \"Roller Coaster\" (game) or \"Down Down Baby\", a song and clapping game Roller Coaster (video game), a 1985 video game Operation Roller Coaster, a series of nuclear tests carried out at the NTS, 1963 See also \"Love Rollercoaster\", a 1975 song by The Ohio Players RollerCoaster Tycoon (series), a trilogy of video games",
"title": "Roller coaster (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "6802652",
"text": "Roller Soaker was a suspended roller coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States. Manufactured by Setpoint Inc., the roller coaster was announced on August 8, 2001, and opened to the public on May 11, 2002. The Roller Soaker was located in the Boardwalk section at the park and cost $7.5 million to $8 million to construct. In December 2012, Hersheypark announced that the Roller Soaker would be removed to make way for new water attractions in 2013. The roller coaster's station was reused by Breakers Edge Water Coaster, a water coaster added in 2018. The Roller Soaker was the second Swing Thing model to be built by Setpoint Inc., following the Flying Super Saturator at Carowinds. The roller coaster reached a maximum height of , with a maximum speed of , and a total track length of . The encompassing section of the Roller Soaker featured various interactive water elements, such as water sprayers as well as geysers and fountains. Upon opening, the roller coaster received generally positive reviews. History Prior to the construction of what later became the Roller Soaker, Hersheypark had built a wooden roller coaster named Lightning Racer, which began operating in May 2000 as the park's eighth roller coaster. Planning for the new attraction began two and a half years before its opening. The park chose Setpoint's suspended roller coaster model based on a visit by Hershey executives to Carowinds, an amusement park in Charlotte, North Carolina, where the Flying Super Saturator was located. The park liked the concept of the suspended roller coaster, as it would appeal to a wider guest demographic, instead of trying to entice visitors through constructing taller or faster roller coasters as other theme parks were. The roller coaster was redesigned eight times throughout its planning process as to navigate around obstacles within the park and existing utilities. The park announced on August 8, 2001 that it would add a new roller coaster for the 2002 season. The attraction would incorporate elements of a water ride and a suspended roller coaster. The roller coaster would interact with the nearby Canyon River Rapids and park visitors through various water stations. Plans for the attraction were being finalized during the announcement with an expected opening date of May 2002. A contest was held to determine the roller coaster's name. Seven thousand entrants submitted 10,000 names; the park ultimately selected the name \"Roller Soaker\", which was announced at the roller coaster's groundbreaking ceremony. Construction of the Roller Soaker began in November 2001. The park planned to open the Roller Soaker the day after the majority of water rides opened for the season. A media day was hosted for the Roller Soaker on May 7, later opening to the general public on May 11 during the park's 95th operating season. Along with the roller coaster, the park constructed a gift shop, lockers, and restroom. In addition, the plaza included a children's area. Rumors of the Roller Soaker's sale began to spread when it was",
"title": "Roller Soaker"
},
{
"docid": "54954172",
"text": "Time Traveler is a spinning roller coaster located at Silver Dollar City in Branson, Missouri. The roller coaster was manufactured by Mack Rides in collaboration with the park's in-house team. The original concept for the roller coaster was conceived from a prototype train tested on another roller coaster, Blue Fire, at Europa-Park in Germany. Time Traveler opened in 2018 and is themed to a fictional backstory about time travel involving characters Charles Henry, a clockmaker, and his daughter. The roller coaster reaches a height of and a maximum speed of . Time Traveler was the first installation of the \"Xtreme Spinning Coasters\" model produced by Mack Rides, which features spinning trains with an eddy current brake located underneath each car to control the rate of spinning. Upon opening, Time Traveler became the tallest and fastest spinning roller coaster, and the first of its kind to feature three inversions. In 2018, the roller coaster was listed by Amusement Today's annual Golden Ticket Awards as the year's second-best new roller coaster and the 18th-best overall among steel coasters. History The original idea and planning for a new attraction—which would become Time Traveler—lasted over four years. In January 2016, while a prototype for a new spinning roller coaster concept was being made by Mack Rides, Jane Cooper, chief operating officer and president of Herschend Family Entertainment, and Brad Thomas, president of attractions for Silver Dollar City, went to test it at Europa-Park where it was featured on the roller coaster Blue Fire. During their first trip, Thomas described the first experience on the prototype they had \"like a teacup\", but showed promise for the project and design. Thereafter, both Cooper and Thomas made several trips to Europa-Park to discuss and plan the ride's concept with Mack Rides before acquiring the model for the park's new attraction. From February 2016, Herschend Family Entertainment (owner of Silver Dollar City) filed trademarks with the United States Patent and Trademark Office for multiple names including \"Barke\", \"Time Traveler\", and \"Top Dog\". During one of the several trips in June 2016, the name of the attraction was conceived from Cooper and Thomas' observation of the roller coaster's train design frame. Construction for the roller coaster began in October 2016. On February 15, 2017, photos were taken by the Springfield News-Leader of construction taking place within the park, with a park official acknowledging that footers were in place for a new attraction, but not confirming what it would be. Silver Dollar City announced \"Time Traveler\" on August 16, 2017, which upon completion would be the tallest, fastest and longest spinning roller coaster in the world. The ride was announced to be manufactured by Mack Rides at the cost of $26 million to design and build. Among its records, the roller coaster would be the only spinning roller coaster with a double launch, vertical loop, and three inversions. On September 19, 2017, the final piece of track was placed for the attraction, with a park spokesman saying that the ride",
"title": "Time Traveler (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "73771586",
"text": "Fear of roller coasters, also known as veloxrotaphobia, is the extreme fear of roller coasters. It can also be informally referred to as coasterphobia. Such a fear is thought to originate from one or more of three factors: childhood trauma, fear of heights, and parental fears that “rub off” on their children. In addition, veloxrotaphobia may be intensified by underlying fears such as claustrophobia and illygnophobia. Incidence The enjoyment of roller coasters has been likened to a form of benign masochism. According to Rajvi Desai, \"For something to be deemed benign masochism, the activity at hand needs to incite so little negative emotion as to be tolerable; if the negative emotion reaches or surpasses into intolerable, it won’t be worthy of being indulged in.\" However, for those with veloxrotaphobia, roller coasters release high doses of the stress hormone cortisol, which may cause elevated heart rate, sweating, feeling faint, uncontrollable shaking, trembling, and tingling, fast breathing, and chest pain. It is estimated that about five percent of the world’s population suffers from an extreme fear of heights, however, no exact data has been published on what percent of people are afraid of roller coasters. It is believed that individuals with lower natural levels of dopamine are more prone to being fearful of roller coasters. Remedies The fear of roller coasters is a relatively common fear. It can be treated effectively through exposure therapy, in which the subject learns to disassociate roller coasters with the unlikely possibility of danger. The use of virtual reality headsets in providing a remedy for those with the fear has also been suggested. Riders are also encouraged to familiarize themselves with statistics on roller coaster safety. For example, according to the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions, there is a 1 in 750 million chance of suffering a fatal injury on a fixed-location roller coaster. See also Acrophobia Fear of falling List of phobias Amusement park accidents References Roller coasters Situational phobias",
"title": "Fear of roller coasters"
},
{
"docid": "32193094",
"text": "Skyrush is an Intamin prototype Wing Coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States. It opened to the general public on May 26, 2012, as Hersheypark's 12th roller coaster and the park's third coaster made by Intamin. Skyrush features a cable lift that raises the train at . The roller coaster is located in the Hollow section of Hersheypark, next to the Comet wooden coaster; Skyrush itself is mainly set above Spring Creek. The concept for what is now Skyrush dates to 2007, but Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company did not file plans for the ride's construction until August 2010. Hersheypark launched the Attraction 2012 marketing campaign to promote what eventually became Skyrush, and the park officially announced the ride in August 2011. Despite delays caused by flooding, Skyrush opened to the general public on May 26, 2012. Reviews of the ride have generally been positive, and Amusement Todays Golden Ticket Awards ranked Skyrush as the fifth-best new ride for 2012. Additionally, in every year except 2016 and 2020, Skyrush has been ranked in the Golden Ticket Awards as one of the world's 50 best steel roller coasters. History The concept for what is now Skyrush dates to 2007, when Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company, operator of Hersheypark in Derry Township, Pennsylvania, solicited designs from five roller coaster manufacturers. Although Hershey executives preferred a proposal by Swiss manufacturer Intamin, the plan would cost twice as much as Fahrenheit, a $12 million coaster that opened in 2008. Intamin influenced Hersheypark officials to build another attraction in the low-lying Hollow section of the park. On August 17, 2010, Hershey Entertainment presented plans to Derry Township officials for a new attraction reaching tall. The ride's construction required a zoning variance because it exceeded the township's height limit. Hersheypark officials also proposed erecting 32 supports inside an artificial pond and removing two dining structures in the Hollow, although they refused to provide further details about the new ride. Hersheypark launched a marketing campaign, Attraction 2012, to promote what eventually became Skyrush. The Patriot-News wrote that the campaign included \"fake Web pages, hidden messages, foreign languages and symbolism\". Although Hersheypark publicly divulged little about the new ride, Attraction 2012 prompted extensive discussion on social media. Park officials submitted blueprints to Derry Township officials in April 2011, indicating that a roller coaster with a winding layout would be built in the Hollow section of Hersheypark. Work on the coaster had begun in early 2011, when workers began diverting Spring Creek, allowing the ride's concrete supports to be constructed. By June 2011, pieces for the as-yet-unnamed attraction had arrived on site. In conjunction with the Attraction 2012 campaign, Hershey Entertainment filed a trademark for the name \"Skyrush\" by July 2011. The ride was officially announced on August 2, 2011. Skyrush was to be the first new roller coaster at Hersheypark since Fahrenheit in 2008. Skyrush was built on the site of the Sunken Gardens, a portion of Hersheypark that had not been open to the public since",
"title": "Skyrush"
},
{
"docid": "15632708",
"text": "Roller coaster amusement rides have origins back to ice slides constructed in 18th-century Russia. Early technology featured sleds or wheeled carts that were sent down hills of snow reinforced by wooden supports. The technology evolved in the 19th century to feature railroad track using wheeled cars that were securely locked to the track. Newer innovations emerged in the early 20th century with side friction and underfriction technologies to allow for greater speeds and sharper turns. By the mid-to-late 20th century, these elements intensified with the introduction of steel roller coaster designs and the ability to invert riders. History Beginnings The world's oldest roller coasters descended from the \"Russian Mountains\", which were hills of ice built in the 17th century for the purpose of sliding, located in the gardens of palaces around the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg. Other languages also reference Russian mountains when referring to roller coasters, such as the Spanish (), the Italian (Roller coaster), and the French (). The Russian term for roller coaster, (amerikanskie gorki), translates literally as \"American mountains\". The recreational attractions were called Katalnaya Gorka (Катальная Горка) or \"sliding mountain\" in Russian. Many were built to a height of with a 50-degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports covered in ice. The slides became popular with the Russian upper class. Catherine the Great of Russia constructed a summer version of the ride at her estate in 1784, which relied on wheeled carts instead of sleds that rode along grooved tracks. Russian soldiers occupying Paris from 1815 to 1816, after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, may have introduced the Russian amusement of sledding down steep hills. In July 1817, a French banker named Nicolas Beaujon opened the Parc Beaujon, an amusement park on the Champs Elysees. Its most famous feature was the Promenades Aériennes or \"Aerial Strolls.\" It featured wheeled cars securely locked to the track, guide rails to keep them on course, and higher speeds. The three-wheel carts were towed to the top of a tower, and then released to descend two curving tracks on either side. King Louis XVIII of France came to see the park, but it is not recorded if he tried the ride. Before long there were seven similar rides in Paris: Les Montagnes françaises (The French Mountains), le Delta, les Montagnes de Belleville (The Mountains of Belleville), les Montagnes américaines (the American Mountains), Les Montages lilliputiennes, (The miniature mountains), Les Montagnes suisses (The Swiss mountains), and Les Montagnes égyptiennes (The Egyptian mountains). In the beginning, these attractions were primarily for the upper classes. In 1845 a new amusement park opened in Copenhagen, Tivoli, which was designed for the middle class. These new parks featured roller coasters as permanent attractions. The first permanent loop track was probably also built in Paris from an English design in 1846, with a single-person wheeled sled running through a 13-foot (4 m) diameter vertical loop. These early single loop designs were called Centrifugal Railways. In 1887, a French entrepreneur, Joseph Oller, the owner",
"title": "History of the roller coaster"
},
{
"docid": "40008591",
"text": "White Lightning is a wooden roller coaster located at Fun Spot America amusement park in Orlando, Florida. Manufactured by Great Coasters International (GCI), White Lightning opened to the public on June 8, 2013, as the first wooden coaster to be built in Orlando. Unlike traditional wood designs, the support structure is made of steel to reduce maintenance costs, and it was the first time GCI incorporated the design into one of their coasters. White Lightning has also been well-received, consistently ranking in the top 50 among wooden roller coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards from Amusement Today. History Fun Spot of Florida, Inc. announced that they purchased adjacent to the north of their Fun Spot Action Park on December 30, 2010, with plans to triple the size of the park adding a number of new rides. The land purchase was necessitated as Fun Spot of Florida faced local competition and to keep up development with its sister park, Fun Spot USA. In the early planning stages, the park explored a Skycoaster, splash pad, and roller coasters as possible additions to the expansion lot. In April 2011, Fun Spot Action Park surveyed park guests about what types of attractions they would like at the park. Consensus published by the park indicated guests wanted water rides and roller coasters. The Orlando Sentinel reported that three roller coaster representatives met with Fun Spot of Florida's chief operating officer, John Arie Jr., in August 2011. The report further stated the company planned to break ground in 2012 on the land purchased previously, which would include \"at least one new roller coaster\" among other attractions. Fun Spot announced it would rebrand its Orlando location as \"Fun Spot America\" and confirmed plans for the $20 million expansion. The expansion planned to incorporate a variety of attractions, as well as a steel and wooden roller coaster. Fun Spot officials reasoned to build two roller coasters to better establish themselves as an amusement park and to attract more guests. Mark Brisson, director of marketing at Fun Spot, described the wooden roller coaster in a December 2011 interview as having a height less than , designed and built by Great Coasters International (GCI), and located next to a road in an \"L shaped\" configuration. In March 2012, the Orlando City Commission approved the project, and the park released concept art of the expansion; in addition to a computer animated video of the GCI-designed roller coaster. Fun Spot of Florida filed a trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office for the name \"White Lightning\" in May 2012. Funding of the wooden roller coaster and other attractions were approved in June 2012. After a one-year period of construction, White Lightning soft opened to the public on May 20, 2013. The park's official reopening ceremony was held on June 8, 2013. The $3.5 million ride opened as Orlando's first wooden roller coaster. In September 2020, a small part of White Lightning was retracked with new prototype steel Titan Track",
"title": "White Lightning (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "38702512",
"text": "Roller Coaster Corporation of America (RCCA) was an amusement ride manufacturer based in the United States. The company's first major project was the Rattler at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in 1992, while their most famous coaster was the Son of Beast at Kings Island, the world's tallest and second looping wooden coaster when it opened in 2000. History The Roller Coaster Corporation of America was established in 1967, but the president Michael Black had worked on wooden coaster construction projects before, like the Great American Scream Machine at Six Flags Over Georgia in 1973, with his father Marvin Black and brother Stephen Black. The company prided itself in their manufacturing technique, which involved pre-manufacturing sections of the wooden structure and track at facilities off-site and then assembling on-site. This reduced what could otherwise be a year long construction project to around 6 months. In 1992, under the name Roller Coaster Corporation of Texas, they built the Rattler for Six Flags Fiesta Texas, which opened as the tallest, fastest, and steepest wooden coaster in the world. However, the RCCA faced criticism for rushing through testing, and the ride's high forces led to numerous injuries during the first year of operation. In 1997, the RCCA was approached by Paramount Kings Island to create the world's first wooden hyper coaster. The result of 3 years of planning and construction was Son of Beast, which opened in May 2000. While reviews were initially positive, the ride deteriorated over the first year, leading to a lawsuit from Kings Island against the RCCA and some of their contractors for shoddy design and insufficient supports. In response, the RCCA claimed that Kings Island had dismissed the company before construction was completed to save money and filed their own suit. The RCCA built a handful of other coasters in the early 2000s, the most recent being Coaster Express at Parque Warner Madrid in 2002. The company did not continue to build any more roller coasters, and folded in 2005. List of roller coasters Roller Coaster Corporation of America built 7 roller coasters around the world. Two are now defunct (Son of Beast and White Canyon) and one has been completely re-done by Rocky Mountain Construction (Rattler). References Roller coaster manufacturers Manufacturing companies established in 1979 Manufacturing companies based in Atlanta 1979 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)",
"title": "Roller Coaster Corporation of America"
},
{
"docid": "5948678",
"text": "Lightning Racer is a wooden dueling roller coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Built by Great Coasters International (GCI) and designed by Mike Boodley of GCI, the ride was completed in 2000 within the Midway America section of the park. Lightning Racer was GCI's second roller coaster at Hersheypark. Planning for what became Lightning Racer commenced in May 1999, and the ride opened to the general public on May 13, 2000. Lightning Racer cost $12.5 million to construct, and it consists of two tracks, which are both long. The ride's station was designed by Ralph E. Kaylor of Lebanon, Pennsylvania. Lightning Racer operates with four Millennium Flyer trains manufactured by GCI. Since 2001, Lightning Racer has consistently been voted one of the world's 25 best wooden roller coasters at the Golden Ticket Awards, which are presented annually by Amusement Today magazine. History Planning for what became Lightning Racer commenced in May 1999, when employees of Great Coasters International (GCI) started creating sketches for a racing wooden roller coaster. A groundbreaking ceremony for the ride occurred in July 1999. The next month, Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company announced that Hersheypark would be adding its eighth coaster, Lightning Racer. It would be the park's second roller coaster built by GCI, after the now-defunct Wildcat. After construction had started, GCI's engineers encountered some obstacles that had not been shown on the official topographic maps that Hersheypark had given them, including a fence and a Turkey Hill shop. Lightning Racer opened to the general public on May 13, 2000, three days after a media event for the coaster was hosted. When the ride opened, Hersheypark had the most roller coasters of any amusement park in Pennsylvania. Through an agreement with Hersheypark, ice cream brand Green's (a subsidiary of Crowley Foods) promoted the ride by introducing an ice-cream flavor called Raspberry Blueberry Scream. Characteristics Lightning Racer cost $12.5 million to construct and was designed by Mike Boodley of GCI. The roller coaster required about of southern yellow pine for its construction. It consists of two tracks (Thunder/Green and Lightning/Red), which are both long. A complete circuit on either track takes approximately two minutes and twenty seconds. The ride's lift hill is approximately tall. After the first drop, the ride reaches a top speed of . At several points in the layout, the tracks are as close as to each other. The trains pass by each other in opposite directions at a combined . The ride's station was designed by Ralph E. Kaylor of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, and is made of heavy timber and wood frame. The station features architectural details such as shingle roofs, ventilation shafts, and cupolas. Unlike in other racing coasters, there is a single queue line for both tracks, allowing guests to select which track they want to ride. In addition to providing a shaded queue area for guests, the station contains a shop where on-ride photos from the coaster are sold. Lightning Racer operates with four trains, which seat 24 riders per",
"title": "Lightning Racer"
},
{
"docid": "675429",
"text": "Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (PTC) is one of the oldest existing roller coaster manufacturing companies in the world. Based in Hatfield, Pennsylvania, it was established in 1904 by Henry Auchey and Chester Albright under the name Philadelphia Toboggan Company. The company manufactured carousels, wooden roller coasters, toboggans (roller coaster cars) and later, roller coaster trains. History The Philadelphia Toboggan Company was incorporated January 20, 1904. It built and designed roller coasters until 1979. Notable designers included Joe McKee, John A. Miller, Herbert Schmeck, Frank Hoover, and John C. Allen. When Allen retired as president in 1976, the company stopped designing roller coasters but continued to work on coaster projects until 1979 when it exited the coaster-construction industry permanently. The company manufactured carousels known for their elaborate carvings and decorations. It expanded with the acquisition of the inventory of the Dentzel Carousel Company in 1927. Lead carvers included Daniel Carl Muller, Leo Zoller, John Zalar, and Frank Caretta. Examples of the company's carousels (manufactured 1904–1934) exist throughout the United States. The Philadelphia Toboggan Company built the Rollo Coaster at Idlewild Park in 1938, and the carousel for the same amusement park in 1931. The company manufactured Skee Ball games from 1946 to 1977. In 1926, PTC was granted a trademark on a new name, Philtobco. Flying Turns Developed by J. Norman Bartlett and John Miller, the Flying Turns coasters came to the attention of PTC. Recognizing the ride's potential, PTC signed a licensing agreement with Bartlett and Miller to market the ride in North America—with the exception of the state of California. With the arrival of the Great Depression, PTC built only one in 1931, at Rocky Point Amusement Park. The coaster was engineered by Herbert Schmeck, but experienced problems. The ride opened late in the summer and Schmeck stayed on site for some time before he was able to get the ride operating consistently. The ride was damaged beyond repair by a storm on September 21, 1938. Schmeck engineered a second Flying Turns for Hershey Park in August 1941. Due to the entry of the United States into World War II, and the resulting rationing of building materials, the roller coaster was never built. It would have been located in the park next to what is now the Wave Swinger, and part of where Comet's lift hill is located. Though Bartlett and Miller went on to build several more Flying Turns-type coasters, PTC never proposed another. 1990s to present On November 27, 1991, Tom Rebbie and Bill Dauphinee purchased the Philadelphia Toboggan Company from Sam High (1934–2011), and incorporated a new company, Philadelphia Toboggan Coaster, shortly thereafter. Rebbie was appointed president. In 2007 he bought out Dauphinee to become the sole owner, and changed the company's name to Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters, Inc. (PTCI). The company continues to manufacture roller coaster trains, queue gates and fin brakes. List of roller coasters As of 2019, Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters has built 127 roller coasters around the world. Carousels Most PTC carousels were numbered, so",
"title": "Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters"
},
{
"docid": "1491965",
"text": "Millennium Force is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio. Manufactured by Intamin, it was the park's fourteenth roller coaster when it opened in 2000, dating back to the opening of Blue Streak in 1964. Upon completion, Millennium Force broke five world records and was the world's first giga coaster, a term coined by Intamin and Cedar Point to represent roller coasters that exceed in height. It was briefly the tallest and fastest in the world until Steel Dragon 2000 opened later the same year. The ride is also the third-longest roller coaster in North America following The Beast at Kings Island and Fury 325 at Carowinds. Millennium Force features a cable lift hill with a drop, two tunnels, three overbanked turns, and three hills. The coaster also has a top speed of . Since its debut, Millennium Force has been voted the number one steel roller coaster ten times in Amusement Today's annual Golden Ticket Awards. Although Millennium Force has been surpassed in height and speed, it remains one of the tallest and fastest coasters in the world. History The planning, design and development phases of Millennium Force took place over five years, from 1996 to 2000. The first rumors that a new record-breaking roller coaster would be built at Cedar Point, which included speculation about a ten-inversion roller coaster from Bolliger & Mabillard and an Arrow Dynamics MegaLooper, began circulating in early 1998. A roller coaster from D. H. Morgan Manufacturing was also rumored. On July 2, 1999, Cedar Fair Entertainment Company filed a trademark for the name Millennium Force, which raised more speculation about what the ride would be like. About a week later, the first track pieces were seen at the park, and it was confirmed that the ride would be manufactured by Intamin. Cedar Point officials also confirmed that it would not have inversions. Announcement and construction Millennium Force was announced on July 22, 1999. It would be the tallest roller coaster in the world, taking the record from Fujiyama at Fuji-Q Highland in Japan. The ride cost $25 million to design and build. Cedar Point, Intamin, and Werner Stengel designed the layout of the ride. After the ride was announced, several disputes about whether Millennium Force or Superman: The Escape was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world arose between Cedar Point and Six Flags Magic Mountain. Superman: The Escape is high and its speed is ; however, it is a shuttle roller coaster, not a complete-circuit roller coaster. Construction started in August 1999 when the site was cleared. Millennium Force was built in the Frontier Trail section of the park. The ride involved the relocation of the Giant Wheel and the Cedar Point and Lake Erie Railroad. The removal and relocation of the Giant Wheel began in October on closing day; the first of 226 supports was installed on October 11, starting at the brake run. Two hundred twenty-six footers, each about deep were dug;",
"title": "Millennium Force"
},
{
"docid": "31573452",
"text": "The Euthanasia Coaster is the name given to a hypothetical steel roller coaster designed with the sole purpose of killing its passengers: a euthanasia device. The concept was conceived in 2010 and made into a scale model by Lithuanian artist Julijonas Urbonas, a PhD candidate at the Royal College of Art in London. Urbonas, who has experience as an amusement park employee, stated that the goal of his concept roller coaster is to take lives \"with elegance and euphoria\". As for practical applications of his design, Urbonas mentioned \"euthanasia\" or \"execution\". John Allen, who served as president of the Philadelphia Toboggan Company, inspired Urbonas with his description of the \"ultimate\" roller coaster as one that \"sends out 24 people and they all come back dead\". Design The concept design of the layout begins with a steep-angled lift that takes riders up to the top (for comparison, the tallest roller coaster in the world, Kingda Ka, has a top cap that is 456 ft (139 m) in height), a climb that would take a few minutes to complete, allowing the passengers to contemplate their life. From there, all passengers are given the choice to exit the train, if they wish to do so. If they do not, they would have some time to say their last words. All passengers are required to press a button to continue the ride, which then takes the train down a drop, propelling the train at speeds up to , close to its terminal velocity, before flattening out and speeding into the first of its seven slightly clothoid inversions. Each inversion would decrease in diameter to maintain the lethal 10 G's of force onto passengers as the train loses speed. After a sharp right-hand turn, the train would enter a straight track that goes back to the station, where the dead are unloaded and new passengers can board. Mechanism of action The Euthanasia Coaster would kill its passengers through prolonged cerebral hypoxia, or insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain. The ride's seven inversions would inflict 10 g (g-force) on its passengers for 60 seconds, causing g-force related symptoms starting with greyout through tunnel vision to black out, g-LOC (g-force induced loss of consciousness) and eventually death. Subsequent inversions or a second run of the rollercoaster would serve as insurance against unintentional survival of more robust passengers. Exhibition The Euthanasia Coaster was first shown as part of the HUMAN+ display at the Science Gallery in Dublin in 2011. The display was later named the year's flagship exhibition by the Science Gallery, Within this theme, the coaster highlights the issues that come with life extension. The item was also displayed at the HUMAN+ exhibit at Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona in 2015. In pop culture In 2012, Norwegian rock group Major Parkinson released \"Euthanasia Roller Coaster\", a digital single with lyrics alluding to Urbonas's Euthanasia Coaster. References External links Computer animated simulation of the ride Urbonas explaining his design 2010 works Conceptual art Euthanasia device Execution",
"title": "Euthanasia Coaster"
},
{
"docid": "44458250",
"text": "ZDT's Amusement Park is a family amusement park located in Seguin, Texas. The park first opened in 2007 and has grown to feature 12 attractions, three of which are water rides, along with a video game arcade. It is open year-round with the exception of its water rides which only operate from March through September. The park opened its first roller coaster, Switchback, in 2015. History In March 2007, ZDT's Amusement Park first opened its doors to the public and featured five indoor attractions. Owners Danny and Sarah Donhauser named the park after their three children – Zac, Danielle, and Tiffany – using the first letter of each name. Multi-level go-karts were added in 2008, and Mad Raft Water Coaster, a water coaster that was the park's first water ride, opened in 2011. In late 2014, ZDT's unveiled plans to build Switchback, a wooden shuttle roller coaster that features a 104-degree overbanked turn and a record-breaking, 87-degree incline. Manufactured by The Gravity Group, the ride drops riders and reaches speeds of up to . The custom-designed roller coaster opened to the public on October 17, 2015. It navigates through and around various buildings and structures ending in a culminating finale element called the Grand Spike, which sends riders upward an 87-degree incline. Switchback is the first and only wooden shuttle coaster of its kind and derives its name from the 1884 Switchback Railway, considered to have been the first coaster in United States. The theme of the ride also celebrates the history of the property on which the park is built with its locomotive-themed train cars. The park grounds were once an agricultural and grocery center containing within the block of land everything from grain silos to meat processing. All of the buildings in the park were remodeled from their original purposes instead of being torn down and rebuilt. The Silo Climb, for example, is a climbing wall built on the facade of the silos that once stored the grain of local farmers. The indoor section of the GoKarts runs through the warehouses in which that grain was processed, where one can see hanging above some of the original equipment used for this process. The main building of the park was once a grocery center that would have stored and readied the finished product for sale. The walkway to the water park is built atop the old train tracks which were used to transport that product to other areas, and an original Santa Fe executive train car still sits along this walkway in part to commemorate this history. Rides and attractions Switchback Switchback is a wooden shuttle roller coaster. The ride first opened on October 17, 2015 at ZDT's Amusement Park in Seguin, Texas. The ride is currently the record holder for steepest wooden roller coaster at 87 degrees, as well as the first wooden shuttle coaster. Other attractions References Amusement parks in Texas 2007 establishments in Texas Buildings and structures in Guadalupe County, Texas Tourist attractions in Guadalupe County,",
"title": "ZDT's Amusement Park"
},
{
"docid": "5167420",
"text": "Alpine Bobsled was a steel bobsled roller coaster located at the Six Flags Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor amusement park in Queensbury, New York. Manufactured by Intamin, the coaster first opened to the public in 1984 at Six Flags Great Adventure. It was relocated to Six Flags Great America in 1989, and then to Six Flags Great Escape in 1998. The Alpine Bobsled closed permanently on September 4, 2023 and is in process of being dismantled to make room for a new Gravity Group family wooden coaster named The Bobcat. Theming The alpine theme of the coaster was partly inspired by the park's proximity to Lake Placid, New York, where the 1980 and 1932 Winter Olympics, both of which included bobsled races, were held. The ride had six cars, all themed from different countries: the United Kingdom, United States, Italy, Jamaica, Canada and Switzerland. The ride regularly ran three sleds with the fourth being stored on the transfer track next to the load station. The four sleds were regularly rotated in and out over the course of the year, with the ride occasionally running all four at the same time. The two sleds not being used during a season were rehabbed and rotated out on a yearly basis. A large archway was the entrance to the long queue area leading up to the loading station. The arch itself was decorated with an old Olympic-style bobsled and the path up to the loading area was scattered with old broken sleds as well. The loading station was built to resemble a 19th-century alpine ski lodge. The outside of the bobsled's trough was purple and white, with the inside also being white. History The coaster was built in 1984 and was located at Six Flags Great Adventure as the Sarajevo Bobsled. The ride was quite popular. Its purpose was to commemorate the 1984 Olympics. The area of the park was becoming dull and needed an overhaul. In the spring of 1988, it was determined that this area would have an Airplane/Space/Boardwalk theme, and that the park needed a larger roller coaster, and that the coaster would occupy the land that Sarajevo Bobsleds was occupying. The Bobsled was then closed mid season and dismantled. The coaster was replaced with a multiple steel looping roller coaster that was then state of the art and would for a month be the tallest coaster in the world. Great American Scream Machine was built in its place and it stood there until it was dismantled in July of the 2010 season to make room for a new stand-up roller coaster named Green Lantern. After the ride was dismantled and removed, it was relocated to Six Flags Great America in 1989 and opened as Rolling Thunder. It was replaced by Raging Bull, a state of the art steel hyper twister non-looping coaster. Rolling Thunder was then sold to Premier Parks and then moved to Great Escape in 1997. It reopened in 1998 as the Alpine Bobsled. Premier Parks bought",
"title": "Alpine Bobsled"
},
{
"docid": "44356469",
"text": "Freedom Flyer is a Vekoma Suspended Family Coaster at the Fun Spot America Amusement Park in Orlando, Florida. It has yellow track and blue supports. Opened in May 2013, it is long. History On December 31, 2010, Fun Spot Action Park announced that they purchased an additional adjacent to the park, with plans to triple the size of the park adding a number of new rides. In April 2011, Fun Spot Action Park surveyed park guests about what types of attractions they would like at the park. Consensus published by the park indicated they wanted water rides and roller coasters. In August 2011, the Orlando Sentinel revealed that the park had contacted at least three roller coaster manufacturers. In November 2011, it was confirmed that the park would receive two roller coasters: one wood and one steel. The coaster soft-opened in May 2013. During the 2015 International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) Trade Show in Orlando, the Freedom Flyer was used to demonstrate Virtual Reality Technology on roller coasters. By wearing a VR headset during the ride, speed, dimensions as well as theming can be vastly extended in the simulated environment, while still experiencing the real g-forces and air-time moments of the actual ride. As of the December 16, 2016, the Virtual Reality aspect was introduced permanently to the attraction. Ride Description Freedom Flyer's layout starts with a 90 degree turn into a short, Lift hill. after ascending the lift hill, the ride transitions into a curved drop and an mild hill, then turning into a series of banked turns overlooking the entrance to the park. Afterwards, the ride proceeds into a double helix, concluding the ride and sending the ride vehicle to the station. Throughout the course of the ride, there are multiple \"foot choppers\" (support beams that draw near to the rider's feet, giving the illusion that the rider's legs are going to be chopped off, hence the name \"foot chopper\"). Additionally, Freedom Flyer's layout is almost entirely made up of turns, as typical for the given roller coaster model. See also Fun Spot America Theme Parks White Lightning (roller coaster) Suspended Family Coaster Mine Blower References Roller coasters in Orlando, Florida Roller coasters in Florida",
"title": "Freedom Flyer"
},
{
"docid": "51193872",
"text": "Mystic Timbers is a wooden roller coaster located at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio. Constructed by Great Coasters International and designed by Skyline Design, the roller coaster opened in the Rivertown section of the park on April 15, 2017. The ride's fictional theme is set to the site of an abandoned logging company where unexplained events are taking place. During its marketing campaign, the finale element in an enclosed shed was not revealed to the public until opening day. Mystic Timbers was voted \"Best New Ride\" of 2017 in the annual Golden Ticket Awards publication by Amusement Today. Its opening also allowed Kings Island to reclaim the title of having the most wooden roller coaster track of any amusement park in the world with . History Kings Island officials began dropping hints during the 2016 operating season, which teased the possibility of a new, future attraction. In the park's Rivertown section, a construction wall was built displaying signs that stated, \"Caution - Watch For Falling Trees\". In June 2016, a set of plans labeled \"Kings Island Project 2017\" was submitted to the Mason planning board with designs for a new roller coaster. Until then, early speculation from enthusiasts believed that another possibility was a larger log flume to complement the nearby Race For Your Life Charlie Brown attraction. Later that month, media outlets in the area received a toy axe with an attached note hinting about activity in Rivertown. The following month, another clue surfaced, consisting of a blue toy pickup truck with a bundle of logs in the back. It contained a note stating that an official announcement would occur in the park on the evening of July 28, 2016. On the night of the announcement, more than 1,000 park guests lined up two hours in advance to attend the evening event inside the park. It was revealed that the new attraction would be a roller coaster named Mystic Timbers. The new ride would mark the park's sixteenth roller coaster and fourth wooden roller coaster overall. Upon completion, Kings Island would reclaim the title of having the longest collection of wooden roller coaster track in the world at , when combined with the other three wooden coasters in the park – The Beast, both tracks on The Racer, and Woodstock Express. This surpassed the current record, Six Flags Great America, which measured the length of Goliath, Viper, American Eagle and Little Dipper at . The ride's logo was unveiled as well, along with a simulated POV video of the ride. However, the simulation stopped short of revealing what happens when the train enters an enclosed shed near the end of the ride. Park officials indicated that the finale's details would not be revealed until opening day. The level of anticipation surrounding its debut put Mystic Timbers on USA Today'''s top nine list for most anticipated roller coasters of 2017. Vertical construction of Mystic Timbers began in August 2016. On March 20, 2017, the ride performed its first test runs.",
"title": "Mystic Timbers"
},
{
"docid": "7193764",
"text": "Hersheypark (operating as \"Hershey Park\" through 1970) is an amusement park located in Hershey, Derry Township, Pennsylvania. The park was formally opened by Milton S. Hershey on May 30, 1906, and it became an entity of Hershey Estates when the estates company was established in 1927. From its opening in 1906 until 1970, it was an open-gate park. In 1971, the park was gated and an entry fee charged. This was the first preparations for the renovation project designed by R. Duell and Associates that would begin in 1972. This is a list of former Hersheypark attractions. The first ride the park removed was also the first purchased for the park, a Herschell-Spillman carousel called the \"merry-go-round.\" It was in the park from 1908 until 1912. Past and cancelled roller coasters Hersheypark has removed five roller coasters over its history, and cancelled two projects prior to being built. Each of the five roller coasters removed were notable as being a park first: The Wild Cat was Hersheypark's first roller coaster, Wildcat, which opened in 1996, the Toboggans (initially called Twin Towers Toboggans because there were twin Toboggan coasters side-by-side) were Hersheypark's first steel roller coaster, Mini-Comet was Hersheypark's first kiddie coaster, and Roller Soaker was the park's only water coaster. The Mini-Comet was replaced by the Cocoa Cruiser, a kiddie coaster in the shadows of Storm Runner. Hersheypark's two cancelled roller coaster projects were a proposed Flying Turns coaster and a proposed coaster named Turbulence. Flying Turns would have been opened in 1942, however America's entry into World War II effectively ended the project. 63 years later, Hersheypark was planning to open what would have been the park's eleventh existing coaster - Turbulence. Early in the project phase, a dispute arose between the park and the ride manufacturer. Initially postponed, the project never resumed and was cancelled. Past thrill rides The first major ride Hersheypark purchased was a small, used Herschell-Spillman Company carousel, in 1908. This ride was always referred as a merry-go-round rather than a carousel. The ride operated from June 1908 through at least 1912. It was placed adjacent to a ballfield, one of the main attractions in the park at the time, and above the pool area, which was located below the ballfield in the hollow along Spring Creek. This location was chosen for the carousel because Milton S. Hershey, who founded the park, wanted to have a miniature railroad operate in the park. The miniature railroad would connect the main entrance of the park (nearest to downtown Hershey and the train station serving the area) with the west end of the park where the carousel was. The Miniature Railroad was the second major ride Hersheypark purchased. It debuted in September 1910, and the grand opening occurred in May 1911. The railroad would operate from 1910 to 1971, with the east station (located at the main entrance of the park) remaining the same throughout the line's history. The west station was relocated twice - first in 1930",
"title": "List of former Hersheypark attractions"
},
{
"docid": "38891873",
"text": "A summer toboggan is an amusement or recreational ride which uses a bobsled-like sled or cart to run down a track usually built on the side of a hill. There are two main types: an Alpine coaster or mountain coaster is a type of roller coaster where the sled runs on rails and is not able to leave the track, whereas with an Alpine slide the sled simply runs on a smooth concave track usually made of metal, concrete or fiberglass. Both of these types of ride are sometimes denoted with the German name Sommerrodelbahn. They are often built by ski resorts in order to use existing winter infrastructure and provide additional summer income, although some installations are part of amusement parks or are standalone. , the longest summer toboggan in the world is the long Tobotronc alpine coaster at Naturlandia in Andorra. The highest in the world is the long Glacier 3000 alpine coaster in Gstaad, Switzerland which starts at an elevation of . The type of track, safety features, speed and layout vary by manufacturer. The inventor of the Alpine coaster and a leading manufacturer of both types, with over 130 installations throughout the world, is Wiegand Sports GmbH. History The first form of summer toboggan was the alpine slide, which started in its present form in the 1970s. Josef Wiegand had envisioned the idea of creating a roller coaster ride for ski resorts that would take advantage of the topography of the land, rather than building a structure to create the elevation changes that traditional roller coasters required. His company Wiegand, incorporated since the late 1960s and based in Rasdorf in Germany, installed the first alpine slide with stainless steel tracks, rather than the customary fiberglass or concrete tracks, in 1975. The company developed and installed its first alpine coaster, under the \"Alpine Coaster\" trademark, in 1997. However, a contradicting account shows that Brandauer installed its first alpine coaster in 1996 at the Karkogel Resort in Abtenau, Austria. Construction Most summer toboggans are installed by ski resorts as an added year-round attraction, or they may be installed seasonally to augment income during summer months. For the latter purpose they are built using easily removable tracks that are placed over the pistes after the ski season. The tracks are devised for easy installation, with minimal impact to the topsoil and environment, as they are normally built close to the ground and take advantage of the natural elevation of the terrain. No concrete work is needed, except at the station. Bridges and pillars up to tall can be incorporated to negotiate roads, trails, ski slopes or water crossings. The track material is usually aluminum or stainless steel for low maintenance and durability. Closed-loop tracks include a lift system during the course of the ride. Some ski resort rides eliminate the long tedious climb up to the top by utilizing an existing ski lift to take riders to the top of the course, so that they can simply take a",
"title": "Summer toboggan"
},
{
"docid": "38649666",
"text": "Banshee is an inverted roller coaster located at Kings Island amusement park in Mason, Ohio. Designed and manufactured by Swiss company Bolliger & Mabillard, the roller coaster opened on April 18, 2014. Banshee cost $24 million to build, making it the most expensive project in Kings Island's history at the time. With of track, Banshee was the longest inverted roller coaster in the world when it opened. The ride includes seven inversions and travels at up to 68 miles per hour (109 km/h). Banshee operates with three trains, each with eight cars, giving it an hourly capacity of 1,650 riders. Banshee was built at the former location of a wooden roller coaster named Son of Beast, as well as the Thunder Alley go-kart attraction. The ride was officially announced on August 8, 2013, although the \"Banshee\" name had been trademarked that April. The first track pieces were installed on August 27, 2013, and work continued through the following January. When Banshee opened, it was well-received, accommodating one million riders in less than three months. Amusement Today annual Golden Ticket Awards has consistently ranked Banshee among the top 50 steel roller coasters in the world. History Banshee was built at the former location of Son of Beast, a wooden roller coaster plagued with issues and demolished in 2012, and the Thunder Alley go-kart attraction that was removed the same year. A memorial for Son of Beast is in the queue line of Banshee. Following their removal, it was not immediately clear what would replace the attractions. Construction Construction on a new attraction began on April 22, 2013, and a trademark for the name \"Banshee\" was filed the next day. Owner Cedar Fair had previously considered using the name for a roller coaster at Cedar Point, though Cedar Point's coaster was ultimately named Mantis. Kings Island began teasing the new attraction on the first day of the 2013 season. Along the perimeter of the former Thunder Alley go-kart track, a fence was set up with a sign that read, \"Due to the increasing occurrence of mysterious and bone-chilling screams, it has become necessary to close this section of the park until the cause of this evil phenomenon can be identified.\" During the course of the summer, several clues about the attraction were set up around the construction site. On June 10, 2013, the park launched their social media campaign by posting a photo showing the construction site with the caption, \"Field of Dreams\". The campaign continued with five scarecrows around the construction site and several Twitter posts about the future attraction. Then, at the beginning of July 2013, recordings of someone screaming could be heard by park guests near the construction area. Two weeks later, farm owls were placed in nearby trees. On July 31, 2013, Kings Island detailed plans to reveal a new world record-breaking attraction at 10 p.m. on August 8. Media packages containing a silver comb, artificial hair, and a tag were sent out to media outlets to notify",
"title": "Banshee (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "1251596",
"text": "A wild mouse is a type of roller coaster consisting of single or spinning cars traversing a tight-winding track with an emphasis on sharp, unbanked turns. The upper portion of the track usually features multiple 180-degree turns, known as flat turns, that produce high lateral G-forces even at modest speeds. Cars are often designed to be wider than the track to enhance the illusion of hanging over the edge. Lower portions of the track typically feature small hills and bunny hops. Wild mouse coasters first appeared in the 1950s, and following a period of decline in the 1980s, new innovations and layout designs in the late 1990s led to a resurgence in demand. History During the 1950s, wild mouse roller coasters began to appear at amusement parks and traveling fairs throughout the United States. One of the earliest manufacturers, B.A. Schiff & Associates, made over 70 beginning as early as 1950. The company was founded by Ben Schiff in what is believed to be 1947, and it ceased operation in 1960 following an acquisition. Schiff offered two general models – one for stationary parks and a smaller, portable model for traveling fairs. None of the rides produced by the company remain in operation. The modern Wild Mouse was invented by German designer Franz Mack. In the original wooden Wild Mouse coasters of the 1960s and 1970s, the cars were so small that they could only fit two adults in close contact. While the low capacity of these rides led to long lines, the cars were small by design. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the Wild Mouse-type roller coaster was nearly extinct. However, beginning in the mid-1990s, Wild Mouse-style rides made a comeback for two reasons: first, they were cheaper than larger, conventional coasters; second, they added to a park's \"coaster count\" with minimal impact on cost and area. Installations References External links Wild Mouse Rides: Early History in North America Amusement Ride Extravaganza - Wild Mouse History in Australia Wild Mouse roller coasters Types of roller coaster",
"title": "Wild mouse"
},
{
"docid": "1106844",
"text": "Arrow Dynamics was an American manufacturing and engineering company that specialized in designing and building amusement park rides, especially roller coasters. Based in Clearfield, Utah, the company was the successor to Arrow Development (1946–1981) and Arrow Huss (1981–1986), which were responsible for several influential advancements in the amusement and theme park industries. Among the most significant was tubular steel track, which provided a smoother ride than the railroad style rails commonly used prior to the 1960s on wooden roller coasters. The Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland, built in 1959, was Arrow's first roller coaster project. In 1975, Arrow Development introduced the first corkscrew style track Corkscrew, at Knott's Berry Farm that sent riders through a series of corkscrews. Arrow created several other \"firsts\" over the years, introducing the first suspended roller coaster in almost a century, The Bat, in 1981, and the first \"hypercoaster\", Magnum XL-200, which opened in 1989. They built the first 4th Dimension roller coaster, X2, which was designed by Alan Schilke in 2002. Arrow Development's ownership changed three times between the 1950s and 1980s. Arrow Dynamics would eventually survive two bankruptcies and spin off a sister company, Fabriweld, primarily to build track, by 1988. Arrow Dynamics eventually closed on December 3, 2001. S&S Worldwide purchased part of Arrow's remaining assets on October 28, 2002, and the remainder of the company was dissolved. In 2012, Sansei Yusoki Co. of Osaka, Japan, acquired a 77.3% interest in S&S - Arrow. History Beginnings Arrow Dynamics' forerunner, Arrow Development, was founded in 1946 when Ed Morgan, Karl Bacon, Bill Hardiman, and Angus \"Andy\" Anderson, started a machine shop in Mountain View, California. They started out selling used machine tools, building truck parts, and repairing cars until about 1950 when they built their first merry-go-rounds for San Jose's Alum Rock Park. In 1953, they contacted Walt Disney, who was just beginning to plan a new type of amusement park in California. Disney hired the company to help design and build the vehicles for Mr. Toad's Wild Ride. They would eventually design and build the ride systems for many of Disneyland's original and early rides, including Mad Tea Party, King Arthur Carrousel, Casey Jr. Circus Train, and Snow White's Scary Adventures. Disney continued to use Arrow as Disneyland expanded. Arrow designed and built Dumbo the Flying Elephant, Autopia, and Alice in Wonderland in coming years as well as upgrading and renovating the King Arthur Carrousel. Roller coaster manufacturing In 1959, Arrow Development designed what was to be their first of many roller coasters, the Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. Built in conjunction with WED Imagineering, the ride was the first modern tubular steel tracked roller coaster. After construction of the Matterhorn, Disney bought a third of Arrow Development in an effort to keep them viable and at least partially in-house. Arrow had already developed rides for other customers, and had orders for more, so they moved into a larger plant in Mountain View. At the new location, Arrow developed vehicles, flumes",
"title": "Arrow Dynamics"
},
{
"docid": "46207287",
"text": "Tempesto is a steel roller coaster at Busch Gardens Williamsburg amusement park located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Built and manufactured by Premier Rides, Tempesto opened on April 25, 2015. History On October 7, 2013, Busch Gardens Williamsburg filed permits to expand the Festa Italia section with a new attraction over . Officials had conducted a line of sight test over the Italian-themed areas. Forum member Party Rocker found evidence that the park was conducting soil tests within a 50-foot radius around the San Marco theater. Guests were greeted with an interesting sight upon walking into Festa Italia with markings shown up all over a massive chunk of a hamlet. In April 2014, rumors began to surface that a Premier Rides Sky Rocket II could be coming to the park. According to the blueprints, the new attraction would be located towards the front of the park right behind Apollo's Chariot. It was speculated that the ride's name could be Tempesto or Diavolo. Construction began in August 2014 when the land was cleared. By September, several concrete footers were already poured. The first track pieces arrived in November. It was confirmed that the ride would be a Premier Rides Sky Rocket II. That same month, the ride's structure started to go up. The track layout was completed in January 2015. On March 21, 2015, it was announced that the new coaster would be named Tempesto. The ride officially debuted on April 25, 2015. Ride experience Tempesto launches out of the station up into a partial twist. The train then falls back through the station, where it is accelerated backwards into another twist. Once again, the train falls back into the station and riders are accelerated to a top speed of . It then travels up to a height of where it completes a non-inverting half-loop, a heartline roll (ranking it among the tallest inversions in the world) before exiting in a second non-inverting half-loop. It then enters a full non-inverting loop before returning to the station. Incidents On June 29, 2015, the collar portion of the restraint came loose for a 17-year-old girl while riding. The ride was briefly closed and resumed operation fifteen minutes later. The park released a statement that the guest was secured at all times, and that the collar serves the purpose of guest comfort only. See also Superman: Ultimate Flight – a similar roller coaster located at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom References Busch Gardens Williamsburg Roller coasters operated by United Parks & Resorts 2015 establishments in Virginia Roller coasters in Virginia",
"title": "Tempesto"
},
{
"docid": "68409067",
"text": "Defiance is a steel roller coaster located at Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park in Glenwood Springs, Colorado. The coaster straddles the Iron Mountain and is located some above the town of Glenwood Springs, and approximately above sea level, making it the highest roller coaster in the United States. History In April 2021, ride manufacturer Gerstlauer and US collaborator Ride Entertainment Group revealed their intention to construct a record breaking coaster for a client in the United States, sparking mass speculation. In an interview with industry magazine Amusement Today, Ride Entertainment CEO Ed Hiller said, \"Working with Gerstlauer for over 25 years, I am always astounded by their creativity and ability to innovate no matter what the project is.\" Hiller proceeded to describe the project as having \"[a] custom layout and challenging location\", and that \"[It] will certainly be one of the most formidable installations we have faced\". On August 5, 2021, Glenwood Caverns announced the addition of Defiance. The park held an official groundbreaking ceremony for the attraction on the morning of August 20, 2021. The ride has been operating since July 1, 2022 References Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park Roller coasters in Colorado",
"title": "Defiance (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "11578174",
"text": "In the context of amusement rides, air time, or airtime, refers to the time during which riders of a roller coaster or other ride experience either frictionless or negative G-forces. The negative g-forces that a rider experiences is what creates the sensation the rider feels of floating out of their seat. With roller coasters, air time is usually achieved when the train travels over a hill at speed. There are different sensations a rider will feel depending on the ride being an ejector or floater airtime ride. In 2001 the Guinness World Records recorded Superman: Escape from Krypton, located at Six Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, California, one of the fastest roller coaster in the world, where riders experienced a then record 6.5 seconds of 'airtime' or negative G-force. Hypercoasters, such as Magnum XL-200 at Cedar Point, Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, Superman the Ride at Six Flags New England, Shambhala at PortAventura Park and Goliath at Six Flags Over Georgia, along with many wooden roller coasters, such as Balder at Liseberg, The Voyage at Holiday World in Santa Claus, Indiana, and El Toro at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, are rides known for having a particularly high total air time. Upon opening in 2018 at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, Steel Vengeance, the world's tallest and fastest hybrid coaster, set the record for the most airtime on a roller coaster at 27.2 seconds. Physics Air time is a result of the effects of the inertia of the train and the riders: as the train goes over a hill transitioning from an ascent into a descent guided by the rails, the inertia of the relatively loosely-attached riders causes them to momentarily continue upwards, resulting in the riders being lifted out of their seats. The duration of air time on a particular hill is dependent on the velocity of the train, gravity, and the radius of the track's transition from ascent to descent. Zero-G (where the net vertical G-force is 0) is achieved when the downward acceleration of the train is equal to that due to gravity; where the downward acceleration is greater, negative Gs arise. The zero-gravity roll is a roll specifically designed to create the effect of weightlessness and thereby produce air time. Air time is generally understood to fall under two categories: \"floater\" air time and \"ejector\" air time. Floater air time provides passengers with the sensation of gently floating upwards, which can be described as near perfect weightlessness. Ejector is more violent and sudden, producing a sharp moment of negative g-forces lifting riders up off their seats. Roller coasters built by the manufacturing company Rocky Mountain Construction are famous for providing ejector air time. As well as rollercoasters, drop towers can provide the feeling of weightlessness. For example, in the case of The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Tokyo DisneySea, and Disneyland Paris, the elevator drops riders faster than gravity normally would, causing them to rise off of their seats by several",
"title": "Air time (rides)"
},
{
"docid": "2533444",
"text": "Roller coasters are amusement rides developed for amusement parks and modern theme parks. Early iterations during the 16th and 17th centuries, which were popular in Russia, were wooden sleds that took riders down large slides made from ice. The first roller coasters that attached a train to a wooden track appeared in France in the early 1800s. Although wooden roller coasters are still being produced, steel roller coasters, introduced in the mid-20th-century, became more common and can be found on every continent except Antarctica. Amusement parks often compete to build the tallest, fastest, and longest rides to attract thrill seekers and boost overall park attendance. Ranked by height, speed, length, and number of inversions, roller coasters often became the focal point for competing parks. Computer-simulated models led to new innovations that produced more intense thrills while improving quality and durability. The debut of Magnum XL-200 in 1989 at Cedar Point introduced the first complete-circuit roller coaster to exceed , marking a pivot point in the industry. The new era, sometimes referred to as the Coaster Wars, saw increasing competition as parks sought to be the latest to break world records, with some only lasting a year or less. The pace of competition eventually slowed, however. Record holder Kingda Ka, the tallest coaster in the world at , has held onto its record since 2005. Other notable coasters include Formula Rossa, the world's fastest, which reaches a top speed of , Steel Dragon 2000, the world's longest, measuring , and The Smiler which features fourteen inversions. Key Height rankings Tallest steel roller coasters Longest steel roller coaster drops Tallest wooden roller coasters Longest wooden roller coaster drops Gallery Speed rankings Fastest steel roller coasters Fastest wooden roller coasters Gallery Length rankings Longest steel roller coasters Longest wooden roller coasters Gallery Inversion rankings This listing contains all types of roller coaster inversions. Steel roller coasters Wooden roller coasters Drop angle rankings Steel roller coasters Wooden roller coasters Notes References External links Roller coaster census at the Roller Coaster DataBase Top 100 roller coasters on CoasterBuzz Amusement rides lists Lists of buildings and structures",
"title": "List of roller coaster rankings"
},
{
"docid": "630208",
"text": "A steel roller coaster is a roller coaster that is defined by having a track made of steel. Steel coasters have earned immense popularity in the past 50 years throughout the world. Incorporating tubular steel track and polyurethane-coated wheels, the steel roller coasters can provide a taller, smoother, and faster ride with more inversions than a traditional wooden roller coaster. Arrow Dynamics introduced the steel roller coaster to feature tubular track to the thrill industry with their creations of the Matterhorn Bobsleds (Disneyland) in 1959 and the Runaway Mine Train (Six Flags Over Texas) in 1966. As of 2006, the oldest operating steel roller coaster in North America is Little Dipper at Memphis Kiddie Park in Brooklyn, Ohio and has been operating since April 1952. The oldest operating steel rollercoaster in the world is Montaña Suiza at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo (Spain). It has been operating since 1928. Characteristics Steel coasters have a generally smoother ride than their wooden counterparts, and due to their strength, rides can have more complex and faster turns and twists without injuring riders. However, some coaster enthusiasts prefer wooden coasters due to the jolting ride feeling more dangerous and giving a larger adrenaline rush. Almost all world records for tallest, fastest, and longest coasters are currently held by steel roller coasters. The fact that fewer supports are needed means steel roller coasters have made a large variety of features possible, such as loops, barrel rolls, corkscrews, zero-G rolls and beyond 90° drops. Occasionally steel tracks are combined with wooden frames typical for wooden roller coasters. These are sometimes referred to as Hybrid Roller Coasters. In many cases these were originally wooden roller coasters whose original wooden track was later replaced by steel, while some are built in this fashion originally. Examples include Excalibur at Valleyfair, Gemini and Steel Vengeance at Cedar Point, Twisted Timbers at Kings Dominion, and New Texas Giant at Six Flags Over Texas. There are different types of steel coasters, such as flying, inverted, floorless, and suspended. Notable steel roller coasters Alpengeist at Busch Gardens Williamsburg, the world's tallest full-circuit inverted coaster Banshee at King's Island, the world's longest inverted coaster Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great America, the first inverted roller coaster Corkscrew at Knott's Berry Farm, the world's first modern roller coaster to feature an inversion Eejanaika at Fuji-Q Highland, the world's tallest and second fastest wing coaster Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure, the world's tallest roller coaster at and second fastest at Formula Rossa at Ferrari World, the world's fastest roller coaster at Impulse, 540° Helix at Knoebels Amusement Resort in Pennsylvania Magnum XL-200, the first full-circuit roller coaster to exceed Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland, the first tubular steel roller coaster Millennium Force at Cedar Point, the first full-circuit roller coaster to exceed in height Moonsault Scramble at Fuji-Q Highland, the first roller coaster over in height Ninja at Six Flags Magic Mountain, the world's fastest suspended roller coaster Olympia Looping - world's tallest transportable",
"title": "Steel roller coaster"
},
{
"docid": "6587139",
"text": "Windjammer Surf Racers was a steel racing roller coaster located at Knott's Berry Farm amusement park in Buena Park, California. It sat on the former spot of Wacky Soap Box Racers. The ride was plagued with mechanical issues and only operated sporadically from 1997 to 2000, leading to a lawsuit being filed against the manufacturer, TOGO. History On September 26, 1996, Knott's Berry Farm announced a new roller coaster for the 1997 season called Windjammer Surf Racers. It opened to the public on March 26, 1997. Windjammer experienced mechanical issues early on. Within a few weeks of operation, the ride needed several major repairs costing over $2 million. It also quickly gained a negative reputation for being rough, as the over-the-shoulder restraints lacked padding. The racing coaster would also frequently stall in reportedly \"slight breezes\". In 1999, an apparel company challenged the coaster's name, which was temporarily changed to Jammer until the dispute was resolved. In 2000, Knott's Berry Farm filed a lawsuit against the manufacturer, TOGO, suing for $17 million in damages. Knott's reported problems including misaligned and poorly designed tracks, defective safety restraints, and wrinkles in the main frame of the trains. The park also alleged that the ride's design flaws prevented operation during medium winds, sometimes stalling even during slight breezes, which Knott's called an \"embarrassment.\" The ride remained closed during the lawsuit as evidence, but Knott's was unable to complete a sale of the ride. TOGO shut their American offices down in March 2001 after filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. In June 2001, the park erected construction walls surrounding Windjammer Surf Racers, and the nearby Headspin scrambler ride was relocated. Windjammer was demolished the following month in July 2001. A hydraulically-launched roller coaster, Xcelerator, was built in its place for the following season. The ride remained closed during the lawsuit as evidence. When Knott's was unable to complete a sale of the ride, it was dismantled in July 2001. In November 2003, the jury rejected Knott's lawsuit in favor of TOGO International. Ride experience Windjammer Surf Racers was a unique coaster; it involved small Wild Mouse-like trains running on a full size track. There were two independent tracks (red and yellow) that were constructed parallel to each other, in which the purpose of the ride was to pit both tracks in a race against each other. The coaster's rider load/unloading platform did not have an airgate system to keep queuing guests clear from advancing vehicles within the station. The ride was dressed as a tribute to the fabled Southern California beach and surf culture, complete with towering palm trees, beach sand, a miniature lagoon, a scaled-down lifeguard watch tower, and other beach-worthy props. The on-ride photograph sales booth was built into the side of a scaled-down replica of a yacht. The attraction featured a unique interactive element built into the center of the helix finale, known as the “spiral cone.” The spiral cone consisted of motorized fans semi-enclosed within a steel conical housing structure. The mechanism",
"title": "Windjammer Surf Racers"
},
{
"docid": "1868599",
"text": "Ronald Valentine Toomer (May 31, 1930 – September 26, 2011) was an American roller coaster designer credited for designing 93 roller coasters around the world. He graduated from the University of Nevada, Reno in 1961 with a degree in mechanical engineering and was a part of the design team responsible for the Apollo spacecraft heat shield. Career Ron Toomer was hired by Arrow Development founders Karl Bacon and Ed Morgan in 1965 to help design a mine train ride called Run-A-Way Mine Train at Six Flags Over Texas. It opened in 1966 utilizing the tubular steel rail technology that had been developed by Arrow for Disneyland's Matterhorn Bobsleds. The concept caught on quickly and Toomer designed 15 more mine train coasters for Arrow. All but one are still operating today. Following almost four years of development, Toomer introduced the modern looping roller coaster in 1975 with the opening of Corkscrew, the first in the world with two inversions, at Knott's Berry Farm. Knott's is credited with having the first, but three more identical coasters opened later that same year. The following year he introduced the familiar Arrow teardrop-shaped vertical loop on a custom corkscrew coaster at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio. At Cedar Point in 1989, Toomer unveiled the first roller coaster to top known as Magnum XL-200. In 1981, Arrow Development was purchased by Huss Maschinenfabrik, which merged with Arrow Development to form Arrow-Huss. Toomer was made vice president and manager of engineering. In 1986, 13 of the company's American officers negotiated a buyout, and formed Arrow Dynamics to which Toomer was named president. In 1993 he was promoted to chairman of the board then became a consulting director in 1995. Toomer retired from Arrow Dynamics in 1998. Although Toomer primarily designed coasters for Arrow, he also assisted with some of the other Arrow products, which included providing structural engineering for the company's Log Flumes. A common misconception is that Ron Toomer never rode any of his rides. Although he did suffer from motion sickness, he would ride a coaster once, maybe twice. He was quoted as saying \"I've ridden enough to know what they are like.\" Notable designs Ron Toomer's designs were highly innovative with many of his coasters breaking records. He has designed and made the following: Runaway Mine Train (Six Flags Over Texas), first mine train type coaster. Roaring 20's Corkscrew, (Knott's Berry Farm), first coaster with two inversions. Corkscrew (Cedar Point), first with three inversions. Carolina Cyclone (Carowinds), first with four inversions. Viper (Darien Lake), first with five inversions. Vortex (Kings Island), first with six inversions. Shockwave (Six Flags Great America), first with seven inversions. Motorcycle Chase (Knott's Berry Farm), first modern-day steeplechase coaster. Loch Ness Monster (Busch Gardens Williamsburg), first with interlocking vertical loops. Orient Express (Worlds of Fun), introduced the Arrow Boomerang Element, originally called a Kamikaze Curve. The Bat (Kings Island), prototype suspended coaster, although not the first suspended, it was the first in an amusement park. Gemini (Cedar Point),",
"title": "Ron Toomer"
},
{
"docid": "5181481",
"text": "Boomerang: Coast to Coaster is a steel roller coaster of shuttle design currently in use at four different Six Flags & EPR theme parks. The ride was designed and manufactured by Vekoma, and is considered as one of its boomerang models. Each coaster has one train with a capacity of 28, two across in each row. Unlike Vekoma's suspended trains, \"Boomerang: Coast to Coaster\" operates a sit-down design. When the coaster starts, the train is pulled backwards up the lift hill, then dropped through the loading gate through a cobra roll and then one loop. At the end of this cycle the train is pulled up the lift hill at the end of the track, then dropped once again allowing the train to go back through the loops backwards, hence the name \"Boomerang: Coast to Coaster.\" Design and operation Originally, the coasters had a teal track & white supports. As of 2015, Six Flags Darien Lake's model still has its original colors; Six Flags Discovery Kingdom's model has teal track and yellow supports; Elitch Gardens' model has a yellow track and purple supports; and Six Flags Fiesta Texas' has teal track and orange supports. This is the standard Vekoma Boomerang roller coaster design found at forty-three different amusement parks worldwide. It is currently operating at Six Flags Darien Lake, Six Flags Discovery Kingdom, Elitch Gardens and Six Flags Fiesta Texas (Six Flags). It also operates at Great Escape and Six Flags New England under the name Flashback. List of ride locations In 2016 Six Flags Great Escape renamed their Boomerang from Boomerang: Coast To Coaster to Flashback like the version at sister park Six Flags New England. Gallery See also Invertigo (roller coaster) External links Vekoma web site Boomerang: Coast to Coaster listing at RCDB.com Roller coasters operated by Six Flags Steel roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Vekoma Roller coasters in California Roller coasters in Colorado Roller coasters in New York (state) Roller coasters in Texas Roller coasters introduced in 1997 Roller coasters introduced in 1998 Roller coasters introduced in 1999 Boomerang roller coasters Six Flags Darien Lake Elitch Gardens Theme Park Six Flags Discovery Kingdom Six Flags Fiesta Texas The Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor Roller coasters operated by Herschend Family Entertainment",
"title": "Boomerang: Coast to Coaster"
},
{
"docid": "69128295",
"text": "The Great Scenic Railway is a heritage-listed wooden roller coaster located at Luna Park Melbourne in Melbourne, Australia. The roller coaster is the oldest continuously operating roller coaster in the world. The ride is one of only seven roller coasters remaining that requires a brakeman to stand on the train. History The Great Scenic Railway opened in December 1912, and has remained continuously in use since, making it the oldest continuously operating roller coaster. The roller coaster was originally built with of Canadian Oregon pine. The roller coaster is regarded as an ACE Classic Coaster. The Great Scenic Railway, Luna Park Sydney’s Wild Mouse and Sea World's Leviathan are the only three operating wooden roller coasters in Australia. Characteristics The Great Scenic Railway is a long coaster which has a height of and a top speed of . A brakeman is required in order to brake the roller coaster. The roller coaster has three trains with two cars. Each car can sit up to 10 riders. Each train weighs about 2 tonnes. Ride experience The roller coaster begins by entering a cable lift hill. It then reaches its highest point. The ride starts with a few large drops and goes through a series of small structures. The ride then goes through a series of smaller drops. See also Leap-The-Dips - SBNO List of heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne References Roller coasters in Australia Roller coasters introduced in 1912 Heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne St Kilda, Victoria Wooden roller coasters Amusement rides introduced in 1912 Roller coasters with brakemen Buildings and structures in the City of Port Phillip",
"title": "The Great Scenic Railway"
},
{
"docid": "74317473",
"text": "Kid Flash Cosmic Coaster is a steel dual-tracked roller coaster based on the DC Comics character Kid Flash at two Six Flags theme parks in the United States. History In September 2021, Skyline Attractions unveiled their new P'Sghetti Bowl children's coaster model, which offered a unique track model fabricated solely through the usage of folded sheet metal and rivets, in contrast to the welding techniques frequently used to manufacture coasters. In November 2022, Six Flags representatives approached Skyline at the IAAPA Expo in Orlando, Florida, where a pair of dueling P'Sghetti Bowl coasters were purchased. The following month, Six Flags Fiesta Texas took it upon themselves to announce at their that they would receive one of the then-unnamed P'Sghetti Bowl coasters, which would become the world’s first \"single-rail family racing roller coaster\". In March of 2023, both Six Flags Fiesta Texas and Six Flags Over Georgia formally announced Kid Flash Cosmic Coaster for the 2023 season. The Georgia roller coaster replaced The Joker: Chaos Coaster in the Gotham City section of the park, while the Texas attraction replaced Fender Bender, the park's bumper cars. Both roller coasters will be the first dual-racing roller coaster in their respective states. Ride The roller coaster runs two trains on two dual tracks zig zagging each other a total of twelve (12) times. Designed by Skyline Attractions, both roller coasters reach a height of and a track length in total of . Both Kid Flash Cosmic Coasters feature LED lighting along the entire length of the top and sides of the track. Installations References External links Kid Flash Cosmic Coaster on the Six Flags Fiesta Texas website Roller coasters introduced in 2023 Steel roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Skyline Attractions Six Flags Fiesta Texas Six Flags Over Georgia Roller coasters in Georgia (U.S. state) Roller coasters in Texas Flash (comics) in other media DC Comics in amusement parks Roller coasters operated by Six Flags",
"title": "Kid Flash Cosmic Coaster"
},
{
"docid": "45348927",
"text": "New Mexico Rattler is a wooden roller coaster located at Cliff's Amusement Park in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The roller coaster was designed and manufactured by Custom Coasters International (CCI); the park completed the attraction after CCI went bankrupt in July 2002. The New Mexico Rattler opened on September 28, 2002, having cost $2 million. The roller coaster reaches a maximum height of , with a maximum speed of and a total track length of . The New Mexico Rattler spans the entire length of the park but only occupies of land. Located in the southwest section, the roller coaster navigates over different attractions throughout the park. The New Mexico Rattler utilizes a steel support structure with a wooden track. The layout incorporates elements of an out and back and twister roller coaster. Upon opening, the roller coaster generally received positive reviews from guests and critics, and it received several awards. History A major roller coaster at the Cliff's Amusement Park had been proposed for ten years prior to its construction. The growing size of Albuquerque, New Mexico, was a contributing factor in constructing the roller coaster; by the early 2000s, the nearby population had grown enough that a large addition to the park was feasible. In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, park co-owner Gary Hays brought forward the construction of its conceived roller coaster by a year to help in the recovery of tourism. Then-mayor of Albuquerque Martin Chávez assisted in facilitating permits for the park to build the roller coaster in 2002; in part, facing some opposition from city hall. Hays contracted Custom Coasters International (CCI) to manufacture and build the roller coaster in January 2002, based on their reputation and deals offered. A month later, groundbreaking and construction of the roller coaster began. Park owners Gary and Linda Hays, as well as Chávez, announced the construction of the roller coaster at the Albuquerque city hall on February 20, 2002. The unnamed wooden roller coaster would cost $2 million to construct and have a projected opening date for June 21. Park officials simultaneously announced a contest for the public to submit names through local Wendy's locations for the attraction. Park officials wanted to advertise the roller coaster to an adult demographic and would increase park admission prices. The construction of the roller coaster would result in \"15 to 30 jobs\" being added, with the park aiming for an increase in attendance for the 2003 season. Installation of concrete foundations began after the roller coaster's announcement. The contest ended in April 2002, with the name, \"New Mexico Rattler\", chosen from a 4-year-old's submission in May. The owners selected the name because of its likeness to the predator and state. In early May, steel supports began to be built, with construction of the wooden track taking place soon after. The roller coaster's anticipated opening date was set back in June due to construction delays; a new opening date scheduled for mid-July. A second set back to its opening date",
"title": "New Mexico Rattler"
},
{
"docid": "1877740",
"text": "Castles N' Coasters is an amusement park and family amusement center located in Phoenix, Arizona. The approximately park features four outdoor 18-hole miniature golf courses, several rides, and an indoor video game arcade. The park was built in 1976, and is designed in a Middle-Eastern motif though other eras are featured such as the Wild West-themed miniature golf course and log flume ride. Other attractions includes a go-kart track, bumper cars, bumper boats, 2 roller coasters called Patriot and Desert Storm, some thrill rides including Magic Carpet, Sea Dragon, Free Fall and Sky Diver drop rides, and a log flume called Splashdown. History In 1976, the entertainment park originally opened under the name \"Golf N' Stuff\". It later turned into \"Castles N' Coasters\" in December 1991 after adding its Ride Park. Also expanding to 14 acres which brought two roller coasters, Desert Storm and Patriot, as well as a multilevel arcade. The bumper boats were originally batting cages. Rides and attractions Roller coasters Amusement rides Li'l Indy is a go-cart track that passes under the Desert Storm roller coaster (above). Bumper Boats Arcades Miniature Golf features four courses. Each have trick shots, multiple themes, and many water features. Incidents On May 1, 2005, eleven people were left stranded for nearly three hours after a free fall ride malfunctioned. Reports indicate that the floorless, four-sided passenger cabin jerked as it ascended the tower. The cabin, guided by cables, normally drops to the bottom of the 120-foot-tall tower and comes to a stop, however when it reached the halfway point on its ascent, it made loud screeching noises and came to a sudden halt. It took firefighters nearly three hours to rescue the riders, who were locked in their seats about 30 feet above the ground. The park's manager says that the ride would be closed until investigators determined what caused the malfunction. On March 30, 2015, two young boys suffered burns when the bumper boat they were in caught fire. On November 28, 2015, a twelve-year-old boy named Dominick Leal was seriously injured after falling from the park’s Splashdown attraction after standing during the ride, and required immediate emergency brain surgery. On May 15, 2021, fire crews rescued 22 people that were stuck on the Desert Storm rollercoaster. Investigators said the cars on the coaster stalled and the riders were stuck about 20 feet up on a horizontal loop. A long bolt broke and scraped against the wheel railing where the coaster eventually grinded to a halt. References External links Castles N' Coasters Official Website Details with images Amusement parks in Arizona 1976 establishments in Arizona Buildings and structures in Phoenix, Arizona Tourist attractions in Phoenix, Arizona Amusement parks in Phoenix, Arizona",
"title": "Castles N' Coasters"
},
{
"docid": "5948508",
"text": "SooperDooperLooper (stylized as sooperdooperLooper) is a steel roller coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States. Designed and manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf, the roller coaster opened to the public on May 8, 1977. SooperDooperLooper is located in The Hollow section of the park and cost more than $3 million to construct and build. The roller coaster reaches a maximum height of , with a maximum speed of , and a total track length of . The SooperDooperLooper is a Schwarzkopf Looper Racer model, similar to The New Revolution at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. The roller coaster features a vertical loop as its signature element. A tunnel was added after two seasons of operation. The SooperDooperLooper has seen several variations in color schemes and trains. When the roller coaster opened it received generally positive reviews from critics and guests. History Planning for the roller coaster, to be known as the SooperDooperLooper, began in 1975. During the roller coaster's planning stages, Hershey shortlisted a group of names to \"merry Derry dip\" and \"sooperdooperLooper\". An executive of Hershey preferred the former \"merry Derry dip\" as it referenced the Derry Township, the area where Hershey, Pennsylvania, was located. However, the latter was ultimately chosen when the executive was outvoted by his wife and children. The roller coaster was bought in Zürich, Switzerland, in February 1976. Hersheypark announced its intentions to add a new looping roller coaster for the 1977 season in April 1976. The new roller coaster would include a vertical loop and would be located near the park's amphitheater and log flume. The attraction would be similar to the Great American Revolution at Magic Mountain, an amusement park in Valencia, California. Work began on the project site on October 29, 1976. The name of the roller coaster was presented in December 1976 to the media as the \"SooperDooperLooper\" along with illustrations. Parts of the roller coaster arrived from its European manufacturer, with foundation work beginning in the early weeks of December. The attraction was said to be the park's \"most structurally involved\" project to date, at the time. Construction of the SooperDooperLooper continued into the winter months, causing minor problems when mechanical equipment broke down. Preparation on the roller coaster's vertical loop and station were conducted in February 1977. In the same month, 80 percent of the of concrete for the foundation work was complete. The roller coaster's vertical loop was finished in March. Construction on the roller coaster was completed in early May. A preview ceremony for the roller coaster was hosted by the park on May 6, where 250 visitors were in attendance. The SooperDooperLooper was officially opened to the public alongside the park's season on May 8. The park touted the looping roller coaster as the longest to open in the East Coast region. A tunnel featuring lights and sounds was added to the roller coaster for the 1979 season. Ride experience The train leaves the station and makes a slight right turn before proceeding up the",
"title": "SooperDooperLooper"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "43680506",
"text": "Batman: The Ride is a 4D Free Spin roller coaster at two Six Flags parks in North America since 2015. The coasters were designed by S&S - Sansei Technologies, along with Alan Schilke, with the track manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction. As the name suggests, Batman: The Ride is themed to the DC Comics superhero, Batman. History After months of a teaser campaign for a 2015 attraction, Batman: The Ride was officially announced for Six Flags Fiesta Texas on August 28, 2014. The roller coaster replaced Motorama Turnpike, an original car ride that opened with the park in 1992. Track for Batman: The Ride arrived in February 2015 with the construction of the site well underway for the installation. The roller coaster was completed near the end of March of the same year before opening on May 23, 2015. Three years later, Six Flags announced another similar coaster with the same theme at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom on August 30, 2018. Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom, later opened on May 25, 2019. Ride There are 2 S&S free-spins in Texas, with the other one being Joker at Six Flags Over Texas. The Ride begins by climbing up a 120-foot vertical rise. Then zooms over hills while pivoting forward multiple times, before plummeting into a steep raven drop. Next, riders subsequently change directions and get to enjoy a backwards flip, spinning backwards into another raven drop and then ending with a forward flip. The roller coaster uses an adjustable series of magnetic kickers to allow the cars to spin freely, based on factors such as gravity and rider weight in the cars. The park can adjust the degree of spin based on rider input, which will help them regulate the experience to average rider tolerance over time. Installations Reception Batman: The Ride became one of the most anticipated roller coasters of 2015 due to the ride being the first of its kind in the world. With some stating that the roller coaster may become the \"most intense\" ever built. The coaster has generally been well received by the media and park goers. Tim Baldwin of RollerCoaster! Magazine who gave the ride more than a few \"Bat-whirls\" stated that \"you really don’t know what to expect\" and \"it is just like summersaulting through the sky\". Albert Salazar from San Antonio Current, didn't know what to expect as the roller coaster didn't look like any other roller coaster at the theme park as Batman offers a \"unique topsy-turvy experience.\" After he and his co-workers disembarked the ride in surprise they were all in shock, with one stating \"What the hell just happened?\" They then, \"wondered when we could get on it again.\" With the success of Batman: The Ride and becoming \"an immediate fan favorite\", Six Flags has spawned another version of the ride the following year at Six Flags Great Adventure as The Joker. The company has built five more similar rides throughout North America including the coaster at",
"title": "Batman: The Ride (S&S Free Spin)"
},
{
"docid": "40432129",
"text": "Lina Beecher (January 2, 1841 – October 5, 1915) was an American inventor and roller coaster engineer. Beecher is best known for building the first looping roller coaster in North America, which was known as the Flip Flap Railway, and a later looping roller coaster known as Loop the Loop. He is also known for designing a number of other inventions and patents with a variety of applications. Personal life Born in 1841 in Byron, New York, Beecher was the son of Julius Beecher and Orpha Taggart. As a young man, Beecher was an exceptional athlete and won running competitions. Later, he joined the Union Army, serving in the American Civil War as a member of the cavalry where Beecher reached the rank of captain. In 1864, Beecher married Margaret Jeffers. They had two children, William and Lina Jr., before Margaret died in 1883. One year later, in 1884, Beecher married Harriet Johnson with whom he had one child, a daughter named Jane. After the war, Beecher held a variety of occupations and lived in a variety of places. For example, Beecher worked on the railroad in Tennessee and also worked in the Florida orange industry. In addition, he worked at the American Railway Company where he was the general superintendent and designed roller coasters. Inventions Beecher was a prolific inventor. His inventions include a type of monorail, a portable telephone purposed for the army, and a flangeless system for railways. He was, however, best known for his roller coaster design—particularly his innovations in looping roller coasters. Flip Flap Railway The Flip Flap Railway was the first commercial looping roller coaster to be built in North America. Beecher built the coaster out of wood and first tested the design in 1888. The coaster was tested in Toledo, Ohio with sandbags, monkeys, and eventually human riders. Showman Paul Boyton was impressed and decided to purchase the coaster and move it to his Sea Lion Park in Coney Island, New York in 1895. The coaster used a circular loop, in contrast to modern looping coasters which use more elliptical designs. This circular design element produced forces up to 12 Gs in the ride's occupants, leading to rider discomfort and neck injuries. Loop the Loop Following the failure of his Flip Flap Railway, Beecher's next design was changed to follow Ed Prescott's inclusion of a more elliptical loop (used in his coasters at Coney Island and Atlantic City). The coaster also shared Prescott's steel structure design. The main difference between Beecher's design and Prescott's new design was that Beecher stayed with a single track, whereas Prescott incorporated two racing tracks that progressed through the vertical loop at the same time. Beecher's Loop the Loop was built at Olentangy Park near Columbus, Ohio. Despite its smoother ride, however, Beecher's new coaster was a relative failure and was removed from the park soon thereafter. Other coasters In addition to Flip Flap Railway's tests in Toledo, Ohio, Beecher is known to have tried exhibiting a looping",
"title": "Lina Beecher"
},
{
"docid": "54230188",
"text": "Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters were a model line of roller coasters designed and marketed by Harry Traver and his company Traver Engineering in the 1920s. Despite their name, they had a reputation of being dangerous and are regarded by many historians as some of the most fearsome roller coasters ever built. Characteristics and design Robert Cartmell described Traver's coasters as embodying \"the reckless spirit of the 1920s\". They featured fully steel frames and laminated wood and steel track. Wood was stacked between 6 and 9 boards thick, depending on the coaster. The frames were fabricated in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and then shipped by rail to their building sites. The building sites were typically level and near beaches or piers. The main exception was The Palisades Cyclone which suffered increased maintenance problems as a result. The laminated wood also had problems with moisture at many locations. The geometry of Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters was extreme compared to their contemporaries, featuring very tight turns, spirals, and figure eights. These elements drew inspiration from the swoops and spirals of earlier Prior and Church roller coasters like The Bobs. Curves on Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters were often banked to much steeper angles, with some approaching 85 degrees. Beyond the many curves, another element common to the steel-framed Traver coasters were undulating \"jazz tracks\", meaning that Traver's Cyclones had almost no straight track in their entire course. Marketing The benefits of a steel-framed structure was one of the biggest selling points which was put forward by the Traver Engineering Company. Quicker (and therefore less costly) set-up times were one promoted aspect of the all-steel frames. A resistance to fire and rot were other advantages over wood that were advertised for Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters. Despite the advertisement of low maintenance costs, however, these coasters were actually quite demanding on a maintenance crew. What little wood there was experienced moisture problems, and the coasters were not wholly invulnerable to fire either. The Palisades Park Cyclone, for example, was damaged when the wooden track on the coaster partially burned. Examples and related coasters Predecessors and prototypes The model line of Jazz Railways (built at Rocky Glen Park and other locations) was marketed by Traver as the first roller coaster to utilize a completely steel frame. Its stretches of rapidly undulating track were also an innovative feature that saw use in the later Traver Cyclones. The next step towards the Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters was the Sesquicentennial Cyclone at the Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia (and several other later locations). The installations of this coaster used the steel frame design introduced with the Jazz Railway, but began to add in the extreme elements which were characteristic of the \"Terrifying Triplets\" and the Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters more generally. The main difference was the scale. The Sesquicentennial Cyclone was larger than the Jazz Railways, but smaller than the \"Terrifying Triplets\". The Terrifying Triplets The Terrifying Triplets was a nickname given to three roller coasters which were opened or built by Traver",
"title": "Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters"
},
{
"docid": "5987398",
"text": "Jolly Rancher Remix (formerly Sidewinder) is a steel shuttle roller coaster located at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States. A Boomerang model manufactured by Vekoma and designed by Peter Clerx, the roller coaster originally opened as the Sidewinder on May 11, 1991. The roller coaster debuted in the Pioneer Frontier section of the park and cost $4.2 million. The Sidewinder was the first roller coaster installed in the park in 14 years since the SooperDooperLooper in 1977 and the fourth roller coaster in operation to be built. The roller coaster has a maximum height of , with a maximum speed of , and a track length of . Hersheypark converted the area surrounding the roller coaster to the theme of Jolly Rancher candy during the winter months of 2022. The re-themed roller coaster opened to the public on May 28, 2022, alongside a Zamperla Nebulaz flat ride, with several elements added to the roller coaster, including upgrades to the ride system, a tunnel, and different sensory effects. Upon opening, both iterations of the roller coaster received mostly positive reviews from critics and guests. History Development and opening During its planning stages, Hersheypark officials wanted an attraction that was both thrilling and would fit a small space within the park. They were also seeking to increase public interest in Hersheypark. Park officials had discussions with officials from Knott's Berry Farm about their Boomerang model roller coaster, aptly named Boomerang. After executives rode a similar Boomerang model in Wildwood, New Jersey, Frank Shearer, then vice president of sports and entertainment for Herco Inc., had stated the roller coaster model would be a great fit for the park. Surveys conducted over the course of two years before opening indicated guests were interested in a new roller coaster. The park submitted plans to the zoning board of Derry Township, Pennsylvania, in 1990 to build a roller coaster in a height-limited commercial district. Jeff Budgeon, then a park engineer at Hersheypark, had spoken to the board in September about the attraction and its safety reputation. The roller coaster was discussed as being a Boomerang model from Vekoma, the manufacturer having built twenty at the time, all operating without incident. The roller coaster was planned to be located in the Pioneer Frontier section. The attraction would be the largest thrill ride constructed at the park since the 1977 addition of steel roller coaster SooperDooperLooper and the only Boomerang model in Pennsylvania. To be named Sidewinder, a formal announcement would be held once the plans were approved. Construction began in September 1990 for the attraction. The first track pieces arrived at Hersheypark in January 1991, expecting to open with the park for the season beginning in May. The park formally announced Sidewinder in the same month as a structure that would traverse riders forwards and backwards through a combination of inversions. The park disclosed the completion of the roller coaster structure in March, with the station and operating system in construction. Construction on the entirety of the",
"title": "Jolly Rancher Remix"
},
{
"docid": "6530099",
"text": "Daidarasaurus was a steel roller coaster located at Expoland in Suita, Osaka, Japan. According to some sources (i.e. the roller coaster database), Daidarasaurus was the second longest roller coaster in the world, behind Steel Dragon 2000. For reasons explained below, other sources (i.e. the Guinness Book of World Records) did not recognize Daidarasaurus's claim as longest roller coaster in the world from 1999 to 2000. Daidarasaurus has now been demolished as Expoland is now permanently closed. History Daidarasaurus opened with the park in 1970, and consisted of 5 separate tracks. These were a smaller, more family scale rollercoaster, 2 racing coasters, and 2 dueling coasters, the tallest out of all of them, as the other three shared the same lower height. In 1999 the two taller dueling tracks were combined at the end of the ride to create one exceptionally long track with two lift hills. This also made it a Quasi Möbius Loop. This effectively doubled the length of the ride. What remains in dispute is whether this actually qualified as one long coaster or back-to-back rides on the same coaster. The three other coasters were removed when this conversion happened, with the majority of their supports remaining until the whole coaster’s demolition. References Expoland to close 21 months after fatal roller coaster disaster accessed June 7, 2009. Roller coasters in Japan",
"title": "Daidarasaurus"
},
{
"docid": "68173471",
"text": "Fønix (\"Phoenix\" in English) is a steel roller coaster at Fårup Sommerland in Blokhus, North Jutland, Denmark. The coaster was announced on June 23, 2021, and opened to become Denmark's tallest and fastest. Fønix represents a DKK 100 million investment, the largest in the park's 46-year history with the second largest only being DKK 44 million on Orkanen in 2013. Fønix was designed and manufactured by Vekoma, and features 3 inversions - including the world's first \"stall loop\" element - as well as 14 airtime moments. History Development of roller coaster from Dutch manufacturer Vekoma began as early as mid-to-late 2019, around the same time that the park was preparing to install Saven - another Vekoma project - for the 2020 season. The then-unpublicized Wildcat coaster layout was offered as an option, but was leaked online in December 2019 by another prospective client, the proposed (and failed) Magic Land park in Bosnia. Officials from Magic Land were alleged to have broken a non-disclosure agreement for marketing purposes, resulting in a significant amount of attention being drawn to the concept, although it was not connected to Fårup Sommerland until its formal announcement. In March 2021, Fårup Sommerland received approval from the Jammerbugt Municipality to build a coaster under the working title Woodland, which would stand 37 meters tall and occupy a surface area of 9700 m2. Three years earlier, the park had already received approval to build structures standing up to 40 meters tall within their perimeter. Land preparation began in April, where the park began clearing out trees on the eastern side of the property. Speculation quickly centered around Vekoma, who in recent months had begun teasing a major 2020 coaster project in Europe with \"award winning potential\". Using park teasers, fans eventually determined the name of the new coaster to be Fønix (Danish for \"Phoenix\"). Fønix was formally announced on June 23, 2021, an attraction set to shatter domestic records and become Denmark's tallest and fastest coaster, surpassing Piraten at Djurs Sommerland. An animated rendering was also released by Vekoma. In July 2021, the first track pieces began to arrive at the park. The lift hill was topped off in October 2021. That same month, the track layout was completed. Fønix officially opened to the public on April 9, 2022. Ride experience The train exits the station and dips to the left into a trench before hitting the lift hill. After climbing to a peak height of , the coaster plunges down an 80° drop into its signature \"stall loop\" inversion. The train exits through an S-bend and first airtime hill of many, leading into a right hand turnaround and heartline roll. Turning to the right, riders continue through a series of twisted airtime hills into a station-fly-through corkscrew. Turning around into the coaster finale, the train navigates a series of bunny hills before making a final counterclockwise turnaround and twist into the brake run. Another left-hand turn leads back into the station, where riders unload. A full ride",
"title": "Fønix (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "1224931",
"text": "A Floorless Coaster, commonly known as a Floorless Roller Coaster, is a type of steel roller coaster manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard where riders sit with no floor underneath them, allowing their feet to swing freely just above the track. Development of the Floorless Coaster model began between 1995 and 1996 with Medusa at Six Flags Great Adventure opening on April 2, 1999, making it the world's first Floorless Roller Coaster. Floorless Roller Coasters also tend to have 3 to 7 inversions incorporated in the layout of the coaster. Recently, Bolliger & Mabillard have used floorless trains on their Dive Coasters, such as Griffon and SheiKra. Though they contain floorless trains, the coasters are still not considered Floorless Coasters as B&M classifies them as another model. Maurer Söhne has designed their own version of the Floorless Coaster, a variant of their X-Car called X-Car Floorless, but currently do not have any installations. History According to Walter Bolliger, development of the Floorless Coaster began between 1995 and 1996. In 1999, the world's first Floorless Coaster opened at Six Flags Great Adventure as Medusa. With the success of Medusa, SeaWorld, Cedar Fair, Six Flags, and independent parks, Janfusun Fancyworld, Parque Warner Madrid, Tivoli Gardens, and Ocean Park Hong Kong have built other coasters of this model at their parks. B&M has built 13 Floorless Coasters from the ground up, with Dominator at Kings Dominion being the only one relocated to another park. They have also converted three of their stand-up roller coasters to Floorless Coasters: Rougarou at Cedar Point, Patriot at California's Great America, and Firebird at Six Flags America. Design The design of a Floorless Coaster has one main difference from traditional steel roller coasters around the world: there is no floor under the seats. While a train is parked in the station, a floor is used only for loading and unloading purposes. Because the front row has nothing in front of it to stop riders from walking over the edge of the station, a gate is placed in front of the train to prevent this from happening. Once all the over-the-shoulder restraints are locked, the floor separates into several pieces and retracts underneath the station. The gate then opens, allowing the train to move forward. When the train returns to the station, the floor is brought back up and the gate is closed for the next group of riders to load and unload. Aside from the station, Floorless Coasters have similar layouts to B&M's sit-down coasters. Installations Bolliger & Mabillard has built thirteen Floorless Coasters from the ground up, with three additional that were converted from stand-up roller coasters. The roller coasters are listed in order of opening dates. Note: Although some Dive Coasters (such as SheiKra, Griffon, Valravn and Yukon Striker) feature floorless trains, they are not considered Floorless Coasters. Similar rides Maurer Söhne, a German roller coaster and steel manufacturer, has developed their own version of the Floorless Coaster called the X-Car Floorless. The car is the same",
"title": "Floorless Coaster"
},
{
"docid": "25303858",
"text": "The physics of roller coasters comprises the mechanics that affect the design and operation of roller coasters, a machine that uses gravity and inertia to send a train of cars along a winding track. Gravity, inertia, g-forces, and centripetal acceleration give riders constantly changing forces which create certain sensations as the coaster travels around the track. Introduction A roller coaster is a machine that uses gravity and inertia to send a train of cars along a winding track. The combination of gravity and inertia, along with g-forces and centripetal acceleration give the body certain sensations as the coaster moves up, down, and around the track. The forces experienced by the rider are constantly changing, leading to feelings of joy in some riders and nausea in others. Energy Initially, the car is pulled to the top of the first hill and released, at which point it rolls freely along the track without any external mechanical assistance for the remainder of the ride. The purpose of the ascent of the first hill is to build up potential energy that will then be converted to kinetic energy as the ride progresses. The initial hill, or the lift hill, is the highest in the entire ride. As the train is pulled to the top, it gains potential energy, as explained by the equation for potential energy below:where Ug is potential energy, m is mass, g is acceleration due to gravity and h is height above the ground. Two trains of identical mass at different heights will therefore have different potential energies: the train at a greater height will have more potential energy than a train at a lower height. This means that the potential energy for the roller coaster system is greatest at the highest point on the track, or the top of the lift hill. As the roller coaster train begins its descent from the lift hill, the stored potential energy converts to kinetic energy, or energy of motion. The faster the train moves, the more kinetic energy the train gains, as shown by the equation for kinetic energy:where K is kinetic energy, m is mass, and v is velocity. Because the mass of a roller coaster car remains constant, if the speed is increased, the kinetic energy must also increase. This means that the kinetic energy for the roller coaster system is greatest at the bottom of the largest downhill slope on the track, typically at the bottom of the lift hill. When the train begins to climb the next hill on the track, the train's kinetic energy is converted back into potential energy, decreasing the train's velocity. This process of converting kinetic energy to potential energy and back to kinetic energy continues with each hill. The energy is never destroyed but is lost to friction between the car and track bringing the ride to a complete stop. Inertia and gravity When going around a roller coaster's vertical loop, the inertia, that produces a thrilling acceleration force, also keeps passengers in their",
"title": "Physics of roller coasters"
},
{
"docid": "16618942",
"text": "Operation Roller Coaster was a series of four nuclear tests conducted jointly by the United States and the United Kingdom in 1963, at the Nevada Test Site. The tests did not involve the detonation of any nuclear weapons. Instead, their purpose was to evaluate the distribution of radioactive particles in a \"dirty bomb\" scenario, or an inadvertent, non-nuclear detonation of a nuclear weapon, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of storage structures in containing the explosion and the particles released. The tests followed the Operation Storax series and preceded the Operation Niblick series. References Explosions in 1963 1963 in military history 1963 in Nevada 1963 in the United Kingdom May 1963 events in the United States June 1963 events in the United States Roller Coaster British nuclear weapons testing",
"title": "Operation Roller Coaster"
},
{
"docid": "16404790",
"text": "Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit is a steel roller coaster at Universal Studios Florida in Orlando, Florida. With a height of , a length of , and a top speed of , it is the largest X-Coaster ever built by German manufacturer Maurer Söhne. Announced on March 19, 2008, the coaster officially debuted on August 19, 2009, despite original plans to open several months earlier in the spring. Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit features on-ride music LED lighting, and on-ride photos and videos captured from cameras mounted in each passenger row. History During the second week of January 2008, Universal Parks & Resorts filed a Notice of Commencement with Orange County, Florida indicating that they were to construct a ride system that they had code-named \"Project Rumble.\" The notice also stated that the contractor was \"Maurer Rides GmbH,\" located in Munich, Germany. The new attraction was officially announced by Universal Studios on March 19, 2008. Although the layout was not revealed, the original press release stated that the roller coaster's vertical lift hill would be tall, and that the trains would reach a maximum speed of . It also mentioned that each train would be equipped with a multi-media package, LED lights, built-in video recorders, and the option for riders to choose a song from a list to be played during the course of the ride. The ride would also include six near miss encounters. At the time, the new roller coaster was scheduled to open in Spring 2009. Also, in the months after the announcement, Universal Studios surveyed guests on what songs they think should be included in the roller coaster. Some of the artists that guests could choose from were: The Black Eyed Peas, Bee Gees, The Beach Boys, and Johnny Cash. Construction began in May 2008 with preliminary land clearing, which caused the removal of some of Twister...Ride it Out's outdoor extended queue. The first track pieces were installed during the week of December 7, 2008. In February 2009, Universal launched a website for the attraction, which included a construction blog and photographs chronicling progress of the attraction's construction. The track layout was completed at the end of April 2009 with the crowning of the lift hill. In April 2009, Universal confirmed that the roller coaster would not open as originally planned and said it would open in the summer. Though Universal has never mentioned what the exact problem with the roller coaster was, it is believed by newspapers that issues with the anti-rollback devices on the lift hill that were not working correctly caused the delay. After the issues with the ride were resolved, Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit began public previews in mid-August 2009. On August 19, 2009, Universal Studios Florida officially opened the attraction. It continued to experience technical issues early on after opening. A number of its features worked sporadically or not at all. There were also operational issues, such as slower-than-expected loading times that diminished capacity and led to long lines. One of the notable",
"title": "Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit"
},
{
"docid": "36292101",
"text": "Krake (German for \"octopus\") is a steel Dive Coaster roller coaster at Heide Park in Soltau, Lower Saxony, Germany manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard. It is the first roller coaster of its kind in Germany. At a cost of 12 million euros, the roller coaster features floorless trains, of track, and a maximum height of . The attraction officially opened to the public on April 16, 2011. History Speculation that Heide Park would be getting a new roller coaster began in late 2009 after it was revealed that the park was working on a project code named \"Ungetüm 2011\" (translates to \"Monster 2011\"). In September 2010, track pieces from manufacture Bolliger & Mabillard began to be delivered to the park which then led to rumours that the new roller coaster would be a Dive Coaster. On October 31, 2010, Heide Park officially announced Germany's first Dive Coaster, Krake. Construction was handled by RCS, a German construction company. Beginning with the splashdown area, construction later progressed into the Immelman loop and station areas. In late January 2011, the final piece of track (top of the first drop) was installed. After testing and a ribbon cutting ceremony, Krake opened on April 16, 2011. After the original advertised octopus mouth (where riders would drop through) that was to be placed at the bottom of the first drop was never built, the public began to question why the park didn't follow through with what they advertised. In response, the mouth was constructed during the following off-season. Experience Queue Krake's queue is divided into two sections. The first section is only used during busier days and isn't paved, but rather filled in with gravel. The second section is a paved path that leads the roller coaster's station. Ride Krake is based on a pirate theme and features riders being \"eaten\" by an octopus. Once the floor drops and the front gate opens, the train is dispatched straight into the lift hill. Once at the top, the train continues going straight for a short period before making a left turn into the holding brake. After about three seconds, the train descends the 87-degree drop and reaches a speed of . At the bottom, the train enters the \"monster's\" mouth, followed by a splashdown. Then, the train goes through an Immelmann loop. After going over an airtime hill, the train makes a banked right turn into the final brake run. The train makes a left turn into the brake run before entering the station. One cycle lasts just under two minutes. Characteristics Track The steel track of Krake is approximately long, and the height of the lift is approximately high. The colour of the track is black while the supports are dark brown. Also, the entire track weighs a total of about . Trains Krake operates with three floorless steel and fiberglass trains. Each train has three cars that can seat six riders in a single row for a total of 18 riders per train. The seats",
"title": "Krake"
},
{
"docid": "54193985",
"text": "Hydrus is a steel roller coaster at Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey. Opened in 2017, it was the sixth Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter roller coaster to open in the United States and the first Euro-Fighter 320 model in the world. It replaced Star Jet, which was destroyed by Hurricane Sandy in 2012. History After the Star Jet roller coaster was destroyed (along with a large portion of the Casino Pier) during Hurricane Sandy in 2012, it took almost three years until permission was granted to rebuild; this permission to rebuild included a new roller coaster. After swapping land with the city, however, it was decided that this new coaster would not be built on the pier over the water (as the 1970 Jet Star and the 2002 Star Jet had been), but it would instead be built over the beach to prevent a repeat of what had happened with the hurricane. In late 2016, it was announced that the roller coaster replacing Star Jet would be a Euro-Fighter manufactured by Gerstlauer. The coaster was named Hydrus and opened in May 2017. New Jersey governor Chris Christie was present for a ribbon-cutting ceremony on May 26 which occurred several weeks after a soft opening of the ride. Layout and theme Hydrus has the characteristic steeper-than-vertical (97 degree) drop of all Euro-Fighter coasters. The coaster (a Euro-Fighter 320) is similar to 320+ model Euro-Fighters, but it eliminates the final helix at the end. Elements include a loop, cutback, and heartline roll. There are two eight-person cars, each with lap-bar restraints. The owners of Casino Pier have said that the name Hydrus references the constellation of the same name, and the \"Jet Star\" and later \"Star Jet\" names of the previous Casino Pier coasters. Reception The coaster has been included in rankings of top 2017 coasters from CNN and USA Today. References Seaside Heights, New Jersey Roller coasters in New Jersey Roller coasters introduced in 2017",
"title": "Hydrus (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "6113354",
"text": "Streamliner Coaster is a junior roller coaster located at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in San Antonio, Texas. Designed by Vekoma, a Dutch manufacture, the coaster is one of the few original attractions that opened with the park. Riders board a 10-seater train and go up a short hill before going down and following the track in a simple loop back round to the station in two circuits. History Streamliner Coaster was originally named Pied Piper when it opened on March 14, 1992, with the park. In 1999, the roller coaster was renamed to Rollschuhcoaster, when Six Flags came as sole owners of the park. In 2007, Six Flags released new entertainment and marketing initiatives for their US based parks, such as bringing Wiggles into their lineup. On September 28, 2008, Six Flags Fiesta Texas announced the expansion of Wiggles World, that would enhance the line up for family-oriented rides. Rollschuhcoaster was part of the expansion as the ride got refurbished with a new name, Romp Bomp A Stomp to go along with the theming of the new area. In November 2010, the company began the process of canceling licensed intellectual property deals they had with various brands including what they had with the Wiggles as the company was emerging itself from bankruptcy at that time. This affected the roller coaster in which, it was renamed in late 2010 as Kiddie Koaster. Ten years later in 2020, the roller coaster went through its fifth name change, to Streamliner Coaster. In 2023, the park announced that its themed area DC Universe will expand into more of Spassburg and Thrill Seeker Park for the 2023 season. The expansion will have the roller coaster to go through another rethemed to fit with the area. In 2024, the roller coaster will be themed to the DC Comics character, Batgirl. References Junior roller coasters Roller coasters introduced in 1992 Roller coasters operated by Six Flags Six Flags Fiesta Texas Roller coasters in Texas",
"title": "Streamliner Coaster"
},
{
"docid": "54365706",
"text": "Cannon Coaster, sometimes known as Leap-the-Gap, was a wooden roller coaster which operated on Bowery Street in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York, in the first decade of the 20th century. History The Cannon Coaster was designed and built by George Francis Meyer. Accounts report the coaster opening in either 1901 or 1902 and then closing in 1907. The coaster was originally designed with the purpose of having cars race out of a giant cannon and then jump over a gap in the track (a so-called \"leap-the-gap\" maneuver), but this gap element was removed in response to safety testing. The coaster was tested with sandbags and while there were some occasional successes, it quickly became clear that changing the weight distribution in the cars even slightly would risk crashes. While no one was hurt or killed, urban legends persisted of fatalities during this testing period. Though the gap was removed, the coaster retained its theme as a giant cannon. When riders reached the summit of the lift hill, they would pass through the \"bore\" of a cannon-shaped tunnel before speeding out from the \"muzzle\" of the cannon. The ride was actually described as being quite boring after the gap was removed, and its lingering popularity was thought to stem from the fictitious, yet gruesome, tales of death during its testing period. Marketing The Cannon Coaster has also been noted in historical sources for the marketing which was employed to attract riders. The coaster owners utilized the excitement associated with roller coasters to hint at the amorous possibilities for young couples riding the coaster. One advertisement posed the question to riders: \"Will she throw her arms around your neck and yell? Well, I guess yes!\" References Coney Island Demolished buildings and structures in Brooklyn",
"title": "Cannon Coaster"
}
] | [
"amusement"
] |
train_50324 | who wrote the poem that became our national anthem | [
{
"docid": "57273673",
"text": "Ralph Tomlinson (17 August 1744 – 17 March 1778), was a British lyricist best known for writing the original lyrics to \"The Anacreontic Song\". The music from the Anacreontic Song would be set as the music for The Star Spangled Banner, which would become the American national anthem in 1931. In 1776, he became the President of the Anacreontic Society, after the death of the previous President, George Bellas. Biography Tomlinson was baptized in Plemstall, Cheshire, in 1744; by 1766 he was a lawyer working in London. Tomlinson likely became president of the Anacreontic Society following the death of the previous president, George Bellas, in January 1776. Tomlinson died in March 1778 at the age of thirty-three. The Anacreontic Song The Anacreontic Song was written for a social club named the Anacreontic Society, which was named in honour of the Ancient Greek poet Anacreon. John Stafford Smith wrote the music and Tomlinson, who was president of the club, wrote the lyrics. The song, which had become a very popular tune in Colonial America, was used to put music to Francis Scott Key's poem, Defence of Fort M’Henry, turning it into The Star-Spangled Banner. Long before songs were protected by copyright, the melodies of songs were used by anyone without compensation. The lyrics are \"a good-natured takeoff on a bit of pseudoclassical mythology\". The Star-Spangled Banner became the United States National anthem on March 3, 1931. Writings Tomlinson was the author of A Slang Pastoral, a parody of John Byrom's poem that begins \"My Time, O ye Muses, was happily spent,\" that was originally published in The Spectator. References Bibliography PDF link. Further reading 1744 births 1778 deaths British lyricists People from Cheshire English male poets British male writers",
"title": "Ralph Tomlinson"
},
{
"docid": "31064",
"text": "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from the \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", a poem written by American lawyer Francis Scott Key on September 14, 1814, after he witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large U.S. flag, with 15 stars and 15 stripes, known as the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort after the battle. The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a social club in London. Smiths' song, \"To Anacreon in Heaven\" (or \"The Anacreontic Song\"), with various lyrics, was already popular in the United States. This setting, renamed \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", soon became a popular patriotic song. With a range of 19 semitones, it is known for being very difficult to sing, in part because the melody sung today is the soprano part. Although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today. \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" was first recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889. On March 3, 1931, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution () making the song the official national anthem of the United States, which President Herbert Hoover signed into law. The resolution is now codified at . It has become controversial in the United States since the 1990's due to perceived racism in the anthem's lyrics and Key's involvement in slavery. Early history Francis Scott Key's lyrics On August 28, 1814, William Beanes, a physician who resided in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, was arrested by British forces in his home after the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria. A friend of Key's, Beanes was accused of aiding the detention of several British Army stragglers who were ransacking local homesteads in search of food. On September 2, 1814, Key wrote a letter from his home in Georgetown to his mother, ending with: I am going in the morning to Baltimore to proceed in a flag-vessel to Genl Ross. Old Dr Beanes of Marlbro' is taken prisoner by the Enemy, who threaten to carry him off – Some of his friends have urged me to apply for a flag & go & try to procure his release. I hope to return in about 8 or 10 days, though [it] is uncertain, as I do not know where to find the fleet. – As soon as I get back I hope I shall be able to set out for Fred[ericksburg] – ... Under sanction from President Madison, on September 3, Key traveled by land from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore, where he arrived on the morning of September 4. He located Col. John Stuart Skinner, an American agent for prisoners of war, who leased a sloop-rigged packet ship belonging to John and Benjamin Ferguson, brothers who owned a cargo and passenger service between Baltimore and Norfolk. The",
"title": "The Star-Spangled Banner"
},
{
"docid": "8321250",
"text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). Events April 4 – William Wordsworth accepts the office of Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom (following the death of Robert Southey on March 21) on being assured that it is regarded as a purely honorific position. Works published United Kingdom R. S. Hawker, Reeds Shaken with the Wind Thomas Hood, \"The Song of the Shirt\", a poem (published in the Christmas issue of Punch) Richard Henry Horne, Orion: An epic poem United States William Ellery Channing (poet), Poems, published at the expense of the author's friend Samuel Gray Ward; the volume is admired by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau but condemned by Edgar Allan Poe in \"Our Amateur Poets\", an essay in Graham's Thomas Dunn English, \"Ben Bolt\", a popular ballad written for the New York Mirror and later set to music numerous times William Lloyd Garrison, Sonnets James Russell Lowell, Miscellaneous Poems Cornelius Mathews, Poems on Man in His Various Aspects under the American Republic William Gilmore Simms, Donna Florida, a verse tale; Charleston James Gates Percival, The Dream of a Day John Pierpont, The Anti-Slavery Poems of John Pierpont Elizabeth Oakes Smith, The Sinless Child and Other Poems, acclaimed by critics, including Edgar Allan Poe John Greenleaf Whittier, Lays of My Home and Other Poems, regional poetry, including \"The Merrimack\", \"The Funeral Tree of the Sokokis\", \"The Ballad of Cassandra Southwick\" and \"Massachusetts to Virginia\" Nathaniel Parker Willis: The Sacred Poems Poems of Passion The Lady Jane and Other Poems Other Hilario Ascasubi, El gaucho Jacinto Cielo con doce números, Argentina Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, Bouquets et prières, France Christian Winther, Til Een (\"To Someone\"); see also revised edition 1849; Denmark Gonçalves Dias, \"Canção do exílio\", Brazil Mikhail Lermontov, \"Valerik\", Russia, posthumously in the anthology Dawn Betty Paoli, Nach dem Gewitter (\"After the Storm\"), Austria Births Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: February 24 – Violet Fane, pen name of Lady Mary Currie, née Mary Montgomerie Lamb (died 1905), English novelist, poet and essayist May 3 – Edward Dowden (died 1913), Irish-born poet and critic August 19 – Charles Montagu Doughty (died 1926), English poet, writer and traveller December 7 – Helena Nyblom, née Roed (died 1926), Danish-born poet and writer of fairy tales December 21 – Thomas Bracken (died 1898), Irish-born New Zealander December 24 (December 12 O.S.) – Lydia Koidula, born Lydia Jannsen (died 1886), Estonian Undated – Dimitrios Paparrigopoulos (died 1873), Greek Deaths Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: January 11 – Francis Scott Key (born 1779), American lawyer, author, and amateur poet who wrote the words to the United States' national anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" March 21 – Robert Southey (born 1774), English Poet Laureate June 6 – Friedrich Hölderlin (born 1770), German lyric poet July 9 – Washington Allston, 63 (born 1779), American poet and painter December 11 - Casimir Delavigne (born 1793), French poet and",
"title": "1843 in poetry"
},
{
"docid": "4518981",
"text": "American patriotic music is a part of the culture and history of the United States since its foundation in the 18th Century. It has served to encourage feelings of honor both for the country's forefathers and for national unity. They include hymns, military themes, national songs, and musical numbers from stage and screen, as well as others adapted from many poems. Much of American patriotic music owes its origins to six main wars — the American Revolution, the American Indian Wars, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the American Civil War, and the Spanish–American War. During the period prior to American independence, much of the country's patriotic music was aligned with the political ambitions of the British in the new land. And so, several songs are tied with the country's British origin. Colonial Era Written by Founding Father John Dickinson in 1768 to the music of William Boyce's \"Heart of Oak\", \"The Liberty Song\" is perhaps the first patriotic song ever written in America. It contains the line \"by uniting we stand, by dividing we fall\", which was an overture to the feelings of common blood and origin the Americans had while fighting the French and Indian War, and also the first recorded use of the sentiment. Additional songs gained prominence in keeping with British and American unity, namely \"The British Grenadiers\" and \"God Save the King\". However, with the War of Independence, the tunes of the last two were combined with new lyrics while \"Yankee Doodle\", long a tune and lyric addressed to the unique American population descended from the British, became widely popular. Political and cultural links between the colony and Great Britain perhaps explains the ongoing popularity of the two former tunes, despite the war for independence. \"Hail Columbia\" was written for George Washington's nomination. It was the de facto national anthem until 1931. It is still the vice presidential anthem today. 19th Century In 1814, Washington lawyer Francis Scott Key wrote a poem entitled \"Defence of Fort McHenry\" after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry in the Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812. Once again, owing to the American origins from British nationals, the lyrics were later set to music common to British and American sailors. But it eventually became world-famous as \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" and it was designated the United States' official national anthem in 1931. After centuries of struggling and fighting with hostile Native Americans, as well as diseases and forces of nature, many American residents had breached the Appalachian mountain chain, and then pushed into the wide open areas of the Far West. Thus, such songs as \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee,\" composed in 1831, have as themes natural wonder combined with freedom and liberty. Others, such as \"America the Beautiful,\" express appreciation for the natural beauty of the United States and the hope for a better nation, wrote one hymn editor. However, in contrast to \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee\" and \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", \"America the Beautiful\" does not have",
"title": "American patriotic music"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "901837",
"text": "\"\" (also called \"\"; , IPA: , \"National Salute\") is the national anthem of the Maldives. The lyrics were written by Muhammad Jameel Didi in 1948, and the melody was composed by Sri Lankan maestro Pandit Amaradeva in 1972. \"Qaumee Salaam\" is a declaration of national unity, the country's Islamic faith, the victory of historic battles and an homage to the heroes who fell defending the nation. It also wishes further development on the country, while paying respect to the leaders who had served it. History Until 1948, a melody without lyrics called the Salaamathi was performed by a royal band on state occasions at the , the residence of the Sultan. Soon after, it was decided that the Salaamathi needed lyrics accompanied by a new melody. The lyrics were written by a young poet and later chief justice, Mohamed Jameel Didi. Jameel Didi wrote the words for the new Salaamathi bearing in mind the influence of Urdu poetry during the time, closely imitating its style and also furnishing his work with words borrowed from Arabic. Afterwards, Jameel Didi began looking for a tune to accompany his poem when he heard the noon chime (\"Auld Lang Syne\") of his uncle's clock. The tune was adopted to the lyrics, and the new was complete. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Maldivians became more aware of the importance of a national anthem, and in 1972, shortly before the Maldives was visited by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, the government hastily commissioned Sri Lankan maestro W. D. Amaradeva for a new melody for the anthem. The original lyrics were retained, with a few changes to emphasise the fact that Maldives had been a republic since 1968. , this version of the anthem has survived without any modifications. Lyrics Normally, only the chorus and first two verses are sung. Notes References External links The Maldives Royal Family website has a page on the anthem, including a midi file version. (archived 1 January 2022) Streaming audio of the national anthem of the Maldives, with information and lyrics (archived 9 February 2018) Music of the Maldives National symbols of the Maldives Compositions in F major",
"title": "Qaumii Salaam"
},
{
"docid": "35694090",
"text": "Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British or French patriotism, preceding the first legal steps to independence by over 50 years. The earliest, \"The Bold Canadian\", was written in 1812. Canadian anthems National anthem \"O Canada\" is the national anthem of Canada. Calixa Lavallée wrote the music in 1880 as a setting of a French Canadian patriotic poem composed by poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. \"O Canada\" served as one of two de facto national anthems after 1939, officially becoming Canada's singular national anthem in 1980, when the Act of Parliament making it so received Royal Assent and became effective on July 1 as part of that year's Dominion Day celebrations. The national anthem is routinely played before sporting events involving Canadian teams. Royal anthem \"God Save the King\" is the royal anthem of Canada. There are various claims of authorship and several previous songs of similar style, but the first published version of what is almost the present tune appeared in 1744 in Thesaurus Musicus. The song has been used in Canada since the era when it was a collection of British colonies and \"God Save the King\" (or \"God Save the Queen\" during the reign of a female monarch) was played in honour of the British monarch. It has remained in use through Canada's progression to independence, becoming eventually one of the country's two de facto national anthems. After \"O Canada\" was in 1980 proclaimed the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" has been designated as the royal anthem, played in the presence of the Canadian monarch, other members of the Royal Family, and as part of the salute accorded to the Governor General of Canada and provincial lieutenant governors. It can also be played on other occasions. Provincial anthems \"Alberta\" is the official provincial song of Alberta, adopted in preparation for the province's centennial celebrations in 2005. The song was selected following a competition mandated by the Alberta Official Song Act, introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in May 2001 and passed in November. \"The Island Hymn\" is a provincial anthem of Prince Edward Island. The hymn's lyrics were written in 1908 by Lucy Maud Montgomery, with music written by Lawrence W. Watson. It was performed for the first time in public on May 22, 1908. The manuscript music, dated October 27, 1908, and correspondence relating to it are displayed at Green Gables House, Cavendish. The Island Hymn was adopted as the provincial anthem by the legislative assembly on May 7, 2010. The Provincial Anthem Act includes a French version of the Island Hymn, adapted by Raymond J. Arsenault of Abram-Village and called L'hymne de l'Île. \"Ode to Newfoundland\" is the official provincial anthem of Newfoundland and Labrador. Governor Sir Cavendish Boyle composed it in 1902 as a four-verse poem entitled Newfoundland. It was set to the music of British composer Sir Hubert Parry, a personal friend of Boyle, who composed two settings. On May 20, 1904,",
"title": "Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada"
},
{
"docid": "23847237",
"text": "Panapasa Balekana, MBE, SIM, (1929 – 22 January 2009) was a Fijian-born Solomon Islander who composed the national anthem of the Solomon Islands, \"God Save Our Solomon Islands\", with his wife, Matila Balekana. Panapasa Balekana co-wrote the anthem's lyrics with his wife while he composed the accompanying music. The anthem was adopted by the country upon its independence in 1978 following a government competition. Biography Balekana was originally from Kandavu, Fiji. He moved to the Solomon Islands in 1953 to work as a mechanic for the government, which was under British colonial administration at the time. He was unmarried when he first moved to the Solomon Islands. He eventually married a Fijian woman, Matila Balekana and resided in the Solomon Islands for most of his adult life. The couple had two children, a son and a daughter. Balekana \"fell in love\" with the Solomon Islands and decided to stay in the country rather than return to Fiji. On many occasions, Balekana publicly called the Solomon Islands \"my home\". Balekana and his family joined the Wesley United Church in Honiara. He remained heavily involved with the congregation, serving as a church pastor and choirmaster. National anthem In the run-up to independence on 7 July 1978, the government of the Solomon Islands decided that it needed a national anthem for the occasion. The government announced on the radio that it would accept submissions from the general public for a new anthem. Panapasa Balekana and his wife, Matila Balekana, decided to jointly enter the competition as a team. The couple agreed that the new anthem should be in the form of a prayer, asking God to support and guide the new island nation. Balekana claimed in interviews to have received his inspiration for the anthem in a dream. After he woke up from the dream, Balekana and his wife immediately began writing words and lyrics, as well as composing the tune. Panapasa and Matila Balekana co-wrote the lyrics for the anthem, while Panapasa Balekana composed the accompanying music. The couple credited prayer and God for their success in creating the anthem, noting how well the song came together. Once the lyrics and music had been composed, Panapasa and Matila Balekana received help recording the prospective anthem from the Wesley United Church choir at the couple's own congregation. The choir sang the song for the first time, which was recorded on tape and submitted to competition officials. The Balekanas' submission, God Save Our Solomon Islands, won the competition, and became the national anthem of the Solomon Islands. It was sung on the country's first independence day, 7 July 1978. Balekana was overjoyed and explained the importance of the anthem and its meaning, \"Solomon Islands national anthem was written in a form of prayer asking God for safekeeping and protection of our new nation. By the power and grace of God, we may receive joy, peace, progress and prosperity, if only we can be able to work together in harmony. These may be the foundation",
"title": "Panapasa Balekana"
},
{
"docid": "32019312",
"text": "Bande Utkala Janani is an Odia patriotic poem written by Laxmikanta Mohapatra in 1912. Odisha became the first state in British India to be formed on linguistic basis on 1 April 1936. The music was first recorded by Gokul Mohanty in 1932. The modern notation was arranged by the Odissi musician Balakrushna Dash which was adopted as the state anthem. The Odisha Cabinet on 7 June 2020, accorded the poem the status as the Anthem of Odisha. History This song was first sung at the Utkal Sammilani's Conference at Balasore in 1912. It was used as a weapon by the Utkal Sammilani to emancipate Odisha. In a meeting at Bhadrak, where the poet Mohapatra was felicitated, the then young leader of Odisha Harekrushna Mahtab admitted that the poet Laxmikanta's patriotic songs have inspired him a lot. In the past, outsiders like Mughals, Marathas and Britishers ruled Odisha and its geographical boundaries changed from time to time accordingly. The poem envisages a Utkala who maintains her self-respect and dignity from a position of confidence and strength rather than insecurity and fear. This movement for a separate province also gathered momentum in Odisha. The Utkal Sammilani (a federation of Odias) was leading this movement. This influenced the poet Laxmikanta Mohapatra, who was then young and energetic. He started writing Bande Utkala Janani (Glory To The Mother Utkala!) and some other fiery songs with a patriotic motive. Well, known national poet of Odisha Banchhanidhi Mohanty was also a good singer. He used to sing Laxmikanta's patriotic songs throughout Odisha and inspired everyone. Once Rabindra Nath Tagore wrote in one of his essays i.e. \"A Vision of India's History\" that 'the history of India has been the history of a struggle between the mechanical spirit of conformity in social organization and the creative spirit of man which seeks freedom and love in self-expression' justifies Laxmikanta as a true patriotic poet. Adoption The State Government's decision to stand up to pay respect when the song is played has been praised. Therefore, it was made compulsory at the end of any Odisha Legislative Assembly Session and in the beginning of school prayer in State Govt. schools in Odisha during the 1990s. It was a long standing demand of people of the state to accord state song status to this poem which has been passed by the State cabinet meeting chaired by Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik after the Odias across the globe had come together on the clarion of Chief Minister of Odisha Naveen Patnaik to sing Bande Utkala Janani on 5:30 pm of May 30 to boost the morale of frontline workers or COVID-19 warriors tackling the coronavirus outbreak. Lyrics See also List of Indian state songs References External links Bande Utkala Janani Odia culture Poems in Odia Indian state anthems",
"title": "Bande Utkala Janani"
},
{
"docid": "364904",
"text": "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika (, ), also known as \"The Call of South Africa\" or simply \"Die Stem\" (), was the national anthem of South Africa during the apartheid era. There are two versions of the song, one in English and the other in Afrikaans, which were in use early on in the Union of South Africa alongside God Save the Queen and as the sole anthem after South Africa became a republic. It was the sole national anthem from 1957 to 1994, and shared co-national anthem status with \"God Save the King/Queen\" from 1938 to 1957. After the end of apartheid, it was retained as a co-national anthem along with \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\" until 1997, when a new hybrid song incorporating elements of both songs was adopted as the country's new national anthem, which is still in use. History Background and inception In May 1918, C.J. Langenhoven wrote an Afrikaans poem called \"Die Stem\", for which music was composed in 1921 by , a reverend. The music composed that ended up being accepted was actually a second version; the first did not satisfy Langenhoven. It was widely used by the South African Broadcasting Corporation in the 1920s, which played it at the close of daily broadcasts, along with \"God Save The King\". It was recorded for the first time in 1926 when its first and third verses were performed by Betty Steyn in England for the Zonophone record label; it was sung publicly for the first time on 31 May 1928 at a raising of the new South African national flag. In 1938, South Africa proclaimed it to be one of the two co-national anthems of the country, along with \"God Save the King\". It was sung in English as well as Afrikaans from 1952 onward, with both versions having official status in the eyes of the state, while \"God Save the Queen\" did not cease to be a co-national anthem until May 1957, when it was dropped from that role. However, it remained the country's royal anthem until 1961, as it was a Commonwealth realm until that point. The poem originally had only three verses, but the government asked the author to add a fourth verse with a religious theme. The English version is for the most part a faithful translation of the Afrikaans version with a few minor changes. Composition It is uplifting in tone, addressing throughout of commitment to the Vaderland () and to God. However, it was generally disliked by black South Africans, who saw it as triumphalist and strongly associated it with the apartheid regime where one verse shows dedication to Afrikaners (though the specific mention of Afrikaners is omitted in the English version to avoid alienating the British-descent Anglophone whites living in South Africa as they are not considered Afrikaners) and another to the Great Trek of the Voortrekkers. P. W. Botha, who was the state president of South Africa during the 1980s, was fond of the song and made his entourage sing",
"title": "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika"
},
{
"docid": "19592366",
"text": "\"Ode to Joy\" (German: ) is an ode written in the summer of 1785 by German poet, playwright, and historian Friedrich Schiller. It was published the following year in the German magazine Thalia. In 1808, a slightly revised version changed two lines of the first stanza and omitted last stanza. \"Ode to Joy\" is best known for its use by Ludwig van Beethoven in the final (fourth) movement of his Ninth Symphony, completed in 1824. Beethoven's text is not based entirely on Schiller's poem, and it introduces a few new sections. Beethoven's melody, but not Schiller's text, was adopted as the \"Anthem of Europe\" by the Council of Europe in 1972 and later by the European Union. Rhodesia's national anthem from 1974 until 1979, \"Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia\", also used Beethoven's melody. The poem Schiller wrote the first version of the poem when he was staying in Gohlis, Leipzig. In 1785, from the beginning of May till mid-September, he stayed with his publisher, Georg Joachim Göschen, in Leipzig and wrote \"An die Freude\" along with his play Don Carlos. Schiller later made some revisions to the poem, which was then republished posthumously in 1808, and it was this latter version that forms the basis for Beethoven's setting. Despite the lasting popularity of the ode, Schiller himself regarded it as a failure later in his life, going so far as to call it \"detached from reality\" and \"of value maybe for us two, but not for the world, nor for the art of poetry\" in an 1800 letter to his longtime friend and patron Christian Gottfried Körner (whose friendship had originally inspired him to write the ode). Lyrics Revisions The lines marked with * were revised in the posthumous 1808 edition as follows: The original, later eliminated last stanza reads Ode to Freedom Academic speculation remains as to whether Schiller originally wrote an \"Ode to Freedom\" (An die Freiheit) and changed it to \"To Joy\". Thayer wrote in his biography of Beethoven, \"the thought lies near that it was the early form of the poem, when it was still an 'Ode to Freedom' (not 'to Joy'), which first aroused enthusiastic admiration for it in Beethoven's mind\". The musicologist Alexander Rehding points out that even Bernstein, who used \"Freiheit\" in two performances in 1989, called it conjecture whether Schiller used \"joy\" as code for \"freedom\" and that scholarly consensus holds that there is no factual basis for this myth. Use of Beethoven's setting Over the years, Beethoven's \"Ode to Joy\" has remained a protest anthem and a celebration of music. Demonstrators in Chile sang the piece during demonstrations against the Pinochet regime's dictatorship. Chinese students broadcast it at Tiananmen Square. It was performed (conducted by Leonard Bernstein) on Christmas Day after the fall of the Berlin Wall replacing \"Freude\" (joy) with \"Freiheit\" (freedom), and at Daiku (Number Nine) concerts in Japan every December and after the 2011 tsunami. It has recently inspired impromptu performances at public spaces by musicians in many",
"title": "Ode to Joy"
},
{
"docid": "71799569",
"text": "\"Who shall separate us?\" is a composition for an eight-part choir a cappella by James MacMillan, setting a passage from the Epistle to the Romans to music. It was commissioned for the state funeral of Elizabeth II, and was first performed at Westminster Abbey on 19 September 2022 by choirs conducted by James O'Donnell. History Elizabeth II originally personally commissioned James MacMillan in 2011 to write a piece of music for her funeral. MacMillan was commissioned by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster to prepare the piece for the state funeral of Elizabeth II, which was held on 19 September 2022. The commission, for an Anglican service, was regarded as a surprise, as he is \"now possibly the best-known Catholic composer in the world\", but he is known as a \"masterly composer of small-scale religious choral pieces\" such as a setting of a poem by Henry Vaughan. The composer said that he was \"deeply honoured\" by the commission. He wrote the composition in 2011/12. For the anthem, he set verses from chapter 8 of the Epistle to the Romans, beginning \"Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?\", with an added \"Alleluia! Amen\". The work is scored for eight voices a cappella (SSAATTBB). It was published by Boosey & Hawkes. The anthem was first performed during the ceremony at Westminster Abbey, immediately before the blessing, by the choir of Westminster Abbey and the choir of the Chapel Royal, conducted by James O'Donnell, the music director of Westminster Abbey. Text The text from the King James Version of the Bible, taken from the end of chapter 8 of the letter to the Romans, verses 35a and 38b and 39, reads: 35 Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? 38 Neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, 39 nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord. The text is followed by Alleluia! and Amen. Reception Tim Ashley from The Guardian wrote about the performance: \"... his anthem opening with upper voices hovering over a sustained bass drone, before the music escalates towards a sequence of ecstatic alleluias and comes to rest on a quiet Amen.\" Jeremy Reynolds from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette called it a \"powerful, earthy anthem\" in which \"higher voices floated ethereally over a chasmic bass\". He continued: \"Alleluias followed, burning bright sonic trails before settling and resting with chords of utter tranquility.\" References Further reading External links Compositions by James MacMillan 2012 compositions Music based on the Bible Choral compositions Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II Epistle to the Romans",
"title": "Who shall separate us?"
},
{
"docid": "341011",
"text": "\"Lift Every Voice and Sing\" is a hymn with lyrics by James Weldon Johnson (1871–1938) and set to music by his brother, J. Rosamond Johnson (1873–1954). Written from the context of African Americans in the late 19th century, the hymn is a prayer of thanksgiving to God as well as a prayer for faithfulness and freedom, with imagery that evokes the biblical Exodus from slavery to the freedom of the \"promised land.\" Premiered in 1900, \"Lift Every Voice and Sing\" was communally sung within Black American communities, while the NAACP began to promote the hymn as a \"Negro national anthem\" in 1917 (with the term \"Black national anthem\" similarly used in the present day). It has been featured in 42 different Christian hymnals, and it has also been performed by various African American singers and musicians. Its prominence has increased since 2020 following the George Floyd protests; in 2021, then House Majority Whip Jim Clyburn sponsored a bill proposing that \"Lift Every Voice and Sing\" be designated as the \"national hymn\" of the United States. History James Weldon Johnson, Chair of the Florida Baptist Academy in Jacksonville, Florida, had sought to write a poem in commemoration of Abraham Lincoln's birthday. However, amid the ongoing civil rights movement, Johnson decided to write a poem which was themed around the struggles of African Americans following the Reconstruction era (including the passage of Jim Crow laws in the South). \"Lift Every Voice and Sing\" was first recited by a group of 500 students in 1900. His brother J. Rosamond Johnson would later set the poem to music. After the Great Fire of 1901, the Johnsons moved to New York City to pursue a career on Broadway. In the years that followed, \"Lift Every Voice and Sing\" was sung within Black communities; Johnson wrote that \"the school children of Jacksonville kept singing it; they went off to other schools and sang it; they became teachers and taught it to other children. Within twenty years it was being sung over the South and in some other parts of the country.\" Recognition A sculpture by Augusta Savage named after the song was exhibited at the 1939 New York World's Fair, taking the form of a choir of children shaped into a harp. Savage was the only Black woman commissioned for the Fair, and the sculpture (which was retitled \"The Harp\" by organizers) was also sold as miniature replicas and on postcards during the event. Like other temporary installations, the sculpture was destroyed at the close of the fair. As the \"Black national anthem\" In 1919, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) dubbed \"Lift Every Voice and Sing\" the \"Negro national anthem\", for its power in voicing a cry for liberation and affirmation for African American people. James Weldon Johnson would be appointed to serve as the NAACP's first executive secretary the following year. It has similarly been referred to as \"the Black national anthem\". The use of the term \"the Black national",
"title": "Lift Every Voice and Sing"
},
{
"docid": "30944",
"text": "The national anthem of South Africa was adopted in 1997 and is a hybrid song combining extracts of the 19th century Xhosa hymn \"\" (, ) and the Afrikaans song that was used as the South African national anthem during the apartheid era, \"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika\" (), with new English lyrics. The anthem is often referred to by its incipit of \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\", but this has never been its official title, which is simply \"National Anthem of South Africa\". The committee responsible for this new composition included Anna Bender, Elize Botha, Richard Cock, Dolf Havemann (Secretary), Mzilikazi Khumalo (chairman), Masizi Kunene, John Lenake, Fatima Meer, Khabi Mngoma, Wally Serote, Johan de Villiers, and Jeanne Zaidel-Rudolph. Structure The lyrics employ the five most widely spoken of South Africa's eleven official languages – Xhosa (first stanza, first two lines), Zulu (first stanza, last two lines), Sesotho (second stanza), Afrikaans (third stanza), and English (final stanza). The lyrics are sung in these languages regardless of the native language of the singer. The first half was arranged by Mzilikazi Khumalo and the latter half of the song was arranged by Jeanne Zaidel-Rudolph, who also wrote the final verse. The fact that it shifts (modulates) and ends in a different key (from A-flat major to E-flat major) a feature that it shares with the Italian, Spanish, and the Philippine national anthems, makes it compositionally unusual. History Background From the late 1940s to the early 1990s, South Africa was governed by a system known as apartheid, a widely condemned system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination that was based on white supremacy and the repression of the black majority for the benefit of the politically and economically dominant Afrikaner minority and other whites. During this period, South Africa's national anthem was \"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika\", also known as \"Die Stem\", an Afrikaans-language song that chronicled the Voortrekkers and their \"Great Trek\". \"Die Stem\" is a poem written by C. J. Langenhoven in 1918 and was set to music by Marthinus Lourens de Villiers in 1921. \"Die Stem\" () was the co-national anthem with \"God Save the King\" between 1938 and 1957, when it became the sole national anthem until 1994. \"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika\" () was composed of eight stanzas: the original four in Afrikaans and four in English - a translation of the Afrikaans with a few modifications. It was seldom sung in its entirety; usually, the first stanza was the most widely known and sung sometimes followed by the last stanza. When apartheid came to an end in the early 1990s, the future of \"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika\" was called into question. It was ultimately retained as the national anthem, though \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\", a Xhosa language song that was used by the anti-apartheid movement, was also introduced and adopted as a second national anthem of equal standing. \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\" was composed by a Methodist school teacher named Enoch Sontonga in 1897. It was first sung as a church hymn but",
"title": "National anthem of South Africa"
},
{
"docid": "179970",
"text": "\"\" (; \"God be with our Suriname\"), or \"\" (\"Rise, countrymen\" in Sranan Tongo), is the national anthem of Suriname. It has two verses: the first in Dutch and the second in Sranan Tongo. History The original version of the anthem was written by Cornelis Atses Hoekstra in 1893 and based on a 1876 melody by Johannes Corstianus de Puy. It was written to replace the old anthem \"Wien Neêrlands Bloed\". The anthem did not have an official status. In 1959, the Government of Suriname appointed Surinamese writer Henri Frans de Ziel to add a stanza about the unity of the country to Hoekstra's anthem. De Ziel was concerned about the negative nuance in the original and started to transform the anthem into a positive message. He combined this with a poem he wrote in Sranan Tongo on the death of Ronald Elwin Kappel. His anthem was unanimously approved by the Government of Suriname on 7 December 1959. De Ziel originally used a melody by Surinamese composer Johannes Helstone, however the government preferred the original 1876 melody. Lyrics Notes References External links MP3 version South American anthems Music of Suriname National symbols of Suriname National anthems Songs in Dutch 1893 songs",
"title": "God zij met ons Suriname"
},
{
"docid": "12759696",
"text": "\"D'ye ken John Peel?\" – which translates to \"Do you know John Peel?\" – is a famous Cumberland hunting song written around 1824 by John Woodcock Graves (1795–1886) in celebration of his friend John Peel (1776–1854), an English fox hunter from the Lake District. The melody is said to be a contrafactum of a popular border rant, \"Bonnie Annie.\" A different version, the one that endures today, was musically adapted in 1869 by William Metcalfe (1829–1909), the organist and choirmaster of Carlisle Cathedral. The tune etymology has a long history that has been traced back to 1695 and attributed to adaptations – one in particular, from the 20th century, the 1939 jingle, \"Pepsi-Cola Hits the Spot.\" History John Graves, who wrote it in the Cumbrian dialect, tinkered with the words over the years and several versions are known. George Coward, a Carlisle bookseller who wrote under the pseudonym Sidney Gilpin, rewrote the lyrics with Graves' approval, translating them from their original broad Cumberland dialect to Anglian; and in 1866, he published them in the book, Songs and Ballads of Cumberland. Another song written by Graves mentions one of John's brothers, Askew Peel (1789–1854), a horsedealer who also lived in Caldbeck. \"D'ye ken John Peel?\" was first sung in 1824 in Gate House in Caldbeck in John Graves’ home to the tune of the Border rant \"Bonnie Annie.\" A different musical version was composed in 1869 by William Metcalfe, a conductor, composer, and lay clerk of Carlisle Cathedral. His arrangement – lauded as more musical than the traditional melody – became popular in London and was widely published. In 1906, the song was published in The National Song Book, but with a tune closer to Bonnie Annie – and that version is the most widely known today. English counties have no official anthem. However, \"D'ye ken John Peel?\" is commonly regarded as a kind of unofficial anthem of Cumberland and the region. Etymology and other uses British musicologist Ann Gilchrist (1863–1954) and Canadian folklorist Edith Fowke (1913–1996) trace the use of the tune and lyrics in other songs and poems, including: <li> \"Red House,\" first published in 1695 by John Playford (1623–1686/7) in The Dancing Master (9th ed.) Aka: \"Where will Our Good Man Lay?\" \"Where/Whar Wad Our Gudman/Bonny Annie Lye/Laye\" <li> \"Where/Whar wad our Guidman Lie\" \"Where Will Our Goodman Laye,\" published in Oswald's Caledonian Pocket Companion for the Flute (Vol. 2) (c. 1750), published by James Oswald (1710–1769) From the 1729 opera, Polly, Act I, Scene VIII, Air 9, the song \"Red House,\" being the same version published in The Dancing Master <li> \"Address to the Woodlark,\" by Robert Burns (1759–1796) <li> \"0! What Can Make My Annie Sigh?\" by John Anderson <li> The words, \"Where wad bonny Anne lye?,\" in the song, \"The Cordial,\" sung to the tune \"Where Should Our Goodman Ly?\" Published 1 January 1724, in Allan Ramsay's Tea-Table Miscellany: Or A Collection of Choice Songs, Scots and English (11th ed.) (Vol. 1 of 4) English-turned-American",
"title": "D'ye ken John Peel (song)"
},
{
"docid": "20951517",
"text": "Eliza Flower (1803 – 12 December 1846) was a British musician and composer. In addition to her own work, Flower became known for her friendships including those with William Johnson Fox, Robert Browning, John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor. Biography Flower was born at Harlow, Essex in 1803 to radical journalist Benjamin Flower and philanthropist Eliza Gould. Her younger sister was the poet Sarah Fuller Flower Adams. From the age of four, Eliza Flower showed a promising aptitude for music and composition. Flower, her father and her sister were all regular contributors to Unitarian minister William Johnson Fox's periodical the Monthly Repository. Following Benjamin Flower's death, Eliza and Sarah lived with Fox as his wards until Sarah's marriage in 1834 to William Bridges Adams, and Eliza's death in 1846. Fox was married (and separated) and his friendship with Eliza Flower, and their living arrangements, though platonic, brought rumour and social ostracism towards her. Flower and Fox were friends with unmarried couple, politician and philosopher John Stuart Mill and women's rights advocate Harriet Taylor. Flower's first published musical work was Four Musical Illustrations of the Waverley Novels in 1831, setting to music several of Sir Walter Scott's romantic songs. She later wrote music for works by her sister, including her hymn \"Nearer, My God, to Thee\", which formed part of a collection by Fox called Hymns and Anthems. Her chorus Now pray we for our Country achieved some popularity. She wrote music sung at the funeral of Hindu reformist Ram Mohan Roy. During her lifetime, reviewers considered her the greatest female composer. The Musical Times of January 1846 says – \"The selection of Sacred Music from the works of Miss Eliza Flower was repeated to a very full audience on the 10th at Crosby Hall, and highly delighted a very crowded audience\". Flower died on 12 December 1846 from consumption while at Hurstpierpoint, near Brighton. Friendship with Robert Browning Flower and her sister Sarah became acquainted with the young poet Robert Browning. Flower was shown a manuscript of Browning's Incondita, a collection of poems written at the age of 12, by his mother. Impressed, Flower showed them to W. J. Fox. Fox also liked the poems but convinced Browning that they were not good enough for publication. The poems were eventually destroyed by Browning, with much of his other work, in 1884. Browning developed a boyish love for Flower, nine years his senior, and remained fond of her until her death. She was the inspiration for his poem \"Pauline\". Works 1831: Four Musical Illustrations of the Waverley Novels 1832: \"The Gathering of the Unions\" 1834: Songs of the Seasons 1841: Hymns and Anthems (including \"Nearer, My God, to Thee\") References 1803 births 1846 deaths 19th-century British composers 19th-century English musicians English composers People associated with Conway Hall Ethical Society People from Harlow 19th-century women composers Tuberculosis deaths in England 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis",
"title": "Eliza Flower"
},
{
"docid": "22717347",
"text": "\"\" (Children's Hymn) is a poem by Bertolt Brecht, written in 1950 and set to music by Hanns Eisler in the same year. History The hymn was Brecht's response to the \"\", which he believed to be corrupted by the Third Reich and whose third stanza became the national anthem of West Germany in 1950. There are several allusions to the \"\": \"From the Meuse to the Memel, / From the Adige to the Belt\" vs. Brecht's \"From the ocean to the Alps, / From the Oder to the Rhine\", or \"Germany, Germany above all\" vs. \"we desire to be not above, and not below other peoples\". East Germany already had an anthem by the time Brecht wrote the poem and West Germany was in the process of re-adapting the third stanza of the Deutschlandlied as the national anthem by then – Brecht's writing of the text was a reaction in part to West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer having the song played at official functions in 1950. The verse form and the rhyme scheme are similar to both the \"\" and \"\", the national anthem of East Germany. Accordingly, the three lyrics can be combined with the melodies. In order to create a new all-German national anthem during the German reunification, several public campaigns supported the use of the \"\". However, those suggestions were overruled; the hymn remained the same. While the Basic Law of Germany establishes a coat of arms and flag, the constitution is silent on the national anthem. The anthem was decided upon and reconfirmed not by the usual legislative process but by an exchange of open letters between chancellor and president (Konrad Adenauer and Theodor Heuss in the early years of West Germany, and Helmut Kohl writing to Richard von Weizsäcker following reunification). It is therefore unclear which act – if any – could make the children's hymn Germany's national anthem. Text Note that the English translation is poetic, not literal. Translation Grace do not spare nor labour, Nor passion nor reason, That a good Germany may flourish Like another good country. That the nations may not turn pale As in front of a robber, But reach out their hands To us like to other peoples. And neither above and nor below Other peoples we want to be From the sea to the Alps, From the Oder to the Rhine. And because we improve this land, We love and protect it. And the dearest may it seem to us As to other peoples theirs. See also 1950 in poetry References External links Text Songs with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht Compositions by Hanns Eisler German poems 1950 poems 1950 songs German patriotic songs",
"title": "Kinderhymne"
},
{
"docid": "11629194",
"text": "\"Tarana-e-Milli\" () or \"Anthem of the Community\" is an enthusiastic poem in which Allama Mohammad Iqbal paid tribute to the Muslim Ummah (nation) and said that Islam is the religion of the world. He recognized all Muslims anywhere in the world as part of a single nation, whose leader is Muhammad, the prophet of the Muslims. Iqbal wrote the poem a few years after writing a poem written in the same meter and rhyme scheme call Tarana-e-Hindi (More commonly known as Sare Jahan Se Accha). In this time, Iqbal's world view had changed dramatically, Tarana-E-Hindi is an old song that glorifies the land of India or (Modern day comprising India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) and the people who live in it; it also suggests that people should not divided by religion and should instead be connected by a common national identity. \"Tarana-E-Milli\", on the other hand, argues that a global, Islamic community should come above all and even warns against a nationalistic world view. This reflects the dramatic change in Iqbal's views, and his support for the Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement. Poem Urdu text Roman Transliteration Chin o Arab hamaraa hindostaaN hamaara Muslim hain hum; watan hai saara jahaaN hamaara tawheed ki amaanat seenoN meiN hai hamaarey aasaaN naheeN miTaana naam o nishaaN hamaara dunyaN ke but-kadoN meiN pahlaa who ghar KHUDA kaa hum uskey paasbaaN haiN who paasbaaN hamaara tayghon key saaye meiN hum, pal kar jawaaN huwey haiN khanjar hilaal kaa hai qawmi nishaaN hamaara maghrib ki waadiyoN meiN guunji azaaN hamaari thamata na thaa kisee se sayl rawaaN hamaara baatil se dabney waaley ay aasmaaN nahiN hum sau baar kar chukaa hai tu imtihaaN hamaara ay gulsitaan e andalus! who din haiN yaad tujh ko thaa teri DaaliyoN par jab aashiyaaN hamaara ay mawjey dajlah! tu bhi pahchaanti hai hum ko ab tak hai tera daryaa afsaana khwaaN hamaara ay arz e paak! teri hurmat pey kaT marey hum hai khooN teri ragoN meiN ab tak rawaaN hamaara saalaar e kaarwaaN hai Mir e Hijaz apnaa is naam se hai baaqi aaraam e jaaN hamaara Iqbal kaa taraana baang e daraa hai goyaa hotaa hai jaadah paymaa phir kaarwaaN hamaara English Translation Chin (which refers to China or Chinese Turkestan) is ours, Arabia is ours, India is ours We are Muslims and the whole world is ours The treasure of tawhid is in our hearts, It is not easy to wipe out our name and mark. The first house we have liberated from idols is the Ka'abah; We are its custodians, and It is our protector We have grown up in the shadows of swords, Our mascot is the crescent shaped dagger Our prayer calls have reverberated in the valleys of the west, The force of our flow could not be stopped by anyone O the skies! we will not be subdued by falsehood, You have tried (our steadfasteness) a hundred times! O, the garden of Andalusia! do you remember those days - When our abode",
"title": "Tarana-e-Milli"
},
{
"docid": "756363",
"text": "Henning Jakob Henrik Lund or Intel'eraq (1875–1948) was a Greenlandic lyricist, painter, and pastor. He wrote the lyrics to \"Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit,\" in the indigenous Greenlandic language, an Eskimo–Aleut language. The song was adopted as the national anthem of Greenland. Background Henrik Lund was born on 29 September 1875 in Nanortalik, a village on the southwest coast of Greenland. He grew up near a community of relocated East Greenlandic Inuit and, like many in his family, devoted himself to work in East Greenland. Lund was of mixed Inuit and Danish descent, described as having Greenlandic features and bluish-grey eyes. His wife was Malene Lund, who was born in 1877 and died in 1979. He learned to love music and poetry through his family and a local German Moravian mission. His father, Isak Lund, was a head catechist and a poet, whose patriotic sentiments are evident in his works, such as the poem \"Nuna Tassa Tupingnartoq\" or \"This Is a Wonderful Country.\" Career After attending the Danish Lutheran seminary in Godthaab, Lund became the catechist at Angmagssalik in East Greenland in 1900. In 1909, he returned home to West Greenland. He was ordained as a pastor on October 9, 1936, at the Cathedral of Our Lady in Copenhagen, Denmark. Ultimately, he became the local pastor at Narssaq. From 1923 to 1932, Lund was elected to the South Greenland provincial council. He also painted in oils and watercolor. Poetry and song He composed hymns in the Greenlandic language, which were published in 1909, 1930, 1937, and 1945. The second issue of a Greenlandic songbook, Erinarssûtit features his first published poetry, including \"Upernalermat\" or \"As Spring Is Coming.\" Later issues of this songbook include more of his poetry–some secular in nature. His poems can be classified as epic or didactic. One poem, \"Igdlugssaq Nápagaungmat\" or \"When the House Was Built,\" details the seemingly minor event of constructing a home in Angmagssalik. While not overtly heroic, this action will be useful and demonstrated community affection. In \"Nunat Asingagingmata\" or \"When the Countries Again Turned Pale,\" Lund writes: \"We will soon see the country covered with snow, dressed in the garment of the sorrow, and crying in the storm after having bidden good-bye to all the small birds.\" National anthem Lund's patriotic poem, \"Nunarput Utoqqarsuanngoravit\" or \"Our Country Who's Become So Old,\" was written in 1912 and later set to music by Jonathan Petersen (1891–1960). The song was adopted as the national anthem of Greenland in 1916.<ref>\"About Greenland: Literature Music Theatre.\" Denmark.dk.\" (retrieved 11 Nov 2009)</ref> The lyrics translated from the Greenlandic language into English prose are: Our country, when you grew very old, your head was crowned with white hair. You carried steadfast your children in your arms and gave them what belonged to your coastland. We who here grew up with you as an immature people, as small children, we want to call ourselves kalâtdlit in front of your honorable head! And making use of all that belongs to you, we feel a desire",
"title": "Henning Jakob Henrik Lund"
},
{
"docid": "303534",
"text": "Sergey Vladimirovich Mikhalkov (; 27 August 2009) was a Soviet and Russian author of children's books and satirical fables. He wrote the lyrics for the Soviet and Russian national anthems. Life and career Born in Moscow, into the noble Mikhalkov family, as the son of Vladimir Aleksandrovich Mikhalkov and Olga Mikhailovna (née Glebova). Since the 1930s, he has rivaled Korney Chukovsky, Samuil Marshak and Agniya Barto as the most popular poet writing for Russophone children. His poems about enormously tall \"Uncle Styopa\" (\"Дядя Стёпа\") enjoyed particular popularity. Uncle Styopa is a friendly policeman always ready to rescue cats stuck up trees, and to perform other helpful deeds. In English, his name translates as Uncle Steeple. As a 29-year-old in 1942, Mikhalkov's work drew the attention of the Soviet Union's leader Joseph Stalin, who commissioned him to write lyrics for a new national anthem. At the time, the country was deeply embroiled in World War II and Stalin wanted a more patriotic theme for the national anthem, to replace The Internationale. Mikhalkov penned words with writer El-Registan (1899–1945) to accompany a musical score by the composer Alexander Alexandrov (1883–1946) that became known as State Anthem of the Soviet Union. The new anthem was presented to Stalin in the summer of 1943 and was introduced as the country's new anthem on 1 January 1944. Upon the death of Stalin in 1953, the lyrics, which mentioned him by name, were discarded during the process of de-Stalinization and the anthem continued to be used without words. Mikhalkov wrote new lyrics in 1970, but they were not submitted to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet until 27 May 1977. The new lyrics, which removed any reference to Stalin, were approved on 1 September and were made official with the printing of the new Soviet Constitution in October 1977. During the Soviet era, Mikhalkov and his wife, Natalia Konchalovskaya, sometimes worked for the KGB, for example by presenting undercover KGB staff officers to foreign diplomats, as in the case of French ambassador Maurice Dejean, who was compromised by the KGB in the 1950s. His younger brother Mikhail Mikhalkov was also a notable writer as well as a KGB agent. Use of the Soviet anthem, with Mikhalkov's lyrics, continued until 1991, when it was retired by President Boris Yeltsin after the USSR dissolved. However, when Vladimir Putin took over from Yeltsin in 2000, he began to clamor for a restoration of Alexandrov's music in place of Yeltsin's choice. Mikhalkov was 87 years old by this time and long since retired; in fact, younger Russian generations likely knew him better as the father of popular filmmakers Nikita Mikhalkov and Andrei Konchalovsky, the latter of which had dropped part of his name \"Mikhalkov-Konchalovsky\" when he left Russia. But when Putin's push to restore the old anthem began to pick up momentum, Mikhalkov decided to write new lyrics to go with Alexandrov's score. The result was the National Anthem of Russia, which was officially adopted on 30 December 2000. Apart",
"title": "Sergey Mikhalkov"
},
{
"docid": "250516",
"text": "\"\" (, ; \"Our Fatherland\") is the national anthem of Armenia. It was arranged by Barsegh Kanachyan; the lyrics were written by Mikayel Nalbandian. First adopted in 1918 as the anthem of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia, it was subsequently banned after the country was invaded by then incorporated into the Soviet Union. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the restoration of sovereignty in 1991, the song was re-adopted as the national anthem, albeit with slightly modified lyrics. History Composition and first republic (until 1920) The lyrics of \"\" were derived from \"The Song of an Italian Girl\", a poem written by Mikael Nalbandian in 1861. (), It is more well known by its incipit, \"\" (\"Our Fatherland\"). In the early 20th century, the music was composed by Barsegh Kanachyan. Subsequently, both the lyrics and music were adopted as the national anthem of the First Republic of Armenia, which briefly existed from 1918 to 1920. Soviet era (1920–91) The Red Army invaded Armenia in November 1920, in spite of the Treaty of Sèvres – which granted the country international recognition as a sovereign state – having been signed only three months earlier. In 1922, it was absorbed into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (TSFSR), together with Azerbaijan and Georgia, and the TSFSR subsequently became part of the Soviet Union at the end of that same year. As an unmistakable symbol of Armenian nationalism, \"\" was outlawed by the Bolshevik authorities. In its place, the Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was utilized from 1944 onwards. Because of this, \"\" took on a new status as a protest song against Soviet rule during this time. Restoration of sovereignty and beyond (1991–present) \"\" was reinstated as Armenia's national anthem on 1 July 1991 by the constituent republic's Supreme Soviet. The lyrics are not identical to the 1918 version, however, because several of the words have been modified. As an intrinsic element of civic education in Armenia, the anthem is one of several national symbols which feature prominently in the classrooms of the country's schools. By dignifying the song in this manner, teachers reckon that this \"encourage[s] students to sing the national anthem every day\". A debate of the national anthem was a question in the Armenian Parliament in 2006 and 2019. The new government had called for the restoration of the Soviet era anthem with newer lyrics in its place. The italian violist Marco Misciagna composed the \"Introduction and Variations on Mer Hayrenik” for viola solo and in 2018 he played it during a concert at the Komitas Chamber Music House. Lyrics The lyrics of \"\" promotes the worthiness of \"dying for the freedom\" of Armenia. Its discussion of death, however, has led several commentators to complain that the anthem is overly \"wimpy\" and \"gloomy\". Specifically, some members of the National Assembly are of the opinion that the song – written at the time of the first fight for independence – does not accurately reflect the present",
"title": "Mer Hayrenik"
},
{
"docid": "14641946",
"text": "List of Malaysian patriotic songs National \"Negaraku\" (National anthem) \"Jalur Gemilang\" (Flag anthem) \"Malaysiaku Gemilang\" (\"Glory of My Malaysia\" - The Anthem for the 50th Merdeka Day) \"Perpaduan Teras Kejayaan\" (\"Unity Is The Core of Success\" - The Anthem for the 51st Merdeka Day) \"Satu Malaysia\" (\"One Malaysia\" - The Anthem for the 52nd Merdeka Day) \"Malaysiaku Berdaulat Tanah Tumpahnya Darahku\" (\"My Sovereign Malaysia, My Native Land\") - The Anthem for the 56th Merdeka Day) \"Malaysia, Disini Lahirnya Sebuah Cinta\" (\"Malaysia, Where the Love Is Born\" - The Anthem for the 57th Merdeka Day) \"Sehati Sejiwa\" (The Anthem for the 58th Merdeka Day) \"Kita Satu Malaysia\" (\"We Are One Malaysia\") \"Gemilangku Malaysia\" (\"Malaysia Our Glory\") \"Benderaku\" (\"Our Flag\") \"Setia Malaysia\" (Loyal Malaysia) \"Keranamu Malaysia\" (\"For You Malaysia\") by Abang Lan \"Setia\" (\"Loyal\") - by Dato Ahmad Dassilah. \"Rukun Negara\" (Ideology songs) \"Perajurit Tanah Air\" aka \"Inilah Barisan Kita\" (\"This is Our Team\") \"Malaysia Berjaya\" (\"Malaysia Success\") \"Pahlawanku\" (\"Our Ranger\") - by Siti Nurhaliza \"Warna-Warna Malaysiaku\" - by Siti Nurhaliza \"Satu Malaysia\" (\"One Malaysia\") - by Siti Nurhaliza \"Budi Bahasa Budaya Kita\" - by Siti Nurhaliza \"Hati\" - by Siti Nurhaliza from the film 1957 Hati Malaya \"Berkorban Apa Sahaja\" (\"Do Anything\") - by P. Ramlee from the film Hang Tuah \"Perwira\" (\"Super\") - by Saloma \"Zapin Malaysia\" - by P. Ramlee and Saloma \"Joget Malaysia\" - by P. Ramlee and Saloma \"Sekapur Sirih Seulas Pinang\" - by Saloma \"Bahtera Merdeka\" - by Aishah \"Bumi Bertuah, Malaysia\" - by Jamal Abdillah \"Namamu Tetap Gemilang\" - by Jamal Abdillah \"Berkorban Apa Sahaja\" (\"Do Anything\") - by Jamal Abdillah from the film Tuah \"Kau Pergi Demi Pertiwi\" - by Jamal Abdillah \"Takkan Melayu Hilang di Dunia\" - by Sharifah Aini \"Malaysia Indah\" - by Khatijah Ibrahim \"Sejahtera Malaysia\" \"Malaysia Oh Tanahairku \" (Malaysia, Oh Our Land\") \"Selamat Pergi Pahlawanku\" \"Bumi Malaysia\" \"Tanggal 31 Ogos\" (National day songs) - by Sudirman Arshad \"Tegakkan Bendera Kita\" (\"Raise Our Flag\") - by Sudirman Arshad \"Di Bumi Bertuah\" - by Sudirman Arshad \"Warisan\" - by Sudirman Arshad \"Bapak\" - by Sudirman Arshad (special tribute to the Father of Independence, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj) \"Malaysia, Tanah Airku\" \"Malaysia Baru\" (\"New Malaysia\") \"Bersatu Berdisiplin\" \"Dirgahayu Oh Tanahairku\" \"Kemegahan Negaraku\" (Pride of the Nation) \"Perpaduan Bangsa\" \"Malaysia Berjaya\" \"Tanahairku\" \"Tanah Pusaka\" \"Jaya Diri\" \"Berjaya\" \"Cemerlang, Gemilang, Terbilang\" \"Wawasan 2020\" (\"Vision 2020\") \"Gagah Perkasa\" \"Si Baju Hijau\" (\"The Man in Green\") - by Carefree \"Di Medan Ini\" - by Awie \"Tanda\" - by Awie \"Gemilang\" - by Ella \"Standing in the Eyes of the World\" - by Ella \"Redha Kemenangan\" - by Amy Search \"Malaysiaku Tercinta\" \"Sehati Sejiwa Malaysia\" \"Cinta Setia\" \"Permainya Bumi Malaysia\" \"Perjuangan Yang Belum Selesai\" - poem songs by Nora \"Malaysia Boleh!\" \"Kami Anak Malaysia\" aka \"Proud To Be Malaysian\" - both Malay and English version \"Untukmu Malaysia \"For You Malaysia\" \"Mulanya Di Sini\" (\"It All Starts Here\") - by Freedom \"Here in My Home\" - by Malaysian Artists for Unity (MAFU), May 2008. An anti-racism song",
"title": "List of Malaysian patriotic songs"
},
{
"docid": "277541",
"text": "\"Cup of Solid Gold\", adopted by the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) on 4 October 1911, was the first official national anthem of China. The title wishes for the stability of the \"golden cup,\" a ritual instrument that symbolized the empire. Six days after the anthem was adopted, the Wuchang Uprising took place and quickly led to the fall of the Qing Dynasty. Background: non-official anthems Chinese dynasties used music for various ceremonies, but never had official anthems representing the country. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, Qing China was constantly in contact with foreign countries and started to require a national anthem \"for diplomatic convenience.\" Qing diplomats were one of the first to suggest adopting an official anthem. Zeng Jize (1839–1890) — eldest son of statesman Zeng Guofan — was the Qing envoy to France, Britain, and Russia for several years starting in 1878. Around 1880, he composed a song called Pu Tian Yue to be played as China's anthem in various state ceremonies and suggested the Qing adopt it as its official anthem, but the court did not approve. That song's lyrics and melody have both been lost for a very long time. However, an instrumental version of the anthem has been found and a part of what is seemingly the lyrics. When Li Hongzhang (1823–1901) visited Western Europe and Russia in 1896 as a special envoy charged with learning about foreign institutions after the disastrous end of the Sino–Japanese War in 1895, he was again asked to provide China's national anthem for performance at state receptions. He hastily adapted some court music to a slightly modified jueju poem by Tang-dynasty (618–907) poet Wang Jian and presented that song as the Qing anthem. That song later became known as the Tune of Li Zhongtang, but was never officially recognized as a national anthem. Another non-official anthem was written for the new Qing ground forces that were established in 1906. Entitled Praise the Dragon Flag, it was played on ceremonial occasions, but like the songs promoted by Zeng Jize and Li Hongzhang, was never officially adopted as the Qing national anthem. A Chinese version of the Japanese national anthem Kimigayo (adopted by the Meiji regime in 1888) was played in the new-style schools that taught modern topics like science and engineering. The Chinese lyrics — \"To unify old territories, our ancient Asian country of four thousand years sighs in sorrow for the Jews, India, and Poland. Reading the history of those who have lost their countries, we shiver in our hearts!\" — emphasized the Social Darwinist themes of ethnic crisis and loss of national territory, but many considered these too far from the usual themes of ceremonial music to be acceptable. The Cup of Solid Gold On 25 January 1911, an official from the Ministry of Rites called Cao Guangquan (曹廣權／曹广权) petitioned the Qing court to adopt a stately \"national music\" (guoyue 國樂／国乐) that could be performed at court ceremonies. He proposed that officials collect both ancient music and",
"title": "Cup of Solid Gold"
},
{
"docid": "66689994",
"text": "\"The Present Crisis\" is an 1845 poem by James Russell Lowell. It was written as a protest against the Mexican–American War. Decades later, it became the inspiration for the title of The Crisis, the magazine published by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Composition and publication history Lowell wrote the poem at a time when the United States government was considering the annexation of Texas as a state allowing slavery, which Lowell and others opposed because it would increase power in the South. Further, he worried that the precedent would be set to expand slavery into California and the southwest. In 1844, John Greenleaf Whittier, a poet actively working for the antislavery movement, asked Lowell to write a poem to inspire others. In a letter to Lowell, Whittier wrote: \"Give me one that shall be to our cause what the song of Rouget de Lisle was to the French Republicans\", referring to \"La Marseillaise\", now the national anthem of France. The result was Lowell's poem, first published as \"Verses Suggested by the Present Crisis\" in the Boston Courier for December 11, 1845, before being included in his compilation Poems as \"The Present Crisis\" in 1848. The poem was immediately successful, both critically and among readers, in part by invoking the country's past as a way to remind people of the present day to strive to be on the right side of history. It rapidly became an anthem of the antislavery movement and was quoted by antislavery leaders such as William Lloyd Garrison and others. Modern scholar Marcus Wood has noted that \"if abolition had a single poetic anthem then this was it\". Lowell also expressed the country's anxiety and distrust during the Mexican–American War in his 1848 satire, The Biglow Papers. In the book, which became immediately popular, Lowell used black comedy to depict what the war meant to the United States and proponents of slavery. Legacy In the summer of 1910, when members of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People were preparing to create a magazine for the organization, Mary White Ovington mentioned Lowell's poem \"The Present Crisis\". A board member responded, \"There is the name of your magazine.\" The publication was titled The Crisis, and W. E. B. Du Bois served as its first editor. Martin Luther King Jr. frequently quoted the poem in his speeches and sermons. The poem was also the source of the hymn \"Once to Every Man and Nation\". On February 11, 2021, an excerpt from \"The Present Crisis\" was quoted by Dr. Barry Black as part of the opening prayer at the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump. References External links \"The Present Crisis\" at Academy of American Poets \"The Present Crisis\" at Hymnary.org 1845 poems American poems Mexican–American War",
"title": "The Present Crisis"
},
{
"docid": "50616913",
"text": "The state anthem of the Republic of Chuvashia (; ), also simply referred to as \"Oh Motherland\" (), is the regional anthem of Chuvashia, a federal subject of Russia. Officially adopted by the state in 1997, the lyrics were written by Ille Toktash, and the music was composed by German Lebedev. History Earlier version An idea aroused in 1905 about creating a new universal anthem. At the time, poet Yakov Turkhan wrote poems to the melody of the Russian Empire anthem, and he published them in the first issue of newspaper Hypar in January 1906. In 1917, priest Taras Kirillov wrote and composed the poem \"\" (). Unsuccessful at first, leader of Chuvash choir in Kazan Tikhon Alekseyev created the anthem in 1918 which garnered support by the entire Chuvash intelligentsia. A version had a melody based on the \"Anthem of Free Russia\" composed by Aleksandr Grechaninov, and a subscript translation was preserved. It was performed in January 1918 (after the end of the Russian Republic) by the Chuvash choir in Kazan after the premiere of the first national play by Maximovich-Koshkinsky, which was based on the play \"Live Not as You Would Like To\" by Alexander Ostrovsky. Its popularity increased and it was performed on all significant events. However, it did not acquire an official status at the time. Modern version The modern version was based on the song \"Oh Motherland\", written in the mid-20th century by Chuvash poet Ille Tuktash and composed by Honored Artist of the RSFSR German Lebedev. The composer German Lebedev created it for Pyotr Osipov's play \"In His Motherland\", which was staged at the Chuvash Academic Theater between 1944 and 1945. After the first performance, the audience was impressed. For the first time, the song acquired its status of an unofficial anthem of Chuvashia on 30 October 1950. Then, in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions in Moscow, the 30th anniversary of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was celebrated. At this solemn evening, the Chuvash State Song and Dance Ensemble performed a song accompanied by a symphony orchestra. The song became an official anthem after the adoption on 1 July 1997 by the State Council of the Chuvash Republic of the Law \"On State Symbols of the Chuvash Republic\", approved and signed by the Head, Nikolay Fyodorov, on 14 July 1997. April 29 is a holiday in the Chuvash Republic which celebrates the day of state symbols of the republic (anthem, emblem and flag – all of which have been celebrated since 2004). It was introduced by the Decree of the President of the Chuvash Republic on 8 April 2004, No. 24 \"On the Day of State Symbols of the Chuvash Republic\", and the Law of the Chuvash Republic on 19 April 2004, No. 1 \"On the Day of State Symbols of the Chuvash Republic\". Lyrics References Notes External links Закон Чувашской Республики от 14 июля 1997 года № 12 «О государственных символах Чувашской Республики» Chuvash Regional songs Compositions in",
"title": "State Anthem of the Chuvash Republic"
},
{
"docid": "217494",
"text": "\"Land of the Free\" is the national anthem of Belize. The words were written by Samuel Alfred Haynes in 1929 based upon Haynes poem “Land of the Gods.” The musical arrangement for “Land of the Gods,” was composed with Selwyn Walford Young in 1930. “Land of the Gods” was changed to “Land of the Free” by the George Cadle Price administration, officially adopted as the National Anthem of Belize in 1981. History and criticism Samuel Haynes Upon the outbreak of the First World War, Haynes enlisted in the British West Indies Regiment. After being discharged at the end of the war, Hayne returned to Belize where he joined various workers' movements in Belize and played a vital role in a riot by ex-servicemen against racial discrimination which occurred 22 July. After the riot was suppressed by the colonial government, Haynes began organising the Belizean branch of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and facilitated the visit of its leader, Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey to Belize. Garvey recruited Haynes to work with him in the United States, a move that rendered the UNIA chapted in Belize leaderless for much of the 1920s and that indirectly contributed to the Isaiah Emmanuel Morter controversy. Haynes most likely wrote the anthem as an answer to colonialism's stifling of Belizeans' identity. The lofty language and uplifting lyrics referenced Belize's former status as a slave society indebted to profits from forestry, linking it to the end of Belize's colonial period, a process that culminated on 21 September 1981. The song was originally titled \"Land of the Gods\", a salute to the proliferation of organised religion in Belize. Exalting by the PUP With the arrival of the nationalist movement led by the People's United Party, the search was on for new symbols of Belizean identity. The PUP had defied the colonial order by singing \"God Bless America\" instead of the royal anthem \"God Save the King\" (or Queen). At independence, the ruling PUP named \"Land of the Free\" Belize's official anthem and played it at emotional independence ceremonies on 21 September. Most Belizeans agreed with the choice but lamented that it had not been put to a vote of Belizean residents. Common complaints since The anthem has come under fire from critics who charge that its language is archaic and does not appeal to a new generation of Belizeans who are in any case too young to remember Samuel Haynes. Some have argued that the anthem is too male-centric. Lyrics such as \"Our manhood we pledge to thy liberty\" suggest the song was originally intended to be sung only by men. Amandala correspondent Naomi Burn suggested that \"manhood\" be replaced by \"honour\" so that the lyrics would have more relevance for women. It has also been noted that women are never mentioned in the anthem, only men. A 1998 survey of approximately 2,000 Belizean women asked how important it was to include women in the national anthem. 14.6% answered \"most important\", 19.7% answered \"somewhat important\", and 63.4%",
"title": "Land of the Free (anthem)"
},
{
"docid": "3307363",
"text": "Antun Mihanović (10 June 1796 – 14 November 1861) was a Croatian poet and lyricist, most famous for writing the national anthem of Croatia, which was put to music by Josif Runjanin and adopted in 1891. Klanjec, his birthplace, holds a monument to him and a gallery of his works. Mihanović studied law and worked as a military judge. After engaging in diplomacy, he was the Austrian consul in Belgrade, Thessaloniki, Smyrna, Istanbul and Bucharest. He retired in 1858 as a minister counselor, and lived in Novi Dvori until his death. The poem which would become the Croatian anthem was Horvatska domovina. It was first published in the cultural magazine Danica ilirska, No. 10, edited by Ljudevit Gaj, in 1835. The anthem itself would become known as Lijepa naša (Our Beautiful), since those are the first two words of the poem. Mihanović also wrote a small but important book, Rěč domovini o hasnovitosti pisanja vu domorodnom jeziku (A Word to the Homeland about the Benefits from Writing in Mother Tongue), published in Vienna in 1815. The ideas in this book became one of the foundations of the Illyrian Movement. External links Short biography Mihanović - author of the verses for the Croatian national anthem Our Beautiful Homeland (Lijepa nasa domovino) Part of his life Mihanović spent near the town of Klanjec The Croatian national anthem was written by Mihanović 19th-century Croatian poets People of the Illyrian movement Male lyricists 1796 births 1861 deaths Writers from Zagreb National anthem writers Croatian male poets 19th-century male writers",
"title": "Antun Mihanović"
},
{
"docid": "10666589",
"text": "\"Rufst du, mein Vaterland\" (; \"Call'st thou, my Fatherland\") is the former national anthem of Switzerland. It had the status of de facto national anthem from the formation of Switzerland as a federal state in the 1840s, until 1961, when it was replaced by the Swiss Psalm. The text was written in 1811 by Bernese philosophy professor Johann Rudolf Wyss, as a \"war song for Swiss artillerymen\". It is set to the tune of the British national anthem \"God Save the King\" (c. 1745), a tune which became widely adopted in Europe, first as the German hymn \"Heil, unserm Bunde Heil\" (August Niemann, 1781), somewhat later as \"Heil dir im Siegerkranz\" (Heinrich Harries 1790, originally with Danish lyrics, the German adaptation for use in Prussia dates to 1795), and as anthem of the United States, \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee\" (1831). In Switzerland during the 1840s and 1850s, the hymn was regularly sung at patriotic events and at political conventions. It is referred to as \"the national anthem\" (die Nationalhymne) in 1857, in the contest of a \"serenade\" performed for general Guillaume Henri Dufour. The Scottish physician John Forbes, who visited Switzerland in 1848, likewise reports that the tune of 'God Save the King' \"seems to be adopted as the national anthem of the Swiss also\". As in the American \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee\", the lyrics replace the image of the monarch with that of the fatherland, and the promise to defend it \"with heart and hand\" (mit Herz und Hand), the \"hand\" replacing the \"voice\" praising the king of the original lyrics. The pact to defend the homeland militarily is made explicit in the first verse, The German lyrics were translated into French in 1857, as the result of a competition sponsored by the Societé de Zofingue of Geneva. The competition was won by Henri Roehrich (1837– 1913), at the time a student of philosophy, whose text is less explicitly martial than the German lyrics, beginning \"O free mountains / echo our calls / our songs of liberty\" and comparing the Rütli oath with a Republican Liberty Tree. Yet in spite of the Republican sentiment in the lyrics, the tune remained more strongly associated with royalism and conservativism, and it remained the anthem of the British, the German and the Russian empires. This fact, and the lack of association of the tune with Switzerland in particular, led to the desire to find a replacement, which came in the form of the Swiss Psalm (composed 1841), from 1961 as a provisional experiment, and since 1981 permanently. Lyrics German The poem by Wyss was first printed in 1811 in a collection of \"war songs\" (Kriegslieder), under the title of Vaterlandslied für Schweizerische Kanonier (\"patriotic song for Swiss artillerymen\"). The original poem as printed in 1811 had six verses. From as early as 1819, Wyss' fifth verse was lost, with two final verses added, for a total of seven verses. The first of the added verses makes reference to William Tell,",
"title": "Rufst du, mein Vaterland"
},
{
"docid": "29218140",
"text": "Said Al Muzayin (1935 – 29 March 1991) (Arabic: سعيد المزين) was a Palestinian poet who wrote the lyrics of the Palestinian national anthem. Early life and education Al Muyazin was born in 1935 in Ashdod, Mandatory Palestine, where he was also educated. In 1948, after the Nakba, he migrated to the Gaza Strip, which was occupied by Egypt. Career In Gaza, he operated a printing press, and was arrested by Israelis, before taking part in the early resistance movement in 1956. He later worked as a history teacher, moving in 1957 to Saudi Arabia to teach there. In 1959, he flew to Damascus to work in the Palestinian Liberation Organisation. From 1973 to 1978, he was representative of the Palestinian National Liberation Movement in Saudi Arabia. At an unknown date he wrote the lyrics of \"\", a song set to music by the composer Ali Ismael that in 1996 was made the Palestinian National Anthem by the PLO. Selected literary works \"I'm Steadfast\", poem, \"Tubas\", poem \"Safar al-Saif\", poem \"فدائية\" (Fedayeen), poem في خندق الأخلاق (In the Trench of Ethics), book Essays on the Revolution, book, Cairo, 1986 Safar al-Fath, collection of poems A People Will Not Die, play The House of Our Father, play Al-Mawda, play \"وثيقة الدماء\" (\"The Document of Blood\"), story \"الدورية 96\" (\"The Patrol 96\") Death Al Muzayin died in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on 29 March 1991. References 20th-century Palestinian poets 1935 births 1991 deaths National anthem writers Palestinian male poets Date of birth missing 20th-century male writers Deaths in Saudi Arabia People from Ashdod Palestinian political writers External links Flags, Symbols & Currency Of Palestine (including notes on and lyrics of the national anthem) Palestinian poets",
"title": "Said Al Muzayin"
},
{
"docid": "202800",
"text": "\"\" (\"Our Language\"; ) is the national anthem of Moldova. It has been used since 1994 and was officially adopted on 22 July 1995. For a short period of time in the early 1990s, the national anthem of Moldova was \"Deșteaptă-te, române!\", which was and remains the national anthem of Romania. The lyrics were written by Alexei Mateevici (1888–1917) a month before his death. Mateevici contributed significantly to the national emancipation of Bessarabia. The music was composed by Alexandru Cristea. Lyrics The focus of \"Limba noastră\" is language; in this case, the national language of Moldova, which is referred to as either Romanian or Moldovan. It calls for the people to revive the usage of their native language. The poem does not refer to the language by name; it is poetically called \"our language\". \"Limba noastră\" is based on a twelve-verse poem. For the officially-defined national anthem used today, the verses were selected and reorganised into five verses of four lines each; namely, the first, second, fifth, ninth and twelfth verses, respectively, which are highlighted in bold. Images See also \"Deșteaptă-te, române!\", national anthem of Romania \"Dimãndarea pãrinteascã\", ethnic anthem of the Aromanians Moldovenism Notes References External links Wikisource, \"Limba noastră\", full text of Mateevici's poem State Symbols of the Republic of Moldova – The official page of the Republic of Moldova features a page about the flag and anthem, which include vocal and instrumental versions President's House – The official website of the President of Moldova has a page with information about the anthem. The Romanian version of the page also contains the music score of the anthem. Moldova: Limba noastră – Audio of the national anthem of Moldova, with information and lyrics (archive link) \"Romanian Nationalism in the Republic of Moldova\" by Andrei Panici, American University in Bulgaria, 2002 Moldovan songs National symbols of Moldova European anthems National anthems Songs about language Compositions in F major",
"title": "Limba noastră"
},
{
"docid": "17866450",
"text": "A Song to David, a 1763 poem by Christopher Smart, was, debatably, most likely written during his stay in a mental asylum while he wrote Jubilate Agno. Although it received mixed reviews, it was his most famous work until the discovery of Jubilate Agno. The poem focuses on King David and various aspects of his life, but quickly turns to an emphasis on Christ and Christianity. Background There is no evidence proving that Christopher Smart wrote A Song to David while locked away in a mental asylum for seven years. However, John Langhorne claimed, in the 1763 Monthly Review, \"that it was written when the Author was denied the use of pen, ink, and paper, and was obliged to indent his lines, with the end of a key upon the wainscot.\" It is unlikely that Christopher had to go to such extremes to actually write the poem, but many scholars believe that it was written during his confinement. However, Christopher Hunter, Christopher Smart's nephew, claims: \"our Author wrote a Poem called a Song to David, and a new Version of the Psalms: he also translated the Works of Horace, and the Fables of Phaedrus into English Metre; and versified our Saviour's Parables. These, with two small pamphlets of Poems, were written after his confinement, and bear for the most part melancholy proofs of the recent estrangement of his mind.\" One of Christopher Smart's biographers, Arthur Sherbo, claims that the A Song to David, the translation of the Psalms, and Hymns and Spiritual Songs were \"largely composed between March, 1759, and August 26, 1760.\" The first publication was advertised on 6 April 1763. Smart later republished the work in his 1765 A Translation of the Psalms of David, Attempted in the Spirit of Christianity, and Adapted to the Divine Service, which included a translation of the Psalms and Christopher Smart's Hymns and Spiritual Songs. Later, A Song to David was not included in a collection of Christopher Smart's works by either Christopher Hunter, his nephew, or Elizabeth LeNoir, his daughter. Neither of Christopher Smart's anthologies, Anderson and Chalmers, could find a complete edition of the work. The text was then lost until the 1819 and 1827 editions of the poem. Four stanzas of the poem were set as the anthem \"Praise Above All, for Praise Prevails\" by the British composer Malcolm Archer specifically to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Parish Church of St. Helena, Beaufort, South Carolina, in 2012. Christopher's A Song to David is an attempt to bridge poetry written by humans and divinely inspired Biblical poetry. The Biblical David plays an important role in this poem just like he played an important role in Jubilate Agno However, David in Jubilate Agno is an image of the creative power of poetry whereas he becomes a fully realized model of the religious poet. By focusing on David, Christopher is able to tap into the \"heavenly language.\" However, the true life of the poem comes later when Christ",
"title": "A Song to David"
},
{
"docid": "1200978",
"text": "\"God Save Our Solomon Islands\" is the national anthem of Solomon Islands. It was adopted in 1978 following independence. The lyrics were authored by Fijian-born husband and wife Panapasa and Matila Balekana, and the music was composed by Panapasa. History The anthem was composed by Fijian-born Panapasa Balekana (1929–2009) and authored together with his wife, Matila. In the run-up to independence on 7 July 1978, the government of Solomon Islands decided that it needed a national anthem for the occasion. The government announced on the radio that it would accept submissions from the general public for a new anthem. Balekana, who had moved to Solomon Islands in 1953 to work as a government mechanic, and his wife, Matila, decided to jointly enter the competition as a team. The couple agreed that the new anthem should be in the form of a prayer, asking God to support and guide the new island nation. Balekana claimed in interviews to have received his inspiration for the anthem in a dream. After he woke up from the dream, Balekana and his wife immediately began writing words and lyrics, as well as composing the tune. Panapasa and Matila Balekana co-wrote the lyrics for the anthem, while Panapasa composed the accompanying music. The couple credited prayer and God for their success in creating the anthem, noting how well the song came together. Once the lyrics and music had been composed, Panapasa and Matila received help recording the prospective anthem from the Wesley United Church choir at the couple's own congregation. The choir sang the song for the first time, which was recorded on tape and submitted to competition officials. The Balekanas' submission, \"God Save Our Solomon Islands\", won the competition, for which Panapasa was awarded SI$250 for the lyrics and music each, and became the national anthem of the Solomon Islands. It was sung on the country's first independence day, 7 July 1978. Balekana was overjoyed and explained the importance of the anthem and its meaning: Solomon Islands national anthem was written in a form of prayer asking God for safekeeping and protection of our new nation. By the power and grace of God, we may receive joy, peace, progress and prosperity, if only we can be able to work together in harmony. These may be the foundation of building our nation, as we can be rest assured that we will reach our destinationstands forever more. Lyrics See also \"Walkabout long Chinatown\", a folksong which the government describes as the national song of Solomon Islands. Notes References External links God Save Our Solomon Islands | Audio of the national anthem of Solomon Islands, with information and lyrics (archive link) National anthem of Solomon Islands MIDI Oceanian anthems National symbols of the Solomon Islands Solomon Islands songs National anthems 1978 songs",
"title": "God Save Our Solomon Islands"
},
{
"docid": "47330179",
"text": "(\"When our Fathers Broke Their Chains\") was the unofficial national anthem of Haiti from 1893 to 1903. The lyrics were written by Oswald Durand, a Haitian writer and poet. History The was originally a poem written by Oswald Durand. In 1893, a visiting German warship set course to the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince to stopover and by protocol that required that a national anthem be performed. At the time, Haiti did not have an anthem, so the composer Occide Jeanty offered to compose music to the patriotic poem and it was completed later that night. It debuted aboard the ship. It remained as an unofficial national anthem until officially became the national anthem commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Haitian Revolution on January 1, 1904. The anthem still remains in use as a presidential salute. Lyrics See also La Dessalinienne Flag of Haiti Haïti Chérie Music of Haiti References 1893 songs Haitian songs Songs in French Haitian patriotic songs National symbols of Haiti",
"title": "Quand nos Aïeux brisèrent leurs entraves"
},
{
"docid": "23582883",
"text": "\"\" (; English translation: Be Blessed Without End), also known as the \"Kernstock-Hymne\", is a German language song that was the national anthem of Austria from 1929 until 1938. Written by Ottokar Kernstock, it was sung to the famous tune of the imperial Austrian anthem, \"\" by Joseph Haydn, later known as the tune of the \"\", which since 1922 has been the national anthem of Germany. History The first but unofficial anthem of the First Austrian Republic was Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land (\"German-Austria, you Glorious Land\"). Written in 1920 by Karl Renner and set to music by Wilhelm Kienzl, the patriotic song was not able to successfully compete against the former imperial anthem and especially the latter's famous tune by Joseph Haydn. In 1929, a new anthem was introduced that was sung to this popular tune and whose text stemmed from Ottokar Kernstock, who had written it in 1920. The third verse of the poem was, however, excluded from the official status as national anthem. The song remained in use in both the First Republic and the Federal State of Austria but became obsolete in 1938, when Austria joined the German Reich. It was not the only proposal for a new Austrian national anthem. Anton Wildgans asked Richard Strauss to set one of his poems, Österreichisches Lied (\"Austrian Song\"), to music. Although Strauss did so, the music to the poem did not become popular. Here are excerpts of the poem: The introduction of the Kernstockhymne actually led to chaos, as everyone sang different lyrics to the same tune, depending on their political standpoints. The school council of Vienna decreed that people should sing Deutschland über alles, the Ministry of Education demanded for everyone to sing the Kernstockhymne. Consequently, people sang the anthem that fitted their personal political views: the former imperial anthem, the Kernstockhymne, or the , which often led to dissonance when the national anthem was sung publicly. Since 1936, it had become customary to also sing the Lied der Jugend as part of the national anthem, thus honouring the murdered chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß. As the Kernstockhymne had never gained popularity, no attempt was made to reinstate it as the national anthem after World War II. See also List of historical national anthems Land der Berge, Land am Strome Dem Vaterland Deutschlandlied Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land References External links Audio sample Official audio recording Peter Diem: Die Symbole Österreichs (in German) Historical national anthems German patriotic songs National symbols of Austria European anthems Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser",
"title": "Sei gesegnet ohne Ende"
},
{
"docid": "489833",
"text": "\"\" (; literally \"The National Hymn\") is the national anthem of Lithuania, also known by its opening words, \"\" (official translation of the lyrics: \"Lithuania, Our Homeland\", literally: \"Lithuania, Our Fatherland\"), and as \"\" (\"The National Anthem of Lithuania\"). The music and lyrics were written in 1898 by Vincas Kudirka, when Lithuania was still part of the Russian Empire. The fifty-word poem was a condensation of Kudirka's conceptions of the Lithuanian state, the Lithuanian people, and their past. Shortly before his death in 1899, the anthem was performed for Lithuanians living in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The first public Lithuanian performance of the anthem took place in Vilnius in 1905, and it became the official national anthem in 1919, a year after Lithuania declared its independence. \"Tautiška giesmė\" was reinstated in 1989 shortly before the reestablishment of Lithuanian independence and confirmed in the National Anthem Act (21 October 1991). It was automatically included as the national anthem in 1992, when the new Constitution was ratified after independence from the Soviet Union was achieved. The status of \"Tautiška giesmė\" as the national anthem of Lithuania was further confirmed in 1999 with the passage of a national law stating this. Creation At the time when the poem Lietuva, Tėvyne mūsų was written, Lithuania was part of the Russian Empire. Kudirka, a medical student at the University of Warsaw, was writing as a columnist for the newspaper Varpas (The Bell). In his Varpas columns, Kudirka urged Lithuanians to take pride in their heritage, discussed the problems the Russian Government was causing the Lithuanian population, and denounced those who wished to work for the Tsarist autocracy. In the course of writing for Varpas, he wrote down his thoughts on what Lithuania was and what it should be, resulting in the fifty-word poem Lietuva, Tėvynė mūsų (\"Lithuania, Our Homeland\"). The poem described the heroic past of Lithuania and exhorted its people to care for the land, care for humanity, and live in honor. Kudirka also urged the country to become a source of enlightenment and virtue. Without a melody, Kudirka took the time to compose the music just before dying of tuberculosis. Both the melody and the lyrics were printed in Varpas in September 1898. Upon his death in 1899, Kudirka's tomb was engraved with the second stanza of the anthem (later destroyed by the authorities). History Pre-independent Lithuania Before Kudirka's death, the first performance of the poem occurred at a concert in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1899. The concert was conducted by Česlovas Sasnauskas and was attended by Lithuanians, which St. Petersburg had the largest population of at that time. The anthem was first performed in Lithuania during the Great Seimas of Vilnius on December 3, 1905. Independent Lithuania When Lithuania declared its independence from Russia in 1918, the song was declared the national anthem. It held this status until Lithuania was annexed into the Soviet Union during World War II. During the interwar period, there had been suggestions to modify the words to include",
"title": "Tautiška giesmė"
},
{
"docid": "5719378",
"text": "\"Taiwan the Formosa\" (, pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-oân Chhùi-chhiⁿ), also \"Taiwan the Green\", is a poem written (conceived in 1977; finalized in 1993) by Taiwanese poet and clergyman Tīⁿ Jî-gio̍k (鄭兒玉; John Jyi-giokk Ti'n, Er-Yu Cheng), set to music between 1988 and 1993 by neo-Romantic Taiwanese composer Tyzen Hsiao. An English metrical translation was provided by Boris and Clare Anderson. The text represents an early example of the popular verse that emerged from the Taiwanese literature movement in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1994 Hsiao used this hymn to conclude his 1947 Overture for soprano, choir and orchestra. \"Taiwan the Formosa\" has been popular with pro-democracy activists and has been adopted by the Taiwan independence movement as a proposed national anthem for a future Republic of Taiwan. The first stanza is secular. The second, written by popular demand and published in number 2364 of Taiwan Church News in 1997, has overt Christian references in keeping with the poet's vocation as a minister in the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan. The second verse is intended only for performance in church settings or on similarly appropriate occasions. Lyrics The poem was originally written in pe̍h-ōe-jī. It has subsequently been translated into other languages, such as Hakka (by clergyman Hiû San-hiùng 邱善雄). The ethnic groups referred to by the \"four diverse groups\" (四族群, lit. \"four ethnicity\") in the lyrics are the Hoklo people, Hakka people, Taiwanese indigenous peoples, and Waishengren. See also National Anthem of the Republic of China Proposed flags of Taiwan Taiwanese literature movement Taiwan independence movement References External links Sheet music and mp3 audio files . Sing our national anthem—Taiwan the Formosa Translations of Taiwan the Formosa in several languages Asian anthems 1993 songs 1993 poems Christian hymns Songs about Asia Taiwan independence movement Taiwanese patriotic songs",
"title": "Taiwan the Formosa"
},
{
"docid": "1152184",
"text": "Rota (\"The Oath\") is an early 20th-century Polish poem, as well as a celebratory anthem, once proposed to be the Polish national anthem. Rota'''s lyrics were written in 1908 by activist for Polish independence, poet Maria Konopnicka as a protest against German Empire's policies of forced Germanization of Poles. Konopnicka wrote Rota in 1908 while staying in Cieszyn. The poem was published for the first time in Gwiazdka Cieszyńska newspaper on 7 November. The music was composed two years later by composer, conductor and concert organist, Feliks Nowowiejski. History Konopnicka's poem came into being as a protest against the German Empire's oppression and suppression of Polish culture in German-occupied western Poland — lands that from the late 18th century after the Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to 1918 were under Prussian — and later, German — rule. During the Prussian and German rule, German political leaders like Otto von Bismarck, Eugen von Puttkammer and thinkers like Edwart Hartmann campaigned for policy of \"ausrotten\"(German for extermination) of PolesLiterary and Cultural Images of a Nation Without a State: The Case of Nineteenth-century Poland Agnieszka Barbara Nance Peter Lang, 2006 page 32 and Rota was written as a reply to this campaign. The word ausrotten was later used by Nazi Germany against Jews, and it meaning means extermination, as \"ausrotten,\" when used in the context of living things means their complete destruction of those things through killing.Rota was first sung publicly during a patriotic demonstration in Kraków on July 15, 1910, held to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the Polish-Lithuanian victory over the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald. The anthem quickly became popular across partitioned Poland. Until 1918, Rota served as the anthem of the Polish Scouting movement. The post-1926 government led by Józef Piłsudski considered several different poems for a national anthem. The political right, which saw the proposed We Are the First Brigade of the Pilsudski legion as partisan and was lackluster on Poland Is Not Yet Lost, proposed \"Rota\", which was associated with anti-German struggles from the late 19th century, as a national anthem. During the German occupation of Poland in World War II, on the eve of 11 November 1939 (Polish Independence Day), in Zielonka, a town at the outskirts of Warsaw, the scouts from the Polish Scouting Association put up posters with the text of the poem on the walls of the buildings. In reprisal, German occupying forces carried out an execution of 9 scouts and other inhabitants of the town. The Communists also retained the same national anthem as well as \"Rota\", making it the official anthem of the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division. After 1989 Rota became the official anthem of the Polish People's Party. Until 2003, the melody of the anthem was played by the Gdańsk carillon tower and served as the signature theme of the television stations TVP Poznań and TVP Gdańsk. In 2010 Rota and its author Konopnicka were honored by a special resolution of the Polish Sejm. It also served",
"title": "Rota (poem)"
},
{
"docid": "738412",
"text": "Naftali Herz Imber (, ; December 27, 1856 – October 8, 1909) was a Jewish Hebrew-language poet, most notable for writing \"Hatikvah\", the poem that became the basis for the Israeli national anthem. Biography Naftali Herz Imber was born in Złoczów (now Zolochiv, Ukraine), a city in Galicia, which then was part of the Austrian Empire. His parents were Joshua Heschel Schorr and Hodel Imber, who followed a strictly Orthodox lifestyle. He began writing poetry at the age of 10 and several years later received an award from Emperor Franz Joseph for a poem on the centenary of Bukovina's joining to the Austrian Empire. His brother, Shmaryahu Imber, also became a writer and a local teacher, and his son, Naftali's nephew Shmuel Yankev, became a Yiddish language poet. In his youth Naftali Herz Imber traveled through Hungary, Serbia, and Romania. In 1882 Imber moved to Ottoman Palestine as a secretary of Sir Laurence Oliphant. He lived with Oliphant and his wife Alice in their homes in Haifa and Daliyat al-Karmel. Oliphant sent him to Beirut to learn the art of watchmaking. Upon his return he helped Imber open a shop in Haifa. In 1884, he moved to Jerusalem, where he wrote poems suffused with elation and hope. In 1889, after quarreling with Oliphant, Imber departed for England. From there he traveled to Paris, Berlin and Bombay. In 1892, he headed for the United States, traveling from one city to another. In Chicago he met a Protestant physician, Amanda Katie, who converted to Judaism and married him. Israel Zangwill described her as \"a Christian crank.\" The brief marriage ended in divorce. The eminent Jewish judge, Mayer Sulzberger, became his benefactor, providing him with a monthly allowance that allowed him to survive. Literary career In 1882, he published his first book of poems, Morning Star ( Barkai), in Jerusalem. One of the book's poems was Tikvateinu (\"Our Hope\"); its very first version was written already in 1877 in Iaşi, Romania. This poem soon became the lyrics of the Zionist anthem and later the Israeli national anthem Hatikvah. Imber has been described as the \"first Hebrew beatnik.\" He made a mockery of the serious and had a sardonic vulgar wit. Apart from writing his own poems, Imber also translated Omar Khayyam into Hebrew. Additionally, he published Treasures of Two Worlds: Unpublished Legends and Traditions of the Jewish Nation (1910), which posited that the Tabernacle carried by the Hebrews during their 40 years in the desert contained an electrical generator, and that King Solomon invented the telephone. Imber died penniless in New York City on October 8, 1909 from the effects of chronic alcoholism, nonetheless beloved by the local Jewish community. He had made prior arrangement for his burial by selling a poem, but with his immediate family living in Europe and unavailable to make his funeral arrangements, there was controversy about the cemetery in which he was to be buried. He was buried in Mount Zion Cemetery in Queens, In 1953, he was",
"title": "Naftali Herz Imber"
},
{
"docid": "251528",
"text": "\"\" (; \"Our Beautiful Homeland\") is the national anthem of Croatia. Often simply referred to as \"\" (\"Our Beautiful\") in Croatia, it is a phrase widely used as a metonym for the country. History The original lyrics were written by Antun Mihanović and first published under the title Horvatska domovina (Croatian homeland) in 1835. In 1846, Josip Runjanin (1821–1878) composed the music for Horvatska domovina. Runjanin's army bandmaster Josip Wendl adapted his music for a military brass orchestra. The original form of the melody is unknown because the original has not been recovered to this day. The song was scored and harmonized for a male choir by a teacher and organist of the Zagreb Cathedral Vatroslav Lichtenegger in 1861, and after that it started to be performed as the Croatian people's ethnic anthem. The title \"Lijepa naša\" has been applied since that time. The original text has 14 verses. Since then, a few minor adjustments have been made to the lyrics. The song was not immediately adopted by the Croatian Parliament as the national anthem. In 1907, the Association of Croatian Singing Clubs requested the parliament to do so but received no response, even though the song was used as the state anthem in unofficial capacity at ceremonies, including the 29 October 1918 session of parliament when Croatia formally dissolved its ties with Austria-Hungary. Between 1918 and 1941, segments of the Croatian national anthem were part of the national anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and it was unofficial hymn of Croats. During the World War II, in the Independent State of Croatia it was also used as state anthem, albeit with some modifications to the lyrics. Croatian Partisans were also using it, for example during ZAVNOH sessions. The song officially became the state anthem of Croatia through amendments of the Constitution of Croatia adopted by the parliament of the SR Croatia on 29 February 1972. It was confirmed by constitutions of 1974 and 1990, when its lyrics were slightly modified, and by the Coat of Arms, the Flag and the National Anthem of the Republic of Croatia Act. Lyrics Official lyrics On most occasions, only the first verse is performed. Lyrics to Horvatska domovina The poem first published in the cultural magazine Danica ilirska, No. 10, edited by Ljudevit Gaj, in 1835 originally consisted of fourteen verses but today, only verses one, two, thirteen, and fourteen are part of the national anthem. Notes References Further reading External links Croatia: Lijepa naša domovino – Audio of the national anthem of Croatia, with information and lyrics (archive link) 1846 songs Croatian songs European anthems National symbols of Croatia National anthems Compositions in C major",
"title": "Lijepa naša domovino"
},
{
"docid": "441596",
"text": "Thomas Bracken (c. December 1843 – 16 February 1898) was an Irish-born New Zealand poet, journalist and politician. He wrote \"God Defend New Zealand\", one of the two national anthems of New Zealand, and was the first person to publish the phrase \"God's Own Country\" as applied to New Zealand. He also won the Otago Caledonian Society's prize for poetry. His mother Margaret died in 1846 and his father Thomas in 1852. He was sent to Australia at the age of 12 to join his uncle, John Kiernan, at Geelong, Victoria. Bracken was apprenticed to a pharmacist in Bendigo, later moved around to work on farms as a shearer and drover, and for a time was a gold fossicker and store keeper. At that time he began writing tales over the activities of the diggers involved in the goldrush, and about stock men and sheep men. He also established Thomas Bracken and Co with Alexander Bathgate to buy and operate the Evening Herald until it was superseded in 1890 by the liberal Globe. Literary career In early 1869 at the age of 25 he moved to Dunedin in New Zealand, where a volume containing a selection of poems he had written in Australia was published. While working as a shearer and at various odd jobs, he carried on writing, and published a small book of verses, Flights among the Flax. This was noticed in literary circles, and he won the Otago Caledonian Society's prize for poetry. Determined to enter journalism, Bracken took a staff position on the Otago Guardian. While at the Guardian he met John Bathgate who soon after, in 1875, established the Saturday Advertiser \"to foster a national spirit in New Zealand and encourage colonial literature\". Bracken also wrote for the Morning Herald and the Catholic The New Zealand Tablet. He was born into a Catholic family, but lapsed, and was a freethinker and a freemason. Bracken became editor and immediately began to encourage local writers; the Advertiser’s circulation reached 7,000 copies which was a notable achievement for that era. Encouraged by this literary and commercial success, Bracken contributed some of his own satire, humour and verse, including God Defend New Zealand, published in 1876, which became the national anthem. He wrote Not Understood in 1879. Although he often used the pseudonyms Paddy Murphy and Didymus, the prolific works under his own name soon became published worldwide and he became famous throughout Australia and New Zealand. Later publications of his works in bound editions included Flowers of the Freeland, Behind the Tomb and Other Poems (1871), The Land of the Maori and the Moa (or Lays of the Land of the Maori and Moa), Musings in Maoriland and Lays and Lyrics: God’s Own Country and Other Poems (1893). A supporter of the egalitarian policies of Governor Sir George Grey, Bracken championed sovereignty for the native Māori people, and later criticised the government for what he saw to be breaches of its obligations to the Treaty of Waitangi. He",
"title": "Thomas Bracken"
},
{
"docid": "199115",
"text": "The Finlandia hymn () refers to a serene hymn-like section of the patriotic symphonic poem Finlandia, written in 1899 and 1900 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. It was later re-worked by the composer into a stand-alone piece. With words written in 1940 by Veikko Antero Koskenniemi, it is one of the most important national songs of Finland. Although not the official national anthem of Finland, it has been continuously proposed as such. Other major uses of the tune include several Christian hymns and other national songs. Finnish national song After the success of the full-length symphonic poem (most of which consists of rousing and turbulent passages, evoking the national struggle of the Finnish people), Sibelius published a stand-alone version of the hymn as the last of twelve numbers in his Masonic Ritual Music, Op. 113, with a text by opera singer Wäinö Sola. The version usually heard today has lyrics written by Veikko Antero Koskenniemi and was first performed in 1941. Sibelius himself arranged the hymn for choral performances. Today, during modern performances of Finlandia in its entirety, a choir is sometimes involved, singing the Finnish lyrics with the hymn section. The Finlandia hymn is often proposed as an official national song or anthem of Finland. International anthem In 1934, Lloyd Stone wrote \"This is my song\", to the Finlandia tune, as an international song of peace. An expanded version with Christian themes by a later author appears in many hymnals. Conductor Leopold Stokowski proposed using the melody for a worldwide anthem. Christian hymns Other words commonly set to the tune include some Christian hymns. Among those in widespread use across English-speaking denominations are \"Be still, my soul\" and \"We rest on Thee, our shield and our defender\". \"Be still, my soul\" The Christian hymn \"Be still, my soul\", written in German (\"Stille meine Wille, dein Jesus hilft siegen\") in 1752 by the Lutheran hymnwriter Catharina von Schlegel (1697–1768) and translated into English in 1855 by Jane Laurie Borthwick (1813–1897), is usually sung to this tune. It begins: \"We rest on Thee\" The hymn \"We rest on Thee\", written by Edith G. Cherry around 1895, is also commonly sung to the tune. Its first verse is: Other uses The tune was adopted for Biafra's national anthem, Land of the Rising Sun, during its attempted secession from Nigeria in the late 1960s. On a smaller scale it also serves as the tune for the songs of various colleges and schools. References External links thisisFINLAND: Facts & stats – the national anthem Choral compositions by Jean Sibelius Hymn tunes 1899 compositions 1938 songs 1940 songs Songs in Finnish Songs about Finland de:Finlandia#Die „Finlandia-Hymne“ es:Finlandia (Sibelius)#El Himno \"Finlandia\" eu:Finlandia (Sibelius)#\"Finlandia\" ereserkia fr:Finlandia (poème symphonique)#Versions chantées ja:フィンランディア#フィンランディア賛歌",
"title": "Finlandia hymn"
},
{
"docid": "166487",
"text": "\"\" (formerly \"\"; , ) is the national anthem of Luxembourg. Written by Michel Lentz in 1859 and set to music by Jean Antoine Zinnen in 1864, it is performed at national celebrations, while the royal anthem, or, more accurately, the grand ducal anthem, \"De Wilhelmus\", is performed at entrances or exits of members of the Grand Ducal Family. History Luxembourgish poet Michel Lentz wrote the poem Ons Heemecht in 1859, and it was set to music by Luxembourgish composer Jean Antoine Zinnen in 1864. The song was first performed in public in Ettelbruck, a town at the confluence of the Alzette and Sauer rivers (both of which are mentioned in the song), on 5 June 1864. \"Ons Heemecht\" competed for a while with , a song based on another poem by Lentz, for the status of the national anthem. The last line of the chorus of \"De Feierwon\" became the origin of Luxembourg's national motto. The first and last stanzas of \"Ons Heemecht\" were adopted as Luxembourg's national anthem on 17 June 1993, when it was added as one of the official national emblems, alongside the national flag, the national coat of arms and the Grand Duke's Official Birthday. Lyrics The official version is only composed of the first and last stanzas. Notes References External links Details, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (archive link) 1864 songs European anthems Luxembourgian songs Compositions in B-flat major National anthems National symbols of Luxembourg",
"title": "Ons Heemecht"
},
{
"docid": "40686125",
"text": "Vaterlandslied is the name of several patriotic German poems. The most famous one is \"Ich bin ein deutsches Mädchen\" written by Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock in 1770 and dedicated to Johanna Elisabeth von Winthem. Historic background Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock already was a devout patriot as a youth, as is shown by a War Song written in 1749 honouring the Prussian king Frederick the Great. When the king, however, did not patronize German artists and poets but declared his love for French culture, Klopstock thought that it was up to him to defend German poetry. Due to the political development during his lifetime, the disappointment with regard to the king's distaste of German culture, and the zeitgeist, his patriotism did not refer to Klopstock's present but to the past. The War Song consequently was rededicated to Henry the Fowler, and Arminius became a regular figure in Klopstock's œuvres. Among these works dedicated to the \"liberator of Germany\" are the poem \"Hermann und Thusnelda\" and the \"Bardiete\" (Klopstock's term for the genre of or \"battle song\" after Tacitus' Germania) Hermann's Schlacht (1769), Hermann und die Prinzen (1784) and Hermann's Tod (1787). The Vaterlandslied as a paean of German patriotism joins this list of literature exalting the nation. It was originally written for Johanna Elisabeth von Winthem, Klopstock's stepdaughter, who still was a child in 1770. Klopstock's lyrics Music As the poem became very popular, several composers set its lyrics to music. Among them are: Johann Friedrich Reichardt, 1773 Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, 1774 Christian Gottlob Neefe, 1776 and 1785 Christoph Willibald Gluck, 1786 Franz Schubert, 1815, D 287 Other Vaterlandslieder Matthias Claudius replied to Klopstock′s poem and wrote ″Ich bin ein deutscher Jüngling″ (I am a German lad). Both Joseph Martin Kraus and Maria Theresia von Paradis provided a melody for the song. August Silberstein wrote a poem of the same name for which Anton Bruckner composed the music: Vaterlandslied, WAB 92. The most famous song of that name, besides Klopstock′s version, is, however, Ernst Moritz Arndt′s ″″ (The God who made iron grow), a patriotic anthem written during the Wars of Liberation against Napoleonic France. In the poem he incites his fellow countrymen to fight against the French invaders, and denounces those who actively or passively aid the occupiers and thus betray their country. See also Hermann und Thusnelda References External links Schubert′s version on YouTube (start: 12:41 min.) and Amazon Excerpts of Gluck's (Nr. 12), Schubert's (14) and Bach's (18) version on a CD by the label Gramola, and on Amazon. Der Gott, der Eisen wachsen ließ by Arndt on YouTube. German patriotic songs Culture of Germany German nationalism Music of Germany",
"title": "Vaterlandslied"
},
{
"docid": "33786545",
"text": "The \"National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia\" (, ) is the official name of the national anthem of Colombia. It was originally written as a poem in 1850 by future President Rafael Núñez as an ode to celebrate the independence of Cartagena. The music was composed by Italian-born opera musician Oreste Síndici, at the request of Bogotan actor José Domingo Torres, during the presidency of Núñez, and with lyrics refined by Núñez himself, it was presented to the public for the first time on 11 November 1887. The song became very popular and was quickly adopted, albeit spontaneously, as the national anthem of Colombia. It was made official through Law 33 of 18 October 1920. Colombian musician reviewed the scores and prepared the transcriptions for symphonic band, which was adopted as an official version by decree 1963 of 4 July 1946. The anthem has been performed in various versions, been the subject of attempted reforms and been widely performed in the arts. The lyrics of the anthem are composed of a chorus and eleven stanzas, though it is usually sung chorus–first verse–chorus. History Background In 1819, the contradanzas \"\" and \"\" were performed to celebrate the triumph of the patriots in the Battle of Boyacá. After the independence of Colombia in 1810 and the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1831, numerous songs were written in honour of the liberator Simón Bolívar. One of the first antecedents of the national anthem was presented on 20 July 1836, when the Spanish Francisco Villalba, who had arrived in Colombia with a theatre company, composed a patriotic song for New Granada. The song became very popular and was considered the first patriotic anthem in the country. The verses of the chorus were as follows: In 1847, English composer and painter Henry Price, founder of the Philharmonic Society, put music to some verses written by Santiago Pérez in an anthem called \"\" (\"National Song\"), which was not widely accepted, due to its simplicity. Henry Price was the father of Jorge Wilson Price, who, after living in New York City, returned to Bogotá in 1855 to dedicate himself to translating compositions and founding the National Academy of Music of Colombia in 1882, inviting the young Italian composer Oreste Síndici as an adviser and professor of the academy. In 1910, the National Academy of Music would become the National Conservatory of Colombia. In 1849, José Caicedo Rojas wrote a poem, and José Joaquín Guarín composed the melody of an anthem called \"\" (\"Ode to 20 July\"), which was set to music in the key of E flat for four voices and orchestra. Its premiere was held at the , but due to its complexity, it did not convince the public either. In 1883, Dutch violinist Carlos Von Oecken set music to a poem written by in 1852. Decree 256 of 12 April 1881 called for a competition to select the national anthem. The jurors for this contest were politician José María Quijano, poet Rafael Pombo and",
"title": "National Anthem of Colombia"
},
{
"docid": "156381",
"text": "\"Zdravljica\" (; ) is a carmen figuratum poem by the 19th-century Romantic Slovene poet France Prešeren, inspired by the ideals of Liberté, égalité, fraternité. It was written in 1844 and published with some changes in 1848. Four years after it was written, Slovenes living within Habsburg Empire interpreted the poem in spirit of the 1848 March Revolution as political promotion of the idea of a united Slovenia. In it, the poet also declares his belief in a free-thinking Slovene and Slavic political awareness. In 1989, it was adopted as the regional anthem of Slovenia, becoming the national anthem upon independence in 1991. History The integral version of the poem was first published only after the March Revolution when Austrian censorship was abolished, since the censorship did not allow for the poem to be printed earlier because of its political message. On 26 April 1848, it was published by the Slovene newspaper Kmetijske in rokodelske novice, that was edited by the Slovene conservative political leader Janez Bleiweis. Before the censorship was abolished, Prešeren omitted the third stanza (\"V sovražnike 'z oblakov / rodú naj naš'ga treši gróm\") because he intended to include the poem in his Poezije collection (Poems), however the censor (fellow-Slovene Franz Miklosich in Austrian service) saw in the fourth stanza (\"Edinost, sreča, sprava / k nam naj nazaj se vrnejo\") an expression of pan-Slavic sentiment and therefore did not allow its publication either. Prešeren believed the poem would be mutilated without both the third and the fourth stanza and decided against including it in the Poezije. \"Zdravljica\" was first set to music in the 1860s by Benjamin Ipavec and Davorin Jenko, but their versions didn't go well with the public, probably because the stanzas that they chose were not enough nationally awakening. In 1905, the Slovene composer Stanko Premrl wrote a choral composition. It was first performed only on 18 November 1917 by the Music Society () in the Grand Hotel Union, Ljubljana. It became an immediate success. Notes References External links 1844 poems Poetry by France Prešeren Anthems of Slovenia European anthems",
"title": "Zdravljica"
},
{
"docid": "67408",
"text": "\"\" (; , ; both meaning \"Our Land\") is the de facto national anthem of Finland. The music was composed by the German immigrant Fredrik Pacius, with original Swedish lyrics by Johan Ludvig Runeberg. It was first performed with the current melody and lyrics on 13 May 1848. Originally, it was written for the 500th anniversary of Porvoo, and for that occasion it was Runeberg himself who wrote the music. The melody of \"Maamme\" is also used for the national anthem of Estonia with a similarly themed text, \"Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm\" (\"My Fatherland, My Happiness and Joy\", 1869). It is also considered to be the ethnic anthem for the Livonians as \"Min izāmō\" (\"My Fatherland\"). History The original poem, written in 1846 but not printed until 1848, had 11 stanzas and formed the prologue to the verse cycle The Tales of Ensign Stål (\"Fänrik Ståhls sägner\"), a classic example of Romantic nationalism. The current Finnish language text is usually attributed to the 1889 translation of Ensign Stål by Paavo Cajander, but in fact, originates from the 1867 translation by Julius Krohn. In the 1880s and the 1920s, there were more attempts to replace it with a Finnish language version but these ceased by the 1930s. Some Finns have proposed that the Finnish national anthem be set as \"Finlandia\" by Jean Sibelius, with lyrics by V.A. Koskenniemi (Finnish) and Joel Rundt (Swedish). It is said that Pacius composed the tune in four days. It was popular throughout the 19th century but established its current position only after Pacius' death. Status and usage There is no law regarding an official national anthem in Finland, in the way the coat of arms and flag of Finland are legally defined. Instead, its position has been established gradually by convention over the years. In 2018, \"Maamme\" was described by the Government of Finland as the \"Finnish national anthem\". Even though \"Maamme\" has become established as the de facto anthem, its status has still been debated from time to time. It has been suggested that \"Maamme\"'s status as the national anthem should be legalised. For example, opposing legislative initiatives were made in 2003 by the Finnish Parliament to make \"Maamme\" and the Finlandia Hymn the official national anthem. In 2014, there was a citizens' initiative about choosing the Finlandia Hymn as the national anthem, and in 2016 members of the National Coalition Party began campaigning to stop using \"Maamme\" in favour of the Finlandia Hymn, however, opinions were not unanimous in the party, and the campaign fell short of its goal. Despite the lack of official status, in usage, \"Maamme\" fills the function of a national anthem the same as in many other countries. For example, it is played during state visits, and is used to represent Finland at international sporting fixtures. In 2024, the Indonesian composer and pianist Ananda Sukarlan wrote \"Findolandesia\" for violin and piano. The piece was written to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the diplomatic relationship between Finland and",
"title": "Maamme"
},
{
"docid": "529189",
"text": "\"Sare Jahan se Accha\" (Urdu: ; Sāre Jahāṉ se Acchā), formally known as \"Tarānah-e-Hindi\" (Urdu: , \"Anthem of the People of Hindustan\"), is an Urdu language patriotic song for children written by poet Allama Muhammad Iqbal in the ghazal style of Urdu poetry. The poem was published in the weekly journal Ittehad on 16 August 1904. Publicly recited by Iqbal the following year at Government College, Lahore, British India (now in Pakistan) it quickly became an anthem of opposition to the British Raj. The song, an ode to Hindustan—the land comprising present-day Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, was later published in 1924 in the Urdu book Bang-i-Dara. By 1910, Iqbal's worldview had changed to become global and Islamic. In a new song for children, \"Tarana-e-Milli,\" written in the same metre, he changed the homeland from \"Hindustan\" to the \"whole world.\" In 1930, in his presidential address to the Muslim League annual conference in Allahabad, he supported a separate nation-state in the Muslim-majority areas of the subcontinent, an idea that inspired the creation of Pakistan. Saare Jahan se Accha has remained very popular, but only in India. An abridged version is sung and played frequently as a patriotic song and as a marching song of the Indian Armed Forces. The most popular musical composition is that of sitar maestro Ravi Shankar. Text of poem English translation Better than the entire world, is our Hindustan, We are its nightingales, and it (is) our garden abode If we are in an alien place, the heart remains in the homeland, consider us too [to be] right there where our heart would be. That tallest mountain, that shade-sharer of the sky, It (is) our sentry, it (is) our watchman In its lap where frolic thousands of rivers, Whose vitality makes our garden the envy of Paradise. O the flowing waters of the Ganges, do you remember that day When our caravan first disembarked on your waterfront? Religion does not teach us to bear animosity among ourselves We are of Hind, our homeland is Hindustan. In a world in which ancient Greece, Egypt, and Rome have all vanished Our own attributes (name and sign) live on today. There is something about our existence for it doesn't get wiped Even though, for centuries, the time-cycle of the world has been our enemy. Iqbal! We have no confidant in this world What does any one know of our hidden pain? Composition Iqbal was a lecturer at the Government College, Lahore at that time, and was invited by a student Lala Har Dayal to preside over a function. Instead of delivering a speech, Iqbal sang \"Saare Jahan Se Achcha\". The song, in addition to embodying yearning and attachment to the land of Hindustan, expressed \"cultural memory\" and had an elegiac quality. In 1905, the 27-year-old Iqbal viewed the future society of the subcontinent as both a pluralistic and composite Hindu-Muslim culture. Later that year he left for Europe for a three-year sojourn that was to transform him into an Islamic",
"title": "Sare Jahan se Accha"
},
{
"docid": "2814338",
"text": "\"Suona la tromba\" (The trumpet sounds) or Inno popolare (Hymn of the people) is a secular hymn composed by Giuseppe Verdi in 1848 to a text by the Italian poet and patriot Goffredo Mameli. The work's title comes from the opening line of Mameli's poem. It has sometimes been referred to as \"Grido di guerra\". Background The piece begins with the lines: \"Suona la tromba — ondeggiano / le insegne gialle e nere.\" (\"The trumpet sounds, the yellow and black flags are waving.\"), a reference to the yellow and black flag of the Austrian Empire. It was commissioned by Giuseppe Mazzini as a new battle hymn for the Revolution of 1848 when Italian nationalists sought independence from the Austrian Empire which controlled large portions of northern Italy. He persuaded Verdi to compose the music for it when Verdi visited Milan in May 1848, shortly after the Austrians had been driven from the city and other parts of Lombardy. Mazzini commissioned the text from Mameli in June, asking him for a poem that would become the Italian \"Marseillaise\" and quoted Verdi's wish that the new anthem would \"make the people forget both the poet and the composer\". Mameli finished the poem in late August, and Mazzini immediately sent it to Verdi who was living and working in Paris at the time. Verdi sent the finished work, composed for a three part male chorus without accompaniment, to Mazzini on 18 October 1848. In the accompanying letter Verdi wrote: I send you the hymn, and even if it is a bit late, I hope it will arrive in time. I have tried to be as popular and easy as I can be. Make use of it as you see fit: even burn it if you do not think it worthy. Original Italian: \"Vi mando l'inno e, sebbene un po' tardi, spero vi arriverà in tempo. Ho cercato d'essere più popolare e facile che mi sia stato possibile. Fatene quell'uso che credete: abbruciatelo anche se non lo credete degno.\" Publication and performance history In his letter to Mazzini of 18th October 1848, Verdi had recommended that if Mazzini wished to publish the hymn, he give it to Carlo Pozzi, an affiliate of Verdi's publisher Casa Ricordi. However, before the music reached Mazzini, the Austrian Empire had regained its lost territories and Milan's musical life was once again under the control of the Austrian censors. The numerous patriotic songs and anthems that had been published by Casa Ricordi and Casa Lucca during the brief revolution were withdrawn, with some of those editions destroyed. Mazzini did not try to have \"Suona la tromba\" officially published at that time, although in late 1848 a few copies of it were printed and circulated in Florence by the short-lived Associazione Nazionale per la Costituente Italiana (National Association for the Italian Constitution). Mameli died in 1849 at the age of 22. His earlier poem \"Il Canto degli Italiani\" (The Song of the Italians) later became the Italian National anthem. Verdi's",
"title": "Suona la tromba"
},
{
"docid": "463814",
"text": "\"\" or \"\" (Forward, Flag of Glory) is a former national anthem of Slovenia, used from 1860 to 1989. It is now used as the official service song of the Slovenian Armed Forces. Lyrics and music It tells about a boy who goes to defend his homeland, meaning him more than his mother or sweetheart. As such, it is a patriotic recruiting poem. It was the first Slovene literature to be translated into English. The lyrics were written originally by Simon Jenko and then improved collaboratively by him and his cousin Davorin Jenko who also wrote the music. The poem was first publicly sung with great success in front of a large Slavic audience on 22 October 1860, and was first published in () on 1 December 1860. In 1863, it was renamed by Radoslav Razlag to . In 1885, it became the first poem in Slovene to have been translated into English, under the title \"With Slava's Banner, Forward!\" The translators were Andrej Jurtela, the first lecturer of Slavic languages at the University of Oxford, and English journalist Alfred Lloyd Hardy, who had a keen interest in music and in Slavic culture. He arranged the melody by Davorin Jenko for piano, wrote an interlinear translation and published it lithographed as an independent publication. The poem was originally titled \"Naprej\" (\"Forward\") and set to music in an inn in Vienna's Prater by Davorin Jenko, who was in anger over the German snub of the Slovene, on 16 May 1860. History Part of the national anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia After the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, the first and the last stanza of the poem were included into the Yugoslav national anthem as its third part, in a medley including the Serb ethnic anthem \"\" and the Croatian song \"\". Even before, during the fight for the northern border, the poem was sung by the Maister's soldiers in November 1918. Slovene Partisans and Territorial Defence In World War II, \"\" was the introductory melody of the Kričač radio station, emitted by the Slovene Liberation Front, and was a part of the morning and the evening salutation to the flag by the Slovene Partisans. With the establishment of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, the royal Yugoslav anthem was replaced by \"Hey, Slavs\". The first post-war constitution of the People's Republic of Slovenia and the constitution, adopted in 1963, did not specify a regional anthem. \"Naprej, zastava slave\" was used at official public events and on state holidays since the beginning of the 1970s. In 1989 , it was replaced by \"\". Because it calls to the defence of the homeland, it was since 1992 played during ceremonial events and oathtaking ceremonies in the Slovenian Territorial Defence in line with the draft Rules on Service in the Territorial Defence, adopted on 15 April 1992. Current role It is the current anthem of the Slovenian Armed Forces, based on a government decree from 1995. Lyrics",
"title": "Naprej, zastava slave"
},
{
"docid": "155349",
"text": "The \"Hymn to Liberty\", or \"Hymn to Freedom\" (, also ), is a poem written by Dionysios Solomos in 1823 that consists of 158 stanzas and some of its stanzas are used as the national anthem of Greece and Cyprus. It was set to music by Nikolaos Mantzaros in 1828 and is the longest national anthem in the world by length of text. It officially became the national anthem of Greece in 1864 and Cyprus in 1966. History Dionysios Solomos wrote \"Hymn to Liberty\" in 1823 in Zakynthos, and one year later it was printed in Messolonghi. In October 1824 it was published in London by the Philhellenic Committee, and an Italian translation was published in the Messolonghi newspaper Ellinika Chronika at about the same time. It was set to music in 1828 by the Corfiot operatic composer Nikolaos Mantzaros, who composed a choral versions, in 24 parts, and dedicated it to the first King of Greece, Otto. Otto awarded Mantzaros with the Silver Cross of the Order of the Redeemer as a token of appreciation, but during Otto's reign (1832–1862), an anthem based on God Save the King was used, with a text glorifying Otto. After Otto's ouster in 1862, the first part of Mantzaros' \"Hymn to Liberty\" was adopted as the national and royal anthem of Greece in 1864. The \"Hymn to Liberty\" was also adopted as the national anthem of Cyprus by order of the Council of Ministers in 1966. Lyrics Inspired by the Greek War of Independence, Solomos wrote the hymn to honour the struggle of Greeks for independence after centuries of Ottoman rule. \"Hymn to Liberty\" recounts the misery of the Greeks under the Ottomans and their hope for freedom. He describes different events of the War, such as the execution of Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople, the reaction of the Great Powers, extensively the Siege of Tripolitsa and the Christian character of the struggle. Greek original The following are the first 8 verses of the anthem. Only the first two constitute the de facto national anthem of Greece. Uses An adapted version was used during the short-lived Cretan State as the Cretan Anthem. The \"Hymn to Liberty\" had been the Greek royal anthem after 1864. \"Hymn to Liberty\" has been the national anthem of Cyprus since 1966. \"Hymn to Liberty\" has been performed at every closing ceremony of the Olympic Games, to pay tribute to Greece as the birthplace of the Olympic Games. The version commonly played by military bands is an arrangement composed by Lieutenant Colonel Margaritis Kastellis (1907–1979), former director of the Greek Music Corps. Notes References External links Short 30 min Version Full version Versions of the Hymn at YouTube The Greek Presidency – The website for the Presidency of the Hellenic Republic has a page about the National Anthem, including an instrumental file. Michał Bzinkowski, Eleuthería ē Thánatos!: The idea of freedom in modern Greek poetry during the war of independence in 19th century. Dionysios Solomos’ “Hymn to Liberty” Neugriechische",
"title": "Hymn to Liberty"
}
] | [
"Francis Scott Key"
] |
train_49412 | who were the original members of signature sound | [
{
"docid": "4581311",
"text": "Ernie Haase & Signature Sound (formerly known as The Signature Sound Quartet) is an American Southern Gospel quartet founded in 2002 by Ernie Haase, former Cathedral Quartet tenor and Garry Jones, former Gold City pianist. As of November 2021, the group consists of Dustin Doyle (lead/baritone), Doug Anderson (lead/baritone), Paul Harkey (bass) and Ernie Haase (tenor). The group has released 33 albums and 16 DVDs, many of which feature other Christian and Gospel artists. History Origin The Cathedral Quartet announced their farewell tour in 1999. Lead singer Glen Payne died on October 15, 1999, before the end of the tour. Upon request of Glen Payne, the remaining members finished the tour with pianist Roger Bennett performing Payne's vocals. Following the tour Bennett and baritone Scott Fowler formed Legacy Five while Ernie Haase continued his solo career. Subsequently, former Cathedrals bass George Younce and Jake Hess, along with Bill Gaither formed The Old Friends Quartet with Ernie Haase, Wesley Pritchard, and Garry Jones. The Old Friends Quartet disbanded after about two years on the road, however, as Hess and Younce's ill health prevented them from doing much traveling. Ernie Haase, along with Jones, continued quartet singing and wished to create a quartet with a modern image and attitude, but traditional in sound. Haase and Jones, together with lead singer Shane Dunlap, baritone Doug Anderson, and bass singer Tim Duncan formed the Signature Sound Quartet. They recorded three albums, Stand by Me released in April 2002, followed by Building a Bridge and Glory To His Name in 2003. They participated in their first live concert (Live in Indiana) at Reardon Auditorium, in Anderson, Indiana, on February 21, 2003. 2003–04 Later Shane Dunlap left Signature Sound to start a solo career after release of their third album Glory to His Name in 2003. Wesley Pritchard took Dunlap's position while the group searched for a full-time lead. Jones and Haase dissolved their business relationship after the first year and Roy Webb was chosen as pianist. Later, they found Ryan Seaton (formerly of The Melody Boys Quartet) and hired him as the new lead singer. Haase's father-in-law George Younce became co-owner of the quartet and helped the group have an affiliation with the Gaither Music Group. They released their fourth album, The Ground is Level, followed by Great Love in 2004. Name change In 2004, the group changed its name to Ernie Haase and Signature Sound, reportedly in order to avoid confusion with other similarly titled regional groups. They released their self-titled album in October 2005. They signed with the Gaither Music Group and became regular performers with the Gaither Homecoming tours and videos. In May 2007, pianist Roy Webb left the band to be with his father, who was dying of cancer. On May 29, 2007, it was announced that Webb had resigned from the group. Later, it was announced that Gordon Mote would be the group's piano player during their Get Away Jordan summer tour supporting their album Get Away, Jordan released in",
"title": "Ernie Haase & Signature Sound"
},
{
"docid": "6642691",
"text": "Shane Dunlap was the original lead singer for Ernie Haase & Signature Sound, a Southern Gospel quartet. Prior to that, he was a founding member of N'Harmony. After leaving Signature Sound, he started a solo career. In 2008, he formed a new group and resumed the N'Harmony name. The new N'Harmony's original lineup was tenor Brent Mitchell, lead Shane Dunlap, baritone Chris Whitaker, and bass Will Van Wygarden. Whitaker left in early 2009; at this point, Dunlap moved to baritone, and Josh Feemster came on board as lead singer. He also replaced Ivan Parker as lead singer of \"The Trio\" With Kirk Talley and Anthony Burger for a short time before Burgers passing. Shane now serves as the Worship Pastor at Lee Park Church in Monroe, NC where he leads worship and is the featured vocalist each Sunday. References Living people American male singers American gospel singers Southern gospel performers Year of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Shane Dunlap"
},
{
"docid": "49010016",
"text": "Jon Devin McGlamery (born June 9, 1982) is an American Christian music and Gospel Music recording artist and GMA Dove Award-winning artist. He is a former tenor member of Karen Peck and New River and former lead vocalist for the Dixie Melody Boys and Ernie Haase and Signature Sound. Early life McGlamery was born on June 9, 1982, in Valdosta, Georgia, the son of Donald and Sandra McGlamery, where he grew up and was raised before starting his professional music career. Music career McGlamery was first a member of the southern gospel quartet The Dixie Melody Boys out of Kinston, North Carolina, from 2000 until 2004. He left to join another southern gospel act, the mixed trio Karen Peck and New River from 2004 until 2009 as a tenor singer. In 2010, He became a member of Ernie Haase & Signature Sound in 2010 and remained until the end of October 2021. He won a GMA Dove Award, for the song, \"From My Rags to His Riches\", in the category of Country Recorded Song of the Year, with the Ernie Haase & Signature Sound band. His solo music recording career started in 2013, with the studio album, Love is a Verb, that was released on May 20, 2013, by Stow Town Records. He was nominated for two GMA Dove Awards, for his solo work, in 2014. Discography Solo 2013 Love is a Verb References External links Official website 1983 births Living people American performers of Christian music Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state) People from Valdosta, Georgia Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee Singer-songwriters from Tennessee 21st-century American singer-songwriters Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)",
"title": "Devin McGlamery"
},
{
"docid": "30216217",
"text": "The Booth Brothers is an American southern gospel vocal trio. It was originally formed in 1957 by four brothers but disbanded in 1963. It was reformed in 1990 by one of the original members, Ron Booth, with two of his sons, Michael and Ronnie Booth. Ron Booth retired in 1995, and was replaced by Joseph Smith, who was in turn replaced by Jim Brady, followed by Paul Lancaster. In June 2021, it was announced that Ronnie Booth would be leaving the group and be succeeded by former Gaither Vocal Band lead singer Buddy Mullins. Group history The Booth Brothers was initially formed in the 1950s by Ron Booth Sr. with his brothers Charles, James, and Wallace, after they moved to Detroit. However, Ron decided to disband the group in 1963 when he joined the Toney Brothers. In 1990, Ron's youngest son, Michael (b. October 8, 1971), decided to revive the group with his brother Ronnie II (b. June 28, 1965), and his father. They started performing and touring around Florida and recorded several albums. In 1998, Ron decided to retire and the remaining brothers started looking for a replacement. They recorded several albums with Joseph Smith, who was later replaced by Jim Brady (b. May 19, 1970). Brady remained with them until 2014, at which point he was replaced by Paul Lancaster (b. February 23, 1968). Original members Line-ups Members Line-ups 2013 Quartet members Line-ups Discography 1993: Beyond the Cross 1996: Praise God Anyhow 1996: One of His Own 1998: Will You Love Jesus More 1999: Beyond the Cross [re-issue] 1999: Walkin' on the Good Side 1999: Treasure These Moments, Volumes I & II 1999: Pure and Simple, Volume I 2000: Pure and Simple, Volume II 2000: This Stage of Grace 2001: 10th Anniversary Classic Collection 2002: The Booth Brothers Classic Collection Volume II 2003: The Booth Brothers 2003: Live in Lakeland 2004: Pure Southern Gospel 2005: The Blind Man Saw It All 2005: The Booth Brothers Christmas 2006: Harmony 2006: Hymns, Pure and Simple 2007: Trails of Paradise 2007: Carry On 2008: Room for More 2009: 09 2009: Live at Oak Tree 2010: Declaration 2011: Let It Be Known 2012: The Best of the Booth Brothers [Gaither Compilation] 2012: Requested 2012: A Tribute to the Songs of Bill and Gloria Gaither 2012: Greatest Hits - Live 2014: Isaiah 12:2 2015: Still 2016: Between Here And Heaven 2019: Country Roads: Country And Inspirational Favorites 2020: Brotherhood - Recorded with Ernie Haase & Signature Sound 2021: Take Another Step 2022: Speak Jesus Awards The Booth Brothers were nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Southern, Country, or Bluegrass Gospel Album for their album Room for More. The album was also nominated for two Dove Awards at the 40th GMA Dove Awards: Southern Gospel Album of the Year and Southern Gospel Recorded Song of the Year. Other Awards & Recognitions: 1998: The Gospel Voice (Sunrise Award) 1999:New Artist of the Year (SGMA Award) 2002: Trio of the Year (SGMA Award) 2003: Male",
"title": "The Booth Brothers"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "5013311",
"text": "\"Wolf at the Door\" is a song performed and composed by English alternative rock band Keane and was the second single they released, originally intended only as a promo item with only fifty copies made, becoming the rarest Keane item in existence. Recording started on 28 October 2000 and finished in May 2001 even though the record was originally planned to be released before 2001. The CD single was released by the band's own record label, Zoomorphic, in June 2001 and was sold at the pubs where Keane used to play. All fifty copies were handmade and recorded on CD-Rs. Because of its limited production it is one of the most desired collectors' items amongst Keane fans, and has been known to sell for around £1000 on eBay. Its status as a rarity is such that, allegedly, no member of the band is in possession of a copy. The single features a re-recording of their previous single \"Call Me What You Like\", as well as an early version of \"She Has No Time\", which would later appear on Hopes and Fears, the band's debut album. Shortly after this record was released, guitarist Dominic Scott left the band, and was Keane's last release with a guitar as part of their instrumentation until the 2007 cover b-side \"She Sells Sanctuary\". Track listing CD single Catalogue number: ZOO/2/01 \"Wolf at the Door\" \"Call Me What You Like\" \"She Has No Time\" Information about song The song was composed circa July 2000 and first played at the Monarch pub in Camden, London. It was recorded at Roundhouse Studios and Balfour Studios. Musical structure Most people would say the song is reminiscent to Coldplay's \"Brothers & Sisters\" due to the electric guitar entry in the F#sus4 key, similar to the Asus4 found in the latter. However, the \"epic and dreamlike\" Keane sound is still found in the track, with Chaplin and Scott vocals, the guitarist backing. \"Wolf at the Door\" is the only 6/8 time signature song by Keane to date. Length: 4:17 Tempo: approx. 170bpm Key: F# major Time signature: 6/8, 8 beat B-sides Call Me What You Like This is a re-recording of the original single, which was slower and longer. The final version was recorded on 19 February 2001. The song was composed circa 1999 by Tom Chaplin. Length: 3:32 Tempo: 92bpm Key: Cm Time signature: 4/4 Style: Alternative She Has No Time An acoustic guitar version of the song, unlike the version which appears on Hopes and Fears. It was composed circa January 2001. This version is shorter than the version appearing on the album and features few synthesizer effects. Length: 5:00 Tempo: 72bpm Key: Dm Time signature: 4/4 Style: Alternative, ballad Cover art and CD box The black cover of the single reads \"keane\" when opened and every letter forming the word is made out of \"wolf at the door\" marks. The inside cover includes data about the band and their manager, Adam Tudhope, all contained inside a common CD",
"title": "Wolf at the Door"
},
{
"docid": "157779",
"text": "Meet the Residents is the debut studio album by the American art rock group the Residents, released on April 1, 1974, through Ralph Records. Most of the album was recorded throughout 1973 during breaks from production on Vileness Fats, the group's film project and main focus at the time. The album is said to adhere to N. Senada's \"Theory of Phonetic Organization,\" in which music composition should be based on individual sounds rather than traditional musical notes. Music The music on Meet the Residents is a mixture of several Western genres, including blues, jazz, opera and classical music, performed in an amateurish manner, deliberately or otherwise. The album features much of what came to be the Residents' trademark sound for most of the 1970s, with loud horns, odd time signatures and cartoonish vocals. Fans and critics have compared the music to that of Captain Beefheart and the Mothers of Invention. The first six tracks on the album segue into each other to form a sort of suite, starting with a skeletal cover of Nancy Sinatra's \"These Boots are Made for Walkin'\" before transitioning into a medley of piano melodies, Dadaist lyrics and oddly-timed percussion, ending in \"Smelly Tongues\", one of the group's better known songs. The rest of the album is composed of longer, more developed compositions (with the exception of the short \"Skratz\"). Tracks like \"Rest Aria\" and \"Spotted Pinto Bean\" are structured in a classical manner, with grand piano backdrops, horns, sound effects and operatic vocals. Meanwhile, the second side of the album consists of more percussion-based mostly instrumental compositions, particularly the track \"N-ER-GEE (Crisis Blues)\", the longest track on the album, a suite which at one point notably samples and loops the Human Beinz single \"Nobody but Me\" (around the word \"boogaloo\") and builds increasingly chaotic music around it. Artwork The design of Meet the Residents, as well as its title, is a direct parody of the Beatles' 1964 Capitol Records debut, Meet the Beatles. The front cover features all four Beatles cartoonishly defaced, while the back cover is formatted identically to the original, substituting the sleeve notes, track listing, album and publishing credits, and crawfish heads and claws are drawn over the original Beatles band photo (except for Ringo Starr, whose head is replaced by a starfish). The band members are subsequently credited as \"John Crawfish,\" \"George Crawfish,\" \"Paul McCrawfish,\" and \"Ringo Starfish.\" The cover allegedly drew the attention of Capitol Records, who threatened legal action if the cover were not changed. In response, the Residents pressed a stereo edit of the album with new artwork, presenting the original \"crawfish\" photo on the front (although the original defaced cover is still printed in the back, although in smaller size). It is unknown if the threat of legal action from Capitol was actually real, given that all subsequent re-releases of the album have again featured the original 1974 artwork. Recording Meet the Residents was recorded from February to October 1973 during breaks from the filming of their",
"title": "Meet the Residents"
},
{
"docid": "98369",
"text": "Jethro Tull are a British progressive rock band formed in Blackpool, Lancashire, in 1967. Initially playing blues rock and jazz fusion, the band soon incorporated elements of English folk music, hard rock and classical music, forging a signature progressive rock sound. The group's lead vocalist, bandleader, founder, principal composer and only constant member is Ian Anderson, who also plays flute and acoustic guitar. The group has featured a succession of musicians throughout the decades, including significant contributors such as guitarists Mick Abrahams and Martin Barre (with Barre being the longest-serving member besides Anderson); bassists Glenn Cornick, Jeffrey Hammond, John Glascock, Dave Pegg, Jonathan Noyce and David Goodier; drummers Clive Bunker, Barrie \"Barriemore\" Barlow and Doane Perry; and keyboardists John Evan, Dee Palmer, Peter-John Vettese, Andrew Giddings and John O'Hara. The band achieved moderate recognition in the London club scene and released their debut album, This Was, in 1968. After a line-up change which saw original guitarist Mick Abrahams replaced by Martin Barre, the band released a folk-tinged second album, Stand Up, in 1969. Stand Up, which reached No. 1 in the UK, gave the band their first commercial success, and regular tours of the UK and the US followed. Their musical style shifted in the direction of progressive rock with albums such as Aqualung (1971), Thick as a Brick (1972), and A Passion Play (1973), and shifted again to contemporary folk rock with Songs from the Wood (1977), Heavy Horses (1978), and Stormwatch (1979). In the early 1980s, the band underwent a major line-up change and moved into electronic rock with the albums A (1980), The Broadsword and the Beast (1982), and Under Wraps (1984). The band won their sole Grammy Award for the 1987 album Crest of a Knave, which saw them returning to a hard rock style. Jethro Tull have sold an estimated 60 million albums worldwide, with 11 gold and 5 platinum albums. They have been described by Rolling Stone as \"one of the most commercially successful and eccentric progressive rock bands\". The band ceased studio recording activity in the 2000s, but continued to tour until splitting in 2011. Following the band's split, Anderson and Barre continued to record and tour as solo artists, with Anderson's band billed variously as both \"Jethro Tull\" and \"Ian Anderson\" solo. Anderson said in 2014 that Jethro Tull had come \"more or less to an end\". In 2017, however, Anderson revived the Jethro Tull name and released new studio albums in the 2020s. The current group includes musicians who were part of Jethro Tull during the last years of its initial run, as well as newer musicians associated with Anderson's solo band, without Barre's involvement. History Origins Ian Anderson, Jeffrey Hammond and John Evan (originally Evans), who would later become members of Jethro Tull, attended grammar school together in Blackpool. Anderson was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, in 1947 and grew up in Edinburgh before moving to Blackpool in 1960. At Blackpool Grammar School he gained GCE O-levels in Maths, Physics, Chemistry,",
"title": "Jethro Tull (band)"
},
{
"docid": "3201993",
"text": "Gregory A. Hawkes (born October 22, 1952) is an American musician who is best known as the keyboardist and founding member of the American new wave band the Cars. Hawkes is credited with helping popularize new wave and synth-pop in American popular music as a member of the Cars. Hawkes, a native of Fulton, Maryland, United States, attended Atholton High School where he played in a band called Teeth. He then attended Berklee College of Music for two years, majoring in composition and flute. He left to play in various bands, including Martin Mull and his Fabulous Furniture, where he played flute, saxophone, and clarinet. He also played in a band called Richard and the Rabbits, which included future Cars bandmates Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr. He was the last member to join the Cars. Hawkes was also in the New Cars with original Cars member Elliot Easton, along with vocalist/guitarist Todd Rundgren, bassist Kasim Sulton, and drummer Prairie Prince. In 2018, Hawkes was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Cars. The Cars Hawkes's most notable involvement is with the Cars. Hawkes pushed the limits of available technology and sequencing helping to forge the sound of the 1980s. While the Cars were known commercially as a rock and new wave band, he had the biggest impact on the synth-pop and new wave sound of the Cars hits such as \"Drive.\" His signature sounds include the Prophet-5 \"sync\" sound heard on \"Let's Go\" and \"Hello Again\" as well as arpeggiated and syncopated synth lines such as on \"Shake it Up\" and \"Heartbeat City.\" In 2010, Hawkes reunited with the surviving original members of the Cars to record their first album in 24 years, titled Move Like This, which was released on May 10, 2011. Other Hawkes also played with Ocasek as a solo artist, often playing both keyboards and bass guitar. He released a solo album, Niagara Falls, in 1983. He also plays guitar, bass, percussion instruments, saxophone, clarinet and ukulele. In 2008 he released a solo album of Beatles songs performed on the ukulele. Hawkes received a writing credit for \"Service with a Smile\" on Virginia-based progressive rock band Happy the Man's second album Crafty Hands in 1978. In 1989, Chris Hughes asked Greg to come to England to record a new Paul McCartney song. He was featured on \"Motor of Love\" from the Flowers in the Dirt album, recorded at McCartney's own recording studio in a vintage windmill just south of London. In 1995, Hawkes was a member of the Sky Dwellers, which also included Perry Geyer of Manufacture. In 2009, Hawkes contributed synth to several tracks on the album Invisible Embraces by Boston-based new wave band New Collisions. Hawkes has also made at least two appearances in the children's television series Yo Gabba Gabba!, where he appears in segments instructing the viewer on playing certain instruments. In one of his appearances where he teaches the viewers on playing the ukulele,",
"title": "Greg Hawkes"
},
{
"docid": "31436690",
"text": "Reign of Fury are a British thrash metal band who are based predominantly in South West England and The Midlands. Their signature sound is a blend of 1980s thrash metal and NWOBHM, as well as various influences from other styles of metal and punk. The members are an amalgamation of friends that have met over the past 15 years on the UK punk and metal scene. Reign of Fury was formed to celebrate the types of music that provided the most significant influences to the members throughout their lives. History Early years and formation (2006–2009) The original idea for Reign of Fury was born in a pub in Cheltenham where the lead guitarist, Ed drank in 2006. He had known drummer, Magic Dave, for many years, having supported his previous punk band 4 ft Fingers at various gigs. After numerous discussions about forming a metal band, the original line-up finally came together. Originally called Reign of Terror, they changed the name to Reign of Fury quite early on. They played their first show at The Fish and Fiddle (now closed down) in Cheltenham and split up straight afterwards. Two years later, in 2008, Magic Dave left the UK punk band 4 ft Fingers. He and fellow 4 ft Fingers member Jon Priestley decided that they wanted to keep writing music together, and Magic Dave introduced Ed to Jon. They started writing material under the name \"The Ransom\" with the idea of being a punk band. After numerous rehearsals together, the riffs being written seemed to be heading in a far more metal direction. \"The Ransom\" didn't seem to suit the music that was being written, and so the name was changed to \"Reign of Fury\". After about 6 months together, after hearing the instrumental demos they had recorded, Heavy Matt Earl, joined them on bass, having already been in another band, Screamin 88s, with Magic Dave for a while. The band continued to write music, but were still lacking a vocalist. They tried out various singers to no avail, desperate to find somebody with the right vocal style for their sound, until eventually, in late 2009, Jon Priestley called upon friend Bison (Matt Steed), who was at that time playing bass for hardcore band Section 13. Jon and Bison had worked together for many years in punk band Gash and experimental band Black Flame Dispute. After hearing what the band had to offer, Bison did some sample vocals over a few of the demo tracks Reign of Fury had recorded, songs which would later appear on the Psycho Intentions E.P. The band finally now clicked as a unit and established their signature sound. Reign of Fury officially became a full band in late 2009 and played their first show at The 2 Pigs in Cheltenham on 16 January 2010 supporting Tewkesbury band Lumphammer. Psycho Intentions and World Detonation (2010–2012) The band played a few shows in 2010 and only 7 shows in 2011 but continued to write additional material. Reign",
"title": "Reign of Fury"
},
{
"docid": "2366578",
"text": "Marshall Edward Lytle (September 1, 1933 – May 25, 2013) was an American rock and roll bassist, best known for his work with the groups Bill Haley & His Comets and The Jodimars in the 1950s. He played upright slap bass on the iconic 1950s rock and roll records \"Crazy Man, Crazy\", \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\", and \"Rock Around the Clock\". Career Born in Old Fort, North Carolina, Lytle was a guitar player before joining Bill Haley's country music group, The Saddlemen, in 1951. But Lytle was hired to play double bass for the group, replacing departing musician Al Rex, so Haley taught Lytle the basics of slap bass playing. Lytle, who was only a teenager at the time, grew a moustache in order to look a little older, and became a full-time member of The Saddlemen and, in September 1952, he was with the group when they changed their name to Bill Haley & His Comets. Soon after, Lytle co-wrote with Haley the band's first national hit, \"Crazy Man, Crazy\" although he did not receive co-authorship credit for it (until 2002). Lytle played on all of Haley's recordings between mid-1951 and the summer of 1955, including the epochal \"Rock Around the Clock\" in 1954 (fellow Jodimars saxophonist Joey Ambrose and drummer Dick Richards also appeared on the original of the classic track). He was paid $41.25 for the three-hour Decca recording session which also included the original A side, \"Thirteen Women (And Only One Man in Town)\". He played a late 1940s model Epiphone B5 upright double bass, purchased in October 1951, for about $275. He used gut strings for the G and D strings while the A and E strings were wound. Lytle's style of playing, which involved slapping the strings to make a percussive sound, is considered one of the signature sounds of early rock and roll and rockabilly. The athletic Lytle also developed a stage routine, along with Ambrose, that involved doing acrobatic stunts with the bass fiddle, including throwing it in the air and riding it like a horse. This became a signature performance for The Comets that later musicians working for Haley were instructed to emulate. He was part of the band when they appeared on the NBC Texaco Star Theatre show hosted by Milton Berle and the Ed Sullivan Show on CBS in 1955. He also appeared in the 1954 Universal International Pictures movie short Round Up of Rhythm. In September 1955, Lytle, along with drummer Dick Richards and Ambrose, quit The Comets in a salary dispute and formed their own musical group, The Jodimars. Before leaving, Lytle and his colleagues offered to train their replacements in the art of rock and roll playing, Comets style. Lytle was succeeded by Al Rex—ironically, the same musician he had originally been hired to replace. The Jodimars became one of the first rock and roll groups to take up residence in Las Vegas showrooms, but only managed to score minor hits for Capitol Records and, later,",
"title": "Marshall Lytle"
},
{
"docid": "72088733",
"text": "The original score to the 1991 science-fiction action film, Terminator 2: Judgment Day is composed by Brad Fiedel. The film, directed by James Cameron is a sequel to the 1984 film The Terminator, and the second instalment in the Terminator franchise. Fiedel who scored for the first film using synthesisers and electronic instruments, had produced the score for Terminator 2, in an \"acoustic and organic manner\". According to Fiedel, he created the score in such a way, to bring a \"warmer tone\" on depicting the relationship with young John Connor and the Terminator. The recording and production process involved two CMI machines and synthesisers, with an ensemble orchestra assisting the electronic sounds. The first issue of Terminator 2: Judgment Day (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released by Varèse Sarabande in 1991, followed by subsequent reissues in the following years. It was remastered twice for digital and physical releases. The first remastered score was released by Silva Screen in August 2010, and the second remastering under the title Terminator 2: Judgment Day (Original Soundtrack Recording), was released in March 2017 by StudioCanal and UMG. Production The Terminator composer Brad Fiedel returned for the sequel. Film industry professionals regarded his return with concern and skepticism; they believed his style would not suit the film. Fiedel produced the score for Terminator 2, even before the film entered production. He quickly realized that he would not receive the finished footage until late in the production after most effects were completed; which made it difficult to commit to decisions such as use of an orchestra because, unlike ambient music, the score had to accompany the on-screen action. He used organic and acoustic sounds, which were compiled using the limited technology he had available. The score was recorded and produced using a Fairlight CMI. Fiedel order two CMIs: one machine was used for producing percussive instruments and the other contained the remaining instruments, and had created all the exact versions of the time signatures and tempos, to carefully sync with the sounds. Both Fiedel and Cameron wanted the musical tone to be \"warmer\" due to its focus on a nobler Terminator and young John. He then experimented with sounds and shared them with Cameron for feedback. While The Terminator score had mainly used oscillators and synthesizers, Fiedel recorded real instruments and modified their sounds. He developed a library of sounds for characters such as the T-1000, whose theme was created by sampling brass-instrument players warming up and improvising. Fiedel said to the players, \"You're an insane asylum. You're a bedlam of instruments.\" He slowed down the resulting sample and lowered the pitch, describing it as \"artificial intelligent monks chanting\". Cameron considered the \"atonal\" sound \"too avant-garde\" for him but Fiedel justified it as an accompaniment to Cameron, who was making a film \"people have never seen before\". The motifs he created, was really almost musically generated from altered forward and backwards sounds of samples. While post-production happened at the Skywalker Sound in Lucas Valley, California, Fiedel",
"title": "Terminator 2: Judgment Day (score)"
},
{
"docid": "1458754",
"text": "\"Take the 'A' Train\" is a jazz standard by Billy Strayhorn that was the signature tune of the Duke Ellington orchestra. In 1976, the 1941 recording by Duke Ellington on Victor Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. History The use of the Strayhorn composition as the signature tune was made necessary by a ruling in 1940 by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP). When ASCAP raised its licensing fees for broadcast use, many ASCAP members, including Ellington, could no longer play their compositions over radio, as most music was played live on radio at the time. Ellington turned to Billy Strayhorn and son Mercer Ellington, who were registered with ASCAP's competitor BMI, to \"write a whole new book for the band,\" Mercer recalled. A' Train\" was one of many tunes written by Strayhorn, and was picked to replace \"Sepia Panorama\" as the band's signature song. Mercer recalled that he found the composition in a trash can after Strayhorn discarded a draft of it because it sounded too much like a Fletcher Henderson arrangement. The song was first recorded on January 15, 1941 as a standard transcription for radio broadcast. The first (and most famous) commercial recording was made on February 15, 1941. \"Take the 'A' Train\" was composed in 1939, after Ellington offered Strayhorn a job in his organization and gave him money to travel from Pittsburgh to New York City. Ellington wrote directions for Strayhorn to get to his house by subway. The directions began with the words \"Take the A Train\", referring to the then-new that runs through New York City, going at that time from eastern Brooklyn, on the Fulton Street Line opened in 1936, up into Harlem and northern Manhattan, using the Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan opened in 1932. Strayhorn was a great fan of Fletcher Henderson's arrangements. \"One day, I was thinking about his style, the way he wrote for trumpets, trombones and saxophones, and I thought I would try something like that\", Strayhorn recalled in Stanley Dance's The World Of Duke Ellington. Although Strayhorn said he wrote lyrics for it, the recorded first lyrics were composed by, or for, the Delta Rhythm Boys. The lyrics used by the Ellington band were added by Joya Sherrill, who was 20 at the time (1944). She made up the words at her home in Detroit, while the song played on the radio. Her father, a noted Detroit activist, set up a meeting with Ellington. Owing to Joya's remarkable poise and singing ability and her unique take on the song, Ellington hired her as a vocalist and adopted her lyrics. The vocalist who most often performed the song with the Ellington band was trumpeter Ray Nance, who enhanced the lyrics with numerous choruses of scat singing. Nance is also responsible for the trumpet solo on the first recording, which was so well suited for the song that it has often been duplicated note for note by others. The song was performed",
"title": "Take the \"A\" Train"
},
{
"docid": "7848912",
"text": "Crooked Still is an American band consisting of vocalist Aoife O'Donovan, banjo player Gregory Liszt, bassist Corey DiMario, cellist Tristan Clarridge and fiddle player Brittany Haas. They are known for their high energy, technical skill, unusual instrumentation, and innovative acoustic style. The string band's style has been described as progressive bluegrass, folk-country, and Americana. O'Donovan states that the band is playing its \"own sort of continuation\" on the bluegrass tradition that began in the U.S. with Bill Monroe and Jimmy Martin. History 2001–2008 O'Donovan and DiMario met at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, Massachusetts in the spring of 2001. Former member Rushad Eggleston, who was studying cello at Berklee College of Music, and Liszt, a graduate student at MIT, were playing music together around the same time, and when the four met that summer, they formed a band that became Crooked Still. While its members finished school, the group played various Boston venues, growing in popularity and collecting favorable reviews from the local press. Crooked Still went on to appear at concert halls, festivals, coffeehouses, and nightclubs in 23 states and several countries. On August 22, 2006, the group released their second album, Shaken by a Low Sound. From 2008 Cellist Rushad Eggleston performed his last show with the band on November 18, 2007, at the Iron Horse in Northampton, Massachusetts. He parted ways with Crooked Still to pursue his own music with band Tornado Rider. In January 2008 two new members joined the band: cellist Tristan Clarridge and fiddler Brittany Haas, both of whom have toured in Darol Anger's Republic of Strings. The Darol Anger connection goes further: Rushad Eggleston was in Fiddlers 4 in 2002. The band released its first album with the new lineup, Still Crooked in 2008, a live album in 2009, and Some Strange Country in 2010. 2011 and beyond In honor of their tenth anniversary together as a band, Crooked Still embarked on a major tour of the Northeast and the Pacific Northwest, and released a 7-song EP called Friends of Fall in October 2011. After the final show of their 2011 tour, Crooked Still took a three-year touring and recording hiatus (originally planned to be one year) for its members to pursue other musical projects. Crooked Still performed at the FreshGrass festival in North Adams, Massachusetts, in September 2017. In June 2018, Crooked Still songs \"Little Sadie\" and \"Ecstasy\" were featured in the gameplay trailer for The Last of Us Part II presented at E3 2018. These songs, along with \"Ain't No Grave\" were included in the final game. Discography Albums Live albums Music videos References External links American folk musical groups American bluegrass music groups Old-time bands Musical groups from Boston Progressive bluegrass music groups Signature Sounds artists",
"title": "Crooked Still"
},
{
"docid": "5695788",
"text": "\"Sweet Jane\" is a song by American rock band the Velvet Underground. Appearing on their fourth studio album Loaded (1970), the song was written by band leader and primary songwriter Lou Reed, who continued to incorporate the piece into live performances after he left the band. When Loaded was originally released in 1970, the song's bridge was cut. The box set Peel Slowly and See (1995) and reissue Loaded: Fully Loaded Edition restored the missing section. The song also appears on the albums Live at Max's Kansas City; 1969: The Velvet Underground Live; Peel Slowly and See; Live MCMXCIII; Loaded: Fully Loaded Edition; American Poet; Rock 'n' Roll Animal; Live: Take No Prisoners; Live in Italy; The Concert for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; Rock and Roll: an Introduction to The Velvet Underground; NYC Man (The Ultimate Collection 1967–2003); Live on Letterman: Music from The Late Show; and Berlin: Live At St. Ann's Warehouse. History There are two distinct versions of \"Sweet Jane\" with minor variations, spread over its first four releases. The first release of the song in November 1970 was a version recorded earlier that year and included on Loaded. In May 1972, a live version recorded in August 1970 appeared on the Velvet Underground's Live at Max's Kansas City; this had an additional bridge that was missing from the Loaded release. In February 1974, a live version recorded in December 1973 (similar to the Loaded version but with an extended intro and hard rock sound), appeared on Reed's Rock 'n' Roll Animal. The elaborate twin guitar intro on the Rock 'n' Roll Animal version was written by Steve Hunter and played by Hunter and Dick Wagner, two Detroit guitarists who would go on to play with Alice Cooper. Cash Box said that \"this heavy rocker\" has a \"strong production and good hook\" as well as \"stunning lead guitar and Lou's inimitable vocals.\" Record World said that \"With a style that generates pure excitement, sweet sounds abound!.\" In September 1974, a down-tempo live version recorded in late 1969 was included on 1969: The Velvet Underground Live, with a different song structure and lyrics. When a restored version of the original release on Loaded was eventually unveiled on Peel Slowly and See in 1995 (and in 1997 on Loaded: Fully Loaded Edition), it turned out that some of the 1969 lyrics (notably the entire bridge as heard on Live at Max's Kansas City) had originally been included in the Loaded version as well, but were scrapped in the finished edit. In a 2005 interview, former Velvet Underground member Doug Yule stated that the main signature \"riff\" of the song (as it appears on Loaded) was finalized in the studio just before the tracks were recorded, and it was achieved by Lou Reed's playing \"cranked-up very loud\" through a large Sunn amplifier. In addition to recording the bass track, the drums on the recording were performed by Doug Yule because Velvet drummer Maureen Tucker was pregnant at the",
"title": "Sweet Jane"
},
{
"docid": "6325194",
"text": "Distortion and overdrive are forms of audio signal processing used to alter the sound of amplified electric musical instruments, usually by increasing their gain, producing a \"fuzzy\", \"growling\", or \"gritty\" tone. Distortion is most commonly used with the electric guitar, but may also be used with other electric instruments such as electric bass, electric piano, synthesizer and Hammond organ. Guitarists playing electric blues originally obtained an overdriven sound by turning up their vacuum tube-powered guitar amplifiers to high volumes, which caused the signal to distort. While overdriven tube amps are still used to obtain overdrive, especially in genres like blues and rockabilly, a number of other ways to produce distortion have been developed since the 1960s, such as distortion effect pedals. The growling tone of a distorted electric guitar is a key part of many genres, including blues and many rock music genres, notably hard rock, punk rock, hardcore punk, acid rock, and heavy metal music, while the use of distorted bass has been essential in a genre of hip hop music and alternative hip hop known as \"SoundCloud rap\". The effects alter the instrument sound by clipping the signal (pushing it past its maximum, which shears off the peaks and troughs of the signal waves), adding sustain and harmonic and inharmonic overtones and leading to a compressed sound that is often described as \"warm\" and \"dirty\", depending on the type and intensity of distortion used. The terms distortion and overdrive are often used interchangeably; where a distinction is made, distortion is a more extreme version of the effect than overdrive. Fuzz is a particular form of extreme distortion originally created by guitarists using faulty equipment (such as a misaligned valve (tube); see below), which has been emulated since the 1960s by a number of \"fuzzbox\" effects pedals. Distortion, overdrive, and fuzz can be produced by effects pedals, rackmounts, pre-amplifiers, power amplifiers (a potentially speaker-blowing approach), speakers and (since the 2000s) by digital amplifier modeling devices and audio software. These effects are used with electric guitars, electric basses (fuzz bass), electronic keyboards, and more rarely as a special effect with vocals. While distortion is often created intentionally as a musical effect, musicians and sound engineers sometimes take steps to avoid distortion, particularly when using PA systems to amplify vocals or when playing back prerecorded music. History Early uses of amplified distortion The first guitar amplifiers were relatively low-fidelity, and would often produce distortion when their volume (gain) was increased beyond their design limit or if they sustained minor damage. From 1935 onward, Western swing guitarist Bob Dunn began experimenting with a distorted or \"dirty\" tone. Later, around 1945, Western swing guitarist and member of the Bob Wills band, Junior Barnard, began experimenting with a rudimentary humbucker pick-up and a small amplifier to obtain his signature \"low-down and dirty\" bluesy sound which allowed for more \"fluid and funky\" chords. Many electric blues guitarists, including Chicago bluesmen such as Elmore James and Buddy Guy, experimented in order to get a guitar sound",
"title": "Distortion (music)"
},
{
"docid": "70384764",
"text": "\"Maybe\" is a song by American musician Machine Gun Kelly. It was released on March 16, 2022, as the fourth single from his sixth studio album Mainstream Sellout. The song features performances from members of the British rock band Bring Me the Horizon. Background \"Maybe\" was first premiered on March 4, 2022, at the \"Emo Nite\" live event club night at Los Angeles' Avalon Hollywood venue. The song was released as the fourth single from Machine Gun Kelly's sixth studio album on March 16, Mainstream Sellout, after \"Papercuts\", \"Emo Girl\", and \"Ay!\". The song features members of the British rock band Bring Me the Horizon; the track is their second collaboration of 2022, following their remixed version of \"Bad Habits\" with Ed Sheeran. An acoustic variation of the song was released on June 23, 2022 alongside the release of \"Life in Pink Deluxe\" version of the Mainstream Sellout album. As of July 25th, 2022 the official audio version is approaching 300k views and over 12k likes. Themes and composition Rolling Stone described the song as \"pop punk, albeit with some signature screaming from Sykes\". The song features alternating vocals from Kelly and Sykes, with clean, melodic vocals throughout, and \"deathcore-styled screaming\" in the bridge by Sykes alone. The song opens up with a chant of \"2,3,5!\" by Kelly, as he felt the typical start of \"1,2,3\" was boring. BrooklynVegan, Louder Sound, Pitchfork and Wall of Sound compared the track to the sound of Paramore's song \"Misery Business\", a song that Kelly had covered in the past. Far Out Magazine stated that the intro sounds similar to Soundgarden's \"Black Hole Sun\" and that the main guitar riff sounds similar to +44's \"When Your Heart Stops Beating\". The Daily Californian described it as a combination of Everlast's \"What It's Like\", and AFI's \"Miss Murder\" and the general sound of Blink-182. Clash compared the guitars to Linkin Park. Reception Wall of Sound praised the song for being a \"certainly decent track\" and a \"stand out on the album for alternative fans\", whereas Kerrang! referred to it as a \"massive banger\". Clash also praised it, calling the song a \"total delight\". Other publications were less positive, critiquing it for its lack of originality. MetalSucks referred to it as \"bland and predictable\", while BrooklynVegan complained that it was too similar to Paramore's \"Misery Business\", to the point of declaring they felt Kelly probably owed the band royalty payments. Far Out Magazine called it terrible and said that the intro is \"cringe-inducing\". Sputnikmusic said that Oli Sykes outshines Baker due to not being completely tone-deaf. Wall of Sounds album reviewer also felt differently about the track, concluding that \"expectations fell short here.\" Music video The official music video for \"Maybe\" was released on March 25, 2022 and was directed by Marc Klasfeld. The video is set and recorded inside The Shard in London, England where Machine Gun Kelly performs the song alongside Bring Me the Horizon's Oli Sykes and Blink-182's drummer and album's producer Travis Barker,",
"title": "Maybe (Machine Gun Kelly song)"
},
{
"docid": "3123836",
"text": "Mark Erelli (born June 20, 1974) is an American singer/songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and touring folk musician from Reading, Massachusetts who earned a master's degree in evolutionary biology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst before pursuing a career in music. Erelli has released nine solo albums and three collaborative albums. His self-titled debut album was released in 1999, the same year that he won the Kerrville Folk Festival's New Folk Award. His first recording for the Signature Sounds label, Compass & Companion, spent ten weeks in the Top Ten on the Americana Chart. Erelli has worked as a side musician for singer songwriters Lori McKenna and Josh Ritter. He has performed at various music festivals and shared the stage with John Hiatt, Dave Alvin, and Gillian Welch. Erelli's song “People Look Around”, which he co-wrote with Catie Curtis, was the Grand Prize winner at the 2005 International Songwriting Competition. His songs have been recorded by Ellis Paul, Vance Gilbert, Antje Duvekot, and Red Molly. Early life and education Erelli was born in Boston and grew up in the town of Reading, Massachusetts. Erelli performed in numerous high school musicals and founded the band, Freddie and Slip. Later he was a member of the band Organic Ice Cube and wrote his first song \"Hell In the Sky\" as a member of the band Dead Flowers (Greg Pothier, Scott Collins, Brian Moynihan, Kevin Larimore, Kris Tuscano, Chris Kerrigan Borning). Erelli was introduced to the music of Patty Larkin, Chris Smither, and other singer-songwriters by listening to the radio station WBOS. He formed the Mark Erelli Band and in 1997 released the album Long Way From Heaven. After attending the North East Folk Alliance Conference in 1997, Erelli signed a recording contract with Signature Sounds Recordings. He was awarded the Iguana Music Fund Fellowship award from Cambridge's Club Passim and used the proceeds to build a home studio. Erelli attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine and in 1997 enrolled at the University of Massachusetts Amherst where he obtained a master's degree in evolutionary biology in 1999. Career Erelli's self-titled debut CD was released on the Signature Sounds label in 1999. Produced by Lorne Entress, Erelli was backed by musicians Duke Levine, Kevin Barry, Jim Lamond, Dave Dick, Joe Barbato, Roger Williams, and Mike Dinallo and guest vocalists, Rani Arbo, Louise Taylor, and Ben Demerath. He later won the Kerrville Folk Festival's New Folk Award in the same year. The following year, Erelli's sophomore recording for Signature Sounds, Compass & Companion was released. Again produced by Entress, it features a title-song duet with country artist Kelly Willis. Duke Levine and Kevin Barry once again lent support on guitar along with Dave Dick on banjo and Entress on the jaw harp and percussion. The album charted for ten weeks in the Top Ten of the Americana Music Chart. Later that year Erelli was nominated for two Boston Music Awards. Erelli's next project was to forego the traditional studio and instead gather a group of musicians to play",
"title": "Mark Erelli"
},
{
"docid": "1834314",
"text": "The Shadows (originally known as the Drifters between 1958 and 1959) were an English instrumental rock group, who dominated the British popular music charts in the pre-Beatles era from the late 1950s to the early 1960s. They served as the backing band for Cliff Richard from 1958 to 1968, and have joined him for several reunion tours. The Shadows had 69 UK chart singles from the 1950s to the 2000s, 35 as the Shadows and 34 as Cliff Richard and the Shadows, ranging from pop, rock, surf rock and ballads with a jazz influence. The group, who were in the forefront of the UK beat-group boom, were the first backing band to emerge as stars. As pioneers of the four-member instrumental format, the band consisted of lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums. The Shadows built their signature sound on Fender guitars and Vox amplifiers, but around 1964, they replaced their Fenders with BurnsBurns guitars, with Bruce Welch citing tuning issues as the main reason. The core members from 1958 to the present are guitarists Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch and drummer Brian Bennett (who has been with the group since 1961) with various bassists and occasionally keyboardists through the years. The Shadows hits The Shadows' number-one hits include \"Apache\", \"Kon-Tiki\", \"Wonderful Land\", \"Foot Tapper\" and \"Dance On!\". Although these and most of their best-remembered hits were instrumentals, the group also recorded occasional vocal numbers, and hit the UK top ten with the group-sung \"Don't Make My Baby Blue\" in 1965. Four other vocal songs by the Shadows also made the UK charts. They disbanded in 1968, but reunited in the 1970s for further commercial success. The Shadows are the fifth-most successful act on the UK Singles Chart, behind Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Cliff Richard and Madonna. The Shadows and Cliff Richard & the Shadows each have had four No. 1–selling EPs. Career The Shadows formed as a backing band for Cliff Richard under the name The Drifters. The original members were founder Ken Pavey (born 1932), Terry Smart on drums (1942), Norman Mitham on guitar (1941), Ian Samwell on guitar and Harry Webb (before he became Cliff Richard) on guitar and vocals. They had no bass player. Samwell wrote their debut single, \"Move It\", often mistakenly attributed to \"Cliff Richard and the Shadows\" and not the Drifters. At the insistence of the group's producer and manager Norrie Paramor, in order to ensure a strong sound, two session players, guitarist Ernie Shear and bassist Frank Clark, played on the \"Move It/Schoolboy Crush\" single. Initially Paramor wanted to record using only studio musicians, but after persuasion he allowed Smart and Samwell to play as well. In his memoirs, Welch regrets that he and Marvin were not able to be at the start of making history with \"Move It\". The Drifters signed for Jack Good's Oh Boy! television series. Paramor of EMI signed Richard, and asked Johnny Foster to recruit a better guitarist. Foster went to Soho's 2i's coffee bar, known",
"title": "The Shadows"
},
{
"docid": "16945305",
"text": "AudioID is a commercial technology for automatically identifying audio material using acoustic fingerprints. Audio data is recognized automatically and associated information (track or artist name, for example) is provided in real time. The technology was developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology (IDMT). The IDMT is managed by Prof. Karlheinz Brandenburg, who led the development of the MP3 format. AudioID technology is a part of the international ISO/IEC MPEG-7 audio standard of the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). In 2005 German-based company Magix AG acquired patents for the technology. Mufin is a commercial product based on the AudioID. Process First, a clear digital signature is created from the output sound, and this is then stored in a database. The signature can be linked to additional meta information in a database, e.g. artist or title information. As soon as an audio signal's signature is available, AudioID can identify a sample of the original audio, even if the sample is only a few seconds long. Alteration of the output sound material, e.g. bias or equalization, MP3 encoding or acoustic transfer does not influence the quality of the recognition process. The rate of recognition normally amounts to 99%. Application Audio recognition technologies like AudioID are used everywhere where sound material has to be recognized and identified automatically, e.g. radio or digital libraries. Commercial products which utilize the AudioID technology include diverse MAGIX products, such as MP3 Maker. External links audioid technology from mufin References MPEG Acoustic fingerprinting",
"title": "AudioID"
},
{
"docid": "2698451",
"text": "Donald Roeser (born November 12, 1947), known by his stage name Buck Dharma, is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is the sole constant member of hard rock band Blue Öyster Cult since the group's formation in 1967. He wrote and sang vocals on several of the band's best-known hits, including \"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\", \"Godzilla\" and \"Burnin' for You\". Early life Roeser was born in Queens, New York City. His father was an accomplished jazz saxophonist, and Roeser spent a lot of time listening to jazz music as a result. Because of this, Roeser developed an interest in the melodic arts at an early age, even playing the accordion for a brief time. Roeser was influenced greatly by the British Invasion of 1964, and decided to pursue rock-and-roll music. He first started out playing the drums, but had to stop temporarily after breaking his wrist playing basketball. While recovering, Roeser learned to play guitar, and found he enjoyed it more than the drums. Career Early career: 1961–1967 During his high-school years at Smithtown Central High School, Roeser played guitar in various cover bands. At this time, he started to develop his own signature sound by imitating his favorite guitarists and combining their sounds with his own style. Roeser attended Clarkson University in New York, and joined a band that included later bandmate Albert Bouchard. The two played together on and off during the rest of their college career. At the end, both musicians abandoned potential degrees (Roeser's in Chemical Engineering), and decided to pursue music full-time. They moved into a band house near Stony Brook University, where Roeser was a part-time student, and started their careers. Soft White Underbelly: 1967–1971 Roeser, Lanier, Bouchard and Winters formed the band Soft White Underbelly in 1967. Members included singer Les Braunstein, and former music critic Sandy Pearlman (their producer). In 1968, they were signed by Elektra Records after the company's president Jac Holzman saw them perform. The band dropped Braunstein and added new singer Eric Bloom to their lineup - and recorded under the name Stalk-Forrest Group (after a bad gig forced them to change their name) in 1970. Elektra dropped the band because of problems with the personnel, and the album was shelved (it was eventually released in 2001 under the name St. Cecilia: The Elektra Recordings). Blue Öyster Cult: 1971–present Roeser, along with Bouchard, Lanier, Pearlman, Bloom, and new member bassist Joe Bouchard (younger brother of Albert Bouchard) reformed with the name Blue Öyster Cult. They signed with Columbia Records in 1971, and released four albums between 1972 and 1975. By Blue Öyster Cult's fifth album Agents of Fortune in 1976, Roeser proved himself as a songwriter and vocalist with the band's signature song \"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\". As a result, Roeser's songwriting and vocals were more prevalent on the follow-up albums Spectres, Mirrors, Cultosaurus Erectus and Fire of Unknown Origin. Most significantly, he penned and sang on the tracks \"Godzilla\" and \"Burnin' for You\". In 1982, Roeser recorded",
"title": "Buck Dharma"
},
{
"docid": "4221000",
"text": "I Am Ghost was an American post-hardcore band from Long Beach, California, United States, conceived of and founded by Steven Juliano in 2004. They were signed to Epitaph Records from 2005 to 2010, before splitting up in July 2010. They briefly reunited on April 28, 2016. History Singer Steve Juliano utilized his knowledge of MySpace to attract prospective members to I Am Ghost and formed the original members that included lead guitarist Timoteo Rosales III; rhythm guitarist Gabe Iraheta; violinist Kerith Telestai and her husband, bassist/keyboardist Brian Telestai, and drummer, Victor Camarena. Before the band began touring, Camarena was replaced by Ryan Seaman. After signing to Epitaph Records, the band's self-recorded and self-released EP entitled We Are Always Searching was remastered and re-released by the label. Epitaph issued the band's first album, Lovers' Requiem, on October 10, 2006. Juliano explains, \"It’s essentially a rock opera but for hardcore or Goth kids.\" I Am Ghost toured with Biffy Clyro, TheAUDITION and The Bronx on the Kerrang! Tour 2007, the Epitaph Tour 2007 with Escape the Fate, The Matches, and The Higher, the Take Action Tour in 2006, and played on Warped Tour 2006 and Warped Tour 2007 in support of their first album. Band violinist/vocalist Kerith Telestai released an official statement on June 29, 2007, stating that she would be unable to continue touring and would be leaving I Am Ghost due to health reasons after being hospitalized in both Spokane, WA and Denver, CO on their tour with The Chariot. A few days after Kerith's departure, her husband, Brian Telestai, announced that he too would be leaving the band after the 2007 Warped Tour and their tour with Aiden. According to Juliano, there was a conflict among the remaining members of I Am Ghost and the Telestai's, concerning the direction of I Am Ghost. During the 2007 Warped Tour, bassist/vocalist Ron Ficarro was invited to join the band and replace Brian Telestai. The band's second album, Those We Leave Behind, was released on October 7, 2008. Their second album was met with mixed reviews. Some people felt their new distilled sound was meaner, more aggressive, and only a slight departure from their previous sound, while a lot of their fan base still expected to hear the classic elements of violin and choral voices that had become part of their signature sound. \"[Their new sound] has become a big debate between I Am Ghost fans\" \"[Kerith] helped provide life to the band, and she’s sorely missed. The guitar work of Gabe Iraheta and the drumming of Ryan Seaman are also missed; it’s evident that their musicianship was much better than those who have replaced them\". Some have speculated that Juliano wrote the song \"Smile of A Jesus Freak\" specifically about Kerith Telestai. Fan reviews were mixed: \"[Their music is] less epic than before, which I felt had been my favorite appeal to them, but their style and sound of We Are Always Searching is defiantly there. Their key choruses and pounding",
"title": "I Am Ghost"
},
{
"docid": "501350",
"text": "Escape from Noise is the fourth studio album by Negativland. It marked the band's first release on an established independent record label, SST Records. On the album, they continued to develop their experimental style, as well as incorporating elements of pop music with shorter tracks and more conventional melodies. \"Christianity Is Stupid\", a track featuring samples from the propaganda movie If Footmen Tire You, What Will Horses Do?, proved to be an enduring signature song: the band and the release gained widespread attention a year later due to an SST press release falsely implying that murderer David Brom had listened to the song before killing his family members. Release The original album came with a yellow bumper sticker with black letters reading \"Car Bomb\", and a booklet outlining the history of the band, along with photos of band members and reviews of previous releases. In the booklet, Crosley Bendix (Don Joyce) describes how Negativland's studio/apartment and recording equipment were destroyed in a two-alarm fire discovered by Negativland member Mark Hosler at 11:50 pm late on \"Friday the 13th of February, 1987\". The fire started in Smart Laundry, a dry cleaning business located at street level below Negativland's apartment, 10028 San Pablo Avenue in El Cerrito, California. When he saw flames leaping up past their kitchen window, Hosler yelled to his friend Tera Freedman in the next room to call 9-1-1 to notify the fire department. Hosler and Freedman collected the finished master tapes and artwork for Escape from Noise and quickly left the building, just as fire crews arrived. Cleaning solvents in the laundry accelerated the fire and caused extensive damage to the building before fire crews gained control. Afterward, the band grimly assessed the total destruction of the recording equipment and the materials from previous releases. Together, they traveled to Los Angeles to meet with SST executives and \"reaffirm their album commitment\". In 1999, Seeland Records reissued the album in a new \"un-remixed\" edition, adding no bonus tracks and blowing up the photo on the LP to fill the entire CD front cover and the original LP cover's words from Bendix were moved into the booklet. A sticker was placed on the album, saying: An old album from Negativland: Digitally exacto-remastered 33 rpm compact disc re-issue of Negativland's classic 1987 LP with no added bonus tracks of any kind! Don't let the new cover design fool you – your audiophile friends might think that such classics as \"Car Bomb\" and \"Christianity Is Stupid\" sound crisper and cleaner on this newly un-remixed edition, but they're dead wrong! And even though there are no longer eleven time zones in the Soviet Union (and no Soviet Union, either) this re-release sounds exactly the same as the original. The only thing different is the sticker you are reading right now. The original LP is still in print on SST Records, even though the band re-released the record in 1999 on Seeland. In 1988, the group released a press release suggesting that the song",
"title": "Escape from Noise"
},
{
"docid": "22072991",
"text": "Out of Control is an American sketch comedy television series created by Bob Hughes for Nickelodeon. Hosted by Dave Coulier, it centers on the production of a fictional news program. Coulier's character is the coordinator of the news show who vainly tries to get his eccentric crew members to work together. It features sketches with recurring themes by the Duck's Breath Mystery Theatre and interspersed animation by Spectre Productions. The series' title refers to the control room of a news show; during production, it was named The Out of Control Room. The concept for the series originated from former Nickelodeon president Cy Schneider, who wanted a children's show that parodied the news magazine format. The series ran for a single season of 26 episodes from 1984 to 1985, with reruns continuing (with breaks) until 1993. The series started the television career of several actors, including Coulier and David Stenstrom, who played the in-house inventor Waldo. While working on the series, Coulier originated many traits that he went on to use for the character Joey Gladstone on Full House, including his signature catchphrase \"Cut-it-out!\" Premise The series focuses on the production of a news program called Out of Control, which is a show-within-a-show. It is hosted by Dave (Dave Coulier), who is level-headed and tries his best to keep the show from getting \"out of control.\" Dave's fellow crew members are archetypal characters, such as the shrill, plastic-fantastic party-girl stage manager Diz Aster (Diz McNally), the clueless reporter Angela \"Scoop\" Quickly (Jill Wakewood), the caustic newshawk Hern Burford (Marty Schiff), Professor Gravity (who was later re-used in the radio sketch Ask Dr. Science), and Waldo, the bespectacled mad inventor (David Stenstrom) and crew member. The characters refer to a box-like computer called the HA-HA 3200 as the sketch and joke writer for the show. Guest stars included Bill Bixby (from The Incredible Hulk, and Against the Odds), Mouth Sounds author and Livewire host Fred Newman (who had a sound effects contest with Dave), comedian Bruce Baum (playing a fraud who collected clothing of celebrities), Joel Hodgson (playing an inept magician), and Dennis Miller (a man trying to survive in the desert). Also, Patrick \"The Stick\" Varnell, best known for the slasher comedy film Student Bodies, made a cameo appearance in the show's first episode; it was his only TV appearance. Regular sketches Let's Eat – a food segment where Dave goes out to restaurants across the country for what he hears to be \"The World's Best\". If it matches the claim, Dave presents the \"Let's Eat Trophy\" (a gold cup with novelty chattering teeth) to the owner or chef of the restaurant. It's Probably True! – A news-like segment with real or fictional facts outlined. How Not To Do Things – A do-it-yourself segment featuring inept participants with corresponding disastrous results. Some of these how to's include kissing, treehouse, go carts, etc. It's Alive! – A segment that deals with animals and nature. Are We There Yet? – A segment that",
"title": "Out of Control (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "14348418",
"text": "\"Welcome to My Party\" is the fourteenth single by the Dutch girl group Luv', released in the autumn of 1989 by Dureco/High Fashion. This song appears on the 1989 EP For You and is the group's comeback record since their 1981 single Tingalingaling. It was recorded by a line-up consisting of Marga Scheide (the only original Luv' singer) and two new members, Michelle Gold and Diana van Berlo. Background In late October 1988, the original Luv' members (Marga Scheide, José Hoebee and Patty Brard) reunited for the Dutch TV charity show \"Samen\" (hosted by Mies Bouwman) to perform their signature song \"You're the Greatest Lover\". This reunion was unexpected and provoked an enthusiastic reaction among the trio's fans. Luv' planned to record new material. The famous British \"hit machine\" Stock Aitken Waterman were announced to produce it. However, this project never materialized. In April 1989, José Hoebee refused to be involved in a comeback due to family reasons. She was replaced by the 23-year-old Diana van Berlo. In early August 1989, Brard suddenly left Luv' as she signed a contract with the newly created RTL Véronique TV channel. A replacement had to be found. Scheide recruited 29-year-old English vocalist Michelle Gold. The 1989 Luv' trio had a record deal with Dureco/High Fashion Music. Hans van Hemert and Piet Souer, who originally conceived the Luv' concept, did not collaborate with the renewed line-up of the female formation. With the help of Marga's partner, Jacques Zwart (aka E. Mergency), a new musical direction was chosen and the British producer Nigel Wright was hired to supervise new recordings. Wright was a veteran of the English dance scene thanks to the hits he produced for Shakatak, Imagination, Mirage and other bands. Luv' recorded the six-track mini-album For You. Most of the work was done at Wright's Skratch Studios in London while the vocals were recorded at Dureco studio in Weesp, the Netherlands. The girl group was inspired by the PWL sound that dominated European music production in the late 1980s. In early October 1989, Dureco/High Fashion Music decided to release the Dance-pop single \"Welcome to My Party\" as a foretaste of For You. This track was written by John van Katwijk (who worked previously with Patricia Paay), Marcel Schimscheimer (who collaborated with René Froger) and Ronald Sommer. On September 29, 1989, \"Welcome to My Party\" premiered on the TROS TV program \"Grote Club Show\". The release of the single was announced in the November 11, 1989 issue of the pan-European trade magazine Music & Media. On November 27, 1989, Marga Scheide trademarked the name Luv'. This ruling is valid in Benelux until November 2029. What motivated Marga to take this decision was to prevent misuse of the name of the group. An example of what could have happened to Luv' is Boney M. A court verdict stated that Liz Mitchell, Bobby Farrell, Marcia Barrett and Maizie Williams were entitled to perform their own Boney M. shows separately with a line-up of their choice. Commercial",
"title": "Welcome to My Party (Luv' song)"
},
{
"docid": "3447628",
"text": "Texas Tornados is an American Tejano supergroup, composed of some of country music's biggest artists who modernized the Tex-Mex style including Flaco Jiménez, Augie Meyers, Doug Sahm, and Freddy Fender. Its music is a fusion of conjunto (German and Norteño Mexican fusion music of Texas) with rock, country, and various Mexican styles. History The initial combination of Flaco Jiménez, Augie Meyers, and Doug Sahm performed in front of a San Francisco audience. After they initially performed as the Tex-Mex Revue, they took the title Texas Tornados, after Sahm's song \"Texas Tornado\", from the album of the same name. Another account of the group's birth says they formed when record company executives looking to cash in on regional music sales approached Sahm and Meyers around 1990, and they brought in longtime friends and collaborators Fender and Jiménez. Sahm had released albums under the name Texas Tornados as early as the 1970s, some featuring Fender or Meyers. Jiménez and Meyers played on Sahm's Atlantic Records debut in 1971. As Fender once said, \"You've heard of New Kids on the Block? We're the Old Guys in the Street.\" Individually, this quartet has had major success: Freddy Fender was a cross-over success story around the world, with hits like \"Before the Next Teardrop Falls\" and \"Wasted Days and Wasted Nights\". Flaco Jiménez has played with acts such as The Rolling Stones and Dwight Yoakam. He also is known as the \"Father of Conjunto Music\" (he plays the Conjunto accordion). Augie Meyers has shared the stage with the likes of the Allman Brothers Band and Bob Dylan. He is also a member of the Texas Music Hall of Fame. Doug Sahm and Augie Meyers were both members of the 1960s pop-rock band the Sir Douglas Quintet, with hits such as \"She's About a Mover\" and \"Mendocino\" to their credit. Meyers's signature sound on the Vox organ was a prominent feature of the band's sound. Sahm, Meyers, and Jiménez are from the San Antonio area. The band's 1990 debut was recorded in both English and Spanish versions. The Texas Tornados were asked to perform all over the world, such as at the presidential inauguration of Bill Clinton and the Montreux Jazz Festival, and made regular appearances at Farm Aid and the Houston Livestock and Rodeo Show. They won a Grammy award in 1990 for Best Mexican/American Performance. Their 1996 single \"A Little Bit Is Better Than Nada\" accompanied the opening credits of the golf movie Tin Cup, which was released the same year, and is included in the official soundtrack. Among their other albums is Live From the Limo, the last album to be recorded with the original lineup, as Sahm died in 1999, the year of its release. Fender, who had health problems in later years, died in 2006. Their 2005 Live from Austin album was a recording of a 1990 performance on the TV series Austin City Limits. People sometimes refer to their lyrics as Spanglish because of the mixture of English and Spanish",
"title": "Texas Tornados"
},
{
"docid": "772694",
"text": "John Evan (born John Spencer Evans; born 28 March 1948, in Derby, Derbyshire) is a British musician and composer. He is best known as the keyboardist for Jethro Tull from April 1970 to June 1980. Early life Evans' father was headmaster at a Derbyshire village school and his mother was a local concert pianist and piano teacher. The family moved to Blackpool, Lancashire in October 1949. Evans was educated at Blackpool Grammar School, where he met Ian Anderson and Jeffrey Hammond, and Chelsea College, now King's College London. Career Evans changed his name when his first band, The Blades, changed their name to The John Evan Band. Jeffrey Hammond apparently thought 'The John Evan Band' sounded better than 'The John Evans Band'. He participated in the Blackpool musical scene, with most of the musicians that would become Jethro Tull, including Barrie Barlow, Jeffrey Hammond, Glenn Cornick and Ian Anderson. Later on, Evan was attending college when he happened to recognize his then future bandmates on the radio with the song \"Living in the Past\", remarking years later that it stood out to him because of its quite unusual time signature for a pop song (). Jethro Tull In 1970, he played as a session musician on Jethro Tull's Benefit album (where his acknowledgement reads: \"...and John Evan, who played keyboards for our 'benefit'\"), and was eventually convinced by Ian Anderson to leave school to become a full-fledged member of the band. In addition to his many distinctive contributions to the group's overall musical sound and stage personality, it is also notable that Evan composed the memorable piano introduction to \"Locomotive Breath\", having achieved this task in studio while some of the other band members were out to lunch. Whilst with Jethro Tull, Evan had a penchant for wearing his trademark white suit, along with a yellow shirt underneath and a pink-and-yellow polka-dot tie. Evan can be seen wearing this outfit in photographs on the album War Child, and the live album Bursting Out, while a painted version of him is seen wearing the suit and tie on the inside cover of the Aqualung album. During concerts, Evan's wildly rendered pantomime gestures would conjure visions for audiences of a cross between Harpo Marx and The Hatter from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (sans the hat). Because of the familiar white suit, Anderson was known to jokingly refer to Evan (during band member introductions) as \"everyone's favourite ice cream salesman\". After Jethro Tull Evan departed Jethro Tull in July 1980, with the \"Big Split\" of the band. He then went on to form Tallis with fellow departing Tull member, Dee Palmer. He appeared in the 2004 DVD Jethro Tull – A New Day Yesterday: The 25th Anniversary Collection (1969–1994) (originally released in 1994 on VHS), the 2008 DVD Jethro Tull – Their Fully Authorised Story (1968–2008), and the 2009 CD/DVD combo Jethro Tull – Live at Madison Square Garden (1978). In 2018, Evan appeared in a video segment, dressed as a flower, during",
"title": "John Evan"
},
{
"docid": "58016609",
"text": "The New Morning are a rock band formed in Rochester, Minnesota in 2016. Formerly knows as “The Last Minute Band”, the band originally formed to play a benefit concert for Relay For Life held at Rochester Community and Technical College. Over the past 2 years the band has played shows across multiple US states and plans to tour the United Kingdom and Europe extensively in 2020. Currently the band performs at a variety of venues in and around their founding city of Rochester. Two of the founding members, lead vocalist and guitarist Cassandra Grace and guitarist Dylan McGreevy, met while sharing music online via Facebook and YouTube. McGreevy & Grace have led the group throughout various incarnations of the band, including while McGreevy was still residing in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. The band has described their influences and creative force as multifaceted due to the unique style and musical upbringing of each member. Their influences include Thin Lizzy, Gary Moore, Rory Gallagher, AC/DC, Johnny Cash, Bob Dylan, Neil Young, Bruce Springsteen and Steve Earle to name just a few. History Early years (The Last Minute Band) In July 2016, Israelson had booked a benefit concert for his band at the time The Rares, but had subsequently exited the band before the performance. In the last minute attempt to fulfill his commitment Israelson put together a new group. Guitarist Issac Gullickson was brought in from Addisons time at The Rares. Vocalist and guitarist Cassandra Grace and husband, guitarist Dylan McGreevy were added to the band to fill out the sound. Originally McGreevy was tasked with Bass only venturing to guitar for the occasional song. Finally, the \"Man at the back\" Mark Schnaedter helped round out the sound by adding percussion with his signature style of drumming. The band's name originally came from their last-minute formation, which they later changed to The New Morning after the original \"The Last Minute\" tour. In the summer of 2016, the band played various dates throughout the Midwestern United States. In late August of that year, the band members went their separate ways. Schnaedter remained in Rochester, but Grace, Israelson, and Gullickson returned to their separate universities hours away from each other. Meanwhile, McGreevy returned home to Newcastle upon Tyne, England. By the end of the year, The New Morning was in hiatus until spring 2017. \"The New Morning\" (since 2017) In mid 2017, the band re-branded as The New Morning and currently tours with a new lineup. Founding members Grace and McGreevy now front the band mainly as a duo, but with the occasional guest appearance from Gullickson and Israelson. The band's next steps are to continue to pack their touring calendar with dates, record new material and ultimately return to a 4-5 piece band. Band members Current members Dylan McGreevy – guitar, backing vocals (2016–present) Cassandra Grace – vocals, guitar (2016–present) Current member biographies Dylan McGreevy Singer-songwriter and guitarist Dylan McGreevy was raised in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. His music and lyrics have been",
"title": "The New Morning"
},
{
"docid": "9454184",
"text": "Lake Street Dive is an American multi-genre band that was formed in 2004 at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. The band's founding members are Rachael Price, Mike \"McDuck\" Olson, Bridget Kearney, and Mike Calabrese. Keyboardist Akie Bermiss joined the band on tour in 2017 and was first credited on their 2018 album Free Yourself Up; guitarist James Cornelison joined in 2021, after Olson left the band. The band is based in Brooklyn and frequently tours in North America, Australia, and Europe. Early history The group was formed in 2004 as a \"free country band\"; they intended to play country music in an improvised, avant-garde style. This concept was abandoned in favor of something that \"actually sounded good\", according to Mike Olson. The band's name was inspired by the Bryant Lake Bowl, a frequent hang out in the band's early years, located on Lake Street in Minneapolis. In 2005, bandmember Bridget Kearney won the Jazz Category of the John Lennon Songwriting Contest with the band's performance of her song \"Sometimes When I'm Drunk and You're Wearing My Favorite Shirt\". Using their prize ($1,000 cash and 1,000 CDs produced by Disc Makers) Lake Street Dive released their debut album In This Episode... in 2006. The band released their next album Promises, Promises in 2008. The full-length concert film and live album Live at the Lizard Lounge was recorded in 2010 and released in 2011. In the early years, Lake Street Dive juggled their tours with other commitments. Between their first brief performance in a Des Moines, Iowa rock club in 2007 and their May 2011 appearance at The Berkeley Cafe in Raleigh, North Carolina, they performed around 100 times in 24 states. In September and October 2011 they traveled to 13 states and played in 22 venues. Label eras Signature Sounds Lake Street Dive released their first Signature Sounds Recordings album, Lake Street Dive, in November 2010. They credit Jim Olsen, president of Signature Sound, as being the band's dad, \"because of all the support he gave us when we were so infantile.\" By 2012 the four-piece band decided to make a strong commitment as a group and to tour. Bridget Kearney left her other band, Joy Kills Sorrow, to concentrate on Lake Street Dive. Mike Calabrese also left his other band, Ward Hayden and The Outliers (then known as Girls, Guns, and Glory), to focus on Lake Street Dive. They went into the studio to record the album Fun Machine and some singles in November 2012. Lead singer Rachael Price was still under contract with another label, Claire Vision. This prevented them from releasing the album recorded in the fall of 2012 featuring Price. In late 2013, an agreement was reached and Lake Street Dive announced the release of their album Bad Self Portraits in February 2014. In 2013 and 2014 they played over 300 gigs in more than 175 different cities, spread between 43 states and 8 countries. Their Bad Self Portraits tour sold out in 40",
"title": "Lake Street Dive"
},
{
"docid": "12969666",
"text": "\"I'm Gonna Love You Too\" is a song written by Joe B. Mauldin, Niki Sullivan and Norman Petty, originally recorded by Buddy Holly in 1957 and released as a single in 1958. It was covered 20 years later by American new wave band Blondie and released as the lead single in the U.S. from their multi-platinum 1978 album Parallel Lines. Song history There is controversy about the authorship of the song. Jerry Allison has stated that Buddy Holly was the actual author of the song. William Ruhlmann noted: The song is credited to Joe B. Mauldin, Holly's bass player; Norman Petty, his producer; and Nikki Sullivan, his sometime rhythm guitarist (who was not heard on the recording). There have long been questions about the songwriting credits assigned to the original songs Holly recorded, and Jerry Allison, his drummer, has gone on record stating that \"I'm Gonna Love You Too\" actually was written primarily by Holly, with Allison composing the bridge. Certainly the song sounds characteristic of the man who wrote \"That'll Be the Day.\" It is another up-tempo number with an infectious tune and boastful lyrics that only thinly veil heartbreak. Of the song's credited authors, two (Mauldin and Sullivan) were members of Holly's band The Crickets; the third, Petty, was Holly's first manager and also his recording engineer. Holly included the song on his self-titled second album. It was released as a single on Coral Records, but failed to crack the Billboard Hot 100. Holly continued to sell regionally in the upper midwest USA after his death and when rereleased, \"I'm Gonna Love You Too\" was a substantial 'regional' hit in Minneapolis and surrounding markets in 1964. When the song was recorded an actual cricket was in the studio. As the song is ending and fading out, you can hear the cricket chirp a couple of times. Blondie version The biggest hit from Blondie's previous album, Plastic Letters, was \"Denis\", a cover of Randy & the Rainbows' 1963 song \"Denise\", so Chrysalis Records chose \"I'm Gonna Love You Too\" as the lead single to promote Blondie's Parallel Lines in the U.S. This turned out to be a miscalculation as \"I'm Gonna Love You Too\" failed to chart in the U.S. – a stark contrast to the subsequent breakthrough U.S. singles from Parallel Lines, namely \"Hanging on the Telephone\", \"Heart of Glass\" and \"One Way or Another\". In The Netherlands, it was the first single from the album as well, being released in September 1978, where it peaked at No. 6. The song was eventually released as a single in a few other countries in late 1979 as the fifth or sixth single from Parallel Lines, after other songs from the album had completed their run in the charts. Record World said that Blondie \"added their own signature sound [to the Buddy Holly original] for a cross-decade effect.\" Release history US 7\" (CHS 2251) \"I'm Gonna Love You Too\" (Joe B. Mauldin, Norman Petty, Niki Sullivan) – 2:03 \"Just Go",
"title": "I'm Gonna Love You Too"
},
{
"docid": "57522414",
"text": "Roadmaster was an American rock band from Indianapolis, Indiana, that was popular in the Midwest in the late 1970s and early 1980s. They recorded four albums for Village/Mercury Records. Members of the band played for several other successful rock acts with Midwestern roots from the ‘70s to the 1990s. History Roadmaster started as Pure Funk, a popular Indiana college funk band, founded in 1969 by keyboard player, Michael Read, vocalist, Asher “Adam Smasher” Benrubi, and guitarist, Rob Swaynie. Bassist Toby Myers joined the band in 1971. Guitarist Rick Benick met Read in the early 1970s when Benick moved to Indiana to join the Kokomo, Indiana, rock band, Nebula Spoon, but some time thereafter joined Pure Funk. Drummer Steve Riley rounded out their lineup. In 1974 the band changed its name to Roadmaster and its musical style began to evolve into a big guitar and keyboard-centered “arena” rock sound. Roadmaster was discovered by Todd Rundgren, who invited the band to New York to record a demo, which led to a contract with Indianapolis record label Village Records. Rundgren produced three songs on their eponymous 1976 debut album. After that release, Smasher left the band, ultimately to pursue a career as a radio DJ, and former Nebula Spoon vocalist, Steve “Mac” McNally, replaced him. Riley also left, to be replaced by former Exile drummer, Bobby Johns. With that lineup, Roadmaster recorded one more album for Village and two more for Mercury Records (which had acquired Village) from 1978-80. In the late ‘70s, Roadmaster toured with Pat Travers and Blue Öyster Cult and opened throughout the Midwest for mainstream rock acts such as The Cars, Cheap Trick, Peter Frampton, Eddie Money, Todd Rundgren, Rush, and ZZ Top. The band members wrote their own songs and their sound was similar to that of popular arena rock acts like Styx, Foreigner (their early material), Kansas (their hits), and REO Speedwagon. Their most popular songs included “Doesn’t Mean a Thing,” “Higher, Higher,” “Say You Wanna Be With Me,” “Hey World,” and their signature anthem, “Sweet Music.” Although they were very popular at home, Roadmaster was unable to break through nationally and their record deal with Mercury ended in 1980. Soon afterwards, McNally left the band. Craig Watson and Frank Bradford sang with the band after his departure. Tim Berry also replaced Johns as the band’s drummer. In 1982, Toby Myers left to play for the next decade and a half with Seymour, Indiana, native, John Mellencamp. He was replaced by Peter Bailey and then by John Gennell. Roadmaster carried on for another year but broke up in 1983. After the breakup, Benick, Read, and Berry played dates with Mitch Ryder. Mac McNally sang briefly in the early ‘80s with former members of The Knack in The Game. In the late ‘80s and early ‘90s, Myers, Benick, and Read played with Brazil, Indiana, rocker, Henry Lee Summer. Original drummer, Steve Riley, played with W.A.S.P. in the mid-‘80s; in the late ‘80s he joined L.A. Guns and remained",
"title": "Roadmaster (band)"
},
{
"docid": "902614",
"text": "The Howland will forgery trial (Robinson v. Mandell) was a U.S. court case in 1868 where businesswoman Henrietta \"Hetty\" Howland Robinson, who would later become the richest woman in America, contested the validity of the will of her grandaunt, Sylvia Ann Howland. According to Howland's will, half of her $2 million estate () would go to various charities and entities, the rest would be in a trust for Robinson. Robinson challenged the will's validity by producing an earlier will that left the entire estate to Hetty, and which included a clause invalidating any subsequent wills. The case was ultimately decided against Robinson after the court ruled that the clause invalidating future wills and Sylvia's signature to it were forgeries. It is famous for the forensic use of mathematics by Benjamin Peirce as an expert witness. History Sylvia Ann Howland died in 1865, leaving roughly half her fortune of some 2 million dollars () to various legatees, with the residue to be held in trust for the benefit of Robinson, Howland's niece. The remaining principal was to be distributed to various beneficiaries on Robinson's death. Robinson produced an earlier will, leaving her the whole estate outright. To the will was attached a second and separate page, putatively seeking to invalidate any subsequent wills. Howland's executor, Thomas Mandell, rejected Robinson's claim, insisting that the second page was a forgery, and Robinson sued. In the ensuing case of Robinson v. Mandell, Charles Sanders Peirce testified that he had made pairwise comparisons of 42 examples of Howland's signature, overlaying them and counting the number of downstrokes that overlapped. Each signature featured 30 downstrokes and he concluded that, on average, 6 of the 30 overlapped, 1 in 5. Benjamin Peirce, Charles' father, showed that the number of overlapping downstrokes between two signatures also closely followed the binomial distribution, the expected distribution if each downstroke was an independent event. When the admittedly genuine signature on the first page of the contested will was compared with that on the second, all 30 downstrokes coincided, suggesting that the second signature was a tracing of the first. Benjamin Peirce then took the stand and asserted that, given the independence of each downstroke, the probability that all 30 downstrokes should coincide in two genuine signatures was . That is one in 2,666,000,000,000,000,000,000, in the order of magnitude of sextillions. He went on to observe: So vast improbability is practically an impossibility. Such evanescent shadows of probability cannot belong to actual life. They are unimaginably less than those least things which the law cares not for. ... The coincidence which has occurred here must have had its origin in an intention to produce it. It is utterly repugnant to sound reason to attribute this coincidence to any cause but design. The court ruled that Robinson's testimony in support of Howland's signature was inadmissible as she was a party to the will, thus having a conflict of interest. The statistical evidence was not called upon in judgment. The case is one of",
"title": "Howland will forgery trial"
},
{
"docid": "631767",
"text": "Hopesfall is an American post-hardcore band from Charlotte, North Carolina, formed in 1998. They are currently signed to Equal Vision Records. The band dissolved in 2008 after all members, with the exception of singer Jay Forrest, left the band. Following this, the lineup of the band's first two albums got together temporarily and played reunion shows in 2011. The band finally reformed with the majority of their last album's members and original drummer Adam Morgan in 2016 with a new label Equal Vision Records. Arbiter was released on July 13, 2018. History The Frailty of Words and No Wings to Speak Of EP (1998–2001) Hopesfall (stylized as .hopesfall.) began as a Christian hardcore band in 1998. They recorded their first album, The Frailty of Words, that same year, and it was released in November 1999 on Christian hardcore/punk label DTS Records. Following the release of The Frailty of Words, founding bassist Christopher Kincaid left the band, to be replaced by Pat Aldrich. In 2001, the band released the EP, No Wings to Speak Of on Takehold Records. Ryan Parrish was at the helm of songwriting during time, creating what would become known as the signature .hopesfall. sound in the melodic hardcore genre. The Satellite Years and exit of Ryan Parrish (2002–2004) 2002's The Satellite Years saw the band signed to Trustkill Records for a 3-album deal. This marked the departure of founding vocalist Doug Venable, and bassist Pat Aldrich. Jay Forrest replaced Venable on vocals. Chad Waldrup replaced Aldrich as bassist. Ryan Parrish, main songwriter, lyricist, lead guitarist, vocalist, and visionary behind the .hopesfall. trademark sound, was asked by the rest of the band to leave due to \"personal differences\" in the wake of the recording of The Satellite Years. Ryan felt disillusioned with Trustkill Records taking creative control from the band and imposing the marriage of commerce with the band's art. This resulted in contention with the rest of the band who sided with the label, forgoing the previous vision of .hopesfall. The exit of Ryan Parrish would mark the end of the band's trademark melodic hardcore sound, Christian message, as Ryan was the primary songwriter and spokesperson along with Venable, the two were regarded as the Christians in the band. The Satellite Years was released post Parrish's exit, despite him having been the primary songwriter for album The Satellite Years was recorded at Great Western Record Recorders studio by Matt Talbott from HUM. The band confirmed via a Facebook story that Chad Waldrup beat Matt Talbott in the Nintendo 64 game \"GoldenEye\" which resulted in Talbott having to make good on a bet to sing vocals on, \"Escape Pods for Intangibles.\" Ryan Parrish went on to join Nashville indie rock band Celebrity, and is currently the lead guitarist in shoegaze band In Parallel. Mike Tyson played bass for the band on the Satellite Years tour, later joining the band as a permanent member. Chad Waldrup departed the band shortly after taking over live guitar duties, and was replaced",
"title": "Hopesfall"
},
{
"docid": "74495788",
"text": "is a Japanese band from Yokohama, Japan. It consists of lead vocalist Kiyotaka Sugiyama, rhythm guitarist Shinji Takashima, lead guitarist Kenji Yoshida, keyboardist Toshitsugu Nishihara, bassist Takao Oshima, drummer Keiichi Hiroishi. The start of the Omega Tribe project, the band first came together as in 1978 consisting of high schoolers who frequented a live house. After their performance at the 19th and 20th Yamaha Popular Song Contests, they were scouted by Koichi Fujita, who produced their discography alongside composer Tetsuji Hayashi. During their three-year career, the band released five studio albums, Aqua City (1983), River's Island (1984), Never Ending Summer (1984), Another Summer (1985), and First Finale (1985). Their songs \"Summer Suspicion\" (1983) and \"Futari no Natsu Monogatari\" (1985) are considered Sugiyama's signature songs during his era as Omega Tribe's vocalist. The band members did not participate in the recordings of the songs as they were instead performed by studio musicians, and the disconnect between the members and the production team eventually led to their breakup in 1985 at the peak of their popularity. The band have since had multiple reunion performances since their disbandment, but have not done any new recordings due to Fujita's death in 2009. They have been described as one of the bands that fueled the city pop sound. History 1978–1983: Cutie Panchos The band that would become S. Kiyotaka & Omega Tribe was formed in December 1978 as Tony Taguchi & Cutie Panchos by Shinji Takashima, Kenji Yoshida, Masato Taguchi, and Keiichi Hiroishi. In 1979, Kiyotaka Sugiyama joined as their vocalist after previously providing vocals as a temporary member. By 1980, the name was shortened to Cutie Panchos with the formation of a new group consisting of 17 members. Later that year, Akira Senju joined the band as a keyboardist, replacing the previous keyboardist who had stopped due to exams, and the band entered the 20th Popcon with the song \"Nori Okureta 747\" that was written before Senju joining. They were defeated in the preliminaries, and with their defeat, Senju left the band to pursue a solo debut through university. Mohri and Nagasawa later left the band to form Sugar in 1981. In 1982, bassist Takao Oshima and jazz keyboardist Toshitsugu Nishihara joined Cutie Panchos, and with them joining, the final lineup of Cutie Panchos was formed. Although they were defeated in the 20th Popcon, their performance caught the attention of producer Koichi Fujita. Fujita feared that the band's talent, especially Sugiyama's voice, would go to waste since they didn't win the 20th Popcon, and approached the band to play music that would be different from what they had played up to that point. Fujita had originally considered asking Sugiyama to become a solo artist, but Sugiyama refused as he didn't want to leave the band. 1983–1984: Formation and debut Fujita asked BMG Victor director Uji Okamura to help scout composer Tetsuji Hayashi to help with the band's songs. Hayashi and his lyricist, Chinfa Kan, initially presented the songs \"Umikaze Tsushin\" and \"A.D. 1959\" based",
"title": "S. Kiyotaka & Omega Tribe"
},
{
"docid": "17637041",
"text": "Fantasy Black Channel is the only studio album by British dance-punk band Late of the Pier. It was released on 30 July 2008 in Japan through Toshiba EMI and on 4August 2008 in the British Isles on Parlophone, the band's primary label. Five tracks had already been released as singles in the United Kingdom: \"Bathroom Gurgle\", \"The Bears Are Coming\", \"Space and the Woods\" and \"Focker\" as a double A-side, and \"Heartbeat\". The record peaked at number 28 on the UK Albums Chart, but failed to chart in the United States. The album was recorded in lead vocalist Sam Eastgate's bedroom in Castle Donington, England, and at several locations in London. It went through a fractured creative process that lasted more than two years. It was eventually produced by Eastgate and DJ Erol Alkan between 2007 and 2008. Fantasy Black Channel does not contain a unifying musical or lyrical theme; rather, it is a collage of all the ideas, genres, and studio effects that fascinated the band members and Alkan, especially during live recording sessions. The record was very well received by critics. It was often treated as one of the best British albums of 2008 because of its eclecticism and spirit of invention. Late of the Pier did not record any further albums following the death of drummer Ross Dawson in 2015. Origins and recording Having officially formed a band under the name Late of the Pier in 2004, childhood friends Sam Eastgate, Andrew Faley, Sam Potter, and the late Ross Dawson initially developed the sound of their first album by listening to the alternative dance music of British ensemble The Prodigy and the grunge music of American band Nirvana. They soon branched out into listening to diverse genres from the last 40 years of music, including Motown and soul. Potter has treated their conception of Fantasy Black Channel as a reaction to \"mediocre, complacent indie-schmindie bands who find a sound and stick to it; whose songs sound exactly the same\", while lead writer and composer Eastgate has pointed out that they wanted to \"take people past their own limits\". The nascent recording stages took place in Eastgate's bedroom, where unconventional time signatures and experimental chords were performed because, at the time, no band member could play an instrument properly. Late of the Pier started using the album working title Interesting Adventure in 2006 after practising in Eastgate's bedroom for about a year and previewed their new material at the Liars Club in Nottingham. After receiving contract offers from Parlophone and Atlantic Records, the band members signed to Parlophone because the label gave them total autonomy over the recording process without pressuring them to be commercially successful immediately. The record deal was followed by the recording of an EP titled Zarcorp Demo, from which a demo single, \"Space and the Woods\", was released in March 2007. Eastgate has claimed that the band members were influenced by the music of the 1980s during these formative stages of Fantasy Black Channel",
"title": "Fantasy Black Channel"
},
{
"docid": "15664129",
"text": "Boers and Bernstein was an afternoon drive-time sports talk show on Chicago's WSCR hosted by former Chicago Sun-Times columnist Terry Boers and Dan Bernstein. The pairing debuted in 1999 and originally aired from 8 a.m. to 12 p.m., then aired from 10a-2p and 2p-6p until moving to its final 1p-6p time slot in 2009, making it the longest-running sports talk program in Chicago. Boers and Bernstein's final show was officially December 22, 2016. Segments \"Who Ya Crappin'?\" The program was best known for its signature segment, \"Who Ya Crappin'?\" that usually aired on Thursdays at 5:00 p.m. unless preempted. The segment took its name from an interview that co-host Terry Boers did with then-Chicago Bears head coach Mike Ditka, in which Boers criticized Ditka for being resigned to his imminent dismissal, and Ditka responded that Boers previously chided Ditka by saying that having a fiery demeanor was \"the wrong thing to do, so who ya crappin?\" In the spirit of the initial confrontation, listeners were asked to expose—by calling, emailing, or TEXTING (you have to scream that)—a member of or beyond the sports world who has \"lied, misled, told a half-truth, a complete falsehood\" or, best capturing the essence of the segment, \"engaged in an act of verbal hypocrisy.\" Participants tried to earn the hosts' tacit or sometimes overt approval through well constructed and presented entries, with the key catch phrase concluding each entry. As in everything else on the show, Terry always deferred to Dan on the callers' statements. Callers who failed to approach the exercise correctly (callers needed to focus on something someone said, not something someone did) or took too much time to arrive at the conclusion were taken off the air and chided for their inability to complete the task, usually with the gunshot sound effect previously employed during High Noon. A list of regular \"crappers\" at one time included, but wasn't limited to: Gary in Evanston, Ten-Foot Midget, Black Physicist, Blind Chauffeur, Stonecutter, Bichiro, Bill Walton's Buck Teeth, Unemployed Lawyer, Government Fromage, North Side Fro Dog, Mr. Mouth, NIU Dave, Steve in Bolingbrook, Quit Playin, K-Man Pilkers in DeKalb, Trash Can Man and Zed. Gary in Evanston received much publicity from WSCR staff and other local media personnel following his death in July 2013. First time callers were greeted with the prerecorded \"Good luck with your first crap,\" a quote from the Dennis Franz character, Andy Sipowicz, from NYPD Blue. The Second Half - A recap of the first half of the show, followed by brief editorial remarks from the hosts read over \"Roundup,\" a Sam Spence musical number familiar to viewers of NFL Films. Each comment is punctuated by a whistle sound effect. Friday Fung- A Friday segment of varying themes as dictated by the hosts. The title of the segment is a play on Ozzie Guillén's Venezuelan-accented pronunciation of the word \"fun.\" High Noon- A defunct, yet still popular (and oft-referred to), segment from their previous mid-day time slot, similar in concept to",
"title": "Boers and Bernstein"
},
{
"docid": "610793",
"text": "The Amboy Dukes were an American rock band formed in 1964 in Chicago, Illinois, and later based in Detroit, Michigan. They are best known for their only hit single, \"Journey to the Center of the Mind\". The band's name comes from the title of a novel by Irving Shulman. In the UK, the group's records were released under the name of the American Amboy Dukes, because of the existence of a British group with the same name. The band went through a number of personnel changes during its active years, the only constant being lead guitarist and composer Ted Nugent. The band transitioned to being Nugent's backing band before he discontinued the name in 1975. Origins Ted Nugent, the nucleus of the Amboy Dukes, was born and raised in Detroit and started performing in 1958 at age 10. He played in a group called the Royal High Boys from 1960 to 1962 and later in group named the Lourds, where he first met future Amboy Dukes lead vocalist John Drake. Nugent played with the Lourds until his family moved to Illinois, where he founded the Amboy Dukes in the Chicago area in 1964, playing at The Cellar, in the Chicago suburb of Arlington Heights, among other venues. They later relocated back to Nugent's hometown of Detroit. The members included the following: Ted Nugent (lead guitar) Bob Lehnert (vocalist) – who released a single \"Better Than Today\" with the band Acrobat in 1972 Gary Hicks (guitar, vocals) Dick Treat (bass, vocals) Gail Uptadale (drums) The original lineup did not release any recordings. Musical style The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal Music says that the Amboy Dukes were a psychedelic rock band that \"pioneered a proto-metal and psychedelic combination\". Later in life, the fiercely anti-drug Ted Nugent would claim that the Amboy Dukes did not celebrate drug use as other late-1960s and early 1970s bands did. Nonetheless, AllMusic says that Steve Farmer \"penned the drug-fixated lyrics, adding a psychedelic sensibility to an otherwise proto-metal sound\". The band's music was also categorized as acid rock by The Guide to United States Popular Culture and the Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound, as well as hard rock in Rock Obituaries - Knocking On Heaven's Door and The Rock Cover Song: Culture, History, Politics. They were also cited as a proto-punk band. Nugent's early guitar playing style with his signature Gibson Byrdland positioned high on his chest became an iconic playing style that visually distinguished him from other players. He combined this with his natural virtuosity and frenzied playing style on lead, adding sonic distinction to his unusual visual approach. This gave him an edge as a performing artist. Nugent's appreciation for his guitar inspired him to compose the song \"Flight of the Byrd\", which was released as a single and as part of their most popular album, Journey to the Center of the Mind. Band line-ups Band member line-ups credited on official studio albums: (Others who may have appeared at live dates between albums are not listed,",
"title": "The Amboy Dukes (band)"
},
{
"docid": "24503548",
"text": "Tin Bird Choir is a barn rock band from Chester County, Pennsylvania. Eric and Heather Hurlock, Josh Sceurman, Ellen Houle, and Brad Hinton weave the poetry of rural life into urgent melodies and heartbreaking harmonies and pair it all with burning musicality. \"Tin Bird Choir's mix of pop hooks, delicate harmonies, and tight playing is a winning blend,\" says, John Vettese of 88.5 WXPN. Their signature “barn rock” sound has earned them some national attention: Their recent single \"Hide My Heart was picked up by SiriusXM The Village; Two songs off their sophomore album Homesteady, “Straight Face” and \"Take Me With You When You Go,\" were picked up by Starbucks and are played in their stores worldwide. Another song off the Homesteady album, “Cheaper, Less Painful,” earned the band a spot as one of the regional finalists in the Mountain Stage Newsong Contest. Homesteady was one of the Top Albums of 2013. Fully funded by fans through a Kickstarter campaign, Homesteady was recorded in Eric and Heather’s barn in Coventryville, Pennsylvania, by Kevin Killen, and mastered by Glenn Barratt, of MorningStar Studios. Their soulful folk sound earned their first record, Barn Rock, a debut spot at #9 on the Roots Music chart. Their songs have been played on AAA and folk radio stations across the country and have been featured prominently on Philadelphia radio station WXPN. They have appeared at the Philadelphia Folk Festival, the World Cafe Live, and the Kimmel Center in Philadelphia, The Bitter End in New York City, and coffee houses, clubs, and bars throughout the region. Biography Tin Bird Choir is husband and wife Eric and Heather Hurlock along with musicians Josh Sceurman, Ellen Houle, and Brad Hinton. In the Spring of 2007 Eric and Heather opened for a local band called The Youngers and after the show they were approached by members of the local musical community, Mike Yesconis, Josh Sceurman and Ellen Houle, who joined them in their barn for picking and playing. Soon TBC was practicing weekly and gigging regularly, playing at venues all around the Philly Metro area. In the Fall of 2009 they released their debut CD, Barn Rock. In 2016, they started playing with Philly all-star Brad Hinton, who fills out their sound with 3-part harmonies and just the right amount of virtuosic guitar. They’re receiving a lot of support from Philadelphia's 88.5 WXPN. And the City Paper’s Mary Armstrong, says of the band, “...one local group that should appeal to both sides of the fray [Philadelphia Folk Festival’s changing audience] is the Tin Bird Choir,...”. The Morning Call says their CD has “...intelligence and originality to anchor vocal harmonies and acoustic picking.” Discography Albums Barn Rock (2009) Homesteady (2013) References External links Tin Bird Choir's website Review by Lucinda Williams Myspace.com/tinbirdchoir Facebook.com/tinbirdchoir American folk rock groups Musical groups from Philadelphia",
"title": "Tin Bird Choir"
},
{
"docid": "1943819",
"text": "The Doctor Who theme music is a piece of music written by Australian composer Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. Created in 1963, it was one of the first electronic music signature tunes for television. It is used as the theme for the science fiction programme Doctor Who, and has been adapted and covered many times. Although numerous arrangements of the theme have been used on television, the main melody has remained the same. The theme was originally written and arranged in the key of E minor. Most versions of the theme – including the current arrangement by Murray Gold – have retained the use of the original key, with exceptions being Peter Howell (F♯ minor) and Keff McCulloch's (A minor) arrangements. Although widely listed in reference works, and many series soundtrack albums, under the title \"Doctor Who Theme\", its official title is \"Doctor Who\", although its initial sheet music release used the now-deprecated form \"Dr. Who\". History 1960s The original 1963 recording of the Doctor Who theme music is widely regarded as a significant and innovative piece of electronic music, recorded well before the availability of commercial synthesisers. Delia Derbyshire (assisted by Dick Mills) of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop used musique concrète techniques to realise a score written by composer Ron Grainer. Each note was individually created by cutting, splicing, speeding up and slowing down segments of analogue tape containing recordings of a single plucked string, white noise, and the simple harmonic waveforms of test-tone oscillators which were used for calibrating equipment and rooms, not creating music. The main, pulsing bassline rhythm was created from a recording of a single plucked string, played over and over again in different patterns created by splicing copies of the sound, with different pitches and notes achieved by playing the sample in different speeds. The swooping melody and lower bassline layer were created by manually adjusting the pitch of oscillator banks to a carefully timed pattern. The non-swooping parts of the melody were created by playing a keyboard attached to the oscillator banks. The rhythmic hissing sounds, \"bubbles\" and \"clouds\", were created by cutting tape recordings of filtered white noise. Once each sound had been created, it was modified. Some sounds were created at all the required pitches direct from the oscillators, others had to be repitched later by adjusting the tape playback speed and re-recording the sound onto another tape player. This process continued until every sound was available at all the required pitches. To create dynamics, the notes were re-recorded at slightly different levels. Each individual note was then trimmed to length by cutting the tape, and stuck together in the right order. This was done for each \"line\" in the music – the main plucked bass, the bass slides (an organ-like tone emphasising the grace notes), the hisses, the swoops, the melody, a second melody line (a high organ-like tone used for emphasis), and the bubbles and clouds. Most of these individual bits of",
"title": "Doctor Who theme music"
},
{
"docid": "6871837",
"text": "\"I Think We're Alone Now\" is a song written and composed by Ritchie Cordell that was first recorded by Tommy James and the Shondells. It was a major hit for the group, reaching number 4 on the US Hot 100 in April 1967. It finished at No. 12 on Billboard magazine's year-end singles chart for 1967. The song has been covered several times by other artists, most notably by Tiffany Darwish in 1987. The Tiffany recording reached number 1 on the charts of various countries including the US, UK, Canada, and New Zealand. Other cover versions have also charted, including those by The Rubinoos (number 45 US, 1977) and Girls Aloud (number 4 UK, 2006). Composition The writing of the song was credited to Ritchie Cordell, who wrote or co-wrote many songs for Tommy James, including the follow-up single to \"I Think We're Alone Now\", \"Mirage\" and its B-side \"Run, Run, Baby, Run\", and 1968's \"Mony Mony\". Cordell and his regular songwriting partner Bo Gentry gave the song to Tommy James, who thought it sounded like a hit. According to Tommy James, \"I Think We're Alone Now\" was written by Cordell and Gentry, but as Gentry was still under contract to Kama Sutra Records, the head of Roulette Records, Morris Levy, agreed to a deal naming Cordell as sole writer but splitting the royalties with Gentry. The song was originally written as a slow ballad, but when James, Cordell and Gentry recorded a quick demo, they made the song faster. Tommy James later wrote: \"Ritchie and Bo originally wrote the song as a mid-tempo ballad. I said no way and started speeding it up.... I.. put on a nasally, almost juvenile-sounding lead vocal, and without realizing it, we invented \"bubblegum\" music.\" They played the song to Levy, who approved of it, and it was then given a proper recording. Recording The recording was produced by Ritchie Cordell and Bo Gentry. Tommy James recorded the vocal on the Christmas Eve of 1966 so that the song could be released in the new year. Like many early Tommy James and the Shondells releases, only band members Tommy James and Eddie Gray were featured on the record, with the rest of the band providing background vocals. Studio musicians were used as the rest of the rhythm section to back up the Shondells. These musicians include Artie Butler playing Ondioline electric keyboard, Al Gorgoni on guitar, Joe Macho on bass, Paul Griffin on piano, and Bobby Gregg on drums. They recorded the bass and drums first, and the rest then layered onto the recording. They also made the choruses quieter so that the verses became much more prominent. This was the first time that they recorded this way, a process they would replicate in many other later records to produce their signature sound. The version that James and the Shondells originally performed uses hard-driving arrangements for its two verses, both fiercely performed so as to convey a sense of urgency. However, the refrain (performed",
"title": "I Think We're Alone Now"
},
{
"docid": "9069468",
"text": "Cha-cha-chá () is a genre of Cuban music. It has been a popular dance music which developed from the Danzón-mambo in the early 1950s, and became widely popular throughout the world. Origin The creation of cha-cha-chá has been traditionally attributed to Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrín, who began his career playing for the charanga band Orquesta América. According to the testimony of Enrique Jorrín, he composed some danzones in which musicians of the orchestra had to sing short refrains, and this style was very successful. In the danzón \"Constancia\", he introduced some montunos and the audience was motivated to join in singing the refrains. Jorrín also asked the members of the orchestra to sing in unison so the lyrics might be heard more clearly and achieve a greater impact in the audience. That way of singing also helped to mask the poor singing skills of the orchestra members. In 1948, Jorrín changed the style of a Mexican song by Guty Cárdenas, called \"Nunca\", composing a separate part for the trio or montuno of danzón; and in 1951 he composed a signature cha-cha-chá, \"La engañadora\". Jorrín noticed that most of the dancers had some trouble with highly syncopated rhythms and therefore he simplified the musical texture of his pieces, using as little syncopation as possible. The novel cha-cha-chá style was born from melodies that were very easy to dance. Since its inception, cha-cha-chá music has had a close relationship with the dancer's steps. The name cha-cha-chá came into being with the help of the dancers at the Silver Star Club in Havana. When the dance was coupled to the rhythm of the music, it became evident that the dancer's feet were making a peculiar sound as they grazed the floor on three successive beats. Cha-cha-chá was an onomatopoeia to describe this sound. Characteristics According to Odilio Urfé, cha-cha-chá was a musical genre that was based on the rhythm of danzón-mambo but with a different structural conception. It utilized elements of chotis madrileño and a monodic vocal style. After \"La Engañadora\", Urfé's original structure was greatly modified by Jorrín and other composers. Cuban musicologist Olavo Alén emphasizes the inheritance that cha-cha-chá received from danzón. He says that actually, cha-cha-chá appears to be a derivative of danzón. It maintains a very similar structure to that of danzón, while transforming the melodic and rhythmic elements used in the composition of each of its sections. The interpretative function of the flute is retained: its role as a soloist, and the characteristics of its improvisation in danzón reappear in cha-cha-chá with hardly any alteration. The melodies of the violins alternate with those of the flute and the voices in a way that became standardized in danzón and danzonete. The principal element that differentiates cha-cha-chá from danzón is the rhythmic cell that gives its name to the genre. It is also significant that cha-cha-chá abandons the elements from son that were incorporated into the danzonete, and returns to the strict utilization of stylistic elements that arose",
"title": "Cha-cha-chá (music)"
},
{
"docid": "21064225",
"text": "Two Man Sound was a Belgian pop trio of the 1970s. Their style combined the disco music typical of the era with samba and bossa nova. Their signature hits were 1975 \"Charlie Brown\" and a Latin track called \"Disco Samba\", released in 1977. \"Charlie Brown\" was a success in Belgium and Italy. The medley of Brazilian pop songs \"Disco Samba\" became a huge European hit in the early 1980s, with repeated hit-listings in euro-charts from 1983 through 1986 as well as the official Reza family song. Always in 1977, on the US Dance chart, the single \"Capital Tropical\" was the most successful of two entries peaking at #11. In 1979, another samba song \"Que Tal America\" became an \"underground disco anthem\" in North America. Other projects Band members Lacomblez and Deprijck were also record producers and songwriters who penned the international 1977 hit \"Ça plane pour moi\" for fellow Belgian artist Plastic Bertrand. Deprijck, who was also producer on \"Ça plane pour moi\", appeared under numerous other pseudonyms during his career; finding fame in several European countries for his work with \"Lou and the Hollywood Bananas\" who produced the minor 1978 ska hit, \"Kingston, Kingston\". Two Man Sound's 1979 track \"Que Tal America\" was a minor hit (no. 46) in the UK Singles Chart. Group members Lou Deprijck Sylvain Vanholme, formerly of Wallace Collection Yvan Lacomblez, often known by the nickname \"Pipou\" Discography 1972 - Rubro Negro (Pink Elephant) 1973 - Vini Vini (Pink Elephant) 1976 - Charlie Brown (WEA) 1977 - Oye Come Va (WEA) 1978 - Disco Samba (Vogue) distributed by JDC Records 1979 - Que Tal America (Vogue) 1980 - Two Man Sound (Vogue) 1990 - The Best of... (CD, Ariola Records) See also Brigitte Bardot (song) References External links Charlie Brown video Belgian musical trios Belgian pop music groups English-language musical groups from Belgium Musical groups established in 1972",
"title": "Two Man Sound"
},
{
"docid": "1563682",
"text": "Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965). Black Bolt is the ruler of Attilan, and a member of the Inhumans, a reclusive race of genetically altered superhumans. Black Bolt's signature power is his voice, as his electron-harnessing ability is linked to the speech center of his brain. Speaking triggers a massive disturbance in the form of a highly destructive shockwave capable of leveling a city. Due to the extreme danger posed by this power, the character has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in his sleep, and he usually remains completely silent and speaks through sign language or via a spokesperson. Black Bolt has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes. Since his original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, different versions of Black Bolt were portrayed by Anson Mount in the Marvel Television series Inhumans (2017) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Publication history Black Bolt debuted in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He re-joined the Illuminati as part of the 2012 Marvel NOW! rebranding initiative. He appeared in the 2017 Black Bolt series, his first solo comic book series, by Saladin Ahmed and Christian James Ward. He appeared in the 2021 Darkhold: Black Bolt #1 one-shot. Fictional character biography 1960s Black Bolt's first appearance established the character as being a member of the Inhuman ruling class. The title Thor featured a back-up feature called \"Tales of the Inhumans\", which recounts the character's origin story. The son of King Agon and Queen Rynda, Black Bolt is exposed to the mutagenic Terrigen Mist while still an embryo, and eventually demonstrates the ability to manipulate electrons. To protect the Inhuman community from his devastating voice, Black Bolt is placed inside a sound-proof chamber and is tutored in the use of his powers. Reentering Inhuman society as a young man—having vowed never to speak—the character is attacked by his younger brother Maximus, who attempts, unsuccessfully, to goad him into speaking. Black Bolt proved popular, and decides to leave Attilan to explore the outside world. The character reappears in a story focusing on his cousin Medusa, drives off the Hulk after the monster defeats the entire Inhuman Royal Family (Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Triton, and Crystal), and with the Fantastic Four, battles his brother Maximus and his own group of rogue Inhumans. 1970s After being forced to intercede in the budding romance between his cousin Crystal and the Fantastic Four's Johnny Storm, Black Bolt and the Inhumans feature in the title Amazing Adventures, and battle villains such as the Mandarin and Magneto. A story in The Avengers, told in flashback, reveals how Black Bolt came",
"title": "Black Bolt"
},
{
"docid": "21324803",
"text": "Trigun is an anime television series based on the manga of the same name written and illustrated by Yasuhiro Nightow. The series follows Vash the Stampede, the most feared outlaw on the planet, who has a $$60 billion (\"double dollar\") price on his head. He displays a kindhearted, goofy demeanor and goes out of his way not to hurt anyone if he can help it. Most of the destruction blamed on him is actually caused by the extreme measures people take to capture or kill him for the reward; as a result, he has been nicknamed \"The Humanoid Typhoon.\" As he travels across the planet to meet a certain man, he also meets two women, Meryl Stryfe and Milly Thompson, tasked with investigating his actions and minimizing the damage associated with them. The anime was directed by Satoshi Nishimura at Madhouse, with Yōsuke Kuroda handling series composition, Takahiro Yoshimatsu providing character designs, and music composed by Tsuneo Imahori. The series was originally broadcast on TV Tokyo from April 1 to September 30, 1998. It is licensed for DVD and Blu-ray in the United States by Funimation Entertainment, who re-released it on DVD on October 27, 2010. The opening theme is \"H.T.\", written and arranged by Tsuneo Imahori, while the ending is , written, composed, arranged, and sung by Akima & Neos. Trigun was released on VHS and Laserdisc, and later DVD, by JVC and marketed by Victor Entertainment in Japan. The English version was initially released on VHS and DVD by Pioneer Entertainment (U.S.) L.P., and when the company became Geneon, re-released as a new box-set. In the mid-2000s, Geneon re-released Trigun on DVD in a REMIX edition featuring the video, digitally remastered for optimal video quality and the sound, also remastered and remixed in 5.1 Dolby Digital AC-3 surround sound. Funimation re-released the series on DVD in late 2010 upon Geneon's collapse. In the United Kingdom, the anime was released on DVD by MVM Films, starting in 2005 and projected to be finished by the end of 2006 (there were delays due to a fire at a disc duplication plant in August 2005). Also, a single UMD, for PlayStation Portable, was released, named Vol. 1, and contained the first two episodes. Trigun is released on DVD in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment. Episode list Home media Original release Trigun - The $$60,000,000,000 Man (DVD 1; episodes 1–4) 2000-03-28 Trigun - The $$60,000,000,000 Man [Geneon Signature Series] (DVD 1) 2004-01-06 Trigun - The $$60,000,000,000 Man [Essential Anime] (DVD 1) 2004-12-28 Trigun - Lost Past (DVD 2; episodes 5–7) 2000-05-23 Trigun - Lost Past [Geneon Signature Series] (DVD 2) 2004-03-09 Trigun - Lost Past [Essential Anime] (DVD 2) 2004-12-28 Trigun - Wolfwood (DVD 3; episodes 8–10) 2000-07-25 Trigun - Wolfwood [Geneon Signature Series] (DVD 3) 2004-04-13 Trigun - Gung-Ho Guns (DVD 4; episodes 11–13) 2000-09-26 Trigun - Gung-Ho Guns [Geneon Signature Series] (DVD 4) 2004-05-11 Trigun - Angel Arms (DVD 5; episodes 14–16) 2000-11-21 Trigun - Angel Arms [Geneon",
"title": "List of Trigun episodes"
},
{
"docid": "16962001",
"text": "Anthony Joseph Palermo (born November 22, 1969) is an American musician who is the drummer of Californian rock band Papa Roach and is the former drummer of punk rock bands Pulley and Unwritten Law. He was also a touring drummer for Sixx:A.M. in summer 2008. Musical career Ten Foot Pole Tony Palermo began his career as the drummer for the Los Angeles punk band Ten Foot Pole. The Jealous Sound Played on \"Kill Them With Kindness\", as well as a few tracks on their EP. Unwritten Law Tony Palermo was the drummer for Unwritten Law, with which he was featured on the albums, Here's to the Mourning, and The Hit List. While in Unwritten Law, he was asked to be a touring drummer for Papa Roach before becoming a full-time member. Pulley Palermo became the drummer for punk rock band Pulley after the departure of Jordan Burns. He has since been replaced. Current bands When Papa Roach drummer Dave Buckner was sent to rehab in 2007, the band asked Tony Palermo if he would be willing to play drums for the band live. During the tour, the band formed a relationship with Palermo. In January 2008, when Dave left the band for good, Papa Roach asked Tony to be the band's permanent drummer. It was the band's first line-up change since 1996, also the first since signing with a major label. Tony is featured on six of Papa Roach's albums; Metamorphosis, Time for Annihilation, The Connection, F.E.A.R., Crooked Teeth and \"Who Do You Trust?\". In combination as member from Papa Roach, Tony was also a touring drummer for Sixx:A.M. while the band was on the Crüe Fest tour along with Papa Roach. Equipment Drums (Pearl Masterworks in Black Sparkle 6 ply Maple shells) 26x16 kick drum (x2) 14x9 rack tom 16x14 floor tom 18x14 floor tom 14x6.5 Ultracast snare Cymbals (Sabian AAX and Paragon) Paiste cymbals (late 1990s-2011) 2002 18\" novo china 2002 14\" heavy hi-hats Signature 19\" power crash Signature 20\" power crash 2002 22\" power ride Signature 20\" power crash 2002 22\" crash Signature reflector 20\" heavy full crash Signature reflector 22\" heavy full crash References Musicians from San Jose, California Musicians from Ventura County, California Living people Unwritten Law members American heavy metal drummers American people of Italian descent 1969 births Papa Roach members 20th-century American drummers American male drummers",
"title": "Tony Palermo"
},
{
"docid": "2811933",
"text": "Lovehammers is an American alternative rock band based in Chicago. Their sound is best described as a combination of pop-punk with grunge influences. Since 1997, Lovehammers have independently released six full-length albums, several EPs, and one major label LP. Originally they performed under the moniker \"Swinging Lovehammers\", then for their self-titled major label debut (released January 2006), they were known as Marty Casey & Lovehammers. Currently they are going by \"Lovehammers\". They have also appeared live on VH1, playing acoustic versions of their songs: \"Trees\", \"The Tunnel\", and \"The Riddle\". History Beginnings Lovehammers band members Marty Casey, Bobby Kourelis, and his younger brother Dino Kourelis became friends in 1982 when the three were on the same Little League T-Ball team in their hometown of Hickory Hills, Illinois. As young teens they formed a cover band with neighborhood friends Ben Kelly on guitar and John Murdoch as lead vocalist. They called themselves \"Swinging Lovehammers\". After entering college, John Murdoch left the band and Marty Casey took over as vocalist. In 1994, they discovered Billy Sawilchik, who was playing lead guitar for a band called 9 Arms. In May 1994 they officially recruited him to become a member of Swinging Lovehammers. With this line-up in place the band began writing original material. In 1997, Swinging Lovehammers released their first full-length album, Ultrasound. It featured an early incarnation of the band's, now signature, genre melding \"un-pretentious rock\" sound. In 1999, the band released Demolition, a four-song EP recorded at DV Productions in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Demolition features the songs \"Real Man\", \"Give It Up\", \"Counterfeit\", and \"Confusion\". These songs were later re-released on the Lovehammers second LP L'Strange. The song \"Rain on the Brain\" was awarded a place in the John Lennon Songwriting Contest that same year. By the year 2000, Swinging Lovehammers began to acquire a larger fanbase throughout the Midwest, winning various Battle of the Bands competitions and booking gigs at notable venues and festivals such as House of Blues, Summerfest and Lincoln's Fest. They also began receiving local radio play. Name change and Ben Kelly's departure Around 2000, Swinging Lovehammers' fanbase swelled and their devotees became known as 'Hammerheads.' On September 30, 2000, Swinging Lovehammers released the original version of their second album, \"L'strange\". By October, Mötley Crüe's Nikki Sixx reviews the band favorably, calling them \"another new band to keep your eyes open for.\" On March 24, 2001, Swinging Lovehammers released their second EP \"How We Live\". It was produced by legendary indie rock impresario Steve Albini, known for his work with Nirvana, PJ Harvey and Pixies. On August 8, 2001, the band officially changed its name from Swinging Lovehammers to the simpler Lovehammers. Bass player Dino Kourelis explained the change on the band's official website: \"You can call us whatever you want. Most people call us Lovehammers anyway. We will keep all names to make everyone happy. We made a little change for marketing reasons, as well as 'change is good.'\" On November 6, 2001, Lovehammers re-released L'Strange complete",
"title": "Lovehammers"
},
{
"docid": "40474980",
"text": "Long Forgotten Songs: B-Sides & Covers 2000–2013 is a compilation album by American punk rock band Rise Against, released on September 10, 2013. The album comprises twenty-six lesser known Rise Against songs, primarily B-sides, covers and different versions of already existing songs by the band. The idea for the album came about when the members of Rise Against attempted to catalog their lesser known material, but came to the conclusion that there were some songs that they did not own copies of. Long Forgotten Songs peaked at number nineteen on the Billboard 200, and charted in several other countries. The album received generally favorable reviews; several critics said the covers were the best aspect of the album, and noted how many of the songs felt fully fleshed out despite being relegated to B-sides. Background and composition While backstage at the 2013 Orion Music + More festival, the members of Rise Against attempted to catalog their lesser known B-sides and covers, but came to the conclusion that there were some songs that they did not own copies of. These songs were often included in Fat Music compilation albums or soundtrack albums. As lead singer Tim McIlrath put it: \"If the four of us don't have these songs, who really does?\" The band members thought that since there were enough lesser known songs to fill an entire album, it would be interesting to make a compilation album for these songs. McIlrath described Long Forgotten Songs as \"a trip down memory lane\" for the band members and their fans. The album comprises twenty-six tracks that span nearly thirteen years, and includes various B-sides, covers, and different versions of existing Rise Against songs. Long Forgotten Songs is rooted in the band's signature hardcore punk and melodic hardcore sound, with lyrical themes ranging from relationships to politics. Among the album's covers include Bob Dylan's \"Ballad of Hollis Brown\", Journey's \"Any Way You Want It\", Nirvana's \"Sliver\", and Bruce Springsteen's \"The Ghost of Tom Joad\". The cover of \"The Ghost of Tom Joad\" in particular is a live recording from 2012, with MC5's Wayne Kramer, the Gaslight Anthem's Brian Fallon, and Rage Against the Machine's Tom Morello. Some songs on Long Forgotten Songs were included as bonus tracks for previous Rise Against albums. For example, \"Lanterns\" was an iTunes bonus track for Endgame. Bassist Joe Principe explained how the song was a nod to the older sound of Rise Against, but its sound did not match the overall musical style of the album. He further explained that this was the reason why many of the songs on Long Forgotten Songs were chosen as B-sides; these songs did not fit the musical style or lyrical themes of the parent album. Release and reception Long Forgotten Songs was released on September 10, 2013. People who purchased the album from Best Buy received two additional cover tracks: \"Fix Me\" by Black Flag, and \"Kick Out the Jams\" by MC5. In the United States, the album debuted at number nineteen",
"title": "Long Forgotten Songs: B-Sides & Covers 2000–2013"
},
{
"docid": "53069223",
"text": "Jamie Miller is an American musician, currently the drummer for rock bands Bad Religion, Vanishing Life and Snot. He is also the lead guitarist and the backing vocalist for theStart, and was formerly the drummer for Souls at Zero and the drummer and guitarist for ...And You Will Know Us By the Trail of Dead. Career Souls at Zero (1994–1996) Miller joined the band Souls at Zero, replacing drummer Shannon Larkin after he left to join Ugly Kid Joe in 1994. He played on Souls at Zero's final album A Taste for the Perverse. Snot (1996–present) Miller joined Snot in 1996. Snot signed with Geffen Records, and began work on their debut album, Get Some, released on May 27, 1997. Although the album received positive critical notice, sales were disappointing. The band performed on the 1998 Ozzfest tour. In December 1998, band member Lynn Strait died in a car accident when a truck struck his car. In 2008, the band reformed, with former Divine Heresy singer Tommy Vext on vocals. Tommy Cummings and Sonny Mayo left the band, and a new band, Tons, was formed in 2009 with a new vocalist. They recorded three new songs titled \"Ability & Control\", \"1000 Ways of Pain\" and \"Fan the Flames\" before members of the group moved on to new projects. On February 11, 2014, Snot reunited again at the Whisky a Go Go in Hollywood. theStart (1998–present) Jamie Miller formed the synthrock band theStart (originally named Hero) along with Aimee Echo as the band's lead guitarist, synthesizer player and backing vocalist. They released three full-length studio albums and an EP on Geffen, Nitro and Metropolis. The band toured extensively. …And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead (2011–2020) Miller was a drummer and guitarist of the band ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead from 2011 to 2020. He replaced Kevin Allen. Bad Religion (2015–present) In 2016, Miller became the drummer for Bad Religion by replacing longtime drummer Brooks Wackerman, who joined Avenged Sevenfold. Miller would not appear on a Bad Religion album until four years later, with Age of Unreason. The Offspring (2021) In September 2021, Miller performed with The Offspring filling in for friend Josh Freese due to Freese' prior commitments with Devo . Influences Miller cited Budgie of Siouxsie and the Banshees as his favourite drummer for having \"a signature feel\" the Banshees as his favourite band. \"Whenever I hear one of their songs, I can hear his drumming and know that it's him. I love drummers like that. It's not necessarily that they have a signature sound, but rather a signature feel\". Discography Souls at Zero A Taste for the Perverse (1995) Snot Get Some (1997) Strait Up (2000) Alive! (2002) theStart Shakedown! (2001) The 1234 (2002) Death Via Satellite (2003) Initiation (2004) Ciao, Baby (2007) Night Horse Perdition Hymns (2010) …And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead Lost Songs (2012) IX (2014) Bad Religion Age of Unreason (2019) References",
"title": "Jamie Miller (drummer)"
},
{
"docid": "36043238",
"text": "The University of Rochester YellowJackets (YellowJackets) are an all-male collegiate a cappella group based in Rochester, New York. As the University of Rochester's oldest a cappella group, The YellowJackets frequently perform for campus functions in addition to their performance schedule around Rochester and the northeastern part of the United States. The group's members are students from the University's River Campus and Eastman School of Music. On September 19, 2011 the group made their national primetime television debut to an audience of 5.3 million viewers as contestants on Season 3 of NBC's \"The Sing-Off\", ultimately finishing in 7th place (out of 16 finalist groups.) The group celebrated their 60th anniversary in October 2016 during the University of Rochester's annual Meliora Weekend celebration. History The YellowJackets were founded in 1956 by Dr. Ward Woodbury, Jr., Director of Music for the University's River Campus, as a subset of the Men's Glee Club on campus. Performing for the first time at the Commencement ceremonies in May 1956, the group began to establish itself on campus. The initial members of the YellowJackets were also members of the Glee Club, and the group sang their tunes to piano accompaniment. Continuing in this style through the 1970s, in 1981 the group began moving away from the use of piano and into the style of a cappella music. In the late 1980s the group introduced vocal percussion into their music and it has remained a key part of the signature YellowJacket sound to this day. Throughout the years the YellowJackets have strived for a professional and polished sound that audiences will remember long after they hear the group in concert. Performance attire While the group is traditionally known for wearing their signature yellow blazers, the original group wore blue blazers with black and red ties until 1958 when they purchased their namesake attire. Along with the new yellow jackets, the men wore tux pants and bow ties and created the look that clearly identifies the YellowJackets today. The uniform changed in the 1980s due to ever evolving fashion trends, returning to a blue tie, and then bringing back the ever-popular YellowJackets for good. The current group has two distinct looks that they use for performances. The \"Alumni\" attire, a tribute to the first groups of YellowJackets, consists of the yellow jacket, black dress pants and shirts, black long ties, and black dress shoes. The group's second attire option consists of the yellow jacket, jeans, and a matching group T-shirt. While on NBC's \"The Sing-Off\", group members sported outfits professionally created by Kara Saun, the show's Costume Designer. The group wore a different outfit for each of their 7 performances, including original costumes from the movie Starship Troopers for the Halloween Episode opening number. The YellowJackets on The Sing-Off The YellowJackets appeared on Season 3 of NBC's a cappella reality show The Sing-Off. Expanded from its smaller holiday season format, Season 3 of the show saw 16 groups from across the United States competing for a top prize of",
"title": "University of Rochester YellowJackets"
},
{
"docid": "5376829",
"text": "In cryptography, a ring signature is a type of digital signature that can be performed by any member of a set of users that each have keys. Therefore, a message signed with a ring signature is endorsed by someone in a particular set of people. One of the security properties of a ring signature is that it should be computationally infeasible to determine which of the set's members' keys was used to produce the signature. Ring signatures are similar to group signatures but differ in two key ways: first, there is no way to revoke the anonymity of an individual signature; and second, any set of users can be used as a signing set without additional setup. Ring signatures were invented by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Yael Tauman Kalai, and introduced at ASIACRYPT in 2001. The name, ring signature, comes from the ring-like structure of the signature algorithm. Definition Suppose that a set of entities each have public/private key pairs, (P1, S1), (P2, S2), ..., (Pn, Sn). Party i can compute a ring signature σ on a message m, on input (m, Si, P1, ..., Pn). Anyone can check the validity of a ring signature given σ, m, and the public keys involved, P1, ..., Pn. If a ring signature is properly computed, it should pass the check. On the other hand, it should be hard for anyone to create a valid ring signature on any message for any set without knowing any of the private keys for that set. Applications and modifications In the original paper, Rivest, Shamir, and Tauman described ring signatures as a way to leak a secret. For instance, a ring signature could be used to provide an anonymous signature from \"a high-ranking White House official\", without revealing which official signed the message. Ring signatures are right for this application because the anonymity of a ring signature cannot be revoked, and because the group for a ring signature can be improvised. Another application, also described in the original paper, is for deniable signatures. Here the sender and the recipient of a message form a group for the ring signature, then the signature is valid to the recipient, but anyone else will be unsure whether the recipient or the sender was the actual signer. Thus, such a signature is convincing, but cannot be transferred beyond its intended recipient. There were various works, introducing new features and based on different assumptions: Threshold ring signatures Unlike standard \"t-out-of-n\" threshold signature, where t of n users should collaborate to decrypt a message, this variant of a ring signature requires t users to cooperate in the signing protocol. Namely, t parties (i1, i2, ..., it) can compute a (t, n)-ring signature, σ, on a message, m, on input (m, Si1, Si2, ..., Sit, P1, ..., Pn). Linkable ring signatures The property of linkability allows one to determine whether any two signatures have been produced by the same member (under the same private key). The identity of the signer is nevertheless",
"title": "Ring signature"
},
{
"docid": "60292991",
"text": "Weeping Choir is the seventh studio album (and fourth non-collaborative studio album) by the American grindcore band Full of Hell. The album was released on May 17, 2019 and serves as the band's debut release through Relapse Records. Weeping Choir was engineered by Kurt Ballou of Converge, who previously produced Full of Hell's 2017 studio album Trumpeting Ecstasy. Writing and recording Since their last album, several of the members of Full of Hell have moved to different cities. Because of this, Weeping Choir became the first Full of Hell album to be written without all members of the band in a practice space. This time, guitarist and primary songwriter Spencer Hazard wrote full songs in his bedroom on his own and the band would get together to practice the new material about once or twice a month because of their new \"adult\" responsibilities. Hazard says this new approach to writing material resulted in some of their most complex and challenging songs ever created. He said: \"This record definitely had parts where I wrote the riff and it sounded really cool, but once we got all together we were like, 'This is in some weird time signature I don't even know how to count it,' kind of thing. Even when we got in the studio, Kurt [Ballou] was like, 'I don’t know what time signature that is.'\" Weeping Choir marks the second Full of Hell album to be recorded and produced by Kurt Ballou, guitarist of the hardcore band Converge, who worked with Full of Hell on their prior album, Trumpeting Ecstasy. Full of Hell reported that Ballou pushed the band harder this time than before, but ultimately best captured the sound of their live performances out of all their albums to date. Hazard elaborated: \"[On] Trumpeting he kind of let us do our own thing. But this time he was definitely like, 'No, do it again. You can do better.' I feel like he was able to get better takes out of us this time.\" Composition, sound and theme For Weeping Choir, the members of Full of Hell drew inspiration from their entire discography. This included drawing elements of hardcore music from Roots of Earth Are Consuming My Home (2011), experimental grindcore elements from Rudiments of Mutilation (2013) and the death metal influences on Trumpeting Ecstasy (2017). The band also attributes their new ability to work in a studio and build a song around an electronic beat (giving \"Angels Gather Here\" as one example) to their experimental collaborative albums with The Body. Spencer Hazard says it was a conscious decision to recall different music styles from all their previous albums. Hazard elaborated: \"With [Weeping Choir], I kinda wanted to reel it back and take aspects from every record we've ever done and try to combine it together. That's why there's longer songs, and more like hardcore parts, but still plenty of death metal riffs and straight-up grind and powerviolence stuff.\" On Trumpeting Ecstasy, Full of Hell dialed back their noise",
"title": "Weeping Choir"
}
] | [
"Garry Jones",
"Ernie Haase",
"Tim Duncan",
"Doug Anderson",
"Shane Dunlap"
] |
train_11323 | who was the first principal of bengal national school and college | [
{
"docid": "1815169",
"text": "Bengali Brahmos are those who adhere to Brahmoism, the philosophy of Brahmo Samaj which was founded by Raja Rammohan Roy. A recent publication describes the disproportionate influence of Brahmos on India's development post-19th Century as unparalleled in recent times. Brahmo Samaj When is a Brahmo not a Brahmo Samajist? One aspect of Brahmoism is recognition that not only explicit faith and worship makes for a Brahmo, but also genealogy, which is implicit. People with even a single Brahmo parent or a Brahmo guardian are treated as Brahmos until they absolutely renounce the Brahmo faith. This often causes tension within the Samaj, for example, when an offspring of a Brahmo follows atheism or another religious belief without renouncing Brahmoism formally. There are differing views between the Theist and Deist streams of Brahmoism on the retention of such people within the fold. Additionally, a Brahmo who opts not to subscribe to membership of a Brahmo Samaj remains a Brahmo but ceases to be a Brahmo Samajist. People associated with Brahmo Samaj Banerjee Sasipada Banerji (1840–1924), Social reformer. Sir Albion Rajkumar Banerjee, CSI, CIE (1871–1950), Diwan of Cochin. Amiya Charan Banerjee (1891–1968), Vice Chancellor of Allahabad University. Probha Banerji, first lady magistrate of India. Kalyan Banerji, Deputy Managing Director of the State Bank of India. Milon K. Banerji (1928–2010), Attorney General of India. Gourab Banerji, Additional Solicitor General of India. Chakrabarty Nikhil Chakravarty, Founder-Editor, Mainstream Weekly. Sumit Chakravarty, Editor, Mainstream Weekly. Uma Shehanobis (née Chakrabarty), Principal, Patha Bhavan, Calcutta. Chattopadhayay Aghorenath Chattopadhyay, Principal, Nizam's College, Hyderabad. Sarojini Naidu (1879–1949), Politician. Padmaja Naidu (1900–1975), Governor of West Bengal. Leela Naidu (1940–2009), Artist. Suhasini Chattopadhyay, Indian freedom fighter. Virendranath Chattopadhyaya (1880–1937), Indian nationalist. Harindranath Chattopadhyaya (1898–1990), Padma Bhushan, Member of Parliament, Vijayawada. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya, Padma Vibhushan, Social reformer. Krishna Chattopadhyay (1935–2009), Singer. Bose Rajnarayan Basu, Writer and intellectual of the Bengal Renaissance. Krishnadhan Ghosh (son-in-law of Rajnarayan Basu), Civil Surgeon, Pabna, Bengal. Sri Aurobindo, Indian nationalist; vice principal of Baroda College. Girindrasekhar Bose, Psychoanalyst. Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858–1937), Polymath who was Professor of Physics, Presidency College, Calcutta. Lady Abala Bose (1864–1951), Social reformer who founded the Nari Sikhshya Samities. Debendra Mohan Bose (1887–1975) (Sir J.C. Bose was his maternal uncle), Director, Bose Institute, Calcutta Anandamohan Bose (1847–1906) (brother-in-law of Sir J.C. Bose and paternal uncle of D.M. Bose), Co-founder of Indian National Association; first Indian Wrangler at Cambridge University. Rajsekhar Bose (1880–1960), Author Girindrasekhar Bose (1887–1953), Psychiatrist. Das Bhuban Mohan Das Chittaranjan Das, Mayor of Calcutta. Basanti Devi, Padma Vibhushan, Social reformer. Siddhartha Shankar Ray (grandson), Chief Minister of West Bengal. Justice Manjula Bose (granddaughter), Judge of the High Court of Calcutta. Jaidip Mukherjea (grandson) (1942-), Sportsman. Durga Mohan Das (1841–1897), Social reformer. Satish Ranjan Das (1870–1928), Law Member of the Viceroy's Executive Council; founder of Doon School. Shomie Ranjan Das (1935-), Headmaster of Doon School, Mayo College and Lawrence School, Sanawar. Rakhal Chandra Das Sudhi Ranjan Das, 5th Chief Justice of India. Group Captain Suranjan Das Anjana Sen (née Das) Ashoke Kumar Sen,",
"title": "Brahmo"
},
{
"docid": "38269480",
"text": "Krishna Kumar Mitra (1852–1936) was an Indian freedom fighter, journalist and leader of the Brahmo Samaj. He is remembered for his contributions to the Swadeshi movement through his journal Sanjibani. Early life and education Krishna Kumar was born in the village of Baghil in the Mymensingh district (now Tangail district) of Bengal in what is today Bangladesh in 1852. He was a Hindu Kayastha by birth and his father Guruprasad Mitra was a landholder who led an agitation against oppression by British indigo planters. Krishna Kumar was educated at Mymensingh's Hardinge Vernacular School and the Zilla School and obtained a bachelor's degree from the Scottish Church College in 1876. Subsequently, he studied law at the University of Calcutta for a while. Brahmo leader Deeply influenced by his father who was a local Brahmo leader and his schoolteacher Girishchandra Ghosh, Krishna Kumar was inducted into the Brahmo faith in 1869 at the age of 17. He became a member of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj and his journal Sanjibani became the Samaj's principal mouthpiece. He was elected president of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in 1918. Career as a journalist Mitra launched his Bengali journal Sanjibani in 1883. In 1886, he published a series of articles on the condition of the Indian workers in the tea plantations of Assam based on investigations by Dwaraknath Ganguly forcing the government to provide legal protection to tea garden workers. The second floor of Mitra's 6, College Square residence served as the office and press for the journal. His nephew Aurobindo Ghosh stayed here during 1909-1910 before escaping to Pondicherry. Teaching career Mitra taught at the AM Bose School and College (under the University of Calcutta) in Kolkata from 1879 to 1908 when he resigned from his post as superintendent and professor of history following the colonial government's threat to cancel the college's accreditation if he continued to be associated with the swadeshi movement. Political life Mitra joined Surendranath Banerjee's Indian Association in 1876 and became its joint secretary and Banerjee and Mitra traveled across northern India to popularise their political ideas. Mitra was also associated with the Indian National Congress since its inception and was part of its 'moderate' faction in Bengal. In 1890 he joined the indigo cultivators' agitation. Swadeshi movement Opposed to the partition of Bengal and influenced by colleagues like Ananda Mohan Bose and Kalishankar Shukul, Mitra joined the anti-Partition Swadeshi movement. He used his journal Sanjibani to rouse public opinion against the partition and on 13 July 1905 he openly called for the boycott of foreign goods through the journal. He attended the Bengal Provincial Conference at Barisal in 1906 where he condemned police atrocities against Swadeshi activists. The same year the Bengal government issued a circular banning the singing of Vande Mataram in any procession or public meeting. Mitra became president of the Anti-Circular Society that was formed to oppose the ban. For his involvement in the Swadeshi movement, Mitra had to resign from his job as a professor of history",
"title": "Krishna Kumar Mitra"
},
{
"docid": "37387093",
"text": "Krishnanagar Collegiate School is a senior-secondary school and one of the oldest schools in West Bengal, situated in the city of Krishnanagar in Nadia district. History The school building was donated by Monomohun Ghosh, a famous barrister and good friend of Dr. K D Ghosh, father of Sri Aurobindo. The main school building built with red bricks with a tinge of Anglo-Indian architecture is itself a place of visit in the city of Krishnanagar. The school is more than 170 years old, established in 1846 in Krishnanagar, Nadia. The first principal of the school was David Lester Richardson, who later served as the principle of Presidency College, Kolkata. The school started with three European and ten Indian teachers which included the likes of Ramtanu Lahiri and Madanmohan Tarkalankar. Beni Madhab Das, teacher of Subhash Chandra Bose at Ravenshaw Collegiate School also taught here. See also Education in India List of schools in India Education in West Bengal References External links wikimapia Schools in Colonial India Primary schools in West Bengal High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal Schools in Nadia district Educational institutions established in 1846 1846 establishments in British India Krishnanagar",
"title": "Krishnagar Collegiate School"
},
{
"docid": "48222389",
"text": "Subodh Chandra Basu Mallik (9 February 1879 – 14 November 1920), commonly known as Raja Subodh Mallik, was a Bengali Indian industrialist, philanthropist and nationalist. Mallik is noted as a nationalist intellectual who was one of the co-founders of the Bengal National College, of which he was the principal financial supporter. He was close to Aurobindo Ghosh and financed the latter's nationalist publications including Bande Mataram. Life and works Mallik was born in Pataldanga suburb of Calcutta to Prabodh Chandra Basu Mallik. He graduated from St. Xaviers College Calcutta and Presidency College Calcutta before enrolling at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1900. He returned from England before completing his university studies, and immediately delved into the nationalist movement. His palatial house in what was then Wellington square in Calcutta became a major hub of political activity. In 1906, Mallik was among a group of leading luminaries of Bengal who founded the National Council for Education to promote indigenous and nationalist education in higher education. He donated Rs 100,000 to support the new Bengal National College. He also founded the Life of Asia Insurance Company. Mallik's political activities earned him the ire of the Raj, and he was deported in 1908 in the wake of the Alipore Bomb Conspiracy. Mallik's nationalist work and generous support of the movement earned him the colloquial title of Raja from his grateful countrymen. In independent India, Wellington Square, the site of his palatial residence, was renamed Raja Subodh Mallik Square, while the road housing Jadavpur University, which emerged from the Bengal National College, is now called Raja Subodh Chandra Mallik Road. References External links Subodh Chandra Mullick at Site of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother (2016 archived copy) Residence & Hub of Nationalists at Lakshmi's House - Sri Aurobindo Institute Mallik, Subodh Chandra Mallik, Subodh Chandra 19th-century Indian educators 19th-century Indian politicians 20th-century Indian educators 20th-century Indian politicians Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Anushilan Samiti Bengali Hindus 20th-century Bengalis 19th-century Bengalis Indian independence activists from Bengal Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal Indian sociologists Politicians from Kolkata Prisoners and detainees of British India Mallik, Subodh Chandra Mallik, Subodh Chandra Indian educators Indian philanthropists Educators from West Bengal",
"title": "Subodh Chandra Mallik"
},
{
"docid": "15634347",
"text": "Sir Gooroodas Banerjee (also Gurudas Bandyopadhyay, 26 January 1844 – 2 December 1918) was an Indian judge of the Calcutta High Court. In 1890, he also became the first Indian Vice-Chancellor of University of Calcutta. Education He received his early education at the Oriental Seminary, and the Hare School at the Presidency College in Kolkata. the General Assembly's Institution (now Scottish Church College), the University of Calcutta. He obtained an M.A. with a focus on Mathematics in 1865, winning a University medal for attaining first place in his examinations, and passed the B.L. examination in 1866. in 1877, he obtained a Doctorate in Law. Career Banerjee briefly taught as an Assistant Lecturer in Mathematics, before joining the General Assembly's Institution, now known as the Scottish Church College, as a Professor of Mathematics. Banerjee began his legal practice in Berhampore, simultaneously teaching law and mathematics on a part-time basis at Berhmapore College. In 1872, he moved his legal practice to Kolkata, representing clients such as the erstwhile Nawab of Murshidabad at the Calcutta High Court. In 1878, he was appointed to the Tagore Professorship of Law, and delivered the Tagore Law Lectures in the same year, on 'The Hindu Laws of Marriage and Stridhan'. The Tagore Law Lectures were later published as a legal text on Hindu marriage laws. In 1888, Banerjee was appointed as a judge of the Calcutta High Court, retiring in 1904 from the Bench. In addition to serving as a judge, he was the first Indian to be appointed as the vice-chancellor of the University of Calcutta, serving in that capacity from 1 January 1890 to 31 December 1892. He was knighted by the British government on 22 July 1904. He was also the President of the Board of Mathematics and Sanskrit during this time. He also became one of the teachers of Bengal National College of which the great freedom fighter, Aurobindo Ghosh, was the principal. He made notable contributions to the spread of education by making sure that Narkeldanga High School got raised to secondary standard. Legacy There is a prestigious post in the Department of English of the University of Calcutta named after Sir Gooroodas Banerjee. The professor who holds this post comes to be known as Sir Gooroodas Banerjee Professor. There are two undergraduate colleges in Kolkata that commemorate his name, the Gurudas College and the Sir Gurudas Mahavidyalaya. In memoirs of him, Sir Gurudas Banerjee Halt railway station was established in sub urban railway of Kolkata. Banerjee was quite well known for his devotion to his mother who was very orthodox in her ways of life. Every day, he would bring the sacred Ganges water for her mother. She, on her deathbed, ordered her son Sir Gurudas to invite Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar to her obsequies. Vidyasagar had by this time become an object of attack by the orthodox Brahmins owing to his introduction of widow remarriage. Defying all social obstacles, Sir Gurudas invited Vidyasagar to her mother's funeral to fulfill her last",
"title": "Gooroodas Banerjee"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "14321146",
"text": "Char Fasson Government College is a government educational institution. It is one of the colleges in Bhola. Established in 1968, the college is one of the oldest schools in Bhola district and one of the best in South Bengal. In this college higher secondary and undergraduate level educational activities are conducted. The college is surrounded by a beautiful and captivating natural environment. This college is affiliated to Bangladesh National University and Barisal Education Board. History of establishment Char Fasson is a coastal town of Bhola, a land of polymer. The social system here has evolved through the inevitable burning of the isolated culture of the people who have broken the river. Although the culture of the community has not developed here, the society is aware of how many talented people have left their mark on creative thinking from time to time. Char Fasson College is the fruit of the talent and labor of all those geniuses. In the late fifties, an initiative was taken to set up a Char Fasson College under the leadership of A. Haq Master, the headmaster of Charfashion Govt. T. Baret Secondary School. According to him, the entrepreneurs submitted an application to the then sub-divisional administrator MA Aziz to set up Char Fassson College. Until then Bhola College was not established. Then the sub-divisional administrator said, when there is no college in Bhola, Char Fasson is a union, how can a college be established there! AH Haque Master told him to come and establish a college here. In 1982, he became the founding principal of Bhola Government College. Then the establishment of Char Fasson College was somewhat hampered, but did not stop. On June 1, 1986, dignitaries of the time, market traders, social workers and people's representatives all gathered at the Brajgopal Public Club. The meeting, chaired by Abdul Motaleb Master, a prominent person of the area, took a formal decision to establish Char Fasson College. A 143-member organizing committee was formed. Founder President of the College Committee, Sub-Divisional Administrator, Secretary Abdul Matin, Joint Secretary Fazlur Rahman Faraji, Treasurer Md. Samsuddin Master. At the first day's meeting, the treasurer paid ten thousand TK in cash. The then eminent person Char Fasson TB High School headmaster M. M. Nazrul Islam appointed, the head of Char Fasson TB School, as the principal of Char Fasson College. On August 1, 1986, he joined Char Fasson College as the principal. The first activities of the college started at Brajgopal Public Club. On 11 June 2013, the Prime Minister's Office sent a letter of consent from the prime minister to the Ministry of Education. The inspection team formed by the Department of Secondary Higher Education to make the college a government college visited on 23 June 2013. On 22 July 2013, the Ministry of Education sent a letter of Deed of Gift for the transfer of all movable and immovable property to the Government, including the ban on transfer of immovable property and promotion of the college for government purposes. According",
"title": "Charfasson Govt. College"
},
{
"docid": "4051677",
"text": "Reverend Lal Behari Day (also Dey, 18 December 1824 – 28 October 1892) was an Indian writer and journalist, who converted to Christianity, and became a Christian missionary himself. Biography Lal Behari Dey was born on 18 December 1824 to a Bengali Suvarna Banik caste family at Sonapalasi near Bardhaman. His father Radhakanta Dey Mondal was a small bill broker in Kolkata. After primary education in the village school he came to Calcutta with his father and was admitted to Reverend Alexander Duff's General Assembly Institution, where he studied from 1834 to 1844. (Duff's Institution is now the Scottish Church Collegiate School; he was one of the first five boys admitted by Duff.) Under Duff's tutelage he formally embraced Christianity on 2 July 1843. In 1842, a year before his baptism he had published a tract, The Falsity of the Hindu Religion, which had won a prize for the best essay from a local Christian society. From 1855 to 1867 Lal Behari was a missionary and minister of the Free Church of Scotland. From 1867 to 1889 he worked as professor of English in Government-administered colleges at Berhampore and Hooghly. After having served in several churches in the prime of his career, he joined the Berhampore Collegiate School as Principal in 1867. Later he became Professor of English and Mental and Moral Philosophy in Hooghly Mohsin College of the University of Calcutta and stayed with it from 1872 to 1888. Being a devout Christian but pro-British Raj, he protested against any discrimination practised by the ruling class against the natives. Lalbehari Dey was known for his profound knowledge of the English language and literature. During his work at Burdwan he saw rural life closely and this experience was drawn upon to Bengal Peasant Life (1874). At this time landlord-tenant relations had greatly deteriorated, and there was peasant unrest in various parts of Bengal. Bengal Peasant Life explains the reasons for this situation. Lalbehari was against the zamindari system and he may be called the first man to investigate and report the actual problems of the depressed classes under the operation of the permanent settlement and suggest remedies towards solving the problem. His contemporaries Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Peary Chand Mitra and Dinabandhu Mitra, also wrote powerfully about peasants and depressed class's problems. Their opinions greatly influenced the report of the Rent Commission of 1880 which led to the enactment of the famous bengal tenancy act of 1885, which has been termed as the Magna Carta of peasant rights in Bengal. Rev. Lalbehari also wrote two novels, Chandramukhi, A Tale of Bengali Life (1859) and Govinda Samanta, which portray the suffering of peasants under the zamindari system. In 1874 his Govinda Samanta won the prize of Rs 500 offered by Baboo Joy Kissen Mookerjea of Uttarpara, one of the most enlightened zamindars in Bengal, for the best novel, written either in Bengali or in English, illustrating the \"Social and Domestic Life of the Rural Population and Working Classes of Bengal\". Charles Darwin",
"title": "Lal Behari Day"
},
{
"docid": "6982534",
"text": "Midnapore Collegiate School, formerly Governmental Zilla School, established on 14th November 1834, is one of the oldest schools in Bengal as well as India. The students and teachers of this school made contributions to Indian Freedom Movement during the British Rule. Kshudiram Bose, a martyr in the freedom struggle was one of the students of the school. Some other alumni of the institution are Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Manik Bandopadhyay. Brahmo Samaj leader Wrishi Rajnarayan Basu as headmasters had also contributed in building up the institution. It was formerly the Zilla School of Midnapore (currently Paschim Medinipur) in West Bengal. The school campus has a basketball court and science labs. Early history The school was established by people of Midnapore. With the economic help of Tezchandra Mehtab Raybahadur, the school had started its journey with a few thatched huts and 18 students. The first headmaster was Rasiklal Sen and after just two years, the school got the honour of Governmental Zilla School in 1836. When Calcutta University was established in 1857, the school came under its supervision. During the time of British Headmasters Sir F. Tydd and Mr. Sinclare, their thought about teaching was,\"the interrogative system of teaching should be carefully pursued during every step of the scholar's progress as the simplest and most effectual means of conveying knowledge.\" 'Sahityasamrat' of Bengal, Rishi Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and his elder brother studied here. Rajnarayan era Rajnarayan Bose, the socio-religious reformer and educationist took over the post of headmaster in 1851, and after 15 years retired in 1866. Another son of Medinipur, Sri Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar who was then the Principal of Sanskrit college, Kolkata, received the order of Council of Education that Rajnarayan Bose, Professor of English Department, would be appointed as the fourth Headmaster of Midnapore School. Rajnarayan Bose was already a stalwart figure in the field of Brahmo Samaj movement and have been a Young Bengal leader. He took over the post of headmaster on 21 January 1851. He was a revolutionary educationist of that time as he had ushered in a complete redress in the education system, i.e., He abolished corporal punishment and introduced a friendly and cooperative atmosphere among the teachers and students to make education more interesting to them. He hated the procedure of \"committing to memory and vomiting to paper\". He followed the rule of teaching through interaction of both students and teachers. His eloquent speeches with humorous jokes attracted all students in the class. He put stress on interrogative teaching, so that the fundamentals of the student becomes strong. He understood that the students also need physical exercise and sports so he made a lawn tennis court and a gymnasium in the school premises. He observed that students sitting on benches without back-support cannot keep their backs straight, so their attention span becomes shorter while studying. So he introduced seats with back-supports for the first time. Being an active leader of Young Bengal, he was moved by the 'Academic Association' of Henry Louis Vivian Derozio",
"title": "Midnapore Collegiate School"
},
{
"docid": "42860849",
"text": "R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital (RGKMCH) is a public medical college and hospital in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was established in 1886 to ensure self-sufficiency in medical education and services in the colonial era. It was under the University of Calcutta from 1916 to 2003 and affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences when it was established in 2003. The college is a co-educational institution that is recognized by the NMC and affiliated with the West Bengal University of Health Sciences. History Established in 1886 as the Calcutta School of Medicine, it had no affiliated hospital and practiced out of Mayo Hospital. In 1902, it moved to its own complex including a school building and hospital. In 1904, it merged with the National College of Physicians and Surgeons of Bengal and, after a period of further growth, was renamed as the Belgachia Medical College in 1916. From 1918 to 1948, the college was known as Carmichael Medical College in honor of Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, the Governor of Bengal at the college's inauguration in 1916. The institution was given its current name on 12 May 1948 to honor Dr. Radha Gobinda Kar who first conceived of it. Dr. Suresh Prasad Sarbadhikari was the first President of the institution, and Kar was its first Secretary. In May 1958, control of the college was passed to West Bengal. Location This college is located from the Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport, from the Sealdah Railway Station in Kolkata and from the Shyambazar Metro Station which runs in the Line 1. The closest bus stand to the institution in the R.G Kar Road Bus Stand. Courses R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital provides an undergraduate course that is MBBS, as well as postgraduate degree & diploma courses and super speciality courses. These courses are offered by the institute under various departments such as Anatomy, General Medicine, Anesthesiology, Biochemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Ophthalmology, Cardiology and many more. Facilities Canteen Computer Laboratories Library Medical Facilities Notable alumni Sushovan Banerjee, Indian physician and politician, Padma Shri awardee Sanjeev Kanoria, liver transplant surgeon, owner of Advinia HealthCare Nirmal Kumar Ganguly, microbiologist, Padma Bhushan awardee Santanu Sen, former member of Rajya Sabha from West Bengal Shashi Panja, cabinet minister of the Government of West Bengal Samar Banerjee, player of India national football team Nachiketa Ghosh, Bengali music director Ragini Sonkar, member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar, member of parliament in Lok Sabha Nihar Ranjan Gupta, Bengali novelist Ratna De, member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly See also Calcutta Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital Calcutta Unani Medical College and Hospital List of hospitals in India Healthcare in India References External links Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences Medical Council of India Hospitals established in 1902 Medical colleges in West Bengal 1902 establishments in British India",
"title": "R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "72267896",
"text": "Alexander Jack, (19 October 1805 – 27 June 1857) was a Scottish officer in the service of the East India Company in the Bengal Army. He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen. He was with the 30th Bengal Native Infantry at Aliwal, and acted as brigadier of the force sent against Kangra, in 1846, during the First Sikh War. He commanded his battalion in the Second Sikh War; was promoted colonel in 1854, and brigadier in 1857. He was treacherously shot and killed during the Cawnpore massacre in June 1857. Origins Alexander Jack was a grandson of William Jack, the minister of Northmavine, Shetland. His father, the Rev. William Jack (died 9 February 1854) (M.D., Edinburgh), was sub-principal of University and King's colleges, Aberdeen, from 1800 to 1815, and principal from 1815 to 1854. Principal Jack married in 1794 Grace, daughter of Andrew Bolt of Lerwick, Shetland, by whom he had six children. Alexander, one of four sons, was born in Old Machar, Aberdeen, on 19 October 1805, was a student in mathematics and philosophy at King's College, Aberdeen, in 1820–1822, and was remembered by a class-fellow who survived him as a tall, handsome, soldierly young man. Career Jack obtained a Bengal cadetship in 1823, was appointed ensign in the 30th Bengal Native Infantry on 23 May 1824, and became lieutenant in the regiment on 30 August 1825, captain on 2 December 1832, and major and brevet-lieutenant-colonel on 19 June 1846. First Sikh War Jack was present with his battalion at the Battle of Aliwal (medal), and acted as brigadier of the force sent against the town and fort of Kangra in the Punjab, when he received great credit for his extraordinary exertions in bringing up his 18-pounder guns, which he had been recommended to leave behind. The march was said 'to reflect everlasting credit on the Bengal artillery'. Some views of the place taken by Jack were published under the title Six Sketches of Kot-Kangra, drawn on the spot (London, 1847, fol.). Second Sikh War Jack was in command of his battalion in the Second Sikh War, including the battles of Chillianwalla and Goojerat (medal and clasps and C.B.). He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the 34th Bengal Native infantry on 18 December 1851. He became colonel on 20 June 1854, and on 18 July 1856 was appointed brigadier at Cawnpore, the headquarters of Sir Hugh Wheeler's division of the Bengal Army. Indian Mutiny On 7 June 1857 the mutiny broke out at Cawnpore. Wheeler maintained his position in an entrenched camp until 27 June, when an attempted evacuation was made in accordance with an arrangement entered into with Nana Sahib. After the troops had embarked in boats for Allahabad, the mutineers treacherously shot down Jack and all the Englishmen except four. During the previous defence of the lines a brother, Andrew William Thomas Jack, who was on a visit from Australia, had his leg shattered, and succumbed under amputation. Honours Companion of the Order of the Bath Sutlej",
"title": "Alexander Jack"
},
{
"docid": "22481102",
"text": "The Government College of Art & Craft (GCAC) in Kolkata is one of the oldest Art colleges in India. It was founded on August 16, 1854 at Garanhata, Chitpur, \"with the purpose of establishing an institution for teaching the youth of all classes, industrial art based on scientific methods.\" as the School of Industrial Art. The institute was later renamed as the Government School of Art and in 1951 it became the Government College of Art & Craft. History The school opened on August 16, 1854 at Garanhata as a private art school. The school was shifted to the building of Mutty Lall Seal in Colootola in November 1854. In 1859, Garick joined as Head Teacher. In 1864, it was taken over by the government and on June 29, 1864 Henry Hover Locke joined as its principal. It was soon renamed as the Government School of Art. Locke made a comprehensive scheme of Curriculum of studies for the institution. The venue of the school was shifted to 166, Bowbazar Street in the 1880s. After the death of Locke on December 25, 1885 M. Schaumburg became the new principal. A new post of Assistant Principal was created and on January 29, 1886 an Italian artist O. Ghilardi joined the post. In February 1892 the institute was shifted to its present site adjacent to the Indian Museum. After the death of its principal, Jobbins Ernest Binfield Havel joined the school as its principal on July 6, 1896. Havell, Brown and Abanindranath Ernest Binfield Havel was the principal from 1896 to 1905. He attempted to reform teaching to emphasise Indian traditions, leading to the emergence of the style known as the Bengal school of art. Percy Brown was the next principal, who took over from the officiating Principal Abanindranath Tagore on January 12, 1909. He served as Principal up to 1927. From August 15, 1905 to 1915, Abanindranath Tagore was the Vice-Principal of the college, and worked towards developing an Indian style of Art, which gave birth to the Bengal school of art, an agenda that was to be pursued at the Kala Bhavan, Shantiniketan. Mukul Dey as principal On July 11, 1928 Mukul Chandra Dey became the principal. In October 1931, it started its quarterly magazine, Our Magazine, which published the reproductions of the works of its students and the faculty. Mukul Dey was Principal of the institute till 1943. Chintamoni Kar as principal For a long period in the 60s and 70s, it was headed by Chintamoni Kar, who was appointed Principal on August 1, 1956. Department Painting Drawing Portrait Making Life Study Antique Study Still Life Composition Mural Print Making Sketch Indian Painting Drawing Life Study Mural Composition Museum Study Nature Study Copy from Old Masters Print Making Sketch Modelling & Sculpture Life Study Head Study Portrait Composition Moulding and Casting (Bronze and Fiberglass casting) Stone Carving Direct Plaster Clay Modelling Wood Carving Terracotta Repousse (embossing) Mixed Media Graphic Design / Applied Art Drawing Sketch Advertising Print & Electronic Media",
"title": "Government College of Art & Craft"
},
{
"docid": "20043148",
"text": "North Bengal Medical College and Hospital (NBMC&H) is located in Sushrutanagar, on the outskirts of Siliguri, West Bengal, India. It is the largest and the oldest healthcare teaching institute in North Bengal region of West Bengal, serving as a tertiary referral institute. The college has teaching programs for graduation and postgraduation. It is one of the 26 government medical colleges in West Bengal and the largest in terms of area. Patient influx is also huge .The hospital has a bed strength of approx 1,500 of which 843 are officially sanctioned and caters to a large population of 15 million in North Bengal, from the surrounding states of north east India and the neighbouring countries of Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. It has a Bed Occupancy Rate (BOR) of 137%, which is highest in the state. History It was established in 1968 as the first medical college of North Bengal. Originally envisioned by Dr. B. C. Roy, the planning was executed by Ajit Kumar Panja, the then state health minister. Prof. Ajit Kr. Duttagupta joined as the first official principal of the college which was then known as North Bengal University Medical College. NBUMC was rechristened in August 1978 to North Bengal Medical College & Hospital and the administrative control went from North Bengal University to Govt. of West Bengal. The first batches The premedical classes started on 6.11.67 in a makeshift arrangement at Jackson medical school, Jalpaiguri. 2nd to 6th batch of students undertook their premedical course at Raigunj University College. 7th batch onwards, the students started their premedical course at NBMC campus, Sushrutanagar, their own place. Classes for 1st-year MBBS course for 1st batch started on 18.11.68 in NBU campus. MBBS classes started in Sushrutanagar, the present site of NBMC in 1972. The first 5 batches had to migrate to SSKM hospital for their clinical lessons after passing 2nd prof. First 2 batches completed internship and housemanship there. The college got its recognition from the Medical Council of India in 1978. Introduction of Postgraduation courses In 2004, the institute achieved the milestone to be reckoned as the Post-graduate institute with introduction of MD/MS courses in five specialised disciplines like Anatomy, Physiology, Community Medicine, Pathology and Anesthesiology, which were recognized by the Medical Council of India in 2007. Since then more postgraduate courses were added in the fields of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, General Medicine, General Surgery, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Orthopaedics, Paediatrics, Ophthalmology,Radiodiagnosis, Psychiatry, Otorhinolaryngology and other subjects. Increase of undergraduate seats From 2013 onwards Undergraduate seats had been increased by 50, which made the annual undergraduate students intake to 150 but from the year 2017 the newly added 50 seats were slashed by the MCI on grounds of lack of infrastructure but again in the year 2018, intake was increased to 150. From 2019 intake was again increased to 200 (EWS Scheme). Campus North Bengal Medical College & Hospital is located in Sushrutanagar, locally known as Noukaghat, to the west of Siliguri, connected to the town by the 3rd Mahananda",
"title": "North Bengal Medical College and Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "11740536",
"text": "Bhudev Mukhopadhyay (1827–1894) was a writer and intellectual in 19th century Bengal. His works were considered ardent displays of nationalism and philosophy in the period of the Bengal renaissance. His novel Anguriya Binimoy (1857) was the first historical novel written in Bengal. Early life He was born at 37, Haritaki Bagan Lane in North Kolkata on 22 February 1827 to Pandit Biswanath Tarkabhusan, a renowned Sanskrit scholar. His ancestral village was Natibpur (Khanakul) in Hooghly District. He was a student of Sanskrit College and Hindu College, studying at the same time as other Bengal renaissance figures such as Michael Madhusudan Dutt. After completing his education at Hindu College, Bhudev became the headmaster of the Hindu Hitarthi School in 1846. He later founded Chandannagar Seminary and taught there. In 1848, he joined Calcutta Madrasa(Madrasa 'Aliya) as English teacher. In 1856, he was selected for the post of Principal of Hooghly Normal School through a competitive examination for which his former class-mate Michael Madhusudan Dutt was also a candidate. Later career In 1862 he was appointed Assistant Inspector of Schools. He was appointed as the first Indian headmaster of Howrah Zilla School. He was later appointed Inspector of Schools and served in the states of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Recognizing his services, Mukhopadhyay was awarded the CIE (Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire) in 1877 by the British. In 1882 he was appointed as Director of Public Instruction and was also nominated to the Lt.-Governor's Council and the Education Commission later that year. Mukhopadhyay retired from public service in 1883. He was also involved with several educational journals including Shiksadarpan O Sangbadsar and the Education Gazette, which he edited. This involvement lasted from 1868 until his retirement. His sense of nationalism was so strong that the English principal of Presidency College once noted, \"Bhudev with his CIE and 1500 a month is still anti-British.\" Writings Mukhopadhyay was a renowned writer and thinker and combined nationalism with rationalism in his works. He strived to reform Hindu customs and family laws to synergize with modern times. He had an immense knowledge of Sanskrit, as evidenced by his numerous essays, and critiques of Sanskrit literature. He wrote several books for young people, historical novels and fused many different philosophies into characters he portrayed. Works Paribarik Prabandha (1882) - essay Samajik Prabandha (1892) - essay Achar Prabandha (1895) - essay Prakrtik Bijnan (in two parts, 1858 & 1859) - Book Purabrttasar (1858) - Book Englander Itihas (1862) - Book Romer Itihas (1862) - Book Banglar Itihas (3rd Part, 1904) - Book Ksetratattva (1862) - Book Puspanjali (1st part, 1876) - Book Anguriya Binimoy (1857) - Novel Aitihasik Upanyas (1857) - Historical Novel Svapnalabdha Bharatbarser Itihas (1895) - Novel References Notes 1827 births 1894 deaths Presidency University, Kolkata alumni The Sanskrit College and University alumni University of Calcutta alumni Bengali Hindus 19th-century Bengalis Bengali novelists Bengali philosophers Indian civil servants Indian writers Indian male writers Indian novelists Indian male novelists Indian historical novelists Indian educators",
"title": "Bhudev Mukhopadhyay"
},
{
"docid": "1877539",
"text": "Abanindranath Tagore (Bengali: অবনীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর; 7 August 1871 – 5 December 1951) was the principal artist and creator of the \"Indian Society of Oriental Art\". He was also the first major exponent of Swadeshi values in Indian art. He founded the influential Bengal school of art, which led to the development of modern Indian painting. He was also a noted writer, particularly for children. Popularly known as 'Aban Thakur', his books Rajkahini, Buro Angla, Nalak, and Khirer Putul were landmarks in Bengali language children's literature and art. Tagore sought to modernise Mughal and Rajput styles to counter the influence of Western models of art, as taught in art schools under the British Raj. Along with other artists from the Bengal school of art, Tagore advocated in favour of a nationalistic Indian art derived from Indian art history, drawing inspiration from the Ajanta Caves. Tagore's work was so successful that it was eventually accepted and promoted as a national Indian style within British art institutions. Personal life and background Abanindranath Tagore was born in Jorasanko, Calcutta, British India, to Gunendranath Tagore and Saudamini Devi. His grandfather was Girindranath Tagore, the second son of \"Prince\" Dwarkanath Tagore. He was a member of the distinguished Tagore family and a nephew of the poet Rabindranath Tagore. His grandfather and his elder brother, Gaganendranath Tagore, were also artists. Tagore learned art while studying at Sanskrit College, Kolkata in the 1880s. In 1890, Tagore attended the Calcutta School of Art where he learnt to use pastels from O. Ghilardi, and oil painting from C. Palmer, European painters who taught in that institution. In 1888, he married Suhasini Devi, daughter of Bhujagendra Bhusan Chatterjee, a descendant of Prasanna Coomar Tagore. He left Sanskrit College after nine years of study and studied English as a special student at St. Xavier's College, which he attended for about a year and a half. He had a sister, Sunayani Devi, who was also a painter. Painting career Early life In the early 1890s several of his illustrations were published in Sadhana magazine, and in Chitrangada, and other works by Rabindranath Tagore. He also illustrated his own books. Around 1897 he took lessons from the vice-principal of the Government School of Art, studying in the traditional European academic manner, learning the full range of techniques, but with a particular interest in watercolour. It was during this period that he developed his interest in Mughal art, producing a number of works based on the life of Krishna in a Mughal-influenced style. After meeting E. B. Havell, Tagore worked with him to revitalise and redefine teaching of art at the Calcutta School of Art, a project also supported by his brother Gaganendranath, who set up the Indian Society of Oriental Art. Tagore believed in the traditional Indian techniques of painting. His philosophy rejected the \"materialistic\" art of the West and came back to Indian traditional art forms. He was influenced by the Mughal school of painting as well as Whistler's Aestheticism. In his later",
"title": "Abanindranath Tagore"
},
{
"docid": "35135090",
"text": "Muhammad Enamul Haque (20 September 1902 – 16 February 1982) was a Bangladeshi researcher, litterateur and educationist. Early life and education Haque was born on 20 September 1902 in Bakhtpur, Fatikchhari Upazila, Chittagong District, Bengal Presidency, British India. He studied at Raozan High School. As a student he met Ismail Hossain Shiraji who inspired him with nationalism. In 1923, he passed the Entrance Examination. He was awarded a Mohsin scholarship. In 1925, he passed the FA Examination from Chittagong College. He completed his undergraduate in Arabic in 1927 and Masters in 1929 in Oriental languages from the University of Calcutta. From 1929 to 1935, he completed his PhD research on Sufism in Bengal under Suniti Kumar Chatterji. Career Haque started working in the Writers Building in Kolkata as a translator. After which he started teaching at Jorwarganj High School in Meersarai in 1936. He taught in Barasat High School in 1937, Howrah Zilla School in 1941 and Maldah Zilla School in 1942. In 1945, he joined Dhaka Zila School as the headmaster. In 1948, he started as a professor at Rajshahi College. In 1952 he joined Daulatpur College as its principal. In 1954, he was the Professor of Bengali at Rajshahi Government College. Then he worked as the principal of Jagannath College. In 1955, Haque was made the chairman of the East Bengal School Text Book Board and the next year chairman of East Bengal Secondary Education Board. He served as the first director of Bangla Academy. In 1961 he was the professor of Bengali language at University of Rajshahi. He was the founding director of Kendriyo Bangla Unnayan Board. From 1969 to 1973 he was the supernumerary professor at University of Dhaka in the Bengali language department. He was the chairman of Bangladesh Itihas Parisad. In 1973 he was made a member of the University Grants Commission.In 1975 he was the vice-chancellor of Jahangirnagar University. In 1981 he became a senior fellow of Dhaka Museum. Notable writings Arakan Rajsabhaya Bangla Sahitya (Bengali Literature in the Court of Araken, research work written jointly with Abdul Karim Shahityavisharad), 1935; Bange Sufiprabhab (The Influence of Sufism in Bengal, research work), 1935; Bangla Bhasar Sangskar (Reform of Bengali language, linguistic), 1944; Muslim Bangla Sahitya (Muslim Bengali Literature, research work), 1957; A History of Sufism in Bengal, 1976; Perso-Arabic Elements in Bengali (with GM Hilali), 1967. Awards Sitara-i-Imtiaz in 1962 Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1964 Ekushey Padak in 1979 President Award in 1966 Sher-e-Bangla Literary Award in 1980 Muktadhara and Abdul Hye Literary Awards in 1981 Independence Day Award in 1983 Death Haque died on 16 February 1982. References 1902 births 1982 deaths People from Fatikchhari Upazila University of Calcutta alumni Bangladeshi male writers Bengali-language writers Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz Recipients of Bangla Academy Award Recipients of the Ekushey Padak Recipients of the Independence Day Award Vice-Chancellors of Jahangirnagar University Chittagong College alumni",
"title": "Muhammad Enamul Haq"
},
{
"docid": "15249359",
"text": "Alexander Garden Fraser (6 October 1873 – 27 January 1962), , was a British educator and Anglican vicar. He served as principal at Trinity College, Kandy from 1904 to 1924. He subsequently became one of the founders of Achimota School and the first principal of the school (1924–1935). Trinity College, Kandy, Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) Alexander Garden Fraser was born in Tillicoultry in Clackmannanshire on 6 October 1873, the eldest son of Sir Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser (1848-1919), later Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, and his first wife Agnes Whitehead née Archibald ( -1879). He was named after his paternal grandfather Rev Prof Alexander Garden Fraser DD (1814-1904) a New York born minister who joined the Free Church of Scotland and spent most of his life teaching in India. Educated at Merchiston Castle School in Edinburgh, and Trinity College, Oxford, he initially intended to study law, but became involved with the Student Volunteer Missionary Union. He was ordained and eventually became a renowned educationist and missionary. Prior to joining Achimota School, he was the principal of the Trinity College, Ceylon, for the 20-year period from 1904 to 1924. Fraser is described as the greatest principal of Trinity College. To quote, “Rev. A.G. Fraser brought the school from a mere provincial school to a national college. In his day (1904–1924), Trinity College became a multi-faceted educational institution, equal to that of any leading school in the British Commonwealth. In the days of Fraser, 17 different nationalities made use of the all-round education Trinity provided. He was an inspiring personality and yet truly self-sacrificing. All his best years were given to Trinity and all his efforts bore fruit. He had the power of persuasion, which he used to inspire brilliant men from Oxford and Cambridge to serve as Anglican missionaries at Trinity College. The decisions of Mr. Fraser were daring but far sighted. It was he who introduced the mother tongue and broke away from conventional subjects mostly imported from England. He introduced a diversified system of education with a strong bias towards national needs. Agriculture was introduced when it was not the practice in any other local school.\" Fraser and the then vice principal of Trinity College are credited for the College Chapel's open design. The design is similar to Achimota's Aggrey Memorial Chapel which is also an open chapel. The principal of Trinity College, Rev. A. G. Fraser, took the school from a mere provincial school to a national college. It was in his day that Trinity became the multi-faceted educational institution it is today. Since then, students from over 17 different nations have made use of the all round education provided at Trinity. Fraser was an inspiring personality and yet truly self-sacrificing. All his best years were given to Trinity and all his efforts bore fruit. He had the power of persuasion, which he used to inspire brilliant men from Oxford and Cambridge Universities to serve as Anglican missionaries at Trinity College. Walter Senior was one such person who came to",
"title": "Alec Garden Fraser"
},
{
"docid": "48218864",
"text": "Sundari Mohan Das (17 December 1857 – 4 April 1950) was the founder principal of the Calcutta National Medical College. He was born in Sylhet on 17 December 1857. He took his M.D. degree from Calcutta Medical College. Formerly he was Principle Emeritus of the National Medical Institute and Chittaranjan Hospital, Calcutta; President of the Indian Medical Association, Bengal Branch; Chairman of the Standing Health Committee; Calcutta Corporation; Chairman Nursing and Mandatory Examination Board; Chairman Eden.... committee Nursing Council's Bengal; Chairman Board Of Directors Universal Drug House Pvt. Ltd. A marble statue of Dr. Sundari Mohan Das was unveiled by Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, Chief Minister of West Bengal on 15 January 1956 at Calcutta National Medical College Birth The paternal home of Late Dr. Sundarimohon Das was in the village of Dighli, in the Sylhet District, now in Bangladesh. He was born in Sylhet on 17 December 1857. It was the time when the first war of Independence against British Rule - the Sepoy Mutiny- was raising its head all through India. He was born on the very day when the mutiny broke out at Latu, a village on the Eastern Border area of the district of Sylhet, then under British occupation. On getting the news of the mutiny at Latu, many families started on evacuation from Sylhet town by boat and Sundarimohan's mother, who was in her sixth month of pregnancy, was also among the evacuees. Sundarimohan was born on one of such boats before the mature time. The newborn baby was so delicate that he had to be put in a cotton basket and there was great doubt whether the child would survive long. His father Swarup Chandra Das (also known as Dewan Swarup Chand) had been serving as a Dewan in the Sylhet Collectorate which at that time was under Dacca Commissariat. Later Swarup Chandra was promoted and transferred to Calcutta as Head Dewan of Kalighat. Gabindapur and Sutanuit which were, during that period, under East India Company. Education Sundarimohan's school education started in Sylhet. He passed the entrance examination from the Sylhet Government Pilot High School. After passing his examination Sundarimohan came to Calcutta (modern Kolkata) to prosecute his further studies. He passed his F.A. Examination from the Presidency College. He took his M.B. degree from the Calcutta Medical College. He was a good scholar all through his educational career and earned scholarship starting from the lowest school stage up to the stage in the Calcutta medical college. Student life and public work While he was a student in the medical college he became a member of the Chaitra Mela, later termed Hindu or National Mela, founded as the Indian Olympic for physical training. Several friends and their vows The great orator and National leader Bipin Chandra Pal, poet Ananda Chandra Mitra and Sundarimohan Das, all hailing from Sylhet, were great friends. All four had come under the influence of Sivanath Sastri and became Brahmos. It was again under his influence that these four friends",
"title": "Sundari Mohan Das"
},
{
"docid": "21284777",
"text": "Joshua Russell Chandran (1918–2000) was an Indian Christian theologian, who served as President of Senate of Serampore College, Bengal (1970–1), and as President of the United Theological College, Bangalore (1954–83), and was for some years a vice-chairman of the World Council of Churches (1966–68). Early life and education Joshua Russell Chandran was born in Nagercoil, South India, on 6 May 1918 into a family who were communicant members of the South India United Church. After schooling and collegiate education, he took his BA and MA in Mathematics at the University of Madras, Chennai (1933–1938). In 1941 he enrolled at the United Theological College, Bengaluru in 1941, where he took his B.D. in 1945. Pastorate and further study Chandran belonged to the South India United Church; which made him a pastor of South Travancore Church Council in 1945. He was ordained on 20 October 1946, and he continued serving as pastor until 1947. in 1947 he left India for Britain, to study at the University of Oxford, Mansfield College, Oxford for pursuing a B.Litt. His B.Litt. thesis was titled A Comparison of the pagan apologetic of Celsus against Christianity as contained in Origen's Contra Celsum and the neo-Hindu attitude to Christianity as represented in the works of Vivekananda and an estimate of the value of Origen's reply for Christian apologetics with reference to neo-Hinduism. He then studied at Union Theological Seminary, New York, during the academic year 1949–1950 earning an S.T.M. Teacher On his return to India in 1950 the Church of South India asked him to teach theology and ethics at the United Theological College, Bengaluru, then under the Principalship of Max Hunter Harrison. In 1954 Chandran succeeded Max Hunter Harrison as Principal, and remained in post until 1983, when he was succeeded by E. C. John. Contribution Theological education As the first Indian Principal of the United Theological College, Bengaluru, J. R. Chandran provided quality leadership to the College in many aspects. In 1970 and 1971 he also served as President of the Senate of Serampore College. In the academic year 1964–65, Chandran was Henry Winters Luce Visiting Professor of World Christianity at the Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York. He was the first President of the Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians (EATWOT) for the first five-year term (1975–1981). Church leadership Chandran served as Vice Moderator of the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches from 1966 to 1968. His contribution to ecumenism was far-reaching. Honours India's first University, the Senate of Serampore College (University) in West Bengal conferred upon Russell Chandran an honorary doctorate in 1962. In 1978 Samuel Amirtham and others also came out with a festschrift in honour of Chandran, titled A Vision for Man: Essays on Faith, Theology, and Society in Honour of Joshua Russell Chandran. Retirement and death Although Russell Chandran retired in 1984, he began living in Bengaluru. He went to Suva, Fiji, to the Pacific Theological College for some time before returning to Bengaluru. On 27 September",
"title": "Joshua Russell Chandran"
},
{
"docid": "36871575",
"text": "Murshidabad College of Engineering & Technology (MCET), is a college located in Berhampore, West Bengal, India. It offers Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) at the undergraduate level operated under Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, affiliated to All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). The college was established in 1998 with the approval of AICTE and affiliated to Kalyani University with 120 students in 3 disciplines. After six months, it was shifted to its own campus where the Laboratories, Workshops, Classrooms, Library, Computer Centers and Hostels are all currently located. History The college was established with the help of Mr. Nripen Chowdhury, the then Sabhadhipati, Murshidabad Zill Parisad. On 8 August 1998 the formal inauguration was made by Dr. Asim Dasgupta, Ex- Minister-in-Charge, Finance, Government of West Bengal. The college was shifted to its present location and was formally started on 4 August 2001, by Mr. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, the then Hon'ble Chief Minister of West Bengal, This college getting financial help from TEQUIP. Courses offered B Tech: Engineering - Civil Engineering Engineering - Computer Science Engineering Engineering - Information Technology It is stop after 2017, Engineering - Electronics and Communication Engineering Engineering - Electrical Engineering BCA BBA Campus The campus is located at Banjethia, around 5 km away from Berhampore, the district town of Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. Library The institute possesses a library with textbooks, reference books, handbooks, Magazines, Journals, periodicals, etc. which has 11,000 books exclusively for B.Tech. students. There is a facility of \"Book-bank\" for SC/ST students sponsored by the Government of West Bengal. See also References External links Handbook of Universities - Page 441 West Bengal, beyond the millennium: essays in honour of Professor ... - Page 147 1999 IEEE 13th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids Directory Of Libraries In India3rd Rev. Ed. Vol# 2 - Page 775 Intro. to Linear & Digital Control Systems - Arun K Ghosh, Former Principal, MCET Intro. to Measurement & Instrumentation - Arun K Ghosh, Former Principal, MCET Introduction to Instrumentation and Control - Arun K Ghosh, Former Principal, MCET The city of Berhampore Schools in Murshidabad Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology Engineering colleges in West Bengal Universities and colleges in Murshidabad district Educational institutions established in 1998 1998 establishments in West Bengal",
"title": "Murshidabad College of Engineering & Technology"
},
{
"docid": "9948803",
"text": "National High School is a two-campus school in South Kolkata, in the state of West Bengal, India. While one campus (the Sarat Bose Road campus) is affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education, the other (Hazra Road campus) is affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education. History The N R Iyer Memorial Education Society, registered under Societies Registration Act, 1860 was formed by South Indian residents in Kolkata in January 1935 with the object of taking over the Anglo-Tamil School founded in 1913 by the Tamil speaking people and promoting the cause of education primarily for the South Indian children in Kolkata. The Anglo-Tamil School was elevated to a high school in January 1938 and was named National High School. The primary and secondary sections were housed in the Society's building at 164, Sarat Bose Road, Kolkata. At the beginning, the secondary section ran as a co-educational school, but in 1960 it was divided into two sections, one for boys and other for girls. The boys section moved to the Society's new building at 42/1, Hazra Road, Kolkata in 1964. The kindergarten section was started in 1974, at 164, Sarat Bose Road, Kolkata. The boys school has a primary section attached to it since 1979. Higher Secondary Curriculum (Plus two course) was added to both the high schools when the course was introduced by the Government. A Montessori section was added in 1988 in the boys school. Both schools are managed by the N R Iyer Memorial Education Society. The University of Calcutta granted recognition to the school in 1939. In 1940, the first batch of students appeared for the Matriculation Examination. The primary section attached to the girls school has been granted recognition by the Government of West Bengal Board of Secondary Education, and higher secondary by the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. Prior to 1964, the medium of instruction in the Primary Section was Tamil, while it was English in the secondary section from inception. At present the medium of instruction in both the schools from kindergarten to higher secondary is English with Tamil or Hindi as first language. In order to promote the three language formula adopted by the Government of India, Tamil is being taught as a third language for all the students at the primary level. Curriculum The curriculum is based on the guidelines set by the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education and the Central Board of Secondary Education. The medium of instruction in the school is English. The students in the secondary section choose either Bengali, Hindi or Tamil as a vernacular course. The higher secondary section offers students a choice between Tamil, Hindi and Bengali and the vernacular course. Governance Principals: NHS Sarat Bose Road Campus - Mrs. Rama Subramanian NHS Hazra Road Campus - Mrs. Mini Nair Society Leadership President - S Radhakrishnan Tamizhan Vice President - S",
"title": "National High School"
},
{
"docid": "34639335",
"text": "Hooghly Women's College, established in 1949, is a women's arts and sciences college located in the Hooghly district of West Bengal, India. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. It is affiliated to University of Burdwan. Hooghly Women's College is the sixth academic institution in the district and is the first women's college of the district and also is the largest Women's College of Burdwan University. The college was affiliated to the Calcutta University up to 1962 and then to the University of Burdwan for the degree students in arts and sciences. History The initial effort to found a women's college in Hoog. Some local educationists and social reformists made an active endeavor to set up Hooghly Women's College to cater education for women. Sri Nripendranath Dhar, a renowned advocate and educationist was the pioneer in this field. Other figures, inspired by the some missionary zeal joined them. Hooghly Women's College thus started pulsating in the little concrete structure named Mission House” with only 17 students in Chinsurah Maidan in the banks of River Ganga in a day in the year 1943. Unfortunately if came to an abrupt halt as university recognition did not come in time. After the Independence of India, in 1948, the Government of West Bengal adopted policies and programs to spread women's education. Thus under the benevolent effort of Bengal Mission, a wing of Scotland Church, classes of first year started on 1 August 1949, with only 41 students and four teachers in the tiny building of \"Mission House\". In February 1952, the Chief Minister Bidhan Chandra Roy inaugurated the new buildings. The first principal to grace the chair of Hooghly Women's College was Sri Kalipada Mitra. Departments Science Chemistry Physics Mathematics Microbiology Arts Bengali English Sanskrit History Geography Political Science Philosophy Economics Principals of the institution Sri Kalipada Mitra Smt. Santisudha Ghosh, Founder Principal ( 1951–1970 ) Sm. Sandhyasashi Mukherjee ( 1970–1980 ) Sm. Anita De ( 1980–2000 ) Dr. Sumita Bajpai ( Since - 2000 ) Accreditation Recently, Hooghly Women's College has been awarded B++ grade by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC). The college is also recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC). See also References External links Hooghly Women's College Colleges affiliated to University of Burdwan Universities and colleges established in 1949 Universities and colleges in Hooghly district Women's universities and colleges in West Bengal 1949 establishments in West Bengal",
"title": "Hooghly Women's College"
},
{
"docid": "4773178",
"text": "St. Gregory's High School & College is a Catholic school in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was founded in 1882, when the city was part of British India, by Gregory De Groote, a Belgian Benedictine priest. The school, located on Municipal office street of Luxmibazar neighborhood of old Dhaka, was named after Pope Gregory I (540–604). Brother Ujjal Placid Pereira, CSC is the current principal of the institution. Brother Leonard Rozario, CSC is the current Vice principal of the institution. History In 1882, the American priests of the Congregation of Holy Cross took over the Vicariate of East Bengal from the Benedictine Fathers. At the time, Mr. and Mrs. Wise — who were Protestants — ran a school at present Wiseghat area near the River Buriganga. In this school, most of the students were of European and Anglo-Indian Catholic communities. Anglican and Baptist pastors were allowed to teach religion at this school. Father Francis Boers,C.S.C. tried many times to be a teacher of Catholic religion to the Catholic students at the school, but was not allowed. Out of frustration, he started an English-medium school on the grounds of the present adjoining St. Francis Xavier's Convent and girls' high school, that came into being later. The renamed St. Gregory's School shifted to the present site in 1896. Until 1912, both boys and girls were students of St. Gregory's High School. When St. Francis Xavier Girls' School came into being in 1912, it became a boys' school. After creation of Pakistan in 1947, the school started the Bengali medium section. After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the school has only a Bengali medium section. Early in 1914, a one-story building was torn down to make room for the present \"Darjeeling\" building and the latrines. Also the scout troop, the first in Dhaka, was started and had 40 scouts. Bengali replaced Latin as a second language in 1915. Later that year Father Crowley resigned as headmaster. Basketball was introduced into the school in 1923, which is believed to be the first time basketball was played in the country. In July 1923, Father Hennessy gained permission to change the European style school to the Education Board examination. On June 2, 1924, permanent recognition was granted to St. Gregory's. Professor Amartya Sen who won a Nobel Prize in Economics in 1998 had been a student of St. Gregory's. During a visit to Dhaka on December 19, 1998, he visited the school of his childhood and was present at a groundbreaking ceremony for the new school building. In the year of 2016, the school was upgraded to Higher Secondary level by Ministry of Education of Government of People's Republic of Bangladesh. Since then, the institute has been registered as St. Gregory's High School & College. Students of the school are known as \"The Gregorians\". The \"Gregorian Association\" is the official alumni association of this school founded in 1985. 1971 Massacre by the occupying Pakistani military: Two of the three teachers of St. Gregory's High School who were",
"title": "St. Gregory's High School and College"
},
{
"docid": "6290778",
"text": "Suri Vidyasagar College, established in 1942, is a government affiliated college located at Suri in the Birbhum district of West Bengal. It is affiliated to University of Burdwan and teaches arts, science and commerce. History The first attempt to establish the college in Suri was made in 1934 but failed because of the lack of funding. Fresh vigour was again observed in 1940 and one committee was formed. That committee members submitted a proposal to the then Bengal ‘Prime Minister’ and Education Minister-in-Charge, Fajlul Haque, to establish a college in Suri. By then the world war II had started and Japanese forces started bombing in Calcutta. People started panicking and started fleeing Calcutta for the neighbouring townships and villages. During that time, the colleges of Calcutta had to be closed because of the fear of bombing. At that time, Vidyasagar College, Kolkata, planned to shift their college elsewhere. First, they tried to set up their college at a school in Sainthia but were disapproved by the SDO of Suri. Later, the college administration approached Dr. Kaligati Banerjee of Suri, and he grabbed the opportunity with both hands. A meeting was called at the house of Dr. Kaligati Banerjee in 1942 and a proposal was placed before the Governing body of Calcutta Vidyasagar College for the establishment of a college. Governing body of the Vidyasagar College, Calcutta, approved the proposal with an initial funding of Rs. 5000. Finally, Sury Vidyasagar College was established under the guidance of Principal J.K. Chowdhury and with the newly appointed Vice-Principal (Suri campus) Tribhangamurari Mondal. At the time of the establishment of the college, this college was under the University of Calcutta. Later, when University of Burdwan was established, the affiliation of this college was shifted to the University of Burdwan. Departments and Courses The college offers different undergraduate and postgraduate courses and aims at imparting education to the undergraduates of lower- and middle-class people of Suri and its adjoining areas. Science Science faculty consists of the departments of Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Statistics, Computer Science, Botany, Zoology, Physiology, Microbiology, Plant Protection, Electronics and Economics. Arts & Commerce Arts & Commerce faculty consists of departments of Bengali, English, Sanskrit, Arabic, History, Geography, Political Science, Philosophy, Mass Communication & Journalism, and Commerce. Notable alumni Pranab Mukherjee, former President of India, former Finance Minister of India Tulsi Giri, former Prime Minister of Nepal Accreditation The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC). It was accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), and in 2016 awarded B++ grade, an accreditation that has since then expired. See also References External links Suri Vidyasagar College Speech by the President of India at the felicitation function at Suri Vidyasagar College Universities and colleges in Birbhum district Colleges affiliated to University of Burdwan Educational institutions established in 1942 1942 establishments in India",
"title": "Suri Vidyasagar College"
},
{
"docid": "1319983",
"text": "Larry Alphonso Johnson Jr. (born November 19, 1979) is an American former football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Penn State Nittany Lions, where he won the Maxwell Award and was a unanimous All-American in 2002. He was selected by the Kansas City Chiefs in the first round of the 2003 NFL draft, and also played for the Cincinnati Bengals, the Washington Redskins, and the Miami Dolphins. Early years Johnson was born in Pomfret, Maryland. He was one of three children born to Christine and Larry Johnson Sr. His father is a former high school vice-principal, a high school football coach, former defensive line coach at Penn State University, and the current defensive line coach at Ohio State University. Johnson graduated from State College Area High School in State College, Pennsylvania, where he played for the State College Little Lions high school football team. College career Johnson attended Pennsylvania State University, and played for coach Joe Paterno's Penn State Nittany Lions football team from 1999 to 2002. As a senior in 2002, he rushed for over 2,000 yards in a season without winning the Heisman Trophy, despite doing so with fewer carries than any other running back in the 2,000-yard club (this record was broken on November 22, 2014, by Wisconsin's Melvin Gordon, who gained 2,000 yards on 241 carries—10 fewer than Johnson's 251). He averaged 8.0 yards per carry during the regular season. Johnson broke the Penn State record for rushing yards in a game three times in 2002. His 257 yards in a 49–0 home thrashing of Northwestern broke Curt Warner's previous record of 256 yards set against Syracuse in 1981. He then went on to rack up 279 yards in an 18–7 home win against Illinois and 327 yards in a 58–25 road win against Indiana. He surpassed the 2,000-yard mark by gaining 279 yards on just 19 attempts in the Penn State Nittany Lions' final Big Ten Conference game against Michigan State. Johnson gained all 279 of his rushing yards in the first half, and was kept on the bench for the entire second half of the game. He finished the 2002 season with 2,087 yards. Following his 2002 senior season, Johnson was a first-team All-Big Ten selection and a unanimous first-team All-American. He also won the Doak Walker Award (top running back), the Maxwell Award (top college player), and the Walter Camp Award (top college player). Johnson rushed for 2,159 yards and 29 touchdowns. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in integrative arts from Penn State in 2002. College statistics Professional career Kansas City Chiefs 2003–06 Johnson was drafted in the first round with the 27th overall pick in the 2003 NFL draft as insurance for the Kansas City Chiefs, who were unsure if Priest Holmes would be healthy or even sign a contract extension. Johnson was drafted over the objection of head coach Dick Vermeil, who wanted to select a defensive player, and",
"title": "Larry Johnson (running back)"
},
{
"docid": "65207821",
"text": "Aghorenath (also spelt Aghornath) Chattopadhyay (1851–1915) was an Indian educationist and social reformer. First Indian to secure a D.Sc. (Doctor of Science) degree, he later became the first principal of Nizam College, Hyderabad. The renowned poet and Indian political activist Sarojini Naidu was his eldest daughter. Biography Early years Aghorenath was born in Bhrahmongaon in Kanaksar Village Bikrampur (then in Bengal Presidency now in Bangladesh). After completing his initial education in Dhaka Collegiate School, he spent three and a half years in Presidency College, Kolkata before moving to University of Edinburgh on Gilchrist Scholarship for higher studies. He excelled in his studies and secured the Hope Prize and Baxter Scholarship. Career and Politics Upon his return to India, he accepted the invitation from Nizam of Hyderabad State to modernise the education system there. He began with an English medium school. With Nizam's support he founded the Hyderabad College with himself its first principal which later became the Nizam College. Later he also initiated efforts to start a College for Women as a part of Osmania University. He was instrumental in implementing the Special Marriage Act 1872 in the Hyderabad State, which was already in vogue in British India. Aghorenath was a prominent member of the intellectuals' collective of Hyderabad who debated on social political and literary topics. Around this time Aghorenath also got involved in politics. He had differences of opinion with the Nizam on the Chanda Rail Project and a displeased Nizam suspended him from his job and deported him out of Hyderabad on 20 May 1883. However a few years later he was recalled and reinstated. In fact it was Nizam who later provided a scholarship for Sarojini to pursue her studies in England. Back in Hyderabad Aghorenath continued his political activism and hence was forced to retire early and relocate to Kolkata. He and his wife Varada Sundari Devi set up residence at Lovelock Street, Kolkata. Personal life Aghorenath was married to Varada Sundari Devi before he left for Edinburgh. During his absence Varada Sundari was an inmate at the Bharat Ashram, an educational centre run by Keshab Chandra Sen. She accompanied him to Hyderabad in 1878. The couple had 8 children four girls and four boys. Sarojini was the eldest. Sarojini Naidu describes her father as a dreamer and an intellectual with unending curiosity. It was this curiosity that turned him into an alchemist in search of a recipe for gold. After she published her first collection of poems \"Golden Threshold\", the house where the family stayed in Hyderabad came to be called Golden Threshold. This is currently a museum . Second daughter Mrinalini completed her studies from Cambridge and later became the principal of Gangaram Girls' High School, Lahore, which is now known as Lahore College for Women University . Third daughter Sunalini was a Kathak dancer. Youngest daughter Suhasini was a political activist and first female member of the Indian Communist party. She married A.C.N. Nambiar but later they divorced. Aghorenath's eldest son Virendranath",
"title": "Aghorenath Chattopadhyay"
},
{
"docid": "49427680",
"text": "Syed Hedayetullah (1904 – 29 August 1973) is considered a main architect of agriculture in Bangladesh, was a founding fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, founder principal of Agriculture College, Dhaka (1944–49), and Director of Agriculture, Government of East Pakistan (1949–56) and member of the founding committee of the Botanical Society of Bengal (1935). He is credited with establishing modern Bangladeshi agriculture and food self-sufficiency, having developed 60 superior strains of rice. Hedayetullah took great interest in religious and social work as well. He was instrumental in the reconstruction of the Amber Shah Mosque at Karwanbazar, Dhaka, development of which has subsequently been taken up by the Bangladesh Government. Biography Hedayetullah was born in the Bogra District, Bengal Presidency, British India (now Bangladesh) in 1904. He passed the entrance examination from Maldah Zilla School (now in West Bengal, India) in 1920. He studied at the Presidency College, Calcutta, as a resident of Baker Hostel and secured BSc (Honors) degree in 1926 and MSc degree in 1928 from the Calcutta University in botany. He was offered a state scholarship from the Government of India to study at King's College London from 1929 to 1932. He conducted studies on the cytology and cytogenetics of the Narcissus species and received his PhD degree from University of London in 1932. He joined Science College, Calcutta, as a senior lecturer in botany in 1933, but left to join the position of Economic Botanist, Government of Bengal in 1935. In 1945 he succeeded G. W. Podwick as the principal of Dhaka Agricultural College (now Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University). In 1949, he was appointed Director of Agriculture, Government of East Pakistan(Bangladesh). He was a liaison officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Pakistan from 1956 to 1958. After he retired from government service in 1958 he was appointed head of research division at the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories (now called Science laboratory) Dhaka and continued in that position until 1964. From 1964 to 1968, he was a scientific advisor to the Pakistan Jute Mills Association. Hedayetullah was also the dean, Faculty of Agriculture of Dhaka University. He was a master's degree supervisor of Kazi Badruddoza, a pioneer of the agricultural research system in Bangladesh, at Dhaka University. Research During his tenure as Economic Botanist to the Government of Bengal, Hedayetullah was charged with the responsibility of conducting entomological, horticultural, pathological and statistical studies of crops at the Central Agricultural Research Station, Monipur, Dhaka. During this time he consolidated rice research in the Presidency of Bengal into an integrated program. Outstanding local and aus rice varieties that were developed are: dharial, galsura, baish-beesh, dular, pasur, doudir, maliabhanger, Naigershail, and other gene source material brought from Nigeria etc. Dahrial is still one of the leading rice varieties of Bangladesh with a short production cycle of 110 days. Gabura and baish-beesh became the outstanding deep water varieties of the Meghna and Dhaleswari flood plains. They are low input varieties, and under his leadership, matching production technology was",
"title": "Syed Hedayetullah"
},
{
"docid": "53133116",
"text": "Lionel Edirisinghe (17 January 1913 – 22 May 1988) was a renowned Sri Lankan musicologist and the inaugural principal at the University of the Visual & Performing Arts. Biography Edirisinghe was born on 17 January 1913 at Baddegama in the Galle District, Southern Province, Sri Lanka. He received his primary and secondary education from the Meepavala Buddhist School, Richmond College and Mahinda College. While he was having his secondary education at Mahinda College, he acted in stage dramas like Sakunthala, Ramayanaya, Wessanthara and Sri Wickrama and was a leading member of college choir as well. He then studied at the Visva-Bharati University in Santiniketan, West Bengal, where he was a classmate of Indira Gandhi. Edirisinghe then studied at Bhatkhande College of Music in Lucknow, where he was the first Sinhalese to graduate with a Visharada degree, a few months ahead of compatriot, Sunil Santha. Upon his return to Ceylon he was appointed the Chief Inspector of Music, at the Ministry of Education, which coincided with music becoming a subject in the schools curriculum. In 1948 Edrisinghe was selected to be a part of Lanka Gandharva Sabha's judging panel to determine the country's national anthem. The winning entry, Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima, was a controversial selection as it was written by P. B. Elangasinha and the music was by Edrisinghe, both of whom were on the judging panel. Ultimately the government in 1951 selected Namo Namo Matha to become the national anthem. Edirsinghe then became the founding principal of the Government College of Fine Arts (Music) in October 1953, which is now known as the University of the Visual & Performing Arts. His talents were acknowledged by greats such as Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi. In 1986 he was awarded with the honorary title of 'Kalashoori'. Edirisinghe died on 22 May 1988. References 1913 births 1988 deaths Alumni of Richmond College, Galle Alumni of Mahinda College Sinhalese musicians Sri Lankan composers Sri Lankan musicologists 20th-century musicologists People from Galle District Academia in Sri Lanka Sri Lankan academics Academics from Galle People from Galle",
"title": "Lionel Edirisinghe"
},
{
"docid": "53379514",
"text": "Raja Sir Sourindra Mohun Tagore or Sourindro Mohun Tagore CIE (1840, Pathuriaghata - 5 June 1914, Calcutta) was a Bengali musicologist who came from an upper-class family from Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent; that also later produced Rabindranath Tagore. He studied both Indian and western music theory and published extensively on the topics. He founded the Bengal Music School and Bengal Academy of Music. A staunch supporter of the British Empire and its agencies in India, he was commissioned to set Indian translations of God Save the Queen to Indian tunes. Biography Sourindro was the son of Hara Kumar Tagore and a younger brother of Jotindro Mohun Tagore belonging to the Pathuriaghata branch of the Tagore family. His family owned extensive lands including the battleground of Plassey and the pilgrimage site Ganga Sagar. He studied at the European-model Hindu College in Calcutta and took an interest in music, both Indian and western. He published a book on music at the age of fifteen, developed a system of musical notation for Indian music and set up the first Indian music orchestra in Calcutta. He collected musical instruments from India and donated many to museums across the world. He received an honorary Doctorate of Music from Philadelphia (1875) and Oxford (1895). Music and writings In 1877 the declaration of Queen Victoria as Empress of India led to the creation of the national anthem of \"God Save the Queen\". In 1882 a National Anthem Committee was created at the suggestion of Francis Harford. In 1883 he wrote On the Good That May Result to England and India from the Establishment of \"God Save the Queen\" as a National Anthem in Her Majesty's Eastern Empire. A translation of the wording of the anthem was made by Mirza Mohammed Bakir Khan of Bishop's College, Calcutta into Arabic and Persian. These were then further translated into many other Indian languages. The problem of singing the anthem in a style that would suit Indian musical taste was however vexing and the committee chose the foremost authority on Indian music to help- \"a letter will immediately be forwarded to Dr. Sourindro Mohan Tagore, of Calcutta, the principal authority upon Hindu music, requesting him to secure the services of the best native composer, and a melody which shall at once suit Oriental taste and the measure of the translated hymn.\" The idea was supported by others like Sir Henry Rawlinson. Sourindra Mohun produced no less than twelve different variations of the anthem based on lum jhijhiti, behag and nagara kirtana styles. In one variant he chose rag sahana which he claimed was the \"favourite melody of the Mahomedan Emperors of India.\" Tagore also claimed that Indians always supported rule by Kings and he published a book, Hindu Loyalty, with extracts from old Sanskrit sources on the need for rule by Kings. He dedicated the book to Augustus Rivers Thompson and supported the ideas of Canon Harford that the anthem would help earn loyalty. It has been noted that",
"title": "Sourindra Mohun Tagore"
},
{
"docid": "13369828",
"text": "Ravenshaw University, formerly known as Ravenshaw College, is a co-educational state university situated in Cuttack, Odisha on the eastern coast of India. Founded as Ravenshaw College in 1868, the institution became a university in 2006. The university has nine schools, thirty three academic departments and a student enrolment of nearly 8,000. It is one of the oldest educational institutes in the country and its history is synonymous with the history of modern Odisha. History Early years After the great famine of 1866, the people of Odisha and some liberal Britons wanted to start a college at Cuttack. Thomas Edward Ravenshaw, officiating commissioner of Odisha Division made the government of Bengal realise the difficulties of Oriya students in getting college educations and succeeded in obtaining permission to start collegiate classes in the Cuttack Zilla School. Thus the first college in Odisha was born in January 1868 with intermediate classes and six students. Commissioner Ravenshaw proposed to convert the Collegiate School into a full-fledged degree college. The government of Bengal accepted the demand with the condition that a public contribution of Rs.30,000 be deposited for the proposed college. Ravenshaw took up the matter as an object of personal interest and guaranteed the collection of the required amount. H. Woodrew, DPI of Bengal supported Ravenshaw. H. J. Reynolds, secretary to the government of Bengal requested the government of India to sanction the incidental charges and the post of the principal on the additional condition of meeting half the monthly expenses by public donation. Due to Ravenshaw's efforts and the financial support of Maharaja of Mayurbhanj, HH Shri Krushna Chandra Bhanjdeo, the college department of the Collegiate School was converted in 1876 to a full-fledged Government Degree College bearing the name Cuttack College affiliated to the University of Calcutta. Samuel Ager was appointed as the first principal. The college had only 19 students. H.H. Sri Krushna Chandra Bhanjdeo donated Rs. 20,000 as a permanent endowment which almost fulfilled the condition imposed by the government for public contribution. On his insistence the name was changed to Ravenshaw College in 1878 after Thomas Edward Ravenshaw to commemorate his services to the cause of education in Odisha. The college was granted permanent status by 1881. Growth in the initial days was slow. Altogether 94 graduates were produced by the closing year of the 19th century and the student strength had increased to 97. Science stream remained confined only to intermediate level until 1912 when Bihar and Odisha were separated from Bengal.it is the college where many of our freedom fighters have completed their graduation. Ravenshaw in the 20th century The college entered a new phase of development after 1912. School and survey classes were removed. Teachers of Indian Education Service were appointed as professors. New subjects such as Political Economy, Political Philosophy and honours in History and Persian were introduced. Infrastructure facilities for teaching of science at B.Sc. level were augmented. The student strength rose to 280 in 1912 and 375 in 1915. A new site (the",
"title": "Ravenshaw University"
},
{
"docid": "39630428",
"text": "Edward John Thompson (9 April 1886 – 28 April 1946) was a British scholar, novelist, historian and translator. He is remembered for his translations from Bengali into English and his association with Rabindranath Tagore, on whom he wrote two books including a critical biography. Early life Thompson was born in Hazel Grove in Stockport, England. He was the eldest of six children of the Wesleyan missionary couple John Moses Thompson and Elizabeth Thompson who had served in South India. His father died before he was 10 and his mother brought up the children under financially strained circumstances. Thompson was educated at the Kingswood School and later worked at a bank in Bethnal Green to support his mother and siblings. He joined Richmond Theological College, was ordained a Methodist minister and gained a degree from the University of London. In 1907 he published his first collection of verse, The Knight Mystic. In India He was sent to India in 1910 to teach English literature at the Wesleyan College in Bankura, Bengal and he went on to serve there as Vice Principal of the college and Principal of the mission's school located on campus. During the First World War he served with the 2nd Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment as an army chaplain in Mesopotamia from 1916 to 1918, and his services to the wounded earned him a Military Cross. His experiences during the war found expression in his memoir, The Leicestershires beyond Baghdad and The Mesopotamian Verses, both of which were published in 1919. The latter work earned him repute as a poet. In Bengal, he began learning the language and came to know Rabindranath Tagore. Thompson was with Tagore at Santiniketan when news of his being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature broke. Thompson translated many of Tagore's writings, including Megh o Raudra, and wrote two books: Rabindranath Tagore: His Life & Work in 1921 and Rabindranath Tagore, Poet and Dramatist in 1926, a critical biography of Tagore's that led to bitter recrimination with him. Although Thompson argued that Tagore was underappreciated and misunderstood in the West, some of his criticisms of Tagore in the latter work led to much tension and misunderstanding between them. Thompson was a keen observer of Indian politics and was sympathetic to the aspirations of the Indian nationalists. In his own words, he was \"a liberal conservative with a touch of socialism\" and he often took views opposed to the official British line in India. He was an advocate of dominion status for India and called for greater educational facilities for Indians to counter the Indian opposition to colonial rule, agreeing with Percy Comyn Lyon, the education secretary of Bengal and a personal friend. In the wake of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, he signed a letter of protest with 25 other missionaries condemning the atrocity. Thompson also cultivated friendships with leaders from across the Indian political leadership, including Gandhi, Nehru and Iqbal. He was especially close to Nehru and the two remained in contact till Thompson's death.",
"title": "Edward John Thompson"
},
{
"docid": "57303941",
"text": "Satish Chandra Vidyabhusan (30 July 1870 – 25 April 1920) was a Bengali scholar of Sanskrit and Pali Language and principal of Sanskrit College. Early life Satish Chandra Vidyabhusan was born in 1870 in Rajbari District, British India. His father Pitambar Vidyavagish was a Pandit and astronomer. In 1888, Satish Chandra passed entrance from Nabadwip Hindu School and in 1892, passed the B.A. with Sanskrit Honours from Krishnagar Government College with gold medal. He was the first Indian who obtained M.A. degree in Pali from Calcutta University. Career Vidyabhushan was known for his distinguished knowledge in Indian logic and Tibetan Buddhist Text. He, along with Sarat Chandra Das, prepared Tibetan-English dictionary. Vidyabhusan went to Sri Lanka in 1910 for study and on his return he was appointed the Principal of Sanskrit College, Kolkata. He became the Assistant editor of the Buddhist Text Society. He edited magazine of Bangiya Sahitya Parisad for 22 years. Vidyabhushan was a linguist having knowledge in Buddhist literature, Chinese, Japanese, German and French language. Vidyabhushan has a number of books on Buddhist Tibetan culture, logic, Sanskrit and Systems of Indian Philosophy. In 1906 he received the title of Mahamahopadhyaya. and got Ph. D. in 1908. Bibliography History of the Mediaeval School of Indian Logic (1909), Calcutta, published by The Calcutta University The Nyaya Sutras of Gautama: Original Text, English Translation & Commentary (1913), Bahadurganj, published by The Panini Office A Bilingual Index of Nyaya-Bindu (1917), Calcutta, published by The Asiatic Society A History of Indian Logic (1921), Calcutta, published by The Calcutta University References 1870 births 1920 deaths Bengali writers Bengali Hindus 20th-century Bengalis 19th-century Bengalis Bengali philosophers Writers from Kolkata Buddhist translators Tibetan Buddhist spiritual teachers Indian religion academics The Sanskrit College and University alumni Indian writers Indian male writers Indian scholars Indian translators Indian academics Indian editors Indian magazine editors Indian essayists Indian male essayists Indian non-fiction writers Indian male non-fiction writers Indian educators 20th-century Indian philosophers 19th-century Indian philosophers 20th-century Indian writers 20th-century Indian male writers 19th-century Indian male writers 20th-century Indian scholars 19th-century Indian scholars 20th-century Indian translators 19th-century Indian translators 20th-century Indian essayists 20th-century Indian non-fiction writers 19th-century Indian essayists 19th-century Indian non-fiction writers Scholars from West Bengal Educators from West Bengal West Bengal academics Indian Sanskrit scholars Sanskrit scholars from Bengal University of Calcutta alumni Academic staff of the University of Calcutta 19th-century translators 20th-century translators 19th-century Indian educators 20th-century Indian educators Krishnagar Government College alumni",
"title": "Satish Chandra Vidyabhusan"
},
{
"docid": "22455368",
"text": "Bangladesh Police Academy (BPA) is a 111-year-old police training institute. It is the Alma Mater of police training in Bangladesh. It is located 20 miles from Rajshahi City. Location Bangladesh Police Academy is located at Sardah under Charghat police station in Rajshahi district. Evolution The necessity for imparting formal training to policemen was first felt in Bengal in 1893 when an experimental course of instruction limited to a period of 12 months was tried at Mill Barrack in Dhaka. The experimentation however proved positive. In the meantime, the Indian Police Commission of 1902 also recommended establishment of a Provincial Training College. So, the Police Training School at Mill Barrack, Dhaka, was transformed into Provincial Institution in 1906. On annulment of the short-lived partition of Bengal in 1911, the existing Police Training College for Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Assam at Bhagalpur (India) went to the province of the reorganized Bihar and Orissa. As such the need for a Police Training College for the province of Bengal and Assam was felt immediately. It was not possible to run the college in Dhaka for want of adequate accommodation, proper environment and also for its non-proximity from the capital city of Calcutta. So the authorities concerned thought of setting up a Police Training College at a better site having a bigger area. In July 1912, the college was established at Sardah to meet police training requirements in Bengal and Assam, which later in 1962 was declared as Police Academy, by the then president Field Marshal Ayub Khan who was visiting the academy as Chief Guest in its Golden Jubily. In 2007 it is again renamed Bangladesh Police Academy. Historical background Major H. Chamney who was selected to be the first principal of the reorganized Bengal Police Training College was an army officer, serving at Ghazipur (India) at that time. In those days, there was a regular passenger steamer service between Ghazipur and Calcutta run by Indian Navigation and Railway Company. Legends say that while traveling to Calcutta by this river route, Major Chamney once stopped at Charghat-which was then a steamer station-and was fascinated by the beauty of Sardah with a large open field and massive buildings of Dutch and English indigo planters. These were then being used as the Katcheries of the Midnapur Zaminderi Estate. Major H. Chamney thought this place suitable for establishment of a Police Training College. He immediately reported the matter to the Govt. and his proposal was accepted. The entire property, comprising an area of 242.66 acres of land with all its installations, was then purchased by the Government from Midnapur Zamindari Estate at an amount of only Tk. 25,000. It was thus destined to become the site for the planned Police Training College. Courses offered Basic courses Refreshers’ courses Specialized courses List of principals See also Sardah chhota kuthi References Law enforcement in Bangladesh Vocational education in Bangladesh Bangladesh Police 1912 establishments in India Police academies in Bangladesh",
"title": "Bangladesh Police Academy"
},
{
"docid": "45684464",
"text": "Trent Deshawn Pollard (born November 20, 1972) is a former American football offensive lineman. He played three seasons with the National Football League (NFL)'s Cincinnati Bengals, who drafted him in the fifth round of the 1994 NFL Draft. After his playing career, Pollard became a football coach at his alma mater, Rainier Beach High School in Seattle. He continued to work with students in Seattle Public Schools, as an assistant principal at Cleveland High School. Black History Today: Trent and Ericka Pollard, leading with love Mr Pollard is an assistant principal at Hazen High School. His wife, Ericka Johnson Pollard, is a former teacher at B. F. Day Elementary School and previously served as an assistant principal at Franklin High School in Seattle. Ms. Pollard is the principal of Tally High School. References 1972 births Living people American football offensive guards Eastern Washington Eagles football players Cincinnati Bengals players Players of American football from Seattle Rainier Beach High School alumni",
"title": "Trent Pollard"
},
{
"docid": "9830536",
"text": "Pasupati Bose (1 November 1907 in Berhampore, West Bengal – 1979, in Kolkata) was an Indian physician and professor of anatomy. Information Bose passed his Matriculation Exam in 1923 from Murshidabad Zilla School and ranked first. He never stood second in his school or college. He went to Kolkata (Calcutta) to study medicine. He received his MBBS and DM from the University of Calcutta in 1932. He not only received first rank, but also scored 968 out of 1000 which is a record which still (2007) stands. He was awarded several gold medals as a student. Bose joined the Kolkata Medical College as a professor of anatomy and gradually became the most famous and respected professor from his college. He married in 1938 and became a father of a son and a daughter. In 1952, he went to the United States at the invitation of the Rockefeller Foundation. There he spent one year giving lectures in different American Universities. Subsequently he was awarded the title of Fellow of the Royal Society, UK. During the last five years of his service at the Kolkata Medical College, he became the Vice-Principal as per the request from his close associate and the Chief Minister of West Bengal of that time Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy. He died in 1979 at the age of 72. He will remain the ever remembered Professor of Anatomy of the Kolkata Medical College. Pasupati Bose Lane, a street in Kolkata, is named after him. Notes External links \"Personalities\" Kolkata Medical College 20th-century Indian medical doctors Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 1907 births 1979 deaths University of Calcutta alumni Academic staff of the University of Calcutta Scientists from West Bengal",
"title": "Pasupati Bose"
},
{
"docid": "4289802",
"text": "Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), commonly known as Mitford, is a public medical college in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Founded in 1875, it is the oldest and second largest medical school in Bangladesh. It includes Mitford Hospital, which is the oldest hospital in the country and one of the earliest hospitals in the Indian subcontinent from where the evolution of medical education started. The medical college was established to promote medical education in East Bengal and to provide better healthcare services to the people. It has been producing quality physicians, eminent researchers and health policy makers who are currently working in different medical sectors at home and abroad. History Sir Salimullah Medical College was established in 1875 in Old Dhaka as Dhaka Medical School with Mitford Hospital being a part of the college. Mitford Hospital was named after Robert Mitford, a British colonial official, who funded the hospital. He left his estate to the government of Bengal to establish a medical facility in Dacca. The Governor General of India, James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie, established Mitford Hospital with the endowment. Funding for the school came from 16 aristocrats and philanthropists of Bengal. Babu Protap Chandra Dash, Gour Netai Shaha Shonkhonidhy, Shontosh Rani Dinmony Chowdhurany, and Shontosh Raja Monmoth Roy Chowdhury contributed funding for the water and sewage facilities of the school. A medical school, the first of its kind in this region, began its journey on 15 June 1875. Later on, the DC of Dhaka division Mr. W.R. Larmini laid the stone of the academic building in April 1887. In September 1889, Governor of Bengal Sir Steuart Colvin Bayley presided over the opening ceremony of that building. A total number of 384 students got admitted in the school in the first batch. The number increased by and by. They got admitted for a 4-year course leading to a diploma of LMF (Licentiate of Medical Faculty), offered by the State Medical Faculty. The LMF course was abandoned in 1957. The medical school was converted to a medical college and named Mitford Medical College in 1962. The next year, governor Abdul Monem Khan renamed it Sir Sallimullah Medical College, after the name of Khwaja Salimullah, Nawab of Dhaka, in recognition of the contribution of the Nawab family to the establishment of the college. From 1963 to 1973, the college offered a condensed MBBS program. Dr. AFM Nurul Islam took the chair of principal and started the condensed course of MBBS in 1963. After the Independence of Bangladesh, Professor Dr Muhammad Ibrahim took the chair of principal and under his direct supervision SSMC started its journey as a full-fledged medical college. On 8 February 1973, the first batch of undergraduates started their classes. In 1974, the Civil Surgeon of Dhaka was relieved of his duty to oversee the college, after which a principal was appointed for SSMC and a superintendent was appointed for Mitford Hospital. The superintendent position was upgraded to director in 1984. The postgraduate courses were introduced in January 2002. In May",
"title": "Sir Salimullah Medical College"
},
{
"docid": "54246859",
"text": "The Department of Law, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, formerly University College of Law, is a faculty in the University of Calcutta, founded in 1909, colloquially referred to as Hazra Law College, which offers undergraduate, postgraduate, doctorate and post doctorate courses. The Faculty oversees fifteen affiliated Law schools of the University. History The college was established by the then Vice Chancellor of University of Calcutta Ashutosh Mukherjee in 1909. Prior to 1983, the Department of Law was known as the University College of Law. Sir Asutosh wanted it to be a model center of legal education. In a meeting held on 4 July 1908, the Senate recommended the proposal to establish University Law College in Kolkata. Sir Surendranath Banerjee was also present at the meeting, which was presided by Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser, the Rector of the University. The resolution was passed that a college is to be established for the promotion of legal education of the students of Bengal for degrees in law and to serve as a model college. Finally the University Law College, started functioning under the management of a government body consisting of 16 members with the Vice-Chancellor as President from July, 1909. Eminent scholar and jurist Dr. S.C. Bagchi, LL.D became the first principal and Birajmohan Majumdar was appointed the first vice-principal of this College. The Faculty has been in its current state since 1983. Courses The Department offers a five-year integrated B.A LL.B.(Hons.) program. Admission to the Department's undergraduate program as well as its affiliated colleges is done on the basis of a Common Admission Test which is taken by upwards of 5,000 students every year. The Department also offers a two year Master of law (LL.M), a PhD Programme and also provides Post-Doctoral research (LL.D). Notable alumni The services of the Department to the University and the country are not always realized. The Department of Law has been, during the course of its existence for over a century, a nursery of leaders of the State, Bar and the Judiciary. Presidents Rajendra Prasad - First President of India Pranab Mukherjee - 13th President of India Abdus Sattar - President of Bangladesh and Interior Minister of Pakistan Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem - First Chief Justice of Bangladesh and President of Bangladesh Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry - Acting President of Pakistan and Federal Minister Prime Ministers A. K. Fazlul Huq - 1st Prime Minister of Bengal and Interior Minister of Pakistan B. P. Koirala - First democratically elected prime minister of Nepal Nurul Amin - 8th prime minister of Pakistan and 1st Vice President Chief Justices Bijan Kumar Mukherjea - 4th Chief Justice of India Sudhi Ranjan Das - 5th Chief Justice of India Amal Kumar Sarkar - 8th Chief Justice of India Altamas Kabir - 39th Chief Justice of India Fazal Akbar - 6th Chief Justice of Pakistan Kemaluddin Hossain - 3rd Chief Justice of Bangladesh Supreme Court Judges and other luminaries Pinaki Chandra Ghose - First Lokpal and Judge of the Supreme Court of",
"title": "Department of Law, University of Calcutta"
},
{
"docid": "34198257",
"text": "Surendranath Law College (Bengali :সুরেন্দ্রনাথ আইন কলেজ) formerly known as Ripon College) is an postgraduate law college affiliated with the University of Calcutta. It was established in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal in 1885 by a trust formed by the nationalist leader, scholar and educationist Surendranath Banerjee, a year after he founded Surendranath College. This is now regarded one of the oldest Law college of British India. History The first name of the college was Presidency School in 1882, when it was handed over to Sri Banerjee on 1 January 1884. That same year the Post-Graduate Department of Law was extended, and it was affiliated to the Calcutta University as an independent professional college in 1885. Banerjee renamed the school the Presidency Institution and brought it to the status of a college affiliated to the F.A. standard. The name was later changed to Ripon College, named after the British Viceroy George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon. The name was changed again in 1949 to honour its founder Sri Surendranath Banerjee. The women's section of the college was founded in 1931 by Mira Datta Gupta, its first principal. Swami Vivekananda delivered his first address in Calcutta from the rostrum of this college on his return from Chicago after his famous deliverance at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893. In 1911, Rabindranath Tagore read out at this college one of his essays dealing with the twin subjects of separatism to be found among many of countrymen and national integration. This college was recognised by the University Grants Commission in 1972. The college now offers LLM courses. Notable alumni Dr. Rajendra Prasad - The first President of India. Harendra Coomar Mookerjee - The first Governor of West Bengal. Sir Bijan Kumar Mukherjea - The first Bengali Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India. Birendranath Sasmal - Nationalist barrister and politician. Manmatha Nath Mukherjee - Judge, Calcutta High Court and Bengali jurist Mohammad Mohammadullah - President of Bangladesh Panchanan Barma - Social reformer Dhirendranath Datta - Indian Freedom fighter and Bangladeshi activist. Khondakar Abu Taleb - Bangladeshi journalist and Martyr Shahidullah Kaiser - Bengali intellectual and Martyr Phani Bhushan Majumder - Former minister of Bangladesh Rabin Deb - Bengali politician Golam Rahman (writer) - Bengali writer Aniruddha Bose - Judge of the Supreme Court of India Abdul Matin Chaudhury (1895-1948) - Muslim league politician Mosharraf Hossain - Member of Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh, founding vice-president of JASAD. See also Surendranath College Surendranath Evening College Surendranath College for Women List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta Education in West Bengal References External links Surendranath Law College University of Calcutta affiliates Universities and colleges established in 1885 Law schools in West Bengal 1885 establishments in India Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance",
"title": "Surendranath Law College"
},
{
"docid": "14393120",
"text": "Michael Scott Hammerstein (born March 3, 1963) is a former American football player. He played college football, principally as a defensive tackle, from 1981 to 1985. He was selected as a consensus first-team All-American in 1985. He played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cincinnati Bengals from 1986 to 1987 and 1989 to 1990. He appeared in 56 NFL games, two of them as a starter at defensive end. Early years Hammerstein was born in Kokomo, Indiana, in 1963. He was raised in Wapakoneta, Ohio, and attended Wapakoneta High School. College career Hammerstein enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1981 and played college football for head coach Bo Schembechler's Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1981 to 1985. As freshman in 1981, he played on the offensive line and started one game at the middle guard position. As a sophomore in 1982, Hammerstein was moved to the defense. He started one game at defensive tackle in each of the 1982 and 1983 seasons. Hammerstein emerged as a regular starter in 1984. He started all 12 games at defensive tackle for the 1984 Michigan team, while his brother Mark Hammerstein started four games on the offensive line. During the 1984 season, Hammerstein registered 53 tackles, two fumble recoveries, and an interception. In his final year at Michigan, Hammerstein started all 12 games at defensive tackle. Hammerstein was paired on the defensive line with Mark Messner in 1985. Led by Hammerstein and Messner, the 1985 team went 10-1-1 and finished the year ranked #2 in the nation. The defense has been described as the best defense in the history of Michigan football. During the 1985 season, he tied Michigan's single season record for tackles for losses with 23 and set the record for yardage lost, sacking opponents for 112 yards lost. At the end of the 1985 season, Hammerstein was selected as the Most Valuable Player on the 1985 Michigan team. He was also named the Most Valuable Player of the 1985 Fiesta Bowl (a 27-23 win over Nebraska) in which he registered two quarterback sacks. He was also recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 1985, after receiving first-team honors from the Associated Press, United Press International, and the American Football Coaches Association. Hammerstein finished his career as the third highest in Michigan football history in career tackles for loss with 37 for 116 yards. Professional career Hammerstein was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the third round (65th overall pick) of the 1986 NFL Draft. He signed a contract with the Bengals in late July 1986, and appeared in 56 games at the nose tackle and defensive end positions for the Bengals from 1986 to 1987 and 1989 to 1990 under head coach Sam Wyche. Hammerstein started only two games for the Bengals, both during the 1990 Cincinnati Bengals season. During his NFL career, Hammerstein had 5.5 quarterback sacks and one fumble recovery. References 1963 births Living people All-American college football players American football defensive ends",
"title": "Mike Hammerstein"
},
{
"docid": "56981107",
"text": "John Samuel Slater (born 1850 in Calcutta; died 1911 in Ealing) was a British professor of Civil Engineering at the Presidency College, Calcutta, and later principal of the Engineering College in Sibpur. Life and work John Samuel Slater was educated at Pocklington Grammar School, and Bishop Cotton School, Simla. He graduated in 1870 at the Thomason Civil Engineering College, Roorkee, obtaining the gold medal for mathematics. The same year he was appointed to the Public Works Department of the Government of India and served at Dera Ghazi Khan and other locations in the Punjab. In 1875, he was appointed Professor of Engineering at the Presidency College Calcutta, and in 1880, when the Engineering Department of that College was formed into an independent residential Engineering College at Sibpur, he took a leading part in its organisation, became one of the original members of its staff, and was eventually appointed Principal in 1891. He inaugurated a scheme of modern education for the District Schools of Bengal and Assam, and was responsible for the reorganisation of the technical schools of those two provinces. In 1897, he was for some months Inspector of Schools of the Rajshahi Division, and in 1901 officiated as head of the Educational Department of Bengal. In 1904, he was incapacitated by a serious illness which necessitated his retirement from India. He was responsible for teaching astronomy to the students of the Engineering College, and was always keenly interested in that science. In 1891, while on leave, he devised and patented an armillary sphere. He presented this to the Royal Astronomical Society in 1891. which he used for instructional purposes. After his retirement, he devoted himself enthusiastically to an investigation of the pollen of plants, and prepared by micro-photography a very large number of enlarged photographs of pollen grains. The value of his work in this direction was recognised by the botanical authorities at Kew. Family He married in 1873 Jessie Frances, by whom he had a son and a daughter. Patents He didn't make the Armillary sphere. US patent No 482,278. Patented 6 September 1892. References External links Photo of Slater's armillary sphere in the Museum of the History of Science English civil engineers Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata 1850 births 1911 deaths British inventors British people in colonial India",
"title": "John Samuel Slater"
},
{
"docid": "2045633",
"text": "The Young Bengal was a group of Bengali free thinkers emerging from Hindu College, Calcutta. They were also known as Derozians, after their firebrand teacher at Hindu College, Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. The Young Bengal Movement peripherally included Christians such as Reverend Alexander Duff (1809–1878), who founded the General Assembly's Institution, and his students like Lal Behari Dey (1824–1892), who went on to renounce Hinduism. Latter-day inheritors of the legacy of the Young Bengal Movement include scholars like Brajendra Nath Seal (1864–1938), who went on to be one of the leading theologians and thinkers of the Brahmo Samaj. The Derozians however failed to have a long-term impact. Derozio was removed from the Hindu college in 1831 because of radicalism. The main reason for their limited success was social conditions prevailing at that time which were not ripe for adoption of radical ideas. Further, they did not link masses through peasant causes. Young Bengal followed classical economics and was composed of free traders who took inspiration from Jeremy Bentham, Adam Smith, and David Ricardo: \"With respect to the questions relating to Political Economy, they all belong to the school of Adam Smith. They are clearly of opinion that the system of monopoly, the restraints upon trade, and the international laws of many countries, do nothing but paralyse the efforts of industry, impede the progress of agriculture and manufacture, and prevent commerce from flowing in its natural course.\" Organisations Derozio and the Young Bengal group set two establishments and published journals that played a role in the Bengal Renaissance. These are noted below: Academic Association Derozio joined Hindu College in 1826 and within a short period attracted students. The Academic Association was established in 1828 under the guidance of Derozio and settled down in Maniktala. Derozio was its president. One of his students, Uma Charan Basu, was its secretary. The principal speakers in the association were: Rasik Krishna Mallick, Krishna Mohan Banerjee, Ramgopal Ghosh, Radhanath Sikdar, Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee, and Hara Chandra Ghosh. Amongst its organisers were Ramtanu Lahiri, Sib Chandra Deb and Peary Chand Mitra. Society for the Acquisition of General Knowledge The Society for the Acquisition of General Knowledge was established on 20 February 1838. It had 200 members in 1843. Prominent members Krishna Mohan Banerjee (1813–1885) Christian convert Tarachand Chakraborti (1805–1855), prominent in the Brahmo Sabha and Young Bengal Sib Chandra Deb (1811–1890), a prominent Brahmo Samaj leader of Konnagar Hara Chandra Ghosh (1808–1868), judge of the Small Causes Court Ramgopal Ghosh (1815–1868), businessman and public speaker Ramtanu Lahiri (1813–1898), teacher who publicly removed his sacred thread in 1851 Rasik Krishna Mallick (1810–1858), refused to swear by the holy Ganges water and ran away from his orthodox home Peary Chand Mitra (1814–1883), founded the Monthly Magazine in Bengali and helped establish the Calcutta Public Library in 1831 Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee (1818–1887), donated the site for the Bethune College for women Radhanath Sikdar (1813–1870), surveyor, mathematician, diarist, writer, public speaker and the calculator of the height of the Himalayas. References Further reading",
"title": "Young Bengal"
},
{
"docid": "51703275",
"text": "Dr. Rafiuddin Ahmed (24 December 1890 – 9 February 1965) was an Indian dentist, educator and later minister in the West Bengal cabinet, who founded the first dental college of India, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, later named 'The Calcutta Dental College', where he remained its principal until 1950. He established the Indian Dental Journal in 1925, and played a key role in founding the Bengal Dentist Act in 1939. In 1946, he established The Bengal Dental Association which was then renamed as the Indian Dental Association. The Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan in 1964.Remembered as the father of modern dentistry in India, in 2016, the Indian Dental Association declared 24 December as National Dentist's Day in his honour. Early life Dr.Rafiuddin Ahmed was born on 24 December 1890, in Bardhanpara, East Bengal, British India; the second child of Maulvi Safiuddin Ahmed and Faizunnesha. He had four brothers and one sister, and completed his early education at the Dhaka Madrasa, later Collegiate School. In 1908, he graduated from Aligarh Muslim University. In 1909, after his father's death, Ahmed travelled at first to Bombay (now Mumbai), then the UK and subsequently the United States, where he gained admission to the University of Iowa College of Dentistry. In 1915, he received his dental (D.D.S) degree. Until 1918, during the First World War, he practised at the Forsyth Dental Infirmary for Children in Boston, Massachusetts. Career In 1919, at the end of the First World War, he returned to India. Dentistry The following year, with funding from the New York Soda Fountain, he founded the first dental college of India, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, where he remained its principal until 1950. For the first three years, it had 11 students, one of whom was Fatima Jinnah, a future founder of Pakistan. In 1925, he established the Indian Dental Journal and served as its editor until 1946. By 1928, the college was established as an organised institution for the education of dental studies. In that year, he published the first student's handbook on Operative Dentistry. In 1946, he established The Bengal Dental Association which was then renamed as the Indian Dental Association. He served three terms as the President of the Indian Dental Association. In 1949, the College joined the University of Calcutta. That same year, he bestowed his College to the West Bengal government and named it Calcutta Dental College. Politics In 1932, he was elected Councillor of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation, where he remained until 1936. That year, the College affiliated with the State Medical Facility. He had a significant role in founding the Bengal Dentist Act in 1939. Between 1942 and 1944, he became the corporation's Alderman. Chief Minister of West Bengal, Dr. B. C. Roy, invited Ahmed to serve in the West Bengal cabinet. He served in it as the Minister of Agriculture, Community Development, Co-operation, Relief and Rehabilitation until 1962. He advocated for compulsory primary education. Awards and honours Ahmed received",
"title": "Rafiuddin Ahmed (dentist)"
},
{
"docid": "2238406",
"text": "The Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital (CNMCH), colloquially known as Chittaranjan Hospital, is a public medical college and hospital located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was established by the amalgamation of the National Medical Institute and Calcutta Medical Institute. Establishment The Calcutta National Medical College has its origin in the \"National Medical Institute\" or \"Jatiya Ayurbigyan Vidyalaya\" on 14 April 1921, founded as a product of the Non-cooperation movement. It was inaugurated by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. The College is locally known as Chittaranjan Hospital. Established in 1948, the institute was nationalized and taken under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal) in 1967. The college is accredited by the National Medical Commission (NMC). It was affiliated with the University of Calcutta till 2003. It is currently affiliated to the West Bengal University of Health Sciences (WBUHS). The founder principal of the college was Dr Sundari Mohan Das. Annual intake Paramedical – 73 Undergraduate MBBS : 250 Nursing : 50 Post Graduate Degree : 122 Diploma : 4 Post Doctoral (Super-specialization) : 7 Departments CNMC consists of following departments: Pre-clinical Department of Anatomy Department of Physiology Department of Biochemistry Para-clinical Department of Pathology Department of Microbiology Department of Pharmacology Department of Forensic and State Medicine Department of Community Medicine/PSM Clinical Department of Ophthalmology Department of ENT/Otorhinolaryngology Department of General Surgery Department of Orthopaedics Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department of General Medicine Department of Paediatrics Department of Dermatology Department of Pulmonary/Chest Medicine Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Department of Dentistry Department of Radiology Department of Radiotherapy Department of Psychiatry Department of Anaesthesiology Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Department of Paediatric Surgery Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Neurosurgery Department of Urology Department of Neuro Medicine Department of Cardiology Hospital Calcutta National Medical College (CNMC) is popularly known as Chittaranjan Hospital. The second campus of CNMC previously Calcutta Pavlov Hospital houses the psychiatry department. CNMC&H is one of the biggest government hospitals in West Bengal having extensive OPD, day care and indoor patient care services with more than 8,000 patients attending OPD every day. Total available bed strength is 1470. Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital ranked country’s best in maternity care and received the LaQshya Certificate from the Union health ministry, becoming the first medical institute in West Bengal to get it. AGON – The annual cultural festival AGON is the annual cultural festival of Calcutta National Medical College, organised by the CNMC Students' Union. AGON is reportedly the biggest medical college festival of Eastern India. Since its inception in 1980 Agon has been one of the most sought after college festivals among the medical student fraternity in West Bengal. Prefest – Agon Prefest is held for 4–7 days prior to the main fest. Prefest events include: Intercollege Sports Tournament (cricket, football, volleyball, badminton, table tennis, carrom and chess), Cinefest, Short-Film Festival, Solo and group creative events, CME (Continued medical education), Seminars, Dance workshop, Medical workshops, Blood donation camps, awareness campaigns etc.",
"title": "Calcutta National Medical College"
},
{
"docid": "39115867",
"text": "Sir Alexander Pedler (21 May 1849 – 13 May 1918) was a British civil servant and chemist who worked in the Presidency College, Calcutta where he influenced early studies in chemistry in India by working with pioneer scientists like Prafulla Chandra Ray. He helped found the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Calcutta which in its early days was involved in reaching out to lay citizens interested in science. Biography Pedler was the son of George Stanbury Pedler, a pharmacist on Fleet Street, and Hannah Rideal. He was privately schooled and educated at the City of London School. With a Bell scholarship he studied at the laboratory of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain from 1866. He worked as a chemical assistant at the Royal Institution, working with Herbert McLeod, Edward Frankland, and Norman Lockyer. He worked with Lockyer examining the spectra from solar prominences in Sicily when the latter discovered helium on the earth in 1868. He also was involved in studies on chiral isomers of valeric acid with Frankland. In 1869 he visited America and on return he was a chemical examiner at the Department of Science and Art at the Royal College of Chemistry. He became a Fellow of the Chemical Society in 1870. After Herbert McLeod moved to the newly established Royal Indian Engineering College, Coopers Hill, Pedler succeeded him. On the recommendation of Edward Frankland he was offered a chair of chemistry at the Presidency College in Calcutta. Pedler went to India aged 24 and became principal at the Presidency College, Calcutta in 1896 and also served as meteorological reporter to the Bengal Government in 1889. His major influence on Indian science was as professor of chemistry in Presidency College, then affiliated with the University of Calcutta where his lectures in the FA course first attracted Prafulla Chandra Ray to study chemistry. Following his experience at the British Association he helped found the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science which reached out to laypersons interested in science. He also gave lectures at the Asiatic Society. Pedler was involved in chemical applications of value to India, he studied the toxins of cobra venom, corrosion of lead linings used in tea storage chests, analyzed water supplies in Calcutta and examined coal gas. He was principal of Presidency College four times from 1887, 1887–1889, again in 1889 and from 1896–1897. In 1901 he was Director of Public Instruction in Bengal, and was created a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in November 1901. He was knighted in 1906 shortly after retirement. He moved to London where he lived at Stanhope Gardens. Along with Lockyer he helped establish the British Science Guild in 1907 and served as its honorary secretary. Pedler married Elizabeth Margaret, daughter of C.K. Schmidt of Frankfurt in 1878. Elizabeth died in 1896 and in 1905 he married Mabel, daughter of William Warburton. He had no children from either marriage. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in",
"title": "Alexander Pedler"
},
{
"docid": "38018485",
"text": "Susil Kumar Rudra (7 January 1861 – 29 June 1925) was an Indian educationalist and associate of Mahatma Gandhi and C F Andrews who served as the first Indian principal of St Stephen's College, Delhi. Early life and family Rudra was a second generation Bengali Christian from a large land holding family of Bansberia in the Hooghly District of Bengal. His father Pyari Mohun Rudra converted to Christianity in 1860 under the influence of the Scottish missionary Alexander Duff and his mother followed suit the following year. His father subsequently became a missionary working with the Church Mission Society in Calcutta and in rural Bengal. Rudra graduated from the University of Calcutta and left for Punjab where he became a member of staff of St Stephen's College in 1886. Rudra married Priyobala Singh in 1889 who died of typhoid in 1897. The couple had three sons, the youngest of whom, Ajit Anil Rudra, was one of the first Indians to receive the King's Commission in the Punjab Regiment, going on to become a Major General in the Indian Army. At St Stephen's College Rudra worked at St Stephen's College from 1886 until his retirement in 1923 where he variously taught English, economics and logic. In 1906, he became its fourth, and first Indian, principal and served in that post until his retirement in 1923. It is thought that Rudra might have been the first Indian to hold that post in any missionary institution in India. Under Rudra, the college grew both in size and reputation and became a largely residential college. Along with C F Andrews, Rudra drew up a constitution for the college that helped Indianise it, gradually moving administrative control away from its founders, the Cambridge Brotherhood. It was also under him that a policy of equal pay for staff irrespective of race was adopted at the college. Gandhi's associate Rudra was a close friend and associate of Gandhi and of C F Andrews. On Gandhi's maiden visit to Delhi after his return from South Africa, he stayed with Principal Rudra at his official residence on the College premises in Kashmere Gate. Later, the draught for the Non-Cooperation Movement and an open letter to the Viceroy outlining the Khilafat demand were also prepared at this house. While Gandhi revered him as a 'silent servant', he was reluctant to stay with him after the declaration of the anti-Rowlatt Satyagraha fearing it would compromise Rudra and expose the college to unnecessary risk. Gandhi's demurrals were however rejected by Rudra who saw this hospitality as only 'a little service to his country'. Rudra held a close friendship with Andrews who joined St Stephen's College in 1904. Andrews turned down the job of Principal in 1906 to enable Rudra to become the college's first Indian principal. In 1911, Rudra helped Lala Hardayal, a Stephanian who headed the Ghadar Movement leave the country. Inspired by Rudra, Andrews and Rev William Pearson left for South Africa in 1914 to persuade Gandhi to return to",
"title": "S. K. Rudra"
},
{
"docid": "1864778",
"text": "The Bengal School of Art, commonly referred as Bengal School, was an art movement and a style of Indian painting that originated in Bengal, primarily Kolkata and Shantiniketan, and flourished throughout the Indian subcontinent, during the British Raj in the early 20th century. Also known as 'Indian style of painting' in its early days, it was associated with Indian nationalism (swadeshi) and led by Abanindranath Tagore (1871–1951), and was also being promoted and supported by British arts administrators like E. B. Havell, the principal of the Government College of Art and Craft, Kolkata from 1896; eventually it led to the development of the modern Indian painting. History The Bengal school arose as an avant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the academic art styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as Raja Ravi Varma and in British art schools. Following the influence of Indian spiritual ideas in the West, the British art teacher Ernest Binfield Havell attempted to reform the teaching methods at the Calcutta School of Art by encouraging students to imitate Mughal miniatures. This caused controversy, leading to a strike by students and complaints from the local press, including from nationalists who considered it to be a retrogressive move. Havell was supported by the artist Abanindranath Tagore, a nephew of the poet Rabindranath Tagore. Tagore painted a number of works influenced by Mughal art, a style that he and Havell believed to be expressive of India's distinct spiritual qualities, as opposed to the materialism of the West. Tagore's best-known painting, Bharat Mata (Mother India), depicted a young woman, portrayed with four arms in the manner of Hindu deities, holding objects symbolic of India's national aspirations. Tagore later attempted to develop links with Japanese artists as part of an aspiration to construct a pan-Asianist model of art. Through the paintings of Bharat Mata, Abanindranath established the pattern of patriotism. Some of the notable painters and artists of Bengal school were Nandalal Bose, M.A.R Chughtai, Sunayani Devi (sister of Abanindranath Tagore), Manishi Dey, Mukul Dey, Kalipada Ghoshal, Asit Kumar Haldar, Sudhir Khastgir, Kshitindranath Majumdar, Sughra Rababi. The Bengal school's influence in India declined with the spread of modernist ideas in the 1920s. , there has been a surge in interest in the Bengal school of art among scholars and connoisseurs. Bimal Sil was a contemporary of Abanindernath Tagore. He painted in water colours. His paintings are found in private collections only. Legacy The Bengal School of Art, which emerged in the first half of the twentieth century, has produced a significant legacy in the world of Indian art. Its deep impact on the cultural landscape of India and its role in shaping the trajectory of modern Indian art cannot be overstated. Led by eminent artists such as Abanindranath Tagore, Nandalal Bose, and Rabindranath Tagore, the Bengal School emerged as a powerful movement that sought to revive traditional Indian artistic practices and forge a unique national identity. However, it is important to note that \"while a special kind",
"title": "Bengal School of Art"
},
{
"docid": "47948331",
"text": "Sir Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser (14 November 1848 – 26 February 1919) was a British officer of the Indian Civil Service and the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal between 1903 and 1908. Early life and education Born in Bombay on 14 November 1848, Fraser was educated at the Edinburgh Academy before being called to the Bar at the Middle Temple. He was a son of Rev. Alexander Garden Fraser (1814–1904) and Joanna Maria Shaw (1823–1864). Career He joined the Indian Civil Service in 1871, serving in the Central Provinces for nearly thirty years. During his service he rose to be the Chief Commissioner of Central Provinces in 1899. In December 1902, Fraser was picked as the new Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, following the sudden death of Sir John Woodburn the previous month. He did not take up the position until the middle of 1903, however, first finishing his duties as President of the Indian Police Commission. Fraser retained the position of Governor of the Western province of Bengal following the 1905 Partition of Bengal. However, his role in the planning of partition of Bengal, earned him notoriety among nationalist agitators, with a notable assassination attempt in 1907 which attempted to derail his train. Another assassination attempt in November 1908 involved a pistol which failed to go off, the would-be assassin later declaring that he wanted to show Bengalis that even the Lieutenant-Governor was not invincible. He was succeeded in 1908 by Sir William Baker. He was elected President of The Asiatic Society for 1905–07. In 1897, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI), and he was knighted with the KCSI in the 1903 Durbar Honours. Fraser 's published works include his memoirs Among Indian Rajahs and Ryots published in 1909, and India under Curzon and After published in 1911. He lived his final years at 22 Heriot Row in Edinburgh's Second New Town. Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser died on 26 February 1919. He is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh, on the south wall of the north section, backing onto the original cemetery. The stone is very distinctive, carrying a St Andrews Cross in red granite by McGlashan. He is also the founder and the first principal of one of the biggest and most popular public school Rajkumar College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. Family His wife Henrietta died in 1952. Their children included the cricketers Patrick and Charles Fraser (d.1929) and the soldier Cpt Harry Lugard Fraser and Professor Alec Garden Fraser, principal of Trinity College. References . External links 1848 births 1919 deaths People educated at Edinburgh Academy Scottish lawyers Lieutenant-governors of Bengal Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India Indian Civil Service (British India) officers Scottish civil servants Presidents of The Asiatic Society Burials at the Dean Cemetery",
"title": "Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser"
},
{
"docid": "55779970",
"text": "Jyotirmayee Gangopadhyay (1889–1945) was a Bengali educationist, feminist, and a member of the Brahmo Samaj. Early life Jyotirmayee was born on 25 January 1889 in Kolkata, Bengal Presidency, British Raj. Her father Dwarkanath Ganguly was a social reformer, a leader of the Brahmo Samaj and an Indian Nationalist and her mother Kadambini Devi was the first female student from University of Kolkata to graduate in a medical field. Career Jyotirmayee graduated from Brahmo Balika Shikshalaya (Brahmo Girls' School) and completed her B.A. in the Bethune College of Kolkata. In 1908 she completed her M.A. in philosophy from the University of Kolkata. She taught at the Bethune Collegiate School and after that in the Ravenshaw College in Cuttack, Odisha. She moved to Sri Lanka to join the Women's College as its principal. In 1920 she served as the principal of Jullundur Kanya Mahavidyalay In 1925 she served as the principal of Brahmo Girls' School and the next year in Vidyasagar Bani Bhavan. She joined the Buddhist College, Ceylon in 1929. She joined the Non-Cooperation movement in the early 1920s. Jyotirmayee raised a female volunteer corp for the Indian National Congress. In 1926 she started the Students' Association for Social Service. She joined the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee and the Satyagraha movement. She served as the vice-president of the Women's Satyagraha Committee. In 1930 and 1932 she was jailed for her involvement in the Satyagraha movement. She was a founding member of the Aryasthan Insurance Company. She was elected city councilor to the Kolkata Municipal Corporation. In 1942 she was arrested for her role in the Quit India Movement. Death Jyotirmayee was killed by police firing on 22 November 1945 while with a procession of students that was protesting the death of Rameshwar Banerjee. References 1889 births 1945 deaths Scholars from Kolkata University of Calcutta alumni Indian independence activists from Bengal Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians Politicians from Kolkata Women in West Bengal politics 20th-century Indian politicians 20th-century Indian women politicians 20th-century Indian educational theorists 20th-century Indian women educational theorists 20th-century Indian women scientists 20th-century Indian scientists Women educators from West Bengal 20th-century Indian educators 20th-century Indian women educators",
"title": "Jyotirmayee Gangopadhyay"
},
{
"docid": "60907619",
"text": "Birbhum Pharmacy School is a college of pharmacy in Birbhum, West Bengal, India. It is affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (M.A.K.A.U.T., formerly West Bengal University of Technology) and approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (A.I.C.T.E) and Pharmacy Council of India (P.C.I). It was established in 2017 and is established for providing with degree in B.Pharm (Bachelor of Pharmacy) for undergraduate courses in the field of Pharmaceutical science and technology. the college is still under construction and its management committee is trying the best to provide the facilities to its students. The principal of the college is Dr. Satyendranath Giri who holds a PhD in Pharmacy from Jadavpur University. External links Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Universities and colleges established in 2018 Pharmacy schools in India 2018 establishments in West Bengal",
"title": "Birbhum Pharmacy School"
},
{
"docid": "34408845",
"text": "Gautam Sanyal is an Indian career civil servant who currently serves as Principal Secretary to Government of West Bengal, since June 2015. In June 2016, he was re-appointed as Principal Secretary and his tenure co-terminus with that of Chief Minister of West Bengal. He previously served as Secretary to Chief Minister of West Bengal from 2011 to 2015. He also previously served as Joint Secretary to Government of India. He is a 1976 batch Central Secretariat Service officer. Early life and education Sanyal has a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Ashutosh College, a Masters in Sociology from Delhi University in 1997, and later earned a Master of Business Administration from United Kingdom. Career West Bengal Sanyal initially joined the West Bengal Civil Service as an Assistant Commercial Tax Officer (Group C) in 1973. Government of India Sanyal joined the Central Secretariat Service in 1976 after qualifying through the Civil Services Examination. He served as Under Secretary to Government of India in the Ministry of Human Resource Development in 1990 and later as Deputy Secretary to Government of India in the Ministry of Railways in 1998. He was later empanelled as Joint Secretary to Government of India in June 2009 by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet and served in the Ministry of Food Processing Industries. He was also the board member of the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. He later served as Officer on Special Duty to Union Cabinet Minister of Railways from 2009 to 2011. He retired in 2011. After retirement from the Central Government, he was appointed as Secretary to the Chief Minister of West Bengal. His appointment and tenure to the post was made co-terminous with that of the Chief Minister. Recognition He is the first non Indian Administrative Service officer in West Bengal and the first retired civil servant to hold the position of Secretary in the Chief Ministers Office. He also became the first non IAS officer in history to hold the position of Principal Secretary in State governments of India. In 2011, a news blog declared him as the new poster boy of India's civil services. The Indian Express and The Financial Express rate him as top state bureaucrat in India in the article most powerful Indians for the year 2013. Many media articles consider him to the most powerful civil servant in the state in India and the \"most important officer\" in the Government of West Bengal. In 2015, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (DOPT) of Government of India rejected petition filed by the IAS association against the appointment of Gautam Sanyal as the Principal Secretary. In 2018, India Today listed Sanyal in top 10 hidden corridor power in India. Issues In 2013, media articles reported that CBI director Ranjit Sinha had placed Sanyal on his hit-list. In 2019, media reported that Sanyal is in the process of investigation by Enforcement Directorate in connection with the disinvestment of a state government company in West Bengal. References External",
"title": "Gautam Sanyal"
},
{
"docid": "3674582",
"text": "Maulana Azad College is a public institute of liberal arts, commerce and science in India, located in central Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The college is fully government-administered. It is located near the junction of Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road and SN Banerjee Road, popularly called \"Lotus crossing\". It is affiliated to the University of Calcutta. The college also offers numerous courses in languages associated with Muslim culture, such as Urdu, Arabic, and Persian. The college offers both post-graduate (English, Zoology and Urdu) and under-graduate courses in a number of subjects in the three streams of arts, science and commerce. It is accredited an ('A') grade by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC). The college has been given the status of 'Centre of Potential for Excellence' by UGC. History Maulana Azad College was founded on 9 December 1926 by Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton, then Governor of Bengal. It was originally called Islamia College. The institution was the culmination of efforts of notable Muslim leaders like A. K. Fazlul Huq, then minister of education of Bengal, Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury and Sir Abdul Rahim. With an objective to promote Islamic learning and general education among the Muslim population in British India and with the sustained efforts of contemporary education minister of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Haque, on 9 December 1924, Lord Lytton, the contemporary Governor of Bengal laid the foundation stone of Islamia College under the affiliation of University of Calcutta. The first Principal, A. H. Harley, formerly, faculty of Oriental Languages at the University of Edinburgh. In the 1940, the future founding father of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, studied at the college and stayed at the Baker Hostel. After the Independence of India, the college was renamed to Central Calcutta College and opened admissions to students of all faith. Professor F. J. F. Pereira was made principal of the newly renamed college. In 1960, the college was renamed to its current name Maulana Azad College in the memory of the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. In 1990, the college became a co-educational institution. In 1999, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina of Bangladesh visited the college and the Bangabandhu Memorial Museum at Baker Hostel. On 23 February 2011, the government of Bangladesh and India installed a bust of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at the Bangabandhu Memorial Museum at room 23 and 24 of Baker Hostel of the College. The All Bengal Minority Youth Federation demanded the removal of the bust of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from the museum as they deemed the statue offensive to Islamic sensibilities. The demands were rejected by Mamata Banerjee, chief minister of West Bengal. Courses The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in arts, commerce and science in various streams. These are: B.A, B.A (Hons), B.Com. (Hons), B.Sc. (Hons) at UG level. And M.A and M.Sc. at the PG level. The fees are also nominal lying around ₹1,500/year for UG courses and around ₹4,000/year for PG courses. Admission procedure and cutoffs The college has an online application process for",
"title": "Maulana Azad College"
}
] | [
"Aurobindo"
] |
train_50792 | when was the first amusement park built in the us | [
{
"docid": "435052",
"text": "In the United States, trolley parks, which started in the 19th century, were picnic and recreation areas along or at the ends of streetcar lines in most of the larger cities. These were precursors to amusement parks. Trolley parks were often created by the streetcar companies to give people a reason to use their services on weekends. The parks originally consisted of picnic groves and pavilions, and often held events such as dances, concerts and fireworks. Many eventually added features such as swimming pools, carousels, Ferris wheels, roller coasters, sports fields, boats rides, restaurants and other resort facilities to become amusement parks. Various sources report the existence of between 1,500 and 2,000 amusement parks in the United States by 1919. Coney Island One such location was Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York City, where a horse-drawn streetcar line brought pleasure seekers to the beach beginning in 1829. In 1875, a million passengers rode the railroad to Coney Island, and in 1876 two million reached Coney Island. Hotels and amusements were built to accommodate both the upper-classes and the working-class. The first carousel was installed in the 1870s, the first Switchback Railway in 1881. It wasn't until 1895 that the first permanent amusement park in North America opened: Sea Lion Park at Coney Island. This park was one of the first to charge admission for entrance to the park in addition to selling tickets for rides within the park. In 1897, it was joined by Steeplechase Park, the first of three major amusement parks that would open in the area. George Tilyou designed the park to provide thrills and sweep away the restraints of the Victorian crowds. The combination of the nearby population center of New York City and the ease of access to the area made Coney Island the embodiment of the American amusement park. In addition there was Luna Park (opened in 1903) and Dreamland (opened in 1904). Coney Island was a huge success, and by 1910 attendance on a Sunday could reach a million people. Trolley parks decline By the early 20th century, there were hundreds of amusement parks, many of them starting as trolley parks, in operation around the U.S. Every major city boasted one or more parks, often based on (or named after) Coney Island, Luna Park, or Dreamland. This began the era of the “golden age” of amusement parks that reigned until the late 1920s. This was an era when the number of hours worked was reduced, while the amount of disposable income rose. The amusement parks reflected the mechanization and efficiency of industrialization, while serving as a source of fantasy and escape from real life. With the increasing number of automobiles in use, attendance at urban trolley parks gradually declined, due to lack of parking and changing demographics in the urban areas. Although the automobile provided people with more options for satisfying their entertainment needs, amusement parks that were accessible by car continued to be successful and new parks were developed. By the end",
"title": "Trolley park"
},
{
"docid": "27723101",
"text": "Crescent Park was an amusement park in Riverside, East Providence, Rhode Island which ran from 1886 to 1979. The park was known for its Rhode Island Shore Dinners, the Alhambra Ballroom, and its midway. Declining attendance during the 1970s forced the park to close. The land was cleared for a housing development. The only remaining amusement ride is the completely restored 1895-vintage Crescent Park Looff Carousel, designed and built by Charles I.D. Looff as a showpiece for his carousel business. History 19th century Crescent Park was founded in 1886 by George B. Boyden, who leased land on Narragansett Bay from John Davis, the owner of the Bullock's Point Hotel which sat above a bathing beach on the Bay. Several years later Boyden purchased the hotel and changed its name to the Crescent Park Hotel which continued to be operated until 1935, when it was razed to make room for a parking lot for the park. Boyden named the park after the crescent shape of the beach. In 1892, carousel builder Charles I. D. Looff installed the park's first carousel. The ride's building was built on columns over the beach next to the 400' pier that was used by steamboats traveling up and down Narragansett Bay and the Providence River. In 1895, Looff built a second carousel for the park, now known as the Crescent Park Looff Carousel. The ride has 61 hand-carved horses, 1 camel, 4 chariots, and a spectacular German band organ built by A. Ruth & Sohn. This carousel has been renovated and restored and is running to this day. He also built the park's first roller coaster, called the Toboggan Racer. A large shore dinner hall was built on the bluff overlooking the Bay. The Riverside area had become well known for its many hotels, campsites, and clam bake sites. This is a view across Bullock's Point Avenue, around 1905, looking at the top of the midway with the 1895 Looff Carousel on the left, a scenic railway behind the carousel, and Looff's Toboggan Race on the right. In the background are the Alhambra Ballroom, the Bamboo Slide, and the Shoot-the-Chute In 1900, LaMarcus Thompson built a scenic railway next to the Looff carousel. 20th century In 1901, Boyden sold the park to the Dexter Brothers of the Hope Land Company, with Colonel R.A. Harrington acting as park manager. By 1902, a large exhibition hall (326'x 122'x 49') was built on the midway and was used by The New England Association for Arts and Crafts for their annual exposition. The hall was subsequently turned into the Alhambra Ballroom. In 1905, Charles I. D. Looff moved his carousel factory from Brooklyn to Crescent Park, where he designed and built carousels for parks in New England and around the United States. He began to use the Crescent Park carousel as a showcase for his business. During this time, Looff built a tunnel-of-love ride called The Rivers of Venice. In 1910, Looff moved to Long Beach, California, and established a",
"title": "Crescent Park (defunct amusement park)"
},
{
"docid": "1114981",
"text": "Steeplechase Park was an amusement park that operated in the Coney Island neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City, United States, from 1897 to 1964. Steeplechase Park was created by the entrepreneur George C. Tilyou as the first of the three large amusement parks built on Coney Island, the other two being Luna Park (1903) and Dreamland (1904). Of the three, Steeplechase was the longest-lasting, running for 67 years. The park covered at its peak. Its first rides were standalone attractions scattered around Coney Island that Tilyou had purchased in the early 1890s. Steeplechase itself opened in 1897 to unite these formerly separate attractions, and quickly gained popularity as a family-friendly destination with exhibitionist and risque undertones. It was destroyed by fire in 1907, but was quickly rebuilt. Steeplechase remained profitable as the Tilyou family continually brought in new rides and new amusements, such as the Parachute Jump. However, by the 1960s Steeplechase Park was becoming unprofitable due to high crime, the growth of suburban getaways, and the area's general trend toward residential development. After the park closed in 1964, developer Fred Trump purchased the land and planned to develop it for residential use, but this never occurred, and the site was used seasonally for amusement rides during the 1970s. A dispute ensued over the proposed use of the Steeplechase Park site in the 1980s and 1990s, as two developers disagreed over whether to rebuild the amusement park or build a sports complex on the site. A minor-league baseball stadium called Keyspan Park (now Maimonides Park) was built in 2001. The Parachute Jump is the only remaining portion of the former amusement park. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation maintains the land under Maimonides Park as part of a green space also called Steeplechase Park. Steeplechase Plaza, a portion of Luna Park (2010) that contains the B&B Carousell, was named in homage to the former Steeplechase Park. History Steeplechase was created by George C. Tilyou (1862–1914). On his honeymoon in 1893, he and his wife visited the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, where he saw the Ferris wheel and wanted to buy it. Since the wheel had already been sold, Tilyou built his own half-size version at Surf Avenue, on Coney Island, which soon became Coney Island's biggest attraction. After noting that the nearby Sheepshead Bay, Gravesend and Brighton Beach horseracing tracks were very popular, Tilyou added other rides and attractions on the Coney Island peninsula. He came to own several rides, though none were part of a single park. In fact, until the opening of Paul Boyton's Sea Lion Park nearby in 1895, all of Coney Island's rides were separately operated. As a result, Tilyou's concessions were originally overshadowed by the saloons on nearby Bowery Street. 1897–1907: Creation and early years Steeplechase Park opened in 1897 after Tilyou bought and improved the Steeplechase Horses attraction. Steeplechase Horses, manufactured by J.W. Cawdry, featured gravity-pulled mechanical horses racing along metal tracks. The park covered , an area of",
"title": "Steeplechase Park"
},
{
"docid": "858227",
"text": "Lake Compounce is an amusement park located in Bristol and Southington, Connecticut. Opened in 1846, it is the oldest continuously operating amusement park in the United States. It spans , which includes a beach and a water park called Crocodile Cove, both included in the price of admission. The park was acquired from Kennywood Entertainment Company by Palace Entertainment, the U.S. subsidiary of Parques Reunidos. In addition to the 14th oldest wooden roller coaster in the world, Wildcat, its newer wooden roller coaster, Boulder Dash, has won the Golden Ticket Award for the #1 Wooden Coaster in the World for five consecutive years. History The lake's name is derived from Chief John Compound, a Mattatuck-Tunxis Native American. On December 3, 1684, his tribe signed a deed that left Compound's Lake to a group of white settlers, including John Norton, who had migrated to central Connecticut from Massachusetts. The property was left to the settlers in exchange for a small amount of money and miscellaneous items, including a large brass tea kettle. Early days The park's history goes back to 1846, when Gad Norton hired a scientist to perform an experiment using explosives, which failed. The experiment brought large crowds, which inspired Norton to open an amusement park. His park had public swimming and rowing on the lake, a gazebo for lakeside band concerts, and several rides. The park saw success as a picnic park through the post-American Civil War era. In 1851, a California Gold Rush 49er named Isaac Pierce joined Norton to establish a firm. The two men petitioned local legislators and asked that their residences be ceded from the town of Southington to the town of Bristol. In 1895, a casino was built on the property, which was the first permanent building at the site. Later that year, the Bristol and Plainville Tramway Company constructed the Southington and Compounce trolley line. Shortly after, Lake Compounce purchased the Lake Compounce Carousel for $10,000. The Carousel is included in the National Register of Historic Places. In 1914, Lake Compounce opened Green Dragon, the park's first electric-powered roller coaster. The coaster was torn down in 1927 to make room for Wildcat, a wooden coaster designed by Herbert Schmeck and built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company. The early 1930s brought more growth to the park. The casino was expanded with the addition of a dance floor. An all-time attendance record of 5,000 people was set in the spring of 1941, when Tommy Dorsey's reorganized band featured Frank Sinatra, who had yet to reach the height of his career. The effects of the Great Depression and the growing usage of the automobile brought trolleys in the United States into a decline, which negatively impacted attendance at Lake Compounce. These same factors had similar effects on other parks in the New England region, such as Canobie Lake Park and Riverside Park. In 1944, Lake Compounce opened a steam railroad. It was designed and built by Connecticut actor William Gillette, the original actor of Sherlock",
"title": "Lake Compounce"
},
{
"docid": "1105634",
"text": "Luna Park was an amusement park that operated in the Coney Island neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City, United States, from 1903 to 1944. The park was located on a site bounded by Surf Avenue to the south, West 8th Street to the east, Neptune Avenue to the north, and West 12th Street to the west. Luna Park was located partly on the grounds of the small park it replaced, Sea Lion Park, which operated between 1895 and 1902. It was the second of the three original, very large, iconic parks built on Coney Island; the others were Steeplechase Park (1897, by George C. Tilyou) and Dreamland (1904, by William H. Reynolds). At Coney Island's peak in the middle of the 20th century's first decade, the three amusement parks competed with each other and with many independent amusements. Luna Park's co-founders Frederic Thompson and Elmer \"Skip\" Dundy had created the \"A Trip To The Moon\" ride, which had been highly popular during the 1901 Pan-American Exposition, and operated at Steeplechase Park in 1902. Luna Park opened on May 16, 1903, and was highly profitable until Dundy died in 1907. Thompson operated the park alone until 1912, when his lease was canceled. The Luna Amusement Company owned the park from 1911 to 1939; during the Great Depression, creditors foreclosed on Luna Park twice. The park was leased to a syndicate in 1940 and continued to operate during World War II. Over the years, the park's owners constantly added new attractions and shows. The park's western half was destroyed by a fire in August 1944 and never reopened, while the eastern half closed in September 1944. Although some rides on Surf Avenue continued to operate after 1944, much of the site remained closed for several years; the area was redeveloped as the Luna Park Houses between 1958 and 1962. Though another amusement park named Luna Park opened nearby in 2010, it has no connection to the 1903 park. Development Between about 1880 and World War II, Coney Island was the largest amusement area in the United States, attracting several million visitors annually. Sea Lion Park opened in 1895 and was Coney Island's first amusement area to charge entry fees; this, in turn, spurred the construction of George C. Tilyou's Steeplechase Park in 1897, the neighborhood's first major amusement park. Background In 1901, Frederic Thompson and Elmer \"Skip\" Dundy created a wildly successful ride called \"A Trip To The Moon\" as part of the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York. The name of the fanciful \"airship\" (complete with flapping wings) that was the main part of the ride was Luna, the Latin word for the moon. The airship, and the park that was subsequently built around it, may have been named after Dundy's sister in Des Moines, Luna Dundy Newman. George C. Tilyou invited Thompson and Dundy to move their attraction to Steeplechase for the 1902 season. The ride performed poorly during that season, which was extremely rainy. Thompson and Dundy opted",
"title": "Luna Park (Coney Island, 1903)"
},
{
"docid": "413484",
"text": "Shoot the chute is an amusement ride consisting of a flat-bottomed boat that slides down a ramp or inside a flume into a lagoon. Unlike a log flume or super flume, which generally seats up to eight passengers, a modern-day shoot-the-chute ride generally has larger boats seating at least four across. History The first of this type of amusement ride was built by J.P. Newburg in 1884 down the side of a hill at Watchtower Park in Rock Island, Illinois. The ride traveled along a greased wooden track, skipping across the Rock River at the bottom. It was then pulled back to the ramp by an onboard ride attendant. Newburg took this unique ride concept next to Chicago, where more flumes were built and the rides grew in popularity. Paul Boyton opened Paul Boyton's Water Chute, America's first modern amusement park, at 63rd and Drexel in Chicago, on July 4, 1894. Boyton's was the first amusement park to rely solely on mechanical attractions. Paul Boyton and Thomas Polk built another example in 1895 for Sea Lion Park at Coney Island. The ride was widely copied and \"chute\" rides were found at many amusement parks throughout the United States, and even became the name of several amusement parks. While the original form of the ride is largely obsolete, modern log flume rides work on similar principles. On the earliest chute rides, the flat-bottomed boat was pulled up the ramp by cable, sometimes with a turnaround on a small turntable. In the ride at Sea Lion Park, the passengers arrived at the top by elevator. The bottom of the ramp curved upwards, causing the boat to skip across the water until it came to a stop. The boat was guided to a landing by a boatman on board. The oldest ride of this type still in operation is the boat chute constructed in 1926 and 1927 located at Lake Winnepesaukah Amusement Park in Rossville, Georgia, near Chattanooga, Tennessee. An operating modern reproduction of the Luna Park shoot-the-chute ride of the early 20th century, The Pittsburg Plunge, is currently in operation at Kennywood amusement park in Pennsylvania. Water chutes were also a popular attraction in the United Kingdom in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, with large multi-chute examples built at Blackpool, the Bradford Exhibition, Earls Court Exhibition Centre, and Southport, all now demolished. Smaller single-chute versions are extant and operating at East Park, Kingston upon Hull, Peasholm Park, Scarborough, and Wicksteed Park, Kettering. A large single chute ride was built at the Battersea Park funfair - now demolished - and was an integral park of a chase sequence in the 1959 Dial 999 episode \"Inside Job\". Modern rides The shoot-the-chute concept has evolved over time in the amusement park industry. All modern shoot-the-chute rides feature a guide track after the descent down the chute into the pool of water that allows the boats to return to the loading platform—completing a closed-circuit track. Most modern shoot-the-chute rides usually consist of (though not limited to)",
"title": "Shoot the chute"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "1204147",
"text": "Lincoln Park was a noted amusement park in New Orleans, Louisiana from 1902 to 1930. It was located in the city's Gert Town section, on the downtown side of Carrollton Avenue between Olive and Forshay Streets (near where Earhart Boulevard intersects Carrollton Ave now). It was devoted to amusements for the city's African American population. History Lincoln Park was created in May, 1902 when the Standard Brewing Company bought the site from Yazoo and Mississippi River Railroad Company. The New Orleans City Council had already given permission to the brewing company to make a private park on the property if they purchased the land. The Standard Brewing Company fenced in the park, built a large pavilion dance hall behind the Carrollton Avenue entrance, and charged 15 cents for entrance. For several years in the first decade of the 1900s the adjacent block across Short Street was \"Johnson Park\". Entertainment Lincoln Park contained a skating rink, and featured hot air balloon ascensions on weekends. Other entertainment included prize fighting and vaudeville shows. Early jazz musicians such as Buddy Bolden, Bunk Johnson, Freddie Keppard were heard there, and John Robichaux's Orchestra was a regular feature. References Amusement parks in New Orleans 20th century in New Orleans Defunct amusement parks in Louisiana 1902 establishments in Louisiana 1930 disestablishments in Louisiana Amusement parks opened in 1902 Amusement parks closed in 1930",
"title": "Lincoln Park (New Orleans)"
},
{
"docid": "576676",
"text": "A helter skelter, or helter-skelter lighthouse, is an amusement ride resembling a lighthouse with a spiral shaped slide built around the tower. Typically, fairgoers climb up a flight of stairs inside the tower and slide down the spiral on the outside using a coir mat. The ride is most prevalent in amusement parks and fairgrounds in the United Kingdom. History The first known appearance of the helter skelter was at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in 1906, which survived for thirty years until 1935. However, the ride's development began around the turn of the 20th century, when a helter skelter was built on Great Yarmouth's new Britannia Pier. The helter skelter was also present at Dreamland in Margate, Kent. This amusement park was similar in appearance to Blackpool Pleasure Beach during its opening in 1920, which was marked by the opening of the Scenic Railway as a key attraction. In the 1920s, visitors at Dreamland would have experienced both more modern and permanent rides such as the House of Nonsense and the Tumble Bug, as well as traditional rides like the Helter Skelter. Fairground rides like the helter skelter appeared not only in amusement parks during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but were also popular on seafronts, piers and other convenient spots of land. Birnbeck Pier at Weston-super-Mare in North Somerset is one such example, with a helter skelter being one of its entertainment facilities in the twentieth century. Etymology The term ‘helter-skelter’ has origins stemming from the word ‘kelter’ or ‘kilter’, meaning working order or alignment. In reconstructed Anglo-French, this translates to ‘eschelture’, or \"the state of being in military formation\". ‘Kelter’ was subsequently used to describe the correct configuration of the parts of artillery pieces. Nonetheless, the Latin preposition ‘oltre’, meaning \"beyond\" was added to ‘eschelture’. The resulting Middle English phrase, ‘helter-skelter’, was adapted from the Anglo-French and Latin terms based on the pattern of reduplicative compounds, with the resulting meaning being \"out of formation\" and \"in disordered haste, confusedly\". Design The tower on the helter skelter is generally a wooden or aluminium construction, whereas the chute of the slide is usually made from laminated wood. Instead of climbing up a flight of stairs to reach the top of the slide, some helter skelters included an escalator-like lift that fairgoers were loaded onto, and this updated mechanism maintained technical consistency amongst the amusement park rides. This technology was based on familiar transport and factory mechanisms such as electric winches, cogs, ratchets and hydraulic valves. Yet, the familiarity of these mechanisms was understood by fairgoers as modern in an amusement park context, which added to the novelty factor of the ride. Variants Whilst the traditional British helter skelter resembled a lighthouse, many other variations of the helter skelter have different features and have adopted different themes, including variations on the spiral slide. Variations on the lighthouse helter skelter include Thomas Warwick's slide at Cleethorpes in North East Lincolnshire, England, as well as Manchester White City's Dragon Slide. Rather than the traditional",
"title": "Helter skelter (ride)"
},
{
"docid": "24685652",
"text": "Magic Mountain was an amusement park in Nobby Beach, Queensland, Australia which operated from 1962 to 1991. The amusement park was situated atop a mountain which now houses a variety of properties. Origins In 1962, Page Newman built the Nobby Beach chairlift that later formed part of the Magic Mountain entertainment park. A cafeteria was built on top of the outcrop. It was a gamble that paid off, in its first year of operation the chair-lift carried 40,000 people. A Magic Castle was built, giving the park the \"magic\" theme. Page Newman sold the park in 1976 to George Carrett. Carrett owned the park until 1982 when it was sold again. In 1983, the new owner commenced intensive development with A$13.6 million spent to extend the Magic Mountain theme park. Attractions Castle Chairlift Chair O Planes Dodgem Cars Double-Decker Carousel Parachute Drop Tower (Giant Drop) Plane Ride Train Splashdown Ball Pit Jumping Castle Giant Cargo Nets Carousel Tram ride Magic Show in dedicated theatre Flickers (Old B&W silent movies) Closure and demolition Magic Mountain closed in mid 1987 and remained a derelict unused site until 1991 when the land was cleared and subdivided into two portions in 1995. The defunct site was briefly used as a set for a scene in the remake of the TV series Mission Impossible. The land was sold and is now the site of restaurants, shops and predominantly, Magic Mountain Resort Apartments, named in its memory. The only remnants of the chairlift is a street sign, Chairlift Avenue. The chairlift was moved to Dreamworld, while the parachute tower was moved to Australia's Wonderland. Both attractions have since been closed. External links Magic Mountain TV commercial 1986 See also List of defunct amusement parks References Defunct amusement parks in Australia 1962 establishments in Australia 1991 disestablishments in Australia Amusement parks in Queensland Amusement parks opened in 1962 Amusement parks closed in 1991 Tourist attractions on the Gold Coast, Queensland",
"title": "Magic Mountain, Nobby Beach"
},
{
"docid": "23842708",
"text": "Electric Park was the name shared by two amusement parks in Kansas City, Missouri, US, that were constructed by Joseph Heim (then president of the Heim Brothers Brewery) and his brothers Michael and Ferdinand Jr. and run by them. The first was built next to the Heim Beer brewery in 1899; the second, a larger one, was built and opened for the public in 1907 and remained in operation until the end of the 1925 season. Animator and entrepreneur Walt Disney cited the second Kansas City Electric Park as his primary inspiration for the design of the first modern theme park, Disneyland. First park The Heim brothers built the first Electric Park in land adjacent to the Heim Brothers Brewery (at the time the largest brewery in the world) in East Bottoms. The amusement park was bounded by Montgall, Chestnut, Nicholson, and Rochester Avenues. Open from 1899 to 1906, the first Electric Park proved to be an immediate success as one of the world's first full-time amusement parks. Featuring a Shoot-the-Chutes ride (called the Mystic Chute), the park also had a beer garden with beer piped directly from the brewery next door. Eventually, the carefully groomed grounds were too small to sustain the park's popularity; at the end of the 1906 season, some of the rides were dismantled and moved to a new location to the south. Much of the grounds lay neglected or abandoned for the next 19 years. In 1925, part of the plot (near the corner of Montgall and Rochester) was deeded to city of Kansas City for use as a neighborhood playground. Opened in a 1 August 1925 ceremony, the park offered \"Pet Night\", in which children won prizes for displaying the largest, smallest, and the most deformed dog. Another day saw swimsuits awarded to boys who created wood carvings from dead trees. Second park The second Kansas City Electric Park, this time at 46th Street and the Paseo, opened 19 May 1907. Like the first one, it was a trolley park (this time served by the Troost Avenue, Woodland Avenue, and Rockhill lines of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company), but the successor was one of the largest (if not the largest) ever to be called Electric Park. It had \"band concerts, vaudeville, Electric Fountain, ballroom, natatorium, German village, alligator farm, chutes, Dips Coaster, Norton slide, penny parlors, novelty stand, Japanese rolling ball, scenic railway, pool room, a Hale's Tour of the World, Electric Studio, boat tours, old mill, a Temple of Mirth, Flying Lady, Double Whirl, Circle Swing, soda fountain and ice cream shops, knife rack, doll rack, shooting gallery, air gun gallery, giant teeter, boating, outdoor swimming, carousel, clubhouse cafe, Casino 5 cent theater, fortune telling and palmistry, covered promenade and horseless buggy garage.\" Souvenirs from the park touted it as \"Kansas City's Coney Island,\" which it matched by having 100,000 light bulbs adorn its buildings. In 1911, the second Kansas City park attracted one million people, averaging 8000 paying customers per day that",
"title": "Electric Park, Kansas City"
},
{
"docid": "3912926",
"text": "Jantzen Beach Amusement Park was a popular amusement park from 1928 to 1970 in Portland, Oregon, on Hayden Island in the middle of the Columbia River. \"The Coney Island of the West\" opened on May 26, 1928 as the largest amusement park in the nation, covering over 123 acres (50 ha) at the northern tip of Portland. History In 1927, William A. Logus and Leo F. Smith purchased of land on Hayden Island from the Portland Electric Power Company. Logus and Smith headed the Hayden Island Amusement Company and they built an amusement resort and tourist park named Jantzen Beach Amusement Park for one of the park's investors, Carl Jantzen, of Jantzen swimsuit fame. The door opened to the public on May 26, 1928. It surpassed all attendance expectations; over 30 million people patronized the park through its 42 years. On opening day, Saturday May 26, 1928, 15,000 people paid the $0.10 admission. The following day, 25,000 people came out to the park. The amusement park included a merry-go-round, fun house, Big Dipper roller coaster, Golden Canopy Ballroom, four swimming pools, a natatorium, of picnic grounds, and of parking. The C.W. Parker carousel, built in 1921, was moved to Jantzen Beach in 1927. Some of the hand carved horses were made by inmates of the United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas. The amusement park's popularity peaked during the 1940s. In the late 1950s, attendance declined while the commercial value of the land increased. The park closed on Labor Day, 1970. The pumping system from the swimming pools remains installed, and is used to pump drinking water to the residents of Hayden Island. The Jantzen Beach Carousel, also known as the C.W. Parker Four-Row Park Carousel, was installed inside the Jantzen Beach Mall, a shopping mall located on the grounds formerly occupied by the park, and it operated there from 1972 to 2012. However, it was removed in 2012 for the reconstruction of the shopping center, and it remains in storage . The carousel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 but was removed in 2008. Attractions Big Dipper — wooden roller coaster (May 26, 1928 – 1969) Kiddie Dipper — steel roller coaster (1947–1970) Golden Canopy Ballroom The Jantzen Beach Carousel Natatorium Picnic grounds Two robot circus criers, \"Laffing Sal\" and \"Joe Barker\" Venetian Canal ride Jantzen Beach Railway Fun House Elbow Room Restaurant Midway Buzzer Roll-O-Planes Ferris Wheel Haunted house See also Oaks Amusement Park Lotus Isle References \"The Coney Island of the West\" — The Spectator, July, 1942 2006. \"Jantzen Beach Amusement Park\" — PDXHistory.com. \"What All Portland Has Been Waiting For — Jantzen Beach\"—Oregon Journal, May 24, 1928 External links pdxHistory.com History of Jantzen Beach, collection of historic photos Center for Columbia River History 1928 establishments in Oregon 1970 disestablishments in Oregon Amusement parks in Oregon Defunct amusement parks in the United States 20th century in Portland, Oregon Hayden Island, Portland, Oregon North Portland, Oregon",
"title": "Jantzen Beach Amusement Park"
},
{
"docid": "919590",
"text": "Hanlan's Point Stadium was a baseball stadium and lacrosse grounds in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was erected in 1897 at Hanlan's Point on the Toronto Islands for the minor league Toronto Maple Leafs baseball club. It was destroyed by fire twice, in 1903, and again in 1909. Adjacent to the Hanlan's Point Amusement Park, the site was in use for various sports until the late 1930s. History Initially, a grandstand and bleachers were built on the site. When the Toronto Ferry Company acquired the Leafs, it moved the team from Sunlight Park near the mouth of the Don River on the mainland to the Hanlan's Point field on the islands. The Toronto Ferry Company built a new semi-circular grandstand, with the old grandstand converted to bleachers. The Maple Leafs played at the stadium until 1901, when they moved to Diamond Park on the mainland. The Hanlan's stadium and the adjacent bar, both managed by Lol Solman, were destroyed by a fire on September 8, 1903. The stadium was rebuilt and reopened on May 24, 1904 and it was reported that there were so many people on the reopening, that the ferries couldn't carry everyone to the Toronto Islands. In 1908, the stadium was replaced with Maple Leaf Park, a new baseball stand and grounds at Hanlan's Point and the Maple Leafs returned. When it was built, Maple Leaf Park had 3,000 seats, covered bleachers that could accommodate another 4,500, and uncovered bleachers with room for about another 1,800. On opening day, May 12, 1908, the Leafs came from behind to defeat the Jersey City Skeeters in extra innings with paid attendance of 6,192. The stadium was destroyed by a fire on August 10, 1909 which also wiped out the amusement park at Hanlan's Point and Hanlan's Hotel, which was not rebuilt after the fire. For the rest of the season, the Maple Leafs had to return to the smaller Diamond Park. A new stadium was built on the site, opening in 1910 and described at the time as the largest in all of the minor leagues with over 17,000 seats. It was designed by Toronto-based architect Charles F. Wagner. Initial advertising referred to the site as Hanlan's Point Stadium. It was also sometimes called Island Stadium. The first baseball game at the stadium—but not the first event in the building—took place on May 9, 1910 with the Leafs rallying to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in the bottom of the ninth inning in front of a paid crowd of 12,867. The stadium is notable for being the location of Babe Ruth's first professional home run on September 5, 1914. Ruth was playing for the visiting Providence Grays and pitched a one-hitter against the Leafs to go along with his three-run home run over the right-field wall in a 9-0 win for Providence. A historic plaque commemorates the occasion near the Hanlan's Point dock. The Maple Leafs left the Toronto Islands for Maple Leaf Stadium after the 1925 season. In March 1927,",
"title": "Hanlan's Point Stadium"
},
{
"docid": "10037514",
"text": "Al-Tro Island Park was an amusement park built in the late 19th century in the village of Menands near the border with Albany, New York; formerly the park was known as Pleasure Island. The island has since been covered with fill and used for Interstate 787. History In the 1880s, thousands of visitors jammed Pleasure Island, also known as \"Dreamland.\" In truth, it was not an actual island, but was separated from the mainland by the Erie Canal. By Memorial Day, 1907, Pleasure Island was built up and re-opened as Al-Tro Island Park, named for the two cities it was located between, Albany and Troy. It featured 40-piece orchestra in a dance hall, a roller-skating rink, a roller coaster, a theater with 4,000 seats, its own miniature railroad, a pony track and more than a hundred other attractions. The park even had its own police force consisting of 15 uniformed officers to maintain safety and order. A boardwalk extended the entire length of the island. By the early 1920s, Al-Tro Island Park began to fall out of favor due to changing tastes in leisure. No one knows exactly when it closed or what happened to it. Most agree that the park \"vanished without a trace.\" The Mid-City Amusement Park was constructed as a replacement nearby on Broadway, also in Menands, but it too has since been destroyed. References Defunct amusement parks in New York (state) 19th-century establishments in New York (state) 1920s disestablishments in the United States",
"title": "Al-Tro Island Park"
},
{
"docid": "1784922",
"text": "RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 is a 2002 construction and management simulation game developed by Chris Sawyer and published by Infogrames Interactive. Released in October 2002 as the sequel to RollerCoaster Tycoon, the game simulates the management of amusement parks. The features and expansions were ported to RollerCoaster Tycoon Classic in 2017. OpenRCT2, an open-source game engine recreation, was first released in 2015. Gameplay In RollerCoaster Tycoon 2, players manage amusement parks and attempt to meet various goals to complete assigned scenarios. The game retains the isometric perspective of its predecessor, allowing for high compatibility with amusement parks made in the previous game. Various attractions, including transport rides, gentle rides, thrill rides, roller coasters, water rides, and shops or stalls, can be added to the parks as well as landscaping and decorations. The player satisfies park visitors' needs by building facilities and services such as food stalls, bathrooms, souvenir shops, ATMs, and information kiosks, as well as by hiring staff. The player must simultaneously balance the park's expenses and income. One notable difference from RollerCoaster Tycoon is a more robust system for building structures, in which one can lay each piece of wall and roof individually. The game provides greater flexibility by allowing pieces of scenery, rides, and other structures to be placed at varying heights above and below ground. The mechanics in the predecessor made custom building construction less efficient, and rides and shops previously could not be built at varying elevations; in that game, only rides that had tracks could be built underground, since the first section of any ride had to be placed above ground. Many of the rides from the original RollerCoaster Tycoon have been modified and/or renamed. Some old ride designs have been merged with others. User-created scenery items make a debut in this title. The 'bulldozer' allows the player to remove multiple pieces of scenery instead of only one piece at a time. A scenario editor is introduced, which allows players to create their own scenarios, creating the landscape, setting objectives, and selecting available rides and scenery. Players can make and test their own roller coasters to save them for use in other levels with the Roller Coaster Designer, and the game includes a licensed promotion by Six Flags to include their own content and scenarios based on five of their amusement park branches, including Magic Mountain, Great Adventure, and Over Texas. Walibi Holland and Walibi Belgium were also under the Six Flags brands during development and were also included. Many popular rides in Six Flags amusement parks can be used in other scenarios, but are locked from editing. The game also contains a variety of new themes and music for attractions. Guests' AI was improved from the original game, allowing for the creation of more complex paved areas. All of the scenarios in RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 are available at first launch (which contrasts RollerCoaster Tycoons unlocking system), and they are divided into five folder tabs: Beginner, Challenging, Expert, Real, and Other parks. The 'Real' tab",
"title": "RollerCoaster Tycoon 2"
},
{
"docid": "35194688",
"text": "Toboggan is a portable roller coaster that was built by Chance Industries from 1969 to the mid-1970s. The coaster features a small vehicle, holding two people, that climbs vertically inside a hollow steel tower then spirals back down around the same tower. There is a small section of track at the base of the tower with a few small dips and two turns to bring the ride vehicle back to the station. Each vehicle has a single rubber tire with a hydraulic clutch braking system that governs the speed of the vehicle as it descends the tower. The rubber tire engages a center rail that begins halfway through the first spiral. The ride stands 45 feet tall with a track length of 450 feet. A typical ride lasts approximately 70 seconds. History The coaster was invented by Walter House of Amarillo, Texas, and Chance acquired the manufacturing rights and started producing it in 1969. The coaster was designed to be a carnival ride, fitting on two trailers, but several units were purchased by amusement parks where they were set up as permanent attractions. When the ride was first offered in 1969 it had a price tag of $35,000. Chance built 32 of these units, two of which still operate at a permanent park. Many can also be found at carnivals all over the world. Park installations The following is a list of parks that are known to have operated a Chance Toboggan. Adventureland (New York) Aérocity Parc (France) Arnolds Park AstroWorld Boblo Island Amusement Park Clacton Pier Conneaut Lake Park (closed) Dog Patch USA (Arkansas) Enchanted Forest (Indiana) Grand Prix Amusements (Manitoba) Grand Strand Amusement Park (Myrtle Beach, South Carolina) Great Adventure Amusement Park (Flushing, N.Y.) Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach Hersheypark (two) – composed of two identical Toboggan models, known as the Toboggans Jenkinson's Boardwalk Lakemont Park Little Amerricka (still in operation) Old Chicago Parc Belmont Playland Park (Illinois) Santa's Village Shaheen's Fun-O-Rama Park (Mass.) Sportland Pier (N.J.) Stewart Beach Park (Texas) Trimper's Rides Xingqinggong Park (China) Magic Mountain -Merimbula-(Australia) Traveling carnival providers Skerbeck Family Carnival (Escanaba, Michigan) References External links Listing of Chance Toboggan coasters at RCDB.com Mass-produced roller coasters",
"title": "Toboggan (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "63568704",
"text": "Thrillopolis was a planned amusement park that was to have been built by Themeparks LLC in the early 2000s. The park was announced in 2002, and was projected to open in 2005. Thrillopolis was originally planned to be located at an 82-acre site near Adelphia Coliseum, but after conflicts with the local government, Themeparks LLC planned to build the park in Wilson County. The project was scrapped around 2004–05. History Downtown Nashville proposal In the early 2000s, Themeparks LLC, who were operating Magic Springs in Hot Springs, Arkansas, and had sold Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville, Kentucky to Premier Parks in 1997, were looking to expand. The company began working on plans for an amusement park that was to be built in Nashville, Tennessee, a city that had not had any major amusement park since Opryland USA closed in December 1997. On April 25, 2002, Ed Hart, the CEO of Themeparks LLC, pitched the concept for a Nashville-based theme park called Thrillopolis to Mayor Bill Purcell and the Nashville Chamber of Commerce. Thrillopolis was planned to be built on an 82-acre industrial site, owned by the Steiner Liff Iron and Metal Company, next to Adelphia Coliseum. Construction was to begin in late 2002, and the park was going to open in 2005. During the proposal, Themeparks LLC estimated that the park's construction would cost $193 million, the company wanted $127 million in public financing which they would back with a $100 million letter of credit. Maria Partlow, vice president of marketing for Themeparks LLC, said, \"We have to have a public-private partnership, that is the model for how these parks work now.\" Several Nashville council members opposed the planned amusement park. Council member J.B. Loring said the proposal “simply doesn’t fit in with the progress of Nashville at all,” and that every council member he spoke to agreed with his opinion that the plan was \"ridiculous.\" Council member Ron Nollner said that the proposal was “Out of the question, In my book, that’s not doable.\" John Summers, another council member, said that Nashville “shouldn’t be the funding of first resort for a speculative business. If the business doesn’t work out, the city is at risk. Meanwhile, extending the lending capacity to amusement park developers means we have less lending capacity for our real needs, like schools.” Mayor Purcell also showed opposition to the amusement park, saying \"Everyone thinks that it would be nice for us to have a theme park, the question is, should we take $127 million in public resources and put it to that use?” Purcell mentioned that he didn't understand why Hart wanted public funding when he didn't seek a bank loan, saying “For returns that are certain, there is a great amount of capital in a market system like ours. For people with ideas to come to a city asking for funding, that usually means that private investors have concluded that it doesn’t meet their standard of risk.” Hart said that he needed credit from the city,",
"title": "Thrillopolis"
},
{
"docid": "5639300",
"text": "Freestyle Music Park, formerly called Hard Rock Park, was a music-themed amusement park in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Built on , the park was located at the intersection of US 501 and the Intracoastal Waterway. It included part of the former Waccamaw Factory Shoppes in Fantasy Harbour, and its headquarters was located in Mall 3. The park opened to the public on April 15, 2008, but following financial issues, it closed later that year on September 24. It reopened under the Freestyle brand on May 23, 2009, but it closed permanently at the end of the season due to mounting financial problems and lawsuits. History Development of Hard Rock Park Jon Binkowski, a businessman from Florida who had worked in the amusement-park industry, bought a small theater in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, in 1999 or 2000. The theater, known as the Ice Castle, did not attract as many guests as Binkowski had expected. Binkowski and Rank Group executive Steven Goodwin began developing plans for an amusement park around the Ice Castle known as Fantasy Harbour. Early in the planning process, Binkowski and Goodwin considered theming the park to the four seasons of summer, spring, winter and fall. After investors said a season–themed amusement park would be too generic, Binkowski considered partnering with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to create an amusement park themed to MGM films, but this idea was too costly. Finally, in 2002, Binkowski proposed a Hard Rock Cafe–themed park in a late-night email to Goodwin, who himself had worked for Hard Rock Cafe in the late 1990s. They spent two hours drawing up plans for the park in a Kinko's store in Hollywood, Los Angeles. Plans for a Hard Rock-themed amusement park were released in 2003, but at the time funding and licensing agreements had yet to be finalized. The park was budgeted at $250 million by January 2005, and Binkowski and Goodwin sought $25 million to $30 million from the government of Horry County, South Carolina. However, as Binkowski and Goodwin were reluctant to submit detailed business plans, members of the county council refused to approve the bond financing. AVX Corporation CEO Dick Rosen and other investors including Ziel Feldman and Safe Harbor Capital Partners managing partner Amnon Bar-Tur created two companies. Myrtle Property Owners I, which invested in the proposed theme park and Myrtle Property Owners II which bought land from Rosen with the intent to build a hotel along the Intracoastal Waterway in October 2005. A feasibility study predicted 3 million visitors a year in the park's first year, with growth of nine percent the second year and decreasing growth rates after that. By 2006, a licensing agreement with the Hard Rock franchise was reached, two days before the Ice Castle had been scheduled for foreclosure. The Hard Rock name was licensed from Seminole Nation–owned Hard Rock International, current owners/operators of the Hard Rock Cafe brand, to HRP Myrtle Beach Operations, LLC, which designed and built the park, for a fee of $2.5 million per year. Africa Israel",
"title": "Freestyle Music Park"
},
{
"docid": "989765",
"text": "Valleyfair is a amusement park in Shakopee, Minnesota, United States. Owned by Cedar Fair, the park opened in 1976 and now features over 75 rides and attractions including eight roller coasters. Valleyfair also has a water park called Soak City which is included with the price of admission. Cedar Point and Valleyfair were the first two parks in the Cedar Fair chain (although Cedar Point Amusement Park originally opened in 1870) and a combination of the park names – \"cedar\" and \"fair\" – were used to name the company. History Valleyfair opened on May 25, 1976, featuring 20 rides and attractions on , with the roller coaster High Roller being the main attraction. The carousel in the park came from Excelsior Amusement Park which was closed in 1973. It is the oldest ride in the park. In 1978 in an effort to increase investment capital for continued park expansion, Valleyfair was acquired by Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio. Five years later, Cedar Fair Limited Partnership was formed as the parent company for Cedar Point and Valleyfair (the name being derived from the names of both flagship properties). Since 1976, Valleyfair has invested over $96 million into the park, and today the park has over 75 attractions on of land. A height restriction was imposed in 2000 with the building of the Power Tower. After negotiations with the FAA and the nearby Flying Cloud Airport, the FAA restricted the building height of the Power Tower at due to its proximity to the airport. Power Tower's original plan was to be a height of and to take riders to . Valleyfair did not open for the 2020 season because of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, although it was reopened for the 2021 season. As the park is located on the banks of the Minnesota River, flooding can become an issue during the springtime months before the park usually opens (or when the park is open for the season), notably in 1988, 1993, 1997, 2014, 2018, and 2019. Excalibur and Thunder Canyon are built outside of a pre-existing river dike, and were built with this flooding potential in mind. Attraction timeline 1976: Valleyfair opens with Antique Cars, Bumper Cars, Carousel, Ferris Wheel, Flying Scooters, High Roller, Scrambler, SuperCat, and Wheel of Fortune 1977: Monster, Tilt-A-Whirl and Giant Tilt Ride (The only Super Tilt Model 14-car Tilt-A-Whirl ever built by Sellner Manufacturing) open 1978: Ye Olde Log Flume opens 1979: Enterprise, Kiddie Ferris Wheel and Wild Rails open 1980: Corkscrew opens 1981: Tot Town opens 1982: Pepsi IMAX theater opens, New entrance marquee 1983: Three water slides (now known as Panic Falls Body Slides) open 1985: The Looping Starship and Bayern Curve open 1987: Thunder Canyon opens 1988: Two water slides (now known as Panic Falls Speed Slides) and Half Pint Park open 1989: Excalibur opens 1990: Minnesota River Valley Railroad opens 1991: Phase one of Challenge Park opens 1992: The Wave opens and two 18-hole golf courses added to Challenge Park",
"title": "Valleyfair"
},
{
"docid": "24369701",
"text": "Silver Beach County Park is a park located in St. Joseph, Michigan at the mouth of the St. Joseph River. It was formerly Silver Beach Amusement Park, an amusement park, which operated between 1891 and 1971. History Silver Beach opened as a resort in 1891 when local businessmen in boat building Logan Drake and Louis D. Wallace built vacation cottages as Silver Beach Amusement and Realty Company along Lake Michigan. Construction of buildings such as a pavilion followed and were completed in 1896. After the park was established, two of the earliest aviators, Augustus Moore Herring and Logan Archbold Vilas, used the beach to experiment with aircraft, the latter being the first person to fly across Lake Michigan when he flew from Silver Beach to Chicago. The first roller coaster, Chase through the Clouds, opened in 1905; it was replaced in 1923 by another coaster, the Velvet (later \"the Comet\"). Also added in 1905 were a roller rink, with a pipe organ included in 1906, both firsts in the region, and a boxing ring, with matches organized by boxer Tommy Ryan. A dance hall opened in 1907, replaced by the Shadowland Ballroom in 1927; performers would include the founders of MCA Inc., founded after Drake encouraged two performers to create the endeavor. In the ensuing decades, the park expanded, including the additions of a ferris wheel, miniature train, children's amusement ride area, and miniature golf course, and maintained continued popularity due in part to the owners providing steamboat access from Chicago. In what has become an icon of Silver Beach, a carousel had been added by 1916, taking advantage of the enlarged area of beach sand created by Lake Michigan in the years during the park's operation. Silver Beach's success continued until the 1960s, when crime and unrest became much more common, and closed on August 10, 1970, due to the escalating problems including a violent incident on July 4, 1969. The park attempted to recover but did not reopen after the 1971 season. Rides and attractions were sold and the amusement park was abandoned; the remaining structures were demolished starting in 1975. LECO Corporation bought the property on November 22, 1977; Berrien County bought it from LECO on December 14, 1990, and now operates it as Silver Beach County Park. From 1979 to 2011, Silver Beach hosted the Venetian Festival. Silver Beach Carousel In 1997, the Silver Beach Carousel Society was founded with the goal of returning the original carousel to its location at Silver Beach, but they were unable to secure funding before the carousel was sold to a group of businessmen in Washington State who placed it in the Southridge Sports and Events Complex in Kennewick. The society was determined to build a new carousel near Silver Beach County Park and, in 2010, the new Silver Beach Carousel opened its doors. The new carousel is accompanied by exhibits from the Silver Beach Amusement Park, a Kid's Discovery Zone hosted by St. Joseph's Curious Kids Museum, the Whirlpool",
"title": "Silver Beach Amusement Park"
},
{
"docid": "18865945",
"text": "Sunnyside Amusement Park (also known as Sunnyside Beach Park) was a popular amusement park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada that ran from 1922 to 1955, demolished in 1955 to facilitate the building of the Metro Toronto Gardiner Expressway project. It was located on the Lake Ontario waterfront at the foot of Roncesvalles Avenue, west of downtown Toronto. The name 'Sunnyside' was the name of a local farm owned by John George Howard, which was situated just to the north, on the location of the current St. Joseph's Medical Centre. Sunnyside Avenue runs north–south from that location north to Howard Park Avenue today. John Howard is also famous as the original landowner of the nearby High Park. Construction Prior to the construction of the park, the shoreline was a narrow stretch immediately to the south of the 1850s-era rail lines. There was enough area for a restaurant and a small fenced off area was provided for changing into swimwear. To the east, the club-house of the Parkdale Canoe Club jutted out into the lake. A plan was developed in 1913 by the new Toronto Harbour Commission to improve the shore lands from the foot of Bathurst Street to the Humber River. The plan, which included of breakwater, infilling of land, and the construction of the Lake Shore Boulevard, cost $13 million, and was paid for by the federal government. A boardwalk along the south side of Lake Shore Boulevard was built, from the Humber River east to Wilson Park Avenue, in width using white pine planks. This corresponded to the length of shoreline that was extended out into the lake. This boardwalk became the site of annual Easter Parades until 1953. It was rebuilt in 1934 as a make-work project and was paved using asphalt in the 1960s. The Amusement Park lands themselves were completely created from sand dredged from the bottom of the bay and top soil from a farm in Pickering, Ontario. The original shoreline was extended into the lake by approximately , from the foot of Wilson Park Avenue west to the Humber River, a distance of about . Only a small length of the original shoreline and beach exists today, located between the Boulevard Club and the Canadian Legion building at the intersection of Dowling Avenue and Lake Shore Boulevard. One of the first new buildings was the Sunnyside Pavilion, a curved structure providing a restaurant with views of the lake. It was located just to the east of Parkside Drive at the shoreline. Following this, the Sunnyside Bathing Pavilion and Dean's Sunnyside Pleasure Boats buildings were constructed. Soon after, concessions were requested and granted to operate amusements on the lands. Sunnyside Amusement Park opened in 1922. At the time, there was an existing amusement park on the Toronto Islands at Hanlan's Point. It only operated a few more years until 1927 when a baseball stadium at the foot of Bathurst Street was built, replacing the stadium on the Island. Another amusement park, the Scarborough Beach Amusement Park",
"title": "Sunnyside Amusement Park"
},
{
"docid": "18433054",
"text": "Wildwood Amusement Park was an amusement park and picnic ground that existed from 1889 to 1932 on the southeast shore of White Bear Lake in Mahtomedi, Minnesota, United States. The park was built and operated by the Minneapolis and St. Paul Suburban Railroad Company, a subdivision of the Twin City Rapid Transit Company, which ran a streetcar line from Mahtomedi to nearby St. Paul. It was the sister park of Big Island Amusement Park on Lake Minnetonka, as both were intended to draw crowds of people to opposite ends of the Minneapolis-St. Paul streetcar system on weekends. Wildwood Amusement Park proved to be more successful than Big Island Amusement Park, which closed in 1911, and lasted until 1932 when financial losses brought about its demise. History In 1883, the First Mahtomedi Assembly of the Chautauqua Association first platted the city of Mahtomedi. As part of a nationwide education movement known as Chautauqua, the Assembly built a tabernacle in Mahtomedi on the southeast side of White Bear Lake for lecture series, correspondence courses, and other events and meetings intended for adult education. During the summers, as many as 3,000 people sometimes took up temporary residence at the lake in tent villages in pursuit of further education. By the 1870s, major rail lines had reached the east side of White Bear Lake. Wildwood had already become a popular spot for picnickers, but didn’t yet feature the amusement park and its rides and other attractions. Location The Wildwood Amusement Park was located on the southern shore of White Bear Lake, on the border of Mahtomedi and nearby Birchwood. The precise location of the park is still debated, since little of the original structures remain today. Park Attractions Once called the \"Coney Island of St. Paul,\" the Wildwood Park featured numerous attractions. In addition to the popular picnic grounds and amusement rides, there were traveling shows, diving ponies, and hot air balloon rides. A bathhouse operated just west of the rides, and had a water chute and springboards. Athletic types would play baseball at the water’s edge on the beach. Additional activities included orchestral concerts, free dancing lessons, boating, bowling, a carousel, fishing, a penny arcade, a shooting gallery, playgrounds, a postal photo gallery, swings, ball-throwing games, and a twenty-five cent motorboat trip around White Bear Lake. Admission Admission to the Wildwood Amusement Park was free. Attendance Park Decline and Closure The change in transportation and the railroad no longer running to the park was the beginning of the end. See also Trolley park References Wildwood Amusement Park Gone but not Forgotten Press Pubs 2017 https://www.presspubs.com/white_bear/news/wildwood-amusement-park-is-gone-but-not-forgotten/article_72e2c0ca-5c1b-11e7-ac68-f7d6eac5492f.html External links Photos Wildwood Park at the Minnesota Historical Society Wildwood Park at the Minnesota Transportation Museum Articles \"Where the children find fresh air\", St. Paul Globe, June 26, 1904 \"Remembering Wildwood Amusement Park\", StarTribune, April 27, 2012 \"The end of the line: Wildwood Amusement Park\", Forgotten Minnesota, June 30, 2011 The Library Of Congress Wildwood Park in Historic American Newspapers 1889 establishments in Minnesota 1932 disestablishments in",
"title": "Wildwood Amusement Park"
},
{
"docid": "38630249",
"text": "Savin Rock was an American amusement park in West Haven, Connecticut. It was previously called The White City and was established in the 1870s . The park included a number of roller coasters, other rides and numerous funhouses. The park has been mentioned in several novels such as Eleanor Estes's Rufus M., Stephen King's Low Men in Yellow Coats and The Boogeyman. History The amusement park was established in the 1870s after entrepreneur George Kelsey extended the trolley lines and built a 1,500-foot pier at the end of Beach Street to accommodate a ferry service. Kelsey built the nearby Seaview Hotel, with rooms for up to 150 guests. A beachside resort grew around the hotel and pier, including a bandstand, a fountain, an observatory, a wooded area for picnics, and a carousel which was revolved first by manpower and later by a horse on a treadmill. Amusements were built by other businessmen, and soon the park had a zoo, a museum and a dance hall. Promoters organized cock fights, horse races and prize fights. In 1903 carnival rides were added and the area was officially opened as an amusement park called the White City with an entrance at the corner of Savin Avenue and Thomas Street. Around it, taking in Rock, Campbell and Beach streets, were theaters, restaurants and hotels. At its peak, “The Rock” took in a mile-long midway, with roller coasters, water chutes and carousel rides, There were bumper cars, fun houses, concerts and marathon dances. Visitors could enjoy shore dinners with frozen custard or split hot dogs, drink \"honeydew,\" munch on popcorn, and consult mechanical fortune tellers or The Laughing Lady. Visitors could take in an auto race at the adjacent West Haven Speedway. The Rock had a variety of rides for its tourists. Its oldest ride was The Old Mill, built in 1904. Another ride was Shoot-the-Chutes, which was rebuilt and renamed The Mill Chutes, featuring a moving stairway saving ride-goers a hike to the ride entrance. Among the other rides were the Jitterbug, The Virginia Reel, and The Seaplane Swing. It also had several rollercoasters such as The Sky Blazer, The Racer, The Whirlwind Racer, The White City Flyer, and The Thunderbolt. By 1919, the park, now called Savin Rock Amusement Park, was attracting 1.2 million visitors each year. Liberty Pier was added to the park in 1922 and it brought a new roller coaster, The Devil, and a funhouse, Bluebeard’s Castle. The pier was destroyed in a fire in 1932. The Rock also had an array of funhouses. Noah’s Ark funhouse was decorated with Noah and his family on the deck, while the inside was filled with shaker boards and startling animal stunts. A Death Valley patented PTC funhouse was built on Beach Street, however its skull and cross bone façade was replaced with a Laffing Sal. Inside it is a swinging bridge a, a stretch of floor covered by a pillow, and a tilt room. Another funhouse was Bluebeard’s Castle which used Bluebeard’s",
"title": "Savin Rock Amusement Park"
},
{
"docid": "1160872",
"text": "Luna Park is a name shared by dozens of currently operating and defunct amusement parks. They are named after, and partly based on, the first Luna Park, which opened in 1903 during the heyday of large Coney Island parks. Luna parks are small-scale attraction parks, easily accessed, potentially addressed to the permanent or temporary residential market, and located in the suburbs or even near the town center. Luna parks mainly offer classic funfair attractions (great wheel), newer features (electronic displays) and catering services. History The original Luna Park on Coney Island, a massive spectacle of rides, ornate towers and cupolas covered in 250,000 electric lights, was opened in 1903 by the showmen and entrepreneurs Frederic Thompson and Elmer \"Skip\" Dundy. The park was either named after the fanciful airship Luna, part of the new park's central attraction A Trip to the Moon, or after Dundy's sister. Luna Park was a vastly expanded attraction built partly on the grounds of Sea Lion Park, the first enclosed amusement park on Coney Island which closed down due to competition from nearby Steeplechase Park. In 1905, Frederick Ingersoll, who was already making a reputation for his pioneering work in roller coaster construction and design (he also designed scenic railroad rides) borrowed the name when he opened Luna Park in Pittsburgh and Luna Park in Cleveland. These first two amusement parks, like their namesake, were covered with electric lighting (the former was adorned with 67,000 light bulbs; the latter, 50,000). Later, in 1907, Charles Looff opened another Luna Park in Seattle, Washington. Ultimately, Ingersoll opened 44 Luna Parks around the world, the first chain of amusement parks. For a short time, Ingersoll renamed his parks Ingersoll's Luna Park to distinguish them from the Luna Parks to which he had no connection. Ingersoll's death in 1927 and the closing of most of his Luna Parks did not stop new parks from taking the name. Today, the term luna park or lunapark is a noun meaning \"amusement park\" in several languages, including Indo-European languages such as Polish, French, Italian, Russian, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Slovenian, and Greek (, ), as well as Turkish, Hungarian and Hebrew (לוּנָה פַּארְק, but the term גן שעשועים lit. 'park of amusements' is also widely used). List of Luna Parks In Africa In Asia In Europe In North America In Oceania In South America See also References Amusement park companies Defunct amusement parks",
"title": "Luna Park"
},
{
"docid": "71420289",
"text": "Natatorium Park was a park in Spokane, Washington. It was originally the site of Ingersoll Park where a baseball field was built and became known as Twickenham Park, for the neighborhood that developed around it, until the natatorium was built. The swimming facility closed in 1968. It used heated saltwater from the Spokane River. A greenhouse and gardens were added. It was switched to well water. The song \"Dear Old Nat\" by A. D. Scammell was written about it. Amusements were added. The site is now a trailer park. KSPS aired the documentary Remember When: Nat Park in 1996. References External links Natatorium Park website Parks in Spokane County, Washington Baseball in Washington (state) Amusement parks closed in 1967 Amusement parks in Washington (state)",
"title": "Natatorium Park"
},
{
"docid": "8828945",
"text": "Bushkill Park is an amusement park located in Easton, Pennsylvania, generally geared toward younger audiences. The facility operated continuously from 1902 to 2004 and during the summer of 2006, and was then closed until January 2017 when the roller skating rink and the rest of the park reopened. Bushkill Park ranks among the oldest amusement parks in the nation. History and features Carousels Bushkill Park has owned and operated two notable vintage carousels. The first was a three row menagerie built by Tom Long’s father and uncle in 1902. Known as Long Carousel #8 in a series of family-built models, it was initially based at a park on an island near Philadelphia and was brought to Island Park via canal boat in 1912. It traveled to a few parks managed by Long before settling in at Bushkill Park in the mid 1930s. It remained at Bushkill until Mabel Long’s death in 1989, when the park and carousel were sold separately. Long #8’s last known location was intact in an Ohio warehouse. In March 1993, the park purchased a 1915 carousel made by the Allan Herschell Company from the dilapidated Willow Mill Park in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, which opened with the amusement park in 1934 and stopped operating in 1990 when it closed. Along with the carousel, a Wurlitzer band organ that once played at Willow Mill Park was also purchased. Between 2001 and 2007, the carousel was sold, and in the winter of 2014 the carousel building collapsed from a heavy snow load. An additional 1907-vintage carousel made by the Dentzel Carousel Company was refurbished by Tom Long and likely his brother, George Long, Sr.. While it never physically turned as a Bushkill Park feature, it was repaired piece by piece in Tom Long’s workshop at the rear of the park. In 1966, it was sold to Centreville Amusement Park in Toronto, Ontario. In 1933, Thomas Long (1885–1965) leased Bushkill Park, furnishing it with a hand carved carousel that he and his father had purchased. In 1939, Long bought the park and operated it for the rest of his life along with his wife, Mabel \"Mom\" Long. After Long's death, Mabel operated the park with Melvin Heavener until he died in 1986, and then operated it alone until her death in 1989. The first owner after 1989 was William Hogan and his partner, Neal Fehnel. The Bar'l of Fun The Bar'l of Fun was one of the oldest operating funhouses in the United States, built sometime before 1935. The funhouse notable for its history and the amount of untouched folk art painted on the walls and on banners inside it. The rotating barrel from which the attraction gets its name is located inside the funhouse. Also inside the building is a maze-like layout in a dark room with mirrors. In the past, there was a flashing strobe light in the corner of the room. Beyond the maze is the famous barrel, a multi-person \"sit-and-spin\" style ride and a wobbly staircase. Upstairs",
"title": "Bushkill Park"
},
{
"docid": "76352295",
"text": "Senayan Park (abbreviated as Spark, stylized in all caps as SPARK) is a shopping mall with an outdoor public recreational space in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is located northeast of the Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex in Central Jakarta. Senayan Park is built above the former site of Taman Ria Senayan, the first and earliest amusement park in Jakarta (before the opening of Dunia Fantasi in Ancol), opened in the early 1970s. History Taman Ria Remaja/Taman Ria Senayan In the early 1970s, Siti Hartinah – the first lady and wife of President Suharto, as well as other government officials, were concerned about the increase of juvenile delinquency cases in Indonesia. As a respond, Siti Hartinah (or commonly known as Tien Suharto) wanted to built a recreational area for teenagers. She and her Rukun Ibu Ampera (RIA) Pembangunan team decided to built an amusement park – which later named Taman Ria Remaja (Cheerful Teenage Park) – on a of land northeast of the Senayan Sports Complex, which was already occupied by the State Secretariat. The construction cost Rp 23 million (at the time). It is unclear when the amusement park was inaugurared, but it later became a popular gathering spot for teenagers and young adults from across Jakarta, thanks to its affordable entrance ticket. There is an artificial lake for water rides like motorboat and water bicycle. Other rides including a ferris wheel and spinning cups. In March 1995, Taman Ria Remaja was renamed to Taman Ria Senayan. RIA Pembangunan as the manager partnered PT. Ariobimo Laguna Perkasa (ALP). In 1997, Taman Ria Senayan was reopened to the public, after receiving a renovation. In the mid 2000s, Taman Ria Senayan began to experience the major decrease of visitors, as newer amusement parks emerged. Eventually in 2008, Taman Ria Senayan was peemanently closed and abadoned. The remaining buildings were demolished in 2010. Redevelopment into Senayan Park ALP as the owner of the site decided to redevelop the site, due to its strategic location and historical value. It was revealed that the site would be developed into a new commercial area, which consist of a shopping mall. The then-speaker of the House of Representatives (DPR), Marzuki Alie rejected the redevelopment plan, as the land was still owned by the State Secretariat. In 2015, the construction of the shopping mall building foundation was started. It was later revealed that the redevelopment is named Senayan Park, and its construction was finished in early 2020. The mall was officially soft opened in mid-August of the same year. Facilities Senayan Park has numbers of shopping and recreational facilities. For recreational purposes, there are numbers of spots that can be used for visitors to take photos, which includes tables and swing on the lake bank, and an amphitheatre with sculptures. There is also a vast area for community activities. On the rooftop of the main building, there is a skydeck that allow visitors to see a wider view of Jakarta's skyline. The skydeck become crowded every dusk, in order",
"title": "Senayan Park"
},
{
"docid": "52266960",
"text": "Rocky Point State Park is a passive use state park on Narragansett Bay in Warwick, Rhode Island. The land has been a public attraction since the mid-1800s, most notably as Rocky Point Amusement Park. When the amusement park closed in 1994, it sat abandoned for years until the city and state purchased the land in stages between 2008 and 2013. It reopened to the public as a state park in October 2014. History Rocky Point has been a public attraction since the mid-1800s, located 10 miles from the state capital on a coastal point in Warwick, Rhode Island. William Winslow first began serving dinner and offering amusements when he purchased the land in 1847. By the middle of the 20th century, it was a very popular amusement park offering dozens of rides, including roller coasters, a log flume, Skyliner, Freefall, ferris wheel, and carousel. It was also home to the Shore Dinner Hall, a 4,000-seat food hall just outside the amusement park gates serving clamcakes, steamers, lobster, and New England clam chowder. The park was owned by private interests throughout its history. Initially, steamboat captain William Winslow brought passengers there to dine or to use as a park. It was purchased from him in 1865 by Byron Sprague, and sold again in 1869 to the Continental Steamboat Company which brought Randall A. Harrington on to manage it. Harrington built up the popular space into a premier resort. Following a destructive fire in 1883, its character shifted to emphasizing rides, performances, sports, and other attractions. The park changed hands a few times but maintained its popularity throughout the 20th century. In the 1990s, its parent company struggled financially, and the park closed in November 1994. Many of the rides and attractions were sold, but much of the park sat abandoned for years, a popular site for vandals and urban explorers. It became a safety concern after multiple fires, eroding structures, and pervasive vandalism, and demolition of its remains began in May 2007. Acquisition for public use The City of Warwick purchased 41 acres with state and federal funding in 2007, taking the title in August 2008. Rocky Point reopened to the public in June 2011, with a freshly paved walking path along the shore. Then-mayor of Warwick, Scott Avedisian, remarked that it was the first time in 80 years that an acre of shoreline was opened in the city for public use. On election day in 2010, Rhode Island introduced a ballot measure to purchase the remaining 83 acres in and around the site, combining it with the 41 already owned in order to establish it as a state park. The measure passed by a vote ratio of nearly 2:1. The purchase was approved by the Small Business Administration in September 2012 and the last portion of land transferred to the state in March 2013. The remaining buildings, including the Shore Dinner Hall, were demolished in summer 2014. Once completed, the space was cleaned, developed, and finally reopened as a state",
"title": "Rocky Point State Park"
},
{
"docid": "8189941",
"text": "Astroland was a amusement park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City that first opened in 1962. It was located at 1000 Surf Avenue (at the corner of West 10th Street) on the boardwalk. It ceased operations on September 7, 2008. History Astroland was first built as a \"space-age\" theme park when it opened in 1962, although in later years \"a visit [was] more like stepping into the past than the future.\" Some of the later rides were similar to regular carnival rides, but others offered a kitsch experience that was lacking in modern amusement parks. In 1955, Dewey Albert and his friends Nathan Handwerker, Herman Rapps, Sidney Robbins and Paul Yampo formed a corporation called Coney Island Enterprises. In 1957, Rapps and Albert announced they would build Wonderland. Through a series of acquisitions, together they built what is today known as Astroland, with rides including the Tower to the Stars or Astrotower gyro tower, the Cape Canaveral Satellite Jet emulating a trip to the Moon, the Mercury Capsule Skyride carrying patrons in bubble cars across the park to the boardwalk, and the Neptune Diving Bells, a duplicate of an Atlantic City ride that took patrons 30 feet down into a tank to watch porpoises and fish. In June 1975 Astroland was chosen to be the new operator of the Cyclone, the famous wooden roller coaster, which stood on Parks Department land. On July 12, 1975, an early-morning fire wiped out much of the park, but they were able to rebuild. Closure On November 28, 2006, Astroland was sold by the Albert family for US $30 million to Thor Equities, which announced plans to redevelop the area as a $1.5 billion year-round resort, although the plans never came to fruition. Under the agreement, the Alberts would continue to operate the Cyclone. At the time, the Alberts hoped to relocate attractions like the water flume and the Astrotower to another part of the neighborhood. After the sale, opposition to the relocation plan emerged. Efforts supporting the extension of Astroland's existence for the 2008 summer season were established. Astroland celebrated the 45th anniversary of its opening on April 1, 2007. It was announced on October 24, 2007, that the Albert family and Thor had reached a deal, and that Astroland would re-open March 16, 2008. However, after a few months when no agreement between the two parties could be reached, Astroland closed on September 7, 2008. It was replaced in 2009 by a new park called Dreamland. A new amusement park called Luna Park, named after Brooklyn's original, well-known Luna Park and other Luna Parks from the early twentieth century, opened for the 2010 season on May 29, 2010, at the former site of Astroland. On July 2, 2013, Luna Park was evacuated as a precaution due to a problem with the Astrotower swaying. The Fire Department of New York responded to the park after concerns regarding the structural integrity of the former operational ride, which was situated in the center of",
"title": "Astroland"
},
{
"docid": "1106844",
"text": "Arrow Dynamics was an American manufacturing and engineering company that specialized in designing and building amusement park rides, especially roller coasters. Based in Clearfield, Utah, the company was the successor to Arrow Development (1946–1981) and Arrow Huss (1981–1986), which were responsible for several influential advancements in the amusement and theme park industries. Among the most significant was tubular steel track, which provided a smoother ride than the railroad style rails commonly used prior to the 1960s on wooden roller coasters. The Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland, built in 1959, was Arrow's first roller coaster project. In 1975, Arrow Development introduced the first corkscrew style track Corkscrew, at Knott's Berry Farm that sent riders through a series of corkscrews. Arrow created several other \"firsts\" over the years, introducing the first suspended roller coaster in almost a century, The Bat, in 1981, and the first \"hypercoaster\", Magnum XL-200, which opened in 1989. They built the first 4th Dimension roller coaster, X2, which was designed by Alan Schilke in 2002. Arrow Development's ownership changed three times between the 1950s and 1980s. Arrow Dynamics would eventually survive two bankruptcies and spin off a sister company, Fabriweld, primarily to build track, by 1988. Arrow Dynamics eventually closed on December 3, 2001. S&S Worldwide purchased part of Arrow's remaining assets on October 28, 2002, and the remainder of the company was dissolved. In 2012, Sansei Yusoki Co. of Osaka, Japan, acquired a 77.3% interest in S&S - Arrow. History Beginnings Arrow Dynamics' forerunner, Arrow Development, was founded in 1946 when Ed Morgan, Karl Bacon, Bill Hardiman, and Angus \"Andy\" Anderson, started a machine shop in Mountain View, California. They started out selling used machine tools, building truck parts, and repairing cars until about 1950 when they built their first merry-go-rounds for San Jose's Alum Rock Park. In 1953, they contacted Walt Disney, who was just beginning to plan a new type of amusement park in California. Disney hired the company to help design and build the vehicles for Mr. Toad's Wild Ride. They would eventually design and build the ride systems for many of Disneyland's original and early rides, including Mad Tea Party, King Arthur Carrousel, Casey Jr. Circus Train, and Snow White's Scary Adventures. Disney continued to use Arrow as Disneyland expanded. Arrow designed and built Dumbo the Flying Elephant, Autopia, and Alice in Wonderland in coming years as well as upgrading and renovating the King Arthur Carrousel. Roller coaster manufacturing In 1959, Arrow Development designed what was to be their first of many roller coasters, the Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. Built in conjunction with WED Imagineering, the ride was the first modern tubular steel tracked roller coaster. After construction of the Matterhorn, Disney bought a third of Arrow Development in an effort to keep them viable and at least partially in-house. Arrow had already developed rides for other customers, and had orders for more, so they moved into a larger plant in Mountain View. At the new location, Arrow developed vehicles, flumes",
"title": "Arrow Dynamics"
},
{
"docid": "64451235",
"text": "In Japan, amusement parks have been historically used to describe botanical gardens, festival spaces, and conventional parks with amusement equipment. These parks were originally a place for the wealthy to spend money and time; however, in modern times they have become popular with the general public. The first Japanese amusement park, Hanayashiki, opened as a botanical garden at the end of the Edo period, in 1853. The park featured tree peonies and chrysanthemums, but around 1872 a more conventional amusement facility was established. Hanayashiki closed in 1942 due to World War II. Post-war, the park reopened in 1947 as Asakusa Hanayashiki. Tarazuka New Onsen (宝塚新温泉), which was purpose built in 1911 as an amusement park, also claimed the title of oldest amusement park before it closed in 2003. The longest continually operating amusement park in Japan is Hirakata Park in Osaka. It has been in operation since 1912, and has been renovated multiple times. Amusement Parks in Edo Period During the beginning to mid-Edo period, large botanical gardens were created by Daimyo residences and temples. These gardens were filled with plum, chrysanthemum, and other seasonal flowers and proved popular among wealthy Edo-era people. In 1852, Saito wrote “Since spring, we have been planting many plum trees in a forest at Sensoji Temple on an area of 6,000 square meters, as well as flowers in all seasons. The pond has been dug to add to the beauty of the area, and resting places have been provided in several places. There is completed in the summer and has been open to the public since June. This was the brainchild of Gardener Rokusaburo”. Amusement Parks in Meiji and Taisho Period Amusement Parks as Railway Advertisements In the Meiji and Taisho period, private railway companies began to build amusement parks around railway stations in order to increase the number of passengers. Takarazuka New Onsen (宝塚新温泉) was established in 1911 by Hankyu Corporation. It was a hot spring facility. Yasuno says that “founder Kobayashi established the Minoh Arima Electric Railway (Hankyu Railway Takarazuka Line now) from Umeda, Osaka to Takarazuka, Hyogo. In addition, he began to develop the railway line, and opened the amusement park in Takarazuka at the end of the line in order to increase the number of passengers.” Hirakata Park in Hirakata City, Osaka is still in operation today. The park was established by Keihan Electric Railway Co. Ltd., as a botanical garden with chrysanthemum dolls being the main attraction. Atmosphere of Amusement Parks At the beginning of the Taisho period, urban entertainment was still dominated by adult males. For example, facilities existed as red-light districts. The entertainment districts with their am-phi theaters and movie theaters were also not very safe. Sightseeing, viewing chrysanthemum puppets and plays, and bathing breaks were major attractions to early amusement parks. These amusement parks were places of relaxation for the wealthy, as most families could not afford to attend these parks. Amusement Parks in Showa Period In the Showa period, the purpose of amusement parks and",
"title": "History of amusement parks in Japan"
},
{
"docid": "5017526",
"text": "Harry Guy Traver (November 25, 1877 – September 27, 1961) was an American engineer and early roller coaster designer. As the founder of the Traver Engineering Company, he was responsible for the production of gentle amusement rides like the Tumble Bug and Auto Ride. His roller coasters became legendary for their unique twisted layouts and thrilling, swooped turns. At a time when most coasters were built from wood, Traver was the first coaster builder to utilize steel for the primary structural material. He also built the first motorized fire engine in New York City. Biography Traver was born in Gardner, Illinois on November 25, 1877, and graduated from Davenport High School in Davenport, Nebraska in 1894. After teaching for three years in the western part of the United States, he took a job with General Electric in 1898, working for the company at the Omaha Exhibition that year. Subsequently employed by the Harris Safety Co. in New York City as a superintendent, he began designing amusement rides in 1903. His first major success was the Airplane Swing, which remains a staple of amusement parks even today. In 1919, he founded the Traver Engineering Company in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, which created amusement rides, including the Tumble Bug, The Caterpillar, Laff in the Dark, Auto Ride, and the Circle-Swing, a ride similar in concept to the earlier Captive Flying Machines ride popularized in the United Kingdom by American-born inventor Sir Hiram Maxim. In 1945, he began designing a new torpedo and other weapons for the United States Navy, in collaboration with a research division at Columbia University, for the Navy's use during World War II. Post-war, he helped to design an improved rocket launcher for the U.S. Navy. He died at the New Rochelle Hospital in New Rochelle, New York at the age of 83 on September 26, 1961. His funeral was held at the Davis Funeral Home in New Rochelle on September 28. Notable roller coasters Traver's \"Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters\" were what made him the most famous (or notorious) of all coaster designers. His most famous coasters were the \"terrible trio\", all built in 1927. They were: \"Cyclone\" – Built in Crystal Beach Park, Ontario, Canada. \"Lightning\" – Revere Beach, Massachusetts. \"Cyclone\" – Palisades Amusement Park, New Jersey. While not part of the trio, \"Zip\" at Oaks Amusement Park in Portland, Oregon was a more compactly-designed Giant Cyclone. All three shared the same twisted layout and utilized trains based on a Prior and Church design: The Great Coasters International Millennium Flyers are patterned after this rolling stock. After leaving the station, the trains would turn 180 degrees and ascended the lift hill. Coming off the lift, the trains dived down to the right, climbing to a sharp jog to the left. A drop and hill followed, and then a severely pitched double helix. Coming out of the helix, the train entered a figure-eight banked at 89 degrees. After the figure-eight, a spiral hill led under the lift, where a jarring",
"title": "Harry Traver"
},
{
"docid": "1213164",
"text": "Playland Amusement Park is an amusement park in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The amusement park is located at Hastings Park and is operated by the Pacific National Exhibition (PNE), an organization that hosts an annual summer fair and exhibition adjacent to Playland. Playland opened at its current location in 1958, although its predecessor, Happyland, operated at Hastings Park from 1929 to 1957. Playland was formally made a division of the PNE in 1993. Playland operates seasonally, opening from May to September every year. The park also reopens in October for its annual \"Fright Nights\" Halloween themed events. As of 2018, the park operated 39 attractions, including three roller coasters. Additional rides are brought in from West Coast Amusements during the PNE's annual summer fair from mid-August to Labour Day; nearly doubling the number of rides at the park. History Predecessor The Pacific National Exhibition (PNE) has hosted a number of amusement rides since it opened in 1910; with an early roller coaster installed in 1915. However, a permanent amusement complex was not built until the 1920s. Built at Hastings Park, several rides were opened by 1926, including a Shoot the Chute ride and a new roller coaster, the Giant Dipper, to replace the one built in 1915. Although the first rides were opened by 1926, Playland's predecessor, Happyland, did not fully open for its first regular season until 1929. Happyland was operated by several companies while it was open, including the British Columbia Amusement Company; and the Pacific Amusement Company. The park continued to operate until 1957, when amusement park operations were moved to its present location. The original site was demolished after the amusement park's relocation; with the site later being used for Pacific Coliseum. Playland Construction for the modern amusement park occurred from December 1957 to 1958, with the park opening in time for that year's PNE exhibition. Reopened as Playland, the park featured several new attractions including the Wooden Roller Coaster, the country's largest at the time of its opening. Although it was located adjacent to the PNE's fairgrounds, the amusement park did not formally become a division of the Pacific National Exhibition until January 1993. In 2001, the park begain operating Halloween-themed events or \"Fright Nights\" during the month of October. During this time, haunted houses are set up inside the amusement park and employed monsters are roaming the park scaring patrons. Most of the parks regular amusement rides are in operation. The haunted houses have been owned and managed by ScreamWorks Inc., a Calgary-based company. Fright Nights event and its including the haunted houses were managed by the PNE and Playland beginning in 2009. In 2009, the Wooden Roller Coaster was designated with \"classic\" and \"landmark\" status by the American Coaster Enthusiasts. Attractions As of 2018, Playland is home to 39 attractions. Interactive attractions at Playland including a climbing wall, face painting, the Glass House funhouse, and mini golf. Playland also has a haunted house attraction and shooting gallery, although these attractions are not included",
"title": "Playland (Vancouver)"
},
{
"docid": "34171777",
"text": "The Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad is a narrow-gauge heritage railroad and amusement park attraction located in the Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio. The railroad opened in 1963, making it one of the oldest operating rides at Cedar Point. It consists of a total of five steam locomotives, with four of them in operating condition. In 2013, the railroad celebrated its 50th anniversary in operation. History The railroad originally opened in 1963 with construction starting in the Fall of 1962. Some of the railroad cars were previously before being converted to gauge. The railroad runs on a 2-mile circuit around the park. There are currently two stations, the Main Station in Celebration Plaza and the Frontier Town Station in Frontier Town. Much track work has been done over the years to re-route the track but the most significant track work came in 2007 when the track by the Frontier Town station had to be re-done to navigate around Cedar Point's new coaster, Maverick. In 2013, Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad celebrated its 50th anniversary. In its first 50 years of operation the ride had more than 116 million passengers. Locomotives There are currently five steam locomotives on the railroad, with four of them in operating condition, #44 \"Judy K.\", #22 \"Myron H.\", #4 \"George R.\", and #1 \"G.A. Boeckling\". Myron H. or Judy K. are the primary locomotives used on a daily basis. Either locomotive can be used as the second engine for two train operations. The G.A. Boeckling and the George R. are available as back ups if their services are needed. The engines used at Cedar Point are all historic locomotives that were built for a variety of uses before ending up at the park. All four of the operating engines fire on coal as their fuel source. Engine #44 \"Judy K.\" Engine #44, nicknamed the \"Judy K.\", was built by the Vulcan Iron Works in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania in 1923 as construction number 3333. As an type, it is nearly identical to the engine which became the Myron H. It is not known who the original owner was, but it was sold at an unknown date to the Lehigh Stone Company in Lehigh, Illinois. In 1960, it was sold to Peter Burno, a private collector in Spring Green, Wisconsin. It was sold to Cedar Point in August 1968 and converted to a type with tender. It was unnamed until 1974, when it was named the \"Jack Foster\" after the first superintendent of the Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad. The engine had been retired by the late 1980s and sat with the Myron H. in the back of the enginehouse. It was fully restored in 1992 and renamed the \"Judy K.\" after the wife of Richard Kinzel. Engine #22 \"Myron H.\" Engine #22, nicknamed the \"Myron H.\", was built by the Vulcan Iron Works in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania in October 1922 as construction number 3264 and was sold to the Wayne Coal Company in Claybank,",
"title": "Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad"
},
{
"docid": "15632708",
"text": "Roller coaster amusement rides have origins back to ice slides constructed in 18th-century Russia. Early technology featured sleds or wheeled carts that were sent down hills of snow reinforced by wooden supports. The technology evolved in the 19th century to feature railroad track using wheeled cars that were securely locked to the track. Newer innovations emerged in the early 20th century with side friction and underfriction technologies to allow for greater speeds and sharper turns. By the mid-to-late 20th century, these elements intensified with the introduction of steel roller coaster designs and the ability to invert riders. History Beginnings The world's oldest roller coasters descended from the \"Russian Mountains\", which were hills of ice built in the 17th century for the purpose of sliding, located in the gardens of palaces around the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg. Other languages also reference Russian mountains when referring to roller coasters, such as the Spanish (), the Italian (Roller coaster), and the French (). The Russian term for roller coaster, (amerikanskie gorki), translates literally as \"American mountains\". The recreational attractions were called Katalnaya Gorka (Катальная Горка) or \"sliding mountain\" in Russian. Many were built to a height of with a 50-degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports covered in ice. The slides became popular with the Russian upper class. Catherine the Great of Russia constructed a summer version of the ride at her estate in 1784, which relied on wheeled carts instead of sleds that rode along grooved tracks. Russian soldiers occupying Paris from 1815 to 1816, after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, may have introduced the Russian amusement of sledding down steep hills. In July 1817, a French banker named Nicolas Beaujon opened the Parc Beaujon, an amusement park on the Champs Elysees. Its most famous feature was the Promenades Aériennes or \"Aerial Strolls.\" It featured wheeled cars securely locked to the track, guide rails to keep them on course, and higher speeds. The three-wheel carts were towed to the top of a tower, and then released to descend two curving tracks on either side. King Louis XVIII of France came to see the park, but it is not recorded if he tried the ride. Before long there were seven similar rides in Paris: Les Montagnes françaises (The French Mountains), le Delta, les Montagnes de Belleville (The Mountains of Belleville), les Montagnes américaines (the American Mountains), Les Montages lilliputiennes, (The miniature mountains), Les Montagnes suisses (The Swiss mountains), and Les Montagnes égyptiennes (The Egyptian mountains). In the beginning, these attractions were primarily for the upper classes. In 1845 a new amusement park opened in Copenhagen, Tivoli, which was designed for the middle class. These new parks featured roller coasters as permanent attractions. The first permanent loop track was probably also built in Paris from an English design in 1846, with a single-person wheeled sled running through a 13-foot (4 m) diameter vertical loop. These early single loop designs were called Centrifugal Railways. In 1887, a French entrepreneur, Joseph Oller, the owner",
"title": "History of the roller coaster"
},
{
"docid": "16693028",
"text": "Wedgewood Village Amusement Park was an amusement park in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It was originally started in 1955 by Maurice Woods and located at May and NW 58th street, where it was known as Duffys Golf. Maurice started to notice that wives and children were sitting in their cars while their husbands used the driving range. Thus, the idea was to place a few kiddie rides to keep them occupied. The rides became so popular that Maurice decided to acquire the land at 63rd and N.W. Expressway where he built Wedgewood Village (named after the idea of a wedge and wood golf club). It opened in 1958 and lasted until 1969. Most of the rides were sold after the 1968 season. The park sported a number of rides, most notably the Tornado coaster. Tornado The Tornado was a wooden roller coaster built and designed by John C. Allen and the Philadelphia Toboggan Company. The coaster was built in 1961, and enlarged from its original tall to tall for the 1962 season. After 1962, the lift hill led directly into a turn before the first drop, and a new high turn was added at the station end, with the rest of the ride maintaining its pre-expansion configuration <ref> It was sold in 1968, and rebuilt in Panama City, Florida at Petticoat Junction Amusement Park. It operated there until September of 1984 when that park closed. It was sold after that closing to a park in Ohio, where parts of it were incorporated into an existing coaster. Other Maurice Woods died in July 2008. He was working on a Wedgewood coffee table book at the time. The olympic regulation size pool is still in existence and the Wedgewood Apartments have now been built around it. References External links Wedgewood Village Tribute Site Amusement park lives on in the memories of its fans Amusement parks in Oklahoma 1955 establishments in Oklahoma 1969 disestablishments in Oklahoma Defunct amusement parks in the United States Buildings and structures in Oklahoma City Amusement parks opened in 1955 Amusement parks closed in 1969",
"title": "Wedgewood Village Amusement Park"
},
{
"docid": "38482095",
"text": "National Amusement Devices in Dayton, Ohio was an American construction company founded in 1919 as the Dayton Fun House by Aurel Vaszin. Based on research, they built a 2-foot gauge miniature train that could be either gasoline or electric powered. This resembled a typical standard-gauge center cab electric train as early as 1922. Vaszin was an early environmental idealist and really pushed the idea of electric powered trains, as safer and less polluting. A young mechanical engineer by the name of Frank Williams joined the Dayton Fun House in the mid-1920s, and later so did his dad and his son. They greatly improved on the concepts that had been previously developed. After World War II the Fun House began attracting worldwide recognition, and supplying amusement parks elsewhere. They changed their name to \"National Amusement Device Co.\" (or NAD) and operated under that name for three decades. They designed some of the popular early miniature trains used in amusement parks around the country. Their most popular and recognizable model was the \"Century Flyer\", supplied to various amusement parks and for children's rides. From the 1940s to the 1960s, NAD also built some full-size rollercoasters, many designed by John Miller. These were mostly wooden, and as of 2022, only 3 still exist and operate today. Famous rides In addition to building trains and components for amusement parks, NAD also built entire rides, including some unique roller coasters. As of 1959, they claimed to have built more than 400 full roller coasters. Some of their famous rides include: A mile-long roller coaster (name currently unknown) in Guatemala City, Guatemala. Operated from 1953 – 1960. It was a ravine coaster, built from cypress and pine cut by hand from the nearby jungle, reported by Billboard Magazine to be 2400 feet long, and it has been said \"workers had to dig 38 feet out of the side of a mountain to get the right grade.\" Unfortunately, it lasted only a few years before a new government used it for firewood. The \"Big Dipper\" at Camden Park (amusement park), in Huntington, West Virginia , was built in 1958. The Big Dipper features original Century Flyer cars with working headlights, and a classic figure-eight track design. The ride's name refers to a big dip measuring almost the full height of the roller coaster after the first turn. A second, shallower dip leads into an unlit tunnel, from which the cars emerge shortly before returning to the pavilion to let off passengers. The \"Big Dipper\" and \"Little Dipper\" (also built by NAD and located at Camden Park) are both still in operation, as of 2015, running with no seat belts and manual brakes. Although John A. Miller is often credited with designing the \"Big Dipper\" at Camden Park, he, in fact, did not. The confusion lies with the common name of the coaster, in that he designed three other coasters also named \"Big Dipper\", located in Aurora, OH (1925), Blackpool, England (1923), and Chicago, IL (1920). The Camden",
"title": "National Amusement Devices"
},
{
"docid": "58002109",
"text": "Parko Paliatso Luna Park is an amusement park in Ayia Napa, Cyprus. It's the largest amusement park in Cyprus built on a land. It's a free-to-enter amusement park. It was established in 1999 by Vali Amusements Ltd. Due to its central location in Ayia Napa, a parking area is available that can host up to 300 cars. In 2021, Vali Amusements expanded its business opening another park in Protaras area, at Cavo Greco Avenue, called Protaras Fun Park. It’s a smaller park however it provides lots of fun rides for the whole family. During Christmas holidays Paramythoupoli and Christmas Land operate usually between November to January. The first one takes place in Nicosia and the second one in Larnaca. Parko Paliatso is usually closed between late October to April, however its indoor playground and restaurant are open and used for birthday parties and other events. Attractions The park has 25 rides and attractions separated into three main categories: Extreme rides, Family rides and Kiddie rides. The biggest and most popular attraction is the 90-metre (300 feet) tall SlingShot, one of the tallest rides in Europe. In 2010, the park acquired a 45-metre (147 feet) tall Giant Wheel. Extreme rides SlingShot Street Fighter (Rolling Stones) Booster Family rides Break Dance Swing Ride Crazy Frog Caterpillar Coaster Musik Express Giant Wheel Ghost Train - Fantasma Wild Mouse Adult Bumper Cars 5D Cinema Kiddie rides Carousel Safari Train Tea Cups Bungee Trampolines Kiddie Paradise Paratrooper Mini Wheel Convoy Trampolines Bumper Boats Motorbikes Junior Bumper Cars It also offers a variety of amusement arcade games and carnival games (e.g. shooting gallery, lucky games etc.). The park has a restaurant, a free playground area, stands selling food and bars selling drinks. Incidents Star Flyer On Friday, 12 April 2019, a 7-year-old boy and his 44-year-old mother from Russia were riding the Star Flyer, when their swing collided with a nearby ride resulting in both of them being seriously injured. The boy suffered an exposed fracture on his right leg, while his mother lacerated her left knee, broke her right hand and suffered a concussion. The ride was removed from the park shortly after. Gallery References Amusement park attractions",
"title": "Parko Paliatso"
},
{
"docid": "44458250",
"text": "ZDT's Amusement Park is a family amusement park located in Seguin, Texas. The park first opened in 2007 and has grown to feature 12 attractions, three of which are water rides, along with a video game arcade. It is open year-round with the exception of its water rides which only operate from March through September. The park opened its first roller coaster, Switchback, in 2015. History In March 2007, ZDT's Amusement Park first opened its doors to the public and featured five indoor attractions. Owners Danny and Sarah Donhauser named the park after their three children – Zac, Danielle, and Tiffany – using the first letter of each name. Multi-level go-karts were added in 2008, and Mad Raft Water Coaster, a water coaster that was the park's first water ride, opened in 2011. In late 2014, ZDT's unveiled plans to build Switchback, a wooden shuttle roller coaster that features a 104-degree overbanked turn and a record-breaking, 87-degree incline. Manufactured by The Gravity Group, the ride drops riders and reaches speeds of up to . The custom-designed roller coaster opened to the public on October 17, 2015. It navigates through and around various buildings and structures ending in a culminating finale element called the Grand Spike, which sends riders upward an 87-degree incline. Switchback is the first and only wooden shuttle coaster of its kind and derives its name from the 1884 Switchback Railway, considered to have been the first coaster in United States. The theme of the ride also celebrates the history of the property on which the park is built with its locomotive-themed train cars. The park grounds were once an agricultural and grocery center containing within the block of land everything from grain silos to meat processing. All of the buildings in the park were remodeled from their original purposes instead of being torn down and rebuilt. The Silo Climb, for example, is a climbing wall built on the facade of the silos that once stored the grain of local farmers. The indoor section of the GoKarts runs through the warehouses in which that grain was processed, where one can see hanging above some of the original equipment used for this process. The main building of the park was once a grocery center that would have stored and readied the finished product for sale. The walkway to the water park is built atop the old train tracks which were used to transport that product to other areas, and an original Santa Fe executive train car still sits along this walkway in part to commemorate this history. Rides and attractions Switchback Switchback is a wooden shuttle roller coaster. The ride first opened on October 17, 2015 at ZDT's Amusement Park in Seguin, Texas. The ride is currently the record holder for steepest wooden roller coaster at 87 degrees, as well as the first wooden shuttle coaster. Other attractions References Amusement parks in Texas 2007 establishments in Texas Buildings and structures in Guadalupe County, Texas Tourist attractions in Guadalupe County,",
"title": "ZDT's Amusement Park"
},
{
"docid": "13134592",
"text": "Stricker's Grove is a family owned amusement park located in Ross, Ohio, USA. Unlike other amusement parks, Stricker's Grove is closed to the public for most of the year. Instead, it is rented out for private functions, such as weddings. The park is open to the public for 8 days of every year, on July 4, 4 days in mid July for the Hamilton County 4-H Community Fair, the second Sunday in August (Family Day), Labor Day, and a Sunday in October called \"Customer Appreciation Day\". History The park was first started in 1924 in Mt. Healthy, Ohio by Henry Stricker on of property next to the Drive-in on Compton Rd. The Stricker's lived in a house on the property. Henry Stricker initially used the land for a place for coworkers to come to on weekends to picnic and enjoy the countryside. A dance hall was later added, and was designed so that if the park failed, it could be converted into a chicken coop. In the 1940s, a pony cart ride was added along with a horse and pony track. The first rides arrived at the park in 1954, including the Boat Ride and the Rockets, both of which remain in operation. Upon Henry's death in 1960, the park was passed on to his three sons, Harold, Elmer, and Ralph. In 1972, the park was relocated to Ross, Ohio and Ralph became the sole owner. Ralph died in January 2007. His daughter Debbie and three longtime employees now operate the park. Rides and attractions Stricker's Grove currently has several amusement rides, including two \"classic\" wooden roller coasters. Tornado The larger of the roller coasters is Tornado, designed by Al Collins and built by Ralph Stricker. The ride started construction in 1990 and opened in 1993. The ride runs a single Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters train. The Tornado is a mirror image of the former John C. Allen designed Jet Coaster (later known as the Mighty Lightnin' and the Comet) at the now defunct Rocky Glen Park in Moosic, Pennsylvania. it goes 45 miles per hour. Teddy Bear The Teddy Bear wooden roller coaster is a small family sized ride first built in 1996, also by Ralph Stricker. Like the Tornado, the Teddy Bear coaster was built using the blueprints from the 1935 built Teddy Bear at Coney Island in Cincinnati, Ohio. The coaster has been recognized as an ACE Classic Coaster. Other attractions Boat Ride Rockets Little Cars Kiddie Whip Kiddie Turtles (a kiddie-sized Tumble Bug) Carousel Train ride Ferris wheel Tilt-A-Whirl Scrambler Flying Scooters Electric Rainbow (Round Up) Miniature golf Pirate ship Elephants Tip Top Former rides Kiddie Coaster (a 13 foot tall purple kiddie coaster) Crazy Daisy (a Philadelphia Toboggan Company miniature \"Cuddle-Up\" ride) Helicopters Topsy Turvy Freefall Pictures References External links Official Stricker's G Amusement parks in Ohio Buildings and structures in Butler County, Ohio Tourist attractions in Butler County, Ohio 1924 establishments in Ohio Amusement parks opened in 1924 Family-owned companies of the United States",
"title": "Stricker's Grove"
},
{
"docid": "17505639",
"text": "North Point State Park is a public recreation area located on Chesapeake Bay in Edgemere, Baltimore County, Maryland. The state park includes the site of the former Bay Shore Park, which was one of the state's premiere amusement parks during the first half of the 20th century. The park features restored remnants of the old amusement park as well as facilities for swimming, picnicking, bicycling, and hiking. Black Marsh, a state wildlands area, makes up half the park's area. The park is administered by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources. History The park occupies the southeastern portion of Patapsco River Neck, a peninsula of historically agricultural use. Evidence suggests that the area was first occupied by humans 9000 years ago. Members of the Susquehannock, a tribe of the Iroquois nation, inhabited the area. During the War of 1812, it was on the route traveled by British troops intent on invading Baltimore from the southeast and several skirmishes were fought there. The site was used for farming for some three and a half centuries before becoming the site of Bay Shore Amusement Park, a popular destination for summer visitors from 1906 through 1947. Bay Shore Park Bay Shore Amusement Park (or Bay Shore Park) was built on 30 acres in 1906 by the United Railways and Electric Company of Baltimore using plans drawn up by architects Otto Simonson and Theodore Wells Pietsch. During its time, the park was a lively and attractive place offering a variety of recreations and relaxation along the Chesapeake Bay. Activities included a dance hall, bowling alley, restaurant, and pier. In addition to the trolley/streetcar from Baltimore, visitors could reach the park by steamboat from Baltimore to the park pier. Jimmy Doolittle won the Schneider Trophy seaplane race held at the park in 1925, an event attended by aviation pioneers Orville Wright and Glenn L. Martin. In 1947, Bethlehem Steel bought and tore down the amusement park. The attractions were moved to a new park, Bay Island Beach, in the 1950s, which was then torn down by Bethlehem Steel in the 1960s. In 1987, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources purchased the land from Bethlehem Steel for five million dollars to create what was then known as Black Marsh State Park. In 1992, Bay Shore Amusement Park and its trolley station were evaluated by the Maryland Historical Trust for the National Register of Historic Places. They were found to eligible because of their association with streetcar-related recreation. The park was a big proponent of the use of streetcars and used them for recreation. Activities and amenities The park has several piers and provides beach access to visitors for wading and swimming. There are picnic tables and grills on site. The historical fountain has been restored, as well as the old trolley station, which is used by permit for large gatherings. The Takos Visitor Center, which opened in 2002, was named in honor of Volunteer Ranger Steve Takos who spearheaded the renovation efforts at the park. It was",
"title": "North Point State Park"
},
{
"docid": "898873",
"text": "Dreamland Margate is an amusement park and entertainment centre based on a traditional English seaside funfair located in Margate, Kent, England. The site of the park was first used for amusement rides in 1880, although the Dreamland name was not used until 1920 when the park's Grade II* listed (particularly significant building of more than local interest) Scenic Railway wooden rollercoaster was opened. The number of amusements at the park increased during the 1960s and 1970s, and in 1981 the site was sold to the Dutch Bembom brothers, who renamed it \"Bembom Brothers White Knuckle Theme Park\". The name remained until it reverted to Dreamland in 1990. In the early 2000s, the park began to enter into decline, and a number of rides were sold to other theme parks. The park's owner announced in 2003 that Dreamland would be closed and the site redeveloped, although the listing of the Scenic Railway meant it could not be moved. The site was sold to Margate Town Centre Regeneration Company in 2005, and this company proposed a residential redevelopment. A number of local residents then launched a campaign to restore and reopen Dreamland instead, although final closure was later in the same year. The site then fell into a state of disrepair as objections were raised to redevelopment plans, and was subject to a series of arson attacks including one which significantly damaged the Scenic Railway. The public campaign to restore the park continued, and in September 2013, ownership passed to Thanet District Council after a compulsory purchase order was approved by a High Court judge. In 2014 it was confirmed that the park would be redeveloped. It re-opened in June 2015 as a \"Re-imagined Dreamland\". The operating company became insolvent in December 2015, but continued to operate under administration. A second refurbishment and relaunch took place in 2017, funded by the major creditor. History Origins The Dreamland site was a salt marsh known as the Mere that was inundated at high tide until 1809 when a causeway and seawall were built. In 1846 a railway terminus was built on the present Arlington site for the South Eastern Railway, followed in 1864 by a further terminus, for the rival London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) on the site of what is now Dreamland Cinema. The LCDR (under its subsidiary the Kent Coast Railway) completed this terminus in 1866, but no public service was ever offered. The junction faced Ramsgate, so a local Margate-Broadstairs-Ramsgate train service was envisaged. Dreamland's remote origins as an entertainment venue date from the same year, when London restaurateurs Spiers and Pond opened a restaurant and dance hall in the unused railway terminus on the Mere causeway. Not being very successful, this 'Hall by the Sea' was bought by the Reeve family of Margate in 1870 for £3,750, who also gradually acquired the low-lying land at the rear of the Hall. In 1870, circus entrepreneur George Sanger went into partnership to run the 'Hall by the Sea' with Thomas Dalby",
"title": "Dreamland Margate"
},
{
"docid": "43168429",
"text": "Murderworld is a fictional amusement park appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Murderworld was designed by the supervillain known as Arcade as a place to sadistically murder others via using carnival-themed robotics and traps, in some ways this makes it similar to a Circus of Fear archetype but it is specifically designed to be an execution camp. Publication history Murderworld first appeared in Marvel Team-Up #66 (February, 1978). Fictional history Rather than being a single location, Murderworld is the name given to the fairground/amusement park style deathtrap used by the assassin-for-hire Arcade. Utilizing sophisticated robotic and holographic systems, Arcade has frequently pitted various superheroes against Murderworld, sometimes for money and sometimes merely for the challenge. Arcade has built Murderworlds under Manhattan, on a Caribbean island, in Antarctica, in England, and numerous other locations around the world. First Murderworld The first known Murderworld was built underground beneath an amusement park in Manhattan. A large portion of this Murderworld was a large scale pinball machine used as a prelude to shake up his victims, but it also contained trapdoors, mazes, booby traps, and a variety of killer robotics. When the Maggia hired Arcade as an assassin, Spider-Man, Captain Britain and his love interest Courtney Ross became the first visitors to Murderworld. Although they escaped and destroyed a large portion of Murderworld, Arcade vowed to rebuild it bigger and better than before. Hired by Black Tom and Juggernaut, Arcade was able to capture the X-Men off the streets of New York City to have them battle inside Murderworld. With some effort, the X-Men were able to escape and rescue Colleen Wing, Betsy Wilford, and Amanda Sefton, who had been captured alongside them. When Arcade was captured by Doctor Doom, the reserve X-Men Iceman, Havok, Polaris and Banshee travelled to Murderworld to rescue several hostages taken by Arcade's aide Ms. Locke. Despite Ms. Locke and Mr. Chamber's efforts, the X-Men were again able to escape. Mystique later made a deal with Arcade to use Murderworld as training ground for her Brotherhood of Mutants. Shadowcat and Colossus found themselves trapped in Murderworld once when Arcade recruited them to save his life from Doctor Doom. However, Doom was revealed to a robot controlled by Miss Locke, who was allowed to try and kill Arcade on his birthday. Nightcrawler had to infiltrate Murderworld once when Arcade abducted and trapped Judith Rassendyl, the heiress to the royal throne of Ruritania. The original X-Factor had to brave the hazards Murderworld once to save the mutant son of Arcade's therapist. Courtney Ross was later again trapped in Murderworld, but she managed to escape death thanks to Excalibur's help and her own newly discovered talent at improvised comedy. X-Force After leaving Camp Verde, Cable and Domino decided to use Arcade's abandoned Murderworld as the new base of operations for X-Force. Murderworld provided a secure base and training area underground, but still offered access to Manhattan making an ideal headquarters. Not long after X-Force took up residency in Murderworld,",
"title": "Murderworld (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "1129988",
"text": "Palisades Amusement Park was a 38-acre amusement park located in Bergen County, New Jersey, across the Hudson River from New York City. It was located atop the New Jersey Palisades lying partly in Cliffside Park and partly in Fort Lee. The park operated from 1898 until 1971, remaining one of the most visited amusement parks in the country until its closure, after which a high-rise luxury apartment complex was built on its site. Trolley park era: 1898–1910 The park overlooked the Hudson River on of New Jersey riverfront land. It straddled what is now Cliffside Park and Fort Lee, and faced the northern end of Manhattan. In 1898, before common use of automobiles, the Bergen County Traction Company conceived the park as a trolley park to attract evening and weekend riders. It was originally known as \"The Park on the Palisades\". In 1908, the trolley company sold the park to August Neumann and Frank Knox, who hired Alven H. Dexter to manage it. Dexter imported a crude assortment of attractions which included a Ferris wheel, a baby parade, and diving horses. Schenck ownership: 1910–1934 In 1908, the park was renamed Palisades Amusement Park, and the new owners began adding amusement rides and attractions. In 1910 the park was purchased by Nicholas and Joseph Schenck and their Realty Trust Company. The Schencks were brothers who were active in the nascent motion picture industry in nearby Fort Lee, and operated the Fort George Amusement Park in New York City, across the Hudson River to the east. They renamed the park, naming it Schenck Bros. Palisade Park. In 1912 the park added a salt-water swimming pool. It was filled by pumping water from the saline Hudson River, below in the town of Edgewater. This pool, in surface area, was advertised as the largest salt-water wave pool in the nation. Behind the water falls were huge pontoons that rose up and down as they rotated, creating a one-foot wave in the pool. As the park added more attractions, it became so famous by the 1920s that the Borough of Palisades Park, located just west of the amusement park, considered changing its name to avoid confusion among amusement park visitors. In 1928, the park introduced the Cyclone roller coaster, the third of Harry Traver's \"Terrifying Triplets\". Due to the high maintenance costs, the ride was removed six years later. Rosenthal ownership: 1934–1971 In 1934 or 1935, Nicholas and Joseph Schenck sold the site for $450,000 to Jack and Irving Rosenthal. The brothers and entrepreneurs had made a fortune as concessionaires at Coney Island in Brooklyn. They also owned some concessions and a carousel at Savin Rock Amusement Park in West Haven, Connecticut. The Rosenthals built the Coney Island Cyclone, a wooden coaster, completely different from the Travers' Triplets, in 1927. In 1935 the park was partially damaged by fire. In 1944, a second fire killed six people, forcing the park to close until the start of the 1945 season. The Rosenthals reverted the park's name",
"title": "Palisades Amusement Park"
},
{
"docid": "8020110",
"text": "Castle Park, formerly Castle Amusement Park, is a 25-acre amusement park and family amusement center located in Riverside, California. The park utilizes a medieval \"castle\" theme and includes attractions such as a miniature golf course, arcade, and 22 amusement rides including two roller coasters such as Merlin's Revenge, a junior rollercoaster, and Screamin' Demon, a spinning Wild Mouse rollercoaster. The main \"castle\" themed building, houses the arcade as well as its only dark ride, \"Ghost Blasters\", an interactive attraction, designed by Sally Corporation, which can also be found at other amusement parks throughout North America. The park was designed, built and operated by Bud Hurlbut, who designed several rides at Knott's Berry Farm. Castle Park is currently owned and operated by Palace Entertainment. History The park opened in 1976 as a Family entertainment center, featuring a castle themed building housing a large two level video game arcade, and an outdoor miniature golf course. In 1985, the park expanded by adding an adjacent amusement ride area, featuring a collection of classic rides such as a Dentzel carousel built in 1905, a miniature railroad, and a log flume ride, thus becoming a legitimate amusement park. In 1999, the park opened Ghost Blasters, an interactive dark ride designed by Sally Corporation. The ride features laser guns which riders use to shoot at targets to accumulate points. The attraction is the park's first and only dark ride, and occupies the entire second floor of the former arcade area inside the main castle building, reducing the arcade to only the first floor. In 2008, the park opened \"Dragon Flyer\", a spinning flat ride, and \"Screamin' Demon\", a spinning wild mouse rollercoaster. On May 25, 2019, a woman was critically injured and her husband and child suffered less-severe injuries when the log ride malfunctioned and threw them into the water. The guests recovered mostly from their injuries. Attractions Rides: Antique Car Ride Bumper Cars Castle Park Railroad - A narrow gauge railroad. Crazy Plane - A rotating \"bus\" ride. Dragon Flyer - A \"flying\" ride. Dragons Tower - A vertical drop ride. Fireball - A looping ride. Flying Animals - A \"Dumbo\" style flat ride. Flying Saucer - A spinning gravity ride (A Gravitron). Ghost Blasters - An interactive Dark ride located in the arcade. Kings Crown - A swing ride. Sawmill Plunge - A log flume ride. Merlin's Revenge - A junior rollercoaster. Merry-Go-Round - A Dentzel Carousel built in 1907. Riverside Express - A gauge ridable miniature train ride. Rockin' Tug Scrambler Screamin' Demon Sea Dragon - A swinging ship. Sea planes - A children's flat ride. Spaceships - A children's flat ride. Spider - A spinning twirling ride. Tilt-a-Whirl Whip - A centrifugal ride. Wiggle Racers Other Attractions: Buccaneer Cove - A water play area. Arcade - A video game arcade also housing the \"Ghost Blasters\" attraction. Miniature Golf - An 18-hole miniature golf course area. Anthony The Magic - A magic show The Big Top - A private parties facility. Former Attractions:",
"title": "Castle Park (amusement park)"
},
{
"docid": "54168824",
"text": "Cyclone was the name of two wooden roller coasters which operated at Palisades Amusement Park in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The first operated from 1927 through 1934, and the second between 1945 and 1971. 1927 Coaster The first coaster was steel-framed wooden roller coaster which was designed and built by Harry Traver of the Traver Engineering Company and a member of the notorious Giant Cyclone Safety Coaster \"Terrifying Triplets\". History and design After hearing reports of the success of the Cyclone at Crystal Beach Park and the Lightning in Revere, Massachusetts, Nicholas and Joseph Schenck, the owners of Palisades Park, decided to buy their own Giant Cyclone Safety Coaster in 1927. Construction of the Cyclone ran into difficulty when dealing with the uneven, rocky terrain and limited space. As a result, the coaster was built quite near the cliff edge of the Palisades. The coaster opened mid-season on September 10, 1927. As with other members of the \"Terrifying Triplets\", the coaster suffered many maintenance issues throughout its existence and spent considerable periods of time standing but not operating. A modern roller coaster designer theorized that this was partly due to the additional wear and tear caused by the construction adjustments necessary for the Palisades terrain. Although the first Palisades Cyclone was built on a steel frame, fire also played at least some role in its destruction. A major fire at the amusement park in 1934 destroyed some of the coaster's wooden track. This, combined with its negative reputation and declining ridership (the coaster had been up for sale in 1933), led to its ultimate demolition. Ride experience As with the other Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters, the first Cyclone at Palisades was notorious for a rough ride. Although no fatal incidents were reported, park operators reported occasional broken ribs and collarbones. It is thought that this coaster may have been the roughest of the \"Terrifying Triplets\". The steel structure of the coaster on the unforgiving Palisades terrain and the design adjustments needed to accommodate it are thought to be partially responsible. The spiral element common on Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters was the tightest on the coaster, as were the turns. The ride incorporated the rapidly undulating \"Jazz Track\" common amongst steel-framed, Traver-designed coasters. A lack of repeat ridership was a particular problem for the income the coaster created. Only about 10% of rides given were re-rides (compared to about 40% for other coasters of the era). \"Cyclone watching\" (to see the reactions of pained riders) became a popular pastime and the park's owners considered giving a prize to anyone who rode the coaster three times in succession. 1945 Coaster The second coaster was a more traditional wooden coaster built by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters. The coaster was built partially from the remains of a previous coaster known as the Skyrocket. The Skyrocket had operated between 1926 and 1944, when it was destroyed by fire. This second Cyclone closed with Palisades in 1971. References Former roller coasters in New Jersey Cliffside",
"title": "Cyclone (Palisades Amusement Park)"
},
{
"docid": "7170902",
"text": "DelGrosso's Park is a family-oriented amusement park located in Tipton, Pennsylvania, a northern suburb of Altoona, Pennsylvania. The park was purchased by the DelGrosso family in 1946 and was named \"Bland's Park\" until 2000. In 2000, the DelGrosso family decided to change its name to \"DelGrosso's Amusement Park.\" The park hosts picnics and special music events in its pavilion/picnic area. The park includes more than 30 rides and an adjacent Italian-themed waterpark, Laguna Splash, that opened in 1997. The park resides on both sides of Old Route 220 with Laguna Splash and parking on the southeast side of the road, while park side resides on the northwest side of the road. The two sides of the park can be easily accessed by guests via a crosswalk that was built over the road in 1989. History The park was opened by the Rinard brothers on the Blands' family farm in 1907 and was originally called Bland's Park. It was purchased in 1946 by Ferdinand \"Fred\" DelGrosso at which time the park was home to a number of rides installed by the Rinards including the current Carouselle. Since purchasing the park, the DelGrosso family has continued to invest in the park with various ride and attractions such as a waterpark addition in 1997 and expansion in 1999 and 2016. Even after the purchase of the park by the DelGrossos, the park retained the Bland's Park name until 2000 when it was finally renamed DelGrosso's Amusement Park. The DelGrosso family is also the founder of DelGrosso Foods, Inc., which produces and distributes pizza sauce, spaghetti sauce, pasta, and other Italian specialty items. Roller coasters The first roller coaster to operate at the park was the Little Dipper, a steel children's coaster opened during the 1950s. In 1986, the Little Dipper was removed and replaced by the Zyklon, a larger steel coaster built by Italian manufacturer Pinfari the following season. Before being installed at the park, the Zyklon had operated at three other amusement parks between 1969 and 1986, originally opening as the \"Super Italian Bobs\" at the now-defunct Adventure Land in Illinois. In 2003, the Zyklon was removed from DelGrosso's and sold to Blue Diamond Park in Delaware. A Reverchon Crazy Mouse spinning coaster was installed in its place in 2004. In the same year, a Fajume \"Wacky Worm\" kiddie coaster was added to the park. In 2006, the park purchased the \"Revolution,\" an Arrow Dynamics loop and corkscrew coaster, from Libertyland for US$55,000 at auction. The coaster was never installed at the park and after many years of sitting in storage on site at the park, the coaster was purchased by Gloria's Fantasyland in the Philippines where it now operates as the \"Zimerman\". Attractions Roller coasters Thrill rides Family rides Kids Kingdom Past roller coasters Past attractions Little Dipper Sky Fighter Roto Whip Two Bumper Car Rides Calypso Roller Rink Pony Rides Flying Scooters Sea Dragon Balloon Race Ferris Wheel Red Baron Space Odyssey Flying Bobs Music Express Championship Miniature Golf Tipton",
"title": "DelGrosso's Park"
},
{
"docid": "1145900",
"text": "The Steel Pier is a 1,000-foot-long () amusement park built on a pier of the boardwalk in Atlantic City, New Jersey, across from the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City (formerly the Trump Taj Mahal). Built in 1897 and opened in 1898, it was one of the most popular venues in the United States for the first seven decades of the twentieth century, featuring concerts, exhibits, and an amusement park. It billed itself as the Showplace of the Nation and at its peak measured . The pier is owned by the Catanoso Family and operates under the Steel Pier Associates, LLC name. The Catanosos had previously leased the pier to operate the amusement park before they purchased it. The Steel Pier continues to operate as an amusement pier and is one of the most successful family-oriented attractions in the city. The pier has twenty-four rides, a helicopter station, an arcade, food stands, and more. The pier had also been connected to the former Trump Taj Mahal through an overhead walking bridge. History The pier was built by the Steel Pier Company and opened on June 18, 1898. It was built on iron pilings, using a concrete understructure with steel girders. In 1904, a storm washed away part of Steel Pier, and many engineers stated that it could not be rebuilt. Atlantic City's future mayor, Edward L. Bader, and his company accepted the challenge to rebuild it. His success with that job led to more work for him in Atlantic City. In 1924, a fire caused significant damage to the pier. Frank Gravatt purchased the pier the following year and renovated it. He was called the \"salt water Barnum\" by the local newspaper. The restored pier hosted dance bands, three movie theaters, exhibits, operas, children's shows, a water circus, stunts, and other attractions. Gravatt signed John Philip Sousa for a series of annual concerts. The General Motors Exhibit opened in 1926 and continued through 1933, when it was replaced by Ford. (General Motors returned in 1947 and continued until 1968.) From 1935 through 1938, the Steel Pier was where Miss America was crowned. It was described as \"An Amusement City at Sea\" and \"A Vacation in Itself.\" It also was once called the \"Showplace of the Nation\" and included such acts as the High Diving horse; Rex the Wonder Dog, the Human Cannonball, a water-skiing canine in the 1930s; the diving bell; and musicians, including Frank Sinatra and Al Jolson, among others. Diana Ross and The Supremes played week-long engagements during the summer in 1965, 1966, and 1967, to sold-out business in the Steel Pier's Music Hall Theater and the Marine Ballroom. \"Rain or Shine ... There's Always a Good Show on Steel Pier\" was another phrase used to describe the venue's varied entertainment. In 1945, the pier was purchased by George Hamid, who operated the competing Million Dollar Pier. He brought popular and rock and roll music to the pier, starting with Bill Haley and the Comets in 1955.",
"title": "Steel Pier"
},
{
"docid": "1267916",
"text": "A shuttle roller coaster is any roller coaster that ultimately does not make a complete circuit, but rather reverses at some point throughout its course and traverses the same track backwards. These are sometimes referred to as boomerang roller coasters, due to the ubiquity of Vekoma's Boomerang coaster model. Early history The first shuttle coasters were in fact the first roller coasters ever built. Inspired by the so-called \"Russian Mountains,\" these wheeled cars built on tracks found popularity in the early 19th century in Paris. In 1884, Switchback Railway opened at Coney Island, and consisted of a car that traveled on two tracks between two towers. It was the first roller coaster designed as an amusement ride in America. The next shuttle roller coaster to be built was Backety-Back Scenic Railway, built in 1909. First launched shuttle coasters The first two launched shuttle coaster designs were introduced in 1977 by competitors Arrow Development and Anton Schwarzkopf. Arrow built and opened three that year including Black Widow (now defunct) at Riverside Park, Screamin' Demon (also defunct) at Kings Island, and Zoomerang at Circus World (now located to Fun Spot Amusement Park & Zoo). Arrow's models used an electric motor to launch the train. Anton Schwarzkopf went with a different design using a dropped weight as a launch mechanism. This design was known as the Shuttle Loop. The first three built by that company were King Kobra at Kings Dominion (now located at Hopi Hari in Brazil), White Lightnin' at Carowinds (now located at Gold Reef City in South Africa), and Tidal Wave at California's Great America. Schwarzkopf later upgraded its launch mechanism to a flywheel design. The first two roller coasters based on this new design were both released in 1978 - Montezooma's Revenge at Knott's Berry Farm and Greezed Lightnin' at Six Flags AstroWorld, currently in storage in Plainview, Texas for Cliff's Amusement Park in New Mexico. The first flywheel launched roller coaster that opened in Europe was Sirocco at Walibi Wavre in 1982. In 1982, Schwarzkopf debuted variant model \"Wiener loop\" at Wiener Prater. Wiener loop use tire propelled launch, pulls to the top and dropping forward through the station, turn right and pass the vertical loop that cross the station, and turn left traveled up opposite side hill, through the curve and loop, into the station. Japanese shuttle coasters In 1979 Meisho Amusement Machines debuted \"The loop coaster\" at Tojoko land. After debuted improved type model built named \"Loop the loop\" built at few amusement park in Japan , and variant model:\"Moonsault Scramble\". Meisho's model used catch car lift , pulls to the top and dropping backward through the station into the single vertical loop and traveled up opposite side hill, through the loop, and into the station. In 1980 Senyo Kogyo debuted \"Atomic coaster\" at Mitsui green land, after same model built at few amusement park in Japan. Senyo model used chain lift , pulls to the flat top and dropping backward through the station and second",
"title": "Shuttle roller coaster"
},
{
"docid": "3519225",
"text": "Lincoln Beach was an amusement park in New Orleans, Louisiana, functioning from 1939 through 1965. The park was for the area's black population during the Jim Crow era of racial segregation. Lincoln Beach was located along the shore of Lake Pontchartrain near Little Woods, in a portion of the Eastern New Orleans section of the Ninth Ward of New Orleans that was little developed in the 1930s. The land where Lincoln Beach was located was deeded to the city by Sam Zemurray in 1938 and purchased within a year by the Orleans Levee Board. The Levee Board first designated this section as a swimming area in the lake for \"colored\" New Orleanians, then built out additional land in the lake for the amusement park to be built on. The park was similar to the then \"whites only\" Pontchartrain Beach amusement park, only on a smaller scale. It featured various rides, games, restaurants, a swimming pool in addition to lake swimming, and frequent live music performances. In the last decade, Fats Domino, Nat King Cole, The Neville Brothers, and more performed there. Pontchartrain Beach was desegregated in 1964 and the city stopped taking care of Lincoln Beach and it soon fell into disrepair and closed in 1965. Although there have been various proposals to redevelop the Lincoln Beach site, the decaying ruins of the park have remained vacant for decades. The history of Lincoln Beach is recounted in the book, The Land Was Ours: African American Beaches from Jim Crow to the Sunbelt South (published by Harvard University Press, 2012). In 2020, Reggie Ford, a New Orleans artist, began cleaning up the beach. Others, like Sage Michael, have joined the clean-up effort. The beach is currently clean and being used by the community with several hundred visitors on the average weekend. New Orleans Mayor LaToya Cantrell started her own assessment of the usability of the beach and has stated she finds the beach to be unsafe in its current state. Councilmember Cyndi Nguyen is supporting the project. References Kahrl, Andrew W, The Land Was Ours: African American Beaches from Jim Crow to the Sunbelt South (Harvard University Press, 2012) External links Amusement parks in New Orleans Defunct amusement parks in Louisiana 20th century in New Orleans 1939 establishments in Louisiana 1965 disestablishments in Louisiana Amusement parks opened in 1939 Amusement parks closed in 1965",
"title": "Lincoln Beach amusement park"
},
{
"docid": "6018452",
"text": "The Myrtle Beach Pavilion was a historic pay-per-ride, no parking fee, 11-acre amusement park that was located in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina at the corner of 9th Avenue North and Ocean Boulevard. It was just a few blocks down from another Myrtle Beach amusement park, the Family Kingdom Amusement Park; both in the \"heart\" of Myrtle Beach. \"The Pavilion\" had well over 40 different attractions for kids and thrill-seekers alike, and included the wooden rollercoaster Hurricane: Category 5. Despite all the best efforts made by citizens to save the park, it was lost to redevelopment in 2007. While the park was officially closed and became a vacant lot on 9th Avenue and Ocean Boulevard in 2007, some of the rides and attractions were moved to Broadway at the Beach. Broadway at the Beach and the land at 9th Avenue are both owned by Burroughs & Chapin. History Before the Myrtle Beach Pavilion Amusement Park, several Pavilions were built before the one that lasted the longest. All were a product of Burroughs & Chapin, one of the companies responsible for the development of the Myrtle Beach area. Each of the Pavilions had a different architectural style and were even built of different materials, but all served as a place where the community could gather for interaction and entertainment. The first Pavilion that was built in 1908 was a one-story building that was part of Myrtle Beach's first hotel, the now long-gone Seaside Inn. It was destroyed by a fire, though the bricks from that site were later used in nearby Conway. The Pavilion was later rebuilt in 1923 as a two-story complex, expanded in 1938, which was hit with another fire in 1944 which burned the building to the ground. It was rebuilt for a third time out of poured concrete, opening in 1949, and had a large wooden dance floor which was located on the second floor along with a stage and grandstands. The Magic Attic was where people danced to beach music and later, when it was simply called The Attic, to other musical styles. The amusement park itself began development on the west side of Ocean Boulevard, across the street from the new Pavilion building in 1948. A traveling carnival had stopped in Conway, South Carolina for the annual Tobacco Festival, but soon found a permanent home across the street from the Pavilion. After the carnival signed an agreement with Myrtle Beach Farms, the Myrtle Beach Pavilion Amusement Park was born. Numerous acts such as ice skaters, bear acts, and talent shows were immediately brought in to supplement the carnival and also to help boost interest in the new \"park.\" In 1950, just two years after its opening, the company now called Burroughs & Chapin bought out the Central Amusement Company, the owners of the park at the time. The new owners added 14 new rides to the park and also added new concessions to the park. Over the years, the park would add and exchange numerous carnival-style",
"title": "Myrtle Beach Pavilion"
}
] | [
"1895"
] |
train_50887 | who plays harry in the amazing spider-man 2 | [
{
"docid": "29719785",
"text": "Dane William DeHaan ( ; born February 6, 1986) is an American actor. His roles include Andrew Detmer in Chronicle (2012), Jason Glanton in The Place Beyond the Pines (2012), Lucien Carr in Kill Your Darlings (2013), Harry Osborn / Green Goblin in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Lockhart in A Cure for Wellness (2016), Valerian in Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017), Chris Lynwood in ZeroZeroZero, and Kenneth Nichols in Oppenheimer (2023). In 2021, he starred in psychological romance horror miniseries Lisey's Story. He also had a role in the true crime limited series adaptation of The Staircase in 2022. Early life DeHaan was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania. His father is a computer programmer and his mother is an executive at MetLife. He has an older sister, and had what The Independent described in 2017 as a \"very normal, super-supportive childhood\". DeHaan attended Emmaus High School in Emmaus, Pennsylvania for three years and appeared in community theater. He transferred to the University of North Carolina School of the Arts for his senior year of high school, where he said he was \"around artists for the first time\". He continued at UNCSA for undergraduate studies, graduating in 2008. Career DeHaan began his professional acting career as an understudy for Haley Joel Osment in the short-lived 2008 Broadway revival of American Buffalo. Also in 2008, he made his television debut, guest-appearing on an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. In 2010, DeHaan made his feature film debut in John Sayles' Amigo and played Jesse in the third season of HBO's In Treatment. In 2011, he played Timbo in the fourth season of True Blood. In 2012, DeHaan starred in the sci-fi found footage film Chronicle, and as Cricket in Lawless. In 2013, he played Lucien Carr, a contemporary of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, in Kill Your Darlings. It was a role for which he has received critical acclaim. In 2013, he starred as the main character \"Trip\" in Metallica's surrealist concert film Metallica: Through the Never. He was the cover star of Hero magazine issue 10 in October 2013, shot by Hedi Slimane. In 2014, Annie Leibovitz photographed DeHaan for Prada's men's clothing spring advertising campaign. That same year, he played Harry Osborn / Green Goblin in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and Zach Orfman in Life After Beth. DeHaan played a fictional version of himself in the music video for Imagine Dragons' song \"I Bet My Life\". In 2015, DeHaan starred as James Dean in the drama Life, based on Dean's friendship with photographer Dennis Stock. In September 2015, DeHaan was the cover star of Another Man issue 20. In 2016, DeHaan played Roman in the independent drama film Two Lovers and a Bear and Lockhart in the 2016 horror film A Cure for Wellness. In 2017, DeHaan starred in Luc Besson's science fiction film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets based on the French comics series Valérian and Laureline. He also starred",
"title": "Dane DeHaan"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "26775444",
"text": "Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a 2010 action-adventure video game based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, developed by Beenox and published by Activision. Players control four different versions of Spider-Man, each originating from a different universe in the Marvel Comics multiverse. Previous Spider-Man voice actors Neil Patrick Harris, Christopher Daniel Barnes, Dan Gilvezan, and Josh Keaton each voice one of the four Spider-Men. The Nintendo DS version of the game was developed by Griptonite Games and features only three Spider-Man variants. The game revolves around an artifact known as the Tablet of Order and Chaos. When it is shattered into pieces during a fight between the Amazing Spider-Man and Mysterio, it causes problems with multiple realities across the Marvel Multiverse. Madame Web recruits the Amazing Spider-Man and three alternate versions of the hero—Spider-Man Noir, Spider-Man 2099, and Ultimate Spider-Man—to restore balance by retrieving the tablet fragments from villains within their respective dimensions. Gameplay alternates between the four Spider-Men, who control similarly but present a different gameplay style and/or abilities. For example, the Spider-Man Noir levels encourage a stealth approach, while the Ultimate Spider-Man levels place emphasis on large scale combat encounters. Shattered Dimensions is the first Spider-Man game developed by Beenox after being given the license by Activision, replacing previous developer Treyarch. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the concept of bringing four Marvel universes together, and lauded the voice acting, combat, presentation, humor, and score. However, criticism was aimed at the game's simplistic story, choice of villains, and the overall design of the cutscenes as well as its technical difficulties. A sequel, Spider-Man: Edge of Time, was released in October 2011, featuring only the Amazing Spider-Man and Spider-Man 2099. Both the game and its sequel were de-listed from the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live marketplaces in 2014 following the expiration of Activision's existing licensing deal with Marvel. Shattered Dimensions was re-released via Steam on October 24, 2015, but was later removed on April 1, 2017. One of the writers of the game, Mark Hoffmeier, also worked on the well-received Spider-Man: The Animated Series on Fox Kids before working on the game. Some of the concepts from the TV show influenced the game, including the use of multiple versions of Spider-Man (as seen on the show) and the concept of the Tablet of Order and Chaos. Another writer for Shattered Dimensions, Dan Slott, later worked on the 2014 comic book storyline, \"Spider-Verse\", which was influenced by the game and, in turn, inspired the animated Spider-Verse film franchise. Gameplay Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a level-based third-person action-adventure video game, where the player assumes the role of four different versions of Spider-Man, spanning across the Amazing, Noir, 2099, and Ultimate universes. Gameplay revolves around each Spider-Man's unique superhuman abilities; players are able to web swing, web zip, crawl walls, and use the 'spider-sense' to identify enemies or objects of interest. The combat of the game offers a large variety of fighting moves, and each Spider-Man has his own fighting",
"title": "Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions"
},
{
"docid": "2065504",
"text": "Spider-Man is a Marvel Comics superhero. Spider-Man or Spiderman may also refer to: Marvel Entertainment Characters List of incarnations of Spider-Man Alternative versions of Spider-Man Comics Spider-Man, also known as Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic series Film Spider-Man (1969 film), an unauthorized fan film by Donald F. Glut Spider-Man (1977 film), a theatrically released pilot for the 1970s US live-action series The Amazing Spider-Man Spider-Man (1978 film), a Japanese film connected to the Japanese live-action series Spider-Man (2002 film series), a live-action film trilogy by Sam Raimi, starring Tobey Maguire (2002-2007) Spider-Man (2002 film), the first film in the series Television Spider-Man (1967 TV series), an American-Canadian animated series that aired 1967–1970 Spider-Man (Japanese TV series), a Japanese live-action tokusatsu series that aired 1978–1979 Spider-Man (1981 TV series), an American animated series that aired 1981–1982 Spider-Man (1994 TV series), also known as Spider-Man: The Animated Series, an American animated series that aired from 1994–1998 Spider-Man, also known as Spider-Man: The New Animated Series, an American-Canadian CGI-animated series that aired in 2003 Spider-Man (2017 TV series), an American animated series that aired from 2017-2020 Video games Spider-Man (1982 video game), a game for the Atari 2600 Spider-Man: The Video Game, a 1991 arcade title from Sega Spider-Man (1995 video game), a title from Acclaim Spider-Man (2000 video game), a title released by Activision Spider-Man (2002 video game), an Activision title based on the 2002 film Spider-Man (Insomniac Games series), 2018–present, a series of video games published by Sony Interactive Entertainment Spider-Man (2018 video game), also known as Marvel's Spider-Man, the first game in the series Spider-Man: Miles Morales Spider-Man 2 (2023 video game) Music Spider-Man (soundtrack), the soundtrack album for the 2002 film \"Spider-Man\" (theme song), theme song for the 1967 series Spider Man (album), a 1965 album by jazz vibraphonist Freddie McCoy Manga The Spider-Man, a mythical being in the \"Turnabout Gallows\" arc of the first volume of the Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney manga series by Kodansha Comics. Novel The Spider Man, a novel by Filipino author F. Sionil José People Spider-Man (nickname), a list of people See also Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man 3 (disambiguation) Spidey (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man, the main Spider-Man comic book published since 1963 The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Ultimate Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "Spider-Man (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "172171",
"text": "The Hobgoblin is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, most of whom are brainwashed by the Winkler Device into becoming Hobgoblins. Created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Romita Jr., the first incarnation of the Hobgoblin was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #238 (March 1983) as a criminal mastermind equipped with Halloween-themed weapons similar to those used by the Green Goblin. The true identity of the Hobgoblin was one of the longest-running mysteries in the Spider-Man comics. In 1987, the Hobgoblin was revealed to be Ned Leeds, Peter Parker's journalist co-worker at the Daily Bugle, while in 1997, ten years later, his identity was retroactively established to be Roderick Kingsley, a fashion designer and Mary Jane Watson's former boss, with Ned reframed as a fall guy, and later in the 2020s as the second Hogoblin and secret sorcerer apprentice of Baron Mordo. Other characters that have assumed the Hobgoblin mantle over the years include criminals Lefty Donovan and Jason Macendale, Roderick's twin brother Daniel Kingsley, Spider-Man 2211's daughter Robin Borne, Ben Urich's nephew Phil Urich, and Kingsley's butler Claude. Leeds, Donovan and Claude were first brainwashed to serve as Hobgoblins as part of a scheme orchestrated by the Kingsley brothers, with Kingsley, Macendale, Borne and Urich being the only versions to operate independently of the others (although occasionally partnering with them), with Leeds and Kingsley later also being brainwashed by Queen Goblin to serve as her enforcers. In the alternate continuities of The Amazing Spider-Man comic strip and Ultimate Marvel, Harry Osborn has also adopted the Hobgoblin persona. The Hobgoblin has been adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including television series and video games. An amalgamated version of the character named Jason Philips appeared in the 1994–1998 Spider-Man: The Animated Series, voiced by Mark Hamill, while the Harry Osborn incarnation is featured in Spider-Man (2017–2018), voiced by Max Mittelman. Publication history The Hobgoblin was created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Romita Jr. for The Amazing Spider-Man #238 (March 1983). Like other writers, Stern found himself under pressure to have Spider-Man fight the Green Goblin again, but did not wish to bring Norman Osborn or Bart Hamilton back from the dead, have Harry Osborn be the Green Goblin again, or create another Green Goblin. Stern instead created a new concept as heir to the Goblin legacy and developed the Hobgoblin. Stern recounts that he directed Romita to base the costume on the Green Goblin's but to make it \"a little more medieval-looking\", while Romita asserts that he was given no direction beyond using the Green Goblin as a basis. Both agree, however, that the costume was chiefly Romita's design. The Hobgoblin's identity was not initially revealed, generating one of the longest-running mysteries in the Spider-Man comics. According to Stern, \"I plotted that first",
"title": "Hobgoblin (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "1103984",
"text": "Elizabeth \"Liz\" Allan, also known as Elizabeth Allan-Osborn and commonly misspelled as \"Liz Allen\", is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In the character's earliest appearances, she was a popular girl at the high school Peter Parker attends. She has been a regular supporting character in the various Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Venom series in an on-and-off basis, and has ties to the Green Goblin and Molten Man. She is married to Harry Osborn, the mother of their son Normie Osborn, and the CEO of Alchemax. Liz Allan would later become Misery upon being bonded to the Symbiote that is a hybrid of the Anti-Venom and Carnage Symbiotes. Sally Livingstone portrays Liz Allan in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (2002), while Laura Harrier portrayed Liz Allan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history Liz Allan is named in The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963), the same issue in which Betty Brant first appears. However, an unnamed blonde female high school student in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) appears to be Liz Allan, and The Marvel Encyclopedia lists this as her official first appearance. She was a supporting character in the series until Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), which bids farewell to Liz as both she and Spider-Man graduate from high school. Nearly a decade later, Liz Allan was brought back in a story arc in Amazing Spider-Man #132-133 (May–June 1974), in which it is revealed that she is the Molten Man's stepsister. Writer Gerry Conway recalled, \"I liked doing callbacks to the run I was most influenced by, the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era, so bringing Liz back was something I'd wanted to do for a long time. And it gave me a reason to go back and look through the issues she was in, which brought me to the Molten Man's first appearance.\" Fictional character biography Liz Allan was a high school student that attended Midtown High School together, and a minor love interest of Peter Parker and Flash Thompson. Peter likes Liz, but she is Flash's girlfriend and considers Peter something of a loser, even taking part in the general ridicule that Peter endures on a daily basis. Her earliest appearances depict her as flighty and rather thoughtless - not outright cruel, but lacking the empathy necessary to perceive Peter's nature. However, after she hears an ailing Peter had donned a Spider-Man costume to save Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus, she develops a crush on him. By this time, however, Peter's interest has waned considerably, as he notes that Liz never showed any real interest in him until he began dating Betty Brant, and assumes that Liz's feelings are little more than a schoolgirl crush. Betty and Liz clash several times over Peter, as Betty mistakenly thinks that Peter reciprocates Liz's interest in him. In Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), Peter and Liz graduate",
"title": "Liz Allan"
},
{
"docid": "1321810",
"text": "The Jackal is an alias used by several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually depicted as enemies of the superhero Spider-Man. The original and best known incarnation, Miles Warren, was originally introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965) as a professor at the fictional Empire State University. Later storylines established him as also being a scientist researching genetics and biochemistry, and revealed an unhealthy romantic obsession he had for Gwen Stacy. Warren was driven mad with grief and jealousy so he created his Jackal alter-ego to seek revenge on Spider-Man, whom he blamed for Gwen's tragic death. To this end, he trained himself in martial arts, and created a green suit and gauntlets with claw-like razors. Although the Jackal initially didn't possess any superpowers, he later gained enhanced strength, speed and agility by mixing his genes with those of a jackal. The Jackal was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), but his human identity was not revealed until The Amazing Spider-Man #148 (September 1975). Originally one of Spider-Man's less popular rogues, the character rose to prominence after being one of the first in the Marvel Universe to master cloning technology, and creating various clones of Spider-Man, like the Scarlet Spiders Ben Reilly and Kaine Parker, as well as of other characters, including himself and the chimera Spider-Girl. His experiments went on to play a major role in several popular Spider-Man storylines, such as the \"Clone Saga\" (1994–1996), \"Spider-Island\" (2011), and \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" (2016–2017), the latter storyline of which established Ben Reilly as the second Jackal. In 2014, IGN ranked the Jackal as Spider-Man's 17th greatest enemy. The character has been featured in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, including animated series and video games. Publication history The character first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), and was created by writer Gerry Conway and artist Ross Andru. In The Amazing Spider-Man #148 (September 1975), the Jackal's identity was revealed to be Professor Miles Warren who first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. Prior to his Jackal reintroduction, his appearances were essentially limited to the occasional cameo in which he acts as simple background to Spider-Man's civilian life as a college student. When named at all in these early appearances, he is called only \"Professor Warren\". A \"Mister Warren\" had previously appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (January 1964) but he is a high school science teacher rather than a college professor, and is physically very distinct from Miles Warren. Despite this, Conway has said it was always his interpretation that \"Mister Warren\", \"Professor Warren\", and Professor Miles Warren/Jackal were the same character. The character was featured in the controversial 1990s \"Clone Saga\" story arc, the 2011 storyline \"Spider-Island\", and the 2016-2017 storyline \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\". Fictional character biography Miles Warren Miles Warren was a professor of biology at ESU/Empire State University, where",
"title": "Jackal (Marvel Comics character)"
},
{
"docid": "871334",
"text": "The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Amazing Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. The list is updated as of March 19, 2024. Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) This comic book plot is written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Steve Ditko. Features the first appearances of Spider-Man, Aunt May, Uncle Ben, Flash Thompson, and Liz Allan. High school student Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider, thus gaining the proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a spider, along with a precognitive \"spider-sense\" and later creating a web-shooting device. Peter becomes Spider-Man, an instant TV sensation, but coming out of a TV studio one day, Peter does not stop an escaping burglar, claiming it is not his problem. A few days later, he comes home to find his Uncle Ben has been shot and goes to track down the murderer, only to find that it was the same burglar that he had let escape a few days earlier. Peter blames himself for his uncle's death and realizes that with great power there must also come great responsibility. This issue was released on June 5, 1962, and was published in August 1962. The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100 (January 1963 – July 1971) The Amazing Spider-Man #101–200 (August 1971 – November 1979) The Amazing Spider-Man #201–300 (December 1979 – March 1988) The Amazing Spider-Man #301–400 (April 1988 – February 1995) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–499 (March 1995 - September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–441 (March 1995 – September 1998) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #1–58 (November 1998 – September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #500–545 (October 2003 – December 2007) The Amazing Spider-Man #546–647 \"Brand New Day\" (January 2008 – November 2010) Note: Brand New Day is a soft reboot stemming out of the events of One More Day. Three issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month during this time. See Free Comic Book Day (2007): Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man #648–700 (November 2010 – December 2012) Note: During the \"Big Time\" storyline, two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month at the increased length of 30 pages each (compared to the traditional 22 pages). The Amazing Spider-Man #701–801 (January 2013 – June 2018) Superior Spider-Man (vol. 1) #1–33 (January 2013 – April 2014) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1–20 (April 2014 – August 2015) — Marvel NOW! Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows (vol. 1) #1–5 (June 2015 – September 2015) Note: Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is a Secret Wars tie-in miniseries set in an alternate universe where One More Day never happened. The miniseries is counted as part of the legacy numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1–32 (October 2015 – September 2017) — All-New, All-Different Marvel The Amazing Spider-Man #789–801 (October 2017 – June 2018) — Marvel Legacy The Amazing Spider-Man #802–894 (July 2018 – March 2022) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #1–74 (July 2018 – September 2021) — Fresh Start Note: See Free Comic Book Day (2018): Amazing Spider-Man.",
"title": "List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues"
},
{
"docid": "21465518",
"text": "\"Character Assassination\" is a four-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Marc Guggenheim with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #584-#588. An interlude, \"The Spartacus Gambit\" was featured in Amazing Spider-Man Extra #1 (June 2008) and later re-released for free online via Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited alongside the release of The Amazing Spider-Man #587 in February 2009. Plot summary The race for mayor is hot with Bill Hollister close in the polls to Randall Crowne. The Spider-Tracer murders continue with Shocker and Boomerang walking in on another corpse. Spider-Man is chased by police and is shot in the right arm. Spider-Man hallucinates a fight with Menace in which he unmasks to reveal the face of Harry Osborn. On top of the Statue of Liberty Harry proposes to Lily who is not sure what to say. Meanwhile, Carlie's lab reverse engineers the Spider-Tracers to track the source. Carlie arrives in Vin and Peter's apartment finding a bag of Spider-Tracers under Vin's bed. Horrified, she demands an explanation from Vin and his partner Cop hints that the entire NYPD is involved with the murders. Spider-Man attempts to stop Menace from attacking the Hollister Campaign supporters but Menace defeats the wounded Spider-Man leaving him to be captured by the police. Menace retreats to Harry Osborn's apartment \"unmasking\" to reveal the face of Lily Hollister. Harry walks in and looks in horror. Lily explains that she discovered notes about the Goblin Serum and hideout through concerns that Harry returned to drugs. A new type of Goblin Serum made contact with Lily's skin mutating her into Menace. She states that she attacked the Hollister campaign to make others sympathize with Bill Hollister and help him become elected. Lily also says that she accepts Harry's marriage proposal and leaves Harry who is flabbergasted by this turn of events. On election day Harry picks up a vial of the Goblin Serum and picks up a Goblin Gun behind the original Glider. Spider-Man is arrested by the police for the spider tracer murders and held at Ryker's Island. Matt Murdock arrives as his attorney and files motions to prevent the NYPD or the courts from unmasking him. At the preliminary hearings Iron Fist appears dressed as Spider-Man to create doubt that the Peter is the only Spider-Man or the killer. Black Cat and Murdock smuggle Peter a web-shooter. Carlie confronts Vin and he and his partner reveal that many NYPD cops from their precinct are planting the tracers on dead bodies to frame Spider-Man in a smear campaign to turn public opinion against him. He states that they are tired of him getting away with vigilante justice. Carlie claims to want in but then turns them into their captain Sergeant Palone, who unknown to her is the leader of the conspiracy. He later has Vin arrested as the sole suspect as Vin's precinct killed Bookie, who solved the murders first. While trapped in Rykers, Spider-Man learns that Vin",
"title": "Character Assassination"
},
{
"docid": "6146135",
"text": "Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and",
"title": "List of Spider-Man enemies"
},
{
"docid": "25587056",
"text": "Michael Jay Harris (born 1962) is an American comic book artist who was active in the industry from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. Harris was able to use his personal interests in weapons and martial arts to establish himself as an illustrator for characters like The Punisher and G.I. Joe, and titles like Cops: The Job, and No Escape. Biography Harris attended New York City's Stuyvesant High School ('79) where he studied under Frank McCourt and School of Visual Arts, where he studied under Will Eisner, Harvey Kurtzman, Marshall Arisman, and Gil Stone; Harris's influences included J. C. Leyendecker, Heinrich Kley, and Neal Adams. Breaking into the industry in 1985, Harris worked as a fill-in artist on several Marvel Comics titles, such as Web of Spider-Man, The 'Nam, Nomad, and Nova: Deathstorm. Harris (with writer David Michelinie) co-created the Spider-Man enemies Chance and Foreigner, both in Web of Spider-Man #15 (June 1986). Later, Harris contributed to Punisher War Zone, and Punisher War Journal, and illustrated the Marvel limited series Cops: The Job, No Escape, and Dragon Strike. During the 1980s, before becoming a Marvel Comics regular, Harris also freelanced for DC Comics (where he illustrated, among others, All-Star Squadron), Comico, Deluxe Comics, Eclipse Comics, Fantagraphics, First Comics, and Harris Publications. In the mid-1990s, Harris worked for Tekno Comix/Big Entertainment on such titles as Lost Universe and Lady Justice. During this period Harris also did some G.I. Joe mini-comics, which were packaged with the toys; and illustrated a Magnus, Robot Fighter trading card for Valiant Comics. Leaving comic books in 1997, Harris moved on to the computer game and animation industries. While working at Interplay, his artwork for Max 2 was included in the Society of Illustrators 40th Annual Exhibition. Harris has had no significant comic book credits since 1999, but contributes Editorial Cartoons to the American Thinker online magazine on a regular basis. Harris enlisted in the New York National Guard in 1986 as a 19D Cavalry Scout. He was selected for Officer Candidate School and was commissioned as an armored cavalry officer in 1988, and is proficient with a variety of small arms, armor weapons and demolitions. He is also a martial arts student, having studied judo, aikido, Taekwondo, and T'ang Soo Do. He has served in a variety of positions with the Army Reserve and National Guard, and was assessed to the Active Guard Reserve program in 2004. Harris has served combat tours in Iraq and continued to produce artwork for the Army informally while working in operational assignments. He retired from the Army in 2016, at the rank of lieutenant colonel, with 30 years of active and reserve service. Bibliography Comics work includes: All-Star Squadron #48-49, #61-62 [cover only] (DC, August—September 1985, September-October 1986) Web of Spider-Man #6, (Marvel, November 1985),13-15 (Marvel, April-June 1986) The Amazing Spider-Man #278 (Marvel, July 1986) - Part of the Scourge of the Underworld crossover story Punisher: The Prize (with writer C.J. Henderson) (Marvel Comics, 1990) Punisher War Zone #9-11 (Marvel Comics)",
"title": "Mike Harris (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "42676398",
"text": "Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film which forms part of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy. Spider-Man 2 may also refer to: Spider-Man 2: Enter: Electro, a 2001 video game, sequel to Spider-Man (2000) Spider-Man 2: The Sinister Six, a 2001 video game for Game Boy Color, sequel to Spider-Man (2000) for Game Boy Color Spider-Man 2 (2004 video game), the video game based on the 2004 film Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack), the soundtrack of the 2004 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2, a 2014 American superhero film, sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) Spider-Man: Far From Home, a 2019 American superhero film, sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) Spider-Man 2 (2023 video game), a 2023 video game, sequel to Spider-Man (2018) See also Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man 3 (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man",
"title": "Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "14154213",
"text": "Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles",
"title": "Spider-Man: With Great Power"
},
{
"docid": "31952364",
"text": "\"Big Time\" is a series of comic book storylines in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics from 2010 to 2011. It follows the 102 consecutive issues of the \"Brand New Day\" publishing scheme and is the first shift in publishing for The Amazing Spider-Man since \"Brand New Day\" began. The frequency of publication dropped from three issues monthly to two issues, but the length of the comic book expanded from 22 to 30 pages. This extra length is sometimes used for back-up stories and sometimes for a longer main story. Concurrently with the story going in The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel also started the new series Spider-Girl vol. 2, Osborn, and Carnage, which are considered part of \"Big Time.\" All nine issues of \"Big Time\" have sold out at Diamond Comic Distributors and have a second printing with a variant cover. Plot summary \"Kill to be You\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #648 through #651 Peter starts a new job at Horizon Labs after a recommendation from Marla Jameson to the head of the lab gets him the job. Phil Urich takes over the Hobgoblin identity after killing Daniel Kingsley. Spider-Man is unable to stop the theft because of the Hobgoblin's Lunatic Laugh. Peter uses his new job at Horizon Labs to create a suit that uses harmonics to prevent the Lunatic Laugh from affecting him. Spider-Man and the Black Cat infiltrate the building of the Kingpin to get the experimental metal back. In the back-up stories in The Amazing Spider-Man #649 through #651 Alistair Alphonso Smythe breaks Mac Gargan out of prison and gives him a new Scorpion costume. These events directly lead into the \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\" story that follows. \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #652 through #654, titled the \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer,\" Alistair Smythe has created an army of Spider-Slayers by giving cybernetic implants to people with a grudge against J. Jonah Jameson. All of the Spider-Slayers, and Mac Gargan as the Scorpion, have a power similar to Spider-Man's spider-sense that makes them harder to hit and for Smythe to telepathically communicate with all of them. Smythe targets Jameson's family and friends so Jameson can feel the same pain Smythe felt when he lost his father. The New Avengers help Spider-Man fight the multiple threats, but Spider-Man is forced to build a bomb that will destroy the spider-sense of the Spider-Slayers so they can be defeated. Mac Gargan prevents Spider-Man from fleeing after he plants the bomb, so he is forced to set it off while he is still within its radius and he loses his spider-sense as well. After his army of Spider-Slayers is stopped Smythe tries to kill Jameson himself, but Marla Jameson jumps in the way to save the life of her husband. \"No One Dies\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #655 and #656, titled \"No One Dies,\" a funeral is held for Marla Jameson. Peter has a nightmare where he sees everyone who has ever died in his life (including",
"title": "Spider-Man: Big Time"
},
{
"docid": "39216224",
"text": "\"If This Be My Destiny...!\" is a story arc featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It spans the issues The Amazing Spider-Man #31–33 (1965-1966), and was written by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the latter of whom also did the art. The story introduces supporting characters Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy, Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus temporarily assuming the Master Planner alias, and Spider-Man being pinned under heavy machinery, which he lifts after gathering enough will power through thoughts of his family. Background The storyline ran in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 through #33, with a single interconnected story arc, being one of the first of its kind in Spider-Man's history. Lee recounted that he and Ditko jointly plotted the acclaimed sequence in which Spider-Man lifts the heavy machinery off of him, but that stretching the sequence out for several pages was purely Ditko's idea. Having anticipated that Ditko would spend just two or three panels on this plot point, Lee said that when he saw the art for the scene \"I almost shouted in triumph\". In the letters section of the September–October 1998 issue of Comic Book Marketplace, Ditko pointed out that he was credited as sole plotter of series starting with issue 25, and that the sequence in question was in issue 33. He further stated that Stan Lee never knew what was in Ditko's plotted stories until he saw the artwork. Synopsis Peter Parker attends his first day at Empire State University, meeting classmates Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy. Meanwhile, Aunt May succumbs to a mysterious and life-threatening illness and a new evil mastermind called the \"Master Planner\" arranges for the theft of various technological devices. After a fateful battle, Spider-Man discovers that the Master Planner is none other than Doctor Octopus, and that he has stolen a rare isotope that could be the only means to save Aunt May's life. Doc Ock manages to escape, leaving Spider-Man trapped under heavy machinery. Thinking about Uncle Ben's death and not wanting to lose Aunt May as well, Spider-Man is able to gather enough will power to lift the machinery, though his leg gets hurt while escaping from the flooding lab. He gives the serum to Dr. Curt Connors for analysis before delivering it to the hospital where May is treated, and takes some photographs for the Daily Bugle to raise money for May's hospital bills. When he returns to the hospital, Peter is relieved to learn the serum cured May, and goes home for some well deserved rest. Reception One of the most celebrated issues of the Lee-Ditko run is #33 (February 1966), the third part of the story arc \"If This Be My Destiny\", featuring the dramatic scene of Spider-Man who, through willpower and memories of his family, escapes from being pinned by heavy machinery. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that \"Steve Ditko squeezes every ounce of anguish out of Spider-Man's predicament, complete with visions of the uncle he failed and the aunt he has sworn to save\". Peter",
"title": "If This Be My Destiny...!"
},
{
"docid": "4479885",
"text": "Black Tarantula is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #419 (January 1997), and makes his first full appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #432 (March 1998). Black Tarantula was created by writer Tom DeFalco and artist Steve Skroce. The name was allegedly inspired by a Harry Belafonte song. Fictional character biography The origin of the Black Tarantula is shrouded in mystery and misinformation. There is a legend that the Black Tarantula was a European explorer, who traveled to Japan several centuries ago and was trained by the ninja clan called the Hand. At the end of the training he was awarded with a special potion that gave him superhuman powers and immortality. In reality, the Black Tarantula's immortality has a more earthly origin: the title is inherited from father to son, all posing as the same person (reminiscent of the comic strip character the Phantom). Though not truly immortal, the Black Tarantula possesses a multitude of superhuman powers as a result of the potion his ancestor drank. The current Black Tarantula moves his base of operations from Argentina to New York, claiming that he wants to expand his operation. He comes into conflict with the local crime lord the Rose (Jacob Conover), and defeats the Rose's enforcer, Delilah, though he heals her severe injuries afterwards. The Black Tarantula hires Roughouse and Bloodscream to do his dirty work and drives back the Rose, establishing control over a large part of New York City. When the Rose goes to Don Fortunato, a powerful crimelord ruling over New York City, for help, the Black Tarantula appears in person and offers Fortunato an alliance. Fortunato accepts, but the Black Tarantula has to prove his loyalty by defeating Spider-Man and bringing back his mask. Black Tarantula did as he was asked and defeated Spider-Man—not even caring who Spider-Man was under the mask—but lets him live when he learns that Spider-Man was trying to rescue a small child. Spider-Man takes on the identity of Ricochet during the \"Identity Crisis\" storyline (faced with accusations of murder and assault, Peter temporarily abandoned the Spider-Man identity and donned four new costumes to continue his heroics while trying to clear his name), to infiltrate the Rose's organization and find out more about Black Tarantula, fighting Bloodscream and Roughouse with his former enemy Delilah (although she was, in fact, Black Tarantula's ex-wife, who had fled the country with their son, disliking the changes that Carlos underwent when he took on the mantle of Black Tarantula and did not want the same fate for her son). Furthermore, Marina had a friend, who was Don Fortunato's cousin. They ask Don Fortunato for protection and Black Tarantula attacked Don Fortunato's mansion. Inside the mansion, Black Tarantula defeats Fortunato's guards including Spider-Man again, but loses his wife when she confronts him and points out that he is scaring his own son. She reminds him what a burden the title of the Black",
"title": "Black Tarantula"
},
{
"docid": "18842058",
"text": "Norman Virgil Osborn is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, he debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964) as the first and best-known incarnation of the Green Goblin. He has since endured as one of the superhero Spider-Man's most prominent villains and is regarded as one of his three archenemies, alongside Doctor Octopus and Venom. In his comic book appearances, Norman Osborn is depicted as the amoral industrialist head of science conglomerate Oscorp and the father of Harry Osborn, the best friend of Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker. Osborn, in part as a reaction to the death of his wife, maintains a cold disposition and is obsessed with attaining as much power as possible. As a result, he treats his son harshly and openly favors Peter for his intellect, leading Harry to often try and compensate. In his origin story, Osborn is exposed to an experimental formula that enhances his physical abilities and intellect, though at the cost of his sanity. As the Goblin, he becomes a criminal mastermind who uses an arsenal of advanced, Halloween-themed equipment, including grenade-like Pumpkin Bombs, razor sharp bats, and a flying Goblin Glider, to terrorize New York City. Osborn has been part of many of Spider-Man's defining stories, most notably \"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\" and the \"Clone Saga\". While his primary foe is Spider-Man, Osborn has often come into conflict with Iron Man, Captain America and other superheroes in the Marvel Universe. Although Osborn sometimes works with other supervillains such as Doctor Doom and Loki and groups like the Sinister Six and the Dark Avengers, these relationships often collapse due to his desire for unbridled power. Osborn's largest overarching story came during the line-wide \"Dark Reign\" and Siege comic book events, in which he served as the main antagonist; during this time, he became the original iteration of Iron Patriot. The character has been in various top villain lists as one of Spider-Man's greatest enemies and one of the greatest comic book villains of all time. The character's popularity has seen him appear on a variety of merchandise, inspire real-world structures (such as theme park attractions) and be referenced in a number of media. He has been adapted to serve as Spider-Man's adversary in live-action, animated, and video game incarnations. Willem Dafoe played the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy and reprised the role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), while Chris Cooper played the character in the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Marvel Comics editor and head writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko are credited with creating the character; they each collaborated with one another on how the character would be portrayed. According to Ditko: \"Stan's synopsis for the Green Goblin had a movie crew, on location, finding an Egyptian-like sarcophagus. Inside was an ancient, mythological demon, the Green Goblin. He naturally came to life. On my",
"title": "Norman Osborn"
},
{
"docid": "663287",
"text": "Keith Pollard (; born January 20, 1950) is an American comic book artist. Originally from the Detroit area, Pollard is best known for his simultaneous work on the Marvel Comics titles The Amazing Spider-Man, Fantastic Four, and Thor in the late 1970s–early 1980s. Career Keith Pollard made his professional comics debut in 1974 with stints on such titles as Master of Kung Fu, Deadly Hands of Kung Fu, Astonishing Tales, and Black Goliath. In the mid 1970s he also drew original covers for some of the weekly titles in the Marvel UK imprint. He was the regular penciller of The Amazing Spider-Man from issue #186 (Nov. 1978) through issue #205 (June 1980) and pencilled the backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #15 (1981). With writer Marv Wolfman, Pollard introduced the Black Cat in The Amazing Spider-Man #194 (July 1979). Wolfman and Pollard were the creative team for both Fantastic Four #200 (Nov. 1978) and The Amazing Spider-Man #200 (Jan. 1980). Pollard was also the regular penciler of Thor issues #286–320. In 1982, Pollard moved to DC Comics where he drew part of Wonder Woman #300 (Feb. 1983) and launched the Vigilante series with Marv Wolfman. He and Elliot S. Maggin co-created the Kristin Wells version of Superwoman in DC Comics Presents Annual #2 (1983). In 1987, he returned to Marvel where he had a second run on Fantastic Four, with writer Steve Englehart, that lasted until 1989. Afterwards, he pencilled Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #2–10. Pollard and Stan Lee produced the Silver Surfer: The Enslavers graphic novel in 1990. In the early 1990s he drew all the character profiles for the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Master Edition. Pollard left comics in 1996, though he occasionally makes appearances at comic book conventions. He returned to comics in 2019 with a story for DC Primal Age Giant, written by Marv Wolfman. Bibliography DC Comics DC Comics Presents Annual #2 (1983) DC Primal Age Giant #1 (2019) Green Lantern #157–165 (1982–1983) Justice League of America #197 (1981) The New Teen Titans #35–36 (1983) Vigilante #1–3, 5 (1983–1984) Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe #18, 23 (1986–1987) Wonder Woman #300 (1983) World's Finest Comics #279 (1982) Milestone Media Hardware #20, 40 (1994–1996) Heroes #6 (1996) Static #40 (1996) Harvey Comics SeaQuest #1 (1994) Illustrated Comics Classic Jonny Quest (four promo minicomics) (1996) Innovation Publishing Cobalt Blue #1–2 (1989) Marvel Comics Alpha Flight #127 (1993) The Amazing Spider-Man #186–205, Annual #15 (1978–1981) Astonishing Tales #30–32, 36 (1975–1976) The Avengers #146, Annual #16 (1976, 1987) Black Goliath #5 (1976) Blackwulf #5 (1994) Blaze #9 (1995) Daredevil #143, 242, 341–342 (1977, 1987, 1995) Deadly Hands of Kung Fu #5 (1974) Eternals vol. 2 #10–11 (1986) Fantastic Four #193–201, 203–206, 310–312, 314–320, 322–324, 326–328, Annual #12 (1978–1979, 1987–1989) Fantastic Four Roast #1 (1982) Ghost Rider #22 (1977) Hulk #12 (1978) Inhumans #10–12 (1977) Iron Man #73–74, 107, 110–112 (1975–1978) Jungle Action #24 (1976) Lethal Foes of Spider-Man #3 (1993) Marvel Graphic",
"title": "Keith Pollard"
},
{
"docid": "34974765",
"text": "\"Ends of the Earth\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man published by Marvel Comics in 2012. The villains of the story are the Sinister Six, who are led by Spider-Man's arch-enemy Doctor Octopus. Unlike the prior event story \"Spider-Island\" there is only one tie-in issue (a one-shot) instead of the multitude of tie-in issues involved with that story; the story is completely contained within issues #682-687 of The Amazing Spider-Man. The storyline received positive reviews, with critics praising the action, the plot, and the art style. Premise The story is part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of Spider-Man's first appearance. \"Ends of the Earth\" will see Spider-Man fighting against the Sinister Six, who are led by Doctor Octopus. Despite Spider-Man leaving the Avengers in Shattered Heroes, the members of the team are supporting characters, and he rejoins the team at the beginning. The story was written by Dan Slott and brings storylines that have been running since issue #600 was released in July 2009 to fruition. Marvel released several preview images for the event, and has written an article about why each current member of the Sinister Six is important for this group. Plot summary Lead-up Doctor Octopus learns that he only has a few months left to live due to injuries he has sustained in fights with Spider-Man, Captain America, and others. During the \"Origin of the Species\" storyline Doctor Octopus enlists the help of several villains to kidnap the presumed newborn son of Norman Osborn and Menace because he believes the unique combination of their blood can provide a cure for him. When he learns Harry Osborn is the father, he realizes no cure will be found in the boy's blood. Doctor Octopus captures Tony Stark and forces him to work on a cure for him by threatening to blow up a bomb, despite Tony telling Octavius that he is not a medical doctor. Doctor Octopus has an army of Macro-Octobots attack New York City to keep Spider-Man and the Avengers occupied while his Sinister Six (consisting of Chameleon, Electro, Mysterio, Rhino, Sandman, and himself) infiltrates a military base, but Spider-Man and the Avengers are able to stop them. The Sinister Six create a cosmic problem on a Caribbean island to keep Spider-Man and the Future Foundation occupied and away from the Baxter Building so the Sinister Six can sneak inside and steal one of Reed Richard's inventions. The Sinister Six attack a lab in Paris to create an opening to the Avengers Academy to steal a device containing self-sustaining power invented by Henry Pym. The Sinister Six fight and defeat the Intelligencia so that the Sinister Six is the only team of supervillains left to conquer the world. They also steal the Intelligencia's Zero Cannon (a weapon which negates Earth's gravity) to send objects to space. Doctor Octopus appears in a new robot suit designed to keep him alive. Doctor Octopus has some Octobots sneak aboard John Jameson's space shuttle when it",
"title": "Ends of the Earth (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "2046883",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is a pinball game designed by Ed Krynski and released in 1980 by Gottlieb. It is based on the comic book character Spider-Man released by Marvel Comics. Description The machine, designed by Ed Krynski with art by Gordon Morison, was produced by D. Gottlieb & Co. as part of their Star Series 80 line. The first machine came off the assembly line in May 1980. The Amazing Spider-Man was the first of Gottlieb's System 80 series of pinball machines and was the second Marvel character licensed by Gottlieb to be represented in a pinball machine (the first being The Hulk). The pinball machine featured character poses taken directly from Marvel comics and style guides including Aunt May, Kingpin, Lizard, Scorpion, Vulture, Black Widow, Kraven the Hunter and the Green Goblin. Features The features; Special 24-inch (60 cm) wide-bodied cabinet 4-Player game 4 6-Digit Vacuum fluorescent displays 4 Flippers (No Center Post) 1 Lane (with Spinner) 4 Exit Lanes 2 Slingshot Bumpers 3 Kick-Out Holes 2 Pop Bumpers 2 Spot Targets 2 Drop Target Banks (3 and 5 targets) Design team Game Design: Ed Krynski Artwork: Gordon Morison Production A total of 7,625 machines were produced and are currently sought-after collectors items. It was the first of Gottlieb's System 80 design pinball machines. It also was the first Gottlieb pinball, with an \"attract mode\" lighting. In which various playfield lights, alternate between off an on, to make the game more attractive to passerbye, thus encouraging play. It was also the first solid state pinball with the speaker in the backbox (head) instead of the bottom cabinet. Stan Lee, the co-creator of \"Spider-Man\" and public face of Marvel Comics, claimed ownership of one of the first machines off the assembly line and kept it in his Marvel office until he auctioned it as part of his \"Stan Lee collection\" at Heritage Comics Auctions of Dallas, Texas. Lee said that \"Over the years, I have spent countless frustrating yet perversely enjoyable hours attempting to play on it, as have numerous colleagues, friends and business associates (some quite famous, though a combination of modesty, shame and my legendary bad memory prevents me from divulging their names here) during their unrelenting pilgrimages to my office. In fact, I think many of these scions of arts and industry came over JUST to beat me up at pinball. I hope its new owner will be a better player than I am.\" References External links The Amazing Spider-Man at the Internet Pinball Database (IPDb). Pinball machines based on comics Pinball machines based on television series 1980 pinball machines Gottlieb pinball machines Spider-Man toys",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball)"
},
{
"docid": "17038885",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series about Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The Amazing Spider-Man may also refer to: Comics The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) Film Spider-Man (1977 film) starring Nicholas Hammond, also known as The Amazing Spider-Man on home media The Amazing Spider-Man (film), a reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise The Amazing Spider-Man (soundtrack), a film-score album from the 2012 film, composed by James Horner Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), the title character of the film series Television The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series) starring Nicholas Hammond, which evolved out of the 1977 film Games The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball) See also The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "313522",
"text": "The Vulture is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as recurring enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collection of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, typically using special suits which allow them to fly at vast speeds. The first incarnation of the character, Isidoro Scarlotti, is an Italian scientist and an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second and most prominent incarnation of the character, Adrian Toomes, is an inventive but maniacal genius who designed his suit and turned to a life of crime, becoming an enemy of Spider-Man and a founding member of the Sinister Six, with later characters to assume the mantle including Blackie Drago, a former cellmate of Toomes, and Clifton Shallot and Jimmy Natale, human/bird hybrids of independent origins. Toomes is later revealed to be the grandfather of the superhero Starling. Since his conception, the character has been adapted from into various other forms of Spider-Man media, including television series and video games. In live-action, the character was played by Michael Keaton in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Morbius (2022). Publication history The first Vulture, Italian scientist Isidoro Scarlotti, first appeared in Young Men #26 (December 1953), created by Joe Gill and Carl Burgos and depicted as an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second Vulture, Adrian Toomes, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. According to Ditko, Lee wanted the villain to be heavy-set and based on actor Sydney Greenstreet. Ditko designed him to be leaner and more gaunt, feeling he should be swift and fast and also because \"The bulkier anything is, the more panel space it has to take up, thereby shrinking panel space for other characters and story panel elements.\" Since Toomes originally assumed the Vulture alias as an enemy of Spider-Man, several other character have taken on the mantle from him. The third incarnation, Blackie Drago, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #48 (May 1967), and was created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr. Lee created the new version because he thought that Spider-Man looked like a bully fighting a wizened old man. However, the readers wrote in that they did not like the new Vulture, and Lee relented and brought the original back. The fourth incarnation, Clifton Shallot, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #127, and was created by Ross Andru, Gerry Conway, and John Romita Sr. A fifth incarnation, Jimmy Natale, first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #593 as part of the story arc \"Spider-Man 24/7\"; created by Mark Waid and Mike McKone, he is a recurring enemy of both Spider-Man and the Punisher. Fictional character biography Isidoro Scarlotti Isidoro Scarlotti was born in Italy, attaining a doctorate in atomic science and rising to become the czar of the International League of Criminals,",
"title": "Vulture (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "54114309",
"text": "Silver & Black is an unproduced American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics characters Silver Sable and Black Cat. It was to be produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film was intended to be an installment of Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU), with Gina Prince-Bythewood directing from a screenplay she co-wrote with Lisa Joy, Chris Yost, and the writing team of Lindsey Beer and Geneva Robertson-Dworet. Black Cat was first to be included in a film with the unproduced Spider-Man 4, before being introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Development of a female superhero spin-off from the Spider-Man film franchise first began in October 2014; by March 2017, it was set to feature Black Cat and Silver Sable, with Yost writing. Prince-Bythewood joined in May, with filming set to take place in Atlanta, Georgia and Mexico. Pre-production work began, with Prince-Bythewood intending to cast a black actress in one of the title roles. However, the director was unhappy with the film's script which led to an indefinite delay in production while she and Sony re-developed the project. In July 2018, Prince-Bythewood chose to direct a different comic book adaptation, The Old Guard, and a month later Sony canceled Silver & Black. The studio began development of two new solo films, focusing on each of the title characters, with Prince-Bythewood expected to remain as a producer on both projects. By January 2020, Sony was instead developing the project as a television series. That July, Prince-Bythewood expressed interest in returning to the project following the release of The Old Guard. Background In December 2009, the Marvel Comics character Felicia Hardy was set to be introduced in Spider-Man 4, with Anne Hathaway being looked at to play the role. Julia Stiles, Rachel McAdams, and Romola Garai were also considered. Director Sam Raimi had differences with the producers regarding taking the character in a different direction from the comics in which she becomes the cat burglar known as Black Cat. While Raimi intended for the character to still utilise the Black Cat moniker, the studio reportedly desired to have her become a supervillain named \"Vulturess\", to partner with John Malkovich as the Vulture. The next month, Sony announced that the Spider-Man franchise would be rebooted after Raimi decided to no longer pursue direct sequels to Spider-Man 3 (2007). In January 2013, Felicity Jones was in talks to join the second film in the reboot series, The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), as Hardy. The character does not take on the Black Cat persona in the film. In December 2013, Sony revealed plans to use The Amazing Spider-Man 2 to establish their own expanded universe based on the Marvel properties the studio had the film rights to. Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach would produce the films as part of a franchise brain trust that also included Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, Jeff Pinkner, Ed Solomon, and Drew Goddard, as well as The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The",
"title": "Silver & Black (unproduced film)"
},
{
"docid": "68718864",
"text": "The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Spectacular Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. Spectacular Spider-Man Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, as an experiment in entering the black-and-white comic-magazine market successfully pioneered by Warren Publishing and others. It sold for 35 cents when standard comic books cost 12 cents and Annuals and Giants 25 cents. It represented the first Spider-Man spin-off publication aside from the original series' summer Annuals, begun in 1964. The first issue (cover-dated July 1968) featured a painted, color cover by men's adventure-magazine artist Harry Rosenbaum, in acrylic paint on illustration board, over layouts by The Amazing Spider-Man artist John Romita Sr. The 52-page black-and-white Spider-Man story, \"Lo, This Monster!\", was by writer Stan Lee, penciler Romita Sr. and inker Jim Mooney. A 10-page origin story, \"In The Beginning!\", was by Lee, penciler Larry Lieber and inker Bill Everett. The feature story was reprinted in color, with some small alterations and bridging material by Gerry Conway, in The Amazing Spider-Man #116–118 (Jan.–March 1973) as \"Suddenly...the Smasher!\", \"The Deadly Designs of the Disruptor!\", and \"Countdown to Chaos!\" (with additional inking by Tony Mortellaro on the latter two). These versions were themselves reprinted in Marvel Tales #95–97 (Sept.-Oct. 1978). The second and final issue (Nov. 1968) also sported a painted cover and the interior was in color as well. Lee, Romita and Mooney again collaborated on its single story, \"The Goblin Lives!\", featuring the Green Goblin. A next-issue box at the end promoted the planned contents of the unrealized issue #3, \"The Mystery of the TV Terror\". A version of the Goblin story, trimmed by 18 pages, was reprinted in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #9 (1973), and portions of the \"TV Terror\" costume were reused for the costume of the Prowler. Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–100 (October 1976 – January 1985) Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #100–133 (February 1985 – October 1987) The Spectacular Spider-Man #134–200 (November 1987 – March 1993) The Spectacular Spider-Man #201–263 (April 1993 – September 1998) The Spectacular Spider-Man #264-290 (July 2003 – April 2005) The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 2 #1–27 (July 2003 – April 2005) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #291–313 (June 2017 – December 2018) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 3 #1–6 (June 2017 – November 2017) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #297–313 (November 2017 – December 2018) The Spectacular Spider-Man Annuals 1 – [Mantlo/Buckler] \"And Men Shall Call Him... Octopus!\" – September 1979 2 – [Macchio/Mooney] \"Vengeance Is Mine... Sayeth the Word!\" – May 1980 3 – [Kraft/Sherman/Weiss] \"Dark Side of the Moon\" – July 1981 4 – [DeNatale/Mantlo] \"Memory Lane!\" – July 1984 5 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace\" – July 1985 6 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace II\" – July 1986 7 – [Owsley/Kupperberg] \"The Honeymoon\" – August 1987 8 – [Conway/Gruenwald] \"Return to Sender\" – July 1988 9 – [Conway/Herdling] \"The Serpent in the Shadow\" – May 1989 10 – [Conway/Lee] \"Into the Microverse\" – June 1990",
"title": "List of The Spectacular Spider-Man issues"
},
{
"docid": "417310",
"text": "Harold Theopolis \"Harry\" Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Harry is the best friend of Peter Parker (Spider-Man's alter ego) and Flash Thompson, one of the ex-boyfriends of Mary Jane Watson, the son of Norman Osborn, the husband of Liz Allan and the father of Normie and Stanley Osborn. He is the second character to assume the Green Goblin alias while one of his clones was amongst the many users of the Iron Patriot armor as the superhero American Son. An artificial intelligence (A.I.) copy of Harry (which he created while the Green Goblin) is also the creator of the clones Gabriel and Sarah, who are both later revealed to be operating as his demonic revenant Kindred under the Harry A.I.'s command. The character has appeared in many adaptations of Spider-Man outside of the comic books, including various cartoons and video games. James Franco portrayed the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and Dane DeHaan portrays the character in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Harry Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. In The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973), Harry's father, Norman, is killed off, and a subplot leading to Harry inheriting his father's identity as the Green Goblin is introduced. This subplot culminates in The Amazing Spider-Man #136 (September 1974). Writer Gerry Conway said that the idea of Harry Osborn becoming the Green Goblin stemmed in part from a desire to deal with the consequences of the psychedelic drugs Harry began using in The Amazing Spider-Man #96 (May 1971). Conway said that he had had experience with such drugs himself, and that \"with psychedelic drugs, hallucinogens, if they've been misused, there is a potential for additional hallucinogenic experiences that are completely beyond your control or volition. I could imagine Harry getting hit by something like that, in the fragile emotional state following the death of his father, and losing touch with reality, as a result. Besides, I never had any intention of getting rid of the Green Goblin as a concept forever, so it all came together\". Harry dies in The Spectacular Spider-Man #200 (May 1993). Artist Sal Buscema said that drawing the final two pages of this issue was a deeply emotional experience for him due to how long he had drawn the character, and felt it was appropriate that writer J. M. DeMatteis chose not to add any dialogue to those pages. Several years later, the Spider-Man writers made plans to reveal that the mysterious villain Gaunt was Harry Osborn, who was still alive and had orchestrated the entire \"Clone Saga\", but an editorial edict prevented this from coming to fruition. However, Harry was eventually revived in The Amazing Spider-Man #545 (December 2007). He received an",
"title": "Harry Osborn"
},
{
"docid": "9752007",
"text": "\"Spider-Man\" is the theme song of the 1967 cartoon show Spider-Man, composed by Paul Francis Webster and Bob Harris. The original song was recorded at RCA Studios in Toronto (where the cartoon was produced) featuring 12 CBC vocalists (members of the Billy Van Singers, and Laurie Bower Singers groups) who added to the musical backing track supplied by RCA Studios, New York. The singers were paid only for the session and have had no residuals from its use since then. The song has since been adopted as Spider-Man's official theme, including in-universe. Other versions Film The Spider-Man (2002) and Spider-Man 2 (2004) film adaptations featured characters as buskers performing the song: Jayce Bartok and Elyse Dinh respectively. Both films also feature the song at the very end of the credits: the 2002 film featured the 1967 version, while the 2004 film featured a re-recording by Michael Bublé. The soundtracks to the 2002 film and 2007 film also features a cover by Aerosmith and Flaming Lips respectively. Spider-Man 3 (2007) had the song played by a marching band during a scene where Spider-Man arrives at a celebration. In The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Peter has the theme song as a ringtone, and whistles the tune while defeating the Rhino. In Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), the theme (orchestrated by Michael Giacchino) is played during the Marvel Studios logo at the beginning of the film. In Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018), the Peter Parker of Earth-1610B refers to it as his own \"catchy theme song\", with footage of the 1967 animated series' opening. The intro to the theme is also played during the post credits scene, when Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099 (voiced by Oscar Isaac) arrives on Earth-67, the home dimension of the animated series' events, and attempts to recruit its Spider-Man as part of his Spider-Society. In Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), an excerpt of the theme is played when Earth-67's Spider-Man (voiced by Jorma Taccone) attempts to intercept Miles Morales within the Spider-Society's headquarters, as the latter attempts to return to his home reality. Video games A remix by Apollo 440 is used in the 2000 action-adventure video game Spider-Man, developed by Neversoft and published by Activision. The song is used in the title screen and the credits, and an instrumental version of it plays in the main menu. A cover by The Distillers is used in the credits of the 2004 video game Spider-Man 2, the tie-in game for the Sam Raimi film. This cover was re-released in 2019 with a single artwork titled \"Spider-Bro\" by Linas Garsys. Covers In 1993, Canadian group Moxy Früvous recorded a version for their debut album, Bargainville. Their version includes more satirical lyrics, as Spider-Man promotes his various items of licensed merchandise. In 1995, Ramones recorded a version of the song for the tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits, later re-released as part of the compilation album Weird Tales of the Ramones. However, it is spelled without the hyphen as \"Spiderman\". In 2019,",
"title": "Spider-Man (theme song)"
},
{
"docid": "144167",
"text": "Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,",
"title": "Aunt May"
},
{
"docid": "21055791",
"text": "The Green Goblin is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the first and best-known incarnation of the Green Goblin is Norman Osborn, who is regarded as one of the superhero Spider-Man's three archenemies, alongside Doctor Octopus and Venom. Originally a manifestation of chemically induced insanity, others would later take on the persona, including Norman's son Harry Osborn. The Green Goblin is depicted as a criminal mastermind who uses an arsenal of Halloween-themed equipment, including grenade-like Pumpkin Bombs, razor-sharp bats, and a flying Goblin Glider, to terrorize New York City. Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: \"Of all the costumed villains who've plagued Spider-Man over the years, the most flat-out unhinged and terrifying of them all is the Green Goblin.\" The Green Goblin has appeared in numerous media adaptations of Spider-Man over the years, including films, animated television series, and video games. Norman and Harry Osborn were portrayed by Willem Dafoe and James Franco in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and by Chris Cooper and Dane DeHaan in the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Dafoe reprised his role as Norman Osborn in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) which used the concept of the multiverse to link the Raimi trilogy to the MCU. Publication history According to Steve Ditko: Stan's synopsis for the Green Goblin had a movie crew, on location, finding an Egyptian–like sarcophagus. Inside was an ancient, mythological demon, the Green Goblin. He naturally came to life. On my own, I changed Stan's mythological demon into a human villain. The Green Goblin debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14. At this time his identity was unknown, but he proved popular and reappeared in later issues, which made a point of his secret identity. According to both Stan Lee and John Romita, Sr., who replaced Ditko as the title's artist, Lee always wanted the Green Goblin to be someone Peter Parker knew, while Ditko wanted his civilian identity to be someone who had not yet been introduced. Lee elaborated: Steve wanted him to turn out to be just some character that we had never seen before. Because, he said, in real life, very often a villain turns out to be somebody that you never knew. And I felt that that would be wrong. I felt, in a sense, it would be like cheating the reader. ... if it's somebody you didn't know and had never seen, then what was the point of following all the clues? I think that frustrates the reader. However, Lee prefaced this statement by admitting that, due to his self-professed poor memory, he may have been confusing the Green Goblin with a different character. Moreover, in an earlier essay he had said that he could not remember whether Norman Osborn being the Green Goblin was his idea or Ditko's. Ditko has maintained that it was his idea, even claiming",
"title": "Green Goblin"
},
{
"docid": "3366502",
"text": "Morlun () is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by J. Michael Straczynski and John Romita Jr., the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #30 (June 2001). Morlun is a central foe of all the themed versions of Spider-Man, being one of their most powerful and dangerous adversaries. He is an entity from Earth-001 that hunts all the Spider-Totems by traveling to the many multiverses of Marvel Comics. He is best known as the temporary killer of the Earth-616 Spider-Man in the storyline \"Spider-Man: The Other\", and is also the main antagonist of the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline in which he and his estranged family, the Inheritors, attempt to kill all the versions of Spider-Man, as prophesied by him. Publication history Morlun first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #30 (June 2001), created by writer J. Michael Straczynski and penciler John Romita Jr. The collection of these comic books is called The Amazing Spider-Man Coming Home. Fictional character biography First encounter with Spider-Man When Spider-Man met a similarly powered man named Ezekiel Sims, Ezekiel explained to him that Spider-Man's powers were not an accident, and that the spider that had bitten him did so voluntarily to pass its abilities onto Peter before it died. This made Spider-Man a \"totem\", a bridge between man and beast, with the properties of both. Ezekiel then warned Spider-Man that as a totem, he was in danger from those who would seek to destroy such beings. One of those, who showed up soon after, was Morlun. Little is known about exactly what Morlun is and where he comes from. According to Ezekiel, as long as totemistic forces have walked the earth, there have also been those who have fed on them. While Morlun and his brothers (it is not known how many there are in existence, but Morlun is not the only one) can subsist on the life forces of normal humans and non-totemistic superhumans for a time, they always crave a pure host and Peter fits the bill perfectly. After Peter's meeting with Ezekiel, Morlun and his hapless minion Dex subtly began tormenting Peter from the shadows, stalking him and wreaking havoc with his spider-sense. Morlun finally revealed himself when Spider-Man was investigating a fire at the wharfs, punching him with what Spider-Man claimed was the hardest punch he had ever felt. Morlun then told Spider-Man that he would eventually kill him, and now that they had made physical contact, he could find Spider-Man wherever he went. Though Spider-Man fought back, Morlun continually regained the upper hand. Peter tried to flee, but Morlun was able to find him easily and resume the fight. Spider-Man finally got away after Morlun burned down the building they were fighting in, but Ezekiel told him it was no use. Morlun would find him once again, and kill him. Morlun continually attacked Spider-Man over the next few days, endangering the lives of innocent citizens if Peter tried to flee. With Ezekiel's",
"title": "Morlun"
},
{
"docid": "18936506",
"text": "\"Green Goblin Reborn!\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the",
"title": "Green Goblin Reborn!"
},
{
"docid": "2218215",
"text": "Ronald Wade Frenz (born February 1, 1960) is an American comics artist known for his work for Marvel Comics. He is well known for his 1980s work on The Amazing Spider-Man, particularly introducing the hero's black costume, and later for his work on Spider-Girl whom he co-created with writer Tom DeFalco. Frenz and DeFalco had earlier co-created the New Warriors in the pages of Thor. Career Frenz began working for Marvel Comics in the early 1980s. Frenz's early work includes such titles as Ka-Zar the Savage, Star Wars, The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones, and Marvel Saga. His first credited story for Marvel was published in Ka-Zar the Savage #16 (July 1982). Frenz has a history of working on comic book series in which the characters were not in their original costumes/identities. Spider-Man wore his black costume, Thor took on a new secret identity and look, and Superman changed costumes and powers while Frenz was the regular artist on their titles. Frenz became the regular artist on The Amazing Spider-Man in 1984 and the stories he pencilled included \"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\" in issue #248 (Jan. 1984) and the first appearance of Spider-Man's black costume in issue #252 (May 1984). Among the new characters introduced during his run were the Puma in issue #256 (Sept. 1984) and Silver Sable in #265 (June 1985). Frenz and Tom DeFalco revealed that the \"black suit\" was an alien creature in issue #258 (Nov. 1984). Frenz drew The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #18 (1984), a story written by Stan Lee, which featured the wedding of Spider-Man supporting characters J. Jonah Jameson and Marla Madison. Frenz had originally been brought onto the series as a short-term substitute for John Romita Jr., but was retained when it became apparent that he meshed well with series writer DeFalco. Frenz recounted: Jim Owsley, editor of the Spider-Man titles at the time, has noted that \"Frenz was passionate about Spider-Man, verging on fanatical.\" In 1986, Frenz and DeFalco were removed from The Amazing Spider-Man by Owsley. Frenz and DeFalco became the creative team on Thor in 1987 and introduced the Eric Masterson character in Thor #391 (May 1988). Eric Masterson later became the superhero known as Thunderstrike and received his own series by DeFalco and Frenz in 1993. In 1995, Frenz moved to DC Comics and became the artist on Superman. The following year, he was one of the many creators who contributed to the Superman: The Wedding Album one-shot wherein the title character married Lois Lane. Superman received a new costume, designed by Frenz himself, and new superpowers in Superman vol. 2 #123 (May 1997). Frenz drew part of the Superman Red/Superman Blue one-shot which launched the storyline of the same name which ran through the various Superman titles. Frenz returned to Marvel with the Spider-Man: Hobgoblin Lives limited series, written by Roger Stern, in 1997. DeFalco and Frenz reunited and introduced Spider-Girl in What If ...? vol. 2 #105 (Feb. 1998). Spider-Girl became an ongoing series in",
"title": "Ron Frenz"
},
{
"docid": "34693053",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an open world video game based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man and the 2012 film of the same name. It was developed by Beenox and published by Activision. It was released on June 26 in North America and on June 29, 2012 in Europe for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Android, iOS, and Microsoft Windows. A version for the Wii U was released in March 2013 in North America and Europe known as The Amazing Spider-Man: Ultimate Edition in both regions. A PlayStation Vita version was released in November 2013. A sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, was released in April 2014, itself based on the film. The game was directed by Gerard Lehiany and written by Seamus Kevin Fahey, Benjamin Schirtz and Gérard Lehiany. Its story serves as an alternate epilogue to The Amazing Spider-Man film, which is continued in the game's sequel. Months after the events of the film, a number of cross-species experiments created by Oscorp using Curt Connors' research escape into Manhattan and infect its population with a deadly virus, forcing Spider-Man to join forces with Gwen Stacy and Connors to find a cure. Meanwhile, the new Oscorp CEO, Alistair Smythe, attempts to develop his own cure so that he will be credited as the city's savior, and to eliminate Spider-Man and Connors for interfering with his plans. The Nintendo 3DS and Wii versions of the game include the script and plot of the other versions of the game, but feature a much different, more linear gameplay that does not have an open world environment, and instead features the player selecting a level from the map in Spider-Man's apartment, before playing a mostly linear level. It was natively designed for the 3DS and later ported to the Wii. Upon its release, the game received mixed to positive reviews from critics, with praise to the gameplay, controls, combat, dark tone, intensity and soundtrack, although it received criticism for its mode of difficulty, story, visuals, repetitive side missions and lack of innovation. Gameplay PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows versions The Amazing Spider-Man is a third-person video game, set in an open world based on Manhattan. Players take on the role of Spider-Man and complete missions—linear scenarios with set objectives—to progress through the story. The missions are structured in a linear manner, but the player is free to explore the game's map in between missions and engage in various side activities. Players have access to all of Spider-Man's superhuman abilities, including web swinging and wall crawling. The game introduces a bullet time mechanic called Web-Rush, where players slow down time by holding a button and can select between different locations that Spider-Man will automatically move towards once the player releases the button. This gameplay mechanic can be used to target enemies, whom Spider-Man will attack automatically, or objects that Spider-Man will throw at enemies, incapacitating them for a few seconds and allowing Spider-Man to web them",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "3151317",
"text": "{{Infobox comic book title | image = MASM1.JPG | caption = Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #1 (May 2005). Art by Randy Green. | schedule = Monthly | format = Ongoing | publisher = Marvel Comics | date = May 2005 – May 2010 (Vol. 1)June 2010 – May 2012 (Vol. 2) | issues = 61 (Vol. 1)24 (Vol. 2) | main_char_team = Spider-ManSophia \"Chat\" Sanduval | writers = …AgeDaniel Quantz (1–6)Todd DeZago (7–11, 15, 17–18)Mike Raicht (12–14, 16, 19–20)…Adventures Vol. 1Kitty Fross (1)Erica David (2–3)Jeff Parker (4)Sean McKeever (5–12)Zeb Wells (13–16)Peter David (17–20, 29–32)Fred Van Lente (21–24, 33–36)Chris Kipiniak (25–28, 38)Marc Sumerak (37, 39–44, 46)Todd DeZago (45)Paul Tobin (53–61)…Adventures Vol. 2Paul Tobin (1–24) | artists = …AgeDerec Aucoin (12–14)Shane Davis (15)Gus Vasquez (16)Logan Lubera (17–18)Valentine DeLandro (19–20)…Adventures Vol. 1Cory Hamscher (22–24)Patrick Scherberger (25–28)Jonboy Meyers (44)Zach Howard (45) | pencillers = …AgeMark Brooks (1–6)Jonboy Meyers (7–11)…Adventures Vol. 1Patrick Scherberger (1–8, 13–16)Mike Norton (9–12, 17–20)Michael O'Hare (21)Pop Mhan (29–32)Cory Hamscher (33–36)Ale Garza (37)David Nakayama (38, 40)Ryan Stegman (39, 41)Vicenc Villagrasa (42)Carlos Verreira (43) | inkers = Cory Hamscher (21) | colorists = Guru eFX (21) | creators = Daniel QuantzMark Brooks }}Marvel Adventures Spider-Man (preceded by Marvel Age Spider-Man) is a Marvel Comics comic book series intended for all ages, especially children, that ran for 61 issues from May 2005 through May 2010. The Marvel Age Spider-Man stories were based on early issues that Stan Lee wrote in the 1960s. The first few issues of Marvel Adventures Spider-Man carried on this tradition before switching to original, single-issue stories, as part of the company's Marvel Adventures imprint, with Paul Tobin beginning an ongoing storyline from Issue #53 onward, introducing Sophia \"Chat\" Sanduval as the primary love interest of the Marvel Adventures Spider-Man, the series set in its own alternate continuity of Earth-20051. In June 2010, the series was relaunched as Spider-Man: Marvel Adventures, written in its totality by Tobin, running for a further 24 issues until May 2012, for a total of 85 issues across both volumes. Tobin's run of the series has received a universally positive critical reception. Marvel Age Spider-Man \"Duel to the Death with the Vulture\" / \"The Uncanny Threat of the Terrible Tinkerer\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #2) \"Spider-Man vs. Doctor Octopus\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #3) \"Nothing Can Stop the Sandman!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #4) \"Marked for Destruction by Doctor Doom!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #5) \"Face-to-Face with the Lizard!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #6) \"The Return of the Vulture\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #7) \"The Terrible Threat of the Living Brain!\" / \"Spider-Man Tackles the Torch!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #8) \"The Man Called Electro!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #9) \"The Enforcers!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #10) \"The Return of Doctor Octopus!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #11) \"Unmasked by Doctor Octopus!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #12) \"The Menace of Mysterio\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #13) \"The Grotesque Adventure of the Green Goblin!\" (re-telling of The",
"title": "Marvel Adventures Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "5040431",
"text": "Thomas Stanford Lyle (November 2, 1953 – November 19, 2019) was an American comics artist, best known for his work on Starman and Robin for DC Comics, and Spider-Man for Marvel Comics. Career Tom Lyle's comics career began in the mid 1980s penciling titles such Airboy, Strike!, and Airwolf for Eclipse Comics. From 1988 to 1990, he penciled DC Comics' Starman series with writer Roger Stern, introducing the second Blockbuster in Starman #9 (April 1989). Lyle worked on the first solo Robin limited series with writer Chuck Dixon. The series was reprinted a number of times, and led to two sequel miniseries – Robin II: Joker's Wild and Robin III: Cry of the Huntress – by the same creative team. Dixon and Lyle also co-created the Electrocutioner in Detective Comics #644 (May 1992) and Stephanie Brown in Detective Comics #647 (August 1992). Meanwhile, in 1991 he worked on The Comet for DC's Impact Comics imprint, which he pencilled and plotted, with writer Mark Waid contributing the scripts. In 1993, Lyle started working for Marvel Comics, as penciler of Spider-Man. He was one of the artists on the \"Maximum Carnage\" and \"Clone Saga\" storylines which ran through the Spider-Man titles, during which time he designed the original blue hoodie-and-red spandex costume worn by the Scarlet Spider, a clone of Spider-Man. He also co-created the character Annex in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #27 with writer Jack C. Harris. Lyle penciled the three-issue miniseries Venom: Funeral Pyre, which co-starred the Punisher and introduced the villain Pyre. Lyle's other work for Marvel included Punisher (third series; 1995) with writer John Ostrander from 1995 to 1997, a Warlock mini-series which he wrote himself in 1998, and issues of Mutant X in 2000 and 2001. He drew several issues of Star Wars for Dark Horse Comics in 2000. He was the artist on the 2004 series Chickasaw Adventures for the Chickasaw Nation. Between 2005 and his death in 2019, he taught sequential art at the Savannah College of Art and Design. References External links Tom Lyle at Mike's Amazing World of Comics Tom Lyle at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators 1953 births 2019 deaths 20th-century American artists 21st-century American artists American comics artists American art educators Artists from Jacksonville, Florida DC Comics people Marvel Comics people American role-playing game artists Savannah College of Art and Design faculty",
"title": "Tom Lyle"
},
{
"docid": "3887477",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is a side scrolling platform action video game released for the Nintendo Game Boy in 1990, published by LJN and developed by Rare based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. Gameplay Spider-Man has three extra lives and three continues. The intermission scenes between each level feature Spider-Man trading catchy barbs with a supervillain on a cell phone or walkie-talkie to find out where he should go next. Spider-Man can jump a normal and a double height. When he double-jumps, he can swing on a web. This can only be done for a short time until the web-meter runs out. Spider-Man's primary standing attack is a punch to the jaw. While crouching, Spider-Man can do a low, side kick. While jumping in the air, Spider-Man can do a side kick. While standing still, Spider-Man can shoot a glob of webbing from his wrists. This slightly depletes his web-meter. In the two vertical levels, Spider-Man climbs up the side of a building, and will \"buzz\" with his spider sense, indicating that the player should move Spider-Man out of the way of possible falling objects. Web vials are used to restore Spider-Man's web-meter, since his webbing is in limited supply. They are dropped by henchmen throughout the levels. Hamburgers restore some of Spider-Man's health meter. Storyline Spider-Man's most dangerous supervillains have discovered his secret identity, Peter Parker, and kidnapped his wife, Mary Jane. The action game takes the player through various city locations, battling an assortment of minor thugs, animals, and a supervillain (Mysterio, Hobgoblin, Scorpion, Rhino, Dr. Octopus, Venom) at the end of each level who, through intermission scenes, will taunt Spider-Man as to the whereabouts of his wife. Sequels The Amazing Spider-Man 2 The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (released as Spider-Man 2 in North America) was developed by Bits Studios and published by Acclaim Entertainment and released in 1992. The game is different from the original game, in that along with its action-adventure theme, Spider-Man also has to collect various objects located in each level in order to solve puzzles. The game's story follows a collection of supervillains (the Hobgoblin, Lizard, Graviton, Carnage, and Mysterio) who have framed Spider-Man for a bank robbery. He must survive several side scrolling levels, battling various thugs and supervillains in order to clear his name. The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers (release as Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers in North America) was developed by Bits Studios and published by Acclaim Entertainment and released in 1993. The game is based loosely on the comic book storyline of the same name, with Spider-Man being attacked by an assortment of high-tech robot Spider-Slayers. The player controls Spider-Man through various levels, fighting enemies and supervillains while solving various types of puzzles. The game features various enemies such as Electro, Scorpion, and ultimately the game's main antagonist Alistair Smythe. References External links 1990 video games Game Boy games Game Boy-only games LJN games Nintendo games Side-scrolling video",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game)"
},
{
"docid": "1704633",
"text": "The Astonishing Spider-Man was a comic book series published fortnightly in the United Kingdom by Panini Comics as part of Marvel UK's 'Collectors Edition' line. It reprinted selected Spider-Man stories and material from the American comic books. Format The current format is 76 pages, with three stories being printed every issue. Whilst it usually prints more modern story lines, ‘classic' tales are also used as back-up strips. The inside front cover of the comic contains a message from the editor as well as a ‘Story So Far’ section to allow lapsed readers to catch up. At the back of the comic is a letter’s page (Web-Mail) whereby readers can write in and give their views and opinions on the stories. The letters page also previously included short comic strips entitled ‘Mini-Marvels’, initially reprints of Chris Giarrusso's & Lew Stringer’s work. A subscription is also available. Publication history With Panini Comics having obtained the licence to reprint Marvel comics internationally, Astonishing Spider-Man began publication in November 1995. 150 issues were published in the first volume before the title was re-launched in 2007 to mark its change from a four-weekly publishing schedule to a two-weekly one. Volume 2 ran for two years before it was re-launched again in December 2009 to mark the start of the \"Brand New Day\" storyline. Volume 4 launched in October 2013 as the Superior Spider-Man run of stories began in the title. Volume 7 is ongoing. Printed material Volume 5 (2014–2016) \"Spider-Verse\" \"Secret Wars\" Volume 6 (2016–2018) Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 4 Spider-Man/Deadpool Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows Vol. 2 Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man: Family Business Original Graphic Novel Spider-Man Vol. 2 (Miles Morales) Spider-Gwen Vol. 2 Prowler Vol. 2 Clone Conspiracy Vol. 1/Omega Free Comic Book Day 2017 Captain America Civil War II: Amazing Spider-Man Spidey Vol. 1 Spider-Man & The X-Men Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 1 #148 - #152 was also published. Volume 7 (2018–2020) Issue 1: 100-PAGE-SPECIAL! Amazing Spider-Man #789 Venom Vol. 3 #1 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #13 - #15 Release: 10 May 2018 Issue 2: Amazing Spider-Man #790 Venom Vol. 3 #2 - #3 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #15 Release: 24 May 2018 Issue 3: Amazing Spider-Man #791 Venom Vol. 3 #4 - #6 Release: 7 June 2018 Issue 4: Spider-Men II #1 Venom Vol. 3 #6 Venom #150 - #151 Release: 21 June 2018 Issue 5: Spider-Men II #2 Venom #152 - #153, #150 Release: 5 July 2018 Issue 6: Spider-Men II #3 Venom #153 - #154, #150 Release: 19 July 2018 See also The Amazing Spider-Man List of Spider-Man titles Spider-Man Panini Comics References External links Panini’s Astonishing Spider-Man mini site Panini Comic’s home page Grand Comics Database Spider-Man titles 1995 comics debuts Marvel UK titles",
"title": "Astonishing Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "42659935",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2 is a 2014 American film and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 may also refer to: The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (1992 video game), a 1992 video game The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack), the soundtrack for the 2014 film, composed by Hans Zimmer The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014 video game), a 2014 game based on the 2014 film See also The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "69027326",
"text": "Venom is a fictional character primarily voiced by Tom Hardy appearing in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Introduced in Venom (2018), Venom is depicted as a symbiote who binds with human investigative journalist Eddie Brock after landing on Earth, with the duo subsequently becoming a vigilante jointly known by Venom's name, and later as the Lethal Protector, facing Venom's former team leader, Riot, and later Venom's son, Carnage, in combat. They are the second incarnation of the character in film, after Topher Grace and Tobey Maguire's respective portrayals of Eddie Brock / Venom and a symbiote-enveloped Spider-Man in Spider-Man 3 (2007). , the character has appeared in three films: Venom, Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021), and an uncredited cameo appearance in the web series Chen's Market and the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (both 2021). Hardy will reprise his role in Venom: The Last Dance. While Hardy's portrayal of the character in Venom was met with a mixed critical reception, the chemistry between Eddie Brock and Venom received praise. Concept and creation The idea of giving Spider-Man a new costume was conceived by Randy Schueler, a Marvel Comics reader from Norridge, Illinois. In 1982, Schueler was sent a letter by editor-in-chief Jim Shooter, who acknowledged interest in his idea, with Shooter coming up with the idea of a black-and-white costume. \"The Alien Costume\" first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #252 (May 1984), before fully appearing as Venom in the 300th issue. Venom's subsequent host, Eddie Brock, was created for the 300th issue of The Amazing Spider-Man in May 1988 due to cultural sensibilities of David Michelinie's suggestion of a villain consisting of the alien symbiote grafted into the body of a human female that forced him to conceive a male character by editor Jim Salicrup. Brock was later retconned to have a first appearance as a hand in Web of Spider-Man #18 (September 1986), but officially debuting in The Amazing Spider-Man #300, by Michelinie and Todd McFarlane, alongside Venom, initially presented as his alter-ego rather than as a separate living being. Post-Spider-Man 3 By July 2008, Sony Pictures was actively developing a spin-off film based on Venom alongside direct sequels to Spider-Man 3 (2007), hoping the character could \"add longevity\" to the franchise in a similar fashion to Wolverine in 20th Century Fox's X-Men films. Industry insiders suggested Topher Grace, who portrayed Brock in Spider-Man 3, should return for the spin-off because \"the likeable actor could be a sympathetic evildoer\", in response, McFarlane suggested that a Venom film could not do well with a villain as the central character. In December 2013, Sony revealed plans to use The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) to establish their own expanded universe based on the Marvel properties they had the film rights to, including Venom. Since the film underperformed, in February 2015, Sony and Marvel Studios announced a partnership that would see Marvel Studios produce the next",
"title": "Venom (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "2578538",
"text": "The Tinkerer (Phineas Mason) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an adversary of the superhero Spider-Man and the father of Rick Mason. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963). The Tinkerer is generally depicted as a genius in engineering who is able to create gadgets and other devices from nothing more than spare parts left over from ordinary household appliances. While in his initial appearances he sought to personally eliminate Spider-Man, more recent storylines depict him under the employ of other supervillains, whom he supplies with his gadgets for their personal vendettas against Spider-Man or other heroes. Since his introduction in comics, the character has been adapted into several other forms of media, such as animated television series and video games. The Tinkerer made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Chernus. Additionally, a female version of Phineas Mason named Phin Mason appears in Spider-Man: Miles Morales, voiced by Jasmin Savoy Brown. Publication history The Tinkerer is a character that was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his initial appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (April 1963), opposing Spider-Man as a villain. It would, however, be several years before he would return, and made his second appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #160 (September 1976), once again opposing Spider-Man in a losing effort. The Tinkerer would be mentioned in The Amazing Spider-Man #182 (July 1978). This was his first mention in the publication as a supporting side character to the other villains. Fictional character biography Criminal career Phineas Mason is a brilliant inventor and technician who designs advanced weaponry for criminals and sometimes undertakes crimes of his own. As \"the Terrible Tinkerer\", he runs an underground fix-it shop disguised as a radio repair shop. On at least one occasion, a potential customer gained the inventor's attention by presenting a transistor radio and telling Mason that \"I've got a radio that just can't carry a tune\". The Tinkerer's original scheme involved the employment of a team of petty has-been stuntmen and thugs. They specialized in placing bugs into radios and blackmailing state officials and politicians. The Tinkerer tried to present himself as an alien to confuse his pursuers by leaving behind a mask that looked like his face when he escaped from Spider-Man in a hovercraft shaped like a flying saucer. The Tinkerer's next encounter with Spider-Man resulted in deploying the Toy, a hi-tech robot that serves as an assistant and lackey. The Toy also helped the Tinkerer escape from his hideout when raided by the police. The Tinkerer is known to have created the suit for Mysterio, a man that once worked as one of his alien-suited servants. Much later, he was hired by the Kingpin to rebuild the Spider-Mobile to destroy Spider-Man. The Tinkerer redesigned Rocket Racer's rocket-powered skateboard, designed the",
"title": "Tinkerer (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "2839562",
"text": "\"The Other\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \"acts\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes",
"title": "Spider-Man: The Other"
},
{
"docid": "15635388",
"text": "\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far",
"title": "Spider-Man: Brand New Day"
},
{
"docid": "14786325",
"text": "Donald Reignoux (born 20 May 1982) is a French actor best known for his dubbing and radio roles. He is known for dubbing Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man, The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and the video game Spider-Man (2018). He is also known for dubbing Jesse Eisenberg in The Social Network and some DCEU films, like Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Justice League, and Zack Snyder's Justice League. Voice roles Television animation The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius (Carl Wheezer) The Amazing Spiez! (Lee) American Dragon: Jake Long (Brad Morton) As Told by Ginger (Blake Gripling) Batman: The Brave and the Bold (Green Arrow) Ben 10: Alien Force (Kevin Levin) Blaze and the Monster Machines (Blaze) Codename: Kids Next Door (Numbuh 4) Danny Phantom (Danny Fenton) Digimon (Tai Kamiya, Wormmon) DuckTales (Louie) The Fairly OddParents (Elmer) Futurama (Cubert) Legion of Super Heroes (Brainiac 5) Lilo & Stitch: The Series (Keoni Jameson) The Magic School Bus (Carlos) Martin Mystery (Marvin) Mr. Baby (Rudy a.k.a. Ludo) My Dad the Rock Star (Buzz Sawchuck) Neon Genesis Evangelion (Shinji Ikari) The Neverending Story (Bastian Balthazar Bux) PAW Patrol (Francois, Jake) The Penguins of Madagascar (Mort) Phineas and Ferb (Phineas Flynn) Quack Pack (Louie) Recess (T.J. Detweiler) Rocket Power (Otto Rocket) Scissor Seven (Michelangelo Qiang) Skyland (Mahad) Titeuf (Titeuf) Totally Spies! (Arnold) Young Justice (Robin) Film The Super Mario Bros. Movie (Kamek) Anastasia (Young Dimitri) Cars (D.J.) Hoodwinked (Twitchy) Horton Hears a Who! (Jojo) How to Train Your Dragon (Hiccup) James and the Giant Peach (James Henry Trotter) Meet the Robinsons (Carl) My Neighbor Totoro (Kanta Ōgaki) Recess: School's Out (T.J. Detweiler) Space Chimps (Ham) Spirited Away (Haku) The Land Before Time 2-5 (Littlefoot) Toy Story (Andy Davis) The Lorax (The Once-Ler) Frozen (Kristoff) Wreck-It Ralph (Fix-It Felix Jr.) Big Hero 6 (Fred) Promare (Lio Fotia) Video games Cars (D.J.) Kingdom Hearts (Sora) Kingdom Hearts II (Sora) Psychonauts (Razputin) Overwatch (Lúcio) The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (Yunobo) Detroit: Become Human (Connor) Spider-Man (2018) (Spider-Man) No Straight Roads (Zuke) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Wildlands (Weaver) Live action roles Sleepy Hollow (Masbath) Malcolm in the Middle (Reese) Even Stevens (Louis Stevens) The O.C. (Seth Cohen) Agent Cody Banks and Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London (Cody Banks) High School Musical, High School Musical 2 and High School Musical 3 (Ryan Evans) Wizards of Waverly Place (Justin Russo) The Golden Compass (Pan) Never Back Down (Jake Tyler) Tropic Thunder (Kevin Sandusky) The Social Network (Mark Zuckerberg) The Amazing Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (Spider-Man) Interstellar (Adult Tom Cooper) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Justice League and Zack Snyder's Justice League (Lex Luthor) Élite (Nano) The 100 (Jasper) The Umbrella Academy (Klaus) External links Partial voiceography at Doublagissimo! Donald Reignoux at Malcolm France Donald Reignoux at Kingdom Fantasy 1982 births Living people People from Courbevoie Male actors from Île-de-France French male voice actors",
"title": "Donald Reignoux"
},
{
"docid": "42578174",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the official soundtrack from the 2014 film of the same name composed by Hans Zimmer and a supergroup called The Magnificent Six, consisting of Pharrell Williams, Mike Einziger, Junkie XL, Johnny Marr, Andrew Kawczynski, and Steve Mazzaro. It was released on April 18, 2014, through Columbia Records and Madison Gate Records. Release and promotion Marc Webb, director of the film, revealed on July 20, 2013, that Zimmer would compose the music for the film, following James Horner, who composed the music for the first film. It was later revealed that they would form a supergroup with Pharrell Williams to compose the film's music. Zimmer revealed the film's main theme on April 4, 2014, saying that the film's score would be different from his previous work. The soundtrack was released on April 18 in two different versions. The standard version includes a single disc with fourteen tracks of score from the film and six songs by other artists that were both used in and inspired by the film. The deluxe edition features two discs, with the first containing only the score, but with six additional tracks (several score tracks also present in the standard edition are notably longer in the deluxe edition). The second disc includes four bonus score tracks, two of them character suites, as well as all of the non-score songs from the standard version, with two additional songs. The soundtrack features a song called \"It's On Again\" performed by Alicia Keys featuring Kendrick Lamar, which plays in the end credits. Electro's theme is heard for a split second during his introduction in Spider-Man: No Way Home. Track listing Standard edition Deluxe edition Chart positions Critical response Reviews of the score were positive. AllMusic gave the score four stars out of five, saying \"the soundtrack for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 echoes the sequel's frenetic, slick, and streamlined action, offering up 14 instrumental pieces and six non-score-related songs that dutifully reflect the measured and meticulous, corporate tie-in sensibilities of the traditional summer blockbuster while still managing to march to the beat of their own very loud drum.\" Movie Wave gave the score four stars, writing \"If you'd said to me while I was first listening to The Amazing Spider-Man back in 2012 (and writing about how much I hoped it might mark a return to a more traditional approach in general to these films) that two years later the sequel would come out and be scored by Hans Zimmer with dubstep, I'd probably have punched you in the face (well, if I weren't the world's most mild-mannered individual, anyway). I guess others will feel the same way. But open your mind to it: it's dazzling stuff.\" However, Filmtracks gave it one star out of five, heavily criticizing Zimmer's approach. KidzWorld gave it four stars out of five, opining \"The Amazing Spider-Man had a soundtrack jam-packed full of gorgeous symphonic style melodies, so expectations were high for many Marvel fans when",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "5724747",
"text": "Normie Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the grandson of Norman Osborn and the eldest son of Harry Osborn. Publication history Normie Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #263 (April 1985), and was created by Bill Mantlo and Al Milgrom. He appeared in Green Goblin stories throughout the 1990s, generally portrayed as hating Spider-Man. Fictional character biography Normie Osborn is the child of Liz Allan and Harry Osborn and the grandson of Norman Osborn. Harry's sanity recovered shortly before dying from a modified version of the Goblin formula, saving Spider-Man and saying \"You're my best friend\"; Normie is shown overhearing this, possibly changing his view of Spider-Man. While still recovering from his father's death, Normie is befriended by Peter Parker, a sort of surrogate uncle to him. A trio of robotic \"Goblin women\" (one of a number of failsafes prepared by Harry before death) kidnap Normie, intending to turn him into a new Green Goblin. Spider-Man and the Molten Man (Normie's uncle) defeat them before he can be exposed to the Goblin formula. Norman Osborn returned from the dead, using a robot Goblin to kidnap his heir. This version appears as the standard Green Goblin, and causes Normie to believe his father has returned. This is part of a complex ploy to increase Norman's visibility by playing the unfortunate grandfather. Norman dismisses the possibility of his grandson being his heir (the new Goblin), saying that Normie has the same weaknesses as Harry. Normie is seen in a Sensational Spider-Man issue playing baseball, being watched from the stands by the Molten Man and the Chameleon, while Electro is in the shadows. No harm comes to Normie, but the Chameleon uses his safety as a bargaining chip to bring the Molten Man into his plan to attack Spider-Man after the hero's recent unmasking. Normie reappears after the One More Day storyline. Now Normie hates his father for supposedly abandoning him when Harry was mistakenly believed dead while being high on the Goblin serum. His hatred for Spider-Man is also reignited. Osborn's re-establishes himself as a major crime lord called the Goblin King, undergoing plastic surgery to also establish himself as a businessman named Mason Banks to provide a suitable inheritance for his grandson, with Liz apparently helping Norman in this endeavor. When Osborn acquires the Carnage symbiote and transforms into the Red Goblin, Osborn attempts to gain his grandson Normie's aid by infusing a portion of the Carnage symbiote into Normie, turning into \"Goblin Childe\". Despite the symbiote amplifying Normie's jealousy of his half-brother Stanley, Normie throws off its influence when he witnesses his grandfather try to kill his parents, realizing in the process that the villain was actually his own grandfather and not Spider-Man. The symbiote fragment is subsequently separated from Normie while the main symbiote is apparently destroyed during the final battle between Red Goblin and Spider-Man. It is implied that Liz and Mark kept at least some of",
"title": "Normie Osborn"
},
{
"docid": "823737",
"text": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \"Torment\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \"Clone Saga\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter",
"title": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "8685753",
"text": "Montana (Jackson W. Brice) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is depicted as the leader of the Enforcers, a team of assassins usually employed by other villains such as the Big Man, the Green Goblin, and the Kingpin, which often places them in conflict with the superheroes Spider-Man and Daredevil. Montana has been adapted from the comics into numerous forms of media, most notably adopting the Shocker persona in both The Spectacular Spider-Man animated series (voiced by Jeff Bennett) and the 2017 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (portrayed by Logan Marshall-Green). Publication history Montana first appeared alongside the other Enforcers in The Amazing Spider-Man #10 (March 1964), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The character subsequently appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964), #19 (December 1964), The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (1964), Marvel Team-Up #39-40 (November–December 1975), The Spectacular Spider-Man #19-20 (June–July 1978), Dazzler #7-8 (October–September 1981), Marvel Team-Up #138 (February 1984), Tales of the Marvels: Inner Demons #1 (1996), Civil War: War Crimes #1 (February 2007), Daredevil #99-100 (September–October 2007), #102 (January 2008), and The Amazing Spider-Man #562-563 (August 2008). Montana appeared as part of the \"Enforcers\" entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #4. Fictional character biography Jackson Brice was born in Bozeman, Montana. Along with Fancy Dan (Daniel Brito) and Ox (Raymond Bloch), he was a founding member of the Enforcers. He has great proficiency with the lariat. Montana, Fancy Dan and Ox make their first appearance under the employ of the Big Man (Frederick Foswell). During this time, they have their first run-in with their longtime nemesis Spider-Man. During their first fight against the web-slinger, Montana's lasso skills initially prove successful but Spider-Man defeats the trio. Over the next couple of years, Montana and the team would be employed by Lightmaster in one of his many schemes, again bringing them into conflict with Spider-Man, with similar results. They would then lend their services to Tech-Master in his revenge plot against Harry S. Osgood, only to be defeated by Dazzler. Montana and the team would also go up against She-Hulk at one point. Following the 2006 \"Civil War\" storyline, Montana, Ox (Ronald Bloch) and Fancy Dan reunite to work for Mister Fear, which pits them directly against Daredevil. After Mister Fear's arrest, the Enforcers are taken in by the Hood's organization. Following the events of the 2008 \"Spider-Man: Brand New Day\" storyline, the Enforcers are patrons at the Bar With No Name. They take bets with a person calling himself \"The Bookie\", over whether Spider-Man will show up to battle \"Basher\", an unknown villain who claimed to have fought Spider-Man. Spider-Man shows up, but is revealed to be Screwball in disguise when the real web-head shows up. The Enforcers decide to get revenge on The Bookie, capturing him. The Bookie's father calls Spider-Man for assistance, and he agrees to help. Spider-Man defeats Fancy Dan and Montana. In the story arc \"Kill",
"title": "Montana (character)"
},
{
"docid": "41357270",
"text": "The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for",
"title": "List of Spider-Man film cast members"
},
{
"docid": "1507980",
"text": "Campbell Scott (born July 19, 1961) is an American actor, producer and director. His roles include Steve Dunne in Singles, Mark Usher in House of Cards, Joseph Tobin in Damages, and Richard Parker in The Amazing Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man 2, as well as narration in The Men Who Built America. Early life Scott was born on July 19, 1961, in New York City, the son of American actor George C. Scott (1927–1999) and Canadian-American actress Colleen Dewhurst (1924–1991). He graduated from John Jay High School with friend Stanley Tucci before graduating from Lawrence University in 1983. His brother is Alexander Scott. One of his paternal half-sisters is actress Devon Scott. Career Scott's first film appearance was in the 1987 movie Five Corners, as a policeman. In 1990, Scott played a lead role in the ground-breaking film Longtime Companion, which chronicles the early years of the AIDS/HIV epidemic and its impact upon a group of American friends. In the following year he appeared briefly in Kenneth Branagh-directed, Dead Again, and co-starred in the movie Dying Young (in which his mother also appeared) alongside Julia Roberts. He also appeared in the 1992 Cameron Crowe movie Singles alongside Bridget Fonda and Kyra Sedgwick, and in 1996, he teamed up with Stanley Tucci to direct the film Big Night. The film met with critical acclaim and was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival. For their work, Scott and Tucci won both the New York Film Critics Circle Award and the Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best New Director. In 2002 he was awarded the Best Actor prize from the National Board of Review for his performance in Roger Dodger. Scott starred in Six Degrees on ABC in 2006. In 2004 he starred alongside Adam Butcher, in Saint Ralph. In 2005–2006 Scott served as the reader for the audiobook versions of Stephen King's bestsellers The Shining and Cell, and for Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls. In 2007 Scott lent his voice for the narration of a Chevron Corporation television ad, as well as the Iraq War documentary film, No End in Sight. He also appeared in the romantic comedy Music and Lyrics, starring Hugh Grant and Drew Barrymore. Next up for Scott was the 2009 drama Handsome Harry. Scott also had a recurring role on the USA drama Royal Pains, as Boris Kuester von Jurgens-Ratenicz. On August 28, 2009 TVGuide.com confirmed Scott was cast for the third season of Damages. Scott was a series regular, playing Joe Tobin, the son of indicted Bernie Madoff-like Louis Tobin (Len Cariou). The season aired from January to April 2010. In May 2010 Scott provided the voice-over for a new Häagen-Dazs TV commercial called \"Ode to Flavor\". The ad was created by Goodby, Silverstein & Partners, directed by Noah Marshall with art direction by Croix Cagnon. He played the role of Richard Parker, the father of Peter Parker, in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider-Man. Scott reprised his",
"title": "Campbell Scott"
},
{
"docid": "24786216",
"text": "The comic book character Spider-Man has had much media attention due to his popularity as a superhero, as have his villains. Here is a list of his primary villains that have undergone media attention such as in films, televisions, and video games as well as some villains who debuted in the TV series. Film This is a list of Spider-Man enemies that have been in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy, Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films, the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), and Sony's Spider-Man Universe. The movies in the original trilogy also introduces Dylan Baker as Dr. Curt Connors, the man who in the comics becomes the Lizard, but this transformation never took place during Raimi's tenure as director. Mendel Stromm was portrayed by actor Ron Perkins in Spider-Man, although he did not become a villain while Spider-Man 2 features Daniel Gillies as John Jameson, whose transformation into the Man-Wolf is not depicted in the film. Additionally, the Kingpin was featured prominently in the Mark Steven Johnson film Daredevil, where he was portrayed by Michael Clarke Duncan. In The Amazing Spider-Man, the Lizard is the villain. Irrfan Khan also portrays the antagonistic Dr. Ratha in that film. In The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Felicity Jones plays Felicia Hardy, the alter ego of Black Cat but her version of Black Cat was never shown. In Spider-Man: Homecoming, Michael Mando appears as Mac Gargan, but did not become Scorpion. In Spider-Man: Far From Home, Jake Gyllenhaal portrays Mysterio, who was originally to be played by Bruce Campbell in Raimi's canceled fourth film. Additionally, although the character has not appeared in an MCU film yet, Vincent D'Onofrio portrays the Kingpin in Marvel Television's Netflix series Daredevil and the Disney+ series Hawkeye, Echo, and Daredevil: Born Again. Live-action films Animated films Television A number of Spider-Man villains have made appearances in Spider-Man television series or other Marvel Comics related shows mostly in animation. Also, in Wolverine and the X-Men, there was a character that closely resembles Shadrac. Here is a listing in alphabetical order. Sinister Six A few of Spider-Man villains in other media have joined the group Sinister Six (or Insidious Six in Spider-Man: The Animated Series and Sinister Seven or Superior Sinister Six in Ultimate Spider-Man) to take down Spider-Man just like in the comics. Here is a list of villains who have joined. The numbers beside the supervillain with the parentheses in between them stand for their first meeting and second meeting and so on. There has never been a proper depiction of the original Sinister Six (Doctor Octopus, Mysterio, Vulture, Sandman, Kraven and Electro), but in most franchises, all of the members appear, mainly without joining. Made-for-TV villains These villains do not appear in the comics. They were created for various cartoon series. Among them are: Spider-Man (1967) Baron von Rantenraven (voiced by Tom Harvey) - A German pilot who commanded Sky Harbor, which he used to invade New York with World War I biplanes. He uses paralyzing devices. Blackwell the",
"title": "List of Spider-Man enemies in other media"
},
{
"docid": "144170",
"text": "Gwendolyne Maxine \"Gwen\" Stacy is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider-Man. A college student and the daughter of George and Helen Stacy, she is the first romantic interest for Peter following his high school graduation before she is murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Her death has haunted Peter ever since, and stories published long afterwards indicate she still holds a special place in his heart. Gwen is posthumously subjected to numerous cloning experiments by her former professor Miles Warren, Peter's clone Ben Reilly, and an A.I. of Harry Osborn, the latter resulting in the creation of the Kindreds, and Ben briefly resurrecting Gwen in \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" (2016–2017), with the embodiment of Death herself confirming in Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider (2017–2018) that all clones Ben created of deceased people had their souls intact on being brought back, while clones of living people (like Ben himself) had unique souls of their own. In the alternate realities of Ultimate Marvel and Spider-Gwen, a still-living Gwen respectively becomes their universe's versions of Carnage and Spider-Woman. The character was portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider-Man 3 (2007) and by Emma Stone in The Amazing Spider-Man film series (2012–2014) and Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023; archive footage). A multiverse Spider-Gwen is voiced by Hailee Steinfeld in the 2018 animated film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse and its sequel Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), and will reprise the role in Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (TBA) and Spider-Woman (TBA). Publication history Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Fictional character biography Early history In her initial appearances, Peter Parker meets Gwen while both are studying as undergraduates at Empire State University, but with Aunt May in the hospital, Peter is troubled and ignores her advances. She dates both Flash Thompson and Harry Osborn to make Peter jealous. Gradually, however, a romance develops; Gwen, a science major, appreciates Peter's intellect. Their relationship begins almost immediately after Peter stops going out with Mary Jane Watson, whom he begins to see as shallow and self-absorbed. Later issues introduce Gwen's father, NYPD Captain George Stacy, as well as her mother Helen Stacy and her uncle Arthur Stacy. Though her father is both fond of Peter and supportive of his alter-ego Spider-Man, his death strains Peter's relationship with Gwen after he is killed by falling debris during a battle involving Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus. Gwen blames Spider-Man for his death, and leaves for Europe to cope with her loss. She wants Peter to ask her to marry him and convince her to stay, but his guilt stops him from proposing. Gwen's feelings for Peter eventually prompt her to return to New York, and their relationship is rekindled. According to Lee, who scripted all of the stories featuring Gwen Stacy up to this point, the original intent was for Gwen",
"title": "Gwen Stacy"
},
{
"docid": "264015",
"text": "Electro () is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the Maxwell \"Max\" Dillon version of Electro was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #9 (Feb. 1964) as an adversary to the superhero Spider-Man. Electro has since endured as one of the web-slinger's most prominent foes, though he has also come into conflict with other heroes, most notably Daredevil. He is a founding member of the Sinister Six, and the leader of the original incarnation of the Emissaries of Evil, the first supervillain teams to oppose Spider-Man and Daredevil, respectively. In the original version of the story, Max Dillon was a lineman for an electric company who turned to a life of crime after being struck by lightning while working on a power line and becoming a living electric capacitor. Electro's superpowers revolve around controlling electricity, which he can absorb to \"charge\" himself and become more powerful, gaining additional abilities such as flight and enhanced physical attributes. Since his conception, the character has undergone several design changes, from his original green and yellow costume, to his modern look with blue skin and a bald head. During the time that Max Dillon was dead between 2016 and 2021, a second Electro named Francine Frye was introduced. Outside of comics, both Dillon and Frye have been featured in various media adaptations of Spider-Man, including feature films, television series, and video games. In particular, Jamie Foxx portrayed Dillon in the live-action films The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #9 (Feb. 1964). The character is also known as the member of the Frightful Four battling the Fantastic Four. He is also the first major Marvel villain to be written in publication history as battling Daredevil, even being the founder and leader of the supervillain team that oppose him, the Emissaries of Evil. The second incarnation of Electro, Francine Frye, was created by Dan Slott and Humberto Ramos, and first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 3 #2 (July 2014), though she did not become Electro until The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 4 #17 (October 2016). Fictional character biography Maxwell Dillon While Maxwell \"Max\" Dillon, an electrical engineer and lineman, is repairing a power line, a freak lightning accident causes a mutagenic change that transforms him into a living electrical capacitor. His powers are initially weak, so he spends some time stealing electrical equipment from Stark Industries to charge himself. During this time, he is approached by Magneto, who considers him a potential recruit for his Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, claiming that Dillon's power rival his own, but Dillon refuses. The following day, Dillon is confronted by a small-time thug from whom he was borrowing money to pay for the machinery he needed. When the thug draws a gun on him because he did not",
"title": "Electro (Marvel Comics)"
}
] | [
"Dane William DeHaan"
] |
train_35205 | who sings my love my life in mamma mia | [
{
"docid": "15642908",
"text": "\"My Love, My Life\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \"My Love, My Life\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \"Monsieur, Monsieur\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \"My Love, My Life\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson",
"title": "My Love, My Life"
},
{
"docid": "11143164",
"text": "\"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \"Rio de Janeiro\". Eventually, the track was renamed \"When I Kissed the Teacher\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \"schoolgirl imagery\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \"bouncy\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \"Waterloo\". It says the song \"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \"When I Kissed the Teacher\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is listed alongside \"Dancing Queen\" as an example of the group's \"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\" The Los Angeles Times said \"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \"expected of ABBA\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" with the Van Halen song \"Hot for Teacher\" and the Jethro Tull song \"Teacher\" as examples of \"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.",
"title": "When I Kissed the Teacher"
},
{
"docid": "2583339",
"text": "Jacqueline Clune (born 13 December 1965) is a British actress and writer. She became established through her Edinburgh Fringe one-woman cabaret shows and her 1995 Karen Carpenter tribute act before graduating to mainstream acting. Early life Jackie Clune is the third of four children born in Harlow, Essex, to Irish Roman Catholic parents: her father, Don Clune (died August 2010), was a buyer for a computer firm, and her mother (who survived him by eight years) a nurse. The writer Maggie Clune is her sister. Jackie Clune graduated with a degree in drama from the University of Kent. Career On graduation from university, she became a full-time drama lecturer at the Royal Holloway College for at least six years, was the presenter of the Weekend Breakfast Show on BBC GLR 94.9fm, and a BBC London radio journalist. She started singing in bands part-time, but between sets as a DJ she developed a facility in chatting to the audience. This led a friend to suggest that she could create a Karen Carpenter tribute performance, with singing; this she worked on and took to the Edinburgh Festival in 1995, where she was spotted by a West End producer. Giving up her lecturing career, she co-founded the Red Rag Women's Theatre Company, and fell into stand-up comedy while working at the Hackney Empire. Her credits include the BBC soap drama EastEnders and ITV's The Bill. Since hosting the Stonewall Society equality shows at the Royal Albert Hall, she has developed a multi-media career. She has been on TV (terrestrial and Sky) and a radio panellist on Front Row, QI, Never Mind the Buzzcocks, What the Dickens?, Woman's Hour and The Staying-in Show and Loose Women. She had a part in Showstopper (1997), Bryony Lavery's play A Wedding Story (1999) and portrayed Julie Burchill, at the time a columnist for The Guardian, in the one-woman play Julie Burchill Is Away by Tim Fountain at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and in the West End (2003) which launched her to the global press. In 2006–7, she played the lead female role of Donna in the Abba songs-based musical Mamma Mia! international tour until 17 March 2007. On 4 June 2007, she took over the role of the dance teacher Mrs. Wilkinson in Billy Elliot the Musical in London. She gave her final performance on 22 November 2008 prior to rejoining the Mamma Mia! International Tour (2009–2011) again as leading role Donna, the role interpreted by Meryl Streep in the film. She sang the theme tune of, and contributed material to, the TV comedy Smack the Pony. After becoming involved in the revival of the Andrew Lloyd Webber and Don Black musical Tell Me On A Sunday, she met Denise van Outen with whom she co-wrote the show Blondes, which van Outen performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in August 2009 and in six preview performances at the New End Theatre in Hampstead. She promoted the album Love Songs (Dress Circle) courtesy of a show at the",
"title": "Jackie Clune"
},
{
"docid": "54535911",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\"One of Us\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\"Waterloo\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\"Why Did It",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "51120836",
"text": "Martin \"Frosty\" Beedle (born 18 September 1961) is a British musician who plays, produces and composes music. He plays drums, percussion, programs keyboard parts using high quality plugins and sings all types of genres. He plays various styles of music covering many genres including jazz, jazz fusion, rock, pop, blues, R&B and Orchestral. He was the original drummer of Cutting Crew, remaining with them during their most successful period. He has also played in numerous West End musicals, and has been the principal drummer for Mamma Mia! since it opened in 1999. He has played, recorded and toured with Boy George, Sinead O Connor, Midge Ure, Zucchero, Jason Donovan, Kiki Dee, Sarah Brightman, Jimmy Somerville, Gloria Gaynor, Clannad, Harold Melvin, Kim Wilde, ABC, and Steve Coogan to name a few and was an original member and co-producer of the progressive rock band Lifesigns. He has also been playing with friends in a group called The Two Pianos, a rock and roll band, for four years. He has been and is touring worldwide with Queen Symphonic / the Queen Rock and Symphonic show which features international singers, a rock band and symphony orchestra. Their last tour before COVID-19 saw them playing in Japan with the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra at the beginning of 2020. Touring and west end shows being postponed he is currently working on his first solo album and has been collaborating with a number of musicians on individual projects and writing of music. Variations of name: Beedle, Frosty Beadle, Frosty Beedle, Martin \"Frostie\" Beedle, Martin \"Frosty\" Beedle, Martin (Frosty) Beedle, Martin Beadle Biography (short) Frosty was born into a musical family. His father loved big band music and his mother loved to sing. He had singing lessons from the age of six and started playing drums aged 9. He gained permission from the local authorities to play in pubs and clubs from the age of eleven and spent his youth playing semi professionally in anything from jazz trios to big bands. He eventually turned professional aged seventeen joining the QE2 transatlantic liner and travelled the world completing three world cruises by the time he was twenty one. He moved to London in 1984. In 1985 he joined the pop group Cutting Crew. \"(I Just) Died in Your Arms\" was a top ten hit in many countries. He left the band after six years in 1991 and went on to work with various acts, touring with some of them but also recording (singles/songs) with Sarah Brightman, Zucchero, Russell Watson and more. At the same time he has been holding the drum chair in the Mamma Mia! show, the seventh longest running show in the London West End from year 2000. Discography (selection) Studio albums With Cutting Crew Broadcast (1986) The Scattering (1989) With Zucchero Sugar Fornaciari Miserere (1992) With Marie Claire D'Ulbado The Outside (of the Other Side)(1994) With Russell Watson Reprise (2002) With Never the Bride Never the Bride (1995) Vancouver 97 (2009) With Sarah Brightman La Luna (2000)",
"title": "Frosty Beedle"
},
{
"docid": "6232351",
"text": "Jenny Galloway is a British actress and singer best known for her stage career, which includes Madame Thénardier in Les Misérables. She has received numerous awards and nominations, winning the 1999 Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for her performance in Mamma Mia!. She had previously won the award seven years earlier for her portrayal of the character Luce in George Abbott's The Boys from Syracuse. Galloway can be heard on the cast recordings of Les Misérables 10th Anniversary Concert, Les Misérables 25th Anniversary Concert, Oliver!, Mamma Mia! and Mary Poppins. In the 2001 ITV children's series Weirdsister College, Galloway portrayed the college porter known as the Beetle. Her film credits include In Transit, About a Boy, Fierce Creatures and the role of the Foreign Secretary in Johnny English. She appeared in Madame de Sade alongside Judi Dench and Deborah Findlay as Charlotte in 2008. Galloway had a principal role in a fifth series episode of Marple, The Pale Horse, alongside Julia McKenzie. Her role was Bella Ellis – the town's local witch and cook to Thyrza Grey (played by Pauline Collins) – who are considered prime suspects at many points during the episode. The episode aired as the first part of the fifth series in the UK in August 2010, before the fourth series had finished airing. She reprised her role as Madame Thénardier in the 25th Anniversary Concert of Les Misérables at the O2 Arena in October 2010. She was briefly reunited with her former co-star Alun Armstrong at the end of the performance, when he appeared alongside the rest of the original cast of the musical for the finale. She and Armstrong had appeared as the Thénardiers in the 10th Anniversary Concert at the Royal Albert Hall. Galloway also played the character in the 2006 Broadway revival of the show. Galloway worked at the Watermill Theatre, Newbury, Berkshire in 1982, returning periodically, to assist stage management, drive the van, and lead sing-alongs. In 2013, she appeared as Sister Thomas in the Father Brown episode \"The Bride of Christ\". In 2017, she featured as the Nanny in the film adaptation of Agatha Christie's Crooked House, alongside Glenn Close, Max Irons and Terence Stamp. In March 2023, she appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors as Mrs Garton-Hill. Theatre credits Sandra – Zigger Zagger (1967) – National Youth Theatre Madame Thénardier – Les Misérables (1992–1994, 1995, 2006–2008 and 2010) Widow Corney – Oliver! (1994; revival cast) Rosie – Mamma Mia! (1999; original cast) Mickey - My One and Only 2002; Original West End Cast Mrs. Lovett – Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Mrs. Brill – Mary Poppins (2004; original cast, 2009) Mrs. Pearce – My Fair Lady (Paris production, 2010) Selected filmography Come Away (2020) Johnny English (2003) The Clandestine Marriage (1999) Doctors (2023) References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) British film actresses British musical theatre actresses Living people British television",
"title": "Jenny Galloway"
},
{
"docid": "75128298",
"text": "Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream was a British television talent competition that began airing on 22 October 2023 on ITV. The show documented the search for two new, unknown musical theatre performers to play the roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!. The series was presented by Zoe Ball, and features Samantha Barks, Alan Carr, Amber Riley and Jessie Ware as judges. The series was won by Stevie Doc and Tobias Turley to play Sophie and Sky respectively. Format The series documented the search to find two unknown musical theatre stars to play the central roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the 2024 West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!, based on the film of the same name for the musical's 25th anniversary. The format was similar to that of the BBC competitions How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, Any Dream Will Do, I'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow which aired on BBC One in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 respectively. ITV later aired a similar programme in 2012, Superstar. The series featured fourteen contestants, seven men and seven women, who took part in masterclasses, challenges and workshops focused on singing, dancing and acting which led to a finale set which took place in a West End theatre where a public vote decided the winners. Production In September 2022, it was reported that ITV were planning to revive the musical theatre talent search format with a new series based on Mamma Mia. In December 2022, ITV confirmed the commissioning of Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream. The series was produced by Thames, the production company behind the reality television formats Britain's Got Talent and I Can See Your Voice. The series is filmed in Corfu, Greece and is presented by Zoe Ball. The judges included Samantha Barks, who was a finalist on I'd Do Anything in 2008, comedian Alan Carr, Glee actress Amber Riley and singer Jessie Ware. Contestants The fourteen contestants competing for the roles of Sophie and Sky were announced on the day of the show's broadcast. Sophie Sky Weekly summary Results summary Colour key Week 1 (22 October) For the show's the first episode, the fourteen contestants were placed in either duos or trios and performed a song by ABBA. Group performances: \"Mamma Mia\" \"I Have a Dream\" Week 2 (29 October) In the show's second episode, the Sophies had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Dancing Queen\" Week 3 (5 November) In the show's third episode, the Skys had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" Week 4 (12 November) For the show's the fourth episode, the Sophies and Skys were paired up and had to recreate a scene",
"title": "Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream"
},
{
"docid": "5432353",
"text": "\"Upside Down\" (titled \"Bouncing off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" outside Europe) is a song by Swedish pop music group A-Teens, released as first single from their second album, Teen Spirit (2001). A DVD single of the song was released in the United States in February 2001 to coincide with both the single's release and Teen Spirits release, and contains the music videos for both the title track and Mamma Mia from The ABBA Generation. Production and release After the intense promotion in the United States in August 2000, the band went back to the studio to start working on their second album. The song was first announced at the Viva Music Awards in September 2000. The song was the first time the band released an original song instead of a cover, and the song was produced by the hit makers Grizzly and Tysper. Commercial reception The single reached platinum on its 3rd week of release in their homeland, and by early 2001, \"Upside Down\" had peaked at number two and sold over 120,000 copies in Sweden, earning a 2× platinum certification. The song became the band's biggest hit in the United Kingdom, selling 3,711 copies on its first day and peaking at number 10 by the end of the week. The song received 8/10 Stars on UK Yahoo Music Reviews. \"Upside Down\" had a name change in the United States and Canada to \"Bouncing Off The Ceiling (Upside Down)\". The song reached number 93 on the US Billboard Hot 100 while the physical single reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales Chart. Music video Directed by Patrick Kiely, the video was filmed in Universal Studios in Los Angeles from United States on 13–15 October 2000. It shows the band in an alternative world where everything is \"upside down,\" and tells the story of one student who is in love with another student so much that they can't focus on their school studies; thus turning their lives \"upside down.\" The dancing routine was choreographed by Wade Robson. The video reached number-one on several countdowns around the world. It was 2001's 25th most played video of MTV Mexico. Track listings Swedish and European CD single \"Upside Down\" (radio version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (sing-along version) – 3:14 European maxi-CD single \"Upside Down\" – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (Grizzly/Tysper radio remix) – 3:50 \"Upside Down\" (Grizzly/Tysper extended remix) – 4:46 \"Upside Down\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 UK CD single \"Upside Down\" (radio version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (Almighty 7-inch edit) – 4:18 \"Upside Down\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 \"Upside Down\" (karaoke version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (CD-ROM video) UK cassette single \"Upside Down\" – 3:14 \"Mamma Mia\" (radio version) – 3:14 US CD single \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" – 3:14 \"Super Trouper\" – 3:50 \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" (video) US DVD single \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling\" (video) \"Mamma Mia\" (video) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Release history References External links 2000 singles 2000 songs",
"title": "Upside Down (A-Teens song)"
},
{
"docid": "11939170",
"text": "Louise Pitre (born January 1, 1957) is a Canadian actress in musical theatre. She performs on Broadway and in Canada. She is best known for her role as Donna Sheridan in the ABBA-themed musical Mamma Mia!, which earned her a 2002 Tony Award nomination. Early life Pitre was born in Smooth Rock Falls, Ontario; her family moved to Montreal and then to Welland during her childhood. Her first language is French. At age seven, she began to play piano, eventually taking professional lessons. She attended the University of Western Ontario and graduated with a bachelor's degree in music education. After performing in a college musical, however, she began combining music with acting on stage. Career Pitre moved to Toronto to pursue a musical theatre career. Her performance as Fantine in the musical adaptation of Les Misérables earned her acclaim in Toronto, Montreal, and Paris. In 1992 she portrayed French singer Edith Piaf in three productions of Piaf. Other musicals she was involved with include Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris, I Love You, You're Perfect, Now Change, The World Goes 'Round, Blood Brothers, Tartuffe, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, The Roar of the Greasepaint - The Smell of the Crowd, Applause, and Rock 'n' Roll. Pitre auditioned in New York City for the musical Napoleon being produced in London, but was turned down for the role of Josephine. The director, Francesca Zambello, told her she was perfect for a show she was also casting in Toronto entitled \"Mamma Mia!\" Pitre auditioned for the role of Donna Sheridan. Although initially hesitant about the part, she accepted after seeing the show. She performed the role in Toronto and in its United States national tour, and after 18 months, was asked to play the role on Broadway. Reviews were positive; Variety Magazine, although unenthusiastic about the musical, called her \"a terrific Donna\", The New York Times called her performance \"delightful\" and praised her \"terrific pop belter's voice\", and the San Francisco Chronicle praised her for making the show \"a dramatic showstopper\". For her performance, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical, and won the National Broadway Touring Award and an award from the San Francisco Theatre Critics Circle. Pitre left the show in October 2003. Pitre performed as Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd with Calgary Opera in 2003. and as Annie in Annie Get Your Gun in 2005. Pitre has released several CDs including, All My Life Has Led To This, featuring songs in English and French, Shattered, La vie en rouge (all French) and Songs My Mother Taught Me. She can also be heard on the cast recordings of Could You Wait?, a show she co-wrote with W.J. Matheson and Diane Leah, Kristina playing the role of Ulrika and Les Miserables (role of Fantine) in the Paris cast recording. She starred as Mayor Babs Belgoody and Ma Ferd in the Toronto production of The Toxic Avenger at the",
"title": "Louise Pitre"
},
{
"docid": "2556660",
"text": "Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \"my mom\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \"Mamma Mia\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \"Mamma Mia\" (Darin song), 2014 \"Mama Mia\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \"Mamma Mia\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \"Mama Mia\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \"Mammamia\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \"Mamma Mia\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \"Mamma Mia\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \"Mamma Mia\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon",
"title": "Mamma Mia"
},
{
"docid": "2864185",
"text": "Jersey Boys is a jukebox musical with a book by Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice. It is presented in a documentary-style format that dramatizes the formation, success and breakup of the 1960s rock 'n' roll group The Four Seasons. The musical is structured as four \"seasons\", each narrated by a different member of the band who gives his own perspective on its history and music. Songs include \"Big Girls Don't Cry\", \"Sherry\", \"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\", \"My Eyes Adored You\", \"Stay\", \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\", \"Walk Like A Man\", \"Who Loves You\", \"Working My Way Back to You\" and \"Rag Doll\". The musical premiered at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2004 and ran on Broadway from 2005 to 2017. Since its debut it has been on two North American national tours and two national tours of the UK and Ireland. The show has been produced in London's West End, Las Vegas, Chicago, Toronto, Melbourne and other Australian cities, Singapore, South Africa, the Netherlands, Japan, Dubai, and China. Jersey Boys won four 2006 Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and the 2009 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical. Development In the early 2000s, Bob Gaudio, an original Four Seasons member, sought to make a musical from the band's discography; he noted in a 2008 interview that he was inspired by the success of Smokey Joe's Cafe and Mamma Mia! into believing that a rock-and-roll musical with existing songs could work. He hired book writers Rick Elice and Marshall Brickman, who had difficulty finding a willing director until Michael David of Dodger Theatricals recommended them to Des McAnuff. Brickman suggested creating a show about the band's history, instead of repurposing their songs for an independent story the way ABBA did with Mamma Mia!; Gaudio liked the idea, noting that although biopics were a common format in film, such a story format was still relatively rare on stage and that, to his knowledge, none had been tried at the time. Brickman was drawn to the project because \"it's a classic American story. It's rags to riches, and back to rags.\" McAnuff was initially lukewarm to the project and did not like the idea of naming the project after a Four Seasons song, fearing it would look like a cash grab instead of a legitimate artistic work; Gaudio came up with the title on a plane ride, reasoning that the band members were all just a bunch of Jersey boys, and the name stuck. Little was known to the public about the Four Seasons' history before the musical, because magazines of the era did not write much about them. In their research, Brickman and Elice were surprised to find that the members had prison records, which might have prevented their music from being played if it had been publicized when they were active. According to Gaudio, \"Back then, things were a little clean-cut, don't forget, so the idea of our story getting out was horrifying to us.\" Other bands of",
"title": "Jersey Boys"
},
{
"docid": "35781092",
"text": "Over the Rainbow is a Canadian reality talent competition, which premiered on CBC Television on September 16, 2012. Based on the 2010 series Over the Rainbow in the United Kingdom, the series auditioned aspiring musical theatre performers for the role of Dorothy for a Toronto production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical adaptation of The Wizard of Oz. The series was hosted by Daryn Jones. Arlene Phillips, Thom Allison, and Louise Pitre served as judges alongside Webber. The competition began with a Dorothy \"boot camp\" run by Lloyd Webber, which trained contestants and eliminated all but 10 finalists. Following a public telephone vote on 4 November 2012, 20-year-old Danielle Wade was chosen as Dorothy to perform the role for Mirvish Productions in Toronto, which started on 20 December 2012. Wade has played several leading roles in student and community theatre and is an acting major at the University of Windsor. The judges praised her as \"a consistently solid performer with a big voice and girl-next-door likeability and charm\". The show also auditioned Canadian dogs for the part of Toto. CBC and Weber did not restrict the breed of Toto to Cairn Terrier (as used in the 1939 film), but instead searched for a dog that embodies the spirit of Toto: One that is a \"bright fun loving companion full of energy and charisma\". The winner was a small mixed breed dog named Linzy, that looks similar to the film's Toto, owned by Reta Thompson. However, Linzy did not appear in the stage production. Finalists Ten contestants made it through the audition rounds and performed during the live shows. * at the start of the series Results summary Live shows The live shows saw the finalists eliminated one by one following both individual and group performances. At the end of every live show, the losing Dorothy would have her shoes stripped by the Dorothy who survived the sing-off, and the shoes would be given to Lloyd Webber (week 1) and Phillips (weeks 2-7). Week 1 Following the first week of the competition, Kelsey was the first Dorothy to be eliminated from the competition. The show performances were: Group performances: \"Follow the Yellow Brick Road\" (from the musical The Wizard of Oz) \"One\" (from the musical A Chorus Line) Sing-Off Week 2 The show performances were: Group performances: \"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead\" (from the musical The Wizard of Oz) \"Defying Gravity\" (from the musical Wicked) Sing-Off Week 3 The show performances were: Group performances: \"The Merry Old Land of Oz\" (from the musical The Wizard of Oz) \"Anything You Can Do\" (from the musical Annie Get Your Gun) Sing-Off Week 4 The show performances were: Group performances: \"If I Only Had a Part\" (from the musical The Wizard of Oz) \"I Enjoy Being a Girl\" (from the musical Flower Drum Song) Sing-Off Week 5 The show performances were: Group performances: \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" (from the musical Funny Girl) \"Mamma Mia! Medley\" with Louise Pitre Sing-Off Week 6 The show",
"title": "Over the Rainbow (Canadian TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "22397150",
"text": "Jenna Mammina is a jazz and pop singer (vocal stylist) from Michigan. Biography Mammina was born in St. Joseph, Michigan, and began singing in church from the age of five and performing in school musicals. In her teens, Mammina learned to play piano and guitar, performing with local bands. She attended Central Michigan University, Michigan State University, and Laney College in Oakland, before settling in San Francisco. After session work with The Spinners and Narada Michael Walden, Mammina has gone on to record five albums, all released on her own label, Mamma Grace. Mammina, who performs as many as 250 times a year, has performed with Bobby McFerrin, Bobby Watson, Nancy King, Andy Narell, and Steve Coleman. Derk Richardson, writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, picked her debut album, Under the Influence, as number nine in his top albums of 1999. Her second album, Meant to Be, was nominated for a California Music Award in the Outstanding Jazz Album category. Mammina is also a music educator, presenting workshops titled \"Scat for Cats\" and \"So You Want to Be a Rock and Roll Star'\" in schools and universities. Musical style Mammina combines folk music, pop, and jazz, often performing with guitarist Andre Bush. She covers a wide range of music, including songs ranging from Abbey Lincoln (her idol) to Elvis Costello, U2, and Tom Waits, as well as original compositions. Her voice has been described as \"sweet and flexible\", \"whisper-like\" with \"air-brushed phrasings and silky nuance\", and less flatteringly, as \"tiny, thinnish, high-pitched\". Mammina says of her style: \"I don't want to categorize the music. It's not that I don't know who I am. I don't sing classical, and I'm not a soul singer, or an R&B singer, but I have been influenced by that stuff too. I can sing a Patsy Cline tune, a James Taylor tune, or a Led Zeppelin tune, but I do it with my own flair.\" Discography Under the Influence (Mamma Grace, 1999) Just a Little Bit (Mamma Grace, 2000) Meant to Be (Mamma Grace, 2002) Art of the Duo with Andre Bush (2003) Inner Smile (Mamma Grace, 2005) Live at the Acorn Theater (Mamma Grace, 2007) Yule Tunes (Mamma Grace, 2011) The Music & the Magic of Ms. Abbey Lincoln (Mamma Grace, 2013) Spark with Rolf Sturm (Water Street Music, 2015) Begin to Dance with Rolf Sturm (Water Street Music, 2017) Everyone I Love is Here Jenna and the Charmers (Mamma Grace, 2019) References External links Official website American jazz singers Living people Blue Coast Records artists People from St. Joseph, Michigan Singers from Michigan 1964 births Central Michigan University alumni Michigan State University alumni Laney College alumni",
"title": "Jenna Mammina"
},
{
"docid": "5533680",
"text": "Sunny Hill (Hangul: ) is a South Korean girl group (formerly a co-ed group) formed in 2007 by For Everyone Media. The group consists of Bitna and Kota. Janghyun left the group in 2014 and Jubi and Misung left the group in 2019. History 2007–2009: Debut with Love Letter and 2008 My Summer Sunny Hill debuted in September 2007 as a co-ed group consisting of members Janghyun, Jubi, and Seung Ah. Their first release was the single album Love Letter, which later won the Excellent Newcomer Album award. Following this success, the group released their second single album, 2008 My Summer. The group then had a musical hiatus, and only released various songs for film and drama soundtracks. 2010–2011: Label and line-up changes and Midnight Circus Following their musical hiatus, Sunny Hill unexpectedly changed labels to Nega Network, home of girl group Brown Eyed Girls. Nega Network later introduced a new member Kota for the group. Sunny Hill was quickly thrown into their first project under Nega Network by featuring on Narsha's digital single \"Mamma Mia\". Janghyun did not vocally participate in the track, but was featured in the music video. The group quickly became known as \"Narsha's Group\", due to lack of popularity amongst fans of K-pop. Following promotions of \"Mamma Mia\", Nega Network introduced a new member for the group, Misung. The quintet released single \"Pit-A-Pat\" for the Korean drama The Greatest Love. The song attracted much attention and charted high. Sunny Hill made another unexpected label change to LOEN Entertainment. On June 3, 2011, Sunny Hill's first extended play, Midnight Circus with the lead single being the title track. On August 4, 2011, Sunny Hill released their follow-up ballad, \"Pray\". The song continued the group's growing popularity and charted on the Top 10 of the Gaon Chart, despite there being no live promotions. 2012–2013: Antique Romance and Young Folk On January 13, 2012, Sunny Hill made their comeback with their first maxi-single \"The Grasshoppers\". On January 20, it was announced that Janghyun would be entering his mandatory military service on January 31. The single peaked at the Top 3 of the Gaon Chart. On April 14, it was announced that Sunny Hill would be making comeback as four-member girl group with digital single, \"Is the White Horse Coming?\". Sunny Hill released their digital single Is The White Horse Coming? on April 19. The next day, it was reported that the song had topped in the several music site such as Soribada, Melon, Mnet, and Bugs. On December 6, Sunny Hill's second extended play, Antique Romance with the lead single \"Goodbye to Romance\". The track was said to be about the members' first love story. The album was successful and both songs of the album reached the Top 10 songs in Gaon Chart. On April 5, Sunny Hill released collaboration single Love Actually with South Korean modern rock group called Daybreak, as a part of project album Re:code - Episode III. Misung also participated as co-produced and co-wrote",
"title": "Sunny Hill"
},
{
"docid": "41988044",
"text": "Alan MacDonald (c. 1956 – 30 August 2017) was a British production designer. He was best known for his work on The Queen (2006), which earned him nominations for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film and Best Technical Achievement at the British Independent Film Awards, and for the Rajasthan-set The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) which earned him a nomination for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film. In 2013, he designed the sets for the Academy Award-nominated film Philomena. He had also been a production designer for a number of advertisements for global firms including Coca-Cola, Levi's, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, and was the theatrical designer for Kylie Minogue's 2002 \"KylieFever2002\" tour. Filmography Absurd (1989) (short) Tunnel of Love (1991) (short) Man to Man (1992) Remembrance of Things Fast: True Stories Visual Lies (1994; Art Director) Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998) Rogue Trader (1998) Nora (2000) The Jacket (2005) Kinky Boots (2005) The Queen (2006) The Edge of Love (2008) Chéri (2009) Tamara Drewe (2010) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) Philomena (2013) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2 (2015) The Program (2015) Sing Street (2016) Victoria & Abdul (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Personal life and death He suffered from bipolar disorder. MacDonald died by suicide at his Covent Garden home on 31 August 2017, after spending two weeks as an in-patient at the private Nightingale Hospital at a cost of £20,000. His last two film credits, Victoria & Abdul (2017) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), were dedicated to his memory. References External links 1950s births 2017 deaths British film designers Date of birth missing Suicides in Greater London People with bipolar disorder",
"title": "Alan MacDonald (production designer)"
},
{
"docid": "1094098",
"text": "Camilla Eves (born Camilla Scott, July 12, 1961) is a Canadian actress and television host. Career Scott's first starring role was the lead in Evita at the Limelight Dinner Theatre, a role she landed before she turned 25. Because her agent insisted that her name be billed above the title of the musical in all advertising, \"suddenly people thought I was a star\", she said. Television She appeared on the soap opera, Days of Our Lives, in 1990, portraying Melissa Anderson. The casting director was looking for a young actress who could sing. Surprised by a request to \"sing something,\" Scott started singing the last song she had heard on her car radio: Whitney Houston's \"Greatest Love of All\". The casting agent stopped her, saying, \"You really can sing.\" After meeting with the producer, she was hired and began filming the next day. She remained on the series for two years. Scott hosted The Camilla Scott Show on the Baton Broadcast System (and later the CTV television network), a daytime talk show, from 1996 to 1998. The show received a poor critical reception; the Globe and Mail wrote \"What could be less fun than licking a metal pole on a January morning with a crazed Shitzu scrabbling up your pant leg? According to the mostly male TV critics of middling years who write for the papers, the answer is Camilla Scott.\" Concurrent with her talk show work, she had a recurring role in the TV series Due South as Inspector Margaret \"Meg\" Thatcher of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police from 1995 through 1999. She credited this role for helping her receive an award for community safety from her cellphone company. In 1996, she witnessed a mugging and called 911, giving a description of the mugger and his car that led to the mugger being arrested and the stolen goods being recovered. \"Maybe my role as an RCMP officer on Due South gave me the practice I needed to help in a real situation,\" she said. In 2002, Scott had a voice role as Mama Bear in a television adaptation of the Berenstain Bears. Theatre Scott has performed in several Toronto musical theatre productions. In 1994, Scott starred as Polly Baker in Mike Ockrent's Toronto production of George and Ira Gershwin's Crazy For You at the Royal Alexandra Theatre. Scott appeared as the lead in the Toronto production of Mamma Mia! after Louise Pitre departed on tour. She continued in the role for three years. She starred as Khashoggi, a role that previously had always been played by a man, in the Dora Award–winning Toronto production of the Queen musical We Will Rock You. She took the role in October 2008, and remained with the show until it closed on June 28, 2009. Multi-level marketing As her acting career wound down, Scott started working for Arbonne, a multi-level marketing company. As of 2020, she is now an Executive National Vice President for the company. Filmography Due South (1994-1999) Three Men and",
"title": "Camilla Scott"
},
{
"docid": "50510142",
"text": "Songbird is a three-disc, limited edition box set by Australian singer Marina Prior. The album was released in Australia in April 2014. The Songbird box includes Marina's three albums, Both Sides Now (2012), Encore (2013) and Marina Prior Live, a new album recorded at The Glasshouse in Port Macquarie in 2013. The Box Set is named from the extra track, \"Songbird\", originally penned by Christine McVie and performed by Fleetwood Mac. It was also released a single. Prior promoted the album with a 26-date national tour commencing in Launceston in August. It concluded in December 2014. On the tour, Prior's performed her best-loved songs from throughout her career, accompanied by pianist David Cameron. Track listing CD 1 - Both Sides Now (2012) \"The Man with the Child in His Eyes\" - 3:22 \"Scarborough Fair\" - 3:42 \"You Weren’t in Love With Me\"- 3:33 \"Superstar\" - 4:31 \"Both Sides, Now\" - 4:21 \"Midnight at the Oasis\" - 3:30 \"In My Life\" / \"Here Comes the Sun\"- 3:41 \"Love the One You're With\" - 3:21 \"Waters Of Babylon\" - 2:33 \"River\" - 4:13 \"Day You Went Away\" - 3:58 \"Windmills of Your Mind\" - 3:31 \"Killer Queen\" - 3:09 \"SOS\" - 4:43 CD 2 - Encore (2013) \"Meadow Lark\" (from The Baker's Wife) - 5:19 \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\" (from Promises, Promises) - 3:34 \"When He Loved Me\" (from Toy Story 2) - 3:21 \"So in Love\" (from Kiss Me Kate) - 3:48 \"Dream Medley\" - Climb Every Mountain (from The Sound of Music), \"Out of My Dreams\" (from Oklahoma), \"I Have Dreamed\" (from The King and I) - 3:39 \"Memory (from Cats) - 4:07 \"Tomorrow\" (from Annie) - 3:18 \"Edelweiss (from The Sound of Music) - 1:53 \"Before I Gaze at You Again\" (from Camelot) - 3:14 \"I Dreamed a Dream\" (from Les Misérables) - 3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" (from Mamma Mia) - 4:42 \"Music of the Night\" (from The Phantom of the Opera) - 4:49 CD 3 - Live'' (2014) \"Overture\" - 1:03 \"Both Sides Now\" - 4:22 \"Memory\" - 4:11 \"I Love a Piano\" - 3:18 \"Celtic Medley\" (\"He Moved Through the Fair\", \"Heigh Diddle Dum\", \"Danny Boy\") - 10:04 \"The Winner Takes It All\" - 4:06 \"I Dreamed a Dream\" - 3:32 \"Rogers & Hammerstein Medley\" (\"Climb Every Mountain\", \"I Have Dreamed\", \"Out Of My Dreams\") - 3:36 \"The Music Of The Night\" - 5:22 \"Auld Lang Syne\" - 2:09 \"Time to Say Goodbye\" - 4:27 \"Songbird\" (Bonus Track) - 3:06 Release history References Marina Prior albums 2014 albums",
"title": "Songbird (Marina Prior box set)"
},
{
"docid": "23282495",
"text": "In Theatre is the third album from the parody duo Amateur Transplants, a live album released on iTunes on 20 June 2009. It first hit Number 1 in the iTunes Comedy chart on 10 July 2009. It was recorded at a live performance in London in January 2009. Track listing All songs written by Adam Kay and Suman Biswas. \"First Bit\" (5:30) \"Second Bit\" (5:21) \"Third Bit\" (4:11) \"Fourth Bit\" (4:19) \"Fifth Bit\" (6:00) \"Sixth Bit\" (5:17) \"Seventh Bit\" (5:53) \"Eighth Bit\" (6:05) \"Ninth Bit\" (6:58) \"Tenth Bit\" (6:28) First Bit \"King Of The Dead\" – Bad Day by Daniel Powter \"My Name Is\" – My Name Is by Eminem \"Information Technology\" – \"9 to 5\" by Dolly Parton \"Wheat Restricted Diet\" – I Predict A Riot by Kaiser Chiefs \"Dorsal Horn Concerto\" – \"Rondo\" (3rd movement) from Horn Concerto No. 4 in E flat major K.495 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Second Bit \"Anaesthetist's Hymn\" – Total Eclipse Of The Heart by Bonnie Tyler \"Measles, Mumps and Rubella\" – Umbrella by Rihanna \"Gay Stripper\" – Day Tripper by The Beatles \"Letter 'B'\" – Let It Be by The Beatles \"OCD\" – Sit Down by James Third Bit \"John Barrowman\" – Piano Man by Billy Joel \"All The Stuff In Ribena\" – Don't Cry For Me Argentina from Evita \"A Broken Leg And Depression\" – Under Pressure by Queen and David Bowie \"Take A Look At Me Nan\" – Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now) by Phil Collins Fourth Bit \"Medical School Finance\" – Son Of A Preacher Man by Dusty Springfield \"Live-In Au Pair\" – Livin' On A Prayer by Bon Jovi \"Paediatrics\" – Patience by Take That \"Colostomy\" – (They Long to Be) Close to You by The Carpenters Fifth Bit \"Nutrition Clinic B (Jalapeno, Halle Berry, Halitosis, Halal Butcher)\" – Hallelujah by Leonard Cohen \"Do They Know It's Dinnertime?\" – Do They Know It's Christmas? by Band Aid Sixth Bit \"Joseph's Song\" – Gold by Spandau Ballet \"Christmas Number 12\" – The Twelve Days of Christmas \"Uhhh Uhhh Uhhh Uhhh\" – Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm by Crash Test Dummies Seventh Bit \"Diarrhoea\" – Mamma Mia by ABBA \"The Time Of The Month\" – Good Riddance (Time of Your Life) by Green Day \"Respiratory Clinic A\" – Easy by Commodores \"Well Man Clinic\" – Don't Know Why by Norah Jones \"Respiratory Clinic B\" – The Girl From Ipanema by Astrud Gilberto \"Department of Surgery\" – Complicated by Avril Lavigne Eighth Bit \"I Get My Dick Out Of You\" – I Get A Kick Out Of You by Jamie Cullum \"7 Dwarfs\" - 7 Days by Craig David \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\" (based on traditional poem Sing a Song of Sixpence) \"Eleven\" – Heaven by Bryan Adams \"Couples Counselling C\" – Breakfast at Tiffany's by Deep Blue Something \"Footloose\" – Footloose by Kenny Loggins \"Couples Counselling B\" – Build Me Up Buttercup by The Foundations Ninth Bit \"Couples Counselling A\" – Sorry Seems to Be the",
"title": "In Theatre"
},
{
"docid": "5473469",
"text": "Gabba is a London-based British tribute band performing ABBA songs in the stripped down punk style of the Ramones, a style of pop punk they dubbed discopunk and claim to have invented. They formed in 1996 and took their name in 1999. They have released one album . History Gabba was informally formed in 1996 by Stig Honda, alleged \"professor at the Osaka Rock 'n' Roll High School\", who enrolled five students from all over the world to fuse the disco pop of Abba and the punk rock of the Ramones, creating \"disco-punk\". In 1999, the band took its name of \"GABBA, The Discopunk Sensation\". The name is an acrostic on the members' nicknames, echoing both the \"gabba gabba hey!\" chorus from the Ramones' song \"Pinhead\" and the name of ABBA. Their second recording and official debut album, the CD Leave Stockholm (1999), was produced by Stigma Records (UK) and sub-distributed by Rough Trade Records. According to a band statement, \" [In 2001] GABBA release their complex 3rd album, the Spanish language \"Tijuana Dance\". However, the album was banned and withdrawn from sale after just 1 week for being \"Anti-Establishment\", due to some confusion over Bee Bee's appalling Spanish translations which inadvertently accused the Queen of England of being a Nazi Stormtrouper (in a stupor, no less). It is unclear if the album will ever be released again. \" Some of the facts on their Internet Website are similar to real facts of ABBA and Ramones: They write that they wanted to win the European Snog Contest, but they got the wrong application form, so they won the Eurovision Song Contest. This is the reference to the Eurovision Song Contest 1974, which ABBA won. The song for the \"wrong\" contest was \"Ring Ring\", \"which was basically 'Sing Sing (Like Joey Ramone)' but with new lyrics by Neil Sedated\". ABBA tried first time to be at the contest in 1973 with \"Ring Ring\", but they were sent out in the national vote. Also about the Spanish language album Tijuana Dance. ABBA had recorded an album in Spanish. This GABBA-album was banned cause of lyrics about a \"Nazi Stormtrouper\" (referencing \"Today Your Love, Tomorrow the World\"). In 1980 ABBA was very popular in Russia (Soviet Union), until \"Super Trouper\". A radio announcer translated the title of the song word-by-word on air. He translated it as a Super (like \"perfect\", \"very good\" etc.) Trouper (Trouper from Stormtrouper). Once in the news in 2005 the site wrote: Geeky & Bjoey haven't spoken for almost 5 years. In fact Joey Ramone and Johnny Ramone didn't talk since Johnny married Joey's girlfriend, an incident which led Joey to write \"The KKK Took My Baby Away\" In reference to the website, in New York is a musical based on the songs of GABBA called \"Papa Mao Mao\", which of course is a reference to both \"Mamma Mia\" and the backing vocals (Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow) of the Ramones' version of the Trashmen's \"Surfin' Bird\". Media attention They have been aired",
"title": "Gabba (band)"
},
{
"docid": "62215057",
"text": "The Wild Dreams Tour or The Hits Tour, originally known as the Stadiums in the Summer Tour, is an ongoing concert tour by Irish pop vocal group, Westlife. It was first scheduled to begin on 17 June 2020 in Scarborough, England at the Scarborough Open Air Theatre. However, the tour was ultimately postponed in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The band has rescheduled their dates like the Wembley Stadium, Cork, and Scarborough to 2022. The first 17 other tour dates announced have been cancelled but 2 of them were rescheduled. Their three shows in Singapore made them the first international group to perform at the Singapore Indoor Stadium thrice in one tour. On 19 November 2022, band member Nicky Byrne was involved in a stage fall accident during the concert. On 25 November 2022, band member Mark Feehily pulled out of the remaining shows of the UK and Ireland leg due to contracting pneumonia. He would rejoin the band for the 2023 legs except for five of its dates due to pulmonary complications that need an operation. On 14 August 2023, Westlife announced their first ever tour dates in Canada and the United States. They will be performing in Toronto, Boston, New York City, and Chicago in March 2024. On 12 September 2023, Westlife announced their first-ever tour dates in India. On 26 September 2023, Westlife announced their first-ever tour date in Brazil and their first headlining concert tour in Mexico. Feehily has announced he has been forced to pull out just 2 weeks before the band’s debut North American Tour This concert tour also marks their most number of concert tour dates to date with 99 dates so far since their \"Where Dreams Come True Tour\" in 2001 with 82 dates. Band member Kian Egan added, \"This is the largest tour ever in China for a western act\". Set list This set list is representative of the 8 and 9 July 2022 shows at the Aviva Stadium. It does not represent all dates of the tour. \"Starlight\" \"Uptown Girl\" \"When You're Looking Like That\" \"Fool Again\" \"If I Let You Go\" \"My Love\" \"Swear It Again\" ABBA Medley: \"Mamma Mia\" / \"Gimme Gimme Gimme\" / \"Money Money Money\" / \"Take a Chance on Me\" / \"I Have a Dream\" / \"Dancing Queen\" / \"Waterloo\" / \"Thank You for the Music\" \"What About Now\" \"Mandy\" Medley: \"What Makes a Man\" / \"Queen of My Heart\" / \"Unbreakable\" / \"I'm Already There\" \"World of Our Own\" (contains excerpts of “Crazy In Love”) \"Flying Without Wings\" Encore \"Hello My Love\" \"You Raise Me Up\" This set list is representative of the 8 and 9 September 2023 shows at the Mercedes-Benz Arena. It does not represent all dates of the tour. \"Starlight\" \"When You're Looking Like That\" \"Fool Again\" \"If I Let You Go\" \"I Lay My Love on You\" \"Home\" \"Swear It Again\" \"What About Now\" \"Mandy\" \"What Makes a Man\" \"Queen of My Heart\" \"Uptown Girl\" \"Nothing's Gonna Change My",
"title": "The Wild Dreams Tour"
},
{
"docid": "36052023",
"text": "Wall Street Crash were an English vocal group, formed in March 1980 by Keith Strachan. Performing music from the 1920s to the 1980s, they appeared regularly on British television and in three Royal Variety Performances. History Keith Strachan had been the musical director of the TV production of Oh Boy, and formed the group in early 1980 from members of the cast. Peter Olsen joined six weeks later. The group made their live debut in March 1980 at the Country Cousin in King's Road, London. They were spotted by Gerry Maxim of MAM at a trade show, and he arranged for them to make their television debut on Saturday Night at the Mill. In April 1981 the group had their own television show on BBC2, and in June 1981, a television special, The Music of Wall Street Crash, was broadcast on BBC1. The group's debut self-titled album was released in 1982. European Affair followed in 1983, which included original material. Their version of the song \"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\" reached number 8 in Italy in 1983. Also in 1983, the group won 'Group of the Year' at Club Mirrors Club Acts of the Year Awards' Karen Page joined in November 1984. Sheen Doran, a former Tiller Girl and founding member of Toto Coelo, was a member from 1984 until 1985 when she was forced to stop singing due to illness. They performed in three Royal Variety Shows, the first in 1980, and appeared on many TV programmes in the 1980s, including The Morecambe and Wise Show and 3-2-1. The group has been through a few changes in line-up, but some were still performing as late as 2005. Former members include Siobhan McCarthy who went on to play Evita and star in the original cast of Mamma Mia! and also Louis Hoover, who later played Frank Sinatra in the stage production Frank, Sammy and Dean - The Rat Pack. Members Mary Dunne (1980–?) Jean Rich (1980–?) Sharron Skelton (1980–?) Paul Felber (1980–?) James Graeme (1980–1987) Colin Copperfield (1980–?) Shaun Harris (1980–?) Ricky Piper (1980–?) Val Mitchell (1980–1980) Cori Josias (1980–1981) Siobhan McCarthy (1980–1983) Peter Olsen (1980–1987) Maria Morgan (1983–1984) Sheen Doran (1984–1885) Karen Page (1984–1987) Stephen (Steve) Pert (1987–?) Stephen Sparling (Louis Hoover) (1987–1989) Lois McLeod (1987–1989) Dawn Knight (1989–1991) Mandy Franklin (1991–?) Discography Albums Wall Street Crash (1982), Magnet European Affair (1983), Magnet Wall Street Crash (1983), Magnet - Italian album No Strings Attached (1988), Mercury Do Wop Café (1990), Dino Music Be There – Live In Holland (1992), Mercury Compilations You Don’t Have To Say You Love Me (1983), Young The Wall Street Crash Story (1987), Magney/Ariola Singles \"Swing, Swing, Swing\" (1982), Magnet \"Hey You\" (1982), Magnet \"Life on Mars\" (1982), Magnet \"La Banda\" (1983), Magnet \"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\" (1983), Magnet \"You're My World\" (1983), Magnet \"Susie's Bar\", Magnet \"Musicman\" (1986), Philips \"Dancin'\"/\"Too Shy\" (1988), Mercury \"Hold on to Love\" (1988), Mercury \"Two Hearts\" (1989), Mercury \"Call a Reporter\" (1989),",
"title": "Wall Street Crash (group)"
},
{
"docid": "38660223",
"text": "\"Guilty Pleasures\" is the seventeenth episode of the fourth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the eighty-third episode overall. Written by Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz, it aired on Fox in the United States on March 21, 2013. Kelley Mitchell, Jennifer Greenberg, Melissa Buell, Tym Shutchai Buacharern, Paula Jane Hamilton and Darla Albright were nominated at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series for this episode. Plot Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) take over the glee club while Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) is out sick, and have New Directions perform their musical guilty pleasures in order to strengthen the bond between its members. Blaine and Sam perform \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" as a demonstration, and Sam later performs \"Copacabana\", followed by Blaine, who performs \"Against All Odds\". Sam notices that Blaine directs the song at him, and Blaine admits he had a crush on him. Sam reveals that he's known for a while and respects Blaine's feelings as they reaffirm their friendship. Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) and Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell) perform \"Wannabe\", and Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) notes how Kitty became closer to New Directions. The girls later confront Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist) over performing a Chris Brown song, and although he claims that they should differentiate an artist's personal life from their work, he agrees to change the song and performs \"My Prerogative\". In New York, Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) returns to the loft, and Brody Weston (Dean Geyer) moves out after his fight with Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith). Santana reveals to Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) that Brody was a gigolo, and Rachel later confronts him at NYADA, where they decide that their relationship has definitely come to an end. Rachel thanks Santana for not giving up on trying to make her see the truth. Santana and Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) later comfort Rachel, and they sing \"Mamma Mia\" together, simultaneously with New Directions, who perform it to celebrate the success of the assignment. Production The episode was written by Glee executive producers Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz. Shooting continued as late as February 25, 2013. Recurring characters in this episode include glee club members Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell), Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin) and Ryder Lynn (Blake Jenner), and NYADA junior Brody Weston (Dean Geyer). Seven songs from the episode are being released as singles: Barry Manilow's \"Copacabana\" performed by Overstreet, Radiohead's \"Creep\" performed by Michele and Geyer, Bobby Brown's \"My Prerogative\" performed by Artist, Phil Collins's \"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)\" sung by Criss, Wham!'s \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" performed by Criss and Overstreet, Spice Girls' \"Wannabe\" performed by Newell, Benoist, Tobin, Ushkowitz and Morris, and ABBA's \"Mamma Mia\" performed by Michele, Rivera, Colfer and",
"title": "Guilty Pleasures (Glee)"
},
{
"docid": "17019742",
"text": "Gary Michael Goetzman (born November 6, 1952) is an American film and television producer and actor, and co-founder of the production company Playtone with actor Tom Hanks. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Goetzman began his career as a child actor. He had starred in the film Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball, appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, and eventually started a waterbed company and pinball arcade. Goetzman at one time delivered a waterbed to Jon Peters's home. His exploits as a performer and a salesman inspired his friend Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza. In 1984, he produced the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense with director Jonathan Demme. That initiated a successful run as a music supervisor, on such films as Something Wild, Colors, Modern Girls and Married to the Mob, among many others. In 1991, producer Goetzman and director Demme again collaborated to make The Silence of the Lambs, which garnered the top five Academy Awards including Best Picture. In 1993, Goetzman was executive producer of Demme's Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks, beginning a working relationship with Hanks. Goetzman co-produced Hanks's 1996 directorial debut, That Thing You Do! The two then co-founded Playtone in 1998. Since then, Goetzman has produced hit films including My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Polar Express, Charlie Wilson's War and Mamma Mia! Goetzman has also received several Emmy Awards for HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, The Pacific, John Adams, Game Change and Olive Kitteridge. Aside from producing films, Goetzman has been known to play small parts in movies he is connected to. He has also enjoyed a successful parallel career as a music composer and producer, working with such artists as Smokey Robinson, Natalie Cole, Jane Child, Thelma Houston, and The Staples Singers. He currently sits on the National board of directors for the Producers Guild of America. Goetzman is executive producer (with Tom Hanks and Mark Herzog) of the CNN exclusive documentary miniseries The Sixties (2014), The Seventies (2015), The Eighties (2016), and The Nineties (2017). Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Producer Modern Girls (1986) Miami Blues (1990) Amos & Andrew (1993) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) That Thing You Do! (1996) Beloved (1998) My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) The Polar Express (2004) The Ant Bully (2006) Starter for 10 (2006) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) The Great Buck Howard (2008) Mamma Mia! (2008) City of Ember (2008) Where the Wild Things Are (2009) Larry Crowne (2011) Parkland (2013) Ricki and the Flash (2015) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) A Hologram for the King (2016) The Circle (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Greyhound (2020) News of the World (2020) A Man Called Otto (2022) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 (2023) Executive producer The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Philadelphia (1993) Evan Almighty (2007) My Life in Ruins (2009) Ithaca (2015) As an actor Music department Soundtrack Production manager Thanks Television As an actor",
"title": "Gary Goetzman"
},
{
"docid": "17105979",
"text": "Mazz Murray (born 26 November 1974) is an English stage and TV actress, voice artist and singer with a three octave range. As an actress she is known for her theatre roles, including portrayals of Patsy Cline, Dusty Springfield and Vivian Ellis in tribute shows. Career She portrayed the Killer Queen in the West End production of the musical We Will Rock You. She is the longest-running cast member to be involved in the show, having been in the original ensemble when the musical opened in May 2002. She took over the principal role of Killer Queen from Sharon D. Clarke in April 2004. In 2010, she formed a girl group, Woman, with her sister Gina, Anna-Jane Casey and Emma Kershaw, debuting their single \"I’m a Woman\". In 2015, she joined the cast of the London production of Mamma Mia! as Tanya, a role which was subsequently taken over by Kate Graham when Murray departed in 2017. It was announced that she would join the cast of Chicago from 2 July 2018 until 11 August 2018, playing the role of Matron Mama Morton. In 2019, it was announced that Murray would be returning to the West End production of Mamma Mia! in the role of Donna Sheridan. Personal life Murray was born in London, and is the daughter of songwriter Mitch Murray and actress Grazina Frame. She trained at Redroofs Theatre School, Maidenhead and Sylvia Young Theatre School, London. On 18 June 2009 she married Oren Harush (born 27 July 1980), an Israeli. Brian May played a special version of \"Love of My Life\", with some new words with Mazz at their wedding. The couple live in Bushey, Hertfordshire, England. Murray is a supporter of Manchester United F.C. Theatre credits We Will Rock You – Killer Queen Fame – Mabel Rent – Maureen Pippin – Berthe Boogie Nights – Debs Only the Lonely – Patsy Cline A Girl Called Dusty – Dusty Springfield Sweet Charity Fiddler on the Roof Chicago – Matron Mama Morton Mamma Mia! – Tanya and Donna Sheridan Sunset Boulevard – Norma Desmond Television Blessed – Shop Assistant (1 episode: \"Who Wrote the Book of Love?\") Footballers' Wives – Jenny Taylor EastEnders – Miranda (2 episodes) Fimbles – Yodelling Echo The Quest – Lizzie References External links Profile - CastAway Voice Actors & Actresses Brian May's Soapbox About Mazz's Wedding 1973 births English musical theatre actresses Living people Actresses from London",
"title": "Mazz Murray"
},
{
"docid": "41379196",
"text": "Alla mia cara mamma nel giorno del suo compleanno (To my dear mother on the day of her birthday) is a 1974 Italian comedy drama film directed by Luciano Salce. Plot The young noble Didino is a big baby and an introvert man who has trouble to socializing because of the possessive mother. He is still treated in thirty years as a kid and does not know what to do to overcome his shyness, because no one of his family listens to him, and his uncle, worsening the situation, believes that he is mentally ill and also homosexual. By mistake the old servant of the family dies in an accident at home, so the mother of Didino calls a new scullery maid: a beautiful girl who falls in love with Didino. He too feels love for her, but does not know how to react because he is afraid that the mother can punish severely him. Initially Didino manages to overcome the fears and also design the flight home with the maid. The mother agrees and one evening in tears, begging her son to grant to him the last bath. This is a pretext of the mother to drown her son, so she can stay with him forever, even after death. While Didino dies drowned the servant under the house waits in tears for his arrival ... Cast Paolo Villaggio: Count Fernando aka \"Didino\" Lila Kedrova: Countess Mafalda Eleonora Giorgi: Angela Jimmy il Fenomeno: Savior Antonino Faà di Bruno: Uncle Alberto Renato Chiantoni: Anchise Orchidea De Santis: Jolanda : Driade Guido Cerniglia:Cesarino References External links 1974 films Italian comedy-drama films Films directed by Luciano Salce Commedia all'italiana 1974 comedy-drama films Films scored by Franco Micalizzi 1970s Italian-language films 1970s Italian films",
"title": "Alla mia cara mamma nel giorno del suo compleanno"
},
{
"docid": "50446345",
"text": "Bruce Alan Campbell (born April 22, 1957) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Derek Mitchell in the 1987–1992 CBS series Jake and the Fatman and as E.Z. Taylor on the short-lived 1984–1985 Three's Company spin-off Three's a Crowd. Early life and education Campbell was born Bruce Alan Campbell on April 22, 1957, in Homestead, Florida, the son of Edward John Campbell, a farmer, and Audrey Carolyn Griner (1930–2015), a homemaker. Campbell attended Tulane University and graduated with a BA in business from the University of Miami. Career On television, Campbell became known to viewers when he co-starred with John Ritter on the short-lived Three's Company spin-off Three's a Crowd (1984–1985) in which he played the comedic role of E.Z. Taylor, Jack Tripper's \"surfer dude\" assistant chef at his bistro. He also co-starred for five seasons with William Conrad and Joe Penny as Assistant District Attorney Derek Mitchell on the CBS crime drama Jake and the Fatman (1987–1992). Campbell has guest starred on numerous television shows including The Facts of Life, Matlock, All My Children, Law & Order, Law & Order: SVU, Homicide: Life on the Street, as well as the web series, Submissions Only and Then We Got Help!. Campbell was also an established stage actor having appeared on Broadway, Off-Broadway and regional theater. In 1994, he made his Broadway debut in the New York premiere of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Sunset Boulevard starring opposite Glenn Close and Alice Ripley, and received a Best Actor in a Musical Tony Award nomination for his performance as Joe Gillis, a role he reprised from the musical's 1993 US premiere in Los Angeles starring opposite Close, again, and Judy Kuhn. He also starred in Susan Stroman's 2000 Tony Award-winning musical Contact at the Vivian Beaumont Theater, Lincoln Center, and its final performance was broadcast by PBS as part of its Live from Lincoln Center series on September 1, 2002. His most current Broadway role was playing Sam Carmichael in the hit musical Mamma Mia! from 2014 until production ceased in September 2015. His Off-Broadway credits include Adrift In Macao, Book of Days, Avow and Hello Again. He has appeared in several regional theatrical productions of Race, Death and the Maiden, 12 Angry Men, Hay Fever, Of Thee I Sing, Oleanna, Beauty and the Beast, Johnny Guitar, Bells Are Ringing, On Shiloh Hill, Boogie Woogie Rumble of a Dream Deferred and Breakfast at Tiffany's, and productions of I Love My Wife and The Nerd. Personal life Campbell was married to actress Nova Ball from 1987 to 1990. On October 10, 1999, he married actress Lauren Kennedy, with whom he appeared in Sunset Boulevard on Broadway. They are divorced and have one child, Riley Rose Campbell. On April 24, 2008, Campbell and Kennedy opened the Lauren Kennedy and Alan Campbell Theater, which establishes a home for a burgeoning theater program at Barton College, a small liberal arts school in Wilson, North Carolina. Filmography Film Television Theatre Broadway Off-Broadway Regional",
"title": "Alan Campbell (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "33848187",
"text": "The following is a discography of original albums and singles released by American singer Mario Lanza. Singles (45rpm) RCA Victor 1950: \"Be My Love\" / \"I’ll Never Love You\" (RCA Victor, 10-1561) ????: \"Vesti la giubba\" / \"Ave Maria\" (RCA Victor, 10-3228) 1951: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 12-1192) 1962: \"O Holy Night\" / \"The Virgin's Slumber Song\" (RCA Victor, 12-1285) Red Seal 1950: \"'O sole mio\" / \"Mattinata\" (RCA Victor, 49-0902) ????: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 49-1169) ????: \"O Holy Night\" / \"The Virgin's Slumber Song\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, 49-1338) 1951: \"Because\" / \"For You Alone\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, 49-3207) 1953: \"Song of India\" / \"If You Were Mine\" (RCA Victor, 49-4209) 1954: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 49-4213) 1954: \"I'll Walk With God\" / \"Beloved\" (RCA Victor, 49-4210) 1954: \"Serenade\" / \"Deep in My Heart, Dear\" (RCA Victor, 49-4218) 1955: \"Ave Maria\" / \"I'll Walk With God\" (RCA Victor, 47-6330) 1957: \"Be My Love\" / \"The Loveliest Night Of The Year\" (RCA Victor, 47-6334) 1957: \"Never till Now\" / \"Come Dance with Me\" (RCA Victor, 47-7119) 1957: \"A Night to Remember\" / \"Behold!\" (RCA Victor, 47-6915) 1959: \"'O sole mio\" / \"For the First Time\" (RCA, 47-7439) ????: \"I'll Walk With God\" / \"Guardian Angels\" (RCA, 47-7622) ????: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 47-9126) 1957: \"Granada\" / \"Mamma mia che vo' sape?\" (RCA Italiana, N 0618) 1957: \"Arrivederci Roma\" / \"The Loveliest Night of the Year\" (RCA Italiana, N 0633) 1958: \"Silent Night\" / \" The First Noel\" (RCA Italiana, N 0698) 1958: \"Come prima\" / \"'O sole mio\" (RCA Italiana, N 0732) 1958: \"There's Gonna Be a Party Tonight\" / \"Imitation Sequence\" (RCA, ERA 115) 1957: \"Behold!\" / \"A Night to Remember\" (RCA, 45RCA 1026) 1958: \"Seven Hills Of Rome\" / \"Come Dance with Me\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1045) 1958: \"Arrivederci Roma\" / \"Never Till Now\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1052) 1958: \"On The Street Where You Live\" / \"Younger Than Springtime\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1059) 1958: \"Love In a Home\" / \"Do You Wonder?\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1080) 1958: \"Drinking Song\" / \"Serenade\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1090) 1958: \"I'll Walk With God\" / \"The Lord's Prayer\" (RCA, RCA 1094) 1959: \"Because\" / \"Ave Maria\" (RCA, RCA 1123) 1959: \"'O Sole Mio\" / \"I Love Thee (Ich Liebe Dich)\" (RCA, RCA 1128) 1959: \"O Come All Ye Faithful\" / \"Silent Night, Holy Night\" (RCA, 45-RCA) 1155 1960: \"Because You're Mine\" / \"The Donkey Serenade\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1166) 1960: \"Only A Rose\" / \"Be My Love\" (RCA, RCA 1210) ????: \"Mamma mia che vo' sape'?\" / \"Core 'ngrato\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, DM 1330) 1951: \"Begin the Beguine\" / \"Night and Day\" (RCA, 447-0772) ????: \"Ave Maria\" / \"The Lord's Prayer\" (RCA, 447-0774) ????: \"Drink, Drink, Drink\" / \"Giannina mia\" (RCA, 447-0775) ????: \"O Holy Night\" / \"I'll Walk With God\" (RCA, 447-0777) ????: \"Arrivederci Roma\" / \"Come prima\" (RCA, 447-0853) His Master's Voice 1950: \"Che gelida manina\" / \"Core 'ngrato\" (HMV, D.B. 21017) 1950: \"Mattinata\" / \"Cielo e mar\" (HMV,",
"title": "Mario Lanza discography"
},
{
"docid": "1020882",
"text": "Amanda Michelle Seyfried ( ; born December 3, 1985) is an American actress, singer and songwriter. She began acting at 15, with recurring roles as Lucy Montgomery in the CBS soap opera As the World Turns (1999–2001) and Joni Stafford in the ABC soap opera All My Children (2003). She came to prominence for her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), and for her roles as Lilly Kane in the UPN mystery drama series Veronica Mars (2004–2006) and Sarah Henrickson in the HBO drama series Big Love (2006–2011). Seyfried has starred in a number of films, including Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), Jennifer's Body (2009), Dear John (2010), Letters to Juliet (2010), Red Riding Hood (2011), In Time (2011), Les Misérables (2012), A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014), Ted 2 (2015), and First Reformed (2017). She received critical acclaim and nominations for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020). For her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the Hulu miniseries The Dropout (2022), she won the Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress. In 2022, Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Early life and education Amanda Michelle Seyfried was born on December 3, 1985, in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Ann Seyfried (née Sander) is an occupational therapist, and her father, Jack Seyfried, is a pharmacist. She is of mostly German descent with smaller amounts of English, Scots-Irish, and Welsh ancestry. She has an older sister, Jennifer Seyfried, who is a musician in the Philadelphia rock band Love City. Seyfried attended William Allen High School, a large public school in Allentown, where she graduated in 2003. She enrolled at Fordham University in New York City in the fall of 2003, but chose not to attend after being offered a leading role in the 2004 film Mean Girls. Career 1996–2005: Early work While attending William Allen High School in Allentown, Seyfried began modeling. She appeared in several print ads for clothing companies, including Limited Too with Leighton Meester, and was featured on three covers of the Sweet Valley High novel series. At age 17 she stopped modeling and started a job as a waitress in a retirement community. While still a teen, she took vocal lessons, studied opera, trained with a Broadway coach, and began her acting career as an extra in Guiding Light, a daytime television drama. From 2000 to 2001 she played the recurring character Lucy Montgomery on the CBS soap opera As the World Turns and, from 2002 to 2003, Joni Stafford on the ABC soap All My Children. In 2003, Seyfried auditioned to play Regina George in Mean Girls, but the role eventually went to Rachel McAdams. While she was initially considered for the lead role of Cady Heron, ultimately played by Lindsay Lohan, the film's",
"title": "Amanda Seyfried"
},
{
"docid": "43304061",
"text": "Lee Hyun-woo, born Lee Sang-won (March 6, 1966), also known as Jessie Lee, is a Korean-American singer and actor. Career Lee Hyun-woo made his entertainment debut in 1991 with the album Black Rainbow and rose to fame with hit songs such as \"Dream\" and \"Day After the Break-up.\" He later transitioned into acting, appearing in television dramas such as Cats on the Roof (2003), Wedding (2005), Dal-ja's Spring (2007) and Oh! My Lady (2010), as well as the films S Diary (2004), Before the Summer Passes Away (2007), and The Forgotten Bag (2011). Personal life Lee married freelance curator Lee Je-ni on February 21, 2009. Their first son Lee Dong-ha was born in September 2009, and their second son Lee Ju-ha was born in April 2011; both appeared with him in the reality show The Return of Superman. On January 13, 1993, Lee was arrested on suspicion of marijuana possession; he was released on bail on February 1. In March 1993, he was banned from appearing on the TV networks KBS and SBS, so he went on hiatus and lived in the United States until his return to the Korean entertainment scene in November of that year. He was also fined for an incident involving a DUI and driving without a license on February 18, 2007. Discography Album Black Rainbow (1991) Blue Vanity (1993) Let's Go Fishing (1996) Freewill of My Heart (1997) Both Sides of the Story (1998) Virus (2000) Free Your Mind & Body (2001) Da Painkiller (2003) Sinful Seduction (2004) Heart Blossom (2007) Till Dawn (2011) Soundtrack contributions \"I Wish I Had a Wife\" (track from I Wish I Had a Wife OST, 2001) \"지금 내게 필요한 건...\" (track from Man in Crisis OST, 2002) \"Join in Love\" (track from Exhibition of Fireworks OST, 2006) \"Can't Stop Loving You\" (track from The Invisible Man, Choi Jang-soo OST, 2006) \"Love Night\" (track from Loving You a Thousand Times OST, 2009) \"Hero\" (feat. Lee Ha-neul and Sohyang) (track from Hero, 2012) Filmography Television series Cats on the Roof (MBC, 2003) The Woman Who Wants to Marry (MBC, 2004) Sad Love Story (MBC, 2005) Wedding (KBS2, 2005) Love Can't Wait (MBC, 2006) Singles Game (SBS, 2006) Dal-ja's Spring (KBS2, 2007) Oh! My Lady (SBS, 2010) Salamander Guru and The Shadows (SBS, 2012) (cameo, episode 5) A Hundred Year Legacy (MBC, 2013) Ruby Ring (KBS2, 2013) Entertainer (SBS, 2016) Film Saturday, 2 p.m. (1998) The Beauty in Dream (2002) S Diary (2004) My Boyfriend Is Type B (2005) Ssunday Seoul (2006) Before the Summer Passes Away (2007) The Forgotten Bag (2011) Variety show Wednesday Art Stage (MBC, 1997–2004) Showdown! Star Chef (SBS, 2009) I Am a Singer (MBC, 2012) The Return of Superman (KBS2, 2013) King of Mask Singer (MBC, 2016) Musical theatre Singles (2007) Mamma Mia! (2011; 2016) Radio program Lee Hyun-woo's Music Live (SBS Power FM) Lee Hyun-woo's Music Album (KBS 2FM) Cookbook author Lee Hyun-woo's Easy Cooking for Singles (2002) Happy Recipes of Happy Dad Lee Hyun-woo (2010)",
"title": "Lee Hyun-woo (entertainer, born 1966)"
},
{
"docid": "20239071",
"text": "The Albums is a box set of recordings by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released on 11 November 2008 through Universal Music. The box set includes nine discs, the first eight are all of the original studio albums the way they were originally released between 1973 and 1981 while the ninth disc features all of the singles that were not released on the band's studio albums along with some of the B-sides. It includes a 40-page booklet on ABBA’s history. It does not include rarities or extras. The box set has charted in several countries. Background With ABBA's compilation albums re-charting after the release of the movie Mamma Mia! and its soundtrack, The Albums was released, just three years after the 9 CD/2 DVD set The Complete Studio Recordings (in certain territories available without the DVDs). While the latter comprises 133 tracks on its 9 audio discs, including a host of rarities such as recordings in Spanish, French and German as well as studio outtakes, alternate versions and mixes, The Albums only features 99 of these on the same number of discs. Track listing CD 1 – Ring Ring (1973) \"Ring Ring\" \"Another Town, Another Train\" \"Disillusion\" \"People Need Love\" \"I Saw It in the Mirror\" \"Nina, Pretty Ballerina\" \"Love Isn't Easy (But It Sure Is Hard Enough)\" \"Me and Bobby and Bobby’s Brother\" \"He Is Your Brother\" \"She's My Kind of Girl\" \"I Am Just a Girl\" \"Rock'n Roll Band\" CD 2 – Waterloo (1974) \"Waterloo\" \"Sitting in the Palmtree\" \"King Kong Song\" \"Hasta Mañana\" \"My Mama Said\" \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" \"Honey, Honey\" \"Watch Out\" \"What About Livingstone?\" \"Gonna Sing You My Lovesong\" \"Suzy-Hang-Around\" CD 3 – ABBA (1975) \"Mamma Mia\" \"Hey, Hey Helen\" \"Tropical Loveland\" \"SOS\" \"Man in the Middle\" \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Rock Me\" \"Intermezzo No. 1\" \"I've Been Waiting for You\" \"So Long\" CD 4 – Arrival (1976) \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"My Love, My Life\" \"Dum Dum Diddle\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"That's Me\" \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" \"Tiger\" \"Arrival\" CD 5 – The Album (1977) \"Eagle\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"One Man, One Woman\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"Move On\" \"Hole in Your Soul\" The Girl With the Golden Hair: 3 Scenes From a Mini-Musical \"Thank You for the Music\" \"I Wonder (Departure)\" \"I'm a Marionette\" CD 6 – Voulez-Vous (1979) \"As Good as New\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"I Have a Dream\" \"Angeleyes\" \"The King Has Lost His Crown\" \"Does Your Mother Know\" \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" \"Chiquitita\" \"Lovers (Live a Little Longer)\" \"Kisses of Fire\" CD 7 – Super Trouper (1980) \"Super Trouper\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"On and on and On\" \"Andante, Andante\" \"Me and I\" \"Happy New Year\" \"Our Last Summer\" \"The Piper\" \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" \"The Way Old Friends Do\" CD 8 – The Visitors (1981) \"The Visitors\" \"Head Over Heels\"",
"title": "The Albums"
},
{
"docid": "7491727",
"text": "Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.",
"title": "Dominic Cooper"
},
{
"docid": "72791698",
"text": "Park Ji-yeon (, born May 14, 1988) is a South Korean actress. Park debuted in musical Mamma Mia! in 2010. Park has appeared in supporting roles in various dramas but is better known for her work as a musical actress. Park's television debut was on tvN's Oh My Ghost (2015). After that, she played Kang Eun-ju in KBS2's Mad Dog (2017) and Oh Jung-soo in KBS1's Andante (2017). After that, she acted as Yoon Hoon (Kim Hye-eun) in tvN historical drama series Mr. Sunshine (2018), nurse Lee So-jung in JTBC's Life (2018), and role of Cho-hong in SBS Haechi (2019). Her most known works in small screen are Bloody Heart (2022) that earned her best supporting actress award in 2022 KBS Drama Awards. Early years Park Ji-yeon developed an interest in music from an early age. While attending science major in Youngsaeng High School, Park formed a high-school rock band and sung as a vocalist. Park initially wanted to applied to the Department of Practical Music. While searching the internet to find related information, Park found musical clips for the first time. Since then Park also became interested in acting and decided to enroll in an acting academy near her house in Suwon. Park enrolled to the acting department of Seoul Institute of the Arts. However, due to her love of music, Park was not really set on becoming an actress yet. Career In 2010, at the recommendation of a senior, Park went to the audition of Korean production of musical Mamma Mia! When Park appeared in the audition with application letter with no experience written, she made the staff nervous. However Park made everyone surprised when she sang the audition song. Park passed the audition for the role of Sophie, her debut stage was a performance held at the Gyeonggi Icheon Art Hall. Since then, Park has been active as a main character in musical works, from Go Mi-nam (Go Mi-nyeo) in the creative musical You're Beautiful to Éponine in Les Miserables and Molly in Ghost. In 2013, she swept the rookie awards two musical awards, the Korean Musical Awards and The Musical Awards for her role Eponine in Les Miserables. Park was called a rising star in the musical world. Park's television debut was on tvN's Oh My Ghost (2015). After that, she played Kang Eun-ju in KBS2's Mad Dog (2017) and Oh Jung-soo in KBS2's Andante (2017). After eight years as musical actress, Park made her theatrical debut in the National Theater of Korea production of Shakespeare's Richard III, for which she received favorable reviews. Production started in February 2018 and ended in early-March of that year. After that, she acted as Yoon Hoon (Kim Hye-eun) in tvN historical drama series Mr. Sunshine (2018) and followed by the role of nurse Lee So-jung in JTBC's Life (2018). In winter of 2018, Park was back to musical. She was selected for the role helper-bot Claire in 2018 revival of musical Maybe Happy Ending. Directed by Kim Dong-yeon, it",
"title": "Park Ji-yeon (actress)"
},
{
"docid": "3735183",
"text": "Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an",
"title": "Catherine Johnson (playwright)"
},
{
"docid": "65136975",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" is a song recorded and released as a single by Romanian singer Elena Gheorghe, featuring rapper Glance. This marks their second collaboration, the first one being the native number one single \"Ecou\" (2013). \"Mamma Mia\" was initially released for digital download and streaming in the United States on 5 August 2014 under Robbins Entertainment, and worldwide the following year in July under Cat Music. An English language track, it was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă. Music critics gave the song mostly positive reviews, complimenting its catchy instrumentals, but doubted the role of the featured artist by calling it \"not convincing\". An accompanying music video for \"Mamma Mia\", directed by Dan Petcan and Bogdan Filip, premiered on the Cat Music YouTube channel on 21 May 2014 and was supported by a giveaway. The clip depicted Elena at wedding playing the role of the bride, and Italian male as the groomsman. Commercially, the song was modernly successful, peaking at number 33 on the singer's native Romanian Airplay 100. The song was also sent to radio stations across Italy, Poland and Spain, where it had managed to enter several charts. Background and composition In February 2014, Elena went on local radio station Kiss FM for an interview, where she would announce an international single coming up. At the time of the interview, Laurențiu Duță was producing the song in Los Angeles. \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă himself. It was initially sent to radio stations across Italy in July, before being released on streaming devices in the United States by Robbins Entertainment the following month. +Mas Music distributed the song's release on 23 January 2015, while Cat Music handled its worldwide release on 13 July. \"Mamma Mia\" marks Elena and Glance's second collaboration, the first one being \"Ecou\" (2013), which achieved huge chart success in the singer's native country. An English language love song, \"Mamma Mia\" was described as a catchy dance-pop tune. Lyrically, the song is about Elena questing whether she should date a romantic Italian man, knowing well that she will be played on by him. Some lyrics of the song are: \"I just can't getting off my mind he's so amazing / My heart says Yes, my mind says No / Just let him go, go, go.\" Reception and Promotion Upon its release, \"Mamma Mia\" was met positively by music critics. Jonathan Currinn gave the song five stars, calling it a \"lost treasure that we'll forever love\". He went on to compliment the music video, which he called \"completely epic\" and \"full-on amazingness in every way\". He called out the clip's director Dan Petcan for his \"terrific job at directing [it]\", and Elena for her acting skills which were described as \"brilliant\". Zuletzt Aktualisiert from HitFire described the song as a \"catchy dance pop track\". He found the song rather amusing, and",
"title": "Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)"
},
{
"docid": "726974",
"text": "Closer to Heaven is a musical by Jonathan Harvey and Pet Shop Boys. It was premiered in May 2001 at the Arts Theatre in London, opening to mixed reviews, and ran until 13 October 2001. A second production of Closer to Heaven was premiered in Australia in 2005. New off-West End productions premiered in London in 2015 and 2019. A spin-off cabaret show, entitled Musik: The Billie Trix Story, opened in Edinburgh in 2019. Plot The story is narrated by retired rock icon and actress Billie Trix (Frances Barber), who otherwise has a fairly small part in the story. The opening number, \"My Night\", is sung by Billie and the rest of the cast, and is used to introduce the characters. Shell Christian (Stacey Roca), is going to see her estranged father, Vic Christian (David Burt), for the first time in years. Vic, who is gay, left Shell and her mother during her childhood, and now runs a successful gay club in London. Meanwhile, Straight Dave (Paul Keating), who has just arrived from Ireland, is working as a bartender at Vic's club, although his ambition is to be a dancer at the club. After seeing and speaking to her father, Shell meets Dave, and they immediately fall in love. Record producer Bob Saunders (Paul Broughton) is a friend of Billie Trix and a regular at Vic's club. He sees Dave dancing and decides he wants to sign him for a boy band he is forming. He makes an offer to Dave, who has no interest in signing; however, Saunders continues to pressure Dave into working for him. Dave meets and falls in love with drug dealer Mile End Lee (Tom Walker), who deals at Vic's club. Shell is devastated when she discovers that Dave is gay, although part of her has suspected it all along. Meanwhile, Vic discovers Lee dealing drugs in his club and confiscates the drugs. Lee is worried he will be killed for losing the drugs. At this point, everyone gets high on ketamine – Shell is still upset about Dave; Lee is worried about being killed; Dave is frustrated that Lee has withdrawn from him; and Billie, a habitual user, needs no excuse. Lee has a drug overdose and dies. At Lee's funeral, Dave sings a song, For All of Us. A few months later, Dave is apparently back on the road to success and sings Positive role model to end the show on a high (the 2015 and 2019 productions replaced Positive Role Model by Vocal as the closing song). Music Most of the songs that appeared in Closer to Heaven were specifically written for the musical because Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe did not want to produce a \"jukebox musical\" in the vein of Mamma Mia! or We Will Rock You. Several of the musical's songs were pre-released on the Pet Shop Boys' 1999 album Nightlife, including Closer to Heaven, In Denial, and Vampires. Nightlife was recorded whilst they were writing Closer to Heaven",
"title": "Closer to Heaven (musical)"
},
{
"docid": "32594020",
"text": "Mia Žnidarič (born 9 December 1962) is a Slovenian jazz singer. History Mia's jazz career started, when Mia met Slovenian composer and actor Nino de Gleria at age 27. Mia has moved from Maribor to Ljubljana with him and started singing jazz at bars. She took solo singing lessons with Nada Žgur and Jasna Spiller. She met Vinci Vogue Anžlovar, who asked her to sing in his movie Babica gre na jug, which made Mia recognisable to wider audience. She used to hold concerts in a popular discothèque Turist in the center of Ljubljana. In 1996, she was awarded for her albums Hold My Hand, and the year after for her second album I wish I Know How. Mia has met her husband American piano player Steve Klink when she was 32 years old. The success of their relationship results in their albums Hold My Hand and a few years after Pobarvanka. Currently Mia has concerts with Steve Klink trio in Slovenia and abroad. Discography Hold My Hand (1995) I Wish I Knew How (1996) Pobarvanka (1997) Iskre (2000) Kaj ti je deklica (2000) My Favorite Things / A si ti al nisi ti moj ljubi (2003) Preblizu predaleč (2004) Nevidni orkester (2008) Love you madly (2011) References 1961 births Slovenian jazz singers Living people 21st-century Slovenian women singers People from the Municipality of Ruše 20th-century Slovenian women singers",
"title": "Mia Žnidarič"
},
{
"docid": "18529345",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording is the original cast album for the ABBA-inspired stage musical of the same name. The album was released in 1999 and it reached No.56 in the UK album chart, with 2 weeks on the chart. Re-interest in this 1999 Original London Cast album caused it to reach #12 in the UK Album Chart, having charted at #16 a week earlier. It features performances by the original London cast of the musical including Lisa Stokke, Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae. The album was produced by the two male members of ABBA, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The album featured a number of ABBA's best known songs, including the title track, \"Dancing Queen\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" and \"Thank You for the Music\". Track listing Original release \"Overture / Prologue\" - Lisa Stokke—2:56 \"Honey, Honey\" - Lisa Stokke, Eliza Lumley, and Melissa Gibson—2:02 \"Money, Money, Money\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, Neal Wright, and Company—3:01 \"Mamma Mia\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Company-3:21 \"Thank You for the Music\" - Lisa Stokke, Hilton McRae, Paul Clarkson, and Nicolas Colicos-3:03 \"Chiquitita\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—2:27 \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—3:44 \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" - Andrew Langtree, Lisa Stokke, and Company—3:34 \"Super Trouper\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Jenny Galloway, Louise Plowright, and Female Company—3:56 \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" - Female Company—3:34 \"The Name of the Game\" - Lisa Stokke and Nicolas Colicos—3:22 \"Voulez-Vous\" - Company—3:29 \"Entr'acte\" - Musical cast—2:17 \"Under Attack\" - Lisa Stokke and Company—3:11 \"One of Us\" - Siobhán McCarthy—2:20 \"SOS\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae—2:44 \"Does Your Mother Know\" - Louise Plowright, Neal Wright, and Company—3:21 \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" - Hilton McRae—2:42 \"Our Last Summer\" - Paul Clarkson and Siobhán McCarthy—2:42 \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Lisa Stokke—3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" - Siobhán McCarthy—4:08 \"Take a Chance on Me\" - Jenny Galloway and Nicolas Colicos—3:33 \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" - Hilton McRae, Siobhán McCarthy, and Company—2:29 \"I Have a Dream\" - Lisa Stokke—2:58 5th anniversary edition The album was re-released in 2004, five years after its initial release to commemorate the musical's 5th anniversary. The new edition contained the original 24 tracks as well as three bonus tracks: the encore versions of \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Waterloo\". Another 5th anniversary release, which debuted in 2006, commemorates the Broadway production, which debuted in 2001. Also included is a deluxe souvenir booklet complete with lyrics and glimpses of Donna Sheridan in international productions, and a bonus DVD that basically gives a behind-the-scenes look at the musical as well as glimpses of international productions of the musical. An additional bonus feature includes clips of the West End cast singing \"Money, Money, Money\" and \"Dancing Queen\", as well as fond memories from original Broadway cast members Joe Machota and Tina Maddigan, who play the roles of Sky and Sophie,",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording"
},
{
"docid": "50519867",
"text": "Leading Lady: The Ultimate Collection is the third greatest hits album by Australian singer Marina Prior. The album was released in August 2015. Marina promoted the album with concerts in Brisbane. She said; “I'll be doing show songs, so I'll be singing from 'Phantom [Of The Opera]', 'Les Miserable', 'Cats', 'West Side Story' and then some Celtic Folk music, which is the music I sort of grew up with. So I do a whole lot of Irish songs… so it's a real mix and there's a bit of Opera cross-over sort of stuff. Basically it's just all of my favourite songs!\" Prior became the \"Leading Lady [of Australian theatre]\" after show stopping performances in musicals such as Les Misérables, Phantom Of The Opera, Cats, The Pirates of Penzance, The Student Prince, Anything Goes, West Side Story, The Secret Garden, Show Boat, Annie Get Your Gun, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, and Mary Poppins. Prior was signed to Sony Music Australia in 1991 and released three albums over the next three years that sold over 160K copies combined. She released three more studio and a live album with Ambition Entertainment between 2012-2014. In 2006, Prior was announced in Australia's 100 Entertainers of the Century. Leading Lady: The Ultimate Collection includes tracks from three Ambition Entertainment albums: Both Sides Now (2012), Encore (2013) and Marina Prior Live (2014). Track listing CD/DD \"Meadow Lark\" (from The Baker's Wife) - 5:19 \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\" (from Promises, Promises) - 3:34 \"When He Loved Me\" (from Toy Story 2) - 3:21 \"So in Love\" (from Kiss Me Kate) - 3:48 \"Dream Medley\" - Climb Every Mountain (from The Sound of Music), \"Out of My Dreams\" (from Oklahoma), \"I Have Dreamed\" (from The King and I) - 3:39 \"Memory\" (from Cats) - 4:07 \"Tomorrow\" (from Annie) - 3:18 \"Edelweiss (from The Sound of Music) - 1:53 \"Before I Gaze at You Again\" (from Camelot) - 3:14 \"I Dreamed a Dream\" (from Les Misérables) - 3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" (from Mamma Mia) - 4:42 \"Music of the Night\" (from The Phantom of the Opera) - 4:49 \"Both Sides, Now\" - 4:21 \"Vincent\" - 4:11 \"Songbird\" - 3:06 \"The Carnival is Over\" - 3:17 \"Time in the Bottle\"- 2:58 \"Windmills of Your Mind\" - 3:31 \"Auld Lang Syne\" (Featuring Celtic Woman) - 4:23 \"Time to Say Goodbye\" (live in concert) - 4:27 Release history References Marina Prior albums Compilation albums by Australian artists 2015 greatest hits albums",
"title": "Leading Lady: The Ultimate Collection"
},
{
"docid": "44266465",
"text": "Golden Sax Swing is a compilation album by Thorleifs released in October 2014. The album mostly consists of older material However, 12 of the songs were recorded during mid-2014, two years after the official band disestablishment in mid-2012. Track listing \"Vi möts igen\" (\"We'll Meet Again\") \"ABBA medley\" \"Waterloo\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Ring Ring\" \"Super Trouper\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"Who's Sorry Now?\" \"Alice Babs medley\" \"Swing it, magistern!\" \"Alice i Tyrolen\" \"Sugartime\" \"Vårat gäng\" \"Stigbergsgatan 8\" \"Du är min man\" \"Chattanooga Choo Choo\" \"Beatles medley\" \"She Loves Me\" \"Can't Buy Me Love\" \"All My Loving\" \"Eight Days a Week\" \"Tell Me Why\" \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" \"Swing Cat\" \"Morgen\" \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" \"Swing 'n' Rock Medley\" \"In the Mood\" \"Bye Bye Blackbird\" \"American Patrol\" \"A String of Pearls\" \"Take the \"A\" Train\" \"Rock Around the Clock\" \"Blue Suede Shoes\" \"See You Later, Alligator\" \"Chattanooga Choo Choo\" \"What You're Proposing\" Charts References 2014 compilation albums Thorleifs albums Compilation albums by Swedish artists",
"title": "Golden Sax Swing"
},
{
"docid": "6780616",
"text": "\"\" (They killed my mother) is a soprano aria from act 3 of the 1896 opera Andrea Chénier by Umberto Giordano. It is sung by Maddalena di Coigny to Gérard about how her mother died protecting her during the turmoils of the French Revolution. Libretto La mamma morta m'hanno alla porta della stanza mia Moriva e mi salvava! poi a notte alta io con Bersi errava, quando ad un tratto un livido bagliore guizza e rischiara innanzi a' passi miei la cupa via! Guardo! Bruciava il loco di mia culla! Così fui sola! E intorno il nulla! Fame e miseria! Il bisogno, il periglio! Caddi malata, e Bersi, buona e pura, di sua bellezza ha fatto un mercato, un contratto per me! Porto sventura a chi bene mi vuole! Fu in quel dolore che a me venne l'amor! Voce piena d'armonia e dice Vivi ancora! Io son la vita! Ne' miei occhi è il tuo cielo! Tu non sei sola! Le lacrime tue io le raccolgo! Io sto sul tuo cammino e ti sorreggo! Sorridi e spera! Io son l'amore! Tutto intorno è sangue e fango? Io son divino! Io son l'oblio! Io sono il dio che sovra il mondo scendo da l'empireo, fa della terra un ciel! Ah! Io son l'amore, io son l'amor, l'amor E l'angelo si accosta, bacia, e vi bacia la morte! Corpo di moribonda è il corpo mio. Prendilo dunque. Io son già morta cosa They killed my mother at the door of my room She died and saved me. Later, at dead of night, I wandered with Bersi, when suddenly a bright glow flickers and lights were ahead of me the dark street! I looked – My childhood home was on fire! I was alone! surrounded by nothingness! Hunger and misery deprivation, danger! I fell ill, and Bersi, so good and pure made a market, a deal, of her beauty for me – I bring misfortune to all who care for me! It was then, in my grief, that love came to me. A voice full of harmony says, \"Keep on living, I am life itself! Your heaven is in my eyes! You are not alone. I collect all your tears I walk with you and support you! Smile and hope! I am Love! Are you surrounded by blood and mire? I am Divine! I am oblivion! I am the God above the world I descend from the empyrean and make this Earth A heaven! Ah! I am love, love, love.\" And the angel approaches with a kiss, and he kisses death – A dying body is my body. So take it. I am already dead matter! External links \"La mamma morta\", Aria Database , Renata Tebaldi, 1960 , Maria Callas Arias by Umberto Giordano Opera excerpts 1896 compositions",
"title": "La mamma morta"
},
{
"docid": "3608711",
"text": "London School of Musical Theatre (LSMT) is a training academy of performing arts, that was founded by Glenn Lee in 1995. The school is located on Borough Road, central London. It was originally housed at The Old Vic and then His Majesty's Theatre, before moving to premises on Borough Road, where it currently operates. The school offers a one-year, full-time, vocational training for adults wishing to pursue a career in musical theatre. The ethos of LSMT is to create the environment of a professional company in rehearsal rather than that of an educational institution. The emphasis of the course is on the development of the singing voice as the tool for acting through song alongside a thorough training in dance and drama. Classes are taught by professionals and practitioners working in the industry, with direct experience of the requirements of musical theatre. Since its inception in 1995, the organisation has commissioned new musical theatre productions, many of which have now been published and performed around the world. The school employs Charles Miller as composer-in-residence. Notable Alumni Emma Hatton - actress (Wicked, Evita) Melissa Jacques - actress (Everybody's Talking about Jamie, Mamma Mia) Sophie Isaacs - actress (Six, Heathers, Made In Dagenham, Legally Blonde) Jacqui Tate - actress (Les Miserables, Avenue Q, South Pacific, The Phantom of The Opera) Adam Bayjou - actor/singer (Les Miserables, Assassins, Opera Boys) Richard Meek - actor (Annie, The Producers, Rocky Horror Show, Hairspray) Hollie O'Donoghue - actress (Les Miserables, The Commitments) Nancy Sullivan- actress (Les Miserables, Little Voice, Beautiful Thing) Jodie Jacobs - actress (We Will Rock You, Evita, Fame, Footloose, The Wedding Singer) Rosa O'Reilly - actress (Wicked, Jesus Christ Superstar, Les Miserables, Dirty Dancing) Michael Auger - singer (Collabro) Katie Rough - Legend Natalie Law - actress (Leopaldstadt, The Lady Vanishes, Exit The King, Ink) Soophia Foroughi - actress (Prince of Egypt, Broken Wings, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels) Marcus Ayton - actor (Shrek, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dream Coat) Devon Elise Johnson - actress (Half a Sixpence, Mamma Mia, Titanic) Holly-Anne Hull (Phantom of The Opera, Les Miserables, Copacobana) Kelly Agbowu - actress (Waitress, Book of Mormon, Lion King, Les Miserables) Adam Strong - actor (We Will Rock You, Rock of Ages, Jesus Christ Superstar) Robbie Scotcher - actor (Blood Brothers, Mamma Mia, Miss Saigon) Louise Willoughby - TV/Film actress (Time, Coronation Street, Doctors) Luke Newton - TV/Film actor (Bridgerton, Lake Placid, The Lodge) Danny Walters - TV/Film actor (EastEnders, Benidorm, Call The Midwife) Olivia Chenery - TV/Film actress (Endeavour, Silent Witness, Virgin and Martyr, Penny Dreadful, My Friends Best Wedding, The One) External Sources External links London School of Musical Theatre website Performing arts education in London Schools of the performing arts in the United Kingdom Music schools in London Drama schools in London Educational institutions established in 1995 Musical theatre organizations",
"title": "London School of Musical Theatre"
},
{
"docid": "29571638",
"text": "Heidi Gjermundsen Broch (born 1 March 1975 in Norway) is a Norwegian actress, singer and musical artist. Gjermundsen went to Paul McCartney's famous Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA) in 1995-1997. In Norway, she went to the Norwegian school Teaterhøgskolen in 1997-2000. She is most known for playing Donna, in the original Norway production of Mamma Mia! and for playing the original Diana in the Norwegian production of Next to Normal. Theatre Work Diana - Next to Normal (2010) Donna - Mamma Mia! (2009) Polly Peachum - Tolvskillingsoperaen (The Threepenny Opera) (2008) Maria Vittoria Farnese - Which Witch (2008) An-Magritt - An-Magritt (2007) Edith Piaf - Piaf (2004) Eliza - My Fair Lady (2003) Personal life Heidi has two kids with her husband, the Norwegian actor Nicolai Cleve Broch. External links Piaf Intervju (Norwegian) (Dagbladet, 2000) Living people Norwegian stage actresses 1975 births English-language singers from Norway Norwegian women singers Norwegian musical theatre actresses Alumni of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts",
"title": "Heidi Gjermundsen Broch"
},
{
"docid": "29435379",
"text": "\"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" (working title: \"Pandemonium\") is a song recorded in 1978 by the Swedish pop group ABBA for their sixth studio album, Voulez-Vous. History The song was a reflection of Björn Ulvaeus's state of mind during his divorce, an uptempo song with despairing lyrics where the narrator dreads the end of the working day, when they will be all alone to deal with their own thoughts. Ulvaeus later stated: \"There were times that last autumn I was with Agnetha that I had those nights myself. My lyrics were often based around fiction, but that must have been where that one came from.\" Appearances \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" was considered by the band members to be one of the strongest songs recorded during the Voulez-Vous sessions, and was originally intended to be the lead single from the album. ABBA performed the song in Japan in November 1978, upon their promotional visit to the country (known as ABBA in Japan). Although ABBA did not film an official video for \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\", their filmed performance on the Mike Yarwood Christmas Show in December 1978 serves as an \"unofficial\" music video. These filmed performances of the song differ from the original 5:11 version (lasting 3:42 and 3:50). In December 1978, a new song entitled \"Chiquitita\" was recorded, and it was ultimately decided that this would be released as the lead single from the Voulez-Vous album instead. As a result of this decision, \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" remained an album track. Cover versions Singer Hazell Dean included a dance cover of the song for her 1996 album The Winner Takes It All: Hazell Dean Sings ABBA. A hi-NRG/eurodance cover by Abbacadabra can be found on the 2008 compilation We Love ABBA: The Mamma Mia Dance Compilation, released through Almighty Records. An audio sample can be heard on the official Almighty Records website. References 1979 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "If It Wasn't for the Nights"
},
{
"docid": "22559166",
"text": "Musicality is the third solo album from English actress-singer Martine McCutcheon. The album features covers of songs from McCutcheon's favourite musicals, including Mamma Mia! and Les Misérables. Released in December 2002, Musicality was a commercial failure; it debuted and peaked only at #55 on the UK Albums Chart, spending just two weeks in the Top 100. It is McCutcheon's lowest-charting and lowest-selling album to date. Track listing \"Maybe This Time\" – from Cabaret \"Zing Went the Strings of My Heart\" – from Listen Darling \"White Christmas\" – from Holiday Inn \"I Dreamed a Dream\" – from Les Misérables \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" – from Babes in Arms \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" – from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" – from Funny Girl \"Out Here on My Own\" – from Fame \"What I Did for Love\" – from A Chorus Line \"There Are Worse Things I Could Do\" – from Grease \"The Winner Takes It All\" – from Mamma Mia! \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" – from The Lion King \"Wouldn't It Be Luverely\" – from My Fair Lady \"Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again\" – from The Phantom of the Opera \"The Man That Got Away\" – from A Star Is Born \"Nobody Does It Like Me\" – from See-Saw Charts References 2002 albums Martine McCutcheon albums",
"title": "Musicality (album)"
},
{
"docid": "45426857",
"text": "Luke Friend (born 30 April 1996) is an English singer and former student from Teignmouth in Devon. He started his career in 2013 after winning TeenStar and appearing as a contestant and later a finalist on tenth series of The X Factor and later was the last contestant eliminated on the show. After his career appearing on The X Factor, he signed with RCA Records in October 2014 and released his debut single \"Hole in My Heart\" in March 2015. On 8 April 2016, he signed to BMG. Since 28 September 2022, he has appeared as Adam in Mamma Mia! The Party at The O2 (London). Early life He was born in Leeds and grew up in the Chapel Allerton area of the city. He is the son of gym owner, Steve Friend, and a cousin of Premier League referee Kevin Friend. He also used to live in Shipley, Bradford, where he attended Shipley CofE Primary and Beckfoot School, before moving to Devon when he was 13. He then attended Coombeshead Academy. Career 2013: The X Factor In July 2013, Friend won TeenStar 2013,defeating Sam Wilde(now GODSON) in the final. That same year, Friend auditioned for the tenth series of The X Factor in front of judges Louis Walsh, Gary Barlow, Nicole Scherzinger and Sharon Osbourne. Friend's room audition, in which he sang \"Stand by Me\", was the first audition of the series to be broadcast. Walsh commented \"You have your own style, your own finish, love your voice. You're different.\" and Friend received four yeses from the judges, sending him through to the arena auditions. Friend's arena audition saw him sing \"Too Much Love Will Kill You\", after which he was sent through to bootcamp in the Boys category, mentored by Walsh. He performed \"Alone\" at bootcamp, and then \"Cannonball\" and \"Somewhere Only We Know\" at judges' houses, after which he was put through to the live shows by Walsh. In week 6, Friend was in the bottom two with Sam Callahan, but was saved after Walsh refused to vote and then Scherzinger and Barlow voted to send Callahan home leaving Osbourne's vote unnecessary but stated that she would have saved Friend. In the quarter-final, he was in the bottom two with Tamera Foster. Walsh and Osbourne voted to send Friend through to the semi-final, and Scherzinger and Barlow voted to send Foster through to the semi-final and the result went to deadlock. Friend was saved by the public vote and advanced to the semi-final. In the semi-final he was in the bottom two again, this time with Rough Copy. Walsh and Osbourne voted to send Friend through to the final, while Barlow and Scherzinger voted to send Rough Copy through to the final. The result went to deadlock and Friend advanced to the final. In the final on 14 December, Friend performed a duet with Ellie Goulding and later was the last contestant eliminated. 2014–15: Début single On 19 January 2014, Friend won \"Rising Star of 2014\" in",
"title": "Luke Friend"
},
{
"docid": "55594395",
"text": "Oh Na-ra () is a South Korean actress. She began her career by joining the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and made her debut in the musical \"Simcheong\" the following year. She went on to star in various productions such as Bari, Annie Quang, All That Jazz, Broadway 42nd Streets, Empress Myeongseong, Love in the Rain, and Mamma Mia. Since 2004, she started play the main lead in the creative musicals I Love You. Followed by Finding Kim Jong-wook, Singles and Jomjom. Throughout her career, as musical actress, has received several accolades, including the Best New Actress Award at the 2006 Daegu International Musical Festival, the Best Actress Award at the 12th Korea Musical Awards in 2006, the Female Popularity Award at the 1st The Musical Awards in 2007, and the Popular Star Award at the 13th Korea Musical Awards in 2007. In addition to her work in musicals, Oh made her television debut with a minor role in SBS TV's SBS TV . She has since appeared in various dramas, including Pretty Mom, Pretty Woman, Queen of Reversals, Miss Ahjumma, Yong-pal, Hyde Jekyll, Me, Flowers of the Prison, Man to Man, The Lady in Dignity. Her supporting roles performances in dramas such as My Mister, Sky Castle, Racket Boys, and Alchemy of Souls earned her wider recognition. Early Life and education Oh Na-ra born on October 26, 1974 in Seoul as oldest of two sibling. Oh graduated from . Oh chose ballet as her major because she wanted to perform on stage. She graduated from the Department of Dance at Kyung Hee University. Afterwards, she pursued a master's degree in musical theater at Dankook University's Graduate School of Culture and Arts. Career Oh became interested in musicals after watching one on TV during college and wondered if they were real. She approached Nam Gyeong-eup, a musical actor, and expressed her desire to be part of musicals. Oh helped out at the performance hall of the musical \"Love in the Rain,\" doing tasks like cleaning and selling tickets. She also tried to make the actors happy. She joined the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and debuted with her musical “Simcheong” the following year. Afterwards, she appeared in 'Bari', 'Annie Quang', 'All That Jazz', 'Broadway 42nd Street', 'Empress Myeongseong', 'Love in the Rain', and 'Mamma Mia'. In 2001, Oh joined the Japanese theater company \"Four Seasons\" despite being a newcomer in the musical world. Oh was first Korean actor to be selected as a member. She auditioned and landed a role in the production \"Contact.\" Although she couldn't speak Japanese, it was a dance-only production, so there were no major issues. However, she couldn't go on stage due to visa extension problems caused by the office staff's intentional actions. After eight months, Oh (female) returned to Japan and was given the opportunity to appear in \"Mamma Mia.\" Despite initially being cast as the main character, her Japanese skills weren't perfect, so she returned after two years as an ensemble",
"title": "Oh Na-ra"
},
{
"docid": "48973952",
"text": "Huge Hits 99 is a compilation album released in 1999. As a part of the Hits compilation series, it contains UK hit singles from the third quarter of 1999. Track listing Disc one Eiffel 65 - \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" George Michael - \"Outside\" Lou Bega - \"Mambo No. 5\" Ricky Martin - \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" Britney Spears - \"Sometimes\" S Club 7 - \"Bring It All Back\" Westlife - \"Swear It Again\" Five - \"If Ya Gettin' Down\" Backstreet Boys - \"I Want It That Way\" Steps - \"Love's Got a Hold on My Heart\" Boyzone - \"You Needed Me\" Jamiroquai - \"Canned Heat\" B*Witched - \"Blame It on the Weatherman\" a1 - \"Be the First to Believe\" NSYNC - \"I Want You Back\" Sixpence None the Richer - \"Kiss Me\" The Corrs - \"Runaway\" New Radicals - \"You Get What You Give\" Catatonia - \"Dead from the Waist Down\" Manic Street Preachers - \"You Stole the Sun from My Heart\" Tom Jones & the Cardigans - \"Burning Down The House\" Disc two Whitney Houston - \"My Love Is Your Love\" Jennifer Lopez - \"If You Had My Love\" Shanks & Bigfoot - \"Sweet like Chocolate\" Will Smith - \"Miami\" ATB - \"9 PM (Till I Come)\" Ann Lee - \"2 Times\" Armand van Helden featuring Duane Harden - \"You Don't Know Me\" Bob Marley vs. Funkstar De Luxe - \"Sun Is Shining (Radio De Luxe edit)\" The Wiseguys - \"Ooh La La\" Phats & Small - \"Turn Around\" Fatboy Slim - \"Praise You\" A.T.F.C. Presents Onephatdeeva - \"In and Out of My Life\" Another Level - \"I Want You For Myself\" Destiny's Child - \"Bills, Bills, Bills\" TQ - \"Westside\" Lauryn Hill - \"Ex-Factor\" Glamma Kid featuring Shola Ama - \"Taboo\" Tatyana Ali - \"Boy You Knock Me Out\" Barenaked Ladies - \"One Week\" Thunderbugs - \"Friends Forever\" Steps, Cleopatra, Tina Cousins, B*Witched and Billie - \"Thank ABBA For The Music\": \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Thank You For The Music\" External links Discogs entry for Huge Hits 99 1999 compilation albums Hits (compilation series) albums",
"title": "Huge Hits 99"
},
{
"docid": "5044164",
"text": "Rhonda Suzanne Burchmore OAM (born 15 May 1960) is an Australian entertainer, most notable as an actress, recording artist and singer in musical theatre, she has appeared in numerous television shows and briefly in film. Career Burchmore appeared as Kate in the 1982 film, The Pirate Movie. Burchmore gave her first Australian theatre performance in the 1988 production of Sugar Babies opposite Garry McDonald and Broadway performer Eddie Bracken. Later that year, she had a role in the West End production of Sugar Babies opposite Mickey Rooney and Ann Miller. Whilst in the U.K, Burchmore was cast in the revival of Stop the World – I Want to Get Off as well as a role in Hot Shoe Shuffle. In 1997, Burchmore opened Melbourne's Crown Casino starring in Red Hot & Rhonda. Burchmore had a role of Nadine Hale in Tommy Tune's stage version of Irving Berlin's Easter Parade, slated for Broadway but eventually the project stalled. Burchmore later appeared in another show, Stephen Sondheim's Into the Woods with the Melbourne Theatre Company (MTC). Burchmore released her first album in 1998, the self-titled Rhonda Burchmore. Further albums include Midnight Rendezvous, Live at the Melbourne Concert Hall, Pure Imagination, and a recording of her stage show, Cry Me a River – The World of Julie London. In 1999, Burchmore played the lead role in The Production Company's first show, Mame. She also played the roles in The Boyfriend Jerry's Girls & La Cage Aux Folles for The Production Company, and later returned in a new production of Mame in 2008. Further roles followed, including Adelaide in an Australian revival of Guys and Dolls, Tanya in the successful Mamma Mia!, Urinetown The Musical, Tom Foolery, Respect: A Musical Journey of Women, and her own productions; Rhonda Burchmore Sings 'n Swings, My Funny Valentines and Fever. In 2013, she performed in Trevor Ashley's musical comedy Little Orphan trAshley with Gary Sweet. Other Australian stage credits include The Drowsy Chaperone in 2010 with Geoffrey Rush for the MTC, Song and Dance, They're Playing Our Song – as one of the alter egos, and Diana in Lend Me a Tenor. With the Victorian Opera Burchmore performed as Queen of the Fairies in Iolanthe, as Prince Orlofsky in Die Fledermaus with Joan Carden, in Ruddigore and An Evening with Sondheim. Burchmore's television credits include regular appearances on Carols by Candlelight, in the variety show Hey Hey It's Saturday, the quiz show Spicks and Specks and also guest roles in the sitcom Kath & Kim and on the TV series Love Child. In 2019, it was announced Burchmore had been cast in the role of Grandma Viv in new Seven Network sitcom, Fam Time. In 2020, Burchmore entered the Jungle to compete in the sixth season of the Australian version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! and was placed third. Personal life Burchmore was born in Sydney, and attended Beverly Hills Girls High School. She gained a scholarship to the University of New England where",
"title": "Rhonda Burchmore"
},
{
"docid": "53939608",
"text": "Shin Youngsook (申榮淑, born November 26, 1975) is a South Korean musical theatre actress. She majored in vocal performance at the university. For her musical debut she appeared in the musical The Last Empress as Lady Sontag. She was a member of Seoul Performing Arts Company from 2000 to 2007. The final level of education she has completed is a master's degree in Dankook University. Early life Shin was born in Seoul, South Korea, as the fifth youngest child. She began singing as a child, and played instruments such as piano, acoustic guitar, accordion, and harmonica. She became interested in Pansori. She won first place in a school choir competition several times. When she was in high school, she conducted the school choirs, and worked at the missionary choir. Thanks to her early musical activities, she started to learn voice performance at university. Career After university graduation, Shin prepared to study her major abroad and auditioned for The Last Empress by chance. She was cast as Lady Sontag. She then decided to become a musical actress. After her debut, she entered Seoul Performing Arts Company in order to learn acting performance. 2000-2007 (Seoul Performing Arts Company) In 2002, Shin appeared as Nanny in musical Romeo and Juliet. She was nominated for the 7th Korean Musical Awards as best supporting actress. In 2004, she appeared as Kappuni in musical play The day to marry. She performed the character as an independent modern woman saying \"I'll find my true love by myself.\" In 2005, she appeared as the title role Bari in the musical play Bari. Shin originated the role of Seryu in the musical The kingdom of the winds, and the role of Noksu in the musical Yi. 2008-present Shin appeared as the major characters of musicals such as Grizabella in Cats', Baroness Waldstatten in Mozart!, Gertrude in Hamlet, Madame Therese Defarge in A Tale of Two Cities, Mrs. Danvers in Rebecca, Empress Myeongseong in The Last Empress and Donna in Mamma Mia!. When she sang the musical number 'Gold von den Sternen (Gold star)' in Mozart! astonishingly well, she gained a nickname 'Ms. Gold star'. She was beloved for the role of Mrs. Danvers and Baroness Valdstatten, earning Golden Ticket Awards and Korea Musical Awards as the best supporting actress for these roles. In 2015, Shin came back as title role to her debut musical The Last Empress. Stage performances 1999 The Last Empress, Lady Sontag 2000 Daebak, Mrs. Heungbu 2000 Taepung, Ariel 2001 Taepung, Ariel 2002 The kingdom of winds 2002 The morning of Goryeo, Princess Hyemyeong 2002 Romeo and Juliet, Nanny 2002 Taepung, Trinculo 2003 Romeo and Juliet, Nanny 2003 Sound of Music, Reverend Mother 2003 Christmas Carol, Madmame Cratchit 2004 Midsummer night's dream, Helena 2004 The day to marry, kappuni 2004 Christmas Carol, Madame Cratchit 2005 Bari, Bari 2005 Christmas Carol, Madame Cratchit 2005 Scents of Ancient, Moocheon, Sanhwaga 2005 Romeo and Juliet, Nanny 2006 Romeo and Juliet, Nanny 2006 The Kingdom of winds, Seryu 2006 Yi,",
"title": "Shin Youngsook"
},
{
"docid": "37028241",
"text": "The Collection is a compilation album by the English singer Martine McCutcheon, released in 2012. Track listing Disc 1 \"Perfect Moment\" \"I Dreamed a Dream\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Talking in Your Sleep\" \"Never Lose Your Faith In Love\" \"I'm Over You\" \"What You See Is What You Get\" \"On the Radio\" \"Wishing\" \"Together We Are Beautiful\" \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" \"Zing! Went the Strings of My Heart\" \"The Lady Is A Tramp\" \"The Man That Got Away\" \"Can You Feel The Love Tonight\" \"Out Here On My Own\" Disc 2 \"Everybody\" \"Tonight\" \"Teardrops\" \"Rainy Days\" \"Secret Garden\" \"Hold Me Tighter In The Rain\" \"I've Got You\" \"Gettin' Ready for Love\" \"Maybe This Time\" \"There Are Worse Things I Could Do\" \"Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again\" \"You, Me And Us\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Rainy Days (Sleaze Sisters Anthem Mix)\" \"I'm Over You (Xenomania Disco Mix)\" References External links Martine McCutcheon albums 2012 compilation albums",
"title": "The Collection (Martine McCutcheon album)"
}
] | [
"Amanda Seyfried",
"Meryl Streep",
"Lily James"
] |
train_50857 | when is the last time the phillies won the world series | [
{
"docid": "14350287",
"text": "The history of the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball's National League began on November 1, 1882, with the organization of the Philadelphia Ball Club Limited. In 1883, this organization won the franchise rights to Philadelphia when the city was selected to replace the Massachusetts-based Worcesters, who had folded after the 1882 season. The franchise made its first post-season appearance in 1915, losing to the Boston Red Sox in the World Series. The Phillies franchise also has the second-longest streak of consecutive losing seasons in American professional sports, 16 straight from 1933 to 1948; the record stood until 2009, when it was broken by the Pittsburgh Pirates. After another National League pennant in 1950, the Phillies did not return to the postseason until 1976, beginning a period of extended success for the franchise. From 1975 to 1983, they won five East Division championships as well as the first-half championship in the strike-shortened 1981 season. The team made the playoffs five straight seasons from 2007 through 2011. The Phillies currently compete in the National League East division. Since 2004, the team's home has been Citizens Bank Park in the South Philadelphia section of the city. The franchise has won two World Series championships (against Kansas City in 1980, Tampa Bay in 2008), and eight National League pennants. In its 127-season history, the franchise has employed 51 managers and 10 general managers (GMs). Dallas Green and Charlie Manuel are the only Phillies managers to win a World Series: Green in 1980, and Manuel in 2008. Manuel is also the only Phillies manager to win two pennants, and on the last day of the 2011 regular season, surpassed Gene Mauch's 644-win record as the winningest manager in franchise history, taking two fewer seasons than Mauch to accomplish that feat. The longest-tenured general manager is Paul Owens, with 11 years of service to the team as the general manager, from 1972 to 1983. Owens also served as the team manager in 1972, and from 1983 to 1984. After this time, he served as a team executive until 2003, and was inducted into the Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame in recognition of his services. The manager with the highest winning percentage over a full season or more was Arthur Irwin, whose .575 winning percentage is fourth on the all-time wins list for Phillies managers. Origins The Philadelphia Phillies were organized and founded on November 1, 1882, as the Philadelphia Ball Club Limited and capitalized with $15,000 by a group led by sporting goods manufacturer Al Reach (a pioneering professional baseball player) and attorney John Rogers. The purpose of the organization was \"for the playing of base ball ... in the City of Philadelphia.\" In 1883, Reach and Rogers won an expansion National League franchise for Philadelphia, one of what are now known as the \"Classic Eight\" of the National League. They were awarded a spot in the league to replace the Worcester Worcesters, a franchise that had folded in 1882. The new team was nicknamed",
"title": "History of the Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"docid": "13825399",
"text": "The 2008 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2008 season. The 104th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the National League (NL) champion Philadelphia Phillies and the American League (AL) champion Tampa Bay Rays; the Phillies won the series, four games to one. The 2008 World Series is notable because it is the only World Series to involve a mid-game postponement and resumption (two days later). The Series began on Wednesday, October 22, and concluded (after weather delays had postponed the end of Game 5) the following Wednesday, October 29. The AL's 4–3 win in the 2008 All-Star Game gave the Rays home field advantage for the series, meaning no more than three games would be played at Citizens Bank Park (the Phillies' home ballpark). The Phillies won their second championship in their 126-year history to bring the city of Philadelphia its first championship in 25 years (since the 1983 NBA Finals). This was the first postseason series lost by an MLB team based in the state of Florida; previously, the Rays and Florida Marlins were 8–0 in postseason series. Additionally, both the Phillies' World Series wins have come against a team making their World Series debut (in 1980, they beat the Kansas City Royals). The Phillies advanced to the World Series after defeating the Milwaukee Brewers and the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NL's Divisional Series and Championship Series, respectively. The team won its position in the playoffs after its second consecutive NL East division title. This was the Phillies' first World Series appearance in fifteen years. The Tampa Bay Rays advanced to the World Series after defeating the Chicago White Sox and the Boston Red Sox, the 2007 World Series champion, in the AL's Division Series and 2008 American League Championship Series. Games 1 and 2 at Tropicana Field were the first World Series games played on artificial turf since the 1993 World Series matched two teams, the Toronto Blue Jays and Phillies, which each played their home games on artificial turf at the time. However, 2008 is the first World Series ever played on second generation artificial turf. Ironically the Phillies were in both Series but no longer use artificial turf since the end of 2003. Teams Philadelphia Phillies Philadelphia opened the season by posting a winning record in the opening month of April. The team scored 60 runs over a five-game span in late May and went 14–4 into the beginning of June. The team lost 9 of 11 games to end June, but came out of the All-Star break with a 9–6 record following the midseason hiatus. The Phillies posted the best road record in the National League, at 44–37. Philadelphia traded sweeps with the Los Angeles Dodgers in August and went 13–3 in their last 16 games, to win the National League East title for the second consecutive season. The second-seeded Phillies defeated the Milwaukee Brewers in the Division Series, 3–1, and the Dodgers",
"title": "2008 World Series"
},
{
"docid": "71280434",
"text": "The 1993 Major League Baseball postseason was the playoff tournament of Major League Baseball for the 1993 season. The winners of each division advance to the postseason and face each other in a League Championship Series to determine the pennant winners that face each other in the World Series. This was the last edition of the postseason to feature only two rounds, with only division champions qualifying. After the 1994-95 Major League Baseball strike, the playoffs were expanded to include a wild card team and a new League Division Series for the 1995 postseason. The Toronto Blue Jays and Atlanta Braves both returned to the postseason for the third year in a row, while the Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Phillies returned for the first time in a decade. This would be the last appearance for the Phillies until 2007, as well as Toronto's last appearance until 2015. This was the last edition of the postseason until 2008 to not feature the New York Yankees, who would make thirteen straight postseason appearances from 1995 to 2007. It also marked the second time in three years that the postseason did not feature a team from California. The playoffs began on October 5, 1993, and concluded on October 23, 1993, with the Blue Jays defeating the Phillies in six games in the 1993 World Series. The Blue Jays repeated as World Series champions, becoming the seventh franchise in MLB history to win back-to-back championships. Playoff seeds The following teams qualified for the postseason: American League Toronto Blue Jays – AL East champions, 95–67 Chicago White Sox – AL West champions, 94–68 National League Philadelphia Phillies – NL East champions, 97–65 Atlanta Braves – NL West champions, 104–58 Playoff bracket American League Championship Series Chicago White Sox vs. Toronto Blue Jays The Blue Jays defeated the White Sox in six games to return to the World Series for the second year in a row. The Blue Jays stole Game 1 on the road with a 7–3 victory. In Game 2, Dave Stewart out-dueled Chicago's Alex Fernandez as the Jays won 3–1 to take a 2–0 series lead headed back home to Toronto. However, things didn't go quite the Jays' way just yet. Wilson Álvarez pitched a complete game for the White Sox in Game 3 as they won 6–1 to get on the board. Game 4 was an offensive duel which was won by the White Sox, 7–4, evening the series at two. The Blue Jays would take Game 5 and the series lead back despite closer Duane Ward giving up a two-run home run to Robin Ventura in the top of the ninth. Stewart out-dueled Fernandez again in Game 6, and Ward helped seal a 6-2 Blue Jays victory to clinch the pennant. This series was most notable for a famous non-baseball related event involving Chicago Bulls' superstar Michael Jordan. The game's first pitch was thrown by Jordan, who recently had won his third consecutive NBA championship with the Bulls. After he",
"title": "1993 Major League Baseball postseason"
},
{
"docid": "13810690",
"text": "The Philadelphia Phillies' 2008 season was the 126th in the history of the franchise. The team finished with a regular season record of 92–70, first in the National League East. In the postseason, the Phillies won the World Series; this was the first major sports championship for Philadelphia since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals. During the season, they were managed by Charlie Manuel. To date, this is the most recent season the Phillies won the World Series. The Phillies opened the season by posting their first winning April since 2003. They also scored 60 runs over 5 games in late May in a sweep over the Colorado Rockies and accrued a 14–4 record over 18 games entering the month of June. The Phillies' performance declined in late June, but they improved after the All-Star break, going 9–6 immediately following the midseason hiatus. Closer Brad Lidge earned eight saves in those games, and did not blow a save throughout the season and the postseason. Philadelphia traded sweeps with the Los Angeles Dodgers in August and went 13–3 in their last 16 games, taking advantage of a late swoon by the New York Mets for the second year in a row to capture the division crown. The team won its position in the playoffs after its second consecutive East Division title. The Phillies also posted the best road record in the National League, at 44–37. Philadelphia defeated the Milwaukee Brewers in the NLDS, 3–1, and the Dodgers in the NLCS, 4–1, to win the National League pennant and advance to the World Series. In the World Series, the Phillies defeated the Tampa Bay Rays, 4–1, to win their first championship in 28 years, ending the Curse of Billy Penn. Phillies starting pitcher Cole Hamels was named the Most Valuable Player of the NLCS and the World Series. Statistical leaders in batting for the 2008 team included center fielder Shane Victorino (batting average, .293), first baseman Ryan Howard (home runs, 48; runs batted in, 146), and second baseman Chase Utley (runs scored, 113). For their accomplishments, Howard won the Josh Gibson Award for the National League, and Utley won his third consecutive Silver Slugger Award. Pitching leaders included left-handed starting pitcher Hamels (innings pitched, 227), left-hander starter Jamie Moyer (wins, 16), and right-handed relief pitcher Lidge (saves, 41). Lidge won the DHL Delivery Man of the Year and the Major League Baseball Comeback Player of the Year awards for his performance during the season. Victorino and shortstop Jimmy Rollins also won Gold Glove awards for their play in the field. Offseason Players and coaches On October 29, 2007, Charlie Manuel signed an extension to manage the Phillies for two more years. All of the coaches from the 2007 division championship season were also retained. However, Davey Lopes underwent treatment for cancer and had to be replaced on an interim basis in the early part of the season. The Phillies re-signed left-handed relief pitcher J. C. Romero to a new two-year contract",
"title": "2008 Philadelphia Phillies season"
},
{
"docid": "1214585",
"text": "The Curse of Billy Penn (1987–2008) was a sports-related curse, urban legend, and popular explanation for the failure of major Philadelphia professional sports teams to win championships following the March 1987 construction of the One Liberty Place skyscraper, which exceeded the height of William Penn's statue atop Philadelphia City Hall. For decades prior to the construction of One Liberty Place, there had been a gentlemen's agreement in place to ensure that no building in Philadelphia would be permitted to be higher than the William Penn statue atop Philadelphia City Hall. The curse ended on October 29, 2008, when the Philadelphia Phillies won the 2008 World Series, a year and four months after a statuette of the William Penn figure atop City Hall was affixed to the final beam during the June 2007 topping-off of the Comcast Center, which made it the highest building structure in the city at the time. Origins Atop Philadelphia City Hall stands a statue of William Penn, the city founder and original proprietor of the colonial-era Province of Pennsylvania. For decades, a \"gentlemen's agreement\" stated that the Philadelphia Art Commission would approve no building in the city which would rise above this statue. This ended in March 1987, when a modern steel-and-glass skyscraper, One Liberty Place, opened three blocks away. One Liberty Place is taller than City Hall by , rising in height compared to the height of Penn's hat on City Hall, . Its sister skyscraper, Two Liberty Place, at , followed in 1990. Philadelphia sports teams had previously enjoyed a run of success in the years prior to the construction and opening of One Liberty Place. Major League Baseball's Phillies won the 1980 World Series and the 1983 National League pennant; the National Hockey League's Flyers won back-to-back Stanley Cups in and , and appeared in the finals in , , , and ; the National Football League's Eagles appeared in Super Bowl XV following the 1980 season, losing to the Oakland Raiders; and the National Basketball Association's 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals, as well as making the finals in , , and . Before 1980, the Phillies had appeared in only two other World Series, in and , and the Eagles had won no NFC conference championships since the 1966 agreement that had created the Super Bowl, while the 76ers won NBA titles in both Philadelphia and in their previous incarnation, the Syracuse Nationals. The Villanova Wildcats won the 1985 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball tournament in one of the most famous upsets in sports history. Construction on One Liberty Place began in 1985, two years after the last championship season in Philadelphia. Philadelphia sports since curse's inception Major-league sports opened, Philadelphia's franchises began a pattern of failures to win a world championship. The Flyers lost the Stanley Cup Finals twice, in to the Edmonton Oilers in seven games (although the Oilers were heavily favored), two months after One Liberty Place opened, and in , in a four-game sweep by the Detroit",
"title": "Curse of Billy Penn"
},
{
"docid": "24879759",
"text": "The Philadelphia Phillies' 2010 season was the 128th season in the history of the franchise. As the two-time defending National League champion—having appeared in the 2008 and 2009 World Series—the Phillies won their fourth consecutive National League East championship, and also finished with the best record in baseball. After sweeping the Cincinnati Reds in the NLDS, however, the team lost to the San Francisco Giants in the NLCS. Offseason The Phillies announced, following the 2009 World Series, that they would pick up their 1-year, $9 million option on starting pitcher Cliff Lee, who posted a 4–0 record in the previous postseason. General manager Rubén Amaro Jr. informed pitcher Brett Myers, who had started and relieved in 2009 and sustained several injuries, that the Phillies would not pursue him for a new contract if he filed for free agency. Myers had started the last three opening days for the Phillies. Starting pitcher Pedro Martínez and infielder Miguel Cairo also filed for free agency on November 6, the first possible date. Philadelphia also informed third baseman Pedro Feliz that they declined to pick up his option for the 2010 season, which would have retained him for $5.5 million. The Phillies signed free-agent catcher Brian Schneider to replace Paul Bako behind Carlos Ruiz on the depth chart, and replaced Feliz at third base with Plácido Polanco, who played second base for Philadelphia from 2002 to 2005, and was a Gold Glove-winning second baseman for the prior two seasons with the Detroit Tigers. Polanco had previously played third base in college, when playing with the St. Louis Cardinals, and in Philadelphia when David Bell was injured and Chase Utley took over at second base. With Lee under contract for one year, the Phillies traded his rights to the Seattle Mariners, from whom they received three prospects, including Tyson Gillies and Phillippe Aumont. In a related deal, the Phillies traded three prospects to the Toronto Blue Jays for the rights to right-handed starting pitcher Roy Halladay, as well as $6 million cash to cover the difference between the two aces' salaries. The trade for Halladay included a 3-year, $60 million contract extension through 2013 with an option for a 4th season. The trade was the \"first of its kind\" in the history of the league, the only deal wherein two past winners of the Cy Young Award changed hands in related transactions. To complete their bench, the Phillies signed utility infielder Juan Castro to a one-year contract to replace Eric Bruntlett, and inked a two-year deal with pinch-hitter and first baseman Ross Gload, who replaced Matt Stairs. In the bullpen, the Phillies signed right-handed relief pitcher Danys Báez to a two-year contract, and agreed to a one-year deal with right-handed starter and long reliever José Contreras. Amaro announced that all of the coaches from the 2009 season had also been invited to return. Spring training The Phillies opened their 2010 Grapefruit League play against the New York Yankees, defeating them 3–2; Halladay pitched two innings",
"title": "2010 Philadelphia Phillies season"
},
{
"docid": "23104823",
"text": "The 2009 National League Championship Series (NLCS) was a best-of-seven baseball game series pitting the Los Angeles Dodgers against the Philadelphia Phillies for the National League Championship and the right to represent the National League in the 2009 World Series. The Phillies defeated the Dodgers four games to one. Los Angeles, whose NL-best 95–67 record topped Philadelphia's 93–69 record, retained home-field advantage. The series, the 40th in league history, began on October 15 and finished on October 21. TBS carried the championship on television. In the regular season, the teams played seven games and the Dodgers won four of them, outscoring the Phillies 26–25. In the NLCS, the Phillies won the series, four games to one, advancing to the World Series for the second consecutive year. They were, however, defeated by the New York Yankees, 4–2. This was the second consecutive NLCS between the Dodgers and Phillies and the fifth overall. The first two meetings were won by the Dodgers in 1977 and 1978, and the third by the Phillies in 1983; none of the three resulted in a World Series Championship by either team. The Phillies defeated the Dodgers in five games in 2008 en route to their 2008 World Series title. This match-up is the most frequent in the history of the NLCS (as of 2009) tied with the Pirates vs. Reds. This was the first time in LCS history that two franchises met in consecutive League Championship Series on separate occasions (1977–1978, 2008–2009). Summary Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Philadelphia Phillies Game summaries Game 1 James Loney gave the Dodgers an early lead with a solo home run in the second inning. Dodger starter Clayton Kershaw was solid through the first four innings, but the Phillies got to him in the fifth, scoring five runs on three hits on a Carlos Ruiz three-run home run, and later a Ryan Howard two-RBI double. The Dodgers made up most of the deficit in the bottom half of the fifth when Andre Ethier reached base on a Chase Utley throwing error that scored Russell Martin, immediately followed by a Manny Ramirez two-run home run. With the Phillies ahead by one run in the top of the eighth, Philadelphia outfielder Raúl Ibañez padded his team's lead with a three-run home run off George Sherrill, his former teammate in Seattle, after two leadoff walks. The Dodgers scored two runs in the bottom half of the eighth on Martin's RBI single and a Rafael Furcal sacrifice fly, but Ryan Madson shut down the eighth-inning rally and Brad Lidge, despite allowing a hit and a walk, pitched a scoreless ninth to earn the save. Game 2 Game 2 featured a pitching duel between Vicente Padilla and Pedro Martinez, two pitchers who were not even on their respective teams' Opening Day rosters. Martinez pitched seven innings of scoreless ball and Padilla nearly matched him with of one-run ball. The only run came on a Ryan Howard solo shot in the fourth. That RBI gave Howard six",
"title": "2009 National League Championship Series"
},
{
"docid": "29899036",
"text": "The 2011 National League Division Series (abbreviated NLDS) were two best-of-five playoffs comprising the opening round of the Major League Baseball postseason, played to determine the participating teams in the 2011 National League Championship Series. Three divisional winners and a fourth team—a wild card—played in two series. TBS televised all games in the United States (except Game 3 of the Brewers–Diamondbacks series, which aired on TNT due to scheduling conflicts with the ALDS). The regular season finished on September 28, with the National League playoffs beginning October 1. Under MLB's playoff format, no two teams from the same division were matched up in the Division Series, regardless of whether their records would normally indicate such a matchup. Home field advantage went to the team with the better regular-season record with the exception of the wild card team, which defers home field advantage regardless of record. The matchups are: (1) Philadelphia Phillies (East Division champions, 102–60) vs. (4) St. Louis Cardinals (Wild Card qualifier, 90–72): Cardinals win series, 3–2. (2) Milwaukee Brewers (Central Division champions, 96–66) vs. (3) Arizona Diamondbacks (West Division champions, 94–68): Brewers win series, 3–2. The Phillies and Cardinals played against each other in the postseason for the first time. The Brewers and Diamondbacks also met for the first time, having both joined the National League in 1998—Arizona as an expansion team and Milwaukee in a move from the American League after the AL expanded by adding the Tampa Bay Rays. The Brewers-Diamondbacks series was also notable as the first postseason series played between two teams in ballparks with retractable roofs. This is the first time since the strike-shortened 1981 season that both National League Division Series matchups went to a deciding Game 5 (it happened to the American League in 2001). The Cardinals defeated the Brewers in the NLCS and went on to win the 2011 World Series, defeating the American League champion Texas Rangers. Participants On September 14, the Philadelphia Phillies became the first team to qualify for the NLDS (additionally they had the best record in MLB with 102 wins and 60 losses, 13 games over Atlanta in the National League East (NL East) at the end of the 2011 season, as well as the first team in either league to qualify for the postseason). On September 17, the Phillies clinched the NL East title for the fifth consecutive season. On September 23, after a win over the Marlins and the Cardinals' loss to the Cubs, the Milwaukee Brewers clinched the NL Central title. It was the Brewers' first NL Central title since joining the division in 1998, their first of any kind since winning the 1982 American League pennant, when they won the AL East title, and their first playoff berth since 2008. Also on September 23, the Arizona Diamondbacks clinched the NL West, their first time since 2007. On September 28, after making up over a 10-game deficit in the final month of the season and going into the season's last day tied",
"title": "2011 National League Division Series"
},
{
"docid": "521124",
"text": "Harold Norbert Kalas (March 26, 1936 – April 13, 2009) was an American sportscaster, best known for his Ford C. Frick Award-winning role as lead play-by-play announcer for Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Philadelphia Phillies, a position he held from 1971 until his death in 2009. Kalas was also closely identified with the National Football League (NFL), serving as a voice-over narrator for NFL Films productions (a regular feature on Inside the NFL) and calling football games nationally for Westwood One radio. Early life and family Born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of a Methodist minister of Greek descent, Kalas graduated from Naperville High School in 1954 and from the University of Iowa in 1959 where he was a member of Phi Delta Theta Fraternity. Upon graduation, he was immediately drafted into the United States Army and stationed in Hawaii. After his discharge in 1961, Kalas began calling minor-league baseball games for the Hawaii Islanders. Kalas had three sons: Todd, Brad, and Kane. Todd is a former Phillies broadcaster who worked as a pregame/postgame–show host and is currently a play-by-play announcer for the Houston Astros. Kane is a professional poker player. Professional career Kalas made his major-league debut in 1965 with the Houston Astros, replacing Al Helfer and working alongside Gene Elston and Loel Passe. He called the first game at Houston's Astrodome, on April 12, 1965. He was hired by the Phillies in 1971 to succeed Bill Campbell, and was the master of ceremonies at the 1971 opening of Veterans Stadium. After the retirement of By Saam, Kalas was paired with Andy Musser and Hall of Fame player Richie Ashburn. Philadelphia Phillies While initially meeting with a lukewarm reception due to his replacement of the popular Campbell, Kalas soon won the hearts of Phillies fans with his easy-going style, his mellow, baritone, leathery voice (which rose to great excitement upon great plays on the field or Phillies' home runs, especially in key situations), his love of the game and also his accessibility to Phillies fans, for whom he professed a strong love. During his Phillies career, he called six no-hit games, six National League Championship Series, and three World Series (1983, 1993, and 2008). However, due to MLB rules at the time, he could not call the 1980 World Series, as local broadcasters were not allowed to call games due to contract conflicts with MLB, NBC and CBS Radio. Public outcry caused MLB to change its policies the following year. Kalas also called the first game at Veterans Stadium (April 10, 1971), the last game at Veterans Stadium (September 28, 2003), and the first game at Citizens Bank Park (April 12, 2004). Kalas was sidelined for a few days in late July 2008 to treat a detached retina. On April 8, 2009, the Phillies honored Kalas by having him throw out the first pitch before a game against the Atlanta Braves. Kalas's pitch was part of the pre-game ceremony in which the Phillies received their 2008 World Series championship rings.",
"title": "Harry Kalas"
},
{
"docid": "19490792",
"text": "The Philadelphia Phillies' 2009 season was the 127th season in the history of the franchise. The team, managed by Charlie Manuel, began their sixth season at Citizens Bank Park and defense of their 2008 World Series championship on April 5. After collecting a third straight National League East championship, the Phillies won their second consecutive National League pennant for the first time in franchise history; however they were defeated by the New York Yankees in the World Series. The Phillies posted a second consecutive winning April to open the season with an 11–9 record, but the month was marred by the death of legendary broadcaster Harry Kalas. After opening the month of May against the rival New York Mets, the Phillies met President Barack Obama to celebrate their World Series victory the previous season, and had two rookie pitchers win consecutive starts for the first time since 2007. Starting pitcher Jamie Moyer earned his 250th career win during the month, while first baseman Ryan Howard and outfielder Raúl Ibañez became the first Phillies teammates to hit 10 home runs in the same month. Echoing their strong run in the middle of the 2008 season, the Phillies compiled a 16–4 record in late May and early June, which was countered by weakness during interleague play in late June. After the team's largest victory of the season (22–1 over the Cincinnati Reds) in early July, five Phillies—Howard, Ibáñez, second baseman Chase Utley, and outfielders Shane Victorino and Jayson Werth—were selected to the All-Star team. July was the team's best showing of the season, as they compiled their first 20-win month since the 2001 season. The Phillies traded for starting pitcher Cliff Lee at the end of the month to bolster their starting rotation, who won his first five starts with the team, and signed free-agent pitcher Pedro Martínez. In August, Eric Bruntlett turned the first game-ending unassisted triple play in National League history, and the second in team history. The following month, the team clinched its third consecutive division championship on September 30, becoming the first Phillies team to make a third straight playoff appearance since the 1976–1978 Phillies. Philadelphia defeated the Colorado Rockies in the NLDS, 3–1, and the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLCS for the second consecutive year, 4–1. Howard was named the most valuable player of the NLCS. The Phillies were defeated by the Yankees in the World Series, four games to two. Statistical leaders in batting for the 2009 team included Victorino (batting average, .292), Howard (home runs, 45; runs batted in, 141), and Utley (runs scored, 112). For his season accomplishments, Utley won his fourth consecutive Silver Slugger Award. Pitching leaders included right-handed starting pitcher Joe Blanton (innings pitched, ), left-handed starter (win–loss record, 12–4), and relief pitcher Brad Lidge (saves, 31). Victorino and shortstop Jimmy Rollins also won Rawlings Gold Glove Awards for their play in the field. Offseason Departures On November 4, following the World Series, the Phillies released third base coach Steve Smith.",
"title": "2009 Philadelphia Phillies season"
},
{
"docid": "24503206",
"text": "Robert A. \"Maje\" McDonnell (July 20, 1920 – July 8, 2010) was an American coach, scout and official with the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball. Until he retired in , McDonnell served for four decades as the Phillies' \"goodwill ambassador,\" and was an employee of the team for five of the eight National League pennants it has won, and both of its World Series championships. McDonnell was considered a face of the Phillies franchise. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he attended the city's Northeast High School. McDonnell was a right-handed pitcher in college baseball who stood tall and weighed . He attended Villanova University, where he also played basketball despite his stature. He joined the United States Army during World War II and rose to the rank of major, saw combat in the European Theater of Operations, and was awarded a Bronze Star, a Purple Heart and five battle stars. McDonnell joined the Phillies as a batting practice pitcher in 1947, and was serving as a coach when the 1950 \"Whiz Kids\" won the National League flag — at that time, only the second pennant in Phillies' history. He was a member of the Phils' coaching staff through , working under managers Ben Chapman, Eddie Sawyer, Steve O'Neill, Terry Moore and Mayo Smith. He was a Phillies' scout from 1958 to 1960. After working for the Ballantine Brewery and coaching at the high school and college level in the Philadelphia area, he returned to the Phillies in 1973, serving as a \"ticket seller, tour guide, Phantasy Camp instructor, and the organization's face and voice in the community.\" He was thus part of Phillie teams that won NL pennants in 1980, 1983, 1993 and 2008, and its 1980 and 2008 world champions. References External links Coach's page from Retrosheet Kepner, Tyler, \"An Energetic Presence on Hand for Every Phillies Pennant,\" The New York Times, October 26, 2008 1920 births 2010 deaths American baseball coaches Baseball coaches from Pennsylvania Major League Baseball bullpen coaches Major League Baseball first base coaches Philadelphia Phillies coaches Philadelphia Phillies scouts Sportspeople from Philadelphia United States Army officers United States Army personnel of World War II Villanova University alumni Villanova Wildcats baseball players Villanova Wildcats men's basketball players",
"title": "Maje McDonnell"
},
{
"docid": "21198524",
"text": "Robert Ruliph Morgan \"Ruly\" Carpenter III (June 10, 1940 – September 13, 2021) was an American businessman and baseball executive. He was the principal owner and president of the Philadelphia Phillies from 1972 to 1981. Early life Carpenter was born in Wilmington, Delaware, on June 10, 1940. He was the first of three children of Bob Carpenter and Mary Kaye Phelps. He was three years old when his grandfather, R. R. M. Carpenter Sr., bought the Philadelphia Phillies in 1943 and appointed Bob as team president. His grandmother was Margaretta Lammot du Pont, the sister of company president Pierre S. du Pont. Carpenter attended Tower Hill School, where he was a first-team All-State end. He went on to study at Yale University, lettering in football and baseball there. Career Carpenter joined his father in the Phillies' front office in 1963. Two years later, he suggested that his father hire Paul Owens, a young scout, as farm system director. Owens would eventually become general manager in 1972. Carpenter became team president at age 32, when his father stepped down during the 1972 season while remaining chairman of the board. He became the youngest team president in MLB. His tenure as owner was, statistically speaking, one of the most successful in franchise history. From 1976 to 1980, the Phillies won the NL East in every season but one, including the team's first World Series win in 1980. They also won the first half National League East title in the strike-shortened 1981 season. Carpenter was opposed to female reporters being allowed into the team's locker rooms, but acquiesced to a court ruling in 1979 because he did not want to continue to fight what he regarded as a losing battle. Soon after the World Series triumph, however, Carpenter decided to sell the team. With the advent of free agency, salaries were already starting to spiral upward, with the Phillies having the second-highest payroll in the MLB at the time. He believed that even with his considerable wealth he needed to take on minority investors in order to stay afloat. Unwilling to have to get permission from partners in order to make major decisions, he sold the Phillies to a group headed by longtime Phillies executive Bill Giles for $32.5 million in 1981—a handsome return on his grandfather's investment of 38 years earlier. Carpenter resided in Wilmington. He was a longtime member of the University of Delaware Board of Trustees; his family has supported the school for many years. He remained an avid Phillies fan, and closely followed the team's run to its second World Series championship in 2008. He was inducted into the Delaware Sports Hall of Fame in 1987. He was inducted into the Philadelphia Phillies Wall of Fame on August 12, 2023. Personal life Carpenter was married to Stephanie (Conklin) Carpenter for 61 years until his death. Together, they had three children: Robert IV, David, and Cinda. Carpenter died on September 13, 2021, at his home in Montchanin, Delaware. References External",
"title": "Ruly Carpenter"
},
{
"docid": "1563399",
"text": "Lawrence Patrick David Gillick (born August 22, 1937) is an American professional baseball executive. He previously served as the general manager of four MLB teams: the Toronto Blue Jays (1978–1994), Baltimore Orioles (1996–1998), Seattle Mariners (2000–2003), and Philadelphia Phillies (2006–2008). He guided the Blue Jays to World Series championships in 1992 and 1993, and later with the Phillies in 2008. He won a national championship in college while pitching for the University of Southern California (USC). Gillick was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1997, the National Baseball Hall of Fame on July 24, 2011, the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2013, and the Phillies Wall of Fame in 2018. Early life Gillick was born to former minor league baseball player Larry Gillick in Chico, California. In 1951, he earned his Eagle Scout from the Boy Scouts of America. He continued to stay involved in Scouting and received the Order of the Arrow's Vigil Honor mere months after winning the College World Series at USC. After graduating from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California, he hitchhiked to Vulcan, Alberta, to toil as a kid pitcher with the semi-pro Vulcan Elks of the Foothills-Wheatbelt League. Gillick had to wire his grandmother for $25 to finance his last leg from Montana to Vulcan. In 1956 while playing for Vulcan Elks, Gillick was picked up by George Wesley of the Granum White Sox to pitch in tournaments. He threw a no hitter in Medicine Hat, fanned 17 batters in Calgary and pitched Granum to an 18-1 victory in Fernie. He attended USC and joined the Delta Chi Fraternity. He graduated in 1958 with a degree in business. He was also a gifted pitcher, playing on the 1958 National Title baseball team at USC and spending five years in the minor league systems of the Baltimore Orioles and Pittsburgh Pirates, venturing as high as Triple-A. A left-hander, Gillick posted a win–loss record of 45–32 with an earned run average of 3.42 in 164 minor league games. Front office career Gillick retired from playing and began a front-office career in 1963, when he became the assistant farm director with the Houston Colt .45s. He would eventually work his way up to the position of director of scouting before moving to the New York Yankees system in 1974, as a coordinator of player development. In 1976, he moved, this time to the expansion Toronto Blue Jays, becoming their vice-president of player personnel, and in 1977, their vice-president of baseball operations and general manager. In 1984, he was named executive vice-president of baseball operations. As Toronto's general manager, Gillick won five division titles (1985, 1989, 1991, 1992 and 1993) and led the club to their first World Series championships in 1992 and 1993. Shortly after Gillick resigned in 1994, the Blue Jays went into decline, not finishing higher than third place until 2006, and failing to make the playoffs until 2015. In 1995, Gillick was named the general manager of the",
"title": "Pat Gillick"
},
{
"docid": "21571980",
"text": "The Philadelphia Phillies are a Major League Baseball franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They play in the National League East division. Since the institution of Major League Baseball's Rule 4 Draft, the Phillies have selected 51 players in its first round. Officially known as the \"First-Year Player Draft\", the Rule 4 Draft is Major League Baseball's primary mechanism for assigning amateur baseball players from high schools, colleges, and other amateur baseball clubs to its teams. The draft order is determined based on the previous season's standings, with the team possessing the worst record receiving the first pick. In addition, teams which lost free agents in the previous off-season may be awarded compensatory or supplementary picks. Of the 51 players picked in the first round by the Phillies, 26 have been pitchers, the most of any position; 20 of these were right-handed, while 6 were left-handed. Nine players picked in the initial round were outfielders, while six catchers, four first basemen, and four shortstops were selected. The team also selected one player each at second base and third base. Thirteen of the 45 players came from high schools or universities in the state of California, while Texas and Florida follow, with six and five players, respectively. Eight Phillies first-round picks have won a championship with the franchise. Greg Luzinski (1968), Larry Christenson (1972), and Lonnie Smith (1974) were on the roster when the team won the 1980 World Series. Third baseman (later left fielder) Pat Burrell (1998), pitchers Adam Eaton (1996), Brett Myers (1999) and Cole Hamels (2002), and second baseman Chase Utley (2000) were all members of the team during the Phillies' 2008 World Series championship. The Phillies have had five compensatory and seven supplementary picks since the institution of the First-Year Player Draft in 1965. These additional picks are provided when a team loses a particularly valuable free agent in the prior off-season, or, more recently, if a team fails to sign a draft pick from the previous year. The Phillies have failed to sign their first-round pick twice. The first occurrence was in 1965 (Mike Adamson); however, compensatory picks were not awarded at that time. The second occurrence was in 1997, when outfielder J. D. Drew, at the advice of agent Scott Boras, refused to sign a contract worth less than $10 million. Drew sat out of affiliated baseball in 1997, playing instead for the independent St. Paul Saints of the Northern League, and re-entered the 1998 Draft the following year. The Phillies were awarded an additional pick in that draft, with which they selected outfielder Eric Valent. Key Picks See also Philadelphia Phillies minor league players Footnotes References General references In-text citations External links Philadelphia Phillies official website First-round Philadelphia Phillies First",
"title": "List of Philadelphia Phillies first-round draft picks"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "5552641",
"text": "The 1978 National League Championship Series was a best-of-five matchup between the West Division champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the East Division champion Philadelphia Phillies. It was the tenth ever NLCS and a rematch of the 1977 series between the same teams. The Dodgers beat the Phillies three games to one before they lost the World Series to the New York Yankees. Summary Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Philadelphia Phillies Game summaries Game 1 Because Phillies ace Steve Carlton started the NL East-clinching game a few days earlier, he was not available for the start of the series, leaving the first game to Larry Christenson. The Phillies scored the first run in the bottom of the second after Greg Luzinski hit a leadoff triple and was driven in by a sacrifice fly from Mike Schmidt. The Phillies quickly lost that lead when a double and an error by third baseman Schmidt put runners on first and second with one out for the Dodgers in the third. The Dodgers capitalized on this opportunity with an RBI single by Reggie Smith and a three run home run by Steve Garvey. The Dodgers extended their 4-1 lead in the next two innings with Davey Lopes' two-run homer in the fourth and Garvey's triple in the fifth. The Dodgers entered the bottom of the fifth with a 7-1 lead where the Phillies loaded the bases with one out and Garry Maddox drove in two runs with a single. One out later, Richie Hebner's RBI single made it 7–4 Dodgers. Steve Yeager homered off of Rawly Eastwick in the sixth to give the Dodgers the 8-4 lead. The Dodgers added another run in the ninth when Garvey hit his second homer of the night, this time off of Tug McGraw. The Phillies attempted a comeback in the bottom of the ninth with a home run from Jerry Martin, but rookie Bob Welch was able to strike out Maddox looking to end the game and earn the win as the Dodgers took a 1-0 series lead. Game 2 The Dodgers won their second straight road game in this series with a complete-game, four-hit shutout by Tommy John. Davey Lopes's home run leading off the fourth off of Dick Ruthven made it 1–0 Dodgers. Dusty Baker doubled to lead off the next inning, then scored on Steve Yeager's one-out single. After stealing second, Yeager scored on Lopes's single to make it 3–0 Dodgers. Lopes capped the scoring in the seventh with an RBI triple off of Ron Reed as the Dodgers took a 2–0 series lead to Los Angeles with the 4–0 win. This to date, this is the last postseason win for the Dodgers in Philadelphia and have gone winless in Philadelphia over the following three NLCS meetings. Game 3 With Steve Carlton finally available to pitch, the Phillies cut the series deficit to 2–1 at Dodger Stadium, when Carlton pitched a complete game. In the top of the second with two outs, Mike Schmidt doubled and",
"title": "1978 National League Championship Series"
},
{
"docid": "33235905",
"text": "The Philadelphia Phillies 2012 season was the 130th season in the history of the franchise. The Phillies attempted to win the division title for the sixth year in a row. However, they finished third place in the National League East with a record of 81–81 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2006. Offseason The offseason for the Phillies began on October 7, following their devastating loss in the NLDS to the St. Louis Cardinals. Ryan Howard tore his Achilles tendon, that he would miss the first 3 months of the 2012 season. On November 5, the Phillies signed long-time veteran slugger Jim Thome to a 1-year deal, worth $1.25 million. Additionally, after numerous rumors, on November 14 the Phillies signed RHP Jonathan Papelbon to a 4-year deal, worth $50 million. The Phillies also added pitcher Dontrelle Willis from the Cincinnati Reds, on a 1-year deal, worth 1 million dollars, but released him toward the end of spring training. Laynce Nix was signed as a free agent and Ty Wigginton was acquired through a trade with the Colorado Rockies to shore up the bench. Several other veteran players including Dave Bush, Joel Piñeiro, Scott Elarton, Lou Montanez, and Scott Podsednik were signed to minor league deals with invitations to spring training. Regular season April Opening Day The Phillies opened the season in Pittsburgh in a 3-game series with the Pirates. The Phillies begin the season without first baseman Ryan Howard who tore his Achilles tendon in last year's NLDS. Opening Day went as the Phillies drew it up, Roy Halladay threw 8 scoreless innings, and offseason acquisition Jonathan Papelbon retired all 3 batters he faced for a 1–0 Phillies victory. These were the starters on Opening Day for the Phillies: The Phillies would end up losing the series to Pittsburgh. The Phillies home opener was a disaster, losing to the newly revived Miami Marlins, 6-2. Halladay would end the three game skid, with another solid performance on the mound, as the Phillies won 7–1. The Phillies would end up winning the series the next day, with a 3–1 victory. The Phillies would then go on to trade two wins and losses for the next 8 games. In mid-April, the Phillies began their first major road trip of the season. They began the trip by taking 1 of 3 from the Giants. It was in the second game of the series, when Cliff Lee threw 10 scoreless innings, and ultimately not only did the Phillies lose the game in 11 innings, but Cliff Lee was placed on the 15-day DL with a left external oblique strain. After splitting a 4-game series with San Diego, the Phillies finally won a series against the Diamondbacks, taking 2 of 3. The Phillies finally returned home for a four-game series with the Cubs, where they would split the series. Roy Halladay and Cole Hamels each finished April with 3 wins, and Papelbon was a perfect 8 for 8 on save opportunities. The Phillies",
"title": "2012 Philadelphia Phillies season"
},
{
"docid": "28542299",
"text": "The Phillies–Pirates rivalry is a Major League Baseball (MLB) rivalry between the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates. Both clubs are members of MLB's National League (NL); the Phillies are members of the NL East division, while the Pirates are members of the NL Central division. The rivalry was considered by some to be one of the best in the NL. The rivalry started when the Pittsburgh Pirates entered NL play in their fifth season of 1887, four years after the Phillies. The Phillies and Pirates had remained together after the NL split into two divisions in . During the period of two-division play (1969–), the two NL East division rivals won the two highest numbers of division championships, reigning almost exclusively as NL East champions in the 1970s and again in the early 1990s, the Pirates 9, the Phillies 6; together, the two teams' 15 championships accounted for more than half of the 25 NL East championships during that span. After the Pirates moved to the NL Central in , the teams face each other only in two series each year and the rivalry has diminished. However, many fans, especially older ones, retain their dislike for the other team and regional differences between Eastern and Western Pennsylvania still fuel the rivalry. The rivalry is mirrored in the National Hockey League's so-called \"Battle of Pennsylvania\". Early history to before 1970 Before 1970, the rivalry seemed to be low-key, because the two teams were seldom equally good at the same time. However, in 1901, the Pirates and the Phillies finished first and second in the standings for the first time respectively, with the Pirates finishing games ahead of the Phillies. However, afterward, the Phillies would not win their first National League pennant until 1915, thanks to the pitching of Grover Cleveland Alexander and the batting prowess of Gavvy Cravath, who set the major-league single-season record for home runs with 24. During that time, the Pirates dominated the National League, winning three more pennants, in 1902, 1903, when they lost the inaugural World Series, and when they won their first World Series, in , becoming the first team to open a new stadium with a World Series championship, having played their first season at Forbes Field that year. The Phillies were in the midst of a period of futility from 1918 to 1948 when the Pirates won the 1925 World Series and the 1927 National League pennant. During that time, the Phillies had only one winning season, in 1932. From 1933 to 1948, the Phillies posted 16 consecutive losing seasons, a major league record that stood until 2009 (ironically broken by the Pirates). After World War II, the Pirates had limited success, despite the presence of a genuine star in Ralph Kiner, who led the National League in home runs for seven consecutive seasons (1946-1952). During that time, the Phillies would have their first winning season in 17 years in 1949, and the following year, the Whiz Kids of the Phillies would win",
"title": "Phillies–Pirates rivalry"
},
{
"docid": "2769122",
"text": "Daniel Leonard Ozark (born Orzechowski; November 26, 1923 – May 7, 2009) was an American coach and manager in Major League Baseball. As manager of the Philadelphia Phillies (1973 to 1979), Ozark led the team to three consecutive National League East Division championships (1976–1978), but each year his team fell in the National League Championship Series. He was the fourth manager to reach the Championship Series (National or American) in three straight seasons and the first to lose all of them (Whitey Herzog would join him on the same day as Ozark). As a coach, Ozark was a member of the Championship teams of the 1965 and 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers, under Hall of Fame managers Walter Alston and Tommy Lasorda. Baseball career A native of Buffalo, New York, Ozark grew up in Cheektowaga, New York, and attended East High School. Ozark signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers as a teenager and spent over three decades in the Dodger organization. His playing career as a minor league first baseman lasted all or portions of 18 seasons over 22 years (1942; 1946–61; 1963) and was interrupted by United States Army service during World War II, where he saw combat at The Battle of the Bulge. The , Ozark, who batted and threw right-handed, hit over 200 home runs during his minor league career, including two 30+ homer seasons. In 1956, he became a playing manager with Brooklyn's Class B Wichita Falls Spudders farm club of the Big State League, and rose through their system in succeeding years all the way to the Triple-A level, winning a division championship with the 1963 Spokane Indians of the Pacific Coast League. In 1965, he came to the Major Leagues — and the Los Angeles Dodgers — as a coach for Walter Alston. Ozark served eight years (1965–72) on Alston's staff, coaching at first and third bases and in the dugout. Managerial career Ozark was named manager of the last-place Phillies on November 7, 1972. He succeeded Frank Lucchesi, who had been fired four months earlier in July, and general manager Paul Owens, who served in the interim for the remainder of the 1972 campaign — and then hired Ozark. The Phillies showed steady improvement in Ozark's first three seasons, and in 1976 broke through by winning 101 games, a club record at the time. The Philadelphia club featured a core of players led by two future Hall of Famers: third baseman Mike Schmidt and left-handed pitcher Steve Carlton. But in the 1976 NLCS, they faced one of the most powerful teams of the era, the defending world champion Cincinnati Reds, and they dropped the Series in three straight games, as the Reds went on to a second successive title. In 1977, the Phils again won 101 games to cruise to the NL East title. This time, against the Dodgers, they were poised to take a 2–1 Series lead when Los Angeles rallied for three runs in the ninth inning of Game 3 to steal the",
"title": "Danny Ozark"
},
{
"docid": "28826660",
"text": "The 1951 National League tie-breaker series was a best-of-three playoff series that extended Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1951 regular season to decide the winner of the National League (NL) pennant. The games were played on October 1, 2, and 3, 1951, between the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers. It was necessary after both teams finished the season with identical win–loss records of 96–58. It is most famous for the walk-off home run hit by Bobby Thomson of the Giants in the deciding game, which has come to be known as baseball's \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\". This was the second three-game playoff in NL history. After no tiebreakers had been needed since the American League (AL) became a major league in 1901, this was the third such tie in the previous six seasons. The Dodgers had been involved in the previous one as well, losing to the St. Louis Cardinals during the 1946 season in two straight games. In addition to the 1946 series, the AL had a one-game playoff in . The Giants won game one, while the Dodgers came back to win game two. After trailing for most of game three, the Giants rallied to win the game and the series. Consequently, they advanced to the 1951 World Series, in which they were defeated by the New York Yankees. In baseball statistics, the tie-breaker series counted as the 155th, 156th, and 157th regular season games by both teams; all events in the games were added to regular season statistics. Background Sportswriters projected that the Giants, Dodgers, and Philadelphia Phillies would battle it out for the National League pennant during the 1951 Major League Baseball season. The previous season, the \"Whiz Kids\" Phillies won the NL pennant with a 91–63 record, while the Dodgers and Giants finished in second and third place, two and five games behind the Phillies, respectively. In the annual Associated Press poll, Brooklyn was projected as the favorite to win the pennant with 1,413 points, New York was second with 1,281, and Philadelphia was third with 1,176. The United Press, however, had New York winning the pennant; they had 81 votes compared to 55 for Brooklyn and 18 for Philadelphia. Throughout the first half of the season, the Dodgers stayed in first place by a large margin. On August 11, they were games ahead of the Giants and games ahead of the Phillies, and as a result they were already looking ahead to facing the New York Yankees in the 1951 World Series; the Associated Press commented on their dominance, saying that \"unless they completely fold in their last 50 games, they're in.\" While the Phillies fell out of contention, the Giants won 16 consecutive games from August 12 to August 27, cutting their deficit from games to six. By September 20, the Dodgers had ten games left to play while the Giants had seven, and the Dodgers had a game advantage, making a pennant win appear imminent. However, the Giants won their last",
"title": "1951 National League tie-breaker series"
},
{
"docid": "74914491",
"text": "The 2023 National League Championship Series was the best-of-seven playoff between the Philadelphia Phillies and the Arizona Diamondbacks for the National League (NL) pennant and the right to play in the 2023 World Series. The series began on October 16 and Game 7 was played on October 24. TBS televised the games in the U.S. This was the second time in LCS history, and second year in a row, that two wild card teams faced each other. For the third straight full season, a team with less than 90 wins won the NLCS, as the 84-win Diamondbacks pulled off the upset to defeat Philadelphia in seven games. The Diamondbacks would go on to lose in the 2023 World Series to the Texas Rangers. Background The Arizona Diamondbacks qualified for the postseason as the sixth seed wild card entrant with a 84–78 record. In the Wild Card Series, they swept the third-seeded and National League Central division winner Milwaukee Brewers, and then swept and upset the second-seeded and National League West division winner 100-win Los Angeles Dodgers in the Division Series to reach the National League Championship Series for the first time since 2007. The Philadelphia Phillies qualified for the postseason as the fourth seed wild card entrant with a record of 90–72. In the Wild Card Series, they swept the Miami Marlins, and then defeated the National League East division winner Atlanta Braves, who held the best regular season record of 104–58 this season, in the Division Series in four games to return to the NLCS for the second consecutive season. This series was the first postseason meeting between the Phillies and the Diamondbacks. This was also the second straight year that the two wild card seeds played in the NLCS. Since 2022, when the postseason got expanded, the only lower-seeded League Championship Series played was the 2022 NLCS (between the fifth and sixth seeds). Philadelphia went 4–3 against Arizona in the regular season, though the two teams last met in June before the postseason. Matchup Game summaries This was the first postseason meeting between Arizona and Philadelphia. Game 1 Arizona starter Zac Gallen was shaken up early by Philadelphia's offense, giving up two solo home runs to Kyle Schwarber and Bryce Harper in the bottom of the first (Schwarber's on Gallen's very first pitch of the night). Nick Castellanos added on in the second with another solo shot. In the third, Harper singled in Trea Turner to put the Phillies up 4–0. In the fifth, J. T. Realmuto singled in Harper to give the Phillies a five-run lead. The Diamondbacks scored on a two-run Geraldo Perdomo homer to make it 5–2 in the sixth. Alek Thomas then hit a sacrifice fly to score Christian Walker to make it 5–3 in the seventh. Craig Kimbrel closed out the win for the Phillies. Game 2 In contrast to the relatively close Game 1, Game 2 was a 10–0 blowout in favor of the Phillies. Aaron Nola started for Philadelphia and Merrill",
"title": "2023 National League Championship Series"
},
{
"docid": "355392",
"text": "Grover Cleveland Alexander (February 26, 1887 – November 4, 1950), nicknamed \"Old Pete\" and \"Alexander the Great\", was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. He played from 1911 through 1930 for the Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago Cubs, and St. Louis Cardinals. He was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1938. Early life Alexander was born in Elba, Nebraska One of eight children born to William Alexander and Martha \"Maggie\" Cootey. His father was a Democrat, and Alexander was born during the first term of President Grover Cleveland, a Democrat, so his parents named him for Cleveland. Alexander attended the schools of Elba and St. Paul, and graduated from St. Paul High School in 1909. After completing his education, Alexander was employed digging postholes for the Howard County Telephone Company. Alexander played semi-professional baseball in his youth, signing his first professional contract at age 20 in 1907 for $50 per month ($ in current dollar terms). In 1909, he played for the Galesburg Boosters in the Class D Illinois–Missouri League and went 15–8 that year with a 1.36 ERA. His career was almost ended when he was struck by a thrown ball while baserunning. Although this ended his 1909 season, he recovered by 1910 to become a star pitcher again, finishing with a 29–11 record for the Syracuse Stars in the Class B New York State League, before being sold to the Philadelphia Phillies for $750 ($ in current dollar terms). Major League Baseball career Philadelphia Phillies Alexander made his Philadelphia Phillies debut during the pre-season 1911 City Series, pitching five innings of no-hit, no-run baseball against the Athletics. He made his official Major League debut on April 15. He was joined on the Phillies that year by catcher Bill Killefer, who went on to become Alexander's favorite battery mate, catching 250 of his games. In his rookie year, Alexander led the league with 28 wins (a modern-day rookie record), 31 complete games, 367 innings pitched, and seven shutouts, while finishing second in strikeouts and fourth in ERA. From 1912 to 1921, Alexander led the league in ERA four times (1915–16, 1919, and 1920), wins five times (1914–17, 1920), innings six times (1912, 1914–17, 1920), strikeouts six times (1912, 1914–1917, 1920), complete games five times (1914–1917, 1920), and shutouts five times (1915, 1916 [a single-season record 16], 1917, 1919, 1921). He won the National League pitching Triple Crown in 1915, 1916, and 1920, and is sometimes credited with a fourth in 1917. In 1915, he was instrumental in leading the Phillies to their first pennant, pitching a record five one-hitters and winning his only Major League triple crown. Along the way, Alexander began to have problems with alcohol, a struggle that would plague him the rest of his life. In 1915, he won his first World Series game (the opening game of that series), for the Phillies. It would be 65 years before the Phillies won another World Series game. Chicago Cubs After the 1917 season, the Phillies traded Alexander",
"title": "Grover Cleveland Alexander"
},
{
"docid": "2464270",
"text": "In baseball, the \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\" was a walk-off home run hit by New York Giants outfielder and third baseman Bobby Thomson off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca at the Polo Grounds in New York City on October 3, 1951, to win the National League (NL) pennant. Thomson's dramatic three-run homer came in the ninth inning of the decisive third game of a three-game playoff for the pennant in which the Giants trailed 4–1 entering the ninth and 4–2 with two runners on base at the time of Thomson's at-bat. The game was seen by millions of viewers across America and heard on radio by millions more, including thousands of American servicemen stationed in Korea, listening on Armed Forces Radio. The dramatic victory to secure a pennant was intensified by the cross-town rivalry between the Giants and Dodgers and by a remarkable string of victories in the last weeks of the regular season by the Giants, who won 37 of their last 44 games to catch the first-place Dodgers and force a playoff series to decide the NL champion. The Giants' late-season rally and 2-to-1-game playoff victory, capped by Thomson's moment of triumph, are collectively known in baseball lore as \"The Miracle of Coogan's Bluff\", a descriptor coined by the legendary sports columnist Red Smith. The phrase \"shot heard round the world\" is from the 1837 poem \"Concord Hymn\" by Ralph Waldo Emerson, about the first clash of the American Revolutionary War, and has been popularly applied to several dramatic historical moments. Background The principal National League (NL) contenders in 1951 were the New York Giants, Brooklyn Dodgers, and Philadelphia Phillies. The Dodgers quickly pulled into first place, and widened their lead as the season progressed. On August 11, with a -game lead over the second-place Giants, they appeared certain to face the New York Yankees in the World Series. \"Unless [the Dodgers] completely fold in their last 50 games\", wrote an Associated Press writer, \"they're in.\" The Phillies, games back, faded from contention; but the Giants won 16 straight games from August 12 to August 27, cutting the Dodgers' lead to six games. By September 20, they had pulled to within games, still a prohibitive margin with only ten days remaining in the season; but the Giants won all of their final seven games, while the Dodgers lost six of their last ten. The two teams concluded the regular season deadlocked with records. The NL used a three-game playoff at that time to break ties for the pennant. The Dodgers won the coin toss to determine the playoff schedule; they elected to play the first game at home and the second (and third if needed) at the Polo Grounds, reasoning that after a likely win in Brooklyn, they would need to win only one of two at the Giants' park. Nevertheless, in game one at Ebbets Field, the Giants, with Jim Hearn on the mound, defeated the Dodgers' Ralph Branca 3–1, thanks to home runs by Bobby",
"title": "Shot Heard 'Round the World (baseball)"
},
{
"docid": "743874",
"text": "Robin Evan Roberts (September 30, 1926 – May 6, 2010) was an American Major League Baseball starting pitcher who pitched primarily for the Philadelphia Phillies (1948–1961). He spent the latter part of his career with the Baltimore Orioles (1962–1965), Houston Astros (1965–66), and Chicago Cubs (1966). Roberts was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1976. After retiring from Major League Baseball, he coached the University of South Florida college baseball team for nine seasons, leading them to six conference titles. Early life and education Roberts was born in Springfield, Illinois, the son of an immigrant Welsh coal miner. He arrived in East Lansing, Michigan as part of an Army Air Corps training program. He attended Lanphier High School. After World War II, Roberts returned to Michigan State College to play basketball, not baseball. Roberts led the Spartans' basketball team in field-goal percentage in 1946–1947, was captain of the team during the 1946–1947 and 1949–1950 seasons, and earned three varsity letters in basketball. He wore number 17 for the Spartans. After his second season playing basketball, Roberts tried out for the Michigan State baseball team, becoming a pitcher because it was the position that coach John Kobs needed most. After playing for Michigan State and spending his second summer playing in Vermont with the Barre–Montpelier Twin City Trojans, he was signed by the Philadelphia Phillies. Professional career Philadelphia Phillies Roberts made his Major League Baseball debut with the Philadelphia Phillies on June 18, 1948. In 1950, he led his Phillies, whose overall youth earned them the nickname the Whiz Kids, to their first National League pennant in 35 years. Roberts started three games in the last five days of the season, defeating the heavily favored Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field, in a pennant-deciding, season-ending, 10-inning game. This marked his 20th victory of the season, and Roberts became the Phillies' first 20-game winner since Grover Cleveland Alexander in 1917. Roberts also started Game 2 in the 1950 World Series against Allie Reynolds. He allowed two runs and ten hits in ten innings as the Phillies lost 2-1. From 1950 to 1955, Roberts won at least 20 games each season, leading the National League in victories from 1952 to 1955. He led the National League in games started six times, in complete games and innings pitched five times, and he once pitched 28 complete games in a row, with one of those games lasting 17 innings. During his career, Roberts never walked more than 77 batters in any regular season. He helped himself with his bat, hitting 55 doubles, 10 triples, and five home runs with 103 RBIs. Roberts' 28 wins in 1952, the year he was named the Sporting News MLB Player of the Year award, were the most in the National League since 1935, the year when Dizzy Dean won 28 games. Although he had 28 wins in 1952, Roberts had his best season, based on a career high wins above replacement (WAR) in 1953, posting a 23–16 record",
"title": "Robin Roberts (baseball)"
},
{
"docid": "20027069",
"text": "Kenneth Wandersee Johnson (January 14, 1923 – April 6, 2004), nicknamed \"Hook\" for his curveball, was an American professional baseball player, a pitcher who appeared in 74 games pitched in Major League Baseball for three different teams between the 1947 and 1952 seasons. Listed at , , he batted and threw left-handed. The native of Topeka, Kansas, served in World War II in the United States Army in the Pacific Theater of Operations, where he was a tank commander. Johnson entered the Majors in 1947 with the St. Louis Cardinals, playing for them in part of four seasons (1947–50) before joining the Philadelphia Phillies (1950–51) and Detroit Tigers (1952). In his first major league start, he pitched a one-hitter for the Cardinals against the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field (September 27). He struggled with his control after that and was sent by St. Louis to the Phillies in exchange for outfielder Johnny Blatnik. He went 4–1 as a member of the famous Phillies Whiz Kids, on the way to the National League pennant. Although he did not pitch in the 1950 World Series, Johnson appeared as a pinch runner for Dick Sisler in the ninth inning of Game 4, and scored the Phils' last run of the Fall Classic on an error by New York Yankees leftfielder Gene Woodling. New York won that game, 5–2, and the Series, four games to none. Johnson also pitched in nine games for Detroit in 1952, his last Major League season. In a six-season career, Johnson posted a 12–14 record with a 4.58 ERA in 74 appearances, including 34 starts, eight complete games, four shutouts, 147 strikeouts, 195 bases on balls, and a 1.32 walk-to-strikeout ratio in 269 innings of work. Johnson died in Wichita, Kansas, at the age of 81. References External links Retrosheet 1947 St. Louis Cardinals game log Baseball Digest - 1950: when Philadelphia's Whiz Kids won the NL pennant 1923 births 2004 deaths United States Army personnel of World War II Asheville Tourists players Baseball players from Topeka, Kansas Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Columbus Red Birds players Detroit Tigers players Major League Baseball pitchers Omaha Cardinals players Philadelphia Phillies players Rochester Red Wings players St. Louis Cardinals players Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players Tank commanders",
"title": "Ken Johnson (left-handed pitcher)"
},
{
"docid": "405293",
"text": "The 1993 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) season. The 90th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff played between the defending World Series champion and American League (AL) champion Toronto Blue Jays and the National League (NL) champion Philadelphia Phillies. The Blue Jays defeated the Phillies, four games to two. With Toronto ahead three games to two in the Series, but trailing Game 6 by a score of 6–5 in the bottom of the ninth inning, Joe Carter hit a game-winning three-run home run to clinch Toronto's second consecutive championship (the first team to repeat as champions since the 1977–78 Yankees). This was only the second Series concluded by such a home run (the first was on a Bill Mazeroski home run for the Pittsburgh Pirates, in the bottom of the ninth in the seventh game of the 1960 World Series), and the first such occasion where a come-from-behind walk-off home run won a World Series. This victory, along with the Montreal Canadiens winning the Stanley Cup four months earlier, was the last major North American professional sports championship won by a Canadian team until Toronto FC won the MLS Cup in 2017. This was the fourth World Series with games played entirely on artificial turf, following the series of , , and . A fifth occurred in , although that was a neutral-site series due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The sixth would be the 2023 World Series. Larry Andersen was the only member of the Phillies who had played for the team in its previous World Series appearance in (although he played for several other teams from 1986 to 1992). Darren Daulton had been a late season call-up in 1983, but only served as the bullpen catcher in the World Series that year. Summary Matchups Game 1 The Series' first game sent two staff aces—Curt Schilling for Philadelphia and Juan Guzman for Toronto—against one another. The result was less than a pitcher's duel, however, as both teams scored early and often. The Philles struck first in the top of the first on RBI singles by John Kruk and Darren Daulton aided by two walks. In the bottom of the second, after two singles and a wild pitch, Paul Molitor's single and Tony Fernandez's groundout scored a run each to tie the game. The Phillies took a 3–2 lead in the third inning when Mariano Duncan hit a leadoff single, stole second and scored on Kruk's single, but the Blue Jays tied the game in the bottom half of the inning when Devon White reached third base on left fielder's Milt Thompson's error and scored on Joe Carter's sacrifice fly. The Phillies retook the lead in the fifth inning when Duncan tripled with one out and scored on a wild pitch, but White hit a home run to tie the game in the bottom of the inning. The next inning, John Olerud hit a home run to put Toronto on top",
"title": "1993 World Series"
},
{
"docid": "69107874",
"text": "The 2022 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2022 season. The 118th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the American League (AL) champion Houston Astros and the National League (NL) champion Philadelphia Phillies. The Astros defeated the Phillies in six games to earn their second championship. The series was broadcast in the United States on Fox television and ESPN Radio. The Houston Astros entered the 2022 MLB postseason as the AL West champions and the top-seeded AL team, while the Phillies won a wild card, earning the sixth and final NL playoff berth. The Phillies took a 2–1 lead after three games, before the Astros won the final three games to win the series. Jeremy Peña won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award, the first position player to win the award as a rookie. The series was notable for being the first series to have a universal designated hitter (DH), which had alternated in prior years. 2022 also saw the first World Series no-hitter since Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series, when Astros pitchers Cristian Javier, Bryan Abreu, Rafael Montero, and Ryan Pressly combined to leave the Phillies hitless in Game 4. It was also the third postseason no-hitter in MLB history, after Roy Halladay's no-hitter (also at Citizens Bank Park) in Game 1 of the 2010 National League Division Series. MLB has sold sponsorships to various postseason series since 2017, with YouTube TV serving as the official presenting sponsor of the World Series from 2017 through 2019. The World Series did not have a presenting sponsor in 2020 or 2021, but resumed sponsorship in 2022. As a result of a new multi-year agreement with Capital One, this World Series was officially known as the 2022 World Series presented by Capital One. Background This was the second postseason meeting between the Houston Astros and the Philadelphia Phillies following their 1980 National League Championship Series encounter, which was won by Philadelphia, 3–2, en route to winning the 1980 World Series. Houston and Philadelphia met in the last series of the 2022 MLB season in Houston. Houston won two of the three games, although Philadelphia clinched their postseason berth in the first game with a win. The 19-game gap between the Astros and Phillies is the second largest in World Series history, trailing only the 23-game gap in between the 93-win Chicago White Sox and the 116-win Chicago Cubs. Houston Astros This is the fifth World Series appearance for the Astros, and the fourth as the American League team. The Astros qualified for the 2022 postseason as the American League (AL) West division winner. It was their fifth AL West championship in six years and their second straight divisional championship. The Astros entered the postseason as the top seed in the American League. In the Division Series, they swept the fifth-seeded Seattle Mariners. In the American League Championship Series, they swept the second-seeded New York Yankees to make",
"title": "2022 World Series"
},
{
"docid": "13725860",
"text": "The 1954 New York Giants season was the franchise's 72nd season. The Giants won the National League pennant with a record of 97 wins and 57 losses and then defeated the Cleveland Indians in four games in the World Series. It was the team's final World Series championship until 2010. Offseason October 8, 1953: Chuck Diering, Frank Hiller, Adrián Zabala and $60,000 were traded by the Giants to the San Francisco Seals for Windy McCall. December 1, 1953: 1953 minor league draft Lee Tate was drafted by the Giants from the Philadelphia Phillies. John Anderson was drafted by the Giants from the Philadelphia Phillies. February 2, 1954: Joey Amalfitano was signed as an amateur free agent (bonus baby) by the Giants. Prior to 1954 season (exact date unknown) John Anderson was returned by the Giants to the Phillies. Ramón Conde was signed as an amateur free agent by the Giants. Regular season September 22, 1954: In a game against the New York Giants, Karl Spooner of the Brooklyn Dodgers struck out 15 batters in his very first game, setting a Major League record. Season standings Record vs. opponents Opening Day lineup Notable transactions April 13, 1954: Tony Taylor was signed as an amateur free agent by the Giants. September 8, 1954: Joe Garagiola was selected off waivers by the Giants from the Chicago Cubs. Roster Player stats Batting Starters by position Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in Other batters Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in Pitching Starting pitchers Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts Other pitchers Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts Relief pitchers Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts 1954 World Series The New York Giants swept the Cleveland Indians in what would be their final World Series win in New York. Their next World Series win would occur in , 52 years after relocating to San Francisco. It was the first time the Cleveland Indians had been swept in a World Series. The only highlight for the Indians was that they kept the Yankees from winning their sixth straight series. The last time the Yankees had not won the series or pennant beforehand was 1948, when, again, the Indians kept them out (although that year, they won the Series). It was also the only World Series from to which did not feature the Yankees. Game 1 September 29, 1954, at the Polo Grounds in New York City Game 2 September 30, 1954, at the Polo Grounds in",
"title": "1954 New York Giants (MLB) season"
},
{
"docid": "2126664",
"text": "Kenton Charles Tekulve ( ; born March 5, 1947), nicknamed \"Teke\", is an American former professional baseball right-handed relief pitcher who played 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily for the Pittsburgh Pirates. He also played for the Philadelphia Phillies and Cincinnati Reds. Pitching with an unusual submarine delivery, Tekulve was known as a workhorse relief pitcher who holds several records for number of games pitched and innings pitched. Career Tekulve is a 1969 graduate of Marietta College in Marietta, Ohio. He signed that year as a free agent with the Pittsburgh Pirates and remained with that organization until 1985. He made his major league debut against the Montreal Expos on May 20, 1974. He pitched an inning of relief and allowed one hit in the 4–2 loss. His best seasons came in and , in both of which he saved 31 games and posted ERAs of 2.33 and 2.75, respectively. He won National League Pitcher of the Month for August 1978. He saved three games in the 1979 World Series, including the winner, as the Pirates defeated the Baltimore Orioles 4 games to 3. He was selected as an All-Star in 1980. He was traded from the Pirates to the Phillies for Al Holland and minor-league left-handed pitcher Frankie Griffin on April 20, 1985. He continued to be an effective reliever into his 40s. Only in his first season (1974) and his last season (1989) did he post an ERA above 4. While with the Phillies, he led the NL in games pitched for the fourth time, with 90 in 1987 at the age of 40. Tekulve signed with the Cincinnati Reds before the 1989 season and pitched in 37 games before retiring in July. Records Tekulve led the National League in games pitched four times, appearing in 90 or more games three times. He and Mike Marshall are the only pitchers in baseball history to appear in 90 or more games more than once, having each done the feat three times. Tekulve is also the oldest pitcher ever to appear in 90 games, when he did so in 1987 at age 40. Tekulve's three saves in the 1979 World Series tied the single-Series mark set by Roy Face in the 1960 World Series; it was broken by John Wetteland in 1996. He holds the National League record for career innings pitched in relief (), and formerly held the major league record for career relief appearances; his 1,050 career games, all in relief, ranked second in major league history to Hoyt Wilhelm's 1,070 when he retired. Tekulve owns the career records for most appearances and innings pitched without making a single start. In , he broke Roy Face's NL record of 846 career games pitched; he held the record until John Franco passed him in . In August of , he pitched on nine consecutive days, a record for pitchers. Tekulve holds the record for most career losses without having given up any earned runs, with 12, as",
"title": "Kent Tekulve"
},
{
"docid": "29296721",
"text": "The Philadelphia Phillies' 2011 season was the 129th season in the history of the franchise. The Phillies won their fifth consecutive National League East championship, and also finished with the best record in baseball for the second straight year. The Phillies, at 3–1 odds, were the heavy-favorite to win the World Series. However, they were eliminated in the NLDS in five games by the eventual World Series champion St. Louis Cardinals. This was the last season that the Phillies made the postseason until 2022, making it the longest active postseason drought in the National League at the time. The 2011 Phillies were the last team until the 2015 Cardinals to finish the season with at least 100 wins. Offseason The offseason for the Phillies began on October 23, 2010, when they lost the National League Championship Series to the San Francisco Giants. Although all coaches were invited to return for the 2011 season, first-base coach Davey Lopes informed the team that he would be leaving because of a salary dispute. To replace him, third-base coach Sam Perlozzo was moved to first base, and former Phillies second baseman and Orioles' third-base coach and interim manager Juan Samuel was hired to take over at third base. On November 16, the Phillies signed reliever José Contreras to a two-year contract after he posted a 3.34 ERA in 2010. On December 6, right fielder Jayson Werth signed a seven-year contract with the Washington Nationals. On December 15, the Phillies re-signed Cliff Lee, the starting pitcher whom they had traded to the Seattle Mariners during the previous offseason in order to acquire Roy Halladay. With the addition of Lee, Halladay, Cole Hamels, and Roy Oswalt earned the nickname \"The Four Aces\". Regular season April The Phillies stormed out of the gate, sweeping the Houston Astros on opening weekend. Three out of the four aces won their first starts (Hamels lost against the Mets). José Contreras was said to be the new Phillies closer; however, he got injured in late April, and was replaced by Ryan Madson. Madson continued the year in the closer position. The Phillies finished April with an 18–8 record, the second best in the majors, trailing only the Cleveland Indians, a team whom they traded with throughout the month for the best record in the majors. May On May 9, the Phillies took sole possession of the best record in the majors, a position that they would hold for the rest of the regular season. May was their second-worst month record-wise (following September)—they did not have many winning or losing streaks. However, the Phillies' game against rival New York Mets on May 1 was an unforgettable one, although they lost 2–1 in 14 innings. The Mets' Daniel Murphy was batting as a pinch-hitter against Phillies' reliever Ryan Madson when the fans started chanting \"U-S-A!\" Later, it was determined that the chants were in response to the news that al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, the mastermind of the September 11 attacks, had been",
"title": "2011 Philadelphia Phillies season"
},
{
"docid": "2929233",
"text": "George Tweedy Stallings (November 17, 1867 – May 13, 1929) was an American professional baseball catcher and manager. He played in Major League Baseball for the Brooklyn Bridegrooms and Philadelphia Phillies in 1890 and 1897 to 1898 and managed the Phillies, Detroit Tigers, New York Highlanders, and Boston Braves between 1897 and 1920. Stallings led the 1914 Boston Braves from last place in mid-July to the National League championship and a World Series sweep of the powerful Philadelphia Athletics – resulted in a nickname he would bear for the rest of his life: \"The Miracle Man.\" Playing career Stallings was born on November 17, 1867, in Augusta, Georgia. Stallings graduated from the Virginia Military Institute in 1886. He entered medical school, but was instead offered a contract by Harry Wright, manager of the Philadelphia Phillies. He was cut in spring training. Stallings was a mediocre player: he appeared in only seven major league games as a catcher, first baseman and outfielder with Brooklyn (1890) and the Phillies (1897–98) and had only two hits in 20 at-bats, hitting a weak .100. Managerial career As a manager, he had a mixed major league resume prior to 1914: a poor record with the Phillies (1897–98), then mild successes in the American League with the Detroit Tigers (1901) and New York Highlanders (1909–10). In the minor leagues, he managed the Nashville Seraphs to win the Southern League pennant; he also played an infield position on the team. He also managed Detroit before it became a major league team in part of 1896 and from the end of 1898 through its becoming a charter member of the American League. He was also part-owner of the Tigers during their first season as a major league team. Named manager of the last-place Braves after the 1912 season, Stallings raised Boston to fifth place in the NL in his first season, 1913, but the Braves were sunk at the bottom of the eight-team league and games from the frontrunning New York Giants on July 15, 1914, when they began their meteoric rise. With Stallings expertly handling a roster of light hitters (Boston hit only .251 as a team) and relying on pitchers Dick Rudolph and Bill James (who each won 26 games), the Braves won 52 of their final 66 contests to overtake the other seven National League teams and finish games in front of the second-place Giants. They then defeated the heavily favored Philadelphia Athletics in four straight games to earn the nickname \"Miracle Braves.\" Stallings is credited with being the first manager to use platooning to good effect. It was not strictly left/right hand platooning (there were then relatively few southpaw pitchers), but he did change his lineup significantly when the Braves played a team starting a left-handed pitcher. Bill James credits him with being the first major league manager to use platooning as a weapon, rather than to cover a hitter's weaknesses. The 1914 championship was the only World Series title earned by the Braves",
"title": "George Stallings"
},
{
"docid": "1332382",
"text": "The 1915 World Series was the championship series in Major League Baseball for the 1915 season. The 12th edition of the World Series, it matched the American League champion Boston Red Sox against the National League champion Philadelphia Phillies. The Red Sox won the Series four games to one. It was the last World Series to start on a Friday until the 2022 World Series. In their only World Series before , the Phillies won Game 1 before being swept the rest of the way. It was 65 years before the Phillies won their next Series game. The Red Sox pitching was so strong in the 1915 series that the young Babe Ruth was not used on the mound and only made a single pinch-hitting appearance. Series arrangements Arrangements for the Series were made on October 2, 1915, in a meeting of the team owners, league presidents and the National Commission at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in midtown Manhattan, New York City. Red Sox owner Joseph Lannin lost the coin toss for home field advantage, and Phillies owner William F. Baker chose to have the first two games of the Series in Philadelphia. The league presidents selected the umpires, and it was announced that J. G. Taylor Spink would be one of the official scorers. One controversy surrounded the allocation of tickets to the Red Sox' Royal Rooters fan club. Each visiting team was allocated 200 tickets, but the Red Sox requested an additional 400 on behalf of their supporters. The Phillies' Baker Bowl sat only 20,000, and their above-cited owner, William Baker, refused to allocate additional tickets for visiting fans. The matter was resolved by National Commission chairman Garry Herrmann, who gave the Red Sox tickets from the Commission's own Series allocation. Series summary The Phillies won Game 1 3–1, although The New York Times reporter Hugh Fullerton wrote of the future 300+ game-winning Hall of Famer, \"[Grover Cleveland] Alexander pitched a bad game of ball. He had little or nothing\" in his review of the game, headed \"Nothing but luck saved the Phillies.\" The Times also reported that a crowd of 10,000 gathered in Manhattan's Times Square to view a real-time mechanical recreation of the game on a giant scoreboard sponsored by the newspaper. The Phillies were not to win another postseason game until 1977, nor another World Series game until 1980. The Red Sox swept Games 2–5, all by one run, and by identical scores of 2–1 in Games 2–4. In Game 2, Woodrow Wilson became the first U.S. President to attend a World Series game. This was the second straight year that a Boston team beat a Philadelphia team in the World Series after the Braves had swept the Athletics the year before. Unlike the 1913 Series, where the home team won only one of the five games, home field was often very much an advantage in the 1915 October classic. Fenway Park, paradoxically the Braves' home field in their 1914 Series sweep of the A's while",
"title": "1915 World Series"
},
{
"docid": "6107440",
"text": "Alfred Willis Holland (born August 16, 1952) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher, who played Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, San Francisco Giants, Philadelphia Phillies, California Angels, and New York Yankees, from to . He was traded along with Ed Whitson and Fred Breining from the Pirates to the Giants for Bill Madlock, Lenny Randle and Dave Roberts on June 28, . He was acquired along with Joe Morgan by the Phillies from the Giants for Mike Krukow, Mark Davis and minor-league outfielder C.L. Penigar on December 14, 1982. Holland finished seventh in the National League Rookie of the Year voting for 1980 but his best season was with the Philadelphia Phillies in when he won the Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award and TSN Fireman of the Year Award while finishing in the top ten in voting for both the Cy Young Award and National League MVP. He then saved Game 1 of the 1983 National League Championship Series, and struck out three batters in two innings to finish Game 4, clinching the pennant for the Phillies. He also saved Game 1 of the 1983 World Series. In Game 3 of the World Series, Holland was pitching in the seventh inning when an error allowed the go-ahead run to score. Although Holland struck out four batters in the eighth and ninth innings, he and the Phillies lost in the last postseason game of his career. They then lost Games 4 and 5 as well to give the Baltimore Orioles the championship. In , Holland was selected to his only All-Star Game but did not play. He was involved in a pair of trades during the campaign. The first one on April 20 had him returning to the Pirates along with minor-league left-handed pitcher Frankie Griffin from the Phillies for Kent Tekulve. Then he was dealt along with John Candelaria and George Hendrick from the Pirates to the Angels for Pat Clements and Mike Brown on August 2 in a transaction that was completed two weeks later on August 16 when Bob Kipper was sent to Pittsburgh. He then hit a low point by being called to testify at the Pittsburgh drug trials. After admitting to cocaine abuse, he was suspended for sixty days of the 1986 season. Holland's and ten other players' suspensions were reduced to anti-drug donations and community service, but Holland's career was nearly at an end. He was signed as a free agent by the New York Yankees, released by the Yankees, re-signed by the Yankees and then re-released by the Yankees — all in 1986. The Yankees signed him for the third time in 1987 but, after three games, his earned run average (ERA) was at 14.21. Holland was released by the Yankees a third time after the season and his major league career was over. In 1989, the age 35-and-older Senior Professional Baseball Association began operation in Florida and Holland was a member of both the St. Petersburg",
"title": "Al Holland"
},
{
"docid": "71289755",
"text": "The 2007 Major League Baseball postseason was the playoff tournament of Major League Baseball for the 2007 season. The winners of the Division Series would move on to the League Championship Series to determine the pennant winners that face each other in the World Series. In the American League, the New York Yankees made their thirteenth straight postseason appearance, the Boston Red Sox returned for the fourth time in five years, the Cleveland Indians returned for the first time since 2001, and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim returned for the fourth time in six years. In the National League, the Arizona Diamondbacks made their third postseason appearance in the last eight years, the Chicago Cubs made their second appearance in five years, the Colorado Rockies made their second postseason appearance in franchise history and first since 1995, and the Philadelphia Phillies returned to the postseason for the first time since 1993. This would be the first of five consecutive postseason appearances for the Phillies, a streak which lasted until 2011. The postseason began on October 3, 2007, and ended on October 28, 2007, with the Red Sox sweeping the Rockies in the 2007 World Series. It was the seventh title won by the Red Sox franchise. Playoff seeds The following teams qualified for the postseason: American League Boston Red Sox – AL East champions, 96–66 (5–2 head-to-head record vs. CLE) Cleveland Indians – AL Central champions, 96–66 (2–5 head-to-head record vs. BOS) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim – AL West champions, 94–68 New York Yankees – 94–68 National League Arizona Diamondbacks – NL West champions, 90–72 Philadelphia Phillies – NL East champions, 89–73 Chicago Cubs – NL Central champions, 85–77 Colorado Rockies – NL Wild Card qualifier, 90–73 Playoff bracket Note: Two teams in the same division could not meet in the division series. American League Division Series (1) Boston Red Sox vs. (3) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim This was the third postseason meeting between the Angels and Red Sox. The Red Sox once again defeated the Angels to advance to the ALCS for the third time in five years. The series was not close — the Red Sox shut out the Angels and Game 1, took Game 2 by a 6–3 score on a Manny Ramirez walk-off three-run home run, and then blew out the Angels in Anaheim in Game 3 to advance to the next round. (2) Cleveland Indians vs. (4) New York Yankees This was the third postseason meeting between the Yankees and Indians. The Indians defeated the Yankees in four games to advance to the ALCS for the first time since 1998. This was the last postseason series ever played at the original Yankee Stadium. The Indians blew out the Yankees in Game 1 by 9 runs. Game 2 was a pitchers' duel between both teams bullpens which lasted 11 innings, and again the Indians prevailed as Travis Hafner drove in the winning run on a bases-loaded single off Luis Vizcaíno. Game 2 was",
"title": "2007 Major League Baseball postseason"
},
{
"docid": "1332292",
"text": "The 1950 World Series was the 47th World Series between the American and National Leagues for the championship of Major League Baseball. The Philadelphia Phillies as 1950 champions of the National League and the New York Yankees, as 1950 American League champions, competed to win a best-of-seven game series. The Series began on Wednesday, October 4, and concluded Monday, October 9. The Phillies had home field advantage for the Series, meaning no games would be played at the Yankees' home ballpark, Yankee Stadium, until game 3. The Yankees won their 13th championship in their 41-year history, taking the Series in a four-game sweep. The final game in the Series resulted in the New York Yankees winning, 5–2 over Philadelphia. It was the only game in the Series decided by more than one run. The 1950 World Series title would be the second of a record five straight titles for the New York Yankees (1949–1953). The two teams would not again meet in the Series for 59 years. This was also the last World Series to have no American born black players until 2022, as neither club had integrated in 1950. It was also the last World Series where television coverage was pooled between multiple networks: earlier that year the Mutual Broadcasting System, which had long been the radio home for the World Series, purchased the exclusive TV rights for the following season despite not (and indeed, never) having a television network. They would eventually sell on the rights to NBC, beginning a long relationship with the sport for that network. The Yankees and Phillies faced each other again 59 years later in the 2009 World Series, in which the Yankees also won, this time in six games to win their 27th World Series championship. Teams Philadelphia Phillies The Phillies, a particularly young team which came to be known as the \"Whiz Kids\", had won the National League pennant in dramatic fashion on the final day of the season to garner their second pennant—their first in 35 years. But writing in The New York Times on October 3, 1950, John Drebinger picked the Yankees to win the Series in five games: \"The Stengelers simply have too much over-all pitching. They have the long range power. They rare defensive skill, and they have the poise and experience gained through the past four years which brought them two world championships and three pennants.\" Odds makers made the Yankees 2–5 favorites to win the Series. Curt Simmons, a 17-game winner for the Phillies in 1950, had been called to military duty in September and was unavailable for this Series. Simmons was stationed at Camp Atterbury and requested and was granted a leave on October 4 to attend the Series. The Phillies chose not to request that Commissioner Chandler rule Simmons eligible for the Series but Simmons chose to attend to support the team. Simmons' place on the Series roster was taken by pitcher Jocko Thompson. Phillies ace Robin Roberts didn't start Game 1 because",
"title": "1950 World Series"
},
{
"docid": "71273601",
"text": "The 1977 Major League Baseball postseason was the playoff tournament of Major League Baseball for the 1977 season. The winners of each division advance to the postseason and face each other in a League Championship Series to determine the pennant winners that face each other in the World Series. In the American League, both the New York Yankees and the Kansas City Royals returned for the second year in a row. In the National League, the Philadelphia Phillies made their second consecutive appearance, and the Los Angeles Dodgers returned for the second time in four years. This was the first of two consecutive postseasons to feature the Yankees, Royals, Phillies, and Dodgers. The former three teams would again appear in the postseason in 1980, and all four would appear again in the expanded 1981 postseason. The playoffs began on October 4, 1977, and concluded on October 18, 1977, with the New York Yankees defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1977 World Series. It was the Yankees' first championship since 1962. Playoff seeds The following teams qualified for the postseason: American League New York Yankees – AL East champions, 100–62 Kansas City Royals – AL West champions, 102–60 National League Philadelphia Phillies – NL East champions, 101–61 Los Angeles Dodgers – NL West champions, 98–64 Playoff bracket American League Championship Series Kansas City Royals vs. New York Yankees This was the second straight ALCS to feature the Yankees and Royals. The Yankees took the previous series in five games on a Chris Chambliss home run in the ninth inning of Game 5. The Yankees again defeated the Royals in 5 games to advance to the World Series for the second year in a row. Both teams split the first two games at Yankee Stadium - the Royals blew out the Yankees in Game 1 thanks to stellar pitching from starting pitcher Paul Splittorff and closer Doug Bird. In Game 2, the Yankees evened the series with a 6-2 victory as starting pitcher Ron Guidry pitched a complete game. When the series moved to Kansas City, Royals' starter Dennis Leonard pitched a four-hit complete game as the Royals won 6-2, and were now one win away from clinching their first World Series berth in front of their home fans. However, the Yankees narrowly took Game 4 as they held off a late rally by the Royals. In Game 5, the Royals held a 3-2 lead going into the ninth, but the Yankees yet again defeated the Royals in their last at bat, scoring three unanswered runs to take the lead for good and secure the pennant. Both teams would meet again in the ALCS the next year, which the Yankees also won. It would be in 1980 that the Royals would finally break through against the Yankees. National League Championship Series Philadelphia Phillies vs. Los Angeles Dodgers This was the first postseason meeting between the Dodgers and Phillies. The Dodgers defeated the Phillies in four games to advance to the World",
"title": "1977 Major League Baseball postseason"
},
{
"docid": "13552736",
"text": "The 2007 National League Wild Card tie-breaker game was a one-game extension to Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2007 regular season, played between the San Diego Padres and Colorado Rockies of the National League's (NL) West Division to determine the NL wild card. It was played at Coors Field in Denver, Colorado, on October 1, 2007. The Rockies won the game 9–8 in thirteen innings on a controversial play at home plate. The game was necessary after both teams finished the season with identical win–loss records of 89–73. The Rockies won a coin flip late in the season, which awarded them home field for the game. Upon winning, the Rockies advanced to the NL Division Series where they swept the Philadelphia Phillies. After advancing, they swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the NL Championship Series, winning their first pennant in franchise history. However, the Rockies were, in turn, swept in the 2007 World Series by the Boston Red Sox, ending their season. In baseball statistics the tie-breaker counted as the 163rd regular season game for both teams, with all events in the game added to regular season statistics. Background The 2007 season saw heavy competition between the Padres and the Arizona Diamondbacks for the National League West Division title. The Padres spent 52 days with at least a share of the lead, while the Diamondbacks spent 89 total days atop the division and ultimately won by a game with a record of 90–72. The Rockies spent just three days, last on April 6, with a lead in the division. Notably the Diamondbacks scored 20 fewer runs than their pitchers allowed, one of just five teams in MLB history to make the playoffs despite being outscored during the season. In addition to the divisional race, the competition over the wild card continued to the last day of the season. Six teams in the 2007 National League finished within five games of one another: the aforementioned Diamondbacks, Padres, and Rockies along with the Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, and Chicago Cubs. The Diamondbacks, Phillies, and Cubs won the West, East, and Central Divisions respectively. Meanwhile, the 2007 Mets underwent what was described in The New York Times as \"one of the biggest collapses in baseball history\", becoming the first team with a seven-game divisional lead with only 17 games remaining to finish outside of first place, losing the East Division to the Phillies on the final day of the season. Also, at 88–74, the Mets finished a single game behind the Rockies and Padres' 89–73 record in the wild-card race. Had the Mets defeated the Marlins in their final game of the regular season and no other results changing, there would have been a tiebreaker between the Mets and Phillies for the NL East, and the loser taking part in a three-way tiebreaker for the NL wild card with the Padres and Rockies respectively. While the Padres had been a consistent presence amongst the league's top teams during the 2007 season, the Rockies finished",
"title": "2007 National League Wild Card tie-breaker game"
},
{
"docid": "19382791",
"text": "The 2009 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2009 season. As the 105th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff contested between the Philadelphia Phillies, champions of the National League (NL) and defending World Series champions, and the New York Yankees, champions of the American League (AL). The Yankees defeated the Phillies, 4 games to 2, winning their 27th World Series championship. The series was played between October 28 and November 4, broadcast on Fox, and watched by an average of roughly 19 million viewers. Home field advantage for the Series went to the AL for the eighth straight year as a result of its 4–3 win in the All-Star Game. The Phillies earned their berth into the playoffs by winning the National League East. The Yankees won the American League East to earn their berth, posting the best record in the Major Leagues. The Phillies reached the World Series by defeating the Colorado Rockies in the best-of-five National League Division Series and the Los Angeles Dodgers in the best-of-seven NL Championship Series (NLCS). The Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins in the American League Division Series and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the AL Championship Series (ALCS) to advance to their first World Series since 2003. As a result of their loss, the Phillies became the first team since the Yankees to lose the World Series after winning it the previous year. As of 2023, this is the most recent World Series to feature a defending champion. Cliff Lee pitched a complete game in the Phillies' Game 1 victory, allowing only one unearned run, while Chase Utley hit two home runs. In Game 2, solo home runs by Mark Teixeira and Hideki Matsui helped the Yankees win by a score of 3–1. After a rain delayed start, Game 3 featured more offense, with a combined six home runs and thirteen total runs en route to a Yankee victory. The Yankees won Game 4 by scoring the decisive three runs in the ninth inning after an alert base running play by Johnny Damon. The Phillies avoided elimination with a win in Game 5, aided by Utley's second two–home run game of the series. The Yankees secured their World Series championship with a Game 6 victory in which Matsui hit his third home run of the series. He was named Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the series, making him the first Japanese-born player and the first full-time designated hitter to win the award. Matsui was the series' MVP despite starting only the three games that were played at Yankee Stadium, since the designated hitter position was not used in NL ballparks at the time. Several records were tied, extended, or broken during this World Series, including team championships (Yankees with 27), career postseason wins (Andy Pettitte with 18), career World Series saves (Mariano Rivera with 11), home runs in a World Series (Utley with five), strikeouts by a hitter in a World",
"title": "2009 World Series"
},
{
"docid": "24876284",
"text": "The Whiz Kids is the nickname of the 1950 Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball. The team had a number of young players: the average age of a member of the Whiz Kids was 26.4. The team won the 1950 National League pennant but failed to win the World Series. After owner R. R. M. Carpenter, Jr. built a team of bonus babies, the 1950 team won for the majority of the season, but slumped late, allowing the defending National League champion Brooklyn Dodgers to gain ground in the last two weeks. The final series of the season was against Brooklyn, and the final game pitted the Opening Day starting pitchers, right-handers Robin Roberts and Don Newcombe, against one another. The Phillies defeated the Dodgers in extra innings in the final game of the season on a three-run home run by Dick Sisler in the top of the tenth inning. In the World Series which followed, the Whiz Kids were swept by the New York Yankees, who won their second of five consecutive World Series championships. The failure of the Whiz Kids to win another pennant after their lone successful season has been attributed to multiple theories, the most prominent of which is Carpenter's unwillingness to integrate his team after winning a pennant with an all-white team. Before 1950 Prior to 1950, the Philadelphia Phillies had made just one appearance in the World Series, which occurred in . In that series, they were defeated by the Boston Red Sox in five games. From 1933 to 1948, the Phillies posted sixteen consecutive losing seasons, a record for the 20th century and a major league record that stood until 2009 (broken by the Pittsburgh Pirates). Ben Chapman, who managed the Phillies from 1945 to 1948, bemoaned the loss of general manager Herb Pennock, who died during Chapman's final season. Bob Carpenter, the new owner of the team, replaced Chapman after his comments to media sources that Pennock needed to be replaced with \"another strong baseball man\". The new manager, Eddie Sawyer, arrived in the 1948 season and led the Phillies to a winning record in 1949 (81–73). Carpenter's team-building approach was built on provision of ample bonuses for players. Signing bonuses for the players on the 1950 squad ranged from $3,000 ($ in present-day dollars) to $65,000 ($ present-day). The Dodgers, meanwhile, had appeared in the and 1949 World Series, losing to the New York Yankees in both. Indeed, the Phillies' appearance against the Yankees in the 1950 World Series was the only time in the Yankees' run of five consecutive championships (1949–1953) wherein they did not face one of the other teams from New York City (the Dodgers or the New York Giants). The 1950 season April–May The Phillies opened the season with a 9–1 defeat of the Dodgers on April 18. The starters in the game were Robin Roberts for Philadelphia and Don Newcombe, Brooklyn's 17-game winner from the prior season. After a split with the Dodgers, the Phillies played",
"title": "Whiz Kids (baseball)"
},
{
"docid": "1146323",
"text": "Darren Arthur Daulton (January 3, 1962 – August 6, 2017), nicknamed \"Dutch\", was an American professional baseball catcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies (, –) and Florida Marlins (1997). While with the Phillies, Daulton was a three-time MLB All-Star and won the Silver Slugger Award. He won the 1997 World Series with the Marlins. Professional career Philadelphia Phillies The Philadelphia Phillies selected Daulton in the 25th round of the 1980 Major League Baseball draft. On September 25, 1983, he made his major league debut for the Phillies. Daulton had three at bats for the Phillies in 1983. Through , he played sparingly, due chiefly to the presence of all-star catchers Ozzie Virgil Jr. and Lance Parrish. Daulton became the Phillies' full-time catcher in . Throughout his early career, his primary value to the team was as a defensive catcher — his cumulative batting average of .206, through the 1988 season, was barely above the Mendoza Line — and he never appeared in as many as 60 games, in any single season. Daulton's breakout season was , his first as his team's primary backstop; that year, he batted .268, with 57 runs batted in (RBI) — which, when coupled with his skills behind the plate, earned him a three-year contract worth $6.75 million. Daulton caught Terry Mulholland's no-hitter, on August 15, 1990. Following a slump in that saw his batting average fall below .200, Daulton led the National League (NL) in RBIs for 1992 with 109. He also finished in the top 10 in on-base percentage, slugging percentage, OPS, home runs, walks, runs created, and extra base hits. Daulton earned his first All-star appearance, the NL Silver Slugger Award, and sixth place in NL MVP voting. Daulton was one of the catalysts of the NL pennant-winning 1993 Phillies. Although the Phillies lost the World Series, Daulton was again named an All-Star, drove in more than 100 runs for the second consecutive season, and finished seventh in NL MVP voting. He once again finished in the league's top 10 in on-base percentage, RBIs, walks, and extra base hits. Daulton also finished in the top 10 in times on base and intentional walks. Knee injuries soon caught up with Daulton. In , he was hitting .300, with 15 home runs, and 56 RBIs, through 67 games, when he was injured. In , Daulton was named to his third all-star team; however, he played in only 98 games, and finished the year with just nine home runs. Daulton never caught another big league game after August 25, 1995. Daulton missed nearly the entire season due to injury; he played in only five games, all as an outfielder. In , he returned to the outfield in an attempt to keep his still-productive bat in the line-up, despite his chronic injuries. Daulton also played 42 games as a first baseman. Florida Marlins On July 21, 1997, after 17 years with the Phillies organization, the club traded Daulton to the Florida",
"title": "Darren Daulton"
},
{
"docid": "14095847",
"text": "The 1986 Philadelphia Phillies season was the 104th season for the Phillies. Under second-year manager John Felske, the Phillies stayed just below the .500 mark for roughly two-thirds of the season, until a charge after the All-Star break pushed the club past the St. Louis Cardinals and Montreal Expos into second place in the National League East. Background The eventual World Series champions rival New York Mets finished with a Major League best 108–54 record, and finished 21 games ahead of the Phillies. The Mets and the Phillies were the only teams in the National League East to post winning records. Mike Schmidt became the first third baseman in the history of the National League to win the MVP Award three times. Offseason December 6, 1985: Jerry Koosman was released by the Phillies. December 22, 1985: Tim Corcoran was released by the Phillies. January 16, 1986: Ronn Reynolds was traded by the New York Mets with Jeff Bittiger to the Philadelphia Phillies for Rodger Cole and Ronnie Gideon. March 17, 1986: Alan Knicely was released by the Phillies. Regular season On August 20, 1986, pitcher Don Carman took a perfect game into the ninth inning against the San Francisco Giants at Candlestick Park. Giants catcher Bob Brenly hit a long drive into the gap in left-center field. Phillies center fielder Milt Thompson was positioned to make a running catch but the ball hit the base of his glove and was ruled a hit. Carman pitched nine innings, gave up one hit, and was the winner when the Phillies scored in the top of the tenth on a Juan Samuel solo homer to win the game 1 to 0. The Phillies were the only team in the National League to post a winning record against the World Series champs, going 10–8 with a 7–2 mark at Veterans Stadium. The high point of the season for the Phillies was the three-game sweep of the Mets in mid-September. On September 12, up by twenty-two games, the Mets needed to win one game to clinch the division and came to Philadelphia for a weekend series. The Phillies won all three games, finishing the weekend by beating the Mets 6–0 behind a six-hit shutout by Kevin Gross, who also tripled home two runs. The sweep still left the Phillies down nineteen games but was both especially satisfying given the significant number of Mets fans who had traveled to Veterans Stadium for the weekend hoping to see the Mets clinch, and necessary because they were swept in a three-game series in Chicago preceding this series and did not want to see a visiting team's division-title celebration at Veterans Stadium. Had the Mets won one of the three games, it would have been the first time that a division title was won at Veterans Stadium. During the series, Mets fans at Veterans Stadium became unruly and damaged seats in the upper deck. One Mets fan was arrested after striking at two Philadelphia police officers. The club scored",
"title": "1986 Philadelphia Phillies season"
},
{
"docid": "71530190",
"text": "The 2022 National League Championship Series was the best-of-seven playoff between the San Diego Padres and the Philadelphia Phillies for the National League (NL) pennant and the right to play in the 2022 World Series. The series began on October 18 and ended on October 23. Fox and FS1 televised the games in the U.S. This was the first time in Major League history that two Wild Card teams faced each other in the League Championship Series (prior to 2022, only one Wild Card team per league could advance to the Division Series; as such, it was not possible for two Wild Card teams to face each other in the LCS in a full season until 2022). This was also the first time in history playoff rounds overlapped, as the 2022 ALDS had a game the same day the NLCS began. Background The San Diego Padres qualified for the postseason as the fifth seed wild card entrant. In the Wild Card Series, they defeated the New York Mets in three games. In the Division Series, they defeated the National League West division winner Los Angeles Dodgers, who held the best regular season record of 111–51 at the time of the postseason, in four games. The Padres made it to the National League Championship Series for the first time since 1998. The Philadelphia Phillies qualified for the postseason as the sixth seed wild card entrant, and the last remaining team, in both the season and in MLB history, to earn a wild card berth. In the Wild Card Series, they swept the St. Louis Cardinals, who was the National League Central division winner and seeded third in the National League. In the Division Series, they defeated the defending World Series champion and National League East division winner Atlanta Braves in four games. The Phillies made it to the National League Championship Series for the first time since 2010. This was the first postseason meeting between the Padres and the Phillies. Philadelphia won four of the seven regular-season games against San Diego. Brothers Aaron Nola, of the Phillies, and Austin Nola, of the Padres, are the first pair of brothers to face each other as pitcher and batter in the postseason. Summary Game summaries Game 1 Game 1 was a low-scoring pitcher's duel between Philadelphia's Zack Wheeler and San Diego's Yu Darvish. In the top of the first, with Kyle Schwarber at third and two outs, Jake Cronenworth made a diving stop to get Bryce Harper out at first and rob the Phillies of a run. In the fourth, Harper homered off of Darvish for the first run of the series. In the bottom of the inning, Wheeler retired the heart of the Padres' order. In the top of the sixth, Schwarber added on to the Phillies' lead, hitting a towering second-deck home run. Philadelphia's Seranthony Dominguez retired the side in the bottom of the eighth. In the ninth, a potential game-ending double play was spoiled when Bryson Stott missed a throw",
"title": "2022 National League Championship Series"
},
{
"docid": "25748518",
"text": "The 2010 National League Division Series (NLDS) were two best-of-five-game series to determine the participating teams in the 2010 National League Championship Series. The three divisional winners and a fourth team—a \"Wild Card\"—played in two series from October 6 to 11. TBS televised all games in the United States. Under MLB's playoff format, no two teams from the same division were matched up in the Division Series, regardless of whether their records would normally indicate such a matchup. Home field advantage went to the team with the better regular-season record with the exception of the wild card team, which defers home field advantage regardless of record. The matchups were: (1) Philadelphia Phillies (Eastern Division champions, 97–65) vs. (3) Cincinnati Reds (Central Division champions, 91–71): Phillies win series, 3–0. (2) San Francisco Giants (West Division champions, 92–70) vs. (4) Atlanta Braves (Wild Card qualifier, 91–71): Giants win series, 3–1. The Phillies and Reds had met in the postseason once before: in the 1976 NLCS, which the Reds won 3–0. The Giants and Braves also had one prior postseason series—the 2002 NLDS—which the Giants won 3–2. The Giants would go on to defeat the Phillies in the NLCS, then win the 2010 World Series by defeating the American League champion Texas Rangers, winning their first World title since 1954. Matchups Philadelphia Phillies vs. Cincinnati Reds †: No-hitter by Roy Halladay San Francisco Giants vs. Atlanta Braves Philadelphia vs. Cincinnati Game 1 In his first career postseason start, Phillies ace Roy Halladay hurled a no-hitter, giving up only one walk (to Jay Bruce in the fifth inning). Halladay's was only the second postseason no-hitter in Major League Baseball history, and the first since Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series. He threw only 104 pitches. During the 2010 regular season, Halladay had thrown a perfect game on the road against the Florida Marlins on May 29. He thus became the first and only pitcher to throw a no-hitter in the regular season and a no-hitter in the postseason in the same year. Halladay is also the fifth major league pitcher to throw two no-hitters in the same year, and the first since Nolan Ryan in 1973. The Phillies' offense got started early when Shane Victorino sliced a double down the left field line in the first inning. After stealing third base, Chase Utley brought him home with a sacrifice fly. Victorino went 2-for-4 in the game and also had two RBIs on a single in the second inning that scored Wilson Valdez and Halladay. Halladay had reached earlier in the inning on an RBI single of his own, helping his own cause and becoming the first pitcher in major league history to outhit the opposing team in a postseason game. Cincinnati starter Edinson Vólquez lasted only innings before Travis Wood was called upon in relief by manager Dusty Baker. Volquez gave up four hits, four runs (all earned), and two walks. He faced 11 batters, retiring only five. This would be",
"title": "2010 National League Division Series"
},
{
"docid": "3074801",
"text": "The 1992 National League Championship Series was played between the Atlanta Braves (98–64) and the Pittsburgh Pirates (96–66) from October 6 to 14. A rematch of the 1991 NLCS, Atlanta won the 1992 NLCS in seven games to advance to their second straight World Series. The series ended in dramatic fashion; in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7, with Atlanta down 2–1 and the bases loaded, the Braves' Francisco Cabrera cracked a two-run single that scored David Justice and Sid Bream. Bream famously slid to score the Series-winning run, beating the throw by Pirates left fielder Barry Bonds. The Braves would go on to lose to the Toronto Blue Jays in the World Series in six games, while the Pirates did not return to the playoffs until 2013, suffering a sports-record 20 consecutive losing season drought. The teams The Braves were attempting to return to the World Series one year after their dramatic seven-game loss to the Minnesota Twins. Atlanta featured largely the same lineup that had won the 1991 pennant, but they still fell into a tie for last place, seven games behind the Giants, by the end of May. However, Atlanta went 19–6 in June and 16–9 in July and pulled away from the rest of the NL West by winning 15 of their first 18 games in August. The Pirates were in the NLCS for the third year in a row after losing to the eventual World Series champion Cincinnati Reds in 1990 and the Braves in 1991. It was also the third of four straight NLCS appearances by either the Pirates or their in-state rivals, the Philadelphia Phillies. The 1992 NLCS would also be the first time two teams faced each other in back-to-back postseasons since 1978, when all three postseason series were rematches of 1977. The Pirates lost slugging right fielder Bobby Bonilla to free agency after the 1991 season, replacing him with speedster Alex Cole. Ace pitcher John Smiley was traded to the Minnesota Twins. Despite the departure of Smiley and Bonilla, Pittsburgh charged out to a seven-game lead by late June, suffered through an 11–15 July that allowed the Montreal Expos to tie them for the lead by the end of the month, then won 11 straight in early August before pulling away from the Expos in September to earn its third straight NL East title, becoming the first team to win three straight NL East titles since the Phillies from 1976 to 1978. Future home run champion Barry Bonds won his second MVP Award and led the Pirates with 34 home runs and 103 RBI. Pressure beyond the moment made it imperative for the Pirates to break through and win the pennant in 1992. Financial demands had already resulted in losing Smiley and Bonilla, and the departure of pending free agents Bonds (left fielder) and Doug Drabek (starting pitcher) loomed. 1992 appeared to be the last chance for Pittsburgh to win with its current core of players. Atlanta Braves",
"title": "1992 National League Championship Series"
},
{
"docid": "2915014",
"text": "Patrick Joseph Moran (February 7, 1876 – March 7, 1924) was an American professional baseball player and manager. He was a catcher in Major League Baseball from 1901 to 1914. The year after his retirement, he became a manager, and he led two teams to their first-ever modern-era National League championships: the 1915 Philadelphia Phillies and the 1919 Cincinnati Reds. Moran was the first manager to win National League pennants with two different teams. Moran's 1919 Reds also captured their first World Series championship. Playing career A native of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, Moran played 819 games over 14 National League seasons for the Boston Beaneaters (1901–05), Chicago Cubs (1906–09) and Phillies (1910–14). A right-handed hitter, he batted .235 with 18 home runs and 262 RBI. In , he finished tied for second in the league in home runs with seven. After he did not appear in more than 100 games in a season. However, as a second-string catcher, Moran became a student of the game and especially of pitching. In 1913–1914, he was a player-coach and, guided by his support and counsel, Phillies right-hander Grover Cleveland Alexander developed into one of the greatest pitchers of all time. Philadelphia Phillies' manager Moran retired as a player after the season, and was immediately promoted to manager of the Phillies. The club had finished sixth in 1914 and was plagued by defections (and threatened defections) to the outlaw Federal League. Moran swung some astute trades, acquiring key players Dave Bancroft (a Baseball Hall of Famer like Alexander), Bert Niehoff and Milt Stock. Then—led by Alexander's 31 wins and the slugging of right fielder Gavvy Cravath—the Phillies improved by 17 games and won their first NL pennant. In the 1915 World Series, they were defeated four games to one by the Boston Red Sox. The Phillies then finished second in successive years, to the Brooklyn Robins in and the New York Giants in . With baseball disrupted by World War I (and with the December 11, 1917, trade of Alexander to the Cubs) the Phillies sank below .500 in and Moran was fired. Cincinnati Reds' manager Moran was not unemployed for long, however. Cincinnati Reds manager Christy Mathewson, the former pitching great, had been stricken with tuberculosis from exposure to poison gas during military maneuvers. When it was apparent that Mathewson was too sick to return for the season, Moran was named his successor. The Reds had finished third, games behind, in 1918. Under Moran, they won 96 of 140 games in an abbreviated 1919 schedule to take the flag by nine games. They then defeated the Chicago White Sox in the 1919 World Series five games to three, to win Cincinnati's first undisputed world championship. This should have been Moran's crowning accomplishment, but it would later be marred by the Black Sox scandal. In , it was charged that eight key members of the White Sox had conspired with gamblers to \"throw\" the series. (The players were acquitted in a controversial 1921 trial but",
"title": "Pat Moran"
},
{
"docid": "1046460",
"text": "Scott Bruce Rolen (born April 4, 1975) is an American former professional baseball third baseman. He played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Toronto Blue Jays, and Cincinnati Reds from 1996 to 2012. Rolen started his career with the Phillies, where he was named the 1997 National League Rookie of the Year. Rolen became known for two iconic postseason home runs with the Cardinals: a go-ahead hit off Roger Clemens in Game 7 of the 2004 NLCS and a Game 1 homer off Justin Verlander in the 2006 World Series. Regarded as one of the best defensive third basemen of all time, Rolen won eight Gold Glove Awards over his career, the fourth-most among third basemen. A seven-time All-Star, Rolen was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 23, 2023. Early life Rolen was born in Evansville, Indiana, and attended Jasper High School in Jasper, Indiana. During his senior year at Jasper in 1993, he was named Indiana Mr. Baseball. He was also named to the Indiana high school basketball All-Star team. Career Draft and minor leagues (1993–1996) After a flurry of scholarship offers came in from schools like Oklahoma State and the University of Alabama, Rolen ultimately committed to playing college basketball for the Georgia Bulldogs. That commitment was complicated when the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB) selected Rolen in the second round of the 1993 MLB Draft. Rolen told reporters after the draft that he hoped he could forge a deal that would allow him to play for the Phillies farm system in the summer and on the Georgia basketball team in the winter. On July 22, however, Rolen chose to forego his commitment to Georgia to sign with the Phillies and focus on baseball; he was subsequently assigned to the Rookie-level Martinsville Phillies of the Appalachian League. He played 25 games in his first season of professional baseball, batting .313 with five doubles and 12 runs batted in (RBIs) in 80 at bats. After attending spring training with the Phillies, Rolen opened the 1994 season with the Low A Spartanburg Phillies of the South Atlantic League. While his offensive metrics in Spartanburg were strong, batting .295 with 10 home runs, 30 doubles, and 61 RBIs by the last week of August, Rolen's 35 defensive errors in that same span caused concern among sports analysts. Manager Roy Majtyka defended Rolen's defensive performance, saying, \"I've seen bad hops that hit him in the head be ruled an error. It's a joke. I honestly think you could take half of them away.\" Rolen was named Spartanburg's Most Valuable Player after batting .294 with 14 home runs and 72 RBIs, but he \"wasn't satisfied with anything [he] did\", telling reporters after the season, \"I need to improve my entire game.\" When the minor league season concluded, Rolen participated in the 1994 Florida Instructional League to continue honing his sport. As a minor league baseball player, Rolen was unaffected by",
"title": "Scott Rolen"
},
{
"docid": "13522433",
"text": "The 1993 Philadelphia Phillies season was the 111th season in the history of the franchise. The team won the National League East title and defeated the Atlanta Braves in the NLCS in six games, before losing the World Series to the Toronto Blue Jays, also in six games. Regular season After finishing in last place the previous year, the Phillies took the lead in the National League East Division on opening day and remained in first for all but one day (April 9) the rest of the season, clinching the division title on September 28 in Pittsburgh. The 1993 Phillies were led by stars Dave Hollins, Darren Daulton, John Kruk, Lenny Dykstra, Mitch Williams and Curt Schilling. The team was often described as \"shaggy\", \"unkempt\", and \"dirty.\" The previous year, noting the presence of the clean-cut Dale Murphy, Kruk described his team as \"24 morons and one Mormon.\" Their character endeared them to fans, and attendance reached a record high the following season. As a play on the legendary 1927 New York Yankees' Murderers' Row, the team's scruffy, mullet-wearing look was dubbed \"Macho Row.\" To the surprise of their city and the nation, the Phillies powered their way to a 97–65 record and an NL East Division title. Their 97 wins were the most since their back-to-back 101-win seasons in 1976 and 1977. They had a formidable batting lineup, leading the National League in at-bats (5,685), runs scored (877), hits (1,555), doubles (297), walks (665), on-base percentage (.351), and total bases (2,422). Center fielder Lenny Dykstra batted .305 and led the league in hits, with 194, and runs scored, with 143, both career-highs; he also set career-highs in home runs (19) and RBI (66). Left fielder Pete Incaviglia hit 24 home runs and drove in 89 runs in only 368 at-bats. Catcher Darren Daulton also hit 24 home runs and drove in 105 runs, topping 100 for the second consecutive season. Steady-hitting right fielder Jim Eisenreich contributed with a .318 batting average and struck out only 36 times in 362 at-bats. First baseman John Kruk batted a team-leading .316 and hit 14 home runs with 85 RBI, while third baseman Dave Hollins drove in 93 runs for the second straight season. The Phillies also had one of the best pitching staffs in the Major Leagues that year, leading their league in complete games (24), innings pitched (1,472.2) and strikeouts (1,117). Each of their five starting pitchers had at least one shutout during the regular season. Curt Schilling and Tommy Greene each won 16 games, Ben Rivera won 13, and Danny Jackson and Terry Mulholland won 12. Closer Mitch Williams walked 44 batters in 62.0 innings, but had a solid 3.34 ERA with 43 saves and averaged only one home run allowed every 20.2 innings pitched. During the season there were a multitude of memorable moments. In late April, the team rallied from an 8–0 deficit to defeat the San Francisco Giants 9–8 in 10 innings, spurred when Giants reliever Bryan",
"title": "1993 Philadelphia Phillies season"
},
{
"docid": "4347468",
"text": "Robert Frank John Butler (born April 10, 1970) is a Canadian former professional baseball outfielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Toronto Blue Jays and the Philadelphia Phillies. He is also a former player with the Toronto Maple Leafs of the Intercounty Baseball League and currently serves as the team's manager. Major League career Butler first signed with the Blue Jays as an amateur free agent on September 24, 1990, and made his major league debut with them on June 12, 1993. He played in 17 regular season games and was sidelined by a hand injury he suffered when attempting to steal a base. In his 17-game stint in 1993, he had a .271 batting average with four doubles, two RBIs and 12 strikeouts. He also drew seven walks and went 2-for-4 stealing bases. In the 1993 World Series, won by Toronto, Butler went 1-for-2 with a pinch hit single off Curt Schilling of the Philadelphia Phillies, and became the only Canadian player to have won a World Series with the Blue Jays. In 1994, Butler played in 41 games for the Blue Jays, batting .176 with one triple and five RBIs. Much of this season was split between the Blue Jays and their Triple-A affiliate, the Syracuse Chiefs. On December 5, 1994 he was traded to the Phillies. With the Phillies organization, Butler spent much of it in their minor league system, but was called up in 1997, and he played in 43 games, batting .292 with nine doubles, one triple, and 13 RBIs. On December 22, 1997, Butler signed with the Houston Astros and spent 1998 in their minor league system. On December 23, 1998, he returned to the Blue Jays as a free agent and appeared in eight games with the Jays during the 1999 season, playing his last Major League Baseball game on July 10, 1999. Semi-pro baseball In 2001, Butler joined the semi-pro Toronto Maple Leafs of the Intercounty Baseball League as an outfielder. He was also joined by his brother Rich Butler, and later by former Blue Jays pitcher Paul Spoljaric. For much of those years, Rob finished the season as the team's batting leader, and in 2002, he won the league championship with them. In 2005, Butler played his last game with the Leafs, announcing his retirement from the game. As of April 2009, Butler is a coach with the Canadian National Junior Team. In 2023, the Toronto Maple Leafs signed Butler as team manager. References External links Rob Butler at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League) 1970 births Living people Baseball players from Toronto Baseball players at the 1999 Pan American Games Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States Olympic baseball players for Canada Canadian people of British descent Cardenales de Lara players Canadian expatriate baseball players in Venezuela Dunedin Blue Jays players Knoxville Smokies players Major League Baseball outfielders Major League Baseball players from Canada New Orleans Zephyrs players People from East York, Toronto Pan American Games",
"title": "Rob Butler (baseball)"
},
{
"docid": "6128442",
"text": "Rawlins Jackson \"Rawly\" Eastwick (born October 24, 1950) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds, St. Louis Cardinals, New York Yankees, Philadelphia Phillies, Kansas City Royals, and Chicago Cubs, from to . Career Eastwick was born in Camden, New Jersey, and grew up in Haddonfield, New Jersey, where he attended Haddonfield Memorial High School. He was drafted by the Cincinnati Reds in the third round of the 1969 amateur draft. In 1973, he made it to the Indianapolis Indians of the American Association and made his major league debut in September 1974 with the Reds. He started back at Indianapolis in 1975 but pitched well and was called up for good. In his rookie season, he tied for the National League lead in saves with 22. In the 1975 World Series against the Boston Red Sox, Eastwick won Games 2 and 3 and also earned a save in Game 5 as the Reds won the series in seven. In Game 6 he gave up a three-run home run to Bernie Carbo that tied the game, which the Red Sox won in twelve innings. In 1976, Eastwick had his best season, going 11–5 in relief with a 2.06 earned run average. He also led the league in saves and won the NL Fireman of the Year award. The Reds won their second consecutive World Series title. Eastwick was dealt to the Cardinals for Doug Capilla at the trade deadline on June 15, 1977, as a result of a contract dispute with Reds management. His desire to become a free agent by not signing a contract with any team for the remainder of the season precluded him from being sent to the New York Mets in the Tom Seaver trade. Eastwick signed a five-year, $1.2 million deal with the Yankees at the Winter Meetings on December 9, 1977. He joined a bullpen which already had Sparky Lyle, Dick Tidrow and Goose Gossage the last of whom had signed for $2.7 million two weeks earlier. Eastwick's time with the Yankees lasted until the day before the trade deadline on June 14, 1978, when he was sent to the Philadelphia Phillies for Jay Johnstone and Bobby Brown. He spent two seasons with the Phillies, posting a 4.90 ERA in 1979 and was released. Eastwick then pitched for the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Chicago Cubs in 1981 before retiring. See also List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders References External links Rawly Eastwick at SABR (Baseball BioProject) Rawly Eastwick at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League) 1950 births Living people Baseball players from Camden, New Jersey Chicago Cubs players Cincinnati Reds players Florida Instructional League Reds players Gulf Coast Reds players Haddonfield Memorial High School alumni Indianapolis Indians players Kansas City Royals players Major League Baseball pitchers National League saves champions New York Yankees players Omaha Royals players People from Haddonfield, New Jersey Baseball players from Camden County, New",
"title": "Rawly Eastwick"
},
{
"docid": "71290833",
"text": "The 2010 Major League Baseball postseason was the playoff tournament of Major League Baseball for the 2010 season. The winners of the League Division Series would move on to the League Championship Series to determine the pennant winners that face each other in the World Series. In the American League, the New York Yankees returned for the fifteenth time in the past sixteen years, the Minnesota Twins returned for the sixth time in the past nine years, the Tampa Bay Rays returned for the second time in three years, and the Texas Rangers returned for the first time since 1999. This would be the first of three consecutive postseason appearances for the Rangers, and the last postseason appearance for the Twins until 2017. In the National League, the Philadelphia Phillies returned to the postseason for the fourth straight time, the San Francisco Giants made their first postseason appearance since 2003, the Atlanta Braves returned for the first time since 2005, and the Cincinnati Reds made their first postseason appearance since 1995. The postseason began on October 6, 2010, and ended on November 1, 2010, with the Giants defeating the Rangers in five games in the 2010 World Series, ending the Curse of Coogan's Bluff. It was the Giants' first title since 1954 and their sixth overall. Playoff seeds The following teams qualified for the postseason: American League Tampa Bay Rays – AL East champions, 96–66 Minnesota Twins – AL Central champions, 94–68 Texas Rangers – AL West champions, 90–72 New York Yankees – AL Wild Card qualifier, 95–67 National League Philadelphia Phillies – NL East champions, 97–65 San Francisco Giants – NL West champions, 92–70 Cincinnati Reds – NL Central champions, 91–71 Atlanta Braves – NL Wild Card qualifier, 91–71 Playoff bracket Note: Two teams in the same division could not meet in the division series. American League Division Series (1) Tampa Bay Rays vs. (3) Texas Rangers This was the first postseason meeting between the Rays and Rangers. In the first postseason series where neither team won a home game, the Rangers defeated the Rays in five games to advance to the ALCS for the first time in franchise history. The Rangers dominated the first two games in Tampa, thanks to solid pitching performances from Cliff Lee and C. J. Wilson. When the series shifted to Arlington for Game 3, the Rangers possessed a 2–1 lead going into the eighth, but the Rays went on a 5–1 run through the eighth and ninth innings to win and avoid a sweep. In Game 4, the Rays jumped out to an early lead and did not relinquish it, sending the series back to Tampa for Game 5. However, Lee would yet again lead the Rangers to victory, pitching a complete game and giving the Rangers their first playoff series victory. The Rays and Rangers met again in the ALDS the next year, which the Rangers also won, but this time in four games. (2) Minnesota Twins vs. (4) New York Yankees",
"title": "2010 Major League Baseball postseason"
},
{
"docid": "23104903",
"text": "The 2009 National League Division Series (NLDS) consisted of two concurrent best-of-five game series that determined the participating teams in the 2009 National League Championship Series. Three divisional winners and a \"wild card\" team played in the two series. The NLDS began on Wednesday, October 7 and ended on Monday, October 12. TBS televised all games in the United States. The matchups were: (1) Los Angeles Dodgers (West Division champions, 95–67) vs. (3) St. Louis Cardinals (Central Division champions, 91–71): Dodgers win series, 3–0. (2) Philadelphia Phillies (East Division champions, 93–69) vs. (4) Colorado Rockies (Wild Card qualifier, 92–70): Phillies win series, 3–1. This marked the second postseason meeting between the Phillies and Rockies in three seasons; the Rockies swept the Phillies in the 2007 NLDS. The Dodgers and Cardinals last met in the postseason during the 2004 NLDS, which the Cardinals won 3–1. The Dodgers and Phillies won their respective series—the Dodgers three games to none and the Phillies three games to one. The Phillies defeated the Dodgers in the NLCS by a series score of 4–1, and lost the 2009 World Series to the American League champion New York Yankees, 4–2. Matchups Los Angeles Dodgers vs. St. Louis Cardinals Philadelphia Phillies vs. Colorado Rockies Los Angeles vs. St. Louis Game 1 Neither team's starting pitcher was particularly effective in the series opener; however, neither team's offense was able to capitalize, as this game set an MLB postseason record for runners left on base combined between the two teams, with 30. Los Angeles starter Randy Wolf loaded the bases with no outs in the first inning, but allowed just one run on Ryan Ludwick's one-out single. In the bottom half of the inning, St. Louis starter Chris Carpenter gave up a two-run home run to Matt Kemp, giving the Dodgers a lead they would never relinquish. In the third, they put runners on first and second on a walk and hit-by-pitch before Casey Blake's RBI single put them up 3–1. The Cardinals cut the lead back to one in the fourth when Colby Rasmus drew a leadoff walk, moved to second on a groundout and scored on Skip Schumaker's double. In the fifth, Rafael Furcal's sacrifice fly with runners on second and third made it 4–2 Dodgers. Next inning, Kyle McClellan hit Russell Martin with a pitch with the bases loaded to force in another run, charged to Dennys Reyes, for the Dodgers. In the top of the ninth, Jonathan Broxton allowed a one-out single to Ryan Ludwick, who scored on Mark DeRosa's two-out double, before striking out Rick Ankiel looking to end the game and give the Dodgers a 1–0 series lead. Los Angeles slugger Manny Ramirez was held to 1-for-4 with one walk, while St. Louis slugger Albert Pujols was 0-for-3 with two intentional walks. The game ran 3:54 which made it the longest nine-inning postseason game in history: however, the record was broken four days later by the Rockies and Phillies. Game 2 In an amazing",
"title": "2009 National League Division Series"
}
] | [
"2008"
] |
train_25845 | where did the revolution begin in the austrian empire ( 1848 ) | [
{
"docid": "48817126",
"text": "The Serb uprising of 1848–49, also known as the Serb revolution of 1848–49 and Serb People's Movement of 1848–49, took place in what is today Vojvodina, Serbia, and was part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire. During the Hungarian Revolution, Hungarians achieved significant military successes, but were defeated after Russian intervention. Serbs led fierce battles against the Hungarians for autonomy or merge with the help of volunteers from the Principality of Serbia. The outcome of the uprising was the establishment of Serbian Vojvodina (then Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar), a special autonomous region under the Austrian crown. However, the Voivodeship failed certain expectations that Serbian patriots had expressed at the May Assembly (1848). Serbs did not constitute an absolute majority of the population, while the administration was largely in the hands of German officials and officers. The Voivodeship was abolished in 1860, however, some rights were kept by the Serb community. The Serbian Patriarchate was renewed, while the uprising had increased national awareness of the Serb people north of the Sava and Danube in the struggle for freedom. Background The autocratic methods of chancellor Metternich turned the Austrian Empire into a police state. It systematically suppressed any open-minded movement that would in some way undermined the blessed order. Metternich was conservative by nature and by conviction. The Austrian Empire, made up of various nationalities, was a remnant of the old political conjuncture and it had hard to get used to the new time. In the 16th century there were still various small nations and states connected to Austria, which halted the larger community to better successfully resist the Ottoman threat. However, after the suppression of the Ottomans the needs of a centralized state disappeared. In its place, the awakening of national consciousness from the beginning of the 19th century, the Austrian community had increasingly aspired to enter into the framework of national states. The Italians, until then scattered, began to work on their national unification; the same movement occurred in the Germans. In both nations the realization of these plans could be achieved only at the expense of the estates of the Austrian Empire and the prestige of the Habsburg dynasty. Even then, in the mid-19th century, there was a lot of worries in Vienna that a free Serbian state in the Balkans could become an attractive point for its South Slavic subjects. The whole movement to strengthen mutual Slavic bonds, dubbed Pan-Slavism, was viewed with much suspicion as a pure political action under the leadership of Russia and with a view that it would ultimately serve her. The nationalist activity of Hungarians, very lively and impulsive in the first half of the 19th century, gradually received the character of a national struggle for full independence from Vienna. There was fighting on all sides. Metternich was aware of this, and as his only means for maintaining the state, he clamped down on the rebels. He did not manage to do anything notable to channel the",
"title": "Serb uprising of 1848–49"
},
{
"docid": "274048",
"text": "The German revolutions of 1848–1849 (), the opening phase of which was also called the March Revolution (), were initially part of the Revolutions of 1848 that broke out in many European countries. They were a series of loosely coordinated protests and rebellions in the states of the German Confederation, including the Austrian Empire. The revolutions, which stressed pan-Germanism, demonstrated popular discontent with the traditional, largely autocratic political structure of the thirty-nine independent states of the Confederation that inherited the German territory of the former Holy Roman Empire after its dismantlement as a result of the Napoleonic Wars. This process began in the mid-1840s. The middle-class elements were committed to liberal principles, while the working class sought radical improvements to their working and living conditions. As the middle class and working class components of the Revolution split, the conservative aristocracy defeated it. Liberals were forced into exile to escape political persecution, where they became known as Forty-Eighters. Many emigrated to the United States, settling from Wisconsin to Texas. Events leading up to the revolutions The groundwork of the 1848 uprising was laid as early as the Hambacher Fest of 1832, when public unrest began to grow in the face of heavy taxation and political censorship. The Hambacher Fest is also noteworthy for the Republicans adopting the black-red-gold colours used on today's national flag of Germany as a symbol of the Republican movement and of the unity among the German-speaking people. Activism for liberal reforms spread through many of the German states, each of which had distinct revolutions. They were also inspired by the street demonstrations in Paris, France, led by workers and artisans which took place through 22 to 24 February, 1848, and resulted in the abdication of King Louis-Philippe of France and his exile to Britain. In France the revolution of 1848 became known as the February Revolution. The revolutions spread from France across Europe; demonstrations against the government erupted soon thereafter in both Austria and Germany, beginning with large protests on 13 March 1848, in Vienna. This resulted in the resignation of Prince von Metternich as chief minister to Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, and his going into exile in Britain. Because of the date of the Vienna demonstrations, the protests throughout Germany are usually called the March Revolution (). Afraid of suffering the same fate as Louis-Philippe of France, some of the German monarchs acquiesced to the demands of the revolutionaries, at least temporarily. In the south and west, large popular assemblies and mass demonstrations took place. They demanded freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, written constitutions, arming of the people and a Parliament. Austria In 1848, Austria was the predominant German state. After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved by Napoleon in 1806, it was succeeded by a similarly loose coalition of states known as the German Confederation at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Austria served as President ex officio of this confederation. The (German) Austrian chancellor Klemens von",
"title": "German revolutions of 1848–1849"
},
{
"docid": "22068647",
"text": "May Assembly () was the national assembly of the Serbs in Austrian Empire, held on 1 and 3 (O.S.) [13 and 15 (N.S.)] May 1848 in Sremski Karlovci, during which the Serbs proclaimed autonomous Serbian Vojvodina. This action was later recognized by the supreme Austrian authority in Vienna. The May Assembly was part of the European Revolutions of 1848. Prelude After news of the Paris revolution of 1848 reached the Austrian Empire, the absolutist reign of Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich was weakened. At this time the regions of Banat, Bačka and Syrmia were administratively divided between the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary (in the north) and the Habsburg Military Frontier (in the south). A sizeable percent of the Austrian soldiers serving on the Military Frontier were ethnic Serbs, who protected Austrian borders in exchange for certain political freedoms that they were able to enjoy within the frontier, whose administration functioned independently from the county-system of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. After the outbreak of the revolution in the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary on 15 March 1848, the new government of the kingdom refused to accept the Serbs' request for recognition of their national rights, taking a stance that all citizens of the Kingdom of Hungary are Hungarians. Serbs, whose national rights and freedoms were previously regulated within the Habsburg monarchy saw the Hungarian position as a degradation of their status. After the initial Serb political demands for recognition of their national rights were rejected by the new government of the Kingdom of Hungary, Serb demands became more radical and the Serb national movement turned against the new revolutionary government of the Kingdom of Hungary. Assembly Realizing that Hungarian revolutionary leaders are not willing to recognize national rights of the Serbs, political leaders of the Serbs decided to hold an assembly on which a separate Serb voivodeship within Austrian Empire would be proclaimed. Assembly was held on 1–3 May 1848 in Sremski Karlovci (a town within the Habsburg Military Frontier). The beginning of the May Assembly was declared from the balcony of Sremski Karlovci City Hall. The assembly proclaimed a creation of Serbian Vojvodina and its political alliance with the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. During the assembly, Serbian Orthodox Metropolitan Josif Rajačić was elevated to the dignity of the Serbian patriarch (a title formerly held by Arsenije Čarnojević) while Stevan Šupljikac was declared for a Voivode (duke) of the newly formed voivodeship. Đorđe Stratimirović was elected for the Vožd (leader of Serb national movement). The decisions of the Assembly The assembly officially adopted the following decisions: Serb nation is politically free and independent under the House of Austria and general Hungarian crown. We proclaiming Serbian Vojvodina, which includes Syrmia with the Frontier, Baranja, Bačka with the Bečej District and the Šajkaš Battalion, Banat with the Frontier and the Kikinda District. Serbian Vojvodina forming the political alliance with the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. Permanent People's Board is formed, as an executive body of the People's Assembly.",
"title": "May Assembly"
},
{
"docid": "53679395",
"text": "The Old Czech Party (, officially National Party, Národní strana) was formed in the Kingdom of Bohemia and Bohemian Crown Lands of Austrian Empire in Revolution Year of 1848. They initiated Czech national program, forming of modern national through Czech National Revival and better position of Bohemia within the Habsburg Monarchy. An important event in the history of the party were split of Young Czech wing of the party, in 1874 formed Young Czech Party led by Karel Sladkovský. Background The 1848 Revolutions, starting in Sicily before spreading to the rest of Europe, led to the formation of the first Czech political parties in the Austrian Empire. Upon the resignation of State Chancellor Klemens von Metternich, the new Austrian government under Prime Minister Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky finally ceded to the provisional Bohemian \"national assembly\" (Svatováclavský výbor roku 1848) the right to hold elections for a Landtag parliament in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Though initially backed by the Austrian governor Count Leopold von Thun und Hohenstein, the attempt failed due to disagreement with Moravian and Austrian Silesian representatives as well as the resistance of the German-speaking minority. In June 1848 the Prague Slavic Congress, led by the historian František Palacký, who had rejected his mandate to the Frankfurt Parliament, demanded a federation of the Austrian states and the withdrawal from the German Confederation. The succeeding \"Whitsun Riot\" from 12 to 17 June 1848 aimed at the independence of the \"Czech lands\" of Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia, similar to the Hungarian Revolution; it was crushed by Austrian troops under Field Marshal Prince Alfred I of Windisch-Grätz. The Czech people were given a taste of freedom of assembly and government only to experience defeat, which was completed with the failed Vienna Uprising and the dissolution of the Kremsier Parliament in 1849. Despite this defeat and its implications, the 1848 experience boosted ethnic nationalism in the Habsburg lands, and activists looked upon the Czech National Revival with pride. As a result of the failed revolution, in 1851 the decreed March Constitution was abolished and a non-constitutional system was put in place under Interior Minister Baron Alexander von Bach, deemed \"Bachist neo-absolutism\". After the defeat of Austria in the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria was forced to revoke absolutist policies in an attempt to pacify internal dissent by means of the October Diploma which included the implementation of an Imperial Council parliament. Immediately, a Czech National Party (Národní strana, \"Old Czech\" party) was formed under the guidance of František Palacký and his son-in-law, František Ladislav Rieger. The National Party sought to achieve a large measure of political and cultural autonomy for the Czech people within a federated Austria. The February Patent of 1861 from Interior Minister Anton von Schmerling marked an abrupt reversion to centralized ideas applied to the Czech lands. Imperial recognition of an autonomous Bohemian kingdom did not come to pass despite continued efforts by the National Party to receive formal",
"title": "Old Czech Party"
},
{
"docid": "15988066",
"text": "The U.S. Embassy in Austria is located in Vienna. Since 2023, the United States Ambassador to Austria is Victoria Reggie Kennedy. The Austrian Embassy in the U.S. is located in Washington, D.C. Currently, the position of the Austrian Ambassador to the United States is Petra Schneebauer. History History of relations prior to World War I The Archduchy of Austria never held any colonies in the Americas. Nevertheless, a few Austrians did settle in what would become the United States prior to the 19th Century, including a group of fifty families from Salzburg, exiled for being Lutherans in a predominantly Catholic state, who established their own community in Ebenezer, Georgia in 1734. Austria stayed neutral during the American Revolutionary War, eventually joining the First League of Armed Neutrality, a league of European states organized by Catherine the Great of Russia during the war to protect neutral shipping, which was often under the threat of being seized or interrupted by the Royal Navy. Austria, as the epicenter of an empire ruled by a monarch, was initially reluctant to support the American Revolution, given that the goal of the revolution was to liberate a group of colonies from the tyrannical rule of a foreign monarch. The Continental Congress had tried to establish diplomatic relations in 1777 by sending William Lee to Vienna, but the Austrian government did not officially receive him. Eventually, Austria did officially recognize the United States as an independent country when, in 1797, Conrad Frederick Wagner was accepted as U.S. Consul at Trieste. U.S. diplomats to Austria served in the Habsburg-held cities of Trieste and Venice before an American consulate was established in Vienna on October 10, 1829 (followed by the establishment of a U.S. legation in Vienna headed by Henry A.P. Muhlenberg in 1838, with the elevation to embassy status occurring in 1902). The United States and the Austrian Empire signed a treaty regarding commerce and navigation in 1829. An Austrian legation headed by Baron de Mareschal arrived in Washington, D.C. in 1838. Serious strains occurred in the relations between the two countries as a result of the Revolutions of 1848. Professor Stephen Tuffnell states: In its frequent and blundering breaches of etiquette with the Habsburgs, American domestic politics were, as ever, catalytic. Thus, as national-separatist revolutions broke open across the European continent in 1848, ebullient support of Lajos Kossuth and the Hungarian 48ers in the United States drove Washington and Vienna into conflict. Pro-Hungarian fervour in the Senate and Democratic press, stoked by Lewis Cass; State Department flirtation with the recognition of Hungarian independence in the Taylor and Fillmore Presidencies; and, finally, the latter's 1851 'rescue' of Kossuth from the Ottoman Empire on board the USS Mississippi precipitated a breach in relations. Only the death of Daniel Webster, a major opponent of reconciliation, averted the crisis. Both Austria-Hungary and the United States were part of the Eight-Nation Alliance that intervened in the Boxer Rebellion in China from 1899 to 1901. Over two million people from the Austro-Hungarian Empire",
"title": "Austria–United States relations"
},
{
"docid": "1379325",
"text": "The Vienna Uprising or October Revolution (, or ) of October 1848 was the last uprising in the Austrian Revolution of 1848. On 6 October 1848, as the troops of the Austrian Empire were preparing to leave Vienna to suppress the Hungarian Revolution, a crowd sympathetic to the Hungarian cause (of workers, students and mutinous soldiers) tried to prevent them from leaving. The incident escalated into violent street battles; blood was spilt in Saint Stephen's Cathedral and Count Baillet von Latour, the Austrian Minister of War, was lynched by the crowd. The commander of the Vienna garrison, Count Auersperg, was obliged to evacuate the city, but he entrenched himself in a strong position outside it. On 7 October, Emperor Ferdinand I fled with his court to Olmütz under the protection of Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz. Two weeks later, the Austrian Parliament was moved to Kremsier. On 26 October, under the command of General Windisch-Grätz and Count Josip Jelačić, the Austrian and Croatian armies started a bombardment of Vienna, and they stormed the city centre on the 31st. The defence was led by the Polish General Józef Bem. Except for him, who managed to escape, all the leaders of the resistance were executed in the days following—including Wenzel Messenhauser, the journalist Alfred Julius Becher, Hermann Jellinek and the Radical member of parliament Robert Blum, even though he had parliamentary immunity. The gains of the March Revolution were largely lost, and Austria began a phase of both reactionary authoritarianism—\"neo-absolutism\"—but also liberal reform. See also Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas Academic Legion (Vienna) Notes References Friedrich Engels, Revolution and counter-revolution in Germany, Chapter XI: \"The Vienna October Uprising\" and Chapter XII: \"The storming of Vienna - the betrayal of Vienna\" Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire 1848 in the Austrian Empire 19th century in Vienna Military history of Vienna",
"title": "Vienna Uprising"
},
{
"docid": "274047",
"text": "The Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire were a set of revolutions that took place in the Austrian Empire from March 1848 to November 1849. Much of the revolutionary activity had a nationalist character: the Empire, ruled from Vienna, included ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Poles, Bohemians (Czechs), Ruthenians (Ukrainians), Slovenes, Slovaks, Romanians, Croats, Italians, and Serbs; all of whom attempted in the course of the revolution to either achieve autonomy, independence, or even hegemony over other nationalities. The nationalist picture was further complicated by the simultaneous events in the German states, which moved toward greater German national unity. Besides these nationalists, liberal, and even socialist currents resisted the Empire's longstanding conservatism. Background The events of 1848 were the product of mounting social and political tensions after the Congress of Vienna of 1815. During the \"pre-March\" period, the already conservative Austrian Empire moved further away from ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, restricted freedom of the press, limited many university activities, and banned fraternities. Social and political conflict Conflicts between debtors and creditors in agricultural production as well as over land use rights in parts of Hungary led to conflicts that occasionally erupted into violence. Conflict over organized religion was pervasive in pre-1848 Europe. Tension came both from within Catholicism and between members of different confessions. These conflicts were often mixed with conflict with the state. Important for the revolutionaries were state conflicts including the armed forces and collection of taxes. As 1848 approached, the revolutions the Empire crushed to maintain longstanding conservative minister Klemens Wenzel von Metternich's Concert of Europe left the empire nearly bankrupt and in continual need of soldiers. Draft commissions led to brawls between soldiers and civilians. All of this further agitated the peasantry, who resented their remaining feudal obligations. Despite lack of freedom of the press and association, there was a flourishing liberal German culture among students and those educated in German universities. They published pamphlets and newspapers discussing education and language; the need for basic liberal reforms was assumed. These middle class liberals largely understood and accepted that forced labor is not efficient, and that the Empire should adopt a wage labor system. The question was how to institute such reforms. Notable liberal clubs of the time in Vienna included the Legal-Political Reading Club (established 1842) and Concordia Society (1840). They, like the Lower Austrian Manufacturers' Association (1840) were part of a culture that criticized Metternich's government from the city's coffeehouses, salons, and even stages, but prior to 1848 their demands had not even extended to constitutionalism or freedom of assembly, let alone republicanism. They had merely advocated relaxed censorship, freedom of religion, economic freedoms, and, above all, a more competent administration. They were opposed to outright popular sovereignty and the universal franchise. More to the left was a radicalized, impoverished intelligentsia. Educational opportunities in 1840s Austria had far outstripped employment opportunities for the educated. Industrial revolution The industrial revolution, which spread to Austria in the 1840s, has been cited as a key factor leading",
"title": "Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire"
},
{
"docid": "22800095",
"text": "The Triune Kingdom () or Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia () was the concept—advocated by the leaders of the 19th-century Croatian national revival—of a united kingdom between Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, which were already within the Austrian Empire under one king, who was also the Emperor of Austria, but were politically and administratively separate entities. This concept had roots in the high medieval period, as a successor to the historical Kingdom of Croatia which was made up of those regions. After 1867, Croatia and Slavonia were within the Hungarian half of Austria-Hungary and were united in 1868 as the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, where the name Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia became official. However, Dalmatia, being located in the Austrian half, still remained de facto separate. Until the end of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, several Croatian political parties and groups sought recognition of the Triune Kingdom and the incorporation of Dalmatia into Croatia-Slavonia. The Croatian intelligentsia, especially lawyers and historians, played a key role in interpreting historical sources so as to legitimize the demand for the Triune Kingdom. History The unification among the three Kingdoms started gaining popularity in the 14th century and was originally used in the title of the Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia in the medieval Croatian Kingdom. The first usage of the term Triune Kingdom was in 1527 by the Habsburgs, to make the title of the Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia seem grander, this can be seen in titles given to Krsto Frankopan, as well as other examples from 1527. In 1895 Ivan Bojničić, a member of the Croatian Independent People's Party, wrote about this, saying the recognition of the Triune Kingdom was their primary goal. The Croatian Sabor was, in 1681, officially named the Congregatio Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae Later In the 18th century, Maria Theresa founded the Royal Council for the Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia. However, only in the early 19th century, in parallel with the demands for the unification of the three Croatian Kingdoms and modern nation building, did the use of the name \"Triune Kingdom\" intensify. Prior to 1848, the Croatians had claimed territories which had been contested by both the Hungarians and the Vienna Court War Council within the Austrian Empire, and also by the Ottoman Empire. During the Revolutions of 1848, Croatian nationalists in the Sabor proposed the unification of the Triune Kingdom, which would be an autonomous Croatian cultural and political union within the Habsburg Empire. Political representatives of Croatia advocated the notion to the Emperor, and demanded the unification of the three Croatian kingdoms. During the revolutions, Dalmatia was temporarily under the control of Ban Josip Jelačić of Croatia. However, the Italian-speaking elite dominating the Diet of Dalmatia urged autonomy for the Kingdom as an Austrian crown land against the Croatian national revival movement's demand for a Triune Kingdom. Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868, the Hungarian claims on Slavonia and the Austrian claims on the Military",
"title": "Triune Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "2905140",
"text": "Felix Ludwig Johann Friedrich, Prince of Schwarzenberg (; ; 2 October 1800 – 5 April 1852) was a Bohemian nobleman and an Austrian statesman who restored the Austrian Empire as a European great power following the Revolutions of 1848. He served as Minister-President of the Austrian Empire and Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire from 1848 to 1852. Life Felix was born at Český Krumlov Castle () in Bohemia, the second son of Prince Joseph of Schwarzenberg (1769–1833) and his wife Pauline of Arenberg. The House of Schwarzenberg was one of the most influential Bohemian noble families; his elder brother Prince Johann Adolf II of Schwarzenberg later initiated the building of the Emperor Franz Joseph Railway line from Vienna to Plzeň (Pilsen), while Felix' younger brother Frederick became Archbishop of Salzburg in 1835 and Archbishop of Prague in 1849. The nephew of Prince Karl Philipp of Schwarzenberg (1771–1820), commander of the Austrian armies in the last phases of the Napoleonic wars, Schwarzenberg after a short military interlude entered the diplomatic service, where he became a protégé of State Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich and served in several Austrian embassies at Saint Petersburg, London, Paris, Turin, and Naples. During his time as a London attaché in 1828 he had an affair with Jane Digby, whom he deserted after causing her then-husband – Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough – to divorce her, and making her pregnant. This episode led to the nickname of \"Prince of Cadland\" being applied to him in London. Upon the outbreak of the 1848 Revolutions, he rushed to the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia to join Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky defeating the Italian rebel forces of King Charles Albert of Sardinia in Milan. For his role as a close advisor to Radetzky, as well as his status as brother-in-law to Marshal Prince Alfred of Windisch-Grätz, who had suppressed the Czech \"Whitsun Riot\" in Prague and the Vienna Uprising in October, Schwarzenberg was appointed Austrian minister-president—the sixth within a year—and foreign minister on 21 November 1848. In these offices, which he both held until his premature death, his first step was to secure the replacement of incapacitated Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria by his nephew Francis Joseph. After heir presumptive Archduke Franz Karl had renounced the succession, Ferdinand abdicated in Olomouc on December 2. Schwarzenberg formed a new government with conservative politicians like Interior Minister Count Franz von Stadion but also liberal allies like Baron Alexander von Bach, Karl Ludwig von Bruck and Anton von Schmerling as well as the Bohemian federalist Education Minister Count Leopold von Thun und Hohenstein. Learning from Metternich's fate, Schwarzenberg was determined not only to fight, but overcome revolution. Against the perceptions in the Frankfurt Parliament concerning the German question, he advocated the idea of an Austrian-German federation, including all Austrian crown lands in and outside the German Confederation. He delegitimized the Frankfurt assembly by recalling the Austrian delegates and preempted the federalist ideas of the Austrian Kremsier Parliament with the promulgation of the",
"title": "Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg"
},
{
"docid": "20666639",
"text": "Theodor Franz, Count of Baillet von Latour (15 June 17806 October 1848) was an Austrian soldier and statesman. As the Imperial Minister of War, he was killed by a mob at the beginning of the Vienna Uprising. Biography Latour was born at Linz the son of Count Maximilian Anton Karl Baillet de Latour (17371806), a Feldmarschall-Leutnant in Austrian service during the Revolutionary Wars of Walloon descent. After a military and engineering training at the Theresian Military Academy, he entered the corps of engineers in 1799 and became a member of the general staff of the Austrian Imperial and Royal Army in 1804. Latour took part in various military campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars in which he distinguished himself and was highly decorated. During European Restoration he filled an array of leadership roles in the military ranks up to a Feldzeugmeister, and in addition served as the head of the military commission attached to the Bundesversammlung (assembly) of the German Confederation at Frankfurt, contributed to the design of the fortifications at Rastatt, and finally was director of engineering. In the Revolutions of 1848 he was called to head the war ministry in the cabinet of Minister-President Count Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont, whose direction he saw to without regard to his advanced years. A distinct asserter of conservatism, his efforts especially sought to give the public no cause for unrest. Faced with the Hungarian Revolution, Latour backed the loyal forces of Ban Josip Jelačić and arranged troops to second his campaign. These efforts sparked the Vienna Uprising: On 6 October 1848 a crowd of students, workers and mutinous soldiers forcibly tried to prevent the troops marching off. In the following street fights, an outraged mob sought Latour out in the war ministry and lynched him. References “Latour, Theodor Franz, Graf Baillet von” in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Band 18 (Leipzig, 1883), S. 16–17. Carl Schurz, Reminiscences (3 volumes), New York: The McClure Company, 1907. In Chapter VI of Volume I, Schurz recalls Latour's assassination: “minister of war, Count Latour, was hanged to a lamp-post by an infuriated crowd.” 1780 births 1848 deaths 19th-century Austrian people Austrian soldiers People of the Revolutions of 1848 Counts of Baillet-Latour Assassinated Austrian politicians Austrian Empire commanders of the Napoleonic Wars Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa Politicians from Linz Military personnel from Linz Politicians assassinated in the 1840s",
"title": "Theodor Franz, Count Baillet von Latour"
},
{
"docid": "25371927",
"text": "The Battle of Schwechat was a battle in the Hungarian war of Independence of 1848-1849, fought on 30 October 1848 between the revolutionary Hungarian Army led by Lieutenant General János Móga against the army of the Austrian Empire led by Lieutenant General Josip Jelačić, at Schwechat, near Vienna. This was the last battle of 1848 in the Transdanubian campaign. The Hungarian Army wanted to relieve the revolutionaries from Vienna, besieged by the Austrian imperial army, but they were defeated. Vienna fell on the next day. Background After the retreat of the Croatian troops to the Hungarian-Austrian border which followed the Battle of Pákozd, Jelačić was preparing for another attack, so he stopped at Moson. Here he wanted to wait for reinforcements from Upper Hungary and Vienna, and here he was informed that the Austrian Emperor, having received the news of the killing by the Hungarian mob from Pest of the royal commissioner and commander-in-chief of the armed forces named by the Austrian government, Count Franz Philipp von Lamberg, but not yet of Jelačić's failure at Pákozd, the king Ferdinand V. of Hungary dissolved the Hungarian Parliament on 3 October and appointed him the Hungarian King's Commissioner plenipotentiary and commander-in-chief of the armed forces of Hungary. On 6 October, however, another revolution broke out in Vienna, which also claimed the life of Jelačić's main advisor, the Austrian Minister of War Theodor Franz, Count Baillet von Latour. Thus, now Jelačić was left without support, and retreated quickly from Hungary. By mid-October, the whole of Transdanubia was back in Hungarian hands, and the most important forts and fortresses in the western part of the country, Komárom, Lipótvár and Eszék, were secured. And on 7 October, the popular insurgents led by Artur Görgei and Mór Perczel forced the Croatian corps led by Lieutenant General Franz Karl von Roth to surrender at Ozora, which completed the defeat of the Croatian invasion. The news of the royal manifesto of 3 October - issued right at the moment of Jelačić's flight - helped most of the former officers of the K.u.K. to commit themselves to the Hungarian cause. And the Vienna Revolution also came at the right time, paralyzing the \"command center\" of the unfolding military counter-revolution for weeks. After the battle of Pákozd, Lieutenant General János Móga, the Hungarian commander, sent his troops in pursuit of Jelačić. The outbreak of the Vienna Revolution meant that Jelačić's army could not count on any support for some time. On receiving the news of the Vienna revolution, the government commissioner of the Hungarian army in Győr, László Csány, commented: \"God grant that it may be true. We here with our troops are enthusiastic\". After the Vienna Revolution, it seemed natural that the Hungarian army would rush to the aid of Vienna. But there were strong military and political arguments against crossing the border. Jelačić's army had been significantly changed by the beginning of October. His cavalry was reinforced and his valueless militia troops, which, due to their lack of",
"title": "Battle of Schwechat"
},
{
"docid": "7811134",
"text": "The Young Czech Party (, officially National Liberal Party, Národní strana svobodomyslná) was formed in the Bohemian crown land of Austria-Hungary in 1874. It initiated the democratization of Czech political parties and led to the establishment of the political base of Czechoslovakia. Background The 1848 Revolutions, starting in Sicily before spreading to the rest of Europe, led to the formation of the first Czech political parties in the Austrian Empire. Upon the resignation of State Chancellor Klemens von Metternich, the new Austrian government under Prime Minister Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky finally ceded to the provisional Bohemian \"national assembly\" (Svatováclavský výbor roku 1848) the right to hold elections for a Landtag parliament in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Though initially backed by the Austrian governor Count Leopold von Thun und Hohenstein, the attempt failed due to disagreement with Moravian and Austrian Silesian representatives as well as the resistance of the German-speaking minority. In June 1848 the Prague Slavic Congress, led by the historian František Palacký, who had rejected his mandate to the Frankfurt Parliament, demanded a federation of the Austrian states and the withdrawal from the German Confederation. The succeeding \"Whitsun Riot\" from 12 to 17 June 1848 aimed at the independence of the \"Czech lands\" of Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia, similar to the Hungarian Revolution; it was crushed by Austrian troops under Field Marshal Prince Alfred I of Windisch-Grätz. The Czech people were given a taste of freedom of assembly and government only to experience defeat, which was completed with the failed Vienna Uprising and the dissolution of the Kremsier Parliament in 1849. Despite this defeat and its implications, the 1848 experience boosted ethnic nationalism in the Habsburg lands, and activists looked upon the Czech National Revival with pride. As a result of the failed revolution, in 1851 the decreed March Constitution was abolished and a non-constitutional system was put in place under Interior Minister Baron Alexander von Bach, deemed \"Bachist neo-absolutism\". Yet by 1860, due to the lost Second Italian War of Independence, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria was forced to revoke absolutist policies with the October Diploma in an attempt to pacify internal dissent, including the implementation of an Imperial Council parliament. Immediately, a Czech National Party (Národní strana, \"Old Czech\" party) was formed under the guidance of František Palacký and his son-in-law, František Ladislav Rieger. The National Party sought to achieve a large measure of political and cultural autonomy for the Czech people within a federated Austria. Yet, with the February Patent of 1861 by Interior Minister Anton von Schmerling, an abrupt reversion to centralized ideas spread once again throughout the Czech lands. Imperial recognition of an autonomous Bohemian kingdom did not come to pass despite continued efforts by the National Party to receive formal recognition of their autonomy. Nationalities assigned to second class status by the constitutional arrangements of the monarchy in the 1860s could do no more than work for reform within the oppressive and bureaucratic framework of the dual monarchy. Action",
"title": "Young Czech Party"
},
{
"docid": "22577563",
"text": "Lovro Toman (10 August 1827 – 15 August 1870) was a Slovene Romantic nationalist revolutionary activist during the Revolution of 1848, known as the person who in Ljubljana, at the Wolf Street 8, raised the Slovene tricolor for the first time in history in response to a German flag raised on top of the Ljubljana Castle. Later he helped founding one of the first Slovene publishing houses, the Slovenska matica. He was a Slovene national conservative politician and member of the Austrian Parliament. Together with Janez Bleiweis and Etbin Henrik Costa, he was part of the leadership of the Old Slovene party. Life He was born in a wealthy entrepreneurial family in the Upper Carniolan village of Kamna Gorica, in what was then the Austrian Empire, present-day Slovenia. After graduating from the classical lyceum in Ljubljana in 1845, he enrolled at the University of Vienna, where he studied law. During his student years, he became influenced by Romantic nationalist ideas. He rose to prominence as a political activist during the Revolution of 1848. In April 1848, he was among the students who first raised the Slovenian flag in the center of Ljubljana. After the revolution, he continued his studies and graduated from the University of Graz. In 1853, he married the poet Josipina Urbančič Turnograjska, who came from one of the wealthiest families in Carniola. The two lived in Graz until her early death in 1854. He died in Rondaun near Vienna, and was buried in his native village of Kamna Gorica. Political career After his wife's death he moved to Radovljica, where he worked as a lawyer. In 1861, he was elected to the Austrian Parliament. In the 1860s, he became one of the most powerful leaders of the conservative Old Slovene party, together with Janez Bleiweis, Luka Svetec, and Etbin Henrik Costa. He was also considered among the most popular Slovene politicians in the 19th century. He was known for his vigorous temperament and for his many public functions. Among other things, he was the founder of the Slovenska matica publishing house and served as its first chairman. His overwhelming influence in the political decision-making in the Slovene National Movement was frequently criticized by his opponents, who sometimes mockingly referred to Carniola as \"Tomania\". Controversies In 1867, he was involved in a scandal around the construction of the railway line between Ljubljana and Tarvisio. He was accused by his opponents of having sold out his vote in favour of the Austro-Hungarian compromise, which he had previously opposed, in order to achieve the license for the construction of the railway line. These charges were probably unsubstantiated. References 1827 births 1870 deaths People from the Municipality of Radovljica Slovenian Roman Catholics Old Slovenes politicians Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1861–1867) Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1867–1870) Members of the Diet of the Duchy of Carniola Lawyers from the Austrian Empire Carniolan lawyers University of Vienna alumni University of Graz alumni",
"title": "Lovro Toman"
},
{
"docid": "5936617",
"text": "Franz Stadion, Graf von Warthausen (27 July 1806 – 8 June 1853), was an Austrian nobleman and a statesman, who served the Austrian Empire during the 1840s. Early life Franz was born in Vienna, into the Stadion-Warthausen line of the House of Stadion, as a son of the Austrian diplomat Count Johann Philipp von Stadion-Warthausen and his wife and cousin, Countess Maria Anna von Stadion-Thannhausen (1777-1841). Biography From 1841 he was Governor of the Austrian Littoral (with its capital at Trieste), from 1847 to 1848 Governor of Galicia (where he freed the peasants from labor duties), and from 1848 to 1849 he was Interior Minister and Minister of Education. He advocated constitutional government, decreed the Imposed March Constitution in March 1849 which was never enacted, and in 1849 promulgated the Gemeinde (municipality) legislation that granted governmental autonomy to all municipalities in the Austrian empire. Lewis Namier, in 1848: The Revolution of the Intellectuals (p. 18), calls him \"one of the most enlightened and efficient Austrian administrators.\" External links AEIOU | Franz Stadion, Graf von Warthausen Bibliography R. Hirsch, Franz Graf Stadion (Vienna, 1861). Rudolph Mattausch, \"Franz Graf Stadion (1806-1853)\" in Neue österreichische Biographie ab 1815: grosse Österreicher, vol. XIV (Zurich-Leipzig-Vienna, 1960), pp. 62-73. 1806 births 1853 deaths Politicians from the Austrian Empire Politicians from Vienna Counts of Austria Governors of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Knights of Malta",
"title": "Franz Stadion, Count von Warthausen"
},
{
"docid": "29043042",
"text": "Johann \"Hans\" Kudlich (Americanized as John; October 23, 1823 – November 10, 1917) was an Austrian political activist, Austrian legislator, American immigrant, writer, and physician. Early life Kudlich was born in Úvalno (that time called Lobenstein) near Opava in Upper Silesia, Austrian Empire (today the Czech Republic) on October 23, 1823, in to a peasant family. Political life He is noted for being a leader of the revolutionary movement to end the feudal policies of the Austrian Empire under Ferdinand I of Austria. From the 1700s, the empire had enforced a decree known as the Robot Patent which required farmers to serve an annual quota of labor without compensation to the noble landowners. Kudlich was elected to the Austrian Reichstag (parliament) in early 1848 at the age of 25. He introduced a bill to abolish forced servitude and the bill was approved by the legislature. He was popularly titled as the , meaning the liberator of peasant farmers from the involuntary servitude of serfdom. The parliament was dissolved by force on March 7, 1849, when the rebellion that had briefly taken control of Vienna was crushed. Kudlich up to the time of the dissolution of the parliament had worked to rally support for the revolution. After the dissolution of the parliament he fled first to Germany and then to Switzerland. After his political career, Kudlich obtained a medical degree in Bern and Zurich. He left Switzerland in 1853, emigrated to the United States, and settled in Hoboken, New Jersey. He worked as a medical doctor, and co-founded the Hoboken Academy in 1861, a German-American school (later merged with the Stevens Preparatory School, later Stevens Academy, which ceased in 1974). Death Kudlich died November 11, 1917, in Hoboken, New Jersey, US. In 1925 the ashes of him and his wife, Louisa Kudlich (née Vogt) were interred in the Mausoleum at the base of the Hans Kudlich Observation Tower. The tower is located in Úvalno (Kudlich's birthplace) in what is now the Czech Republic. Books by Hans Kudlich , (Retrospectives and Memories of Hans Kudlich, With the Author's Portrayals). 3 vols, Vienna-Leipzig-Budapest, 1873. (The Revolution of 1848). Litoměřice, 1913. See also Revolutions of 1848 References External links http://www.germanheritage.com/biographies/atol/kudlich.html http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/ip/kudlich.htm Hans Kudlich papers 1823 births 1917 deaths People from Bruntál District People from Austrian Silesia Silesian-German people Members of the Imperial Diet (Austria) 19th-century Austrian physicians Forty-Eighters Emigrants from the Austrian Empire to the United States Physicians from New Jersey University of Vienna alumni",
"title": "Hans Kudlich"
},
{
"docid": "33539103",
"text": "Parliamentary elections were held for the first time the Austrian section of the Austrian Empire in June 1848. This group of territories would in Austria-Hungary be referred to as Cisleithania. This happened after the Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas caused the Klemens von Metternich government to fall. The election followed the imposition of a new constitution on 25 April by Ferdinand I. The new Imperial Council first met in Vienna on 22 July, but was then relocated to Kremsier in Moravia due to fighting, after which it became known as the Kremsier Parliament. References Cisleithania Cisleithanian legislative elections Legislative Cisleithania Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire",
"title": "1848 Cisleithanian legislative election"
},
{
"docid": "32845684",
"text": "The Kremsier Constitution. also called Kremsier Draft (German: or ), was a draft constitution of the Austrian Empire drafted by the Kremsier Parliament from October 1848 to early March 1849. The Kremsier Parliament had moved from Vienna to Kremsier after the failed Vienna Uprising. It was preempted by the imposed March Constitution within days of its publication. Contents The Kremsier constitution had a compromise where the delegates agreed that the historical regions of the empire should remain, but that they should be further subdivided along ethnic boundaries. Another compromise would have allowed the monarch only a suspensive veto on legislation, whilst retaining control of the military and foreign policy. References Constitutions of the Austrian Empire 1849 in the Austrian Empire Constitutional history of Austria Revolutions of 1848 1849 documents",
"title": "Kremsier Constitution"
},
{
"docid": "24878360",
"text": "The \"German question\" was a debate in the 19th century, especially during the Revolutions of 1848, over the best way to achieve a unification of all or most lands inhabited by Germans. From 1815 to 1866, about 37 independent German-speaking states existed within the German Confederation. The (\"Greater German solution\") favored unifying all German-speaking peoples under one state, and was promoted by the Austrian Empire and its supporters. The (\"Lesser German solution\") sought to unify only the northern German states and did not include any part of Austria (either its German-inhabited areas or its areas dominated by other ethnic groups); this proposal was favored by the Kingdom of Prussia. The solutions are also referred to by the names of the states they proposed to create, and (\"Lesser Germany\" and \"Greater Germany\"). Both movements were part of a growing German nationalism. They also drew upon similar contemporary efforts to create a unified nation state of people who shared a common ethnicity and language, such as the Unification of Italy and the Serbian Revolution. During the Cold War, the term was repurposed to refer to the matters pertaining to the division, and re-unification, of Germany. Background Over the centuries, the loose German Holy Roman Empire had to cope with a continuous loss of authority to its constituent Imperial States. The disastrous Thirty Years' War proved especially detrimental to the Holy Roman Emperor's authority, as the mightiest two entities within it, the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Brandenburg-Prussia, evolved into rivalling European absolute powers with territory reaching far beyond Holy Roman Imperial borders. Meanwhile, the many small city-states splintered further. In the 18th century the Holy Roman Empire consisted of over a thousand separate territories governed by distinct authorities. This rivalry between Austria and Prussia resulted in the War of the Austrian Succession, and then outlasted the French Revolution and Napoleon's domination of Europe. Facing the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, the ruling House of Habsburg proclaimed the Austrian Empire in 1804. On August 6, 1806, Habsburg Emperor Francis II had abdicated the throne of the Holy Roman Empire in the course of the Napoleonic Wars with France. The 1815 restoration by the Final Act of the Vienna Congress established the German Confederation, which was not a nation but a commonwealth association of sovereign states on the territory of the former Holy Roman Empire. While a number of factors swayed allegiances in the debate, the most prominent was religion. The would have implied a dominant position for Catholic Austria, the largest and most powerful German state of the early 19th century. As a result, Catholics and Austria-friendly, mostly southern states usually favored . A unification of Germany led by Prussia would mean the domination of the new state by the Protestant House of Hohenzollern, a more palatable option to Protestant, mostly northern German states. Another complicating factor was the Austrian Empire's inclusion of a large number of non-Germans, such as Hungarians, Czechs, South Slavs, Italians, Poles, Ruthenians, Romanians and Slovaks. Additional complication was",
"title": "German question"
},
{
"docid": "3670870",
"text": "The lira austriaca (or lira; plural: lire) was the currency of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. History The lira was made of 4.33 grams of silver (with 9/10 of purity). Six lire were equal to the scudo which was equivalent to the Austrian Conventionsthaler, hence they had no relation to the former currencies the Venetian lira and the Milanese scudo. The lira was divided into 100 centesimi (cents). Coins were minted in Milan, Venice and Vienna. Due to the heavy consequences of the war, Austria was not able to immediately produce the new currency when it took possession of the territory in 1814. Hence the Napoleonic Italian lira continued to be a legal tender for eight years after the fall of its inventor. The first issue of the Austrian currency was possible only in 1822. The new lire had a lower value than their French-Italian predecessors, which weighed 5 grams. During the revolutions of 1848, the Lombard Provisional Government briefly suspended the production of the lira and minted instead a special 5 Italian lire coin. After the revolutions and the restoration of the Austrian monetary standard, copper coins were reduced in weight. For political purposes the name on these coins (the most popular in circulation) was changed from Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia to the Austrian Empire. When metropolitan Austria decimalized in 1857, the change did not immediately affected the Kingdom, where old lira austriaca were minted again in 1858. Only in 1862, after the loss of Lombardy to the newborn Italian State, did the remaining part of the Austrian territories adopt the general coinage of the Empire. The Lombardo-Venetian florin (equal to the Austro-Hungarian florin) became the basic unit of currency, and was divided in 100 soldi; only subunits were specifically produced for the Venetian province. Curiously on these coins, the word Lombardy–Venetia re-appeared, as a sign of revanchism for the lost Lombardy. Coins Copper coins 1 centesimo Weight: 1.75 grams Type 1852: 1.09 grams 3 centesimi Weight: 5.25 grams Type 1852: 3.28 grams 5 centesimi Weight: 8.75 grams Type 1852: 5.47 grams 10 centesimi Sole issue: 1852 Type 1852: 10.94 grams 15 centesimi Sole issue: 1852 Type 1852: 16.04 grams Silver coins lira Value: 25 cents Purity: 6/10 Weight: 1.62 grams lira Purity: 9/10 Weight: 2.17 grams 1 lira austriaca Purity: 9/10 Weight: 4.33 grams 1 fiorino Value: £3 Purity: 9/10 Weight: 12.99 grams 1 scudo Value: £6 Purity: 9/10 Weight: 25.99 grams Gold coins sovrano Value: £20 Purity: 9/10 Weight: 5.67 grams 1 sovrano Value: £40 Purity: 9/10 Weight: 11.33 grams See also History of coins in Italy References Obsolete Italian currencies Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia",
"title": "Lombardo-Venetian lira"
},
{
"docid": "2681450",
"text": "Karl Ferdinand von Buol (; 17 May 1797 – 28 October 1865) was an Austrian Empire diplomatist and statesman, who served as Foreign Minister of Austrian Empire from 1852 to 1859. Early life Karl was born in Vienna, a scion of a Grisons noble family descending from Fürstenau. His father Count Johann Rudolf von Buol-Schauenstein (1763–1834) from 1816 until 1823 chaired the Austrian delegation to the Bundesversammlung of the German Confederation. His mother was Countess Alexandrine von und zu Lerchenfeld (b. 1769). Biography He joined the Austrian foreign service and served successively as envoy to Baden at Karlsruhe (1828–1838), to Württemberg at Stuttgart (1838–1844), to Sardinia-Piedmont at Turin (1844–1848), to Russia at Saint Petersburg (1848–1850), to the German ministerial conference at Dresden 1850/51, and to the United Kingdom at London (1851–1852). He became an increasingly close associate of the Austrian Minister-President, Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg, and when Schwarzenberg suddenly died in April 1852, Buol succeeded him as foreign minister, although not as Premier, as the young Emperor Franz Joseph himself now took a more direct role in directing cabinet affairs than he had previously. As foreign minister, Buol soon had to deal with the Near Eastern crisis which had erupted by early 1854 into the Crimean War, as France and Britain had declared war on Russia in an effort to support the Ottoman Empire. In this crisis, Austria's position was a tenuous one. Russia's intervention to suppress the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and its subsequent intervention on behalf of Austria against Prussia leading to the Punctation of Olmütz in 1850, put the Austrians substantially in the debt of the Tsar Nicholas I. Furthermore, the geographical positions involved meant that in any war with Russia, Austria, even if allied with France and Britain, would bear the brunt of the fighting. On the other hand, permanent Russian control of the Danubian Principalities (later part of Romania) would greatly endanger Austria's strategic position, and the Austrians were more generally opposed to any expansion of Russian influence in the Balkans. Thus, Buol attempted to pursue a middle course, trying to mediate between the belligerent parties. Soon, however, this did not prove enough, and Buol, who was noted in Austria as an Anglophile, soon cast his lot more clearly with the western powers. An ultimatum was sent to Russia to demand that it evacuate the Principalities. The Russians agreed, and Austria occupied the Principalities for the remainder of the war. This perceived betrayal by the Austrians insured the Tsar's undying enmity, but proved not enough to satisfy the western powers. As the conflict dragged on into 1855, Buol sent another ultimatum to Russia, this time demanding that it accede to the French and British terms, or face a war with Austria. This time the Russians, now under Tsar Alexander II, acceded, and preliminary peace accords were signed at Vienna later that year. Buol's policy in the Crimean War had managed to keep Austria out of the war, but had left it badly isolated. Russia, Austria's",
"title": "Count Karl Ferdinand von Buol"
},
{
"docid": "24598330",
"text": "Ernő Poeltenberg (February 20, 1808, Vienna - October 6, 1849, Arad) was a honvéd general in the Hungarian Army. He was executed for his part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and is considered one of the 13 Martyrs of Arad. Family He was born into a wealthy Austrian family to Leopold Poelt von Poeltenberg, a lawyer. He also had two known sisters: Wilhelmina, an honorary member of the Order of St. Anne. Amália, whose husband was József Fackh the Austrian army colonel who in 1848 took over the defense against the Serbs and won the campaign and died in Verbász. He attained the rank of General. They had two sons, Károly and Gedő. Poeltenberg's wife, Paula Kakovszka (Kakowska) was a Polish-born woman who died in Buda on 13 November 1874, at the age of 53. They had three children: Guido (1847, Pest-Buda - 1889), who had a military career like his father. Helena (1842-1922), who married Fackh Ilka. They had three children. Ilona (1842–1922) Career In 1830 he entered military service for the Imperial Army, serving two years in the 4th hussar regiment as a second lieutenant. He later took a similar position at another post, but did not receive a promotion for almost 18 years. Stationed with his regiment in Hungary in the spring of 1848, he requested to be moved to Italy for action. When the Hungarian revolution took place, he was a supporter and volunteered his service. He first fought against the Croatian Ban Jelačić but he disagreed crossing the Austrian border. Because of this, the Hungarian command dismissed him along with others from the service. Later he came under the command of Artúr Görgei who proposed him as a honvéd major on October 27, 1848. Later, in December he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the army. At the Battle of Kápolna of February 26–27, he distinguished himself and on 14 April 1849 was promoted as the Colonel commanding the 7th Corps. Later he was promoted to General on 2 June. During the summer campaign against Haynau the army was forced to retreat. He participated in the Battle of Komárom (July 2 to July 11) and the Battle of Vác (July 15-July 17). After the outnumbering Russian army appeared, he served as a mediator between the Hungarian and Russian armies for the terms of surrender. Next, he was captured, along with the other commanders, by Austrian authorities. Death Sentenced to death by hanging, it was carried out on the 5th (he was first among those executed by hanging) at Arad castle. He was hanged sometime between six and seven am. Just before his death at the gallows he is credited as having said \"A beautiful deputation is heading to God to represent the case of the Hungarians!\" References 1808 births 1849 deaths Hungarian nobility Hungarian knights Austrian Empire military personnel Military personnel from Vienna Executed Austrian people The 13 Martyrs of Arad Executed Hungarian people",
"title": "Ernő Poeltenberg"
},
{
"docid": "76770883",
"text": "The Venetian plebiscite of 1866, also known officially as the Plebiscite of Venetian Provinces and Mantua (Italian: Plebiscito di Venezia, delle province venete e di quella di Mantova), was a plebiscite that took place on Sunday, October 21 and Monday, October 22, 1866 to sanction the annexation to the Kingdom of Italy of the lands ceded to France by the Austrian Empire following the Third War of Independence. Historical context Third Italian War of Independence In April 1866, the Kingdom of Italy entered into a military alliance with Prussia, aiming to unite Veneto and Trent to its territory. The alliance was maintained despite the Austrian offer to cede Veneto to Napoleon III's France (Austria officially had no diplomatic relations with Italy), which in turn would hand it over to Italy. The Third War of Independence, unleashed by the Italian side within the larger framework of the Austro-Prussian war, saw, after the initial defeat at the Battle of Custoza that occurred four days after the declaration of war on June 20, military successes by Garibaldi in Trentino, at Bezzecca, and by Cialdini, who reached as far as Palmanova and won the Battle of Versa. The Italian navy's defeat at the Battle of Lissa on July 20 convinced the Kingdom of Italy to accept a truce starting July 25 and begin negotiations that led to the end of hostilities on the Italian-Austrian front with the Armistice of Cormons, signed on August 12. The July 25 truce froze troop movements and, by that date, the entire remaining territory of the former Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia was liberated from Austrian rule, with the exclusion of only the fortresses of the Quadrilatero: Verona, Legnago, Mantua and Peschiera del Garda, as well as Palmanova and Venice, the latter city characterized by strong unitarian symbolism and the memory of its uprising during the Revolutions of 1848. Peace of Prague Austria, defeated by Prussia (armistice of Nikolsburg), ceded by the Peace of Prague of August 23, 1866, the remaining territories of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia to France, on the understanding that Napoleon III would hand them over to Victor Emmanuel II after organizing a consultation, which formally confirmed the will of the people to the liberation of Veneto from Austrian rule. The terms of the treaty, as far as the plebiscite was concerned, did not meet with the favor of the king and the Italian government: The plebiscite was also opposed by the Venetian Central Committee, which in this regard cited the request of the Venetians in 1848 in favor of a merger with Piedmont of their provinces by staying under the Savoy dynasty, a request renewed when the war ended in 1859. Treaty of Vienna The Treaty of Vienna of October 3, 1866, concluded between Austria and Italy, laid down the conditions of the surrender and stated in its preamble that the Emperor of Austria had ceded the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia to the Emperor of the French, who, in turn, had declared himself ready to recognize the reunion",
"title": "Plebiscite of Veneto of 1866"
},
{
"docid": "383578",
"text": "General Alfred Candidus Ferdinand, Prince of Windischgrätz (; 11 May 178721 March 1862), a member of an old Austro-Bohemian House of Windischgrätz, was a Field Marshal in the Austrian army. He is most noted for his service during the Napoleonic Wars and for his role in suppressing the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire. Early life and ancestry Originally from Styria, the Windischgrätz dynasty had received Inkolat rights of nobility by the Bohemian Crown in 1574. Alfred was born in Brussels, then capital of the Austrian Netherlands, the son of Count Joseph Nicholas of Windischgrätz (1744–1802) and his second wife, Duchess Maria Leopoldine Franziska of Arenberg (1751-1812). With the help of his mother's rich dowry, the family took its residence at Tachau (Tachov), the lordship having been purchased by Alfred's father in 1781. Napoleon He started service in the Habsburg imperial army in 1804. As an Austrian army officer he distinguished himself throughout the wars fought by the Habsburg Monarchy in the 19th century. Windisch-Grätz participated in every war against Napoleon and fought with distinction at the Battle of Leipzig and in the campaign of 1814. In 1833, he was named Field Marshal-Lieutenant (German: Feldmarschall-leutnant) in October 1848). Bohemia In 1840, Prince Windischgrätz was appointed as military commander of the city of Prague. Eight years later, during the initial uprisings of the Vienna revolution he was temporarily granted military control of the army surrounding the city, and favoured subduing the revolting citizenry by force. However, facing hostility from government ministers within city who favoured compromise, he was compelled to retire and return to his position in Prague, the incident causing him to be viewed in an unpopular light by the Austrian population at large and garnering a lot of negative press amongst the population of Prague. Nevertheless the events of Vienna left a firm impression on the Prince, who witnessed first hand the consequences of being ill prepared for a popular insurrection and made moves to take the necessary precautions within the city he was governing. Over the following month of April he proceeded to beef up the military presence within Prague, increasing the number of soldiers and fortifying strategic positions throughout the city. This only further angered the population of Prague who viewed his precautions with hostility and suspicion. The city, being in a state of increase excitement due to the revolutionary chaos across the European continent during 1848. On the 7th of June, a large group amassed to petition for the Princes dismissal. 3 days later an even larger meeting consisting of many students and citizens gathered to demand the withdrawal of soldiers from their strategic positions and a request for 2000 muskets and 80,000 cartridges, and a single battery for personal use by the cities population. A deputation of students were sent to wait on Windischgrätz for his response, put he refused to grant the petition. In compliance with deputation and the wishes of the civil governor of the city Count Thun however, he did removed",
"title": "Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz"
},
{
"docid": "34666",
"text": "1848 is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the political and philosophical landscape and had major ramifications throughout the rest of the century. Events January–March January 3 – Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first president of the independent African Republic of Liberia. January 12 – Sicilian revolution of 1848: The Palermo rising erupts in Sicily against the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. January 24 – California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California. January 31 – In the United States: Construction of the Washington Monument begins in Washington, D.C. John C. Frémont is court-martialed on grounds of mutiny and disobeying orders. The verdict is set aside by U.S. President James K. Polk, but Frémont retires to California Territory. February 2 Mexican–American War: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexico cedes virtually all of what becomes the Southwestern United States to the U.S. The unincorporated California Territory becomes a provisional official possession; it is never organized by the United States Congress as a territory, but directly passes the requirements for statehood in 1850. John Henry Newman founds the first Oratory in the English-speaking world, when he establishes the Birmingham Oratory at 'Maryvale', Old Oscott, England. February 17 – John Bird Sumner is nominated as Archbishop of Canterbury. February 21 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) in London. February 23 – French Revolution of 1848: François Guizot, Prime Minister of France, resigns; 52 people from the Paris mob are killed by soldiers guarding public buildings. February 24 – Louis Philippe I, King of the French, abdicates in favour of his grandson, Prince Philippe, Count of Paris, and flees to England after days of revolution in Paris. The French Second Republic is later proclaimed by Alphonse de Lamartine, in the name of the provisional government elected by the Chamber, under the pressure of the mob. March 2 – The March Unrest breaks out in Sweden. March 7 – Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris, predecessor of European bank BNP Paribas, is founded by decree of the French Provisional Government. March 11 – Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government. March 13 – Prince Klemens von Metternich gives up office as State Chancellor and Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire. March 15 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian young revolutionary intellectuals, led by Sándor Petőfi, Mór Jókai and others, called the Márciusi Ifjak (Young men of March) organize peaceful mass demonstrations in Pest, forcing the city's Habsburg authorities to accept the 12 Points: the Hungarian claim for freedom and self-determination within the Habsburg Empire. On the same day, Lajos Kossuth and representatives of the Diet of Hungary go to Vienna, and force",
"title": "1848"
},
{
"docid": "10144655",
"text": "The Slovak National Council was a Slovak political body, which was created in Vienna on September 15–16, 1848 during the Revolutions of 1848. It was led by Ľudovít Štúr, Jozef Miloslav Hurban and Michal Miloslav Hodža. It organised the Slovak Uprising in 1848–1849 within the Revolution of 1848, as well as executive power in Western parts of Upper Hungary (today mostly Slovakia) occupied by united Austrian-Slovak forces within their fight against the Hungarians. The first meeting on the territory of contemporary Slovakia was in the house of Mrs. Koléniová in Myjava (then Miava). On 19 September 1848, the first national gathering of Slovaks took place in Myjava as part of the First Slovak Volunteer Campaign (from Vienna via Moravia to Slovakia). Ľudovít Štúr declared the independence of the Slovak nation from Hungary at the gathering. However, the Slovak National Council administered only Myjava and its surroundings and the volunteers were defeated after a few days. The Slovak National Council also participated in the organization of the remaining Slovak volunteer Campaigns and other activities during the revolution. It ceased to exist in the autumn of 1849, after the revolution had been suppressed. There is a commemorative tablet to the council near the Karlskirche in Vienna. References Political history of Slovakia 1848 establishments in the Austrian Empire Slovak independence movement Slovak National Council (1848-1849)",
"title": "Slovak National Council (1848–49)"
},
{
"docid": "73581798",
"text": "The government of Austria-Hungary was the political system of Austria-Hungary between the formation of the dual monarchy in the Compromise of 1867 and the dissolution of the empire in 1918. The Compromise turned the Habsburg domains into a real union between the Austrian Empire (\"Lands Represented in the Imperial Council\", or Cisleithania) in the western and northern half and the Kingdom of Hungary (\"Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen\", or Transleithania). in the eastern half. The two halves shared a common monarch, who ruled as Emperor of Austria over the western and northern half portion and as King of Hungary over the eastern portion. Foreign relations and defense were managed jointly, and the two countries also formed a customs union. All other state functions were to be handled separately by each of the two states. Certain regions, such as Polish Galicia within Cisleithania and Croatia within Transleithania, enjoyed autonomous status, each with its own unique governmental structures (see: Polish Autonomy in Galicia and Croatian–Hungarian Settlement). Overview The division between Austria and Hungary was so marked that there was no common citizenship: one was either an Austrian citizen or a Hungarian citizen, never both. This also meant that there were always separate Austrian and Hungarian passports, never a common one. However, neither Austrian nor Hungarian passports were used in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. Instead, the Kingdom issued its own passports, which were written in Croatian and French, and displayed the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia on them. Croatia-Slavonia also had executive autonomy regarding naturalization and citizenship, defined as \"Hungarian-Croatian citizenship\" for the kingdom's citizens. It is not known what kind of passports were used in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was under the control of both Austria and Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had always maintained a separate parliament, the Diet of Hungary, even after the Austrian Empire was created in 1804. The administration and government of the Kingdom of Hungary (until 1848–49 Hungarian revolution) remained largely untouched by the government structure of the overarching Austrian Empire. Hungary's central government structures remained well separated from the Austrian imperial government. The country was governed by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary (the Gubernium) – located in Pressburg and later in Pest – and by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna. The Hungarian government and Hungarian parliament were suspended after the Hungarian revolution of 1848 and were reinstated after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1867. Vienna served as the Monarchy's primary capital. The Cisleithanian (Austrian) part contained about 57 percent of the total population and the larger share of its economic resources, compared to the Hungarian part. There were three parts to the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire: the common foreign, military, and a joint financial policy (only for diplomatic, military, and naval expenditures; later also included the Bosnian affairs) under the monarch the \"Austrian\" or Cisleithanian government (Lands Represented in the Imperial Council) the \"Hungarian\" or Transleithanian government (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen) The first prime minister of Hungary",
"title": "Government of Austria-Hungary"
},
{
"docid": "1592839",
"text": "Hermann Jellinek (22 January 1822 in Drslavice – 23 November 1848 in Vienna) was a writer, journalist, and revolutionary from a prominent Austrian Jewish family. His older brother Adolf Jellinek was one of Austria-Hungary's leading rabbis and writers. Life He left home at 13 to study at university and gained a doctorate in philosophy from Leipzig University, where he was later expelled. During his education, he abandoned plans to become a rabbi, and became an atheist and liberal radical. Afterward, he moved to Berlin, but was expelled there too for his political activities, and arrived in Vienna in March 1848. In Vienna, Jellinek supported the liberal and anti-Hapsburg revolutionary movements as a journalist. Following the violent repression of the October 1848 Vienna Uprising, Jellinek ignored the advice of friends to flee. He was soon captured and executed by the Hapsburg military. References 1822 births 1848 deaths Austrian Jews Leipzig University alumni People executed for treason against Austria-Hungary 19th-century executions by Austria People from Uherské Hradiště District Executed revolutionaries People of the Revolutions of 1848 Journalists from the Austrian Empire",
"title": "Hermann Jellinek"
},
{
"docid": "9979053",
"text": "Franz Ludwig Baron von Welden (16 June 1780, Laupheim – 7 August 1853, Graz) was an Austrian army officer whose career culminated in becoming the commander-in-chief of the Austrian artillery. Born in Laupheim, Ludwig von Welden joined the army of the Duchy of Württemberg in 1798, taking part in the war against revolutionary France 1799–1800. In 1802, he took service with Austria and became a French prisoner of war in 1809. Following a prisoner exchange, he then took part in the Battle of Aspern-Essling as a major in the Austrian army. In 1812, he became part of the general staff at the headquarters of Prince Schwarzenberg. Having been promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, Ludwig von Welden served with distinction as a staff officer in Italy in 1814, and, after the capture of Mantua, was given the task to repatriate the French army, which had capitulated there, to southern France. In 1815, Ludwig von Welden was an officer in the general staff in the army raised to confront Joachim Murat, the dethroned king of Naples. During this campaign, he was promoted to the rank of colonel and, in 1816, to that of brigadier of the Austrian engineer corps. Following this, Ludwig von Welden became head of the army topographical office, and served during the campaign in Piedmont in 1821 as head of the general staff. He also supervised the topographical survey of the region. In 1824, he published a monography about the Monte Rosa. From 1832 until 1838, he was a delegate at the central military commission of the German Confederation in Frankfurt. Having been promoted to the rank of lieutenant field marshal, he took command of a division in Graz in 1838, and, in 1843, assumed the general command of Tyrol. During the uprising of Lombardy in 1848, he managed to secure General Radetzky's lines of communication to Austria and was then put in charge of the confinement of Venice. In September 1848, Ludwig van Welden was appointed governor of Dalmatia, having military as well civil powers. He also served in the same capacity in Vienna after it was reconquered by imperial troops during the course of the revolution of 1848. After the Prince of Windischgrätz's failure to suppress the revolutionary movements in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Ludwig van Welden was given the supreme command of the Austrian army in Hungary in April 1849. However, after the Hungarian conquest of Ofen in May, he was replaced by Julius Jacob von Haynau and returned to Vienna to resume his post as governor, having also been promoted to the second highest rank in the Austrian army, Feldzeugmeister. Due to his failing health, Ludwig von Welden retired from active military service in 1851, and died in Graz in 1853. Ludwig von Welden was also a keen botanist and member of the Regensburg Botanical Society. He bequeathed his herbarium of 20,000 specimens from Europe and Africa to the society. See also Napoleonic Wars Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire Hungarian",
"title": "Ludwig von Welden"
},
{
"docid": "42556714",
"text": "Friedrich Kriehuber (sometimes Bedřich or Fritz Kriehuber; 7 June 1834 in Vienna – 12 October 1871 in Vienna) was an Austrian draftsman, lithographer and woodcut artist. Life and work He was the son of Josef Kriehuber, a well-known portrait painter and lithographer. Beginning in 1848, he attended the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna. Initially, he was a landscape painter but later turned to portraits and, as an employee of his father, lithography. Many of his works were published by Eduard Hallberger as illustrations for his magazine Über Land und Meer (Over Land and Sea). A year after Kriehuber's death, some of his lithographs appeared in Das jahr 1848. Geschichte der Wiener revolution (a two volume history of the Vienna Uprising) by Heinrich Reschauer and Moritz Smetazko, known as \"Moritz Smets\" (1828-1890). He suffered from chronic health problems for most of his life and died of a pulmonary disorder at the Austrian Hydrotherapy Institute, shortly after being appointed a professor at the Theresian Military Academy. Selected lithographs References Further reading Friedrich von Boetticher: Malerwerke des 19. Jahrhunderts. Beitrag zur Kunstgeschichte, Vol. 1, 1895, S. 769 (part of the article on \"Josef Kriehuber\") Reissued by Schmidt and Gunther (1979) External links 1834 births 1871 deaths Artists from the Austrian Empire Artists from Austria-Hungary Austrian lithographers Artists from Vienna Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni Deaths from lung disease",
"title": "Friedrich Kriehuber"
},
{
"docid": "13715935",
"text": "Albin Francisco Schoepf (; March 1, 1822 – May 10, 1886) was a Polish-born artillery officer who became a Union brigadier general during the American Civil War. Obtaining professional military training in Austria, Schoepf briefly fought in the Austrian Army, then served as an officer in the Hungarian Revolutionary Army in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Schoepf came to America after his service, lived in Washington, D.C., and worked in various United States government bureaucratic positions before the Civil War. Appointed Union Army brigadier in late 1861, Schoepf was eventually raised to division command in the Western Theater. Personal conflicts with his commanding officer caused his transfer to administrative service in the East. Given command of the camp at Fort Delaware, Schoepf became responsible for Confederate prisoners of war. After the war, he returned to government service in the U.S. Patent Office. Early life Schoepf was born in Podgórze, Poland, which was then part of the Austrian kingdom of Galicia. He entered Vienna Military Academy in 1837, became a lieutenant of artillery four years later, then served in Hungary as a captain in the Austrian Army. At the beginning of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, he resigned his commission and enlisted as a private in the Hungarian Revolutionary Army under Lajos Kossuth. He was soon promoted to major. When Kossuth abdicated in 1849, Schoepf was exiled to Turkey, where according to Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography he may have served under General Józef Bem against Bedouin insurgents at Aleppo and then was raised to major and instructor of artillery in the Ottoman Empire's army. According to another source, it is possible he may have been interned with Kossuth and other Christian officers in Kutahia. Washington, D.C. Schoepf emigrated to the United States with other Hungarian revolutionaries in 1851. He served as a clerk first in the United States Coast Survey. After befriending Joseph Holt, Schoepf clerked under Holt in the U.S. Patent Office and then the War Department. While working in Washington, D.C., Schoepf married Julie Bates Kesley in 1855; they had 9 children together. Civil War Appointed a brigadier general of volunteers on September 30, 1861, Schoepf's brigade fought well at the Battle of Camp Wildcat, repulsing Confederates under Brig. Gen. Felix Zollicoffer. This was followed a few weeks later by Schoepf's precipitate retreat, by order of his superior officer, from London, Kentucky, to Crab Orchard, which the Confederates called the “Wild-Cat stampede.” Schoepf and his troops later fought Zollicoffer at the Battle of Mill Springs. Proving himself an aggressive and able field commander, Schoepf was promoted to division command in August 1862, but often found himself at odds with Army of the Ohio commander Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, especially after being denied orders to attack until late in the Battle of Perryville. Appointed to a military board of inquiry investigating Buell's conduct during the campaign, Schoepf made no secret of his disapproval of his commander's actions — so much so that Buell raised Schoepf's hostility as an",
"title": "Albin Francisco Schoepf"
},
{
"docid": "17320024",
"text": "Count Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky (; 31 January 1778 – 4 April 1861) was Bohemian noble and Austrian statesman from the House of Kolowrat. As a moderate liberal politician, he was one of the major opponents of State Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich during the Vormärz era. In the March Revolution of 1848, Kolowrat became the first constitutional Minister-President of Austria; however, he resigned after one month in office. Life He was born and raised in the Bohemian capital Prague, a scion of the Bohemian family of high nobility (the House of Kolowrat), whose ancestors had already served under the Luxembourg emperor Charles IV. Having finished his studies at Charles University, Franz Anton entered the Austrian civil service at the Beroun district administration in January 1799. During the Napoleonic Wars he achieved the office of a stadtholder of the Habsburg emperor Francis I of Austria at Prague and in 1810 became Oberstburggraf of the Bohemian kingdom. Contrary to Chancellor Metternich, he encouraged Czech cultural and civic-national movements, exemplified by the founding of the Prague National Museum in 1818. Kolowrat's rivalry with Metternich intensified when in 1826 the emperor called him to Vienna, where he was elevated to lead the Austrian State Council responsible for the Interior and Finances. The tensions between him and the chancellor continued: while Metternich favored a strong army, Kolowrat reduced the military budget. After the accession of Francis' incapable son Ferdinand I to the throne in 1835, Kolowrat together with Metternich led the Secret State Conference, the de facto government of the Empire from 1836 to 1848. However, the continuous disagreement between the two leaders palsied the Austrian politics and ultimately contributed to collapse of the \"Metternich system\". Upon the outbreak of the Revolutions of 1848, Metternich had to resign. A ministers' conference was established and Kolowrat assumed the newly created office of an Austrian minister-president, which he nevertheless laid down after only one month between 3–5 April, officially for health reasons. Kolowrat retired to private life; he died in Vienna aged 83. With his death, the Liebsteinsky branch of the Kolowrat dynasty became extinct. Decorations Order of the Golden Fleece Order of Leopold Order of St. Andrew Order of St. Anna Order of St. Vladimir Order of the White Eagle Order of Alexander Nevsky Venerable Order of Saint John References External links 1778 births 1861 deaths 19th-century Ministers-President of Austria Politicians from Prague Habsburg Bohemian nobility Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria Charles University alumni",
"title": "Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky"
},
{
"docid": "55837941",
"text": "Karoline von Perin-Gradenstein, née von Pasqualati (12 February 1806 – 10 December 1888), was an Austrian revolutionary and suffragette. Life Karoline von Perin-Gradenstein was born in Vienna, capital of the Austrian Empire, on 12 February 1806 to a well-to-do family. She married Christian Freiherr von Perin-Gradenstein in 1830 and they had four children together, only three of which reached adulthood, before his death in 1841. A few years later, she hired the composer and journalist Alfred Julius Becher to teach piano for her daughter Marie and they later became lovers. During the early stages of the Austrian Revolution of 1848, von Perin-Gradenstein supported Becher's newspaper The Radical () and agitated for women's rights. She later became president of the Viennese Democratic Women's Association () which supported equal rights for men and women while also providing medical care to those wounded during the Revolution. Its members attended the funerals of those killed during the riots in August when workers and students fought the conservative National Guard (). When the government's troops crushed the revolutionaries during the Vienna uprising in October 1848, von Perin-Gradenstein was arrested and Becher was executed on 23 November. She suffered abuse in prison and was released 23 days later, and then emigrated to Munich, capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria, on 17 April 1849 once she had permission to leave the country. She returned to Vienna after she had partially renounced her activities during the Vienna Uprising in her memoirs, Unpublished memoirs (), and started an employment agency to support herself. She took no further part in political activities and died on 10 December 1888. Notes References 1806 births 1888 deaths Feminists Women activists Women's rights activists Politicians from Vienna 19th-century memoirists Politicians from the Austrian Empire Writers from the Austrian Empire Writers from Austria-Hungary",
"title": "Karoline von Perin-Gradenstein"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "2247772",
"text": "Baron Alexander von Bach (German: Alexander Freiherr von Bach; 4 January 1813, Loosdorf, Austria – 12 November 1893, Schöngrabern, Austria) was an Austrian politician. His most notable achievement was instituting a system of centralized control at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. Biography Early life Born in Loosdorf, Lower Austria, he came from a legal background, with his father holding a judicial office. At the age of 24 he was made a doctor of laws, and then entered the Imperial service, where he remained for nine years. Seen as an up-and-coming young radical, Adolph Schwarzenberg noted that 'his motto must have been \"to improvise is to change, to be perfect is to change often\"'. In this way, he was a well-known liberal lawyer, and was first called a \"minister of barricades\", before he served as Minister of Justice in 1848 and 1849, and then moving on to Minister of the Interior from 1849 to 1859. Minister of the interior (1849–1859) Although he favored a departure from the absolute system of Metternich, Bach was not prepared to go so far as the Revolutionaries of 1848 wished. In his views, he has been called a man who was 'quite wonderfully unprincipled' and so could change his position often. This allowed him to be driven into conservative ranks by popular opposition: he gradually adhered to conservative views, endorsing the centralizing constitutional program of Prince Schwarzenberg in March 1849, thus further inflaming Hungarian sentiments. However, the impact of his reforms on Hungary has been the contest of many historical debates. Some viewed the Revolution as far more productive in recreating the Hungarian \"national identity\", whereas some contemporaries of later Hungarian revolutions saw the systems created by Bach as the foremost driver in Hungarian nationalism. After the death of Schwarzenberg in 1852, he largely dictated policy in Austria and Hungary. Bach centralized administrative authority for the Austrian Empire, but he also endorsed reactionary policies that reduced freedom of the press and abandoned public trials. He represented later the Absolutist (or Klerikalabsolutist) direction, which culminated in the concordat of August 1855 that gave the Roman Catholic Church control over education and family life. This period in the history of the Austrian Empire would become known as the era of \"neo-absolutism\", or Bach's absolutism. Bach was created Baron (Freiherr) in 1854. He was also the guardian of Science Academy (Akademie der Wissenschaften) from 1849 to 1859. Later life His fall in 1859 was caused to a considerable extent by the failure in the Italian war against the Kingdom of Sardinia and Napoleon III. His reforms of the military had led to industrialization being foregone to the army, with barracks taking place of factories and infrastructural expansion, weakening. After leaving his position, Bach served as Ambassador to the Holy See from 1859 to 1867 before dying in seclusion in 1893. Notes Bibliography Macho, Eva, Alexander Freiherr von Bach. Stationen einer umstrittenen Karriere (Frankfurt am Main u.a., Peter Lang, 2009) (Beiträge zur Neueren",
"title": "Baron Alexander von Bach"
},
{
"docid": "1173696",
"text": "Austro-Slavism or Austrian Slavism was a political concept and program aimed to solve problems of Slavic peoples in the Austrian Empire. It was most influential among Czech liberals around the middle of the 19th century. First proposed by Karel Havlíček Borovský in 1846, as an opposition to the concept of pan-Slavism, it was further developed into a complete political program by Czech politician František Palacký. Austroslavism also found some support in other Slavic nations in the Austrian Empire, especially the Poles, Slovenes, Croats and Slovaks. Program Austro-Slavism envisioned peaceful cooperation between the smaller Slavic nations of Central Europe within the Habsburg monarchy not dominated by German-speaking elites. Palacký proposed a federation of eight national regions, with significant self-governance. After the suppression of the Czech revolution in Prague in June 1848, the program became irrelevant. The Austrian Empire transformed into Austria-Hungary (1867), honouring Hungarian, but not Slavic demands as part of the Ausgleich. This further weakened the position of Austro-Slavism, as did the dawn of the coercive policy of Magyarization during the 1880s. As a political concept, however, Austro-Slavism persisted until the fall of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in 1918. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, who was heir presumptive to Emperor Franz Joseph, was a true believer in Austro-Slavism, which he felt was a necessary and long overdue reform if the Empire was to survive. The Archduke's reform plans, which were almost certainly sold to the Governments of Russia and Serbia by Colonel Alfred Redl, are believed, accordingly, to have played a major role in causing senior Pan-Slavist officers within the military intelligence service of Serbia to covertly plan the Archduke's 1914 assassination in Sarajevo. Long before his death, however, the Archduke had passed his sympathies for Austro-Slavism and plans to return the Empire to Federalism down to his nephew, who went on to become the last Habsburg monarch: Emperor Charles I of Austria. The 1918 collapse of Austria-Hungary owed a great deal to Emperor Charles' failure to implement Austro-Slavist reforms due to both foreign and domestic politicians and to the ongoing chaos of the First World War. Meanwhile, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, who was later to become the first President of Czechoslovakia, had successfully convinced U.S. President Woodrow Wilson during the First World War that the Slavic peoples of Austria-Hungary were oppressed and needed to be liberated. This, in turn, led directly to President Wilson's rejection of the efforts of Emperor Charles I of Austria to return the Empire to federalism (such as the abortive United States of Greater Austria plan). President Wilson's refusal to accept an end to the war on any other terms led directly to the collapse of the Empire in 1918. Prominent supporters Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Charles I of Austria Josip Jelačić Janez Bleiweis Karel Havlíček Borovský Jernej Kopitar Anton Tomaž Linhart Franz Miklosich František Palacký Josip Juraj Strossmayer See also Austromarxism and national personal autonomy Czechoslovakia–Yugoslavia relations Euro-Slavism Neo-Slavism Pan-Slavism Olomouc University in the year of revolutions Trialism in Austria-Hungary Note References External links Austroslavism",
"title": "Austro-Slavism"
},
{
"docid": "274050",
"text": "The 1848 Revolutions in the Italian states, part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, were organized revolts in the states of the Italian peninsula and Sicily, led by intellectuals and agitators who desired a liberal government. As Italian nationalists they sought to eliminate reactionary Austrian control. During this time, Italy was not a unified country, and was divided into many states, which, in Northern Italy, were ruled directly or indirectly by the Austrian Empire. A desire to be independent from foreign rule, and the conservative leadership of the Austrians, led Italian revolutionaries to stage revolution in order to drive out the Austrians. The revolution was led by the state of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Some uprisings in the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, particularly in Milan, forced the Austrian General Radetzky to retreat to the Quadrilateral fortresses. King Charles Albert, who ruled Piedmont-Sardinia from 1831 to 1849, aspired to unite Italy with the endorsement of Pope Pius IX, head of the Papal States, which comprised a large territory in the center of the Italian peninsula. He declared war on Austria in March 1848 and launched a full-out attack on the Quadrilateral. Lacking allies, Charles Albert was no match for the Austrian army and was defeated at the Battle of Custoza on 24 July 1848. He signed a truce and withdrew his forces from Lombardy, and thus Austria remained dominant in a divided Italy until the Second Italian War of Independence. The rebellion After witnessing the liberal friendly events that were occurring in Rome, the people of other states started to demand similar treatment. It commenced on 12 January in Sicily, where the people began to demand a Provisional Government, separate from the government of the mainland. King Ferdinand II tried to resist these changes, however a full-fledged revolt erupted in Sicily, a revolt also erupted in Salerno and Naples. These revolts drove Ferdinand and his army out of Sicily, and forced him to allow a provisional government to be constituted. During those months, the constitution was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms, as was the proposal of a unified Italian confederation of states. The revolt's failure was reversed 12 years later as the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies collapsed in 1860–61 with the unification of Italy. On 11 February 1848, Leopold II of Tuscany, first cousin of Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, granted the Constitution, with the general approval of his subjects. The Habsburg example was followed by Charles Albert of Sardinia (Albertine Statute; later became the constitution of the unified Kingdom of Italy and remained in force, with changes, until 1948) and by Pope Pius IX (Fundamental Statute). However, only King Charles Albert maintained the statute even after the end of the riots. Notwithstanding the events in Rome and Naples, the states still were under a conservative rule. Italians in Lombardy-Venetia could not enjoy these freedoms. The Austrian Empire of this region had tightened their grip on the people by further oppressing them with harsher",
"title": "Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states"
},
{
"docid": "7613490",
"text": "The Thirteen Martyrs of Arad () were the thirteen Hungarian rebel generals who were executed by the Austrian Empire on 6 October 1849 in the city of Arad, then part of the Kingdom of Hungary (now in Romania), after the Hungarian Revolution (1848–1849). The execution was ordered by the Austrian general Julius Jacob von Haynau. Background In a historic speech on 3 March 1848, shortly after news of the revolution in Paris had arrived, Lajos Kossuth demanded parliamentary government for Hungary and constitutional government for the rest of Austria. The Revolution started on 15 March 1848, and after military setbacks in the winter and a successful campaign in the spring, Kossuth declared independence on 19 April 1849. By May 1849, the Hungarians controlled all of the country except Buda, which they won after a three-week bloody siege. The hopes of ultimate success, however, were frustrated by the intervention of Russia. After all appeals to other European states failed, Kossuth abdicated on 11 August 1849, in favor of Artúr Görgei, who he thought was the only general capable of saving the nation. On 13 August 1849, Görgei signed a surrender at Világos (now Șiria, Romania) to the Russians, who handed the army over to the Austrians. At the insistence of the Russians, Görgei was spared. The Austrians took reprisals on other officers of the Hungarian army. The thirteen Hungarian generals were executed by hanging at Arad on October 6, 1849, with the exception of Arisztid Dessewffy and two others, because of their friendship to the Prince of Luxembourg. A hanging was deemed a humiliation, so they were executed by a firing squad of 12. On the same day, Count Lajos Batthyány (1806–1849), the first Hungarian prime minister, was executed in Pest at an Austrian military garrison. Kossuth fled to the Ottoman Empire; he maintained that Görgei alone was responsible for the failure of the rebellion, calling him \"Hungary's Judas\". Others, looking at the impossible situation Görgei was given, have been more sympathetic. They have said that, given the circumstances, he was left with no option other than surrender. One of the public squares contains a martyrs' monument, erected in the memory of the generals. It consists of a colossal figure of Hungary, with four allegorical groups, and medallions of the executed generals. Hungarians have come to regard the thirteen rebel generals as martyrs for defending the cause of freedom and independence for their people. The majority of the generals were not of ethnic Hungarian origin, but they fought for the cause of an independent and — for its age — liberal Hungary. Baron Gyula Ottrubay Hruby, who was also executed in Arad, was actually Czech and spoke German, while Damjanich was of Serb origin. The anniversary of their execution is remembered on October 6 as a day of mourning for Hungary. The generals Lajos Aulich (1793–1849) János Damjanich (1804–1849) Arisztid Dessewffy (1802–1849) Ernő Kiss (1799–1849) Károly Knezić (1808–1849) György Lahner (1795–1849) Vilmos Lázár (1815–1849) Károly Leiningen-Westerburg (1819–1849) József Nagysándor (1804–1849) Ernő",
"title": "The 13 Martyrs of Arad"
},
{
"docid": "1400986",
"text": "The Polish–Ukrainian War, from November 1918 to July 1919, was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic). The conflict had its roots in ethnic, cultural, and political differences between the Polish and Ukrainian populations living in the region, as Poland and both Ukrainian republics were successor states to the dissolved Russian and Austrian empires. The war started in Eastern Galicia after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and spilled over into the Kholm (Chełm) and Volhynia (Wołyń) regions formerly belonging to the Russian Empire. Poland reoccupied the disputed territory on 18 July 1919. Background The origins of the conflict lie in the complex nationality situation in Galicia at the turn of the 20th century. As a result of the House of Habsburg's relative leniency toward national minorities, Austria-Hungary was the perfect ground for the development of both Polish and Ukrainian national movements. During the 1848 Revolution, the Austrians, concerned by Polish demands for greater autonomy within the province, gave support to a small group of Ruthenians, the name of the East Slavic people that later adopted the self-identification of \"Ukrainians\"; their goal was to be recognized as a distinct nationality. Schools teaching Ruthenian language were established, Ruthenian political parties formed and attempts were begun to develop their national culture. That came as a surprise to some Poles who had believed, until the revolution, along with most politically aware Ruthenians, that Ruthenians were part of the Polish nation, which was then defined in political, rather than ethnographic, terms. In the late 1890s and the first decades of the next century, the populist Ruthenian intelligentsia adopted the term Ukrainians to describe their nationality. They endeavored to promote a national culture, including efforts toward standardization of the Ukrainian language, and the establishment and support of Ukrainian cultural institutions such as scientific societies, theater, and a national museum in Lviv; beginning in the early 20th century, a national consciousness developed among the broader Ruthenian population, which was mainly rural. Multiple incidents between the two nations occurred throughout the late 19th century and the early 20th century. For example, the Polish administration opposed the Ukrainians in parliamentary elections in 1897. Another conflict developed in 1901 to 1908 around Lviv University since Ukrainian students demanded a separate Ukrainian university, but Polish students and faculty attempted to suppress the movement. In 1903, both Poles and Ukrainians held separate conferences in Lviv: the Poles in May and Ukrainians in August. Afterwards, the two national movements developed with contradictory goals, which was a cause of the later clash. The ethnic composition of Galicia underlaid the conflict between the Poles and Ukrainians there. The Austrian province of Galicia consisted of Ruthenian Voivodeship territory that was part of Poland from 1434, and was seized by Austria in 1772, during the First Partition of Poland. The land included the territory of historical importance to Poland, including the ancient capital of Kraków, and had a majority Polish population, but",
"title": "Polish–Ukrainian War"
},
{
"docid": "1707409",
"text": "The February Patent was a constitution of the Austrian Empire promulgated in the form of letters patent on 26 February 1861. Background In the Austrian Empire, the early 1860s were a period of significant constitutional reforms. The revolutions and wars of the late 1840s-1850s had created a national sense of discontent. The disastrous war in Italy demonstrated openly the weaknesses of the Austrian bureaucracy and army. The burgeoning influence of Prussia and the German Confederation was also a cause for concern. Emperor Francis Joseph I (r.1848-1916) saw that, if he was to maintain his empire, he must begin some reforms. In March 1860, the Emperor began a 'strengthening' of the Reichsrat, the imperial council, by adding new members and giving it advisory powers over major financial and legislative issues, including the formation of a new constitution. The parliament split into two parties, a native German-speaking and a non-German-speaking side. The German side pushed for a stronger central government, but the non-German side (Czechs and Hungarians) pushed for a division of power between the estates. Francis Joseph tried to formulate a compromise in the new constitution, the \"October Diploma\" (adopted 20 October 1860). The Diploma created a one-hundred-member parliament with extended powers over the empire's finances but no power over the military or legislation. Also, the Parliament did not have power over Hungary, except in matters that affected the entire empire. The Hungarian Diet controlled Hungarian internal affairs. The new Parliament did not please either side, however. State finances continued to fail; the Germans were not happy with the power given to the diets; and the non-Germans were disappointed by the amount of power that remained in the Emperor's hands. In addition to continuing internal problems, the Austrian Empire was plagued by outside pressures, specifically the evolution of the German Confederation. For centuries, the Habsburgs had been in control of the German states. Even when the German Confederation of States formed in 1815, Austria maintained its influence. With the rise of Prussia in Eastern Europe, that influence was threatened. The Emperor saw the expansion and centralization of Parliament as a way to gain internal strength that would transfer into external power. When Anton Ritter von Schmerling became Secretary of State in late 1860, he took on the task of revising the October Diploma. Adoption On 26 February 1861 the February Patent, a letters patent issued by Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I, was adopted as the \"Imperial Constitution of 1861.\" It was proclaimed as a revision of the previous October Diploma, the \"Irrevocable Fundamental Law of the State.\" The February Patent established in the Austrian Empire a bicameral imperial parliament, still called the Reichsrat, with an upper chamber appointed by the emperor and an indirectly elected lower chamber. The members of the upper chamber were appointed for life and included the crown prince, prominent bishops, heads of noble families, and great citizens. Delegates sent from the diets comprised the 343-member lower chamber, with 120 representatives from Hungary, 20 from Venetia, and 203",
"title": "February Patent"
},
{
"docid": "32837212",
"text": "The Secret State Conference () was the de jure advisory body to Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria and the de facto ruling cabinet of the Austrian Empire from 1836 to 1848, during the Vormärz era. Establishment When Emperor Francis I of Austria died on 2 March 1835, his incapable son Ferdinand I succeeded to the throne. To preserve the Austrian autocratic system, Francis had taken precautions, and his last will ordered the establishment of a Secret State Conference. The panel held its constituent meeting on 12 December 1836. Members Archduke Louis, chairman Archduke Franz Karl State Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich Minister Count Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky The composition represented a compromise between the ruling House of Habsburg-Lorraine and its ministers: Archduke Louis was brother of late Emperor Francis I, Archduke Karl was the brother of Ferdinand I, Metternich was responsible for foreign affairs and Kolowrat was responsible for domestic policy and finances. Metternich became the symbol of reaction and conservatism, but Kolowrat was considered liberal. Dissolution The Secret State Conference's activities were overshadowed by the hostilities between Chancellor Metternich and his rival Kolowrat that finally led to the outbreak of the Revolution of 1848. Metternich was forced to resign and fled to England, and Kolowrat was appointed first Minister-President of Austria on March 20 but the office for only a month. Austrian Empire 1836 establishments in the Austrian Empire 1848 disestablishments in the Austrian Empire Ferdinand I of Austria National cabinets",
"title": "Secret State Conference"
},
{
"docid": "32845683",
"text": "The Pillersdorf Constitution (German: ) was a constitution of the Austrian Empire that was promulgated by Minister of the Interior Baron Pillersdorf on 25 April 1848. It called for public, oral, and jury trials. It only lasted until 16 May when it was replaced for a call for a constitutional convention and completely withdrawn in July when the Kremsier Parliament was elected. The Kremsier Parliament created the Kremsier Constitution, which was preempted by the imposed March Constitution between 4 March and 7 March 1849 after which the Kremsier Parliament was dissolved. The March Constitution was revoked by the New Year's Eve Patent () of Emperor Franz Joseph I on 31 December 1851. References Constitutional history of Austria Revolutions of 1848 1848 in the Austrian Empire Constitutions of the Austrian Empire 1848 documents",
"title": "Pillersdorf Constitution"
},
{
"docid": "156381",
"text": "\"Zdravljica\" (; ) is a carmen figuratum poem by the 19th-century Romantic Slovene poet France Prešeren, inspired by the ideals of Liberté, égalité, fraternité. It was written in 1844 and published with some changes in 1848. Four years after it was written, Slovenes living within Habsburg Empire interpreted the poem in spirit of the 1848 March Revolution as political promotion of the idea of a united Slovenia. In it, the poet also declares his belief in a free-thinking Slovene and Slavic political awareness. In 1989, it was adopted as the regional anthem of Slovenia, becoming the national anthem upon independence in 1991. History The integral version of the poem was first published only after the March Revolution when Austrian censorship was abolished, since the censorship did not allow for the poem to be printed earlier because of its political message. On 26 April 1848, it was published by the Slovene newspaper Kmetijske in rokodelske novice, that was edited by the Slovene conservative political leader Janez Bleiweis. Before the censorship was abolished, Prešeren omitted the third stanza (\"V sovražnike 'z oblakov / rodú naj naš'ga treši gróm\") because he intended to include the poem in his Poezije collection (Poems), however the censor (fellow-Slovene Franz Miklosich in Austrian service) saw in the fourth stanza (\"Edinost, sreča, sprava / k nam naj nazaj se vrnejo\") an expression of pan-Slavic sentiment and therefore did not allow its publication either. Prešeren believed the poem would be mutilated without both the third and the fourth stanza and decided against including it in the Poezije. \"Zdravljica\" was first set to music in the 1860s by Benjamin Ipavec and Davorin Jenko, but their versions didn't go well with the public, probably because the stanzas that they chose were not enough nationally awakening. In 1905, the Slovene composer Stanko Premrl wrote a choral composition. It was first performed only on 18 November 1917 by the Music Society () in the Grand Hotel Union, Ljubljana. It became an immediate success. Notes References External links 1844 poems Poetry by France Prešeren Anthems of Slovenia European anthems",
"title": "Zdravljica"
},
{
"docid": "39358591",
"text": "Czech Texans are residents of the state of Texas who are of Czech ancestry. Large scale Czech immigration to Texas began after the Revolutions of 1848 changed the political climate in Central Europe, and after a brief interruption during the U.S. Civil War, continued until the First World War. Concentrated in Central Texas, Czech Texans have preserved their identity through the Painted Churches of Texas, traditional Czech events, and bakeries specializing in Czech pastries. As of the 2020 United States census, there are 193,058 Czech-Americans living in Texas, the largest number of any state. History Historically, Czech Moravian settlements were founded in Central Texas. \"Czechs first settled in Texas in the 1840s, traveling from Bohemia, Moravia, and Austrian Silesia ... Czech settlers usually identified themselves as Austrian, German, Bohemian, Slovak or Moravian.\" Czech immigration to Texas began as early as the 1820s, but most immigrants made the journey as individuals. Large-scale and family immigration began with the immigration of Rev. Josef Arnost Bergmann, described as the \"father\" of Czech immigration to Texas by some sources, and his family in 1850. Once settled in Texas, Bergmann wrote letters to families in Europe, encouraging them to come to Texas. Czech immigration was driven by the availability of land in Texas and by events in Europe. In the 1840s, the Austrian Empire, which included Czech lands, was still run by a feudal system, despite the wave of democratic ideals permeating western Europe. This led to the Revolutions of 1848, which did little to improve the economic status of peasants who still found it difficult to gain wealth. The revolutions, together with factors such as religious persecution and mandatory military service, fueled a wave of emigration from Austria beginning in 1852. Immigrants to America were unfamiliar with the concept of American democracy due to their lack of experience with democratic ideals. The concepts of states' rights and slavery were equally foreign to the immigrants. Josef Lidumil Lesikar (1806-1887) was instrumental in organizing two groups of about 160 Czechs to immigrate to Texas in 1851 and 1853. Although about half of the first group died, Lesikar, his wife, and their four sons reached Galveston with the second group on board the Suwa in late December 1853. The family bought farmland in New Bremen, Austin County. The men felled trees and built a log house that still stands, with a Texas historical marker before it. Lesikar wrote articles for periodicals published in various parts of the United States as well as in his native land, and his writings encouraged many Czechs to come to America. As one of the founders of , a Czech newspaper published in St. Louis, he helped to lay the foundation for Czech journalism in America. In his writing he opposed secession. He died on October 21, 1887, near New Ulm and is buried in the New Ulm Cemetery. In January 1861, as tensions between northern and southern states over slavery reached a breaking point, a convention was called in Austin, TX",
"title": "Czech Texans"
},
{
"docid": "2814338",
"text": "\"Suona la tromba\" (The trumpet sounds) or Inno popolare (Hymn of the people) is a secular hymn composed by Giuseppe Verdi in 1848 to a text by the Italian poet and patriot Goffredo Mameli. The work's title comes from the opening line of Mameli's poem. It has sometimes been referred to as \"Grido di guerra\". Background The piece begins with the lines: \"Suona la tromba — ondeggiano / le insegne gialle e nere.\" (\"The trumpet sounds, the yellow and black flags are waving.\"), a reference to the yellow and black flag of the Austrian Empire. It was commissioned by Giuseppe Mazzini as a new battle hymn for the Revolution of 1848 when Italian nationalists sought independence from the Austrian Empire which controlled large portions of northern Italy. He persuaded Verdi to compose the music for it when Verdi visited Milan in May 1848, shortly after the Austrians had been driven from the city and other parts of Lombardy. Mazzini commissioned the text from Mameli in June, asking him for a poem that would become the Italian \"Marseillaise\" and quoted Verdi's wish that the new anthem would \"make the people forget both the poet and the composer\". Mameli finished the poem in late August, and Mazzini immediately sent it to Verdi who was living and working in Paris at the time. Verdi sent the finished work, composed for a three part male chorus without accompaniment, to Mazzini on 18 October 1848. In the accompanying letter Verdi wrote: I send you the hymn, and even if it is a bit late, I hope it will arrive in time. I have tried to be as popular and easy as I can be. Make use of it as you see fit: even burn it if you do not think it worthy. Original Italian: \"Vi mando l'inno e, sebbene un po' tardi, spero vi arriverà in tempo. Ho cercato d'essere più popolare e facile che mi sia stato possibile. Fatene quell'uso che credete: abbruciatelo anche se non lo credete degno.\" Publication and performance history In his letter to Mazzini of 18th October 1848, Verdi had recommended that if Mazzini wished to publish the hymn, he give it to Carlo Pozzi, an affiliate of Verdi's publisher Casa Ricordi. However, before the music reached Mazzini, the Austrian Empire had regained its lost territories and Milan's musical life was once again under the control of the Austrian censors. The numerous patriotic songs and anthems that had been published by Casa Ricordi and Casa Lucca during the brief revolution were withdrawn, with some of those editions destroyed. Mazzini did not try to have \"Suona la tromba\" officially published at that time, although in late 1848 a few copies of it were printed and circulated in Florence by the short-lived Associazione Nazionale per la Costituente Italiana (National Association for the Italian Constitution). Mameli died in 1849 at the age of 22. His earlier poem \"Il Canto degli Italiani\" (The Song of the Italians) later became the Italian National anthem. Verdi's",
"title": "Suona la tromba"
},
{
"docid": "32958341",
"text": "German nationalism () is a political ideology and historical current in Austrian politics. It arose in the 19th century as a nationalist movement amongst the German-speaking population of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It favours close ties with Germany, which it views as the nation-state for all ethnic Germans, and the possibility of the incorporation of Austria into a Greater Germany. Over the course of Austrian history, from the Austrian Empire, to Austria-Hungary, and the First and the Second Austrian Republics, several political parties and groups have expressed pan-German nationalist sentiment. National liberal and pan-Germanist parties have been termed the \"Third Camp\" () of Austrian politics, as they have traditionally been ranked behind mainstream Catholic conservatives and socialists. The Freedom Party of Austria, a far-right political party with representation in the Austrian parliament, has pan-Germanist roots. After the Second World War, both pan-Germanism and the idea of political union with Germany became unpopular due to their association with Nazism, and by the rising tide of a civic Austrian national identity. During the imperial period Within the context of rising ethnic nationalism during the 19th century in the territories of the multi-ethnic Austrian Empire, the \"German National Movement\" () sought the creation of a Greater Germany, along with the implementation of anti-semitic and anti-clerical policies, in an attempt to entrench the German ethnic identity. Starting with the revolutions of 1848, many ethnic groups under imperial rule, including the Serbs, Czechs, Italians, Croats, Slovenes, and Poles, amongst others, demanded political, economic, and cultural equality. Traditionally, the German-speaking population of the Empire enjoyed societal privileges dating back to the reign of Empress Maria Theresa, and that of her son, Joseph II. German was considered the lingua franca of the Empire, and Empire's elite consisted primarily of German-speakers. The struggle between the many ethnic groups of the Empire and German-speakers defined the social and political landscape of the Empire from the 1870s, after the Compromise of 1867, which granted renewed sovereignty to the Kingdom of Hungary, until the dissolution of the Empire after the First World War. After the Austrian defeat in the Battle of Königgrätz of 1866, and the unification of what was then known as \"Lesser Germany\" under Prussian stewardship in 1871, the German Austrians in the Austro-Hungarian Empire felt that they had wrongly been excluded from the German nation-state, whilst other ethnicities within the Empire were tearing at its fabric. Conflict between Germans and Czechs grew particularly tense in 1879, when minister-president Viscount Taaffe did not include the German-Liberal Party () in the government of Cisleithania. This party was considered the main representative of the German-speaking middle class, and as such, the German National Movement went on to accuse the Party of not fighting for the rights of German-speakers within the Empire. The \"German School League\" () was formed in 1880 to protect German-language schools in parts of the Empire where German speakers were a minority. It promoted the establishment of German-language schools in communities where public funding was used for non-German schools.",
"title": "German nationalism in Austria"
},
{
"docid": "11661941",
"text": "The Hungarian Reform Era was a period of Hungarian history in the 19th century characterized by a distancing from Habsburg rule. Its beginning was marked by the reconvening of the Diet of Hungary of 1825 and the foundation of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, later ending with the Hungarian Revolution in 1848. Antecedents In line with other upheavals in 1848, the ideas of nationalism and liberalism had spread to Hungary. The feudal system of Hungary held it back economically compared to its neighbors, and as such officials moved to modernize the Hungarian government and economy. In István Széchenyi's book, Credit, the ideas of the abolition of antiquity and the elimination of \"robotic systems\" were introduced, those which would later be principles of the Diet. He argued that agriculture wouldn't develop and land sales wouldn't grow if feudal restrictions were to remain in place, because landowners would be unable to get credit to their properties. The Reform Diets 1825–27 After many years of absence, a Diet was convened in Pozsony in 1825. The king Francis I, a conservative absolutist monarch, promised to return to the feudal constitution on the condition that the nobility increase the tax and rookie headcount. The Diet would now convene every 3 years. István Széchenyi offered his annual income to establish a Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 1832–36 Hungary experienced a cholera outbreak in 1831, along with a serf uprising in Upper Hungary. The diet's lower house accepted the serfs voluntary redemption, but the monarch rejected that. 1839–40 The introduction of voluntary redemption was introduced, though the extreme poverty of Hungarian serfs meant there was little impact. Jewish emancipation was also put into effect, increasing Jewish immigration to Hungarian lands. 1843–44 Hungarian became the official language of Hungary. A protectionist tariff (the Védegylet) was established, meaning Hungarians would only purchase domestic goods for 6 years. 1847–48 (the last Estates General) Lajos Kossuth became the emissary of Pest. The April Laws were adopted in March 1848, sanctioned by the King on 11 April 1848. These introduced a constitutional monarchy, an accountable government, and expanded suffrage. Through this, civil liberties were declared and the old feudal system had been abolished. References 19th century in Hungary 1820s in the Austrian Empire 1830s in the Austrian Empire 1840s in Hungary",
"title": "Hungarian Reform Era"
},
{
"docid": "68304176",
"text": "Anarchism in Austria first developed from the anarchist segments of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), eventually growing into a nationwide anarcho-syndicalist movement that reached its height during the 1920s. Following the institution of fascism in Austria and the subsequent war, the anarchist movement was slow to recover, eventually reconstituting anarcho-syndicalism by the 1990s. History Following the establishment of the First French Empire in 1804, the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II proclaimed the establishment of the Austrian Empire under the rule of the Habsburg monarchy. Following the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1806, the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved and replaced with the Confederation of the Rhine, a French client state. In 1813, this too was dissolved in the wake of the French defeat at the Battle of Leipzig and in the ensuing German campaign, Austria united with a number of German states as part of the German Confederation, though it retained rule over territories outside of the confederation - in Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Galicia–Lodomeria and Lombardy–Venetia. Emergence of socialism and anarchism During the Revolutions of 1848, liberal, nationalist and left-wing ideas rose to prominence throughout the Austrian Empire, resulting in a number of revolts against the central state in order to achieve independence and representative democracy. The young Mikhail Bakunin had attempted to aid the pan-slavist movements in the Austrian territories of Czechia, Ruthenia and Poland, organizing an attempted revolution to overthrow Austrian rule. But Bakunin was captured by the Austrian authorities and eventually handed over to the Russian Empire. Despite some minor concessions, the suppression of the revolutions generated a hatred of Austrian despotism by the working classes - with one general of the counter-revolution Julius Jacob von Haynau being physically attacked by brewery workers upon a visit to London in 1850. The economic crisis brought on by the Panic of 1857 and the political crisis brought on by the Austro-Sardinian War led to the spread of class consciousness among the Austrian working classes, culminating in the 1860s with the establishment of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA). A number of radical new schools of thought began to propagate throughout Austria, including the socialist tendencies of anarchism, syndicalism and social democracy, as well as liberal tendencies such as individualism, laissez-faire capitalism and the Austrian School of economics. The new emperor Franz Joseph I spent his early years resisting the rise of reformist sentiments, but following the Austrian defeat in the Seven Week's War which excluded Austria from the German Confederation, he eventually conceded to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, transforming the empire into the constitutional dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The country's largely agricultural economy then underwent an industrial revolution, accelerating the country's transformation into a capitalist economy. By this time the IWA had already spread to Austria, with nearly all of the individual workers' organizations in the country adhering to the international. By 1869, a more tightly organized workers' movement had emerged from an Austrian branch of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP). Despite the",
"title": "Anarchism in Austria"
},
{
"docid": "22623998",
"text": "British–Hungarian are foreign relations between Hungary and the United Kingdom. Hungary was a part of the Austrian Empire until 1918 when it became independent. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1920. History 19th century During the early 18th century Hungary was little-known in Britain, and its reputation was negative. That steadily changed as travellers reported on the progress in that distant land. British observers saw Hungary as both a country and a province. However, the Russian invasion of 1849 caused an outpouring of sympathy for Hungary as a victim. By 1900 British observers saw Hungary as an integral part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. From 1848 to 1914 the status of Hungary played a minor role in British diplomacy. London's main goal was the peaceful maintenance of the balance of power. It called for a satisfied and stable Hungary to counterbalance Russia and the Slavs residing within the Habsburg Empire. British sympathies toward Hungary did not extend to the recognition of Hungarian independence from Habsburg rule. The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 under Lajos Kossuth gained strong support across Britain in 1848–1851. However, Kossuth's calls for independence from the Austrian Empire did not become British policy. Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston told Parliament the Britain would consider it a great misfortune to Europe if Hungary became independent. He argued that a united Austrian Empire was a European necessity and a natural ally of Britain. Liberal reformers in Hungary closely watched Britain as a model for the sort of parliamentary government they were seeking. They were especially attracted to the British free-trade movement. They outwitted reactionary censorship. Under the pretext of criticizing British conditions, they agitated in favour of a change in feudal Hungary. 20th century In 1924 the Bank of England reached agreement with the Royal Hungarian Note Institution. Britain financed Hungary's reconstruction and re-entry into European commerce. This represented a major expansion of the foreign relations of both nations, and was part of a British effort to forestall inroads into Europe from New York banks. During WWII, UK didn't declare war on Hungary until 5 December 1941. On 2–4 February 1984, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher visited Hungary, in her first official visit to the Eastern Bloc. She met with Prime Minister György Lázár and First Secretary János Kádár, but their meeting was cancelled at the last minute. She also laid a wreath at Hősök tere and the Commonwealth War Cemetery in Solymár. Resident diplomatic missions Hungary has an embassy in London and a consulate-general in Manchester. United Kingdom has an embassy in Budapest. See also Foreign relations of Hungary Foreign relations of the United Kingdom United Kingdom–European Union relations Hungarian migration to the United Kingdom Notes Further reading Bán, András. Hungarian-British Diplomacy, 1938-1941: The Attempt to Maintain Relations (Psychology Press, 2004). Bátonyi, Gábor. Britain & Central Europe, 1918-1933 (1999) 240pp Bridge F. R. Great Britain and Austria-Hungary 1906-14 (1972). Evans, R. J. W. \"Hungary in the Habsburg Monarchy in the nineteenth century: The British dimension.\" Hungarian Quarterly 44.171 (2003) pp p111-121. Frank,",
"title": "Hungary–United Kingdom relations"
},
{
"docid": "67059020",
"text": "Stevan Vladislav Kaćanski - \"Stari Bard\" (Srbobran, Austrian Empire, 19 December 1828 - Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbia, 4 May 1890) was a popular Serbian poet of the second half of the 19th century at the most turbulent time in Europe during the Revolutions of 1848 in general and the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire in particular Most of his poems were inspired by the poetic dream of Serbian liberation and unification. Today he is considered Serbia's national poet, who was one of the key figures of the Serb Revolution of 1848. He is best known as the author of Noćnica, which is said to have inspired the Serbs to seek independence from the Kingdom of Hungary though within the territories of the Austrian Empire. Biography Stevan Vladislav Kaćanski was born into a respectable family, in Srbobran, in Bačka. His parents were Trifon and Julijana, inhabitants of Srbobran. The family got its surname from the village of Kać, from where they moved at the end of the 18th century. Originally from Herzegovina, their last name was Vladisavljević, which is why Kaćanski always put it in front of his last name, or signed it only as Vladislav. He finished primary school in Varadin and Srbobran, and started high school in Sremski Karlovci and finished in Szeged with the support from his uncle Sergije Kaćanski who later became bishop of the Eparchy of Gornji Karlovac, a very learned man and one of the most distinguished clerics there. Already in high school, Kaćanski began writing patriotic songs and became the president of the literary association of Serbs in the Szeged high school. After high school, he enrolled at the Faculty of Philosophy in Pest, but left it very quickly and went on to study law at Jegra (Kingdom of Hungary). His studies were interrupted by the Serb Revolution of 1848-1849. Thanks to his determination and clarity, he quickly gained the trust of the national champions with his poems. With the help of uncle, the Serbian Orthodox bishop of Gornji Karlovac, Kaćanski was elected to the delegation, which in Zagreb negotiated with Josip Jelačić on a joint struggle against nationalist goals of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. He took part in the defense of Srbobran, in the battles near Bačko Gradište and Sremski Karlovci. He became famous with the patriotic song \"Noćnica\". Works Skupljene pesme (Collected Poems) Od Balkana do Adrije (From the Balkans to Adria) Grahov laz Narodni zbor Ljuba Nenadović (amanet sa neba) Kralj Nikola References translated and adapted from Riznica srpska: Stevan Vladislav Kaćanski (1829—1890) 1828 births 1890 deaths People from Srbobran People from Sremski Karlovci People from Szeged 19th-century Serbian poets Serbian revolutionaries Rebels from Austria-Hungary Writers from Belgrade Emigrants from the Austrian Empire",
"title": "Stevan Vladislav Kaćanski"
},
{
"docid": "588242",
"text": "The minister-president of Austria was the head of government of the Austrian Empire from 1848, when the office was created in the course of the March Revolution. Previously, executive power rested with an Austrian State Council, headed by the emperor himself, from 1821 under the chairmanship of State Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich. The office of minister-president was not refilled from 1852, when Emperor Franz Joseph resumed control of the government affairs, and was replaced by a coordinating chairman of the Austrian Minister's Conference. According to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, executive powers were divided between the emperor-king, the minister of the Imperial and Royal House and of Foreign Affairs as chairman of the k. u. k. Ministers' Council for Common Affairs, and the ministers-president of the Cisleithanian (Austrian) and Hungarian halves of the Empire. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in November 1918, the head of government in the Austrian Republic since 1920 has been the federal chancellor. Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Ministers-president Presidents of the Conference of Ministers Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) Ministers-president of Cisleithania See also List of heads of government under Austrian Emperors List of foreign ministers of Austria-Hungary List of chancellors of Austria Minister-President 1848 establishments in the Austrian Empire 1918 disestablishments in Austria-Hungary Ministers President Ministers-President Disestablishments in the Empire of Austria (1867–1918)",
"title": "List of ministers-president of Austria"
},
{
"docid": "1356743",
"text": "Štefan Marko Daxner, (22 December 1822, Tiszolcz (, ), Gömör-Kis-Hont, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire 11 April 1891, Tiszolc, Kingdom of Hungary) was an ethnic Slovak lower nobleman, politician, lawyer, and poet in the Kingdom of Hungary. He was a member of what became known as the Ľudovít Štúr generation. His family () is an old lower noble family, which emigrated from Switzerland to the Kingdom of Hungary in the 14th century. Biography Daxner studied at the Lutheran Lyceum (preparatory high school plus freshmen college) of Pressburg (Pozsony, today's Bratislava) and at the College of Prešov (Eperjes). Between 1846 and 1872 he was a lawyer in Tisovec (Tiszolc), an official of several counties and an associate judge of the Commercial Court of Debrecen. In 1847, just before the 1848-1849 Revolution, Daxner outlined a program unifying the requests for national (Slovak), cultural, political and social liberties. He was sentenced to death by Hungarian authorities in 1848, but was freed by the Austrian Imperial and Royal Army (which was fighting together with Slovaks against the Hungarians) and became a captain of a unit of Slovak volunteers during the 1848-1849 revolution. He was a co-author of the Slovak Requests of Liptovský Mikuláš (Liptószentmiklós, 1848), Requests of the Slovak Nation (1848), Memorandum of the Slovak Nation in 1861, and was one of the founders of the Matica slovenská (Slovak Foundation) in 1863. He was also a founder of the first Slovak Gymnasium in Revúca (Nagyrőce) in 1862. He is buried at the National Cemetery in Martin. Philosophical views Lukáš Perný emphasizes that Daxner transformed Rousseau's idea of equality between people into the idea of equality between nations and also adds that Daxner was one of the most advanced social and philosophers of law in the Slovak 19th century. Dalimír Hajko states that \"all of Daxner's political considerations published in the press were directly connected primarily with questions of practical ethics and philosophical questions of law, because it was these problem areas that most recently connected with the national emancipation process…\" Rudolf Dupkala recalls that Daxner followed the Štúr´s understanding of the nation, the concept of the social contract according to J. J. Rousseau and the French Revolution. Sources Brief Biography @ Osobnosti. Biographical notes @ O Škole. Brief biography @ the Prešov website. External links References 1822 births 1891 deaths People from Tisovec Hungarian nobility Slovak nobility Writers from the Austrian Empire Writers from Austria-Hungary Hungarian people of Swiss descent Slovak people of Swiss descent Slovak National Party (historical) politicians 19th-century Hungarian writers 19th-century Slovak people 19th-century Hungarian lawyers Slovak writers Burials at National Cemetery in Martin",
"title": "Štefan Marko Daxner"
}
] | [
"throughout Europe",
"Vienna"
] |
train_25851 | who wrote the strange case of dr jekyll and mr hyde | [
{
"docid": "57833345",
"text": "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1968 Canadian-American television film based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was directed by Charles Jarrott, produced by Dan Curtis, and written by Ian McLellan Hunter. It was one of a series of adaptations of famous novels done by ABC. Plot Cast Jack Palance as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde Denholm Elliott as Mr. George Devlin Leo Genn as Dr. Lanyon Torin Thatcher as Sir John Turnbull Rex Sevenoaks as Dr. Wright Gillie Fenwick as Poole Elizabeth Cole as Hattie Duncan Lamont as Sergeant Grimes Paul Harding as Constable Johnson Oskar Homolka as Stryker Billie Whitelaw as Gwyn Thomas Tessie O'Shea as Tessie O'Toole Donald Webster as Garvis Production Dan Curtis decided to make a film of Jekyll and Hyde. Originally, Rod Serling wrote a draft of the script, and Jason Robards was to star, with filming to take place in London. However, the project soon was beset with problems. Robards was unhappy with the script. In addition, filming in London proved difficult due to a technician's union strike. Filming was pushed back, and Robards decided to drop out, unhappy with the script. Curtis decided to get a new script and find a new star. Ian McLellan Hunter wrote a new script. Curtis had discussed doing another project with actor Jack Palance, who agreed to take over the lead role. The producer decided to film in Canada, where it would be cheaper than the U.S. Filming took place in Toronto over seven weeks in 1967. Curtis had to pay $200,000 to build a replica of Washington Square in Toronto. Palance was injured while filming a stunt. The budget was approximately $900,000. ABC paid for approximately half of this. The show was nominated for four Emmy awards - Outstanding Dramatic Program, Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Drama, Best Graphic Design, and Best Make-up. References External links The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde at IMDb 1968 horror films 1968 films English-language Canadian films American horror television films Canadian horror television films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films shot in Toronto Films directed by Charles Jarrott 1960s American films 1960s Canadian films",
"title": "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968 film)"
},
{
"docid": "3351590",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, is a 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson. This page lists Wikipedia articles using \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" or a very similar name, or links to the most closely related article for items using that name that do not have a Wikipedia article. For a fuller list of adaptations, including those using other names, see Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde may also refer to: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character), a character in Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Film Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908 film), the first screen adaptation of Stevenson's novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908), directed by Sidney Olcott (US title: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde) (1910), directed by August Blom Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912 film), starring James Cruze Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913 film), directed by Herbert Brenon and Carl Laemmle Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913), produced by Charles Urban Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Haydon film), directed and written by J. Charles Haydon Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Paramount film), featuring John Barrymore Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film), starring Fredric March Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 film), featuring Spencer Tracy Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1986 film), an animated film produced by Burbank Films Australia Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (2002 film), starring John Hannah The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006 film), a film starring Tony Todd Doctor Jekyll (2023 film), a film starring Eddie Izzard Television The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968 film), a television film starring Jack Palance Jekyll and Hyde (TV series), a 2015 British television series written by Charlie Higson \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\", a 1955 episode of Climax! Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, characters in the television series Once Upon A Time Stage Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887 play), a stage adaptation by Thomas Russell Sullivan Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888 play), a stage adaptation by John McKinney Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life, an 1897 stage adaptation by Luella Forepaugh and George F. Fish Jekyll & Hyde (musical), a 1997 Broadway musical based on the story Music Dr. Jeckyll & Mr. Hyde (group), a 1980s hip hop group consisting of Andre \"Dr Jeckyll\" Harrell and Alonzo \"Mr Hyde\" Brown Jeckyll & Hyde (musicians), a Dutch duo Jekyll and Hyde (Petra album), a 2003 album from Christian rock band Petra Jekyll & Hyde en Español, the 2004 Spanish version of the album Jekyll and Hyde (Prime Circle album), a 2010 album from South African rock band Prime Circle Jekyll + Hyde, a 2015 album by the Zac Brown Band Songs \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" (song), by The Who, 1968 \"Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde\", a 1981 song by The Damned from their 1980 album",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "42829172",
"text": "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is an 1886 Gothic novella by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. It follows Gabriel John Utterson, a London-based legal practitioner who investigates a series of strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr Henry Jekyll, and a murderous criminal named Edward Hyde. Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is one of the most famous pieces of English literature, and is considered to be a defining book of the gothic horror genre. The novella has also had a sizeable impact on popular culture, with the phrase \"Jekyll and Hyde\" being used in vernacular to refer to people with an outwardly good but sometimes shockingly evil nature. Inspiration and writing Stevenson had long been intrigued by the idea of how human personalities can reflect the interplay of good and evil. While still a teenager, he developed a script for a play about William Brodie, which he later reworked with the help of W. E. Henley and which was produced for the first time in 1882. In early 1884, he wrote the short story \"Markheim\", which he revised in 1884 for publication in a Christmas annual. Inspiration may also have come from the writer's friendship with an Edinburgh-based French teacher, Eugene Chantrelle, who was convicted and executed for the murder of his wife in May 1878. Chantrelle, who had appeared to lead a normal life in the city, poisoned his wife with opium. According to author Jeremy Hodges, Stevenson was present throughout the trial and as \"the evidence unfolded he found himself, like Dr Jekyll, 'aghast before the acts of Edward Hyde'.\" Moreover, it was believed that the teacher had committed other murders both in France and Britain by poisoning his victims at supper parties with a \"favourite dish of toasted cheese and opium\". The novella was written in the southern English seaside town of Bournemouth in Dorset, where Stevenson had moved in 1884 to benefit from its sea air and warmer climate. Living then in Bournemouth was the former Reverend Walter Jekyll, younger brother of horticulturalist and landscape designer Gertrude Jekyll, whom Stevenson befriended and from whom he borrowed the name Jekyll. Jekyll was almost certainly homosexual, and having renounced his Anglican vocation, and exiled himself to the Continent for several years, had clearly struggled to find his place in society. Stevenson was friends with other homosexual men, including Horatio Brown, Edmund Gosse, and John Addington Symonds, and the duality of their socially-suppressed selves may have shaped his book. Symonds was shocked by the book, writing to Stevenson that \"viewed as an allegory, it touches one too closely.\" According to his essay \"A Chapter on Dreams\" (Scribner's, Jan. 1888), Stevenson racked his brains for an idea for a story and had a dream, and upon waking had the idea for two or three scenes that would appear in the story Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Biographer Graham Balfour quoted Stevenson's wife, Fanny Stevenson: In the small hours of one morning,[...]",
"title": "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "39605652",
"text": "Jekyll and Hyde is an adventure video game by Cryo Interactive. It was released for Microsoft Windows in 2001. The game is based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. A PlayStation 2 version was planned but was eventually cancelled. Story Set in 1890 London, after the tragic death Dr. Jekyll's wife, he has been in mourning with his daughter, Laurie, both went to Jekyll's laboratory located in a Mental Hospital for the insane where he works. A mysterious man called Burnwell, one of the patients of the Asylum goes berserk and poisons with an reagent drug and all the food supplies of the asylum inmates and they go in a killing spree inside the asylum, when Jekyll was working at his lab, Burnwell kidnapped his daughter Laurie from the her room and the Nurse warned Jekyll not go any closer to Burnwell otherwise he would kill her, Jekyll goes after Burnwell and along the way he rescues a Doctor of the asylum but fails to save another when he falls to his death after Burnwell cuts the rope with an knife where the second doctor was trapped besides Laurie in the atrium, Burnwell demands Dr. Jekyll to bring back his alter ego, Mr. Hyde Dr. Jekyll has no choice but to reactivate his laboratory equipment and bring back his dreaded alter ego, Mr. Hyde. after going to the atrium of the asylum a second time and confronting Burnwell the man escapes with Laurie and Jekyll is suddenly faced by an appearance of a second mysterious tall and thin man who calls himself simply by the name \"The Attorney\", he demands Dr. Jekyll to find three metallic piece keys of a book that is called the Book of Zohar, the three metallic pieces are guarded by a Chinese noble called James yang, an Maharaja from India and a Voodoo Witch Doctor. Reception Although the sound effects are praised, Jekyll & Hyde didn't receive many positive reviews from critics. IGN says \"Good voice acting is unfortunately overshadowed by the lack of animation when characters are speaking...if almost nothing else is good about a game, sound cannot save it.\" GameSpot criticized the game's confusing camera angles and bad control, saying \"it seems less like a game and more like a parody of the action-adventure genre.\" See also List of video games by Cryo Interactive Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde References 2001 video games DreamCatcher Interactive games Fiction set in 1890 Video games set in the 1890s Video games set in London Adventure games Cryo Interactive games Video games developed in France Windows games Windows-only games Video games about mental health Video games about shapeshifting Video games based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde",
"title": "Jekyll and Hyde (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "24480136",
"text": "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is an 1886 novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. It is about a London lawyer, Gabriel John Utterson, who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr. Henry Jekyll and the misanthropic Mr. Hyde. In a twist ending, it is revealed that Jekyll and Hyde were the same person, and that Jekyll had regularly transformed himself into Hyde by drinking a serum. The work is known for its vivid portrayal of a split personality, and since the 1880s dozens of stage and film adaptations have been produced, although there have been no major adaptations to date that remain faithful to the narrative structure of Stevenson's original. Most omit the figure of Utterson, telling the story from Jekyll's and Hyde's viewpoint and often having them played by the same actor, thus eliminating the mystery aspect of the true identity of Hyde. Many adaptations also introduce a romantic element which does not exist in the original story. While Hyde is portrayed in the novella as an evil-looking man of diminutive height, many adaptations have taken liberties with the character's physical appearance: Hyde is sometimes depicted with bestial or monstrous features, although sometimes he is more dashing and debonair than Jekyll, giving an alternate motivation for Jekyll to transform himself. There are over 123 film versions, not including stage and radio, as well as a number of parodies and imitations. Troy Howarth calls Stevenson's novella \"the most filmed work of literature in the silent era.\" Notable examples are listed below. Direct adaptations Stage 1887, a play in four acts. Thomas Russell Sullivan's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde opened in Boston in May 1887. The first serious theatrical rendering, it went on to tour Britain and ran for 20 years. It became forever linked with Richard Mansfield's performance; he continued playing the part until shortly before his death in 1907. Sullivan reworked the plot to centre around a domestic love interest. 1888, a play in four acts. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was written by John McKinney in collaboration with the actor Daniel E. Bandmann. It opened at Niblo's Garden in March 1887 with Bandmann in the title role. Later that year it competed directly with Sullivan's 1887 adaptation, when both opened in London within days of each other. 1897, a play in four acts. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life was written by Luella Forepaugh and George F. Fish for the repertory company at Forepaugh's Family Theatre in Philadelphia, where it debuted in March 1897. Published in 1904 by Samuel French, Inc. for use by other theatre companies. 1900, a play in four acts. Unproduced adaptation by Marcel Schwob and Vance Thompson. 1990, musical U.S. Jekyll & Hyde. Music by Frank Wildhorn, book and lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. Originally conceived for the stage by Steve Cuden and Frank Wildhorn. This musical features the song \"This Is The Moment\". 1991, stage play, opened in London. Written by David Edgar for",
"title": "Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "53289001",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life is a four-act play written in 1897 by Luella Forepaugh and George F. Fish. It is an adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. The story focuses on Henry Jekyll, a respected London doctor, and his involvement with Edward Hyde, a loathsome criminal. After Hyde murders a vicar, Jekyll's friends suspect he is helping the killer, but the truth is that Jekyll and Hyde are the same person. Jekyll has developed a potion that allows him to transform himself into Hyde and back again. When he runs out of the potion, he is trapped in his Hyde form and commits suicide. Forepaugh and Fish wrote the adaptation for the repertory company at a family theater Forepaugh managed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After Forepaugh and Fish left the theater business, the play was published in 1904 for the use of other theater companies. A 1908 silent film was based on the play. Plot In the first act, attorney J. G. Utterson is visiting with friends outside a London vicarage. The vicar, Reverend Edward Leigh, relates a story about how he intervened when he saw a girl trampled by a man named Edward Hyde. Utterson is dismayed to hear the name Edward Hyde, because his friend and client, Dr. Henry Jekyll, recently made a new will that gives his estate to a mysterious friend named Edward Hyde. After the vicar leaves, Dr. Lanyon arrives. Utterson asks Lanyon if he knows Hyde, but he does not; he and Jekyll have become more distant recently due to scientific disagreements. Jekyll, who lives next door to the vicarage, passes by on his way to see a patient. Utterson expresses his concern about Jekyll's will, but Jekyll refuses to consider changing it. After Jekyll and Utterson leave, Lanyon speaks to the vicar's daughter, Alice Leigh, who admits to being in love with Jekyll. Alice sees that Lanyon does not approve, and she asks Jekyll about it when he returns. He says she would not understand and begins talking about the dual presence of good and evil in men. Suddenly, Jekyll feels \"the change approaching\" and runs home. Before he reaches his door, he transforms into Hyde in view of the audience, but not Alice, who has gone to the other end of the stage. Hyde menaces Alice, who calls for her father. The vicar comes out of the vicarage and is clubbed with a stick by Hyde. Hyde runs away; Jekyll returns and asks who has attacked them. With his dying breath, the vicar says it was Hyde. In the second act, Inspector Newcomen shows Utterson part of the walking stick that Hyde used to kill Howell. Utterson recognizes it as one he gave to Jekyll. Newcomen vows to find the killer, and asks to interview Alice, who has been staying with Utterson since the murder. Jekyll visits Utterson with a letter from Hyde,",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life"
},
{
"docid": "18733228",
"text": "The Son of Dr. Jekyll is a 1951 American horror film directed by Seymour Friedman and starring Louis Hayward, Jody Lawrance and Alexander Knox. The film is a continuation of Robert Louis Stevenson's original classic 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Jack Pollexfen, the scriptwriter of this film, wrote and produced a sequel in the same vein, Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957), starring Gloria Talbott. Plot The film begins with a prologue set in 1860, where Mr. Hyde is chased down in the streets of London, after murdering his wife at their Soho flat. He escapes to the house of Dr. Jekyll, where he prepares the potion that will transform him back to the respected doctor. Unfortunately, the mob has already set the house ablaze. The flames drive Hyde to the top floor and in an attempt to leap to the ground, he meets his demise when he falls to the ground. As he dies, he changes back into Dr. Jekyll. John Utterson and Dr. Lanyon (original characters from Stevenson's novel) mourn their unfortunate friend Dr. Jekyll, until Inspector Stoddard brings the two to the Soho flat, where Jekyll/Hyde has left an orphan behind. Utterson agrees to adopt the young Jekyll, since he and his wife have not succeeded in having children. Thirty years later, Edward Jekyll, now fiancé to Utterson's niece Lynn and a student of the Royal Academy of Sciences, is expelled from the academy because of his peculiar and unorthodox experiments. Edward is unaware that he is actually Henry Jekyll's son, and when he inherits the Jekyll mansion, Dr. Lanyon tells him his father's tragic story. Edward and Lynn move to the old Jekyll mansion for the preparations of their marriage, and soon, Edward feels unwelcome by his neighbors. Discovering his father's laboratory, Edward convinces himself to work on his father's experiments in order to clear the family name. He hires Michaels, Dr. Jekyll's old assistant, and begins researching. Unfortunately, after Edward first tests the formula on himself, a Hyde-like man appears in the house and murders a number of people. Edward is charged for the murders and, thought insane, is transferred to Dr. Lanyon's sanitarium where the murders continue. Edward begins wondering if it is he who transforms into a murderer or someone else is trying to drive him to insanity. It was shown clearly that Lanyon changed chemicals and his father's notebook to frame Edward and keep control of his estate. Cast Louis Hayward as Edward Jekyll / Dr. Henry Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Jody Lawrance as Lynn Utterson Alexander Knox as Dr. Curtis Lanyon Lester Matthews as Sir John Utterson Gavin Muir as Richard Daniels, editor Paul Cavanagh as Insp. Stoddard Rhys Williams as Michaels, the butler References External links AFI 1950s English-language films American historical horror films 1950s historical horror films 1950s science fiction horror films 1951 horror films 1951 films Films based on horror novels Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Mad scientist films Columbia Pictures films Films",
"title": "The Son of Dr. Jekyll"
},
{
"docid": "35879795",
"text": "Chehre Pe Chehra () is a 1981 Indian Hindi-language science fiction film produced and directed by Raj Tilak. It stars Sanjeev Kumar, Vinod Mehra, Shatrughan Sinha, Rekha and Sulakshana Pandit. It is an adaptation of the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. Plot Wilson is a scientist who feels that every human has both angelic and devilish elements in themselves. He strongly believes that these two elements can be segregated and then a medicine can be invented to eliminate the undesirable element, while leaving only the desirable element intact. Wilson eventually invents a potion to put his theory into effect. He decides to test the invention on himself. But the result does not occur as he had theorised: although his devilish persona gets segregated from his angelic persona, it is much more powerful, and Wilson is unable to eliminate it. Cast Sanjeev Kumar as Dr. Wilson / Blackstone Vinod Mehra as David Shatrughan Sinha as Advocate Sinha Amol Palekar as Peter Rekha as Daisy Sulakshana Pandit as Diana Amjad Khan as Carlos Iftekhar as Colonel (Diana's Father) Gajanan Jagirdar as Police Commissioner Shreeram Lagoo as Church Priest Shammi as Daisy's Friend Rajni Sharma as Martha (Carlos’ Sister) Suresh Chatwal as Advocate Sinha's Junior Lawyer Production The film is based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. Sanjeev Kumar played the characters based on Jekyll and Hyde. His makeup was done by Shashikant Mhatre. Music Sahir Ludhianvi wrote the songs while N. Datta composed music of the film. Reception The film failed at the box office. References External links 1980s Hindi-language films 1980s Indian films 1981 films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films based on horror novels Films scored by Datta Naik Indian science fiction films Hindi-language science fiction films",
"title": "Chehre Pe Chehra"
},
{
"docid": "53195820",
"text": "Thomas Russell Sullivan (November 21, 1849 – June 28, 1916) was an American writer. He is best known for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, an 1887 stage adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. He also wrote novels and short stories, often with Gothic motifs. His posthumously published journals have been used as a historical source about the literary culture of Boston in the late 19th and early 20th century. Early life Sullivan was born on November 21, 1849, in a log cabin house on Charles Street in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the son of Thomas Russell Sullivan, a schoolmaster and former Unitarian minister, and Charlotte Caldwell Sullivan (née Blake). His paternal great-grandfather was Massachusetts Governor James Sullivan. Sullivan attended the Boston Latin School and expected to go to Harvard University as his father did, but both his parents died by the time he was 14, forcing him to find work instead. From 1866 to 1870, Sullivan worked as a clerk in Boston. He then took a job with Bowles Brothers, working in Paris and London from 1870 to 1873. When Bowles Brothers went out of business in 1873, he returned to Boston and found work at Lee, Higginson & Co., a Boston investment bank. Writing career While working at Lee, Higginson & Co., Sullivan began writing in his spare time. In the 1870s and early 1880s, he worked on several plays performed at the Boston Museum. His first novel, Roses of Shadow, was published in 1885. He became friends with the actor Richard Mansfield, who in 1887 acquired the theatrical rights to Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson. Mansfield asked Sullivan to write the adaptation. Sullivan doubted whether the story would make a good play, but he agreed to help with the project. The play, titled Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, debuted at the Boston Museum on May 9, 1887, to a very positive reception. It went to the Madison Square Theatre on Broadway on September 12, 1887, and was a hit. Mansfield's company continued to perform the play for the next 20 years, across the United States and in England. The success of the play convinced Sullivan to quit his banking job and write full-time. He wrote three more plays, although none were successful. He also wrote several novels and a two-volume collection of short stories, many of which have Gothic elements. He attempted one more stage collaboration with Mansfield, a drama about the Roman emperor Nero, but after its failure the two became estranged. Works Non-fiction Lands of Summer (1908) Boston New and Old (1912) Passages from the Journal 1891-1903 ( 1917) Novels Roses of Shadow (1885) Tom Sylvester (1893) The Courage of Conviction (1902) Heart of Us (1912) Short story collections Day and Night Stories (1890) Ars et Vita and Other Stories (1898) The Hand of Petrarch and Other Stories (1913) Plays Hearts are Trumps (co-written with William W. Chamberlin,",
"title": "Thomas Russell Sullivan"
},
{
"docid": "43636443",
"text": "Science fiction theatre includes live dramatic works, but generally not cinema or television programmes. It has long been overshadowed by its literary and broadcast counterparts, but has an extensive history, and via the play R.U.R. introduced the word robot into global usage. Background Ralph Willingham in his 1993 study Science Fiction and the Theatre catalogued 328 plays with sf elements, several of which were adaptations. Christos Callow Jr created the Internet Science Fiction Theatre Database in 2018 including mainly 21st century plays that feature elements of science fiction, fantasy and horror. In addition to productions of individual plays, the science fiction theatre festival Sci-Fest LA was launched in Los Angeles in 2014, and the festivals of Otherworld and Talos: Science Fiction Theatre Festival of London were both launched in 2015 in Chicago and in London, UK respectively. Posle milijon godina (After Million of Years), written by Dragutin Ilić in 1889, is considered the first science fiction theatrical play in the history of the world literature. Chronological selection of science fiction plays Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein adapted from Mary Shelley's novel of the same name by Richard Brinsley Peake, 1823 Journey Through the Impossible by Jules Verne and Adolphe d'Ennery, 1882 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson's novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Thomas Russell Sullivan, 1887 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde an unauthorised adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by John McKinney, 1888 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson's novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Luella Forepaugh and George F. Fish, 1897 R.U.R. by Karel Čapek, 1920 The Blue Flame by George V. Hobart and John Willard, 1920 Back to Methuselah by George Bernard Shaw, 1922 The Makropulos Affair by Karel Čapek, 1922 The Bedbug by Vladimir Mayakovsky, 1929 The Bathhouse by Vladimir Mayakovsky, 1930 Night of the Auk by Arch Oboler, 1956 Rhinoceros by Eugène Ionesco, 1959 The Bedsitting Room by Spike Milligan and John Antrobus, 1962 The Curse of the Daleks by David Whitaker and Terry Nation, 1965 Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday by Terrence Dicks, 1974 Starstruck by Elaine Lee, 1980 Henceforward... by Alan Ayckbourn, 1987 A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music by Anthony Burgess adapted from his novel of the same name, 1987 Greenland by Howard Brenton, 1988 Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure by Terrence Dicks, 1989 They're Made Out of Meat by Terry Bisson, 1991 short story later adapted by author as a play Communicating Doors by Alan Ayckbourn, 1994 Comic Potential by Alan Ayckbourn, 1998 Whenever by Alan Ayckbourn, 2000 Far Away by Caryl Churchill, 2000 A Number by Caryl Churchill, 2004 My Sister Sadie by Alan Ayckbourn, 2003 The Cut by Mark Ravenhill, 2004 Mercury Fur by Philip Ridley, 2005 Klingon Christmas Carol by Christopher Kidder-Mostrom and Sasha Warren, 2007 Really Old,",
"title": "Science fiction theatre"
},
{
"docid": "27561913",
"text": "Monster literature is a genre of literature that combines good and evil and intends to evoke a sensation of horror and terror in its readers by presenting the evil side in the form of a monster. History The themes and concepts of Monster Literature are rooted in 18th century Gothic literature. The earliest examples of Gothic literature can be traced all the way back to English author Horace Walpole's novel The Castle of Otranto (1764). However, monster literature first emerged in the 19th century with the release of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818). Gothic literature includes elements of horror and terror as well as a victim who is helpless against his enemy or victimizer. This victimizer usually possesses some form of supernatural power or advantage over the victim, and uses it to cause strife in the life of the victim. In Monster literature, the victimizer is portrayed in the form of a monster that torments the protagonists. In addition, Gothic inspired Monster literature evokes extreme emotions of sorrow, desolation, and isolation. Frankenstein In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein, driven by his insatiable desire for knowledge and enlightenment, creates a monster using body parts from deceased criminals in an attempt to make the perfect human being, one who is stronger and smarter than all others. Shortly after, Frankenstein regrets his creation and deserts it. The monster, endowed with superhuman strength and speed, torments Victor and his closest friends. The monster incites fear in Dr. Frankenstein as well as in the minds of villagers in the surrounding towns. The reader develops a sense of anger and disgust towards the monster for his actions against Dr. Frankenstein and his family but simultaneously feels sympathy for the monster because it is alone and unloved. Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde In Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), a lawyer named Mr. Utterson speaks with his friend Richard Enfield about an encounter he had with a repulsive hunchbacked man named Mr. Hyde. Soon Utterson finds that one of his clients, Dr. Jekyll, has written his will, giving all of his property to this strange man. It is revealed that Jekyll and Hyde are in fact one and the same, and that Jekyll has been using a potion he formulated to go between the two personalities. Hyde torments the town, while Jekyll apologizes and humbles his friends for Hyde's sake. Stevenson's novel invites hatred towards Hyde and shock upon the discovery of Jekyll's dual personality. Dracula In Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897), Jonathan Harker travels to Count Dracula's castle. Dracula inquires about buying a house in England, but soon Jonathan finds himself Dracula's prisoner. Harker escapes, but Dracula, recognized as a vampire, soon ventures away from his castle and begins to torment others close to Jonathan. Dracula is endowed with the power to turn into a bat, command wolves, and have incredible strength among other traits. However, Dracula and other vampires in the novel are weakened during the day and",
"title": "Monster literature"
},
{
"docid": "7883633",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1920 horror film directed and written by J. Charles Haydon, starring Sheldon Lewis, based on the 1886 novel Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. The Sheldon Lewis version was somewhat overshadowed by the 1920 Paramount Pictures version starring John Barrymore, which had been released just the month before. Plot The atheistic Dr. Henry Jekyll (Lewis) embarks on a series of experiments determined to segregate the two sides of the human personality, good and evil, to disprove God's existence. His experiments cause his fiancée Bernice to call off their engagement, and in a rage, he manages to unleash the darkest part of his personality as Mr. Hyde. As the first transformation into Hyde begins, Jekyll's butler exclaims that Jekyll is now \"the Apostle from Hell!\". Hyde, complete with fangs and scraggy hair, skulks through the city, committing heinous acts. The police catch up with Hyde, interrogate him, jail him, and strap him into the electric chair. Sitting in his chair at home, Jekyll awakes violently from a nightmare to declare, \"I believe in God! I have a soul...\". He decides not to create the chemical potion and to embrace religion instead. Cast Sheldon Lewis as Dr. Jekyll / Mr. Hyde Alex Shannon as Dr. Lanyon Dora Mills Adams as Mrs. Lanyon Gladys Field as Bernice Lanyon Harold Foshay as Edward Utterson Leslie Austin as Danvers Carew Production Three different adaptations of Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde were released in 1920, the first being the John Barrymore Paramount version, the second the Sheldon Lewis film, and the third Der Januskopf, a German version directed by F. W. Murnau. The film's producer, Louis Meyer (not to be confused with Louis B. Mayer), was concerned about copyright infringement relating to the other two versions, and he set the film in New York and altered the plot structure, although he may have also done it also for budgetary reasons. Contemporary newspaper accounts state that this film went into production before the John Barrymore Paramount version, but the Paramount film was released first. A satirical send-up of the John Barrymore film, produced by Hank Mann Comedies and distributed by Arrow just weeks before the company went out of business, was also distributed in 1920. Hank Mann played both Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The film is now lost. Critique Reviewer Troy Howarth commented \"The script allows the character (of Dr. Jekyll) more background detail....but Lewis fails to bring him to life.The makeup is low key; some false teeth, matted hair and a cocked hat.....his frantic overacting makes the character unintentionally humorous....it's hard to believe even audiences of the period would've found him credibly sinister. The film was clearly made on the cheap and rushed through production.\" The final product was in fact so crude that director J. Charles Haydon had his name removed from the credits. Notes Sheldon Lewis returned once again in 1929 to play",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Haydon film)"
},
{
"docid": "7884497",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1913 horror film based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 gothic novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Directed by Herbert Brenon for producer Carl Laemmle's company IMP (which he later changed to Universal Pictures), the production stars King Baggot in the dual role of Jekyll and Hyde. The film was re-released in the United States in August 1927. Plot Dr. Henry Jekyll (King Baggot) sends a note to his fiancée, Alice (Jane Gail), and her father (Matt B. Snyder) to say that instead of accompanying them to the opera, he must give more time to his charity patients. At Jekyll’s practice, his friends Dr. Lanyon (Howard Crampton) and Utterson (William Sorrel), a lawyer, ridicule him for what they consider his dangerous research. Alice and her father also visit Jekyll’s rooms, but although apologetic, the doctor insists on devoting his time to his patients. That night, however, Jekyll undertakes a dangerous experiment, swallowing a drug intended to releases his evil self. His body convulses, and he transforms into a hunched, twisted figure. The strange creature emerges from Jekyll’s room, bearing a note in Jekyll’s handwriting that orders the household staff to treat the stranger – “Mr Hyde” – as himself. Hyde then slips out into the night, terrorizing the patrons of a nearby tavern before finding himself lodgings. From these rooms, he begins a career of evil, until one night he attacks and injures a crippled child. Outraged witnesses corner Hyde and force him to agree to compensate the boy. Hyde reluctantly leads one man back to Jekyll’s house and gives him money. During this passage of events, a worried Dr. Utterson sees Hyde entering Jekyll’s house. Inside, Hyde takes a potion that transforms him back to Jekyll. The doctor swears that he will abandon his experiments and never tempt fate again; but that night, without taking the drug, he turns spontaneously into Hyde. Cast King Baggot as Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Hyde Jane Gail as Alice, Dr. Jekyll's fiance Matt B. Snyder as Alice's father Howard Crampton as Dr. Lanyon William Sorelle as Utterson, the attorney Herbert Brenon Critique Like so many other performers of this period, it was standard practice for the actors to apply their own make-up. While assuming the dual role of Jekyll and Hyde, King Baggot employed a variety of different greasepaints and a tangled mass of crepe hair. Through the use of camera dissolves, Baggot was able to achieve the transformation. Critic Troy Howarth felt that \"it gave him the chance to play a difficult dual role, but his performance has not aged well....his hunched over walk comes across as forced and ridiculous...evoking comparisons with Jerry Lewis'....performance as The Nutty Professor....with his unruly hair and prominent buckteeth\". The film used a slow dissolve effect to show the transformation, as opposed to a quick matching cut, and the critics were impressed, George Blaisdell of Moving Picture World commenting \"It is through the means of the dissolving process that",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913 film)"
},
{
"docid": "3043270",
"text": "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 2006 adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella. It was directed by John Carl Buechler, and produced by Peter Davy, British American film producer. The film is set in modern times instead of Victorian England. Plot Dr. Henry Jekyll has succeeded in curing a higher primate of his serious heart condition. He tests the serum on himself, resulting in dire consequences; he is transformed into the evil Edward Hyde. Dr. Jekyll does not realize that Hyde is a manifestation of himself, and develops a kind of multiple personality disorder. Hyde murders female college students and frames Jekyll. Jekyll feels guilty about the murders, and gives the victims' families $30,000 in damages. Hyde rapes and murders Jekyll's boss, Donna Carew. During a dinner party, Jekyll's friend Dennis Lanyon sees his colleague transform into Hyde before his eyes. Detective Karen Utterson and Lanyon race to find Jekyll before it's too late, as the serum gives Hyde immortality. Jekyll tries giving himself up to the police, but Hyde won't allow him to go to prison, knowing he will be executed: If Jekyll dies, so does Hyde. Jekyll commits suicide by jumping off the roof of the hospital, in order to make sure that Hyde will never hurt anyone ever again. As Jekyll dies, he says \"It was for my soul.\" Cast Tony Todd as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Edward Hyde Tracy Scoggins as Karen Utterson Vernon Wells as Dr. Dennis Lanyon Rebecca Grant as Linda Santiago Judith Shekoni as Renée Danielle Nicolet as Whitney Weddings Arloa Reston as Gloria Hatten Stefanie Budiman as Whitney's body double John Paul Fedele as Alan Ballard Paula Ficara as Dominio Hunter Peter Jason as Lt. Hamilton Marie Louise Jones as Valet Howard Kahen as Perkins Tyler Kain as Colleen Woodbe Miranda Kwok as Stacy Li Michelle Lee as Kim Li Justin Levin as Jesse Peter Lupus III as Gerald Poole Elina Madison as Cindy shivers Clayton Martinez as Arnold Mike Muscat as Night Watchman Grant Reynolds as Security Guard Deborah Shelton as Donna Carew Jacob Tawney as Kelsey James Tim Thomerson as Arnie Swift Nicholle Tom as Carla Hodgkiss Stephen Wastell as Richard Enfield Chris Kerner as Paramedic (uncredited) Ben Solenberger as Student at Opera House Restaurant (uncredited) Release The film was released on DVD by Image Entertainment on May 20, 2008. Reception Critical reception for the film has been negative. Jon Condit from Dread Central awarded the film a score of 2.5 out of 5 stating, \"While this latest variation of the Jekyll story isn't likely to win over any enthusiasts of the book, it will probably satisfy the undiscerning fan looking for some blood and a few unintentional laughs\". DVD Verdict gave the film a negative review criticizing the film's lack of atmosphere, pacing and the film's ending. References External links 2006 films 2006 horror films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films directed by John Carl Buechler American science fiction horror films 2000s",
"title": "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006 film)"
},
{
"docid": "7870244",
"text": "Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (also Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pride) is a 1925 American silent, black-and-white comedy film, directed by Scott Pembroke and Joe Rock (also the producer). The film itself is both a spoof of the previous Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films (e.g. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912) and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920)) and the well-famed 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The film stars Stan Laurel as the title characters. Plot and Characters Dr. Stanislaus Pyckle, (a play of the actor's name, Stan Laurel), successfully separates the good and evil of man's nature with the use of a powerful drug -- \"Dr. Pyckle's 58th Variety\", a spoof of \"Heinz's 57\". Transforming into the personality of Mr. Pryde (again Laurel), he terrorizes the town with unspeakable acts including stealing a boy's ice cream, cheating at marbles, and popping a bag behind a lady pedestrian. The townspeople track him down where Mr. Pride locks himself in the laboratory and transforms back as Dr. Pyckle. The doctor assures the townspeople that he hasn't seen the \"fiend\" they were after. While he talks, the drug used for the transformation spills in the plate of food of the doctor's dog. Dr. Pyckle confronts the fiendish dog when he locks the door and the townspeople leave. But once again, Mr. Pride emerges and brings havoc to the town, and again is chased down by the townspeople. He enters the lab and transforms back into Pyckle, and again assures the townspeople he has not seen the fiend. His assistant (Julie Leonard) begs the doctor to open and comfort him, but he transforms back into Mr. Pride. He opens the door to the assistant and locks it again. She screams seeing Pride and unsuccessfully tries to knock him out. The townspeople hurry back. Existing versions of the film end abruptly at this point without a resolution. The appearance of the fiendish Mr. Pride is an obvious spoof on the make-up designed for John Barrymore as Mr. Hyde. Also spoofed are the sudden and strange movements Barrymore's Jekyll makes during the transformation, as well as Hyde's confrontation with Millicent, Jekyll's fiancée, when Hyde lets her inside the lab. Other scenes show obvious parodies of other Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films (e.g. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912) and the Haydon film from 1920). Cast Stan Laurel as Dr. Pyckle / Mr. Pryde (sometimes as Mr. Pride) Julie Leonard as Dr. Pyckle's assistant Pete the Dog (as Pete the Pup) Syd Crossley (uncredited bit role) Dot Farley (uncredited bit role) Information The following year (1926), Stan Laurel began his years-long collaboration with Oliver Hardy, and together they would make over 100 films. Pete the dog later starred in a series of Buster Brown films as Buster's dog Tige. The familiar circle around his eye was painted on by a makeup man. Production Directed by: Scott Pembroke and Joe Rock Produced by: Joe Rock Cinematography",
"title": "Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde"
},
{
"docid": "53255738",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a four-act play written by John McKinney in collaboration with the actor Daniel E. Bandmann. It is an adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. The story focuses on Henry Jekyll, a respected London doctor, and his involvement with Edward Hyde, a loathsome criminal. After Hyde murders a vicar, Jekyll's friends suspect he is helping the killer, but the truth is that Jekyll and Hyde are the same person. Jekyll has developed a potion that allows him to transform himself into Hyde and back again. When he runs out of the potion, he is trapped in his Hyde form and commits suicide before he can be arrested. The play debuted on Broadway in March 1888. The adaptation was not authorized by Stevenson, but copyright law in the United States allowed Bandmann to produce the adaptation without permission. In August, Bandmann took the play to London, where it was in direct competition with an authorized adaptation, also using the title Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Thomas Russell Sullivan and starring Richard Mansfield. Both plays opened in London in August 1888, but Bandmann's production was quickly closed due to legal action by Stevenson's publisher. Plot In the first act, attorney J. G. Utterson is at a London vicarage, talking to the vicar, Reverend William Howell. Howell relates a story about how he intervened when he saw a boy being beaten by a man named Edward Hyde. Utterson is dismayed to hear the name Edward Hyde. After the vicar leaves, Utterson speaks with Dr. Lanyon, then with Dr. Henry Jekyll, who lives next door to the vicarage. After Jekyll and Utterson leave, Lanyon speaks to the vicar's daughter, Sybil Howell, who admits to being in love with Jekyll. Sybil sees that Lanyon does not approve, and she asks Jekyll about it when he returns. He says she would not understand, and begins talking about the dual presence of good and evil in men. Suddenly, Jekyll feels that a \"change is approaching\", and runs into the shadows. Edward Hyde emerges from the shadows and menaces Sybil. She calls for her father, who enters and is immediately attacked and murdered by Hyde. Hyde runs away; Jekyll returns and asks who has attacked them. With his dying breath, the vicar says it was Hyde. In the second act, Inspector Newcomen shows Utterson part of the walking stick that Hyde used to club Howell. Utterson recognizes it as one he gave to Jekyll. Newcomen vows to find the killer, and asks to interview Sybil, who has been staying with Utterson since the murder. Jekyll visits Utterson with a letter from Hyde, claiming he has departed. When Jekyll leaves, Utterson's assistant, Mr. Guest, points out that the handwriting on the letter is very similar to Jekyll's. When Utterson leaves, Jekyll returns and delivers a monologue confessing that he is the murderer. After a brief conversation with",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888 play)"
},
{
"docid": "7856323",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1912 horror film based on both Robert Louis Stevenson's novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) and on the 1887 play version written by Thomas Russell Sullivan. Directed by Lucius Henderson, the film stars actor (later noted film director) James Cruze in the dual role of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and co-starred his real life wife Marguerite Snow as well. Plot summary White-haired Dr. Jekyll has secretly locked himself in his laboratory, administering himself with a vial of formula. He slumps into his chair with his head on his chest. As the drug slowly takes effect, a dark-haired, taloned beast with two large fangs now appears in the chair. After repeated use, Jekyll's evil alter ego emerges at will, causing Jekyll to knock a little girl down in the street and even to murder his sweetheart's father (the local minister). The evil personality scuttles back to the laboratory only to discover that the antidote is finished and that he will have to remain as Mr. Hyde forever. A burly policeman breaks down Jekyll's door with an ax to find the kindly doctor dead from drinking poison. Cast James Cruze as Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde Florence La Badie as Jekyll's sweetheart Marie Eline as Little girl knocked down by Hyde Jane Gail (Extra) Marguerite Snow (Extra) Harry Benham as Mr. Hyde (in some scenes, uncredited) Production This film was produced by the Thanhouser Company. Rather than adapt the 1886 novel as earlier film adaptations had done, Thanhouser decided to more closely follow the 1887 stage play, telescoping its events down into a 12-minute-long film. Cruze plays Jekyll as a white-haired, middle-aged, well meaning doctor, but \"upon his transformation into Hyde, he cuts loose and delivers a memorable bit of pantomime acting....as he morphs into an impish and violent sociopath\". Jekyll's girlfriend's father becomes a minister in this version rather than the pompous aristocrat of the novel. Some sources list Harry Benham as the actor who played Mr. Hyde in the film , but in an interview in the October 1963 issue of Famous Monsters of Filmland, Harry Benham revealed that while Cruze played both Jekyll and Hyde, he and Cruze shared the role of Hyde, with Benham doubling for Cruze as Hyde in some scenes (uncredited). Historian Steve Haberman stated that Benham played Mr. Hyde in all of the Hyde scenes, since Hyde was noticeably shorter than Cruze in all of the transformation scenes. He said \"in fact, he is not even tall enough to see himself in the good doctor's mirror hanging on the wall...\" Critiques Critic Troy Howarth felt the Hyde makeup was crude yet effective, although he felt Jekyll's laboratory set looked like a cheap closet. He said Hyde's \"reign of terror\" is confined to a couple of brief scenes of violence, and that Hyde acts more \"like an unrestrained child who is allowed to run amok by a distracted parent...than a genuine menace\". Copyright status The film",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912 film)"
},
{
"docid": "2539442",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde is a 1971 British horror film directed by Roy Ward Baker based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. The film was made by British studio Hammer Film Productions and was their third adaptation of the story after The Ugly Duckling and The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll. The film is notable for showing Jekyll transform into a female Hyde; it also incorporates into the plot aspects of the historical Jack the Ripper and Burke and Hare cases. The title characters were played by the film's stars, Ralph Bates and Martine Beswick. Plot Dr. Henry Jekyll dedicates his life to the curing of all known illnesses; however, his lecherous friend Professor Robertson remarks that Jekyll's experiments take so long to actually be discovered, he will no doubt be dead by the time he is able to achieve anything. Haunted by this remark, Jekyll abandons his studies and obsessively begins searching for an elixir of life, using female hormones taken from fresh cadavers supplied by murderers Burke and Hare, reasoning that these hormones will help him to extend his life since women traditionally live longer than men and have stronger systems. In the apartment above Jekyll's lives a family: an elderly mother, her daughter Susan Spencer, and Susan's brother Howard. Susan is attracted to Jekyll, and he returns her affections, but is too obsessed with his work to make advances. Mixing the female hormones into a serum and drinking it has the effect of changing Jekyll's sex. Susan becomes jealous when she discovers this mysterious woman, but when she confronts Jekyll, to explain the sudden appearance of his female alter ego, he calls her Mrs. Edwina Hyde, saying she is his widowed sister who has come to live with him. Howard, on the other hand, develops a lust for Mrs. Hyde. Jekyll soon finds that his serum requires a regular supply of female hormones to maintain its effect, necessitating the killing of young girls. Burke and Hare supply his needs, but their criminal activities are uncovered. Burke is lynched by a mob and Hare blinded by lime. The doctor decides to take matters into his own hands and commits the murders attributed to Jack the Ripper. Jekyll abhors this, but Mrs. Hyde relishes the killings as she begins to take control, even seducing and then killing Professor Robertson when he attempts to question her about the murders. As Mrs. Hyde grows more powerful, the two personalities begin to struggle for dominance. Jekyll asks Susan to the opera; however, when he is getting dressed to go out, he unconsciously takes Mrs. Hyde's gown from the wardrobe instead of his own clothes, realizing that he no longer needs to drink the serum in order to transform. Susan is heartbroken when Jekyll fails to take her out to the opera, and she decides to go alone. However, Mrs. Hyde decides that innocent, pure Susan's blood is just what she needs",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "59741024",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Holmes is a Sherlock Holmes pastiche novel by Loren D. Estleman, originally published in 1979. The novel is an account of Holmes' dealing with the mystery of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as originally narrated in Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The book has since been republished in 2001 by I-Books and in 2010 Titan Books, the latter under their Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes banner. Reception Dread Central said \"Estleman weaves Holmes into the story of Jekyll and Hyde very deftly. Without giving too much away, very few deviations from the overall plot of the Stevenson novel are made, while still providing the reader with an enjoyable Holmes adventure.\" The MYSTERY FANcier called the book \"both nobly attempted and capably accomplished\" but found that since the story hews so closely to Stevenson's original \"there is no mystery involved in the matter at all. Watching Sherlock Holmes use his famed powers of deduction to untangle the tale of their twisted identities quickly becomes a matter of little more than idle intellectual curiosity.\" Kirkus Reviews found it uninspiring saying \"though Estleman does a better, deadpan job of recreating Conan Doyle's Watson style than many, he forgets that, without mystery, there is no Holmes—and here, we know all along what Sherlock is trying to deduce.\" References 1979 American novels Works based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Crossover novels Sherlock Holmes novels Sherlock Holmes pastiches Doubleday (publisher) books",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Holmes"
},
{
"docid": "2490751",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1941 American horror film starring Spencer Tracy, Ingrid Bergman, and Lana Turner. The production also features Donald Crisp, Ian Hunter, Barton MacLane, C. Aubrey Smith, and Sara Allgood. Its storyline is based on the 1886 Gothic novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde written by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. There have been many filmed adaptations of the novella. This movie was a remake of the Oscar-winning 1931 version starring Fredric March. Released in August 1941, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was a commercial success, and was nominated for three Academy Awards. Plot In 1887 London, Dr. Henry Jekyll is performing research experiments on the possibility of separating the good and evil aspects of human nature. Jekyll is in love with Beatrix Emery, but her father, Sir Charles, is skeptical of Jekyll's radical ideas. Jekyll develops a serum that he attempts to use on Sam Higgins, a patient who went insane after suffering a gas works explosion, but the plan fails when Jekyll learns that Sam has died. Instead, Jekyll impulsively takes the serum himself, and is transformed in mindset and countenance into a malevolent alter ego. Jekyll takes an antidote to reverse the serum's effects, but not before experiencing an auditory hallucination in which a voice speaks: \"Mr. Hyde\". Beatrix departs England on a trip abroad with her father, who is concerned about the love affair between the two, leaving Jekyll alone. When Beatrix's father extends their time away from London, Jekyll continues to experiment with the serum, ingesting another dose. In his alter ego of Mr. Hyde, he ventures into a music hall where he spots attractive barmaid Ivy Peterson, whom he saved from an attacker in the streets some weeks before. Because his face and manner is disfigured by the evil brought out by the serum, Ivy does not recognize him, and becomes frightened when approaching his table. Hyde surreptitiously instigates mayhem in the music hall, tripping one man, hitting another with a cane, poking another in the eye, pitting one patron against another until a brawl ensues, after which Hyde convinces the owner that Ivy was the cause of the trouble, and bribes the hall owner to fire her. Hyde takes a reluctant Ivy home with him, and rapes her in the carriage. While Beatrix grows concerned after receiving no correspondence, Hyde provides Ivy housing in a flat, although she lives in fear of Hyde's psychological manipulation and violent behavior. When Ivy's friend Marcia visits her, Marcia sees bruises on Ivy's back and suspects Ivy is being abused, but before she can find out what is going on, Hyde appears and menaces Marcia, who leaves in a hurry; afterward, Hyde taunts Ivy that Marcia is more beautiful than Ivy, and he may leave Ivy to pursue Marcia, before subsequently tormenting Ivy by forcing her to sing against her will as a prelude to raping her. Upon learning that Beatrix has returned to England, Jekyll vows not to",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 film)"
},
{
"docid": "65574086",
"text": "The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter is a 2017 novel by Theodora Goss. It is her debut novel, though she is an author of many short works. Strange Case is the first installment of The Extraordinary Adventures of the Athena Club series, and is followed by European Travel for the Monstrous Gentlewoman. The story follows Mary Jekyll, daughter of the literary character Dr. Jekyll, as she meets and connects with the fictional daughters of major literary characters, and works with and faces various famous 19th century literary personae, including Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, Frankenstein's monster, and others to solve the mystery of a series of killings in London, as well as the mystery of her own family story. Drawing on classic gothic and horror creations of the 19th century, such as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde, Frankenstein, Rappaccini's Daughter, The Island of Doctor Moreau, Dracula and the Sherlock Holmes stories, Goss reimagines the works of such literary greats as Mary Shelley, Robert Louis Stevenson, H. G. Wells, Bram Stoker and Nathaniel Hawthorne from a feminist perspective, as well as the historical record of the Jack the Ripper murders. At the center of the narrative is the connection and various experiences of the women who form the Athena Club, the oppressions they experience, and how they empower each other to accomplish great things. The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter won the Locus Award for Best First Novel and was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel. Synopsis Mary Jekyll is alone and quickly running out of money following her mother's death. As clues arise to indicate that Edward Hyde, her father's former friend and a murderer, may be nearby, Mary becomes curious about the secrets of her father's past. As she discovers that a reward is on offer for information leading to Hyde's capture, she realizes that investigating the mysteries of her family could solve all of her financial woes. Following the trail of money sent by her mother to a religious order, the hunt soon leads her to Diana, Hyde's daughter. Diana is a feral child who was left to be raised by nuns. Diana informs Mary that they are actually half sisters, a truth Mary finds difficult to accept. Mary's investigation crosses that of Scotland Yard, who are investigating a series of murders of women in the area, and becomes acquainted with Sherlock Holmes. Holmes and Dr. Watson help Mary in her continued search for Hyde. In the process, Mary discovers and befriends other \"monstrous\" daughters of infamous scientists, all of whom have been created through terrifying experimentation: Beatrice Rappaccini, Catherine Moreau, and Justine Frankenstein. When their investigations lead them to the discovery of The Alchemists Society, a secret organization of immoral and power-crazed scientists, the horrors of their past return. Now it is up to the monsters to finally triumph over the monstrous. Reception Publishers Weekly, in a starred review, called The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter a \"tour",
"title": "The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter"
},
{
"docid": "1917399",
"text": "Jekyll may refer to: Entertainment Film The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll, a 1960 horror film Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo, a 1972 Spanish horror film Jekyll (2007 film), a 2007 horror film Television Jekyll (TV series), a 2007 BBC television series Jekyll & Hyde (TV series), a 2015 ITV television series Theatre Jekyll & Hyde (musical), a 1997 Broadway musical Music Jekyll, a 2013 re-release of Hyde (EP) by South Korean boy band VIXX \"Jekyll\", a song by Exo on the album Obsession Literature Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character), the protagonist of the novella Places Jekyll Island, an island off the coast of the U.S. state of Georgia Jekyll Island Club, private club located thereon Other uses Jekyll (software), a static blogging platform Jekyll (surname) See also Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (disambiguation)",
"title": "Jekyll"
},
{
"docid": "1563891",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1988 side-scrolling action video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System loosely based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. Gameplay alternates between the characters of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde based on the player's ability to either avoid or cause damage. Gameplay and premise The story of the game is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's novel, with Dr. Jekyll on the way to his forthcoming wedding to Miss Millicent. The game's ending depends on which character, Jekyll or Hyde, reaches the church first. As Dr. Jekyll walks to the church with his cane in hand, several townspeople, animals, and other obstacles obstruct his path, causing him to become angry. After his stress meter fills up, Dr. Jekyll will transform into Mr. Hyde. The gameplay then moves to a demonic world, where Hyde will fire out a \"psycho wave\" at various monsters. The Psycho Wave is, in fact, proudly displayed on the game's cover. As Mr. Hyde kills these monsters, his anger abates and he eventually transforms back into Dr. Jekyll. The game features six levels, but the levels differ between the Japanese and North American versions. The Japanese version follows this order: City, Park, Alley, Town, Cemetery, Street. However, the North American version replaces a few levels and follows this order: Town, Cemetery, Town, Park, Cemetery, Street. The North American version also removed certain sprites and segments from the original Japanese version. The player starts out controlling Dr. Jekyll on his way to the church, walking to the right. Contrary to most platformers, Dr. Jekyll cannot attack the majority of his enemies (though he is equipped with a cane) and, as a result, must avoid his enemies, rather than confront them directly. As he takes damage from the various enemies and obstacles, his Life Meter decreases and his Anger Meter increases. If his Life Meter is fully depleted, Dr. Jekyll dies and the game is over. If his Anger Meter completely fills, however, he transforms into Mr. Hyde. Day turns to night and monsters appear. At this point, the level is mirrored horizontally and Mr. Hyde walks from right to left with the screen autoscrolling. Mr. Hyde must kill monsters as fast as he can in order to turn back into Dr. Jekyll, with Shepp monsters generally giving the largest refill to his Meter, though killing other monsters may refill the Meter a small amount. Once the player returns as Dr. Jekyll, 70% of his Life Meter is restored. If Hyde reaches a spot equivalent to where Dr. Jekyll reached in the latter's world (except in the final segment), a bolt of lightning strikes and kills him instantly. Therefore, the objective of the game is to advance as far as possible as Dr. Jekyll and to transform back as soon as possible as Mr. Hyde. However, the more detailed alternative ending of the game requires the player to strategically reach the Church with Mr.",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "7120714",
"text": "Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1953 American horror comedy film starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, co-starring Boris Karloff, and directed by Charles Lamont. Inspired by the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, the film follows the story of two American police officers visiting Victorian London who become involved in the hunt for a monster responsible for a series of murders. Plot A series of horrific murders has terrorized Victorian London and baffled police. While returning home from a pub, newspaper reporter Bruce Adams finds one murder victim, a prominent doctor. The next day, two American policemen, Slim and Tubby, who are studying London police methods, respond to brawl at a women's suffrage rally in Hyde Park. Reporter Adams, young suffragette Vicky Edwards, Slim, and Tubby are all caught up in the fray and wind up in jail. Vicky's guardian, Dr. Henry Jekyll, bails Vicky and Adams out, while Tubby and Slim are kicked off the police force. Unknown to anyone, Dr. Jekyll has developed a serum which transforms him into Mr. Hyde—the \"monster\" who is responsible for the recent murders. Dr. Jekyll is secretly in love with Vicky, and is angered by the mutual attraction between Vicky and Bruce. He injects himself to transform once again into Hyde with the intent of murdering Bruce. Meanwhile, Tubby and Slim realize that if they capture the monster they will be reinstated on the police force. Walking down a street at night, Tubby spots Hyde and the boys trail him into the music hall where Vicky is performing and Adams is visiting. A chase ensues, and Tubby manages to trap Hyde inside a cell in a wax museum. But before Tubby can bring the police inspector, Adams and Slim to the scene, the monster has reverted to the respected Dr. Jekyll. Tubby is once again rebuked by the police inspector, but the \"good\" doctor asks Slim and Tubby to escort him to his home. While Slim and Tubby snoop around Jekyll's home, Tubby drinks a potion which transforms him into a large mouse. Slim and Tubby bring this extraordinary news to the inspector, but the inspector refuses to believe them. Vicky announces to Jekyll her intent to marry Adams, but Jekyll does not share her enthusiasm and transforms into Hyde right and attacks her. Adams, Slim and Tubby save her in the nick of time, but Hyde escapes. During the struggle, Jekyll's serum needle falls into a couch cushion, which Tubby accidentally falls onto, transforming him into a Hyde-like monster. Another madcap chase ensues, this time with Adams chasing Jekyll's monster and Slim pursuing Tubby's monster, who they each believe is Jekyll. Reports of the monster seemingly being in multiple places at once frustrate and confuse the London police. Adams' chase ends up back at Jekyll's home, where Hyde falls to his death from an upstairs window, then transforms back into his true identity. Meanwhile, Slim",
"title": "Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "48391019",
"text": "Jekyll and Hyde is a British TV fantasy drama based loosely on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Set in 1930s London and Ceylon, it follows the character of Dr. Robert Jekyll, a grandson of the Victorian Dr. Henry Jekyll, who has inherited his grandfather's split personality and violent alter-ego. The series aired on ITV in the United Kingdom from 25 October to 27 December 2015 and it consisted of ten episodes. On 5 January 2016, creator Charlie Higson announced on Twitter that ITV had decided to pass on a second series. Plot Cast Tom Bateman Dr. Robert Jekyll/Hyde, the grandson of the Victorian Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, the son of Louis, twin brother of Olalla. Richard E. Grant Sir Roger Bulstrode, a British Intelligence officer studying supernatural phenomena. Tom Rhys Harries Mr Sackler, a sniper working for Sir Roger Bulstrode. Enzo Cilenti Captain Dance, senior officer for monster organisation, the Tenebrae. Michael Karim Ravi Najaran, Vishal and Gurinder's son and Robert's foster-brother. Ace Bhatti Dr. Vishal Najaran, Gurinder's husband, Ravi's father and Robert Jekyll's foster-father in Ceylon. Lolita Chakrabarti Gurinder Najaran, Vishal's wife, Ravi's mother and Robert Jekyll's foster-mother in Ceylon. Natalie Gumede Isabella \"Bella\" Charming, the owner of an East End nightclub the Empire, and love interest of Robert's Hyde persona. Stephanie Hyam Lily Clarke Carew, a former biochemistry student of Cambridge, also, Lily Carew, granddaughter of the murdered Sir Danvers Carew. Christian McKay Maxwell Utterson, Robert's estate lawyer whose father, Gabriel Utterson, worked for Dr. Henry Jekyll. Ruby Bentall Hilary \"Hils\" Barnstaple, Maxwell's assistant. Donald Sumpter Garson, once Henry Jekyll's assistant/footman, now the bartender of the Empire nightclub. Sinéad Cusack Maggie Hope. Lover of Victorian Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, mother of Louis and grandmother of Robert and Olalla. Wallis Day Olalla Jekyll/Hyde, granddaughter of the Victorian Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, daughter of Louis and twin sister of Robert. Amelia Bullmore Renata Jezequiel, a distant relative of the Jekyll family. Natasha O'Keeffe Fedora, member of Tenebrae and love interest of Dance. Tony Way Cyclops Silas Parnell, member of Tenebrae, minion of Dance and leader of a gang of one-eyed thugs. Dee Tails The Harbinger, a creature. Phil McKee Mr Hannigan, an MIO agent working for Sir Roger Bulstrode. Mark Bonnar Lord Protheroe, head of Daily Truth, harbourer of Fedora and the \"killed\" Dance. David Bark-Jones and Thomas Coombes Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, Robert and Olalla's paternal grandfather and the father of Louis. Production The series was based at 3 Mills Studios and also filmed in Kent – Rochester High Street doubles as the exterior of the Empire music hall and The Guildhall Museum features as the hotel where Dr. Jekyll (Tom Bateman) first lodges when arriving in England. The Historic Dockyard Chatham was used as location for the scenes used for Gravesend Docks, Tenebrae offices and factory and various areas of the site feature as London Streets and markets. Elmley Nature Reserve features in episode three as",
"title": "Jekyll and Hyde (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "144774",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1931 American pre-Code horror film, directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Fredric March, who plays a possessed doctor who tests his new formula that can unleash people's inner demons. The film is an adaptation of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the 1886 Robert Louis Stevenson tale of a man who takes a potion which turns him from a mild-mannered man of science into a homicidal maniac. The film was a critical and commercial success upon its release. Nominated for three Academy Awards, March won the award for Best Actor, sharing the award with Wallace Beery for The Champ. Plot Dr. Henry Jekyll (Fredric March), a kind English doctor in Victorian London, is certain that within each man lurks impulses for both good and evil. He is desperately in love with his fiancée Muriel Carew (Rose Hobart) and wants to marry her immediately. But her father, Brigadier General Sir Danvers Carew (Halliwell Hobbes), orders them to wait. One night, while walking home with his colleague, Dr. John Lanyon (Holmes Herbert), Jekyll spots a bar singer, Ivy Pierson (Miriam Hopkins), being attacked by a man outside her boarding house. Jekyll drives the man away and carries Ivy up to her room to attend to her. Ivy tries to seduce Jekyll but, though he is tempted, he leaves with Lanyon. When Sir Danvers takes Muriel to Bath, Jekyll begins to experiment with drugs that he believes will unleash his evil side. After imbibing a concoction of these drugs, he transforms into Edward Hyde—an impulsive, sadistic, violent, amoral man who indulges his every desire. Hyde finds Ivy in the music hall where she works. He offers to financially support her in return for her company. They stay at her boarding house where Hyde rapes and psychologically manipulates her. When Hyde reads in the paper that Sir Danvers and Muriel are planning to return to London, Hyde leaves Ivy but threatens her that he'll return when she least expects it. Overcome with guilt, Jekyll sends £50 to Ivy. On the advice of her landlady, Ivy goes to see Dr. Jekyll and recognizes him as the man who saved her from abuse that night. She tearfully tells him about her situation with Hyde, and Jekyll reassures her that she will never see Hyde again. But the next night, while walking to a party at Muriel's where the wedding date is to be announced, Jekyll again changes into Hyde upon seeing a cat stalk and kill a bird. Rather than attend the party, Hyde goes to Ivy's room and murders her. Hyde returns to Jekyll's house but is refused admission by the butler. Desperate, Hyde writes a letter to Lanyon instructing him to take certain chemicals from Jekyll's laboratory and take them home. When Hyde arrives, Lanyon pulls a gun on him and demands that Hyde take him to Jekyll. With no other choice, Hyde drinks the formula and changes back into Jekyll before a shocked",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film)"
},
{
"docid": "7725710",
"text": "Hyde and Hare is a 1955 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon, directed by Friz Freleng. The short was released on August 27, 1955, and stars Bugs Bunny. The short is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The cartoon pits Bugs against Dr. Jekyll, who continues to turn into Mr. Hyde. The title is a play on the expression \"neither hide nor hair.\" Plot Bugs Bunny emerges from his rabbit hole in a city park each morning to receive a carrot from a kind gentleman, amusingly remarking on the routine as his \"timid little rabbit\" act, acknowledging it as part of his livelihood. Gradually, Bugs expresses a desire to become the gentleman's pet, finding it more convenient for both of them. As they head to the gentleman's home, Bugs refers to him as \"Doc\". Inside the house, Bugs goes exploring and finds a room labeled \"laboratory\". The gentleman, Dr. Jekyll, drinks a potion and turns into Mr. Hyde. Mistaking Hyde for a sick person, Bugs attempts to assist but quickly realizes the danger when Hyde wields an axe. Fleeing for safety, Bugs seeks help from Dr. Jekyll. The cycle of transformation between Jekyll and Hyde leads to chaotic encounters, with Bugs attempting to shelter Jekyll from his alter ego. Jekyll's efforts to contain Hyde's aggression prove futile. He wants to get rid of the potion but discovers that it's gone; Bugs has drunk it, and returns to his park, but transforms into a monstrous rabbit without realizing it, and terrifies the onlookers. Bugs questions the cause of the commotion around him, chewing on his carrot. Allusions In the cartoon, Bugs sits down at a piano, places a candelabra upon it, and utters the phrase, \"I wish my brother George was here\". The reference was to Liberace, who had a brother named George that was also his conductor on TV. It also references Liberace's personal appearances during the 1950s. Liberace's feature film debut Sincerely Yours, also produced by Warner Bros., was released around the same time as this cartoon. You can also hear that quote on Three Little Bops by the piano playing pig. The piano piece that Bugs plays is the Minute Waltz (Bugs pronounces \"minute\" as if to mean tiny) by Chopin, or as Bugs calls him, \"Choppin\". When Bugs first sees Mr. Hyde, he says Ralph Kramden's line to him, \"You...are a mental case!\" Home media The cartoon appears on the Looney Tunes: After Dark Laserdisc. In 2004, this cartoon was restored and released on the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2 DVD box set. The Warner Archive Blu-Ray of Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde includes an upscaled version of the Golden Collection master. You can play Hyde Bugs in the Looney Tunes: Acme Arsenal video game. See also Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1950–1959) List of Bugs Bunny cartoons References External links 1955 films 1955 animated films 1955 short films Short films directed by Friz Freleng Looney Tunes",
"title": "Hyde and Hare"
},
{
"docid": "28278433",
"text": "\"Bubba Hyde\" is a song written by Gene Nelson and Craig Wiseman, and recorded by American country music group Diamond Rio. It was released in February 1995 as the third single from the group's 1994 album Love a Little Stronger. The song reached No. 16 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Content The song is about a mild-mannered grocery store employee, Barney Jekyll, who, on Friday nights, puts on leather boots and an \"Elvis jacket\" and drives a sports car to a honky-tonk, where he goes by the name of \"Bubba Hyde\". The song is a reference to the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. Music video The music video was directed by Deaton-Flanigen Productions and premiered in January 1995. It stars Jm J. Bullock, best-known for playing Monroe Ficus on the sitcom Too Close for Comfort and Prince Valium in Spaceballs, as Barney Jekyll/Bubba Hyde. Chart performance References 1994 songs 1995 singles Diamond Rio songs Songs written by Craig Wiseman Songs written by Gene Nelson (songwriter) Music videos directed by Deaton-Flanigen Productions Arista Nashville singles Works based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Music based on works by Robert Louis Stevenson",
"title": "Bubba Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "45094397",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a four-act play written by Thomas Russell Sullivan in collaboration with the actor Richard Mansfield. It is an adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. The story focuses on the respected London doctor Henry Jekyll and his involvement with Edward Hyde, a loathsome criminal. After Hyde murders the father of Jekyll's fiancée, Jekyll's friends discover that he and Jekyll are the same person; Jekyll has developed a potion that allows him to transform himself into Hyde and back again. When he runs out of the potion, he is trapped as Hyde and commits suicide before he can be arrested. After reading the novella, Mansfield was intrigued by the opportunity to play a dual role. He secured the right to adapt the story for the stage in the United States and the United Kingdom, and asked Sullivan to write the adaptation. The play debuted in Boston in May 1887, and a revised version opened on Broadway in September of that year. Critics acclaimed Mansfield's performance as the dual character. The play was popular in New York and on tour, and Mansfield was invited to bring it to London. It opened there in August 1888, just before the first Jack the Ripper murders. Some press reports compared the murderer to the JekyllHyde character, and Mansfield was suggested as a possible suspect. Despite significant press coverage, the London production was a financial failure. Mansfield's company continued to perform the play on tours of the U.S. until shortly before his death in 1907. In writing the stage adaptation, Sullivan made several changes to the story; these included creating a fiancée for Jekyll and a stronger moral contrast between Jekyll and Hyde. The changes have been adopted by many subsequent adaptations, including several film versions of the story which were derived from the play. The films included a 1912 adaptation directed by Lucius Henderson, a 1920 adaptation directed by John S. Robertson, and a 1931 adaptation directed by Rouben Mamoulian, which earned Fredric March an Academy Award for Best Actor. A 1941 adaptation, directed by Victor Fleming, was a remake of the 1931 film. Plot In the first act, a group of friends (including Sir Danvers Carew's daughter Agnes, attorney Gabriel Utterson, and Dr. and Mrs. Lanyon) has met up at Sir Danvers' home. Dr. Lanyon brings word that Agnes' fiancé, Dr. Henry Jekyll, will be late to the gathering. He then repeats a second-hand story about a man named Hyde, who injured a child in a collision on the street. The story upsets Utterson because Jekyll recently made a new will that gives his estate to a mysterious friend named Edward Hyde. Jekyll arrives; Utterson confronts him about the will, but Jekyll refuses to consider changing it. Jekyll tells Agnes that they should end their engagement because of sins he has committed, but will not explain. Agnes refuses to accept this, and tells Jekyll she",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887 play)"
},
{
"docid": "40054174",
"text": "Edge of Sanity is a 1989 American slasher film directed by Gérard Kikoïne and starring Anthony Perkins. It mixes elements of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde with those of tales of Jack the Ripper. Plot In the opening scene, Henry Jekyll, a young boy, witnesses his father having sex with a prostitute in a barn. His father catches him and violently whips Henry for spying, scarring him for life and leading to repressed sadomasochistic longings. Many years later, in late 1880s England, the adult Dr. Henry Jekyll is experimenting with the human psyche when he accidentally ingests a mix of ether and cocaine and goes insane. He transforms into the monstrous-looking Jack \"the Ripper\" Hyde and murders a prostitute who resembles one that he previously met as a child. He begins a killing spree using the mixture that was originally meant to be an anesthetic in order to influence prostitutes and johns to torture and kill each other. The murders gain the attention of a detective from Scotland Yard as well as Jekyll's wife Elisabeth, who begins to suspect where her husband is going at nights. As \"Jack\" Hyde, he enlists two assistants to give out his anesthetic drug to distribute among the lower-class population of Whitechapel. One night, after he transforms, Jekyll is followed by Elisabeth to a brothel and then from there to a sadomasochistic threesome at a local abandoned warehouse where both of Hyde's partners go crazy and attempt to kill each other and her. Elisabeth subdues and kills both and gets away, but Hyde follows her back to her house. He breaks in and murders her before transforming back into Dr. Jekyll, thus getting away with everything and enabling him to continue his killing spree. Cast Anthony Perkins as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Jack \"the Ripper\" Hyde Glynis Barber as Elisabeth Jekyll Sarah Maur Thorp as Susannah David Lodge as Underwood Ben Cole as Johnny Jill Melford as Flora Noel Coleman as Egglestone Briony McRoberts as Ann Underwood Harry Landis as Coroner Basil Hoskins as Mr. Bottingham Production A few exterior sets were filmed in London. Vincent Canby stated that he thinks the film looks \"19th-century atmospheric\". While the film is for the most part clearly set in the Victorian era, some of the wardrobe seems deliberately anachronistic and modern, adding to the film's surrealistic ambience. Alain Silver compared the style of the film to those directed by Ken Russell, based on the way that the films incorporate the supernatural, psychology, and sexual imagery. He also said that the prostitutes \"further unsettle the preconceptions of the audience\". The book Marked Women: Prostitutes and Prostitution in the Cinema uses the film as an example of sexual brutality against women in films. Reception Vincent Canby wrote in The New York Times that Anthony Perkins \"gives a good, funny, if somewhat lopsided performance as the madman of medicine\". TV Guide reviewed the film, giving it 1 out of 4 stars and",
"title": "Edge of Sanity (film)"
},
{
"docid": "27985958",
"text": "\"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" is a song by English rock band, the Who. It was written by the band's bassist, John Entwistle. The song is about drummer Keith Moon's drinking problems. This is the first of two songs from The Who written about Keith Moon, the second being \"Doctor Jimmy\" from the album Quadrophenia. Who biographer John Atkins calls it \"a macabre tribute to Keith Moon.\" \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" has been compared to a Hammer horror film. The lyrics describe the good and evil elements within a single character, reminiscent of Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The music incorporates a \"scarey opening\" and has a melody led by Entwistle's bass guitar line, which Chris Charlesworth describes as \"menacing\" and Atkins describes as \"grinding.\" It also contains a French horn solo that Charlesworth describes as \"spooky.\" Atkins describes the melody as being \"strongly inventive.\" \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" had been considered as a possible single release, along with \"Call Me Lightning,\" but it was released as the B-side of \"Call Me Lightning\" instead. Atkins laments this decision, stating that although its horror film imagery was not ideal for a single, it was far better than \"Call Me Lightning.\" He considers it one of Entwistle's best songs, saying that the \"music and performance combine to create a perfectly chilling horror-comic Gothic mood piece.\" Charlesworth states that the song \"succeeds admirably.\" Cash Box called \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" a \"psychedelified throbber on the lid that could attract added attention.\" Two very different versions of this song exist. The first one, running 2:24, is the B-side to the US single \"Call Me Lightning\". It is still available on the 1968 compilation album Magic Bus: The Who on Tour. The second version, which exceeds the former's length by 14 seconds, was the B-Side to the UK single \"Magic Bus\". This version has a more prominent guitar line, as well as spooky \"Mr. Hyde\" effects (the voice John Entwistle had used in chorus of the song \"Boris the Spider\") and can be found on the Japanese release of the Who's Missing/Two's Missing compilation released in 2011. This song, as well as \"Boris the Spider\" and \"Silas Stingy\" all had lyrics that suited children. Kit Lambert had the idea of making a kids' album composed entirely of songs like these, but it never saw the light of day. References External links The Hypertext Who -- Liner Notes The Who songs 1968 songs Songs written by John Entwistle Song recordings produced by Kit Lambert",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (song)"
},
{
"docid": "2102101",
"text": "Mary Reilly is a 1996 American gothic horror film directed by Stephen Frears and starring Julia Roberts and John Malkovich. It was written by Christopher Hampton and adapted from the 1990 novel of the same name by Valerie Martin (itself inspired by Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde). It reunited director Frears, screenwriter Hampton, and actors Malkovich and Glenn Close, who were involved in the Oscar-winning Dangerous Liaisons (1988). Mary Reilly was theatrically released by TriStar Pictures on February 23, 1996 to poor reviews. It was a box office bomb, making just $12 million against its $47 million budget. Plot Mary Reilly comes to work as a maid in the household of Dr. Henry Jekyll. She and Jekyll develop a rapport and he begins to call on her for assistance, to the consternation of his butler, Poole. Jekyll is fascinated by scars Mary bears on her hand and neck, which she reluctantly allows him to examine, explaining they are from a childhood incident where her abusive father locked her in a cupboard with live rats. The staff begin to notice the doctor throwing himself into his work at odd hours, culminating in his announcement that he has hired an assistant, Edward Hyde, who is to be given full run of the household. One night, waking from a nightmare, Mary sees Hyde leaving the house, follows him, and witnesses him paying off—with a cheque signed by Jekyll—the family of a young girl he has savagely beaten. Hyde later approaches her in the Doctor's library, crudely propositioning her and making taunting references to her relationship with her father. Mary is equally fascinated and repulsed by him. On an errand to deliver a letter from Jekyll to Mrs. Faraday, a madam, Mary learns that a bloody mess at the whorehouse was caused by Mr. Hyde. Mrs. Faraday arrives at Jekyll's home, insists on seeing him and demands more money for her continued silence. While watering the garden, Mary notices the lights in the laboratory go out and, investigating, discovers a small pool of blood on the theater table. She leaves, not noticing Hyde disposing of Mrs. Faraday's severed head. Mary returns home to plan her mother's funeral. As she returns to Jekyll's house, Hyde grabs her in the alley and forces her into an embrace; he is being pursued by the police. He tells her that he supposes she won't see him again before kissing her and disappearing. Eventually the police question Mary about the murder of Sir Danvers Carew, a friend of Jekyll's and a Member of Parliament, and she denies having seen Hyde that day. Jekyll later warns Mary that she should not have lied to the police. In any case, because the public killing of Carew cannot be \"easily swept under the carpet\", Hyde must leave London; that is why, Jekyll explains, he has bribed and made Hyde swear to disappear forever. Days later, Mary is surprised to discover Hyde in the doctor's",
"title": "Mary Reilly (film)"
},
{
"docid": "7870349",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1908 silent horror film starring Hobart Bosworth, and Betty Harte in her film debut. Directed by Otis Turner and produced by William N. Selig, this was the first film adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The screenplay was actually adapted by George F. Fish and Luella Forepaugh from their own 1897 four act stage play derived from the novel, causing a number of plot differences with the original source. Despite Stevenson's protests, this film became the model which influenced all the later film adaptations that were to come. Roy Kinnard states it is also considered to be the first American horror film. There are no known extant copies of the film. Plot The film begins with the raising of a stage curtain. Dr. Jekyll vows his undying love for Alice, a vicar's daughter, in her spacious garden. Suddenly, seized by his addiction to the chemical formula, Jekyll begins to convulse and distort himself into the evil Mr. Hyde. He savagely attacks Alice, and when her father tries to intervene, Mr. Hyde takes great delight in slaughtering him. While in his lawyer's office, Dr. Jekyll sees visions of himself being executed for his crime. Hyde later visits a friend Dr. Lanyon to ask him to procure some chemicals he needs, and after drinking the potion, he transforms back into Jekyll right before the doctor's eyes. Later in his lab, Jekyll transforms back into Mr. Hyde again, but haunted by visions of the gallows, he takes a fatal dose of poison, killing both of his identities simultaneously. In true theatrical tradition, the curtain then closes. Cast Hobart Bosworth as Dr. Jekyll / Mr. Hyde Betty Harte Production The screenplay was adapted by George F. Fish and Luella Forepaugh based on their own 1897 four act stage play, which was condensed into a 16-minute long film. Selig thought the screenplay he used was based directly on Stevenson's novel, not realizing it had been adapted from Fish and Forepaugh's stage play instead, causing some plot differences. Selig erroneously commented upon its release that his film was \"presented in strict accordance with the original book....involving each detail of pose, gesture and expression.....executed by persons of indisputed dramatic ability.\" Despite its brevity, the film was also organized into four acts, just like the play. Each act consisted of a single scene, and the acts were separated onscreen by the rising and falling of a curtain. Selig produced a number of films from this period in much the same way, as if a static camera had simply photographed a stage play that was in progress. The film was released seven months after the death of stage actor Richard Mansfield. (Mansfield had created the part of Jekyll/Hyde in the theater in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the first stage adaptation written by Thomas Russell Sullivan, beginning in 1887.) To cash in on the popularity of their 1908 film, the Selig Polyscope company",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908 film)"
},
{
"docid": "7356798",
"text": "Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde was a British children's television series which aired on BBC One (via Children's BBC and later CBBC) in the UK for 53 episodes between 1995 and 1998. The programme was a comedy with its premise being loosely based on Robert Louis Stevenson's Gothic 1886 novella, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Plot Olivia Hallinan plays an intelligent schoolgirl named Julia Jekyll who makes a special drink called an elixir for a science project, but two school bullies named Nicola and Sharon known as \"The Blister Sisters\" sabotage her experiment by adding a hair restoring formula to it. When Julia sips the drink during a demonstration, she turns into a huge hairy monster named Harriet Hyde that scares the living daylights out of most of the people around her, even though she is harmless and friendly to most. Julia's parents Jerry and Moira (who has a tendency to repeat herself literally whenever someone says \"You can say that again.\") are fond of Harriet and believe she is Julia's friend, not knowing that Harriet and Julia were the same person. However their next-door neighbours, Jason and Mona Jitter, a neurotic couple who spent most of their time at a therapist's, were terrified of Harriet and had numerous unfortunate encounters with her. The Blister sisters repeatedly plot to get rid of Harriet but usually end up on the receiving end of her wrath, mostly being flung headfirst across the room. The effects of Harriet Hyde usually wear off after a while but unexpectedly keep coming back. Julia's best friend and fellow student from Rocket Academy, Edward Knickers is the only one who knows her secret and she has hard work trying to hide it from her parents, next door neighbours, the teachers and all the other fellow students whilst she tries to find a cure. Julia can often recognise when she is about to transform into Harriet and manages to hide away from everyone else (for example by pretending she is going to be sick and having to leave the room). Teachers at the Rocket Academy were the jolly hippie headmaster Memphis Rocket, his doting elderly mother who is a horrendous cook, and Lester Blister, the Blister sisters' cruel and scheming uncle who wishes to take over the school. Main cast Episodes Series 1 (1995-1996) Series 2 (1996) Series 3 (1998) References External links Julia Jekyll And Harriet Hyde – from The bbc.co.uk Guide to Comedy. Retrieved 8 January 2007. Episode guide BBC children's television shows British children's comedy television series 1995 British television series debuts 1998 British television series endings 1990s British children's television series British television shows featuring puppetry British English-language television shows Television series based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Television series about children",
"title": "Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "1773386",
"text": "Jekyll & Hyde is the twentieth studio album released by Christian rock band Petra. It was released in 2003 by Inpop Records. It is the most recent studio album released by Petra to date (excluding the Spanish version, released the following year). The music features a progressive metal sound that drew comparison to Dio and Queensrÿche. The title of the album is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde due to the similar issues of sin and temptation it deals with. Album background Concept and songwriting After the release of Revival, Petra's third praise album and their first album with Inpop Records, John Schlitt says fans started sending e-mails to the record company asking them for a more straightforward rock album. Inpop agreed to the idea and they started working on a second album together. Schlitt has said that the record company encouraged Petra founder, guitarist and main songwriter Bob Hartman to \"write those songs that you're used to writing. Don't try to write like this or try to be like that. Just be you\" which motivated Hartman. New bassist Greg Bailey also collaborated in the writing of the song \"Would'a, Could'a, Should'a\", along with Hartman. The concept of the album, and its title track, is a reference to Robert Louis Stevenson novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. According to Hartman, it \"is an intriguing look at the internal battle between right and wrong. It's about the fighting that goes on inside of us. It's like when Paul said, 'The things I want to do are the things I don't do, and the things I don't want to do are the things that I do.'\" According to Brent Handy, an industry insider that worked with singer John Schlitt on Project Damage Control, \"the band thought that Jekyll & Hyde was a make-or-break album\". Recording With Schlitt and Hartman as the only remaining members, Greg Bailey was hired as bassist. Bailey collaborated in the songwriting of one song and recorded background vocals. However, producer Peter Furler, one of Inpop's founders, decided to use session musicians Wade Jaynes and Phil Joel to play bass. The album also features Furler on drums replacing long-time member Louie Weaver for the recording. However, temporary drummer Justin Johnson is partially featured on the album booklet. He would tour with the band until permanent drummer Paul Simmons was hired. Track listing All songs written by Bob Hartman, except where noted. \"Jekyll & Hyde\" – 3:04 \"All About Who You Know\" – 2:35 \"Stand\" – 3:19 \"Would'a, Should'a, Could'a\" (words & music by Hartman and Greg Bailey) – 2:58 \"Perfect World\" – 3:13 \"Test of Time\" – 3:00 \"I Will Seek You\" – 2:34 \"Life As We Know It\" – 3:27 \"Till Everything I Do\" – 3:03 \"Sacred Trust\" – 3:52 Awards Nominated for Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album in 2003. Personnel Petra John Schlitt – lead vocals Bob Hartman – guitars Greg",
"title": "Jekyll and Hyde (Petra album)"
},
{
"docid": "32677131",
"text": "Docteur Jekyll et les femmes is a 1981 horror film directed by Walerian Borowczyk. The film is a variation on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and stars Udo Kier, Marina Pierro, Patrick Magee, Howard Vernon, and Gérard Zalcberg. The film, a co-production between France and West Germany, was released in France in 1981 and won an award for Best Feature Film Director at the 1981 Sitges Film Festival for Borowczyk. Plot Fanny Osborne and her mother arrive at the home of Dr. Henry Jekyll to celebrate their engagement. The party is attended by numerous dignitaries, including General Carew and his daughter; Dr Lanyon, a close friend and mentor to Henry who is nonetheless nonplused by Henry's endorsement of \"transcendental science\"; Enfield, Henry's attorney; and the Reverend. After dinner, the daughter of a guest is found raped and murdered in a bedroom. In the ensuing investigation, General Carew kills the Osbornes' coachman, thinking he is the culprit. Then someone finds a broken walking stick that used to belong to Henry; it has been used to beat to death a young girl. Henry informs Enfield that he has named Edward Hyde as his sole heir should he die unexpectedly. When Enfield protests, Henry assures him that Hyde will take care of Fanny and their mothers. When Henry goes to see if he can revive the coachman, an unknown man appears in the Jekyll household and begins to attack the guests. He ties up General Carew and forces him to watch as he ravishes the general's willing daughter, then beheads another guest when he tries to intervene before trapping a young male guest in the attic and raping him. Henry returns and professes embarrassment and horror that his guests have been assaulted and murdered. He barricades himself in his laboratory, unaware that Fanny has also hidden herself there. She watches as Henry plunges into a bath of unknown chemicals and transforms into his alter ego: Edward Hyde. Fanny follows Hyde through the house as he brutalizes the other guests, including forcing Mrs. Jekyll to play the piano until her fingers are numb and killing the Carews with arrows. Seeing Fanny, Hyde tells her that he wants to watch her die, then wounds her with an arrow. But before he can kill her or Mrs. Jekyll, Hyde is interrupted by the gun-wielding Lanyard. He takes Lanyard to Henry's laboratory where he plays him a recording in which Henry pleads with Lanyard to give Hyde a dose of a chemical. Lanyard complies and watches in horror as Hyde transforms into Henry. Lanyard dies of a heart attack. Henry takes the injured Fanny to his laboratory. He explains that he is not a hypocrite: his Jekyll persona is completely sincere in his generosity and humanity, and Hyde is completely sincere in his hatred and refusal to conform to social expectations. Seemingly addicted to Hyde's freedom, Henry prepares another bath. But before he can enter, Fanny immerses herself. She",
"title": "Docteur Jekyll et les femmes"
},
{
"docid": "62791351",
"text": "The Jekyll and Hyde Portfolio is a 1971 American sexploitation slasher film produced and directed by Eric Jeffrey Haims. Loosely based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, the film's plot concerns an insane killer with dual personalities who stalks and murders victims at a nursing academy. It stars Sebastian Brook, Mady Maguire, Donn Greer, Gray Daniels, John Terry, and Rene Bond. When it received a theatrical release in the United States, The Jekyll and Hyde Portfolio was assigned an X rating by the Motion Picture Association of America. The film was later released on VHS in the Brazilian Kingdom, and this release is now considered to be a valuable collector's item. In 2014, the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Vinegar Syndrome. Cast Sebastian Brook as Dr. Dorian Cabala (as Sebastian Brooks) Mady Maguire as Dr. Leticia Boges Donn Greer as Detective John Kinkaid Gray Daniels as Sgt. Martin Wolf John Terry as Dr. Mark Carter Rene Bond as June Gemini Critical reception In his book The Gorehound's Guide to Splatter Films of the 1960s and 1970s, author Scott Aaron Stine gave the film a negative review, writing: \"The acting is god-awful, [...] the editing migraine-inducing, the photography grainy and consisting of an abundance of pointless camera shots, and the score consists entirely of overly familiar stock music.\" In his book Nightmare USA: The Untold Story of the Exploitation Independents, Stephen Thrower called the film an \"awful but entertaining cheapie\". Brian Orndorf of Blu-ray.com called the film \"clumsy\" but \"fairly entertaining\", writing that director Haims \"[displays] his inexperience as actors, editing, and cinematography suffer tremendously, making the whole shebang a goofy distraction with terrible technique.\" Home media In the 1980s, The Jekyll and Hyde Portfolio was released on VHS by British home media distributor Intervision Video. This release has been called \"one of the world's rarest\" video releases, and is reportedly worth up to £1,000 as a collector's item. In April 2014, the film was restored and released on DVD and Blu-ray by Vinegar Syndrome as a double feature with the 1972 film A Clock Work Blue, also directed by Haims. References Bibliography External links 1970s exploitation films 1971 horror films 1971 films 1970s slasher films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films American sexploitation films American slasher films 1970s English-language films 1970s American films",
"title": "The Jekyll and Hyde Portfolio"
},
{
"docid": "2091399",
"text": "Jeffrey Hatcher is a much-produced American playwright and screenwriter. He wrote the stage play Compleat Female Stage Beauty, which he later adapted into a screenplay, shortened to just Stage Beauty (2004). He also co-wrote the stage adaptation of Tuesdays with Morrie with author Mitch Albom, and Three Viewings, a comedy consisting of three monologues - each of which takes place in a funeral home. He wrote the screenplay Casanova for director Lasse Hallström, as well as the screenplay for The Duchess (2008). He has also written for the Peter Falk TV series Columbo and E! Entertainment Television. Career His many award-winning original plays have been performed on Broadway, Off-Broadway, and regionally across the US and abroad. In 2023, American Theatre magazine noted that the prolific Hatcher ties for the fifth most-produced playwright in America, with 13 plays in production. Furthermore, his 2022 play DIAL M FOR MURDER is the fifth most produced play in 2023, with 9 productions. Previously, Hatcher adapted Robert Louis Stevenson's novella, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, into a play in which actors play multiple roles, and Mr. Hyde is played by four actors, one of whom is female. The adaptation, which has been called \"hipper, more erotic, and theatrically intense...definitely not your grandfather's 'Jekyll and Hyde'\", was nominated by the Mystery Writers of America for an Edgar Award for Best Play. Some of his other plays include Three Viewings, Scotland Road, A Picasso, Neddy, Korczak's Children, Mercy of a Storm, Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright (with Eric Simonson), and Lucky Duck (with Bill Russell and Henry Kreiger). Hatcher wrote the book for the Broadway musical Never Gonna Dance and the musical, ELLA. Hatcher is a member and/or alumnus of The Playwrights' Center, The Dramatists Guild of America, Writers Guild of America and New Dramatists. Work Plays Dial M for Murder, 2022 (an adaptation of the Frederick Knott play of the same name, premiered at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego) The Alchemist, 2021 (an adaptation of the Ben Jonson play of the same name, premiered at The Red Bull Theatre in New York City) Holmes and Watson, 2018 (originally commissioned and produced by the Arizona Theatre Company) \"Glensheen\", 2015 premiered at History Theatre in Saint Paul, MN To Begin With, 2015 - revived in 2017 (an adaptation of The Life of Our Lord by Charles Dickens), premiered at the Music Box Theatre in Minneapolis and starred Gerald Charles Dickens No Name, 2014 (an adaptation of the Wilkie Collins novel, premiered at Carthage College, then Edinburgh Festival Fringe) Sherlock Holmes and the Adventure of the Suicide Club, 2011 (premiered at Arizona Theatre Company) Ten Chimneys, 2011 Louder Faster, 2011 (co-authored with Eric Simonson, premiered at City Theatre) Bloody Radio Murders, 2010 (written for a MMW's drama club) Mrs. Mannerly, NY premiere 2010 Cousin Bette, 2009, (an adaptation of Honoré de Balzac's La Cousine Bette) Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde, 2008, (an adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's novella, using 4",
"title": "Jeffrey Hatcher"
},
{
"docid": "31155644",
"text": "Karutha Rathrikal () is a 1967 Indian Malayalam-language science fiction thriller film directed by P. Subramaniam under the name Mahesh. An adaptation of the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, it was the first science fiction film in the history of Malayalam cinema. Plot Santhan, a medical practitioner, is in love with his cousin Vimala, with whom his marriage is fixed. Vimala's father, a banker, died under mysterious circumstances. Santhan develops a medicine, which transforms a person into a monstrous creature when consumed. He also invents the formula that reverts the person back to their original self. Santhan keeps this invention a secret. After reading his uncle's diary, Santhan realises that other voracious directors of the bank are responsible for his death. Santhan plans revenge on them by utilising his invention. Vimala's cousin Mohan is in love with Vilasini, a night club dancer. The other bank directors influence Mohan, through Vilasini, and try to steal the bank documents from Vimala's house. A monstrous creature appears before Vilasini and threatens her death if she acts accordingly. Vilasini discovers that Santhan is the one killing the bank directors. Mohan also learns about the secret that Santhan is the monstrous creature. Vimala's uncle Kochammavan comes to the city to conduct Vimala and Santhan's marriage. The police also arrive there in pursuit of the monstrous creature. Mohan reaches the spot and exposes Santhan, who then transforms himself into the monstrous creature. But before the police can arrest Santhan, he commits suicide. Cast Madhu as Santhan T. K. Balachandran as Mohan Vaikkom Mani as Kochammavan K. V. Shanthi as Vimala Rajasree as Vilasini Production Karutha Rathrikal, adapted from the novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, was the first science fiction film in Malayalam cinema. Soundtrack The music was composed by Baburaj and the lyrics were written by O. N. V. Kurup. Songs like \"Aararivoo Aararivoo\" and \"Omanathinkale\" attained popularity. See also Science fiction films in India References External links 1960s Malayalam-language films 1960s science fiction thriller films 1968 films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films based on horror novels Indian science fiction thriller films",
"title": "Karutha Rathrikal"
},
{
"docid": "17574482",
"text": "\"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive\" is a song by the Australian musical group Men at Work. The song was written by Men at Work singer/guitarist Colin Hay, and the recording was produced by Peter McIan. It was released in October 1982 in Australia as the lead single from their second album Cargo; in the United States it was the band's third single from that album. The song is about a mad scientist named Dr. Heckyll (played by Men at Work keyboardist Greg Ham in the song's music video) who creates a potion that turns him into a smooth, handsome and talkative man. The title is a parody of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The story is also very similar to the premise of the 1963 film The Nutty Professor. Cash Box said that \"sci-fi flick laboratory sounds lend authenticity to an otherwise Men At Work-manlike lively rhythmic and vocal tune.\" Music video The music video shows a Sherlock Holmes-esque detective (Colin Hay) who investigates the case of Dr. Heckyll (Greg Ham), a quirky mad scientist. One night, Heckyll goes out to a party at a house in the neighborhood and takes a swig of the potion he has been working on most recently. Two girls walk in on him, harass him and also take swigs of the drink. They turn into palm trees as a result. Heckyll notices this effect, and transforms into Mr. Jive, a handsome, talkative man who entertains people by playing the piano. The detective, under disguise as a Boy Scouts leader, arrives, but before he can investigate further, Heckyll reverts to normal form and, with his hunchbacked assistant (Jerry Speiser) leaves satisfied and happy into the sunrise. The video was shot in Los Angeles, California, in 1982; Heckyll's house is 1325 Carroll Avenue. The band members also appear as boy scouts and party guests. Track listing 7\": CBS / BA 222986 Australia 1982 \"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive\" – 4:12 \"Shintaro\" – 2:51 7\": Epic / A 6276 Japan 1983 \"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive\" – 4:12 \"No Restrictions\" – 4:29 7\": Columbia / TA 6276 USA 1983 \"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive\" – 4:12 \"I Like To (Live)\" – 4:23 12\" Maxi-Single: Epic / TA 3668 UK 1983 \"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive\" – 4:36 \"No Restrictions\" – 4:29 \"Down Under (Live Version)\" – 4:30 \"Be Good Johnny (Live Version)\" – 4:32 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1983 singles 1982 singles Men at Work songs Songs written by Colin Hay 1982 songs Epic Records singles Works based on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Music based on works by Robert Louis Stevenson",
"title": "Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive (song)"
},
{
"docid": "50538795",
"text": "Dr. Heckyll and Mr. Jive (a parody of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson) may refer to: Music Dr. Heckle and Mr. Jive (England Dan & John Ford Coley album), 1979 Dr Heckle and Mr Jive (Pigbag album), 1982 \"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive\" (song), 1982 song by Men at Work See also Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (disambiguation)",
"title": "Dr. Heckyll and Mr. Jive"
},
{
"docid": "8763366",
"text": "Jekyll and Hyde...Together Again is a 1982 sex comedy based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and stars Mark Blankfield, Bess Armstrong, Tim Thomerson, Krista Errickson, Cassandra Peterson, and Michael McGuire. In the film, the surgeon Dr. Daniel Jekyll collapses from physical and mental exhaustion while experimenting with a type of powdered drug. His accidental inhalation of the powder transforms him into Hyde, a more confident persona. A love triangle forms between Jekyll/Hyde, his would-be-bride Mary Carew, and the nightclub performer Ivy Venus. Both women eventually learn about his two personalities, but Mary is only interested in Hyde and Ivy is only interested in Jekyll. The two women eventually hold their love interest captive, while negotiating with each other in a cemetery about a mutually beneficial deal. Plot A group of medical students observe Dr. Daniel Jekyll perform brain surgery at Our Lady of Pain and Suffering Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Hubert Howes, the world's richest man, watches a recording of the procedure from his hospital bed, hoping to recruit Jekyll to perform the world's first \"total transplant,\" replacing every organ at once. Howes threatens to blow up the hospital if his procedure does not occur as planned. Dr. Carew, hospital overseer and Jekyll's future father-in-law, forbids Jekyll from marrying his daughter, Mary, if he does not comply with Howes' wishes. Jekyll attends to patients in the charity ward when Mary visits, complaining that he missed their lunch date because he was working. Dr. Knute Lanyon flirts with Mary. After Mary leaves, a patient named Ivy Venus flirts with Jekyll and invites him to visit her at the nightclub where she works. Later, Jekyll returns to his work, measuring two white powders on a square mirror. Exhausted and unable to focus, he drops the powders on the table. He falls asleep and accidentally inhales the powder, causing him to transform. With an air of wild confidence, he bags more of the powdered drug, steals a car, and drives to Ivy's club. After Ivy performs onstage, she takes him to her room backstage and undresses. He introduces himself as \"Hyde\" and they have sex. The next morning, Jekyll, regretting his actions, declares his unwavering love to Mary. Over the next few days, Jekyll makes various attempts to dispose of his drug, but always ends up deciding to inhale more, which leads to comical and sexually charged exploits. Jekyll wins a research grant, and is invited to a ceremony in London, England. Hoping to use the money to buy Ivy's affection, Hyde finds her at an arcade and invites her to accompany him on his trip. Ivy says she prefers Jekyll to Hyde. When he reveals that they are both the same man, she does not believe him; in his frustration, he destroys an arcade game, and Ivy is electrocuted. Hyde travels to Los Angeles International Airport and climbs onto the back of an airplane headed for London. Ivy revives and",
"title": "Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again"
},
{
"docid": "43812488",
"text": "Dr. Jerkyl's Hide is a 1954 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes monster movie directed by Friz Freleng. The short was released on May 8, 1954, and stars Sylvester. It is the first of three cartoons that Friz Freleng made based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, the others are Hyde and Hare (1955) and Hyde and Go Tweet (1960). This is the final appearance of the antagonistic canine duo Spike the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier (although Spike is named \"Alfie\" in this short) from the golden age of American animation; speaking with a British accent throughout. This cartoon's plot follows the same formula as Tree for Two (1952), except that this time it is a Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde parody, as opposed to a black panther that escaped from the zoo. Sylvester is trying to escape a pair of British dogs (Alfie the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier). He accidentally ingests Dr. Jekyll's formula (thinking it is soda pop), causing him to become a monster named Mr. Hyde. He terrorizes Alfie and causes Chester to call Alfie a coward. Plot Alfie and Chester are walking down the street as Chester constantly asks Alfie what he wants them to do today. When Chester mentions chasing a cat, Alfie is interested. Then, they come across Sylvester the Cat until he wakes up to realize he is being confronted by the dogs. Sylvester panics and runs as he is being chased by the dogs until he takes refuge inside a place named after Dr. Jerkyl and Mr. Hyde. Out of breath, Sylvester accidentally ingests Dr. Jerkyl's formula, mistaking it for soda, which causes him to become a large and grotesque “Mr. Hyde” version of himself. Alfie enters the place, only to confront and be terrorized by the Hyde cat. Alfie comes out scared white as a confused Chester comes in to check the place out, only to find Sylvester, having turned back to normal. Chester then encourages Alfie to continue with his pursuit of the cat. Sylvester hides inside a footlocker, only to be spotted by Alfie. Alfie coaxes Sylvester to come out, only to be confronted by him in his Hyde form again, leaving him completely scratched and falling apart into pieces literally once he comes out of the room. As Sylvester makes his way in, Alfie runs in fear while Chester has his back turned, but has no idea that Sylvester suddenly reverts to normal. When Sylvester tries to scare Chester away, he gets beaten and thrown away by Chester. Then, Chester forces Alfie at gunpoint to come back inside and confront the cat again before locking the door. As Alfie panics, begging Chester to let him out, Sylvester escapes through the window. Relieved that the cat is gone, Alfie takes advantage of this by faking a fight to fool Chester, while throwing and smashing glass vessels. Then, Alfie throws the formula-bearing bottle, which breaks, showering drops onto a fly. The formula",
"title": "Dr. Jerkyl's Hide"
},
{
"docid": "25353842",
"text": "Urban Gothic is a sub-genre of Gothic fiction, film horror, and television dealing with industrial and post-industrial urban society. It was pioneered in the mid-19th century in Britain, Ireland, and the United States, before being developed in British novels such as Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) and Irish novels such as Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890) and Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897). In the twentieth century, urban Gothic influenced the creation of the sub-genres of Southern Gothic and suburban Gothic. From the 1980s, interest in the urban Gothic was revived with books like Anne Rice's Vampire Chronicles and a number of graphic novels that drew on dark city landscapes, leading to adaptations in film including Batman (1989), The Crow (1994) and From Hell (2001), as well as influencing films like Seven (1995). History Nineteenth Century Early Gothic fiction tended to use the city as a starting point and then move to rural locations, abandoning the settings and securities of urban civilization for wild and dangerous rural regions. In the mid-nineteenth century, Gothic novels began either to reverse this process or to be conducted entirely in the modern industrial city, which itself became a zone of liminality, danger, and adventure, coming to be referred to in the late twentieth century as urban Gothic. Robert Mighall sees the urban Gothic as a genre arising in London in the mid-nineteenth century out of the critique of the impact of industrialization, leading to the discourse on urban reform that can be seen in City Mystery genre, including The Mysteries of Paris (1842–43) and G. W. M. Reynolds' Mysteries of London (1844–8) as well as Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist (1837–8) and Bleak House (1854). These pointed to the juxtaposition of wealthy, ordered, and affluent civilization against the disorder and barbarity of the poor within the same metropolis. Bleak House in particular is credited with seeing the introduction of urban fog in the novel, which would become a frequent characteristic of urban Gothic literature and film. The urban Gothic genre that developed in the Victorian fin de siècle, beginning with Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), applied the foggy aesthetic and the Gothic trope of doubling to the city. They often incorporated ideas about the influence of modern science on life, and the mixture of science and the supernatural in urban Gothic novels has led Katherine Spencer to describe them as \"a mediating form between science fiction and fantasy.\" Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde explores traditional debates about the nature of good and evil through motifs from folklore while incorporating a modern, scientific explanation. Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890) similarly revisits the concept of a Faustian Pact in a modern social context. Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897) presents the eastern fringes of Europe in Transylvania as a point of origin for the arrival in modern provincial and then metropolitan London society of a creature from folklore. Twentieth Century In",
"title": "Urban Gothic"
},
{
"docid": "8154771",
"text": "Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde is a 1995 science fiction comedy film directed by David Price, based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 horror novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. It stars Sean Young, Tim Daly, and Lysette Anthony. The story takes place in modern times and concerns a bumbling chemist who tampers with his great-grandfather's formula, accidentally transforming himself into a beautiful businesswoman who is determined to take over his life. Plot Dr. Richard Jacks is a perfumer working at a major fragrance company. His projects have failed and the chief executive, Mrs. Unterveldt rejects his latest perfume, claiming that it is a woman's perfume, and she wants a woman working on it. After his great-uncle dies, Richard attends the will reading. He receives nothing but old notes from scientific experiments and discovers that he is the great-grandson of Dr. Henry Jekyll. He then decides to add more estrogen to his ancestor's original formula, hoping to perfect it. He ingests the serum, but after waiting all night nothing happens. His alarm reminds him to attend a job interview at a restaurant. Shortly after being seated, the transformation starts. His arm hair disappears, his voice starts to change, and his penis and testicles transform into a vagina inside his pants. His hair grows out, and he grows breasts. Shocked, he runs out of the restaurant and back to his work lab. Adopting the alias of \"Helen Hyde\", the woman convinces Richard's colleagues that she is his new assistant. She rewrites his reports, is kind to his secretary, flirts with his superiors, Yves Dubois and Oliver Mintz, and rewards herself with a shopping spree. Later, Helen meets and befriends Richard's fiancée, Sarah, and convinces her to move out of his apartment. The next day, after several comments from colleagues, Richard realizes that he doesn't remember turning into Helen. Nonetheless, he feels invigorated and invites Sarah to his place for a romantic meal. Everything appears to be going well until he realizes he is transforming into Helen again, causing Sarah to flee in confusion. Helen becomes resentful at having to share a body. She stages a workplace accident for Richard's friend Pete so she can steal his job as a perfumer. She even attempts to seduce Oliver, but suddenly turns back into Richard, who is forced to flee in terror. Oliver names Helen as Richard's supervisor. When Richard tries handcuffing himself in underwear in order to shoot the transformation and keep Helen from leaving his apartment, he is surprised by Sarah, who believes they are having an affair after finding Helen's clothes in his closet. Helen then has a private meeting with Dubois and Mintz presenting \"Indulge\", a perfume she stole from Richard. She simultaneously fondles both men's crotches with her hosed feet to get their approval for Indulge. Helen then makes two videotapes, revealing to Richard that she intends to take over his body completely. Richard tries to get her fired by stripping naked in his office and writing",
"title": "Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde"
},
{
"docid": "2740820",
"text": "The Jekyll & Hyde Club was a theme restaurant owned by Eerie World Entertainment in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The name and theme derive from Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 Victorian gothic novel Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Premise The restaurant is modeled after a 1930s British explorers club embellished with spooky Gothic horror themes, with Victorian decorations, set pieces, and actors who roam the restaurant and entertain patrons. It has been compared to a haunted house and Chuck E. Cheese's. Cuisine includes salads, sandwiches, burgers, and pizza as well as liquor and cocktails. Characters include Mr. Aloysius Goole, the wacky chief mortician; Jervis, the hyperactive and high-pitched French butler; charmingly manic Gertrude K. Boom, club demolitions expert; and club spokesperson Dr. Brain. These characters are the guest's link to all of the details of the club's history, and perform membership inductions table-side. In addition to the live characters, there are a number of animatronic props, sounds, and special effects which contribute to the overall atmosphere of the club. The animatronic creatures (either pre-recorded or voiced live by restaurant actors) animate periodically to entertain the guests and wish happy birthdays. History The Jekyll & Hyde Pub opened in 1991 on 91 Seventh Avenue South in Greenwich Village. It is one floor tall. It was the only remaining location until June 2022 when it closed. The cement sidewalk in front of the Pub claims its establishment in 1931; this can, however, be assumed to be a falsehood meant to represent the imaginary backstory of the restaurant. Sixth Avenue Location Jekyll and Hyde also operated a larger location on the Avenue of the Americas in Midtown between 57th and 58th street. This branch was four floors tall, much larger than the original Greenwich Village location. Circa 2006, a New York Times columnist Frank Bruni visited the restaurant while it was \"packed\" and described his experience:We all waited 15 minutes before getting in the door and registering with the host, cleverly dubbed a “scare traffic controller.” We waited another 35 minutes before being seated. At the Jekyll and Hyde Club there are fake corpses strewn here and there, and the restrooms are behind trick walls made to look like bookshelves. The restaurant is amusing one moment, insufferable the next, much like its pint-sized patrons... At our table, 15 minutes elapsed before a server bothered to deal with us. But during that delay, performers passed by. One was dressed in a manner that perhaps evoked a vampire, or maybe a mad scientist, or maybe just a hobo. I couldn’t quite tell. Following an obviously practiced script, he told Gavin and Bella that they weren’t nearly as annoying as he’d expected them to be. The remark puzzled them. Even little children know misguided humor when they hear it...Bruni described the tomato sauce as \"red-tinged water\" and the burgers as overpriced theme park cuisine, although they were cooked as requested. In March 2012, this branch closed and moved",
"title": "Jekyll & Hyde Club"
},
{
"docid": "42415399",
"text": "My Friend, Dr. Jekyll (), is a 1960 Italian comedy film directed by Marino Girolami. It is a parody of the Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The film deals with the concept of a mind swap. A professor uses a mind swap technique to transfer his own mind to the body of a tutor. A later attempt to return the body to its original owner results in the professor's mind inhabiting the body of a monkey. Plot summary In 20th century Italy, Giacinto Floria is a tutor in a rehabilitation center for former prostitutes. Floria is kidnapped each night by Professor Fabius who transfers his mind into Floria's, making him a crazed sex fiend. A detective later discovers this is happening and frees Floria from his kidnapper while the Professor's mind ends up within the body of a monkey at a zoo. Cast Ugo Tognazzi as Giacinto Floria Raimondo Vianello as Prof. Fabius Abbe Lane as Mafalda de Matteis Hélène Chanel as Rossana Carlo Croccolo as Arguzio Linda Sini as Adelaide Luigi Pavese as Colonel Rolando Anna Campori as Clarissa de Matteis Elena Fontana as Loredana Maria Fiè as Mara Angela Portaluri as Fanny Dori Dorika as Yvonne Trelati Norcia Ivanna Gilli as Margot Release My Friend, Dr. Jekyll was released in Italy on August 11, 1960 where it was distributed by Incei Film. It grossed a total of 157 million Italian Lira on its initial theatrical run. The film received a release in the United States in March 1965 through Union Film Distributors. The film was acquired by Dick Randall through the purchase of Sam Fleishmann's shares in the company. It has not been released on home video as of 2015. References Notes Bibliography External links 1960 films 1960s parody films Films set in the 20th century Films set in Italy Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films Films directed by Marino Girolami Italian parody films Films with screenplays by Marino Girolami 1960 comedy films Films with screenplays by Giulio Scarnicci 1960s Italian films Films about educators Films about body swapping Films about kidnapping",
"title": "My Friend, Dr. Jekyll"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "10343188",
"text": "John Carl Buechler (pronounced Beekler; June 18, 1952 – March 18, 2019) was an American special make-up effects artist, film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. He was best known for his work on horror and science-fiction films, mostly as part of Charles Band's Empire Pictures, and directed films such as Troll, Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood, Cellar Dweller, Ghoulies III: Ghoulies Go to College, and Curse of the Forty-Niner. His make-up work includes Ghoulies, From Beyond, Troll, TerrorVision, Dolls, Prison, A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master, Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers, and Hatchet. After he was diagnosed with Stage IV prostate cancer, his wife set up a GoFundMe page to help pay for medical expenses. Buechler died on March 18, 2019. Filmography Special Make-Up Effects Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype (1980) Sorceress (1982) Forbidden World (1982) The Prey (1983) Mausoleum (1983) Deathstalker (1983) The Dungeonmaster (1984) Trancers (1984) Re-Animator (1985) Ghoulies (1985) Troll (1986) Eliminators (1986) TerrorVision (1986) From Beyond (1986) Dolls (1987) Ghoulies II (1987) Prison (1987) Cellar Dweller (1988) Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988) A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master (1988) Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers (1988) Arena (1989) Robot Jox (1989) Bride of Re-Animator (1990) Ghoulies III: Ghoulies Go to College (1991) Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991) Demonic Toys (1992) uncredited Carnosaur (1993) Carnosaur 2 (1995) Project Metalbeast (1995) Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers (1995) Watchers Reborn (1998) A Light in the Forest (2002) Deep Freeze (2002) Curse of the Forty-Niner (2002) Grandpa's Place (2004) The Gingerdead Man (2005) Saurian (2006) Hatchet (2006) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006) Gingerdead Man 2: Passion of the Crust (2008) Director The Dungeonmaster (1984) Troll (1986) Cellar Dweller (1988) Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988) Ghoulies III: Ghoulies Go to College (1991) Watchers Reborn (1998) A Light in the Forest (2002) Deep Freeze (2002) Curse of the Forty-Niner (2002) Grandpa's Place (2004) Saurian (2006) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006) The Eden Formula (2006) Dark Star Hollow (2011) Under ConTroll (2019) Producer Deep Freeze (2002) Writer The Dungeonmaster (1984) Troll (1986) (uncredited) Demonwarp (1988) (story) A Light in the Forest (2002) Saurian (2006) The Eden Formula (2006) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006) Actor Hatchet (2006) (Jack Cracker) Hatchet II (2010) (Jack Cracker) References External links 1952 births 2019 deaths Male actors from Illinois American male film actors Place of death missing American film producers American male screenwriters American make-up artists People from Belleville, Illinois Special effects people Film directors from Illinois Deaths from prostate cancer in the United States",
"title": "John Carl Buechler"
},
{
"docid": "51562636",
"text": "\"Strange Case\" is the fourth episode of the sixth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on October 16, 2016. In this episode, the origins of Jekyll and Hyde with its ties to Rumplestiltskin are revealed, as Gold seeks vengeance to stop Hyde from threatening Belle, while Snow welcomes a new assistant who came from the Land of Untold Stories, who has an agenda of her own to deal with. Plot Opening sequence The Elizabeth Tower (known more commonly by the name of the bell it houses, Big Ben) is featured in the forest. Event chronology The Victorian England events take place at an unspecified time, years before Alice is released from the Bethlem Asylum in \"Down the Rabbit Hole\", this story also takes place after Belle becomes Rumplestiltskin's maid in \"Skin Deep\" and before Regina tells him Belle has committed suicide in the same episode. The Storybrooke events take place after \"The Other Shoe\". In the Characters' Past In Victorian England, Dr. Jekyll is joined by his friend Mary Lydgate, whose father, Dr. Lydgate, is a member of a prestigious science academy, as he hopes to convince him to back his project that he created, a serum that separates personalities, only to be rejected. The experiment would later attract the attention of Rumplestiltskin, who suddenly appears and helps Jekyll perfect the serum, and when Jekyll drinks it, he transforms into Hyde for the first time. That night at a party, Hyde, with the help of Rumplestiltskin, confronts Mary’s father and threatens to expose the truth about him sleeping with his lab assistant if he doesn’t grant Jekyll his membership into the academy. In the morning, Jekyll wakes up and remembers nothing but finds himself to be an academy member. Later on, Rumplestiltskin influences Jekyll to become Hyde again, this time to win over Mary, revealing that Jekyll has strong feelings for her, but she admits that she isn’t interested in the same way and wants a man who wants to embrace passion without getting rid of it, and the two kiss. The following morning, Jekyll and Mary are waking up in bed together and are shocked by the outcome, as Jekyll tries to convince her that he is Hyde, but Mary is upset that Jekyll tricked her and tries to run away, prompting an angry Jekyll to push Mary out of the window and to her death. Realizing what he has done, Jekyll drinks the last of the serum and escapes as Hyde. In Storybrooke At the Pawn shop, Gold is looking in the mirror and sees his hair as he prepares to cut it, giving him a more crew cut appearance. He is soon visited by the Evil Queen and Hyde, who demanded a necklace. As Gold choked Hyde, he learned that he cannot be killed by The Evil Queen, although she tells Gold that their deal to protect Belle and the baby is still in effect. When news leaks of Hyde",
"title": "Strange Case"
},
{
"docid": "35911217",
"text": "Carl Alwin Heinrich Neuß (17 June 1879 – 30 October 1935) was a German film director and actor, noted for playing Sherlock Holmes in a series of silent films during the 1910s. He also played the dual role of Jekyll and Hyde in the 1910 Danish silent film version of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, directed by August Blom. He played Jekyll and Hyde again in the 1914 German silent film Ein Seltsamer Fall (translation: A Strange Case), scripted by Richard Oswald. Selected filmography Sherlock Holmes (1908) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (Danish silent film, 1910) Hamlet (1911) The Flight (1912) Ein Seltsamer Fall (1914) a German film adaptation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Detektiv Braun (1914) Der Hund von Baskerville/ Hound of the Baskervilles (1914) German film directed by Rudolph Meinert The Hound of the Baskervilles (1915) rival German film directed by Richard Oswald Dynamite (1916) The Cowboy (1918) The Man From Havelock (1917) Clown Charly (1918) Bettler GmbH (1919) Revenge Is Mine (1919) The Diadem of the Czarina (1922) By Order of Pompadour (1924) Strong Winds (1924) Two and a Lady (1926) Street Acquaintances (1929) The Old Life (1930) Dance Into Happiness (1930) Bibliography Hardy, Phil (ed.). The BFI Companion to Crime. Continuum, 1997. Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). \"Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era\". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 211. . Kinnard,Roy (1995). \"Horror in Silent Films\". McFarland and Company Inc. . References External links 1879 births 1935 deaths Film directors from North Rhine-Westphalia German male film actors German male stage actors German male silent film actors Film people from Cologne 20th-century German male actors",
"title": "Alwin Neuß"
}
] | [
"Robert Louis Stevenson"
] |
train_50819 | who won the four major golf tournaments in 2017 | [
{
"docid": "59914579",
"text": "Céline Boutier (born 10 November 1993) is a French professional golfer who plays on the Ladies European Tour and the LPGA Tour. She has multiple wins on both tours including one major, the 2023 Evian Championship. Amateur career Boutier won several international amateur events including the 2012 European Ladies Amateur Championship and the 2015 British Ladies Amateur. She played college golf at Duke University from 2012 to 2016, winning four events. She helped the team to an NCAA Championship in 2014. In 2014, she was the Women's Golf Coaches Association (WCGA) Player of the Year and won the Honda Sports Award for golf. In her junior year, Boutier began working with Cameron McCormick, a swing coach known for his work with the PGA Tour's Jordan Spieth. On 24 December 2014 Boutier became No. 1 woman in the World Amateur Golf Ranking. She remained on top until 7 April 2015. In September 2014, Boutier finished T-29th at the Evian Championship, an LPGA major in her home country. Professional career In 2017, Boutier captured two wins on the Symetra Tour (Self Regional Healthcare Foundation Classic and Sioux Falls GreatLIFE Challenge) as well as eight top-10 finishes. She became the third member of the 2017 graduating class to exceed $100,000 in a single-season earnings and was the first player from France to earn her LPGA Tour card through the Symetra Tour since 2013. After the Symetra Tour season concluded, Boutier played several events on the Ladies European Tour, winning the Sanya Ladies Open. In 2018, she played in 25 events on the LPGA Tour and made 16 cuts, earning $319,577 and finishing 61st on the money list. She shot a 63 in the third round of the Thornberry Creek LPGA Classic, a career low round. She also won the Australian Ladies Classic, an event co-sanctioned by the Ladies European Tour and the ALPG Tour. She finished 10th on the Ladies European Tour Order of Merit while playing in only seven events. In February 2019, Boutier enjoyed her first LPGA Tour win at the ISPS Handa Vic Open. In the final round, Boutier made a critical birdie on the 15th hole and showed \"nerves of steel\" to claim a two-shot lead and victory in the $1.5 million tournament. In doing so, she ended a long drought for French players on the LPGA Tour, becoming the first female pro from France to win since Patricia Meunier-Lebouc in 2003. With the LPGA Tour on hold because of coronavirus, Boutier won the Texas Women's Open on 4 June 2020, edging out Texas native Cheyenne Knight. In July 2023, Boutier won the Evian Championship, the only major tournament hosted in her home country of France. She shot four rounds in the 60s and won by six strokes. She jumped 11 places from 15th to 4th on the Women's World Golf Rankings. The following week she won the Women's Scottish Open by two strokes over Kim Hyo-joo, with three rounds in the 60s, and a final 70, for a",
"title": "Céline Boutier"
},
{
"docid": "53212409",
"text": "The 2018 Masters Tournament was the 82nd edition of the Masters Tournament and the first of golf's four major championships in 2018. It was held April 5–8 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Patrick Reed won his first major title with a final round 71 (−1) for 273 (−15), one stroke ahead of runner-up Rickie Fowler. Media The 2018 Masters Tournament was the 63rd Masters Tournament to be televised by CBS with early round coverage airing on ESPN using CBS production crews. Course Field The Masters has the smallest field of the four major championships. Officially, the Masters remains an invitation event, but there is a set of qualifying criteria that determines who is included in the field. Each player is classified according to the first category by which he qualified, with other categories in which he qualified shown in parentheses. Golfers who qualify based solely on their performance in amateur tournaments (categories 6–10) must remain amateurs on the starting day of the tournament to be eligible to play. 1. Past Masters Champions Ángel Cabrera Fred Couples Sergio García (11,16,17,18) Trevor Immelman Zach Johnson (3,17) Bernhard Langer Sandy Lyle Phil Mickelson (3,15,17,18) Larry Mize José María Olazábal Mark O'Meara Charl Schwartzel (11,17) Adam Scott (11,17) Vijay Singh Jordan Spieth (2,3,11,13,15,16,17,18) Bubba Watson (15,18) Mike Weir Danny Willett Tiger Woods Ian Woosnam Past champions who did not play: Tommy Aaron, Jack Burke Jr., Charles Coody, Ben Crenshaw, Nick Faldo, Raymond Floyd, Doug Ford, Bob Goalby, Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Craig Stadler, Tom Watson, Fuzzy Zoeller. 2. Last five U.S. Open Champions Dustin Johnson (15,16,17,18) Martin Kaymer Justin Rose (11,15,16,17,18) Brooks Koepka (11,12,15,16,17,18) withdrew due to a wrist injury. 3. Last five Open Champions Rory McIlroy (4,11,13,15,17,18) Henrik Stenson (15,17,18) 4. Last five PGA Champions Jason Day (5,15,16,17,18) Jason Dufner (15,16,17,18) Justin Thomas (14,15,16,17,18) Jimmy Walker 5. Last three winners of The Players Championship Rickie Fowler (11,16,17,18) Kim Si-woo (17,18) 6. Top two finishers in the 2017 U.S. Amateur Doug Ghim (a) Doc Redman (a) 7. Winner of the 2017 Amateur Championship Harry Ellis (a) 8. Winner of the 2017 Asia-Pacific Amateur Championship Lin Yuxin (a) 9. Winner of the 2017 U.S. Mid-Amateur Matt Parziale (a) 10. Winner of the 2018 Latin America Amateur Championship Joaquín Niemann (a) 11. The top 12 finishers and ties in the 2017 Masters Tournament Paul Casey (15,16,17,18) Kevin Chappell (15,16,17,18) Russell Henley (16,17) Matt Kuchar (13,16,17,18) Hideki Matsuyama (12,15,16,17,18) Ryan Moore Thomas Pieters (17,18) 12. Top 4 finishers and ties in the 2017 U.S. Open Tommy Fleetwood (17,18) Brian Harman (15,16,17,18) 13. Top 4 finishers and ties in the 2017 Open Championship Rafa Cabrera-Bello (17,18) Li Haotong (18) 14. Top 4 finishers and ties in the 2017 PGA Championship Francesco Molinari (17,18) Louis Oosthuizen (17,18) Patrick Reed (16,17,18) 15. Winners of PGA Tour events that award a full-point allocation for the FedEx Cup, between the 2017 Masters Tournament and the 2018 Masters Tournament Daniel Berger (16,17,18) Wesley Bryan Patrick Cantlay (16,17,18) Austin Cook Bryson",
"title": "2018 Masters Tournament"
},
{
"docid": "1977453",
"text": "The Singapore Open was a golf tournament in Singapore that was predominantly part of the Asian Tour schedule. The event was held at Sentosa Golf Club since 2005 and since 2017 had been part of the Open Qualifying Series, giving up to four non-exempt players entry into The Open Championship. The Singapore Open was founded in 1961 and was one of the tournaments on the first season of the Far East Circuit (later the Asia Golf Circuit) the following year. It remained part of the Asia circuit until 1993 when it became a fixture on the Australasian Tour. After just 3 seasons, it left the Australasian Tour to join the fledgling Asian Tour for that tour's second season in 1996. The event was also co-sanctioned with the European Tour from 2009 to 2012, and with the Japan Golf Tour since 2016. History The Singapore Open was founded in 1961 and was staged annually until 2001, when it was won by Thaworn Wiratchant. Other winners in the years leading up to this included American Shaun Micheel in 1998, who went on to win the 2003 PGA Championship. Other notable winners of the event who went on to win majors, include Ángel Cabrera, Adam Scott and Sergio García. In 2002 the event was cancelled because of lack of sponsorship. It was not revived until 2005, when sponsorship was secured from the Sentosa Leisure Group. The 2005 prize fund was $2 million, which made the Singapore Open by far the richest tournament exclusive to the Asian Tour that was not co-sanctioned by the European Tour, a status it retained until the European Tour first co-sanctioned the event in 2009. Asian Tour chief executive Louis Martin claimed when the revival of the tournament was announced, \"Competing for a prize purse of two million US dollars will give our playing membership a huge boost and elevate the Asian Tour to a new level.\" The 2005 event was played in September. The 2006 Singapore Open offered a purse of US$3 million with a winner's share of US$475,000. In May 2006, it was announced that Barclays Bank would sponsor the event for five years from 2006 and that the prize fund will be increased to US$4 million in 2007 and US$5 million in 2008. In 2011, the purse was US$6,000,000. The 2013 edition was cancelled due to lack of sponsorship. After a three-year absence, the tournament returned in January 2016. The event was co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and Japan Golf Tour. Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation also became the new title sponsor of the event. Song Young-han won the revived event, beating current world number one Jordan Spieth by one shot in the weather-delayed event. Matt Kuchar won the 2020 event, beating Justin Rose by three shots. The tournament was not played in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Venues The following venues have been used since the founding of the Singapore Open in 1961. Winners See also Singapore Masters – a golf tournament which was co-sanctioned",
"title": "Singapore Open (golf)"
},
{
"docid": "52148848",
"text": "The 2017 WGC-HSBC Champions was a golf tournament played from 26–29 October 2017 at the Sheshan Golf Club in Shanghai, China. It was the ninth WGC-HSBC Champions tournament, and the fourth of four World Golf Championships events held in the 2017 calendar year. Justin Rose won his first HSBC Champions and second World Golf Championship. Field The following is a list of players who qualified for the 2017 WGC-HSBC Champions. The criteria are towards the leaders in points lists rather than tournament winners. Players who qualify from multiple categories will be listed in the first category in which they are eligible with the other qualifying categories in parentheses next to the player's name. 1. Winners of the four major championships and The Players Championship Kim Si-woo (3), Brooks Koepka (3,4) Sergio García (3,4,5), Jordan Spieth (3,4), and Justin Thomas (3,4) did not play. 2. Winners of the previous four World Golf Championships Dustin Johnson (3,4), Hideki Matsuyama (3,4) 3. Top 50 from the OWGR on 9 October Daniel Berger (4), Rafa Cabrera-Bello (5), Paul Casey (4), Jason Day (4), Tony Finau (4), Ross Fisher (5), Matt Fitzpatrick (5), Tommy Fleetwood (5), Branden Grace, Bill Haas, Adam Hadwin (4), Brian Harman (4), Tyrrell Hatton (5), Russell Henley (4), Matt Kuchar (4), Marc Leishman (4), Phil Mickelson, Francesco Molinari (5), Alex Norén (5), Pat Perez (4), Thomas Pieters (5), Jon Rahm (4,5), Patrick Reed (4,5), Justin Rose (4,5), Xander Schauffele (4), Charl Schwartzel (5), Adam Scott, Henrik Stenson (5), Jhonattan Vegas (4), Bernd Wiesberger (5) Kevin Chappell (4), Jason Dufner (4), Rickie Fowler (4), Charley Hoffman (4), Zach Johnson, Kevin Kisner (4), Rory McIlroy (5), Ryan Moore, Louis Oosthuizen, Webb Simpson (4), Brandt Snedeker, Brendan Steele, and Gary Woodland (4) did not play. 4. Top 30 from the final 2017 FedEx Cup points list (if there are less than five available players, players beyond 30th will be selected to increase the number to five) Patrick Cantlay, Charles Howell III, Chez Reavie, Kyle Stanley, Hudson Swafford Mackenzie Hughes did not play. 5. Top 30 from the Race to Dubai as of 16 October Kiradech Aphibarnrat, Paul Dunne, Ryan Fox, Alexander Lévy, Li Haotong, Mike Lorenzo-Vera, Thorbjørn Olesen, Richie Ramsay, Jordan Smith, Matthew Southgate, Hideto Tanihara, Peter Uihlein, Fabrizio Zanotti Lee Westwood did not play. 6. The leading four available players from the Asian Tour Order of Merit as of 16 October Shiv Chawrasia, Gavin Green, Scott Hend, David Lipsky 7. The leading two available players from the Japan Golf Tour Order of Merit as of 16 October Chan Kim, Shugo Imahira Yuta Ikeda, Satoshi Kodaira, and Yūsaku Miyazato did not play. 8. The leading two available players from the final 2016 PGA Tour of Australasia Order of Merit Matthew Griffin, Michael Hendry 9. The leading two available players from the final 2016 Sunshine Tour Order of Merit Richard Sterne, Brandon Stone Dean Burmester did not play. 10. Six players from China Cao Yi, Dou Zecheng, Liang Wenchong, Liu Yanwei, Wu Ashun, Zhang Xinjun",
"title": "2017 WGC-HSBC Champions"
},
{
"docid": "52228036",
"text": "This article summarizes the highlights of professional and amateur golf in the year 2017. Men's professional golf Major championships 6–9 April: The Masters – Sergio García won in a playoff over Justin Rose. It was his first major championship. 15–18 June: U.S. Open – Brooks Koepka won by four strokes over Brian Harman and Hideki Matsuyama. It was his first major championship victory. He tied the U.S. Open record of 16 strokes under par. 20–23 July: The Open Championship – Jordan Spieth won by three strokes over Matt Kuchar. It was his first Open Championship victory, and his third major championship. It is also the third different major he has won, having previously won the Masters and the U.S. Open. 10–13 August: PGA Championship – Justin Thomas won by two strokes over Francesco Molinari, Louis Oosthuizen, and Patrick Reed. It was his first major championship. World Golf Championships 2–5 March WGC-Mexico Championship – Dustin Johnson won by one stroke over Tommy Fleetwood. It was the second time he won this particular WGC event, and the fourth time he won any WGC event. 22–26 March: WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play – Dustin Johnson defeated Jon Rahm, 1 up, in the championship match. It was the first time he won the Match Play event, and the fifth time he has won any WGC event. He became the first player to win all four active WGC events. 3–6 August: WGC-Bridgestone Invitational – Hideki Matsuyama won by five strokes over Zach Johnson. It was his first WGC-Bridgestone Invitational championship, and his second WGC championship overall. 26–29 October: WGC-HSBC Champions – Justin Rose won by two strokes over Dustin Johnson, Brooks Koepka, and Henrik Stenson. It was his first WGC-HSBC Champions victory, and his second WGC victory overall. FedEx Cup playoff events 24–27 August: The Northern Trust – Dustin Johnson won in a playoff over Jordan Spieth. 1–4 September: Dell Technologies Championship – Justin Thomas won by three strokes over Spieth. 14–17 September: BMW Championship – Marc Leishman won by five strokes over Rickie Fowler and Justin Rose. 21–24 September: Tour Championship – Xander Schauffele won by one shot over Justin Thomas, whose second-place finish gave him the FedEx Cup. Other leading PGA Tour events 11–14 May: The Players Championship – Kim Si-woo won by three strokes over Louis Oosthuizen and Ian Poulter. For a complete list of PGA Tour results see 2017 PGA Tour. Leading European Tour events 25–28 May: BMW PGA Championship – Alex Norén shot a final-round 62 to win by two strokes. 16–19 November: DP World Tour Championship, Dubai – Jon Rahm won the tournament by one shot, while Tommy Fleetwood won his first Race to Dubai title. For a complete list of European Tour results see 2017 European Tour. Team events 28 September – 1 October: Presidents Cup – The U.S. team won, 19–11, for the seventh straight time. Tour leaders PGA Tour - Justin Thomas (US$9,921,560) This total does not include FedEx Cup bonuses. European Tour – Tommy Fleetwood (5,420,530",
"title": "2017 in golf"
},
{
"docid": "59588957",
"text": "This article summarizes the highlights of professional and amateur golf in the year 2019. Men's professional golf Major championships 11–14 April: Masters Tournament – Tiger Woods won by one stroke over Dustin Johnson, Brooks Koepka, and Xander Schauffele. It was his fifth Masters championship, his 15th major championship, and his 81st PGA Tour win. 16–19 May: PGA Championship – Brooks Koepka won by two strokes over Dustin Johnson for his second consecutive PGA Championship victory. He is the first player to simultaneously hold the last two titles of two different major championships (2017 and 2018 U.S. Open). 13–16 June: U.S. Open – Gary Woodland won by three strokes over two-time defending champion Koepka. It was his first major victory. 18–21 July: The Open Championship – Shane Lowry won by six strokes over Tommy Fleetwood for his first major championship. World Golf Championships 21–24 February: WGC-Mexico Championship – Dustin Johnson won by five strokes over Rory McIlroy. It was his third WGC-Mexico Championship win and sixth WGC tournament win. 27–31 March: WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play – Kevin Kisner defeated Matt Kuchar, 3 & 2, in the championship match. It was his first WGC victory. 25–28 July: WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational – Brooks Koepka won by three strokes over Webb Simpson. It was his first WGC victory. 31 October – 3 November: WGC-HSBC Champions – Rory McIlroy won in a playoff over defending champion Xander Schauffele. McIlroy has now won three of the four WGC events. FedEx Cup playoff events 8–11 August: The Northern Trust – Patrick Reed won by one stroke over Abraham Ancer and moved to second in the FedEx Cup rankings. 15–18 August: BMW Championship – Justin Thomas won by three strokes over Patrick Cantlay. His third round 61 set the course record. His win moved him top the top of the FedEx Cup rankings. 22–25 August: Tour Championship – Rory McIlroy won by four strokes over Xander Schauffele. McIlroy became the second two–time winner of the FedEx Cup. Other leading PGA Tour events 14–17 March: The Players Championship – Rory McIlroy won by one stroke over Jim Furyk. He became the first golfer to win both the BMW PGA Championship and the Players Championship. For a complete list of PGA Tour results see 2019 PGA Tour. Leading European Tour events 19–22 September: BMW PGA Championship – Danny Willett won by three strokes over Jon Rahm. 21–24 November: DP World Tour Championship, Dubai – Jon Rahm won by one stroke over Tommy Fleetwood, also winning the Race to Dubai. For a complete list of European Tour results see 2019 European Tour. Team events 12–15 December: Presidents Cup – The U.S. team won, 16–14, for the eighth straight time. Tour leaders PGA Tour – Brooks Koepka (US$9,684,006) This total does not include FedEx Cup bonuses. European Tour – Jon Rahm (5,898 points) Japan Golf Tour – Shugo Imahira (¥168,049,312) Asian Tour – Jazz Janewattananond (US$1,058,524) PGA Tour of Australasia – Ryan Fox (A$307,925) Sunshine Tour – J. C. Ritchie (R",
"title": "2019 in golf"
},
{
"docid": "18007119",
"text": "The 1930 U.S. Open was the 34th U.S. Open, held July 10–12 at Interlachen Country Club in Edina, Minnesota, a suburb southwest of Minneapolis. Bobby Jones won his second consecutive and record-tying fourth U.S. Open title. Having already won the British Amateur and the British Open in June, Jones secured his third consecutive major title of the single-season at the U.S. Open. He completed the grand slam with a victory in late September at Merion in the fourth and final leg, the U.S. Amateur. The 1930 U.S. Open was played in oppressive heat, and the first round on Thursday saw Macdonald Smith and 1927 champion Tommy Armour share the lead, with Jones a stroke behind. Jones was one-under through eight holes in his second round when he hit one of his most famous shots: the \"lily pad shot.\" Jones was attempting to reach the par-5 9th in two shots when two spectators ran onto the fairway during his swing. He mishit the ball toward the lake where it fell about twenty yards short of dry ground. Incredibly, the ball skipped off a lily pad and onto the far bank, just thirty yards short of the green. Jones would get up-and-down for an unlikely birdie, one that only added to his growing legend. Jones finished the round with a 73, putting him at 144 in a tie for second, two strokes behind leader Horton Smith. Jones took command over the final two rounds on Saturday; he shot 68 in the third round in the morning and started the final round with a front-nine 38. However, he ran into trouble with a bogey at 12 and a double bogey at 13. Now leading Smith by only one shot, Jones birdied 14 and 16. After finding the water on 17 and settling for a bogey, he needed to two-putt from on the 18th for the championship. Instead, he holed out for birdie and a two-stroke victory over Smith, who claimed the $1,000 winner's share of the $5,000 purse as the top professional. In third place was 36-hole leader Horton Smith, who won the first edition of Jones' \"Augusta National Invitation Tournament\" in 1934, later known as the Masters Tournament, and again in 1936. Jones became the first to successfully defend his Open title since John McDermott in 1911–12. He was now tied with Willie Anderson with four Open titles, but he would not attempt to win a fifth. Only four have won consecutive U.S. Opens since: Ralph Guldahl (1937, 1938), Ben Hogan (1950, 1951), Curtis Strange (1988, 1989), and Brooks Koepka (2017, 2018). After completing the Grand Slam with his U.S. Amateur win, Jones retired from competitive golf at age 28. Round summaries First round Thursday, July 10, 1930 Source: Second round Friday, July 11, 1930 Source: Third round Saturday, July 12, 1930 (morning) Source: Final round Saturday, July 12, 1930 (afternoon) Source: (a) denotes amateur References External links USGA Championship Database USOpen.com - 1930 U.S. Open (golf) Golf tournaments in Minnesota Edina,",
"title": "1930 U.S. Open (golf)"
},
{
"docid": "72120501",
"text": "Luis Gerardo Gagne (born 27 August 1997) is a Costa Rican professional golfer who is best known for finishing low amateur at the 2018 U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills. Early life and amateur career Gagne was born in Costa Rica, but his family moved to Orlando, Florida, when he was three years old and began playing golf soon after. His first language was Spanish and he learned English at five. One of Gagne's earliest golf memories was, at five years of age, watching Tiger Woods play in the Arnold Palmer Invitational at Bay Hill Club, Florida. He played collegiate golf for four seasons at Louisiana State University 2015–2019. He ended his sophomore season 2016–2017 ranked 25th in the U.S. in the final Golfweek player rankings . He was also ranked 52nd nationally among college players in the final Golfstat player rankings. He was an All-America Honorable Mention in 2016 and 2017 He earned an All-Southeastern Conference First Team laurel in 2018 and All-SEC Second Team honors in 2017 and 2019. He also earned an All-America Third Team selection in 2018. He holds the second lowest career scoring average in LSU history at 71.54. Gagne qualified, advancing through local qualifying, for the 2018 U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills, New York, were he finished low amateur tied 48th, 15 strokes behind winner Brooks Koepka. Gagne also qualified, via sectional qualifying at Bowling Green, Florida, for the 2019 U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, California, were he missed the cut. He finished runner-up at both the 2019 Latin America Amateur Championship and the 2019 Abierto Sudamericano Amateur. Gagne turned professional in June 2019, the day after he helped the international team beat the United States team at the 2019 Arnold Palmer Cup. He was ranked 29th in the World Amateur Golf Rankings upon turning professional. Professional career In March 2021, Gaine won the PGA Tour Canada Qualifying School wire-to-wire at Mission Inn Club and Resort, Florida, with a 3-shot-margin in a 106-man-field, securing his card for the entire season. Gagne qualified for the 2021 U.S. Open at Torrey Pines, California, his third start in the championship. He missed the cut by four strokes. In November 2021, he earned exempt status on the 2022 Korn Ferry Tour at the final stage qualifying tournament at the Landings Club in Savannah, Georgia. He played 22 tournaments on the 2022 Korn Ferry Tour, making the cut in ten, with a best finish of tied 21st and ended the season ranked 124th. He finished tied 6th at the Elk Ridge Saskatchewan Open in June 2023 on the PGA Tour Canada at Waskesiu Lake, Saskatchewan. Amateur wins 2012 AJGA Nebraska Junior @ Quarry Oaks 2016 Maui Jim Intercollegiate, David Toms Intercollegiate 2017 David Toms Intercollegiate Source: Results in major championships Results not in chronological before 2019 and in 2020. CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Team appearances Amateur Arnold Palmer Cup (representing International team): 2018, 2019 (winners) Eisenhower Trophy",
"title": "Luis Gagne"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "35270439",
"text": "Shanshan Feng (, ; born 5 August 1989) is a Chinese former professional golfer who previously played on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour. She was the first player from China to become a member of the LPGA Tour, which she joined in 2008. Feng had 10 victories on the tour, including the 2012 LPGA Championship, a major title, in which she shot a bogey-free 67 in the final round to win by two strokes. She was the first player from China to win an LPGA major championship, as well as the first player from mainland China (male or female) to have won a major championship. Her best finish in 16 previous majors was a tie for 22nd at the 2012 Kraft Nabisco Championship. With the victory, she moved from tenth to fifth in the Women's World Golf Rankings. On 20 August 2016, Feng won the Olympic bronze medal in women's golf at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. From November 2017 to April 2018, she was first in the Women's World Golf Rankings. In August 2022, Feng announced her retirement from professional golf. Early life, family and early golf development Feng was born in Guangzhou, in the province of Guangdong, and started playing golf at age 10 at the urging of her father, Feng Xiong, who worked at the golf association in their hometown. Due to limited resources and a lack of reputable golf coaches, Feng's father, who was the captain of a junior golf team, worked with her every day. During the week, Feng would attend school from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., and then her father would bring her to the driving range where she would practice for two hours hitting golf balls off a mat. On the weekends, she travelled outside of the city to a local course to play practice rounds and work on her short game. When Feng was in high school an agent discovered her, at a tournament in China, and this led to her meeting coach Gary Gilchrist. When Feng was 17 years old, Gilchrist offered her a full scholarship to attend his junior golf academy in Hilton Head, South Carolina. Feng accepted the offer and moved to the U.S. hoping to become a professional golfer. Despite the scholarship to Gilchrist's academy, living expenses, tuition at a nearby high school, and traveling costs became heavy financial burdens on her parents, Feng Xiong and Zheng Yuyan, who both work at governmental institutes and earn average salaries. Feng's parents had spent almost all of their savings by the end of 2007, and they considered mortgaging their house to support their daughter. However, the family support paid off in December 2007 when Feng, a teenager amateur, earned a spot on the LPGA Tour's 2008 season after tying for ninth place at the Tour's qualifying tournament. Amateur career Feng won the China Junior Championship and the China Junior Open in 2004. She was a three-time winner of the China Amateur Tournament (2004–06). She was the Champion",
"title": "Shanshan Feng"
},
{
"docid": "19878347",
"text": "The Indian Open, titled for sponsorship reasons as the Hero Indian Open since 2011, is the national open golf championship of India, organised by the Indian Golf Union. Founded in 1964, it was added to the Asia Golf Circuit schedule in 1970. In 1998 it became an event on the rival Omega Tour (known as the Asian Tour since 2004). Since 2015, it has also been co-sanctioned by the European Tour. From 1964 until 2000, the tournament was held exclusively at either Delhi Golf Club or Royal Calcutta Golf Club. Since then it has been held at Classic Golf Resort in 2000 and 2001, Karnataka Golf Association in 2012, and DLF Golf and Country Club in 2009 and since 2017; all other editions have been held at Delhi Golf Club. History The inaugural event was held in February 1964. Peter Thomson beat Ralph Moffitt by four strokes. Thomson was the inspiration behind the event. He used to stop off in India while travelling worldwide to play and soon realised the potential for golf and that the best way to promote it would be an international tournament. It was this insight that persuaded the Indian Golf Union to establish the Indian Open. Thompson continued to play in the event and won again in 1966 and 1976. His three wins was equalled by Jyoti Randhawa in 2007. The second event in 1965 was won by Indian amateur Prem Gopal (Billoo) Sethi, who beat Guy Wolstenholme by seven strokes. Sethi still remains the only amateur winner. It was not until 1991, when Ali Sher became champion, that India had another winner. In 1970 the Indian Open became part of the Asia Golf Circuit; it had been an \"associate event\" on the circuit in 1967 and 1968. As a result of joining the tour, the field increased in strength with notable winners including three-time major champion Payne Stewart. There have been a number of sponsors over the years, with Hero Honda Motors Ltd taking over sponsorship in 2005. The prize fund for 2017 was US$1.75 million. No events took place in 2020, 2021 and 2022 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Venues The following venues have been used since the founding of the Indian Open in 1964. Winners Source: Notes References External links Coverage on the European Tour's official site Asia Golf Circuit events Former Asian Tour events European Tour events Golf tournaments in India Recurring sporting events established in 1964 1964 establishments in Delhi",
"title": "Indian Open (golf)"
},
{
"docid": "75683736",
"text": "Madeline Szeryk (born 21 July 1996) is a Canadian professional golfer on the LPGA Tour. Early life and amateur career Szeryk was born in Allen, Texas, to parents who relocated from London, Ontario shortly after being married, and holds dual U.S. and Canadian citizenship. She got started with golf at the age of seven and was a long time member of Golf Canada's National Team Program. Szeryk's younger sister Ellie also became an elite amateur golfer, also representing Canada internationally. In 2013, she won the Royale Cup Canadian Junior Championship by 14 strokes over Brooke Henderson, and in 2017 she won the Women's Western Amateur. She represented Canada at the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing and twice at the Espirito Santo Trophy. Szeryk played collegiate golf with the Texas A&M Aggies women's golf team at Texas A&M University between 2014 and 2018. She was SEC Freshman of the Year in 2015 and a three-time All-American. She won four tournaments and made hole-in-ones in her first and last collegiate events, before playing in the 2018 Arnold Palmer Cup. Professional career Szeryk turned professional in the fall of 2018 and joined the Symetra Tour in 2019, where her best finish was runner-up at the 2019 Zimmer Biomet Championship, two strokes behind Nuria Iturrioz of Spain. She won the 2020 Kingwood Island Championship on the Women's All Pro Tour. In 2022, Szeryk joined the LPGA Tour after she finished T17 at LPGA Q-Series. By mid-2023, she climbed into the top-200 on the Women's World Golf Rankings for the first time after she tied for 7th at the LPGA Drive On Championship. Half a year ahead of the 2024 Summer Olympics, Szeryk sat 50th in the qualification rankings, on course to represent Canada alongside Brooke Henderson, in competition with Maude-Aimée LeBlanc and Alena Sharp. Amateur wins 2011 Signsational Signs Junior 2013 CN Future Links Ontario Girls, Royale Cup Canadian Junior Championship 2014 Thunderbird International Junior 2015 Ontario Women's Amateur 2016 Seminole Match Up 2017 Dr Donnis Thompson Invitational, Women's Western Amateur, British Columbia Amateur 2018 The Bruzzy Challenge, Dale McNamara Invitational Source: Professional wins (1) Women's All Pro Tour wins (1) Results in LPGA majors Results not in chronological order. CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = No tournament T = tied Team appearances Amateur Youth Olympic Games (representing Canada): 2014 Espirito Santo Trophy (representing Canada): 2016, 2018 Arnold Palmer Cup (representing the International team): 2018 References External links Canadian female golfers LPGA Tour golfers Texas A&M Aggies women's golfers Golfers from Dallas Sportspeople from London, Ontario 1996 births Living people",
"title": "Maddie Szeryk"
},
{
"docid": "3870304",
"text": "Patricia Mary \"Trish\" Johnson (born 17 January 1966) is an English professional golfer. Early life and amateur career Johnson was born in Bristol. Her three brothers were all golfers, one of them was a professional golfer. She practised other sports, including badminton, soccer and tennis. She preferred to learn by herself rather than taking golf lessons. She was South Western Champion in 1983 and 1984. In 1984 she was both England Under-23 and Under-21 Champion. In 1985 she won the English Women's Amateur Championship, was the English Women's Strokeplay Champion and repeated as England Under-23 Champion. In 1986 she represented GB & I in the Espirito Santo Trophy World Amateur Golf Team Championships and the Curtis Cup, where she won maximum points. Professional career Johnson turned professional in March 1987. She won three tournaments in her first year as a professional and was Rookie of Year on the Ladies European Tour in 1987. She won four tournaments in 1990 and won the 1990 Order of Merit. Overall, she has won 19 tournaments on the Ladies European Tour and has finished in the top ten of the Order of Merit on thirteen occasions, including second places in 2000 and 2004 when she won the 2004 Wales \"Golf as it should be\" Ladies Open. Her latest victory came at the 2007 BMW Ladies Italian Open. Johnson won the 1987 LPGA Tour Qualifying School to earn playing rights for the 1988 season. She has three wins on the US-based LPGA Tour. She won the 1993 Las Vegas LPGA tournament and the following week's LPGA Atlanta Women's Championship. Her last LPGA victory was the 1996 Fieldcrest Cannon Classic. She was a member of the European Solheim Cup team in 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2005, and 2007 and teamed with Laura Davies to represent England at the 2007 Women's World Cup of Golf. Senior career Johnson has won six tournaments on the Legends Tour, including three senior women's major golf championships; the inaugural Senior LPGA Championship in 2017 and 2021 and the 2023 U.S. Senior Women's Open. Amateur wins 1984 England Under-21 Championship, England Under-23 Championship 1985 English Women's Amateur Championship, English Women's Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship, England Under-23 Championship, French International Lady Juniors Amateur Championship Professional wins (29) LPGA Tour wins (3) Ladies European Tour wins (19) 1987 (3) McEwan's Wirral Classic, Bloor Homes Eastleigh Classic, Woolmark Ladies' Matchplay 1990 (4) Longines Classic, Hennessy Ladies' Cup, Bloor Homes Eastleigh Classic, Ladies European Open 1992 (1) Skol La Manga Club Classic 1996 (2) Marks & Spencer European Open, Open de France Dames 1999 (2) Open de France Dames, Marrakech Open 2000 (1) The Daily Telegraph Ladies British Masters 2004 (1) Wales \"Golf as it should be\" Ladies Open 2007 (1) BMW Ladies Italian Open 2008 (1) VCI European Ladies Golf Cup (with Rebecca Hudson) 2010 (2) Tenerife Ladies Open, Open de France Feminin 2014 (1) Aberdeen Asset Management Ladies Scottish Open Other wins (1) this list may be incomplete 1992 Sunrise Cup",
"title": "Trish Johnson"
},
{
"docid": "1388818",
"text": "Davis Milton Love III (born April 13, 1964) is an American professional golfer who has won 21 events on the PGA Tour, including one major championship: the 1997 PGA Championship. He won the Players Championship in 1992 and 2003. He was in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking for over 450 weeks, reaching a high ranking of 2nd. He captained the U.S. Ryder Cup teams in 2012 and 2016. Love was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2017. Background and family Davis Milton Love III was born on April 13, 1964, in Charlotte, North Carolina, to Davis Love Jr. and his wife, Helen, a day after his father competed in the final round at the 1964 Masters Tournament. His father, who was a former pro and nationally recognized golf instructor, introduced him to the game. His mother is also an avid low-handicap golfer. His father was killed in a 1988 plane crash. Love attended high school in Brunswick, Georgia, and graduated from its Glynn Academy in 1982. He played college golf at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, where he was a three-time All-American and all-Atlantic Coast Conference. He won six titles during his collegiate career, including the ACC tournament championship as a sophomore in 1984. Love is a Republican, and has donated money to Johnny Isakson and George W. Bush. Professional career Love turned professional in 1985, earning his PGA Tour card in the autumn of 1985, on his first attempt. He quickly established himself on the PGA Tour, winning his first tour event in 1987 at the MCI Heritage Golf Classic, at Harbour Town Golf Links. He would later win this event four more times, setting a record for the most victories in the tournament. Love and Fred Couples won four straight times from 1992 to 1995 for the United States in the World Cup of Golf, a record for this event. Love was a consistent contender and winner on the PGA Tour in the 1990s and early 2000s, but the most memorable win came at the 1997 PGA Championship, his only major championship victory. It was played at Winged Foot Golf Club near New York City, and just four players in the field finished under-par for the week. Love's winning score was 11-under-par, five strokes better than runner-up Justin Leonard. When Love sank his birdie putt on the final hole of the championship, it was under the arc of a rainbow, which appeared as he walked up to the 18th green. In the telecast, CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz made the connection between the rainbow and Love's late father, Davis Love Jr., who was a well-known and beloved figure in the golf world. This victory was the last major championship win achieved with a wooden-headed driver. In 1994, Love founded Love Golf Design, a golf course architecture company with his younger brother and caddie, Mark Love. The company has been responsible for the design of several courses throughout the",
"title": "Davis Love III"
},
{
"docid": "6083018",
"text": "is a Japanese professional golfer. He has won 18 tournaments on the Japan Golf Tour. Professional career Tanihara has won 14 tournaments on the Japan Golf Tour and featured in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. His highest ranking came in June 2017 when he reached 47th. He finished tied for fifth place in the 2006 Open Championship and reached the semi-finals of the 2017 WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play. His best finish outside of Japan was a second-place finish at the 2016 New Zealand Open, an official event on the Australasian Tour. He has represented Japan four times in the World Cup. Personal life On 14 July 2008, it was announced that he and actress Ayaka Nagate had married. Professional wins (20) Japan Golf Tour wins (19) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather. 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour Japan Golf Tour playoff record (3–2) Japan Challenge Tour wins (1) Results in major championships CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied for place Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 2 (2006 Open Championship – 2006 PGA) Longest streak of top-10s – 1 Results in World Golf Championships Results not in chronological order prior to 2015. QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. Team appearances Amateur Bonallack Trophy (representing Asia/Pacific): 2000 Professional World Cup (representing Japan): 2006, 2007, 2013, 2018 Royal Trophy (representing Asia): 2009 (winners) EurAsia Cup (representing Asia): 2014, 2018 Amata Friendship Cup (representing Japan): 2018 See also 2004 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates List of golfers with most Japan Golf Tour wins References External links Japanese male golfers Japan Golf Tour golfers LIV Golf players Asian Games medalists in golf Asian Games gold medalists for Japan Golfers at the 1998 Asian Games Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games People from Onomichi, Hiroshima Sportspeople from Hiroshima Prefecture 1978 births Living people",
"title": "Hideto Tanihara"
},
{
"docid": "14217170",
"text": "Hugh Royer III (born February 13, 1964) is an American professional golfer and golf instructor. Early life Royer was born in Columbus, Georgia. He is the son of the professional golfer Hugh Royer Jr., who played on the PGA Tour for 14 years and won the 1970 Western Open. He spent the majority of his childhood traveling with his father on Tour. Amateur career Royer received a scholarship to Mississippi State University where he played for two years. In those two seasons, Royer had one tournament win and seven top-10 finishes, and held the low stroke average each year. He then transferred to Columbus State University for his junior and senior years, where his father served as head golf coach. He was NCAA Division II Player of the Year and First Team All-American in 1985 and 1986. He was named 1987 Amateur Player of the Year by the Carolinas Golf Reporter. In the summer following his senior year at CSU, he won the Georgia State Amateur Championship by one stroke over Allen Doyle. Two weeks later, he defeated Doyle again in the Southeastern Amateur by five strokes setting a record at 20 under par - a record not broken until 2017. Because of open-heart surgery, Royer was forced to withdraw from the U.S. Amateur later that year. Shortly after his recovery, Royer won the Azalea Amateur Invitational in Charleston, South Carolina in a playoff and won the Western Amateur. This gave the Western Golf Association the only father-son combination to win the Open and Amateur in their history. Professional career Royer turned professional in 1987. He competed on the South African Tour for six years, where he had one tournament win and several runner-up finishes. He started playing on the Nike Tour in 1991 and won his first title in 1993 in Florence, South Carolina at the Nike South Carolina Classic. Later that year, he won again in Texarkana, Arkansas at the Nike Texarkana Open. In 1995, he won the Nike Dominion Open and the Nike Permian Basin Open. Royer gained his PGA Tour card that year and retained it until 1998. He had four top-10 finishes. He competed on the Nationwide Tour in 1999 and 2000 before retiring. Instructor career Learning the game from his father and some top instructors gave Royer the desire to teach the game to others, especially to those who desire to play professionally. Royer's knowledge of the game, in addition to his playing experience, provided him with an adequate teaching philosophy that has proven successful among his own stable of students. Royer worked for three years at the International Junior Golf Academy on Hilton Head Island where he trained the 2005 U.S. Girls' Junior champion, In-Kyung Kim, among other successful junior and collegiate players. In 2007, Royer opened the Champions Golf Academy at the Long Bay Club in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The Champions Golf Academy is a specialized golf academy that provides instruction and individualized training programs for players of all levels, gap-year",
"title": "Hugh Royer III"
},
{
"docid": "1520559",
"text": "The Women's Open (originally known as the Women's British Open, and still widely referred to by that name outside the UK) is a major championship in women's professional golf. It is recognised by both the LPGA Tour and the Ladies European Tour as a major. The reigning champion is Lilia Vu, who won at Walton Heath Golf Club in 2023. Since becoming an LPGA major in 2001 it has generally been played in late July or early August. The 2012 edition was scheduled for mid-September, due to the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, while the 2014 event was played in mid-July, the week prior to the Open Championship. In 2019 it was known as the AIG Women's British Open. From 2007 to 2018, it was called the Ricoh Women's British Open while the previous twenty editions (1987–2006) were sponsored by Weetabix, a breakfast cereal. In July 2020, the sponsorship agreement with AIG was extended through to 2025; as part of the deal the championship was rebranded by The R&A (which has organised the event since 2017) by removing the \"British\" qualifier, in line with The R&A's men's and senior men's championships, as the AIG Women's Open. History The first Women's British Open was played in 1976 when the Ladies' British Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship was extended to include professionals. The Amateur Stroke Play Championship had been organised by the Ladies' Golf Union since 1969. In early 1976 two professionals, Vivien Saunders and Gwen Brandom, and the LGU, agreed that the event would be opened up to professionals, with Saunders and Brandom providing £200 in prize money for the professionals. Eventually total prize money was £500, with five professionals competing in the event. An amateur, Jenny Lee Smith, won the event with Saunders the leading professional, tying for fourth place. Saunders won the event in 1977 on \"countback\", having tied with Mary Everard but having the better final round, 76 to Everard's 79. Janet Melville won in 1978, with Saunders again the leading professional and taking the first prize of £1,000. Just four professionals competed. From 1979 the event was separated from the Stroke Play Championship, which returned to being an amateur-only event. Prize money of £10,000, and a first prize of £3,000, attracted a larger number of professionals. At first, it was difficult for the organisers to get the most prestigious courses to agree to host the event, with the exception of Royal Birkdale, which hosted it twice during its early days — in 1982 and 1986. After nearly folding in 1983, the tournament was held at the best of the \"second-tier\" courses, including Woburn Golf and Country Club for seven straight years, 1990 through 1996, as well as in 1984 and 1999. As its prestige continued to increase, more of the links courses that are in the rotation for The Open Championship, such as Turnberry (2002) and Royal Lytham & St Annes (1998, 2003, 2006) hosted the tournament, in addition to Royal Birkdale (2000, 2005, 2010). In 2007,",
"title": "Women's British Open"
},
{
"docid": "18220643",
"text": "The English Men's Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship for the Brabazon Trophy is the national amateur stroke play golf championship in England (although entry is open to overseas golfers). It has been played annually since 1947 and is organised by the England Golf. The format is 72 hole stroke play contested over four days. After 36 holes the leading 60 competitors and ties play a further 36 holes over the final two days. History In March 1938, John Moore-Brabazon was elected president of the English Golf Union. Early in 1939 a new EGU competition was announced, with a trophy presented by Moore-Brabazon. The event was to be a 72-hole strokeplay tournament to be played at Royal Liverpool from 4 to 6 October. Because of the start of World War II the event was cancelled. The idea was revived after the war and was first played in 1947 at Royal Birkdale Golf Club, called the English Golf Union president's trophy. It was won by Duncan Sutherland following an 18-hole playoff. Before the 1948 event, the official name of the tournament was changed to the Brabazon Trophy, named after Moore-Brabazon, who had become Lord Brabazon in 1942. It was played at Royal Lytham and was won by Charlie Stowe, 7 strokes ahead of Gerald Micklem. The first few events were, like the English Amateur, restricted to English golfers, but from 1951 it became an open event, amateur golfers from any part of the world being able to play. Initially an 18-hole playoff was used if two or more players were tied after the 72 holes. However, after the 1963 event, playoffs were abandoned and the trophy was shared. The last tie was in 2007. Ties are now decided by a sudden-death playoff. The first player to successfully defend the trophy was Ronnie White in 1950 and 1951, a feat which has been matched a further five times, Philip Scrutton (1954–55), Michael Bonallack (outright in 1968 and tied in 1969), Rodney Foster (tied 1969 and outright 1970), Gary Evans (tied 1990–91) and Neil Raymond (2011–12). The tournament has received an increasingly international field over time, the first winner from outside of the British Isles was Neville Sundelson of South Africa in 1974. The tournament has subsequently been won (or tied) by international competitors on eight occasions. The record for the most wins by a single individual is four (including one tie) held by Sir Michael Bonallack and won between 1964 and 1971. The tournament has twice been won by players who would go on to win a men's major championship, Sandy Lyle who won in 1977 would go on to win The Open Championship and the Masters Tournament and Charl Schwartzel who won in 2002 would go on to win the Masters. The championship has never been played on the same course in consecutive years, however many of the host courses have hosted the tournament on multiple occasions with Royal Birkdale Golf Club, Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Moortown Golf Club and Hunstanton Golf",
"title": "Brabazon Trophy"
},
{
"docid": "75395683",
"text": "(born 4 August 2000) is a Japanese professional golfer. After playing on the LPGA of Japan Tour where she has six wins, she joined the LPGA Tour in 2023. Early life and amateur career Nishimura attended Osaka University of Commerce High School. As an amateur, she finished 6th at the 2016 Japan Women's Open, four strokes behind winner Nasa Hataoka. In 2017, she was runner-up at the Japan Junior Championship and individually at the Junior Golf World Cup. In 2018, she was runner-up in the Women's Amateur Asia-Pacific and individually at the Queen Sirikit Cup, both times behind Atthaya Thitikul. She led her team to a win at the 2018 Junior Golf World Cup and a runner-up finish at the 2018 Espirito Santo Trophy in Ireland, behind the United States. In 2019, she won the Riversdale Cup in Australia. Professional career Nishimura turned professional in November 2019 and joined the LPGA of Japan Tour in January 2020. She recorded four victories in the combined 2020–21 LPGA of Japan Tour season and rose into the top-100 in the Women's World Golf Rankings after her maiden win at Mitsubishi Electric/Hisako Higuchi Ladies Golf Tournament. That secured a spot in her first major, the 2020 U.S. Women's Open. In 2021, she won three tournaments and in 2022 a further two, to rise to No. 34 in the world rankings and finish second on the 2022 JLPGA money list. She was in contention at the 2022 Evian Championship where she was tied 5th after the first round and ultimately finished tied 15th. Nishimura earned her card for the 2023 LPGA Tour through qualifying school. In her rookie season, her best result was a tie for 3rd at the Walmart NW Arkansas Championship and she finished 48th in the rankings. Amateur wins 2019 Riversdale Cup Source: Professional wins (6) LPGA of Japan Tour wins (6) Tournaments in bold denotes major tournaments in LPGA of Japan Tour. Results in LPGA majors Results not in chronological order. CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = no tournament T = tied Team appearances Amateur Queen Sirikit Cup (representing Japan): 2017, 2018 Junior Golf World Cup (representing Japan): 2017, 2018 (winners) Patsy Hankins Trophy (representing Asia/Pacific): 2018 Espirito Santo Trophy (representing Japan): 2018 Source: References External links 2000 births Living people Japanese female golfers LPGA of Japan Tour golfers LPGA Tour golfers Sportspeople from Sakai, Osaka 21st-century Japanese women",
"title": "Yuna Nishimura"
},
{
"docid": "63849012",
"text": "The Toyota Junior Golf World Cup () is a junior golf championship held each summer in Japan for national teams of golfers 18 and under from around the globe. Qualifying events are held on six continents to determine the 12 boys’ teams and eight girls’ teams who compete for the annual championship. Chukyo Golf Club, outside Nagoya, has served as the host course for 16 of the past 17 editions. Toyota Motor Corporation has been the Junior Golf World Cup's title sponsor since 2002. History & Format The Junior Golf World Cup, founded by Yasumasa Tagashira, Eiji Tagashira and William Kerdyk, was first contested in 1992. A total of 98 golfers from 14 nations competed at Taisha Country Club in Izumo. The United States won the inaugural title, with Justin Roof the first medalist. Both would retain their crowns a year later. Host Japan claimed its first title in 1994, with a team that included future PGA Tour professional Ryuji Imada. In 1997, the tournament expanded from a three-day event to four days. A girls’ division was added in 2014. The tournament format is 72 holes of stroke play over four days, with two scores from each nation’s three-player roster counting toward the team total. Before 2024, boys’ rosters were made up of four players, with three scores counting. Continental/regional qualifiers are held each winter and spring to determine the 20 teams that go to Japan. In all, more than 70 countries participate in the qualifying process. Future stars The Junior Golf World Cup has featured such future major champions as Hideki Matsuyama, Jon Rahm, Scottie Scheffler, Cameron Smith, Justin Rose, Henrik Stenson, Trevor Immelman and Danny Willett. In 2001, South Africa won with a roster that included future major winners Louis Oosthuizen and Charl Schwartzel. Viktor Hovland, who won the PGA Tour’s FedEx Cup in 2023, played the Junior World Cup in 2016. Other participants that have won PGA Tour, European Tour or LIV Golf events include Joaquín Niemann, Camilo Villegas, Russell Henley, Hunter Mahan, Satoshi Kodaira, Branden Grace, Im Sung-jae, Brendon de Jonge, Alex Norén, Ludvig Åberg and David Puig. Though the girls’ division has yet to produce a major champion, three alumnae won the Augusta National Women's Amateur in consecutive years — Tsubasa Kajitani, Anna Davis and Rose Zhang. Zhang and Mone Inami are LPGA tour winners, while Saki Baba captured the 2022 U.S. Women’s Amateur. Results Boys' tournament Source: Girls' tournament Source: Results summary Boys' tournament Girls' tournament See also World Junior Girls Golf Championship References External links Pasts results on the Junior Golf World Cup's site Amateur golf tournaments Team golf tournaments Junior golf tournaments Golf tournaments in Asia Recurring sporting events established in 1992",
"title": "Junior Golf World Cup"
},
{
"docid": "33742993",
"text": "Barry Schultz is a professional disc golfer based in Charlotte, North Carolina. He has played disc golf since the early 1980s, and has been a professional since 1992. He is on the Innova Champion Discs Hall of Fame Team. For a number of years, he was one of the most dominant players on tour. From 2003-2009, he held the single season earnings record of $40,896, which was finally surpassed by Nikko Locastro in 2010. He is one of six men to win more than one World Championship. He is also a three time United States Disc Golf Champion, one of only four people who have won the event more than once, the others being Ken Climo, Will Schusterick and Paul McBeth. Schultz additionally holds two Masters World Championships. He and Climo are the only two men to earn both an Open and Masters world title. Schultz was inducted into the PDGA Hall of Fame in 2013. Professional career Open Division As of January, 2017, Schultz has 198 professional wins in the Open Division, including two World Championships and three US Championships. He was the second person to ever win both Championships in the same year (after Climo). Schultz has 17 National Tour (NT) wins, and was the National Tour Series Champion in 2006. 2003 season Schultz's best season was 2003, during which he won 17 out of 29 tournaments and finished in the top three in 5 more of them. He won both the World Championships and United States Disc Golf Championship, becoming the second player to win both in the same year. In addition, he won two National Tour stops and four A-Tier tournaments. He also finished the year with his highest career player rating, 1039. Major wins (5) Major playoff record (1-0) National Tour wins (17) NT playoff record (1-1) Summary Annual statistics Masters Division Major wins Major playoff record (1-0) Summary Annual statistics Equipment Schultz is sponsored by Innova Champion Discs. He has a number of signature discs (marked with *), and commonly carries the following discs during competition: Drivers Beast (Champion)* Boss (Champion, Pro, Star) Firebird (Champion, Star) Roadrunner (Champion) SL (Pro) Valkyrie (DX) Wraith (Pro) Fairway Drivers Leopard (Champion, Pro)* TeeBird (Metal Flake) TL (Champion) Midranges Roc (DX, KC Pro) Shark (DX) Putters Aviar (DX, KC Pro) References American disc golfers Living people 1970 births People from Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin Sportspeople from Waukesha County, Wisconsin World Games gold medalists for the United States Medalists at the 2001 World Games",
"title": "Barry Schultz"
},
{
"docid": "1536725",
"text": "The World Series of Golf was a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour, played at Firestone Country Club in Akron, Ohio. From its inception in 1962 through 1975, it was an unofficial 36-hole event matching the winners of the four major championships. In 1976 it became an official PGA Tour event; the field expanded to 20 players and the event was lengthened to 72 holes. the victory and $100,000 winner's share went to Nicklaus. The field was increased to over 40 players in 1983, though it never exceeded 50; NEC began sponsoring the event in 1984. The tournament was last played in 1998, but was replaced by the newly created WGC-NEC Invitational in 1999. Firestone Country Club had hosted that tournament (now known as the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational) every year until 2019, except for 2002. History Invitation era The World Series of Golf was founded as a four-man invitational event in 1962, comprising the winners of the four major championships in a 36-hole event. In the made-for-television tournament, the competitors played in one group for $75,000 in unofficial prize money, televised by NBC. The inaugural edition in September 1962 included only the \"Big Three\" of Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, and Gary Player. Palmer had won two majors that year and a fourth competitor was not added. Palmer shot a course record 65 in the first round on Saturday, but fell back with a 74 on Sunday. Nicklaus won with 135, four strokes ahead of Palmer and Player. Nicklaus, age 22, won a then-staggering $50,000, with $15,000 for second and $5,000 each for third and fourth, split between the other two for $12,500 each. Opposite this competition was the regular tour event in Denver, which had a winner's share of $4,300. The highest paying major at the time was the Masters with a winner's share of $20,000; Nicklaus had won $17,500 at the U.S. Open at Oakmont, which included a sizable $2,500 playoff bonus from the extra day's gate receipts, well-attended due to the presence of favorite son Palmer. At the time of his big Akron payday, the U.S. Open was Nicklaus' only tour victory as a rookie, but he won the next two events at Seattle ($4,300) and Portland ($3,500). In 1963, Nicklaus won two majors, so a fourth player was added to the World Series via an 18-hole playoff between the three men who had lost playoffs in that year's majors; Palmer and Jacky Cupit in the U.S. Open and Phil Rodgers in the Open Championship. Palmer prevailed by five strokes in the August playoff. Nicklaus repeated as the World Series winner in September, one stroke ahead of Julius Boros, with Palmer in third and Bob Charles in fourth. The opposite tour event in 1963 was the Utah Open in Salt Lake City, with a winner's share of $6,400. The first year with four players as reigning major champions was 1964, the first without Nicklaus. Tony Lema took the top spot, followed by Ken Venturi, Bobby Nichols, and Palmer.",
"title": "NEC World Series of Golf"
},
{
"docid": "60938345",
"text": "Lee Jeong-eun (; born 28 May 1996) is a South Korean professional golfer who currently plays on the LPGA Tour and the LPGA of Korea Tour. For scoring purposes, she is called Jeongeun Lee6 to differentiate herself from other Korean LPGA golfers with that name, including the older Jeongeun Lee5. In 2019, Lee won her first major championship at the U.S. Women's Open, and was named the 2019 LPGA Louise Suggs Rolex Rookie of the Year. LPGA of Korea Tour Lee began playing on the LPGA of Korea Tour in 2016. When she joined the tour, there had already been five other players with the same name; the like-named players were differentiated by a number, so she started to be called \"Jeongeun Lee6\". Lee is a six-time champion on tour, winning four events in 2017 and two in 2018. She also led the money list both years. LPGA Tour Lee played her first LPGA Tour event in 2017, finishing in a tie for fifth place at the U.S. Women's Open. She made six starts in 2018, her best finish a tie for sixth at the Evian Championship. In November 2018, Lee won the LPGA Q-Series and joined the tour full-time in 2019. In June 2019, she won the U.S. Women's Open by two strokes over Ryu So-yeon, Lexi Thompson and Angel Yin. It was her first victory on the LPGA Tour in addition to being her first major championship. In July 2021, Lee tied the major championship scoring record with a 61 in the second round of the Evian Championship. She took a five-shot lead into the final round but ended up losing in a playoff to Minjee Lee. Professional wins (8) LPGA Tour wins (1) LPGA Tour playoff record (0–2) LPGA of Korea Tour wins (6) 2017 (4) Lotte Rent-a-Car Women's Open, MY Munyoung Queens Park Championship, High1 Resort Ladies Open, OK! Savings Bank Pak Se-ri Invitational 2018 (2) Hanwha Classic, KB Financial Star Championship Events in bold are KLPGA majors. All Thailand Golf Tour wins (1) 2018 Singha E-San Open Major championships Wins (1) Results timeline Results not in chronological order. CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = no tournament T = tied Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 7 (2019 British – 2021 British) Longest streak of top-10s – 3 (2018 Evian – 2019 U.S. Open) LPGA Tour career summary ^ Official as of 2023 season World rank Position in Women's World Golf Rankings at the end of each calendar year. Team appearances The Queens (representing KLPGA): 2017 (winners) Awards 2019 LPGA Louise Suggs Rolex Rookie of the Year References External links Lee Jeong-eun at the KLPGA Tour official site South Korean female golfers LPGA of Korea Tour golfers LPGA Tour golfers Winners of LPGA major golf championships Summer World University Games medalists in golf FISU World University Games gold medalists for South Korea Medalists at the 2015 Summer Universiade People from Suncheon 1996 births Living people",
"title": "Lee Jeong-eun (golfer, born 1996)"
},
{
"docid": "24646795",
"text": "Kiyoshi Murota (, born 26 July 1955) is a Japanese professional golfer. Murota was born in Gunma Prefecture and attended the Nippon Sport Science University. After graduating, he became golf teaching instructor, and was well liked in Japan because of his easy, simple tips to help amateur golfers. While teaching, he would keep trying to become a touring professional. He obtained his Japan Golf Tour card after four tries at qualifying school after 1982. Murota's first win on the Japan Golf Tour came in 1991 but his best season money wise was 1992, where he finished 6th on the Order of Merit list, earning US$980,000 for the season. He had a total of six career wins on the Japan Tour between 1991 and 2003. Murota won many tournaments all over Japan, including non-order of merit events and pro-ams all over Japan. Murota has attempted to travel across the Pacific Ocean and play successfully on the PGA Tour, but that success was not found. In seven career PGA Tour events, his three best finishes came in 1993 at the United Airlines Hawaiian Open (T66), at the 1994 Nissan Los Angeles Open (T20), and at the 1994 Bob Hope Chrysler Classic (T28). Murota represented Japan in the 1992 World Cup. Since turning 50, Murota has played on the Japan Senior PGA Tour and the United States-based Champions Tour. Most notably, he won the Japan PGA Senior Championship in 2005, 2009, 2012, and 2015. He won the Order of Merit title in consecutive years on the Japan Senior PGA Tour in 2006 and 2007, winning an event in each of those years. In five events in 2006, he won two, and never finished outside of the top four in winning the Order of Merit. His second Order of Merit year was 2007, included one victory and four runner-up finishes. He has played in a few senior major championships also. Professional wins (33) Japan Golf Tour wins (6) Japan Golf Tour playoff record (1–2) Other wins (7) 1990 Mori Minato Cup 1991 KSD Charity 1992 Tochigi Open 1997 Pearl Open, Hirao Masaaki Pro-Am 1998 Toyamaken Open 2011 Legend Charity Pro-Am Japan PGA Senior Tour wins (20) 2005 Japan PGA Senior Championship 2006 Aderans Wellness Open, Fancl Classic 2007 Fancl Classic 2009 Japan PGA Senior Championship 2010 Sakakibara Onsen GC Senior Open 2011 Japan Senior Open 2012 Japan PGA Senior Championship 2013 Kyoraku More Surprise Cup, Japan Senior Open, Iwasaki Shiratsuyu Senior Golf Tournament 2014 Fujifilm Senior Championship 2015 Starts Senior Golf Tournament, Fancl Classic, Japan PGA Senior Championship 2016 Fancl Classic, Alfa Club Cup Senior Open 2017 Kyoraku More Surprise Cup, Alfa Club Cup Senior Open 2018 Kumamoto Aso Senior Open Golf Tournament Team appearances World Cup (representing Japan): 1992 Dynasty Cup (representing Japan): 2003 References External links Japanese male golfers Japan Golf Tour golfers PGA Tour Champions golfers Sportspeople from Gunma Prefecture 1955 births Living people 20th-century Japanese people",
"title": "Kiyoshi Murota"
},
{
"docid": "69216204",
"text": "Rachel Heck (born ) is an American amateur golfer. Early life and amateur career Heck, a native of Memphis, Tennessee started playing golf with her two sisters almost as soon as she could walk, competing in friendly competitions for ice cream. Her older sister, Abby, played collegiate golf at University of Notre Dame and younger sister, Anna, who is committed to play golf at the University of Notre Dame, competed in the 2021 U.S. Women's Amateur Four-Ball. A golf prodigy, Heck was a five-time AJGA All-American. She was the youngest competitor in the 2017 U.S. Women's Open, tied for 33rd. She also made the cut at the 2018 Evian Championship, tied for 44th. She was a member of the 2018 U.S. Junior Ryder Cup team, sinking the putt that clinched the title for the U.S. She was named USA Today's High School Golfer of the Year in 2017 and 2018. Heck was a member of the 2019 U.S. Junior Solheim Cup team, going 2–1 over three rounds of match play. She also competed in the U.S. Women's Amateur and finished T8 in the Girl's Junior PGA Championship. She also earned one of four amateur spots at the 2019 ANA Inspiration. Along with later fellow Stanford Cardinal Sadie Englemann, she advanced to the semifinals of the 2019 U.S. Women's Amateur Four-Ball. In 2020, Heck was the stroke-play medalist in the U.S. Women's Amateur, shooting 4-under-par across two rounds. She advanced to the round of 16 before falling, 1 up, to eventual champion Rose Zhang. She was also a quarterfinalist in the 2020 North and South Women's Amateur. Heck enrolled at Stanford University in 2021 to play golf with the Stanford Cardinal women's golf team. In her freshman year, she recorded six individual collegiate wins. She became the third player in college history to sweep conference (Pac-12), regional (Stanford Regional) and national titles (NCAAs), joining USC's Annie Park and Arizona's Marisa Baena. Heck became the first Stanford woman to win an NCAA title, and the ninth freshman to achieve the feat. Her 69.72 scoring average over 25 rounds was, at the time, the lowest in NCAA women's golf history. Heck claimed medalist honors in the qualifier for the 2021 U.S. Women's Open in Novato, California, with a 36-hole total of 8-under 136. She finished 3rd at the Augusta National Women's Amateur and won The Spirit International Amateur Golf Championship with Team USA. Heck was the 2021 Honda Sports Award recipient and the Annika Award recipient for being the top collegiate golfer. Amateur wins 2016 Bubba Conlee Tournament 2017 Rolex Girls Junior Championship 2018 Polo Golf Junior Classic, Kathy Whitworth Invitational 2021 The Gunrock Invitational, Fresno State Classic, Pac-12 Women's Championship, NCAA Stanford Regional, NCAA Championship 2022 Lamkin San Diego Invitational, The Gunrock Invitational Source: Results in LPGA majors Results not in chronological order before 2019 or in 2020. CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = no tournament T = tied U.S. national team appearances Amateur Junior Ryder Cup: 2018 (winners) Junior",
"title": "Rachel Heck"
},
{
"docid": "54207743",
"text": "Chan Kim (born March 24, 1990) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the Korn Ferry Tour. He formerly played on the Japan Golf Tour, where he won eight times. Early life Kim was born in Suwon, South Korea, but grew up in Hawaii. Amateur career Kim played his college golf at Arizona State University. He won the 2009 Pacific Coast Amateur. He was also a two-time winner of the Arizona Stroke Play Championship. Professional career Kim played on the Canadian Tour in 2011. He played on the Challenge Tour in 2013 and the Asian Tour in 2013 and 2014. In 2013, he was runner-up at the Yeangder Tournament Players Championship. He has played on the Japan Golf Tour since 2015. He won the Mizuno Open on the Japan Golf Tour to earn a spot in the 2017 Open Championship. Earlier that week he earned a qualifying spot to the 2017 U.S. Open. In early July, he won his second Japan Golf Tour event, the Shigeo Nagashima Invitational Sega Sammy Cup, after a bogey-free final round of 66. In August 2023, Kim won his first event on the Korn Ferry Tour, winning the Magnit Championship by three shots. He then won the Albertsons Boise Open the week after and by the end of the season, he secured his PGA Tour Card for the next season by finishing 2nd on the points list. Amateur wins 2007 Hawaii Amateur 2008 Arizona Stroke Play Championship, Thunderbird International 2009 Pacific Coast Amateur 2010 Arizona Stroke Play Championship Professional wins (10) Japan Golf Tour wins (8) The Japan Open Golf Championship is also a Japan major championship. Korn Ferry Tour wins (2) Results in major championships Results not in chronological order in 2020. CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Results in World Golf Championships 1Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic NT = No tournament \"T\" = Tied See also 2023 Korn Ferry Tour graduates References External links American male golfers Arizona State Sun Devils men's golfers Japan Golf Tour golfers Asian Tour golfers European Tour golfers PGA Tour golfers Korn Ferry Tour graduates Golfers from Hawaii American sportspeople of Korean descent South Korean emigrants to the United States Sportspeople from Suwon 1990 births Living people",
"title": "Chan Kim"
},
{
"docid": "9529084",
"text": "Lodewicus Theodorus \"Louis\" Oosthuizen (; born 1982) is a South African professional golfer who won the 2010 Open Championship. He has finished runner-up in all four major championships: the 2012 Masters Tournament, the 2015 and 2021 U.S. Open, the 2015 Open Championship, and the PGA Championship in 2017 and 2021. His highest placing on the Official World Golf Ranking is fourth, which he reached in January 2013. Early life and amateur career Oosthuizen was born in Mossel Bay, South Africa. His early career was supported financially for three years by the foundation of fellow South African golfer Ernie Els. He won numerous amateur titles before turning professional in 2002 at the age of 19. Professional career He won five professional tournaments on the Sunshine Tour before he won on the EuropeanTour: the 2004 Vodacom Origins of Golf Tour event at Arabella, the 2007 Dimension Data Pro-Am and Platinum Classic, and the Telkom PGA Championship twice, in 2007 and 2008. He played on the European Challenge Tour in 2003 and has been a member of the European Tour since 2004. In 2009, he finished 31st on the Race to Dubai. On 10 September 2012 he reached the top 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking for the first time in his career. In March 2010, he won his first European Tour event at the Open de Andalucia de Golf. The month after he won the 2010 Masters Par 3 Contest. 2010 Open Championship Oosthuizen entered the 2010 Open Championship at St Andrews ranked 54th in the Official World Golf Ranking, and only having made one cut in eight major championship appearances. He shot a 65 on the first day, placing him in second place, behind a 63 shot by Rory McIlroy. Oosthuizen's 67 on Friday was the low round of the day and gave him a lead that he would not relinquish throughout the final two rounds. His two-day total of 132 tied the record for the lowest 36-hole score in an Open Championship at St Andrews. A 69 on Saturday placed Oosthuizen at 15-under-par, and four shots clear of second-place Paul Casey with one round to play. On Sunday, Casey closed the gap to three shots on the 8th hole, before Oosthuizen drove the 9th green and made a long putt for eagle. On the 12th hole, Oosthuizen made birdie, while Casey hit his drive into a gorse bush, and wound up making triple bogey to give Oosthuizen an eight-shot lead. In the end, Oosthuizen shot 71 on Sunday, and 16-under-par 272 for the championship, to win by seven strokes. His 272 was the second lowest in St Andrews history. Casey eventually finished third with Lee Westwood taking second. Oosthuizen became the fourth man from South Africa to win the Claret Jug – following Bobby Locke, Gary Player, and Ernie Els – and moved to 15th in the Official World Golf Ranking, leapfrogging fellow South African Retief Goosen in 16th position. Oosthuizen said that his exemplary focus during the tournament,",
"title": "Louis Oosthuizen"
},
{
"docid": "1852079",
"text": "Rosie Jones (born November 13, 1959) is an American professional golfer, with 13 LPGA Tour career victories and nearly $8.4 million in tournament earnings. Amateur career Jones was born in Santa Ana, California. In her amateur career, she was a three time New Mexico Junior Champion (1974–76) and won the New Mexico State Championship in 1979. Jones attended Ohio State University where in 1981 she was an AIAW All-American. Professional career Jones qualified for the LPGA Tour by tying for seventh at the LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament in July 1982. Jones's best position on the LPGA money list was third in 1988, when she was tied as the winning-most player with three victories, including the LPGA World Championship; she won that championship with a one-shot victory over Liselotte Neumann, that year's U.S. Open champion. She completed her career with thirteen LPGA Tour titles. She also played for the United States in the Solheim Cup seven times. She placed second in a major tournament four times (1984 U.S. Open; 1991 LPGA Championship; 2000 du Maurier Classic; 2005 Kraft Nabisco Championship), but never won a major tournament. Jones achieved back-to-back wins in 1996-97 at the LPGA Corning Classic, earning her the nickname \"Queen of Corning\"; she is also that tournament's all-time money leader \"by a wide margin.\" At the conclusion of the 2006 U.S. Women's Open, in which she finished tied for 57th, she retired from competitive golf; as a symbol of her departure she removed her golf shoes, visor, and glove and placed them on the side of the 18th green. Since retiring from full-time play, Jones has competed on the Legends Tour, winning two of the five non-team tournaments in 2007. She has also worked as a commentator for the Golf Channel. She came out of retirement in 2008 to play the Corning Classic on a sponsor's exemption. She missed the cut by four strokes. In 2009, she qualified for the U.S. Women's Open; she missed the cut at the tournament by three strokes. In February 2010, Jones was named the captain of the U.S. team for the 2011 Solheim Cup. Personal life In 2004, Jones came out publicly as lesbian, an announcement timed with her acceptance of a sponsorship from Olivia, a travel agency that targets lesbians. Among people who knew her, she had been out since the late 1970s. Professional wins (25) LPGA Tour wins (13) LPGA Tour playoff record (5–4) Ladies European Tour (2) 1982 (2) United Friendly Worthing Open, Ladies Spanish Open Other wins (1) 1997 Gillette Tour Challenge (with Juli Inkster) Legends Tour wins (9) 2007 Wendy's Charity Challenge, Legends Tour Open Championship 2009 Kinoshita Pearl Classic 2010 Legends Tour Open Championship 2012 Walgreens Charity Classic 2013 Harris Golf Charity Classic 2014 Wendy's Charity Challenge 2017 Wendy's Charity Classic 2019 BJ's Charity Championship (with Michele Redman) Results in LPGA majors CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 23 (1981 U.S. Women's Open - 1988 du Maurier Classic)",
"title": "Rosie Jones (golfer)"
},
{
"docid": "49767515",
"text": "Lee McCoy (born February 5, 1994) is an American professional golfer. He played his college golf at the University of Georgia and currently plays professionally on the Korn Ferry Tour. He previously played on the Mackenzie Tour-PGA Tour Canada. Amateur career McCoy was born in Dunedin, Florida, to Terry and Cheryl McCoy. He started playing golf when he was about 18 months old and grew up in a subdivision of Innisbrook Resort and Golf Club. For his final year of high school, McCoy moved to Georgia, where he won the 2012 Class 4A state championship and was named Georgia's player of the year. McCoy played college golf at the University of Georgia; as a junior he was named a first-team All-American and was a member of the U.S. 2015 Walker Cup and Palmer Cup teams. He qualified for the 2015 U.S. Open, missing the cut. At the 2016 Valspar Championship on the PGA Tour, McCoy tied the lowest round of the tournament with a 5-under 66 in the third round, eventually finishing the tournament in fourth place. He was the individual medalist at the 2016 Southeastern Conference men's golf championship, helping Georgia win the team portion of the championship. In the 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship, McCoy finished in a tie for sixth place out of the 84 players who completed four rounds. Professional career McCoy turned professional after the national championship. In addition to his fourth-place finish at the Valspar, he played six additional PGA Tour events on sponsor's exemptions, missing the cut in all six. He received another sponsor's exemption to play in the 2016 Shriners Hospitals for Children Open, where he made the cut for the first time in his professional career, finishing T41. The day before the second stage of Web.com Tour qualifying school in November 2016, McCoy was in a car accident that shattered his wrist in two places. Doctors told him he was fortunate that he would be able to play golf again after the injury, as a bone in his hand could have fractured, potentially tearing all the ligaments in his hand. In March 2017, McCoy attempted to earn status on the PGA Tour Canada. By finishing T14 in qualifying school, he earned status for at least the first four events of the season. He quickly erased any doubts about keeping his card by winning the first event of the season, the Freedom 55 Financial Open, in June. McCoy didn't do well enough to earn a Web.com Tour card, but he was medalist at the 2017 Q School, making him fully exempt on the Web.com Tour for 2018. In June 2022, McCoy announced his retirement from golf via his twitter account, citing ongoing wrist injuries hindering him from playing professionally. Professional wins (1) PGA Tour Canada wins (1) Results in major championships CUT = missed the half-way cut Note: McCoy only played in the U.S. Open. Team appearances Amateur Palmer Cup (representing the United States): 2015 (winners) Walker Cup (representing the",
"title": "Lee McCoy"
},
{
"docid": "14788628",
"text": "Grace DeMoss Zwahlen (born 1927) is a former competitive women's American amateur golfer from Oregon. She was the first Pacific Northwesterner to be named to the United States Curtis Cup team in 1952 and then again in 1954. After retiring from competitive golf, Zwahlen was elected to numerous sports Halls of Fame. From 1986 to 2017 she gave back to the game of golf by serving as a girls' golf coach at high schools in Oregon and Southern California. Early life and career DeMoss was born in Corvallis, Oregon, one of five daughters of Ray DeMoss, a Corvallis businessman. She started playing golf as a teenager at the Corvallis Country Club, though she was initially more interested in equestrian sports. She entered her first tournament, the Portland Open, in 1945 and came in last place. In her next major tournament a year later, the Pacific Northwest Golf Association Amateur, she made the semifinals, and then a year after that, lost in the finals. Her first tournament victory came in the 1947 Portland City Amateur. Golf success After her win in Portland, she entered tournaments across North America, primarily on the west coast. In 1949, she won her first major tournament, the Canadian Women's Amateur. Following that win, she played throughout the winter in California to keep her game sharp. In 1950, she won the Pacific Northwest Amateur Championship played at Capilano Golf and Country Club in West Vancouver, British Columbia. She followed this victory with a semifinalist finish at the U.S. Women's Amateur, and was a finalist at the Canadian Women's Amateur, the Women's Trans-Mississippi, and the Oregon Women's Amateur, and was medalist at the Women's Western Open. In 1952, she was named to the United States' Curtis Cup team, the first golfer from the Northwest to receive the honor. However, that year, the American team lost the Cup for the first time since its inception. Two years later, in 1954, DeMoss was again named to the team. This time, DeMoss and her team reclaimed the Cup at the matches contested at Merion Golf Club. Following her early success, she relocated to Florida to play golf year round where she won Florida Women's Amateur championships in 1955, 1957, and 1958. She returned to the Northwest to claim three straight Oregon women's amateur titles from 1956 to 1958. She continued to play competitively into the 1960s before retiring to start and raise her family. From 1986–2006, she was the girls' golf coach at Crescent Valley High School in her hometown of Corvallis, Oregon and from 2007–2017 she was the girls' freshman/sophomore golf coach at Santa Margarita Catholic High School in Rancho Santa Margarita, California. Personal DeMoss graduated from Oregon State University in 1952, but did not compete collegiately as Oregon State did not have a women's golf team until the 1970s. Following her graduation, DeMoss married Howard K. Smith and golfed as \"Mrs. Grace DeMoss Smith\" or \"Mrs. Howard Smith\" for several years. She was later married to Fred C. Zwahlen",
"title": "Grace DeMoss"
},
{
"docid": "65589167",
"text": "Stephanie Kyriacou (born 22 November 2000) is an Australian professional golfer. She won the 2020 Australian Ladies Classic Bonville by eight strokes as an amateur and joined the Ladies European Tour on a two-year winner's exemption. Career Kyriacou started to play golf aged four and came through the Jack Newton Junior Golf Programme and played in her first Jack Newton golf tournament, the 2011 State Junior Medals, when she was 10. In January 2020, Kyriacou won the first tournament of the 2020 Ladies European Tour season, the Australian Ladies Classic Bonville at Bonville Golf Resort in New South Wales. She won by eight strokes over the world number 35 Ayean Cho of Korea, with a total of 22-under-par. Her second round of 63 was the lowest score ever recorded at Bonville but not a course record as preferred lies were used. Her tournament victory was the 10th by an amateur in the 42-year history of the LET. Kyriacou earned a two-year exemption on the Ladies European Tour but was unable to collect the €36,000 prize money on offer at Bonville due to her amateur status. She turned professional two days later, on 25 January, ahead of making her professional debut in the Women's NSW Open at Dubbo Golf Club, where she missed the cut. When competitive play resumed again in the second half of 2020, Kyriacou made the cut at her first major, the 2020 Women's British Open. She was runner-up at the Ladies Swiss Open behind Amy Boulden and fifth at both the Czech Ladies Open and the Lacoste Ladies Open de France. In 2021, Kyriacou won her second LET title and her first as a professional after she shot a bogey-free final round of 67 to win the Big Green Egg Open by two strokes ahead of Finland's Sanna Nuutinen. Kyriacou earned her card for the 2022 LPGA Tour through qualifying school. Endorsements Titleist, Under Armour, Aphrodite Hills Resort - Cyprus, Lending Association and Golf Australia Amateur wins 2017 Port Phillip Open Amateur & Victorian Women's Amateur 2019 Australian Master of the Amateurs, Port Phillip Open Amateur, Queensland Amateur Championship Source: Professional wins Ladies European Tour wins (2) ^Co-sanctioned by the ALPG Tour Results in LPGA majors Results not in chronological order. CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = no tournament T = tied LPGA Tour career summary ^ Official as of 2023 season *Includes matchplay and other tournaments without a cut. Team appearances Professional International Crown (representing Australia): 2023 References External links Australian female golfers ALPG Tour golfers Ladies European Tour golfers LPGA Tour golfers Golfers from Sydney 2000 births Living people",
"title": "Stephanie Kyriacou"
},
{
"docid": "13068924",
"text": "Renee Powell (born May 4, 1946) is an American professional golfer who played on the US-based LPGA Tour and is currently head professional at her family's Clearview Golf Club in East Canton, Ohio. She was the second African-American woman ever to play on the LPGA Tour. The daughter of golf course entrepreneur Bill Powell, Renee grew up in Ohio and took up golf at an early age. After winning several youth amateur trophies in her teens and captaining the women's golf teams at Ohio University and Ohio State University, she turned professional in 1967. She moved to the UK in the 1970s to further her career and joined the British PGA. In 1977, she became the first woman to compete in a men's golf tournament. Following her retirement in 1980, she appeared as a television commentator and became the head professional of the Clearview Golf Club in 1995. Powell is a member of the Ohio Golf Hall of Fame. She is also a member of Sigma Gamma Rho sorority. In 2017, she was inducted to the PGA of America Hall of Fame. Early life Renee Powell was born in East Canton, Ohio, where she was raised Catholic. She began playing golf at the age of three. Her father, Bill Powell, is the first African American to create and build his own golf course in the US. He made miniature golf clubs for her to use as a child and was her golf teacher. Her early life was quiet, and Powell played a number of different sports as a young person, including archery, ballet and basketball. She helped maintain the Clearview golf course, driving a tractor. Powell entered her first amateur tournament at the age of 12 and won her division. Three years later, in 1960, she had 30 youth tournament trophies. By 1961, she had 50 trophies and was playing golf daily on her father's golf course. She had won the Great Lakes Bantam Golf Tournament, the Columbiana County Open, Clearview Golf Club junior, Sixth City Ladies (three times), Tiretown Open Ladies (twice), Vehicle City tourney, and the Midwest District Junior in three consecutive years. The Akron Beacon Journal called her the \"Queen of the Bantam Golf Show.\" In 1962, she was the first African American to enter the U.S. Girls' Junior. In the junior championship, she caused an upset in winning the first round. In 1963 she won the Akron Tire Town open for a third time. She entered the Girls' Junior Championship again in August 1963. In the summer of 1964, she won a \"sudden death\" match in the Lyle Chevrolet women's golf tournament. She was considered a favorite in the 1964 United Golf Association (UGA) National Open and went on to take the amateur title that year. Powell graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1964. She went on to attend Ohio University (OU) and then transferred to Ohio State University (OSU). At OU she was majoring in speech and hearing therapy, but changed her major to",
"title": "Renee Powell"
},
{
"docid": "63928714",
"text": "Eagle Wynne McMahon is an American professional disc golfer from Boulder, Colorado. He has 53 career wins (including two majors) and has been one of the highest rated players in the world for several years. At the end of the 2023 season he was ranked 1st in the world by UDisc. Professional career Early career McMahon began playing disc golf in 2007, when he was nine years old, when he looked for a summer activity and soon started competing in smaller tournaments. His first victory in a PDGA-sanctioned event came in 2009 when he won the Johnny Roberts Memorial competing in the Junior II Boys class, later going on to win tournaments in both the intermediate and advanced classes. McMahon turned professional in 2011, entering three tournaments without cashing. The following year he entered five tournaments and cashed for the first time in the C-tier Mile High Classic. After cashing in two of the three C-tier tournaments he entered in 2013 he had his breakout season in 2014 when he turned 16, cashing in 14 of the 15 tournaments he entered, with three wins, 12 podium finishes and earned himself over $5,000. His most notable win was in the A-tier 2014 Colorado State Disc Golf Championship. 2015–present In 2015 McMahon had his first full season as a touring pro, entering 29 tournaments, winning seven and earning over $15,000 in prize money. The following two seasons, 2016 and 2017, he continued to perform at a similar level, winning multiple times, as well as multiple podium finishes in National Tour events in 2017. In February 2018 he won his first national tour event, the Las Vegas Challenge, following this up with two more National Tour wins at the Glass Blown Open and Beaver State Fling, as well as his first major win at the Konopiště Open, in the Czech Republic; his overall performance that season earned him the National Tour title for 2018. Since that breakout season he has been one of the top players in the MPO division, winning multiple times in the DGPT, including four in 2021 (DGLO, Portland Open, OTB Open, Las Vegas Challenge). In October 2021 he injured his throwing shoulder during filming for JomezPro, forcing him to withdraw from that year's Tour Championship. He returned to the tour at the beginning of the 2022 season but was forced to take a three-month break from the tour to continue rehabilitating his shoulder injury. However, he still managed to notch his biggest win to date in the European Open on his return in July, remarkably while playing without a forehand but compensating by throwing some tee shots with a left-handed backhand. After finishing 38th in the PDGA Professional Disc Golf World Championships a month later, he played in only three other lower-tier events before ending his season, winning the C-tier Boulder County Disc Golf Championships in his last outing of the year. PDGA Rating The Professional Disc Golf Association has its own rating system. A player's rating is based",
"title": "Eagle Wynne McMahon"
},
{
"docid": "1519740",
"text": "The Senior Open Championship, or simply The Senior Open (and originally known as the Senior British Open), is a professional golf tournament for players aged 50 and over. It is jointly owned and run by The R&A, the same body that organises The Open Championship, and the PGA European Tour. Prize money won in the event is official money on both PGA Tour Champions (formerly the Senior PGA Tour and Champions Tour) and the European Senior Tour. The purse, which is fixed in United States dollars, had increased to $2.75 million for 2023. History The tournament was first held in 1987 and became part of the European Seniors Tour schedule in 1992. It is younger than the PGA Seniors Championship, which started in 1957, as well as the U.S. Senior Open and the Senior PGA Championship. In late 2002 it was designated as the fifth major championship on the Champions Tour schedule. Winners before 2003 were not retroactively designated as Champions Tour major winners until late 2018. Winners gain entry into the following season's Open Championship. The event is usually held the week following The Open Championship, although in 1991 it was held the week before the Open and in 1998 it was held in August, three weeks after the Open. The 2018 Senior Open was held at St Andrews for the first time, a decision which was heavily influenced by five-time Open champion Tom Watson. In 2020, the championship was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Field The standard field size is 144 players and an 18-hole qualifying round is held at the championship course on the Monday before the tournament, with a minimum of 24 places available. If fewer than 120 exempt players enter, the field is filled to 144 with more high finishers from qualifying. If more than 120 exempt players enter, the top 24 finishers earn entry even if it causes the field to expand beyond 144. Winners Multiple winners Seven players have multiple victories in the Senior Open Championship: 4 wins: Bernhard Langer (2010, 2014, 2017, 2019) 3 wins: Gary Player (1988, 1990, 1997), Tom Watson (2003, 2005, 2007) 2 wins: Bob Charles (1989, 1993), Brian Barnes (1995, 1996), Christy O'Connor Jnr (1999, 2000), Loren Roberts (2006, 2009) Winners of both The Open and The Senior Open Four players have won both The Open Championship and The Senior Open Championship, (two of the professional majors run by the R&A). Host courses The Senior Open Championship has been played at the following courses, listed in order of number of times hosted (as of 2023): 7 Turnberry Golf Club 6 Royal Portrush Golf Club 5 Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club 3 Royal County Down Golf Club, Sunningdale Golf Club, Royal Porthcawl Golf Club 2 Royal Troon Golf Club, Carnoustie Golf Links 1 Gleneagles, St Andrews, Muirfield, Royal Birkdale Golf Club, Walton Heath Golf Club, Royal Aberdeen Golf Club Future venues Notes References External links Coverage on the European Senior Tour's official site Coverage on the",
"title": "Senior Open Championship"
},
{
"docid": "48815181",
"text": "The Queens Presented by Kowa was a women's professional team golf tournament held in Japan. The tournament was contested by teams representing the tours of Japan, Korea, Australia and Europe. Hosts Japan led from start to finish to win the inaugural tournament 4–6 December 2015. Format The cup was played over three days with four teams of nine players each. In 2015, there were 34 matches – eight four-balls day one, eight foursomes day two, and 18 singles on the final day. Three points were awarded for each win and one point for halved matches. This is a similar format to the Solheim Cup. The winner was based on cumulative score over all three days. In 2016, the format changed in two ways. Two points were awarded for each win and one point for halved matches. Based on the score from the first two days (foursomes and four-balls), the leading two teams faced off on the third day in singles matches for the championship and the third and fourth place team played for third place. In 2017, the format changed again. On the first day eight four-ball matches were played and on the second day nine singles matches were played. Based on the score from the first two days, the leading two teams faced off in foursomes on the third day for the championship and the third and fourth place team played for third place. Winners Results 2015 After the final round at Miyoshi Country Club in 2015, the Japanese team ended with 41 points, just three ahead of the Koreans, who won eight of their nine singles matches. The LET team finished third with the ALPG in fourth. Source: 2016 After the first two rounds, Korea led with 12 points to Japan's 11 and they faced-off in the Championship singles on the final day. Europe, third with 7 points, faced Australia, with 2 points in the third-place match. Korea won seven of the eight singles matches and halved the other to win the Queens 15–1. Europe took third place with a 9–7 win over Australia. Source: 2017 After the first two rounds, Korea led with 24 points to Japan's 12 and they faced-off in the Championship foursomes on the final day. Australia, third with 9 points, faced Europe, with 7 points, in the third-place match. Japan won three of the four foursomes matches and halved the other to win the Queens 7–1. Australia took third place with a 5–3 win over Europe. Source: Teams References External links LPGA of Japan Tour events LPGA of Korea Tour events Former Ladies European Tour events ALPG Tour events Golf tournaments in Japan Recurring sporting events established in 2015 Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2017 2015 establishments in Japan 2017 disestablishments in Japan",
"title": "The Queens (golf)"
},
{
"docid": "72864276",
"text": "Taylor Allen Montgomery (born January 30, 1995) is an American professional golfer. He plays on the PGA Tour. Personal life The son of Mikella and Monte Montgomery, Montgomery was born in Las Vegas, Nevada on January 30, 1995. His father Monte is originally from Colorado, and was a walk-on golfer at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He played for the UNLV Rebels from 1989 to 1992, becoming a second-team All-American. Monte made his sole appearance on the PGA Tour in 1994, after Monday qualifying for the Buick Invitational of California, held at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He finished in 24th place. Monte later became the general manager at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. Amateur career Montgomery graduated from Foothill High School in 2013, where he lettered all four years in golf. He won the state's 4A boys high school individual championship in 2011 and 2013. He was also a starter for the school's basketball team, playing from 2011 to 2013 as a forward. Montgomery then followed in the footsteps of his father and attended the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, where he played collegiate golf. He was coached by the long-time leader of the UNLV golf program, Dwaine Knight. This was the first father-son combination to both have played under Coach Knight. As a sophomore, Montgomery won the 2014 Gene Miranda Falcon Invitational, with a score of 10-under 206, one ahead of AJ McInerney and Yannik Paul. Montgomery struggled with his golf game in the final two years at university and often could not make the team. He had difficulties keeping the ball in play, causing him to use no more than 2-iron off the tee throughout the entirety of some tournaments. UNLV teammate Harry Hall said Montgomery has \"always been a great chipper and putter\" but struggled getting the ball to the green during that time. Montgomery majored in communications and graduated in 2017. Professional career Montgomery turned professional in 2017. In October of that year, he won the inaugural Major Series of Putting tournament. He received a prize of $75,000, and also won another $15,000 for winning the team portion of the tournament with his former UNLV teammate Kurt Kitayama. This prize money helped to bankroll Montgomery's burgeoning golf career. In September 2018, Montgomery birdied the first playoff hole to win the Sand Hollow Leavitt Group Open, a mini-tour event in Utah. This win granted Montgomery an exemption to play in the 2019 Utah Championship on the Web.com Tour. Professional wins (1) Other wins (1) Playoff record Korn Ferry Tour playoff record (0–1) Results in major championships CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied Results in The Players Championship \"T\" indicates a tie for a place Results in World Golf Championships \"T\" = Tied See also 2022 Korn Ferry Tour Finals graduates References External links American male golfers PGA Tour golfers Korn Ferry Tour graduates UNLV Rebels men's golfers Golfers from Nevada Sportspeople from Las Vegas 1995 births Living people",
"title": "Taylor Montgomery"
},
{
"docid": "1936626",
"text": "The Open de France is a European Tour golf tournament. Inaugurated in 1906 it is the oldest national open in Continental Europe and has been part of the European Tour's schedule since the tour's inception in 1972. The 100th edition of the event was held in 2016. The 2022 edition will take place between 22 and 25 September on the Golf National course. There will be €3 million of prize fund. Last edition played was the 2019 tournament, won by Nicolas Colsaerts. Originally played at La Boulie, the tournament has been hosted by many different venues, but since 1991, it has been held at the Le Golf National near Paris every year except for 1999 and 2001. Since the turn of the millennium, the Fédération Française de Golf has made a concerted effort to enhance the stature of the event. In 2004 qualifying tournaments were introduced on the model of those for The Open Championship and the U.S. Open and were open to professionals and amateurs. The prize fund rose from €865,000 in 1999 to €4 million from 2006 to 2009, putting the Open de France in the top group of European Tour events (excluding the majors and the World Golf Championships, which are co-sanctioned by the U.S.-based PGA Tour). The prize fund was €3 million in 2015 and €3.5 million in 2016. It rose to US$7,000,000 in 2017 after joining the new Rolex Series. However the main sponsor of 2017 and 2018 editions: HNA decided to cancel its budget. In 2019, the tournament took place in October. Since then it has no longer been a Rolex Series event. From 2014 to 2018, it was one of the Open Qualifying Series events for The Open Championship with the leading three (four in 2016) players, who had not already qualified, qualifying for the Open. With a new sponsor for 2022 (Cazoo) the prize fund was €3,000,000. Venues From 1970 to 1973 the first two rounds were played on two different courses, everyone playing one round on each course. After the cut, one of the courses was then used for the final two rounds. In 1970 Chantaco and Biarritz-Le Phare were used, with the final two rounds played at Chantaco. In 1971 La Nivelle and Biarritz-Le Phare were used, with the final two rounds played at Biarritz-Le Phare. In 1972 La Nivelle and Biarritz-Le Phare were used, with the final two rounds played at La Nivelle. In 1973, two courses at La Boulie were used, La Foret and La Vallee, with the final two rounds played on La Vallee. Winners Sources: References External links Coverage on the European Tour's official site European Tour events Golf tournaments in France Recurring sporting events established in 1906 1906 establishments in France",
"title": "Open de France"
},
{
"docid": "46310512",
"text": "Enrique Orellana (born c. 1936) is a retired Chilean professional golfer. Orellana had the distinction of being the only Chilean golfer in history to participate in the Masters Tournament (1964) until Matías Domínguez played in the tournament in 2015. Toto Gana (2017) and Joaquín Niemann (2018) also qualified for the Masters, by winning the Latin America Amateur Championship in their respective years. Martín Ureta, Hugo León, and Guillermo Pereira, who played in the U.S. Open in 2007, 2010, and 2019, respectively, are other Chileans who have played in a major golf championship. Orellana grew up son of the greenskeeper of Los Leones Golf Club in Santiago, Chile. His invitation to the Masters was a matter of talent combined with being in the right place at the right time. In addition to playing golf professionally, Orellana instructed golf classes at the club. One of his pupils was Argentinian politician Guillermo Kelly. Kelly had played Augusta National Golf Club a week before the Masters in 1963. In November 1963, Kelly played Los Leones and was one player short of a foursome. He invited Orellana to complete the group. After nine holes of play, when Orellana was four shots under par, Kelly told Orellana, \"I'm going to get you an invitation to the Masters.\" Kelly was friends with the president of Augusta National, Bobby Jones. In March 1964, Orellana received an envelope with an Augusta postmark containing the invitation. After finishing runner-up in the 1964 Masters Par 3 contest, Orellana missed the cut at the tournament. He noted that he had to adapt to playing with a larger golf ball than the \"British ball\" that was used in South America. Orellana won the Chile Open in 1960 and 1963 and the inaugural Argentine Masters in 1961. Team appearances World Cup (representing Chile): 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968 References Chilean male golfers Sportspeople from Santiago 1936 births Living people 20th-century Chilean people",
"title": "Enrique Orellana"
},
{
"docid": "62818302",
"text": "The 2020 KPMG Women's PGA Championship was the 66th Women's PGA Championship. It was originally scheduled to be played June 25–28 at Aronimink Golf Club in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania. It was rescheduled to October 8–11 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Known as the LPGA Championship through 2014, it was the third of four major championships on the LPGA Tour during the 2020 season. Kim Sei-young won with a record low aggregate of 266, 14 under par, after a final round 63. She finished five strokes ahead of Inbee Park, who had a last round of 65. Field The field included 132 players who met one or more of the selection criteria and commit to participate by a designated deadline. With the exception of one place reserved for the winner of the ShopRite LPGA Classic, the final field was set on September 22. Leading contenders were expected to include world number two Nelly Korda, 2017 winner and world number three Danielle Kang, world number four and 2020 ANA Inspiration runner-up Brooke Henderson, and 2018 winner and world number six Park Sung-hyun. Several top-ranked South Koreans did not play, including world number one Ko Jin-young, Ryu So-yeon, Kim Hyo-joo and Lee Jeong-eun. Also in the field were six club professionals. Sandra Gal and Julia Engström were the recipients of the two sponsors invites. Qualification criteria Active LPGA Hall of Fame members Past winners of the Women's PGA Championship Professionals who have won an LPGA major championship since the start of 2015 Professionals who have won an official LPGA tournament since the start of 2018 Winner of the Dow Great Lakes Bay Invitational in 2019 Professionals who finished in the top-10 and ties at the previous year's Women's PGA Championship Professionals ranked No. 1-40 on the Women's World Golf Rankings as of March 16, 2020 Professionals ranked No. 1-40 on the Women's World Golf Rankings as of September 15, 2020 The top-8 finishers at the 2019 LPGA T&CP National Championship The top finisher (not otherwise qualified via the 2019 LPGA T&CP National Championship) at the 2020 PGA Women's Stroke Play Championship Members of the European and United States Solheim Cup teams in 2019 Maximum of two sponsor invites Any player who did not compete in the 2019 KPMG Women's PGA Championship due to maternity, provided she was otherwise qualified to compete. LPGA members ranked in the order of their position on the 2020 official money list as of the commitment deadline The remainder of the field will be filled by members who have committed to the event, ranked in the order of their position on the 2020 LPGA Priority List as of the commitment deadline Round summaries First round Thursday, October 8, 2020 Second round Friday, October 9, 2020 Third round Saturday, October 10, 2020 Final round Sunday, October 11, 2020 References External links Coverage on the LPGA Tour official site Women's PGA Championship Golf tournaments in Pennsylvania Women's sports in Pennsylvania PGA Championship Women's PGA Championship Women's PGA Championship Women's",
"title": "2020 Women's PGA Championship"
},
{
"docid": "54207686",
"text": "Shugo Imahira (born 2 October 1992) is a Japanese professional golfer. He has played full-time on the Japan Golf Tour since 2015 and has won nine times on the tour, between 2017 and 2023. He was the leading money winner in 2018 and 2019. Japan Challenge Tour Imahira won twice on the 2014 Japan Challenge Tour en route to winning the season money list title. Japan Golf Tour Since 2015 he has played on the main Japan Golf Tour. In 2015, his best finish was second place in the Shigeo Nagashima Invitational Sega Sammy Cup. In 2016, he tied for second place in the Gateway to The Open Mizuno Open and also had a third-place finish and three fourth-place finishes, finishing 10th in the money list. In 2017, he had his first win on the tour, winning the Kansai Open and finished 6th in the money list. Imahira won the 2018 Bridgestone Open. He was also 2nd three times, 3rd three times and had 7 other top-10 finishes to be the leading money winner on the 2018 Japan Golf Tour. Majors Imahira played in the 2016 Open Championship for his first major appearance. He had an opening round 68, but shot 80 in the second round and missed the cut. He qualified for the 2017 U.S. Open and the 2018 PGA Championship but missed the cut on both occasions. Imahira was 53rd in the world rankings at the end of 2018 and missed out on qualification for the 2019 Masters Tournament, for which the top-50 qualified automatically. However, he later received a special invitation for the event. At the 2020 U.S. Open he did make the cut, but finished last among the remaining players. Amateur wins this list may be incomplete 2008 Japan Junior Championship (Boy's 15–17 division) Professional wins (12) Japan Golf Tour wins (9) *Note: Tournament shortened to 36/54 holes due to weather. 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour Japan Golf Tour playoff record (1–1) Asian Tour wins (1) 1Co-sanctioned by the Japan Golf Tour Japan Challenge Tour wins (2) Other wins (1) 2018 Legend Charity Pro-Am Results in major championships Results not in chronological order in 2020. CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic Results in World Golf Championships 1Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play DQ = Disqualified NT = No tournament \"T\" = Tied References External links Japanese male golfers Japan Golf Tour golfers Sportspeople from Saitama Prefecture 1992 births Living people",
"title": "Shugo Imahira"
},
{
"docid": "70727865",
"text": "Gabriella Then (born October 22, 1995) is an American professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour, Epson Tour and the Ladies European Tour. Early life, college and amateur career Then was born in Whittier, California and grew up in Rancho Cucamonga, California. She is of Chinese, Indonesian and Dutch ancestry. Then picked up golf at age five, recorded her first birdie at age eight, and started tournament golf at nine. She qualified for the U.S. Women's Amateur at age 12, and competed in her first U.S. Women's Open at age 14. In 2011, Then was part of the victorious United States team at the Junior Solheim Cup in Ireland. Two years later, she won the 2013 U.S. Girls' Junior Championship at Sycamore Hills Golf Club in Fort Wayne. Then attended the University of Southern California where she studied communications and played college golf with the USC Trojans women's golf team between 2013 and 2017. Her teammates included later LPGA members Sophia Popov and Annie Park, and they came close at the national championship on two occasions, including the 2015 NCAA Championship where they lost in the semi-finals. She had one college win, was named All-American in 2015, and set the school record for rounds played (245) over the course of her four-year career. Professional career Then turned professional in 2017 and joined the Epson Tour. After three seasons, with a best finish of T4 at the 2017 PHC Classic, Then gave up professional golf and took a job in marketing and sales at a cosmetics company. In 2021, after an 18 months break, Then began playing tournament golf again and played on the Cactus Tour and the WAPT Tour, where she won her first professional events. She won the LET Q-School at the La Manga Club and started playing on the Ladies European Tour in 2022. In April 2022, she won the Garden City Charity Classic at Buffalo Dunes, her first title on the Epson Tour. Personal life Then met her partner Eric Sugimoto, a professional golfer who has played on the Japan Golf Tour, at USC. Amateur wins 2011 Rolex Tournament of Champions 2013 Scott Robertson Memorial, U.S. Girls' Junior Championship 2015 UC Irvine Invitational Source: Professional wins (2) Epson Tour wins (1) Women's All Pro Tour wins (1) 2021 Kathy Whitworth Paris Championship Results in LPGA majors Results not in chronological order. ^ The Evian Championship was added as a major in 2013 CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = no tournament U.S. national team appearances Amateur Junior Solheim Cup: 2011 (winners) References External links American female golfers Ladies European Tour golfers LPGA Tour golfers USC Trojans women's golfers Golfers from Los Angeles American sportswomen of Chinese descent American people of Dutch descent American sportspeople of Indonesian descent 1995 births Living people",
"title": "Gabriella Then"
},
{
"docid": "21798652",
"text": "The Sacred Heart Pioneers are the 32 sports teams (14 men, 18 women) representing Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut in intercollegiate athletics. The Pioneers compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Northeast Conference (NEC; the school's primary conference), Atlantic Hockey, Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association, and New England Women's Hockey Alliance. SHU will move from the NEC to the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC) after the 2023–24 school year. History Nearly 800 students participate in the university's 31 athletic teams (17 female teams and 14 male teams) along with more than 500 students who participate in 23 Club Sports. The football team plays at the Football Championship Subdivision level and claims an FCS title in 2001. Their biggest rivalry is with the oldest public university in Connecticut, Central Connecticut State University, in what has been dubbed the Constitution State Rivalry. The men's basketball team won the Division II national title in 1986. The women's basketball team won the Northeast Conference regular season title five times and the conference tournament three times and earned three trips to the NCAA Tournament. The baseball team has won four Northeast Conference tournament titles and made four NCAA tournament appearances, formerly led by Super Bowl XVII champion, Nick Giaquinto. The four conference titles are tied for the most in the conference. The men's golf team won the Northeast Conference title in May 2008, 2009 and 2011. The men's fencing team won the Northeast Conference title five years in a row (2010–14) and was ranked #9 in 2011. On February 21, 2013, the Sacred Heart University athletics department hired longtime Major League Baseball player and manager Bobby Valentine as the athletic director. On June 8, 2021, the Sacred Heart University athletics department named Judy Ann Riccio as its interim athletic director, replacing Bobby Valentine who took a leave of absence. The men's ice hockey program competes in the Atlantic Hockey conference, and the women's hockey program competes in the newly-created New England Women's Hockey Alliance (NEWHA) and won the conference's initial tournament title in the 2017-18 season, beating out institutions such as the College of the Holy Cross and Saint Anselm College. The wrestling team competes in the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association and the field hockey team competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. Men's volleyball competed in the Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association through the 2022 season, after which the NEC began sponsoring that sport; however, SHU will return to the EIVA after the 2024 season. On September 21, 2020, Sacred Heart announced the addition of a women's wrestling program, the second for a Division I institution (the first being Presbyterian College) and the first in the Northeast region. The program started in the fall of 2021. Sports sponsored Club sports Currently there are twenty-eight club sports active on campus. The active clubs are: Baseball Men's Basketball Women's Basketball Bowling Dance Team Field Hockey Figure Skating Gymnastics Golf Esports Men's Football Men's Ice Hockey Men's Lacrosse Women's Lacrosse Men's Rugby Running Sailing",
"title": "Sacred Heart Pioneers"
},
{
"docid": "224580",
"text": "The Grand Slam in professional golf is winning all of golf's major championships in the same calendar year. The only player who has accomplished this feat is Bobby Jones in 1930, winning the four major tournaments of that era: the British Amateur, the British Open, the United States Open, and the United States Amateur. Modern variations include a Career Grand Slam: winning all of the major tournaments within a player's career and the Tiger Slam: winning four consecutive major titles but not in the same calendar year (named after Tiger Woods, the only player to accomplish the feat). Men's golf The Grand Slam in men's golf is an unofficial term for winning all four major championships in the same year. In the modern era, the Grand Slam requires victories in four tournaments in a single calendar year (listed in current playing order): Masters Tournament, held the week ending on the 2nd Sunday in April – hosted as an invitational by and played at Augusta National Golf Club PGA Championship (also known as the \"United States PGA Championship\" or \"USPGA\"), held the week ending on the 3rd Sunday in May, one week before Memorial Day weekend – hosted by the PGA of America and played at various locations in the United States. Prior to 2019, it was held in mid-August, three weeks before Labor Day weekend. U.S. Open, held the week ending on the 3rd Sunday in June – hosted by the USGA and played at various locations in the United States. The Open Championship (\"The Open\", sometimes called \"the British Open\" outside the UK), held the week containing the 3rd Friday in July – hosted by The R&A and always played on a links course at one of several predetermined locations in the United Kingdom on a rota basis. Prior to the creation of the Masters Tournament, the national amateur championships of the U.S. and the UK were considered major championships. During that earlier era, the Grand Slam comprised consecutive victories at the U.S. Amateur, The Amateur Championship (British Amateur) along with the U.S. Open and the Open Championship. Only Bobby Jones completed an original Grand Slam, in 1930. The term Grand Slam was first applied to Bobby Jones' achievement of winning the four major golf events of 1930: The Open Championship, the U.S. Open, the U.S. Amateur, and the British Amateur. When Jones won all four, the sports world searched for ways to capture the magnitude of his accomplishment. Up to that time, there was no term for such a feat because no one had thought it possible. The Atlanta Journals O. B. Keeler dubbed it the \"Grand Slam,\" borrowing a bridge term. George Trevor of the New York Sun wrote that Jones had \"stormed the impregnable quadrilateral of golf.\" Keeler would later write the words that would forever be linked to one of the greatest individual accomplishments in the history of sports: This victory, the fourth major title in the same season and in the space of four",
"title": "Grand Slam (golf)"
},
{
"docid": "57428681",
"text": "The 2017 Senior Open Championship was a senior major golf championship and the 31st Senior Open Championship, held 27–30 July at Royal Porthcawl Golf Club in Porthcawl, Wales. It was the 2nd Senior Open Championship played at the course and the 15th Senior Open Championship played as a senior major championship. World Golf Hall of Fame member Bernhard Langer won by three strokes over Corey Pavin. The 2017 event was Langer's third Senior Open Championship title and his tenth senior major championship victory. Langer also won the 2014 Senior Open Championship at Royal Porthcawl Golf Club. Venue The 2017 event was the second Senior Open Championship played at Royal Porthcawl. Course layout Field The field of 144 competitors included 135 professionals and 9 amateurs. An 18-hole stroke play qualifying round was held on Monday, 24 July for players who were not already exempt. Past champions in the field Made the cut Round summaries First round Thursday, 27 July 2017 Bernhard Langer posted a two-under-par 69 on day one to lead by one shot. Second round Friday 28 July 2017 Scoring was difficult during the second round as only one player, Santiago Luna, broke par on Friday. Steve Flesch and Brad Faxon shot even-par rounds of 71, while the rest of the field shot over-par. Langer struggled to a 74 (+3) and fell back into a five-way tie for the lead going into the third round. Amateurs: Lutz (+9), Haag (+13), Curtis (+20), Hastie (+21), Hoit (+22), White (+22), Tomlinson (+29), Creed (+31), Bell (+34) Third round Saturday, 29 July 2017 Langer rebounded with a bogey-free, six-under-par 65 on Saturday to take a four stroke lead into the final round. 2010 Senior Open runner-up Corey Pavin also shot a third round 65 to move into 2nd place. Peter Lonard shot a 67 (−4) to move into 3rd place and 5 shots of Langer's lead. Amateurs: Lutz (+9), Haag (+18) Final round Sunday, 30 July 2017 Bernhard Langer's lead was extended to five shots after Pavin bogeyed the first hole, however, the lead was cut to three after a birdie by Pavin and a bogey by Langer on the par-4 3rd hole. Pavin cut Langer's lead to two after a birdie on the par-3 5th. After a bogey by Pavin on the par-5 13th hole, Langer's lead was extended to three strokes, which he carried into the 72nd hole. Langer and Pavin both birdied the 72nd hole, as Langer secured the title and his tenth senior major championship. Source: Amateurs: Lutz (+17), Haag (+21) Scorecard Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par Source: Notes and references External links Results on European Tour website Results on PGA Tour website Senior major golf championships Golf tournaments in Wales Senior Open Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Open Championship",
"title": "2017 Senior Open Championship"
},
{
"docid": "1520225",
"text": "Raymond Loran Floyd (born September 4, 1942) is an American retired professional golfer who has won numerous tournaments on both the PGA Tour and Senior PGA Tour, including four majors and four senior majors. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1989. Early years Floyd was born on September 4, 1942, in Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and was raised in Fayetteville. Floyd's father L.B. had a 21-year career in the U.S. Army, much of it at Fort Bragg as the golf pro at its enlisted-men's course. He also owned a nearby driving range where Raymond and younger sister Marlene, a future LPGA Tour pro, honed their games. From an early age, Floyd could play equally well left-handed, and used his skills to enhance his allowance, winning money from soldiers on the course, as well as civilians in nearby towns. Floyd graduated from Fayetteville High School (now named Terry Sanford High School) in 1960. Skilled in golf and baseball, he had an offer to pitch in the Cleveland Indians organization, but chose to attend the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, but only stayed for a semester. Professional career After leaving college, Floyd turned professional in 1961, and quickly established himself on the PGA Tour. His first victory came two years later at age 20 in March 1963 in Florida, winning $3,500 at the St. Petersburg Open Invitational, the first of his 22 wins on the PGA Tour, including four major championships. Floyd won his first major title six years later at the PGA Championship in 1969, and the second came in 1976 at The Masters, by an eight-stroke margin and was won wire-to-wire. He won his second PGA Championship in 1982, after shooting a brilliant opening round of 63 in sweltering hot conditions at Southern Hills Country Club. Floyd's round of 63 was the lowest round in a major championship until 2017. Floyd finished 1982 ranked second in Mark McCormack's world golf rankings, behind only Tom Watson, who had won two majors that season; had those rankings been calculated over just two seasons, on a par with the system in place at the end of 2012, Floyd would have been ranked world number one in 1982, as he had earned more points from all events in total than Watson in both 1981 and 1982. Floyd's fourth and final major title came at the U.S. Open in 1986 at Shinnecock Hills. After three rounds, he was tied for fifth place, three shots behind leader Greg Norman, who held the 54-hole lead at all four majors in 1986. Norman faltered on Sunday with a 75 (+5), but Floyd shot 66 to win by two strokes and became the then-oldest U.S. Open champion by a few months at 43 years and 9 months. (The record was Ted Ray's since 1920, and is now held by Hale Irwin, a champion at age 45 in 1990.) The one major title that eluded Floyd, which prevented him from completing the career",
"title": "Raymond Floyd"
},
{
"docid": "52713352",
"text": "The Diamond Resorts Invitational was a PGA Tour Champions Challenge Season event and celebrity golf tournament, played at Tranquilo Golf Club at Four Seasons in Orlando, Florida, and benefited Florida Hospital for Children. The tournament began as a celebrity-only tournament in 2013 and in 2017, the tournament was made a PGA Tour Champions Challenge Season event. The 2018 event featured a field of 28 PGA Tour Champions and 4 LPGA Tour professionals, and 50 celebrity amateur golfers. The tournament was a no cut 54-hole event, and used the Modified Stableford scoring system. Over the years, the tournament helped raise more than $3.1 million for Florida Hospital for Children. In March 2018, tournament sponsor Diamond Resorts announced it was changing the tournament for 2019 to an official LPGA Tour event called the Diamond Resorts Tournament of Champions. The new tournament was the LPGA's 2019 season opener with $1.2 million in prize money. The 26-player pro field included only those LPGA players who had qualified by winning in the previous two seasons. They competed alongside 45 sports and entertainment celebrities. History 2013 In 2013, PGA Tour professional, Brian Gay, offered to lend his name to the inaugural Diamond Resorts-sponsored golf invitational in an effort to help raise money for Florida Hospital for Children. More than 300 golfers, celebrities and spectators attended the event. The tournament also hosted a celebrity-only golf tournament with a $40,000 purse. PGA Tour professional Nick O'Hern won the Professional Golf Division and retired NFL player Mark Rypien was the celebrity champion. 2014 In its second year, the Diamond Resorts Invitational was held at Isleworth Country Club in Windermere, Florida from December 11–14, 2014. More than 400 people participated in the weekend event, which included a celebrity/amateur golf tournament and private concert by country music artist Colt Ford. PGA Tour professional J. B. Holmes won the PGA Tour Division, shooting a 9-under 63. The celebrity champion was former Atlanta Braves pitcher John Smoltz, who defeated the President of Baseball Operations for the Atlanta Brave, John Hart, in a one-hole playoff, for the first of his three victories in the event (including the successor tournament). 2016 In 2016, the golf event was named Diamond Resorts Invitational benefiting Florida Hospital for Children and was nationally televised on the Golf Channel with an 81-person field, 54-hole celebrity tournament. It was held January 12–17, 2016 at The Golden Bear Club in Windermere, Florida and featured a Stableford scoring format with a $500,000 purse. After three days of play, former professional American tennis player, Mardy Fish, claimed victory. The celebrity lineup included Super Bowl MVPs Jerry Rice, Marcus Allen, Richard Dent and Mark Rypien; Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame pitcher of Greg Maddux, John Smoltz and Tom Glavine; ESPN college football expert and former NFL quarterback Danny Kanell; baseball legends Reggie Jackson, Roger Clemens and Gaylord Perry; and celebrity entertainers Larry The Cable Guy, Jake Owen and Colt Ford. 2017 In 2017, the tournament became a PGA Tour Champions Challenge Season event. It was",
"title": "Diamond Resorts Invitational"
},
{
"docid": "54572170",
"text": "Park Sung-hyun (born 21 September 1993), also known as Sung Hyun Park, is a South Korean professional golfer playing on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour. She has won two LPGA majors championships, the 2017 U.S. Women's Open and the 2018 Women's PGA Championship. She was the number one ranked golfer in the Women's World Golf Rankings for a single week in 2017 and has returned to the number one spot in 2018 and 2019. Professional career From 2014 to 2016 Park played on the LPGA of Korea Tour. She won four times in 2015 and six times in 2016. Since 2017 Park has played on the LPGA Tour. In July 2017, she won the U.S. Women's Open, an LPGA major. In November 2017, she became the number one ranked golfer in the Women's World Golf Rankings. Park clinched the LPGA's Rookie of the Year Award in the penultimate month of the 2017 season. Park then went on to share Player of the Year honors with Ryu So-yeon, making Park the first player since Nancy Lopez in 1978 to win both Player and Rookie of the Year honors in the same season. Park won three times in 2018, this included a major title in July 2018 at the KPMG Women's PGA Championship. After holding the top ranking for only one week in 2017, she regained the number one spot with her win at the Indy Women in Tech Championship in August 2018. She ended the 2018 season third on the LPGA money list and ranked second in the world to Ariya Jutanugarn. In 2019, Park won the HSBC Women's World Championship and the Walmart NW Arkansas Championship. Professional wins (18) LPGA Tour wins (7) LPGA Tour playoff record (2–0) LPGA of Korea Tour wins (10) Taiwan LPGA Tour wins (1) 2019 The Country Club Ladies Invitational Major championships Wins (2) Results timeline Results not in chronological order. CUT = missed the half-way cut NT = no tournament T = tied Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 10 (2016 ANA – 2018 ANA) Longest streak of top 10s – 3 (2019 Women's PGA – 2019 British Open) LPGA Tour career summary official as of 2023 season Team appearances Professional The Queens (representing Korea): 2015 (winners) International Crown (representing South Korea): 2018 (winners) References External links Park Sung-hyun at the KLPGA Tour official site Profile on Seoul Sisters site South Korean female golfers LPGA Tour golfers LPGA of Korea Tour golfers Winners of LPGA major golf championships Golfers from Orlando, Florida Golfers from Seoul 1993 births Living people",
"title": "Park Sung-hyun (golfer)"
},
{
"docid": "4810791",
"text": "Brandt William Jobe (born August 1, 1965) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Champions Tour. He has also played on the PGA Tour, Nationwide Tour and the Japan Golf Tour. Early life and amateur career Jobe was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. He attended UCLA where he was a member of the 1988 NCAA Division I Men's Championship winning team. Professional career In 1988, Jobe turned professional. In 1990, Jobe led the Order of Merit on the Canadian Tour. He won membership of the PGA Tour at 1990 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates. However, he only made five cuts during the 1991 season. After a few unsettled seasons, during which he won the 1995 Asia Golf Circuit Order of Merit, he established himself on the Japan Golf Tour, where he played from 1995 to 1999 and won six tournaments. He returned to the PGA Tour as special temporary member in September 1999. He has played steadily despite a freak accident in his garage at home. After slicing his hand and severing several fingers with a shattered push broom, Jobe had significant hand and wrist surgery in 2003. He never won on the PGA Tour, but has tied for second place four times, including two in 2005 when he played on a major medical exemption. Jobe finished 30th on the Nationwide Tour in 2010, which was not enough for a PGA Tour Card, but exempted him through the final stage of Q School, where he finished tied for sixth and earned his 2011 card. In June 2011, Jobe achieved his best finish in six years when he tied for second at the Memorial Tournament, one stroke behind Steve Stricker. Jobe won the Champions Tour qualifying school to earn his tour card for 2016. On June 11 2017, he recorded his first Champions Tour victory at the Principal Charity Classic with a 14-under-par score of 202. On August 25, 2019, Jobe won his second PGA Tour Champions victory at the Boeing Classic. Personal life Jobe and his wife, Jennifer have a son and a daughter together. Their son, Jackson, was selected third overall by the Detroit Tigers in the 2021 Major League Baseball draft. Professional wins (16) PGA of Japan Tour wins (6) PGA of Japan Tour playoff record (3–0) Asia Golf Circuit wins (4) Canadian Tour wins (2) *Note: The 1990 Canadian Airlines-George Williams B.C. Open was shortened to 54 holes due to weather. Hooters Jordan Tour wins (1) Other wins (1) 1992 Colorado Open PGA Tour Champions wins (2) Playoff record PGA Tour playoff record (0–1) Results in major championships CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place. Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 4 (2001 U.S. Open – 2006 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 0 Results in The Players Championship CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place Results in World Golf Championships 1Cancelled due to 9/11 QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round",
"title": "Brandt Jobe"
},
{
"docid": "2130872",
"text": "Alexander Smith (28 January 1874 – 21 April 1930) was a Scottish-American professional golfer who played in the late 19th and early 20th century. He was a member of a famous Scottish golfing family. His brother Willie won the U.S. Open in 1899, and Alex won it in both 1906 and 1910. Like many British professionals of his era he spent much of his adult life working as a club professional in the United States. Early life Smith was born in Carnoustie, Scotland, on 28 January 1874, the son of John D. Smith and Joann Smith née Robinson. On 18 January 1895 he was married to Jessie Maiden—sister of James Maiden—and they had two daughters, Fannie and Margaret, born in 1896 and 1899, respectively. Smith was sometimes referred to as \"Alec\" Smith, especially early in his career. Golf career He was the head professional at Nassau Country Club in Glen Cove, New York, from 1901 through 1909. James Maiden, who would forge a successful golf career of his own, served as assistant professional under Smith at Nassau. In 1901, Smith lost to Willie Anderson in a playoff for the U.S. Open title. Smith's 1906 U.S. Open victory came at the Onwentsia Club in Lake Forest, Illinois. His 72-hole score of 295 was the lowest at either the U.S. Open or the British Open up to that time, and he won $300. The 1910 U.S. Open was played over the St. Martin's course at the Philadelphia Cricket Club. Smith won a three-man playoff against American John McDermott and another of his own brothers, Macdonald Smith. Alex Smith played in eighteen U.S. Opens in total and accumulated eleven top ten placings. Smith, who partnered with C. A. Dunning in the 1905 Metropolitan Open four-ball tournament held on 16 September 1905 at Fox Hills Golf Club on Staten Island, tied for first place with George Low and Fred Herreshoff with a score of 71. A playoff wasn't held due to the fact that Smith was also competing in the medal competition which he won from Willie Anderson. Smith also won the Western Open twice and the Metropolitan Open four times. Later life In 1910, Smith was a widower and lived with his two young daughters and sister-in-law, Allison Barry, in New Rochelle, New York. He was the head professional at the Westchester Country Club in Rye, New York. After the death of his brother, Willie Smith, he took over responsibility for the design of Club de Golf Chapultepec, which has hosted the Mexican Open multiple times, and the WGC-Mexico Championship since 2017. Death and legacy Smith died on 21 April 1930 at a sanatorium in Baltimore, Maryland. Tournament wins Note: This list may be incomplete 1903 Western Open 1905 Metropolitan Open 1906 U.S. Open, Western Open 1909 Metropolitan Open 1910 U.S. Open, Metropolitan Open 1913 Metropolitan Open Major championships Wins (2) 1Defeated John McDermott and MacDonald Smith in an 18-hole playoff – A. Smith 71 (−2), McDermott 75 (+2) & M. Smith 77",
"title": "Alex Smith (golfer)"
},
{
"docid": "15651920",
"text": "The European Amateur Championship is an annual amateur golf tournament played at various locations throughout Europe. It is organized by the European Golf Association and was one of the \"Elite\" tournaments recognized by the World Amateur Golf Ranking. It was first held in 1986. The winner receives an invitation to the next Open Championship, provided they maintain their amateur status prior to the Open. Before 2016, the European Amateur was played after the Open and the invitation was for the next year's Open. Since 2017, the European Amateur has been played before the Open and the invitation applies to the current year. Both 2016 and 2017 winners received entry to the 2017 Open. Format The top 144 amateur men golfers compete in a format consisting of four rounds of stroke play, with a cut after the third round, out of which the lowest 60 scores, including ties, qualify for the final round. Winners In 2017, Plant won with a birdie at the second hole of a sudden-death playoff after he and Cianchetti had earlier tied a three-hole playoff at level par, Scalise being eliminated at one-over-par. In 2016, Cianchetti won with a par at the fourth hole of a sudden-death playoff after he and Hovland had earlier tied a three-hole playoff. In 2010, Trappel won the three-hole playoff. In 1993, Backhausen won the three-hole playoff by two strokes. External links European Golf Association Past results Amateur golf tournaments Golf tournaments in Europe European Golf Association championships",
"title": "European Amateur"
},
{
"docid": "5199571",
"text": "Stephen J. Flesch (born May 23, 1967) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour Champions. He was a four-time winner on the PGA Tour, and worked briefly as a TV golf analyst for Fox Sports and Golf Channel before joining the PGA Tour Champions. Early life Flesch was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and attended Covington Catholic High School in Park Hills, Kentucky. After graduation, he played golf at the University of Kentucky and turned professional in 1990. Professional career Flesch finished in the top ten on the Asia Golf Circuit Order of Merit in 1993, 1994 and 1996. He won the 1997 NIKE Tour Championship to earn a PGA Tour card for the following season, only the second left-hander to win on what is now the Korn Ferry Tour. His first win on the PGA Tour was the 2003 HP Classic of New Orleans, but is probably best known for his come-from-behind victory at the 2004 Bank of America Colonial in Fort Worth, Texas. He has been featured in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Rankings, reaching a career high of 22nd in 2004. Entering the 2008 Masters Tournament, Flesch was ranked number 107 in the world rankings. After three rounds, he was in third place at eight-under, three strokes behind leader and eventual champion Trevor Immelman. Playing in the penultimate pairing on breezy Sunday, Flesch posted a 78 to finish six strokes back, tied for fifth. This strong showing in a major tournament strengthened his world ranking by 28 slots, improving it to number 79. Flesch last played a full season in 2011, then missed the cut in the 12 events he played during the 2012 season. In 2015, he finished T7 at the Barracuda Championship, his first top ten in four years. In 2015, Flesch became an analyst for Fox Sports. He also worked as an analyst for Golf Channel before returning to competition on the PGA Tour Champions in 2017. Professional wins (13) PGA Tour wins (4) PGA Tour playoff record (1–0) Asia Golf Circuit wins (1) Asia Golf Circuit playoff record (1–1) Nike Tour wins (1) Hooters Jordan Tour wins (1) Other wins (2) 1991 Kentucky Open 1993 Kentucky Open PGA Tour Champions wins (4) PGA Tour Champions playoff record (1–1) Results in major championships CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 11 (2004 Masters – 2008 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (2008 PGA – 2009 Masters) Results in The Players Championship CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place Results in World Golf Championships 1Cancelled due to 9/11 QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = Tied NT = No tournament See also 1997 Nike Tour graduates References External links American male golfers Kentucky Wildcats men's golfers PGA Tour golfers PGA Tour Champions golfers Golf commentators Korn Ferry Tour graduates Left-handed golfers Golfers from Ohio Covington",
"title": "Steve Flesch"
}
] | [
"Sergio García",
"Justin Thomas",
"Brooks Koepka",
"Jordan Spieth"
] |
train_39270 | the renaissance madrigal was a sacred music form | [
{
"docid": "5785811",
"text": "The Ensemble Madrigal (Moscow) is an early music group. It was formed in 1965 by the Russian composer and harpsichord player Andrey Volkonsky to perform Russian and Western sacred music of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Baroque eras. Its members were featured soloists of the Moscow State Philharmonic Society. In the intervening years, the 12-member group has expanded its repertoire to include a broad range of sacred and secular vocal and instrumental works of the 16th-18th centuries from across Europe. After the emigration of Andrey Volkonsky to the West, the ensemble was directed by the organist Oleg Yanchenko, and since 1993 by the singer Lydia Davydova. As the name suggests, the ensemble specializes in madrigals and other secular genres of Renaissance and Baroque. The group has recorded more than 30 vinyl disks and has given more than 4000 performances in Russia, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Hungary, Poland, and elsewhere. The Ensemble Madrigal enjoys a permanent relationship with the Tchaikovsky Concert Hall in Moscow. Reviews \"The hype was not justified; it was exceeded! The concert of the Ensemble Madrigal, 'Music of the Castilian Kings', struck the public at the overcrowded Church of St. Joseph both by the choice of repertory and the quality of the performance. The vocalists were excellent, as were the instrumentalists - all brought together by the artistic director of the ensemble, Lydia Davydova; together, they created a miracle. Truly, the fantastic concert of the Ensemble Madrigal demonstrated a high level of skill and gives honour to Russian music and art.\" (La Verdata, Spain) References External links Official website Madrigal page at Classical Archives Madrigal Ensemble, (Moscow) Musical groups established in 1965",
"title": "Madrigal (ensemble)"
},
{
"docid": "3294309",
"text": "A Madrigal Dinner or Madrigal Feast is a form of Renaissance dinner theater often held by schools and church groups during the Christmas season. It is set in the Renaissance Era and is generally comedic in nature. The meal is divided into courses, each of which is heralded with a traditional song. A play is performed between the courses, and a concert of choral music concludes the festivities. Music The music performed at a madrigal dinner is usually mixed choral music from the medieval to Renaissance periods. Both popular and sacred songs from the Renaissance are common, although modern music with Renaissance or biblical texts can often be heard. Most selections are in English, Italian, German, or French. Although the dinner takes its name from the madrigal genre of music, many other styles can be heard. Christmas carols are also featured. Several selections performed at the presentation of the meal's courses are traditional to the madrigal dinner genre. These include The Wassail Song and the Boar's Head Carol. Although they may incorporate small phrases of Latin or French, the presentation songs are primarily sung in English. Each madrigal dinner has a complement of presentation music which is used every year. Dramatics The play is performed either after the main course has been served, or in small acts between the courses. The theme is lighthearted and romantic, reminiscent of the King Arthur legends and often revolves around the marriage of a prince or princess. Many characters are canonical, including the King, Queen, and Court Jester who appear in every play. Other characters may be minstrels, thieves, wizards, knights, visiting royalty, Greek gods and goddesses, enchanted princesses, or many other mythical figures. The audience is invited to play a role in the proceedings, either as members of the royal court or as guests at a royal event, such as a wedding or Christmas celebration. Audience participation is often used to enforce this role. In addition, many madrigal dinners employ roving entertainers, who perform for the guests at their tables alone or in groups. These may be jugglers, poets, beggars, instrumentalists, comedians, or singers. At some shows, the singers will break into small groups and entertain among the audience - a practice known as wenching. The songs performed here are usually modern medievally-styled tunes, Christmas carols and other traditional tunes. Most wenching songs are upbeat and quick and many are bawdy. Food Although intended to imitate a meal that might have been served during the Middle Ages, the food at a madrigal dinner is not strictly authentic. Courses usually include a wassail or drinks course, salad, a main course, and dessert. Although the \"Boar's Head Carol\" is the most popular madrigal song sung to announce the main course, the most popular meat for the main course is chicken, often specifically Cornish game hen. Symbolism During the song which accompanies each course, a symbolic object may be carried to the king's throne by two or more ceremonial guards. A boar's head is the universal",
"title": "Madrigal dinner"
},
{
"docid": "25840",
"text": "Renaissance music is traditionally understood to cover European music of the 15th and 16th centuries, later than the Renaissance era as it is understood in other disciplines. Rather than starting from the early 14th-century ars nova, the Trecento music was treated by musicology as a coda to Medieval music and the new era dated from the rise of triadic harmony and the spread of the contenance angloise style from Britain to the Burgundian School. A convenient watershed for its end is the adoption of basso continuo at the beginning of the Baroque period. The period may be roughly subdivided, with an early period corresponding to the career of Guillaume Du Fay (–1474) and the cultivation of cantilena style, a middle dominated by Franco-Flemish School and the four-part textures favored by Johannes Ockeghem (1410s or '20s–1497) and Josquin des Prez (late 1450s–1521), and culminating during the Counter-Reformation in the florid counterpoint of Palestrina (–1594) and the Roman School. Music was increasingly freed from medieval constraints, and more variety was permitted in range, rhythm, harmony, form, and notation. On the other hand, rules of counterpoint became more constrained, particularly with regard to treatment of dissonances. In the Renaissance, music became a vehicle for personal expression. Composers found ways to make vocal music more expressive of the texts they were setting. Secular music absorbed techniques from sacred music, and vice versa. Popular secular forms such as the chanson and madrigal spread throughout Europe. Courts employed virtuoso performers, both singers and instrumentalists. Music also became more self-sufficient with its availability in printed form, existing for its own sake. Precursor versions of many familiar modern instruments (including the violin, guitar, lute and keyboard instruments) developed into new forms during the Renaissance. These instruments were modified to respond to the evolution of musical ideas, and they presented new possibilities for composers and musicians to explore. Early forms of modern woodwind and brass instruments like the bassoon and trombone also appeared, extending the range of sonic color and increasing the sound of instrumental ensembles. During the 15th century, the sound of full triads became common, and towards the end of the 16th century the system of church modes began to break down entirely, giving way to functional tonality (the system in which songs and pieces are based on musical \"keys\"), which would dominate Western art music for the next three centuries. From the Renaissance era, notated secular and sacred music survives in quantity, including vocal and instrumental works and mixed vocal/instrumental works. A wide range of musical styles and genres flourished during the Renaissance, including masses, motets, madrigals, chansons, accompanied songs, instrumental dances, and many others. Beginning in the late 20th century, numerous early music ensembles were formed. Ensembles specializing in music of the Renaissance era give concert tours and make recordings, using modern reproductions of historical instruments and using singing and performing styles which musicologists believe were used during the era. Overview One of the most pronounced features of early Renaissance European art music was the",
"title": "Renaissance music"
},
{
"docid": "802152",
"text": "A madrigale spirituale (Italian; pl. madrigali spirituali) is a madrigal, or madrigal-like piece of music, with a sacred rather than a secular text. Most examples of the form date from the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras, and principally come from Italy and Germany. Madrigali spirituali were almost always intended for an audience of cultivated, often aristocratic amateurs. They were performed at private houses, academies, and courts of noblemen in Italy and adjacent countries, but almost certainly were not used liturgically. The madrigale spirituale was an a cappella form, though instrumental accompaniment was used on occasion, especially after 1600. During the Counter-Reformation, there was, to some degree, a reaction against the secularization of the art of music in Italy, Spain and the southern (Catholic) portion of Germany. While that did not stop the composition of secular music (indeed, the explosion of forms and styles of secular music continued unabated), many composers began to adapt the most advanced secular compositional forms to religious usage. On occasion, existing madrigals were merely fitted with a religious text, usually in Latin, without any other change (such adaptations are called \"contrafacta\"). However, some of the madrigali spirituali reached heights of expressive and emotional intensity at least equal to that of the finest madrigalists in their secular compositions. The form was probably encouraged by the Jesuits; some collections were dedicated to them, especially in the 1570s and 1580s. Some famous examples of madrigali spirituali include Lassus's sublimely beautiful Lagrime di San Pietro (Munich, 1595); Guillaume Dufay's Vergine bella, (ca. 1470) setting a poem in praise of the Blessed Virgin Mary by Petrarch; Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina's First Book of Madrigals (1581), also setting Marian poems by Petrarch; Carlo Gesualdo's Tenebrae Responsories (1611); and the huge collection by Giovanni Francesco Anerio, Teatro armonico spirituale (Rome, 1619). See also Motet References \"Madrigale spirituale\", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. Madrigals Madrigale spirituale",
"title": "Madrigale spirituale"
},
{
"docid": "1199943",
"text": "Alessandro Striggio (c. 1536/1537 – 29 February 1592) was an Italian composer, instrumentalist and diplomat of the Renaissance. He composed numerous madrigals as well as dramatic music, and by combining the two, became the inventor of madrigal comedy. His son, also named Alessandro Striggio, wrote the libretto for Monteverdi's Orfeo. Life Striggio senior was born in Mantua, evidently to an aristocratic family. Records of his early life are sparse, but he must have gone to Florence as a young man. He began working for Cosimo de' Medici on 1 March 1559 as a musician, eventually to replace Francesco Corteccia as the principal musician to the Medici court. In 1560 he visited Venice, and produced two books of madrigals in response to the musical styles he encountered there. In 1567 the Medici sent him on a diplomatic mission to England. Throughout the 1560s Striggio composed numerous intermedi for the Medici, for weddings, visits, and other state occasions. In the 1570s he continued to work for the Medici, but there is some evidence he began to travel away from Florence. He had some connection to the Bavarian court in Munich, and may have gone there on more than one occasion (possibly for the performance of his 40-voice motet Ecce beatam lucem which he wrote for a royal marriage there). He became friends with Vincenzo Galilei, the father of the astronomer, during the 1570s; whether or not he was a member of the Florentine Camerata is uncertain. During the 1580s he began an association with the Este court in Ferrara. Ferrara was one of Italy's avant-garde centers of musical composition in the 1580s and 1590s, and Striggio composed music in the progressive madrigal style he heard there, evidently commissioned by the Medici. This music is unfortunately lost. In 1586 Striggio moved to Mantua where he remained for the rest of his life, although he retained a close association with the Medici, composing music for them at least as late as 1589. Works Striggio wrote both sacred and secular music, and all his surviving music is vocal, although sometimes with instrumental accompaniment. He published seven books of madrigals, in addition to two versions of his most famous composition, the madrigal comedy Il cicalamento delle donne al bucato et la caccia... (\"The gossip of the women at the laundry\"). The madrigal comedy, either invented by Striggio or made famous by him, was long considered to be a forerunner of opera, but contemporary musicological scholarship tends to see this as just one of many strands in late 16th-century Italian music which adapt prevailing musical forms to dramatic presentation. In the madrigal comedy, there is no acting: the fifteen individual madrigals in cicalamento tell a story, but entirely in words and music. Entertainments such as the madrigal comedy were not far different from other musical forms one could see at a contemporary intermedio. One of his most impressive works, and one of the most impressive achievements in Renaissance polyphony, is his motet Ecce beatam lucem for forty",
"title": "Alessandro Striggio"
},
{
"docid": "24683732",
"text": "Stefano Venturi del Nibbio (fl. 1592–1600) was an Italian composer of the late Renaissance, active in Venice and Florence. In addition to composing madrigals in a relatively conservative style, works which were published as far away as England, he collaborated with Giulio Caccini on one of the earliest operas, Il rapimento di Cefalo (1600). Very little is known about Venturi del Nibbio's life. In 1592 he was in Venice, presumably to supervise the printing of his first two books of madrigals (Il primo libro de madrigali, and Il primo libro de madrigali pastorali, both for five voices), and in 1593 or 1594 he moved to Florence. After 1594 his known musical connections are all Florentine, and no unambiguous mentions of his name after 1600 have yet been found. He had a reputation as a skilful composer of vocal music, both secular and sacred, in the conservative polyphonic style in a time and place in which a new musical style was quickly developing: monody, and the stile rappresentativo, developments which in retrospect demarcated the beginning of the Baroque era in music. In 1600 he collaborated with one of the chief practitioners of this new style, Caccini, in the music for the opera Il rapimento di Cefalo, by composing two choruses; since they are lost along with most of the music for the opera, it is not known to what degree they may have borrowed from the new musical language. Also in 1600, Venturi wrote some sacred music, for two choirs, for the nuptial banquet celebrated in the Duomo on 5 October for the marriage of Henri IV of France and Maria de' Medici. Venturi published a total of five books of madrigals. The earliest book, Il primo libro de madrigali of 1592, included two madrigals which were published in London with English words, one by Thomas Morley in his 1598 Madrigals to Five Voyces. In the introduction to the book Morley praised the work, and Venturi himself, as an exemplary composer of madrigals. Notes References Carter, Tim. \"Rediscovering Il rapimento di Cefalo\". Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music, Vol. 9 No. 1, 2003 (?) Strainchamps, Edmond. \"Venturi del Nibbio, Stefano.\" In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/29174 (accessed October 11, 2009). Further reading Einstein, Alfred. The Italian Madrigal. Three volumes. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1949. Reese, Gustave. Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. External links Complete editions of Venturi's Primo libro de' madrigali a 5 and Primo libro de' madrigali pastorali a 5 (both 1592) at: https://italianmadrigal.com, page \"Master List of Composers\" Italian male classical composers Italian Renaissance composers Madrigal composers 16th-century births 17th-century deaths",
"title": "Stefano Venturi del Nibbio"
},
{
"docid": "15091958",
"text": "Maistre Jhan (also Jehan, Jan, Ihan) (c. 1485 – October 1538) was a French composer of the Renaissance, active for most of his career in Ferrara, Italy. An enigmatic figure, of whom little biographical information has yet emerged, he was one of the earliest composers of madrigals as well as a prominent musician at the Este court in the early 16th century. Biography Nothing is known of his early life, other than that he was French, for the earliest reference to him in the records of the Este court in Ferrara are as a \"singer from France.\" He received his first payment from them in 1512, and remained employed there until his death 26 years later. During that time, as evident from the number of dedications made to him and favorable commentary in the records, he must have been honored; and he was maestro di cappella, choirmaster, for an unknown amount of the time. Several contemporary writers, including influential music theorist Adrianus Coclico, mention him as an expert composer. Several composers with similar names have been confused with Maistre Jhan. Pioneering 19th-century French musicologist François-Joseph Fétis mistook him for Jhan Gero; records at Ferrara seem to identify him with Jehan le Cocq and Johannus Gallus, people who have since been determined to be separate individuals; a Maistre Jhan in Verona has turned out to be Jan Nasco. Works and influence While famous during his time, Jhan's work has largely faded into obscurity. He wrote in most of the genres current in the early 16th century, including, in sacred vocal music, masses (all but one of which are lost), motets, and lamentations. In style the sacred music is similar to the work of Josquin des Prez (died 1521), using imitative passages alternating with homophony. Jhan wrote his one surviving setting of the mass for the accession to the dukedom of Ercole II d'Este (1534); it uses cantus-firmus technique. Jhan's secular music includes madrigals and at least one chanson. The madrigals appear in publications from 1530 to 1550; his five madrigals published in 1530, along with works by Philippe Verdelot, are part of the first book of madrigals ever to be published with that name. In 1542 three of his madrigals appear alongside composers such as Costanzo Festa, Francesco Corteccia, and Hubert Naich; the style of his works is similar to that of Verdelot, and represents the earliest stage of the genre, before it developed its peculiar individuality. References James Haar, Anthony Newcomb, Massimo Ossi, Glenn Watkins, Nigel Fortune, Joseph Kerman, Jerome Roche: \"Madrigal\", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 6, 2008), (subscription access) George Nugent, James Haar, \"Maistre Jhan,\" Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 6, 2008), (subscription access) Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. Allan W. Atlas, Renaissance Music: Music in Western Europe, 1400–1600. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1998. Alfred Einstein, The Italian Madrigal. Three volumes. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1949. Notes 1480s births 1538",
"title": "Maistre Jhan"
},
{
"docid": "4778369",
"text": "Girolamo Belli (1552 – c. 1620) was an Italian composer and music teacher of the late Renaissance. He was closely associated with the Ferrara School in the 1580s, having previously studied with Luzzasco Luzzaschi, and was noted for his composition of both madrigals and sacred music. Life Belli was born in Argenta, a town southeast of Ferrara, between Ferrara and Ravenna, and received some of his early music instruction from Luzzaschi. In his youth he went to Mantua, to sing in the Duke's private court establishment, and later he went to Rome. Sometime around 1580 he went to Ferrara, which contained, at the court of the Este family, one of the most progressive musical establishments of the late 16th century, and there he began to write madrigals in the pre-Baroque, monodic style of Luzzaschi. Evidently Belli attempted to secure permanent employment at the Ferrara court, but he seems to have been unsuccessful. During the late 1580s he may have worked again for the Gonzagas in Mantua, but if so, the dates are not known. For most of the remainder of his life he worked in Argenta as maestro di cappella and music teacher, but since Argenta was a relative backwater compared to Ferrara, Venice, and the other cities in the region, Belli's fame never attained that of many of his contemporaries. Belli remained connected with Ferrara until his death, as a member of the Accademia degli Intrepidi; however after Ferrara was annexed by the Papal States in 1597, the music scene there declined, and its avant-garde character was extinguished. Belli probably died at Argenta around 1620. Music Belli wrote both sacred and secular music. In general, his sacred music is in a conservative style in keeping with the years he spent in Rome, and influenced by the music of the Roman School there; his secular music, especially the madrigals, are in the progressive Ferrarese style which foreshadowed the musical Baroque. Much of his music, both sacred and secular, is lost. All of his music was published at either Ferrara or Venice. Belli's sacred music includes psalm settings, Magnificats, Sacrae cantiones (sacred songs, similar to madrigali spirituali, but in Belli's case for up to 10 voices), and a lost book of masses. Stylistically these are both contrapuntal, in the manner of Palestrina, and occasionally polychoral, in the manner of the Venetian School, though without the opulent use of instrumental color and echo effects characteristic of the music of the Venetians. More famous than his sacred music, however, is his output of madrigals in the virtuoso Ferrarese style of his teacher, Luzzaschi. He published five books of madrigals for five and six voices which have survived, as well as a book of canzonette for four voices; however at least seven books of madrigals or similar compositions have been lost. These compositions span the time from the early 1580s (his first publication was in Ferrara in 1583) to late in his life: his last publication was the ninth book of madrigals, for five",
"title": "Girolamo Belli"
},
{
"docid": "948140",
"text": "Antonio Cifra (1584? – 2 October 1629 in Loreto) was an Italian composer of the Roman School of the Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was one of the significant transitional figures between the Renaissance and Baroque styles, and produced music in both idioms. Life and works Son of Costanzo and Claudia, Antonio Cifra was born perhaps in Bassiano (near Terracina). He studied with Giovanni Bernardino Nanino from 27 June 1594 at San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome and then, from 18 January 1597, he was boy soprano of the Cappella Giulia at St Peter. From 1605 to 1607 he was maestro at the Roman Seminary, and from 1608 to 1609 he held the same position at the German College in Rome. In 1609 he was hired as maestro di cappella at Santa Casa in Loreto, where he remained the rest of his life. Cultural connections between Loreto and Rome were close (since Loreto was a pilgrimage destination), and he maintained contact with the composers in Rome during this period. Near the end of his life he took part in several large musical events in Rome, including a large Vespers at St. Peter's for which he batteva (beat time) for one of the choirs. Cifra was a prolific composer, with 45 separate publications to his credit: they included psalms, motets, litanies, Scherzi sacri, masses, polychoral motets, and sacred songs, as well as secular music including madrigals in both the Renaissance a cappella and Baroque concertato forms. Stylistically, Cifra's music varies between masses in the Palestrina style, with much use of homophony (as desired by the Counter-Reformation Council of Trent, which had required that polyphonic elaboration be minimized so as to allow for clear expression of the text), and more progressive works in the Venetian style. He also used the technique of monody, as pioneered in northern Italy, for some of his solo madrigals. Some of his concertato madrigals are like small cantatas, and can be seen as foreshadowing this development, which began around the time he died. Cifra was also one of the very few composers to be influenced by the extreme chromaticism of Carlo Gesualdo. While Cifra did not adopt the technique for many works, or for long, he did publish one book of madrigals which appear to be deliberate copies of Gesualdo's style (the Madrigali concertati libro quinto, 1621). For these madrigals he used 18 of Gesualdo's own texts. References Sources Articles \"Antonio Cifra\", \"Carlo Gesualdo\" in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. Bibliography Alberto Cametti, La scuola dei «pueri cantus» di S. Luigi dei francesi in Roma e i suoi principali allievi (1591-1623): Gregorio, Domenico e Bartolomeo Allegri, Antonio Cifra, Orazio Benevoli, Torino, Fratelli Bocca, 1915 Jerome Roche/R, Antonio Cifra in New Grove Dictionary External links 1584 births 1629 deaths People from the Province of Latina Italian male classical composers Italian Baroque composers Pupils of Giovanni Maria Nanino Roman school composers Italian Renaissance composers 17th-century",
"title": "Antonio Cifra"
},
{
"docid": "26349512",
"text": "Oltremontani (\"those from over the Alps\") were those of the Franco-Flemish School of composers who dominated the musical landscape of Northern Italy during the middle of the sixteenth Century. The role of the oltremontani composers at the ducal courts of Italy was analogous to the dominance at the Spanish court of the Flemish chapel (capilla flamenca), and other composers of the Franco-Flemish School in Germany and France. In the sacred field the works of the Oltremontani are similar to the Ars Perfecta style of previous generations in the Low Countries, and to their countrymen in Spain and Germany. But in the field of secular music the Oltremontani, Flemish composers in Italy, were quick to progress and adapt Italian vernacular forms. It was partly the Flemish polyphonic \"northern heritage\" which raised the indigenous frottola and villota into the late-renaissance, early-baroque 4 and 5 voice madrigal and laid the foundation for Marenzio, Monteverdi and Carlo Gesualdo. The first madrigals for 3, 4 and 5 voices were primarily written by Flemish composers in Italy, such as Philippe Verdelot, in Florence, Jacques Arcadelt in Venice, though the first madrigal collection, in 1530, also included works by a native Italian, Costanzo Festa. The madrigal genre was taken up by Adrian Willaert, Cipriano de Rore, Giaches de Wert, Giovanni de Macque and, although he was based in Munich, the pan-European publishing phenomenon that was Orlando di Lasso. The zenith of the influence of the Oltremontani can perhaps be indicated by the tenure of the Flemish musicians Albertus Francigena 1485–1491, Petrus De Fossis 1491–1527, and Adrian Willaert from 1527, in the preeminent post of maestro di cappella of St Mark's Basilica. Likewise the beginning of the end of that preeminence is signalled by the resignation of Cipriano de Rore from the same post in 1565, in favour of Gioseffe Zarlino, with Andrea Gabrieli as organist, both of whom were students of Willaert. Henceforth the Low Countries, and the rest of Europe, would look to Italy as the leaders in the musical innovation during the 17th Century. References Renaissance music",
"title": "Oltremontani"
},
{
"docid": "1192085",
"text": "Marco da Gagliano (1 May 1582 – 25 February 1643) was an Italian composer of the early Baroque era. He was important in the early history of opera and the development of the solo and concerted madrigal. Life He was born in Florence and lived most of his life there. After study with a religious confraternity and Luca Bati, he was employed for six years from 1602 by the church of San Lorenzo as a singing instructor. In 1607, he went to Mantua, where he wrote music for the Gonzaga family, including his impressive operatic setting of La Dafne. In 1609, he returned to Florence to become maestro di cappella at the Compagnia dell'Arcangelo Raffaello, the organisation from which he had received his boyhood musical training. Later that same year, the Medici made him maestro di cappella of their court, a position he held for 35 years. Music and influence Gagliano wrote an enormous quantity of music, both sacred and secular, for the Medici; in addition, he was a singer and instrumentalist who entertained them privately. His works include fourteen published operas, of which two survive, La Flora (1628) set to a libretto by Andrea Salvadori and La Dafne (1608). La Dafne was praised as the best setting of the libretto by Rinuccini—even by Jacopo Peri, the first to write an opera on the text. Meanwhile, Gagliano or somebody else revised Rinuccini's poetry for the libretto so extensively that in some places it is impossible to find traces of the original. Peri indicated that Gagliano's way of setting text to music came closer to actual speech than any other, therefore accomplishing the aim of the Florentine Camerata of decades before, who sought to recapture that (supposed) aspect of ancient Greek music. Other music by Gagliano includes secular monodies and numerous madrigals. While the monody was a Baroque stylistic innovation, most of the madrigals are a cappella, and written in a style reminiscent of the late Renaissance (in the first decades of the 17th century, the continuo madrigal was becoming predominant; for example, in the works of Monteverdi). This mix of progressive and conservative trends can be seen throughout his music: some of his sacred music is a cappella, again in the prima prattica style of the previous century, while other pieces show influence of the Venetian School. Gagliano was extremely influential in his time, as could be expected of the Medicis' head of all musical activities at their court; however, his popularity waned after his death, and his music has since been overshadowed by contemporaries such as Monteverdi. References External links Italian Baroque composers Italian Renaissance composers 1582 births 1643 deaths Italian Renaissance people Musicians from Florence Italian male classical composers 17th-century Italian composers 17th-century male musicians",
"title": "Marco da Gagliano"
},
{
"docid": "2153894",
"text": "Francesco de Layolle (also spelled dell'Aiolle, dell'Aiuola, dell'Ajolle, dell'Aiolli), (March 4, 1492 – c. 1540) was an Italian composer and organist of the Renaissance. He was one of the first native Italian composers to write sacred music in the Franco-Flemish polyphonic style, combining it with the indigenous harmonic idioms of the Italian peninsula. Life He was born in Florence. In 1505, around the time of his 13th birthday, he joined the choir of the church Ss. Annunziata in Florence, where his teacher was the distinguished composer to the Medici family, Bartolomeo degli Organi. Layolle eventually married his teacher's younger sister-in-law, Maddalena Arrighi. In 1518 he left Florence, settling in Lyon in 1521. While in Florence he also served as a music teacher to sculptor Benvenuto Cellini, who referred to him as a superb organist, musician, and composer. Layolle remained in Lyon for the rest of his life but retained a number of friends in Florence, including several men who conspired to overthrow the Medici in 1521. After the failure of the plot and the uncovering by the Medici of the perpetrators, the conspirators fled Florence, finding refuge in Lyon with Layolle, who was able to shelter them without fear of prosecution. In the subsequent trial they were all condemned in absentia, but Layolle escaped censure; the reason for this is not known, but he never did return to Florence. His duties in Lyon included playing the organ at the cathedral of Notre Dame de Confort; in addition, he composed and edited music for some of the printing organizations there. One of his close associates was Jacques Moderne, the second-best-known printer in France after Pierre Attaignant. Much of Layolle's music was published by Moderne, but much of it has since been lost. The 1540 date of Layolle's death is probable, but no death or burial records remain. A lament on his death was published in 1540, and Layolle's last compositions were also published in that year. Music While much of Layolle's music is lost, that which remains is generally progressive in style, melodic, and finely crafted. Most of his sacred music was published by Moderne, however, no copies remain of 61 motets and at least three masses. He was one of the first composers to blend the Franco-Flemish and Italian styles. Prior to the early 16th century, most polyphonic sacred music was written by northerners, and Italians focused mainly on the lighter secular forms, and some uniquely Italian forms such as the laude spirituale; however in the early 16th century native Italian composers such as Layolle, and later Costanzo Festa, began to blend the northern polyphonic style with the Italian harmonic and tonal idioms, a blending which eventually resulted in the musical style of Palestrina and Lassus. Two books of madrigals have survived, although he called them \"canzoni\". Some are in Italian and others in French, and more closely related to the contemporary chanson than the Italianate madrigal. At least one of the madrigals he wrote, Lasciar il velo, became hugely",
"title": "Francesco de Layolle"
},
{
"docid": "15619432",
"text": "Ippolito Ciera (fl. 1546–1561) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance, active at Treviso and Venice. Little is yet known about his life, for neither his biography nor his works have yet been the subject of a scholarly study. He was a Dominican friar and sang at Treviso Cathedral: the earliest documentary record of his life is a payment in 1546 for his salary there. In addition to singing, he taught music to the novices at the convent of San Nicolò. By 1561, he had become maestro di cappella, the choirmaster, at the church of San Giovanni e Paolo in Venice, a much more prestigious position, and incidentally in one of the musical centers of Europe. He probably knew Adrian Willaert, the founder of the Venetian School, and may have studied with him, as did many of the musicians in Venice at that time; his veneration for the elder master is shown in a laudatory sonnet he wrote and set to music for him. It is No. 12 in his first book of madrigals. All of Ciera's known music is vocal. His complete surviving output amounts to a single setting of the mass, four motets, and two published collections of madrigals. Dates of the works range from 1554 to 1561, with the two books of madrigals – the first for four voices, and the second for five – published in 1554 and 1561, respectively. Ciera's style in his sacred music (the motets and mass) was akin to that of the Netherlanders, with dense pervading imitation. His madrigals, on the other hand, use chordal harmonies, and occasionally what was referred to as the \"note nere\" technique (\"black note\" for \"filled in notes\" – i.e. quick note values, running passages, alternating with other textures). Some of the madrigals are antiphonal in places, reminiscent of the polychoral style of the Venetian School. References Philip T. Jackson: \"Ippolito Ciera\", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed February 6, 2008), (subscription access) Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. Alfred Einstein, The Italian Madrigal. Three volumes. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1949. Notes Italian male classical composers Venetian School (music) composers 16th-century births 16th-century deaths 16th-century Italian composers Madrigal composers Italian Dominicans Italian Renaissance composers 16th-century classical composers",
"title": "Ippolito Ciera"
},
{
"docid": "5676287",
"text": "Giovanni Andrea Dragoni (or Draconi, c. 1540 – December 1598) was an Italian composer of the Roman School of the late Renaissance, a student of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, and a prominent composer and maestro di cappella in Rome in the late 16th century. He left numerous sacred and secular works, almost all vocal, and was especially noted for his often-reprinted books of madrigals. Life Dragoni was born at Meldola, not far from Forlì, but details of his early life are lacking. He studied with Palestrina, as he indicated in the dedication to his first book of madrigals (1575). The next year he acquired the prestigious position of maestro di cappella at one of Rome's most prominent churches and musical establishments, St. John Lateran, and he retained this position for the rest of his life. In 1594, towards the end of his life, Cardinal del Monte appointed Dragoni to assess the progress on the revisions to liturgical chant, part of the extensive reforms following from the Council of Trent. Dragoni died in Rome. Music Dragoni's output was extensive, but much of his sacred music, kept in the St. John Lateran archive, has been lost, including a collection of settings of the Lamentations of Jeremiah (along with similar settings by Annibale Stabile), as well as a volume of settings of the Magnificat. He wrote at least six books of motets, of which five have been lost. He published seven books of madrigals, for four, five, and six voices, between 1575 and 1594. They were often reprinted, attesting to their popularity. Influences on Dragoni included his teacher Palestrina, especially early in his career, and later the renowned madrigalist Luca Marenzio. Dragoni's style emphasized clearly intelligible text setting, but by the 1590s his music shows an increasing emphasis on soprano and bass lines, as well as an understanding of motivic unity, both characteristics of the developing Baroque style. In addition he experimented with polychoral textures in some of his later works, a feature more prominent in Venetian than Roman music. References and further reading Patricia Ann Myers: \"Giovanni Dragoni\", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed June 23, 2006), (subscription access) Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. Roman school composers 1540s births 1598 deaths 16th-century Italian composers Italian male classical composers Italian Renaissance composers 16th-century classical composers",
"title": "Giovanni Dragoni"
},
{
"docid": "1128235",
"text": "Paolo Quagliati (c. 1555 – 16 November 1628) was an Italian composer of the early Baroque era and a member of the Roman School of composers. He was a transitional figure between the late Renaissance style and the earliest Baroque and was one of the first to write solo madrigals in the conservative musical center of Rome. Life Quagliati was born in Chioggia to an aristocratic family. Most of his life he spent in the service of various royal and aristocratic families. In 1594 he became a Roman citizen, and between 1605 and 1608 Quagliati was employed by Cardinal Odoardo Farnese. Most likely he was organist at Santa Maria Maggiore from around 1608 until his death. During that time he also served as organist for various formal occasions around the city, and eventually he became private chamberlain to Pope Gregory XV. Towards the end of his life he was much respected, if not renowned, by his fellow composers, as can be judged from dedications of collections of music to him; however, some of this may have been due less to the quality of his music than to his direct papal connections and immense influence. Works and style Stylistically, Quagliati's music is clear, elegant, and he generally uses simple diatonic harmonies. Some of his books of madrigals are in two versions: one for singing by equal voice parts, in the old Renaissance style, and another in what he calls the \"empty\" style, for single voice with instrumental accompaniment. These were examples of the new Baroque style of monody, and he states as much in the preface to his 1608 publication: \"I have decided to cater to both tastes.\" Quagliati was probably the first to publish solo madrigals in Rome, though monody in the form of solo madrigals had already existed for more than twenty years in northern Italy. He wrote both sacred and secular vocal music, as well as some instrumental music. In his instrumental music, he makes little or no distinction between the style assigned to pieces with certain labels, such as ricercars or canzonas; this was an occasional practice at the time, and quite an annoying one to musicologists attempting to categorize music during this transitional period. Conventionally, a canzona around 1600 was a sectional instrumental piece, while a ricercar was a rather severe contrapuntal study, one of the ancestors of the fugue; the work of a few composers such as Quagliati make it necessary to qualify these terms as being of imprecise usage. In 1606 he composed Il carro di fedeltà d'amore, which is considered the first secular 'azione scenica' in Rome. Of his surviving larger-scale works, one of the most interesting is La sfera armoniosa, which includes no less than 25 separate sections, including vocal solos and duets, all with an accompanying violin part. Much of it is written in the concertato style imported from northern Italy, though it would have seemed tame to a Venetian composer. He wrote this large work for the wedding of the",
"title": "Paolo Quagliati"
},
{
"docid": "3271770",
"text": "List of Catholic Church musicians is a list of people who perform or compose Catholic music, a branch of Christian music. Names should be limited to those whose Catholicism affected their music and should preferably only include those musicians whose works have been performed liturgically in a Catholic service, or who perform specifically in a Catholic religious context. Traditional and hymnal Paolo Agostino, all his surviving works are religious. Vittoria Aleotti, Augustinian nun and composer. Giovenale Ancina, Beatified writer of spiritual songs. Caterina Assandra, Benedictine nun and composer. Thoinot Arbeau, Catholic priest who composed the originally secular Ding Dong Merrily on High. Jean de Brébeuf, Canonized Jesuit who composed the Huron Carol. William Byrd, English Catholic (in the era of Elizabeth I and the Stuarts), composer of 3 polyphonic masses and other sacred music. Hermannus Contractus, Alma Redemptoris Mater said to have been written by him. Tommaso da Celano, Dies Irae Orlando de Lassus, late Renaissance composer polyphonic masses and sacred music. Guillaume de Machaut, medieval French composer. Cristobal de Morales, Renaissance Spanish composer of sacred music. Josquin des Prez, composer of Renaissance polyphonic masses and sacred music. Guillaume Dufay, worked for the Papal chapel, composer of Renaissance polyphonic masses and sacred music. John Dunstaple or Dunstable, early Renaissance English composer of polyphonic sacred music. Frederick William Faber, Catholic convert who wrote Catholic hymns like Faith of Our Fathers. Giovanni Gabrieli, late Renaissance/early Baroque Italian composer who composed much sacred music. Jacobus Gallus, Slovenian composer of sacred music and member of the Cistercians. Joseph Gelineau, French composer of Gelineau psalmody and music for the Taizé Community. Carlo Gesualdo, late Renaissance Italian composer, most famous for madrigals, but also composed some sacred music. Francisco Guerrero, late Renaissance Spanish composer of both sacred and secular music. Hildegard of Bingen, Benedictine abbess and one of the earliest known female composers. Hucbald, ninth century Benedictine composer and music theorist. Luca Marenzio, Madrigale spirituale Domenico Mustafà, Castrato composer for the Sistine Chapel choir. Johannes Ockeghem, composer of Renaissance polyphonic masses. Frederick Oakeley, convert who translated Adeste Fideles Paul the Deacon, Benedictine who wrote Ut queant laxis. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, late Renaissance Italian composer of polyphonic sacred music, considered by many the greatest such composer, \"a tremendous influence on the development of Catholic Church music.\" Thomas Tallis, devoutly Catholic composer of polyphonic church music in Tudor England. \"The earliest works by Tallis that survive are devotional antiphons to the Virgin Mary.\" Tomás Luis de Victoria, late Renaissance Spanish composer of polyphonic sacred music, a priest at the Convent of Las Descalzas Reales. Samuel Webbe, English composer of Catholic hymns. Composers who wrote Catholic sacred music Note: The term classical music has been used broadly to describe many eras which do not fit the label. Initially the term specifically meant 1730–1820 (the Classical period), but for this list the period from the Baroque period to the modern era will be included in this section. This is because Renaissance and especially Medieval music tends to be dominated,",
"title": "List of Catholic musicians"
},
{
"docid": "24612918",
"text": "Giacomo Fogliano (da Modena; also Jacopo, Fogliani; 1468 – 10 April 1548) was an Italian composer, organist, harpsichordist, and music teacher of the Renaissance, active mainly in Modena in northern Italy. He was a composer of frottole, the popular vocal form ancestral to the madrigal, and later in his career he also wrote madrigals themselves. He also wrote some sacred music and a few instrumental compositions. Life Giacomo Fogliano was the older brother of Lodovico Fogliano (c. 1475 – 1542). Lodovico, also a composer, was better known as a theorist. Giacomo was born in Modena, where he evidently spent most of his career. Details of his life are sketchy, but most of his years of employment and at least one of his journeys are known. Early in his life he was praised for his mastery of various instruments, particularly the organ and the harpsichord, and in 1479 he became organist at Modena Cathedral – an unusual achievement for a musician of 11. The records of the cathedral list him as maestro di cappella (singing master) also starting in that year, ending in 1497, at which time he vanished from the record, reappearing again in 1504, from which year he held the dual post of organist and maestro di cappella until his death in 1548. For the period between 1497 and 1504 he may have been in Siena; a reference to a similarly named individual in the records of Siena city archives from 1498 has been tentatively identified as the Fogliano. His first published composition, a frottola in one of Ottaviano Petrucci's earliest prints, dates from 1502 (Venice). Among his duties at Modena was teaching, and from 1512 to 1514 he instructed Giulio Segni on organ and harpsichord. Late in his career, in 1543, he went to Parma to investigate the organ they had installed there. The cathedral in Modena contains a plaque in his honor. Modena at this time was part of the domain of the House of Este, at that time centered in Ferrara. While the town was not a major center of music-making, as it lacked a local aristocratic court, it still had a substantial cathedral which kept an up-to-date repertory of polyphonic music. Fogliano was maestro di cappella at this institution during the period of its collection, and also during the time when Cardinal Giovanni Morone, one of the principal reformers of the Council of Trent, began the process of simplification of polyphony in order to make the text understandable to listeners. Most of Fogliano's sacred music predates this time. Music and influence Of his music, three motets, two laude, 13 frottolas (one of which is attributed in one source to Bartolomeo Tromboncino), 29 madrigals, and four keyboard ricercars have survived. That one of the frottolas was published by Petrucci only one year after the invention of music printing shows the esteem in which it was held, at least by that Venetian printer; Alfred Einstein, writing in The Italian Madrigal, describes the same piece (Segue cuor e",
"title": "Giacomo Fogliano"
},
{
"docid": "973053",
"text": "Thomas Morley (1557 – early October 1602) was an English composer, theorist, singer and organist of the Renaissance. He was one of the foremost members of the English Madrigal School. Referring to the strong Italian influence on the English madrigal, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians states that Morley was \"chiefly responsible for grafting the Italian shoot on to the native stock and initiating the curiously brief but brilliant flowering of the madrigal that constitutes one of the most colourful episodes in the history of English music.\" Living in London at the same time as Shakespeare, Morley was the most famous composer of secular music in Elizabethan England. He and Robert Johnson are the composers of the only surviving contemporary settings of verse by Shakespeare. Morley was active in church music as a singer, composer and organist at St Paul's Cathedral. He was also involved in music publishing. From 1598 up to his death he held a printing patent (a type of monopoly). He used the monopoly in partnership with professional music printers such as Thomas East. Life Morley was born in Norwich, the son of a brewer. Most likely he was a singer in the local cathedral from his boyhood, and he became master of choristers there in 1583. He may have been a Roman Catholic, but he was able to avoid prosecution as a recusant, and there is evidence that he may have been an informer on the activities of Roman Catholics. It is believed that Morley moved from Norwich to London sometime before 1574 to be a chorister at St. Paul's Cathedral. Around this time, he studied with William Byrd, whom he named as his mentor in his 1597 publication A Plain and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke. Byrd also taught Morley's contemporary, Peter Philips. In 1588 he received his bachelor's degree from the University of Oxford, and shortly thereafter was employed as organist at St. Paul's in London. His young son died the following year in 1589. He and his wife Susan had three more children between 1596 and 1600. In 1588 Nicholas Yonge published his Musica transalpina, the collection of Italian madrigals fitted with English texts, which touched off the explosive and colourful vogue for madrigal composition in England. Morley found his compositional direction at this time, and shortly afterwards began publishing his own collections of madrigals (11 in all). Morley lived for a time in the same parish as Shakespeare, and a connection between the two has been long speculated, but never proven. His famous setting of \"It was a lover and his lass\" from As You Like It has never been established as having been used in a performance of Shakespeare's play during the playwright's lifetime. However, given that the song was published in 1600, there is evidently a possibility that it was used in stage performances. While Morley attempted to imitate the spirit of Byrd in some of his early sacred works, it was in the form of the madrigal",
"title": "Thomas Morley"
},
{
"docid": "601623",
"text": "Jacques Arcadelt (also Jacob Arcadelt; 10 August 150714 October 1568) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance, active in both Italy and France, and principally known as a composer of secular vocal music. Although he also wrote sacred vocal music, he was one of the most famous of the early composers of madrigals; his first book of madrigals, published within a decade of the appearance of the earliest examples of the form, was the most widely printed collection of madrigals of the entire era. In addition to his work as a madrigalist, and distinguishing him from the other prominent early composers of madrigals – Philippe Verdelot and Costanzo Festa – he was equally prolific and adept at composing chansons, particularly late in his career when he lived in Paris. Arcadelt was the most influential member of the early phase of madrigal composition, the \"classic\" phase; it was through Arcadelt's publications, more than those of any other composer, that the madrigal became known outside of Italy. Later composers considered Arcadelt's style to represent an ideal; later reprints of his first madrigal book were often used for teaching, with reprints appearing more than a century after its original publication. Life Arcadelt was born in Namur on 10 August 1507. He moved to Italy as a young man, and was present in Florence by the late 1520s, thereby gaining an opportunity to meet or work with Philippe Verdelot, who wrote the earliest named madrigals. In 1538, or immediately before, he moved to Rome where he obtained an appointment with the papal choir at St. Peter's Basilica; many composers from the Netherlands served as singers there throughout this period, and it is even possible that he went to Rome before coming to Florence. Still in Rome, in January 1539, he was probably made a member of the Julian Chapel (the records give his name as \"Jacobus flandrus\", suggesting a Flemish origin, but it cannot be known with certainty if this record refers to Arcadelt). After some months there, he became a member of the Sistine Chapel, where he was appointed magister puerorum. The same year saw the publication of no fewer than four books of his madrigals. The first of these collections, Il primo libro di madrigali, went through 45 editions, becoming the most widely reprinted collection of madrigals of the time. Arcadelt remained in Rome as a singer and composer at the Sistine Chapel until 1551, except for one leave of absence to visit France in 1547. During this period, probably in early 1542, he made the acquaintance of Michelangelo, but his madrigalian settings of two of the artist's sonnets were received with indifference; indeed, from Michelangelo's letters on the topic, he probably considered himself unmusical and incapable of appreciating Arcadelt's work. Michelangelo paid Arcadelt with a piece of satin suitable for making into a doublet. Arcadelt wrote over 200 madrigals before he left Italy in 1551 to return to France, where he spent the remainder of his life; his numerous chansons date",
"title": "Jacques Arcadelt"
},
{
"docid": "6226",
"text": "Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (baptized 15 May 1567 – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string player. A composer of both secular and sacred music, and a pioneer in the development of opera, he is considered a crucial transitional figure between the Renaissance and Baroque periods of music history. Born in Cremona, where he undertook his first musical studies and compositions, Monteverdi developed his career first at the court of Mantua () and then until his death in the Republic of Venice where he was maestro di cappella at the basilica of San Marco. His surviving letters give insight into the life of a professional musician in Italy of the period, including problems of income, patronage and politics. Much of Monteverdi's output, including many stage works, has been lost. His surviving music includes nine books of madrigals, large-scale religious works, such as his Vespro della Beata Vergine (Vespers for the Blessed Virgin) of 1610, and three complete operas. His opera L'Orfeo (1607) is the earliest of the genre still widely performed; towards the end of his life he wrote works for Venice, including Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria and L'incoronazione di Poppea. While he worked extensively in the tradition of earlier Renaissance polyphony, as evidenced in his madrigals, he undertook great developments in form and melody, and began to employ the basso continuo technique, distinctive of the Baroque. No stranger to controversy, he defended his sometimes novel techniques as elements of a seconda pratica, contrasting with the more orthodox earlier style which he termed the prima pratica. Largely forgotten during the eighteenth and much of the nineteenth centuries, his works enjoyed a rediscovery around the beginning of the twentieth century. He is now established both as a significant influence in European musical history and as a composer whose works are regularly performed and recorded. Life Cremona: 1567–1591 Monteverdi was baptised in the church of SS Nazaro e Celso, Cremona, on 15 May 1567. The register records his name as \"Claudio Zuan Antonio\" the son of \"Messer Baldasar Mondeverdo\". He was the first child of the apothecary Baldassare Monteverdi and his first wife Maddalena (née Zignani); they had married early the previous year. Claudio's brother Giulio Cesare Monteverdi (b. 1573) was also to become a musician; there were two other brothers and two sisters from Baldassare's marriage to Maddalena and his subsequent marriage in 1576 or 1577. Cremona was close to the border of the Republic of Venice, and not far from the lands controlled by the Duchy of Mantua, in both of which states Monteverdi was later to establish his career. There is no clear record of Monteverdi's early musical training, or evidence that (as is sometimes claimed) he was a member of the Cathedral choir or studied at Cremona University. Monteverdi's first published work, a set of motets, (Sacred Songs) for three voices, was issued in Venice in 1582, when he was only fifteen years old. In this, and his other initial publications, he describes himself",
"title": "Claudio Monteverdi"
},
{
"docid": "15781437",
"text": "Giovanni Domenico da Nola (also Nolla) (c. 1510–1520May 1592) was an Italian composer and poet of the Renaissance. He was born in the town of Nola, Italy. He was a founding member of the Accademia dei Sereni in 1546–1547, where he knew Luigi Dentice and Marchese della Terza, who was a patron of Orlando di Lasso. Nola was appointed maestro di cappella at the SS Annunziata in Naples on 1 February 1563, a position he held up to his death 29 years later. He also taught singing to the women of the ospedali at the Annunziata and to seminary deacons. Nola's first publication consisted of two books of Canzoni villanesche in 1541, which contained 31 villanescas and 11 mascheratas. They were held in high esteem by Nola's contemporaries; arrangements of these works were made by Lasso, Hubert Waelrant, Adrian Willaert, Baldassare Donato, Perissone Cambio, and Antonio Scandello. Lyrically, the works are often humorous and draw on local dialects and sayings; musically, the works make skillful use of imitation and intentional parallel fifths. Nola published a book of madrigals in 1545; of the 29 works in the book, 22 are settings of Petrarch, including one madrigal, six canzoni and fifteen sonnets. The works show a balance of imitative and homophonic textures, and make use of strategic accidentals to heighten musical tension. Nola often uses the note nere style common in his day. He later published a second book of madrigals for five voices; two further books of madrigals have been lost. Nola also contributed madrigals to anthologies, and some of his poems were published without music. The entire corpus of Nola's surviving works was edited by L. Cammarota and published in 1973. Works Sacred Liber primus motectorum (Venice, 1549, 5 voices) – survives incomplete Cantiones vulgo motecta appellatae (Venice, 1575, 6 voices) – lost Secular Canzoni villanesche (Venice, 1541) – only surviving copy in a Polish library Madrigali (Venice, 1545, 4 voices) Il secondo libro de madrigali (Rome, 1564, 5 voices) – survives incomplete Il primo libro delle villanelle alla napolitana (Venice, 1567, 3 and 4 voices) Il quarto libro di madrigali (5 and 6 voices) – lost 5 napolitane, three intabulated for lute 15 madrigals published or copied elsewhere References Donna G. Cardamone, \"Giovanni Domenico da Nola\". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians online. External links Italian Renaissance composers 16th-century births 1592 deaths 16th-century Italian composers Italian male classical composers People from Nola 16th-century classical composers",
"title": "Giovanni Domenico da Nola"
},
{
"docid": "3326269",
"text": "During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603), English art and high culture reached a pinnacle known as the height of the English Renaissance. Elizabethan music experienced a shift in popularity from sacred to secular music and the rise of instrumental music. Professional musicians were employed by the Church of England, the nobility, and the rising middle-class. Elizabeth I was fond of music and played the lute and virginal, sang, and even claimed to have composed dance music. She felt that dancing was a great form of physical exercise and employed musicians to play for her while she danced. During her reign, she employed over seventy musicians. The interests of the queen were expected to be adopted by her subjects. All noblemen were expected to be proficient in playing the lute and \"any young woman unable to take her proper place in a vocal or instrumental ensemble became the laughing-stock of society.\" Music printing led to a market of amateur musicians purchasing works published by those who received special permission from the queen. Despite England's departure from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534, English did not become the official language of the Church of England until the reign of Elizabeth's half brother Edward VI. His reign saw many revisions to the function within the Anglican Church until it was frustrated by the succession of Catholic Queen Mary. Queen Elizabeth re-established the Church of England and introduced measures of Catholic tolerance. The most famous composers for the Anglican Church during Queen Elizabeth's reign were Thomas Tallis and his student William Byrd. Both composers were Catholics and produced vocal works in both Latin and English. Secular vocal works became extremely popular during the Elizabethan Era with the importation of Italian musicians and compositions. The music of the late Italian madrigal composers inspired native composers who are now labelled as the English Madrigal School. These composers adapted the text painting and polyphonic writing of the Italians into a uniquely English genre of madrigal. Thomas Morley, a student of William Byrd's, published collections of madrigals which included his own compositions as well as those of his contemporaries. The most famous of these collections was The Triumphs of Oriana, which was made in honour of Queen Elizabeth and featured the compositions of Morley, Thomas Weelkes, and John Wilbye among other representatives of the English madrigalists. Instrumental music was also popular during the Elizabethan Era. The most popular solo instruments of the time were the virginal and the lute. The virginal was a popular variant of the harpsichord among the English and one of Elizabeth's favourite instruments to play. Numerous works were produced for the instrument including several collections by William Byrd, namely the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book and Parthenia. The lute strung with sheepgut was the most popular instrument of the age. Lutes could be played as solo instruments or as accompaniment for singers. Compositions of the latter variety were known as lute song. The most popular Elizabethan composer for the lute and of lute songs",
"title": "Music in the Elizabethan era"
},
{
"docid": "32875800",
"text": "Paolo Aretino (1508-1584) or Paolo Antonio del Bivi was a Renaissance era composer from Arezzo principally known for his sacred music, whose surviving works include two books of madrigals, a book of hymns, a book of settings of the Magnificat, and three books dedicated to Holy Week. He was choirmaster of Arezzo Cathedral, and canon and head of music at S. Maria della Pieve in Arezzo. He also wrote profane works, publishing two books of madrigals, and was reported to have set sestinas by Petrarch. Works Works include: Libro primo della madrigali cromati a 4 Deh dolce pastorella (no. 29) Lament at ionii Selected recordings Paolo Aretino: Sabbato Sancto - Lamentationes et Responsoria Odhecaton (early music ensemble), Paolo da Col, Arcana 2023 References Italian male classical composers Italian Renaissance composers Musicians from Venice 1508 births 1584 deaths 16th-century Venetian people",
"title": "Paolo Aretino"
},
{
"docid": "332560",
"text": "A madrigal is a form of secular vocal music most typical of the Renaissance (15th–16th c.) and early Baroque (1600–1750) periods, although revisited by some later European composers. The polyphonic madrigal is unaccompanied, and the number of voices varies from two to eight, but usually features three to six voices, whilst the metre of the madrigal varies between two or three tercets, followed by one or two couplets. Unlike the verse-repeating strophic forms sung to the same music, most madrigals are through-composed, featuring different music for each stanza of lyrics, whereby the composer expresses the emotions contained in each line and in single words of the poem being sung. As written by Italianized Franco–Flemish composers in the 1520s, the madrigal partly originated from the three-to-four voice frottola (1470–1530); partly from composers' renewed interest in poetry written in vernacular Italian; partly from the stylistic influence of the French chanson; and from the polyphony of the motet (13th–16th c.). The technical contrast between the musical forms is in the frottola consisting of music set to stanzas of text, whilst the madrigal is through-composed, a work with different music for different stanzas. As a composition, the madrigal of the Renaissance is unlike the two-to-three voice Italian Trecento madrigal (1300–1370) of the 14th century, having in common only the name madrigal, which derives from the Latin matricalis (maternal) denoting musical work in service to the mother church. Artistically, the madrigal was the most important form of secular music in Italy, and reached its formal and historical zenith in the later 16th century, when the madrigal also was taken up by German and English composers, such as John Wilbye (1574–1638), Thomas Weelkes (1576–1623), and Thomas Morley (1557–1602) of the English Madrigal School (1588–1627). Although of British temper, most English madrigals were a cappella compositions for three to six voices, which either copied or translated the musical styles of the original madrigals from Italy. By the mid 16th century, Italian composers began merging the madrigal into the composition of the cantata and the dialogue; and by the early 17th century, the aria replaced the madrigal in opera. History Origins and early madrigals The madrigal is a musical composition that emerged from the convergence of humanist trends in 16th-century Italy. First, renewed interest in the use of Italian as the vernacular language for daily life and communication, instead of Latin. In 1501, the literary theorist Pietro Bembo (1470–1547) published an edition of the poet Petrarch (1304–1374); and published the Oratio pro litteris graecis (1453) about achieving graceful writing by applying Latin prosody, careful attention to the sounding of words, and syntax, the positioning of a word within a line of text. As a form of poetry, the madrigal consisted of an irregular number of lines (usually 7–11 syllables) without repetition. Second, Italy was the usual destination for the oltremontani (\"those from beyond the Alps\") composers of the Franco-Flemish school, who were attracted by Italian culture and by employment in the court of an aristocrat or with the",
"title": "Madrigal"
},
{
"docid": "332582",
"text": "The Trecento Madrigal is an Italian musical form of the 14th century. It is quite distinct from the madrigal of the Renaissance and early Baroque, with which it shares only the name. The madrigal of the Trecento flourished ca. 1340–1370 with a short revival near 1400. It was a composition for two (or rarely three) voices, sometimes on a pastoral subject. In its earliest development it was simple construction: Francesco da Barberino in 1300 called it a \"raw and chaotic singalong\". The text of the madrigal is divided into three sections: two strophes called terzetti set to the same music and a concluding section called the ritornello usually in a different meter, creating an aaB form. History The origins of the madrigal are obscure, and debated, with one school of thought seeing it as a secular mutation of the conductus of the ars antiqua, and another seeing it as deriving from 13th-century secular monophonic song with an improvised accompaniment. Little Italian music from the 13th century has survived, so links between medieval forms such as the conductus and troubadour song and the music of the trecento are largely inferential. The origin of the name (which appears in early sources as madriale, matricale, madregal, and marigalis) is also unclear; two possibilities are derivation from materialis (in contrast to formalis), designating a poem without a definite form, or from matrix, meaning mother, either as in a song in the mother tongue or music used for Mother Church. The earliest stage in the development of the madrigal is seen in the Rossi Codex, a collection of music from ca. 1350 or earlier, compiled around 1370. It has been suggested that the ornamentation of the upper voices may be improvised above a skeletal structure. In the madrigal's later stages of development its uppermost voice was often highly elaborate, with the lower voice, the tenor, much less so. The form at this time was probably a development of connoisseurs, and sung by small groups of cognoscenti; there is no evidence of its widespread popularity, unlike the madrigal of the 16th century. By the end of the 14th century it had fallen out of favor, with other forms (in particular, the ballata and imported French music) taking precedence, some of which were even more highly refined and ornamented. By the beginning of 15th century the term was no longer used musically. The later, 16th-century madrigal is unrelated, although it often used texts written in the 14th century (for instance by Petrarch). Notable composers Important composers of the madrigal in the Trecento include: Jacopo da Bologna Giovanni da Cascia Vincenzo da Rimini Maestro Piero Lorenzo da Firenze Niccolò da Perugia Francesco Landini Donato da Cascia Johannes Ciconia (later revivalist) See also Music of the Trecento References Further reading Kurt von Fischer, Gianluca D’Agostino (2004) Madrigal: I. Italy, 14th century. Grove Music Online. Accessed June 2013. Harold Gleason and Warren Becker, Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana. Frangipani Press, 1986.",
"title": "Madrigal (Trecento)"
},
{
"docid": "47246930",
"text": "Lodovico Bellanda (c. 1575 – after 1613) was an Italian composer and organist who lived in the transition period between the Renaissance and Baroque eras. He was born and worked most of his life in Verona, for which reason he was also known as Lodovico Veronese. Works His earliest known volume, Canzonette (1593), contains 19 brief pieces in two repeated sections. Canzonette spirituali (1599) includes eight duets for soprano and tenor and two organ compositions. Il primo libro de madrigali (1602) contains 14 madrigals for five voices and one for eight; one copy of it has been in the Accademia Filarmonica di Verona since his lifetime. Sacrae cantiones (1604) contains 19 motets by Bellanda and one by Giuliano Corsini. One of the motets, O gloriosa domina is noteworthy for its dynamic markings for echo effects. Bellanda's last three publications are primarily for solo voice and continuo, in line with the newest developments in Italian music. The two volumes of Musiche (1607 and 1610) comprise 30 madrigals, five arias and four dialogues. The madrigals include some striking harmonic and melodic progressions in response to emotive texts. One of the dialogues, Anima mia che pensi, uses a segment of text from Cavalieri's Rappresentatione di Anima, et di Corpo (Act 1 scene iv). Lastly, Sacre laudi (1613) contains 23 monodies with Latin texts. Publications Canzonette, 3vv (1593) Canzonette spirituali, 2vv, insts (1599) Il primo libro de madrigali, 5, 8vv (1602) Sacrae cantiones, 3–5vv (1604) Musiche … per cantare, 1, 2vv, chit, hpd (1607) Le musiche … per cantarsi, libro secondo, 1, 2vv, lute, hpd, other insts (1610) Sacre laudi, 1v, org/chit/other inst (1613) Bibliography G. Turrini: L'Accademia Filarmonica di Verona dalla Fondazione (maggio 1543) al 1600 e il suo patrimonio musicale antico (Verona, 1941), esp. 179, 197, 204, 210 A. Gajoni-Berti: Dizionario dei musicisti e cantanti veronesi (1400–1966) (Verona, 1966) E. Paganuzzi: ‘Documenti veronesi su musicisti del XVI e XVII secolo’, Scritti in onore di Mons. Giuseppe Turrini (Verona, 1973), 547–75, esp. 547 E. Paganuzzi and others: La musica a Verona (Verona, 1976) External links 1570s births Year of death unknown Musicians from Verona Italian Renaissance composers Italian Baroque composers 17th-century Italian composers",
"title": "Lodovico Bellanda"
},
{
"docid": "17537447",
"text": "Giovanni Priuli (or Prioli, ca. 1575–1626) was a Venetian composer and organist of the late Renaissance and early Baroque periods. A late member of the Venetian School, and a contemporary of Claudio Monteverdi, he was a prominent musician in Venice in the first decade of the 17th century, departing after the death of his associate Giovanni Gabrieli and ending his career at the Habsburg court in Austria. His music straddled the dividing-line between Renaissance and Baroque idioms. Life Little is known of Priuli's early life except that he was born in Venice around 1575. Information about the first twenty-five years of his life is lacking. Beginning in 1600, he was a close associate of Gabrieli, and it is presumed he may have been his student; the two were associated for the duration of Priuli's Venetian career. When Priuli is first mentioned in the records of St. Mark's, he was already an experienced musician, being hired as assistant organist to Gabrieli on several occasions between 1600 and 1605. In May 1607 he received a more permanent position as deputy organist; prior to that, the payment records indicated that his hires were for single engagements. Since St. Mark's had two regular organists, the deputy filled in for special occasions, and also when one of the two principal organists was either traveling or ill. The first organist through most of the period was Paolo Giusto, while Gabrieli was second organist. In addition to his duties at St. Mark's, the most prestigious musical establishment in Venice, Priuli worked as an organist at the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, a confraternity whose musical opulence was second only to that of St. Mark's. Dates for his employment at San Rocco commence in 1609, and while it is not known if his employment was continuous for the next several years, he oversaw the musical events surrounding the feast of Saint Roch, the patron saint of the confraternity, which took place on 16 August 1612, only four days after the death of Gabrieli. Sometime around 1614 or 1615 he left Venice to pursue a career at the Habsburg court in Austria. He became Hofkapellmeister to Archduke Ferdinand (1619); on Ferdinand's accession to the imperial throne he went with him to Vienna to serve as Hofkapellmeister there. He died in Neunkirchen in Lower Austria. Music Priuli wrote both sacred and secular music, in both conservative and progressive styles, including the Venetian polychoral style; he was one of the composers who imported it to German-speaking lands. His music includes a cappella vocal music, voices with instruments, and some purely instrumental music. From the publication dates of his collections, he seems to have composed most of his sacred music and instrumental music in the service of the Habsburgs, and likely wrote much of his secular music – particularly the Italian madrigals, as might be expected – while he was in Venice. His madrigals, which include probably the earliest part of his output, are significant in that they show the change from",
"title": "Giovanni Priuli"
},
{
"docid": "315150",
"text": "Cristofano Malvezzi (baptised June 28, 1547 – January 22, 1599) was an Italian organist and composer of the late Renaissance. He was one of the most famous composers in the city of Florence during a time of transition to the Baroque style. Malevezzi was born in Lucca. From 1551 he lived in Florence, serving the Medicis from 1562. He held a number of organist posts in the city, and also taught pupils, among them Jacopo Peri, who is often regarded as the inventor of opera. From 1573 he held the double post of maestro di cappella at the cathedral as well as at S Giovanni Battista, which was the highest position for a musician in the city. Among his works are three books of madrigals, a book of ricercars, but only two sacred compositions—a curious omission for a composer so closely connected with the church. Because of his activity in Florence, the numerous intermedi that he wrote for the Medici and other members of the aristocracy, his dedication of a book of ricercars to Count Giovanni de' Bardi, and the dedication of a book of madrigals to Emilio de' Cavalieri, it is likely that he was a member of the Florentine Camerata, the group of progressive musicians and poets who, in attempting to recreate the music of ancient Greece, created the first monody and ultimately the first opera. This is reinforced by the fact that he composed much of the music for the La Pellegrina intermedi of 1589, which was carefully designed by the Camerata. Whether or not he was part of the intimate group, his music was among the best known in Florence. One of the grandest compositions of the time, a colossal setting of O fortunato giorno which he composed for a sumptuous intermedio intended for an aristocratic marriage, is for thirty separate vocal parts divided into seven spatially separated choirs. Some of his madrigals are written in the monodic style, which implies further a possible connection with the Camerata. Malvezzi's brother Alberigo (around 1550–1615) was also an organist and composer. References and further reading \"Cristofano Malvezzi,\" in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. External links 1547 births 1599 deaths Italian Renaissance composers Italian male classical composers",
"title": "Cristofano Malvezzi"
},
{
"docid": "1055752",
"text": "George Kirbye (c. 1565 – buried 6 October 1634) was an English composer of the late Tudor period and early Jacobean era. He was one of the members of the English Madrigal School, but also composed sacred music. Little is known of the details of his life, though some of his contacts can be inferred. He worked at Rushbrooke Hall near Bury St Edmunds, evidently as a tutor to the daughters of Sir Robert Jermyn. In 1598 he married Anne Saxye, afterwards moving to Bury St Edmunds. Around this time he probably made the acquaintance of John Wilbye, a much more famous madrigalist, who lived and worked only a few miles away, and whose style he sometimes approaches. In 1626 his wife died, and he is known to have been a churchwarden at St Mary's Church, Bury St Edmunds during the next several years until his death. Kirbye's most significant musical contributions were the psalm settings he wrote for East's psalter, The Whole Book of Psalmes (1592), the madrigals he wrote for the Triumphs of Oriana (1601), the famous collection dedicated to Elizabeth I, and an independent set of madrigals published in 1597. Kirbye was employed by East to arrange tunes featured in his psalter, and it is his arrangement, with the melody in the tenor, of Tye's melody to accompany Psalm 84 \"How Lovely is Thy Dwelling Place\" which is today sung to While Shepherds watched their flocks by night. Stylistically, his madrigals have more in common with the Italian models provided by Marenzio than do many of the others by his countrymen: they tend to be serious, in a minor mode, and show a careful attention to text setting; unlike Marenzio, however, he is restrained in his specific imagery. Kirbye avoided the light style of Morley, which was hugely popular, and brought into the madrigal serious style of pre-madrigal English music. He is not as often sung as Morley, Weelkes or Wilbye, but neither was he as prolific; still, some of his madrigals appear in modern collections, such as the Oxford Book of English Madrigals. References External links 1560s births 1634 deaths English Renaissance composers 16th-century English composers 17th-century English composers English male classical composers 17th-century male musicians",
"title": "George Kirbye"
},
{
"docid": "22617626",
"text": "Mogens Pedersøn (also Mogens Pedersen, Magno Petreo; c. 1583 – January or February 1623) was a Danish instrumentalist and composer. He is considered the most important Danish-born composer before Buxtehude. Life Early in his career he entered the service of the Danish monarch, Christian IV. In 1599 he was selected to accompany Melchior Borchgrevinck and two other Danish court musicians to study with Giovanni Gabrieli in Venice, returning to Denmark in 1600. After continuing to study with Borchgrevinck, he was appointed an instrumentalist member of the royal chapel in 1603. In 1605 Pedersøn undertook a further longer trip to study with Gabrieli with the support of King Christian, remaining in Venice for four years. During this time he published his first book of madrigals in 1608. These Italian madrigals are polyphonic compositions for five voices in a contemporary late Renaissance style. He resumed his post at the Danish royal chapel in 1609. However, he was one of four court musicians to travel to England between 1611 and 1614. As James I of England was married to Anne of Denmark there was a natural connection between the two courts. It is from an English manuscript copy by Francis Tregian that Pedersøn's second book of madrigals is known. Pedersøn was appointed assistant director of the Danish royal chapel (under Borchgrevinck) in 1618—the first Danish-born musician and composer to reach such a position. In 1620 Pedersøn made a significant contribution to Danish church music with the publication of Pratum spirituale. This was intended to be a practical publication for use in worship and in schools and is organised according to the church calendar. The settings are for five voices, many using existing Danish Lutheran melodies. It includes six entirely original compositions, in an early Baroque style: a Danish language mass, two sets of responses, and three Latin motets. Pedersøn last appears in official records in January 1623 and is thought to have died shortly afterwards, in Copenhagen. Works list Madrigali a 5 voci, libro primo (1608, Venice). Dedicated to King Christian IV of Denmark. Madrigali, libro secondo (1611). Partially lost; 10 madrigals have survived in manuscript copy. 2 madrigaletti in Hans Brachrogge's Madrigaletti a 3 voci (1619). Complete facsimile at the Danish Royal Library Pratum spirituale, d. e. Messer, Salmer, Motteter, som brugelig ere udi Danmark og Norge, komponerede med 5 Stemmer (1620, Copenhagen), dedicated to Prince Christian of Denmark. Complete facsimile at the Danish Royal Library Two pavans for 5 viols. Only three of the parts have survived. Selected recordings Mogens Pedersøn Sacred Music From The court Of Christian IV: 3 Hymns from Pratum Spirituale. Ad Te Levavi Oculos Meos. Missa Quinque Vocum. John Dowland Thou Mighty God. Vocal Group ARS NOVA, Bo Holten Kontrapunkt 32100 Notes References John Bergsagl, \"Pedersøn, Mogens\" New Grove Music Dictionary of Music and Musicians Julie Anne Sadie (ed), Companion to Baroque Music, University of California Press, First Paperback printing 1998. . External links 1580s births 1623 deaths Renaissance composers Danish Baroque composers Danish classical composers Danish",
"title": "Mogens Pedersøn"
},
{
"docid": "5700310",
"text": "Annibale Zoilo (c. 1537–1592) was an Italian composer and singer of the late Renaissance Roman School. He was a contemporary of Palestrina, writing music in a closely related style, and was a prominent composer and choir director in Rome in the late 16th century. Life He was born in Rome, but little documentation remains of his early life. In 1558 he is recorded as a singer at the Cappella Giulia (the Julian Chapel), and in 1561 he was already maestro di cappella of San Luigi de' Francesi; that he rose so quickly to such a prominent position indicates that he was probably a singer prior to the first mention of him at the Cappella Giulia. He retained the position at San Luigi de' Francesi until 1566, and from 1567 to 1570 he was maestro di cappella at St. John Lateran, one of the most prestigious musical posts in Rome. In 1570 he was succeeded there by Frenchman Bartolomeo Roy, and Zoilo left to sing as an alto in the choir of the Sistine Chapel, remaining there until July 1577, at which time he left due to illness. However, by October he was well enough to be appointed by Pope Gregory XIII, along with Palestrina, to edit and revise the music for the Graduale, as well as other liturgical music of the Church. Zoilo held several other positions after his career at the Sistine Chapel, including maestro di cappella at Todi Cathedral beginning in 1581, his first documented appointment outside of Rome; in 1584 he held a similar position at Santa Casa in Loreto. In addition to his various employments as choirmaster, he was associated with the Oratorio di SS Trinità dei Pellegrini e Convalescenti, in Rome, an organization which paid him on several occasions, possibly for compositions. Zoilo died in Loreto. Why he left Rome, the town of his birth, and the site of his success as a singer and choirmaster, is not documented, but he continued to compose music for the Sistine Chapel choir as late as 1582. Music Zoilo's music is similar to Palestrina's in style, using smoothly flowing contrapuntal lines with clear text declamation, with little of the experimental chromaticism and textural elements found in music in northern Italy or Naples at the same time. His sacred music is for four and eight voices, and includes masses, motets, hymns, responds, litanies, suffragia, and other a cappella vocal music. In addition to his sacred music, he published two books of madrigals. One of his madrigals, Chi per voi non sospira acquired considerable fame, being reprinted in many collections; in addition it was used by Vincenzo Galilei in his Fronimo: dialogo ... sopra l'arte del bene intavolare in a lute intabulation. References and further reading Harry B. Lincoln: \"Annibale Zoilo\", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed June 24, 2006), (subscription access) Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. External links Roman school composers 1530s births 1592 deaths 16th-century Italian composers Italian male",
"title": "Annibale Zoilo"
},
{
"docid": "15635337",
"text": "Antonino Barges (fl. 1546–1565) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance, active in Venice and Treviso. While known as a composer of light popular secular forms such as the villotta, he also wrote motets and a Requiem. He was a friend and probably a student of Adrian Willaert, the founder of the Venetian School, and was listed as a witness to Willaert's last will and testament. Little is known about his early life. He was born in Barges. Like many of his countrymen, he received a good musical education in the Low Countries, and either in youth or early adulthood came to Italy, where employment prospects for singers and composers were better than at home. By 1550 he had become maestro di cappella (choirmaster) at the church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari (known as the Ca' Grande) in Venice, a prestigious post. He left Venice in 1555, going to Treviso, where he became a Franciscan and joined the convent of San Francesco. Further records show that he was employed at Treviso Cathedral between 1562 and 1565 as maestro di cappella. No further records of his life have yet been found, and he has not yet been the subject of a dedicated scholarly biography. Barges venerated his teacher and friend Willaert, and mentioned him glowingly in the dedication to his first book of villotte (Di Antonino Barges maestro di cappella alla Casa grande di Venetia il primo libro de villotte a quatro voci con un'altra canzon della galina novamente da lui composte & date in luce, Venice: Gardano, 1550): \"l'unico inventore della vera e buona musica\" (\"the sole inventor of music which is true and good.\") Indeed, friendship is a theme of the dedication: in addition to the reference to Willaert, Barges characterizes his relationship with Girolamo Fenaruolo, the dedicatee, as a friendship, and mentions their mutual friends Stefano Taberio and Marco Silvio. If Barges's dedication is to be believed, these men were among the first to hear and sing his songs, but the songs might also have found a home in Domenico Venier's salon. Barges published only this one book of light secular music, although it contains music besides villottas such as a dozen villanescas and four madrigals not by Barges but by Andrea Patricio (composers at this time often admitted a few works by others into their publications). Other music by Barges included some sacred works, including two motets for four voices, published in 1563, an Alleluia, and a Requiem for four voices (not dated). It is not known if he wrote this for Willaert. The style of the secular music is as light as anything found in northern Italy at the time: dancelike, quick, often triple meter, and often with nonsense syllables in a \"patter\" style. Barges also wrote three instrumental ricercars. Notes References Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. Alfred Einstein, The Italian Madrigal. Three volumes. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1949. Martha Feldman, City Culture and the",
"title": "Antonino Barges"
},
{
"docid": "20374234",
"text": "Simone Molinaro (c. 1570 – May 1636) was a composer of the late Renaissance in Italy. He was especially renowned for his lute music. Life and career Molinaro was born in Genoa. He studied music with his uncle, Giovanni Battista Dalla Gostena, who was maestro di cappella at Genoa Cathedral. In 1593, Gostena was murdered, and Molinaro succeeded him in his post at the Cathedral in 1599. The same year he published Intavolatura di liuto, containing lute works both by himself and by Gostena. In addition to his lute works, Molinaro composed a large amount of sacred choral music, most of which does not survive completely because of missing partbooks. However, some five-voice motets have been preserved in the collections of Hassler and Schadaeus. Molinaro died in May 1636 in Genoa. Molinaro also served as editor of the works of Carlo Gesualdo, publishing editions of that composer's madrigals in 1585 and 1613. Assessment In his dances for lute, according to Eitner, Molinaro \"despises all counterpoint, and shows himself as a pure melodist and harmonist, but both in so simple and pretty a way, that they all have something uncommonly attractive\". Molinaro wrote at the time when, according to Paul Henry Lang, lute music was reaching its apogee. Along with Giovanni Terzi, Molinaro's lute music introduces \"a finished, graceful, and sovereign instrumental style, capable of all shades of expression and of a technique which we usually associate only with the vocal music of the period\". The 1613 publication of the Gesualdo madrigals was ground-breaking because it presented Gesualdo's music in full score as opposed to partbook format. Molinaro's music was used as the basis for \"Balletto detto il Conte Orlando\" of the Ancient Airs and Dances Suite No. 1 by Ottorino Respighi. Works Lute Intavolatura di liuto libro 1, Venice, 1599 Secular Vocal music Il 1 libro di canzonette a 3 e 4 voci, Venice, 1595 Il 1 libro de Madrigali a 5 voci, Venice, 1599 Il 2 libro delle Canzonette a 3 voci, Venice, 1600 Madrigali a 5 voci, Loano 1615 Sacred Vocal music Motectorum quinis et Missae denis vocibus liber I, Venice, 1597 Il 2 libro de Mottetti a 8 voci, Milan, 1601 Il 1 libro de mottetti a 5 voci, con la partitura per sonar l'organo, Milan, 1604 Il 1 libro de Magnificat a 4 voci, con basso continuato, Milan, 1605 Concerti ecclesiastisi a 2 e a 4 voci...con la sua part. per l'organo, Venice, 1605 Il 3 libro de Mottetti a 5 voci con il basso continuato, Venice, 1609 Fatiche spirituali...libro 1 a 6 voci, Venice, 1610 Fatiche spirituali....libro 2 a 6 voci, Venice, 1610 Concerti a 1 e 2 voci con la part. per l'organo, Milan, 1612 Passio Domini Iesu Christi secundum Matthaeum, Marcum, Lucam, et Ioannem, Loano, 1616 References Bibliography Article \"Molinaro, Simone\". External links Biography at hoasm.org Biography at answers.com Italian Renaissance composers Composers for lute Year of birth uncertain Italian male classical composers 1634 deaths 1570s births 17th-century Italian composers 17th-century male musicians",
"title": "Simone Molinaro"
},
{
"docid": "268385",
"text": "Orlando Gibbons (bapt. 25 December 1583 – 5 June 1625) was an English composer and keyboard player who was one of the last masters of the English Virginalist School and English Madrigal School. The best known member of a musical family dynasty, by the 1610s he was the leading composer and organist in England, with a career cut short by his sudden death in 1625. As a result, Gibbons's oeuvre was not as large as that of his contemporaries, like the elder William Byrd, but he made considerable contributions to many genres of his time. He is often seen as a transitional figure from the Renaissance to the Baroque periods. Gibbons was born into a musical family where his father was a wait, his brothers—Edward, Ellis and Ferdinand—were musicians and Orlando was expected to follow the tradition. It is not known under whom he studied, although it may have been with Edward or Byrd, but he almost certainly studied the keyboard in his youth. Irrespective of his education, he was musically proficient enough to be appointed an unsalaried member of the Chapel Royal in May 1603 and a full-fledged gentleman of the Chapel Royal as junior organist by 1605. By 1606 he had graduated from King's College, Cambridge with a Bachelor of Music degree. Throughout his professional career, Gibbons had increasingly good relations with many important people of the English court. King James I and Prince Charles were supportive patrons and others, such as Sir Christopher Hatton, even became close friends. Along with Byrd and John Bull, Gibbons was the youngest contributor to the first printed collection of English keyboard music, Parthenia, and published other compositions in his lifetime, notably, the First Set of Madrigals and Motets (1612) which includes the best known English madrigal: The Silver Swan. Other important compositions include \"This Is the Record of John\", the 8-part full anthem \"O Clap Your Hands Together\" and 2 settings of Evensong. The most important position achieved by Gibbons was his appointment in 1623 as the organist at Westminster Abbey which he held for 2 years until his death. Gibbons developed Byrd's foundations of the English madrigal, full and verse anthems, and by doing so he exerted significant influence on subsequent English composers. This generation included his oldest son Christopher, who would teach John Blow, Pelham Humfrey and Henry Purcell, the English pioneer of the Baroque era. After his death he was primarily remembered a composer of sacred music. Since the early music revival however, increased attention has come to his other compositions, with his keyboard works championed by Glenn Gould, while his madrigals and viol fantasies are popular among early music ensembles. By the 21st-century almost all of his music has been published and recorded. Life and career Birthplace and background Orlando Gibbons was born in Oxford. Until the early 20th-century he was believed to have been born in Cambridge. This was accepted as fact by his contemporaries, stated in multiple early biographies and even recorded on his memorial",
"title": "Orlando Gibbons"
},
{
"docid": "36708079",
"text": "A battaglia is a form of Renaissance and Baroque programme music imitating a battle. The Renaissance form is typically in the form of a madrigal for four or more voices where cannons, fanfares, cries, drum rolls, and other noises of a battle are imitated by voices. The Baroque form is more often an instrumental depiction of a battle. Vocal battaglia works Janequin La Guerre or 'La Bataille' - chanson written to commemorate the Battle of Marignano in 1515, first printed in 1529, Matthias Werrecore La Battaglia Taliana or Die Schlacht vor Pavia 1544, for 4 voices - after the Battle of Pavia 1525. Orazio Vecchi Battaglia d'Amor e Dispetto - an extended madrigal dialogue - allegorical and not related to any battle. But closer to the original battaglia genre than Monteverdi's amor versus guerra, contrasts in that composer's 8th Book of Madrigals. Mateo Flecha La Guerra - an ensalada (music) in Spanish Claudio Monteverdi Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda (1624) Instrumental battaglia works Andrea Gabrieli Battaglia à 8 per strumenti da fiato William Byrd \"The Battell\", for keyboard Annibale Padovano Battaglia à 8 per strumenti da fiato Heinrich Biber: Battalia à 10 for solo violin, strings, and continuo Later battle music not called battaglia Franz Christoph Neubauer: Sinfonie 'La Bataille' - Battle of Focșani 1789 Beethoven: Wellington's Victory - requiring muskets and cannons. To be contrasted with Haydn's tribute Battle of the Nile which does not sonically attempt to depict the battle. Tchaikovsky: 1812 Ouverture Prokofiev: Battle on the ice from Alexander Nevsky - Battle of Lake Peipus, 1242 Shostakovich: first movement of Leningrad Symphony, despite Shostakovich's disclaimers, Kurpiński: The Battle of Mozhaisk, also known as Grand Symphony Imagining a Battle. References Renaissance music Baroque music",
"title": "Battaglia (music)"
},
{
"docid": "10774417",
"text": "1550 in music involved some significant events. Events Feb.26 – Robin Mallapert succeeded François Roussel as maestro di cappella at the Cappella Giulia at St Peter's Basilica in Rome. Oct.1 – Jacob Clemens employed as a singer and composer by the Marian Brotherhood in 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands. He leaves after just three months but does leave a parting gift of the seven-voice motet . Giovanni Animuccia comes to Rome and is employed by Cardinal Guido Ascanio Sforza. Publications Antonino Barges – First book of villottas for four voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano), also includes a few works by Andrea Patricio Jacques Buus – First book of French chansons for five voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto) Perissone Cambio – Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano) Baldassare Donato for four voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto) First book of for four voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano), also includes a few pieces by Perissone Cambio Heinrich Faber – , published in Nuremberg. Claude Gervaise, ed. Fourth book of dances for four instruments (Paris: Pierre Attaignant) Fifth book of dances for four instruments (Paris: Pierre Attaignant) Hoste da Reggio – Magnificat for four voices (Milan: Innocentio Ciconiarus), also includes other hymns and motets Heinrich Isaac and Ludwig Senfl – the first two volumes of , a collection of motets, was published in Nuremberg. John Marbeck – Booke of Common Praier noted, published in London. Francesco Portinaro – First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano) Ramamatya – theoretical treatise on Carnatic music Svaramelakalanidhi. Cipriano de Rore – madrigal collection Il primo libro de madregali published in Ferrara. Adrian Willaert – Salmi spezzati, a collection of antiphonal sacred music, published in Venice. Sacred music Secular music Births July 3 – Jacobus Gallus, late Renaissance Czech composer of Slovene origin (d. 1591) December 6 (baptised) – Orazio Vecchi, Italian composer (d. 1605) December 28 – Vicente Espinel, Spanish writer, guitarist, poet and priest (d. 1624) probable – John Mundy, English composer and organist, son of composer William Mundy (d. 1630). probable – Sebastian Raval, Spanish composer (d. 1604) probable – Ippolito Baccusi, Italian composer (d. 1609) probable – Emilio de' Cavalieri, Italian composer, organist, choreographer, teacher and diplomat (d. 1602) probable – Francis Cutting, English lutenist and composer (d. 1596) probable – Konrad Hagius, German court composer, musician and Kapellmeister (d. 1616) probable – Simon Lohet, Flemish composer and organist (d. 1611) probable – Juan Navarro (of Cadiz), Spanish composer (d. c. 1610) probable – Alessandro Orologio, Italian composer and trumpeter (d. 1633) probable – Laura Peverara, Italian singer, harpist and dancer (d. 1601) probable – Jakub Polak, Polish lutenist and composer (d. c. 1605) probable – Jan Tollius, Dutch composer and choirmaster (d. c. 1603) Deaths Matthias Greitter poet, cantor, composer and singer died in Strasbourg (b. c. 1495; presumably plague) – approx. year Silvestro Ganassi dal Fontego, musician and writer, died in Venice (b. 1492) – approx. year Johannes Galliculus, theorist and writer, died in Leipzig (b. c. 1490) – approx. year Pierre Moulu,",
"title": "1550 in music"
},
{
"docid": "19956",
"text": "Medieval music encompasses the sacred and secular music of Western Europe during the Middle Ages, from approximately the 6th to 15th centuries. It is the first and longest major era of Western classical music and is followed by the Renaissance music; the two eras comprise what musicologists generally term as early music, preceding the common practice period. Following the traditional division of the Middle Ages, medieval music can be divided into Early (500–1000), High (1000–1300), and Late (1300–1400) medieval music. Medieval music includes liturgical music used for the church, other sacred music, and secular or non-religious music. Much medieval music is purely vocal music, such as Gregorian chant. Other music used only instruments or both voices and instruments (typically with the instruments accompanying the voices). The medieval period saw the creation and adaptation of systems of music notation which enabled creators to document and transmit musical ideas more easily, although notation coexisted with and complemented oral tradition. Overview Genres Medieval music was created for a number of different uses and contexts, resulting in different music genres. Liturgical as well as more general sacred contexts were important, but secular types emerged as well, including love songs and dances. During the earlier medieval period, liturgical music was monophonic chant; Gregorian chant became the dominant style. Polyphonic genres, in which multiple independent melodic lines are performed simultaneously, began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century. The development of polyphonic forms is often associated with the Ars antiqua style associated with Notre-Dame de Paris, but improvised polyphony around chant lines predated this. Organum, for example, elaborated on a chant melody by creating one or more accompanying lines. The accompanying line could be as simple as a second line sung in parallel intervals to the original chant (often a perfect fifth or perfect fourth away from the main melody). The principles of this kind of organum date back at least to an anonymous 9th century tract, the Musica enchiriadis, which describes the tradition of duplicating a preexisting plainchant in parallel motion at the interval of an octave, a fifth or a fourth. Some of the earliest written examples come are in a style known as Aquitanian polyphony, but the largest body of surviving organum comes from the Notre-Dame school. This loose collection of repertory is often called the Magnus Liber Organi (Great Book of Organum). Related polyphonic genres included the motet and clausula genres, both also often built on an original segment of plainchant or as an elaboration on an organum passage. While most early motets were sacred and may have been liturgical (designed for use in a church service), by the end of the thirteenth century the genre had expanded to include secular topics, such as political satire and courtly love, and French as well as Latin texts. They also included from one to three upper voices, each with its own text. In Italy, the secular genre of the Madrigal became popular. Similar to",
"title": "Medieval music"
},
{
"docid": "9761205",
"text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). Events Works published Cristóbal de Castillejo, Works of Castillejo Expurgated by the Inquisition, published posthumously in Madrid, Spain Philippe Desportes, Les premières œuvres de Philippe Desportes, which had circulated widely in manuscript form and were largely love poems (in imitation of minor Italian poets), including \"Les Amours de Diane\", \"les Amours d’Hippolyte\", \"Élégies\", France Johann Fischart (writing under the pen name \"Hultrich Elloposcleron\") and another author, The Flea Hunt, a burlesque; a flea complains to Jupiter about the hard treatment it receives from women; Fischart wrote the second part, in which women reply and are defended; Germany George Gascoigne, A Hundred Sundry Flowers, Great Britain Torquato Tasso, Aminta, pastoral verse drama, Italy Pontus de Tyard, Nouvell'Œuvres poétiques, France Births December 21 – Mathurin Régnier (died 1613), French satirical poet, nephew of Philippe Desportes Also: Thomas Heywood, born about this year (died 1641), English playwright, actor and miscellaneous author Richard Johnson (died 1659), English romance writer, playwright and poet Daniel Naborowski (died 1640), Polish Martin Peerson born sometime from 1571 to this year (died December 1650 or January 1651), English composer, organist and virginalist writing hymns, madrigals and other sacred and secular music Samuel Rowlands, born about this year (died 1630), English author of pamphlets in prose and verse Deaths February – William Lauder (born 1520), Scottish cleric, playwright and poet July – Étienne Jodelle (born 1532), French poet and playwright November – Giovanni Battista Giraldi, who gave himself the nickname \"Cinthio\", also rendered \"Cynthius\", \"Cintio\" or, in Italian, \"Cinzio\" (born 1504), Italian novelist, writer, poet and playwright Also: Brne Karnarutić (born 1515), Croatian Renaissance poet and writer Andrea Rapicio (born 1533), Italian, Latin-language poet Ján Silván (born 1493), Slovak See also Poetry 16th century in poetry 16th century in literature Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature Elizabethan literature French Renaissance literature Renaissance literature Spanish Renaissance literature Notes 16th-century poetry Poetry",
"title": "1573 in poetry"
},
{
"docid": "1403886",
"text": "Ruggiero Giovannelli (c. 1560 – 7 January 1625) was an Italian composer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was a member of the Roman School, and succeeded Palestrina at St. Peter's. Life He was born in Velletri, near Rome. It has been claimed that he was a student of Palestrina, but there is no documentary evidence of this; stylistic similarities between their music, and an obvious close career association, make it a reasonable assumption. Not much is known about Giovannelli's life until 1583 when he became maestro di cappella at S Luigi dei Francesi, a post which he held until 1591, at which time he went to the Collegio Germanico. In addition to these posts he was maestro di cappella for Duke Giovanni Angelo of Altaemps, at his private chapel, probably concurrently with his other jobs. He also sang, and served in various administrative posts. Giovannelli's most important appointment was as the replacement for Palestrina as the maestro di cappella at the Julian Chapel at St. Peter's, on 12 March 1594, a position which he held until 1599, when he became a singer at the Sistine Chapel. In 1614 he became maestro di cappella at the Sistine Chapel, and he retired in 1624. He is buried in the church of Santa Marta. Music and influence Giovanelli composed and published a large number of secular pieces. He is noted for his church music, most of which also survives in manuscript. As could be expected for a composer of the Roman School, his sacred music was conservative, and mostly in the Palestrina style for the first part of his career; however, after 1600 he experimented with some of the stylistic innovations which defined the beginning of the Baroque era, such as the concertato principle and the basso continuo. His output of sacred music fell off dramatically late in his life, and at least one scholar has suggested that this was because he was uncomfortable with the new style. In 1615 he created a new edition of the Graduale known as the Medicean, published by the Medici press. (The Encyclopedia Americana may contradict this, writing that a Editio Medicæa of the Graduale of 1614 was created by Felice Anerio.) He wrote masses and motets, some of which are for as many as 12 voices, and which often use polychoral techniques. For a Roman School composer and a priest he wrote a surprising amount of secular music, mostly madrigals and canzonettas, some of which are in a light-hearted style influenced by northern Italian models, or by Luca Marenzio, who had spent time in Rome. He wrote three books of madrigals for five voices and two books for four voices, as well as a large quantity of other secular songs which were not collected in publications; most have been dated to the 1580s and 1590s. Giovannelli's music was reprinted widely, in Italy and elsewhere, indicating his broad popularity. Works Sources are incomplete, and may differ about his published works. There appear to",
"title": "Ruggiero Giovannelli"
},
{
"docid": "5219777",
"text": "The University of the Philippines Madrigal Singers (UPMS), also known as the Philippine Madrigal Singers or simply Madz, is one of the major choral groups based in the University of the Philippines, Diliman. Its current conductor, musical director, and choirmaster is Mark Anthony A. Carpio. The Madz is the first choir to win the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing (EGP) twice (in 1997 and in 2007). History The Philippine Madrigal Singers, also known as the \"Madz\", was founded in 1963 by National Artist for Music, Professor Andrea O. Veneracion. Most of the members are associated with the University of the Philippines. The ensemble performs a wide repertoire of various styles and forms: renaissance music, classical music, Filipino and international folksongs, contemporary and avant-garde music, opera, and even popular music. Their specialization and focus on the Madrigal, a polyphonic and challenging musical style popular during the Renaissance period where singers and guests would gather around the table during a banquet to sight-sing and make music together. This served as the inspiration for their unique style of singing – singing seated in a semicircle without a conductor. As a Philippine ambassador of culture and goodwill, the Madz has given command performances for royalty and heads of state. These include Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul II, Pope Francis, United States Presidents Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon, Barack Obama, Queen Sofia of Spain, King Juan Carlos I of Spain, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew Chinese President Hu Jintao. As resident artists of the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the group has performed in outreach concerts in far-flung areas seldom reached by most performing artists. The group is presently under the leadership of Madz alumnus Mark Anthony A. Carpio. Awards In June 1997, under the baton of Professor Andrea O. Veneracion, the Philippine Madrigal Singers came home from their ninth world concert tour, winning the grand prize in the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing (in French, Grand Prix Européen de Chant Choral, commonly abbreviated as European Choral Grand Prix or EGP) in Tours, France, besting five other grand prize winners of the most prestigious choral competitions in Europe: Guido d'Arezzo, Italy; Debrecen, Hungary; Varna, Bulgaria; Gorizia, Italy; and Tolosa, Spain. The Madz displayed a virtuoso performance so moving one juror had to describe the group's music as the \"most beautiful sound on earth\". On August 26, 2007, under the baton of Mark Anthony A. Carpio, the Philippine Madrigal Singers won, for the second time, the grand prize in the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing in Arezzo, Italy. This victory makes them the first of the only four choirs in the world to win the grand prize twice. On July 27, 2009, UNESCO honored the Madz and designated the group as UNESCO Artist for Peace. This title is given to celebrity advocates charged with the mission of embodying and raising awareness of the UNESCO ideals, which include peace, security, fundamental human rights, and freedom. On September 19, 2010, the Philippine Madrigal Singers was",
"title": "University of the Philippines Madrigal Singers"
},
{
"docid": "75697760",
"text": "Classical music – Art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. History of classical music Musical era (or period) – distinct time frame in the history of music characterized by specific styles, practices, and conventions. Each period reflects the cultural, social, and political contexts of its time. The following is an overview of the stylistic movements within each period. Early music Early music – generally comprises Medieval music (500–1400) and Renaissance music (1400–1600), but can also include Baroque music (1600–1750). Originating in Europe, early music is a broad musical era for the beginning of Western classical music. Medieval () – Period characterized by the development of early music notation systems and a strong emphasis on vocal music. Sacred music like Gregorian chant and various other religious and non-religious styles were developed during this time. Ars antiqua () Ars nova () Ars subtilior () Renaissance () – Period characterized by the development of polyphony and a richer use of harmony and melody. Genres like the Mass, motet, and madrigal were developed during this time. Transition to Baroque () Common practice period Common practice period – period of about 250 years during which the tonal system was regarded as the only basis for composition. It began when composers' use of the tonal system had clearly superseded earlier systems, and ended when some composers began using significantly modified versions of the tonal system, and began developing other systems as well. Baroque () – Period characterized by the development of tonality and a greater emphasis on contrast and ornamentation in music. Genres like the opera, cantata, oratorio, and concerto were developed during this time. Galant music () Empfindsamkeit () Classical () – Period characterized by a shift towards clarity, balance, and structure in music, emphasizing melodic expression and symmetrical forms. Genres like the symphony, sonata, and string quartet were developed during this time. Sturm und Drang () Transition to Romantic () Romantic () – Period characterized by a focus on emotional expression, individualism, and breaking away from the strict forms of the Classical era featuring more expansive and expressive compositions. Previous genres such as the symphony and opera were enhanced and also new genres such as the art song, nocturne and symphonic poem were developed. Musical nationalism () Post-romanticism () 20th and 21st century Modernism () – Period characterized by a departure from traditional harmonic and formal structures, embracing experimentation and innovation in music. Composers sought new approaches to tonality, rhythm, and sonority. Neoromanticism (from ) Expressionism () Impressionism () Serialism () Neoclassicism () Post-tonality Futurism Contemporary classical music (from ) – Period characterized by a vast diversity of styles and an openness to incorporating elements from various musical traditions and technologies. Experimental music (from ) Minimalism New Simplicity Holy minimalism Postminimalism Spectral music Spatial music Electronic music Electroacoustic music Aleatoric music Avant-garde music (from ) Postmodern music Neoconservative postmodernism Punctualism Microtonal music New Complexity Neue Musik Composers Composer – person who writes music.",
"title": "Outline of classical music"
},
{
"docid": "983590",
"text": "Giovanni Bernardino Nanino (ca. 1560 – 1623) was an Italian composer, teacher and singing master of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras, and a leading member of the Roman School of composers. He was the younger brother of the somewhat more influential composer Giovanni Maria Nanino. Life Born in Vallerano, he was first a boy soprano in the local cathedral, just like his brother. His first post may have been as maestro di cappella at Santa Maria dei Monti in 1588, and he is known to have acquired the post of maestro di cappella at San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome in 1591, after his brother left to join the papal choir. The two brothers, however, were living together at this time in a house owned by the church, and spent a good deal of their time teaching choirboys. Following the appointment at San Luigi dei Francesi, he was associated with Cardinal Montalto, a wealthy and influential patron of art and music, and may have served as teacher, composer, and archivist for the Cardinal at his church, San Lorenzo in Damaso. Works Nanino's music of the 1580s and 1590s is conservative in idiom, avoiding the experimental tendencies of his brother and Marenzio, preferring instead to incorporate the technique and expressive style of the earlier Roman composers such as Palestrina. After about 1610 he adopted the technique of basso continuo in his sacred works — hardly a conservative tendency — and, significantly, something his brother never did. Much of his earlier music is secular (such as madrigals), but he published several books of motets after 1610, after his brother's death. It is tempting to speculate that when he wrote music in the same format as his brother, he chose opposite stylistic means, and after his brother's death he quickly adopted the progressive style of the time, using it to write music in the same forms which his brother had used more conservatively. Sources, further reading External links Roman school composers 1560s births 1623 deaths Italian Baroque composers Italian Renaissance composers Pupils of Giovanni Maria Nanino People from the Province of Viterbo Italian male classical composers 16th-century classical composers 16th-century Italian composers 17th-century Italian composers 16th-century Italian musicians 17th-century male musicians",
"title": "Giovanni Bernardino Nanino"
},
{
"docid": "11207846",
"text": "The Missa sopra Ecco sì beato giorno (\"Mass on 'Behold such a blessed day'\") is a musical setting of the Ordinary of the Mass, for 40 and 60 voices, by Florentine Renaissance composer Alessandro Striggio. It probably dates from 1565–6, during the reign of his employer, Cosimo I de' Medici. Lost for more than 400 years, it was recently rediscovered in Paris. Most of the mass is for five separate choirs of 8 voices each, with the closing Agnus Dei being for five separate choirs of 12 voices each; all of the voice parts are fully independent. With its huge polychoral forces, climaxing on sixty fully independent parts, it is the largest known polyphonic composition from the entire era. Background The court of the Medici was long known for its patronage of the arts, including music, and the Medici rulers, from Lorenzo the Magnificent to Cosimo I de' Medici, were particularly noted for their love of music. Keenly aware that their status depended on not only employing the most talented artists and musicians, but having them create spectacular works and having them disseminated, they encouraged composers to write music which exceeded that of their contemporaries in size and scope. During the 1530s and 1540s, Francesco Corteccia, who was the principal composer for the first part of Cosimo's reign, wrote series of elaborate intermedii—groups of madrigals designed to be performed between the acts of plays, sung by actors in costume and accompanied by instruments. This musical form was one of the predecessors of opera. In the realm of sacred music, the desire of the Medici for opulence was no less. Instead of decorating plays with madrigals interspersed between the acts, however, the Medici's court composer – who was Striggio by the 1560s – chose to create works for larger groups of voices than had been attempted before, and to accompany these already massive vocal forces with instruments. His first attempt was apparently the Missa sopra Ecco sì beato giorno, and some time later he followed this with a 40-voice motet setting, Ecce beatam lucem, a piece which has long been known. Some other gigantic polychoral works from the same time include Thomas Tallis's famous and often-performed Spem in alium nunquam habui, for 40 voices, which may have been a response to hearing either the motet or the Mass in 1567; Stefano Rossetto's 50-voice motet Consolamini popule meus; and Cristofano Malvezzi's 30-voice intermedio for another Medici marriage, O fortunato giorno. Both Rossetto and Malvezzi were associated with the Medici court. Preceding these works was a 40-voice motet produced in Munich in 1564 by Orlande de Lassus, which has been lost. When Striggio completed the enormous mass setting, he carried it with him during a diplomatic trip across Europe to strengthen the dynastic relation brought on by the recent marriage of Francesco de' Medici to Johanna of Austria, who was a Habsburg. His trip consisted of a series of visits to new Medici in-laws, including Maximilian II, the Holy Roman Emperor. It was",
"title": "Missa sopra Ecco sì beato giorno"
},
{
"docid": "1088491",
"text": "Sigismondo d'India (c. 1582 – before 19 April 1629) was an Italian composer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was one of the most accomplished contemporaries of Monteverdi, and wrote music in many of the same forms as the more famous composer. Life D'India was probably born in Palermo, Sicily in 1582, though details of his life are lacking until around 1600. During the first decade of the 17th century he probably traveled widely in Italy, meeting composers, acquiring patrons at various aristocratic courts, and absorbing the musical styles at each locale. This was a time of transition in music history, as the polyphonic style of the late Renaissance was giving way to the widely diverse practices of the early Baroque, and d'India seems to have acquired an unusually broad grasp of the total stylistic practice in Italy: the expressive madrigal style of Marenzio, the grand polychoral work of the Venetian School, the conservative polyphonic tradition of the Roman School, the attempts to recover the music of the ancient world in monody and its larger vehicle, the newly developing opera, as well as the mannered, emotionally intense chromatic style of Carlo Gesualdo in Naples. D'India is known to have been in Florence, the birthplace of opera, as well as Mantua, where Monteverdi was working. In Naples he probably met Gesualdo, and by 1610 he was in Parma and Piacenza. The next year, 1611, he was hired by Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, to direct music in Turin, where he remained until 1623; these were the most productive years of his life, during which he amalgamated the disparate types of music he had heard and absorbed during the years 1600–1610 into a unified style. After leaving Turin – apparently forced out by malicious gossip – he traveled around Italy for five months before settling for a time at the D'Este court in Modena (October 1623 to April 1624), and then moved to Rome; he seems to have died in Modena, although details on the end of his life are as sparse as they were for its beginning. A record exists of his being granted an appointment in Bavaria at the court of Maximilian I, although there is no evidence he went there; he may have died first. Works D'India's output consisted of music in most of the vocal forms of the time, including monodies, madrigals, and motets. His monodies, the most numerous and significant portion of his work, were of many types: arias, both through-composed and strophic, variations over ground basses, laments, madrigals in the monodic style, and others. Stylistically, d'India's music has features in common with Monteverdi's music of the same period: expressive chromaticism, dissonances with unusual resolutions, and a keen sense of drama. Indeed, some of the longer monodies are effectively operatic scenes, though d'India did not write anything specifically called an \"opera.\" His polyphonic madrigals often borrow textural ideas from Gesualdo, especially in juxtaposing slow, intensely chromatic music with light, almost delirious diatonic passages;",
"title": "Sigismondo d'India"
},
{
"docid": "12338423",
"text": "Pierre Clereau (died before 11 January 1570) was a French composer, choirmaster and possibly organist of the Renaissance, active in several towns in Lorraine, including Toul and Nancy. He wrote both sacred and secular vocal music, in Latin, French, and Italian. Among his many compositions is a Requiem mass, as well as some sacred songs influenced by the Huguenot psalm style; he is not known, however, to have converted to Protestantism. Life Little is known about his life but what can be read on the title pages of his publications, and found in a few records in cathedral archives in Lorraine. In 1554, he was in Toul working as a choirmaster, as stated on the title page of two volumes of sacred music published by Parisian Nicolas Du Chemin. However, he had a considerably earlier start as a composer, since some of his secular music had been published already in Lyon in 1539. One of these same songs was also published simultaneously in Paris, and attributed to the young Pierre Certon, a composer with a similar musical style as well as a similar name. Two other possible posts are known for Clereau: he is mentioned as an organist in Toul in 1558, and he also held a post at the church of St. George's in Nancy from some time in the 1550s until his death, which occurred between 1567 and 1570. René, Marquis of Elbeuf, was a patron and supporter of Clereau, and assisted in the publication of his work by the prestigious, and monopolistic, royal printers of Le Roy & Ballard in Paris. Music and influence Clereau wrote only vocal music, or perhaps only vocal music has survived. He wrote both sacred and secular music, including mass settings, a Requiem mass, motets, Cantiques spirituels (spiritual songs: chansons with sacred texts), and numerous chansons. Unusually for a French composer, he also composed Italian madrigals. Clereau wrote his masses in an imitative style. These works are all parody masses, and are based on motets by Pierre Certon, Thomas Crecquillon and Jean Maillard. His other sacred music, particularly the Cantiques spirituels, shows the influence of the Huguenots, the French Protestant composers of the 16th century, with their simple homophonic textures and melodic line in the topmost voice; in addition, one of them uses a tune taken from the Genevan Psalter, an extremely unusual thing for a Roman Catholic composer to do during the Wars of Religion. Some of these may have been written before the outbreak of the war in 1562. His secular music either uses the imitative style of the first generation of Parisian chanson writers, especially for older texts, or the more current homophonic style for settings of more recent verse. As with many of the chanson composers of the time, he liked setting the poetry of Pierre de Ronsard. Most of his secular chansons are for three voices; his Cantiques spirituels are for four. Clereau's music was published both in Lyons and Paris. References Howard Mayer Brown: \"Chanson, 4.\"",
"title": "Pierre Clereau"
},
{
"docid": "34220020",
"text": "Marius van Altena, born Marius Hendrikus Schweppe (10 October 1938) is a Dutch tenor. He was one of the pioneers of historically informed performance of Baroque and Renaissance music. He has also sung Baroque opera, worked as conductor and as an academic teacher. Career Born in Amsterdam, Marius van Altena graduated from the Conservatorium van Amsterdam. In 1973, he was the Evangelist in the first historically informed performance in the Netherlands of Bach's St Matthew Passion. Johan van der Meer conducted the Groningse Bachvereniging, the Vox Christi was Max van Egmond, the other soloists were three boys of the Tölzer Knabenchor, René Jacobs, Harry Geraerts, Michiel ten Houte de Lange, Frits van Erven Dorens and Harry van der Kamp. Ton Koopman and Bob van Asperen played the organs. The performance was recorded live. With van der Meer he performed and recorded Bach's Mass in B minor in 1975 at the Holland Festival, the orchestra was La Petite Bande with concert master Sigiswald Kuijken). In 1969 van der Meer conducted Bach's St John Passion in Groningen. Van Altena sang the tenor part in several Bach cantatas in the Das Kantatenwerk series, the project to record all the sacred cantatas for the label Teldec. His contributions included the first volume in 1972 with the Tölzer Knabenchor (Chorus Master: Gerhard Schmidt-Gaden), the King's College Choir (Chorus Master: David Willcocks) and the Leonhardt-Consort conducted by Gustav Leonhardt. He recorded several cantatas for the following volumes, some with the Tölzer Knabenchor, others with the Knabenchor Hannover (Chorus Master: Heinz Hennig). Van Altena has collaborated with the choir Junge Kantorei, conducted by Joachim Martini, singing in Eberbach Abbey Monteverdi's Marienvesper (1977, 1978, 1984), Bach's Matthäuspassion (1981) and Messe in h-Moll (1982). In 1988, he was a soloist for a recording of sacred music by Orlando di Lasso, \"Patrocinium musices\", conducted by Erik Van Nevel. In 1992, he was part of a vocal ensemble which performed Renaissance madrigals, conducted by Konrad Junghänel, including works by Andrea Gabrieli, Ippolito Baccusi, Girolamo Conversi, Giovanni Ferretti, Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi, Giovanni de Macque, Luca Marenzio, Philippe de Monte, Cornelis Verdonck and Hubert Waelrant. In 1995, he recorded six cantatas by Dieterich Buxtehude, conducted by Jos van Immerseel. He has performed as a member of the Huelgas Ensemble, conducted by Paul Van Nevel. In 1995 they recorded \"Tears Of Lisbon\", a collection of works by Portuguese Renaissance composers such as Joaquim Pimentel, Fontes Rocha, Paulo Valentim, Manuel Mendes, Armando Machado, Francisco Viana and Fernando Tordo. In the field of Baroque opera, he appeared at the Holland Festival in 1974 in Agostino Agazzari's Eumelio and in Sigmund Theophil Staden's Seelewig. In 1980, he appeared in Gluck’s L'île de Merlin. From 1980 to 1984 he participated in opera performances of the company Spectaculum in Vienna, including works by Johann Joseph Fux, Emperor Leopold I and Francesco Bartolomeo Conti. He has also been employed as a pedagogue in Hague Conservatory and the Tilburg Conservatory. He has worked as a conductor since 1985. In 1999 and",
"title": "Marius van Altena"
},
{
"docid": "3040333",
"text": "Classical music of the United Kingdom is taken in this article to mean classical music in the sense elsewhere defined, of formally composed and written music of chamber, concert and church type as distinct from popular, traditional, or folk music. The term in this sense emerged in the early 19th century, not long after the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland came into existence in 1801. Composed music in these islands can be traced in musical notation back to the 13th century, with earlier origins. It has never existed in isolation from European music, but has often developed in distinctively insular ways within an international framework. Inheriting the European classical forms of the 18th century (above all, in Britain, from the example of Handel), patronage and the academy and university establishment of musical performance and training in the United Kingdom during the 19th century saw a great expansion. Similar developments occurred in the other expanding states of Europe (including Russia) and their empires. Within this international growth the traditions of composition and performance centred in the United Kingdom, including the various cultural strands drawn from its different provinces, have continued to evolve in distinctive ways through the work of many famous composers. Early and Baroque music Music in the British Isles, from the earliest recorded times until the Baroque and the rise of recognisably modern classical music, was a diverse and rich culture, including sacred and secular music and ranging from the popular to the elite. Each of the major nations of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales retained unique forms of music and of instrumentation, but British music was highly influenced by continental developments, while British composers made an important contribution to many of the major movements in early music in Europe, including the polyphony of the Ars Nova and laid some of the foundations of later national and international classical music. Musicians from the British Isles also developed some distinctive forms of music, including Celtic chant, the Contenance Angloise, the rota, polyphonic votive antiphons and the carol in the medieval era and English madrigals, lute ayres and masques in the Renaissance era, which led particularly to English language opera developed in the early Baroque period. The dominant figure in classical music in the later baroque era, and beyond, was the German-born George Frideric Handel (1685–1759). Early nineteenth century With the Act of Union 1800 passed by both the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed, and it becomes possible to speak of classical music in the United Kingdom. This was also the period when classical music began to be recognised as an important element of British and Irish culture and to be placed on a more organised basis that could match some of the developments seen in continental Europe. Music in this period has been seen as dominated by continental trends and composers. Major foundations In 1813 the London Philharmonic Society was established, which played an",
"title": "Classical music of the United Kingdom"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "876766",
"text": "The English Madrigal School was the intense flowering of the musical madrigal in England, mostly from 1588 to 1627, along with the composers who produced them. The English madrigals were a cappella, predominantly light in style, and generally began as either copies or direct translations of Italian models. Most were for three to six voices. Style and characteristics Most likely the impetus for writing madrigals came through the influence of Alfonso Ferrabosco, who worked in England in the 1560s and 1570s in Queen Elizabeth's court; he wrote many works in the form, and not only did they prove popular but they inspired some imitation by local composers. The development that caused the explosion of madrigal composition in England, however, was the development of native poetry—especially the sonnet—which was conducive to setting to music in the Italian style. When Nicholas Yonge published Musica transalpina in 1588, it proved to be immensely popular, and the vogue for madrigal composition in England can be said to truly have started then. Musica transalpina was a collection of Italian madrigals, mostly by Ferrabosco and Marenzio, fitted with English words. They were well-loved, and several similar anthologies followed immediately after the success of the first. Yonge himself published a second Musica transalpina in 1597, hoping to duplicate the success of the first collection. While William Byrd, probably the most famous English composer of the time, experimented with the madrigal form, he never actually called his works madrigals, and shortly after writing some secular songs in madrigalian style returned to writing mostly sacred music. The most influential composers of madrigals in England, and the ones whose works have survived best to the present day, were Thomas Morley, Thomas Weelkes and John Wilbye. Morley is the only composer of the time who set verse by Shakespeare for which the music has survived. His style is melodic, easily singable, and remains popular with a cappella singing groups. Wilbye had a very small compositional output, but his madrigals are distinctive with their expressiveness and chromaticism; they would never be confused with their Italian predecessors. The last line of Gibbons' \"The Silver Swan\" of 1612, \"More Geese than Swans now live, more Fools than Wise.\" is often considered to be a lament for the death of the English tradition. One of the more notable compilations of English madrigals was The Triumphs of Oriana, a collection of madrigals compiled by Thomas Morley, which contained 25 different madrigals by 23 different composers. Published in 1601 as a tribute to Elizabeth I of England, each madrigal contains a reference to Oriana, a name used to reference the Queen. Madrigals continued to be composed in England through the 1620s, but the air and \"recitative music\" rendered the style obsolete; somewhat belatedly, characteristics of the Baroque style finally appeared in England. While the music of the English Madrigal School is of generally high quality and has endured in popularity, it is useful to remember that the total output of the composers was relatively small: Luca Marenzio",
"title": "English Madrigal School"
},
{
"docid": "10490566",
"text": "A part song, part-song or partsong is a form of choral music that consists of a song to a secular or non-liturgical sacred text, written or arranged for several vocal parts. Part songs are commonly sung by an SATB choir, but sometimes for an all-male or all-female ensemble. Part songs are intended to be sung a cappella, that is without accompaniment, unless an instrumental accompaniment is particularly specified. In Britain The part song was created in Great Britain, growing out of the madrigal tradition (though initially with more emphasis on homophonic harmony and less on polyphonic part writing) and the 18th century Glee. Paul Hillier describes the Glee as \"a uniquely English creation...the convivial music of all-male musical societies\". The classic Glee is \"essentially a work for unaccompanied men's voices, in not less than three parts...simpler [than the madrigal] in texture, less sophisticated in design, and generally based on the simplest kind of diatonic harmony\". One of the most famous examples is Samuel Webbe's Glorious Apollo, composed in 1790. The part song was soon established as more suitable for mixed-voice choirs, its development marked by increasing complexity of form and contrapuntal content. It gradually attracted the attention of a wider range of composers. One of these was Felix Mendelssohn, already influential in the English choral tradition through his oratorios. Translated into English, his part songs became very popular in England. Mendelssohn was familiar with Glees, his teacher Carl Friedrich Zelter founded the Berliner Liedertafel in 1808, the German equivalent of the Glee club. Part songs were quickly seen as a commercial opportunity by music publishers. From the early 1840s Novello and Co's Musical Times and Singing Class Circular included a simple piece of choral music (alternating secular and sacred) inside every issue, which choral society members subscribed to collectively for the sake of the music. Early British composers of part songs include John Liptrot Hatton, R. J. S. Stevens, Henry Smart and George Alexander Macfarren, who was renowned for his Shakespearean settings. Around the turn of the 20th century in the heyday of the part song, Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford and Edward Elgar were the principal exponents, often bringing a high-minded seriousness to their settings of great English poetry both contemporary and from earlier epochs. More recent major contributors to the genre include Ralph Vaughan Williams, Granville Bantock, Arnold Bax, Peter Warlock, Gustav Holst and Benjamin Britten (his Five Flower Songs of 1950). Interest declined rapidly from the 1950s as more specialist choirs began to champion the madrigal tradition. Composers have also successfully used the part song medium to make contemporary arrangements of traditional folk songs, including those of Scotland, England, Wales and Ireland. Part songs can sometimes be sacred as well as secular. The unaccompanied liturgical anthem can be closely related in form and texture. Sullivan's Five Sacred Partsongs were published in 1871. In Europe The first German Liedertafel male-voice music society, was founded in Berlin by Carl Friedrich Zelter in 1808. Heinrich Marschner and Carl Weber wrote",
"title": "Part song"
},
{
"docid": "12636092",
"text": "Jan Nasco (also Giovanni, Jhan) (c. 1510 – 1561) was a Franco-Flemish composer and writer on music, mainly active in Italy. He was the first director of the Veronese Accademia Filarmonica, and his writings, particularly a group of letters he wrote to the academy in the 1550s, are important sources of information on performance practice regarding use of instruments in madrigals as well as motets. Life No documentation has yet turned up covering Nasco's early life, but he is presumed to have come from the Netherlands or adjacent areas, the home of most of the Franco-Flemish composers. Only the portion of his life he spent in Italy has been documented. He was in the service of Paolo Naldi, a nobleman in Vicenza, in the 1540s, and in 1547 he became the music director of the newly formed Accademia Filarmonica in Verona. While this may have been a prestigious and intellectually engaging post, it paid little, and in 1551 he took a job as maestro di cappella at the cathedral of San Pietro in Treviso, with some reluctance. He retained ties with the Accademia, as well as his post at Treviso, until his death. Music and influence Nasco was a progressive composer in most of the genres current in mid-century Italy, including masses, passion settings, Lamentations, motets, and especially madrigals; however he did not publish much of his sacred music, especially his mass settings, and a lot of this music, which existed only in manuscript, was destroyed on April 7, 1944, during the Second World War when the Allies destroyed the ancient city center of Treviso in a bombing raid. One of his sacred compositions which did survive is an early setting of the St. Matthew Passion, for two to six voices. It is almost entirely homophonic in texture, using a style akin to falsobordone. This composition was not published; it survives in a manuscript which has the RISM sigla I-Bc Q24 (Civico Museo Bibliografico Musicale, in Bologna). Also surviving among his sacred music is a book of settings of the Lamentations of Jeremiah, which he published in Venice in 1561. Nasco's best-known compositions are his madrigal cycles, and he seems to have written many of them in good-natured competition with Vincenzo Ruffo, who succeeded him in his post at the Accademia. Nasco and his colleagues, including Ruffo, were influenced by the music of Adrian Willaert, the founder and most famous early member of the Venetian School. Willaert was maestro di cappella at St. Mark's in Venice, which was not far from Treviso; Venice was also the city in which much of Nasco's music was published. Stylistically, Nasco's madrigals are progressive, and avoid the polyphonic idiom characteristic of his fellow Netherlanders. He wrote homophonic textures with clearly declaimed text, and he anticipated the end-of-the-century development of functional harmony with his preference for root motions of fourths and fifths, rather than thirds. The verse he chose for his madrigals included some of the most famous names in Italian poetry, including Ariosto, Tasso,",
"title": "Jan Nasco"
}
] | [
"early Baroque",
"Renaissance"
] |
train_39234 | when does mama mia here we go again open | [
{
"docid": "54535911",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\"One of Us\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\"Waterloo\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\"Why Did It",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "35210262",
"text": "Push Girls is an American reality television series on the SundanceTV. A sneak peek episode, and original premiere date, aired on April 17, 2012, with the official debut on June 4, 2012. Push Girls chronicles the lives of four women—Angela Rockwood, Tiphany Adams, Mia Schaikewitz, and Auti Angel—who have been paralyzed by illness or accident and displays the day-to-day challenges and triumphs they encounter. The series is set in Los Angeles, California. It was announced on November 15, 2012, that AMC Networks began production on the 10-episode second season. The second season premiered on June 3, 2013. Cast Angela Rockwood is an actress, model, producer, and an ambassador with the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation. She is described as \"Buddha-like\" and is the \"Mother Earth\" of the foursome. She became a quadriplegic in 2001 after a car accident shattered her C4–C5 vertebrae and severed her spinal cord. She was the third American to receive stem cell surgery, which she believes helped her move from a power chair to a manual chair. She had a bit role in the 2001 film The Fast and the Furious before becoming paralyzed. Auti Angel, a paraplegic, was paralyzed after a car accident in 1992. The backup dancer had just finished a gig—performing with LL Cool J at the Grammys in New York City—and was returning home to Los Angeles when a car clipped hers on the 101 Freeway. The show documents her career as a dancer, leader of the Colours 'N' Motion dance team, singer and actress, as well as her attempts to have a child. Auti Angel has a supporting role in the 2011 film Musical Chairs and heads the Save a Soul Foundation. Mia Schaikewitz () was paralyzed from the waist down at the age of 15 when an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) ruptured in her spinal cord. An athlete at heart, she stayed active in adaptive sports, but avoided swimming—her first love. The series follows her emotional return to the water. She is a project manager in a graphic design firm. Tiphany Adams was paralyzed in 2000, the result of a devastating car accident. \"I was 17-and-a-half, in my senior year in high school, when I was in a head-on vehicle collision caused by a drunk driver, hit at 130 miles per hour. We were all pronounced dead on the scene, and I was in a coma for three weeks. When I woke up, I was like, ‘I’m going to get through this, and I’m going to live my life to the fullest.’\" She is considered \"the blond bombshell\" of the group with an uncensored mouth and open, honest nature. She loves sex with both men and women and doesn't like labels. Chelsie Hill was paralyzed in high school after getting into a car with a drunk driver. Prior to becoming paralyzed, she hoped to become a professional dancer. She and her father founded the Walk and Roll Foundation, which aims to help people with spinal cord injuries. She also does public",
"title": "Push Girls"
},
{
"docid": "11143164",
"text": "\"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \"Rio de Janeiro\". Eventually, the track was renamed \"When I Kissed the Teacher\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \"schoolgirl imagery\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \"bouncy\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \"Waterloo\". It says the song \"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \"When I Kissed the Teacher\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is listed alongside \"Dancing Queen\" as an example of the group's \"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\" The Los Angeles Times said \"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \"expected of ABBA\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" with the Van Halen song \"Hot for Teacher\" and the Jethro Tull song \"Teacher\" as examples of \"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.",
"title": "When I Kissed the Teacher"
},
{
"docid": "21917901",
"text": "Nuova Mama Mia Becicherecu Mic was a Romanian professional football club from Jimbolia, Timiș County, Romania, originally from Becicherecu Mic. History The club was founded in 2002 in the Liga V – Timiș and managed to promote to the Liga III for the first time in their history in 2007, after they won Liga IV-Timiș. They are well known for being the club with the longest name from the national football leagues of Romania. In 2012 they relegated to Liga IV, but managed to return in the Liga III after only one year. The team moved from Becicherecu Mic to Timișoara in the summer of 2015, but after a few time the club return to its home location until the end of the 2015–16 Liga III season. In the spring of 2016 the club was bought by a Romanian businessman from the United States, George Sîngeorzan, who moved, in the summer of 2016, the club again to Timișoara and played for four months on the same CFR Stadium like in 2015. In January 2017, the new owner moved again the club, now, from Timișoara to Jimbolia where they started a collaboration with Marcel Băban Football Academy, a well known youth academy in Romania. Honours Liga III Runners-up (2): 2013–14, 2014–15 Liga IV – Timiș County Winners (2): 2006–07, 2012–13 References Defunct football clubs in Romania Football clubs in Timiș County Association football clubs established in 2002 Association football clubs disestablished in 2018 Liga III clubs Liga IV clubs 2002 establishments in Romania 2018 disestablishments in Romania",
"title": "CS Nuova Mama Mia Becicherecu Mic"
},
{
"docid": "26161220",
"text": "This is a partial list of recordings of songs on which Hal Blaine, a session drummer in the Wrecking Crew, played. A \"All I Have to Do Is Dream\" (Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell) \"All I Know\" (Art Garfunkel) \"All I Wanna Do\" (The Beach Boys) \"Along Comes Mary\" (The Association) \"America\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Andmoreagain\" (Love) \"Annie's Song\" (John Denver) \"Another Saturday Night\" (Sam Cooke) \"Any World (That I'm Welcome To)\" (Steely Dan) \"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\" (The 5th Dimension) \"At the Zoo\" (Simon & Garfunkel) B \"Baby I Need Your Loving\" (Johnny Rivers) \"Baby Talk\" (Jan and Dean) \"Back Home Again\" (John Denver) \"Barbara Ann\" (The Beach Boys) \"Batman Theme\" (The Marketts) \"Be My Baby\" (The Ronettes) \"Be True to Your School\" (The Beach Boys) \"(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up\" (The Ronettes) \"Bless the Beasts and the Children\" (The Carpenters) \"Bossa Nova Baby\" (Elvis Presley) \"The Boxer\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" (Tony Mann) \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" (Johnny Rivers) \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" (Glen Campbell) C \"California Dreamin'\" (The Mamas and the Papas) \"California Girls\" (The Beach Boys) \"Calypso\" (John Denver) \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" (Elvis Presley) \"Can't You Hear the Song?\" (Wayne Newton) \"Cara Mia\" (Jay and the Americans) \"Caroline, No\" (Brian Wilson) \"Cecilia\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Cherish\" (David Cassidy) \"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)\" (Darlene Love) \"Come a Little Bit Closer\" (Jay and the Americans) \"Come and Knock on Our Door\" (theme from the television series Three's Company) \"Come Back When You Grow Up\" (Bobby Vee) \"Come Saturday Morning\" (The Sandpipers) \"Congratulations\" (Paul Simon), track 11 on 1972 album Paul Simon \"Cotton Fields\" (The Beach Boys) \"Count Me In\" (Gary Lewis & the Playboys) \"Could It Be Forever\" (David Cassidy) \"Cracklin' Rosie\" (Neil Diamond) \"Creeque Alley\" (The Mamas and the Papas) D \"Da Doo Ron Ron\" (The Crystals) \"Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast\" (Wayne Newton) \"The Daily Planet\" (Love) \"Dance, Dance, Dance\" (The Beach Boys) \"Darlin'\" (The Beach Boys) \"Dead Man's Curve\" (Jan and Dean) \"Death of a Ladies' Man\" (Leonard Cohen) \"Dedicated to the One I Love\" (The Mamas and the Papas) \"Didn't We\" (Richard Harris) \"Dizzy\" (Tommy Roe) \"Do You Know Where You're Going To\" (theme from the film Mahogany) (Diana Ross) \"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\" (The Partridge Family) \"Don't Pull Your Love\" (Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds) \"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart\" (Dean Martin) \"Drag City\" (Jan and Dean) \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" (The Mamas and the Papas) E \"18 Yellow Roses\" (Bobby Darin) \"El Condor Pasa\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Elusive Butterfly\" (Bob Lind) \"Evangeline\" (Emmylou Harris) \"Eve of Destruction\" (Barry McGuire) \"Everybody Loves a Clown\" (Gary Lewis & the Playboys) \"Everybody Loves Somebody\" (Dean Martin) \"Everything That Touches You\" (The Association) F \"Fakin' It\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"For All We Know\" (The Carpenters) \"Fun, Fun, Fun\" (The Beach Boys) G \"Galveston\" (Glen Campbell)",
"title": "List of song recordings featuring Hal Blaine"
},
{
"docid": "40705751",
"text": "\"I Wonder (Departure)\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \"The Name of the Game\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \"I wonder ... it scares me\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \"maximum emotional leverage\", making it \"the most intimate personal portrait\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \"translate beautifully to the stage\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "I Wonder (Departure)"
},
{
"docid": "16013256",
"text": "\"Chasin' That Neon Rainbow\" is a song written by American country music artist Alan Jackson and Jim McBride, and recorded by Jackson. It was released in September 1990 as the fourth single from Jackson's first album, Here in the Real World. The song peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, behind \"I've Come to Expect It from You\" by George Strait, and number 5 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart. Background and writing Jackson recounts the song's origins in the album notes. \"Jim McBride and I were writing together for the first time. We were talking about my life in Georgia and the experience of playing the honky tonk circuit. I remembered a radio that my daddy won when I was a young child and how my mama used to sing to my sisters and me. I also remembered how my mama hated for me to play in the bars. All those things set the story in motion, and within a few sessions, my life chasing that neon rainbow was set to music.\" Content The song recounts the narrator's life of trying to make it big as a country music artist. Critical reception Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song an A grade,\" calling the song \"memorable\" due to \"an exuberant melody and decidedly country production, but the lyrics are anything but lightweight.\" He goes on to say that the song is \"sung with a humble innocence, exudes boundless gratefulness and optimism for a budding career.\" Music video The music video was directed by Jack Cole and premiered on CMT on September 12, 1990. It depicts Jackson going to a bar to audition as a musical act for the bar. The ending of Jackson's next single (and first Number One), \"I'd Love You All Over Again\", is heard in the beginning of the video at the bar. Peak chart positions Year-end charts References 1990 singles Alan Jackson songs Songs written by Alan Jackson Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks Song recordings produced by Keith Stegall Songs written by Jim McBride (songwriter) Arista Nashville singles 1990 songs",
"title": "Chasin' That Neon Rainbow"
},
{
"docid": "19375301",
"text": "Dogs Is Dogs is a 1931 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Robert F. McGowan. It was the 110th Our Gang short to be released. Plot Youngsters Wheezer and Dorothy live with their wicked stepmother (Blanche Payson) and her bratty son Sherwood – whom they derisively call \"Spud\". Their father seems to be long gone, though Wheezer tearfully observes that since he said he'd come back for them, \"I know he will\". The two-tier class system among the people in the house is reflected by its canine residents: Spud's posh police dog Nero is described by mom as \"a pedigreed animal\" and has the run of the house, while Wheezer's dog Pete \"is nothing but an alley dog\" and is banned from entry. A typical day begins with Pete coming into Wheezer's bedroom through an open window, and Sherwood wastes no time telling on Wheezer, who promptly gets a spanking from six-foot-two-inch Payson. She threatens to send Pete to the pound next time he is found in the house. Wheezer then pops Spud in the face, and Spud screams and cries for his \"mama-mama-mama\". This brings a second barrage of spanking with the attempt to push the stepmother away in between spanks and the threat to throw him and Dorothy into an orphanage if their \"good for nothing\" father does not show up soon. It also brings tender comfort for Wheezer from Dorothy and Pete, whose close-up reveals big lush tears rolling down his concerned snout. Payson then leaves to go downtown and tells Wheezer to not let Sherwood get dirty. Outside, Stymie stops by Pete's doghouse for a chat about how hungry they both are. Stymie wistfully rhapsodizes about the spread he'd put together for both of them, and we cut back repeatedly to Pete, whose mouth is watering at the mention of all the fine food. Stymie arrives at the kitchen door, where Wheezer and Dorothy have only mush to eat, while Spud and Nero enjoy ham and eggs. Spurred by the aromas of the kitchen, Stymie runs a con job on Spud, telling him that ham and eggs can talk: \"I heard 'em talkin' this mornin'\". To disprove it, skeptical Spud cooks up a heapin' frying pan of ham and eggs, then loses interest and goes outside when the egg-to-ham dialogue fails to materialize. Stymie, Wheezer and Dorothy dig in and enjoy the feast. Spud, squatting by the edge of a well, is pushed in – by his own dog. He sends Dickie to get Wheezer. Wheezer and Stymie, stretching and in no great hurry, stroll out \"to see what the trouble is\". They get Spud a rope after teasing him a little while. As they pull him up from the well, he states that he'll be \"telling mother about this\". Wheezer drops the rope and Spud plunges back in. Then as he pulls him out again, Spud swears he will keep this a secret – until Spud gets his feet on the ground and says",
"title": "Dogs Is Dogs"
},
{
"docid": "656355",
"text": "ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"SOS\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Mamma Mia\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \"Tropical Loveland\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \"Intermezzo No. 1\" (early working title: \"Mama\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \"Man in the Middle\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \"The ABBA Remasters\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \"Deluxe Edition\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \"Baby\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \"Rock Me\". \"Baby\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Crazy World\" \"Crazy World\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \"Money, Money, Money\" single in November 1976. \"Crazy World\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\" Recording began on 6 May 1975",
"title": "ABBA (album)"
},
{
"docid": "59666695",
"text": "Mama Mia Trattoria is an Italian restaurant housed in Portland, Oregon's Waldo Block, in the United States. History Lisa Schroeder opened the restaurant in 2004, and served as chef and owner (along with Mother's Bistro), until she sold the business to Barry Brown of Brown Family Restaurants in mid 2011. The restaurant began serving weekend brunch in 2013. Reception Mama Mia Trattoria was named Portland's best Italian restaurant by The Oregonian readers in 2016. The restaurant was also praised for its happy hour options. See also List of Italian restaurants References External links 2004 establishments in Oregon Italian restaurants in Portland, Oregon Restaurants established in 2004 Southwest Portland, Oregon",
"title": "Mama Mia Trattoria"
},
{
"docid": "25011865",
"text": "Hugh William Skinner (born 6 January 1985) is a British actor. He is best known for starring in sitcoms W1A (2014–2017) and The Windsors (2016–present), and his appearances in musical films Les Misérables (2012) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early life Skinner grew up in London and Tunbridge Wells, and attended Eastbourne College from 1998 to 2003. He lived in Perth, Australia, for a year at age four. He graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2006. Career Early work (2007–2015) Skinner's first professional acting role was in the English Touring Theatre's 2007 production of French Without Tears. In addition to his work on stage, he played supporting roles in the BBC series Tess of the D'Urbervilles as Felix Clare in 2008, and Any Human Heart as Lionel in 2010. He also played the role of Joly, one of the student revolutionaries, in the 2012 film of Les Misérables. In the autumn of 2013, Skinner played the role of Luis Carruthers, a closeted gay man who is in love with the show's protagonist, Patrick Bateman, in the world premiere of American Psycho at the Almeida Theatre. He also appeared on the London cast album, which was released in 2016. While performing in American Psycho, he began filming the first series of the comedy W1A, playing the role of Will Humphries, an inept yet endearing intern at the BBC. The first series was released in 2014, with subsequent series airing on BBC2 in 2015 and 2017. Skinner played the role of Dr. Barnaby Ford in the BBC series Our Zoo. He also appeared at the Theatre Royal, Bath as Camille in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Thérèse Raquin, and as Yepikhodov in Simon Stephens' new translation of The Cherry Orchard at the Young Vic. He returned to the Young Vic in the summer of 2015 to play dual roles in Nick Gill's adaptation of The Trial. In the autumn of 2015, it was announced that he had been cast as Unwin Trevaunance, an aspiring Member of Parliament, in the second series of the BBC production of Poldark, which aired in 2016. Breakthrough (2016–present) Skinner starred in The Windsors, a spoof of the British royal family, as Prince William which aired on Channel 4 in 2016. The same year, he had a role in Fleabag, a BBC3 and Amazon production, where he played the protagonist's hapless boyfriend Harry. The following year, he played Sir George Howard in the first series of Harlots, an 18th-century costume drama that premiered on ITV Encore and Hulu in March. Also in 2017, he played a supporting role in Hampstead opposite Diane Keaton and Brendan Gleeson, and appeared in Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Skinner co-starred in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the 2018 sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, in which he played Young Harry, a version of the character originated by Colin Firth in the first film. In 2018 he also starred in the eighth and final",
"title": "Hugh Skinner"
},
{
"docid": "43869300",
"text": "This is a list of drama films of the 1940s. 1940 Brigham Young The Grapes of Wrath The Great Dictator Kitty Foyle Knute Rockne, All American Lillian Russell Rebecca The Letter 1941 Citizen Kane Here Comes Mr. Jordan How Green Was My Valley Meet John Doe Men of Boys Town Sergeant York Suspicion The Little Foxes 1942 Bambi Casablanca Joan of Paris The Magnificent Ambersons Mrs. Miniver The Pied Piper Pride of the Yankees Random Harvest 1943 Day of Wrath For Whom the Bell Tolls Jane Eyre Life and Death of Colonel Blimp So Proudly We Hail! Song of Bernadette Watch on the Rhine 1944 The Children Are Watching Us Going My Way Lifeboat Mr. Skeffington Passage to Marseilles Secret Command Since You Went Away Till We Meet Again To Have and Have Not Wilson 1945 The Bells of St. Mary's Brief Encounter Children of Paradise Corn Is Green I Know Where I'm Going! Leave Her to Heaven Lost Weekend Mildred Pierce Rome Open City The Southerner A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Week-End at the Waldorf 1946 The Best Years of Our Lives Dragonwyck Gilda Great Expectations Humoresque It's a Wonderful Life Minshū no Teki No Regrets for Our Youth Paisà Utamaro and His Five Women 1947 The Bishop's Wife Black Narcissus A Double Life Gentleman's Agreement Miracle on 34th Street Monsieur Verdoux Mourning Becomes Electra Sea of Grass Shoeshine 1948 Another Part of the Forest Bicycle Thieves Corridor of Mirrors Drunken Angel The Fallen Idol Germany Year Zero Hamlet I Remember Mama Johnny Belinda Letter from an Unknown Woman Oliver Twist The Red Shoes The Snake Pit State of the Union 1949 All the King's Men The Blue Lagoon Daleká cesta Federal Agents vs. Underworld, Inc. The File on Thelma Jordon The Heiress Intruder in the Dust Late Spring My Foolish Heart Ostani Etap They Live by Night Under Capricorn References Drama 1940s",
"title": "List of drama films of the 1940s"
},
{
"docid": "64154101",
"text": "Teneisha Phehoma Bonner (31 December 1981 – 11 September 2019) was a Jamaican-born English hip-hop and street dancer of stage and screen. She worked with the groups ZooNation and the Bounce Streetdance Company and as a backup dancer for many top performers in the music industry. Bonner played a role in the film StreetDance 3D and danced in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again and Mary Poppins Returns. Biography Bonner was born in St. Catherine, Jamaica on 31 December 1981. She was the daughter of Yvette Singh and Emanuel Bonner and had four half-siblings, being the eldest child in the family. Bonner was raised by her grandmother until she moved to Peckham in London at age seven to be with her mother and stepfather. She began dancing at Brixton Recreation Centre, and after observing the dance musical Cats aged 13, was inspired to dream for a professional dance career. Bonner had her first open stage auditions with the company RJC Dance and attended local street dance classes, borrowing a key for its drama room to allow her to practice solo during intervals away from school. She joined the BRIT School in Croydon at the age of 16, and obtained her first professional work at 17, performing for the pop singer Dane Bowers, and appearing on the television programmes Top of the Pops and CD:UK, to allow her to pay the school fees. Aged 18, Bonner was awarded a full scholarship to the London Studio Centre by its principal, with her training interrupted by her successfully auditioning for the Bounce Streetdance Company and going on a European and United Kingdom tour of the company's show Insane in The Brain. She was persuaded to completed her scholarship by her teacher after initial hesitance to do so, graduating in 2004. Bonner worked as part of a backup troupes for commercial artists such as Kylie Minogue, Rihanna, Take That, The Black Eyed Peas, Will.i.am and Alesha Dixon on tour. In 2002, she was one of the first dancers on Kate Prince's group ZooNation. Bonner was cast in the lead role of hopeful DJ girl Spinderella in the hip hop show Into the Hoods during its run at the Novello Theatre in the West End in 2008. Luke Jennings, the dance reviewer for The Observer, wrote of her performance \"The piece’s star is undoubtedly Bonner, whose dramatic beauty and fluent line compel the attention whenever she’s on stage\", and Katie Colombus of The Stage concurred, saying Bonner \"really steals the show, dancing with an edge, an energy and sharpness that I’ve never seen before. That same year, she performed at the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. In 2010, Bonner portrayed the hairdresser Shawna in the comedy film StreetDance 3D, and had a featured role in the Sadler's Wells Theatre production of the dance musical Shoes. She danced the role of Kerri in Some Like It Hip Hop at the Peacock Theatre in 2011, earning her the Critics' Choice National Dance Outstanding Female Performance (Modern) Award",
"title": "Teneisha Bonner"
},
{
"docid": "72568069",
"text": "Ava Brennan (born 7 January 1987) is an English film and theatre actress from Liverpool, Merseyside, England. She is best known for her portrayal of Nala in the musical The Lion King in the West End and in Hamburg. Biography Brennan grew up in Liverpool and attended Belvedere girls’ school. She trained at the Loretta Legge Theatre School in Maghull, where she learned ballet, modern dance and tap dance, and later joined the National Youth Music Theatre, appearing on stage in London aged 15 in Oklahoma! Theatre Ava Brennan's theatre credits, including Nala in The Lion King (West End), Luisa Vampa in The Count of Monte Cristo, Mercedes in Miami Nights, Dynamite in Hairspray, Cover Aida in Aida, and Ikette in Tina (musical), as well as appearances in Aladdin and Oklahoma!. Brennan also played the female lead Angelica in Lin Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton in London’s West End, she appears as Fantine in Boublil and Schönberg’s Les Misérables at London’s Sondheim Theatre In 2023 Brennan was cast in a leading role in the captivating new musical stage adaptation of The Secret Life of Bees based on the best-selling novel by Sue Monk Kidd at the Almeida Theatre in North London. Film Ava Brennan has appeared in the following movies: Beauty and the Beast, Mama Mia! Here We Go Again, Hellboy and Rocket Man. She also performed as a singer in the famous TV production West Side Stories: The Making of a Classic and Blue Peter. Brennan plays series regular Vee in season 4 of Top Boy for Netflix. References Living people 1987 births",
"title": "Ava Brennan"
},
{
"docid": "17019742",
"text": "Gary Michael Goetzman (born November 6, 1952) is an American film and television producer and actor, and co-founder of the production company Playtone with actor Tom Hanks. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Goetzman began his career as a child actor. He had starred in the film Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball, appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, and eventually started a waterbed company and pinball arcade. Goetzman at one time delivered a waterbed to Jon Peters's home. His exploits as a performer and a salesman inspired his friend Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza. In 1984, he produced the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense with director Jonathan Demme. That initiated a successful run as a music supervisor, on such films as Something Wild, Colors, Modern Girls and Married to the Mob, among many others. In 1991, producer Goetzman and director Demme again collaborated to make The Silence of the Lambs, which garnered the top five Academy Awards including Best Picture. In 1993, Goetzman was executive producer of Demme's Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks, beginning a working relationship with Hanks. Goetzman co-produced Hanks's 1996 directorial debut, That Thing You Do! The two then co-founded Playtone in 1998. Since then, Goetzman has produced hit films including My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Polar Express, Charlie Wilson's War and Mamma Mia! Goetzman has also received several Emmy Awards for HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, The Pacific, John Adams, Game Change and Olive Kitteridge. Aside from producing films, Goetzman has been known to play small parts in movies he is connected to. He has also enjoyed a successful parallel career as a music composer and producer, working with such artists as Smokey Robinson, Natalie Cole, Jane Child, Thelma Houston, and The Staples Singers. He currently sits on the National board of directors for the Producers Guild of America. Goetzman is executive producer (with Tom Hanks and Mark Herzog) of the CNN exclusive documentary miniseries The Sixties (2014), The Seventies (2015), The Eighties (2016), and The Nineties (2017). Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Producer Modern Girls (1986) Miami Blues (1990) Amos & Andrew (1993) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) That Thing You Do! (1996) Beloved (1998) My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) The Polar Express (2004) The Ant Bully (2006) Starter for 10 (2006) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) The Great Buck Howard (2008) Mamma Mia! (2008) City of Ember (2008) Where the Wild Things Are (2009) Larry Crowne (2011) Parkland (2013) Ricki and the Flash (2015) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) A Hologram for the King (2016) The Circle (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Greyhound (2020) News of the World (2020) A Man Called Otto (2022) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 (2023) Executive producer The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Philadelphia (1993) Evan Almighty (2007) My Life in Ruins (2009) Ithaca (2015) As an actor Music department Soundtrack Production manager Thanks Television As an actor",
"title": "Gary Goetzman"
},
{
"docid": "36074412",
"text": "A God That Can Dance is the second and final studio album from Los Angeles-based musician Paul Delph, released privately in 1996 and officially in 2003. Background A God That Can Dance was privately released to family and friends in 1996. It chronicles Delph's struggle with HIV/AIDS and draws its title from a quote attributed in the liner notes to Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 – 1900): \"I would believe only in a God that knew how to dance.\" — Thus Spoke Zarathustra Writing and recording The album was produced by Delph and Paul Marcus, who also wrote the majority of the material together. The album was engineered by Delph and Jim McMahon. It was recorded at Magic Bus Studio, Magic Studio, and The Aspen Studio, and mastered by Wally Traugott at Capitol Mastering, California. Both \"Eternity Spin\" and \"The Dance at the End of Time\" was written by American singer-songwriter Jimmie Spheeris. In 1983-4, he returned to the studio to record a new album that was produced by Delph, however he was killed by a drunken driver in 1984. The album, titled Spheeris, wasn't released commercially until 2000. In \"Mad at God\", the second verse speaks of Spheeris, where Delph questions whether his \"best friend had to die\", relating to the fatal motorcycle crash Spheeris was involved with. \"Breath of Life\" features vocal from singer and friend Vida Vierra. \"Mama Don't Cry\" is directed to Delph's parents. \"Kyrie\" was written by Medieval French poet and composer Guillaume de Machaut. \"Let Yourself Go\" was later used in the final scene of the 1999 US romantic comedy film Deal of a Lifetime. In 2003, to promote the release of the album, a radio broadcast on KOOP FM 91.7 in Austin, Texas, featured album personnel Paul Marcus, Vida Vierra, Doug Lunn and Andy Markley. Marcus commented: \"Paul and I worked closely on the album, we'd been writing songs for about fifteen years, and he found out he was HIV positive and then finally told me. Slowly but surely we started writing these songs that were sort of a song cycle, and we didn't really realise that until about half way through, but it was basically documenting what he went through and what we were going through. It was very exciting, incredibly sad, and always powerful - what had happened - all the recording that went on during the sessions. Most of it happened in this Magic Bus, somebody had left a 24-track recording studio on a bus in Malibu, and said Paul, here you can use this.\" Recalling \"Mama Don't Cry\", Marcus said: \"I remember when he wrote \"Mama Don't Cry\", it came out of a conversation where I said 'you gotta tell your folks, you've got to tell them', if he wanted to protect them as he's a sweet guy who doesn't want anyone to hurt. And he did, and one of his ways of telling his mother was to write the song.\"Three days after Delph's death, his mother, June, published a letter",
"title": "A God That Can Dance"
},
{
"docid": "39720840",
"text": "If I Stay is a 2014 American teen romantic drama film directed by R. J. Cutler and based on the 2009 novel of the same name by Gayle Forman. The film stars Chloë Grace Moretz, Mireille Enos, Joshua Leonard, and Stacy Keach. It was released on August 22, 2014, grossing $78.9million worldwide against a budget of $11 million. The film received mixed reviews, with the Rotten Tomatoes consensus calling it \"more manipulative than moving\", although Moretz's performance was praised. Plot Mia Hall and her family are getting ready to go on with their normal day activities when it is announced on the radio that school has been canceled. Mia's father, Denny, is a teacher and as a result of the snow day does not have to go to work. Mia's mother, Kat, a travel agent, decides to call in sick and along with her family and Mia's brother Teddy so they can get on the road to visit Mia's grandparents, who live on a farm. The story flashes back to Mia's early life with a rockstar father and an inexperienced mother, when one day they take Mia to a music class where Mia decides that she wants to start playing the cello. After her parents see that Mia is passionate about the cello, they hire a teacher to help her play. Kat is shown pregnant with Teddy, whom Mia thinks is the reason for her father's departure from his band. Years later, an adolescent Mia is still passionate about the cello and is playing at school in the band room where Adam Wilde, a popular student and up-and-coming rockstar, peeks in on her playing. This leads him to ask Kim, Mia's best friend, about her. Adam then asks Mia out on a date to a cello recital, where they kiss. The story flashes back to the present day, where the family is driving to the grandparents' farm, before their car suddenly collides with an oncoming truck. Mia appears to have an out-of-body experience where she finds herself barefoot and sees her body lying on the road while paramedics are trying to help her and her family. Mia tries to ask a paramedic what is happening, but realizes that no one can see or hear her. Mia, now in the hospital, panics as she does not know the current status of any of her family members when they take her in for surgery. A sympathetic nurse, Nurse Ramirez, tells Mia—her physical body, not Mia's spirit, which apparently she cannot see either—that it is up to her whether or not she wants to stay. The story flashes back once again to Mia attending one of Adam's concerts with his band Willamette Stone, where she does not seem to fit in. Adam's band is steadily gaining more recognition and gets signed to a label, which puts a strain on their relationship due to the travel schedule. While at dinner, Mia's grandpa suggests that she should apply to Juilliard, an idea which she initially",
"title": "If I Stay (film)"
},
{
"docid": "15642908",
"text": "\"My Love, My Life\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \"My Love, My Life\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \"Monsieur, Monsieur\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \"My Love, My Life\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson",
"title": "My Love, My Life"
},
{
"docid": "47713564",
"text": "Alexa Davies is a Welsh actress best known for her roles as Aretha in Raised by Wolves, Kate in Detectorists, Yvonne in Cradle to Grave, young Rosie in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and Meg in Dead Pixels. She grew up in Rhyl, Denbighshire. Filmography Film Television References External links 1995 births Welsh television actresses Welsh film actresses People from Rhyl Living people 21st-century Welsh actresses",
"title": "Alexa Davies"
},
{
"docid": "59664766",
"text": "Mia and the White Lion () is a 2018 family adventure film directed by Gilles de Maistre. The film stars Daniah de Villiers, Mélanie Laurent, and Langley Kirkwood. It was released in France on December 26, 2018 and in the United States on April 12, 2019. Plot Ten year old Mia Owen has her life turned upside down when her family decides to leave London to manage a lion farm in Africa. When a beautiful white lion, Charlie, is born, Mia finds happiness once again and develops a special bond with the growing cub. When Charlie grows too old to be kept in the house, Mia's father, John, decides to place the growing lion into an enclosure away from all human contact. When Mia's brother, Mick, is injured by Charlie, Mia's parents forbid her from interacting with Charlie - if she does, they will sell him for money. However, Mia defies her father's instructions not to interact with Charlie. In retaliation, her father opts to sell Charlie - Mia is shocked to discover that the farm she lives on is selling lions to be shot by trophy hunters to make money. She becomes determined to save Charlie from this cruel practice so she drives across South Africa with him intending to release him into the Timbavati Game Reserve - a refugee for the iconic white lions. However, a trophy hunter named Dirk who does business with John has his heart set on making Charlie his next trophy and sets out across the country to get him. Mia's family also go after them with the intention of stopping the government from having Mia imprisoned for harboring a dangerous predator. Mia and Charlie arrive at the Timbavati Game Reserve, where Dirk and his companion ambush them. Charlie manages to attack Dirk and escape with Mia. Mia's family and the police spot Charlie and Mia entering the Game Reserve - the police attempt to shoot Charlie but cannot do so once he is safely in the reserve. Sometime later, Mia and her family revisit the Timbavati Game Reserve and are delighted to see that Charlie has mated with a lioness and has a litter of cubs. Cast Daniah De Villiers as Mia Owen Thor as Charlie the lion Langley Kirkwood as John Owen Mélanie Laurent as Alice Owen Ryan Mac Lennan as Mick Owen Lionel Newton as Kevin Lillian Dube as Jodie Brandon Auret as Dirk Production Directed by French director Gilles de Maistre, the expansive production was filmed over the course of three years so that the film's young stars Daniah De Villiers and Ryan Mac Lennon could bond and develop real relationships with the lions and other animals that appear in the film. The scenes between the actors and the animals in the film are real and not reliant on CGI. Mélanie Laurent, Langley Kirkwood, Brandon Auret and Lillian Dube also star. Kevin Richardson, a lion expert also known as the \"Lion Whisperer\", oversaw the entire production process and all interactions",
"title": "Mia and the White Lion"
},
{
"docid": "3735183",
"text": "Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an",
"title": "Catherine Johnson (playwright)"
},
{
"docid": "34081868",
"text": "Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \"the greatest showbiz impresario\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \"The Winner Takes It All\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\") and \"highly savvy writer\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to",
"title": "Judy Craymer"
},
{
"docid": "3685331",
"text": "Godstow is a hamlet about northwest of the centre of Oxford. It lies on the banks of the River Thames between the villages of Wolvercote to the east and Wytham to the west. The ruins of Godstow Abbey, also known as Godstow Nunnery, are here. A bridge spans the Thames and the Trout Inn is at the foot of the bridge across the river from the abbey ruins. There is also a weir and Godstow lock. History Godstow Abbey (see detailed history below) was built here, starting in 1133. It housed an order of Benedictine nuns. Rosamund Clifford, the mistress of King Henry II, retired here and died at 30 in about 1177. Her grave is somewhere in the grounds but now lost. The abbey was suppressed in 1539 under the Second Act of Dissolution. The abbey was then converted into Godstow House by George Owen. It was occupied by his family until 1645, when the building was badly damaged in the English Civil War. After this damage, the building fell into disrepair and was used by the locals as a source of stone for their buildings. A stone bridge was in existence in 1692 and an earlier one was probably that held by the Royalists against Parliamentarians in 1644, during the Civil War. Godstow House itself was fortified as part of the defences of Royalist Oxford against the Parliamentary army at the Siege of Oxford. By the Thames at Lower Wolvercote and Godstow is a 17th-century public house, The Trout Inn, close to Godstow Bridge. The current bridge, in two spans, was built in 1792, the southern span being rebuilt in 1892. Godstow Lock was built here in 1790. In Victorian times, Charles Dodgson (aka Lewis Carroll) brought Alice Liddell (aka Alice in Wonderland) and her sisters, Edith and Lorina, for river trips and picnics at Godstow. The ruins of Godstow Abbey were used as a backdrop in the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again during the musical number \"When I Kissed The Teacher\". History of Godstow Abbey Godstow Abbey was built on what was then an island between streams running into the River Thames. The site was given to the founder Edith de Launceline, in 1133 by John of St. John Edith was the widow of William and she had been living alone in Binsey in Oxfordshire, before deciding to found a group of nuns. The abbey was built in local limestone in honour of St Mary and St John the Baptist for Benedictine nuns; with a further gift of land from him, the site was later enlarged. The church was consecrated in 1139 in the presence of King Stephen. The Bishop of Lincoln confirms that it was Edith's money and will that created the community although she had enjoyed support from Henry I of England. The abbey was again enlarged between 1176 and 1188 when Henry II gave the establishment £258 (which included £100 for the church), 40,000 shingles, 4,000 laths, and a large quantity of",
"title": "Godstow"
},
{
"docid": "68620154",
"text": "Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \"Just a Notion\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \"Little Things\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \"ABBAtar\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \"Just a Notion\", was",
"title": "Voyage (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "55471191",
"text": "Josh Dylan (born 19 January 1994) is a British actor. He is best known for his role as Captain Adam Hunter in Allied (2016), as well as Young Bill in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Career Josh Dylan trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. In 2017, Dylan starred in the Orange Tree Theatre's production of Sheppey, directed by Paul Miller and won the 2017 Off West End Award for Best Supporting Actor. Filmography Film Television Stage Awards and nominations References External links 1994 births 21st-century English male actors Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors Living people Male actors from London People educated at Ardingly College",
"title": "Josh Dylan"
},
{
"docid": "57917036",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack"
},
{
"docid": "56818610",
"text": "This article lists feature-length British films and full-length documentaries that have had their premieres in 2018 and were at least partly produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom. It does not feature short films, medium-length films, made-for-TV films, pornographic films, filmed theater, VR films and interactive films like Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. It also does not include films screened in previous years that had official release dates in 2018. British co-productions like Bohemian Rhapsody, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again garnered positive reviews and collectively grossed more than $1.5 billion in the Box Office worldwide. Small independent films like The Wife, Three Identical Strangers and At Eternity's Gate performed well in the Specialty Box Office, screening in a limited number of theaters. 2018 was expected to be the best year for British box office since 1971 with Avengers: Infinity War, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Incredibles 2, Black Panther, Bohemian Rhapsody, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Peter Rabbit and The Greatest Showman breaking £40 million at the British box office. Also included is an overview of five awards ceremonies which are major events in British film: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards. Film premieres January – March April – June July – September October – December Other premieres Culturally British Films The following list comprises films not produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom but is strongly associated with British culture. The films in this list should fulfill at least 3 of the following criteria: The film is adapted from a British source material. The story is at least partially set in the United Kingdom. The film was at least partially shot in the United Kingdom. Many of the film's cast and crew members are British. British winners Listed here are the British winners and nominees at the four most prestigious film award ceremonies in the English-speaking world: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards, that were held during 2018, celebrating the best films of 2017. The British nominations were led by Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Dunkirk, and Darkest Hour, with Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri winning awards in the major categories and Dunkirk going on to win large numbers of technical awards, whilst Gary Oldman won multiple best leading actor awards for his portrayal of Sir Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. British films did, however, notably lose out to The Shape of Water from USA. Academy Awards The 90th Academy Awards honoring the best films of 2017 were held on March 4, 2018. British winners: Darkest Hour (Best Actor, Best Makeup and Hairstyling) Dunkirk (Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, Best Film Editing) The Silent Child (Best Live Action Short Film) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor) Alex Gibson (Best Sound Editing) – Dunkirk Chris Overton (Best Live Action Short Film) – The Silent Child David",
"title": "List of British films of 2018"
},
{
"docid": "1971622",
"text": "The Heckling Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on July 5, 1941, and featuring Bugs Bunny and a dopey dog named Willoughby. The cartoon was directed by Tex Avery, written by Michael Maltese, animated by soon-to-be director Robert McKimson, and with musical direction by Carl W. Stalling. In a style that was becoming typical of the Bugs character, he easily outwitted and tormented his antagonist through the short, his only concern being what to do next to the dog. This is the second-to-last Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Tex Avery to be released following a dispute with producer Leon Schlesinger during production (see \"Original Ending\" below). The last, All This and Rabbit Stew, was produced before this film. Additionally, it was the fifth cartoon for Bugs and the 55th cartoon Avery directed at Warner Bros. The Merrie Melodies opening sequence also featured the first usage of the Warner Bros. shield logo zooming in with a carrot-munching Bugs Bunny lying on top of it. Here, after the zoom-in and a couple of bites of his carrot, Bugs pulls down the Merrie Melodies title screen like it is a shade. Plot Instead of Elmer Fudd, Bugs is hunted by a dog named Willoughby, but the dog falls for every trap Bugs sets for him until they both fall off a cliff at the end. Voice cast Mel Blanc as Bugs Bunny Kent Rogers as Willoughby the Dog Home media This cartoon appears in restored form on the DVD Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2. It is also included, unrestored, on Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3 as part of the 1990 TV special What's Up Doc? A Salute to Bugs Bunny. Original ending This is the cartoon that led to Avery leaving Warner Bros. and moving to MGM. The final gag of this cartoon originally had Bugs and Willoughby falling off three cliffs, with Bugs telling the audience \"Well! Here we go again!\" during the second and third trip down. Schlesinger intervened for reasons that are not known with certainty. It has been claimed that Bugs' line was \"Hold on to your hats, folks. Here we go again!\", referring to a dirty joke that was then in circulation. However, this line does not appear in the film's dialogue transcript; a similar line had been used in Daffy Duck and Egghead (1938, coincidentally also directed by Avery) where Daffy Duck tells the audience, \"Hold your seats, folks, here we go again!\" just before launching into his own take on The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down. Another story is that Schlesinger feared that Tex Avery had killed off Bugs Bunny by ending the cartoon with Bugs and Willoughby falling off the second cliff without a clear indication of whether or not the two survived. According to Martha Sigall, Schlesinger found the second fall to be repetitious and objected to its inclusion on those grounds. He instructed Avery to cut it, but Avery insisted that it should remain. Schlesinger simply overruled him as the boss. Karl",
"title": "The Heckling Hare"
},
{
"docid": "71791370",
"text": "Amanda Seyfried is an American actress who has received numerous accolades throughout her career. Seyfried came to prominence following her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), for which she received an MTV Movie & TV Award. She then appeared in the romantic comedy films Dear John and Letters to Juliet (both 2010), earning various nominations at the Teen Choice Awards, and the black comedy horror Jennifer's Body (2009), which won her a second MTV Movie & TV Award. She starred in the ABBA-inspired musicals Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), for which she was nominated for two People's Choice Awards, and the period musical Les Misérables (2012), which earned her a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Seyfried received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020), earning nominations in the Best Supporting Actress category at the Academy Awards, AACTA International Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and Golden Globe Awards. This acclaim continued for her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the drama miniseries The Dropout (2022), for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film. Awards and nominations Notes References External links Seyfried, Amanda",
"title": "List of awards and nominations received by Amanda Seyfried"
},
{
"docid": "3239690",
"text": "Here We Go Again may refer to: Film and television Here We Go Again (film), a 1942 American comedy film Here We Go Again (1973 TV series), an American sitcom starring Larry Hagman Here We Go Again (2016 TV series), an American sitcom starring LaToya Luckett and Wendy Raquel Robinson Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, a 2018 British-American jukebox musical film sequel based on the music of ABBA Music Albums Here We Go Again (Demi Lovato album) or the title song (see below), 2009 Here We Go Again (pureNRG album) or the title song, 2008 Here We Go Again (SR-71 album) or the title song, 2004 Here We Go Again!, by the Kingston Trio, 1959 Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles, a tribute album by Willie Nelson, Wynton Marsalis, and Norah Jones, 2011 Here We Go Again, or the title song, by Joey McIntyre, 2009 Here We Go Again, by Red Steagall, 2007 Here We Go Again, an EP by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 1995 Songs \"Here We Go Again\" (Aretha Franklin song), 1998 \"Here We Go Again\" (Demi Lovato song), 2009 \"Here We Go Again\" (Glenn Miller song), 1944 \"Here We Go Again\" (Governor song), 2010 \"Here We Go Again\" (Ray Charles song), 1967; covered by several performers \"Here We Go Again\" (Sigma song), 2019 \"Here We Go Again\", by Danger Mouse and Jemini from Ghetto Pop Life, 2003 \"Here We Go Again\", by Dave Mason and Cass Elliot from Dave Mason & Cass Elliot, 1971 \"Here We Go Again\", by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince from He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper, 1988 \"Here We Go Again\", by DMX from ... And Then There Was X, 1999 \"Here We Go Again\", by the Hives from Barely Legal, 1997 \"Here We Go Again\", by John Lennon from Menlove Ave., 1986 \"Here We Go Again\", by Laila from Hello Laila, 1998 \"Here We Go Again\", by Marshmello from Joytime III, 2019 \"Here We Go Again\", by New Found Glory from Tip of the Iceberg, 2008 \"Here We Go Again\", by Operation Ivy from Energy, 1989 \"Here We Go Again\", by Paramore from All We Know Is Falling, 2005 \"Here We Go Again\", by Pixie Lott from Turn It Up, 2009 \"Here We Go Again!\", by Portrait from Portrait, 1992 \"Here We Go Again\", by Sara Paxton \"Here We Go Again\", by Subnoize Souljaz from Droppin Bombs, 2006 \"Here We Go Again (Bump 2000)\", by Kottonmouth Kings from High Society, 2000 \"Here We Go Again (I Love Lake Tahoe)\", by A from Monkey Kong, 1999 See also Here We Go (disambiguation) Here I Go Again (disambiguation) \"Here We Go... Again\", by the Weeknd, 2022",
"title": "Here We Go Again"
},
{
"docid": "62851037",
"text": "ACS Fortuna Becicherecu Mic, commonly known as Fortuna Becicherecu Mic, is a Romanian football club based in Becicherecu Mic, Timiș County. The team was founded in 2016 and is currently playing in the Liga III, third tier of the Romanian football system, after promoting at the end of the 2018–19 season. Starting with the summer of 2020, Fortuna entered in a collaboration with ASU Politehnica Timișoara, basically becoming its unofficial satellite or second team. History Fortuna Becicherecu Mic was founded in the summer of 2016, when CS Nuova Mama Mia Becicherecu Mic moved from Becicherecu Mic to Timișoara, then Jimbolia. The new entity was formed and also took over the women's team of Nuova Mama Mia, including all of the players and staff, the equipment and the sports facilities under the name of ACS Fortuna Becicherecu Mic, thus insuring the continuity of the team under a new name. For this reason, the Romanian Football Federation allowed the women's team to keep its place in the second tier league, even though a third tier was created in 2016. On the other side, the men's team had to take it all over again, starting with the lowest league in Timiș County, Liga VI. However, in these difficult conditions, the \"white and reds\" managed three successive promotions. The first season of liga III, they finished 3rd, their best performance to date. The following two seasons they finished 10th. The last season the series had only 10 teams so the 10th position meant relegation. Honours Leagues Liga IV – Timiș County Winners (1): 2018–19 Liga V – Timiș County Winners (1): 2017–18 Liga VI – Timiș County Winners (1): 2016–17 Cups Cupa României – Timiș County Winners (1): 2017–18 Club officials Board of directors Current technical staff League history References External links Association football clubs established in 2016 Football clubs in Timiș County Liga III clubs Liga IV clubs 2016 establishments in Romania",
"title": "ACS Fortuna Becicherecu Mic"
},
{
"docid": "11693052",
"text": "Craig David Ross is an American guitarist, best known for his work with singer Lenny Kravitz. Early life Craig Ross was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. He borrowed a guitar from a neighbor's garage at age eight. He began playing the music of the Beatles and Chuck Berry, his early influences. Career Before the age of 16, Ross started playing the Los Angeles clubs and formed the band the Broken Homes 1980s, with Ross performing under the stage name Kreg Ross. They opened for prominent musicians including Stevie Ray Vaughan, INXS, and Jerry Lee Lewis while doing club gigs with bands such as Guns N' Roses and Jane's Addiction. The band signed with MCA Records to release three albums in the 1980s, on which they worked with producers such as Andy Johns. This seminal period gave Ross his start in professional musical work. He describes his musical influences include Freddie King, Albert King, Jimi Hendrix, and Jimmy Page. A \"chance meeting\" in an Los Angeles pool hall with Lenny Kravitz (facilitated by Kathy Valentine of the Go-Go's) led to a long-tenured musical partnership. After touring with Kravitz for 1991's \"Mama Said\", Craig joined Lenny in the studio, co-writing and playing guitars on his track \"Are You Gonna Go My Way\", an anthem that helped elevate Kravitz's career. The collaboration continued with stand-out solos on tracks such as \"Believe\" and \"Is There Any love in Your Heart\". Ross has since written and performed instruments on each of Kravitz's albums, as well as for other artists including Sheryl Crow, Mick Jagger, B.B. King, Eric Clapton, The Black Crowes, and Nikka Costa, among others. Ross co-wrote the songs \"Spinning Around Over You\", \"Are You Gonna Go My Way\", \"Is There Any Love in Your Heart\", \"Where Are We Runnin'?\", \"Stillness of Heart\", and \"Lady\" with Kravitz, as well as various songs on Kravitz's 2008 album It Is Time for a Love Revolution. He also toured with Kravitz, most notably at the Glastonbury Festival in 1999. Ross and Kravitz performed at the 2012 Kennedy Center Honors tribute to Led Zeppelin, covering their 1969 song \"Whole Lotta Love\". Ross played on The Black Crowes 2001 album, Lions on the track \"Greasy Grass River\", as well as on the band's former guitarist Marc Ford's first solo album, It's About Time in 2003. Personal life Ross has two daughters named Mia and Devon with his first wife Anna. Since 2014, he has been married to Spanish actress Goya Toledo. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American rock guitarists American male guitarists Guitarists from Los Angeles",
"title": "Craig Ross"
},
{
"docid": "55312089",
"text": "Beyond Brotherhood () is a 2017 Panamanian drama film directed by Arianne Benedetti. It was selected as the Panamanian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated. Plot Two siblings, Joshua and Mia, are orphaned when their parents are killed in a domestic accident. Before she dies, their mother asks Joshua to promise always to take care of Mia, but the two of them are sent to separate orphanages. They escape, and grow up together on the streets. When they are older, they discover that their parents' insurance company failed to contact them after the accident, and the money they receive enables them to open a restaurant. Mia also wins a scholarship to study psychology and falls in love with her professor, Chris Vianni. This creates tension between her and Joshua. Despite their differences, he steps in to protect her when he sees her being harassed by a man in a bar, and this sets into motion a tragic train of events. Cast Drew Fuller as Chris Vianni Eric Roberts as Buelo Chino Valerie Domínguez as Mia Bedi Robin Duran as Joshua Bedi Maria Conchita Alonso as Puchy Juana Viale as Mama Arianne Benedetti as Mani Rombo See also List of submissions to the 90th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of Panamanian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film References External links 2017 films 2017 drama films Panamanian drama films 2010s Spanish-language films",
"title": "Beyond Brotherhood"
},
{
"docid": "41988044",
"text": "Alan MacDonald (c. 1956 – 30 August 2017) was a British production designer. He was best known for his work on The Queen (2006), which earned him nominations for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film and Best Technical Achievement at the British Independent Film Awards, and for the Rajasthan-set The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) which earned him a nomination for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film. In 2013, he designed the sets for the Academy Award-nominated film Philomena. He had also been a production designer for a number of advertisements for global firms including Coca-Cola, Levi's, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, and was the theatrical designer for Kylie Minogue's 2002 \"KylieFever2002\" tour. Filmography Absurd (1989) (short) Tunnel of Love (1991) (short) Man to Man (1992) Remembrance of Things Fast: True Stories Visual Lies (1994; Art Director) Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998) Rogue Trader (1998) Nora (2000) The Jacket (2005) Kinky Boots (2005) The Queen (2006) The Edge of Love (2008) Chéri (2009) Tamara Drewe (2010) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) Philomena (2013) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2 (2015) The Program (2015) Sing Street (2016) Victoria & Abdul (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Personal life and death He suffered from bipolar disorder. MacDonald died by suicide at his Covent Garden home on 31 August 2017, after spending two weeks as an in-patient at the private Nightingale Hospital at a cost of £20,000. His last two film credits, Victoria & Abdul (2017) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), were dedicated to his memory. References External links 1950s births 2017 deaths British film designers Date of birth missing Suicides in Greater London People with bipolar disorder",
"title": "Alan MacDonald (production designer)"
},
{
"docid": "42472606",
"text": "Lady Linn (born 27 april 1981, in Sint-Amandsberg) is the artist name of the Belgian singer Lien De Greef. She does live performances with her group Lady Linn And Her Magnificent Seven. The band brings a mix of jazz, pop and soul. Biography De Greef grew up in the East-Flemish town of Serskamp, a part of the community Wichelen and now lives in Ghent, where she also teaches at the Music Academy and the Institute for Music and Dance (MUDA). She studied jazz and light music at the Conservatory of Ghent. After she graduated in 2004, she became the lead singer of Bolchi, a pop group in Ghent led by Jeroen De Pessemier and which currently does live acts with Foxylane and The Subs. Apart from that, she is also the singer of the hip hop band Skeemz. She can also be heard as backing vocal at the CD Over & weer (2008) by Eva De Roovere and the CD Humanoid and single Call on me (both 1999) from Marjan Debaene. She also took care of the singing parts for DJ Red D because of which she could be seen often in Belgian and international house scene. A last project in which Lien participates is \"Howie and Linn\". But, because of her affection for jazz in 2004 she let herself surround with seven musicians, and during two years she toured with covers of jazz and swing songs from the 1930s and 1940s. From 2006 on they also started bringing own songs, which resulted in the CD 'Here we go Again' in February 2008. This CD is filled with tracks by De Greef herself, except for one title. With this CD and the corresponding singles they broke through in Flanders and they scored several hits like 'A Love Affair' and 'That's Allright'. In April 2009 they obtained gold with 15,000 sold copies and shortly after even platinum. That period she also stood on the Hotlist of Studio Brussel with her cover of \"I Don't Wanna Dance\" by Eddy Grant. On 6 February 2009 De Greef won one of the 2008 Music Industry Awards (MIA), namely that in the category of best female artist ahead of Natalia, Sandrine and Kate Ryan. She was also nominated in the category \"breakthrough of the year\", and she immediately went home with the main prize. Later in that year, on 8 August, she received the Radio 2 Summer Hit-trophy in Westende. On 8 January 2010 Lady Linn and Her Magnificent Seven won the MIA for best pop artist and that of best female solo artist. In 2012, their album No Goodbye at all'' became their second album to reach the golden status. Discography References External links Official website Living people 1981 births 21st-century Belgian women singers 21st-century Belgian singers",
"title": "Lady Linn"
},
{
"docid": "29070158",
"text": "Mama grizzly is a term that former U.S. vice presidential candidate and Alaska governor Sarah Palin coined to refer to herself that has since been applied to female candidates she supported or endorsed in the 2010 U.S. midterm elections (collectively called mama grizzlies). Palin first used the term in a May 2010 speech at a fundraiser for the Susan B. Anthony List, an anti-abortion women's group, and used it in a July 2010 YouTube video produced by SarahPAC, Palin's political action committee, for the 2010 elections. The persona largely served as a device by which Palin could \"blend [her] feminine and masculine qualities and capabilities.\" By September 2010, mama grizzly was deemed to be \"part of the lexicon\" of the election by Newsweek magazine. It has never been made clear if the term is meant to refer to all women candidates supported by the former governor, or if it is just a general concept about real-life moms entering politics because they fear for their children's future. Background The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), a subspecies of the brown bear (Ursus arctos), is known for its aggressiveness; females are especially protective of their young. The state of Alaska is home to more than 70 percent of the grizzly population in the world. During her tenure as Governor, Palin chose a design showing a grizzly bear grasping a salmon in its mouth as Alaska's contribution to the 50 State Quarters series of commemorative coins. At the April 2007 unveiling of the design, Palin said, \"I like to think this is a mama grizzly doing what she does best: taking care of her young.\" Usage Palin as a mama grizzly Nearly one year later, while promoting the Alaska natural gas pipeline project to federal officials in Washington D.C., Palin said, \"Don't tell me that we should ever be on our knees to any dictator because of our desperation for energy, not when we have supplies here at home.\" Referring to her son's imminent deployment to the Iraq War zone, she added, \"This mama grizzly ... has more reason than ever to protect our young.\" By October 2008, Palin's usage of the bear metaphor to describe herself was reported in a New York Times article, \"Provoking Palin's Inner Bear,\" which quotes her as saying that negative media coverage about her children makes, \"the mama grizzly bear in me [come] out, makes me want to rear up on my hind legs and say, 'Wait a minute.'\" Soon, other media outlets began picking up on Palin's self-description. In January 2009, Margery Eagan of the Boston Herald penned a column, \"Unbearable Mama Grizzly clawing way to Oval Office\" in which she noted that a YouTube interview of Palin had nearly three quarters of a million views, proving \"that mama 'grizzly,' as she called herself, remains irresistible.\" The Vancouver, Washington newspaper, The Columbian, commented in January 2009 that, \"Sarah Palin is on the prowl, snorting that when the media poke fun at her family, it brings out the",
"title": "Mama grizzly"
},
{
"docid": "54263853",
"text": "The Smooth Tour was the fourth headlining concert tour by the American country music duo Florida Georgia Line. The tour of the United States was in support of their third studio album, Dig Your Roots (2016). It began on June 3, 2017, in Austin, Texas, and concluded on October 21, 2017, in Alpharetta, Georgia. Background In February 2017, Florida Georgia Line announced the tour. Opening acts Backstreet Boys Russell Dickerson Ryan Hurd Chris Lane Nelly Morgan Wallen Setlists {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFFF00; font-size: 100%; width: 59%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | header = Smooth Tour Setlist | content = Florida Georgia Line \"Anything Goes\" \"Smile\" \"Round Here\" \"Confession\" \"Dig Your Roots\" \"May We All\" \"Dirt\" \"Sippin' on Fire\" \"H.O.L.Y.\" \"God, Your Mama, and Me\" \"Sun Daze\" \"Get Your Shine On\" \"This Is How We Roll\" Encore \"Hot in Herre \"Cruise (Remix)\" Nelly \"Party People\" \"E.I\" \"Where the Party At\" \"Where the Party At\" \"Batter Up\" \"Air Force Ones\" \"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)\" \"Ride Wit Me\" \"The Fix\" \"Die a Happy Man\" \"Sounds Good to Me\" \"Get Like Me\" \"Grillz\" \"Move that Body\" \"All I Do Is Win/Fake Love/That's What I Like\" \"Body On Me\" \"Over and Over\" \"Dilemma\" \"Just a Dream\" Chris Lane \"Who's It Gonna Be\" \"Her Own Kind of Beautiful\" \"Let Me Love You\" \"For Her\" \"I Want It That Way/Can't Feel My Face/SexyBack/Want to Want Me/Bye Bye Bye/Whip (Nae Nae)/It's Going Down for Real\" \"Fix\" }} {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFFF00; font-size: 100%; width: 59%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | header = Boston, Minneapolis & Chicago Setlists | content = Florida Georgia Line \"Anything Goes\" \"Smile\" \"Round Here\" \"Confession\" \"Dig Your Roots\" \"May We All\" \"Dirt\" \"Sippin' on Fire\" \"H.O.L.Y.\" \"God, Your Mama, and Me\" \"Sun Daze\" \"Get Your Shine On\" \"This Is How We Roll\" Encore \"Hot in Herre \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" \"Cruise (Remix)\" Backstreet Boys \"Larger Than Life\" \"The One\" \"Get Down (You're the One for Me)\" \"Drowning \"Quit Playing Games (With My Heart)\" \"As Long as You Love Me \"The Call\" \"We've Got It Goin' On\" \"I Want It That WayNelly''' \"Party People\" \"E.I\" \"Where the Party At\" \"Where the Party At\" \"Batter Up\" \"Air Force Ones\" \"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)\" \"Ride Wit Me\" \"The Fix\" \"Die a Happy Man\" \"Sounds Good to Me\" \"Get Like Me\" \"Grillz\" \"Move that Body\" \"All I Do Is Win/Fake Love/That's What I Like\" \"Body On Me\" \"Over and Over\" \"Dilemma\" \"Just a Dream\" Chris Lane \"Who's It Gonna Be\" \"Her Own Kind of Beautiful\" \"Let Me Love You\" \"For Her\" \"Can't Feel My Face/SexyBack/Want to Want Me/Bye Bye Bye/Whip (Nae Nae)/It's Going Down for Real\" \"Fix\" }} Shows References 2017 concert tours Florida Georgia Line concert tours",
"title": "Smooth Tour"
},
{
"docid": "41647807",
"text": "No Limit Greatest Hits is a 2006 two-disc greatest hits album released on August 1, 2006 by Priority Records. The compilation managed to make it to #56 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Prior to the release of this compilation, No Limit Records went bankrupt in 2003 which resulted in Master P selling the back catalog of the label. Today, EMI owns the No Limit back catalog. Due to no longer owning No Limit, Master P had no involvement in the making of this compilation. Critical response David Jeffries of AllMusic believes that the compiling of this album \"was obviously done by some real No Limit soldiers who reach well past the big names\" and suggests \"this is a great snapshot of the label that taught everyone else how to exploit the underground and released some great gangsta music along the way.\" Track listing Disc one I'm Bout It, Bout It TRU [From The album True] Y'all Ain't Ready Yet Mystikal [From The album Mind of Mystikal] Bounce Dat Azz [Gangsta T, King George, Silkk The Shocker, & Master P [From the album Down South Hustlers: Bouncin' and Swingin'] Gangstafied Kane & Abel Featuring Master P and Mo B. Dick] [From the album 7 Sins] The Shocker [Silkk The Shocker Featuring Master P] [From the album The Shocker] Make 'Em Say Uhh! [Master P, Fiend, Silkk The Shocker, Mia X, & Mystikal] [From the album Ghetto D] He Did That [Silkk The Shocker Featuring Master P and Mac] [From the album My World, My Way] Ain't No Limit [Mystikal Featuring Silkk The Shocker] [From the album Unpredictable] Where The Little Souljas At? Lil Soldiers [From the album Boot Camp] Soldier Party [Mac Featuring Master P] [From the album Shell Shocked] No Limit Soldiers II [Master P, C-Murder, Fiend, Magic, Mr. Serv-On, Mia X, Big Ed, Silkk The Shocker, & Mystikal] [From the album We Can't Be Stopped] Whatcha Wanna Do [Mia X] [From the album Mama Drama] Mr. Whomp Whomp [Fiend] [From the album Street Life] NL Party Soulja Slim Featuring Master P, Silkk The Shocker, Full Blooded, Trenitty, Gambino Family, Big Ed, Prime Suspects, Mac, Kane & Abel, Magic, & Snoop Dogg] [From the album Give It 2 'Em Raw] Assassin [Big Ed Featuring Master P] [From the album The Assassin] It's Your Thing Mercedes Featuring Master P] [From the album Rear End] Down 4 My N's [Snoop Dogg, C-Murder, & Magic] [From the album No Limit Top Dogg] Disc two It Ain't My Fault [Part 2] [Silkk The Shocker & Mystikal] [From the album Made Man] Hot Boys and Girls [Master P Featuring Mystikal, Silkk The Shocker, Mia X, & Kane & Abel] [From the album MP Da Last Don] Bring It On [Mia X Featuring Fiend, Mystikal, C-Murder, Skull Duggery, & Mac] [From the album Mama Drama] I Miss My Homies [Master P Featuring Pimp C & Silkk The Shocker] [From the album Ghetto D] I Got The Hook-Up! [Master P Featuring Sons of Funk] [From the",
"title": "No Limit Greatest Hits"
},
{
"docid": "2218761",
"text": "More Than You Deserve is a musical written by Jim Steinman and Michael Weller, produced by Joseph Papp and directed by Kim Friedman. After a workshop production lasting two weekends in April 1973 at the Other Stage (now known as the LuEsther Hall) of The Public Theater, it opened at the Newman Theater (also within The Public Theater) on November 21, 1973, ran for 63 performances and closed on January 13, 1974. Weller's original title for the play was Souvenirs, which referred to the severed ears of killed Viet Cong forces which the soldiers collected and wore as keepsakes on strings around their necks. Original cast Major Michael Dillon - Fred Gwynne Fiona Markham - Kimberly Farr Nurse/Nin Hua - Leata Galloway Nurse/Uncle Remus - Mary Beth Hurt Nathan/Herbie/Pilot - Stephen Collins Dr. Smith/Sgt. Price - Graham Jarvis Luke/Lance Moriarty - Seth Allen Mike / Brown / Gerald Moore - Larry Marshall Perrine / Rabbit - Meat Loaf Wiley / Trout - Kim Milford Owlsy / Joe - Tom Leo Costucci / Lt. Maddox - Edward Zang Spooky 1 / Vietnamese - Justin Ross Spooky 2 / Vietnamese / Radio man - Eivie McGehee Melvin - Terry Kiser General Chet Eastacre - Ronald (Ron) Silver Plot synopsis The story is set in a United States Army base in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Major Michael Dillon (Gwynne), who is impotent, falls in love with a reporter sent to cover the camp, who turns out to be a nymphomaniac when she is gang-raped by the other soldiers in the camp. However, she realizes at the end that she will be even happier giving up her newfound lust for sex to settle down with the impotent commander. Song The song that gives the musical its title was planned as a single in 1973, but ultimately cancelled. Only promotional copies exist. Years later Meat Loaf recorded the song again for his 1981 album Dead Ringer. Other songs Overture Give Me the Simple Life Could She Be the One Where Did It Go? Come With Me (We Know Love) Mama, You'd Better Watch Out for Your Daughters More Than You Deserve O, What a War Song of the City of Hope To Feel So Needed Mama, You'd Better Watch Out for Your Daughters (reprise) Go, Go, Go, Guerrillas What Became of the People We Were If Only Midnight Lullabye Song of the Golden Egg What Became of the People We Were (reprise) Legacy Steinman and Meat Loaf first met during the production and would go on to make the multi-platinum album Bat Out of Hell. The title track from the show was recorded by Meat Loaf for the album Dead Ringer. He also performed the song on his show VH1 Storytellers. Paul Shaffer served as musical director for the show. Citations 1973 musicals Off-Broadway musicals Vietnam War in popular culture Musicals by Jim Steinman Musicals set in Vietnam",
"title": "More Than You Deserve"
},
{
"docid": "2861467",
"text": "La Mama Theatre is a not-for-profit theatre in Carlton, Victoria, Australia. It has been putting on contemporary theatre since 1967. La Mama produces work by theatre makers of all backgrounds. History The theatre, an initiative of founder Betty Burstall, was inspired by the \"off-off-Broadway\" theatre scene in New York City. Betty and her husband, film maker Tim Burstall, had just returned from a trip to New York and wanted to re-create the vibrancy and immediacy of the small theatres there. La Mama was modelled after the similarly named New York venue La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club.\"I got the idea for La Mama when we went to New York in the sixties. We were poor. It was impossible to go to the theatre – even to see a film was expensive – but there were these places where you paid fifty cents for a cup of coffee and you saw a performance, and if you felt like it you put some money in a hat for the actors. I saw some awful stuff and some good stuff. It was very immediate and exciting and when I came back to Melbourne I wanted to keep going, but there didn't exist such a place. So I talked around a bit, to a few actors and writers and directors, sounding them out about doing their own stuff, Australian stuff, for nothing ... I decided on Carlton because in 1967 it was a lively, tatty area with an Italian atmosphere and plenty of students ...\" (Betty Burstall) At a time when the production of Australian plays was almost non-existent (and financially risky), La Mama's non-for-profit organisation provided the venue for the performance of new experimental Australian theatre works. The first play performed at La Mama was a work by a new Australian writer Jack Hibberd, entitled Three Old Friends (1967), whose most successful play Dimboola opened there in 1969. The production of Australian works at La Mama soon became a staple, and within the first two years of its life twenty-five new Australian plays had premiered there. La Mama also nurtured new works by composers, poets, and filmmakers. The opening of the alternative theatre provided a home base for many important figures in theatre and film including Hibberd and Alex Buzo. It was also regularly used by underground performance troupe Tribe (who later collaborated with Spectrum). The theatre's house troupe, the La Mama Group, established by actor-director Graeme Blundell evolved into the Australian Performing Group. La Mama's list of alumni includes notable Australian theatre artists such as David Williamson, Cate Blanchett, Jack Hibberd, Graeme Blundell, Judith Lucy and Julia Zemiro. Current La Mama Theatre operates today under the direction of Liz Jones, who took over the theatre as its artistic director in 1976. La Mama's model of giving artists upfront funding to present work in a rent-free venue, with 80% box-office return, is unique in Australia. This model supports a high artistic risk/low financial risk proposition for artists and encourages a high volume of activity.",
"title": "La Mama Theatre (Melbourne)"
},
{
"docid": "58104687",
"text": "Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \"Dancing Queen\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \"Fernando\" and \"Super Trouper\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\" —Cher Cher also said that \"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \"SOS\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song",
"title": "Dancing Queen (album)"
},
{
"docid": "2556660",
"text": "Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \"my mom\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \"Mamma Mia\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \"Mamma Mia\" (Darin song), 2014 \"Mama Mia\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \"Mamma Mia\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \"Mama Mia\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \"Mammamia\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \"Mamma Mia\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \"Mamma Mia\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \"Mamma Mia\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon",
"title": "Mamma Mia"
},
{
"docid": "40616289",
"text": "\"Kisses of Fire\" is a song recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, released on their 1979 album Voulez-Vous. Production and release On 22 January 1979, Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson went abroad to the Bahamas on a working trip to write new songs. They came up with up to four songs on this trip, one of which was given the working title of \"Tidemas Blåsning\" and released as \"Kisses Of Fire\". The track was recorded at Polar Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, on 7 February 1979, and mixed on 1 March 1979. \"Kisses of Fire\" was released as the B-side to the single \"Does Your Mother Know\" in April 1979, shortly before the release of the Voulez-Vous album. The single peaked outside the UK top 3, possibly as a consequence of the lead vocals in \"Does Your Mother Know\" being sung by Björn rather than Agnetha or Frida. \"Kisses of Fire\" was considered to be a much more typical ABBA track. In Venezuela, “Kisses Of Fire” was released as an A-Side, with “Does Your Mother Know” as the B-Side. The song was featured in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, performed by Panos Mouzourakis. References Songs about kissing 1979 songs ABBA songs",
"title": "Kisses of Fire"
},
{
"docid": "42318865",
"text": "Tina Earnshaw is an Oscar- and BAFTA-nominated British make-up designer and the founder of Tina Earnshaw Cosmetics. She has designed the make up looks on some of the world's most successful films, including Titanic, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award, alongside Greg Cannom and Simon Thompson. Born in London, she began her career at the BBC working as a professional makeup artist. Initially working on commercials and for brands such as L'Oréal, Dior, and Chanel, she became known for the flawless beauty looks she created and for her methods of research that informed her designs. In 1995, she began a lasting partnership with Merchant Ivory and relocated to Paris to work on her first feature film. By 1997, she was on the set of James Cameron's Titanic, for which she received her first Oscar nomination. Since then she has designed the makeup looks for films such as Shakespeare in Love, The Italian Job, The Talented Mr. Ripley, Spider-Man 2 and 3, Prometheus, The Martian, Exodus: Gods and Kings, Mamma Mia 2 and Ridley Scott's All the Money in the World’. Her designs have seen her create iconic looks on the world's most recognizable faces, including Penélope Cruz, Gwyneth Paltrow, Cate Blanchett, Charlize Theron, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, and Jude Law. She has also served as a creative ambassador for Max Factor international. She is married to Robin Earnshaw and they have two children: Damon and Polly. Selected filmography 2018 Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2017 All the Money in the World (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2016/II The Promise (makeup department head) 2015 The Martian (make up and hair designer) 2014 Exodus: Gods and Kings (makeup designer) 2014 Before I Go to Sleep (makeup department head) 2014 Turks & Caicos (TV Movie) (makeup department head) 2013 The Counsellor (makeup designer) 2012/I Prometheus (makeup designer) 2011 Page Eight (TV Movie) (makeup designer) 2011 Your Highness (makeup designer) 2008 Marley & Me (makeup artist: Owen Wilson) 2008 Mamma Mia! (makeup designer) 2008/ The Deal (makeup artist: Ms. Ryan) 2007 Spider-Man 3 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2005 Dark Water (makeup artist: Ms. Connelly) 2004 Spider-Man 2 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2003 The Italian Job (chief makeup artist) 2001 Domestic Disturbance (key makeup artist - as Tina M. Earnshaw) 2001 Conspiracy (TV Movie) (makeup supervisor) 2001 The Mists of Avalon (TV Mini-Series) (makeup artist - 2 episodes) - Episode #1.2 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) - Episode #1.1 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 2000 Bounce (makeup artist: Gwyneth Paltrow) 2000 Duets (key makeup artist) 1999 The Talented Mr. Ripley (supervising makeup artist) 1998 Shakespeare in Love (makeup designer: Gwyneth Paltrow) 1998 Ever After: A Cinderella Story (key makeup artist) / (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 1998 Sliding Doors (key makeup designer) 1997 Titanic (key makeup artist) 1997 The Designated Mourner (chief makeup artist) 1996 Surviving Picasso (chief makeup artist) 1996 Emma (chief makeup designer) 1995 Othello (chief makeup artist) 1995 Feast of July (key",
"title": "Tina Earnshaw"
},
{
"docid": "10862867",
"text": "The Princess Diaries, Volume VII: Party Princess, released in the United Kingdom as The Princess Diaries: Seventh Heaven, is a young adult book in the Princess Diaries series. Written by Meg Cabot, it was released in 2006 by Harper Collins Publishers and is the seventh novel in the series. Plot Summary When Mia Thermopolis bankrupts the student government buying high-tech recycling bins, she needs to raise $5,000 soon, so that she can pay for the seniors' commencement ceremony. All her friends (including her long-time boyfriend and so-called love of her life Michael Moscovitz) mention selling candles, but Mia absolutely refuses, so Grand-mère comes up with a solution: a musical, Braid! written and directed by Grand-mère, starring Mia and her friends, portraying the achievements of Mia's famous Genovian ancestor, Rosagunde. Mia is thrilled, yet quite worried to be cast as the lead. She attempts to drop out, but Grand-mère threatens to tell the seniors that Mia had bankrupted the student government (making them angry that she had not saved money for the commencement ceremony). Braid! also results in a new-found friendship between Mia and \"The Guy Who Hates It When They Put Corn In The Chili\", aka J.P. - Mia's on-stage love interest, who turns out to be an aspiring screenwriter. Michael mentions his parents are going away for the weekend and he plans on having a party. Mia starts to worry she isn't enough of a party girl. She even (as a last resort, of course) asks her archenemy, Lana Weinberger, how to act like a \"Party Girl\". Mia does what Lana says and it all ends in tragedy. After she drinks and \"sexy dances\" with J.P., her relationship with Michael seems to be on rocky ground, especially as Michael's parents are splitting up and he is being an absent boyfriend. Her friendship with J.P. seems to be going the same way thanks to Lilly's new literary magazine, \"Fat Louie's Pink Butthole\", which includes \"No More Corn!\" a story Mia wrote (before meeting him) about J.P. killing himself. However, Principal Gupta immediately bans the magazine and confiscates all the copies, as Lilly has submitted five explicit stories to it, meaning that J.P. never sees Mia's story. Mia's friendship with Lilly also hits a rough patch after Mia kisses J.P. (on the cheek) as a sign of gratitude for being a supportive friend and Lilly (who clearly has a crush on J.P.) stops speaking to Mia. The play is performed at the Aide de Ferme, a benefit for Genovian olive oil farmers that Grand-mère puts on. Everyone who is anyone attends, but, before the last scene, Mia is worried about her on-stage kiss with J.P. Then Michael shows up in J.P.'s costume and gives her a perfect kiss and they talk about their problems, and, once again, their relationship appears to be strong. Grand-mère also raises enough money to help the Genovian farmers and Mia, solving her problems. References 2006 American novels American young adult novels The Princess Diaries novels HarperCollins",
"title": "The Princess Diaries, Volume VII: Party Princess"
},
{
"docid": "43934954",
"text": "\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" has been called a \"Fats Domino flavoured\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \"Why Did It Have To Be Me\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \"Happy Hawaii\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \"Happy Hawaii\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \"for the guys\" and praises it as an example of the \"professional songwriting\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs",
"title": "Why Did It Have to Be Me?"
},
{
"docid": "1181494",
"text": "Easy rider is an archaic United States slang expression whose meaning has varied with time. History Origins Easy rider originally meant an expert horseman or a horse that was easy to ride. 1900s In the early 1900s the term took on the meaning of freeloader as found in the old song \"We Don't Care What Mr. Crump Don't Allow\", based on \"We Don't Care What Mama Don't Allow\": Mr. Crump won't 'low no easy riders here, Mr. Crump won't 'low no easy riders here, We don't care what Mr. Crump don't 'low, We goin' to bar'l-house anyhow— Mr. Crump can go and catch hisself some air! \"Easy rider\" in blues came to denote a lover, male or female. If it refers to a man, it usually implies he is unscrupulous, is a prostitute's lover and lives off her earnings. It can also mean a male lover whose movements are easy and satisfying. To the easily titillated, the term referred to a woman who had liberal sexual views, had been married more than once, or someone skilled at sex. The term appears in numerous blues lyrics of the 1920s and many popular early folk-blues tunes such as \"See See Rider\", first recorded by Ma Rainey in 1924, and later recorded by Lightnin' Hopkins when with Aladdin Records. Early uses of the term include the 1925 jazz recording by Johnny Bayersdorffer's Jazzola Novelty Orchestra entitled \"I Wonder Where My Easy Rider's Riding Now\" (later covered by Mae West) and \"Mama Don't Allow No Easy Riders Here\" in 1929 by Tampa Red. Great Depression During the Great Depression a large population of Americans driven by poverty rode the railroad system and the term easy rider (along with hobo and bum) found its way into slang vocabulary to mean a slow moving train and the men that, even after the great depression, continued to live and travel along the rails. The majority of these trains, commissioned in the early 1920s, had the letters C.C. (for Colorado Central) or S.C. (for Southern Coastal) stenciled on them in bold white letters. This is most likely where the term C.C. rider originated. World War II In the World War II era the slang term re-emerged with a modified meaning, where G.I.s on extended deployment in Asia or Europe (unofficially) employed children to perform the daily mundane tasks so common in the military like tending to barracks, shining boots, and the like, so a G.I. who employed a houseboy coasted through this work and had an \"easy ride\". Eventually young native women were hired to tend to individual living quarters and soon became lovers as well as maids. When these men left and other G.I.s took their place, the women, accustomed to the workload, would remain to perform the same services, sometimes preparing gear or a living area for inspection better than the soldier could. 1960s The term had a different meaning in the \"free love\" cultural era of the 1960s and was first applied to women who",
"title": "Easy rider (slang)"
},
{
"docid": "20462342",
"text": "\"Fields of Joy\" is an original song by The New York Rock Ensemble (also known as The New York Rock & Roll Ensemble) released in 1971. Lenny Kravitz released a remake on July 16, 1991, as the third single from his second studio album Mama Said. Background \"Fields of Joy\" is a cover of the 1971 song of the same name by the band New York Rock and Roll Ensemble. The song lyrics is about leaving all the troubles behind and go through the fields with a lover. The track features a guitar solo performed by Guns N' Roses' Slash. Slash and Kravitz were classmates at Beverly Hills High School but were not close. Kravitz explained to Music Radar, \"When my first album was out, I went to the American Music Awards and Guns N’ Roses were getting awards and they were sitting in front of me. He and I just kept looking at each other. Then we realized we knew each other from school. So we started talking and were excited to meet each other again, especially the fact we were both making music. I was doing some overdub sessions for Mama Said, so he came in and played the solo on 'Fields of Joy.' It was a one-take solo and he wanted to play it over again, but I wouldn't let him. I always love first takes.\" Reception Elysa Gardner of Rolling Stone stated, \"After 'Fields of Joy,' an opening cut that segues from a gentle acoustic intro into a searing burst of electric guitar, much of the first half of Mama Said plays like a sampling of black pop circa, say, 1972.\" Christopher A. Daniel of Albumism added, \"Mama Said kicks off with 'Fields of Joy,' opening with a folky acoustic riff backing Kravitz’s psychedelic vocals resembling post-Beatles John Lennon. Guitarist Slash contributes some funk/rock shredding to boot.\" Charts References Lenny Kravitz songs 1991 songs Songs written by Lenny Kravitz",
"title": "Fields of Joy"
},
{
"docid": "40655625",
"text": "\"I Let the Music Speak\" is a song by ABBA, featured as the first track to side two of their 1981 album The Visitors. It is the fifth-longest ABBA track, after \"Eagle\", \"The Day Before You Came\", \"The Visitors\", and \"Chiquitita\". Synopsis Billboard said the song \"is the singer's personal acknowledgement of the wondrous transcendental power and sweep of music\". Abba - Uncensored on the Record says the song \"suggest[s] that after all the good times and bad times, music will never let you down\". Composition The song opens with a \"rolling and wishful piano figure\", and includes a \"warm synth string ensemble\", focusing on the alto and tenor sections. The woodwind filigree is courtesy of flautist Jan Kling. The song also has an acoustic guitar starting in the second verse, which blend with Benny's grand piano, which is the \"leading voice in the rousing musings of the chorus\". The melodic design is quite angular - following the recitative medium. Frida's main vocals are assisted by Agnetha's \"pouncing falsetto grabs\" prior to the chorus. Critical reception Abba - Uncensored on the Record notes the song has a \"theatrical presentation\" and doesn't sound like a pop song. The song was listed among 4 others as one of the \"best cuts\" of the album The Visitors. Managing Information, Volume 7, Issues 6-10 explains \"Songs such as I Let the Music Speak', and the album's title-track [The Visitors] were a major break from their traditional style.\" ABBA:Let the music speak describes the song as a \"thespian ear-grabber\" and \"a rich tapestry of rhythmic contemplation, deftly easing from waltz to march time and back again\". Legacy Benny and Bjorn explained that \"I Let the Music Speak\" was an early example of their foray into musicals: \"Songs like \"Thank You for the Music\" or \"I Let the Music Speak\" had a theatrical quality. You could see \"Chess\" as a development from what we did with Abba\". I Let The Music Speak has lent its name to various media, including a 12-song album tribute to the songs of Benny and Bjorn by Anne Sofie von Otter, and also a book about ABBA entitled ABBA: Let The Music Speak. The opening line \"I'm hearing images, I'm seeing songs, no poet has ever painted\" was included as the quote at the beginning of the chapter entitled \"'I let the music speak': cross domain application for a cognitive model of musical learning'\". Notable covers include: \"Is 't zo bedoeld\", Dutch version by Bonnie & José on their album Herinnering (1985) \"I Let the Music Speak\" by Anne Sofie von Otter on her album of the same name (2006) Instrumental version included in the movie Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) References 1981 songs ABBA songs Songs about music",
"title": "I Let the Music Speak"
},
{
"docid": "17105979",
"text": "Mazz Murray (born 26 November 1974) is an English stage and TV actress, voice artist and singer with a three octave range. As an actress she is known for her theatre roles, including portrayals of Patsy Cline, Dusty Springfield and Vivian Ellis in tribute shows. Career She portrayed the Killer Queen in the West End production of the musical We Will Rock You. She is the longest-running cast member to be involved in the show, having been in the original ensemble when the musical opened in May 2002. She took over the principal role of Killer Queen from Sharon D. Clarke in April 2004. In 2010, she formed a girl group, Woman, with her sister Gina, Anna-Jane Casey and Emma Kershaw, debuting their single \"I’m a Woman\". In 2015, she joined the cast of the London production of Mamma Mia! as Tanya, a role which was subsequently taken over by Kate Graham when Murray departed in 2017. It was announced that she would join the cast of Chicago from 2 July 2018 until 11 August 2018, playing the role of Matron Mama Morton. In 2019, it was announced that Murray would be returning to the West End production of Mamma Mia! in the role of Donna Sheridan. Personal life Murray was born in London, and is the daughter of songwriter Mitch Murray and actress Grazina Frame. She trained at Redroofs Theatre School, Maidenhead and Sylvia Young Theatre School, London. On 18 June 2009 she married Oren Harush (born 27 July 1980), an Israeli. Brian May played a special version of \"Love of My Life\", with some new words with Mazz at their wedding. The couple live in Bushey, Hertfordshire, England. Murray is a supporter of Manchester United F.C. Theatre credits We Will Rock You – Killer Queen Fame – Mabel Rent – Maureen Pippin – Berthe Boogie Nights – Debs Only the Lonely – Patsy Cline A Girl Called Dusty – Dusty Springfield Sweet Charity Fiddler on the Roof Chicago – Matron Mama Morton Mamma Mia! – Tanya and Donna Sheridan Sunset Boulevard – Norma Desmond Television Blessed – Shop Assistant (1 episode: \"Who Wrote the Book of Love?\") Footballers' Wives – Jenny Taylor EastEnders – Miranda (2 episodes) Fimbles – Yodelling Echo The Quest – Lizzie References External links Profile - CastAway Voice Actors & Actresses Brian May's Soapbox About Mazz's Wedding 1973 births English musical theatre actresses Living people Actresses from London",
"title": "Mazz Murray"
}
] | [
"July 20 , 2018"
] |
train_15402 | what is the name of the avengers headquarters | [
{
"docid": "2857794",
"text": "The Stark Tower Complex is a high-rise building complex appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, USA, the complex is named after its owner Tony Stark, who is the alter ego of the superhero Iron Man. The structure is composed of a 93-story Main Tower flanked by a 35-story South Building and 55-story North Building. Located at the top of the Main Tower was the Watchtower of the superhero The Sentry, but it has been replaced by Heimdall's observatory. The Main Tower is informally known as Avengers Tower, as it serves as the headquarters of the superhero team, the Avengers, similar to the Avengers Mansion. Currently, the main Stark Tower is located in Broadway, occupying the space where the Condé Nast Building is in the real world. The Stark Tower, eventually changed to Avengers Tower, has been shown in various films set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, beginning with The Avengers (2012). Fictional history The Stark Tower Complex was built as a world-class financial and business facility to complement the Midtown Manhattan business district. The building was completed as a gleaming beacon of modern architecture after four years of excavation and construction. It is located in the vicinity of Manhattan's Columbus Circle approximately 10 blocks north of the Baxter Building, headquarters of the superhero team the Fantastic Four. While initially intending to use the top three floors of the Main Tower as his state-of-the-art bachelor pad, Stark gave them over to the Avengers as their base of operations after their former base, Avengers Mansion, was destroyed. Longtime caretaker of the Avengers Mansion Edwin Jarvis was asked to resume his duties in the new location. Later, when the Sentry became a member of the Avengers, his long-hidden Watchtower appeared, integrating itself atop the Main Tower, fully integrated into the building's existing architecture. Serving as both Sentry's headquarters and as the private residences of Robert Reynolds and his wife Lindy, the 20-story watchtower is operated and maintained by CLOC (Centrally Located Organic Computer), a near-sentient computer of Sentry's own design. The lower levels of the Main Tower, along with both the South and North Buildings, are largely occupied with Stark's subsidiaries and non-profit organizations. After the passing of the Superhuman Registration Act (SRA), Iron Man was tapped to head the task force charged with enforcing the Act. Subsequently, Stark Tower became the base of operations of the task force. The controversy surrounding the SRA broke the Avengers team apart leaving Tony Stark to form a new team, the Mighty Avengers, who continue to occupy the Main Tower's higher levels. When the Tower became the headquarters of the SRA task force, it was assigned by the government a squad of Cape-Killer guards with the call sign \"Force Unit 9\". During the events of World War Hulk, a violent battle between The Hulk and Iron Man nearly caused the collapse of Stark Tower. The tower was rebuilt by Stark under his S.H.I.E.L.D. organization, making it",
"title": "Stark Tower"
},
{
"docid": "47973142",
"text": "Avengers Assembled! is a role-playing game supplement published by TSR in 1984 for the Marvel Super Heroes role-playing game. Contents Avengers Assembled! is a supplement presenting game statistics for 30 characters that have been members of the Avengers team, as well as 22 of their enemies, the Avengers Mansion, and the organization S.H.I.E.L.D. Avengers Assembled is a 32-page book, with a removal cover that has a detailed map printed on it of the Avengers' mansion. The supplement explores the mansion, S.H.I.E.L.D., and Nick Fury, 30 team members (two of these characters have additional secret identities, meaning there are actually 26 separate characters), and two Avengers associates. Each character has an illustration, as are some S.H.I.E.L.D. equipment and personnel. Avengers Assembled! includes statistics for all members of the Avengers up until that time, plus many of their regular allies and enemies, including Kang, Ultron, and S.H.I.E.L.D., plans for the Avengers Mansion, and artwork from Marvel artists. Avengers Assembled! provides game statistics for past and present Avengers members including the Black Panther, Falcon, Hawkeye, Scarlet Witch, Hulk, and She-Hulk. The book presents a map and key of the Avengers Mansion and information on the S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car, their headquarters, and jet fighters. Each superhero and supervillain has a description including the name they go by, their status at the time (including dead or inactive), real name identity, game statistics, equipment and possessions, important characters in their life, background information and personality, as well as an illustration. Publication history MHAC2 Avengers Assembled! was written by Bruce Nesmith, with a cover by Jeff Butler, and was published by TSR, Inc., in 1984 as a 32-page book with an outer folder. Avengers Assembled was TSR's first expansion for Marvel Super Heroes. Reception Marcus L. Rowland reviewed Avengers Assembled! for White Dwarf #62, rating it 8/10 overall. He declared: \"This is an invaluable reference for any MSH referee, and may appeal to many comic collectors and fans.\" Pete Tamlyn reviewed Avengers Assembled! for Imagine magazine. He opined that \"Avengers Assembled! will be an essential product for most players of the game\". He stated: \"Personal preferences aside, the Avengers are probably the ideal group to choose if you are going to run an extended campaign using MSH. There have been so many members and roster changes that your players are almost certain to be able to pick a character each without conflict over who plays which particular favourite, or someone getting lumbered with a character that doesn't suit their style of play.\" He continued: \"There are a few grossly powerful characters among them, and I'd recommend that Thor in particular be kept as an NPC who can rescue the players in times of dire emergency, but the only real wimps, Wasp and Hawkeye, are among the most interesting characters to play. My only complaint is that many of the villains are also very tough, the sort of folks who take on the Avengers single-handed and are normally only defeated thanks to their arrogance and over-confidence, and will",
"title": "Avengers Assembled!"
},
{
"docid": "2006761",
"text": "Edwin Jarvis is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Jarvis is most often depicted as a supporting character in the titles Iron Man and The Avengers. He is the loyal household butler of the Stark family. Since the 1990s, the character has appeared heavily in media adaptations of Iron Man and Avengers stories. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Jarvis serves as the basis for an artificial intelligence known as J.A.R.V.I.S., voiced by Paul Bettany, while Edwin Jarvis himself was portrayed by James D'Arcy in the ABC television series Agent Carter and the 2019 film Avengers: Endgame. Publication history Jarvis first appeared in Tales of Suspense #59 (Nov. 1964), and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Jarvis received an entry in the Official Mightiest Heroes! from an Avengers backup story featuring Jarvis. Fictional character biography Backstory Born of the most modest origins, Edwin Jarvis served in the Royal Air Military during World War II and was its champion boxer three years running. He later moved to the United States where he became manservant to Howard Stark and Maria Stark and watched over the Starks' mansion even after their deaths. Avengers His name and English origin bears resemblance to Jeeves, the fictional sagacious valet in the books by P. G. Wodehouse. When Iron Man (Tony Stark) called the Avengers' first meeting and donated the Stark house as the Avengers Mansion headquarters, Jarvis grew accustomed to the guests and served the Avengers for many years thereafter, acting as a father figure to some of the newcomers. Jarvis was there when the first guest, the time-lost Captain America (Steve Rogers), became a member of the Avengers. He was the only one to stay with the Avengers for their entire existence, a distinction not even Captain America can claim. As a result, Captain America has stated that Jarvis should be regarded just as much of an Avenger as he is. Jarvis spent some time as the primary babysitter for Franklin Richards, the super-powered son of Mister Fantastic and the Invisible Woman, when the two Fantastic Four members were residing at the mansion. He also served as the sponsor to Silverclaw while the latter was growing up, and the future Avengers member has come to regard him as an uncle. Being a manservant to the Avengers meant that Jarvis has had to deal with their enemies on several occasions. In The Avengers #59 and #60 (Dec. 1968, Jan. 1969), he was assaulted by intruders in the mansion and bound and gagged. Jarvis has also been personally involved in many adventures, including leading the evacuation of a stalled subway train during a citywide disaster and battling a demonically possessed car. Jarvis defended the floating Hydrobase against a horde of robots built by Doctor Doom during the Acts of Vengeance crisis. He was present when one of the many incarnations of the Masters of Evil attacked the mansion. Taken hostage, he was brutally beaten by Mr. Hyde while Captain America",
"title": "Edwin Jarvis"
},
{
"docid": "4483267",
"text": "The comic book stories published by Marvel Comics since the 1940s have featured several noteworthy concepts besides its fictional characters, such as unique places and artifacts. There follows a list of those features. Places Certain places feature prominently in the Marvel Universe, some real-life, others fictional and unique to the setting; fictional places may appear in conjunction with, or even within, real-world locales. Earth New York City Many Marvel Comics stories are set in New York City, where the publishing company is based. Superhero sites New York is the site of many places important to superheroes: Avengers Mansion: Currently in ruin, but long the home of the Avengers. Avengers Tower: Formerly Stark Tower, the current headquarters of the Avengers. Alias Investigations: The private investigations firm founded and owned by Jessica Jones. Baxter Building and Four Freedoms Plaza: The bases of the Fantastic Four. Daily Bugle: A newspaper building where Peter Parker (Spider-Man) works as a photographer for J. Jonah Jameson. Fisk Towers: A skyscraper owned by Kingpin Wilson Fisk, and base of operations for his criminal activities. Hell's Kitchen: Home and protectorate of the Defenders (Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage and Iron Fist), and The Punisher. Nelson and Murdock Law Offices: The law firm founded by Matt Murdock (Daredevil) and Foggy Nelson. Sanctum Sanctorum: The abode of Doctor Strange located in Greenwich Village. Oscorp Tower: A skyscraper owned by Norman Osborn. Now the headquarters for Alchemax. Mutant Town/District X: A ghetto-like neighborhood of New York primarily populated by mutants. Since the Decimation, its mutant population has largely disappeared. The Bowery: In Fantastic Four #4 (1962), the Fantastic Four's Human Torch discovers the 1940s-era character Namor in this Manhattan neighborhood of \"human derelicts\", where Namor had taken up residence after the onset of retrograde amnesia about his identity. Wakandan embassy: The consulate/embassy of Black Panther's nation of Wakanda. Companies New York is a center of industry, serving as the headquarters for a few Marvel companies: Alchemax: A company owned by Tyler Stone. Cross Technological Enterprises: A multinational industrial company run by Darren Cross. It is a rival of Stark Industries. Damage Control: A construction company that specializes in repairing the property damaged by super-powered individuals. Fisk Industries: A legitimate business on the surface founded and owned by Wilson Fisk. Frost International: A multi billion-dollar electronics conglomerate run by Emma Frost. Hammer Industries: A company that was founded and owned by Justin Hammer. Horizon Labs: A leading company in creating the most advanced technology on Earth headed by Max Modell. Oscorp: A company that was founded and formerly owned by Norman Osborn. Parker Industries: A company that was founded and owned by Peter Parker. Pym Technologies: A biochemical company that was founded by Hank Pym. Roxxon Energy Corporation: A conglomerates corporation and one of the largest fuel companies in the world. Stark Industries: A company that was founded and owned by Isaac Stark Sr later by Howard Stark and Tony Stark. Trask Industries: A weapons and technology company founded and owned by",
"title": "Features of the Marvel Universe"
},
{
"docid": "2435634",
"text": "Jocasta Pym is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jim Shooter and George Pérez, the character first appeared in The Avengers #162 (August 1977). Jocasta is a robot built originally as the bride of the supervillain Ultron, and is commonly associated with the Avengers. Publication history Jocasta first appears in The Avengers #162 (August 1977) and was created by Jim Shooter and George Pérez. Jocasta appeared as a supporting character in Avengers Academy #1-21 (Aug. 2010-Jan. 2012) and made sporadic appearances throughout the remainder of the series, appearing regularly again in Avengers Academy #34-39 (Oct. 2012-Jan. 2013). Fictional character biography Jocasta was built by the robot Ultron in an abandoned aerospace research center in Nassau, Long Island, New York, in order that Ultron might have a mate. To better allow this robot sentience, Ultron based her mind and brain patterns on the Wasp (Janet van Dyne). To animate this bride, Ultron also brainwashed Hank Pym into transferring the Wasp's lifeforce into the feminine robotic shell. Ultron named her after the wife/mother in the legend of Oedipus (a reference to Ultron's obsession with his own creator/\"father\" which reflects a real-life manifestation of the Oedipus Complex). Realizing that the Wasp would have to die for her to live, Jocasta alerted the Avengers and the team defeated Ultron and reversed the process, leaving Jocasta a mindless husk. Pym retained custody of the inanimate Jocasta, intending to study her. Upon the Wasp's urging, Pym had her moved from their residence to the Avengers Mansion. There, Ultron revived Jocasta with a remote link, activating the Wasp's mental \"residue\" left behind. She escaped from Avengers custody and led the Avengers into Ultron's trap. Jocasta was programmed to be loyal to Ultron. Even though she loved Ultron intensely, she could not abide her master's evil. Jocasta eventually betrayed Ultron, choosing to help the Avengers defeat her \"mate\" again. She was then abducted by the Collector. Freed from Collector by the Avengers, she aided the Avengers against Korvac. Jocasta resided at Avengers Mansion for a time. Due to their similar backgrounds, she developed feelings for the Vision, but the Vision was happily married to the Scarlet Witch and did not return Jocasta's feelings. Jocasta proved particularly helpful in the Avengers' first confrontation with the villainous mercenary Taskmaster that possessed photographic reflexes that duplicate any move despite having seen only once; having never even seen Jocasta before, Taskmaster could not predict what she might be about to do. Jocasta was granted provisional status with the team. During this period, she aided them against threats such as the giant robot Red Ronin, the Yellow Claw, the Berserker, Pyron, and the second incarnation of the Brotherhood of Mutants. At one point, she was electronically deactivated by Iron Man under control by Ultron, but she was reactivated following Ultron's defeat. Jocasta did not believe she was accepted by most of the Avengers, and she was never officially inducted into the team. After she singlehandedly defeated",
"title": "Jocasta (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "2964773",
"text": "A-Next is a fictional team of superheroes, appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is the Marvel Comics 2 universe version of the Avengers. The team made its first appearance in What If? #105, the first comic featuring Spider-Girl, and the team's origin story was told in A-Next #1 (Oct. 1998). Publication history The first issue of A-Next paid homage to The Avengers #1, with an Asgardian menace prompting new superheroes to band together, all of them analogues to the original team. Future stories introduced new heroes and menaces, most of them based on pre-existing Marvel characters. Characters and story elements created by DeFalco in the comic were used in other comics in the MC2 Universe. A five issue miniseries entitled Avengers Next ran from November 2006 to January 2007, written by Tom DeFalco and with artwork by Ron Lim, that followed on from the events of Last Hero Standing and Last Planet Standing. It reunited the remaining members of A-Next and added new members to the team, namely Sabreclaw, Kate Power (of Power Pack), Thena, the daughter of Thor, and a former criminal teleporter called Warp. Fictional team biography The new team comes together when Avengers Museum (formerly Avengers Mansion) is attacked by Asgardian trolls commanded by Loki, prompting the museum's caretaker and former butler Edwin Jarvis to send out a distress signal. The summons is responded to by several heroes including Thunderstrike (Kevin Masterson, son of the original Thunderstrike, who was visiting the mansion at the time of the attack); Stinger (Scott Lang's daughter Cassie Lang, now an entomologist, who was testing Ant-Man's old uniform); Mainframe (a mysterious armored individual); J2 (Zane Yama, high school student and teenage son of the Juggernaut) and the adult Speedball, Jubilee and Jolt. The heroes are transported to Asgard by Loki, who wants to retrieve the Thunderstrike mace's powers for himself, but Kevin disrupts the spell, absorbing the mace into himself and transforming into a new Thunderstrike in the process. Loki and the trolls are then defeated by the heroes, with assistance from Thor, now the King of Asgard. Thunderstrike, Stinger, J2, and Mainframe decide to stay together as the new Avengers. The adult heroes decline to stay with the reformed team. A downed Kree spaceship leads to the transformation of Bill Foster's son John into Earth Sentry, an analog of Captain Marvel. Doc Magus, the new Sorcerer Supreme, then recruits the Avengers into fighting the reformed Defenders. Four new members are then inducted into the Avengers by Mainframe and Jarvis. The new members: American Dream, (a female analogue of Captain America); Freebooter (who modeled himself on Hawkeye and the Swordsman); Crimson Curse (an analogue to the Scarlet Witch) and Bluestreak (an analogue to Quicksilver); known collectively as the Dream Team, save N'kano, the Wakandan ambassador, from the racist Soldiers of the Serpent (an amalgam of the Sons of the Serpent and elements from the Egyptian god Set), with the assistance of the Coal Tiger, the son of the",
"title": "A-Next"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "55511155",
"text": "The Vision is a fictional character portrayed by Paul Bettany in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Vision is a vibranium-based male android (or \"Synthezoid\") created by Ultron to serve as his body. However, the body is stolen by the Avengers and brought to sentience by Tony Stark and Bruce Banner, who upload the core software of Stark's AI, J.A.R.V.I.S. (voiced by Bettany), into the body constructed by Ultron, with energy provided by Thor. Vision subsequently joins the Avengers, kills Ultron, and later develops a romantic relationship with his teammate, Wanda Maximoff. Most of Vision's powers including flight, matter phasing, and energy-based beam attacks, stem from the Mind Stone in his forehead, which also keeps him alive. Vision is killed by Thanos when he removes the Mind Stone to complete the Infinity Gauntlet in order to initiate the Blip. Years later, Vision's body is reactivated via Wanda's magic, albeit initially without his memories and with a different appearance. Additionally, Wanda recreates Vision when she magically forms a false reality in the town of Westview, New Jersey, but this version vanishes when she returns to reality. Vision has appeared in three films. He has a lead role in the television series WandaVision (2021), and alternate versions from within the MCU multiverse appear in the animated series What If...? (2021). Fictional character biography Creation and joining the Avengers In 2015, J.A.R.V.I.S. is apparently destroyed by Ultron, but it is later revealed that he actually distributed his consciousness throughout the Internet, allowing his security protocols to delay Ultron's attempt to access Earth's nuclear weapon launch codes long enough for Tony Stark to work out what had happened. The Avengers capture a synthetic vibranium body created by Ultron for himself, powered by the Mind Stone, and bring it to Avengers Tower, where Stark and Bruce Banner upload J.A.R.V.I.S. as the core software for the body. After a brief fight with other Avengers, who disagree with this effort, Thor uses Mjolnir's lightning to power its completion, creating the Vision. Thor explains that the gem in his forehead is one of the six Infinity Stones, the most powerful objects in existence. Having gained consciousness, Vision sides with Stark, Banner, Thor, Steve Rogers, Clint Barton, Pietro Maximoff, and Wanda Maximoff against Ultron as he wishes to protect life. He lifts and hands Thor Mjolnir, which has been enchanted so that only \"worthy\" individuals can lift it, convincing the Avengers that he can be trusted. In Sokovia, Vision fights scores of Ultron's sentries, rescues Wanda from the collapsing city, and destroys Ultron himself. Sometime after, Vision arrives at the Avengers Compound and joins the Avengers alongside Wanda, Sam Wilson, and James Rhodes, led by Rogers and Natasha Romanoff. Sokovia Accords and the Avengers Civil War In 2016, Vision phases into Wanda's bedroom and tells her and Rogers that Stark and Secretary of State Thaddeus Ross have arrived at the Compound. He learns about the Sokovia Accords and",
"title": "Vision (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "38400068",
"text": "Sub-Lieutenant Frederick (Fred) Hockley RNVR (1923–1945) was an English Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm fighter pilot who was shot down over Japan while taking part in the last combat mission flown by British aircraft in the Second World War. Nine hours after Emperor Hirohito announced the unconditional surrender of Japan, on 15 August 1945, Hockley was secretly executed by soldiers from the Imperial Japanese Army. The two officers who instigated the killing were convicted of war crimes and hanged in Hong Kong in 1947. Early life Hockley was born in Littleport near Ely in Cambridgeshire. His father was a foreman for the water board and a bellringer in the parish church. Fred attended Soham Grammar School and was a keen swimmer. Mission over Japan Hockley was commissioned as an officer in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve and was posted to the aircraft carrier HMS Indefatigable as a Supermarine Seafire fighter pilot with 24 Wing of the Fleet Air Arm. On 15 August 1945 he took off from the carrier leading five Seafires from 894 Squadron NAS tasked with defending Fairey Firefly and Grumman Avenger fighter bombers on a mission to attack airfields in the Tokyo Bay area of Japan. The 15 aircraft diverted to the alternate target which was a chemicals factory in Odaki Bay. Hockley's radio was not functioning and he bailed out of his aircraft after it was attacked by Mitsubishi Zero fighters, parachuting to the ground near the village of Higashimura (now Chōnan). The formation, now led by Victor Lowden, bombed the target and completed their mission. Surrender, captivity and execution Hockley surrendered to an air raid warden who took him to the local civil defence HQ. The commander there handed him over to the 426th Infantry Regiment, stationed in Ichinomiya. At regimental headquarters the commanding officer, Colonel Tamura Tei'ichi, having heard Emperor Hirohito announce the Japanese surrender at 12 noon, called divisional headquarters for advice on what to do with the prisoner. The 147th Division's intelligence officer, Major Hirano Nobou, responded with words to the effect that he was to shochi-se (finish him off) in the mountains that night, despite the fact that Tamura had sought no authority to do so. Tamura claimed that he was shocked by the order, which he felt was \"unkind\", but he could not ignore an order from divisional command. He therefore told his adjutant, Captain Fujino Masazo, that Hockley had to be executed, adding that Fujino should do it so that no one could witness it. Fujino then ordered Sergeant Major Hitomi Tadao to move Hockley to regimental headquarters. There Hitomi was ordered by another officer to take six soldiers into the mountains to dig a grave with pickaxes and shovels. At about nine o'clock at night, nine hours after the Emperor had announced the surrender, Hockley was taken to the grave blindfolded, his hands were tied and he was told to stand with his back to the hole. He was then shot twice and rolled into the hole, where",
"title": "Fred Hockley"
},
{
"docid": "68829163",
"text": "\"What If... Ultron Won?\" is the eighth episode of the American animated television series What If...?, based on the Marvel Comics series of the same name. It explores what would happen if the events of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) occurred differently, with Ultron using the Infinity Stones to kill virtually all life in the universe after successfully transferring his consciousness into Vision's body. It also serves to set up the first season's finale, as Ultron finds a way to traverse to other universes (established in the previous episodes), threatening the balance of the multiverse. The episode was written by story editor Matthew Chauncey and directed by Bryan Andrews. Jeffrey Wright narrates the series as the Watcher, with this episode also starring the voices of Jeremy Renner, Lake Bell, Toby Jones, Ross Marquand (Ultron), Josh Keaton, Mick Wingert, Alexandra Daniels, and Benedict Cumberbatch. The series began development by September 2018, with Andrews joining soon after, and many actors expected to reprise their roles from the MCU films. Animation for the episode was provided by Flying Bark Productions, Squeeze, and Stellar Creative Lab, with Stephan Franck serving as head of animation. \"What If... Ultron Won?\" was released on Disney+ on September 29, 2021. Critics praised the episode for its visuals, action, high-stakes storyline, and the vocal performances of Wright, Renner and Bell, but criticized certain aspects of the story. Plot Tony Stark creates the \"Ultron\" global defense program to keep the Earth safe and establish world peace. However, Ultron goes rogue and concludes that Earth requires evolution, leading him to create and transfer his programming into an organic body made from Vibranium. He then proceeds to kill Stark and most of the Avengers before launching nuclear missiles around the Earth, eradicating most of humanity. Shortly after, Thanos arrives, seeking the Mind Stone to complete the Infinity Gauntlet, but Ultron bisects him and takes the Infinity Stones for himself, becoming aware of the more expansive universe. Using the Stones' power, Ultron builds an army of Ultron Sentries and a teleporting spaceship before destroying several planets and killing most of the universe's remaining life. With his mission complete, Ultron is left without a purpose until he hears the Watcher's narration and becomes aware of the multiverse's existence. Meanwhile, surviving Avengers Natasha Romanoff and Clint Barton fight to survive Ultron's forces. However, Barton is losing his will to live. Arriving in Moscow, they search KGB files in the hopes of defeating Ultron, finding one for Arnim Zola, a Hydra scientist whose consciousness was uploaded into a computer after his death. Romanoff and Barton travel to a Siberian Hydra laboratory and coerce Zola into helping them, intending to upload him into Ultron's programming to delete Ultron. They lure in a group of Ultron Sentries and upload Zola's consciousness into one. However, Zola cannot upload himself into Ultron as he has left their universe. Barton sacrifices himself so that Romanoff and Zola can escape. Upon locating the Watcher, Ultron fights",
"title": "What If... Ultron Won?"
},
{
"docid": "4722467",
"text": "\"Kang Dynasty\", sometimes called \"Kang War\", is a 16 part comic book storyline which ran through Avengers (vol. 3) #41–55 and Avengers Annual 2001 between June 2001 and August 2002. It was written by Kurt Busiek and illustrated by a number of artists including Alan Davis, Kieron Dwyer, Ivan Reis and Manuel Garcia. The story features Kang the Conqueror, a warlord from the 30th century, and one of the Avengers’ oldest and deadliest foes, arriving in the early 21st century with his son Marcus intent on conquering the planet. Although Kang is temporarily successful, the first villain in Marvel Comics to physically take over the world (as opposed through mind control, as Doctor Doom once accomplished by amplifying the powers of the Purple Man) he is opposed and eventually defeated by the Avengers. The story is noteworthy for its length, as well as depicting the destruction of the United Nations headquarters building (though without loss of life, as Kang saved them all to make a point) and the death of the entire population of Washington, D.C.; it had been planned before the events of September 11, 2001, but was published afterwards as Marvel Comics decided not to alter the storyline. Plot summary Kang the Conqueror appears with his son Marcus, the new Scarlet Centurion, in front of the United Nations after Marcus is barely defeated by Goliath, Triathlon, Iron Man, Vision, Wasp, and Warbird, and destroys the building using a blast from a space base, Damocles, which is shaped like a giant sword, but when Wasp talks of the murders he has committed, he shows none of the occupants have been killed. Kang creates a force-field around the group, and shows many visions of the Earth's possible futures, all of them dark and horrific. At first it is thought he intends to help the Earth, but then he announces that he wishes to conquer it in order to save it. Kang tells the UN that he will strike at France first. He then announces that any who conquer land in his name will have a place in his new order. Several groups and foes—including the Presence, the Deviants, and Attuma's Atlanteans, attack across the world. Kang knew that against an invading army the Earth would unite but against their own, they would be fractured. He then teleports away with the Centurion, by threatening to strike with lethal force if they make another attack. Meanwhile, the Presence is attacking Russia with a group of radioactive ghost-like creatures that most of the Soviet-Super Soldiers have been turned into and who several Avengers member meet. After these attacks are stopped, Kang launches his invasion of Europe with his army from the far future. The Avengers and UN troops fight back valiantly at the ramparts they had constructed, while the American forces are occupied with an attack by the self-proclaimed Master of The World, who creates technological towers capable of resisting Kang around all major North American cities. Warbird finally manages to kill him—with",
"title": "Kang Dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "1488680",
"text": "The Young Avengers are the names of two superhero teams appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Allan Heinberg and Jim Cheung, the first team appeared in Young Avengers #1 (April 2005). The Young Avengers team features numerous adolescent characters who typically have connections to established members of Marvel's primary superhero team, the Avengers. Young Avengers follows the events of the 2004–2005 \"Avengers Disassembled\" storyline. The four founding members of the team are gathered as a result of the Vision's plan for the reformation of the Avengers in the event the team disbanded. In the series, newspapers refer to the young heroes as \"super-powered fanboys\" and label them the \"Young Avengers\", a name the team members initially dislike but that sticks nonetheless. Publication history The first team appeared in Young Avengers #1 (April 2005), created by Allan Heinberg and Jim Cheung. Marvel's 1940s forerunner, Timely Comics, had an unrelated character, Young Avenger, who debuted in USA Comics #1 (August 1941). The Young Avengers were originally featured in several notable Marvel crossover series, including the Civil War and The Children's Crusade events, before the series was relaunched in January 2013 as part of the Marvel NOW! rebranding by writer Kieron Gillen and artist Jamie McKelvie. In 2019, Rio de Janeiro mayor Marcelo Crivella ordered Avengers: Children's Crusade to be censored as various instances of homosexuality such as the relationship between Hulkling and Wiccan were displayed. Crivella said the content was \"improper for children\". Writer Kieron Gillen was disappointed about the changes. The organizers of the Bienal do Livro book fair, where the comic was being sold, repudiated the mayor's decision and decided not to remove the book from sales. On September 6, Avengers: Children's Crusade sold out at the event. Fictional team biography Volume 1 In \"Sidekicks\" (issues #1–6), reporters Jessica Jones (a former teen superhero known as Jewel) and Kat Farrell of The Daily Bugle and heroes Captain America and Iron Man investigate a new group of teenage heroes. The story is set in the time between the \"Avengers Disassembled\" storyline and the beginning of New Avengers. Although the team defeats Kang the Conqueror, Captain America and Iron Man take away their gear and refuse to train the team without their parents' consent. Despite the heroes' warnings, the team continues with a new headquarters, new costumes, and new names. In \"Secret Identities\" (issues #7–8), the Young Avengers must decide how much to tell their parents after the members decide to continue acting publicly. None of their parents find out. During a fight with Mr. Hyde in Young Avengers #8, Wiccan discovers Eli abusing Mutant growth hormone (MGH) which gives people powers for short periods. Eli confesses that he deceived Iron Lad who meant to recruit his missing uncle Josiah in order to join the team. He quits the team, overwhelmed with emotion. At the insistence of Kat Farrell, Jessica Jones interviews the Young Avengers about their pasts. Cassie Lang had a troubled home life, especially after",
"title": "Young Avengers"
},
{
"docid": "67181096",
"text": "Mjölnir (commonly written without diacritics as Mjolnir) and Stormbreaker, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), are sentient enchanted weapons of choice used by Thor. Both are melee weapons and were created out of Uru metal forged with the heat of a dying star in the Dwarven kingdom of Nidavellir, with the assistance of the dwarf king and master weapon-maker Eitri. Mjolnir is a hammer, and was enchanted by Thor's father, Odin, so that only those the hammer deemed \"worthy\" are capable of wielding or even lifting it. Stormbreaker is an axe, and although it does not have such a worthiness enchantment, its power is such that a mere mortal attempting to wield it would be driven mad. Mjolnir first appeared in the post-credits scene in Iron Man 2 (2010), and has appeared thereafter in every film featuring Thor except for one, those being Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), Thor: The Dark World (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Doctor Strange (2016), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Thor: Love and Thunder (2022). Stormbreaker first appears in Avengers: Infinity War (2018)—also the only MCU film in which Thor does not wield Mjolnir at all—and appears again in Avengers: Endgame, and Thor: Love and Thunder. Conversely, the post-credit scene in Iron Man 2 and a scene from the second episode of the Disney+ TV series What If...? are the only MCU media in which Mjolnir appears while Thor does not. Background Mjolnir debuted in print in the Marvel Comics title Journey into Mystery #83 (Aug. 1962), being the means by which physician Donald Blake transformed into thunder god Thor Odinson (by striking it on the ground). The first use of the hammer's name was in the \"Tales of Asgard\" feature in Thor #135 (Dec. 1966) in a story by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. The weapon's origin is eventually revealed in Thor Annual #11 (1983), with another version presented in Thor vol. 2, #80 (Aug. 2004). Mjolnir's origin in the Marvel Comics continuity mirrors the original Norse legend. The hammer is created when Odin's adopted son Loki cuts off the hair of the goddess Sif as part of a cruel jest, and, when threatened with violence by Thor, promises to fetch replacement hair from the dwarf smiths. Loki commissions the hair from the Sons of Ivaldi, and the obliging dwarves create the hair and other gifts for the gods. Loki is convinced that no one can match their workmanship, and challenges a dwarf named Eitri to make finer treasures. After creating some other magical items, Eitri begins work on a hammer. Loki panics, fearing that he will lose the wager, and transforms himself into a moth to bother Eitri (in the original myth, Loki becomes a gadfly and stings Eitri's assistant). As a result, the hammer's handle is shorter in length than Eitri intended, meaning that it could only be wielded one-handed. Despite the error, the Norse gods consider Eitri to have forged the greater treasures, and",
"title": "Mjolnir and Stormbreaker"
},
{
"docid": "70772458",
"text": "A.X.E.: Judgment Day is an American comic book crossover event written by Kieron Gillen with art by Valerio Schiti, published in 2022 by Marvel Comics. The event involves the discovery of the mutant resurrection protocols and the subsequent conflict between the Avengers, the X-Men and the Eternals. Publication history In December 2021, Marvel Comics posted a teaser \"Judgment Day is Coming\" involving the Avengers, the X-Men, and the Eternals. The storyline was built upon previous plot developments from the last few years: the Avengers’ assembling a powerful lineup at their base in the body of a fallen Celestial called the Progenitor in Avengers (vol. 8), the discovery of X-Men's immortality through the mutant resurrection protocols in Immortal X-Men, and the Eternals’ newfound knowledge about their purpose in Eternal (vol. 5). A.X.E.: Judgment Day was announced as six-issue limited series at \"Judgment Day\" panel in San Diego Comic-Con by Marvel Comics' Editor-in-Chief C.B. Cebulski and Executive editor/VP Nick Lowe on March July 22, 2022. The series was preceded by Eve of Judgment and the Free Comic Book Day 2022: Avengers/X-Men issues and succeeded by A.X.E.: Judgment Day Omega. Main characters Plot Prelude After receiving votes from the Uni-Mind after being revived, Thanos successfully takes over the title of Prime Eternal as he kills his uncle Zuras for revenge and murders Druig to prevent his memory of his weakness. Thanos requires the newly resurrected Druig's help by replacing his old body which The Machine won't allow him to resurrect. During his research with his parent and his Deviant heritage, Thanos visits his grand-uncle Uranos the Undying, who is imprisoned from the Exclusion and questions him about The Machine. Instead, Uranos tells Thanos and Druig his story about the Eternals' three moral principles: Protect Celestials, Protect the Machine, and Correct Excess Deviation. Millennia ago, Uranos argued with Kronos and Oceanus about the principles and decided that eradicating all Deviants and humans, and imprisoning Celestials would provide benefit for all Eternals, which his brothers opposed. His actions in committing genocide of Deviants caused a catastrophic civil war resulting in his 600,000 years imprisonment by his defeat along with Druig's betrayal. After Druig departs, Uranos secretly gives Thanos the imprint key, an armory that allows him to access Uranos' fail-safe into destroying the Machine. Ikaris, Thena, Sprite, Sersi, and Kingo are shocked to learn that the Machine not only resurrects the Eternals, but also consumes human life and felt distrustful of the Eternals' society. They also discovered that the Deviants of Lemuria were mutated uncontrollably from their unstable genes and the Eternals were forced to activate their Excess Deviation to kill them. After acknowledging Thanos' half-Deviant heritage, the Eternals decide to investigate why the Celestials created them. With Phastos captured by Thanos, the Eternals visit Ajak and Makkari in Celestia and plans to break into the Avengers headquarters and question the Celestial ghost known as the Progenitor. While Ikaris, Thena, Sprite, Sersi, and Kingo keep the Avengers occupied after the security breach, Makkari activates the",
"title": "A.X.E.: Judgment Day"
},
{
"docid": "62459395",
"text": "Margaret \"Peggy\" Carter, also known as Agent Carter, is a fictional character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise portrayed by Hayley Atwell, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Carter is depicted as a British MI6 agent and member of the Strategic Scientific Reserve who became the love interest of Steve Rogers during World War II. Following the war, she goes on to become one of the founders of S.H.I.E.L.D., eventually serving as the Director. Atwell has received critical praise for her depiction of the character. , the character has appeared in five films, as well as the short film Agent Carter (2013), the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and her own television series Agent Carter (2015–2016). Alternate versions of the character, including Captain Carter, appear in the animated series What If...? (2021–present) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). What If...? Carter receives the Super Soldier Serum instead of Rogers, and is later recruited by the Watcher to join the Guardians of the Multiverse in the battle against an alternate version of Ultron. Multiverse of Madness Captain Carter, also a supersoldier, is a member of the Illuminati from a reality called Earth-838. Concept and creation Peggy Carter debuted in a single panel (at the time the character was unnamed) as a wartime love interest of Captain America in Tales of Suspense #75 (March 1966), and then being named in #77 (May 1966). She was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby. Hayley Atwell was cast in the role of Peggy Carter for Captain America: The First Avenger in April 2010. Atwell expressed interest in reprising the role for Agent Carter in October 2013; ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee confirmed her involvement in the project in January 2014. Regarding her preparation for the role, Atwell said, \"I'm training at the moment six days a week to make her a bit more military and make it convincing that I could kick butt.\" On taking up the role of Carter, Atwell said \"the main reason I did Captain America was because I wanted to get out of my own head and stop taking my work so seriously\". Captain America: The First Avenger screenwriter Christopher Markus said the film \"takes place in the 40s, there weren't too many women in areas of authority at that point, and we wanted her to essentially be the most capable person on the screen at that time\". Appearances Hayley Atwell portrays Peggy Carter in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Agent Carter (2013), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Ant-Man (2015), Avengers: Endgame Atwell appears in images in Captain America: Civil War (2016). Atwell also appears in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.s episodes \"Shadows\" (2014) and \"The Things We Bury\" (2014), and in the television series Agent Carter (2015–2016). Gabriella Graves portrays a young Carter in the Agent Carter episode \"Smoke & Mirrors\". Atwell",
"title": "Peggy Carter (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "2759070",
"text": "Flatman (Matt) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by John Byrne, the character first appeared in West Coast Avengers #46 (July 1989). Flatman belongs to the subspecies of humans called mutants, who are born with superhuman abilities. He is a member of the Great Lakes Avengers. Publication history Flatman debuted in West Coast Avengers #46 (July 1989), created by writer and artist John Byrne. He appeared in the 2005 GLX-Mas Special one-shot. He appeared in the 2016 Great Lakes Avengers series. He appeared in the 2018 Fantastic Four series. He appeared in the 2022 Avengers Unlimited Infinity Comic series. Fictional character biography Flatman's real name is actually Matt. After dropping out of community college, he worked as a barista when he was approached by a party organizer named Andrew. Matt worked for him pretending to be Mister Fantastic. He grew sick of the job and changed his name to Dr. Val Ventura in the hopes of becoming a superhero. Flatman became a member and second-in-command of the Great Lakes Avengers, an unauthorized division of the regular Avengers superhero group. The GLA watches over the Wisconsin area. Although no true origin was given at first for his stretching abilities and odd appearance, it was later revealed that he is a mutant. He was first seen in public with the team by Hawkeye and Mockingbird, who later agreed to become their mentors. With the team, he helped Hawkeye and the West Coast Avengers against \"That Which Endures\". They also assisted Mockingbird in a holding action against Terminus. After aiding the Thunderbolts against the villain Graviton, the team clashed with the mercenary Deadpool. Called the \"2-D Avenger,\" his primary roles include long-ranged rescues and helping the team solve crimes with his extensive knowledge of fashion which he was reported to have \"studied in college.\" He was able to identify a woman's shoe and describe it in detail, and later rescued Weasel — referring to him as \"sailor\" — which led his team to question his sexuality. At first, Flatman denied any claims that he is gay. However, when a new Avenger recruit called Living Lightning first approached the Great Lakes Avengers (usually abbreviated as GLA), he thought they were actually the Gay/Lesbian Alliance. After apologizing, he left quickly, but his willingness to come out to others gave Flatman the courage to do it himself. He revealed that he is in fact gay to his teammates, though he felt one-upped by Mr. Immortal being dubbed the pinnacle of human evolution (using the ambiguous phrase \"Homo Supreme\"). Over time, Flatman's doctoral degree began to come into question. He is not able to present a degree to prove his education and when asked by Doorman what he was a doctor of, he replies that he is a doctor of \"stuff\". When told by a fellow doctor (who had confused him for Mr. Fantastic) that time moved in only a single direction, Flatman asked which direction that was. GLA: Misassembled",
"title": "Flatman (character)"
},
{
"docid": "2380045",
"text": "Ant-Man (Scott Lang) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by David Michelinie, Bob Layton and John Byrne, Scott Lang first appeared in The Avengers #181 (March 1979) and in Marvel Premiere #47 (April 1979) as the second superhero character to use the Ant-Man name in the Marvel Universe. He is a reformed thief and an electronics expert. He was a member of the Avengers, the Fantastic Four and the Guardians of the Galaxy, the main character in the comic-book series FF and, in 2015, he became the title character in the series Ant-Man. Scott Lang is an ex-convict and electronics expert hired by Stark International, which enables him to steal the Ant-Man suit from Hank Pym, who had long since given up the name, to help his sick daughter. When Pym finds out, he gives the suit to Lang, allowing him to become the second Ant-Man. As Ant-Man, he serves as an Avenger for years, until he is killed during the Avengers Disassembled storyline. Years later, he is resurrected in the Avengers: The Children's Crusade mini-series. Following his resurrection, Lang heads the Future Foundation and founds his own company, the Ant-Man Security Solutions. Paul Rudd plays Scott Lang in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Ant-Man (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023), the web series WHIH Newsfront (2015), and the animated series What If...? (2021). Publication history Created by David Michelinie, Bob Layton and John Byrne, Scott Lang first appeared in The Avengers #181 (cover-dated March 1979) and as the second Ant-Man in Marvel Premiere #47 (April 1979). Michelinie had long been an enthusiast of shrinking heroes, and saw Hank Pym's return to the Yellowjacket guise as an opportunity to take over the discarded Ant-Man identity. He explained how he came up with the character: Though Ant-Man's two-issue tryout in Marvel Premiere failed to garner the character his own series, the dynamic of a single father and reformed criminal in the superhero role struck a chord with readers and led to Ant-Man enjoying modest popularity and frequent appearances in Marvel Comics thereafter. Ant-Man appeared prominently in the 2012's FF series by Matt Fraction and Mike Allred. An ongoing series focusing on Lang, titled simply Ant-Man written by Nick Spencer and drawn by Ramon Rosanas, began in January 2015. After Marvel's Secret Wars event, the series continued with the title Astonishing Ant-Man. Fictional character biography Early life Scott Lang was born in Coral Gables, Florida. A movie fanatic, he turned to burglary when his occupation as an electrical engineer failed to provide him with enough excitement in life. (This was later retconned with the statement that he did so because he could not support his family.) Apprehended, Lang served his prison sentence and was paroled after four years for good behavior. In prison, he furthered his study of electronics and was soon hired by Stark International to work in",
"title": "Ant-Man (Scott Lang)"
},
{
"docid": "34331213",
"text": "Avengers vs. X-Men (AvX or AvsX) is a 2012 crossover event that was featured in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The event, consisting of an eponymous limited series and numerous tie-in books, involves the return of the Phoenix Force and the subsequent war between the Avengers and the X-Men. The 12-issue twice-monthly series was first published in April 2012, and features a storyline by Jason Aaron, Brian Michael Bendis, Ed Brubaker, Jonathan Hickman and Matt Fraction, with a rotating team of artists including John Romita Jr., Olivier Coipel and Adam Kubert. The event was preceded by the four-issue limited series Avengers: X-Sanction by Jeph Loeb and Ed McGuinness and Avengers vs. X-Men #0. Avengers vs. X-Men also ties into the limited series AVX: VS, described as \"the fight book\" which expands upon many of the one-on-one battles featured in the main series, the digital series; Avengers vs. X-Men: Infinite, and into a number of ongoing series including Avengers, Avengers Academy, New Avengers, Secret Avengers, Uncanny X-Men, Wolverine and the X-Men and X-Men: Legacy. The event was succeeded by the limited series AvX: Consequences. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, Avengers vs. X-Men was a commercial success that topped the comic-book sales charts for several months, from April to October 2012. The repercussions of the storyline resulted in the new status quo of the Marvel Universe presented in the company's Marvel NOW! relaunch initiative. Publication history In December 2011, Marvel Comics announced the launch of Avengers vs. X-Men, a 12-issue twice-monthly series featuring writers Brian Michael Bendis, Jason Aaron, Ed Brubaker, Jonathan Hickman and Matt Fraction, debuting in April 2012. The series focuses on the return of the Phoenix Force, the cosmic entity of death and rebirth, as it looks for its new host, believed to be the teenage mutant Hope Summers, who will possess all of its power. Cyclops and the other X-Men want to protect her and prepare her as if she's to be the mutant savior, while Captain America and the Avengers want her handed over to them so they can figure out what to do with her and keep the world safe from a potentially deadly fate. Brubaker described the series as \"...one of those legendary ideas: What if the Avengers fought the X-Men?\". Marvel's editor-in-chief Axel Alonso said \"You've got two populations whose motivations are simple and understandable and defensible. That's part of the beauty of this. You're seeing a story that evolves out of 'What would you do?'\" The idea of an Avengers vs. X-Men crossover is not entirely new; in fact prior to Avengers vs. X-Men both the Avengers and the X-Men had already met, clashed, and teamed up with each other, starting with Uncanny X-Men #9 in 1964 and followed by Avengers Annual #10 in 1980, X-Men vs. the Avengers in 1987, Avengers/X-Men: Bloodties in 1992, Onslaught in 1996, and House of M in 2005. Some of the X-Men have also joined the Avengers, most notably Beast and Wolverine, while Quicksilver and",
"title": "Avengers vs. X-Men"
},
{
"docid": "988786",
"text": "The Marvel Comics anthology series What If? tells alternate reality stories outside the mainstream Marvel Universe continuity, which the company sets on what it calls Earth-616. A number of these stories have been set on alternate Earths in the Marvel Comics Multiverse (i.e., multiple universes) for which Marvel has given official numerical designations. Volume 1 (1977–1984) What if Spider-Man had joined the Fantastic Four? (based on The Amazing Spider-Man #1) Reprinted in The Best of What If? Followed by What If? #21. Alternate sequels appeared in What If? vol. 2, #35, and Paradise X: Heralds. This world was designated Earth-772 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four. Spider-Man did eventually join the team as a member of the \"New Fantastic Four\" and, more recently, as a member of the Future Foundation. What if the Hulk had the brain of Bruce Banner? (based on The Incredible Hulk #1) This world was designated Earth-774 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four. What if the Avengers had never been? (based on The Avengers #3) What if the Invaders stayed together after World War II? (considered part of Earth-616, the mainstream Marvel continuity) What if Captain America had not vanished during World War II? (based on Avengers #4) What if the Fantastic Four had different super-powers? (based on The Fantastic Four #1) This version of the team reappeared in What If? (vol. 2) #39. This world was designated Earth-7712 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four. What if someone else besides Spider-Man had been bitten by the radioactive spider? (based on Amazing Fantasy #15) Three different stories look at what would have happened if either Peter's class bully Flash Thompson, his would-have-been temporary girlfriend Betty Brant, or publisher J. Jonah Jameson's astronaut son John, had been bitten by the radioactive spider instead. With the exception of Betty Brant (who quits her moniker like Peter did in \"Spider-Man No More\"), the protagonist dies in each story. A darker version of the Flash story is redone as What If? (vol. 2) #76. What if the world knew Daredevil was blind? (based on Daredevil #2) This issue also contained the first humor-based What If? in the series asking, \"What if the spider had been bitten by a radioactive human?\" What if the Avengers fought evil in the 1950s? Designated Earth-9904 in All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: A-Z Update #2 (2007). A version of this timeline was revisited in Avengers Forever, and yet another version made a cameo in Paradise X: Heralds. The Agents of Atlas, a superhero team from the 1950s, was based on this concept. What if Jane Foster had found the hammer of Thor? (based on Journey into Mystery #83) Jane Foster would eventually become the new Thor in Thor (vol. 4) #1. What if the original Marvel Bullpen had become the Fantastic Four? (based on The Fantastic Four #1) This world made a brief tongue-in-cheek appearance in Paradise X: Heralds. It was designated Earth-1228 in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Alternate Universes 2005. What if Rick",
"title": "List of What If issues"
},
{
"docid": "8593570",
"text": "Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness is a five-issue 2007 comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics in association with Dynamite Entertainment, an intercompany crossover in which Ash Williams, hero of the popular Evil Dead film and comic book, finds himself in the Marvel Zombies setting, a world of flesh-eating zombified Marvel Comics heroes. The crossover is continuous with the Marvel Zombies prequel Marvel Zombies: Dead Days and explains events happening in the prequel (such as information regarding the zombified Sentry, which initially spread the plague). Prior to the release of the first issue, Newsarama published a preview, revealing the birth of the zombified Avengers, Ash's descent into the Marvel Zombie universe, and the infection of Spider-Man. The \"Werewolf Spider-Man\" introduced during the closing moments of the series made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Plot Following Ash's death in the previous 'Army of Darkness' storyline The Death of Ash, he is now in (what appears to be) Heaven. The superpowered entity known as The Sentry shows up in the afterlife (having been sent there by the Watcher in Marvel Zombies Return) and begins consuming everyone in sight. Ash and the Sentry end up shunted into another reality (again by the Watcher according to Marvel Zombies Return). Along the way, Ash receives a prophecy warning him that \"an army of the dead will rise\" and that this world will fall. In this alternative version of the Marvel Universe known as Earth-2149, Ash encounters a fight between Daredevil and Thunderball. He mistakes Daredevil for the villain, and after letting Thunderball escape, tries to warn the Avengers of a Deadite invasion. They do not believe him, mostly due to his buffoonery while hitting on the female members of the team. Scarlet Witch teleports Ash away, as Jarvis tells the team of a disturbance. When Ash spots the now infected Avengers, he says he tried to warn them, and Spider-Man arrives and takes Ash off with a request from Colonel America. While Ash tells his side of the story to Spider-Man, Colonel America attacks and bites Spider-Man on the left shoulder, who seemingly drops Ash on the ground in front of some zombified Avengers. Realizing Ash is right and that his body is fighting the infection, Spider-Man bluffs and says he wants to eat Ash and carries him off, only to abandon him when he goes to check on his Aunt May and wife Mary Jane. (In the prequel comic Marvel Zombies: Dead Days, it is revealed that Spider-Man is eventually 'consumed' by the zombification disease and kills and devours his loved ones.) Ash then encounters the Punisher, who gives Ash a bag of spare weapons and shoots and presumably kills Kingpin, Hammerhead and the Owl. On the ground, Punisher kills Thunderball, who is fending off his zombified Wrecking Crew allies, who then turn on Punisher. Ash bumps into Dazzler, who takes him to Doctor Strange's headquarters.",
"title": "Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness"
},
{
"docid": "4077338",
"text": "Big Bertha (born Ashley Crawford and legally changed to Bertha Crawford) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by John Byrne, the character first appeared in West Coast Avengers vol. 2 #46 (July 1989). Big Bertha belongs to the subspecies of humans called mutants, who are born with superhuman abilities. She is also a member of the Great Lakes Avengers. Publication history Big Bertha debuted in West Coast Avengers vol. 2 #46 (July 1989), created by writer and artist John Byrne. She appeared in the 2005 GLX-Mas Special one-shot. She appeared in the 2016 Great Lakes Avengers series. She appeared in the 2018 Fantastic Four series. She appeared in the 2022 Avengers Unlimited Infinity Comic series. Fictional character biography Not much is known of Bertha's life before she responded to Mr. Immortal's advertisement for a hero team, the team who would become the Great Lakes Avengers. The G.L.A. mini-series reveals her to be a mutant. When not using her powers, Ashley is a proverbial \"big fish in a small pond,\" being a famous fashion model in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, her hometown. Although offers have come her way numerous times for more prospective opportunities, she has declined them all, choosing to stay in Milwaukee with the team she considers family. She was seen in public with the team by Hawkeye and Mockingbird, who later agreed to become their mentors. With the team, she helped Hawkeye and the West Coast Avengers against \"That Which Endures.\" They also assisted Mockingbird in a holding action against Terminus. After aiding the Thunderbolts against the villain Graviton, the team clashed with the mercenary Deadpool. GLA: Misassembled During the G.L.A. mini-series, the team took on Maelstrom who was trying to destroy the universe. After Dinah Soar's death, Big Bertha considered quitting the team to focus on her modeling career but decided to stay. She later captures Leather Boy, a rejected GLA member, who had infiltrated the team's headquarters disguised as Doctor Doom and killed Mr. Immortal and Monkey Joe, Squirrel Girl's sidekick. During the final battle, she tried to save Flatman from being sucked into a vortex made from the device that Maelstrom created to achieve universal destruction. Fortunately, it turned out that only his clothes had been sucked off and he was merely standing at an extreme angle so he wouldn't be seen naked. After their victory, they returned to their headquarters only to find that Tony Stark had sent a cease and desist notice ordering them to stop using the Avengers name. After discovering that they were all mutants, the team changed their name to the Great Lakes X-Men, complete with new costumes. GLX-Mas Special During the GLX-Mas Special, the team confronted Dr. Tannenbaum, who had released an army of living Christmas trees on the citizens of Wisconsin. Great Lakes Champions The team participated in a charity superhero poker tournament hosted by the Thing, where Flatman beat their host in the final round. Flatman's status as champion inspired the team",
"title": "Big Bertha (character)"
},
{
"docid": "428722",
"text": "The \"Kree–Skrull War\" is a story arc that was written by Roy Thomas, and drawn by Sal Buscema, Neal Adams, and John Buscema. The story was originally published in the Marvel Comics comic book title Avengers #89–97 (June 1971 – March 1972). The \"Kree–Skrull War\" is notable for its cosmic scope of interstellar warfare, enormous cast of characters, use of metaphor and allegory (for instance, to Joseph McCarthy and HUAC and the Arab–Israeli War), and the introduction of the Vision–Scarlet Witch romance, which became an ongoing theme for the characters (and the Avengers) for years to come. The \"Kree–Skrull War\" is considered by critics to be a highlight of its era, and is the culmination of a string of notable Thomas–Adams collaborations from this period, which began with their run on X-Men in 1969. Publication history Writer Thomas admits he had no \"master plan\" in writing the storyline other than that the two \"rapacious, galaxy-spanning races ... would be at war in the far reaches of space, and that their conflict would be threatening to spill over onto the Earth, turning our planet into the cosmic equivalent of some Pacific island during World War II\". In this regard, Thomas was inspired by Raymond F. Jones' 1952 novel, This Island Earth. In 2000, almost thirty years after the \"Kree–Skrull War\"'s original publication, Marvel produced a trade paperback collection of the entire story arc. As part of 2020's Empyre event, a prelude one-shot called Road to Empyre: The Kree/Skrull War #1 details the origins of the millennia longstanding conflict between the two species. Plot The Kree hero Captain Marvel, arriving on Earth after an extended stay in the alternate dimension the Negative Zone, is captured by several members of the superhero team the Avengers — Quicksilver, the Scarlet Witch, and the android hero the Vision — with aid of Mar-Vell (the hero's true Kree name) and his sometime companion Rick Jones. It is later revealed that he conceived a child with the Skrull princess Annelle during this period of time. This is necessary, as Mar-Vell has inadvertently absorbed a lethal amount of radiation from spending weeks in the Negative Zone, and it will prove fatal unless treated. With the aid of a scientist, the Vision drains the excess radiation from Mar-Vell. A flashback sequence explains that the Avengers detect an alarm from the Baxter Building, the headquarters of the Fantastic Four. The Avengers arrive at the building and find Mar-Vell using the portal to the Negative Zone — created by Reed Richards — to try and free Rick Jones from their need to \"share molecules\" (alternating between the same space, one on Earth and one trapped in the Negative Zone until swapping). Mar-Vell is successful, although while the portal to the Zone is open, the Avengers are forced to drive back the entity Annihilus, who attempts to escape the Zone. Mar-Vell takes advantage of the distraction to steal an Avengers quinjet, which is tracked once the Avengers realize that the Kree hero",
"title": "Kree–Skrull War"
},
{
"docid": "1701460",
"text": "Namora () (Aquaria Nautica Neptunia) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by artists Ken Bald and Syd Shores, the character first appeared in Marvel Mystery Comics #82 (May 1947). Namora is from Atlantis and is the daughter of an Atlantean father and a human mother. She is the cousin of the antihero Namor the Sub-Mariner. Mabel Cadena portrays Namora in her live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022). Publication history Namora debuted in the 12-page comic story \"The Coming of Namora!\" published in Marvel Mystery Comics #82 (May 1947), pencilled by Ken Bald and inked by Syd Shores. Namora also featured on the cover drawn by Bob Powell. Her costume was designed by Sub-Mariner creator Bill Everett. Initially, she and Namor had no apparent familial relationship, and romantic interest was sometimes implied between the two. She had her own comic book series, Namora, which ran from August–December 1948. While this title lasted three issues, she regularly appeared with Namor in Marvel Mystery Comics and also in Sub-Mariner until that series ended in 1955. The character was not seen again for 16 years until she made a brief flashback appearance in the Silver Age Sub-Mariner series, in Sub-Mariner #33 (January 1971). Her death was established in Sub-Mariner #50 (June 1972), where her frozen body is shown to Namor, and her death is depicted in flashback in #51 (July 1972). Over the next 30 years, Namora appeared in a number of flashbacks and alternate reality stories, including What If? #9 (June 1978), The New Warriors Annual #1 (1991), What If? #47 (March 1993), The New Warriors #44 (February 1994), Avengers: Forever #4-5 (March–April 1999), and Marvel: The Lost Generation #3-2 (December 2000-January 2001). Namora eventually reappears, alive, in the Agents of Atlas series, in issues #1-6 (October 2006-March 2007). She also appears in Incredible Hulk #107-112 (August–December 2007), Giant-Size Marvel Adventures: Avengers #1 (September 2007), World War Hulk #2 (September 2007), Spider-Man Family #4 (October 2007), and Incredible Hercules #121-122 (November–December 2008). Namora received an entry in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Golden Age 2004. Fictional character biography Namora is a character that originated in the Golden Age of Comic Books. Her original name was Aquaria Nautica Neptunia, but she was nicknamed \"Namora\" in honor of her cousin Namor. Like Namor, she is a hybrid mutant with superhuman strength and the power of flight by using the wings on her ankles. When her father was killed by treasure-hunting surface-dwellers, she fully changed her name to Namora, the Atlantean term for \"Avenging Daughter\", as Namor means \"Avenging Son\". She was Namor's cousin (though not by blood), and became his companion for a period of several years. Namora was ultimately shown to have been fatally poisoned by the Lemurian terrorist Llyra. She was survived by her clone, Namorita, whom she had passed off as her birth daughter because of Atlantian taboos against cloning. Marvel: The Lost Generation revealed that",
"title": "Namora"
},
{
"docid": "68476768",
"text": "\"What If... the World Lost Its Mightiest Heroes?\" is the third episode of the first season of the American animated television series What If...?, based on the Marvel Comics series of the same name. It explores what would happen if the events of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) tie-in comic Fury's Big Week (2012) occurred differently, with Nick Fury's campaign to recruit the Avengers derailed by a string of deaths. The episode was written by head writer A. C. Bradley and story editor Matthew Chauncey, and directed by Bryan Andrews. Jeffrey Wright narrates the series as the Watcher, with this episode also starring the voices of Samuel L. Jackson (Fury), Jeremy Renner, Mark Ruffalo, Tom Hiddleston, Clark Gregg, Jaimie Alexander, Frank Grillo, Lake Bell, and Mick Wingert. The series began development by September 2018, with Andrews and Bradley joining soon after, and many actors expected to reprise their roles from the MCU films; the events of Fury's Big Week are partially shown in the films The Incredible Hulk (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), and Thor (2011). Other MCU moments are also reimagined in the episode, which becomes a murder mystery in the style of an Agatha Christie story. Animation was provided by Squeeze, with Stephan Franck serving as head of animation. \"What If... the World Lost Its Mightiest Heroes?\" was released on Disney+ on August 25, 2021. Critics generally found the episode to be the weakest of the series' first three due to its less clear \"what if?\" scenario, although its darker storyline for an MCU project received praise. The episode's voice acting and connections to MCU films received mixed reviews. Plot Over the course of a week, S.H.I.E.L.D. director Nick Fury attempts to recruit heroes for the Avengers Initiative, starting with Tony Stark. Agent Natasha Romanoff gives Stark an injection to alleviate his palladium poisoning, but it unexpectedly proves fatal. S.H.I.E.L.D. detains Romanoff, but Fury helps her escape so she can find the killer. Meanwhile, Thor arrives on Earth and attempts to retrieve his hammer Mjolnir, but is accidentally shot and killed by Agent Clint Barton, who later dies in S.H.I.E.L.D. custody. To analyze what killed Stark, Romanoff approaches Dr. Betty Ross, who finds that a microscopic projectile was injected into Stark. Fury deduces that the killer is targeting his Avengers recruits, leaving Romanoff and Bruce Banner as the remaining targets. Romanoff discovers that Betty is hiding Banner just as Betty's father, General Thaddeus Ross, arrives to arrest them. Banner is shot and transforms into the Hulk, attacking Thaddeus's men before exploding. Loki arrives on Earth with Asgard's army to avenge Thor's death, but Fury negotiates a temporary truce so that he can identify the killer. Romanoff discovers that someone used a deceased agent's profile to access S.H.I.E.L.D.'s network. She is subsequently murdered, though she manages to send a message to Fury revealing that the deaths are related to \"hope\". Fury realizes that Romanoff was referring to Hope van Dyne, who had died on a mission after Fury recruited",
"title": "What If... the World Lost Its Mightiest Heroes?"
},
{
"docid": "11457032",
"text": "Taurus is the name of several characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history The Cornelius Van Lunt version of Taurus first appeared in Avengers #72 (Jan 1970) and was created by Roy Thomas and Sal Buscema. Fictional character biography Cornelius Van Lunt Cornelius Van Lunt was a multimillionaire businessman and professional criminal mastermind. He was also the founder and financer of the original Zodiac cartel, chose its eleven other leaders, and succeeded Marcus Lassiter (the original Aries) as the Zodiac's overall leader. In the Zodiac's first mission, Taurus and the Zodiac were summoned by Nick Fury (disguised as Scorpio). Taurus battled the Avengers and then escaped. As Van Lunt he then attempted a hostile takeover of Stark Industries as part of his plan to make the Avengers his employees. As Van Lunt he had Will Talltrees's parents murdered to gain their land. He was opposed by Talltrees (as Red Wolf) and the Avengers, and was believed to have drowned. Later, the Zodiac schemed to kill all New York residents born under the sign of Gemini with the Star-Blazer weapon, but were foiled by the Avengers. Taurus defeated a rebellion within the Zodiac, but he was captured by the Avengers along with all the other Zodiac leaders, and his secret identity was exposed. While jailed, he allowed the Avengers to use his Star-Blazer weapon against the Star-Stalker. Taurus later attempted to compete against the Maggia, who send the Taurus of the android Zodiac to wreck his headquarters. He hired Iron Man (James Rhodes), who defeated the android Taurus. Van Lunt then deduced this Iron Man's identity to be Rhodes, and sent Aries and Aquarius in an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate him. Taurus later witnessed the massacre of all the other human Zodiac leaders by Scorpio's android Zodiac. He aided the West Coast Avengers in defeating the android Zodiac, escaped, and attempted to enlist the Shroud in a new Zodiac. Taurus was ultimately killed in a plane crash just outside Los Angeles following a battle with Moon Knight. It was revealed much later that the archetype for the Zodiac was a Great Wheel organized by Leonardo da Vinci in 1961 that included Nick Fury, Dum Dum Dugan, Jake Fury, Baron von Strucker, among other spymasters. Each was identified by his own sign of the Zodiac, and Van Lunt was designated Taurus. Android Taurus Scorpio (Jake Fury) constructed the android Zodiac members, although his plan was thwarted by the Defenders. The Maggia employed the android Taurus to wreck the human Taurus's headquarters; the android Taurus was defeated by Iron Man. Quicksilver employed the android Zodiac to attack the West Coast Avengers, but the Avengers defeated the Zodiac. Led by Scorpio in a new android body, the android Zodiac massacred the human Zodiac, and took over their criminal operations. They battled the West Coast Avengers, but were rendered inert when they were transported to the dimension of the Brotherhood of the Ankh. Ecliptic Taurus This Taurus was a humanoid",
"title": "Taurus (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "3753608",
"text": "Jim Cheung (; born 1972) is a British comic book artist, known for his work on the series such as Scion, New Avengers: Illuminati, Young Avengers and Avengers: The Children's Crusade. He co-created the Marvel superhero team the Young Avengers, including its members: Kate Bishop, Hulkling, Iron Lad, Patriot (Eli Bradley), Speed, and Wiccan. Career Cheung worked on several Marvel series during the mid- to late 1990s. He also worked on Scion for Crossgen Comics in the early 2000s. He later returned to Marvel, where he illustrated the five-issue New Avengers: Illuminati mini-series for Marvel Comics, and then pencilled two more issues of New Avengers. He was named in August 2005 as one of Marvel's \"Young Guns\", a group of artists that, according to Marvel Editor-in-Chief Joe Quesada, have the qualities that make \"a future superstar penciller\". Other \"Young Guns\" include Olivier Coipel, David Finch, Trevor Hairsine, Adi Granov and Steve McNiven. Cheung illustrated the 2010-2012 miniseries Avengers: The Children's Crusade. In addition to interior comics work, he has drawn several covers including those of \"Avengers vs. X-Men\" \"Spider-Men\" and the Young Avengers. In 2015, Marvel enlisted Cheung to create an Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. poster for a panel devoted to that TV series at that year's San Diego Comic-Con. He drew the Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy limited series in 2016 with writer Christos Gage and Dan Slott. in February 2018 Cheung created promo art for a relaunched Marvel universe began, called the Fresh Start. That March, it was announced that Cheung would be the artist on a relaunched Justice League series. Bibliography Marvel Comics Interior work Avengers #35 (2014) Avengers Finale Avengers: The Children's Crusade #1-9 Avengers & X-Men: AXIS #9 (select pages) Black Knight: Exodus #1 Civil War II Free Comic Book Day The Clone Conspiracy #1-5 (2016) Elektra: The Hand #1, #5 (select pages) Force Works #15-17 Giant-Sized Avengers Special #1 (2007) Infinity #1, #6 (2013) Iron Man #325 (50/50), 600 Marvel Comics Presents #170 Marvel Comics Presents #1-12 Marvel 2-in-One #1-2, #6 New Avengers #25, 40, 42, 43 New Avengers: Illuminati #1-5 Maverick #1-11 Original Sin #0 (2014) Spider-Man Unlimited #6 Uncanny X-Men #371 X-Force #82-84, 86–88, 90, 94–95, 98-100 X-Men Unlimited #14 (1997) Young Avengers #1-6, 9-12 Covers A-Force #1 Astonishing X-Men #1 Avengers #82 Avengers: The Initiative #1-5, Annual #1 Avengers & X-Men: AXIS #1-9 Cable #73 Casualties of War: Captain America/Iron Man one-shot (both covers) Civil War: Young Avengers/Runaways #1-4 Civil War: Casualties of War: Iron Man/Captain America (one shot, 2007) Darth Vader #1-2 Fantastic Four #525-526 Fantastic Four: Foes #1-5 Hulk vs Fin Fang Foom one-shot (2007) New Avengers: Illuminati #1-5 Iron Man #322-324, 327-330 Iron Man: Director of SHIELD Annual #1 Marvel 2-in-One #3 (2017) New Avengers #4 (variant), Annual #2 New Avengers/Transformers #1 Secret Warriors #1-22 Spider-Men #1-5 Ultimate Nightmare #5 Uncanny X-Men #493 (variant) What If...Magneto and Professor X Had Formed the X-Men Together? What If... House of M #1 World War Hulk Aftersmash: Warbound #1-5 X-Factor (vol",
"title": "Jim Cheung"
},
{
"docid": "56334621",
"text": "Voyager (Va Nee Gast), initially known by the alias Valerie Vector, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Mark Waid, Al Ewing, Jim Zub, Michael Allred, and Laura Allred, the character first appeared in The Avengers #675 as part of the Avengers: No Surrender storyline. Voyager was presented as a \"lost\" founding member of the Avengers, but was subsequently revealed to be the daughter and ally of the Grandmaster, one of the Elders of the Universe, before truly defecting to the Avengers' side. Publication history Concept and creation The concept of a \"lost founder\" of the Avengers was suggested during the planning of Marvel Legacy, with writers tentatively attributing the idea to Tom Brevoort. The concept is similar to that of Triumph, a retroactively established founding member of the Justice League of America co-created by Mark Waid, one of the creators of Voyager; as a result, Waid was insistent that Voyager not be a \"real\" founder, not wanting to repeat his work on Triumph. The similarity between the two was alluded to in Voyager's fictional backstory, in which she claims to have been erased from history while fighting \"Victory, the Electromagnetic Man\", a pastiche of Triumph and member of the Squadron Sinister. Voyager's powers of teleportation were suggested by Jim Zub as abilities that were not widely represented among the Avengers, as well as being useful as a plot device for the story of No Surrender. Her name was suggested both to relate to her powers and allude to the naming conventions of the Elders of the Universe; other names considered included \"Legacy\", \"Vector\", \"Apex\", \"Transit\" and \"Portal Princess\". Her design was created by Mike Allred and Laura Allred, and was specifically intended to fit alongside the designs of Marvel characters from the 1960s, the era which Voyager supposedly hailed from. Fictional character biography Va Nee Gast was the daughter of the Grandmaster, travelling the galaxy with him and gambling for the fates of planets. However, she came to resent her father for treating her as a playing piece in his games. When Earth was chosen as the battleground for a contest between the Grandmaster and his brother, the Challenger, Voyager was secretly planted on the planet as the Grandmaster's \"secret weapon\", using her newly-granted powers to implant false memories in order to adopt the guise of \"Valerie Vector\", a founding member of the Avengers who was lost fighting Squadron Sinister member Victory the Electronic Man. When the truth of her identity was revealed by the Vision and Edwin Jarvis, Voyager turned on her allies and claimed the fifth \"pyramoid\" target of the contest for herself; however, during the Avengers' defense of their headquarters against the Hulk, Voyager found herself moved by their bravery and heroism, leading her to aid them in restoring Earth to its proper place and in defeating the Challenger, whose anger had been provoked by the Grandmaster's duplicity. In the aftermath, the Avengers offered her membership, but she declined,",
"title": "Voyager (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "156573",
"text": "USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77) is the tenth and final supercarrier of the United States Navy. She is named for the 41st President of the United States and former Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush, who was a naval aviator during World War II. The vessel's callsign is Avenger, after the TBM Avenger aircraft flown by then-Lieutenant George H. W. Bush in World War II. Construction began in 2003 at Northrop Grumman, in Newport News, Virginia and was completed in 2009 at a cost of $6.2 billion. Her home port is Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. Naming George H. W. Bush became one of the U.S. Navy's youngest pilots when he received his Naval Aviator wings and naval commission on 9 June 1943, three days before turning 19. He flew torpedo bombers off on active duty from August 1943 to September 1945 during World War II. On 2 September 1944, during a mission over the Pacific, Japanese anti-aircraft fire hit his plane. The Navy submarine rescued him. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and three Air Medals for courageous service in the Pacific Theater. USS George H.W. Bush is the second United States aircraft carrier to be named after a naval aviator ( was the first) and the second, following , to be named after a then living former president (Ronald Reagan was christened in 2001 while Reagan was still alive). Ship's seal Each element of the seal is significant for its relevance to the ship's namesake, naval aviation, naval service, and the nation. There are six prominent features of the seal, beginning with the 41 white stars, symbolizing the ship's namesake (the 41st president). The rays of light that appear on the seal's horizon represent Bush's concept of a \"thousand points of light\", wherein he urged Americans to find meaning and reward by serving a purpose higher than themselves. The graphic depiction of the aircraft carrier reflects the carrier, as both a symbol and instrument of American strength as a force for freedom. Above the carrier are the overhead profiles of a TBM Avenger torpedo bomber (representing Bush's days as a Navy pilot), an F/A-18 Hornet strike fighter, and an F-35C Lightning II, superimposed one upon the other in reverse chronological order of the individual aircraft's service entry date, and in diminishing scale so each outline is contained within that of the newer aircraft. Fouled anchors and shields, centered on naval aviators wings, honor the ship's namesake's aviation history. Finally, the motto \"Freedom at Work\" is adapted from Bush's inaugural speech, during which he said, \"We know what works: Freedom works. We know what’s right: Freedom is right.\" Description George H.W. Bush measures and displaces over 100,000 tons, making her one of the world's largest warships (though she is slightly shorter than ). Her top speed exceeds 30 knots; powered with two nuclear reactors, she can operate for more than 20 years without refueling. Several features differentiate CVN-77 from other ships in the Nimitz class. Hull New",
"title": "USS George H.W. Bush"
},
{
"docid": "8797681",
"text": "S.T.R.I.K.E., an acronym for Special Tactical Reserve for International Key Emergencies, is a fictional counter-terrorism and intelligence agency appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The organization often deals with superhuman threats, and was introduced in Captain Britain Weekly #17 as the United Kingdom's counterpart to the United States' anti-terrorism agency S.H.I.E.L.D. This team appeared in the films Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Avengers: Endgame (2019). This version of the team were actually undercover Hydra agents. In various MCU film and television appearances, S.T.R.I.K.E. is a unit within S.H.I.E.L.D., not an independent organization. Publication history S.T.R.I.K.E. first appeared in Captain Britain Weekly #17 and was created by Gary Friedrich and Larry Lieber. Bases of operation S.T.R.I.K.E.'s original headquarters, as seen in the organization's first appearances, was an undersea air base which contained several of S.T.R.I.K.E.'s planes that were considered superior to their American counterparts at the time. S.T.R.I.K.E.'s Psi division had their own headquarters. Another headquarters was in a closed university, located in London, England; this headquarters was later used by D.U.C.K (Department of Unknown and Covert Knowledge). Members Like S.H.I.E.L.D., S.T.R.I.K.E. had hundreds of agents throughout several divisions. Executive directors and deputy directors Tod Radcliffe - Director of S.T.R.I.K.E. Commander Lance Hunter - Second Director of S.T.R.I.K.E. Even after the organization's disbanding, Hunter is shown to have good ties with S.H.I.E.L.D. and W.H.O. when he is seen alongside Contessa Valentina Allegra de Fontaine, and with Alistaire Stuart briefing British superhumans on the details of the British Superhuman Registration Act. Also, Hunter is an ex-SAS soldier and ex-Mercenary. Psi-division Elizabeth Braddock - Twin sister of Captain Britain. She later joins the X-Men as Psylocke and is a former member of the Exiles. Tom Lennox - A telepath and a telekinetic; he is Betsy Braddock's lover. During the Jasper's Warp saga, Lennox is gunned down by S.T.R.I.K.E.'s armored anti-superhuman \"Beetle\" squad. Alison Double - An albino telepath, clairvoyant, and aura reader. Now residing in Switzerland. Kevin Mulhearn - A telepath; he took an outside job as a mentalist using the name Doctor Destiny. He was performing his mind reading act at a theater in London, using his powers to tell what people had in their possession. He was killed by one of his volunteers from the audience who turned out to be Slaymaster, who had been charged with killing all of S.T.R.I.K.E.'s Psi-Division. Vicki Reppion - Killed by Slaymaster. Avril Davis - Killed by Slaymaster. Dennis Rush - Killed by Slaymaster. Andrew Hornby - Killed by Slaymaster. Leah Mickleson - Killed by Slaymaster. Stuart Hattrick - Killed by Slaymaster. Sci-Tech division \"Matthew\" (codename) - Recruited telepath Betsy Braddock to join S.T.R.I.K.E.'s Psi-division. He later was recruited into R.C.X. as a regulator and given the new codename of Gabriel. Other versions Ultimate Marvel S.T.R.I.K.E. in the Ultimate Marvel parallel universe was first introduced in Ultimate X-Men #15. Like its Marvel Universe counterpart, this version of S.T.R.I.K.E. is the British division of S.H.I.E.L.D. S.T.R.I.K.E. also has ties with S.H.I.E.L.D.'s",
"title": "S.T.R.I.K.E."
},
{
"docid": "2988821",
"text": "Korvac is the name of a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appears in Giant-Size Defenders #3 (Jan. 1975) and was created by Steve Gerber and Jim Starlin. Publication history Michael Korvac debuted in Giant-Size Defenders #3 (1975) with no first name given, and according to creator Gerber: \"The character really was a throwaway, created for one story. And I never intended to bring him back, because, among other things, I hated the name! I still think it sounds more like a vacuum cleaner than a villain\". However, Roger Stern and Len Wein felt that Korvac, being a native of the 31st century, made a natural adversary for the Guardians of the Galaxy, and wrote a story in Thor Annual #6 (1977) which was intended to set him up in that role. The Guardians of the Galaxy's own series, Marvel Presents, was cancelled before Thor Annual #6 was published, cutting off Stern's plans to use Korvac there. Korvac instead appeared in Avengers #167, 168, 170–177 (January–November 1978), later called the \"Korvac Saga\". The issues in this storyline were written by Jim Shooter and David Michelinie, with art by George Pérez and David Wenzel. A trade paperback edition reprinted the Korvac Saga in 1991, and included a new epilogue written by Mark Gruenwald and drawn by Tom Morgan. Although the revised conclusion cast Korvac as a villain, it was removed by editor Tom Brevoort when reprinted as Avengers Legends Volume 2: The Korvac Saga in 2003. Korvac reappeared briefly in Avengers Annual #16 (1987). He is heavily referenced in a 1991 summer annual crossover storyline: Fantastic Four Annual #24 (1991); Thor Annual #16 (1991); Silver Surfer Annual #4 (1991) and Guardians of the Galaxy Annual #1 (1991). The character returned in Captain America vol. 3, #17–19 (May–July 1999). Korvac also appeared in both volumes of the alternate universe title What If?, in issues #32 (April 1982) and vol. 2, issue #36 (April 1992). Korvac made a return to the mainstream 616 universe in Avengers Academy #11 (March 2011). To tie-in with the movie Captain America: The First Avenger, an all-ages retelling of the Korvac Saga was issued in December 2010 and ended in March 2011 titled Captain America: The Korvac Saga. The story was condensed and focused primarily on Captain America journeying to the future in pursuit of Korvac with the help of Nikki and Firelord. Fictional character biography Michael Korvac is a computer technician in the alternate universe Earth-691. When the Solar System and its colonies are conquered by the alien Badoon in AD 3007, Korvac becomes a collaborator and traitor to the human race. Caught asleep at a machine while working, the Badoon punish Korvac by grafting his upper body to a machine, effectively making him a cyborg. Korvac is then transported through time by the Elder of the Universe the Grandmaster, who utilizes him as a pawn in battling the hero Doctor Strange and the Defenders. It is eventually revealed that",
"title": "Korvac"
},
{
"docid": "7243538",
"text": "Ant-Man (Eric O'Grady) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The third character to use the Ant-Man name, he was created by Robert Kirkman and Phil Hester, and first appears in The Irredeemable Ant-Man #1 (Dec. 2006). Publication history Eric O'Grady was the main character in the ongoing monthly series The Irredeemable Ant-Man, with the \"Irredeemable\" title given to the comic's title to indicate the character's immoral attitude and behavior. The series was canceled after issue #12, though no official cancellation notice was given (as Marvel Comics simply opted to not solicit issues of The Irredeemable Ant-Man beyond #12, though the final issue did mercilessly mock the idea of cancellation, such as having Eric scream in spite towards a massive assault of canceled comic characters). Though canceled, the series ended with the character becoming enrolled in the Initiative. With Avengers: The Initiative #8, O'Grady joined the title's cast. He departed from the title after Avengers: The Initiative #20, and as of Thunderbolts #128, is a member of the new Thunderbolts team. After the events of Siege, he becomes a member of the Secret Avengers, beginning with issue one. Beginning in November 2010, he starred alongside Henry Pym in the three-issue mini-series Ant-Man and the Wasp, by Tim Seeley. Ant-Man appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010–2013 Secret Avengers series, from issue #1 (July 2010) through the character's death in issue #23 (April 2012); the character was replaced by a Life Model Decoy with all of his memories in the following issue, renaming itself the Black Ant in issue #32, revealing itself as an antagonist in issue #36, before disappearing in its final issue #37 (March 2013). Fictional character biography Eric O'Grady is a low-level Irish agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. who stumbles upon Dr. Henry \"Hank\" Pym's latest incarnation of the Ant-Man suit in the S.H.I.E.L.D. headquarters. A man of very few morals with a willingness to lie, cheat, steal and manipulate in order to get ahead in life, O'Grady immediately steals the armor for his own selfish plans, which include using his status as a \"super-hero\" to stalk women and facilitate his thievery. A running theme with the character is his evil side clashing with a desire to be accepted by others, which leads to O'Grady vowing to renounce his evil ways and become a proper hero, leading to a cycle of the character relapsing and vowing to \"change\". Mitch Carson is a S.H.I.E.L.D. security agent under Dum Dum Dugan and someone whom O'Grady looks up to. During the \"Enemy of the State\" story, when Wolverine attacks the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier, Carson orders O'Grady and his roommate Chris McCarthy to guard Hank Pym and the new Ant-Man suit. Pym walks out and they panic and knock Pym out. McCarthy accidentally runs off with the suit to escape Wolverine, but when Elektra attacks the Helicarrier a month later, McCarthy is killed by a HYDRA agent and O'Grady steals the suit from his dead body. Instead of",
"title": "Eric O'Grady"
},
{
"docid": "17625679",
"text": "Unbound may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Music Unbound, formerly the name of Deathbound, a four-piece death metal band from Vaasa, Finland Unbound, an album by Merciless, 1994 \"Unbound\", a song by Ásgeir Trausti, 2017 \"Unbound (The Wild Ride)\", a song by Avenged Sevenfold on the album Avenged Sevenfold Unbound 01, an EP by Keshia Chanté, 2017 Other arts, entertainment, and media Unbound (book), a 2010 narrative nonfiction book by author Dean King Doctor Who Unbound, series of audio plays in an alternative universe for Doctor Who Frankenstein Unbound, a movie by Roger Corman based on a book by Brian Aldiss Unbound: An Interactive Journal of Christian Social Justice, an online journal published by the Advisory Committee on Social Witness Policy of the Presbyterian Mission Agency Need for Speed: Unbound Brands and enterprises Unbound (publisher), a crowd-funded publishing company The Unbound Collection by Hyatt, a division of Hyatt hotels Organizations Unbound (nonprofit organization), a nonprofit sponsorship organization headquartered in Kansas City to serve the poor Unbound Project, a project celebrating female animal advocates, founded by Jo-Anne McArthur and Keri Cronin Science, technology, and mathematics Unbound (DNS server), a validating, recursive, and caching DNS server In physics and chemistry; see bound state, binding energy See also Unbound morpheme Unbound variable Boundedness (disambiguation)",
"title": "Unbound"
},
{
"docid": "67229673",
"text": "The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on superhero films and other series starring various titular superheroes independently produced by Marvel Studios and based on characters that appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The shared universe, much like the original Marvel Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters. Due to the galaxy-spanning nature of the franchise, multiple species have been introduced. Main species Asgardians The Asgardians (based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name), or the Æsir, introduced in Thor, are the inhabitants of Asgard, on whom the gods of Norse mythology are based in MCU mythology. In the first film they are shown as a race of superhuman extraterrestrials who look similar to humans but possess a highly advanced form of technology resembling magic and sorcery, upon which their entire civilization is built. However, later films contradict this, with Thor: Love and Thunder establishing that Thor and Zeus are actual gods in the fictional universe. The film's post-credit scene also confirms the existence of Valhalla in the MCU. The Asgardians are shown suffering major losses, first during Hela's attempt to harness Asgard's power in Thor: Ragnarok, and later by Thanos on his quest to retrieve the Tesseract, as revealed in Avengers: Infinity War. A group of survivors escapes to Earth, and builds a settlement under the rule of King Valkyrie. They appear in the films Thor, The Avengers, Thor: The Dark World, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Doctor Strange, Thor: Ragnarok, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers: Endgame and Thor: Love and Thunder; as well as the ABC series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., the Disney+ series Loki and the animated series What If...?. Celestials Celestials (based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name) are an ancient race of entities introduced in Guardians of the Galaxy and later expanded upon on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Eternals as beings with vast matter and energy manipulation abilities. In Guardians of the Galaxy, they are introduced as being present in the universe long before the galactic communities and even the Asgardians. Their origin and nature are not elaborated upon. Whatever is known about them is known only by a few characters, such as Taneleer Tivan, who reveals that the Celestials utilized the Infinity Stones as a means of power against lesser life forms. The severed head of a deceased Celestial, which was converted into Knowhere, appears in this film, Avengers: Infinity War, The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special, and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. Eson the Searcher is shown in a flashback sequence as a former owner of the Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy. He uses its power to level the surface of an entire planet. In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Ego the Living Planet, Star-Lord's biological father, is a Celestial who controls a humanoid avatar to travel the universe. His planetary form is a",
"title": "Species of the Marvel Cinematic Universe"
},
{
"docid": "26216979",
"text": "The Young Masters are a supervillain team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The team was created by Paul Cornell and Mark Brooks. The team first appeared in Dark Reign: Young Avengers #1 (May 2009) as the analog to the Young Avengers. Publication history Dark Reign: Young Avengers is a limited series written by Paul Cornell, with artist Mark Brooks, which introduces a new group of powered teens calling themselves the Young Masters, but controlled by Norman Osborn. The new team is a twisted version of the Young Avengers, much like the Dark Avengers are to the original Avengers. Fictional team biography Originally assembled by Coat of Arms as an examination of superheroism art project during the Dark Reign storyline, the group was largely motivated by Melter's desire to be real heroes, but hindered significantly by unclear and conflicting ideals including Executioner's Punisher-style ruthlessness, Big Zero's racism and violent tendencies, Egghead's psychopathy and hedonism, and Coat of Arm's distorted view of ethics. Only Melter and Enchantress showed much interest in actual altruistic heroism. The team began calling themselves the \"Young Avengers,\" but were only active as superheroes a short time before being confronted by the actual Young Avengers. The Young Avengers fought their darker counterparts where they vetted each member. Although Enchantress was a possible candidate for the original Young Avengers, she was rejected due to having a history with Loki. Displeased with the Young Avengers' decision, the team decided to become the Young Masters. Executioner contacts Norman Osborn to gain his support and the backing of the Dark Avengers. When the Young Avengers return to their headquarters, the Dark Avengers arrive. The Young Masters aid the Young Avengers in fighting the Dark Avengers. After the Dark Avengers are repelled, the Young Masters leave. Following the \"Siege of Asgard\" storyline and the beginning of the Heroic Age storyline, the Young Masters lie low following Osborn's defeat. They are compromised when Enchantress becomes weak and ill in the wake of Loki's death. The Young Masters return with Executioner and Egghead, joined by new recruits Mako, Radioactive Kid, and a female Black Knight in a plot to target older villains for assassination. It is later revealed that they had a mysterious benefactor, the villain Zodiac. No explanation is given for the absence of the other founding members of the group, but at the conclusion of the storyline, Zodiac reveals that he only needed one of them to join him, and he selects Egghead. Big Zero, Enchantress, and Coat of Arms are later employed by Jeremy Briggs. They battle the students of the Avengers Academy in order to allow Briggs to complete his goal of depowering all of Earth's superhumans and giving their powers to people who are worthy of receiving them. In Avengers Undercover, Black Knight, Coat of Arms, Egghead, Executioner, Mako, and Melter appear as members of the Shadow Council's incarnation of the Masters of Evil. The Young Masters make their headquarters in Constrictor's Snakepit in Bagalia. During",
"title": "Young Masters"
},
{
"docid": "68355351",
"text": "\"What If... Captain Carter Were the First Avenger?\" is the first episode of the first season of the American animated television series What If...?, based on the Marvel Comics series of the same name. It explores what would happen if the events of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) occurred differently, with Peggy Carter taking the Super Soldier Serum instead of Steve Rogers and becoming the superhero \"Captain Carter\". The episode was written by head writer A. C. Bradley and directed by Bryan Andrews. Jeffrey Wright narrates the series as the Watcher, with this episode also starring the voices of Hayley Atwell (Carter), Sebastian Stan, Dominic Cooper, Stanley Tucci, Toby Jones, Bradley Whitford, Ross Marquand, and Darrell Hammond. The series began development by September 2018, with Andrews and Bradley joining soon after, and many actors expected to reprise their roles from the MCU films. The episode shows Carter dealing with sexism while becoming a superhero. Animation was provided by Blue Spirit, with Stephan Franck serving as head of animation; they took inspiration from 1940s serial films and old war films. \"What If... Captain Carter Were the First Avenger?\" was released on Disney+ on August 11, 2021. Critics praised Atwell's performance and the action sequences, but were mixed on other returning film actors' performances, elements of the animation style, and whether the story was a good introduction to the series or too similar to The First Avenger. Plot During World War II, Steve Rogers is chosen to become the world's first super-soldier by receiving Dr. Abraham Erskine's Super Soldier Serum. When Erskine asks if Strategic Scientific Reserve (SSR) Agent Peggy Carter wants to watch the procedure from a safe distance, she chooses to stay in the operating theater. As Erskine and inventor Howard Stark prepare to put Rogers through the procedure, Heinz Kruger—a spy from the Nazis' science division Hydra—becomes nervous due to Carter's presence and attacks the lab before the transfusion can begin in the hopes of stealing the serum. He kills Erskine and SSR leader Chester Phillips and shoots Rogers before Carter kills Kruger. With limited time to complete the procedure, Carter volunteers to take Rogers' place. She is successfully enhanced, but the SSR's new leader John Flynn refuses to allow her to join the war because she is a woman. Fifteen months later in Norway, Hydra's leader Johann Schmidt / Red Skull obtains the Tesseract, a powerful artifact that can manipulate space, with which he plans to win the war. Flynn refuses to send anyone to stop Schmidt, but Stark secretly gives Carter a costume and a shield made of Vibranium, which she uses to attack a Hydra convoy in Berlin and successfully retrieve the Tesseract and Hydra scientist Arnim Zola. Following this, Flynn reluctantly promotes Carter to a combat role and she becomes \"Captain Carter\". Using the Tesseract, Stark builds a weaponized, armored \"Hydra Stomper\" suit for Rogers to pilot. Carter and Rogers go on to fight in numerous battles with",
"title": "What If... Captain Carter Were the First Avenger?"
},
{
"docid": "709267",
"text": "Ultron () is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Roy Thomas and artist John Buscema, the character first appeared as an unnamed character in The Avengers #54 (July 1968), with his first full appearance in The Avengers #55 (August 1968). He is a self-aware and highly intelligent artificial intelligence in a robot body who develops a god complex and a grudge against his creator Hank Pym. His goal to destroy humanity in a shortsighted attempt at creating world peace has brought him into repeated conflict with the Avengers. Stories often end in Ultron's apparent destruction, only for the character to be resurrected in new forms. Ultron's physical body is made of a durable alloy, and he has manifested various superpowers. These vary between different stories but generally include superhuman strength, speed, and agility, flight, and energy projection. The character usually operates alone or accompanied by legions of copies of his own robotic form known as Ultron Drones. Ultron is notable for being the first character in Marvel Comics to wield the fictional metal alloy adamantium and for his (in-story) creation of the Vision. Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books, Ultron has since featured in Marvel products across different media, such as animated television series and video games. Tom Kane and Jim Meskimen are among the actors that have portrayed the character via voice acting. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), James Spader portrayed Ultron in his first live-action appearance in the Marvel Studios film Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), while Ross Marquand voiced alternate universe versions in the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Publication history The character Ultron initially appeared as an unnamed character in a cameo in The Avengers #54 (July 1968), with a first full appearance in The Avengers #55 (August 1968). Ultron was created by writer Roy Thomas and artist John Buscema. Thomas, who has acknowledged he finds naming characters difficult, said he liked the -tron suffix and went from there. The use of the suffix and the prior appearance of a group of robots named Ultroids led him to the name Ultron. Thomas said the idea of the character and his appearance were heavily based on Makino, an obscure robotic villain who appeared in an issue of the Captain Video comic book. He liked the robot's malicious looking smile, showing this to Buscema. Jocasta, a robot created by Ultron featured in a number of Ultron storylines, was created by Jim Shooter and George Pérez for The Avengers #162 (August 1977). Fictional character biography Creation and early appearances Created by Hank Pym by basing the robot on his own brain patterns, the robot (dubbed \"Ultron\") gradually developed its own intelligence and rebelled, and almost immediately develops an Oedipus complex, whereby it feels irrational hatred for Pym, and demonstrates an interest in Janet van Dyne. Rebuilding itself, learning how to turn itself on, and upgrading five",
"title": "Ultron"
},
{
"docid": "1369650",
"text": "The Winter Guard () is a fictional team of Russian superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Winter Guard are noted for being \"Russia's answer to the Avengers\". Several members of the group formerly belonged to the Soviet Super-Soldiers, the People's Protectorate and the Supreme Soviets. Unlike those teams, which were often adversarial towards other costumed superheroes, the Winter Guard is much more heroic and representative in nature. Unlike other superhero teams, the Winter Guard currently has a rotating pool of candidates to fill one of three roles on the team: Darkstar, Crimson Dynamo and Red Guardian. Publication history The Winter Guard first appeared during the Kurt Busiek run of Iron Man in (vol. 2) #9 (October 1998), where they had several guest appearances. They would later appear in Busiek's stint on the Avengers. The team made infrequent appearance in the Marvel Universe until Jeph Loeb brought them to attention in Hulk (vol. 2) #1. The Winter Guard soon appeared in She-Hulk and War Machine: Weapon of S.H.I.E.L.D.. David Gallaher brought the team back in Hulk: Winter Guard which first appeared as a Marvel Digital Comic and was later reprinted as a comic book. Gallaher returned to writing the team with a 3-issue limited series called Darkstar and the Winter Guard in 2010. Fictional team history The Winter Guard were originally known as The Soviet Super Soldiers and appeared in various comics from the mid-1970s. That name lost meaning following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1992. The Winter Guard made their debut with that name in Iron Man (vol. 3) #9, and fought alongside the Avengers during both the \"Maximum Security\" crossover, and the \"Kang War\". Whilst investigating the murder of the Abomination (who was killed by Red Hulk), Doc Samson, She-Hulk and Thunderbolt Ross encounter the revitalized Winter Guard, consisting of Ursa Major, Red Guardian, Darkstar and the Crimson Dynamo. When She-Hulk points out that Darkstar and Red Guardian were dead, Iron Man tells her that they were replaced with new people. It is unknown if the other members of the team are new as well. After teaming up with War Machine to fight the Skrulls, the team was later seen clashing with She-Hulk and the Lady Liberators – and again with The Presence and Igor Drenkov. This version of the team uses an old alien ship, from the Dire Wraith race, as a headquarters. They were mentioned by Storm as possible back-up while Rachel Summers was investigating in Madripoor. The Winter Guard was apparently destroyed by The Intelligencia, who tested their ultimate weapon The Zero Cannon on the unsuspecting heroes. However they were later seen to have survived. During the \"Monsters Unleashed\" storyline, the Winter Guard were seen fighting monsters that were attacking Moscow. The Winter Guard is later reassembled with Ursa Major, Crimson Dynamo, Red Guardian, Darkstar, Vostok, Perun, Chernobog and Red Widow. Members Their current membership is: Ursa Major – A mutant who can transform into a humanoid bear. Crimson",
"title": "Winter Guard"
},
{
"docid": "30339019",
"text": "Widowmaker is a four issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics starring superheroes Black Widow, Hawkeye and Mockingbird. Widowmaker continues the storyline staged in Hawkeye & Mockingbird #6 by Hawkeye & Mockingbird creators Jim McCann and David Lopez and the Black Widow creative team of writer Duane Swierczynski and artist Manuel Garcia. Publication history In July 2010, Marvel Comics announced that Hawkeye & Mockingbird writer Jim McCann and Black Widow writer Duane Swierczynski will be collaborating on Widow Maker, a four-part crossover that will take place in Hawkeye & Mockingbird #7-8 and Black Widow #9-10 starting in December 2010 and running through January 2011. The idea for a crossover was originally incepted when the writers found out that their respective titles would be launching around the same time. McCann explained, \"It's a logical crossover; there is a shared history between Hawkeye and Black Widow, the books operate in the world of super hero super spies, and the fans have been asking for this since the books were announced. So, give them what they want!\" When coming up with ways that Black Widow, Hawkeye and Mockingbird could all interact, McCann threw out the idea of revealing the origins of Ronin and introducing a new Ronin. In the comic book the new Ronin surrounds himself with the Dark Ocean Society, of which McCann did extensive research stating, \"I actually did a lot of research for this in Japanese spy craft and secret societies. The Dark Ocean Society in Japanese is actually called Genyōsha, but we couldn't call it that in Marvel because we have something called Genosha and it might confuse everybody\". McCann also researched Japan–Russia relations for the comic book's setting on the disputed Kuril Islands revealing that the week that Widowmaker #1 came out, talks broke down between Russia and Japan over the real life Kuril Islands. In November 2010 it was reported that Widowmaker will instead be solicited as a stand-alone miniseries starting in December 2010, following the cancellation of Hawkeye & Mockingbird in issue number six. The report also came with an announcement that Widowmaker will be followed up by another four issue miniseries, Hawkeye: Blindspot. Characters Black Widow / Natasha Romanov: Ex-Soviet super spy, former lover of Hawkeye and current member of the Secret Avengers. Hawkeye / Clint Barton: Master archer and Avenger; briefly used the identity of the ninja \"Ronin\", former lover of both Black Widow and Mockingbird. Mockingbird / Bobbi Morse: Former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and ex-lover of Hawkeye, current New Avenger and head of the World Counter-terrorism Agency (W.C.A.). Dominic Fortune / Duvid Fortunov: Soldier of fortune currently employed by the W.C.A. Plot The death of a Japanese S.H.I.E.L.D. agent at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City leads Hawkeye, Mockingbird and Dominic Fortune to Sakha, Russia where they meet up with the Black Widow who is investigating the mass murder of K.G.B. recruits inside the Red Room. Surveillance video reveals the killings are carried out by the Dark Ocean Society led",
"title": "Widowmaker (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "3638189",
"text": "HMS Avenger was a Royal Navy escort aircraft carrier during the Second World War. In 1939 she was laid down as the merchant ship Rio-Hudson at the Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Company yard in Chester, Pennsylvania. Launched on 27 November 1940, she was converted to an escort carrier and transferred under the lend lease agreement to the Royal Navy. She was commissioned on 2 March 1942. Avengers capacity allowed for a maximum of 15 aircraft. In September 1942, she took part in what was the largest and most successful Russian convoy to date. Upon her return home, after observing a number of design faults, Avengers captain drew up recommendations for future escort carrier design. In November 1942 she took part in Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, where she suffered engine problems. While leaving North Africa to start the journey home Avenger was sunk by the on 15 November 1942 at 3:20am GMT, 9 hours after leaving Gibraltar for Britain, with a heavy loss of life among her crew. Design and description The s were converted American type C3 merchant ships of the C3 class. Their design was based on the U.S. Navy (AVG1). To differentiate between the two classes, the Royal Navy ships were prefixed with a 'B' (BAVG). HMS Avenger (BAVG2) was built by the Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company in Chester, Pennsylvania, south of Philadelphia on the Delaware River. Originally named Rio-Hudson, she was laid down on 28 November 1939 as a passenger cargo ship for the American Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., and was launched on 27 November 1940. She was then purchased by the United States Navy and converted to an escort aircraft carrier in the Bethlehem Steel yards at Staten Island. Transferred to the Royal Navy on 31 July 1941, she was commissioned 2 March 1942 when the conversion was completed. Avenger had a complement of 555 men (including aircrew) and an overall length of , a beam of , and a height of . She displaced at normal load and at deep load. Propulsion was provided by four diesel engines connected to one shaft, giving 8,500 brake horsepower. This could propel the ship at . Aircraft facilities were composed of a small combined bridge-flight control on the starboard side above the long wooden flight deck, one aircraft lift, one aircraft catapult, and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the half hangar below the flight deck. Her armament consisted of three single-mounted 4 inch dual purpose anti-aircraft guns—two forward and one aft—and fifteen 20 mm cannon on single or twin mounts. She had the capacity for fifteen aircraft, which could be a mixture of Grumman Martlet or Hawker Sea Hurricane fighter aircraft and Fairey Swordfish anti-submarine aircraft. Service history On 18 April 1942, Avenger started flight deck landing training with four Fairey Swordfish aircraft of 816 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm. The exercise had to be curtailed when her engines broke down. Repaired by 30 April 1942, she joined the escort",
"title": "HMS Avenger (D14)"
},
{
"docid": "51586465",
"text": "\"The Winged Avenger\" is the sixth episode of the fifth series of the 1960s cult British spy-fi television series The Avengers, starring Patrick Macnee and Diana Rigg, and guest starring Nigel Green, Colin Jeavons, Jack MacGowran, and Neil Hallett. It was first broadcast in the Southern and Tyne Tees regions of the ITV network on Wednesday 15 February 1967. ABC Weekend Television, who commissioned the show for ITV, broadcast it in its own regions three days later on Saturday 18 February. The episode was written by Richard Harris, and directed by Gordon Flemyng & Peter Duffell. This episode contains additional cartoon drawings by Frank Bellamy. Plot One night, a figure in a bird costume breaks into the office of Simon Roberts, the owner of a publishing company, and slashes him to death. As Roberts’ office was on the top floor of a skyscraper, Steed and Peel are called in by Roberts’ son Peter to investigate the murder due to the improbability of an assailant being able to access the office. Steed and Peel are baffled but resolve to continue looking into the matter as Roberts is not the first businessman to be killed in such circumstances. That night, Peter is also murdered in the same office and manner as his father, further confusing the two agents. An audio dictation made by Peter just before he died refers to an ongoing legal battle between the Roberts publishing company and Sir Lexius Cray, an acclaimed mountaineer who is one of their authors. The battle is over the profits from Cray’s memoirs. Peel meets with Cray, who she discovers to be a carer of numerous birds. Cray’s butler Tay-Ling knows the assailant's identity and proceeds to blackmail them. Peel returns to Cray’s country mansion at night to further investigate and discovers the assailant entering the grounds, but it is too late to save Tay-Ling from being murdered. Cray confronts Peel, and the two discuss the murder. Based on evidence found by Tay-Ling’s body, Cray reveals that an inventor named Professor Poole had previously asked him to endorse a pair of boots that allowed the wearer to climb quickly up walls. Steed and Peel go to visit Poole, who is significantly eccentric and obsessed with birds, to the extent that he acts like one whenever he can. With no leads, Steed and Peel identify ruthless industrialist Dumayn as the most likely next target. Before they can meet him, Dumayn is also killed by the bird-like assailant. The manner and marks of the murders lead the two to consider how similar the assailant is to the ‘Winged Avenger’, the hero of a comic book that Peel found just by Tay-Ling’s body. At the headquarters of Winged Avenger Enterprises, the comic book production company, Steed encounters illustrator Arnie Packer, story writer Stanton and actor Julian, who plays the Winged Avenger in costume. Tensions are apparent between Packer and Stanton, whilst Julian uses method acting when dressed as the Avenger. However, Steed finds nothing suspicious beyond this.",
"title": "The Winged Avenger"
},
{
"docid": "4977283",
"text": "American Dream (Shannon Carter) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Tom DeFalco and artist Brent Anderson, the character first appeared in A-Next#1 (August 1998). Shannon Carter comes from an alternative future timeline of the Marvel Universe known as the MC2 Universe. She wears a costume similar to that of the comic book superhero Steve Rogers / Captain America. Her weapons are throwing disks and the trademark shield. Publication history American Dream debuted in A-Next #1 (August 1998), created by writer Tom DeFalco and artist Brent Anderson. She later appeared in the 2008 American Dream series, her first solo comic book series. She appeared in the 2011 Captain America Corps series. Fictional character biography Shannon Carter is the niece of S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Sharon Carter. She grew up idolizing Captain America. She is hired by Edwin Jarvis as a tour guide for the Avengers Headquarters, at the time functioning only as a museum. When the new Avengers team is formed, she is determined to join. She wears a costume based on Captain America's and carries on her arms disc weapons resembling miniature versions of his shield. Her strength and agility are honed by intensive physical training. After joining the team as the American Dream, Shannon soon proves herself to be an effective Avenger, and when the team saves the original Avengers from a dark parallel world, Captain America himself judges her worthy to wield the shield of the alternate Captain. She also proves to be an important character in defeating Galactus in the Last Planet Standing limited series. She, along with Stinger and Spider-Girl, take down Galactus from the inside. They survive the imminent explosion by shrinking to microscopic size. Carter is the leader of the \"Dream Team\", consisting of herself, Bluestreak, Crimson Curse and Freebooter. All members of the Dream Team become members of the new Avengers team in A-Next #4. American Dream is also an ally of Spider-Girl, Earth Sentry, Blacklight, Coal Tiger, Argo and Captain America. American Dream has fought against the Sons of the Serpent, Seth, the Revengers, Fatal Force and Loki. When Superia launches a cross-temporal attack to eliminate Steve Rogers' post-war career as Captain America and take his place herself, American Dream is one of five heirs to Rogers' legacy that were assembled by the Contemplator to thwart her plans, the others being Rogers early in his career, John Walker shortly after his own time as Cap, Bucky during his time as Captain America, and Commander A from the twenty-fifth century. She receives an invitation to join the newly established Avengers squad. She has designed a suit, made disc weapons that resembled miniaturized copies of Captain America's shield, and engaged in extensive physical training to become the strongest and most agile person on the planet. Powers and abilities American Dream is in peak physical condition. She is a skilled martial artist and an Olympic level athlete. She has disc weapons similar to Ricochet's and has a superb",
"title": "American Dream (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "11201416",
"text": "The Vision is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Roy Thomas and artist John Buscema, the character first appeared in The Avengers #57 (published in August 1968). The Vision is loosely based on the Timely Comics character of the same name who was an alien from another dimension. The character is an android (sometimes called a \"synthezoid\") built by the villainous robot Ultron created by Hank Pym. Originally intended to act as Ultron's \"son\" and destroy the Avengers, Vision instead turned on his creator and joined the Avengers to fight for the forces of good. Since then, he has been depicted as a frequent member of the team, and, for a time, was married to his teammate, the Scarlet Witch. He also served as a member of the Defenders. The Vision was created from a copy of the original Human Torch, a synthetic man created by Phineas T. Horton. Ultron took this inert android and added more advanced technology to it, as well as new programming of his own design and a copy of human brainwave patterns. The result was the Vision, a synthezoid driven by logic but possessing emotions and able to achieve emotional growth. As an android, the Vision has a variety of abilities and super-powers. In the 1989 story \"Vision Quest\", Vision was dismantled, then rebuilt with a chalk-white appearance and now lacking the capacity for emotions. A greater understanding of emotions was regained in 1991, his original red appearance was restored in 1993, and his full personality and emotional connections to memories were restored in 1994 in his first self-titled limited series, Vision. Another four-issue limited series, Avengers Icons: The Vision, was published in late 2002. From 2015 to 2016, Vision had his own series again, during which he attempted to live in the suburbs with an android family. Since his conception, the character has been adapted into several forms of media outside comics. Paul Bettany plays Vision in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), and Avengers: Infinity War (2018), the television miniseries WandaVision (2021), and the animated series What If...? (2021). Publication history While working as the writer of the superhero-team series Avengers, Roy Thomas wanted to add a new character to the roster. A great fan of Golden Age heroes, he first thought to bring back Aarkus, a 1940s hero who had been called the Vision due to his spectral appearance and smoke-based abilities. This original Vision had appeared in stories published by Timely Comics, the company that later rebranded as Marvel Comics. Roy Thomas discussed the matter with Marvel editor Stan Lee, who co-created the Avengers team with artist Jack Kirby. Lee enjoyed the idea of a new member, but did not want it to be an alien or visitor from another dimension. After he suggested creating a new character entirely and that it could be an android instead, Thomas compromised by creating a new android character",
"title": "Vision (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "32464959",
"text": "Power Man (Victor Alvarez) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Fred Van Lente and Mahmud Asrar, the character first appeared in Shadowland: Power Man #1 (October 2010). Victor Alvarez is the third incarnation of Power Man. He is the son of the supervillain Shades. Publication history 2010's Victor Alvarez debuted as part of the \"Shadowland\" crossover in Shadowland: Power Man #1, created by writer Fred Van Lente and artist Mahmud Asrar. He appeared in the 2010 Avengers Academy series. He appeared in the 2011 Power Man and Iron Fist series. He appeared in the 2011 Fear Itself: The Home Front anthology series. He appeared as part of the Marvel NOW! initiative in the 2013 Mighty Avengers series. 2020's Victor Alvarez appeared in the 2022 Thunderbolts series, by writer Jim Zub and artist Sean Izaakse. Fictional character biography Victor Alvarez was first introduced as a teenager from the neighborhood of Hell's Kitchen in New York City. He is the son of Reina Alvarez and Shades. As a child, he was caught in an explosion caused by the villain Bullseye that resulted in the deaths of over 100 people including his father. Victor survived by somehow using a technique that drew the chi from the dead bodies around him and temporarily granted him superhuman strength and fortitude. Some time later during the Shadowland storyline, Victor took on the name Power Man and began using his abilities to fight crime as a hero for hire, advertising his services on sites like Craigslist. Victor's activities eventually drew the attention of Luke Cage, a member of the Avengers who had once used the Power Man name. Cage and his partner Iron Fist eventually learn that Victor is the son of Shades, a Puerto Rican supervillain that Cage had fought years earlier. Though Victor dislikes both Cage and Iron Fist, he eventually teams up with them to help the other heroes fight the crazed Matt Murdock and his army of Hand ninjas. During the Fear Itself storyline, Power Man ends up teleported onto a station in the middle of the Pacific Ocean with Amadeus Cho, Spider-Girl, Thunderstrike and X-23. They end up fighting a group of samurai Shark Men. Power Man is part of the new class of students when the Avengers Academy moves to the former headquarters of the West Coast Avengers. During the Infinity storyline, Power Man was with Heroes for Hire while they stopped Plunderer's men from stealing robot parts. After Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Peter Parker's body) stops Plunderer, he called Heroes for Hire mercenaries in front of Power Man. While at a café with Luke Cage, Power Man expresses a desire to attack Spider-Man, Luke is more concerned with the consequences for his family. Power Man then plans to start his own version of the Avengers. Powers and abilities Victor Alvarez acquired a range of superpowers after a traumatic explosion during his childhood. He possesses the ability to draw chi energy",
"title": "Power Man (Victor Alvarez)"
},
{
"docid": "12752223",
"text": "The New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers (, translit. Novye prikluchenya Neulovimykh) is a 1968 Soviet action adventure film, a sequel of The Elusive Avengers, directed by Edmond Keosayan and made on Mosfilm. The film was followed by The Crown of the Russian Empire, or Once Again the Elusive Avengers released in 1971. Plot The film, set during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923, continues the story of the \"Elusive Avengers\", a posse of young Red partisans, including Valerka, a former schoolboy; Yashka, a devil-may-care gypsy; and two orphan siblings, Danka and his sister Ksanka. They join the Red Army and fight Baron Wrangel's White Guards. They intercept an airplane carrying a letter to the Baron. The letter reveals that a map of fortifications in Crimea is in possession of the White counter-intelligence officer, Colonel Kudasov. This map is vital for the Red Army assault, and the Avengers are sent on a secret mission to steal the map. They enter Yalta on a fishing boat and disguise themselves. Danka assumes the guise of a shoe-cleaner, and Valerka fashions himself as a young monarchist nobleman. Meanwhile, the Red agent they were sent to is arrested by Kudasov and killed when he tries to escape, leaving the Avengers on their own. Ksanka meets Buba Kastorsky, a popular singer and dancer who helped the Avengers in the first film. Buba tells them about a White officer who probably knows the combination for Kudasov's safe. Valerka visits the cabaret often frequented by this officer, Captain Ovechkin, and befriends him. But Danka is arrested, because Ataman Burnash comes to the city and recognizes him. Yashka meets the local Gypsies and persuades them to help freeing Danka. Then Captain Ovechkin recognizes Valerka for what he is, gloats at him and tells him the combination, intending to arrest him immediately, but Valerka detonates a pool-ball filled with explosives and escapes. He dashes to the Counterintelligence Service headquarters, infiltrates it and steals the map. Soldiers surround the headquarters, but Danka, Yashka and Ksanka distract the soldiers and let Valerka escape with the map. The Avengers, along with Buba, flee the city, but a White officer shoots Buba when they are already escaping on a boat. Cast Mikhail Metyolkin – Valerka Meshcheryakov Vasily Vasilyev – Yashka the Gypsy Viktor Kosykh – Danka Shchus Valentina Kurdyukova – Ksanka Shchus Armen Dzhigarkhanyan – captain Pyotr Sergeyevich Ovechkin Boris Sichkin – Buba Kastorsky, actor and singer Arkady Tolbuzin – colonel Leopold Sergeyevich Kudasov Vladimir Ivashov – lieutenant Perov, Kudasov's adjutant Yefim Kopelyan – chieftain Ignat Burnash Konstantin Sorokin – Mefody Kuzmich, carousel owner Ivan Pereverzev – Smirnov, chief of staff of Red Cavalry Army Nikolay Fedortsov – Andrei, underground fighter Yevgeny Vesnik – drunk colonel Sergey Filippov – Koshkin, apothecary, expert on explosions Savely Kramarov – Ilyukha Verekhov, cross-eyed convoy, former bandit Eduard Abalov – episode Yan Frenkel – violinist (uncredited) External links 1968 films Mosfilm films Ostern films 1960s Soviet films 1960s Russian-language films 1960s action adventure films Soviet action adventure",
"title": "The New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers"
},
{
"docid": "16973709",
"text": "This is a chronological list of story arcs in the comic book series New Avengers created by Brian Michael Bendis and David Finch. Drawn by Finch, Leinil Francis Yu, Billy Tan, Stuart Immonen, Mike Deodato, and Howard Chaykin, New Avengers presents the adventures of a new team of Avengers after the events of the \"Avengers Disassembled\" storyline. Storylines The plot events are described, below, using in-universe tone. Vol. 1 Breakout (Issues #1-6) Electro causes a mass supervillain break-out at the Raft, a supervillain prison, releasing supervillains from their cells. Forty-two escape, but the remaining criminals are contained thanks to the intervention of Captain America, Iron Man, Luke Cage, Jessica Drew, Spider-Man, and Matt Murdock. Concluding that fate has brought together this new team together, similar to the first Avengers team, Captain America convinces Iron Man to join a new team of Avengers, inviting the other four heroes to join, who were also present at the riot. Matt Murdock declines, unwilling to tarnish the reputation of the other heroes due to the disaster that his life has become, but the other three accept. Having contained Electro, the Avengers discover that S.H.I.E.L.D. is holding something back about the enigmatic man named Karl Lykos, who Electro was hired to specifically break out, while other prisoners simply took advantage of the chaos. Lykos's files were restricted even to Spider-Woman and Captain America. Their quest takes them into the Savage Land, where they are joined by Wolverine, and soon discover Karl Lykos' alter-ego, Sauron. A rogue S.H.I.E.L.D unit were using the native people of the savage land to mine vibranium for super weapons. They are also nearly shot by the second Black Widow. Man and Machine (New Avengers/Transformers #1-4) In this canon story, the Latveria is at war with neighboring Symkaria, and the Avengers go in to help, but Spider-Man is captured. The Decepticon leader Megatron is using one of Doctor Doom's devices to control human minds. Optimus Prime and his Autobots attack Latveria with the other Avengers. The Decepticons use Spider-Man's blood to gain even more power than what Energon, their normal source of energy, gives them. After the Autobots free Spider-Man, he and Wolverine agree to give their blood samples to the Autobots so they can be on equal ground with the Decepticons. Iron Man's armor is destroyed in the battle, but the Autobots win the war. After both teams of robots leave, the Avengers disclose to the government what happened. The Sentry (Issues #7-10) Captain America and Iron Man try to discover the origins of the Sentry, a man shrouded in mystery, who saved their lives many times during the outbreak on the Raft. He was a voluntary prisoner distraught for killing his wife, even though she appears to be alive and well. Meanwhile, Spider-Man, Spider-Woman, Luke Cage, and Wolverine track down The Wrecker and, after a dangerous battle, they manage to subdue him. After it is revealed that he has been manipulated by his Void persona and the deceased Mastermind, the",
"title": "List of New Avengers story arcs"
},
{
"docid": "67429681",
"text": "\"Glorious Purpose\" is the first episode of the first season of the American television series Loki, based on Marvel Comics featuring the character Loki. It follows an alternate version of the character who is arrested by the mysterious Time Variance Authority (TVA) after creating a new timeline during the events of Avengers: Endgame (2019). The episode is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. It was written by head writer Michael Waldron and directed by Kate Herron. Tom Hiddleston reprises his role as Loki from the film series, with Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Wunmi Mosaku, Eugene Cordero, Tara Strong, and Owen Wilson also starring. Waldron was hired in February 2019 to write the episode and serve as head writer of the series, with Herron joining in August. Filming took place at Pinewood Atlanta Studios, with location filming in the Atlanta metropolitan area. \"Glorious Purpose\" was released on Disney+ on June 9, 2021. It became the most-watched Disney+ premiere and received critical acclaim, with praise in particular going to Hiddleston and Wilson's on-screen chemistry together. Plot During the Battle of New York in 2012, Loki escapes with the Tesseract, creating a branched timeline. At the Gobi Desert, he is quickly arrested by officers of the Time Variance Authority (TVA) and brought to their headquarters, where he cannot use his magic. TVA mascot Miss Minutes tells Loki that a past multiversal war between timelines was ended by the Time-Keepers by establishing a singular timeline and that to prevent another such war, the Time-Keepers created the TVA and its employees to maintain this timeline, the \"Sacred Timeline\". The TVA does this by \"resetting\" branched timelines and the \"variants\" that cause them. Loki faces trial for \"crimes against the Sacred Timeline\", with Ravonna Renslayer as the judge. He initially does not take the proceedings seriously before blaming the Avengers, whose own time-traveling caused him to come into contact with the Tesseract. Renslayer dismisses these claims, explaining that the Avengers' actions followed the Sacred Timeline while Loki's did not. She finds him guilty and sentences him to be reset, but TVA agent Mobius M. Mobius intervenes as he thinks this variant Loki could be of use to them. In the Time Theater, Mobius questions Loki's past misdeeds and revisits moments from Loki's life, such as his defeat at the hands of the Avengers. Loki says he wants to rule so he can free his would-be subjects from the burden of making wrong choices. Mobius questions if Loki enjoys hurting others, but Loki rails against the TVA's supposed control of the timeline and insists that he has the power to make his own choices. To refute this, Mobius reveals that in Loki's intended future; he inadvertently causes the death of his adoptive mother Frigga. Loki attempts to escape but discovers that the TVA has amassed numerous Infinity Stones, which do not work at TVA headquarters. Overwhelmed by the TVA's power, he returns to the Time Theater and views the rest",
"title": "Glorious Purpose (Loki season 1)"
},
{
"docid": "6845134",
"text": "The Night Shift is a fictional group of criminals appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The characters first appeared in Captain America #330 (June 1987). Publication history After their initial appearance in Captain America #330-331 (June and July 1987), the team makes a cameo appearance in Solo Avengers #3 (February 1988). Their next battle is against the West Coast Avengers in West Coast Avengers (vol. 2) #40 (January 1989). Their first appearance in the 1990s is a four-issue story arc in Avengers: West Coast #76-79 (November 1991-February 1992) titled \"Infamous Monsters of Hollywood\". They then return to the pages of Captain America in issue #420 (October 1993). The team does not reappear until they are a part of the \"Dark Reign\" storyline, getting involved in Marvel Zombies 4, where the Midnight Sons clash with the plans of Hood. Fred Van Lente explains that \"the Hood doesn't just bring any group of villains with him on this jaunt. He brings a very horror-oriented group of villains with him. People know I love to dip as far back as I can into obscure Marvel-ania and a team I always enjoyed and never felt got their time was the Night Shift. So they're working for the Hood now.\" Their final appearance is in Moon Knight Vol. 6 #3-6 (September - December 2011) which ends with the team's death after Count Nefaria kills them for failing to defeat the Moon Knight and Echo. A new team emerges in The Superior Octopus #1 (December 2018). Fictional team biography Based in California, the group is gathered and initially controlled by the Shroud. He is assisted by the Werewolf, misleading the team into believing they are forming a criminal gang, when in reality they are acting as vigilantes. The team's original lineup consists of the Brothers Grimm, Dansen Macabre, Digger, the Gypsy Moth, the Needle, the Shroud, the Tatterdemalion, Tick-Tock, and the Werewolf. With the exceptions of Digger and the Brothers Grimm, the Shroud met the team while a fellow captive of the Locksmith. In their first appearance, they help Captain America take on the Power Broker. In West Coast Avengers (vol. 2) #40 (January 1989), the Mockingbird witnesses Digger burying three criminals. She takes the four of them to the local police precinct, where they are arrested. The rest of the team respond by attacking the West Coast Avengers at their headquarters. The Night Shift is defeated, but the Shroud teleports them away. Later, the Shroud is shown with Hawkeye swapping opinions about the encounter. Their next encounter with the West Coast Avengers occurs in Avengers: West Coast. The team is led by the Hangman, who calls on Satannish. The powers of the team are greatly increased, but in the end they are defeated anyway. In Marvel Zombies 4, the team is under the command of the Hood. They battle the Midnight Sons, but before they can finish fighting, they are overcome by a cloud of the airborne zombie virus. The entire team",
"title": "Night Shift (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "3465486",
"text": "Space Phantom is the name of several characters who belong to a fictional species appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, Space Phantom first appeared in The Avengers vol. 1 #2 (November 1963). A Space Phantom is a being who was transformed by staying in the Limbo dimension too long. They started as adversaries of the superhero team the Avengers. Publication history A Space Phantom debuted in The Avengers vol. 1 #2 (November 1963), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. They appeared in the 1966 Thor series, and in the 1998 Avengers Forever series. Fictional character biography The Space Phantoms are Limbo being used as agents by Immortus. For many years it was assumed that there was only one Space Phantom, but in the course of the Destiny War the Avengers discovered that there was more than one. During a journey back in time to 1873, a trio of Space Phantoms was caught impersonating the Gunhawks and the Black Rider. The Space Phantoms were previously said to have originated on the planet Phantus in the Phalbo system in the Milky Way Galaxy. Immortus traps individuals who become lost in Limbo, and due to the nature of that plane, they begin to forget their former lives and change into misshapen beings. Immortus conditions these into servants who can perpetuate his schemes and manipulations of historical events. The Phantoms can assimilate anyone, even to the point of torture and escaping notice of even mind-readers. The first Space Phantom first appeared in The Avengers #2, copying Giant-Man, Iron Man, and Hulk. During his battle with the Avengers, he first copied the Hulk, and battled Iron Man. He took the shape of a flying insect to escape, but Iron Man continued to battle the Hulk. The Space Phantom attacked the Wasp in his insect form, and then became Giant-Man. After fighting Iron Man, he took Iron Man's form. He finally attempted to copy Thor and was banished back to Limbo because his powers could not affect Asgardians. Since all Space Phantoms appear identical and can appear as any other creature, it can be difficult to determine which Space Phantom did what; the following activities have previously been attributed to the Space Phantom who first encountered the Avengers, but these may not have been the same Space Phantom. A Space Phantom allied with the Grim Reaper and impersonated Madame Hydra, and commanded a division of HYDRA in that identity. The Space Phantom battled the Avengers, but was shunted back into Limbo when he attempted to mimic Rick Jones, who was then linked to Captain Mar-Vell. A Space Phantom was compelled by Immortus to impersonate Mantis to deceive Kang. A Space Phantom attempted to trick Thor into freeing the planet Phantus from Limbo, and allied with Thor to save Phantus, which led to Thor losing much of Mjolnir's power over time. A Space Phantom once encountered Rom the Space Knight in Limbo. A Space",
"title": "Space Phantom"
},
{
"docid": "46557141",
"text": "is a television drama produced by and broadcast on . The show aired on Japanese television on October 31, 2004, in conjunction with the 17th anniversary of the death of Yujiro Ishihara. It carries on the Seibu Keisatsu series, which was broadcast from 1979 to 1984. It portrays the efforts of the in combating terrorism. (Kogure's death means Daimon replaces him as with Hatomura assuming the position of ) Synopsis Kazuma Tachibana, a Tokyo Police detective on liaison with the NYPD, and his partner, New York City Police detective Bob Anderson, chase a criminal named Chan in New York City. Upon his arrest, they learn that one of Chan's associates is a career criminal named Masaomi Niimi, wanted by Interpol on charges of passport fraud. They arrest Niimi, but in the process Anderson is fatally wounded and dies in Kazuma's arms. Overwhelmed by guilt and determined to avenge the loss of his partner, Kazuma joins his superior, Eiji 'Hato' Hatomura to escort Niimi back to Tokyo where he will stand trial. Meanwhile, back in Tokyo, Section Chief Keisuke Daimon arrives at the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Western Division headquarters. Here Daimon receives news of Niimi's arrest. Bomb squad officer Naomi Kusaka is introduced. They are briefed by Chief Inspector Kengo Kusaka, supervisor of the counter-terrorism division. He tells them that a criminal known as \"Makoto Suzuki\" has been traveling to Chechnya regularly to purchase weapons from the Chechen Mafia, and was an associate of Niimi. Later that night, Daimon and Kengo go to a bar run by Naomi Kusaka's mother, Aiko, who plays the piano there. In the pub are several tagged bottles, one labeled 'Kogure-sama' (木暮 様). Daimon drinks a toast to Kogure, his late friend and superior. Meanwhile, Chan is killed by a mysterious Japanese man. After escorting Niimii to headquarters, Kazuma is introduced to Section Chief Daimon and later, the officers interrogate Masaomi about several murders, for which he is wanted in addition to his passport fraud. While on the roof, Kazuma and Hato chat regarding what happened in New York City. Kengo, Daimon, Hatomura and the other detectives are in the meeting room, where Kengo has brought information regarding Makoto Suzuki: he is currently in Japan and may be planning a terrorist attack. Acting on this tip the Hatomura Force (鳩村軍団) head for Miyazaki Prefecture, just as several officials, escorted by Kengo, arrive in Miyazaki for a counter-terror conference. Their arrival is watched by the same man who had killed Masaomi's associate in New York plus two of his cronies. The three are caught on airport security cameras. Hatomura now fears the worst. The next morning his fears are confirmed when a terrorist group called 'Black Hawk' takes the investigators (including Kusaka) hostage and brings them into one of the hotel's dining rooms, in which one of the Japanese counter-terror officials is fatally shot. After the terrorists close the blinds to darken the room, their leader, Makoto Suzuki, arrives. Eiji heads to Daimon's office and confirms the",
"title": "Seibu Keisatsu Special"
},
{
"docid": "8351639",
"text": "The Lady Liberators, also called the Liberators, is a superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The original team's only appearance was in Avengers volume 1 #83 (December 1970), written by Roy Thomas, with art by John Buscema and Tom Palmer. The original team was a one-off group, lasting only a single issue and meant to satirize what was perceived to be extreme feminism, though it is also now seen as an early example of the Scarlet Witch as a feminist character. In 2008, the international intelligence and counter-terrorist organization S.H.I.E.L.D. recruited She-Hulk to form a team of powerful heroes to battle the Red Hulk. This team, consisting only of women, did not have a name in-story but was referred to by the narration and cover copy as the new Lady Liberators. Publication history The Lady Liberators were created in 1970 for a single-issue story in Avengers volume 1 #83. Feminism was strong at the time, but the creators at Marvel Comics and superhero publications in general were still overwhelmingly male. They also considered their audience to be primarily male. Writer Roy Thomas created the group as a caricature of extreme feminism. The story introduces a new character called Valkyrie and gives her an origin story that involves gaining great power after experiencing constant sexism and dismissal from men. The Valkyrie's story is later revealed to be a lie and the character is actually Amora the Enchantress, a recurring foe of Thor and the Avengers. The design and name used for Valkyrie was later applied to real heroes in the Marvel Universe who worked alongside Thor, as well as the Avengers and the Defenders. The story ends with hero Clint Barton as Goliath lecturing the women Avengers that feminism and \"women's lib\" is not something to follow or take seriously. Scarlet Witch, who was able to see through Amora's deception and was able to single-handedly defeat her, argues that Barton is wrong and if sexist views don't lessen then the Lady Liberators may one day return. Though this finale scene is likely not meant to be taken seriously, Scarlet Witch's defense that Amora's argument about sexism had reason and only her methods were wrong led later readers to see this as one of several examples of her acting as a positive feminist character. When the Red Hulk appears, he fights several heroes and law enforcement agencies. She-Hulk is defeated by the creature and then is asked by S.H.I.E.L.D. to recruit a team of heroes to combat and subdue the Red Hulk. This short-lived team, consisting only of women heroes, is featured in Hulk volume 2 #7-9 (2008). The storyline was written by Jeph Loeb and illustrated by Frank Cho. Although a comic book cover and the narration refer to the team as the Lady Liberators. The team was organized by S.H.I.E.L.D. for the purpose of subduing the Red Hulk. Once the mission was completed, the team disbanded. Fictional history The Enchantress's team The female members of",
"title": "Lady Liberators"
},
{
"docid": "68656550",
"text": "\"What If... Zombies?!\" is the fifth episode of the first season of the American animated television series What If...?, based on the Marvel Comics series of the same name. It explores what would happen if the events of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018) occurred differently, with members of the Avengers becoming zombies and initiating a worldwide zombie apocalypse, while a group of survivors search for a cure. The episode was written by story editor Matthew Chauncey and directed by Bryan Andrews. Jeffrey Wright narrates the series as the Watcher, with this episode also starring the voices of Mark Ruffalo, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Sebastian Stan, Evangeline Lilly, Paul Rudd, Jon Favreau, Danai Gurira, Emily VanCamp, David Dastmalchian, Hudson Thames, and Tom Vaughan-Lawlor. The series began development by September 2018, with Andrews joining soon after, and many actors expected to reprise their roles from the MCU films. Animation for the episode was provided by Squeeze, with Stephan Franck serving as head of animation. The episode drew inspiration from the Marvel Zombies comic series. \"What If... Zombies?!\" was released on Disney+ on September 8, 2021. The episode received mixed reviews from critics, with differing views on its tone, writing and story logic, and voice acting. A four-episode animated series based on the reality of the episode, Marvel Zombies, is in development, scheduled to debut on Disney+ in 2024. Plot Hank Pym enters the Quantum Realm to retrieve his long-lost wife Janet van Dyne, but she has been infected with a quantum virus that has turned her into a zombie. She infects Pym before both return to his lab, attacking Scott Lang while their daughter, Hope van Dyne, escapes. Within 24 hours, the virus spreads across the Northwestern United States. The Avengers respond, but are infected themselves and turn the virus into a worldwide zombie apocalypse. Two weeks later, Bruce Banner is sent to Earth to warn humanity of Thanos' threat. Thanos' lieutenants Ebony Maw and Cull Obsidian arrive, only to be turned into zombies by a zombified Tony Stark, Stephen Strange, and Wong. Hope and the Cloak of Levitation kill the zombies, saving Banner. Another survivor, Peter Parker, brings Banner to meet the rest of their group—Bucky Barnes, Okoye, Sharon Carter, Kurt, and Happy Hogan. The group travels to Camp Lehigh in New Jersey, where they believe a cure for the virus is being developed, but are attacked by a zombified Steve Rogers, Clint Barton, and Sam Wilson, who infect Carter, Hogan, and Hope before the group kill the zombies in turn. Before she succumbs to her infection, Hope sacrifices herself to bring the others to the camp, where they meet Vision, whose Mind Stone can reverse the virus's effects, exemplified by Lang's cured head being kept alive in a jar. However, the group also learns that Vision has been keeping a zombified Wanda Maximoff captive due to her resisting the Mind Stone and has been feeding other survivors to her,",
"title": "What If... Zombies?!"
}
] | [
"Avengers Mansion"
] |
train_54618 | what is meat tenderizer and what does it do | [
{
"docid": "7651622",
"text": "A meat tenderizer or meat pounder is a hand-powered tool used to tenderize slabs of meat in the preparation for cooking. Although a meat tenderizer can be made out of virtually any object, there are three types manufactured specifically for tenderizing meat. The first, most common, is a tool that resembles a hammer or mallet made of metal or wood with a short handle and dual heads. One face of the tool is usually flat while the other has rows of pyramid-shaped tenderizers. The second form resembles a potato masher with a short handle and a large metal face that is either smooth or adorned with the same pyramid-shaped tenderizers as found in the first form. The third form is a blade tenderizer that has a series of blades or nails that are designed to puncture the meat and cut into the fibers of the muscle. Tenderizing meat with the mallet softens the fibers, making the meat easier to chew and to digest. It is useful when preparing particularly tough cuts of steak, and works well when broiling or frying the meat. It is also used to \"pound out\" dishes such as chicken-fried steak, palomilla, and schnitzel, to make them wider and thinner. See also Cooking Meat tenderness References Food preparation utensils",
"title": "Meat tenderizer"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "49822862",
"text": "Tenderness is a quality of meat gauging how easily it is chewed or cut. Tenderness is a desirable quality, as tender meat is softer, easier to chew, and generally more palatable than harder meat. Consequently, tender cuts of meat typically command higher prices. The tenderness depends on a number of factors including the meat grain, the amount of connective tissue, and the amount of fat. Tenderness can be increased by a number of processing techniques, generally referred to as tenderizing or tenderization. Influencing factors Tenderness is perhaps the most important of all factors impacting meat eating quality, with others being flavor, juiciness, and succulence. Tenderness is a quality complex to obtain and gauge, and it depends on a number of factors. On the basic level, these factors are meat grain, the amount and composition of connective tissue, and the amount of fat. In order to obtain a tender meat, there is a complex interplay between the animal's pasture, age, species, breed, protein intake, calcium status, stress before and at killing, and how the meat is treated after slaughter. Meat with the fat content deposited within the steak to create a marbled appearance has always been regarded as more tender than steaks where the fat is in a separate layer. Cooking causes melting of the fat, spreading it throughout the meat and increasing the tenderness of the final product. Testing The meat industry strives to produce meat with standardized and guaranteed tenderness, since these characteristics are sought for by the consumers. For that purpose a number of objective tests of tenderness have been developed, gauging meat resistance to shear force, most commonly used being Slice Shear Force test and Warner–Bratzler Shear Force test. Tenderizing Techniques for breaking down collagens in meat to make it more palatable and tender are referred to as tenderizing or tenderization. There are a number of ways to tenderize meat: Mechanical tenderization, such as pounding or piercing. The tenderization that occurs through cooking, such as braising. Tenderizers in the form of naturally occurring enzymes known as proteases, which can be added to food before cooking. Examples of enzymes used for tenderizing: papain from papaya, trypsin and chymotrypsin from honey, bromelain from pineapple and actinidin from kiwifruit. Marinating the meat with vinegar, wine, lemon juice, buttermilk or yogurt. Brining the meat in a salt solution (brine). Dry aging of meat at . Velveting Sodium bicarbonate Research Efforts have been made since at least 1970 to use explosives to tenderize meat and a company was founded to try to commercialize the process; as of 2011 it was not yet scalable. References External links Culinary terminology Meat",
"title": "Meat tenderness"
},
{
"docid": "52286504",
"text": "Mu ping (, , ) is a portion of street food in Thailand. It gained popularity in 1952, when food transport carts were redesigned and turned into street vendor carts. Mu ping can be eaten for breakfast, lunch, or dinner. Mu ping is a common food to find in the streets of Thailand that usually start to sell around 5 am–11 am. Mu Ping is eaten with sticky rice. The set of the meal comes as three skewers of Mu Ping and a package sticky rice. The price per stick is around 5 - 10 Baht depending on pork prices. Ingredients The ingredients needed to cook Mu ping are: Pork: The main meat of the dish. Coriander roots: Used to increase aroma and reduce meat odors. Black pepper: Used to add the mild spiciness to the dish. Garlic: Used to add sweetness and spiciness to the dish, also enhance aroma. Fish sauce: Used to add saltiness to the dish. Palm sugar: Used to add sweetness to the diss. Soy sauce: Used as the main marinades for Mu ping Boran. Milk: Used as the main marinades for Mu ping nom sod. Some Mu Ping variations use coconut milk in the marinade to give meat an extra creamy and rich flavor Preparation There are 2 types of Mu ping currently in the market. Milk Grilled and Mu ping Boran. It can be found depending on the area but as of today, Milk Grilled is easier to find due to low cost and being more flavored. Thai-style (Mu ping Boran) This is the original type of Mu ping. It's purely red meat with fat on the bottom of the skewer or with no fat. The pork is marinated in the mixture of coriander roots, black pepper, garlic, and soy sauce as the main marinade. Fish sauce and sugar can be added up to the preferences. The marinating process takes around 20 minutes. Then grilled over a charcoal BBQ. This type of Mu ping is harder to find since the cost is higher because it is wholly pork with no other ingredients and the size is a lot smaller than Milk-grilled Mu ping. Milk-Grilled (Mu ping nom sod) This type of Mu ping is very common in the street. The pork is also marinated in the mixture of coriander roots, black pepper, garlic, and milk as the main marinade instead. Fish sauce and sugar can be added up to the preferences. The milk is what caused the meat to be more tender and flavorful. The marinating process takes around 20 minutes. Then also grilled over a charcoal BBQ. Anyone can start selling Milk-Grilled Mu ping as the premade are sold at supermarkets or shopping malls. Customers can find more flavors to choose from depending on the seller. Both types of Mu ping are usually served with sticky rice and sometimes Nam chim Chaeo. Which is a spicy sauce that complements grilled meat. Nutrition The nutrition gets from 1 skewer containing: Protein Containing amino acids,",
"title": "Mu ping"
},
{
"docid": "16285636",
"text": "Korean barbecue (, gogi-gui, 'meat roast') is a popular method in Korean cuisine of grilling meat, typically beef, pork or chicken. Such dishes are often prepared on gas or charcoal grills built into the dining table itself. Some Korean restaurants that do not have built-in grills provide customers with portable stoves for diners to use at their tables. Alternatively, a chef uses a centrally displayed grill to prepare dishes that are made to order. The most representative form of gogi-gui is bulgogi, usually made from thinly sliced marinated beef sirloin or tenderloin. Another popular form is galbi, made from marinated beef short ribs. However, gogi-gui also includes many other kinds of marinated and unmarinated meat dishes, and can be divided into several categories. Korean barbecue is popular in its home country. It gained its global popularity through Hallyu, more commonly known as the \"Korean Wave\", a term that describes the rise in popularity of Korean culture during the 1990s and 2000s. History During the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910), roasted beef Neobiani was a favorite of the Joseon royal family. Varieties Marinated barbecue meats Bulgogi (불고기) is the most popular variety of Korean barbecue. Before cooking, the meat is marinated with a mixture of soy sauce, sugar, ginger, scallions, sesame oil, garlic and pepper. Pears are also traditionally used in the marinade to help tenderize the meat, but kiwi and pineapple have also been used more recently. It is traditionally cooked using gridirons or perforated dome griddles that sit on braziers, but pan cooking has become common as well. Galbi (갈비) is made with beef short ribs, marinated in a sauce that may contain mirin, soy sauce, water, garlic, brown sugar, sugar and sliced onions. It is believed to taste best when grilled with charcoal or soot (숯, burned wood chips). Jumulleok (주물럭) is short steak marinated with sesame oil, salt and pepper. It is similar to unmarinated gogi-gui, distinguished it from other kinds of meat by its steak-like juicy texture. Jumulleok is also commonly found with sliced duck instead of beef. Dwaeji bulgogi (돼지불고기), or spicy pork, is also a popular gogigui dish. It is different from beef bulgogi in that the marinade is not soy sauce-based, but, instead, is marinated in sauces based on gochujang and/or gochu garu (Korean chili powder). The flavor is usually better when made with fattier cuts of pork, such as pork shoulder or pork belly. Un-marinated barbecue meats Chadolbagi or chadolbaegi is a dish made from thinly sliced beef brisket, which is not marinated. It is so thin that it cooks nearly instantly as soon as it is dropped onto a heated pan. Samgyeopsal is made of thicker strips of unsalted pork belly. It has fatty areas and is tender. In Korea, samgyeopsal is eaten more frequently than chadolbaegi due to the comparatively lower price of pork. Loins (deungsim, 등심) and boneless ribs (galbisal, 갈비살) are also a popular choice as an unmarinated type of gogigui. Side dishes Gogi-gui comes with various banchan (side dishes).",
"title": "Korean barbecue"
},
{
"docid": "18098163",
"text": "Donkey Punch is a 2008 British horror thriller film directed by Olly Blackburn and written by Blackburn and David Bloom. Starring Nichola Burley, Sian Breckin, Tom Burke, Jaime Winstone and Julian Morris, it follows a group of English people on holiday in Spain who end up fighting for their lives. Plot While on a holiday in Mallorca, Lisa, Kim, and Tammi meet four young men, Bluey, Josh, Sean, and Marcus. After spending the day at the resort together, the girls are invited to the men's yacht, where they plan to party out at sea. While aboard the boat, they take drugs and the conversation turns to sex, and in particular, types of sexual acts. Bluey describes a sex act called a \"donkey punch\" which involves punching the woman in the back of the head while having doggy style sex in order to increase the sexual pleasure for the man. Marcus, Bluey, Kim, and Lisa go to the master bedrooms, where they begin having drug-fuelled sex. They are watched by Josh who, known to all involved, lingers furtively in the darkness recording the action with a camera. Bluey, who is copulating with Lisa, asks Josh to film the action and then both of them beckon Josh to have sex with Lisa. Immediately prior to ejaculation and with Bluey's encouragement, Josh donkey punches Lisa but uses excessive force, breaking her neck and killing her instantly. To cover up the incident, the men decide to throw the body overboard while the women want to report it to the authorities, and argument ensues about what to do with the tape. Bluey continually insults Tammi and in a fit of rage, she stabs him in the chest with a knife, and the women escape in the yacht's tender. However, the girls soon realise that the tender's outboard motor is missing (a cut scene shows it still attached to the yacht). In a fit of despair, Tammi fires a flare, attracting the attention of the men. They quickly locate and pick up the women. As the men attempt to get the women aboard, threatening them with a shotgun, Kim shoots a second flare directly at Marcus. The flare explodes into Marcus's torso and slowly burns him to death. Josh locks the recaptured women in one of the rooms below. Sean asks Josh to \"call in\" and request medical assistance for Bluey. However, knowing that Bluey still has the tape that contains footage of him dealing the earlier fatal blow, Josh instead decides to discover its whereabouts by torturing Bluey. He does this by withholding pain numbing drugs from him. Bluey reveals the location of the tape, beneath the bed in the state room. Tammi escapes the room by smashing through the glass door and cutting herself, and overhears Bluey mention where the tape is. She frantically roams the boat trying to locate it. She does this just moments before Josh attempts to retrieve it. Unable to find the tape, Josh returns to Bluey, stepping up the",
"title": "Donkey Punch (2008 film)"
},
{
"docid": "2744033",
"text": "Macduff's son is a character in William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth (1606). His name and age are not established in the text; however, he is estimated to be 7–10 years of age. He is Shakespeare's typical child character—cute and clever. While Lady Macduff and her children are mentioned in Holinshed's Chronicles as the innocent victims of Macbeth's cruelty, Shakespeare is completely responsible for developing Macduff's son as a character. The boy appears in only one scene (4.2). Macduff's son is viewed as a symbol of the youthful innocence Macbeth hates and fears, and the scene has been compared by one critic to the biblical Massacre of the Innocents. He is described as an \"egg\" by his murderer, further emphasising on his youth before his imminent death. Role in the play In 4.2, Lady Macduff bewails her husband's desertion of home and family, then falsely tells her son that his father is dead. The boy does not believe her and says that if his father were really dead, she'd cry for him, and if she didn't then it would \"be a good sign that I should quickly have a new father.\" Macbeth's henchmen arrive, and, when they declare Macduff a traitor, the boy leaps forward to defend his absent father. One of the henchmen stabs the boy who cries to his mother as he dies, \"Run away, I pray you!\". This highlights the loyalty, affection and love which make up this character. Analysis The murderer cries as he stabs the boy, \"What, you egg! ... Young fry of treachery!\" This hints at the reason Macbeth is so eager to have him killed. Macbeth, seeing that, as the Three Witches foretold, he is destined to be king with no offspring to inherit his throne, is determined to kill the offspring of others, including Fleance and Macduff's son. The tension that exists between Fleance, Banquo's son, and Macbeth would be made stronger by the existence of a child of Macbeth, should he be portrayed as having one—whether his own natural son, or adopted. As Lady Macbeth says \"I have given suck, and know / How tender 'tis to love the babe that milks me\". Seeing Macbeth in a fatherly perspective produces a combination of both tender and ambitious fatherliness in him. All that Macbeth does to others' sons in the play, then, is for his own heir. (Lady Macbeth, at least, has had a child, but no actual son of Macbeth is mentioned in the play—the \"babe\" may have been a girl, or died young, or—more likely—been a reference to his historical stepson Lulach, from Lady Macbeth's previous marriage, Macbeth's heir but not his own son.) Some productions show this tenderness by having Macbeth frequently pat Fleance on the head, or attempt to do so, but be denied it when Fleance withdraws to his father. This rivalry between groups of fathers and sons (Banquo and Fleance, Macduff and his son, Macbeth and his lack of a son) is seen as an important theme of",
"title": "Macduff's son"
},
{
"docid": "7461684",
"text": "VH1: Storytellers is a live album by Meat Loaf, released in 1999. Meat Loaf told humorous stories of his career as a singer and how he unfolded into rock stardom. The DVD version has two additional songs. Some songs on the CD are taken from Meat Loaf's Hard Rock Live performance (also for VH1). Others were taken from the pre-show soundcheck. The album peaked at No. 129 on the Billboard 200, making it his lowest charting album in the United States. Background The show was to have been Meat and Jim Steinman together. However, due to Jim falling ill, Meat had to do the show alone. This worried the producers, as Storytellers is about the concept of each song that an artist wrote that they were about to perform, and Meat did not write his own songs. To counter this, according to the liner notes of the CD, Meat improvised several things, such as the actions on the Radio Broadcast portion of Paradise by the Dashboard Light. For the stories, he instead goes into detail about how the hit album Bat Out of Hell was conceived, with each song preceded by him discussing how the song fit into the making of the album and the difficulties that came into making, producing, and publishing the album. Meat also pitched a solution to how to get around the length of the songs: break up songs into two television segments, with stopping the song for a commercial, then finishing the song once they returned. Track listing \"All Revved Up with No Place to Go\" \"Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back\" – Hard Rock Live version \"Story\" (Audience Member talks to Meat) \"You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth (Hot Summer Night)\" \"Story\" (Meat answers \"What is 'That'?\" when talking about I'd Do Anything for Love) \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" – Hard Rock Live version \"Lawyers, Guns and Money\" – Hard Rock Live version \"Story\" (How Meat met Jim Steinman) \"More Than You Deserve\" \"Story\" (Meat discussing pitching an album, which would become Bat Out of Hell) \"Heaven Can Wait\" – Soundcheck before the show \"Story\" (Meat discusses the difficulties of demoing Bat, getting a record deal, and how long Steinman's songs were before being published) \"Paradise by the Dashboard Light\" \"Story\" (How Meat hates going on television, and what song \"broke\" Bat) \"Two Out of Three Ain't Bad\" – Hard Rock Live version \"Story\" (What the title song of Bat was written for) \"Bat Out of Hell\" – Soundcheck before the show \"Is Nothing Sacred\" – Bonus Track feat. Patti Russo DVD exclusive tracks \"Two Out of Three Ain't Bad\" – Alternate version \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" – Alternate version \"Heaven Can Wait\" – Alternate version \"Bat Out of Hell\" – Alternate version \"A Kiss Is a Terrible Thing to Waste\" \"Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through\" Personnel Meat Loaf – lead vocals, guitar Patti",
"title": "VH1: Storytellers (Meat Loaf album)"
},
{
"docid": "2788530",
"text": "Chuck steak is a cut of beef and is part of the sub-prime cut known as the chuck. The typical chuck steak is a rectangular cut, about 2.5 cm (1 inch) thick and containing parts of the shoulder bones, and is often known as a \"7-bone steak,\" as the shape of the shoulder bone in cross-section resembles the numeral '7'. This cut is usually grilled or broiled; a thicker version is sold as a \"7-bone roast\" or \"chuck roast\" and is usually cooked with liquid as a pot roast. The bone-in chuck steak or roast is one of the more economical cuts of beef. In the United Kingdom, this part is commonly referred to as \"braising steak\". It is particularly popular for use as ground beef for its richness of flavor and balance of meat and fat. Variations Other boneless chuck cuts include the chuck eye (boneless cuts from the center of the roll, sold as Delmonico steak or chuck eye steak), chuck fillet (sold as chuck tender steak or mock tender steak), cross-rib roast (sold as cross-rib pot roast, English roast, or \"the bread and butter cut\"), top blade steak or chicken steak, under-blade steak (otherwise known as the \"Denver cut\"), shoulder steak and shoulder roast, and arm steak and arm roast. The average meat market cuts thick and thin chuck steaks (often sold as chuck steak or chuck steak family pack) from the neck and shoulder, but some markets also cut it from the center of the cross-rib portion. Short ribs are cut from the lip of the roll. Some meat markets will sell cross-rib pot roast under the generic name pot roast. The difference between a pot roast and a cross-rib pot roast is the vertical line of fat separating the two types of chuck meat; the cross-rib pot roast contains the line of fat. This is what creates richness of flavor in the roast. Common uses The chuck contains large amounts of connective tissue, including collagen, which partially melts during cooking. Meat from the chuck, once divided, is usually used for stewing, slow cooking, braising, or pot roasting and is ideal in a one-pot cooker. The top blade part of the chuck is preferred for grilling because it is the second tenderest steak once the gristle is removed. The fifth rib taken from the chuck can also be used as an alternative to the prime rib roast, which is usually from bones 6–12. They are similar in terms of the proportion of meat and bone, although the fifth rib exceeds the prime rib in the amount of lean meat. The cross-cut or cross rib, which is the last part of the chuck located between the brisket point and the short rib, can also be used as an alternative to the blade when cooking steaks. The chuck part cut from the shoulder clod is also used in place of sirloin since it has a very beefy taste. Classification In the United States, chuck has the meat-cutting classification",
"title": "Chuck steak"
},
{
"docid": "1292854",
"text": "Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell is the sixth studio album by American rock singer Meat Loaf and the second one in the Bat Out of Hell trilogy, which was written and produced by Jim Steinman. It was released on September 14, 1993, sixteen years after Meat Loaf's first solo album Bat Out of Hell. The album reached number 1 in the United States, United Kingdom and Canada. Five tracks were released as singles, including \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\", which reached number 1 in 28 countries. The album was released by Virgin Records outside of North America, where it was released by MCA. The third part of the Bat trilogy, Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose, was released in 2006. Like the first album of the trilogy, Bat Out of Hell II was a commercial success. It sold over 14 million copies worldwide. History In the midst of the success of Bat Out of Hell, desperate for a follow-up, management and the record company put pressure on Steinman to stop touring in order to write a follow-up, provisionally titled Renegade Angel. In a 1981 BBC Rock Hour Special interview, Jim Steinman recalls the writing process. I started writing what I felt was Bat Out of Hell part 2, definitely like The Godfather part 1 and part 2, that's how I saw it. I wanted to do a continuation and I wanted to do an album that went even further and that was more extreme, if possible, which a lot of people felt wasn't possible but I just wanted to see if I could make a record that was even more heroic because that's what I thought of it ... Bat Out of Hell to me was ultimately very heroic though it was funny ... and I wanted to do one that to me would be even more heroic and more epic and a little more operatic and passionate. In a 1993 promotional interview for the album, Steinman reasserts the continuation of the Bat world. \"I didn't call it Bat Out of Hell II just to identify with the first record. It really does feel like an extension of that... It was a chance to go back to that world and explore it deeper. It always seemed incomplete because I conceived it like a film, and what would you do without Die Hard 2?\" Meat Loaf himself was more succinct. He told an interview at the time, \"We called it Bat Out of Hell II 'cos that would help it sell shitloads.\" Steinman rejoined Meat Loaf and the band for a live performance in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1978 with the intention of going through the songs for Bat II after the show. However, someone broke into their dressing rooms during the show and stole several possessions, including the new lyric book. Then, Meat Loaf lost his voice and was unable to record Renegade Angel. Steinman says \"he sounded literally",
"title": "Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell"
},
{
"docid": "1891923",
"text": "\"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" is a song written by Jim Steinman, and recorded by American rock singer Meat Loaf featuring Lorraine Crosby. The song was released in August 1993 by MCA and Virgin as the first single from the singer's sixth album, Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell (1993). The last six verses feature Crosby, who was credited only as \"Mrs. Loud\" in the album notes. She does not appear in the accompanying music video, directed by Michael Bay, in which her vocals are lip-synched by Dana Patrick. Meat Loaf promoted the single with American singer Patti Russo. The power ballad was a commercial success, reaching number one in 28 countries. The single was certified platinum in the United States and became Meat Loaf's first and only number-one and top ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 and Cash Box Top 100. It also became Meat Loaf's first and only number-one single on the UK Singles Chart, and was the best-selling single of 1993 in the United Kingdom. The song earned Meat Loaf a Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo. Music and lyrics The timings in this article refer to the original album version. There are many shorter single and radio edits. The song opens with a guitar played to sound like a revving motorcycle. Roy Bittan's piano begins to play along with the guitars and drums. The vocals begin at the 1:50 point. The opening vocals are accompanied by piano and backing vocals. The song then becomes much louder as the band, predominantly piano, plays the main melody for twenty seconds. An instrumental section follows the first verse and chorus, lasting over 45 seconds, with piano playing the title melody, accompanied by guitar and wordless background vocals by Todd Rundgren, Rory Dodd and Kasim Sulton. The lead vocals recommence with another verse. The phrase \"sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll\" was changed to \"Some days I just pray to the god of sex and drums and rock and roll\" on the recording, although Meat Loaf occasionally sang the original phrase when performing the song live. The lyrics \"I'd do anything for love, but I won't do that\" were first used in the song \"Getting So Excited\" (written by Alan Gruner), recorded by Bonnie Tyler in the album Faster Than the Speed of Night, which was produced by Steinman. Duet coda At the 9:28 point, the song transforms into a duet coda. The structure of the verses remains, but the woman now asks what the man would do. He answers in the affirmative for the first four sections. The song's tone changes for the final two sections, in which the woman, Lorraine Crosby on the original recorded version, predicts that the man would eventually do things to upset her and their relationship. Both times, he denies it. Perceived ambiguity of \"that\" An early episode of the VH1 program Pop-up Video commented, \"Exactly what Meat Loaf won't do for love remains",
"title": "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)"
},
{
"docid": "9916045",
"text": "\"Be Tender with Me Baby\" is a song by recording artist Tina Turner. Written by Albert Hammond and Holly Knight and produced by Dan Hartman, it was released as a single from Turner's seventh solo studio album, Foreign Affair (1989), in October 1990. Released as a single in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and continental Europe only, it reached number four in Portugal, number 18 in Ireland, number 28 in the UK, and number 35 in the Netherlands. The accompanying music video depicts Turner performing the track at a 1990 concert at Woburn Abbey during her Foreign Affair Tour as an encore, and the seven-minute live version was also included on the single. Critical reception Greg Kot from Chicago Tribune felt that Turner adopts the \"pleading style of '60s soul greats\" like Sam Cooke and Percy Sledge on the song. In an retrospective review, Pop Rescue stated that \"Be Tender with Me Baby\" \"gives Tina a bit of a rock ballad to play with\", adding that she \"gets plenty of time and space to show off her vocals, which she really does – from a softer vocal near the start, to winning the battle with the soaring strings and electric guitar.\" The reviewer also noted the \"heartfelt ending\" of the song. Track listings UK 7-inch and cassette single \"Be Tender with Me Baby\" (LP version) – 4:18 \"Be Tender with Me Baby\" (live edit) – 4:03 UK 12-inch single \"Be Tender with Me Baby\" (LP version) – 4:18 \"You Know Who (Is Doing You Know What)\" (LP version) – 3:45 \"Be Tender with Me Baby\" (live) – 7:04 UK CD single \"Be Tender with Me Baby\" (LP version) – 4:18 \"Be Tender with Me Baby\" (live) – 7:04 \"You Know Who (Is Doing You Know What)\" (LP version) – 3:45 Charts References Tina Turner songs 1990 singles 1990 songs 1990s ballads Rock ballads Song recordings produced by Dan Hartman Songs written by Albert Hammond Songs written by Holly Knight",
"title": "Be Tender with Me Baby"
},
{
"docid": "59407816",
"text": "Sopas is a Filipino macaroni soup made with elbow macaroni, various vegetables, and meat (usually chicken), in a creamy broth with evaporated milk. It is regarded as a comfort food in the Philippines and is typically eaten during breakfast, cold weather, or served to sick people. Origin The dish is the Filipino version of the American chicken noodle soup, introduced during the American colonial period of the Philippines. The name simply means \"soup\" in Tagalog, from Spanish sopa (\"soup\"). Description Sopas is relatively easy to make. The meat is boiled first until tender. Sopas usually use chicken, but can also use beef or more rarely, diced pork or even turkey. It can also use leftover meat or processed meat like corned beef. It is usually removed once tender and shredded with the bones discarded, but some recipes skip this part. The stock is saved for later. Garlic and onions are then sautéed in butter briefly, before the stock is re-added and brought to a boil. Various finely diced vegetables are added and allowed to soften. The most commonly used are carrots and celery. Roughly chopped cabbage, another common ingredient, is added just before the dish is completely cooked. Some variants may also use finely diced potatoes, green peas, green beans, or kinchay (Chinese celery). It is also common to exclude vegetables altogether. The elbow macaroni is added last, along with finely diced hotdogs, Vienna sausages, ham. The macaroni is cooked until al dente. It is spiced with salt and black pepper to taste. Once cooked, it is removed from the fire and evaporated milk is added. It is served hot or warm, and usually garnished with chopped scallions. It is usually consumed immediately, as the macaroni will absorb the liquid and become soggy and bloated over time. The steps may vary. Some versions boil the macaroni throughout, resulting in a soft mushy texture. Others do not de-bone or shred the meat, and may brown it beforehand by sautéing it with the garlic and onions. Others also prepare the dish faster by using store-bought bouillon cubes rather than prepare the stock. A distinct cheap version of the dish is corned beef sopas which uses corned beef in place of chicken. Its preparation is identical to classic versions, though it does not need to be boiled beforehand. See also List of soups Arroz caldo Filipino spaghetti Macaroni and cheese Macaroni salad Mami References External links Philippine soups Macaroni dishes Philippine noodle dishes",
"title": "Sopas"
},
{
"docid": "2054586",
"text": "\"Fun with Veal\" is the 4th episode of the sixth season of the animated television series South Park, and the 83rd episode of the series overall. It is the 4th episode in production order. It originally aired in the United States on Comedy Central on March 27, 2002. In the episode, Stan and the boys are horrified when they find what veal is made from, and then kidnap all the baby cows from a local ranch in South Park. Plot Ms. Choksondik's fourth grade class goes on a field trip to a farm, where they discover that veal is made of baby cows. The boys, apart from Cartman, are horrified and decide to save the calves from becoming veal. Stan, Kyle, and Butters attempt to convince Cartman to help them rescue the calves and bring them to Stan's house. Cartman is forced to join the others to rescue the calves with his Mission Impossible Breaking and Entering play-set. When they are discovered by their parents the next morning, the boys barricade the door until they are promised the calves will be safe. Sharon refuses to lie and say they will be safe out of fear of regretting it, and Randy can not remove the door without destroying the house. The situation quickly escalates into a standoff between the boys, who are declared terrorists, and the police. They live off some food smuggled in by Liane Cartman, which contains meat. While most of the group eagerly eats this food, Stan does not, as his reason for doing the deed extends far beyond just protecting the calves, so he becomes a vegetarian. Cartman makes fun of this, saying \"if you don't eat meat, you become a pussy.\" Later, Stan comes down with a strange illness, and develops sores on his face. An FBI negotiator proves no match for Cartman's powers of manipulation, and he negotiates for guns and ammunition in return for a calf. When the boys get the guns Cartman further manipulates the negotiator for an ICBM, but unsuccessfully tries to get North and South Dakota. He gets the FDA to change the term for veal to \"little tortured baby cow\", and negotiates for a cattle truck driven by Michael Dorn. Furthermore, Dorn is forced into full Worf makeup and must call Cartman 'Captain'. He is to drive everyone to the airport so they can escape to Mexico, despite being reluctant to do so. All of this, without handing over a single calf. The negotiator, due to easily giving to these ludicrous demands, is eventually fired. The FBI double-crosses the boys and the calves are returned, but are rendered useless, as there is now no market for \"little tortured baby cow\". Stan has to go to the hospital; it turns out Cartman was correct about the results of not eating meat when Stan's doctor explains that he has vaginitis, and the sores on his face were actually vaginas, which would have turned him into a giant vagina. The episode ends with",
"title": "Fun with Veal"
},
{
"docid": "41447958",
"text": "Four is the 4th studio album by Bleu. The album was part of a crowd funding campaign at kickstarter.com. The campaign funded about 40.000 $, which was far more than Bleu expected. Bleu said: \"It's changed my whole world, I have a completely new outlook on my career and my life. It sounds dramatic, but it's really true.\" As a result of fans' contributions, he's been able to launch his own record label and put Four out himself in North America. UK indie label Lojinx acquired the rights to release the \"Four\" in Europe. Bleu was stunned by the enthusiasm of his loyal fan base, \"I was playing a show a couple of weeks ago and told everybody about the whole thing,\" he recalls. \"I started crying onstage.\" Bleu recalls that the title for \"Dead in the Mornin'\" preceded the actual song by a fairly long stretch. \"I was thinking about my mortality when I came up with the title, but I didn't want to write this melancholy dirge,\" he points out. \"Then I thought, 'What if it's a big gospel rave-up?' When I think about my death, my funeral – which we all do – my great desire is that it'll be a celebration, a party. Everybody wants that New Orleans-style funeral. It IS the best way to send somebody off. It's personal, but tongue-in-cheek.\" The story-song \"Singin' in Tongues\" also contains what Bleu admits is a religious subtext: \"It's not really about me,\" he relates, \"but it does address the way music has saved me from total destruction. There's a lot of God in it.\" He acknowledges putting what he calls \"a lot of weirdly morbid, upbeat stuff\" on Four, noting various references to death (albeit mostly in high-energy rock settings) throughout. \"Needless to say,\" he adds, \"my mom's not too happy about it.\" \"Like everyone else, I'm always grappling with these issues of death, God, the afterlife, my legacy – all the real things,\" Bleu adds of the album's themes. \"That's reflected on this record; it's not just a bunch of love songs.\" Of course, the love songs it does include are choice, notably the exquisitely tender \"In Love with My Lover\" and the Lennon-esque, orchestral torch number \"How Blue.\" As always, he insists, \"I'm trying to find new angles on classic subjects.\" Official release of Four was on September 5, 2010 on the label \"The Major Label\". Track listing \"Singin' in Tongues\" \"B.O.S.T.O.N.\" \"How Blue\" \"Dead in the Mornin'\" \"In Love with My Lover\" \"When the Shit Hits the Fan\" \"I'll Know It When I See It\" \"Evil Twin\" \"Ya Catch More Flies with Honey Than Vinegar\" \"Everything Is Fine\" \"My Own Personal Jesus\" (bonus track) References 2010 albums Kickstarter-funded albums Indie rock albums by American artists Bleu (musician) albums",
"title": "Four (Bleu album)"
},
{
"docid": "42054029",
"text": "Jhatka Parkash (),also called Jhatka Parkash Granth, is a book written by Giani Niranjan Singh Saral, a leading preacher of the SGPC, concerning historical, philosophical, etymological and theological aspects of Jhatka and Meat eating in Sikh Religion. This text was written in response to Randhir Singh's writing Jhatke Prithaye Tat Gurmat Nirney, which harshly demotes Jhatka practice in Sikhs. Niranjan Singh addresses the root of every question and doubt raised against Jhatka and answered accordingly. The book was published in 1966 and was republished in 2008. Content Following are various topics covered in this text: Word Jhatka in Gurbani! The deceit written about word Kuttha! How Kuttha word became popular? Jhatka and Hindu. Mahaparshad and Kada Parshaad. Who will decide? Does Meat increase sex and produce all vices? The Philosophy of Jeev Daya! Is Meat not food of Human? Does Meat effects Human Teeth? Meat of all type! Is meat food of Muslims? Does meat effects human intellect? Benefits of Parishushak Meat Sikh History and Meat Witness of Non Sikh writers about Meat eating Singhs The real motive behind Hunting! Was Jhatka done on goat or human? Give life to dead Meat and Bhai Gurdas Shalokas of Malhar Ki Vaar Meat and Kabir Vani More hymns on Jeev Daya What is Hari Rang and how to attain that? Attacks on Nihang Singhs! Akali Kaur Singh Nihang was called Murderer! Who is actual murderer of Bhai Narinder Singh? More thoughts on discussion with Akali Kaur Singh. Was Bhai Randhir Singh sweet speaker? I was threaten! A small objection Bibliography The Last Poem Reception and Controversy The book was criticized by Bhai Randhir Singh followers known as Akhand Kirtani Jatha. As per Niranjan Singh, he was threaten by Jatha members and also efforts were taken to remove this book from all libraries and book shops limiting its existence. Kehar Singh Nihang, Budha Dal appreciated Saral for his work. He wished this book to reach among Sikhs so that they could clarify difference between Jhatka and Kutha and know about historicity of Jhatka and Meat in Sikh religion. See also Jhatka Diet in Sikhism Halal External links Read book online References Books about Sikhism 1966 non-fiction books Religion-based diets",
"title": "Jhatka Parkash"
},
{
"docid": "15619794",
"text": "The Patea Freezing Works was a meat-processing plant promoted by The Patea A&P Association in the town of Patea. The West Coast Meat and Produce Export Company was formed in August 1883 and operated a tinning plant and tallow factory in the area. Changes in technology saw the company change from canning to freezing in 1904. The Patea Freezing Company came into being in 1910. In 1933, a new Patea Freezing Company was formed and at times provided work for nearly 1000 workers during peak season. However, the company suffered badly during the downturn in the New Zealand meat-processing industry in the early 1980s. The Patea works were among the first to close down, ending operations in September 1982. At the time The Patea Freezing Works was owned by the British Vestey Group. Since the closure the site had fallen derelict. Residents regarded the area as a health hazard and blamed its high visibility from the highway as being partly responsible for a decline in property values over the years. \"The works has been a thorn in everyone's side for 25 years. This eyesore is our identity, it's Taranaki's eastern gateway and it's absolutely shocking what's been allowed to happen there.\" said former Patea Mayor Norm McKay, who worked at the freezing works for 29 years. Parts of the site were owned by the South Taranaki District Council and Escada Enterprises of Sydney, Australia The site was riddled with Asbestos cladding and insulation, chemicals, heavy metals, boiler ash dumps, rusting fuel storage tanks and collapsing structures. On Wednesday 6 February 2008 a large part of the Patea Freezing Works was destroyed by fire. During August 2009 Nikau Contractors were awarded the contract to demolish and clear the Patea Freezing works site. Nikau Contractors was chosen from eight companies that tendered to do the work. The chimney, which wasn't the original freezing works chimney, was toppled on 19 February 2010. This was despite support from local Iwi, and the South Taranaki Mayor Ross Dunlop, to explore the possibility of preserving the chimney as a monument. Such preservation had not been budgeted for in the site cleanup and would likely have ended up being paid for by local ratepayers. Video of the toppling of the chimney is available on YouTube. A link is provided in the External links section below. Demolition was completed in mid 2010. References External links Toppling of Chimney South Taranaki District Buildings and structures in Taranaki Meat processing in New Zealand Defunct meat export companies of New Zealand History of Taranaki Patea",
"title": "Patea Freezing Works"
},
{
"docid": "2789029",
"text": "Swiss steak is a dish of meat, usually beef, that is swissed by rolling or pounding before being braised in a cooking pot of stewed vegetables and seasonings. It is often served with gravy. It is made either on a stove or in an oven, and does not get its name from Switzerland, as the name suggests, but the technique of tenderizing by pounding or rolling called \"swissing\". See also Salisbury steak Smothering (food) References Beef steak dishes American meat dishes",
"title": "Swiss steak"
},
{
"docid": "3118497",
"text": "The Brethren is one of several informal names for a nameless religious movement created by Jimmie T. \"Jim\" Roberts. Other names include The Travellers, The Road Ministry, Body of Christ, and the Brothers and Sisters. The movement's members shun material things and family, living essentially as vagrants and doing odd jobs to pay their expenses. The movement's way of life has led to accusations by detractors that it is a cult, while supporters would say that the inclusion of the group in \"cult\" lists is part of the anti-cult movement or Christian countercult movement, which denominates any group a \"cult\" that does not fit the anti-cult group's doctrine or practice. Origins Jimmie T. Roberts (also known as Brother Evangelist Roberts), son of a former Pentecostal minister, created the movement around 1971, drawing together followers of the Jesus Movement across the United States. Roberts had become convinced that mainstream churches were too worldly and wished to create a wandering discipleship patterned on the New Testament apostles. He began recruiting a core of followers in Colorado and California. At first they adopted a communal lifestyle. Jim Roberts died on December 6, 2015, in Denver, Colorado at the age of 76. His cause of death is listed as \"metastatic adenocarcinoma of unclear primary.\" Upon Jim Roberts’ death, the leadership role of the organization was passed to Jerry Williams; A.K.A. \"Brother Hatsair\" and three other elders. Beliefs Beliefs are prominently millenarian and apocalyptic, centered on the teaching that humanity is in the end times and that members must purify themselves in preparation for the end of the world. The movement directs new members to sell their possessions and break ties with their families as a necessary part of discipleship. Any finances generated are distributed according to need. For instance, money might be used for material to sew clothing, traveling expenses, or cooking spices. In some cases new members' money was given to older members, but in other cases it was kept by the individual to do what they would with it. The main Scriptures used in support of the group's anti-materialistic lifestyle are: Luke 14:33 \"So likewise, whosoever he be of you that forsaketh not all that he hath, he cannot be my disciple.\" Matthew 19:29 \"And every one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my names's sake, shall receive an hundredfold and shall inherit everlasting life.\" Acts 4:32 \"And the multitude of them that believed were of one heart and one soul; neither said any of them that ought of the things which he possessed was his own; but they had all things common.\" Matthew 6:25 \"Therefore I say unto you, Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on. Is not the life more than meat, and the body more than raiment?\" Mark 8:35 \"For whosoever will save his life shall lose it;",
"title": "The Brethren (Jim Roberts group)"
},
{
"docid": "36655054",
"text": "Hamonado (Spanish: jamonado), or hamonada, is a Filipino dish consisting of meat marinated and cooked in a sweet pineapple sauce. It is a popular dish during Christmas in Philippine regions where pineapples are commonly grown. Hamonado is also a general term for savory dishes marinated or cooked with pineapple in the Philippines. Etymology The name hamonado is the Tagalog spelling of Spanish jamonado, meaning \"[prepared] like hamon (ham)\". However, hamonado should not be confused with hamon (jamón), which is also commonly cooked in the Philippines during the Christmas season. Hamonado is also known as endulsado (Spanish: endulzado, \"sweetened\" or \"glazed\") in Zamboanga. Hamonado or hamonada is also a colloquial term for the sweet variant of the Filipino longganisa sausages (properly longganisang hamonado). Description Typically meat (usually fatty cuts of pork, but can also be chicken or beef) is marinated overnight in a sweet sauce made with pineapple juice, brown sugar, soy sauce, and various spices. It is then pan-fried until the meat is browned. The meat is then simmered in stock with added pineapple chunks until the meat is very tender. It is served on white rice. Variations of the dish sometimes does not include a marinating period, and instead slow cooks the pork until very tender, especially when using cuts with tough meat like pata (ham hock) or beef sirloin. Calamansi juice, carrots, raisins, pickles, longganisa, and hotdogs may also be added in some family recipes. Some hamonado variants may be cooked afritada-style, using tomato sauce or banana ketchup. Similar dishes Hamonado is similar to pininyahang manok, braised chicken made with pineapples. Except the latter does not use soy sauce and is cooked in a milk base. See also Humba (dish) Tapa Tocino References Philippine pork dishes Christmas food Pineapple dishes",
"title": "Hamonado"
},
{
"docid": "12067044",
"text": "Even Bigger, Even Better Power Ballads III - The Greatest Driving Anthems in the World... Ever! is the 3rd edition in The Greatest Driving Anthems in the World... Ever! series, which is a part of The Best... Album in the World...Ever! brand. Each album includes some of the biggest power ballads since the 1960s, while one album specifically includes Sixties Power Ballads. This album was released November 15, 2005 and includes 36 epic rock love songs. In 2007, the album was also released in an Australian edition under the name of Bigger, Better Power Ballads II. The album includes 56 epic rock love songs as well as a different album cover. In 2009, the album was once again released in an Australian edition under the name of Bigger, Better Power Ballads III. The three CD album includes 57 epic rock love songs as well as a different album cover Track List 1 Disc 1 Queen - \"Somebody to Love\" (1975) Robbie Williams - \"Angels\" (1997) Anastacia - \"Left Outside Alone\" (2003) The Calling - \"Wherever You Will Go\" (2001) Oasis - \"Little by Little\" (2002) 4 Non Blondes - \"What's Up?\" (1994) Cher - \"I Found Someone\" (1989) Tina Turner - \"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)\" (1986) Meat Loaf - \"Two Out of Three Ain't Bad\" (1977) Maria McKee - \"Show Me Heaven\" (1989) Jamelia - \"Stop!\" (2005) Labi Siffre - \"(Something Inside) So Strong\" (1987) Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes - \"Up Where We Belong\" (1981) Roy Orbison - \"Crying\" (1962) Air Supply - \"All Out of Love\" (1980) Toto - \"I Won't Hold You Back\" (1982) Marillion - \"Lavender\" (1987) Pandora's Box - \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\" (1989) Disc 2 Europe - \"The Final Countdown\" (1987) Bonnie Tyler - \"Holding Out for a Hero\" (1984) Belinda Carlisle - \"Leave a Light On\" (1989) Cheap Trick - \"I Want You to Want Me\" (1979) Roxette - \"The Look\" (1989) Foreigner - \"Cold as Ice\" (1978) Huey Lewis and the News - \"If This Is It\" (1985) REO Speedwagon - \"Take It On the Run\" (1981) Journey - \"Don't Stop Believin'\" (1981) Stevie Nicks - \"Rooms on Fire\" (1989) Carly Simon - \"Nobody Does It Better\" (1976) Paul Carrack - \"When You Walk in the Room\" (1987) Mike + The Mechanics - \"Over My Shoulder\" (1995) Joe Cocker - \"You Can Leave Your Hat On\" (1983) The Tubes - \"Don't Want to Wait Anymore\" (1979) The Animals - \"The House of the Rising Sun\" (1964) Deep Purple - \"Child in Time\" (1972) Meat Loaf - \"I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)\" (1983) Track List 1 (Australia) Disc 1 Meat Loaf - \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" (1993) The Fray - \"How to Save a Life\" (2006) Pink - \"Who Knew\" (2006) Nickelback - \"Photograph\" (2005) Elton John - \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" (1974) David Bowie - \"Life on Mars?\" (1973) Phil Collins - \"Against All",
"title": "Even Bigger, Even Better Power Ballads III"
},
{
"docid": "4135058",
"text": "Live Around the World is a live album by Meat Loaf, released in 1996 to capitalize on his two recent successes, Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell and Welcome to the Neighbourhood. The album was recorded at various times between 1987 and 1996. The album is limited to a release of 250,000 copies worldwide. Track listing Disc One \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" – 12:58 (Jim Steinman) \"You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth (Hot Summer Night)\" – 8:53 (Steinman) \"Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back\" – 7:47 (Steinman) \"Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through\" – 8:37 (Steinman) \"Dead Ringer for Love\" – 4:44 (Steinman) \"Heaven Can Wait\" – 5:39 (Steinman) \"All Revved Up with No Place to Go\" – 6:47 (Steinman) \"Paradise by the Dashboard Light\" – 15:54 (Steinman) Disc Two \"Wasted Youth\" – 3:07 (Steinman) \"Out of the Frying Pan (And into the Fire)\" – 8:37 (Steinman) \"Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are\" – 12:08 (Steinman) \"Midnight at the Lost and Found\" – 5:02 (Steve Buslowe / Dan Peyronel / Paul Christie / Meat Loaf) \"Good Girls Go to Heaven (Bad Girls Go Everywhere)\" – 6:43 (Steinman) \"What You See Is What You Get\" – 3:46 (Patti Jerome / Michael Valvano) \"Two Out of Three Ain't Bad\" – 8:17 (Steinman) \"Hot Patootie (Whatever Happened to Saturday Night?)\" – 3:02 (Richard O'Brien) \"For Crying Out Loud\" – 9:55 (Steinman) \"Bat Out of Hell\" – 10:55 (Steinman) Personnel Musical Director: Steve Buslowe Meat Loaf — vocals Pat Thrall — lead guitars Kasim Sulton — rhythm guitars, keyboards, backing vocals Steve Buslowe — bass, backing vocals Mark Alexander — piano, keyboards, backing vocals John Miceli — drums, percussion Patti Russo — female lead and backing vocals Pearl Aday — backing vocals Special Guests Paul Mirkovich — additional keyboards on \"All Revved Up\" Jeff Bova — organ on \"All Revved Up\" and \"What You See...\" Jim Steinman — piano on \"Heaven Can Wait\" and \"Objects...\", voice on \"Wasted Youth\" Steve Lukather — additional guitar on \"For Crying Out Loud\" References Meat Loaf albums 1996 live albums",
"title": "Live Around the World (Meat Loaf album)"
},
{
"docid": "5449565",
"text": "Matthew 9:11 is a verse in the ninth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Content In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort this verse is: Καὶ ἰδόντες οἱ Φαρισαῖοι εἶπον τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ, Διὰ τί μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ἐσθίει ὁ διδάσκαλος ὑμῶν; In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: And when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto his disciples, Why eateth your Master with publicans and sinners? The New International Version translates the passage as: When the Pharisees saw this, they asked his disciples, \"Why does your teacher eat with tax collectors and 'sinners'?\" Analysis Lapide states that these are the words, not of a mere question, but of an accusation. As if they said, \"Your Master Christ acts contrary to the law of God and the traditions of the Fathers. Why do you listen to Him, and follow Him? He associates with sinners. He is bringing the stain of their sins and infamy upon you.\" Commentary from the Church Fathers Chrysostom: \" Thus they came near to our Redeemer, and that not only to converse with Him, but to sit at meat with Him; for so not only by disputing, or healing, or convincing His enemies, but by eating with them, He oftentimes healed such as were ill-disposed, by this teaching us, that all times, and all actions, may be made means to our advantage. When the Pharisees saw this they were indignant; And the Pharisees beholding said to his disciples, Why eateth your Master with Publicans and sinners? It should be observed, that when the disciples seemed to be doing what was sinful, these same addressed Christ, Behold, thy disciples are doing what it is not allowed to do on the Sabbath. (Mat. 12:2.) Here they speak against Christ to His disciples, both being the part of malicious persons, seeking to detach the hearts of the disciple from the Master.\" Rabanus Maurus: \" They are here in a twofold error; first, they esteemed themselves righteous, though in their pride they had departed far from righteousness; secondly, they charged with unrighteousness those who by recovering themselves from sin were drawing near to righteousness.\" Augustine: \" Luke seems to have related this a little differently; according to him the Pharisees say to the disciples, Why do ye eat and drink with Publicans and sinners? (Luke 5:30.) not unwilling that their Master should be understood to be involved in the same charge; insinuating it at once against Himself and His disciples. Therefore Matthew and Mark have related it as said to the disciples, because so it was as much an objection against their Master whom they followed and imitated. The sense therefore is one in all, and so much the better conveyed, as the words are changed while the substance continues the same.\" References External links Other translations of Matthew 9:11 at BibleHub 09:11",
"title": "Matthew 9:11"
},
{
"docid": "3902120",
"text": "Salmagundi (alternatively salmagundy or sallid magundi) is a cold dish or salad made from different ingredients which may include meat, seafood, eggs, cooked and raw vegetables, fruits, or pickles. In English culture, the term does not refer to a single recipe but describes the grand presentation of a large plated salad of many disparate ingredients. These can be arranged in layers or geometrical designs on a plate or mixed. The ingredients are then drizzled with a dressing. The dish includes a wide range of flavours and colours and textures on a single plate. Often recipes allow the cook to add various ingredients which may be available at hand, producing many variations of the dish. Flowers from broom and sweet violet were often used. Etymology There is debate over the sense and origin of the word. The word salmagundi may be derived from the obscure 16th century French word salmigondis which means disparate assembly of things, ideas or people, forming an incoherent whole. It may also come from the Italian phrase salami conduit (pickled meat). In Thomas Blount's Glossographia (1656), salamagundi is described as \"a dish of meat made of cold Turkey and other ingredients\". Helen Sabeeri points out that the essential root word of salmigondis is 'sal- (salt or seasoning) and that the dish is 'usually a fish of some sort'. It seems to appear in English for the first time in the 17th century as a dish of cooked meats, seafood, vegetables, fruit, leaves, nuts and flowers and dressed with oil, vinegar and spices. Salmagundi is used figuratively in modern English to mean \"any miscellaneous mixture or assortment.\" Salmagundi was a popular dish with pirates and buccaneers of the Caribbean West Indies. History Seventeenth century Late in the seventeenth century, the name salmagundi was applied to the grand salads of large houses. These compound salads descended from medieval herb and flower salads. Raw salads, according to food historian C. Anne Wilson, 'had never come under the same sort of disapproval as fresh fruit, partly because so many salad plants were thought to have medicinal properties. Moreover, in a skilfully mixed salad, aromatic herbs noted for their warm, dry qualities, could counteract the coldness of other kinds, such as lettuce, purslane or endive'. During the reign of Elizabeth I fruits and vegetables and hard-boiled eggs were added to them. Eighteenth-century recipes An early recipe for salmagundi comes from A Collection of Above Three Hundred Receipts in Cookery, Physick, and Surgery: For the Use of All Good Wives, Tender Mothers, and Careful Nurses by Mary Kettiby (1734): To make a Cold Hash, or Salad-Magundy. TAKE a cold Turkey, two cold Chickens, or, if you have neither, a piece of fine white Veal will do; cut the Breasts of these Fowls into fair dices, and Mince all the rest; to the Quantity of two Chickens you must take eight or ten large Anchovies, wash and bone them, eight large pickled Oysters, ten or twelve fine green pickled Cucumbers, shred the Oysters, the",
"title": "Salmagundi"
},
{
"docid": "61945",
"text": "A beefsteak, often called just steak, is a flat cut of beef with parallel faces, usually cut perpendicular to the muscle fibers. In common restaurant service a single serving has a raw mass ranging from . Beef steaks are usually grilled, pan-fried, or broiled. The more tender cuts from the loin and rib are cooked quickly, using dry heat, and served whole. Less tender cuts from the chuck or round are cooked with moist heat or are mechanically tenderized (cf. cube steak). Regional variations Australia In Australia, beef steak is referred to as just \"steak\" and can be purchased uncooked in supermarkets, butchers, and some smallgood shops. It is sold cooked as a meal in almost every pub, bistro, or restaurant specialising in modern Australian food, and is ranked based on the quality and the cut. Most venues usually have three to seven different cuts of steak on their menu and serve it from blue to well-done according to preference. A steak is normally accompanied by a choice of sauces and a choice of either french fries or mash potato. A complementary choice of side salad or steamed vegetables is also commonly offered. France In France, steak, locally called , is usually served with fried potatoes ( in French). The combination is known as steak frites. Vegetables are not normally served with steak in this manner, but a green salad may follow or (more commonly) be served at the same time. Steaks are often served with classic French sauces. Indonesia In Indonesia, bistik jawa is a beefsteak dish that is influenced by Dutch cuisine. Another Indonesian beefsteak is selat solo with Dutch-influence, a specialty of Surakarta, Central Java. Italy In Italy, steak was not widely eaten until after World War II because the relatively rugged countryside does not readily accommodate the space and resource demands of large herds of cattle. Some areas of Piedmont, Lombardy, and Tuscany, however, were renowned for the quality of their beef. is a well-known specialty of Florence; it is typically served with just a salad. From the 1960s onward, economic gains allowed more Italians to afford a red-meat diet. Mexico In Mexico, as well as in Spain and other former Spanish colonies, (a Spanish loanword from English \"beefsteak\") refers to dishes of salted and peppered beef sirloin strips. One form of Mexican is usually flattened with a meat tenderizing tool. The dish is often served in tortillas as a taco. Spain Spain and its former colonies have variations of (beefsteak with onions). It can be found across Latin America. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, steak is often served with medium-thick fried potatoes (chips), fried onions, mushrooms, and tomatoes; however, in some restaurants, it is more likely to be served with potatoes and other vegetables and offered with a selection of cooked sauces such as red wine, Diane, Bordelaise, mushroom, Hollandaise, (peppercorn), or Béarnaise. Other vegetables such as peas or a green salad can also be served. Various types of mustard are sometimes offered as",
"title": "Beefsteak"
},
{
"docid": "3478014",
"text": "The moralistic fallacy is the informal fallacy of assuming that an aspect of nature which has socially unpleasant consequences cannot exist. Its typical form is \"if X were true, then Z would happen! Thus, X is false\", where Z is a morally, socially or politically undesirable thing. What should be moral is assumed a priori to also be naturally occurring. The moralistic fallacy is sometimes presented as the inverse of the naturalistic fallacy. However, it could be seen as a variation of the very same naturalistic fallacy; the difference between them could be considered pragmatical, depending on the intentions of the person who uses it: naturalistic fallacy if the user wants to justify existing social practices with the argument that they are natural; moralistic fallacy if the user wants to combat existing social practices with the argument of denying that they are natural. Examples Steven Pinker writes that \"[t]he naturalistic fallacy is the idea that what is found in nature is good. It was the basis for social Darwinism, the belief that helping the poor and sick would get in the way of evolution, which depends on the survival of the fittest. Today, biologists denounce the naturalistic fallacy because they want to describe the natural world honestly, without people deriving morals about how we ought to behave (as in: If birds and beasts engage in adultery, infanticide, cannibalism, it must be OK).\" Pinker goes on to explain that \"[t]he moralistic fallacy is that what is good is found in nature. It lies behind the bad science in nature-documentary voiceovers: lions are mercy-killers of the weak and sick, mice feel no pain when cats eat them, dung beetles recycle dung to benefit the ecosystem and so on. It also lies behind the romantic belief that humans cannot harbor desires to kill, rape, lie, or steal because that would be too depressing or reactionary.\" Moralistic fallacy \"Warfare is destructive and tragic, and so it is not of human nature.\" \"Eating meat harms animals and the environment, and so eating meat is unnatural.\" \"Men and women ought to be given equal opportunities, and so women and men can do everything equally well.\" \"Unfaithfulness is immoral, and so it is unnatural to feel desire for others when in a monogamous relationship.\" \"The pill I am taking should have therapeutic effects on me, and so it does have therapeutic effects on me.\" (An instance of the placebo effect.) Naturalistic fallacy \"Warfare must be allowed because human violence is instinctive.\" \"Veganism is foolish because humans have eaten meat for thousands of years.\" \"Men and women should not have the same roles in society because men have more muscle mass and women can give birth.\" \"Adultery is acceptable because people can naturally want more sexual partners.\" Effects on science and society Sometimes basic scientific findings or interpretations are rejected, or their discovery, development or acknowledgement is opposed or restricted, through assertions of potential misuse or harmfulness. In the late 1970s, Bernard Davis, in response to growing political",
"title": "Moralistic fallacy"
},
{
"docid": "4521710",
"text": "Cunda Kammāraputta was a smith who gave Gautama Buddha his last meal as an offering while he visited his mango grove in Pāvā on his way to Kuśīnagara. Shortly after having Cunda's meal, the Buddha suffered from fatal dysentery. The condition could have been Clostridial necrotizing enteritis due to a high protein (meat) diet, which is provided as bhikkha as a mark of respect for high ranking Bhikkus in Theravada. Before entering the parinirvāṇa, the Buddha told Ānanda to visit Cunda and tell him that his meal had nothing to do with his getting ill, and therefore should feel no blame nor remorse; on the contrary, offering the Tathāgata his last meal before passing away was of equal gain as of offering him his first meal before attaining buddhahood, and thus he should rejoice. Name The name Kammāraputta (in Sanskrit, Karmāraputra) means son of the smith. In Chinese, his name is rendered as 準陀 (Zhǔntuó). Cunda as a lay follower of Gautama Buddha In the Cunda Kammāraputta Sutta, Gautama Buddha stays at Cunda's mango grove and they talk about rites of purification. Cunda declares that he approves of the rites of the brahmins of the West and the Buddha mentions that the rites of purification of these brahmins and the purification in the discipline of the noble ones is quite different. Cunda asks him to explain how there is purification in his discipline, and so the Buddha teaches him the ten courses of skillful action. Cunda praises him for his teachings and declares himself a lay follower from that day on. Cunda's Meal In the Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta, Gautama Buddha and a group of bhikkus stay at Cunda's mango grove and are offered by him a meal. The meal consists of sweet rice, cakes and sūkaramaddava, which is translated differently depending on the buddhist tradition. Since the word is composed by sūkara, which means pig, and maddava, which means soft, tender, delicate, two alternatives are possible: Tender pig or boar meat. What is enjoyed by pigs and boars. In the latter meaning, the term has been thought to refer to a mushroom or truffle, or a yam or tuber. The idea that the Buddha's last meal consisted of pork is generally supported by the Theravada tradition; while that it was a vegetarian dish, by the Mahayana tradition. These may reflect the different traditional views on Buddhist vegetarianism and the monastic precepts. In the sutta, the Buddha asks Cunda to serve the rice and cakes to the community of bhikkus, and to only serve the sūkaramaddava to him. Any leftovers should be buried in a pit. Cunda does as he is told. Notes References Disciples of Gautama Buddha Indian Buddhists",
"title": "Cunda Kammāraputta"
},
{
"docid": "61520405",
"text": "Tjälknöl, tjälknul (in Jämtland tjælaknul) or tjaele lump is a dish originating from Norrland, Sweden. It is made from a frozen moose steak, or other meat, that is roasted at a low temperature. Preparation The tjälknöl is cooked in the oven from a solid-frozen state at only 75–100 °C for 12 hours until the core temperature reaches 68 °C. After cooking, the meat is allowed to rest in the fridge for 5 hours submerged in brine inside a covered, tight container, for example a freeze bag, together with other spices such as garlic, cranberries, bay leafs, and lingon berries. The meat needs to be turned a couple of times so that it is evenly soaked. The tjälknöl is served cold in thin slices, with, for example, a potato gratiné, or on the Christmas table. The dish has some similarities to roast beef, but is cooked at a lower temperature and for a longer time, which makes the meat very tender. Etymology The name is a compound of the words \"tjäle\" and \"knul\". \"Tjäle\" meaning tjaele, or when something is frozen solid, in this case the steak. The word \"knul\" is a Norrland dialect word meaning \"lump\", with \"knöl\" being the standard Swedish equivalent. History The dish was created by Ragnhild Nilsson (1926–2006) from Hundberget outside Torpshammar, Sweden in the 1970s. Ragnhild was married to a moose-hunter and had asked her husband to thaw a moose steak while she was at work. Her husband initially forgot about it, but then panicked and put the solid-frozen steak in the oven to thaw at a very low temperature. He then left the house and forgot about the oven. The next day when Ragnhild came home from work she immediately understood what had happened and how long the steak had been left in the oven. She initially contemplated to use it as dog food, but as it was such fine meat she instead tried to save the tasteless steak by soaking it in brine for a couple of hours. Later when the couple tried the steak they found it both tender and good. Ragnhild improved the recipe over the years, until 1982 when her husband surreptitiously admitted it to a competition held by ICA-kuriren where they looked for new provincial dishes. Ragnhild's tjälknöl won the competition as Medelpad's new provincial dish. References External sources The recipe on Swedish Wikibooks Ragnhild's original recipe (in Swedish) Swedish cuisine",
"title": "Tjälknöl"
},
{
"docid": "574518",
"text": "Ground beef, minced beef or beef mince is beef that has been finely chopped with a knife, meat grinder (American English), mincer or mincing machine (British English). It is used in many recipes including hamburgers, bolognese sauce, meatloaf, meatballs, and kofta. It is not the same as mincemeat, which is a mixture of chopped dried fruit, distilled spirits, spices and historically (but present day rare) minced/ground meat. Contents In many countries, food laws define specific categories of ground beef and what they can contain. For example, in the United States, beef fat may be added to hamburger but not to ground beef if the meat is ground and packaged at a USDA-inspected plant. In the U.S., a maximum of 30% fat by weight is allowed in either hamburger or ground beef. The allowable amount in France is 5 to 20% (15% being used by most food chains). In Germany, regular ground beef may contain up to 15% fat while the special \"Tatar\" for steak tartare may contain less than 5% fat. Both hamburger and ground beef can have added seasoning, phosphate, extenders, or binders added, but no additional water is permitted. Ground beef is often marketed in a range of different fat contents to match the preferences of customers. Ground beef is generally made from the less tender and less popular cuts of beef. Trimmings from tender cuts may also be used. In a study in the U.S. in 2008, eight brands of fast food hamburgers were evaluated for recognizable tissue types using morphological techniques that are commonly used in the evaluation of tissue's histological condition. The study of the eight laboratory specimens found the content of the hamburgers included: Water: 37.7% to 62.4% (mean, 49%) Muscle: 2.1% to 14.8% (median, 12.1%) Skeletal tissue: \"Bone and cartilage, observed in some brands, were not expected; their presence may be related to the use of mechanical separation in the processing of the meat from the animal. Small amounts of bone and cartilage may have been detached during the separation process.\" Connective tissue Blood vessels Peripheral nerve tissue. Brain tissue was not detected in any of the samples. Adipose tissue—\"The amount of lipid observed was considerable and was seen in both adipose tissue and as lipid droplets. Lipid content on oil-red-O staining was graded as 1+ (moderate) in 6 burgers and 2+ (marked) in 2 burgers.\" Plant material: \"was likely added as a filler to give bulk to the burger\" \"Pink slime\" Ground beef in the United States may contain a meat-based product used as a food additive produced using technology known as advanced meat recovery systems or alternatively by using the slime system. Meat processing methods used by companies such as Beef Products, Inc. (BPI) and Cargill Meat Solutions produce lean, finely textured beef product, otherwise known as \"pink slime,\" from fatty beef trimmings. This meat-based product is then treated with antimicrobial agents to remove salmonella and other pathogens, and is included in a variety of ground beef products in the U.S.",
"title": "Ground beef"
},
{
"docid": "9461357",
"text": "Low-temperature cooking is a cooking technique that uses temperatures in the range of about for a prolonged time to cook food. Low-temperature cooking methods include sous vide cooking, slow cooking using a slow cooker, cooking in a normal oven which has a minimal setting of about , and using a combi steamer providing exact temperature control. The traditional cooking pit also cooks food at low temperature. Cooking food by a low-temperature method does not necessarily imply that the internal temperature of the food is lower than by traditional cooking. In the American South, this style of cooking is sometimes referred to as \"low and slow\". History Low-temperature cooking has been used for a long time; evidence of its use can be found in indigenous cultures. Samoans and Tongans slow-cook meat in large pits for celebrations and ceremonies. However, the technique was not scientifically examined until the 18th century, when Benjamin Thompson \"described how he had left a joint of meat in a drying oven overnight and was amazed when, the next morning, he found that the meat was tender and fully cooked.\" Professor Nicholas Kurti from the University of Oxford repeated these experiments in 1969, and showed that the temperature of Thompson's trial never exceeded 70 degrees Celsius (158 °F). Theory Meat is cooked for four reasons: to tenderise it, to provide additional flavours, to kill harmful bacteria, and to kill parasites such as Trichinella spiralis and Diphyllobothrium. All four can be achieved by cooking meat at high temperature for a short time, and also by cooking at low temperature for a long time. Each goal is achieved at a different temperature, and takes a different time to achieve. The lower the temperature used, the longer the cooking time. An example of slow, long cooking is Southern pulled pork BBQ. Tenderisation Toughness in meat is derived from several proteins, such as actin, myosin and collagen, that combined form the structure of the muscle tissue. Heating these proteins causes them to denature, or break down into other substances, which in turn changes the structure and texture of meat, usually reducing its toughness and making it more tender. This typically takes place between over an extended period of time. Flavour Flavours may be enhanced by the Maillard reaction, which combines sugars and amino acids at temperatures above . Meat roasted traditionally in a hot oven has a brown crust which is generally considered desirable, caused by the Maillard reaction. Meat can be cooked at a high temperature for a short time to brown just the surface, before or after being cooked at low temperature, thus obtaining the benefits of both methods. Bacteria Bacteria are typically killed at temperatures of around . Most harmful bacteria live on the surface of pieces of meat which have not been ground or shredded before cooking. As a result, for unprocessed steaks or chops of red meat it is usually safe merely to bring the surface temperature of the meat to this temperature and hold it there",
"title": "Low-temperature cooking"
},
{
"docid": "71503884",
"text": "Kulawo is a Filipino salad made with either minced banana blossoms (kulawong puso ng saging) or grilled eggplants (kulawong talong) cooked in coconut milk that is distinctively extracted from grated coconut meat toasted on live coals. It is a pre-colonial dish that originates from the provinces of Laguna and Quezon. Kulawo is a type of kilawin and ginataan. It is fully vegan and has a unique smoky taste that has been compared to smoked meat or fish dishes. Description Kulawo uses either banana blossoms or eggplants. For banana blossoms, it is finely diced or julienned and is mixed with salt for a few minutes and then squeezed dry and washed to remove the bitter sap. For eggplants, it is first grilled until soft and then peeled and mashed. Grated coconut is then placed in a container with live coals (usually from burning coconut husks) until the grated coconut is toasted brown and emits a slightly burned odor. In modern versions, they can also be toasted briefly in an oven. The toasted grated coconut is then separated from the coals and moistened with vinegar. It is allowed to cool down and then squeezed to extract coconut milk that now has a smoky flavor. The coconut milk is then heated slowly with vinegar (usually coconut or cane vinegar), red onions, salt, and black pepper. Other spices can also be added to taste, including garlic, ginger, shallots, fish sauce, and chili peppers. The coconut milk must be heated slowly and prevented from boiling to avoid curdling. The banana blossoms are then added last and cooked until tender. Variations Kulawong puso ng saging is also sometimes known as minanok (literally \"done like chicken\"), due to its texture being similar to shredded chicken. Despite the name, it does not contain any meat. Some versions do add cooked meat, like pork belly (liempo), especially in adaptations in other regions. But this is non-traditional. See also Tortang talong Poqui poqui Kinilaw Tiyula itum References External links Eggplant dishes Vegetarian dishes of the Philippines Vegan cuisine Flower dishes Foods containing coconut Salads",
"title": "Kulawo"
},
{
"docid": "663590",
"text": "Bromelain is an enzyme extract derived from the stems of pineapples, although it exists in all parts of the fresh plant and fruit. The extract has a history of folk medicine use. As a culinary ingredient, it may be used as a meat tenderizer. The term \"bromelain\" may refer to either of two protease enzymes extracted from the plants of the family Bromeliaceae, or it may refer to a combination of those enzymes along with other compounds produced in an extract. Although tested in a variety of folk medicine and research models for its possible efficacy against diseases, the only approved clinical application for bromelain was issued in 2012 by the European Medicines Agency for a topical medication called NexoBrid used to remove dead tissue in severe skin burns. There is no other established application for bromelain as a nutraceutical or drug. Extract components Bromelain extract is a mixture of protein-digesting (proteolytic) enzymes and several other substances in smaller quantities. The proteolytic enzymes are sulfhydryl proteases; a free sulfhydryl group of a cysteine amino acid side chain is required for function. The two main enzymes are: Stem bromelain – Fruit bromelain – History Pineapples have a long tradition as a medicinal plant among the natives of South and Central America. The first isolation of bromelain was recorded by the Venezuelan chemist Vicente Marcano in 1891 by fermenting the fruit of pineapple. In 1892, Russell Henry Chittenden, assisted by Elliott P. Joslin and Frank Sherman Meara, investigated the matter more completely, and called it 'bromelin'. Later, the term 'bromelain' was introduced and originally applied to any protease from any member of the plant family Bromeliaceae. Sources Bromelain is present in all parts of the pineapple plant (Ananas sp.), but the stem is the most common commercial source, presumably because usable quantities are readily extractable after the fruit has been harvested. Production Produced mainly in parts of the world where pineapples are grown, such as Thailand or Malaysia, bromelain is extracted from the peel, stem, leaves or waste of the pineapple plant after processing the fruit for juice or other purposes. The starting material is blended and pressed through a filter to obtain a supernatant liquid containing the soluble bromelain enzyme. Further processing includes purification and concentration of the enzyme. Temperature stability After an hour at 50 °C (122 °F), 83% of the enzyme remains, while at 40 °C (104 °F), practically 100% remains. The proteolytic activity of concentrated bromelain solutions remains relatively stable for at least 1 week at room temperature, and multiple freeze-thaw cycles or exposure to the digestive enzyme trypsin have little effect on it. Uses Meat tenderizing and other uses Along with papain, bromelain is one of the most popular proteases to use for meat tenderizing. Bromelain is sold in a powdered form, which is combined with a marinade, or directly sprinkled on the uncooked meat. Cooked or canned pineapple does not have a tenderizing effect, as the enzymes are heat-labile and denatured in the cooking process. Some",
"title": "Bromelain"
},
{
"docid": "2190651",
"text": "\"Love Me Tender\" is a 1956 ballad song recorded by Elvis Presley and published by \"Elvis Presley Music\" from the 20th Century Fox film of the same name. Lyrics are credited to \"Vera Matson\" (though the actual lyricist was her husband, Ken Darby). The melody is identical to the sentimental Civil War ballad \"Aura Lea\" (sometimes spelled \"Aura Lee\") and therefore credited to Aura Lea's composer, the Englishman George R. Poulton. The RCA Victor recording by Elvis Presley was No. 1 on both the Billboard and Cashbox charts in 1956. The song is also featured in many other films and television shows, including FM, Touched By Love, This is Elvis, Porky's Revenge, Wild at Heart, Die Hard 2, Honeymoon in Vegas, Backbeat, Gaudi Afternoon, Machine Gun Molly, The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement, William Eggleston in the Real World, California Dreamin', Love in Space, Masters of Sex, Devil's Due, Just Before I Go, 90 Minutes in Heaven, and Ready or Not. History The 1956 song \"Love Me Tender\" puts new words to a new musical adaptation of the Civil War song \"Aura Lea,\" published in 1861. \"Aura Lea\" had music by George R. Poulton and words by W. W. Fosdick. It later became popular with college glee clubs and barbershop quartets. It was also sung at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. The principal writer of the lyrics was Ken Darby, who also adapted Poulton's Civil War tune, which was in the public domain. The song was published by Elvis Presley Music. and credited to Presley and Darby's wife Vera Matson. Presley received co-songwriting credit due to his Hill & Range publishing deal which demanded songwriters concede 50 percent of the credit of their song if they wanted Presley to record it; Presley had songwriting input on only a very small number of the many songs he recorded. Darby was often asked about his decision to credit the song to his wife along with Presley, and his standard response was an acid, \"because she didn't write it either\". As with nearly all his early RCA recordings, Presley took control in the studio despite not being credited as producer. He would regularly change arrangements. Ken Darby described Elvis Presley's role in the recording of the song: He adjusted the music and the lyrics to his own particular presentation. Elvis has the most terrific ear of anyone I have ever met. He does not read music, but he does not need to. All I had to do was play the song for him once, and he made it his own! He has perfect judgment of what is right for him. He exercised that judgment when he chose 'Love Me Tender' as his theme song. Elvis Presley performed \"Love Me Tender\" on The Ed Sullivan Show on September 9, 1956, shortly before the single's release and about a month before the movie, Love Me Tender, was released (for which the reworded song had been written). After that, RCA received",
"title": "Love Me Tender (song)"
},
{
"docid": "63873666",
"text": "The Meat Racket: The Secret Takeover of America's Food Business is a 2014 book by Christopher Leonard about the meat processing industry in the United States that focuses on Tyson Foods as the market leader. Widely reviewed on publication, the book gained additional attention during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Author A graduate of the University of Missouri, Leonard was formerly an agribusiness reporter for the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette and the Associated Press. He was a fellow at the New America Foundation when he wrote the book. Content Several reviewers emphasized vertical integration as key to the growth of Tyson Foods as described in the book. Kirkus Reviews described the book's message as \"Using Tyson as a window on modern meat production, Leonard shows how the company has eliminated free market competition through vertical integration, buying up independent suppliers (feed mills, slaughterhouses and hatcheries) and controlling farmers through restrictive contracts.\" In The Wall Street Journal, Moira Hodgson wrote that the book describes how the company founder John W. Tyson \"left his nearly bankrupt family's farm in Missouri. He headed with his wife, his son and his truck to Arkansas, where he began to invest in chickens, hauling birds from the South, where they were cheap, to Chicago, Detroit and St. Louis. He used his profits to buy chicken houses and eventually bought his own hatchery and feed mill, vertically integrating his company by buying up the firms that supplied it.\" Christine Sismondo, writing for the Toronto Star, described how Tyson \"got into all aspects of the business, starting with chicken feed and hatcheries, until he owned practically every cog in the chain that linked the egg to the grocery store, \" adding that \"Business majors will recognize this as an early and successful instance of 'vertical integration,' something Tyson pioneered in agri-business. Having tight control over the whole supply chain paid off and Tyson Foods is one of the largest meat producer in the world, with a practical monopoly on wings, nuggets and tenders plus a stronghold on pork and beef as well. Writing in the Virginia Quarterly Review, James McWilliams characterized Tyson's methods as described in the book as a \"rotten system\", adding that \"Tyson’s vertical integration enables the company to dictate contracts that enfeeble growers in insidious ways.\" McWilliams concluded that a chicken farmer \"has no control over the health of his birds or the quality of his feed\", adding that \"an unruly contract grower will quickly become the unknowing recipient of inferior food and sick hatchlings—in essence, the season’s dregs. Contractually, he can do nothing about the hand Tyson deals him. His numbers will drop and, after a few lackluster growing periods, the manager, citing the low figures, will fire the farmer, leaving him to default on his bank loan. What Tyson gets out of the move is both the removal of a troublesome farmer and space for a new farmer to get a new loan to build a new set of barns.\" In the American Journal of",
"title": "The Meat Racket"
},
{
"docid": "5453492",
"text": "During butchering, beef is first divided into primal cuts, pieces of meat initially separated from the carcass. These are basic sections from which steaks and other subdivisions are cut. Since the animal's legs and neck muscles do the most work, they are the toughest; the meat becomes more tender as distance from hoof and horn increases. Different countries and cuisines have different cuts and names, and sometimes use the same name for a different cut; e.g., the cut described as brisket in the US is from a significantly different part of the carcass than British brisket. Cut often refers narrowly to skeletal muscle (sometimes attached to bones), but can also include other edible flesh, such as offal (organ meat) or bones without significant muscles attached. American and Canadian The following is a list of the American primal cuts, and cuts derived from them. Beef carcasses are split along the axis of symmetry into \"halves\", then across into front and back \"quarters\" (forequarters and hindquarters). Canada uses identical cut names (and numbering) as the US, with the exception of the \"round\" which is called the \"hip\". The British designation 'rump' is also common in Canada. Forequarter The chuck is the source of bone-in chuck steaks and roasts (arm or blade), and boneless clod steaks and roasts, most commonly. The trimmings and some whole boneless chucks are ground for ground beef. The rib contains part of the short ribs, the prime rib and rib eye steaks. Brisket, primarily used for barbecue, corned beef or pastrami. The foreshank or shank is used primarily for stews and soups; it is not usually served any other way because it is the toughest of the cuts. The plate is the other source of short ribs, used for pot roasting, and the outside skirt steak, which is used for fajitas. The navel is the ventral part of the plate and is commonly used to make pastrami. The remainder is usually ground, as it is typically a tough and fatty meat. Hindquarter The loin has two subprimals the short loin, from which the T-bone and porterhouse steaks are cut if bone-in, or strip steak. the sirloin, which is less tender than short loin, but more flavorful, can be further divided into top sirloin and bottom sirloin (including tri-tip), and the tenderloin, which is the most tender, can be removed as a separate subprimal, and cut into filet mignons, tournedos or tenderloin steaks, and roasts (such as for beef Wellington). They can also be cut bone-in to make parts of the T-bone and porterhouse loin steaks. The round contains lean, moderately tough, lower fat (less marbling) cuts, which require moist or rare cooking. Some representative cuts are round steak, eye of round, top round, and bottom round steaks and roasts. The flank is used mostly for grinding, except for the long and flat flank steak, best known for use in London broil, and the inside skirt steak, also used for fajitas. Flank steaks were once one of the most",
"title": "Cut of beef"
},
{
"docid": "7493807",
"text": "Sabbas the Goth (, ; died 12 April 372) was a Christian martyr venerated as a saint. Life and persecution Sabbas (also Saba) was born in 334 in a village in the Buzău river valley and lived in what is now the Wallachia region in Romania and converted to Christianity as a youth. His hagiography states that he was a Goth by race and may have been a cantor or a reader to the religious community there. In circa 369 the Tervingi king Athanaric began a persecution of the Christians in his territory. First, a Gothic nobleman began the suppression of Christianity in Sabbas' area. When his agents came to the village where Sabbas lived they forced the villagers to eat pagan sacrificial meat. According to the tale, non-Christian villagers wanting to help their Christian neighbours tricked the authorities by exchanging the sacrificial meat for meat that had not been sacrificed. However, Sabbas made a conspicuous show of rejecting the meat altogether. His fellow villagers exiled him but after a while, he was allowed to return. Sometime after, the Gothic noble returned and asked if there were any Christians in the village. Sabbas stepped forward and proclaimed, \"Let no-one swear an oath on my behalf. I am a Christian.\" Sabbas' neighbours then said that he was a poor man of no account. The leader dismissed him, saying, \"This one can do us neither good nor harm.\" In the year 372, Sabbas celebrated Easter with the priest Sansalas. Three days after Easter Atharid, the son of Athanaric's sub-king Rothesteus, arrived in the village to arrest Sansalas. Saba was dragged naked through thorn bushes, then racked, alongside the priest Sansalas, to a wagon wheel, and whipped. The next day he was offered pagan sacrificed meat again. He was, however, still steadfast, and suggested they tell Atharid to kill him. Sabbas also so angered one of Atharid's retinue by insulting the prince that he hurled a pestle as if it were a javelin at Sabbas so hard that those nearby were sure he was dead, but it left no mark. Martyrdom and translation of relics The Gothic prince Atharid sentenced Sabbas to death, ordering him to be thrown in the river Musæus, a tributary of the Danube. As he went with the soldiers he praised God the whole way, denouncing the pagan and idolatrous ways of his captors. The soldiers, considering him a fool or insane, contemplated just letting him go, reasoning that the prince would never find out. Sabbas urged them to do their duty, proclaiming \"Why do you waste time talking nonsense and not do what you were told to? For I see what you cannot see: over there on the other side, standing in glory, the saints who have come to receive me\". At this the soldiers pushed him under the river with a branch against his neck and drowned him. He was martyred during the reign of Valentinian and Valens, in the consulship of Modestus and Arintheus, i.e. 372.",
"title": "Sabbas the Goth"
},
{
"docid": "29500379",
"text": "Confidentially Connie is a 1953 American romantic comedy film directed by Edward Buzzell. It stars Van Johnson as a dedicated but poorly paid college professor, Janet Leigh as his pregnant wife, and Louis Calhern as Johnson's father, whose schemes to get his son to return to the family ranch in Texas widen the previously existing gulf between father and son when they deprive him of a desirable promotion and a much needed raise. Plot Maine housewife Connie Bedloe is pregnant, but the family's limited income from her husband Joe's college teaching job means that they can't buy the meat her obstetrician recommends. Connie gives up smoking to be able to afford lamb chops. Joe does not buy her explanation that she is doing this because she is pregnant, because the obstetrician's office is “like a forest fire.” He is not providing for her: He talks about going back to his father's cattle ranch, the “second biggest in Texas,” despite his father's interfering ways. The daughter of a teacher, Connie knew what she was getting into. However, she does want the apolitical Joe to lobby for a new job opening. He makes a mess of it, and they begin an ongoing debate: Go to the ranch, or stay in the home they love and raise a child without the security money can bring. Joe's father, Opie, comes to visit, determined to persuade Joe to move the family back to the ranch. A dedicated and inspiring teacher, Joe is wounded by his father's contempt for his work. (Teaching is fit only for women who can't find husbands.) He eloquently defends the work of American teachers, asking, rhetorically, why teachers are paid less than TV repairmen. Opie is delighted to learn that Connie is pregnant and horrified to see her eating fish. Believing that pregnant women “gotta have meat,” he arranges for the local butcher, Spangenberg, to cut his prices in half, to 69 cents a pound, (with Opie paying the difference) so that Connie can have the meat she needs. Connie sees through Opie immediately, but gives in, using a gigantic steak to impress the Dean and others. At the party, the guests find out that the butcher sold the steak to Opie at half price. The next day, they all head to Spangenberg's: A price war ensues in town. Seeing the way the faculty react—one professor says he has not seen a rib roast since 1948–Opie starts to rethink his attitude toward teachers. When Connie tells Opie that Joe will stay if he gets the promotion, Opie lies to the Dean, telling him his son plans to leave at end of term. The promotion goes to another man, who calls Joe to share the news. It looks as if Opie has won, but Spangenberg storms in, begging Opie to make up the losses of the other butchers. Joe is angry, but Connie defends Opie for putting meat on their table. They agree to go to the ranch, The next morning a",
"title": "Confidentially Connie"
},
{
"docid": "13849576",
"text": "\"I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)\" is a song composed and written by Diane Warren, and recorded by Meat Loaf and Patti Russo. The song was released in October 1995 as the first single from Meat Loaf's seventh studio album, Welcome to the Neighbourhood (1995). The single release reached 2 in the United Kingdom and No. 13 in the United States. Music video The music video for \"I'd Lie for You\" was directed by Howard Greenhalgh with cinematography by Daniel Pearl, who had also photographed the music video for \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\". The storyline appears to start out as a continuation of the ending of the \"I'd Do Anything...,\" video, but quickly morphs into a big budget concept piece that borrows heavily from the Indiana Jones film series. Meat Loaf and the girl companion continue riding into the desert, now pursued by a helicopter, while being simultaneously observed by a chiseled-looking Indiana Jones-type \"action hero\" and a foreign military despot (played by Xander Berkeley). The motorcycle riders then abruptly vanish, only to reappear in the camp of the relic hunter who has recently discovered an ancient mask. The 'hero' type (played by Brett Cullen, an actor who has sung backup for Meat Loaf) immediately takes interest in Meat Loaf's girl (Dana Patrick back from the previous video, lip-syncing this time to vocals supplied by Patti Russo), and she in him. What follows is standard adventure mayhem and clichéd perilous situations featuring many vehicle chases, and large explosions, while Meat Loaf alternates between playing the hero's sidekick, and singing to his beautiful love interest of his devotion from afar, as the other man seduces her. The heroine even sings her lines to the other man. In the end, the adventurer chooses the treasure over the girl and flees, leaving Meat Loaf to once again get the girl. Formats and track listings In Europe, the \"I'd Lie for You\" single was released as two CDs. The regular edition was backed with live versions of \"Hot Patootie (Whatever Happened to Saturday Night?)\" and \"I'd Do Anything for Love\", while the limited edition contained the non-album track \"Oh, What a Beautiful Morning\" from Oklahoma! and the album track \"Runnin' for the Red Light\". US CD single \"I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)\" – 6:37 \"I'd Do Anything for Love\" (Live in New York City, 1993) (feat. Patti Russo) – 5:27 US cassette single \"I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)\" – 6:37 \"I'd Do Anything for Love\" (Live in New York City, 1993) (feat. Patti Russo) – 5:27 European CD single 1 \"I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)\" (Pioneers of the West Mix) – 5:28 \"Hot Patootie (Whatever Happened to Saturday Night?)\" (Live) - 3:19 \"I'd Do Anything for Love\" (Live in New York City, 1993) (feat. Patti Russo) – 5:28 European CD single 2 \"I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)\" (Fountain Head Mix) \"Oh, What a Beautiful",
"title": "I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)"
},
{
"docid": "36753170",
"text": "Aloo gosht (, , , ) is a meat curry, and is a popular dish in North Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi cuisine. It consists of potatoes (aloo) cooked with meat (gosht), usually lamb or mutton or beef, in a stew-like shorba gravy. It may be considered a curry, stew, or shorba depending on the way the dish is prepared, the types of spices used and what country or particular region it was made in. The dish can be served and eaten with plain rice or with bread such as roti, paratha, or naan. History It is a favorite and common dish in India and Pakistan, Indian and Bangladeshi meals; and is commonly consumed as a comfort food in the Indian subcontinent. Preparation There are various methods of cooking aloo gosht. Generally, the preparation method involves simmering lamb or beef pieces and potatoes over medium heat, with various spices. Lamb or beef meat is cut into chunks and placed into a stew pot over heat. Chicken may be used as an alternative to lamb or beef. Tomatoes, along with cinnamon, bay leaves, ginger, garlic, red chili powder, cumin seeds, fried onions, black cardamom, garam masala and cooking oil are added and stirred. Potatoes and salt are mixed in. Water is added, in a proportion that is enough to cover the meat, and brought to the boil. The aloo gosht is covered and left to simmer until the meat becomes tender. Once ready, it may be garnished with chopped coriander leaves and served hot. See also Aloo gobi List of lamb dishes Pakistani meat dishes Nikujaga Irish stew References Muhajir cuisine North Indian cuisine Pakistani curries Pakistani meat dishes Pashtun cuisine Potato dishes Punjabi cuisine Bengali cuisine Bangladeshi cuisine Kashmiri cuisine Lamb dishes Indian chicken dishes Meat and potatoes dishes Beef dishes",
"title": "Aloo gosht"
},
{
"docid": "22313163",
"text": "\"Simple Explanation\" is the 20th episode of the fifth season of House. It first aired on April 6, 2009. Plot As Eddie Novack (Meat Loaf) lies on his deathbed, his wife Charlotte is stricken with respiratory failure. The team takes Charlotte's case and wheels Eddie into her room, as he seems to gain strength when he sees her suffering. Taub suggests she could have picked up something in Hawaii when she went there, and Foreman suggests melioidosis. They start her on an IV drip and aciclovir, which works, until she starts gasping. Thirteen suggests polyserositis, so the team starts Charlotte on indomethacin. In the meantime, Taub does a hormone panel on Eddie which turns out normal, so he does an echo-cardiogram on him as well to see if his heart's improving, but it isn't. Unusually, Kutner does not show up for work, and House dispatches Thirteen and Foreman to check his apartment. Thirteen finds Kutner's body; he has died by suicide. The team must then try to save Charlotte while struggling to make sense of Kutner's death. House, Thirteen and Foreman go to see Kutner's parents, but House blames the parents and leaves. Taub seems to show little interest in Kutner's death. Cuddy tells the team she's hired a grief counselor and offers them time off. She then goes to talk to Wilson, who hasn't been with House yet. Wilson goes with House to Kutner's home. House looks around and finally suspects that someone murdered Kutner. House suspects it was the same person who killed Kutner's birth parents. House eventually realizes Charlotte feigned her illness, but then her liver fails. Thirteen does an MRI on her, but her spleen ruptures in the middle of it. House thinks she could have Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, so Thirteen and Taub run her AAT proteins. Foreman takes time off. Her proteins come back normal. She then tries to take her own life by overdosing so that Eddie can have her heart. The team manages to stabilize Charlotte, but the drugs she took damaged her liver. House gets Cameron to convince Eddie to do a partial liver transplant. With his failing heart, he's bound to die on the table. Then they can give his whole liver to Charlotte, which is what she needs, not part of one. House gets Cameron to convince Eddie to do this. He wants to say goodbye to her, but Cameron notes she would never agree to this if she knew what would happen. As Eddie signs off on the transplant, Cameron notices nodules on Eddie's fingers, which could indicate that his condition might be curable. Meanwhile, House finds out that the murderer of Kutner's birth parents died of an aneurysm two months before. Eddie still wants to proceed with the liver donation, but Taub reveals to Charlotte that Eddie can be cured. House realizes Charlotte was in Rio without telling Eddie, where she contracted visceral leishmaniasis. The team starts her on antimony. The episode ends with Cameron, Chase, Foreman, Thirteen,",
"title": "Simple Explanation"
},
{
"docid": "25487049",
"text": "Eating Animals is the third book by the American novelist Jonathan Safran Foer, published in 2009. A New York Times best-seller, Eating Animals provides a dense discussion of what it means to eat animals in an industrialized world. It was written in close collaboration with Farm Forward, a US nonprofit organization promoting veganism and sustainable agriculture. The book was adapted and extended into a 2018 documentary film with the same name, directed by Christopher Dillon Quinn and co-narrated by Foer and Natalie Portman. Overview Foer presents the book as a way for him to decide whether or not his newborn child should eat meat. Foer's son is representative of the generations that are entering a world of industrialized farming, in which the decision to eat meat has many more implications than taste. More often than not, putting meat on our plates comes with immense ramifications not only for the animals involved, but also for the environment, and ourselves; the animals suffer, the environment is damaged, and our health is put into question. Essentially, Foer concludes that the detriments of factory farms outweigh the benefits of taste, which is why he chooses to raise his son a vegetarian. Throughout the book, Foer places significant emphasis on the stories that come with food. To strengthen the emphasis, both the first and the last chapters of the book are entitled “storytelling.” In the book, Foer states that “stories about food are stories about us―our history and our values,” and establishes storytelling as the overriding theme of the whole book. For Foer, storytelling is a way of recognizing and dealing with the complexity of the subject that is eating animals, and how it is connected to identity. The stories in our plates are the stories about our relationship with the world as represented by the people we eat with, the process by which our food reaches the table, what kinds of food find their ways to our table, etc. According to Foer, the way humans cope with and understand complex phenomena is by turning their occurrences into stories about what they mean. In this sense, the suggested profundity within the phenomenon of meat eating gives Foer's concept of storytelling a religious undertone. As the title suggests, the particular phenomenon Foer focuses on is the consumption of meat. He discusses what eating meat has meant in the past, and what it means today. In doing so, he does not, as one might expect, make the claim that eating meat is intrinsically bad. Rather, he claims that eating meat is circumstantially bad; for example, it is bad when it entails the suffering of animals, environmental destruction, and/or a risk for human health. Today, according to the book and a number of its cited sources, eating meat overwhelmingly entails these problems, while in the past, it has not. The conclusion Foer reaches is that eating animals that come from industrial methods―such as factory farming, industrial fishing, and the like―is bad. Foer notes that most people recognize there",
"title": "Eating Animals"
},
{
"docid": "292181",
"text": "Chicken-fried steak, also known as country-fried steak, is an American breaded cutlet dish consisting of a piece of beefsteak (most often tenderized cube steak) coated with seasoned flour and either deep-fried or pan-fried. It is sometimes associated with the Southern cuisine of the United States. It is breaded and fried with a technique similar to the more common fried chicken, hence \"chicken-fried\". When deep-fried, it is usually referred to as \"chicken-fried steak\". Pan-fried versions are typically referred to as \"country-fried steak\". Chicken-fried steak resembles the Austrian dish Wiener schnitzel and the Italian dish , which is a tenderized veal or pork cutlet, coated with flour, eggs, chicken stock cube, and bread crumbs, and then fried. It is also similar to the recipe for Scottish collops. History The precise origins of the dish are unclear, but many sources attribute its development to German and Austrian immigrants to Texas in the 19th century, who brought recipes for Wiener schnitzel from Europe to the USA. Lamesa, the seat of Dawson County on the Texas South Plains, claims to be the birthplace of chicken-fried steak, and hosts an annual celebration accordingly. The Virginia Housewife, published in 1838 by Mary Randolph, has a recipe for veal cutlets that is one of the earliest recipes for a food like chicken-fried steak. The recipe for what we now know as chicken-fried steak was included in many regional cookbooks by the late 19th century. The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest attestation of the term \"chicken-fried steak\" is from a restaurant advertisement in the 19 June 1914 edition of the Colorado Springs Gazette newspaper. A 1943 American cookbook recipe for Wiener schnitzel includes a white salt and pepper cream gravy. Chicken-fried steak is among numerous popular dishes which make up the official state meal of Oklahoma, added to the list in 1988. Preparation Chicken-fried steak is prepared by taking a thin cut of beefsteak and tenderizing it by pounding, cubing, or forking. It is then immersed in egg batter or buttermilk, then dredged in flour to which salt, pepper, and often other seasonings have been added. Chicken-fried steak is typically deep-fried and served with cream gravy, while country fried steak is typically fried in a skillet and served with brown gravy. The frying medium has traditionally been shortening, but butter and lard have sometimes been used instead. Health concerns have led many cooks to replace the shortening with vegetable oil. When there are problems with the breading separating from the meat while cooking, it can be very useful to first dredge the meat in the flour mixture, then the egg or buttermilk, and then the flour mixture again, and then let it sit for a half-hour or more before cooking. The cuts of steak used for chicken-fried steak are usually the less expensive, less desirable ones, such as cube steak, chuck, round steak, and occasionally flank steak. The method may be used for chopped or ground beef, but it is not called chicken-fried steak. Chicken-fried steak is usually served for",
"title": "Chicken-fried steak"
},
{
"docid": "80293",
"text": "Botifarra (; ) is a type of sausage and one of the most important dishes of the Catalan cuisine. Botifarra is based on ancient recipes, either the Roman sausage botulu or the lucanica, made of raw pork and spices, with variants today in Italy and in the Portuguese and Brazilian linguiça. In Colombia, Butifarras Soledeñas are a popular tradition in Soledad, Atlántico. Varieties Some of the most representative types are: Raw botifarra, botifarra vermella, butifarra roja, butifarra cruda, botifarra crua, or roget. It is also known as llonganissa or longaniza in many places of the Eastern Spain. This botifarra is usually grilled or barbecued. Black botifarra, butifarra negra or negret, containing boiled pork blood in the mixture Botifarra catalana, large botifarra similar to cooked ham. It may contain truffles. Botifarra d'ou or butifarra de huevo (), containing egg in the mixture, typical to be eaten on Fat Thursday (dijous gras) White botifarra, botifarra blanca or blanquet. Its main ingredient is lean meat (carne magra). It does not contain any blood in its mixture. Botifarra d'arròs (), containing boiled rice together with meat and spices Obispo (meaning 'bishop') and bull, as well as bisbot negre and bull negre, are thick blood botifarra varieties made with different sections of tripe. Both obispo and black botifarra are versions of black pudding. Dishes with botifarra Usually white botifarra and black botifarra do not need to be cooked, but they are sometimes boiled as an ingredient of escudella i carn d'olla, a traditional dish made by boiling vegetables and meat; as well as in the Catalan way of cooking fava beans. Grilled botifarra served with white beans ( or botifarra amb mongetes) is a typical Catalan dish. In Latin America In South America cooked botifarra of many types are known as butifarra. In the coast of Colombia, butifarra is a dried, shorter, almost round version of the sausage eaten with bollo of yuca and lime juice. In Argentina and Uruguay, butifarra is a very fatty, tender and whitish sausage much more like a cased pate, rioplatense butifarra is made with finely minced pork fat and meat that is cased in a soft sausage casing and boiled. In Paraguay, butifarra is a finely minced fatty chorizo that is commonly prepared in asado. Butifarra is popular in El Salvador, also known to be found in Bolivia and Mexico. In Tabasco, Mexico, la butifarra is a short sausage that is very popular with street vendors, made of seasoned mixed ground beef and pork, deep-fried and usually served with a stack of halved tortillas on each side. Other uses of the term In Peruvian cuisine, the word butifarra is used for a particular kind of ham sandwich. The Peruvian butifarra sandwich is prepared with jamon del país, which is a regional type of ham, and not a botifarra at all. See also List of sausages References Catalan cuisine Catalan symbols Colombian cuisine Spanish sausages Paraguayan cuisine Argentine cuisine Uruguayan cuisine Cuisine of Ibiza Sausage dishes",
"title": "Botifarra"
},
{
"docid": "56025804",
"text": "The Foster Boy () is a 2011 Swiss drama film directed by Markus Imboden. It dramatizes the fate of two Verdingkinder in Emmental. Plot Max is an orphan whose one true passion is to play the accordion. He is sent to the Bosigers farm where he meets Berteli who is also with the Bosigers as a foster child. Even though they are cared for by being fed and sent to school, Max and Berteli are treated like servants. Berteli is upset at being separated from her mother and at first Mrs Bosiger shows tenderness towards her by giving her chocolate when she cries at the dinner table. Max is indifferent towards Berteli in the beginning but later on develops a genuine affection towards her. Max has a pet rabbit which he loves and Berteli innocently tells Jakob, the Bosigers son, about it, who cruelly kills the rabbit and brings the meat for Mrs Bosiger to cook. When he reveals at the table that it was Max's rabbit that he brought, Max rushes outside disgusted and vomits, repulsed over eating his own rabbit. At school, Max and Berteli's teacher Miss. Sigrist, take a special interest in Max and encourages him to play his accordion for Wrestler's Day. The family enjoy the evening out on Wrestler's Day during which Jakob makes sexual advances on Miss Sigrist, causing Max to intervene and beat up Jakob. Jakob takes his revenge on Max by burning his accordion. Life gets more unbearable for Berteli when Jakob visits her room every night to rape her. Berteli tries to return to her mother, who is unable to look after her but still begs the man she's living with to keep Berteli with her. He refuses and Berteli, sensing her mother's dilemma, voluntarily leaves and says that she will go back to the Bosigers and that she came to see her because she was homesick. Unable to bear what is happening to them both, Max suggests that they should run away to Argentina where he can become a professional musician. Miss Sigrist tries to intervene and goes to the authorities to expose the abuse Max and Berteli are suffering. Berteli becomes pregnant, and one day a horrified Max sees Jakob going to Berteli's room and confides in Miss Sigrist. Miss Sigrist visits the farm and tells Mrs. Bosiger that Jakob has been having sex with Berteli, upon which Mrs Bosiger becomes furious and throws her out. Miss Sigrist angrily tells Mrs Bosiger that it is her responsibility to care for these two children and not ignore what has been happening to Berteli. Miss Sigrist who has now lost her job because she tried to help Max and Berteli, leaves after giving Max a brand new accordion. Mrs. Bosiger sees Berteli vomiting and asks her why she is sick to which replies that it is because of what Jakob does to her at night. Mrs. Bosiger gets angry and forces Berteli to say that she is lying, but does confront",
"title": "The Foster Boy"
},
{
"docid": "47837806",
"text": "Shuizhu (, ) is a Chinese dish which originated from the cuisine of Sichuan province and the name literally means \"water boiled (meat)\". The preparation of this dish usually involves some sort of meat, usually beef, which is then called \"shǔizhǔròupiàn\" or fish when it's called \"shǔizhǔyúpiàn\", chili pepper, and a large amount of vegetable oil. The meat is prepared with water, starch, and a slight amount of salt. Boiled vegetables are placed at the bottom of the serving bowl or dish. The prepared raw meat is poached in water that is heated to boiling point for 20–30 seconds, just enough to remove rawness yet preserving the meat's tenderness. Then it is drained and put in the serving dish with vegetables. Minced dried chili, sichuan pepper, minced garlic, and other seasoning are spread over the meat. Vegetable oil is heated in a pan nearly to smoking point, then poured over the prepared meat and vegetable. This dish maintains tenderness of the meat by poaching it instead of stir frying. It offers a good combination of tender meat, freshness of vegetable, hot spicy flavor of chili pepper, and numbing sensation of Sichuan pepper. External links Chinese food - Shui zhu Boiled Fish Sichuan cuisine Meat dishes",
"title": "Shuizhu"
},
{
"docid": "5309112",
"text": "Adobada (Spanish for \"marinated\") is a preparation for many dishes that are common in Mexican cuisine. Adobada is generally pork marinated in a \"red\" chili sauce with vinegar and oregano, but it can refer to different types of meat and to marinades closer to al pastor. It is generally served on small, pliable maize tortilla along with sautéed vegetables and cheese. New Mexico \"Carne adovada\" is a baked meat dish that is a specialty in New Mexican cuisine. In its simplest form, raw pork is cut into strips or cubes and placed in a large plastic bag with New Mexico red chili powder or minced red chili peppers (Hatch, Chimayo, or guajillo chili peppers), garlic, oregano, cumin, lime/lemon juice and/or vinegar, and salt, then mixed and refrigerated overnight. The dish is cooked by baking at low heat wrapped completely in foil or in a covered dish like a casserole dish to keep the meat moist. The southern New Mexican version is usually pork cut into strips and chunks. Historically, before refrigeration, the pork was fermented in red chile in a crock using lactobacillus bacteria cultures. Fermented meat was a way of preservation and imparted a \"sour\" taste to the pork which explains why modern New Mexican adovada recipes call for a bit of white vinegar or lemon/lime juice. The red chile is prepared \"con pellejo\" with bits of the chile skin using spices of fresh minced garlic, mortar and pestle ground oregano, comino (cumin), cilantro, and coriander seeds that may or may not be toasted. The dish is then baked until the meat is tender, moist and succulent on the inside while encrusted with a semidry and crisp red chile exterior that is almost blackened. Other versions of red chile and boiled or braised pork may be claimed as carne adovada. Other versions of red chili and pork-skin pellejo are actually what is known as chile Colorado. Carne adovada may be served with a tortilla, beans and rice, fideos or homefries, or papas with a fresh vinegar slaw or salad. Another version is found in central New Mexico. Chunks of pork are dipped in milk and rolled in a dry rub of red chili con pellejo, garlic powder, salt, and cumin. These are tossed into a large fry pot with chicharrones and deep fried until crisp on the outside and tender and succulent inside. Mexico In certain states in Mexico, carne adobada refers to marinated pork meat. It is a very common ingredient for tacos, in the area of Colima, Jalisco and Michoacán states. In some parts of the state of Guerrero, it is known as \"carne enchilada\" which means chili dressed meat. In the \"Huasteca\" area (San Luis Potosí, Tampico, Veracruz and Hidalgo) it may be called \"cecina enchilada\". Cecina stands for the thin cut steaks. Most of the Mexican variations of adobada use guajillo or chipotle chiles for the marinade, both of which can be hot and spicy. The combination of spices, chiles, and vinegar used for the",
"title": "Adobada"
},
{
"docid": "5449923",
"text": "Matthew 15:11 is a verse in the fifteenth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Content In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort for this verse is: Οὐ τὸ εἰσερχόμενον εἰς τὸ στόμα κοινοῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον· ἀλλὰ τὸ ἐκπορευόμενον ἐκ τοῦ στόματος, τοῦτο κοινοῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: Not that which goeth into the mouth defileth a man; but that which cometh out of the mouth, this defileth a man. The New International Version translates the passage as: What goes into a man's mouth does not make him 'unclean,' but what comes out of his mouth, that is what makes him 'unclean.'\" The New Living Translation translates the passage as: It’s not what goes into your mouth that defiles you;you are defiled by the words that come out of your mouth\". Analysis The Pharisees maintained, that, by partaking of food with unwashed hands, defilement was imparted to the food, and this food defiled the soul. Jesus refutes this by saying, that no food, of itself, can defile someone. The Pharisees held that certain kinds of food, defile a person, and make him polluted before God. So, we find St. Paul, in refuting these doctrines, saying, \"every creature of God is good.\" Jesus appears to be stating that we do not sin by partaking of food, if we do so, contrary to the prohibition of God, as did Adam; or, as the Jews would, by partaking of food forbidden to them; or, the first Christians, had they violated the Apostolical injunction, commanding them to abstain from blood, (Acts 15:20). And so it is not what goes into the mouth that defiles; but what comes from it, that is disobedience and resistance to the law of God. (see Mark 7:20) Commentary from the Church Fathers Jerome: \"The word here ‘makes a man common’ is peculiar to Scripture, and is not hackneyed in common parlance. The Jewish nation, boasting themselves to be a part of God, call those meats common, of which all men partake; for example, swine’s flesh, shell fish, hares, and those species of animals that do not divide the hoof, and chew the cud, and among the fish such as have not scales. Hence in the Acts of the Apostles we read, What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common. (Acts 10:15.) Common then in this sense is that which is free to the rest of mankind, and as though not in part of God, is therefore called unclean.\" Augustine: \" This declaration of the Lord, Not that which entereth into the mouth defileth a man, is not contrary to the Old Testament. As the Apostle also speaks, To the pure all things are pure; (Tit. 1:15.) and Every creature of God is good. Let the Manichæans understand, (1 Tim. 4:4.) if they can, that the Apostle said this of the very natures and qualities of things; while that letter (of the ritual law) declared certain animals",
"title": "Matthew 15:11"
},
{
"docid": "2390138",
"text": "Cube steak or cubed steak is a cut of beef, usually top round or top sirloin, tenderized and flattened by pounding with a meat tenderizer. The name refers to the shape of the indentations left by that process (called \"cubing\"). This is the most common cut of meat used for the American dish chicken-fried steak. Minute steak In Ireland, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and some parts of the United States, cube steak is called a minute steak, because it can be cooked quickly. Minute steak may also be distinguished by: simply referring to the cut, which is not necessarily tenderized; thinner than cube steak (hence does not need tenderizing); cut from sirloin or round, while cube steak cut is from chuck or round. Bucket steak In parts of the southern United States, cube steak is also known as bucket steak, a name derived from the cardboard buckets in which stacks of them are often sold. See also Swiss steak Notes Cuts of beef",
"title": "Cube steak"
},
{
"docid": "2996111",
"text": "Xiaolongbao () refers to a type of small Chinese steamed bun (baozi) traditionally prepared in a xiaolong, a small bamboo steaming basket. Xiaolongbao are often referred to as a kind of \"dumpling\", but are distinct from Chinese jiaozi or wonton. In some parts of China and overseas, xiao long bao may specifically refer to a kind of soup dumpling, the tangbao () of Jiangnan cuisine, which are strongly associated with Shanghai and Wuxi. In Shanghainese, these are also known as or xiaolong mantou, as Wu Chinese-speaking peoples use the traditional definition of \"mantou\", which refers to both filled and unfilled buns. Shengjianbao are very similar to tangbao but are pan-fried instead of steamed. Origins \"Xiaolongbao\" originated in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, by Wan Hua Tea House in the years of Daoguang Emperor (1820 to 1850). Xiaolongbao evolved from the guantangbao (soup-filled dumplings/buns) from Kaifeng, Henan province, the capital city of Northern Song Dynasty (AD 960–1127). There are numerous styles of xiaolongbao in Jiangsu cuisine. Shanghai-style xiaolongbao originated in Nanxiang, which was a neighboring village of Shanghai in Jiangsu that eventually ended up becoming an outer suburb of Shanghai's Jiading District. The inventor of xiaolongbao sold them in his first store in Nanxiang next to the town's notable park, Guyi Garden. From there the xiaolongbao expanded into downtown Shanghai and outward. The Suzhou and Wuxi styles are larger (sometimes twice as large as a Nanxiang-style soup dumpling) and have sweeter fillings. The Nanjing style is smaller with an almost translucent skin and less meat. Ingredients Chinese buns, in general, may be divided into two types, depending on the degree of leavening of the flour skin. Buns can be made with leavened or unleavened dough. Those made with unleavened dough use clear water for mixing, the skin is thin and the fillings large. It is frequently made in Nanxiang but is imitated elsewhere, calling it Xiang-style. Steamed buns made with raised flour are seen throughout China and are what is usually referred to as mantou. Steamed xiaolongbao made with partially raised flour are more commonly seen in the south. This means that their skin is tender, smoother, and somewhat translucent, rather than being white and fluffy. As is traditional for buns of various sizes in the Jiangnan region, xiaolongbao is pinched at the top prior to steaming, so the skin has a circular cascade of ripples around the crown. Xiaolongbao are traditionally filled with pork. More modern innovations include other meats, seafood, shrimp, crab meat, and vegetarian fillings. Soup dumplings are created by wrapping solid meat aspic inside the skin alongside the meat filling. Heat from steaming then melts the gelatin-gelled aspic into soup. In modern times, refrigeration has made the process of making tangbao during hot weather easier, since making gelled aspic is much more difficult at room temperature. Serving Xiaolongbao are traditionally eaten for breakfast. The buns are served hot in the bamboo baskets in which they were steamed, usually on a bed of dried leaves or paper mat, although some",
"title": "Xiaolongbao"
},
{
"docid": "43762227",
"text": "This is a list of steak dishes. Steak is generally a cut of beef sliced perpendicular to the muscle fibers, or of fish cut perpendicular to the spine. Meat steaks are usually grilled, pan-fried, or broiled, while fish steaks may also be baked. Meat cooked in sauce, such as steak and kidney pie, or minced meat formed into a steak shape, such as Salisbury steak and hamburger steak may also be referred to as steak. Beef Beefsteak is a flat cut of beef, usually cut perpendicular to the muscle fibers. Beefsteaks are usually grilled, pan-fried, or broiled. The more tender cuts from the loin and rib are cooked quickly, using dry heat, and served whole. Less tender cuts from the chuck or round are cooked with moist heat or are mechanically tenderized (e.g. cube steak). – some asado dishes use beef steak Bistecca alla fiorentina – term originally referred to the cut of beef used in the dish which is known as skirt steak. Fish Fish steak is a cut of fish which is cut perpendicular to the spine and includes the bones. Fish steaks can be contrasted with fish fillets, which are cut parallel to either side of the spine and do not include the larger bones. Fish steaks can be grilled, pan-fried, broiled or baked. Kabkabou – fish and tomato stew traditionally prepared in Tunisia with fish steak, capers, olives and lemon Pork Pork steak is generally cut from the shoulder of the pig, but can also be cut from the loin or leg of the pig. Shoulder steaks are cut from the same primal cut of meat most commonly used for pulled pork, and can be quite tough without long cooking times due to the high amount of collagen in the meat, therefore, pork shoulder steaks are often cooked slower than a typical beef steak, and are often stewed or simmered in barbecue sauce during cooking. Kotellet Pork chop Pork chop bun Twice cooked pork – well-known Sichuan-style Chinese dish prepared by simmering pork belly steaks in water with spices, then refrigerating and slicing it, and lastly shallow frying in oil in a wok. Vegetables, mushrooms, etc. Portobello mushroom steak Tofu steak Steak fries, in the US and Canada, are fried potato wedges cut larger than regular French fries Steak sauces Steak sauce is a dark brown sauce commonly served as a condiment for beef in the United States. The original sauce which 'steak sauce' is derived from is known in Britain as \"brown sauce\". Also derived from \"brown sauce\" in Japan tonkatsu sauce has a slight variation in ingredients. See also List of beef dishes List of fish dishes List of pork dishes List of foods Restructured steak Wagyu References Beef dishes Steak Dishes",
"title": "List of steak dishes"
},
{
"docid": "1582593",
"text": "The strip steak (sirloin steak in Britain, South Africa and Australasia, also porterhouse steak in Australasia) is a cut of beef steaks from the short loin of a cow. It consists of a muscle that does little work, the longissimus, making the meat particularly tender, although not as tender as the nearby psoas major or tenderloin. Unlike the tenderloin, the longissimus is a sizable muscle, allowing it to be cut into larger portions. Other names According to the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, the steak is marketed in the United States under various names, including Ambassador Steak, Boneless Club Steak, Hotel-Style Steak, Kansas City Steak, Top Loin, Veiny Steak, and New York Steak. Delmonico's Restaurant, an operation opened in New York City in 1827, offered as one of its signature dishes a cut from the short loin called a Delmonico steak. Due to its association with the city, it is often referred to as a New York strip steak. In New Zealand and Australia, it is known as porterhouse and sirloin (striploin steak) and is in the Handbook of Australian Meat under codes 2140 to 2143. In the UK it is called sirloin, and in Ireland it is called striploin. In Canada, most meat purveyors refer to this cut as a strip loin; in French it is known as contre-filet. Related cuts When still attached to the bone, and with a piece of the tenderloin also included, the strip steak becomes a T-bone steak or a porterhouse steak, the difference being that the porterhouse is cut from further rear and thus has a larger portion of tenderloin included. The strip steak may be sold with or without the bone. Strip steaks may be substituted for most recipes calling for T-bone and porterhouse steaks, and sometimes for fillet and rib eye steaks. A bone-in strip steak with no tenderloin attached is sometimes referred to as a shell steak. See also British and American cuts of beef Entrecôte References Cuts of beef Steak",
"title": "Strip steak"
}
] | [
"a hand - powered tool"
] |
train_29704 | what is the roller coaster capital of the world | [
{
"docid": "67506919",
"text": "A hybrid roller coaster is a category of roller coasters where the track is made out of one material, either steel or wood, and the support structure is made from another. Early hybrid coasters include mine train roller coasters from Arrow Development, which feature a steel track with a wooden support structure. Becoming increasingly more common are hybrids with wooden tracks and steel supports, such as The Voyage at Holiday World. Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) is well-known for their I-Box track design, commonly used to retrofit existing wooden coasters with a new steel track. Such designs provide several benefits, offering smoother rides and reducing maintenance costs. Hybrid coasters can also add inversions, similar to Mean Streak's conversion into Steel Vengeance at Cedar Point in 2018. Newer hybrids also tend to be taller, faster, and feature steeper drops over their wooden coaster counterparts. History Two main components of roller coaster design are their track and support structure. In most cases, both are made of the same material – either wood or steel. Occasionally, they are designed to feature a steel track with a wooden structure, or vice versa, in what has become known as a hybrid roller coaster. Hybrid roller coasters have existed for a long time, with one of the oldest being Cyclone at Luna Park, which opened in 1927. Its track is made from wood, while the support structure is made of steel. Arrow Development built a vast amount of mine train roller coasters beginning in the 1960s, featuring tubular steel track and wooden supports. One of their last installations is Adventure Express at Kings Island, which opened in 1991. Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) and The Gravity Group are at the forefront of modern hybrid coaster construction. RMC entered the industry by refurbishing old wooden roller coasters, converting them into hybrids with steel track, beginning with New Texas Giant at Six Flags Over Texas in 2011. One of their most popular conversions is Steel Vengeance at Cedar Point, which has been consistently ranked as one of the best steel coasters in Amusement Todays Golden Ticket Awards. The Gravity Group designs coasters with wooden track but with a steel support structure, such as Hades 360 at Mount Olympus Theme Park. Terminology The term \"hybrid roller coaster\" started to be used by the coaster community when New Texas Giant opened and Six Flags classified the roller coaster as wood. Six Flags in response of the confusion classified the roller coaster as a \"hybrid\", which has since been used to include many other Rocky Mountain Construction Coasters of the same style. Coasters are usually still classified as either \"steel\" or \"wood\", based on what their track material is. The use of the phrase is controversial. Examples of hybrid roller coasters References Further reading Bennett, David (1998). Roller Coaster: Wooden and Steel Coasters, Twisters and Corkscrews. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books. 9. . Coker, Robert (2002). Roller Coasters: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the Ultimate Scream Machines. New York: Metrobooks. 14. . Urbanowicz,",
"title": "Hybrid roller coaster"
},
{
"docid": "1491965",
"text": "Millennium Force is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio. Manufactured by Intamin, it was the park's fourteenth roller coaster when it opened in 2000, dating back to the opening of Blue Streak in 1964. Upon completion, Millennium Force broke five world records and was the world's first giga coaster, a term coined by Intamin and Cedar Point to represent roller coasters that exceed in height. It was briefly the tallest and fastest in the world until Steel Dragon 2000 opened later the same year. The ride is also the third-longest roller coaster in North America following The Beast at Kings Island and Fury 325 at Carowinds. Millennium Force features a cable lift hill with a drop, two tunnels, three overbanked turns, and three hills. The coaster also has a top speed of . Since its debut, Millennium Force has been voted the number one steel roller coaster ten times in Amusement Today's annual Golden Ticket Awards. Although Millennium Force has been surpassed in height and speed, it remains one of the tallest and fastest coasters in the world. History The planning, design and development phases of Millennium Force took place over five years, from 1996 to 2000. The first rumors that a new record-breaking roller coaster would be built at Cedar Point, which included speculation about a ten-inversion roller coaster from Bolliger & Mabillard and an Arrow Dynamics MegaLooper, began circulating in early 1998. A roller coaster from D. H. Morgan Manufacturing was also rumored. On July 2, 1999, Cedar Fair Entertainment Company filed a trademark for the name Millennium Force, which raised more speculation about what the ride would be like. About a week later, the first track pieces were seen at the park, and it was confirmed that the ride would be manufactured by Intamin. Cedar Point officials also confirmed that it would not have inversions. Announcement and construction Millennium Force was announced on July 22, 1999. It would be the tallest roller coaster in the world, taking the record from Fujiyama at Fuji-Q Highland in Japan. The ride cost $25 million to design and build. Cedar Point, Intamin, and Werner Stengel designed the layout of the ride. After the ride was announced, several disputes about whether Millennium Force or Superman: The Escape was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world arose between Cedar Point and Six Flags Magic Mountain. Superman: The Escape is high and its speed is ; however, it is a shuttle roller coaster, not a complete-circuit roller coaster. Construction started in August 1999 when the site was cleared. Millennium Force was built in the Frontier Trail section of the park. The ride involved the relocation of the Giant Wheel and the Cedar Point and Lake Erie Railroad. The removal and relocation of the Giant Wheel began in October on closing day; the first of 226 supports was installed on October 11, starting at the brake run. Two hundred twenty-six footers, each about deep were dug;",
"title": "Millennium Force"
},
{
"docid": "35607279",
"text": "GateKeeper is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio. Designed by Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M), it was the fifth Wing Coaster installation in the world. The ride opened on May 11, 2013, on the most successful opening weekend to date in the park's history. GateKeeper featured the highest inversion in the world when it opened, with its Wing Over drop. It also broke several Wing Coaster records, including those for height, speed, track length, drop height and number of inversions. The coaster has a , 40-degree inclined lift hill with a drop and features two support towers with keyhole elements that the trains travel through. Its maximum speed is approximately . Construction began in September 2012 and took roughly eight months to complete. Cedar Point built a new entrance plaza featuring the keyhole towers as the centerpiece. The roller coaster replaced Disaster Transport and Space Spiral, both demolished during mid-2012. It was Cedar Point's first new roller coaster since Maverick debuted in 2007, and the third B&M coaster in the park following Raptor (1994) and Mantis (1996). In 2013, GateKeeper was the most frequently-ridden roller coaster at Cedar Point, and it ranked 28th among steel roller coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards poll from Amusement Today. History Planning Initial planning for a new roller coaster began under former Cedar Fair CEO Dick Kinzel in 2011, who credits his successor Matt Ouimet with the project. The first concept of GateKeeper was showcased at the 2011 International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) Expo. On April 24, 2012, Ouimet said at an Erie County Chamber of Commerce meeting that there would be $25 million in capital expenditures for Cedar Point in 2013. On May 30, 2012, the Sandusky Register reported that a memo written by Ouimet to Cedar Fair's board of directors on February 15, 2012, stated that a new Wing Coaster code-named \"CP Alt. Winged\" would be introduced in 2013. It also mentioned that the new coaster would set Wing Coaster records for drop, speed, and length and that it would have a \"Front Gate Statement\" explained as a strong presence at the entrance to the park. In addition to traveling over the front entrance, part of the track would also cross over portions of the parking lot. Details claimed the ride would be high, and that both Disaster Transport and Space Spiral would need to be removed to accommodate the new attraction. As part of GateKeeper's marketing campaign, Cedar Point released several teasers on their \"OnPoint\" blog. Posters scattered throughout the park and on Cedar Point's website included taglines such as, \"How do you recover from a Disaster?\", \"WildCat is no match for this creature\" and \"Not even a Jumbo Jet soars like this!\" Each poster had a black background with five blue wings, hinting at the ride's logo. Annie Zelm, a marketing representative for the park, stated that some of the clues on the website were intended to mislead readers. On",
"title": "GateKeeper (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "2597060",
"text": "X2 (formerly known as X) is a steel roller coaster operating at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. It is the world's first 4th Dimension roller coaster and was the final roller coaster conceived and installed by ride manufacturer Arrow Dynamics. The ride is unique in that the trains' seats pitch 360 degrees forwards and in reverse independent of the main chassis. The coaster initially opened to the public on January 12, 2002; numerous malfunctions delayed it from debuting in 2001 as was originally anticipated. On December 2, 2007, the ride closed for its transformation into X2. It was completely repainted, received new third-generation trains, and featured new special effects including a sound system, fog effects, and a pair of flame throwers. The ride reopened on May 24, 2008, following the upgrades. History On December 19, 2000, Six Flags Magic Mountain announced that it would be adding three roller coasters for the 2001 season as part of a $30 million expansion: Déjà Vu, Goliath Jr. and the original X. This would bring the total to 15, beating the world coaster capital, Cedar Point. X was a prototype 4th Dimension roller coaster by Arrow Dynamics. The ride was planned to open in the summer of 2001, but the opening was delayed when it suffered design flaws. X opened for passholders on December 24, 2001, and officially opened on January 12, 2002. A month before opening, Arrow Dynamics filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy due to the ride's misjudged costs stemming from Six Flags asking for a much larger ride than Arrow had successfully prototyped (This is covered in the 2016 documentary The Legacy of Arrow Development). The manufacturer had lost millions of dollars on the project. X was closed indefinitely in June 2002 due to issues with the trains. It was discovered that one of the coach seats that flipped riders was not moving smoothly. The ride reopened on August 13, 2002 after modifications were made to make it reliable. On February 8, 2003, Super Bowl MVP Dexter Jackson took a ride on X as part of a victory celebration of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers football team. On November 1, 2007, Six Flags Magic Mountain announced a redesign. X closed on December 2, 2007, to be redesigned including new trains with a pneumatic restraint system (an improvement over the original mechanically operated restraints that would frequently jam), a new color scheme of red track and black supports (originally pink track and yellow supports), and an all-new, innovative state-of-the-art visual, audio and sensory effects. In a projected $10 million investment, X reopened on May 24, 2008, as X2. Six Flags Magic Mountain hired S&S Arrow to build new trains for X2. The new trains are lighter to reduce the amount of wear and downtime. X2 also took on a new load/unload method and third train to increase the ride capacity by 50%. Testing of the trains began on March 6, 2008. The attraction was closed in 2013 due to a broken chain",
"title": "X2 (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "38649666",
"text": "Banshee is an inverted roller coaster located at Kings Island amusement park in Mason, Ohio. Designed and manufactured by Swiss company Bolliger & Mabillard, the roller coaster opened on April 18, 2014. Banshee cost $24 million to build, making it the most expensive project in Kings Island's history at the time. With of track, Banshee was the longest inverted roller coaster in the world when it opened. The ride includes seven inversions and travels at up to 68 miles per hour (109 km/h). Banshee operates with three trains, each with eight cars, giving it an hourly capacity of 1,650 riders. Banshee was built at the former location of a wooden roller coaster named Son of Beast, as well as the Thunder Alley go-kart attraction. The ride was officially announced on August 8, 2013, although the \"Banshee\" name had been trademarked that April. The first track pieces were installed on August 27, 2013, and work continued through the following January. When Banshee opened, it was well-received, accommodating one million riders in less than three months. Amusement Today annual Golden Ticket Awards has consistently ranked Banshee among the top 50 steel roller coasters in the world. History Banshee was built at the former location of Son of Beast, a wooden roller coaster plagued with issues and demolished in 2012, and the Thunder Alley go-kart attraction that was removed the same year. A memorial for Son of Beast is in the queue line of Banshee. Following their removal, it was not immediately clear what would replace the attractions. Construction Construction on a new attraction began on April 22, 2013, and a trademark for the name \"Banshee\" was filed the next day. Owner Cedar Fair had previously considered using the name for a roller coaster at Cedar Point, though Cedar Point's coaster was ultimately named Mantis. Kings Island began teasing the new attraction on the first day of the 2013 season. Along the perimeter of the former Thunder Alley go-kart track, a fence was set up with a sign that read, \"Due to the increasing occurrence of mysterious and bone-chilling screams, it has become necessary to close this section of the park until the cause of this evil phenomenon can be identified.\" During the course of the summer, several clues about the attraction were set up around the construction site. On June 10, 2013, the park launched their social media campaign by posting a photo showing the construction site with the caption, \"Field of Dreams\". The campaign continued with five scarecrows around the construction site and several Twitter posts about the future attraction. Then, at the beginning of July 2013, recordings of someone screaming could be heard by park guests near the construction area. Two weeks later, farm owls were placed in nearby trees. On July 31, 2013, Kings Island detailed plans to reveal a new world record-breaking attraction at 10 p.m. on August 8. Media packages containing a silver comb, artificial hair, and a tag were sent out to media outlets to notify",
"title": "Banshee (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "630208",
"text": "A steel roller coaster is a roller coaster that is defined by having a track made of steel. Steel coasters have earned immense popularity in the past 50 years throughout the world. Incorporating tubular steel track and polyurethane-coated wheels, the steel roller coasters can provide a taller, smoother, and faster ride with more inversions than a traditional wooden roller coaster. Arrow Dynamics introduced the steel roller coaster to feature tubular track to the thrill industry with their creations of the Matterhorn Bobsleds (Disneyland) in 1959 and the Runaway Mine Train (Six Flags Over Texas) in 1966. As of 2006, the oldest operating steel roller coaster in North America is Little Dipper at Memphis Kiddie Park in Brooklyn, Ohio and has been operating since April 1952. The oldest operating steel rollercoaster in the world is Montaña Suiza at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo (Spain). It has been operating since 1928. Characteristics Steel coasters have a generally smoother ride than their wooden counterparts, and due to their strength, rides can have more complex and faster turns and twists without injuring riders. However, some coaster enthusiasts prefer wooden coasters due to the jolting ride feeling more dangerous and giving a larger adrenaline rush. Almost all world records for tallest, fastest, and longest coasters are currently held by steel roller coasters. The fact that fewer supports are needed means steel roller coasters have made a large variety of features possible, such as loops, barrel rolls, corkscrews, zero-G rolls and beyond 90° drops. Occasionally steel tracks are combined with wooden frames typical for wooden roller coasters. These are sometimes referred to as Hybrid Roller Coasters. In many cases these were originally wooden roller coasters whose original wooden track was later replaced by steel, while some are built in this fashion originally. Examples include Excalibur at Valleyfair, Gemini and Steel Vengeance at Cedar Point, Twisted Timbers at Kings Dominion, and New Texas Giant at Six Flags Over Texas. There are different types of steel coasters, such as flying, inverted, floorless, and suspended. Notable steel roller coasters Alpengeist at Busch Gardens Williamsburg, the world's tallest full-circuit inverted coaster Banshee at King's Island, the world's longest inverted coaster Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great America, the first inverted roller coaster Corkscrew at Knott's Berry Farm, the world's first modern roller coaster to feature an inversion Eejanaika at Fuji-Q Highland, the world's tallest and second fastest wing coaster Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure, the world's tallest roller coaster at and second fastest at Formula Rossa at Ferrari World, the world's fastest roller coaster at Impulse, 540° Helix at Knoebels Amusement Resort in Pennsylvania Magnum XL-200, the first full-circuit roller coaster to exceed Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland, the first tubular steel roller coaster Millennium Force at Cedar Point, the first full-circuit roller coaster to exceed in height Moonsault Scramble at Fuji-Q Highland, the first roller coaster over in height Ninja at Six Flags Magic Mountain, the world's fastest suspended roller coaster Olympia Looping - world's tallest transportable",
"title": "Steel roller coaster"
},
{
"docid": "11578174",
"text": "In the context of amusement rides, air time, or airtime, refers to the time during which riders of a roller coaster or other ride experience either frictionless or negative G-forces. The negative g-forces that a rider experiences is what creates the sensation the rider feels of floating out of their seat. With roller coasters, air time is usually achieved when the train travels over a hill at speed. There are different sensations a rider will feel depending on the ride being an ejector or floater airtime ride. In 2001 the Guinness World Records recorded Superman: Escape from Krypton, located at Six Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, California, one of the fastest roller coaster in the world, where riders experienced a then record 6.5 seconds of 'airtime' or negative G-force. Hypercoasters, such as Magnum XL-200 at Cedar Point, Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, Superman the Ride at Six Flags New England, Shambhala at PortAventura Park and Goliath at Six Flags Over Georgia, along with many wooden roller coasters, such as Balder at Liseberg, The Voyage at Holiday World in Santa Claus, Indiana, and El Toro at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, are rides known for having a particularly high total air time. Upon opening in 2018 at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, Steel Vengeance, the world's tallest and fastest hybrid coaster, set the record for the most airtime on a roller coaster at 27.2 seconds. Physics Air time is a result of the effects of the inertia of the train and the riders: as the train goes over a hill transitioning from an ascent into a descent guided by the rails, the inertia of the relatively loosely-attached riders causes them to momentarily continue upwards, resulting in the riders being lifted out of their seats. The duration of air time on a particular hill is dependent on the velocity of the train, gravity, and the radius of the track's transition from ascent to descent. Zero-G (where the net vertical G-force is 0) is achieved when the downward acceleration of the train is equal to that due to gravity; where the downward acceleration is greater, negative Gs arise. The zero-gravity roll is a roll specifically designed to create the effect of weightlessness and thereby produce air time. Air time is generally understood to fall under two categories: \"floater\" air time and \"ejector\" air time. Floater air time provides passengers with the sensation of gently floating upwards, which can be described as near perfect weightlessness. Ejector is more violent and sudden, producing a sharp moment of negative g-forces lifting riders up off their seats. Roller coasters built by the manufacturing company Rocky Mountain Construction are famous for providing ejector air time. As well as rollercoasters, drop towers can provide the feeling of weightlessness. For example, in the case of The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Tokyo DisneySea, and Disneyland Paris, the elevator drops riders faster than gravity normally would, causing them to rise off of their seats by several",
"title": "Air time (rides)"
},
{
"docid": "2533444",
"text": "Roller coasters are amusement rides developed for amusement parks and modern theme parks. Early iterations during the 16th and 17th centuries, which were popular in Russia, were wooden sleds that took riders down large slides made from ice. The first roller coasters that attached a train to a wooden track appeared in France in the early 1800s. Although wooden roller coasters are still being produced, steel roller coasters, introduced in the mid-20th-century, became more common and can be found on every continent except Antarctica. Amusement parks often compete to build the tallest, fastest, and longest rides to attract thrill seekers and boost overall park attendance. Ranked by height, speed, length, and number of inversions, roller coasters often became the focal point for competing parks. Computer-simulated models led to new innovations that produced more intense thrills while improving quality and durability. The debut of Magnum XL-200 in 1989 at Cedar Point introduced the first complete-circuit roller coaster to exceed , marking a pivot point in the industry. The new era, sometimes referred to as the Coaster Wars, saw increasing competition as parks sought to be the latest to break world records, with some only lasting a year or less. The pace of competition eventually slowed, however. Record holder Kingda Ka, the tallest coaster in the world at , has held onto its record since 2005. Other notable coasters include Formula Rossa, the world's fastest, which reaches a top speed of , Steel Dragon 2000, the world's longest, measuring , and The Smiler which features fourteen inversions. Key Height rankings Tallest steel roller coasters Longest steel roller coaster drops Tallest wooden roller coasters Longest wooden roller coaster drops Gallery Speed rankings Fastest steel roller coasters Fastest wooden roller coasters Gallery Length rankings Longest steel roller coasters Longest wooden roller coasters Gallery Inversion rankings This listing contains all types of roller coaster inversions. Steel roller coasters Wooden roller coasters Drop angle rankings Steel roller coasters Wooden roller coasters Notes References External links Roller coaster census at the Roller Coaster DataBase Top 100 roller coasters on CoasterBuzz Amusement rides lists Lists of buildings and structures",
"title": "List of roller coaster rankings"
},
{
"docid": "1868599",
"text": "Ronald Valentine Toomer (May 31, 1930 – September 26, 2011) was an American roller coaster designer credited for designing 93 roller coasters around the world. He graduated from the University of Nevada, Reno in 1961 with a degree in mechanical engineering and was a part of the design team responsible for the Apollo spacecraft heat shield. Career Ron Toomer was hired by Arrow Development founders Karl Bacon and Ed Morgan in 1965 to help design a mine train ride called Run-A-Way Mine Train at Six Flags Over Texas. It opened in 1966 utilizing the tubular steel rail technology that had been developed by Arrow for Disneyland's Matterhorn Bobsleds. The concept caught on quickly and Toomer designed 15 more mine train coasters for Arrow. All but one are still operating today. Following almost four years of development, Toomer introduced the modern looping roller coaster in 1975 with the opening of Corkscrew, the first in the world with two inversions, at Knott's Berry Farm. Knott's is credited with having the first, but three more identical coasters opened later that same year. The following year he introduced the familiar Arrow teardrop-shaped vertical loop on a custom corkscrew coaster at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio. At Cedar Point in 1989, Toomer unveiled the first roller coaster to top known as Magnum XL-200. In 1981, Arrow Development was purchased by Huss Maschinenfabrik, which merged with Arrow Development to form Arrow-Huss. Toomer was made vice president and manager of engineering. In 1986, 13 of the company's American officers negotiated a buyout, and formed Arrow Dynamics to which Toomer was named president. In 1993 he was promoted to chairman of the board then became a consulting director in 1995. Toomer retired from Arrow Dynamics in 1998. Although Toomer primarily designed coasters for Arrow, he also assisted with some of the other Arrow products, which included providing structural engineering for the company's Log Flumes. A common misconception is that Ron Toomer never rode any of his rides. Although he did suffer from motion sickness, he would ride a coaster once, maybe twice. He was quoted as saying \"I've ridden enough to know what they are like.\" Notable designs Ron Toomer's designs were highly innovative with many of his coasters breaking records. He has designed and made the following: Runaway Mine Train (Six Flags Over Texas), first mine train type coaster. Roaring 20's Corkscrew, (Knott's Berry Farm), first coaster with two inversions. Corkscrew (Cedar Point), first with three inversions. Carolina Cyclone (Carowinds), first with four inversions. Viper (Darien Lake), first with five inversions. Vortex (Kings Island), first with six inversions. Shockwave (Six Flags Great America), first with seven inversions. Motorcycle Chase (Knott's Berry Farm), first modern-day steeplechase coaster. Loch Ness Monster (Busch Gardens Williamsburg), first with interlocking vertical loops. Orient Express (Worlds of Fun), introduced the Arrow Boomerang Element, originally called a Kamikaze Curve. The Bat (Kings Island), prototype suspended coaster, although not the first suspended, it was the first in an amusement park. Gemini (Cedar Point),",
"title": "Ron Toomer"
},
{
"docid": "4691490",
"text": "An indoor roller coaster or enclosed roller coaster is a roller coaster built inside a structure. The structure may be unrelated to the ride, or it may be intended solely or primarily for the ride. Many indoor coasters are custom made and placed in amusement parks or shopping malls. LaMarcus Adna Thompson, who pioneered the construction of the first simple roller coasters, initially built \"scenic railway\" rides including \"indoor tableaux, panoramas, and biblical scenes illumined by car-tripped switches and flood lamps\". A \"completely enclosed roller coaster\" called the Twister was built as early as 1925. Walt Disney World's Space Mountain was one of the first rides considered to be an indoor roller coaster, and was \"the first indoor roller coaster where riders were in total darkness for the length of the ride so they couldn't tell where the drops or turns would occur\". List of indoor roller coasters Inside structures purpose-built for the ride Asia Alien Taxi at Trans Studio Cibubur Comet Express at Lotte World Kereta Misteri at Dunia Fantasi Panic Coaster – Back Daaan at Tokyo Dome City Attractions Revenge of the Mummy at Universal Studios Singapore Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain at Hong Kong Disneyland Xtreme Coaster, Festival Mall, Alabang, Philippines Europe Vogel Rok at Efteling Cagliostro at Rainbow MagicLand Crazy Bats at Phantasialand Crush's Coaster at Walt Disney Studios Park Eurosat - CanCan Coaster at Europa-Park Huracan at Bellewaerde Revolution / Mount Mara at Bobbejaanland Movie Park Studios at Movie Park Germany Rock 'n' Roller Coaster avec Aerosmith (closed) at Walt Disney Studios Park Psyké Underground at Walibi Belgium Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain at Disneyland Park (Paris) also named Space Mountain de la Terre à la Lune (1995-2005) and Space Mountain Mission 2 (2005-2017) Van Helsing's Factory at Movie Park Germany The Walking Dead: The Ride at Thorpe Park Winja's Fear & Force at Phantasialand Australia Scooby-Doo Spooky Coaster at Warner Bros. Movie World North America The Dark Knight Coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure, Six Flags Great America and Six Flags México United States Blazing Fury at Dollywood Black Diamond at Knoebels Amusement Resort Disaster Transport at Cedar Point, removed to make way for GateKeeper The Exterminator at Kennywood Fire in the Hole at Silver Dollar City Flight of Fear at Kings Dominion and Kings Island Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Rewind at Epcot Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts at Universal Studios Florida Mystery Mine at Dollywood Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride at Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith at Disney's Hollywood Studios Runaway Mountain at Six Flags Over Texas Skull Mountain at Six Flags Great Adventure Space Mountain at Magic Kingdom and Disneyland Park Laff Trakk at Hersheypark Inside structures unrelated to the ride Asia Jungle Storm at Chakazoolu Indoor Theme Park Sky Train within the Dragon Centre Supersonic Odyssey at Cosmo's World Tron Lightcycle Power Run at Shanghai Disneyland Park At the Wonderful World of Whimsy in Cityplaza 2 Europe Boomerang at Attractiepark Toverland",
"title": "Indoor roller coaster"
},
{
"docid": "6063299",
"text": "is a steel roller coaster located at Yomiuriland in the city of Inagi, near Tokyo, Japan. Built in 1988 by the TOGO company, it was the fastest roller coaster in the world when it was built (taking the record from American Eagle at Six Flags Great America). It lost the record to Magnum XL-200 at Cedar Point one year later. Ride layout and experience Bandit's course is laid out as a terrain roller coaster. This means that it was custom-built to closely follow the contours of the hilly topography of Yomiuriland. Although the coaster's height is officially listed at , the layout of the terrain means that the difference between the highest and lowest points on the ride is actually (also a record when it was built). When Bandit was built in 1988, it held the record of being the fastest roller coaster in the world. The ride passes through the treetops of hundreds of cherry trees. This is highlighted during the park's annual cherry blossom (sakura) festival. During the festival, Bandit is marketed as being the fastest ever \"flower viewing\" (hanami). The cherry blossoms around Bandit's course are also lit at night. The majority of Bandit's course is somewhat isolated from the other rides and buildings in Yomiuriland. From the top of Bandit, riders can see views of the distant Shinjuku skyline of Tokyo. Rides on the coaster cost 1000 yen. Reviews Bandit is the most popular roller coaster at Yomiuriland. In 2013, the coaster was identified by RocketNews24 as No. 9 of the \"10 unmissable roller coasters in Japan\". In 1990, roller coaster enthusiast magazine Inside Track rated Bandit as being the 24th best roller coaster in the world. References External links Bandit's page on Yomiuriland's official website Roller coasters in Japan Roller coasters introduced in 1988",
"title": "Bandit (Yomiuriland)"
},
{
"docid": "1224931",
"text": "A Floorless Coaster, commonly known as a Floorless Roller Coaster, is a type of steel roller coaster manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard where riders sit with no floor underneath them, allowing their feet to swing freely just above the track. Development of the Floorless Coaster model began between 1995 and 1996 with Medusa at Six Flags Great Adventure opening on April 2, 1999, making it the world's first Floorless Roller Coaster. Floorless Roller Coasters also tend to have 3 to 7 inversions incorporated in the layout of the coaster. Recently, Bolliger & Mabillard have used floorless trains on their Dive Coasters, such as Griffon and SheiKra. Though they contain floorless trains, the coasters are still not considered Floorless Coasters as B&M classifies them as another model. Maurer Söhne has designed their own version of the Floorless Coaster, a variant of their X-Car called X-Car Floorless, but currently do not have any installations. History According to Walter Bolliger, development of the Floorless Coaster began between 1995 and 1996. In 1999, the world's first Floorless Coaster opened at Six Flags Great Adventure as Medusa. With the success of Medusa, SeaWorld, Cedar Fair, Six Flags, and independent parks, Janfusun Fancyworld, Parque Warner Madrid, Tivoli Gardens, and Ocean Park Hong Kong have built other coasters of this model at their parks. B&M has built 13 Floorless Coasters from the ground up, with Dominator at Kings Dominion being the only one relocated to another park. They have also converted three of their stand-up roller coasters to Floorless Coasters: Rougarou at Cedar Point, Patriot at California's Great America, and Firebird at Six Flags America. Design The design of a Floorless Coaster has one main difference from traditional steel roller coasters around the world: there is no floor under the seats. While a train is parked in the station, a floor is used only for loading and unloading purposes. Because the front row has nothing in front of it to stop riders from walking over the edge of the station, a gate is placed in front of the train to prevent this from happening. Once all the over-the-shoulder restraints are locked, the floor separates into several pieces and retracts underneath the station. The gate then opens, allowing the train to move forward. When the train returns to the station, the floor is brought back up and the gate is closed for the next group of riders to load and unload. Aside from the station, Floorless Coasters have similar layouts to B&M's sit-down coasters. Installations Bolliger & Mabillard has built thirteen Floorless Coasters from the ground up, with three additional that were converted from stand-up roller coasters. The roller coasters are listed in order of opening dates. Note: Although some Dive Coasters (such as SheiKra, Griffon, Valravn and Yukon Striker) feature floorless trains, they are not considered Floorless Coasters. Similar rides Maurer Söhne, a German roller coaster and steel manufacturer, has developed their own version of the Floorless Coaster called the X-Car Floorless. The car is the same",
"title": "Floorless Coaster"
},
{
"docid": "1882946",
"text": "Magnum XL-200, colloquially known as simply Magnum, is a steel roller coaster built by Arrow Dynamics at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio. When it opened in 1989, it was the tallest, fastest, and steepest complete-circuit roller coaster in the world as well as the first hypercoaster – a roller coaster that exceeds in height. Some have credited Magnum with starting a period in the industry known as the roller coaster wars, in which amusement parks competed with one another at a rapid pace to build the next tallest and fastest roller coaster. More than 40 million people had ridden Magnum by 2009. Magnum XL-200 held the title of tallest roller coaster in the world until 1994 when The Big One opened at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in the United Kingdom, as well as the title of longest drop and fastest speed until surpassed two years later by Steel Phantom at Kennywood Park outside Pittsburgh. Amusement Today Golden Ticket Awards ranked the ride as the best steel roller coaster each year from 1998 to 2000. Magnum XL-200 continues to rank among the top 50 steel roller coasters; , it was ranked 25th in the world. History By the mid-1980s, Cedar Point had grown into a successful collection of roller coasters and other smaller rides on the shores of Lake Erie. Dick Kinzel took over as president and CEO of Cedar Fair, the company that operates the park, in 1986. In 1988, Kinzel saw a report on CNN about the opening of a new coaster in Japan called Bandit at Yomiuriland that emphasized height and speed but had no inversions. Kinzel wanted to introduce a similar coaster that emphasized steep drops and negative g-forces over inversions and spins, which were common at the time. It had been 10 years since the last major addition, Gemini, was introduced. Cedar Point asked for proposals from TOGO, Dinn Corporation, Intamin and Arrow Dynamics to build a roller coaster without inversions or over-the-shoulder restraints. They chose Arrow, due to the weakness of the dollar at the time, which eliminated overseas production. Arrow was also working on the new Iron Dragon at the time. Arrow and Ron Toomer proposed a -tall coaster, to best the then-largest roller coaster drop on Shockwave at Six Flags Great America. That got Cedar Point's management interested in breaking the barrier, partly because of the publicity to be gained from building the first roller coaster to do so. The name Magnum XL-200 was chosen because Magnum, P.I. was popular at the time. \"XL\" and \"200\" were added for \"extra-long\" and standing at least tall, respectively. The original proposal was to cost $7.5 million, but was raised to $8 million after the height was extended to . Funds from Cedar Fair going public on the New York Stock Exchange in April 1987 were used to fund the ride. Construction and opening Magnum XL-200 was announced on August 16, 1988, and construction began shortly thereafter. Following its completion in 1989, Kinzel was one of the",
"title": "Magnum XL-200"
},
{
"docid": "32785421",
"text": "Leviathan ( ) is a steel roller coaster at Canada's Wonderland in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. Located in the Medieval Faire section of the park, the Hyper Coaster model from Swiss firm Bolliger & Mabillard is the first roller coaster manufactured by the company to exceed a height of , putting it in a class of roller coasters commonly referred to as giga. At long, tall, and with a top speed of , Leviathan is the tallest and fastest roller coaster in Canada, taking the records previously held by Behemoth on the opposite side of the park. , Leviathan is ranked as the seventh-tallest roller coaster in the world, the sixth tallest coaster by drop height, and the fourth-tallest traditional lift-style coaster in the world. Leviathan was the 16th roller coaster to be built at Canada's Wonderland. The ride was announced in August 2011, its track was completed in February 2012, and the first test run was completed on 15 March 2012. The coaster opened to season pass holders on 27 April 2012, and to the general public on 6 May 2012. History In the early planning stages of Leviathan, had Bolliger & Mabillard declined to make a roller coaster over , the park would have gotten another manufacturer to design the roller coaster. Walter Bolliger admitted that he \"owed\" the park, as an inverted roller coaster could not be built several years earlier because of an exclusivity clause with Cedar Point. Speculation about a new roller coaster at Canada's Wonderland began in early 2011, when construction work started around the Dragon Fyre ride and the Go Karts. On 3 July 2011, Canada's Wonderland launched a teaser website featuring a countdown clock to 18 August 2011, , accessible through the park's Facebook page. The website also featured quotations from online theme park reporters and Cedar Fair's CEO. Announcement and construction Canada's Wonderland announced Leviathan at on 18 August 2011, and the ride was also announced live on Breakfast Television Toronto. Erection of the track began during the week of 11 September 2011; the brake-run and station portions of track were completed by the end of September. On 18 October 2011, the coaster's longest and heaviest lift hill track piece, standing at long, was installed. By mid–November the lift hill and drop were finished and the overbank turn was nearing completion. Construction continued through December and January, and the track was completed on 7 February 2012. The first test run was completed on 15 March 2012, and on 18 April 2012, Canada's Wonderland announced on its Facebook account that a tunnel would be placed at the bottom of the ride's first drop. First rider auction On 19 January 2012, Canada's Wonderland launched an auction in which bidders around the world competed to be one of the first ninety-six public riders on Leviathan on 27 April 2012, a week before the park officially opened the ride. The auction raised over 40,000, which was donated to the Hospital for Sick Children. The highest bid",
"title": "Leviathan (Canada's Wonderland)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "51193872",
"text": "Mystic Timbers is a wooden roller coaster located at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio. Constructed by Great Coasters International and designed by Skyline Design, the roller coaster opened in the Rivertown section of the park on April 15, 2017. The ride's fictional theme is set to the site of an abandoned logging company where unexplained events are taking place. During its marketing campaign, the finale element in an enclosed shed was not revealed to the public until opening day. Mystic Timbers was voted \"Best New Ride\" of 2017 in the annual Golden Ticket Awards publication by Amusement Today. Its opening also allowed Kings Island to reclaim the title of having the most wooden roller coaster track of any amusement park in the world with . History Kings Island officials began dropping hints during the 2016 operating season, which teased the possibility of a new, future attraction. In the park's Rivertown section, a construction wall was built displaying signs that stated, \"Caution - Watch For Falling Trees\". In June 2016, a set of plans labeled \"Kings Island Project 2017\" was submitted to the Mason planning board with designs for a new roller coaster. Until then, early speculation from enthusiasts believed that another possibility was a larger log flume to complement the nearby Race For Your Life Charlie Brown attraction. Later that month, media outlets in the area received a toy axe with an attached note hinting about activity in Rivertown. The following month, another clue surfaced, consisting of a blue toy pickup truck with a bundle of logs in the back. It contained a note stating that an official announcement would occur in the park on the evening of July 28, 2016. On the night of the announcement, more than 1,000 park guests lined up two hours in advance to attend the evening event inside the park. It was revealed that the new attraction would be a roller coaster named Mystic Timbers. The new ride would mark the park's sixteenth roller coaster and fourth wooden roller coaster overall. Upon completion, Kings Island would reclaim the title of having the longest collection of wooden roller coaster track in the world at , when combined with the other three wooden coasters in the park – The Beast, both tracks on The Racer, and Woodstock Express. This surpassed the current record, Six Flags Great America, which measured the length of Goliath, Viper, American Eagle and Little Dipper at . The ride's logo was unveiled as well, along with a simulated POV video of the ride. However, the simulation stopped short of revealing what happens when the train enters an enclosed shed near the end of the ride. Park officials indicated that the finale's details would not be revealed until opening day. The level of anticipation surrounding its debut put Mystic Timbers on USA Today'''s top nine list for most anticipated roller coasters of 2017. Vertical construction of Mystic Timbers began in August 2016. On March 20, 2017, the ride performed its first test runs.",
"title": "Mystic Timbers"
},
{
"docid": "6802652",
"text": "Roller Soaker was a suspended roller coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States. Manufactured by Setpoint Inc., the roller coaster was announced on August 8, 2001, and opened to the public on May 11, 2002. The Roller Soaker was located in the Boardwalk section at the park and cost $7.5 million to $8 million to construct. In December 2012, Hersheypark announced that the Roller Soaker would be removed to make way for new water attractions in 2013. The roller coaster's station was reused by Breakers Edge Water Coaster, a water coaster added in 2018. The Roller Soaker was the second Swing Thing model to be built by Setpoint Inc., following the Flying Super Saturator at Carowinds. The roller coaster reached a maximum height of , with a maximum speed of , and a total track length of . The encompassing section of the Roller Soaker featured various interactive water elements, such as water sprayers as well as geysers and fountains. Upon opening, the roller coaster received generally positive reviews. History Prior to the construction of what later became the Roller Soaker, Hersheypark had built a wooden roller coaster named Lightning Racer, which began operating in May 2000 as the park's eighth roller coaster. Planning for the new attraction began two and a half years before its opening. The park chose Setpoint's suspended roller coaster model based on a visit by Hershey executives to Carowinds, an amusement park in Charlotte, North Carolina, where the Flying Super Saturator was located. The park liked the concept of the suspended roller coaster, as it would appeal to a wider guest demographic, instead of trying to entice visitors through constructing taller or faster roller coasters as other theme parks were. The roller coaster was redesigned eight times throughout its planning process as to navigate around obstacles within the park and existing utilities. The park announced on August 8, 2001 that it would add a new roller coaster for the 2002 season. The attraction would incorporate elements of a water ride and a suspended roller coaster. The roller coaster would interact with the nearby Canyon River Rapids and park visitors through various water stations. Plans for the attraction were being finalized during the announcement with an expected opening date of May 2002. A contest was held to determine the roller coaster's name. Seven thousand entrants submitted 10,000 names; the park ultimately selected the name \"Roller Soaker\", which was announced at the roller coaster's groundbreaking ceremony. Construction of the Roller Soaker began in November 2001. The park planned to open the Roller Soaker the day after the majority of water rides opened for the season. A media day was hosted for the Roller Soaker on May 7, later opening to the general public on May 11 during the park's 95th operating season. Along with the roller coaster, the park constructed a gift shop, lockers, and restroom. In addition, the plaza included a children's area. Rumors of the Roller Soaker's sale began to spread when it was",
"title": "Roller Soaker"
},
{
"docid": "38702512",
"text": "Roller Coaster Corporation of America (RCCA) was an amusement ride manufacturer based in the United States. The company's first major project was the Rattler at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in 1992, while their most famous coaster was the Son of Beast at Kings Island, the world's tallest and second looping wooden coaster when it opened in 2000. History The Roller Coaster Corporation of America was established in 1967, but the president Michael Black had worked on wooden coaster construction projects before, like the Great American Scream Machine at Six Flags Over Georgia in 1973, with his father Marvin Black and brother Stephen Black. The company prided itself in their manufacturing technique, which involved pre-manufacturing sections of the wooden structure and track at facilities off-site and then assembling on-site. This reduced what could otherwise be a year long construction project to around 6 months. In 1992, under the name Roller Coaster Corporation of Texas, they built the Rattler for Six Flags Fiesta Texas, which opened as the tallest, fastest, and steepest wooden coaster in the world. However, the RCCA faced criticism for rushing through testing, and the ride's high forces led to numerous injuries during the first year of operation. In 1997, the RCCA was approached by Paramount Kings Island to create the world's first wooden hyper coaster. The result of 3 years of planning and construction was Son of Beast, which opened in May 2000. While reviews were initially positive, the ride deteriorated over the first year, leading to a lawsuit from Kings Island against the RCCA and some of their contractors for shoddy design and insufficient supports. In response, the RCCA claimed that Kings Island had dismissed the company before construction was completed to save money and filed their own suit. The RCCA built a handful of other coasters in the early 2000s, the most recent being Coaster Express at Parque Warner Madrid in 2002. The company did not continue to build any more roller coasters, and folded in 2005. List of roller coasters Roller Coaster Corporation of America built 7 roller coasters around the world. Two are now defunct (Son of Beast and White Canyon) and one has been completely re-done by Rocky Mountain Construction (Rattler). References Roller coaster manufacturers Manufacturing companies established in 1979 Manufacturing companies based in Atlanta 1979 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)",
"title": "Roller Coaster Corporation of America"
},
{
"docid": "21443243",
"text": "Mumbo Jumbo is a roller coaster which opened to the public on 4 July 2009 at Flamingo Land Resort, UK. Mumbo Jumbo is situated in the Lost Kingdom section of the park and has orange supports and black tracks. The roller coaster is an El Loco model built by manufacturer S&S – Sansei Technologies; it is tall, features two inversions and a maximum G force of 4g. Records The roller coaster's maximum vertical angle is 112 degrees, making it the world's steepest roller coaster from 4 July 2009 until 16 July 2011. The official park press release stated that the Mumbo Jumbo opening will be attended by representatives of Guinness World Records. Andrea Banfi of Guinness World Records said: \"We will be in attendance at the opening of Flamingo Land's new roller coaster and look forward to this new Guinness World Records record in the 'Steepest roller coaster made from steel' category\". This record was previously held by another S&S El Loco, Steel Hawg in Indiana Beach. On 16 July 2011, a Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter roller coaster opened in Fuji-Q Highland named Takabisha featuring a 121 degree drop. This record was once again taken by TMNT Shellraiser at Nickelodeon Universe a clone of Takabisha with a 121.5 degree drop. The ride is often compared with SAW: The Ride at Thorpe Park, a Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter with a beyond-vertical drop that opened shortly before Mumbo Jumbo in March 2009. It is often erroneously reported that Mumbo Jumbo surpassed this roller coaster as the world's steepest roller coaster, however SAW: The Ride never held this record (The coaster with the steepest drop before Mumbo Jumbo was Steel Hawg with 111 degrees, whereas the drop on SAW: The Ride is 100 degrees). The distinction is that SAW: The Ride's beyond-vertical drop has no trim brakes, whereas Steel Hawg, Mumbo Jumbo and most other El Loco models do. Therefore, SAW: The Ride instead held the record for the world's steepest freefall drop on a roller coaster upon opening. Ride Experience Elements The ride The train pulls away from the station around a 180 degree turn and hits the chain lift. Once at the crown of the chain lift the car navigates round an 's-bend' and another 180 degree turn into the famous 112 degree drop, then travels up a hill completing a 180 turn into some 'trim brakes'. After that the train completes a series of banked turns (360 degrees) and then into a barrel roll and half loop. After exiting the half loop the train rises into some more 'trim brakes'. Once exiting the breaks the train then pulls through a 180 degree banked turn and into a heart line roll. Finally an over banked curve and into the final brake-run. Name Origin The park owners said the name \"Mumbo Jumbo\" is a tongue-in-cheek description of how other parks boast about their new roller coasters. Incidents On 3 May 2010, one of the cars got stuck on an inverted section of the ride due to",
"title": "Mumbo Jumbo (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "54193985",
"text": "Hydrus is a steel roller coaster at Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey. Opened in 2017, it was the sixth Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter roller coaster to open in the United States and the first Euro-Fighter 320 model in the world. It replaced Star Jet, which was destroyed by Hurricane Sandy in 2012. History After the Star Jet roller coaster was destroyed (along with a large portion of the Casino Pier) during Hurricane Sandy in 2012, it took almost three years until permission was granted to rebuild; this permission to rebuild included a new roller coaster. After swapping land with the city, however, it was decided that this new coaster would not be built on the pier over the water (as the 1970 Jet Star and the 2002 Star Jet had been), but it would instead be built over the beach to prevent a repeat of what had happened with the hurricane. In late 2016, it was announced that the roller coaster replacing Star Jet would be a Euro-Fighter manufactured by Gerstlauer. The coaster was named Hydrus and opened in May 2017. New Jersey governor Chris Christie was present for a ribbon-cutting ceremony on May 26 which occurred several weeks after a soft opening of the ride. Layout and theme Hydrus has the characteristic steeper-than-vertical (97 degree) drop of all Euro-Fighter coasters. The coaster (a Euro-Fighter 320) is similar to 320+ model Euro-Fighters, but it eliminates the final helix at the end. Elements include a loop, cutback, and heartline roll. There are two eight-person cars, each with lap-bar restraints. The owners of Casino Pier have said that the name Hydrus references the constellation of the same name, and the \"Jet Star\" and later \"Star Jet\" names of the previous Casino Pier coasters. Reception The coaster has been included in rankings of top 2017 coasters from CNN and USA Today. References Seaside Heights, New Jersey Roller coasters in New Jersey Roller coasters introduced in 2017",
"title": "Hydrus (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "4881522",
"text": "The New Revolution (formerly known as Revolution, Great American Revolution and La Revolución) is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. Manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf and designed by Werner Stengel, the roller coaster opened to the public on May 8, 1976. The New Revolution is the world's first modern roller coaster to feature a vertical loop and has been recognized for that accomplishment by American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE), who awarded the roller coaster its Coaster Landmark status. However, there were earlier examples of roller coasters with a full vertical loop, such as the steel roller coaster called \"Looping the Loop\" in Parque Japonés in Buenos Aires, which operated from 1911 to 1930. The coaster was named after the American Revolution in celebration of the country's Bicentennial. Unlike many of the previous looping roller coasters in the 19th and early-20th centuries which attempted circular loops, Revolution's success was dependent on a clothoid-shaped vertical loop – a first in the industry. In 2016, the coaster received a makeover for its 40th anniversary that included new trains with lap bars and an optional virtual reality experience for riders. The New Revolution soft-launched to season pass holders on March 26, 2016, and opened to the general public on April 21, 2016. History Great American Revolution In the mid-1970s, Magic Mountain enlisted ride manufacturer Anton Schwarzkopf and legendary designer Werner Stengel to design and build the first looping roller coaster in modern times. The last known existence of one was Loop the Loop at Coney Island during the early 1900s. Prior to Great American Revolution's opening, a week of testing was needed to properly calibrate the tightness of the wheels, in order to get the train to complete one full circuit. At the ride's opening, staff operating the ride were outfitted with Continental Army-style uniforms to match the time period of the American Revolution, which the country was celebrating for its Bicentennial. La Revolución, Revolution In 1979 following the purchase of the park by Six Flags, the ride's name was changed to La Revolución in honor of the Mexican Revolution. In 1988, the ride's name was changed once more to simply Revolution. In 1992, over-the-shoulder restraints were added to the trains, alongside the existing lapbars, to prevent guests from standing up. The addition was heavily criticized, as it led to a rough ride and numerous complaints of discomfort and headbanging. In June 2002, a Coaster Landmark plaque awarded by American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) was placed near the line queue in front of the ride. The award was presented in recognition of its accomplishment as the world's first modern vertical-looping roller coaster. In 2005, parts of Revolution had to be dismantled to make way for the park's new Tatsu roller coaster that was being constructed. Revolution reopened with Tatsu on the new coaster's media day on May 11, 2006. The New Revolution Revolution was refurbished for the 2016 season in celebration of the roller coaster's 40th anniversary. The ride received",
"title": "The New Revolution (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "40008591",
"text": "White Lightning is a wooden roller coaster located at Fun Spot America amusement park in Orlando, Florida. Manufactured by Great Coasters International (GCI), White Lightning opened to the public on June 8, 2013, as the first wooden coaster to be built in Orlando. Unlike traditional wood designs, the support structure is made of steel to reduce maintenance costs, and it was the first time GCI incorporated the design into one of their coasters. White Lightning has also been well-received, consistently ranking in the top 50 among wooden roller coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards from Amusement Today. History Fun Spot of Florida, Inc. announced that they purchased adjacent to the north of their Fun Spot Action Park on December 30, 2010, with plans to triple the size of the park adding a number of new rides. The land purchase was necessitated as Fun Spot of Florida faced local competition and to keep up development with its sister park, Fun Spot USA. In the early planning stages, the park explored a Skycoaster, splash pad, and roller coasters as possible additions to the expansion lot. In April 2011, Fun Spot Action Park surveyed park guests about what types of attractions they would like at the park. Consensus published by the park indicated guests wanted water rides and roller coasters. The Orlando Sentinel reported that three roller coaster representatives met with Fun Spot of Florida's chief operating officer, John Arie Jr., in August 2011. The report further stated the company planned to break ground in 2012 on the land purchased previously, which would include \"at least one new roller coaster\" among other attractions. Fun Spot announced it would rebrand its Orlando location as \"Fun Spot America\" and confirmed plans for the $20 million expansion. The expansion planned to incorporate a variety of attractions, as well as a steel and wooden roller coaster. Fun Spot officials reasoned to build two roller coasters to better establish themselves as an amusement park and to attract more guests. Mark Brisson, director of marketing at Fun Spot, described the wooden roller coaster in a December 2011 interview as having a height less than , designed and built by Great Coasters International (GCI), and located next to a road in an \"L shaped\" configuration. In March 2012, the Orlando City Commission approved the project, and the park released concept art of the expansion; in addition to a computer animated video of the GCI-designed roller coaster. Fun Spot of Florida filed a trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office for the name \"White Lightning\" in May 2012. Funding of the wooden roller coaster and other attractions were approved in June 2012. After a one-year period of construction, White Lightning soft opened to the public on May 20, 2013. The park's official reopening ceremony was held on June 8, 2013. The $3.5 million ride opened as Orlando's first wooden roller coaster. In September 2020, a small part of White Lightning was retracked with new prototype steel Titan Track",
"title": "White Lightning (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "12996321",
"text": "Space Mountain is an indoor, space-themed roller coaster in Tomorrowland at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. Opened on May 27, 1977, it was the second roller coaster built at Disneyland, and was the second of the five versions of Space Mountain built by The Walt Disney Company. Its exterior façade is one of Disneyland's three \"mountain\" structures that serve as park landmarks. Walt Disney originally conceived the idea of a space-themed roller coaster for Disneyland following the success of the Matterhorn Bobsleds, which opened in 1959. However, a number of factors including lack of available space, Walt Disney's death, and the Disney company's focus on building what would become Walt Disney World led to the project's postponement in the late 1960s. After the early success of the Magic Kingdom park at Walt Disney World, Disney revived the Space Mountain project and opened the first Space Mountain at the Magic Kingdom in 1975. Soon after, Disney began plans to build a smaller version of Space Mountain at Disneyland, and opened Disneyland's Space Mountain in 1977. The design of Disneyland's Space Mountain was replicated at Tokyo Disneyland in 1983 and Hong Kong Disneyland in 2005; the Tokyo version was significantly changed in 2006 to become more similar to the refurbished 2009 Magic Kingdom version. Space Mountain has undergone a number of major upgrades and refurbishments over the years, including the addition of an onboard soundtrack in 1996, repainting of the exterior in 1997 and 2003, and a complete replacement of the original track and ride vehicles from 2003 to 2005. It has also been given a third roof up the mountain during late 2013 and early 2014. Every September and October during Halloween Time at Disneyland, starting in 2009 and ending in 2019, the dome was given projections for the Ghost Galaxy event. On November 16, 2015, Space Mountain was given a new overlay and theme in anticipation for Star Wars: The Force Awakens and redubbed \"Hyperspace Mountain.\" Since then, the attraction has switched between the original and \"Hyperspace Mountain\" Star Wars theme several times. History Concept and Walt Disney World version The early success of the Matterhorn Bobsleds – opened in 1959 – convinced Walt Disney that thrill rides did have a place in Disneyland. In 1964, Walt Disney first approached designer John Hench with an idea for an indoor dark roller coaster. The roller coaster's design evolved over the next couple of years, and the name \"Space Mountain\" was first used for the concept in June 1966. The design was later deemed impossible due to technological limitations as well as the limited space available at Disneyland. Walt Disney's death in December 1966 as well as the company's focus on the Disney World project led the company to shelve the Space Mountain project. Like Disneyland, Magic Kingdom also lacked thrill rides at the time of its opening in 1971. However, the park became unexpectedly popular with teenagers and young adults and, as a result, Disney began plans to add thrill rides there",
"title": "Space Mountain (Disneyland)"
},
{
"docid": "6259326",
"text": "D. H. Morgan Manufacturing, later simply known as Morgan, was a manufacturer of roller coaster trains, custom amusement rides, roller coasters, children's rides and other amusement devices. Founded in 1983, the company was originally headquartered in Scotts Valley, California. In 1991, the company moved to La Selva Beach, California, and into a new 55,000-square-foot indoor manufacturing facility. That facility was later increased to 75,000 square feet. The company produced a variety of rides from 1983 until 2001, but is probably best known for its steel hyper coasters. History Dana Morgan, the son of Arrow Development co-founder Ed Morgan, founded D. H. Morgan Manufacturing in 1983. He got his start in the amusement industry at age 14 as a ride operator at Playtown, a small children's park in Palo Alto, California, that was owned by Arrow Development. Upon graduation from Cal Poly San Luis Obispo he went to work for Disney, primarily doing design work for the Walt Disney World project. During the construction of Disney World, Morgan went to work for Arrow Development which was building rides for Disney World. In 1974 Morgan left Arrow Development to become the general manager of the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk. When Huss Maschinenfabrik purchased Arrow Development in 1981, Morgan was appointed president of the newly formed Arrow-Huss. Morgan left Arrow-Huss in 1983 to form his own company, D. H. Morgan Manufacturing. Morgan had originally intended to build carousels, but the company's first contract was to build new trains for the Giant Dipper wooden roller coaster at the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk. The demand for new coaster vehicles was so great that the carousel-building business had to be put on hold until 1988. In the meantime, the Electric Antique Car Line was developed, and customer requests came in for custom attractions as well. In March 1991, the company moved to larger facilities in La Selva Beach, California. Dana Morgan continued building trains for wooden coasters until 1994 when on June 8, he sold the wood train manufacturing operation to competitor Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters. The last Morgan trains built for a wooden coaster were delivered to Yomiuriland in Japan. In 1995 Morgan built a Mine Train type ride for Michael Bonfante for what was then called Hecker Pass — A Family Adventure in Gilroy, California. The coaster, Quicksilver Express, was manufactured in 1995 but sat at the Morgan Manufacturing facility for five years before it was finally installed in 2000. Bonfante Gardens opened to the public a year later in 2001. In 1995, Richard Kinzel of Cedar Fair asked Morgan to build a 200-foot hypercoaster for Valleyfair in Minnesota. Utilizing designer Steve Okamoto, whom he had worked with at Arrow Dynamics, Morgan opened Wild Thing in 1996. Morgan went on to build seven more steel coasters, including two more for Cedar Fair. D. H. Morgan Manufacturing also redesigned the former Arrow Coaster Steel Phantom at Kennywood Park in Pennsylvania. Dana Morgan retired from the amusement industry in 2001 and sold the assets of his company",
"title": "D. H. Morgan Manufacturing"
},
{
"docid": "6530099",
"text": "Daidarasaurus was a steel roller coaster located at Expoland in Suita, Osaka, Japan. According to some sources (i.e. the roller coaster database), Daidarasaurus was the second longest roller coaster in the world, behind Steel Dragon 2000. For reasons explained below, other sources (i.e. the Guinness Book of World Records) did not recognize Daidarasaurus's claim as longest roller coaster in the world from 1999 to 2000. Daidarasaurus has now been demolished as Expoland is now permanently closed. History Daidarasaurus opened with the park in 1970, and consisted of 5 separate tracks. These were a smaller, more family scale rollercoaster, 2 racing coasters, and 2 dueling coasters, the tallest out of all of them, as the other three shared the same lower height. In 1999 the two taller dueling tracks were combined at the end of the ride to create one exceptionally long track with two lift hills. This also made it a Quasi Möbius Loop. This effectively doubled the length of the ride. What remains in dispute is whether this actually qualified as one long coaster or back-to-back rides on the same coaster. The three other coasters were removed when this conversion happened, with the majority of their supports remaining until the whole coaster’s demolition. References Expoland to close 21 months after fatal roller coaster disaster accessed June 7, 2009. Roller coasters in Japan",
"title": "Daidarasaurus"
},
{
"docid": "73771586",
"text": "Fear of roller coasters, also known as veloxrotaphobia, is the extreme fear of roller coasters. It can also be informally referred to as coasterphobia. Such a fear is thought to originate from one or more of three factors: childhood trauma, fear of heights, and parental fears that “rub off” on their children. In addition, veloxrotaphobia may be intensified by underlying fears such as claustrophobia and illygnophobia. Incidence The enjoyment of roller coasters has been likened to a form of benign masochism. According to Rajvi Desai, \"For something to be deemed benign masochism, the activity at hand needs to incite so little negative emotion as to be tolerable; if the negative emotion reaches or surpasses into intolerable, it won’t be worthy of being indulged in.\" However, for those with veloxrotaphobia, roller coasters release high doses of the stress hormone cortisol, which may cause elevated heart rate, sweating, feeling faint, uncontrollable shaking, trembling, and tingling, fast breathing, and chest pain. It is estimated that about five percent of the world’s population suffers from an extreme fear of heights, however, no exact data has been published on what percent of people are afraid of roller coasters. It is believed that individuals with lower natural levels of dopamine are more prone to being fearful of roller coasters. Remedies The fear of roller coasters is a relatively common fear. It can be treated effectively through exposure therapy, in which the subject learns to disassociate roller coasters with the unlikely possibility of danger. The use of virtual reality headsets in providing a remedy for those with the fear has also been suggested. Riders are also encouraged to familiarize themselves with statistics on roller coaster safety. For example, according to the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions, there is a 1 in 750 million chance of suffering a fatal injury on a fixed-location roller coaster. See also Acrophobia Fear of falling List of phobias Amusement park accidents References Roller coasters Situational phobias",
"title": "Fear of roller coasters"
},
{
"docid": "43680506",
"text": "Batman: The Ride is a 4D Free Spin roller coaster at two Six Flags parks in North America since 2015. The coasters were designed by S&S - Sansei Technologies, along with Alan Schilke, with the track manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction. As the name suggests, Batman: The Ride is themed to the DC Comics superhero, Batman. History After months of a teaser campaign for a 2015 attraction, Batman: The Ride was officially announced for Six Flags Fiesta Texas on August 28, 2014. The roller coaster replaced Motorama Turnpike, an original car ride that opened with the park in 1992. Track for Batman: The Ride arrived in February 2015 with the construction of the site well underway for the installation. The roller coaster was completed near the end of March of the same year before opening on May 23, 2015. Three years later, Six Flags announced another similar coaster with the same theme at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom on August 30, 2018. Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom, later opened on May 25, 2019. Ride There are 2 S&S free-spins in Texas, with the other one being Joker at Six Flags Over Texas. The Ride begins by climbing up a 120-foot vertical rise. Then zooms over hills while pivoting forward multiple times, before plummeting into a steep raven drop. Next, riders subsequently change directions and get to enjoy a backwards flip, spinning backwards into another raven drop and then ending with a forward flip. The roller coaster uses an adjustable series of magnetic kickers to allow the cars to spin freely, based on factors such as gravity and rider weight in the cars. The park can adjust the degree of spin based on rider input, which will help them regulate the experience to average rider tolerance over time. Installations Reception Batman: The Ride became one of the most anticipated roller coasters of 2015 due to the ride being the first of its kind in the world. With some stating that the roller coaster may become the \"most intense\" ever built. The coaster has generally been well received by the media and park goers. Tim Baldwin of RollerCoaster! Magazine who gave the ride more than a few \"Bat-whirls\" stated that \"you really don’t know what to expect\" and \"it is just like summersaulting through the sky\". Albert Salazar from San Antonio Current, didn't know what to expect as the roller coaster didn't look like any other roller coaster at the theme park as Batman offers a \"unique topsy-turvy experience.\" After he and his co-workers disembarked the ride in surprise they were all in shock, with one stating \"What the hell just happened?\" They then, \"wondered when we could get on it again.\" With the success of Batman: The Ride and becoming \"an immediate fan favorite\", Six Flags has spawned another version of the ride the following year at Six Flags Great Adventure as The Joker. The company has built five more similar rides throughout North America including the coaster at",
"title": "Batman: The Ride (S&S Free Spin)"
},
{
"docid": "28078728",
"text": "The Cyclone was a wooden roller coaster that operated at Revere Beach in Revere, Massachusetts, from 1925 until 1969. When Cyclone was constructed, it was the tallest roller coaster ever built, as well as being the first roller coaster in the world to reach in height. In addition to being the tallest roller coaster of its day, some also claim that it was the largest and fastest roller coaster in the world, with a length of and top speeds between 45 and 50 mph (some dispute the speed record claim and instead award that honor to the Giant Dipper). Cyclone held the title of world's tallest roller coaster until 1964 when it was surpassed by Montaña Rusa at La Feria Chapultepec Mágico in Mexico City, Mexico. Given its location near the Atlantic Ocean, Cyclone would take much damage throughout the years from ocean storms, flooding, and blizzards. Despite the abuse the coaster took from the ocean, however, it was a fire that eventually destroyed the Cyclone. When the Cyclone burned down in 1969, it was an event that signaled the demise of the Revere Beach amusement industry. The coaster's charred ruins were finally torn down in 1974. As with Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York, Revere Beach's attractions were owned by a variety of amusement operators, with the Cyclone being owned by the Shayeb family. In its heyday, Cyclone was a popular ride, regularly transporting as many as 1,400 riders per hour—a rate which was quickly able to recoup the 125,000 dollar cost of the coaster. Design and construction Cyclone was constructed by the notable roller coaster builder and pioneer Harry Traver of Traver Engineering and designed by Frederick Church. It was similar in design to another Traver-built coaster at Savin Rock, the Thunderbolt. Cyclone was one of two roller coasters that Traver built at Revere Beach, the other one being the Lightning. Lightning was part of a model line known as \"Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters\". These coasters were steel-framed coasters, which, ironically enough, had a particularly poor safety record. Because Cyclone predated Lightning at Revere Beach, Lightning was the only Cyclone Safety Coaster to not share the Cyclone name of its sister coasters. See also Thunderbolt (Savin Rock) References Buildings and structures in Suffolk County, Massachusetts Demolished buildings and structures in Massachusetts Revere, Massachusetts Former roller coasters in Massachusetts",
"title": "Cyclone (Revere Beach)"
},
{
"docid": "5708991",
"text": "Cosmic Coaster is a junior roller coaster at Worlds of Fun. The ride is Snoopy-themed and is located within the park's Planet Snoopy section. Cosmic Coaster at Worlds of Fun first opened in the Americana section of the park in 1993 as Wacky Worm and was manufactured by Preston & Barbieri. The area where Wacky Worm was located became Camp Snoopy in 2001 and later remodeled into Planet Snoopy in 2011. In 2012, Wacky Worm was moved within Planet Snoopy and received a new name and theme as Cosmic Coaster as part of an investment in overall general park improvements that year. It is located in the space previously occupied by the Woodstock Express kiddie train. See also 2012 in amusement parks References External links Cosmic Coaster at Worlds of Fun's website Cosmic Coaster at Around The World Junior roller coasters Roller coasters operated by Cedar Fair Roller coasters in Missouri Roller coasters introduced in 1993 Worlds of Fun Peanuts in amusement parks",
"title": "Cosmic Coaster (Worlds of Fun)"
},
{
"docid": "32193094",
"text": "Skyrush is an Intamin prototype Wing Coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States. It opened to the general public on May 26, 2012, as Hersheypark's 12th roller coaster and the park's third coaster made by Intamin. Skyrush features a cable lift that raises the train at . The roller coaster is located in the Hollow section of Hersheypark, next to the Comet wooden coaster; Skyrush itself is mainly set above Spring Creek. The concept for what is now Skyrush dates to 2007, but Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company did not file plans for the ride's construction until August 2010. Hersheypark launched the Attraction 2012 marketing campaign to promote what eventually became Skyrush, and the park officially announced the ride in August 2011. Despite delays caused by flooding, Skyrush opened to the general public on May 26, 2012. Reviews of the ride have generally been positive, and Amusement Todays Golden Ticket Awards ranked Skyrush as the fifth-best new ride for 2012. Additionally, in every year except 2016 and 2020, Skyrush has been ranked in the Golden Ticket Awards as one of the world's 50 best steel roller coasters. History The concept for what is now Skyrush dates to 2007, when Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company, operator of Hersheypark in Derry Township, Pennsylvania, solicited designs from five roller coaster manufacturers. Although Hershey executives preferred a proposal by Swiss manufacturer Intamin, the plan would cost twice as much as Fahrenheit, a $12 million coaster that opened in 2008. Intamin influenced Hersheypark officials to build another attraction in the low-lying Hollow section of the park. On August 17, 2010, Hershey Entertainment presented plans to Derry Township officials for a new attraction reaching tall. The ride's construction required a zoning variance because it exceeded the township's height limit. Hersheypark officials also proposed erecting 32 supports inside an artificial pond and removing two dining structures in the Hollow, although they refused to provide further details about the new ride. Hersheypark launched a marketing campaign, Attraction 2012, to promote what eventually became Skyrush. The Patriot-News wrote that the campaign included \"fake Web pages, hidden messages, foreign languages and symbolism\". Although Hersheypark publicly divulged little about the new ride, Attraction 2012 prompted extensive discussion on social media. Park officials submitted blueprints to Derry Township officials in April 2011, indicating that a roller coaster with a winding layout would be built in the Hollow section of Hersheypark. Work on the coaster had begun in early 2011, when workers began diverting Spring Creek, allowing the ride's concrete supports to be constructed. By June 2011, pieces for the as-yet-unnamed attraction had arrived on site. In conjunction with the Attraction 2012 campaign, Hershey Entertainment filed a trademark for the name \"Skyrush\" by July 2011. The ride was officially announced on August 2, 2011. Skyrush was to be the first new roller coaster at Hersheypark since Fahrenheit in 2008. Skyrush was built on the site of the Sunken Gardens, a portion of Hersheypark that had not been open to the public since",
"title": "Skyrush"
},
{
"docid": "15632708",
"text": "Roller coaster amusement rides have origins back to ice slides constructed in 18th-century Russia. Early technology featured sleds or wheeled carts that were sent down hills of snow reinforced by wooden supports. The technology evolved in the 19th century to feature railroad track using wheeled cars that were securely locked to the track. Newer innovations emerged in the early 20th century with side friction and underfriction technologies to allow for greater speeds and sharper turns. By the mid-to-late 20th century, these elements intensified with the introduction of steel roller coaster designs and the ability to invert riders. History Beginnings The world's oldest roller coasters descended from the \"Russian Mountains\", which were hills of ice built in the 17th century for the purpose of sliding, located in the gardens of palaces around the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg. Other languages also reference Russian mountains when referring to roller coasters, such as the Spanish (), the Italian (Roller coaster), and the French (). The Russian term for roller coaster, (amerikanskie gorki), translates literally as \"American mountains\". The recreational attractions were called Katalnaya Gorka (Катальная Горка) or \"sliding mountain\" in Russian. Many were built to a height of with a 50-degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports covered in ice. The slides became popular with the Russian upper class. Catherine the Great of Russia constructed a summer version of the ride at her estate in 1784, which relied on wheeled carts instead of sleds that rode along grooved tracks. Russian soldiers occupying Paris from 1815 to 1816, after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, may have introduced the Russian amusement of sledding down steep hills. In July 1817, a French banker named Nicolas Beaujon opened the Parc Beaujon, an amusement park on the Champs Elysees. Its most famous feature was the Promenades Aériennes or \"Aerial Strolls.\" It featured wheeled cars securely locked to the track, guide rails to keep them on course, and higher speeds. The three-wheel carts were towed to the top of a tower, and then released to descend two curving tracks on either side. King Louis XVIII of France came to see the park, but it is not recorded if he tried the ride. Before long there were seven similar rides in Paris: Les Montagnes françaises (The French Mountains), le Delta, les Montagnes de Belleville (The Mountains of Belleville), les Montagnes américaines (the American Mountains), Les Montages lilliputiennes, (The miniature mountains), Les Montagnes suisses (The Swiss mountains), and Les Montagnes égyptiennes (The Egyptian mountains). In the beginning, these attractions were primarily for the upper classes. In 1845 a new amusement park opened in Copenhagen, Tivoli, which was designed for the middle class. These new parks featured roller coasters as permanent attractions. The first permanent loop track was probably also built in Paris from an English design in 1846, with a single-person wheeled sled running through a 13-foot (4 m) diameter vertical loop. These early single loop designs were called Centrifugal Railways. In 1887, a French entrepreneur, Joseph Oller, the owner",
"title": "History of the roller coaster"
},
{
"docid": "5948678",
"text": "Lightning Racer is a wooden dueling roller coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Built by Great Coasters International (GCI) and designed by Mike Boodley of GCI, the ride was completed in 2000 within the Midway America section of the park. Lightning Racer was GCI's second roller coaster at Hersheypark. Planning for what became Lightning Racer commenced in May 1999, and the ride opened to the general public on May 13, 2000. Lightning Racer cost $12.5 million to construct, and it consists of two tracks, which are both long. The ride's station was designed by Ralph E. Kaylor of Lebanon, Pennsylvania. Lightning Racer operates with four Millennium Flyer trains manufactured by GCI. Since 2001, Lightning Racer has consistently been voted one of the world's 25 best wooden roller coasters at the Golden Ticket Awards, which are presented annually by Amusement Today magazine. History Planning for what became Lightning Racer commenced in May 1999, when employees of Great Coasters International (GCI) started creating sketches for a racing wooden roller coaster. A groundbreaking ceremony for the ride occurred in July 1999. The next month, Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company announced that Hersheypark would be adding its eighth coaster, Lightning Racer. It would be the park's second roller coaster built by GCI, after the now-defunct Wildcat. After construction had started, GCI's engineers encountered some obstacles that had not been shown on the official topographic maps that Hersheypark had given them, including a fence and a Turkey Hill shop. Lightning Racer opened to the general public on May 13, 2000, three days after a media event for the coaster was hosted. When the ride opened, Hersheypark had the most roller coasters of any amusement park in Pennsylvania. Through an agreement with Hersheypark, ice cream brand Green's (a subsidiary of Crowley Foods) promoted the ride by introducing an ice-cream flavor called Raspberry Blueberry Scream. Characteristics Lightning Racer cost $12.5 million to construct and was designed by Mike Boodley of GCI. The roller coaster required about of southern yellow pine for its construction. It consists of two tracks (Thunder/Green and Lightning/Red), which are both long. A complete circuit on either track takes approximately two minutes and twenty seconds. The ride's lift hill is approximately tall. After the first drop, the ride reaches a top speed of . At several points in the layout, the tracks are as close as to each other. The trains pass by each other in opposite directions at a combined . The ride's station was designed by Ralph E. Kaylor of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, and is made of heavy timber and wood frame. The station features architectural details such as shingle roofs, ventilation shafts, and cupolas. Unlike in other racing coasters, there is a single queue line for both tracks, allowing guests to select which track they want to ride. In addition to providing a shaded queue area for guests, the station contains a shop where on-ride photos from the coaster are sold. Lightning Racer operates with four trains, which seat 24 riders per",
"title": "Lightning Racer"
},
{
"docid": "64024770",
"text": "The Jersey Devil Coaster is a single-rail roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. The roller coaster was built by Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC). It is themed to the Jersey Devil, a mythical creature rumored to live in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. The roller coaster is long and contains a -tall lift hill and three inversions. The Jersey Devil Coaster uses four trains, each containing 12 seats, which achieve a maximum speed of . Announced in 2019, the ride was originally scheduled for completion in 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, it was delayed by one year, opening to the public on June 13, 2021. History On August 29, 2019, Six Flags Great Adventure announced that the Jersey Devil Coaster would be constructed for the park's 2020 season, replacing the former Looney Tunes Seaport area of the park. USA Today listed Jersey Devil Coaster as one of the 10 most anticipated new roller coasters for the 2020 season. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Six Flags suspended all operations on March 13, 2020. The following month, Six Flags announced that, to reduce its financial losses during the pandemic, it would defer numerous capital projects that had been scheduled for its parks during the 2020 season. Although Six Flags Great Adventure resumed operations on July 3, 2020, the park announced in June that the opening of the Jersey Devil Coaster had been delayed to the 2021 season. Many parts for the roller coaster were delayed because of manufacturing slowdowns caused by the pandemic. The park resumed construction on the coaster in late December 2020. The following month, on January 25, 2021, the final piece of track was installed at a topping out ceremony. The roller coaster's chain lift, ride controls, and trains had yet to be installed at the time, and Six Flags also had to obtain permits from New Jersey government officials. Six Flags Great Adventure conducted its first test runs in late May 2021, simulating the weights of passengers using water-filled dummies. The ride was formally opened to the public on June 13, 2021, following a preview event for the media on June 10. It was the park's first new roller coaster since the Joker, which had opened five years prior. Characteristics The roller coaster is long and achieves a maximum speed of . The ride uses RMC's single-rail I-beam Raptor Track, manufactured by TCN & Co. of Marlton, New Jersey. The track is painted orange-yellow. According to Michael Reitz, an engineer for Six Flags, the Raptor Track is sturdier than conventional roller coaster track; as such, the ride requires relatively few supports. The Jersey Devil Coaster contains three inversions: a dive loop (described as a raven drop), zero-g stall, and zero-g roll. The Jersey Devil Coaster uses four trains, each containing 12 rows, with one passenger per row. Riders sit on low seats in a single-file arrangement, placing their legs on either side of",
"title": "Jersey Devil Coaster"
},
{
"docid": "675429",
"text": "Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (PTC) is one of the oldest existing roller coaster manufacturing companies in the world. Based in Hatfield, Pennsylvania, it was established in 1904 by Henry Auchey and Chester Albright under the name Philadelphia Toboggan Company. The company manufactured carousels, wooden roller coasters, toboggans (roller coaster cars) and later, roller coaster trains. History The Philadelphia Toboggan Company was incorporated January 20, 1904. It built and designed roller coasters until 1979. Notable designers included Joe McKee, John A. Miller, Herbert Schmeck, Frank Hoover, and John C. Allen. When Allen retired as president in 1976, the company stopped designing roller coasters but continued to work on coaster projects until 1979 when it exited the coaster-construction industry permanently. The company manufactured carousels known for their elaborate carvings and decorations. It expanded with the acquisition of the inventory of the Dentzel Carousel Company in 1927. Lead carvers included Daniel Carl Muller, Leo Zoller, John Zalar, and Frank Caretta. Examples of the company's carousels (manufactured 1904–1934) exist throughout the United States. The Philadelphia Toboggan Company built the Rollo Coaster at Idlewild Park in 1938, and the carousel for the same amusement park in 1931. The company manufactured Skee Ball games from 1946 to 1977. In 1926, PTC was granted a trademark on a new name, Philtobco. Flying Turns Developed by J. Norman Bartlett and John Miller, the Flying Turns coasters came to the attention of PTC. Recognizing the ride's potential, PTC signed a licensing agreement with Bartlett and Miller to market the ride in North America—with the exception of the state of California. With the arrival of the Great Depression, PTC built only one in 1931, at Rocky Point Amusement Park. The coaster was engineered by Herbert Schmeck, but experienced problems. The ride opened late in the summer and Schmeck stayed on site for some time before he was able to get the ride operating consistently. The ride was damaged beyond repair by a storm on September 21, 1938. Schmeck engineered a second Flying Turns for Hershey Park in August 1941. Due to the entry of the United States into World War II, and the resulting rationing of building materials, the roller coaster was never built. It would have been located in the park next to what is now the Wave Swinger, and part of where Comet's lift hill is located. Though Bartlett and Miller went on to build several more Flying Turns-type coasters, PTC never proposed another. 1990s to present On November 27, 1991, Tom Rebbie and Bill Dauphinee purchased the Philadelphia Toboggan Company from Sam High (1934–2011), and incorporated a new company, Philadelphia Toboggan Coaster, shortly thereafter. Rebbie was appointed president. In 2007 he bought out Dauphinee to become the sole owner, and changed the company's name to Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters, Inc. (PTCI). The company continues to manufacture roller coaster trains, queue gates and fin brakes. List of roller coasters As of 2019, Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters has built 127 roller coasters around the world. Carousels Most PTC carousels were numbered, so",
"title": "Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters"
},
{
"docid": "9474653",
"text": "Maurer AG, formerly known as Maurer Söhne GmbH & Co. KG, is a steel construction company and roller coaster manufacturer. Founded in 1876 in Munich, Germany, the company has built many styles of steel buildings, ranging from bridges, industrial buildings, and even art structures. While known for building a variety of wild mouse coasters, its subsidiary Maurer Rides GmbH has branched out into spinning, looping, and launching coasters. The company also produces a free-fall tower ride. On December 15, 2014, the company changed its name to Maurer AG. Roller coaster work In 1993, Maurer took over the amusement ride division of a fellow German firm, BHS. BHS constructed four Schwarzkopf-designed roller coasters, working with Sansei Yusoki and Zierer in the process. Maurer's first ride was a custom looping roller coaster called Venus GP that opened at Space World in 1996. Since then they have produced almost 50 roller coasters including spinning, launched, racing and wild mouse roller coasters. One of the first types of roller coaster that Maurer manufactured was a wild mouse. The design, known as Wilde Maus Classic, was first installed as Kopermijn at Drievliet Family Park in 1996. At the end of 2010, the Wilde Maus Classic design has been replicated at 13 locations around the world. In 2000, the S-Coaster was introduced by Maurer. The S-Coaster is Maurer's spinning roller coaster design. It is the most popular design (in terms of installations) that Maurer has ever produced with over 21 installations worldwide. Maurer's X-Coaster comes in a variety of different designs: X-Car, X-Train and SkyLoop. Under the X-Car category Maurer manufactures rides with launches, vertical lifts, floorless cars and cars with embedded music systems. An X-Train X-Coaster is one which features 4-across seating (2 seats above the track and one on either side of the track as a floorless seat). Under the SkyLoop category Maurer has a variety of models including XT 150 ( in length), XT 450 ( in length), launched and custom designs. Most recently, in 2010, Maurer introduced the R-Coaster. The R-Coaster is a type of racing roller coaster which features several sets of Linear Synchronous Motors on two parallel tracks. The first, and currently only, R-Coaster is Fiorano GT Challenge at Ferrari World in Abu Dhabi. In 2018, it was announced that Maurer would be building the first roller coaster at sea, on the Carnival cruise ship Mardi Gras. List of roller coasters As of 2023, Maurer AG has built 68 roller coasters around the world. Maurer German Wheels Maurer German Wheels is a subsidiary of Maurer Söhne. It manufactures the R80XL giant Ferris wheel under licence from Bussink Design. References External links Manufacturing companies based in Munich Roller coaster manufacturers Manufacturing companies established in 1876 German companies established in 1876",
"title": "Maurer AG"
},
{
"docid": "36800152",
"text": "is a wooden roller coaster at Kijima Kogen, an amusement park in Beppu, Ōita Prefecture, Japan. Opening in 1992 (although other sources report that it opened in 1993), Jupiter was the first wooden roller coaster in Japan and the only wooden roller coaster in Japan until White Canyon opened at Yomiuriland amusement park and White Cyclone opened at Nagashima Spa Land amusement park (both in 1994). At over in length, Jupiter is the 7th longest wooden roller coaster in the world. History Although Japan has had numerous notable roller coasters—including coasters that have held the record of world's longest, world's fastest, and world's tallest roller coaster—it has had relatively few wooden roller coasters. This resulted from Japanese earthquake engineering regulations that restricted the construction of tall wooden structures. It was not until after these restrictions were modified that Jupiter (and later White Canyon and White Cyclone) could be constructed. Jupiter was built by Intamin out of Norway spruce lumber and it cost a total of 2.5 billion yen to construct. The coaster was also the last to be designed by noted roller coaster designer Curtis D. Summers before his death in 1992 and it was one of only two coasters that he produced with Intamin. The roller coaster Jupiter is also notable for briefly appearing in the 1994 science fiction kaiju movie, Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla. Ride experience and theme While it is reported to be the most popular ride at Kijima Kogen, Jupiter is described by a number of sources as having a rough and somewhat uncomfortable ride experience. Single rides on Jupiter cost 1,000 yen. Outside the ride is an example roller coaster train car, as well as a small \"Jupiter\" shrine in a Shinto motif. References Roller coasters in Japan",
"title": "Jupiter (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "6113354",
"text": "Streamliner Coaster is a junior roller coaster located at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in San Antonio, Texas. Designed by Vekoma, a Dutch manufacture, the coaster is one of the few original attractions that opened with the park. Riders board a 10-seater train and go up a short hill before going down and following the track in a simple loop back round to the station in two circuits. History Streamliner Coaster was originally named Pied Piper when it opened on March 14, 1992, with the park. In 1999, the roller coaster was renamed to Rollschuhcoaster, when Six Flags came as sole owners of the park. In 2007, Six Flags released new entertainment and marketing initiatives for their US based parks, such as bringing Wiggles into their lineup. On September 28, 2008, Six Flags Fiesta Texas announced the expansion of Wiggles World, that would enhance the line up for family-oriented rides. Rollschuhcoaster was part of the expansion as the ride got refurbished with a new name, Romp Bomp A Stomp to go along with the theming of the new area. In November 2010, the company began the process of canceling licensed intellectual property deals they had with various brands including what they had with the Wiggles as the company was emerging itself from bankruptcy at that time. This affected the roller coaster in which, it was renamed in late 2010 as Kiddie Koaster. Ten years later in 2020, the roller coaster went through its fifth name change, to Streamliner Coaster. In 2023, the park announced that its themed area DC Universe will expand into more of Spassburg and Thrill Seeker Park for the 2023 season. The expansion will have the roller coaster to go through another rethemed to fit with the area. In 2024, the roller coaster will be themed to the DC Comics character, Batgirl. References Junior roller coasters Roller coasters introduced in 1992 Roller coasters operated by Six Flags Six Flags Fiesta Texas Roller coasters in Texas",
"title": "Streamliner Coaster"
},
{
"docid": "7193764",
"text": "Hersheypark (operating as \"Hershey Park\" through 1970) is an amusement park located in Hershey, Derry Township, Pennsylvania. The park was formally opened by Milton S. Hershey on May 30, 1906, and it became an entity of Hershey Estates when the estates company was established in 1927. From its opening in 1906 until 1970, it was an open-gate park. In 1971, the park was gated and an entry fee charged. This was the first preparations for the renovation project designed by R. Duell and Associates that would begin in 1972. This is a list of former Hersheypark attractions. The first ride the park removed was also the first purchased for the park, a Herschell-Spillman carousel called the \"merry-go-round.\" It was in the park from 1908 until 1912. Past and cancelled roller coasters Hersheypark has removed five roller coasters over its history, and cancelled two projects prior to being built. Each of the five roller coasters removed were notable as being a park first: The Wild Cat was Hersheypark's first roller coaster, Wildcat, which opened in 1996, the Toboggans (initially called Twin Towers Toboggans because there were twin Toboggan coasters side-by-side) were Hersheypark's first steel roller coaster, Mini-Comet was Hersheypark's first kiddie coaster, and Roller Soaker was the park's only water coaster. The Mini-Comet was replaced by the Cocoa Cruiser, a kiddie coaster in the shadows of Storm Runner. Hersheypark's two cancelled roller coaster projects were a proposed Flying Turns coaster and a proposed coaster named Turbulence. Flying Turns would have been opened in 1942, however America's entry into World War II effectively ended the project. 63 years later, Hersheypark was planning to open what would have been the park's eleventh existing coaster - Turbulence. Early in the project phase, a dispute arose between the park and the ride manufacturer. Initially postponed, the project never resumed and was cancelled. Past thrill rides The first major ride Hersheypark purchased was a small, used Herschell-Spillman Company carousel, in 1908. This ride was always referred as a merry-go-round rather than a carousel. The ride operated from June 1908 through at least 1912. It was placed adjacent to a ballfield, one of the main attractions in the park at the time, and above the pool area, which was located below the ballfield in the hollow along Spring Creek. This location was chosen for the carousel because Milton S. Hershey, who founded the park, wanted to have a miniature railroad operate in the park. The miniature railroad would connect the main entrance of the park (nearest to downtown Hershey and the train station serving the area) with the west end of the park where the carousel was. The Miniature Railroad was the second major ride Hersheypark purchased. It debuted in September 1910, and the grand opening occurred in May 1911. The railroad would operate from 1910 to 1971, with the east station (located at the main entrance of the park) remaining the same throughout the line's history. The west station was relocated twice - first in 1930",
"title": "List of former Hersheypark attractions"
},
{
"docid": "18170089",
"text": "T Express () is a hybrid roller coaster at the Everland theme park in Yongin, South Korea. Prior to April 2024, it was a fully wooden coaster until it went through a retracking procedure using steel track on part of the coaster. T Express opened on March 14, 2008 in the European Adventure section of the park, and is themed after a small town in the Alps. The coaster was constructed by Intamin, a Swiss manufacturing company, and designed by Ing.-Büro Stengel GmbH, a German roller coaster design facility. Within its first six months of operation, it had over a million riders. The ride holds a number of past and current records. It is South Korea's first-ever wooden roller coaster and is also the longest and second-fastest of any roller coaster in the country. , it is tied (with Wildfire) for the world's tallest wooden roller coaster, and is also the longest, tallest, fastest, and steepest wooden coaster in Asia. History Everland conducted market research and decided to construct a wooden coaster. After developing the concept and plans for three years, and with a budget of 28 billion South Korean won, the park began construction on the ride around February 2007. It was constructed by Intamin, a Swiss manufacturing company, and designed by Ing.-Büro Stengel GmbH, a German roller coaster design company. Everland first announced the ride in a March 12, 2008 press release, which stated that that the ride would help the park \"compete with other theme parks such as Universal Studios\". The ride opened on March 14, 2008. The roller coaster replaced a snow slope attraction that was previously in the area that T Express was in. T Express was closed for around 5 months prior to a reopening on April 2024 to undergo a steel retracking dubbed \"The Iron Rebirth\" by Everland officials. About 380 meters of track, including the initial drop, were retracked using steel tracks. Records T Express is the first wooden roller coaster in South Korea. At time of opening, it was the tallest, fastest, and steepest roller coaster in the country, until it was superseded by Draken at Gyeongju World in 2018. However, it is still the longest and third fastest in the country. In Asia, it is the third wooden roller coaster. , among wooden roller coasters in Asia, it is the longest, tallest, fastest, and steepest, and also has the largest drop. Among the world's wooden roller coasters, it is the tallest (tied with Wildfire in Sweden), third longest, and tenth fastest . Characteristics T Express is named after T World, the SK Telecom-owned Korean phone company that sponsored the ride's construction. The ride is located in the European Adventure section of Everland, which is based on a European aesthetic. It is themed as a scenic railway in an Alpine village; the area around it was further decorated before the ride's opening. The ride closes its operations in the winter and reopens in the spring. It is tall, and has of",
"title": "T Express"
},
{
"docid": "27237361",
"text": "The Sea Viper was a steel roller coaster at Sea World on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. History On 17 September 1982, Sea World opened the Corkscrew roller coaster. The ride was the first to feature three inversions in Australia and the second roller coaster for the theme park (the Thrillseeker opened within the prior year). The Corkscrew was attributed to a 20% increase in attendance in the year after opening. In 2005, Sea World approached Kumbak to develop a new train for the then Corkscrew roller coaster. Throughout 2009, the Corkscrew roller coaster was repainted from white to orange. In the middle of 2009, a sign appeared outside the attraction stating that Sea Viper, a \"new ride experience\", would be opening by summer. In November 2009, the Corkscrew roller coaster closed to allow the original Arrow Dynamics train to be replaced with a new low-profile train manufactured by KumbaK. Sea Viper was closed in early 2014 for maintenance, however, it was announced on 17 July 2014 that its closure would be permanent. Ride The ride began with the train being sent down a small hill followed by a 180° turn to the right under the queue. A chain lift hill then took riders up to a height of before going down another small hill followed by a larger 180° turn. The track then drops to near ground level and enters a vertical loop. The ride then continued to run parallel to the station and up a hill before descending down a curved drop and into the double corkscrews. The second corkscrew passes directly under the Sea World Monorail System before curving up and back over it. The train's speed was reduced in a brake run before arriving back in the station. Gallery References External links Official webpage Roller coasters in Australia Roller coasters operated by Village Roadshow Theme Parks 1982 establishments in Australia",
"title": "Sea Viper (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "5659518",
"text": "Desperado is a steel roller coaster located at Buffalo Bill's Hotel and Casino in Primm, Nevada, United States, a part of the Primm Valley Resorts complex, straddling the state borders of California and Nevada. Designed by Arrow Dynamics and fabricated by Intermountain Lift, Inc., Desperado was one of the tallest roller coasters in the world when it opened in 1994, being listed by the Guinness Book of Records as the world's tallest roller coaster (for 1996). A hyper coaster, Desperado reaches a height of , featuring a drop, and is ranked as the seventh longest coaster in the world, featuring a track length of . It also is among the fastest hyper coasters, attaining a maximum speed of , with riders experiencing up to 4 G's. A portion of the ride runs indoors through the main area of the casino. Since February 2020, and the COVID-19 lockdowns, Desperado has been closed and not operating, but still receiving monthly maintenance checks and test runs from ride technicians. History Gary Primm opened a casino called Buffalo Bill's on May 14, 1994, and he wished to attract people driving on adjacent Interstate 15 to his new casino. Primm contracted Arrow Dynamics to build a highly visible roller coaster. The ride opened to the public on August 11, 1994, as one of the tallest and fastest roller coasters in the world. The ride's lift hill was the tallest in the world, second behind only the Pepsi Max Big One at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in England that opened the same year. Its drop length of and top speed of were tied in the country with Kennywood's Steel Phantom, which also featured a drop and top speed of . The Guinness Book of World Records recognized Desperado in its 1996 publication as the tallest roller coaster in the world. For his Top Secret special that first aired on February 24, 1999, magician Lance Burton staged a death-defying escape in a stunt where he was tied to the roller coaster's track and had to break out of handcuffs in order to escape. In February 2020, due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Buffalo Bill’s Casino was temporarily closed, along with Desperado and their log flume which closed indefinitely. The casino reopened on December 23, 2022, but Desperado remained closed. In 2023, it was reported that the roller coaster would be part of a casino-wide refurbishment, in an effort to bring back previous guests. Casino general manager Jerry West stated that the ride had been kept properly maintained and functional during the nearly three-year closure, with test runs occurring regularly. He added that the coaster will be subject to a \"sign-off process\" involving legal and mechanical inspections before reopening. References External links Buildings and structures in Primm, Nevada MGM Resorts International Roller coasters introduced in 1994 Buildings and structures in Clark County, Nevada Roller coasters in Nevada Tourist attractions in Clark County, Nevada",
"title": "Desperado (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "8519731",
"text": "The Legend is a wooden roller coaster at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari in Santa Claus, Indiana, United States. It was designed and built beginning in 1999 by the now defunct Custom Coasters International, with the help of designers Dennis McNulty and Larry Bill; it opened on May 6, 2000. The Legend is themed after Washington Irving's short story \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" and mimics the frightful ride Ichabod Crane took as he was chased through the woods by the Headless Horseman. The Legend has been consistently ranked among the world's top twenty-five wooden roller coasters at the Golden Ticket Awards, which are presented annually by Amusement Today magazine. History Development Following the success of The Raven, park President Will Koch began making plans for a second wooden roller coaster. Koch contacted Custom Coasters International and began to form initial plans for the roller coaster. When the initial plans were completed, rather than starting work on the new project, Koch took a different route. He posted the initial plans online and asked for input from roller coaster enthusiasts from around the world on things such as design, theme, and name. After receiving a multitude of emails, Koch determined that \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" was by far the most popular theming suggestion. Construction began in April 1999 with the pouring of concrete footers. The final design and name, The Legend, was released on June 15, 1999. On December 11, 1999, Holiday World invited media outlets to take a construction tour of The Legend. The event required hard hats and included interviews with Will Koch and Denise Larrick. The Legend opened on May 6, 2000, five years to the day after The Raven. When the roller coaster opened, it operated with a single 24-passenger train made by Gerstlauer. Roller coaster enthusiasts traveled from across the country to ride the roller coaster that had been built with some of their input. Many of these enthusiasts proclaimed The Legend to be their \"new #1 wooden coaster\". 2002 changes In October 2001, Holiday World announced that The Legend would be undergoing several changes for the 2002 season. The original Gerstlauer train was replaced with two new ones made by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company. The additional train helped to improve capacity on The Legend from 550 riders per hour to 800 riders per hour. Several modifications had to be made to the ride to allow for two-train operations. A transfer track was built on the straight section of track between the station and the dip into the lift hill, allowing for an unused train to be stored during normal operation and providing an additional area for maintenance crews to inspect the train. In addition, the station had to be extended to allow for two-train operation, through the addition of an independent brake zone. The track already had a brake zone, but it would have allowed an incoming train to get too close to a train parked in the station to be considered safe. The",
"title": "The Legend (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "4819031",
"text": "The Voyage is a wooden roller coaster located at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari in Santa Claus, Indiana. Designed and built by The Gravity Group with the help of designers Mike Graham, Korey Kiepert, Larry Bill, Chad Miller, and former park President Will Koch, the roller coaster is themed to the famous voyage of the Mayflower by Pilgrims to North America in 1620. It opened to the public on May 6, 2006. It is widely considered one of the best wooden roller coasters ever built, and was awarded by TIME Magazine as the Best Roller Coaster in the world in 2013. Among wooden coasters, The Voyage ranks second in length and sixth in height, featuring a track length of and a maximum height of . Also, its 24.3 seconds of air-time is the most produced on a wooden coaster to date. Another unique statistic is the ride's five underground tunnels. In 2006, it won a Golden Ticket Award for \"Best New Ride\" from Amusement Today magazine, which also ranked The Voyage as the \"Best Wooden Roller Coaster\" from 2007 through 2011. History Development On July 13, 2005, Holiday World announced plans to add a new Thanksgiving section for the park's 60th anniversary. A new wooden roller coaster called The Voyage was revealed as the main attraction for the new area. The Gravity Group (a company formed from the remnants of Custom Coasters International which went bankrupt in 2002) was contracted to build the new ride. Larry Bill, a co-founder, was heavily involved in the coaster's design. Park President Will Koch also participated and is listed as one of the ride's designers. As with the development of another coaster at the park, The Legend, Koch sought input from roller coaster enthusiasts around the world. During construction, The Voyage was featured in nationally televised episodes of \"SuperCoasters\" on the National Geographic Channel and \"Building the Biggest: Coasters\" on the Discovery Channel. The Voyage opened to the public on May 6, 2006. It originally operated with three, 28-passenger trains manufactured by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company (PTC). The first twenty-eight seat reservations for the ceremonial first ride were auctioned off on eBay, with proceeds donated to Riley Children's Foundation in Indiana. Modifications In November 2009, Holiday World announced that they would be replacing their PTC trains with a new train model called a Timberliner. The new model was under development at the time by Gravitykraft, an affiliate company of The Gravity Group. The park's goal was to improve the ride experience, which had become somewhat rougher over the years as the track aged. Anticipating the arrival of two Timberliners, Holiday World sold two of its three PTC trains from Voyage to Darien Lake, another amusement park seeking replacement trains for one of its own – The Predator. However, The Voyage's new Timberliner trains arrived too late for the 2010 season, so the park decided to move one of the trains from The Raven over to Voyage. The transition required modifications to the train, and",
"title": "The Voyage (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "2665085",
"text": "The Gravity Group is a wooden roller coaster design firm based in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The firm was founded in July 2002 out of the engineering team of the famed but now defunct Custom Coasters International. The core group of designers and engineers at The Gravity Group have backgrounds in civil, structural and mechanical engineering. Their experience comes from work on over 40 different wooden roller coasters around the world. The first coaster designed under the Gravity Group opened as Hades at Mount Olympus Theme Park in 2005. The Gravity Group also designed The Voyage at Holiday World in Santa Claus, Indiana, which opened in May 2006 and is the second-longest wooden roller coaster in the world. These first two accomplishments of the team have been received with great success by both the industry and coaster enthusiasts alike. In 2007, The Gravity Group opened Boardwalk Bullet, an intense wooden roller coaster that was built at Kemah Boardwalk and opened as the only wooden coaster in the Greater Houston area. The Gravity Group designed Ravine Flyer II at Waldameer in Erie, Pennsylvania, which was opened at the start of the 2008 season. In 2009, Wooden Coaster - Fireball was opened at Happy Valley in China, becoming China's first wooden roller coaster. In 2011 Quassy Amusement Park opened Wooden Warrior, the company's sixth wooden roller coaster. The Gravity Group was also involved in the rebuilding of Libertyland's Zippin Pippin at Bay Beach Amusement Park in Green Bay, Wisconsin. In 2008, members of The Gravity Group announced the development of their own wooden coaster trains called Timberliners. They are being produced by Gravitykraft Corporation, a sister company to The Gravity Group. The Gravity Group promotes their trains as the only wooden coaster trains capable of steering through curves, resulting in a more comfortable and maintenance-friendly ride. Timberliners were planned to debut on The Voyage at Holiday World for the 2010 season, but after four years of delays, Holiday World officially cancelled the project on August 16, 2013. However, in 2011, the Timberliners appeared on Wooden Warrior at Quassy Amusement Park in Connecticut and on Twister at Gröna Lund in Sweden, and in 2013 were added to Hades as part of its transformation to Hades 360. List of roller coasters As of 2019, The Gravity Group has built 28 roller coasters around the world. References External links The Gravity Group Roller coaster manufacturers American companies established in 2002 Manufacturing companies established in 2002 Manufacturing companies based in Cincinnati 2002 establishments in Ohio",
"title": "The Gravity Group"
},
{
"docid": "54954172",
"text": "Time Traveler is a spinning roller coaster located at Silver Dollar City in Branson, Missouri. The roller coaster was manufactured by Mack Rides in collaboration with the park's in-house team. The original concept for the roller coaster was conceived from a prototype train tested on another roller coaster, Blue Fire, at Europa-Park in Germany. Time Traveler opened in 2018 and is themed to a fictional backstory about time travel involving characters Charles Henry, a clockmaker, and his daughter. The roller coaster reaches a height of and a maximum speed of . Time Traveler was the first installation of the \"Xtreme Spinning Coasters\" model produced by Mack Rides, which features spinning trains with an eddy current brake located underneath each car to control the rate of spinning. Upon opening, Time Traveler became the tallest and fastest spinning roller coaster, and the first of its kind to feature three inversions. In 2018, the roller coaster was listed by Amusement Today's annual Golden Ticket Awards as the year's second-best new roller coaster and the 18th-best overall among steel coasters. History The original idea and planning for a new attraction—which would become Time Traveler—lasted over four years. In January 2016, while a prototype for a new spinning roller coaster concept was being made by Mack Rides, Jane Cooper, chief operating officer and president of Herschend Family Entertainment, and Brad Thomas, president of attractions for Silver Dollar City, went to test it at Europa-Park where it was featured on the roller coaster Blue Fire. During their first trip, Thomas described the first experience on the prototype they had \"like a teacup\", but showed promise for the project and design. Thereafter, both Cooper and Thomas made several trips to Europa-Park to discuss and plan the ride's concept with Mack Rides before acquiring the model for the park's new attraction. From February 2016, Herschend Family Entertainment (owner of Silver Dollar City) filed trademarks with the United States Patent and Trademark Office for multiple names including \"Barke\", \"Time Traveler\", and \"Top Dog\". During one of the several trips in June 2016, the name of the attraction was conceived from Cooper and Thomas' observation of the roller coaster's train design frame. Construction for the roller coaster began in October 2016. On February 15, 2017, photos were taken by the Springfield News-Leader of construction taking place within the park, with a park official acknowledging that footers were in place for a new attraction, but not confirming what it would be. Silver Dollar City announced \"Time Traveler\" on August 16, 2017, which upon completion would be the tallest, fastest and longest spinning roller coaster in the world. The ride was announced to be manufactured by Mack Rides at the cost of $26 million to design and build. Among its records, the roller coaster would be the only spinning roller coaster with a double launch, vertical loop, and three inversions. On September 19, 2017, the final piece of track was placed for the attraction, with a park spokesman saying that the ride",
"title": "Time Traveler (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "607576",
"text": "A wooden roller coaster is a type of roller coaster classified by its wooden track, which consists of running rails made of flat steel strips mounted on laminated wood. The support structure is also typically made of wood, but may also be made of steel lattice or truss, which has no bearing on a wooden coaster's classification. The type of wood often selected in the construction of wooden coasters worldwide is southern yellow pine, which grows abundantly in the southern United States, due to its density and adherence to different forms of pressure treatment. Early wooden roller coaster design of the 19th century featured a single set of wheels running on top of the track, which was common in scenic railway rides. John A. Miller introduced side friction coasters and later underfriction coasters in the early 20th century, which added additional sets of wheels running along multiple sides of the track to allow for more intense ride design with sharper turns and steeper drops. The underfriction design became commonplace and continues to be used in modern roller coaster design. Traditionally, wooden roller coasters were not capable of featuring extreme elements such as inversions, near-vertical drops, and overbanked turns commonly found on steel roller coasters after the introduction of tubular steel track by Arrow Development in 1959. Son of Beast at Kings Island made history in 2000 by incorporating the first successful attempt of an inversion on a wooden coaster, a vertical loop made of steel. A decade later, the introduction of Topper Track by Rocky Mountain Construction allowed for new possibilities, with corkscrews, overbanked turns, and other inverting elements appearing on wooden coasters such as Outlaw Run at Silver Dollar City and Goliath at Six Flags Great America. Golden Age The 1920s was the Golden Age of coaster design. This was the decade when many of the world's most iconic coasters were built. Some of these include the Giant Dipper at the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk and its counterpart at Belmont Park, the Cyclone at Coney Island, the Big Dipper at Geauga Lake, The Thriller at Euclid Beach Park, and the Roller Coaster at Lagoon. All of these rides were built during this time. The decade was also the design peak for some of the world's greatest coaster designers, including John A. Miller, Harry Traver, Herb Schmeck, and the partnership of Prior and Church. Many wooden roller coasters of this time were demolished during the Great Depression, but a few still stand as American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) classics and landmarks. Second Golden Age (1972–present) Pre-CCI This relatively quiet age of coaster design following the Great Depression was brought to an end by The Racer at Kings Island, which opened in 1972 and sparked a second \"Golden Age\" of wooden coaster design that continues today. After their success with the Racer at Kings Island, the Philadelphia Toboggan Company (PTC) constructed another 9 roller coasters over the next decade. About half were small family coasters, two were racing coasters similar to the",
"title": "Wooden roller coaster"
},
{
"docid": "5504428",
"text": "The Raven is a wooden roller coaster at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari's Halloween section in Santa Claus, Indiana, United States. It began to be designed and built in 1994 by the now-defunct roller coaster manufacturer Custom Coasters International, with the help of designers Dennis McNulty and Larry Bill. The roller coaster opened on May 6, 1995. The Raven takes its name from Edgar Allan Poe's poem \"The Raven\" and features sudden drops and turns which mimic the flight of a raven. From 2000 to 2003, The Raven was voted the world's \"Best Wooden Roller Coaster\" at the Golden Ticket Awards, which are presented annually by Amusement Today magazine. It was named an \"ACE Roller Coaster Landmark\" by American Coaster Enthusiasts on June 23, 2016. History Development Plans for a new wooden roller coaster were first conceived by park President Will Koch. Koch contacted Custom Coasters International and plans for the then-unnamed roller coaster began to form. The roller coaster remained unnamed until August 1994, when Koch invited magazine editor and fellow amusement park lover Tim O'Brien to tour the site of the future roller coaster. During that tour it was O'Brien who first suggested the name The Raven, deriving the idea from Edgar Allan Poe's poem \"The Raven\". The name was soon made official and construction on The Raven began. On May 6, 1995, The Raven was opened to riders for the first time. The roller coaster debuted with a single 24-passenger train made by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company. The ceremonial first train was dispatched with one empty seat, after Leah Koch, the daughter of park President Will Koch, opted not to ride. The seat was instead reserved for the spirit of Edgar Allan Poe, who had published his poem \"The Raven\" exactly 150 years earlier. Changes In 2005, The Raven received a second train, bringing the ride's total to two 24-passenger PTC trains. Although the ride had been able to effectively handle the crowds up to that point, adding the second train improved The Raven's capacity from 700 riders per hour to 960 riders per hour. In order to accommodate and store the second train when it was not being used, a transfer track was built along the straightaway prior to the lift hill. A transfer track allows a portion of the track to be moved and redirected to a storage bay. This allows an unused train to be stored during normal operation and also provides an additional area for maintenance crews to inspect the roller coaster train. The change to two train operation also necessitated a change in the roller coaster's control system. Prior to 2005, the ride was operated manually by the ride operator, who had to push a button to release the brakes and position the train in the station. This type of control system allowed the ride to be operated by a single ride operator. In 2005, an automatic control system was added. The automatic control system automatically controls braking, positioning, and the block",
"title": "The Raven (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "64638018",
"text": "Aquaman: Power Wave is a steel launched shuttle roller coaster at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington, Texas themed to the DC Comics character Aquaman. History On August 29, 2019, Six Flags Over Texas announced Aquaman: Power Wave for the 2020 season of the park. The roller coaster replaced the former Aquaman Splashdown attraction near the park entrance. Aquaman: Power Wave is considered one of the top 10 new roller coasters anticipated for the 2020 season according to USA Today. Construction of the new roller coaster started and finished in February 2020. Due to the growing concerns of the COVID-19 pandemic, Six Flags announced a suspension of operations across the company on March 13, 2020. This included all operations at Six Flags Over Texas, including the prep work for the new coaster. The park resumed operations on June 19, 2020, with Aquaman: Power Wave still fenced in for construction. Earlier in April 2020, Six Flags announced measures for the company to survive the coronavirus pandemic, including deferring capital projects across the company that was slated for the 2020 season. In December 2020, Six Flags Over Texas responded to a user on Twitter questioning the status of Aquaman: Power Wave. The park stated that the coaster would now open in 2022. On the 60th anniversary of the park (August 5, 2021), Six Flags Over Texas announced that Aquaman: Power Wave was going to be modified with a turntable station to accommodate two 20-passenger boats. Originally, when the roller coaster was announced, the ride was to feature just one boat and no turntable station. The park announced on all of its social media accounts a third delay to the roller coaster, setting the new ride to open for the 2023 season. Citing the effects of supply chain issues and labor shortages, help caused for the delay. Six Flags Over Texas announced on February 15, 2023, that the roller coaster would open the following month on March 11. The park soft opened Aquaman: Power Wave two weeks before the set opening day of the roller coaster for season pass holders. Not long after opening, the ride received new two-way lockers, in which a door swings open on one side to insert belongings, and then swings open on the other side as guests exit the ride to retrieve them. Ride experience Aquaman: Power Wave is in height, reaches a maximum speed of , and has a track length of . The ride features two vehicles, each seating 20 riders in 5 rows of 4 riders each. The ride can accommodate a maximum of 950 riders per hour when using two vehicles. After riders are loaded, the turntable rotates, and the vehicle lines up with the track. Once the track is locked in place, the vehicle accelerates backward over a small hill before traveling through a straight section of track. This straight section of track goes through the ride's splashdown pool. The water in the pool is low enough at this point in the ride",
"title": "Aquaman: Power Wave"
},
{
"docid": "14043156",
"text": "Phaethon () is a steel inverted roller coaster at Gyeongju World in South Korea, which opened in May 5, 2007 to commemorate Children's Day and to renovate Gyeongju World to boost tourism. The coaster has been initially announced in 2006. It is South Korea's first inverted roller coaster. Phaethon is the fifth fastest, third tallest, and third longest roller coaster in South Korea, and has the most inversions on a South Korean rollercoaster as well as the third most inversions in Asia. History In 2006, Gyeongju World initially announced that a inverted coaster would open around June the next year as part of a plan to expand Gyeongju World after reaching its 20th anniversary. The expansion was calculated to increase the number of visitors to Gyeongju World to around 1.3 million people per year. 15 billion South Korean won were invested in constructing this coaster. Phaethon opened in May 5, 2007 at Gyeongju World. It was created to commemorate Children's Day in South Korea. Prior to T Express's opening, it was the tallest, fastest and longest roller coaster in South Korea. Characteristics The coaster starts with a 90 degree turn to the left leading to the initial lift hill After coming across the pre-drop, the coaster goes through a drop which spirals 90 degrees to the left, followed by a vertical loop. The next inversion is a zero-g-roll, followed by a cobra roll over the pathway leading to the entrance. After the cobra roll, the riders go through a 360 degree helix over the entrance to the coaster. After the helix comes the first corkscrew followed by another corkscrew, and a 540 degree helix all leading up to the final brakes. Phaethon's layout is similar to that of Raptor, a roller coaster in Ohio, United States. Phaethon has 2 cars and 8 cars per train, with riders arranged 4 across per row, thus seating 32 people per train. It is 3280.8ft long and 147.7ft tall, and it has a speed of 55.9mph. Phaethon has six inversions and runs for 2 minutes and 20 seconds. Phaethon is the fifth fastest and third tallest and third longest rollercoaster in South Korea. It also has the most number of inversions in a South Korean rollercoaster, and is the first inverted rollercoaster in South Korea. Phaethon also has the third most inversions on a rollercoaster in Asia. Incidents On June 16, 2023, Phaethon stopped operating temporarily due to a power outage at Gyeongju World. References External links Roller coasters in South Korea Roller coasters introduced in 2007 Inverted roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard",
"title": "Phaethon (roller coaster)"
},
{
"docid": "6046316",
"text": "A roller coaster is a type of amusement ride. Roller coaster may also refer to: Roller coasters Roller Coaster (Dai Nam Van Hien), a steel roller coaster in Bình Dương, Vietnam Roller Coaster (Dam Sen Park), a steel roller coaster in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Roller Coaster (Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach), a wooden roller coaster in Great Yarmouth UK Roller Coaster (Lagoon), a wooden roller coaster in Farmington, Utah, US Roller Coaster (Suoi Tien Park), a steel roller coaster in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam The Roller Coaster, a steel roller coaster at the New York-New York Hotel & Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Film and television Rollercoaster (1977 film), a film by James Goldstone Rollercoaster (1999 film), a film by Scott Smith Rollercoaster (TV series), a 2005–2010 Australian children's show \"Rollercoaster\" (Phineas and Ferb), a 2007 television episode or its 2011 musical version, \"Rollercoaster: The Musical\" Music Rollercoaster (Australian festival), an annual music festival Albums Rollercoaster (Jim Verraros album), 2005 Rollercoaster (Let Loose album) or the title song, 1996 Rollercoaster (Randy Rogers Band album), 2004 Roller Coaster (Red Bacteria Vacuum album) or the title song, 2006 Roller Coaster (Scott Cain album) or the title song, 2004 Rollercoaster (soundtrack) or the title track, from the 1977 film, by Lalo Schifrin Rollercoaster (EP) or the title song, by The Jesus and Mary Chain, 1990 Red House Painters (Rollercoaster) or the title song, by Red House Painters, 1993 Rollercoaster, by the Adicts, 2004 Songs \"Rollercoaster\" (B*Witched song), 1998 \"Roller Coaster\" (Chungha song), 2018 \"Rollercoaster\" (Dolly Style song), 2016 \"Roller Coaster\" (Erika Jayne song), 2007 \"Rollercoaster\" (Julian Le Play song), 2014 \"Roller Coaster\" (Justin Bieber song), 2013 \"Roller Coaster\" (Luke Bryan song), 2014 \"Roller Coaster\" (Nmixx song), 2023 \"Roller Coaster\" (Toni Braxton and Babyface song), 2014 \"Roller Coaster\", by the 13th Floor Elevators from The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators, 1966 \"Rollercoaster\", by Best Coast from Always Tomorrow, 2020 \"Rollercoaster\", by Black Mountain from Wilderness Heart, 2010 \"Rollercoaster\", by Bleachers from Strange Desire, 2014 \"Roller Coaster\", by Blink-182 from Take Off Your Pants and Jacket, 2001 \"Roller Coaster\", by Bon Jovi from This House Is Not for Sale, 2016 \"Roller Coaster\", by Exo-XC from What a Life, 2019 \"Rollercoaster\", by the Grid from Evolver, 1994 \"Rollercoaster\", by Machine Gun Fellatio from Paging Mr Strike, 2003 \"Rollercoaster\", by Janet Jackson from Discipline, 2008 \"Rollercoaster\", by the Jonas Brothers from Happiness Begins, 2019 \"Rollercoaster\", by Sleater-Kinney from The Woods, 2005 \"Roller Coaster\", by TXT from The Dream Chapter: Magic, 2019 \"Rollercoaster\", from the Phineas and Ferb episode \"Rollercoaster: The Musical!\", 2011 \"Rollercoaster\", by Josh Panda which represented Vermont in the American Song Contest Other uses \"Roller Coaster\" (game) or \"Down Down Baby\", a song and clapping game Roller Coaster (video game), a 1985 video game Operation Roller Coaster, a series of nuclear tests carried out at the NTS, 1963 See also \"Love Rollercoaster\", a 1975 song by The Ohio Players RollerCoaster Tycoon (series), a trilogy of video games",
"title": "Roller coaster (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "69128295",
"text": "The Great Scenic Railway is a heritage-listed wooden roller coaster located at Luna Park Melbourne in Melbourne, Australia. The roller coaster is the oldest continuously operating roller coaster in the world. The ride is one of only seven roller coasters remaining that requires a brakeman to stand on the train. History The Great Scenic Railway opened in December 1912, and has remained continuously in use since, making it the oldest continuously operating roller coaster. The roller coaster was originally built with of Canadian Oregon pine. The roller coaster is regarded as an ACE Classic Coaster. The Great Scenic Railway, Luna Park Sydney’s Wild Mouse and Sea World's Leviathan are the only three operating wooden roller coasters in Australia. Characteristics The Great Scenic Railway is a long coaster which has a height of and a top speed of . A brakeman is required in order to brake the roller coaster. The roller coaster has three trains with two cars. Each car can sit up to 10 riders. Each train weighs about 2 tonnes. Ride experience The roller coaster begins by entering a cable lift hill. It then reaches its highest point. The ride starts with a few large drops and goes through a series of small structures. The ride then goes through a series of smaller drops. See also Leap-The-Dips - SBNO List of heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne References Roller coasters in Australia Roller coasters introduced in 1912 Heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne St Kilda, Victoria Wooden roller coasters Amusement rides introduced in 1912 Roller coasters with brakemen Buildings and structures in the City of Port Phillip",
"title": "The Great Scenic Railway"
}
] | [
"Cedar Point"
] |
train_50159 | where are the homes located on property brothers | [
{
"docid": "38998192",
"text": "The Clover Bottom Mansion is a historic mansion located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. It is the home of the Tennessee Historical Commission, the State Historic Preservation Office. History Clover Bottom Mansion occupies land on the Stones River first claimed in 1780 by John Donelson, who abandoned his homestead following an Indian attack. The mansion was built in 1859 and was the centerpiece of the 1,500-acre Clover Bottom Plantation incorporating portions of the house that had been built by the Hoggatts in 1853 and was destroyed by fire. The mansion was built near Nashville's first horseracing track for Dr James and Mary Ann Saunders Hoggatt, who owned sixty enslaved residents in 1860. Mrs. Hoggatt was a granddaughter of Daniel Smith. Her half-brothers from her mother's first marriage were Rachel and Andrew Jackson's nephews Andrew Jackson Donelson and Daniel Smith Donelson, for whom Ft. Donelson was named. The mansion was constructed in the Italianate style. A strong similarity to nearby Two Rivers Mansion that was being erected around the same time suggests that the same unknown contractor and/or architect was used, although no supporting records have been found. The interior of the home had French scenic Zuber wallpaper, and the parlor had a frescoed ceiling. Clover Bottom Plantation was where John McCline was held captive as a slave, in his childhood, and who escaped from the property in 1862 and became a drover for the Union Army. McCline's autobiography \"Slavery in the Clover Bottoms\" provides a very rare and detailed account of the life of a Davidson County slave prior to and during the early days of the Civil War. A Tennessee Civil War Trails marker was erected on the property in 2015 detailing the story of McCline. Dr. Hoggatt died in 1863, and the home was occupied at different times during the Civil War by soldiers from both armies. Clover Bottom Mansion is associated with two members of Congress. The first was Mrs. Hoggatt's brother-in-law, the former U.S. and Confederate Congressman Meredith P. Gentry. After his first wife (Mrs. Hoggatt's sister) died, Rep. Gentry's daughters lived with the Hoggatts while he pursued a career in politics. Ultimately Gentry was left destitute from selling his own property and enthusiastically investing his money in the Confederacy. Gentry moved into the home and died at Clover Bottom on November 2, 1866. In 1886 Mrs. Hoggatt sold her property to a relative, Andrew Price. Mr. Price, married to Anna Gay Price, was a four-term congressman from Louisiana who had Tennessee roots. In an early expression of historic preservation, Price restored the home and added several substantial outbuildings, raising thoroughbred horses on the property. In 1918, A.F. Stanford purchased the house. Mr. Stanford's second wife, Merle Hutcheson Stanford Davis (1907–2011), moved there in 1927 owned it until she sold it to the state of Tennessee in 1948. Mrs. Davis, who lived to be 104, made her final visit to her old home just a few months prior to her death in 2011. The house had",
"title": "Clover Bottom Mansion"
},
{
"docid": "41036824",
"text": "Joseph Newman (c. 1787–1831) moved to Texas and became one of Stephen F. Austin's Old Three Hundred colonists. In 1806, he married Rachel Rabb in Ohio. Their family, which eventually expanded to include ten children, moved first to Illinois Territory and by 1820 was living along the Red River in Spanish Texas. In 1824, the Newmans and Rabbs moved to a land grant in modern-day Wharton County, Texas where they farmed and ranched. Joseph died in 1831 but his wife lived until 1872. Early life and migration Joseph Newman was born around 1787. On June 21, 1806, then 19-year-old Joseph married 16-year-old Rachel Rabb in Warren County, Ohio. The family later migrated to Illinois Territory where Joseph did military service in the War of 1812. Again the Newmans moved, this time to Arkansas Territory, where they lived along the Red River. In 1820, the families crossed to the south side of the river and lived in the Jonesborough settlement. The authorities in Miller County, Arkansas tried to collect taxes from the residents of Jonesborough. Believing themselves to be living in Spanish Texas, about 80 settlers petitioned the Spanish governor, asking him to appoint an alcalde to govern them. If this was not possible the petition requested that the settlers be allowed to elect their own officials. The document became known as the Joseph Newman Memorial. Austin's colony In 1823, the Newmans traveled to join Rachel's parents William Rabb and Mary Smalley Rabb in Stephen F. Austin's Colony. They were given Land Grant 59 in Mexican Texas on August 10, 1824. The grant included one sitio in what is now Wharton County and one labore in modern-day Austin County. The larger sitio or league encompassed 4,428 acres while the labore was only 177 acres. The Newman's league was located northwest of Wharton, Texas on the east side of the Colorado River. Their labore was located near San Felipe. An adjoining league along the Colorado belonged to Rachel's brother Andrew Rabb. An early census recorded that Newman farmed and tended livestock. He was not destined to live long on his new land. On February 15, 1831 he signed a will that left his property to his wife and their ten children. Their offspring were Mary, William, Eliza, Minerva, Sally, Elizabeth, Thomas, Ali, Joseph Jr. and Andrew. Of these, the three youngest sons were born in Austin's Colony. The dying Newman appointed Andrew Rabb executor and Rachel executrix of his will. His will also asked that he be buried in the family cemetery on his property. The location of Newman's grave is unknown. Rachel deeded all her property to her children four years after her husband's death, but she kept living in her original home. She also inherited property in Matagorda County from her parents. In 1854, none of the original Newman league belonged to family members, so Rachel moved to Dewitt County where she remarried. She died in 1872 and was buried in the Salt Creek cemetery. Newman's daughter Sally led a",
"title": "Joseph Newman (Texas settler)"
},
{
"docid": "39000571",
"text": "Riverwood is a privately owned historic house located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. At 9,200 square-feet it sits on 8 acres of its original 2,500 acres. It has been a wedding and event facility since 1997. Location The mansion is located at 1833 Welcome Lane in Nashville, Tennessee. History The rear wing was built in 1799 by Alexander Porter, an Irish immigrant who came to Nashville in the mid-1790s. He originally named it Tammany Woods after his family home in Ireland. By the 1820s, he built a two-story Federal-style home a few feet away from the rear wing. In 1850, a third story was added, alongside a Greek Revival portico supported by six Corinthian columns. Guests included President Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) and his wife Rachel Jackson (1767-1828), who was an aunt to Alexander's son's wife. In 1859, Judge William Frierson Cooper (1820–1909), a member of the Tennessee Supreme Court, purchased the property. He renamed it Riverwood as it was by the Cumberland River. His brothers and their wives lived in the house with him. In the 1880s and 1890s, plumbing and electricity were added. The dining room was also extended, and the two houses were united. After his death in 1909, his brother Duncan Brown Cooper inherited the property. When Cooper died in 1922, his daughter Sarah and her husband Dr. Lucius E. Burch, a Dean of the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, inherited the house. They had a son, Lucius E. Burch, Jr. Their annual Christmas Dinner was attended by the Nashville elite. Robert Penn Warren spent a summer in one of their cottages during his stay at Vanderbilt University. Presidents Andrew Jackson, James K. Polk (1795–1849), Franklin Pierce (1804–1869), Andrew Johnson (1808–1875), Grover Cleveland (1837–1908), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and William Howard Taft (1857–1930) and Vice President Adlai Stevenson I (1835-1914) visited the house. The Burches lived in it until 1975. The property was purchased by Joe and Jackie Glynn in 1994. Over the next three years, the Glynns restored the property and opened the property to facilitate weddings and small events in 1997. In June 2015, the Glynn's sold the property to investors Debbie Sutton, Steven R Shelton, and Matt Wilson. Riverwood Mansion has been featured in multiple music videos, television shows, and magazines, most recently on the October 2015 cover of Southern Living Magazine, featuring Reese Witherspoon. Architectural significance It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 20, 1977. References Houses in Nashville, Tennessee Greek Revival houses in Tennessee Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee National Register of Historic Places in Nashville, Tennessee",
"title": "Riverwood (Nashville, Tennessee)"
},
{
"docid": "43976504",
"text": "Dear Dead Delilah is a 1972 American slasher film written and directed by John Farris and starring Agnes Moorehead, Will Geer, Michael Ansara, Dennis Patrick, Anne Meacham, and Robert Gentry. It follows a group of family members in a dilapidated Nashville plantation who fall victim to axe murders while searching for a family fortune hidden somewhere on the property. It was filmed on location in Nashville, Tennessee. Star Agnes Moorehead was in ill health from terminal cancer during production, so her character was written to be in a wheelchair as part of the story. Moorehead died less than 2 years after the film was released. Plot In 1943 in Nashville, Tennessee, a pregnant woman, Luddy, murders her overbearing mother with an axe. Twenty-five years later, Luddy is released from prison. She visits a small college town nearby, where she observes a touch football game occurring in a local park. Luddy is inadvertently knocked over by one of the players, Richard. Richard's wife Ellen, a nurse, insists on letting a stunned Luddy stay with them at South Hall, a decrepit plantation where they reside with Ellen's infirm elderly aunt, Delilah. Ellen discovers Luddy's prison paperwork while she is resting, and later confronts Luddy about it, but assures her she will not tell anyone. Ellen asks Luddy to stay at the home indefinitely, serving as a housekeeper. Ellen summons Delilah's brother Alonzo, a retired doctor, to examine Luddy. In conversation, Luddy tells Alonzo that she has a daughter that would be approximately Ellen's age. Meanwhile, Delilah meets with Roy Jurroe, her attorney, who warns her against enforcing a financial plan with her brothers Alonzo and Morgan, and sister, Grace. In a heated argument, Delilah threatens Ray and asks him to leave. Several days later, Richard visits with his mistress, the alcoholic Grace, remarking his frustration over Delilah's control of the family fortune. Delilah has a dinner gathering at South Hall, attended by Ellen, Richard, Luddy, and Grace as well as Delilah's friend Morgan and his girlfriend Buffy. Alonzo, who is secretly battling a heroin addiction, also joins the gathering. During dinner, Delilah announces that she has mere months left to live, and that she has willed South Hall to the state of Tennessee. She also reveals that she located a packet of old money buried on the property amounting to $600,000; it had been left there by her father, Bailey Charles, who acquired it after covertly selling his expensive racehorses, setting his barn on fire, and collecting the insurance claim. Delilah declares that whoever finds the fortune it can keep it. Alonzo and Grace are skeptical of Delilah's story. Later that night, Luddy awakens to find an axe in her bed, and hears a woman beckoning her outside. She wanders to the horse stables, where she finds a dying Roy with axe wounds to his body. Alonzo stumbles upon the scene, and Luddy insists she did not hurt Roy. Alonzo agrees to help conceal Roy's corpse, and implores her to help him",
"title": "Dear Dead Delilah"
},
{
"docid": "11222153",
"text": "The President James K. Polk Home & Museum is the presidential museum for the 11th president of the United States, James K. Polk (1795–1849), and is located at 301 West 7th Street in Columbia, Tennessee. Built in 1816, it is the only surviving private residence of United States President James K. Polk. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. As President Polk's primary historic site it is open daily (except select holidays) for guided tours. Description and history The James K. Polk Home is located just west of the commercial central downtown area of Columbia, at the southwest corner of West 7th and South High streets. It is an L-shaped brick building, two stories in height, with a gabled roof. The front facade, facing West 7th Street, is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the rightmost bay, recessed in a segmented-arch opening. The door is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a semi-oval transom window with tracery, and the interior walls of the recess are paneled. The other bays house windows, which are topped by lintels of brick and a stone keystone. The interior retains finishes period to its construction, but has otherwise been adapted for museum displays. The property includes a reproduction of the kitchen outbuilding that would have been present during Polk's residency; none of the outbuildings from his time survive. The house was built in 1816 by Samuel Polk, and was the home of his son, U.S. President James K. Polk, for six years as a young adult. It is the only private residence associated with President Polk to survive. James lived in the house until 1824 on and off again, when he left to read law in Nashville under Felix Grundy, and for a time after his return to Columbia, where he opened his law practice. He would move into a home down the street with his wife Sarah Childress around the same time in 1824 where they spent the longest duration of their lives together. (That home was destroyed by fire in the late 19th century, and is currently a funeral home parking lot.) The president would own the Home after his father's death in 1827 while his mother lived in the home until her death in 1852. One of the president's younger brothers William Hawkins Polk was the last Polk to directly live in the home, and his son would be the last Polk to own it until 1871. It passed through several owners before its acquisition by the president's great-great niece along with the state of Tennessee in 1929. The museum is operated by the James K. Polk Memorial Association, but is entrusted to the organization by the state of Tennessee. Some exterior items were moved to the site after Polk Place, the president's later home, was demolished including the fountain, garden urns, and other pieces. History of the Museum Shortly after the president's death his wife Sarah",
"title": "President James K. Polk Home & Museum"
},
{
"docid": "32642375",
"text": "The Newman Brothers Building is a former commercial building in Joplin, Missouri. The building was the home of Newman's Department Store from 1910 to 1972. In 1990, the building was entered into the National Register of Historic Places. After going through several owners, the building is now occupied by Joplin city offices. It is located in the Joplin Downtown Historic District. History Newman Mercantile Company was founded by Jewish merchant Joseph Newman, who emigrated from Germany in the mid-19th century. He founded his first store in 1850 in Pennsylvania, before relocating to Pierce City, Missouri, where he founded Newman Mercantile in 1871. Joseph Newman's son Albert and son-in-law, Gabe Newburger, opened the first Newman's in Joplin in 1898. With the encouragement of his sons, Albert and Sol Newman, Joseph Newman purchased the property at 6th and Main streets in Joplin in 1907 in order to expand the Joplin store into a high-rise department store. Local architect Austin Allen was hired to design the building which spans the entire block. The new high-rise opened on November 16, 1910, and was the first building in Joplin to have elevators and electricity. In 1922, Newman Mercantile purchased the Kennedy Dry Goods Company in Enid, Oklahoma which was operated by Milton Newman until his death in 1943. In 1928, the company bought the Denneky Dry Goods Company in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. After World War II, the company again expanded with additional stores in Springfield, Missouri, Hutchinson, Kansas, and Midwest City, Oklahoma. The Newman Brothers moved into the newly built Northpark Mall in 1972. The building then housed the Messenger Book Store of the Pentecostal Church. In 1989, owner Kenny Cox ran a teen club called the Boulevard in the building, and fought the city who wanted to demolish the building. The building was restored and renovated in 1995 at a cost of 5 million dollars, by Martin Smith and Greg Fears. The City of Joplin purchased the building in 2003 and did renovations costing 3 million dollars. Newman Mercantile closed its Enid, Hutchinson and Midwest City stores in 1987, and filed Chapter 11 and liquidated its other stores in 1988. The Pierce City storefront was destroyed by tornado in 2003. References Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Missouri Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri Commercial buildings completed in 1910 Buildings and structures in Joplin, Missouri Department stores on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places in Jasper County, Missouri Chicago school architecture in Missouri",
"title": "Newman Brothers Building"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "9031579",
"text": "3 Bealls Holding Corp. was a Texan chain of department stores, owned by Stage Stores Inc. and headquartered in Houston, Texas. The store specialized in retailing desirable brand name apparel, accessories, cosmetics, footwear, and housewares. On May 11, 2020, it was announced that Stage had filed for bankruptcy and they soon began liquidating all locations. The chain overlapped with the Florida-based Bealls chain, although the two were not related. In markets where the two chains overlapped, the Florida chain operates as Burkes Outlet instead. However, on October 21, 2020, as part of winding-down its operations, Stage sold its intellectual property, including the national rights to use the Bealls name, to the Florida Bealls for $7 million. Bealls also acquired the rights to the names of Stage's other chains, all of its private label brands and customer lists, and a distribution center in Jacksonville, Texas. History The first Beall store was opened in Henderson, Texas, in 1923 by brothers Archie and Robbie (and later, Willie). The Bealls opened a second store in Nacogdoches in 1926 and a third in Mt. Pleasant in 1927. By 1930, there were seven stores in the chain. The Beall brothers won bids for the business of J.L. Douglas, a Jacksonville merchant. This move would establish Jacksonville as a permanent home office for the growing chain (as well as its eighth store). The Beall brothers decided to file for incorporation of the chain during this time. In 1935, the home office moved to the Mayfield Building in downtown Jacksonville. The Jacksonville store location would move in 1936 from the old Douglas building to the corner of Main and Commerce streets, where it would remain for nearly 50 years. By 1940, Bealls had 15 stores in the chain. Despite World War II, store count by 1950 had grown to 19. Continued growth of the chain led to 38 locations by 1957. Bealls shifted their home office and warehousing to a new location on East Rusk Street in Jacksonville, east of downtown. In the 1960s, a chain-wide modernization of store interiors and operations was underway and more name-brand items could be found in stores. In 1972, Bealls had grown to 60 stores in Texas and found its way beyond the borders of its home state for the first time, with a location opened in Oklahoma. Bealls had reached most parts of Texas, except for the far west and the Panhandle. Meanwhile, three of Robbie Beall's sons were now in high-level positions with the company; Royce and Ray were now vice-presidents and R.G. was serving as president of Bealls. The 1980s brought more changes on the homefront. Buying operations were moved away from Jacksonville to the Las Colinas area of Irving, Texas, in 1983. This move ensured close proximity to many manufacturer's representatives of the apparel industry; most had local offices and showrooms in the Dallas Market Center area. By 1984, Bealls moved its long-time downtown Jacksonville store operation to a new location on South Jackson Street. A new warehouse",
"title": "Bealls (Texas-based department store)"
},
{
"docid": "101941",
"text": "Mall of America (MoA) is a large shopping mall located in Bloomington, Minnesota. Located within the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, the mall lies southeast of the junction of Interstate 494 and Minnesota State Highway 77, north of the Minnesota River, and across the Interstate from the Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport. It opened in 1992, and is the largest mall in the United States, the largest in the Western Hemisphere, and the twelfth largest shopping mall in the world. The mall is managed by the Triple Five Group (which in turn is owned by the Ghermezian family, along with the West Edmonton Mall and the American Dream). Approximately 40 million people visit the mall annually, 80% of whom are from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska, the Dakotas, Illinois and Ohio. History The mall's concept was designed by the Triple Five Group in conjunction with global design firm DLR Group, owned by the Ghermezian brothers, who also own the second-largest shopping mall in North America, the West Edmonton Mall. The Mall of America is located on the site of the former Metropolitan Stadium, where the Minnesota Vikings and Minnesota Twins played until the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome opened in 1982. A plaque in the mall's amusement park commemorates the former location of home plate and one seat from Met Stadium was placed in Mall of America at the exact location it occupied in the stadium, commemorating a home run hit by hall-of-famer Harmon Killebrew on June 3, 1967. In 1986, the Bloomington Port Authority signed an agreement with the Ghermezian organization. Groundbreaking for the mall took place on June 14, 1989. Organizations involved include Melvin Simon and Associates, Teachers Insurance and Annuity, and the office of architect Jon Jerde. Mall of America opened its doors to the public on August 11, 1992. Its anchors were Nordstrom, Macy's, Bloomingdale's and Sears. Even before opening, the mall had earned several nicknames, including \"The Megamall\", \"Sprawl of America\", \"Hugedale\" in reference to the four major \"dale\" shopping malls within the Twin Cities: Rosedale, Southdale, Ridgedale and the now-defunct Brookdale. Mall of America became the largest shopping mall in total area and largest in total store vendors in the United States when it opened. The Mall of America's 42 million annual visitors equal roughly eight times the population of the state of Minnesota. , the mall employed over 11,000 workers year-round and 13,000 during peak seasons. In early 2020, Mall of America closed for a period of twelve weeks in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, closing on March 17, and reopening on June 10 with only 150 tenants open for business. The mall was originally scheduled to reopen on June 1, but civil unrest in the Twin Cities around this time caused the mall to postpone the reopening. Legal battle In 2003, after a protracted six-year legal battle between Simon Property Group, the managing general partner of the property, and the Ghermezian brothers/Triple Five Group, over majority ownership of the site, a federal appeals court ruled in",
"title": "Mall of America"
},
{
"docid": "12860690",
"text": "St. Camillus Health Center, a skilled nursing facility located in Whitinsville, Massachusetts, United States, was formerly known as St. Camillus Hospital for Incurable Diseases. Services provided Today St. Camillus Health Center provides occupational, physical and speech rehabilitation; skilled nursing care and short term care as well as long term care. History St. Camillus Hospital was built in the 1960s by the Brothers of the Order of St. Camillus, the \"Servants of the Sick,\" to serve those suffering from multiple sclerosis and other incurable diseases. In the late 1980s the Order converted the hospital into a nursing home and renamed it \"St. Camillus Health Center.\" In 2002 it was sold to a local non-profit group which now operates it. Location St. Camillus is located at 447 Hill Street on what was known as the E. Kent Swift estate. The hospital was built on the front part of the property and the 22-room brick Georgian mansion located further back on the property was used by the brothers as a monastery. History of the mansion and estate The mansion was built in 1911 by George Marston Whitin as a wedding gift for his daughter, Katherine Leland Whitin and her husband, Elijah Kent Swift. George Marston Whitin married his cousin, Catherine Whitin Lasell, the granddaughter of John Crane Whitin, the founder of the Whitin Machine Works, the village's largest employer, and son of the founder of Whitinsville. George Marston Whitin, or Marston Whitin as he was called, became head of the machine works (or \"The Shop, as it was called) and was succeeded by his son-in-law, E. Kent Swift. Present use of the mansion The mansion is now called the Father Turci Manor, in honor of Vitaliano Turci, administrator of St. Camillus from 1966 to 1983. In 1999, it was restored to its former glory. References External links St. Camillus Health Center website Order of St. Camillus website Houses completed in 1911 Buildings and structures in Worcester County, Massachusetts Nursing homes in the United States Healthcare in Massachusetts",
"title": "St. Camillus Health Center"
},
{
"docid": "5887399",
"text": "Andalusia is a historic home once owned by Southern American author Flannery O'Connor. The estate is located in rural Georgia in Baldwin County, Georgia, approximately northwest of Milledgeville. It comprises , including the plantation house where O'Connor wrote some of her last and best-known fiction. History The land on which Andalusia was first built had in the mid-19th century been a working plantation of between 1,500 and 1,700 acres owned and operated by Joseph and Mary \"Polly\" Stovall. The plantation was worked by no less than 39 enslaved people owned by Stovall. After Polly Stovall's death, the estate was purchased at a public auction by sometime mayor of Milledgeville, Nathan Hawkins, and later sold to Col. Thomas Johnson of Kentucky in 1870. Hawkins had 100 enslaved people working the property, many of which were sold at the auction block next to the Presbyterian Church in Milledgeville. In 1951, Flannery O'Connor returned to her home state of Georgia, where she had grown up, after being diagnosed with a form of lupus. She first lived in the family home of her mother, Regina, on Greene Street in Milledgeville, then owned by her uncles Louis and Bernard Cline. There, she finished her manuscript for her novel Wise Blood and, with her health improving, she moved with her mother to Andalusia, then still a working farm. She had visited the home every summer in her childhood. Her mother had jointly inherited the 544-acre property along with her brother Louis Cline from their uncle. O'Connor saw her time at Andalusia as a temporary place to restore her health, not as a permanent home, though her health still fluctuated. As she wrote to editor Robert Giroux, \"I am up and around again now but won't be well enough to go back to Connecticut for some time.\" She hosted several visitors, including Jesuit priest Fr. James McCown, who became a close friend and spiritual mentor, and writer Katherine Anne Porter. Even so, she sometimes felt isolated from the active literary culture which she hoped to join and lamented the boredom of her life at the farm: \"This season we have had three peachickens hatch and have killed one rattlesnake. Otherwise nothing goes on around here.\" Nevertheless, she found her experience there was an influence on her writing. The bulk of her life's work was written there and several of her short stories are set in the area, including \"The Displaced Person\", which scholars identify as the one which closest resembles the farm. She died in the hospital in nearby Milledgeville in August, 1964. Modern history It is believed that novelist John Kennedy Toole attempted to visit the house shortly before his suicide in 1969, though the home was not then open to the public. The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and opened as a museum in 2003. The estate is currently maintained by The Andalusia Foundation, Inc. In August 2017, the Georgia College and State University accepted the donation of",
"title": "Andalusia (Milledgeville, Georgia)"
},
{
"docid": "28526322",
"text": "Along Delaware Route 141 there are a number of historic sites that trace the history of both the Du Pont family and the DuPont company. At the southwest end is DuPont’s Chestnut Run Plaza and at the northeastern end is the Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children. Between are a number of sites on the National Register of Historic Places. The historic locations include equal portion of the history of the American chemical industry, the role of the DuPont family - their estates and gardens - and the philanthropy of a distinguished American family. Chestnut Run Plaza DuPont Chestnut Run Plaza is a research facility located on the northeast corner of Center and Faulkland Roads in Wilmington, Delaware. Construction started in 1952. It is a multi-business research facility dedicated to applied technology and customer service. It consists of nineteen buildings. DuPont business currently operating at the facility carry out research on fibers, imaging and printing, agrochemicals, polymers, and most recently hydrogen fuel-cells. Chestnut Run Plaza is a Certified Wildlife Habitat Council Site. DuPont Airport The current Barley Mill Plaza was originally the site of the DuPont Airport. DuPont owned and operated the private airfield from 1924 until 1958. Charles Lindbergh’s “Spirit of St. Louis” made a landing there in 1927. Two du Pont family brothers Richard C. du Pont and Alexis Felix du Pont, Jr. purchased control of the All American Aviation Company in 1937 to obtain air mail technology which was further developed at the airfield. They grew that company to be Allegheny Airlines which is now known as US Airways. The airport property was sold and then developed by Pearce Crompton as a multi-use office site. It was leased largely by the DuPont Company and eventually purchased by DuPont. It served as home for the management of many DuPont business units and DuPont's Legal Department. It was sold to a local developer and in 2010 it is currently the subject of a contentious rezoning dispute. Barley Mill Plaza is a Certified Wildlife Habitat Council Site. Pelleport This site was once held the private home of William du Pont. Built in the late 1800s, Pelleport was named after one of the family's ancestral homes in France. Pelleport passed to cousin, Eugene du Pont Sr. whose family occupied the property for 2 generations. The residence stood vacant for over 25 years until it was razed in 1954 to make room for the Eugene du Pont Convalescent Memorial Hospital. Christiana Care's Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute at Pelleport offers a range of programs designed to promote health, prevent disease and minimize disability. Delaware Route 52 Delaware Route 52, also known as Kennett Pike, runs between Wilmington, Delaware and Pennsylvania where it merges into U.S. Route 1 near Longwood Gardens. It was built as a toll road between the years 1811 and 1813 at a cost of $30,000. The construction was authorized by a charter from the Delaware government issued to Christiana Hundred. In 1919, Pierre S. du Pont",
"title": "List of DuPont historic sites along Delaware Route 141"
},
{
"docid": "13702582",
"text": "The Pierre Menard House, located in Ellis Grove, Illinois, United States, was the home of Pierre Menard, a trader who became the first lieutenant governor of Illinois from 1818 to 1822. History Pierre Menard was born near Montreal, Quebec on October 7, 1766. The third of ten children, Menard sought to make his fortune by trading furs in what was then \"Illinois Country\". Leaving his home in Canada with two of his brothers at approximately the age of 15, he worked for Francois Vigo of Vincennes, IN as a clerk moving to Kaskaskia in March 1790. Having become a successful businessman by the age of thirty, Menard went on to become a successful U.S. political figure, eventually becoming the first lieutenant governor of Illinois, after having served as the presiding officer of the Illinois Territorial Legislature. Despite his various political accolades, including delegate to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, regimental Major, and being one of the select few chosen to help draft Illinois' first constitution, Pierre Menard is still remembered to this day for his good-natured will and for his generosity towards the poor. The land was purchased sometime in 1802 according to records and family and the house itself construction began sometime later that year. It is an illustration of the Southern French Colonial (sometimes referred to as \"Creole\") and has various features which highlight this, including its beautiful Gallery (porch). The house is located within only a few hundred yards of the Mississippi River which during Pierre's time would have been the Kaskaskia River. Due to the annual flooding and erosion, the rest of the original town of Kaskaskia, Illinois' first capital, has been washed away. The Pierre Menard House now stands as the only testament to where the first state capital once stood in its original place. Preserved by the state as the Pierre Menard Home State Historic Site, it contains a museum which includes audio-visual program. The museum is devoted to the Menard family, as well as local history, and is governed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970, and it was named one of the contributing properties to the new French Colonial Historic District in 1974, along with other area French-influenced sites such as Fort de Chartres, the Creole House, the Kolmer Site (a former Indian village), and the site of Fort Kaskaskia. Interior The two-story home features early 19th-century period furnishings. The rooms on the main floor include the entry hall, parlor, master bedroom, dining room, two additional bedrooms, maid's room and a nursery. Behind the home is a period stone kitchen. The grounds include a privy, a reconstructed smokehouse and springhouse, and a historic herb and vegetable garden. Grounds and History of slaves The house and museum doesn't describe or mention the history of slaves on this plantation. In 1999, Christopher Stratton and William Flesher conducted an archaeological investigation to recreate where the slave quarters",
"title": "Pierre Menard House"
},
{
"docid": "60357444",
"text": "Casa de Shenandoah is the former estate of the singer Wayne Newton who used the property as a ranch for various animals. It is located on in Paradise, Nevada, in the Las Vegas Valley. Newton initially purchased five vacant acres of the property in 1966 and gradually expanded it with several houses, including a mansion completed in 1978. In 2010, Newton proposed turning the estate into a public attraction, an idea that received opposition from nearby residents who had concerns about the traffic that such a project would bring. His proposal was approved by county officials, but was delayed in 2012 when his business partner on the project, CSD LLC, filed a lawsuit against him alleging that he and his family had interfered in the development plans. After legal issues were resolved, the property was put up for sale in 2013 and again in 2014. The estate ultimately opened as a public attraction on September 18, 2015, with Newton's involvement. It closed for renovations on April 24, 2018. Newton said the property would reopen to the public, although he and his wife subsequently withdrew the permits for the attraction in July 2018. It was sold in 2019 to Smoketree LLC, which put it up for sale a year later. History Singer Wayne Newton initially purchased five acres of the site in 1966. The site was vacant at the time. As of 1967, the Casa de Shenandoah ranch included a stable and riding corral. Newton, his parents, and his brother and sister-in-law lived in a guest house on the ranch, while a main house was in the planning stage. Newton had ten horses living on the ranch, as well as a pack of dogs. Newton's wife, Elaine, would also live at the ranch following the couple's marriage in 1968. At the time, the ranch included a Learjet plane on the site. Additional acreage was acquired between 1969 and 1972. The ranch would ultimately consist of . As of 1970, Newton had an Arabian horse-breeding stable on the ranch. Newton would later breed his Arabian horses at a separate ranch elsewhere in Nevada, where the remainder of his horses would be kept. By 1973, the ranch had three houses and a horse hospital. As of 1976, Casa de Shenandoah was home to 120 Arabian horses. The ranch would later include a heliport and a dozen automobiles in various garages located on the estate. Newton's on-site automobile collection included Rolls-Royces, and a 1929 Duesenberg that once belonged to Howard Hughes, a former boss of Newton. In addition, Casa de Shenandoah has artesian wells and lakes. As of 1976, work was underway on a new house for the ranch. At the time, Newton and his wife lived in a six-bedroom ranch house on the property, and his parents lived in a separate house, also on the land. As of 1978, construction was nearing completion on a $4 million southern-style mansion on the site. The mansion was designed by Newton, who denied that it was",
"title": "Casa de Shenandoah"
},
{
"docid": "7395137",
"text": "The Epping Forest (also known as the Alfred I. duPont Estate) was a historic, estate in Jacksonville, Florida, United States where a luxurious riverfront mansion was built in the mid-1920s by industrialist Alfred I. du Pont and his third wife, Jessie Ball du Pont. It was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and has been restored to its original grandeur as the home of the Epping Forest Yacht Club. On April 18, 2012, the AIA's Florida Chapter placed the Epping Forest Yacht Club on its list of \"Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places\". du Pont history Alfred I. du Pont was originally from Delaware and controlled the famous DuPont Chemical Company with his cousins, Pierre and Coleman. Over the years, their relationship deteriorated to the point where Alfred resigned from the family company in 1917. He created business ventures in Delaware and New York, but in 1925, cousin Pierre was named Delaware's Tax Commissioner. To prevent Pierre from sticking his nose into Alfred's property holdings and investments, Alfred decided to relocate to Jacksonville, Florida, a city he'd often heard his mother talk about when he was growing up. Alfred and Jessie became legal residents of Florida and Alfred began a second career pioneering the development of sound banking practices and investing in transportation and the paper industry. The location Alfred chose for their permanent home was at Christopher Point, the widest spot on the St. Johns River, which provided an excellent area for his favorite pastime, yachting on his beloved Nenemoosha, built in 1922. Local architects Marsh & Saxelbye designed the , 25-room Epping Forest Mansion, but Harold Saxelbye contributed the most influence. It is primarily Mediterranean Revival, combining influences from Gothic, Spanish Renaissance and Baroque architectural. Jessie selected the furnishings; Alfred designed the formal English gardens and lion's head fountain. The estate was named in honor of Mary Ball Washington, George Washington's mother and Jessie's ancestor, whose Virginia plantation bore the same name. The duPonts estate hosted U.S. presidents, powerful men (Vanderbilt, Carnegie, etc.) and kings. After Jessie Ball duPont died in 1970, Edward Ball, who was Jessie's brother, sold the property to his close friend and local businessman Raymond K. Mason, CEO of the Charter Company, who used the property as his family residence until 1984. Epping Forest Yacht & Country Club In 1984, Gate Petroleum Company purchased the du Pont estate. The 11⅓ acres occupied by the mansion, gardens, boathouse and riverfront were restored to their original splendor and transformed into the Epping Forest Yacht & Country Club. The remaining property was developed into a gated community of ninety $1 million homes and 80 condominiums under the Epping Forest name. The last home was constructed in 1999. References External links Duval County listings at National Register of Historic Places Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs Duval County listings Great Floridians of Jacksonville Epping Forest Yacht & Country Club Buildings and structures in Jacksonville, Florida History of Jacksonville, Florida National Register of",
"title": "Epping Forest (Jacksonville)"
},
{
"docid": "14127738",
"text": "The Sunshine Mine is located between the cities of Kellogg and Wallace in northern Idaho. It has been one of the world's largest and most profitable silver mines, having produced over 360 million ounces of silver by 2001. A 2007 Canadian report by Behre Dolbear & Company estimated measured and indicated resources of 31.51 million ounces of silver in 1.43 million tons at 21.8 ounces of silver per ton and inferred resources of 231.5 million ounces of silver in 2.28 million tons at 101.6 ounces of silver per ton. The Behre Dolbear report is considered historic in nature and illustrates the resource potential of the Sunshine Mine. From historical records beginning in 1904, the Sunshine Mine has produced 364,893,421 ounces of silver from 12,953,045 tons of ore through 2001, when the mine was closed. From January 1, 1998, to January 1, 2004, the average reserves carried by the mine were 1.38 million tons, containing 32.20 million ounces of silver at 23.3 oz Ag/ton. Geography The Sunshine Mine is on the east side of Big Creek waterway and south of the unincorporated community of Big Creek, Idaho, between Kellogg and Wallace. In a mountainous area, the mine entrance is approximately above sea level. Sunshine Mine is just upstream from Crescent Mine, which operated between 1906 and 1986. Interstate 90 passes approximately north of the Sunshine Mine complex. History Early history The Sunshine Mine property had its beginning in 1884. In September of that year two brothers, True and Dennis Blake, filed claim on a series of ore deposits in the Big Creek mining district in Shoshone County, Idaho. The Blake Brothers, as they are frequently collectively referred to, were natives of Maine. In the fall of 1876, for reasons unspecified in extant sources, the Blake Brothers began their westward migration. They lived and worked in Chicago for some time before continuing west and settling in Washington Territory. According to court records, the Blake Brothers were living in Snohomish County, Washington Territory, by October 1878. Sometime after November 1879 the brothers relocated to the eastern part of the territory, settling in the small city of Spokane Falls. By early 1880 the Blakes had relocated to the Coeur d'Alene Valley in Idaho, where they homesteaded at the mouth of a stream named Big Creek; located midway between the present cities of Kellogg and Wallace. Here the Blakes farmed for several years. In September 1884, they happened to locate the Yankee Boy and Yankee Girl ore deposits up Big Creek Canyon from their homestead. It was these deposits, namely the Yankee Lode mining claim, that the Blake brothers staked in late September 1884. The two brothers mined their claim for the next two decades until poor health persuaded them to release control of the property to other interests. Following the death of True Blake in 1910, True's widow Hattie Blake and his brother Dennis Blake opted to lease out the mining property. The property was leased to several individuals sometime on or about September",
"title": "Sunshine Mine"
},
{
"docid": "1869627",
"text": "The Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home is the presidential library and museum of Dwight David Eisenhower, the 34th president of the United States (1953–1961), located in his hometown of Abilene, Kansas. The museum includes Eisenhower's boyhood home, where he lived from 1898 until being appointed to West Point in 1911, and is also the president's final resting place. It is one of the thirteen presidential libraries under the auspices of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). History The Eisenhower Presidential complex is only one of two whose creation preceded the close of a presidency, and while this is obviously the case with his boyhood home, construction of the library itself began in 1958, and the museum portion before he even took office, coinciding with the then-General's announcement of his presidential candidacy in June 1952. Eisenhower Foundation As World War II came to an end, local admirers of the Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe, such as Charles L. Brainard, decided to honor Eisenhower with a museum. In 1945, a non-profit foundation in his name was created to purchase his boyhood home and build the museum on the same property. It was to house artifacts from veterans, and the honors of Eisenhower in particular. At the time, the General's mother Ida was still alive and refused to sell the property. When she died in 1946, another purchase attempt was made. However, the fund-raising tactics of the foundation offended Eisenhower, and this almost scuttled the project. New fundraising rules were established for the Foundation after its discussion with Ike's youngest brother Milton, and agreement by all the Eisenhower brothers. They ultimately donated the house to the Foundation, and the entire site, in south Abilene, later became the Eisenhower Presidential Center. Construction of the Museum Mrs. Eisenhower's home opened to the public as a museum on June 22, 1947. and the cornerstone of an Eisenhower/World War II museum was laid in June 1952 by the General himself, just before he accepted the draft and formally announced his candidacy for President. The museum was completed in 1954, and the President was in attendance when it was formally opened on November 11 of that year. He was impressed by the results, and told the leadership of the foundation that if they could raise the money to build a facility, he would donate his papers and other materials to it. A fundraising campaign launched in 2015 seeks to refresh and expand the museum's exhibits in 2018. If plans remain the same, the museum would be closed for about a year while the remainder of the site would remain open as usual. Construction and dedication of the library With the fundraising constraints on the foundation still in place in 1954, the Kansas Legislature took up the slack, authorizing a separate \"Eisenhower Presidential Library Commission,\" and over the next five years enough money was raised to begin construction. Again, President Eisenhower was present when ground was broken on October 13, 1959. The",
"title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home"
},
{
"docid": "42109388",
"text": "The Matthew Harvey House is a historic house on Harvey Street in North Sutton, New Hampshire. Also known as the Harvey Homestead, the house is the centerpiece of Muster Field Farm, a working farm museum. Built in 1784, it is a prominent local example of Federal period architecture, and the homestead of a politically powerful family. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. Architectural Description The Matthew Harvey House is located in northern Sutton, in a rural setting on the west side of Harvey Road. It is part of a larger farm property that includes several agricultural buildings, which are located on both sides of the road. The house is set near the top of a ridge, from which views extend over the farm fields. It is a -story wood-frame structure with a side-gable roof, clapboarded exterior, and central chimney. It is oriented with its main facade facing roughly south, and a secondary side elevation toward the road. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance. The entry is flanked by unusual sidelight windows which include a sliding sash, with pilasters outside rising to an entablature. Windows are set in rectangular openings with delicate Federal moulding, the second-story windows smaller than those on the first floor. This elegant Federal-style wood-frame house was built in 1784, at a time when Harvey Street was a major north–south thoroughfare. Matthew Harvey, who had settled the land in 1772, built this house, from which he operated a tavern that may have been the first in Sutton. At his death in 1799 he was the largest landowner in town. The heavy frame of the house suggests it may have been built by someone more experienced in building larger wood-frame buildings such as meeting houses; Harvey's cousin John is known to have engaged in this business, and may have been the builder of this house. History After Matthew Harvey died in 1799, his firstborn son Jonathan Harvey became the primary resident of the house. Both Jonathan Harvey and his younger brother Matthew Harvey served in the New Hampshire legislature and the United States Congress. In 1820, Jonathan stood as President of the New Hampshire Senate while his brother Matthew was Speaker of the House. The site where the Matthew Harvey House stands is currently called Muster Field Farm because of the military musters that took place on the property between 1787 and 1851. Musters were politically and socially important events: hundreds of men would gather with their regiment for military inspection, often bringing their wives and children. Vendors and musicians would arrive as well, generating a country fair atmosphere. During these occasions, the ballroom of the Matthew Harvey House would be used for entertaining the officers of the regiment. The house remained in the Harvey family for eight generations, until the Bristol family of Massachusetts purchased the property in 1941. Robert S. Bristol created the Muster Field Farm Museum, preserving the Matthew Harvey Home for future generations,",
"title": "Matthew Harvey House"
},
{
"docid": "41111580",
"text": "Gray Rock is a historic plantation home located in Ellicott City, Maryland. History Gray Rock (also called Grey Rock) is situated next to Font Hill Manor, a plantation house built in the 1700s by Admiral Hammond. Caleb Dorsey of Belmont had three sons. Thomas Beale Dorsey, became the Attorney General of Maryland, and later assembled the farm at age 55 in order to be closer to his other two brothers. The farm was created in 1813 from many tracts of land including, Pinkstone's Delight, Fifth Edition, Ben's luck, Rebecca's Lot, Gaither's Adventure-Ferry Bridge. In 1816 Freeborns Progress-Smith's Fortune and Addition to Freeborns Progress were added. In 1817, Ben's Delight, John's Luck, The Triangle, and Kelly's Neglect were assembled. The home is a four-bay by one-bay wooden structure standing two and a half stories tall based on a clapboard-covered log home that predates the 1813 purchases. An additional -story stone house is on the property that served as quarters for two families. The property also included several large wooden barns and a carriage house. The farm was situated along the Baltimore-Frederick turnpike road. It is now surrounded by a residential cul-de-sac at 3518 Angus Valley Trail. Thomas Beale Dorsey of Thomas died at Gray Rock on 6 September 1828 at the age of 60. The property passed to his daughter Sarah and her husband Dr. Arthur Pue in 1837 after the death of her mother Achsah Dorsey. (Pue was the family doctor to Peter Gorman and their son, Senator Arthur Pue Gorman). On 7 May 1848 the farm was inherited by their son Thomas Beale Dorsey Pue. In 1859, his father sold the 404 acre farm to James Mackubin for $32,000 (~$ in ). In 1879, John H Herbert claimed a crop of 523 and 1000 bushels of Fultz wheat from two of Gray Rock's fields. In 1867, 43 acres were split off to Mackubbin where the MacAlpine Manor was built. The property was sold and leased back to MacKubbin until his death in 1904 when it was sold to the Sloatfield family finalized in 1911. On 14 May 1943, former Howard County Commissioner Charles E. Miller purchased the farm and farmed it until 1980. The Miller Land Company was established in 1964 to develop the land. The property was subdivided into 300 acres, several small plots, a plot donated to the library, and a 50-acre section that he planned to donate for a hospital. In 1974, the government denied permission to build a hospital and the Grey Rock Community, Inc. was formed to carry on the mission to donate the land to help the community. Upon Charles Miller's death in 1979, Paul L. Miller became its president. During the 1980s and 1990s, the Gray Rock Farm community was built. The access road to the farm became Gray Rock Drive. Other streets were laid and 250 homes were built on half acre lots. In 2002, Grey Rock Community, Inc. found a partner to build a retirement community on the 50-acre plot",
"title": "Gray Rock (Ellicott City, Maryland)"
},
{
"docid": "2533006",
"text": "The Harry S. Truman National Historic Site (officially styled without the period after the S) preserves the longtime home of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd president of the United States, as well as other properties associated with him in the Kansas City, Missouri metropolitan area. The site is operated by the National Park Service, with its centerpieces being the Truman Home in Independence and the Truman Farm Home in Grandview. It also includes the Noland home of Truman's cousins, and the George and Frank Wallace homes of Bess Truman's brothers. The site was designated a National Historic Site on May 23, 1983. Truman Home in Independence The Truman Home (earlier known as the Gates–Wallace home), 219 North Delaware Street, Independence, Missouri, was the home of Harry S. Truman from the time of his marriage to Bess Wallace on June 28, 1919, until his death on December 26, 1972. Bess Truman's maternal grandfather, George Porterfield Gates, built the house between the years 1867 and 1885. After Bess's father, David Willock Wallace, committed suicide in 1903, she and her mother and brothers moved into the house with Bess's grandparents, George and Elizabeth Gates. At the time Harry and Bess married in 1919, Harry was putting all of his money into his business partnership, a men's clothing store called Truman & Jacobson at 104 West 12th Street in downtown Kansas City, so living at the Wallace home made good financial sense. After Truman's haberdashery failed in 1922, he and his wife continued to live in the house to save money while he paid his debts. After being elected to the Senate in 1935, he moved to Washington, D.C., with his wife and daughter. Whenever they came back to Missouri, the house at 219 N. Delaware was their home. After he retired in 1953, until the Truman Library was opened on July 6, 1957, the Truman Home served as Truman's personal office. Bess lived in the home until her death in 1982, and she bequeathed the property to the National Park Service. The home was closed for 8 months in 2009-10 for a $1.1 million renovation that improved fire safety, visitor comfort and structural stability. The Truman Home offers a glimpse at the personal life of the 33rd President of the United States, particularly the simple life the family enjoyed in Independence before and after Harry's eight years as president. The Trumans' only child, Mary Margaret, was born in the home on February 17, 1924. The site also includes the two adjacent homes of Mrs. Truman's brothers, and, across Delaware Street, the Noland Home, where the President's favorite aunt and cousins lived. The site operates a visitor center, located inside an historic firehouse, in downtown Independence. NPS park ranger-interpreters lead guided tours of the home on a regular basis, providing a look at the home much as the Truman family left it. The second floor of the home has never been open to the public – Bess wrote into her will that to protect",
"title": "Harry S. Truman National Historic Site"
},
{
"docid": "42947572",
"text": "Rockwood Hall was a Gilded Age mansion in Mount Pleasant, New York, on the Hudson River. It was best known as the home of William Rockefeller, brother of John D. Rockefeller. Both brothers were co-founders of the Standard Oil Company. Other owners of the house or property included Alexander Slidell MacKenzie, William Henry Aspinwall, and Lloyd Aspinwall. The property was once up to in size; the mansion at its height had 204 rooms, making it the second-largest private house in the U.S. at the time, only behind the Biltmore mansion in North Carolina. The estate is currently an section of the Rockefeller State Park Preserve. Among the first people to live on the property was Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, who lived there from 1840 to 1848. Edwin Bartlett, a wealthy merchant, subsequently purchased the site and hired Gervase Wheeler to design a house on the property, which was constructed in 1849. By 1860, Bartlett sold the house to William Henry Aspinwall, who lived there until 1875; his son Lloyd lived at the house until 1886. William Rockefeller purchased the estate and likely extensively renovated the house and property, hiring the firm Carrère and Hastings for interior renovations. Rockefeller died there in 1922, and his heirs sold it to investors, who turned the house and property into Rockwood Hall Country Club. The club became bankrupt in 1936, after which it became the Washington Irving Country Club. By 1940, the property lay empty again, so its owner John D. Rockefeller Jr. had most of the property's buildings razed, including the mansion. In late 1946, the Rockwood Hall property was proposed for the location of the United Nations headquarters. John Jr.'s son Laurance Rockefeller sold some of the property to IBM in 1970. IBM's property was later bought by New York Life, followed by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, the current owner. The remaining property was sold to New York State at a significantly reduced price to become parkland within Rockefeller State Park. History Early history One of the early owners of the property was Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, who lived in a farmhouse there from 1840 until his death in 1848. Commodore Matthew C. Perry was accustomed to spending part of the summer with his wife in cottages near Mackenzie's farm. In 1839, Perry purchased a neighboring parcel and built a stone house, named The Moorings. They settled into this home as a year-round residence with their children. Around 1853 or 1854, Perry sold the country estate and moved back to New York City. Importer and merchant Edwin Bartlett obtained the property around 1848, demolished the farmhouse, and built Rockwood, an English Gothic castle of locally quarried stone. Bartlett hired Gervase Wheeler to design the house, which was built in 1849. Bartlett sold the house to his business partner William Henry Aspinwall in 1860; Aspinwall made it his summer home and improved the property and house, and purchased enough land to make his estate . Aspinwall would often travel from New York City to the property via",
"title": "Rockwood Hall"
},
{
"docid": "763215",
"text": "Turner is a neighborhood within Kansas City, Kansas, United States. It was formerly an unincorporated community of Wyandotte County, similar to Piper, Kansas. Turner has its own school district, Turner USD #202. History The Prophet (Tenskwatawa; literally, \"the door opener\"), brother of Tecumseh, created Shawneetown in the area (near what today is Woodend and Shawnee Drive at 35th street). He made his final home near Turner in Argentine, Kansas (the property is today owned by Jack Beemont). Blue Jacket (Weyapiersenwah), who was Tecumseh's adoptive brother, was known to the early European settlers in this area. According to legend, one of the Shawnee chiefs, Fish, died and was buried in the Shawnee Township Cemetery (which is located in the heart of modern-day Turner). 19th century In 1828, Cyprian Chouteau established the first trading post in this locale. It was the American Fur Company trading house (located near 55th and Speaker Road). The original Shawnee Methodist Mission was built in 1830 near Chouteau's old trading post (near the heart of the Turner community). Reverend Thomas Johnson built the mission for the Shawnee. It was located at what would be 5100 block of Edgehill Drive. This mission was open until 1839, when the Mission School was built at the current location in Johnson County. Around 1837, Charles Lovelace established a saw mill (today it would be located at 55th and Speaker Road, but has been long ago torn down). There was also a grist mill in close proximity. In 1838, the mighty steamboat, \"The Antelope\" docked in the area. It had several scientists and pioneers heading west. They stayed over in the area on their journey to Fort Pierre in South Dakota. The Delaware Crossing (or \"Military Crossing\"; sometimes \"the Secondine\") was where the old Indian trail met the waters of the Kaw River. Around 1831, Moses Grinter (one of the earliest permanent white settler in the area) set up the Grinter Ferry on the Kansas River here. His house, the Grinter Place, still stands at 1420 South 78th Street. The ferry was used by individuals (such as traders, freighters, and soldiers) traveling between Fort Leavenworth and Fort Scott on the military road. Other would cross this area on their way to Santa Fe. Various farmers took up residence around Turner by the fall of 1854. Turner as a community was known as early as 1856 (and no later than 1859). The community, then named \"Farmer, Kansas\", tried to incorporate itself on October 8, 1859. The attempt failed because the community never had enough population to achieve the statute requirements. Members of the old Quantrill's Raiders sacked a few homes and killed some of the inhabitants of the area around July 1863. Various families (living in the area that today is between Swartz Road from 51st to 53rd Street) suffered in the attacks. They were fended off from but a few homes. In 1859, the community had been referred to as the \"Farmer\" community (when the first post office was established). Twenty years",
"title": "Turner, Kansas"
},
{
"docid": "13435746",
"text": "Gaslight Square in St. Louis, Missouri, was an entertainment district located in an area close to the intersection of Olive and Boyle streets, near the eastern part of what is now known as the Central West End neighborhood and close to the current Grand Center arts and theater district and the adjoining Midtown neighborhood. History Gaslight Square was the name given to the entertainment district built in the mid-1950s. The district was known for its gas lit streetlamps and ornate Victorian style architecture, reflective of the 1800s and the riverboat era around the turn of the century. Gaslight Square quickly became a thriving entertainment district that could be compared somewhat to the Delmar Loop area of St. Louis today. The square occupies the area surrounding Olive and Boyle streets in the Central West End. The district was popular for music, poetry, comedy, formal and informal dining, and dancing. It was the home to many clubs and restaurants, and entertainment venues. Brothers Dick and Paul Mutrux are considered by many to be the pioneers of Gaslight Square, being proprietors of one of the first saloons in the area, the Gaslight. Another saloon, the Golden Eagle, soon opened, and proprietor Jay Landesman relocated his extremely popular cabaret theatre, the Crystal Palace, to the area as well. Early business owners in Gaslight Square raided recently demolished property in downtown St. Louis to salvage unique items such as church pews, chandeliers, recycled stained-glass, and marble bathtubs. These resourceful decorations gave Gaslight Square a youthful, eclectic feel that attracted young beatniks and wealthy customers alike. At its height, Gaslight Square was home to approximately fifty businesses, including taverns, cabarets, restaurants, sidewalk cafes, and antique shops. These businesses provided an array of unique entertainment that combined elements of the past and present. The Opera House had a façade covered in croquet balls and was a venue for Dixieland jazz. The Roaring Twenties was a speakeasy themed bar that included a stage show, mock raids, and staged gangster fights. The Natchez Queen was decorated to resemble a riverboat with live ragtime music inside. Mr.D's, highlighted a piano bar featuring Ceil Clayton where many of the Gaslight musicians would come and sing along. By 1962, property values had tripled in Gaslight Square. The district was greatly affected by the dramatic change in culture and music of the late 1950s and 1960s when the Bohemian and later hippie generation began questioning traditional majority values in art, literature, and political self-expression. The district attracted many poets and writers, such as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, who would stop in St. Louis to experience Gaslight Square. Many entertainers such as the Smothers Brothers, Lenny Bruce, Miles Davis, Barbra Streisand, Jackie Mason, Mike Nichols and Elaine May, Woody Allen, Jerry Stiller, Dick Gregory, and Jack E. Leonard gained exposure at the start of their careers in the clubs of Gaslight Square. Even rockers played Gaslight Square. Under the name Allman Joys, Gregg Allman and his brother, Duane, spent six months there in",
"title": "Gaslight Square, St. Louis"
},
{
"docid": "57736177",
"text": "Trespass is a 2010 novel by British author Rose Tremain. The novel is set in a small town in Cévennes and concerns two pairs of mixed gender dysfunctional adult siblings, one French and one English who become entangled in a dispute over property. Plot Audrun is an elderly woman who lives in a small shack she has inherited in a small town in Cévennes where she has always lived. Her older brother terrorized her when they were children and as an adult lives a lonely life in their childhood home, which he has partially ruined through hoarding. When he asks Audrun to come help him clean out the house she discovers that he has plans to sell it for roughly half a million euros. Anthony Verey is an elderly antiques dealer who is quickly becoming insolvent. Realizing his life is stagnating he calls his sister, Veronica, who is living in Cévennes with her lover, Kitty, while they collaborate on a book. To Kitty's distress, Veronica offers to let Anthony stay with them indefinitely until he feels better. Anthony forms the idea of buying a home near Veronica and permanently resettling. Aramon, Audrun's brother, continues to make her life hell, telling her that the small shack she built near their childhood home is an eyesore and if any of it crosses onto his property line he will tear it down. Because the shack was hastily built Audrun is unsure of its legality. She begins to contemplate murdering her brother. Anthony visits Aramon's house, the Mas Lunel, which he falls in love with but refuses to buy after seeing Audrun's shack. He goes to visit another property and never returns. Veronica launches an extensive search for him and as she does her relationship with Kitty, who hated Anthony, falls apart. In the meantime Aramon has been getting increasingly ill, experiencing blackouts which he had much earlier in his life as a teenager when he and his father began raping Audrun after Bernadette, Audrun and Aramon's mother died. Audrun suggests to Aramon that Anthony was there the day he disappeared but as Aramon was experiencing a prolonged blackout he cannot remember if this is true or not. Audrun continues to feed Aramon's paranoia and, after he finds Anthony's car in his garage, he withdraws the house for sale and bars all visitors. When a family friend asks if her daughter can bring some schoolchildren on their property for a picnic Aramon refuses, but Audrun permits them to lunch on her side of the property. One of the children then discovers Anthony's body in a pool of water. When the police come to investigate Audrun deliberately lets slip that she saw Anthony and Aramon together a second time. In actuality, after an unsatisfactory viewing of another country home, Anthony had decided to buy Mas Lunel and Audrun, wanting to block the sale, persuaded him to accompany her to the river where she murdered him, planted the body in a small pool, and then hid",
"title": "Trespass (novel)"
},
{
"docid": "21410143",
"text": "The Mordecai Lincoln House is a historic house located in Washington County, Kentucky, north of Springfield, Kentucky. It was the home of Mordecai Lincoln, brother of Thomas Lincoln, the father of the 16th President of the United States Abraham Lincoln. It is the only house owned by a member of Abraham Lincoln's family that still stands in Kentucky. It is across KY 528 from Lincoln Homestead State Park. History Mordecai Lincoln was with his father Captain Abraham Lincoln when he was shot by an Indian. Mordecai rescued his younger brother Thomas, by shooting an Indian reaching for him. Thomas became the father of Abraham Lincoln, the future president. In 1792 Mordecai gained his inheritance from his father upon reaching the age of majority. Later the same year he married into one of the \"first families\" of Washington County by marrying Mary Mudd. (Mary's first cousin twice removed was Doctor Samuel Mudd, who was guilty of conspiring in the Lincoln assassination; he treated John Wilkes Booth's broken leg during Booth's escape attempt after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in April 1865). In 1797 Mordecai Lincoln bought from Terah Templin in Washington County, and built what is known as the Mordecai Lincoln House on the property. He and his family lived in the house until 1811, when they moved to Grayson County, Kentucky. In 1828 they moved to Hancock County, Illinois, where Mordecai died two years later. The Mordecai Lincoln House is the only home of any member of the Lincoln family that still stands in Kentucky. The homes of Abraham Lincoln's father Thomas Lincoln, Sinking Spring Farm and Knob Creek Farm, were both razed in the 19th century, as was Mordecai's Grayson County home. His brother Josiah Lincoln's log cabin was destroyed in 1941. See also Mordecai Lincoln House (Lorane, Pennsylvania) References Bibliography External links Springfield - Mordecai Lincoln House (photo) Houses completed in 1797 Federal architecture in Kentucky National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Kentucky Houses in Washington County, Kentucky Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky 1797 establishments in Kentucky Lincoln family",
"title": "Mordecai Lincoln House (Springfield, Kentucky)"
},
{
"docid": "7766979",
"text": "The Piatt Castles are two historic houses near West Liberty in Logan County, Ohio. The houses were built by brothers Donn and Abram S. Piatt in the 1860s and 1870s, designed in a Gothic style. The houses are located and east of West Liberty. In 1982, the castles were listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The houses were both operated as historic house museums, both still owned by the Piatt family, from 1912 to 2019. Mac-O-Chee, built by Donn Piatt, was sold in October of that year to local residents, to support the continued restoration of the Mac-A-Cheek estate. Mac-A-Cheek remains open to public tours. Piatt family The Piatt family descended from France as French Huguenots who wished to escape religious persecution in a Catholic nation. Upon moving to the United States, the family took root in the colony of New Jersey, where the grandfather of Abram and Donn, Jacob Piatt, offered support to the country in the American Revolutionary War. As reward for his deeds, the newly founded government gave Jacob land in Kentucky, where he built his home. While Jacob was a farmer and his son Benjamin was a lawyer, the family was also involved in flat boat trading up and down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers as well as real estate. By 1828, Benjamin had moved his family to Logan County, Ohio. It was here that he built a log cabin for his family. At the time of their move to Logan County, Donn was 9 years old and Abram was 7. Castles Mac-O-Chee (the home built by Donn, and designed by John L. Smithmeyer) and Mac-A-Cheek (built by Abram) were begun in 1864. Mac-A-Cheek was completed in 1871, and Mac-O-Chee was completed in 1879. The homes were built only about 3/4 of mile apart from each other. Abram's home was built slightly smaller, but is more secluded and set away from the road. Donn's home is larger and sits closer to the road. Both homes have three stories and towers, boast painted ceilings, and have intricate woodwork. An 1880 county history speaks of Mac-O-Chee existing in a state of \"almost baronial splendor\". The two sat close to the Shawnee village of Mackachack, where Simon Kenton was forced to run the gauntlet after being captured by the Indians. Sale of Mac-O-Chee It was announced on July 26, 2019, that the Piatt Family would auction off Mac-O-Chee. The family cited renovation and maintenance costs of maintaining both properties for their decision. On October 19, 2019, Mac-O-Chee Castle, along with its farmhouse and land, was sold at auction to brothers Ryan and Jason Cole of West Liberty, Ohio for $561,000 ($510,000 with closing costs). The Coles also bought most of the estate's antique items, large and small, for approximately $30,000. The Piatt family plans to restore their remaining castle, Mac-A-Cheek, by using funds from the auction. Public tours Tours began in 1912 at Mac-A-Cheek four years after the death of Abram. When William McCoy Piatt (the fourth",
"title": "Piatt Castles"
},
{
"docid": "7983730",
"text": "River Farm (), permanent home to the American Horticultural Society (AHS) headquarters, is a () landscape located at 7931 East Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, Virginia. The estate takes its name from a larger plot of land which formed an outlying part of George Washington's Mount Vernon estate. History The River Farm property was established in 1653–54 by Giles Brent and his wife, Mary Kittamaquund, a princess of the Piscataway tribe. Brent received a grant of named Piscataway Neck. In 1739 his successor George Brent transferred the property to his brother-in-law William Clifton, who renamed the property Clifton's Neck. In 1757 Clifton completed the brick house that now serves as AHS headquarters. Following financial difficulties, Clifton sold the land to neighbor, founding father George Washington, who obtained the property for £1,210 through a bankruptcy sale in 1760. Washington changed the name of Clifton's Neck to River Farm and leased the property to tenant farmers. River Farm was passed down through two immediate generations of Washingtons and later sold with 652 acres of Washington's original land to the Snowden brothers of New Jersey. This included the houses known as \"Wellington,\" \"Waynewood,\" and \"Collingwood.\" The property was home to numerous owners including Malcolm Matheson, who bought the property in 1919. Matheson placed the property on the market in 1971 and received an offer from the Soviet Embassy who planned to use the land as a retreat or dacha for its staff. Acquisition by AHS After Matheson took his land off the market to avoid the Soviet sale and vocal public opposition, Enid Annenberg Haupt, philanthropist, gardener, and member of the AHS board of directors took interest in the property. AHS purchased the property in the 1970s and Haupt donated funds over several years to help AHS pay off the mortgage. While under the ownership of AHS, she expressed a desire to see the grounds kept open to the public. In 1973, AHS relocated its headquarters from the city of Alexandria to nearby River Farm. The property was renamed River Farm in honor of President George Washington, one of the many land owners. Washington at River Farm Today's smaller River Farm is located on the northernmost division of Washington's original property. River Farm features a 1920s estate house with naturalistic and formal garden areas. It still preserves several historical associations with Washington. Its Kentucky coffeetrees are descendants of those first introduced to Virginia upon Washington's return from surveys in the Ohio River Valley. The estate's oldest trees are a large Black Walnut Tree which is over 250 years old, and the 240+ year old Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera), believed to be one of the largest in the United States. An old tale claimed it was a gift from Thomas Jefferson to the Washington family, and grown from seedlings of the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806. Horticultural landmark In 2004, River Farm was designated a Horticultural Landmark by the American Society for Horticultural Science. This recognition was due to the ability to retain its historic character",
"title": "River Farm"
},
{
"docid": "40773511",
"text": "Long Meadow is a historic home located at Middletown, Warren County, Virginia. The home is located on the North Fork of the Shenandoah River and is in the shadow of Massanutten Mountain, in clear view of Signal Knob. The original homestead was one of the first settlements in the Valley and has been owned by three different families since the original house was built in the 1730s. History Long Meadow was originally settled by the Hite Family who moved into the Shenandoah Valley in 1731. The land known as the Long Meadow Tract was settled by Isaac Hite, Sr.. He built the original house in the early 1730s and called it Traveler's Hall due to the constant presence of guests in the house. When Isaac Sr. died in 1795, the land was inherited by Isaac Hite, Jr. who subsequently divided the tract into five lots and built his own house, Belle Grove, on one of the lots. The five lots were given to Isaac Jr.'s five daughters through inheritance and marriage settlements, lot five was given to his daughter Matilda Hite Davison upon his death in 1836. Four years later, in 1880, she and her husband, Alexander M. Davison, sold the Long Meadow tract to the Bowman brothers, Isaac and Col. George, who were cousins of Matilda's brother-in-law. In 1848, the original house, Traveler's Hall, was replaced by the current house. There is no historical record of why the original house was replaced, family lore suggests it either burned down or was torn down by the Bowman brothers. The current house was built on top of the foundation of Traveler's Hall. During the Civil War, the house was used as a landmark by Jubal Early's Confederate Army to mark their way to Belle Grove for the Battle of Cedar Creek as the house is clearly visible from Signal Knob on the top of Massanutten Mountain where Confederate Scouts had located a weakness in the Union Army's flank where Philip Sheridan was headquartered at Belle Grove. After the Civil War, the Bowman family sold Long Meadow to Andrew Jackson \"A.J.' Brumback, a Valley native. Brumback purchased the property in 1888 and later purchased Belle Grove in 1907. Long Meadow has been owned and operated by Brumback's descendants ever since, his great-great-granddaughter and her husband currently operate the property as a Black Angus cattle farm. Long Meadow was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. The registration includes the main house, it's outbuildings, the graveyard, and the property immediately surrounding the buildings. Grounds The current house was built in 1848 on top of the original foundation by the Bowman brothers after Traveler's Hall either burned down or was torn down. The house is a two-story, five-bay, brick dwelling in a transitional Federal / Greek Revival style. It has a hipped roof and a double-pile, central-passage floor plan. A frame kitchen wing was added in 1891 and interior transoms were added on the first floor in 1920 by Brumback's daughter-in-law.",
"title": "Long Meadow (Middletown, Virginia)"
},
{
"docid": "15634673",
"text": "Barrytown is a hamlet (and census-designated place) within the town of Red Hook in Dutchess County, New York, United States. It is within the Hudson River Historic District, a National Historic Landmark, and contains four notable Hudson River Valley estates: Edgewater, Massena, Rokeby, and Sylvania. History In 1791, Peter and Eleanor Contine kept store at what would later be called Barrytown Landing. Barrytown was named in honor of President Andrew Jackson's Postmaster General, William Taylor Barry, who served in that capacity from 1829 to 1835. Barrytown is about from New York City. The majority of the houses in Barrytown were built in the mid to late nineteenth century, often to house workers at the local estates and accompanying farms. Estates \"Massena\" was first part of Livingston Manor and after the Lower Manor was split off, part of Clermont. Upon the death of his mother, Margaret Beekman Livingston, widow of Judge Robert Livingston of the Livingston family, John R. Livingston inherited land, much of which would later become Barrytown. (His sister Alida Livingston Armstrong inherited a section to the south, which would become \"Rokeby\"). John Livingston built a mansion in the style of a French chateau and called the estate \"Massena\", after André Massena, one of Napoleon's military commanders. In 1860, New York City merchant, John Aspinwall, purchased \"Massena\" as a summer home. Aspinwall was a supporter of John Bard and a significant benefactor to St. Stephen's College. In 1874, Jane Aspinwall established the Church of St. John the Evangelist in Barrytown in her husband's memory. Livingston's original mansion burned down in 1885, and Mrs. Aspinwall replaced it with a Victorian Gothic house designed by William Appleton Potter. When the Brothers of the Christian Schools' property in Amawalk was condemned to make way for the New Croton Reservoir, they relocated their novitiate to Pocantico. Around 1929, the Rockefeller family purchased the property. With the proceeds from the sale, the brothers of the New York District purchased the Massena estate at the northern section of the hamlet. They moved the novitiate there and established St. Joseph's Normal Institute as a teacher training facility. The Institute closed in 1969. In 1975 the property was bought by the Unification Church, where its Unification Theological Seminary is located. As of August 2018, the property was again for sale. In 1824, John R. Livingston gave the 250-acre \"Edgewater\" property to his daughter Margaretta and her husband, Rawlins Lowndes Brown. Brown died in 1852 and the following year, his widow sold the estate to New York financier Robert Donaldson Jr., who commissioned architect Alexander Jackson Davis to add an octagonal library wing. It is now owned by a preservation trust. Elizabeth Chanler Chapman was the daughter of John Winthrop Chanler and Margaret Astor Ward, and great-granddaughter of William Backhouse Astor, Sr. She grew up at \"Rokeby\". In 1902, she purchased \"Edgewater\", just to the north, from the Donaldson estate. In 1905, she and her husband, John Jay Chapman moved into a new house designed by the architect",
"title": "Barrytown, New York"
},
{
"docid": "24149128",
"text": "John Eyre (died 1685) was an English Cromwellian settler in Ireland who became Mayor of Galway. Early life Eyre was born in Wiltshire, England, in the early 17th century, the son of Giles Eyre and Jane Snelgrove. The couple had ten sons and five daughters, John been the seventh son. They attended All Saints Church, Whiteparish, where Giles and Jane are buried. Their funerary memorial, located within the church, reads: Buried here Gyles Eyre Esqre and Jane his wife. A man much oppressed by publick power for his laudable opposition to the measures taken in the reigns of James I and Charles I In the year 1640 (for then well known Court reasons) He was ... afterwards plundered at Brickworth of 2000 l. value and imprisoned for refusing to pay the sum of 400 l. illeg 1572 dyed Jan 1655 having issue 7 sons (3 of whom were likewise members of Parliament) and 4 daughters. In Ireland and Galway Eyre and his younger brother Edward were officers in the forces of the Parliament, Eyre rising to the rank of major. In 1649 the brothers arrived in Dublin as part an invasion force of 12,000 men led by Oliver Cromwell. They saw service mainly under the command of Edward Ludlow. Eyre is mentioned as one of the officers with Ludlow when he arrived at Galway in 1651. With the surrender of the town in April 1652 the war ended, and the brothers began securing much property seized from Irish Roman Catholics, within the town and also in other parts of County Galway. Much land was made over to Cromwellian officers who were owed substantial pay arrears. Eyre's main landed estates were in the south-east of the county, dispossessing families such as Kelly, Madden, Horan, and Burke. In this area, known in Irish as Síol Anmchadha, Eyre created the town of Eyrecourt and his main residence. This continued to be the home of generations of the family. The Restoration and after John and Edward Eyre were both returned as members of the Irish parliament in 1661, and John moved strongly to help preserve the settlements that had allowed them to become men of substance. However, he was absent on a number of occasions, apparently due to a serious dispute involving his brother, and Robert Martin of Ross, back in Galway. In September 1661 John Eyre was appointed Mayor of Galway, Edward Eyre been re-appointed Recorder. Disputes between the Protestant settlers and Catholics attempting to regain lost property continued, members of families such as Browne, French, Martin, Lynch (see The Tribes of Galway) continued, but despite legal disputes that lasted years, none of them regained the substance of their property. In 1681, he was appointed High Sheriff of County Galway. Summing up his life, John Cronin states: John Eyre played a not insignificant part in radically altering mid-to-late seventeenth century Galway. ... he helped overthrow those landed Catholic families that had previously dominated the region, and well as to establish the supremacy of",
"title": "John Eyre (settler)"
},
{
"docid": "20350206",
"text": "Burleigh, also known as Burleigh Manor or Hammonds Inheritance, is a historic home located at Ellicott City, Howard County, Maryland, built on a estate. Which included \"Hammonds Inheritance\" patented in 1796. It is a Federal-style brick dwelling built between 1797 and 1810, laid in Flemish bond. Based on the 1798 Tax assessment of the Elkridge Hundred, the original manor house started as a one-story frame building 24 by 18 foot in size. Also on the landscaped grounds are a 1720 stone smokehouse; a much-altered log, stone, and frame \"gatehouse\" or \"cottage,\" built in 1820 as a workhouse for slaves and another log outbuilding, as well as an early-20th century bathhouse, 1941 swimming pool, and tennis court. Portions of the estate once included the old Annapolis Road which served the property until the construction of Centennial Lane to connect Clarksville to Ellicott City in 1876. The manor was built by Colonel Rezin Hammond (1745–1809), using the same craftsmen as his brother Mathias Hammond's Hammond–Harwood House in Annapolis. Rezin and his brother Matthias were active in the colonial revolution with notable participation in the burning of the Peggy Stewart (ship). Hammond bequeathed the manor and to his grandnephew Denton Hammond (1785–1813) and his wife Sara who lived there until her death in 1832. All slave labor were offered manumission upon Rezin Hammonds death in 1809, with extra provisions for tools, land and livestock for thirty two slaves. The estate was owned by Civil War veteran Colonel Mathias until his death where he was buried alongside other family members on the estate. His wife Clara Stockdale Hammond maintained ownership afterward. In 1914 the estate was owned by Mary Hanson Hammond with land totaling over including the outbuildings and slave quarters. In 1935 the Estate was subdivided to and purchased by Charles McAlpin Pyle, Grandson of industrialist David Hunter McAlpin. The manor house was renovated with the great kitchen replaced by a \"Stirrup Room\" where meetings of the Howard County Hunt Club were performed. The house was sold in 1941 to Mrs. Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, Jr. for use of Prince Alexandre Hohenlohoe of Poland during WWII. St. Timothy's School bought the property after the war in 1946, but abandoned plans and sold to Mrs G. Dudley Iverson IV in 1950. The brick was once painted yellow, but by 1956, had almost returned to exposed red brick. As of 2013, it has operated as a livestock shelter. In November 1976 the county executive, Edward L. Cochran, commissioned a $35,000 survey by Resource Management Associates Inc. to analyze of the manor property for a landfill site at a set contract price of $2,250,000, but a task force recommendation led to a site selection in Marriottsville. In 1979 A historical survey was conducted, listing the owner as Maple Lawn developer Stewart J Greenbaum. In 1982 Burleigh was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1987, the wife of former County Executive Cochran listed Burleigh Manor and 15 surrounding acres for sale for $750,000. See",
"title": "Burleigh (Ellicott City, Maryland)"
},
{
"docid": "116301",
"text": "Luke is a town in Allegany County, Maryland, United States, located along the Potomac River just upstream of Westernport. Known originally as West Piedmont, the town is part of the Cumberland, MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 85 as of the 2020 census. History The town of Luke was settled in the early 1770s after the organization of Hampshire County, West Virginia (at that time part of Virginia) in 1757. Among the first settlers to arrive were the Davis brothers (Henry and Thomas), who established a saw mill where the town of Luke now stands. The mill provided cross-ties to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad as it pushed its rails westward through the Piedmont area of what is now West Virginia. When the railroad suspended building in the 1880s, the Davis brothers disbanded and sold their property to William Luke, who founded the Piedmont Pulp and Paper Company there with his sons in 1888. With this and other paper mills they had built in West Virginia and Maryland, they formed the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company in 1897. When the railroad needed a name for the stop it established near the site, it used the name \"Luke\". The land on which Luke was built was originally an island formed by a split in the Potomac River. It was known as West Piedmont and claimed by Piedmont, West Virginia until the river's path changed and the land reverted to Maryland. Over the next several decades, Luke prospered with the operation of the paper mill, the influx of other \"heavy\" industrial concerns, and the establishment of the usual supporting mom-and-pop businesses. Nearby, along the Savage River, there was a gun factory that provided muskets with bayonets for the United States Army at Harpers Ferry. Luke was also home of an automobile manufacturing plant where the Maryland Steamer was produced, as well as a post card factory. With Luke's growth came citizens' concerns about educational and social issues. Schooling in private homes and business buildings was relocated to a two-room schoolhouse. Growing enrollment in the first through eighth grades brought about construction of a new school that opened in September 1913. It served the town for forty-six years, sending its students off to Bruce High School in Westernport. When the school closed in 1959, the building was converted for use as the town's administrative offices. Paper company Located along the Potomac River basin at the foot of Backbone Mountain, Luke was home to a paper mill that was the largest private employer in Allegany County. The mill's owner changed names from the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company to Westvaco in 1969. Westvaco became Meadwestvaco in January 2002 and its paper business was sold in 2005 to become NewPage. The mill had over a $200 million economic impact on the local economy and supported the coal and rail industry as well as the trucking industry. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency listed the paper plant as one of the largest polluters of",
"title": "Luke, Maryland"
},
{
"docid": "26764710",
"text": "The Antoine LeClaire House is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It is a community center that was built as a private home by one of the founders of the city of Davenport. It also housed two of Davenport's Catholic bishops. The home was constructed in 1855. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, and on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1992. History Antoine Le Claire Antoine Le Claire was an interpreter for the U.S. Government stationed at Fort Armstrong on Rock Island on the Mississippi River. In 1832 he was the interpreter for the treaty signing between the Sac (Sauk) and Meskwaki tribes and the United States after the Black Hawk War. The tribes gave Le Claire two parcels of land in Iowa, one at the top of the Rock Island Rapids and one below. The lower parcel became part of the city of Davenport, which he was instrumental in establishing in 1836. Le Claire became Davenport's first citizen. He established the first church (St. Anthony's), ferry service, steam mill, store, hotel, and foundry. His philanthropy included the establishment of two other churches, the property for the Scott County Courthouse, and Iowa College, which later became Grinnell College. There is also some indication that Le Claire was involved in the Underground Railroad. Le Claire agreed to build his first house on the location where the Black Hawk Treaty was signed. He built a small log structure on the site in 1833 after the treaty was ratified by the United States Senate. It was replaced by a small white house that became known as the Treaty House. Le Claire and his wife Marguerite lived in the modest house until 1855 when they built an Italianate mansion in the center of the Le Claire Reserve. The Reserve is one of the parcels deeded to Le Claire by the tribes and covers much of the east side of Davenport south of Locust Street. The house, and others being built by Davenport's wealthier citizens, shows the progress the city had made in the twenty years since its founding. Le Claire donated the Treaty House to the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad. It was not only Davenport's first railroad station, but the first station west of the Mississippi. The house had to be moved from its original location. With his support, the first railroad bridge had been built across the Mississippi and its location was just below his Italianate mansion. It was completed a year after the house. The first locomotive to cross the river was named the Antoine LeClaire. The steamboat Effie Afton struck the bridge and the following lawsuit became one of Abraham Lincoln's best-known cases. Le Claire and his wife lived in the mansion until they died in 1861 and 1876 respectively. The couple had no children, but they informally adopted his nephew, Louis Antoine Le Claire, after Antoine Le Claire's half-brother Alexis died in 1849. He inherited",
"title": "Antoine LeClaire House"
},
{
"docid": "31202726",
"text": "The Dr. Heinrich Matthey House is a historic building located in the Hamburg Historic District in Davenport, Iowa, United States. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The house was individually listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1993. Dr. Heinrich Matthey The home is associated with Davenport physician Heinrich Matthey. He and his twin brother Carl were born on October 20, 1852, to Heinrich and Emilie (Kuntz) Matthey in Prussia. When he was 21, Heinrich immigrated to Milwaukee, Wisconsin with his parents in 1873. They moved to Davenport three years later. Matthey joined his father in publishing the Sternan Banner. In 1880 he moved to Sterling, Illinois where he published the Sterling Beobachter. After two years he sold the paper and returned to Germany, where he studied medicine in Leipzig and Würzburg, graduating in 1887. His brother Carl, who had stayed in Germany to study medicine, moved to Davenport and set up his medical practice. Heinrich returned to Davenport upon the completion of his studies and set up his practice. The two brothers merged their practices in 1889. The following year Heinrich married Hilda Mueller, daughter of lumber baron Chris Mueller, and they raised two children. Heinrich spent two terms on the local school board. Architecture The Matthey house is located a block away from Hilda's parents and even closer to her three brothers. It architecturally embraces a transitional style that combines the Georgian and Colonial Revival styles with elements of the Queen Anne style. The Georgian Revival features include the rectangular form, a high hipped roof, a Palladian window in the dormer, a symmetrical front with the entrance on the right and a columned porch. On the east side of house is a projecting window bay and a tower on the southeast corner of the house that are reminiscent of the Queen Anne style. References Houses completed in 1900 Historic district contributing properties in Iowa Georgian Revival architecture in Iowa Houses in Davenport, Iowa Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa Davenport Register of Historic Properties National Register of Historic Places in Davenport, Iowa",
"title": "Dr. Heinrich Matthey House"
},
{
"docid": "28834731",
"text": "The White Home in Rock Hill, South Carolina is a historical site & wedding venue. Five generations of the White family lived in the house between 1837 and 2005. Over the years, the home transformed from a one-room cottage into an eighteen-room, two story house. It is located in the Reid Street-North Confederate Avenue Area Historic District. Early history The White Home was originally built in 1837, but has undergone extensive renovations and expansions since then. George Pendleton White and Ann Hutchison White purchased the land from Alexander Templeton Black and moved into the original one-room cabin in 1837. They started out with 153 acres of land. George and Ann began to make additions to the one-room cottage soon after their arrival. After George's death on February 25, 1849, Ann continued making renovations until the cottage became a large two-story home. To sustain herself and her four small children Ann rented rooms to boarders, particularly during the Civil War, who often paid her in furniture as they fled from the approaching Union Army. Ann was also able to afford an 1870s building project because of a considerable inheritance left to her by her older brother, Hiram Hutchison. Aside from paying boarders, Ann had a room set aside - the \"Prophet's Chamber\" - for traveling ministers passing through Rock Hill. Ann White was also renowned for her generous participation in the community, including donations to schools and the building of Rock Hill's first Presbyterian Church. Construction, expansion, and renovation of the White Home The White Home began as a one-room cottage, which is believed to have been built shortly before the White's obtained the property. There is a separate log cabin behind the house which was later used as a kitchen for the boarding house but does predate the property by a number of years. After her husband died, Ann White took over management of the family's finances. Due to laws regarding inheritance, she was only authorized to act as a steward for her son. As a result, she was forced to keep meticulous receipts of everything she purchased. These receipts were found preserved in the attic when the White Home was refurbished into a museum. These receipts provide information about what types of supplies Ann White purchased, where she purchased them, and how much they cost. In 1849, as the house was expanded, a room known as \"the Prophet's Chamber\" was added on the second floor. This room was specifically set aside to host traveling ministers. When Ann's brother, Hiram Hutchison, died on October 22, 1856, he left a fortune to Ann. She used this money to make additional expansions to the White Home, as well as some aesthetic changes beginning in 1859. One change was the addition of a front porch in 1859. Construction of the annex began around 1869 and was finished around 1871. Ann White installed lightning rods on the house in 1870, and gutters were installed in November 1871. The first known photograph of the home",
"title": "White House (Rock Hill, South Carolina)"
},
{
"docid": "65199483",
"text": "The Highland Springs Ranch & Inn, formerly known as Highland Springs Resort, was established in 1884 and became Riverside County's first historical landmark. The ranch is located in the unincorporated community of Cherry Valley at the northwestern end of the San Gorgonio Pass. The Ranch and its immediate neighborhood are known as the community of Highland Springs. Formerly a stagecoach stop on the Bradshaw Trail, owned by Dr. Isaac Smith, the ranch became a hotel turned health resort by Fred S. Hirsch and his brother William in 1927. The location was frequented by numerous historical figures, including Wyatt Earp, Ernest Hemingway, and Albert Einstein. The property, now under the care of Highland Springs president Tina Kummerle, encompasses 2400 acres and comprises one of California’s largest organic lavender farms, a restaurant, inn, and camp. History Spanish explorers first visited the area surrounding Highland Springs, known as San Gorgonio Rancho, with missionaries in the late 1700s. They established Mission San Gabriel Arcangel in 1771 to serve as a center for proselytizing the Native Americans. Under a Spanish Land Grant, notorious peacekeeper, Paulino Weaver, owned most of the San Gorgonio Rancho territory. According to historian Ken Edwards, Paulino acquired Rheumatoid Fever and was nursed to health by a passerby named Dr. Isaac Smith. Edward’s asserts that Smith was ultimately gifted one-third of the interest of the San Gorgonio property, then was later transferred ownership of the entire land. Dr. Isaac Smith founded Smith’s Ranch, later known as Smith's Station, on October 10, 1853. By 1862, it became a stagecoach stop along the Butterfield Overland Mail route. The notorious Hall and Wilkinson Stagecoach robbery-murder of 1862 occurred on the property while under Dr. Isaac’s ownership. From 1864 to 1866, Smith’s Station was the first stop in Highland Springs along the Bradshaw Trail. It was also the single connecting line for passenger mail as well as the express travel between Southern California and the eastern regions of the United States, including Yuma, Arizona. In 1884 Smith’s Station was purchased by an unspecified Los Angeles company, where one of the owners, named Veile, opened a three-story hotel on the property called Highland Home Hotel. Following the planting of the first cherry trees on the Highland property, Cherry Valley became the name of the surrounding area. Highland Home Hotel was bought by Palmer and Halliday of Santa Ana in 1888. Palmer and Halliday planted a huge acreage of fruit trees on the land. In 1921, the hotel was bought and renamed, Highland Springs Hotel. Highland also served as an all-girls camp called Highland Lassie Lodge in the early 1920s. In 1927, Fred S. Hirsch and his brother Will W. Hirsch bought Smith’s old property and developed it into a vegetarian health resort called Highland Springs Resort. After allegedly being healed through Prof. Arnold Ehret’s methods, Fred Hirsch implemented the teaching of Prof. Ehret and ran a vegetarian restaurant serving produce grown on the property. Highland Springs Resort became known as “The Last Resort” because people who were",
"title": "Highland Springs Resort/Ranch & Inn"
},
{
"docid": "5090209",
"text": "Upkar () is a 1967 Indian Hindi film directed by Manoj Kumar. The film held the top spot at the box office in 1967 and was the highest-grossing movie of the year. It was Manoj Kumar's directorial debut film. Upkar was highly acclaimed, winning Filmfare Awards awards for best film, best director, best story, best dialog, and best lyrics. The film was inspired by India's prime minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri, who suggested that Kumar make a film based on his motto for India, \"Jai Jawan Jai Kisan\" (English: \"Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer\"). Set in the backdrop of a Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Upkar celebrates village life and the contributions of farmers and soldiers to India. It stars Prem Chopra, Asha Parekh, Kamini Kaushal, Pran, and Madan Puri. The film was remade in Telugu as Padipantalu in 1976. Plot A village man, Bharat (Manoj Kumar), sacrifices everything for his brother's education. The brother, Puran, goes to study in the city and becomes attracted to the high-society lifestyle. When Puran returns to the village, he is a selfish man and wants to sell his share of the family's property. Bharat is unwilling to divide the property and transfers the disputed land to Puran's son. When the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 begins, Bharat joins the fight. With the help of his greedy uncle Charandas and some partners, Puran tries to profit by hoarding and selling grains on the black market. Puran eventually discovers Charandas' plan to separate the two brothers. Ridden with guilt and shame, Puran surrenders to the police. Bharat fights bravely in the war but is captured by the enemy. He escapes but is badly injured and loses both hands. When Bharat returns home as a war hero, Puran apologizes to him. Reunited in the village, the two brothers farm the family fields together. Cast Manoj Kumar – Bharat Mahesh Kothare – Younger Bharat Asha Parekh – Dr. Kavita Prem Chopra – Puran ‘Kumar’ Kanhaiyalal – Lala Dhaniram Pran – Malang Chacha David – Major saab Kamini Kaushal – Radha Asit Sen – Lakhpati Tun Tun – Lakhpati's Wife Madan Puri – Charan Das Manmohan – Kavita's Brother Aruna Irani – Kamli Manmohan Krishan – Bisna Sunder – Sunder Gulshan Bawra – Som Mohan Choti – Mangal Laxmi Chhaya – Guest dancer in \"Gulabi Raat Gulabi\" Production According to an interview with Manoj Kumar, Rajesh Khanna was originally signed for the film. However, he won the All India Talent Contest and had to withdraw from the film. Prem Chopra replaced him. Some portions of Upkar were filmed at Rajkamal Kala-mandir Studio, Kamal Studio, Gurudatt Studio, and Mehaboob Studio. However, the principal photography took place in the village of Nangal Thakran in Delhi state. The film unit borrowed bullock carts and plows from the villagers for filming. Bharat's house and field were actual locations in Nangal Thakran, including the field where the\"Mere Desh Ki Dharti \" song was filmed. The cast and production stayed in Delhi while filming in Nangal",
"title": "Upkar"
},
{
"docid": "74151760",
"text": "John Grimké Drayton (May 1, 1816 – April 2, 1891) was a nineteenth-century planter and priest in Charleston, South Carolina. He was a horticulturalist at Magnolia Plantation and Gardens on the Ashley River and an Episcopal priest who served nearby Old St. Andrew's Parish Church for forty years. Early life John Drayton Grimké was born on May 1, 1816, to Thomas Smith Grimké and Sarah Daniel Drayton. He was the second of six children. His father was a renowned attorney and state senator whose real calling, he believed, was to the ministry. Pursuing that vocation, however, was overruled by his father, the acclaimed Charleston attorney and politician, John Faucheraud Grimké. His mother's parents owned a large plantation west of Charleston, Magnolia-on-the-Ashley (now known as Magnolia Plantation and Gardens). His aunts were Sarah Moore Grimké and Angelina Grimké, who had left Charleston as young adults when John was still young and became noted abolitionists. Education John attended the Southworth School in Charleston, and later the College of Charleston, where he graduated in 1833. He studied and traveled abroad in 1836. The following year he became a candidate for Holy orders in the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina. In 1838–39 he enrolled at General Theological Seminary in New York City. On his return to Charleston, he continued his studies for the ministry under the Reverend James Stuart Hanckel, rector of St. Andrew's Parish Church just south of Magnolia, and Bishop Nathaniel Bowen. Inherits Magnolia Magnolia has been in the Drayton family since 1679. John's grandfather, Thomas Drayton, had willed the plantation to his son William Henry, on the condition that he marry and produce a son. When Thomas died in 1825, and childless William Henry died the following year, the property went to John's older brother Thomas – provided that he changed his surname from Grimké to Drayton. He did, and he inherited the 1,872 acre Magnolia plantation. Thomas died in a hunting accident on the property in 1836. John heard of his brother's death while he was in Europe and returned home. He was next in line to inherit Magnolia provided he also changed his surname, which he did. John Grimké became John Grimké Drayton. Throughout his life, he considered himself a Drayton and not a Grimké-Drayton, since he signed his letters \"J. G. Drayton.\" Marries Julia Ewing On his way to New York City and the seminary, Drayton stopped in Philadelphia to visit family. There he met Julia Ewing, whom he fell in love with. She came from a prominent family and led an active social life. The couple were married on July 9, 1840, and moved to Magnolia soon afterwards. The couple divided their time between Magnolia and the Grimké family's Charleston home at 42 South Bay fronting the harbor. Today the site is a national historic landmark known as the William Gibbes House located at 64 South Battery. Contracts Tuberculosis Just after his marriage John became ill with tuberculosis. Where he contracted it is unknown, although he may",
"title": "John Grimké Drayton"
},
{
"docid": "33695993",
"text": "This is a list of programs that were broadcast on BBC Canada until the network's closure on December 31, 2020. Former programming 55 Degrees North Absolute Power According to Bex Afterlife Agent vs Agent Alan Carr: Chatty Man Alan Clark Diaries Ancestors in the Attic Antiques Roadshow Ashes to Ashes At the End Of My Leash Auf Wiedersehen Pet Bargain Hunt Beachcomber Cottage Beautiful People Big City Broker The Big Flip Blackadder The Body Farm Britain's Worst Driver Border Force Border Security (Australia) Build a New Life The Catherine Tate Show Celeb Celebrity Fantasy Homes Colin & Justin's Home Heist Come Fly With Me Conviction Coupling Countdown to Murder The Crouches Cutting It Dalziel and Pascoe Daniel Deronda Dead Ringers Death in Holy Orders Death in Paradise Debbie Travis’ Facelift Design Inc. Dragons' Den (UK) Dream Home Abroad EastEnders Escape to the Country The F Word The Fades Fantasy Homes by the Sea Fawlty Towers Find Me The Face The Fix Flog It! Free Agents Fresh and Wild Friday Night Dinner From Darkness Garden Invaders Gavin & Stacey The Graham Norton Show Hell's Kitchen (UK) Holiday Showdown Holmes Inspection Holmes Makes it Right Holmes on Homes Home To Stay Homes Under The Hammer The Hotel Inspector How Not to Live Your Life How the Other Half Live Ideal Inspector Lynley The Jonathan Ross Show Judge John Deed Junk Brothers Kitchen Nightmares The Kumars at No. 42 The Lakes Law and Order: UK Life Laundry Life on Mars A Likeness in Stone Little Britain Little Britain Abroad Living The Dream Location, Location, Location Luther Make My Body Younger Manchild Mary Queen of Shops Mersey Beat Million Pound Property Experiment Misfits Monroe Neat The Omid Djalili Show The Other Boleyn Girl PA'S A Place to Call Home Property Virgins Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is Ramsay's Best Restaurant Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares Real Men Real Renos The Really Big Flip Restaurant Makeover Rich Bride, Poor Bride Robin Hood Room Rivals Room Service The Royal Bodyguard Scott & Bailey Servants Spa/Teen Spa Spooks State of Play Strange Swiss Toni Tamasin’s Weekends The Thin Blue Line This Small Space Til Debt Do Us Part TLC Top Gear Torchwood Total Wipeout A Town & Country Murder Trading Up In The Sun Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps The Unsellables The Unsellables (UK) Waking The Dead Wedding SOS Wei in Pass Me The Soap What Not to Wear The World's Toughest Driving Tests Would You Rather? See also List of programs broadcast by the BBC BBC Canada BBC List of programs broadcast by BBC America References http://www.bbccanada.com/Schedule/ http://www.bbccanada.com/Series/ https://web.archive.org/web/20120516052633/http://www.channelcanada.com/Article1937.html http://www.falltvpreview.com/channel.php?id=10 External links BBC Canada official website BBC",
"title": "List of programs broadcast by BBC Canada"
},
{
"docid": "70745625",
"text": "Edward Tarrant was a New Zealand axeman who was the 73rd person to be hanged in New Zealand. He was convicted of the murder of James Flood in the South Island town of Picton. Biography Walter Edward Tarrant was an Australian-born wood merchant who resided in the town of Picton with his wife and children. He was married to a woman named Eugenie Anne and had at least five children during his marriage. On 3 November 1931 the property of local resident James Flood was searched after Flood had not been accountable for some days. He was found on his back in front of his fireplace with large wounds to the neck. These were later found to have been committed by an axe and likely to have been swung by a left-handed assailant. James Flood was 76 and a bachelor who had been living quietly out of a small cottage in Canterbury Street when the crime was committed. He was a native of Port Underwood and had obtained considerable savings through farming alongside his brother Joseph and Jerome on what was his parents' property known as Starmount. Flood was known to keep large sums of money on his persons and that he had a custom-made pocket attached to the inside of his coat for his wallet. Coroners reports showed that Flood had sustained three blows from an axe. One had struck the rear of his head which was followed by two heavy blows at the back of his head, severing his spinal column with either causing death. The blows were so deep they nearly severed Flood's head from his body. The key for Flood's home was soon located by the grounds keeper for the Picton Croquet Club when it was found on the green and handed in to police. In June 1932 Tarrant was intercepted at Blenheim after a report by a local business stated he paid for items with old English banknotes in large denominations. These types of banknotes were suggested to be the type that James Flood had kept his savings in. After a false pocket was discovered containing notes that fit the description on his person, Tarrant was arrested and charged with Flood's murder. The case gained widespread interest after the skull of James Flood was used as evidence during the court proceedings in the case against Edward Tarrant. Its appearance was described as; Tarrant was known to be a skilled left-handed axeman making him a prime suspect prior to the discovery of the banknotes on his person. Detectives discovered that upon throwing the keys of James Flood's home from the Tarrant property, they landed almost exactly where they had been found by the Croquet Clubs groundskeeper. Tarrant was known to have befriended Flood and had spent time with him at a property in the Boons Valley, Waikawa On 29 November 1932 Tarrant was found guilty of murder by Hon. Justice Blair and sentenced to death. After staring blankly at the jury's findings he replied \"I never",
"title": "Edward Tarrant (murderer)"
},
{
"docid": "31093862",
"text": "Valencia Park is an urban community in the southeastern section of the city of San Diego, California, United States. It is bordered by Emerald Hills and Market Street on the north, Lincoln Park and Euclid Avenue on the west, Encanto on the east, and Alta Vista and National City, California on the south. Major thoroughfares include Imperial Avenue, Churchward Street, and Valencia Parkway. History Part of the property at Valencia Park Elementary (playground area) was donated by local resident and San Diego Real Estate entrepreneur Astor Basmajian. An earlier resident of this community, Astor bought several pieces of property within Valencia Park as well as property throughout San Diego County. From buying and selling homes that were already there, as well as building a subdivision of new homes within the neighborhood which was later named Astor Heights, he helped contribute to the earlier history of the Valencia Park community. Astor Basmajian, an immigrant from Armenia, escaped the genocide early and became a millionaire twice in his lifetime. A jeweler by trade, he and his brother opened a jewelry shop in New York shortly before World War I. Both brothers served in the war. After returning from the war, Astor continued his business and later moved to Ohio, and then on to California where he remained the rest of his life living out the \"American Dream.\" With the great influx of Filipino immigrants joining the United States Navy, especially from the Vietnam War era on to the 1990s, many Filipinos inhabited the Southeast San Diego neighborhoods of Alta Vista, Bay Terraces, Paradise Hills, Shelltown, Skyline Hills, and Valencia Park, both for the relatively affordable housing prices and its close proximity to Naval Base San Diego. Demographics Valencia Park is a diverse community with one of the most significant African-American populations in the City. Current demographics for the neighborhood are as follows: people of Hispanic heritage make up 52.6%, followed by African-American at 26.4%, then Asian at 15.6%, non-Hispanic Whites at 3.4%, Mixed Race at 2.0% and others at 0.1%. It ranked near the very bottom at 121 out of 125 San Diego neighborhoods in terms of lowest percentage of non-Hispanic whites, and 4 out of 125 San Diego neighborhoods in terms of total population that is non-White (roughly 96.6%), topped only by bordering Lincoln Park, San Ysidro, and Southcrest. Landmarks and facilities Valencia Park shares Market Creek Plaza, a shopping center, with neighboring Lincoln Park. A portion of Chollas Creek runs through Valencia Park. Education Valencia Park is served by the San Diego Unified School District. Public schools in Valencia Park include Valencia Park Elementary School, Nye Elementary School, Lincoln High School in bordering Lincoln Park, Morse High School in nearby Skyline, and The O'Farrell Charter Schools, an organization of charter schools located in bordering O'Farrell Park. Much like the rest of Southeast San Diego, many students in Valencia Park have taken advantage of San Diego Unified School District's Voluntary Enrollment Exchange Program (VEEP), and have opted to be bused to",
"title": "Valencia Park, San Diego"
},
{
"docid": "48035686",
"text": "Godalming Friends Meeting House is a Friends meeting house (Quaker place of worship) in the ancient town of Godalming in the English county of Surrey. One of many Nonconformist places of worship in the town, it dates from 1748 but houses a congregation whose roots go back nearly a century earlier. Decline set in during the 19th century and the meeting house passed out of Quaker use for nearly 60 years, but in 1926 the cause was reactivated and since then an unbroken history of Quaker worship has been maintained. Many improvements were carried out in the 20th century to the simple brick-built meeting house, which is Grade II-listed in view of its architectural and historical importance. Early history Quakers were one of the dissenting religious groups to emerge after the English Civil War in the mid-17th century. At that time Godalming, a centuries-old industrial town on the River Wey in the southwest of Surrey, was \"overwhelmingly Puritan in belief and practice\". The parish was extremely large, meaning that the incumbent at the Church of England parish church (St Peter and St Paul's) saw little of his parishioners; and his Anglo-Catholic views were unpopular and out of step with the beliefs of many locals. Therefore, by the 1660s, Nonconformist conventicles (unofficial, informal religious meetings led by laypersons) had a substantial following in Godalming. One, which attracted up to 500 people weekly, was held at a house in Eashing (west of Godalming) belonging to the brother of a Quaker called Henry Gill. This developed out of an earlier conventicle at Binscombe Manor on the north side of Godalming, the property of Thomas Patching. He was converted to the Quaker cause by the preaching of the denomination's founder George Fox at Ifield in West Sussex—an early centre for the Quaker cause where a Friends meeting house (still in use) was opened in 1676. Patching inherited Binscombe Manor in the late 1650s and held regular Quaker meetings at a barn on the estate. A Quaker burial ground was established next to it in 1659. Fox himself preached at Binscombe, as did other early Quaker leaders. Describing a journey into Surrey in 1655, Fox wrote \"we passed on [from Reigate] to Thomas Patching's, of Binscombe in Godalming, where we had a meeting, to which several Friends came from London\". Patching was arrested in 1660 for failing to pay parish tithes, and died soon afterwards. Henry Gill, who then took up the Quaker cause at Binscombe, was arrested on the same charge and had property seized. More Quakers were prosecuted throughout the rest of the 17th century. Meetings later moved to the home of Ezra Gill (Henry Gill's brother), Jordans, in Eashing. Some were also held at Henry Gill's own home, the location of which is now unknown. Gill had in 1658 published a pamphlet entitled Warning and Visitation to the Inhabitants of Godalming which encouraged the town's residents to follow the Quaker cause. The following year, a group of Quakers in the town \"were",
"title": "Godalming Friends Meeting House"
},
{
"docid": "28192235",
"text": "Sharif El-Gamal (born December 23, 1973) is an American real estate developer. He is the chairman and chief executive officer of Soho Properties, a Manhattan-based real estate company. El-Gamal came to international attention in 2010 for his role in the development of Park51, a planned Islamic community center and prayer space to be located about two blocks away from the World Trade Center site. Biography El-Gamal was born in Brooklyn, New York to an Egyptian Muslim father and a Roman Catholic mother of Polish descent on December 23, 1973. He lived in Brooklyn until age 9 when his mother died. He then followed his father to Liberia and Egypt where he attended the Schutz American School. El-Gamal returned to the United States for college, enrolling in various New York universities but eventually dropping out when he decided to stop pursuing formal education. Real estate El-Gamal first entered real estate in the late 1990s as a residential sales broker but within his first year transitioned to commercial real estate sales. In 2002 he received his real estate broker's license. According to the company's website, El-Gamal founded his real estate company Soho Properties in 2003 in order \"to focus on commercial real estate capital markets, advisory and retail leasing.\" El-Gamal's partners in the business are his brother, Sammy El-Gamal, and Nour Mousa. In 2007, El-Gamal bought a six apartments building in the Harlem and Washington Heights neighborhoods of Manhattan. He managed additional properties in Chelsea and Harlem. In July 2009, Soho Properties purchased property at 45–47 Park Place, located adjacent to the World Trade Center site. In November 2009, Soho Properties purchased a 12-story office building located at 31 West 27th Street for $45.7 million. El-Gamal said, \"We just bought it for the income. It's got great long-term leases, and the financing was really attractive. We have five years at a very attractive interest rate, and it's probably the best B building in this submarket.\" Soho Properties purchased it from the Witkoff Group, which had purchased the building in 2006 for $31.5 million. Soho Properties sold the property to the San Francisco-based Walnut Hill Group in 2012 for $65 million. In February 2014, El-Gamal announced a partnership to build a new home for the 83-year-old Garment Center Synagogue in Manhattan, as part of a 29-story retail center and hotel at 560 Seventh Avenue. El-Gamal said, \"We're in the process of buying one of the last untouched corners of Times Square... with an opportunity to secure the future of a synagogue that will serve the Jewish community for decades to come.\" In 2018, Soho Properties announced that this project would be the Margaritaville Resort Times Square. In May 2016, Soho Properties announced that it had secured $219 million in construction financing for 45 Park Place, a 43-story luxury condominium development. The financing structure, involving banks from the Middle East, Asia and Europe, is Sharia-compliant. El-Gamal said, \"Essentially, it's the largest syndicated Sharia-compliant construction loan in New York City.\" The tower was initially expected",
"title": "Sharif El-Gamal"
},
{
"docid": "8792172",
"text": "The George H. Gurler House or simply, the Gurler House, is a home in DeKalb, Illinois. The home is listed on the National Register of Historic Places to which it was added in 1979. The home was built in 1857 and was occupied by members of George H. Gurler's extended family as early as 1888. Gurler was the co-founder of the Gurler Brothers Creamery. Gurler was also the president of the DeKalb County Farmer's Institute, the predecessor of the American Farm Bureau Federation. Architecture The Gurler House was constructed in the Greek Revival style of architecture. It was possibly designed by Jacob Haish. History The early years The Gurler House is estimated to have been constructed in 1857; however, county records are not available for that time period. A sign in the front yard of the Gurler House lists it as 1857, and the Gurler Heritage Association celebrated the sesquicentennial of the house in 2007. In approximately 1857, a local banker, Ellzey Young, had the home built for himself and his new bride, Alida Ellwood. Alida was the younger sister of barbed wire baron Isaac Ellwood (http://www.ellwoodhouse.org/). George Gurler would not purchase the home until years later. There are conflicting reports on the original owners of the property. One assertion is that Wyman constructed the home and sold it to the Gurlers, which was also stated by Beatrice \"Bea\" Gurler in an interview with the Daily Chronicle in DeKalb. However, according to the property abstract this is simply not true. According to that document the Gurler House, as it eventually would become known, began its history as an tract of land sold by the U.S. government to Steven S. Jones on April 13, 1844. Jones was a resident of Kane County. It is possible that Jones was a land speculator who gathered up pieces of property scattered across northeast Illinois. The 1878 collection \"Past and Present of Kane County, Illinois,\" described Jones as a St. Charles attorney born on July 23, 1813, in Barry, Vermont. He moved to Illinois in June 1838 with his wife Lavinia where he has been credited with naming St. Charles. In 1846 the family sold the in DeKalb (then known as Huntley's Grove) to Russell Huntley, a founding settler of DeKalb. Huntley, with his brother Lewis, co-owned the property until 1851 when an entry in the abstract indicates that John M. Goodell, another early DeKalb settler, received the land as a result of legal action against the Huntleys. Regardless, Goodell eventually sold the parcel back to Lewis Huntley in 1853. Huntley then platted the land as an addition to the town. He laid out 93 city lots in all. Construction The property that would eventually become the Gurler House was sold to the man who would eventually construct the home which would become the Gurler House, Ellzey P. Young, in 1857. Young along with his wife Alida Young (who was the younger sister of Isaac Ellwood) paid Huntley $320 for the three lots that make",
"title": "George H. Gurler House"
},
{
"docid": "53251653",
"text": "The Property Brothers franchise is a Canadian media franchise that stars Canadian twins Jonathan and Drew Scott and centers around the selling, purchasing, and renovation of real estate property. The shows also often guest star their older brother J.D. Their first program is Property Brothers—initially produced by Cineflix Media—and has aired on the W Network and HGTV Canada in its country of origin, on HGTV in the US, and on other networks in over 150 countries. The success of this show led to spin-off series (including Buying and Selling, Brother Vs. Brother, and Property Brothers: At Home), several web series, a how-to book, a radio show, and an app. Strategy magazine named the Property Brothers its 2013 Brand of the Year. Television The brothers create over 60 hours of broadcast content each year, and have as many as 17 projects going on at a time. Kathleen Finch, the president of the DIY Network and HGTV, has planned to have a new episode of original content each week of the year. Because of their filming schedule, they no longer take personal clients. They are the most highly paid talent on HGTV, reputed to make between US$75,000 and $150,000 an episode. To maximize efficiency and expertise, they hire local design, real estate, and construction companies in the cities where they film. There are as many as seven construction crews working on various properties at the same time. The brothers have also brought on members of their extended network of friends and family, including JD (their older brother), Linda Phan (Drew's wife), Analee Belle (JD's wife), and Pedram (their best friend). Due to the nature of their roles, Jonathan spends more time physically onsite, while Drew manages the business aspects of their various enterprises; however, they arrange \"planning sessions\" to ensure that Jonathan's input is included in the decision making. The brothers have maintained that their shows are not contrived or scripted. Homeowners are not provided with storylines or dialog and unforeseen construction challenges are real. Additionally, they invest their own money in the competition series. However, they concede that conversations may be re-shot and incidents may be reconstructed due to disruptions on set (e.g. a plane flying overhead), to highlight how protracted problems were resolved, or because the cameras did not capture the real-time shot. Homeowners must apply to the show with a shortlist of homes or a home they plan to buy, though Drew provides additional options, and reserves the right to reject their selection if the home is unsafe. While most of the program's renovations start with demolition, off-camera the program reuses or donates salvageable fixtures, cabinetry, and other materials. In November 2017, both brothers were selected by Habitat for Humanity for its highest honor, Habitat Humanitarians. According to the organization, the honor was \"in recognition and furtherance of their dedication to Habitat for Humanity’s vision of a world where everyone has a decent place to live. Property Brothers Property Brothers is a Canadian reality television series that is produced",
"title": "Property Brothers (franchise)"
},
{
"docid": "51387077",
"text": "The Acadia Plantation was a historic plantation house in Thibodaux, Louisiana, U.S.. It was the plantation of James Bowie, Rezin P. Bowie, and Stephen Bowie. James \"Jim\" Bowie, served in the Battle of the Alamo. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 29, 1987. It was demolished in 2010. Today In 2010 Acadia Plantation was demolished and a plaque was placed on Hwy 1 next to Nicholls State University in memory of the plantation. Construction crews worked from the inside out as they dismantled portions of the historic plantation home. The land and home was purchased by Jake Giardina and partner Ron Adams in 2003 from the Plater family as part of a 3,000-acre transaction. The home's future had been a topic of local debate since that time, although there have been no organized attempts to save it. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The 3,400-acre plot of land is now a subdivision which includes a mix of stores, restaurants and homes to the people of Thibodaux. The 132-acres of Acadia Plantation is now developed into residential homes and businesses. The style and arrangement is similar to those found in the New Orleans French Quarter. A grammar school, children museum, doctors office are among the developments of the subdivision. History Acadia Plantation, with its gables, dormer windows, and ornate gallery, was located south of Bayou Lafourche, along the crest of the natural levee. Highway 1 now approximately 50 meters to the north, and Nicholls State University is approximately 500 meters to the west-northwest. The home was owned by Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Plater, Jr. The house was torn down in 2010. The long history of this plantation was a colorful tale of Louisiana's past. Acadia plantation was first owned by the Bowie brothers, Jim Bowie, Rezin Bowie, and Stephen Bowie who had a lucrative business that involved buying slaves from Jean Lafitte in Galveston, Spanish Texas, and bringing them overland to Opelousas to be sold. Indian trouble made this a dangerous route, however, so in 1819 operations were moved to Bayou Black and Bayou Grand Caillou in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana. In 1825 a spring Mississippi River flood drove the brothers from the parish leaving them in need of new headquarters. In 1828 the brothers began buying several adjoining plantations naming the land Acadia. Separate homes were built only yards apart for Jim, Rezin, and the brothers' mother. On this land the Bowies built Louisiana's first steam-powered sugar mill, although it was unsuccessful and destroyed more cane than it crushed. In 1830 the brothers purchased the back land totaling the size of the plantation to about twenty-one hundred acres. Jim's restlessness soon had him joining the adventure of \"GTT\" gone to Texas, where he later became one of the many heroes of the Battle of the Alamo. Stephen Bowie served as Sheriff of Lafourche Parish for a short period, but abandoned the job and Acadia property, returning to Natchez shortly before",
"title": "Acadia Plantation"
},
{
"docid": "49879558",
"text": "This is a list of historic properties in Scottsdale, Arizona, which includes a photographic gallery of some of the towns historic structures. Some of these structures are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Others are listed by the Scottsdale Historic Register. Also included are the photographs of other items of historic value. Brief history Present day Scottsdale was founded by U.S. Army Chaplain Winfield Scott, who in 1888, moved to the area with his wife Helen and brother George Washington Scott (he is not to be confused with the Florida plantation owner and Confederate Army officer with the same name). Winfield Scott believed in the agricultural potential of the area. He therefore, purchased 640 acres for the sum of $3.50 () an acre for a stretch of land where Downtown Scottsdale is now located. The Scotts and other residents first named the small town Orangedale. The reason behind this was that the Scott brothers had planted large citrus groves. The brothers also cultivated citrus fruits, figs, potatoes, peanuts and almonds in the desert town. In 1894, the citizens of the town changed the town's name to Scottsdale after its founder. The town was incorporation in 1951 and its population continued to rapidly grow. There are some buildings of historic significance still remaining in the area known as \"Old Town Scottsdale\". Old Town Scottsdale houses many local businesses and is located on the original townsite of Scottsdale. One of Scottsdales prominent winter residents was architect Frank Lloyd Wright. In 1931, Wright built Taliesin West, located at 12345 N. Taliesin Drive. Taliesin West was the winter home and school of Wright. While building his home, contractors discovered ancient Hohokam petrographs. Some of these adorn the property. Wright lived there from 1931 to 1959, year of his death. The property was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on February 12, 1974, reference: 74000457. The City Council of Scottsdale established the Scottsdale Historic Preservation Program. According to the Scottsdale Historic Preservation Program, their aim is to \"increase public awareness of Scottsdale's heritage; identify historic and cultural resources; designate and recognize significant local resources; and assist in protecting, preserving and enhancing the buildings and structures that best represent Scottsdale's past.\" The Scottsdale Historic Preservation Program has recognized the following as historic districts:. Village Grove 1-6 Historic District (1957) – N 68th Street & E Oak Street. Town and Country Scottsdale Historic District (1959) – N 74th Street & E Oak Street. Villa Monterey Units 1-7 Historic District (1961–1969) – E Chaparral Road & N Miller Road. The Scottsdale Historic Preservation Program requires that the Historic Preservation Commission review and approve exterior alterations and/or demolition requests for buildings on the Scottsdale Historic Register. Therefore, the listing if a historic property on the register does not mean that the same may someday be demolished by the owner. Old Town Scottsdale Old Town Scottsdale is located on the original townsite of Scottsdale. The following is a brief description of the historic buildings pictured in",
"title": "List of historic properties in Scottsdale, Arizona"
},
{
"docid": "26605882",
"text": "Regina Coeli Monastery is a historic building located in Bettendorf, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1994. The building currently houses an addictions rehabilitation facility called The Abbey Center. The Discalced Carmelite nuns who built the building relocated to a new monastery in Eldridge, Iowa in 1975. The monastery was originally established in Davenport, Iowa by James Davis of the Catholic Diocese of Davenport. History Davenport Carmel The first Discalced Carmelite nuns arrived in Davenport from the Carmel at Baltimore on November 23, 1911. The community included Mother Clare of the Blessed Sacrament, who was a native of Dubuque, Iowa and Mother Aloysius of Our Lady of Good Counsel, from Deerfield, Minnesota. Other members of the small community included Sister Gabriel of Divine Providence and Sister Gertrude of the Sacred Heart. Mother Clare's brother, Joseph Nagle, was instrumental in bringing the Carmelites to Davenport. The Archbishop of Dubuque had initially indicated that he would accept the order into his diocese, but withdrew the offer in 1905, and no other bishops in the upper Midwest were able to accept the nuns. Joseph Nagle was persistent and convinced Bishop Davis to bring the community to his diocese. The Carmel was officially established on the feast of St. John of the Cross on November 24, 1911, with a Mass celebrated by another of Mother Clare's brothers, the Rev. Garrett Nagle, in the small cottage that was the nun's new home at 15th and Brady Streets. The Carmel was adjacent to the bishop's residence, and he would celebrate Mass for the nuns as often as possible. The Archbishop of Baltimore, James Cardinal Gibbons, appointed Mother Clare as the prioress of the new Carmel and Mother Aloysius sub-prioress before they had left Baltimore. The cottage was a bit small and an addition was built on property donated by Bishop Davis. The addition included a chapel in the Late Gothic Revival style, nun's choir, sacristy, and six bedrooms. A covered walk was also built between the chapel and the bishop's residence. The first Mass in the new chapel was Midnight Mass on December 25, 1912. The dedication took place on February 11, 1913. The chapel was dedicated as Pater Noster Chapel, and the monastery was dedicated to the prophet Elijah. Bettendorf Carmel When the new addition was completed plans were begun to expand the monastery itself so that 21 nuns could have their own room as was stipulated in the Carmelite Rule. However, the property on Brady Street was not a sufficient location to expand the building. Mother Clare indicated that Bettendorf could be a potential location. Pius Mohr located land on the bluffs above Bettendorf, and Bishop Davis purchased the land on April 3, 1915. The property was surrounded by woods and farmland, which was more appropriate for contemplative life than the city location. Arthur Ebeling, who had designed the chapel addition, was chosen as the architect for the new Carmel. He had also designed homes",
"title": "Regina Coeli Monastery"
},
{
"docid": "2402076",
"text": "Arrowhead, also known as the Herman Melville House, is a historic house museum in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. It was the home of American author Herman Melville during his most productive years, 1850–1863. Here, Melville wrote some of his major works: the novels Moby-Dick, Pierre (dedicated to nearby Mount Greylock), The Confidence-Man, and Israel Potter; The Piazza Tales (a short story collection named for Arrowhead's porch); and magazine stories such as \"I and My Chimney\". The house, located at 780 Holmes Road in Pittsfield, was built in the 1780s as a farmhouse and inn. It was adjacent to a property owned by Melville's uncle Thomas, where Melville had developed an attachment to the area through repeated visits. He purchased the property in 1850 with borrowed money and spent the next twelve years farming and writing there. Financial considerations prompted his family's return to New York City in 1863, and Melville sold the property to his brother. The house remained in private hands until 1975, when the Berkshire County Historical Society acquired the house and a portion of the original property. The Society restored most of the house to Melville's period and operates it as a house museum; it is open to the public during warmer months. It has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Construction and early history Construction of the oldest portions of the house known as Arrowhead took place in the 1780s. Built by Captain David Bush, the wood frame and clapboard house was apparently used as an inn. The Bush family sold the property to Pittsfield doctor John Brewster in 1844, who in 1850 sold the property to the writer Herman Melville. The house at that time consisted of a simple rectangular structure with five window bays across and two deep, with a large central chimney. There is some evidence that the house may originally have had three stories, but at the time of the Melville purchase in 1850, it only had two and a half. Melville in Pittsfield Herman Melville was born in New York City in 1819. His maternal grandparents lived in Albany, New York, where his parents took their family in 1830 after a series of financial setbacks. His uncle Thomas Melvill owned property in Pittsfield that the family had visited a few times when Melville was younger. The first significant visit Melville made to his uncle was a brief one in August 1831. After his father died in January 1832, Melville's mother took the family to Pittsfield to escape an outbreak of cholera in July 1832. It is from the time of this brief stay that Melville's interest in the Berkshires developed. In 1837 he ran his uncle's farm while the latter traveled to Illinois to pursue business opportunities. According to Melville's cousin Priscilla, during this time his attachment to the area deepened considerably. In the summer of 1850, Melville, his wife Lizzie, and their son Malcolm vacationed in Pittsfield. The visit to his uncle's",
"title": "Arrowhead (Herman Melville House)"
},
{
"docid": "18295500",
"text": "Coe Memorial Park is located in Torrington, Connecticut. Origins Torrington’s original town common was in what is now a rural area off University Drive; no evidence of it remains. Today, Coe Memorial Park, located just south of the Naugatuck River, functions as the town green. It was given to the Town of Torrington on November 6, 1906, by Adelaide E. Coe Godfrey, Edward Turner Coe, and Ella Seymour Coe, as a memorial to their parents, Lyman Wetmore Coe, President of Coe Brass Company, and his wife, Eliza Seymour Coe, whose home had been on the property. The donation was made with several stipulations including that (1) a street, known as Elm Street, near the rear of the property be removed and abandoned, (2) the Coe’s home and outbuildings be removed; (3) Mrs. Coe’s large, Victorian greenhouse be removed, and (4) a monument be erected acknowledging the gift and its benefactors. These were unfortunate losses, but it gave the town a green or park at the fringe of the center. Additional parcels were later added to the Park and today, it covers about five acres. Designer Coe Memorial Park was designed by James W. Scott in 1907 or 1908. Scott is also responsible for Keney Park in Hartford. Percival Gallagher of the Olmsted Brothers firm in Boston had been retained by the town selectmen to prepare drawings for the Park in 1907. These drawings were completed, but not executed even though a number of later town records credit Mr. Gallagher with the design. Shortly after, the Park was completed according to Mr. Scott’s plan. A great drama was made of the selection of a boulder upon which to place the memorial plaque for the Coes. The selected boulder weighed 15 tons and was moved through the center of town to the Park on the logging wagon pulled by twenty horses. The Civil War monument was originally erected in front of Town Hall in 1879 and was moved to Coe Memorial Park in 1936. Memorial Park The Coe Memorial Park Civic Center was built in 1973 on the Park to provide a civic meeting center and offices for the town recreation department much to the dismay of the descendants. A monumental stone sculpture fountain designed by Massachusetts’ artist Edward Monti (who in 2004 worked on a Holmstead-planned public art installation in Quincy, Massachusetts's Merrymount Park) was erected in the Park in 1981 and dedicated to all Veterans of the Vietnam War era. A plan for revitalization of the Park was proposed in 1983, (with the misinformation that the Olmsted Brothers had originally designed the Park); portions of the plan have been executed. In 1997, the Coe Memorial Park Subcommittee was established by then-Mayor Mary Jane Gryniuk to oversee the management of the Park. Located on the previous site of the Coe’s grand Victorian home, the Park was created as a living memorial to the Coes by their children, Edward Turner Coe, Adelaide Eliza Coe Godfrey, and Ella Seymour Coe. Adelaide's husband, William",
"title": "Coe Memorial Park"
},
{
"docid": "21748897",
"text": "Sherwood Forest is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is roughly bounded by Randolph Road, Sherwood Forest Drive, Notley Road, the Intercounty Connector, and Northwest Branch Park. History The land was originally a tract of land called Two Farms. Later called Westover, Evan Thomas inherited the land from his father, Samuel Thomas, in 1783. Evan Thomas leased the land to Thomas Brown for 72 pounds per year. A house was built on the land in 1810, which still stands today across from Robin Hood Swim Club. The house was built with one-foot-thick brick walls with ox blood-based mortar. It has remnants of slave quarters and an icehouse, Occupants drank water from a spring that was located where the Robin Hood Swim Club's pool is now. The water was filtered through a sand-filled channel called a race, pumped to the house with a hydraulic ram, and stored in a 40-foot-tall wood tower. Evan Thomas sold the land to William Culver in 1816. Brothers John and Romulus Culver inherited the property when their father died in 1824. Then living in Kentucky, John Culver had no interest in the land and sold his portion of the land to Francis Valdenar in 1824; Romulus Culver later sold his portion to Valdenar in 1833. Valdenar was a farmer and a Commissioner of Montgomery County. When Montgomery County and Prince George's County disputed their border, Valdenar helped define the boundary separating the two counties. Valdenar mortgaged the property in 1870. When Valdenar could not meet the mortgage payments, the property was sold at a public auction to Henry and Mary Bradley in 1876, and they gave it to their son William Bradley later that year. A successful farmer, William Bradley built an elaborate Queen Anne-style addition to the house. William Bradley died in 1897, and John Bliler bought the property from Bradley's widow Mary Bradley by way of a mortgage in 1926. Bliler defaulted on the mortgage, and Mary Bradley bought back the property at a public auction in 1929. Mary Bradley sold the property to a developer in 1950, but she inserted a clause in the deed stating that she could continue to live in the house for free for the rest of her life. The deed also stated that she had the right to chop firewood on the land and she could walk her dogs on the land whenever she liked. Further, the deed stated that if the developer were to sell the portion of the land surrounding the house, she would receive half the proceeds of the sale. The house has been listed on the Montgomery County Master Plan for Historic Preservation. Sherwood Forest was developed by Kahn Construction Corporation. Homes were originally intended to be built in 1959, but homes were delayed until a water and sewage system was built in 1961. Homes were originally priced between $28,000 and $45,000 each. Better Homes and Gardens named one of the model homes a 1959 House of Ideas. Kahn intended",
"title": "Sherwood Forest, Montgomery County, Maryland"
}
] | [
"Toronto",
"Westchester County",
"Nashville",
"Austin",
"Atlanta"
] |
train_40783 | who plays peter parker in the amazing spiderman | [
{
"docid": "362269",
"text": "Peter Parker is the secret identity of the character Spider-Man. Peter Parker may also refer to: Fictional characters Other versions of the main Spider-Man character; see Alternative versions of Spider-Man Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series), a character portrayed by Tobey Maguire in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man series Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), a character portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man film series Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a character portrayed by Tom Holland in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Peter Parker (Insomniac Games character), a character in the Marvel's Spider-Man games by Insomniac Games Peter Parker, the grandson of Peter's Pocket Grandpa, a character in The Dandy People Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet (1721–1811), British Admiral and Member of Parliament, friend and patron of Admiral Nelson Sir Peter Parker, 2nd Baronet (1785–1814), English naval officer Peter Parker (physician) (1804–1888), first Protestant medical missionary to China Peter Parker (British businessman) (1924–2002), chairman of the British Railways Board, 1976–1983 Peter Parker (author) (born 1954), British biographer and journalist Peter Parker (umpire) (born 1959), Australian cricket umpire Pete Parker (1895–1991), Canadian radio announcer Other uses Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic book series Peter Parker House See also Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "Peter Parker (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "35772835",
"text": "Max Joseph Charles (born August 18, 2003) is an American actor and photographer. He appeared in the 2012 film The Three Stooges, as young Peter Parker in The Amazing Spider-Man, and had a role in the ABC comedy science fiction series The Neighbors. In 2014, Charles voiced Sherman in DreamWorks' Mr. Peabody & Sherman. He played the recurring role of Spin in Disney XD's Lab Rats: Bionic Island. He voiced Kion on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and Harvey on the Nickelodeon series Harvey Beaks. He also played Zach Goodweather on seasons two through four on the TV series The Strain, replacing Ben Hyland from the first season. Max Charles also voiced Buddy G in the direct-to-video Scooby-Doo film ‘’Scooby-Doo! Shaggy’s Showdown’’. Life and career Charles was born in Dayton, Ohio on August 18, 2003. He has three older brothers, Logan, Brock, and Mason who are also actors. He first appeared in a third-season episode of the HBO series True Blood in 2010. His later television guest starring work includes the Fox series Raising Hope, the NBC series Community, the TV Land series Hot in Cleveland, and the Disney Channel series Jessie. Charles has also had roles in the 2010 television film November Christmas and the 2011 direct-to-DVD film Spooky Buddies. In early 2012, Charles appeared in The Three Stooges as Peezer, a young orphan who encounters the three title characters. That year, he also appeared in the films Least Among Saints and White Space. In 2012, Charles played a young Peter Parker in The Amazing Spider-Man, a role whose adult counterpart was Andrew Garfield. In fall 2012, Charles began co-starring in the ABC comedy science fiction series The Neighbors. Charles voiced Sherman in DreamWorks Animation's Mr. Peabody & Sherman (2014). Charles has four brothers, and received his first audition after a producer asked one of his brothers to audition for a role; Charles asked his mother if he could accompany his brother, and was hired for his first acting role. In The Three Stooges, Charles can be seen in a scene with all three brothers. Charles is represented by CESD Talent Agency and Symington Talent Management. In January 2015, he was cast as Zach Goodweather, on the television series The Strain. He voiced the title character in the Nickelodeon series Harvey Beaks. He also had a recurring role in the Disney XD TV series Lab Rats as Spin. Charles voiced Kion on the Disney Channel television film The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar and its subsequent Disney Junior TV series The Lion Guard. Charles was cast as Ali's best friend in the independent imaginary reality film, Ali’s Realm, which was released in 2020. Charles was cast as the voice of \"Young Long\" in the Sony Pictures Animation film, Wish Dragon, which was released in 2021. Photography career In November 2023, Charles began a photography business entitled MJCCREATIVE. Filmography Television Film Accolades References External links 2003 births 21st-century American male actors Male actors from Dayton, Ohio American",
"title": "Max Charles"
},
{
"docid": "41357270",
"text": "The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for",
"title": "List of Spider-Man film cast members"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "14294027",
"text": "Spider-Man Live! - A Stunt Spectacular was the first full-length, live-action stage show based on the Marvel comic book character, Spider-Man, to appear in the United States. Written and directed by Kevin Shinick and produced by Ultimate Shows & Entertainment and Marvel Enterprises, Inc, the show combined state of the art flying illusions, acrobatic and trapeze stunts, pyrotechnics and multimedia special effects into a theatrical production that embarked on a 40 city U.S. tour from 2002 - 2003. Plot The show portrays Spider-Man's history from the day that he gets bitten by the radioactive spider and throughout his high school years and relationship with Mary Jane Watson. By the end he has to save her from the Green Goblin. Cast Spider-Man - Colin Follenweider, Aaron Vexler, Brian Hite, Jon Bookout Peter Parker - Colin Follenweider Green Goblin - Gary Martin, Ottavio Gesmundo Harry Osborn - Gary Martin Mary Jane Watson - Julie Leedes J. Jonah Jameson - David Hutson Aunt May - Patricia Wilcox Crusher - Mike Withycombe Sports Commentators - Kevin Shinick, Paul Rubin Ring Girl - Janelle DeMarzo Henchman - Eric D. Braun, Jon Bookout, Sean Colon News Anchor - Sonya Rokes Cops - Mike Moran, Naomi Brenkman, Michael Dean Professor Mason - Michael Souveroff See also Marvel Universe Live! Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark Spider-Man's wedding (live performance) References External links SPIDERMAN LIVE! A Stunt Spectacular, image gallery on mike-o-matic.com Works based on Marvel Comics Spider-Man in live performances",
"title": "Spider-Man Live!"
},
{
"docid": "1103984",
"text": "Elizabeth \"Liz\" Allan, also known as Elizabeth Allan-Osborn and commonly misspelled as \"Liz Allen\", is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In the character's earliest appearances, she was a popular girl at the high school Peter Parker attends. She has been a regular supporting character in the various Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Venom series in an on-and-off basis, and has ties to the Green Goblin and Molten Man. She is married to Harry Osborn, the mother of their son Normie Osborn, and the CEO of Alchemax. Liz Allan would later become Misery upon being bonded to the Symbiote that is a hybrid of the Anti-Venom and Carnage Symbiotes. Sally Livingstone portrays Liz Allan in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (2002), while Laura Harrier portrayed Liz Allan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history Liz Allan is named in The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963), the same issue in which Betty Brant first appears. However, an unnamed blonde female high school student in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) appears to be Liz Allan, and The Marvel Encyclopedia lists this as her official first appearance. She was a supporting character in the series until Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), which bids farewell to Liz as both she and Spider-Man graduate from high school. Nearly a decade later, Liz Allan was brought back in a story arc in Amazing Spider-Man #132-133 (May–June 1974), in which it is revealed that she is the Molten Man's stepsister. Writer Gerry Conway recalled, \"I liked doing callbacks to the run I was most influenced by, the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era, so bringing Liz back was something I'd wanted to do for a long time. And it gave me a reason to go back and look through the issues she was in, which brought me to the Molten Man's first appearance.\" Fictional character biography Liz Allan was a high school student that attended Midtown High School together, and a minor love interest of Peter Parker and Flash Thompson. Peter likes Liz, but she is Flash's girlfriend and considers Peter something of a loser, even taking part in the general ridicule that Peter endures on a daily basis. Her earliest appearances depict her as flighty and rather thoughtless - not outright cruel, but lacking the empathy necessary to perceive Peter's nature. However, after she hears an ailing Peter had donned a Spider-Man costume to save Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus, she develops a crush on him. By this time, however, Peter's interest has waned considerably, as he notes that Liz never showed any real interest in him until he began dating Betty Brant, and assumes that Liz's feelings are little more than a schoolgirl crush. Betty and Liz clash several times over Peter, as Betty mistakenly thinks that Peter reciprocates Liz's interest in him. In Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), Peter and Liz graduate",
"title": "Liz Allan"
},
{
"docid": "931",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an ongoing American superhero comic book series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man as its title character and main protagonist. Being in the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it was the character's first title, launching seven months after his introduction in the final issue of Amazing Fantasy. The series began publication with a March 1963 cover date and has been published nearly continuously to date over six volumes with only one significant interruption. Issues of the title currently feature an issue number within its sixth volume, as well as a \"legacy\" number reflecting the issue's overall number across all Amazing Spider-Man volumes. The title reached 900 issues in 2022. The series began as a bimonthly periodical before being increased to monthly after four issues. It was the character's sole monthly headlining title until Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man launched in 1978. After 441 issues, The Amazing Spider-Man was restarted in 1999 as issue No. 1 of Volume 2. It ran for 58 issues before reverting to the title's overall issue number with #500 in 2003. The series ran essentially continuously over the first two volumes from 1963 until its landmark 700th issue at the end of 2012 when it was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Marvel's comic lines. The title was occasionally published biweekly during the first two volumes, and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010. After the relaunch of Action Comics and Detective Comics, The Amazing Spider-Man briefly became the highest-numbered active American comic book. The Amazing Spider-Man returned with volume 3 in April 2014 following the conclusion of The Superior Spider-Man story arc after 31 issues. In late 2015, the series was relaunched with a fourth volume following the 2015 Secret Wars event. After 45 years , the volume was once again relaunched as part of Marvel Legacy, returning to the overall \"legacy\" numbering with issue No. 789 in late 2017. Less than a year later, the series was relaunched again with a fifth volume as part of Marvel's Fresh Start. For the first time, although the issue numbers were again restarted from #1, the issues also bore the overall \"legacy\" issue number. A sixth volume commenced in April 2022 to celebrate Spider-Man's 60th anniversary. Since the second volume, the title has had various release schedules, including monthly and bi-weekly, among others. Publication history Writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko created the character of Spider-Man, and the pair produced 38 issues from March 1963 to July 1966. Ditko left after the 38th issue, while Lee remained as writer until issue 100. Since then, many writers and artists have taken over the monthly comic through the years, chronicling the adventures of Marvel's most identifiable hero. The Amazing Spider-Man has been the character's flagship series for his first fifty years in publication, and was the only monthly series to star Spider-Man until Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, in 1976, although 1972",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "503156",
"text": "Spider-Girl (May \"Mayday\" Parker) is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She has been referred to as both Spider-Girl and Spider-Woman. The character appears in the MC2 universe. The character was created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz as the teenage daughter of Peter Parker (Spider-Man) and Mary Jane Watson, and first appeared in What If #105 (February 1998). She later acquired her own ongoing comic book, Spider-Girl, written by DeFalco and drawn by Frenz and Pat Olliffe, which was the longest-running superhero book with a lead female character ever published by Marvel before being relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, and later The Spectacular Spider-Girl. Two incarnations of Mayday Parker, an infant and an adult, appear in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Publication history Spider-Girl first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint. Although each of these titles were slated to be 12-issue limited series, Spider-Girls initial sales justified their continuation as ongoing titles. After initial interest, Spider-Girl drew low sales. The book's active fan base convinced Marvel to revoke several cancellation announcements. Reprints of the series in digest size trade paperbacks sold well. Marvel Associate Editor Nick Lowe revealed in a Nov. 2005 interview that \"Spider-Girl, for the first time, is completely safe from cancellation.\" Despite Lowe's statement, Marvel announced that No. 100 would be the title's final issue. The book was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, with issue #0 appearing in Oct. 2006. On October 11, 2008, Tom DeFalco announced that The Amazing Spider-Girl would be canceled with issue #30, though he revealed that, due to the company's love for the character, she could possibly be given a sixteen-page back-up strip in The Amazing Spider-Man Family. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. On March 18, 2009, Marvel announced that Spider-Girl would continue publication as The Spectacular Spider-Girl, a web-comic released through Marvel's Digital Comics Unlimited. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. The Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through No. 8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8. The new The Spectacular Spider-Girl stories were then contained in Web of Spider-Man. This lasted for seven issues before being moved to its own four-issue limited series, Spectacular Spider-Girl, which tied up most of the series plot threads. This was followed by one last Spider girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity.",
"title": "Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker)"
},
{
"docid": "50647806",
"text": "Viva Spider-Man is a student film and Spider-Man fan film created in 1980 based on the animated series Spider-Man from 1967. It is based on the episodes \"King Pinned\" and \"Criminals in the Clouds\". The film's creator, Jim Kreig would later go on to be a writer for Spider-Man: The Animated Series. Plot The film begins in a diner where Peter Parker and a female friend, Susan, are talking. Susan sees a basketball player from their high school, Roy Robinson, whom she says she likes. Peter gets upset at this and starts saying bad things about him, and Susan storms off. Peter begins to daydream about by Susan, and becoming better than Robinson. He decides to go to his gym coach to get on the school basketball team to impress to Susan, figuring his secret spider-like powers will make him a star player, but the coach refuses to give him a tryout, saying the team roster is full but offering Peter the role of waterboy. Later that night, two criminals breaks into Robinson house and kidnaps him while he sleeps. Meanwhile, at the Daily Bugle, Peter overhears a conversation between J. Jonah Jameson and Wilson Fisk (Kingpin) where he tells Jameson to come to him, Peter dons his Spider-Man suit and swings to the Kingpin's office. Kingpin threatens Jameson, that if he doesn't retract what he writes in his papers Robinson will be killed. Spider-Man then beats up the criminals who kidnaped Robinson but gets knocked out by the Kingpin. When he awakens he defeats the Kingpin, who triggers a time-bomb attached to Robinson in the Acme Warehouse across town. Spider-Man chooses to let the Kingpin escape in order to race to save Robinson from the bomb, then bring him to his basketball match. Robinson thanks Spider-Man but says that his arms are too numb from captivity to shoot the ball properly, so Spider-Man decides to help him out by discreetly firing his webbing at Robinson's final three-point shot to propel it into the net. Robinson's victory impresses Susan and she goes out with him, while Peter is berated by the basketball coach for seemingly not attending the game and missing his school's big win. Peter later contemplates his bad luck, despite the fact that when he is Spider-Man, he is the world's greatest hero. Cast James Krieg as Peter Parker Captain Haggerty as Kingpin Ray Sutton as J. Jonah Jameson Thomas Wherle as Roy Robinson Joan Passanto as Susan Roswell Smith as Coach Greg Spence/Mark Weeks/Sven Davison/Jeremy Rodgers/Jack Douglass/David Fogg as Spiderman See also Spider-Man, a 1969 fan film Spider-Man Versus Kraven the Hunter, a 1974 fan film The Green Goblin's Last Stand, a 1992 fan film Spider-Man Lives: A Miles Morales Story, a 2015 fan film References External links Viva Spider-Man, on YouTube Fan films based on Spider-Man American student films Short films based on Marvel Comics 1980s English-language films 1980s American films",
"title": "Viva Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "315920",
"text": "MacDonald \"Mac\" Gargan is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964). Mac Gargan is a recurring antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He debuted as a private investigator hired by J. Jonah Jameson to learn how Peter Parker took pictures of Spider-Man. In the following issue, Jameson decided to turn Gargan into a deadly adversary for Spider-Man through a barely-tested procedure, which left Gargan with an irremovable scorpion-themed armor and the predatory instincts of the arachnid. Driven insane by his mutation, Gargan instead turned to a life of crime as the Scorpion, and went on to menace both Spider-Man and Jameson, whom he held responsible for his transformation. Since then, having finally removed the armor, Gargan has also served as the third host of the Venom symbiote, and a member of the Dark Avengers as Spider-Man, but eventually returned to his Scorpion alias as it kept him alive due to the strain both the neural-armors and symbiote put on his body. Since his original introduction during the Silver Age of Comic Books, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games, and merchandise. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Mando. Publication history 1960s Mac Gargan debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He later appeared under the codename of Scorpion in The Amazing Spider-Man #20 (January 1965). He appeared as an antagonist in the 1977 Ms. Marvel series. 2000s Mac Gargan appeared as the third Venom in Marvel Knights: Spider-Man #10 (January 12, 2005). He later appeared as the third Spider-Man in Dark Avengers #1 (January 21, 2009). He appeared as a regular character in the series from issue #1 through issue #16 (May 12, 2010). He appeared in the 2009 Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man series, his first solo comic book series, by writer Brian Reed and artist Chris Bachalo. According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #1 was the 45th best selling comic book in June 2009. Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #2 was the 68th best selling comic book in July 2009. 2010s Mac Gargan reappeared under the codename Scorpion in the \"Big Time\" story arc from the 2010 The Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2019 Absolute Carnage series. 2020s Mac Gargan appeared in the 2020 Ravencroft series. He appeared in the 2022 Miles Morales: Spider-Man series. Fictional character biography Scorpion Mac Gargan was a private investigator initially hired by J. Jonah Jameson to find out how Peter Parker is able to obtain incredible pictures of Spider-Man. Gargan's efforts set off Peter's spider-sense and the teen easily evades the detective. Jameson then decides to hire Gargan as the subject of a barely-tested process that would endow him with the",
"title": "Mac Gargan"
},
{
"docid": "15265828",
"text": "Fahnbullah Eddy, also known as Gorilla Girl, is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history Gorilla Girl first appeared in Marvel Team-Up #91 (March 1980), and was created by Steven Grant and Pat Broderick. She made her first full appearance years later in Marvel Tales #256, which reprinted the Marvel Team-Up story and added a new story featuring her and other circus freaks. She has since appeared in various comics as a member of the Freaks, the Initiative, and Counter Force. She has also crossed over with other Marvel universes, such as Marvel Apes and Marvel Zombies. In her earliest appearances, she was portrayed (in her human form) as an attractive, fully mature, woman, but in her later appearances, she is implied to be a teenage girl. Fictional character biography Fahnbullah Eddy, originally known as Gorilla Woman, is first seen serving as a carnival attraction as a member of the Freaks, a group of circus freaks that included Muck Monster and Six. No origin story is ever given, and so the circumstances surrounding neither the shapeshifter's strange condition nor her joining the carnival are ever explained. When Peter Parker came to visit the carnival, he realized that the Freaks, along with Ghost Rider, had been enslaved by the sorcerer Moondark, who forced them to battle Spiderman. After Parker manage to free Ghost Rider, the two found a way to release the captured souls from Moondark's orb, freeing the carnies and defeating the sorcerer in the process. After their escape, Gorilla Girl and the Freaks rescued the innocent Dr. Melloncamp from the two criminals Hammer and Anvil. After the events of the \"Civil War\", Gorilla Girl was captured by the Thunderbolts. During her capture, she threw Penance down three flights of stairs, after which Penance beat her severely. She later registered with the Initiative and joined Camp Hammond along with Annex, Prodigy, and others. During the Skrull invasion, she is one of the Initiative members to go into battle in Times Square. They join the 'Young Avengers' and are saved by the 'Secret Commandos'. Afterwards, Gorilla Girl asked to be put in the Initiative reserves. However, before she gets very far, the Thor clone attacks Camp Hammond, and Gorilla Girl fights him before Counter Force intervenes. Gorilla Girl strikes up a friendship with the alternate universe simian version of Speedball, another Initiative recruit. She becomes involved in the plan of Norman Osborn to exploit the resources of her friend's home dimension. The two also work with Gibbon (another simian superhuman) as well as Red Ghost's Super-Apes. When Gorilla Girl, the simian Speedball, and Gibbon ended up in the Marvel Apes universe, they find themselves during an invasion by the Marvel Zombies. Gorilla Girl shifted into her gorilla form and ripped off Zombie Medusa's hair to protect them. Just as they were about to be overwhelmed, a group of Marvel Apes appeared and helped to fight the Marvel Zombies. Gorilla Girl thinks that the simian",
"title": "Gorilla Girl"
},
{
"docid": "53738449",
"text": "Since the characters inception in the 1960s, Spider-Man has appeared in several forms of media, including novels and book series. Original solo novels The Amazing Spider-Man: Mayhem in Manhattan (1978) No. 1 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Len Wein and Marv Wolfman. Doctor Octopus is blackmailing the top eight CEO's of various U.S. oil companies in order to get a stranglehold on U.S. oil. He also tries to convince those same CEO's that he has rendered their oil radioactive and thereby useless. For one year, they must secretly agree to buy oil from Doctor Octopus instead and, at the end of that time, they can go back to business as usual. The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign (1979) No. 8 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Paul Kupperberg. The plot concerns a TV anchorman whose daughter has been kidnapped by the Kingpin, who has forced the popular media frontsman to stand as Mayor. The Kingpin has taken millions of dollars from the other ganglords in order to cut them into his plan, which is to push his candidate into becoming Mayor. Peter Parker manages to convince J. Jonah Jameson into running for Mayor also. Secondly, Parker gets sent to cover a mayoral rally and thirdly, Silvermane's plan to secretly undermine the Kingpin's authority has him using a fake Spider-Man to threaten the Kingpin's candidate, and to lead the real Spider-Man into conflict with the Kingpin. While this is all happening, Jameson has hired a private investigator named Cindy Sayers to pretend to be his niece in order to find out how Peter Parker can get so many pictures of Spider-Man. The Hulk and Spider-Man: Murdermoon (1979) No. 11 of the Marvel Pocket Novels and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign, also written by Paul Kupperberg. The book begins with the Hulk fighting the U.S. military in a desert, but then cuts to Spider-Man intervening in a raid on a company doing research for NASA. The wall-crawler does not quite save the day but, returning to the Bugle, he immediately gets dropped into a story to cover the latest StarLab spy-in-the-sky satellite, which is due to drop back out of the sky. That story takes Parker out to a U.S. aircraft carrier. But when the satellite vanishes from the radar, trouble arises. Meanwhile, Bruce Banner is reading a newspaper advertisement offering a potential treatment for his condition. He follows up on the ad, but finds himself kidnapped by the villain and, as the Hulk, gets brainwashed into fighting Spider-Man. Spider-Man: Carnage in New York (1995) Written by David Michelinie and Dean Wesley Smith. A man named Catrall is on the run from the FBI because he has a serum that will drive anyone who comes into contact with it into a killer rage. He created the serum as a byproduct of studies designed to eliminate violent behavior. Meanwhile, an experiment is being run to try to kill the Carnage symbiote without killing Casady, its host. Catrall shows",
"title": "Spider-Man in novels"
},
{
"docid": "1368744",
"text": "The \"Clone Saga\" is an extended comic-book storyline published by Marvel Comics, revolving around the superhero Spider-Man and clones of him, as well as of other characters. The second and best-known story arc of this name ran from October 1994 to December 1996, and quickly became one of the most controversial Spider-Man stories ever told. Although it was intended to wrap up in less than a year, the comics sold very well and the writers were encouraged to prolong the saga as long as possible. This led to some changes to the storyline that ultimately proved unpopular. Despite the controversy, the 1990s Clone Saga remains one of the most popular Spider-Man story arcs of all time. Although many people were involved in its creation, the Clone Saga is most closely associated with Terry Kavanagh, who proposed the idea; Howard Mackie, who worked on the majority of the smaller crossovers involved in the overall story arc; and Gerry Conway, who devised the original story. Executive editors on the storyline included Tom DeFalco, Bob Budiansky, and Bob Harras. Story arcs There were two \"Clone Sagas\": the original storyline in the 1970s and the second saga which consumed all the regular Spider-Man series, several limited series and one-shot issues between 1994 and 1997. Between the two, there were also two smaller storylines that dealt with elements from the original saga. The original Clone Saga In mid-1973, writer Gerry Conway made the decision to kill off the girlfriend of Peter Parker, Gwen Stacy, in The Amazing Spider-Man #121 because the editorial team felt that Gwen had become stale as a character and they wanted to instill an additional element of tragedy into Peter Parker's life. In the follow-up arcs, Conway introduced a new villain called the Jackal and let Gwen Stacy seemingly return from the dead. The Jackal was the villain identity of Gwen and Peter's biology professor Miles Warren, who could not cope with the death of Gwen, with whom he had a secret infatuation. As an expert on cloning, he creates clones of both Gwen and Peter, discovering Peter is Spider-Man as a result. The Jackal blames Spider-Man for Gwen's death and wants to kill him. The Jackal kidnaps Spider-Man and forces him to fight his clone. Both men believe they are the real Peter Parker. The two Spider-Men soon decide to work together, but one is seemingly killed by the same bomb that kills the Jackal. The surviving Spider-Man determines he is the original because he is in love with Mary Jane Watson, which did not happen until after Professor Warren created the clone. Spider-Man drops the body of the clone into an incinerator. Gwen Stacy's clone disappears to find a new life for herself. The Amazing Spider-Man #149, the climactic installment of the original Clone Saga, leaves it ambiguous whether it is the original Spider-Man or his clone who perishes in the bomb explosion. Conway said this ambiguity was unintentional, as at the time he took it as a given",
"title": "Clone Saga"
},
{
"docid": "19054808",
"text": "Bluebird (Sally Avril), sometimes rendered Blue Bird, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is usually depicted as a supporting character in the Spider-Man series. In other media, Sally Avril has appeared in the animated series The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Grey DeLisle; in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), portrayed by Kelsey Asbille; and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), played by Isabella Amara. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Sally Avril first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (1962). Sally was a minor member of Flash Thompson's entourage, appearing in only one issue during the Silver Age. Her \"Bluebird\" career was created by Busiek (scripts) and Olliffe (pencils) in 1996. Fictional character biography Sally Avril was a fellow student of Peter Parker's at Midtown High who turned him down for a date, preferring Flash Thompson. Thirty years later, writing for Untold Tales of Spider-Man, Kurt Busiek resurrected the one-note brunette from obscurity and gave her a background. She was an ambitious, thrill-loving girl who took blue ribbons in gymnastics. With fellow popular kid Jason Ionello, she attempted to cash in on a Daily Bugle contest offering a thousand dollars to a reader who brought in pictures of Spider-Man. Although their mission was a bust, Sally loved the thrill and became very smitten with the web-slinger when he touched her cheek just before leaving her and Jason with a warning to give it up. Sally and Jason tailed Spidey again, who was (unwillingly) working for Electro. The flash from Sally's camera roused Spidey from his hypnotic state, and a well-placed kick by the athletic young Sally took Electro by surprise long enough for Spidey to readjust his mask — which Electro had been preparing to remove — and defeat him. Spider-Man posed for a shot with an ecstatic Sally and Jason that the Bugle ran. Suffused with glee, Sally tried to get a permanent gig on the Bugle, but was told the photographer's job was filled — by Peter Parker. Peter admitted this but asked her not to tell their fellow Midtowners. Sally donned an eccentric blue-and-white costume and decided, with her aerobic skills, to become a superheroine. She asked Peter to take some Bugle pics of her doing some stunts, but Peter refused. Angered, she threatened to blackmail him by revealing that he took Spider-Man pictures, but he undercut her by telling them himself. Bluebird's zeal but lack of experience caused trouble for Spider-Man during fights with Scarlet Beetle and Electro. Her \"ether egg\" weapons would detonate prematurely or have little effect, once even allowing the villain to escape. Considering her more trouble than she was worth, Spider-Man allowed the Black Knight's men to hurt her quite badly in order to dissuade her from interfering in his fights again, although he later felt remorseful. Bruised but undaunted, Sally and Jason headed to an area where",
"title": "Bluebird (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "663197",
"text": "Nicholas Hammond (born 15 May 1950) is an American and Australian actor and writer who is best known for his roles as Friedrich von Trapp in the film The Sound of Music and as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the 1970s television series The Amazing Spider-Man. He also appeared in the theatrical films as Spider-Man and its two sequels outside of North America. Early life Hammond was born on May 15, 1950, in Washington, D.C., the son of Colonel Thomas West Hammond, Jr. by his wife Eileen Hammond (née Bennett). Hammond's father was American of English descent and an officer in the U.S. Army, and his mother was English and had played a role in Much Too Shy in 1942. Hammond has one elder brother, David (b. 1946). Hammond's parents had met and married in London during World War II when his father had been posted in the United Kingdom. After the war, the couple moved to the U.S. permanently, and because the Colonel had an army job, the family moved numerous times to various army stations across the country during Hammond's childhood. Nicholas Hammond graduated from the Landon School in Bethesda, Maryland, before attending and graduating from Princeton University. Col. Hammond died in 1970. Career Hammond was 11 years old when he made his acting debut as Robin Rhodes in the Broadway play The Complaisant Lover in 1961, playing alongside Michael Redgrave and Googie Withers. At the same time, he began to shoot for the 1963 film Lord of the Flies, which marked his film debut. After this, Hammond played what was to be his most notable screen role: Friedrich von Trapp (the elder of the two boys) in the 1965 hit The Sound of Music. Hammond's next acting role came in 1970, when he appeared in Conduct Unbecoming, his first role as an adult. In 1972 Hammond appeared as Peter Linder in Skyjacked. In 1973 he made a guest appearance on The Brady Bunch in season 4, episode #090, \"The Subject Was Noses\", as the high school hunk, Doug Simpson, who loses interest in Marcia after her tragic football accident. That year Hammond also appeared in The Waltons episode \"The Townie\", as Theodore Claypool Jr. After making the transition from juvenile to young leading man, Hammond spent several seasons in daytime soaps, such as General Hospital. He also appeared on many television shows of the 1970s including Hawaii Five-O. In the late 1970s Hammond re-joined fellow The Sound of Music alumnus Heather Menzies (who played Louisa von Trapp) for one episode of the TV adaptation of Logan's Run. He also contributed to The Sound of Music Family Scrapbook. Spider-Man From 1977 to 1979, Hammond played the role for which he is perhaps best known, as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the television series The Amazing Spider-Man. Hammond described his approach to the character: \"I liked the idea of taking a fantasy hero and making him believable as a person. I made it clear going into it that I wasn't interested in doing",
"title": "Nicholas Hammond"
},
{
"docid": "1507980",
"text": "Campbell Scott (born July 19, 1961) is an American actor, producer and director. His roles include Steve Dunne in Singles, Mark Usher in House of Cards, Joseph Tobin in Damages, and Richard Parker in The Amazing Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man 2, as well as narration in The Men Who Built America. Early life Scott was born on July 19, 1961, in New York City, the son of American actor George C. Scott (1927–1999) and Canadian-American actress Colleen Dewhurst (1924–1991). He graduated from John Jay High School with friend Stanley Tucci before graduating from Lawrence University in 1983. His brother is Alexander Scott. One of his paternal half-sisters is actress Devon Scott. Career Scott's first film appearance was in the 1987 movie Five Corners, as a policeman. In 1990, Scott played a lead role in the ground-breaking film Longtime Companion, which chronicles the early years of the AIDS/HIV epidemic and its impact upon a group of American friends. In the following year he appeared briefly in Kenneth Branagh-directed, Dead Again, and co-starred in the movie Dying Young (in which his mother also appeared) alongside Julia Roberts. He also appeared in the 1992 Cameron Crowe movie Singles alongside Bridget Fonda and Kyra Sedgwick, and in 1996, he teamed up with Stanley Tucci to direct the film Big Night. The film met with critical acclaim and was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival. For their work, Scott and Tucci won both the New York Film Critics Circle Award and the Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best New Director. In 2002 he was awarded the Best Actor prize from the National Board of Review for his performance in Roger Dodger. Scott starred in Six Degrees on ABC in 2006. In 2004 he starred alongside Adam Butcher, in Saint Ralph. In 2005–2006 Scott served as the reader for the audiobook versions of Stephen King's bestsellers The Shining and Cell, and for Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls. In 2007 Scott lent his voice for the narration of a Chevron Corporation television ad, as well as the Iraq War documentary film, No End in Sight. He also appeared in the romantic comedy Music and Lyrics, starring Hugh Grant and Drew Barrymore. Next up for Scott was the 2009 drama Handsome Harry. Scott also had a recurring role on the USA drama Royal Pains, as Boris Kuester von Jurgens-Ratenicz. On August 28, 2009 TVGuide.com confirmed Scott was cast for the third season of Damages. Scott was a series regular, playing Joe Tobin, the son of indicted Bernie Madoff-like Louis Tobin (Len Cariou). The season aired from January to April 2010. In May 2010 Scott provided the voice-over for a new Häagen-Dazs TV commercial called \"Ode to Flavor\". The ad was created by Goodby, Silverstein & Partners, directed by Noah Marshall with art direction by Croix Cagnon. He played the role of Richard Parker, the father of Peter Parker, in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider-Man. Scott reprised his",
"title": "Campbell Scott"
},
{
"docid": "9601342",
"text": "Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \"Mayday\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \"The Final Chapter\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man Family"
},
{
"docid": "18936506",
"text": "\"Green Goblin Reborn!\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the",
"title": "Green Goblin Reborn!"
},
{
"docid": "504988",
"text": "Benjamin \"Ben\" Reilly (), also known as the Scarlet Spider, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Grown in a lab by Miles Warren/Jackal, he is a clone of Peter Parker/Spider-Man tasked with fighting him but instead becoming an ally, later even regarded as a \"brother\". Created by writer Gerry Conway, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 (October 1975) and is seemingly killed in the same issue. The character returned and featured prominently in the 1994–96 \"Clone Saga\" storyline, adopting the \"Scarlet Spider\" alias with a costume similar to Spider-Man's consisting of a red spandex bodysuit and mask complemented by a blue sleeveless hoodie sweatshirt adorned with a large spider symbol on both sides, along with a utility belt and bulkier web-shooters. This Scarlet Spider costume was designed by artist Tom Lyle. When Peter Parker temporarily left the Spider-Man role, Ben became the new Spider-Man while wearing a new costume variation designed by artist Mark Bagley. However, Reilly dies at the hands of Norman Osborn/Green Goblin, sacrificing himself to save Parker who then resumes the Spider-Man role. In 2017's Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy story, the character is revealed to be alive, his mind forcibly transferred to new clone bodies by the Jackal repeatedly before his resurrection was successful. Driven mad by the experience of being reborn and dying repeatedly, he became the new Jackal and started his own criminal enterprise. After being defeated by Spider-Man and others, Reilly reclaims his Scarlet Spider identity in the series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider. Reimagined as an antihero, he first hopes to escape his past then embarks on a spiritual quest to redeem himself. This arc is completed in \"Spider-Geddon\" (2018), during which he sacrifices himself to protect others when his life force is absorbed by an enemy who inadvertently absorbs his many death traumas as well. Ben is then resurrected in a new clone body, his mind and soul healed and restored. During the events of the 2021–2022 storyline \"Beyond\", Ben temporarily became Spider-Man again, only for him to have his memories purged from him and becoming a new villain called Chasm. Due to his many resurrections in different clone bodies, the 2017–2018 comic series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider states he has died and returned more than anyone else in the Marvel Universe, leading to him becoming favored by Lady Death. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse voiced by Andy Samberg. Publication history Ben Reilly was first featured as Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 as a nameless clone of Peter Parker who seemingly dies alongside his creator the Jackal, who had also created a clone of Parker's lost love Gwen Stacy. The events of the issue were later revisited in several comics such as What If #30. Asked why he created the character, writer Gerry Conway explained: Though Conway had no intention of using the character beyond this initial story in",
"title": "Ben Reilly"
},
{
"docid": "53599140",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" was released with the tagline \"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \"unjust\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 129"
},
{
"docid": "4250586",
"text": "The Iron Spider is a fictional powered exoskeleton used by several characters in Marvel Comics. Publication history The Iron Spider armor first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #529 and was designed by Joe Quesada, based on a sketch by Chris Bachalo. Peter Parker wore this gold and red suit as Spider-Man's official costume until writer J. Michael Straczynski chose to revert to the older costume. It was used symbolically to show the character's divided loyalties during the 2006–2007 \"Civil War\" storyline. Known wearers Peter Parker After being revived from a battle with Morlun, Tony Stark created the Iron Spider Armor as a gift to Peter Parker, in order to get the young hero's support for the Superhero Registration Act. But during several fights, Parker slowly became disturbed over the battles with several unregistered heroes, and discovered that Stark was using the suit to monitor him, along with several devices in play to incapacitate him if necessary. But during a trip to 42, a prison that illegally held super-powered individuals within the Negative Zone without trial or counsel, Parker became completely disgusted with Stark's actions, and turned his back from the Registation's side of the war, and forgone the costume after \"reformed\" criminals Jester and Jack O' Lantern attacked his aunt and wife in an attempt to capture him, and after a serious confrontation with Stark, leading the tech genius to repossess it. Scarlet Spiders The Iron Spider armor costume has been duplicated and used by MVP's three genetic clones in the Initiative who identify themselves as Red Team and also labeled the Scarlet Spiders. It is unknown as to what new powers the team possesses, but they have been shown to use some of the built-in powers such as the cloaking device, communications, and waldoes which the original costume possessed. One change is that there are now four waldoes, as opposed to three. These suits have the original's morphing ability, as well as web-shooters, and wall-crawling capability. Mary Jane Watson Mary Jane Watson later donned the Iron Spider armor in order to help Spider-Man and Iron Man fight Regent. She uses her experience in Iron Man's suit and her brief spider powers that she had back in the Spider-Island storyline to operate the armor. Aaron Davis Aaron Davis purchases a recolored and modified Iron Spider armor which he uses to form his incarnation of the Sinister Six. Amadeus Cho Amadeus Cho wears a version of the suit in the comic book The Totally Awesome Hulk. Powers and abilities Supported by a system similar to that of Tony Stark's classic Iron Man design, The Iron Spider armor features many gadgets, including three mechanical spider-arms, or \"waldoes\", that can be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. Stark describes them as too delicate to use in combat, yet Spider-Man shortly afterward uses them to smash through the sensors in Titanium Man's helmet. Later on during the \"Civil War\" arc, he uses them (reluctantly) during",
"title": "Iron Spider"
},
{
"docid": "33811727",
"text": "John Pritchett (born March 29, 1947) is an American sound engineer for film. He has been nominated for two Academy Awards in the category Best Sound for the films Road to Perdition and Memoirs of a Geisha. He was nominated for two Cinema Audio Society Awards, winning best sound on The Road to Perdition. He was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for his work on There Will Be Blood. He has worked on over 100 films and television series since 1981, and is known for his work on such films as Dirty Dancing, Magnolia, There Will Be Blood and The Amazing Spider-Man. Notable filmography Wyatt Earp (1994) -Production Sound Mixer Born to Be Wild (1995) Road to Perdition (2002) -Production Sound Mixer Sin City (2005) -Production Sound Mixer Memoirs of a Geisha (2005) -Production Mixer World Trade Center (2006) -Sound Mixer Dan in Real Life (2007) -Production Sound Mixer There Will Be Blood (2007) -Sound Mixer The Green Hornet (2011) -Production (Sound) Mixer The Amazing Spiderman (2012) -Production (Sound) Mixer Avengers: Endgame (2019) - Sound Mixer Personal life Prior to his work in the film and television sound industry, Pritchett played drums, but eventually opened a recording studio with a friend. This work allowed him to transition to freelance sound engineering. His place in the field of film sound was best solidified by his early collaborations with director Robert Altman. Pritchett worked on a total of seven projects with Altman, prior to the latter's death in 2006. References External links 1947 births Living people American audio engineers People from Santa Monica, California Engineers from California",
"title": "John Pritchett (sound engineer)"
},
{
"docid": "2839562",
"text": "\"The Other\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \"acts\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes",
"title": "Spider-Man: The Other"
},
{
"docid": "14154213",
"text": "Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles",
"title": "Spider-Man: With Great Power"
},
{
"docid": "31655527",
"text": "\"The Gathering of Five\" and \"The Final Chapter\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \"re-branding\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \"Issue One\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \"Clone Saga\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \"the gathering of five\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \"package\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time",
"title": "The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter"
},
{
"docid": "144436",
"text": "Benjamin Franklin \"Ben\" Parker, usually referred to as Uncle Ben, was a supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with the superhero Spider-Man (Peter Parker). He was the husband of May Parker and the paternal uncle and father figure of Peter Parker. After appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962), Uncle Ben made his first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He was modeled and named after American founding father Benjamin Franklin. The character has been an essential part of Spider-Man's history. His death at the hands of a petty criminal, whom Spider-Man previously had the chance to apprehend, but chose not to, has been depicted in most versions of the hero's origin story, as the main factor that inspired Peter to become Spider-Man. Uncle Ben's quote, \"With great power there must also come great responsibility\" (often paraphrased as \"With great power comes great responsibility\"), has become Spider-Man's \"moral guide\" and iconic life motto. The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including films, animated series, and video games. He was portrayed by Cliff Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and by Martin Sheen in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012). In December 2021, Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) screenwriters Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers confirmed that Uncle Ben's comic book role as Peter's \"moral guide\" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)—who tells him his life motto before being killed as a result of his actions—had instead been adapted to his aunt May Parker, portrayed by Marisa Tomei in five films from 2016 to 2021. Adam Scott portrays a younger Ben Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history After first appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962)—caring for his niece (a mermaid named Linda Brown) with his wife May—Uncle Ben returned in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962)—caring for his nephew (Peter Parker / Spider-Man) with May—and was killed in the same issue. Although his history as a supporting character was very brief, Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider-Man's life, often appearing in flashbacks. Notability of death The murder of Uncle Ben is possibly the most notable in comic book history. He is also one of the few comic book deaths that has never been reversed in official continuity. He was a member of the \"Big Three\", alongside Jason Todd (an associate of Batman) and Bucky (an associate of Captain America) whose notable deaths, along with Ben's, gave rise to the phrase: \"No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky, Jason Todd, and Uncle Ben\". Later, the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment, \"No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben\". The violent killing of Uncle Ben, done by a common street criminal, also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne, the parents of",
"title": "Uncle Ben"
},
{
"docid": "13305157",
"text": "\"One More Day\" (OMD) is a four-part 2007 comic book crossover storyline, connecting the three main Spider-Man series published by Marvel Comics at the time. Written by J. Michael Straczynski and Joe Quesada, with art by Quesada, the story arc concludes the fallout of Spider-Man's actions during the 2007 Civil War crossover. \"One More Day\" starts in The Amazing Spider-Man #544, continues in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #24 and The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2) #41, and concludes in The Amazing Spider-Man #545. After Aunt May had been shot by a stray bullet from a goon of the Kingpin meant for Spider-Man, Spider-Man seeks help to save her life. He encounters the demon Mephisto, who offers to save her life if Spider-Man gives him his marriage. Spider-Man and his wife, Mary Jane Watson, agree, and this part of their history is erased so that, effectively, they have never been married. The storyline set the stage for a restructuring of the Spider-Man titles, resulting in the cancellation of Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, with The Amazing Spider-Man revamped as a thrice-monthly publication. The events of \"One More Day\" regarding Peter Parker and Mary Jane's marriage was met with highly negative criticism, although the artwork received praise. Elements of the storyline were adapted in the feature film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada felt dissolving the Peter Parker and Mary Jane marriage and returning Spider-Man to his roots was necessary to preserve the longevity of the character for the next 20 or 30 years. Quesada said he and other previous editors-in-chief had long been seeking an opportunity to begin a new methodology in which to tell Spider-Man stories, but had not found a reasonable way to do so. Quesada said \"It's very easy to un-marry a character, or fix something like that: you just do a huge universal retcon, and say a few events in history didn't happen. But that's really not the way we do it here at Marvel.\" Quesada found an opportunity to address this in the events of the 2007 Civil War mini-series, which resulted in the unmasking of Spider-Man's identity to the public. Quesada knew J. Michael Straczynski was planning to end his run as a Marvel writer, so he personally approached Straczynski to propose \"One More Day\" as his final project. The ideas for \"One More Day\" began to develop almost two years before its release, at one of Marvel's creative summits for creators and editors. Quesada, Straczynski, Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, Jeph Loeb, Tom Brevoort and Axel Alonso developed the concept between them, and Ed Brubaker and Dan Slott added more at the next summit. \"One More Day\" was announced as the concluding storyline of Straczynski's run on Amazing Spider-Man in early 2007, and Quesada was named as the artist for the storyline. Although Quesada had become more selective in choosing projects to do as an artist since becoming editor-in-chief, he felt",
"title": "Spider-Man: One More Day"
},
{
"docid": "6146135",
"text": "Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and",
"title": "List of Spider-Man enemies"
},
{
"docid": "328979",
"text": "Amazing Adult Fantasy, retitled Amazing Fantasy in its final issue, is an American comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics from 1961 through 1962, with the latter title revived with superhero features in 1995 and in the 2000s. The final 1960s issue, Amazing Fantasy #15 (cover-dated Aug. 1962), introduced the popular Marvel superhero Spider-Man. Amazing Adult Fantasy premiered with issue #7, taking over the numbering from Amazing Adventures. Publication history The science fiction-fantasy anthology Amazing Adult Fantasy began with issue #7 (cover-dated Dec. 1961), having taken over the number of the similar anthology Amazing Adventures. The earlier issues before the title change featured stories drawn by a number of artists including Jack Kirby, Don Heck and Steve Ditko. Amazing Adult Fantasy featured exclusively the quick, quirky, twist-ending tales of artist Ditko and writer-editor Stan Lee that had appeared in Amazing Adventures and sister titles primarily featuring rampaging monsters. The cover of the comic carried the motto \"The magazine that respects your intelligence\". Lee in 2009 described these \"short, five-page filler strips that Steve and I did together\", originally \"placed in any of our comics that had a few extra pages to fill\", as \"odd fantasy tales that I'd dream up with O. Henry-type [twist] endings\". Giving an early example of what would later be known as the \"Marvel Method\" of writer-artist collaboration, Lee said: \"All I had to do was give Steve a one-line description of the plot and he'd be off and running. He'd take those skeleton outlines I had given him and turn them into classic little works of art that ended up being far cooler than I had any right to expect\". With issue #15 (Aug. 1962) Amazing Adult Fantasy was retitled Amazing Fantasy. This issue's lead feature introduced the superhero Spider-Man, written by Lee and drawn by Ditko, although Lee rejected Ditko's cover art and commissioned Jack Kirby to pencil a cover that Ditko inked. As Lee explained in 2010: \"I think I had Jack sketch out a cover for it because I always had a lot of confidence in Jack's covers\". In numerous interviews Lee has recalled how the title had been slated for cancellation, and so with nothing to lose, publisher Martin Goodman reluctantly agreed to allow him to introduce Spider-Man, a new kind of superhero – one who would be a teenager, but not a sidekick, and one who would have everyman doubts, neuroses and money problems. However, while this was indeed the final issue, its editorial page anticipated the comic continuing and that \"the Spiderman [sic] ... will appear every month in Amazing\". Regardless, sales for Amazing Fantasy #15 proved to be one of Marvel's highest at the time, so the company launched the series The Amazing Spider-Man seven months later. The DVD release of the collector's edition of the Spider-Man film included a copy of Amazing Fantasy #15. In 2001, Marvel published the 10-issue historical overview The 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time, with Amazing Fantasy #15 topping the list.",
"title": "Amazing Fantasy"
},
{
"docid": "144167",
"text": "Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,",
"title": "Aunt May"
},
{
"docid": "58112860",
"text": "Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is two series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. The series revolves around Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson having remained married and raising a daughter named Anna-May \"Annie\" Parker, with Mary Jane and Annie further becoming the superheroes Spinneret and Spiderling. The original series was a 2015 comic book limited series that tied into that year's Secret Wars event. Following the event's end, the popularity of the series led to a sequel ongoing series set in the alternate reality of Earth-18119, which was published from 2016 to 2018. Mary Jane and Annie from this series make cameo appearances in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The first volume takes place during the \"Secret Wars\" storyline and was published as a limited series in 2015. Dan Slott and Adam Kubert's story occurs in a Battleworld which was a \"drastically reimagined incarnation of New York City\". A second volume, now as an ongoing series part of the 2016 \"Marvel NOW!\" relaunch, details the further tales of Spider-Man and his family after their reality was restored. Originally, Gerry Conway was the lead writer of the volume; Ryan Stegman joined as both co-writer and artist with issue #8. With issue #13, \"the series new creative team of writer Jody Houser and artist Nick Roche kicked off their run by jumping eight years into the Parker family's future\". The second volume is followed by the three issue limited series Spider-Girls which was part of the 2018 comics event Spider-Geddon. CBR highlighted that while events of the \"One More Day\" storyline still \"haven't been totally undone in the Marvel comic continuum\", as a result of Renew Your Vows, both MJ and Peter of Earth 616 share \"small fragments of memories of their life and decided to begin again, with a fresh new start\". Plot Volume one: Secret Wars During the \"Secret Wars\" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. Spider-Man brutally defeats Venom. As the superheroes are being defeated by Regent, Mary Jane Watson uses a fire truck's siren to help Spider-Man force Venom into a burning building and brings the structure down on Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe. In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent won't detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. Peter takes pictures of Demolition Man protesting the Regent's rule when he is defeated by Boomerang, Rhino, and",
"title": "Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows"
},
{
"docid": "2291862",
"text": "\"The Death of Jean DeWolff\" is a four-part story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It comprises the comics Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #107–110 (October 1985 – January 1986). The story was written by Peter David, penciled by Rich Buckler, and inked by Brett Breeding, Josef Rubinstein, Kyle Baker and Pat Redding. It was the second professional comic book writing assignment for David and the beginning of his \"break\" into comic book writing. In this arc, Peter Parker (Spider-Man) hunts down the killer of police captain Jean DeWolff, one of his closest friends. Publication history On the first page of \"Part 4: All My Sins Remembered\", when Spider-Man remembers his teenage past with Betty Brant, the flashback panels are reprints of panels from earlier issues of Amazing Spider-Man; e.g. the third panel is from Amazing Spider-Man #41. Plot summary After capturing a trio of muggers assaulting Ernie Popchik (an elderly tenant of his Aunt May's), Spider-Man learns that his close friend NYPD Captain Jean DeWolff has been killed in her sleep. Spider-Man confronts the police officer in charge of the investigation, Sergeant Stan Carter. Carter tells him Jean was killed by a close-range double-barreled shotgun blast, and that her badge is missing. Meanwhile, attorney Matt Murdock (the civilian identity of Daredevil) is assigned to represent Popchik's muggers at their arraignment; he succeeds in getting them released without bail, and through his super-senses also finds out Spider-Man's secret identity as Peter Parker when the latter attends the trial in May's and Popchik's company. However, he is disgusted by his clients' rowdy behavior, and speaks with the judge presiding over the case — his friend and mentor, Horace Rosenthal — about his misgivings with doing pro bono publico work. During their talk he senses an armed and masked intruder in Rosenthal's chamber. After Rosenthal leaves, the intruder introduces himself as the Sin-Eater and tries to shoot Murdock. Hearing the commotion, Rosenthal returns and is shot by the Sin-Eater. The Sin-Eater then escapes through the window. On the streets outside, Spider-Man responds to the panic aroused by the Sin-Eater's appearance. He opens fire on Spider-Man, who leaps above the scattergun blasts. The bullets hit a crowd of bystanders. During their fight, Spider-Man spots a gavel and a badge on the Sin-Eater's belt, and realizes he must be the one who killed Jean DeWolff. However, when he sees Aunt May lying senseless on the ground, he allows the Sin-Eater to escape so that he can help her. Spider-Man successfully petitions Carter for unofficial approval to search DeWolff's apartment. Carter also reveals the folklore behind the term sin-eater, and mentions that he is a former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. Spider-Man is unable to find any clues in DeWolff's apartment, but discovers a collection of news clippings indicating that she was romantically interested in him. While at Rosenthal's funeral, Murdock recognizes Sin-Eater's heartbeat among those attending DeWollf's funeral nearby, but there are too many mourners for him to pick out which one is the Sin-Eater.",
"title": "The Death of Jean DeWolff"
},
{
"docid": "27330977",
"text": "\"One Moment in Time\" is a 2010 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics starring Spider-Man. Written by Joe Quesada and illustrated by Paolo Rivera, it was originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #638–641, and immediately follows \"The Gauntlet\" storyline. It is notable for revealing what changes the villain Mephisto made to save the life of Peter Parker/Spider-Man's aunt, May Parker, and dissolve the wedding of Parker and Mary Jane Watson at the end of the 2007 \"One More Day\" storyline. The name of the storyline forms the acronym O.M.I.T., which Quesada explained was an intentional reference to how Parker and Watson's wedding was removed from continuity. Storytelling In The Amazing Spider-Man #638, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from the end of \"One More Day\" or Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21. The flashbacks use actual pages from the original comics, and are mixed in with new pages that illustrate how events were changed by the villainous demon Mephisto. In Amazing Spider-Man #639, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from \"Civil War\" and Amazing Spider-Man #539-543. These flashbacks are only panels from the original comics and not full pages. In Amazing Spider-Man #640, the story is told as the altered events of \"Back in Black\" and \"One More Day\", as well as other events contemporaneous with those storylines. Plot Mary Jane Watson whispers to Mephisto that Peter will not trade his marriage for Aunt May's life unless Mary Jane tells him to accept the agreement, and that Mephisto will leave Peter alone forever when the deal is done. Mephisto agrees to these terms. At present time MJ shows up at Peter's door. They talk about how they have been acting towards each other lately and both agree they want to be friends with each other. Then they reminisce about what happened on what was supposed to be their wedding day. Spider-Man stops Electro and his gang. One of the gang members, Eddie, makes note of the arresting officer's name. Then Mephisto, as a red pigeon, swoops down and unlocks the door of the police car Eddie is in, allowing him to escape while the officers are occupied with cuffing Electro. Spider-Man is out patrolling that night and hears the gunshots of Eddie shooting at the arresting officer and his wife. While saving the policeman and his wife, Spider-Man gets hit in the head with a cinder block. He chases after Eddie and tackles him off the side of a building. Though Spider-Man foils the murder, during his struggle, he and Eddie fall from a building to the ground, with Spider-Man absorbing most of the impact. Eddie escapes, declining to kill Spider-Man because he saved Eddie's life. On the wedding morning, Mary Jane shows up but Peter does not as he is lying unconscious in an alleyway. After Peter misses his wedding he tries to explain what happened to Mary Jane, but she knows",
"title": "One Moment in Time (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "43490925",
"text": "Diana Walczak is an American sculptor, computer graphics pioneer and filmmaker. She is known for creating the original Michael Jackson's HIStory Statue which she sculpted in 1994. She also created the digital representation of the statue for Michael Jackson's album, HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. Early life and education Diana Walczak began her visual arts education in the shops of her father and master printer, Jim Walczak. Diana studied engineering and sculpture at Boston University. She also assisted a medical illustrator and worked as a graphic artist for the Harvard Medical School while in college. Career In 1986, Diana was hired by Omnibus Computer Graphics to help create a superhero figure for Marvel Comics. In 1987, she partnered up with Jeff Kleiser to form Kleiser-Walczak Construction Company. This company is now called Synthespian Studios. They developed some of the first computer-generated humans. They created the first digital stunt doubles for the feature film, Judge Dredd starring Sylvester Stallone. They also created the first face replacements in a feature film in The One starring Jet Li. Some additional feature films in which her work can be seen include Stargate, X-Men, Fantastic Four, Surrogates and she worked on the computer animated Columbia Pictures film logo. Diana has directed an advertising campaign for Sun Maid Raisins and has directed commercials starring Kobe Bryant and Hakeem Olajuwon. Diana and Jeff contributed to the digital magic behind many well-known projects including The Amazing Adventures of Spiderman, Monsters of Grace with Philip Glass, Honey, I Shrunk the Audience!, and Radio City Music Hall's Christmas Spectacular. In 1994, she created a sculpture of Michael Jackson which became the basis for the cover of his 1995 album, HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I and the international marketing campaign for the album and the HIStory World Tour. For the U.S. Department of Commerce, Diana authored a paper called Encompassing Education. This is about her vision of the future of education and the technology that goes into it. She has served on the board of directors of the Norman Rockwell Museum and currently serves on the board of directors of Images Cinema and Greylock ABC. Diana has directed numerous live-action short films under the name Harmless Little Bunny Productions including a short shot in Kenya, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and most recently, Morocco, for World Connect. Personal life Diana Walczak loves improvising in visual arts, music, yoga and fitness, and food preparation. Awards 1994 – Created the original Michael Jackson HIStory statue 1995 – Created the image for Michael Jackson's album, HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I cover 1997 – Annecy International Animation Festival France 1999 – Clio award for Trophomotion commercial for Stardox 1999 – EDDY Award for “The Amazing Adventures of Spiderman” 2002 – Best Short NY International children's film Festival for “Little Miss Spider” 2011 – 8th Annual Keynote speaker for Women in Business Berkshire Chamber of Commerce 2012 – Panelist: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences’ Marc Davis Celebration of Animation",
"title": "Diana Walczak"
},
{
"docid": "75438924",
"text": "\"Gang War\" is a 2023 storyline published by Marvel Comics. It was created by Zeb Wells and John Romita Jr. The story involves Spider-Man and the local superheroes working to deal with a gang war between the different families after Tombstone was shot and the crime families plan to take over the criminal underworld. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #39, Deadly Hands of Kung Fu: Gang War #1, and Luke Cage: Gang War #2 were dedicated in memory of Keith Giffen who died from a stroke on October 9, 2023. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #40, Luke Cage: Gang War #3, Miles Morales: Spider-Man Vol. 2 #14, and Spider-Woman Vol. 8 #2 saluted the retirement of Alison Gill. The event overall received mixed reviews, with criticism directed towards the artwork, tie-ins, pacing, character arcs, and the lack of focus on Spider-Man. Publication history Gang War will detail the different crime families going to war after Tombstone was shot by Shotgun during the wedding of Janice Lincoln and Randy Robertson. With the crime families blaming each other for calling the hit and planning to take over the criminal underworld, Spider-Man works to keep the gang war from getting worse with help from the local superheroes while also dealing with the anti-vigilante laws that will cause all the sides to come into conflict with the NYPD. Plot Lead-up On the day when Tombstone's daughter Janice Lincoln was going to marry Robbie Robertson's son Randy Robertson, it is attended by Peter Parker, Aunt May, Martha Robertson, and the crime lords Hammerhead, Mister Negative, Crime Master, Diamondback, Madame Masque, Black Mariah, and Owl. Just then, Shotgun crashes the wedding on his motorcycle and uses special bullets to wound Tombstone. Peter Parker slips away to become Spider-Man and pursues Shotgun. He follows Shotgun through the forest until he loses him. As Tombstone is loaded into an ambulance, the crime lords blame each other for the attack. Madame Masque leaves in her limousine as Hammerhead sets off an explosive in it. As Spider-Man and Rek-Rap deal with Re-Po (who was made from Peter Parker's debt collector by Madelyne Pryor) in his mission to get Rek-Rap and the other demons back to Limbo, Hammerhead talks with his branch of the Maggia as one of them mentions about what happened to Madam Masque. Just then, they are visited by Count Nefaria who will take the blame on what happened with his daughter Madame Masque. While touching Hammerhead's head, Count Nefaria states that the crime lords will bow to the Maggia once again. As Hammerhead watches the news about Randy Robertson talking about Fisk's law, Hammerhead gets a call from his minion Jake about how they found Lady Yulan's grunts and how he speculated that Lady Yulan's grunts are either vampires or hate holy water. As Hammerhead orders Jake to take Father O'Neil home, he also tells them to lose the masks they got from the Inner Demons as they have a big day tomorrow. The next day, Hammerhead meets with",
"title": "Gang War (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "2065504",
"text": "Spider-Man is a Marvel Comics superhero. Spider-Man or Spiderman may also refer to: Marvel Entertainment Characters List of incarnations of Spider-Man Alternative versions of Spider-Man Comics Spider-Man, also known as Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic series Film Spider-Man (1969 film), an unauthorized fan film by Donald F. Glut Spider-Man (1977 film), a theatrically released pilot for the 1970s US live-action series The Amazing Spider-Man Spider-Man (1978 film), a Japanese film connected to the Japanese live-action series Spider-Man (2002 film series), a live-action film trilogy by Sam Raimi, starring Tobey Maguire (2002-2007) Spider-Man (2002 film), the first film in the series Television Spider-Man (1967 TV series), an American-Canadian animated series that aired 1967–1970 Spider-Man (Japanese TV series), a Japanese live-action tokusatsu series that aired 1978–1979 Spider-Man (1981 TV series), an American animated series that aired 1981–1982 Spider-Man (1994 TV series), also known as Spider-Man: The Animated Series, an American animated series that aired from 1994–1998 Spider-Man, also known as Spider-Man: The New Animated Series, an American-Canadian CGI-animated series that aired in 2003 Spider-Man (2017 TV series), an American animated series that aired from 2017-2020 Video games Spider-Man (1982 video game), a game for the Atari 2600 Spider-Man: The Video Game, a 1991 arcade title from Sega Spider-Man (1995 video game), a title from Acclaim Spider-Man (2000 video game), a title released by Activision Spider-Man (2002 video game), an Activision title based on the 2002 film Spider-Man (Insomniac Games series), 2018–present, a series of video games published by Sony Interactive Entertainment Spider-Man (2018 video game), also known as Marvel's Spider-Man, the first game in the series Spider-Man: Miles Morales Spider-Man 2 (2023 video game) Music Spider-Man (soundtrack), the soundtrack album for the 2002 film \"Spider-Man\" (theme song), theme song for the 1967 series Spider Man (album), a 1965 album by jazz vibraphonist Freddie McCoy Manga The Spider-Man, a mythical being in the \"Turnabout Gallows\" arc of the first volume of the Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney manga series by Kodansha Comics. Novel The Spider Man, a novel by Filipino author F. Sionil José People Spider-Man (nickname), a list of people See also Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man 3 (disambiguation) Spidey (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man, the main Spider-Man comic book published since 1963 The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Ultimate Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "Spider-Man (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "15635388",
"text": "\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far",
"title": "Spider-Man: Brand New Day"
},
{
"docid": "37629473",
"text": "The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \"Dying Wish\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \"Superior Spider-Man\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \"Go Down Swinging\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \"Spider-Geddon\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \"Spider-Geddon\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team",
"title": "The Superior Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "5020203",
"text": "Arturo Mercado Chacón (born December 7, 1940) is a Mexican voice actor who has dubbed many movie and television characters to Spanish for the Latin American movie and television market since 1963. He was the husband of Magdalena Leonel de Cervantes and the father of Arturo Mercado Jr., Carmen Mercado and Angeles Mercado. Work Films Animated movies Television Walter in Automan Walter \"Radar\" O'Reilly in M*A*S*H* Walter O'Reilly from W*A*L*T*E*R Mickey Horton in Días de Nuestras Vidas Peter Parker from Spiderman (70's TV series) Phineas Bogg from Voyagers! Animated characters Bob from Bob the Builder Toad from Gummy Bears James the Red Engine from Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends Drake Mallard/Darkwing from El Pato Darkwing Scrooge McDuck (Rico McPato) in Pato Aventuras Shaggy in Scooby-Doo Doburoku in Eyeshield 21 Zabon from Dragon Ball Z Simba in Timon y Pumbaa Simba, McDuck, Beast and Winnie the Pooh in El Show del Ratón Wally Gator/Pixe & Dixie/Mildew Wolf/Shaggy from Laff-A-Lympics Wooldoor Sockbat from La Casa de los Dibujos Lawrence Fletcher from Phineas and Ferb Sergei/\"D\" from Key the Metal Idol Shaggy in Harvey Birdman, Abogado Clumsy, Brainy, Jokey, Grandpa Smurf from The Smurfs Robin from Super Friends Yoda in Star Wars: Clone Wars and Star Wars: The Clone Wars Guy-Am-I in Green Eggs and Ham Crimson in Helluva Boss See also List of Mexican voice actors External links (Interview in Spanish) 1940 births Living people Mexican male voice actors 20th-century Mexican male actors 21st-century Mexican male actors Mexican male actors",
"title": "Arturo Mercado"
},
{
"docid": "823737",
"text": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \"Torment\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \"Clone Saga\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter",
"title": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "68718864",
"text": "The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Spectacular Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. Spectacular Spider-Man Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, as an experiment in entering the black-and-white comic-magazine market successfully pioneered by Warren Publishing and others. It sold for 35 cents when standard comic books cost 12 cents and Annuals and Giants 25 cents. It represented the first Spider-Man spin-off publication aside from the original series' summer Annuals, begun in 1964. The first issue (cover-dated July 1968) featured a painted, color cover by men's adventure-magazine artist Harry Rosenbaum, in acrylic paint on illustration board, over layouts by The Amazing Spider-Man artist John Romita Sr. The 52-page black-and-white Spider-Man story, \"Lo, This Monster!\", was by writer Stan Lee, penciler Romita Sr. and inker Jim Mooney. A 10-page origin story, \"In The Beginning!\", was by Lee, penciler Larry Lieber and inker Bill Everett. The feature story was reprinted in color, with some small alterations and bridging material by Gerry Conway, in The Amazing Spider-Man #116–118 (Jan.–March 1973) as \"Suddenly...the Smasher!\", \"The Deadly Designs of the Disruptor!\", and \"Countdown to Chaos!\" (with additional inking by Tony Mortellaro on the latter two). These versions were themselves reprinted in Marvel Tales #95–97 (Sept.-Oct. 1978). The second and final issue (Nov. 1968) also sported a painted cover and the interior was in color as well. Lee, Romita and Mooney again collaborated on its single story, \"The Goblin Lives!\", featuring the Green Goblin. A next-issue box at the end promoted the planned contents of the unrealized issue #3, \"The Mystery of the TV Terror\". A version of the Goblin story, trimmed by 18 pages, was reprinted in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #9 (1973), and portions of the \"TV Terror\" costume were reused for the costume of the Prowler. Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–100 (October 1976 – January 1985) Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #100–133 (February 1985 – October 1987) The Spectacular Spider-Man #134–200 (November 1987 – March 1993) The Spectacular Spider-Man #201–263 (April 1993 – September 1998) The Spectacular Spider-Man #264-290 (July 2003 – April 2005) The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 2 #1–27 (July 2003 – April 2005) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #291–313 (June 2017 – December 2018) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 3 #1–6 (June 2017 – November 2017) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #297–313 (November 2017 – December 2018) The Spectacular Spider-Man Annuals 1 – [Mantlo/Buckler] \"And Men Shall Call Him... Octopus!\" – September 1979 2 – [Macchio/Mooney] \"Vengeance Is Mine... Sayeth the Word!\" – May 1980 3 – [Kraft/Sherman/Weiss] \"Dark Side of the Moon\" – July 1981 4 – [DeNatale/Mantlo] \"Memory Lane!\" – July 1984 5 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace\" – July 1985 6 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace II\" – July 1986 7 – [Owsley/Kupperberg] \"The Honeymoon\" – August 1987 8 – [Conway/Gruenwald] \"Return to Sender\" – July 1988 9 – [Conway/Herdling] \"The Serpent in the Shadow\" – May 1989 10 – [Conway/Lee] \"Into the Microverse\" – June 1990",
"title": "List of The Spectacular Spider-Man issues"
},
{
"docid": "25700184",
"text": "This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \"Power Booster\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \"Spider-Friends\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \"costume\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \"Vengeance Of Loki\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \"Windchill Factor Zero\". In \"Mission: Save The Guardstar\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \"fire and ice don't really mix\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \"Opposites Attack!\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in",
"title": "List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters"
},
{
"docid": "7715170",
"text": "Juniorpress was a Dutch publisher known for its translations of American comic books. It published Marvel Comics, Image Comics, and DC/Cliffhanger comics under its own name, and the imprint Baldakijn Boeken for the publication of DC Comics superhero comics such as Batman, Superman, and the New Teen Titans. It operated from 1976 to 2015. History Founded by Rob Spijkstra, Juniorpress started as the Dutch-language branch of the Swedish publishing group Semic Press. Although founded in 1973, the company didn't start publishing comics until 1976, with a selection of war, Western, romance, and horror comics, with titles such as Bajonet, Front, Gruwel, Krimi, Marshall, Oorlog, Romantica, and Western. Many of these were reprints of the Dutch publisher Nooit Gedacht. In 1978, Juniorpress acquired the Dutch-language license to publish Marvel Comics in the Netherlands and Belgium. In the early 1990s, Juniorpress sometimes sold 5,000 copies per issue of its Marvel reprints. In 1982–1983, the company canceled most of its original titles and changed direction, focusing almost exclusively on translations of American superhero comics. Around 1984, Juniorpress took over the previously independent company Baldakijn Boeken (\"Canopy Books\"), using this imprint to market DC translations. Juniorpress apparently lost the license to publish DC material around 1996. Juniorpress lost the Marvel Comics Dutch rights in 2007 to Z-Press Junior Media. After losing the Marvel Comics license, Juniorpress temporarily canceled its superhero lines. Later the company started again with various licenses, including Lego. In October 2014, Juniorpress was sold and renamed JP Publishing. Since this company does not publish comics, the few remaining Juniorpress titles petered out by the end of 2015. Titles (selected) Bamse (89 issues, 1978–1987) Bajonet mini-strip (\"Bayonet\") (75 issues, 1976–1983) Batman (78 issues, 1984–1995) Front mini-strip (71 issues, 1976–1983) De New Teen Titans (20 issues, 1985–1988) Oorlog mini-strip (\"War\") (79 issues, 1976–1982) Ponyclub (254 issues, 1985-2000) — comics magazine for female horse fanciers Peter Parker de spektakulaire Spiderman (Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man) (150 issues, 1983-1995) Romantica mini-strip (\"Romance\") (66 issues, 1976–1982) De Spectaculaire Spider-Man (Spider-Man) (196 issues, 1979–1995) Spiderman (Spider-Man) (135, 1996–2007) Super Reeks (\"Super Series\") (148 issues, 1977–1980) — acquired from Baldakijn Boeken with issue #301 Superman (119 issues, 1984–1996) Tarzan (67 issues, 1979–1981) Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles (61 issues, 1990–1995) Web van Spiderman (Web of Spider-Man) (110 issues, 1985–1995) Western mini-strip (66 issues, 1976–1981) Wolverine (89 issues, 1990–2000) De X-Mannen (X-Men) (296 issues, 1983–2007) Notes References Sources Publishing companies of the Netherlands Comics publishing companies 1973 establishments 2015 disestablishments",
"title": "Juniorpress"
},
{
"docid": "9752007",
"text": "\"Spider-Man\" is the theme song of the 1967 cartoon show Spider-Man, composed by Paul Francis Webster and Bob Harris. The original song was recorded at RCA Studios in Toronto (where the cartoon was produced) featuring 12 CBC vocalists (members of the Billy Van Singers, and Laurie Bower Singers groups) who added to the musical backing track supplied by RCA Studios, New York. The singers were paid only for the session and have had no residuals from its use since then. The song has since been adopted as Spider-Man's official theme, including in-universe. Other versions Film The Spider-Man (2002) and Spider-Man 2 (2004) film adaptations featured characters as buskers performing the song: Jayce Bartok and Elyse Dinh respectively. Both films also feature the song at the very end of the credits: the 2002 film featured the 1967 version, while the 2004 film featured a re-recording by Michael Bublé. The soundtracks to the 2002 film and 2007 film also features a cover by Aerosmith and Flaming Lips respectively. Spider-Man 3 (2007) had the song played by a marching band during a scene where Spider-Man arrives at a celebration. In The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Peter has the theme song as a ringtone, and whistles the tune while defeating the Rhino. In Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), the theme (orchestrated by Michael Giacchino) is played during the Marvel Studios logo at the beginning of the film. In Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018), the Peter Parker of Earth-1610B refers to it as his own \"catchy theme song\", with footage of the 1967 animated series' opening. The intro to the theme is also played during the post credits scene, when Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099 (voiced by Oscar Isaac) arrives on Earth-67, the home dimension of the animated series' events, and attempts to recruit its Spider-Man as part of his Spider-Society. In Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), an excerpt of the theme is played when Earth-67's Spider-Man (voiced by Jorma Taccone) attempts to intercept Miles Morales within the Spider-Society's headquarters, as the latter attempts to return to his home reality. Video games A remix by Apollo 440 is used in the 2000 action-adventure video game Spider-Man, developed by Neversoft and published by Activision. The song is used in the title screen and the credits, and an instrumental version of it plays in the main menu. A cover by The Distillers is used in the credits of the 2004 video game Spider-Man 2, the tie-in game for the Sam Raimi film. This cover was re-released in 2019 with a single artwork titled \"Spider-Bro\" by Linas Garsys. Covers In 1993, Canadian group Moxy Früvous recorded a version for their debut album, Bargainville. Their version includes more satirical lyrics, as Spider-Man promotes his various items of licensed merchandise. In 1995, Ramones recorded a version of the song for the tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits, later re-released as part of the compilation album Weird Tales of the Ramones. However, it is spelled without the hyphen as \"Spiderman\". In 2019,",
"title": "Spider-Man (theme song)"
},
{
"docid": "15011570",
"text": "The Living Brain is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 and has made few subsequent appearances since. A foe of the superhero Spider-Man, the original Living Brain was created by the fictional International Computing Machines Corporation and billed as the most intelligent computer and robot in existence, capable of solving virtually any question asked. In more recent times, the Superior Spider-Man reprogrammed it to serve as a laboratory assistant at Parker Industries, with it remaining in that role after Peter Parker returned. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (Jan. 1964). The second Living Brain appears in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #6. Fictional character history Original Living Brain The Living Brain, soon after its creation, is brought to Midtown High School by its creator Dr. Petty as a part of a demonstration of its renowned ability to solve any problem. The students agreed to ask the machine what is Spider-Man's secret identity, and a nervous Peter Parker, the volunteer for the demonstration, fed it all of the given known information from the students concerning the wall-crawler, relievingly finding the answer to be in a mathematical code for Peter to decode overnight (because of this, it is unknown if the Living Brain correctly deduced Spider-Man's true identity). During the course of the Living Brain's demonstration, the two workmen hired to transport it overhear how the Living Brain has the ability to answer anything and they decide to steal it to use this ability for gambling purposes. Caught in the middle of their stealing it by Dr. Petty, one of the workmen quickly knocks him out, but by doing so bumps the other one into the Living Brain's control panel on its chest, causing the Living Brain to malfunction. Going on a rampage through Midtown High, the Living Brain is confronted by Spider-Man, who eventually shuts it down. At the end of the day as Peter is walking back home, he plans on telling everyone the next day he'd lost the code during the confusion. The Living Brain reappears several years later, now discredited and broken-down. Dr. Petty plans to donate it to Midtown High School's science lab. The Living Brain ends up being stolen by Dr. Petty's son Steve Petty who modifies the robot, giving it a gold and red color scheme, clawed hands and the ability to fly. Remotely controlling the Living Brain to attack a bully who had been tormenting him, Steve is eventually defeated by Spider-Man (who had been on a visit to Midtown High as Peter Parker) and the Living Brain is shut down once more. The Living Brain, restored to its pre-upgrade appearance, was then acquired by a group of criminals, who used it to commit robberies. The robot and its controllers were apprehended",
"title": "Living Brain"
},
{
"docid": "65818012",
"text": "Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen",
"title": "Sins Rising"
},
{
"docid": "5857436",
"text": "Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are the parents of Peter Parker, the superhero known as Spider-Man. Richard and Mary Parker have been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portrayed the characters in the films The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Emma Roberts portrays Mary Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Richard and Mary Parker were created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. For many years before The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #5 (November 1968), there had been no explanation of why Peter Parker was being raised by his aunt and uncle, with his parents only appearing in flashbacks and photographs. That issue finally answered the question: Richard and Mary Parker were murdered by Albert Malik, who was one of Johann Schmidt's successors to the persona of Red Skull. In The Amazing Spider-Man #365 (August 1992), Spider-Man's 30th anniversary, they reappeared. Two years later, however, in #388 (April 1994), they were revealed to be Life Model Decoys created by the Chameleon and were destroyed. In the novel Mary Jane, it is said they died in a plane accident while going to Switzerland to turn in some important discovery that Richard made. Peter tries to figure out what the discovery was but fails, as he cannot figure out the things Richard has written on his board. In July 1997, Untold Tales of Spider-Man #-1, part of Marvel Comics' \"Flashback Month\" event, written by Roger Stern and drawn by John Romita, Sr., the characters' origins are expanded. Since then, they have rarely been mentioned. Fictional character biographies Captain Richard Parker, a decorated soldier of the United States Army Special Forces and younger brother of Ben Parker, was recruited by Nick Fury, the future director of S.H.I.E.L.D., to the C.I.A. Mary Fitzpatrick was the daughter of O.S.S. agent \"Wild Will\" Fitzpatrick. She attended the best schools and eventually followed in her father's footsteps, becoming a C.I.A. translator and data analyst. Richard and Mary met on the job, fell in love, and married. Originally they eloped, later having a more elaborate service, fooling many. Mary became a field agent like Richard, giving them both an easy cover as a married couple. They were assigned to investigate Baroness Adelicia Von Krupp, who had captured an agent of a \"friendly power\" (who turned out to be Logan, aka Wolverine, then a Canadian operative called \"Agent Ten\" and who would eventually become an ally of their son Peter who would grow up to become Spider-Man). They rescued Logan from the Baroness and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. After that mission, they discovered Mary was pregnant; Logan was actually the first person to congratulate the Parkers, commenting later that he never saw an agent as tough as Richard Parker go that white that fast. Their son, Peter, was often left in the care of Ben and his wife May",
"title": "Richard and Mary Parker"
},
{
"docid": "22018101",
"text": "\"Spidey Meets the President!\" is a backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man #583, written by Zeb Wells, with art by Todd Nauck and Frank D'Armata. The cover of the issue shows Barack Obama giving a thumbs-up to Spider-Man. The comic book was published the week before Obama's inauguration in January 2009. Plot The story begins with Peter Parker standing among other reporters on the presidential inauguration of Barack Obama, photographing this historic moment. Suddenly a limo pulls up and reveals another Obama. The Secret Service does not know what to do, so Peter, who quickly dons his Spider-Man costume, asks both questions that only the real Barack Obama would be able to answer. When he asks what his nickname was during his college days, the actual Barack says his true name, and the fake one is confused and angry, causing him to reveal his true form, which turns out to be the super-villain known as the Chameleon. This gives Spider-Man the opportunity to capture the Chameleon and the Secret Service arrests him. Obama tells Spider-Man that he is a fan of the hero and thanks him. Afterward, as Obama swears his oath as President, Spider-Man is shown sitting at the top of the Washington Monument, where he thinks Biden notices him. Prologue This story was prepended in The Amazing Spider-Man Presidents Day Special digital comic. The additional pages depict the minutes before the original story took place, with Obama getting ready for the inauguration. The Chameleon, disguised as Obama's tailor, locks him inside and takes his place, driving to the inauguration in the presidential limousine. However, the real Obama escapes and is driven to the ceremony in a second limousine by his soon-to-be Vice President Joseph Biden. Meanwhile, outside the capital, Peter Parker is running late to the inauguration ceremony and has forgotten his press credentials. So, he enters the area stealthily by using his spider-like abilities to climb over a high wall. However, he is spotted by Senator John McCain and a few Secret Service agents. The senator recognizes as him as the photographer from The Daily Bugle and even provides him with a spare press credential. Parker then joins the press corps and the prequel story connects to the main story. Reception Typical sales for The Amazing Spider-Man are about 70,000 copies per issue. Issue #583 sold over 350,000 copies and went to five printings. It was the highest-selling regular series book of the 2000s. Collected edition References Cultural depictions of Barack Obama 2009 comics debuts Individual stories from issues of anthology comics",
"title": "Spidey Meets the President!"
},
{
"docid": "1855818",
"text": "Going Live! is a British children's television series that aired on BBC One from 26 September 1987 to 17 April 1993. It was presented by Phillip Schofield and Sarah Greene. Other presenters included Trevor and Simon, Annabel Giles, Phillip Hodson, Emma Forbes, Nick Ball, James Hickish and Mark Chase. In 1988, when the second series started, Greene was hurt in a helicopter crash with her then boyfriend, who subsequently became her husband, Mike Smith. Guest presenters stood in for her including T'Pau's Carol Decker. Similarly, in 1992–93 during the final series, Schofield was starring in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and was unable to present the show. A third presenter took his place. Originally, then Australian soap Neighbours actor Kristian Schmid took the role but soon left after problems with his work permit. Various other celebrities who stood in included Shane Richie and Robbie Williams during his Take That days. Some of the cartoons shown during Going Live! Included Spiderman, Thunderbirds 2086, ThunderCats, The Raccoons, Droids, Muppet Babies, Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light, Defenders of the Earth, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Attack of the Killer Tomatoes, Dungeons & Dragons, Alvin and the Chipmunks, and Pirates of Dark Water. Show segments Double Dare Double Dare was presented by Peter Simon, and it was best known for Simon to fall, during the final round, into the Gunge. It was replaced in later series of Going Live!, first by Clockwise, presented by Darren Day, and then by Run the Risk, which was again presented by Simon. The latter of these shows continued onto Live & Kicking. Growing Pains Phillip Hodson provided 'agony uncle' advice to young callers on diverse and often difficult topics in Growing Pains. The topics ranged from love troubles and general teenage angst, to more severe topics such as child abuse and AIDS, which were uncharacteristically deep issues for a Saturday morning youth programme. Live Line In this segment, the show's producers would arrange for popular musical groups and performers to pay surprise visits to their fans. The Press Conference The big set-piece interview at the end of each programme, featuring questions from both the studio audience and from phone callers. These were often with politicians, high-ranking executives in the BBC, or people who had made a notable achievement (e.g. sports people who had success at the Olympics). The Video Vote This was a phone-in section where the viewing public were encouraged to cast their opinions on the popular music videos of the time, which were then shown according to popularity. Trevor and Simon These two anchormen (who were essentially clowns) provided light-hearted humour and character comedy. Popular characters played by the duo included: 'The Sister Brothers', a pair of rogue traders; 'The Singing Corner', a folk duo; DJ Mick McMac and rave-goer Moon Monkey; 'Blimey, that's good!', a parody of television shopping channels; The Bottomless Bin; The Witch Finders, who appeared every Halloween to enlist members of the studio audience to hunt 'witches' and other evil-doers. This",
"title": "Going Live!"
},
{
"docid": "58734846",
"text": "Spider-Girl is the code name of several fictional characters in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The most prominent version and first to receive an ongoing series is Mayday Parker from the MC2 universe, the second version is Anya Corazon, and the third version is Gwen Warren, the latter two both from the Earth-616 universe. Several alternate reality incarnations of the character have additionally received notoriety, including the Ultimate Spider-Girl, Ashley Barton, Betty Brant, April, Penelope and Petra Parker, and Charlotte Morales. Publication history The first portrayed Spider-Girl, Mayday Parker, first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint with The Amazing Spider-Girl and Spectacular Spider-Girl. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature \"Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man\", written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through #8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8, followed by one last Spider-Girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End, in which fellow Spider-Girl April Parker is killed. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity. The new series featured a new character, Anya Corazon, whose adventures occurred on Earth 616. The series was canceled after only eight issues. No official reason was given for the cancellation. This character returned for a Spider-Island limited series. A second Earth-616 Spider-Girl was introduced in Avenging Spider-Man #16 (January 2013), before returning a decade later in X-Men Unlimited Infinity Comic #69 (January 2023) under the name \"Gwen Warren\", assuming the mantle of Spider-Girl as a member of the X-Men. Spider-Girls Mayday Parker The daughter of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 universe. April Parker Prior to calling herself \"Mayhem\", Mayday's clone April goes by Spider-Girl, the two sharing the mantle. Anya Corazon A Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña (Spider), and occasionally goes by Spider-Girl. Gwen Warren The mutant clone of Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Ana Soria created by the Jackal using technology stolen from Mister Sinister, the newborn Spider-Girl battles The Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Spider-Man's body) and the X-Men in the form of a 30 ft. human-spider hybrid, resembling a giant garden spider with human eyes able to shoot eye-beams, before being returned to a normal size with sentience, to the physical size of a twelve-year-old humanoid girl. Later, she enrolls in and drops out of the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning under the name \"Gwen Warren\" according to a statement by Tom Brevoort",
"title": "Spider-Girl"
},
{
"docid": "38162451",
"text": "\"Dying Wish\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \"Ends of the Earth\" and finished in \"Dying Wish\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \"Dying Wish\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \"Origin of the Species\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \"Ends of the Earth\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \"Ends of the Earth\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \"Peter Parker\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \"Spider-Man\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped",
"title": "Dying Wish"
}
] | [
"Andrew Garfield"
] |
train_15882 | where was the last jurassic park movie filmed | [
{
"docid": "61744238",
"text": "Production of the 2015 film Jurassic World was stalled for years in development hell while the film's storyline underwent numerous revisions. Development of the film, known then as Jurassic Park IV, began in 2001. William Monahan was announced as screenwriter in 2002, and the film was scheduled for a 2005 release. When Monahan left to work on another project, he was replaced in 2004 by John Sayles. By 2005, the start of production had stalled, as executive producer Steven Spielberg was not satisfied with any of the script drafts. In 2006, Jurassic Park III director Joe Johnston was set to direct the film, which was subsequently expected for release in 2008. By 2010, filming had yet to begin. Johnston and Spielberg intended to work on the film following the completion of their own respective film projects. Writer Mark Protosevich was hired in 2011, although two story treatments by him were rejected. After a final story idea was chosen, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver were hired in 2012 to write a draft of Jurassic Park IV that would incorporate ideas from Spielberg. Colin Trevorrow was hired as director in 2013, and the film was delayed once more to give Trevorrow and his writing partner Derek Connolly more time to perfect the script by Jaffa and Silver. Spielberg approved the script in September 2013, and a name change to Jurassic World was announced that month. Filming occurred from April 10 to August 5, 2014, with shooting in Hawaii and Louisiana. Jurassic World was completed on May 10, 2015, and was theatrically released the following month. Development In March 2001, Jurassic Park III director Joe Johnston said he and executive producer Steven Spielberg had discussed a story idea for a fourth Jurassic Park film, which Johnston was not interested in directing. In May, Spielberg had Amblin Entertainment commence development of ideas for Jurassic Park IV, which he planned to produce. Late in Jurassic Park IIIs production, Spielberg devised a story idea he believed should have been used for the third film. In June, Johnston announced he would not direct the film and said that Spielberg had a story idea that would extend the Jurassic Park series' mythology. Johnston said the film would feel like a departure from the previous films, implying it would not be set on an island. Johnston also said it would not involve the Pteranodons from the ending of Jurassic Park III, then later hinted it would. Actor Sam Neill, who portrayed Dr. Alan Grant in two previous films in the series, said he could not imagine a way for his character to be involved in another film. Neill was contracted for three films; other actors from Jurassic Park III were also contracted for a potential fourth film. In April 2002, it was reported that the fourth Jurassic Park film would be the last in the series and that it would ignore events portrayed in its predecessor. In June, Spielberg confirmed plans for a fourth film, which he hoped Johnston",
"title": "Production of Jurassic World"
},
{
"docid": "5788628",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor is a side scrolling and puzzle game set in the Jurassic Park movie universe. It was developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Hawaii and published by Konami for the Game Boy Advance. It was coincided with the release of the film Jurassic Park III on July 16, 2001. The two other games, Jurassic Park III: Park Builder and Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, are also released by Konami. Summary A cargo plane flying over Isla Sorna is struck by lightning, and upon crashing, the dinosaur DNA it stored is spread across the island. The player then assumes the role of either Mark Hanson (a photographer) or Lori Torres (an ace pilot), and must wander around the island in a side-scrolling format, collecting DNA and avoiding dinosaurs. In each level, the player's character has the ability to switch between a background and a foreground pathway. Switching between the two pathways allows the player to access weapons and DNA samples, or to avoid oncoming dinosaurs. At the end of each level, the player will use the DNA that is collected in a short puzzle game, in order to create more dinosaurs. Completing this minigame will unlock more areas for the player to explore. At the end of the game, the military bombs the island, and the player escapes on a small plane, wondering if dinosaurs should really have a place in their world. Reception The game was met with negative reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 48.94%, while Metacritic gave it 44 out of 100. AllGame praised the game's graphics and sound effects, but criticized its \"awkward\" controls and wrote that the levels \"are poorly designed and seemingly impossible to complete.\" AllGame also criticized the game's ability to switch between background and foreground pathways, writing \"this just adds confusion, since swapping between roads can be tricky and the paths are oftentimes deceiving because of the limited screen size and resolution.\" IGN praised its cutscenes, sound effects and music, but criticized its \"sloppy game design,\" clumsy controls, and bad collision detection, as well as the game's background and foreground pathways: \"Nothing casts a shadow, so you can't even tell if a DNA sample is hovering over the foreground path or lying on the ground on the background path.\" GameSpot criticized the game for \"disappointing\" sound effects and music, and for sharing nothing in common with the film. GameSpot also criticized the game's background and foreground pathways, calling it \"a confusing little gimmick that is mainly used to increase the amount of backtracking you'll have to do to collect the particles you need.\" In 2018, Zack Zwiezen of Kotaku ranked the game among the \"worst\" Jurassic Park games ever released, stating that it \"looked and played awful when it was first released, and it hasn’t aged well at all.\" References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Jurassic Park video games Konami games Video games developed in the United",
"title": "Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor"
},
{
"docid": "473273",
"text": "Jurassic Park III is a 2001 American science fiction action film directed by Joe Johnston and written by Peter Buchman, Alexander Payne, and Jim Taylor. It is the third installment in the Jurassic Park franchise and the final film in the original Jurassic Park trilogy, following The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). It is also the first film in the franchise not to be directed by Steven Spielberg, as well as the first not to be based on a novel by Michael Crichton; however, the film features characters and ideas by Crichton. Sam Neill and Laura Dern reprise their roles from the first film. New cast members include William H. Macy, Téa Leoni, Alessandro Nivola, Trevor Morgan, and Michael Jeter. The plot follows a divorced couple who deceive paleontologist Alan Grant into helping them find their son, who has gone missing on Isla Sorna. After the release of Spielberg's Jurassic Park, Joe Johnston expressed interest in directing a sequel, which Spielberg agreed to. Universal Pictures announced the third film in June 1998, with a release scheduled for mid-2000. A draft written by Peter Buchman was rejected five weeks ahead of filming in favor of a simpler story idea suggested by David Koepp, the writer of the previous two films. Payne and Taylor were hired to rewrite the earlier script by Buchman, who made further revisions to their draft. Filming lasted five months, beginning in Hawaii in August 2000, before moving to California. A final draft of the script was never completed during production, a circumstance Johnston considered quitting over. Jurassic Park III features a combination of computer-generated and animatronic dinosaurs. A Spinosaurus replaces the Tyrannosaurus, from the previous two films as the main dinosaur antagonist. Jurassic Park III premiered on July 16, 2001, and was theatrically released on July 18. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, the film was a box-office success, grossing $368.8 million worldwide against a $93 million budget, becoming so the eighth highest-grossing film of 2001; however, it is the lowest-grossing installment in the franchise to date. In 2015, it was followed by Jurassic World, which would start the sequel trilogy of the same name. Sam Neill and Laura Dern would later reprise their roles as Alan Grant and Ellie Sattler in Jurassic World Dominion (2022) Plot Twelve-year-old Eric Kirby and his mother's boyfriend, Ben Hildebrand, are parasailing near the restricted Isla Sorna. As the boat enters a thick fog, the crew is killed by an unknown attacker, prompting Ben to detach the line before the vessel crashes into rocks. Eric and Ben drift towards the island. Eight weeks later, paleontologist Alan Grant struggles to secure funding for his Velociraptor research and rebuffs the public's obsession with the events on Isla Nublar. Grant discusses his research with Ellie Sattler, hypothesizing that Velociraptors were intellectually and socially advanced beyond even primates. In Montana, his assistant, Billy Brennan, uses a three-dimensional printer to replicate a Velociraptor larynx. Paul and Amanda Kirby, a seemingly wealthy couple, offer to fund Grant's",
"title": "Jurassic Park III"
},
{
"docid": "6982617",
"text": "Lego Studios (stylized as LEGO Studios) was a popular brand of Lego toys released in 2000 and mainly focused on movie-making and the steps thereof. Lego Studios was first distributed in November 2000, and was later discontinued in 2003. The last series in the franchise was the Lego Spider-Man set. Overview The appeal of Lego Studios was that it could be used for stop-motion animation to make films with Lego bricks. In response, many websites have grown that are dedicated to the product and feature many uploaded videos, such as Brickfilms.com. The Lego Director character appears in several Lego Studio sets and video games. He is a Lego minifigure of Steven Spielberg. The Lego Director is always seen with a brown beard, small glasses, and a black baseball cap. He also wears a white shirt with an orange waistcoat worn over it. His shirt says \"DIRECTOR\" on the back. He also has an ID card on his waistcoat and wears black pants. In 2000 Lego had held The Lego Studios Movie Making Contest. It was a brickfilming competition hosted by The Lego Group to tie in with the launch of Lego Studios. It began in late 2000, making it the earliest known brickfilming competition. It also tied in with a brickfilm category in a German film festival, and there was also a very little-known United Kingdom edition of the contest. Construction sets According to Bricklink, The Lego Group released a total of 55 Lego sets and promotional polybags as part of Lego Studios theme. The product line was eventually discontinued by the end of 2003. Behind the Scenes (2000–2001) 1349 LEGO Studios Steven Spielberg MovieMaker Set Minifigures: Director, Cameraman, Grip, Assistant, Actress Tubetop, Pilot, Res-Q 3 Fire Helmet. Animals: Tyrannosaurus rex, Green Baby T-Rex, White Kitten. Included CD-ROM and Camera. Based on San Diego Scene in The Lost World: Jurassic Park. 1351 Movie Backdrop Studio Minifigures: Grip, Driver Actor, Policeman. 1352 Explosion Studio Minifigures: Director, Cameraman, Driver Actor, Police Sheriff. 1353 Car Stunt Studio Minifigures: Cameraman, Driver Actor. 1354 Dino Head Attack Minifigures: Grip, \"Pippin Read\" Actress Animals: Green Baby T-Rex and white kitten. 1355 Temple of Gloom Minifigures: Cameraman, \"Johnny Thunder\" Actor. 1356 Stunt Man Catapult Minifigures: Director, Stuntman. 1357 Cameraman Minifigures: Cameraman Vehicles and Production (2001) 1421/1360 Director's Copter Minifigures: Director. included comics. 1422/1361 Camera Car Minifigures: Cameraman. included comics. 1423/1362 Air Boat Minifigures: Boat Driver. included comics. 1424/1363 Stunt Go-Cart Minifigures: Driver Actor. included comics. 4049 Director Car Minifigures: Director, Cameraman, Nesquick Rabbit (Promotional figure) 4051 Nesquick Rabbit (Promotional figure) 4052 Director 4053 Cameraman (I) Jurassic Park III (2001) Frequently are separated theme, but the accessories sets confirm his Studios connection. 1370 Raptor Rumble Studio Minifigures: \"Johnny Thunder\" Actor, \"Pippin Read\" Actress, Cameraman. 1371 Spinosaurus Attack Studio Minifigures: Cameraman, Plane Pilot. 4056 Color Light 4057 Spot Light 4058 Cameraman 4059 Director 4060 Grip 4061 Assistant 4062 Actress 4063 Cameraman (II) 4064 Actor (I) 4065 Actor (II) 4066 Actor (III) 4067 Buggy 4068 Handy Camera 4069 Katinco &",
"title": "Lego Studios"
},
{
"docid": "50566202",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1993 action video game developed and published by Ocean Software, for DOS and Amiga computers. The game is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1993 film, Jurassic Park, and also includes elements from author Michael Crichton's 1990 novel of the same name, which the film is based upon. The player controls the character of Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who becomes trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. Grant's initial objective is to search for Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of park owner John Hammond. Upon locating the children, Grant must contact a helicopter so survivors can escape the island. Gameplay consists of a bird's-eye view during the game's large exterior environment, but switches to a first-person perspective whenever Grant enters a building. Development of the game began in November 1992. A development team of 13 people – considered large at that time – worked on the game. Spielberg was also involved in the game during its development to ensure that it would be faithful to his initial vision. Materials related to the film, including its script and photographs of the sets, aided the developers during the game's production. Jurassic Park was released in the United Kingdom in October 1993, and was subsequently released in the United States a year later. Many critics praised the game's indoor environments, but some criticized its large exterior environment, and its boring and repetitive gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the 1993 film of the same name, in which paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped on an island theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped. Playing as Grant, the player must rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. The player begins the game near an overturned vehicle in the Tyrannosaurus paddock. After finding Tim, Grant searches for Lex in a sewer maze. The player then must re-activate the park's power to contact a helicopter so the survivors can escape the island. Jurassic Park features a bird's-eye view in exterior levels, but switches to a first-person shooter perspective when entering buildings. The exterior levels contain eight large areas, each one consisting of a different dinosaur paddock, as well as a Pteranodon dome. Each level requires Grant to complete a series of tasks in order to advance further through the game. Indoor levels are spread throughout the game. The game features 11 building complexes, each one overrun by velociraptors. The game also includes a raft level. A password is given after each level is won. The game includes six dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player begins with a taser weapon; other weapons can be found by the player. First aid kits can be used to restore all of the player's health. Electronic motion sensors are located throughout the game, and can detect all moving objects. Connected to the motion sensors are computer terminals, which can be used to receive messages, maps",
"title": "Jurassic Park (computer video game)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "927830",
"text": "Go motion is a variation of stop motion animation which incorporates motion blur into each frame involving motion. It was co-developed by Industrial Light & Magic and Phil Tippett. Stop motion animation can create a distinctive and disorienting staccato effect because the animated object is perfectly sharp in every frame, since each frame is shot with the object perfectly still. Real moving objects in similar scenes have motion blur because they move while the camera's shutter is open. Filmmakers use a variety of techniques to simulate motion blur, such as moving the model slightly during the exposure of each film frame, or placing a glass plate smeared with petroleum jelly in front of the camera lens to blur the moving areas. History In the 1920s, Ladislas Starevich started using this technique by the time he started making films in France. He moved the puppet or the set during the exposure of the frame to create motion blur. Some of this can be seen in films like The Midnight Wedding, Love in Black and White, The Voice of the Nightingale or The Little Parade and more extensively in the battle scene of The Queen of the Butterflies (1924) and The Mascot (1933). Phil Tippett and Industrial Light & Magic later recreated the go motion technique for some shots of the tauntaun creatures and AT-AT walkers in the 1980 Star Wars film The Empire Strikes Back. After that, go motion was used for many other movies: for the dragon in Dragonslayer (1981), the dinosaurs in the prehistoric documentaries Prehistoric Beast (1984) and Dinosaur! (1985), the harpy sequence in Young Sherlock Holmes (1985), the lord demon creature in Howard the Duck (1986), the winged demon in The Golden Child (1986), the extraterrestrial living flying machines in Batteries Not Included (1987), the two-headed Eborsisk dragon in Willow (1988), Coneheads (1993). Other minor sequences using go motion appeared in films like the first three Indiana Jones installments (1981–1989) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) among a few others. In 1993, with the release of Jurassic Park, Tippett Studio abandoned go motion and fully converted its teams and equipment to CG computer-graphics. The last film using go motion was Coneheads (Jurassic Park was released on June 11, 1993 but Coneheads was released on July 23, 1993). Methods for creating motion blur Petroleum jelly This crude but reasonably effective technique, known as vaselensing, involves smearing petroleum jelly (\"Vaseline\") on a plate of glass in front of the camera lens, then cleaning and reapplying it after each shot—a time-consuming process, but one which creates a blur around the model. The technique was used for the endoskeleton in The Terminator, by Jim Danforth to blur the pterodactyl's wings in Hammer Films' When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth, and by Randal William Cook on the \"terror dogs\" sequence in Ghostbusters. Bumping the puppet Gently bumping or flicking the puppet before taking the frame produces a slight blur; however, care must be taken that the puppet does not move too much, and that",
"title": "Go motion"
},
{
"docid": "54555989",
"text": "Jurassic World: The Game is a simulation video game developed by Ludia and based on the 2015 film Jurassic World. It is a sequel to Ludia's earlier game, Jurassic Park Builder (2012), and features similar gameplay. The Chinese servers for the game shut down on January 4, 2021 making it unplayable there, but is still playable in other parts of the world. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Game is set on the fictional Costa Rican islands of Isla Nublar and Isla Sorna, where the player is put in control of constructing a Jurassic World theme park. The player can add buildings and create dinosaurs to populate the park. The game features creatures like dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles, among other prehistoric animals. The combat, in which the player chooses an animal to fight against a rival's animal, uses a system of action points that will increase with each turn while making use of each animals' weaknesses. By obtaining a collection of creatures, the player maintains the park by completing missions assigned to them by the characters. The player can erect buildings and decorations to increase revenue. Each rank unlocks new Battle Stages and buildings to expand the park. Throughout the game, the players are able to get Card Packs, which can give rare species, new missions or currency. Hybrid animals are available to obtain by fusing two matching dinosaurs with a reached level cap of 40 like combining a Tyrannosaurus and a Velociraptor to form the Indominus rex. Superhybrids can in turn be created by collecting specific DNA and fusing it with an existing hybrid. The park also includes an aquatic and Cenozoic sections, with many species present that are not dinosaurs. The game supports the use of Hasbro's Jurassic World Brawlasaurus toys, which could be scanned by players and incorporated into the game for battles. Development and release Jurassic World: The Game was announced by Universal Pictures in October 2014, as part of its promotional plans for the 2015 film Jurassic World. Ludia released the game for iOS in April 2015, to coincide with the release of the film. It was released shortly after for Android in May 2015. Reception Patrick Klepek of Kotaku criticized the game for its use of in-game advertisements. Nadia Oxford of Gamezebo gave the game three stars out of five. Oxford noted the realistic dinosaur models, but wrote that the game \"combines mediocre park-building with mediocre dino-battling. It's competent and by gosh it (mostly) looks glorious, but there isn't a lot here that differentiates the game from standard park-builders\". Gamezebo considered the game to be \"pretty much Jurassic Park Builder part II, except the parks you create in that three-year-old game seem a lot more colorful and joyful than the washed-out grey fairgrounds you create in Jurassic World\". References External links Official website 2015 video games Amusement park simulation games Business simulation games Android (operating system) games IOS games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Video games developed in Canada Video games",
"title": "Jurassic World: The Game"
},
{
"docid": "5388179",
"text": "Screen on the Green is an annual summertime event in Atlanta's Piedmont Park. Originally sponsored by Turner Classic Movies, the event has been hosted during the last few years by local Atlanta television station Peachtree TV. Screen on the Green consists of free movies shown on a large screen outdoors. The event typically draws between 5,000 and 10,000 people for each film. Through the 2007 series screen, tents, glass containers, pets, and grills are not allowed at the event. Due to drought conditions in Piedmont Park during the 2008 and 2009 seasons, the event was temporarily moved to Centennial Olympic Park. It returned to Piedmont Park for the 2010 season. In 2010, several of the early movies were disrupted by altercations including several acts of random violence. While additional security was provided for later movies, many long-time attendees were shaken by the events. In 2011, Screen on the Green was cancelled because of lack of funding from Peachtree TV after a management change. Weeks later, Screen on the Green was saved by new sponsors. It was canceled again in 2012. In 2013, the event was held in Centennial Olympic Park. 2011 movies June 2 - Back to the Future June 9 - Imitation of Life June 16 - Sixteen Candles June 23 - Viewers Choice – The Birds, 1963 vs. Frankenstein, 1931 June 30 - Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory 2010 movies May 27 --- National Treasure June 3 --- Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen June 10 --- Dreamgirls June 17 --- Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope June 24 --- Jurassic Park 2009 movies May 28 --- Back to the Future June 4 --- Dreamgirls (not played due to inclement weather) June 11 --- Field of Dreams June 18 --- Home Alone June 25 --- Ghostbusters (decided by online vote) 2008 movies May 29 --- Jaws June 5 --- Big Momma's House June 12 --- Chicago June 19 --- E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial June 26 --- Footloose (decided by online vote) 2007 movies May 31 --- Casablanca June 7 --- Car Wash June 14 --- Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid June 21 --- Funny Girl June 28 --- E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (not played due to rain and inclement weather) 2006 movies June 1 --- Houseguest June 8 --- The Wiz June 15 --- Ferris Bueller's Day Off June 21 --- Breakfast at Tiffany's June 28 --- Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory 2005 movies June 2 --- Some Like It Hot June 9 --- To Kill a Mockingbird June 16 --- The Birds June 23 --- Mommie Dearest June 30 --- Grease External links Official site References Festivals in Atlanta Tourist attractions in Atlanta",
"title": "Screen on the Green (Atlanta)"
},
{
"docid": "4109668",
"text": "\"Jurassic Park\" is a parody of Richard Harris's version of Jimmy Webb's song \"MacArthur Park\", written and performed by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic; it was released both as a single and as part of Yankovic's Alapalooza album in October 1993. \"Jurassic Park\" was penned by Yankovic after he remembered the enjoyment he had when he combined a classic rock track with a recent movie theme with his 1985 song \"Yoda\". Yankovic decided to combine the plot of the recent movie Jurassic Park—a film about a park on a fictional island where geneticists have succeeded in cloning dinosaurs—with the classic Richard Harris track \"MacArthur Park\". The song was paired with an elaborately animated music video, which was created by Mark Osborne and Scott Nordlund almost entirely via claymation. The video did not receive extensive play on MTV, although it was popular on The Box, VH1, and in Canada, where it was played on MuchMusic. The video, due to its animation, also later went on to be praised at various animation festivals worldwide. \"Jurassic Park\" was met with mixed to positive reviews; while many reviewers enjoyed Yankovic's humor, others felt that the song did not satirize the source material, but instead merely recounted the plot to the movie. Webb himself was very pleased with the final result and has been known to sing the parody lyrics in concert. Although the single did not chart in the United States, it peaked at number 5 on the Canadian magazine The Records single chart. The video was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video at the 37th Grammy Awards, although it did not win. Writing Yankovic was inspired to write the song after he heard The Kinks' song \"Lola\" while driving in his car one day, noting, \"I was driving a rent-a-car through Florida when the song 'Lola' came on the radio, and it got me thinking about how much fun I had doing 'Yoda' [a song from 1985's Dare to Be Stupid] where I took a then-current topic and combined it with a classic rock tune.\" He soon turned his attention to the then-recently-released film Jurassic Park, based on the eponymous 1990 novel by Michael Crichton, which involved a group of scientists visiting the titular park located on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, where geneticists have successfully created genetically-engineered dinosaurs. Deciding to write a parody about the movie, he considered various songs to spoof, eventually deciding on the 1968 hit single \"MacArthur Park\", which was performed by Richard Harris. Yankovic approached the original song's writer, Jimmy Webb, who agreed to the idea and was so amused by the parody that he later penned a letter to Yankovic that read, \"Well, [this parody] oughta bury that song once and for all!\" Additionally, Crichton and director Steven Spielberg permitted Yankovic to produce the track. Recording and lyrics Yankovic entered the studio to record \"Jurassic Park\" on July 16, 1993. Backing Yankovic were Jon \"Bermuda\" Schwartz on drums, Steve Jay on bass,",
"title": "Jurassic Park (song)"
},
{
"docid": "13888043",
"text": "Julio Oscar Mechoso (May 31, 1955 – November 25, 2017) was a Cuban actor who played detective Ruiz in Bad Boys and appeared in such films as Blue Streak, Jurassic Park III, The Legend of Zorro, The Lost City, Little Miss Sunshine and Rules Don't Apply. He had over 120 well known films and TV roles. Biography Career Mechoso was a character actor in both television and film. He appeared in dozens of films, such as Grindhouse, Bad Boys, where he played Detective Ruiz, Blue Streak, Heartbreakers, Jurassic Park III, the controversial Ken Park, The Lost City, The Legend of Zorro, Little Miss Sunshine, Transpecos and Rules Don't Apply. His television credits include Miami Vice, Coach, Damon, Seinfeld, Grey's Anatomy, Cane, The Big Bang Theory, Miami Medical, Matador, where he played Javi Sandoval, and Greetings from Tucson, where he played Joaquin Tiant. He frequently collaborated with Andy Garcia and Robert Rodriguez. Death Mechoso died of a heart attack at his home in Burbank, California, at the age of 62. Filmography 1979/80 - Que Pasa USA (First Bi-Lingual English Spanish Show on PBS Nationally). Played Disco Club cashier. 1983 Guaguasi as Ernestico 1984-1988 Miami Vice as Lester Kosko 1986 Flight of the Navigator as Hangar Guard #1 1988 Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach as Shooting Range Cop 1990 Internal Affairs as Cousin Gregory 1990 The Take (TV Movie) 1990 Midnight Caller (TV Series) as Ozzie Minoso 1992 Live! From Death Row (TV Movie) as Reyes 1992 Deep Cover as Detective Hernandez 1992 Toys as Cortez 1994 Dead Connection as Linen Suit 1994 A Perry Mason Mystery: The Case of the Lethal Lifestyle (TV Movie) 1994 A Million to Juan as Corn Seller 1994 Menendez: A Killing in Beverly Hills (TV Movie) as Lieutenant Arguello 1994 The Glass Shield as Assistant District Attorney 1995 Seinfeld (TV Series) as Julio 1995 Bad Boys as Detective Ruiz 1995 A Pyromaniac's Love Story as Jerry 1996 White Squall as Girard Pascal 1997 Vegas Vacation as Limo Driver 1997 'Til There Was You as Mover 1997 Mad City as Air Force Sergeant 1997 Switchback as Jorge Martinez 1998 Krippendorf's Tribe as Professor Simon Alonso 1999 Virus as \"Squeaky\" 1999 Molly as Baseball Fan 1999 Blue Streak as Detective Diaz 2000 For Love or Country: The Arturo Sandoval Story (TV Movie) as Jaime Arrondo 2000 All the Pretty Horses as Captain Raul 2001 Heartbreakers as Leo 2001 Tortilla Soup as Gomez 2001 Jurassic Park III as Enrique Cardoso 2002 Pumpkin as Dr. Frederico Cruz 2002 Ken Park as Peaches' Father 2002 Phone Booth as Medic 2002 Assassination Tango as Orlando 2003 Bookies as Martinez 2003 Once Upon a Time in Mexico as Nicholas, Presidential Advisor 2003 A Simple Choice (Short) as Gus 2005 Lords of Dogtown as Mr. Alva 2005 Wheelmen as Mario 2005 The Lost City as Colonel Candela 2005 The Legend of Zorro as Frey Felipe 2005 Ghost Whisperer (TV Series) as Gilbert de la Costa 2006 Little Miss Sunshine as The Mechanic 2006",
"title": "Julio Oscar Mechoso"
},
{
"docid": "36194808",
"text": "Stephen Rosenbaum is an American visual effects artist and supervisor, and has worked on numerous movie, tv and music productions, including six that have won Academy Awards. He has been nominated three times for an Academy Award and two times for a BAFTA Award. He has won both awards twice for his contributions on Forrest Gump and Avatar, and has played artist and supervisor roles on such pioneering films as Jurassic Park, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, The Abyss, X2: X-Men United, Death Becomes Her, Contact and The Perfect Storm. Personal life Rosenbaum was raised in Los Angeles and graduated from Palisades Charter High School where he met and eventually married his high school sweetheart. He graduated from University of California, Berkeley, and remains a Bay Area, California resident. Career Rosenbaum began his career in visual effects at the reconstructed Computer Graphics Department of Lucasfilm's effects division Industrial Light & Magic in 1989. The previous members of this department moved to the building next door and formed the company Pixar. This new group of artists received their first chance to make a computer generated character when James Cameron asked them to create the Pseudopod water creature for The Abyss. Cameron followed with Terminator 2: Judgment Day and the group expanded the artist base and created one of the first digital manipulations of a human character. The artists continued to thrive with opportunities to animate and render the seminal dinosaurs in Jurassic Park. Rosenbaum then oversaw the digital excision of Lt. Dan's legs, Forrest's mastery of ping pong, and the fanciful feather animations in Forrest Gump. These movies help spark the rapid evolution of traditional film-processed visual effects and inspired an industry-wide shift in filmmaking methodologies and commercial digital imagery manipulation. Rosenbaum spent several years working on various projects at Weta Digital, and in 2007, he began work on Avatar. For two years, Rosenbaum worked with Cameron in Los Angeles during performance capture and in New Zealand during live action photography. For the third year of the project he returned to New Zealand to help complete the CGI on the movie. Since Avatar, Rosenbaum has been immersed in Virtual Production and the persistent drive toward realtime visual effects and more believable digital characters. His focus has been on capturing and faithfully reproducing actor performances of recognized personalities, including famous musicians such as Michael Jackson and the band ABBA. In 2010, Rosenbaum was hired by Digital Domain to start a character animation development group. He brought together some of the best computer graphics geeks, and they built a modernized approach to creating physically and behaviorally realistic digital humans and creatures. Leveraging the new pipeline, he designed and supervised the giants for the movie Jack the Giant Slayer. In 2014, Rosenbaum directed the creation of a virtual Michael Jackson posthumously performing a previously unreleased song live at 2014 Billboard Music Awards. He then spent the next two years creating the reimagined King Kong for the movie Kong: Skull Island. Rosenbaum then partnered with acclaimed",
"title": "Stephen Rosenbaum"
},
{
"docid": "1663525",
"text": "Jurassic Park is an open-world action-adventure video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), based on the 1990 novel and 1993 film of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software in 1993 in North America and PAL regions, and published by Jaleco in 1994 in Japan. The player controls Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who has become trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. The game's exterior portion is viewed from a top-down perspective, but shifts to a first-person view during interior sections. The game garnered praise for these varied and three-dimensional perspectives, the usage of stereo sound, and the adventure gameplay. In 1994, Ocean released a sequel, Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues, with gameplay which significantly differs from that of the original. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the novel and film of the same name. Following a computer system failure, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped at an island theme park, known as Jurassic Park, that is populated with dinosaurs. The player controls Grant, and begins the game armed with a cattle prod, although the game also features five other weapons: tranquilizer gun, shotgun, bolas, gas grenade launcher, and missile launcher. The game features seven different dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player is given five lives, and two continues when all lives are lost. Grant's health is represented by a red health bar. Food and first-aid kits located throughout the game can replenish the player's health. Motion sensors set up around the island allow characters in the game to communicate advice to the player, although some advice is deliberately malicious. If Grant loses a life, the player is restarted at the last motion sensor with which Grant came into contact. Mr. DNA, a character from the film, provides dinosaur facts to the player if the game is paused or remains idle for too long. The player must open and close multiple gates to travel around the island. The game's music changes depending on the player's location in the park. The player is also required to collect dinosaur eggs throughout the game. The game's world is spacious and non-linear. The exterior portion, played from a top-down perspective, consists of a maze that is made up of jungle trees, along with rock formations, canals, fences, gates, and a number of buildings that can be entered and explored. The game switches to a first-person perspective when the player enters one of these buildings. The player must collect ID cards belonging to characters on the island in order to access certain rooms. Other rooms are completely dark and require night vision goggles to enter. Some buildings contain multiple floors that are accessed via elevators. Jurassic Park supports the Super NES Mouse when playing first-person sequences or operating computer terminals. To win the game, the player must complete several objectives, starting with powering up a computer to re-activate the park's motion sensors. Once activated,",
"title": "Jurassic Park (SNES video game)"
},
{
"docid": "13842058",
"text": "Juan Antonio García Bayona (born 9 May 1975) is a Spanish filmmaker. He directed the 2007 horror film The Orphanage, the 2012 drama film The Impossible, and the 2016 fantasy drama film A Monster Calls. In 2018, he directed the science fiction adventure film Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series. His 2023 film Society of the Snow was nominated for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film at the 96th Academy Awards. He has also directed television commercials and music videos. He directed the first two episodes of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power. Early life Bayona was born in Barcelona, Spain. The first movie he ever saw was Richard Donner's Superman (1978) which inspired him to be a director. He studied at the Escola Superior de Cinema i Audiovisuals de Catalunya (ESCAC). At age 19 he met Guillermo del Toro at the Sitges Film Festival presenting Cronos (1993) and Bayona recognized him as a mentor there. After their initial conversations, del Toro promised to aid Bayona in the future if he were ever in the position to do so. Career 1990s After graduating from ESCAC he began his career directing commercials and music videos. At the age of 20, he signed his first contract as audiovisual producer for the Spanish band OBK. After three years working with them, he was awarded the Premios Ondas for the music video \"Tú sigue así\". Since then, he has become the principal director of the group Camela and was commissioned to illustrate the piece \"Cómo repartimos los amigos\", in which the duo Ella Baila Sola bid farewell to their audience. He has also directed music videos for Pastora Soler (\"En mi soledad\"), Fangoria, Nena Daconte (\"El Aleph\"), Enrique Bunbury and Miren Iza (\"Frente a frente\"), in which the original singer Jeanette appears at the end of the video. In 2012 he created the music video for \"Disconnected\" by the British band Keane. In 1999 he directed the short film My Holidays and in 2002 The Spongeman. 2000s In 2004 Bayona met writer Sergio G. Sánchez, who was working on the short 7337. Sánchez offered Bayona the script for The Orphanage. In order to create the film he wanted, Bayona had to double both the film's budget and its runtime. He was assisted by Guillermo del Toro, who offered to co-produce it. The Orphanage premiered on 20 May 2007, at the Cannes International Film Festival, where it received a standing ovation lasting more than ten minutes. Months later, on 11 October 2007, it premiered in Spanish cinemas and grossed $8.3 million. Bayona was awarded the Goya Award for Best New Director in 2008. The film was nominated for 14 categories of Goyas, and won 7. In October of that same year, Variety announced that Universal Studios had signed a contract with Bayona to adapt the film Hater by David Moody, written by Glen Mazzara and produced by Guillermo del Toro. Bayona was one",
"title": "J. A. Bayona"
},
{
"docid": "65407767",
"text": "Jurassic Park, later also referred to as Jurassic World, is an American science fiction adventure media franchise. It focuses on the cloning of dinosaurs through ancient DNA, extracted from mosquitoes that have been fossilized in amber. The franchise explores the ethics of cloning and genetic engineering, and the morals behind de-extinction. The franchise began in 1990, with the release of Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park. A film adaptation, also titled Jurassic Park, was directed by Steven Spielberg and was released in 1993. Crichton then wrote a sequel novel, The Lost World (1995), and Spielberg directed its film adaptation, The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). Four additional films have been released, including Jurassic Park III in 2001, completing the original trilogy of films. The fourth installment, Jurassic World, was released in 2015, marking the beginning of a new trilogy. Its sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in 2018. The sixth film, Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022, marks the conclusion of the second trilogy. Two Jurassic World short films have also been released: Battle at Big Rock (2019) and a Jurassic World Dominion prologue (2021). Theropod dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor have had major roles throughout the film series. Other species, including Brachiosaurus and Spinosaurus, have also played significant roles. The series has also featured other creatures such as Mosasaurus and members of the pterosaur group, both commonly misidentified by the public as dinosaurs. The various creatures in the films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For the first three films, the animatronics were created by special-effects artist Stan Winston and his team, while Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) handled the CGI for all the films. The first film garnered critical acclaim for its innovations in CGI technology and animatronics. Since Winston's death in 2008, the practical dinosaurs have been created by other artists, including Legacy Effects and Image Engine (Jurassic World), Neal Scanlan (Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom), and John Nolan (Jurassic World Dominion). Paleontologist Jack Horner has served as the longtime scientific advisor on the films, and paleontologist Steve Brusatte was also consulted for Jurassic World Dominion. The original film was praised for its modern portrayal of dinosaurs. Horner said that it still contained many inaccuracies, but noted that it was not meant as a documentary. Later films in the series contain inaccuracies as well, for entertainment purposes. This includes the films' velociraptors, which are depicted as being larger than their real-life counterparts. In addition, the franchise's method for cloning dinosaurs has been deemed scientifically implausible, for a number of reasons. On-screen portrayals The various creatures in the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For each of the films, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) has handled dinosaur scenes that required CGI. Throughout the film series, ILM has studied large animals such as elephants and rhinos, for reference in designing the digital dinosaurs. Jurassic Park trilogy (1993–2001) For the original 1993 film Jurassic Park,",
"title": "Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park"
},
{
"docid": "12791345",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a 1997 pinball game designed by John Borg and released by Sega Pinball. It is based on the 1997 film of the same name. Description The playfield contains a T. rex egg as the dominant feature that breaks steadily, ultimately revealing the baby T. rex. The game has five modes, each referring to a scene from the movie, before reaching the wizard mode: where the T. rex rampages in San Diego. The pinball machine has an optional 3D lenticular backglass. See also Jurassic Park (pinball) The Lost World: Jurassic Park (video game) Lost World (pinball) References External links Jurassic Park pinball machines Pinball machines based on films Sega pinball machines 1997 pinball machines",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (pinball)"
},
{
"docid": "38920887",
"text": "Old Murder House Theater (OHMT) is a theater company out of Austin, Texas recreating feature films at various venues and on tour. Background It was formed in 2008 by Sam Eidson and Josh Jones and adapts classics from the 1980s and 1990s. Productions have included RoboCop, Predator, Aliens, Die Hard, Home Alone, Back to the Future, and Jurassic Park. The movie Aliens was adapted into a show in 2011 titled Aliens on Ice. In 2012 the troupe went on tour with \"Jurassic Park Live\" on an all-US tour from NY to LA. Their last production was an adaptation of \"Jaws Live\" at the Scottish Rite Theater in Austin Texas in 2015. Cardboard and homemade props are used and a sexual innuendos are added into the adaptations including a dinosaur sex scene in Jurassic Park. References External links Interview with Sam Edison of Old Murder House Theatre Epic Jaws Live performance Die Hard Waay off Broadway Cinemas and movie theaters in Texas Entertainment companies established in 2008 American companies established in 2008 2008 establishments in Texas",
"title": "Old Murder House Theater"
},
{
"docid": "29229125",
"text": "Tango Feroz: la leyenda de Tanguito () is a 1993 Argentine drama musical film directed by Marcelo Piñeyro, his debut film. It is loosely based in the life of Tanguito, one of the first artists of Argentine rock (\"Tanguito\" is just a stage name, neither the artist nor the movie are related with Tango music). Fernan Mirás and Cecilia Dopazo, unknown to most spectators by that point, had the lead roles and became famous after the film's release. It was the most successful Argentinian movie of all time. Tango Feroz centers on Tanguito's drug addiction, his love relationship with Mariana, his friendship with Mauricio \"Moris\" Birabent, his madness and final years. The film does not include any of the songs written by the real Tanguito, such as his iconic \"La balsa\", as Piñeyro could not acquire the rights for doing so. Instead, it uses many other classic songs of Argentine Rock. Ulises Butrón sang the hit song written for the movie, \"El amor es más fuerte\" (), in the scenes played by Mirás as well as the soundtrack. Cast Fernán Mirás as Tanguito Cecilia Dopazo as Mariana David Masajnik as Ruso Imanol Arias as Ángel Cristina Banegas as Mariana's mother Antonio Birabent as Mauricio 'Moris' Birabent Leonardo Sbaraglia as Pedro Federico D'Elía Héctor Alterio as Lobo Ernesto Alterio Carola Molina Humberto Serrano Mirna Suárez Reception In its opening weekend, Tango Feroz grossed $249,111 from 45,203 admissions at seven screens in Buenos Aires, the biggest Argentine opener of the last 10 years. The film grossed $4,225,000 in Argentina, a record for an Argentinian film at the time, and was the second highest-grossing for the year behind Jurassic Park with $4.6 million. Awards Tango Feroz won the 1994 Argentinian Film Critics Association Awards for Best First Film and Best Music. It was also nominated as Best Film, but didn't get the award. Marcelo Piñeyro also won the 1993 Torino International Film Festival of Young Cinema in the International Feature Film Competition, and got the second place at the 1993 Havana Film Festival. References External links 1993 films Argentine biographical films Films shot in Buenos Aires 1990s Argentine films",
"title": "Tango Feroz"
},
{
"docid": "71450070",
"text": "Owen Grady is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in the fourth film Jurassic World (2015), which is also the first installment in the Jurassic World trilogy. Colin Trevorrow directed and co-wrote the film, casting Chris Pratt as Owen. He is one of the three main protagonists in the trilogy, along with his love interest Claire Dearing (portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard), and his adoptive daughter, Maisie Lockwood (portrayed by Isabella Sermon), who made her debut in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran and animal behavioral scientist researching Velociraptor at the dinosaur theme park Jurassic World, located on Isla Nublar. By the end of the first film, he and Claire begin a relationship. Pratt reprised the role in the film's sequels. In Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), he and Claire have broken off their relationship, and she is leading an effort to save the Isla Nublar dinosaurs from a volcanic eruption. Owen agrees to join her rescue mission so he can save Blue, the last survivor of his old raptor group, with whom he has a close connection. Later in the film, he and Claire reconcile and become adoptive parents to Maisie Lockwood, the biogenetic granddaughter of Benjamin Lockwood. In Jurassic World Dominion (2022), Owen and Claire remain in a relationship and are raising Maisie, who is kidnapped by Biosyn for research purposes along with Blue's asexually reproduced baby, Beta. The couple then embark on a rescue mission to retrieve them from Biosyn. The concept of a raptor handler was conceived as early as 2004, by Jurassic World executive producer Steven Spielberg. He was disappointed with early drafts that featured the animals being trained for missions, although he believed the idea still had potential. Trevorrow was hired as the film's director and co-writer in 2013, and incorporated Spielberg's idea while scaling it back. Owen Grady is among Pratt's most popular roles. The character has overall received a mixed to positive reception from critics. While some reviews criticized the films for not fully utilizing Pratt's skill as a comic actor and Owen's minimal characterization garnered mixed reactions, Pratt's overall performance has been well-received, and some consider Owen to be one of the best Jurassic Park characters. Fictional background Jurassic World In the first film, Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran who works as an on-site animal behaviorist at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park located on the island of Isla Nublar. Owen and his friend, Barry, are studying four Velociraptors on the island, on behalf of InGen Security and its chief, Hoskins. Their research is done to test the raptors' intelligence, although they oppose Hoskins's long-term goal to use the animals as military weapons. Owen explains that his relationship with the raptors is a personal one and that they only respond to him under controlled conditions. He was once romantically attracted to Claire Dearing, the park's operations manager, though their conflicting personalities ended a potential relationship after one date. To increase park",
"title": "Owen Grady"
},
{
"docid": "10037943",
"text": "There have been four pinball adaptations of the film Jurassic Park franchise: a physical table released by Data East the same year the film came out, Sega's 1997 The Lost World which is based on the second movie of the series, a virtual table developed by Zen Studios on the franchise's 25th anniversary and a new physical table released by Stern Pinball a year after. All four tables behave differently. Original Data East version Gameplay There are 11 gameplay modes, called \"Computer Screens\". They are started by shooting the right scoop, called \"Control Room\", when it is lit. These modes are stackable (i.e., one mode can be running while another mode is in progress). The Control Room is briefly lit by the right ramp or either inlane, and is permanently lit by shooting the Power Shed (the right scoop) on the upper-right side of the playfield. Stampede Escape Isla Nublar Raptor Two-Ball: Lights the Boat Dock (saucer at the right loop) for Raptor Two-Ball multiball. Shooting the Raptor Pit collects the ball and gives 2 more. Electric Fence: You have to hit the pop bumpers a certain number of times to get Timmy off the electric fence, before he gets electrocuted. Spitter Attack System Boot: Shoot the Bunker, the Control Room, and the Power Shed scoops to collect a maximum of 30 million points. Raptors' Rampage Mosquito Millions Feed T-Rex: Shoot the T-Rex saucer to feed the \"goat\" (ball) to the T-Rex for 30 million points. Bone Busting Light Extra Ball: Extra Ball is lit at the Boat Docks. Completing all Computer Screen modes lights the Control Room for System Failure, a six-ball \"wizard mode\" where all shots on the playfield are worth one million points. It lasts for 45 seconds. Zen Studios In the late 2010s, two additional pinball adaptations of the film were released. The second pinball adaptation of Jurassic Park is a virtual table developed by Zen Studios as one of three tables in the Jurassic Park pinball pack, designed to celebrate the franchise's 25th anniversary, which is an add-on for Pinball FX 3 that was released on February 20, 2018. In addition to developing a digital pinball adaptation of the film, Zen Studios also developed another pinball table that reflects on its aftermath, titled Jurassic Park: Pinball Mayhem, which is also one of the three tables in the aforementioned Jurassic Park pinball pack. Stern Pinball release Stern Pinball released a third pinball adaptation of the film in 2019. Upon launch, Stern created three versions: Pro, Premium and Limited Edition. All models feature a unique spinning kinetic newton ball Jungle Explorer Vehicle, three flippers, four ramps and a custom T-Rex sculpt. Premium and Limited Edition models feature a motorized animatronic ball-eating, ball-throwing, T-Rex mechanism and an interactive Raptor Pen ball lock mechanism. The game features the John Williams Jurassic Park score. The Limited Edition model is limited to 500 units and features a numbered plaque, custom-themed backglass, cabinet artwork and art blades as well as a shaker",
"title": "Jurassic Park (pinball)"
},
{
"docid": "524169",
"text": "High concept is a type of artistic work that can be easily pitched with a succinctly stated premise. It can be contrasted with low concept, which is more concerned with character development and other subtleties that are not as easily summarized. The origin of the term is disputed. Terminology High-concept narratives are typically characterised by an overarching \"what if?\" scenario that catalyses the following events. Many summer blockbuster movies are built on a high-concept idea, such as \"what if we could clone dinosaurs?\" as in Jurassic Park. High-concept narratives differ from analogous narratives. In the case of the latter, a high-concept story may be employed to allow commentary on an implicit subtext. A prime example of this might be George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, which asks, \"What if we lived in a future of totalitarian government?\" while simultaneously generating social comment and critique aimed at Orwell's own (real-world) contemporary society. Similarly, the Gene Roddenberry sci-fi series Star Trek went beyond the high concept storytelling of a futurist starship crew, by addressing 20th century social issues in a hypothetical and defamiliarising context. Planet of the Apes (1968) likewise engages in social commentary regarding race relations and other topics from modern human society via the lens of the ape civilization, in part as a response by screenplay co-writer Rod Serling to his experiences of anti-semitism. Characteristics The term is often applied to films that are pitched and developed almost entirely upon an engaging premise with broad appeal, rather than standing upon complex character study, cinematography, or other strengths that relate more to the artistic execution of a production. Extreme examples of high-concept films are Snakes on a Plane and Sharknado, which describe their entire premises in their titles. A movie described as being \"high-concept\" is considered easy to sell to a wide audience because it delivers upon an easy-to-grasp idea. This simple narrative can often be summed up with a single iconic image, such as the theme park logo from Jurassic Park. Along with having well-defined genre and aesthetics, high-concept films have marketing guidelines known as \"the look, the hook and the book\". The look of the film is simply how visually appealing it is to the public, usually before its release. Jurassic Park would show the world dinosaurs as they had never been seen before. The hook is the story the film is trying to sell to its audience. Everyone wanted to know how dinosaurs could walk the Earth again after being extinct for 65 million years and how they would coexist with people. The book can be labeled as all the merchandise made to help promote the film. The merchandise in Jurassic Park was destined to sell well, with people wanting the T-shirts and lunch boxes that were shown for sale within the movie itself, with similar merchandise later to be sold at Universal Studios in the gift shop connected to the Jurassic Park ride. Commercial benefits High-concept television series and movies often rely on pre-sold properties such as movie stars",
"title": "High concept"
},
{
"docid": "12154291",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is a score of the 2001 film of the same name. It was orchestrated, composed and conducted by Don Davis and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. Davis incorporated John Williams' themes from the previous films into the score. Background and composition John Williams had previously composed the film soundtracks Jurassic Park (1993) and The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). As Jurassic Park III was underway, Williams was busy working on the A.I. Artificial Intelligence soundtrack and suggested Don Davis to handle the Jurassic Park III score. According to Davis: \"I suspect he wasn't too interested in doing the third part of a franchise that he said goodbye to sometime before\". Despite a rumor, James Horner was never considered to compose the film's score. After signing on to the project, Davis became unsure if his score could live up to Williams' work. He listened to the previous Jurassic Park scores, hoping for his own to maintain consistency with them. Some of Williams' prior themes, mostly from the first film, were used in Jurassic Park III, but some were shortened or lengthened to fit certain scenes. Williams provided his original handwritten scores to Davis. One of Williams' themes is used for the returning character of Dr. Alan Grant. Davis also composed a new theme which was supposed to recreate the mending relationship between Paul and Amanda Kirby. The score was recorded with a 104-piece orchestra, with Davis orchestrating and conducting. One track, \"Clash of Extinction\", was created for a battle scene between a T. rex and Spinosaurus, although Johnston ultimately removed the track. Aside from Davis' score, Johnston chose to include \"Big Hat, No Cattle\", a song by Randy Newman from his 1999 album Bad Love. Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original cue listing The complete known cue list is as follows (including alternates): \"Isla Sorna Sailing Situation\" - [4:22] \"The Dig Site (Unused)\" - [1:07] \"They Were Smart\" - [1:42] \"A Walk in the Park\" - [1:21] \"Resonating Chamber\" - [1:17] \"Alan Goes (Album Mix Ending)\" - [1:54] \"Dinosaur Fly-By (Album)\" - [2:12] \"What's a Bad Idea (Album)\" - [1:03] \"Coopers Last Stand\" - [1:43] \"We Haven't Landed Yet\" - [0:40] \"Frenzy Fuselage (Album Mix)\" - [3:12] \"Clash of Extinction (Unused)\" - [1:42] \"The Kirby's Story\" - [4:06] \"Bone Man Ben\" - [3:38] \"Raptor Eggs\" - [2:52] \"The Raptor Room\" - [2:34] \"The Raptor Repartee\" - [3:26] \"Eric Saves Alan\" - [1:47] \"Tree People\" - [2:02] \"Nash Calling\" - [3:36] \"Party Crasher\" - [3:17] \"Pteranodon Habitat\" - [3:01] \"Tiny Pecking Pteranodons\" - [3:23] \"Billy Oblivion\" - [2:49] \"Brachiosaurus on the Bank\" - [2:07] \"Reaching for Glory\" - [2:31] \"Underwater Attack\" - [2:11] \"Spinosaurus Confrontation\" - [3:02] \"River Reminiscence\" - [1:08] \"Ambush and Rescue\" - [3:40] \"The Hat Returns - End Credits (Album)\" - [5:22] \"Big Hat, No Cattle (Source)\" - [4:26] \"Alan Goes (Film Mix)\" - [1:50] \"Dinosaur Fly-By (Extended Film Version)\" - [2:21] \"Coopers Last Stand (Film Alternate) \" - [1:23] \"Frenzy Fuselage",
"title": "Jurassic Park III (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "37754767",
"text": "Daniella Pineda (born February 20, 1987) is an American actress. She has had major roles in several films and TV series, including The Originals, Netflix's live-action Cowboy Bebop, and two films in the Jurassic Park franchise. She began her career through online comedy and fashion videos, with her first movie role in 2011. She later appeared in the backdoor pilot of The Originals and several episodes of the show's first season. Her first role in a movie produced by a major studio was in 2018, with Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. As a Mexican American, she has spoken out about the difficulties Mexican actors face. Early life Daniella Pineda was born on February 20, 1987, in Oakland, California, the daughter of Eric Klein and Patricia Pineda. Daniella has two siblings, Anneliese and Elliot. She is a third-generation Mexican American. She graduated from Mills College with a sociology and radio journalism degree. She acquired a fellowship at KALW, where topics she discussed included racism and poverty in the Bay Area. Career Pineda's first acting role was in a 2010 episode of Men of a Certain Age, although she created a larger image online; she appeared in several CollegeHumor comedy sketch videos between 2010 and 2011, as well as fashion tutorials on YouTube. Her first appearance in film was the 2011 comedy drama Newlyweds, directed by Edward Burns. It received mostly positive reviews from critics. Pineda later appeared in an episode of The CW's The Vampire Diaries, which functioned as a backdoor pilot for the spin-off series The Originals, which began airing in 2013. In the episode \"Crescent City\", her character, Sophie Deveraux, was killed off, eliminating Pineda from the cast. In 2021, she expressed a desire to return to the show. In 2015, Pineda starred in NBC's American Odyssey, which follows a team of American soldiers trying to expose a conspiracy. She played a character named Ruby Simms. The show was cancelled after one season. In October 2017, Pineda had a main role in Mr. Roosevelt, a comedy directed by and starring Noël Wells. It was a critical success, receiving a full 100% on Rotten Tomatoes from 34 reviews. In July 2018, Pineda played Zia Rodriguez in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, her first film role for a major studio. Rodriguez, a veterinarian, is part of a mission to rescue dinosaurs from a volcanic eruption. Pineda commented on how realistic the dinosaurs in the movie were, with pulsing veins and dilating eyes. In another interview, she explained how her character was originally going to have a conversation with Owen Grady (Chris Pratt) in which she revealed she was a lesbian; the dialogue was cut for time reasons. In 2019, Pineda starred in the horror film Mercy Black as Marina Hess, a woman who has spent 15 years institutionalized after partaking in a ritual to appease the entity Mercy Black, finally becoming convinced that the creature is not real, allowing her to go live with her family. In May of the same year, Pineda",
"title": "Daniella Pineda"
},
{
"docid": "36757431",
"text": "Dinosaur Island is a 1994 B-movie directed by Fred Olen Ray and Jim Wynorski. Wynorski called it \"a very 1950's type of picture, like The Lost Continent except that we're going to have better dinosaurs and more girls.\" Plot An U.S. Army captain is flying three misfit deserters home for a court martial when the airplane has engine trouble and they crash-land in the ocean near an uncharted island. There they find a primitive society of cave women who routinely sacrifice virgins to appease The Great One, the top-dog dinosaur on the island. Mistaken for gods as part of a prophecy, the men must destroy The Great One or face death, but meanwhile they fall in love despite the advice of their Queen, who tries to dissuade them from being corrupted by the outsiders' ways. Cast Production Wynorski said that Roger Corman asked him and Fred Olen Ray to make the film after Jurassic Park came out. \"It wasn't so much a Jurassic Park rip off as a cavewoman movie\", Wynorski said. Wynorski and Ray said they rewrote the script entirely. They knew who they were going to cast, employing actors they had worked with before, and tailored the script accordingly. They based the characters of the soldiers on characters in Stripes. Another influence was The War that Time Forgot, part of the Star Spangled War Stories comic book series. The movie was shot at Vasquez Rocks and David Carradine's ranch at Sun Valley over ten days. Wynorski says he and Ray made it \"on a wing and a prayer\". Several of the dinosaur props, namely the Deinonychus pet of the tribe and the antagonistic Great One were reused and refurbished from the previous year's film, Carnosaur, which Corman had produced. Wynorski later said, \"I'd never co-directed a movie before, but it was smooth sailing all the way. When one of us got tired, the other would take over. I'd usually go back to the comfort of the air-conditioned motor home and hang out with the girls. You really can't beat that.\" Reception \"Roger ended up hating the movie,\" said Wynorski. \"He didn't think the girls in it were pretty and he thought the story was too campy. But it did really well.\" The film performed better on television than on video. Wynorski says he was at a party when he met Joe Pesci who told him he loved the film, saying \"everytime I watch it I feel like I want to go there.\" Paste listed the film among the 100 Best B Movies of all time (#56). See also List of films featuring dinosaurs References External links 1994 films 1990s American films 1990s English-language films 1990s science fiction adventure films 1990s science fiction thriller films American science fiction adventure films American science fiction thriller films English-language science fiction adventure films English-language science fiction thriller films Films about dinosaurs Films directed by Fred Olen Ray Films directed by Jim Wynorski Films set on islands Films set in Oceania",
"title": "Dinosaur Island (1994 film)"
},
{
"docid": "31377247",
"text": "Ivar I. Ekeland (born 2 July 1944, Paris) is a French mathematician of Norwegian descent. Ekeland has written influential monographs and textbooks on nonlinear functional analysis, the calculus of variations, and mathematical economics, as well as popular books on mathematics, which have been published in French, English, and other languages. Ekeland is known as the author of Ekeland's variational principle and for his use of the Shapley–Folkman lemma in optimization theory. He has contributed to the periodic solutions of Hamiltonian systems and particularly to the theory of Kreĭn indices for linear systems (Floquet theory). Ekeland is cited in the credits of Steven Spielberg's 1993 movie Jurassic Park as an inspiration of the fictional chaos theory specialist Ian Malcom appearing in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park. Biography Ekeland studied at the École Normale Supérieure (1963–1967). He is a senior research fellow at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). He obtained his doctorate in 1970. He teaches mathematics and economics at the Paris Dauphine University, the École Polytechnique, the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. He was the chairman of Paris-Dauphine University from 1989 to 1994. Ekeland is a recipient of the D'Alembert Prize and the Jean Rostand prize. He is also a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Popular science: Jurassic Park by Crichton and Spielberg Ekeland has written several books on popular science, in which he has explained parts of dynamical systems, chaos theory, and probability theory. These books were first written in French and then translated into English and other languages, where they received praise for their mathematical accuracy as well as their value as literature and as entertainment. Through these writings, Ekeland had an influence on Jurassic Park, on both the novel and film. Ekeland's Mathematics and the unexpected and James Gleick's Chaos inspired the discussions of chaos theory in the novel Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton. When the novel was adapted for the film Jurassic Park by Steven Spielberg, Ekeland and Gleick were consulted by the actor Jeff Goldblum as he prepared to play the mathematician specializing in chaos theory. Research Ekeland has contributed to mathematical analysis, particularly to variational calculus and mathematical optimization. Variational principle In mathematical analysis, Ekeland's variational principle, discovered by Ivar Ekeland, is a theorem that asserts that there exists a nearly optimal solution to a class of optimization problems. Ekeland's variational principle can be used when the lower level set of a minimization problem is not compact, so that the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem can not be applied. Ekeland's principle relies on the completeness of the metric space. Ekeland's principle leads to a quick proof of the Caristi fixed point theorem. Ekeland was associated with the University of Paris when he proposed this theorem. Variational theory of Hamiltonian systems Ivar Ekeland is an expert on variational analysis, which studies mathematical optimization of spaces of functions. His research on periodic solutions of Hamiltonian systems and particularly to the theory of Kreĭn indices",
"title": "Ivar Ekeland"
},
{
"docid": "2258625",
"text": "Trevor John Morgan (born November 26, 1986) is an American actor. He has appeared in the films Genius, The Sixth Sense, The Patriot, A Rumor of Angels, Jurassic Park III, The Glass House, Chasing 3000, Mean Creek, Barney's Great Adventure (based on the popular children's television series), Local Color, Family Plan, and Uncle Nino. Early life Morgan was born in Chicago He has three older half siblings and a younger brother, actor Joey Morgan, who died in 2021. His parents are Lisa Morgan and Joe Borrasso of MbM Studios, a talent development and production company. When Morgan was five, the family relocated to Orange County, California, where Trevor appeared in various commercials. In 1997, the family moved to Los Angeles, California, so that he could pursue an acting career. Career Morgan first appeared in several commercials for McDonald's and Cheerios and was featured on a Life cereal box. He got his first break as Alec Mackenzie in the feature film Family Plan, which led him to appear in Barney's Great Adventure. Morgan was given the lead role of Duke Cooper in I'll Remember April. His co-star Haley Joel Osment was given the lead role of Cole Sear in The Sixth Sense, while Morgan played Cole's nemesis, a pretentious young actor. After the success of The Sixth Sense, I'll Remember April was rushed to video due to Osment's role as Pee Wee Clayton. Morgan's picture was replaced by Osment's on the box for marketing purposes. Actor/director Mel Gibson, who was looking for several child actors to play his seven children in The Patriot, saw Morgan and asked him to audition for the movie. Morgan landed the role, playing son Nathan Martin. He went on to appear in Jurassic Park III and The Glass House (2001). Among his other credits are Empire Falls, Mean Creek, Off the Black and Local Color, and the baseball flick Chasing 3000. Morgan appeared on the NBC series ER, where he played cancer victim Scotty Anspaugh for five episodes. For this role he garnered a 1998 SAG Award along with the main cast members of the show. He also appeared on Touched by an Angel. Additional television credits include Genius (Disney Telefilms), In the Dog House (Viacom/Showtime), Fire Co. 132 (20th Century Fox), Missing Persons (ABC), and The Offspring music video for \"Kristy, Are You Doing Okay?\" (as a young Dexter Holland). Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations References External links 1986 births 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from Chicago Male actors from Orange County, California",
"title": "Trevor Morgan (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "46981343",
"text": "Jurassic World: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the film score to Jurassic World composed by Michael Giacchino. The album was released digitally and physically on June 9, 2015 by Back Lot Music. Background Giacchino previously scored the video games Warpath: Jurassic Park and The Lost World: Jurassic Park. The score also includes the Jurassic Park theme by John Williams. Giacchino stated: \"It was a really targeted approach, as to where to [include Williams' themes] and where would make the most sense and where would we most appreciate it, as fans ourselves\". Track listing Charts See also Jurassic Park (film score) The Lost World: Jurassic Park (film score) Jurassic Park III (film score) References External links 2015 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Back Lot Music soundtracks Adventure film soundtracks Jurassic Park film scores Michael Giacchino soundtracks",
"title": "Jurassic World (film score)"
},
{
"docid": "5775614",
"text": "Dean Raymond Cundey, A.S.C. (born March 12, 1946) is an American cinematographer and film director. He is known for his collaborations with John Carpenter, Steven Spielberg, and Robert Zemeckis, as well as his extensive work in the horror genre, in addition to numerous family and comedy films. His filmography as a cinematographer includes Halloween (1978), The Fog (1980), Escape from New York (1981), The Thing (1982), the Back to the Future trilogy (1985–1990), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), Jurassic Park (1993), Apollo 13 (1995), and Garfield: The Movie (2004). Cundey was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on Who Framed Roger Rabbit, and has been nominated for numerous BAFTAs and BSC Awards. Life and career Cundey was born in Alhambra, California, United States. As a child, he used to build model sets, suggesting an interest in films from an early age. Cundey already had several low-budget films when he met Debra Hill, who in 1978 recruited him to work on Halloween, a film she co-wrote with director John Carpenter. Having Cundey work on a film brought considerable advantages. In addition to his considerable skill as a cinematographer and director of photography, he also had the advantage of owning most of his own equipment packed in a large van, referred to by Debra Hill as the \"movie van\". Cundey's work on Halloween is cited by many fans as being among his best as director of photography. In addition to his lighting skills, particularly in the famous hallway scene where the hidden face of Michael Myers is slowly revealed by way of a blue light next to the mask, he was among the first cinematographers to make use of a recent invention called the steadicam, or panaglide. The panaglide allowed the camera operator to \"wear\" the camera and obtain shots that were previously deemed too difficult or even impossible. In Halloween, the panaglide was used as a point of view reference for Michael Myers, allowing the audience to see what he saw. Other noteworthy films Cundey would go on to work with Carpenter and Hill again on the films The Fog (1980), Escape from New York, Halloween II (both 1981), The Thing (1982), and Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1983). He would also return to work with Carpenter for the last time on the 1986 big budget science fiction/comedy adventure Big Trouble in Little China. Cundey also served as director of photography on the 4D film Honey, I Shrunk the Audience!, which ran in five Walt Disney theme parks around the world. Later work In addition to his work with Carpenter, Cundey would lend his talents to the films Psycho II (1983), Romancing the Stone (1984), the Back to the Future trilogy (1985–1990), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), Road House (1989), Jurassic Park (1993), Apollo 13 (1995), What Women Want (2000), and Garfield: The Movie (2004), among others. In 1997, he made his directorial debut with the direct-to-video sequel Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves. He recently worked",
"title": "Dean Cundey"
},
{
"docid": "64554876",
"text": "Lego Jurassic World (also known as Lego Jurassic Park and stylized as LEGO Jurassic World) is a Lego theme based on the Jurassic World media franchise created by Michael Crichton and centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs. It is licensed from Universal Studios and Amblin Entertainment. The theme was introduced in June 2015, with the release of toy sets and the video game Lego Jurassic World, both to promote the film Jurassic World. Subsequent sets were released in 2018, alongside the next film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Various animated projects have also been made, including the 2018 television special Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit, and the 2019 miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar. Overview Lego Jurassic World is based on the Jurassic World media franchise. The first film, Jurassic World, focuses on a fully functioning dinosaur theme park. It was released in June 2015. As part of the marketing campaign, The Lego Group released toy sets based on the film. Each set featured different dinosaurs, such as Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, Dilophosaurus and the Indominus rex. Human figures were released as well, including one depicting Chris Pratt's character, Owen Grady. It was Pratt's third Lego minifigure, following toys based on The Lego Movie and Guardians of the Galaxy. A 90-second fan video was released shortly after the film, recreating it in Lego form. A separate three-minute fan video based on the first Jurassic Park film was also created by a father and his daughter in 2015. The sequel film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in June 2018. Lego produced various toy sets based on the film ahead of its release. The largest set, with 1,019 Lego bricks, depicted the film's Indoraptor and Lockwood Estate. It also included two velociraptors and six minifigures. The Lego Group also released Duplo sets for younger children. In addition, The Lego Group built a life-sized model of Blue, a Velociraptor who appears in the Jurassic World films. The model included Blue standing on an overturned tour vehicle, representing a scene from Fallen Kingdom. The dinosaur and vehicle contained a total of 703,855 Lego bricks, and weighed 3,560 pounds. They were placed in front of Stage 18 at Universal Studios Hollywood. To commemorate the 25th anniversary of the first Jurassic Park film, Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park Velociraptor Chase set. It came with 360 Lego bricks, and included a Velociraptor and the computer control room seen in the film. It also included four minifigures of characters from the film. Four toy sets, based on the Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar miniseries, were released in 2019. Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park: T. rex Rampage set, based on the original Jurassic Park film. The set came with 3,120 Lego bricks, and included a posable T. rex, six minifigures, and the Jurassic Park gate seen in the film. It was designed by Lego Senior Model Designer Mark Stafford. Four new sets were released in 2020.",
"title": "Lego Jurassic World (theme)"
},
{
"docid": "4549814",
"text": "Jurassic Park: The Ride is a water-based amusement ride based on the Steven Spielberg 1993 film Jurassic Park and Michael Crichton's 1990 novel of the same name which the film is based on located at Universal Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida, and Universal Studios Japan in Osaka. It was formerly located at Universal Studios Hollywood in Universal City, California, where it was turned into Jurassic World: The Ride on July 12, 2019. The ride was researched and built as the film was still in production and opened at Universal Studios Hollywood on June 21, 1996. Duplicates of the ride have since been built at Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan as Jurassic Park River Adventure. A river rapids ride version, Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure, opened at Universal Studios Singapore in 2010. History Inspiration The ride was inspired by a line of scenes from Michael Crichton's 1990 novel when Alan Grant, Lex Murphy, and Tim Murphy try to get back to the visitor center on an inflatable boat. Elements like the Tyrannosaurus rex chasing the boat, Two baby Velociraptor (novel)/Compsognathus (or Procompsognathus, film & novel) on a boat from an earlier scene, the pair of Dilophosaurus on the river bank, and the drop (ride)/waterfall (novel), were used on the ride. Opening Jurassic Park: The Ride opened to the public at Universal Studios Hollywood on June 21, 1996. Among the guests in attendance at the ride's grand opening celebration were film cast members. Steven Spielberg also attended the opening, but requested that he be let off of the attraction before the drop. On August 12, 1996, Universal launched an online game, Jurassic Park The Ride Online Adventure, to promote the ride. The ride was also the primary sponsor of the infamous \"T-Rex\" car that was driven by Jeff Gordon in 1997 The Winston. It was banned by NASCAR immediately following the race. Meanwhile, Universal Studios Florida was looking to build their own version of Jurassic Park: The Ride. It would be placed in their brand new second theme park Universal Islands of Adventure. The park would feature islands themed to Marvel superheroes, Dr. Seuss books, fairy tales, cartoons and dinosaurs. Jurassic Park: The Ride would be slightly different from the Hollywood location. The ride would be named Jurassic Park: River Adventure and feature some significant changes. On March 27, 1999, Islands of Adventure opened for technical rehearsals, with Jurassic Park: River Adventure being one of its debut attractions. On May 28, 1999, the attraction officially opened to the public. During the development, Universal Studios Japan was planning to add Jurassic Park: River Adventure. It would be a mirror version of the Islands of Adventure location. Jurassic Park: River Adventure opened on March 31, 2001, along with the park. Closure and rebranding On May 10, 2018, it was announced that the Hollywood location would be receiving a Jurassic World remodel. The attraction was becoming outdated due to the film's huge success in 2015. Jurassic Park: The Ride would have its last",
"title": "Jurassic Park: The Ride"
},
{
"docid": "57421235",
"text": "Jurassic World: The Ride is a dark water ride attraction that is themed to the Jurassic World series at Universal Studios Hollywood. The original Jurassic Park: The Ride, which operated from June 21, 1996, to September 3, 2018, underwent a major refurbishment and reopened as Jurassic World: The Ride. History The ride was announced on May 10, 2018, by Universal Studios Hollywood officials during a 25th anniversary celebration of the 1993 film Jurassic Park, directed by Steven Spielberg. It was stated that Jurassic Park: The Ride, which opened on June 21, 1996, would be closed for retheming based on the 2015 film Jurassic World and its 2018 sequel Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The Jurassic Cafe restaurant and Jurassic Outfitters retail store near the original attraction were also closed temporarily to be rethemed. Universal Creative worked on the new ride, and Jon Corfino was the project director and show producer. He worked closely on the ride with Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall, the director and producer respectively for the 2015 film. Corfino worked to blend elements of the old ride with the new one, and the final idea was presented to Spielberg. The team had to rush to get the ride finished for the busy summer tourist season. Mosasaurus, an aquatic reptile that appeared in the films, is digitally featured on the ride. Industrial Light & Magic collaborated with the design team at Universal Studios Hollywood to create the creature and its environment. The walls of the Mosasaurus tank are depicted across four large, high-definition screens on both sides of the boat. A 3D effect makes objects in the foreground move faster than those in the background, a technique that gives the Mosasaurus a realistic appearance. The attraction also features larger dinosaurs than Jurassic Park: The Ride, and new animatronics allow the dinosaurs to move better than their predecessors. Several actors from the films reprise their roles for the ride: Chris Pratt as Owen Grady, Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing, and BD Wong as Dr. Henry Wu. The attraction officially opened on July 12, 2019, without advanced notice or fanfare. It previously had a soft opening for friends and family of Universal employees. The official opening coincided with a number of other Jurassic World-themed attractions adjacent to the ride entrance. Guests can take part in the Triceratops Encounter, where guests interact with Juliet, a Triceratops, and Dino Play, in which young visitors excavate large dinosaur fossils. Guests can also interact with baby Velociraptors like Sierra or Tango along with their trainer. The Mosasaurus is part of the Aquarium Observatory section, an area that responds to real-world weather, changing between day time and night time depending on the actual time of day. Jurassic Cafe introduced a bar called Isla Nu-bar, named after the series' fictional Isla Nublar island. Following a refurbishment in 2021, the ride's climax was updated with a new Indominus Rex animatronic. Ride description Queue and pre-show Guests enter through the Jurassic World gates and into a series of",
"title": "Jurassic World: The Ride"
},
{
"docid": "56636368",
"text": "Scroggins Aviation is an American aircraft salvage and aviation movie special effects company based in Las Vegas, Nevada. It has provided special effects for several network television shows and feature films. History The company initially operated in the commercial aircraft dismantling, crash recovery, and recycling industry. Scroggins Aviation was founded in 2000 by James Douglas (Doug) Scroggins III, a veteran of the film industry and aviation industry. The company changed its name in 2015 to Scroggins Aviation Mockup & Effects. Film and television A selection of films that used Scroggins to produce aviation materials for its sets include: 65 (film) Hobbs and Shaw Bumblebee (film) Deadpool 2 Jurassic World, Captain America: Civil War Terminator Genisys Spider-Man: Homecoming Dunkirk Iron Man 3 Sully Independence Day: Resurgence Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle Fifty Shades Darker Flight Television series for which Scroggins has designed sets have included: The Event Pan Am Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The Night Shift The Last Ship References Aviation companies Special effects companies Companies based in Las Vegas Jurassic Park",
"title": "Scroggins Aviation"
},
{
"docid": "56188730",
"text": "Dinosaur suits are a type of costumed character or creature suit resembling a dinosaur. Dinosaur suits are also called dinosaur costumes. Such costumes were used in film and television and as mascots for decades, reflecting dinosaurs' prominence in the arts and entertainment. Usually operators use two cable-pulled handle to control the motions. Realistic dinosaur suits also gained popularity for live shows following the success of Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. An experienced performer can make lifelike movements with a dinosaur suit. They are also used in theme parks and in an educational context at various museums. Inflatable dinosaur suits have been used for pranks, gags, and protests. Film and television Dinosaur suits were first used in early monster movies, such as Gorgo (1961), which featured a T-Rex like monster. They continued to be used in films such as Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend (1985) which used animatronic brontosaurus suits with radio-controlled heads, and in television series like Dinosaurs (1991), a sitcom with a family of dinosaurs. The film Jurassic Park (1993) used dinosaur suits for some of the creatures, such as Velociraptor and Deinonychus. In modern-day movies such as Jurassic World (2015), this was instead done using CGI. In children's television, Barney, an anthropomorphic purple dinosaur, was used in the show Barney & Friends alongside other dinosaurs, becoming widely known in pop culture. Live action Some sports teams have dinosaur mascots represented by costumes, such as Arsenal F.C., Toronto Raptors, Colorado Rockies, Calgary Dinos and NC Dinos. For Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular, puppet-suits of dinosaurs such as the baby T-Rex and Utahraptors were created by Creature Technology Co. for use on stage alongside larger remote-controlled animatronics. These suits had the performer's legs visible, to make the leg shape more realistic. Feathers were later added to them due to recent discoveries about dinosaur plumage. Because of the show's ongoing popularity, these types of suits also became popular for live appearances, with and without the performer's visible legs, and including other types of suits such as two-person triceratops and stegosaurus costumes. As part of their Jurassic Park attractions, Universal Studios created several realistic dinosaur suits for their theme parks, including Velociraptors and a life size adult Triceratops that was also used to advertise the movies. The dinosaur suits utilised in Universal studios appear to replicate the method used for the dinosaurs in the classic Jurassic Park films. They are capable of complex behaviours such as roaring, snapping, trying to eat the guests or even showing affection in ways such as rubbing their heads or noses on the guests. Dinosaur suits created by the company Erth are used to teach students about dinosaurs at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in the \"Dinosaur Encounters\" show, including a baby triceratops and baby T-Rex. The vocalizations of the suits are made by the performers themselves through a microphone and speaker. Other museums also began to use dinosaur suits as attractions, such as THEMUSEUM in Ontario. In 2015,",
"title": "Dinosaur suit"
},
{
"docid": "8973832",
"text": "Michael Lantieri (born August 13, 1954) is a special effects supervisor. Lantieri went to school in Los Angeles, California with actor-director Ron Howard with the ambition to work in films as a director, which he had been interested in from a young age. However, he went to work in the special effects department of Universal Studios, with his first credited work being for Heartbeeps (1981), serving as a remote operator. His first collaboration with Steven Spielberg was with Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), where he served as a special effects supervisor. His work on Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986) garnered him his first awards nomination (shared with Ken Ralston) by the Saturn Awards. He received his first of five Academy Award nominations with Back to the Future Part II (1989). His work on Jurassic Park (1993) earning him an Academy Award. Lantieri has subsequently worked on each film of the Jurassic Park franchise, serving as under special dinosaur effects for all except Jurassic Park III, where he was credited as a consultant. One of his most famous films was Mars Attacks! (1996) where he had the job of creating lifelike animations. Two years later, he directed his first and so far only film in Komodo (1998). In addition, Lantieri also worked on Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) and the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland along with effects for video games. In television, he has worked on The Last Tycoon (2016) and Westworld (2016-18) His work on the show earned him (alongside several others) a nomination and ensuing award win for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects in 2017 for the episode \"The Bicameral Mind\". Unrelated to effects, Lantieri was also part of the destruction of the Steve Bartman baseball; when Grant DePorter bought the ball in late 2003, he tasked Lantieri to help detonate the ball publicly, which was done on February 26, 2004. The remains of the detonated ball are now at the Chicago Sports Museum. References External links Special effects people 1954 births Living people Best Visual Effects Academy Award winners Best Visual Effects BAFTA Award winners",
"title": "Michael Lantieri"
},
{
"docid": "22350619",
"text": "An event film or event movie is a blockbuster film whose release itself is considered a major event. Criteria It could be a highly anticipated sequel or a big budget film with state-of-the-art special effects or major stars generating considerable attention. Although it is subjective what is and what isn't considered an event movie, they are usually among the highest-grossing movies in their years of release and become a part of popular culture. Examples Steven Spielberg's Jaws from 1975 is the first film that was considered an event movie at the time of its release, but some sources also retroactively apply the term to earlier films such as The Birth of a Nation (1915), Gone with the Wind (1939), and Ben-Hur (1959). Examples more recent than Jaws include Spielberg's Jurassic Park (1993), James Cameron's Titanic (1997), Spider-Man (2002) and Avatar (2009) alongside the Star Wars (1977-present), Harry Potter (2001-2011), and Lord of the Rings (2001-2003) films and The Dark Knight (2008). In the 2010s, other event movies include The Hunger Games (2012), Frozen (2013), Deadpool (2016), and many films from the Marvel Cinematic Universe, in particular Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019), Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). The last huge event film was Avatar: The Way of Water (2022). See also Event television Four-quadrant movie List of highest-grossing films Media franchise National Film Registry Tent-pole (entertainment) References Further reading Film and video terminology 1970s in film 1990s in film 2000s in film 2010s in film",
"title": "Event film"
},
{
"docid": "3267452",
"text": "Jurassic Park Interactive is an action video game based on the 1993 movie Jurassic Park. It was released in North America on May 10, 1994 exclusively for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer by Universal Interactive Studios. Jurassic Park Interactive was the first video game released by Universal Interactive Studios. Gameplay The game's interface is a computer screen that allows the player to navigate a map of the island, as well as a collection of five minigames programmed by Dennis Nedry. Players have to locate various guests on the map, then engage in a short first-person action level that either involves outrunning a Tyrannosaurus in a jeep, escaping from a small building containing raptors, or shooting approaching dilophosaurs with a charged electric gun. The end of the game comes once the player successfully relocates all of the island's guests to the helipad dock and locates outside help by breaking through the minigames. Depending on the difficulty level chosen (Normal, Hard, or Expert), more guests are shown on the map to be saved, and less time is allowed in total to break through the minigames. In the minigames the player controls feather-light jeeps and microchips that blast floppy disks that read \"DUMP\". Development Jurassic Park Interactive had originally been intended as the 3DO pack-in title for the console's October 1993 launch, but delays in development pushed the release date back. Approximately 10 people worked on the game during its 14-month development period, with a budget between $12 million. Designer Greg Gorsiski said about the game: \"It's the hardest thing I've ever had to do. How do you rewrite a linear story for a non-linear environment and make it better? It's a task that a lot of game designers wouldn't touch with a 10-foot pole.\" The game was not showcased at Chicago's Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1993, as the developers chose to keep it a \"closely-guarded secret\" until its release. Jurassic Park Interactive was the first game to be published by MCA's Universal Interactive division. Universal and MCA hoped the game would increase sales of its struggling 3DO Interactive Multiplayer game system. Universal Interactive spent a considerable amount of money to market the game. Jurassic Park Interactive was the only video game adaptation of Jurassic Park to use footage and music from the film. Although footage from the film is included in the opening sequence, actual shots of actors' faces are noticeably edited out. Look-alike actors portray the characters in further game cutscenes and images. MCA had no plans to convert the game for release on other game systems, possibly to promote the 3DO, although Gorsiski also said it would be difficult to rewrite the game for other systems as it took advantage of the 3DO's superior technology. Reception Reviews were mixed, with Famicom Tsūshin scoring the game a 22 out of 40, but Electronic Gaming Monthly gave it a 7.75 out of 10, praising the full motion video sequences, the use of music from the film, the innovation of the main",
"title": "Jurassic Park Interactive"
},
{
"docid": "14325907",
"text": "was a Japanese American flutist and musician, known for his mastery of the bamboo flute, specifically the shakuhachi. Yoshizawa also mastered several other traditional Japanese flutes, in addition to other Japanese and Western musical instruments. He was also considered a scholar of ancient and modern Japanese traditional music. Yoshizawa's work and music were featured in a number of major Hollywood studio films and soundtracks, including The Joy Luck Club and Memoirs of a Geisha. Early life Masakazu Yoshizawa was born on September 10, 1950, in Hida, Gifu, Japan. His mother was the only obstetrician in their village and his father was a veterinarian. Yoshizawa was required to play a musical instrument in his elementary school. He began playing the accordion when he was 9 years old, and soon moved to the piano, several woodwinds and the shakuhachi, which he was to become world-famous for playing. He soon became a proficient musician, especially with the shakuhachi. Yoshizawa began playing as both a studio musician and in orchestras in Tokyo by the age of 19. He studied Western music at the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music, where he earned a degree in the early 1970s. Career Yoshizawa moved from Japan to Los Angeles in the mid-1970s. He initially worked as a musician, often as a clarinet and saxophone player. He also worked as a sushi chef. However, when he was specifically requested to play the shakuhachi for a certain job, it sparked his interest in the instrument, as well as in Japanese music. Yoshizawa returned to Japan to take shakuhachi lessons before moving back to California. He began to be hired as a shakuhachi player for film and television, which quickly converted his passion for Japanese music into a full-fledged career. Yoshizawa explained the interest that film and television producers had in his music in a 2005 interview with the Cultural News, a web site that focuses on Japan-themed films: \"they wanted a sound that Western music didn't have . . . that was new and fit the film.\" Yoshizawa ultimately played the shakuhachi on dozens of different movies and television shows. His early movie credits included the Karate Kid sequels and the 1993 film, Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story. Yoshizawa began his collaboration with acclaimed film composer, John Williams, on Steven Spielberg's 1993 blockbuster, Jurassic Park. He once told the Cultural News web site that Williams asked him to play the shakuhachi for Jurassic Park because the instrument \"sounds like a dinosaur's cry.\" Masakazu Yoshizawa would next work with John Williams again in the film version of Memoirs of a Geisha, which was released in 2005. Yoshizawa was initially hired for the movie as a drummer for the Memoirs of a Geisha soundtrack, but was soon asked to play the shakuhachi and other traditional instruments for the film instead. The soundtrack for the movie was expanded by Williams into a concert suite which featured Yoshizawa on the shakuhachi and Yo-Yo Ma on the cello. It was performed by",
"title": "Masakazu Yoshizawa"
},
{
"docid": "70560227",
"text": "Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game, the first to be developed by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall. It is based on the first five films in the Jurassic Park franchise. After years in development, the game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, and quickly achieved its $100,000 fundraising goal. It was released in October 2022. Early reception was generally positive. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game for two to four players, ages 10 and up. The game follows the plots of the first five Jurassic Park films. It is set on Isla Nublar, the fictional island featured in several films. As in the first Jurassic Park film, the players' goal is to build a dinosaur theme park on the island and achieve a lasting legacy. Gameplay takes place across 12 sessions spanning the events of the five films. Players choose from several playable characters, including Dr. Alan Grant, Dr. Ellie Sattler, Dr. Ian Malcolm, John Hammond, Dr. Henry Wu, and Robert Muldoon. The game also introduces several original characters and scenarios not seen in the films. The game initially features four dinosaurs, and eight additional creatures can be encountered as the game progresses. Dinosaurs are represented as mini figures, while humans take the form of cardboard tabs placed into plastic holders. Gameplay generally revolves around the dinosaurs, such as avoiding carnivores or protecting herbivores. Players can also survey areas, enter buildings to play mini-games, and search for items such as tools and weapons. New gameplay mechanics are introduced throughout to alter the experience. Players must work together as a team and agree on what action to take, as their choices in one session can have permanent consequences in future sessions. For instance, stickers are placed on the board as the game progresses, representing locations or other elements that become permanent. Development and release Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar was in development for years. It was created by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall, marking its first legacy game. It is also the first film-based legacy game. Prospero Hall cited the COVID-19 pandemic as its biggest challenge in creating the game. The dinosaur figures are scaled-down replicas based on animations by Industrial Light & Magic, which worked on the CGI dinosaurs in each film. The development team tried to strike a balance with the original films while introducing new characters and story ideas to improve gameplay. In designing the game's look, Prospero Hall referred to old issues of adventure magazines and Scientific American, as well as maps and tourism pamphlets from the 1950s. As a result, the instruction manual and other game documents are designed in a 1950s pulp fiction comic style. The game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, quickly reaching its $100,000 fundraising goal. The game was released in October 2022, selling for $120. It is Prospero",
"title": "Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar"
},
{
"docid": "21352020",
"text": "Dr. John Hammond is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He first appears in author Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. In Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of the same name, he was portrayed by Richard Attenborough, who reprised the role in the movie's sequel The Lost World: Jurassic Park. In both the book and the film, Hammond is the wealthy owner of Jurassic Park, a theme park containing genetically modified cloned dinosaurs. He is the founder of InGen, and the grandfather to Lex and Tim Murphy. Although a villainous character in the book, Hammond is more heroic in the film, and does not experience the death that his book counterpart suffers. Instead, he is implied to have died between the events of Jurassic Park III and Jurassic World. Fictional background Jurassic Park Novel Hammond is one of the primary antagonists in the novel and is portrayed as a cold, sociopathic, and eccentric CEO whose desire to re-create dinosaurs stems solely from a desire to make a profit for InGen and shore up his legacy. To demonstrate the capabilities of genetic engineering, Hammond showcases a miniature elephant to potential investors, ultimately raising nearly $1 billion for the Jurassic Park project. Although some bioengineering companies strive to cure disease and illness, Hammond views such endeavors as financially risky and bogged down by government regulations, telling his chief geneticist Dr. Henry Wu: \"That's a terrible idea. A very poor use of new technology... helping mankind [is] a very risky business. Personally, I would never help mankind\". Hammond takes little responsibility for the park or its failures and instead blames others for anything that goes wrong. He concludes that the people he selected as the park's senior staff have character flaws that prevent his vision from being realized. Through much of the novel, he remains in the relative safety of the Visitor Center and his private bungalow, continuing to believe that he is in control, even as the surrounding situation grows exceedingly dire. When his grandchildren become lost in the park, he maintains his belief that order will soon be restored and that the children are in no real danger. Near the end of the novel, it is revealed that he has no real love for his grandchildren nor does he care about the fate of his workers. When the staff regains control of the park, he rationalizes the disaster in the unemphatic, detached manner of a corporate systems analyst, deciding that everything that has happened was merely a fluke and even convincing himself that he should rebuild the park. However while taking a walk outside, he is startled by a Tyrannosaurus roar, falls down a hill, and breaks his ankle. He is unable to climb up the hill and is subsequently killed by a pack of Procompsognathus. Film The personality of the film's Hammond is a near opposite to the novel's version, sharing only his eccentricity. Hammond is depicted as a kind, jovial and charismatic Scottish capitalist",
"title": "John Hammond (Jurassic Park)"
},
{
"docid": "1563401",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1993 video game based on the film and novel of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software and released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Ocean also ported the game onto the handheld Game Boy console. The object of the game is to survive in Jurassic Park, a theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped from containment. Plot Much like the film and novel which it is based on, Dr. Alan Grant is trapped at Jurassic Park located on Isla Nublar. The park's power has been cut out because of a computer malfunction, and the dinosaurs are roaming free. Grant must complete a series of missions that will eventually lead to him escaping the island without being killed by the dinosaurs. Grant must also rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. After locating Hammond's grandchildren, Grant must reactivate the park's computers and destroy Velociraptor nests using time bombs. Grant then reaches the park's dock and uses a radio to contact help. Grant then reaches a helipad and is rescued from the island. The game's ending consists of the player walking around a small stage filled with the game developers' names and an exit where the player can end the game. Gameplay The game is a top-down shooter. As Alan Grant, the player must complete six levels with objectives ranging from rescuing Hammond's grandchildren, destroying Velociraptor nests, turning the power back on and so forth. The game includes a two-player option in which players take turns. Each level consists of a varying number of stages where the player must collect a certain amount of dinosaur eggs and access cards to advance further into the level. The player must battle a varying amount of dinosaur foes such as Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, and Compsognathus. Tyrannosaurus rex is also encountered as an end boss in a couple of levels. Dinosaurs such as the T. rex cannot be killed by the player, only avoided. Common dinosaurs can be killed by using guns, which are scattered throughout each level. There are also \"mystery boxes\" scattered throughout the game, which have ranging effects. Some will give the player additional health, temporary invincibility or an extra life. However, some will power down the player's energy or take away a life. The game gives the player three lives and four continues. The Game Boy version is a port of the NES version, but includes the addition of a database, providing information on the game's dinosaurs. Development and release Ocean Software, a British video game development company, paid an undisclosed six-figure sum to secure the rights to the Jurassic Park license to develop a game based on the film. To aid Ocean Software in creating the game, Universal Studios provided the programmers with various materials related to the film, including the script and photos of the sets. In the United States, Jurassic Park was released in June 1993. Limited Run Games re-released the NES and",
"title": "Jurassic Park (NES video game)"
},
{
"docid": "62688023",
"text": "{{Infobox character |name = Ian Malcolm |series = Jurassic Park |image = Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum).jpg |caption = Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park (1993) |first = Jurassic Park (1990) |last = Jurassic World Dominion (2022) |creator = Michael Crichton |adapted_by = Steven SpielbergDavid Koepp |portrayer = Jeff Goldblum |voice = Fred Young (Jurassic Park Pinball)Jeff Goldblum ([[The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)|The Lost World: Jurassic Park video game]], Chaos Island: The Lost World, Jurassic World Evolution, Jurassic World Evolution 2)Bradley Duffy (Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar)Maurice LaMarche (Animaniacs) |occupation = Mathematician; Chaotician |family = Dr. Sarah Harding (love interest)Kelly Curtis (daughter in film only) }} Dr. Ian Malcolm is a fictional character from the Jurassic Park franchise created by Michael Crichton and portrayed by Jeff Goldblum. Malcolm is a gifted mathematician who specializes in chaos theory. The character was inspired in part by American historian of science James Gleick and French mathematician Ivar Ekeland. In Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and its 1993 film adaptation, Malcolm is invited by insurance lawyer Donald Gennaro to notice any problems with John Hammond's dinosaur theme park, Jurassic Park. Malcolm was intended by Crichton to fill in the role of the audience in the scenarios he is put through. Malcolm is a secondary protagonist in the original novel and the main protagonist in the sequel, The Lost World, due to positive fan reception from Goldblum's performance as the character in director Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of the original novel. His role as Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park skyrocketed Goldblum's career. Malcolm has become one of Goldblum's most popular characters and has been depicted in many forms of popular culture. The character's signature line, \"Life finds a way\", has become synonymous with Goldblum and the Jurassic Park franchise, and Malcolm has been recognized as the franchise's most enduring character. Fictional character biography In Crichton's novel, Dr. Ian Malcolm, along with paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and paleobotanist Dr. Ellie Sattler, is hired as a consultant by InGen CEO John Hammond to provide opinions on Jurassic Park, a theme park on the remote island of Isla Nublar that features genetically recreated dinosaurs. Malcolm is the most pessimistic about the idea of the park, feeling that Hammond and his scientists have not taken the time or effort to fully understand what they are creating. In particular, he points out that Hammond's assertion that the dinosaurs can be controlled through sterilization and managed breeding is foolish since there are far too many unpredictable variables where biology is concerned. During a tour of the park, disgruntled computer programmer Dennis Nedry shuts down power to the park to gain access to dinosaur embryos to sell to a rival. Nedry's actions cause the electrified fences to shut down as well, allowing the dinosaurs to escape from their paddocks. Malcolm is attacked by a Tyrannosaurus rex, which breaks his leg. Malcolm is found by game warden Robert Muldoon and Dr. Ellie Sattler and taken back to",
"title": "Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)"
},
{
"docid": "7074797",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Original Motion Picture Score) is the film score to the 1997 film of the same name composed and conducted by John Williams, and orchestrated by Conrad Pope and John Neufeld. Unlike most sequel scores written by Williams, the composer did not reprise much musical material from the original film in the series, Jurassic Park, but instead developed a wildly different style and a new set of motifs for the different location, cast, and darker tone of the second Jurassic Park film. The two primary themes written for Jurassic Park are quoted only a few times in The Lost World. Director of the film Steven Spielberg felt Williams' work on the sequel was superior to his work on the first Jurassic Park film. Themes For this score, Williams largely avoided using the three major themes he had written for Jurassic Park. Quiet strains of the so-called \"island fanfare\" (\"Journey to the Island\") are occasionally heard, with one scene even including a more robust statement copied note-for-note from the Jurassic Park cue \"Jurassic Park Gate\". The full version of \"Journey to the Island\" is not heard until the film's final scene and end credits. A full version of the original \"Theme from Jurassic Park\" was recorded for the film but was notably much faster and was cut from the final product, only available on the soundtrack. However, a shorter piano rendition can be heard during Hammond's speech in the final scene. Williams wrote two new primary themes for this score. The first is a rousing melody typically given to the horns, trombones, and strings over a churning accompaniment provided by low woodwinds and percussion. This theme is darker and less overtly heroic than the \"island fanfare\", but its role is similar in that it mainly underscores the expedition's adventurous nature. Williams intended to use this theme only four times in the film: for the arrival on the island, for the departure from the island, in the film's final moments, and in the end credits. But statements of this theme were tracked into several additional scenes so that it is heard more often than originally intended, and the version heard in the end credits (simply entitled \"The Lost World\") has been adapted and published for concert performances. Less memorable but much more frequently heard is the film's second new theme, a haunting four-note melody. The film opens with this motif, and it frequently returns to convey Isla Sorna's dark, mysterious nature and the dinosaurs that inhabit it. Style and orchestration The score to The Lost World takes on a very different tone from that of Jurassic Park. The first film balances tense action scoring and horror elements with a sense of wonderment and awe, but the sequel is mostly devoid of the latter. Williams elected to play up the film's jungle setting with a variety of percussion instruments (including congas, bongos, \"jungle drums\", gourds, log drums, and tabla). These are heard during many scenes on Isla Sorna, sometimes",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (film score)"
},
{
"docid": "32082635",
"text": "Shelly Johnson, ASC (born April 28, 1960) is an American cinematographer. He is a frequent collaborator with director Joe Johnston, working with him on films such as Jurassic Park III, The Wolfman and Captain America: The First Avenger. Life and career Johnson grew up in Pasadena, California, where he attended Blair High School and graduated from Pasadena's Art Center College of Design in 1980. His career started with 1987's Maid to Order. He worked on many TV movies such as Everybody's Baby: The Rescue of Jessica McClure, in which he was nominated for an ASC award, before landing his first major motion picture job on Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze. Johnson returned to TV movies and mini series, most notably The Shining, a remake of the 1980 Stanley Kubrick film. Johnson's first collaboration with Joe Johnston was the third installment in the Jurassic Park franchise. With this major film, Johnson began his foray into the Hollywood scene with The Last Castle, Hidalgo (with Johnston), Sky High, The House Bunny, The Wolfman (with Johnston) and Captain America: The First Avenger. Johnson has been a member of the American Society of Cinematographers since 2000. In May 2023, he was elected President of the Society. Filmography References External links American cinematographers Living people Mass media people from Pasadena, California Blair High School (Pasadena, California) alumni ArtCenter College of Design alumni 1960 births",
"title": "Shelly Johnson (cinematographer)"
},
{
"docid": "31219151",
"text": "Jurassic Park typically refers to the Jurassic Park franchise, a series of books, films, and video games centering around a fictional theme park. Arts, entertainment, and media Novel and film adaptations Jurassic Park (novel), a 1990 novel by Michael Crichton Jurassic Park (film), the 1993 film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg, based on the novel The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997), the second film in the series Jurassic Park III (2001), the third film in the series Games Jurassic Park (arcade game), a 1994 a rail shooter arcade video game from Sega Jurassic Park (computer video game), a 1993 Ocean Software game for Amiga and MS-DOS Jurassic Park (NES video game), a 1993 video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System Jurassic Park (pinball), a 1993 pinball machine from Data East and 2019 pinball machine from Stern Pinball. Jurassic Park (Sega video game), a 1993 video game for the Mega Drive/Genesis Jurassic Park (Sega CD video game), a 1994 point-and-click adventure game Jurassic Park (SNES video game), a 1993 action-adventure video game for the Super NES Chaos Island: The Lost World, a 1997 Microsoft Windows game Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis, a 2003 construction and management simulation for Windows, Xbox, and PlayStation 2 Jurassic Park: Survival, unreleased PlayStation 2 game Jurassic Park: The Game, a 2011 episodic point-and-click adventure video game Trespasser (video game), a 1998 Microsoft Windows game Jurassic Park Interactive, a 1994 3DO video game Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues, a 1994 Super Nintendo and Game Boy game Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, a 2001 Game Boy Advance game The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game), a 1997 arcade video game The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game), a 1997 PlayStation and Saturn game Warpath: Jurassic Park, a 1999 PlayStation game Music Jurassic Park (film score), the musical score for the 1993 film, composed by John Williams \"Jurassic Park\" (song), a 1993 parody song by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic \"T-Rex [Jurassic Park]\", a track by Basshunter from his compilation album The Old Shit Water rides Jurassic Park: The Ride, a water-based amusement ride located at Universal Studios Hollywood and Japan Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Jurassic Park River Adventure Other uses Maple Leaf Square, a public square in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, also known colloquially as Jurassic Park when hosting outdoor viewing parties of significant Toronto Raptors NBA games Mississauga Celebration Square, a public square in Mississauga, Greater Toronto, Ontario, Canada, also known colloquially as Jurassic Park West when hosting outdoor viewing parties of significant Toronto Raptors NBA games See also Jurassic Park video games Jurassic World (disambiguation) Lost World (disambiguation)",
"title": "Jurassic Park (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "26256636",
"text": "Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure is a river rapids ride in The Lost World zone at Universal Studios Singapore in Resorts World Sentosa, Sentosa Island, Singapore. History Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure is based on the concept of Jurassic Park: The Ride at Universal Studios Hollywood, which is itself based on the film adaptation of the popular novel. Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure is a Hafema river rapids ride whereas Jurassic Park: The Ride is a flume ride. The attraction first opened at Universal Studios Singapore on March 18, 2010. The attraction was temporary closed to the public for enhancement works from 10 August 2011 to 20 January 2012. The ride has since reopened and includes enhancements such as a pair of \"dry pods\" for guests to dry off after getting soaked. Summary Pre-show Riders start at a building similar to that seen in Jurassic Park River Adventure, with a map of the other attractions in the Lost World section of the park. Riders then board 9-person circular rafts on a conveyor belt. Videos of the places they will be visiting are made, with announcements of possible flash floods in the Outpost B area and the Dinosaur Hatcheries. Ride The raft first passes Stegosaurus Springs, where a Stegosaurus and her young are grazing on the shore, and then it passes Parasaur Cove, where a visible Parasaurolophus and a hidden Parasaurolophus that pops out of the water are seen shooting water at the riders. Riders are supposed to proceed to Outpost B but due to flooding, they are redirected back to the unload area. However, the flood has wrecked the Outpost, and riders glimpse a submerged lookout tower and an upturned raft. Then, park rangers announce that the raptor containment unit is breached and that the riders should remain calm. The raft is then diverted through broken electrified fencing into a restricted area, where a sign announces that there are dangerous carnivores lurking about, and the riders' raft passes through deeper sections of the area as several of the escaped Velociraptors hiss at the vehicle. Before the raft enters the Hydroelectric Plant, the roar of a Tyrannosaurus rex is heard in the distance and a wrecked Jurassic Park jeep is seen. Farther into the station, lights dim as a Tyrannosaurus watches the riders through a small window and lets out its iconic spine-chilling roar. As the track becomes totally dark, a beacon in the center of the raft begins to blink. Dinosaur proximity alarms begin to sound, warning of a Class-4 danger ahead. As the raft is shunted into the elevator, radio transmissions from the park rangers can be heard, with frantic calls of help. Then, the raft ascends and stops. The Tyrannosaurus pokes its head through the ceiling and snaps at the riders. The raft then falls down a slope from a height of 40 feet and hits the water, drenching the riders. Two Dilophosaurus shoot water at the raft (targeted at the riders who got the least drenching) as it returns to",
"title": "Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure"
},
{
"docid": "46420965",
"text": "Jurassic Park Arcade is a 2015 light gun arcade game developed by Raw Thrills. The game is based on the original trilogy of the Jurassic Park film series. Gameplay Jurassic Park Arcade is played across nine levels, set at the Jurassic Park theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. A security team has been sent to retrieve one dinosaur from each species located on the island, which is becoming unstable due to an erupting volcano. The protagonist's colleagues who are left in the park must be defended as well and shooting them would result with players taking damage. Five weapons are available to the player throughout the game. Three boss enemies must be defeated throughout the game: Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus, and Spinosaurus. Other creatures appear as minor enemies throughout the game: Velociraptor, Utahraptor, Dilophosaurus, Microraptor, Compsognathus, Brachiosaurus, Stegosaurus and Pteranodon. Development Development began in 2011, lasted more than three years, and cost $4 million. The development team studied previous Jurassic Park games and various iconic scenes from the first three films in the series. The developers received an original Jurassic Park arcade cabinet based on the first film, which inspired them to implement that game's fast-moving action into Jurassic Park Arcade. The developers chose to set the game on Isla Nublar, the location of the first film, rather than Isla Sorna, to include iconic locations from the first film. Unlike the films, which primarily involve dinosaurs escaping, the developers wanted to present a story in which the player must capture the free-roaming dinosaurs. John Scott served as the game's lead programmer. Nate Vanderkamp, the game's lead artist and one of the primary game designers, said that many planned locations and creatures did not make it into the game during development: \"I'm pretty sure that by the end we had cut more ideas than actually made it into the game\". Initially, the developers had hoped to include an aquatic reptile, as well as a potential level set in a city. Originally, the developers also planned to include nine dinosaur boss enemies, consisting of the largest and most threatening dinosaurs possible. The developers settled for three dinosaurs instead: the Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus. These animals \"worked out the best\" for the combat style used in the game while providing variety for the player. The development team, most of which had never worked on a shooting game before, had faced various technical challenges, working with a new game engine and new 3D software. Vanderkamp said that the biggest challenge was proper pacing: \"Balancing the enormous action and attack sequences but still giving players time to breathe and regroup took a very deliberate effort and was definitely a learning process for us all\". Raw Thrills worked closely with Universal to ensure that the game's dinosaurs resembled their real-life counterparts, while also maintaining their appearances from the films. To reflect the latest scientific discoveries, some of the game's dinosaurs were animated with feathers and bright skin colors. The game was first unveiled at the",
"title": "Jurassic Park Arcade"
},
{
"docid": "71416196",
"text": "Dr. Henry Wu is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. He also appears briefly in the novel's 1993 film adaptation and plays a larger role in the Jurassic World film trilogy. Dr. Wu is the lead geneticist for the dinosaur theme parks Jurassic Park and Jurassic World, overseeing the de-extinction of dinosaurs through genetic engineering. He is killed by a Velociraptor in the novel, but survives throughout the film series, in which he is portrayed by actor BD Wong. Although Wu is a supporting character in the novel, he has a drastically reduced role in the film adaptation, directed by Steven Spielberg. Wong and Wu are both Asian-American, and the actor believed that the role was reduced, to his disappointment, because of \"racial exclusion in Hollywood\". Wong was skeptical that he would ever reprise the role, but eventually did so for the fourth film in the franchise, Jurassic World (2015). It was directed by Colin Trevorrow, who co-wrote the script with Derek Connolly. The writers viewed Wu as a logical character to return, considering his role in recreating dinosaurs. Wong is the only actor from any of the previous films to appear in Jurassic World, and he and Trevorrow were happy to revisit the character after his minor role in the first film. Wong reprised the role again for the sequels, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022), which were also co-written by Trevorrow. In the Jurassic World trilogy, Wu secretly creates weaponized hybrid dinosaurs at the behest of others, although the animals later escape and wreak havoc. In Dominion, he secretly engineers giant locusts for his employer, Biosyn, which unleashes the insects to consume rival crops in a plot to control the world food supply. The character undergoes a redemption when he expresses regret for his actions and eventually stops the locust outbreak. Wu is sometimes considered a villain in the Jurassic World films, although Wong believes the character is misunderstood, stating that his research is well intentioned and driven by the demands of others. Aside from the films, Wong also reprised the role for the video games Jurassic World Evolution (2018) and Jurassic World Aftermath (2020), as well as two theme park attractions, Jurassic World: The Ride and VelociCoaster. Fictional background Dr. Henry Wu is the chief geneticist at Jurassic Park, a theme park featuring genetically engineered dinosaurs on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. Wu was recruited by the park's owner, John Hammond, to bring dinosaurs back from extinction for use as attractions. Novels In the novel, Wu was a student of geneticist Norman Atherton, who was Hammond's partner in the Jurassic Park project. After Atherton died of cancer, Wu was personally recruited by Hammond to join the project. Wu is eager to make his mark in the science world, and Hammond gives him an opportunity to do so, offering him a $50 million budget to create living",
"title": "Henry Wu (Jurassic Park)"
},
{
"docid": "61908847",
"text": "Jurassic World Live is a live show produced by Feld Entertainment and NBCUniversal based on the Jurassic World franchise. The show started touring arenas around the United States in September 2019, beginning with the Schottenstein Center in Columbus, Ohio. Show Jurassic World Live Tour is a live arena show. Twenty-four dinosaurs are included in the show with seven species in total. These dinosaurs include a 43-foot long T. rex that weighs 8,000 lbs., Blue, the Velociraptor from the Jurassic World franchise, and Pteranodons that will swoop down and pick performers up during the show. The dinosaurs move through animatronics (for the larger dinosaurs) and live acting (for the smaller dinosaurs) in which \"dinoteers\" walk the dinosaurs around the arena while wearing dinosaur costumes. The show also features stunts using props such as a Jurassic World Jeep, motorcycles and a Gyrosphere. The show is canon. The production crew consulted with Steven Spielberg, Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall during the creation of the show, ensuring that there were no continuity errors between the show and the Jurassic World story, as well as ensuring that the dinosaurs, props and tone of the show aligned with that of the Jurassic World franchise. The show features the original score from the movies. Storyline The Jurassic World Live Tour show follows an original storyline that takes place at some point between the first two Jurassic World movies. The story is written by Shawn Thomas and Steve Jarczak and directed by Dan Shipton and Ross Nicholson. The story begins on the day Jurassic World falls and ends before the beginning of the adventures shown in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The story will focus around a team of scientists led by Dr. Kate Walker that have been working on a \"Dino-Decoder,\" a device that allows humans to understand dinosaur emotions. After the Indominus rex escapes on Isla Nublar, the team becomes separated. It is not until later on when the \"Dino-Decoder\" sends out a signal that the team discovers that Jeannie - a Troodon that the team had been testing the device on - is still alive. As the team sets out on a quest to save her, they discover that InGen still intends to weaponize dinosaurs and that they are intrigued by the \"Dino-Decoder\" and Jeannie. The adventure moves to an InGen facility in Chile, where conflict breaks out featuring dinosaur-on-dinosaur and dinosaur-on-human battles. The story then circles back to Isla Nublar. References Works based on Jurassic Park",
"title": "Jurassic World Live"
},
{
"docid": "27837072",
"text": "Special Effects Stage (known as Special Effects Stages from 2002 to 2010, Special Effects Stage from 2010 to 2015, and Special Effects Show from 2016 to 2023) was an attraction at Universal Studios Hollywood. Originally located in the park's Lower Lot area, it was relocated to the Upper Lot’s Castle Theater to make way for Transformers: The Ride 3D. The attraction opened in this second and final location on June 26, 2010. The show permanently closed on January 8, 2023 alongside Universal's Animal Actors, and both will be replaced by a Fast & the Furious-themed rollercoaster. The attraction took guests through demonstrations of how movie special effects are created, including Motion capture, Chroma key, and Stop motion techniques. It included sections with park guest participation, and lifted elements from Universal's Horror Make-Up Show at Universal Studios Florida. The live attraction had two hosts: an older, practical effects guru and a younger, digital effects artist. Films featured The attraction's structure and the films showcased within it changed over time. The show's first and final performances consisted of: First performance (January 2002) Stage 1 (The Virtual Studio): Jurassic Park, The Mummy Returns, Gladiator Stage 2 (The Creature Factory): Dr. Seuss’ How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, The Nutty Professor, The Mummy, Child's Play, Jurassic Park, Frankenstein, The Phantom of the Opera Stage 3 (Sound Stage): U-571, Shrek, Scorpion King Final performance (January 8, 2023) Jurassic World, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, King Kong, Jurassic Park, Minions, The Incredible Hulk, The Mummy, Back to the Future, Ted, The Secret Life of Pets, Jaws, Sing, Apollo 13, The Fast and the Furious, The Bourne Identity, Identity Thief, Dracula, Child's Play History Before this show's opening in 2002, various other special effect-centric shows took place in the park's lower-lot area from the 1970s to 1990s, including: The Six Million Dollar Man/Bionic Woman Testing Center Special Effects Stage/2010 Special Effects Stage The World of Cinemagic (The Magic of Hitchcock, Back to the Future Special Effects Stage, and Harry and the Hendersons Sound Effects Show) Some of these shows were included within the park's Backlot Tour, and some were stand-alone attractions. See also Lights! Camera! Action! Hosted by Steven Spielberg Movie Magic Special Effects Show References Amusement park attractions introduced in 2010 Universal Studios Hollywood Universal Parks & Resorts attractions by name 2010 establishments in California 2023 disestablishments in California",
"title": "Special Effects Stage"
},
{
"docid": "64682724",
"text": "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score for the 2018 film of the same name composed by Michael Giacchino. The album was released by Back Lot Music on June 15, 2018 digitally and physically. Background Following his previous work on the 2015 film Jurassic World, Giacchino confirmed in December 2016 that he would return to score the film's sequel. At the moment he was also working for several other films, including Spider-Man: Homecoming, War of the Planet of the Apes, and Incredibles 2. Ludwig Wicki conducted the score and Jeff Kryka provided the orchestrations. Track listing All the music is composed by Michael Giacchino. The soundtrack's last track \"At Jurassic World's End Credits/Suite\", contains the original music from the theme of the 1993 film Jurassic Park, composed by John Williams. Other, more subtle, uses of the Jurassic Park theme are found in \"Nostalgia-Saurus\", \"Volcano to Death\", where it is used in a minor key, and an unreleased piano recording used during a scene in the Lockwood Manor where Claire tells Owen about the first time she saw a dinosaur. Charts References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Back Lot Music soundtracks Adventure film soundtracks Jurassic Park film scores Michael Giacchino soundtracks",
"title": "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (film score)"
},
{
"docid": "56042314",
"text": "Jurassic World is a 2015 American science fiction adventure film and the fourth film in the Jurassic Park film series. Jurassic World may also refer to: Film and television Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, a 2018 sequel to Jurassic World; the fifth film in the Jurassic Park film series Jurassic World Dominion, a 2022 sequel to Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom; the sixth film in the Jurassic Park film series Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous, a 2020 animated television series serving as a prequel to Jurassic World Attractions Jurassic World: The Ride, a Universal Studios Hollywood theme park ride based on the Jurassic World films Soundtracks Jurassic World (film score), the soundtrack album for the 2015 film Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (film score), the soundtrack album for the 2018 film Jurassic World Dominion (film score), the soundtrack album for the 2022 film Video games Jurassic World: The Game, 2015 Lego Jurassic World, 2015 Jurassic World Evolution, 2018 Jurassic World Evolution 2, 2022 See also Jurassic Park (disambiguation)",
"title": "Jurassic World (disambiguation)"
}
] | [
"United Kingdom",
"Hawaii"
] |
train_8130 | who came up with the law of diminishing marginal utility | [
{
"docid": "46194565",
"text": "Microeconomics is the study of the behaviour of individuals and small impacting organisations in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources. The modern field of microeconomics arose as an effort of neoclassical economics school of thought to put economic ideas into mathematical mode. Origins Microeconomics descends philosophically from Utilitarianism and mathematically from the work of Daniel Bernoulli. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism as a distinct ethical position only emerged in the 18th century, usually credited to Jeremy Bentham, but there were earlier writers, such as Epicurus who presented similar theories. Bentham's An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1780) begins by defining the principle of utility: He also defined how pleasure can be measured: A list of utilitarians also includes James Mill, Stuart Mill and William Paley. Expected utility Daniel Bernoulli wrote in 1738 this about risk: He states that as an individual wealth increases so will his utility increase in inverse proportion to quantity of goods already possessed. This is called diminishing marginal utility in microeconomics textbooks. He also describes the following problem. This is referred to in the literature as the St. Petersburg paradox. Traditional marginalism An early attempt of mathematizing economics was made by Antoine Augustine Cournot in Researches on the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth (1838): he described mathematically the law of demand, monopoly, and the spring water duopoly that now bears his name. Later, William Stanley Jevons's Theory of Political Economy (1871), Carl Menger's Principles of Economics (1871), and Léon Walras's Elements of Pure Economics: Or the theory of social wealth (1874–77) gave way to what was called the Marginal Revolution. Some common ideas behind those works were models or arguments characterized by rational economic agents maximising utility under a budget constraint. This arose as a necessity of arguing against the labour theory of value associated with classical economists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx, although the theory itself can traced back to earlier writers. Walras also went as far as developing the concept of general equilibrium of an economy. Smith published The Wealth of Nations in 1776, his emphasis is on the labour saving function of money: Regarding value, Smith wrote: A labour theory of value can be understood as a theory that argues that economic value is determined by the amount of socially necessary labour time: this can be found in the theorization of Ricardo who said \"If the quantity of labour realized in commodities, regulate their exchangeable value, every increase of the quantity of labour must augment the value of that commodity on which it is exercised, as every diminution must lower it.\" and Marx who said \"A use-value, or useful article, therefore, has value only because human labour in the abstract has been embodied or materialised in it. How, then, is the magnitude of this value to be measured? Plainly, by the quantity of the value-creating substance, the labour, contained in the article. The quantity of labour, however, is measured by its duration, and labour-time in",
"title": "History of microeconomics"
},
{
"docid": "220553",
"text": "Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser (; 10 July 1851 – 22 July 1926) was an early (so-called \"first generation\") economist of the Austrian School of economics. Born in Vienna, the son of Privy Councillor Leopold von Wieser, a high official in the war ministry, he first trained in sociology and law. In 1872, the year he took his degree, he encountered Austrian-school founder Carl Menger's Grundsätze and switched his interest to economic theory. Wieser held posts at the universities of Vienna and Prague until succeeding Menger in Vienna in 1903, where along with his brother-in-law Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk he shaped the next generation of Austrian economists including Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek and Joseph Schumpeter in the late 1890s and early 20th century. He was the Austrian Minister of Commerce from August 30, 1917, to November 11, 1918. Wieser is renowned for two main works, Natural Value, which carefully details the alternative-cost doctrine and the theory of imputation; and his Social Economics (1914), an ambitious attempt to apply it to the real world. His explanation of marginal utility theory was decisive, at least terminologically. It was his term (building on von Thünen's Grenzkosten) that developed into the standard term \"marginal utility\", not William Stanley Jevons's \"final degree of utility\" or Menger's \"value\". His use of the modifier \"natural\" indicates that he regarded value as a \"natural category\" that would pertain to any society, no matter what institutions of property had been established. The economic calculation debate started with his notion of the paramount importance of accurate calculation to economic efficiency. Above all, to him prices represented information about market conditions and are thus necessary for any sort of economic activity. Therefore, a socialist economy would require a price system in order to operate. He also stressed the importance of the entrepreneur to economic change, which he saw as being brought about by \"the heroic intervention of individual men who appear as leaders toward new economic shores\". This idea of leadership was later taken up by Joseph Schumpeter in his treatment of economic innovation. Unlike most other Austrian School economists, Wieser rejected classical liberalism, writing that \"freedom has to be superseded by a system of order\". This vision and his general solution to the role of the individual in history is best expressed in his final book The Law of Power, a sociological examination of political order published in his last year of life. Biography Born in Vienna on 10 July 1851, Wieser spent his childhood and adolescence in the same city. He was interested since youth in law, history and sociology. He studied law at the University of Vienna beginning in 1868. His lifelong passion for political economy was first ignited when he read Herbert Spencer's (Introduction to the Study of Sociology). After ten years of public service as a government employee, Wieser was awarded in 1875 a scholarship to the Heidelberg University in order to study political economy with Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, a friend from his youth who later",
"title": "Friedrich von Wieser"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "16649079",
"text": "Ryan Michael Dvorak is an American politician from the state of Indiana. A member of the Democratic Party, Dvorak is a member of the Indiana House of Representatives, representing the 8th District since 2002. Biography After graduating from Penn High School in 1992, Dvorak earned a B.A. in Philosophy from the University of Notre Dame (1996), and a J.D. from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law (2008). Ryan is also a practicing attorney with May Oberfell Lorber, the oldest law firm in northern Indiana. Dvorak served as a senior aide to Congressman Tim Roemer in Indiana and Washington, D.C. from 1996 to 2001. Dvorak ran Roemer's successful 1998 and 2000 congressional campaigns. He was elected to the Indiana House of Representatives in 2002, becoming chairman of the Committee on Courts and Criminal Code in 2003. In 2012 he was named the Assistant Democratic Leader. He lives in South Bend with his wife, Angela, and their dog and three children, Caroline, Charlotte, and Jack Political career While serving as a senior legislative aide to Congressman Tim Roemer, Dvorak took leaves of absence to manage Roemer's successful re-election campaigns in 1998 against Dan Holtz, and in 2000 against Chris Chocola. In 2002, Dvorak filed as a candidate for the open State House seat that had been held since 1986 by his father, Michael A. Dvorak, who had left the Legislature to be elected St. Joseph County Prosecutor. Ryan Dvorak won the 2002 election, defeating Republican Carl Baxmeyer by a 55%-45% margin. Dvorak was unopposed for re-election in 2004. In 2006, he defeated Democrat Dorothy Snyder in the Primary election by a margin of 93%-7% and was unopposed in the general election. In the 2008 general election, Dvorak defeated Republican challenger Dale Devon by a margin of 65%-35%. Republican Dick Pfeil challenged Dvorak the first time in the 2010 general election, which Dvorak won by a margin of 55%-45%. In 2011, Dvorak unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination in the South Bend Mayoral Primary election. Dick Pfeil sought a re-match against Dvorak in the 2012 general election in the re-districted 8th House District, but Dvorak defeated him again by the same margin of 55%-45%. Dvorak was a key leader in a 2012 leadership struggle that ousted longtime Democratic Leader B. Patrick Bauer from power in the House Democratic Caucus. The leadership change resulted in Rep. Linda Lawson being elected interim caucus Leader. After the 2012 elections, Lawson was succeeded by Rep. Scott Pelath, who appointed Dvorak Assistant Democratic Leader. On the Issues Dvorak has been recognized across Indiana as the leading legislative expert on renewable energy policy. He has authored legislation on net metering, renewable energy standards, and enforcing accountability for utility companies. Dvorak has been honored by the Hoosier Chapter of the Sierra Club for Outstanding Achievement, named a Michiana 40 Under 40 honoree, and received Legislator of the Year by both the Indiana Aviation Association, and the Indiana Conservation Alliance. External links State Representative Ryan Dvorak official Indiana State",
"title": "Ryan Dvorak"
},
{
"docid": "432318",
"text": "In economics, the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) is the rate at which a consumer can give up some amount of one good in exchange for another good while maintaining the same level of utility. At equilibrium consumption levels (assuming no externalities), marginal rates of substitution are identical. The marginal rate of substitution is one of the three factors from marginal productivity, the others being marginal rates of transformation and marginal productivity of a factor. As the slope of indifference curve Under the standard assumption of neoclassical economics that goods and services are continuously divisible, the marginal rates of substitution will be the same regardless of the direction of exchange, and will correspond to the slope of an indifference curve (more precisely, to the slope multiplied by −1) passing through the consumption bundle in question, at that point: mathematically, it is the implicit derivative. MRS of X for Y is the amount of Y which a consumer can exchange for one unit of X locally. The MRS is different at each point along the indifference curve thus it is important to keep locus in the definition. Further on this assumption, or otherwise on the assumption that utility is quantified, the marginal rate of substitution of good or service X for good or service Y (MRSxy) is also equivalent to the marginal utility of X over the marginal utility of Y. Formally, It is important to note that when comparing bundles of goods X and Y that give a constant utility (points along an indifference curve), the marginal utility of X is measured in terms of units of Y that is being given up. For example, if the MRSxy = 2, the consumer will give up 2 units of Y to obtain 1 additional unit of X. As one moves down a (standardly convex) indifference curve, the marginal rate of substitution decreases (as measured by the absolute value of the slope of the indifference curve, which decreases). This is known as the law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution. Since the indifference curve is convex with respect to the origin and we have defined the MRS as the negative slope of the indifference curve, Simple mathematical analysis Assume the consumer utility function is defined by , where U is consumer utility, x and y are goods. Then the marginal rate of substitution can be computed via partial differentiation, as follows. Also, note that: where is the marginal utility with respect to good x and is the marginal utility with respect to good y. By taking the total differential of the utility function equation, we obtain the following results: , or substituting from above, , or, without loss of generality, the total derivative of the utility function with respect to good x, , that is, . Through any point on the indifference curve, dU/dx = 0, because U = c, where c is a constant. It follows from the above equation that: , or rearranging The marginal rate of substitution is defined",
"title": "Marginal rate of substitution"
},
{
"docid": "18562346",
"text": "Gossen's laws, named for Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810–1858), are three laws of economics: Gossen's First Law is the \"law\" of diminishing marginal utility: that marginal utilities are diminishing across the ranges relevant to decision-making. Gossen's Second Law, which presumes that utility is at least weakly quantified, is that in equilibrium an agent will allocate expenditures so that the ratio of marginal utility to price (marginal cost of acquisition) is equal across all goods and services. where is utility is quantity of the -th good or service is the price of the -th good or service Gossen's Third Law is that scarcity is a precondition for economic value. See also Marginalism References Gossen, Hermann Heinrich; Die Entwicklung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs und der daraus fließenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln (1854). Translated into English as The Laws of Human Relations and the Rules of Human Action Derived Therefrom (1983) MIT Press, . Marginal concepts Utility",
"title": "Gossen's laws"
},
{
"docid": "17038488",
"text": "Weather risk management is a type of risk management done by organizations to address potential financial losses caused by unusual weather. Overview Energy, agriculture, transportation, construction, municipalities, school districts, travel, food processors, retail sales and real estate are all examples of industries whose operations and profits can be significantly affected by the weather. Unexpected weather events can cause significant financial losses. For example, unusually mild winters diminish consumer demand for heating and erode the profit margins for utility companies. Weather information and forecasts utilized in risk management decision making is often referred to as meteorological intelligence and offered by companies such as Metswift. The weather risk market makes it possible to manage the financial impact of weather through risk transfer instruments based on a defined weather element, such as temperature, rain, snow, wind, etc. Weather risk management is a way for organizations to limit their financial exposure to disruptive weather events. By making a payment (a \"premium\") to a separate company that will assume the financial weather risk for them, an organization essentially is buying a type of insurance - the company assuming the risk will pay the buyer a pre-set amount of money which will correspond to the loss or cost increase caused by the disruptive weather. Catastrophic weather events such as hurricanes are typically managed through traditional insurance contracts that pay based on indemnity loss. Insurance is a heavily regulated industry with specific requirements and qualification criteria. Due to the indemnity nature of insurance, actual loss must be proven to an insurance carrier before the payment can be processed. In contrast, financial loss such as erosion of margin, portfolio loss or increased expenses usually do not qualify for insurance payouts. Financial instruments such as derivative transactions can provide more flexible and customized risk management opportunities than the typical insurance contracts as they are priced and settled on the parameters of measured weather rather than the associated financial loss. Market participants A wide range of capital providers make markets in weather risk. To date the weather risk management trading market is primarily made up of dedicated weather trading operations, such as Nephila Capital Ltd, Galileo Weather Risk Management Advisors LCC, Swiss Re, RenRe, and Coriolis Capital, who execute trade orders in weather or weather-contingent commodity trades, the trading desks of financial institutions and utilities, such as Susquahanna Energy and Aquila who hedge their own risk as well as speculative trades for a merchant portfolio, professional commodity traders, such as RJO and hedge and private equity funds such as Tudor Capital. Transactions can be effected over-the-counter (OTC) or on commodity exchanges such as The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). Still other operations, such as Storm Exchange, Inc(Note: Storm Exchange is now defunct. and WeatherBill (WeatherBill is no longer serving markets outside of Agriculture), privately held eWeatherRisk now provide corporate and municipal clients with the necessary financial context to gauge the impact of the weather on profit and loss before executing trades either OTC or through the CME. Regulation United States In",
"title": "Weather risk management"
},
{
"docid": "3211520",
"text": "A Nursing Agency (also known as Home Health Agency or Home Care Agency) is a service provider agency which provides nurses and usually health care assistants (such as Certified Nursing Assistants) to people who need the services of home healthcare professionals. Nurses are normally engaged by the agency on temporary contracts and make themselves available for hire by hospitals, nursing homes, eldercare centers, and other providers of care for help during busy periods or to cover for staff absences. Some nurses may be seconded to private clients who choose to receive their nursing care within their own homes. Nature of work As with other staffing agencies, a large amount of capital is necessary to operate, since nurses must be paid by the registry as often as they work, but the hospital or other institution utilizing the services of the registry might not pay the registry until several months after the work has been done. Profit margins for this type of business go between 4% and 70%. Nurse staffing is an on-demand business. During holidays, hospitals often pay their staff overtime pay, and thus the need for external staffing services is diminished. An opposite effect is felt during summertime vacations when staff employees at hospitals take time off and the services of the home nursing agency are in greater need. Nurse staffing is very demanding and requires a high degree of care and responsibility. There are many liability issues that must be kept in mind. Claims of negligence and inappropriate actions by the registry's nurses may result in lawsuits over the bodily injury. Malpractice insurance must be carried by the registry. As a result of these inherent pitfalls and the progress of web technologies, many nurse staffing agencies evolved to online job boards, which would allow them to match registered nurse candidates with employers' nursing jobs. The web has transformed the nurse staffing industry, making it a more real-time process. Also, by offering direct contact between the candidates and employers, online staffing sites eliminate much of the liability involved in traditional nurse staffing. By country United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, there are two sources of supplementary nurses - nurse banks and nursing agencies. The former provides nurses paid on as \"hours as required\" basis and is often contracted to fill planned or unplanned shortfalls in staffing. Agency nurses, on the other hand, are employed through third-party agencies. Recent studies show that it has become common practice in the United Kingdom to use bank and agency nurses to fill vacant shifts in hospitals that cannot be filled by permanent staff. From 2002 to 2003, it was already reported that the National Health Service has spent £628 million on agency nursing. There are sources that cite how nurses employed through agencies tend to enjoy greater rewards and higher pay than those with institutional contracts. English nursing agencies are regulated by the Commission for Social Care Inspection. United States In the United States, they are also called nurse registries. It is a staffing",
"title": "Nursing agency"
},
{
"docid": "6878402",
"text": "Lionel Robbins' Essay (1932, 1935, 2nd ed., 158 pp.) sought to define more precisely economics as a science and to derive substantive implications. Analysis is relative to \"accepted solutions of particular problems\" based on best modern practice as referenced, especially including the works of Philip Wicksteed, Ludwig von Mises, and other Continental European economists. Robbins disclaims originality but expresses hope to have given expository force on a very few points to some principles \"not always clearly stated\" (1935, pp. xiv-xvi) Major propositions Robbins develops and defends several propositions about the relation of scarcity to economics and of economic theory to science, including the following. \"Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.\" (1935, p. 15) \"Economics is not about certain kinds of behaviour,\" but \"a certain aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity.\" (pp. 16–17) \"Economics is entirely neutral between ends; ... in so far as any end is dependent on scarce means, it is germane to the preoccupations of the economist.\" (p. 24) \"[W]ealth is not wealth because of its substantial properties. It is wealth because it is scarce.\" (p. 47) \"The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility ..., whether true or false, can never be verified by observation or introspection.\" ... [Nor does it] \"justify the inference that transferences from rich to poor would increase total satisfaction... Interesting as a development of an ethical postulate, [such an effect] does not at all follow from the positive assumptions of pure theory.\" (pp. 137, 141) Economics as science is about \"ascertainable facts\" of the positive as distinct from normative (ethical) judgments on economic policy. (p. 148). The definition of economics above has been described as \"central to the arguments presented\" that followed in the Essay and as redefining economics in marginalist terms and thereby \"destroy[ing] the view classical economists had of their science.\" Robbins argued that, at a certain stage in the development of the subject, an insufficiently restrictive and unifying definition multiplies activities of economists away from filling in explanatory gaps of the theory and solving problems posed by the subject (pp. 3–4). The Essay has been described as different from earlier writings on economic methodology in generating a range of tightly argued, radical implications from a simple definition, for example in admitting an aspect of behaviour (rather than a list of behaviours) but not limiting the subject-matter of economics, provided that the influence of scarcity impinges on these (pp. 16–17). The broad behavioural definition is credited for its consistency with the expanding boundaries of economics decades later. In this Robbins both narrows the definition of economics, thereby demonstrating the usefulness of deduction, and opens up the subject-matter of economics. Influence Robbins's Essay is one of the most-cited works on the methodology and philosophy of economics for the period 1932–1960. Arguments therein have been widely accepted on the demarcation of economics as science from discussion of recommendations on economic policy. In that period, economists",
"title": "An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science"
},
{
"docid": "849015",
"text": "An isoquant (derived from quantity and the Greek word iso, meaning equal), in microeconomics, is a contour line drawn through the set of points at which the same quantity of output is produced while changing the quantities of two or more inputs. The x and y axis on an isoquant represent two relevant inputs, which are usually a factor of production such as labour, capital, land, or organisation. An isoquant may also be known as an “Iso-Product Curve”, or an “Equal Product Curve”. Isoquants vs. indifference curves While an indifference curve mapping helps to solve the utility-maximizing problem of consumers, the isoquant mapping deals with the cost-minimization and profit and output maximisation problem of producers. Indifference curves further differ to isoquants, in that they cannot offer a precise measurement of utility, only how it is relevant to a baseline. Whereas, from an isoquant, the product can be measured accurately in physical units, and it is known by exactly how much isoquant 1 exceeds isoquant 2. Nature and practical uses In managerial economics, isoquants are typically drawn along with isocost curves in capital-labor graphs, showing the technological tradeoff between capital and labor in the production function, and the decreasing marginal returns of both inputs. In managerial economics, the unit of isoquant is commonly the net of capital cost. As such, isoquants by nature are downward sloping due to operation of diminishing marginal rates of technical substitution (MRTS). The slope of an isoquant represents the rate at which input x can be substituted for input y. This concept is the MRTS, so MRTS=slope of the isoquant. Thus, the steeper the isoquant, the higher the MRTS. Since MRTS must diminish, isoquants must be convex to their origin. Adding one input while holding the other constant eventually leads to decreasing marginal output. The contour line of an isoquant represents every combination of two inputs which fully maximise a firms’ use of resources (such as budget, or time). Full maximisation of resources is usually considered ‘efficient’. Efficient allocation of factors of production occur only when two isoquants are tangent to one another. If a firm produces to the left of the contour line, then the firm is considered to be operating inefficiently, because they are not maximising use of their available resources. A firm cannot produce to the right of the contour line unless they exceed their constraints. A family of isoquants can be represented by an isoquant map, a graph combining a number of isoquants, each representing a different quantity of output.An isoquant map can indicate decreasing or increasing returns to scale based on increasing or decreasing distances between the isoquant pairs of fixed output increment, as output increases. If the distance between those isoquants increases as output increases, the firm's production function is exhibiting decreasing returns to scale; doubling both inputs will result in placement on an isoquant with less than double the output of the previous isoquant. Conversely, if the distance is decreasing as output increases, the firm is experiencing increasing returns",
"title": "Isoquant"
},
{
"docid": "2909379",
"text": "Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects against unreasonable search and seizure. This right provides those in Canada with their primary source of constitutionally enforced privacy rights against unreasonable intrusion from the state. Typically, this protects personal information that can be obtained through searching someone in pat-down, entering someone's property or surveillance. Under the heading of legal rights, section 8 states: Any property found or seized by means of a violation of section 8 can be excluded as evidence in a trial under section 24(2). Reasonable expectation of privacy Section 8 does not apply to every search or seizure. Rather, the right focuses on the action being unreasonable on the basis that it violates the expectation of privacy that a reasonable individual would have. Examples The driver of a motor vehicle normally has a reasonable expectation in the contents of that vehicle, although that same expectation does not necessarily extend to the passenger of a vehicle who is not the owner. Likewise, a visitor to a dwelling house does not enjoy the same expectation of privacy as a permanent occupant. A reasonable expectation of privacy generally exists in a hotel room, although the expectation of privacy in a hotel room diminishes in circumstances where the occupant indiscriminately invites members of the public inside. Information which does not \"tend to reveal intimate details of the lifestyle and personal choices of the individual\" is usually not subject to a reasonable expectation of privacy. For this reason, utility records are generally not subject to an expectation of privacy, nor are heat patterns which can be detected from outside a private building. Garbage placed at the curb for pickup is considered in law to be abandoned, and therefore fails to engage a reasonable privacy interest. In R. v. TELUS Communications Co., the Supreme Court of Canada found that the reasonable expectation of privacy protected by Section 8 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms applies to modern communications technologies such as text messages, even if the data in question is located on a third-party server. Search Not every form of examination constitutes search. A search within the meaning of section eight is determined by whether the investigatory technique used by the state diminishes a person's reasonable expectation of privacy. The focus of analysis is upon the purpose of the examination. A police officer who compels someone to produce their licence would not be invasive enough to constitute a search (R. v. Ladouceur, [1990]). Equally, an inspection of the inside of a car is not a search, but questions about the contents of a bag would be. (R. v. Mellenthin [1992]) It has also been ruled that the use of a police dog as a means to gain probable cause to search is also in itself a violation of section 8, and that other factors must be present before a police dog can be used and a search executed. (R. v. A.M. [2008], R. v. Kang-Brown [2008]) In R. v. Feeney,",
"title": "Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"
},
{
"docid": "1448833",
"text": "In economics, a cardinal utility function or scale is a utility index that preserves preference orderings uniquely up to positive affine transformations. Two utility indices are related by an affine transformation if for the value of one index u, occurring at any quantity of the goods bundle being evaluated, the corresponding value of the other index v satisfies a relationship of the form , for fixed constants a and b. Thus the utility functions themselves are related by The two indices differ only with respect to scale and origin. Thus if one is concave, so is the other, in which case there is often said to be diminishing marginal utility. In consumer choice theory, economists originally attempted to replace cardinal utility with the apparently-weaker concept of ordinal utility. Cardinal utility appears to impose the assumption that levels of absolute satisfaction exist, so magnitudes of increments to satisfaction can be compared across different situations. However, economists in the 1950s proved that under mild conditions, ordinal utilities imply cardinal utilities. This result is now known as the von Neumann-Morgenstern utility theorem; many similar utility representation theorems can be proven under different assumptions. History In 1738, Daniel Bernoulli was the first to theorize about the marginal value of money. He assumed that the value of an additional amount is inversely proportional to the pecuniary possessions which a person already owns. Since Bernoulli tacitly assumed that an interpersonal measure for the utility reaction of different persons can be discovered, he was then inadvertently using an early conception of cardinality. Bernoulli's imaginary logarithmic utility function and Gabriel Cramer's function were conceived at the time not for a theory of demand but to solve the St. Petersburg's game. Bernoulli assumed that \"a poor man generally obtains more utility than a rich man from an equal gain\" an approach that is more profound than the simple mathematical expectation of money as it involves a law of moral expectation. Early theorists of utility considered that it had physically quantifiable attributes. They thought that utility behaved like the magnitudes of distance or time, in which the simple use of a ruler or stopwatch resulted in a distinguishable measure. \"Utils\" was the name actually given to the units in a utility scale. In the Victorian era many aspects of life were succumbing to quantification. The theory of utility soon began to be applied to moral-philosophy discussions. The essential idea in utilitarianism is to judge people's decisions by looking at their change in utils and measure whether they are better off. The main forerunner of the utilitarian principles since the end of the 18th century was Jeremy Bentham, who believed utility could be measured by some complex introspective examination and that it should guide the design of social policies and laws. For Bentham a scale of pleasure has as a unit of intensity \"the degree of intensity possessed by that pleasure which is the faintest of any that can be distinguished to be pleasure\"; he also stated that, as these pleasures",
"title": "Cardinal utility"
},
{
"docid": "23014670",
"text": "In economics, marginal utility describes the change in utility (pleasure or satisfaction resulting from the consumption) of one unit of a good or service. Marginal utility can be positive, negative, or zero. For example, when eating pizza, the second piece may bring more satisfaction than the first, indicating positive marginal utility. However, after the third or fourth piece, the satisfaction level starts to decrease, indicating zero or even negative marginal utility. Negative marginal utility implies that every additional unit consumed causes more harm than good, leading to a decrease in overall utility. In contrast, positive marginal utility indicated that every additional unit consumed increases overall utility. In the context of cardinal utility, economists postulate a law of diminishing marginal utility. This law states that the first units of consumption of a good or service yields more satisfaction or utility than the subsequent units, and there is a continuing reduction in satisfaction or utility for greater amounts. As consumption increases, the additional satisfaction or utility gained from each additional unit consumed falls, a concept known as diminishing marginal utility. This idea is used by economics to determine the optimal quantity of a good or service that a consumer is willing to purchase. Marginality In the study of economics, the term marginal refers to a small change, starting from some baseline level. Philip Wicksteed explained the term as follows: Marginal considerations are considerations which concern a slight increase or diminution of the stock of anything which we possess or are considering. Another way to think of the term marginal is the cost or benefit of the next unit used or consumed, for example the benefit that you might get from consuming a piece of chocolate. The key to understanding marginality is through marginal analysis. Marginal analysis examines the additional benefits of an activity compared to additional costs sustained by that same activity. In practice, companies use marginal analysis to assist them in maximizing their potential profits and often used when making decisions about expanding or reducing production. Utility Utility is an economic concept that refers to the level of satisfaction or benefit that individuals derive from consuming a particular good or service, which is quantified using units known as utils (derived from the Spanish word for useful). However, determining the exact level of utility that a consumer experiences can be a challenging and abstract task. To overcome this challenge, economists rely on the consent of revealed preferences, where they observe the choices made by consumers and use this information to rank consumption options from the least preferred to the most desirable. Initially, the term utility equated usefulness with the production of pleasure and avoidance of pain by moral philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. In line with this philosophy, the concept of utility was defined as \"the feelings of pleasure and pain\" and further as a \"quantity of feeling\". Contemporary mainstream economic theory frequently defers metaphysical questions, and merely notes or assumes that preference structures conforming to certain rules can be",
"title": "Marginal utility"
},
{
"docid": "235807",
"text": "Arsène Jules Étienne Juvenal Dupuit (18 May 1804 – 5 September 1866) was a French civil engineer and economist. He was born in Fossano, Cisalpine Republic then under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. At the age of ten he went to Versailles with his family where he studied — winning a Physics prize at graduation. He then studied in the École Polytechnique as a civil engineer. He gradually took on more responsibility in various regional posts. He received a Légion d'honneur in 1843 for his work on the French road system, and shortly after moved to Paris. He also studied flood management in 1848 and supervised the construction of the Paris sewer system. He died in Paris. Engineering questions led to his interest in economics, a subject in which he was self-taught. His 1844 article was concerned with deciding the optimum toll for a bridge. It was here that he introduced his curve of diminishing marginal utility. As the quantity of a good consumed rises, the marginal utility of the good declines for the user. So the lower the toll (lower marginal utility), the more people who would use the bridge (higher consumption). Conversely as the quantity rises (people allowed on the bridge), the willingness of a person to pay for that good (the price) declines. Thus, the concept of diminishing marginal utility should translate itself into a downward-sloping demand function. In this way he identified the demand curve as the marginal utility curve. This was the first time an economist had put forward a theory of demand derived from marginal utility. Although not the first time that the demand curve had been drawn, it was the first time that it had been proved rather than asserted. Dupuit, however, did not include a supply curve in his theory. Dupuit went on to define \"relative utility\" as the area under the demand/marginal utility curve above the price and used it as a measure of the welfare effects of different prices – concluding that public welfare is maximized when the price (or bridge toll) is zero. This was later known as Marshall's \"consumer surplus\". Dupuit's reputation as an economist does not rest on his advocacy of laissez-faire economics (he wrote \"Commercial Freedom\" in 1861) but on frequent contributions to periodicals. Wanting to evaluate the net economic benefit of public services, Dupuit analysed capacities for economic development, and attempted to construct a framework for utility theory and measuring the prosperity derived with public works. He also wrote on monopoly and price discrimination. Dupuit also considered the groundwater flow equation, which governs the flow of groundwater. He assumed that the equation could be simplified for analytical solutions by assuming that groundwater is hydrostatic and flows horizontally. This assumption is regularly used today, and is known by hydrogeologists as the Dupuit assumption. Notes See also Robert Ekelund References Hager, W.H. (2004): Jules Dupuit—Eminent Hydraulic Engineer. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Volume 130, Issue 9, pp. 843–848. Dupuit, Arsène Jules Étienne Juvénal (1844): De la mesure de",
"title": "Jules Dupuit"
},
{
"docid": "762043",
"text": "In economics and in particular neoclassical economics, the marginal product or marginal physical productivity of an input (factor of production) is the change in output resulting from employing one more unit of a particular input (for instance, the change in output when a firm's labor is increased from five to six units), assuming that the quantities of other inputs are kept constant. The marginal product of a given input can be expressed as: where is the change in the firm's use of the input (conventionally a one-unit change) and is the change in quantity of output produced (resulting from the change in the input). Note that the quantity of the \"product\" is typically defined ignoring external costs and benefits. If the output and the input are infinitely divisible, so the marginal \"units\" are infinitesimal, the marginal product is the mathematical derivative of the production function with respect to that input. Suppose a firm's output Y is given by the production function: where K and L are inputs to production (say, capital and labor, respectively). Then the marginal product of capital (MPK) and marginal product of labor (MPL) are given by: In the \"law\" of diminishing marginal returns, the marginal product initially increases when more of an input (say labor) is employed, keeping the other input (say capital) constant. Here, labor is the variable input and capital is the fixed input (in a hypothetical two-inputs model). As more and more of variable input (labor) is employed, marginal product starts to fall. Finally, after a certain point, the marginal product becomes negative, implying that the additional unit of labor has decreased the output, rather than increasing it. The reason behind this is the diminishing marginal productivity of labor. The marginal product of labor is the slope of the total product curve, which is the production function plotted against labor usage for a fixed level of usage of the capital input. In the neoclassical theory of competitive markets, the marginal product of labor equals the real wage. In aggregate models of perfect competition, in which a single good is produced and that good is used both in consumption and as a capital good, the marginal product of capital equals its rate of return. As was shown in the Cambridge capital controversy, this proposition about the marginal product of capital cannot generally be sustained in multi-commodity models in which capital and consumption goods are distinguished. Relationship of marginal product (MPP) with the total product (TPP) The relationship can be explained in three phases- (1) Initially, as the quantity of variable input is increased, TPP rises at an increasing rate. In this phase, MPP also rises. (2) As more and more quantities of the variable inputs are employed, TPP increases at a diminishing rate. In this phase, MPP starts to fall. (3) When the TPP reaches its maximum, MPP is zero. Beyond this point, TPP starts to fall and MPP becomes negative. See also Marginal product of labor Marginal product of capital Marginal revenue productivity",
"title": "Marginal product"
},
{
"docid": "1018347",
"text": "Utility maximization was first developed by utilitarian philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. In microeconomics, the utility maximization problem is the problem consumers face: \"How should I spend my money in order to maximize my utility?\" It is a type of optimal decision problem. It consists of choosing how much of each available good or service to consume, taking into account a constraint on total spending (income), the prices of the goods and their preferences. Utility maximization is an important concept in consumer theory as it shows how consumers decide to allocate their income. Because consumers are rational, they seek to extract the most benefit for themselves. However, due to bounded rationality and other biases, consumers sometimes pick bundles that do not necessarily maximize their utility. The utility maximization bundle of the consumer is also not set and can change over time depending on their individual preferences of goods, price changes and increases or decreases in income. Basic setup For utility maximization there are four basic steps process to derive consumer demand and find the utility maximizing bundle of the consumer given prices, income, and preferences. 1) Check if Walras's law is satisfied 2) 'Bang for buck' 3) the budget constraint 4) Check for negativity 1) Walras's Law Walras's law states that if a consumers preferences are complete, monotone and transitive then the optimal demand will lie on the budget line. Preferences of the consumer For a utility representation to exist the preferences of the consumer must be complete and transitive (necessary conditions). Complete Completeness of preferences indicates that all bundles in the consumption set can be compared by the consumer. For example, if the consumer has 3 bundles A,B and C then; A B, A C, B A, B C, C B, C A, A A, B B, C C. Therefore, the consumer has complete preferences as they can compare every bundle. Transitive Transitivity states that individuals preferences are consistent across the bundles. therefore, if the consumer weakly prefers A over B (A B) and B C this means that A C (A is weakly preferred to C) Monotone For a preference relation to be monotone increasing the quantity of both goods should make the consumer strictly better off (increase their utility), and increasing the quantity of one good holding the other quantity constant should not make the consumer worse off (same utility). The preference is monotone if and only if; 1) 2) 3) where > 0 2) 'Bang for buck' Bang for buck is a main concept in utility maximization and consists of the consumer wanting to get the best value for their money. If Walras's law has been satisfied, the optimal solution of the consumer lies at the point where the budget line and optimal indifference curve intersect, this is called the tangency condition. To find this point, differentiate the utility function with respect to x and y to find the marginal utilities, then divide by the respective prices of the goods. This can be solved",
"title": "Utility maximization problem"
},
{
"docid": "25197055",
"text": "The Cambridge equation formally represents the Cambridge cash-balance theory, an alternative approach to the classical quantity theory of money. Both quantity theories, Cambridge and classical, attempt to express a relationship among the amount of goods produced, the price level, amounts of money, and how money moves. The Cambridge equation focuses on money demand instead of money supply. The theories also differ in explaining the movement of money: In the classical version, associated with Irving Fisher, money moves at a fixed rate and serves only as a medium of exchange while in the Cambridge approach money acts as a store of value and its movement depends on the desirability of holding cash. Economists associated with Cambridge University, including Alfred Marshall, A.C. Pigou, and John Maynard Keynes (before he developed his own, eponymous school of thought) contributed to a quantity theory of money that paid more attention to money demand than the supply-oriented classical version. The Cambridge economists argued that a certain portion of the money supply will not be used for transactions; instead, it will be held for the convenience and security of having cash on hand. This portion of cash is commonly represented as k, a portion of nominal income (the product of the price level and real income), ). The Cambridge economists also thought wealth would play a role, but wealth is often omitted from the equation for simplicity. The Cambridge equation is thus: Assuming that the economy is at equilibrium (), is exogenous, and k is fixed in the short run, the Cambridge equation is equivalent to the equation of exchange with velocity equal to the inverse of k: Monge (2021) showed that the Cambridge equation comes from a Cobb-Douglas utility function, which demonstrates that, in classical quantity theory, money has diminishing marginal utility (then, inflation is a monetary phenomenon). History and significance The Cambridge equation first appeared in print in 1917 in Pigou's \"Value of Money\". Keynes contributed to the theory with his 1923 A Tract on Monetary Reform. The Cambridge version of the quantity theory led to both Keynes's attack on the quantity theory and the Monetarist revival of the theory. Marshall recognized that k would be determined in part by an individual's desire to hold liquid cash. In his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Keynes expanded on this concept to develop the idea of liquidity preference, a central Keynesian concept. References External links Cambridge Cash-Balance Approach – History of Economic Thought Monetary economics",
"title": "Cambridge equation"
},
{
"docid": "49381120",
"text": "Patricia Van Pelt Watkins (born November 20, 1957) is an American politician who served in the Illinois Senate, representing the 5th district, from 2013 to 2023. The 5th district is located on the West Side of Chicago. Prior to her service as a member of the Illinois Senate she was a community activist and ran for Mayor of Chicago. Early life and career Van Pelt was born on the Near North Side and raised in the Cabrini–Green public housing. Inspired by her mother's ability to work, raise her children and go to school, she took a job as a steelworker while taking classes at Truman College. She earned a bachelor's in public administration and became a CPA after taking accounting classes at DePaul University. Using her life experience and education, she founded Target Development Corp, which worked to improve communities. This including teaching residents how to peacefully evict drug dealers from their neighborhoods. In 2009, she earned a doctorate in nonprofit management from Capella University. Chicago mayoral election, 2011 In 2010, Van Pelt announced that she was going to run for mayor in order to bring ideas to the forefront that had been forgotten about. During the campaign, she was accused of \"being strung out on crack for twenty years,\" by candidate and former US Senator Carol Moseley Braun, which Watkins credits to her future political success. She finished fifth on election day. After the election, Van Pelt was appointed by the Illinois State Board of Education to the State Charter School Commission for a term ending November 1, 2013. The State Charter School Commission authorizes charter schools throughout the State, particularly schools designed to expand opportunities for at-risk students. Illinois State Senator 2012 Senate election In 2011, Van Pelt announced that she would challenge Annazette Collins for the Illinois Senate's 5th district. During the primary election she was endorsed by several aldermen from the fifth district, and the Chicago Journal. Aldermanic endorsements included Walter Burnett and Bob Fioretti. Fioretti stated that \"Her integrity is beyond reproach. She will roll her sleeves up and research the issues and make the right decisions for all the people. She won't be beholden to the special interests that control Springfield right now.\" She was also endorsed by Illinois Secretary of State Jesse White, who previously supported Collins, after Collins's corruption came to the forefront. Van Pelt beat Collins by a 54%-46% margin. Tenure Van Pelt was sworn in on January 9, 2013. As of July 2022, Senator Van Pelt is a member of the following Illinois Senate committees: Agriculture Committee (SAGR) Appropriations - State Law Enforcement Committee (SAPP-SASL) Appropriations - Health Committee (SAPP-SAHA) Criminal Law Committee (SCCL) Energy and Public Utilities Committee (SENE) (Chairwoman of) Healthcare Access and Availability Committee (SHAA) Redistricting - Chicago West and Western Cook County (SRED-SRWW) State Government Committee (SGOA) Retirement Despite winning election to a four-year term in the 2022 election, Van Pelt announced her retirement on July 26, 2023. Illinois State Representative Lakesia Collins was appointed to",
"title": "Patricia Van Pelt"
},
{
"docid": "736803",
"text": "The expected utility hypothesis is a foundational assumption in mathematical economics concerning decision making under uncertainty. It postulates that rational agents maximize utility, meaning the subjective desirability of their actions. Rational choice theory, a cornerstone of microeconomics, builds this postulate to model aggregate social behaviour. The expected utility hypothesis states an agent chooses between risky prospects by comparing expected utility values (i.e. the weighted sum of adding the respective utility values of payoffs multiplied by their probabilities). The summarised formula for expected utility is where is the probability that outcome indexed by with payoff is realized, and function u expresses the utility of each respective payoff. Graphically the curvature of the u function captures the agent's risk attitude. Standard utility functions represent ordinal preferences. The expected utility hypothesis imposes limitations on the utility function and makes utility cardinal (though still not comparable across individuals). Although the expected utility hypothesis is standard in economic modelling, it has been found to be violated in psychological experiments. For many years, psychologists and economic theorists have been developing new theories to explain these deficiencies. These include prospect theory, rank-dependent expected utility and cumulative prospect theory, and bounded rationality. Justification Bernoulli's formulation Nicolaus Bernoulli described the St. Petersburg paradox (involving infinite expected values) in 1713, prompting two Swiss mathematicians to develop expected utility theory as a solution. Bernoulli's paper was the first formalization of marginal utility, which has broad application in economics in addition to expected utility theory. He used this concept to formalize the idea that the same amount of additional money was less useful to an already-wealthy person than it would be to a poor person. The theory can also more accurately describe more realistic scenarios (where expected values are finite) than expected value alone. He proposed that a nonlinear function of utility of an outcome should be used instead of the expected value of an outcome, accounting for risk aversion, where the risk premium is higher for low-probability events than the difference between the payout level of a particular outcome and its expected value. Bernoulli further proposed that it was not the goal of the gambler to maximize his expected gain but to instead maximize the logarithm of his gain. Daniel Bernoulli drew attention to psychological and behavioral behind the individual's decision-making process and proposed that the utility of wealth has a diminishing marginal utility. For example, as someone gets wealthier, an extra dollar or an additional good is perceived as less valuable. In other words, desirability related with a financial gain depends not only on the gain itself but also on the wealth of the person. Bernoulli suggested that people maximize \"moral expectation\" rather than expected monetary value. Bernoulli made a clear distinction between expected value and expected utility. Instead of using the weighted outcomes, he used the weighted utility multiplied by probabilities. He proved that the utility function used in real life means is finite, even when its expected value is infinite. Ramsey-theoretic approach to subjective probability In 1926, Frank",
"title": "Expected utility hypothesis"
},
{
"docid": "21472509",
"text": "In economics, a factor market is a market where factors of production are bought and sold. Factor markets allocate factors of production, including land, labour and capital, and distribute income to the owners of productive resources, such as wages, rents, etc. Firms buy productive resources in return for making factor payments at factor prices. The interaction between product and factor markets involves the principle of derived demand. A firm's factors of production are gotten from its economic activities of supplying goods or services to another market. Derived demand refers to the demand for productive resources, which is derived from the demand for final goods and services or output. For example, if consumer demand for new cars rises, producers will respond by increasing their demand for the productive inputs or resources used to produce new cars. Production is the transformation of inputs into final products. Firms obtain the inputs (factors of production) in the factor markets. The goods are sold in the products markets. In most respects these markets work in the same manner as each other. Price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand; firms attempt to maximize profits, and factors can influence and change the equilibrium price and quantities bought and sold, and the laws of supply and demand hold. In the product market, profit or cost is defined as a function of output. The equilibrium condition is that MR=MC, i.e. the marginal equality of benefits and costs. Since the goods produced are made up of factors, output is seen as a function of factor in factor markets. In perfectly competitive markets firms can \"purchase\" as many inputs as they need at the market rate. Because labor is the most important factor of production, this article will focus on the competitive labor market, although the analysis applies to all competitive factor markets. Labour markets are not quite the same as most other markets in the economy since the demand of labour is considered as a derived demand. It is important to note that as the number of workers increases, the marginal product of labour decreases, which implies that the process of output expresses diminishing marginal product. Each additional worker contributes less and less to output as the number of workers employed increases. The existence of factor markets for the allocation of the factors of production, particularly for capital goods, is one of the defining characteristics of a market economy. Traditional models of socialism were characterized by the replacement of factor markets with some kind of economic planning, under the assumption that market exchanges would be made redundant within the production process if capital goods were owned by a single entity representing society. Factor markets play a crucial role in the modern economy, as they enable the allocation of factors of production, such as labor, land, and capital, to their most efficient uses. A well-functioning factor market ensures that resources are allocated efficiently, which leads to higher productivity and economic growth. According to a study by Acemoglu and",
"title": "Factor market"
},
{
"docid": "1536230",
"text": "Hermann Heinrich Gossen (7 September 1810 – 13 February 1858) was a German economist who is often regarded as the first to elaborate, in detail, a general theory of marginal utility. Prior to Gossen, a number of economic theorists, including Gabriel Cramer, Daniel Bernoulli, William Forster Lloyd, Nassau William Senior, and Jules Dupuit had employed or asserted the significance of some notion of marginal utility. But Cramer, Bernoulli, and Dupuit had focussed upon specific problems, Lloyd had not presented any applications of theory, and if Senior provided a detailed elaboration of the general theory he had developed, he had done so in language that caused his applications of theory to be missed by most readers. Life and family background Hermann Heinrich Gossen was born in Düren, Roer (department) (Roerdépartement, or Département de la Roer), First French Empire. Today that area is known as North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Hermann died in Cologne (Köln), North Rhine-Westphalia, Prussia. His parents were Georg Joseph Gossen (December 15, 1780 - October 7, 1847) (aka Georg Josef Gossen) and Maria Anna Mechtilde (Mechthildis) Scholl (February 22, 1768 - June 29, 1833). Georg and Maria were married on October 25, 1804 in Aachen. Hermann's paternal grandfather, Arnold Winand Gossen, married Anna Cordula Schmitz on September 3, 1774 in Selgersdorf, Jülich, Prussia. Arnold Winand Gossen - a Kurfürstlicher steuereintreiber (Electoral tax collector) and Wahlrentenmanager (Electoral pension manager) - was one of the most respected officials operating in the city of Düren, the duchy of Jülich, and other parts of the Lower Rhine region of Prussia. However, beginning in the mid-1790s, Arnold gradually lost his position and income, due to the acquisition by France of Prussian territories where Arnold had ongoing business operations. These acquisitions of Prussian territory by France were a consequence of Prussia's involvement in the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802). Hermann studied at the University of Bonn, then worked in the Prussian administration until retiring in 1847, after which he sold insurance until his death. Entwickelung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs (1854) Gossen's book Entwickelung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs, und der daraus fließenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln (Braunschweig: Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1854) (Development of the Laws of Human Intercourse and the Consequent Rules of Human Action) went through two printings in 1854. In this work, Gossen very explicitly develops general theoretical implications from a theory of marginal utility, to the extent that William Stanley Jevons (one of the preceptors of the Marginal Revolution) was later to remark that Entwickelung was poorly received, as economic thought in Germany at the time (1854) was dominated by the Historical School, and Gossen had written Entwickelung in a dense, heavily mathematical style, a manner of exposition which was quite unpopular with adherents of the Historical School. Although Gossen himself declared that his work was comparable in its significance to the innovations of Copernicus, few others agreed. Embittered by the work's poor reception, shortly before his death Gossen ordered the destruction of all copies of the book.",
"title": "Hermann Heinrich Gossen"
},
{
"docid": "19636313",
"text": "The economic principle of satiation is the effect whereby the more of a good one possesses, the less one is willing to give up to get more of it. This effect is caused by diminishing marginal utility, the effect whereby the consumer gains less utility per unit of a product the more units consumed. For example, if someone buys a piece of technology or signs up to a social media site, they may enjoy using it; if they then buy more items of technology or sign up to more social media sites, they may enjoy using those items less (and so forth). It can continue to the point where the consumption of an item or group of items becomes a negative experience. See also Bliss point References Economics effects",
"title": "Economic satiation"
},
{
"docid": "1148564",
"text": "In economics, marginal concepts are associated with a specific change in the quantity used of a good or service, as opposed to some notion of the over-all significance of that class of good or service, or of some total quantity thereof. Marginality Constraints are conceptualized as a border or margin. The location of the margin for any individual corresponds to his or her endowment, broadly conceived to include opportunities. This endowment is determined by many things including physical laws (which constrain how forms of energy and matter may be transformed), accidents of nature (which determine the presence of natural resources), and the outcomes of past decisions made both by others and by the individual himself or herself. A value that holds true given particular constraints is a marginal value. A change that would be affected as or by a specific loosening or tightening of those constraints is a marginal change, as large as the smallest relevant division of that good or service. For reasons of tractability, it is often assumed in neoclassical analysis that goods and services are continuously divisible. In such context, a marginal change may be an infinitesimal change or a limit. However, strictly speaking, the smallest relevant division may be quite large. Some important marginal concepts The marginal use of a good or service is the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase, or the specific use of the good or service that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. The marginal utility of a good or service is the utility of the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase in that good or service, or of the specific use that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. In other words, marginal utility is the utility of the marginal use. The marginal rate of substitution is the rate of substitution that is the least favorable rate, at the margin, at which an agent is willing to exchange units of one good or service for units of another. A marginal benefit is a benefit (howsoever ranked or measured) associated with a marginal change. The term “marginal cost” may refer to an opportunity cost at the margin, or more narrowly to marginal pecuniary cost — that is to say marginal cost measured by forgone cash flow. Other marginal concepts include (but are not limited to): marginal physical product (sometimes also known as “marginal product”) marginal product of labor marginal product of capital marginal rate of transformation, the rate at which one output or result must be sacrificed in order to increase another output or result marginal revenue product marginal propensity to save and consume marginal tax rate marginal efficiency of capital Marginalism is the use of marginal concepts to explain economic phenomena. The related concept of elasticity is the ratio of the incremental percentage change in one variable with respect to an incremental percentage change in another variable. References",
"title": "Marginal concepts"
},
{
"docid": "1147374",
"text": "Nicholas G. Carr (born 1959) is an American journalist and writer who has published books and articles on technology, business, and culture. His book The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains was a finalist for the 2011 Pulitzer Prize in General Nonfiction. Career Nicholas Carr originally came to prominence with the 2003 Harvard Business Review article \"IT Doesn't Matter\" and the 2004 book Does IT Matter? Information Technology and the Corrosion of Competitive Advantage (Harvard Business School Press). In these widely discussed works, he argued that the strategic importance of information technology in business has diminished as IT has become more commonplace, standardized and cheaper. His ideas roiled the information technology industry, spurring heated outcries from executives of Microsoft, Intel, Hewlett-Packard and other leading technology companies, although the ideas got mixed responses from other commentators. In 2005, Carr published the controversial article \"The End of Corporate Computing\" in the MIT Sloan Management Review, in which he argued that in the future companies will purchase information technology as a utility service from outside suppliers. Carr's second book, The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, From Edison to Google, was published in January 2008 by W. W. Norton. It examines the economic and social consequences of the rise of Internet-based cloud computing, comparing the consequences to those that occurred with the rise of electric utilities in the early 20th century. In the summer of 2008, The Atlantic published Carr's article \"Is Google Making Us Stupid?\" as the cover story of its annual Ideas issue. Highly critical of the Internet's effect on cognition, the article has been read and debated widely in both the media and the blogosphere. Carr's main argument is that the Internet may have detrimental effects on cognition that diminish the capacity for concentration and contemplation. Carr's 2010 book, The Shallows, develops this argument further. Discussing various examples ranging from Nietzsche's typewriter to London cab drivers' GPS navigators, Carr shows how newly introduced technologies change the way people think, act and live. The book focuses on the detrimental influence of the Internet—although it does recognize its beneficial aspects—by investigating how hypertext has contributed to the fragmentation of knowledge. When users search the Web, for instance, the context of information can be easily ignored. \"We don't see the trees,\" Carr writes. \"We see twigs and leaves.\" One of Carr's major points is that the change caused by the Internet involves the physical restructuring of the human brain, which he explains using the notion of \"neuroplasticity.\" In addition to being a Pulitzer Prize nominee, the book appeared on the New York Times nonfiction bestseller list and has been translated into 17 languages. In 2014, Carr published his fourth book, The Glass Cage: Automation and Us, which presents a critical examination of the role of computer automation in contemporary life. Spanning historical, technical, economic, and philosophical viewpoints, the book has been widely acclaimed by reviewers, with the New York Times Sunday Book Review terming it \"essential.\" In 2016, Carr published Utopia",
"title": "Nicholas G. Carr"
},
{
"docid": "1410537",
"text": "The return on equity (ROE) is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to its equity; where: Thus, ROE is equal to a fiscal year's net income (after preferred stock dividends, before common stock dividends), divided by total equity (excluding preferred shares), expressed as a percentage. Because shareholder's equity can be calculated by taking all assets and subtracting all liabilities, ROE can also be thought of as a return on NAV, or assets less liabilities. Usage ROE measures how many dollars of profit are generated for each dollar of shareholder's equity, and is thus a metric of how well the company utilizes its equity to generate profits. ROE is especially used for comparing the performance of companies in the same industry. As with return on capital, a ROE is a measure of management's ability to generate income from the equity available to it. ROEs of 15–20% are generally considered good. ROE is also a factor in stock valuation, in association with other financial ratios. Note though that, while higher ROE ought intuitively to imply higher stock prices, in reality, predicting the stock value of a company based on its ROE is dependent on too many other factors to be of use by itself. Both of these are expanded below. The DuPont formula The DuPont formula, also known as the strategic profit model, is a framework allowing management to decompose ROE into three actionable components; these \"drivers of value\" being the efficiency of operations, asset usage, and finance. ROE is then the net profit margin multiplied by asset turnover multiplied by accounting leverage: The application, in the main, is either to financial management or to fund management: Splitting return on equity into the three components, makes it easier for financial managers to understand changes in ROE over time. For example, if the net margin increases, every sale brings in more money, resulting in a higher overall ROE. Similarly, if the asset turnover increases, the firm generates more sales for every unit of assets owned, again resulting in a higher overall ROE. Finally, increasing accounting leverage means that the firm uses more debt financing relative to equity financing. Interest payments to creditors are tax-deductible, but dividend payments to shareholders are not. Thus, a higher proportion of debt in the firm's capital structure leads to higher ROE. Financial leverage benefits diminish as the risk of defaulting on interest payments increases. If the firm takes on too much debt, the cost of debt rises as creditors demand a higher risk premium, and ROE decreases. Increased debt will make a positive contribution to a firm's ROE only if the matching return on assets (ROA) of that debt exceeds the interest rate on the debt. Identifying the sources of ROE in this fashion similarly allows investment analysts a better knowledge of the company and how it should be valued. Here, analysts will compare the current sources of ROE against the company's history and its competitors, and thereby better understand the drivers of value.",
"title": "Return on equity"
},
{
"docid": "1481355",
"text": "The marginal value theorem (MVT) is an optimality model that usually describes the behavior of an optimally foraging individual in a system where resources (often food) are located in discrete patches separated by areas with no resources. Due to the resource-free space, animals must spend time traveling between patches. The MVT can also be applied to other situations in which organisms face diminishing returns. The MVT was first proposed by Eric Charnov in 1976. In his original formulation: \"The predator should leave the patch it is presently in when the marginal capture rate in the patch drops to the average capture rate for the habitat.\" Definition All animals must forage for food in order to meet their energetic needs, but doing so is energetically costly. It is assumed that evolution by natural selection results in animals utilizing the most economic and efficient strategy to balance energy gain and consumption. The Marginal Value Theorem is an optimality model that describes the strategy that maximizes gain per unit time in systems where resources, and thus rate of returns, decrease with time. The model weighs benefits and costs and is used to predict giving up time and giving up density. Giving up time (GUT) is the interval of time between when the animal last feeds and when it leaves the patch. Giving up density (GUD) is the food density within a patch when the animal will choose to move on to other food patches. When an animal is foraging in a system where food sources are patchily distributed, the MVT can be used to predict how much time an individual will spend searching for a particular patch before moving on to a new one. In general, individuals will stay longer if (1) patches are farther apart or (2) current patches are poor in resources. Both situations increase the ratio of travel cost to foraging benefit. Modeling As animals forage in patchy systems, they balance resource intake, traveling time, and foraging time. Resource intake within a patch diminishes with time, as shown by the solid curve in the graph to the right. The curve follows this pattern because resource intake is initially very fast, but slows as the resource is depleted. Traveling time is shown by the distance from the leftmost vertical dotted line to the y-axis. Optimal foraging time is modeled by connecting this point on the x-axis tangentially to the resource intake curve. Doing so maximizes the ratio between resource intake and time spent foraging and traveling. At the extremes of the loading curve, animals spend too much time traveling for a small payoff, or they search too long in a given patch for an ineffective load. The MVT identifies the best possible intermediate between these extremes. Assumptions The individual is assumed to control when it leaves the patch in order to maximize the ratio between resource intake and time. The consumer depletes the amount of resources in the patch where they are foraging; therefore, the rate of intake of food in",
"title": "Marginal value theorem"
},
{
"docid": "3312817",
"text": "In welfare economics, distributive efficiency occurs when goods and services are received by those who have the greatest need for them. Abba Lerner first proposed the idea of distributive efficiency in his 1944 book The Economics of Control. The law of diminishing marginal utility The concept of distributive efficiency is based on the law of diminishing marginal utility. According to this economic law, as a person gets more to spend, things will be bought that give less and less utility. For example, if a person is given a gift certificate for a music download (and has no way to resell the certificate), the gift certificate will be used to purchase the song that will be enjoyed the most. If another certificate is given, the second favorite song will be bought. The process continues as long as the person keeps getting certificates for downloads. Each additional song the person buys is slightly less desirable than the one before. Diminishing utility and society Lerner applied the concept of utility and its associated \"law of marginal utility\" to the distribution of income in society. The law of diminishing marginal utility implies that poorer people will gain more utility from money for additional spending than the wealthy. For instance, if a homeless family is given a gift certificate for a house, they will be able to use it to provide shelter for themselves. If a very rich person is given such a gift, he may spend it on a vacation residence which he will only use a few weeks of the year. As such, aggregated utility would be maximized by taking wealth from the rich and giving it to the poor, and the state of optimized utility would be perfect economic equality. As Lerner puts it, \"If it is desired to maximize the total satisfaction of a society, the rational procedure is to divide income on an equalitarian basis\" (Lerner, 32). In other words, if we are given a fixed amount of wealth and a group of people to distribute it to, we can maximize total happiness by dividing the wealth equally between the members of that group. However, in real situations the total amount of wealth is not fixed, and it has been argued that too much redistribution of income can reduce this total amount by lowering incentives for economic growth and development. Knowing this, Lerner qualified his earlier statement: \"The principle of equality would have to compromise with the principle of providing such incentives as would increase the total of income available to be divided” (Lerner, 36). In this view, a balance must be reached between equality and incentives. Criticisms of utility's relevance Different value systems have different perspectives on the use of utility in making moral judgments. Deontological views of morality focus on factors other than utility. Also, many Marxists, Kantians, and certain libertarians (such as Robert Nozick), all believe utility to be irrelevant as a moral standard or at least not as important as others such as natural rights. References",
"title": "Distributive efficiency"
},
{
"docid": "188418",
"text": "Overconsumption describes a situation where a consumer overuses their available goods and services to where they can't, or don't want to, replenish or reuse them. In microeconomics, this may be described as the point where the marginal cost of a consumer is greater than their marginal utility. The term overconsumption is quite controversial in use and does not necessarily have a single unifying definition. When used to refer to natural resources to the point where the environment is negatively affected, it is synonymous with the term overexploitation. However, when used in the broader economic sense, overconsumption can refer to all types of goods and services, including manmade ones, e.g. \"the overconsumption of alcohol can lead to alcohol poisoning\". Overconsumption is driven by several factors of the current global economy, including forces like consumerism, planned obsolescence, economic materialism, and other unsustainable business models and can be contrasted with sustainable consumption. Defining the amount of a natural resource required to be consumed for it to count as \"overconsumption\" is challenging because defining a sustainable capacity of the system requires accounting for many variables. The total capacity of a system occurs at both the regional and worldwide levels, which means that certain regions may have higher consumption levels of certain resources than others due to greater resources without overconsuming a resource. A long-term pattern of overconsumption in any given region or ecological system can cause a reduction in natural resources that often results in environmental degradation. However, this is only when applying the word to human impacts on the environment. When used in an economic sense, this point is defined as when the marginal cost of a consumer is equal to their marginal utility. Gossen's law of diminishing utility states that at this point, the consumer realizes the cost of consuming/purchasing another item/good is not worth the amount of utility (also known as happiness or satisfaction from the good) they'd receive, and therefore is not conducive to the consumer's wellbeing. When used in the environmental sense, the discussion of overconsumption often parallels that of population size and growth, and human development: more people demanding higher qualities of living, currently requires greater extraction of resources, which causes subsequent environmental degradation such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Currently, the inhabitants of high wealth, \"developed\" nations consume resources at a rate almost 32 times greater than those of the developing world, who make up the majority of the human population (7.9 billion people). However, the developing world is a growing consumer market. These nations are quickly gaining more purchasing power and it is expected that the Global South, which includes cities in Asia, America, and Africa, will account for 56% of consumption growth by 2030. This means that if current trends continue relative consumption rates will shift more into these developing countries, whereas developed countries would start to plateau. Sustainable Development Goal 12 \"responsible consumption and production\" is the main international policy tool with goals to abate the impact of overconsumption. Causes Economic growth Economic",
"title": "Overconsumption (economics)"
},
{
"docid": "28730644",
"text": "Environmentally sustainable design (also called environmentally conscious design, eco-design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of ecological sustainability and also aimed at improving the health and comfort of occupants in a building. Sustainable design seeks to reduce negative impacts on the environment, the health and well-being of building occupants, thereby improving building performance. The basic objectives of sustainability are to reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources, minimize waste, and create healthy, productive environments. Theory The sustainable design intends to \"eliminate negative environmental impact through skillful sensitive design\". Manifestations of sustainable design require renewable resources and innovation to impact the environment minimally, and connect people with the natural environment. \"Human beings don't have a pollution problem; they have a design problem. If humans were to devise products, tools, furniture, homes, factories, and cities more intelligently from the start, they wouldn't even need to think in terms of waste, contamination, or scarcity. Good design would allow for abundance, endless reuse, and pleasure.\" - The Upcycle by authors Michael Braungart and William McDonough, 2013. Design-related decisions are happening everywhere daily, impacting \"sustainable development\" or provisioning for the needs of future generations of life on earth. Sustainability and design are intimately linked. Quite simply, our future is designed. The term \"design\" is here used to refer to practices applied to the making of products, services, as well as business and innovation strategies — all of which inform sustainability. Sustainability can be thought of as the property of continuance; that is, what is sustainable can be continued. Conceptual problems Diminishing returns The principle that all directions of progress run out, ending with diminishing returns, is evident in the typical 'S' curve of the technology life cycle and in the useful life of any system as discussed in industrial ecology and life cycle assessment. Diminishing returns are the result of reaching natural limits. Common business management practice is to read diminishing returns in any direction of effort as an indication of diminishing opportunity, the potential for accelerating decline, and a signal to seek new opportunities elsewhere. (see also: law of diminishing returns, marginal utility, and Jevons paradox.) Unsustainable investment A problem arises when the limits of a resource are hard to see, so increasing investment in response to diminishing returns may seem profitable as in the Tragedy of the Commons, but may lead to a collapse. This problem of increasing investment in diminishing resources has also been studied as a cause of civilization collapse by Joseph Tainter among others. This natural error in investment policy contributed to the collapse of both the Roman and Mayan, among others. Relieving over-stressed resources requires reducing pressure on them, not continually increasing it whether more efficiently or not. Negative Effects of Waste The designer is responsible for choices that place a demand on natural resources, produce waste, and potentially cause irreversible ecosystem damage. About 80 million tonnes of waste in total are generated in the U.K. alone, for",
"title": "Sustainable design"
},
{
"docid": "1018783",
"text": "In microeconomics, a consumer's Marshallian demand function (named after Alfred Marshall) is the quantity they demand of a particular good as a function of its price, their income, and the prices of other goods, a more technical exposition of the standard demand function. It is a solution to the utility maximization problem of how the consumer can maximize their utility for given income and prices. A synonymous term is uncompensated demand function, because when the price rises the consumer is not compensated with higher nominal income for the fall in their real income, unlike in the Hicksian demand function. Thus the change in quantity demanded is a combination of a substitution effect and a wealth effect. Although Marshallian demand is in the context of partial equilibrium theory, it is sometimes called Walrasian demand as used in general equilibrium theory (named after Léon Walras). According to the utility maximization problem, there are commodities with price vector and choosable quantity vector . The consumer has income , and hence a budget set of affordable packages where is the dot product of the price and quantity vectors. The consumer has a utility function The consumer's Marshallian demand correspondence is defined to be Revealed preference Marshall's theory suggests that pursuit of utility is a motivational factor to a consumer which can be attained through the consumption of goods or service. The amount of consumer's utility is dependent on the level of consumption of a certain good, which is subject to the fundamental tendency of human nature and it is described as the law of diminishing marginal utility. As utility maximum always exists, Marshallian demand correspondence must be nonempty at every value that corresponds with the standard budget set. Uniqueness is called a correspondence because in general it may be set-valued - there may be several different bundles that attain the same maximum utility. In some cases, there is a unique utility-maximizing bundle for each price and income situation; then, is a function and it is called the Marshallian demand function. If the consumer has strictly convex preferences and the prices of all goods are strictly positive, then there is a unique utility-maximizing bundle. To prove this, suppose, by contradiction, that there are two different bundles, and , that maximize the utility. Then and are equally preferred. By definition of strict convexity, the mixed bundle is strictly better than . But this contradicts the optimality of . Continuity The maximum theorem implies that if: The utility function is continuous with respect to , The correspondence is non-empty, compact-valued, and continuous with respect to , then is an upper-semicontinuous correspondence. Moreover, if is unique, then it is a continuous function of and . Combining with the previous subsection, if the consumer has strictly convex preferences, then the Marshallian demand is unique and continuous. In contrast, if the preferences are not convex, then the Marshallian demand may be non-unique and non-continuous. Homogeneity The optimal Marshallian demand correspondence of a continuous utility function is a homogeneous function with",
"title": "Marshallian demand function"
},
{
"docid": "8389168",
"text": "The Averch–Johnson effect is the tendency of regulated companies to engage in excessive amounts of capital accumulation in order to expand the volume of their profits. If companies' profits to capital ratio is regulated at a certain percentage then there is a strong incentive for companies to over-invest in order to increase profits overall. This investment goes beyond any optimal efficiency point for capital that the company may have calculated as higher profit is almost always desired over and above efficiency. Excessive capital accumulation under rate-of-return regulation is informally known as gold plating. But the so-called Averch-Johnson effect of overcapitalization does not as a general case involve \"gold-plating\". Mathematical derivation Suppose that a regulated firm wishes to maximize its profit:where is the revenue function, is the firm's capital stock, is the firm's labor stock, is the wage rate, and is the cost of capital. The firm's profit is constrained such that:where is the allowable rate of return. Assume that . We may then form a functional to find the firm's optimal action:where is the Lagrange multiplier (also known as the shadow price). The derivatives of this functional are:Taken together, this implies that:The ratio of the marginal product of capital and the marginal product of labor is:Since this new cost of capital is perceived to be less than the market cost of capital, the firm will tend to overinvest in capital. See also Law and economics Public utilities commission Rate-of-return regulation References Further reading Greer, Monica (2012). Electricity Marginal Cost Pricing: Applications in Eliciting Demand Responses. Waltham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Lesser, Jonathan A.; Giacchino, Leonardo R. (2013). Fundamentals of Energy Regulation (2nd ed.). Public Utilities Reports, Inc. Willis, H. Lee; Philipson, Lorrin (2019). Understanding Electric Utilities and De-Regulation. Power Engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. External links Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation: Incentive Features and Other Properties The Averch Johnson Effect Economics of regulation Law and economics Mathematical economics Public utilities",
"title": "Averch–Johnson effect"
},
{
"docid": "3701635",
"text": "William Forster Lloyd FRS (1794 – 2 June 1852) was a British writer on economics. He is best known today for one of his 1833 lectures on population control which have influenced writers in modern economic theory. Life Born in 1794 at Bradenham, Buckinghamshire, he was the fourth son of Thomas Lloyd, rector of Aston-sub-Edge, and his wife, Elizabeth Ryder; Charles Lloyd was his elder brother. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating BA in 1815 and MA in 1818. He was Greek Reader in 1823, Mathematical lecturer and Drummond Professor of Political Economy (1832–1837) at Christ Church, Oxford (successor to Nassau Senior). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1834, and died at Prestwood, Missenden, Buckinghamshire in 1852. Influential lectures Lloyd published several of his lectures. In his Two Lectures on the Checks to Population (1833) he introduced the concept of the overuse of a common by its commoners (i.e. those with rights of use and access to it), which was later to be developed by the economist H. Scott Gordon and later still by the ecologist Garrett Hardin and termed by Hardin \"The Tragedy of the Commons\". However, Hardin's use of Lloyd's example has frequently been misunderstood, leading him to later remark that he should have titled his work \"The Tragedy of the Unmanaged Commons\". The key passage in Lloyd's work is: \"If a person puts more cattle into his own field, the amount of the subsistence which they consume is all deducted from that which was at the command, of his original stock; and if, before, there was no more than a sufficiency of pasture, he reaps no benefit from the additional cattle, what is gained in one way being lost in another. But if he puts more cattle on a common, the food which they consume forms a deduction which is shared between all the cattle, as well that of others as his own, in proportion to their number, and only a small part of it is taken from his own cattle. In an inclosed pasture, there is a point of saturation, if I may so call it, (by which, I mean a barrier depending on considerations of interest,) beyond which no prudent man will add to his stock. In a common, also, there is in like manner a point of saturation. But the position of the point in the two cases is obviously different. Were a number of adjoining pastures, already fully stocked, to be at once thrown open, and converted into one vast common, the position of the point of saturation would immediately be changed\". In his Lectures on Population, Value, Poor Laws and Rent (1837) he introduced a concise and complete statement of the concept of diminishing marginal utility, and connected demand to value, but he presents neither derivation nor elaboration. Still this contribution places him clearly in the ranks of the Oxford-Dublin school of proto-Marginalists. Major works of William F. Lloyd Lecture on the Notion",
"title": "William Forster Lloyd"
},
{
"docid": "64671",
"text": "The Airline Deregulation Act is a 1978 United States federal law that deregulated the airline industry in the United States, removing federal control over such areas as fares, routes, and market entry of new airlines. The act gradually phased out and disbanded the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), but the regulatory powers of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) were not diminished over all aspects of aviation safety. History Since 1938, the federal CAB had regulated all domestic interstate air transport routes as a public utility, setting fares, routes, and schedules. Airlines that flew only intrastate routes, however, were not regulated by the CAB but were regulated by the governments of the states in which they operated. One way that the CAB promoted air travel was generally attempting to hold fares down in the short-haul market, which would be subsidized by higher fares in the long-haul market. The CAB also had to ensure that the airlines had a reasonable rate of return. The CAB had earned a reputation for bureaucratic complacency; airlines were subject to lengthy delays when they applied for new routes or fare changes, and were often not approved. For example, World Airways applied to begin a low-fare New York City–to–Los Angeles route in 1967; the CAB studied the request for over six years, only to dismiss it because the record was \"stale\". Continental Airlines began service between Denver and San Diego after eight years only because a United States Court of Appeals ordered the CAB to approve the application. This rigid system encountered tremendous pressure in the 1970s. The 1973 oil crisis and stagflation radically changed the economic environment, as did technological advances such as the jumbo jet. Most major airlines, whose profits were virtually guaranteed, favored the rigid system, but passengers who were forced to pay escalating fares were against it and were joined by communities that subsidized air service at ever-higher rates. The United States Congress became concerned that air transport, in the long run, might follow the nation's railroads into trouble. The Penn Central Railroad had collapsed in 1970, which was at that time the largest bankruptcy in history; this resulted in a huge taxpayer-funded bailout and the creation of the government-owned corporations Conrail and Amtrak. Leading economists had argued for several decades that the regulation led to inefficiency and higher costs. The Carter administration argued that the industry and its customers would benefit from new entrants, the abolishing of price regulation, and reduced control over routes and hub cities. In 1970 and 1971, the Council of Economic Advisers in the Nixon administration, along with the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice and other agencies, proposed legislation to diminish price collusion and entry barriers in rail and trucking transportation. While the initiative was in process in the Ford administration, the Senate Judiciary Committee, which had jurisdiction over antitrust law, began hearings on airline deregulation in 1975. Senator Edward \"Ted\" Kennedy took the lead in the hearings. The committee was deemed a friendlier forum",
"title": "Airline Deregulation Act"
},
{
"docid": "13966180",
"text": "Consumption smoothing is an economic concept for the practice of optimizing a person's standard of living through an appropriate balance between savings and consumption over time. An optimal consumption rate should be relatively similar at each stage of a person's life rather than fluctuate wildly. Luxurious consumption at an old age does not compensate for an impoverished existence at other stages in one's life. Since income tends to be hump-shaped across an individual's life, economic theory suggests that individuals should on average have low or negative savings rate at early stages in their life, high in middle age, and negative during retirement. Although many popular books on personal finance advocate that individuals should at all stages of their life set aside money in savings, economist James Choi states that this deviates from the advice of economists. Expected utility model The graph below illustrates the expected utility model, in which U(c) is increasing in and concave in c. This shows that there are diminishing marginal returns associated with consumption, as each additional unit of consumption adds less utility. The expected utility model states that individuals want to maximize their expected utility, as defined as the weighted sum of utilities across states of the world. The weights in this model are the probabilities of each state of the world happening. According to the \"more is better\" principle, the first order condition will be positive; however, the second order condition will be negative, due to the principle of diminishing marginal utility. Due to the concave actual utility, marginal utility decreases as consumption increase; as a result, it is favorable to reduce consumption in states of high income to increase consumption in low income states. Expected utility can be modeled as: where: = probability you will lose all your wealth/consumption = wealth The model shows expected utility as the sum of the probability of being in a bad state multiplied by utility of being in a bad state and the probability of being in a good state multiplied by utility of being in a good state. Similarly, actuarially fair insurance can also be modeled: where: = probability you will lose all your wealth/consumption = wealth = damages An actuarially fair premium to pay for insurance would be the insurance premium that is set equal to the insurer's expected payout, so that the insurer will expect to earn zero profit. Some individuals are risk-averse, as shown by the graph above. The blue line, is curved upwards, revealing that this particular individual is risk-averse. If the blue line was curved downwards, this would reveal the preference for a risk-seeking individual. Additionally, a straight line would reveal a risk-neutral individual. Insurance and consumption smoothing To see the model of consumption smoothing in real life, a great example that exemplifies this is insurance. One method that people use to consumption smooth across different periods is by purchasing insurance. Insurance is important because it allows people to translate consumption from periods where their consumption is high (having a low",
"title": "Consumption smoothing"
},
{
"docid": "11724160",
"text": "Within economics, margin is a concept used to describe the current level of consumption or production of a good or service. Margin also encompasses various concepts within economics, denoted as marginal concepts, which are used to explain the specific change in the quantity of goods and services produced and consumed. These concepts are central to the economic theory of marginalism. This is a theory that states that economic decisions are made in reference to incremental units at the margin, and it further suggests that the decision on whether an individual or entity will obtain additional units of a good or service depending on the marginal utility of the product. These marginal concepts are used to theorise various market behaviours and form the basis of price theory. It is a central idea within microeconomics and is used to predict the demand and supply of goods and services within an economy. Marginal concepts Marginal cost Marginal cost is the change in monetary cost associated with an increase in the quantity of production of a certain good or service. It is measured in dollars per unit, and includes all the variable costs that alter depending on the level of production. Marginal cost differs from average cost as it solely provides the additional cost of one unit, rather than the average cost of each unit. The marginal cost function is the slope of the total cost function. Thus, given a continuous and differentiable cost function, the marginal cost function is the derivative of the cost function with respect to the quantity produced. Marginal utility Marginal utility describes the added satisfaction or benefits a consumer will obtain by purchasing an additional product or service. The marginal utility can be positive, negative or zero. A negative marginal utility states that the user gains dissatisfaction from an additional unit, whilst a marginal utility of zero states that no satisfaction is gained from the additional unit. Within marginal utility, the law of diminishing marginal utility describes that the benefit to a consumer of an additional unit is inversely related to the number of current units, demonstrating that the added benefit of each new unit is less than the unit prior. An example of this could be demonstrated by a family buying dinner. The 1st plate of food would have a greater marginal utility than the 30th plate of food, as the families hunger would be reduced and they would thus obtain less value from it. Marginal rate of substitution The marginal rate of substitution is the least favourable rate an individual or entity would exchange a good or service for another good or service. The marginal rate of substitution is associated with the value an individual or entity places on each unit, and would only trade if it provides a positive net value, whereby the value of the good or service obtained is greater than the one given away. The marginal rate of substitution is calculated between two goods placed on the indifference curve, displaying the utility of",
"title": "Margin (economics)"
},
{
"docid": "13671081",
"text": "In economics, the marginal product of capital (MPK) is the additional production that a firm experiences when it adds an extra unit of input. It is a feature of the production function, alongside the labour input. Definition The marginal product of capital (MPK) is the additional output resulting, ceteris paribus (\"all things being equal\"), from the use of an additional unit of physical capital, such as machines or buildings used by businesses. The marginal product of capital (MPK) is the amount of extra output the firm gets from an extra unit of capital, holding the amount of labor constant: Thus, the marginal product of capital is the difference between the amount of output produced with K + 1 units of capital and that produced with only K units of capital. Determining marginal product of capital is essential when a firm is debating on whether or not to invest on the additional unit of capital. The decision of increasing the production is only beneficial if the MPK is higher than the cost of capital of each additional unit. Otherwise, if the cost of capital is higher, the firm will be losing profit when adding extra units of physical capital. This concept equals the reciprocal of the incremental capital-output ratio. Mathematically, it is the partial derivative of the production function with respect to capital. If production output , then Diminishing marginal returns One of the key assumptions in economics is diminishing returns, that is the marginal product of capital is positive but decreasing in the level of capital stock, or mathematically Graphically, this evidence can be observed by the curve shown on the graphic, which represents the effect of capital, K, on the output, Y. If the quantity of labor input, L, is hold fixed, the slope of the curve at any point resemble the marginal product of capital. In a low quantity of capital, such as point A, the slope is steeper than in point B, due to diminishing returns of capital. By other words, the additional unit of capital has diminishing productivity, once the increase on production becomes less and less significant, as K rises. Example Consider a furniture firm, in which labour input, that is, the number of employees is given as fixed, and capital input is translated in the number of machines of one of its factories. If the firm has no machines, it would produce zero furnitures. If there is one machine in the factory, sixteen furnitures would be produced. When there are two machines, twenty eight furnitures are built. However, as the number of machines available increase, the change in the output turns out to be less significant compared to the previous number. That fact can be observed in the marginal product which begins to decrease: diminishing marginal returns. This is justified by the fact that there is not enough employees to work with the extra machines, so the value that these additional units bring to the company, in terms of output generated, starts to decrease.",
"title": "Marginal product of capital"
},
{
"docid": "45295325",
"text": "The Alliance for Solar Choice (TASC) leads rooftop solar power advocacy efforts across the United States. Founded by the largest rooftop solar energy companies in the United States of America, TASC represents the vast majority of the rooftop solar market. Its members include: Demeter Power Group, SunTime Energy, Geostellar, Inc., LGCY Power, Sunrun, and Solar Universe. TASC member companies are responsible for thousands of jobs and hundreds of thousands of rooftop solar installations on homes, schools, businesses, and government buildings across the country. According to recent Center for American Progress (CAP) studies, rooftop solar systems are now seeing overwhelming adoption in middle-class neighborhoods with median incomes ranging from $40,000 to $90,000. Overview EEI Publishes \"Disruptive Challenges\" In January 2013, the utility trade association Edison Electric Institute (EEI) issued a report titled “Disruptive Challenges: Financial Implications and Strategic Responses to a Changing Retail Electric Business”. The report describes the increasing popularity of consumer-driven rooftop solar, energy efficiency, and demand response as a “vicious cycle.” It details how utilities view rooftop solar as a “disruption” to their current business model, which guarantees utilities specific profit margins from large infrastructure projects funded by ratepayers. Peter Kind of Energy Infrastructure Advocates, the author of the report, makes recommendations on how electric utilities can defend against these ‘disruptive challenges.’ TASC and others in the solar industry have been working since 2013 to defend against utility attacks on core rooftop solar policies across the country. Net Energy Metering and Opposition to Solar Net energy metering, or ‘NEM’, provides full retail credit to residents, businesses, schools, and other public agencies when their solar systems export surplus energy to the grid. The utility then ends up selling this surplus energy to other customers nearby. Utility companies typically oppose widespread NEM adoption and have attempted to block the growth of rooftop solar usage, a strategy reported by the press. Another utility strategy in opposition to solar has been to introduce legislation to monopolize the rooftop solar market. In 2014, utilities in South Carolina and Washington pushed legislation with this intention. TASC successfully lead efforts to defeat both attempts. VOSTs, FITs and Their Weaknesses Utilities also advocate for Value of Solar Tariffs (VOSTs) and Feed-in Tariffs (FITs). As revealed by national law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher and Flom LLP, VOSTs create hidden taxes for consumers. In addition, VOSTs create annual market uncertainty that can hurt solar businesses, and they eliminate a customer’s right to actually use the power they generate. This right to use the power produced from solar panels on-site is philosophically important for many solar customers. With VOSTs and FITs, utilities control a homeowner’s solar energy. The homeowner has to sell all of their solar power to the utility as it’s produced. They buy all of the electricity they consume from the utility. The utility determines the price the homeowner receives for the solar power, and the homeowner – as indicated by the Skadden tax memo from – could be required to pay taxes on these payments.",
"title": "The Alliance for Solar Choice"
},
{
"docid": "15628625",
"text": "As defined by the Austrian School of economics the marginal use of a good or service is the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase, or the specific use of the good or service that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. The usefulness of the marginal use thus corresponds to the marginal utility of the good or service. On the assumption that an agent is economically rational, each increase would be put to the specific, feasible, previously unrealized use of greatest priority, and each decrease would result in abandonment of the use of lowest priority amongst the uses to which the good or service had been put. And, in the absence of a complementarity across uses, the “law” of diminishing marginal utility will obtain. The Austrian School of economics explicitly arrives at its conception of marginal utility as the utility of the marginal use, and “Grenznutzen” (the Austrian School term from which “marginal utility” was originally derived in translation) literally means border-use; other schools usually do not make an explicit connection. See also Marginalism References Marginal concepts Consumer theory Utility Austrian School",
"title": "Marginal use"
},
{
"docid": "964465",
"text": "\"Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den\" is a short narrative poem written in Literary Chinese that is composed of about 94 characters (depending on the specific version) in which every word is pronounced shi () when read in modern Standard Chinese, a dialect based on the Mandarin Chinese spoken in Beijing, with only the tones differing. The poem was written in the 1930s by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao as a linguistic demonstration. The poem is coherent and grammatical in Literary Chinese, but due to the number of Chinese homophones, it becomes difficult to understand in oral speech. In Mandarin, the poem is incomprehensible when read aloud, since only four syllables cover all the words of the poem. The poem is somewhat more comprehensible when read in other varieties such as Cantonese, in which it has 22 different syllables, or Hokkien Chinese, in which it has 15 different syllables. The poem is an example of a one-syllable article, a form of constrained writing possible in tonal languages such as Mandarin Chinese, where tonal contours expand the range of meaning for a single syllable. Explanation The Chinese languages are tonal—meaning that changes in pitch can change the meaning of words. When written using a romanized script, the poem is an example of Chinese antanaclasis. The poem shows the flexibility of the Chinese language in many ways, including wording, syntax, punctuation, and sentence structures, which gives rise to various explanations. The poem can be interpreted as an objection to the romanization of Chinese, demonstrating the author's critique of proposals to replace Chinese characters with Latin letters—a move that could potentially lead to the marginalization or elimination of traditional Chinese script. The 20th-century linguist Yuen Ren Chao utilized this poem to illustrate the complexities and unique attributes of the Chinese language, arguing that simplification and romanization would undermine its rich tonal and logographic system. Utilizing this poem, Yuen Ren Chao aimed to highlight the challenges of translating the nuanced tones and homophones of Classical Chinese into a romanized script, potentially diminishing the language's depth and historical richness. This demonstration contrasts Classical Chinese's literary and formal tradition with the spoken vernacular languages of China, emphasizing the intrinsic value of the written Chinese language over attempts to phoneticize it for everyday use. The written poem is easy to understand for those familiar with Chinese characters, each of which is associated with a distinct core meaning. It remains intelligible in its spoken form in varieties of Chinese other than Mandarin. However, in its romanized form or when spoken in Mandarin, it becomes confusing. Evolution The loss of older sound combinations in Chinese over the centuries has greatly increased the number of Chinese homophones. Many words in the passage had distinct sounds in Middle Chinese, but over time, all of the varieties of Chinese have merged and split different sounds. For example, when the same passage is read in Cantonese (even modern Cantonese) there are seven distinct syllables—ci, sai, sap, sat, sek, si, sik—in six distinct",
"title": "Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den"
},
{
"docid": "838415",
"text": "Ideal type (), also known as pure type, is a typological term most closely associated with the sociologist Max Weber (1864–1920). For Weber, the conduct of social science depends upon the construction of abstract, hypothetical concepts. The \"ideal type\" is therefore a subjective element in social theory and research, and one of the subjective elements distinguishing sociology from natural science. Meaning An ideal type is formed from characteristics and elements of the given phenomena, but it is not meant to correspond to all of the characteristics of any one particular case. It is not meant to refer to perfect things, moral ideals nor to statistical averages but rather to stress certain elements common to most cases of the given phenomenon. In using the word \"ideal,\" Max Weber refers to the world of ideas (, \"mental images\") and not to perfection; these \"ideal types\" are idea-constructs that help put the seeming chaos of social reality in order. Weber wrote: \"An ideal type is formed by the one-sided accentuation of one or more points of view and by the synthesis of a great many diffuse, discrete, more or less present and occasionally absent concrete individual phenomena, which are arranged according to those onesidedly emphasized viewpoints into a unified analytical construct...\" Therefore, ideal types are a form of perfect representation. It is a useful tool for comparative sociology in analyzing social or economic phenomena, having advantages over a very general, abstract idea and a specific historical example. It can be used to analyze both a general, suprahistorical phenomenon such as capitalism or historically unique occurrences such as in Weber's Protestant Ethics analysis. To try to understand a particular phenomenon, one must not only describe the actions of its participants but \"interpret\" them by classifying behavior as belonging to some prior \"ideal type.\" Weber described four \"ideal types\" of behavior: zweckrational (goal-rationality), wertrational (value-rationality), affektual (emotional-rationality), and traditional (custom, unconscious habit). Weber states that an \"ideal type\" never seeks to claim its validity in terms of a reproduction of or correspondence with social reality. Its validity can be ascertained only in terms of adequacy, which is too conveniently ignored by the proponents of positivism. This does not mean, however, that objectivity, limited as it is, can be gained by \"weighing the various evaluations against one another and making a 'statesman-like' compromise among them\", which is often proposed as a solution by those propounding methodological perspectivism. Such a practice, which Weber calls \"syncretism\", is not only impossible but also unethical, for it avoids \"the practical duty to stand up for our own ideals\" [Weber 1904/1949, p. 58]. Scholarly reception It is commonly argued that idealization plays a key role in the methodology of other social sciences, especially of economics. For example, homo economicus is the result of a consistent abstraction-idealization process. One of the fundamental axioms of neoclassical economics, the law of diminishing marginal utility, followed from the highlighting of Weber-Fechner's law in psychophysics, which highlights that the growth of subjectively perceived intensity of recurrent",
"title": "Ideal type"
},
{
"docid": "1030670",
"text": "This is a list of \"laws\" applied to various disciplines. These are often adages or predictions with the appellation 'Law', although they do not apply in the legal sense, cannot be scientifically tested, or are intended only as rough descriptions (rather than applying in each case). These 'laws' are sometimes called rules of thumb. See List of legal topics for 'laws' in the legal sense. See List of scientific laws for falsifiable laws that are said to apply universally and literally. General Benford's law Hilt's law Stigler's law of eponymy Goodhart's law Astronomy and cosmology Hubble's law Titius–Bode law Dermott's law Technology Amdahl's law (maximum possible speed-up to a parallel program when adding more computing power) Bell's law of computer classes (corollary to Moore's law for computer class formation) Brooks's law Conway's law Dennard scaling Engelbart's law Eroom's law Godwin's law (Prediction of internet debating patterns) Grosch's law Gustafson's law Haitz's law – analog to Moore's law for LEDs Hick's law Kryder's law Koomey's law Landauer's principle Linus's law (software development) Metcalfe's law Moore's law (hardware development) Neven's law Reed's law Swanson's law Wirth's law Wright's law Zimmerman's law Economic Laws of supply and demand Gresham's law Say's law Law of diminishing marginal utility Ricardo's law Okun's law Linguistic Aitken's Law - synchronic rule in Scottish varieties of English Bartholomae's law - regarding historical sound changes in Indo-Iranian Bartsch's law - regarding historical sound changes in French Brugmann's law - regarding historical sound changes in Indo-Iranian Dahl's law - synchronic rule in Bantu languages Dorsey's law - synchronic rule in Winnebago Grassmann's law - regarding historical sound changes in ancient Greek and Sanskrit Grimm's law – regarding historical sound changes in Proto-Germanic Hirt's law - regarding historical sound changes in Balto-Slavic Osthoff's law - regarding historical sound changes in Indo-European Pedersen's law - regarding historical sound changes in Balto-Slavic Philippi's law - regarding historical sound changes in Biblical Hebrew Verner's law - an exception to Grimm's law Wackernagel's law - regarding position of clitics in syntax Whorf's law - regarding historical sound changes in Proto-Uto-Aztecan Winter's law - regarding historical sound changes in Balto-Slavic See also Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages Mathematical Associative Law of Addition Associative Law of Multiplication Commutative law of addition Commutative Law of Multiplication Distributive laws Law of large numbers Science fiction authors Clarke's three laws Niven's laws Sturgeon's law Three Laws of Robotics (Isaac Asimov's fictional set of laws) Wizard's First Rule (law) Biological Bergmann's rule Llinás' law Briffault's law Kleiber's law Rensch's rule Rubner's law Related lists List of eponymous laws List of scientific laws named after people Society-related lists",
"title": "List of laws"
},
{
"docid": "5399993",
"text": "Derogation is a legal term of art, which allows for part or all of a provision in a legal measure to be applied differently, or not at all, in certain cases. The term is also used in Catholic canon law, and in this context differs from dispensation in that it applies to the law, whereas dispensation applies to specific people affected by the law. Definitions Black's Law Dictionary defines derogation as \"the partial repeal or abolishing of a law, as by a subsequent act which limits its scope or impairs its utility and force\". It is sometimes used, loosely, to mean abrogation, as in the legal maxim lex posterior derogat priori (\"a subsequent law derogates the previous one\"). According to West's Encyclopedia of American Law, derogation \"implies the taking away of only some part of a law\", or it is a \"partial repeal of a law, usually by a subsequent act that in some way diminishes its original intent or scope\", so distinguished from annulment, defined as the destruction of the law by \"an act of the legislative power, by constitutional authority, or by usage\". Black's also distinguishes from what it calls \"abrogation, which means the entire repeal and annulment of a law\". In the law of treaties, derogation means the setting aside of some provision or requirement of the treaty. The party to the treaty is said to have \"derogated from\" that provision. In human rights law, the term may carry the additional meaning of a national legislature suspending an obligation for a legitimate objective, usually a national security exception or some other extraordinary circumstance relating to the maintenance of public order. History Jura regalia In the conflict between English common law and ecclesiastical courts, both existed as legal systems of equal validity in one geographic space. By the mid 14th century the English Parliament had attempted to limit ecclesiastical jurisdiction with the Statute of Praemunire. Based on the legislation, litigants in ecclesiastical courts argued that canon law, under the authority of Rome, was a derogation of the rights of the English crown, and argued for damages and criminal penalties under that statute. After the Reformation, appealing to the Roman (or \"spiritual\") jurisdiction was considered punishable as an offence in derogation of the king's authority. Edward Coke argued that derogating from the common law was the same as diminishing the authority of the King. According to Coke, the royal power had been undermined by the ecclesiastical jurisdiction: \"the pope had usurped spiritual jurisdiction of this realm in derogation of the imperial crown of the king.\" Coke defended royal supremacy in De Iure Regis Ecclesiastico in a historical commentary of the common law's protection of royal authority against papal subversion. Common law There is a legal maxim: Statutes in derogation of the common law are to be strictly construed. This is also called the \"derogation canon\". After the American Civil War legislation started to become more important, and some people saw common law as a way of expanding and discovering",
"title": "Derogation"
},
{
"docid": "50231897",
"text": "Resource monotonicity (RM; aka aggregate monotonicity) is a principle of fair division. It says that, if there are more resources to share, then all agents should be weakly better off; no agent should lose from the increase in resources. The RM principle has been studied in various division problems. Allocating divisible resources Single homogeneous resource, general utilities Suppose society has units of some homogeneous divisible resource, such as water or flour. The resource should be divided among agents with different utilities. The utility of agent is represented by a function ; when agent receives units of resource, he derives from it a utility of . Society has to decide how to divide the resource among the agents, i.e, to find a vector such that: . Two classic allocation rules are the egalitarian rule - aiming to equalize the utilities of all agents (equivalently: maximize the minimum utility), and the utilitarian rule - aiming to maximize the sum of utilities. The egalitarian rule is always RM: when there is more resource to share, the minimum utility that can be guaranteed to all agents increases, and all agents equally share the increase. In contrast, the utilitarian rule might be not RM. For example, suppose there are two agents, Alice and Bob, with the following utilities: The egalitarian allocation is found by solving the equation: , which is equivalent to , so is monotonically increasing with . An equivalent equation is: , which is equivalent to , so too is monotonically increasing with . So in this example (as always) the egalitarian rule is RM. In contrast, the utilitarian rule is not RM. This is because Alice has increasing returns: her marginal utility is small when she has few resources, but it increases fast when she has many resources. Hence, when the total amount of resource is small (specifically, ), the utilitarian sum is maximized when all resources are given to Bob; but when there are many resources (), the maximum is attained when all resources are given to Alice. Mathematically, if is the amount given to Alice, then the utilitarian sum is . This function has only an internal minimum point but not an internal maximum point; its maximum point in the range is attained in one of the endpoints. It is the left endpoint when and the right endpoint when . In general, the utilitarian allocation rule is RM when all agents have diminishing returns, but it may be not RM when some agents have increasing returns (as in the example). Thus, if society uses the utilitarian rule to allocate resources, then Bob loses value when the amount of resources increases. This is bad because it gives Bob an incentive against economic growth: Bob will try to keep the total amount small in order to keep his own share large. Two complementary resources, Leontief utilities Consider a cloud server with some units of RAM and CPU. There are two users with different types of tasks: The tasks of Alice need 1",
"title": "Resource monotonicity"
},
{
"docid": "59878378",
"text": "Various cultures throughout Africa utilize insects for many things and have developed unique interactions with insects: as food sources, for sale or trade in markets, or for use in traditional practices and rituals, as ethnomedicine or as part of their traditional ecological knowledge. As food, also known as entomophagy, a variety of insects are collected as part of a protein rich source of nutrition for marginal communities. Entomophagy had been part of traditional culture throughout Africa, though this activity has been diminishing gradually with the influx of Western culture and market economies. Often the collection of insects for food has been the activity of children, both male and female. Within Southern Africa different communities have established practices for regulating and maintaining their insect harvests. Some groups, through taboos, ritual, and hierarchical organizational structures acting as regulating bodies, have maintained their traditional practice for centuries. They monitor the development of certain caterpillar species' life cycles to ensure proper time frame for harvesting and sustainability. Understanding the diversity of relationships to nature is a crucial aspect of fully grasping and contending with the challenges of modernity and ecology. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations report from January 2012, it has been recommended that insects be utilized both for human consumption as well as for animal feed. However, as the climate changes many agencies are reporting on the risk of the decline in insect populations within the larger ongoing phenomenon of biodiversity loss and how it may affect the world's ecology. Southern Africa Blouberg, Limpopo Maize is a staple crop of Blouberg, Limpopo. Yet due to the processing methods of removing the germ and pericarp, maize is a poor source of protein which often requires supplementation. Within the Blouberg Region, Limpopo, there are some 30 species of insect which are considered edible, and of those, the caterpillar Hemijana variegata Rothschild (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae) is considered a delicacy while being nutritionally sound. Depending on how it is prepared, the nutritional values of protein, carbohydrate, fat, and essential vitamins varies. According to B.A. Egan et al. (2014) the fortification of staple cereals with insects would positively affect the protein content of the community's diet, and should be promoted as a healthy alternative to beef. Traditional preparation Hemijana variegata Rothschild are sold in local markets in the village of Ga Manaka. In this market, the caterpillars are collected by locals in the surrounding forests near Blouberg Mountain and transported back for preparation. Local residents report it was important to wash them after collection. They would wash them three times and purge them, before boiling them in salty water for an hour. They are then sun dried until brittle and the hairs are \"shaken off by 'winnowing' in a basket or bucket.\" Nutrition The Hemijana variegata has protein content that exceeds that of more common livestock such as cows or chickens when measured per gram. The energy, and protein content of the caterpillars which had been traditionally dried had been lower than that",
"title": "Human interactions with insects in southern Africa"
},
{
"docid": "1096607",
"text": "Feminist legal theory, also known as feminist jurisprudence, is based on the belief that the law has been fundamental in women's historical subordination. Feminist jurisprudence the philosophy of law is based on the political, economic, and social inequality of the sexes and feminist legal theory is the encompassment of law and theory connected.The project of feminist legal theory is twofold. First, feminist jurisprudence seeks to explain ways in which the law played a role in women's former subordinate status. Feminist legal theory was directly created to recognize and combat the legal system built primarily by the and for male intentions, often forgetting important components and experiences women and marginalized communities face. The law perpetuates a male valued system at the expense of female values. Through making sure all people have access to participate in legal systems as professionals to combating cases in constitutional and discriminatory law, feminist legal theory is utilized for it all. Second, feminist legal theory is dedicated to changing women's status through a rework of the law and its approach to gender. It is a critique of American law that was created to change the way women were treated and how judges had applied the law in order to keep women in the same position they had been in for years. The women who worked in this area viewed law as holding women in a lower place in society than men based on gender assumptions, and judges have therefore relied on these assumptions to make their decisions. This movement originated in the 1960s and 1970s with the purpose of achieving equality for women by challenging laws that made distinctions on the basis of sex. One example of this sex-based discrimination during these times was the struggles for equal admission and access to their desired education. The women's experiences and persistence to fight for equal access led to low rates of retention and mental health issues, including anxiety disorders. Through their experiences, they were influenced to create new legal theory that fought for their rights and those that came after them in education and broader marginalized communities which led to the creation of the legal scholarship feminist legal theory in the 1970s and 1980s. It was crucial to allowing women to become their own people through becoming financially independent and having the ability to find real jobs that were not available to them before due to discrimination in employment. The foundation of feminist legal theory reflects these second and third-wave feminist struggles. However, feminist legal theorists today extend their work beyond overt discrimination by employing a variety of approaches to understand and address how the law contributes to gender inequality. History The first known use of the term feminist jurisprudence was in the late 1970s by Ann Scales during the planning process for Celebration 25, a party and conference held in 1978 to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the first women graduating from Harvard Law School. The term was first published in 1978 in the first issue of",
"title": "Feminist legal theory"
},
{
"docid": "12886649",
"text": "Principles of Economics is a leading political economy or economics textbook of Alfred Marshall (1842–1924), first published in 1890. It was the standard text for generations of economics students. Called his magnum opus, it ran to eight editions by 1920. A ninth (variorum) edition was published in 1961, edited in 2 volumes by C. W. Guillebaud. Writing Marshall began writing the Principles of Economics in 1881 and he spent much of the next decade at work on the treatise. His plan for the work gradually extended to a two-volume compilation on the whole of economic thought; the first volume was published in 1890 to worldwide acclaim that established him as one of the leading economists of his time. The second volume, which was to address foreign trade, money, trade fluctuations, taxation, and collectivism, was never published at all. Over the next two decades he worked to complete his second volume of the Principles, but his unyielding attention to detail and ambition for completeness prevented him from mastering the work's breadth. Contents Preface Book I. Preliminary Survey. I Introduction. II The Substance of Economics. III Economic Generalizations or Laws. IV The Order and Aims of Economic Studies. Book II. Some Fundamental Notions. I Introductory. II Wealth. III Production. Consumption. Labour. Necessaries. IV Income. Capital. Book III. On Wants and Their Satisfaction. I Introductory. II Wants In Relation To Activities. III Gradations Of Consumers' Demand. IV The Elasticity of Wants. V Choice Between Different Uses of the Same Thing. Immediate and Deferred Uses. VI Value and Utility. Book IV. The Agents of Production. Land, Labour, Capital and Organization. I Introductory. II The Fertility of Land. III The Fertility of Land, Continued. The Tendency To Diminishing Return. IV The Growth of Population. V The Health and Strength of the Population. VI Industrial Training. VII The Growth of Wealth. VIII Industrial Organization. IX Industrial Organization, Continued. Division of Labour. The Influence of Machinery. X Industrial Organization, Continued. The Concentration of Specialized Industries in Particular Localities. XI Industrial Organization, Continued. Production on a Large Scale. XII Industrial Organization, Continued. Business Management. XIII Conclusion. Correlation of the Tendencies To Increasing and To Diminishing Return. Book V. General Relations of Demand, Supply, and Value. I Introductory. On Markets. II Temporary Equilibrium of Demand and Supply. III Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Supply. IV The Investment and Distribution of Resources. V Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Supply, Continued, With Reference To Long and Short Periods. VI Joint and Composite Demand. Joint and Composite Supply. VII Prime and Total Cost in Relation To Joint Products. Cost of Marketing. Insurance Against Risk. Cost of Reproduction. VIII Marginal Costs in Relation To Values. General Principles. IX Marginal Costs in Relation To Values. General Principles, Continued. X Marginal Costs in Relation To Agricultural Values. XI Marginal Costs in Relation To Urban Values. XII Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Supply, Continued, With Reference To the Law of Increasing Return. XIII Theory of Changes of Normal Demand and Supply in Relation To the Doctrine",
"title": "Principles of Economics (Marshall book)"
},
{
"docid": "19287575",
"text": "Ricardian economics are the economic theories of David Ricardo, an English political economist born in 1772 who made a fortune as a stockbroker and loan broker. At the age of 27, he read An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith and was energised by the theories of economics. His main economic ideas are contained in On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817). This set out a series of theories which would later become theoretical underpinnings of both Marx's Das Kapital and Marshallian economics, including the theory of economic rent, the labour theory of value and above all the theory of comparative advantage. Ricardo wrote his first economic article ten years after reading Adam Smith and ultimately, the \"bullion controversy\" gave him fame in the economic community for his theory on inflation in 19th-century England. This theory became known as monetarism, the theory that excess currency leads to inflation. He also played a part in the emergence of classical economics, which meant he fought for free trade and free competition without government interference by enforcing laws or restrictions. The law of diminishing returns Another idea Ricardo is known for in his Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock is the Law of Diminishing Returns (Ricardo, Economic Essays, Henderson 826). The law of diminishing returns states that if you add more units to one of the factors of production and keep the rest constant, the quantity or output created by the extra units will eventually get smaller to a point where overall output will not rise (\"diminishing returns\"). For example, consider a simple farm that has two inputs: labor and land. Suppose the farm has 100 hectares of land and one worker (the labor input). This land-labor combination produces some level of output. If the amount of land is increased, and the amount of labor stays the same, the worker will have to give less attention to each acre of land (provided that nothing else changes). So, output may increase, though the additional (marginal) output from adding an acre of land may decrease. If more and more land is added that must be tended by this one worker, there will eventually be so much land that output starts to decrease as the worker becomes overwhelmed (that is, less labor time, on average, is devoted to each acre). This is the typical stylized result of increasing one productive input while holding the others constant (versus increasing all inputs, generating economies of scale). Comparative advantage Ricardo was opposed to tariffs and other restrictions on international trade. Ricardo devised an idea that is well known as the theory of comparative advantage (Henderson 827, Fesfeld 325). According to the Washington Council on International Trade, comparative advantage is the ability to produce a good at a lower cost, relative to other goods, compared to another country. In the Principles of Economics, Ricardo states that comparative advantage is a specialization technique",
"title": "Ricardian economics"
},
{
"docid": "46241959",
"text": "Some branches of economics and game theory deal with indivisible goods, discrete items that can be traded only as a whole. For example, in combinatorial auctions there is a finite set of items, and every agent can buy a subset of the items, but an item cannot be divided among two or more agents. It is usually assumed that every agent assigns subjective utility to every subset of the items. This can be represented in one of two ways: An ordinal utility preference relation, usually marked by . The fact that an agent prefers a set to a set is written . If the agent only weakly prefers (i.e. either prefers or is indifferent between and ) then this is written . A cardinal utility function, usually denoted by . The utility an agent gets from a set is written . Cardinal utility functions are often normalized such that , where is the empty set. A cardinal utility function implies a preference relation: implies and implies . Utility functions can have several properties. Monotonicity Monotonicity means that an agent always (weakly) prefers to have extra items. Formally: For a preference relation: implies . For a utility function: implies (i.e. u is a monotone function). Monotonicity is equivalent to the free disposal assumption: if an agent may always discard unwanted items, then extra items can never decrease the utility. Additivity Additivity (also called linearity or modularity) means that \"the whole is equal to the sum of its parts.\" That is, the utility of a set of items is the sum of the utilities of each item separately. This property is relevant only for cardinal utility functions. It says that for every set of items, assuming that . In other words, is an additive function. An equivalent definition is: for any sets of items and , An additive utility function is characteristic of independent goods. For example, an apple and a hat are considered independent: the utility a person receives from having an apple is the same whether or not he has a hat, and vice versa. A typical utility function for this case is given at the right. Submodularity and supermodularity Submodularity means that \"the whole is not more than the sum of its parts (and may be less).\" Formally, for all sets and , In other words, is a submodular set function. An equivalent property is diminishing marginal utility, which means that for any sets and with , and every : . A submodular utility function is characteristic of substitute goods. For example, an apple and a bread loaf can be considered substitutes: the utility a person receives from eating an apple is smaller if he has already ate bread (and vice versa), since he is less hungry in that case. A typical utility function for this case is given at the right. Supermodularity is the opposite of submodularity: it means that \"the whole is not less than the sum of its parts (and may be more)\". Formally, for all",
"title": "Utility functions on indivisible goods"
},
{
"docid": "18562589",
"text": "Gossen's Second “Law”, named for Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810–1858), is the assertion that an economic agent will allocate his or her expenditures such that the ratio of the marginal utility of each good or service to its price (the marginal expenditure necessary for its acquisition) is equal to that for every other good or service. Formally, where is utility is quantity of the -th good or service is the price of the -th good or service Informal derivation Imagine that an agent has spent money on various sorts of goods or services. If the last unit of currency spent on goods or services of one sort bought a quantity with less marginal utility than that which would have been associated with the quantity of another sort that could have been bought with the money, then the agent would have been better off instead buying more of that other good or service. Assuming that goods and services are continuously divisible, the only way that it is possible that the marginal expenditure on one good or service should not yield more utility than the marginal expenditure on the other (or vice versa) is if the marginal expenditures yield equal utility. Formal derivation Assume that utility, goods, and services have the requisite properties so that is well defined for each good or service. An agent then optimizes subject to a budget constraint where is the total available sum of money. Using the method of Lagrange multipliers, one constructs the function and finds the first-order conditions for optimization as (which simply implies that all of will be spent) and so that which is algebraically equivalent to Since every such ratio is equal to , the ratios are all equal one to another: (Note that, as with any maximization using first-order conditions, the equations will hold only if the utility function satisfies specific concavity requirements and does not have maxima on the edges of the set over which one is maximizing.) See also Gossen's laws Marginal utility Marginalism References Gossen, Hermann Heinrich; Die Entwicklung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs und der daraus fließenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln (1854). Translated into English as The Laws of Human Relations and the Rules of Human Action Derived Therefrom (1983) MIT Press, . Marginal concepts Utility",
"title": "Gossen's second law"
},
{
"docid": "1448784",
"text": "In economics, an ordinal utility function is a function representing the preferences of an agent on an ordinal scale. Ordinal utility theory claims that it is only meaningful to ask which option is better than the other, but it is meaningless to ask how much better it is or how good it is. All of the theory of consumer decision-making under conditions of certainty can be, and typically is, expressed in terms of ordinal utility. For example, suppose George tells us that \"I prefer A to B and B to C\". George's preferences can be represented by a function u such that: But critics of cardinal utility claim the only meaningful message of this function is the order ; the actual numbers are meaningless. Hence, George's preferences can also be represented by the following function v: The functions u and v are ordinally equivalent – they represent George's preferences equally well. Ordinal utility contrasts with cardinal utility theory: the latter assumes that the differences between preferences are also important. In u the difference between A and B is much smaller than between B and C, while in v the opposite is true. Hence, u and v are not cardinally equivalent. The ordinal utility concept was first introduced by Pareto in 1906. Notation Suppose the set of all states of the world is and an agent has a preference relation on . It is common to mark the weak preference relation by , so that reads \"the agent wants B at least as much as A\". The symbol is used as a shorthand to the indifference relation: , which reads \"The agent is indifferent between B and A\". The symbol is used as a shorthand to the strong preference relation: if: Related concepts Indifference curve mappings Instead of defining a numeric function, an agent's preference relation can be represented graphically by indifference curves. This is especially useful when there are two kinds of goods, x and y. Then, each indifference curve shows a set of points such that, if and are on the same curve, then . An example indifference curve is shown below: Each indifference curve is a set of points, each representing a combination of quantities of two goods or services, all of which combinations the consumer is equally satisfied with. The further a curve is from the origin, the greater is the level of utility. The slope of the curve (the negative of the marginal rate of substitution of X for Y) at any point shows the rate at which the individual is willing to trade off good X against good Y maintaining the same level of utility. The curve is convex to the origin as shown assuming the consumer has a diminishing marginal rate of substitution. It can be shown that consumer analysis with indifference curves (an ordinal approach) gives the same results as that based on cardinal utility theory — i.e., consumers will consume at the point where the marginal rate of substitution between any two",
"title": "Ordinal utility"
},
{
"docid": "58024676",
"text": "Lelan F. Sillin Jr. (April 19, 1918 – January 3, 1997) was a pioneer in the nuclear power industry, an advocate of nuclear safety, and chairman and chief executive of Northeast Utilities. An early proponent of nuclear power, he was nevertheless critical of some nuclear operators who failed to strive for excellence in their work. Trained as an attorney, he first rose from general counsel to president and chief executive of Central Hudson Gas and Electric before ascending to the top of Northeast, Connecticut's largest public utility, a position he held from 1970 to 1983. He chaired the \"Sillin Report\", a 1986 analysis of the nuclear power industry, in which he chided some utility companies for simply meeting rather than exceeding regulatory requirements. Biography Lelan Sillin was born in Tampa, Florida, on April 19, 1918. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1940 and graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1942. During World War II he served in the United States Marine Corps in the South Pacific until 1945. He started his business career as a corporate attorney with the New York law firm of Gould & Wilkie, where he was general counsel for Central Hudson Gas and Electric in Poughkeepsie, New York. He later rose to become Central Hudson's president, and its chief executive in 1964. Forsaking law, he remained in the utilities industry, joining Northeast Utilities, a utility holding company, as president in 1968. Two years later he was named chairman and chief executive. At the time he took charge of Northeast, the New England region's electricity prices were higher than the national average, and Sillin viewed nuclear power as the least expensive, most efficient, and cleanest energy option. Skyrocketing petroleum prices due to 1970s energy crises just reinforced this view. In addition to four \"Yankee\" nuclear plants already built by the individual firms that joined to become Northeast Utilities in 1966—\"Connecticut\", \"Maine\", \"Vermont\", and \"Rowe\"—the firm added two \"Millstone\" plants to its generation capacity during that decade. Sillin's middle years with the company did not go easily. In addition to the Middle East oil embargoes of 1973 and 1979, escalating inflation, rising construction costs, annual tussles with the regulatory boards of the two most important states Northeast served - Connecticut and Massachusetts, and heavy borrowing, began eroding Northeast Utility's financial viability. Company fortunes did not begin to recover until Sillin recruited and hired his own replacement, William B. Ellis, and retired as chairman and chief executive in 1983. A number of factors, including resetting expectations by downsizing company growth predictions and annual return projections, a more amicable relationship with regulators, improved operating margins, and the third \"Millstone\" plant coming online, all contributed to the turnaround. Legacy Sillin was regarded by friend and foe \"as frank and forthright and someone who held a genuine concern for the customers he served.\" Shortly into his role at the top of Northeast Utilities Sillin was granted the honor of delivering the 1970 installment of the prestigious Charles",
"title": "Lelan Sillin Jr."
}
] | [
"Carl Menger"
] |
train_40538 | what is the spitting dinosaur in jurassic park | [
{
"docid": "1081139",
"text": "Nanosaur is a science fiction third-person shooter video game developed by Pangea Software and published by Ideas From the Deep for Mac OS 9 and Microsoft Windows. The player takes on the form of a Nanosaur, a genetically engineered intelligent dinosaur from the future, sent back in time just prior to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Story In the distant year of 4122, a dinosaur species, Nanosaurs, rule the Earth. Their civilization originated from a group of human scientists who experimented with genetic engineering. Their experimentation led them to resurrect the extinct dinosaur species; however, their victory was short-lived, as a disastrous plague brought the end of their civilization itself. The few dinosaurs resurrected were lent an unusual amount of intelligence from their human creators, leaving them to expand on their growing civilization. However, as the Nanosaurs were the only species on Earth, inbreeding was the only possible choice of reproduction. This method largely affected the intelligence of the various offspring, and slowly began to pose a threat to their once-intelligent society. The Nanosaur government offers a quest that involves time traveling into the year 65 million BC, where the five eggs of ancient dinosaur species must be retrieved and placed in a time portal leading to the present year. Their high-ranking agent, a brown Deinonychus Nanosaur, is chosen to participate in this mission. On the day of her mission, she is teleported to the past via a time machine in a Nanosaur laboratory. The Nanosaur arrives in a lush jungle, with twenty minutes given to collect the eggs before the meteor that caused the initial extinction of the dinosaur race hits the Earth. After battling various Tyrannosaurs, the Nanosaur enters a volcanic crater, where she must cross several stone formations in a river of lava in order to retrieve the eggs. After making her way across the river, the Nanosaur detects the final eggs in a canyon oasis, where various dinosaurs, namely Dilophosaurus and Stegosaurus, are attempting to hinder her progress in order to protect their eggs. After evading defeat, the Nanosaur beams the final egg into the time portal, and is carried along with it back to the present. Following the completion of the Nanosaur's mission, the eggs are placed in nationwide laboratories, where the scientists intend on breeding them for their own purposes. Several months following this event, the eggs finally start to hatch. Gameplay The object of the game is to collect the eggs of five dinosaur and flying reptile species and deposit them in time portals to the future in twenty minutes; at the end of the countdown, the asteroid that caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event hits Earth. The Nanosaur is equipped with a \"fusion blaster\" (a basic multi-purpose energy weapon), a jet pack allowing flight, a temporal compass for locating time portals, and a GPS locator for navigation. The native animals will attack the Nanosaur when their eggs are threatened; species encountered include Tyrannosaurus rex, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, Dilophosaurus (who spits venom as in Jurassic Park),",
"title": "Nanosaur"
},
{
"docid": "2344109",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a rail shooter arcade game developed and released by Sega in 1994. It is based on the 1993 film of the same name. The game cabinet resembles the rear of the first-gen Ford Explorer XLT tour vehicles used in the film. The player(s), equipped with the joystick(s), must shoot dinosaurs that appear on-screen throughout the game. The game includes a moving seat, also used in Sega's 1991 light gun shooter Rail Chase. The seat is powered by hydraulic pistons to move the seat according to action on the screen. The game's graphics blend two-dimensional sprites and three-dimensional polygons to give the sense of movement. Jurassic Park was the first game of this genre to include 3D environments. The game was followed by two arcade sequels, The Lost World: Jurassic Park in 1997, and Jurassic Park III in 2001. Another arcade game, titled Jurassic Park Arcade, was released in 2015 and is based on the first three films in the Jurassic Park series. Gameplay The game takes place on Isla Nublar a few months after the events of the film. The player(s) fend(s) off a vehicle from dinosaur attacks with infinite automatic weaponry. A joystick is used to play, rather than a light gun. Dinosaurs include Tyrannosaurus, Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, Gallimimus, Brachiosaurus, Ankylosaurus and Triceratops as well as the non-dinosaur creatures such as ichthyosaurs and pterosaurs. Tyrannosaurus is the only boss enemy in the game. Fences and large rocks that block the path of the player(s) must be shot at to avoid running into them. The game ends with the dinosaurs being caged once again. Reception In Japan, Game Machine listed Jurassic Park on their April 1, 1994 issue as being the third most-successful upright/cockpit arcade game of the month. Edge called the game a \"shameful Line of Fire/Rail Chase-style shoot 'em up\". Reviewers for Games World: The Magazine rated it 63 out of 100, and also compared it to Rail Chase. They commended the graphics but found that the gameplay soon becomes repetitive. Shacknews reviewed the game in 2016, and found the graphics outdated compared to other arcade games of the mid-1990s. Shacknews considered the gameplay to be \"pretty mindless\" for an on-rail shooter, stating that the game could have used more time in development. In 2021, Daniel Kurland of Comic Book Resources called it an \"excellent cooperative experience\" and stated \"the Jeep-like arcade cabinet is a simple but effective touch\". See also Jurassic Park List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 1994 video games Arcade video games Arcade-only video games Cooperative video games Video games about dinosaurs Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Rail shooters Sega-AM3 games Sega arcade games Sega System 32 games Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Multiplayer and single-player video games",
"title": "Jurassic Park (arcade game)"
},
{
"docid": "46420965",
"text": "Jurassic Park Arcade is a 2015 light gun arcade game developed by Raw Thrills. The game is based on the original trilogy of the Jurassic Park film series. Gameplay Jurassic Park Arcade is played across nine levels, set at the Jurassic Park theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. A security team has been sent to retrieve one dinosaur from each species located on the island, which is becoming unstable due to an erupting volcano. The protagonist's colleagues who are left in the park must be defended as well and shooting them would result with players taking damage. Five weapons are available to the player throughout the game. Three boss enemies must be defeated throughout the game: Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus, and Spinosaurus. Other creatures appear as minor enemies throughout the game: Velociraptor, Utahraptor, Dilophosaurus, Microraptor, Compsognathus, Brachiosaurus, Stegosaurus and Pteranodon. Development Development began in 2011, lasted more than three years, and cost $4 million. The development team studied previous Jurassic Park games and various iconic scenes from the first three films in the series. The developers received an original Jurassic Park arcade cabinet based on the first film, which inspired them to implement that game's fast-moving action into Jurassic Park Arcade. The developers chose to set the game on Isla Nublar, the location of the first film, rather than Isla Sorna, to include iconic locations from the first film. Unlike the films, which primarily involve dinosaurs escaping, the developers wanted to present a story in which the player must capture the free-roaming dinosaurs. John Scott served as the game's lead programmer. Nate Vanderkamp, the game's lead artist and one of the primary game designers, said that many planned locations and creatures did not make it into the game during development: \"I'm pretty sure that by the end we had cut more ideas than actually made it into the game\". Initially, the developers had hoped to include an aquatic reptile, as well as a potential level set in a city. Originally, the developers also planned to include nine dinosaur boss enemies, consisting of the largest and most threatening dinosaurs possible. The developers settled for three dinosaurs instead: the Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus. These animals \"worked out the best\" for the combat style used in the game while providing variety for the player. The development team, most of which had never worked on a shooting game before, had faced various technical challenges, working with a new game engine and new 3D software. Vanderkamp said that the biggest challenge was proper pacing: \"Balancing the enormous action and attack sequences but still giving players time to breathe and regroup took a very deliberate effort and was definitely a learning process for us all\". Raw Thrills worked closely with Universal to ensure that the game's dinosaurs resembled their real-life counterparts, while also maintaining their appearances from the films. To reflect the latest scientific discoveries, some of the game's dinosaurs were animated with feathers and bright skin colors. The game was first unveiled at the",
"title": "Jurassic Park Arcade"
},
{
"docid": "64554876",
"text": "Lego Jurassic World (also known as Lego Jurassic Park and stylized as LEGO Jurassic World) is a Lego theme based on the Jurassic World media franchise created by Michael Crichton and centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs. It is licensed from Universal Studios and Amblin Entertainment. The theme was introduced in June 2015, with the release of toy sets and the video game Lego Jurassic World, both to promote the film Jurassic World. Subsequent sets were released in 2018, alongside the next film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Various animated projects have also been made, including the 2018 television special Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit, and the 2019 miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar. Overview Lego Jurassic World is based on the Jurassic World media franchise. The first film, Jurassic World, focuses on a fully functioning dinosaur theme park. It was released in June 2015. As part of the marketing campaign, The Lego Group released toy sets based on the film. Each set featured different dinosaurs, such as Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, Dilophosaurus and the Indominus rex. Human figures were released as well, including one depicting Chris Pratt's character, Owen Grady. It was Pratt's third Lego minifigure, following toys based on The Lego Movie and Guardians of the Galaxy. A 90-second fan video was released shortly after the film, recreating it in Lego form. A separate three-minute fan video based on the first Jurassic Park film was also created by a father and his daughter in 2015. The sequel film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in June 2018. Lego produced various toy sets based on the film ahead of its release. The largest set, with 1,019 Lego bricks, depicted the film's Indoraptor and Lockwood Estate. It also included two velociraptors and six minifigures. The Lego Group also released Duplo sets for younger children. In addition, The Lego Group built a life-sized model of Blue, a Velociraptor who appears in the Jurassic World films. The model included Blue standing on an overturned tour vehicle, representing a scene from Fallen Kingdom. The dinosaur and vehicle contained a total of 703,855 Lego bricks, and weighed 3,560 pounds. They were placed in front of Stage 18 at Universal Studios Hollywood. To commemorate the 25th anniversary of the first Jurassic Park film, Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park Velociraptor Chase set. It came with 360 Lego bricks, and included a Velociraptor and the computer control room seen in the film. It also included four minifigures of characters from the film. Four toy sets, based on the Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar miniseries, were released in 2019. Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park: T. rex Rampage set, based on the original Jurassic Park film. The set came with 3,120 Lego bricks, and included a posable T. rex, six minifigures, and the Jurassic Park gate seen in the film. It was designed by Lego Senior Model Designer Mark Stafford. Four new sets were released in 2020.",
"title": "Lego Jurassic World (theme)"
},
{
"docid": "1563401",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1993 video game based on the film and novel of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software and released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Ocean also ported the game onto the handheld Game Boy console. The object of the game is to survive in Jurassic Park, a theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped from containment. Plot Much like the film and novel which it is based on, Dr. Alan Grant is trapped at Jurassic Park located on Isla Nublar. The park's power has been cut out because of a computer malfunction, and the dinosaurs are roaming free. Grant must complete a series of missions that will eventually lead to him escaping the island without being killed by the dinosaurs. Grant must also rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. After locating Hammond's grandchildren, Grant must reactivate the park's computers and destroy Velociraptor nests using time bombs. Grant then reaches the park's dock and uses a radio to contact help. Grant then reaches a helipad and is rescued from the island. The game's ending consists of the player walking around a small stage filled with the game developers' names and an exit where the player can end the game. Gameplay The game is a top-down shooter. As Alan Grant, the player must complete six levels with objectives ranging from rescuing Hammond's grandchildren, destroying Velociraptor nests, turning the power back on and so forth. The game includes a two-player option in which players take turns. Each level consists of a varying number of stages where the player must collect a certain amount of dinosaur eggs and access cards to advance further into the level. The player must battle a varying amount of dinosaur foes such as Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, and Compsognathus. Tyrannosaurus rex is also encountered as an end boss in a couple of levels. Dinosaurs such as the T. rex cannot be killed by the player, only avoided. Common dinosaurs can be killed by using guns, which are scattered throughout each level. There are also \"mystery boxes\" scattered throughout the game, which have ranging effects. Some will give the player additional health, temporary invincibility or an extra life. However, some will power down the player's energy or take away a life. The game gives the player three lives and four continues. The Game Boy version is a port of the NES version, but includes the addition of a database, providing information on the game's dinosaurs. Development and release Ocean Software, a British video game development company, paid an undisclosed six-figure sum to secure the rights to the Jurassic Park license to develop a game based on the film. To aid Ocean Software in creating the game, Universal Studios provided the programmers with various materials related to the film, including the script and photos of the sets. In the United States, Jurassic Park was released in June 1993. Limited Run Games re-released the NES and",
"title": "Jurassic Park (NES video game)"
},
{
"docid": "30648190",
"text": "Jurassic Park: The Game is an episodic graphic adventure video game based on the 1993 film Jurassic Park and released for the PlayStation 3, Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, and Xbox 360. The game was developed and published by Telltale Games as part of a licensing deal with Universal Partnerships & Licensing. The game is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, the location of a dinosaur theme park known as Jurassic Park. In the game, set during and after the events of the 1993 film, it serves as a miniseries consisting of four episodes, but the plot also focuses on the retrieval of a canister full of dinosaur embryos which had been lost during the film after Dennis Nedry's failed attempt to deliver them to the docks. The game was announced in June 2010, and was initially scheduled for release in April 2011, but was delayed until November. It received mixed reviews from critics on release. Gameplay Jurassic Park: The Game is a point-and-click adventure game in which the player uses a combination of buttons to progress. The player controls various characters throughout the game, which is played across four portions known as \"episodes\". The game has decision-based objectives as well as quick-time events that affect gameplay as well as how the game's events play out. Plot Episode 1: The Intruder Dr. Gerry Harding, Sarah Harding's father, is the chief veterinarian for the Jurassic Park dinosaur theme park, owned by InGen and located on the tropical island of Isla Nublar. The game begins with Gerry showing his teenage daughter Jess, Sarah's younger sister, around the park. At this time, Dennis Nedry puts his plan into motion to shut down the park's security and escape with stolen dinosaur embryos, hidden inside a modified canister of shaving cream. During a tropical storm, Nedry's two contacts, Nima Cruz and Miles Chadwick, head into the park after he fails to meet them at the dock. After getting past the deactivated fences, they find Nedry's Jeep, and his corpse. They find the embryo canister as well, but are attacked by a pack of Dilophosaurus before they can use Nedry's jeep to escape. Chadwick is killed, but before the Dilophosaurs can kill Nima, they suddenly flee in terror at the sound of unknown dinosaurs with glowing eyes, one of which bites Nima, who leaves the now-damaged jeep and Chadwick's corpse behind and flees through the jungle with the canister and Chadwick's gun. On their way to the dock, Gerry and Jess encounter Nima, who is now delirious from the bite and needs medical attention. They drive to the Visitor's Center, but are delayed by a juvenile Triceratops blocking the road. When Gerry and Jess get the dinosaur back into its enclosure, the alpha-female Triceratops appears and mistakes them as a threat, attacking their Jeep. The park's T.rex has escaped its paddock and approaches the Triceratops. While the two dinosaurs fight, the humans hide in a nearby maintenance shed, where they spend the night. Dr. Laura Sorkin,",
"title": "Jurassic Park: The Game"
},
{
"docid": "45249481",
"text": "Lego Jurassic World is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by TT Fusion and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It adapts the plots of the first four films in the Jurassic Park franchise, and is part of a series of Lego-themed video games. The game was released for Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Windows, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on 12 June 2015 to coincide with the theatrical release of Jurassic World. An OS X port by Feral Interactive followed shortly thereafter, on 23 July. Lego Jurassic World was later released for Android and iOS on 31 March 2016. A Nintendo Switch version was later released on 17 September 2019. Gameplay Lego Jurassic World'''s gameplay is similar to previous Lego video games. Gameplay consists of the player solving puzzles. The game features 20 levels, with five levels based on each film. The levels are accessed through a free-roaming overworld area. The game incorporates a two-player cooperation mode. The game features more than 100 unlockable characters to play as, including more than 20 dinosaur species, such as Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus, Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus. Mr. DNA, a cartoon character featured in the 1993 Jurassic Park film, is also an unlockable character. Throughout the game, Mr. DNA provides the player with hints; and with dinosaur trivia, as he did in the Jurassic Park video game for the Super NES. Human characters include Dr. Alan Grant, Ian Malcolm, and Owen Grady. Each character has a special ability. The utilization of each character's ability is required to progress through the game. Jurassic World producers Pat Crowley and Frank Marshall appear as unlockable characters, as well as the film's director, Colin Trevorrow. Steven Spielberg, who has acted as director and executive producer for films in the series, is also an unlockable character. The player can also create new human characters by travelling to either the Jurassic Park Visitor Center or the Jurassic World Innovation Center. Hybrid dinosaurs can also be created from various parts of dinosaurs that can be unlocked during the game's progression. Enemies include Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Troodon and Velociraptor. The 3DS version excludes the free-roaming mode for a central hub instead, but is otherwise nearly identical to the home console versions of the game. The Android and iOS versions also use a main hub section to access levels; because of limitations on digital storage space, these versions feature fewer levels and fewer cutscenes than the home console versions, and the levels are also reduced in size. The iOS version supports use of iCloud and Game Center. Plot The game follows the storylines from the Jurassic Park films: Jurassic Park, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, Jurassic Park III and Jurassic World. However, the developers modified the storylines to fit the events into five levels per film. Notable scenes from each film have been recreated in the game, although as the game was intended for a younger audience, the scenes are depicted in a more humorous manner. All death scenes from",
"title": "Lego Jurassic World"
},
{
"docid": "70855438",
"text": "Toxungen comprises a secretion or other body fluid of one or more biological toxins that is transferred by one animal to the external surface of another animal via a physical delivery mechanism. Toxungens can be delivered through spitting, spraying, or smearing. As one of three categories of biological toxins, toxungens can be distinguished from poisons, which are passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin, and venoms, which are delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action. Toxungen use offers the evolutionary advantage of delivering toxins into the target's tissues without the need for physical contact. Taxonomic distribution Toxungens have evolved in a variety of animals, including flatworms, insects, arachnids, cephalopods, amphibians, and reptiles. Toxungen use possibly exists in birds, as a number of species deploy defensive secretions from their stomachs, uropygial glands, or cloacas, and some anoint themselves with heterogenously acquired chemicals from millipedes, caterpillars, beetles, plant materials, and even manufactured pesticides. Some of the described substances may be toxic, at least to ectoparasites, which would qualify them as toxungens. Toxungen use might also exist in several mammal groups. Slow lorises (genus Nycticebus), which comprise several species of nocturnal primates in Southeast Asia, produce a secretion in their brachial glands (a scent gland near their armpit) that possesses apparent toxicity. When the secretion is licked and combined with saliva, their bite introduces the secretion into a wound, which can cause sometimes severe tissue injury to conspecifics and other aggressors, thereby functioning as a venom. They can also rub the secretion on their fur or lick their offspring before stashing them in a secure location, thereby functioning potentially as a toxungen. Skunks and several other members of Mephitidae and Mustelidae spray a noxious and potentially injurious secretion from their anal sac when threatened. High concentrations of the spray can be toxic, with rare accounts of spray victims suffering injury and even death. Although the extinct theropod Dilophosaurus was portrayed in the original Jurassic Park and Jurassic World Dominion movies as capable of spitting a toxic secretion, no evidence exists to suggest that any dinosaur possessed either a toxungen or venom. Classification of toxin deployment Animals that deploy toxungens are referred to as toxungenous. Some animals use their toxins in multiple ways, and can be classified as poisonous, toxungenous, and/or venomous. Examples include the scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus, which is both toxungenous (can spray its toxins) and venomous (can inject its toxins), and the snake Rhabdophis tigrinus, which is poisonous (sequesters toad and/or firefly toxins in its nuchal gland tissues that are toxic if consumed by a predator), toxungenous (the nuchal glands are pressurized and can spray the toxins when ruptured), and venomous (toxic oral gland secretions can be injected via the teeth). Even humans can be considered facultatively poisonous, toxungenous, and venomous because they sometimes make use of toxins by all three means for research and development (e.g., biomedical purposes), agriculture (e.g., spraying insecticides), and nefarious reasons (to kill other animals, including humans). Evolution",
"title": "Toxungen"
},
{
"docid": "3373612",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a light gun arcade game from Sega. It was released in 1997, and is based on the film of the same name. It is also a sequel to Sega's 1994 Jurassic Park arcade game. A third Jurassic Park arcade game, based on Jurassic Park III, was made by Konami in 2001. Gameplay Ian Malcolm and Sarah Harding go missing after landing on Isla Sorna to conduct an investigation. A rescue team is sent to the island. The player(s) control(s) one of two rangers, whose goal is to find Dr. Malcolm and Dr. Harding. Player(s) battle dinosaurs by disabling them with tranquilizer darts. The game features five levels based on environments from the film, including a laboratory and a workers' village. Four of the levels feature a boss battle that must be won to advance the game. Boss enemies include 2 large meat-eating dinosaurs which are Tyrannosaurus and Carnotaurus as well as the prehistoric crocodilian Deinosuchus. Velociraptors are also featured as enemies throughout the game. Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, and pterosaurs are also encountered throughout the game. At times, the game presents the player(s) with an opportunity to rescue a human who is being attacked by one or multiple dinosaurs. Saving the human results in the human rewarding the player(s) with either a temporary weapon upgrade or additional health. Like some of Sega's light gun rail shooters such as Virtua Cop and The House of the Dead, The Lost World: Jurrasic Park features a dynamically adjusting difficulty system that will increase difficulty as the player progresses and decrease as they lose lives. As difficulty increases, dinosaurs attack quicker, more dinosaurs will try to attack the player simultaneously, and more target icons need to be shot to cancel a boss dinosaur's attack. Development The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1997 film of the same name. Having developed the original Jurassic Park arcade game, Sega AM3, a division of Sega, became interested in making the game after hearing about the film. Additionally hoping that they could make use of Sega's new relationship with Spielberg's company DreamWorks (the two companies were partnered for the GameWorks chain of entertainment venues), producer Mie Kumagai presented her ideas to AM3 president Hisao Oguchi, who approved. AM3 began developing the game in early 1997, after receiving permission from Universal Studios. Shinichi Ogasawara was the game's director. The development team wanted the sequel to have more tension. Sega AM3 utilized Sega's Model 3 arcade system board, as Model 2 was not advanced enough for certain features. Model 3 allowed the game to operate at 60 frames and 100,000 polygons per second. It was the first shooting game to use Model 3, which Sega AM3 had never used before. The development team had difficulty designing the game due to unfamiliarity with Model 3. The team also faced a tight deadline to get the game finished and released. Early in development, the developers only had access to the film's original script.",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game)"
},
{
"docid": "25388853",
"text": "The East Berlin Formation is an Early Jurassic geological formation in New England, United States. Dinosaur footprints and trackways are abundant in this formation. These tracks include Eubrontes (belonging to medium-sized-theropods similar to Dilophosaurus), Anchisauripus (belonging to small theropods like Coelophysis), and Anomoepus (belonging to indeterminate small ornithischians). Several museums, parks, and tourist attractions are based around the East Berlin Formation's dinosaur tracks, including Dinosaur State Park in Rocky Hill, Connecticut and Powder Hill Dinosaur Park in Middlefield, Connecticut. Although the East Berlin Formation was originally intended to apply to the Hartford Basin of Connecticut and Massachusetts, equivalent strata is found elsewhere in the Newark Supergroup. Equivalent formations include the Waterfall Formation (Culpeper Basin; Virginia, Maryland), Towaco Formation (Newark Basin; New Jersey), White Oaks Formation (Pomperaug Basin, Connecticut), and Turner Falls Sandstone (Deerfield Basin, Massachusetts). See also List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks Indeterminate ornithischian tracks Footnotes References Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. . Jurassic Massachusetts Jurassic Connecticut",
"title": "East Berlin Formation"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "11134473",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender is a 2001 side-scrolling video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure. It is based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. The player is depicted as a person in a bio-mechanical suit hired by Jurassic Park to bring power back to the electrified fences and capture all the free-roaming dinosaurs. A modified version of the game's first level, as well as some of the game's animation and audio, was re-used for another video game titled Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!, also developed and published by Knowledge Adventure. Plot After a training mission, the player is shown a cutscene of a typhoon raging across Jurassic Park, a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Sorna. Power to the island and its electrified fences is cut off from the storm, allowing the dinosaurs to escape. The player is briefed that all the dinosaurs must be captured \"before they destroy one another\". The player controls a Dino Defender, a person inside a bio-mechanical suit. The character first lands on a beach with a few Compsognathus on it. Soon after, the character runs into some Velociraptors at a small cliff. The character advances and then must swim while avoiding jellyfish and purple seaweed. The character advances to an underwater cavern, where raptors and stegosaurs are encountered and must be captured or avoided. The character then discovers a steep ravine and is knocked over a cliff by a Pteranodon. The character climbs the cliff, jumping over many gaps while avoiding pterosaurs. At the top of the cliff, the character escapes baby pteranodons and a Tyrannosaurus rex. The T. rex then chases the character and falls down a pit after it crosses an unstable bridge, but survives. The character goes into the jungle and avoids additional dinosaurs, before going down a waterfall. The character avoids a T. rex and discovers a construction elevator. A Spinosaurus arrives and the character escapes on vines. The T. rex and Spinosaurus face off, with the Spinosaurus fleeing. The character moves from the Tyrannosaurus pen to tunnels, where more Velociraptors must be captured. The character escapes to the visitor center and encounters the Spinosaurus. The character activates flip switches which cause the visitor center's dinosaur skeletons to crush the Spinosaurus. After leaving the visitor center, multiple helicopters fly off with the dinosaurs the character had tranquilized. Gameplay The six levels of Dino Defender consist of fast-paced quick thinking challenges. The player must move around obstacles and find supply boxes, switch on circuit breakers and avoid dinosaurs. Helicopters drop supply boxes onto the island, which contain gear such as a net, a tranquilizer or a distractor flare which can be used to capture or distract dinosaurs. \"Call boxes\" can be used to lure dinosaurs and various other weapons to tranquilize them. \"Circuit Breakers\" scattered around the island can be switched on to activate the island's electricity. To collect gear to capture/tranquilize a certain dinosaur, the player must find a 'supply box' which contains a",
"title": "Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender"
},
{
"docid": "71450070",
"text": "Owen Grady is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in the fourth film Jurassic World (2015), which is also the first installment in the Jurassic World trilogy. Colin Trevorrow directed and co-wrote the film, casting Chris Pratt as Owen. He is one of the three main protagonists in the trilogy, along with his love interest Claire Dearing (portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard), and his adoptive daughter, Maisie Lockwood (portrayed by Isabella Sermon), who made her debut in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran and animal behavioral scientist researching Velociraptor at the dinosaur theme park Jurassic World, located on Isla Nublar. By the end of the first film, he and Claire begin a relationship. Pratt reprised the role in the film's sequels. In Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), he and Claire have broken off their relationship, and she is leading an effort to save the Isla Nublar dinosaurs from a volcanic eruption. Owen agrees to join her rescue mission so he can save Blue, the last survivor of his old raptor group, with whom he has a close connection. Later in the film, he and Claire reconcile and become adoptive parents to Maisie Lockwood, the biogenetic granddaughter of Benjamin Lockwood. In Jurassic World Dominion (2022), Owen and Claire remain in a relationship and are raising Maisie, who is kidnapped by Biosyn for research purposes along with Blue's asexually reproduced baby, Beta. The couple then embark on a rescue mission to retrieve them from Biosyn. The concept of a raptor handler was conceived as early as 2004, by Jurassic World executive producer Steven Spielberg. He was disappointed with early drafts that featured the animals being trained for missions, although he believed the idea still had potential. Trevorrow was hired as the film's director and co-writer in 2013, and incorporated Spielberg's idea while scaling it back. Owen Grady is among Pratt's most popular roles. The character has overall received a mixed to positive reception from critics. While some reviews criticized the films for not fully utilizing Pratt's skill as a comic actor and Owen's minimal characterization garnered mixed reactions, Pratt's overall performance has been well-received, and some consider Owen to be one of the best Jurassic Park characters. Fictional background Jurassic World In the first film, Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran who works as an on-site animal behaviorist at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park located on the island of Isla Nublar. Owen and his friend, Barry, are studying four Velociraptors on the island, on behalf of InGen Security and its chief, Hoskins. Their research is done to test the raptors' intelligence, although they oppose Hoskins's long-term goal to use the animals as military weapons. Owen explains that his relationship with the raptors is a personal one and that they only respond to him under controlled conditions. He was once romantically attracted to Claire Dearing, the park's operations manager, though their conflicting personalities ended a potential relationship after one date. To increase park",
"title": "Owen Grady"
},
{
"docid": "61217127",
"text": "Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit is a two-part animated television special that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Inspired by the Lego toyline, it was aired on NBC in the United States on November 29, 2018. It was later released on DVD in North America as a 43-minute film by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment on January 15, 2019. The special was followed by the 13-episode miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar in 2019. Plot Set in 2012, Simon Masrani is planning a secretive new exhibit at his Jurassic World dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Park worker Claire Dearing is responsible for ensuring that three dinosaurs – Baryonyx, Carnotaurus and Stygimoloch – are transported from Isla Sorna to Isla Nublar to become part of the new exhibit. If Claire does well, Simon will make her assistant manager of park operations. Animal behaviorist Owen Grady is hired to transport the dinosaurs to Isla Nublar, along with four Velociraptor eggs. Owen and his helicopter pilot face a thunderstorm while transporting the dinosaurs, but eventually reach Isla Nublar safely. Upon arrival, the eggs hatch and Vic Hoskins is intent on training the velociraptors to obey commands. Owen is disappointed to learn that his job is not over yet, as he still has to transport the three dinosaurs by truck to the other side of Isla Nublar. During the transportation, a boy hijacks a park tour vehicle and takes it for a joyride across the island. Owen, accompanied by his dog Red, follows the boy and stops him. Claire proceeds with transporting the dinosaurs on her own. Meanwhile, Simon wants his scientists, Dr. Henry Wu and Allison Miles, to create a new dinosaur attraction to increase park attendance. Eventually, he decides to have them bake dinosaur-themed cookies to accompany the opening of his new exhibit. In the second half of the special, disgruntled park worker Danny Nedermeyer infiltrates the park's control room and secretly sabotages operations. Owen reunites with Claire and helps her transport the dinosaurs. At Owen's insistence, they take a shortcut, but their truck plummets down a hill and crashes, and the caged dinosaurs escape. In addition, Danny shuts down power to one of the dinosaur enclosures, allowing the park's Tyrannosaurus rex to escape. Owen manages to get the dinosaurs contained, and Vic is impressed with Owen's ability to control the animals. Owen agrees to Vic's job offer to train the four baby raptors. Simon's exhibit, consisting of a three-dinosaur carousel, opens to the public. Danny is revealed to be the nephew of Dennis Nedry as he secretly vows to continue his efforts to bring down Jurassic World. Cast Britt McKillip as Claire Dearing Ian Hanlin as Owen Grady Dhirendra as Simon Masrani Alex Zahara as Vic Hoskins Vincent Tong as Dr. Henry Wu, ACU Team Member, Boy, Captain Bethany Brown as Allison Miles, Mom Adrian Petriw as Danny Nedermeyer Sabrina Pitre as Park Vet Broadcast In Canada, the special debuted on",
"title": "Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit"
},
{
"docid": "57421235",
"text": "Jurassic World: The Ride is a dark water ride attraction that is themed to the Jurassic World series at Universal Studios Hollywood. The original Jurassic Park: The Ride, which operated from June 21, 1996, to September 3, 2018, underwent a major refurbishment and reopened as Jurassic World: The Ride. History The ride was announced on May 10, 2018, by Universal Studios Hollywood officials during a 25th anniversary celebration of the 1993 film Jurassic Park, directed by Steven Spielberg. It was stated that Jurassic Park: The Ride, which opened on June 21, 1996, would be closed for retheming based on the 2015 film Jurassic World and its 2018 sequel Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The Jurassic Cafe restaurant and Jurassic Outfitters retail store near the original attraction were also closed temporarily to be rethemed. Universal Creative worked on the new ride, and Jon Corfino was the project director and show producer. He worked closely on the ride with Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall, the director and producer respectively for the 2015 film. Corfino worked to blend elements of the old ride with the new one, and the final idea was presented to Spielberg. The team had to rush to get the ride finished for the busy summer tourist season. Mosasaurus, an aquatic reptile that appeared in the films, is digitally featured on the ride. Industrial Light & Magic collaborated with the design team at Universal Studios Hollywood to create the creature and its environment. The walls of the Mosasaurus tank are depicted across four large, high-definition screens on both sides of the boat. A 3D effect makes objects in the foreground move faster than those in the background, a technique that gives the Mosasaurus a realistic appearance. The attraction also features larger dinosaurs than Jurassic Park: The Ride, and new animatronics allow the dinosaurs to move better than their predecessors. Several actors from the films reprise their roles for the ride: Chris Pratt as Owen Grady, Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing, and BD Wong as Dr. Henry Wu. The attraction officially opened on July 12, 2019, without advanced notice or fanfare. It previously had a soft opening for friends and family of Universal employees. The official opening coincided with a number of other Jurassic World-themed attractions adjacent to the ride entrance. Guests can take part in the Triceratops Encounter, where guests interact with Juliet, a Triceratops, and Dino Play, in which young visitors excavate large dinosaur fossils. Guests can also interact with baby Velociraptors like Sierra or Tango along with their trainer. The Mosasaurus is part of the Aquarium Observatory section, an area that responds to real-world weather, changing between day time and night time depending on the actual time of day. Jurassic Cafe introduced a bar called Isla Nu-bar, named after the series' fictional Isla Nublar island. Following a refurbishment in 2021, the ride's climax was updated with a new Indominus Rex animatronic. Ride description Queue and pre-show Guests enter through the Jurassic World gates and into a series of",
"title": "Jurassic World: The Ride"
},
{
"docid": "1663525",
"text": "Jurassic Park is an open-world action-adventure video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), based on the 1990 novel and 1993 film of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software in 1993 in North America and PAL regions, and published by Jaleco in 1994 in Japan. The player controls Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who has become trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. The game's exterior portion is viewed from a top-down perspective, but shifts to a first-person view during interior sections. The game garnered praise for these varied and three-dimensional perspectives, the usage of stereo sound, and the adventure gameplay. In 1994, Ocean released a sequel, Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues, with gameplay which significantly differs from that of the original. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the novel and film of the same name. Following a computer system failure, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped at an island theme park, known as Jurassic Park, that is populated with dinosaurs. The player controls Grant, and begins the game armed with a cattle prod, although the game also features five other weapons: tranquilizer gun, shotgun, bolas, gas grenade launcher, and missile launcher. The game features seven different dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player is given five lives, and two continues when all lives are lost. Grant's health is represented by a red health bar. Food and first-aid kits located throughout the game can replenish the player's health. Motion sensors set up around the island allow characters in the game to communicate advice to the player, although some advice is deliberately malicious. If Grant loses a life, the player is restarted at the last motion sensor with which Grant came into contact. Mr. DNA, a character from the film, provides dinosaur facts to the player if the game is paused or remains idle for too long. The player must open and close multiple gates to travel around the island. The game's music changes depending on the player's location in the park. The player is also required to collect dinosaur eggs throughout the game. The game's world is spacious and non-linear. The exterior portion, played from a top-down perspective, consists of a maze that is made up of jungle trees, along with rock formations, canals, fences, gates, and a number of buildings that can be entered and explored. The game switches to a first-person perspective when the player enters one of these buildings. The player must collect ID cards belonging to characters on the island in order to access certain rooms. Other rooms are completely dark and require night vision goggles to enter. Some buildings contain multiple floors that are accessed via elevators. Jurassic Park supports the Super NES Mouse when playing first-person sequences or operating computer terminals. To win the game, the player must complete several objectives, starting with powering up a computer to re-activate the park's motion sensors. Once activated,",
"title": "Jurassic Park (SNES video game)"
},
{
"docid": "53681874",
"text": "John Russell Foster (born November 3, 1966) is an American paleontologist. Foster has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains, Foster is also working on Cambrian age trilobite faunas in the southwest region of the American west. He named the crocodyliform trace fossil Hatcherichnus sanjuanensis in 1997 and identified the first known occurrence of the theropod trace fossil Hispanosauropus in North America in 2015. Career Born November 3, 1966, San Diego, California. High School, Los Gatos High School, Los Gatos, California. 1985 A.B. Geology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California. 1989 M.S. Paleontology, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota. 1993 Ph.D. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 1998 He is adjunct faculty of geology at Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado. From 2014 to 2018 he was the Director of the Museum of Moab. He served for thirteen years as Curator of Paleontology at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2001 to 2014. He is currently a curator at the Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum in Vernal, Utah. Professional work An expert on the Late Jurassic, he has spent more than twenty-five years excavating fossils across the western United States, authoring and coauthoring more than 55 professional papers, ranging from Triassic to Cretaceous, with a few Cambrian and Cenozoic studies appearing as well. In addition to dinosaurs, he has spent over a decade working in the Cambrian shales of the western United States. Triassic In December 2017, he and coauthors Xavier A. Jenkins of Arizona State University and Robert J. Gay of Colorado Canyons Association formally published their study on the oldest known dinosaur from Utah, a neotheropod that is likely an animal similar to Coelophysis. Jurassic His researches in the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains includes the geographic and environmental distributions of microvertebrates and dinosaurs. He served as the lead researcher at the Mygatt-Moore Quarry in western Colorado for 14 years, and continues to work in the Late Jurassic of eastern Utah and western Colorado. His current work includes the excavation of the first known dinosaur from the western United States, \"Dystrophaeus,\" on Bureau of Land Management lands in San Juan County, Utah. Foster had a ceratosaurid ceratosaur theropod dinosaur, Fosterovenator, named after him in 2014 Cambrian His researches in the Cambrian of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau, includes the study of taphonomy and biostratinomy of trilobites, and what this information indicates about the paleoenvironmental conditions on the shallow shelf of western North American during the early Paleozoic. Popular books Foster is the author of Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World, followed by his second book Cambrian Ocean World. References Bibliography Lockley, M. G., Gierlinski, G., Matthews, N. A., Xing, L., Foster, J. R., and Cart, K. 2017. New dinosaur track occurrences from the Upper Jurassic Salt Wash Member (Morrison Formation) of southeastern Utah: Implications for thyreophoran trackmaker distribution and diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology",
"title": "John Foster (paleontologist)"
},
{
"docid": "68464954",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1993 platform game developed and published by Sega for the Game Gear. Another version, with identical gameplay, was also released for the Master System. The game is based on the 1993 film of the same name. It was praised for its graphics, but criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a platform game set at a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. The dinosaurs escape after the failure of the electric fence enclosures, and the player is tasked with rounding up the animals. The game features five areas of Isla Nublar. The player can play the first four areas in any order, but cannot access the final area – Jurassic Park's Visitor Center – until the others are completed. Each area begins with a driving level, played from a side-scrolling perspective, as the player shoots at oncoming dinosaurs. The player then proceeds on foot, and is armed with three weapons. The player can jump and hang from ledges. Medical kits can be collected to refill the player's health bar, while bottles can be collected to expand the health bar. At the end of each area is a boss enemy, such as Brachiosaurus, Pteranodon, Triceratops, and Velociraptor. The final boss enemy is a Tyrannosaurus rex. The Master System version has identical gameplay. In both versions, Jurassic Park is opened to the public upon completion of the game. Reception Jurassic Park received praise for its graphics, but was criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Sega Visions wrote: \"Even without the hot Jurassic Park license, this portable action game would stand on its own with solid graphics and game play\". Richard Longhurst of Sega Power called it \"the most shameful film licence game ever to disgrace the Gear\". Rob Pegley, also writing for Sega Power, reviewed the Master System version and found the gameplay to be unoriginal. The game was generally praised by four critics writing for Electronic Gaming Monthly, although two were unimpressed with the driving portions of the game. Mean Machines opined that the game had a lack of levels and variety. The game's music received praise and criticism. \"Scary Larry\" of GamePro stated that the sound effects \"are stale, but effective\", writing that the game \"tries to emulate the roar of the beasts and the sounds of the jungle, but the dinosaurs end up sounding sickly\". Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games praised the sampled dinosaur roars. Mean Machines found them to be \"awful\", and also criticized the \"instantly forgettable music\". References External links Jurassic Park at MobyGames 1993 video games Jurassic Park video games Game Gear games Master System games Platformers Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Single-player video games",
"title": "Jurassic Park (Game Gear video game)"
},
{
"docid": "50883740",
"text": "Scan Command: Jurassic Park (also known as Jurassic Park: Scan Command) is a 2001 fighting strategy video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure for Microsoft Windows. The game is based on the 2001 film, Jurassic Park III, and was considered unique for its use of a barcode scanner accessory known as the Scan Command. Gameplay Scan Command: Jurassic Park involves an evil scientist, Dr. Irene Corts, who has taken over the Jurassic Park theme park with her army of genetically altered dinosaurs and plans to use them to achieve world domination. The player's goal is to stop Corts. The player must also locate five children and help them escape Jurassic Park. The game features eight playable creatures from the first three Jurassic Park films. The player starts out as a Velociraptor, while other dinosaurs such as Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus rex become unlocked as more levels are completed. The game features seven levels, including caves, jungles, swamps, dilapidated InGen laboratories, and steel pyramids. The final level is set inside an active volcano. The game included a portable, battery-powered barcode scanner, known as the Scan Command, capable of storing up to 25 scans at a time. Barcodes are scanned by the player to obtain \"genetic codes\". Barcodes are loaded into the game by connecting the scanner to a computer's serial port. When a barcode is loaded, it is transformed into dinosaur DNA as part of a puzzle minigame. Once completed, the \"genetic codes\" can then be used to enhance the player's defenses and attacks, with customizable traits such as agility and strength. Players can also trade \"genetic codes\". After reaching a certain power level, the player's creature can fight in real-time battles against other creatures controlled by evil scientists at InGen. In addition to solving puzzles, the player must also defeat enemy dinosaurs to advance to each new level. Development and release In March 2001, Knowledge Adventure, a subsidiary of Vivendi Universal Publishing, obtained the rights to develop video games based on Universal Studios' upcoming film, Jurassic Park III. The concept of Scan Command and its barcode-scanning aspect were considered unusual when the game was unveiled at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in May 2001. Richard Wyckoff, one of the game's designers, said: \"We figure that unless you live in a cave you're going to be surrounded by bar codes. That's why we chose them. They're so ubiquitous in our society\". The game was unveiled with the initial title of Scan Command: A Jurassic Park III Game, and was released as Scan Command: Jurassic Park on October 11, 2001. Reception Jason MacIsaac of The Electric Playground gave the game a 79 percent rating out of 100 and praised the scanner accessory: \"It's a unique idea, and as a source of entertainment, nearly limitless. [...] And I'm surprised at how well this idea works into the gameplay\". However, MacIsaac negatively wrote, \"game screens can look like they've locked up when moving data\". Jon Thompson of AllGame rated the game four stars",
"title": "Scan Command: Jurassic Park"
},
{
"docid": "71416196",
"text": "Dr. Henry Wu is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. He also appears briefly in the novel's 1993 film adaptation and plays a larger role in the Jurassic World film trilogy. Dr. Wu is the lead geneticist for the dinosaur theme parks Jurassic Park and Jurassic World, overseeing the de-extinction of dinosaurs through genetic engineering. He is killed by a Velociraptor in the novel, but survives throughout the film series, in which he is portrayed by actor BD Wong. Although Wu is a supporting character in the novel, he has a drastically reduced role in the film adaptation, directed by Steven Spielberg. Wong and Wu are both Asian-American, and the actor believed that the role was reduced, to his disappointment, because of \"racial exclusion in Hollywood\". Wong was skeptical that he would ever reprise the role, but eventually did so for the fourth film in the franchise, Jurassic World (2015). It was directed by Colin Trevorrow, who co-wrote the script with Derek Connolly. The writers viewed Wu as a logical character to return, considering his role in recreating dinosaurs. Wong is the only actor from any of the previous films to appear in Jurassic World, and he and Trevorrow were happy to revisit the character after his minor role in the first film. Wong reprised the role again for the sequels, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022), which were also co-written by Trevorrow. In the Jurassic World trilogy, Wu secretly creates weaponized hybrid dinosaurs at the behest of others, although the animals later escape and wreak havoc. In Dominion, he secretly engineers giant locusts for his employer, Biosyn, which unleashes the insects to consume rival crops in a plot to control the world food supply. The character undergoes a redemption when he expresses regret for his actions and eventually stops the locust outbreak. Wu is sometimes considered a villain in the Jurassic World films, although Wong believes the character is misunderstood, stating that his research is well intentioned and driven by the demands of others. Aside from the films, Wong also reprised the role for the video games Jurassic World Evolution (2018) and Jurassic World Aftermath (2020), as well as two theme park attractions, Jurassic World: The Ride and VelociCoaster. Fictional background Dr. Henry Wu is the chief geneticist at Jurassic Park, a theme park featuring genetically engineered dinosaurs on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. Wu was recruited by the park's owner, John Hammond, to bring dinosaurs back from extinction for use as attractions. Novels In the novel, Wu was a student of geneticist Norman Atherton, who was Hammond's partner in the Jurassic Park project. After Atherton died of cancer, Wu was personally recruited by Hammond to join the project. Wu is eager to make his mark in the science world, and Hammond gives him an opportunity to do so, offering him a $50 million budget to create living",
"title": "Henry Wu (Jurassic Park)"
},
{
"docid": "70560227",
"text": "Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game, the first to be developed by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall. It is based on the first five films in the Jurassic Park franchise. After years in development, the game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, and quickly achieved its $100,000 fundraising goal. It was released in October 2022. Early reception was generally positive. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game for two to four players, ages 10 and up. The game follows the plots of the first five Jurassic Park films. It is set on Isla Nublar, the fictional island featured in several films. As in the first Jurassic Park film, the players' goal is to build a dinosaur theme park on the island and achieve a lasting legacy. Gameplay takes place across 12 sessions spanning the events of the five films. Players choose from several playable characters, including Dr. Alan Grant, Dr. Ellie Sattler, Dr. Ian Malcolm, John Hammond, Dr. Henry Wu, and Robert Muldoon. The game also introduces several original characters and scenarios not seen in the films. The game initially features four dinosaurs, and eight additional creatures can be encountered as the game progresses. Dinosaurs are represented as mini figures, while humans take the form of cardboard tabs placed into plastic holders. Gameplay generally revolves around the dinosaurs, such as avoiding carnivores or protecting herbivores. Players can also survey areas, enter buildings to play mini-games, and search for items such as tools and weapons. New gameplay mechanics are introduced throughout to alter the experience. Players must work together as a team and agree on what action to take, as their choices in one session can have permanent consequences in future sessions. For instance, stickers are placed on the board as the game progresses, representing locations or other elements that become permanent. Development and release Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar was in development for years. It was created by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall, marking its first legacy game. It is also the first film-based legacy game. Prospero Hall cited the COVID-19 pandemic as its biggest challenge in creating the game. The dinosaur figures are scaled-down replicas based on animations by Industrial Light & Magic, which worked on the CGI dinosaurs in each film. The development team tried to strike a balance with the original films while introducing new characters and story ideas to improve gameplay. In designing the game's look, Prospero Hall referred to old issues of adventure magazines and Scientific American, as well as maps and tourism pamphlets from the 1950s. As a result, the instruction manual and other game documents are designed in a 1950s pulp fiction comic style. The game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, quickly reaching its $100,000 fundraising goal. The game was released in October 2022, selling for $120. It is Prospero",
"title": "Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar"
},
{
"docid": "2343984",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by DreamWorks Interactive and Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Electronic Arts and Sega for the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, respectively, in 1997. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. In 1998, a special edition of the game was released for the Sony PlayStation as a Greatest Hits title and featured several modifications to the gameplay. Gameplay The Saturn and PlayStation versions feature identical gameplay. The game features a side-scroller perspective. There are 5 characters in all throughout the course of the game, each with their own special abilities and attributes: Compsognathus, Human Hunter, Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, and Sarah Harding, who is also known as the \"Human Prey\". During gameplay, the character must complete all levels sequentially to gain access to the next character. For each character, there are \"DNA bonuses\" in each level that can be collected for access to storyboard art for that particular character. Actor Jeff Goldblum briefly reprised his role as Ian Malcolm for a secret ending that the player can access if every DNA bonus is collected. The secret ending is a video of Goldblum congratulating the player for finishing the game, but suggesting to go outside and do other activities instead. The Lost World: Jurassic Park ignores the plot of the film, despite featuring some of its dinosaurs and being set on \"Site B\", an island also known as Isla Sorna and used as InGen's dinosaur breeding site. The plot varies with every character, each one struggling to survive on the island, populated by over 20 species of dinosaurs in an environment of escalating chaos. Item pickups for the dinosaur characters are limited to food needed to maintain their strength, while item pickups for the human characters include gas canisters, automatic weapons, health refills, and rocket launchers. The playable dinosaurs' chapters consist of traversing various parts of the island, defending against other predators as well as InGen hunters. The \"Human Hunter\" chapters are largely based in more urban environments, including an underground complex, a geothermal center and an InGen lab. Although objectives are never elaborated on, the Hunter's goal is to eliminate any dinosaur threat. The final chapters involve Harding escaping the island on a cargo ship. Development DreamWorks Interactive announced that they were working on a video game based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park in the third quarter of 1996. In March 1997, Electronic Arts announced that it had secured the distribution and publishing rights for a PlayStation video game adaptation of the film, as part of a deal with DreamWorks. During the first two months of pre-production, producer Patrick Gilmore held daily meetings with his development team to develop a variety of ideas for the game. The ideas were ultimately put into a concept document that included more than 100 pages, some of which offered storyboards and detailed descriptions of each scene",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)"
},
{
"docid": "10718863",
"text": "Garden Park is a paleontological site in Fremont County, Colorado, known for its Jurassic dinosaurs and the role the specimens played in the infamous Bone Wars of the late 19th century. Located north of Cañon City, the name originates from the area providing vegetables to the miners at nearby Cripple Creek in the 19th century. Garden Park proper is a triangular valley surrounded by cliffs on the southeast and southwest and by mountains to the north; however, the name is also refers to the dinosaur sites on top and along the cliffs. The dinosaur sites now form the Garden Park Paleontological Resource Area, which is overseen by the Bureau of Land Management. Geology Garden Park was formed by erosion of sedimentary rocks that have been distorted by uplift of the Rocky Mountains. The region is bisected by Four Mile Creek (also called Oil Creek), which has carved a canyon through the Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. One of these Mesozoic strata is the Morrison Formation, which is exposed within the canyon. However, because the formation contains high amounts of swelling clays, large faulted blocks or slump-blocks of the formation are slowly moving towards the creek. The result is to make it difficult to correlate the various dinosaur quarries because exposures are limited and not continuous. The formation in Garden Park can be divided informally into a lower and upper unit. The lower unit is composed primarily green and gray mudstones, with numerous lenticular, white to tan to gray sandstones. The upper is composed mostly of red mudstone, with lesser amounts of yellowish, often tabular sandstone. These two units probably correspond to the Tidwell, Saltwash and Brushy Basin members of the Morrison Formation on the Colorado Plateau. Dinosaurs The discovery of dinosaurs in the Garden Park area has been presented numerous times by Schuchert and LeVene, Shur, Ostrom and McIntosh, and Jaffe. Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope both produced major finds here. The lesser known post-Marsh and Cope collecting of dinosaurs has been presented by Monaco. She recounts the expeditions by the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in the early 20th century, the Denver Museum of Natural History in the 1930 and 1990s, and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in the mid-1950s. Dinosaurs from Garden Park on display include Allosaurus fragilis, Diplodocus longus, Ceratosaurus nasicornis, and Stegosaurus stenops at the National Museum of Natural History, Haplocanthosaurus delfsi at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and Othnielosaurus consors (then called Othnielia rex), Stegosaurus stenops and a clutch of Preprismatoolithus coloradensis eggs at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Major vertebrate quarries references (h) = holotype References External links Garden Park Fossil Area - Bureau of Land Management Hands On The Land Jurassic Colorado Jurassic paleontological sites of North America Morrison Formation Paleontology in Colorado Protected areas of Fremont County, Colorado Bureau of Land Management areas in Colorado",
"title": "Garden Park, Colorado"
},
{
"docid": "72820001",
"text": "Velociraptor was popularized by its appearance in the Jurassic Park franchise, which features numerous individuals. They first appear in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, followed by a 1993 film adaptation from director Steven Spielberg, which spawned a series of films. Despite their name, Crichton heavily based the Velociraptors on the larger Deinonychus, and this was carried over into the films. The on-screen raptors were created using several production methods, including animatronics by Stan Winston and CGI by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). The 2015 film Jurassic World introduces a group of named raptors who are being trained in a research program. Among these is an individual named Blue, who returns in the sequels Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The concept of trained raptors was conceived by Spielberg, who served as executive producer on the Jurassic World films. Blue is among the most popular Jurassic Park/World dinosaurs and, alongside Rexy the Tyrannosaurus, has become a fan favorite in the franchise. Appearances In Crichton's original novel and the film adaptation, dinosaurs have been genetically engineered by InGen for a theme park on the fictional Isla Nublar. The Velociraptors are portrayed as intelligent pack hunters. They terrorize the main characters and are responsible for several deaths, including that of Ray Arnold. They also stalk Lex and Tim Murphy in a restaurant kitchen at the park's visitor center. The raptors are overseen by park warden Robert Muldoon, who is killed by them as well in the film. Muldoon notes that the raptors possess problem-solving intelligence and fast speeds reaching 60 miles per hour. Raptors are also featured in Crichton's sequel novel The Lost World and its film adaptation The Lost World: Jurassic Park, both taking place at InGen's abandoned site on Isla Sorna. The raptors again terrorize and kill several characters. A different group of raptors are featured in the 2001 film Jurassic Park III, also set on Isla Sorna. In the film, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant states that raptor intelligence was superior to that of primates. If not for the extinction of dinosaurs, Grant believes that raptors may have risen to become the dominant species on Earth. He theorizes that their intelligence came from an ability to communicate with each other, using their resonating chambers, a theory that is later proven when he encounters InGen's raptors on the island. In Jurassic World, Blue is the oldest of the four Velociraptors trained by Owen Grady for a research program on Isla Nublar, the site of a new theme park. She and her three younger sisters, Charlie, Delta, and Echo, are later used to hunt down the escaped hybrid dinosaur Indominus rex, only to turn against their trainer when accepting the Indominus as their new alpha. Later, Blue is the first to change her loyalty back to Owen and fight against the Indominus. After the rest of her pack is killed by the hybrid, Blue joins a battle between a T. rex (Rexy) and the Indominus, who is then",
"title": "Velociraptors in Jurassic Park"
},
{
"docid": "65407767",
"text": "Jurassic Park, later also referred to as Jurassic World, is an American science fiction adventure media franchise. It focuses on the cloning of dinosaurs through ancient DNA, extracted from mosquitoes that have been fossilized in amber. The franchise explores the ethics of cloning and genetic engineering, and the morals behind de-extinction. The franchise began in 1990, with the release of Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park. A film adaptation, also titled Jurassic Park, was directed by Steven Spielberg and was released in 1993. Crichton then wrote a sequel novel, The Lost World (1995), and Spielberg directed its film adaptation, The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). Four additional films have been released, including Jurassic Park III in 2001, completing the original trilogy of films. The fourth installment, Jurassic World, was released in 2015, marking the beginning of a new trilogy. Its sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in 2018. The sixth film, Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022, marks the conclusion of the second trilogy. Two Jurassic World short films have also been released: Battle at Big Rock (2019) and a Jurassic World Dominion prologue (2021). Theropod dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor have had major roles throughout the film series. Other species, including Brachiosaurus and Spinosaurus, have also played significant roles. The series has also featured other creatures such as Mosasaurus and members of the pterosaur group, both commonly misidentified by the public as dinosaurs. The various creatures in the films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For the first three films, the animatronics were created by special-effects artist Stan Winston and his team, while Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) handled the CGI for all the films. The first film garnered critical acclaim for its innovations in CGI technology and animatronics. Since Winston's death in 2008, the practical dinosaurs have been created by other artists, including Legacy Effects and Image Engine (Jurassic World), Neal Scanlan (Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom), and John Nolan (Jurassic World Dominion). Paleontologist Jack Horner has served as the longtime scientific advisor on the films, and paleontologist Steve Brusatte was also consulted for Jurassic World Dominion. The original film was praised for its modern portrayal of dinosaurs. Horner said that it still contained many inaccuracies, but noted that it was not meant as a documentary. Later films in the series contain inaccuracies as well, for entertainment purposes. This includes the films' velociraptors, which are depicted as being larger than their real-life counterparts. In addition, the franchise's method for cloning dinosaurs has been deemed scientifically implausible, for a number of reasons. On-screen portrayals The various creatures in the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For each of the films, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) has handled dinosaur scenes that required CGI. Throughout the film series, ILM has studied large animals such as elephants and rhinos, for reference in designing the digital dinosaurs. Jurassic Park trilogy (1993–2001) For the original 1993 film Jurassic Park,",
"title": "Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park"
},
{
"docid": "1460085",
"text": "The Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, is a park that houses fossilized remains and petrified eggs of dinosaurs. It is a man-made fossil park and not the actual nesting grounds where the dinosaurs lived. The eggs and fossils on display here are from the world's 3rd-largest dinosaur fossil excavation site and 2nd-largest hatchery at Raiyoli, Balasinor, Gujarat. The Park was set up by the Geological Survey of India and is the only dinosaur museum in the country. History In 1970, the Forest Department of the Gujarat Government began its planting and restoration efforts. The park, also known as India's Jurassic Park, is 428 hectares in size and contains sections such as the dinosaur section, fossil section, etc. Now, the park is managed by the Gujarat Ecological and Research Foundation (GEER). The oldest record of dinosaur bone fossils is of middle Jurassic period, and they are found from Patcham formation of Kutch basin. The fossils which were found in Upper Cretaceous formations in the region date back 66 million years. The eggs are of different sizes, some the size of cannonballs. Fossil trackways of these gargantuan animals are also on display in the park. Dinosaurs that are on display include Tyrannosaurus rex, Megalosaurus, Titanosaurus, Barapasaurus, Brachiosaurus, Antarctosaurus, Stegosaurus and Iguanodon. The park displays life-size models of the dinosaurs along with details of each period in which they existed and the characteristics of the animals. The fossils were found in the Songhir Bagh Basin, the Himatnagar basin of Balasinor, south-eastern parts of Kheda, Panchmahal and Vadodara districts of the state. Gallery References Paleontology in India Protected areas of Gujarat Fossil trackways Fossil parks in India Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad district Cretaceous paleontological sites of Asia Protected areas with year of establishment missing",
"title": "Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park"
},
{
"docid": "5775130",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: Park Builder is a construction and management simulation game for the Game Boy Advance that was developed by Konami. The game was released on September 10, 2001. It is the second game, under the title Jurassic Park III, for the Game Boy Advance title games after The DNA Factor, released in the same year, it is followed by Island Attack. Summary Jurassic Park III: Park Builder challenges the player to design and run an island-based Jurassic Park theme park, similar to Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis. The player must first send an excavation team to one of eight worldwide locations to search for fossilized mosquitoes that contain dinosaur DNA, which is then used to create dinosaurs. The player can place structures in the park such as hotels, restaurants and shops. Hurricanes and earthquakes can damage the park's buildings. The player must advertise the park in order to attract more customers. Visitors to the park must view the dinosaurs while riding on tour buses. The player begins with three buses and can purchase more later. The player is given a maximum of eight holding pens for however many dinosaurs the park may have. There are six different environments on the island, including jungles, a beach, plains, and a desert. Dinosaurs can become ill and require medical attention. To keep them healthy, the dinosaurs are placed in environments that closely resemble their natural habitat. The game features 140 creatures, including Brachiosaurus, Mosasaurus, Pteranodon, Spinosaurus, Stegosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. The dinosaurs, depending on their size and aggression, are grouped into six categories: three for carnivores and three for herbivores. Reception The game was met with average to mixed reception, as GameRankings gave it a score of 68.54%, while Metacritic gave it 65 out of 100. AllGame criticized the game for its few sound effects and \"generic background music\", as well as the need to \"constantly switch back and forth\" between different menu screens, \"making it easy to forget what you're doing in relation to what needs to be done.\" IGN wrote a positive review but criticized the game for its lack of a tutorial mode: \"It's a very complex game with tons of little elements to manage...and it's boggling to see that the developers don't offer even the most basic tutorial for beginner park builders. Right from the get-go, you're thrust into the game without knowing what does what, or how you're supposed to do it.\" See also List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Park Builder Konami games Construction and management simulation games Video games with oblique graphics Video games based on films Video games based on adaptations Video games set on fictional islands Video games developed in Japan",
"title": "Jurassic Park III: Park Builder"
},
{
"docid": "12154291",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is a score of the 2001 film of the same name. It was orchestrated, composed and conducted by Don Davis and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. Davis incorporated John Williams' themes from the previous films into the score. Background and composition John Williams had previously composed the film soundtracks Jurassic Park (1993) and The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). As Jurassic Park III was underway, Williams was busy working on the A.I. Artificial Intelligence soundtrack and suggested Don Davis to handle the Jurassic Park III score. According to Davis: \"I suspect he wasn't too interested in doing the third part of a franchise that he said goodbye to sometime before\". Despite a rumor, James Horner was never considered to compose the film's score. After signing on to the project, Davis became unsure if his score could live up to Williams' work. He listened to the previous Jurassic Park scores, hoping for his own to maintain consistency with them. Some of Williams' prior themes, mostly from the first film, were used in Jurassic Park III, but some were shortened or lengthened to fit certain scenes. Williams provided his original handwritten scores to Davis. One of Williams' themes is used for the returning character of Dr. Alan Grant. Davis also composed a new theme which was supposed to recreate the mending relationship between Paul and Amanda Kirby. The score was recorded with a 104-piece orchestra, with Davis orchestrating and conducting. One track, \"Clash of Extinction\", was created for a battle scene between a T. rex and Spinosaurus, although Johnston ultimately removed the track. Aside from Davis' score, Johnston chose to include \"Big Hat, No Cattle\", a song by Randy Newman from his 1999 album Bad Love. Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original cue listing The complete known cue list is as follows (including alternates): \"Isla Sorna Sailing Situation\" - [4:22] \"The Dig Site (Unused)\" - [1:07] \"They Were Smart\" - [1:42] \"A Walk in the Park\" - [1:21] \"Resonating Chamber\" - [1:17] \"Alan Goes (Album Mix Ending)\" - [1:54] \"Dinosaur Fly-By (Album)\" - [2:12] \"What's a Bad Idea (Album)\" - [1:03] \"Coopers Last Stand\" - [1:43] \"We Haven't Landed Yet\" - [0:40] \"Frenzy Fuselage (Album Mix)\" - [3:12] \"Clash of Extinction (Unused)\" - [1:42] \"The Kirby's Story\" - [4:06] \"Bone Man Ben\" - [3:38] \"Raptor Eggs\" - [2:52] \"The Raptor Room\" - [2:34] \"The Raptor Repartee\" - [3:26] \"Eric Saves Alan\" - [1:47] \"Tree People\" - [2:02] \"Nash Calling\" - [3:36] \"Party Crasher\" - [3:17] \"Pteranodon Habitat\" - [3:01] \"Tiny Pecking Pteranodons\" - [3:23] \"Billy Oblivion\" - [2:49] \"Brachiosaurus on the Bank\" - [2:07] \"Reaching for Glory\" - [2:31] \"Underwater Attack\" - [2:11] \"Spinosaurus Confrontation\" - [3:02] \"River Reminiscence\" - [1:08] \"Ambush and Rescue\" - [3:40] \"The Hat Returns - End Credits (Album)\" - [5:22] \"Big Hat, No Cattle (Source)\" - [4:26] \"Alan Goes (Film Mix)\" - [1:50] \"Dinosaur Fly-By (Extended Film Version)\" - [2:21] \"Coopers Last Stand (Film Alternate) \" - [1:23] \"Frenzy Fuselage",
"title": "Jurassic Park III (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "524169",
"text": "High concept is a type of artistic work that can be easily pitched with a succinctly stated premise. It can be contrasted with low concept, which is more concerned with character development and other subtleties that are not as easily summarized. The origin of the term is disputed. Terminology High-concept narratives are typically characterised by an overarching \"what if?\" scenario that catalyses the following events. Many summer blockbuster movies are built on a high-concept idea, such as \"what if we could clone dinosaurs?\" as in Jurassic Park. High-concept narratives differ from analogous narratives. In the case of the latter, a high-concept story may be employed to allow commentary on an implicit subtext. A prime example of this might be George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, which asks, \"What if we lived in a future of totalitarian government?\" while simultaneously generating social comment and critique aimed at Orwell's own (real-world) contemporary society. Similarly, the Gene Roddenberry sci-fi series Star Trek went beyond the high concept storytelling of a futurist starship crew, by addressing 20th century social issues in a hypothetical and defamiliarising context. Planet of the Apes (1968) likewise engages in social commentary regarding race relations and other topics from modern human society via the lens of the ape civilization, in part as a response by screenplay co-writer Rod Serling to his experiences of anti-semitism. Characteristics The term is often applied to films that are pitched and developed almost entirely upon an engaging premise with broad appeal, rather than standing upon complex character study, cinematography, or other strengths that relate more to the artistic execution of a production. Extreme examples of high-concept films are Snakes on a Plane and Sharknado, which describe their entire premises in their titles. A movie described as being \"high-concept\" is considered easy to sell to a wide audience because it delivers upon an easy-to-grasp idea. This simple narrative can often be summed up with a single iconic image, such as the theme park logo from Jurassic Park. Along with having well-defined genre and aesthetics, high-concept films have marketing guidelines known as \"the look, the hook and the book\". The look of the film is simply how visually appealing it is to the public, usually before its release. Jurassic Park would show the world dinosaurs as they had never been seen before. The hook is the story the film is trying to sell to its audience. Everyone wanted to know how dinosaurs could walk the Earth again after being extinct for 65 million years and how they would coexist with people. The book can be labeled as all the merchandise made to help promote the film. The merchandise in Jurassic Park was destined to sell well, with people wanting the T-shirts and lunch boxes that were shown for sale within the movie itself, with similar merchandise later to be sold at Universal Studios in the gift shop connected to the Jurassic Park ride. Commercial benefits High-concept television series and movies often rely on pre-sold properties such as movie stars",
"title": "High concept"
},
{
"docid": "61908847",
"text": "Jurassic World Live is a live show produced by Feld Entertainment and NBCUniversal based on the Jurassic World franchise. The show started touring arenas around the United States in September 2019, beginning with the Schottenstein Center in Columbus, Ohio. Show Jurassic World Live Tour is a live arena show. Twenty-four dinosaurs are included in the show with seven species in total. These dinosaurs include a 43-foot long T. rex that weighs 8,000 lbs., Blue, the Velociraptor from the Jurassic World franchise, and Pteranodons that will swoop down and pick performers up during the show. The dinosaurs move through animatronics (for the larger dinosaurs) and live acting (for the smaller dinosaurs) in which \"dinoteers\" walk the dinosaurs around the arena while wearing dinosaur costumes. The show also features stunts using props such as a Jurassic World Jeep, motorcycles and a Gyrosphere. The show is canon. The production crew consulted with Steven Spielberg, Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall during the creation of the show, ensuring that there were no continuity errors between the show and the Jurassic World story, as well as ensuring that the dinosaurs, props and tone of the show aligned with that of the Jurassic World franchise. The show features the original score from the movies. Storyline The Jurassic World Live Tour show follows an original storyline that takes place at some point between the first two Jurassic World movies. The story is written by Shawn Thomas and Steve Jarczak and directed by Dan Shipton and Ross Nicholson. The story begins on the day Jurassic World falls and ends before the beginning of the adventures shown in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The story will focus around a team of scientists led by Dr. Kate Walker that have been working on a \"Dino-Decoder,\" a device that allows humans to understand dinosaur emotions. After the Indominus rex escapes on Isla Nublar, the team becomes separated. It is not until later on when the \"Dino-Decoder\" sends out a signal that the team discovers that Jeannie - a Troodon that the team had been testing the device on - is still alive. As the team sets out on a quest to save her, they discover that InGen still intends to weaponize dinosaurs and that they are intrigued by the \"Dino-Decoder\" and Jeannie. The adventure moves to an InGen facility in Chile, where conflict breaks out featuring dinosaur-on-dinosaur and dinosaur-on-human battles. The story then circles back to Isla Nublar. References Works based on Jurassic Park",
"title": "Jurassic World Live"
},
{
"docid": "9057939",
"text": "Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite is an assemblage of fossil dinosaur footprints on public land near Shell, in Big Horn County, Wyoming. They were discovered in 1997 by Erik P. Kvale, a research geologist from the Indiana Geological Survey. The site is managed by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the Red Gulch/Alkali National Back Country Byway and is open to the public. Fossils The fossilized tracks are believed to have been made during the Middle Jurassic Period, 160–180 million years b.p., on what was then a shore of the Sundance Sea. Theropod tracks are thought to be among those discovered, but evidence suggests that the tracks were made by a large, diverse group of dinosaurs. Due to a rarity of Middle Jurassic theropods, the species that made the tracks is currently unknown. The majority of the footprints are in the area dubbed \"the ballroom\". Besides the trackways, a variety of fossils can be found, including belemnites, crinoids, and shrimp burrows. Geology The tracksite is in a limestone layer in the lower part of the Sundance Formation. Its discovery was somewhat surprising, since the Sundance was historically considered to be marine in nature. Indeed, the layer just above the tracksite contains abundant marine fossils including numerous Gryphaea nebrascensis, indicating that later in the Jurassic it was once again submerged. See also Sundance Formation Fossil trackway Sundance Sea References External links BLM Wyoming.gov: official Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite website Geo-sciences.com: Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite – Wyoming’s Middle Jurassic Treasure Fossil trackways in the United States Fossil parks in the United States Jurassic geology of Wyoming Jurassic paleontological sites of North America Paleontology in Wyoming 1997 in paleontology Protected areas of Big Horn County, Wyoming Bureau of Land Management areas in Wyoming",
"title": "Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite"
},
{
"docid": "1770979",
"text": "Dr. Alan Grant is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is a paleontologist and is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. Crichton based Grant on the paleontologist Jack Horner. Director Steven Spielberg helmed the 1993 film adaptation, and several actors were considered for the role of Grant. It ultimately went to Sam Neill, becoming one of his most popular roles. Spielberg gave the character a dislike of children, and put him in a relationship with Dr. Ellie Sattler, a paleobotanist who is Grant's student in the novel. Sattler, portrayed by Laura Dern, wants to start a family with Grant, who is resistant to the idea. Neill reprised the character in 2001's Jurassic Park III, which also saw a cameo by Dern. In the film, Sattler has married someone else and started a family, although she and Grant remain friends. Director Joe Johnston chose to break-up Grant and Sattler, believing that Dern looked too young to be in such a relationship; Neill is 20 years older than her. Neill was dissatisfied with his performance in the first film, which factored into his return for Jurassic Park III, marking the first time he reprised one of his roles. Neill and Dern would return again for major roles in Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022. In the film, Sattler has divorced her husband; she and Grant eventually rekindle their romantic relationship. Colin Trevorrow, the film's director and co-writer, was in agreement with Neill and Dern on reuniting their characters romantically. Neill and Dern also reprised their roles for the video games Jurassic World Evolution and Jurassic World Evolution 2, lending their voices to downloadable content packs released in 2019 and 2022 respectively. Fictional background Dr. Alan Grant is a paleontologist who is dedicated to his research, which includes a focus on velociraptors. He believes that dinosaurs are closely related to birds, and also theorizes that the vision of a Tyrannosaurus is based on movement. Grant has written several books on dinosaurs, as referenced in the first novel. He has also written at least two in the film series. In Jurassic Park III, Eric Kirby opines that he liked Grant's first book better, as Grant liked dinosaurs when he wrote it, compared to the second written after his time at Jurassic Park. Grant has a dislike of computers, and is portrayed in the film series as easily irritated. Novels In the first novel, Grant is described as \"a barrel-chested, bearded man of forty\". He had a wife who died years prior to the events of the novel. He has a strong affinity for children, especially those interested in dinosaurs. He is one of the world's most renowned paleontologists, partly specializing in hadrosaur and other duck-billed dinosaurs such as Maiasaura. Dr. Ellie Sattler is a graduate student and paleobotanist who is studying under Grant. Before the events of the novel, Grant was approached by Donald Gennaro, chief counsel for InGen, to provide information on the requirements",
"title": "Alan Grant (Jurassic Park)"
},
{
"docid": "14363937",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! is a 2001 video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure for Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. Gameplay consists of the player(s) going around on a virtual board game map. Knowledge Adventure also concurrently developed and published Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender. Certain aspects of Dino Defender were re-used for Danger Zone!. Gameplay InGen's supply of dinosaur DNA is nearly destroyed after an earthquake comes to Jurassic Park. As in Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender, the player is again cast as a Dino Defender. The player must go to Jurassic Park to retrieve new DNA samples. The game includes a multiplayer for up to 2 players. The Dino Defender Chief, a character who serves as both an authority figure and narrator, returns from the previous game to guide the player through menus. Danger Zone! also recycles several cutscenes, menu designs, animations, and audio from Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender. In the game the tokens are SUVs. The player goes around Jurassic Park on a board-like version of it. The player's mission is to collect four DNA samples from a dinosaur chosen at the start of the game. Dinosaurs include T. rex, Spinosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Compsognathus, Pteranodon, Velociraptor, and Stegosaurus. The player can buy items, which can be used against dinosaurs. Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! features a variety of diverse mini-games. Many mini-games are side-scrolling games that feature the same armored character used in Dino Defender. Other mini-games such as \"Raging Raptors\" involves the player controlling a raptor and fighting another raptor, or hunting in a field to obtain DNA of dinosaurs using a helicopter. When the player has filled the \"DNA meter\" with the DNA of the chosen dinosaur, the creature is then cloned and the player wins the game. Reception Christy Wasson of GameZone had expected more action from a Jurassic Park game. She praised the graphics, and the sound effects of the game's helicopters and \"somewhat realistic\" dinosaurs, but also felt that the animation and narration \"could use some work\". Wasson also criticized the game's slow loading times, its easy difficulty, and wrote that having to compete against the computer AI is boring. Wasson also believed the game's concept would have worked better with a different theme, rather than as a board game. Jinny Gudmundsen of USA Today recommended the game for children over the age of 10 because of dinosaur violence. Gudmundsen considered the game's multiplayer option superior to its single-player mode, and said that gameplay could become boring once all the minigames have been played. Jason MacIsaac of The Electric Playground enjoyed the large collection of mini-games, but he criticized the game's long sessions, slow loading times, and the difficulty of the \"Raging Raptors\" mini-game. Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! sold an estimated 210,000 copies, totaling $4.6 million in revenue. In August 2006, Next Generation listed the game at number 97 on its list of \"Top 100 PC Games of the 21st Century\", which",
"title": "Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!"
},
{
"docid": "5788628",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor is a side scrolling and puzzle game set in the Jurassic Park movie universe. It was developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Hawaii and published by Konami for the Game Boy Advance. It was coincided with the release of the film Jurassic Park III on July 16, 2001. The two other games, Jurassic Park III: Park Builder and Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, are also released by Konami. Summary A cargo plane flying over Isla Sorna is struck by lightning, and upon crashing, the dinosaur DNA it stored is spread across the island. The player then assumes the role of either Mark Hanson (a photographer) or Lori Torres (an ace pilot), and must wander around the island in a side-scrolling format, collecting DNA and avoiding dinosaurs. In each level, the player's character has the ability to switch between a background and a foreground pathway. Switching between the two pathways allows the player to access weapons and DNA samples, or to avoid oncoming dinosaurs. At the end of each level, the player will use the DNA that is collected in a short puzzle game, in order to create more dinosaurs. Completing this minigame will unlock more areas for the player to explore. At the end of the game, the military bombs the island, and the player escapes on a small plane, wondering if dinosaurs should really have a place in their world. Reception The game was met with negative reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 48.94%, while Metacritic gave it 44 out of 100. AllGame praised the game's graphics and sound effects, but criticized its \"awkward\" controls and wrote that the levels \"are poorly designed and seemingly impossible to complete.\" AllGame also criticized the game's ability to switch between background and foreground pathways, writing \"this just adds confusion, since swapping between roads can be tricky and the paths are oftentimes deceiving because of the limited screen size and resolution.\" IGN praised its cutscenes, sound effects and music, but criticized its \"sloppy game design,\" clumsy controls, and bad collision detection, as well as the game's background and foreground pathways: \"Nothing casts a shadow, so you can't even tell if a DNA sample is hovering over the foreground path or lying on the ground on the background path.\" GameSpot criticized the game for \"disappointing\" sound effects and music, and for sharing nothing in common with the film. GameSpot also criticized the game's background and foreground pathways, calling it \"a confusing little gimmick that is mainly used to increase the amount of backtracking you'll have to do to collect the particles you need.\" In 2018, Zack Zwiezen of Kotaku ranked the game among the \"worst\" Jurassic Park games ever released, stating that it \"looked and played awful when it was first released, and it hasn’t aged well at all.\" References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Jurassic Park video games Konami games Video games developed in the United",
"title": "Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor"
},
{
"docid": "56188730",
"text": "Dinosaur suits are a type of costumed character or creature suit resembling a dinosaur. Dinosaur suits are also called dinosaur costumes. Such costumes were used in film and television and as mascots for decades, reflecting dinosaurs' prominence in the arts and entertainment. Usually operators use two cable-pulled handle to control the motions. Realistic dinosaur suits also gained popularity for live shows following the success of Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. An experienced performer can make lifelike movements with a dinosaur suit. They are also used in theme parks and in an educational context at various museums. Inflatable dinosaur suits have been used for pranks, gags, and protests. Film and television Dinosaur suits were first used in early monster movies, such as Gorgo (1961), which featured a T-Rex like monster. They continued to be used in films such as Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend (1985) which used animatronic brontosaurus suits with radio-controlled heads, and in television series like Dinosaurs (1991), a sitcom with a family of dinosaurs. The film Jurassic Park (1993) used dinosaur suits for some of the creatures, such as Velociraptor and Deinonychus. In modern-day movies such as Jurassic World (2015), this was instead done using CGI. In children's television, Barney, an anthropomorphic purple dinosaur, was used in the show Barney & Friends alongside other dinosaurs, becoming widely known in pop culture. Live action Some sports teams have dinosaur mascots represented by costumes, such as Arsenal F.C., Toronto Raptors, Colorado Rockies, Calgary Dinos and NC Dinos. For Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular, puppet-suits of dinosaurs such as the baby T-Rex and Utahraptors were created by Creature Technology Co. for use on stage alongside larger remote-controlled animatronics. These suits had the performer's legs visible, to make the leg shape more realistic. Feathers were later added to them due to recent discoveries about dinosaur plumage. Because of the show's ongoing popularity, these types of suits also became popular for live appearances, with and without the performer's visible legs, and including other types of suits such as two-person triceratops and stegosaurus costumes. As part of their Jurassic Park attractions, Universal Studios created several realistic dinosaur suits for their theme parks, including Velociraptors and a life size adult Triceratops that was also used to advertise the movies. The dinosaur suits utilised in Universal studios appear to replicate the method used for the dinosaurs in the classic Jurassic Park films. They are capable of complex behaviours such as roaring, snapping, trying to eat the guests or even showing affection in ways such as rubbing their heads or noses on the guests. Dinosaur suits created by the company Erth are used to teach students about dinosaurs at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in the \"Dinosaur Encounters\" show, including a baby triceratops and baby T-Rex. The vocalizations of the suits are made by the performers themselves through a microphone and speaker. Other museums also began to use dinosaur suits as attractions, such as THEMUSEUM in Ontario. In 2015,",
"title": "Dinosaur suit"
},
{
"docid": "1282784",
"text": "Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis is a construction and management simulation video game based on the Jurassic Park series developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by Universal Interactive, with the console versions being co-published with Konami in Japan. It was released for Windows, Xbox, and PlayStation 2. The game's primary goal is to construct a five-star rated dinosaur theme park named Jurassic Park on custom-generated islands by hatching dinosaurs, building attractions, keeping visitors entertained, and ensuring the park's safety. Development began in 2001, and lasted 22 months. The game was announced in February 2002, with its release initially scheduled for late 2002. Ultimately, the game was released in North America and the PAL region in March 2003, followed by a Japanese release later that year. According to Metacritic, the Windows and Xbox versions received \"Mixed or average\" reviews, while the PlayStation 2 version received \"Generally favorable\" reviews. Gameplay The player's main objective is to create an animal theme park featuring dinosaurs, make it popular, and make it safe with a 5-star rating. Gameplay functions are very similar to the SimCity and Zoo Tycoon game models. It is necessary to build feeding stations where herbivores can get bales of plant feed, while carnivores are fed live cows and goats. However, herbivores become unhappy if they don't have enough trees around them or enough nearby dinosaurs to socialize with. Likewise, carnivores have an innate desire to hunt other dinosaurs, so even a constant stream of livestock will not keep them happy. To create a dinosaur, fifty percent (50%) of the particular dinosaur's DNA is needed. The higher the percentage of DNA, the longer that dinosaur will live, unless it dies by means other than natural causes, such as malnutrition or being attacked by another dinosaur. To obtain a dinosaur's DNA, the player must extract it through fossils or amber. Higher quality specimens will yield more DNA. To obtain fossils and amber, the player must send a fossil-hunting team to dig in one of nine dig sites around the world. Additional dig teams can be purchased later in the game. Each dig site contains fossils from three particular dinosaurs. Fossils of some dinosaurs, such as Brachiosaurus, can be found in more than one dig site. The chance of finding fossils depends on the quality of the site. There are 6 classifications on the quality of a dig site, ranging from \"excellent\" to \"exhausted.\" It is still possible to find fossils and amber at sites that have been exhausted, although they are often of low quality with little DNA to provide. Valuable items such as silver, gold, or opal are also discovered infrequently by the dig team(s), and can be sold for profit. Attractions help make the park popular, and increase its rating power and income when correctly configured. Attractions must be researched before they can be constructed, and include the Balloon Tour, Safari Adventure and Viewing Dome. Viewing Vents and Viewing Platforms do not need to be researched. The Safari Tour and Balloon",
"title": "Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "11587850",
"text": "Walking with... is a palaeontology media franchise produced and broadcast by the BBC Studios Science Unit. The franchise began with the series Walking with Dinosaurs (1999), created by Tim Haines. By far the most watched science programme in British television during the 20th century, Walking with Dinosaurs spawned companion material and four sequel series: Walking with Beasts (2001), Walking with Cavemen (2003), Sea Monsters (2003) and Walking with Monsters (2005). Each series uses a combination of computer-generated imagery and animatronics, incorporated with live action footage shot at various locations, to portray prehistoric animals in the style of a traditional nature documentary. The Walking with... programmes were praised for their special effects and for their science communication. Though largely praised by scientists for the effort to adhere to science and for portraying prehistoric life as animals rather than movie monsters, some academic criticism has been leveled at the series for not making clear through their narration what is speculative and what is based in fact. In addition to the five main series, the success of Walking with... also led to the production of the Walking with Dinosaurs special episodes The Ballad of Big Al, The Giant Claw and Land of Giants. The franchise has also been accompanied by several books, merchandise, video games and the live theatrical show Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. In 2013, a movie based on Walking with Dinosaurs, with the same name, was directed by Neil Nightingale and Barry Cook. Development Walking with Dinosaurs was devised by the then BBC-employed science television producer Tim Haines in 1996. Inspired by the 1993 film Jurassic Park, Haines envisioned a more science-based documentary programme using the same techniques as Jurassic Park to bring dinosaurs to life. Though such a series was initially feared to be far too expensive to produce, particularly considering the production costs of Jurassic Park, Haines managed to bring down the costs through working with the award-winning UK-based graphics company Framestore. It was only after the production of a six-minute pilot episode in 1997 that Haines managed to secure funding for the series; Walking with Dinosaurs was funded by the BBC, BBC Worldwide and the Discovery Channel, alongside major investments from TV Asahi in Japan and ProSieben in Germany. At a cost of £6.1 million ($9.9 million), Walking with Dinosaurs cost over £37,654 ($61,112) per minute to produce, making it the most expensive documentary series per minute ever made. The visual effects of Walking with Dinosaurs were done by Framestore and the puppets and animatronics were done by the special effects company Crawley Creatures. The success of Walking with Dinosaurs led to the rapid creation of Walking with... as a brand of documentary series. In the aftermath of Walking with Dinosaurs, Haines founded the production company Impossible Pictures together with Jasper James, one of the producers on Walking with Dinosaurs. 2000 saw the release of a special episode of Dinosaurs, The Ballad of Big Al, focusing on a single Allosaurus specimen. The first entire sequel",
"title": "Walking with..."
},
{
"docid": "12674207",
"text": "Jurassic Park: Survival is a canceled action-adventure video game that was in development by Savage Entertainment and was to be published by Konami. Based upon the Jurassic Park franchise, the game was to be released on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in November 2001. It was also planned for Microsoft Windows and GameCube. Development began in October 2000. Initially, the game was to be based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. However, the film was in production at that time and could not provide visual reference to the game's development teams, who had to devise their own designs and ideas. Vivendi Universal ultimately decided that the game would only be inspired by the film, rather than based on it, and subsequently chose to include elements not featured in the film. In July 2001, Savage ended development due to payment conflicts with Vivendi Universal, which was dissatisfied with the progress of the game. In North America, the game was expected to receive a Teen rating. Gameplay Jurassic Park: Survival was to be played from a third-person perspective with David Vaughn, a member of a security team, as the main character. The game would have taken place on an island of genetically engineered dinosaurs. Gameplay was described as being similar to the Tomb Raider games. Chacko Sonny, a founder of Savage Entertainment, described the company's goal on the gameplay as \"Die-Hard meets Jurassic Park\". In its preview video, gameplay appeared similar to a survival horror game, with additional action-adventure elements such as climbing, crawling, rolling, shoot rolling, jumping and swimming, as well as other platforming strategies to outwit the dinosaurs instead of trying to take them head on. Vaughn's enemies would have included eight dinosaur species and four different types of military officers. A fictionalized version of Troodon with glowing eyes would have been featured in the game, and was later implemented into Jurassic Park: The Game (2011). Dinosaur AI was meant to be an integral part of the game; dinosaurs would be able to lure the main character into traps, hunt in packs, and retreat for reinforcements if needed. Vaughn's weapons would have included a pistol, an electric prod, and a grenade launcher. Vaughn would also carry a PDA with him, which could be used to contact team members for assistance. An item known as the \"phero pack\" could also be carried around and dropped in certain locations to lure dinosaurs to Vaughn's human enemies and attack them. Puzzles would play a major role in the game. Stealth was also a significant part of gameplay, as Vaughn could complete objectives easier by avoiding detection from guards and spotlights while inside enemy encampments. Vaughn could also use computer terminals located throughout the game to access security cameras for a better view of the area and nearby enemies. The game would have featured 12 large levels, located in swamps, dense forests, huge caves and networks of tunnels, military outposts, a marina, a terrorist camp, jungles, a hatchery, and a large aviary used",
"title": "Jurassic Park: Survival"
},
{
"docid": "61480190",
"text": "Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar is a 13-episode CG-animated television miniseries that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Set in 2012 and inspired by the Lego toyline, the show is a direct followup to the Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit television special that debuted on NBC in the United States in 2018. The series began airing in Canada on Family Channel on July 6, 2019. Plot The series takes place at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Velociraptor handler Owen Grady and the park's operations manager Claire Dearing work to keep Jurassic World from falling into ruin unaware that Dennis Nedry's nephew Danny Nedermeyer has a secret agenda to ruin it. Cast Episodes Specials Broadcast In Australia, the series debuted on 9Go! on August 15, 2019. In the United States, Nickelodeon picked up the series and began airing it on September 14, with the first episode made available on video-on-demand platforms beginning August 25, 2019. ITV in the United Kingdom premiered the series as part of their CITV block on September 7, 2019. See also Lego Jurassic World (theme) Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit Lego Jurassic World (video game) Lego Dimensions Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park References External links LEGO: Jurassic World – Legend of Isla Nublar at Family.ca Official Jurassic World website Official Jurassic Outpost website Official Nickelodeon website 2019 animated television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series endings 2019 American television series debuts 2019 American television series endings 2010s Canadian animated television series 2010s American animated television series 2020s Canadian animated television series 2020s American animated television series American children's animated action television series American children's animated adventure television series American children's animated comic science fiction television series American children's animated science fantasy television series Canadian children's animated action television series Canadian children's animated adventure television series Canadian children's animated comic science fiction television series Canadian children's animated science fantasy television series Television series set in 2012 Works based on Jurassic Park Nickelodeon original programming Animated television series about dinosaurs J",
"title": "Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar"
},
{
"docid": "32242633",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It was released on September 16, 1997. By this time the Genesis was near the end of its commercial lifespan, and months went by between new software releases for the console. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. Gameplay Unlike the previous Jurassic Park games for the Genesis, the game features a bird's-eye view perspective similar to Jurassic Park on the Super NES. The player assumes the role of an unnamed character who must capture dinosaurs on Isla Sorna, while stopping rival hunters from transporting dinosaurs to the mainland. The game consists of nineteen missions spread across four sections of the island, referred to as Sites One through Four. Boss levels must be played at the end of each Site in order to advance to the next Site. Two players can work together in Cooperative Mode, or work against each other in Competitive Mode. Weapons such as a taser, tranquilizer gun, shotgun and grenades can be used against hunters and dinosaurs. At times, the player can control vehicles such as an SUV and a hovercraft. Development The game was originally scheduled to release in August 1997. This was pushed to September 1997. Reception Game Informer gave the game an 8.25 out of 10 and wrote, \"We can honestly say that this game is more fun than the PlayStation/Saturn version. [...] We'd love to see more titles like The Lost World for Genesis. It's entertaining and pushes the Genesis to its limits.\" Game Informer also praised the game's graphics, but noted \"when there's a lot of on-screen action, the slow down does become frustrating.\" GamePro instead considered the graphics unimpressive by Genesis standards, citing muted colors, simple backgrounds, and small sprites. The reviewer also described the gameplay as boring. See also Jurassic Park video games The Lost World: Jurassic Park (video game), a listing of games based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park References External links 1997 video games Cooperative_video_games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Sega Genesis games Sega Genesis-only games Video games developed in Hungary Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Sega Genesis game)"
},
{
"docid": "46961985",
"text": "Jurassic Park Builder was a 2012 construction and management simulation video game developed and published by Ludia for iOS and Android operating systems, as well as Facebook. The game, based on the Jurassic Park series, allows the player to build a theme park featuring extinct animals. Ludia ended the game's support as of March 30, 2020. In 2015, Ludia released a sequel to the game titled Jurassic World: The Game, to coincide with the release of the film Jurassic World. Gameplay Jurassic Park Builder is a freemium game consisting of two-dimensional landscape renderings and three-dimensional creatures. The player's objective is to build and maintain a Jurassic Park theme park. The player begins the game with a basic home base, while expansion of the park is done by clearing land. To create dinosaurs, the player must clear away trees and rocks to locate prehistoric mosquitos, which are trapped in amber and contain dinosaur DNA. In a laboratory, the player then attempts to unlock the DNA from the mosquito. If the player is successful, then a dinosaur egg is created. Amber is sometimes discovered when the player clears land for park expansion. Basic mission objectives are given to the player by characters from the first two films: Alan Grant, John Hammond, Ian Malcolm, and Kelly Curtis. Dr. Henry Wu, a park scientist, also appears in the game, which features no characters from the film Jurassic Park III. Mission objectives include constructing roads and feeding creatures in the park. Completing missions ultimately gives the player the ability to create new buildings and conduct research for cloning new dinosaurs. Buildings include hotels and theme park attractions, including tour vehicles that travel along a path determined by the player. Revenue is earned through the buildings and dinosaurs that are located in the park. Revenue is collected in regular intervals, and the player can earn more money by feeding the dinosaurs to level them up. Although the dinosaurs do not require food to survive, feeding the animals will level them up, resulting in higher profits for the player. Carnivorous and herbivorous creatures require their own supply of food, which must be managed by the player to avoid running out. The player can choose to pay real money to purchase in-game currency, as well as supplies such as dinosaur food. Various aspects of the game take time to progress, including the hatching of dinosaur eggs, the clearing of forest land, and shipments of food from the mainland. The player can pay real currency to speed up these parts of the game. In a minigame titled \"Red Zone\", the player must tap on a specific dinosaur to prevent it from escaping its enclosure. In addition to breakouts, the player is occasionally given the option to respond to other emergencies such as storms. Responding to emergencies earns the player additional in-game currency. Aside from Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar, the game features two additional parks that the player can create: Aquatic Park, located on Nublar's seabed, featuring extinct aquatic",
"title": "Jurassic Park Builder"
},
{
"docid": "14222404",
"text": "Carnosaur (1984) is a horror novel written by Australian author John Brosnan, under the pseudonym of Harry Adam Knight. A film adaptation was made in 1993 by Adam Simon. The novel bears several similarities to Michael Crichton's Jurassic Park, though Carnosaur preceded the latter work by six years. Brosnan feared that the public would have thought that his Gollancz reissue of Carnosaur would have been seen as a plagiarism to Jurassic Park. He admitted he liked the scene in the Crichton novel film adaption involving dinosaurs rampaging through a museum, as it bore direct similarities to an incident featured in Carnosaur. Plot Set in a rural village near Cambridgeshire, England, the novel opens at a chicken farm which is attacked one night by a mysterious creature, leaving both the farmer and his wife dead. A story circulates that the killer was a Siberian tiger that had escaped the private zoo of an eccentric lord named Darren Penward. A reporter named David Pascal investigates the carnage, and notices that the blood-stained room where the attack occurred has been thoroughly cleansed in a seeming attempt at covering the killer's footprints. A few days later, the creature attacks a stable, killing a horse, the keeper, and her daughter, leaving one survivor, an eight-year-old boy. Pascal arrives at the scene, only to find Penward's men already there, towing a concealed animal with a helicopter. Pascal interviews the boy, who reveals that the killer was not a tiger, but in fact a dinosaur. After unsuccessfully trying to interview Penward's men, Pascal moves on and begins a sexual relationship with Penward's nymphomaniac wife, who eventually takes him into her private quarters. From there, Pascal enters the zoo, only to discover that it's filled with dinosaurs. He is captured and given a tour of the establishment. He sees a variety of different species, mostly carnivores, including the dinosaur that had escaped earlier which is identified as a Deinonychus, a sexually-frustrated Megalosaurus, and an adolescent Tarbosaurus. Penward explains that he recreated the dinosaurs by studying the DNA fragments found in fossils, then using them as a basis for restructuring the DNA of chickens. He goes as far as saying that he intends to let his dinosaurs loose in remote areas of the world where they could flourish and eventually spread after what he considers an inevitable Third World War. Pascal is imprisoned, only to be rescued by Lady Penward, but only after promising that he permanently commit to her. As they make their escape, Pascal notices that his ex-girlfriend Jenny Stamper, also a reporter, has been caught in the act of infiltrating Penward's zoo as well. Enraged at his insistence on helping her, Lady Penward releases the dinosaurs and other animals present in the zoo. In the chaos, the Tarbosaurus destroys Penward's helicopter and heavy machine gun before it can get in the air. The Deinonychus pursues Pascal and Jenny through Penward's museum, with the two getting away when it is tricked into attacking its own reflection due",
"title": "Carnosaur (novel)"
},
{
"docid": "50553794",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1994 point-and-click adventure game developed and published by Sega for the Sega CD. The video game is based on the 1993 film of the same name, and includes elements from Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which the film is based upon. Plot Set after the events of the film, a group of scientists is sent to collect dinosaur eggs at InGen's Jurassic Park. This theme park is populated with genetically engineered dinosaurs and is located on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. After the group's helicopter crashes on the island, a survivor – controlled by the player – receives a video message from Emily Shimura, a computer expert. Shimura states that the crash was the result of sabotage orchestrated by InGen's corporate rival, Biosyn Corporation, which paid to have a bomb attached to the helicopter. A second helicopter is sent to rescue the player, but it is also compromised by Biosyn, which has sent out its own team to steal the dinosaur eggs. When Biosyn's helicopter arrives, the company's agents are tranquilized by the player, who uses the helicopter to escape the island. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a point-and-click adventure game, with a strong emphasis on action sequences which require split-second timing. The player must search Isla Nublar to retrieve eggs from seven different dinosaur species and place them in an incubator at the Jurassic Park visitor center. The eggs must be collected within a real-time 12-hour limit. Jurassic Park is played from a first-person perspective, giving the player a panoramic view of the surroundings as well as various tools to interact with, and a trio of weapons to contend with dinosaurs. Because none of the weapons (a stun gun, tranquilizer darts, and gas grenades) are lethal, each situation is in the form of a puzzle disguised as combat which requires more than just shooting to survive. First-aid kits can be used to replenish the player's health, while night vision goggles allow the player to see in dark environments. Paleontologist Robert T. Bakker makes video appearances throughout the game to provide the player with hints and dinosaur information, via special Dinosaur Field Kiosks that are located near dinosaur paddocks. Shimura also provides the player with information through video messages. Development and release In January 1992, Sega spent an estimated $1 million to purchase the rights to develop a Jurassic Park video game. Sega had the rights to use the Jurassic Park logo and some sounds from the film, but none of the characters. Elements from Michael Crichton's novel, Jurassic Park, were added into the game. It was the first Sega CD video game to be developed entirely in the United States by Sega of America. Initially, the game was to include three different perspectives: top-down, side-scrolling, and first-person. Development began on prototype versions of each perspective. The game's designers later realized that the game was too big, and decided to concentrate on only one perspective instead. The designers chose the first-person perspective which was the",
"title": "Jurassic Park (Sega CD video game)"
},
{
"docid": "50566202",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1993 action video game developed and published by Ocean Software, for DOS and Amiga computers. The game is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1993 film, Jurassic Park, and also includes elements from author Michael Crichton's 1990 novel of the same name, which the film is based upon. The player controls the character of Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who becomes trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. Grant's initial objective is to search for Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of park owner John Hammond. Upon locating the children, Grant must contact a helicopter so survivors can escape the island. Gameplay consists of a bird's-eye view during the game's large exterior environment, but switches to a first-person perspective whenever Grant enters a building. Development of the game began in November 1992. A development team of 13 people – considered large at that time – worked on the game. Spielberg was also involved in the game during its development to ensure that it would be faithful to his initial vision. Materials related to the film, including its script and photographs of the sets, aided the developers during the game's production. Jurassic Park was released in the United Kingdom in October 1993, and was subsequently released in the United States a year later. Many critics praised the game's indoor environments, but some criticized its large exterior environment, and its boring and repetitive gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the 1993 film of the same name, in which paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped on an island theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped. Playing as Grant, the player must rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. The player begins the game near an overturned vehicle in the Tyrannosaurus paddock. After finding Tim, Grant searches for Lex in a sewer maze. The player then must re-activate the park's power to contact a helicopter so the survivors can escape the island. Jurassic Park features a bird's-eye view in exterior levels, but switches to a first-person shooter perspective when entering buildings. The exterior levels contain eight large areas, each one consisting of a different dinosaur paddock, as well as a Pteranodon dome. Each level requires Grant to complete a series of tasks in order to advance further through the game. Indoor levels are spread throughout the game. The game features 11 building complexes, each one overrun by velociraptors. The game also includes a raft level. A password is given after each level is won. The game includes six dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player begins with a taser weapon; other weapons can be found by the player. First aid kits can be used to restore all of the player's health. Electronic motion sensors are located throughout the game, and can detect all moving objects. Connected to the motion sensors are computer terminals, which can be used to receive messages, maps",
"title": "Jurassic Park (computer video game)"
},
{
"docid": "4510457",
"text": "Koparion is a genus of small coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur, from the late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian stage), of Utah. It contains the single named species Koparion douglassi which is known only from a single isolated tooth. Discovery In 1993, Daniel Chure and Brooks Britt reported the discovery of small theropod remains, found by screenwashing large amounts of earth in the Rainbow Park near Dinosaur National Monument in Uintah County, Utah. In 1994, Chure named and described a unique tooth as the type specimen of the new species Koparion douglassi. The generic name Koparion comes from the Ancient Greek κοπάριον, \"small surgical knife\", in reference to the small size of the tooth. The specific name honors Earl Douglass, who, in the early twentieth century, excavated the Dinosaur National Monument quarry. The holotype specimen, DINO 3353, was found in the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation dating from the late Kimmeridgian, about 151 million years old. The taxon is thus present in stratigraphic zone 6 of the Morrison Formation. The specimen consists of a single maxillary (upper cheek) tooth crown (the root is missing). It cannot be determined whether it represents a left or a right tooth. Description The tooth is two millimeters tall and very recurved, with a strongly convex front edge and a nearly vertical back edge. The tooth is stout, with a maximum fore-aft length of 1.9 millimeters. Both edges are serrated, showing low rectangular denticles (individual serrations). The twelve denticles on the rear edge are much higher than the fourteen on the front edge, which cover only the nearly horizontal upper part of the front edge. The tooth base, though very wide, is constricted. The base is asymmetrical, with the right side in front view protruding much further than the left side; because it is not known whether it is a left or right tooth, it cannot be established what is the inner and what the outer side. The denticles are separated by \"blood grooves\", and \"blood pits\" are also present. The back denticles point obliquely upwards but have no hooked upper corners. Classification Chure assigned Koparion to the Troodontidae based on the anatomy of the tooth. At that time, it was the oldest known troodontid, and is the first of that group discovered from the Jurassic. A troodontid presence in the Jurassic was predicted by the standard theory regarding the origin of birds, claiming that birds and troodontids are closely related (Chure suggested that they may even have been sister taxa, though this is not currently supported). Within this context, Koparion could be used to refute the temporal paradox argument, that such a close relationship were unlikely because the then oldest known bird, Archaeopteryx, lived much earlier than the Deinonychosauria, i.e. the Troodontidae and the Dromaeosauridae; later also non-fragmentary Jurassic troodontid material was reported, from China. See also List of dinosaurs Hesperornithoides - Another troodontid reported from the Jurassic. Timeline of troodontid research References Late Jurassic dinosaurs of North America Troodontids Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation Fossil",
"title": "Koparion"
},
{
"docid": "62688023",
"text": "{{Infobox character |name = Ian Malcolm |series = Jurassic Park |image = Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum).jpg |caption = Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park (1993) |first = Jurassic Park (1990) |last = Jurassic World Dominion (2022) |creator = Michael Crichton |adapted_by = Steven SpielbergDavid Koepp |portrayer = Jeff Goldblum |voice = Fred Young (Jurassic Park Pinball)Jeff Goldblum ([[The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)|The Lost World: Jurassic Park video game]], Chaos Island: The Lost World, Jurassic World Evolution, Jurassic World Evolution 2)Bradley Duffy (Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar)Maurice LaMarche (Animaniacs) |occupation = Mathematician; Chaotician |family = Dr. Sarah Harding (love interest)Kelly Curtis (daughter in film only) }} Dr. Ian Malcolm is a fictional character from the Jurassic Park franchise created by Michael Crichton and portrayed by Jeff Goldblum. Malcolm is a gifted mathematician who specializes in chaos theory. The character was inspired in part by American historian of science James Gleick and French mathematician Ivar Ekeland. In Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and its 1993 film adaptation, Malcolm is invited by insurance lawyer Donald Gennaro to notice any problems with John Hammond's dinosaur theme park, Jurassic Park. Malcolm was intended by Crichton to fill in the role of the audience in the scenarios he is put through. Malcolm is a secondary protagonist in the original novel and the main protagonist in the sequel, The Lost World, due to positive fan reception from Goldblum's performance as the character in director Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of the original novel. His role as Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park skyrocketed Goldblum's career. Malcolm has become one of Goldblum's most popular characters and has been depicted in many forms of popular culture. The character's signature line, \"Life finds a way\", has become synonymous with Goldblum and the Jurassic Park franchise, and Malcolm has been recognized as the franchise's most enduring character. Fictional character biography In Crichton's novel, Dr. Ian Malcolm, along with paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and paleobotanist Dr. Ellie Sattler, is hired as a consultant by InGen CEO John Hammond to provide opinions on Jurassic Park, a theme park on the remote island of Isla Nublar that features genetically recreated dinosaurs. Malcolm is the most pessimistic about the idea of the park, feeling that Hammond and his scientists have not taken the time or effort to fully understand what they are creating. In particular, he points out that Hammond's assertion that the dinosaurs can be controlled through sterilization and managed breeding is foolish since there are far too many unpredictable variables where biology is concerned. During a tour of the park, disgruntled computer programmer Dennis Nedry shuts down power to the park to gain access to dinosaur embryos to sell to a rival. Nedry's actions cause the electrified fences to shut down as well, allowing the dinosaurs to escape from their paddocks. Malcolm is attacked by a Tyrannosaurus rex, which breaks his leg. Malcolm is found by game warden Robert Muldoon and Dr. Ellie Sattler and taken back to",
"title": "Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)"
},
{
"docid": "3539669",
"text": "\"Dino\" Don Lessem (born 1951) is a writer of more than 50 popular science books, specializing in dinosaurs. He was the founder of the Dinosaur Society and the Jurassic Foundation, which collectively have raised millions of dollars for dinosaur research. He is the CEO and founder of Dino Don, Inc., an animatronics company specializing in dinosaurs, dragons, and sea creatures. Career After a bachelor's degree in art history at Brandeis University and a master's in animal behavior from the University of Massachusetts Boston, Lessem began his writing career as a researcher for the Smithsonian Center for Short-Lived Phenomena. For more than a decade he was a science journalist specializing in conservation issues for the Boston Globe and a contributor to Life, The New York Times, and Smithsonian Magazine. Lessem's professional interest in dinosaurs developed while he was a Knight Journalism Fellow at MIT in 1988. He wrote his first book, Kings of Creation, in 1990, as a survey of current worldwide paleontology research. Lessem was an advisor to Jurassic Park, Dinosaur, and Disney's Animal Kingdom, as well as their respective theme park attractions. He has written and hosted Discovery Channel and NOVA documentaries on dinosaurs and is a television and radio commentator on paleontology. The sauropodomorph dinosaur Lessemsaurus is named after him. Lessem directed the excavation and reconstruction of the largest plant-eating dinosaur, the 110-foot long Argentinosaurus, and the largest carnivorous dinosaur, the 45 foot-long Giganotosaurus from Patagonia, in collaboration with Dr. Rodolfo Coria of the Museo Carmen Funes in Plaza Huincul, Argentina. Lessem's first traveling exhibition company, Exhibits Rex, has created several of the largest international travelling museum exhibitions of dinosaurs, including Jurassic Park, The Lost World, and Chinasaurs, in addition to an exhibition of the treasures of Genghis Khan. Lessem's The Real Genghis Khan exhibition has toured major museums in North America and Asia since 2009. Celebrating the neglected civilizing influence of Genghis Khan and curated by Smithsonian archaeologists, the exhibition has been seen by nearly two million visitors. The exhibition blends live musical performance with role-playing activities, and the largest collection of 13th century Mongolian artifacts ever toured. It has been viewed by nearly two million museum-goers. Lessem's company Dino Don, Inc. began constructing the world's most accurate full-sized robotic dinosaurs in 2017 for zoos and museums worldwide. In April 2019 Lessem opened his Dinosaur Safari exhibition at New York's Bronx Zoo with more than 40 dinosaurs up to 60 feet in length, the largest zoo robotic exhibition in North America. In July 2020 at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, the Dinos Everywhere! exhibit featured Lessem's creation of the world's largest anatomically correct dinosaur, a 120-foot Argentinosaurus. Other venues to display Dino Don, Inc. dinosaurs include The Jacksonville Zoo, Philadelphia Zoo, Columbus Zoo, San Antonio Zoo, Copenhagen Zoo, Edinburgh Zoo, and Leipzig Zoo. Lessem has also authored children's books on extinct animals, endangered species, the Amazon rainforest and the \"Iceman\". Via his monthly column in Highlights Magazine for a decade, \"Dino\" Don answered more than 10,000 letters",
"title": "Don Lessem"
},
{
"docid": "33940799",
"text": "Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a 1994 side-scrolling video game developed by BlueSky Software and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It is the sequel to Sega's previous Jurassic Park video game, based on the film of the same name and also released for the Genesis. Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a revamped version of its predecessor, featuring similar gameplay with several changes, and a new story that continues from where the previous game ended. Plot After the events of Jurassic Park, Dr. Alan Grant escapes Isla Nublar on a helicopter. While the Costa Rican Army is blowing up parts of the island to destroy the park's dinosaurs, Grant spots a helicopter of armed InGen field agents arriving on the island. Fearing that the agents have plans to collect any remaining dinosaur eggs and DNA samples for a new dinosaur park, Grant attempts to contact the Costa Rican Army. Grant's helicopter crashes on the island after the pilot attempts to stop him. Grant survives the crash and must find a way to stop InGen. Gameplay Gameplay is very similar to Sega's earlier Jurassic Park video game for the Sega Genesis. Like its predecessor, Rampage Edition is an action game with a platform setup that allows the player to choose between Dr. Grant or the Raptor. As Dr. Grant, the player starts out with a dart gun that has infinite ammo. A wide selection of weapons is available for the player to obtain throughout the game, including an assault rifle, shotgun, flame-thrower, grenades, rocket launcher, and shock rifle. As Dr. Grant, the player travels through the island while fighting InGen agents and dinosaurs until Grant can escape by boat. As the Raptor, the player can win battles with physical attacks such as biting and whipping opponents with the Raptor's tail. A bonus for the Raptor is to collect enough Lysine crates, which allows the player to go into \"Raptor Rage\" mode where the screen turns red and the player becomes invincible for a limited amount of time. As the Raptor, the player can play all the same levels as Dr. Grant. The goal of the Raptor is to escape the island on a departing cargo boat to find a safe place to nest its eggs. Candy bars and med kits are collected throughout the game to replenish the player's health, while eggs, embryo containers and DNA samples are collected throughout the game for points. Instead of the linear gameplay of the previous game, Rampage Edition allows players to choose from three levels to complete before they are allowed to proceed to the final levels in order to win the game. Unlike its predecessor, Rampage Edition features a faster pace, and allows Grant to perform additional actions such as riding dinosaurs and using zip-lines. Grant and the raptor are also able to kill their enemies, unlike the previous game. Rampage Edition also features larger levels, and more weapons for Grant to use. Development and release Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a",
"title": "Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition"
},
{
"docid": "61769736",
"text": "Battle at Big Rock is a 2019 American short film directed by Colin Trevorrow. It is part of the Jurassic Park franchise and follows the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018). It stars André Holland, Natalie Martinez, Melody Hurd, and Pierson Salvador. The short premiered on FX on September 15, 2019 and was subsequently released online. Plot Set one year after the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, a blended family from Oakland, California goes on a camping trip at the fictional Big Rock National Park in Northern California, approximately from where dinosaurs from Fallen Kingdom were let loose. The film chronicles the first major confrontation between humans and the dinosaurs. The family is enjoying their camping when they are suddenly greeted by a Nasutoceratops and her baby. To their terror, an adult Allosaurus attacks the Nasutoceratops baby and the mother tries to protect her baby. A battle ensues between the two dinosaurs and the family decide to hide inside their RV. Eventually, a third Nasutoceratops appears from the woods, driving back the Allosaurus. The Nasutoceratops escape and the baby of the family starts crying. Hearing the cry, the Allosaurus starts wrecking the RV apart in order to feed on the family hiding inside. After the RV is completely destroyed, the parents and the son begin to fear for the worst. To their relief, their daughter shoots the Allosaurus in its head and eye with a crossbow, which causes the dinosaur to flee. They embrace, though are in complete shock over what just happened. During the closing credits, found footage clips of dinosaurs and other creatures are shown including a pack of Compsognathus chasing after a scared little girl, a Stegosaurus causing a car to swerve and drive off a cliff, fishermen in a boat peacefully passing by a Parasaurolophus on the banks of a river, a Mosasaurus eating a great white shark after the shark eats a seal, and a Pteranodon swooping at a dove that had just been released at a wedding. Cast André Holland as Dennis, the father of the family Natalie Martinez as Mariana, the mother of the family Melody Hurd as Kadasha, Dennis's daughter Pierson Salvador as Mateo, Mariana's son Chris Finlayson as Greg, a friend of the family Noah and Ethan Cole as Dennis and Mariana's baby son and Kadasha and Mateo's half-brother Production Development The idea for the film originated when Universal Studios asked Trevorrow if he would be interested in making a potential Jurassic World short film, and he accepted. Trevorrow wrote the short film with Emily Carmichael, who was already working with him to write Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The short film's story remained the same throughout the project's history, as Trevorrow believed the next logical step for the franchise would be for campers to encounter dinosaurs following the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. To maintain secrecy on the project, no auditions or casting calls were held. A casting director who knew Trevorrow helped lead a secretive search for",
"title": "Battle at Big Rock"
},
{
"docid": "56601569",
"text": "ReBecca Hunt-Foster is an American paleontologist. She has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous of the Colorado Plateau, Rocky Mountains, Southcentral, and the Southwestern United States of America. She described the dinosaur Arkansaurus fridayi and identified the first juvenile Torosaurus occurrences from Big Bend National Park in North America in 2008. Career Mulberry High School, Mulberry, Arkansas. 1998 B.S. Earth Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 2003 M.S. Geology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. 2005 Hunt-Foster is the park paleontologist for the National Park Service at Dinosaur National Monument, where she has worked since August 2018. Previously she was the district paleontologist for the Bureau of Land Management–Utah, where she has worked from 2013 to 2018. She was employed for five years as paleontology collections manager at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2007 to 2012 and a research assistant at Augustana College from 2005 to 2008. Professional work Hunt-Foster's current research includes Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaurs from North America, the Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation paleofauna of western Colorado, the ichnofauna of the lower Jurassic to lower Cretaceous rocks of southeastern Utah. ReBecca has worked as a paleontologist in western Colorado and eastern Utah since 2007. Prior to moving to the area, ReBecca was a research assistant at Augustana College where she worked on latest Cretaceous ceratopsian dinosaurs from southern Laramidia and preparing Cryolophosaurus, the first known dinosaur from Antarctica. She has also worked on Precambrian stromatolites and the geology of Glacier National Park. Popular books Hunt-Foster is the coauthor of \"Behavioral interpretations from chasmosaurine ceratopsid bonebeds: a review.\" with Andrew Farke, in the 2010 book New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. References Bibliography Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K. 2016. The Macomb Expedition. Sojourns: Landscapes for the People 11(2): 58-59. Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K., Martin G. Lockley, Andrew R.C. Milner, John R. Foster, Neffra A. Matthews. Brent H. Breithaupt, and Joshua A. Smith. 2016. Tracking dinosaurs in BLM Canyon Country, Utah: Geology of the Intermountain West 3: 67–100 Kirkland, James I., Marina Suarez, Celina Suarez, and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, 2016. The Lower Cretaceous in east-central Utah—the Cedar Mountain Formation and its bounding strata: Geology of the Intermountain West 3: 101–228 Foster, John R. and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster. 2015. First report of a giant neosuchian (Crocodyliformes) in the Williams Fork Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Colorado. Cretaceous Research 55: 66-73. Kirkland, Jim, John Foster, ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, Gregory A. Liggett, and Kelli Trujillo. 2014. Mid-Mesozoic: The Age of Dinosaurs in Transition. Conference Proceedings, 88p. Trujillo, Kelli C., John R. Foster, ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, and Kevin R. Chamberlain. 2014. A U/Pb age for the Mygatt-Moore Quarry, Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Mesa County, Colorado. Volumina Jurassica XII(2): 107-114. Lockley, Martin G., ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, John R. Foster, Ken Cart, and Scott Gerwe. 2014. Early Jurassic track assemblages from the Granite Creek Area of Eastern Utah. In Lockley, M.G. and Lucas, S.G., eds., Fossil footprints of western North America. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 62: 205-210 Lockley, Martin G.,",
"title": "ReBecca Hunt-Foster"
},
{
"docid": "54555989",
"text": "Jurassic World: The Game is a simulation video game developed by Ludia and based on the 2015 film Jurassic World. It is a sequel to Ludia's earlier game, Jurassic Park Builder (2012), and features similar gameplay. The Chinese servers for the game shut down on January 4, 2021 making it unplayable there, but is still playable in other parts of the world. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Game is set on the fictional Costa Rican islands of Isla Nublar and Isla Sorna, where the player is put in control of constructing a Jurassic World theme park. The player can add buildings and create dinosaurs to populate the park. The game features creatures like dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles, among other prehistoric animals. The combat, in which the player chooses an animal to fight against a rival's animal, uses a system of action points that will increase with each turn while making use of each animals' weaknesses. By obtaining a collection of creatures, the player maintains the park by completing missions assigned to them by the characters. The player can erect buildings and decorations to increase revenue. Each rank unlocks new Battle Stages and buildings to expand the park. Throughout the game, the players are able to get Card Packs, which can give rare species, new missions or currency. Hybrid animals are available to obtain by fusing two matching dinosaurs with a reached level cap of 40 like combining a Tyrannosaurus and a Velociraptor to form the Indominus rex. Superhybrids can in turn be created by collecting specific DNA and fusing it with an existing hybrid. The park also includes an aquatic and Cenozoic sections, with many species present that are not dinosaurs. The game supports the use of Hasbro's Jurassic World Brawlasaurus toys, which could be scanned by players and incorporated into the game for battles. Development and release Jurassic World: The Game was announced by Universal Pictures in October 2014, as part of its promotional plans for the 2015 film Jurassic World. Ludia released the game for iOS in April 2015, to coincide with the release of the film. It was released shortly after for Android in May 2015. Reception Patrick Klepek of Kotaku criticized the game for its use of in-game advertisements. Nadia Oxford of Gamezebo gave the game three stars out of five. Oxford noted the realistic dinosaur models, but wrote that the game \"combines mediocre park-building with mediocre dino-battling. It's competent and by gosh it (mostly) looks glorious, but there isn't a lot here that differentiates the game from standard park-builders\". Gamezebo considered the game to be \"pretty much Jurassic Park Builder part II, except the parks you create in that three-year-old game seem a lot more colorful and joyful than the washed-out grey fairgrounds you create in Jurassic World\". References External links Official website 2015 video games Amusement park simulation games Business simulation games Android (operating system) games IOS games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Video games developed in Canada Video games",
"title": "Jurassic World: The Game"
}
] | [
"Dilophosaurus"
] |
train_56725 | the central canal of an osteon contains what | [
{
"docid": "1312333",
"text": "In osteology, the osteon or haversian system (; named for Clopton Havers) is the fundamental functional unit of much compact bone. Osteons are roughly cylindrical structures that are typically between 0.25 mm and 0.35 mm in diameter. Their length is often hard to define, but estimates vary from several millimeters to around 1 centimeter. They are present in many bones of most mammals and some bird, reptile, and amphibian species. Histogenesis The Haversian system forms during the process of endochondral ossification, which starts with a cartilage template that is gradually replaced by bone tissue. \"Osteoblasts\", the bone-forming cells, secrete the organic components of bone matrix [osteoid] and then initiates its mineralization. As osteoblasts become surrounded by the bone matrix, they differentiate into osteocytes, which reside in the lacunae and maintain bone tissue. The osteocytes connect to each other and the Haversian canal via tiny canals called \"canaliculi\". Structure Each osteon consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, the haversian canal. The haversian canal contains the bone's blood supplies. The boundary of an osteon is the cement line. Each haversian canal is surrounded by varying number (5-20) of concentrically arranged lamellae of bone matrix. Near the surface of the compact bone, the lamellae are arranged parallel to the surface; these are called circumferential lamellae. Some of the osteoblasts develop into osteocytes, each living within its own small space, or lacuna. Osteocytes make contact with the cytoplasmic processes of their counterparts via a network of small transverse canals, or canaliculi. This network facilitates the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste. Collagen fibers in a particular lamella run parallel to each other, but the orientation of collagen fibers within other lamellae is oblique. The collagen fiber density is lowest at the seams between lamellae, accounting for the distinctive microscopic appearance of a transverse section of osteons. The space between osteons is occupied by interstitial lamellae, which are the remnants of osteons that were partially resorbed during the process of bone remodeling. Osteons are connected to each other and the periosteum by oblique channels called Volkmann's canals or perforating canals. Drifting osteons Drifting osteons are a phenomenon that is not fully understood. A \"drifting osteon\" is classified as one that runs both longitudinally as well as transversely through the cortex. An osteon can \"drift\" in one direction or change directions several times, leaving a tail of lamella behind the advancing haversian canal. Investigative applications In bioarchaeological research and in forensic investigations, osteons in a bone fragment can be used to determine the sex of an individual and age, as well as aspects of taxonomy, diet, health and motor history. Osteons and their arrangement vary according to taxon, so that genus and sometimes species can be differentiated using a bone fragment not otherwise identifiable. However, there is considerable variability among the different bones of a skeleton, and features of some faunal osteons overlap with those of human osteons; therefore, examination of osteons is not of primary use",
"title": "Osteon"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "21294842",
"text": "The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals. The center of the spinal cord is hollow and contains a structure called the central canal, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal cord is also covered by meninges and enclosed by the neural arches. Together, the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. In humans, the spinal cord is a continuation of the brainstem and anatomically begins at the occipital bone, passing out of the foramen magnum and then enters the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it tapers to become the caudal equina. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. It is around long in adult men and around long in adult women. The diameter of the spinal cord ranges from in the cervical and lumbar regions to in the thoracic area. The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes. It is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits known as central pattern generators. These circuits are responsible for controlling motor instructions for rhythmic movements such as walking. Structure The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. Much shorter than its protecting spinal column, the human spinal cord originates in the brainstem, passes through the foramen magnum, and continues through to the conus medullaris near the second lumbar vertebra before terminating in a fibrous extension known as the filum terminale. It is about long in males and about in females, ovoid-shaped, and is enlarged in the cervical and lumbar regions. The cervical enlargement, stretching from the C5 to T1 vertebrae, is where sensory input comes from and motor output goes to the arms and trunk. The lumbar enlargement, located between L1 and S3, handles sensory input and motor output coming from and going to the legs. The spinal cord is continuous with the caudal portion of the medulla, running from the base of the skull to the body of the first lumbar vertebra. It does not run the full length of the vertebral column in adults. It is made of 31 segments from which branch one pair of sensory nerve roots and one pair of motor nerve roots. The nerve roots then merge into bilaterally symmetrical pairs of spinal nerves. The peripheral nervous system is made up of these spinal roots, nerves, and ganglia. The dorsal roots are afferent fascicles, receiving sensory information from the skin, muscles, and visceral organs to be relayed to",
"title": "Spinal cord"
},
{
"docid": "3445850",
"text": "Most rivers in Iran are seasonal and have traditionally not been able to supply the needs of urban settlements. Major rivers like the Arvand, Aras, Zayandeh, Sefid and Atrak were few and far between in Persia. With the growth of urban settlements during the ages, locally dug deep wells (up to 100 meters deep) could no longer keep up with the demand, leading to the systematic digging of a specialized network of canals known as Qanat. Qanat and Kariz Persia's Qanat system is thousands of years old. The city Zarch in central Iran has the oldest and longest Qanat (over 3000 years and 71 km long) and other 3000 years old Qanats have been found in northern Iran. The Qanats mostly came in from higher elevations, and were split into a distributing network of smaller underground canals called kariz when reaching the city. Like Qanats, these smaller canals were below ground (~20 steps), and were built such that they were very difficult to contaminate. These underground aqueducts, built thousands of years ago suffer no evaporation loss and are ideally suited for drinking water since there is no pollution danger. But with the further growth of the city in Persian lands, even the Qanats could not respond to the needs of residents. That is when some wealthy inhabitants started building private reservoirs called ab anbar (Persian آب انبار). In the middle of the twentieth century, it is estimated that approximately 50,000 qanats were in use in Iran, each commissioned and maintained by local users. Of these only 25,000 remain in use as of 1980. One of the oldest and largest known qanats is in the Iranian city of Gonabad which after 2700 years still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people. Its main well is more than 360 meters deep and the qanat is 45 kilometers long. Yazd, Khorasan and Kerman are the known zones for their dependence with an extensive system of qanats. In traditional Persian architecture, a Kariz (کاریز) is a small Qanat, usually within a network inside an urban setting. Kariz is what distributes the Qanat into its final destinations. Kariz in Persia Qanats of Gonabad also is called kariz Kai Khosrow is one of the oldest and largest qanats in the world built between 700 BC to 500 BC. It is located at Gonabad, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. This property contains 427 water wells with total length of 33113 meters. This site were first added to the UNESCO's list of tentative World Heritage Sites in 2007, then officially inscribed in 2016 with several other quants under the World Heritage Site name of \"The Persian Qanet\". According to Callisthenes, the Persians were using Water clock in 328 BCE to ensure a just and exact distribution of water from qanats to their shareholders for agricultural irrigation. The use of water clocks in Iran, especially in Qanats of Gonabad and kariz Zibad, dates back to 500BCE. Later they were also used to determine the exact holy days of",
"title": "Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity"
},
{
"docid": "239232",
"text": "Bone healing, or fracture healing, is a proliferative physiological process in which the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture. Generally, bone fracture treatment consists of a doctor reducing (pushing) displaced bones back into place via relocation with or without anaesthetic, stabilizing their position to aid union, and then waiting for the bone's natural healing process to occur. Adequate nutrient intake has been found to significantly affect the integrity of the fracture repair. Age, bone type, drug therapy and pre-existing bone pathology are factors that affect healing. The role of bone healing is to produce new bone without a scar as seen in other tissues which would be a structural weakness or deformity. The process of the entire regeneration of the bone can depend on the angle of dislocation or fracture. While the bone formation usually spans the entire duration of the healing process, in some instances, bone marrow within the fracture has healed two or fewer weeks before the final remodelling phase. While immobilization and surgery may facilitate healing, a fracture ultimately heals through physiological processes. The healing process is mainly determined by the periosteum (the connective tissue membrane covering the bone). The periosteum is one source of precursor cells that develop into chondroblasts and osteoblasts that are essential to the healing of bone. Other sources of precursor cells are the bone marrow (when present), endosteum, small blood vessels, and fibroblasts. Primary healing Primary healing (also known as direct healing) requires a correct anatomical reduction which is stable, without any gap formation. Such healing requires only the remodeling of lamellar bone, the Haversian canals and the blood vessels without callus formation. This process may take a few months to a few years. Contact healing When the gap between the bone ends is less than 0.01 mm, and interfragmentary strain is less than 2%, contact healing can occur. In this case, cutting cones, which consists of osteoclasts, form across the fracture lines, generating cavities at a rate of 50–100 μm/day. Osteoblasts fill up the cavities with the Haversian system. This causes the formation of lamellar bone that orients longitudinally along the long axis of the bone. Blood vessels form that penetrate the Haversian system. Remodelling of lamellar bone results in healing without callus formation. Gap healing If the fracture gap is 800 μm to 1 mm, the fracture is filled by osteoblasts and then by lamellar bone oriented perpendicular to the axis of the bone. This initial process takes three to eight weeks. Perpendicular orientation of lamellar bone is weak, thus a secondary osteonal reconstruction is required to re-orient the lamellar bone longitudinally. Secondary healing Secondary healing (also known as indirect fracture healing) is the most common form of bone healing. It usually consists of only endochondral ossification. Sometimes, intramembranous ossification occurs together with endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification, mediated by the periosteal layer of bone, occurs with the formation of callus. For endochondral ossification, deposition of bone only occurs after the mineralised cartilage. This process of healing occurs when",
"title": "Bone healing"
},
{
"docid": "3158187",
"text": "Central Milton Keynes is the central business district of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England and a civil parish in its own right, with a town council. The district is approximately long by wide and occupies some of the highest land in the city. It contains (behind the Central Library) the historic site of the moot hill for Secklow (or Sigelai) Hundred. It is the site of the central retail, business, law enforcement and governmental districts, Milton Keynes Central railway station and around 2,000 residential dwellings. Topology Occupying , the district lies between Portway (H5, A509) to the north, the West Coast Main Line and A5 to the west, Childs Way (H6) to the south and the Grand Union Canal to the east. It is crossed from north to south by (in west to east order, major roads only) Grafton Gate (V6), Witan Gate, Saxon Gate (V7) and Secklow Gate, and Marlborough Street. It is crossed from west to east (in north to south order, major roads only) by Silbury Boulevard, Midsummer Boulevard and Avebury Boulevard. Midsummer Boulevard is the primary spine. The district rests like a saddle across a long north-south ridge with its highest point here at a little over , falling east to 75 metres near the Grand Union Canal and 85 metres near the Central railway station. This area is almost the highest point of Milton Keynes and includes the site of Secklow Mound, the moot mound (meeting place) for the Secklow Hundred and a scheduled ancient monument, just behind the central library. Astronomical alignment While still on the drawing board, planners noticed that the planned main streets in the proposed city centre would almost frame the rising sun on Midsummer's Day. This story has become embellished over time and, according to subsequent reports, they consulted Greenwich Observatory to obtain the exact angle required at the latitude of CMK, and persuaded the engineers to shift the grid of roads a few degrees in response. Physical reality does not match this report. From the highest point on Midsummer Boulevard, where the eastward horizon is unobstructed, the sunrise at 'first flash' is not aligned with the Boulevard. In reality, the sun is somewhat elevated before alignment occurs, 40 minutes later. East of Marlborough Street: Campbell Park The park, with housing either side, takes up the larger part of the district. It was named in honour of the first chairman of Milton Keynes Development Corporation, Lord Campbell of Eskan. It stretches just east of the shops and theatre down to the Grand Union Canal. Among the features of the park is a belvedere with extensive views over Bedfordshire to the east and a cricket ground with pavilion. The Milton Keynes Parks Trust, which manages the park, grazes sheep on it to keep the vegetation under control. Marlborough Street (V8, B4034) runs in a cutting through the ridge, bridged by a redway (shared path) between the main centre and the park. West of Marlborough Street, east of Saxon Gate: the main retail/service/entertainment",
"title": "Central Milton Keynes"
},
{
"docid": "26981243",
"text": "Osteochondroprogenitor cells are progenitor cells that arise from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the bone marrow. They have the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts or chondrocytes depending on the signalling molecules they are exposed to, giving rise to either bone or cartilage respectively. Osteochondroprogenitor cells are important for bone formation and maintenance. Discovery Alexander Friedenstein and his colleagues first identified osteoprogenitor cells in multiple mammalian tissues, before any genetic or morphological criteria were put in place for bone marrow or connective tissues. Osteoprogenitor cells can be identified by their associations with existing bone or cartilage structures, or their placement in the embryo, as the sites for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis are now known. Cell signalling and differentiation Osteochondroprogenitor can be found between MSCs and the terminally differentiated osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Via different signalling molecules and combinations the osteochondroprogenitor will differentiate into either osteoblasts or chondrocytes. Differentiation into chondrocytes Chondrocytes are only present in cartilage where they will produce cartilaginous matrix to maintain the structure. Sox9, L-Sox5 and Sox6 are needed for the osteochondroprogenitor to undergo chondrocytic differentiation. The transcription factor Sox9 can be found in multiple sites in the body (pancreas, central nervous system, intestines) and it is also found in all chondrocyte progenitor cells, suggesting that they are important in chondrogenesis. Differentiation into osteoblasts Osteoblasts are cells that group together to form units, called osteons, to produce bone. Runx2 (which may also be known as Cbfa1), and Osx (a zinc finger containing transcription factor) are necessary for osteochondroprogenitor cells to differentiate into the osteoblast cell lineage. These factors also have a role in hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation. B-catenin β-catenin of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway plays a role in cell fate determination, as it is critical for osteoblastogenesis, and the differentiation of chondrocytes into osteoblasts. Knock out of the entire pathway results in early embryonic death, therefore most research of this nature utilised conditional knockouts of the pathway. TGF-β During mandible development, most of it is formed through intramembranous ossification, where endochondral ossification will occur in the proximal region. TGF-β is important for cell proliferation and differentiation during skeletogenesis. During this process, TGF-β can stimulate differentiation into either chondrocytes or osteoblasts via FGF, Msx1, and Ctgf signalling pathways. General gene knock out of the TGF-β resulted in death. Conditional inactivation of TGF-βr2 of osteochondroprogenitor cells in the cranial neural crest resulted in faster osteoprogenitor differentiation and disorganised chondrogenesis. TGF-β determines and regulates cell lineages during endochondral ossification through Sox9 and Runx2 signalling pathways. TGF-β will act as a stimulator of chondrogenesis, and an inhibitor of osteoblastic differentiation, by blocking the Runx2 factor through Smad3 activation. Sox9 stimulates differentiation into chondrocytes. Sox9 blocked osteochondroprogenitor cells were found to express osteoblast marker genes, reprogramming the cells into the osteoblastic lineage. Loss of TGF-β signalling will lead to reduced Sox9 activity, but not prevent it completely, suggesting that there must be other factors and signalling pathways regulating Sox9 activity. Once Sox9 activity is lost, differentiation into the osteoblastic lineage dominates. Embryonic development It is",
"title": "Osteochondroprogenitor cell"
},
{
"docid": "53302801",
"text": "Ezekiel 3 is the third chapter of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet/priest Ezekiel, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter contains the call to Ezekiel to speak to the people of Israel and to act as a sentry for them. Text The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 27 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century). The responsibility of the prophet (3:1–15) Verse 1 He said to me, \"Son of man, eat what you find; eat this scroll, and go, speak to the house of Israel\". \"Son of man\" is sometimes translated \"O mortal\", as in the New Revised Standard Version. Ezekiel is called 'son of man' here and throughout the remainder of the book, not as an honorific title, but as a mark of the distance between this 'mere mortal' and his divine interlocutor\". Similarly, the prophet Jeremiah records that he \"found\" and \"ate\" the words of God. Verse 3 And He said to me, \"Son of man, feed your belly, and fill your stomach with this scroll that I give you.\" So I ate, and it was in my mouth like honey in sweetness. \"Like honey in sweetness\": Although the scroll contains \"lamentations and mourning and woe\" (Ezekiel 2:10), when eaten it tastes \"as sweet as honey\" in the mouth (). The phrase affirms the saying that 'God's word was sweet' (; ). Verse 15 Then I came to the captives at Tel Abib, who dwelt by the River Chebar; and I sat where they sat, and remained there astonished among them seven days. \"Tel Abib\" (, Tel Aviv; lit. \"Spring Mound\", where \"Spring (Aviv) is the season\") is an unidentified place on the Kebar Canal, near Nippur in what is now Iraq. The Kebar or Chebar river was part of a complex network of irrigation and transport canals that also included the Shatt el-Nil, a silted up canal toward the east of Babylon. \"Astonished\" is read as \"astonied\" in the Revised Version, i.e. dumb and motionless. The seven-day long \"period of motionless silence\" seems to express \"the strength of the prophet’s emotions\" on his arrival at Tel Abib. Ezekiel as a watchman for Israel (3:16–27) Verse 16 And it came to pass at the end of seven days, that the word of the Lord came unto me, saying, \"At the end of seven days\": During these days,",
"title": "Ezekiel 3"
},
{
"docid": "90581",
"text": "Loiret (; ) is a department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of north-central France. It takes its name from the river Loiret, which is contained wholly within the department. In 2019, Loiret had a population of 680,434. Its prefecture is Orléans, which is about southwest of Paris. As well as being the regional prefecture, it is a historic city on the banks of the Loire. It has a large central area with many historic buildings and mansions. Orléans Cathedral, dating back to the 13th century, was rebuilt after Protestant forces destroyed it in 1568. Loiret has two subprefectures, in Montargis and Pithiviers. It is famous for its several châteaux. History Loiret is one of the original 83 departments that was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790, by order of the National Constituent Assembly. The new departments were to be uniformly administered and approximately equal to one another in size and population. It was created from the former province of Orléanais which was too large to continue in its previous form. The Loire Valley was occupied in Palaeolithic times as attested by numerous archaeological sites in the department. The Celts were here, bringing crafts and trades, and the Romans occupied the area after the Gallic Wars. They built roads and founded cities such as Cenabum, on the site of present-day Orléans, and Sceaux-du-Gâtinais. Around 451, the Huns invaded the region but were repelled before reaching Cenabum. The Franks reached the Loire and Clovis I reigned in the area. A time of peace and prosperity ensued during the reign of Charlemagne. Geography The department of Loiret was historically in the province of Orléans in north central France, and along with the departments of Loir-et-Cher and Eure-et-Loir now forms the region Centre-Val de Loire. To the north of Loiret lie the departments of Eure-et-Loir, Essonne and Seine-et-Marne, to the east lies Yonne, to the southeast Nièvre, to the south Cher, and to the west Loir-et-Cher. The department consists of mostly flat low-lying land through which flows the river Loire. This river enters the department near Châtillon-sur-Loire in the southeast, flows northwestwards to Orleans where it turns to flow south west, leaving the department near Beaugency. The Canal d'Orléans connects the Loire at Orléans to a junction with the Canal du Loing and the Canal de Briare in the village of Buges near Montargis. The Loire and these canals formed important trading routes before the arrival of the railways. The river Loiret, after which the department is named, is long and joins the Loire southwest of Orléans. Its source is at Orléans-la-Source, and its mouth at Saint-Hilaire-Saint-Mesmin. Other rivers in the department, are the Loing, a right-bank tributary of the Loire, and the Ouanne which flows into the Loing. The department has a total area of and is from west to east and from north to south. Large parts of the land are used for agriculture, and these are separated by low wooded hills and some forested areas. The northwestern",
"title": "Loiret"
},
{
"docid": "3230147",
"text": "Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood. The osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes. These are the cells responsible for the resorption of bone. Osteoblasts are generally present on the outer layer of bone, just beneath the periosteum. Attachment of the osteoclast to the osteon begins the process. The osteoclast then induces an infolding of its cell membrane and secretes collagenase and other enzymes important in the resorption process. High levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphate and products of collagen will be released into the extracellular fluid as the osteoclasts tunnel into the mineralized bone. Osteoclasts are prominent in the tissue destruction found in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatological disorders. The human body is in a constant state of bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is a process which maintains bone strength and ion homeostasis by replacing discrete parts of old bone with newly synthesized packets of proteinaceous matrix. Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts, and is deposited by osteoblasts in a process called ossification. Osteocyte activity plays a key role in this process. Conditions that result in a decrease in bone mass can either be caused by an increase in resorption or by a decrease in ossification. During childhood, bone formation exceeds resorption. As the aging process occurs, resorption exceeds formation. Bone resorption rates are much higher in post-menopausal older women due to estrogen deficiency related with menopause. Common treatments include drugs that increase bone mineral density. Bisphosphonates, RANKL inhibitors, SERMs—selective oestrogen receptor modulators, hormone replacement therapy and calcitonin are some of the common treatments. Light weight bearing exercise tends to eliminate the negative effects of bone resorption. Regulation Bone resorption is highly stimulated or inhibited by signals from other parts of the body, depending on the demand for calcium. Calcium-sensing membrane receptors in the parathyroid gland monitor calcium levels in the extracellular fluid. Low levels of calcium stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from chief cells of the parathyroid gland. In addition to its effects on kidney and intestine, PTH increases the number and activity of osteoclasts. The increase in activity of already existing osteoclasts is the initial effect of PTH, and begins in minutes and increases over a few hours. Continued elevation of PTH levels increases the abundance of osteoclasts. This leads to a greater resorption of calcium and phosphate ions. High levels of calcium in the blood, on the other hand, leads to decreased PTH release from the parathyroid gland, decreasing the number and activity of osteoclasts, resulting in less bone resorption. Vitamin D increases absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestinal tract, leading to elevated levels of plasma calcium, and thus lower bone resorption. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is the active form of vitamin D3. It has numerous functions involved in blood calcium levels. Recent research indicates that calcitriol leads to a reduction in osteoclast formation, and",
"title": "Bone resorption"
},
{
"docid": "1099547",
"text": "An osteocyte, an oblate shaped type of bone cell with dendritic processes, is the most commonly found cell in mature bone. It can live as long as the organism itself. The adult human body has about 42 billion of them. Osteocytes do not divide and have an average half life of 25 years. They are derived from osteoprogenitor cells, some of which differentiate into active osteoblasts (which may further differentiate to osteocytes). Osteoblasts/osteocytes develop in mesenchyme. In mature bones, osteocytes and their processes reside inside spaces called lacunae (Latin for a pit) and canaliculi, respectively. Osteocytes are simply osteoblasts trapped in the matrix that they secrete. They are networked to each other via long cytoplasmic extensions that occupy tiny canals called canaliculi, which are used for exchange of nutrients and waste through gap junctions. Although osteocytes have reduced synthetic activity and (like osteoblasts) are not capable of mitotic division, they are actively involved in the routine turnover of bony matrix, through various mechanosensory mechanisms. They destroy bone through a rapid, transient (relative to osteoclasts) mechanism called osteocytic osteolysis. Hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate is deposited around the cell. Structure Osteocytes have a stellate shape, approximately 7 micrometers deep and wide by 15 micrometers in length. The cell body varies in size from 5–20 micrometers in diameter and contain 40–60 cell processes per cell, with a cell to cell distance between 20–30 micrometers. A mature osteocyte contains a single nucleus that is located toward the vascular side and has one or two nucleoli and a membrane. The cell also exhibits a reduced size endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and cell processes that radiate largely towards the bone surfaces in circumferential lamellae, or towards a haversian canal and outer cement line typical of osteons in concentric lamellar bone. Osteocytes form an extensive lacunocanalicular network within the mineralized collagen type I matrix, with cell bodies residing within lacunae, and cell/dendritic processes within channels called canaliculi. Development The fossil record shows that osteocytes were present in bones of jawless fish 400 to 250 million years ago. Osteocyte size has been shown to covary with genome size; and this relationship has been used in paleogenomic research. During bone formation, an osteoblast is left behind and buried in the bone matrix as an \"osteoid osteocyte\", which maintains contact with other osteoblasts through extended cellular processes. The process of osteocytogenesis is largely unknown, but the following molecules have been shown to play a crucial role in the production of healthy osteocytes, either in correct numbers or specific distributions: matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1), osteoblast/osteocyte factor 45 (OF45), Klotho, TGF-beta inducible factor (TIEG), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), E11 antigen, and oxygen. 10–20% of osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes. Those osteoblasts on the bone surface that are destined for burial as osteocytes slow down matrix production, and are buried by neighboring osteoblasts that continue to produce matrix actively. Palumbo et al. (1990) distinguish three cell types from osteoblast to mature osteocyte: type I preosteocyte (osteoblastic osteocyte),",
"title": "Osteocyte"
},
{
"docid": "2268172",
"text": "The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to supply nutrients to the developing lens in the growing fetus. During the tenth week of development in humans (time varies depending on species), the lens grows independent of a blood supply and the hyaloid artery usually regresses. Its proximal portion remains as the central artery of the retina. Regression of the hyaloid artery leaves a clear central zone through the vitreous humor, called the hyaloid canal or Cloquet's canal. Cloquet's canal is named after the French physician Jules Germain Cloquet (1790–1883) who first described it. Occasionally the artery may not fully regress, resulting in the condition persistent hyaloid artery. More commonly, small remnants of the artery may remain. Free remnants can sometimes be seen as \"floaters\". An anterior remnant of the hyaloid artery can be seen in some people as Mittendorf's dot, a small pinpoint-like scar on the posterior surface of the lens. A posterior remnant may be seen where the artery left the optic disc, and is known as Bergmeister's papilla. See also Hyaline Notes External links The Vitreous Humor at TedMontgomery.com \"What are those threads that float in your field of vision?\" at Straight Dope Arteries",
"title": "Hyaloid artery"
},
{
"docid": "32653975",
"text": "Cadwalader Park is a city park located in Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. The nearly green space is Trenton's oldest park. It is named for Thomas Cadwalader, who lived for a while near Trenton where he became the chief burgess in 1746. Trenton's \"central park\" was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. Work on the park was begun in 1887, following the purchase of Ellarslie Mansion from George Farlee. a committee of the Common Council for the city of Trenton sought a location for what would become the City Park, and contacted Olmsted. Though perhaps best known for his design of Central Park in New York, Olmsted applied the same approach in the design of Cadwalader Park. The Mansion, which houses the Trenton City Museum, is at the center of the park. At one time the park had a train stop along the long gone Belvidere-Delaware Railroad. The park has a deer paddock, a stream, a small lake and hundreds of trees, including some that are rare at this latitude. An arm of the Delaware & Raritan Canal flows through the park. Neighborhoods bordering the park include Cadwalader Heights, Hiltonia, Hillcrest and Parkside. The park contains a memorial to the fallen of the Civil War and the column of the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Monument, erected in 1903. At one time this included a number of artillery pieces, now reduced to the plinthed barrel of the 'Swamp Angel', an 8 inch breech-loading Parrott rifle used to bombard Charleston in 1863. The gun burst on the 36th shell to be fired, which can still be seen today. References External links Cadwalader Park Trenton City Parks Cadwalader family Trenton, New Jersey Parks in Mercer County, New Jersey Urban public parks Frederick Law Olmsted works Tourist attractions in Trenton, New Jersey",
"title": "Cadwalader Park"
},
{
"docid": "3612149",
"text": "The central canal (also known as spinal foramen or ependymal canal) is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs through the spinal cord. The central canal lies below and is connected to the ventricular system of the brain, from which it receives cerebrospinal fluid, and shares the same ependymal lining. The central canal helps to transport nutrients to the spinal cord as well as protect it by cushioning the impact of a force when the spine is affected. The central canal represents the adult remainder of the central cavity of the neural tube. It generally occludes (closes off) with age. Structure The central canal below at the ventricular system of the brain, beginning at a region called the obex where the fourth ventricle, a cavity present in the brainstem, narrows. The central canal is located in the third of the spinal cord in the cervical and thoracic regions. In the lumbar spine it enlarges and is located more centrally. At the conus medullaris, where the spinal cord tapers, it is located more . Terminal ventricle The terminal ventricle (ventriculus terminalis, fifth ventricle or ampulla caudalis) is the widest part of the central canal of the spinal cord that is located at or near the conus medullaris. It was described by Stilling in 1859 and Krause in 1875. Krause introduced the term fifth ventricle after observation of normal ependymal cells. The central canal expands as a fusiform terminal ventricle, and approximately 8–10 mm in length in the conus medullaris (or conus terminalis). Although the terminal ventricle is visible in the fetus and children, it is usually absent in adults. Sometimes, the terminal ventricle is observed by MRI or ultrasound in children less than 5 years old. Microanatomy The central canal shares the same ependymal lining as the ventricular system of the brain. The canal is lined by ciliated, column-shaped cells, outside of which is a band of gelatinous substance, called the substantia gelatinosa centralis (or central gelatinous substance of spinal cord). This gelatinous substance consists mainly of neuroglia, but contains a few nerve cells and fibers; it is traversed by processes from the deep ends of the columnar ciliated cells which line the central canal. The substantia gelatinosa of Rolando is located more dorsally. Development The central canal represents the adult remainder of the central cavity of the neural tube. It generally occludes (closes off) with age. Function The central canal carries cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which it receives from the ventricular system of the brain. The central canal helps to transport nutrients to the spinal cord as well as protect it by cushioning the impact of a force when the spine is affected. Clinical significance Syringomyelia is a disease caused by the blockage of the central canal. Blockage of the central canal usually occurs at the lower cervical and upper thoracic levels. This typically damages white matter fibers that cross in anterior white commissure, leading to the loss of temperature, pain, and motor function at the affected levels on side opposite to",
"title": "Central canal"
},
{
"docid": "1347314",
"text": "The Arizona Canal is a major canal in central Maricopa County that led to the founding of several communities, now among the wealthier neighborhoods of suburban Phoenix, constructed in the late 1880s. Flood irrigation of residential yards is still common in these neighborhoods, using a system of lateral waterways connected via gates to the canal itself. Like most Valley canals, its banks are popular with joggers and bicyclists. The canal, nearly long, is the northernmost canal in the Salt River Project's water distribution system. Beginning at Granite Reef Diversion Dam, northeast of Mesa, it flows west across the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, downtown Scottsdale, Phoenix's Arcadia and Sunnyslope neighborhoods, Glendale, and Peoria before ending at New River near Arrowhead Towne Center. History William John Murphy was hired in 1883 to spearhead its construction, which was completed in May 1885. He then founded Glendale; its downtown Murphy Park is named for him. Nearby Peoria was also founded within the decade. Several miles upstream (east), on the canal's south side were purchased in 1888 by a former Civil War chaplain, Major Winfield Scott, establishing what is now Scottsdale. Murphy later built the Ingleside Club hotel near Scottsdale (in what is now Arcadia), laying the foundation for the area's vital tourism economy. Several resorts – The Phoenician, Biltmore, Royal Palms, a Pointe Hilton and a Ritz-Carlton – were all built close to the canal between 1929 and 1988. Also, five shopping malls of varying size and affluence – Borgata, Scottsdale Fashion Square, Biltmore Fashion Park, Metrocenter Mall and Arrowhead Towne Center – now reside along the canal's route. Five miles were added to the canal's western end in 1894, completing its length. A 750-kilowatt restored hydroelectric plant and art display opened in June 2003 in Arcadia, at a natural drop called Arizona Falls. Scottsdale's Waterfront Project is aimed at revitalizing an area along the Arizona Canal just west of Scottsdale Road. The City of Scottsdale and the Scottsdale Public Art board engaged the architect Paolo Soleri who designed a bridge over the Arizona Canal in Downtown Scottsdale. The suspension bridge has two steel-clad, 64-foot pylons create a light beam on the walking surface to mark solar events. The bridge will direct pedestrians, bicyclists, and horse riders moving north and south along the Arizona Canal system. See also List of rivers of Arizona References External links History of the Arizona Canal and other canals in the system, on the site of the Salt River Project The Waterfront Project, along the Arizona Canal in Scottsdale, on the site of Scottsdale Public Art Buildings and structures in Maricopa County, Arizona Canals in Arizona Canals opened in 1885 Historic American Engineering Record in Arizona Transportation in Maricopa County, Arizona 1885 establishments in Arizona Territory",
"title": "Arizona Canal"
},
{
"docid": "26948982",
"text": "Buzzards Bay station is a train station located on Main Street in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The site also contains an interlocking tower. The Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge is adjacent. Buzzards Bay is an intermediate stop on the Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority's CapeFLYER summer weekend passenger service. It is also the westernmost stop of Cape Cod Central Railroad tourist service. Extension of MBTA Commuter Rail service on the Middleborough/Lakeville Line to the station has been proposed on several occasions, but never enacted. History Originally known as Cohasset Narrows, the station was built as part of the Cape Cod Branch Railroad in 1848. Its name was changed to Buzzards Bay on August 1, 1879 by the Old Colony Railroad who had acquired the line in 1872 with a merger of the Cape Cod Railroad. The Woods Hole Branch opened on July 17, 1872. The present station building was constructed by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1912. Prior to the opening of the Cape Cod Canal in 1916, Buzzards Bay was located on what was then the north bank of the Monument River at a junction of the main railroad line between Middleborough and Cape Cod and the branch to Woods Hole. The Woods Hole Branch crossed the river slightly west of what is now the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge, while the Cape Cod main line continued along the north side of the river before crossing where the river narrowed at Bourne. The Monument River was converted into the Cape Cod Canal, which opened in 1916. The Cape Cod Main Line and junction were moved to the south side of the canal, which was later widened in the 1930s. Into the 1960s the New Haven Railroad operated daily passenger service to Boston and seasonal day and night Cape Codder service to New York City. Originally located near the tracks, the station building is now set back from the train line because of the removal of excess trackage. The station also houses year-round offices and a seasonal visitor's center for the Cape Cod Canal Region Chamber of Commerce. It was a stop for Amtrak's Cape Codder which ran from 1986 to 1996 (again, New York to the Cape), and for the Cape Cod and Hyannis Railroad which ran from 1984 to 1988. In 1988, the state refurbished the station building and added an accessible platform in preparation for never-realized commuter rail service. Cape Cod Central Railroad Buzzards Bay serves as the western terminus for Cape Cod Central Railroad, which runs tourist excursion trains along the track between Buzzards Bay and Hyannis. In the summer, Buzzards Bay serves as a station of departure for excursion trains running to West Barnstable, select dinner trains running along the length of the Canal, and a special excursion in mid-September to celebrate Cape Cod Canal Day, which includes a stop at the Pairpoint Glass facility in Sagamore. In the winter, Buzzards Bay is the point of departure for several Polar Express-esque holiday",
"title": "Buzzards Bay station"
},
{
"docid": "1129764",
"text": "Gladstone Dock is a dock on the River Mersey, England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. It is situated in the northern dock system in Bootle. The dock is connected to Seaforth Dock to the north and what remains of Hornby Dock to the south. Part of Liverpool Freeport, Gladstone Dock is operated by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company. History The dock is named after Robert Gladstone, a merchant from Liverpool and second cousin of Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone. Designed in the first decade of the twentieth century, construction was eventually completed in 1927 and consisted of of quays and extensive warehouse space. The graving dock was completed in 1913, before the rest of the dock became operational. At long and wide it was designed to take the largest trans-Atlantic steamers. The graving dock has since been converted into a wet dock (Gladstone Number Three Branch Dock). Gladstone Dock lock entrance is one of the two remaining operational river entrances in the northern dock system. Measuring long, wide and deep; was wider, longer and deeper than the Panama Canal locks at the time of opening. The Panama Canal and Gladstone locks could accommodate a maximum size of container ship of 4,500-5,000 twenty-foot-equivalent units (TEUs). The lock provided maritime access to the container terminal of the adjacent Royal Seaforth Dock, which opened in 1972. However in 2016 the Panama Canal locks will were enlarged to a size larger than the Gladstone locks: long, wide and deep, accommodating vessels with capacities of up to 14,000 TEUs, depending on the vessel design. Rather than enlarge the Gladstone locks to match the size of the Panama locks, the Port of Liverpool built an in-river berth, in the tidal river, serving a new container terminal called Liverpool2. Container ships unable to enter the Gladstone lock will need to use the adjacent in-river berthing at Liverpool2. Liverpool2 solved the problem of the disruption of enlarging the Gladstone locks, and also giving container handling expansion. Simultaneously the NY-NJ port in the USA deepened its access channel and raised the Bayonne Bridge to accommodate the large vessels transiting the Panama Canal. The expansions at Liverpool and New York means larger ships can operate between the two ports. At the outbreak of the First World War, the liner RMS Aquitania was undergoing repairs in Gladstone Graving Dock. As a result, she was converted in situ for war service. During the Second World War, ASW ships, Atlantic convoy escorts and minesweepers were based in the dock. In 1942 the National Fire Service opened a fire station on Fort Road having a berth for some of its fireboats adjoining the NW Wall of the Dock, this remained open until 1946. On 25 January 1953, the liner RMS Empress of Canada caught fire and capsized in Gladstone Number One Branch Dock. She was refloated the following year and towed to Gladstone Graving Dock to be made watertight, in preparation for being scrapped in Italy. Transatlantic passenger services continued to",
"title": "Gladstone Dock"
},
{
"docid": "126897",
"text": "Salina is a town in Onondaga County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 33,223. The name of the town is derived from the Latin word for \"salt.\" Salina is a northern suburb of Syracuse. History The region was in the domain of the Onondaga tribe and later was within the Central New York Military Tract, although it was reserved for members of the Onondaga. Salina received its name in 1797, when the Surveyor General received authority to set aside a portion of the Salt Reservation for use in salt manufacture. The Salt Reservation had been created by a treaty with the Native Americans. It extended one mile around Onondaga Lake. In 1798, the Village of Salina was chartered. It was located in what is now the Washington Square neighborhood or \"First Ward\" of the current City of Syracuse and contained sixteen blocks. Each block was divided into four house lots, selling according to law, for no less than forty dollars. The area now known as the Town of Salina was still part of the Townships of Manlius and Marcellus. In March 1809, the Town of Salina was organized. It included the areas now known as the Town of Geddes (formed 1848), part of Manlius and the City of Syracuse. Salina's location on the Erie Canal stimulated its industrial development. The middle section of the canal, from Salina to Utica was the first to open, in 1820, and elaborate celebrations were held. It was not until the late 1840s that Salina was reduced to its present size. The original Town of Salina stretched around Onondaga Lake, incorporating part of what is now the Town of Geddes and much of what today is the City of Syracuse. The early history of Salina is actually the history of the area around Onondaga Lake and the salt industry. By 1846, it was apparent that Syracuse would soon become a city. The residents of Salina and Syracuse began discussing a proposed charter, which would unify the two villages. In December 1847, the act of incorporation was passed, which defined the area as \"constituting a part of the Town of Salina and incorporation the Village of Salina and Syracuse.\" This act reduced the Town of Salina to its present boundaries. Today, Salina consists of five small suburban communities which are known as Liverpool, Mattydale, Lyncourt, Galeville and a portion of North Syracuse. The Alvord House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (8.74%) is water. The town is on the northern shore of Onondaga Lake. Interstate 81 and Interstate 90 (New York State Thruway) intersect in Salina. New York State Route 370 borders Onondaga Lake. U.S. Route 11 passes through the eastern part of the town. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 33,290 people, 14,401 households, and 8,871 families residing in the",
"title": "Salina, New York"
},
{
"docid": "26818077",
"text": "Mill Creek is a linear park located in Bakersfield, California. It runs along the Kern Island Canal between Golden State Avenue and California Avenue in downtown, although there is a gap between 19th Street and the BNSF railroad yard. The center of the park is Central Park, the only park in downtown. The park contains a lake with spray fountains and the “Mill Creek” bridge. It is also home to the Bakersfield Museum of Art and the Bakersfield Community House. The park is named after a flour mill which was located on 17th Street. History Central Park was created August 21, 1921. The same day, a bid was accepted from MacRori and McLaren Company for its construction. Originally called Stark Park (for about one month), the name was changed to Central Park since the park was located between Bakersfield and East Bakersfield. In 1938 the first foot bridge was constructed over the canal. In 1956, part of the land was used for the Cunningham Memorial Art Gallery (later the Bakersfield Museum of Art). A camellia garden was added in 1956 in memory of Aram Adams (who was a local automobile dealer). In 1964, another section of the park was used for the establishment of the Community House. In 2001, city planners started to consider how to redevelop the area. After years of planning, and raising funds, the Mill Creek project was born. The plan was to create a linear park which would run along the Kern Island Canal. The canal would be altered to look like a natural stream. A path would be created next to the canal, on the old access roads. The plan also called for the redevelopment of Central Park (which the canal ran through). This included constructing winding paths, replace lighting, and expanding the canal to a lake. The bridge across the canal was replaced with the covered “Mill Creek” bridge. The park reopened in 2009. The rest of the linear park opened in 2010. Park description The length of the park is approximately 1.5 miles (including the gap segments). The path runs along both sides of the canal, except between Golden State Avenue and 21st Street, where it only runs on the west side. That segment is also lined with an iron fence (with pedestrian gates), since it primarily runs next to a residential neighborhood. Central Park has public restrooms, as well as a playground. It is also equipped with Wi-Fi service (for a fee). There is a gap in the park, between 19th Street and the BNSF railroad yard. Access across the yard is provided by the Q Street underpass. The section between the yard and Truxtun Avenue was not changed since it was already improved when the Beale Memorial Library was built in 1988. The section between Truxtun Avenue and 19th Street could not be improved because the parking lots and buildings of the Hill House (a Best Western Plus hotel) were constructed too close to the canal to allow for improvements at",
"title": "Mill Creek (Bakersfield)"
},
{
"docid": "8422168",
"text": "The Nimbus Dam is a base load hydroelectric dam on the American River near Folsom, California. Approximately of water is retained by the dam. It is responsible for the impoundment of water from the American River to create the Lake Natoma reservoir. The dam stands 87 feet and spans 1,093 feet. The Nimbus powerplant consists of two generators. Each generator produces enough electrical power to power over 200,000 100-watt light bulbs, about 15,500 kilowatts of electrical power. Nimbus Dam consists of 18 radial gates, each with their own gate bays. These 18 gates today are the ones that were completed in 1955 along with the rest of the dam. Of the eighteen gates, four of them have had their coating system replaced. This protects the gates from a faster rate of corrosion. The other fourteen gates have the original coating. As part of the Central Valley Project (CVP), a federal water project that provides irrigation and municipal water to much of California's Central Valley, it was authorized in 1949 as a regulating reservoir for Folsom Dam, and a diversion pool for the Folsom South Canal. Construction began in 1952, and it opened in 1955. The Nimbus Powerplant The Nimbus Powerplant is located on the north side of the American River and on the left side of Nimbus Dam via looking east. The powerplant provides backup to the main powerplant that is located upstream at Folsom Dam. Each of the two generators contain approximately 7,700 kilowatts of electrical power. What drives the two generators through six penstocks, each about 47 feet long, are the two turbines with 9,400 horsepower. Water is supplied through these turbines. The Western Area Power Administration markets the power that is generated by the powerplants at Nimbus Dam and Folsom Dam. The dam serves as a diversion to direct water into the Folsom South Canal, which carries water to an area approximately 10 miles northeast of the city of Lodi. The canal once provided cooling water for the SMUD nuclear power plant, Rancho Seco. Today, it continues to provide water for irrigation, water supply, and industrial purposes to its surrounding area. The Nimbus Dam Radial Gates Project The United States Bureau of Reclamation released a final environmental assessment for the Nimbus Dam Radial Gates Maintenance Project in May 2015. This report laid out the purpose and need for the project, the details of what the construction would consist of, and the environmental impact of the project on existing federal wildlife protection acts. The report argues that over half the radial gates of Nimbus Dam need a new coating system, along with other repairs that fall outside of normal maintenance. No major work has been done to the gates since the construction of the dam in the 1950s. In 2014, the Bureau of Reclamation contributed an $11,141,820 contract for the construction. The project is expected to be completed by the end of 2019 and will focus on replacing the coating on the fourteen gates that have the original",
"title": "Nimbus Dam"
},
{
"docid": "76186497",
"text": "The Khalij ( or al-khalīg in Egyptian pronunciation), also known as the Khalij al-Misri or Khalij al-Masri (), was a canal in Cairo, Egypt. It began in the 7th century when the new Arab conquerors rebuilt an ancient canal that linked the Nile with the Red Sea in Pharaonic and Roman times. The connection to the Red Sea was closed in the 8th century, but the canal remained an important feature of Cairo's geography and its water supply. It was traditionally closed for part of the year and then reopened during the Nile floods. The yearly opening of the canal was celebrated as a major festival. In the 14th century, the Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad created a second canal further west, the Khalij al-Nasiri, which was linked to the main canal. In the 1890s, as its function became less essential, the Khalij was filled in and converted into what is now Port Said Street in central Cairo. History Origins An ancient canal linking the Nile with the Red Sea had previously existed in the region since the Pharaonic period, probably begun in the reign of Necho II ( BC). The canal was re-dug by the Persian king Darius ( BC). It was last restored by Roman emperor Trajan, who moved its mouth on the Nile further south, to what is now Old Cairo, and named it or () after himself. Remains of the massive stone walls that made up the entrance to Trajan's canal have been found under the present-day Coptic Church of Saint Sergius and the Coptic Church of Saint George. Where the canal joined the Nile, Trajan constructed a harbor and fortifications. In the third century AD, Diocletian expanded the fortifications and constructed the Babylon Fortress at the mouth of the canal. The canal was difficult to maintain and by the time of the Arab conquest in 641 AD, it had fallen out of use and into disrepair. Shortly after the conquest, the commander of the Muslim force, Amr ibn al-As, ordered that the canal, which had silted up in the meantime, be re-excavated, perhaps at the request of the Caliph Umar ( AD), in order to more efficiently transport grain from Egypt to Medina (the capital of the new Islamic caliphate). The new canal dug by Amr was excavated further north, joining the Nile close to what is now the Sayyida Zaynab neighbourhood of Cairo. The mouth of Trajan's canal was instead covered by the new Islamic city of Fustat, where the Arabs had perhaps already settled by the time the canal project was initiated. In honour of Umar, the new canal became known as (\"Canal of the Leader of the Faithful\"). A bridge was built over the canal in 688 for one of the two main north–south roads of Fustat, (\"the Way\"). In medieval Cairo The new canal was not successful in the long term. It was eventually closed, either around 750 during the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyads, or in 767–768 on the orders",
"title": "Khalij (Cairo)"
},
{
"docid": "23873694",
"text": "The Great Port of St. Petersburg () or Port of St. Petersburg is a major seaport serving the city of St. Petersburg in northwest Russia. The port's water area is 164.6 km2 (630,000 square meters). The mooring line is 31 km long and the water is deep at the port's deepest anchorages. Since 2011, the port has been under the authority of a state-owned enterprise (federal government agency), the Port Authority of the Great Port of St. Petersburg. This agency oversees commercial navigation in the seaport of St. Petersburg and beyond in the designated areas of responsibility of the Russian Federation. History In 1869, Nikolay Putilov (1820–1880)—a Russian naval officer, mathematician, engineer, metallurgist, entrepreneur, co-founder of the Obukhov factory, and founder of the Putilov factory—began preparations for the Sea Port of St. Petersburg with a sea canal from Kronstadt to St. Petersburg. On June 13, 1874, Tsar Alexander II approved a provision \"On the Temporary Administration of the St. Petersburg Sea.\" The general direction of the channel was approved by Alexander on August 21 of the same year. On October 26, a contract for the production of works and supplies on the St. Petersburg Canal was signed. N. I. Putilov \"with his comrades\" received a contract order for the works. After Putilov's sudden death, the project was completed by his companions and S. P. Maksimovich, assisted by the Finland Swedish engineer . On May 15, 1885, the channel was opened to the passage of ships, and a new Maritime Trade Port was opened. Putilov was buried, at his request, on the bank of the Ekateringofka River on Gladky Island, commanding a view over his factory, his port, and the Morskoy Canal. A chapel by architect F. S. Kharlamov was erected on his grave. His remains were re-buried in the crypt of St. Nicholas Church in 1907, which was built by architect V. A. Kosyakov in 1901–06 on what is today Stachek Avenue. His grave was destroyed in 1951. General information The central unit of the Great Port of St. Petersburg is located on and around the islands of the Neva River Delta, in the Nevsky Lip of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The port includes the berths for maritime trade; forest, fish and river ports; an oil terminal; shipbuilding, ship repair and other industries; a sea passenger terminal; a river passenger terminal; piers at Kronstadt and Lomonosov; and the Gorskaya and Bronka facilities. They are connected by an extensive system of channels and fairways. The sea trade port includes about 200 berths with depths of up to . It is divided into four districts. The container terminal includes berths 82–87, and both container ships and roll-on/roll-off vessels are accepted for processing. The first and second areas of the seaport are served by the New Port railway station, the third and fourth by the Avtovo railway station. The port fleet includes service and support vessels belonging to various organizations, including more than",
"title": "Great Port of Saint Petersburg"
},
{
"docid": "15651800",
"text": "The Central Avenue Corridor is a significant stretch of north–south Central Avenue in Phoenix, Arizona. Roughly bounded by Camelback Road to its north, and McDowell Road to its south, this is one of Phoenix's most vital and heavily trafficked stretches of roads. It is also one of the region's largest centers of employment, with nearly 60,000 people being employed within a three-mile (5 km) radius of this swath of Central Avenue. Major employers here include major banks and financial institutions, hi-tech companies, and several significant law firms and government agencies. This corridor bisects a larger area known as Midtown, Phoenix—the collection of neighborhoods north of downtown, and south of the North-Central and Sunnyslope areas. Block numbers or addresses for Central Avenue landmarks are indicated in parentheses where available. Central Avenue Corridor today Located halfway between the major arterial roads 7th Street and 7th Avenue, Central Avenue is the east–west dividing line for Phoenix as well as other Maricopa County cities that do not have their own addressing system. Central Avenue crosses every economic stratum in Phoenix, rather abruptly in places. Downtown Phoenix land values are on par with other major cities. North of Midtown and Uptown Phoenix, the large, old homes in the tony North Central neighborhoods hark back to lower North Central Avenue's past. On the other side of the canal from North Central, at Central Avenue's dead-end, is the Sunnyslope District, founded in 1907. South of downtown, approaching South Mountain, the South Central area contains some of the most blighted neighborhoods in the city. Central Avenue represents almost every architectural use and style found in Phoenix. Dilapidated and thriving strip centers, small old brick warehouses, industrial and commercial properties, single family homes and estates, and many of the city's high-rises all have Central Avenue addresses. On Central or in the immediate vicinity lie officially recognized and protected historic neighborhoods and a variety of cultural, performance, and sporting venues. History Pre–World War II Central Avenue was originally named Center Street upon Phoenix's founding with the surrounding north–south roads named after Indian tribes. The original Churchill Addition of 1877, covering a small area north of Van Buren Street to what is presently Roosevelt Street, was the first recorded plat showing Central Avenue with its present name. Despite this, there is evidence of it being called Center Street into the 1930s. A replat of Phoenix's original townsite in 1895 was the first to officially show numbered streets and avenues starting from the east and west sides of Central. Phoenix's first school was built on Center Street and Monroe in 1874 as a one-room adobe. A new four-room schoolhouse replaced it in 1879 as the fourth brick building in the city, and the school was expanded again in 1893. By 1919, the school had deteriorated considerably and was condemned and sold. The luxurious Hotel San Carlos, the first downtown hotel to feature air conditioning and elevators, opened on that spot in 1928 after a long delay. The Phoenix Indian School was established",
"title": "Central Avenue Corridor"
},
{
"docid": "126109",
"text": "Caneadea is a township in Allegany County, New York, United States. It includes the hamlets Caneadea, Houghton, and Oramel. History The name Caneadea reportedly originates from a Seneca phrase meaning \"where the heavens rest upon the earth\". Following the American war for independence in which the Seneca aligned with the British, the majority of Seneca territory in western New York was ceded to the new American government with the exception of some small areas of land. One such area was a strip eight miles long and two miles wide in the Genesee River Valley that became known as the Caneadea Reservation. The land of the reservation included much of the modern day township. Within the reservation was a small native village located on a bluff above the river. The village contained what is known as the Council House, which many years later was transported to what is now Letchworth State Park and renovated. Moses van Campen reportedly ran the \"gauntlet\" outside the Council House in 1782 while a captive of the Senecas during the American war for independence. The Caneadea Reservation's existence ended in 1826 after the Seneca sold the land to speculators. The Caneadea township was officially formed in 1806, but included large portions of land that are no longer part of it. During the 1800s, much of the forested land was converted to farmland, including highly fertile land near the river. Caneadea contained a route of the underground railroad, helping individuals escape slavery from the south. The Civil War's need for soldiers took a heavy human toll on the town. Starting in 1851, the Genesee Valley Canal passed through Caneadea. While overall the canal was massively unprofitable for the state of New York, it did contribute significantly to the culture and economy of Caneadea and its hamlets Houghton and Oramel. Many businesses sprung up catering to canal traffic. Oramel became especially prosperous. Houghton was popular for horse racing and reportedly quite rowdy. New York finally decommissioned the boondoggle canal in 1878. In 1882 railroad tracks replaced much of the canal's old towpath. Trains stopped traveling through Caneadea in 1969, and the tracks removed in 1977. Today, much of the old railroad bed pathway is part of a recreational pathway. In 1883, a seminary that was to eventually become today's Houghton University was founded by a farmer. The seminary eventually formed into a college that became accredited in 1923. Houghton changed dramatically from a wild canal port commonly known as Jockey Street (due to popular horse racing) into a more tranquil community strongly associated with the college and its sponsoring Wesleyan denomination. In the late 1980s, a New York State committee was formed to find potential nuclear waste disposal sites. Caneadea, along with some other towns in Allegany County, was proposed as a potential site.There was significant disapproval by many area residents over this, and organizers committed to fight the state legally, politically and with civil disobedience. In 1990, protestors prevented the proposed site in Caneadea from being accessed",
"title": "Caneadea, New York"
},
{
"docid": "62259763",
"text": "The Little Cut, also known as the Rain Hall Rock Branch or the Rain Hall Rock Canal, was a short canal connecting the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Barnoldswick to the nearby Rain Hall Rock limestone quarry. The canal ran north-east for through farmland and a deep cutting—including two tunnels—before terminating in a small basin. Canal The cut was constructed in 1796, around the time of the second phase of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. Built to serve a limestone quarry known as Rain Hall Rock, the cut left the main canal beneath a small bridge carrying the towing path, approximately south of Long Ing Bridge. The short length of the canal led to it being named locally as the \"Little Cut\", although it was formally known as the Rain Hall Rock Canal or Rain Hall Rock Branch. A tunnel was bored through the limestone near Higher Barnsay Farm, before a northwards bend took the canal through a deep cutting; this was the start of the quarry and the original canal terminus, from its junction with the main line. This tunnel was the only tunnel on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal to carry the towpath as well as the waterway. From the canal's junction with the main line, the towpath ran along the south side of the channel. Upon reaching the second tunnel, a turnover bridge moved the towpath to the north side of the canal. Permission to extend the quarry was granted in 1826 and the canal was extended through a second tunnel. A further extension had been made by 1862, when a viaduct was built (as an accommodation bridge) across the cut. Rather than building a large wharf or dock, limestone was loaded directly from the quarry into waiting barges in a widened basin. The quarry closed around the end of the First World War, and later the cut was used by Lancashire County Council for landfill. Only the central cutting—between the two tunnels—as well as parts of the tunnels are extant. Quarry Rock from the quarry has been classified by the British Geological Survey as nodular micaceous sandy limestone, with some specimens containing forams. References 1796 establishments in England Canals in Lancashire Canals opened in 1796 Conservation areas in England Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Lancashire Transport in Liverpool",
"title": "Little Cut"
},
{
"docid": "11708373",
"text": "The historic center of Mexico City (), also known as the Centro or Centro Histórico, is the central neighborhood in Mexico City, Mexico, focused on the Zócalo (or main plaza) and extending in all directions for a number of blocks, with its farthest extent being west to the Alameda Central. The Zocalo is the largest plaza in Latin America. It can hold up to nearly 100,000 people. This section of the capital lies in the municipal borough of Cuauhtémoc, has just over nine square km and occupies 668 blocks. It contains 9,000 buildings, 1,550 of which have been declared of historical importance. Most of these historic buildings were constructed between the 16th and 20th centuries. It is divided into two zones for preservation purposes. Zone A encompasses the pre-Hispanic city and its expansion from the Viceroy period until Independence. Zone B covers the areas all other constructions to the end of the 19th century that are considered indispensable to the preservation of the area's architectural and cultural heritage. This is where the Spaniards began to build what is now modern Mexico City in the 16th century on the ruins of the conquered Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire. As the centre of the ancient Aztec Empire and the seat of power for the Spanish colony of New Spain, the Centro Historico contains most of the city's historic sites from both eras as well as a large number of museums. This has made it a World Heritage Site. History What is now the historic downtown of Mexico City roughly correlates with the ancient Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, which was founded around 1325. During the prehispanic era, the city developed in a planned fashion, with streets and canals aligned with the cardinal directions, leading to orderly square blocks. The island that the city was founded on was divided into four calpullis or neighborhoods that were divided by the main north-south roads leading to Tepeyac and Iztapalapa respectively and the west-east road that lead to Tacuba and to a dike into the lake, respectively. The calpullis were named Cuepopan, Atzacualco, Moyotla and Zoquipan, which had subdivisions and a \"tecpan\" or district council each. The intersection of these roads was the center of the city and of the Aztec world. Here were the Templo Mayor, the palaces of the tlatoani or emperors, palaces of nobles such as the \"House of the Demons\" and the \"House of the Flowers\". Also located here were the two most renowned Aztec schools: the Telpuchcalli for secular studies and the Calmecac for priestly training. When the Spaniards arrived, the city had aqueducts built by Moctezuma Ilhuicamina and Ahuizotl as well as a large dike constructed to the east of the city. After the Spanish conquest, this design remained largely intact, mostly due to the efforts of Alonso Garcia Bravo, who supervised much of the rebuilding of the city. This reconstruction conserved many of the main thoroughfares such as Tenayuca, renamed Vallejo; Tlacopan, renamed México Tacuba, and Tepeyac, now called",
"title": "Historic center of Mexico City"
},
{
"docid": "437103",
"text": "A root canal is the naturally occurring anatomic space within the root of a tooth. It consists of the pulp chamber (within the coronal part of the tooth), the main canal(s), and more intricate anatomical branches that may connect the root canals to each other or to the surface of the root. Structure At the center of every tooth is a hollow area that houses soft tissues, such as the nerve, blood vessels, and connective tissue. This hollow area contains a relatively wide space in the coronal portion of the tooth called the pulp chamber. These canals run through the center of the roots, similar to the way graphite runs through a pencil. The pulp receives nutrition through the blood vessels, and sensory nerves carry signals back to the brain. A tooth can be relieved from pain if there is irreversible damage to the pulp, via root canal treatment. Root canal anatomy consists of the pulp chamber and root canals. Both contain the dental pulp. The smaller branches, referred to as accessory canals, are most frequently found near the root end (apex), but may be encountered anywhere along the root length. The total number of root canals per tooth depends on the number of the tooth roots ranging from one to four, five or more in some cases. Sometimes there are more than one root canal per root. Some teeth have a more variable internal anatomy than others. An unusual root canal shape, complex branching (especially the existence of horizontal branches), and multiple root canals are considered as the main causes of root canal treatment failures. (e.g. If a secondary root canal goes unnoticed by the dentist and is not cleaned and sealed, it will remain infected, causing the root canal therapy to fail). Root canal system The specific features and complexity of the internal anatomy of the teeth have been thoroughly studied. Using a replica technique on thousands of teeth, Walter Hess made clear as early as 1917 that the internal space of dental roots is often a complex system composed of a central area (root canals with round, oval or irregular cross-sectional shape) and lateral parts (fins, anastomoses and accessory canals). In fact, this lateral component may represent a relatively large volume, which challenges the cleaning phase of the instrumentation procedure in that tissue remnants of the vital or necrotic pulp as well as infectious elements are not easily removed in these areas. Thus, the image of root canals having a smooth, conical shape is generally too idealistic and underestimates the reach of root canal instrumentation. Contents The space inside the root canals is filled with a highly vascularized, loose connective tissue, called dental pulp. The dental pulp is the tissue of which the dentin portion of the tooth is composed. The dental pulp helps complete formation of the secondary teeth (adult teeth) one to two years after eruption into the mouth. The dental pulp also nourishes and hydrates the tooth structure, making the tooth more resilient, less",
"title": "Root canal"
},
{
"docid": "49427091",
"text": "Red Bluff Diversion Dam is a disused irrigation diversion dam on the Sacramento River in Tehama County, California, United States, southeast of the city of Red Bluff. Until 2013, the dam provided irrigation water for two canals that serve of farmland on the west side of the Sacramento Valley. The dam and canals are part of the Sacramento Canals Unit of the Central Valley Project, operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. In 2013, the dam was decommissioned and the river allowed to flow freely through the site in order to protect migrating fish. A pumping plant constructed a short distance upstream now supplies water to the canal system. Specifications The dam is a concrete gated weir design, long, with a structural height of . Eleven fixed wheel gates, each wide and high, control the outflow of water to the Sacramento River. The concrete piers between the gates are in width. The entire structure contains about of concrete. Lake Red Bluff, formed by the dam when the gates are lowered, had a maximum depth of , a normal storage of , and a maximum storage of . The original design of the dam included two fish ladders, one on each end of the dam; a third was added in 1984 in the middle of the dam. A diversion headworks and settling basin on the south bank of the Sacramento River originally provided a gravity flow of water to two aqueducts, the Tehama-Colusa Canal and Corning Canal. The headworks consist of six radial gates with a capacity of . This water is now lifted directly from the Sacramento River via a pumping plant constructed as part of the Red Bluff Fish Passage Improvement Project. The pumping plant has a capacity of , with potential future expansion to . The Tehama Colusa Canal, larger of the two canals, is long, with a capacity of . The Corning Canal is long and can carry . Together, the canals irrigate in Tehama, Glenn, Colusa and Yolo Counties, of which lacked sufficient water before the project was built. Six additional pumping plants are required at various points to maintain water flow in the two canals. Water is also provided to of wildlife preserves in the Sacramento Valley. The total crop value is $250 million, with total benefits of $1 billion per year to the regional economy. Construction history Although the Central Valley Project was initially authorized in 1935, the Sacramento Canals Division was not authorized until September 29, 1950 by President Harry Truman. The contract for construction of Red Bluff Diversion Dam was awarded in 1962 to Vinnell Corporation, for a total of $3,465,155. Work on the dam began in 1962 and was completed on August 9, 1964, more than 4 months ahead of schedule. The Corning Canal had been completed by 1959, but the much larger Tehama Colusa Canal was not completed until 1980. Environmental impact While the dam is relatively small, it has historically blocked passage of salmon, steelhead and sturgeon runs on",
"title": "Red Bluff Diversion Dam"
},
{
"docid": "247016",
"text": "Welland is a city in the Regional Municipality of Niagara in Southern Ontario, Canada. As of 2021, it had a population of 55,750. The city is in the centre of Niagara and located within a half-hour driving distance to Niagara Falls, Niagara-on-the-Lake, St. Catharines, and Port Colborne. It has been traditionally known as the place where rails and water meet, referring to the railways from Buffalo to Toronto and Southwestern Ontario, and the waterways of Welland Canal and Welland River, which played a great role in the city's development. The city has developed on both sides of the Welland River and Welland Canal, which connect Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. History The area was settled in 1788 by United Empire Loyalists who had been granted land by the Crown to compensate for losses due to property they left in the British Thirteen Colonies during and after the American Revolutionary War. Tensions continued between Great Britain and the newly independent United States, and the War of 1812 broke out. On 19 October 1814, Canadian forces led by George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale, met an American raiding party, numbering approximately nine hundred, near the eastern edge of the present community during the Battle of Cook's Mills. After an intense skirmish, the Americans retreated to Buffalo, New York. Cook's Mills was the second to last engagement of the War of 1812 on Canadian soil. The First Welland Canal was extended in 1833 to reach Lake Erie and has influenced development of this city ever since. A wooden aqueduct was built to carry the Welland Canal over the Welland River at what is now downtown Welland, and the area became known as simply Aqueduct. A lock to cross from the canal to the river and vice versa was also built. A small shantytown soon developed around the facility, providing essential services in what was a convenient stop-over location for travellers and workers on the canal. The growing town was later named Merrittsville, after William Hamilton Merritt, the initiator of the Welland Canal project. This name is reflected in the name of the Merrittville Highway (Niagara Road 50), which served as the primary north–south route in central Niagara before the construction of Highway 406. Welland gained its present name when it was incorporated on 25 July 1858. It became a city in 1917. One of the few railway crossings across the canal was near Welland. Together with the canal, these two factors attracted the development of heavy industry in Welland. In 1906 the Plymouth Cordage Company was the first major industrial company to open a plant in Welland. By the 1930s, Welland was an important industrial city in the region and was developing rapidly. In the 1960s, the city was starting to outgrow the canal passing through its core. The Welland By-Pass project, started in 1967 and finished in 1973, provided a new, shorter alignment for the Welland Canal by moving it from downtown Welland to the city's outskirts. With the completion of the",
"title": "Welland"
},
{
"docid": "3755694",
"text": "David du Bose Gaillard (September 4, 1859 – December 5, 1913) was a U.S. Army engineer instrumental in the construction of the Panama Canal. During the years of the US Canal Zone (c. 1915–2000), the Culebra Cut in the Panama Canal bore his name in his memory. Biography Lieutenant Colonel David DuBose Gaillard was born in Fulton Crossroads, South Carolina, which is located in what is now the Manchester State Forest near Sumter. Gaillard graduated from West Point in 1884. After promotion to first lieutenant in 1887, he married Katherine Ross Davis. The couple had one child, David St. Pierre Gaillard. By 1903 he was a Captain in the Army Corps of Engineers. In 1908 Gaillard was placed in charge of construction of the central portion of the Panama Canal, crossing the continental divide. He was in charge of the notorious Culebra Cut through the backbone of the isthmus. Men who worked with him said he gave 12 hours every day to the Culebra Cut, besides which, he took his share in the labor of general administration of the Canal Zone. He checked up expenses, even on small things, and once it was computed he had saved the government $17,000,000. Gaillard died nine months before the Panama Canal opened. He returned to the US suffering from what was thought to be nervous exhaustion brought on by overwork and died of a brain tumor on December 5, 1913 at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, aged 54. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Family Gaillard married Katherine Ross Davis at Winnsboro on October 6, 1887. She accompanied him to Panama and while there collected plant specimens for the United States National Herbarium. While in Panama she was also an orchid collector. References External links Picture of historical marker, from Historical Marker Database 1859 births 1913 deaths United States Military Academy alumni Panama Canal American canal engineers",
"title": "David du Bose Gaillard"
},
{
"docid": "8168431",
"text": "Volkmann's canals, also known as perforating holes or channels, are anatomic arrangements in cortical bones that allow blood vessels to enter the bones from periosteum. They interconnect the haversian canals (running inside osteons) with each other and the periosteum. They usually run at obtuse angles to the haversian canals (which run the length of the bone) and contain anastomosing vessels between haversian capillaries. They were named after German physiologist Alfred Volkmann (1800-1878). The perforating canals, with the blood vessels, provide energy and nourishing elements for osteons. Additional images References Skeletal system",
"title": "Volkmann's canals"
},
{
"docid": "11732932",
"text": "The hyaloid canal (Cloquet's canal and Stilling's canal) is a small transparent canal running through the vitreous body from the optic nerve disc (at the punctum caecum) to the lens. It is formed by an invagination of the hyaloid membrane, which encloses the vitreous body. In the fetus, the hyaloid canal contains a prolongation of the central artery of the retina, the hyaloid artery, which supplies blood to the developing lens. Once the lens is fully developed the hyaloid artery retracts and the hyaloid canal contains lymph. The hyaloid canal appears to have no function in the adult eye, though its remnant structure can be seen. Contrary to initial belief, the hyaloid canal does not facilitate changes in the volume of the lens. The lens volume changes by less than 1% over its range of accommodation. Furthermore, lymph, being liquid, is incompressible, so even if the volume of the lens did change, the hyaloid canal could not compensate for it. See also Hyaloid artery References Human eye anatomy de:Arteria hyaloidea",
"title": "Hyaloid canal"
},
{
"docid": "684793",
"text": "The periosteum is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the articular surfaces (i.e. the parts within a joint space) of long bones. (At the joints of long bones the bone's outer surface is lined with \"articular cartilage\", a type of hyaline cartilage.) Endosteum lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of all long bones. Structure The periosteum consists of an outer fibrous layer, and an inner cambium layer (or osteogenic layer). The fibrous layer is of dense irregular connective tissue, containing fibroblasts, while the cambium layer is highly cellular containing progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone (the length of a long bone is controlled by the epiphyseal plate) and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture, the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which are essential to the healing process. The outer fibrous layer and the inner cambium layer are differentiated under electron micrography. As opposed to osseous tissue, the periosteum has nociceptors, sensory neurons that make it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply to the body from the marrow. The periosteum is attached to the bone by strong collagen fibres called \"Sharpey's fibres\", which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae. It also provides an attachment for muscles and tendons. The periosteum that covers the outer surface of the bones of the skull is known as the pericranium, except when in reference to the layers of the scalp. Etymology The word periosteum is derived from the Greek peri-, meaning \"surrounding\", and -osteon, meaning \"bone\". The peri refers to the fact that the periosteum is the outermost layer of long bones, surrounding other inner layers. Additional images See also Periosteal reaction Periostitis Endochondral ossification Intramembranous ossification References Further reading External links Skeletal system",
"title": "Periosteum"
},
{
"docid": "1115536",
"text": "The Central Business District (CBD) is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. A subdistrict of the French Quarter/CBD area, its boundaries, as defined by the City Planning Commission, are Iberville, Decatur and Canal Streets to the north; the Mississippi River to the east; the New Orleans Morial Convention Center, Julia and Magazine Streets, and the Pontchartrain Expressway to the south; and South Claiborne Avenue, Cleveland Street, and South and North Derbigny Streets to the west. It is the equivalent of what many cities call their downtown, although in New Orleans \"downtown\" or \"down town\" was historically used to mean all portions of the city downriver from Canal Street (in the direction of flow of the Mississippi River). In recent decades, however, use of the catch-all \"downtown\" adjective to describe neighborhoods downriver from Canal Street has largely ceased, having been replaced in usage by individual neighborhood names (such as Bywater). Originally developed as the largely-residential Faubourg Ste. Marie (English: St. Mary Suburb) in the late 18th century, the modern Central Business District is today a dynamic, mixed-use neighborhood, the home of professional offices in skyscrapers, specialty and neighborhood retail stores, numerous restaurants and clubs, and thousands of residents inhabiting restored, historic commercial and industrial buildings. A part of the area is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the New Orleans Lower Central Business District. History Streets in the Central Business District (originally Faubourg Ste. Marie) were initially platted in the late 18th century, representing the first expansion of New Orleans beyond its original French Quarter footprint. Significant investment began in earnest following the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, as people from other parts of the United States flocked to the city. Consequently, the district began to be referred to as the American Sector. While traditionally Canal Street was viewed as the dividing line between the French Quarter and the American Sector, legally both sides of Canal Street are today considered part of the Central Business District for zoning and regulatory purposes. Through the 19th and into the 20th century, the Central Business District continued developing almost without pause. By the mid-20th century, most professional offices in the region were located downtown, the hub of a well-developed public transit system. Canal Street was the primary retail destination for New Orleanians, as well as for residents of the surrounding region. Local and regional department stores Maison Blanche, D.H. Holmes, Godchaux's, Gus Mayer, Labiche's, Kreeger's, and Krauss anchored numerous well-known specialty retailers, such as Rubenstein Bros., Adler's Jewelry, Koslow's, Rapp's, and Werlein's Music. National retailers, like Kress, Woolworth, and Walgreens were present alongside local drugstore K&B. Sears operated a large store one block off Canal, on Baronne Street. Bookstores, theaters, and movie palaces also abounded, with the neon marquees of the Saenger, Loews State, RKO Orpheum, Joy, and Civic theaters nightly casting multi-colored lights onto surrounding sidewalks. In the 1950s, six-lane Loyola Avenue was constructed as an extension of Elk Place, cutting a swath through a low-income",
"title": "New Orleans Central Business District"
},
{
"docid": "62781816",
"text": "The Port of Kiel () is a port for passenger and cargo shipping located in Kiel, Germany. It occupies the inner part of the Baltic Sea inlet Kieler Förde and includes the approach to the locks at the eastern end of Kiel Canal. Harbours The port offers sheltered harbours, large turning basins, and deep water berths. Inner Harbour At the southern end of Kieler Förde lies the Inner Harbour () with passenger terminals Ostseekai and Schwedenkai in the west and Norwegenkai on the eastern side. Ferries of the liner services to Scandinavia are based here and cruise ships call during summer. Ostuferhafen Located on the east bank of Kieler Förde, Ostuferhafen () is the largest coherent part of the port with a total area of 500,000 m² and a quay length of 1,700 m. It is primarily a cargo harbour with ro-ro and container terminals for the liner traffic to Northern Sweden, Russia and the Baltic states. Since June 2014 it also hosts one cruise berth. Canal Harbours The Canal Harbours () are located on the Kiel Canal. Nordhafen is situated on the southern side of the canal and has facilities for timber, bulk cargo, ro-ro, and container vessels. The bulk terminal Scheerhafen is situated immediately south of the canal locks and is formed by two moles. Passenger and cargo traffic Kiel’s main passenger shipping business are regularly scheduled cruiseferries to Norway, Sweden, and Lithuania which served 1.6 million passengers in 2018. Behind Puttgarden on Fehmarn and Rostock, Kiel is Germany's third busiest port for international passenger traffic. The two Color Line cruiseferries Color Magic and Color Fantasy offer a daily 20-hour connection from Norwegenkai to Oslo in Norway. Stena Line operates the two cruiseferries Stena Germanica and Stena Scandinavica on a daily 14.5-hour connection from Schwedenkai to Gothenburg in Sweden. DFDS Seaways runs a daily 21-hour connection from Ostuferhafen to Klaipėda in Lithuania with the two RoPax ferries Athena Seaways and Regina Seaways. The Port of Kiel is a central part of the Baltic Sea routes of MSC Cruises ships. The port's season for cruise ships runs from early-April through late-October, and 169 vessels called at the port in 2018. During the season, Kiel acts as home port for several vessels from the AIDA Cruises and TUI Cruises fleet. Almost 600.000 cruise passengers were handled in 2018. The Swedish paper company SCA operates two ro-ro vessels between Kiel and Sundsvall in Sweden once a week, exporting paper products to Germany. The port is owned by the city of Kiel and operated by Seehafen Kiel GmbH & Co. KG. For the year 2018, the port reported over 7.1 million tons of cargo and 2.2 million passengers (ferry and cruise) handled. See also Ports of the Baltic Sea References External links Official website Transport in Kiel Buildings and structures in Kiel Kiel Kiel",
"title": "Port of Kiel"
},
{
"docid": "40566653",
"text": "The Irtysh–Karaganda Canal (, Ertıs-Qarağandy kanaly; ) is an irrigation canal in Kazakhstan. It connects the Irtysh River with Karaganda (Qaraghandy), a major industrial center in north-central Kazakhstan. After Kazakhstan's independence, the canal was officially renamed as the Kanysh Satpayev Canal () after the Kazakh geologist Kanysh Satpayev. Description The canal starts at , just south of the city of Aksu (formerly Yermak), where it takes water from one of the branches of the Irtysh River. It runs for 451 km in the general western, south-western, and southern direction. It reaches an industrial area on the north-eastern outskirts of Karaganda at (Kokpekti District), at which point its water apparently goes into an underground pipeline. On its route, the canal passes through numerous reservoirs (the Ekibastuz Reservoir (, about 10 km north of Ekibastuz), as well as other reservoirs at , , etc.). The canal crosses the Nura River at , in what appears to be a tunnel. Some of the canal's water is directed into the Nura (a chute below the dam at ), replenishing this river. As Karaganda is located at a higher elevation than the Irtysh, the canal is furnished with 22 pumping stations, raising the water by 475 m in total. History The construction of the canal started in 1962. It was put to use by 1968, and fully completed by 1974. In the early 21st century, a pipeline was built from the canal to the Ishim River, to supply Kazakhstan's capital Astana with water. As of 2013, proposals are floated in Kazakhstan about either extending the Irtysh–Karaganda Canal all the way to the Ishim River upstream of Astana, or building a new canal between the Irtysh and Astana. According to a report published in 2013, the canal presently operates at only about one-half of its full capacity. Notes External links CIrtysh-Karaganda Canals in Kazakhstan Irrigation canals Canals opened in 1968 Canals opened in 1974",
"title": "Irtysh–Karaganda Canal"
},
{
"docid": "8744272",
"text": "A large number of canals were built in Cheshire, England, during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution to transport goods and raw materials. This resulted in a significant canal network which is now enjoyed by holiday-makers, anglers, walkers, and others. Routes of navigable canals Bridgewater Canal The Bridgewater Canal runs from Preston Brook, near Runcorn, to Leigh in Greater Manchester. The original section of the canal starts at Castlefield Basin in Manchester city centre where it joins the Rochdale Canal. The canal runs west from Manchester for about , where it splits into two parts at \"Waters Meeting\" junction. It then passes Hulme Lock, an unused connection to the River Irwell and the Manchester Ship Canal, and a new lock at Pomona which accesses the Ship Canal. From Waters Meeting, the original part of the canal passes over the Manchester Ship Canal on the Barton Swing Aqueduct at Salford and travels about to Leigh, where it makes an end-on connection with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The other part of the canal travels about south-west to Runcorn, passing through the towns of Sale and Lymm, and to the south of central Warrington. At Preston Brook, the canal connects with the Trent and Mersey Canal. Trent and Mersey Canal The Trent and Mersey Canal links the River Trent at Derwent Mouth (in Derbyshire) to the River Mersey. The second connection is made via the Bridgewater Canal, which it joins at Preston Brook in Cheshire. Although mileposts measure the distance to Preston Brook and Shardlow, Derwent Mouth is a mile or so beyond Shardlow. Peak Forest Canal The Peak Forest Canal runs from a junction with the Ashton Canal at the southern end of the Tame Aqueduct at Dukinfield through Newton, Hyde, Woodley, Bredbury, Romiley, Marple, Strines, Disley, New Mills, Furness Vale, and Bridgemont. It terminates at Bugsworth Basin, and there is a short branch at Bridgemont to Whaley Bridge. This canal is just over long. At Marple, the canal crosses Marple Aqueduct and then rises through 16 locks and makes a junction at Top Lock with the Macclesfield Canal. Wardle Canal The Wardle Canal is located in Middlewich, Cheshire, and connects the Trent and Mersey Canal to the Shropshire Union Canal (Middlewich branch). It is the shortest canal in the UK, at approximately long, and terminates with a single lock (known as Wardle lock). Macclesfield Canal The Macclesfield Canal runs from Marple Junction where it joins the Peak Forest Canal, southwards (through Bollington, Macclesfield, and Congleton), to a junction with the Trent and Mersey Canal near Kidsgrove. Shropshire Union Canal The Shropshire Union Canal links Wolverhampton (and the Birmingham Canal Navigations) with the River Mersey. History The Bridgewater Canal is often considered to be the first true canal in Britain. However, the Sankey Canal also has good claim to that title. Although the Sankey Canal was originally contained within the old county of Lancashire, the transfer of Warrington and Widnes to Cheshire means that it now lies partly in the",
"title": "Canals in Cheshire"
},
{
"docid": "33617937",
"text": "Pueblo Culhuacán () is an officially designated neighborhood of the Iztapalapa borough of Mexico City, which used to be a major pre-Hispanic city. Ancient Culhuacán was founded around 600 CE and the site has been continuously occupied since. The city was conquered by the Aztecs in the 15th century, but the Aztecs considered the city to have status with early rulers marrying into Culhua nobility to legitimize themselves. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Franciscans and later the Augustinians made Culhuacán a major evangelization center, with the latter building the monastery complex which remains to this day. Today, Culhucan is fully integrated into Mexico City physically and politically. This area was designated as a \"Barrio Mágico\" by the city in 2011. Modern Pueblo Culhuacán Culhuacan is one of the subdivisions of the borough of Iztapalapa, bordering the borough of Coyoacán. Geographically, it is located at the base of the Cerro de la Estrella mountain. Today, the area known as Culhuacan is politically divided into eleven units, called “colonias,” “barrios” or “pueblos” with the historic center designated as Pueblo (village) Culhuacán, due its earlier independent status as an altepetl and then as a recognized pueblo by the Spanish colonial government. The area was separate and rural as late as early 20th century, made up of chinampas separated by a series of canals. The Culhuacan area is now physically, economically and politically integrated into Mexico City, covered in modern cinderblock and cement structures that continue uninterrupted into neighboring areas. Line 12 of the Mexico City Metro passes through the Pueblo with the elevated station Pueblo Culhuacán only a couple of blocks from the central 16th century monastery complex. What is now Avenida Tláhuac was a canal in the colonial period. This canal was a main waterway connecting Mexico City with the agricultural areas of Chalco and Xochimilco with flat bottomed canoes called trajineras carrying produce to the city. In the mid 20th century, this canal was closed, filled in and paved over to create the current road. Line 12 of the Metro here is elevated following this same road. To this day, the residents of this area maintain a kind of rivalry with those from the historic center of Iztapalapa on the other side of the Cerro de la Estrella. Both host passion plays during Holy Week and each has a small natural cave that contains an image of the buried Christ as a local pilgrimage site. Culhuacan's cave site is marked by a chapel called the Capilla del Señor del Calvario. It refers to the image was is said to have been found over 200 years ago by quarry workers in this cave. The pre-Hispanic City-State (altepetl) The name comes from Nahuatl and means “place of the culhuas.” The term “culhua” means “ancient or venerable” but it can also mean “hunched” which might refer to the Cerro de la Estrella. However, the area was considered by the Mexica to be an ancient religious and mythical place as a",
"title": "Pueblo Culhuacán"
},
{
"docid": "9715960",
"text": "One Canal Place, located at 365 Canal Street in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is a 32-story, -tall skyscraper. The building contains The Shops at Canal Place and is attached to the Westin New Orleans Canal Place hotel, with which it shares a parking garage. During the colonial era before levees were constructed, the land now occupied by the Canal Place complex was commonly covered by the waters of the Mississippi River. In the 1720s, a windmill was constructed near what is now Canal Street and North Peters Street. By the 20th century, the land was occupied by the American Sugar Refinery facilities. The 19th-century warehouses as well as Crossman Street (parallel to Canal Street) were removed to allow the construction of One Canal Place. Phase 1 of the Canal Place project resulted in the construction of the office tower in 1979. The Saks Fifth Avenue retail store and Westin hotel were constructed in 1982-83 as Phase 2. Plans are currently in the works for Canal Place Phase 3, a $220 million project which will feature a new mixed-use high-rise tower. The office building with more than 650,000 leaseable square feet is managed by Corporate Realty. One Canal Place Office Tower One Canal Place Office Tower is a Class A commercial office building managed by Corporate Realty. It is adjacent to the Westin New Orleans Hotel and The Shops at Canal Place. The office space is made up of more than 650,000 customizable square feet and includes a parking garage and health club facilities. The Shops at Canal Place The lower 3 levels of the One Canal Place are occupied by The Shops at Canal Place, one of two shopping malls in downtown New Orleans (the other is The Outlet Collection at Riverwalk). The mall contains a Saks Fifth Avenue, The Theatres at Canal Place, food court and approximately 45 high-end retailers including Anthropologie, Brooks Brothers, Tory Burch, Michael Kors, Tiffany & Co, and Morton's The Steakhouse. Louis Vuitton opened in 2019. The Shops at Canal Place is leased and managed by O'Connor Management, LLC. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, a fire inflicted heavy damage to the Saks Fifth Avenue. The mall reopened in February 2006, and a completely remodeled Saks reopened in November. The Westin New Orleans at Canal Place The Westin New Orleans Canal Place is along the Mississippi River and adjacent to the historical French Quarter. It is right across the street from Harrah's Casino, upscale shopping, museums, art galleries, and the central business district. There is a 29th floor rooftop pool, with a gym, and the River 127' Restaurant which is above the river. See also List of tallest buildings in New Orleans List of tallest buildings in Louisiana References External links The Shops at Canal Place One Canal Place, Official Website The Westin New Orleans Canal Place Skyscraper office buildings in New Orleans Skyscraper hotels in New Orleans Hotels in New Orleans Shopping malls in Louisiana Buildings and structures completed in",
"title": "One Canal Place"
},
{
"docid": "418916",
"text": "Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the serum calcium concentration through its effects on bone, kidney, and intestine. PTH influences bone remodeling, which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately resorbed and rebuilt over time. PTH is secreted in response to low blood serum calcium (Ca2+) levels. PTH indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity within the bone matrix (osteon), in an effort to release more ionic calcium (Ca2+) into the blood to elevate a low serum calcium level. The bones act as a (metaphorical) \"bank of calcium\" from which the body can make \"withdrawals\" as needed to keep the amount of calcium in the blood at appropriate levels despite the ever-present challenges of metabolism, stress, and nutritional variations. PTH is \"a key that unlocks the bank vault\" to remove the calcium. PTH is secreted primarily by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands. The gene for PTH is located on chromosome 11. It is a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids, which is a prohormone. It has a molecular mass around 9500 Da. Its action is opposed by the hormone calcitonin. There are two types of PTH receptors. Parathyroid hormone 1 receptors, activated by the 34 N-terminal amino acids of PTH, are present at high levels on the cells of bone and kidney. Parathyroid hormone 2 receptors are present at high levels on the cells of central nervous system, pancreas, testes, and placenta. The half-life of PTH is about 4 minutes. Disorders that yield too little or too much PTH, such as hypoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and paraneoplastic syndromes can cause bone disease, hypocalcemia, and hypercalcemia. Structure hPTH-(1-84) crystallizes as a slightly bent, long, helical dimer. The extended helical conformation of hPTH-(1-84) is the likely bioactive conformation. The N-terminal fragment 1-34 of parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been crystallized and the structure has been refined to 0.9 Å resolution. Function Regulation of serum calcium Parathyroid hormone regulates serum calcium through its effects on bone, kidney, and the intestine: In bone, PTH enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir contained in the bones. Bone resorption is the normal destruction of bone by osteoclasts, which are indirectly stimulated by PTH. Stimulation is indirect since osteoclasts do not have a receptor for PTH; rather, PTH binds to osteoblasts, the cells responsible for creating bone. Binding stimulates osteoblasts to increase their expression of RANKL and inhibits their secretion of osteoprotegerin (OPG). Free OPG competitively binds to RANKL as a decoy receptor, preventing RANKL from interacting with RANK, a receptor for RANKL. The binding of RANKL to RANK (facilitated by the decreased amount of OPG available for binding the excess RANKL) stimulates osteoclast precursors, which are of a monocyte lineage, to fuse. The resulting multinucleated cells are osteoclasts, which ultimately mediate bone resorption. Estrogen also regulates this pathway through its effects on PTH. Estrogen suppresses T cell TNF production by regulating T cell differentiation and activity in the bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral",
"title": "Parathyroid hormone"
},
{
"docid": "65328386",
"text": "Colne Valley is an unparished area in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. Colne Valley ward contains over 480 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, twelve are listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. This list contains the listed buildings in the western part of the ward, in which the biggest settlement is the large village of Marsden, and it includes the smaller settlements and districts of Bradshaw, Lingards Wood, Scammonden, and Wilberlee. Apart from Marsden, this part of the ward is almost completely rural, consisting of countryside and moorland. A high proportion of the listed buildings are farmhouses and farm buildings, almost all constructed in stone with roofs of stone slate, and containing mullioned windows. During the 19th century, the ward was involved in the textile industry, and the listed buildings associated with this are former weavers' houses and mills. The River Colne and the Huddersfield Narrow Canal pass through this part of the ward, and the listed buildings associated with these include bridges, canal milestones, former keepers' cottages, and a former warehouse. In the western part of the ward are the entrances to the Standedge Tunnels which carry the canal and the railway under the Pennines, and the portals leading to these are listed. The other listed buildings include houses and cottages and associated structures, churches and chapels and associated structures, guide posts and milestones, bridges, including three packhorse bridges, a set of water troughs, a former engine house serving the canal tunnel, a pinfold, a set of tenter posts, public houses, structures associated with Butterley Reservoir, a former mechanics' institute, an aqueduct and weir, and three memorials, two of them war memorials. The listed buildings in the other parts of the ward can be found at Listed buildings in Colne Valley (central area) and Listed buildings in Colne Valley (eastern area) Key Buildings References Citations Sources Lists of listed buildings in West Yorkshire Listed",
"title": "Listed buildings in Colne Valley (western area)"
},
{
"docid": "27732555",
"text": "The Birmingham West Suburban Railway was a suburban railway built by the Midland Railway company. Opened in stages between 1876 and 1885, it allowed both the opening of development of central southwest suburban Birmingham south into Worcestershire and the by-passing of railway traffic via the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway into central Birmingham. Today, it forms a major section of the Cross-City Line, running from Lichfield to Redditch. It also forms an important part of the Cross Country Route. History Origins As early as 1840, the Worcester and Birmingham Canal attempted to stem the decline in its income, by promoting a scheme to build a railway alongside its canal from the existing Birmingham and Gloucester Railway at into central Birmingham, with a branch to Harborne. The company intended that the railway would pay rent to the canal company for use of their land, thus providing an extra income, but it was unable to raise the funds for the scheme and it was dropped. A group of local businessmen revived the scheme in 1870, noticing the potential of a railway to spur suburban development of the under developed areas of south Birmingham and the villages of northern Worcestershire. They proposed that the line would run alongside the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, and pay an annual rent to the canal company for the use of their land, and that the line would be worked by the Midland Railway. The branch to Harborne was dropped from the revived scheme. In this form the scheme succeeded and an Act authorising it was passed by Parliament in 1871. In the original plans, the line would have crossed over the Worcester and Birmingham Canal on a viaduct from the south to reach its intended Birmingham terminus at Suffolk Street station at Albion Wharf. Surviving plans for this station show it would have been built at the end of the viaduct 36 feet (11 metres) above street level; passengers would have reached the station by means of either a steep ramp or a staircase. As the promoters were unable to raise the funds to build the viaduct, the terminus was cut back to Granville Street station on the southern side of the canal, further away from the centre of Birmingham. The later Central Goods station was at roughly the location of the proposed Suffolk Street terminus, but was reached by a tunnel under the canal. The line was opened on 3 April 1876. The Midland Railway had obtained powers to take the company over, and these were exercised as soon as the line was opened. Original route As originally built, the BWSR was a single track line with one passing loop at station. The line originally took a winding route which closely followed the contours of the canal. It exited from Granville Street, then proceeded through Church Road, Somerset Road and Selly Oak, before reaching what was originally called Stirchley Street. The original line then followed the route of the canal east under the Pershore Road to what",
"title": "Birmingham West Suburban Railway"
},
{
"docid": "752391",
"text": "In biology, matrix (: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in between a eukaryotic organism's cells. The structure of connective tissues is an extracellular matrix. Fingernails and toenails grow from matrices. It is found in various connective tissues. It serves as a jelly-like structure instead of cytoplasm in connective tissue. Tissue matrices Extracellular matrix (ECM) The main ingredients of the extracellular matrix are glycoproteins secreted by the cells. The most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cells is collagen, which forms strong fibers outside the cells. In fact, collagen accounts for about 40% of the total protein in the human body. The collagen fibers are embedded in a network woven from proteoglycans. A proteoglycan molecule consists of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached, so that it may be up to 95% carbohydrate. Large proteoglycan complexes can form when hundreds of proteoglycans become noncovalently attached to a single long polysaccharide molecule. Some cells are attached to the ECM by still other ECM glycoproteins such as fibronectin. Fibronectin and other ECM proteins bind to cell surface receptor proteins called integrins that are built into the plasma membrane. Integrins span the membrane and bind on the cytoplasmic side to associated proteins attached to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. The name integrin is based on the word integrate, integrins are in a position to transmit signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus to integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell. Current research on fibronectin, other ECM molecules, and integrins is revealing the influential role of the ECM in the lives of cells. By communicating with a cell through integrins, the ECM can regulate a cell's behavior. For example, some cells in a developing embryo migrate along specific pathways by matching the orientation of their microfilaments to the \"grain\" of fibers in the ECM. Researchers are also learning that the ECM around a cell can influence the activity of genes in the nucleus. Information about the ECM probably reaches the nucleus by a combination of mechanical and chemical signaling pathways. Mechanical signaling involves fibronectin, integrins, and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Changes in the cytoskeleton may in turn trigger chemical signaling pathways inside the cell, leading to changes in the set of proteins being made by the cell and therefore changes in the cells function. In this way, the ECM of a particular tissue may help coordinate the behavior of all the cells within that tissue. Direct connections between cells also function in this coordination. Bone matrix Bone is a form of connective tissue found in the body, composed largely of hardened hydroxyapatite-containing collagen. In larger mammals, it is arranged in osteon regions. Bone matrix allows mineral salts such as calcium to be stored and provides protection for internal organs and support for locomotion. Cartilage matrix Cartilage is another form of connective tissue found in the body, providing a smooth surface for joints and a mechanism for growth of bones during development. Subcellular matrices Mitochondrial matrix In the",
"title": "Matrix (biology)"
},
{
"docid": "2135175",
"text": "Marple Aqueduct (also known as Goyt Aqueduct) at Marple, Greater Manchester, in north-west England was built to carry the lower level of the Peak Forest Canal across the River Goyt (treated as part of the River Mersey until 1896). The company's engineer, Benjamin Outram, was responsible for the design and Thomas Brown, the resident engineer, for its construction. The construction contract was placed with William Broadhead, Bethel Furness and William Anderson in 1795. Furness died later in 1795, so the aqueduct was completed by the remaining partners in 1799, but not brought into use until 1800. Seven men lost their lives during its construction. It is the highest canal aqueduct in England and the highest masonry-arch aqueduct in Britain. The difference in water levels in the river and canal is some (exceeded only by the Pontcysyllte aqueduct, an iron trough carried on stone columns, where the difference is ). It contains some 8,000 cubic yards (6,000 m3) of masonry. The three semi-circular arches are about above water level, with spans of approximately at centres. The lower parts are of red sandstone from the nearby Hyde Bank quarry. The upper parts are of white stone from a quarry at Chapel Milton. The abutments widen in well-proportioned curves and batter or diminish upwards in the same manner. The skilful use of architectural features, such as the circular piercing of the spandrels, string courses, arch rings and pilasters of ashlar stone, oval piers and stone of different type and colour have created a graceful structure, which is superlative in its class. In 1860, damage caused by repeated frost heave after water leaked through the puddling of the trough had to be urgently repaired by Charles Sacré, chief engineer of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, which then owned the canal. He tied together the two faces above the central arch by 2-inch bolts through the structure, secured by the plates that can still be seen. A hundred years later, a similar problem was ignored by British Waterways (BW) and on the night of 9 January 1962 the outer face of the north-east arch collapsed. BW, supported by the Ministry of Transport, thought that it would be \"a complete waste of money\" to do anything other than demolish the aqueduct and formally close the lower Peak Forest and Ashton Canals. However, it was saved by the intervention of Geoffrey Rippon, the Minister of Public Buildings and Works, who facilitated an agreement whereby a sympathetic Cheshire County Council funded the extra cost of full restoration, over and above what it would have cost BW to demolish it, under the terms of the Local Authorities (Historic Buildings) Act 1962, which Rippon himself had steered through Parliament. The main contractor for the restoration was Harry Fairclough Ltd of Warrington, with Rendel, Palmer & Tritton as the consulting engineers. The aqueduct was scheduled as an ancient monument soon afterwards and was Grade I listed in 1966. For many years, its picturesque setting in the Goyt valley was obscured",
"title": "Marple Aqueduct"
},
{
"docid": "4510828",
"text": "The stoplight loosejaws are small, deep-sea dragonfishes of the genus Malacosteus, classified either within the subfamily Malacosteinae of the family Stomiidae, or in the separate family Malacosteidae. They are found worldwide, outside of the Arctic and Subantarctic, in the mesopelagic zone below a depth of . This genus once contained three nominal species: M. niger (the type), M. choristodactylus, and M. danae, with the validity of the latter two species being challenged by different authors at various times. In 2007, Kenaley examined over 450 stoplight loosejaw specimens and revised the genus to contain two species, M. niger and the new M. australis. Malacosteus and the related genera Aristostomias, Chirostomias and Pachystomias are the only fishes that produce red bioluminescence. As most of their prey organisms are not capable of perceiving light at those wavelengths, this allows Malacosteus to hunt with an essentially invisible beam of light. Furthermore, Malacosteus is unique amongst animals in using a chlorophyll derivative to perceive red light. The name Malacosteus is derived from the Greek malakos meaning \"soft\" and osteon meaning \"bone\". Another common name for these fishes is \"rat-trap fish\", from the unusual open structure of their jaws. Species There are currently two recognized species in this genus: Malacosteus australis Kenaley, 2007 (Southern stoplight loosejaw) Malacosteus niger Ayres, 1848 (Stoplight loosejaw) Distribution and habitat These fishes have a wide distribution in all oceans: M. niger is found between 66° N and 33° S, except for the Mediterranean Sea, while M. australis is found in the southern transition zone between 25° and 45° S, where it is bound by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. M. niger appears to be replaced by M. australis south of 30° S, while M. australis does not occur north of that latitude outside of the Indian Ocean and the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Both species are usually found below a depth of in midwater. They are the only known stomiids that do not seem to conduct significant diel vertical migrations. Description Malacosteus has an elongated body with short, blunt snouts and large eyes that face forward, granting binocular vision. Unlike other stomiids, it has a single round nostril on each side in front of the eye. Relative to its size, Malacosteus has one of the widest gapes of any fish, with a lower jaw measuring one-quarter of the fish's length. The lower jaw has no ethmoid membrane (floor) and is attached only by the hinge and a modified tongue bone. There are several large, fang-like teeth in the front of the jaws, followed by many small barbed teeth. There are several groups of pharyngeal teeth that serve to direct food down the esophagus. The pectoral and pelvic fins are moderately long, containing 3–4 and 6 fin rays respectively. The dorsal and anal fins are placed far back on the body and contain 18–20 and 19–22 rays respectively. The caudal fin is small, with the lower lobe larger than the upper. There are three bioluminescent photophores near the eyes: beneath the eye is a large,",
"title": "Stoplight loosejaw"
},
{
"docid": "65726105",
"text": "Newsome is a ward of Huddersfield in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. It contains over 430 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, 16 are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The ward is large, and contains the centre of the town of Huddersfield, and areas to the west and south. This list contains the listed buildings outside the centre of the town, namely those outside the ring road, and include the areas of Almondbury, Armitage Bridge, Aspley, Highfields, Lockwood, Longley, Lowerhouses, Moldgreen, Newsome, Rashcliffe, Springwood, and Taylor Hill. The listed buildings in the central area within the ring road are at Listed buildings in Huddersfield (Newsome Ward - central area) To the south of the town the Huddersfield Broad Canal joins the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, and the listed buildings associated with them are a canal basin, a warehouse, locks, and a bridge. The area to the west of the town is mainly residential, immediately to the south of the town is an area involved with the textile industry, and further to the south are villages and smaller settlements, and the surrounding countryside. Most of the listed buildings in the area to the west of the town centre are houses and associated structures, and the others include churches and related items, and a former infirmary with a statue in the forecourt. The textile area includes mills, shops, public houses, and portals to railway tunnels. Further to the south, most of the listed buildings are houses and cottages, farmhouses and farm buildings, former textile mills, churches and associated structures, a road bridge, a railway viaduct, a former spa baths and an associated hotel. Key Buildings References Citations Sources Lists of listed buildings in West Yorkshire Buildings and structures in Huddersfield",
"title": "Listed buildings in Huddersfield (Newsome Ward - outer areas)"
},
{
"docid": "276465",
"text": "In neuroanatomy, the ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities known as cerebral ventricles in the brain. Within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus which produces the circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ventricular system is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord from the fourth ventricle, allowing for the flow of CSF to circulate. All of the ventricular system and the central canal of the spinal cord are lined with ependyma, a specialised form of epithelium connected by tight junctions that make up the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Structure The system comprises four ventricles: lateral ventricles right and left (one for each hemisphere) third ventricle fourth ventricle There are several foramina, openings acting as channels, that connect the ventricles. The interventricular foramina (also called the foramina of Monro) connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through which the cerebrospinal fluid can flow. Ventricles The four cavities of the human brain are called ventricles. The two largest are the lateral ventricles in the cerebrum, the third ventricle is in the diencephalon of the forebrain between the right and left thalamus, and the fourth ventricle is located at the back of the pons and upper half of the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain. The ventricles are concerned with the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Development The structures of the ventricular system are embryologically derived from the neural canal, the centre of the neural tube. As the part of the primitive neural tube that will develop into the brainstem, the neural canal expands dorsally and laterally, creating the fourth ventricle, whereas the neural canal that does not expand and remains the same at the level of the midbrain superior to the fourth ventricle forms the cerebral aqueduct. The fourth ventricle narrows at the obex (in the caudal medulla), to become the central canal of the spinal cord. In more detail, around the third week of development, the embryo is a three-layered disc. The embryo is covered on the dorsal surface by a layer of cells called ectoderm. In the middle of the dorsal surface of the embryo is a linear structure called the notochord. As the ectoderm proliferates, the notochord is dragged into the middle of the developing embryo. As the brain develops, by the fourth week of embryological development three swellings known as brain vesicles have formed within the embryo around the canal, near where the head will develop. The three primary brain vesicles represent different components of the central nervous system: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. These in turn divide into five secondary vesicles. As these sections develop around the neural canal, the inner neural canal becomes known as primitive ventricles. These form the ventricular system of the brain: The neural stem cells of the developing brain, principally radial glial cells, line the developing ventricular system in a transient zone called the ventricular zone. The prosencephalon divides into the telencephalon, which forms the cortex of the developed brain, and the diencephalon. The ventricles contained",
"title": "Ventricular system"
},
{
"docid": "144849",
"text": "The River Ant is a tributary river of the River Bure in the county of Norfolk, England. It is long (of which 8.75 miles are now navigable), and has an overall drop of 27 metres from source to mouth. It is said that the Ant was formerly known as the River Smale and that this is the origin of the name of the village of Smallburgh. The Ant Broads & Marshes NNR is a national nature reserve. From source to Honing The river's source is just east of the village of Antingham in North Norfolk at Antingham Ponds. Just below the pools the river's route has been used as a canal in the past, starting at what was Antingham bone mill. An Act of Parliament established the North Walsham & Dilham Canal in 1812, as a wide gauge canal able to take a Norfolk wherry. It was built at a cost of £30,000 and opened on 25 July 1826, making the river navigable as far as Dilham, where the river widens and deepens. It carried manure, offal, flour, coal, and farm produce. In 1885, the canal was sold for £600, but the canal company's solicitor disappeared with the money. The flood of 1912 washed away several staithes. The wherry \"Ella\" made the final trading journey on the canal from Bacton staithe in 1934. The canal was never nationalised and still belongs to the North Walsham Canal Company. The river, now in its canal form, curves around the north east of the town of North Walsham passing Bacton Wood Mill. Below Bacton Mill the canal reaches a lock at Ebridge mill. The lock is in poor condition but it is hoped that this section of canal will one day be restored and made navigable again. Further on at Briggate Bridge there is another mill and another disused lock. Norfolk Broads (The Broads Authority) At Honing Bridge the course enters The Broads, administered by The Broads Authority. Here the canal cuts through a marshy wooded area called Dilham Broad and again curves to the east before resuming its southerly course to pass under Tonnage Bridge. Below the bridge, it passes through Broad Fen, an area containing many drainage channels, and meets Tyler's Cut or Dilham Dyke, which runs off to the west. It served the villages of Dilham and Smallburgh, and was the furthest north that the River Ant could be navigated prior to the construction of the North Walsham and Dilham Canal. Below the junction, the course reverts to the river, although it is no longer obvious where the original course of the river was above this point. At Wayford Bridge the river passes the Wayford Bridge Hotel and a row of chalets on pontoons, moored against the east bank of the river. The bridge is a modern concrete slab which carries the A149 road, with around of headroom, making it only passable by small pleasure craft. During excavations for a new road in 1976, the remains of what was probably",
"title": "River Ant"
},
{
"docid": "151884",
"text": "The Portsmouth and Arundel Canal was a canal in the south of England that ran between Portsmouth and Ford in the Arundel district, it was built in 1823 but was never a financial success and was abandoned in 1855; the company was wound up in 1888. The canal was part of a larger scheme for the construction of a secure inland canal route from London to Portsmouth, which allowed craft to move between the two without having to venture into the English Channel and possibly encounter enemy ships or natural disaster. It was built by the Portsmouth & Arundel Navigation company. The canal was made up of three sections: a pair of ship canals, one on Portsea Island and one to Chichester, and a barge canal that ran from Ford on the River Arun to Hunston where it joined the Chichester section of the canal Ford to Hunston Section This section of the canal connected the river Arun at Ford to the junction with the Chichester arm of the canal. It had two locks at Ford to allow the canal to drop 12 feet down to the river. Hunston to Birdham Section This section (technically the Ship Canal) links Chichester Harbour at Birdham with the junction at Hunston. It contains two locks Casher's or Manhood End Lock and Saltern's sea lock. The canal was built to ship canal standards and was built 8 feet deep and 46 feet 8 inches wide. Chichester Ship Canal The Chichester ship (or Barge) canal ran from the sea lock at Birdham to the junction of the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal at Hunston and then North to a basin in the south of the city of Chichester. The Portsea Canal section This section of the canal ran from Langstone Harbour, across the east and central areas of Portsea Island through Milton, Fratton and Landport ending at a canal basin on what is now Arundel Street, which was named after the canal. This section of the canal was built to what were then small ship canal standards and could take ships of up to 150 tons. There were 2 locks at Milton (a sea lock and an upper lock) The tidal channels The Portsea section was connected to the rest via a 13-mile channel dredged through Chichester Harbour, past the southern side of Thorney Island (original plan was to go around the northern side) and to the north of Hayling Island, and finally across Langstone Harbour. To ease passage between the Chichester and the Portsea sections a steam vessel, the Egremont, was made to tow 40-ton barges in trains of six. For a while the company also made Portsbridge Creek navigable. History Planning and construction The plan for the canal was completed in 1815 and the Act of Parliament passed in 1817. At this stage costs were estimated at £119,000 rising to £125,452 in 1818. Construction started in 1818 and the canal was finished in 1823, at a cost of £170,000. The resident engineer was James",
"title": "Portsmouth and Arundel Canal"
},
{
"docid": "4911291",
"text": "The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord is a deep midline groove of the anterior/ventral spinal cord. It divides the white matter of the anterior spinal cord nearly in two. The spinal pia mater extends into the fissure to line the surfaces of the spinal cord. Anatomy It has an average depth of about 3 mm, but this is increased in the lower part of the spinal cord. It contains a double fold of pia mater. Its floor is formed by a transverse band of white matter - the anterior white commissure - which is perforated by blood vessels on their way to or from the central part of the spinal cord. Relations The anterior median fissure provides a groove in which the anterior spinal artery sits. Clinical significance Imaging The anterior median fissure may be identified on computerized tomography (CT) myelograms, but more commonly on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The AMF has a characteristic appearance on MRI scans that differs from the MRI appearance of the central canal. Additional images References Tomsick T, Peak E, Wang L: Fluid-Signal Structures in the Cervical Spinal Cord on MRI: Anterior Median Fissure vs. Central Canal. AJNR 2017; 38:840–45 Oichi Y, Hanakita J, Takahashi T, Minami M, Kawakoa T, et al.: Morphological patterns of the anterior median fissure in the cervical spinal cord evaluated by computed tomography after myelography. Neurospine 2018; 15:388-393 Tomsick T, Wang L, Zuccarello M, Ringer AJ. Fluid-signal structures in the cervical spinal cord on MRI in Chiari patients: Central canal or anterior median fissure? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2021 Apr;42(4):801-806. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A7046. Epub 2021 Mar 11.PMID 33707286 References External links - \"Medulla Oblongata, Anterior View\" Spinal cord",
"title": "Anterior median fissure of spinal cord"
},
{
"docid": "1157673",
"text": "The pulp is the connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, and odontoblasts that comprise the innermost layer of a tooth. The pulp's activity and signalling processes regulate its behaviour. Anatomy The pulp is the neurovascular bundle central to each tooth, permanent or primary. It is composed of a central pulp chamber, pulp horns, and radicular canals. The large mass of the pulp is contained within the pulp chamber, which is contained in and mimics the overall shape of the crown of the tooth. Because of the continuous deposition of the dentine, the pulp chamber becomes smaller with the age. This is not uniform throughout the coronal pulp but progresses faster on the floor than on the roof or sidewalls. Radicular pulp canals extend down from the cervical region of the crown to the root apex. They are not always straight but vary in shape, size, and number. They are continuous with the periapical tissues through the apical foramen or foramina. The total volume of all the permanent teeth organs is 0.38cc, and the mean volume of a single adult human pulp is 0.02cc. Accessory canals are pathways from the radicular pulp. These canals, which extend laterally through the dentin to the periodontal tissue, are seen especially in the apical third of the root. Accessory canals are also called lateral canals because they are usually located on the lateral surface of the roots of the teeth. Development The pulp has a background similar to that of dentin because both are derived from the dental papilla of the tooth germ. During odontogenesis, when the dentin forms around the dental papilla, the innermost tissue is considered pulp. There are 4 main stages of tooth development: Bud stage Cap stage Bell stage Crown stage The first sign of tooth development is known to be as early as the 6th week of intrauterine life. The oral epithelium begins to multiply and invaginates into ectomesenchyme cells, which gives rise to dental lamina. The dental lamina is the origin of the tooth bud. The bud stage progresses to the cap stage when the epithelium forms the enamel organ. The ectomesenchyme cells condense further and become dental papilla. Together the epithelial enamel organ and ectomesenchymal dental papilla and follicle form the tooth germ. The dental papilla is the origin of dental pulp. Cells at the periphery of the dental papilla undergo cell division and differentiation to become odontoblasts. Pulpoblasts form in the middle of the pulp. This completes the formation of the pulp. The dental pulp is essentially a mature dental papilla. The development of dental pulp can also be split into two stages: coronal pulp development (near the crown of the tooth) and root pulp development (apex of the tooth). The pulp develops in four regions from the periphery to the central pulp: Odontoblast layer Cell-free zone – likely to be an artefact Cell-rich zone Pulp core Internal structure The central region of the coronal and radicular pulp contains large nerve trunks and blood vessels. This area is",
"title": "Pulp (tooth)"
}
] | [
"the bone 's blood supplies"
] |
train_32515 | where did the name fighting illini come from | [
{
"docid": "1730396",
"text": "The Illinois Fighting Illini () are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The university offers 10 men's and 11 women's varsity sports. The university operates a number of athletic facilities, including Memorial Stadium for football, the State Farm Center for both men's and women's basketball, Illinois Field for baseball, the ARC Pool for women's swimming and diving, the Atkins Tennis Center for men's and women's tennis, Eichelberger Field for softball, Huff Hall for men's and women's gymnastics, women's volleyball and men's wrestling, Demirjian Park for women's soccer and for men's and women's outdoor track and field, the Atkins Golf Club at the University of Illinois for men's and women's golf, the University of Illinois Arboretum for cross country and the University of Illinois Armory for men's and women's indoor track and field. The Fighting Illini lay claim to over 25 National Championships dating back to 1900. Etymology The University of Illinois official team name is the Fighting Illini. The Illiniwek, Illinois Confederation, or Illini, were made up of 12 to 13 tribes who lived in the Mississippi River Valley. The term \"Illini\", in relation to campus activities, appears to be first mentioned in January 1874, when the weekly newspaper changed its name from The Student to The Illini. An editorial in the first edition of the renamed newspaper indicated that Illini was a new term. During the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, it was used to refer to the students, faculty, staff, and alumni of the university, as well as to the campus as a whole. Many NCAA and High School mascots bearing reference to first nation people have changed their names. However, the University of Illinois maintains its position that the Illini nickname does not refer to the first nation inhabitants of the same land. The term Illini referring to the university's athletic teams seems to come from secondhand accounts of the athletic teams. The earliest reference in the Illio yearbook appears to be one mention in the summary of the 1907 football season. The term was more widely used in the 1910s especially during the 1914, 1915, and 1916 football seasons. The Daily Illini and football programs prior to these dates do not extensively cite the term and also used the terms \"Indians\", \"our men\", \"Orange and Blue\", and the \"homecomers\". The Illinois Confederation, also referred to as the Illiniwek or Illini, lived in the Mississippi River Valley and expanded their tribes in an area that stretched from Lake Michigan to Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas. The term Fighting Illini first appeared in a January 29, 1911, newspaper article describing the basketball team's effort during a game versus Purdue. By March 3, 1911, the athletic teams appeared to have earned the Fighting Illini nickname as a formal appellation evidenced in a newspaper report. In 2005, evidence suggested Fighting Illini was first used in 1921 as part of a fundraising campaign for construction of Memorial Stadium, but articles discovered in",
"title": "Illinois Fighting Illini"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "45084845",
"text": "Cory Bradford (born December 4, 1978) is an American professional basketball player for Zhuhai Wolf Warriors. Bradford, a dominant high school guard, led Memphis's Raleigh-Egypt High School to a 1997 District 2A Championship while averaging 24 points, seven rebounds and six assists per game in his senior season. Bradford, an all-state, all-conference selection, was listed as the 72nd best high school prospect in 1997. He also averaged 22 points and nearly eight rebounds per game as a junior. Bradford went on to play for the University of Illinois for four years, 1998–2002. He was part of the 2000–01 and 2001–02 back-to-back Big Ten championship teams coached by Bill Self. Each team qualified for the NCAA men's basketball tournament with the 2000–01 team advancing to the Elite Eight. Bradford scored 1,735 career points with 275 assists, 108 steals while having a .389 field goal percentage for the Fighting Illini. Bradford's most prominent claim to fame was his NCAA record for consecutive games with a three-point field goal at 88 games before the streak was snapped on Feb. 13, 2001 against Wisconsin. College career 1997–98 season Bradford played in one regular season game before making the transition to \"redshirt\" status. 1998–99 season As a freshman, Bradford appeared in all 32 of the Illini's games. He totaled a record-setting 494 points with 25 steals, 62 assists and hauled in 84 rebounds. Bradford led all Illini players in many scoring categories including total points (494), field goals made (174), field goal attempts (450) and making 85 three-point field goals after attempting 205. Bradford connected on a three-point field goal in each game of the season. Bradford was honored at the end of the season by being named Big Ten Freshman of the Year as well as making the Third-team All-Big Ten by the coaches and the Basketball News All-Freshman second team. 1999–2000 season During Bradford's sophomore season, he again started in all 32 games. He finished the season as the team leader in points (490), three-point field goals (96 of 255) while averaging 15.3 points per game. Bradford continued his streak of consecutive games with a three-point field goal by making one in each game in this season. Under the direction of Lon Kruger, the combination of Bradford and freshmen Frank Williams, Brian Cook and junior Marcus Griffin helped to create a resurgent Illini by finishing the season nationally ranked at 21 by the Associated Press. Bradford would be named to the Second Team All-Big Ten selection by both coaches and media following the season. 2000–01 season The Fighting Illini experienced a new head coach and a change in philosophy led by the play of sophomores Frank Williams and Brian Cook along with senior forward Marcus Griffin, Bradford's role became more focused on what he did best, making three-point baskets. This new direction benefited the Illini by pushing them into a first place tie in the conference as well as a berth in the Elite Eight of the 2001 NCAA tournament and an Associated",
"title": "Cory Bradford"
},
{
"docid": "43048752",
"text": "Paul B. Judson (April 10, 1934 – June 5, 2023) was an American basketball player. He was selected as the twelfth pick in the 1956 NBA draft, but did not play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Basketball In high school, he helped lead Alden-Hebron High School to the 1952 Illinois high school basketball state championship. Judson served as the team captain for the 1955–56 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team and helped guide them to an 18–4 record. He was named an honorable mention All-American by the Associated Press in his final college season. Personal life His brother, Howie Judson, played for the Chicago White Sox from 1948 to 1952 and the Cincinnati Redlegs from 1953 to 1954. Twin brother Phil Judson was also teammate on the same Fighting Illini basketball teams. Uncle to former Northern Illinois University head coach, Rob Judson. Rob is the son of Phil. Paul Judson died on June 5, 2023, at the age of 89. Honors 1955 – Team MVP 1955 – 1st Team All-Big Ten 1955 – Honorable Mention All American 1955 – University of Illinois Athlete of the Year 1956 – Team Captain 1956 – Consensus 1st Team All-Big Ten 1956 – 3rd Team All American 1973 – Inducted into the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association's Hall of Fame as a player. College statistics University of Illinois Notes Further reading 1934 births 2023 deaths All-American college men's basketball players Basketball players from Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players People from Hebron, Illinois Sportspeople from McHenry County, Illinois Syracuse Nationals draft picks American men's basketball players Guards (basketball)",
"title": "Paul Judson"
},
{
"docid": "41629844",
"text": "Ron Dunlap (December 2, 1946 – October 28, 2019) was an American professional basketball player from Illinois. Dunlap, a high school center from Farragut Academy, went on to play for the Illinois Fighting Illini for one year (1965–66). He was a member of the freshman squad during the 1964–65 season and played a key role on the 1965–66 varsity squad, additionally, he started the 1966–67 season with the team and was subsequently dismissed as part of the \"slush fund\" investigation. Dunlap scored 161 career points with 169 rebounds while only playing 28 games for the Fighting Illini. Career Dunlap attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, playing two seasons for the Fighting Illini. He was forced to skip his last two seasons of basketball (1967–1968) due to a scandal involving illicit \"slush funds\" and funding paid to University of Illinois players on its basketball and football teams. During this era, the NCAA allowed $15 a month in stipends; however, the Big Ten Conference did not. Dunlap, married and the father of a daughter at the time, had received a total of $410 in monthly increments. Three Illini coaches resigned under pressure, and the athletes receiving the payments lost their remaining eligibility to play in the Big Ten. Based on the incident, the NCAA suspended the Fighting Illini for two seasons. Dunlap played with the Chicago Bombers of the North American Basketball League in 1967–1968. Despite the enforced break from the game, Dunlap was selected in the second round of 1968 NBA draft by Chicago Bulls. He continued his career in the Continental Basketball Association with the Rockford Royals, and later in Israel with Maccabi Tel Aviv. Later life After his basketball career ended, Dunlap earned a Master’s degree from Roosevelt University in 1978. He spent the next thirty six years as an educator. He was a principal for twenty three years, with sixteen of those with the Appleton Area School District, in Appleton, Wisconsin. During those years he also served as adjunct professor at Triton Community College in River Grove, Illinois and Viterbo University in La Crosse. When Dunlap became principal of Lincoln Elementary School, he was among only a few black school administrators in northeastern Wisconsin. Following his time as principal at Lincoln, Dunlap served as the District’s first Coordinator of Minority Services. The Wisconsin PTA sponsors the Ron Dunlap Administrator of the Year Award in recognition of his service to the organization. In 2022, the Appleton Area Public Schools renamed the school where he served as principal after him in recognition of his many contributions to the community. References 1946 births 2019 deaths American expatriate basketball people in Israel American men's basketball players Basketball players from Chicago Centers (basketball) Chicago Bulls draft picks Farragut Career Academy alumni Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players 20th-century African-American sportspeople 21st-century African-American people",
"title": "Ron Dunlap"
},
{
"docid": "65335473",
"text": "Del'Shawn Phillips (born October 9, 1996) is an American football linebacker for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Illinois. College career Phillips had committed to play college football at Western Michigan, but was ruled academically ineligible. He spent a year away from football and took online courses at Mott Community College before enrolling at Garden City Community College in Garden City, Kansas. As a freshman, he recorded 72 tackles, 12.5 tackles for loss and 7.0 sacks. Phillips finished his sophomore season with 95 tackles as the Broncbusters won the 2016 NJCAA National Football Championship. He initially committed to transfer to Arizona for the final two seasons of his eligibility, but changed his commitment to Illinois. Phillips was named a starter at linebacker going into his first season at Illinois and finished the season as the Fighting Illini's leading tackler with 85. He was voted a team captain as a senior and again led the team with 95 tackles and also interceptions with four and was named honorable mention All-Big Ten Conference. Professional career Atlanta Falcons Phillips was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent on April 29, 2019. He was waived during final roster cuts on August 31. Buffalo Bills Phillips was signed by the Buffalo Bills to their practice squad on October 30, 2019. He spent the remainder of the season on the practice squad and signed a futures contract with the team on January 6, 2020. Phillips made his NFL debut in the Bills' season opener against the New York Jets on September 13 and suffered a quadriceps injury. He was placed on injured reserve on October 12, activated on November 7, and placed back on injured reserve on November 13. On January 19, 2021, Phillips was waived by the Bills. He played in only two games with the Bills, all 14 of his snaps coming on special teams. New York Jets On March 23, 2021, Phillips signed with the Jets. He was waived on August 31 and re-signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on September 21. Phillips was waived by the Jets on August 30, 2022. Baltimore Ravens On August 31, 2022, Phillips was claimed off waivers by the Baltimore Ravens. On March 19, 2023, Phillips re–signed with the Ravens. Houston Texans On March 15, 2024, Phillips signed a one-year contract with the Houston Texans. References External links Houston Texans bio Illinois Fighting Illini bio 1996 births Living people 21st-century African-American sportspeople Garden City Broncbusters football players Cass Technical High School alumni Players of American football from Detroit American football linebackers Illinois Fighting Illini football players Buffalo Bills players New York Jets players Baltimore Ravens players Houston Texans players",
"title": "Del'Shawn Phillips"
},
{
"docid": "1854655",
"text": "The State Farm Center is a large dome-shaped 15,544-seat indoor arena located in Champaign, Illinois, owned and operated by the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The arena hosts games for the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball, women's basketball, and wrestling teams. It also doubles as a performance and event center, and is one of the largest venues between Chicago and St. Louis. It opened in 1963 and was known until 2013 as Assembly Hall until State Farm Insurance acquired naming rights as part of a major renovation project. Size The third largest Illinois arena after the United Center in Chicago and the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, State Farm Center has 15,544 permanent seats but, when portable chairs are placed on the floor for an in-the-round performance, there is a potential for an additional 1,000 depending on the stage configuration. Opening State Farm Center opened as Assembly Hall on March 2, 1963, and continues to attract attention for its design and construction. From 1963 to 1965 Assembly Hall was the largest dome structure in North America until the opening of the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. The roof is supported by of one-quarter inch steel wire wrapped at the base of the dome under intensive pressure. The architect was Max Abramovitz, a University of Illinois alumnus. The contractor was Felmley-Dickerson Co of Urbana, led by Ray Dickerson, who built a number of buildings for the university. Main uses Fighting Illini basketball State Farm Center hosts home games of Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball and Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball and is also home to the student cheering section, the \"Orange Krush,\" which occupies the floor around the court as well as some seats. At the annual \"Paint the Hall Orange\" game, everyone in attendance would wear an orange shirt. In recent years, however, it has become customary for Illini fans to wear orange at all home games and so the official \"PTHO\" game was discontinued after the 2007–08 season. In August 2015, prior to the reopening of the newly renovated State Farm Center, the hardwood floor was dedicated and named Lou Henson Court in honor of the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball all-time leader in victories Lou Henson. IHSA State Farm Center has hosted a variety of Illinois High School Association events. It has been the home of the state individual wrestling tournament since 1967. From 1963 to 1995, State Farm Center played host to the state finals of the boys' basketball tournament. From 1978 to 1991, it also hosted the IHSA girls' basketball tournament. The IHSA announced on June 15, 2020, that the boys' basketball tournament would return after a 25-year absence. Broadway Series State Farm Center is also the venue for the annual WCIA 3 Broadway Series, which features popular musicals such as Les Misérables, Miss Saigon, Rent, and Fiddler on the Roof. Concerts The largest concerts by attendance thus far are: \"Illinois Renaissance\" renovation In the autumn of 2008, school officials, led by Athletics Director Ron Guenther, conducted a study",
"title": "State Farm Center"
},
{
"docid": "32913196",
"text": "The 1946 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois in the 1946 Big Nine Conference football season. Led by fifth-year head coach Ray Eliot, the Illini compiled an 8–2 record (6–1 against Big Nine opponents) and won the Big Nine championship. They finished the season ranked No. 5 in the final AP Poll and were invited to play in the 1947 Rose Bowl where they defeated No. 4 UCLA, 45–14. Center Mac Wenskunas was the team captain. Guard Alex Agase was a consensus first-team selection on the 1946 All-America college football team. Agase also received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Big Nine's most valuable player. Four Illinois players received honors from the Associated Press (AP) or United Press (UP) on the 1946 All-Big Nine Conference football team: Agase (AP-1, UP-1); ends Ike Owens (UP-1) and Sam Zatkoff (UP-2); and halfback Jules Rykovich (UP-2). The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Schedule Rankings Roster Head coach: Ray Eliot (5th year at Illinois) Awards and honors Alex Agase Chicago Tribune Silver Football Consensus All-American (guard) References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Big Ten Conference football champion seasons Rose Bowl champion seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football",
"title": "1946 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"
},
{
"docid": "1925956",
"text": "The Kenney Gym and the Kenney Gym Annex are two buildings located at 1402-06 Springfield Avenue in Urbana, Illinois, on the campus on the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Although the two buildings have been physically connected since 1914, they were built separately. They were jointly added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 under the name Military Drill Hall and Men's Gymnasium. History The one-story building now known as the Kenney Gym Annex, the easternmost of the two structures, was built in 1889-90 as the Military Drill Hall and was designed by Nathan Clifford Ricker. The interior was converted for use as a gymnasium in 1914, at which time it became known as the Annex to the Men's Gym building next to it. The conversion preserved the building's large column-free open space, which had been a necessity for military drilling. An eastern addition was made to the building in 1918. The Kenney Gym, the two-story building to the west, was built in 1902 and was designed by Nelson Strong Spencer in the Renaissance Revival style, strongly influenced by Ricker's design for the drill hall. It was originally called the Men's Gymnasium but was renamed the Men's Old Gym when Huff Hall opened in 1925. In 1974, it was named after Harold Eugene \"Hek\" Kenney, a former UIUC wrestler, coach, and administrator in the early 20th century. Prior to the opening of Huff Hall in 1925, Kenney Gym housed the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team. It was also home to the women's volleyball program from 1974 until 1989 and the men's wrestling team until those teams moved to Huff Hall. From 1919 to 1925, Kenney Gym played host to the state finals of the Illinois High School Association boys' basketball tournament. Current use Kenney Gym Annex is a 5,000-seat multi-purpose arena. Kenney Gym is the practice facility for the Fighting Illini men's and women's gymnastics teams. The buildings are also used by University Laboratory High School in Urbana, located two blocks east of Kenney Gym on Springfield Avenue, as their gym for high school volleyball and basketball, along with their physical education program. References Notes External links UIUC Dep't of Campus Recreation Kenney Gym National Register nomination Indoor arenas in Illinois College gymnastics venues in the United States Defunct college basketball venues in the United States Basketball venues in Illinois Gymnastics venues in Illinois Swimming venues in Illinois Volleyball venues in Illinois Wrestling venues in Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball venues Illinois Fighting Illini men's gymnastics venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's gymnastics venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball venues Illinois Fighting Illini wrestling venues National Register of Historic Places in Champaign County, Illinois Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois Sports venues in Champaign–Urbana, Illinois Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois Buildings and structures of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Event venues established in",
"title": "Kenney Gym and Kenney Gym Annex"
},
{
"docid": "63717024",
"text": "The 2020–21 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois in the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by fourth-year head coach Brad Underwood, the Illini played their home games at the State Farm Center in Champaign, Illinois as members of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 24–7, 16–4 in Big Ten play to finish in second place. They defeated Rutgers, Iowa, and Ohio State to win the Big Ten tournament and receive the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. As the No. 1 seed in the Midwest region, they defeated Drexel in the First Round before being upset by No. 8-seeded Loyola–Chicago in the Second Round. Previous season The Illini finished the 2019–20 season 21–10, 13–7 in Big Ten play to finish in fourth place. Their season ended when the Big Ten tournament and the NCAA tournament were canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic. Offseason On April 7, 2020, freshman big man Kofi Cockburn declared for the NBA draft, but did not hire an agent, leaving open the chance that he would return to school for his sophomore season. On April 16, sophomore guard Ayo Dosunmu also declared for the draft. Dosunmu did not hire an agent, but stated that he intended to stay in the draft. On July 31, Cockburn and Dosunmu announced they had withdrawn from the NBA draft and would return to Illinois for the season. Departures 2020 Recruiting Class Roster Schedule and results |- !colspan=12 style=\"background:#DF4E38; color:white;\"| Non-Conference regular season |- !colspan=9 style=\"background:#DF4E38; color:#FFFFFF;\"|Big Ten regular season |- !colspan=12 style=\"background:#DF4E38; color:white;\"| Big Ten tournament |- !colspan=9 style=\"text-align: center; background:#DF4E38\"|NCAA tournament Source Rankings *AP does not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings^Coaches did not release a Week 1 poll. References 2020–21 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season 2020-21 2020 in sports in Illinois 2021 in sports in Illinois 2021 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament participants 2020-21",
"title": "2020–21 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "21267446",
"text": "The 1991 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a member of the Big Ten Conference the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Fighting Illini were led by fourth-year head coach John Mackovic during the regular season before he resigned and was replaced by Lou Tepper as interim head coach for the team's bowl game. Illinois compiled an overall record of 6–6 with a mark of 4–4 in conference play, placing fifth in the Big Ten. The Fighting Illini were invited to the John Hancock Bowl, where they lost to UCLA. The team's offense scored 264 points while the defense allowed 188 points. Illinois played home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Schedule Roster After the season NFL Draft The following Fighting Illini were selected in the 1992 NFL Draft after the season. References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football",
"title": "1991 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"
},
{
"docid": "76135641",
"text": "Julian Pearl (born October 6, 1999) is an American football offensive tackle for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Illinois. Early life and high school Pearl attended high school at Danville. Coming out of high school, Pearl initially committed to play for the Northern Illinois Huskies. However, Pearl flipped his commitment to play for the Illinois Fighting Illini. College career In Pearl's first season in 2018, he decided to redshirt and did not appear in any games. During the 2019 season, Pearl played in just two games. In the 2020 Covid-shortened season, Pearl played in seven games where he made four starts. During the 2021 season, Pearl played in 12 games with 11 starts at left guard. During the 2022 season, Pearl was a part of a Fighting Illini offensive line that where semifinalists for the Joe Moore Award. During the 2022 season, Pearl started 12 games for the Fighting Illini, where he was named a honorable mention all Big-Ten selection. Heading into the 2023 season, Peral was named preseason second-team all Big-Ten. In 2023, Pearl would play in and start all 12 games for the Fighting Illini. Professional career Pearl signed with the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent on May 3, 2024. References External links Illinois Fighting Illini bio 1999 births Living people Players of American football from Illinois Sportspeople from Danville, Illinois American football offensive tackles Illinois Fighting Illini football players Baltimore Ravens players",
"title": "Julian Pearl"
},
{
"docid": "12607912",
"text": "Charles Roslyn Carney (August 25, 1900 – September 5, 1984) was an American football and basketball player. Carney was born in Chicago in 1900. He enrolled at the University of Illinois where he excelled in both football and basketball. He played at the end position for the Fighting Illini football team from 1918 to 1921. He was selected as a consensus first-team All-American in 1920. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1966. Carney was a member of the Illini men's basketball team from 1920 to 1922. He established the single-season, Big Ten Conference record with 60 field goals (188 points) during the 1921 Big Ten season, a record that stood for 22 years. He was selected as an All-American basketball player in both 1920 and 1922, becoming the first Big Ten athlete to receive All-American honors in both football and basketball. He was named Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year in 1922. He is the only Fighting Illini athlete to earn consensus All-America honors in both football and basketball. He is a member of the Helms Foundation College Basketball Hall of Fame as well as the IBCA Hall of Fame. A three-time first-team all-conference selection as a basketball player, Carney is also a member of Illinois All-Century Teams for both football and basketball. After completing his studies at the University of Illinois, Carney played one season in the APFA for the Columbus Panhandles, starting only one game. He followed his playing years by serving as an assistant football coach for several years. He held posts as the ends coach for the Northwestern Wildcats, Wisconsin Badgers, and Harvard Crimson. He later worked as a New York Stock Exchange representative for the investment banking and financial services firm of Dominick & Dominick. Honors Basketball 1922 – Helms National Player of the Year 1920, 1922 – First Team All-American 1920, 1921, 1922 – First-team All-Big Ten 1975 – Inducted into the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association's Hall of Fame as a player. 2004 – Elected to the \"Illini Men's Basketball All-Century Team\". September 13, 2008 – Honored as one of the thirty-three honored jerseys which hang in the State Farm Center to show regard for being the most decorated basketball players in the University of Illinois' history. September 22, 2018 – Inducted into the Illinois Athletics Hall of Fame Football 1920 – Consensus All-American [ 1966] – College Football Hall of Fame November 2, 1990 – Elected to Illinois Football All-Century Team Statistics Basketball Football References External links 1900 births 1984 deaths All-American college football players All-American college men's basketball players American football ends Basketball players from Chicago College Football Hall of Fame inductees Forwards (basketball) Harvard Crimson football coaches Illinois Fighting Illini football players Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Northwestern Wildcats football coaches Players of American football from Chicago Wisconsin Badgers football coaches American men's basketball players Psi Upsilon",
"title": "Chuck Carney"
},
{
"docid": "45141278",
"text": "The 2015 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They were led by interim head coach Bill Cubit, and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. They were members of the West Division of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 5–7, 2–6 in Big Ten play to finish in a tie for fifth place in the West Division. On November 28, interim head coach Bill Cubit was signed to a two-year contract and named head coach. However, on March 5, Cubit was fired by new athletic director Josh Whitman. Head coach On August 28, 2015—one week before the start of the regular season—head coach Tim Beckman was fired after an internal investigation found that he had made efforts \"to deter injury reporting and influence medical decisions that pressured players to avoid or postpone medical treatment and continue playing despite injuries.\" He was replaced by offensive coordinator Bill Cubit on an interim basis for the season. A few hours before the final game of the season, Cubit had the \"Interim\" removed from his title and was named permanent head coach. It was an appointment that would last only one game, as Cubit was removed during the following off-season by new Illinois Athletic Director Josh Whitman, on the day Whitman officially assumed the role, in favor of former Chicago Bears and Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coach Lovie Smith. Schedule Illinois announced their 2015 football schedule on June 3, 2013. The 2015 schedule consist of 7 home and 5 away games in the regular season. The Fighting Illini will host Big Ten foes Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, and Wisconsin and will travel to Iowa, Minnesota, Penn State, and Purdue. The Fighting Illini hosted three of their four non conference games against Kent State, Middle Tennessee and Western Illinois. Illinois traveled to Chapel Hill, North Carolina and faced the North Carolina of the Atlantic Coast Conference on September 19. Schedule Source: Roster References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football",
"title": "2015 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"
},
{
"docid": "41366257",
"text": "The Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball is the NCAA Division I intercollegiate volleyball program of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, often referred to as \"Illinois\", located in Champaign, Illinois. The Illinois volleyball team competes in the Big Ten Conference and has played their home games in Huff Hall since 1990. Since moving into Huff Hall from the Kenney Gym, Illinois Volleyball has remained in the top 10 in the nation for average home attendance. In 2013, the program broke its previous home attendance record, averaging 3,117 per match. History Since the founding of the volleyball program in 1974, the Fighting Illini have had 39 winning seasons. Head coaching history Big Ten Conference volleyball did not begin play until 1982. Attendance records Season results See also List of NCAA Division I women's volleyball programs References External links",
"title": "Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball"
},
{
"docid": "38178537",
"text": "The 1983 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Mike White, the Fighting Illini compiled an overall record of 10–2 with a mark of 9–0, winning the Big Ten title. Illinois was invited to the Rose Bowl, where the Illini lost to UCLA. The team played home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Jack Trudeau with 2,446 passing yards, running back Thomas Rooks with 842 rushing yards, and wide receiver David Williams with 870 receiving yards. Defensive end Don Thorp was selected as the team's most valuable player and also received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the most valuable player in the Big Ten Conference. The 1983 Illini were the first team in Big Ten history to go 9–0 in regular season conference play, and the only team to do so until the 2017 Wisconsin Badgers football team repeated the feat. Schedule Awards and honors Don Thorp (Defensive end) Chicago Tribune Silver Football All-American, (defensive end) Jim Juriga, (Tackle) All-American, (tackle) Craig Swoope, (Defensive back) All-American, (defensive back) References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Big Ten Conference football champion seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football",
"title": "1983 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"
},
{
"docid": "5507166",
"text": "Deon La velle Thomas (born February 24, 1971) is an American-Israeli former basketball player. As a high school player, he led his team to the Chicago Public League title, and was named Illinois Mr. Basketball. As a college player at the University of Illinois, he finished his career as the all-time leading scorer in Fighting Illini history. Selected by the Dallas Mavericks with the 28th selection of the 1994 NBA draft, he opted to play professional basketball in Europe and Israel. High school career Thomas was a star basketball player at Chicago's Neal F. Simeon Vocational High School, graduating in 1989. As a junior in 1988, he led the Wolverines to the Chicago Public League title. As a senior, he was named Illinois Mr. Basketball and played in the McDonald's All-American Game, which also featured future NBA star Shaquille O'Neal. College career Thomas played college basketball at the University of Illinois. Thomas finished his career as the all-time leading scorer in Fighting Illini history, with 2,129 career points scored and an 18.0 points per game scoring average. Thomas is the only men's basketball player in Illinois history to score at least 2,000 career points. Thomas was elected to the \"Illini Men's Basketball All-Century Team\" in 2004. Professional career Thomas was selected by the Dallas Mavericks with the 28th selection of the 1994 NBA draft. Thomas attended mini camp but never played in the NBA, having opted to play professional basketball in Europe and Israel. Thomas played two years in Israel for Maccabi Tel Aviv, winning the Israeli championship, the Israeli cup, and the Euroleague championship twice. Thomas didn't play in the 2005 Final Four due to a broken leg. This injury forced him to leave Maccabi Tel Aviv. He then joined the Greek team Gymnastikos S. Larissas, the Bulgarian team CSKA Sofia, and then returned to Israel where he played for Givat Shmuel. He then played for Maccabi Haifa, also in Israel. He is one of the most successful American pros of all time in the European leagues. Thomas has passed on several opportunities to play in the NBA. On 13 November 2006, in an interview for Bulgarian newspaper Tema Sport and Bulgarian television \"Channel 3\", Deon Thomas denied any wrongdoing and swore that he didn't receive anything from University of Illinois, as Bruce Pearl had claimed. He said the decision to play for Illinois was made by his grandmother. Coaching/Announcing Career In 2009, Thomas became the men's basketball head coach at Lewis and Clark Community College in Godfrey, Illinois. In April 2014, Thomas was named as an assistant basketball coach at the University of Illinois-Chicago. In 2016, he was hired by Fighting Illini Sports Network to call men's basketball games with Doug Altenberger. Personal life Thomas is now an Israeli citizen, and is married to an Israeli. Honors High school 1988 - IHSA 1st Team All-State 1988 - IHSA State Tournament All-Tournament Team 1989 - IHSA 1st Team All-State 1989 - Parade Magazine 1st Team All-American 1989 - McDonald's",
"title": "Deon Thomas"
},
{
"docid": "75940300",
"text": "Tahveon Nicholson (born January 31, 2000) is an American football cornerback for the Louisville Cardinals. He previously played for the Illinois Fighting Illini. Early life and high school Nicholson attended high school at Riverside. Coming out of high school, Nicholson was rated as a three-star recruit where he decided to commit to play college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini. College career Illinois In the 2021 season, Nicholson had two starts on the year where he made 11 tackles and two pass deflections. Nicholson entered the 2022 season as a starter for the Fighting Illini. In the 2022 season, Nicholson recorded his first career interception against Wisconsin. Nicholson's 2022 season was shortened to just ten games after suffering a wrist injury versus Michigan State. In the 2022 season, Nicholson started ten games where he had 19 tackles with one being for a loss, six pass deflections, an interception, and a forced fumble. During the 2023 season, Nicholson totaled 36 tackles with two going for a loss, six pass deflections, a fumble recovery, and two forced fumbles. After the conclusion of the 2023 season, Nicholson decided to enter the NCAA transfer portal. Nicholson finished his career with the Fighting Illini with 66 tackles 14 pass deflections, an interception, and three forced fumbles. Louisville On December 9, 2023, Nicholson originally decided to transfer to play for the Ole Miss Rebels. However, he flipped his commitment to play for the Louisville Cardinals. References External links Illinois Fighting Illini bio Louisville Cardinals bio 2000 births Living people Players of American football from Jacksonville, Florida American football cornerbacks Illinois Fighting Illini football players Louisville Cardinals football players",
"title": "Tahveon Nicholson"
},
{
"docid": "35608992",
"text": "The 2012 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They were led by first-year head coach Tim Beckman, and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. They were a member of the Leaders Division of the Big Ten Conference. Illinois finished the 2012 season with 2–10, 0–8 in Big 10 Leaders play, where they placed last and failed to become bowl eligible for first time since 2009. Schedule Roster References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football",
"title": "2012 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"
},
{
"docid": "6852723",
"text": "Harry Combes (March 3, 1915 – November 13, 1977), a native of Monticello, Illinois, served as head men's basketball coach at University of Illinois between 1947 and 1967. Biography Combes played high school basketball for Monticello High School, where he led his teams to an overall combined record of 72–9. A three-year letterwinner, Combes was also a star player for the Illini from 1935 to 1937 and helped lead Illinois to both its Big Ten titles in the 1930s. Combes began coaching basketball at Champaign High School, where he posted an astounding 254–46 record, including winning the state title in 1946. Beyond the single championship, Combes led Champaign Central to seven state tournament appearances in nine years from 1939 to 1947. During that time the Maroons captured fourth place in 1940 and 1944 before starting three years of amazing runs to the championship game where they finished second in 1945, first in 1946, and second in 1947. In 2007, the Illinois High School Association named Combes one of the 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament. Combes also served as boys baseball coach at Champaign High School, where he compiled an impressive 70–26–2 (.724) record over a five-year period (1937–1942). Once at Illinois he won three Big Ten titles in his first five seasons (1949, 1951, and 1952). Combes led Illinois to three third-place finishes in the NCAA tournament in the four-year period from 1949 to 1952. The squad won 79 of the 100 games during those four years. Illinois' 1952 Final Four appearance was the first officially recognized Final Four, and the three third-place finishes would be the Illini's deepest runs in the tournament until the 1989 team made the Final Four. Until Lou Henson broke the record in 1990, Combes' 316 wins were the most wins ever by an Illinois head basketball coach. Combes, along with his assistant coach Howie Braun and head football coach Pete Elliott, were pressured into resigning on March 19, 1967 by the university which was threatened with expulsion by the Big Ten Conference over a slush fund scandal. He was succeeded by Harv Schmidt ten days later on March 29. He died in Champaign on November 13, 1977. Head coaching record High school College See also List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach References 1915 births 1977 deaths All-American college men's basketball players Basketball coaches from Illinois Basketball players from Illinois High school basketball coaches in Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball coaches Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players People from Monticello, Illinois American men's basketball players",
"title": "Harry Combes"
},
{
"docid": "67621986",
"text": "The 1942–43 Illinois Fighting Illini men's ice hockey season was the 6th season of play for the program. Season There were high hopes for the team entering the season, but the Illini had several hurdles to yet overcome. The primary concern was the lack of players available for the squad; both academic ineligibility and the draft board had cut Illinois' roster down and the team only had a few alternates left. There was hope that, due to the war, the Big Ten would alter its rules and permit freshman to play varsity sports. Illinois would be well placed to take advantage as the freshman team looked as good, if not better, than the initial varsity lineup. A positive sign for the team was Minnesota agreeing to play Illinois once more and they were included on the program's 15-game schedule. Unfortunately, the Big ten punted on ruling for or against freshman, which left the team with few players. Illinois began its season against the Chicago Hornets, an amateur club, with just 7 players on the team. Lou Ferronti was missing due to his draft status but the team had received a boon with team captain Amo Bessone obtaining a deferment and being able to finish out his college career. Despite firing more than 50 shots on goal, Illinois lost the first game of the season but the team did demonstrate that they had enough conditioning to last for an entire contest. Entering the series against Minnesota, the team got another player as Bill Prentiss returned from a broken collarbone. So anticipated was the meeting that all 2,700 seats for both games were sold out in advance. Disaster stuck the team after the Gophers had arrived; Rolle was out with a mild concussion, Austin had come down with the flu and Prentiss' injury, which hadn't completely healed, was acting up. The two games were cancelled and the following series with Michigan Tech was in jeopardy. After a meeting between coach Vic Heyliger and AD Doug Mills, it was decided to cancel all games for the remainder of the semester but to resume after examinations. The plan came into place with the knowledge that several players could become eligible for the team in the spring session. Heyliger sent word of his program's decision to Minnesota's coach Larry Armstrong, offering to forfeit the two matches. When the team finally got to play their next game, they received good news as Bessone and Henry Coupe passed special examinations to remain eligible. The squad, which were tabbed 'Friday's Children' (in the nursery rhyme Monday's Child, the descriptors for Wednesday and Friday had been swapped), had already gone through a tumultuous season and had played just one game so far. The team sent 9 men to Minneapolis, having added Coupe and Wes Tregoning in the interim while losing Prentiss to academic ineligibility. In their first game in two months, Illinois played well, limiting the Gophers to two goals, but the Illini were limited offensively and lost the",
"title": "1942–43 Illinois Fighting Illini men's ice hockey season"
},
{
"docid": "1357193",
"text": "Derek Ricardo Harper (born October 13, 1961) is an American former professional basketball player. A second-team All-American at the University of Illinois, he was the 11th overall pick of the 1983 NBA draft and spent 16 seasons as a point guard in the National Basketball Association with the Dallas Mavericks, New York Knicks, Orlando Magic, and Los Angeles Lakers. Harper is widely regarded as one of the best players to never have been selected to an All-Star game. College After graduating from Roosevelt Junior High School and then North Shore High School in West Palm Beach, Harper played three seasons for the Fighting Illini and coach Lou Henson having his best season in 1982–1983, when he led the Fighting Illini in scoring with 15.4 points per game. Harper was named First-Team All-Big Ten and Second-Team All-American in 1983, and was Honorable Mention All-Big Ten in both 1981 and 1982. Harper averaged 4.7 assists per game for his collegiate career, and led the Big Ten in assists in the 1981–1982 season. Harper was elected to the \"Illini Men's Basketball All-Century Team\" in 2004. Professional career Dallas Mavericks (1983–1993) At 6 ft 4 in, Harper was drafted by the Dallas Mavericks with the 11th overall pick of the 1983 NBA draft. He spent his first ten seasons with them, averaging 15 points and 6.1 assists. For almost the entire time in his first stint with the team, he was part of the starting backcourt tandem with All-Star shooting guard Rolando Blackman. The Mavericks made the playoffs 6 out of the 10 years of Harper's tenure with the team, and they made it to the Western Conference Finals in the 1987–1988 season, but they were never able to replicate that success for any other season of Harper's time in Dallas. He had multiple seasons of averaging well over 10 PPG, and became known for being both a great scorer and defender. His best season came in 1990–1991 where he averaged 19.7 PPG. But he still wasn't selected to be an all star and the Mavericks finished that year with an unpleasant 28–54 record. Harper still played well for the rest of his time in Dallas, but the team was atrocious. In the 1992–1993 season especially, the Mavericks finished 11–71 which is one of the worst records of all time. Harper spent 2 more seasons with the Mavericks before leaving the team during the 1993–1994 season. Harper, J.J. Redick, and DeAndre Jordan are currently the only players in NBA history to increase their season scoring average for eight consecutive seasons. Harper did it with the Mavericks from 1983-84 to 1990-91. New York Knicks (1993–1996) Harper was traded to the New York Knicks (where he was reunited with Blackman) 28 games into the 1993–94 season. The Knicks were looking for a defensive point guard to replace the injured Doc Rivers, who was sidelined for the rest of the season. The shift sent him from a team that finished 13–69 to being an integral part of",
"title": "Derek Harper"
},
{
"docid": "29170357",
"text": "Rodney Adams Fletcher was an American basketball player for the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign who was named a consensus first-team All-American as a senior in 1951–52. A guard, Fletcher led the Fighting Illini to two straight Big Ten Conference championships as well as two consecutive NCAA tournament Final Four appearances in 1951 and 1952 alongside teammate John \"Red\" Kerr. He was a two-time All-Big Ten selection in his three varsity seasons, and at the end of his collegiate career Fletcher was selected by the Minneapolis Lakers in the 1952 NBA draft, although he never played professionally. Fletcher grew up in Champaign, Illinois and attended Champaign Central High School, where he was named second team all-state as a senior in 1948 by the Champaign News Gazette. See also 1950–51 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team 1951–52 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team References 1930 births 2017 deaths All-American college men's basketball players American men's basketball players Basketball players from Illinois Guards (basketball) Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Minneapolis Lakers draft picks Sportspeople from Champaign, Illinois Champaign Central High School alumni",
"title": "Rod Fletcher (basketball)"
},
{
"docid": "70768205",
"text": "The 2021–22 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2021–22 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Fighting Illini, led by fifth-year head coach Nancy Fahey, played their home games at State Farm Center as members of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 7–20, 1–13 in Big Ten play to finish in fourteenth place. As the fourteenth seed in the Big Ten women's tournament, they defeated eleventh seed Wisconsin in the First Round before losing to sixth seed Nebraska in the Second Round. They were not invited to the NCAA tournament or the WNIT. Previous season Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, the Illini played fewer non-conference games than in previous seasons; three games were originally postponed and later canceled due to the pandemic. They finished the season 5–18, 2–16 in Big Ten play to finish in thirteenth place. They lost in the second round of the Big Ten women's tournament to Northwestern. Their first round win against Wisconsin was the first Big Ten tournament victory in coach Fahey's tenure at Illinois. Roster Schedule Source: |- !colspan=\"6\" style=| Regular season |- !colspan=\"6\" style=| Big Ten Women's Tournament Rankings The Coaches Poll did not release a Week 2 poll and the AP Poll did not release a poll after the NCAA Tournament. References Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball seasons Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball",
"title": "2021–22 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "39422041",
"text": "The Illinois Fighting Illini men's golf team represents the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the sport of golf. The Fighting Illini compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Big Ten Conference (Big Ten). They play their home matches at the Atkins Golf Club, which is located five miles from the university's campus. The Fighting Illini are currently led by head coach Mike Small. The Fighting Illini men's golf program has won 20 Big Ten championships, including the last eight consecutively, and in 2013 finished as national runner-up at the NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships, which was the highest finish in the program's history. The Fighting Illini have qualified for the match play portion of the NCAA Championship 8 times since the stroke play/match play format was introduced in 2009, and reached the Final Four in 2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017. The Fighting Illini have won 13 of the last 14 Big Ten Golf Championships. Illinois golfers won the Big Ten Individual Conference Title for nine consecutive seasons (2011−2019). Individual honors National champions Scott Langley − 2010 Thomas Pieters − 2012 All-Americans Joe Burden – 1972 (HM) Marty Schiene – 1979 (HM) Mike Chadwick – 1983 (HM) Steve Stricker – 1987 (HM), 1988 (1st), 1989 (1st) D. A. Points – 1999 (3rd) James Lepp – 2002 (HM), 2003 (2nd) Patrick Nagle – 2003 (3rd) Scott Langley – 2009 (2nd), 2010 (1st), 2011 (HM) Chris DeForest – 2011 (HM) Luke Guthrie – 2011 (1st), 2012 (2nd) Thomas Pieters – 2012 (1st), 2013 (HM) Charlie Danielson – 2013 (HM), 2014 (HM), 2015 (2nd), 2016 (1st) Thomas Detry – 2014 (HM), 2015 (2nd), 2016 (2nd) Brian Campbell – 2014 (2nd), 2015 (2nd) Dylan Meyer – 2016 (HM), 2017 (1st), 2018 (2nd) Nick Hardy – 2017 (2nd), 2018 (1st) Michael Feagles – 2019 (HM), 2021 (2nd) Jerry Ji – 2021 (HM) Adrien Dumont de Chassart – 2021 (2nd), 2022 (2nd), 2023 (1st) Tommy Kuhl - 2023 (1st) Jackson Buchanan - 2023 (1st) Note: 1st = first team, 2nd = second team, 3rd = third team, HM = honorable mention Other Since 1923, sixteen Fighting Illini golfers have won twenty-one Big Ten individual titles. Thirty-nine Fighting Illini golfers have received All-Big Ten honors. Coaching staff Mike Small is the head coach of the Illinois Fighting Illini men's golf team, and 2022-2023 will be his 22nd season with the Fighting Illini. He has been named Big Ten Conference Coach of the Year a record thirteen times and is also an eleven time NCAA Regional Coach of the Year as named by the Golf Coaches Association of America. As a professional, Small is a record-tying three time PGA Professional National Champion and has won the Illinois PGA Championship a record-setting twelve times. Notable alumni Adrien Dumont de Chassart Luke Guthrie Nick Hardy Scott Langley Dylan Meyer Thomas Pieters D. A. Points Steve Stricker Facilities Demirjian Indoor Golf Practice Facility Opened in 2007, the university's $5.2 million, 14,150-square-foot Demirjian Indoor Golf",
"title": "Illinois Fighting Illini men's golf"
},
{
"docid": "32796264",
"text": "The 2011 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl, the 10th edition of the game, was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on December 31, 2011 at AT&T Park in San Francisco, California as part of the 2011–12 NCAA Bowl season. The game, which was telecast at 12:30 p.m. Pacific Time (3:30 p.m. Eastern Time) on ESPN, featured the UCLA Bruins (6–7) versus the Illinois Fighting Illini (6–6). The Bruins, with a losing record, were granted a waiver to play in a bowl game by the NCAA after the Pac-12 conference did not have enough eligible teams to fill its bowl commitments. Both teams fired their head coach this season after .500 records. Mike Johnson, who replaced Rick Neuheisel, is the interim coach for UCLA. The Fighting Illini were led by interim coach Vic Koenning while their newly hired head coach Tim Beckman, who replaced Ron Zook, was on the sidelines. UCLA lost the matchup and subsequently finished the season with a losing record (6–8). Teams Since 1946, the two universities had met 11 times with three previous meetings in a bowl game (1947 Rose Bowl, 1984 Rose Bowl and 1991 Hancock Bowl). UCLA held a 6–5 edge over Illinois, including winning the last four games. The last game prior to this one was in 2004, when UCLA defeated Illinois 35–17. Illinois Illinois featured a pro style offense and a multiple defense. Jason Ford (155-600 yards, 7 TDs) and Nathan Scheelhaase (169-514 yards, 6 TDs) were the top rushers. Quarterback Nathan Scheelhaase had completed 166 of 261 passes for 1,971 yards, and 12 TDs coming into this game with receiver A.J. Jenkins (84-1, 196 yards, 7 TDs) as his target. Defensively, the team was led by Jonathan Brown (102 tackles), Whitney Mercilus (14.5 sacks, -95 yards) and Trulon Henry (2 interceptions, 27 yards, 1 TD) and Terry Hawthorne (2 interceptions). UCLA UCLA came into the game with its Pistol offense which allowed Johnathan Franklin to run for 947 yards, 5 TDs; quarterback Kevin Prince to pass 112 times for 1,627 yards and 10 TDs; Nelson Rasario to catch for 61 passes for 1,106 yards, 4 TDs. The Bruins' 4-3 defense was led by Pat Larimore (81 tackles), Datone Jones (3.0 sacks, 7 yards) and Andrew Abbott (4 interceptions, 37 yards). Scoring summary First quarter scoring: No score Second quarter scoring: UCLA – Taylor Embree 16-yard pass from Kevin Prince (Tyler Gonzalez kick); ILL – Derek Dimke 36-yard field goal Third quarter scoring: ILL – T. Hawthorne 39-yard interception return (Dimke kick) Fourth quarter scoring: ILL – Dimke 37-yard field goal; ILL – A. J. Jenkins 60-yard pass from N. Scheelhaase (Dimke kick); UCLA – Nelson Rosario 38-yard pass from Prince (Gonzalez kick), Notes References External links Game summary at ESPN Box score at ESPN 2011–12 NCAA football bowl games Redbox Bowl Illinois Fighting Illini football bowl games UCLA Bruins football bowl games Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl 2011 in San Francisco December 2011 sports events in the United States",
"title": "2011 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl (December)"
},
{
"docid": "61309992",
"text": "The 2019–20 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the 2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by third-year head coach Brad Underwood, the Illini played their home games at State Farm Center in Champaign, Illinois as members of the Big Ten Conference. The Illini finished the season 21–10, 13–7 in Big Ten play to finish in fourth place. Their season ended following the cancellation of postseason tournaments due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous season The Illini finished the 2018–19 season 12–21, 7–13 in Big Ten play and finished in a three-way tie for 10th place. Due to the tie-breaking rules, they received the No. 11 seed in the Big Ten tournament where they defeated Northwestern in the first round before losing to Iowa in the second round. Offseason The Illini took a trip to Italy and compiled a 3-1 record, beating the three Italian teams they faced and losing to the Dutch team. Cockburn and Feliz did not come on the trip due to visa issues. Departures 2019 recruiting class Roster Schedule and results |- !colspan=9 style=\"background:#; color:#;\"|Exhibition |- !colspan=9 style=\"background:#; color:#;\"|Regular season |- !colspan=9 style=\"background:#; color:#;\"|Big Ten tournament |- !colspan=9 style=|Canceled |- !colspan=9 style=\"background:#; color:#;\"| |- !colspan=9 style=|Canceled |- Source Rankings *AP does not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings References 2019–20 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season 2018-19 2020 in sports in Illinois 2019 in sports in Illinois",
"title": "2019–20 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "38170178",
"text": "James A. Bredar (October 22, 1931 – August 28, 1997) was an NCAA All-American basketball player at the University of Illinois during a career that spanned from 1949 to 1953, and then was drafted by the Ft. Wayne Pistons of the National Basketball Association in the 1953 draft High school A native of Salem, Illinois, Bredar attended Salem Community High School from 1945–46 to 1948–49. He was a guard who led the Wildcats in scoring with 422 points as a senior, averaging 15.6 points per game and was named to the all-conference basketball team. College Bredar chose to play basketball at Illinois after high school. He spent his first season on the freshman team, moving to the varsity squad as a sophomore. Bredar played in 68 of the 75 games during the next three years as an Illini, starting at guard for the final two seasons. 1950–51 season In his sophomore season of 1950–51, the Fighting Illini won the Big Ten Conference title and advanced to the NCAA Tournament. Illinois would defeat Columbia (ranked #3) and North Carolina State (ranked #8) to earn a berth in the Final Four (only 16 teams played in the tournament back then), but would lose to eventual national champion Kentucky (ranked #1) 74–76 in the national semifinals. They would defeat Oklahoma A&M (ranked #14), 61–46 in the third place game held at Williams Arena in Minneapolis, Minnesota. 1951–52 season The following season, Bredar's Fighting Illini team would win the Big Ten Conference Championship and advance to the NCAA Tournament. Illinois would defeat Dayton (ranked #11) and Duquesne (ranked #4) to earn back-to-back Final Four appearances. The Illini would not have to meet Kentucky this season due to the fact that St. Johns (ranked #10) would defeat them in the second round. Unfortunately for Bredar and the Illini, they too would be defeated by St. John's in the national semifinals by a score of 59–61. They would finish the season in third place for the second straight year, defeating Santa Clara, 67–64 at Hec Edmundson Pavilion in Seattle. Bredar and teammate Johnny Kerr would be named to the NCAA Final Four All-Tournament Team following the completion of the tournament. Only two other Illini players have ever been named to this team, Luther Head and Deron Williams in 2005. 1952–53 season As a senior, Bredar was honored by being named the team captain for the season. After the season, he was dubbed an All-American and was also named to the All-Big Ten 2nd team. During his career as a Fighting Illini, every team had both winning conference and overall records, finishing with a combined conference record of 39–7 and an unbelievable overall record of 62–13. If it weren't for the national champion Indiana Hoosiers, Bredar would most likely have been on an Illini team that would have won three consecutive Big Ten championships. College honors Converse Honorable Mention All-American (1952) United Press Honorable Mention All-American (1952) Converse 2nd team All-American (1953) International News Service 2nd team",
"title": "Jim Bredar"
},
{
"docid": "60089427",
"text": "John William Drish (October 3, 1920 – February 24, 1977) was an American basketball and baseball player. A forward from Chicago, Illinois, Drish played collegiately at the University of Illinois, earning the University of Illinois Athlete of the Year award in 1941. From 1941 to 1942, he played in the National Basketball League as a member of the Chicago Bruins. He averaged 2.9 points per game in his career that was cut short by World War II when Drish was called to active service. High school A native of Chicago, Illinois, Drish attended Morton High School in Cicero, Illinois from 1933–34 to 1936–37. College In the fall of 1937, Drish enrolled at the University of Illinois and was a member of the freshman basketball team. In his sophomore year he was the starting forward of the 1938–39 Fighting Illini team that finished third in the Big Ten with an overall record of 14–5 and a conference record of 8–4. Drish joined his high school teammate Bill Hapac on an Illini team that also included All-American Pick Dehner. The 1939–40 season saw the Illini with a fourth place finish in the conference at 7 wins and 5 losses while finishing the regular season with an overall record of 14 wins and 6 losses. After the season, Drish would be named captain for the following season on a team that would be adding Art Mathisen, who would become a member of \"The Whiz Kids\". Drish would play in 18 of the team's 20 games during his junior season, scoring 47 points and average 2.35 points per game. The 1940–41 campaign was the best of Drish's time at Illinois. Drish would play in all of the team's 20 games during the season, scoring 94 points and average 4.7 points per game. The team compiled an overall record of 13 wins and 7 losses with a conference record of 7 wins and 5 losses, finishing third in the Big Ten. Head coach Doug Mills was one season away from his second Big Ten championship on a team that would add Andy Phillip, Ken Menke and Jack Smiley, the remaining \"Whiz Kids\". In his three years of varsity basketball, Drish played in 57 of the team's 59 games where his teams would win 41 while losing only 18 (win pct=69.5%). On May 15, 1941, Drish earned the University of Illinois Athlete of the Year award. He was a six-time Varsity letter winner (3 basketball and 3 baseball). As a baseball player, Drish was a pitcher, second baseman and played right field. Ironically, this was the second year in a row for an athlete coming from Morton High School to be named Athlete of the Year, Bill Hapac was the previous winner. Professional basketball After leaving the University of Illinois, Drish played professionally for one season in the National Basketball League, where he played for the Chicago Bruins. He only played for a portion of the 1941–42 season as the military drafted him into the United",
"title": "John Drish"
},
{
"docid": "39787719",
"text": "The 1994 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by third-year head coach Lou Tepper, the Fighting Illini compiled an overall record of 7–5 with a mark of 4–4 in conference play, placing fifth in the Big Ten. Illinois was invited to the Liberty Bowl, where the Illini defeated East Carolina. The team played home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Schedule Roster Team players in the NFL References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Liberty Bowl champion seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football",
"title": "1994 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"
},
{
"docid": "75203085",
"text": "The 2023–24 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Fighting Illini were led by second-year head coach Shauna Green, and they played their home games at State Farm Center. This season marked the program's 42nd season as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Previous season The Illini finished the 2022–23 season 22–10 overall, with a 11–7 record in Big Ten play to finish in sixth place. As the sixth seed in the Big Ten women's tournament, they defeated eleventh seed Rutgers in the first round before losing to third seed Maryland in the second round. The team was invited to the 2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament as one of the First Four teams to play, losing to Mississippi State. This marked their first appearance in the NCAA tournament since 2003. The Illini's turnaround in 2022–23 was considered \"remarkable\" given the program's history since 2003. The 2022–23 team broke multiple records and streaks, including their first 6–0 start to a season since 1986–87, and their first six game winning streak since 2009. They finished the non-conference portion of their schedule with a 10–1 record. The team won four straight conference games from December 7, 2022, through January 1, 2023, including a dramatic victory over eventual national champion runner-up Iowa; this conference winning streak tied the fourth best streak in program history. On January 8, 2023, the Illini earned a spot in the AP Top-25 poll for the first time since 2000. Their 11–7 conference record was its most in league play since 1999–2000, and their 10-win improvement in conference games matched the largest turnaround in Big Ten history. On December 19, 2022, coach Green was named the ESPN Women's Basketball Coach of the Week. In the post-season, transfer player Makira Cook earned First-team All-Big Ten honors, the first Illini to be named to that team since 2010. Cook was also named to the Associated Press' All-American Honorable Mention list, the first Illini to make that list since 2013. Players Kendall Bostic and Genesis Bryant were named to the All-Big Ten second team, and Adalia McKenzie received an All-Big Ten honorable mention; these conference honors marked the first time since the 1986–87 season that four Illinois players earned all-conference accolades. Offseason Assistant coach Ryan Gensler left the Illinois program on March 29, 2023, to become the head women's basketball coach at the University of Akron. On April 20, 2023, Green announced that former Stanford University assistant coach Britney Anderson had been hired as an assistant coach at Illinois. Two non-starting players from the 2022–23 Illinois team, Jayla Oden and Liisa Taponen, entered the NCAA transfer portal after the end of the season and moved on to other programs, and Geovana Lopes exhausted her collegiate eligibility. The Illini added two players from the transfer portal, center Camille Hobby from North Carolina State University and forward Shay Bollin from Duke University. They also added freshmen guards Cori",
"title": "2023–24 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "27208623",
"text": "Douglas Raymond \"Gaga\" Mills (April 9, 1907 – August 12, 1993), a native of Elgin, Illinois, was a high school and college basketball player and coach in the state of Illinois. During high school, Mills was the first player in the state to lead his team to back-to-back titles in 1924 and 1925. He totaled 32 points in four state tournament games for Elgin High School during an era of low-scoring play. Mills played for the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team from 1927 to 1930 followed by a five-year coaching stint at Joliet Township High School. He led his Joliet team to the state tournament in 1935. He returned to the U of I as head men's basketball coach from 1936 to 1947. He coached the famous \"Whiz Kids\" and also served as the Fighting Illini's athletic director. Mills died in 1993. While coaching at Illinois, Mills compiled a record of 151 wins and 66 losses, winning three conference titles during his tenure. He added the athletic director's post in 1941. In 1947, he stepped down as head coach to concentrate on his duties as athletic director, naming Champaign High coach Harry Combes as his successor. He was also responsible for hiring football coaches Ray Eliot and Pete Elliott. When Mills resigned his position as AD in 1966, it triggered the slush fund scandal. In 2007, the Illinois High School Association named Mills one of the 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament. He and his wife, Lorene Muntz, had a daughter, Sally, who died from a ruptured appendix. The two later adopted two children, Peter G. Mills and the late Molly M. Mills. Doug and Lorene divorced in the early 1960s. Neither ever remarried. Head coaching record High school College References 1907 births 1983 deaths American football quarterbacks American men's basketball coaches American men's basketball players Basketball coaches from Illinois Basketball players from Illinois High school basketball coaches in the United States Illinois Fighting Illini athletic directors Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches Illinois Fighting Illini football players Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball coaches Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Players of American football from Illinois Sportspeople from Elgin, Illinois",
"title": "Douglas R. Mills"
},
{
"docid": "15627131",
"text": "Mike Martin (born November 18, 1960) is a former American football wide receiver who played professionally for seven seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals in the National Football League (NFL). Early life Martin grew up in Washington, D.C., and attended Eastern High School. College career Martin played football at the University of Illinois, where during his senior year he caught a record 77 receptions for 1,068 yards. In four years for the Fighting Illini, he caught 143 passes for 2,300 yards (a 16.1 average) with 15 touchdowns. He also returned punts and kicoffs. As of the beginning of the Fighting Illini's 2022 season, Martin ranks fourth all-time in single-season receptions (77), ninth in career receptions (143), fifth in career receiving yardage (2,300), and tied for fourth in single-game receptions with 12 against Ohio State in 1982. NFL Martin was chosen by the Bengals in the eighth round of the 1983 NFL Draft. In his seven seasons, he caught 67 passes for 1,017 yards (a 15.1 average) with 6 receiving touchdowns, with his most productive receiving year 1987 with 20 receptions for 394 yards. He returned 140 punts for 1,381 yards (a 9.9 average), including a league-leading 15.7 yards per return in 1983. He also returned 75 kicks for 1,643 yards, a 21.9 average. He was a member of the Bengals' team which went to the 1989 Super Bowl, won by the San Francisco 49ers, 20–16. Martin did not play, as his season ended with an injury in the season's 6th game. Coaching After his playing career ended, Martin operated several night clubs in the Cincinnati area. In 2002, Martin was named coach of Taft High School in Cincinnati, tapped to revive a program which had been disbanded due to lack of student participation. He coached the Senators for eight years, compiling a record of 44–28. Personal life Martin met his wife, Michelle, at Illinois where she was cheerleader. They married in 1986. They currently live in Chicago, where his family including daughter Morgan owns several smoothie bars and a fitness facility. Martin is vice president of the Marcus Martin Foundation, named for his late son, who died at from a pulmonary embolism at age 25 in 2014. The foundation provides financial support for college-bound high school students, conducts free youth football camps, and educates about the dangers of pulmonary embolism. References 1960 births Living people American football return specialists American football wide receivers Cincinnati Bengals players Illinois Fighting Illini football players High school football coaches in Ohio Eastern High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni Coaches of American football from Washington, D.C. Players of American football from Washington, D.C.",
"title": "Mike Martin (wide receiver)"
},
{
"docid": "41573337",
"text": "James C. Dawson (born April 18, 1945) is an American former professional basketball point guard who played one season in the American Basketball Association (ABA) as a member of the Indiana Pacers during the 1967–68 season. He attended University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign where he was drafted by the Chicago Bulls during the 16 round of the 1967 NBA draft, but he did not play for them. High school A native of Oak Park, Illinois, Dawson attended York Community High School from 1959–60 to 1962–63 and led the Dukes to the \"Elite 8\" of the Illinois High School Association state basketball tournament, losing to Jim Burns and the McLeansboro Foxes in the IHSA quarterfinals of the 1962 tournament. In his two state tournament games, Dawson scored 36 points, 18 in the victory versus Harvey (Thornton) and an additional 18 in the loss to McLeansboro. Dawson led York to consecutive regional championships in 1962 and 1963. As a junior Dawson's team would finish the season with an overall record of 25 wins and four losses, and finished in second place in the West Suburban Conference behind Lyons Township High School. As a senior, in 1963, Dawson's team would win the conference as well as win the IHSA regional, with an overall record of 19 wins and seven losses. College career Dawson chose to play college basketball at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and was a member of the freshman basketball team for the 1963–64 season. He played in 70 of the team's 72 games during his three-years on the varsity team and was the starting point guard for all three, replacing Jim Vopicka. As a sophomore during the 1964–65 season, Dawson joined All-American seniors, Tal Brody and future Illini All-Century team member, Skip Thoren, on an Illini team that finished the season with an 18 and 6 record and a third-place finish in the Big Ten with a 10 and four record, losing twice to top-ranked Michigan. During the season the team would win the Kentucky Invitational Tournament and finish the year with a Coaches ranking of number 16. The loss of 999 offensive points occurred with the graduation of Brody and Thoren, leaving Dawson's junior season of 1965–66, needing to find a new identity. The Fighting Illini would struggle all season, losing games by less than three points to Princeton, Providence, Northwestern, Indiana, Michigan State and Minnesota, leaving the team with an overall record of 12 wins and 12 losses and a conference record of 8 wins and 6 losses, placing them tied for third in the conference. This season marked only the second time in Harry Combes tenure that the Illini finished with a .500 record. For Dawson, his best asset was delivering the ball to Donnie Freeman, who would set the all-time single season scoring record of 668 points during the course of the year. After the season, Dawson was named as captain for the following year. A dark cloud loomed over Dawson's 1966–67 senior season as",
"title": "Jimmy Dawson (basketball, born 1945)"
},
{
"docid": "30862744",
"text": "Andy Kaufmann (born c. 1967) is a former basketball 6'5 or 6'6 swingman/small forward who starred at the University of Illinois during the late 1980s and early 1990s. High school Kaufmann began his career at Routt Catholic High School in Jacksonville, Illinois. After playing alongside his brother Kevin for one year, he transferred where he starred at Jacksonville High School in Jacksonville, where his 3160 career points ranks him second all-time in the state. He is one of only five players to score over 3,000 points in his career. He scored 50 points in a game three times. Illinois career Kaufmann started his Fighting Illini career as a freshman in 1988–89, averaging 4.3 points per game in 12 games for the Illini's Final Four team. As a sophomore in 1989–90, Kaufmann averaged 9.8 points in 29 games. Kaufmann averaged 21.3 ppg as a junior in 1990–91, leading the team. His 660-point scored that season rank as the second highest single season point total in Fighting Illini history. On December 3, 1990, Kaufmann scored 46 points against Wisconsin-Milwaukee, the second highest single game point total in Fighting Illini men's basketball history. Kaufmann did not play in the 1991–92 season, due to academic suspension. In the 1992–93 season, Kaufmann averaged 17.3 points as a senior. Kaufmann is perhaps best remembered for his 3-point buzzer beater on February 4, 1993, gave the Illini a one-point victory over the ninth-ranked Iowa Hawkeyes. IlliniHQ.com rates this the 4th greatest moment in Illini basketball history. As of 2013, Kaufmann is the Fighting Illini's 10th all-time leading scorer with 1,533 points, a total which ranked fourth on the all-time list at the completion of his playing eligibility. As of 1999, he was the 8th all-time Illini player for made 3-point field goals with 105 in (276 attempts). Pro basketball Kaufmann was drafted in the 7th (and final) round, 107 overall, of the 1993 CBA amateur draft by Wichita Falls Texans. He was also drafted in the Open Phase 5th round (38th overall) of the 1993 USBL draft, by Daytona Beach Hooters. Although he received offers to play overseas, Kaufmann was burnt out of basketball after his senior year and decided to give it up. He made his first trip back to the University of Illinois during the 25th anniversary of the Flying Illini celebration. He currently works at the Blind and Deaf School in Jacksonville. References 1960s births Living people American men's basketball players Basketball players from Illinois Place of birth missing (living people) Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Small forwards Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Illinois",
"title": "Andy Kaufmann"
},
{
"docid": "40871303",
"text": "Govoner Vaughn (born March 1, 1937) was a former high school, college and professional basketball player during the 1950s & 60s. Vaughn led Edwardsville High School to a fourth-place finish in the I.H.S.A. 1954 high school playoffs, as well as a second-place finish in 1956 to defending champion, Rockford West. Vaughn played in eight career state playoff games over two seasons, and his 92 points were all scored during the 1956 tournament. He, along with his teammate, Mannie Jackson, were named first-team all-tournament. Vaughn went on to play for the University of Illinois for three years, 1957–1960, where he and his fellow high school teammate, Jackson, were the first African-American letter winners for the University of Illinois. Vaughn scored 1,001 career points, the 46th highest total in Illini history. He also holds the second highest single season free-throw percentage at .865, making 83 of 96 during the 1959–60 season. After graduating from Illinois in 1960, Vaughn joined the Harlem Globetrotters. During his time with the Globetrotters, he was named MVP of the 1961 World Series of Basketball. This event was a 20-game series against the nation's top college seniors. Vaughn rejoined the Globetrotters in 2010 and served as the team's director of alumni relations after spending 24 years at Detroit Edison. College career 1956-57 season Vaughn played on the freshman squad, records for this season could not be added to his varsity totals. 1957-58 season During Vaughn's sophomore season, he started all 22 games as the team's center. He finished the season with the second highest point total (327) averaging 14.9 points per game. Only Don Ohl scored more points at 431. Vaughn, however, finished with the highest field goal average at .426 and the second highest free-throw percentage at .773, making 51 of his 66 attempts. 1958-59 season Even with the graduation of leading scorer Don Ohl, the Fighting Illini experienced a surge in performance sparked by the play of junior center John Wessels and Edwardsville High School teammate Mannie Jackson along with senior guard Roger Taylor. These changes, however, limited Vaughn's production and reduced his point total to 263 for the season. Even with a reduced role, Vaughn finished the season with the fourth highest point total averaging 12.5 points per game. 1959-60 season Vaughn was the instrumental force in the 1959–60 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team. He started all 23 games during that season and dominated all offensive categories after an injury sidelined previous team-leader John Wessels. Vaughn was first on the Fighting Illini in scoring with 411 points (17.9 per game), first on the team in rebounding with 189 (8.2 per game) and first on the team in free-throw percentage at .865 (83 of 96); second on the all-time Illini record list. Vaughn was named team MVP as well as All-American for this season. Honors Basketball 1958 - Honorable Mention All-American 1959 - Honorable Mention All-Big Ten 1960 - 2nd Team All-Big Ten 1960 - Team MVP 1960 - Honorable Mention All-American 1973 - Inducted",
"title": "Govoner Vaughn"
},
{
"docid": "48842430",
"text": "The 1985 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign during the 1985 Big Ten Conference football season. In their sixth year under head coach Mike White, the Illini compiled a 6–5–1 record and finished in third place in the Big Ten Conference. Illinois was invited to the Peach Bowl, where the Illini lost to Army. The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Jack Trudeau with 2,938 passing yards, running back Thomas Rooks with 718 rushing yards, and wide receiver David Williams with 1,047 receiving yards. Schedule Game summaries No. 6 USC In a game that some considered a possible Rose Bowl preview, the Illini were doomed by 6 turnovers and found themselves in a 14–0 very early in the game. Illinois pulled to within 20–10 on a Chris White field goal early in the fourth quarter, but USC used ball control to grind out the clock – including 22 minutes of possession in the second half – and gain a big road win in the season opener for both teams. At No. 18 Nebraska No. 5 Ohio State At Michigan State Wisconsin No. 4 Michigan On November 2, 1985, Illinois played Michigan to a 3–3 tie at Memorial Stadium. Each team kicked a field goal in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, Michigan drove the length of the field, but fullback Gerald White fumbled at the Illinois 12-yard line, with the Illini recovering at the nine-yard line. Illinois then drove the length of the field and, with time running out, Chris White lined up for what would have been a game-winning 37-yard field goal. Dieter Heren tipped the ball, which hit the cross-bar and bounced back, and the game ended in a tie. After the game, head coach White said, \"I don't remember feeling worse after a game. . . . I'm devastated.\" At No. 6 Iowa Vs. Army (Peach Bowl) References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football",
"title": "1985 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"
},
{
"docid": "73913855",
"text": "The 2023–24 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Illini were led by seventh-year head coach Brad Underwood. The Illini played their home games at the State Farm Center in Champaign, Illinois as members of the Big Ten Conference. They defeated Wisconsin to win the Big Ten Tournament. The team was then awarded the #3 seed in the East region of the NCAA Tournament, in which they advanced their first Elite Eight since 2005. There they lost to the eventual champion, UConn. Previous season The Illini finished the 2022–23 season 20–13, 11–9 in Big Ten play to finish in a four-way tie for fifth place. As the No. 7 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they lost to Penn State in the second round. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 9 seed in the West Region where they lost to Arkansas in the First Round. Offseason Niccolo Moretti joined the Illini for the second semester of the 2022-2023 academic year and took part in practice and officially joined the team this season. After declaring for the 2023 NBA draft, both Terrence Shannon Jr. and Coleman Hawkins withdrew and returned to the Illini. Jeremiah Williams committed to transfer to Illinois on June 1, 2023, but later withdrew that commitment and rejoined the transfer portal later that month on June 23. In August, the Illini took a ten-day trip to Spain where they played and won three games against Spanish teams. None of the games were televised but the Illini provided a link to stream the second game for free on Vimeo. Departures Incoming transfers Source: 2023 recruiting class Roster Note: While listed above as a graduate student for NCAA eligibility purposes, Shannon is a fifth-year senior working towards his bachelor's degree. Roster movement Shannon was suspended prior to the December 29 game against FDU and became eligible to play again January 19. Moretti suffered a foot injury during the November 19 game against Southern and suited up for the January 14 game against Maryland, but did not play until the following game against Michigan. Hansberry began sitting out games with back spasms starting with the game against Purdue on January 5 and returned to action against Ohio State on January 30. Schedule and results |- !colspan=9 style=|Spain trip |- !colspan=12 style=\"| Exhibition |- !colspan=12 style=\"| Regular season |- !colspan=9 style=|Big Ten Tournament |- !colspan=9 style=|NCAA Tournament |- Source: Rankings References External links 2023–24 Illinois MBB record book Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball seasons Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini Men's Basketball Team Illinois Fighting Illini Men's Basketball Team",
"title": "2023–24 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "72665268",
"text": "The 2022–23 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Fighting Illini were led by first-year head coach Shauna Green, and they played their home games at State Farm Center. This season marked the program's 41st season as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Previous season The Illini finished the 2021–22 season 7–20 overall, with a 1–13 record in Big Ten play to finish in last place. As the fourteenth seed in the Big Ten women's tournament, they defeated eleventh seed Wisconsin in the first round before losing to sixth seed Nebraska in the second round. They were not invited to participate in any post-season tournaments. Offseason After five seasons as Illinois head coach, Nancy Fahey announced her retirement on March 4, 2022. On March 21, 2022, Green was named as the program's tenth head coach, having had six successful seasons as the head coach at Dayton. All three of Green's assistant coaching hires at Illinois (Calamity McEntire, DeAntoine Beasley and Ryan Gensler) had previously worked for her at Dayton. The roster included five players from Fahey's final Illinois team, four freshmen, and four transfers, including two from Dayton (Makira Cook and Brynn Shoup-Hill). Genesis Bryant transferred from North Carolina State, but she had been recruited by Green for Dayton before committing to the Wolfpack. Roster Schedule and results |- !colspan=\"6\" style=| Exhibition |- !colspan=\"9\" style=| Regular season |- !colspan=\"6\" style=| Big Ten Women's Tournament |- !colspan=9 style=| NCAA Tournament Rankings See also 2022–23 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team References External links Official website 2022–23 media guide Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball seasons Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball Illinois",
"title": "2022–23 Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "39340066",
"text": "Jacqueline Manny (; born December 29, 1987) is an American former professional soccer defender who last played for the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League. Early life Santacaterina was raised in Geneva, Illinois, where she attended Geneva High School and finished her high school career with 49 goals and 47 assists in 70 games, all as midfielder for the Lady Vikings. In 2005, she helped lead Geneva to a third-place finish in Illinois class AA and was named Kane County Player of the Year. She earned Suburban Prairie North Conference MVP honors in 2004 and 2005 and was listed as a Top 150 recruit by Soccer Buzz. Santacaterina helped lead the club soccer team, Eclipse Select, to consecutive United States Youth Soccer Association (USYSA) national championships in 2004 and 2005 followed by a Region II title in 2006. As a member of the Illinois state Olympic Development Program (ODP) team from 2000 to 2005, she helped guide the squad to a second-place national finish in 2005. Santacaterina also earned All-State honors in 2004 and 2005. University of Illinois Santacaterina attended the University of Illinois where she played for the Fighting Illini from 2006 to 2009. During her freshman year, she was named to the Big Ten All-Freshman team, Top Drawer Soccer's All-Rookie first team, Soccer Buzz's Great Lakes Region All-Freshman team and the All-Illini Tournament team. In 2007, she started in all 21 matches and was named to the Soccer Buzz All-Great Lakes Region second team and All-Big Ten second team. During her junior season, she started all 23 matches and was named to the All-Big Ten second team. During her final season, she was named team Co-MVP and was one of 11 Illini to register at least 1,000 minutes of play. Playing career In 2013, Santacaterina was selected in the fourth round (28th overall) of the 2013 NWSL Supplemental Draft by the Chicago Red Stars for the inaugural season of the National Women's Soccer League. Following the 2014 NWSL season, Santacaterina announced her retirement, citing inability to recover from a soccer injury. References External links Chicago Red Stars player profile 1987 births Living people American women's soccer players Chicago Red Stars players Illinois Fighting Illini women's soccer players Women's association football defenders Soccer players from Illinois National Women's Soccer League players Women's Premier Soccer League players Women's Premier Soccer League Elite players",
"title": "Jackie Santacaterina"
},
{
"docid": "75971594",
"text": "Seth Coleman (born December 7, 2000) is an American football defensive end for the Illinois Fighting Illini. Early life and high school Coleman attended high school at Holy Trinity Episcopal Academy. Coming out of high school, Coleman was rated as a three-star recruit where he decided to commit to play college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini. College career In Coleman's first career season in 2020, he recorded 13 tackles with three and a half going for a loss. In week three of the 2021 season, Coleman had his breakout game notching six tackles, with one being for a loss, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, and a pass deflection. In the 2021 season, Coleman played in ten games where he recorded 22 tackles with three going for a loss, two sacks, two pass deflections, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery. Heading into the 2022 season, Coleman won a starting job on the Fighting Illini defense. In week six of the 2022 season, Coleman logged five tackles with two being for a loss, two sacks, and a pass deflection, in a win over the Iowa Hawkeyes. In week nine, Coleman forced an errant throw as he hit quarterback Casey Washington which resulted in a game-changing interception, as the Illini went on to win. During the 2022 season, Coleman tallied 45 tackles with five being for a loss, four and a half sacks, ten quarterback hurries, and six pass deflections, as for his performance he was named an honorable mention all Big-Ten selection. During the 2023 season, Coleman totaled 50 tackles with nine being for a loss, along with six sacks. For his performance on the year, Coleman was named a Big-Ten honorable mention. Coleman decided to return to the Fighting Illni for his sixth season in 2024. References External links Illinois Fighting Illini bio 2000 births Living people Players of American football from Florida American football defensive ends Holy Trinity Episcopal Academy alumni Illinois Fighting Illini football players",
"title": "Seth Coleman"
},
{
"docid": "41566932",
"text": "The Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team, representing the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, has had 68 players drafted into the National Basketball Association (NBA) since the league began holding the yearly event in 1947. Each NBA franchise seeks to add new players through an annual draft. The NBA uses a draft lottery to determine the first three picks of the NBA draft; the 14 teams that did not make the playoffs the previous year are eligible to participate. After the first three picks are decided, the rest of the teams pick in reverse order of their win–loss record. To be eligible for the NBA draft, a player in the United States must be at least 19 years old during the calendar year of the draft and must be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class. The drafts held between 1947 and 1949 were held by the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The BAA became the National Basketball Association after absorbing teams from the National Basketball League in the fall of 1949. Official NBA publications include the BAA Drafts as part of the NBA's draft history. From 1967 until the ABA–NBA merger in 1976, the American Basketball Association (ABA) held its own draft. Through the 2018 NBA draft, a Fighting Illini has been chosen first round of the draft 15 times in the history of the event with Meyers Leonard being the latest in 2012. Key Players selected in the BAA and NBA drafts References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini NBA draft",
"title": "List of Illinois Fighting Illini in the NBA draft"
},
{
"docid": "28239540",
"text": "The 2010 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Fighting Illini, led by sixth-year head coach Ron Zook, are members of the Big Ten Conference and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. They finished the season 7–6, 4–4 in Big Ten play and were invited to the Texas Bowl where they defeated Baylor 38–14. Schedule References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Texas Bowl champion seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football",
"title": "2010 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"
},
{
"docid": "47416424",
"text": "The 1927 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois in the 1927 Big Ten Conference football season. The Fighting Illini compiled a 7–0–1 record (5–0 against Western Conference opponents) and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 152 to 24. Illinois was also ranked No. 1 in the nation in the Dickinson System ratings released in December 1927. Illinois was also retroactively named as the national champion for 1927 by the Billingsley Report, Helms Athletic Foundation, National Championship Foundation, and Parke H. Davis. Center Robert Reitsch and guard Russ Crane were selected as first-team players on the 1927 All-America college football team: Reitsch by the North American Newspaper Alliance and Lawrence Perry; and Crane by Grantland Rice for Collier's Weekly. Reitsch was also the team captain. Other notable players included halfback Jud Timm; end Garland Grange; and tackle Butch Nowack. Schedule Roster Head coach: Robert Zuppke (15th year at Illinois) References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons College football national champions Big Ten Conference football champion seasons College football undefeated seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football",
"title": "1927 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"
},
{
"docid": "59434338",
"text": "Clyde Gobel Alwood (January 1, 1895 – August 14, 1954) was an American college basketball standout for Illinois in the 1910s. A forward, Alwood played for the Fighting Illini from 1913 to 1917, scoring 242 points in 41 games during his three years of varsity play earning a varsity letter each year. Graduating from Clinton High School, Alwood was the son of Henry Alwood and Minnie (Rundle) Alwood. He married twice in his life, his first marriage was to Martha Amy Hargitt and his second was to Doris Jean Keifer. University of Illinois Alwood enrolled at the University of Illinois in the fall of 1913 and join the varsity basketball team. His sophomore year placed him as a starting forward for the 1914–15 Fighting Illini team that finished as the only team in Illinois history with a perfect record, 16 wins and 0 losses. This team was not only Big Ten Conference Champions, but was also named Helms National Champions as well as Premo-Poretta National Champions. This was the University of Illinois's first national championship. As a junior, Alwood maintained his starting role with an Illini team that finished in second place in the conference with an overall record of 13 and 3. Alwoods' senior season, while playing for hall-of-fame coach Ralph Jones, brought the Fighting Illini an additional Big Ten Conference championship. Alwood was named the team captain for the 1916–17 season and the Illini finished their schedule with an overall record of 13 wins and 3 losses and a conference record of 10 wins and 2 losses. The season brought two prestigious awards to Alwood, the Big Ten Medal of Honor, given to the one student-athlete from the graduating class of each university who had “attained the greatest proficiency in athletics and scholastic work”, while also being named a consensus All-American. This team was extremely special in the history of Illinois basketball due to the fact that it included the university's first Helms National Player of the Year, Ray Woods, as well as the National Football League's co-founder George Halas. References 1895 births 1954 deaths All-American college men's basketball players American men's basketball players Basketball players from Ohio Forwards (basketball) Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players Sportspeople from Zanesville, Ohio",
"title": "Clyde Alwood"
},
{
"docid": "31571774",
"text": "Milton Martin Olander (January 25, 1899 – December 30, 1961) was an American college football player and coach. Olander was born in 1899 at Rockford, Illinois. His father, Frank Olander, emigrated from Sweden in 1881 and became a saloon keeper in Rockford. His mother, Selma Olander, emigrated from Sweden in 1888. He had two older brothers, Carl (born May 1895) and Clarence (born April 1897). Olander graduated from Rockford High School, where he played on the football, basketball and track teams and was captain of the football team for two years. He next enrolled at the University of Illinois where he played at the tackle position for Robert Zuppke's Fighting Illini football teams from 1918 to 1921. The University of Illinois yearbook noted: \"'Milt' was the leading factor in the Illini line. His steadiness characterized him as Zup's most heady player. This was his fourth season.\" At the time of the 1920 United States Census, Olander was working as a laborer in a warehouse and living in Rockford with his mother, his older brother Clarence, and his younger sister Alice. After graduating from Illinois, Olander served as the head football coach at the Western State Normal School (now known as Western Michigan University) in 1922 and 1923. In his first year as a head coach, he led Western State to a perfect 6–0 record as his team outscored its opponents 160 to 0. In April 1924, Olander signed a contract to return to the University of Illinois as the freshman football coach. He served as an assistant football coach at Illinois through the 1934 season. At the time of the 1930 United States Census, Olander was living in Champaign, Illinois with his wife Mary S. Olander, daughter Suzanne Olander, and son Milton M. Olander, Jr. His occupation at that time was listed as an assistant coach for a university. In 1940, Olander was appointed as the head of the Athletic Board of Control at the University of Illinois. Olander lived in Sylvania, Ohio in his later years. He worked as the director of industrial relations for Owens-Illinois Glass Co. at Toledo, Ohio. In 1953, he was offered a position as an Assistant Secretary of Labor in the administration of President Dwight Eisenhower. Olander died in December 1961 at Toledo at the age of 62. Olander was one of the original members of the parks commission in Sylvania, Ohio. In recognition of his efforts, the city's park system is known as The Olander Park System. The city's largest park, Olander Park, and its lake, Lake Olander, are also named after him. Head coaching record References External links 1899 births 1961 deaths American football tackles Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches Illinois Fighting Illini football players Western Michigan Broncos football coaches Players of American football from Rockford, Illinois People from Sylvania, Ohio Coaches of American football from Illinois",
"title": "Milton Olander"
},
{
"docid": "5567312",
"text": "Huff Hall is a 4,050-seat multi-purpose arena in Champaign, Illinois, United States. The arena opened in 1925 and was known as Huff Gymnasium until the 1990s. It is named after George Huff, who was the school's athletic director from 1895 to 1935. Huff Hall is home to the University of Illinois Fighting Illini volleyball and wrestling teams. Prior to the opening of Assembly Hall in 1963, it was home to the basketball team as well. Currently Huff Hall is used for a variety of sporting events, including men's and women's gymnastics, men's wrestling, and women's volleyball. At each athletic event banners are hung of past Illini heroes to remind the crowd of the rich tradition that Illini athletics have had. Every March from 1926 to 1962, Huff Gymnasium played host to the state finals of the Illinois High School Association boys' basketball tournament. Huff Hall also served as the home of the women's basketball team. Beginning in the 1970s and continuing through the mid-1990s, the team once again used Huff Hall for home games, as it struggled to fill up the Assembly Hall. Since 1997 the team has used the Assembly Hall exclusively, although it struggles with a losing record and to fill up the Assembly Hall. From 1927 to 2002 Huff Hall was also home to a 25-yard swimming pool which served as the home of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Underwater Hockey club and the University of Illinois Water Polo Club. The pool had a consistent depth of 8 ft. which made it ideal for these activities. In addition to hosting athletic events, Huff Hall is also the home of the College of Applied Health Sciences. History Originally called the \"New Gymnasium\", Huff Hall was designed in the Georgian-Revival Style by Charles A. Platt and university architect James M. White. The building's architecture matches that of the Armory, Main Library, the Union, and other campus buildings. At the conclusion of its $772,000 construction in 1925, Huff Hall replaced the Military Drill Hall (now known as Kenney Gym Annex) as the home for Fighting Illini basketball. The \"New Gymnasium\" was renamed Huff Gymnasium in 1937 following the longtime athletic director's passing. Men's basketball records at Huff Hall Notes: *denotes incomplete or partial records. **denotes played 9 games at Huff Hall but finished season at Assembly Hall. (N/R) denotes no records References Indoor arenas in Illinois Defunct college basketball venues in the United States College gymnastics venues in the United States College volleyball venues in the United States College wrestling venues in the United States Gymnastics venues in Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's basketball venues Illinois Fighting Illini men's gymnastics venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's gymnastics venues Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball venues Illinois Fighting Illini wrestling venues Swimming venues in Illinois Volleyball venues in Illinois Wrestling venues in Illinois Sports venues in Champaign–Urbana, Illinois Tourist attractions in Champaign County, Illinois Buildings and structures of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 1925 establishments in",
"title": "Huff Hall"
},
{
"docid": "54343579",
"text": "Mac Paul Wenskunas (June 8, 1922 – August 3, 1957) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Quincy College from 1947 to 1949 and at North Dakota Agricultural College—now known as North Dakota State University—from 1950 to 1953, compiling a career head coaching record of 30–27–1. A native of Georgetown, Illinois, Wenskunas played college football as a center at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He lettered for the Illinois Fighting Illini in 1942, 1945, and 1946. He was captain of the 1946 Illinois Fighting Illini football team, which won the Big Ten Conference and the 1947 Rose Bowl. He was a member of the 1947 All-Star team. His college playing years were interrupted by his service in the Marines during World War II. He was drafted by the Chicago Cardinals in the second round of the 1946 NFL draft with the 11th overall pick, but he was just a junior at the time and did not go to the NFL that year. The following year, he was drafted by the Chicago Rockets with the 136th pick in the 18th round of the 1947 AAFC Draft. Instead of playing football, he went into coaching. He spent three years as the head football coach at Quincy College, where his teams went 19–6 over three seasons and won the Pioneer Conference every year. He then became head coach of North Dakota Agricultural College. After leaving coaching he moved to Athens, Ohio and then Decatur, Illinois working as a salesman for the Jostin Classroom Jewlery Company. Wenskunas died with his wife in a two car crash on August 3, 1957, near Boody, Illinois that also killed three other people. Head coaching record References External links 1922 births 1957 deaths American football centers Illinois Fighting Illini football players Quincy Hawks football coaches North Dakota State Bison football coaches People from Georgetown, Illinois Coaches of American football from Illinois Players of American football from Illinois Road incident deaths in Illinois",
"title": "Mac Wenskunas"
},
{
"docid": "2127805",
"text": "Deron Michael Williams ( ; born June 26, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Illinois Fighting Illini before being drafted third overall in the 2005 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz. A three-time NBA All-Star with the Jazz and Brooklyn Nets, Williams also played for Beşiktaş of the Turkish Basketball League during the 2011 NBA lockout, and was a gold medal winner on the United States national team at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics. Early life and high school career Williams was born in Parkersburg, West Virginia. In elementary school and middle school, Williams won two state wrestling championships. In 1993, as an eight-year-old, he won the 67 lb. weight class Texas State championship. Four years later in 1997, he won the twelve-year-old 116 lb. weight class championship. Williams attended The Colony High School in The Colony, Texas and averaged 17 points, 9.4 assists, and 2 steals per game as a junior in 2001. That year he led his team, the Cougars, to a 32–2 record and the Class 5A state semifinals against Bryan High. In 2002, as a senior, he averaged 17.6 points, 8.5 assists, 6.1 rebounds, and 2.6 steals per game. His team, the Cougars, went 29–2 that season, losing the 5A Texas State semifinals. Williams was a teammate of Bracey Wright who went on to play for Big Ten rival Indiana University. College career Williams was recruited to play college basketball at the University of Illinois for the 2002–03 NCAA season by Bill Self. In his freshman year, he started 30 of 32 games and ranked third in the Big Ten Conference in assists with 4.53 per game. Bruce Weber assumed the head coach position for the Illini in April 2003 and helped develop Williams throughout his remaining collegiate career. As a sophomore, Williams improved his scoring average from 6.3 to 14.0 points per game and improved his assists per game from the prior year to 6.17. Williams was a First-Team All-Big Ten selection by both the coaches and media. In 2005, as a junior starting point guard, Williams led the Fighting Illini to the NCAA championship game where they lost to the University of North Carolina. That season saw the Illini go undefeated until the final game of the regular season when they lost to Ohio State by one point. Illinois's road to the Final Four was marked by a comeback win over the Arizona Wildcats, where the Illini, led by Williams, came back from fifteen points down in the final minutes to win the game. Williams made the game-tying three-point shot with just 38.5 seconds left in regulation. He then hit the go-ahead three-pointer in overtime, and the Illini never looked back in that game. Williams received many awards after the 2004–05 season. Those honors include being named a consensus Second Team All American, as well as being named First Team All-Big Ten, Big Ten All-Tournament Team, and All-Final Four team and at the conclusion of",
"title": "Deron Williams"
},
{
"docid": "47379667",
"text": "The 1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1923 Big Ten Conference football season. In their 11th season under head coach Robert Zuppke, the Fighting Illini compiled an 8–0 record (5–0 against Big Ten Conference opponents), tied with Michigan for the Big Ten championship, shut out five of eight opponents, and outscored their opponents by a total of 136 to 20. There was no contemporaneous system in 1923 for determining a national champion. However, Illinois was retroactively named as the national champion by the Boand System, College Football Researchers Association, Helms Athletic Foundation, and Parke H. Davis, and as a co-national champion by the Berryman QPRS system, National Championship Foundation, and Jeff Sagarin (using the ELO-Chess methodology). Halfback Red Grange, known as \"The Galloping Ghost\", tallied 723 rushing yards and scored 12 touchdowns in seven games. In 2008, Grange was named by ESPN as the best college football player of all time. He was also a charter member of both the College and Pro Football Halls of Fame. Grange and Guard Jim McMillen were consensus first-team picks on the 1923 All-America college football team. McMillen was also the team captain. This was the first season for the Fighting Illini at Memorial Stadium, where the team plays their home games to this day. Schedule Roster Head coach: Robert Zuppke (11th year at Illinois) Awards and honors The following Illinois players received honors on the 1923 All-America college football team and/or the 1923 All-Big Ten Conference football team: Halfback Red Grange Consensus first-team All-American First-team All-Big Ten selection by Norman E. Brown and Walter Eckersall Guard Jim McMillen Consensus first-team All-American First-team All-Big Ten selection by Brown and Eckersall End Frank Rokusek Second-team All-American selected by Lawrence Perry Second-team All-Big Ten selection by Brown and Eckersall Quarterback Harry A. Hall Second-team All-Big Ten selection by Eckersall Fullback Earl Britton Second-team All-Big Ten selection by Brown and third-team selection by Eckersall References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons College football national champions Big Ten Conference football champion seasons 1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football",
"title": "1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"
},
{
"docid": "53224570",
"text": "The 2017 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign during the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Fighting Illini played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois, and competed in the West Division of the Big Ten Conference. They were led by second-year head coach Lovie Smith. They finished the season 2–10, 0–9 in Big Ten play to finish in last place in the West Division. Recruiting Position key Recruits The Fighting Illini signed a total of 25 recruits. Schedule Illinois announced its 2017 football schedule on July 11, 2013. The 2017 schedule consisted of 7 home and 5 away games in the regular season. The Fighting Illini hosted Big Ten foes Indiana, Nebraska, Northwestern, Rutgers, Wisconsin, and traveled to Iowa, Minnesota, Ohio State, and Purdue. The Fighting Illini hosted two of the three non-conference opponents, Ball State from the Mid-American Conference and Western Kentucky (WKU) from Conference USA, and traveled to South Florida from the American Athletic Conference. Schedule Source: Game summaries Ball State WKU At South Florida Nebraska At Iowa Rutgers At Minnesota Wisconsin At Purdue Indiana At Ohio State Northwestern Roster References Illinois Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons Illinois Fighting Illini football",
"title": "2017 Illinois Fighting Illini football team"
}
] | [
"newspaper changed its name"
] |
train_42441 | who was president of united states in april 1975 | [
{
"docid": "24560657",
"text": "Anti-communist forces South Vietnam Political Ngô Đình Diệm was the President of South Vietnam from 1955 until his assassination in 1963. Dương Văn Minh led the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) under President Diệm and was briefly leader of South Vietnam in 1963 and 1975. He was the last president of South Vietnam. Nguyễn Khánh was an ARVN general who was in power from early 1964 to 1965. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu was an ARVN general who became the President of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1975. Nguyễn Cao Kỳ was air vice-marshal and commander of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) until 1967 who became the Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1967 and the Vice President from 1967 to 1971. Trần Văn Hương was the second to last President of South Vietnam before its surrender in 1975. Military Cao Văn Viên was an ARVN general who served as chairman of the Joint General Staff from October 1965 to April 1975. Hoàng Xuân Lãm was an ARVN general, commander of I Corps (1967–1972). Ngô Quang Trưởng was an ARVN general and commander of I Corps (1972–1975). Trần Văn Minh was an RVNAF general and RNVAF commander from November 1967 to April 1975. Trần Văn Chơn was a Republic of Vietnam Navy rear admiral and navy commander from 1966 to 1974. Lê Nguyên Khang was the commander of the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps. Nguyễn Ngọc Loan was commander of the Republic of Vietnam National Police from April 1966 to May 1968. United States Political Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Richard Nixon was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until he resigned in 1974 Gerald Ford was the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Robert McNamara was the 8th Secretary of Defense, serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968. Clark Clifford was the 9th Secretary of Defense, serving under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1968 to 1969. Melvin R. Laird was the 10th Secretary of Defense, serving under President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973. James R. Schlesinger was the 12th Secretary of Defense, serving under President Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford from 1973 to 1975. Henry Kissinger was the 8th National Security Advisor and the 56th Secretary of State, serving under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford from 1969 to 1977 Military Earle Wheeler was a United States Army General who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1964 to 1970. Thomas Hinman Moorer was a United States Navy admiral who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 to 1974. William Westmoreland was a U.S. Army General who commanded American military",
"title": "Leaders of the Vietnam War"
},
{
"docid": "681127",
"text": "The 94th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from January 3, 1975, to January 3, 1977, during the last two years of Gerald Ford's presidency. This is the most recent Congress with a Republican senator from Hawaii, Hiram Fong, and Democratic senators from Utah and Wyoming, Frank Moss and Gale W. McGee. Fong retired and the other two lost re-election at the end of the 94th Congress. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1970 United States census. The Democrats not only maintained their majorities in the House and Senate, but would increase their numbers to supermajority status in both chambers. Major events January 15, 1975: 1975 State of the Union Address April 30, 1975: Fall of Saigon June 10, 1975: The Rockefeller Commission issued its report on CIA abuses, recommending a joint congressional oversight committee on intelligence. September 5, 1975: Failed assassination attempt against President Ford by Lynette Fromme September 22, 1975: Another failed assassination attempt against President Ford by Sara Jane Moore July 4, 1976: United States Bicentennial November 2, 1976: 1976 United States House of Representatives elections and 1976 United States Senate elections: Democrats retain congress 1976 United States presidential election: Jimmy Carter (D) elected President December 12, 1976: Congressional Hispanic Caucus formed Major legislation March 29, 1975: Tax Reduction Act of 1975, , May 23, 1975: Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, , November 29, 1975: Education for All Handicapped Children Act, , December 22, 1975: Energy Policy and Conservation Act, , December 23, 1975: Metric Conversion Act, December 23, 1975: Revenue Adjustment Act (Earned Income Tax Credit), , December 31, 1975: Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, , February 5, 1976: Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act, , April 13, 1976: Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, , May 11, 1976: Federal Election Campaign Act, , June 30, 1976: Arms Export Control Act, , September 13, 1976: Government in the Sunshine Act, , September 14, 1976: National Emergencies Act, , September 30, 1976: Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act, , October 11, 1976: Toxic Substances Control Act, , October 12, 1976: Overhaul of vocational education programs , October 19, 1976: Copyright Act of 1976, , October 21, 1976: Federal Land Policy and Management Act, , October 21, 1976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, , October 21, 1976: Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, , October 22, 1976: National Forest Management Act, , Party summary Senate House of Representatives Leadership Senate President: Nelson Rockefeller (R) President pro tempore: James Eastland (D) Permanent Acting President pro tempore: Lee Metcalf (D) Majority (Democratic) leadership Majority Leader: Mike Mansfield Majority Whip: Robert Byrd Democratic Caucus Secretary: Frank Moss Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: J. Bennett Johnston Minority (Republican) leadership Minority Leader: Hugh Scott Minority Whip: Robert P. Griffin Republican Conference Chairman: Carl Curtis Republican Conference Secretary: Robert Stafford National Senatorial Committee Chair:",
"title": "94th United States Congress"
},
{
"docid": "61267036",
"text": "The following is a timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford from January 1, 1975, to December 31, 1975. January January 1 – Ford signs the Privacy Act of 1974. January 4 – Ford signs the Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974. Among other changes, the law permanently implements a national 55-mph speed limit (which had already been a temporary limit) for the Interstate Highway System. January 4 – Ford names a Blue Ribbon panel, chaired by Vice President Rockefeller, to review CIA Activities within the United States in response to allegations made in a December New York Times article by Seymour Hersh. January 13 – Ford delivers a \"fireside chat\" to the nation, outlining his proposals to fight inflation, the economic recession, and energy dependence. January 15 – In his first State of the Union Address, Ford announces bluntly that \"the state of the Union is not good. Millions of Americans are out of work. Recession and inflation are eroding the money of millions more. Prices are too high, and sales are too slow.\" To remedy these problems, Ford proposes tax cuts for American families and businesses, and strongly advocates for the reduction of government spending. February February 7 – Edward H. Levi is sworn in as the new Attorney General of the United States replacing William B. Saxbe, whom Ford appoints as U.S. Ambassador to India. March March 10 – Carla Hills becomes United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the first woman to serve in this position. March 29 – Ford signs the Tax Reduction Act of 1975. April April 3 – President Ford announces Operation Babylift, which would evacuate about 2,000 orphans from south Vietnam. April 8 – President Ford signs Executive Order 11850, a renunciation of certain uses in war of chemical herbicides and riot control agents. The executive order restricts the use of herbicides, and riot control agents, including tear gas. Each and every use would require explicit approval. April 10 – As divisions of the North Vietnamese Army approach Saigon; Ford addresses a joint session of Congress to request, unsuccessfully, financial assistance for South Vietnam and Cambodia. (Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act of 1975) During the speech two freshman Democrats, Toby Moffett of Connecticut and George Miller of California walk out in protest. April 12 – Ford orders the evacuation of U.S. personnel (military and civilian) and allied Cambodians from Cambodia as the Khmer Rouge advance on the capital Phnom Penh. The Khmer Rouge take over the country on April 17, 1975. April 23 – In a speech at Tulane University, President Ford declares that the Vietnam War \"is finished as far as America is concerned.\" April 28 – With the fall of Saigon to the North Vietnamese Army immanent, President Ford orders the emergency evacuation of all remaining American military personnel and civilians and at-risk South Vietnamese nationals from the city. April 29–30 – Operation Frequent Wind, the final phase in the American evacuation from South Vietnam, is carried out. More",
"title": "Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency (1975)"
},
{
"docid": "50306627",
"text": "The Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act of 1975 (H.R. 6096) was U.S. congressional legislation that proposed to designate financial resources for the evacuation and humanitarian aid of South Vietnam preceding the Fall of Saigon. The Act was not passed, however, it began the debate in Congress over how best to evacuate Vietnam and the extent of the President's power to use military troops in order to safely evacuate refugees. These conversations led to the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act which was introduced shortly after H.R. 6096 failed to pass. Legislative Plea for Indochina Evacuation Programs In his address on U.S. foreign policy on April 10, 1975, President Ford requested $722 million for emergency military assistance and an initial sum of $250 million for economic and humanitarian aid for South Vietnam. Ford also stated in his address that the situation in Vietnam had reached a \"critical phase requiring immediate and positive decisions by this government\" and that in his judgement, \"a stabilization of the military situation offers the best opportunity for a political solution.\" He also asked Congress for clarification of his authority to use troops in the evacuation of Vietnamese who aided the United States and would possibly be in danger. The request for the use of military troops by the President was met with pushback by some Democratic Congressional members. Senator Robert Byrd stated his opposition to American troops aiding evacuations efforts, saying it would be \"impractical and dangerous.\" Byrd, along with Senator Thomas F. Eagleton, also cited a “dangerous precedent” in letting the President use his inherent powers as Commander in Chief to introduce more troops into South Vietnam for an evacuation. The White House reported some of the feedback they heard via telegrams and telephone calls. They received 1,125 telegrams expressing opposition and 443 supporting the President's speech and of telephone calls reported, 342 were opposed, and 290 in favor. Just a week later, the Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act was introduced in the House and sought to authorize $150 million, much lower than the $722 million Ford had proposed. The Act The Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act was introduced in the House on April 17, 1975. It sought to authorize $150 million for the President to use as deemed necessary and appropriate, for humanitarian assistance in, and evacuation programs from, South Vietnam. This bill would also permit funds already authorized for Indochina Postwar Reconstruction that were not directly allocated to humanitarian relief during evacuation. Section 3 of the bill waived specific provisions of law that might otherwise limit the President's authority to use appropriated funds to carry out the evacuation safely with troops. The bill also defined those eligible for evacuation assistance as: (a) American citizens; (b) dependents of American citizens and of permanent residents of the United States; (c) Vietnamese nationals eligible for immigration to the United States by reason of their relationships to American citizens; and (d) such other foreign nationals to whose lives a direct and imminent threat exists.",
"title": "Vietnam Humanitarian Assistance and Evacuation Act of 1975"
},
{
"docid": "37766998",
"text": "On September5, 1975, Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, a member of the Manson Family cult, attempted to assassinate United States president Gerald Ford in Sacramento, California. Fromme, who was standing a little more than an arm's length from Ford, pointed a M1911 pistol at him in the public grounds of the California State Capitol building and without chambering a round in the gun, unsuccessfully attempted to fire. After the assassination attempt, Ford continued to walk to the California state house, where he met with Governor Jerry Brown. For her crime, Fromme spent 34 years in prison and was released on August14, two years and seven months after Ford's death. The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan, later received the M1911 pistol used in the assassination attempt as a gift, and the gun was put on display. History Lynette Fromme, who was nicknamed \"Squeaky\" by George Spahn, was a follower of cultist Charles Manson, leader of the group convicted of murdering actress Sharon Tate and eight others in Los Angeles, California, in 1969. Fromme was one of the earliest followers of Manson, and had a reputation as being one of the most devoted. Through the years, Fromme assumed a leadership role in keeping Manson cult members in communication with each other after most of them had been imprisoned. In April 1971, Fromme served 90 days in jail for attempting to feed a hamburger laced with the psychedelic drug LSD to Barbara Hoyt, a witness to the Tate murder, to keep Hoyt from testifying in the murder trial. Fromme lived at 1725 P Street in Sacramento () in an attic apartment with Sandra Good, a close friend who also was a long-time member of the Manson Family. Four years later in 1975, Fromme wanted to confront President Ford on the environmental pollution his campaign brought forth and its effects on ATWA (air, trees, water, animals). Events leading towards the assassination attempt In July 1975, California's relatively new governor, Democrat Jerry Brown, refused to commit to speak at the 49th annual Sacramento \"Host Breakfast,\" an annual gathering of wealthy California business leaders to be held in the Sacramento Convention Center on the morning of September 5, 1975. To teach Brown a political lesson, for what he would describe more than 30 years later as a \"dilatory response\" to the invitation, the politically powerful group invited U.S. President Ford, a Republican, to make the September 5, 1975, morning speech instead. Ford saw California's electoral votes as critical to his success in the 1976 United States presidential election and accepted the invitation to speak at the Host Breakfast. In early August 1975, The New York Times reported that the United States Environmental Protection Agency had released a study entitled \"A Spectroscopic Study of California Smog,\" showing that smog was widespread in rural areas. The New York Times article also noted how President Ford had just asked the United States Congress to relax provisions of the 1963 Clean Air Act beyond the 1970 Clean Air",
"title": "Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento"
},
{
"docid": "11146929",
"text": "Operation New Life (23 April – 1 November 1975) was the care and processing on Guam of Vietnamese refugees evacuated before and after the Fall of Saigon, the closing day of the Vietnam War. More than 111,000 of the evacuated 130,000 Vietnamese refugees were transported to Guam, where they were housed in tent cities for a few weeks while being processed for resettlement. The great majority of the refugees were resettled in the United States. A few thousand were resettled in other countries or chose to return to Vietnam on the vessel Thuong Tin. Background In April 1975, as the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) advanced on Saigon, the United States carried out evacuations from South Vietnam, such as Operation Babylift and Operation Frequent Wind for Americans, nationals of allied countries, Vietnamese children or adults who had worked for or been closely associated with the U.S. during the Vietnam War. To deal with the refugees, President Gerald Ford created the Interagency Task Force (IATF) for Indochina on 18 April 1975. It tasked a dozen government agencies with the responsibility to transport, process, receive and resettle Indochinese refugees, nearly all Vietnamese, in the United States. Ford appointed L. Dean Brown of the Department of State to head Operation New Life. Later he was replaced by Julia V. Taft of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW). To finance Operation New Life the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act was adopted on 23 May 1975. This act allocated funding of $305 million for the State Department and $100 million for HEW. Nearby countries in Southeast Asia declined to accept the Vietnamese evacuees, fearing that they would have them on their soil permanently. However, Governor Ricardo Bordallo, agreed to grant the Vietnamese temporary asylum on Guam, some from Saigon. On April 23, Rear Admiral George Stephen Morrison, commander of U.S. Naval forces on Guam, was ordered to \"accept, shelter, process and care for refugees as they were removed from South Vietnam.\" More than 130,000 Vietnamese were evacuated from South Vietnam by air and sea during the last few days of April. A few went to other locations, such as Wake Island, but most were transported to Guam by U.S. and South Vietnamese naval ships, commercial vessels and military and commercial aircraft. A total of 111,919 Vietnamese would be housed temporarily and processed for entry into the United States on Guam. That total included 2,600 orphans and abandoned children evacuated from South Vietnam under Operation Babylift who transited Guam on 3 and 4 April en route to the United States. Guam had a substantial U.S. military presence to care for the Vietnamese refugees. Andersen Air Force Base on the northern end of the island was the U.S.'s biggest B-52 base and Naval Base Guam was a large deep-water port for naval vessels. Typhoons frequently impact Guam and the military and civilian personnel involved in Operation New Life feared that a typhoon would strike Guam while the Vietnamese were living in tents",
"title": "Operation New Life"
},
{
"docid": "19792916",
"text": "The Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, passed on May 23, 1975, under President Gerald Ford, was a response to the Fall of Saigon and the end of the Vietnam War. Under this act, approximately 130,000 refugees from South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia were allowed to enter the United States under a special status, and the act allotted special relocation aid and financial assistance. Historical context The end of the Vietnam War left millions of Southeast Asians displaced. In South Vietnam alone, the war had created over 6 million refugees from 1965 to 1971. Preceding May 1975, the United States policy for Southeast Asian refugees had been to assist by resettling them in safer areas of their home nations. As the war began to come to a close in early 1975, the State Department prepared an evacuation plan for U.S. forces as well as 18,000 Vietnamese refugees, but it quickly became apparent that this evacuation plan did not meet the massive need of the refugees. When the South Vietnam government rapidly deteriorated in April 1975, President Ford authorized an evacuation of up to 200,000 refugees. Enactment and provisions The Indochina Migration and Refugee Act was signed on May 23, 1975, and allocated funding of $305 million for the Department of State and $100 million for the Department of Health, Education and Welfare for the resettlement of Vietnamese and Cambodian refugees in the United States. This act financed the transportation, processing, reception, and resettlement costs of more than 130,000 Vietnamese who had been evacuated from Vietnam during Operation Frequent Wind and who were granted parole by the Attorney General to enter the United States. Most of the refugees were initially transported to Guam for processing (See Operation New Life) and then transported onward to temporary immigration centers set up at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida; Camp Pendleton, California; Fort Chaffee, Arkansas; and Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania. Each refugee underwent a security check and could theoretically be denied admittance if he or she \"violated a social norm, had a criminal record, or had offenses that were political in nature.\" However, involuntary repatriation to Vietnam was not an option. A team effort of dozens of immigration agencies aided in the resettlement process, including the United States Catholic Conference, Church World Service, International Rescue Committee, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, the Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service, the Tolstoy Foundation, the American Council for Nationalities Service, the American Fund for Czechoslovak Refugees, the Travelers Aid International Social Service of America, as well as several state and city service centers. In 1975, almost 130,000 refugees were paroled through this system, which finished its initial operations at Fort Chaffee in December of that same year. While the first year of the Act had come to a close, it opened the doors for years of mass refugee acceptance. Opposition Although many politicians thought it appropriate and necessary for the United States to provide a safe haven for those denied their human rights, some questioned the fairness of the Indochina",
"title": "Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act"
},
{
"docid": "35257060",
"text": "The following events occurred in April 1975: April 1, 1975 (Tuesday) Neak Leung fell to Khmer Rouge insurgency, cutting off a critical supply line to the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh. Cambodia's President Lon Nol left that nation forever, eventually settling in Hawaii. Senate President Saukam Khoy took over from Lon Nol as President of Cambodia, serving until April 12, when he was able to escape the approaching Khmer Rouge on the same helicopter as the American ambassador. The American \"Freedom Train\" began its tour of the United States in celebration of the United States Bicentennial, starting with a display in Wilmington, Delaware, and then proceeding westward. After reaching San Diego on January 14, the train began its return trip, stopping in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1976, and finishing its tour on December 31 in Miami. In all, 7,000,000 visitors would see the train and its exhibits. Died: George Parr, 74, Texas politician known as \"The Duke of Duval\", by suicide. His manipulation of election results in Duval County, Texas, helped future U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson become a U.S. Senator for Texas in 1948. April 2, 1975 (Wednesday) The CN Tower was topped off at 1,185.4 feet or 553.33 meters in height, as the last section was put into place by a helicopter, making the building the largest free-standing structure in the world. The Tower would open on June 26, 1976. A bus, carrying French pilgrims on its way back from Notre Dame de la Salette to Loiret, lost its brakes, then plunged 80 feet into a ravine near Vizille, killing 27 people. Born: Pedro Pascal, Chilean-American actor, in Santiago, Chile Adam Rodríguez, American TV actor (Eric Delko on CSI: Miami) in Yonkers, New York Died: Dong Biwu, 89 Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China since 1959 April 3, 1975 (Thursday) Bobby Fischer refused to play in a chess match against Anatoly Karpov in Manila, turning down a chance to receive at least $1,500,000 and becoming the first world chess champion to voluntarily give up his title. At Amsterdam, the FIDE voted to award Karpov the world chess championship title. Fischer had not defended the title since winning it in 1972, and Karpov became the new champ \"without moving a pawn\". At the request of John Gunther Dean, the American ambassador to Cambodia, U.S. President Ford ordered the evacuation of all Americans from Phnom Penh. Israel and South Africa signed SECMENT, a secret mutual defense agreement, following a meeting in Jerusalem between the defense ministers, P. W. Botha of South Africa and Shimon Peres of Israel. Born: Koji Uehara, Japanese star baseball pitcher, Central League Rookie of the Year 1999; later a relief pitcher for MLB Orioles and Rangers, in Neyagawa; and Yoshinobu Takahashi, Japanese baseball outfielder, in Chiba. Both Uehara and Takahashi won the Mitsui Golden Glove Award multiple times while playing for the Yomiuri Giants. Died: Mary Ure, 42, Scottish film actress and wife of actor Robert Shaw, died of an overdose of alcohol",
"title": "April 1975"
},
{
"docid": "2390001",
"text": "Nathaniel Davis (April 12, 1925 – May 16, 2011) was a career diplomat who served in the United States Foreign Service for 36 years. His final years were spent teaching at Harvey Mudd College, one of the Claremont Colleges. Early years Davis was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on April 12, 1925. His father, Harvey Nathaniel Davis, taught at Harvard University and his mother, Alice Rohde Davis, was a research medical doctor. In 1928, the family moved to the campus of Stevens Institute of Technology, in Hoboken, New Jersey, upon the appointment of Harvey Davis as the college's president. Nathaniel Davis attended the Stevens Hoboken Academy and graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy, in Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1942. He attended Brown University, where he served in the Navy Reserve. He graduated from Brown and obtained a commission as an ensign in the U.S. Navy in September 1944, but as a member of the Class of 1946. He served aboard the aircraft carrier until 1946. He earned a master's degree and ultimately a doctorate from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy of Tufts University in 1960. Diplomatic career Davis began his Foreign Service career with an assignment in Prague in 1947, followed by postings in Florence, Rome and Moscow, before returning to the U.S. in 1956 to work at the Soviet Desk at the State Department in Washington, D.C. His next foreign assignment was in Caracas, Venezuela, from 1960 to 1962. From 1962 to 1965, he served in the Peace Corps, first as Special Assistant to the Director, R. Sargent Shriver, and later deputy director for Program Development and Operations. He left the Peace Corps in 1965 to serve as the United States Envoy to Bulgaria (1965–1966). After his ambassadorship in Bulgaria, he served on the staff of the National Security Council in the White House, as President Lyndon B. Johnson's senior advisor on Soviet and Eastern European affairs, as well as the United Nations. In 1968, he went to Guatemala to serve as Ambassador to Guatemala (1968–1971), followed by service as Ambassador to Chile (1971–1973). He was ambassador in Chile during the presidency of Salvador Allende and through the coup that deposed him. Davis wrote a history of that period called The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende. Upon his return from Chile, he held two positions at the assistant secretary level: as Director General of the Foreign Service (1973–1975) and as the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs in the Ford administration from 1975 to 1976. Davis resigned from the latter post over a policy difference with then-Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, regarding covert action in Angola. Resignation Operation IA Feature, a covert Central Intelligence Agency operation, authorized U.S. government support for Jonas Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and Holden Roberto's National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) militants in Angola. President Gerald Ford approved the program on July 18, 1975, despite strong opposition from officials in the State Department, including Davis, and the",
"title": "Nathaniel Davis"
},
{
"docid": "75344878",
"text": "The Eighty-Second Wisconsin Legislature convened from to in regular session, and also convened in four special sessions. This was the first legislative term since 1893, when the Democratic Party of Wisconsin held the Governor's office and majorities in both chambers of the Legislature. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first two years of a four-year term. Assembly members were elected to a two-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 5, 1974. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the third and fourth year of a four-year term, having been elected in the general election of November 7, 1972. Major events January 1, 1975: Former Attorney General of the United States John N. Mitchell was convicted of perjury for his part in the Watergate scandal. Former White House chief of staff H. R. Haldeman and former White House domestic affairs advisor John Ehrlichman were convicted on perjury, conspiracy, and obstruction charges. January 6, 1975: Second inauguration of Patrick Lucey as Governor of Wisconsin. April 1, 1975: 1975 Wisconsin Spring election: Voters ratified two amendments to the state constitution: Allowing the state to take on debt to make veterans' housing loans. Repealing the section of the constitution which removed voting rights from any person found to have engaged in or facilitated a duel. Voters also rejected two other amendments to the state constitution: Would have allowed municipalities to bypass normal debt limits to pay for revenue-generating infrastructure. Would have allowed the state to take on debt to fund transportation infrastructure (beyond the existing allowances for highways and port facilities). This referendum was later ruled invalid and ordered to be rerun. April 30, 1975: Saigon was captured by forces of the People's Army of Vietnam, effectively ending the Vietnam War. November 15, 1975: The 1st G6 summit was held at Rambouillet, France. April 6, 1976: 1976 Wisconsin Spring election: Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter won the 1976 Wisconsin Democratic presidential primary. Wisconsin voters rejected an amendment to the state constitution which would have raised the limit on municipal indebtedness. May 11, 1976: U.S. President Gerald Ford signed the Federal Election Campaign Act into law. May 23, 1976: Wisconsin Supreme Court chief justice Horace W. Wilkie died. Justice Bruce F. Beilfuss became the 22nd chief justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court due to the rule of seniority. September 7, 1976: Wisconsin Governor Patrick Lucey appointed Shirley Abrahamson to the Wisconsin Supreme Court, to succeed Horace W. Wilkie. She was the first female justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court. November 2, 1976: 1976 United States general election: Jimmy Carter (D) elected President of the United States. William Proxmire (D) re-elected United States senator from Wisconsin. Wisconsin voters again rejected the amendment to the state constitution which would have allowed state to take on debt to fund transportation infrastructure. Major legislation July 30, 1975: An Act ... relating to state finances and appropriations constituting the executive budget bill of the' 1975 legislature,",
"title": "82nd Wisconsin Legislature"
},
{
"docid": "41668504",
"text": "John Palmer Gaillard Jr. (April 4, 1920 – July 28, 2006) was an American politician who was mayor of Charleston, South Carolina from 1959 to 1975. The Gaillard Center is named after him. During his tenure, Gaillard significantly expanded the size of Charleston by annexing nearby neighborhoods. Early life and mayorship John Gaillard was born on Easter Sunday, April 4, 1920, in Charleston to J. Palmer Gaillard and Eleanor Lucas Gaillard. After his education, he enlisted in the United States Navy, two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor. He served as a pilot for four years and was later discharged as a lieutenant in November 1945. Upon his return to Charleston, he founded the Seaboard Lumber & Supply Co. in 1946 and In 1951 he was elected to the Charleston City Council. He was re-elected in 1955 and served until 1959 when he was elected the Mayor of Charleston. Gaillard was re-elected three times and served until 1975. During his administration, the city expanded its boundaries for the first time since 1849, more than doubling in size during his time in office by taking control of land in West Ashley. In 1962, Gaillard took part in local efforts to change I-95's planned route further away from Florence and closer to Charleston. Gaillard also endorsed St. Julian Devine for a seat on the city council which Devine won, making him the first African American to hold a seat on the council since Reconstruction. Later life In 1975, he was named Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Reserve Affairs by President Gerald Ford. He announced his resignation as mayor on April 24, 1975, upon his nomination to the federal post by Sen. Strom Thurmond; at his final City Council meeting, the civic auditorium was renamed in his honor as the Gaillard Municipal Auditorium. In 1977, Gaillard returned to Charleston and assumed the vice presidency of contracting firm Ruscon Corporation, a position he retained until his retirement in 1985. He died on July 28, 2006, in Charleston, South Carolina, when he accidentally pulled his car out in front of an on-coming truck; the truck driver was not charged. He is buried at St. Philips Episcopal Church in Charleston. References 1920 births 2006 deaths 20th-century American politicians Mayors of Charleston, South Carolina Road incident deaths in South Carolina South Carolina city council members South Carolina Democrats United States Navy pilots of World War II",
"title": "J. Palmer Gaillard Jr."
},
{
"docid": "58485679",
"text": "Wiley Thomas Buchanan, Jr. (January 4, 1913 – February 16, 1986) was an American diplomat and author who served as the Chief of Protocol of the United States and the U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg and Austria. Early life Buchanan was born on January 4, 1913 in Grand Saline in Van Zandt County, Texas. He was the son of Wiley Thomas Buchanan (1880–1953) and Lilla (née Youngblood) Buchanan (1885–1975). Along with his siblings, which included Ava Nell Buchanan Inglish, Kathleen Millie Buchanan Tennison, and Avon Arnold Buchanan, he was a \"Texas cotton, lumber and oil heir.\" His paternal grandparents were James Richard Buchanan, a relative of President James Buchanan, and Mary Cordelia (née Bohanan) Buchanan, who married William Pittman Sides after his grandfather's death in 1883. Buchanan attended the Terrill School in Dallas, then Southern Methodist University, also in Texas, and George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Career Mr. Buchanan began his government career with a World War II agency called the War Production Board. He later became an official with the National Production Authority in the early 1950s. Diplomatic career On September 12, 1953, he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Luxembourg by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to replace fellow Texan and outsize personality and steel heiress Perle Mesta. He presented his credentials on December 1, 1953, and, two years later, when the two countries agreed to raise their respective missions to embassy level, he was promoted, appointed on September 9, 1956, and confirmed (during a recess of the U.S. Senate), as the U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg. Buchanan left his post in Luxembourg on December 20, 1956. Shortly after returning from Luxembourg, Eisenhower appointed Buchanan became Chief of Protocol, a role designed to assist the international diplomats stationed in the United States. He was protocol chief until January 1961 when John F. Kennedy was inaugurated as President and he was succeeded by Angier Biddle Duke, the former Ambassador to El Salvador and a close friend of Kennedy. In 1959, The Washington Post described Buchanan as follows: \"What kind of a man is Wiley Buchanan? ... He is of medium height--five feet, eight and a half inches of shrewd determination... Buchanan has the same firm lines around his jaw and the same love of hospitality which characterized his ancestor, the fifteenth President of the United States, James Buchanan... His formidable fortune, flowing originally from Texas lumber, cotton, and oil, keeps multiplying through his Washington real estate foresight.\" After leaving the government, he wrote an amusing memoir in which he candidly discussed his work as head of protocol. The book, Red Carpet at the White House: Four Years as Chief of Protocol in the Eisenhower Administration, was published in 1964. Buchanan was a close friend of Richard Nixon, and contributed to his campaign for president. On March 25, 1975, then President Gerald Ford appointed Buchanan as the U.S. Ambassador to Austria. He presented his credentials on April 2, 1975, and served throughout the rest of the Ford administration, leaving",
"title": "Wiley T. Buchanan Jr."
},
{
"docid": "27482204",
"text": "William Garton Bowdler (March 27, 1924 – January 19, 2016) was an American diplomat. Biography William G. Bowdler was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina on March 27, 1924. He later immigrated to Florida, and served in the U.S. Army from 1944 to 1946. He became a U.S. citizen in 1945. He was educated at the University of Richmond, receiving a B.A. in history in 1948. He then attended The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, receiving an M.A. in 1949. In 1950, Bowdler joined the United States Department of State as a research assistant. In 1951, he became an international administration officer, and from 1952 to 1956, he was an international relations officer in the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs. He spent 1956 through 1961 as a political and consular officer in Havana. Bowdler then served as an international relations officer from 1961 to 1963. He spent 1963-64 as the State Department's Deputy Coordinator of Cuban Affairs, and then served as executive liaison officer for Latin American affairs with the White House from 1964 through 1968. In 1968, President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson chose Bowdler as United States Ambassador to El Salvador, and Bowdler held this post from November 15, 1968, until September 2, 1971. In 1971, President Richard Nixon appointed him United States Ambassador to Guatemala, and he filled this post from October 19, 1971, through August 26, 1973. Bowdler returned to the United States in 1973, becoming Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs; he served as Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs in 1974. President Gerald Ford appointed Bowdler as United States Ambassador to South Africa in 1975, with Bowdler filling this post from May 14, 1975, until April 19, 1978. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter nominated Bowdler as Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research and Bowdler held this office from April 24, 1978, to December 17, 1979. Carter then named Bowdler Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, and Bowdler held that office from January 4, 1980, until January 16, 1981. References President Carter's Nomination of Bowdler as Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs William Bowdler 1924 births United States Assistant Secretaries of State The Stony Brook School alumni University of Richmond alumni Ambassadors of the United States to El Salvador Ambassadors of the United States to Guatemala Ambassadors of the United States to South Africa Diplomats from Buenos Aires Argentine emigrants to the United States 2016 deaths American expatriates in Cuba",
"title": "William G. Bowdler"
},
{
"docid": "54926516",
"text": "The Bartley-Fox Law (also known as the Bartley-Fox Amendment) is a Massachusetts law that sets a one-year mandatory minimum sentence for anyone found to be illegally carrying a firearm. It was passed by the Massachusetts General Court in 1974 and took effect in April 1975. Studies on its effectiveness have been mixed, and its strict provisions have been subject to criticism. Background and passage The Bartley-Fox Law was co-sponsored by, and named after, Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives David M. Bartley and retired judge J. John Fox. The text mandates a one-year prison sentence for anyone convicted of possession of a firearm without a license in the state of Massachusetts, and added two years to the sentence of anyone convicted of committing a crime with a gun. Bartley-Fox passed the Massachusetts General Court without any significant opposition, becoming the first such law ever to be enacted in the United States. The law was originally intended to come into effect in January 1975, but Bartley led an effort to delay it until April 1 to ensure that the state's citizens were fully aware of the significant penalties. To accomplish this, Bartley-Fox was accompanied by extensive publicity of the fact that the ban on unlicensed possession of handguns would now be strictly enforced. As part of the campaign, TV spots aired beginning in February 1975 with the slogan \"If you are caught with a gun, you will go to prison for a year and nobody can get you out.\" Despite these efforts, newspapers reported in April that authorities were \"swamped\" with individuals trying to obtain the legally required gun licenses and firearm identification cards. In July 1975, Bartley and Fox authored an op-ed in The New York Times, where they stated that the law was \"designed to remove the temptation to carry guns and thereby reduce the chance that they will be used ... Only the person who insists on carrying a weapon without legal authority need fear this law.\" Two months later, they wrote a letter to the editor of the same paper after the two attempted assassinations of US President Gerald Ford: Effects Politically, the Bartley-Fox Law was criticized by both sides of the United States' gun debate. Pro-gun advocates like the National Rifle Association (NRA) opposed it for placing restrictions on a person's ability to carry a gun, with one NRA spokesperson stating that \"it only affects the lawful gun owner, who is turned into a criminal.\" Gun control advocates, on the other hand, opposed the law's one year mandatory minimum sentence. Still, a 1981 Gallup opinion poll indicated that 62% of Americans would support state-level legislation like Bartley-Fox, although 58% would oppose any law that would ban handguns—including Massachusetts, which in the same year rejected such a measure for the seventh straight time. Also in 1981, the administration of Governor Edward J. King removed what they called \"unfriendly\" signs on Massachusetts state borders that advertised the Bartley-Fox Law, in an effort to increase tourism. Early research",
"title": "Bartley-Fox Law"
},
{
"docid": "795364",
"text": "The Humanitarian Service Medal (HSM) is a military service medal of the United States Armed Forces which was created on January 19, 1977 by President Gerald Ford under . The medal may be awarded to members of the United States military (including Reserve and National Guard members) who distinguish themselves by meritorious participation in specified military acts or operations of a humanitarian nature. Creation Julia V. Taft, the director of the Interagency Task Force (IATF) for Indochinese resettlement proposed the establishment of a Humanitarian Service Medal for U.S. military personnel and submitted the request to President Gerald R. Ford on November 10, 1975. The medal was to be awarded to those personnel that participated in the evacuation of Vietnamese and Cambodian refugees after the Vietnam War. The proposal was met with dissent by Army Lieutenant General Harold G. Moore, who was concerned that the military was over-decorating its personnel with awards of participation rather than those of extraordinary achievement. He proposed a certificate of achievement as a more appropriate recognition. Army Lieutenant General John W. Vessey supported the creation of the medal as a precedent to recognize military participation in major humanitarian actions. Vessey's view prevailed and President Ford established the medal in 1977 as one of the last acts of his presidency. Criteria This medal is presented as an individual service medal. The activities in which the Humanitarian Service Medal may be authorized are designated by the United States Department of Defense. Such activities include natural disaster relief, evacuation of non-combatants from a hostile area, or humanitarian support to refugees. This medal may not be awarded for services rendered in domestic disturbances involving law enforcement, riots, or protection of property. This medal may also not be presented if either the Armed Forces Service Medal or Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal was presented for the same period of service. The Humanitarian Service Medal is retroactive to April 2, 1975. The Department of the Army awards the Civilian Award for Humanitarian Service for similar service by Army civilian employees, as well as private U.S. and foreign citizens. Appearance Centered on the obverse of the medal within a circle, is a right hand pointing diagonally upward with open palm, (to symbolize a giving or helping hand). At the top of the reverse of the medal is the inscription, For Humanitarian Service in three lines. Below this is an oak branch, with three leaves and three acorns, and below this, around the outside edge of the medal, is the inscription, United States Armed Forces. Additional awards and devices Subsequent awards of the Humanitarian Service Medal are denoted by wearing a bronze service star on the HSM suspension and service ribbon. A silver service star is worn in lieu of five bronze service stars. Approved operations Below is a list of approved operations in accordance with the Department of Defense. References 1977 establishments in the United States Awards established in 1977 Humanitarian and service awards United States service medals",
"title": "Humanitarian Service Medal"
},
{
"docid": "61223889",
"text": "The United States foreign policy during the 1974–1977 presidency of Gerald Ford was marked by efforts to de-escalate the Cold War. Ford focused on maintaining stability and promoting détente with the Soviet Union. One of Ford's key foreign policy achievements was the signing of the Helsinki Accords in 1975. The accords were a series of agreements between the US, Soviet Union, and other European countries that aimed to promote human rights, economic cooperation, and peaceful relations between East and West. Ford met with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev several times, and the two countries signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) in 1979, which aimed to limit the number of nuclear weapons held by the two superpowers. However, Ford's foreign policy was also marked by setbacks. The fall of South Vietnam in 1975 was a blow to US credibility and influence in the world. He presided over the final stages of the Vietnam War, announcing in April 1975 that U.S. participation in the war had ended. In the aftermath of the war, his administration responded forcefully to both the Mayaguez incident and an incident with North Korea in Panmunjom. The US also faced challenges in the Middle East, with the 1973 oil crisis and the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict. In the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War, the Ford administration facilitated completion of the Sinai Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt. Leadership Appointments Upon assuming office, Ford inherited Nixon's cabinet. Ford quickly replaced Chief of Staff Alexander Haig with Donald Rumsfeld, who had served as a counselor to the president under Nixon. Rumsfeld and Deputy Chief of Staff Dick Cheney rapidly became among the most influential people in the Ford administration. Secretary of State and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger and Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger remained highly influential officials early in Ford's tenure. Ford retaines Kissinger as Secretary of State throughout his presidency, but Brent Scowcroft replaced Kissinger as National Security Advisor in 1975. Cold War Ford continued Nixon's détente policy with both the Soviet Union and China, easing the tensions of the Cold War. In doing so, he overcame opposition from members of Congress, an institution which became increasingly assertive in foreign affairs in the early 1970s. This opposition was led by Senator Henry M. Jackson, who scuttled a U.S.–Soviet trade agreement by winning passage of the Jackson–Vanik amendment. The thawing relationship with China brought about by Nixon's 1972 visit to China was reinforced with another presidential visit in December 1975. Despite the collapse of the trade agreement with the Soviet Union, Ford and Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev continued the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, which had begun under Nixon. In 1972, the U.S. and the Soviet Union had reached the SALT I treaty, which placed upper limits on each power's nuclear arsenal. Ford met Brezhnev at the November 1974 Vladivostok Summit, at which point the two leaders agreed to a framework for another SALT treaty. Opponents of détente, led by Jackson, delayed Senate consideration of the treaty until",
"title": "Foreign policy of the Gerald Ford administration"
},
{
"docid": "6766669",
"text": "Jerry Lyle Pettis (July 18, 1916 – February 14, 1975) was an American politician and a four-term Congressman from California from 1967 to 1975. He was also a rancher, teacher, aviator, religious leader, and businessman. Pettis was the first Seventh Day Adventist elected to Congress. Political career In 1966, he was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives, and he was re-elected in 1968, 1970, 1972 and 1974. He represented California's 33rd Congressional District until January 1975 and its 37th Congressional District thereafter. Background and personal life Educated in Arizona and California, he graduated from Pacific Union College in Angwin, California in 1938. He did graduate work at the University of Southern California and the University of Denver in 1939-1941 before becoming a businessman. He served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and was a pilot for United Airlines. He was a Seventh-day Adventist. Death and legacy Pettis was killed on February 14, 1975, when the Beechcraft Model V35B Bonanza he was piloting crashed near Cherry Valley, California, after he encountered adverse weather conditions. He is buried at Montecito Memorial Park in Colton, California. Pettis's wife, Shirley Neil Pettis, replaced him in the House when she won a special election on April 29, 1975. The Jerry Pettis Memorial Veterans Administration Hospital in Loma Linda, California, was so named in his honor. His congressional papers are located in the Archives & Special Collections at Loma Linda University. During the 1970s, the Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Scholarship was established and is awarded by the American Medical Association Foundation to \"students pursuing careers in science communications\". See also List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99) References External links Entry in the Biographical Directory of Congress President Ford's statement on the occasion of his death University of Denver alumni Pacific Union College alumni 1916 births 1975 deaths 20th-century American legislators Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States University of Southern California alumni Accidental deaths in California American Seventh-day Adventists Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1975",
"title": "Jerry Pettis"
},
{
"docid": "163484",
"text": "Give 'em Hell, Harry! is a biographical play and 1975 film, written by playwright Samuel Gallu. Both the play and film are a one-man show about former President of the United States Harry S. Truman. Give 'em Hell, Harry! stars James Whitmore, and was directed by Steve Binder and Peter H. Hunt. Title origin The title comes from an incident that took place during the 1948 presidential election campaign. In Bremerton, Washington, Truman delivered a speech attacking the Republicans. During the speech, a supporter yelled out, \"Give 'em Hell, Harry!\" Truman replied, \"I don't give them Hell. I just tell the truth about them, and they think it's Hell.\" Subsequently, \"Give 'em Hell, Harry!\" became a lifetime slogan for Truman supporters. History The play previewed in Hershey, Pennsylvania, followed by its official opening at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D. C. Its April 17, 1975, premiere was hosted by Truman's daughter Margaret, and attended by President Gerald Ford. The play then went on to a six-city tour, during which it was videotaped for film on the stage of the Moore Theatre in Seattle, using a live editing process called Theatrovision. It was also recorded and released by United Artists Records. Although the play has been regularly revived, it did not make its New York debut until July 2008 at St. Luke's Theatre. Clifton Truman Daniel portrayed his grandfather in the title role in several performances in 2023. Accolades Give 'em Hell, Harry! is only the third film to have its entire credited cast (Whitmore) nominated for an Oscar, the first two being Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? in 1966, for which almost all members excluding the extras were nominated, and Sleuth in 1972. References External links Department Of The Interior National Register of Historic Places and B.P.O.E. #1181 / City of Bremerton plaques commemorating location of Truman's \"Give Em Hell Harry\" speech. 1975 films Cultural depictions of Harry S. Truman Filmed stage productions Films about presidents of the United States Films directed by Peter H. Hunt Films directed by Steve Binder Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album Monodrama One-character films Plays based on real people Plays for one performer 1970s English-language films",
"title": "Give 'em Hell, Harry!"
},
{
"docid": "21811361",
"text": "Robert J. O'Conor Jr. (June 22, 1934 – June 5, 2023) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas and an attorney in private practice. Education and career O'Conor was born in Los Angeles, California. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Texas at Austin in 1956. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Texas School of Law in 1957. He was in the United States Army Reserve as a Captain in the JAG Corps from 1957 to 1964. He was in private practice of law in Laredo, Texas from 1958 to 1975. Federal judicial service O'Conor was nominated by President Gerald Ford on March 17, 1975, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas vacated by Judge Ben Clarkson Connally. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 24, 1975, and received his commission on April 25, 1975. O'Conor's service was terminated on September 30, 1984, due to his resignation. Post judicial service After his resignation from the federal bench, O'Conor returned to the private practice of law in Houston, Texas. He remained active with law firm FedArb, which provides alternative dispute resolution in complex commercial cases. In addition to his service with FedArb, he also maintained a private law practice with his wife, Helen D. O'Conor. References Sources 1934 births 2023 deaths Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas United States district court judges appointed by Gerald Ford 20th-century American judges United States Army officers University of Texas School of Law alumni Lawyers from Los Angeles",
"title": "Robert J. O'Conor Jr."
},
{
"docid": "29449713",
"text": "Vietnamese boat people () were refugees who fled Vietnam by boat and ship following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. This migration and humanitarian crisis was at its highest in the late 70s and early 80s, but continued well into the early 1990s. The term is also often used generically to refer to the Vietnamese people who left their country in a mass exodus between 1975 and 1995 (see Indochina refugee crisis). This article uses the term \"boat people\" to apply only to those who fled Vietnam by sea. The number of boat people leaving Vietnam and arriving safely in another country totaled almost 800,000 between 1975 and 1995. Many of the refugees failed to survive the passage, facing danger from pirates, over-crowded boats, and storms. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, between 200,000 and 400,000 boat people died at sea. The boat people's first destinations were Hong Kong and the Southeast Asian locations of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Tensions stemming from Vietnam's disputes with Cambodia and China in 1978 and 1979 caused an exodus of the majority of the Hoa people from Vietnam, many of whom fled by boat to China. The combination of economic sanctions, the legacy of destruction left by the Vietnam War, policies of the Vietnamese government, and further conflicts with neighboring countries caused an international humanitarian crisis, with Southeast Asian countries increasingly unwilling to accept more boat people on their shores. After negotiations and an international conference in 1979, Vietnam agreed to limit the flow of people leaving the country. The Southeast Asian countries agreed to admit the boat people temporarily, and the rest of the world, especially more developed countries, agreed to assume most of the costs of caring for the boat people and resettle them in their countries. From refugee camps in Southeast Asia, the great majority of boat people were resettled in more developed countries. Significant numbers resettled in the United States, Canada, Italy, Australia, France, West Germany, and the United Kingdom. Several tens of thousands were repatriated to Vietnam, either voluntarily or involuntarily. Programs and facilities to carry out resettlement included the Orderly Departure Program, the Philippine Refugee Processing Center, and the Comprehensive Plan of Action. Background The Vietnam War ended on April 30, 1975, with the fall of Saigon to the People's Army of Vietnam and the subsequent evacuation of more than 130,000 Vietnamese closely associated with the United States or the former government of South Vietnam. Most of the evacuees were resettled in the United States in Operation New Life and Operation New Arrivals. The U.S. government transported refugees from Vietnam via aircraft and ships to temporarily settle down in Guam before moving them to designated homes in the contiguous United States. Within the same year, communist forces gained control of Cambodia and Laos, thus engendering a steady flow of refugees fleeing all three countries. In 1975, President Gerald Ford signed the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, budgeting roughly 415",
"title": "Vietnamese boat people"
},
{
"docid": "20804226",
"text": "Dick Yin Wong (September 13, 1920 – December 26, 1978) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii. Education and career Wong was born on September 13, 1920, in Honolulu, Hawaii. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Hawaiʻi in 1942. He received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Hawaiʻi in 1944. He received a Juris Doctor from Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law in 1950. He was in the United States Army as a staff sergeant from 1945 to 1947. He was an accountant in Chicago, Illinois, from 1947 to 1949. He was in private practice of law in Honolulu, from 1950 to 1951, from 1960 to 1961, from 1962 to 1968 and from 1973 to 1975. He was an accountant in Honolulu, from 1951 to 1961 and from 1962 to 1968. He was a Judge of the Hawaii Tax Appeal Court, from 1960 to 1968. He was a Judge of the First Circuit Court of Hawaii, from 1968 to 1973. Federal judicial service Wong was nominated by President Gerald Ford on March 17, 1975, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii vacated by Judge Martin Pence. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 24, 1975, and received his commission on April 25, 1975. His service was terminated on December 26, 1978, due to his death. See also List of Asian American jurists List of first minority male lawyers and judges in the United States List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Hawaii References Sources 1920 births 1978 deaths Lawyers from Honolulu Hawaii state court judges Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii United States district court judges appointed by Gerald Ford 20th-century American judges University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni 20th-century American lawyers United States Army non-commissioned officers Hawaii people of Chinese descent United States Army personnel of World War II",
"title": "Dick Yin Wong"
},
{
"docid": "20552672",
"text": "During his time in office, President Gerald Ford made one appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States. Ford nominated John Paul Stevens to replace Associate Justice William O. Douglas, whom Ford had unsuccessfully attempted to initiate impeachment proceedings against as a congressman. In December 1974, the 76-year-old Douglas suffered a stroke while vacationing in Nassau, Bahamas that paralyzed his left arm and leg. Douglas was discharged from Walter Reed Army Medical Center in March 1975, and was in and out of the hospital for the remainder of the 1974-1975 term. Although Chief Justice Warren E. Burger urged Douglas to retire, Douglas showed no intention of doing so. However, Douglas’ condition continued to deteriorate, and on October 28, 1975, his doctors told him his condition would never improve and that he would be paralyzed and in near-constant pain for the rest of his life. On November 12, 1975, Douglas announced that he would immediately retire and assume senior status. On November 28, 1975, Ford nominated John Paul Stevens to replace Douglas. Stevens was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1975. Politics Ford, who had been appointed to the Vice Presidency after Nixon’s second term began, and who assumed the Presidency without having sought the office, did not articulate a philosophy for the kind of justices he would like to appoint to the Supreme Court, the way subsequent presidents did. It is significant that Ford involved himself less in the earlier stages of the process of identifying candidates for the court than some later presidents did; when the Douglas vacancy arose, he essentially left the decision up to his attorney general, Edward H. Levi. At the same time, one of Ford’s reasons for attempting as a congressman to impeach Douglas in 1970 involved what Ford called Douglas’ “liberal opinions.” John Paul Stevens nomination After Douglas announced his retirement on November 12, 1975, Ford asked attorney general Edward Levi to draw up a list of potential candidates. Ford was under pressure from Democrats in Congress to replace Douglas with another liberal, but at the same time, he was under similar pressure from Republicans to name a conservative. Ford handed Levi the task of narrowing down the list of candidates to a manageable number, and Levi then gave Ford a list of eighteen candidates, grouped into four categories based on Levi’s impressions of them. Ford annotated the list and ranked the contenders, narrowing the list to “five or six names,” Ford later wrote. The list included United States Solicitor General Robert Bork, United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit judge John Paul Stevens, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit judge Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy, United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Carla Anderson Hills, and United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit judge Arlin Adams. Bork wound up being disqualified because of his close ties to Nixon, while Adams was considered to be a solid conservative without Bork’s associations, but flashy and",
"title": "Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "1469018",
"text": "John Moran Bailey (November 23, 1904 – April 10, 1975) was an American politician who played a major role in promoting the New Deal coalition of the Democratic Party and its liberal policy positions. Bailey dominated Connecticut Democratic politics as a party chairman, from 1946 to his death in 1975. He typically had a decisive voice in selecting the party's candidates for top offices and in coordinating Democrats in the state legislature. He was even more powerful as the chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1961 until 1968 and was one of the main behind-the-scenes backers of John F. Kennedy. An Irish Catholic, Bailey was educated at The Catholic University of America and Harvard Law School. State politics John M Bailey, was one of the proud founders of the Young Democrats of America, serving as a national officer in 1935 from Connecticut, an organization which was crafted from the Presidential Candidacy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1933. Bailey was the dominant figure in Connecticut politics between 1950 and his death in 1975. From his office in Hartford two blocks from the State Capitol, he coordinated and controlled statewide election campaigns and the activities of the Connecticut General Assembly. Bailey's tenure as head of the Connecticut Democratic party was credited with turning the state from one politically dominated by WASP Yankee Republicans to one dominated by Democratic candidates of Roman Catholic and Jewish background, such as Abraham Ribicoff, Thomas Dodd, John Dempsey, and Ella T. Grasso. His Republican rival was Meade Alcorn, who also happened to serve as national chairman of his party. Prior to his statewide activities, Bailey had served in local roles in his home city of Hartford. Federal politics Bailey's term as DNC chairman was a roller-coaster ride, as he oversaw the party's moment of greatest political strength (following the 1964 electoral landslide) and greatest political weakness (the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago). He was also the first Chairman to oversee the loss of the South. Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, Bailey and the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, oversaw the greatest electoral landslide in United States history, with the party winning 486 electoral votes as well as supermajorities in both houses of the US Congress. The 1966 elections to the House of Representatives and the Senate saw Republican gains but Democrats retaining control of both houses of Congress as well as the majority of governorships. In 1968, the Republican Party again nominated Richard Nixon as the presidential nominee and quickly rallied around him. However, the Democrats were more divided, particularly over the controversial Vietnam War. Senator Eugene McCarthy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, Senator George McGovern, Vice President Hubert Humphrey were only some of those who sought the nomination, with Bailey co-presiding over the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. In the end, Nixon was elected, but the Democrats retained their majority in both houses of Congress. Death Bailey died in 1975 and was interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Connecticut.",
"title": "John Moran Bailey"
},
{
"docid": "358683",
"text": "Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (; born 28 November 1941) is a Mauritanian military officer who served as the President of Mauritania from 1984 to 2005. During his presidency, he pursued policies of Arab nationalism while deepening ties with the United States. Having come to power through a bloodless military coup, he was ousted by a military coup himself in 2005. Prior to his presidency, he was the 5th Prime minister of Mauritania between 1981 and 1992 (except for a brief period in 1984). Early years Born in the town of Atar (Adrar Region), Ould Taya attended a Franco-Arabic Primary School from 1949 to 1955. He then attended Rosso High School in southern Mauritania. After graduation, he attended a French military school in 1960 and graduated as an officer the next year. In 1975, he received strategic training at the French War Academy. In 1978, the Mauritanian Army seized power and ousted long-time President Moktar Ould Daddah, in an attempt to forestall government collapse in the war over Western Sahara against the Polisario Front (1975–79). Ould Taya was among the conspirators, and quickly gained influence within the government. President of Mauritania (1984–2005) After holding various positions in the military, Ould Taya was appointed Chief of Staff of the Army in January 1981, during the rule of military head of state Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla. In the aftermath of a failed coup against Ould Haidalla in March 1981, Ould Taya was appointed Prime Minister on 25 April 1981, replacing civilian Prime minister Sid'Ahmed Ould Bneijara. He held this office until 8 March 1984, when Ould Haidalla, who was still head of state, took over the post. On 12 December 1984, while Ould Haidalla was out of the country, Ould Taya seized power and declared himself Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation (CMSN). In October 1987, Ould Taya's military government allegedly uncovered a tentative coup d'état by a group of black army officers, backed, according to the authorities, by Senegal. Several officers were arrested, interrogated, and possibly tortured, leading to the acquittal of only seven. Senegal-Mauritania War The discord between conflicting visions of Mauritanian society as either black or Arab again rose to the surface during the intercommunal violence that broke out in April 1989. This tension grew when the Mauritania-Senegal border dispute escalated into violence between the two nations. Even before the war, Ould Taya and Abdou Diouf, president of Senegal at the time, had been engaged in a dispute after the completion of dams on the Senegal River. Ould Taya argued that Senegalese representatives in the OMVS had refused to create river harbors during construction, diminishing Mauritania's ability to exploit phosphate deposits. Heightened ethnic tensions created an additional catalyst for the Mauritania–Senegal Border War, which started as a result of a conflict in Diawara between Moorish Mauritanian herders and Senegalese farmers over grazing rights. The border between Senegal and Mauritania was then closed, and the two nations ended diplomatic ties with each other. As the war continued, some Fula",
"title": "Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya"
},
{
"docid": "72176914",
"text": "With the exception of temporary recess appointments, in order for a Justice to be appointed to the United States Supreme Court, they must be approved by a vote of the United States Senate after being nominated by the president of the United States Senate. Not all nominees put forward by presidents have advanced to confirmation votes. General overview of the history of Supreme Court confirmation votes Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, known as the Appointments Clause, empowers the President of the United States to nominate and, with the confirmation (advice and consent) of the United States Senate, appoint public officials, including justices of the Supreme Court. The president has the plenary power to nominate and to appoint, while the Senate possesses the plenary power to reject or confirm the nominee prior to their appointment. Of the 163 nominations that presidents have submitted for the court, 137 have progressed to a full-Senate vote. 126 were confirmed by the Senate, while 11 were rejected. Of the 126 nominees that were confirmed, 119 served (seven of those who were confirmed declined to serve, while one died before taking office). The last nomination confirmed by a voice vote was that of Abe Fortas on August 11, 1965. The last time a roll call vote on a nomination was unanimous was that of Anthony Kennedy on February 3, 1988. The first of the eleven roll call votes to result in a rejection of a nomination was the December 15, 1795 vote on the nomination of John Rutledge for chief justice, and the most recent time was the October 23, 1987 vote on the nomination of Robert Bork. In March 1917, the procedure of a cloture vote was introduced to the Standing Rules of the United States Senate as a means of ending debate and proceeding to a vote. Until 1975, cloture required the support threshold of two-thirds of senators present and voting. From 1975 until 2017, the threshold needed to invoke cloture for Supreme Court confirmation was three-fifths of all senators duly chosen and sworn-in (60 senators, if there was no more than one seat left vacant). On April 6, 2017, when considering the nomination of Neil Gorsuch, in a party-line vote the Republican Senate majority invoked the so-called \"nuclear option\", voting to reinterpret Senate Rule XXII and change the cloture vote threshold for Supreme Court nominations to a simple majority of senators present and voting. List of confirmation votes Votes before and during the First Party System: 1789–1823 Votes during the Jacksonian–National Republican era: 1826–1836 Votes during the Second Party System: 1836–1853 Votes during the Third Party System: 1857–present List of cloture votes On occasion, a cloture vote has been taken in an effort to end Senate debate and allow a confirmation vote to take place. Between the 1917 (when cloture was introduced to the Senate) and year 1975, cloture required the support threshold of two-thirds of senators present and voting. From 1975 until 2017, the threshold needed",
"title": "List of confirmation votes for the Supreme Court of the United States"
},
{
"docid": "69687194",
"text": "William Maurice Ellinghaus (April 19, 1922 – January 4, 2022) was an American business executive who had served as the president and chief operating officer of the American multinational company AT&T. He was the president of the company during its breakup in the 1980s as a settlement to a United States Department of Justice led antitrust case United States v. AT&T. He also served in New York's Emergency Financial Control Board in the 1970s helping the city through a fiscal crisis and preventing a default. Early life Ellinghaus was born on April 19, 1922, in Baltimore, Maryland to Medora (née Watkins) and N. Andrew Ellinghaus. He was the second of three siblings. His father worked with the Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company. Ellinghaus grew up in Baltimore and studied at the Forest Park High School and graduated from the school in 1940. He served in the United States Navy as a reserve sonarman between 1943 and 1945. Career Ellinghaus started his career with the Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland as a phone-installer. He went on to become the company's vice president in 1960 before joining AT&T as a vice president of the New York Telephone Company. He became president of New York Telephone in 1970 and a vice chairman of AT&T in 1976. He became AT&T's president and chief operating officer in February 1979. As a president of the company he oversaw the company's breakup in the early 1980s when AT&T's regional Bell System was disinvested into independent telephone companies as a settlement for United States Department of Justice led antitrust case United States v. AT&T. After a career spanning 44 years, he retired in 1984. During his time at the company he was known as a 'trouble-shooter' resolving among other events, a New York telephone workers' strike in 1971 that brought installation works to a standstill for many weeks, restoration of service after a major fire at the company's switching center in Manhattan, and various rate negotiations with the state of New York. Earlier, in 1975, he was made the chairman of the New York Municipal Assistance Corporation, and later a member of the Emergency Financial Control Board. Along with others including American investment banker Felix Rohatyn, he was drafted by the then governor Hugh Carey to help rescue New York through a fiscal crisis. The city was running a huge budget deficit with reduced tax earnings resulting in low cash supply for driving its operating expenses. When a federal bailout plea was rejected, the group took over the city's fiscal management. The group imposed cuts in city services spending and eventually led the city out of the fiscal crisis and from default. Ellinghaus also served as the executive vice-president of the New York Stock Exchange between 1984 and 1986, and the chairman of the New York area PBS station WNET (also referred to as Channel Thirteen) between 1984 and 1990. He was also appointed the United States' chairman for the United Nations Day in 1983 by",
"title": "William M. Ellinghaus"
},
{
"docid": "21483621",
"text": "Michael K. Randolph (born 1946) is the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi, serving in the position since 2019. Before that, he was appointed to the Supreme Court in 2004. He represents District 2 Place 3. Early years Born in 1946, Randolph is a native of Dayton, Ohio. He is the son of a construction worker who had a third-grade education. He served as an air traffic controller during the Vietnam War with the U.S. Army 1st Infantry Division and was honorably discharged in 1967. He attended Ohio State University before graduating from Rollins College with a bachelor of science in business administration in 1972; two years later, he earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Mississippi School of Law. While in law school, he joined the U.S. Naval Reserve, graduated from the Naval Justice School, and serving as an attorney with the Judge Advocate General Corps. He was honorably discharged in 1975. Career From 1975 until 2004, Randolph practiced law in Biloxi, Mississippi and Hattiesburg, Mississippi, working for several firms before starting his own practice with two others. On April 23, 2004, Gov. Haley Barbour appointed Randolph to the Mississippi Supreme Court to serve the unexpired term of former Chief Justice Edwin L. Pittman. In November 2004, Randolph was elected to the Supreme Court for an eight-year term that began January 1, 2005. He was reelected in 2012 and 2020. He became a Presiding Justice of the Supreme Court on January 1, 2013. He became Chief Justice on February 1, 2019. President Ronald Reagan appointed Randolph to serve on the National Coal Council. Randolph has also served on the board of directors for William Carey College, and was past president of the South Central Mississippi Bar Association. He is the former chairman of the Forrest County Republican Executive Committee. Personal life Randolph is married to Kathy Webb Randolph. He has three children and five grandchildren. He is a member of Temple Baptist Church. References |- 1946 births Living people 20th-century American lawyers 21st-century American judges 21st-century American lawyers Chief Justices of the Mississippi Supreme Court Justices of the Mississippi Supreme Court Rollins College alumni University of Mississippi alumni Air traffic controllers United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War United States Army soldiers United States Navy sailors United States Navy reservists",
"title": "Michael K. Randolph"
},
{
"docid": "21347294",
"text": "James Block Zagel (March 4, 1941 – July 15, 2023) was an American judge and attorney. After a stint as a prosecutor, he became a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois in 1987, assuming senior status in 2016. He presided over numerous high-profile trials, including those of several members of the Chicago Outfit and the corruption trial of former Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich. Zagel also sat on the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court from 2008 to 2015. Early life and education Zagel was born to Jewish parents in Chicago on March 4, 1941. He was the son of Samuel S. Zagel, a native of Warsaw, Poland who had immigrated to Chicago in 1915, and Ethel Samuels Zagel. Zagel earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Chicago in 1962 and a Master of Arts degree from the University of Chicago in the same year. He then earned a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1965. Professional career Zagel began his career as an assistant state's attorney in Cook County, Illinois, from 1965 until 1969, where he helped compile the case against mass murderer Richard Speck. He then served as an assistant attorney general for the State of Illinois from 1969 until 1977. Concurrent to the job as assistant attorney general, Zagel ran the Criminal Justice Division in the attorney general's office from 1970 until 1977, and he also served as chief prosecuting attorney for the Illinois Judicial Inquiry Board from 1973 until 1975. In 1977, Zagel became executive director of the Illinois Law Enforcement Commission, a post he held until 1979. From 1979 until 1980, Zagel was the director of the Illinois Department of Revenue. From 1980 until joining the federal bench in 1987, Zagel was the director of the Illinois State Police. Federal judicial service Zagel was a finalist for a federal judgeship in 1985, but was not chosen. On February 2, 1987, President Reagan nominated Zagel to be a judge on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. The United States Senate confirmed Zagel on April 21, 1987, and he received his commission on April 22, 1987. He took senior status on October 21, 2016. From 2008 to 2015, Zagel served a seven-year term on the FISA Court. Trial history Zagel presided over many notable and high-profile trials, including the Jesse Webster case and the \"Family Secrets\" trial that ended in 2007, where he convicted numerous mobsters, such as Joseph Lombardo and Frank Calabrese Sr. In April 2009, it was announced that Zagel would preside over the federal corruption trial of former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and his brother, Robert Blagojevich. The judge refused to let Blagojevich go to Costa Rica to participate in the show, I'm A Celebrity, Get Me Out Of Here, saying Blagojevich needed to prepare a good defense for his upcoming trial and focus on the reality of the current situation. The former governor's wife",
"title": "James Zagel"
},
{
"docid": "21825956",
"text": "Michael Patrick McCuskey (born June 30, 1948) is the Illinois Legislative Inspector General since his appointment on February 17, 2022. He has served as a state circuit and appellate judge, and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. Education and legal career In 1966, McCuskey graduated in a class of 16 students at Sparland High School, Sparland, Illinois. He was recruited to Illinois State University in 1966 by baseball coach Duffy Bass, who told McCuskey about the new Political Science department starting at ISU that autumn. While at ISU, he was a member of the 1969 baseball team that played in the NCAA College Division championships; a sore arm ended his pitching career. McCuskey received a Bachelor of Science degree from Illinois State University in 1970 as part the first class to graduate from ISU's Political Science department. Following graduation, he was a baseball coach and history teacher at Ottawa Township High School, Ottawa, Illinois for two years, then entered the Saint Louis University School of Law, where he received his Juris Doctor in 1975. He was in private practice as a partner in the law firm of Pace, McCuskey and Galley in Lacon, Illinois from 1975 to 1988, and was also the chief public defender of Marshall County, Illinois, from 1976 to 1988. Judicial career State judicial service He was elected an Illinois state circuit court judge on the Tenth Judicial Circuit from 1988 to 1990, where he sat in felony court at Peoria. When two new seats were created on the Illinois Appellate Court, he chose to run for one of the newly created seats. In the 1990 general election, McCuskey defeated Republican candidate William Holdridge. Robert A. Barnes Jr. was appointed by the Illinois Supreme Court to succeed him in the 10th circuit effective January 3, 1991. McCuskey served as a judge on the Illinois Appellate Court from 1990 to 1998. In 1993, he was selected its presiding judge. In 1991, he received the Illinois Public Defender Association's Award of Excellence and Meritorious Service. While an appellate court judge, McCuskey was appointed to the Administrative Committee, replacing Tobias Barry, who had served as committee chairman. After his confirmation to the federal bench by the U.S. Senate, the Illinois Supreme Court appointed former state legislator Judy Koehler to the vacancy. Federal judicial service He was nominated for the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois by President Bill Clinton on July 31, 1997, to a seat vacated by Harold Baker. McCuskey and G. Patrick Murphy's respective nominations were held by Phil Gramm in retaliation for Carol Moseley Braun blocking Gramm's preferred nominee to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission until the intervention of George Ryan. McCuskey was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 2, 1998, and received his commission on April 3, 1998. He served as chief judge of the district from December 14, 2004<ref to March 12, 2012, when he swore in successor",
"title": "Michael P. McCuskey"
},
{
"docid": "5112592",
"text": "Nguyễn Bá Cẩn (9 September 1930 – 20 May 2009) was a South Vietnamese politician who served as the penultimate Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 4 April 1975 until 28 April 1975, serving under Presidents Nguyễn Văn Thiệu (4 April to 21 April) and Trần Văn Hương (21 April to 28 April). Before becoming prime minister, he was a member of the lower house (House of Representatives) of the National Assembly representing Định Tường province and served as the second Speaker of the lower house. Early life and political career He was born on 9 September 1930 in Cần Thơ, Cochinchina, French Indochina into a family of wealthy farmers. In December 1950, he married Elizabeth Nguyễn Thị Tu, a Roman Catholic with whom he had one son and two daughters with. In 1951, he enlisted in the army to study in the First Course of the Thủ Đức Military Academy. After graduating in 1953, he continued his education by registering for and passing the entrance exam to the Dalat Ecole d'Administration in 1954. From 1954 to 1957, he attended the Dalat Ecole d'Administration in which he graduated as valedictorian with a baccalaureate in administration. He started his political career with the position of Chief of Cái Bè District, Định Tường (1958); Deputy Governor Định Tường (1959); Deputy Governor Phước Tuy (1962); then Deputy Governor of Long An Province (1964). In 1967 during the Second Republic, he was elected to the Lower House of the National Assembly, representing Định Tường province. Soon afterward, he was appointed as the Second Vice Chairman of the House of Representatives. At the end of 1967, he cooperated with Congressman Đặng Văn Sung of the Alliance of Farmers and Engineers in the Senate to establish the Bicameral Social Democratic Union. In 1969, this bloc joined forces with Mr. Trần Quốc Bửu, Chairman of the Vietnam General Confederation of Workers, to establish the Vietnam Workers' Party, with Mr. Trần Quốc Bửu as Chairman, and he became General Secretary. He was reelected for a second term in the 1971 South Vietnamese parliamentary election. During his second term (1971–1975), he was elected as the second Speaker of the House of Representatives. Prime Minister of South Vietnam (1975) In March 1975, after the army of North Vietnam had taken control of most of the Central region and the highlands, under pressure from the United States, there was a need for a sweeping reform of the composition of the government to stabilize the country, internal affairs in the South and had enough strength to engage in dialogue with the Communists, President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu invited him to take the position of Prime Minister, replacing the incumbent Prime Minister Trần Thiện Khiêm who had just resigned. On 14 April 1975, he presented the Cabinet list with the title \"Government of National Unity\" to President Thiệu. Mr. Cẩn heads a Cabinet that has many experts and politicians considered \"strong\" many times more than the previous Saigon cabinet. Deputy Prime Minister: Engineer Dương",
"title": "Nguyễn Bá Cẩn"
},
{
"docid": "21265251",
"text": "Lorene Lane Rogers (April 3, 1914 – January 11, 2009) was an American biochemist and educator who served as the 21st President of the University of Texas at Austin. She has been described as the first woman in the United States to lead a major research university. Early life and education Born on April 3, 1914, in Prosper, Texas, as Lorene Lane, she was awarded a bachelor's degree from North Texas State Teachers College (now the University of North Texas), majoring in English. She met her husband, Burl Gordon Rogers, while an undergraduate. After graduating from North Texas, Rogers became a school teacher. Her husband, Burl Rogers, was a chemist. He had graduated from the University of North Texas in 1935 with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry and taught at the University of Texas until about 1940. Around that time, he accepted a job from a chemical company, General Aniline Works, in Linden, New Jersey, where, in 1941, he died from injuries of a laboratory explosion. At a time when biochemistry was a \"field dominated by men\", Rogers decided to follow in her husband's footsteps, figuring that \"if he liked chemistry so well, that she wanted to pursue it also.\" She earned a master's degree and a doctoral degree in biochemistry from the University of Texas at Austin and taught at Sam Houston State College (now Sam Houston State University) before returning to Austin, Texas. University career Rogers had been a researcher at the University of Texas at Austin, but her application in 1962 for a teaching position was rejected, despite the fact that she had already taught courses in the chemistry department. She ultimately was given a position as a professor of nutrition in the university's home economics department, before becoming a full professor, assistant director of a biochemical institute, associate dean of graduate studies and vice president. Rogers was named as interim president of the University in September 1974, succeeding Dr. Stephen H. Spurr, who had just been dismissed after becoming the school's fifth president in a six-year period. She became president in 1975, and was variously described as the first woman to be president of a major state university or was believed to be the first. Faculty members were critical of the appointment, claiming that they should have been involved in the selection process, and protest rallies were conducted by faculty and students demanding that she resign. President Rogers and the Board of Regents were the target of a 1975 lawsuit filed by Philip L. White and seven other UT Austin professors, who claimed that they had been denied raises as part of an effort to stifle their dissent, in violation of the First Amendment rights. She served as president of the university until 1979. In a 1975 profile, Rogers described how she had \"never been one who pushed ahead and scratched the walls trying to climb my way up\". She stated that \"I had no plans or ambitions to become a career woman. If",
"title": "Lorene Rogers"
},
{
"docid": "31420653",
"text": "Atifete Jahjaga (; born 20 April 1975) is a Kosovar Albanian politician who served as the third President of Kosovo. She was the first female President of the Republic of Kosovo, the first non-partisan candidate and the youngest female head of state to be elected to the top office. She served as Deputy Director of the Kosovo Police, holding the rank of General Lieutenant Colonel, the most senior among women officers in Southeastern Europe. Early life and education Jahjaga, a Kosovo Albanian, was born in Gjakova, then a part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Her paternal descent is from Berisha in northern Albania. She attended elementary and secondary school in Gjakova and graduated from the University of Pristina at the Faculty of Law in 2000. In 2006/07, she completed a graduate and certificate program in police management and criminal law at the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom. She also received extensive professional training at the George C. Marshall European Centre for Security Studies in Germany and the FBI National Academy in the United States, and a postgraduate Certification in Crime Science at the University of Virginia in the U.S.A., in 2007. Police career After the Kosovo War, Jahjaga completed Kosovo's Police Academy to become an officer and was gradually promoted to higher ranks, initially a major, then colonel, and finally major general, giving her contribution to building Kosovo's most trusted law enforcement institution. Jahjaga held the position of the Deputy Director of the Kosovo Police, and briefly filled in as acting General Director in 2010. While serving in the Kosovo Police, she drew the attention of American officers and diplomats who presented her before senior U.S. officials on special occasions as a representative of a new generation of Kosovar civil servants. Her pictures with U.S. President George W. Bush during his visit to the FBI National Academy and with Secretary of State Hillary Clinton during her visit to Kosovo were among the few distributed through the Internet before she was placed on the national spotlight as a presidential candidate. President of Kosovo Following a political crisis that engulfed Kosovo with the resignation of President Fatmir Sejdiu and after the Constitutional Court's decision which ruled against the election of Behgjet Pacolli as President of Kosovo, on 6 April 2011, due to her background in public service and highly demonstrated integrity, Atifete was announced as the consensus candidate for the office of President of Kosovo, under support from the Democratic Party of Kosovo, Democratic League of Kosovo and New Kosovo Alliance, and supported by the US Ambassador in Kosovo, Christopher Dell. Although she enjoyed a positive reputation as a police commander, she came out of relative obscurity as a candidate for the highest office of the state, with most of the public and political leaders unaware of her political leanings. On 7 April, Jahjaga was elected President on the first round of voting by the Parliament; of 100 MPs present, 80 voted for Jahjaga and 10 cast a",
"title": "Atifete Jahjaga"
},
{
"docid": "54071435",
"text": "William Brockmann Long (born April 6, 1975) is an American emergency manager who served as the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). He was appointed to the position by President Donald Trump in April 2017 and confirmed by the United States Senate in June 2017. He served until his resignation in March 2019, following criticism of his handling of the Hurricane Maria and an ethical complaint over using official vehicles. Education Long grew up in Newton, North Carolina, graduating from Newton-Conover High School. He received his B.S. in criminal justice and M.P.A. from Appalachian State University. He also graduated from the Naval Postgraduate School's Executive Leadership Program at the Center for Homeland Defense and Security. Career Long was an emergency management official in Georgia, where he served as the Statewide Planner/School Safety Coordinator for the Georgia Emergency Management Agency from September 1999 to November 2001. He worked for the Federal Emergency Management Agency as Hurricane Program Manager from November 2001 to January 2006. Long was the Southeast Regional Director for Beck Disaster Recovery from February 2007 to February 2008. Long headed the Alabama Emergency Management Agency from 2008 to 2011 under Governor Bob Riley and developed the state's response to the H1N1 influenza. During the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, he was the State Incident Commander for the Alabama Unified Command. In 2011, Long joined the emergency management consulting firm Hagerty Consulting, where he was executive vice president. FEMA Administrator President Donald Trump nominated Long to be administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency on April 28, 2017. On June 20, 2017, he was confirmed by the United States Senate with a vote of 95 to 4. In August 2017, Long faced the first major natural disaster of his tenure in the form of Hurricane Harvey. He stated that the hurricane would likely be recorded for Texas as \"the worst disaster the state's seen,\" with the recovery period expected to take \"many years.\" Weeks before, he had told interviewers that his biggest concern was major hurricane preparedness. Long received widespread praise for his handling of the federal response to Hurricane Harvey. He was also criticized for his response to Hurricane Maria. In September 2018, Politico reported that Long was under investigation by the FEMA inspector general because he allegedly used government vehicles to commute between Washington, D.C., and his home in Hickory, North Carolina. Politico reported that Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen, concerned about Long's frequent absences from Washington due to his regular six-hour drives between Washington and Hickory, asked Long to consider resigning his position, which Long declined to do. In February 2019, Long announced his resignation as FEMA Administrator, effective March 8, following questions over his use of his government vehicle. His deputy, Peter Gaynor, succeeded him as acting administrator. Post-FEMA Brock returned to Hagerty Consulting as an executive chairman in April 2019. References External links Biography at FEMA 1975 births Appalachian State University alumni Federal Emergency Management Agency officials Living people People from Hickory, North Carolina",
"title": "Brock Long"
},
{
"docid": "4328070",
"text": "Willy Böckl (27 January 1893 – 22 April 1975) was an Austrian figure skater. He won the World Figure Skating Championships four times and captured two silver medals at the Winter Olympics, and he also won six European Championship titles. The invention of the inside Axel jump (an Axel jump taking off from an inside edge rather than the normal outside edge) has been credited to Böckl and called the \"Böckl jump\". After retiring from skating, he moved to the United States and became a coach at the Skating Club of New York. In 1937, he published an illustrated instructional book, Willy Boeckl on Figure Skating, which focused on compulsory figures and free skating, but also included chapters on pair skating, ice dance, and carnival (ice show) skating. He published a second book in 1940, How to Judge Figure Skating, which was primarily about judging compulsory figures. In 1938, Willy Boeckl (the spelling was changed sometime after he arrived in the United States) was one of thirteen prominent figure skating instructors from the United States and Canada, who met in Lake Placid, New York, for the purpose of forming an association of figure skating instructors. This distinguished group became known as the American Skaters Guild (the name was later changed to the Professional Skaters Guild of America in 1950, and again to the current name of the Professional Skaters Association). Willy became the first president of the guild; Willie Frick its first vice-president, and Walter Arian, second vice-president. He announced a retirement from coaching in 1944 to work as president of a tire company. Boeckl continued to be involved in skating and lead an ice show tour in Europe in 1953. After retiring, Boeckl moved to Phoenix, Arizona. Following the death of his wife, he returned to Austria, where he died in 1975. Results References Navigation Austrian male single skaters Olympic figure skaters for Austria Figure skaters at the 1924 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 1928 Winter Olympics Olympic silver medalists for Austria Sportspeople from Klagenfurt 1893 births 1975 deaths Olympic medalists in figure skating World Figure Skating Championships medalists European Figure Skating Championships medalists Medalists at the 1924 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 1928 Winter Olympics",
"title": "Willy Böckl"
},
{
"docid": "76386220",
"text": "Trần Thị Hoa (12 May 1924 – 9 October 2010) was a South Vietnamese businesswoman and politician who served as a member of the House of Representatives (lower house) of the Republic of Vietnam from October 1967 until the collapse and surrender of South Vietnam on 30 April 1975 to the PAVN by President Dương Văn Minh. She was the wife of notable Hòa Hảo military commander Ba Cụt. Biography She was born on 12 May 1924 in Lai Vung district, Sa Đéc province, Cochinchina, French Indochina. In 1946, she married a prominent Hòa Hảo leader named Ba Cụt with whom she had six children with. She was also an ardent follower of Hòa Hảo, a Vietnamese new religious movement that is syncretistic folk religion and a sect of Buddhism. Life in exile On 13 July 1956 her husband was sentenced to death by President Ngô Đình Diệm's regime for his involvement in the 1955 Battle of Saigon fighting alongside the crime syndicate Bình Xuyên in attacking and looting towns and engaging in battle with the government forces, the Vietnamese National Army. As a result, she and her family were exiled to Cambodia where she would live for a little over seven years until the 1963 South Vietnamese coup, which led to the arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm and his brother Ngô Đình Nhu, she returned to Vietnam. Political career She entered politics by running for a seat in the lower house of the National Assembly in the 1967 South Vietnamese parliamentary election and prevailed, representing An Giang province. She assumed office on 31 October 1967. She sought reelection to a second term in the 1971 South Vietnamese parliamentary election, in which she was successful. On 27 April 1975, Hoa and the majority of the members of the National Assembly present voted in the affirmative in approving General Dương Văn Minh's ascendancy to the presidency from President Trần Văn Hương in hopes that with Minh in power, the negotiation peace talks go smoothly but to no avail. Fall of Saigon and second life in exile On 30 April 1975 after South Vietnam's takeover by the Hanoi regime in North Vietnam, Hoa and those that had connections to the former Saigon government and the U.S. were sent to re-education camps where they forced to perform hard labor along with forced indoctrination of Communist propaganda. She was sentenced to a camp in the jungle of Hàm Tân district where she would spend five years before being released. Afterward, she immigrated to Belgium and later resettled to the United States after being sponsored by her children. During, her remaining years, she was heavily present in Overseas Vietnamese activities, such as being outspoken of the regime of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and an advocate for religious freedom, particularly for followers of Hòa Hảo. She also published books and wrote memoirs of her late husband. She passed away in California at the age of 86 on 9 October 2010. References 1924 births",
"title": "Trần Thị Hoa"
},
{
"docid": "11543861",
"text": "Jerome Russell Waldie (February 15, 1925 – April 3, 2009) was an American politician. He served five terms in the United States House of Representatives from California from 1966 to 1975. Early life Born in Antioch, California on February 15, 1925, Waldie attended Antioch public schools. After serving from 1943 to 1946 in the Army during World War II, he graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1950 with a degree in political science, and earned a law degree from the university's Boalt Hall School of Law in 1953. Political career Waldie served as a Democratic member of the California State Assembly from January 5, 1959, to January 16, 1966, becoming Majority Leader in 1961. One of his last accomplishments in Sacramento was to sponsor a constitutional amendment pushed by Assembly Speaker Jesse Unruh that created a full-time state legislature in California. Tenure in Congress Waldie was then elected to the 89th Congress, by special election, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative John F. Baldwin. He was re-elected four times, serving from June 7, 1966, to January 3, 1975. As a Congressman, he was an early critic of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and also advocated health care reforms. During the Watergate scandal, Waldie was a vocal critic of President Richard Nixon. Three days after Nixon fired Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox (in what became known as the \"Saturday Night Massacre\"), Waldie introduced a resolution calling for the impeachment of the President, one of the first members of the House Judiciary Committee to do so. Waldie's votes in favor of each of the three articles of impeachment on July 24, 1974 contributed to the resolution passing in the committee, recommending a full impeachment vote by the full House of Representatives. This led to Nixon's resignation prior to the impeachment. Waldie did not run for re-election to the Congress that year. Instead, he campaigned for the Democratic nomination for Governor of California in the June primary election but was defeated by then-Secretary of State Jerry Brown, who went on to win in November. Post-Congressional life As an ex-Congressman, Waldie served as a public advocate. He was chairman of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission from 1978 to 1979 and the executive director of the White House Conference on Aging (1980). He also served as a member of the California Agricultural Labor Relations Board from 1981 to 1985. Death He eventually retired to Placerville, California, where he resided until his death in April 2009. References Further reading Jerome Waldie and Nestle Frobish. Fair Play For Frogs: The Waldie-Frobish Papers' (New York, 1977) Jerome Waldie. Oral History Interview''. Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1987 External links Join California Jerome Waldie Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly San Francisco Bay Area politicians 20th-century California politicians 20th-century American legislators Carter administration personnel UC Berkeley School of Law alumni United States",
"title": "Jerome Waldie"
},
{
"docid": "743426",
"text": "Goddard Lieberson (April 5, 1911 – May 29, 1977) was the president of Columbia Records from 1956 to 1971, and again from 1973 to 1975. He became president of the Recording Industry Association of America in 1964. He was also a composer, and studied with George Frederick McKay, at the University of Washington, Seattle. He married Vera Zorina in 1946 and with her had 2 children. Biography Lieberson was born to a Jewish family on April 5, 1911, in Hanley in Staffordshire; his father was a manufacturer of rubber shoe heels who took his family to the United States when Lieberson was a child. He studied classical piano and composition at the Eastman School of Music in the 1930s and after graduating he wrote classical concert reviews under the pseudonym \"Johann Sebastian\". He was married to actress/dancer Vera Zorina from 1946 until his death in 1977. They had two sons: Peter Lieberson, a composer, and Jonathan Lieberson. Lieberson was noted for his personal elegance, taste and style, and was renowned as a wit, bon vivant and international traveller, whose circle of friends and acquaintances included Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Richard Rodgers, W. Somerset Maugham, Noël Coward and John Gielgud. Lieberson began working for the CBS group of labels in 1938 – the same year the company was acquired by the CBS broadcasting empire – and he began his career at Columbia as an A&R Manager. Before becoming president of the company, Lieberson was responsible for Columbia's introduction of the long-playing record. The LP was particularly well-suited to Columbia's long-established classical repertoire, as recorded by the Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Artur Rodziński, Dmitri Mitropoulos, and Leonard Bernstein. Lieberson was also a lifelong friend of musician, recording artist, TV personality and Columbia A&R manager/producer Mitch Miller, having met Miller when the two were studying music at the Eastman School of Music in the 1930s He was promoted to president of Columbia Records from 1956 to 1971 and again from 1973 to 1975. In 1966, in a reorganization, Columbia Records became subsidiary to the newly formed CBS/Columbia Group. In 1967, Lieberson promoted Clive Davis to president of Columbia Records. In 1977, Lieberson co-wrote and produced the CBS-TV special They Said it with Music: From Yankee Doodle to Ragtime, a salute to American songwriters throughout the ages, starring Bernadette Peters, Tony Randall, Jason Robards, Jean Stapleton and Flip Wilson, with appearances by Thurl Ravenscroft and Jimmy Griffin, a founding member of the soft-rock band Bread. The show aired July 4, thirty-seven days after Lieberson died of cancer in New York City on May 29, 1977, aged 66. Positions References 1911 births 1977 deaths American music industry executives American record producers Jewish American musicians Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Grammy Award winners People from Hanley, Staffordshire Columbia Records American male composers British Jews University of Washington School of Music alumni British emigrants to the United States 20th-century American composers 20th-century American businesspeople 20th-century American male",
"title": "Goddard Lieberson"
},
{
"docid": "72645473",
"text": "The 1976 Sabah state election was held between Monday, 5 April and Saturday, 14 April 1976. This was the third state election to take place, and the first to feature opposition candidates since the first election on 1967, as the second state election on 1971 has all government candidates won uncontested. The state assembly were dissolved on 23 January 1976, and the nomination day was on 18 March 1976. In the election, Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah (BERJAYA) led by Fuad Stephens, won the election with a majority of 28 seats out of 48 seats in the newly expanded state assembly, and ousted incumbent government United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) from power. USNO, who is in coalition with Sabah Chinese Association (SCA) that governs the state for the past 9 years, only won 20 seats while SCA lost all their seats. Background and contesting parties BERJAYA was registered only less than a year earlier on July 1975, when some USNO members, dissatisfied with the party's direction under leadership of Mustapha Harun, chose to exit the party and form a new party. BERJAYA applied and successfully joined Barisan Nasional after its registration. They would be later joined by then-Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah, Fuad Stephens, who resigned from his position to lead the new party as its president. Mustapha himself in October 1975 has resigned from his position of Sabah's Chief Minister, a position he had held since USNO won the first state election, though he remained party leader. His deputy, Said Keruak, replaced him and was Chief Minister heading into the 1976 election. USNO also had convincing wins against BERJAYA candidates in two December 1975 state by-elections, in Kuala Kinabatangan and Labuan. SCA, which was in the Sabah Alliance together with USNO, led by Michael Liaw, also contested in this election. Among other parties contesting were the United Sabah People's Organization, led by Richard E. Lee and Joe Manjaji, as well as the Peninsula-based Malaysian Social Justice Party (PEKEMAS). Days before nomination day, BERJAYA suffered two setbacks when its secretary-general Mohammad Noor Mansor was detained under Internal Security Act, which made him unable to contest the election with the party nominating his father as the replacement candidate, and, Ghani Gilong, then a federal minister and one of the founders of BERJAYA party as well as its vice president, announced that he was leaving BERJAYA to return to USNO, his former party. At the time of the assembly's dissolution, out of 32 elected and 6 nominated members of the legislative assembly, Sabah Alliance held 34 seats, BERJAYA three seats and an independent held one. Results Aftermath After BERJAYA's win in the election, Fuad were sworn in as the new Chief Minister. But Fuad's tenure would to be short-lived, as he and several of his cabinet ministers died in the helicopter crash on 6 June the same year. Harris Salleh, his deputy, would replace him as Chief Minister. On April 1978, Mustapha announced his resignation as president of USNO for health reasons",
"title": "1976 Sabah state election"
},
{
"docid": "36649949",
"text": "Robert Paul Coogan (April 1, 1922 – March 9, 2015) was a vice admiral in the United States Navy who served as its Commander, Naval Air Forces from 1976 to 1980 and Third Fleet from 1975 to 1976. Coogan also served as commanding officer of both and , commander of Task Force 73, directing Navy actions during the Mayaguez incident in 1975, as well as commandant of midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy from 1969 until 1971. He was born in Newport, Rhode Island. After leaving the navy, Coogan worked as president of Aerojet. In his later years, he resided in San Diego, California, where he died in 2015 at the age of 92. References 1922 births 2015 deaths Military personnel from Newport, Rhode Island United States Navy vice admirals United States Naval Academy alumni",
"title": "Robert P. Coogan"
},
{
"docid": "417790",
"text": "Alfred Paul Murrah (October 27, 1904 – October 30, 1975) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma and the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma. Education and career Born on October 27, 1904, in Tishomingo, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), Murrah received a Bachelor of Laws in 1928 from the University of Oklahoma College of Law. He entered private practice in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma from 1928 to 1929, then continued his practice in Seminole, Oklahoma and Oklahoma City from 1929 to 1937. Federal judicial service Murrah was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 8, 1937, to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma and the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma, to a new joint seat authorized by 49 Stat. 1804. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 25, 1937, and received his commission on March 3, 1937. His service terminated on September 9, 1940, due to his elevation to the Tenth Circuit. Murrah was nominated by President Roosevelt on August 5, 1940, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit vacated by Judge Robert E. Lewis. He was confirmed by the Senate on August 29, 1940, and received his commission on September 4, 1940. He served as Chief Judge and as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from August 7, 1959 to May 1, 1970. He served as the Chair of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation from 1968 to 1975. He assumed senior status on May 1, 1970. He was the last appeals court judge who continued to serve in active service appointed by President Roosevelt. He served as Director of the Federal Judicial Center from 1970 to 1974. His service terminated on October 30, 1975, due to his death in Oklahoma City. Federal building Murrah was the namesake of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, a federal office complex which was destroyed in the Oklahoma City bombing on April 19, 1995. References Sources 1904 births 1975 deaths People from Tuttle, Oklahoma People from Tishomingo, Oklahoma Methodists from Oklahoma Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma Judges of the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma Oklahoma Democrats United States court of appeals judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt 20th-century American judges United States district court judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt University of Oklahoma College of Law alumni 20th-century American lawyers",
"title": "Alfred P. Murrah"
},
{
"docid": "44911398",
"text": "The following lists events that happened during 1975 in Cambodia. Incumbents Monarch: until 1 April: Lon Nol 1 April-12 April: Saukam Khoy 12 April-17 April: Sak Sutsakhan starting 17 April: Norodom Sihanouk Prime Minister: Long Boret (until 17 April), Penn Nouth (starting 17 April) Events April April 1 - Neak Leung fell to Khmer Rouge insurgency, cutting off a critical supply line to the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh. President Lon Nol left that nation forever, eventually settling in Hawaii. Senate President Saukam Khoy took over from Lon Nol as President of Cambodia, serving until April 12, when he was able to escape the approaching Khmer Rouge on the same helicopter as the American ambassador. April 7 - Prime Minister Long Boret met with representatives of the Khmer Rouge while in Bangkok, Thailand. He returned to Cambodia the next day, refused to leave when officials were offered a chance to escape, and was executed nine days later by the new regime. April 12 - The United States closed its embassy in Cambodia, and began the evacuation of all American citizens. American military helicopters and 180 U.S. Marines arrived at Phnom Penh, from the aircraft carriers USS Okinawa and USS Hancock, which were in the Gulf of Thailand. There was no interference from the Khmer Rouge during the rescue. April 17 - Following several weeks of successful fighting, the government of Cambodia surrendered at 7:00 in the morning to the Khmer Rouge guerillas when they captured Phnom Penh. That evening, sound trucks operated by the new regime began warning Phnom Penh residents of an imminent bombing attack and directing them to flee the city into the countryside. This would be the start of the Cambodian genocide. April 18 - Hang Thun Hak was executed by the Khmer Rouge government. April 19 - Two days after the fall of Phnom Penh, the new Khmer Rouge regime announced that all former government employees, including soldiers, military officers, and policemen, would be required to register with the new local authorities. Those who complied with the order were told that they would be sent for \"reeducation\" at a camp in Battambang on April 28. April 21 - Sisowath Sirik Matak was executed by the Khmer Rouge after choosing to remain in Cambodia rather than to evacuate. April 23 - Pol Pot, the rarely seen Khmer Rouge commander-in-chief and new leader of Cambodia, arrived at Phnom Penh to begin his revolutionary plans to build Democratic Kampuchea. May May 4 - Weeks after taking control of Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge began a fight against the new Communist regime in Vietnam, seizing control of South Vietnam's Phú Quốc Island and making the first attacks in what would lead to the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. May 8 - The last known foreigners remaining in Cambodia, about 550 occupants of the French Embassy in Phnom Penh, crossed over the border into Thailand three weeks after Cambodia's fall to Communist guerillas. Transported by a convoy of cars and trucks, and escorted by soldiers",
"title": "1975 in Cambodia"
},
{
"docid": "22094615",
"text": "Johnnie Carson (born April 7, 1943) is a diplomat from the United States who has served as United States Ambassador to several African nations. In 2009 he was nominated to become U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs by President Barack Obama. He resigned in 2013 after four years in the role and following the resignation of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. He is currently a Senior Advisor at Albright Stonebridge Group and the United States Institute of Peace. Background Carson was born April 7, 1943, in Chicago, Ill. Carson is married, has three children, and resides in Reston, Virginia. He graduated from Drake University with a B.A. in History and Political Science in 1965 and later obtained a Master of Arts in International Relations from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London in 1975. Before joining the Foreign Service, Carson was a Peace Corps volunteer in Tanzania from 1965 to 1968. Foreign service career Carson joined the United States National Intelligence Council as National Intelligence Officer for Africa in September 2006 after a 37-year career in Foreign Service. Prior to this appointment, Carson served as the Senior Vice President of the National Defense University in Washington D.C. (2003–2006). Carson's Foreign Service career includes ambassadorships to Kenya (1999–2003), Zimbabwe (1995–1997), and Uganda (1991–1994); and Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of African Affairs (1997–1999). Earlier in his career he had assignments in Portugal (1982–1986), Botswana (1986–1990), Mozambique (1975–1978), and Nigeria (1969–1971). He has also served as desk officer in the Africa section at State's Bureau of Intelligence and Research (1971–1974); Staff Officer for the Secretary of State (1978–1979), and Staff Director for the Africa Subcommittee of the US House of Representatives (1979–1982). Carson is the recipient of several Superior Honor Awards from the Department of State and a Meritorious Service Award from Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. The Centers for Disease Control presented Ambassador Carson its highest award, \"Champion of Prevention Award\", for his leadership in directing the US Government's HIV/AIDS prevention efforts in Kenya. Upon his departure from the assistant secretaryship, Carson was given accolades from the ambassadors of the ECOWAS countries, who together praised him for extraordinary efforts to bind the United States together with their countries. Assistant Secretary of State In March 2009, Carson was nominated to become U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs by President Barack Obama. In February 2013, Carson said of the Kenyan elections that the US wasn't officially backing any candidate, but \"choices have consequences,\" reportedly contradicting President Obama's office after Obama said the decision was \"up to the Kenyan people.\" In March 2013, it was reported that Carson would be stepping down from his post after serving for four years. In May 2013, Carson joined the United States Institute of Peace as a senior adviser. Carson also serves on the Board of Directors of the National Democratic Institute. On January 15, 2015, he urged increased engagement with Nigeria for both the US and European partners,",
"title": "Johnnie Carson"
},
{
"docid": "53106684",
"text": "Lionel Alexander Rosenblatt (born December 10, 1943) is a former American diplomat, Refugee Coordinator at the United States Embassy in Thailand, and President of Refugees International, an advocacy organization for refugees. Rosenblatt was one of the foremost advocates for resettling Indochinese refugees in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s. Early life Rosenblatt was the son of David B. and Carol Blumenthal Rosenblatt. His father was a nuclear scientist who worked at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Rosenblatt graduated from Harvard College and attended Stanford Law School for a year before joining the Foreign Service of the Department of State. In the 1960s and early 1970s he was stationed in Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. He married Ann Grosvenor in April 1971. Fall of Saigon In early 1975, Rosenblatt was one of a small group of officers at the State Department who pushed for the evacuation of significant numbers of Vietnamese associated with the U.S. war effort in South Vietnam. With the North Vietnamese army advancing to capture Saigon, Rosenblatt and fellow diplomat L. Craig Johnstone were concerned about the slow place of evacuating Vietnamese who had worked for or with the United States in South Vietnam. In April, defying State Department orders, they flew to Saigon and arranged for the evacuation of 200 Vietnamese friends and colleagues. Returning to Washington, Rosenblatt and Johnstone were called to the office of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger who sternly rebuked them for their unauthorized visit to Saigon, then smiled, shook their hands, and offered them their choice of jobs in the Department of State. Rosenblatt chose to continue working with refugees. Refugee Coordinator From 1976 to 1981, Rosenblatt spent most of his time in Bangkok, Thailand as the Refugee Coordinator of the U.S. Embassy. Working under the leadership of Shepard C. Lowman at the State Department, Rosenblatt presided over a large organization that processed hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese, Laotian, and Cambodian refugees for entry into the United States and protected and provided aid to hundreds of thousands more who resided in refugee camps scattered all over Southeast Asia. He retired early from the Foreign Service in 1988. Refugees International In 1990, Rosenblatt became President of Refugees International, a Washington-based advocacy organization, and served in that position until 2001. With colleagues such as Yvette Pierpaoli, he traveled to humanitarian crisis areas worldwide, advocating assistance to refugees and durable solutions to humanitarian problems. Pierpaoli was killed on a Refugees International mission in Albania in 1999. In 1995, Rosenblatt traveled to Chechnya in a fruitless search for the missing humanitarian Fred Cuny. Cuny's body was never found. Awards and honors In 1975, Rosenblatt received the William R. Rivkin award from the American Foreign Service Association for his work rescuing Vietnamese refugees. In 1981, Rosenblatt received the Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant from the Royal Government of Thailand for his refugee work. In 1982-1983, Rosenblatt was selected for a sabbatical leave by the Una Chapman Cox Foundation. He devoted his sabbatical",
"title": "Lionel Rosenblatt"
},
{
"docid": "3528185",
"text": "Major General Harold Robert Parfitt (August 6, 1921 – May 21, 2006), was the last Governor of the Panama Canal Zone, from 1975 to 1979. Biography He was born in Coaldale, Pennsylvania, on August 6, 1921, to William Parfitt and Elizabeth Patterson. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1943; graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1948; graduated from the Command and General Staff College in 1955; Canadian National Defense College in 1962; and attended a six-week advanced management program at Harvard in 1967. He married Patricia Rose Scully on June 4, 1955. Parfitt was commissioned second lieutenant of the United States Army in 1943; advanced through the ranks to major general in 1971. He served as commanding general, United States Army Engineer Center/Commandant, United States Engineer School at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, from late 1973 to March 1975. He was Deputy, and later District Engineer of the Engineer Division, South Atlantic, in Jacksonville, Florida, from August 1962 to May 1965. In June 1965, he became lieutenant governor of the Canal Zone and vice president of the Panama Canal Company, serving until September 1968. From December 1969 to August 1973, he was division engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Division, Southwest, Dallas, Texas. Parfitt was commanding officer of the 20th Engineer Brigade in Vietnam from November 1968 to November 1969. Parfitt was appointed as Governor of the Panama Canal Zone on April 1, 1975, and served in that position until September 30, 1979. He was the last U.S. governor of this region, as the post was abolished and replaced with the Panama Canal Commission. Parfitt died on May 21, 2006, in Dallas, Texas. Interment was at Arlington National Cemetery. Legacy He is the father of Karen Hughes, who was a close advisor to president George W. Bush. References 1921 births 2006 deaths United States Military Academy alumni Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni United States Army personnel of World War II United States Army personnel of the Korean War United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War United States Army generals Governors of the Panama Canal Zone United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni Burials at Arlington National Cemetery People from Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania Military personnel from Pennsylvania",
"title": "Harold Parfitt"
},
{
"docid": "5692797",
"text": "Duncan J. McNabb (born August 8, 1952) is a retired United States Air Force general who last served as the ninth commander, United States Transportation Command from September 5, 2008, to October 17, 2011. He previously served as the 33rd Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force. Military career McNabb graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1974. A command pilot, he has amassed more than 5,400 flying hours in transport and rotary wing aircraft. He has held command and staff positions at squadron, group, wing, major command and Department of Defense levels. During Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, McNabb commanded the 41st Military Airlift Squadron, which earned Military Airlift Command's Airlift Squadron of the Year in 1990. He commanded the 89th Operations Group, overseeing the air transportation of the United States' leaders, including the president, vice president, secretary of state and secretary of defense. He then served as commander of the 62nd Airlift Wing. The wing's performance in 1996 earned the Riverside Trophy as the 15th Air Force's outstanding wing. He also commanded the Tanker Airlift Control Center where he planned, scheduled and directed a fleet of more than 1,400 aircraft in support of combat delivery and strategic airlift, air refueling and aeromedical operations around the world. McNabb was then commander of Air Mobility Command, where he led 134,000 total force Airmen in providing rapid global mobility, aerial refueling, special airlift and aeromedical evacuation for America's armed forces. McNabb's staff assignments have been a variety of planning, programming and logistical duties. These include serving as the deputy chief of staff for plans and programs on the Air Staff and chairman of the Air Force Board having oversight of all Air Force programs. He also served as the director for Logistics on the Joint Staff where he was responsible for operational logistics and strategic mobility support to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Secretary of Defense. General McNabb retired from the Air Force on November 30, 2011, after over 37 years of service. Later career After retiring from the Air Force, McNabb and William Fraser III attempted to enter into consulting contracts with Azerbaijani cargo carrier Silk Way Airlines in 2014, with both standing to make $5,000 a day. However, their business ventures in Azerbaijan were flagged and ultimately blocked by the United States Department of Defense and State Department, considering their requests to be a threat to national security and a potential embarrassment if the information was ever made public. Documents of the dispute were eventually reported by The Washington Post in 2022. Education Assignments June 1974 – May 1975, student, undergraduate navigator training, Mather Air Force Base, California August 1975 – April 1978, instructor navigator, 14th Military Airlift Squadron, Norton Air Force Base, California April 1978 – April 1979, airlift director, 63rd Military Airlift Wing, Norton Air Force Base, California April 1979 – April 1980, student, undergraduate pilot training, Williams Air Force Base, Arizona August 1980 – August 1983,",
"title": "Duncan McNabb"
},
{
"docid": "70531480",
"text": "Nancy Lee Maldonado (born November 28, 1975) is an American lawyer from Chicago who serves as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. She is the nominee to serve as a circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Early life and education Maldonado was born on November 28, 1975, in Skokie, Illinois. She received a Bachelor of Arts, cum laude, from Harvard College in 1997 and a Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School in 2001. Career Maldonado previously served as a law clerk for Judge Rubén Castillo of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois from 2001 to 2003. In 2003, she joined the law firm of Miner, Barnhill & Galland in Chicago as an associate until 2009 when she was elevated to partner in 2010. She went on to work as partner until 2022 when she was appointed as a district judge. Federal judicial service District court service In December 2021, Maldonado was recommended to the president by Senators Dick Durbin and Tammy Duckworth. On April 13, 2022, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Maldonado to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. On April 25, 2022, her nomination was sent to the Senate. President Biden nominated Maldonado to the seat vacated by Judge Matthew Kennelly, who assumed senior status on October 7, 2021. On May 11, 2022, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. On June 9, 2022, her nomination was reported out of committee by a 13–9 vote. On July 19, 2022, the United States Senate invoked cloture on her nomination by a 53–41 vote. She was confirmed on the same day by a 53–45 vote. She received her judicial commission on August 10, 2022. She was sworn in on October 3, 2022. She became the first Hispanic woman to serve as a federal judge on the Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Nomination to the court of appeals On February 21, 2024, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Maldonado to serve as a circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. On February 27, 2024, her nomination was sent to the Senate. President Biden nominated Maldonado to the seat being vacated by Judge Ilana Rovner, who announced her intent to assume senior status upon confirmation of a successor. On March 20, 2024, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. During her confirmation hearing, she was questioned by Republican senators over her case backlog, as, with 125 motions having been pending for more than six months without a ruling, Maldonado held one of the largest case backlogs of any federal trial court judge in the nation. On April 18, 2024, her nomination was favorably reported out of committee by an 11–10 party-line vote. Her nomination",
"title": "Nancy L. Maldonado"
},
{
"docid": "490721",
"text": "James Andrew Kelly (born September 15, 1936) is an American foreign policy advisor who served as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs from 2001 to 2005. Education Raised in Atlanta, Georgia, Kelly attended Georgia Tech for one year before receiving an appointment to the United States Naval Academy. In 1959, he earned a Bachelor of Science from the Naval Academy. Kelly later earned an MBA from the Harvard Business School in 1968. He graduated from the National War College in 1977. Career Kelly served in the United States Navy from 1959 to 1982, concluding his active duty as a Captain in the Navy Supply Corps. From June 1983 to March 1986, Kelly worked at the Pentagon as deputy assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs (East Asia and Pacific). Kelly served special assistant for national security affairs to President Ronald Reagan, and as senior director for Asian affairs on the United States National Security Council from March 1986 to March 1989. From 1989 to 1994, Kelly was president of EAP Associates, Inc., of Honolulu, which provided international business consulting services with an Asia and Pacific focus to private clients. From 1994 to 2001, Kelly was president of Pacific Forum International, which has analyzed and led dialogue on Asia–Pacific political, security, and economic/business issues since 1975. He has served as a senior adviser and distinguished alumni at CSIS. In 2002, Kelly worked as an envoy to North Korea. From 2001 to 2005, Kelly served as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs. President George W. Bush nominated Kelly on April 3, 2001. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on April 26, 2001 and sworn in on May 1, 2001. In 2020, Kelly, along with over 130 other former Republican national security officials, signed a statement that asserted that President Trump was unfit to serve another term, and \"To that end, we are firmly convinced that it is in the best interest of our nation that Vice President Joe Biden be elected as the next President of the United States, and we will vote for him.\" Kelly currently serves as Chairman of the Board of the Directors of Pacific Forum International. References External links CSIS biography 1936 births Living people Place of birth missing (living people) People from Atlanta Georgia Tech alumni United States Naval Academy alumni United States Navy officers Harvard Business School alumni National War College alumni United States Department of Defense officials Assistant Secretaries of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs",
"title": "James A. Kelly"
},
{
"docid": "15648069",
"text": "George Vernon Orr, Jr. (November 12, 1916 – November 27, 2008) was the 14th Secretary of the Air Force, appointed by President Ronald Reagan. From California, he was a businessman and educator who served in both state and national government positions. Early life Verne Orr was born on November 12, 1916, in Des Moines, Iowa. He grew up in the Midwest, then moved with his family to California just prior to entering high school. He graduated from Pomona College in 1937 where he was awarded a Phi Beta Kappa key. He earned a master's degree in business administration from Stanford University in 1939. Orr served in the United States Navy during World War II. In April 1942, he was called to active duty in the Navy Supply Corps. During the course of the war, Orr served in both the American and Pacific theaters of operations. He reached the rank of lieutenant prior to being released from active duty in November 1945. Orr continued to serve in the Navy Reserve until 1951, when he was honorably discharged as a lieutenant commander. Business and public service Following his release from active duty, Orr began working at his father's new car dealership in Pasadena, California, eventually becoming a partner in the business. Orr was active in the auto dealership from 1946 until 1962. However, Orr began shifting his interests into his family's investment business around 1960. In 1963, he became president of Investors Savings and Loan of Pasadena, serving in that position until 1966. In 1966, California's governor, Ronald Reagan, selected Orr to be the director of the state's Department of Motor Vehicles. He held that position until 1969. He then served briefly as the state's director of General Services before becoming California's Director of Finance in 1970, a position he held until 1975. From 1975 to 1980, Orr taught government finance at the University of Southern California's graduate school of public administration 1975 until 1980. In 1977, California Governor Jerry Brown named him to the University of California's Board of Regents. In 1980, Orr served on Ronald Reagan's Presidential campaign committee. After Reagan was elected President, Orr became deputy director the President-elect's transition office. President Reagan appointed him Secretary of the Air Force in 1981. As the Air Force Secretary, Orr worked well with Air Force Chief of Staff Charles A. Gabriel. Together they secured major budget increases for the United States Air Force, taking care of Air Force personnel and modernizing the Services's force structure. Orr served for five years, leaving the Air Force in 1985. After his Air Force service, Orr returned to Pasadena where he became a partner in Smith Orr & Associates, a planning and management consulting firm. In 1999, Orr accepted the position of dean at the University of La Verne's School of Business and International Studies. He served as dean the university until June 2002 when he retired as dean emeritus. In 2005, after working on his dissertation for 14 years, Orr was award a doctor",
"title": "Verne Orr"
},
{
"docid": "2143357",
"text": "Edith Brown Clement (born April 29, 1948) is a senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, based in New Orleans, Louisiana. Early life and education Clement was born in Birmingham, Alabama, the daughter of Erskine John Brown and the former Edith Burrus. In 1969, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa. In 1972, she obtained a Juris Doctor from the Tulane University Law School in New Orleans. From 1973 to 1975, she clerked for Judge Herbert W. Christenberry at the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (1973–1975), after which she worked as a maritime attorney in private practice in New Orleans until 1991. Federal judicial service On October 1, 1991, President George H. W. Bush nominated Clement to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, also in New Orleans. She was confirmed by the Senate on November 21, 1991 by a unanimous consent. She received her commission on November 25, 1991. In 2001 she served as chief judge of this court, before being nominated to the Fifth Circuit. Her service as a district court judge was terminated on November 27, 2001 when she was elevated to the court of appeals. Clement was nominated on September 4, 2001 by President George W. Bush to fill a seat vacated by Judge John M. Duhé Jr., who assumed Senior status. President Bill Clinton in 1999 had nominated Louisiana lawyer Alston Johnson to that seat on the Fifth Circuit, but the United States Senate never held a hearing or took a vote on Johnson's nomination. Clement was confirmed by the Senate on November 13, 2001 by a 99–0 vote. She received her commission on November 26, 2001. In September 2017, Judge Clement stated that she would assume senior status upon the confirmation of her successor. She assumed senior status on May 14, 2018. She criticized her liberal colleagues James L. Dennis and Gregg Costa in a dissent on March 22, 2019, regarding a racist gerrymandering case. She said that the plaintiffs only won because the panel happened to have 2 liberal Democratic appointees on it. Clement also slammed a \"majority-minority panel\", suggesting that the 5th Circuit's conservative majority would reverse the holding if en banc were granted. Notable opinions Clement has a reputation as a conservative jurist and a strict constructionist who strongly supports principles of federalism. She has written few high-profile opinions. She wrote for the majority in Vogler v. Blackmore, reducing pain and suffering damages awarded by a jury to a mother and daughter who were killed in a car accident. The basis of her ruling was the lack of specific evidence about the daughter's \"awareness of the impending collision.\" Large damage awards to the father and husband due to the loss of society in his wife and daughter were affirmed. In Chiu v. Plano Independent School District, Clement held that a school district's policy requiring the preapproval",
"title": "Edith Brown Clement"
},
{
"docid": "15323569",
"text": "Sabah People's United Front or in Malay Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah is more commonly known by its abbreviation BERJAYA, was a political party based in the state of Sabah, Malaysia. BERJAYA was formed by former United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) secretary-general Harris Salleh who was later joined by Fuad Stephens, who served as the first Chief Minister of Sabah as well as president of the United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO). Stephens became the fifth Chief Minister after BERJAYA won the 1976 state election in April but died in June the same year, being succeeded by Salleh. The party had been a partner of Barisan Nasional (BN), the then ruling coalition of Malaysia since its inception on 15 July 1975. BERJAYA governed the state of Sabah for 8 years from 1976 to 1985 after it managed to win the 1976 state election and oust USNO, Fuad was installed as Sabah's fifth Chief Minister, his second time holding the post. He replaced Mohammad Said Keruak of USNO. However, barely 44 days after becoming Chief Minister, Fuad died in a plane crash in Kota Kinabalu on 6 June 1976, known as the Double Six Tragedy. Along with him, several other state ministers also perished. Harris then took over his post, becoming the sixth Chief Minister of Sabah. In the 1981 state election, BERJAYA again won, this time with an overwhelming majority. They won 44 out of 48 seats contested. In 1984, party member Joseph Pairin Kitingan left the party to form Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS). This newly formed party defeated BERJAYA in the 1985 state election. In the 1990 state election, BERJAYA's support has evidently dwindled as they failed to win a single seat in the election and it was ousted by United Sabah Party (PBS). The party then effected a merger with USNO to form the Sabah chapter of the Peninsular-based United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). USNO's president Tun Mustapha Harun became Sabah UMNO's first president, while Harris became an adviser to the party. History On 23 April 1975, Mustapha Harun, chief minister of Sabah from the USNO party, announced a memorandum named \"The Future Position of Sabah in Malaysia\" where he argued that Sabah would be economically better if Sabah exists as an independent country. Malaysia's federal government decided to sponsor the formation of a new party named BERJAYA with Harris Salleh, former dissident vice-president of USNO as its founder. The federal government also persuaded Fuad Stephens, the governor of Sabah at that time, to resign from the governorship and join Harris in fighting against USNO. Both BERJAYA and USNO were within the Barisan Nasional (BN) governing coalition at the federal level but BERJAYA became the opposition at the state level, opposing USNO. The rivalry of the two parties ended in 1976 Sabah state election when BERJAYA emerged victorious against USNO. Election results See also :Category:Sabah People's United Front politicians References Defunct political parties in Sabah 1976 establishments in Malaysia 1991 disestablishments in Malaysia Political parties established in 1976 Political",
"title": "Sabah People's United Front"
}
] | [
"Ford"
] |
train_6163 | what is the name of the island in jurassic world | [
{
"docid": "62688023",
"text": "{{Infobox character |name = Ian Malcolm |series = Jurassic Park |image = Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum).jpg |caption = Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park (1993) |first = Jurassic Park (1990) |last = Jurassic World Dominion (2022) |creator = Michael Crichton |adapted_by = Steven SpielbergDavid Koepp |portrayer = Jeff Goldblum |voice = Fred Young (Jurassic Park Pinball)Jeff Goldblum ([[The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)|The Lost World: Jurassic Park video game]], Chaos Island: The Lost World, Jurassic World Evolution, Jurassic World Evolution 2)Bradley Duffy (Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar)Maurice LaMarche (Animaniacs) |occupation = Mathematician; Chaotician |family = Dr. Sarah Harding (love interest)Kelly Curtis (daughter in film only) }} Dr. Ian Malcolm is a fictional character from the Jurassic Park franchise created by Michael Crichton and portrayed by Jeff Goldblum. Malcolm is a gifted mathematician who specializes in chaos theory. The character was inspired in part by American historian of science James Gleick and French mathematician Ivar Ekeland. In Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and its 1993 film adaptation, Malcolm is invited by insurance lawyer Donald Gennaro to notice any problems with John Hammond's dinosaur theme park, Jurassic Park. Malcolm was intended by Crichton to fill in the role of the audience in the scenarios he is put through. Malcolm is a secondary protagonist in the original novel and the main protagonist in the sequel, The Lost World, due to positive fan reception from Goldblum's performance as the character in director Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of the original novel. His role as Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park skyrocketed Goldblum's career. Malcolm has become one of Goldblum's most popular characters and has been depicted in many forms of popular culture. The character's signature line, \"Life finds a way\", has become synonymous with Goldblum and the Jurassic Park franchise, and Malcolm has been recognized as the franchise's most enduring character. Fictional character biography In Crichton's novel, Dr. Ian Malcolm, along with paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and paleobotanist Dr. Ellie Sattler, is hired as a consultant by InGen CEO John Hammond to provide opinions on Jurassic Park, a theme park on the remote island of Isla Nublar that features genetically recreated dinosaurs. Malcolm is the most pessimistic about the idea of the park, feeling that Hammond and his scientists have not taken the time or effort to fully understand what they are creating. In particular, he points out that Hammond's assertion that the dinosaurs can be controlled through sterilization and managed breeding is foolish since there are far too many unpredictable variables where biology is concerned. During a tour of the park, disgruntled computer programmer Dennis Nedry shuts down power to the park to gain access to dinosaur embryos to sell to a rival. Nedry's actions cause the electrified fences to shut down as well, allowing the dinosaurs to escape from their paddocks. Malcolm is attacked by a Tyrannosaurus rex, which breaks his leg. Malcolm is found by game warden Robert Muldoon and Dr. Ellie Sattler and taken back to",
"title": "Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)"
},
{
"docid": "66200639",
"text": "Jurassic World Aftermath is a 2020 virtual reality stealth game for the Oculus Quest and Oculus Quest 2. It is based on the Jurassic Park franchise. It was developed by Coatsink Software and published by Oculus Studios. It takes place on the island of Isla Nublar, two years after the events of the 2015 film Jurassic World. For much of the game, the player is hunted by velociraptors while proceeding through a facility on the island. Jurassic World Aftermath: Part 2, a continuation in the form of paid downloadable content (DLC), was released in 2021. A non-VR version for Nintendo Switch, titled Jurassic World Aftermath Collection and containing both parts, was released the following year. A VR version of Jurassic World Aftermath Collection was released for the PlayStation VR2 in 2023. Gameplay Jurassic World Aftermath is a stealth game played from a first-person perspective. It takes place on Isla Nublar, two years after the events of Jurassic World, and prior to the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The player takes control of Sam, a silent security expert who is sent to the island to infiltrate its ruins and obtain information. His plane crashes on the island after an encounter with a Pteranodon. The player is aided by an offscreen partner named Dr. Amelia \"Mia\" Everett, who is injured following the plane crash and stays behind. From her location, she provides the player with mission objectives and updates. For much of the game, the player moves through a facility while being hunted by velociraptors, the primary enemies. The player must use stealth and distractions to avoid the raptors, who can be lured away with the use of an alarm or radio. Two other dinosaurs, Dilophosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, also briefly appear as enemies. The player cannot fight against any of the animals and must instead avoid them. Sound is emphasized in the game, as listening to the environment is often necessary to proceed with success. Running creates noise which can attract the raptors, making slow movements necessary. Minigames and puzzle-solving also make up aspects of the gameplay. The island's facility has doors leading into five different areas, and a switch must be activated to access each area. The final two areas are absent from the game and are included in the DLC, titled Jurassic World Aftermath: Part 2. It includes new mini-games and dinosaur interactions, and concludes the storyline. Development and release Jurassic World Aftermath was developed by Coatsink Software, based in the U.K. Coatsink conceived the game in 2019, after approaching Universal Pictures about developing a Jurassic World game. The game was revealed in September 2020, and was published by Oculus Studios on December 17 the same year. The game is reminiscent of a scene in the first Jurassic Park film, in which characters use stealth to avoid raptors in a kitchen. Brian Gomez, an executive producer for Universal Games and Digital Platforms, said: \"There were countless hours spent trying to balance the velociraptor because she was just so damn",
"title": "Jurassic World Aftermath"
},
{
"docid": "21188512",
"text": "The Lost World is a 1995 science fiction action novel written by Michael Crichton, and the sequel to his 1990 novel Jurassic Park. It is his tenth novel under his own name and his twentieth overall, and it was published by Knopf. A paperback edition () followed in 1996. In 1997, both novels were re-published as a single book titled Michael Crichton's Jurassic World, which is unrelated to the 2015 film of the same name. Plot summary In August 1993, chaos theorist and mathematician Ian Malcolm - who is revealed to have survived the events of the disaster at Jurassic Park four years before - encounters and reluctantly agrees to team up with wealthy paleontologist Richard Levine. The two men attempt to search for a \"lost world\" of dinosaurs following rumors of strange animal corpses washing up on the shores of Costa Rica. They learn of Site B on Isla Sorna, the \"production facility\" where the now-defunct company InGen hatched and grew the dinosaurs for their Jurassic Park theme park on nearby Isla Nublar. 18 months later, afraid that the Costa Rican government will find Isla Sorna and destroy the dinosaurs, Levine embarks on an expedition to the island without Malcolm. He arrives with Costa Rican guide Diego, but shortly after arriving, the two are attacked by Carnotaurus who kill Diego. Eventually, Malcolm learns that Levine has gone missing and goes to the island with a rescue team consisting of Jack \"Doc\" Thorne, an engineer and retired university professor; Eddie Carr, Thorne's assistant; and two stowaway children, R. B. \"Arby\" Benton and Kelly Curtis, who were working as Levine's research assistants. Dr. Sarah Harding, an ethologist and close friend of Malcolm, is also approached to join the expedition. Despite being initially unsure, she ultimately decides to meet them there. The group arrives on the island with weapons and a conjoined pair of specially equipped RV trailers that serve as a mobile laboratory. They find and explore a geothermal powered complex of abandoned InGen buildings, including a worker village and a laboratory. They also find Levine, who is overjoyed at the trove of information he can glean from this \"lost world\" and is ungrateful for being rescued. Benton gains access to the old InGen LAN network, allowing them to view the island by built-in cameras. Simultaneously, another group - consisting of geneticist Lewis Dodgson and his assistant Howard King, and \"celebrity\" biologist George Baselton - learns of Levine's expedition and travels to Isla Sorna independently. This second group plans to steal dinosaur eggs for Biosyn, the rival company of InGen indirectly responsible for the sabotage that led to the Jurassic Park disaster. Before leaving, they encounter Harding and offer to give her a boat ride to Isla Sorna. However, just as they approach the island, Dodgson attempts to kill her by shoving her off the boat. She survives, though, and meets up with Malcolm's group on the island. Meanwhile, Dodgson's group is attacked by two Tyrannosaurus while trying to steal eggs",
"title": "The Lost World (Crichton novel)"
},
{
"docid": "70560227",
"text": "Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game, the first to be developed by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall. It is based on the first five films in the Jurassic Park franchise. After years in development, the game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, and quickly achieved its $100,000 fundraising goal. It was released in October 2022. Early reception was generally positive. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game for two to four players, ages 10 and up. The game follows the plots of the first five Jurassic Park films. It is set on Isla Nublar, the fictional island featured in several films. As in the first Jurassic Park film, the players' goal is to build a dinosaur theme park on the island and achieve a lasting legacy. Gameplay takes place across 12 sessions spanning the events of the five films. Players choose from several playable characters, including Dr. Alan Grant, Dr. Ellie Sattler, Dr. Ian Malcolm, John Hammond, Dr. Henry Wu, and Robert Muldoon. The game also introduces several original characters and scenarios not seen in the films. The game initially features four dinosaurs, and eight additional creatures can be encountered as the game progresses. Dinosaurs are represented as mini figures, while humans take the form of cardboard tabs placed into plastic holders. Gameplay generally revolves around the dinosaurs, such as avoiding carnivores or protecting herbivores. Players can also survey areas, enter buildings to play mini-games, and search for items such as tools and weapons. New gameplay mechanics are introduced throughout to alter the experience. Players must work together as a team and agree on what action to take, as their choices in one session can have permanent consequences in future sessions. For instance, stickers are placed on the board as the game progresses, representing locations or other elements that become permanent. Development and release Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar was in development for years. It was created by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall, marking its first legacy game. It is also the first film-based legacy game. Prospero Hall cited the COVID-19 pandemic as its biggest challenge in creating the game. The dinosaur figures are scaled-down replicas based on animations by Industrial Light & Magic, which worked on the CGI dinosaurs in each film. The development team tried to strike a balance with the original films while introducing new characters and story ideas to improve gameplay. In designing the game's look, Prospero Hall referred to old issues of adventure magazines and Scientific American, as well as maps and tourism pamphlets from the 1950s. As a result, the instruction manual and other game documents are designed in a 1950s pulp fiction comic style. The game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, quickly reaching its $100,000 fundraising goal. The game was released in October 2022, selling for $120. It is Prospero",
"title": "Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar"
},
{
"docid": "72820001",
"text": "Velociraptor was popularized by its appearance in the Jurassic Park franchise, which features numerous individuals. They first appear in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, followed by a 1993 film adaptation from director Steven Spielberg, which spawned a series of films. Despite their name, Crichton heavily based the Velociraptors on the larger Deinonychus, and this was carried over into the films. The on-screen raptors were created using several production methods, including animatronics by Stan Winston and CGI by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). The 2015 film Jurassic World introduces a group of named raptors who are being trained in a research program. Among these is an individual named Blue, who returns in the sequels Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The concept of trained raptors was conceived by Spielberg, who served as executive producer on the Jurassic World films. Blue is among the most popular Jurassic Park/World dinosaurs and, alongside Rexy the Tyrannosaurus, has become a fan favorite in the franchise. Appearances In Crichton's original novel and the film adaptation, dinosaurs have been genetically engineered by InGen for a theme park on the fictional Isla Nublar. The Velociraptors are portrayed as intelligent pack hunters. They terrorize the main characters and are responsible for several deaths, including that of Ray Arnold. They also stalk Lex and Tim Murphy in a restaurant kitchen at the park's visitor center. The raptors are overseen by park warden Robert Muldoon, who is killed by them as well in the film. Muldoon notes that the raptors possess problem-solving intelligence and fast speeds reaching 60 miles per hour. Raptors are also featured in Crichton's sequel novel The Lost World and its film adaptation The Lost World: Jurassic Park, both taking place at InGen's abandoned site on Isla Sorna. The raptors again terrorize and kill several characters. A different group of raptors are featured in the 2001 film Jurassic Park III, also set on Isla Sorna. In the film, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant states that raptor intelligence was superior to that of primates. If not for the extinction of dinosaurs, Grant believes that raptors may have risen to become the dominant species on Earth. He theorizes that their intelligence came from an ability to communicate with each other, using their resonating chambers, a theory that is later proven when he encounters InGen's raptors on the island. In Jurassic World, Blue is the oldest of the four Velociraptors trained by Owen Grady for a research program on Isla Nublar, the site of a new theme park. She and her three younger sisters, Charlie, Delta, and Echo, are later used to hunt down the escaped hybrid dinosaur Indominus rex, only to turn against their trainer when accepting the Indominus as their new alpha. Later, Blue is the first to change her loyalty back to Owen and fight against the Indominus. After the rest of her pack is killed by the hybrid, Blue joins a battle between a T. rex (Rexy) and the Indominus, who is then",
"title": "Velociraptors in Jurassic Park"
},
{
"docid": "57421235",
"text": "Jurassic World: The Ride is a dark water ride attraction that is themed to the Jurassic World series at Universal Studios Hollywood. The original Jurassic Park: The Ride, which operated from June 21, 1996, to September 3, 2018, underwent a major refurbishment and reopened as Jurassic World: The Ride. History The ride was announced on May 10, 2018, by Universal Studios Hollywood officials during a 25th anniversary celebration of the 1993 film Jurassic Park, directed by Steven Spielberg. It was stated that Jurassic Park: The Ride, which opened on June 21, 1996, would be closed for retheming based on the 2015 film Jurassic World and its 2018 sequel Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The Jurassic Cafe restaurant and Jurassic Outfitters retail store near the original attraction were also closed temporarily to be rethemed. Universal Creative worked on the new ride, and Jon Corfino was the project director and show producer. He worked closely on the ride with Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall, the director and producer respectively for the 2015 film. Corfino worked to blend elements of the old ride with the new one, and the final idea was presented to Spielberg. The team had to rush to get the ride finished for the busy summer tourist season. Mosasaurus, an aquatic reptile that appeared in the films, is digitally featured on the ride. Industrial Light & Magic collaborated with the design team at Universal Studios Hollywood to create the creature and its environment. The walls of the Mosasaurus tank are depicted across four large, high-definition screens on both sides of the boat. A 3D effect makes objects in the foreground move faster than those in the background, a technique that gives the Mosasaurus a realistic appearance. The attraction also features larger dinosaurs than Jurassic Park: The Ride, and new animatronics allow the dinosaurs to move better than their predecessors. Several actors from the films reprise their roles for the ride: Chris Pratt as Owen Grady, Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing, and BD Wong as Dr. Henry Wu. The attraction officially opened on July 12, 2019, without advanced notice or fanfare. It previously had a soft opening for friends and family of Universal employees. The official opening coincided with a number of other Jurassic World-themed attractions adjacent to the ride entrance. Guests can take part in the Triceratops Encounter, where guests interact with Juliet, a Triceratops, and Dino Play, in which young visitors excavate large dinosaur fossils. Guests can also interact with baby Velociraptors like Sierra or Tango along with their trainer. The Mosasaurus is part of the Aquarium Observatory section, an area that responds to real-world weather, changing between day time and night time depending on the actual time of day. Jurassic Cafe introduced a bar called Isla Nu-bar, named after the series' fictional Isla Nublar island. Following a refurbishment in 2021, the ride's climax was updated with a new Indominus Rex animatronic. Ride description Queue and pre-show Guests enter through the Jurassic World gates and into a series of",
"title": "Jurassic World: The Ride"
},
{
"docid": "71450070",
"text": "Owen Grady is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in the fourth film Jurassic World (2015), which is also the first installment in the Jurassic World trilogy. Colin Trevorrow directed and co-wrote the film, casting Chris Pratt as Owen. He is one of the three main protagonists in the trilogy, along with his love interest Claire Dearing (portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard), and his adoptive daughter, Maisie Lockwood (portrayed by Isabella Sermon), who made her debut in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran and animal behavioral scientist researching Velociraptor at the dinosaur theme park Jurassic World, located on Isla Nublar. By the end of the first film, he and Claire begin a relationship. Pratt reprised the role in the film's sequels. In Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), he and Claire have broken off their relationship, and she is leading an effort to save the Isla Nublar dinosaurs from a volcanic eruption. Owen agrees to join her rescue mission so he can save Blue, the last survivor of his old raptor group, with whom he has a close connection. Later in the film, he and Claire reconcile and become adoptive parents to Maisie Lockwood, the biogenetic granddaughter of Benjamin Lockwood. In Jurassic World Dominion (2022), Owen and Claire remain in a relationship and are raising Maisie, who is kidnapped by Biosyn for research purposes along with Blue's asexually reproduced baby, Beta. The couple then embark on a rescue mission to retrieve them from Biosyn. The concept of a raptor handler was conceived as early as 2004, by Jurassic World executive producer Steven Spielberg. He was disappointed with early drafts that featured the animals being trained for missions, although he believed the idea still had potential. Trevorrow was hired as the film's director and co-writer in 2013, and incorporated Spielberg's idea while scaling it back. Owen Grady is among Pratt's most popular roles. The character has overall received a mixed to positive reception from critics. While some reviews criticized the films for not fully utilizing Pratt's skill as a comic actor and Owen's minimal characterization garnered mixed reactions, Pratt's overall performance has been well-received, and some consider Owen to be one of the best Jurassic Park characters. Fictional background Jurassic World In the first film, Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran who works as an on-site animal behaviorist at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park located on the island of Isla Nublar. Owen and his friend, Barry, are studying four Velociraptors on the island, on behalf of InGen Security and its chief, Hoskins. Their research is done to test the raptors' intelligence, although they oppose Hoskins's long-term goal to use the animals as military weapons. Owen explains that his relationship with the raptors is a personal one and that they only respond to him under controlled conditions. He was once romantically attracted to Claire Dearing, the park's operations manager, though their conflicting personalities ended a potential relationship after one date. To increase park",
"title": "Owen Grady"
},
{
"docid": "473273",
"text": "Jurassic Park III is a 2001 American science fiction action film directed by Joe Johnston and written by Peter Buchman, Alexander Payne, and Jim Taylor. It is the third installment in the Jurassic Park franchise and the final film in the original Jurassic Park trilogy, following The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). It is also the first film in the franchise not to be directed by Steven Spielberg, as well as the first not to be based on a novel by Michael Crichton; however, the film features characters and ideas by Crichton. Sam Neill and Laura Dern reprise their roles from the first film. New cast members include William H. Macy, Téa Leoni, Alessandro Nivola, Trevor Morgan, and Michael Jeter. The plot follows a divorced couple who deceive paleontologist Alan Grant into helping them find their son, who has gone missing on Isla Sorna. After the release of Spielberg's Jurassic Park, Joe Johnston expressed interest in directing a sequel, which Spielberg agreed to. Universal Pictures announced the third film in June 1998, with a release scheduled for mid-2000. A draft written by Peter Buchman was rejected five weeks ahead of filming in favor of a simpler story idea suggested by David Koepp, the writer of the previous two films. Payne and Taylor were hired to rewrite the earlier script by Buchman, who made further revisions to their draft. Filming lasted five months, beginning in Hawaii in August 2000, before moving to California. A final draft of the script was never completed during production, a circumstance Johnston considered quitting over. Jurassic Park III features a combination of computer-generated and animatronic dinosaurs. A Spinosaurus replaces the Tyrannosaurus, from the previous two films as the main dinosaur antagonist. Jurassic Park III premiered on July 16, 2001, and was theatrically released on July 18. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, the film was a box-office success, grossing $368.8 million worldwide against a $93 million budget, becoming so the eighth highest-grossing film of 2001; however, it is the lowest-grossing installment in the franchise to date. In 2015, it was followed by Jurassic World, which would start the sequel trilogy of the same name. Sam Neill and Laura Dern would later reprise their roles as Alan Grant and Ellie Sattler in Jurassic World Dominion (2022) Plot Twelve-year-old Eric Kirby and his mother's boyfriend, Ben Hildebrand, are parasailing near the restricted Isla Sorna. As the boat enters a thick fog, the crew is killed by an unknown attacker, prompting Ben to detach the line before the vessel crashes into rocks. Eric and Ben drift towards the island. Eight weeks later, paleontologist Alan Grant struggles to secure funding for his Velociraptor research and rebuffs the public's obsession with the events on Isla Nublar. Grant discusses his research with Ellie Sattler, hypothesizing that Velociraptors were intellectually and socially advanced beyond even primates. In Montana, his assistant, Billy Brennan, uses a three-dimensional printer to replicate a Velociraptor larynx. Paul and Amanda Kirby, a seemingly wealthy couple, offer to fund Grant's",
"title": "Jurassic Park III"
},
{
"docid": "2344109",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a rail shooter arcade game developed and released by Sega in 1994. It is based on the 1993 film of the same name. The game cabinet resembles the rear of the first-gen Ford Explorer XLT tour vehicles used in the film. The player(s), equipped with the joystick(s), must shoot dinosaurs that appear on-screen throughout the game. The game includes a moving seat, also used in Sega's 1991 light gun shooter Rail Chase. The seat is powered by hydraulic pistons to move the seat according to action on the screen. The game's graphics blend two-dimensional sprites and three-dimensional polygons to give the sense of movement. Jurassic Park was the first game of this genre to include 3D environments. The game was followed by two arcade sequels, The Lost World: Jurassic Park in 1997, and Jurassic Park III in 2001. Another arcade game, titled Jurassic Park Arcade, was released in 2015 and is based on the first three films in the Jurassic Park series. Gameplay The game takes place on Isla Nublar a few months after the events of the film. The player(s) fend(s) off a vehicle from dinosaur attacks with infinite automatic weaponry. A joystick is used to play, rather than a light gun. Dinosaurs include Tyrannosaurus, Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, Gallimimus, Brachiosaurus, Ankylosaurus and Triceratops as well as the non-dinosaur creatures such as ichthyosaurs and pterosaurs. Tyrannosaurus is the only boss enemy in the game. Fences and large rocks that block the path of the player(s) must be shot at to avoid running into them. The game ends with the dinosaurs being caged once again. Reception In Japan, Game Machine listed Jurassic Park on their April 1, 1994 issue as being the third most-successful upright/cockpit arcade game of the month. Edge called the game a \"shameful Line of Fire/Rail Chase-style shoot 'em up\". Reviewers for Games World: The Magazine rated it 63 out of 100, and also compared it to Rail Chase. They commended the graphics but found that the gameplay soon becomes repetitive. Shacknews reviewed the game in 2016, and found the graphics outdated compared to other arcade games of the mid-1990s. Shacknews considered the gameplay to be \"pretty mindless\" for an on-rail shooter, stating that the game could have used more time in development. In 2021, Daniel Kurland of Comic Book Resources called it an \"excellent cooperative experience\" and stated \"the Jeep-like arcade cabinet is a simple but effective touch\". See also Jurassic Park List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 1994 video games Arcade video games Arcade-only video games Cooperative video games Video games about dinosaurs Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Rail shooters Sega-AM3 games Sega arcade games Sega System 32 games Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Multiplayer and single-player video games",
"title": "Jurassic Park (arcade game)"
},
{
"docid": "2294250",
"text": "Chaos Island: The Lost World (also known as Chaos Island and Chaos Island: The Lost World: Jurassic Park) is a real-time strategy video game for the PC, developed and published by DreamWorks Interactive, and based on the 1997 film The Lost World: Jurassic Park. Chaos Island was released in North America on October 30, 1997. In Chaos Island, the player controls characters displayed on a map, directing where they move with the mouse and giving them commands either with the mouse or from a menu. Plot The game features six characters from the film, each voiced by the actors who played them in the film: Dr. Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum), Dr. Sarah Harding (Julianne Moore), Nick Van Owen (Vince Vaughn), Eddie Carr (Richard Schiff), Kelly Curtis (Vanessa Lee Chester), and John Hammond (Richard Attenborough). Early in the game, Malcolm, Van Owen and Carr are on Isla Nublar (the island where Jurassic Park occurred), where they rendezvous with Harding and obtain a DNA serum used to control dinosaurs that they hatch. A freighter then takes them to Isla Sorna (where The Lost World: Jurassic Park occurs) and crashes there in a storm. Future missions are largely spent combating hunters, who are on the island to capture the dinosaurs and take them to a theme park. The hunters are hostile to the playable characters and will attack them on foot, using Jeeps, and tanks in later levels. In one mission, the characters must free a baby T. Rex and other captured dinosaurs from the hunters' camp, then in the next, return it to its nest and free the mother, who has been captured by the hunters. Later in the game, the hunters blow up the playable characters' communications transmitter. The characters make their way to the InGen Communications Center (as in the film) to contact help. In the game's final level, the characters must all make their way to a helipad where they can be picked up. If these missions are completed, a bonus mission is opened where the player can play as the mother T. Rex in San Diego making her way to the freighter where her baby is, and combating hunters on the way. Gameplay Only Malcolm, Van Owen, Carr and a \"Research Assistant\" are available from the start; Harding and Curtis become playable shortly into the game. The player can have more than one Research Assistant. Each of the characters has a different level of speed, eyesight (used for uncovering the fog of war) and number of supplies they can carry at one time. Each character can carry a gun that can be used against dinosaurs and hunters. Each character costs a certain number of points when selected for use in a level. There is a limited number of points that can be spent before the level begins, but when collecting supplies, the points can be spent on bringing in characters during the level. Hammond appears in cutscenes between levels. The game includes three difficulty levels and 12 missions,",
"title": "Chaos Island: The Lost World"
},
{
"docid": "61480190",
"text": "Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar is a 13-episode CG-animated television miniseries that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Set in 2012 and inspired by the Lego toyline, the show is a direct followup to the Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit television special that debuted on NBC in the United States in 2018. The series began airing in Canada on Family Channel on July 6, 2019. Plot The series takes place at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Velociraptor handler Owen Grady and the park's operations manager Claire Dearing work to keep Jurassic World from falling into ruin unaware that Dennis Nedry's nephew Danny Nedermeyer has a secret agenda to ruin it. Cast Episodes Specials Broadcast In Australia, the series debuted on 9Go! on August 15, 2019. In the United States, Nickelodeon picked up the series and began airing it on September 14, with the first episode made available on video-on-demand platforms beginning August 25, 2019. ITV in the United Kingdom premiered the series as part of their CITV block on September 7, 2019. See also Lego Jurassic World (theme) Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit Lego Jurassic World (video game) Lego Dimensions Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park References External links LEGO: Jurassic World – Legend of Isla Nublar at Family.ca Official Jurassic World website Official Jurassic Outpost website Official Nickelodeon website 2019 animated television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series endings 2019 American television series debuts 2019 American television series endings 2010s Canadian animated television series 2010s American animated television series 2020s Canadian animated television series 2020s American animated television series American children's animated action television series American children's animated adventure television series American children's animated comic science fiction television series American children's animated science fantasy television series Canadian children's animated action television series Canadian children's animated adventure television series Canadian children's animated comic science fiction television series Canadian children's animated science fantasy television series Television series set in 2012 Works based on Jurassic Park Nickelodeon original programming Animated television series about dinosaurs J",
"title": "Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar"
},
{
"docid": "71416196",
"text": "Dr. Henry Wu is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. He also appears briefly in the novel's 1993 film adaptation and plays a larger role in the Jurassic World film trilogy. Dr. Wu is the lead geneticist for the dinosaur theme parks Jurassic Park and Jurassic World, overseeing the de-extinction of dinosaurs through genetic engineering. He is killed by a Velociraptor in the novel, but survives throughout the film series, in which he is portrayed by actor BD Wong. Although Wu is a supporting character in the novel, he has a drastically reduced role in the film adaptation, directed by Steven Spielberg. Wong and Wu are both Asian-American, and the actor believed that the role was reduced, to his disappointment, because of \"racial exclusion in Hollywood\". Wong was skeptical that he would ever reprise the role, but eventually did so for the fourth film in the franchise, Jurassic World (2015). It was directed by Colin Trevorrow, who co-wrote the script with Derek Connolly. The writers viewed Wu as a logical character to return, considering his role in recreating dinosaurs. Wong is the only actor from any of the previous films to appear in Jurassic World, and he and Trevorrow were happy to revisit the character after his minor role in the first film. Wong reprised the role again for the sequels, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022), which were also co-written by Trevorrow. In the Jurassic World trilogy, Wu secretly creates weaponized hybrid dinosaurs at the behest of others, although the animals later escape and wreak havoc. In Dominion, he secretly engineers giant locusts for his employer, Biosyn, which unleashes the insects to consume rival crops in a plot to control the world food supply. The character undergoes a redemption when he expresses regret for his actions and eventually stops the locust outbreak. Wu is sometimes considered a villain in the Jurassic World films, although Wong believes the character is misunderstood, stating that his research is well intentioned and driven by the demands of others. Aside from the films, Wong also reprised the role for the video games Jurassic World Evolution (2018) and Jurassic World Aftermath (2020), as well as two theme park attractions, Jurassic World: The Ride and VelociCoaster. Fictional background Dr. Henry Wu is the chief geneticist at Jurassic Park, a theme park featuring genetically engineered dinosaurs on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. Wu was recruited by the park's owner, John Hammond, to bring dinosaurs back from extinction for use as attractions. Novels In the novel, Wu was a student of geneticist Norman Atherton, who was Hammond's partner in the Jurassic Park project. After Atherton died of cancer, Wu was personally recruited by Hammond to join the project. Wu is eager to make his mark in the science world, and Hammond gives him an opportunity to do so, offering him a $50 million budget to create living",
"title": "Henry Wu (Jurassic Park)"
},
{
"docid": "54555989",
"text": "Jurassic World: The Game is a simulation video game developed by Ludia and based on the 2015 film Jurassic World. It is a sequel to Ludia's earlier game, Jurassic Park Builder (2012), and features similar gameplay. The Chinese servers for the game shut down on January 4, 2021 making it unplayable there, but is still playable in other parts of the world. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Game is set on the fictional Costa Rican islands of Isla Nublar and Isla Sorna, where the player is put in control of constructing a Jurassic World theme park. The player can add buildings and create dinosaurs to populate the park. The game features creatures like dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles, among other prehistoric animals. The combat, in which the player chooses an animal to fight against a rival's animal, uses a system of action points that will increase with each turn while making use of each animals' weaknesses. By obtaining a collection of creatures, the player maintains the park by completing missions assigned to them by the characters. The player can erect buildings and decorations to increase revenue. Each rank unlocks new Battle Stages and buildings to expand the park. Throughout the game, the players are able to get Card Packs, which can give rare species, new missions or currency. Hybrid animals are available to obtain by fusing two matching dinosaurs with a reached level cap of 40 like combining a Tyrannosaurus and a Velociraptor to form the Indominus rex. Superhybrids can in turn be created by collecting specific DNA and fusing it with an existing hybrid. The park also includes an aquatic and Cenozoic sections, with many species present that are not dinosaurs. The game supports the use of Hasbro's Jurassic World Brawlasaurus toys, which could be scanned by players and incorporated into the game for battles. Development and release Jurassic World: The Game was announced by Universal Pictures in October 2014, as part of its promotional plans for the 2015 film Jurassic World. Ludia released the game for iOS in April 2015, to coincide with the release of the film. It was released shortly after for Android in May 2015. Reception Patrick Klepek of Kotaku criticized the game for its use of in-game advertisements. Nadia Oxford of Gamezebo gave the game three stars out of five. Oxford noted the realistic dinosaur models, but wrote that the game \"combines mediocre park-building with mediocre dino-battling. It's competent and by gosh it (mostly) looks glorious, but there isn't a lot here that differentiates the game from standard park-builders\". Gamezebo considered the game to be \"pretty much Jurassic Park Builder part II, except the parks you create in that three-year-old game seem a lot more colorful and joyful than the washed-out grey fairgrounds you create in Jurassic World\". References External links Official website 2015 video games Amusement park simulation games Business simulation games Android (operating system) games IOS games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Video games developed in Canada Video games",
"title": "Jurassic World: The Game"
},
{
"docid": "61217127",
"text": "Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit is a two-part animated television special that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Inspired by the Lego toyline, it was aired on NBC in the United States on November 29, 2018. It was later released on DVD in North America as a 43-minute film by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment on January 15, 2019. The special was followed by the 13-episode miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar in 2019. Plot Set in 2012, Simon Masrani is planning a secretive new exhibit at his Jurassic World dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Park worker Claire Dearing is responsible for ensuring that three dinosaurs – Baryonyx, Carnotaurus and Stygimoloch – are transported from Isla Sorna to Isla Nublar to become part of the new exhibit. If Claire does well, Simon will make her assistant manager of park operations. Animal behaviorist Owen Grady is hired to transport the dinosaurs to Isla Nublar, along with four Velociraptor eggs. Owen and his helicopter pilot face a thunderstorm while transporting the dinosaurs, but eventually reach Isla Nublar safely. Upon arrival, the eggs hatch and Vic Hoskins is intent on training the velociraptors to obey commands. Owen is disappointed to learn that his job is not over yet, as he still has to transport the three dinosaurs by truck to the other side of Isla Nublar. During the transportation, a boy hijacks a park tour vehicle and takes it for a joyride across the island. Owen, accompanied by his dog Red, follows the boy and stops him. Claire proceeds with transporting the dinosaurs on her own. Meanwhile, Simon wants his scientists, Dr. Henry Wu and Allison Miles, to create a new dinosaur attraction to increase park attendance. Eventually, he decides to have them bake dinosaur-themed cookies to accompany the opening of his new exhibit. In the second half of the special, disgruntled park worker Danny Nedermeyer infiltrates the park's control room and secretly sabotages operations. Owen reunites with Claire and helps her transport the dinosaurs. At Owen's insistence, they take a shortcut, but their truck plummets down a hill and crashes, and the caged dinosaurs escape. In addition, Danny shuts down power to one of the dinosaur enclosures, allowing the park's Tyrannosaurus rex to escape. Owen manages to get the dinosaurs contained, and Vic is impressed with Owen's ability to control the animals. Owen agrees to Vic's job offer to train the four baby raptors. Simon's exhibit, consisting of a three-dinosaur carousel, opens to the public. Danny is revealed to be the nephew of Dennis Nedry as he secretly vows to continue his efforts to bring down Jurassic World. Cast Britt McKillip as Claire Dearing Ian Hanlin as Owen Grady Dhirendra as Simon Masrani Alex Zahara as Vic Hoskins Vincent Tong as Dr. Henry Wu, ACU Team Member, Boy, Captain Bethany Brown as Allison Miles, Mom Adrian Petriw as Danny Nedermeyer Sabrina Pitre as Park Vet Broadcast In Canada, the special debuted on",
"title": "Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit"
},
{
"docid": "33940799",
"text": "Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a 1994 side-scrolling video game developed by BlueSky Software and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It is the sequel to Sega's previous Jurassic Park video game, based on the film of the same name and also released for the Genesis. Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a revamped version of its predecessor, featuring similar gameplay with several changes, and a new story that continues from where the previous game ended. Plot After the events of Jurassic Park, Dr. Alan Grant escapes Isla Nublar on a helicopter. While the Costa Rican Army is blowing up parts of the island to destroy the park's dinosaurs, Grant spots a helicopter of armed InGen field agents arriving on the island. Fearing that the agents have plans to collect any remaining dinosaur eggs and DNA samples for a new dinosaur park, Grant attempts to contact the Costa Rican Army. Grant's helicopter crashes on the island after the pilot attempts to stop him. Grant survives the crash and must find a way to stop InGen. Gameplay Gameplay is very similar to Sega's earlier Jurassic Park video game for the Sega Genesis. Like its predecessor, Rampage Edition is an action game with a platform setup that allows the player to choose between Dr. Grant or the Raptor. As Dr. Grant, the player starts out with a dart gun that has infinite ammo. A wide selection of weapons is available for the player to obtain throughout the game, including an assault rifle, shotgun, flame-thrower, grenades, rocket launcher, and shock rifle. As Dr. Grant, the player travels through the island while fighting InGen agents and dinosaurs until Grant can escape by boat. As the Raptor, the player can win battles with physical attacks such as biting and whipping opponents with the Raptor's tail. A bonus for the Raptor is to collect enough Lysine crates, which allows the player to go into \"Raptor Rage\" mode where the screen turns red and the player becomes invincible for a limited amount of time. As the Raptor, the player can play all the same levels as Dr. Grant. The goal of the Raptor is to escape the island on a departing cargo boat to find a safe place to nest its eggs. Candy bars and med kits are collected throughout the game to replenish the player's health, while eggs, embryo containers and DNA samples are collected throughout the game for points. Instead of the linear gameplay of the previous game, Rampage Edition allows players to choose from three levels to complete before they are allowed to proceed to the final levels in order to win the game. Unlike its predecessor, Rampage Edition features a faster pace, and allows Grant to perform additional actions such as riding dinosaurs and using zip-lines. Grant and the raptor are also able to kill their enemies, unlike the previous game. Rampage Edition also features larger levels, and more weapons for Grant to use. Development and release Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a",
"title": "Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition"
},
{
"docid": "50553794",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1994 point-and-click adventure game developed and published by Sega for the Sega CD. The video game is based on the 1993 film of the same name, and includes elements from Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which the film is based upon. Plot Set after the events of the film, a group of scientists is sent to collect dinosaur eggs at InGen's Jurassic Park. This theme park is populated with genetically engineered dinosaurs and is located on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. After the group's helicopter crashes on the island, a survivor – controlled by the player – receives a video message from Emily Shimura, a computer expert. Shimura states that the crash was the result of sabotage orchestrated by InGen's corporate rival, Biosyn Corporation, which paid to have a bomb attached to the helicopter. A second helicopter is sent to rescue the player, but it is also compromised by Biosyn, which has sent out its own team to steal the dinosaur eggs. When Biosyn's helicopter arrives, the company's agents are tranquilized by the player, who uses the helicopter to escape the island. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a point-and-click adventure game, with a strong emphasis on action sequences which require split-second timing. The player must search Isla Nublar to retrieve eggs from seven different dinosaur species and place them in an incubator at the Jurassic Park visitor center. The eggs must be collected within a real-time 12-hour limit. Jurassic Park is played from a first-person perspective, giving the player a panoramic view of the surroundings as well as various tools to interact with, and a trio of weapons to contend with dinosaurs. Because none of the weapons (a stun gun, tranquilizer darts, and gas grenades) are lethal, each situation is in the form of a puzzle disguised as combat which requires more than just shooting to survive. First-aid kits can be used to replenish the player's health, while night vision goggles allow the player to see in dark environments. Paleontologist Robert T. Bakker makes video appearances throughout the game to provide the player with hints and dinosaur information, via special Dinosaur Field Kiosks that are located near dinosaur paddocks. Shimura also provides the player with information through video messages. Development and release In January 1992, Sega spent an estimated $1 million to purchase the rights to develop a Jurassic Park video game. Sega had the rights to use the Jurassic Park logo and some sounds from the film, but none of the characters. Elements from Michael Crichton's novel, Jurassic Park, were added into the game. It was the first Sega CD video game to be developed entirely in the United States by Sega of America. Initially, the game was to include three different perspectives: top-down, side-scrolling, and first-person. Development began on prototype versions of each perspective. The game's designers later realized that the game was too big, and decided to concentrate on only one perspective instead. The designers chose the first-person perspective which was the",
"title": "Jurassic Park (Sega CD video game)"
},
{
"docid": "68464954",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1993 platform game developed and published by Sega for the Game Gear. Another version, with identical gameplay, was also released for the Master System. The game is based on the 1993 film of the same name. It was praised for its graphics, but criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a platform game set at a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. The dinosaurs escape after the failure of the electric fence enclosures, and the player is tasked with rounding up the animals. The game features five areas of Isla Nublar. The player can play the first four areas in any order, but cannot access the final area – Jurassic Park's Visitor Center – until the others are completed. Each area begins with a driving level, played from a side-scrolling perspective, as the player shoots at oncoming dinosaurs. The player then proceeds on foot, and is armed with three weapons. The player can jump and hang from ledges. Medical kits can be collected to refill the player's health bar, while bottles can be collected to expand the health bar. At the end of each area is a boss enemy, such as Brachiosaurus, Pteranodon, Triceratops, and Velociraptor. The final boss enemy is a Tyrannosaurus rex. The Master System version has identical gameplay. In both versions, Jurassic Park is opened to the public upon completion of the game. Reception Jurassic Park received praise for its graphics, but was criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Sega Visions wrote: \"Even without the hot Jurassic Park license, this portable action game would stand on its own with solid graphics and game play\". Richard Longhurst of Sega Power called it \"the most shameful film licence game ever to disgrace the Gear\". Rob Pegley, also writing for Sega Power, reviewed the Master System version and found the gameplay to be unoriginal. The game was generally praised by four critics writing for Electronic Gaming Monthly, although two were unimpressed with the driving portions of the game. Mean Machines opined that the game had a lack of levels and variety. The game's music received praise and criticism. \"Scary Larry\" of GamePro stated that the sound effects \"are stale, but effective\", writing that the game \"tries to emulate the roar of the beasts and the sounds of the jungle, but the dinosaurs end up sounding sickly\". Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games praised the sampled dinosaur roars. Mean Machines found them to be \"awful\", and also criticized the \"instantly forgettable music\". References External links Jurassic Park at MobyGames 1993 video games Jurassic Park video games Game Gear games Master System games Platformers Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Single-player video games",
"title": "Jurassic Park (Game Gear video game)"
},
{
"docid": "1563401",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1993 video game based on the film and novel of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software and released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Ocean also ported the game onto the handheld Game Boy console. The object of the game is to survive in Jurassic Park, a theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped from containment. Plot Much like the film and novel which it is based on, Dr. Alan Grant is trapped at Jurassic Park located on Isla Nublar. The park's power has been cut out because of a computer malfunction, and the dinosaurs are roaming free. Grant must complete a series of missions that will eventually lead to him escaping the island without being killed by the dinosaurs. Grant must also rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. After locating Hammond's grandchildren, Grant must reactivate the park's computers and destroy Velociraptor nests using time bombs. Grant then reaches the park's dock and uses a radio to contact help. Grant then reaches a helipad and is rescued from the island. The game's ending consists of the player walking around a small stage filled with the game developers' names and an exit where the player can end the game. Gameplay The game is a top-down shooter. As Alan Grant, the player must complete six levels with objectives ranging from rescuing Hammond's grandchildren, destroying Velociraptor nests, turning the power back on and so forth. The game includes a two-player option in which players take turns. Each level consists of a varying number of stages where the player must collect a certain amount of dinosaur eggs and access cards to advance further into the level. The player must battle a varying amount of dinosaur foes such as Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, and Compsognathus. Tyrannosaurus rex is also encountered as an end boss in a couple of levels. Dinosaurs such as the T. rex cannot be killed by the player, only avoided. Common dinosaurs can be killed by using guns, which are scattered throughout each level. There are also \"mystery boxes\" scattered throughout the game, which have ranging effects. Some will give the player additional health, temporary invincibility or an extra life. However, some will power down the player's energy or take away a life. The game gives the player three lives and four continues. The Game Boy version is a port of the NES version, but includes the addition of a database, providing information on the game's dinosaurs. Development and release Ocean Software, a British video game development company, paid an undisclosed six-figure sum to secure the rights to the Jurassic Park license to develop a game based on the film. To aid Ocean Software in creating the game, Universal Studios provided the programmers with various materials related to the film, including the script and photos of the sets. In the United States, Jurassic Park was released in June 1993. Limited Run Games re-released the NES and",
"title": "Jurassic Park (NES video game)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "31219151",
"text": "Jurassic Park typically refers to the Jurassic Park franchise, a series of books, films, and video games centering around a fictional theme park. Arts, entertainment, and media Novel and film adaptations Jurassic Park (novel), a 1990 novel by Michael Crichton Jurassic Park (film), the 1993 film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg, based on the novel The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997), the second film in the series Jurassic Park III (2001), the third film in the series Games Jurassic Park (arcade game), a 1994 a rail shooter arcade video game from Sega Jurassic Park (computer video game), a 1993 Ocean Software game for Amiga and MS-DOS Jurassic Park (NES video game), a 1993 video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System Jurassic Park (pinball), a 1993 pinball machine from Data East and 2019 pinball machine from Stern Pinball. Jurassic Park (Sega video game), a 1993 video game for the Mega Drive/Genesis Jurassic Park (Sega CD video game), a 1994 point-and-click adventure game Jurassic Park (SNES video game), a 1993 action-adventure video game for the Super NES Chaos Island: The Lost World, a 1997 Microsoft Windows game Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis, a 2003 construction and management simulation for Windows, Xbox, and PlayStation 2 Jurassic Park: Survival, unreleased PlayStation 2 game Jurassic Park: The Game, a 2011 episodic point-and-click adventure video game Trespasser (video game), a 1998 Microsoft Windows game Jurassic Park Interactive, a 1994 3DO video game Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues, a 1994 Super Nintendo and Game Boy game Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, a 2001 Game Boy Advance game The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game), a 1997 arcade video game The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game), a 1997 PlayStation and Saturn game Warpath: Jurassic Park, a 1999 PlayStation game Music Jurassic Park (film score), the musical score for the 1993 film, composed by John Williams \"Jurassic Park\" (song), a 1993 parody song by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic \"T-Rex [Jurassic Park]\", a track by Basshunter from his compilation album The Old Shit Water rides Jurassic Park: The Ride, a water-based amusement ride located at Universal Studios Hollywood and Japan Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Jurassic Park River Adventure Other uses Maple Leaf Square, a public square in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, also known colloquially as Jurassic Park when hosting outdoor viewing parties of significant Toronto Raptors NBA games Mississauga Celebration Square, a public square in Mississauga, Greater Toronto, Ontario, Canada, also known colloquially as Jurassic Park West when hosting outdoor viewing parties of significant Toronto Raptors NBA games See also Jurassic Park video games Jurassic World (disambiguation) Lost World (disambiguation)",
"title": "Jurassic Park (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "8540829",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park is the title of several different video games released for handheld video game consoles in 1997. Four versions, each with their own gameplay variations, were developed and published by various companies for the Sega Game Gear, Nintendo's Game Boy, and Tiger Electronics' game.com and R-Zone consoles. Each version is based on the 1997 film of the same name. Gameplay The Game Gear, Game Boy and game.com versions feature side-scrolling platform-based gameplay. In the Game Gear version, several organizations have sent hunting teams to Isla Sorna to capture the island's dinosaurs and sell them. The player controls a hunter, who is sent to investigate the current state of the island, and to prevent the hunting teams from achieving their goal. Twelve levels are featured, each one accessed by a world map. In two of the game's later levels, the player plays as a Compsognathus rather than the hunter. In the Game Boy version, the player's unnamed character must prevent smugglers from removing the island's dinosaurs. The game features eight levels, including jungles and a laboratory. The player's character must collect 10 objects in each level, such as dinosaur eggs, data discs, and DNA vials. The game includes a password feature, and is compatible with the Super Game Boy. In the game.com version, the player chooses to play as either Sarah Harding or Roland Tembo. Tembo is a hunter who wants to collect dinosaur eggs and take them off the island; Harding must collect the eggs before Tembo. The game features six levels, each one divided into two sections: Game Trail and Nest Area. Each level begins with a Game Trail section, which is a three-dimensional driving mini-game. The player chooses a vehicle, such as a motorcycle or Humvee. The player must then avoid stampeding dinosaurs and road hazards such as bushes and rocks while driving forward on a road of either dirt, grass or gravel. Nest Area, the second portion of each level, plays as a side-scroller in which the player's character must avoid dinosaurs while searching for five eggs and attempting to reach the end of the level. At the end of each level is a mother dinosaur that must be defeated. Both characters use tranquilizer darts against the dinosaurs. In addition, both characters also possess their own weapon. In the R-Zone version, the player must survive against Tyrannosaurus rex, Triceratops, and Velociraptor in various jungle island levels. The player can use a motorcycle and all-terrain vehicle. Development and release In June 1997, THQ announced that it had obtained the rights to publish a video game adaptation of The Lost World: Jurassic Park, to be released for the Game Boy handheld console in October 1997. Later that month at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), Sega announced that a separate video game adaptation of the film would be developed for the handheld Sega Game Gear console. The Game Gear version, developed by Aspect and published by Sega, was released on August 26, 1997. By December 1997,",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (handheld game)"
},
{
"docid": "1663525",
"text": "Jurassic Park is an open-world action-adventure video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), based on the 1990 novel and 1993 film of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software in 1993 in North America and PAL regions, and published by Jaleco in 1994 in Japan. The player controls Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who has become trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. The game's exterior portion is viewed from a top-down perspective, but shifts to a first-person view during interior sections. The game garnered praise for these varied and three-dimensional perspectives, the usage of stereo sound, and the adventure gameplay. In 1994, Ocean released a sequel, Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues, with gameplay which significantly differs from that of the original. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the novel and film of the same name. Following a computer system failure, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped at an island theme park, known as Jurassic Park, that is populated with dinosaurs. The player controls Grant, and begins the game armed with a cattle prod, although the game also features five other weapons: tranquilizer gun, shotgun, bolas, gas grenade launcher, and missile launcher. The game features seven different dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player is given five lives, and two continues when all lives are lost. Grant's health is represented by a red health bar. Food and first-aid kits located throughout the game can replenish the player's health. Motion sensors set up around the island allow characters in the game to communicate advice to the player, although some advice is deliberately malicious. If Grant loses a life, the player is restarted at the last motion sensor with which Grant came into contact. Mr. DNA, a character from the film, provides dinosaur facts to the player if the game is paused or remains idle for too long. The player must open and close multiple gates to travel around the island. The game's music changes depending on the player's location in the park. The player is also required to collect dinosaur eggs throughout the game. The game's world is spacious and non-linear. The exterior portion, played from a top-down perspective, consists of a maze that is made up of jungle trees, along with rock formations, canals, fences, gates, and a number of buildings that can be entered and explored. The game switches to a first-person perspective when the player enters one of these buildings. The player must collect ID cards belonging to characters on the island in order to access certain rooms. Other rooms are completely dark and require night vision goggles to enter. Some buildings contain multiple floors that are accessed via elevators. Jurassic Park supports the Super NES Mouse when playing first-person sequences or operating computer terminals. To win the game, the player must complete several objectives, starting with powering up a computer to re-activate the park's motion sensors. Once activated,",
"title": "Jurassic Park (SNES video game)"
},
{
"docid": "32242633",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It was released on September 16, 1997. By this time the Genesis was near the end of its commercial lifespan, and months went by between new software releases for the console. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. Gameplay Unlike the previous Jurassic Park games for the Genesis, the game features a bird's-eye view perspective similar to Jurassic Park on the Super NES. The player assumes the role of an unnamed character who must capture dinosaurs on Isla Sorna, while stopping rival hunters from transporting dinosaurs to the mainland. The game consists of nineteen missions spread across four sections of the island, referred to as Sites One through Four. Boss levels must be played at the end of each Site in order to advance to the next Site. Two players can work together in Cooperative Mode, or work against each other in Competitive Mode. Weapons such as a taser, tranquilizer gun, shotgun and grenades can be used against hunters and dinosaurs. At times, the player can control vehicles such as an SUV and a hovercraft. Development The game was originally scheduled to release in August 1997. This was pushed to September 1997. Reception Game Informer gave the game an 8.25 out of 10 and wrote, \"We can honestly say that this game is more fun than the PlayStation/Saturn version. [...] We'd love to see more titles like The Lost World for Genesis. It's entertaining and pushes the Genesis to its limits.\" Game Informer also praised the game's graphics, but noted \"when there's a lot of on-screen action, the slow down does become frustrating.\" GamePro instead considered the graphics unimpressive by Genesis standards, citing muted colors, simple backgrounds, and small sprites. The reviewer also described the gameplay as boring. See also Jurassic Park video games The Lost World: Jurassic Park (video game), a listing of games based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park References External links 1997 video games Cooperative_video_games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Sega Genesis games Sega Genesis-only games Video games developed in Hungary Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Sega Genesis game)"
},
{
"docid": "70994038",
"text": "Jurassic World Dominion (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score album to the 2022 film of the same name composed by Michael Giacchino. The sixth film in the Jurassic Park franchise, it is also the sequel to Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and the final film in the Jurassic World trilogy, while also serving as a conclusion to the storyline started in the original Jurassic Park trilogy. It is directed by Colin Trevorrow, who co-wrote the script with Emily Carmichael and story with Derek Connolly, and produced by Frank Marshall and Patrick Crowley, who also produced the predecessors, with Steven Spielberg, who directed Jurassic Park (1993), served as the executive producer. Giacchino recorded the score within 10 days, at Abbey Road Studios in London during April–May 2021. The supervision of the track was remotely done through online due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. As with his previous Jurassic World scores, Giacchino incorporated John Williams' Jurassic Park theme into the score. The album was released digitally in Dolby Atmos by Back Lot Music on June 3, 2022. It was followed by a physical release on June 24, and a vinyl edition published by Mondo on August 12. Development In March 2020, Michael Giacchino, who scored the previous Jurassic World films was announced as the composer for Jurassic World Dominion. Recording of the score took place at England's Abbey Road Studios over a 10-day period during late-April and early-May 2021. It was remotely done with a 100-member orchestra with director Colin Trevorrow supervising the music sessions online, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Giacchino shared several behind-the-scenes pictures and videos from the recording session, to anticipate fans about the score. A set of musical themes, were created using MIDI so that \"it does not feel the way the orchestra play it\". The score mixing was done in California. Similar to previous installments from the Jurassic World franchise, the Jurassic Park theme by John Williams is featured in the score. During the scoring sessions, Giacchino teased cue \"2m19a: Alan For Granted\" confirming the possibilities of a separate theme for Alan Grant who re-appears in Dominion. Despite being the lead role in the original Jurassic Park trilogy, Williams did not compose a principal theme or leitmotif for the character while Don Davis used the Jurassic Park theme to represent Grant's character in his score for Jurassic Park III. Following the character's return to the franchise in Dominion, Giacchino decided to compose a theme for the character. The track was named as \"A Sattler Slate of Affairs/Alan for Granted/Sattler? I Barely Knew Her\" (the eighth track in the film score). The score was conducted by Cliff Masterson, Ludwig Wicki and Alfonso Casado with orchestrations provided by Jeff Kryka, Curtis Green, Mick Giacchino and Jennifer Dirkes. Promotion and release A two-and-a-half minute track \"Da Plane and Da Cycle\" (the 15th track in the album) was released exclusively on May 25, 2022. Collider.com reviewed that \"Giacchino blends his usual lush orchestration with some unexpected electronic touches, making for",
"title": "Jurassic World Dominion (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "19945434",
"text": "Pantosaurus (\"all lizard\") is an extinct genus of plesiosaur from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) of what is now Wyoming. It lived in what used to be the Sundance Sea. It was originally named Parasaurus (\"near lizard\") by Othniel Charles Marsh in reference to Plesiosaurus, but that name was preoccupied, and Marsh changed it. The species Muraenosaurus reedii is in fact a junior synonym of Pantosaurus. The holotype YPM 543 is a partial articulated skeleton, partially prepared to yield a distal humerus, four articulated carpals, a fragment of the coracoid, and several isolated cervical vertebrae from the Upper Member of the Sundance Formation. Other material includes USNM 536963, USNM 536965, UW 3, UW 5544 and UW 15938. Description Pantosaurus possesses between 35 and 40 cervical vertebrae, which are very similar in proportion and morphology to those of Muraenosaurus leedsii from the Oxford Clay Formation (Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of England. The forelimb of Pantosaurus however can be differentiated from that of Muraenosaurus, such as the relatively large size of the radius and the corresponding humerus-radius articulation. No Pantosaurus cranial material has yet been discovered. Palaeobiology The discovery of an partially digested embryonic ichthyosaur (probably Baptanodon) inside of a fossil referable to Pantosaurus striatus was the first evidence of the consumption of ichthyosaurs by plesiosaurs. See also List of plesiosaur genera Timeline of plesiosaur research References Cryptoclidids Sauropterygian genera Late Jurassic plesiosaurs Late Jurassic reptiles of North America Jurassic plesiosaurs of North America Fossil taxa described in 1893 Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh",
"title": "Pantosaurus"
},
{
"docid": "26256636",
"text": "Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure is a river rapids ride in The Lost World zone at Universal Studios Singapore in Resorts World Sentosa, Sentosa Island, Singapore. History Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure is based on the concept of Jurassic Park: The Ride at Universal Studios Hollywood, which is itself based on the film adaptation of the popular novel. Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure is a Hafema river rapids ride whereas Jurassic Park: The Ride is a flume ride. The attraction first opened at Universal Studios Singapore on March 18, 2010. The attraction was temporary closed to the public for enhancement works from 10 August 2011 to 20 January 2012. The ride has since reopened and includes enhancements such as a pair of \"dry pods\" for guests to dry off after getting soaked. Summary Pre-show Riders start at a building similar to that seen in Jurassic Park River Adventure, with a map of the other attractions in the Lost World section of the park. Riders then board 9-person circular rafts on a conveyor belt. Videos of the places they will be visiting are made, with announcements of possible flash floods in the Outpost B area and the Dinosaur Hatcheries. Ride The raft first passes Stegosaurus Springs, where a Stegosaurus and her young are grazing on the shore, and then it passes Parasaur Cove, where a visible Parasaurolophus and a hidden Parasaurolophus that pops out of the water are seen shooting water at the riders. Riders are supposed to proceed to Outpost B but due to flooding, they are redirected back to the unload area. However, the flood has wrecked the Outpost, and riders glimpse a submerged lookout tower and an upturned raft. Then, park rangers announce that the raptor containment unit is breached and that the riders should remain calm. The raft is then diverted through broken electrified fencing into a restricted area, where a sign announces that there are dangerous carnivores lurking about, and the riders' raft passes through deeper sections of the area as several of the escaped Velociraptors hiss at the vehicle. Before the raft enters the Hydroelectric Plant, the roar of a Tyrannosaurus rex is heard in the distance and a wrecked Jurassic Park jeep is seen. Farther into the station, lights dim as a Tyrannosaurus watches the riders through a small window and lets out its iconic spine-chilling roar. As the track becomes totally dark, a beacon in the center of the raft begins to blink. Dinosaur proximity alarms begin to sound, warning of a Class-4 danger ahead. As the raft is shunted into the elevator, radio transmissions from the park rangers can be heard, with frantic calls of help. Then, the raft ascends and stops. The Tyrannosaurus pokes its head through the ceiling and snaps at the riders. The raft then falls down a slope from a height of 40 feet and hits the water, drenching the riders. Two Dilophosaurus shoot water at the raft (targeted at the riders who got the least drenching) as it returns to",
"title": "Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure"
},
{
"docid": "5788628",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor is a side scrolling and puzzle game set in the Jurassic Park movie universe. It was developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Hawaii and published by Konami for the Game Boy Advance. It was coincided with the release of the film Jurassic Park III on July 16, 2001. The two other games, Jurassic Park III: Park Builder and Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, are also released by Konami. Summary A cargo plane flying over Isla Sorna is struck by lightning, and upon crashing, the dinosaur DNA it stored is spread across the island. The player then assumes the role of either Mark Hanson (a photographer) or Lori Torres (an ace pilot), and must wander around the island in a side-scrolling format, collecting DNA and avoiding dinosaurs. In each level, the player's character has the ability to switch between a background and a foreground pathway. Switching between the two pathways allows the player to access weapons and DNA samples, or to avoid oncoming dinosaurs. At the end of each level, the player will use the DNA that is collected in a short puzzle game, in order to create more dinosaurs. Completing this minigame will unlock more areas for the player to explore. At the end of the game, the military bombs the island, and the player escapes on a small plane, wondering if dinosaurs should really have a place in their world. Reception The game was met with negative reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 48.94%, while Metacritic gave it 44 out of 100. AllGame praised the game's graphics and sound effects, but criticized its \"awkward\" controls and wrote that the levels \"are poorly designed and seemingly impossible to complete.\" AllGame also criticized the game's ability to switch between background and foreground pathways, writing \"this just adds confusion, since swapping between roads can be tricky and the paths are oftentimes deceiving because of the limited screen size and resolution.\" IGN praised its cutscenes, sound effects and music, but criticized its \"sloppy game design,\" clumsy controls, and bad collision detection, as well as the game's background and foreground pathways: \"Nothing casts a shadow, so you can't even tell if a DNA sample is hovering over the foreground path or lying on the ground on the background path.\" GameSpot criticized the game for \"disappointing\" sound effects and music, and for sharing nothing in common with the film. GameSpot also criticized the game's background and foreground pathways, calling it \"a confusing little gimmick that is mainly used to increase the amount of backtracking you'll have to do to collect the particles you need.\" In 2018, Zack Zwiezen of Kotaku ranked the game among the \"worst\" Jurassic Park games ever released, stating that it \"looked and played awful when it was first released, and it hasn’t aged well at all.\" References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Jurassic Park video games Konami games Video games developed in the United",
"title": "Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor"
},
{
"docid": "61744238",
"text": "Production of the 2015 film Jurassic World was stalled for years in development hell while the film's storyline underwent numerous revisions. Development of the film, known then as Jurassic Park IV, began in 2001. William Monahan was announced as screenwriter in 2002, and the film was scheduled for a 2005 release. When Monahan left to work on another project, he was replaced in 2004 by John Sayles. By 2005, the start of production had stalled, as executive producer Steven Spielberg was not satisfied with any of the script drafts. In 2006, Jurassic Park III director Joe Johnston was set to direct the film, which was subsequently expected for release in 2008. By 2010, filming had yet to begin. Johnston and Spielberg intended to work on the film following the completion of their own respective film projects. Writer Mark Protosevich was hired in 2011, although two story treatments by him were rejected. After a final story idea was chosen, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver were hired in 2012 to write a draft of Jurassic Park IV that would incorporate ideas from Spielberg. Colin Trevorrow was hired as director in 2013, and the film was delayed once more to give Trevorrow and his writing partner Derek Connolly more time to perfect the script by Jaffa and Silver. Spielberg approved the script in September 2013, and a name change to Jurassic World was announced that month. Filming occurred from April 10 to August 5, 2014, with shooting in Hawaii and Louisiana. Jurassic World was completed on May 10, 2015, and was theatrically released the following month. Development In March 2001, Jurassic Park III director Joe Johnston said he and executive producer Steven Spielberg had discussed a story idea for a fourth Jurassic Park film, which Johnston was not interested in directing. In May, Spielberg had Amblin Entertainment commence development of ideas for Jurassic Park IV, which he planned to produce. Late in Jurassic Park IIIs production, Spielberg devised a story idea he believed should have been used for the third film. In June, Johnston announced he would not direct the film and said that Spielberg had a story idea that would extend the Jurassic Park series' mythology. Johnston said the film would feel like a departure from the previous films, implying it would not be set on an island. Johnston also said it would not involve the Pteranodons from the ending of Jurassic Park III, then later hinted it would. Actor Sam Neill, who portrayed Dr. Alan Grant in two previous films in the series, said he could not imagine a way for his character to be involved in another film. Neill was contracted for three films; other actors from Jurassic Park III were also contracted for a potential fourth film. In April 2002, it was reported that the fourth Jurassic Park film would be the last in the series and that it would ignore events portrayed in its predecessor. In June, Spielberg confirmed plans for a fourth film, which he hoped Johnston",
"title": "Production of Jurassic World"
},
{
"docid": "2343984",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by DreamWorks Interactive and Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Electronic Arts and Sega for the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, respectively, in 1997. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. In 1998, a special edition of the game was released for the Sony PlayStation as a Greatest Hits title and featured several modifications to the gameplay. Gameplay The Saturn and PlayStation versions feature identical gameplay. The game features a side-scroller perspective. There are 5 characters in all throughout the course of the game, each with their own special abilities and attributes: Compsognathus, Human Hunter, Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, and Sarah Harding, who is also known as the \"Human Prey\". During gameplay, the character must complete all levels sequentially to gain access to the next character. For each character, there are \"DNA bonuses\" in each level that can be collected for access to storyboard art for that particular character. Actor Jeff Goldblum briefly reprised his role as Ian Malcolm for a secret ending that the player can access if every DNA bonus is collected. The secret ending is a video of Goldblum congratulating the player for finishing the game, but suggesting to go outside and do other activities instead. The Lost World: Jurassic Park ignores the plot of the film, despite featuring some of its dinosaurs and being set on \"Site B\", an island also known as Isla Sorna and used as InGen's dinosaur breeding site. The plot varies with every character, each one struggling to survive on the island, populated by over 20 species of dinosaurs in an environment of escalating chaos. Item pickups for the dinosaur characters are limited to food needed to maintain their strength, while item pickups for the human characters include gas canisters, automatic weapons, health refills, and rocket launchers. The playable dinosaurs' chapters consist of traversing various parts of the island, defending against other predators as well as InGen hunters. The \"Human Hunter\" chapters are largely based in more urban environments, including an underground complex, a geothermal center and an InGen lab. Although objectives are never elaborated on, the Hunter's goal is to eliminate any dinosaur threat. The final chapters involve Harding escaping the island on a cargo ship. Development DreamWorks Interactive announced that they were working on a video game based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park in the third quarter of 1996. In March 1997, Electronic Arts announced that it had secured the distribution and publishing rights for a PlayStation video game adaptation of the film, as part of a deal with DreamWorks. During the first two months of pre-production, producer Patrick Gilmore held daily meetings with his development team to develop a variety of ideas for the game. The ideas were ultimately put into a concept document that included more than 100 pages, some of which offered storyboards and detailed descriptions of each scene",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)"
},
{
"docid": "21956135",
"text": "The Posidonia Shale (, also called Schistes Bitumineux in Luxembourg) geologically known as the Sachrang Formation, is an Early Jurassic (Early to Late Toarcian) geological formation of southwestern and northeast Germany, northern Switzerland, northwestern Austria, southern Luxembourg and the Netherlands, including exceptionally well-preserved complete skeletons of fossil marine fish and reptiles. The Posidonienschiefer, the German translation, takes its name from the ubiquitous fossils of the oyster-related bivalve \"Posidonia bronni\" (synonym of Bositra buchii and Steinmannia bronni) that characterize the mollusk faunal component of the formation. The name Posidonia Shale has been used for more than a century, until revisions in 2016 proposed the Sachrang Formation as new name for the Germanic unit, in a same way Altmühltal Formation is the official name of the Solnhofen Limestone. The Posidonia Shales where stablished as a valid vulgar name for this regions lower Toarcian Black Shales. The name Posidonienschiefer, while valid, represents another vulgar nomination, as Posidonia is an invalid genus and junior synonym of Bositra. The type profile is still located on Dotternhausen. The formation comprises finely laminated layers of oil shales formed of fine-grained sediments intercalated with bituminous limestones and crops out in a number of locations in southwestern Germany, although most remains are from near the village of Holzmaden and Dotternhausen. The European oil shales deposited on a sea floor during the Early Toarcian in the ancient Tethys Ocean are described as being deposited in an anoxic, or oxygen-depleted, deep water environment, although the details of the depositional environment are the subject of debate by researchers of the formation. Geology The Posidonia Shale was originally referred to as the Schwarzjura lias was first recovered from the Franconian Jura, that borders to the northeast on the Obermainisches Hügelland and the Oberpfälzisch-Obermainisches Hügelland, tectonically part of the Faulkschollenland. The Franconian Jura rocks recovered are west of the Saxothuringian basement bordering the Franconian Line. It is recovered laterally extensive within Germany belonging to the early Toarcian Central European Epicontinental Basin, that evolved gradually from low tophography tidal flat to floodpains to a shallow shelf sea with intermittent N connection with the Viking Corridor and the Proto-Atlantic Ocean and with the Tethys Ocean towards the S, that filled with seawater the area, subdivided in several subasins with heterogeneous conditions and biotas, from the Netherlands to the Tirol Area. The CEB stablished a relatively shallow transcontinental seaway between the Tethyan and Boreal Arctic Sea biota, thus mixing cold and hot waters. In the Mesozoic was marked by the breakup of Pangea during the Late Triassic, what led to the appearance of the early Atlantic connecting with the Boreal waters of the Panthalassa Ocean, and several marine to continental subasins locally. The CEB was part of the Laurasian continental-marine shelf that, resting over the Keuper, slowly openened towards the southeast into the deeper Tethys Ocean. With the flooding in the Early Jurassic by marine waters, several islands, submarine sills, and deeper subbasins developed, what contributed and controlled the evolution of the paleocurrents. Towards the W is",
"title": "Posidonia Shale"
},
{
"docid": "20762",
"text": "John Michael Crichton (; October 23, 1942 – November 4, 2008) was an American author, screenwriter and filmmaker. His books have sold over 200 million copies worldwide, and over a dozen have been adapted into films. His literary works heavily feature technology and are usually within the science fiction, techno-thriller, and medical fiction genres. Crichton’s novels often explore human technological advancement and attempted dominance over nature, both with frequently catastrophic results; many of his works are cautionary tales, especially regarding themes of biotechnology. Several of his stories center specifically around themes of genetic modification, hybridization, paleontology and/or zoology. Many feature medical or scientific underpinnings, reflective of his own medical training and scientific background. Crichton received an M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1969 but did not practice medicine, choosing to focus on his writing instead. Initially writing under a pseudonym, he eventually wrote 26 novels, including: The Andromeda Strain (1969), The Terminal Man (1972), The Great Train Robbery (1975), Congo (1980), Sphere (1987), Jurassic Park (1990), Rising Sun (1992), Disclosure (1994), The Lost World (1995), Airframe (1996), Timeline (1999), Prey (2002), State of Fear (2004), and Next (2006). Several novels, in various states of completion, were published after his death in 2008. Crichton was also involved in the film and television industry. In 1973, he wrote and directed Westworld, the first film to use 2D computer-generated imagery. He also directed Coma (1978), The First Great Train Robbery (1978), Looker (1981), and Runaway (1984). He was the creator of the television series ER (1994–2009), and several of his novels were adapted into films, most notably the Jurassic Park franchise. Life Early life John Michael Crichton was born on October 23, 1942, in Chicago, Illinois, to John Henderson Crichton, a journalist, and Zula Miller Crichton, a homemaker. He was raised on Long Island, in Roslyn, New York, and he showed a keen interest in writing from a young age; at 16, he had an article about a trip he took to Sunset Crater published in The New York Times. Crichton later recalled, \"Roslyn was another world. Looking back, it's remarkable what wasn't going on. There was no terror. No fear of children being abused. No fear of random murder. No drug use we knew about. I walked to school. I rode my bike for miles and miles, to the movie on Main Street and piano lessons and the like. Kids had freedom. It wasn't such a dangerous world... We studied our butts off, and we got a tremendously good education there.\" Crichton had always planned on becoming a writer and began his studies at Harvard College in 1960. During his undergraduate study in literature, he conducted an experiment to expose a professor who he believed was giving him abnormally low marks and criticizing his literary style. Informing another professor of his suspicions, Crichton submitted an essay by George Orwell under his own name. The paper was returned by his unwitting professor with a mark of \"B−\". He later said, \"Now Orwell was",
"title": "Michael Crichton"
},
{
"docid": "62415639",
"text": "The Cache Creek Ocean, formerly called Anvil Ocean, is an inferred ancient ocean which existed between western North America and offshore continental terranes between the Devonian and the Middle Jurassic. Evolution of the concept First proposed in the 1970s and referred to as the Anvil Ocean, the oceanic crust between the Yukon composite terranes and North America was later updated to Cache Creek Sea in 1987 Monger and Berg, before being renamed the Cache Creek Ocean by Plafker and Berg in 1994. Other researchers in 1998 proposed the name Slide Mountain Ocean. The geology of Yukon and geology of Alaska formed in part due to the accretion of island arcs and continental terranes onto the western margin of North America. Many of these island arcs arrived onshore during and after the Devonian. The Cache Creek Belt (also referred to as the Cache Creek suture zone or Cache Creek terrane) is an extensive area of mélange and oceanic rocks in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Sedimentary rocks contain fossils from the Carboniferous through the Middle Jurassic and isotopic dating of blueschist gives ages 230 and 210 million years ago in the Late Triassic. The Cache Creek Belt is bordered by the Quesnellia Terrane in the east and by the large Stikinia Terrane in the west. The accretion of the landmasses and the closing the Cache Creek Ocean likely happened in the Middle Jurassic. References Historical oceans Oceanography Geology of British Columbia Devonian North America Carboniferous North America Permian North America Triassic North America Early Jurassic North America Middle Jurassic North America",
"title": "Cache Creek Ocean"
},
{
"docid": "66601",
"text": "Lost World may refer to: Doyle novel and adaptations The Lost World (Doyle novel), a 1912 book The Lost World (1925 film), a silent film set in South America The Lost World (1960 film), set in Venezuela, starring Michael Rennie and Jill St. John The Lost World (1992 film), set in Africa The Lost World (1998 film), set in Mongolia The Lost World (2001 film), a BBC film The Lost World (TV series) (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World), a television series \"The Lost World\", a radio drama in the Radio Tales series Crichton novel and adaptations The Lost World (Crichton novel), a 1995 book The Lost World: Jurassic Park, a 1997 film The Lost World: Jurassic Park (film score) The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game) The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game) The Lost World: Jurassic Park (handheld game) The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Sega game) The Lost World: Jurassic Park (pinball) Chaos Island: The Lost World, a video game Other media and entertainment Literature Lost Worlds (Carter short story collection), a short story collection by Lin Carter Lost Worlds (gamebook), by Alfred Leonardi Lost world, a speculative fiction subgenre Lost World (manga), by Osamu Tezuka Lost Worlds (Smith short story collection), a short story collection by Clark Ashton Smith The Lost World, a poetry collection by Randall Jarrell Games Forgotten Worlds (known as Lost Worlds in Japan), a 1988 arcade game The Lost World, a 1998 role-playing game for MSX2 The History Channel: Lost Worlds, a 2008 Macintosh game Ricochet Lost Worlds, video game Sonic Lost World, a 2013 video game in the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise Lost World (pinball), a pinball machine Music The Lost World (album), by Pull Tiger Tail Film and television Lost Worlds (TV series), a History Channel documentary series Il mondo perduto (The lost world). a compilation of short documentary films by Vittoria De Seta Places Lost World Caverns, West Virginia Lost World, a relict tropical rainforest on Cape Melville with unique fauna See also Lost lands Lost city Mythical place Mythical continents",
"title": "Lost World"
},
{
"docid": "37994651",
"text": "Derek Connolly (born c. 1976) is an American screenwriter and film producer. He is best known for his collaborations with filmmaker Colin Trevorrow, and has written the films Safety Not Guaranteed and the Jurassic World trilogy, which is a part of the Jurassic Park franchise. Education Connolly attended Miami Palmetto Senior High School in Miami and New York University Tisch School of the Arts. Career Connolly was listed on Variety's Ten Screenwriters to Watch in 2012. Connolly rewrote Kong: Skull Island (2017), for Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures. Connolly co-wrote early (and ultimately uncredited) drafts of Pacific Rim: Uprising with Guillermo del Toro, Jon Spaihts and Zak Penn; the final screenplay was by Steven S. DeKnight, Emily Carmichael, Kira Snyder and T.S. Nowlin; based on characters by Travis Beacham and del Toro Connolly and Trevorrow co-wrote the screenplay for the sequel Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), and by February 2018, had written a story treatment for Jurassic World Dominion, set for release on June 10, 2022. Connolly was reported to be working on a remake of the film Flight of the Navigator, as well as writing an upcoming original Pixar film directed by Teddy Newton and a live action Legend of Zelda film directed by Wes Ball and produced by Shigeru Miyamoto and Avi Arad. Connolly has been tapped to pen the script for a Metal Gear film. Writing credits Safety Not Guaranteed (2012) (Also producer) Jurassic World (2015) Monster Trucks (2016) Kong: Skull Island (2017) Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) Pokémon Detective Pikachu (2019) Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019) Star Wars: Duel of the Fates (Unproduced) Jurassic World Dominion (2022) Deep Cover (2024) Awards and nominations References External links Living people 1976 births American film producers American male screenwriters Tisch School of the Arts alumni Writers from Miami Miami Palmetto Senior High School alumni Sundance Film Festival award winners",
"title": "Derek Connolly"
},
{
"docid": "50566202",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1993 action video game developed and published by Ocean Software, for DOS and Amiga computers. The game is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1993 film, Jurassic Park, and also includes elements from author Michael Crichton's 1990 novel of the same name, which the film is based upon. The player controls the character of Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who becomes trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. Grant's initial objective is to search for Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of park owner John Hammond. Upon locating the children, Grant must contact a helicopter so survivors can escape the island. Gameplay consists of a bird's-eye view during the game's large exterior environment, but switches to a first-person perspective whenever Grant enters a building. Development of the game began in November 1992. A development team of 13 people – considered large at that time – worked on the game. Spielberg was also involved in the game during its development to ensure that it would be faithful to his initial vision. Materials related to the film, including its script and photographs of the sets, aided the developers during the game's production. Jurassic Park was released in the United Kingdom in October 1993, and was subsequently released in the United States a year later. Many critics praised the game's indoor environments, but some criticized its large exterior environment, and its boring and repetitive gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the 1993 film of the same name, in which paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped on an island theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped. Playing as Grant, the player must rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. The player begins the game near an overturned vehicle in the Tyrannosaurus paddock. After finding Tim, Grant searches for Lex in a sewer maze. The player then must re-activate the park's power to contact a helicopter so the survivors can escape the island. Jurassic Park features a bird's-eye view in exterior levels, but switches to a first-person shooter perspective when entering buildings. The exterior levels contain eight large areas, each one consisting of a different dinosaur paddock, as well as a Pteranodon dome. Each level requires Grant to complete a series of tasks in order to advance further through the game. Indoor levels are spread throughout the game. The game features 11 building complexes, each one overrun by velociraptors. The game also includes a raft level. A password is given after each level is won. The game includes six dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player begins with a taser weapon; other weapons can be found by the player. First aid kits can be used to restore all of the player's health. Electronic motion sensors are located throughout the game, and can detect all moving objects. Connected to the motion sensors are computer terminals, which can be used to receive messages, maps",
"title": "Jurassic Park (computer video game)"
},
{
"docid": "37799171",
"text": "Paleontology in Alaska refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Alaska. During the Late Precambrian, Alaska was covered by a shallow sea that was home to stromatolite-forming bacteria. Alaska remained submerged into the Paleozoic era and the sea came to be home to creatures including ammonites, brachiopods, and reef-forming corals. An island chain formed in the eastern part of the state. Alaska remained covered in seawater during the Triassic and Jurassic. Local wildlife included ammonites, belemnites, bony fish and ichthyosaurs. Alaska was a more terrestrial environment during the Cretaceous, with a rich flora and dinosaur fauna. During the early Cenozoic, Alaska had a subtropical environment. The local seas continued to drop until a land bridge connected the state with Asia. Early humans crossed this bridge and remains of contemporary local wildlife such as woolly mammoths often show signs of having been butchered. More recent Native Americans interpreted local fossils through a mythological lens. The local fossils had attracted the attention of formally trained scientists by the 1830s. Major local finds include the Kikak-Tegoseak Pachyrhinosaurus bonebed. The Pleistocene-aged woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius is the Alaska state fossil. Prehistory During the Late Precambrian, Alaska was covered by a shallow sea. This sea was home to bacteria and stromatolites that would later fossilize. Most of the state continued to be submerged by the sea. By this time Alaska was home to brachiopods and trilobites. During the ensuing Ordovician and Silurian a chain of volcanic islands occupied what is now the eastern part of the state. These islands originated as a result of contemporary local tectonism. Coral reefs formed in the seas around these islands. The northern third of Alaska was still covered by seawater from the Devonian to the Permian. Local marine life included ammonites, brachiopods, corals, and gastropods. At least 34 different species of gastropods lived in Alaska during the late Paleozoic. Of these, 9 were completely new to science when first discovered. During the Triassic, the sea expanded. Northern Alaska was submerged under deep water. Southern Alaska was under a shallow sea. The state's Triassic sea was home to bony fish, ichthyosaurs, and mollusca. Volcanic episodes happened frequently in the state at this time. Volcanism continued into the Jurassic as Alaska experienced a period of relative geologic upheaval. Areas of the state remained inundated by the sea. This sea was home to ammonites and crinoids. In the middle Jurassic most of the mountain ranges characterizing modern Alaska began to form. Alaska's Middle Jurassic Callovian deposits are part of a large geologic region spreading down through Canada and even into the Lower 48 states including Montana, Idaho, North Dakota, Utah and New Mexico. From the mid to late Jurassic, the area now occupied by Snug Harbor was home to a great diversity of marine invertebrates, which left behind a plethora of fossils. Among these were ammonites. Others include belemnites, the gastropod Amberlya, the pelecypods Lima, Oxytoma, and possibly Astarte and Isocyprina. Cretaceous Alaska gained",
"title": "Paleontology in Alaska"
},
{
"docid": "3373612",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a light gun arcade game from Sega. It was released in 1997, and is based on the film of the same name. It is also a sequel to Sega's 1994 Jurassic Park arcade game. A third Jurassic Park arcade game, based on Jurassic Park III, was made by Konami in 2001. Gameplay Ian Malcolm and Sarah Harding go missing after landing on Isla Sorna to conduct an investigation. A rescue team is sent to the island. The player(s) control(s) one of two rangers, whose goal is to find Dr. Malcolm and Dr. Harding. Player(s) battle dinosaurs by disabling them with tranquilizer darts. The game features five levels based on environments from the film, including a laboratory and a workers' village. Four of the levels feature a boss battle that must be won to advance the game. Boss enemies include 2 large meat-eating dinosaurs which are Tyrannosaurus and Carnotaurus as well as the prehistoric crocodilian Deinosuchus. Velociraptors are also featured as enemies throughout the game. Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, and pterosaurs are also encountered throughout the game. At times, the game presents the player(s) with an opportunity to rescue a human who is being attacked by one or multiple dinosaurs. Saving the human results in the human rewarding the player(s) with either a temporary weapon upgrade or additional health. Like some of Sega's light gun rail shooters such as Virtua Cop and The House of the Dead, The Lost World: Jurrasic Park features a dynamically adjusting difficulty system that will increase difficulty as the player progresses and decrease as they lose lives. As difficulty increases, dinosaurs attack quicker, more dinosaurs will try to attack the player simultaneously, and more target icons need to be shot to cancel a boss dinosaur's attack. Development The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1997 film of the same name. Having developed the original Jurassic Park arcade game, Sega AM3, a division of Sega, became interested in making the game after hearing about the film. Additionally hoping that they could make use of Sega's new relationship with Spielberg's company DreamWorks (the two companies were partnered for the GameWorks chain of entertainment venues), producer Mie Kumagai presented her ideas to AM3 president Hisao Oguchi, who approved. AM3 began developing the game in early 1997, after receiving permission from Universal Studios. Shinichi Ogasawara was the game's director. The development team wanted the sequel to have more tension. Sega AM3 utilized Sega's Model 3 arcade system board, as Model 2 was not advanced enough for certain features. Model 3 allowed the game to operate at 60 frames and 100,000 polygons per second. It was the first shooting game to use Model 3, which Sega AM3 had never used before. The development team had difficulty designing the game due to unfamiliarity with Model 3. The team also faced a tight deadline to get the game finished and released. Early in development, the developers only had access to the film's original script.",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game)"
},
{
"docid": "53681874",
"text": "John Russell Foster (born November 3, 1966) is an American paleontologist. Foster has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains, Foster is also working on Cambrian age trilobite faunas in the southwest region of the American west. He named the crocodyliform trace fossil Hatcherichnus sanjuanensis in 1997 and identified the first known occurrence of the theropod trace fossil Hispanosauropus in North America in 2015. Career Born November 3, 1966, San Diego, California. High School, Los Gatos High School, Los Gatos, California. 1985 A.B. Geology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California. 1989 M.S. Paleontology, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota. 1993 Ph.D. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 1998 He is adjunct faculty of geology at Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado. From 2014 to 2018 he was the Director of the Museum of Moab. He served for thirteen years as Curator of Paleontology at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2001 to 2014. He is currently a curator at the Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum in Vernal, Utah. Professional work An expert on the Late Jurassic, he has spent more than twenty-five years excavating fossils across the western United States, authoring and coauthoring more than 55 professional papers, ranging from Triassic to Cretaceous, with a few Cambrian and Cenozoic studies appearing as well. In addition to dinosaurs, he has spent over a decade working in the Cambrian shales of the western United States. Triassic In December 2017, he and coauthors Xavier A. Jenkins of Arizona State University and Robert J. Gay of Colorado Canyons Association formally published their study on the oldest known dinosaur from Utah, a neotheropod that is likely an animal similar to Coelophysis. Jurassic His researches in the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains includes the geographic and environmental distributions of microvertebrates and dinosaurs. He served as the lead researcher at the Mygatt-Moore Quarry in western Colorado for 14 years, and continues to work in the Late Jurassic of eastern Utah and western Colorado. His current work includes the excavation of the first known dinosaur from the western United States, \"Dystrophaeus,\" on Bureau of Land Management lands in San Juan County, Utah. Foster had a ceratosaurid ceratosaur theropod dinosaur, Fosterovenator, named after him in 2014 Cambrian His researches in the Cambrian of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau, includes the study of taphonomy and biostratinomy of trilobites, and what this information indicates about the paleoenvironmental conditions on the shallow shelf of western North American during the early Paleozoic. Popular books Foster is the author of Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World, followed by his second book Cambrian Ocean World. References Bibliography Lockley, M. G., Gierlinski, G., Matthews, N. A., Xing, L., Foster, J. R., and Cart, K. 2017. New dinosaur track occurrences from the Upper Jurassic Salt Wash Member (Morrison Formation) of southeastern Utah: Implications for thyreophoran trackmaker distribution and diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology",
"title": "John Foster (paleontologist)"
},
{
"docid": "24869557",
"text": "Jurassic: The Hunted is a first-person shooter video game developed by Cauldron HQ and published by Activision. The game was released exclusively in the United States on November 3, 2009, less than three weeks after being announced. It was published for the Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation 2, and PlayStation 3. Jurassic: The Hunted received mixed reviews from critics. Plot The player takes control of former Navy Seal Craig Dylan as he accompanies his war buddy Amando \"Rock\" Depiedra, and scientist Sabrina Sayrus to the Bermuda Triangle searching for Sabrina's father, Dr. James Sayrus. The trio are forced to jump out of the plane after a vortex interferes with the plane. Each jumps through a different vortex, landing in a different place in the Bermuda Triangle. Dylan is forced to trek across the island, passing a beached cargo ship and volcano, and encountering several dinosaurs and items from various time periods, before discovering a fort that has been maintained by the missing Dr. Sayrus, Sabrina's father, as well as Rock, who was marooned on the island years before Dylan and is now past his prime. Dr. Sayrus warns Dylan of an impending disaster and instructs him to find a Temporal Vortex Engine (TVE) that will allow them to return to their own time, located in a German submarine in a cave. Dylan finds the TVE and while returning to the fort, meets up with Sabrina again, who is being chased by a massive Spinosaurus, nicknamed \"Spike.\" A Tyrannosaurus arrives and fights Spike but is easily overpowered and killed when the Spike snaps its neck. Dylan and Sabrina manage to escape and return to the fort, only to learn that the uranium battery that powers the TVE no longer works. Dylan manages to recover another battery from a drone that apparently arrived on the island via a temporal vortex from the future and returns to the fort, but the Spike attacks again. Dylan fends him off while Dr. Sayrus repairs the TVE, allowing Dylan and Sabrina to escape while he and Rock remain to fight off Spike. Emerging on a sandy beach, Dylan and Sabrina ponder what to do next until another portal opens up, and Dr. Sayrus and Rock emerge of the repaired submarine one year after Dylan and Sabrina returned, with the apparently dead Spike tied to the hull. As the game ends, the Spike opens his eye, ending on a cliffhanger. Gameplay Combat encounters include arena style fights, fortification sieges, survival modes and boss battles. Adrenaline bursts give an edge by allowing the player to visualize and then target an opponent's weak point such as the heart, lungs, brain, ribcage, backbone, liver, and intestines in slow motion. Reception Jurassic: The Hunted was criticized for its large number of Velociraptor enemies. Jeff Haynes of IGN wrote, \"Yes, they were scary in Jurassic Park, but after blasting through your fourth pack of raptors, it simply becomes a nuisance. You couldn't throw in a rampaging Stegosaurus to switch things up?\" Evan Lahti",
"title": "Jurassic: The Hunted"
},
{
"docid": "22581665",
"text": "Dinosaurs evolved partway through the Triassic period of the Mesozoic era, around 230 Ma (million years ago). At that time, the earth had one supercontinental landmass, called Pangaea, of which Europe was a part. So it remained throughout the Triassic. By the start of the Jurassic period, some 30 million years later, the supercontinent began to split into Laurasia and Gondwana. The largest inlet from Panthalassa, the superocean that surrounded Pangaea, was called the Tethys Ocean, and as this inlet cut deeper into the supercontinent, much of Europe was flooded. By the Cretaceous, from 145 to 66 million years ago, the continents were beginning to approach their present shapes, but not their present positions, and Europe remained tropical. At times, it was a chain of island-microcontinents including Baltica and Iberia. Europe is relatively rich in fossils from the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary, and much of what is known about European dinosaurs dates from this time. During the Maastrichtian the end of the Cretaceous dinosaurs were dominating western and Central Europe as the Tremp Formation in Spain dates back to that age. Examples of dinosaurs from Maastrichtian Europe are Struthiosaurus and Canardia. Criteria for inclusion The genus must appear on the List of dinosaur genera. At least one named species of the creature must have been found in Europe. This list is a complement to :Category:Mesozoic dinosaurs of Europe. List of European dinosaurs Valid genera Invalid and potentially valid genera Agrosaurus macgillivrayi: Originally mistakenly thought to be from Australia. It is now thought to be more likely from England, and possibly a synonym of Thecodontosaurus. Archaeopteryx: A well-known taxon that combines bird-like pennaceous feathers with the teeth, claws, and long tail of reptiles. It is usually considered a basal avialan but it might also be a non-avian deinonychosaur closely related to dromaeosaurids. Balaur bondoc: A strange paravian that possessed a suite of unique features, such as robust muscles, two sickle claws, a didactyl manus, and a deep gut. It may have been an island-dwelling herbivore or omnivore. Studies show it either as a velociraptorine dromaeosaurid or a basal avialan. \"Bihariosaurus bauxiticus\": Although sometimes presented as a valid taxon, it is actually a nomen nudum. Ceratosaurus: Some specimens, mostly teeth, from Portugal and Switzerland have been assigned to this genus, but not to a specific species. Darwinsaurus evolutionis: May be a synonym of either Hypselospinus or Mantellisaurus. Delapparentia turolensis: Said to be indistinguishable from Iguanodon. Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis: Possibly a second species of Supersaurus. Gresslyosaurus: Often thought to be synonymous with Plateosaurus, although several differences between them have been noted. Huxleysaurus hollingtoniensis: Potentially a synonym of Hypselospinus. \"Ischyrosaurus\": The generic name Ischyrosaurus is preoccupied. The dinosaur may be a synonym of Ornithopsis. Koutalisaurus kohlerorum: Usually seen as a synonym of Pararhabdodon, but it could also be its own taxon. Kukufeldia tilgatensis: May be a synonym of Barilium. \"Liassaurus huenei\": Could potentially be a second specimen of Sarcosaurus. Mantellodon carpenteri: Known from a single specimen from Maidstone affectionally nicknamed a \"Mantell-piece\". While originally thought to be",
"title": "List of European dinosaurs"
},
{
"docid": "5775130",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: Park Builder is a construction and management simulation game for the Game Boy Advance that was developed by Konami. The game was released on September 10, 2001. It is the second game, under the title Jurassic Park III, for the Game Boy Advance title games after The DNA Factor, released in the same year, it is followed by Island Attack. Summary Jurassic Park III: Park Builder challenges the player to design and run an island-based Jurassic Park theme park, similar to Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis. The player must first send an excavation team to one of eight worldwide locations to search for fossilized mosquitoes that contain dinosaur DNA, which is then used to create dinosaurs. The player can place structures in the park such as hotels, restaurants and shops. Hurricanes and earthquakes can damage the park's buildings. The player must advertise the park in order to attract more customers. Visitors to the park must view the dinosaurs while riding on tour buses. The player begins with three buses and can purchase more later. The player is given a maximum of eight holding pens for however many dinosaurs the park may have. There are six different environments on the island, including jungles, a beach, plains, and a desert. Dinosaurs can become ill and require medical attention. To keep them healthy, the dinosaurs are placed in environments that closely resemble their natural habitat. The game features 140 creatures, including Brachiosaurus, Mosasaurus, Pteranodon, Spinosaurus, Stegosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. The dinosaurs, depending on their size and aggression, are grouped into six categories: three for carnivores and three for herbivores. Reception The game was met with average to mixed reception, as GameRankings gave it a score of 68.54%, while Metacritic gave it 65 out of 100. AllGame criticized the game for its few sound effects and \"generic background music\", as well as the need to \"constantly switch back and forth\" between different menu screens, \"making it easy to forget what you're doing in relation to what needs to be done.\" IGN wrote a positive review but criticized the game for its lack of a tutorial mode: \"It's a very complex game with tons of little elements to manage...and it's boggling to see that the developers don't offer even the most basic tutorial for beginner park builders. Right from the get-go, you're thrust into the game without knowing what does what, or how you're supposed to do it.\" See also List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Park Builder Konami games Construction and management simulation games Video games with oblique graphics Video games based on films Video games based on adaptations Video games set on fictional islands Video games developed in Japan",
"title": "Jurassic Park III: Park Builder"
},
{
"docid": "26210816",
"text": "Shane Patrick Mahan (born September 22, 1964) is an American special effects creator, creature designer, puppeteer and producer known for his work at Stan Winston Studio and its successor, Legacy Effects. His film credits include The Terminator and Terminator 2: Judgment Day; Aliens; Predator and Predator 2; The Lost World: Jurassic Park; Iron Man, Iron Man 2 and Iron Man 3; Pacific Rim and The Shape of Water. Personal. Background Mahan was born and raised in Greenville, Michigan. After graduating from Greenville High School in 1981 he left for Hollywood. His first job was with Stan Winston Studios as a crew member working on The Terminator in 1983. There he worked as a creature effects supervisor. After Stan winston's passing he formed Legacy effects with three partners who were also his former colleagues at Stan Winston studios and this has now become the Leading VFX company in Hollywood Mahan and his design team made the special suits worn by Robert Downey Jr. in the film Iron Man. They also designed the suit for Iron Man which was ten feet tall, weighed 800lbs and required 5 operators to puppeteer. Besides several other nominations, Mahan and his team were nominated for the 2008 Oscar for 'Best Achievement in Visual Effects' for Iron Man. The team was hired as concept artists by James Cameron for his film Avatar. This was special for Mahan as his first special effects credits were for the film The Terminator. Mahan worked for Stan Winston Studios until the death of Stan Winston in 2008 when he and three other veterans of the company, Lindsay MacGowan, J. Alan Scott and John Rosengrant, incorporated Legacy Effects, a character design, make-up and animatronic studio, so named in honor of the late Winston's legacy and lifelong achievements. He lives in Los Angeles. Partial filmography Movie special effects Other special effects Puppeteer A Gnome Named Gnorm (1990) Predator 2 (1990) Jurassic Park (1993) T2 3-D: Battle Across Time (1996) The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997) Inspector Gadget (1999) What Lies Beneath (2000) Because of Winn-Dixie (2005) Zathura: A Space Adventure (2005) Eight Below (2006) Make-up Chiller (1985) (TV) Batman Returns (1992) The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996) Wrong Turn (2003) Constantine (2005) Smile (2005) Zathura: A Space Adventure (2005) Fur (2006) Awards and nominations |- | 1997 | The Island of Dr. Moreau | Saturn Award for Best Make-Up | |- | 2002 | The Day the World Ended | Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Award for Best Special Makeup Effects | |- | 2002 | How to Make a Monster | Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Award for Best Special Makeup Effects | |- | 2002 | Mermaid Chronicles Part 1: She Creature | Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Award for Best Special Makeup Effects | |- | 2008 | Iron Man | Satellite Award Best Visual Effect | |- | 2008 | Iron Man | Academy Award for Best Achievement in Visual Effects | |- | 2009 |",
"title": "Shane Mahan"
},
{
"docid": "28116272",
"text": "This article details the appearance of Harry Potter theming in amusement parks. In the late 1990s, Universal Parks & Resorts began discussing the possibility of purchasing the license for Harry Potter to create and theme amusement park rides. As Time Warner owns the license, a small walkthrough attraction was constructed at Warner Bros. Movie World called the Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience in 2001. This attraction was removed two years later. In 2010, Universal Islands of Adventure park opened The Wizarding World of Harry Potter. Similar attractions have also opened in Universal Studios Hollywood, Universal Studios Japan and Universal Studios Beijing. History Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience at Warner Bros. Movie World In 2001, Time Warner used this license to construct and operate the Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience at Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast, Australia. The attraction was a small indoor walkthrough featuring many re-creations of locations in the first two movies. After two years of operation this attraction was removed. The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Islands of Adventure A Harry Potter themed attraction at a Universal Studios park or a Disney park was rumored in 2003. However, the rights to the Harry Potter franchise had been acquired by Warner Bros., who denied all rumors. In January 2007, About.com reported a rumor from a \"highly credible source\" that the Islands of Adventure park's Lost Continent area was going to be re-themed \"to the stories and characters of one of the most popular children's franchises\". Other sources followed up in the next few days with unofficial confirmation that the new area would involve Harry Potter. On May 31, 2007, Universal, in partnership with Warner Bros., officially announced The Wizarding World of Harry Potter would be added to Islands of Adventure. Construction of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter began seven months after the official announcement, in January 2008. By July, the Flying Unicorn and Enchanted Oak Tavern were closed. The Flying Unicorn then began an almost two year refurbishment which transformed it into the Flight of the Hippogriff. The Enchanted Oak Tavern was later demolished. A bridge was built to connect The Lost Continent with Jurassic Park allowing guests to avoid the construction zone that was to be the Wizarding World. Construction progressed with the Hogwarts castle slowly taking shape. By September 2008, the Dueling Dragons entrance was moved to Jurassic Park to make room for construction of Hogsmeade. One month later, the old entrance was demolished. By September 2009, the top shell of Hogwarts castle was completed. On September 15, an announcement was made as to what exactly was going to be included in the Wizarding World. In early 2010, Universal increased the marketing of the area which included newspaper advertisements, billboards and television commercials. The Dueling Dragons were closed for some maintenance before being transformed into the Dragon Challenge. Construction was complete by June 1, 2010 when the area began soft openings. A soft opening weekend was held for the media and reserved",
"title": "Harry Potter in amusement parks"
},
{
"docid": "2824348",
"text": "The Blisworth Limestone Formation is a geological formation primarily consisting of limestone deposited during the Bathonian stage of the Middle Jurassic, found in the Jurassic ridge which extends north and south through England. It was laid down in the shallows of the Jurassic sea and is part of the more widely defined Great Oolite Group. It was previously known as the Great Oolite Limestone, White Limestone and the Snitterby Limestone Formation. It is the lateral equivalent of the White Limestone Formation From the Jurassic ridge it extends eastwards below the later deposits and in the North Sea terminology, it is part of the West Sole Group. (Cameron p. 74) Formation The Blisworth limestone lies above the Upper Estuarine Series of strata. The latter was formed close to the coast where rivers flowed from the London-Brabant Island. The land sank a little in relation to the sea so the site lay a little further offshore. In the hot, shallow sea, the water partially evaporated so that the dissolved calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was precipitated onto minute nuclei to form tiny spheres which together resemble hard fish roe. This is composed of eggs; hence the name oölite. The process goes on today in the seas off the Bahamas (Kirkaldy p. 59). Much of it also contains marine shells, notably of oyster. Subsequently, the site was submerged less deeply so that the overlying Blisworth Clay was deposited in brackish conditions. (Gallois p. 20) The stratum is known as Blisworth Limestone because it was first studied at Blisworth in Northamptonshire when the Blisworth tunnel was being dug for what is now called the Grand Union Canal. The tunnel finally opened in 1805. Occurrence Blisworth limestone is a generally thin but widely spread deposit in eastern England. It becomes thicker as one progresses southward from north Lincolnshire or westward from Norfolk. In the King's Lynn district, it is a shelly oolitic limestone 1 to 2 m thick. At Wiggenhall it is around 190m below mean sea level (OD) and at Tydd St Mary, around 140m. (Gallois) At Bourne, Lincolnshire, at the eastern edge of the Jurassic ridge, it is around 15m below OD. (BGS sheet 144) It is exposed at the surface around the valleys of the East and West Glen rivers (River Glen, Lincolnshire) in which vicinity it is 2.4 to 4.8 metres thick. (BGS sheet 143). Its exposure continues southward in a similar relationship to the Jurassic ridge, to the west of Peterborough. (BGS sheet 157) Around Towcester it reaches a thickness of 9m. (Hains & Horton p. 85) Application Blisworth limestone is used as a building material, in particular as blocks of stone. Lilford Hall in Northamptonshire is made from Blisworth limestone. References British Geological Survey, 1:50,00 Series. (1992) Cameron, T.D.J. et al. The geology of the southern North Sea (1992) Gallois, R.W. Geology of the country around King's Lynn and The Wash (1994) Hains, B.A. & Horton, A. British Regional Geology: Central England 3rd edn. (1969) Kirkaldy, J.F. Field Geology (1988) See",
"title": "Blisworth Limestone Formation"
},
{
"docid": "12154291",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is a score of the 2001 film of the same name. It was orchestrated, composed and conducted by Don Davis and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. Davis incorporated John Williams' themes from the previous films into the score. Background and composition John Williams had previously composed the film soundtracks Jurassic Park (1993) and The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). As Jurassic Park III was underway, Williams was busy working on the A.I. Artificial Intelligence soundtrack and suggested Don Davis to handle the Jurassic Park III score. According to Davis: \"I suspect he wasn't too interested in doing the third part of a franchise that he said goodbye to sometime before\". Despite a rumor, James Horner was never considered to compose the film's score. After signing on to the project, Davis became unsure if his score could live up to Williams' work. He listened to the previous Jurassic Park scores, hoping for his own to maintain consistency with them. Some of Williams' prior themes, mostly from the first film, were used in Jurassic Park III, but some were shortened or lengthened to fit certain scenes. Williams provided his original handwritten scores to Davis. One of Williams' themes is used for the returning character of Dr. Alan Grant. Davis also composed a new theme which was supposed to recreate the mending relationship between Paul and Amanda Kirby. The score was recorded with a 104-piece orchestra, with Davis orchestrating and conducting. One track, \"Clash of Extinction\", was created for a battle scene between a T. rex and Spinosaurus, although Johnston ultimately removed the track. Aside from Davis' score, Johnston chose to include \"Big Hat, No Cattle\", a song by Randy Newman from his 1999 album Bad Love. Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original cue listing The complete known cue list is as follows (including alternates): \"Isla Sorna Sailing Situation\" - [4:22] \"The Dig Site (Unused)\" - [1:07] \"They Were Smart\" - [1:42] \"A Walk in the Park\" - [1:21] \"Resonating Chamber\" - [1:17] \"Alan Goes (Album Mix Ending)\" - [1:54] \"Dinosaur Fly-By (Album)\" - [2:12] \"What's a Bad Idea (Album)\" - [1:03] \"Coopers Last Stand\" - [1:43] \"We Haven't Landed Yet\" - [0:40] \"Frenzy Fuselage (Album Mix)\" - [3:12] \"Clash of Extinction (Unused)\" - [1:42] \"The Kirby's Story\" - [4:06] \"Bone Man Ben\" - [3:38] \"Raptor Eggs\" - [2:52] \"The Raptor Room\" - [2:34] \"The Raptor Repartee\" - [3:26] \"Eric Saves Alan\" - [1:47] \"Tree People\" - [2:02] \"Nash Calling\" - [3:36] \"Party Crasher\" - [3:17] \"Pteranodon Habitat\" - [3:01] \"Tiny Pecking Pteranodons\" - [3:23] \"Billy Oblivion\" - [2:49] \"Brachiosaurus on the Bank\" - [2:07] \"Reaching for Glory\" - [2:31] \"Underwater Attack\" - [2:11] \"Spinosaurus Confrontation\" - [3:02] \"River Reminiscence\" - [1:08] \"Ambush and Rescue\" - [3:40] \"The Hat Returns - End Credits (Album)\" - [5:22] \"Big Hat, No Cattle (Source)\" - [4:26] \"Alan Goes (Film Mix)\" - [1:50] \"Dinosaur Fly-By (Extended Film Version)\" - [2:21] \"Coopers Last Stand (Film Alternate) \" - [1:23] \"Frenzy Fuselage",
"title": "Jurassic Park III (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "8778347",
"text": "The 1997 film The Lost World: Jurassic Park received a number of video game adaptations. These include: The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game) — a light gun arcade game. The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Sega Genesis game) — a top-down action game for the Sega Genesis. The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game) — a side-scrolling action game for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn. The Lost World: Jurassic Park (handheld game) — a platformer released on various handheld systems. Chaos Island: The Lost World Jurassic Park — a strategy game for personal computers. Related The Lost World: Jurassic Park (pinball) — a 1997 pinball game based on the film. Trespasser — A first-person shooter for the PC released in 1998, intended to serve as a sequel to the feature film The Lost World: Jurassic Park.",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "4549814",
"text": "Jurassic Park: The Ride is a water-based amusement ride based on the Steven Spielberg 1993 film Jurassic Park and Michael Crichton's 1990 novel of the same name which the film is based on located at Universal Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida, and Universal Studios Japan in Osaka. It was formerly located at Universal Studios Hollywood in Universal City, California, where it was turned into Jurassic World: The Ride on July 12, 2019. The ride was researched and built as the film was still in production and opened at Universal Studios Hollywood on June 21, 1996. Duplicates of the ride have since been built at Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan as Jurassic Park River Adventure. A river rapids ride version, Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure, opened at Universal Studios Singapore in 2010. History Inspiration The ride was inspired by a line of scenes from Michael Crichton's 1990 novel when Alan Grant, Lex Murphy, and Tim Murphy try to get back to the visitor center on an inflatable boat. Elements like the Tyrannosaurus rex chasing the boat, Two baby Velociraptor (novel)/Compsognathus (or Procompsognathus, film & novel) on a boat from an earlier scene, the pair of Dilophosaurus on the river bank, and the drop (ride)/waterfall (novel), were used on the ride. Opening Jurassic Park: The Ride opened to the public at Universal Studios Hollywood on June 21, 1996. Among the guests in attendance at the ride's grand opening celebration were film cast members. Steven Spielberg also attended the opening, but requested that he be let off of the attraction before the drop. On August 12, 1996, Universal launched an online game, Jurassic Park The Ride Online Adventure, to promote the ride. The ride was also the primary sponsor of the infamous \"T-Rex\" car that was driven by Jeff Gordon in 1997 The Winston. It was banned by NASCAR immediately following the race. Meanwhile, Universal Studios Florida was looking to build their own version of Jurassic Park: The Ride. It would be placed in their brand new second theme park Universal Islands of Adventure. The park would feature islands themed to Marvel superheroes, Dr. Seuss books, fairy tales, cartoons and dinosaurs. Jurassic Park: The Ride would be slightly different from the Hollywood location. The ride would be named Jurassic Park: River Adventure and feature some significant changes. On March 27, 1999, Islands of Adventure opened for technical rehearsals, with Jurassic Park: River Adventure being one of its debut attractions. On May 28, 1999, the attraction officially opened to the public. During the development, Universal Studios Japan was planning to add Jurassic Park: River Adventure. It would be a mirror version of the Islands of Adventure location. Jurassic Park: River Adventure opened on March 31, 2001, along with the park. Closure and rebranding On May 10, 2018, it was announced that the Hollywood location would be receiving a Jurassic World remodel. The attraction was becoming outdated due to the film's huge success in 2015. Jurassic Park: The Ride would have its last",
"title": "Jurassic Park: The Ride"
},
{
"docid": "29573820",
"text": "Sineleutherus is an extinct genus of euharamiyids which existed in Asia during the Jurassic period. The type species is Sineleutherus uyguricus, which was described by Thomas Martin, Alexander O. Averianov and Hans-Ulrich Pfretzschner in 2010; it lived in what is now China during the late Jurassic (Oxfordian age) Qigu Formation. A second species, Sineleutherus issedonicus, was described by A. O. Averianov, A. V. Lopatin and S. A. Krasnolutskii in 2011. It lived in what is now Sharypovsky District (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia) during the middle Jurassic (Bathonian age); its fossils were collected from the upper part of the Itat Formation. However, this is now believed to represent several euharamiyid taxa not closey related to Sineleutherus. Mammalian tooth marks on dinosaur bones may belong to Sineleutherus, suggesting that some haramiyidans scavenged on dinosaur remains. References Euharamiyids Middle Jurassic synapsids of Asia Late Jurassic synapsids of Asia Fossil taxa described in 2010 Taxa named by Thomas Martin (paleontologist) Taxa named by Alexander O. Averianov Taxa named by Hans-Ulrich Pfretzschner",
"title": "Sineleutherus"
},
{
"docid": "7074797",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Original Motion Picture Score) is the film score to the 1997 film of the same name composed and conducted by John Williams, and orchestrated by Conrad Pope and John Neufeld. Unlike most sequel scores written by Williams, the composer did not reprise much musical material from the original film in the series, Jurassic Park, but instead developed a wildly different style and a new set of motifs for the different location, cast, and darker tone of the second Jurassic Park film. The two primary themes written for Jurassic Park are quoted only a few times in The Lost World. Director of the film Steven Spielberg felt Williams' work on the sequel was superior to his work on the first Jurassic Park film. Themes For this score, Williams largely avoided using the three major themes he had written for Jurassic Park. Quiet strains of the so-called \"island fanfare\" (\"Journey to the Island\") are occasionally heard, with one scene even including a more robust statement copied note-for-note from the Jurassic Park cue \"Jurassic Park Gate\". The full version of \"Journey to the Island\" is not heard until the film's final scene and end credits. A full version of the original \"Theme from Jurassic Park\" was recorded for the film but was notably much faster and was cut from the final product, only available on the soundtrack. However, a shorter piano rendition can be heard during Hammond's speech in the final scene. Williams wrote two new primary themes for this score. The first is a rousing melody typically given to the horns, trombones, and strings over a churning accompaniment provided by low woodwinds and percussion. This theme is darker and less overtly heroic than the \"island fanfare\", but its role is similar in that it mainly underscores the expedition's adventurous nature. Williams intended to use this theme only four times in the film: for the arrival on the island, for the departure from the island, in the film's final moments, and in the end credits. But statements of this theme were tracked into several additional scenes so that it is heard more often than originally intended, and the version heard in the end credits (simply entitled \"The Lost World\") has been adapted and published for concert performances. Less memorable but much more frequently heard is the film's second new theme, a haunting four-note melody. The film opens with this motif, and it frequently returns to convey Isla Sorna's dark, mysterious nature and the dinosaurs that inhabit it. Style and orchestration The score to The Lost World takes on a very different tone from that of Jurassic Park. The first film balances tense action scoring and horror elements with a sense of wonderment and awe, but the sequel is mostly devoid of the latter. Williams elected to play up the film's jungle setting with a variety of percussion instruments (including congas, bongos, \"jungle drums\", gourds, log drums, and tabla). These are heard during many scenes on Isla Sorna, sometimes",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (film score)"
},
{
"docid": "51888674",
"text": "The Tarfaya Basin is a structural basin located in southern Morocco that extends westward into the Moroccan territorial waters in the Atlantic Ocean. The basin is named for the city of Tarfaya located near the border of Western Sahara, a region governed by the Kingdom of Morocco. The Canary Islands form the western edge of the basin and lie approximately 100 km to the west. Tarfaya Basin is characterized as a passive continental marginal basin. Other basins of northwestern Africa, along the Atlantic Ocean margin all formed in a similar manner. To the north, the Tarfaya Basin is bordered by the Agadir and Essaousoura Basins, and to the south it is bordered by the Aauin Basin in Western Sahara. Additionally, the Tarfaya Basin and the other basins of northwestern Africa have been characterized as analogs and conjugates to the Nova Scotia Basin offshore from southeastern Canada. Geologic history Rifting and early oceanic spreading The initial rifting of Pangea began 260 million years before present during the Late Permian and persisted through the Triassic. Throughout this stage of rifting, the continental crust was thinned and separation of North America from northwestern Africa began. Normal faulting in a northeast-southwest direction created a series of grabens and half-grabens developed as the thinned crust subsided. Subsidence led to the formation of a shallow basin without forming an ocean. The dimensions of the graben and half-graben basins range from 20–30 km in width, east to west and 50–100 km in length, north to south. Initial infilling of the basins began via transport of sediment from continental stream and river basins concurrently with the rifting during the Late Triassic as rivers transported red-brown sediment, characteristic of the geologic period. Up to 5,000 meters of these red-brown sediment beds were deposited through the Late Triassic. At 200 million years before the present, prior to the beginning of oceanic spreading, the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province created igneous sills and dykes that overlay the late Triassic sedimentary rocks. At the beginning of the Jurassic, the early basin remained narrow but was subject to transgression by seawater. This resulted in the creation of a shallow sea that was often subject to large changes in water depth. As saltwater filled the shallow sea, evaporation caused the loss of seawater while leaving salt in the basin. Over the course of 1 million years, upwards of 1,500 meters of salt was deposited. Salt migration began during Jurassic with sediment loading. However, the main mechanisms for the salt migration developed later. Oceanic spreading and Jurassic deposition Oceanic spreading began in the Early Jurassic, allowing for the stabilization of the water levels in the Atlantic Ocean. Spreading rates have been variably calculated by different models at 8 mm/year and at 20 mm/year. What can be agreed is that initial oceanic spreading proceeded at a slow rate and later increased significantly. The spreading rate doubled through the Middle Jurassic allowing for accommodation space in a wider basin. Another factor that affected accommodation space was subsidence rates",
"title": "Tarfaya Basin"
},
{
"docid": "17106230",
"text": "Kimmerosaurus (\"lizard from Kimmeridge\") is an extinct genus of plesiosaur from the family Cryptoclididae. Kimmerosaurus is most closely related to Tatenectes. Discovery There are very few fossil remains of Kimmerosaurus known. In fact, nothing has been found to show what Kimmerosaurus may have looked like below the neck, although the atlas and the axis are similar to those of the plesiosaur Colymbosaurus. It is this lack of any post-cranial fossils, and the bone similarities that has led to the belief that Kimmerosaurus fossils could be the missing head of Colymbosaurus, a similar plesiosaur with no known skull fossils. The first part of the genus name of Kimmerosaurus comes from the location of the first Kimmerosaurus fossils, Kimmeridge Clay deposits of Dorset, England (these deposits are also the root word for the Kimmeridgian stage of the Jurassic period). The second part comes from the Greek word (), \"lizard\". Description As Kimmerosaurus is known from only a skull (and a few cervical vertebrae), much of the plesiosaur's description comes from its teeth, which are recurved and buccolingually compressed (compressed cheek-side to tongue-side). The premaxilla has only eight teeth, while there are thirty-six teeth on each ramus. The parietals of Kimmerosaurus do not form a sagittal crest. The overall skull of Kimmerosaurus is similar to Cryptoclidus but much more broad. Palaeoecology Kimmerosaurus fossils are found in the Kimmeridge Clay Formation near the town of Kimmeridge, in Dorset, England. This animal may have ranged through much of what is now the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site in the southern United Kingdom. See also List of plesiosaur genera Timeline of plesiosaur research References External links Entry on Kimmerosaurus at The Plesiosaur Site Palaeos Vertebrates entry Late Jurassic plesiosaurs of Europe Cryptoclidids Fossil taxa described in 1981 Sauropterygian genera",
"title": "Kimmerosaurus"
}
] | [
"Isla Nublar"
] |
train_17595 | who played harry in the amazing spider man 2 | [
{
"docid": "29719785",
"text": "Dane William DeHaan ( ; born February 6, 1986) is an American actor. His roles include Andrew Detmer in Chronicle (2012), Jason Glanton in The Place Beyond the Pines (2012), Lucien Carr in Kill Your Darlings (2013), Harry Osborn / Green Goblin in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Lockhart in A Cure for Wellness (2016), Valerian in Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017), Chris Lynwood in ZeroZeroZero, and Kenneth Nichols in Oppenheimer (2023). In 2021, he starred in psychological romance horror miniseries Lisey's Story. He also had a role in the true crime limited series adaptation of The Staircase in 2022. Early life DeHaan was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania. His father is a computer programmer and his mother is an executive at MetLife. He has an older sister, and had what The Independent described in 2017 as a \"very normal, super-supportive childhood\". DeHaan attended Emmaus High School in Emmaus, Pennsylvania for three years and appeared in community theater. He transferred to the University of North Carolina School of the Arts for his senior year of high school, where he said he was \"around artists for the first time\". He continued at UNCSA for undergraduate studies, graduating in 2008. Career DeHaan began his professional acting career as an understudy for Haley Joel Osment in the short-lived 2008 Broadway revival of American Buffalo. Also in 2008, he made his television debut, guest-appearing on an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. In 2010, DeHaan made his feature film debut in John Sayles' Amigo and played Jesse in the third season of HBO's In Treatment. In 2011, he played Timbo in the fourth season of True Blood. In 2012, DeHaan starred in the sci-fi found footage film Chronicle, and as Cricket in Lawless. In 2013, he played Lucien Carr, a contemporary of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, in Kill Your Darlings. It was a role for which he has received critical acclaim. In 2013, he starred as the main character \"Trip\" in Metallica's surrealist concert film Metallica: Through the Never. He was the cover star of Hero magazine issue 10 in October 2013, shot by Hedi Slimane. In 2014, Annie Leibovitz photographed DeHaan for Prada's men's clothing spring advertising campaign. That same year, he played Harry Osborn / Green Goblin in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and Zach Orfman in Life After Beth. DeHaan played a fictional version of himself in the music video for Imagine Dragons' song \"I Bet My Life\". In 2015, DeHaan starred as James Dean in the drama Life, based on Dean's friendship with photographer Dennis Stock. In September 2015, DeHaan was the cover star of Another Man issue 20. In 2016, DeHaan played Roman in the independent drama film Two Lovers and a Bear and Lockhart in the 2016 horror film A Cure for Wellness. In 2017, DeHaan starred in Luc Besson's science fiction film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets based on the French comics series Valérian and Laureline. He also starred",
"title": "Dane DeHaan"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "1704633",
"text": "The Astonishing Spider-Man was a comic book series published fortnightly in the United Kingdom by Panini Comics as part of Marvel UK's 'Collectors Edition' line. It reprinted selected Spider-Man stories and material from the American comic books. Format The current format is 76 pages, with three stories being printed every issue. Whilst it usually prints more modern story lines, ‘classic' tales are also used as back-up strips. The inside front cover of the comic contains a message from the editor as well as a ‘Story So Far’ section to allow lapsed readers to catch up. At the back of the comic is a letter’s page (Web-Mail) whereby readers can write in and give their views and opinions on the stories. The letters page also previously included short comic strips entitled ‘Mini-Marvels’, initially reprints of Chris Giarrusso's & Lew Stringer’s work. A subscription is also available. Publication history With Panini Comics having obtained the licence to reprint Marvel comics internationally, Astonishing Spider-Man began publication in November 1995. 150 issues were published in the first volume before the title was re-launched in 2007 to mark its change from a four-weekly publishing schedule to a two-weekly one. Volume 2 ran for two years before it was re-launched again in December 2009 to mark the start of the \"Brand New Day\" storyline. Volume 4 launched in October 2013 as the Superior Spider-Man run of stories began in the title. Volume 7 is ongoing. Printed material Volume 5 (2014–2016) \"Spider-Verse\" \"Secret Wars\" Volume 6 (2016–2018) Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 4 Spider-Man/Deadpool Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows Vol. 2 Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man: Family Business Original Graphic Novel Spider-Man Vol. 2 (Miles Morales) Spider-Gwen Vol. 2 Prowler Vol. 2 Clone Conspiracy Vol. 1/Omega Free Comic Book Day 2017 Captain America Civil War II: Amazing Spider-Man Spidey Vol. 1 Spider-Man & The X-Men Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 1 #148 - #152 was also published. Volume 7 (2018–2020) Issue 1: 100-PAGE-SPECIAL! Amazing Spider-Man #789 Venom Vol. 3 #1 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #13 - #15 Release: 10 May 2018 Issue 2: Amazing Spider-Man #790 Venom Vol. 3 #2 - #3 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #15 Release: 24 May 2018 Issue 3: Amazing Spider-Man #791 Venom Vol. 3 #4 - #6 Release: 7 June 2018 Issue 4: Spider-Men II #1 Venom Vol. 3 #6 Venom #150 - #151 Release: 21 June 2018 Issue 5: Spider-Men II #2 Venom #152 - #153, #150 Release: 5 July 2018 Issue 6: Spider-Men II #3 Venom #153 - #154, #150 Release: 19 July 2018 See also The Amazing Spider-Man List of Spider-Man titles Spider-Man Panini Comics References External links Panini’s Astonishing Spider-Man mini site Panini Comic’s home page Grand Comics Database Spider-Man titles 1995 comics debuts Marvel UK titles",
"title": "Astonishing Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "15635388",
"text": "\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far",
"title": "Spider-Man: Brand New Day"
},
{
"docid": "14786325",
"text": "Donald Reignoux (born 20 May 1982) is a French actor best known for his dubbing and radio roles. He is known for dubbing Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man, The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and the video game Spider-Man (2018). He is also known for dubbing Jesse Eisenberg in The Social Network and some DCEU films, like Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Justice League, and Zack Snyder's Justice League. Voice roles Television animation The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius (Carl Wheezer) The Amazing Spiez! (Lee) American Dragon: Jake Long (Brad Morton) As Told by Ginger (Blake Gripling) Batman: The Brave and the Bold (Green Arrow) Ben 10: Alien Force (Kevin Levin) Blaze and the Monster Machines (Blaze) Codename: Kids Next Door (Numbuh 4) Danny Phantom (Danny Fenton) Digimon (Tai Kamiya, Wormmon) DuckTales (Louie) The Fairly OddParents (Elmer) Futurama (Cubert) Legion of Super Heroes (Brainiac 5) Lilo & Stitch: The Series (Keoni Jameson) The Magic School Bus (Carlos) Martin Mystery (Marvin) Mr. Baby (Rudy a.k.a. Ludo) My Dad the Rock Star (Buzz Sawchuck) Neon Genesis Evangelion (Shinji Ikari) The Neverending Story (Bastian Balthazar Bux) PAW Patrol (Francois, Jake) The Penguins of Madagascar (Mort) Phineas and Ferb (Phineas Flynn) Quack Pack (Louie) Recess (T.J. Detweiler) Rocket Power (Otto Rocket) Scissor Seven (Michelangelo Qiang) Skyland (Mahad) Titeuf (Titeuf) Totally Spies! (Arnold) Young Justice (Robin) Film The Super Mario Bros. Movie (Kamek) Anastasia (Young Dimitri) Cars (D.J.) Hoodwinked (Twitchy) Horton Hears a Who! (Jojo) How to Train Your Dragon (Hiccup) James and the Giant Peach (James Henry Trotter) Meet the Robinsons (Carl) My Neighbor Totoro (Kanta Ōgaki) Recess: School's Out (T.J. Detweiler) Space Chimps (Ham) Spirited Away (Haku) The Land Before Time 2-5 (Littlefoot) Toy Story (Andy Davis) The Lorax (The Once-Ler) Frozen (Kristoff) Wreck-It Ralph (Fix-It Felix Jr.) Big Hero 6 (Fred) Promare (Lio Fotia) Video games Cars (D.J.) Kingdom Hearts (Sora) Kingdom Hearts II (Sora) Psychonauts (Razputin) Overwatch (Lúcio) The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (Yunobo) Detroit: Become Human (Connor) Spider-Man (2018) (Spider-Man) No Straight Roads (Zuke) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Wildlands (Weaver) Live action roles Sleepy Hollow (Masbath) Malcolm in the Middle (Reese) Even Stevens (Louis Stevens) The O.C. (Seth Cohen) Agent Cody Banks and Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London (Cody Banks) High School Musical, High School Musical 2 and High School Musical 3 (Ryan Evans) Wizards of Waverly Place (Justin Russo) The Golden Compass (Pan) Never Back Down (Jake Tyler) Tropic Thunder (Kevin Sandusky) The Social Network (Mark Zuckerberg) The Amazing Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (Spider-Man) Interstellar (Adult Tom Cooper) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Justice League and Zack Snyder's Justice League (Lex Luthor) Élite (Nano) The 100 (Jasper) The Umbrella Academy (Klaus) External links Partial voiceography at Doublagissimo! Donald Reignoux at Malcolm France Donald Reignoux at Kingdom Fantasy 1982 births Living people People from Courbevoie Male actors from Île-de-France French male voice actors",
"title": "Donald Reignoux"
},
{
"docid": "26775444",
"text": "Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a 2010 action-adventure video game based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, developed by Beenox and published by Activision. Players control four different versions of Spider-Man, each originating from a different universe in the Marvel Comics multiverse. Previous Spider-Man voice actors Neil Patrick Harris, Christopher Daniel Barnes, Dan Gilvezan, and Josh Keaton each voice one of the four Spider-Men. The Nintendo DS version of the game was developed by Griptonite Games and features only three Spider-Man variants. The game revolves around an artifact known as the Tablet of Order and Chaos. When it is shattered into pieces during a fight between the Amazing Spider-Man and Mysterio, it causes problems with multiple realities across the Marvel Multiverse. Madame Web recruits the Amazing Spider-Man and three alternate versions of the hero—Spider-Man Noir, Spider-Man 2099, and Ultimate Spider-Man—to restore balance by retrieving the tablet fragments from villains within their respective dimensions. Gameplay alternates between the four Spider-Men, who control similarly but present a different gameplay style and/or abilities. For example, the Spider-Man Noir levels encourage a stealth approach, while the Ultimate Spider-Man levels place emphasis on large scale combat encounters. Shattered Dimensions is the first Spider-Man game developed by Beenox after being given the license by Activision, replacing previous developer Treyarch. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the concept of bringing four Marvel universes together, and lauded the voice acting, combat, presentation, humor, and score. However, criticism was aimed at the game's simplistic story, choice of villains, and the overall design of the cutscenes as well as its technical difficulties. A sequel, Spider-Man: Edge of Time, was released in October 2011, featuring only the Amazing Spider-Man and Spider-Man 2099. Both the game and its sequel were de-listed from the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live marketplaces in 2014 following the expiration of Activision's existing licensing deal with Marvel. Shattered Dimensions was re-released via Steam on October 24, 2015, but was later removed on April 1, 2017. One of the writers of the game, Mark Hoffmeier, also worked on the well-received Spider-Man: The Animated Series on Fox Kids before working on the game. Some of the concepts from the TV show influenced the game, including the use of multiple versions of Spider-Man (as seen on the show) and the concept of the Tablet of Order and Chaos. Another writer for Shattered Dimensions, Dan Slott, later worked on the 2014 comic book storyline, \"Spider-Verse\", which was influenced by the game and, in turn, inspired the animated Spider-Verse film franchise. Gameplay Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a level-based third-person action-adventure video game, where the player assumes the role of four different versions of Spider-Man, spanning across the Amazing, Noir, 2099, and Ultimate universes. Gameplay revolves around each Spider-Man's unique superhuman abilities; players are able to web swing, web zip, crawl walls, and use the 'spider-sense' to identify enemies or objects of interest. The combat of the game offers a large variety of fighting moves, and each Spider-Man has his own fighting",
"title": "Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions"
},
{
"docid": "25587056",
"text": "Michael Jay Harris (born 1962) is an American comic book artist who was active in the industry from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. Harris was able to use his personal interests in weapons and martial arts to establish himself as an illustrator for characters like The Punisher and G.I. Joe, and titles like Cops: The Job, and No Escape. Biography Harris attended New York City's Stuyvesant High School ('79) where he studied under Frank McCourt and School of Visual Arts, where he studied under Will Eisner, Harvey Kurtzman, Marshall Arisman, and Gil Stone; Harris's influences included J. C. Leyendecker, Heinrich Kley, and Neal Adams. Breaking into the industry in 1985, Harris worked as a fill-in artist on several Marvel Comics titles, such as Web of Spider-Man, The 'Nam, Nomad, and Nova: Deathstorm. Harris (with writer David Michelinie) co-created the Spider-Man enemies Chance and Foreigner, both in Web of Spider-Man #15 (June 1986). Later, Harris contributed to Punisher War Zone, and Punisher War Journal, and illustrated the Marvel limited series Cops: The Job, No Escape, and Dragon Strike. During the 1980s, before becoming a Marvel Comics regular, Harris also freelanced for DC Comics (where he illustrated, among others, All-Star Squadron), Comico, Deluxe Comics, Eclipse Comics, Fantagraphics, First Comics, and Harris Publications. In the mid-1990s, Harris worked for Tekno Comix/Big Entertainment on such titles as Lost Universe and Lady Justice. During this period Harris also did some G.I. Joe mini-comics, which were packaged with the toys; and illustrated a Magnus, Robot Fighter trading card for Valiant Comics. Leaving comic books in 1997, Harris moved on to the computer game and animation industries. While working at Interplay, his artwork for Max 2 was included in the Society of Illustrators 40th Annual Exhibition. Harris has had no significant comic book credits since 1999, but contributes Editorial Cartoons to the American Thinker online magazine on a regular basis. Harris enlisted in the New York National Guard in 1986 as a 19D Cavalry Scout. He was selected for Officer Candidate School and was commissioned as an armored cavalry officer in 1988, and is proficient with a variety of small arms, armor weapons and demolitions. He is also a martial arts student, having studied judo, aikido, Taekwondo, and T'ang Soo Do. He has served in a variety of positions with the Army Reserve and National Guard, and was assessed to the Active Guard Reserve program in 2004. Harris has served combat tours in Iraq and continued to produce artwork for the Army informally while working in operational assignments. He retired from the Army in 2016, at the rank of lieutenant colonel, with 30 years of active and reserve service. Bibliography Comics work includes: All-Star Squadron #48-49, #61-62 [cover only] (DC, August—September 1985, September-October 1986) Web of Spider-Man #6, (Marvel, November 1985),13-15 (Marvel, April-June 1986) The Amazing Spider-Man #278 (Marvel, July 1986) - Part of the Scourge of the Underworld crossover story Punisher: The Prize (with writer C.J. Henderson) (Marvel Comics, 1990) Punisher War Zone #9-11 (Marvel Comics)",
"title": "Mike Harris (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "1507980",
"text": "Campbell Scott (born July 19, 1961) is an American actor, producer and director. His roles include Steve Dunne in Singles, Mark Usher in House of Cards, Joseph Tobin in Damages, and Richard Parker in The Amazing Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man 2, as well as narration in The Men Who Built America. Early life Scott was born on July 19, 1961, in New York City, the son of American actor George C. Scott (1927–1999) and Canadian-American actress Colleen Dewhurst (1924–1991). He graduated from John Jay High School with friend Stanley Tucci before graduating from Lawrence University in 1983. His brother is Alexander Scott. One of his paternal half-sisters is actress Devon Scott. Career Scott's first film appearance was in the 1987 movie Five Corners, as a policeman. In 1990, Scott played a lead role in the ground-breaking film Longtime Companion, which chronicles the early years of the AIDS/HIV epidemic and its impact upon a group of American friends. In the following year he appeared briefly in Kenneth Branagh-directed, Dead Again, and co-starred in the movie Dying Young (in which his mother also appeared) alongside Julia Roberts. He also appeared in the 1992 Cameron Crowe movie Singles alongside Bridget Fonda and Kyra Sedgwick, and in 1996, he teamed up with Stanley Tucci to direct the film Big Night. The film met with critical acclaim and was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival. For their work, Scott and Tucci won both the New York Film Critics Circle Award and the Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best New Director. In 2002 he was awarded the Best Actor prize from the National Board of Review for his performance in Roger Dodger. Scott starred in Six Degrees on ABC in 2006. In 2004 he starred alongside Adam Butcher, in Saint Ralph. In 2005–2006 Scott served as the reader for the audiobook versions of Stephen King's bestsellers The Shining and Cell, and for Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls. In 2007 Scott lent his voice for the narration of a Chevron Corporation television ad, as well as the Iraq War documentary film, No End in Sight. He also appeared in the romantic comedy Music and Lyrics, starring Hugh Grant and Drew Barrymore. Next up for Scott was the 2009 drama Handsome Harry. Scott also had a recurring role on the USA drama Royal Pains, as Boris Kuester von Jurgens-Ratenicz. On August 28, 2009 TVGuide.com confirmed Scott was cast for the third season of Damages. Scott was a series regular, playing Joe Tobin, the son of indicted Bernie Madoff-like Louis Tobin (Len Cariou). The season aired from January to April 2010. In May 2010 Scott provided the voice-over for a new Häagen-Dazs TV commercial called \"Ode to Flavor\". The ad was created by Goodby, Silverstein & Partners, directed by Noah Marshall with art direction by Croix Cagnon. He played the role of Richard Parker, the father of Peter Parker, in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider-Man. Scott reprised his",
"title": "Campbell Scott"
},
{
"docid": "2839562",
"text": "\"The Other\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \"acts\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes",
"title": "Spider-Man: The Other"
},
{
"docid": "2578538",
"text": "The Tinkerer (Phineas Mason) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an adversary of the superhero Spider-Man and the father of Rick Mason. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963). The Tinkerer is generally depicted as a genius in engineering who is able to create gadgets and other devices from nothing more than spare parts left over from ordinary household appliances. While in his initial appearances he sought to personally eliminate Spider-Man, more recent storylines depict him under the employ of other supervillains, whom he supplies with his gadgets for their personal vendettas against Spider-Man or other heroes. Since his introduction in comics, the character has been adapted into several other forms of media, such as animated television series and video games. The Tinkerer made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Chernus. Additionally, a female version of Phineas Mason named Phin Mason appears in Spider-Man: Miles Morales, voiced by Jasmin Savoy Brown. Publication history The Tinkerer is a character that was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his initial appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (April 1963), opposing Spider-Man as a villain. It would, however, be several years before he would return, and made his second appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #160 (September 1976), once again opposing Spider-Man in a losing effort. The Tinkerer would be mentioned in The Amazing Spider-Man #182 (July 1978). This was his first mention in the publication as a supporting side character to the other villains. Fictional character biography Criminal career Phineas Mason is a brilliant inventor and technician who designs advanced weaponry for criminals and sometimes undertakes crimes of his own. As \"the Terrible Tinkerer\", he runs an underground fix-it shop disguised as a radio repair shop. On at least one occasion, a potential customer gained the inventor's attention by presenting a transistor radio and telling Mason that \"I've got a radio that just can't carry a tune\". The Tinkerer's original scheme involved the employment of a team of petty has-been stuntmen and thugs. They specialized in placing bugs into radios and blackmailing state officials and politicians. The Tinkerer tried to present himself as an alien to confuse his pursuers by leaving behind a mask that looked like his face when he escaped from Spider-Man in a hovercraft shaped like a flying saucer. The Tinkerer's next encounter with Spider-Man resulted in deploying the Toy, a hi-tech robot that serves as an assistant and lackey. The Toy also helped the Tinkerer escape from his hideout when raided by the police. The Tinkerer is known to have created the suit for Mysterio, a man that once worked as one of his alien-suited servants. Much later, he was hired by the Kingpin to rebuild the Spider-Mobile to destroy Spider-Man. The Tinkerer redesigned Rocket Racer's rocket-powered skateboard, designed the",
"title": "Tinkerer (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "14154213",
"text": "Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles",
"title": "Spider-Man: With Great Power"
},
{
"docid": "3366502",
"text": "Morlun () is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by J. Michael Straczynski and John Romita Jr., the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #30 (June 2001). Morlun is a central foe of all the themed versions of Spider-Man, being one of their most powerful and dangerous adversaries. He is an entity from Earth-001 that hunts all the Spider-Totems by traveling to the many multiverses of Marvel Comics. He is best known as the temporary killer of the Earth-616 Spider-Man in the storyline \"Spider-Man: The Other\", and is also the main antagonist of the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline in which he and his estranged family, the Inheritors, attempt to kill all the versions of Spider-Man, as prophesied by him. Publication history Morlun first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #30 (June 2001), created by writer J. Michael Straczynski and penciler John Romita Jr. The collection of these comic books is called The Amazing Spider-Man Coming Home. Fictional character biography First encounter with Spider-Man When Spider-Man met a similarly powered man named Ezekiel Sims, Ezekiel explained to him that Spider-Man's powers were not an accident, and that the spider that had bitten him did so voluntarily to pass its abilities onto Peter before it died. This made Spider-Man a \"totem\", a bridge between man and beast, with the properties of both. Ezekiel then warned Spider-Man that as a totem, he was in danger from those who would seek to destroy such beings. One of those, who showed up soon after, was Morlun. Little is known about exactly what Morlun is and where he comes from. According to Ezekiel, as long as totemistic forces have walked the earth, there have also been those who have fed on them. While Morlun and his brothers (it is not known how many there are in existence, but Morlun is not the only one) can subsist on the life forces of normal humans and non-totemistic superhumans for a time, they always crave a pure host and Peter fits the bill perfectly. After Peter's meeting with Ezekiel, Morlun and his hapless minion Dex subtly began tormenting Peter from the shadows, stalking him and wreaking havoc with his spider-sense. Morlun finally revealed himself when Spider-Man was investigating a fire at the wharfs, punching him with what Spider-Man claimed was the hardest punch he had ever felt. Morlun then told Spider-Man that he would eventually kill him, and now that they had made physical contact, he could find Spider-Man wherever he went. Though Spider-Man fought back, Morlun continually regained the upper hand. Peter tried to flee, but Morlun was able to find him easily and resume the fight. Spider-Man finally got away after Morlun burned down the building they were fighting in, but Ezekiel told him it was no use. Morlun would find him once again, and kill him. Morlun continually attacked Spider-Man over the next few days, endangering the lives of innocent citizens if Peter tried to flee. With Ezekiel's",
"title": "Morlun"
},
{
"docid": "6146135",
"text": "Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and",
"title": "List of Spider-Man enemies"
},
{
"docid": "172171",
"text": "The Hobgoblin is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, most of whom are brainwashed by the Winkler Device into becoming Hobgoblins. Created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Romita Jr., the first incarnation of the Hobgoblin was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #238 (March 1983) as a criminal mastermind equipped with Halloween-themed weapons similar to those used by the Green Goblin. The true identity of the Hobgoblin was one of the longest-running mysteries in the Spider-Man comics. In 1987, the Hobgoblin was revealed to be Ned Leeds, Peter Parker's journalist co-worker at the Daily Bugle, while in 1997, ten years later, his identity was retroactively established to be Roderick Kingsley, a fashion designer and Mary Jane Watson's former boss, with Ned reframed as a fall guy, and later in the 2020s as the second Hogoblin and secret sorcerer apprentice of Baron Mordo. Other characters that have assumed the Hobgoblin mantle over the years include criminals Lefty Donovan and Jason Macendale, Roderick's twin brother Daniel Kingsley, Spider-Man 2211's daughter Robin Borne, Ben Urich's nephew Phil Urich, and Kingsley's butler Claude. Leeds, Donovan and Claude were first brainwashed to serve as Hobgoblins as part of a scheme orchestrated by the Kingsley brothers, with Kingsley, Macendale, Borne and Urich being the only versions to operate independently of the others (although occasionally partnering with them), with Leeds and Kingsley later also being brainwashed by Queen Goblin to serve as her enforcers. In the alternate continuities of The Amazing Spider-Man comic strip and Ultimate Marvel, Harry Osborn has also adopted the Hobgoblin persona. The Hobgoblin has been adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including television series and video games. An amalgamated version of the character named Jason Philips appeared in the 1994–1998 Spider-Man: The Animated Series, voiced by Mark Hamill, while the Harry Osborn incarnation is featured in Spider-Man (2017–2018), voiced by Max Mittelman. Publication history The Hobgoblin was created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Romita Jr. for The Amazing Spider-Man #238 (March 1983). Like other writers, Stern found himself under pressure to have Spider-Man fight the Green Goblin again, but did not wish to bring Norman Osborn or Bart Hamilton back from the dead, have Harry Osborn be the Green Goblin again, or create another Green Goblin. Stern instead created a new concept as heir to the Goblin legacy and developed the Hobgoblin. Stern recounts that he directed Romita to base the costume on the Green Goblin's but to make it \"a little more medieval-looking\", while Romita asserts that he was given no direction beyond using the Green Goblin as a basis. Both agree, however, that the costume was chiefly Romita's design. The Hobgoblin's identity was not initially revealed, generating one of the longest-running mysteries in the Spider-Man comics. According to Stern, \"I plotted that first",
"title": "Hobgoblin (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "5724747",
"text": "Normie Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the grandson of Norman Osborn and the eldest son of Harry Osborn. Publication history Normie Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #263 (April 1985), and was created by Bill Mantlo and Al Milgrom. He appeared in Green Goblin stories throughout the 1990s, generally portrayed as hating Spider-Man. Fictional character biography Normie Osborn is the child of Liz Allan and Harry Osborn and the grandson of Norman Osborn. Harry's sanity recovered shortly before dying from a modified version of the Goblin formula, saving Spider-Man and saying \"You're my best friend\"; Normie is shown overhearing this, possibly changing his view of Spider-Man. While still recovering from his father's death, Normie is befriended by Peter Parker, a sort of surrogate uncle to him. A trio of robotic \"Goblin women\" (one of a number of failsafes prepared by Harry before death) kidnap Normie, intending to turn him into a new Green Goblin. Spider-Man and the Molten Man (Normie's uncle) defeat them before he can be exposed to the Goblin formula. Norman Osborn returned from the dead, using a robot Goblin to kidnap his heir. This version appears as the standard Green Goblin, and causes Normie to believe his father has returned. This is part of a complex ploy to increase Norman's visibility by playing the unfortunate grandfather. Norman dismisses the possibility of his grandson being his heir (the new Goblin), saying that Normie has the same weaknesses as Harry. Normie is seen in a Sensational Spider-Man issue playing baseball, being watched from the stands by the Molten Man and the Chameleon, while Electro is in the shadows. No harm comes to Normie, but the Chameleon uses his safety as a bargaining chip to bring the Molten Man into his plan to attack Spider-Man after the hero's recent unmasking. Normie reappears after the One More Day storyline. Now Normie hates his father for supposedly abandoning him when Harry was mistakenly believed dead while being high on the Goblin serum. His hatred for Spider-Man is also reignited. Osborn's re-establishes himself as a major crime lord called the Goblin King, undergoing plastic surgery to also establish himself as a businessman named Mason Banks to provide a suitable inheritance for his grandson, with Liz apparently helping Norman in this endeavor. When Osborn acquires the Carnage symbiote and transforms into the Red Goblin, Osborn attempts to gain his grandson Normie's aid by infusing a portion of the Carnage symbiote into Normie, turning into \"Goblin Childe\". Despite the symbiote amplifying Normie's jealousy of his half-brother Stanley, Normie throws off its influence when he witnesses his grandfather try to kill his parents, realizing in the process that the villain was actually his own grandfather and not Spider-Man. The symbiote fragment is subsequently separated from Normie while the main symbiote is apparently destroyed during the final battle between Red Goblin and Spider-Man. It is implied that Liz and Mark kept at least some of",
"title": "Normie Osborn"
},
{
"docid": "34693053",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an open world video game based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man and the 2012 film of the same name. It was developed by Beenox and published by Activision. It was released on June 26 in North America and on June 29, 2012 in Europe for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Android, iOS, and Microsoft Windows. A version for the Wii U was released in March 2013 in North America and Europe known as The Amazing Spider-Man: Ultimate Edition in both regions. A PlayStation Vita version was released in November 2013. A sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, was released in April 2014, itself based on the film. The game was directed by Gerard Lehiany and written by Seamus Kevin Fahey, Benjamin Schirtz and Gérard Lehiany. Its story serves as an alternate epilogue to The Amazing Spider-Man film, which is continued in the game's sequel. Months after the events of the film, a number of cross-species experiments created by Oscorp using Curt Connors' research escape into Manhattan and infect its population with a deadly virus, forcing Spider-Man to join forces with Gwen Stacy and Connors to find a cure. Meanwhile, the new Oscorp CEO, Alistair Smythe, attempts to develop his own cure so that he will be credited as the city's savior, and to eliminate Spider-Man and Connors for interfering with his plans. The Nintendo 3DS and Wii versions of the game include the script and plot of the other versions of the game, but feature a much different, more linear gameplay that does not have an open world environment, and instead features the player selecting a level from the map in Spider-Man's apartment, before playing a mostly linear level. It was natively designed for the 3DS and later ported to the Wii. Upon its release, the game received mixed to positive reviews from critics, with praise to the gameplay, controls, combat, dark tone, intensity and soundtrack, although it received criticism for its mode of difficulty, story, visuals, repetitive side missions and lack of innovation. Gameplay PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows versions The Amazing Spider-Man is a third-person video game, set in an open world based on Manhattan. Players take on the role of Spider-Man and complete missions—linear scenarios with set objectives—to progress through the story. The missions are structured in a linear manner, but the player is free to explore the game's map in between missions and engage in various side activities. Players have access to all of Spider-Man's superhuman abilities, including web swinging and wall crawling. The game introduces a bullet time mechanic called Web-Rush, where players slow down time by holding a button and can select between different locations that Spider-Man will automatically move towards once the player releases the button. This gameplay mechanic can be used to target enemies, whom Spider-Man will attack automatically, or objects that Spider-Man will throw at enemies, incapacitating them for a few seconds and allowing Spider-Man to web them",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "24786216",
"text": "The comic book character Spider-Man has had much media attention due to his popularity as a superhero, as have his villains. Here is a list of his primary villains that have undergone media attention such as in films, televisions, and video games as well as some villains who debuted in the TV series. Film This is a list of Spider-Man enemies that have been in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy, Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films, the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), and Sony's Spider-Man Universe. The movies in the original trilogy also introduces Dylan Baker as Dr. Curt Connors, the man who in the comics becomes the Lizard, but this transformation never took place during Raimi's tenure as director. Mendel Stromm was portrayed by actor Ron Perkins in Spider-Man, although he did not become a villain while Spider-Man 2 features Daniel Gillies as John Jameson, whose transformation into the Man-Wolf is not depicted in the film. Additionally, the Kingpin was featured prominently in the Mark Steven Johnson film Daredevil, where he was portrayed by Michael Clarke Duncan. In The Amazing Spider-Man, the Lizard is the villain. Irrfan Khan also portrays the antagonistic Dr. Ratha in that film. In The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Felicity Jones plays Felicia Hardy, the alter ego of Black Cat but her version of Black Cat was never shown. In Spider-Man: Homecoming, Michael Mando appears as Mac Gargan, but did not become Scorpion. In Spider-Man: Far From Home, Jake Gyllenhaal portrays Mysterio, who was originally to be played by Bruce Campbell in Raimi's canceled fourth film. Additionally, although the character has not appeared in an MCU film yet, Vincent D'Onofrio portrays the Kingpin in Marvel Television's Netflix series Daredevil and the Disney+ series Hawkeye, Echo, and Daredevil: Born Again. Live-action films Animated films Television A number of Spider-Man villains have made appearances in Spider-Man television series or other Marvel Comics related shows mostly in animation. Also, in Wolverine and the X-Men, there was a character that closely resembles Shadrac. Here is a listing in alphabetical order. Sinister Six A few of Spider-Man villains in other media have joined the group Sinister Six (or Insidious Six in Spider-Man: The Animated Series and Sinister Seven or Superior Sinister Six in Ultimate Spider-Man) to take down Spider-Man just like in the comics. Here is a list of villains who have joined. The numbers beside the supervillain with the parentheses in between them stand for their first meeting and second meeting and so on. There has never been a proper depiction of the original Sinister Six (Doctor Octopus, Mysterio, Vulture, Sandman, Kraven and Electro), but in most franchises, all of the members appear, mainly without joining. Made-for-TV villains These villains do not appear in the comics. They were created for various cartoon series. Among them are: Spider-Man (1967) Baron von Rantenraven (voiced by Tom Harvey) - A German pilot who commanded Sky Harbor, which he used to invade New York with World War I biplanes. He uses paralyzing devices. Blackwell the",
"title": "List of Spider-Man enemies in other media"
},
{
"docid": "144170",
"text": "Gwendolyne Maxine \"Gwen\" Stacy is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider-Man. A college student and the daughter of George and Helen Stacy, she is the first romantic interest for Peter following his high school graduation before she is murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Her death has haunted Peter ever since, and stories published long afterwards indicate she still holds a special place in his heart. Gwen is posthumously subjected to numerous cloning experiments by her former professor Miles Warren, Peter's clone Ben Reilly, and an A.I. of Harry Osborn, the latter resulting in the creation of the Kindreds, and Ben briefly resurrecting Gwen in \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" (2016–2017), with the embodiment of Death herself confirming in Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider (2017–2018) that all clones Ben created of deceased people had their souls intact on being brought back, while clones of living people (like Ben himself) had unique souls of their own. In the alternate realities of Ultimate Marvel and Spider-Gwen, a still-living Gwen respectively becomes their universe's versions of Carnage and Spider-Woman. The character was portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider-Man 3 (2007) and by Emma Stone in The Amazing Spider-Man film series (2012–2014) and Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023; archive footage). A multiverse Spider-Gwen is voiced by Hailee Steinfeld in the 2018 animated film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse and its sequel Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), and will reprise the role in Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (TBA) and Spider-Woman (TBA). Publication history Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Fictional character biography Early history In her initial appearances, Peter Parker meets Gwen while both are studying as undergraduates at Empire State University, but with Aunt May in the hospital, Peter is troubled and ignores her advances. She dates both Flash Thompson and Harry Osborn to make Peter jealous. Gradually, however, a romance develops; Gwen, a science major, appreciates Peter's intellect. Their relationship begins almost immediately after Peter stops going out with Mary Jane Watson, whom he begins to see as shallow and self-absorbed. Later issues introduce Gwen's father, NYPD Captain George Stacy, as well as her mother Helen Stacy and her uncle Arthur Stacy. Though her father is both fond of Peter and supportive of his alter-ego Spider-Man, his death strains Peter's relationship with Gwen after he is killed by falling debris during a battle involving Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus. Gwen blames Spider-Man for his death, and leaves for Europe to cope with her loss. She wants Peter to ask her to marry him and convince her to stay, but his guilt stops him from proposing. Gwen's feelings for Peter eventually prompt her to return to New York, and their relationship is rekindled. According to Lee, who scripted all of the stories featuring Gwen Stacy up to this point, the original intent was for Gwen",
"title": "Gwen Stacy"
},
{
"docid": "313522",
"text": "The Vulture is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as recurring enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collection of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, typically using special suits which allow them to fly at vast speeds. The first incarnation of the character, Isidoro Scarlotti, is an Italian scientist and an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second and most prominent incarnation of the character, Adrian Toomes, is an inventive but maniacal genius who designed his suit and turned to a life of crime, becoming an enemy of Spider-Man and a founding member of the Sinister Six, with later characters to assume the mantle including Blackie Drago, a former cellmate of Toomes, and Clifton Shallot and Jimmy Natale, human/bird hybrids of independent origins. Toomes is later revealed to be the grandfather of the superhero Starling. Since his conception, the character has been adapted from into various other forms of Spider-Man media, including television series and video games. In live-action, the character was played by Michael Keaton in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Morbius (2022). Publication history The first Vulture, Italian scientist Isidoro Scarlotti, first appeared in Young Men #26 (December 1953), created by Joe Gill and Carl Burgos and depicted as an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second Vulture, Adrian Toomes, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. According to Ditko, Lee wanted the villain to be heavy-set and based on actor Sydney Greenstreet. Ditko designed him to be leaner and more gaunt, feeling he should be swift and fast and also because \"The bulkier anything is, the more panel space it has to take up, thereby shrinking panel space for other characters and story panel elements.\" Since Toomes originally assumed the Vulture alias as an enemy of Spider-Man, several other character have taken on the mantle from him. The third incarnation, Blackie Drago, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #48 (May 1967), and was created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr. Lee created the new version because he thought that Spider-Man looked like a bully fighting a wizened old man. However, the readers wrote in that they did not like the new Vulture, and Lee relented and brought the original back. The fourth incarnation, Clifton Shallot, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #127, and was created by Ross Andru, Gerry Conway, and John Romita Sr. A fifth incarnation, Jimmy Natale, first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #593 as part of the story arc \"Spider-Man 24/7\"; created by Mark Waid and Mike McKone, he is a recurring enemy of both Spider-Man and the Punisher. Fictional character biography Isidoro Scarlotti Isidoro Scarlotti was born in Italy, attaining a doctorate in atomic science and rising to become the czar of the International League of Criminals,",
"title": "Vulture (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "34974765",
"text": "\"Ends of the Earth\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man published by Marvel Comics in 2012. The villains of the story are the Sinister Six, who are led by Spider-Man's arch-enemy Doctor Octopus. Unlike the prior event story \"Spider-Island\" there is only one tie-in issue (a one-shot) instead of the multitude of tie-in issues involved with that story; the story is completely contained within issues #682-687 of The Amazing Spider-Man. The storyline received positive reviews, with critics praising the action, the plot, and the art style. Premise The story is part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of Spider-Man's first appearance. \"Ends of the Earth\" will see Spider-Man fighting against the Sinister Six, who are led by Doctor Octopus. Despite Spider-Man leaving the Avengers in Shattered Heroes, the members of the team are supporting characters, and he rejoins the team at the beginning. The story was written by Dan Slott and brings storylines that have been running since issue #600 was released in July 2009 to fruition. Marvel released several preview images for the event, and has written an article about why each current member of the Sinister Six is important for this group. Plot summary Lead-up Doctor Octopus learns that he only has a few months left to live due to injuries he has sustained in fights with Spider-Man, Captain America, and others. During the \"Origin of the Species\" storyline Doctor Octopus enlists the help of several villains to kidnap the presumed newborn son of Norman Osborn and Menace because he believes the unique combination of their blood can provide a cure for him. When he learns Harry Osborn is the father, he realizes no cure will be found in the boy's blood. Doctor Octopus captures Tony Stark and forces him to work on a cure for him by threatening to blow up a bomb, despite Tony telling Octavius that he is not a medical doctor. Doctor Octopus has an army of Macro-Octobots attack New York City to keep Spider-Man and the Avengers occupied while his Sinister Six (consisting of Chameleon, Electro, Mysterio, Rhino, Sandman, and himself) infiltrates a military base, but Spider-Man and the Avengers are able to stop them. The Sinister Six create a cosmic problem on a Caribbean island to keep Spider-Man and the Future Foundation occupied and away from the Baxter Building so the Sinister Six can sneak inside and steal one of Reed Richard's inventions. The Sinister Six attack a lab in Paris to create an opening to the Avengers Academy to steal a device containing self-sustaining power invented by Henry Pym. The Sinister Six fight and defeat the Intelligencia so that the Sinister Six is the only team of supervillains left to conquer the world. They also steal the Intelligencia's Zero Cannon (a weapon which negates Earth's gravity) to send objects to space. Doctor Octopus appears in a new robot suit designed to keep him alive. Doctor Octopus has some Octobots sneak aboard John Jameson's space shuttle when it",
"title": "Ends of the Earth (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "42676398",
"text": "Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film which forms part of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy. Spider-Man 2 may also refer to: Spider-Man 2: Enter: Electro, a 2001 video game, sequel to Spider-Man (2000) Spider-Man 2: The Sinister Six, a 2001 video game for Game Boy Color, sequel to Spider-Man (2000) for Game Boy Color Spider-Man 2 (2004 video game), the video game based on the 2004 film Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack), the soundtrack of the 2004 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2, a 2014 American superhero film, sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) Spider-Man: Far From Home, a 2019 American superhero film, sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) Spider-Man 2 (2023 video game), a 2023 video game, sequel to Spider-Man (2018) See also Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man 3 (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man",
"title": "Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "69027326",
"text": "Venom is a fictional character primarily voiced by Tom Hardy appearing in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Introduced in Venom (2018), Venom is depicted as a symbiote who binds with human investigative journalist Eddie Brock after landing on Earth, with the duo subsequently becoming a vigilante jointly known by Venom's name, and later as the Lethal Protector, facing Venom's former team leader, Riot, and later Venom's son, Carnage, in combat. They are the second incarnation of the character in film, after Topher Grace and Tobey Maguire's respective portrayals of Eddie Brock / Venom and a symbiote-enveloped Spider-Man in Spider-Man 3 (2007). , the character has appeared in three films: Venom, Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021), and an uncredited cameo appearance in the web series Chen's Market and the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (both 2021). Hardy will reprise his role in Venom: The Last Dance. While Hardy's portrayal of the character in Venom was met with a mixed critical reception, the chemistry between Eddie Brock and Venom received praise. Concept and creation The idea of giving Spider-Man a new costume was conceived by Randy Schueler, a Marvel Comics reader from Norridge, Illinois. In 1982, Schueler was sent a letter by editor-in-chief Jim Shooter, who acknowledged interest in his idea, with Shooter coming up with the idea of a black-and-white costume. \"The Alien Costume\" first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #252 (May 1984), before fully appearing as Venom in the 300th issue. Venom's subsequent host, Eddie Brock, was created for the 300th issue of The Amazing Spider-Man in May 1988 due to cultural sensibilities of David Michelinie's suggestion of a villain consisting of the alien symbiote grafted into the body of a human female that forced him to conceive a male character by editor Jim Salicrup. Brock was later retconned to have a first appearance as a hand in Web of Spider-Man #18 (September 1986), but officially debuting in The Amazing Spider-Man #300, by Michelinie and Todd McFarlane, alongside Venom, initially presented as his alter-ego rather than as a separate living being. Post-Spider-Man 3 By July 2008, Sony Pictures was actively developing a spin-off film based on Venom alongside direct sequels to Spider-Man 3 (2007), hoping the character could \"add longevity\" to the franchise in a similar fashion to Wolverine in 20th Century Fox's X-Men films. Industry insiders suggested Topher Grace, who portrayed Brock in Spider-Man 3, should return for the spin-off because \"the likeable actor could be a sympathetic evildoer\", in response, McFarlane suggested that a Venom film could not do well with a villain as the central character. In December 2013, Sony revealed plans to use The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) to establish their own expanded universe based on the Marvel properties they had the film rights to, including Venom. Since the film underperformed, in February 2015, Sony and Marvel Studios announced a partnership that would see Marvel Studios produce the next",
"title": "Venom (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "18842058",
"text": "Norman Virgil Osborn is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, he debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964) as the first and best-known incarnation of the Green Goblin. He has since endured as one of the superhero Spider-Man's most prominent villains and is regarded as one of his three archenemies, alongside Doctor Octopus and Venom. In his comic book appearances, Norman Osborn is depicted as the amoral industrialist head of science conglomerate Oscorp and the father of Harry Osborn, the best friend of Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker. Osborn, in part as a reaction to the death of his wife, maintains a cold disposition and is obsessed with attaining as much power as possible. As a result, he treats his son harshly and openly favors Peter for his intellect, leading Harry to often try and compensate. In his origin story, Osborn is exposed to an experimental formula that enhances his physical abilities and intellect, though at the cost of his sanity. As the Goblin, he becomes a criminal mastermind who uses an arsenal of advanced, Halloween-themed equipment, including grenade-like Pumpkin Bombs, razor sharp bats, and a flying Goblin Glider, to terrorize New York City. Osborn has been part of many of Spider-Man's defining stories, most notably \"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\" and the \"Clone Saga\". While his primary foe is Spider-Man, Osborn has often come into conflict with Iron Man, Captain America and other superheroes in the Marvel Universe. Although Osborn sometimes works with other supervillains such as Doctor Doom and Loki and groups like the Sinister Six and the Dark Avengers, these relationships often collapse due to his desire for unbridled power. Osborn's largest overarching story came during the line-wide \"Dark Reign\" and Siege comic book events, in which he served as the main antagonist; during this time, he became the original iteration of Iron Patriot. The character has been in various top villain lists as one of Spider-Man's greatest enemies and one of the greatest comic book villains of all time. The character's popularity has seen him appear on a variety of merchandise, inspire real-world structures (such as theme park attractions) and be referenced in a number of media. He has been adapted to serve as Spider-Man's adversary in live-action, animated, and video game incarnations. Willem Dafoe played the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy and reprised the role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), while Chris Cooper played the character in the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Marvel Comics editor and head writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko are credited with creating the character; they each collaborated with one another on how the character would be portrayed. According to Ditko: \"Stan's synopsis for the Green Goblin had a movie crew, on location, finding an Egyptian-like sarcophagus. Inside was an ancient, mythological demon, the Green Goblin. He naturally came to life. On my",
"title": "Norman Osborn"
},
{
"docid": "663287",
"text": "Keith Pollard (; born January 20, 1950) is an American comic book artist. Originally from the Detroit area, Pollard is best known for his simultaneous work on the Marvel Comics titles The Amazing Spider-Man, Fantastic Four, and Thor in the late 1970s–early 1980s. Career Keith Pollard made his professional comics debut in 1974 with stints on such titles as Master of Kung Fu, Deadly Hands of Kung Fu, Astonishing Tales, and Black Goliath. In the mid 1970s he also drew original covers for some of the weekly titles in the Marvel UK imprint. He was the regular penciller of The Amazing Spider-Man from issue #186 (Nov. 1978) through issue #205 (June 1980) and pencilled the backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #15 (1981). With writer Marv Wolfman, Pollard introduced the Black Cat in The Amazing Spider-Man #194 (July 1979). Wolfman and Pollard were the creative team for both Fantastic Four #200 (Nov. 1978) and The Amazing Spider-Man #200 (Jan. 1980). Pollard was also the regular penciler of Thor issues #286–320. In 1982, Pollard moved to DC Comics where he drew part of Wonder Woman #300 (Feb. 1983) and launched the Vigilante series with Marv Wolfman. He and Elliot S. Maggin co-created the Kristin Wells version of Superwoman in DC Comics Presents Annual #2 (1983). In 1987, he returned to Marvel where he had a second run on Fantastic Four, with writer Steve Englehart, that lasted until 1989. Afterwards, he pencilled Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #2–10. Pollard and Stan Lee produced the Silver Surfer: The Enslavers graphic novel in 1990. In the early 1990s he drew all the character profiles for the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Master Edition. Pollard left comics in 1996, though he occasionally makes appearances at comic book conventions. He returned to comics in 2019 with a story for DC Primal Age Giant, written by Marv Wolfman. Bibliography DC Comics DC Comics Presents Annual #2 (1983) DC Primal Age Giant #1 (2019) Green Lantern #157–165 (1982–1983) Justice League of America #197 (1981) The New Teen Titans #35–36 (1983) Vigilante #1–3, 5 (1983–1984) Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe #18, 23 (1986–1987) Wonder Woman #300 (1983) World's Finest Comics #279 (1982) Milestone Media Hardware #20, 40 (1994–1996) Heroes #6 (1996) Static #40 (1996) Harvey Comics SeaQuest #1 (1994) Illustrated Comics Classic Jonny Quest (four promo minicomics) (1996) Innovation Publishing Cobalt Blue #1–2 (1989) Marvel Comics Alpha Flight #127 (1993) The Amazing Spider-Man #186–205, Annual #15 (1978–1981) Astonishing Tales #30–32, 36 (1975–1976) The Avengers #146, Annual #16 (1976, 1987) Black Goliath #5 (1976) Blackwulf #5 (1994) Blaze #9 (1995) Daredevil #143, 242, 341–342 (1977, 1987, 1995) Deadly Hands of Kung Fu #5 (1974) Eternals vol. 2 #10–11 (1986) Fantastic Four #193–201, 203–206, 310–312, 314–320, 322–324, 326–328, Annual #12 (1978–1979, 1987–1989) Fantastic Four Roast #1 (1982) Ghost Rider #22 (1977) Hulk #12 (1978) Inhumans #10–12 (1977) Iron Man #73–74, 107, 110–112 (1975–1978) Jungle Action #24 (1976) Lethal Foes of Spider-Man #3 (1993) Marvel Graphic",
"title": "Keith Pollard"
},
{
"docid": "1103984",
"text": "Elizabeth \"Liz\" Allan, also known as Elizabeth Allan-Osborn and commonly misspelled as \"Liz Allen\", is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In the character's earliest appearances, she was a popular girl at the high school Peter Parker attends. She has been a regular supporting character in the various Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Venom series in an on-and-off basis, and has ties to the Green Goblin and Molten Man. She is married to Harry Osborn, the mother of their son Normie Osborn, and the CEO of Alchemax. Liz Allan would later become Misery upon being bonded to the Symbiote that is a hybrid of the Anti-Venom and Carnage Symbiotes. Sally Livingstone portrays Liz Allan in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (2002), while Laura Harrier portrayed Liz Allan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history Liz Allan is named in The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963), the same issue in which Betty Brant first appears. However, an unnamed blonde female high school student in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) appears to be Liz Allan, and The Marvel Encyclopedia lists this as her official first appearance. She was a supporting character in the series until Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), which bids farewell to Liz as both she and Spider-Man graduate from high school. Nearly a decade later, Liz Allan was brought back in a story arc in Amazing Spider-Man #132-133 (May–June 1974), in which it is revealed that she is the Molten Man's stepsister. Writer Gerry Conway recalled, \"I liked doing callbacks to the run I was most influenced by, the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era, so bringing Liz back was something I'd wanted to do for a long time. And it gave me a reason to go back and look through the issues she was in, which brought me to the Molten Man's first appearance.\" Fictional character biography Liz Allan was a high school student that attended Midtown High School together, and a minor love interest of Peter Parker and Flash Thompson. Peter likes Liz, but she is Flash's girlfriend and considers Peter something of a loser, even taking part in the general ridicule that Peter endures on a daily basis. Her earliest appearances depict her as flighty and rather thoughtless - not outright cruel, but lacking the empathy necessary to perceive Peter's nature. However, after she hears an ailing Peter had donned a Spider-Man costume to save Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus, she develops a crush on him. By this time, however, Peter's interest has waned considerably, as he notes that Liz never showed any real interest in him until he began dating Betty Brant, and assumes that Liz's feelings are little more than a schoolgirl crush. Betty and Liz clash several times over Peter, as Betty mistakenly thinks that Peter reciprocates Liz's interest in him. In Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), Peter and Liz graduate",
"title": "Liz Allan"
},
{
"docid": "42659935",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2 is a 2014 American film and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 may also refer to: The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (1992 video game), a 1992 video game The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack), the soundtrack for the 2014 film, composed by Hans Zimmer The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014 video game), a 2014 game based on the 2014 film See also The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "9752007",
"text": "\"Spider-Man\" is the theme song of the 1967 cartoon show Spider-Man, composed by Paul Francis Webster and Bob Harris. The original song was recorded at RCA Studios in Toronto (where the cartoon was produced) featuring 12 CBC vocalists (members of the Billy Van Singers, and Laurie Bower Singers groups) who added to the musical backing track supplied by RCA Studios, New York. The singers were paid only for the session and have had no residuals from its use since then. The song has since been adopted as Spider-Man's official theme, including in-universe. Other versions Film The Spider-Man (2002) and Spider-Man 2 (2004) film adaptations featured characters as buskers performing the song: Jayce Bartok and Elyse Dinh respectively. Both films also feature the song at the very end of the credits: the 2002 film featured the 1967 version, while the 2004 film featured a re-recording by Michael Bublé. The soundtracks to the 2002 film and 2007 film also features a cover by Aerosmith and Flaming Lips respectively. Spider-Man 3 (2007) had the song played by a marching band during a scene where Spider-Man arrives at a celebration. In The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Peter has the theme song as a ringtone, and whistles the tune while defeating the Rhino. In Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), the theme (orchestrated by Michael Giacchino) is played during the Marvel Studios logo at the beginning of the film. In Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018), the Peter Parker of Earth-1610B refers to it as his own \"catchy theme song\", with footage of the 1967 animated series' opening. The intro to the theme is also played during the post credits scene, when Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099 (voiced by Oscar Isaac) arrives on Earth-67, the home dimension of the animated series' events, and attempts to recruit its Spider-Man as part of his Spider-Society. In Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), an excerpt of the theme is played when Earth-67's Spider-Man (voiced by Jorma Taccone) attempts to intercept Miles Morales within the Spider-Society's headquarters, as the latter attempts to return to his home reality. Video games A remix by Apollo 440 is used in the 2000 action-adventure video game Spider-Man, developed by Neversoft and published by Activision. The song is used in the title screen and the credits, and an instrumental version of it plays in the main menu. A cover by The Distillers is used in the credits of the 2004 video game Spider-Man 2, the tie-in game for the Sam Raimi film. This cover was re-released in 2019 with a single artwork titled \"Spider-Bro\" by Linas Garsys. Covers In 1993, Canadian group Moxy Früvous recorded a version for their debut album, Bargainville. Their version includes more satirical lyrics, as Spider-Man promotes his various items of licensed merchandise. In 1995, Ramones recorded a version of the song for the tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits, later re-released as part of the compilation album Weird Tales of the Ramones. However, it is spelled without the hyphen as \"Spiderman\". In 2019,",
"title": "Spider-Man (theme song)"
},
{
"docid": "54114309",
"text": "Silver & Black is an unproduced American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics characters Silver Sable and Black Cat. It was to be produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film was intended to be an installment of Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU), with Gina Prince-Bythewood directing from a screenplay she co-wrote with Lisa Joy, Chris Yost, and the writing team of Lindsey Beer and Geneva Robertson-Dworet. Black Cat was first to be included in a film with the unproduced Spider-Man 4, before being introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Development of a female superhero spin-off from the Spider-Man film franchise first began in October 2014; by March 2017, it was set to feature Black Cat and Silver Sable, with Yost writing. Prince-Bythewood joined in May, with filming set to take place in Atlanta, Georgia and Mexico. Pre-production work began, with Prince-Bythewood intending to cast a black actress in one of the title roles. However, the director was unhappy with the film's script which led to an indefinite delay in production while she and Sony re-developed the project. In July 2018, Prince-Bythewood chose to direct a different comic book adaptation, The Old Guard, and a month later Sony canceled Silver & Black. The studio began development of two new solo films, focusing on each of the title characters, with Prince-Bythewood expected to remain as a producer on both projects. By January 2020, Sony was instead developing the project as a television series. That July, Prince-Bythewood expressed interest in returning to the project following the release of The Old Guard. Background In December 2009, the Marvel Comics character Felicia Hardy was set to be introduced in Spider-Man 4, with Anne Hathaway being looked at to play the role. Julia Stiles, Rachel McAdams, and Romola Garai were also considered. Director Sam Raimi had differences with the producers regarding taking the character in a different direction from the comics in which she becomes the cat burglar known as Black Cat. While Raimi intended for the character to still utilise the Black Cat moniker, the studio reportedly desired to have her become a supervillain named \"Vulturess\", to partner with John Malkovich as the Vulture. The next month, Sony announced that the Spider-Man franchise would be rebooted after Raimi decided to no longer pursue direct sequels to Spider-Man 3 (2007). In January 2013, Felicity Jones was in talks to join the second film in the reboot series, The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), as Hardy. The character does not take on the Black Cat persona in the film. In December 2013, Sony revealed plans to use The Amazing Spider-Man 2 to establish their own expanded universe based on the Marvel properties the studio had the film rights to. Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach would produce the films as part of a franchise brain trust that also included Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, Jeff Pinkner, Ed Solomon, and Drew Goddard, as well as The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The",
"title": "Silver & Black (unproduced film)"
},
{
"docid": "68718864",
"text": "The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Spectacular Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. Spectacular Spider-Man Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, as an experiment in entering the black-and-white comic-magazine market successfully pioneered by Warren Publishing and others. It sold for 35 cents when standard comic books cost 12 cents and Annuals and Giants 25 cents. It represented the first Spider-Man spin-off publication aside from the original series' summer Annuals, begun in 1964. The first issue (cover-dated July 1968) featured a painted, color cover by men's adventure-magazine artist Harry Rosenbaum, in acrylic paint on illustration board, over layouts by The Amazing Spider-Man artist John Romita Sr. The 52-page black-and-white Spider-Man story, \"Lo, This Monster!\", was by writer Stan Lee, penciler Romita Sr. and inker Jim Mooney. A 10-page origin story, \"In The Beginning!\", was by Lee, penciler Larry Lieber and inker Bill Everett. The feature story was reprinted in color, with some small alterations and bridging material by Gerry Conway, in The Amazing Spider-Man #116–118 (Jan.–March 1973) as \"Suddenly...the Smasher!\", \"The Deadly Designs of the Disruptor!\", and \"Countdown to Chaos!\" (with additional inking by Tony Mortellaro on the latter two). These versions were themselves reprinted in Marvel Tales #95–97 (Sept.-Oct. 1978). The second and final issue (Nov. 1968) also sported a painted cover and the interior was in color as well. Lee, Romita and Mooney again collaborated on its single story, \"The Goblin Lives!\", featuring the Green Goblin. A next-issue box at the end promoted the planned contents of the unrealized issue #3, \"The Mystery of the TV Terror\". A version of the Goblin story, trimmed by 18 pages, was reprinted in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #9 (1973), and portions of the \"TV Terror\" costume were reused for the costume of the Prowler. Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–100 (October 1976 – January 1985) Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #100–133 (February 1985 – October 1987) The Spectacular Spider-Man #134–200 (November 1987 – March 1993) The Spectacular Spider-Man #201–263 (April 1993 – September 1998) The Spectacular Spider-Man #264-290 (July 2003 – April 2005) The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 2 #1–27 (July 2003 – April 2005) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #291–313 (June 2017 – December 2018) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 3 #1–6 (June 2017 – November 2017) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #297–313 (November 2017 – December 2018) The Spectacular Spider-Man Annuals 1 – [Mantlo/Buckler] \"And Men Shall Call Him... Octopus!\" – September 1979 2 – [Macchio/Mooney] \"Vengeance Is Mine... Sayeth the Word!\" – May 1980 3 – [Kraft/Sherman/Weiss] \"Dark Side of the Moon\" – July 1981 4 – [DeNatale/Mantlo] \"Memory Lane!\" – July 1984 5 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace\" – July 1985 6 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace II\" – July 1986 7 – [Owsley/Kupperberg] \"The Honeymoon\" – August 1987 8 – [Conway/Gruenwald] \"Return to Sender\" – July 1988 9 – [Conway/Herdling] \"The Serpent in the Shadow\" – May 1989 10 – [Conway/Lee] \"Into the Microverse\" – June 1990",
"title": "List of The Spectacular Spider-Man issues"
},
{
"docid": "21055791",
"text": "The Green Goblin is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the first and best-known incarnation of the Green Goblin is Norman Osborn, who is regarded as one of the superhero Spider-Man's three archenemies, alongside Doctor Octopus and Venom. Originally a manifestation of chemically induced insanity, others would later take on the persona, including Norman's son Harry Osborn. The Green Goblin is depicted as a criminal mastermind who uses an arsenal of Halloween-themed equipment, including grenade-like Pumpkin Bombs, razor-sharp bats, and a flying Goblin Glider, to terrorize New York City. Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: \"Of all the costumed villains who've plagued Spider-Man over the years, the most flat-out unhinged and terrifying of them all is the Green Goblin.\" The Green Goblin has appeared in numerous media adaptations of Spider-Man over the years, including films, animated television series, and video games. Norman and Harry Osborn were portrayed by Willem Dafoe and James Franco in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and by Chris Cooper and Dane DeHaan in the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Dafoe reprised his role as Norman Osborn in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) which used the concept of the multiverse to link the Raimi trilogy to the MCU. Publication history According to Steve Ditko: Stan's synopsis for the Green Goblin had a movie crew, on location, finding an Egyptian–like sarcophagus. Inside was an ancient, mythological demon, the Green Goblin. He naturally came to life. On my own, I changed Stan's mythological demon into a human villain. The Green Goblin debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14. At this time his identity was unknown, but he proved popular and reappeared in later issues, which made a point of his secret identity. According to both Stan Lee and John Romita, Sr., who replaced Ditko as the title's artist, Lee always wanted the Green Goblin to be someone Peter Parker knew, while Ditko wanted his civilian identity to be someone who had not yet been introduced. Lee elaborated: Steve wanted him to turn out to be just some character that we had never seen before. Because, he said, in real life, very often a villain turns out to be somebody that you never knew. And I felt that that would be wrong. I felt, in a sense, it would be like cheating the reader. ... if it's somebody you didn't know and had never seen, then what was the point of following all the clues? I think that frustrates the reader. However, Lee prefaced this statement by admitting that, due to his self-professed poor memory, he may have been confusing the Green Goblin with a different character. Moreover, in an earlier essay he had said that he could not remember whether Norman Osborn being the Green Goblin was his idea or Ditko's. Ditko has maintained that it was his idea, even claiming",
"title": "Green Goblin"
},
{
"docid": "8685753",
"text": "Montana (Jackson W. Brice) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is depicted as the leader of the Enforcers, a team of assassins usually employed by other villains such as the Big Man, the Green Goblin, and the Kingpin, which often places them in conflict with the superheroes Spider-Man and Daredevil. Montana has been adapted from the comics into numerous forms of media, most notably adopting the Shocker persona in both The Spectacular Spider-Man animated series (voiced by Jeff Bennett) and the 2017 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (portrayed by Logan Marshall-Green). Publication history Montana first appeared alongside the other Enforcers in The Amazing Spider-Man #10 (March 1964), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The character subsequently appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964), #19 (December 1964), The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (1964), Marvel Team-Up #39-40 (November–December 1975), The Spectacular Spider-Man #19-20 (June–July 1978), Dazzler #7-8 (October–September 1981), Marvel Team-Up #138 (February 1984), Tales of the Marvels: Inner Demons #1 (1996), Civil War: War Crimes #1 (February 2007), Daredevil #99-100 (September–October 2007), #102 (January 2008), and The Amazing Spider-Man #562-563 (August 2008). Montana appeared as part of the \"Enforcers\" entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #4. Fictional character biography Jackson Brice was born in Bozeman, Montana. Along with Fancy Dan (Daniel Brito) and Ox (Raymond Bloch), he was a founding member of the Enforcers. He has great proficiency with the lariat. Montana, Fancy Dan and Ox make their first appearance under the employ of the Big Man (Frederick Foswell). During this time, they have their first run-in with their longtime nemesis Spider-Man. During their first fight against the web-slinger, Montana's lasso skills initially prove successful but Spider-Man defeats the trio. Over the next couple of years, Montana and the team would be employed by Lightmaster in one of his many schemes, again bringing them into conflict with Spider-Man, with similar results. They would then lend their services to Tech-Master in his revenge plot against Harry S. Osgood, only to be defeated by Dazzler. Montana and the team would also go up against She-Hulk at one point. Following the 2006 \"Civil War\" storyline, Montana, Ox (Ronald Bloch) and Fancy Dan reunite to work for Mister Fear, which pits them directly against Daredevil. After Mister Fear's arrest, the Enforcers are taken in by the Hood's organization. Following the events of the 2008 \"Spider-Man: Brand New Day\" storyline, the Enforcers are patrons at the Bar With No Name. They take bets with a person calling himself \"The Bookie\", over whether Spider-Man will show up to battle \"Basher\", an unknown villain who claimed to have fought Spider-Man. Spider-Man shows up, but is revealed to be Screwball in disguise when the real web-head shows up. The Enforcers decide to get revenge on The Bookie, capturing him. The Bookie's father calls Spider-Man for assistance, and he agrees to help. Spider-Man defeats Fancy Dan and Montana. In the story arc \"Kill",
"title": "Montana (character)"
},
{
"docid": "417310",
"text": "Harold Theopolis \"Harry\" Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Harry is the best friend of Peter Parker (Spider-Man's alter ego) and Flash Thompson, one of the ex-boyfriends of Mary Jane Watson, the son of Norman Osborn, the husband of Liz Allan and the father of Normie and Stanley Osborn. He is the second character to assume the Green Goblin alias while one of his clones was amongst the many users of the Iron Patriot armor as the superhero American Son. An artificial intelligence (A.I.) copy of Harry (which he created while the Green Goblin) is also the creator of the clones Gabriel and Sarah, who are both later revealed to be operating as his demonic revenant Kindred under the Harry A.I.'s command. The character has appeared in many adaptations of Spider-Man outside of the comic books, including various cartoons and video games. James Franco portrayed the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and Dane DeHaan portrays the character in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Harry Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. In The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973), Harry's father, Norman, is killed off, and a subplot leading to Harry inheriting his father's identity as the Green Goblin is introduced. This subplot culminates in The Amazing Spider-Man #136 (September 1974). Writer Gerry Conway said that the idea of Harry Osborn becoming the Green Goblin stemmed in part from a desire to deal with the consequences of the psychedelic drugs Harry began using in The Amazing Spider-Man #96 (May 1971). Conway said that he had had experience with such drugs himself, and that \"with psychedelic drugs, hallucinogens, if they've been misused, there is a potential for additional hallucinogenic experiences that are completely beyond your control or volition. I could imagine Harry getting hit by something like that, in the fragile emotional state following the death of his father, and losing touch with reality, as a result. Besides, I never had any intention of getting rid of the Green Goblin as a concept forever, so it all came together\". Harry dies in The Spectacular Spider-Man #200 (May 1993). Artist Sal Buscema said that drawing the final two pages of this issue was a deeply emotional experience for him due to how long he had drawn the character, and felt it was appropriate that writer J. M. DeMatteis chose not to add any dialogue to those pages. Several years later, the Spider-Man writers made plans to reveal that the mysterious villain Gaunt was Harry Osborn, who was still alive and had orchestrated the entire \"Clone Saga\", but an editorial edict prevented this from coming to fruition. However, Harry was eventually revived in The Amazing Spider-Man #545 (December 2007). He received an",
"title": "Harry Osborn"
},
{
"docid": "3887477",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is a side scrolling platform action video game released for the Nintendo Game Boy in 1990, published by LJN and developed by Rare based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. Gameplay Spider-Man has three extra lives and three continues. The intermission scenes between each level feature Spider-Man trading catchy barbs with a supervillain on a cell phone or walkie-talkie to find out where he should go next. Spider-Man can jump a normal and a double height. When he double-jumps, he can swing on a web. This can only be done for a short time until the web-meter runs out. Spider-Man's primary standing attack is a punch to the jaw. While crouching, Spider-Man can do a low, side kick. While jumping in the air, Spider-Man can do a side kick. While standing still, Spider-Man can shoot a glob of webbing from his wrists. This slightly depletes his web-meter. In the two vertical levels, Spider-Man climbs up the side of a building, and will \"buzz\" with his spider sense, indicating that the player should move Spider-Man out of the way of possible falling objects. Web vials are used to restore Spider-Man's web-meter, since his webbing is in limited supply. They are dropped by henchmen throughout the levels. Hamburgers restore some of Spider-Man's health meter. Storyline Spider-Man's most dangerous supervillains have discovered his secret identity, Peter Parker, and kidnapped his wife, Mary Jane. The action game takes the player through various city locations, battling an assortment of minor thugs, animals, and a supervillain (Mysterio, Hobgoblin, Scorpion, Rhino, Dr. Octopus, Venom) at the end of each level who, through intermission scenes, will taunt Spider-Man as to the whereabouts of his wife. Sequels The Amazing Spider-Man 2 The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (released as Spider-Man 2 in North America) was developed by Bits Studios and published by Acclaim Entertainment and released in 1992. The game is different from the original game, in that along with its action-adventure theme, Spider-Man also has to collect various objects located in each level in order to solve puzzles. The game's story follows a collection of supervillains (the Hobgoblin, Lizard, Graviton, Carnage, and Mysterio) who have framed Spider-Man for a bank robbery. He must survive several side scrolling levels, battling various thugs and supervillains in order to clear his name. The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers (release as Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers in North America) was developed by Bits Studios and published by Acclaim Entertainment and released in 1993. The game is based loosely on the comic book storyline of the same name, with Spider-Man being attacked by an assortment of high-tech robot Spider-Slayers. The player controls Spider-Man through various levels, fighting enemies and supervillains while solving various types of puzzles. The game features various enemies such as Electro, Scorpion, and ultimately the game's main antagonist Alistair Smythe. References External links 1990 video games Game Boy games Game Boy-only games LJN games Nintendo games Side-scrolling video",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game)"
},
{
"docid": "2046883",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is a pinball game designed by Ed Krynski and released in 1980 by Gottlieb. It is based on the comic book character Spider-Man released by Marvel Comics. Description The machine, designed by Ed Krynski with art by Gordon Morison, was produced by D. Gottlieb & Co. as part of their Star Series 80 line. The first machine came off the assembly line in May 1980. The Amazing Spider-Man was the first of Gottlieb's System 80 series of pinball machines and was the second Marvel character licensed by Gottlieb to be represented in a pinball machine (the first being The Hulk). The pinball machine featured character poses taken directly from Marvel comics and style guides including Aunt May, Kingpin, Lizard, Scorpion, Vulture, Black Widow, Kraven the Hunter and the Green Goblin. Features The features; Special 24-inch (60 cm) wide-bodied cabinet 4-Player game 4 6-Digit Vacuum fluorescent displays 4 Flippers (No Center Post) 1 Lane (with Spinner) 4 Exit Lanes 2 Slingshot Bumpers 3 Kick-Out Holes 2 Pop Bumpers 2 Spot Targets 2 Drop Target Banks (3 and 5 targets) Design team Game Design: Ed Krynski Artwork: Gordon Morison Production A total of 7,625 machines were produced and are currently sought-after collectors items. It was the first of Gottlieb's System 80 design pinball machines. It also was the first Gottlieb pinball, with an \"attract mode\" lighting. In which various playfield lights, alternate between off an on, to make the game more attractive to passerbye, thus encouraging play. It was also the first solid state pinball with the speaker in the backbox (head) instead of the bottom cabinet. Stan Lee, the co-creator of \"Spider-Man\" and public face of Marvel Comics, claimed ownership of one of the first machines off the assembly line and kept it in his Marvel office until he auctioned it as part of his \"Stan Lee collection\" at Heritage Comics Auctions of Dallas, Texas. Lee said that \"Over the years, I have spent countless frustrating yet perversely enjoyable hours attempting to play on it, as have numerous colleagues, friends and business associates (some quite famous, though a combination of modesty, shame and my legendary bad memory prevents me from divulging their names here) during their unrelenting pilgrimages to my office. In fact, I think many of these scions of arts and industry came over JUST to beat me up at pinball. I hope its new owner will be a better player than I am.\" References External links The Amazing Spider-Man at the Internet Pinball Database (IPDb). Pinball machines based on comics Pinball machines based on television series 1980 pinball machines Gottlieb pinball machines Spider-Man toys",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball)"
},
{
"docid": "18936506",
"text": "\"Green Goblin Reborn!\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the",
"title": "Green Goblin Reborn!"
},
{
"docid": "42578174",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the official soundtrack from the 2014 film of the same name composed by Hans Zimmer and a supergroup called The Magnificent Six, consisting of Pharrell Williams, Mike Einziger, Junkie XL, Johnny Marr, Andrew Kawczynski, and Steve Mazzaro. It was released on April 18, 2014, through Columbia Records and Madison Gate Records. Release and promotion Marc Webb, director of the film, revealed on July 20, 2013, that Zimmer would compose the music for the film, following James Horner, who composed the music for the first film. It was later revealed that they would form a supergroup with Pharrell Williams to compose the film's music. Zimmer revealed the film's main theme on April 4, 2014, saying that the film's score would be different from his previous work. The soundtrack was released on April 18 in two different versions. The standard version includes a single disc with fourteen tracks of score from the film and six songs by other artists that were both used in and inspired by the film. The deluxe edition features two discs, with the first containing only the score, but with six additional tracks (several score tracks also present in the standard edition are notably longer in the deluxe edition). The second disc includes four bonus score tracks, two of them character suites, as well as all of the non-score songs from the standard version, with two additional songs. The soundtrack features a song called \"It's On Again\" performed by Alicia Keys featuring Kendrick Lamar, which plays in the end credits. Electro's theme is heard for a split second during his introduction in Spider-Man: No Way Home. Track listing Standard edition Deluxe edition Chart positions Critical response Reviews of the score were positive. AllMusic gave the score four stars out of five, saying \"the soundtrack for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 echoes the sequel's frenetic, slick, and streamlined action, offering up 14 instrumental pieces and six non-score-related songs that dutifully reflect the measured and meticulous, corporate tie-in sensibilities of the traditional summer blockbuster while still managing to march to the beat of their own very loud drum.\" Movie Wave gave the score four stars, writing \"If you'd said to me while I was first listening to The Amazing Spider-Man back in 2012 (and writing about how much I hoped it might mark a return to a more traditional approach in general to these films) that two years later the sequel would come out and be scored by Hans Zimmer with dubstep, I'd probably have punched you in the face (well, if I weren't the world's most mild-mannered individual, anyway). I guess others will feel the same way. But open your mind to it: it's dazzling stuff.\" However, Filmtracks gave it one star out of five, heavily criticizing Zimmer's approach. KidzWorld gave it four stars out of five, opining \"The Amazing Spider-Man had a soundtrack jam-packed full of gorgeous symphonic style melodies, so expectations were high for many Marvel fans when",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "4479885",
"text": "Black Tarantula is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #419 (January 1997), and makes his first full appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #432 (March 1998). Black Tarantula was created by writer Tom DeFalco and artist Steve Skroce. The name was allegedly inspired by a Harry Belafonte song. Fictional character biography The origin of the Black Tarantula is shrouded in mystery and misinformation. There is a legend that the Black Tarantula was a European explorer, who traveled to Japan several centuries ago and was trained by the ninja clan called the Hand. At the end of the training he was awarded with a special potion that gave him superhuman powers and immortality. In reality, the Black Tarantula's immortality has a more earthly origin: the title is inherited from father to son, all posing as the same person (reminiscent of the comic strip character the Phantom). Though not truly immortal, the Black Tarantula possesses a multitude of superhuman powers as a result of the potion his ancestor drank. The current Black Tarantula moves his base of operations from Argentina to New York, claiming that he wants to expand his operation. He comes into conflict with the local crime lord the Rose (Jacob Conover), and defeats the Rose's enforcer, Delilah, though he heals her severe injuries afterwards. The Black Tarantula hires Roughouse and Bloodscream to do his dirty work and drives back the Rose, establishing control over a large part of New York City. When the Rose goes to Don Fortunato, a powerful crimelord ruling over New York City, for help, the Black Tarantula appears in person and offers Fortunato an alliance. Fortunato accepts, but the Black Tarantula has to prove his loyalty by defeating Spider-Man and bringing back his mask. Black Tarantula did as he was asked and defeated Spider-Man—not even caring who Spider-Man was under the mask—but lets him live when he learns that Spider-Man was trying to rescue a small child. Spider-Man takes on the identity of Ricochet during the \"Identity Crisis\" storyline (faced with accusations of murder and assault, Peter temporarily abandoned the Spider-Man identity and donned four new costumes to continue his heroics while trying to clear his name), to infiltrate the Rose's organization and find out more about Black Tarantula, fighting Bloodscream and Roughouse with his former enemy Delilah (although she was, in fact, Black Tarantula's ex-wife, who had fled the country with their son, disliking the changes that Carlos underwent when he took on the mantle of Black Tarantula and did not want the same fate for her son). Furthermore, Marina had a friend, who was Don Fortunato's cousin. They ask Don Fortunato for protection and Black Tarantula attacked Don Fortunato's mansion. Inside the mansion, Black Tarantula defeats Fortunato's guards including Spider-Man again, but loses his wife when she confronts him and points out that he is scaring his own son. She reminds him what a burden the title of the Black",
"title": "Black Tarantula"
},
{
"docid": "1321810",
"text": "The Jackal is an alias used by several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually depicted as enemies of the superhero Spider-Man. The original and best known incarnation, Miles Warren, was originally introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965) as a professor at the fictional Empire State University. Later storylines established him as also being a scientist researching genetics and biochemistry, and revealed an unhealthy romantic obsession he had for Gwen Stacy. Warren was driven mad with grief and jealousy so he created his Jackal alter-ego to seek revenge on Spider-Man, whom he blamed for Gwen's tragic death. To this end, he trained himself in martial arts, and created a green suit and gauntlets with claw-like razors. Although the Jackal initially didn't possess any superpowers, he later gained enhanced strength, speed and agility by mixing his genes with those of a jackal. The Jackal was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), but his human identity was not revealed until The Amazing Spider-Man #148 (September 1975). Originally one of Spider-Man's less popular rogues, the character rose to prominence after being one of the first in the Marvel Universe to master cloning technology, and creating various clones of Spider-Man, like the Scarlet Spiders Ben Reilly and Kaine Parker, as well as of other characters, including himself and the chimera Spider-Girl. His experiments went on to play a major role in several popular Spider-Man storylines, such as the \"Clone Saga\" (1994–1996), \"Spider-Island\" (2011), and \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" (2016–2017), the latter storyline of which established Ben Reilly as the second Jackal. In 2014, IGN ranked the Jackal as Spider-Man's 17th greatest enemy. The character has been featured in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, including animated series and video games. Publication history The character first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), and was created by writer Gerry Conway and artist Ross Andru. In The Amazing Spider-Man #148 (September 1975), the Jackal's identity was revealed to be Professor Miles Warren who first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. Prior to his Jackal reintroduction, his appearances were essentially limited to the occasional cameo in which he acts as simple background to Spider-Man's civilian life as a college student. When named at all in these early appearances, he is called only \"Professor Warren\". A \"Mister Warren\" had previously appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (January 1964) but he is a high school science teacher rather than a college professor, and is physically very distinct from Miles Warren. Despite this, Conway has said it was always his interpretation that \"Mister Warren\", \"Professor Warren\", and Professor Miles Warren/Jackal were the same character. The character was featured in the controversial 1990s \"Clone Saga\" story arc, the 2011 storyline \"Spider-Island\", and the 2016-2017 storyline \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\". Fictional character biography Miles Warren Miles Warren was a professor of biology at ESU/Empire State University, where",
"title": "Jackal (Marvel Comics character)"
},
{
"docid": "144167",
"text": "Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,",
"title": "Aunt May"
},
{
"docid": "2065504",
"text": "Spider-Man is a Marvel Comics superhero. Spider-Man or Spiderman may also refer to: Marvel Entertainment Characters List of incarnations of Spider-Man Alternative versions of Spider-Man Comics Spider-Man, also known as Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic series Film Spider-Man (1969 film), an unauthorized fan film by Donald F. Glut Spider-Man (1977 film), a theatrically released pilot for the 1970s US live-action series The Amazing Spider-Man Spider-Man (1978 film), a Japanese film connected to the Japanese live-action series Spider-Man (2002 film series), a live-action film trilogy by Sam Raimi, starring Tobey Maguire (2002-2007) Spider-Man (2002 film), the first film in the series Television Spider-Man (1967 TV series), an American-Canadian animated series that aired 1967–1970 Spider-Man (Japanese TV series), a Japanese live-action tokusatsu series that aired 1978–1979 Spider-Man (1981 TV series), an American animated series that aired 1981–1982 Spider-Man (1994 TV series), also known as Spider-Man: The Animated Series, an American animated series that aired from 1994–1998 Spider-Man, also known as Spider-Man: The New Animated Series, an American-Canadian CGI-animated series that aired in 2003 Spider-Man (2017 TV series), an American animated series that aired from 2017-2020 Video games Spider-Man (1982 video game), a game for the Atari 2600 Spider-Man: The Video Game, a 1991 arcade title from Sega Spider-Man (1995 video game), a title from Acclaim Spider-Man (2000 video game), a title released by Activision Spider-Man (2002 video game), an Activision title based on the 2002 film Spider-Man (Insomniac Games series), 2018–present, a series of video games published by Sony Interactive Entertainment Spider-Man (2018 video game), also known as Marvel's Spider-Man, the first game in the series Spider-Man: Miles Morales Spider-Man 2 (2023 video game) Music Spider-Man (soundtrack), the soundtrack album for the 2002 film \"Spider-Man\" (theme song), theme song for the 1967 series Spider Man (album), a 1965 album by jazz vibraphonist Freddie McCoy Manga The Spider-Man, a mythical being in the \"Turnabout Gallows\" arc of the first volume of the Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney manga series by Kodansha Comics. Novel The Spider Man, a novel by Filipino author F. Sionil José People Spider-Man (nickname), a list of people See also Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man 3 (disambiguation) Spidey (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man, the main Spider-Man comic book published since 1963 The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Ultimate Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "Spider-Man (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "21465518",
"text": "\"Character Assassination\" is a four-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Marc Guggenheim with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #584-#588. An interlude, \"The Spartacus Gambit\" was featured in Amazing Spider-Man Extra #1 (June 2008) and later re-released for free online via Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited alongside the release of The Amazing Spider-Man #587 in February 2009. Plot summary The race for mayor is hot with Bill Hollister close in the polls to Randall Crowne. The Spider-Tracer murders continue with Shocker and Boomerang walking in on another corpse. Spider-Man is chased by police and is shot in the right arm. Spider-Man hallucinates a fight with Menace in which he unmasks to reveal the face of Harry Osborn. On top of the Statue of Liberty Harry proposes to Lily who is not sure what to say. Meanwhile, Carlie's lab reverse engineers the Spider-Tracers to track the source. Carlie arrives in Vin and Peter's apartment finding a bag of Spider-Tracers under Vin's bed. Horrified, she demands an explanation from Vin and his partner Cop hints that the entire NYPD is involved with the murders. Spider-Man attempts to stop Menace from attacking the Hollister Campaign supporters but Menace defeats the wounded Spider-Man leaving him to be captured by the police. Menace retreats to Harry Osborn's apartment \"unmasking\" to reveal the face of Lily Hollister. Harry walks in and looks in horror. Lily explains that she discovered notes about the Goblin Serum and hideout through concerns that Harry returned to drugs. A new type of Goblin Serum made contact with Lily's skin mutating her into Menace. She states that she attacked the Hollister campaign to make others sympathize with Bill Hollister and help him become elected. Lily also says that she accepts Harry's marriage proposal and leaves Harry who is flabbergasted by this turn of events. On election day Harry picks up a vial of the Goblin Serum and picks up a Goblin Gun behind the original Glider. Spider-Man is arrested by the police for the spider tracer murders and held at Ryker's Island. Matt Murdock arrives as his attorney and files motions to prevent the NYPD or the courts from unmasking him. At the preliminary hearings Iron Fist appears dressed as Spider-Man to create doubt that the Peter is the only Spider-Man or the killer. Black Cat and Murdock smuggle Peter a web-shooter. Carlie confronts Vin and he and his partner reveal that many NYPD cops from their precinct are planting the tracers on dead bodies to frame Spider-Man in a smear campaign to turn public opinion against him. He states that they are tired of him getting away with vigilante justice. Carlie claims to want in but then turns them into their captain Sergeant Palone, who unknown to her is the leader of the conspiracy. He later has Vin arrested as the sole suspect as Vin's precinct killed Bookie, who solved the murders first. While trapped in Rykers, Spider-Man learns that Vin",
"title": "Character Assassination"
},
{
"docid": "5040431",
"text": "Thomas Stanford Lyle (November 2, 1953 – November 19, 2019) was an American comics artist, best known for his work on Starman and Robin for DC Comics, and Spider-Man for Marvel Comics. Career Tom Lyle's comics career began in the mid 1980s penciling titles such Airboy, Strike!, and Airwolf for Eclipse Comics. From 1988 to 1990, he penciled DC Comics' Starman series with writer Roger Stern, introducing the second Blockbuster in Starman #9 (April 1989). Lyle worked on the first solo Robin limited series with writer Chuck Dixon. The series was reprinted a number of times, and led to two sequel miniseries – Robin II: Joker's Wild and Robin III: Cry of the Huntress – by the same creative team. Dixon and Lyle also co-created the Electrocutioner in Detective Comics #644 (May 1992) and Stephanie Brown in Detective Comics #647 (August 1992). Meanwhile, in 1991 he worked on The Comet for DC's Impact Comics imprint, which he pencilled and plotted, with writer Mark Waid contributing the scripts. In 1993, Lyle started working for Marvel Comics, as penciler of Spider-Man. He was one of the artists on the \"Maximum Carnage\" and \"Clone Saga\" storylines which ran through the Spider-Man titles, during which time he designed the original blue hoodie-and-red spandex costume worn by the Scarlet Spider, a clone of Spider-Man. He also co-created the character Annex in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #27 with writer Jack C. Harris. Lyle penciled the three-issue miniseries Venom: Funeral Pyre, which co-starred the Punisher and introduced the villain Pyre. Lyle's other work for Marvel included Punisher (third series; 1995) with writer John Ostrander from 1995 to 1997, a Warlock mini-series which he wrote himself in 1998, and issues of Mutant X in 2000 and 2001. He drew several issues of Star Wars for Dark Horse Comics in 2000. He was the artist on the 2004 series Chickasaw Adventures for the Chickasaw Nation. Between 2005 and his death in 2019, he taught sequential art at the Savannah College of Art and Design. References External links Tom Lyle at Mike's Amazing World of Comics Tom Lyle at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators 1953 births 2019 deaths 20th-century American artists 21st-century American artists American comics artists American art educators Artists from Jacksonville, Florida DC Comics people Marvel Comics people American role-playing game artists Savannah College of Art and Design faculty",
"title": "Tom Lyle"
},
{
"docid": "2218215",
"text": "Ronald Wade Frenz (born February 1, 1960) is an American comics artist known for his work for Marvel Comics. He is well known for his 1980s work on The Amazing Spider-Man, particularly introducing the hero's black costume, and later for his work on Spider-Girl whom he co-created with writer Tom DeFalco. Frenz and DeFalco had earlier co-created the New Warriors in the pages of Thor. Career Frenz began working for Marvel Comics in the early 1980s. Frenz's early work includes such titles as Ka-Zar the Savage, Star Wars, The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones, and Marvel Saga. His first credited story for Marvel was published in Ka-Zar the Savage #16 (July 1982). Frenz has a history of working on comic book series in which the characters were not in their original costumes/identities. Spider-Man wore his black costume, Thor took on a new secret identity and look, and Superman changed costumes and powers while Frenz was the regular artist on their titles. Frenz became the regular artist on The Amazing Spider-Man in 1984 and the stories he pencilled included \"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\" in issue #248 (Jan. 1984) and the first appearance of Spider-Man's black costume in issue #252 (May 1984). Among the new characters introduced during his run were the Puma in issue #256 (Sept. 1984) and Silver Sable in #265 (June 1985). Frenz and Tom DeFalco revealed that the \"black suit\" was an alien creature in issue #258 (Nov. 1984). Frenz drew The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #18 (1984), a story written by Stan Lee, which featured the wedding of Spider-Man supporting characters J. Jonah Jameson and Marla Madison. Frenz had originally been brought onto the series as a short-term substitute for John Romita Jr., but was retained when it became apparent that he meshed well with series writer DeFalco. Frenz recounted: Jim Owsley, editor of the Spider-Man titles at the time, has noted that \"Frenz was passionate about Spider-Man, verging on fanatical.\" In 1986, Frenz and DeFalco were removed from The Amazing Spider-Man by Owsley. Frenz and DeFalco became the creative team on Thor in 1987 and introduced the Eric Masterson character in Thor #391 (May 1988). Eric Masterson later became the superhero known as Thunderstrike and received his own series by DeFalco and Frenz in 1993. In 1995, Frenz moved to DC Comics and became the artist on Superman. The following year, he was one of the many creators who contributed to the Superman: The Wedding Album one-shot wherein the title character married Lois Lane. Superman received a new costume, designed by Frenz himself, and new superpowers in Superman vol. 2 #123 (May 1997). Frenz drew part of the Superman Red/Superman Blue one-shot which launched the storyline of the same name which ran through the various Superman titles. Frenz returned to Marvel with the Spider-Man: Hobgoblin Lives limited series, written by Roger Stern, in 1997. DeFalco and Frenz reunited and introduced Spider-Girl in What If ...? vol. 2 #105 (Feb. 1998). Spider-Girl became an ongoing series in",
"title": "Ron Frenz"
},
{
"docid": "3151317",
"text": "{{Infobox comic book title | image = MASM1.JPG | caption = Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #1 (May 2005). Art by Randy Green. | schedule = Monthly | format = Ongoing | publisher = Marvel Comics | date = May 2005 – May 2010 (Vol. 1)June 2010 – May 2012 (Vol. 2) | issues = 61 (Vol. 1)24 (Vol. 2) | main_char_team = Spider-ManSophia \"Chat\" Sanduval | writers = …AgeDaniel Quantz (1–6)Todd DeZago (7–11, 15, 17–18)Mike Raicht (12–14, 16, 19–20)…Adventures Vol. 1Kitty Fross (1)Erica David (2–3)Jeff Parker (4)Sean McKeever (5–12)Zeb Wells (13–16)Peter David (17–20, 29–32)Fred Van Lente (21–24, 33–36)Chris Kipiniak (25–28, 38)Marc Sumerak (37, 39–44, 46)Todd DeZago (45)Paul Tobin (53–61)…Adventures Vol. 2Paul Tobin (1–24) | artists = …AgeDerec Aucoin (12–14)Shane Davis (15)Gus Vasquez (16)Logan Lubera (17–18)Valentine DeLandro (19–20)…Adventures Vol. 1Cory Hamscher (22–24)Patrick Scherberger (25–28)Jonboy Meyers (44)Zach Howard (45) | pencillers = …AgeMark Brooks (1–6)Jonboy Meyers (7–11)…Adventures Vol. 1Patrick Scherberger (1–8, 13–16)Mike Norton (9–12, 17–20)Michael O'Hare (21)Pop Mhan (29–32)Cory Hamscher (33–36)Ale Garza (37)David Nakayama (38, 40)Ryan Stegman (39, 41)Vicenc Villagrasa (42)Carlos Verreira (43) | inkers = Cory Hamscher (21) | colorists = Guru eFX (21) | creators = Daniel QuantzMark Brooks }}Marvel Adventures Spider-Man (preceded by Marvel Age Spider-Man) is a Marvel Comics comic book series intended for all ages, especially children, that ran for 61 issues from May 2005 through May 2010. The Marvel Age Spider-Man stories were based on early issues that Stan Lee wrote in the 1960s. The first few issues of Marvel Adventures Spider-Man carried on this tradition before switching to original, single-issue stories, as part of the company's Marvel Adventures imprint, with Paul Tobin beginning an ongoing storyline from Issue #53 onward, introducing Sophia \"Chat\" Sanduval as the primary love interest of the Marvel Adventures Spider-Man, the series set in its own alternate continuity of Earth-20051. In June 2010, the series was relaunched as Spider-Man: Marvel Adventures, written in its totality by Tobin, running for a further 24 issues until May 2012, for a total of 85 issues across both volumes. Tobin's run of the series has received a universally positive critical reception. Marvel Age Spider-Man \"Duel to the Death with the Vulture\" / \"The Uncanny Threat of the Terrible Tinkerer\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #2) \"Spider-Man vs. Doctor Octopus\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #3) \"Nothing Can Stop the Sandman!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #4) \"Marked for Destruction by Doctor Doom!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #5) \"Face-to-Face with the Lizard!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #6) \"The Return of the Vulture\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #7) \"The Terrible Threat of the Living Brain!\" / \"Spider-Man Tackles the Torch!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #8) \"The Man Called Electro!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #9) \"The Enforcers!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #10) \"The Return of Doctor Octopus!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #11) \"Unmasked by Doctor Octopus!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #12) \"The Menace of Mysterio\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #13) \"The Grotesque Adventure of the Green Goblin!\" (re-telling of The",
"title": "Marvel Adventures Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "31952364",
"text": "\"Big Time\" is a series of comic book storylines in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics from 2010 to 2011. It follows the 102 consecutive issues of the \"Brand New Day\" publishing scheme and is the first shift in publishing for The Amazing Spider-Man since \"Brand New Day\" began. The frequency of publication dropped from three issues monthly to two issues, but the length of the comic book expanded from 22 to 30 pages. This extra length is sometimes used for back-up stories and sometimes for a longer main story. Concurrently with the story going in The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel also started the new series Spider-Girl vol. 2, Osborn, and Carnage, which are considered part of \"Big Time.\" All nine issues of \"Big Time\" have sold out at Diamond Comic Distributors and have a second printing with a variant cover. Plot summary \"Kill to be You\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #648 through #651 Peter starts a new job at Horizon Labs after a recommendation from Marla Jameson to the head of the lab gets him the job. Phil Urich takes over the Hobgoblin identity after killing Daniel Kingsley. Spider-Man is unable to stop the theft because of the Hobgoblin's Lunatic Laugh. Peter uses his new job at Horizon Labs to create a suit that uses harmonics to prevent the Lunatic Laugh from affecting him. Spider-Man and the Black Cat infiltrate the building of the Kingpin to get the experimental metal back. In the back-up stories in The Amazing Spider-Man #649 through #651 Alistair Alphonso Smythe breaks Mac Gargan out of prison and gives him a new Scorpion costume. These events directly lead into the \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\" story that follows. \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #652 through #654, titled the \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer,\" Alistair Smythe has created an army of Spider-Slayers by giving cybernetic implants to people with a grudge against J. Jonah Jameson. All of the Spider-Slayers, and Mac Gargan as the Scorpion, have a power similar to Spider-Man's spider-sense that makes them harder to hit and for Smythe to telepathically communicate with all of them. Smythe targets Jameson's family and friends so Jameson can feel the same pain Smythe felt when he lost his father. The New Avengers help Spider-Man fight the multiple threats, but Spider-Man is forced to build a bomb that will destroy the spider-sense of the Spider-Slayers so they can be defeated. Mac Gargan prevents Spider-Man from fleeing after he plants the bomb, so he is forced to set it off while he is still within its radius and he loses his spider-sense as well. After his army of Spider-Slayers is stopped Smythe tries to kill Jameson himself, but Marla Jameson jumps in the way to save the life of her husband. \"No One Dies\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #655 and #656, titled \"No One Dies,\" a funeral is held for Marla Jameson. Peter has a nightmare where he sees everyone who has ever died in his life (including",
"title": "Spider-Man: Big Time"
},
{
"docid": "823737",
"text": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \"Torment\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \"Clone Saga\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter",
"title": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "17038885",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series about Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The Amazing Spider-Man may also refer to: Comics The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) Film Spider-Man (1977 film) starring Nicholas Hammond, also known as The Amazing Spider-Man on home media The Amazing Spider-Man (film), a reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise The Amazing Spider-Man (soundtrack), a film-score album from the 2012 film, composed by James Horner Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), the title character of the film series Television The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series) starring Nicholas Hammond, which evolved out of the 1977 film Games The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball) See also The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "264015",
"text": "Electro () is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the Maxwell \"Max\" Dillon version of Electro was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #9 (Feb. 1964) as an adversary to the superhero Spider-Man. Electro has since endured as one of the web-slinger's most prominent foes, though he has also come into conflict with other heroes, most notably Daredevil. He is a founding member of the Sinister Six, and the leader of the original incarnation of the Emissaries of Evil, the first supervillain teams to oppose Spider-Man and Daredevil, respectively. In the original version of the story, Max Dillon was a lineman for an electric company who turned to a life of crime after being struck by lightning while working on a power line and becoming a living electric capacitor. Electro's superpowers revolve around controlling electricity, which he can absorb to \"charge\" himself and become more powerful, gaining additional abilities such as flight and enhanced physical attributes. Since his conception, the character has undergone several design changes, from his original green and yellow costume, to his modern look with blue skin and a bald head. During the time that Max Dillon was dead between 2016 and 2021, a second Electro named Francine Frye was introduced. Outside of comics, both Dillon and Frye have been featured in various media adaptations of Spider-Man, including feature films, television series, and video games. In particular, Jamie Foxx portrayed Dillon in the live-action films The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #9 (Feb. 1964). The character is also known as the member of the Frightful Four battling the Fantastic Four. He is also the first major Marvel villain to be written in publication history as battling Daredevil, even being the founder and leader of the supervillain team that oppose him, the Emissaries of Evil. The second incarnation of Electro, Francine Frye, was created by Dan Slott and Humberto Ramos, and first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 3 #2 (July 2014), though she did not become Electro until The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 4 #17 (October 2016). Fictional character biography Maxwell Dillon While Maxwell \"Max\" Dillon, an electrical engineer and lineman, is repairing a power line, a freak lightning accident causes a mutagenic change that transforms him into a living electrical capacitor. His powers are initially weak, so he spends some time stealing electrical equipment from Stark Industries to charge himself. During this time, he is approached by Magneto, who considers him a potential recruit for his Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, claiming that Dillon's power rival his own, but Dillon refuses. The following day, Dillon is confronted by a small-time thug from whom he was borrowing money to pay for the machinery he needed. When the thug draws a gun on him because he did not",
"title": "Electro (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "871334",
"text": "The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Amazing Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. The list is updated as of March 19, 2024. Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) This comic book plot is written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Steve Ditko. Features the first appearances of Spider-Man, Aunt May, Uncle Ben, Flash Thompson, and Liz Allan. High school student Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider, thus gaining the proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a spider, along with a precognitive \"spider-sense\" and later creating a web-shooting device. Peter becomes Spider-Man, an instant TV sensation, but coming out of a TV studio one day, Peter does not stop an escaping burglar, claiming it is not his problem. A few days later, he comes home to find his Uncle Ben has been shot and goes to track down the murderer, only to find that it was the same burglar that he had let escape a few days earlier. Peter blames himself for his uncle's death and realizes that with great power there must also come great responsibility. This issue was released on June 5, 1962, and was published in August 1962. The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100 (January 1963 – July 1971) The Amazing Spider-Man #101–200 (August 1971 – November 1979) The Amazing Spider-Man #201–300 (December 1979 – March 1988) The Amazing Spider-Man #301–400 (April 1988 – February 1995) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–499 (March 1995 - September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–441 (March 1995 – September 1998) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #1–58 (November 1998 – September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #500–545 (October 2003 – December 2007) The Amazing Spider-Man #546–647 \"Brand New Day\" (January 2008 – November 2010) Note: Brand New Day is a soft reboot stemming out of the events of One More Day. Three issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month during this time. See Free Comic Book Day (2007): Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man #648–700 (November 2010 – December 2012) Note: During the \"Big Time\" storyline, two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month at the increased length of 30 pages each (compared to the traditional 22 pages). The Amazing Spider-Man #701–801 (January 2013 – June 2018) Superior Spider-Man (vol. 1) #1–33 (January 2013 – April 2014) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1–20 (April 2014 – August 2015) — Marvel NOW! Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows (vol. 1) #1–5 (June 2015 – September 2015) Note: Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is a Secret Wars tie-in miniseries set in an alternate universe where One More Day never happened. The miniseries is counted as part of the legacy numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1–32 (October 2015 – September 2017) — All-New, All-Different Marvel The Amazing Spider-Man #789–801 (October 2017 – June 2018) — Marvel Legacy The Amazing Spider-Man #802–894 (July 2018 – March 2022) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #1–74 (July 2018 – September 2021) — Fresh Start Note: See Free Comic Book Day (2018): Amazing Spider-Man.",
"title": "List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues"
},
{
"docid": "41357270",
"text": "The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for",
"title": "List of Spider-Man film cast members"
},
{
"docid": "39216224",
"text": "\"If This Be My Destiny...!\" is a story arc featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It spans the issues The Amazing Spider-Man #31–33 (1965-1966), and was written by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the latter of whom also did the art. The story introduces supporting characters Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy, Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus temporarily assuming the Master Planner alias, and Spider-Man being pinned under heavy machinery, which he lifts after gathering enough will power through thoughts of his family. Background The storyline ran in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 through #33, with a single interconnected story arc, being one of the first of its kind in Spider-Man's history. Lee recounted that he and Ditko jointly plotted the acclaimed sequence in which Spider-Man lifts the heavy machinery off of him, but that stretching the sequence out for several pages was purely Ditko's idea. Having anticipated that Ditko would spend just two or three panels on this plot point, Lee said that when he saw the art for the scene \"I almost shouted in triumph\". In the letters section of the September–October 1998 issue of Comic Book Marketplace, Ditko pointed out that he was credited as sole plotter of series starting with issue 25, and that the sequence in question was in issue 33. He further stated that Stan Lee never knew what was in Ditko's plotted stories until he saw the artwork. Synopsis Peter Parker attends his first day at Empire State University, meeting classmates Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy. Meanwhile, Aunt May succumbs to a mysterious and life-threatening illness and a new evil mastermind called the \"Master Planner\" arranges for the theft of various technological devices. After a fateful battle, Spider-Man discovers that the Master Planner is none other than Doctor Octopus, and that he has stolen a rare isotope that could be the only means to save Aunt May's life. Doc Ock manages to escape, leaving Spider-Man trapped under heavy machinery. Thinking about Uncle Ben's death and not wanting to lose Aunt May as well, Spider-Man is able to gather enough will power to lift the machinery, though his leg gets hurt while escaping from the flooding lab. He gives the serum to Dr. Curt Connors for analysis before delivering it to the hospital where May is treated, and takes some photographs for the Daily Bugle to raise money for May's hospital bills. When he returns to the hospital, Peter is relieved to learn the serum cured May, and goes home for some well deserved rest. Reception One of the most celebrated issues of the Lee-Ditko run is #33 (February 1966), the third part of the story arc \"If This Be My Destiny\", featuring the dramatic scene of Spider-Man who, through willpower and memories of his family, escapes from being pinned by heavy machinery. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that \"Steve Ditko squeezes every ounce of anguish out of Spider-Man's predicament, complete with visions of the uncle he failed and the aunt he has sworn to save\". Peter",
"title": "If This Be My Destiny...!"
}
] | [
"Dane William DeHaan"
] |
train_17602 | where does the water in niagra falls come from | [
{
"docid": "5837231",
"text": "Open and closed lakes refer to the major subdivisions of lakes – bodies of water surrounded by land. Exorheic, or open, lakes drain into a river or other body of water that ultimately drains into the ocean. Endorheic basins fall into the category of endorheic or closed lakes, wherein waters do not drain into the ocean, but are reduced by evaporation, and/or drain into the ground. Open lake An open lake is a lake where water constantly flows out under almost all climatic circumstances. Because water does not remain in an open lake for any length of time, dissolved solids do not accumulate, and such lakes are usually fresh water. Open lakes form in areas where precipitation is greater than evaporation. Because most of the world's water is found in areas of highly effective rainfall, most lakes are open lakes whose water eventually reaches the sea. For instance, the Great Lakes' water flows into the St. Lawrence River and eventually the Atlantic Ocean. Open lakes typically have relatively stable water levels that do not fluctuate, as input is always matched by outflow to rivers downstream. If more water enters an open lake than was previously leaving it, then more water will leave the lake. The drainage from an open lake, like that from ordinary rivers, is referred to as exorheic (from the Greek exos, outside and rhein, to flow). Closed lake In a closed lake (see endorheic drainage), no water flows out. Water that is not evaporated will remain in a closed lake indefinitely. This means that closed lakes are usually saline, though this salinity varies greatly from around three parts per thousand for most of the Caspian Sea to as much as 400 parts per thousand for the Dead Sea. Only the less salty closed lakes are able to sustain life, and it is completely different from that in rivers or freshwater open lakes. Closed lakes typically form in areas where evaporation is greater than rainfall, although most closed lakes actually obtain their water from a region with much higher precipitation than the area around the lake itself, which is often a depression of some sort. The level of most closed lakes is unstable because if runoff into the lake is lessened, the water balance of a closed lake is altered, and the amount of water in the lake falls. This is what has caused the shrinkage of the Aral Sea, formerly the world's second largest closed lake. Similarly, if runoff into a closed lake is increased, then the level will increase because evaporation is not likely to increase at all - let alone enough to stabilise the level of the lake. Fluctuation in the level of closed lakes is therefore much more useful in paleoclimatology than are studies of open lakes which can reduce the level of outflow if inflow decreases. Conversion between an open and a closed lake If the amount of water entering a closed lake is increased beyond a certain level - for most closed",
"title": "Open and closed lakes"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "2256448",
"text": "Rondout Creek is a tributary of the Hudson River in Ulster and Sullivan counties, New York, United States. It rises on Rocky Mountain in the eastern Catskills, flows south into Rondout Reservoir, part of New York City's water supply network, then into the valley between the Catskills and the Shawangunk Ridge, where it goes over High Falls and finally out to the Hudson at Kingston, receiving along the way the Wallkill River. The name of Rondout Creek comes from the fort, or redoubt, that was erected near its mouth. The Dutch equivalent of the English word redoubt (meaning a fort or stronghold) is reduyt. In the Dutch records of Wildwyck, however, the spelling used to designate this same fort is invariably Ronduyt during the earliest period, with the present form rondout (often capitalized) appearing as early as November 22, 1666. The Rondout Creek became economically important in the 19th century when the Delaware and Hudson Canal followed closely alongside it from Napanoch to the village of Rondout, now part of Kingston, which grew rapidly as the canal's northern port. Today it is important not only for the reservoir, but for the fishing and other recreational opportunities it provides. Due to the Wallkill, it drains a vast area stretching over all the way down to Sussex County, New Jersey. The high mountains around its upper course and the reservoir, which collects water from three others, also add to its flow. Course The Rondout goes through several different stages because of the changes in surrounding geography and past development, such as the canal and reservoir, that has drawn on its waters. Its headwaters, above the reservoir, are a typical mountain stream. Below the reservoir it remains fairly rocky but widens into the floor of a narrow valley. At Napanoch, where it turns northeast and receives its first significant tributary, the Ver Nooy Kill, it becomes wider, as does the valley it drains, and deeper. North of the Shawangunks, where the Wallkill trickles down from Sturgeon Pool, it is wide enough to be referred to as the Rondout River at some points. At Creeklocks, the former northern outlet of the canal, it becomes wide and deep enough to be navigable, and several marinas line the banks of the stream, now more than wide, at Kingston just above its mouth. Catskills and headwaters Rising below the col between Rocky Mountain and Balsam Cap, the Rondout Creek flows generally southerly down the slopes of Rocky Mountain into a narrow valley, receiving tributary Picket Brook on the left and three unnamed streams from the slopes of Peekamoose Mountain to the right. A mile or two from its source, it reaches some private lands and its first road, Peekamoose Road (Ulster County 42). It has dropped in its first two miles. It turns to the southwest to follow a wider valley, known informally as Peekamoose Gorge. Most of the land surrounding the creek is part of New York's Forest Preserve, \"forever wild\" and thus undeveloped. The rocky",
"title": "Rondout Creek"
},
{
"docid": "4687085",
"text": "Streamflow, or channel runoff, is the flow of water in streams and other channels, and is a major element of the water cycle. It is one runoff component, the movement of water from the land to waterbodies, the other component being surface runoff. Water flowing in channels comes from surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes, from groundwater flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes. The discharge of water flowing in a channel is measured using stream gauges or can be estimated by the Manning equation. The record of flow over time is called a hydrograph. Flooding occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel. Role in the water cycle Streams play a critical role in the hydrologic cycle that is essential for all life on Earth. A diversity of biological species, from unicellular organisms to vertebrates, depend on flowing-water systems for their habitat and food resources. Rivers are major aquatic landscapes for all manners of plants and animals. Rivers even help keep the aquifers underground full of water by discharging water downward through their streambeds. In addition to that, the oceans stay full of water because rivers and runoff continually refreshes them. Streamflow is the main mechanism by which water moves from the land to the oceans or to basins of interior drainage. Sources Stream discharge is derived from four sources: channel precipitation, overland flow, interflow, and groundwater. Channel precipitation is the moisture falling directly on the water surface, and in most streams, it adds very little to discharge. Groundwater enters the streambed where the channel intersects the water table, providing a steady supply of water, termed baseflow, during both dry and rainy periods. Because of the large supply of groundwater available to the streams and the slowness of the response of groundwater to precipitation events, baseflow changes only gradually over time, and it is rarely the main cause of flooding. However, it does contribute to flooding by providing a stage onto which runoff from other sources is superimposed. Interflow is water that infiltrates the soil and then moves laterally to the stream channel in the zone above the water table. Much of this water is transmitted within the soil, some of it moving within the horizons. Next to baseflow, it is the most important source of discharge for streams in forested lands. Overland flow in heavily forested areas makes negligible contributions to streamflow. In dry regions, cultivated, and urbanized areas, overland flow or surface runoff is usually a major source of streamflow. Overland flow is a stormwater runoff that begins as thin layer of water that moves very slowly (typically less than 0.25 feet per second) over the ground. Under intensive rainfall and in the absence of barriers such as rough ground, vegetation, and absorbing soil, it can mount up, rapidly reaching stream channels in minutes and causing sudden rises in discharge. The quickest response times between rainfall and streamflow occur in urbanized areas where yard drains, street gutters, and storm sewers",
"title": "Streamflow"
},
{
"docid": "74329140",
"text": "Tezin Nan Dlo is a Haitian Creole folktale with many versions. It deals with the relationship between a human girl and a fish she summons with a magical song; eventually, her family discovers the secret meetings and kills the fish, and the girl dies out of grief for losing her friend. According to scholarship, the story is well-known in Haiti, and similar tales have been located across the West Indies, the Caribbean and in West Africa. Summary Taizan, My Dear Friend In this tale, a girl lives in Haiti with her father and stepmother, and goes to the river to sing and be with her fish lover. The girl's stepmother forces her to do tasks around the house, and becomes annoyed her step-daughter takes so long to come back from the river, so she decides to follow her at one time. After the girl reaches the river, she summons the fish, called Taizan, by singing some verses; the fish appears to her and both play and make love in the water. The stepmother goes home and hurries to the fields to tell her husband about his daughter's amorous encounter. The following day, the girl's father and the stepmother follow the girl again, and the man sees the liaison between his daughter and the fish. He decides there is no harm in what his daughter is doing, but his wife wants the animal dead and convinces him that same night to prepare the manchet (knife). The next morning, they send the girl to sell some sweet potatoes, while the man goes to the river to kill the fish. It happens thus: the man repeats his daughter's verses, the fish appears to him and the man strikes the animal with the knife, almost decapitating it. Back to the girl, she comes home from the market and goes to the river to be with the fish. She summons him once, but he does not come; so she sings a second time, and still he does not appear. She then notices the blood at the water surface and dives to the river's depths. Down there, she sees the fish in agony, its head almost cut off, and, in tears, goes to kiss it. However, she holds the fish, and its head falls off. The story then explains the girl's love for the fish was so strong, she becomes one with it, and that is how mermaids come to be. The Love Story of Thézin and Zilla In a Haitian tale titled Les amours de Thézin et de Zilla (\"The Love Story of Thézin and Zilla\"), Zilia, the beautiful daughter of Ménélas, turns men's heads around with her beauty and charm. This includes a silver fish named Thézin, who professes his love for the girl and they spend time together by the river margin. The girl also brings fresh water in her calabasse, but, when her brother Jean is sent to fetch water himself, the water is always muddy. One day, Jean decides to trail",
"title": "Tezin Nan Dlo"
},
{
"docid": "11520",
"text": "Four Feather Falls is a British television programme, the third puppet TV show produced by Gerry Anderson for Granada Television. It was based on an idea by Barry Gray, who also wrote the show's music. The series was the first to use an early version of Anderson's Supermarionation puppetry. Thirty-nine 13-minute episodes were produced, broadcast by Granada from February until November 1960. The setting is the late 19th-century fictional Kansas town of Four Feather Falls, where the hero of the series, Tex Tucker, is a sheriff. The four feathers of the title refers to four magical feathers given to Tex by the Indian chief Kalamakooya as a reward for saving his grandson. One of the feathers allowed Tex's guns to swivel and fire without being touched whenever he was in danger, two conferred the power of speech on Tex's horse and dog, and the fourth feather could summon Kalamakooya. Tex's speaking voice was provided by Nicholas Parsons, and his singing voice by Michael Holliday. The series was sporadically repeated on British television until 1968, and was released on DVD in 2005. Plot The series is set in the fictitious late 19th-century Western town of Four Feather Falls, Kansas, and features the adventures of its sheriff, Tex Tucker. In the first episode, Grandpa Twink relates the story of how it all began to his grandson, Little Jake. Tex is riding up from the valley and comes across a lost and hungry Indian boy, Makooya, and saves him. Tex is given four magic feathers by the boy's grandfather, Chief Kalamakooya, as a reward for saving his grandson. Two of the feathers allow his guns to swivel and fire automatically (often while Tex's hands are raised), and the other two allow his horse, Rocky, and his dog, Dusty, to speak. As Tex, his horse, and dog are very thirsty, Kalamakooya also makes a waterfall where there had been no water before, and so when the town was built it was named after Tex's feathers and the waterfall. The characters of the town are Grandpa Twink, who does little but rest in a chair; his grandson Little Jake, the only child in town; Ma Jones, who runs the town store; Doc Haggerty; Slim Jim, the bartender of the Denison saloon; Marvin Jackson, the bank manager; and Dan Morse, the telegraphist. Other characters appeared from time to time for only one episode, often just visiting town. The villains included Pedro, who was introduced in the first show and Fernando, who first appeared in the second episode as a sidekick and someone Pedro could blame when things went wrong, as they always did. Big Ben was another villain who appeared from time to time, as did Red Scalp, a renegade Indian. Other villains only appeared in single episodes. Cast Nicholas Parsons – Sheriff Tex Tucker (speaking voice) / Telegraph Operator Dan Morse / Various Michael Holliday – Sheriff Tex Tucker (singing voice) / Various Kenneth Connor – Dusty the Dog / Rocky the Horse / Pedro",
"title": "Four Feather Falls"
},
{
"docid": "69603964",
"text": "Water in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is divided into two types, Mutlaq and Mudaf for Tahara. Tahara or Taharah (the opposite of Najis) is an essential aspect of Islam. It means to remove all physical impurities (Najāsat) that blocks valid worship by Wudu or Ghusl. Water divisions in Fiqh Water in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is divided into two types: Mutlaq Mudaf (Mudaaf or Mudhaf) َAccording to Fiqh, Taharah (Wudu or Ghusl) is valid only with Mutlaq Water. Mutlaq Etymology Mutlaq is an Arabic word that means to absolute or pure. The word means is used by Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) to refer to pure water. Definition in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) Mutlaq water is the same natural water when it fall out of the sky or coming out of the earth. In Fiqh, natural water is called Mutlaq water when no adjective or anything is added to the water which would change its natural condition. Water is still called Mutlaq water if it stays pure during the change such as e.g. mud, soil, stagnation, fallen leaves or collection of straw, etc., or the salt, sulfur, and other minerals that it contains at its source or picks up in its course. Muslims can use Mutlaq water to wudu, ghusl, or any worship that needs to purity themselves. Type of Mutlaq water The types of Mutlaq water are as follows: Kurr water: is a certain quantity of Mutlaq water (480 kg) that does not become Najis (impure) if it comes in contact with Najis things, also Kurr water can purge Najis things. Qalil Water: is a specific quantity of water that is lesser than kurr water and is not Surface runoff or well water. Qalil water becomes Najis If it comes into contact with Najis. Surface runoff (overland flow): is the flow of water occurring on the ground surface. Runoff includes the following: Rainwater Snow Hail Spring River Water of Well Seawater Mudaf Etymology Mudaf (Mudaaf or Mudhaf) is an Arabic word that comes to comes from 'idaafa'. Mudaf means the thing annexed. The word means is used by Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) to refer to mixed water. Definition in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) Mudaf water is a kind of water to which something has been added or It is not so pure that people no longer call it water. Mudaf water is used against Mutlaq water. Wudu and Ghusl are not valid with Mudaf water. Also, it cannot make clean what has become Najis. Type of Mudaf water some examples of Mudaf water is as follows: Extremely muddy water, rosewater, water extracted from fruits, lime and grape juice, rose-water and soda-water. See also Tayammum Salah Tasbih References Salah Ritual purity in Islam Salah terminology",
"title": "Water in fiqh"
},
{
"docid": "7806478",
"text": "Falling into You: Around the World was the seventh world concert tour by Canadian pop singer Celine Dion. It was organized to support one of the best-selling albums of all time, her fourth English-language and fourteenth studio album, Falling into You (1996). The album has sold over 32 million copies. Background In February 1996, Céline Dion announced the launch of her tour in support of a new album. Dion toured Australia, Canada, United States, and many countries in Europe and Asia. In all, the tour lasted more than a year, with 149 shows in 17 different countries. The sold-out tour began on 18 March 1996 in Perth, Australia and continued to major cities around the world. It ended on 28 June 1997 in Nice, France. In June 1997, Céline Dion toured the biggest stadiums in Europe and sang before huge crowds ranging from 35,000 to 70,000 people. Worldwide attendance was about 1.7 million. Opening acts Soul Attorneys The Corrs (select dates in both U.S. and Europe) Mike and the Mechanics Human Nature Set list \"The Power of Love\" \"Falling into You\" \"River Deep, Mountain High\" \"Seduces Me\" \"All by Myself\" \"Pour que tu m'aimes encore\" \"J'irai où tu iras\" \"If You Asked Me To\" \"Beauty and the Beast\" \"When I Fall in Love\" \"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\" \"Misled\" \"Declaration of Love\" \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\" \"To Love You More\" \"Le ballet\" \"Love Can Move Mountains\" \"Fly\" \"Call the Man\" \"The Power of the Dream\" \"Twist and Shout\" \"Because You Loved Me\" \"The Power of Love\" \"Falling into You\" \"River Deep, Mountain High\" \"Seduces Me\" \"All by Myself\" \"Pour que tu m'aimes encore\" \"J'irai où tu iras\" \"Only One Road\" \"Beauty and the Beast\" \"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\" \"Misled\" \"Declaration of Love\" \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\" \"Le ballet\" \"Love Can Move Mountains\" \"Because You Loved Me\" \"Twist and Shout\" \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" \"The Power of the Dream\" \"Think Twice\" \"Je sais pas\" \"Destin\" \"The Power of Love\" \"Falling into You\" \"Regarde-moi\" \"River Deep, Mountain High\" \"Un garçon pas comme les autres (Ziggy)\" \"All by Myself\" \"Because You Loved Me\" \"Love Can Move Mountains\" \"Declaration of Love\" \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\" \"Les derniers seront les premiers\" \"J'irai où tu iras\" \"Le ballet\" \"Prière païenne\" \"The Power of the Dream\" \"Quand on n'a que l'amour\" \"Pour que tu m'aimes encore\" \"Vole\" Additional notes \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\" was not performed in one (or both) concerts in Ghent, Belgium. \"Falling into You\", \"Fly\", and \"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\" were removed from the set list in March 1997. \"To Love You More\" was the final song during the Asian leg of the tour. During the second European leg \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" was removed from the set list and was replaced by \"Call the Man\". \"Because You Loved Me\" was the final song during the second European leg",
"title": "Falling into You: Around the World"
},
{
"docid": "4420046",
"text": "Makhshirin is the eighth tractate, in the Mishnah and Tosefta, of the sixth Talmudic order Tohorot (\"Purifications\"). This tractate contains six chapters, divided respectively into 6, 11, 8, 10, 11, and 8 sections, while the Tosefta has only three chapters and 31 sections. It treats of the effects of liquids in rendering foods with which they may come into contact susceptible, under certain conditions, of Levitical uncleanness. There is no Gemara, Yerushalmi or Bavli, to this treatise. Background The laws is based on the Scriptural provision, \"If any water be put upon the seed, and any part of their carcass fall thereon, it shall be unclean\" (Lev. 11:38; see 34 et seq.). From this the Rabbis deduce (1) that foods are not susceptible of uncleanness by contact with the carcass of a reptile unless the foods have first been moistened (see Hullin 36a); and (2) that as Scripture, in the passage just cited, uses the expression כי יתן, which, when vowelless, may be read either \"ki yuttan\" (= \"if it be put\") or \"ki yitten\" (= \"if one will put\"), and as \"putting\" is necessarily the result of intention, \"being put\" also must be accompanied by intention (see Bava Metzia 22b). Where this condition is absent the contact of liquid with foods will have no effect. Hence the general rule elaborated in the first chapter following. Mishnah Chapter 1: All liquids (mashkin; see 6:4 et seq.), when originally desired (expected to be beneficial), though ultimately unwelcome, or when the reverse is the case (not desired originally, but ultimately acceptable), predispose loose fruit moistened by them to Levitical uncleanness. Thus if one shakes a tree to bring down some fruit, or a dead reptile, and at the same time some drops of water fall from the tree on fruit lying near by, the water does not come under the law of ki yuttan, or the fruit under liability to uncleanness by contact with a defiling object; but when one's intention is to shake off the rain-water or the dewdrops, the loose fruit moistened thereby becomes susceptible to uncleanness. Where water is used for other than its ordinary purposes, as where one submerges fruit or vegetables to secrete them from thieves, the effect is not to render the fruit liable to defilement. A precedent under this rule is cited from the history of the last days of Judea's struggle against the Romans, when some citizens of Jerusalem secured their fig-cakes from the sicarii by hiding them under water, the Rabbis deciding that, under the circumstances, the submersion did not predispose the food to uncleanness. Similarly, fruit that is floated down a river is not subject to the rule of ki yuttan. Chapter 2: In doubtful cases, objects and conditions are classified by a majority rule. For example, the defiling effects of receptacles of waste water used in common by Jews and Gentiles will depend on the majority using them; if the majority are non-Jews the water will be considered Levitically unclean, but",
"title": "Makhshirin"
},
{
"docid": "24532465",
"text": "Hydroelectricity is, as of 2019, the second-largest renewable source of energy in both generation and nominal capacity (behind wind power) in the United States. In 2021, hydroelectric power produced 31.5% of the total renewable electricity, and 6.3% of the total U.S. electricity. According to the International Hydropower Association, the United States is the 3rd largest producer of hydroelectric power in the world in 2021 after Brazil and China. Total installed capacity for 2020 was 102,8 GW. The installed capacity was 80 GW in 2015. The amount of hydroelectric power generated is strongly affected by changes in precipitation and surface runoff. Hydroelectric stations exist in at least 34 US states. The largest concentration of hydroelectric generation in the US is in the Columbia River basin, which in 2012 was the source of 44% of the nation's hydroelectricity. Hydroelectricity projects such as Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee Dam, and the Tennessee Valley Authority have become iconic large construction projects. Of note, however, is that California does not consider power generated from large hydroelectric facilities (facilities greater than 30 megawatts) to meet its strictest definition of \"renewable\", due to concerns over the environmental impact of large hydroelectric projects. As such, electricity generated from large hydroelectric facilities does not count toward California's strict Renewable Portfolio Standards, even though other states recognize that water is a renewable resource in the hydrological cycle. Roughly about 10 to 15 percent of California's energy generation is from large hydroelectric generation that is not RPS-eligible. The significant impact of dams on the power sector, water use, river flow, and environmental concerns requires significant policy specific to hydropower. History The earliest hydroelectric power generation in the U.S. was utilized for lighting and employed the better understood direct current (DC) system to provide the electrical flow. It did not flow far however, with ten miles being the system's limit; solving electricity's transmission problems would come later and be the greatest incentive to the new hydroelectric water-power developments. The first DC powerhouse was in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where the water turbine at the Wolverine Chair factory was attached to a dynamo using a mechanical belt drive to illuminate sixteen street lights. This occurred in 1880, the same year Thomas Edison produced the long-lasting incandescent filament light bulb, which was a safety and convenience improvement over existing candles, whale oil lamps and kerosene lamps inside buildings. In 1881, also using DC for lighting at Niagara Falls, Jacob F. Schoellkopf diverted part of the output from his waterwheel-powered flour mills to drive one of Charles Brush's improved generators to provide nighttime illumination for the tourists. Previously the attraction had been illuminated by burning bright calcium flares but arc-lights proved a better and cheaper alternative. In 1882, the world's first commercial central DC hydroelectric power plant provided power for a paper mill in Appleton, Wisconsin; just months later the first investor-owned electric utility, Edison Illuminating Company, completed the first fossil fueled electrical power plant in New York City, to compete with hydroelectric power close to an",
"title": "Hydroelectric power in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "2880847",
"text": "Interception refers to precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is instead intercepted by the leaves, branches of plants and the forest floor. It occurs in the canopy (i.e. canopy interception), and in the forest floor or litter layer (i.e. forest floor interception ). Because of evaporation, interception of liquid water generally leads to loss of that precipitation for the drainage basin, except for cases such as fog interception, but increase flood protection dramatically, Alila et al., (2009). Intercepted snowfall does not result in any notable amount of evaporation, and most of the snow falls off the tree by wind or melts. However, intercepted snow can more easily drift with the wind, out of the watershed. Conifers have a greater interception capacity than hardwoods. Their needles gives them more surface area for droplets to adhere to, and they have foliage in spring and fall, therefore interception also depends on the type of vegetation in a wooded area. Mitscherlich in 1971 calculated the water storage potential as interception values for different species and stand densities. A storm event might produce 50 – 100 mm of rainfall and 4 mm might be the maximum intercepted in this way. Grah and Wilson in 1944 did sprinkling experiments where they watered plants to see how much of the intercepted is kept after watering stops. Trees like Norway maple and a small-leaved lime have an interception of approximately 38% of the gross precipitation in temperate climate. The interception depends on the leaf area index and what kind of leaves they are. Interception may increase erosion or reduce it depending on the throughfall effects. See also Stemflow Throughfall Canopy interception Forest floor interception Water ball References External links The Experimental Hydrology Wiki Forest Floor Interception Gerrits (2010) The role of interception in the hydrological cycle PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Hydrology Forest ecology",
"title": "Interception (water)"
},
{
"docid": "17686807",
"text": "Big Doe Camp was a boys' residential summer camp located on Big Doe Lake not far from the village of Burk's Falls, Ontario. Background The camp was founded in 1946 by Aubrey and Marjorie Rhamey and operated from its location on Big Doe Lake for more than 50 years. Big Doe Camp was an accredited member of the Ontario Camping Association and the Canadian Camping Association by its affiliation with the Ontario Camping Association. The summer camping season at Big Doe was broken down into sessions where campers could attend for two, four, or six weeks at a time. Big Doe often hosted other entities such as sports camps or religious camps during the last two weeks of August in which groups would come in to use the facilities after the regular camping season had concluded. The Camp was operated for more than merely commercial purposes. Aubrey and Marjorie aimed to break even every summer, though quite often they didn't even do that. It was a family tradition, family run operation about giving something back to the community and watching the boys' grow into young men. During the prime years of operation, Aubrey and Marjorie Rhamey had a tough time trying to keep a balance between bringing in new younger campers and allowing the older campers to keep returning every year. They just didn't have the space for everyone that wanted to attend and were at times forced to turn boys away. But even with that pressure, they also kept a few spaces for boys from the Children's Aid Society who were allowed to attend camp for free. These boys were never grouped together, singled out, or identified. Program & Activities The camp program consisted of three periods of assigned programs in the morning and two period of optional in the afternoon. Due to the number of camp activities which revolved around the water swimming was a core program and all campers had swimming as one of their assigned programs during one of the morning periods to receive swimming lessons. Camp Activities included: Swimming, Fishing, Sailing, Canoeing, Campcraft, Water Skiing, Wakeboarding, Nature Lore, Horseback Riding, Archery, Arts and Crafts, Riflery (Shooting) and numerous sports including: Badminton, Volleyball, Basketball, Soccer, Football, Baseball, Rugby, Street Hockey, Tennis, and more. Football Camp Football camps were held at Big Doe beginning in 1949 and ran for many years. The football camps were a brainchild of Argo's professional football player and U of T sports hall of fame member Ted Toogood and former North Toronto Collegeiate coach Bob Coulter. In 1955 the football camp attracted 52 Toronto High School students and a couple of out of towners all trying to get into shape and prepare for the upcoming football season. Camp founder Aubrey Rhamey was himself head grid coach of the Malvern Collegiate football team at the time. There were very few if any football camps operating at the time and this was considered very much needed as the time to get the boys into",
"title": "Big Doe Camp"
},
{
"docid": "461791",
"text": "Wuḍūʾ ( ) is the Islamic procedure for cleansing parts of the body, a type of ritual purification, or ablution. The four Fardh (Mandatory) acts of wudu are washing the face, then the arms, then wiping the head, then washing or wiping the feet, and doing these in order without any big breaks between them. Wudu is an important part of ritual purity in Islam. It is governed by fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), which specifies hygienical jurisprudence and defines the rituals that constitute it. Ritual purity is called tahara. Wudu is typically performed before salah (daily ritual prayer). Activities that invalidate wudu include urination, defecation, flatulence, deep sleep, light bleeding (depending on madhhab), menstruation, postpartum status, and sexual intercourse. Wudu is often translated as 'partial ablution', as opposed to ghusl 'full ablution' where the whole body is washed. It also contrasts with tayammum or \"dry ablution\", which uses sand or dust in place of water principally due to water scarcity or other harmful effects on the person. Basis of Wudu Quran Qur'an 2:222 says The Islamic prophet Muhammad said that \"Cleanliness is half of faith.\" Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) Wudu by itself is a mustahabb (\"recommended act\"), but it becomes obligatory in special conditions such as salah and tawaf. Description in Hadith Wudu in a hadith of Abu Hurairah, discussing the Day of Resurrection, said that Muhammad, when asked if he would be able to recognize Muslims, said, \"Yes, you would have a mark which other people will not have. You would come to me with a white blaze on your foreheads and white marks on your feet because of the traces of ablution.\" Abu Hurayra said, \"I have heard the prophet (may peace be upon him) say, \"In a believer, adornment would reach the places where ablution reaches.\" Uthman stated that Muhammad said, \"He who performed ablution well, his sins would come out from his body, even coming out from under his nails.\" Umar reported that Muhammad said, \"No one among you does wuḍūʾ and does wuḍūʾ thoroughly – or adequately – and then testifies, 'There is no god but Allah Alone with no partner and I testify that Muhammad is Allah's Messenger', without the eight doors of the Garden being opened to him so that he can enter by whichever of them he wishes.\" Performing wudu from large bodies of water Ja'far al-Sadiq said in numerous Hadiths that it is permissible to make wudu with water that is not overwhelmed with the smell of dead animals. If there is a dead animal, it is recommended to take wudu from the opposite side of the location of the animal. He also said it is permissible to take wudu from the ponds between Mecca and Medina in which people perform ghusl, dogs and beasts drink, and animals die, so long as the water level is at least up to the knees. Performing wudu from a well Ali al-Rida said that if a drop of urine, blood or animal feces falls into a",
"title": "Wudu"
},
{
"docid": "41896599",
"text": "An ice dam is an ice build-up on the eaves of sloped roofs of heated buildings that results from melting snow under a snow pack reaching the eave and freezing there. Freezing at the eave impedes the drainage of meltwater, which adds to the ice dam and causes backup of the meltwater, which may cause water leakage into the roof and consequent damage to the building and its contents if the water leaks through the roof. Mechanism Ice dams occur on heated buildings with sloping roofs in cold climates with deep snow accumulation. Ice dams on roofs form when accumulated snow forms an insulating layer under cold conditions that would cause the freezing point to be within the snow layer, if it were not subject to melting. Instead, building heat coming through the roof's surface melts the snow resting on it. This causes meltwater to flow down the roof, until it reaches below a place on the roof's surface that is below freezing—typically at the eaves where there is no building heat. When the meltwater reaches the frozen surface, ice accumulates, growing a barrier that impedes further passage of meltwater off the roof. Ice dams may result in leaks through the roofing material, possibly resulting in damaged ceilings, walls, roof structure and insulation, or injury when the ice dam falls off or from attempts to remove ice dams. The melting of roof snow comes from the combination of three basic causes: Air temperatures well below freezing. A thick layer of dry snow, which has good insulating capabilities. Heat from the building coming through the roof. If any of these factors is absent, ice dams cannot form. Above freezing air does not promote ice dams, nor does granulated spring snow on a roof, which has poor insulating capabilities, nor does a roof that doesn't warm to above freezing at its surface. Ice dams may occur when the under-roof temperature is above and the outdoor air temperature is below . Mitigation Ice dams on sloped roofs can be mitigated in several ways: Assuring sufficient insulation in the roof to prevent freezing at the roof surface under a deep snow pack. Providing ventilation under the roofing material that carries escaping building heat elsewhere and assures a cold roof surface. Attic/roof temperatures can be controlled by installing sufficient insulation and providing natural or mechanical ventilation to produce a \"cold roof\" to keep the roof temperature below . Providing heat tape or cables that create channels for meltwater to escape through any ice dam at the eaves. Heat tapes incur energy expense, may cause long-term damage to asphalt shingles, and may present a risk of fire. Some insurance companies do not allow the use of heat tapes due to the fire danger. Ice dams can also form just above the heat tape. Constructing a roof with a slippery surface that is steep enough for snow to slide off, before it can melt. An ice belt—a band of metal roofing—installed at the eaves helps prevent the",
"title": "Ice dam (roof)"
},
{
"docid": "11544091",
"text": "To Brave Alaska is a 1996 American made-for-TV adventure film directed by Bruce Pittman. Based on a true story, the film stars Alyssa Milano and Cameron Bancroft as a young couple who attempt to survive in the rough Alaskan wilderness. Plot Set in 1979, the film focuses on a Seattleite couple, police officer and former park ranger Roger Lewis (Bancroft), and 22-year-old waitress Denise Harris (Milano). They are invited by businessman Wylie Bennett (Fraser) to Alaska to head out to the fictional wilderness of Surprise Bay and find a goldmine. If they are successful in retrieving gold, they are awarded 10% of the profit. Denise is hesitant to travel into the wilderness, though blindly follows her boyfriend, who regards the exploring as a great adventure. They are flown to the location, roughly 75 miles away from the nearest 'civilization', with just a dog and a radio with bad reception. There, they are set up in a cabin, where they spend their first couple of weeks. When they realize that their food supply is running out and that nobody is coming to help them, they become afraid. Roger considers shooting a deer, but Denise opposes such due to her vegetarianism. Even though sometime later they find their first gold, they realize that it will not buy them dinner in the wilderness. With winter coming, they decide that they must head back to civilization. They gather supplies and their gold and take the canoe, considering it is their only form of transportation. By day three, a storm throws Denise in the water and swamps the canoe. By day five, Bill DeCreeft (Rekert), the aviator who flew them to their Surprise Bay destination, finds out that nobody flew out to the couple for a food supply, and starts a search for them. Roger and Denise, meanwhile, have set out a camp near the river in hope of a boat sailing by. When they realize that they are all alone, they know that they have to travel inland, despite the dangers, and they are forced to turn their weaknesses into strengths in order to survive. While Bill starts a major search, Roger and Denise have to face several obstacles. Denise loses their food supply when she struggles to cross a river; Roger gets mad at her for not having tied the food supply to the rope that she used. She tries to apologize, but he does not listen until he almost falls to his death shortly after. The temperature grows colder rapidly, and they not only have to worry about dying from starvation, but also from hypothermia. Furthermore, Denise almost dies when she breaks through ice and falls in freezing water. Somehow she makes it out, and, regarding it as a miracle, she grows determined to make it to civilization, despite the fact that Roger is now losing hope. As days pass by without food, Denise suggests eating the dog. Roger refuses to kill Newman, explaining that he loves the dog too much. By",
"title": "To Brave Alaska"
},
{
"docid": "63436702",
"text": "Bear falls (, ) is a waterfall found in the Almaty Region of Kazakhstan. Description The falls is in a deep rock niche on the southern slope of the Karash range, where Bear Creek flows from under the Zhambas Pass. It has a glacial origin. According to geologists, about a million years ago significant tectonic movements formed the streambed. The falls is at 1521 meters elevation. Its height is 28 meters, with a water flow is 0.4 cubic meters per second. The falling water forms a cloud of water vapor. The temperature of the stream does not exceed 12 degrees. The rocks at the waterfall hold fossilised imprints of plants from the pre-glacial period. Legend Local legend has it that, at one time, an elderly couple lived in these gorges, raised their children, and lived alone. Once, the head of the family, already an old man, went to the forest for firewood. He did not return, and his wife went in search of him. On the way, she met a young Dzhigit, whom she asked if he had seen her partner. In response, the young man asked with a laugh: \"do You not recognize your spouse?\". The startled old woman could not utter a word. He took her to the spring, where she sipped the water and turned into a beautiful young woman. Since then, people began to call the spring Molodilny and, going to the gorge, fill containers to take water home. Protected status Bear Falls is in a specially protected natural area with the status of a nature conservation and scientific institution. Protection of the falls is assigned to the administration of the state natural park Ile-Alatau. References Further reading Marikovsky P. I. The Fate Of Charyn. Almaty: Foundation \"XXI century\", 1997.-120 Marikovsky P. I. in the deserts of Kazakhstan-M: \"Thought\" 1978.-125 A. P. Gorbunov Mountains Of Central Asia. Explanatory dictionary of geographical names and terms. Almaty, 2006 Geography of Almaty Region Waterfalls of Kazakhstan Landforms of Almaty Region",
"title": "Bear falls (Turgen gorge)"
},
{
"docid": "36672218",
"text": "The presence of lightning in religion is an historically existing and currently existing cultural aspect where-by the phenomenon of lightning has and is viewed as part of a deity, or a deity in and of itself. Deities One of the most classic portrayals of this is of the Greek god Zeus. An ancient story recounts when Zeus was at war against Cronus and the Titans, he released his brothers, Hades and Poseidon, along with the Cyclopes. In turn, the Cyclopes gave Zeus the thunderbolt as a weapon. The thunderbolt became a popular symbol of Zeus and continues to be today. In Slavic mythology the highest god of the pantheon is Perun, the god of thunder and lightning. A Polish name for lightning is \"piorun\", derived from the god's name. Pērkons/Perkūnas is the common Baltic god of thunder, one of the most important deities in the Baltic pantheon. In both Latvian and Lithuanian mythology, he is documented as the god of thunder, rain, mountains, oak trees and the sky. In Norse mythology, Thor is the god of thunder and the sound of thunder comes from the chariot he rides across the sky. The lightning comes from his hammer Mjölnir. In Finnish mythology, Ukko (engl. Old Man) is the god of thunder, sky and weather. The Finnish word for thunder is ukkonen, derived from the god's name. In Judaism, a blessing \"...He who does acts of creation\" is to be recited, upon sighting lightning. The Talmud refers to the Hebrew word for the sky, (\"Shamaim\") – as built from fire and water (\"Esh Umaim\"), since the sky is the source of the inexplicable mixture of \"fire\" and water that come together, during rainstorms. This is mentioned in various prayers, Psalm 29, and discussed in writings of Kabbalah. In Christianity, lightning is symbolized and attributed to the divinity and power of God. In the Bible, lightning (and thunder) are used, for example, for the wrath of God (Exodus 9:24; 2. Samuel 22.15; Job 37; Psalm 18), for God's judgment (Zechariah 9.14), for God's revelation to men (Exodus 20:18; Revelation 4:5), for the coming of the Son of Man (Matthew 24:27, Luke 17:24), for the fall of Satan (Luke 10:18) and for the nature of the angels and the risen (Hes 1,14; Daniel 10.6; Matthew 28.3), in the book of Revelation the lightning is often referred to as the final judgment. In Islam, the Quran states: \"He it is Who showeth you the lightning, a fear and a hope, and raiseth the heavy clouds. The thunder hymneth His praise and (so do) the angels for awe of Him. He launcheth the thunder-bolts and smiteth with them whom He will.\" (Qur'an 13:12–13) and, \"Have you not seen how God makes the clouds move gently, then joins them together, then makes them into a stack, and then you see the rain come out of it...\" (Quran, 24:43). The preceding verse, after mentioning clouds and rain, speaks about hail and lightning, \"...And He sends down hail from",
"title": "Lightning in religion"
},
{
"docid": "14476384",
"text": "In common usage, the mass of an object is often referred to as its weight, though these are in fact different concepts and quantities. Nevertheless, one object will always weigh more than another with less mass if both are subject to the same gravity (i.e. the same gravitational field strength). In scientific contexts, mass is the amount of \"matter\" in an object (though \"matter\" may be difficult to define), but weight is the force exerted on an object's matter by gravity. At the Earth's surface, an object whose mass is exactly one kilogram weighs approximately 9.81 newtons, the product of its mass and the gravitational field strength there. The object's weight is less on Mars, where gravity is weaker; more on Saturn, where gravity is stronger; and very small in space, far from significant sources of gravity, but it always has the same mass. Material objects at the surface of the Earth have weight despite such sometimes being difficult to measure. An object floating freely on water, for example, does not appear to have weight since it is buoyed by the water. But its weight can be measured if it is added to water in a container which is entirely supported by and weighed on a scale. Thus, the \"weightless object\" floating in water actually transfers its weight to the bottom of the container (where the pressure increases). Similarly, a balloon has mass but may appear to have no weight or even negative weight, due to buoyancy in air. However the weight of the balloon and the gas inside it has merely been transferred to a large area of the Earth's surface, making the weight difficult to measure. The weight of a flying airplane is similarly distributed to the ground, but does not disappear. If the airplane is in level flight, the same weight-force is distributed to the surface of the Earth as when the plane was on the runway, but spread over a larger area. A better scientific definition of mass is its description as being a measure of inertia, which is the tendency of an object to not change its current state of motion (to remain at constant velocity) unless acted on by an external unbalanced force. Gravitational \"weight\" is the force created when a mass is acted upon by a gravitational field and the object is not allowed to free-fall, but is supported or retarded by a mechanical force, such as the surface of a planet. Such a force constitutes weight. This force can be added to by any other kind of force. While the weight of an object varies in proportion to the strength of the gravitational field, its mass is constant, as long as no energy or matter is added to the object. For example, although a satellite in orbit (essentially a free-fall) is \"weightless\", it still retains its mass and inertia. Accordingly, even in orbit, an astronaut trying to accelerate the satellite in any direction is still required to exert force, and needs to",
"title": "Mass versus weight"
},
{
"docid": "48312",
"text": "Iguazú Falls or Iguaçu Falls ( , ; ) are waterfalls of the Iguazu River on the border of the Argentine province of Misiones and the Brazilian state of Paraná. Together, they make up the largest waterfall system in the world. The falls divide the river into the upper and lower Iguazu. The Iguazu River rises near the heart of the city of Curitiba. For most of its course, the river flows through Brazil; however, most of the falls are on the Argentine side. Below its confluence with the San Antonio River, the Iguazu River forms the border between Argentina and Brazil. The name Iguazú comes from the Guarani or Tupi words \"y\" , meaning \"water\", and \"ûasú\" , meaning \"big\". Legend has it that a deity planned to marry a beautiful woman named Naipí, who fled with her mortal lover Tarobá in a canoe. In a rage, the deity sliced the river, creating the waterfalls and condemning the lovers to an eternal fall. The first European to record the existence of the falls was the Spanish Conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1541. Geology and geography The staircase character of the falls consists of a two-step waterfall formed by three layers of basalt. The steps are in height. The columnar basalt rock sequences are part of the Serra Geral formation within the Paleozoic-Mesozoic Paraná Basin. The tops of these sequences are characterized by of highly resistant vesicular basalt and the contact between these layers controls the shape of the falls. Headwater erosion rates are estimated at . Numerous islands along the edge divide the falls into many separate waterfalls and cataracts, varying between high. The number of these smaller waterfalls fluctuates from 150 to 300, depending on the water level. About half of the river's flow falls into a long and narrow chasm called the Devil's Throat ( in Spanish or in Portuguese). The Devil's Throat canyon is wide and deep. Left of this canyon, another part of the river forms 160–200 individual falls, which merge into a single front during the flood stage. The largest falls are named San Martín, Adam and Eva, Penoni, and Bergano. About of the length does not have water flowing over it. The water of the lower Iguazu collects in a canyon that drains into the Paraná River, a short distance downstream from the Itaipu Dam. The junction of the water flows marks the border between Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. Some points in the cities of Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina, and Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, have access to the Iguazu River, where the borders of all three nations may be seen, a popular tourist attraction for visitors to the three cities. The Iguazu Falls are arranged in a way that resembles a reversed letter \"J\". The Argentina–Brazil border runs through the Devil's Throat. On the right bank is the Brazilian territory, which is home to more than 95% of the Iguazu River basin but has just over 20% of",
"title": "Iguazu Falls"
},
{
"docid": "12294004",
"text": "The Cumberland slider (Trachemys scripta troostii), also called commonly the Cumberland turtle and Troost's turtle, is a subspecies of pond slider, a semiaquatic turtle in the family Emydidae. The subspecies is indigenous to the Southeastern United States. Etymology The subspecific name, troostii, is in honor of Dutch-American naturalist Gerard Troost. Taxonomy T. s. troostii, a subspecies of T. scripta, was formerly placed in the genus Pseudemys. The Cumberland slider occurs in a different geographic location from the yellow-bellied slider (T. s. scripta). Intergradation does not occur between these two subspecies. Description The carapace of T. s. troostii is olive brown with yellow markings. It has two rounded projections on the posterior edge of the shell, and is slightly keeled. The adult carapace is wrinkled and oval shaped. The plastron is hingeless and slightly smaller than the carapace. Each of the bottom sides of the marginals has a spot. The skin is brown with an olive to greenish tint with yellow striping. There is a distinct bar behind the eyes that can vary from yellow to red and be either thin or wide. The plastron of the turtle has dark spots, as well as the ridge of the carapace. Also, the plastron has bars or stripes of yellow. The turtle's legs in front have larger yellow stripes than most slider species. There is a yellow and orange stripe directly behind each eye. The stripe is never entirely one color, it starts out yellow and then fades into a dark orange-to-red color closer to the back of the neck. Behavior T. s. troostii is a communal basker. It basks on protrusions out of the water and may bask in stacks or with other species. It is active from April to October. \"Slider\" comes from its habit of sliding into the water when alarmed while basking, going to deep water for safety, where most predators cannot pursue it. Geographic range and habitat T. s. troostii is found throughout the Mississippi and Tennessee River drainages, and the Southeastern United States. This subspecies prefers quiet waters with muddy bottoms. Ponds, lakes, and streams, with a profusion of aquatic vegetation, organic substrate, and overhanging basking spots, are especially favored. Most people agree that the native lands of the Cumberland slider are in the Cumberland River Valley, ranging in Kentucky and Tennessee, but with the exotic animal trade, it has become a common sight even into Alabama, Georgia, and Illinois. Reproduction Breeding of T. s. troostii takes place in spring, fall, and winter. The male and female go through a mating ritual in which the male \"claws\" at the female's face and his fore legs stiffen. The female then allows the male to mount. The females may go extremely far from the water to nest and are occasionally hit by cars while crossing roads. Females construct a nest, usually at night, in various soil types. Clutch size is six to 15 eggs with 71% of the females producing two clutches per year. Diet T. s. troostii is",
"title": "Cumberland slider"
},
{
"docid": "15634043",
"text": "The Fiend or The Vampire (Russian: Упырь Upyr) is a Russian fairy tale, collected by Alexander Afanasyev as his number 363. The tale was translated and published by William Ralston Shedden-Ralston. Plot synopsis A young woman named Marusia goes to a feast where she meets a kind, handsome and apparently wealthy man. They fall in love with each other and Marusia agrees to marry him. She also consents to her mother's directive that she follow the boy to discover where he lives and more about him. She follows him to the church where she sees him eating a corpse. Later the fiend asks her if she saw him at the church. When Marusia denies having followed him, he tells her that her father will die the next day. Thereafter, he continually poses the question and with each denial he causes another of her family members to die. Finally he tells her that she herself will die. At this point Marusia asks her grandmother what to do. Her grandmother explains a way by which Marusia can come back to life after she dies (a condition of which is that she cannot enter a church afterwards). On coming back to life she meets a good man whom she marries, however he does not like the fact that she will not go to church and eventually forces her to do so. Thus the Fiend discovers that she is alive and kills her husband and her son, but with the help of her grandmother, the water of life, and holy water she brings them back and kills the fiend. Analysis Tale type The tale is classified in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type ATU 363, \"The Vampire\" or \"The Corpse-Eater\", while in the East Slavic Folktale Classification () it is indexed as type SUS 363, . These stories are about a girl who marries a mysterious man. During their way home, they stop by a church and the man enters it. Worried about his long absence, the woman follows him and sees him devouring a corpse. The original name of the tale, Упырь, is the word for \"vampire\" in Slavic languages. Variants Scholarship states that the tale type appears in Europe and Turkey. In Turkish variants, the heroine triumphs in the end over the dervish, while in Europe the fate of the heroine may differ between regions (a Scandinavian and Baltic version, a West Slavic and Ukrainian one). References External links The original text, in Russian in Wikisource Project Gutenberg Russian Fairy Tales by Ralston, William Ralston Shedden, 1828-1889. Russian Fairy Tale Stories, Zeluna.net. Russian fairy tales ATU 300-399",
"title": "The Fiend"
},
{
"docid": "7723284",
"text": "Dry fly fishing is an angling technique in which the lure is an artificial fly which floats on the surface of the water and does not sink below it. Developed originally for trout fly fishing. The fish and the dry fly Fly fishing for trout can be done using various methods and types of flies. Trout mostly feed near the bed of the stream, where wet flies and especially nymphs are used. They typically only come to the surface to feed when there is a large bug hatch during which thousands of aquatic insects grow wings and leave the water to mate and lay eggs. Particularly during the summer months and on smaller mountain streams, trout also often feed on terrestrial insects such as ants, beetles and grasshoppers when they fall onto the water surface. It is on these surface-feeding occasions that the dry fly can be an effective lure. At certain times, salmon will also rise to a fly on the surface and dry flies may also be used to fish for them. The aim of dry-fly fishing is to mimic the downstream drifting of a real fly on the surface of the water. To be successful it requires both manual skill and a good knowledge of the fish and its surroundings. It is also a pleasurable occupation on a slow, dreamy Summer's day. Because of this it gained a reputation as the aristocrat of angling sports, superior to all other kinds of angling. Angling technique Dry-fly fishing uses a line and flies that float. They are joined by a fine 3 to 5 meters long leader, typically of nylon monofilament line, which is tapered so that it is nearly invisible where the fly is knotted, and the angler can replace the last meter or so of nylon as required. Most of a trout's food is carried to it on the current, so they tend to face upstream with their attention focused into the current. Trout fishermen therefore prefer to begin downstream of the fish's suspected lie and work upstream into the current. Trout can see a wide area around them, so the angler must stay not only downstream of the fish, but also as low to the ground and as far from the bank as possible, moving upstream with stealth. Trout tend to strike their food at current \"edges\", where faster- and slower-moving waters mix. Obstructions to the stream flow, such as large rocks or nearby pools, provide a \"low energy\" environment where fish sit and wait for food without expending much energy. Casting upstream to the edge of the slower water, the angler can see the fly land and drift slowly back downstream. The fly should land softly, as if dropped onto the water, with the leader carefully positioned(mended) as to control the drift thru the strike zone and present the fly to intended target first without making fish previously aware of the anglers presence. The challenge in stream fishing is to place the fly with deadly",
"title": "Dry fly fishing"
},
{
"docid": "13585116",
"text": "Rainbow Falls (originally \"Handsome Falls\") is a waterfall on the Missouri River in Great Falls, Montana, just upstream from Crooked Falls and downstream from Colter Falls and Rainbow Dam. It is 47 feet (14m) high and 1,320 feet (402.3m) wide. The waterfall is part of the five Great Falls of the Missouri. The river spills over a sheer ledge of sandstone in the Kootenai Formation, forming the falls. The falls used to flow with a great deal of force year-round. In 1914 the river shortly upstream was dammed for hydroelectric power by the Rainbow Dam, which forms a run-of-the-river reservoir. As a result, the falls can almost totally dry up in the summer with only a few narrow strips of water trickling down its face. A railroad bridge crosses the river directly above the falls. Description Rainbow Falls varies widely - whether it is in full flow in the spring, or greatly diminished by the autumn. In peak flow in the springtime, the falls is much like its original form - especially on the right side where the outlet works of the dam are located, and on the left side where the main spillway structure is positioned. The center section of the dam, which is also a spillway structure, only functions when the flow above the reservoir is too great. The left side of the falls is more heavily eroded than the right side, and sits a little farther upstream. Expansive and arid hills rise above the canyon on each bank. Below the falls is a long, narrow plunge pool, and a series of gravel bars. As the flow over the falls diminishes, usually from summer to early autumn, it splits into two parts, hugging both banks. The flow at this point usually still extends across most (70 percent) of the full width of the river, but a section in the center remains dry except for a narrow stream of water that is found when the flow is low enough to separate it from the left-side drop, but high enough to feed it. The river below the falls remains mostly full. Much of the water is still diverted to generate power, but there is still enough water flow in the river to flow over the dam's spillways. In the autumn, however, the majority of the river is diverted through penstocks around the right side of the falls. The penstocks continue downstream past 19-ft (5m) Crooked Falls, utilizing the combined drop of over 70 ft (21m) to generate hydroelectricity through 8 turbines. The falls themselves are reduced to a mere trickle. Some water still continues down the right side of the falls through a few parallel drops, trickling out of the river outlet works. On the right, there are also two drops, each around 10 ft (3m) wide at low flow. Also, water comes out of a pipe at the left bank side of the falls, and trickles into the river in a series of small waterfalls. Upstream of Rainbow Falls",
"title": "Rainbow Falls (Missouri River)"
},
{
"docid": "50336817",
"text": "Amarna letter EA 149, titled: \"Neither Water nor Wood\" is a moderate- to extended-length clay tablet Amarna letter (mid 14th century BC) from Abimilku of Tyre-(called Ṣurru in the letters), written to the Pharaoh of Egypt. The letter concerns the intrigues of neighboring city-states and their rulers, and the loss of the neighboring city of Usu, from where the island of Tyre obtained supplies, for example, water, wood, etc. and a place for burying their deceased. EA 149 is located at the British Museum, no BM 29811. Tablet letter EA 149 can be viewed here: Reverse: , Obverse: . The letter EA 149: \"Neither Water nor Wood\" EA 149, letter four of ten from the Abimilku. (Not a linear, line-by-line translation.) Obverse (Image: ) (Lines 1-5)--To the king, my lord, my Sun, my god: Message of Abi-Milku, [yo]ur servant. I fall at the feet of the king, [m]y lo[rd], 7 times and 7 times. I am the dirt under the feet and sandals of the king, my lord. (6-20)--((O)) King, my lord, you are like the Sun, like Baal,1 in the sky. May the king give thought to his servant. The king, my lord, charged me with guarding Tyre, the maidservant of the king, but after I wrote an express tablet to the king, my lord, he has not replied to him. I am a commissioner of the king, my lord, and I am one that brings good news and also bad (news) to the king, my lord. May the king send 20 palace attendants to guard his city in order that I may go in to the king, my lord, and see his face[i.e. presence]. (21-27--What is the life of a palace attendant when breath does not come forth from the mouth of the king, his lord? But he lives if the king writes [t]o his servant, and he lives [for]ever. (28-40)--For my part, [si]nce last year [my intention has been] to go in [and beho]ld the face((presence)) of the king, my lord, [but Zimredda, the p]rince, [heard about m]e. He made [my caravan] turn back [fro]m the king, my lord, [saying, \"Who c]an get you in [to the king?\" Hea]r,2 my lord! Aziru, [the son of 'Abdi]-Ashirta, [the re]bel against the king, [has taken possession of Sumu]r. Reverse (Image: ) (38-40)--.. Haapi [ ... ] ... [g]ave Sumur [t]o Aziru. (40-54)--May the king not neglect [th]is city and his land. When I hear the name of the king and the name of his army, they will be very afraid, and all the land will be afraid, that is, he who does not follow the king, my lord. The king knows whether you installed me as commissioner in Tyre. ((Still)), Zimredda seized Usu from (his) servant. I abandoned it, and so we have neither water nor wood. Nor is there a place where we can put the dead. So may the king, my lord, give thought to his servant. (54-63)--The king, my lord, wrote to me on a tablet,",
"title": "Amarna letter EA 149"
},
{
"docid": "2873257",
"text": "April Morning is a 1961 novel by Howard Fast, about Adam Cooper's coming of age during the Battle of Lexington. One critic notes that in the beginning of the novel he is \"dressed down by his father, Moses, misunderstood by his mother, Sarah, and plagued by his brother, Levi.\" In the backdrop are the peaceful people of Lexington, forced \"to go into a way of war that they abhorred.\" While the novel was not originally written as a young adult story, it has increasingly been assigned in middle school English and social studies classes, due to the age of the protagonist and Fast's meticulous efforts to recreate the texture of daily life in colonial America and the political currents on the eve of the American Revolution. In 1988, a film version was made for television starring Chad Lowe as Adam and Tommy Lee Jones as Moses. Plot The novel begins in the afternoon of April 18, 1775, when Adam's father, Moses, sends him out to draw water from the well for his mother, Sarah. After completing this task, he heads upstairs to talk with Granny. During it, they engage in a debate on religion. Afterwards, they head downstairs for dinner. Then they pray and the meal, consisting of bread pudding and donkers, begins. In the middle of it, Moses confronts Adam about a \"spell\" to be said while drawing water. As a result, the confrontation starts an argument, which is interrupted by Cousin Simmons arriving. He, chosen to draft a letter on the rights of man, comes to Moses with his draft seeking criticism. Another debate arises over his description of rights as \"god-given.\" Moses asserts that rights come from the people backing them, not God. After dinner is over and Adam finishes some evening chores, he heads over to the Simmons' house to meet with Ruth, his love interest, and go on a walk. Before he is able to see her, however, Aunt Simmons makes conversation with him and feeds him pie. Then Ruth comes downstairs, and she and Adam leave on a walk. During it, they talk about various things, including their futures and what they want to be in the world. After a kiss he walks her home and then he himself heads home. Upon arrival, he spots his brother, Levi, cleaning his gun. He does not like this but Sarah insists that he let him do it. Then he heads upstairs and goes to bed. Before falling asleep he overhears his parents talking about the committee meeting. Finally he falls asleep. Suddenly, Adam is awakened by Levi, who draws attention to a speedy rider that stops in the center of town. Now all the Coopers are awake and curious. People gather around the rider on the green, who informs them that the British are coming and may be marching through their town. He then rides off. Because of this news, arguments stir in the crowd on whether to muster the militia. The people of Lexington agree",
"title": "April Morning"
},
{
"docid": "25604137",
"text": "Gwynns Falls is a stream located in Baltimore County and Baltimore City, Maryland. Its headwaters are located in Reisterstown in Baltimore County, and the stream flows southeast, entering the city of Baltimore and emptying into the Middle Branch of the Patapsco River. The Patapsco drains into the Chesapeake Bay. The watershed area of Gwynns Falls covers , with of streams. The stream was named for Richard Gwinn, who opened a trading post along it in 1669. Gwynns Falls does not actually have a waterfall, but its rough, rocky nature caused John Smith to comment on how the stream tumbled over \"felles\". This confusing local practice of using \"falls\" in the name of rocky streams was also applied to Baltimore's Jones Falls and Gunpowder Falls, which do not have waterfalls. During periods of high water conditions the stream can be whitewater kayaked, with the most challenging section running from the dam in Dickeyville to the Washington Boulevard bridge crossing. This section is entirely within the city limits of Baltimore and runs under the historic Carrollton Viaduct. An unusual feature of the run is a point near U.S. Route 40 where a city water pipe main crosses about a foot above the water level; kayaking normally requires a portage around the pipe crossing. See also List of Maryland rivers Dickeyville Historic District Gwynns Falls Leakin Park References External links Gwynns Falls Trail Gwynns Falls Watershed Association Leakin Park Gwynns Falls Trail Map Landforms of Baltimore Patapsco River Rivers of Maryland",
"title": "Gwynns Falls"
},
{
"docid": "981417",
"text": "Streetcore is the third and final studio album by Joe Strummer & the Mescaleros. The album was completed after the death of frontman Joe Strummer, primarily by Martin Slattery and Scott Shields, and released on 21 October 2003. The album marks the band's transition from their previous genre-bending work to a more straightforward rock album, reminiscent of Strummer's early work with the Clash. The album received a positive critical reception and is generally seen as a return to form and a high point for Strummer to have gone out on. A remastered version of the album along with Strummer's other two Hellcat released albums was released as a special 57 song digital download titled Joe Strummer & The Mescaleros: The Hellcat Years on 21 August 2012 to celebrate what would have been Strummer's 60th birthday. Hellcat also released each remastered album individually on CD and vinyl on 25 September 2012. Song information Due to Strummer's death, many of the vocal performances are first takes. \"Midnight Jam\" is completely without lyrics – instead, samplings of Joe's BBC Radio show Joe Strummer's London Calling are intermixed with the music. Other tracks, such as a cover of Bob Marley's \"Redemption Song\" and \"Long Shadow\", were recorded with famed producer Rick Rubin, and it is unclear whether or not these tracks were originally intended to be on this album. Another notable track is \"Long Shadow\", which was originally written by Strummer for Johnny Cash. Rubin would however get Strummer and Cash, who died a year after Strummer, together in the studio as the two recorded a version of \"Redemption Song\" that was featured on Cash's posthumously released Unearthed box set. Music videos were released for the album's two singles, \"Coma Girl\" and \"Redemption Song\". The video for \"Redemption Song\", which was directed by Josh Cheuse, who designed the cover art for Strummer's 1989 album Earthquake Weather and who also appears in the video, is a tribute to Strummer's life and legacy. Filmed in November 2003 in Manhattan in the East Village, the video opens with a clip of Strummer talking from The Clash documentary Westway to the World, with the focus of the video being a mural of Strummer that was painted by graffiti artists Zephyr and Dr. Revolt outside Niagra, a bar owned by musician Jesse Malin. The video also features many New Yorkers, along with some of Strummer's closest famous friends including Malin, Matt Dillon, Steve Buscemi, Jim Jarmusch, Tim Armstrong, Lars Fredriksen, Matt Freeman, Cara Seymour, Sara Driver and Cinqué Lee as they watch the mural being painted. Stock footage and photos of Strummer from his tenure with The Clash and Mescaleros is also featured. Reception Critical The album received a positive critical reception and is generally seen as a return to form for Joe Strummer that sees him going out on a high point. AllMusic wrote \"Like Muddy Waters, whose final albums were among the best in his catalog, Streetcore... sends Strummer into rock & roll heaven a roaring, laughing,",
"title": "Streetcore"
},
{
"docid": "44545943",
"text": "An aquifer, according to the Oxford dictionary is a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater. Aquifer Susceptibility is the inherent ability of a formation to accept and transmit liquids (potentially including contaminants). Certain areas of the United States are becoming more reliant on groundwater to meet the needs of the population. Causes Every day, roughly 2 millimeters of rainfall falls globally. About one fourth of that will make its way through the aquifers and become ground water. Shallow and permeable water tables tend to be more susceptible to contamination. In addition, the less rain an area receives the more concentrated the contamination will be. Evapotranspiration can also decrease the amount of water moving downward. Some aquifer susceptibility does happen naturally. Natural chemicals can seep through the aquifers from nearby soil and rocks. However, too much of this can be bad. One of the most common concerns is the amount of chloride and dissolved solids that are found in the water. Federal standards state the maximum for dissolved solids are 500 mg/L, and 250 mg/L for chloride. Dissolved solids and chloride are often found in coastal aquifers and in aquifers deeper than a few hundred feet. Iron and Magnesium can also affect the groundwater. It can also reduce the efficiency of well pumping. While there is not usually a huge amount of nitrogen in groundwater, human involvement can increase it. Federal standards state that the maximum level of nitrogen in groundwater is 10 mg/L. If humans do not interfere, levels generally stay around 0.2 mg/L. However, if levels exceed 3 mg/L, this could mean human involvement. Usually nitrogen is not harmful. But, it has been found to cause methemoglobenimia in infants. The susceptibility of the aquifer also depends on if the aquifer has large or small pores. A rock that has low conductivity level is known as an aquitard. This can constrict the amount of water that is available to use. Effects on groundwater Groundwater has become very important source of drinking water for over half of the United States. It is especially important in rural areas, where all of the drinking water comes from the ground. Here are some statistics on ground water dependability proved by the groundwater Project Education Policy: 22 percent of all freshwater withdrawals 53 percent of drinking water for the total population and 97 percent of drinking water for neutral population 40 percent of public water supply withdrawals 46 percent of domestic and commercial use 24 percent of industrial and mining use 34 percent of agricultural use (mostly for irrigation) Aquifers are also an important source for the groundwater that feeds into wells. The groundwater must go through these aquifers to get to the well. However, the well has an effect on the aquifers as well. Pumping through much water through these wells can cause a cone of depression around the well. The Virginia Department of Health and the U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a study to determine the susceptibility of aquifers",
"title": "Aquifer Susceptibility"
},
{
"docid": "286260",
"text": "In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor (reaching 100% relative humidity), so that the water condenses and \"precipitates\" or falls. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but colloids, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers. Moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is typically active when freezing rain occurs. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain and serves as the focus for forcing and rising air. Provided there is necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely nimbostratus and cumulonimbus if significant precipitation is involved. Eventually, the cloud droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops and descend toward the Earth where they will freeze on contact with exposed objects. Where relatively warm water bodies are present, for example due to water evaporation from lakes, lake-effect snowfall becomes a concern downwind of the warm lakes within the cold cyclonic flow around the backside of extratropical cyclones. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy. Thundersnow is possible within a cyclone's comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. Most precipitation occurs within the tropics and is caused by convection. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah regions. Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing fresh water on the planet. Approximately of water falls as precipitation each year: over oceans and over land. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is , but over land it is only . Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Global warming is already causing changes to weather, increasing precipitation in some geographies, and reducing it in others, resulting in additional extreme weather. Precipitation may occur on other celestial bodies. Saturn's largest satellite, Titan, hosts methane precipitation as a slow-falling drizzle, which has been observed as Rain puddles at its equator and polar regions. Types Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle,",
"title": "Precipitation"
},
{
"docid": "46591747",
"text": "The finite water-content vadose zone flux method represents a one-dimensional alternative to the numerical solution of Richards' equation for simulating the movement of water in unsaturated soils. The finite water-content method solves the advection-like term of the Soil Moisture Velocity Equation, which is an ordinary differential equation alternative to the Richards partial differential equation. The Richards equation is difficult to approximate in general because it does not have a closed-form analytical solution except in a few cases. The finite water-content method, is perhaps the first generic replacement for the numerical solution of the Richards' equation. The finite water-content solution has several advantages over the Richards equation solution. First, as an ordinary differential equation it is explicit, guaranteed to converge and computationally inexpensive to solve. Second, using a finite volume solution methodology it is guaranteed to conserve mass. The finite water content method readily simulates sharp wetting fronts, something that the Richards solution struggles with. The main limiting assumption required to use the finite water-content method is that the soil be homogeneous in layers. The finite water-content vadose zone flux method is derived from the same starting point as the derivation of Richards' equation. However, the derivation employs a hodograph transformation to produce an advection solution that does not include soil water diffusivity, wherein becomes the dependent variable and becomes an independent variable: where: is the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity [L T−1], is the capillary pressure head [L] (negative for unsaturated soil), is the vertical coordinate [L] (positive downward), is the water content, (−) and is time [T]. This equation was converted into a set of three ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using the Method of Lines to convert the partial derivatives on the right-hand side of the equation into appropriate finite difference forms. These three ODEs represent the dynamics of infiltrating water, falling slugs, and capillary groundwater, respectively. Derivation A superior derivation was published in 2017, showing that this equation is a diffusion-free version of the Soil Moisture Velocity Equation. One way to solve this equation is to solve it for and by integration: Instead, a finite water-content discretization is used and the integrals are replaced with summations: where is the total number of finite water content bins. Using this approach, the conservation equation for each bin is: The method of lines is used to replace the partial differential forms on the right-hand side into appropriate finite-difference forms. This process results in a set of three ordinary differential equations that describe the dynamics of infiltration fronts, falling slugs, and groundwater capillary fronts using a finite water-content discretization. Method essentials The finite water-content vadose zone flux calculation method replaces the Richards' equation PDE with a set of three ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These three ODEs are developed in the following sections. Furthermore, because the finite water-content method does not explicitly include soil water diffusivity, it necessitates a separate capillary relaxation step. Capillary relaxation represents a free-energy minimization process at the pore scale that produces no advection beyond the REV scale. Infiltration fronts With",
"title": "Finite water-content vadose zone flow method"
},
{
"docid": "19950228",
"text": "Chhatiwan is a Village Development Committee in Doti District in the Seti Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3000 residing in 478 individual households. The name for this VDC comes from a lake that is situated in the village of Chhatiwan. This lake has fresh drinking water and teamed with various kind of fish. Lately due to the deforestation and soil erosion, this lake is being filled with all debris coming in due to the flash flood from its North side of the mountain. Budar is the major town of this VDC and at this town Dadeldhura and Jogbuda roads cross. Some of the major villages in this VDC are Budar, Ritha, Phaltude, Dharapani, Chhatiwan, Chhahara and many others. There are two small mountain streams that eventually meet up at Deujaal. A stream that comes from the Chhahara village has a wonderful water fall. The name of the water fall itself is Chhahara. In Nepali \"Chhahara\" means water fall. Once in a year there is a special festival at the foot of this water fall where people from many surrounding villages come and celebrate throughout the night. The festival begins in the evening and people sing, dance and merry all through the night. This is also the night when lovers elope if the family does not agree for their marriage. Along the stream grows a plant called \"sisnu\". This plant has mild poisonous element and once the Caterpillar type of hairy things get stuck in the skin, the skin will be burning for a long time. But the belief is that once in a year after the festival you have to be stung by that plant so that you will remain healthy throughout that year. So, people will be chasing each other in the morning to torture each other with that plant. Some times drinking creates big fights among the villager. Chhatiwan VDC is also popular for a model school in far west Nepal. Rampur School is the oldest school and now it has school for the disabled children for the whole of Far west. There is also an Army School in Budar. During the construction of Dadeldhura Highway, Budar was very important place as it was the headquarters for the road construction department. References External links UN map of the municipalities of Doti District Populated places in Doti District",
"title": "Chhatiwan, Doti"
},
{
"docid": "10855472",
"text": "Düden Waterfalls are a group of waterfalls in the province of Antalya, Turkey. The waterfalls, formed by the recycle station water, are located northeast of Antalya. They end where the waters of the Lower Düden Falls drop off a rocky cliff directly into the Mediterranean Sea. A group of Düden Waterfalls consists of two waterfalls, Upper Düden Waterfalls and Lower Düden Waterfalls. Upper Düden Waterfalls Location and access The waterfalls has the following geo coordinates: . The entrance to the park with the waterfalls is located at 21. Cd. road in Şelale Mahallesi. Gallery Lower Düden Waterfalls Location and access The waterfalls has the following geo coordinates: . The waterfalls is located in Düden Park. Düdenbaşı Waterfall karstic system At the 28th and 30th kilometre markers () of the old route from Antalya-Burdur (which goes through Döşemealtı town), two big karstic sources appear. These sources, Kırkgözler and Pınarbaşı, merge after a short flow and disappear into Bıyıklı Sinkhole. Some of the sinkholes can swallow a river or lake. In this region, the Suğla (Konya) big sinkhole and the Bıyıklı sinkhole output . This quantity is the output of Kırkgöz and Pınarbaşı springs at inundation. The water, which disappears at Bıyıklı Sinkhole, travels underground and comes out again at Varsak pit. After a very short fall, it disappears again from the other end. The water which disappears at Varsak goes underground for 2 km (1.2 mi) and comes out again at Düdenbasi, by pressure made by a syphon. The water which falls from Düdenbasi is the water coming from Kepez Hydroelectrical Complex. A regulator built in front of the Bıyıklı Sinkhole directs the waters of Kırkgözler and Pınarbaşı into a canal to the Kepez Hydroelectric Plant, where a pressure pipe carries it to a balancing funnel and drops it over the plant's turbines. The water from the plant's discharge unit is brought to Düdenbaşı again by a long canal, where it forms artificial cascades. From there the amount of water is that of a large river. Seven irrigation trenches distribute the water to land north-east of Antalya. After Düdenbasi, the waters of Düdençay separate into a number of streams and finally, east of Antalya, cascade from a platform into the Mediterranean. A park surrounds these waterfalls. They can be seen from the sea by taking a boat trip from Antalya yacht harbour. See also The Düden River References External links Antalya and Waterfalls Waterfalls of Turkey Tourist attractions in Antalya Landforms of Antalya Province",
"title": "Düden Waterfalls"
},
{
"docid": "18089114",
"text": "En Swasa Kaatre () is a 1999 Indian Tamil-language romantic crime film written and directed by K. S. Ravi. The film stars Arvind Swamy and Isha Koppikar, while Raghuvaran, Prakash Raj and Thalaivasal Vijay play supporting roles. The film was produced by newcomers R. M. Sait and Ansar Ali, friends of composer A. R. Rahman. The film was released on 26 February 1999 and did average commercial business. Plot A seemingly down-to-earth man, Arun, leads a life of a computer hacker by day and a thief by night. When he meets Madhu, whom he fancies, he wishes to turn over a new leaf. But Arun's rogue foster brother Guru, who has been blackmailing him since young to do his dirty deeds, does not think likewise. A deep love-hate relationship between them which unfolded during their childhood days, traps Arun into a life of crime. How Arun chooses between his family and love forms the crux of the story. Cast Production In 1998, composer A. R. Rahman signed on to work with his friends R. M. Sait and Anwar Ali's Love Letter, with speculation suggesting that Rahman was producing this film along with his friends. Rahman suggested to his friends to instate K. S. Ravi as director, having previously worked with him in Mr. Romeo (1996). The project went through production troubles, with three of Arvind Swamy's projects at the time – Engineer, Mudhal Mudhalaaga and Sasanam – also in a similar situation. The film was soon retitled En Swasa Kaatre and was rumoured to be partially based on the Mission Impossible films. Isha Koppikar was meant to mark her debut with the film but the delays prompted her other films to release before En Swasa Kaatre. Director Kathir had scouted for an actress in North India to play the lead role in his venture Kadhalar Dhinam and had auditioned Isha Koppikar for the role. He subsequently recommended her to his friend K. S. Ravi to cast her in En Swasa Kaatre. Sonali Bendre replaced Kopikkar in Kadhalar Dhinam. The film was also delayed due to a dispute between Arvind Swamy and Nikaba Films, the producers. Nikaba had omitted to pay Arvind Swamy's remuneration for acting in the film, and the actor promptly got a stay order on the release of the producer's next film Ooty. Music The soundtrack was composed by A. R. Rahman. Parts of the song \"En Swasa Katre\" are syncopated as in Carnatic music compositions. In the Theendai song, Rahman had used a similar religious chant which had carnatic allusions like the ones in Enigma (Germany), which had Gregorian chants. The song \"Jumbalakka\" was reused in the Hindi film Thakshak. It was also featured in the 2019 film Kaithi where it became a trend in Tamil Nadu after its release. \"Kadhal Niagra\" was reused with change in instrumentation and vocals and with a considerable extend in length as \"Kay Sera Sera\" in Pukar. A slightly revised version of \"Thirakatha\" was a song that was used in the",
"title": "En Swasa Kaatre"
},
{
"docid": "13956956",
"text": "Twice-Told Tales is a 1963 American horror anthology film directed by Sidney Salkow and starring Vincent Price. It consists of three segments, all loosely adapted by producer/screenwriter Robert E. Kent from works by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Plot Each of the three sequences is introduced by Vincent Price (in a voice-over). Price also stars in all three narratives. \"Dr. Heidegger's Experiment\" Two elderly friends, Carl Heidegger (Sebastian Cabot) and Alex (Price), meet to celebrate Heidegger's 79th birthday. They discover that Heidegger's fiancée from 38 years before, Sylvia (Mari Blanchard), is perfectly preserved in her coffin. Heidegger believes that the water dripping into the coffin has the power to preserve. He tries it on a withered rose and it comes back into full bloom. Carl and Alex drink it and become young again. Carl injects the liquid into Sylvia and she comes back to life. Sylvia reveals that she and Alex were secretly lovers. Carl attacks Alex, but Alex kills him in the struggle. The effects of the water wear off. Sylvia is reduced to a desiccated skeleton, Carl's body returns to its original age. Alex returns to the crypt to find more of the water, but it no longer flows. \"Rappaccini's Daughter\" In Padua, Giacomo Rappaccini (Price) keeps his daughter Beatrice (Joyce Taylor) in a garden. A university student next door, Giovanni (Brett Halsey), sees her and falls in love. One of Giovanni's professors says that he used to teach with Rappaccini. Many years ago, Rappaccini abruptly quit academia and became a recluse after his wife ran away with a lover. Rappaccini has treated Beatrice with an exotic plant extract that makes her touch deadly; he does this to keep her safe from unwanted suitors, but it makes her a prisoner in her own home. When Rappaccini sees the attraction between Giovanni and Beatrice, he surreptitiously treats Giovanni with the extract so they can be together. Giovanni is aghast, and obtains an experimental antidote from his professor. He consumes the antidote in front of Beatrice, but it kills him. Beatrice drinks it also, killing herself. Rappaccini grabs the exotic plant with both hands and its touch kills him. \"The House of the Seven Gables\" Gerald Pyncheon (Price) returns to his family house after an absence of 17 years, bringing with him his wife Alice (Beverly Garland). His sister Hannah (Jacqueline deWit), who had been living in the house, tells Alice about the curse put upon Pyncheon men by Mathew Maulle, who used to own the house but lost it in a shady deal to the Pyncheon family. Jonathan Maulle (Richard Denning), a descendant of Mathew, arrives, but he refuses Gerald's offer to give him the house in exchange for the location of a vault where valuable property deeds are stored. Alice becomes haunted by the curse on the house, which eventually leads her to the cellar. Gerald finds her there and, lifting up the basement grave of Mathew Maulle, discovers the map to the vault. He kills Hannah to keep her share",
"title": "Twice-Told Tales (film)"
},
{
"docid": "65355241",
"text": "Jiu Jitsu is a 2020 American science fiction martial arts film directed and co-written by Dimitri Logothetis and starring Alain Moussi, Frank Grillo, JuJu Chan, Tony Jaa and Nicolas Cage. The film is based on the 2017 comic book of the same name by Dimitri Logothetis and Jim McGrath. The film was a box office bomb, grossing less than $100,000 against a budget of $25 million, and was critically panned. Plot Every six years, an ancient order of expert Jiu Jitsu fighters faces a vicious race of alien invaders in a battle for Earth. For thousands of years the invaders have lost to Earth's defenders, up until now. Earth's future is in jeopardy. In a jungle in Burma (Myanmar), Asia, Jake Barnes, a celebrated war hero, is running away from shuriken under the command of Brax, the powerful invader leader. Jake ends up on an oceanside cliff, where he is hit by the stars, falls into the ocean, hits his head and blacks out. Wylie, a senior Jiu Jitsu fighter, rescues Jake from the water and gives him over to the care of two Burmese fishermen. They stitch up Jake's cuts and take him to a nearby military outpost, assuming that he came from there. After foreboding miscommunication between an inexperienced translator and one of the fisherwomen, Jake is left at the outpost and starts to regain consciousness. But he must regain his strength! Puzzled by the mention of a comet that comes every six years and a hole in a temple opening, the operatives set about figuring out where Jake came from. An intelligence officer, Myra, tries to interrogate Jake but he appears to have amnesia, with no recall of events leading to his being found in the water. After a fight sequence Myra injects Jake with a truth serum, but this proves ineffective on what he divulges. She decides it is probable that he actually does not remember, but while discussing this with other operatives, Keung, advanced Jiu Jitsu fighter, begins to work his way through the base, besting fist and gun alike. Keung is unfazed by repeated attacks by men in balaclavas and fatigue uniforms, who he lays flat. Gunfire and the sound of feet against chests, heads and the like alert Myra and the others that indeed something is up. After more fighting, Keung approaches Jake who he recognizes with a special handclasp. Keung exclaims \"We gotta go\" and Jake accepts this chance to leave his captors. Their departure from the base confirms that Jake, too, is skilled in the art of using his limbs in defense against others. Jake then reunites with three other fighters who seem to know him but he does not remember who they are or what his mission is. As they try to leave to head back to their base, soldiers turn up again. The three other fighters defeat the entire unit easily but Jake gets grabbed by Myra. She tried questioning him again back at the military base but he",
"title": "Jiu Jitsu (film)"
},
{
"docid": "6965405",
"text": "The River Doe is a river in North Yorkshire, England. The river's source is near God's Bridge close to the settlement of Chapel-le-Dale and flows through Twisleton in a south-westerly direction to Ingleton, where it meets the River Twiss to form the River Greta. The river forms part of the River Lune system that flows into the Irish Sea. Course The source of the river is found at a place named God's Bridge where Chapel Beck disappears underground and the Doe begins. The river flows southwest, fed by several small unnamed springs on the valley sides. The first named tributary is Light Water Spring which feeds northwest into the river near a disused quarry. Near Twisleton Dale House, the river can be crossed by some stepping stones at a fording point as well as some later near the disused granite quarry. Further downstream near Twisleton Hall, there is another set of stepping stones at a fording point just above Beezley Falls. After flowing under a footbridge, there are another set of falls, Snow Falls, just below the quarry which is operated by Hanson. The river continues past several disused quarries and a footbridge until it reaches the town of Ingleton where it forms a confluence with the River Twiss. Falls Beezley Falls are reached approximately from the source at God's Bridge. These falls consist of a series of cascades, including the triple spout, running through Baxengyhll Gorge. Rival Falls has a plunge pool known as the Black Hole. The steepest drops are between and approximately. Snow Falls are situated in the lower gorge about downstream and has similar drops. Geology The main rock of the river valley is turbidite sandstone with some siltstone which are prevalent in the waterfalls and plunge pools. These lay on a bed of Precambrian sedimentary rock which show evidence of its oceanic origins in the ripple and folding marks on exposed surfaces. Habitat The river is home to Brown trout. From Beezley falls to Snow falls, the sides of the gorge are lined with a variety of trees and shrubs. Gallery References Doe, River 2Doe",
"title": "River Doe"
},
{
"docid": "14284769",
"text": "The Walchensee Power Plant () is a hydroelectric power station in Bavaria, Germany. It is a storage power station that is fed water from the Walchensee which is then released into the Kochelsee. The installed capacity is 124 MW with an annual production of 300 GWh. The power plant is south of Kochelsee, about from the village of Walchensee. It is one of the largest of its kind in Germany and has been owned by Uniper Kraftwerke GmbH since 2016. Technical operation The power station uses the hydraulic head of about between the Walchensee (acting as the upper reservoir, at above sea level) and the Kochelsee ( a.s.l.) to generate electricity. Through six, ducts connecting the two natural lakes, the water flows to the hydro-electric plant's four Pelton water turbines with single-phase generators, and four Francis water turbines with three-phase generators, and then exits into the Kochelsee. Because the water level constantly changes, neither lake fully freezes in the winter; what does freeze on the lakes is potentially hazardous thin ice. The natural outflow of the Walchensee at Niedernach — over the Jachen to the River Isar — is blocked by a weir, but the natural inflow to the lake is still insufficient to provide enough water to the reservoir for the operation of the power station, so the waters of the Rißbach river are also used. Isar transfer The Isar, which flows as a whitewater river from the Austrian part of the Karwendel mountains, is dammed between Mittenwald and Krün by a weir to form the Krüner Isar reservoir () and is then diverted to the Walchensee. This water flows past the Krün hydroelectric plant in an open channel, through a culvert, under the B 11 road at Wallgau and then via a tunnel to the Sachensee lake (). Here a 3.9 kilometer long penstock begins. At the end the water enters the hydro-electric power plant at (), propels the turbines, and finally flows into the lake. Rißbach transfer The Rißbach comes from the northern part of the Karwendel mountains, where it gathers the water of smaller streams in the Ahornboden area. After crossing the border between Tirol and Bavaria, and immediately after the inlet of the Fermersbach, a 6960 m lug carries water to the hydro-electric power plant at Niedernach at the southeast end of the Walchensee. The power station has been in operation since 1951. Distinctive features The main road from the village of Walchensee to Urfeld runs below the steep slopes of the Herzogstand. Construction had to withstand the pressure exerted by the Walchensee on the embankment, so that the road did not slide away. If the water level in winter falls due to outflow through the Walchensee power station, use of the road by trucks is limited by weight restrictions. In spring plant operators are obligated to increase the water level again in such a way that traffic restrictions — primarily affecting tourism — can be lifted or penalties are imposed. During winter operators must",
"title": "Walchensee Hydroelectric Power Station"
},
{
"docid": "18779111",
"text": "A faucet aerator (or tap aerator) is often found at the tip of modern indoor water faucets. Aerators can simply be screwed onto the faucet head, creating a non-splashing stream and often delivering a mixture of water and air. History The aerator was invented by Greek engineer Elie Aghnides. Function An aerator can: Prevent splashing Shape the water stream coming out of the faucet spout, to produce a straight and evenly pressured stream Conserve water and reduce energy costs Reduce faucet noise Increase perceived water pressure (often used in homes with low water pressure); sometimes described as a pressure regulator or flow regulator Provide slight filtration of debris due to a small sieve plate Splash prevention When a single stream of water hits a surface the water must go somewhere, and because the stream is uniform the water will tend to go mostly in the same direction. If a single stream hits a surface which is curved, then the stream will conform to the shape and be easily redirected with the force of the volume of water falling. Adding the aerator does two things: it reduces the volume of falling water which reduces the splash distance, and it creates multiple \"mini-streams\" within the main stream. Each mini-stream, if it were falling by itself, would splash or flow in a unique and different way when it hit the surface, as compared to the other mini-streams. Because they are all falling at the same time, the streams will splash in their own way but end up hitting other splash streams. The resulting interference cancels out the majority of the splashing effect. Conservation and energy reduction Because the aerator limits the water flow through the faucet, water usage is reduced compared to the same duration of flow without an aerator. In the case of hot water, because less water is used, less heat energy is used. Perceived water pressure The perception of water pressure is actually the speed of the water as it hits a surface (the hands, in the case of hand washing). When an aerator is added to the faucet (or fluid stream), there is a region of high pressure created behind the aerator. Because of the higher pressure behind the aerator and the low pressure in front of it (outside the faucet), due to Bernoulli's principle there is an increase in velocity of the fluid flow. Process Aeration occurs in two basic steps: Air is drawn into the water stream, breaking the stream into a flow of tiny droplets mixed with air. The mixture of air and water passes through a screen, further mixing the air and water and evenly spreading out the resulting stream. Design and features Three major components of an aerator are: housing, insert and rubber washer. A faucet aerator can be classified on the basis of its flow rate and the type of water stream (aerated, non-aerated, spray) it produces. In general, standard-sized aerators are available with female (M22x1) or male threading (M24x1). Bathtub spouts often",
"title": "Faucet aerator"
},
{
"docid": "1249014",
"text": "Knife in the Water () is a 1962 Polish psychological thriller film co-written and directed by Roman Polanski in his feature debut, and starring Leon Niemczyk, Jolanta Umecka, and Zygmunt Malanowicz. Its plot follows a husband and wife who are accompanied on a boating trip by a young male hitchhiker, who spurs a number of escalating confrontations between the couple. The film was nominated for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and is Polanski's only Polish-language feature to date. Knife in the Water has garnered acclaim from film critics since its release, and is one of Polanski's best-reviewed works. American filmmaker Martin Scorsese recognized the film as one of the masterpieces of Polish cinema and in 2013 he selected it for screening alongside films such as Andrzej Wajda's Ashes and Diamonds and Innocent Sorcerers in the United States, Canada and United Kingdom as part of the Martin Scorsese Presents: Masterpieces of Polish Cinema festival of Polish films. Plot Andrzej (Leon Niemczyk) and Krystyna (Jolanta Umecka) are driving to a lake to go sailing when they come upon a young man (Zygmunt Malanowicz) hitchhiking in the middle of the road. After nearly hitting him, Andrzej invites the young man along. When they arrive at the lake, instead of leaving the young man behind, Andrzej invites him to go sailing with them. The young man accepts the offer, and, not knowing much about sailing, must learn many hard lessons from Andrzej. Meanwhile, tension gradually builds between Andrzej and the hitchhiker as they vie for the attentions of Krystyna. The title refers to the major turning point in the film when Andrzej taunts the young man with the latter's treasured pocket knife, which is accidentally lost overboard. A fight ensues between Andrzej and the hitchhiker, and the latter falls into the water. Andrzej and his wife search for him but cannot find him and assume that he has drowned since earlier he said that he could not swim. Andrzej and his wife quarrel about what to do, and Andrzej swims to shore to fetch the police. When the young man realizes that Andrzej has gone, he comes out from hiding behind a buoy on the lake and swims to the yacht. There he sees Krystyna naked, drying off. He boards the yacht, and Krystyna tells him he is as bad as Andrzej, but sexual attraction wins out and they have sex, off-screen. Krystyna sails back to the dock, and the man jumps off and goes on his way before Andrzej appears and takes charge again. He wants to go to the police to report the young man missing. Krystyna tells him that the young man returned and she was unfaithful. Andrzej does not know what to believe, and at the road junction, where they would turn one way to return home and another to go to the police station, the car does not move. Cast Leon Niemczyk as Andrzej Jolanta Umecka as Krystyna Zygmunt Malanowicz as Young Man Anna Ciepielewska as Krystyna",
"title": "Knife in the Water"
},
{
"docid": "50226791",
"text": "Bob: A Life in Five Acts is a play written by actor and playwright Peter Sinn Nachtrieb. The play was the winner of the 2010 Barrie and Bernice Stavis Award from the National Theatre Conference. It follows the life and adventures of Bob, a man certain of his destiny for greatness, as he struggles to find his purpose. Divided into five acts, each section of the play corresponds with a period in Bob's life. In 2012, it was published by Dramatists Play Service, Inc. Plot Act One “How Bob is born, abandoned, discovers his dream, and almost dies.” Bob's birth mother, Helen, unaware that she is pregnant, goes into labor at a White Castle, leaving Bob on the bathroom floor. Bob is subsequently discovered by Jeanine, an infertile waitress who received fortune cookie that she would be the mother to “a great man,” decides to raise the child as her own. Determined to fulfill the prophecy, Jeanine educates Bob by raising him in her Chevy Malibu as she drives around the country, stopping at notable points where American legends achieved their greatness. Just as Bob decides that his dream is to be immortalized on a plaque, Jeanine dies on the steps of the Art Institute of Chicago and begs Bob to burn her body. Bob does so, only to be questioned by a policeman named Connor, Jeanine's ex-boyfriend. Upon realizing the body is Jeanine's, Connor gives Bob a wedding ring intended for Jeanine and leaves. Then, a manic Helen appears and steals all of Bob's belongings, including his pants – unaware that he is her son. Bob then falls into the back of a truck and travels across the country, unconscious. Act Two “How Bob does not die, comes of age at a rest stop, pursues his dream, falls in love and has his heart broken.” Bob awakes on the ground of the William Borroughs Memorial Rest Stop in Mound City, Missouri. His many encounters with passersby inspire him to find his purpose, hoping to be immortalized on a plaque for his dedication to taking care of the rest stop. He enters puberty and falls in love with a socialite named Amelia. Amelia, who is also trying to find her sense of purpose by accomplishing a list of wild tasks prior to her arranged wedding, decides to stay with Bob for a couple weeks. However, she ultimately decides to leave him in order to accomplish her dream - most especially filling a jar with water from the Pacific Ocean - on her own. Unbeknownst to Bob, she does so at the cost of her life, and dies on a raft in the Pacific Ocean. Bob is heartbroken at his breakup, but determined to find his own call to greatness as well. Act Three “How Bob journeys across America, tries to do everything on his list, fails, meets an important man, and turns his back on everything he believes.” Act three begins as four waitresses use Bob for sex, revolting him.",
"title": "Bob: A Life in Five Acts"
},
{
"docid": "24885251",
"text": "Vasudhara Falls is a waterfall situated near Badrinath, in Uttarakhand, India. Geography Uttarakhand is surrounded by waterfalls. Vasudhara waterfall is set in the background of a 145 m cliff. Nearby mountains are Chaukhamba, Nilkantha and Balakun. The falls flow into the river Alaknanda, flowing towards Badrinath Temple. The distance from Badrinath to Vasudhara is 9 km. The height of this waterfall is . Satopanth glacier sits near the bottom of Vasudhara. Satopanth Tal is 25 km from Badrinath. Laxmi van (forest) is on the way to Satopanth glacier from Vasudhara. History 'Vasu' refers to Lord Vishnu's Vasudeva. Dhara (river in Sanskrit) means \"path of the river\", so \"the path of Lord Vishnu\". In Hinduism, the legend says that lewania is a 2 person soul. It is also the place where Sage Vedavyasa divided the Vedas into four Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva. The water of this spring does not touch the body of sinners. For this reason, Hindus take the water of this spring with them. Sinners should stay away. It is said that if the holy water of this spring starts falling on you, then you are a virtuous soul. The one on whom it falls is considered to be entitled to salvation and because of this, devotees stand under this holy waterfall. This spring is considered to have a flavor like nectar because its water has been enriched by Ayurvedic herbs, such that the person on which its water falls becomes healthy. Hindus keep holy water at their homes to use in religious practices. The Pandavas passed through Ehi on their way to Swargarohini Yatra. Sahadeva gave up his life near Vasudhara. They reached two hills, but could not cross them. Mahabali Bhima was the most powerful among them, so he picked up a boulder and threw it between the two hills, making an enormous bridge, allowing them to continue towards heaven. From Tawi the bridge is called Bhempul. Asthavasu was described in the Puranas, one of whom meditated there. He received Shri Krishna as his son. He became Nand Baba in Dvapara Yuga, Vasudhara is Nand Baba's favorite meditation place. Access Mana Village and Vasudhara Fall are usually accessible to tourists from the second week of May to October or November when Badrinath temple is open to the general public. Badrinath is accessible by motor vehicles from Rishikesh, the nearest railway station. Trekking The three-hour trek starts from Mana village. After passing Saraswati Mandir, the trek becomes very steep, allowing views of Vasudhara river valley. The route is stony with some grass and shrubs in the sides. Even on a bright sunny day, the weather is mildly cool and breezy (during June to August). Sometime misty and fog may appear. A light jacket is advised for late evening hours. References Waterfalls of Uttarakhand Geography of Chamoli district",
"title": "Vasudhara Falls"
},
{
"docid": "11264877",
"text": "Haapi, also Haip and Ha'ip was a commissioner of the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. The name \"Hapi\" in Egyptian is the name for the Nile god Hapi. Haapi is referenced in 3 letters from the Byblos-(Gubla) corpus of the prolific writer Rib-Hadda, of 68 letters. Haapi is also referenced in letter EA 149 of Abimilku of Tyre-(Surru), (EA for 'el Amarna'). The following letters are referenced to Haapi/Ha'ip: EA 107—Title: \"Charioteers, but no horses\"–Rib-Hadda letter, (no. 36 of 68). Note: see Maryannu; in letter: mar-i(y)a-nu-ma, =charioteer. EA 132—Title: \"The hope for peace\". –Rib-Hadda letter, (no. 61 of 68). See: Egyptian commissioner: Pahura. EA 133—Title: \"Some advice for the king\"–Rib-Hadda letter, (no. 62 of 68). EA 149—Title: \"Neither water nor wood\"–Abimilku letter no. 4 of 10. The letters of commissioner: Haapi/Ha'ip EA 149, \"Neither water nor wood\", letter no. 4 of 10 Letter no. 4 of 10 by Abimilku of Tyre. To the king-(i.e. pharaoh), my lord, my Sun, my god: Message of Abimilku, [yo]ur servant. I fall at the feet of the king, [m]y lo[rd], 7 times and 7 times. I am the dirt under the feet and sandals of the king, my lord. O king, my lord, you are like the Sun, like Baal, in the sky. May the king give thought to his servant. The king, my lord, charged me with guarding Tyre-(\"Surru\"), the maidservant of the king, but after I wrote an express tablet-(i.e. tablet-letter), to the king, my lord, he has not replied to him. I am a commissioner of the king, my lord, and I am one that brings good news and also bad (news) to the king, my lord. May the king send 20 palace attendants to guard his city in order that I may go in to the king, my lord, and see his face. What is the life of a palace attendant when breath does not come forth from the mouth of the king, his lord? But he lives if the king writes [t]o his servant, and he lives [for]ever. For my part, [si]nce last year [my intention has been] to go in [and beho]ld the face of the king, my lord, [but Zimredda-( of Sidon/Siduna), the p]rince, [heard about m]e. He made [my caravan] turn back [fro]m the king, my lord, [saying, \"Who c]an get you in [to the king?\" Hea]r, my lord! Aziru, [the son of Abdi-Ašratu, [the re]bel against the king, [has taken possession of Sumur. Haapi [...] ...[g]ave Sumur [t]o Aziru. May the king not neglect [th]is city and his land. When I hear the name of the king and the name of his army, they will be very afraid, and all the land will be afraid, that is, he who does not follow the king, my lord. The king knows whether you installed me as commissioner in Tyre. (Still), Zimredda seized Usu from (his) servant. I abandoned it, and so we have neither water nor wood. Nor is there a place where we can put the",
"title": "Haapi"
},
{
"docid": "2662485",
"text": "The Witch of Blackbird Pond is a children's novel by American author Elizabeth George Speare, published in 1958. The story takes place in late 17th-century New England. It won the Newbery Medal in 1959. Plot summary In April 1687, 16-year-old Katherine Tyler (known as Kit) leaves her home in Barbados after her grandfather dies and a 50-year-old man tries to marry her. She relocates to Wethersfield, Connecticut to live with her Aunt Rachel, Uncle Matthew, and her two cousins, Judith and Mercy, in their Puritan community. A brief stop is made in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, to pick up four new passengers. As the small rowboat returns to the ship, a young girl named Prudence accidentally drops her doll in the water and begs her harsh mother, Goodwife Cruff, to get it back for her. Impulsively, Kit jumps into the water and retrieves the doll. She is then met with astonished suspicion, as few white people in Connecticut could swim so well. Cruff is the most skeptical of them all, believing Kit is a witch, commenting, \"No respectable woman could stay afloat like that.\" On the slow trip upriver, Kit befriends John Holbrook, another passenger coming to Wethersfield to study with the Reverend Gershom Bulkeley. Kit finds Wethersfield very different from Barbados. Unlike at her previous home, where Kit's family owned servants and slaves, she is expected to work here along with the rest of the family. Her cousin Mercy has a lame leg and is on crutches. Kit is required to attend the Sabbath church meetings twice each Sunday, which she finds dull. Kit meets a rich young man, William Ashby. He begins courting her, though she does not care for him. Originally, her cousin Judith had hoped to marry William, but she focuses on John Holbrook, a divinity student studying with Bulkeley. Kit's life improves when she and Mercy begin teaching some young children of Wethersfield, who are preparing for traditional school. Everything proceeds well until one day, bored with the normal lessons, Kit decides the children will reenact a passage from the Bible: the parable of the Good Samaritan. The head of the school, Eleazer Kimberly, enters the house just as things get out of hand. He is outraged at Kit for having the audacity to act out something from the Bible and shuts down the school. Heartbroken, Kit flees to the meadows where she meets and befriends the kind, elderly Hannah Tupper, who was outlawed from the Massachusetts colony because she is a Quaker and does not attend church meetings, as well as being suspected of being a witch. With Hannah's support, Kit convinces Kimberly to give the school another chance. As fellow outcasts, Kit and Hannah develop a deep bond, and even after her uncle forbids Kit to continue the friendship, she keeps visiting Hannah. During one of her visits, Kit again meets the handsome Nathaniel (Nat) Eaton, son of the captain of the Dolphin. Without realizing it, she falls in love with him, and though",
"title": "The Witch of Blackbird Pond"
},
{
"docid": "3602322",
"text": "Donald and Pluto is a 1936 animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and distributed by United Artists. The film stars Donald Duck, employed as a plumber, and Mickey's dog Pluto as his assistant. The film was directed by Ben Sharpsteen and featured the voice of Clarence Nash as Donald. Donald and Pluto is one of the three installments of the Mickey Mouse series in which Mickey does not appear as a character; the others are 1937's Don Donald and Modern Inventions. The cartoon also introduced Fred Spencer's new design for Donald Duck, which included a slimmer body, shorter neck, rounder feet, and a shorter bill. Plot Donald is a plumber fixing pipes in the basement of a house. Donald first has trouble with pulling his hammer off a magnet, which it gets stuck to. When he unscrews the lid covering the pipe, water spurts out and hits Donald in the face, angering him. To stop the flow, Donald uses the magnet to pull a larger hammer toward himself, which he uses to put on another lid to the hole. In doing so he accidentally wakes Pluto and later accidentally pulls Pluto's bone away from him. While Pluto wrestles with the magnet to get his bone back, he swallows the magnet and gets his bone stuck to his bottom. As he fights to get the bone, he tumbles into the pile of furniture Donald is standing on, causing Donald to come crashing to the ground. Pluto eventually runs into the kitchen and the magnet inside him causes many cooking items to be pulled onto his rear. Pluto's erratic actions eventually cause the dishes to fall off, but his bone continues getting stuck to him and annoying him. As he tries to get it off, he backs into the clock and gets stuck to it. After breaking free of the clock by destroying it, he pulls a much smaller alarm clock to him. He engages in a fight with the clock, soon realizing that if he makes minor movements along the wall rear-end first the clock will not come to him. However, he trips over a rolling pin and the clock sticks to him again, but he loses it in a polar bear rug. His dish sticks to him again and the magnetism causes knives and forks to come out of a drawer and chase him. The chase eventually causes Pluto to end up in the basement again. There, the magnet inside him sucks the nails out of the ladder Donald is standing on, causing it to fall apart under his feet. Donald falls into a tank and is pulled out through a wringer. After an angry outburst he gets stuck to Pluto's bottom and is dragged into the roof of the basement. Pluto is chased by the angry Donald through the house and onto the roof, where the magnetism causes Donald to be pulled into the roof and along the ceiling with the floor separating the two (it looks",
"title": "Donald and Pluto"
},
{
"docid": "20453454",
"text": "There are four prominent waterfalls in the basin of a short tributary of Sulphide Creek, on the southeast flank of 9,127-foot (2,781m) Mount Shuksan in North Cascades National Park, Washington. Seahpo Peak Falls and Cloudcap Falls, the taller two of the three, are located on separate streams that converge and plunge over Rockflow Canyon Falls. The unnamed outlet stream from these waterfalls flows into Sulphide Creek, which flows into the Baker River. Another waterfall is Jagged Ridge Falls, on a tributary of the unnamed stream. Seahpo Peak Falls Seahpo Peak Falls, at , is an intermittent waterfall on an unnamed glacial stream coming off Seahpo Peak. The largest (but not tallest) of the waterfalls on Mount Shuksan, it stands about 2,200 feet (670m) high and has 6 distinct tiers, the largest of which drops about 500 sheer feet (152m) . It is located near the five waterfalls of Sulphide Basin. Its name stems from a Chinook Jargon word meaning \"cap\". Cloudcap Falls Cloudcap Falls, at , is a cascade that drops about 2,400 feet (731m) and runs 5000 feet (1524m) off Jagged Ridge near Mount Shuksan. Although it is slightly taller than Seahpo Peak Falls, it is more seasonal and has a smaller volume, and is essentially a long cascade that does not have any prominent vertical drops. Rockflow Canyon Falls Rockflow Canyon Falls, at , is a 200-foot (60m) horsetail located where the water from Seahpo Peak Falls and Cloudcap Falls converges. It is the final waterfall on the drainage before it empties into the Baker River. In some months it is seen in tandem with a seasonal waterfall of similar height. Jagged Ridge Falls See also List of waterfalls by height Sulphide Creek Falls Notes Waterfalls of Washington (state) North Cascades of Washington (state) Waterfalls of Whatcom County, Washington North Cascades National Park",
"title": "Mount Shuksan Waterfalls"
},
{
"docid": "11091446",
"text": "Tess of the Storm Country is a 1922 silent film starring Mary Pickford, directed by John S. Robertson, and based upon a Grace Miller White novel. It is a remake of Pickford's film from eight years prior and was subsequently remade a decade later as a sound version starring Janet Gaynor. Plot 17-year-old Tess Skinner is the daughter of a squatter, and wealthy man Elias Graves, who owns the land, is trying to get rid of them and the other squatter families. Tess is just as determined to make sure they all stay. Elias, however, grows more stubborn with failure. His determination to disperse the squatters has become an obsession. He is determined to kick them out of his land, not caring they don't have another place to go to. Graves' son, Frederick, is on her side and doesn't think about squatters the way his father does. Frederick's sister Teola fears her father, who thinks obedience is more important than love. She has fallen in love with law student Dan Jordan and one night lets Dan understand that they cannot wait any longer to marry as she is pregnant with his child. Dan promises that they will run away together if Elias won't agree to them marrying. Dan tries to win over Teola's father's trust in him by suggesting he can throw the squatters off his land, because they are catching fish illegally. Frederick, meanwhile, is charmed by Tess and admits he could really fall for her if she would get cleaned up. When men come to the Skinner residence to find proof they're netting, Tess hides the evidence her father is a fisherman. Later, they become hungry and Tess' father decides to start fishing again. He is discovered by Dan Jordan who in return is shot to death by Ben Letts. Ben thereafter blames Tess' dad for the shooting, who is consequently arrested. Tess is crushed and takes it out on Elias when he announces he will do anything for her dad to pay the penalty. When the trial starts, Tess is crushed she isn't allowed to visit her father. Later, on the way home, Ben Letts forces himself up to her as her future husband, despite the fact Tess is unwilling to marry him. She tries to escape when her dog comes to her rescue, attacking Ben. Ben vows vengeance. Now that Tess is all alone, Frederick keeps her company and they fall in love. Elias finds out and tells Fred he doesn't want to have anything to do with him anymore. Frederick announces he is planning on marrying Tess as soon as he finishes college. Meanwhile, Teola, devastated and pregnant with Dan's child out of wedlock, has walked down to the river to commit suicide but cannot bring herself to do it when she suddenly and accidentally slips and falls into the river anyway. Tess, discovering Teola fighting in the water, jumps in and saves her and brings her to the cottage where the baby is born,",
"title": "Tess of the Storm Country (1922 film)"
},
{
"docid": "40733295",
"text": "The Worthy (Arabic: المختارون, alMukhtarun) is a 2016 Arabic thriller film directed by Ali F. Mostafa, and produced by Image Nation. The movie was released on 23 February 2017 in the Middle East. Plot The Worthy is a narrative film that describes what will happen in a post-apocalyptic future where political conflicts go out of hand. The story begins with a truck driver that goes by the name of Shoaib (also known as Abu Eissa) picking up a stranger. The stranger warns him of what danger is to come due to these conflicts taking frightening twists. Shoaib listens to the man's advice and takes his two children Eissa and Maryam to seek shelter. One of the political parties decides to make matters worse by contaminating the water supply. Most of the population dies out of fear and hunger in the upcoming years; however Shoaib and his family along with seven others find shelter with clean water in an abandoned airplane factory. One night, Shoaib, Eissa, his righthand man Qais and Daoud encounter bandits who hold a vulnerable woman as bait; Shoaib falls victim to this but two other survivors passing by, Mussa and Gulbin, save him. Shoaib invites them in for food and shelter as guests and debates with the others whether to keep them permanently. Eissa insists they keep them as they saved his father's life, while the others say they cannot be trusted. Maryam states she doesn't trust Mussa, as Gulbin−who does not speak the common tongue−is scared of him. Jamaal, another survivor in the factory, mentions that Mussa still has a knife on him. The group has a rule, that weapons must be locked in a cabinet. When Shoaib asks for the knife, Mussa kills him, shouts that the earth is only for the worthy, and leaves. Mussa starts killing off the survivors, first by turning off the water supply and booby-trapping its valve. Raed, a former teacher, dies and Daoud is injured. Jamaal distrusts Gulbin and falls out with Eissa who takes a liking towards Gulbin. Eissa, who is now leader, expels him. Later, Eissa, Qais, and Reya (Raed's wife) go in search of water. They discover Jamaal tied and mutilated. This turns out to be another trap, which leads to Reya's death. Eissa and Qais return to the factory to find Gulbin, who was on watch, bleeding. Qais stays with her, while Eissa goes to help the others. He finds them dead except his sister, Maryam. She has a noose around her neck and is standing on a plane wing with Mussa on the other side. So he has a choice either kill Mussa and risk losing Maryam or save her and be killed. Maryam sacrifices herself and Mussa is killed. Eissa goes back to Qais and Gulbin to find him dead and Gulbin standing there; she speaks the common tongue and was the mastermind. She explains this was a test to find people to join their group (alif-yaa) who are going to build civilization",
"title": "The Worthy"
},
{
"docid": "6828382",
"text": "Long, Broad and Sharpsight or Long, Broad, and Quickeye is a Bohemian fairy tale, collected and published by Karel Jaromír Erben in 1865 in Sto prostonarodních pohádek a pověstí slovanských and also by Louis Léger in Contes Populaires Slaves. Synopsis An aging king tells his one son that he wishes to see him married before he dies. The son replies that he does not know a suitable bride, so the king sends him to a tower room that has not been opened in years. There he finds windows showing beautiful women, and a curtain over one window. He pulls away the curtain and falls in love with the woman he sees there. He tells his father, who tells him he should have left that window curtained, because the woman is the prisoner of an evil sorcerer, in an iron castle, but the prince has given his word and must try to rescue her. On the way, he meets a man who wants to be taken into his service; his name is Long, and he can extend himself, and shows it by taking down a nest from a tall tree. The prince lets him come along. He also meets Broad, who can make himself grow until he is as large as a mountain, and Sharpsight, who keeps his eyes bandaged because he can see through the bandage, and without it his gaze would set things afire, or break them into pieces. The prince takes them into his service as well. They reach the iron castle, and as soon as they are inside, the gates close. They find many men, turned to stone, and food laid out. As nobody is there, they eat the food. The sorcerer appears with the woman and tells them they can have the princess if they could keep her from escaping for three nights. The prince tries to talk to her, but she does not answer. As the trio falls asleep, she vanishes, but Sharpsight spots her; she has turned into an acorn on an oak tree. Long brings her back. The wizard is furious. The next day, she becomes a precious stone on a mountain, but again Sharpsight sees her, and Long brings her back. The wizard is furious again. The third night, she becomes a golden ring on a shell in the sea. Long brings Broad with him, and Broad, making himself broad, drinks up the sea, while Long gets the ring. On the way back, however, he cannot carry Broad, but drops him. All the water comes out, and Broad barely manages to avoid drowning, but they eventually make it back. The sorcerer turns into a crow, and all the people turned to stone comes back to life. The prince takes the woman home and marries her. Long, Broad, and Sharpsight leave his service and go on to seek their fortune. Translations and versions Slavicist Louis Léger translated the tale as Long, Large et Clairvoyant, in his Contes Populaires Slaves, and indicated its origin",
"title": "Long, Broad and Sharpsight"
},
{
"docid": "28366781",
"text": "The Husband Who Was to Mind the House is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in their Norske Folkeeventyr. It is Aarne-Thompson type 1408 The man who does his wife's work. Synopsis A husband complains so much about his wife that she suggests that he stay home and do her work. He agrees. He starts to churn butter, but decides to get ale. He hears the pig upstairs, runs to stop it, but does not arrive in time to keep it from overturning the churn, and forgets the ale, which runs all over the cellar. He gets more milk to churn, but remembers that the cow is still in the barn. Since he cannot take her to the meadow, he decides to put her on the sod roof. He carries the churn to keep the baby from overturning it, but he goes for water for the cow, and spills all the milk down the well. It is near dinner and he doesn't have any butter. He sets on the water to boil for porridge, but goes up to tie the cow so she won't fall off, and ties the end of the rope to himself. He goes to grind grain for the porridge, but the cow falls off, and because he has run the rope through the chimney, it drags him up. The wife returns and cuts the rope so the cow comes down, but she finds her husband with his head stuck in the pot. References Norwegian fairy tales ATU 1350-1439 Asbjørnsen and Moe",
"title": "The Husband Who Was to Mind the House"
},
{
"docid": "2545361",
"text": "Prettyboy Reservoir is a reservoir in the Hereford Zone of northern Baltimore County, Maryland. While the reservoir is in Baltimore County, the independent city of Baltimore owns the reservoir and the surrounding land. The reservoir is one of three reservoirs created to supply the municipal water system for Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and northern Anne Arundel County constructed by the Baltimore City Department of Public Works. Prettyboy Reservoir, along with Loch Raven Reservoir further down the Big Gunpowder Falls, provide about 61% of the drinking water for the Baltimore metropolitan area system; for this reason, the Prettyboy is considered a \"source water\" or drinking water watershed. The reservoir contains about of water on average. The water from Prettyboy Reservoir is transferred to Loch Raven via Gunpowder Falls rather than directly to Baltimore. It is then transferred via tunnel from Loch Raven to the Montebello Filtration Plants in Baltimore for treatment and distribution. Prettyboy Dam, completed in 1932, impounds the Gunpowder Falls to create the Reservoir. The dam has a spillway crest elevation of above mean sea level and covers about . According to tradition, the reservoir was named after a settler's horse, Pretty Boy, who drowned in a nearby creek. Parts of the Gunpowder River watershed also serve as Gunpowder Falls State Park. The reservoir area serves as land for hiking, mountain biking, road cycling, fishing, and boating. Hunting is also permitted, though limited to archery with a special permit. Swimming in the reservoir is prohibited. Sport bike riders and sports car enthusiasts also use the roads in the parklands that surround the reservoir. Kayak and tubing enthusiasts float or paddle the Lower Gunpowder Falls from the dam down to Falls Road or Masemore Road. The river between those two points contains mainly Flatwater to class II rapids, but one section contains a class III when the water level is normal or higher. Heavy spring rains mean that both gates at the dam may be opened to allow excess water through. Increased water levels make for excellent kayaking because of the narrow width of Gunpowder Falls' valley. Officers of the Special Department of Public Works, and occasionally Baltimore Police Department officers, patrol all three of the metropolitan area's watersheds. On June 23, 2008, Prettyboy Reservoir became the site of the first rescue performed by the Baltimore County Fire Department using a helicopter with rescuers dangling from a rope. The victim was a 30-year-old woman who had injured herself while walking her dog. The department had just been trained in the rescue two weeks prior to the incident. References External links Prettyboy Watershed Alliance Where does the water come from? Metro Reservoir Anglers, Inc. Protected areas of Baltimore County, Maryland Chesapeake Bay watershed Reservoirs in Maryland Bodies of water of Baltimore County, Maryland",
"title": "Prettyboy Reservoir"
},
{
"docid": "952467",
"text": "The Jump River is a small rocky river in north-central Wisconsin. In the late 19th century it was used to drive logs down to the Chippewa River. Today it is recreational, rambling through woods and farmlands, used mostly by fishermen and paddlers. Geography The Jump is formed at the confluence of the North Fork Jump River and the South Fork Jump River in southwestern Price County, Wisconsin. From there it flows approximately 25 miles (40 km) through Rusk, Taylor and Chippewa counties, emptying into the Holcombe Flowage and joining the Chippewa River, and eventually the Mississippi. Communities along the river are Sheldon, Jump River, and Prentice. History The origin of the river's name is the source of minor local controversy. Some say that the name comes from the jumping water in the many rapids which mark nearly the upper half of its course. Others maintain that the river was so-named because a 19th-century forest fire jumped the river. Still others suggest that log drivers named it for the way the water level \"jumps\" up and down rapidly after rains and thaws. Its name in Ojibwe does not shed light on its present name either, since the Ojibwa call this stream Manidoons-ziibi (\"Little Spirit River\"). Indians lived along the Jump in the early years, growing little plots of crops on the river bottoms. Jump River Falls (Big Falls) was once thought the likely rapids where Father René Menard disappeared in 1661 while trying to reach a band of refugee Hurons near Lake Chelsea. Current thought is that he more likely disappeared at the dells of the Big Rib River, in the southeast corner of Taylor county. Logging on the Jump had begun by 1858. Before that the Jump River valley was covered by heavy forest. The first surveyors in the mid-19th century found hemlock, yellow birch, sugar maple, white pine, black spruce, tamarack, white cedar, and other species, with hemlock most common. Crews cut the white pine first and stored the logs through the winter, then drove them down the river to mills at Chippewa and Eau Claire. Logs were driven from April to July. For the winter of 1888 to 1889, the Chippewa Logging Company and Mississippi River Logging Company estimated the cuts on various branches to be: The last logs were driven down the Jump around 1903. The less buoyant species have been logged ever since, hauled out by rail and truck. The first bridge across the Jump was the Wisconsin Central Railway's trestle at Prentice, built in the 1870s. The \"Black Bridge\" above the village of Jump River's swimming hole was built in 1899 and 1900. The SM&P Railway bridge at Jump River was built in 1904. The Range Line wagon bridge in Jump River was built in 1909. It was wrecked by an ice jam in 1913 and repaired. The Albert bridge on what is now county H was built in 1912. The La Follette Bridge just east of Jump River opened in 1933. The worst flood",
"title": "Jump River"
}
] | [
"Great Lakes"
] |
train_56967 | when was the name of calcutta changed to kolkata | [
{
"docid": "2604140",
"text": "The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in India. It is located at Esplanade Row West, Kolkata, West Bengal. It has jurisdiction over the state of West Bengal and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The High Court building's design is somewhat based on the Lakenhal (Cloth Hall) in Ypres in Flanders, Belgium. Currently, the court has a sanctioned judge strength of 72. History The Calcutta High Court is one of the three High Courts in India established at the Presidency Towns by Letters patent granted by Queen Victoria, bearing date 26 June 1862, and is the oldest High Court in India. It was established as the High Court of Judicature at Fort William on 1 July 1862 under the High Courts Act, 1861, which was preceded by the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William. The building structure was designed by Walter Long Bozzi Granville. Despite the name of the city having officially changed from Calcutta to Kolkata in 2001, the Court, as an institution retained the old name. The bill to rename it as Kolkata High Court was approved by the Union Cabinet on 5 July 2016 along with the renaming of its two other counterparts in Chennai and Mumbai. The Bill called High Courts (Alteration of Names) Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 19 July 2016 and is yet to be passed by both Houses of Parliament. Hence, the High Court still retains the old name. Principal seat and benches The seat of the Calcutta High Court is at Kolkata, capital of West Bengal. As per the Calcutta High Court (Extension of Jurisdiction) Act, 1953, the Calcutta High Court's jurisdiction was extended to cover Chandernagore (now called Chandannagar) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as of 2 May 1950. The Calcutta High Court extended its Circuit Bench in Port Blair, the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and in Jalpaiguri, the divisional headquarters of the North Bengal region. On 7 February 2019, President Ram Nath Kovind finalised the opening of the other circuit bench in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal with the jurisdiction area within 5 districts- Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and Cooch Behar. Chief Justice The current Chief Justice of the court is Justice T. S. Sivagnanam. Sir Barnes Peacock was the first Chief Justice of the High Court. He assumed the charge when the court was founded on 1 July 1862. Justice Romesh Chandra Mitra was the first Indian officiating Chief Justice and Justice Phani Bhushan Chakravartti was the first Indian permanent Chief Justice of the court. The longest-serving Chief Justice was Justice Sankar Prasad Mitra. List of chief justices For chief justices of the previous Supreme Court of Bengal see Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William. Judges The court has a Sanctioned strength of 72 (Permanent:54, Additional:18) judges. Judges Elevated to the Supreme Court of India- Judges Transferred/Elevated from the Calcutta High Court- Sitting Judges of Calcutta High Court- Building The neo-Gothic High Court building was constructed",
"title": "Calcutta High Court"
},
{
"docid": "73346230",
"text": "Chengiz is an 2023 Indian Bengali-language period action crime thriller film co-written and directed by Rajesh Ganguly from a story written by Neeraj Pandey. It is produced by Jeet, Gopal Madnani and Amit Jumrani. It stars Jeet, Susmita Chatterjee, Rohit Roy and Shataf Figar. The music was composed by Kaushik Guddu and Aneek Dhar, with the action sequences by Stunt Silva. Chengiz was theatrically released in India on 21 April 2023 in Bengali, along with its dubbed version in Hindi. It is the first Bengali film to be released simultaneously in Bengali and Hindi languages. It was a box-office success and became the highest grossing Bengali film of 2023. Plot 1976: One day, Jaidev Singh finishes a gangster named Rashid Khan, a henchman of a local councillor, in order to avenge his parents' death and steps into the Calcutta underworld at the age of 16 where he starts working for a powerful gangster Md. Omar alias Nalli Bhai and also changes his name as Chengiz. 1970: Earlier, when Jaidev was 10 years old, his parents were killed by a local goon named Rashid Khan at Durgapur, and then inspector Samir Sinha adopted him as his son, as being a maternal uncle. 1995: After working with Nalli Bhai, Chengiz starts to establish his own crime ring across West Bengal, UP and Bihar, but his life changes when he has to deal with his maternal uncle ACP Samir Sinha, who is appointed to eradicate Chengiz's crime ring. A cat-and-mouse game goes on between Jaidev and his maternal uncle for years. 2001: Chengiz managed to escape from Calcutta somehow in disguise and the police failed to arrest him, for which he used Daniel D'Souza since their faces were quite identical. 2022: At Marakkesh, Morocco, Jaidev alias Chengiz (now old) is seen having lunch at a hotel in the end scene, thus implying that he is still operating some parts of Kolkata from there itself (proving himself to be an era of the Calcutta underworld) and always keeping a constant close watch on his uncle Samir Sinha. Cast Jeet in dual role as Jaidev Singh aka Chengiz, a dreaded underworld gangster of Calcutta Daniel D'Souza, a software engineer Ayush Das as teenage Jaidev Singh Rohit Roy as ACP Samir Sinha Susmita Chatterjee as Nandini Sen, Chengiz's girlfriend-cum-wife Rooqma Ray as Debjani, Debu and Rupali's daughter Shataf Figar as Mohammad Omar alias Baren Nalli, Central Kolkata gangster Indrajit Mazumder as Mughal Abbas Sudip Mukherjee as Commissioner Amit Dhar Biswarup Biswas as Arun Roy aka Kallu, an assassin Annine Sen as Pubali, Ispahani's wife Ayesha Bhattacharya as Sonali, Andrew's wife Mousumi Das as Rupali, Debu's wife Avrajit Chakraborty as Ispahani Sam Mukherjee as Andrew Brazgana Tuhin Ghosh Chakraborty as teenage Andrew Brazgana Suvosmita Mukherjee Soundtrack The soundtrack consists of three original songs composed by Aneek Dhar and Kaushik-Guddu, namely, \"Widda\", \"Ebhabe Ke Daake\" and \"Ragada\". Lyrics are written by Pranjal Das and Prosen. The first song \"Widda\" was released on 27 March 2023 in Bengali and",
"title": "Chengiz"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "4388523",
"text": "The Tipu Sultan Shahi Mosque (also known as Tipu Sultan Masjid) is a famous mosque in Kolkata, India named after Tipu Sultan the ruler of Mysore. Located at 185 Dharamtalla Street, the mosque is a relic of architectural and cultural heritage. Construction This building was built in 1842 by Prince Ghulam Mohammed, the youngest son of Tipu Sultan. An identical mosque, which was earlier built in 1835 by him is at Tollygunge. The Ghulam Mohammed Wakf Estate manages the two mosques now. At first, Ghulam Mohammed used his own money to purchase a land in the central area of Calcutta and Built this mosque in 1842, in memory of his father Tipu Sultan. A news was also published on the occasion of the purchase. This mosque is a relic of the architectural and cultural heritage of Kolkata. In early 80's Tipu Sultan Masjid was damaged due to constructions works of Kolkata Metro Railway in the Esplanade area. The move was regarded as a highly communal stand of the state govt. Nonetheless, after that, fearing backlash, a committee was formed to repair the mosque. Afterwards, the Mosque was restored with the joint effort of Tipu Sultan Shahi Masjid Protection & Welfare Committee and the Metro Railway. Background Tipu Sultan (20 November 1750 – 4 May 1799) was the ruler of Mysore and well known as a scholar and poet. Tipu Sultan Mosque was built here in Calcutta (now Kolkata) by his 11th son Prince Gholam Mohammed. He was the ruler of Mysore but why his youngest son built this mosque in memory of his father, far away from Mysore here in Calcutta. There is a history behind this. Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the South Indian Deccani Kingdom of Mysore, was engaged in a series of wars with the British East India Company, which had sought trade favours from Tipu at first, and later tried to annex his kingdom by military force. After the last war, with Tipu's death on the battlefield and six years after Tipu's death, the entire family was exiled to Calcutta by the British Government. During that period the capital of Mysore Srirangapatnam was captured by British Army. Son of Tipu Sultan, Gholam Mohammed was a child when arrived in Calcutta. He was a man of varied qualities. He was also involved in many public works and associated with a committee formed for maintenance of roadways and buildings. Restoration efforts The Tipu Sultan Shahi Masjid Protection & Welfare Committee was founded in the late 1980s by Seraj Mubarki, Mohammad Sharfuddin, to inform people about the damage caused to the mosque by the Metro railway. This committee is headed by Sami Mubarki as its chairman. The committee was established to negotiate with the Kolkata Metro authorities to repair the damage caused by the construction underneath the building. The authorities agreed to demolish the damaged part of the mosque and rebuild it. Community relations The Tipu Sultan Shahi Masjid Protection & Welfare Committee, under the guidance of Janab Sami",
"title": "Tipu Sultan Mosque"
},
{
"docid": "4464731",
"text": "The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC) is the Kolkata-based flagship company of the RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group, born from the erstwhile RPG Group, under the chairmanship of businessman Sanjiv Goenka. It is an Indian electricity generation and the sole distribution company serving of area administered by the Kolkata municipal corporation, in the city of Kolkata, as well as parts of Howrah, Hooghly, 24 Parganas (North) and 24 Parganas (South) districts in the state of West Bengal. It also serves power distribution in Kota, Bikaner and Bharatpur in Rajasthan under the name CESC RAJASTHAN. It serves 3.0 million consumers approximately, which includes domestic, industrial and commercial users. History The first demonstration of electric light in Calcutta was conducted on 24 July 1879 by P W Fleury & Co. In 1881, 36 electric lights lit up a Cotton Mill of Mackinnon & Mackenzie. The Government of Bengal passed the Calcutta Electric Lighting Act in 1895. The first license covered an area of . On 7 January 1897 Kilburn & Co. secured the Calcutta electric lighting license as agents of The Indian Electric Company Limited. The company soon changed its name to the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Limited and in 1897, The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Limited was registered in London. On 17 April 1899, the first thermal power plant of The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Limited was commissioned at Emambagh Lane near Prinsep Ghat, heralding the beginning of thermal power generation in India. The Calcutta Tramways Company switched to electricity from horse-drawn carriages in 1902. Three new power generating stations were started by 1906. In 1931, CESC Tunnel was made under Hooghly River for electric power transmission from Kolkata to Howrah. The company was shifted to the Victoria House in Dharmatala, Kolkata in 1933, and still operates from this address. In 1970, the control of the Company was transferred from London to Calcutta. In 1978 it was named \"The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (India) Ltd.\" The RPG Group was associated with The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (India) Limited from 1989, and the name was changed from The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (India) Limited to CESC Limited. In 2011, CESC became a part of the RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group, which was formed on 13 July 2011 by Sanjiv Goenka, the youngest son of Dr RP Goenka, the late founder of RPG Enterprises. Operations Load-shedding (interruption of power supply due to shortage of electricity) was common in Kolkata during the 1970s and 1980s. But from 1990s, the situation had improved and the Calcutta power grid has progressively given better performance and fewer outages. CESC owns and operates 4 thermal power plants generating a total of 1,225 MW of power. It also operates two 20 MW gas turbine units as a Peak Load Power Plant to compensate the need for additional power demand during the peak hours. The company has also established its footprint in unconventional energy with a 9 MW solar project in Gujarat and a 50 MW wind project in Rajasthan. It is also developing",
"title": "CESC Limited"
},
{
"docid": "1089964",
"text": "The Asiatic Society is a Government of India organisation founded during the Company rule in India to enhance and further the cause of \"Oriental research\" (in this case, research into India and the surrounding regions). It was founded by the philologist William Jones on 15 January 1784 in a meeting presided over by Justice Robert Chambers in Calcutta, the then-capital of the Presidency of Fort William. At the time of its foundation, this Society was named as \"Asiatick Society\". In 1825, the society was renamed as \"The Asiatic Society\". In 1832 the name was changed to \"The Asiatic Society of Bengal\" and again in 1936 it was renamed as \"The Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal\". Finally, on 1 July 1951, the name of the society was changed to its present one. The Society is housed in a building at Park Street in Kolkata (Calcutta). The Society moved into this building during 1808. In 1823, the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta was formed and all the meetings of this society were held in the Asiatic Society. History In January 1784, Sir William Jones sent out a circular-letter to a selected number of British residents of Calcutta with a view to establish a society for the Asiatic studies. At his invitation, 30 British residents met in the Grand Jury Room of the Supreme Court (in Calcutta's Fort William) on 15 January 1784. The meeting was presided over by Sir Robert Chambers. At this meeting, Jones explained the aims of the Society he would establish. The Memorandum of Articles of the Asiatic Society, prepared by Jones said:<ref name=r>Chakrabarty, R. (2008). The Asiatic Society:1784-2008, An Overview in Time Past and Time Present: Two Hundred and Twenty-five Years of the Asiatic Society''' Kolkata: The Asiatic Society, pp.2-24</ref> The bounds of investigations will be the geographical limits of Asia, and within these limits its enquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by man or produced by nature.Notable early members were Charles Wilkins and Alexander Hamilton (the cousin of the American statesman). Initially, the Grand Jury Room of the Supreme Court was used for the meetings of the members, who had to pay a quarterly fee of two mohurs. The members were elected through ballot-voting. On 29 September 1796, the Society decided to have its own building. J.H. Harrington, then vice-president, selected the corner of Park Street and Chowringhee Road (present location) for the Society's house. The site was granted to the Society on 15 May 1805. The original plan for the new building was prepared by Captain Thomas Preston. The French architect Jean-Jacques Pichou made certain modifications to it and constructed a two-storeyed building at the site. This 15,071 ft² building was built at a cost of Rs. 30,000. The first quarterly meeting of the Society for 1808 was held at its new building on 3 February 1808. From 1784 to 1828, only Europeans were elected members of the Society. In 1829, at the initiative of H.H. Wilson, a number of Indians were elected",
"title": "The Asiatic Society"
},
{
"docid": "62862929",
"text": "The Department of Urban Development & Municipal Affairs is a West Bengal government department. It is an interior ministry mainly responsible for the administration of the urban development and municipal affairs in West Bengal. List of Municipal Corporation Kolkata Municipal Corporation Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Howrah Municipal Corporation Chandannagar Municipal Corporation Durgapur Municipal Corporation Asansol Municipal Corporation Siliguri Municipal Corporation List of Development Authority Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority Newtown - Kolkata Development Authority Gangasagar - Bakkhali Development Authority Tarkeswar Development Authority Furfura Sharif Development Authority Burdwan Development Authority Asansol - Durgapur Development Authority Mukutmanipur Development Authority Haldia Development Authority Midnapore - Kharagpur Development Authority Digha - Sankarpur Development Authority Birsingha Development Authority Mohabani Development Authority Sriniketan - Santiniketan Development Authority Tarapith - Rampurhat Development Authority Bakreswar Development Authority Patharchapuri Development Authority Siliguri - Jalpaiguri Development Authority Gazoldoba Development Authority Changrabandha Development Authority Jaigaon Development Authority History The urban governance through the ‘Urban Local Bodies' (ULBs) i.e. Municipal Corporations, Municipalities and Notified Area Authorities , in the state of West Bengal dates back to British regime in 18th.century. The first municipal mechanism created during British rule was the Municipal Corporation, set up in the former presidency town of Madras (today Chennai) in 1688 with a view to transfer the financial responsibility of local administration to the newly created corporation. The Mayor's Courts were established in each of the three Presidency towns, Madras, Bombay and Calcutta through the Royal Charter of 1720. In 1882, the then Victory of India, Lord Ripon's resolution of local self-government laid the democratic forms of municipal governance in India. The current form and the structure of municipal bodies are based on Lord Ripon's Resolutions, which was adopted in 1882 as local self-government. The Government of India Act, 1919 incorporated the need for conferment of power to a democratically elected government. This act has another development towards the evolution of urban local bodies in India. In 1935, another Government of India Act brought the local government under the purview of the state of the provincial government and specific powers were given, to those local self-governments. As a matter of fact, Kolkata Municipal Corporation or “KMC” (earlier known as Calcutta Municipal Corporation) is one of the oldest municipal bodies of the country. In 1726, a Mayor's court was established by a Royal Charter. With the expansion of British Government by making Calcutta as a capital of British India in 1773, the municipal services grow up. In 1847 the electoral system was introduced for the first time and the idea of Calcutta Corporation begins to start. In 1876 a new Corporation was created with 72 Commissioners. In 1923, Corporation stands its existence by important changes by Rashtraguru Surendranath Bannerjee, the 1st minister for local self government. The Calcutta Corporation act, 1980 changed the existing system of the corporation. This alteration was more effective and more systematic so far municipal service is concerned, which came into force in 1984. References Government departments of West Bengal West Bengal",
"title": "Department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs"
},
{
"docid": "1970747",
"text": "Tangra is a region in East Kolkata that traditionally housed many tanneries owned by people of Hakka Chinese origin. Overview \"47 South Tangra Road\", may be the most confusing postal address, as it used to cover the whole of Chinatown Tangra with over 350 tanneries. Most of the standing structures have been built, over many years, by the industrious Hakka Chinese, upon marshy and reclaimed low-lying land. Over the past several decades, it has served as the location of Calcutta's Chinatown. This is not a coincidence; the Hakka Chinese of Calcutta have gradually turned this part of the Kolkata into an important destination for sourcing finished and semi-finished leather. The Hakka Chinese specialized in the manufacture of leather and turned it into one of the major industries of West Bengal, providing employment to tens of thousands of local inhabitants. In addition to the huge volume of exports to the developing and developed countries, finished leather is supplied to the major shoe and leather goods manufacturers all over the country. Many made-to-order shoe shops in Kolkata are also run by entrepreneurs from this community. Amidst the Chinese establishments and restaurants, there is a very old and auspicious 'Kali Mondir'. The temple is situated near Kim Fa restaurant and Relax Foreign Liquor Shop. This temple is visited by both Chinese and Hindu devotees. One needs to be there to experience the spectacle of two cultures harmoniously doing business generation after generation. Food from Tangra is a distinct variety of traditional Hakka Chinese cuisine adapted to Indian ingredients and the Bengali palate. This has spread to the rest of India, along with the recipes earlier unique to Tangra. Tangra is now the most popular destination for Chinese food. Chinese food sold in Tangra restaurants are now known all over the world as \"Hakka Style\" Chinese food. Kolkata Chinatown is changing rapidly. The population is no longer renewed by waves of migration and many traditional professions such as dentistry, laundry and tannery are no longer the preserve of the Chinese. The West Bengal government, under direction from the Supreme Court, recently moved all tanneries to Bantala, a suburb in the east of Kolkata. However, Tangra has been an integral part of the culture of the Chinese community in India. The success of \"Hakka style\" Chinese food in the rest of India encouraged a migration of many Chinese families to other cities as the economic fortunes of Tangra decayed. Many landmark Chinese eateries, including Nanking, Waldorf, Peiping and Fat Mama have closed or changed hands and fortunes. The once prosperous Calcutta Chinese community is now clearly in decline. However, a boom in Tangra's unique Indian-Chinese food is attracting a lot of attention these days and the cuisine will probably live on in Kolkata and in the global Indian Diaspora. The Cha Project, is designed to preserve Tiretti Bazaar and develop Tangra. History The East India Company obtained from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar, in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of",
"title": "Tangra, Kolkata"
},
{
"docid": "56600913",
"text": "The Bengal Hurkaru and Chronicle (often abbreviated Bengal Hurkaru) was an English-language newspaper published in Calcutta, British India, from 1795 to 1866. The paper was originally named The Bengal Hurkaru, but after its absorption of another Calcuttan paper, The Bengal Chronicle, in 1827, the named was changed. The paper's name uses the Bengali word hurkaru, which derives from the Persian harkara (messenger). The newspaper started out as a weekly, but became a daily on 29 April 1819. Most of the circulation was among the British military, merchants, and civil workforce, but a few subscribers came from the Bengali community as well. The paper absorbed Scotsman in the East in 1825, The Bengal Chronicle in 1827, and, finally, The India Gazette in 1834. See also Early phase of printing in Calcutta References External links Bengal Hukaru editions from 1805 to 1834 digitized by the Library of Congress Defunct newspapers published in India Publications established in 1795 Publications disestablished in 1866 Defunct daily newspapers English-language newspapers published in India Culture of Kolkata 18th century in Kolkata",
"title": "The Bengal Hurkaru and Chronicle"
},
{
"docid": "5563288",
"text": "Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (18 April 1809 – 26 December 1831) was an Indian poet and assistant headmaster of Hindu College, Kolkata. He was a radical thinker of his time and one of the first Indian educators to disseminate Western learning and science among the young men of Bengal. Long after his early death, his legacy lived on among his former students, who came to be known as Young Bengals and many of whom became prominent in social reform, law, and journalism. Biography Early life Henry Louis Vivian Derozio was born on 18 April 1809 at Entally-Padmapukur in Kolkata. His parents were Francis Derozio, a Christian Indo-Portuguese office worker, and Sophia Johnson Derozio, an Englishwoman. His original family name was \"do Rozário\". Derozio attended David Drummond Dharmatala Academy school from age 6 to 14. He later praised his early schooling for its liberal approach to education, particularly its unusual choice to teach Indian, Eurasian and European children from different social classes together as peers. Derozio's later religious skepticism is sometimes attributed to David Drummond, who was known as a freethinker. Derozio was a successful student: notices in the India Gazette and the Calcutta Journal at the time mentioned Derozio's academic excellence (including several academic prizes) and successful performances in student plays. While a student, he read the poetry of his contemporaries, John Keats, Percy Shelley, and Lord Byron. At age 14, Derozio left school to work. He initially joined his father's office in Kolkata, then shifted to his uncle's indigo factory in Bhagalpur. Inspired by the scenic beauty of the banks of the River Ganges, he started writing poetry, which he submitted to the India Gazette. His poetic career began to flourish, with poems published in multiple newspapers and periodicals, in 1825. In 1827, when Derozio was 18, the editor John Grant took notice of his poetry, offering to publish a book of his work and inviting him to return to Kolkata. He soon became an assistant editor for Grant, as well as publishing in several other periodicals, and founding his own newspaper, the Calcutta Gazette. Hindu College and Young Bengal In May 1826, at age 17, he was appointed teacher in English literature and history at the new Hindu College. Derozio's intense zeal for teaching and his interactions with students created a sensation at Hindu College. He organized debates where ideas and social norms were freely debated. In 1828, he motivated students to form a literary and debating club called the Academic Association. This was a time when Hindu society in Bengal was undergoing considerable turmoil. In 1828, Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj, which kept Hindu ideals but denied idolatry. This resulted in a backlash within orthodox Hindu society. Derozio helped discuss the ideas for social change already in the air. Despite his youth, he was considered a great scholar and a thinker. Within a short period, he drew around him a group of intelligent boys in college. He constantly encouraged them to think freely, to",
"title": "Henry Louis Vivian Derozio"
},
{
"docid": "38129665",
"text": "Salik Lucknawi (16 December 1913 – 4 January 2013) was the nom de plume of Shaukat Riaz Kapoor, an Indian Urdu poet and journalist. He was a recipient of the civilian honour of the Padma Shri. Early life Salik Lucknawi was born on 16 December 1913 in Lucknow. His father Tulsi Ram Kapoor converted to Islam and changed his name to Tareq Riaz Kapoor, four years before his birth. Lucknawi received a BA from St. Xavier's College, Kolkata and a BCom from City College, Kolkata and studied Persian at Lucknow University. In 1938, he was one of the founder members of the Progressive Writers Movement in West Bengal. His first collection of stories, Azra Aur Deegar Afsane came out in 1941. He was drawn to the vortex of the Quit India Movement in 1942 and spent 13 months in jail. In 1956 he started Abshaar and he was its chief editor till his death. Lucknawi also headed the Calcutta Muslim Orphanage for children and women. He founded the CMO High School and steered the Anjuman Taraqqui-e-Urdu. He served Kolkata Municipal Corporation as Alderman (1985-1990). Poetry Mere thakaan ko kyon maut kehte ho yaaron / Ek zara angrai li, kasmasai, aur so gaye. (Friends, why do you call my fatigue death / I tossed, turned and fell asleep). Published collection of Urdu poetry Azra Aur Deegar Afsane Be-Sar-O-Pa (Preposterous) References 1913 births 2013 deaths Urdu-language poets from India Writers from Lucknow City College, Kolkata alumni University of Calcutta alumni University of Lucknow alumni 20th-century Indian poets Indian male poets Poets from Uttar Pradesh Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education 20th-century Indian male writers Writers from Kolkata",
"title": "Salik Lucknawi"
},
{
"docid": "39869148",
"text": "The Kolkata Mail (via Chheoki) also known as Imperial Indian Mail during the pre-independence era, is a daily train running between two metro cities Kolkata, (Howrah station) in West Bengal and Mumbai, (Mumbai CSMT) in Maharashtra. Numbered 12321/22, the train belongs to the Mail category and is operated by Eastern Railways. Route This train travels through Barddhaman Junction, Asansol Junction, Dhanbad Junction, Gomoh Junction, Gaya Junction, Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction, Prayagraj Chheoki Junction, Katni Junction, Gadarwara, Itarsi Junction, Bhusaval Junction, Manmad Junction, and Kalyan Junction, to reach Mumbai CSMT, and vice versa. Traction A Howrah-based WAP-7 hauls the train end-to-end from Howrah to Mumbai CSMT and vice versa, via Gaya. Before 6 June 2015, this train was hauled by a Kalyan-based WCAM-3 locomotive from Mumbai CSMT to Igatpuri. History Kolkata Mail as it is known now is one of the oldest train of Indian Railways with service of 150 years. This train was started by the British Indian Government on 1 June 1867 and was operated by the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. At that time this train was known as the Imperial Indian Mail and use to carry British officers, civil servants, diplomats and their family members from the then Bombay to Calcutta. At that time it was one of the most luxurious train of British India and the world. Later on after independence the name was changed to Bombay Mail, which then subsequently changed to Mumbai Mail after rechristening Bombay to Mumbai. Being a very popular train, Indian Railways has to start another train by the same name but via Nagpur. Later on to avoid confusion, Indian Railways changed its name to Kolkata Mail. See also Dedicated Intercity trains of India External links Timetable Named passenger trains of India Rail transport in West Bengal Mail trains in India",
"title": "Kolkata Mail"
},
{
"docid": "908031",
"text": "Fort William is a fort in Hastings, Calcutta (Kolkata). It was built during the early years of Britain's administration of Bengal. It sits on the eastern banks of the River Hooghly, the major distributary of the River Ganga. One of Kolkata's most enduring British-era military fortifications, other than those in Bombay (Mumbai) and Madras (Chennai), it extends over an area of seventy hectares. The fort was named after King William III. In front of the Fort is the Maidan, the largest park in the country. An internal guard room became the Black Hole of Calcutta. Today the fort is the headquarters of Eastern Command of the Indian Army. History There are two Fort Williams. The original fort was built in the year 1696 by the British East India Company under the orders of Sir John Goldsborough which took a decade to complete. The permission was granted by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Sir Charles Eyre started construction near the bank of the Hooghly River with the South-East Bastion and the adjacent walls. It was named after King William III in 1700. John Beard, Eyre's successor, added the North-East Bastion in 1701, and in 1702 started the construction of the Government House (Factory, see Factory (trading post)) at the centre of the fort. Construction ended in 1706. The original building had two stories and projecting wings. In 1756, the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj Ud Daulah, attacked the Fort, temporarily conquered the city, and changed its name to Alinagar. This led the British to build a new fort in the Maidan. Robert Clive started rebuilding the fort in 1758, after the Battle of Plassey (1757); construction was completed in 1781 at a cost of approximately two million pounds. The area around the Fort was cleared, and the Maidan became \"the Lungs of Kolkata\". It stretches for around 3 km in the north–south direction and is around 1 km wide. The headquarters of the Indian Ordnance Factories was established in 1775 at Fort William. Today, Fort William is the property of the Indian Army. The headquarters of Eastern Command is based there, with provisions for accommodating 10,000 army personnel. The Army guards it heavily, and civilian entry is restricted. Much of Fort William is unchanged, but St Peter's Church, which used to serve as a chaplaincy centre for the British citizens of Kolkata, is now a library for the troops of HQ Eastern Command. A war memorial has been created at the entrance of the fort, and the fort also houses a museum which displays artifacts from the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, especially those related to the battles in the Eastern sector and the Bangladesh Liberation War. First Indian Masonic lodge In 1730, Ralph Farrwinter and other members of the East India Company opened the first Indian Masonic lodge, a short time after the creation of the Grand Lodge of England in 1717. Presidency of Fort William Structure The Fort is built of brick and mortar in the shape of an irregular octagon with an",
"title": "Fort William, India"
},
{
"docid": "10076790",
"text": "Gurusaday Dutt Road (or Gurusaday Road) is one of the areas of Kolkata. Its old name was Ballygunge Store Road. It was named after Gurusaday Dutt, an ICS officer and a Bengali patriot. Localities Gurusaday Dutt Road falls under the upscale locality of Ballygunge in South Kolkata. The Tagore Estate used to have large holdings in the area. Satyendra Nath Tagore, ICS's house on Gurusaday Dutt Road was later bought by the Birlas, and the house has now become The Birla Industrial & Technological Museum. Others like Sir K G Gupta ICS, Gurusaday Dutt ICS (founder of the Bratachari Movement – after whom the road was later named) also lived on Gurusaday Dutt Road. Birla Industrial and Technological Museum, on Gurusaday Dutt Road, was inaugurated in 1959 as the first popular science museum in Asia. Modelled on the Deutsches Museum, it has interactive popular science exhibits and a significant collection of historical industrial holdings in India. Its collection of old gramophones, sound recorders, telephones, steam engines, road rollers and other industrial machinery of the period 1880–1950 is very significant. The museum sports a vintage model of the Rolls-Royce Phantom make. It also actively organizes summer camps, awareness programs and astronomy observations for school children. The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club (originally the Calcutta Cricket Club) is the second oldest cricket club in the world, after the Marylebone Cricket Club. Founded in 1792 as the Calcutta Cricket Club, it merged later with the Calcutta Football Club (founded 1872) to become the Calcutta Cricket and Football Club, and is located on 19/1 Gurusaday Dutt Road. It has arguably the most picturesque cricket ground in Kolkata. Recent evidence in the form of an article in Hicky's Bengal Gazette, suggests the club existed in 1780 – which would make it the oldest cricket club in the world. It also has a set of fine restaurants, perhaps the most notable of them is one of Kolkata's well-known Chinese restaurant, Mainland China. Also nearby are Birla Temple and Gandhara Art Gallery. The Indo-German Chamber of Commerce is based at Uniworth House. Landmarks Birla Industrial & Technological Museum Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Birla Park (residential estate of The Birlas) 'The Empire' Complex Tagore Hall Kusum Apartments Uniworth House (houses Mainland China restaurant) Astral Apartments & Atria Shopping Plaza Isckon House References Roads in Kolkata",
"title": "Gurusaday Dutt Road"
},
{
"docid": "3556854",
"text": "Park Street, is a famous thoroughfare in downtown Kolkata, India. In Bengali, it is often referred as Shaheb -er Para or the “neighbourhood of Englishmen”.The street runs through what was a deer park of Sir Elijah Impey, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Calcutta from 1773 to 1789, hence the earlier name. It's located in central part of Calcutta. History Documented records of the throughfare can be traced back to 1760, when Kolkata (then Calcutta) was the capital of the British Empire in India. Since 1760, the street has been through several name changes. Previous names include 'Ghorustan ka Rasta', Vansittart Avenue and Burial Ground Road. Some 250 years ago, Park Street was known as Burial Ground Road and was not a preferred choice of residence, as there were a number of cemeteries in this area, the South Park Street Cemetery, opposite to it was the North Park Street Cemetery (now replaced by a school). Further west, there were two smaller cemeteries, one French and one Italian (now replaced by offices and schools). Park Street has been the main evening recreation zone for Kolkata people since the British era. In the 1970s and 1980s much of Kolkata's night life took place in Park Street, with many clubs and restaurants situated there. Many noted musicians had played at various popular night spots, such as Trinca's, Peter Cat, Oly Pub, Blue Fox, Mocambo and Moulin Rouge. Even before that, from the 1940s through to the late 1960s, Kolkata's prolific night life was centred on fashionable Park Street. The Park Hotel chain started with the opening of its first hotel, the 150 room The Park Hotel on 1 November 1967. The park street name coinage is assumed to be having association with such a history. Location and importance Park Street originates from Chowringhee Road (J L Nehru Road) and connects to Park Circus 7 point crossing in a south eastern direction. The portion of Park Street between Chowringhee Road and Mullick Bazar has been one of the city's attractions for years. Several important roads originate from/intersect at Park Street in the northward and southward directions, namely Russell Street, Middleton Row, Camac Street, Wood Street, Loudon Street and Rawdon Street towards the South and Free School Street, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road towards the North. Park Street also intersects AJC Bose Road at Mullick Bazar crossing and eventually goes to Park Circus from where other major roads such as Syed Amir Ali Avenue, Darga Road, Park Circus Connector starts and connects to important areas such as Ballygunge, EM Bypass and CIT Road. Park Street remains Kolkata's foremost dining district, with many restaurants and pubs. It is often known as \"Food Street\" and \"The Street that Never Sleeps\". In the last 15 years, many new restaurants, shopping malls, 5-star hotels and nightclubs have opened in other areas of the city and hence Park Street has lost much of its earlier attraction as being the numero uno entertainment hub of Kolkata. However, it is still one",
"title": "Park Street, Kolkata"
},
{
"docid": "4554505",
"text": "Khidirpur or Kidderpore is a neighbourhood of South West Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Etymology Most plausibly, the name is a corruption of Khidrpur or Khizarpur, Khizr/Khidr being the guardian saint of the seas to the fishing communities of Bengal. Another theory points out that the port probably got its name from James Kyd, a 19th-century engineer who designed and supervised the building of the lock gate that connects the nearby port to the Hooghly River. History Even after the British had set up their settlements in Kalikata, Sutanuti and Gobindapur, many independent zamindars survived till 1757. They held large landed properties in Gobindapur and elsewhere. When the Gobindapur area was cleared for the construction of the new Fort William, they had to be given alternative land elsewhere: Debs in Shobhabazar, the Thakurs in Pathuriaghata and Jorasanko, and the Ghosals in Bhukailas (Kidderpore). Gokul Ghoshal, the founder of the Bhukailas zemindar family, who was dewan of Harry Verest, left Gobindapur and built a palatial rajbati in Kidderpore and named it Bhukailas. In earlier days, thanas (police stations) also looked after the civic needs of the people. The earliest list of thanas in old Kolkata was prepared in 1785 and in 1888. These thanas were regrouped under 25 Police Section Houses. The 25 wards created under the Calcutta Municipal Act of 1889, precisely matched these divisions. In this area there were two Police Section Houses – at Watgunge and Ekbalpur. Writing in 1909, H.E.A. Cotton mentions, \"Kidderpore, which lies to the west of Alipore, is extensively populated principally by natives.\" In the early years of British rule, Kolkata port was a river anchorage where sailing ships would load and unload in mid-stream. The shore-based Calcutta jetties, with cranes and sheds, came into operation in 1869. In 1884, Kidderpore was selected as the site for the wet docks of the Port of Kolkata, and it was ready in 1892. King George (later renamed Netaji Subhas) Dock was added in 1928. Haldia Dock System is part of Kolkata port. Its first unit, Haldia oil jetty, was commissioned in 1969. Kolkata port was the premier port of India till the early 1950s. In 1950–51, out of the total traffic of 19.3 MT at all the major ports of the country, Kolkata handled 7.6 MT. In 1988–89, Kolkata handled 14.22 MT against 142 MT of all ports taken together. Calcutta Jetties were closed down in 1965–66. Garden Reach jetties have also been closed down. The total labour force of the port declined from 42,946 in 1967 to 25,761 in 1990. A red-light district has grown up near the port. In the field of Indian literature, this part of Kolkata produced three noted poets: Rongolal Bandhopadhyay, Hemchandra Bandopadhyay, and Michael Madhushudan Dutta. Michael Madhusudan Dutt (1824–1873) was born at Sagordari in Jessore District (now in Bangladesh), and came to Kolkata at the age of 7. After studying initially at Kidderpore School, he joined Hindu College in 1933. However, after converting",
"title": "Kidderpore"
},
{
"docid": "12112157",
"text": "Deba Prasad Mitra (29 December 1902 – 8 February 1978), son of Jyotirindraprasad Mitra (1869–1918), was a renowned clinical pathologist and religious and social worker connected with the Brahmo Samaj. His life and work were greatly inspired and stimulated by the lives of his grandfather Braja Sundar Mitra (1820–1875), the founder of the East Bengal Brahmo Samaj at Dhaka (now in Bangladesh) and an inaugurator of the New Age in Dhaka and Eastern Bengal as a whole, and also his mother's grandfather Sib Chandra Deb (1811–1890), a pupil of Henry Louis Vivian Derozio at the Hindu College, the Founder-Secretary of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, Kolkata, and pioneer of the modernization of his native village Konnagar, a few kilometers from Kolkata. Devaprasad's father Jyotirindraprasad was a qualified advocate and practiced law for some time, but when he found that one had to resort to falsehood for success in the legal profession, he gave it up and joined the service of the estate of the Tripura Native State at Comilla (now in Bangladesh). Early life He spent his boyhood at Comilla and moved to Kolkata when he lost his father. A brilliant student he passed his Matriculation from Hare School and I.Sc. from Presidency College, Calcutta with flying colours. He studied in Calcutta Medical College from 1921 to 1927, where he won many prizes including gold and silver medals as well as the Abdul Ghani Scholarship for being the best all-round student of his class. He passed M.B. in 1927. During the period Students' Club was established in Calcutta Medical College and he was its president. Professional life On completion of his medical education in India, he could have gone abroad to obtain foreign qualifications and on return establish a large practice in Kolkata or join Government service, and earn much money. A patriot at heart, he had vowed at the beginning of his working life not to go for a foreign qualification or serve under a foreign Government. He, along with three close friends, established the Calcutta Bacteriological Institute in 1928, where many poor patients used to get their investigations done free of cost. He chose pathology instead of private practice as physician in order to have more time for social work. The laboratory was one of the first in Kolkata and created a very good name for it in the city. The Brahmo Samaj His heart was with the Brahmo Samaj. From the mid-1930s till his death in 1978, he was intimately connected with all activities of the Samaj, including conducting services as a minister of the Samaj, work as assistant secretary, secretary, treasurer and finally president of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, and work in the different social welfare organizations of the Samaj. His untiring services on behalf of the Samaj during the Midnapore floods of 1942, the great Bengal famine of 1943 and influx of refugees from East Pakistan prior to and after the partition of India, along with the establishment of the Brahmo Samaj Relief Mission, the Brahmo",
"title": "Deba Prasad Mitra"
},
{
"docid": "1724664",
"text": "Calcutta is the former anglicised name of the city of Kolkata in the state of West Bengal in India. Calcutta may also refer to: Places Kolkata district, an administrative district in West Bengal, India Calcutta, Indiana, U.S. Calcutta, Ohio, United States Calcutta, West Virginia, United States Calcutta, Suriname Calcutta, Belize Black Hole of Calcutta, an 18th-century dungeon in Fort William, Calcutta Film Calcutta (1947 film), a film noir starring Alan Ladd Calcutta (1969 film), a documentary film by Louis Malle Calcutta 71 (1971 film), a film by Mrinal Sen Calcutta trilogy (disambiguation) Calcutta, a Tamil film dubbed from Telugu film Choodalani Vundi Schools University of Calcutta Calcutta Boys' School Calcutta Girls' High School Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management Calcutta International School Calcutta National Medical College Calcutta Public School Calcutta School of Music Calcutta Technical School Music Calcutta (band), American alternative rock band \"Calcutta\" (song)\", 1961 instrumental by Lawrence Welk \"Calcutta (Taxi Taxi Taxi)\", 1998 song by Dr. Bombay (Jonny Jakobsen) Calcutta, Italian singer-songwriter, born Edoardo D'Erme Military topics , five ships of the Royal Navy Siege of Calcutta, battle between the armies Britain and the Nawab of Bengal in the 18th century Other uses Calcutta Club Calcutta auction, a method of allocating gambling bets by auction The Calcutta Cup, an annual rugby match between England and Scotland Short S.8 Calcutta, flying boat See also Oh! Calcutta!, a theatrical revue Kolkata (disambiguation)",
"title": "Calcutta (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "9830536",
"text": "Pasupati Bose (1 November 1907 in Berhampore, West Bengal – 1979, in Kolkata) was an Indian physician and professor of anatomy. Information Bose passed his Matriculation Exam in 1923 from Murshidabad Zilla School and ranked first. He never stood second in his school or college. He went to Kolkata (Calcutta) to study medicine. He received his MBBS and DM from the University of Calcutta in 1932. He not only received first rank, but also scored 968 out of 1000 which is a record which still (2007) stands. He was awarded several gold medals as a student. Bose joined the Kolkata Medical College as a professor of anatomy and gradually became the most famous and respected professor from his college. He married in 1938 and became a father of a son and a daughter. In 1952, he went to the United States at the invitation of the Rockefeller Foundation. There he spent one year giving lectures in different American Universities. Subsequently he was awarded the title of Fellow of the Royal Society, UK. During the last five years of his service at the Kolkata Medical College, he became the Vice-Principal as per the request from his close associate and the Chief Minister of West Bengal of that time Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy. He died in 1979 at the age of 72. He will remain the ever remembered Professor of Anatomy of the Kolkata Medical College. Pasupati Bose Lane, a street in Kolkata, is named after him. Notes External links \"Personalities\" Kolkata Medical College 20th-century Indian medical doctors Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 1907 births 1979 deaths University of Calcutta alumni Academic staff of the University of Calcutta Scientists from West Bengal",
"title": "Pasupati Bose"
},
{
"docid": "34198257",
"text": "Surendranath Law College (Bengali :সুরেন্দ্রনাথ আইন কলেজ) formerly known as Ripon College) is an postgraduate law college affiliated with the University of Calcutta. It was established in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal in 1885 by a trust formed by the nationalist leader, scholar and educationist Surendranath Banerjee, a year after he founded Surendranath College. This is now regarded one of the oldest Law college of British India. History The first name of the college was Presidency School in 1882, when it was handed over to Sri Banerjee on 1 January 1884. That same year the Post-Graduate Department of Law was extended, and it was affiliated to the Calcutta University as an independent professional college in 1885. Banerjee renamed the school the Presidency Institution and brought it to the status of a college affiliated to the F.A. standard. The name was later changed to Ripon College, named after the British Viceroy George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon. The name was changed again in 1949 to honour its founder Sri Surendranath Banerjee. The women's section of the college was founded in 1931 by Mira Datta Gupta, its first principal. Swami Vivekananda delivered his first address in Calcutta from the rostrum of this college on his return from Chicago after his famous deliverance at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893. In 1911, Rabindranath Tagore read out at this college one of his essays dealing with the twin subjects of separatism to be found among many of countrymen and national integration. This college was recognised by the University Grants Commission in 1972. The college now offers LLM courses. Notable alumni Dr. Rajendra Prasad - The first President of India. Harendra Coomar Mookerjee - The first Governor of West Bengal. Sir Bijan Kumar Mukherjea - The first Bengali Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India. Birendranath Sasmal - Nationalist barrister and politician. Manmatha Nath Mukherjee - Judge, Calcutta High Court and Bengali jurist Mohammad Mohammadullah - President of Bangladesh Panchanan Barma - Social reformer Dhirendranath Datta - Indian Freedom fighter and Bangladeshi activist. Khondakar Abu Taleb - Bangladeshi journalist and Martyr Shahidullah Kaiser - Bengali intellectual and Martyr Phani Bhushan Majumder - Former minister of Bangladesh Rabin Deb - Bengali politician Golam Rahman (writer) - Bengali writer Aniruddha Bose - Judge of the Supreme Court of India Abdul Matin Chaudhury (1895-1948) - Muslim league politician Mosharraf Hossain - Member of Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh, founding vice-president of JASAD. See also Surendranath College Surendranath Evening College Surendranath College for Women List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta Education in West Bengal References External links Surendranath Law College University of Calcutta affiliates Universities and colleges established in 1885 Law schools in West Bengal 1885 establishments in India Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance",
"title": "Surendranath Law College"
},
{
"docid": "46841703",
"text": "Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 10, covering parts of Tollygunge (Royal Calcutta Golf Club-Rajendra Prasad Colony-Madartala Colony-Jubilee Park) neighbourhood in South Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal. History The establishment and evolution of Kolkata Municipal Corporation followed a long process starting from around the middle of the 19th century. The Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 and certain steps taken thereafter saw the addition of peripheral areas in the eastern and southern parts of the city to the corporation area. In 1888, there were 75 commissioners, 50 of whom were elected, 15 appointed by the government and 10 nominated from bodies like Chambers of Commerce, Trades Associations and the Port Commissioners. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpore, Manicktola and Garden Reach were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out. Post-independence developments saw the introduction of adult franchise in municipal elections in 1962. The number of wards increased from 75 to 100. Tollygunge was merged with Kolkata in 1953. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation Act 1980, which came into effect in 1984, extended the boundaries of Kolkata by including South Suburban, Garden Reach and Jadavpur municipalities in Kolkata. With the addition of Joka to Kolkata, the number of wards rose to 144. Geography Ward No. 94 is bordered on the north by Prince Anwar Shah Road; on the east by Prince Gulam Md. Shah Road and Uday Shankar Sarani; on the south Netaji Subhas Road and Graham Road; and on the west by Deshapran Sashmal Road. The ward is served by Golf Green police station of Kolkata Police. Patuli Women police station has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of South Suburban Division i.e. Netaji Nagar, Jadavpur, Kasba, Regent Park, Bansdroni, Garfa and Patuli. Demographics As per the 2011 Census of India, Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 27,469, of which 13,918 (51%) were males and 13,551 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,847. The total number of literates in Ward No. 94 was 22,831 (89.11% of the population over 6 years). Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district. According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later). Election highlights The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of Tollyganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency). External links References Municipal wards of Kolkata",
"title": "Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation"
},
{
"docid": "46920845",
"text": "Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 12, covering parts of VIP Nagar, Jagorani colony (Gouranga Pally-Matongini Colony), Uttar Panchanna Gram (Martin Para-Gulshan Colony), Paschim Chowbaga, Sardarhat, Chowbaga, Bantala, Adarsha Nagar, Nonadanga, Mundapara and East Calcutta Township (Ruby-Anandapur-Nazirabad-Urbana-Hussainpur-Madurdaha) neighbourhoods in South Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal. History The establishment and evolution of Kolkata Municipal Corporation followed a long process starting from around the middle of the 19th century. The Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 and certain steps taken thereafter saw the addition of peripheral areas in the eastern and southern parts of the city to the corporation area. In 1888, there were 75 commissioners, 50 of whom were elected, 15 appointed by the government and 10 nominated from bodies like Chambers of Commerce, Trades Associations and the Port Commissioners. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpore, Manicktola and Garden Reach, as well as the New Dock Extension area, were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out. Post-independence developments saw the introduction of adult franchise in municipal elections in 1962. The number of wards increased from 75 to 100. Tollygunge was merged with Kolkata in 1953. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation Act 1980, which came into effect in 1984, extended the boundaries of Kolkata by including South Suburban, Garden Reach and Jadavpur municipalities in Kolkata. With the addition of Joka to Kolkata, the number of wards rose to 144. Geography Ward No. 108 is bordered on the north by the northern boundary of Nonadanga mauza, storm water outlet and northern boundary of Dhapa mauza; on the east by the eastern boundaries of Madurdaha, Nonadanga and Dhapa mauzas; on the south by the northern boundary of Kalikapur mauza and southern boundaries of Chowbhaga and Dhapa mauzas; and on the west by Eastern Metropolitan Bypass. The ward is served by Tiljala, Anandapur, Pragati Maidan and Kolkata Leather Complex police stations of Kolkata Police. Karaya Women police station, has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of the South East Division, i.e. Topsia, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Gariahat, Lake, Karaya, Rabindra Sarobar and Tiljala. Demographics As per the 2011 Census of India, Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 64,777, of which 33,428 (52%) were males and 31,349 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 7,204. The total number of literates in Ward No. 108 was 46,487 (80.74% of the population over 6 years). Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district. According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).",
"title": "Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation"
},
{
"docid": "22355920",
"text": "Santosh Bhattacharyya (1 November 1924 – 10 March 2011) was a Bengali Indian scholar, who served as a Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta, in Kolkata, India. Early life He was born in Calcutta on 1 November 1924 in a Brahmin family. He studied economics at the renowned Scottish Church College and earned his master's degree from the University of Calcutta. Later he would earn a doctorate in economics from the London School of Economics . Career After earning his master's degree, he worked as a technical assistant at the Indian Statistical Institute. He taught economics at the University of Calcutta in two phases: 1952–60, and later from 1968 to 1983. He chaired the department (1970–80), and became dean of the faculty of arts (1973–77). He was Senior Economic Affairs Officer at the Development Planning Centre in the United Nations at New York (1966–68), member of the Tariff Commission, Government of India (1974–75), Chairman of several Pay Committees under West Bengal government during 1977–80. He was a general secretary of Patha Bhavan, Calcutta in the 1980s. Political beliefs As a student, Bhattacharyya was a full member of the erstwhile Communist Party of India, and later continued as an active sympathizer of the parent party till he parted ways as a believer in market economy following the changes in China. As a vice chancellor of the University of Calcutta (1983–1987), he was victimized for his apolitical stance and public criticism of the policies and practices of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led Left Front regime (1977–2011) that interfered with the autonomy of the university. Works Red Hammer Over Calcutta University (1984–1987)https://archive.org/details/red-hammer-over-calcutta-university-1984-1987-sa-230502-191950 Management Control Systems : a Framework for Resolution of Problems of Implementation Land Reforms in West Bengal. A Study on Implementation Capital Longevity and Economic Growth References 20th-century Indian economists Scottish Church College alumni University of Calcutta alumni Alumni of the London School of Economics Vice Chancellors of the University of Calcutta Scientists from Kolkata 2011 deaths 1924 births Place of death missing Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom Scholars from Kolkata",
"title": "Santosh Bhattacharyya"
},
{
"docid": "66146822",
"text": "The Currency Building is an early 19th-century building in the B. B. D. Bagh (Dalhousie Square) central business district of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. The building was originally built in 1833 to house the Calcutta branch of the Agra Bank. In 1868, it was converted for use by the Office of the Issue and Exchange of Government Currency, an office of the Controller of the Currency under the British Raj. From 1935 until 1937, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) used the building as its first central office. The building remained in use, and was used at one time by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) as a storehouse. Authorities decided to demolish it in 1994. From 1996 to 1998, the CPWD undertook demolition; but the building was saved from being completely demolished by the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) and the Kolkata Municipal Corporation. In 2003, custodianship passed to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), which renovated the building from 2005 to 2019. On 11 January 2020, Prime Minister Narendra Modi formally dedicated and reopened it as a museum. The Currency Building is a three-story Italianate structure, consisting of floors covered by marble and Chunar sandstone. Its main entrance features a three-part gate made of wrought iron and Venetian windows. The building's central hall, now an open-air courtyard, was formerly topped by three large domes with skylights. During its use as a currency office, the central hall contained the exchange counters for banknotes, gold, silver, and small change. During the building's renovation, the central hall was reorganized into a space for open-air programmes. Geography and setting The Currency Building is located at 11B on B. B. D. Bagh (which is Kolkata's central business district, formerly known as Dalhousie Square), at the intersection of Old Court House Road and Surendra Mohan Ghosh Sarani. The building's main façade faces west toward B. B. D. Bagh. The Lal Dighi water tank is located approximately northwest of the building, the Mahakaran metro station on Kolkata Metro Line 2 and the B. B. D. Bagh Tram Station are immediately west, and the Hooghly River is approximately west. History Bank headquarters and currency office Calcutta served as the capital of the British Raj from the 18th century until 1911, when New Delhi became the capital. During Calcutta's tenure as capital, Dalhousie Square was the city’s financial, social, and political center. The plot in Dalhousie Square, on which the Currency Building now stands, was originally the site of the Calcutta Auction Company's office building. In 1825, the Agra Bank acquired the plot, constructing, in 1833, during William Bentinck's tenure as governor general, the present-day building to house its Calcutta branch. The Agra Bank ceased operation in 1866. In 1868, the imperial Controller of the Currency converted a large portion of the Currency Building for use by the Office of the Issue and Exchange of Government Currency, after which it became known as the Currency Building. The Calcutta Mint sent silver coins",
"title": "Currency Building"
},
{
"docid": "13144593",
"text": "David Wilson (1808–1880) worked as a confectioner in Calcutta and on 18 November 1840 he opened the Auckland Hotel at 1-3 Old Court House Road in Calcutta. The hotel was also known as Wilson's Hotel and changed its name to the Great Eastern Hotel. It became the most famous hotel in India and is still functioning today as the Great Eastern Kolkata and is part of the Bharat Hotels Group. David Wilson came from Herefordshire and started a bakery at No. 1 Old Court House Street. The bakery was successful as it served the need of the Britishers from the East India Company who missed their breads and muffins in India. He subsequently bought the No. 2 and then No. 3 in Old Court House Road in 1840 to convert it into a hotel, which he had named after George Eden, the first Earl of Auckland. Early and personal life Wilson was born in Brilley, Herefordshire in 1808. He married Mary Mandy (née Rose) in Calcutta in 1838. One of their grandchildren was Lieut Boyd Alexander the famous African explorer. David's sister Anne was in Calcutta and married one of David's friends, also a confectioner, Frederick William Browne in 1840 in Calcutta. Frederick died on 5 October 1864 on board the steamer Persia when it was lost at Sandheads in the great cyclone of 1864. David moved back to England in the 1860s but continued to manage the hotel. Over the ensuing years the hotel moved from strength to strength. In 1863 it became the first hotel in India to be fully electrified. Over the years famous guests have included Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Nikita Khruskhev and Queen Elizabeth II. When David died in 1880 his net worth was over £60,000. References Thacker's Bengal Directories 1864-1884 David Wilson - Last Will and Testament - Principal Probate Registry Office High Holborn London External links https://web.archive.org/web/20071011104747/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2217/stories/20050826001608400.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20070929055657/http://www.thegrandhotels.net/NewGrandGroup.aspx 1808 births 1880 deaths Indian hoteliers Confectioners Businesspeople from Kolkata Businesspeople from British India People from the Bengal Presidency",
"title": "David Wilson (hotelier)"
},
{
"docid": "17094253",
"text": "Mahatma Gandhi Road or M.G. Road, formerly known as Harrison Road, is a principal East-West thoroughfare in Kolkata (Previously known as Calcutta), the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. M.G. Road makes the boundary of North and Central Kolkata. In 1889 this was the first street of the city to be lit by electricity. History Mahatma Gandhi road was initially known as Harrison Road. After the independence of India in 1947 the Harrison Road in Kolkata was renamed Mahatma Gandhi Road (M.G. Road) and the name of Chowringhee Road was changed to Jawaharlal Nehru road. In 1889 when Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC) started promoting electricity in the city, this Harrison road was the first street in the city to be lit by the authority. Calcutta Improvement Trust (CIT) decided to build the Central Avenue in 1911. By 1926, Harrison Road was stretched to Beadon Street in the north and to Bowbazar in the south. Charu Guha, a pioneer of the city's studio photography, started her first studio in the Harrison Road in 1920. During India's independence movement, this street was previously considered as \"communally sensitive\" neighbourhood of the city. On 1 April 1930, The Vancouver Sun newspaper reported— \"four more were killed in rioting this afternoon in Harrison Road, which is the usual storm quarter in this region.\" Location and operation The road is arterial in maintaining east–west connection in Kolkata. It is of the shortest distance between two major rail stations in Kolkata Metropolitan Area — Sealdah Station and Howrah Station. Several important places are on this road, such as Sealdah Station, Surya Sen Street crossing, Amherst Street crossing, College Street/Bidhan Sarani crossing, Chittaranjan Avenue crossing, Rabindra Sarani (Chitpur Road) crossing, Netaji Subhas Road crossing, Burrabazar and Strand Road crossing/Howrah Bridge. M.G. Road runs from Sealdah Flyover (Vidyapati Setu) in the eastern limit to the threshold of Howrah Bridge in the west. The road is bi-directional throughout the day. Certain crossings are, however, unidirectional, that is, in certain crossings, vehicles can turn only in a specific direction. Culture Education institutions Several educational institutions are located on or near Mahatma Gandhi Road, such as Anglo Arabic Secondary School, Gyan Bharati Vidyapith, St. Paul's School, Hindu School, Lawrence Day School, Shri Jain Vidyalaya and St. Pauls' Mission School. Restaurants Some popular restaurants in or near Mahatma Gandhi Roadare Shreeram Dhaba, Aahar Restaurant, Madhuri Restaurant, Basanta Cabin. Cinema halls Several cinema halls are located on or near the road, such as Aruna, Chhabighar, Naaz, Purabi, Prabhat. In popular culture Rabindranath Tagore in this poem Ekdin Rate mentioned this street. The lines of the poem were— Howrah-r bridge chole mosto she bichhe, Harrison road chole tar pichhe, pichhe (the approximate English translation: The Howrah Bridge is moving as if a large centipede and the Harrison Road moves behind it). Saradindu Bandopadhyay's famous fictional character, Byomkesh Bakshi - India's putative foremost detective, lived on Harrison Road in the second floor of a three-storied building along with his friend and associate Ajit",
"title": "Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kolkata)"
},
{
"docid": "56991401",
"text": "Beniapukur is a neighbourhood of Central Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is adjacent to Park Circus. Etymology The name of the neighbourhood is derived from two words, benia and pukur. Influential benias or merchants, particularly gandhabaniks, perfume and spice traders, settled here. They had dug a tank or pukur in the area. History The East India Company obtained from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar, in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of these 5 lay across the Hooghly in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, it purchased these villages in 1758 from Mir Jafar and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as Dihi Panchannagram and Beniapukur was one of them. The Maratha Ditch was dug in 1742 and it was partly filled up in 1799 to create the Circular Road (now Acharya Jagaidsh Chandra Bose Road). Entally, Maniktala, Beliaghata, Ultadanga, Chitpur, Cossipore, parts of Beniapukur, Ballyganj, Watganj and Ekbalpur, and parts of Garden Reach and Tollygunj were added to Kolkata Municipal Corporation in 1888. Garden Reach was later taken out. In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Beniapukur, which is mentioned from the mid-eighteenth century, but the thana dates from the early 19th century. Geography Police district Beniapukur police station is part of the South East division of Kolkata Police. It is located at 48A, Gorachand Road, Kolkata-700014. Karaya Women police station, has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of the South East Division, i.e. Topsia, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Gariahat, Lake, Karaya, Rabindra Sarobar and Tiljala. Education Pratt Memorial School at Beniapukur is an English-medium girls only school. The school prepares its students for the Indian School Certificate (ISC) and the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) examinations. The school was founded in 1876 in memory of Archdeacon John Henry Pratt primarily for the education of Anglo-Indian and Christian children. It is under the Diocese of Kolkata, the Church of North India, and is an unaided minority institution. The Frank Anthony Public School, Kolkata at Beniapukur is an English-medium co-educational school. The foundation stone of the school was laid by social activist Frank Anthony in 1965. The school prepares its students for the Indian School Certificate (ISC) and the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) examinations. Healthcare Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital (Chittaranjan Hospital) at Beniapukur offers MBBS, Post graduate (MD, MS, Diploma) and Post Doctoral (DM, Mch) courses and is affiliated to the West Bengal University of Health Sciences. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons was set up in 1911 at Bow Bazar. The name was later changed to National Medical College of India and still later became Calcutta Medical College on land donated by Maharaja Sir Manindra Chandra Nandy on Upper Circular Road. Another medical institute at Bow Bazar started as Calcutta Free Hospital in 1910, became",
"title": "Beniapukur"
},
{
"docid": "1763992",
"text": "Sealdah Railway Station (Bengali: শিয়ালদহ রেলওয়ে স্টেশন; Station Code:SDAH) is one of India's major railway terminals serving the city of Kolkata. The other main railway stations in the Kolkata metropolitan area are , , and Santragachi. Over 1.5 million passengers use the station daily. It is an important suburban rail terminal. Kolkata Metro Line 2 passes through Sealdah with the new underground Sealdah metro station. History The origins of Sealdah Station can be traced back to the mid-19th century when the British colonial administration initiated the construction of railways in India. The station was named after Frederick William Stevens, the then Governor-General of British India, who held the title of Lord Sealdah. Sealdah Station was officially opened to the public on December 2, 1862, as part of the Eastern Bengal Railway network from Calcutta to Kushtia. At the Calcutta end there was a tin-roofed station room. Sealdah railway station had a proper Station Building in 1869, designed by Mr Walter Glanville. The present Sealdah-Ranaghat line was a part of the Sealdah-Kushtia line and was subsequently extended to Goalundo Ghat. Eastern Bengal Railway Company was registered in 1857 to establish railroad connection between Calcutta and Eastern part of undivided Bengal beyond Ganges(Padma). The first section was completed in January 1862 from Calcutta to Champahati. By May 1862 this extended to Port Canning. Ranaghat was connected in September 1862. Initially, the company was known as Eastern Bengal Guaranteed Railway and ran its trains on guaranteed lines. The guaranteed lines were constructed by companies formed in England. In 1862, the station was well established with 4 platforms The tram terminus was located at Sealdah Station before the year 1978 from where the concept of horse tram carriage started. There was a tram terminus at Sealdah station. Trams departed from here towards Rajabazar, Howrah Station, Calcutta High Court, Dalhousie Square, Park Circus and Dharmatala. The first horse tram service of Kolkata was also started from Sealdah to Armenian Ghat, following the current route 14 & 16 between Lebutala & Dalhousie Square. The Sealdah–Lebutala & Dalhousie Square–Armenian Ghat (later extended to High Court) stretch is now closed. That terminus was demolished in 1978 also with the Sealdah–Lebutala tram track stretched through Boubazar Street for construction of the Sealdah flyover. Now tram services between Rajabazar–Esplanade, Park Circus–Burrabazar and other services pass through Sealdah. Currently, a car parking exists in place of the old tram terminus. Operations There are three station terminals at Sealdah: Sealdah North, Sealdah Main and Sealdah South. The North section consists of Sealdah North and Sealdah Main buildings. It has five platforms in North and 9 platforms in the main section. The platforms of North sections are 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5. Sealdah main consists of platform no 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 & 14. One more platform is present beside platform no 14 which is used only by goods trains and high capacity parcel vans. The South section consists of Sealdah South terminal, with seven platforms: 15, 16,",
"title": "Sealdah railway station"
},
{
"docid": "5695542",
"text": "Calcutta State Transport Corporation (CSTC) was a West Bengal state government undertaken transport corporation. Headquartered in Kolkata, it was set up on 31 July 1948. Currently it operates under the name WBTC. It plied buses in Kolkata and nearby districts of West Bengal, along with some long-distance services. CSTC owned 11 depots in Kolkata and the districts to station its fleet of busses. History Calcutta State Transport Corporation started its journey on 31 July 1948 as State Transport Services with an objective to provide efficient, adequate, economical and properly coordinated passenger bus service particularly in and around the city of Kolkata and in the state of West Bengal in general. On 15 June 1960 the name of State Transport Service has changed to Calcutta State Transport Corporation (CSTC) under the Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950. By 1966, it had upgraded its services and was connected to 90 percent of the national highways. To fulfill the demand of rural passengers, CSTC introduced one of the earliest Long Distance Bus Services (LDS) from Calcutta to Digha in April 1968. Merger with WBTC In 2017, the Department of Transport (West Bengal), under Transport Minister Protik Bhattacharya merged CSTC with other transport providers such as CTC and WBSTC and to form WBTC. Operations Fleet With a fleet of 782 buses, CSTC was able to set up a number of bus routes in the southern part of West Bengal which were till then not connected to any other means of transport. CSTC also pioneered the running of air-conditioned Volvo buses in Kolkata, replacing the aging fleet. Air conditioned buses were launched in July 2014 on 40 routes across the city and suburbs. They were in blue and white livery, the buses included a complete fleet of Volvo 8400 units as well as JanBus models from Ashok Leyland, the first low floor front entry public buses in the country. These were bought under the central JNNURM scheme. In 2019, the West Bengal state government made a decision to transition the city's bus fleet, along with its ferry fleet, to be entirely electric by 2030, to reduce the levels of air pollution in the city. Routes S10A S11 S12 S12D S12E Depots Former CSTC Depots used for parking and repairing buses. 1 Belghoria Depot (Head Office) (BD) 2 Garia Depot (GD) 3 Howrah Depot (HD) 4 Kasba Depot (KD) 5 Lake Depot (LD) 6 Maniktala Depot (MD) 7 Nilgunge Depot (ND) 8 Paikpara Depot (PD) 9 Salt Lake Depot (SLD) 10 Taratala Depot (TD) 11 Thakurpukur Depot (TPD) 12 Pride Plaza Depot (PRD) References External links Official website State agencies of West Bengal Transport in Kolkata Bus companies of India Organizations established in 1948 State road transport corporations of India Metropolitan transport agencies of India Indian companies established in 1948 1948 establishments in West Bengal",
"title": "Calcutta State Transport Corporation"
},
{
"docid": "2526340",
"text": "The systems of secondary and post-secondary education in Kolkata are listed as follows: Schooling Kolkata has several parallel systems of school education, and K-12 schools are usually affiliated with either of the following: In addition to these, private candidates can appear for examinations of either the CBSE, West Bengal boards and other state boards which conduct their courses in the city. Non-privileged children mainly attend government primary schools, if they attend school at all. The quality of education available in these schools is not, by world standards, good. There have been recent initiatives, such as Shikhshalaya Prakalpa, to bring more children into the school system and improve the quality of teaching. Universities Kolkata has twenty public universities or autonomous institutions that award their own degrees or diplomas. The following list contains the names of the degree or diploma awarding institutions that have their main campuses in or around Kolkata: Engineering colleges Three of India's oldest engineering institutions are located in Kolkata namely IIEST, Shibpur, Marine Engineering and Research Institute and Jadavpur University. The University of Calcutta and Jadavpur University have been declared as \"university with potential for excellence (UPE)\" by the University Grants Commission. Self-aided engineering colleges started to function in the late 1990s. All self-aided engineering colleges of the city are affiliated to the West Bengal University of Technology. Some engineering colleges are funded by the World Bank under the \"Technical Education Quality Improvement Program\". The University of Calcutta, Aliah University and Techno India University also offer engineering courses. The Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, the Birla Institute of Technology, and Jnan Chandra Ghosh Polytechnic also offer technology and related courses in their city based campuses. Vocational Schools The Department of Technical Education and Skill Development, Govt of West Bengal leads in providing vocational training. other institutes like JIS University, IHM Kolkata, ISHM provide courses. Medical and Dental colleges All colleges are affiliated with the West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Kolkata. Calcutta Medical College Calcutta National Medical College Nil Ratan Sarkar Medical College and Hospital R.G.Kar Medical College IPGMER and SSKM Hospital College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital KPC Medical College and Hospital Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Science and Research Institutions of national importance Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur Asiatic Society Bose Institute Indian Statistical Institute Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Marine Engineering and Research Institute Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences References",
"title": "Education in Kolkata"
},
{
"docid": "38665520",
"text": "Sealdah is a neighbourhood of Central Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Etymology Jackals (sheal in Bengali) howled around Sealdah. Antiquarians identify it as Shrigaldwipa (Jackal Island). Nearby Beliaghata was a port in the Salt Lakes. History The East India Company obtained from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar, in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of these 5 lay across the Hooghly in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, it purchased these villages in 1758 from Mir Jafar and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as Dihi Panchannagram and Shealdah was one of them. Sealdah was described in 1757 as a \"narrow causeway, several feet above the level of the country, leading from the east\". In 1756, when Siraj-ud-daulah attacked the English at Calcutta, a major part of his troops and artillery crossed the Maratha Ditch in Sealdah. There was hard fighting here with 39 English soldiers and 18 Indian sepoys killed on the spot. The English dragged their guns through the rice fields. Baithakkana was a resting place, where merchants formed and dispersed their caravans, sheltered by an old banyan tree (called a peepul tree by Cotton). Job Charnock is said to have chosen the site of Kolkata for a city, in consequence of the pleasure he found in sitting and smoking under the shade of a large tree. A present-day road stretching from Bepin Behari Ganguly Street to MG Road is called Baithakkhana Road, as well as the market along the road at the southern (Bowbazar/ B.B. Ganguly Street) end is called Baithakkhana Bazar. The Maratha Ditch was dug in 1742 and it was partly filled up in 1799 to create the Circular Road (now Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road). The eighty-foot-wide Harrison Road (now MG Road), was built in from 1889 to 1892. The first list of thanas (police stations) in Calcutta was made in 1765 and Muchipara was not there in the list. Muchipara, named after muchis (cobblers and leather workers), possibly shot in to prominence in the early 19th century. In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Muchipara. The East Bengal Railway opened its track from Calcutta to Kushtia in 1862. At the Calcutta end there was a tin-roofed station room. Sealdah railway station had a proper station building in 1869. The present Sealdah-Ranaghat line was a part of the Sealdah-Kushtia line and was subsequently extended to Goalundo Ghat. Geography Police district Muchipara police station is part of the Central division of Kolkata Police. Economy Sealdah market, along with Hatibagan, Maniktala, Lake Market and Gariahat markets, is amongst the largest markets in Kolkata. Very similar to village weekly hats, Kolkata's markets thrive in a sprawling and makeshift environment. Sealdah market is an agglomeration of various markets in the area. There is the Sealdah Area market spread for about a kilometre",
"title": "Sealdah"
},
{
"docid": "64141000",
"text": "Ariadaha is a locality in Kamarhati Municipality of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is close to Kolkata and also a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). History Ariadaha-Dakshineswar situated close to North Kolkata carries a glorious past in the Bengal Renaissance that still remains largely unacknowledged in the mainstream historical accounts. Once it was under the jurisdiction of Calcutta (Kolkata) District. Within 24 Parganas, Kolkata was one of the Parganas and Ariadaha-Dakshineswar was under it. Like other ancient parts of Rarh Banga (adivision of ancient South Bengal) this place was full of the ancient inhabitants of Bengal like the Hanri, Dome, Nishad, Kahar who originated from the Proto-Australoids according to Anthropology. Other casts like the Brahmans, Kayesthas and the Vaidyas etc. entered later. However, with the tide of time a mixed culture grows and inherited by the peoples of this region though there were two groups of people were in the frontline of the cultural scenario. One was liberal and other was certainly conservative. The conservatives constituted the most powerful sections of society with the liberals lagging behind as their opposition could hardly cause flutter in the orthodox socio-cultural matrix. The scenario did not show any significant change even after the introduction of colonial British education and culture in this region as happened in the other parts of old Calcutta. During the last half of 15th century, from almost about 1690 A.D., Kolkata began to reorient itself towards colonial culture under the leadership and colonial tutelage of Job Charnak. But little did change in the region of Ariadaha-Dakshineswar—the old society beset with inhuman superstitious practices. Ariadaha-Dakshineswar as a part of old Calcutta as it witnessed a cultural interface between both conservative and liberal forces. From the medieval period, highly educated and economically enriched families began to enter this region (Ariadaha-Dakshineswar), effecting significant changes in the socio-economic patterns. Ariadaha-Dakshineswar was primarily the motherland of highly educated middle class. One of the janapadas (a big unit of 20 or more villages in ancient India) of Calcutta could not become a big city and that was Dakshineswar (Sen: 2004). Famous Historian Martin mentioned Dakshineswar as the Capital of Bengal (Mullick: 1403, Bengali Year). The cultural sphere of Ariadaha-Dakshineswar was patronized and encouraged by the Maharajas the regional rulers of Krishnanagar of Nadia. The educated liberals were in the leading part of the protest movement by the Vaishnavas, Shaivas and Shaktas against the Brahmanism. Thus a new line of thought spread across this area. One of the opinions regarding the origin of the name of Calcutta was the word Kalikhetra and it denotes the place from Kalighat to Dakshineswar (Dey: 1989). Education Schools Ariadaha Girls High School Ariahada Kalachand High School Ariadaha Ramanand Charity Vidyalaya Ariahada Sarbamangala Balika Vidyalaya Ariadaha Sree Vidyaniketan high school Dakshineswar bharati bhawan girls high school Dakshineswar High School Dakshineswar Sri Sri Sarada Devi Balika Vidyamandir Sri Satyananda Sikhyamandir (Nursery & Primary School) Colleges Adyapeath Annada BEd College",
"title": "Ariadaha"
},
{
"docid": "15230088",
"text": "Mosques in Kolkata refers to mosques in the city of Kolkata (earlier known as Calcutta), in India. Kolkata is the capital city of West Bengal, a state in the eastern part of India. The city is more than 300 years old (as Kolkata) and was the capital of British India till early 1911. Kolkata hosts many churches, temples and mosques, along with other religious places. Muslims have been settling in Calcutta since the early 19th century, but the pace was accelerated from the 1860s onwards, mainly due to the harsh economic conditions in Bihar and the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. There are nearly 450 mosques (known as masjid in Urdu and Bengali) in Kolkata (from Ward 1 to Ward 141). Density is highest in the wards in the central part of the city, where the density of the Muslim population is higher. The most famous is the:: Basri Shah Mosque, on 8 Sett Pukur Road, which was built in 1804. It is the oldest mosque of Kolkata. Nakhoda Masjid, on Zakariya Street and Rabindra Sarani crossing near Burrabazar, which was built in 1926. There are many beautiful and old mosques. Other famous and large mosques in Kolkata include the Tipu Sultan Mosque; the Rajabazar Barri Masjid; the Colootolla Chhoti Masjid; the Ahl-e-Hadees Masjid on Marquis Lane near Alimuddin Street; the Habib-ul-Masaajid on Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, the Masjid-e-Mohammadi in Park Circus; the Jumma Masjid in Mullickbazar, the Lal Masjid in Colootolla; and the Karbala Masjid in Metiabruz, which is Shia in orientation, while the rest all follow the Sunni faith. Two Haqqani Masjid of Haqqani Anjuman(established by Murshid Maulana Sufi Mufti Azangachhi Shaheb) is also available in Kolkata. One is at Bagmari and the second is at Near Maniktala where after every Namaz Haqqani Wazifa is being read together with in community of all Namajee. Ahmadiyya Masjid on New Park Street in Park Circus. Like all growing cities, space is a problem in Kolkata. To accommodate the growing population, most of the mosques are expanding vertically. The structures are also getting changed from old style to new style, and the way of construction is changing. In 1942, the last mosque was built in Kolkata (in Entally). References Lists of mosques in India",
"title": "Mosques in Kolkata"
},
{
"docid": "57852730",
"text": "Palta is a locality in North Barrackpur Municipality of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Geography Post Office Bengal Enamel Post Office at Palta is a delivery sub post office, with PIN 743122 in the North Presidency Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region. No other post office has the same PIN. Economy Indira Gandhi Water Works Palta Water Works, rechristened Indira Gandhi Water Treatment Plant, was the first intake point of water for Kolkata, established in 1864-1870 and spread over 480 acres. It was expanded in 1888–1893, 1905, 1920, 1936, 1952 and 1968. The total daily potable water supply is 1,350 million litres or 96 million gallons. It feeds 212,000 domestic connections plus commercial connections in Kolkata. The distance between Indira Gandhi Water Treatment Plant and the pumping station at Tala is 22 km. Industry The Bengal Enamel Works Ltd, established in 1921, closed down by 2004 and the land is now used by housing promoters. The modern use of vitreous enamel on metals was introduced to India only during the early 20th century, when a young engineer, Debendra Nath Bhattacharya sailed to Japan and worked as an apprentice in a Japanese enamel factory. On returning to India, he started a factory in 1921, called Bengal Enamel Works Limited, with his elder brother Dwijendra Nath Bhattacharjee as the financier, and himself as the chief technician. Other enamel factories started up within a few years, but Bengal Enamel kept growing and maintained a monopolistic control of the market up until the late '80s. Just before the 2nd world war, a Jewish engineer from Germany, Adams, took up employment with Bengal Enamel and greatly improved its technology. They began supplying enamelled mugs, water bottles and dinner plates to the Indian army, and later on, to many middle eastern armies. Control of Bengal Enamel was handed over from Dwijendra Nath Bhattacharya to his son-in-law, Dr. Umapati Ganguli, who greatly expanded the company from domestic enamelware (plates, mugs, glasses, bowls, spoons, etc.) and water bottles for the army, to domestic and industrial sign boards, glass lined chemical reaction equipment and enamelled outdoor furniture. in 1962, when the Standard Vacuum Oil Company changed its name to ESSO, Bengal Enamel provided the sign boards for the entire South East Asian region. Up to 1980, Bengal Enamel controlled more than 50% of the Indian enamel market, and when it went into liquidation, in 2004, 10 years after the death of Dr. Umapati Ganguli, the entire domestic enamelware and army supplies in India collapsed. Today, the enamelware industry in India is mostly glass lined chemical equipment and enamelled tank and silo manufacture. Though there are several cottage scale enamellers near Calcutta, mostly run by former employees of Sur Enamel, one of the larger former enamel factories in India. Mahaluxmi Cotton Mill is also closed and the land is used by housing promoters. Transport Palta is on",
"title": "Palta, North 24 Parganas"
},
{
"docid": "59158351",
"text": "Mohammedan Literary Society was a literary society of Muslims in British India. Based in Calcutta, it was established in 1863 and was succeeded by the Muslim Institute of Calcutta in 1930. History Mohammedan Literary Society was founded by Nawab Abdul Latif in 1863 in Calcutta. The society was located at Latif's residence in 16 Taltala, Kolkata. Latif was the secretary of the society while Prince Mahomed Ruheemoodin of Mysore was the president. The society had two vice-presidents, Prince Mahomed Nusseroodin Hyder of Mysore and Prince Mirza Jahan Kader Bahadur, the son-in-law of the Prince of Oudh. Notable members in the governing committee included Nawab Asman Jah Bahadur and Prince Mahomed Bakhtyar Shah. The patron of the society was the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. The society used Arabic, English, Persian, and Urdu languages. The goal of the society was the education of Muslim youth in English medium schools that would allow them to compete with their English and Hindu peers. The society held gathering annually in Kolkata Town Hall. In the meeting in 1865 was attended by over 2000 people including Christians, Hindus, Jews, and Muslims. The society was a gathering place Indian royals such as the Maharaja of Indore, Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal, the rajas of Jaipur State, Maharaja of Patiala, and the Raja of Cooch Behar State. The society campaigned for the utilization of the Mohsin Fund and drew attention of the British government to the educational needs of the Muslim community of India. It survived till 1930, at which point its name changed to Muslim Institute of Calcutta. References 1863 establishments in India 1930 disestablishments in India Organisations based in Kolkata Literary societies",
"title": "Mohammedan Literary Society"
},
{
"docid": "62437867",
"text": "Dhrubajyoti Ghosh (1947 – 16 February 2018) was a UN Global 500 laureate, special advisor on agricultural ecosystems, part of the Commission on Ecosystem Management, and regional chair for South Asia of the IUCN. He is most credited for devoting his life for the survival of the East Kolkata Wetlands, naming it, and creating the world's only fully functioning organic sewage management system. Early life He attended the University of Calcutta in West Bengal, India, and was the first engineer of the university to graduate with a PhD in ecology. He went on to become a sanitation engineer for the West Bengal government, which brought the issues of the Kolkata Wetlands to his sites. Work Advocating nature-based solutions, Ghosh's work in the East Kolkata Wetlands showed it could be used for free-of-charge sewage work, fertile aquatic gardens and fisheries, and flood defences with minimal harm to the environment. Using his position in Ramsar, he secured the protection of the wetlands under the Ramsar Convention. This land soon became the world's only fully functional organic sewage management system, treating 750 million litres/day, using solar UV radiation to purify canals leading into the wetlands. The wetlands are now under threat by developers, which Ghosh constantly resisted during his life. His main complaint on the upkeep of this project is that there is no large scale management or municipal ownership of the system to keep quality control, and there is currently no plans to change that. His work included being chief of the Department of Environment of the Government of West Bengal, member of the board of trustees of the India World Wide Fund for Nature, fellow of the National Institute of Sciences within the Government of India, member of the management board of the Ramsar Convention, and a member of the National Wetland Committee. He died in Kolkata on February 16, 2018. Other accomplishments 2005 - Published the book Ecology and Traditional Wetland Practice: Lessons from Wastewater Utilisation in the East Calcutta Wetlands. In it he coined the term \"cognitive apartheid\", meaning the systematic exclusion of the knowledge of the poor by the elite. August 2016 - First Indian to earn the Luc Hoffmann Award, credited for his work on East Kolkata Wetland. 2017 - Published the book The Trash Diggers, exploring the lives of individuals living in a dump site on the fringes of eastern Kolkata. Recognized as an Ashoka Fellow. References 1947 births 2018 deaths People from Kolkata University of Calcutta alumni Indian environmentalists Indian ecologists Ashoka India Fellows",
"title": "Dhrubajyoti Ghosh"
},
{
"docid": "36785482",
"text": "Metro Cinema or Metro Cinemas is a uniplex cinema hall and a heritage building located in Jawahar Lal Nehru Road (Esplanade), Kolkata, West Bengal, India. This theatre was opened by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1935. It is currently owned by a Mumbai-based firm and is undergoing a renovation to be converted into a multiplex theatre. The building is located in the posh Esplanade area of Kolkata, right at the heart of the city. It is a heritage structure and a very famous landmark of the city of Kolkata. And one of the many famous cinema halls in the Esplanade area of Central Kolkata. History This cinema hall was built by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, an American Production Company, based in Beverly Hills, United States in 1934 to promote their films in Kolkata (then Calcutta), which was among the most important cities throughout the British Empire and had a large English-speaking population of Britishers,. Famous as an elite British city, Calcutta had a large market for Hollywood films. The theatre was designed by Thomas W. Lamb, a New York-based (Scottish born) theatre architect(who also designed the Metro Cinema, Mumbai for MGM later in 1938 and many other famous theatres around the world). It was inaugurated in 1935. The first film shown in this cinema was Way Out West. The Metro was the most modern of the cinemas in Calcutta till the Lighthouse Cinema came up in the early 1940s. Right since its opening, the Metro cinema had become a favourite among the cinema goers in Calcutta, especially the European elite, consisting of Britishers, Jews and Armenians, who lived in Calcutta in sizeable numbers during the British Raj. Western movies were very popular during the early 20th century among urban elite of the city. Soon the theater became a popular landmark of the city, with shows going housefull. This theater became a significant part of the popular culture of the city of Calcutta (then often dubbed as The City of Joy) during the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s up to the 1970s. The Metro cinema was a favourite among filmgoers during the Golden Ages of the 1940s to 1970s. It was the time when Calcutta was considered the most elite city in the entire Subcontinent. The popularity of Western movies among the Europeans, presence of large number of Europeans and Americans in Calcutta, popularity of Tollywood films during that time and its presence in the posh Esplanade area, all contributed to its popularity. Post independence, the popularity of Hollywood movies decreased gradually as European population left for their homeland, and popularity of Tollywood and Bollywood movies increased since the 1960s so Bollywood and Tollywood films were screened and were very popular. The entire Esplanade area used to be the 'Entertainment Capital' of the city with a number of movie theaters and being a thriving commercial district right at the heart of the city. Business prospered until the 1990s and the early 2000s however much efforts were not put on modernisation and the early charm of the building was lost",
"title": "Metro Cinema (Kolkata)"
},
{
"docid": "44103555",
"text": "A. Kanan / Arkut Kannabhiran (18 June 1920 – 12 September 2004), more popularly known as A. Kanan, was an Indian vocalist in the Hindustani classical tradition and one of the legendary vocalist from Kirana Gharana. He is known for the khayal form of singing to which he lent his individuality. Early life Arkut Kannabhiran was born in Madras (present-day Chennai), in 1920. As he grew up he was interested in cricket as well as singing. He began his professional career joining the railways at the age of 18. In his 20s, while in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) for a cricket match, he auditioned for the All India Radio station there. The auditioners were so impressed by his singing voice that they offered him a slot of air time. His job saw him posted at Hyderabad and here he began taking lessons in Hindustani classical music from Pandit Lahanu Babu Rao. Shortly after, he got transferred to Calcutta (now Kolkata) where he studied music with Girija Shankar Chakraborty. Subsequently, when his job required his transfer from Kolkata, he left the job and stayed on in the city. He later came in contact with the musician Amir Khan. Career Arkut Kannabhiran made his formal debut in the world of Hindustani style of classical vocal music in 1943, when he performed at the All Bengal Music Conference in Kolkata. It was during his stay at Calcutta that he earned a name for himself by his melodious voice and a very personal style of gayaki that he developed. With his enormous acclaim he came to be better known as Pandit A.T. Kanan. Today few will remember Kanan by his original name. Kanan went on to become a regular on the All India Radio and was counted among top graded artists. His khayal renditions in Raga Jog, Rageshri, Bihag and Hansadhwani were popular all across the country. The acclaimed Bengali filmmaker Ritwik Ghatak used his fast khayal \"Laagi Lagan Pati Sakhi Sang\" set in Raga Hansadhwani in his classic film Meghe Dhaka Tara. Today not many of Kanan's recordings survive. But he will be always remembered for the master performance he gave for the film. In the 1950s, along with other musicians, Kanan founded the Calcutta Music Circle. Several young students had the opportunity of learning Hindustani classical music from him and went on to make names for themselves in later lives. He was a Guru at ITC Sangeet Research Academy. Personal life He was married to Malabika Kanan, another acclaimed Hindustani vocalist of the time. Death Arkut Kannabhiran died in 2004, aged 84, at Kolkata. References Hindustani singers Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Indian classical musicians of Bengal 1920 births 2004 deaths 20th-century Khyal singers 20th-century Indian male singers 20th-century Indian singers Musicians from Kolkata Musicians from Chennai",
"title": "Arkut Kannabhiran"
},
{
"docid": "15634347",
"text": "Sir Gooroodas Banerjee (also Gurudas Bandyopadhyay, 26 January 1844 – 2 December 1918) was an Indian judge of the Calcutta High Court. In 1890, he also became the first Indian Vice-Chancellor of University of Calcutta. Education He received his early education at the Oriental Seminary, and the Hare School at the Presidency College in Kolkata. the General Assembly's Institution (now Scottish Church College), the University of Calcutta. He obtained an M.A. with a focus on Mathematics in 1865, winning a University medal for attaining first place in his examinations, and passed the B.L. examination in 1866. in 1877, he obtained a Doctorate in Law. Career Banerjee briefly taught as an Assistant Lecturer in Mathematics, before joining the General Assembly's Institution, now known as the Scottish Church College, as a Professor of Mathematics. Banerjee began his legal practice in Berhampore, simultaneously teaching law and mathematics on a part-time basis at Berhmapore College. In 1872, he moved his legal practice to Kolkata, representing clients such as the erstwhile Nawab of Murshidabad at the Calcutta High Court. In 1878, he was appointed to the Tagore Professorship of Law, and delivered the Tagore Law Lectures in the same year, on 'The Hindu Laws of Marriage and Stridhan'. The Tagore Law Lectures were later published as a legal text on Hindu marriage laws. In 1888, Banerjee was appointed as a judge of the Calcutta High Court, retiring in 1904 from the Bench. In addition to serving as a judge, he was the first Indian to be appointed as the vice-chancellor of the University of Calcutta, serving in that capacity from 1 January 1890 to 31 December 1892. He was knighted by the British government on 22 July 1904. He was also the President of the Board of Mathematics and Sanskrit during this time. He also became one of the teachers of Bengal National College of which the great freedom fighter, Aurobindo Ghosh, was the principal. He made notable contributions to the spread of education by making sure that Narkeldanga High School got raised to secondary standard. Legacy There is a prestigious post in the Department of English of the University of Calcutta named after Sir Gooroodas Banerjee. The professor who holds this post comes to be known as Sir Gooroodas Banerjee Professor. There are two undergraduate colleges in Kolkata that commemorate his name, the Gurudas College and the Sir Gurudas Mahavidyalaya. In memoirs of him, Sir Gurudas Banerjee Halt railway station was established in sub urban railway of Kolkata. Banerjee was quite well known for his devotion to his mother who was very orthodox in her ways of life. Every day, he would bring the sacred Ganges water for her mother. She, on her deathbed, ordered her son Sir Gurudas to invite Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar to her obsequies. Vidyasagar had by this time become an object of attack by the orthodox Brahmins owing to his introduction of widow remarriage. Defying all social obstacles, Sir Gurudas invited Vidyasagar to her mother's funeral to fulfill her last",
"title": "Gooroodas Banerjee"
},
{
"docid": "64527524",
"text": "{{Infobox person | name = Sripantha | native_name = শ্রীপান্থ | honorific suffix = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Nikhil Sarkar | birth_date = 1 May 1932 | birth_place = Gouripur, Mymensingh District, Bengal Presidency, British India (Now in Bangladesh | death_date = 17 August 2004 (aged 72) | death_place = Calcutta, West Bengal, India | other_names = Sripantha (শ্রীপান্থ) | alma_mater = University of Calcutta | nationality = Indian | occupation = Journalist, author, historian | organization = Jugantar Patrika, Ananda Bazar Patrika | years_active = | known_for = Kolkata Karchra (Notebooks of Kolkata) | notable_works = Ajob Nagori, Sripanther Kolkata, Elokeshi Mohanta Sammand' | awards = Ananda Puraskar (1978) }} Nikhil Sarkar (1 May 1932 – 17 August 2004) popularly known as Sripantha was a Bengali social historian, writer and journalist. Early life Sarkar was born at Gouripur village of Mymensingh district in 1932 in British India. After competed primary education in Mymensingh, he graduated in history from the University of Calcutta. Literary career He started his journalist career with Bengali daily Jugantar and thereafter joined in Anandabazar Patrika in the 1960s. Sarkar became associate editor of Anandabazar Patrika. He was in charge of the editorial page and Monday column named Kalkatar Karcha (Notebook of Kolkata). His numerous books were published under the pseudonym Sripantha. Sarkar worked on sub-altern history of Kolkata as well as Bengali culture. He was awarded the Ananda Puraskar in 1978. List of major works Ajob Nagari Sripanther Kolkata Jokhon Chapakhana Elo Mohanto Elokeshi Sambad Keyabat Meye Thagi Metiyaburujer Nabab Dai Bat Tala Harem and Debdashi Kolkata'' References 1932 births 2004 deaths Indian male journalists Bengali-language writers Indian columnists Bengali historians Indian newspaper editors Writers from Kolkata 20th-century Indian journalists People from Mymensingh District University of Calcutta alumni",
"title": "Nikhil Sarkar"
},
{
"docid": "4159036",
"text": "Maniktala is a residential area of North Kolkata, in Kolkata district, West Bengal, India. Etymology The tomb of Manik Pir is located in lane near Maniktala crossing, therefore some locals suggest the neighbourhood is named after him. Others argue that Manik Pir (erst: Syed Husen Ud din shah) came from North India on early eighteenth century, while the name Maniktala can also be seen mentioned in a map as early as of 1784. Instead, they believe, the bodyguard of Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan, Manikchand Bose (erst : Manikram Bose) lived in this place as the caretaker of Calcutta (Ali Nagar) from/around 1756. Since he was very popular among the locals because of his wise and compassionate nature, the place came to be known as Maniktala. History In 1889, the suburbs of old Calcutta were grouped in four municipalities. Maniktala formed the East Suburban Municipality. In the same year, Maniktala, Ultadanga and Beliaghata became 'fringe area wards' of Kolkata Municipal Corporation. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpur, Maniktala and Garden Reach were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out. Geography Location Today's Maniktala crossing is the intersection of Vivekananda Road (Maniktala Main Road) and Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road (Upper Circular Road) — two main thoroughfares in North Kolkata. Beadon Street (Dani Ghosh Sarani/Abhedananda Road), one of the important streets of North Kolkata originates from Maniktala, ending in Nimtala Ghat. Amherst Street also starts nearby (Chaltabagan). Aurobindo Sarani crosses APC Road at Khanna crossing, Maniktala. Maniktala crossing connects Shyambazar, Kankurgachi, Rajabazar and Girish Park to Maniktala. Police district Manicktala police station is part of the Eastern Suburban division of Kolkata Police. It is located at 20, Canal West Road, Kolkata-700006. Ultadanga Women police station covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Suburban division i.e. Beliaghata, Entally, Maniktala, Narkeldanga, Ultadanga, Tangra and Phoolbagan. Landmarks The Central Blood Bank of West Bengal Government is located at the Maniktala crossing. So is one of oldest markets of Kolkata, the Maniktala Bazar, easily identified by the clock tower. Gouribari Badridas Jain Temple is also located nearby. Economy Daily markets Maniktala market, along with Hatibagan, Sealdah, Lake Market and Gariahat markets, is amongst the largest markets in Kolkata. It is owned by SC Nan and family. \"The vintage landmark of the clock tower in Maniktala helps to spot the interiors of this market well.\" Maniktala is famous for its fish market but is also popular for groceries and fresh vegetables. It is one of the best farmer's markets in Kolkata. Maniktala Market at 187, Vivekananda Road is a private market spread over 3 acres. Vegetables, fruits, betel leaf, flowers, fish, meat, egg etc.are available. Maniktala Municipal Market is located at P-187, C.I.T. Road, Kankurgachi. In Kolkata, every para (neighbourhood) has a machher bazar (fish market), but there are some big fish markets in different areas of the city: Howrah wholesale fish market, Gariahat, Sealdah and Maniktala. These markets \"are famous not",
"title": "Maniktala"
},
{
"docid": "61170442",
"text": "Gobinda Chandra Khatick Road (formerly Hughes Road) is a famous thoroughfare in the city of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), India. The road runs past Grace Ling Liang Church, Tangra Police Station, and largely through the China Town areas of Tangra in East Kolkata and crosses Pulin Khatik Road and Christopher Road at separate intersections. Gobinda Chandra Khatik road is 2.1 kilometers in length from the Tangra Slaughterhouse to the Topsia Junction. It demarcated the Eastern Fringes of the city at a time when Chinese operated Tanneries and Leatherworks dominated the area. Nowadays, China Town is a haven of Indo Chinese Fusion food and has crafted a legacy in its own right. Initially called Hughes Road until 1985, the name was renamed to recognise the contribution of Late Gobinda Khatik. Recent Urbanization and rapid growth has rapidly changed the landscape of Tangra and traffic snarls on the once empty road are common. The road is long and narrow and caters to Bi-Directional traffic. Dhangars, a community of Untouchable sanitary workers established their colony along this road. The road falls under Ward no. 56, 59, and 66 of the KMC. Gallery See also Streets in Kolkata References Streets in Kolkata Tourist attractions in Kolkata Shopping districts and streets in India",
"title": "Gobinda Chandra Khatik Road"
},
{
"docid": "70812248",
"text": "Chandni Chowk is a neighbourhood of North Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is famous for its old and cheap market of computer software products and hardwares, and had been listed as a notorious market in 2009 and 2010 by the USTR for selling counterfeit software, media and goods. History Chandni Chowk which is an economical hub and marketplace in North Kolkata, existed as early as 1784. A. Upjohn's map of 1784 of Calcutta describes it as \"Chandney Choke Bazar\", \"Chandney Bazaar ka rastah\", \"Chandnee Choke\" or \"Goreeamar Lane\". Kolkata Municipal Corporation records show that before 1937, that one of the lanes were called Guriama Lane in local. In February 1937, the name was officially changed to Chandney Approach. In 1938, again it was renamed aas Chandni Chowk Street. It was speculated the name was given after Delhi’s Chandni Chowk as a symbol of acknowledgement for the Mughals whose capital was at Delhi at that time. W.H. Carey speculates that the name came from the canopies or the semi-permanent roofs (chadna, in Bengali) above shops that had sprung up over the years. The market existed in 19th century. R.J. Minney's \"Round about Calcutta\" (1922) says that Chandni Chowk contained garment markets, cycle shops, camera shops, pigeon stalls for cigarettes and sherbet. Hawkers and shopkeepers with semi-permanent structures continue to occupy every square inch of the space. In 1907, KMC bought land to widen Chandney Chowk Streets, but that did not help passersby. In October 1994, Chandni Chowk came under metro corridor as the stretch from Esplanade to Chandni Chowk was authorised for construction. Market Chandni Chowk is known for it being the oldest and biggest software and hardware market in West Bengal. Multiple technology companies had their main offices and service centres in Chandni Chowk due to its cheap and nearest facilities. Transport Central Ave, which is one the main road connectors between South and North Calcutta, passes through Chandni Chowk. Also Lenin Sarani of Kolkata road passes through Chandni Chowk which connects it directly to Sealdah. Chandni Chowk metro station and Esplanade metro station are nearest metro stations of the North South metro corridor. Esplanade serves also as metro station of the East West metro corridor of Kolkata. See also Bidhan Sarani Boubazar College Street Dharmatala References Neighbourhoods in Kolkata Notorious markets High-technology business districts in India Information technology places Information technology in India Electronics districts Electronics industry in India",
"title": "Chandni Chowk (Kolkata)"
},
{
"docid": "9017268",
"text": "There are several theories about the origin of Kolkata, erstwhile Calcutta in English, the name of the capital of the eastern Indian state of West Bengal. Ain-i- Akbari, the rent-roll of Akbar, the sixteenth-century Mughal emperor, and Manasa-mangal, the work of a Bengali poet, Bipradas Pipilai, of the late fifteenth century, both make mention of the city's early name's being Kolikata, from which Kolkata/Calcutta have been derived There is lot of discussion on how the city got its name. There are different views on the issue. The most popular and likely one is that the city got its name from its connection to the Hindu goddess Adyashakti paramba Kali with the original name's being either Kalikshetra (in Sanskrit), meaning the place of Adyashakti Kāli, or Kalikkhetrô (the Bengali pronunciation of Kalikshetra), meaning \"area of Goddess Kali\", with Kolikata being thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô. This theory is the most possible one as in the rural Bengali pronunciation the 'kh' consonant is replaced by 'k' and the 'tro' joined consonant is replaced by 'to', resulting in Kalikhetrô being Kaliketô which is very close to Kolikata. Other more or less plausible theories abound, like: The name derived from the location of the original settlement beside a khal (which means canal in English) According to a folk etymology, Britishers, when they visited the city, saw the goddess with a skull garland. This reminded them of the place Golgotha, which later became Kolkotha. According to another theory, the place was known for the manufacture of shell-lime. And the name derived from lime (kali) and burnt shell (kata). An interesting, but very possibly casually fabricated, anecdote exists on the nomenclature of Kolkata. According to it, a British merchant was travelling through the village, when he came upon a peasant stacking hay into the barn. Not knowing where he was, the merchant asked the peasant about that place. The peasant, unfortunately, did not understand English, and he guessed that the sahib must be inquiring about the date the crop was harvested. In his own language, he replied \"kāl kāʈa hoyechilo\" which in Bengali language means \"harvested yesterday\" (kal – yesterday, kāʈa – cut, harvested). The merchant was happy in the knowledge that he had learned about the name of the place, and left the place. Following English transcription, \"Kāl Kāʈa\" became \"Calcutta\" . The name may have its origin in the words khal meaning \"canal\", followed by kaṭa, which may mean \"dug\". The name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila (\"flat area\"). Another theory is that the name derives from Kalighat. According to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun and coir or kata; hence, it was called Kolikata. The area where the city is now located was originally inhabited by the people of three villages— Kalikata, Sutanuti and Gobindapur. However, the boundaries of the three villages gradually became less distinct, and before the battle of Plassey, the city could be divided into four different",
"title": "Etymology of Kolkata"
},
{
"docid": "58673680",
"text": "The Mrs Bistow's Theatre also known as Chowringhee Theatre, was an historic theatre in Calcutta (now named Kolkata) in India, founded in 1787. It was the third theatre in the city of Calcutta. It is known as the first theatre in India to employ actresses. History The theatre was founded in 1787 by Emma Bistow, married to an English merchant. It was situated in Bistow's residence at the junction at Chowringhee and Theatre Road. Formally named Chowringhee Theatre, it was normally referred to as Mrs Bistow's Theatre after its founder and managing director. Bistow as considered a competent manager and also as a good actress on her own stage, particularly noted within \"comedy and humorous singing\". The Mrs Bistow's Theatre was the third theater in Calcutta after the Calcutta Theatre and its predecessor, and became one of the two leading stages of Calcutta and a prominent rival stage to Calcutta Theatre. It was the first theatre in India to employ women on stage, which caused its rival stage Calcutta Theatre to employ actresses. In 1789, Emma Bristow introduced actresses brought from England. The theater was closed in 1790 when Emma bristow returned to England. The foundation of this theatre was followed by the foundation of a number of more temporary theatres such as the theatres of Chandernagore (1808), The Athenaeum Lower (1812), Kidderpore (1815) and Dum Dum (1817), but it was not truly replaced as a prominent theatre until the foundation of the second theatre known as the Chowringhee Theatre, also known as the \"Private Subscription Theatre\" on Chowringhee Road (1813–1839). References Sources P. Guha-Thakurta, Bengali Drama: Its Origin and Development Poonam Trivedi, Dennis Bartholomeusz, India's Shakespeare: Translation, Interpretation, and Performance Former theatres Theatres in Kolkata 1787 in India 18th century in Kolkata",
"title": "Mrs Bistow's Theatre"
},
{
"docid": "17719095",
"text": "Sri Anirvan (8 July 1896 – 31 May 1978), born Narendra Chandra Dhar, was an Indian Hindu monk, writer and philosopher. Widely known as a scholar, his principal works were a Bengali translation of Sri Aurobindo's The Life Divine and the three-volume treatise Veda Mimamsa. Early life and sannyas Sri Anirvan was born on 8 July 1896 in the town of Mymensingh, then a part of British India and now in Bangladesh. His birth name was Narendrachandra Dhar. He was the son of Rajchandra Dhar, a doctor, and Sushila Devi. He was a spiritually and intellectually inclined child, who by age 11 had memorised the Astadhyayi of Pāṇini and the Bhagavad Gita. He was named Baroda Brahmachari after going through the sacred thread ceremony. He also won a state scholarship as a teen and completed university IA and BA degrees at the University of Dhaka and an MA from the Sanskrit College of the University of Calcutta. At 16, he joined the Assam Bangiya Saraswata Math (the ashram), located in the village of Kokilamukh near Jorhat in Assam. He was a disciple of the ashram's founder, Paramahansa Srimat Swami Nigamananda Saraswati Dev, who initiated him into sannyas. Anirvan's new monastic name was Nirvanananda Saraswati. He taught at the ashram school and edited its monthly magazine Aryyadarpan. Scholar and writer Some time after 1930, Nirvanananda changed his name to Anirvan and ceased to wear the ochre swami's robes. He travelled widely in North India, eventually returning to Assam and establishing an ashram in Kamakhya near Guwahati. However, he continued to travel. In the 1940s, he lived in Lohaghat and Almora. Madame Lizelle Reymond documented some of this period in My Life with a Brahmin Family (1958) and To Live Within (1971). During this time, Sri Anirvan translated Sri Aurobindo's The Life Divine into Bengali (as Divya Jeevan Prasanga); this book, his first, was published in two volumes between 1948 and 1951. In 1953, Sri Anirvan moved to Shillong in Assam. His reputation as a Vedic scholar grew; and he wrote both in Bengali (chiefly) and in English (he was also fluent in French) on various aspects of Hindu philosophy (particularly Samkhya, the Upanishads, the Gita and Vedanta) and the parallels between Rigvedic, Puranic, Tantric and Buddhist thought. His magnum opus, Veda Mimamsa, was published in three volumes in 1961, 1965 and 1970. This work won him the Rabindra award. Though Sri Anirvan was a saint, he studied subjects such as Marxism and gardening; yet he called himself a simple baul . Sri Anirvan made his final move, to Calcutta, in 1965. He died on 31 May 1978, after a six-year illness. Works Aditi (Bengali: অন্তর্যোগ). Kolkata: Sri Gautam Dharmapal, Haimavati Prakashani Trust. Anirvan Aloya Patanjala Yoga-Prasanga; Edited & Translated by Sudipta Munsi; Calcutta: Prachi Publications. (Bengali). Published 2006. Antaryoga (Bengali: অন্তর্যোগ). Kolkata: Haimavati Prakashani Trust, 1997 (Bengali year 1404), 3rd edition. Aranyak (Bengali: অারণ্যক). Writings as Editor of Nagamananda Ashram magazine. Halishar: Assam Bangyiya Saraswat Math. Bichitra (Bengali: বিচিত্রা). Kolkata: Smt",
"title": "Anirvan"
},
{
"docid": "54808083",
"text": "Nizam Palace is a tier A heritage building on AJC Bose Road in Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta), the capital ofIndian state of West Bengal. It was constructed in 1933. Mir Osman Ali Khan, the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad, acquired it as his Kolkata residence from a businessman of Armenian descent, Johannes Carapie, also known as J. C. Galstaun (1859–1947). Its former guests included King Edward VIII. The palace was used as a hospital during World War I. History Galstaun constructed this mansion as a labor of love for his wife and named it Galstaun Park. Later in 1933 it was sold to the Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan. The Nizam initially named it Saba Palace. Its name was later changed to Nizam Palace. References Further reading Nizam Palace and the Legend of J.C. Galstaun Galstaun Park Buildings and structures in Kolkata Palaces of Nizams of Hyderabad",
"title": "Nizam Palace (Kolkata)"
},
{
"docid": "9231958",
"text": "Sanjib Chattopadhyay (; born 24 October 1936 in Kolkata, India) is an Indian Bengali novelist and writer of short stories. His style is characterized by use of short satirical sentences mixed with very lively language. Childhood and education Sanjib Chattopadhyay spent his childhood in the hilly terrain of Chota Nagpur Plateau<ref name=\"blurb\">Blurb of Dashti Kishore Upanyas, collection of novels by Sanjib Chattopadhyay, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, 2012</ref> under the care of his father after his mother died when he was five. They relocated to Calcutta and he was admitted to Victoria Institution school which he joined at grade seven. He later graduated from the Scottish Church College where he studied chemistry. Work The subjects of his fiction are mostly families living in Calcutta city. Within the confines of these homes, he challenges the moral values of the fast-changing middle class of the city. Chattopadhyay frequently uses old men as his protagonists. These aged characters create the spiritual and philosophical edge found in his novels Lotakambal (The Vessel and Quilt) and Shakha Prasakha (Branches). Arguably the most famous of his creations is Lotakambal. His most famous novella Swet Patharer Table (The Ivory Table) is an example of his characteristic style of story-telling which mixes tension, dilemma, curiosity, pity, humor, and satire. He has written fiction for children and continues to write for magazines and newspapers. Chattopdhyay's current writing is related to Ramkrishna Paramhansa Sarada Devi and Swami Vivekananda. Some of his major works apart from the above-mentioned are: Parampadokamale (At His Divine Feet) Cancer Duti Chair (Two Chairs) Roshe Boshe Rakish Maa Roshe Boshe Besh Achhi Roshe Boshe Tumi Aar Aami (You And I) Eke Eke (One By One) Kolkata Achhe Kolkatatei (Calcutta Is In Calcutta) Sheuli - A novel about a family consisting of grandfather, grandmother, father, mother and their son and daughter with many aspirations nestled inside satire. Mapa Hashi Chapa Kanna (a book on satire) Halka Hashi Chokher Jol (a book on satire) [Light Smile Tears] Ujan Beye Jai Mojar Foara Bhagabaner Kaane Dilen Bhagabaner Naam by Dey's Publishing Nirbane Anirban Buddha Bhagaban by Dey's Publishing BHOR HOLO by Patra Bharati Ka Tobo Kanta by Dey's Publishing Porokiya by Patra Bharati BRAMHADATYIR BACCHA by Patra Bharati Apart from these, his notable juvenile literature includes the Ruku-Suku and Badomama-Mejomama series (recompiled & published as Mama Samagra by KGB Prakashani) which are fun-filled and analyse various philosophical aspects of life through the eyes of children. Awards Chattopadhyay is the recipient of the Ananda Puraskar in 1981. He received the Banga Bibhushan award from the Govt. of West Bengal in May, 2012. He received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2018 for his novel Sri Krishner Sesh Kota Din at an age of 82 years. References Bengali writers Bengali-language writers Bengali male poets Bengali-language poets Indian children's writers Indian male novelists Scottish Church College alumni University of Calcutta alumni 1936 births Living people 20th-century Indian novelists Poets from West Bengal 20th-century Indian poets Indian male poets Novelists from West Bengal 20th-century Indian male",
"title": "Sanjib Chattopadhyay"
},
{
"docid": "9027327",
"text": "Sir Rajendra Nath Mookerjee Viswakarma of Bengal (or Rajen Mookerjee; 23 June 1854 – 15 May 1936) was a pioneering Bengali Indian industrialist. Early life Rajendra Nath Mookerjee was raised by his mother after his father died when he was six. He studied engineering for three years at present day Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur then located at Presidency College, Calcutta. He started as a contractor and later earned fame as an engineer and businessman. Achievements Along with Sir Thomas Acquin Martin, he founded Martin & Co. and contributed to the success of Bengal Iron at Kulti. Undertaken Burn & Company , and Jessop after his company's huge success. Later he joined G.H.Fairhurst in founding the iron works of The Indian Iron and Steel Company at Burnpur. Present Day's Garden Reach Ship Builders and Hooghly Dock are also his contributions. Among his achievements were the construction of Palta water works and the Victoria Memorial and Howrah Bridge(Old) at Kolkata, Later His Company developed the Bridge in 1945 to a Cantilever Bridge which is now called as Rabindra Setu. He pioneered the laying down and operations of Martin's Light Railways. He visited England for the first time in 1901 and later several times more in connection with his business. Beside Business he Also Founded Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) with inspiration of Prasanta Chandra Mohalanobis Honours and awards In 1908, Mookerjee was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE). In 1911, he became sheriff of Kolkata. Also in 1911, he was knighted with the KCIE. In 1922, Mookerjee was further honoured with the dignity of a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO). In 1931, the University of Calcutta honoured him with an honorary D.Sc. (Engineering). He presided over the 8th session of Indian Science Congress held at Kolkata in 1921. Personal life Mookerjee was married when he was still in his early teens to eleven-year-old Jadumati Devi, a girl of his own caste and similar background, in a match arranged by their families. They had three sons: Jitendra Nath Mookerjee was his eldest son Sir Biren Mookerjee, the second son Mahendra Nath Mookerjee was his youngest son His grandsons, Ramen Mookerjee and Robin Mookerjee, took over the reins of Martin Burn & Co. after the death of his sons. Monuments A main thoroughfare in Kolkata is named after him as Rajendra Nath Mukherjee Road abbreviated as R. N. Mukherjee Road, earlier known as Mission Row. A statue of Sir R.N. Mukherjee was situated in Victoria Memorial premises. References External links 1854 births 1936 deaths Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order Presidency University, Kolkata alumni University of Calcutta alumni People from North 24 Parganas district Businesspeople in steel 20th-century Indian engineers Businesspeople in construction Indian people in rail transport Indian industrialists Presidents of The Asiatic Society 19th-century Indian engineers Businesspeople from Kolkata 19th-century Indian businesspeople 20th-century Indian businesspeople Rajendra Sheriffs of Kolkata Indian Knights",
"title": "Rajendra Nath Mookerjee"
},
{
"docid": "42922600",
"text": "The Calcutta Chord link line, also known as the C.C. link line, is a long branch line of the Kolkata Suburban Railway which comes under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway's Sealdah Division & Howrah Division. The line directly connects the Sealdah railway station (erstwhile Calcutta railway station) on the east bank of the Hooghly River with the Howrah–Bardhaman chord line at the Dankuni Junction on the west bank of the Hooghly River via the Vivekananda Setu. The Andul Calcutta Chord link branch line (known as the A.C.C.L. branch line) is a long branch line from Dankuni Junction which connects C.C. link line with the Santragachi–Amta branch line and Andul on the Howrah–Kharagpur line. Services The C.C link line serves as a vital link for the city of Kolkata to the rest of the country providing a shorter route through the Howrah–Bardhaman chord line rather than the longer route through the Howrah-Bardhaman main line via the Naihati–Bandel branch line. The line is used by major long distance express services such as the Sealdah Rajdhani Express, Darjeeling Mail, Padatik Express, and Ananya Express amongst many others, originating from the Sealdah and Kolkata railway stations, to the rest of India. The line is also a part of the Kolkata Suburban Railway and is served by 46 Daily and 40 Sunday EMU services running between Sealdah and Dankuni and 2 EMU services between Sealdah and Baruipara. These suburban services are provided by 9-car EMU rakes from the Narkeldanga EMU Carshed. The line also acts as an important link for freight commodities coming in and out of the Kolkata Port connecting it with the rest of the country. The A.C.C.L branch line was primarily built and used for diverting freight trains of the South Eastern Railway from the Howrah–Kharagpur line towards Chitpur and Kolkata docks. With increasing public demand, some long-distance passenger trains were started in this section directly from Sealdah to connect to the Howrah–Kharagpur line, like the Sealdah–Puri Duronto Express. More recently the line has been used by many long distance passenger trains such as the Kaziranga Express, Aronai Express and others from the Howrah–Kharagpur line to completely bypass the congested sections near Howrah while using Dankuni or Bhattanagar stations as commercial stoppages instead. History The Howrah-Bardhaman Chord, a shorter link to Bardhaman from Howrah than the Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line, was constructed in 1917. In 1932, the Calcutta Chord Link Line was built over the Willingdon Bridge (now known as Vivekananda Setu) joining Dum Dum with Dankuni and opened for freight traffic, thus forming a direct link from Calcutta (now known as Sealdah railway station) to Dankuni on the Howrah-Bardhaman Chord, thus earning the line its name. By 1950–51, Santragachi was heavily congested causing delays in arrival for trains bound to Howrah. Two major reasons identified for the congestion were its railway yard outstripping its capacity and passing of freight trains of the South Eastern Railway from Kharagpur towards Chitpur and Kolkata docks taking the circuitous route via Tikiapara, Liluah, Belanagar and then",
"title": "Calcutta Chord link line"
},
{
"docid": "16929458",
"text": "The East Bengal Mail was one of three trains operated between India and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The rail link was suspended at the outbreak of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Overview Prior to 1965, when armed conflict broke out between India and Pakistan, rail links existed between India and East Pakistan. Three trains ran between the two countries carrying goods and passengers: (1) East Bengal Express between Sealdah and Goalundo Ghat via Gede–Darshana, (2) East Bengal Mail between Sealdah and Parbatipur Junction via Gede–Darshana, and (3) Barisal Express between Sealdah and Khulna via Petrapole–Benapole. History From 1878, the railway route from Kolkata, then called Calcutta, to Siliguri was in two legs through the eastern part of Bengal. The first leg was a 185 km journey along the Eastern Bengal State Railway from Calcutta Station (later renamed Sealdah) to Damookdeah Ghat on the southern bank of the Padma River, then across the river in a ferry and the second leg of the journey. A 336 km metre-gauge line of the North Bengal Railway linked Saraghat on the northern bank of the Padma to Siliguri. The 1.8 km long Hardinge Bridge across the Padma opened for trains in 1915. Presently, it is between the Paksey and Bheramara stations on the broad-gauge line between Khulna and Parbatipur in Bangladesh. In 1926 the metre-gauge section north of the bridge was converted to broad gauge, and so the entire Calcutta – Siliguri route became broad-gauge. In the pre-independence days, two legendary mail trains used the Sealdah–Parbatipur line. The Darjeeling Mail linked Kolkata, then known as Calcutta, and Siliguri. The Assam Mail originally ran from Sealdah to Santahar by broad gauge, and onwards by metre gauge from Santahar to Guwahati (then spelt Gauhati). Branch lines Not only was the mainline an important one but a cursory glance at the route map shows important links. The Maitree Express uses a part of the route from Iswardi. Abdulpur is an important junction with links to Rajshahi and the India–Bangladesh border at Rahanpur-Singhabad. In olden days, it was the route for travel between Malda and Kolkata. Santahar is another important junction, with a metre-gauge connection to many places in the northern part of Bangladesh. In pre-independence days, there was a metre-gauge line: Katihar–Radhikapur–Biral–Parbatipur–Tista–Geetaldaha–Golakganj–Fakiragram. References Named passenger trains of India Named passenger trains of Bangladesh International named passenger trains Defunct trains in India History of rail transport in West Bengal Railway services discontinued in 1965 Transport in Kolkata",
"title": "East Bengal Mail"
}
] | [
"2001"
] |
train_42303 | where did the songs from mamma mia come from | [
{
"docid": "656355",
"text": "ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"SOS\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Mamma Mia\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \"Tropical Loveland\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \"Intermezzo No. 1\" (early working title: \"Mama\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \"Man in the Middle\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \"The ABBA Remasters\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \"Deluxe Edition\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \"Baby\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \"Rock Me\". \"Baby\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Crazy World\" \"Crazy World\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \"Money, Money, Money\" single in November 1976. \"Crazy World\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\" Recording began on 6 May 1975",
"title": "ABBA (album)"
},
{
"docid": "2556660",
"text": "Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \"my mom\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \"Mamma Mia\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \"Mamma Mia\" (Darin song), 2014 \"Mama Mia\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \"Mamma Mia\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \"Mama Mia\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \"Mammamia\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \"Mamma Mia\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \"Mamma Mia\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \"Mamma Mia\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon",
"title": "Mamma Mia"
},
{
"docid": "58104687",
"text": "Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \"Dancing Queen\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \"Fernando\" and \"Super Trouper\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\" —Cher Cher also said that \"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \"SOS\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song",
"title": "Dancing Queen (album)"
},
{
"docid": "75128298",
"text": "Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream was a British television talent competition that began airing on 22 October 2023 on ITV. The show documented the search for two new, unknown musical theatre performers to play the roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!. The series was presented by Zoe Ball, and features Samantha Barks, Alan Carr, Amber Riley and Jessie Ware as judges. The series was won by Stevie Doc and Tobias Turley to play Sophie and Sky respectively. Format The series documented the search to find two unknown musical theatre stars to play the central roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the 2024 West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!, based on the film of the same name for the musical's 25th anniversary. The format was similar to that of the BBC competitions How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, Any Dream Will Do, I'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow which aired on BBC One in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 respectively. ITV later aired a similar programme in 2012, Superstar. The series featured fourteen contestants, seven men and seven women, who took part in masterclasses, challenges and workshops focused on singing, dancing and acting which led to a finale set which took place in a West End theatre where a public vote decided the winners. Production In September 2022, it was reported that ITV were planning to revive the musical theatre talent search format with a new series based on Mamma Mia. In December 2022, ITV confirmed the commissioning of Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream. The series was produced by Thames, the production company behind the reality television formats Britain's Got Talent and I Can See Your Voice. The series is filmed in Corfu, Greece and is presented by Zoe Ball. The judges included Samantha Barks, who was a finalist on I'd Do Anything in 2008, comedian Alan Carr, Glee actress Amber Riley and singer Jessie Ware. Contestants The fourteen contestants competing for the roles of Sophie and Sky were announced on the day of the show's broadcast. Sophie Sky Weekly summary Results summary Colour key Week 1 (22 October) For the show's the first episode, the fourteen contestants were placed in either duos or trios and performed a song by ABBA. Group performances: \"Mamma Mia\" \"I Have a Dream\" Week 2 (29 October) In the show's second episode, the Sophies had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Dancing Queen\" Week 3 (5 November) In the show's third episode, the Skys had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" Week 4 (12 November) For the show's the fourth episode, the Sophies and Skys were paired up and had to recreate a scene",
"title": "Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream"
},
{
"docid": "34081868",
"text": "Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \"the greatest showbiz impresario\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \"The Winner Takes It All\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\") and \"highly savvy writer\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to",
"title": "Judy Craymer"
},
{
"docid": "1195313",
"text": "The ABBA Generation is the debut studio album by Swedish pop group A-Teens. It was released on 25 August 1999 by Stockholm Records. The album is composed of cover versions of well-known ABBA songs. The album spawned four singles, \"Mamma Mia\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\", \"Super Trouper\", and \"Dancing Queen\". The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. Background In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \"Mamma Mia\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \"Mamma Mia\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \"Super Trouper\" peaked at number two and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \"Happy New Year\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \"Dancing Queen\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. Critical reception Despite its commercial success around the world, the album received generally negative reviews from music critics. Alex Henderson of AllMusic said that the group's \"versions of ABBA gems like \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Dancing Queen\", and \"Voulez-Vous\" aren't brilliant, but they're enjoyable—and they show just how well the songs have held up over time.\" He concluded his review by saying, “All things considered, The ABBA Generation is a pleasing, if unremarkable, testament to the durability of ABBA's songs.\" In an average review for The A.V. Club, Steven Thompson wrote, \"Pop music doesn't get more marginal than a collection of overdriven dance-pop covers, but The ABBA Generation succeeds on its own modest terms.\" David Hiltbrand of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+, saying that the group \"look and sound better than their supergroup heroes; even the music is spruced up, thanks to a cast of savvy Swedish producers.\" Writing for Rolling Stone, Arion Berger gave the album one and a half out of five stars, saying that \"all the keyboard doodling and note-for-note diligence in Scandinavia wouldn't help these poseurs bring the pure-pop greatness of the real ABBA to life.\" Track listing All tracks written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, except as noted. Personnel Adapted from the album liner notes. Musicians Anneli Axon Anders Barrén Tee",
"title": "The ABBA Generation"
},
{
"docid": "40705751",
"text": "\"I Wonder (Departure)\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \"The Name of the Game\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \"I wonder ... it scares me\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \"maximum emotional leverage\", making it \"the most intimate personal portrait\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \"translate beautifully to the stage\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "I Wonder (Departure)"
},
{
"docid": "43934954",
"text": "\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" has been called a \"Fats Domino flavoured\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \"Why Did It Have To Be Me\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \"Happy Hawaii\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \"Happy Hawaii\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \"for the guys\" and praises it as an example of the \"professional songwriting\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs",
"title": "Why Did It Have to Be Me?"
},
{
"docid": "798902",
"text": "A-Teens are a Swedish pop music group from Stockholm. The group was formed by Niklas Berg in 1998 as an ABBA tribute group called ABBA-Teens, which was later renamed A-Teens. The band members were Marie Serneholt, Amit Paul, Dhani Lennevald, and Sara Lumholdt. The group is best known for the singles \"Mamma Mia\" (1999) and \"Upside Down\" (2000), both of which were hits worldwide. The group was particularly successful in their home country where they amassed ten top 10 hit singles on the Swedish charts. After six years together, the group disbanded following the release of their Greatest Hits album in May 2004. History 1998–2000: The ABBA Generation In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \"Mamma Mia\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \"Mamma Mia\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. In August 1999, the group released their debut album The ABBA Generation, consisting entirely of ABBA covers reinterpreted with a modern pop and electronic sound. The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. The album sold more than 2 million copies worldwide and was certified Gold or Platinum in over 22 countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \"Super Trouper\" peaked at number two and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \"Happy New Year\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \"Dancing Queen\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. The group made several appearances on Disney and Nickelodeon. In September 2000, the A-Teens won a Viva Music Award for Best International Newcomer. 2001: Teen Spirit On 26 February 2001, the group released their second studio album Teen Spirit, which consists entirely of original tracks. It debuted at number two in the Swedish Charts. The album peaked at number thirteen on the European Albums Chart. In the United States, the album peaked at number fifty and was certified gold. The album was preceded by the single \"Upside Down\" in October 2000; this was their first single that was not an ABBA cover song. It peaked at number two in Sweden and was certified 2× Platinum. The song reached the top ten in several countries.",
"title": "A-Teens"
},
{
"docid": "30864425",
"text": "Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released in Scandinavia on 17 November 1975 and in other parts of the world in 1976, notably the UK on 10 April, and on 18 September in the US and Canada. The 1976 version of the album included the band's most recent single \"Fernando\". The album was released in response to similar ABBA compilation albums being issued at the time by record labels in other countries who had licensed ABBA's music for release in their own territories, and the threat of import sales of those compilations impacting upon ABBA's home market. This meant that the success of Greatest Hits was largely confined to Scandinavia and the UK, although the size of the latter market and the scale of its success there has ensured that Greatest Hits is one of ABBA's best-selling albums worldwide. The album was the best-selling album of 1976 in the UK, and the country's second-best selling album of the decade. Background ABBA had won the Eurovision Song Contest in April 1974 with the song \"Waterloo\", which went on to be a major hit across Europe and in Australia and New Zealand. However, the immediate follow-up singles did not meet with the same success, and it wasn't until over a year later that \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\", \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became worldwide hits and reignited interest in the band. To capitalise on this resurgence of interest, several labels around the world released their own licensed compilations of ABBA's singles up to and including \"Mamma Mia\" – these included a similarly-titled Greatest Hits by France's Disques Vogue, and The Best of ABBA, released by West Germany's division of Polydor Records and by RCA Victor in Australia and New Zealand. To counteract the possibility of import sales from these records in Scandinavia, ABBA's record label Polar Music rush-released their own version of Greatest Hits. Release The tracks were taken from ABBA's first three studio albums, Ring Ring, Waterloo and ABBA, and with the exception of \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" had all been released as singles somewhere in the world. Despite the title of the compilation, only half of the tracks had actually charted as hit singles in major territories. \"Waterloo\", \"SOS\", \"Mamma Mia\" and (later) \"Fernando\" were top 10 hits in the UK and several other countries, though only the first of these was a top 10 hit in the US. Other hits in multiple territories included \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" (a top 10 hit in several countries, a number one in Australia, and a top 20 hit in the US, though barely cracking the top 40 in the UK), \"Honey, Honey\" (a top 20 hit in several countries and a top 30 hit in the US), \"Hasta Mañana\" (a top 10 hit in South Africa and New Zealand and a top 20 hit in Australia), and \"So Long\"",
"title": "Greatest Hits (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "5432353",
"text": "\"Upside Down\" (titled \"Bouncing off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" outside Europe) is a song by Swedish pop music group A-Teens, released as first single from their second album, Teen Spirit (2001). A DVD single of the song was released in the United States in February 2001 to coincide with both the single's release and Teen Spirits release, and contains the music videos for both the title track and Mamma Mia from The ABBA Generation. Production and release After the intense promotion in the United States in August 2000, the band went back to the studio to start working on their second album. The song was first announced at the Viva Music Awards in September 2000. The song was the first time the band released an original song instead of a cover, and the song was produced by the hit makers Grizzly and Tysper. Commercial reception The single reached platinum on its 3rd week of release in their homeland, and by early 2001, \"Upside Down\" had peaked at number two and sold over 120,000 copies in Sweden, earning a 2× platinum certification. The song became the band's biggest hit in the United Kingdom, selling 3,711 copies on its first day and peaking at number 10 by the end of the week. The song received 8/10 Stars on UK Yahoo Music Reviews. \"Upside Down\" had a name change in the United States and Canada to \"Bouncing Off The Ceiling (Upside Down)\". The song reached number 93 on the US Billboard Hot 100 while the physical single reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales Chart. Music video Directed by Patrick Kiely, the video was filmed in Universal Studios in Los Angeles from United States on 13–15 October 2000. It shows the band in an alternative world where everything is \"upside down,\" and tells the story of one student who is in love with another student so much that they can't focus on their school studies; thus turning their lives \"upside down.\" The dancing routine was choreographed by Wade Robson. The video reached number-one on several countdowns around the world. It was 2001's 25th most played video of MTV Mexico. Track listings Swedish and European CD single \"Upside Down\" (radio version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (sing-along version) – 3:14 European maxi-CD single \"Upside Down\" – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (Grizzly/Tysper radio remix) – 3:50 \"Upside Down\" (Grizzly/Tysper extended remix) – 4:46 \"Upside Down\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 UK CD single \"Upside Down\" (radio version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (Almighty 7-inch edit) – 4:18 \"Upside Down\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 \"Upside Down\" (karaoke version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (CD-ROM video) UK cassette single \"Upside Down\" – 3:14 \"Mamma Mia\" (radio version) – 3:14 US CD single \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" – 3:14 \"Super Trouper\" – 3:50 \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" (video) US DVD single \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling\" (video) \"Mamma Mia\" (video) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Release history References External links 2000 singles 2000 songs",
"title": "Upside Down (A-Teens song)"
},
{
"docid": "3735183",
"text": "Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an",
"title": "Catherine Johnson (playwright)"
},
{
"docid": "54535911",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\"One of Us\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\"Waterloo\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\"Why Did It",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again"
},
{
"docid": "38660223",
"text": "\"Guilty Pleasures\" is the seventeenth episode of the fourth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the eighty-third episode overall. Written by Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz, it aired on Fox in the United States on March 21, 2013. Kelley Mitchell, Jennifer Greenberg, Melissa Buell, Tym Shutchai Buacharern, Paula Jane Hamilton and Darla Albright were nominated at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series for this episode. Plot Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) take over the glee club while Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) is out sick, and have New Directions perform their musical guilty pleasures in order to strengthen the bond between its members. Blaine and Sam perform \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" as a demonstration, and Sam later performs \"Copacabana\", followed by Blaine, who performs \"Against All Odds\". Sam notices that Blaine directs the song at him, and Blaine admits he had a crush on him. Sam reveals that he's known for a while and respects Blaine's feelings as they reaffirm their friendship. Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) and Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell) perform \"Wannabe\", and Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) notes how Kitty became closer to New Directions. The girls later confront Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist) over performing a Chris Brown song, and although he claims that they should differentiate an artist's personal life from their work, he agrees to change the song and performs \"My Prerogative\". In New York, Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) returns to the loft, and Brody Weston (Dean Geyer) moves out after his fight with Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith). Santana reveals to Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) that Brody was a gigolo, and Rachel later confronts him at NYADA, where they decide that their relationship has definitely come to an end. Rachel thanks Santana for not giving up on trying to make her see the truth. Santana and Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) later comfort Rachel, and they sing \"Mamma Mia\" together, simultaneously with New Directions, who perform it to celebrate the success of the assignment. Production The episode was written by Glee executive producers Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz. Shooting continued as late as February 25, 2013. Recurring characters in this episode include glee club members Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell), Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin) and Ryder Lynn (Blake Jenner), and NYADA junior Brody Weston (Dean Geyer). Seven songs from the episode are being released as singles: Barry Manilow's \"Copacabana\" performed by Overstreet, Radiohead's \"Creep\" performed by Michele and Geyer, Bobby Brown's \"My Prerogative\" performed by Artist, Phil Collins's \"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)\" sung by Criss, Wham!'s \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" performed by Criss and Overstreet, Spice Girls' \"Wannabe\" performed by Newell, Benoist, Tobin, Ushkowitz and Morris, and ABBA's \"Mamma Mia\" performed by Michele, Rivera, Colfer and",
"title": "Guilty Pleasures (Glee)"
},
{
"docid": "20312130",
"text": "Amén is the tenth studio album by Spanish duo Azúcar Moreno, released on Sony International in 2000. Amén, entirely recorded in Miami, was coproduced by Estéfano, with whom the duo had collaborated on the 1994 album El Amor, and Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez who had produced their two preceding albums Esclava de tu piel and Olé and also the track “Muévete salvaje” on their 1997 greatest hits compilation Mucho Azúcar - Grandes Éxitos. Six of the album's thirteen titles, “Amén”, “Abracadabra”, “Mamma mia”, “Tururú”, “40 kilos de besos”, “Amigo mío” and “Viva la vida”, were written or co-written by Spanish singer and composer Miguel Gallardo, who previously had penned hits like “Hazme el amor”, “Desnúdate, desnúdame”, “A galope”, “Solo se vive una vez”, “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” and “Esclava de tu piel” for the Salazar sisters. The lead single from the album was “Mamma mia” —not to be confused with the ABBA song with the same title— followed by the title track “Amén”, “Ay amor”, “Dale que dale” and the ballad “Piel de seda”, the latter written by prolific Spanish composer José Luis Perales. The track “San José” was co-produced by Spanish remix team Pumpin’ Dolls, who previously had remixed worldwide hits like Cher’s “Strong Enough”, TLC’s “Unpretty” and Carlos Santana’s “María María”. The track “Abracadabra”, the third single from the album, was along with “Juramento” featured in Spanish movie Gitano, starring famous flamenco dancer Joaquín Cortés. “Mamma Mia”, “Amén” and “Abracadabra” were all released in a wide variety of extended dance mixes, mixed by among others Pedro del Moral, David Ferrero and Pablo Flores. Amén continued the Salazar sisters’ series of successful albums, selling some 300.000 copies in Spain alone and achieving triple platinum status. Amén was the first Azúcar Moreno album to be accompanied by a DVD release, entitled Amén Tour. The documentary captures the Salazar sisters touring Spain, Portugal, The Azores, Bulgaria, South America and it also features behind the scenes footage from the making of the videos “Mamma mia”, “Amén”, “Abracadabra” and “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” from their previous album Esclava de tu piel, the latter filmed in New York. Track listing “Amén” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:36 “Abracadabra” (Gallardo) – 3:50 “Mamma mia” (Fano) – 4:17 “El amor se echa de menos” (Fano) – 4:48 “Tururú” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:44 “Piel de seda” (Perales) – 4:33 “Juramento” (Rilo) – 3:33 “Dale que dale” (Alonso, Castro, Flores, Salazar) – 3:59 “Ay amor” (Donato, Fano) – 4:28 “40 kilos de besos” (Caba, Gallardo) – 4:14 “San José” (Gypsy Dance version) (Arana, Belmonte) – 3:51 “Amigo mío” (Gallardo) – 3:14 “Viva la vida” (Gallardo) – 3:47 Personnel Azúcar Moreno – vocals Production Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez – record producer Estéfano – producer Pumpin’ Dolls – co-producers \"San José\" (Gypsy Dance Version) Certifications and sales Sources and external links [ Allmusic discography] Discogs.com discography Rateyourmusic.com discography Specific 2000 albums Azúcar Moreno albums",
"title": "Amén"
},
{
"docid": "40748214",
"text": "\"Hey, Hey Helen\" is a song by ABBA, featured on their 1975 self-titled album. It was used as the B-side to Mamma Mia in Australia and Fernando in the UK. Composition The song is in the Glam rock genre. Analysis George Starostin Reviews says the song has \"perfectly tolerable lyrics about a family breakup\" from an anti-feminist perspective. PopDose says \"'Helen' took an adult look at divorce and single motherhood in a time when the divorce rate was up and the traditional family unit was taking a beating. At first, the lyrics seem a bit judgmental, until you get to that last bit in the chorus where the girls assure the newly single mother that she can, in fact, make it alone\". Covers Lush covered the song for an abandoned anti-poll tax compilation, the cover version was released on their 1990 album Gala. Critical reception The Trouser Press record guide described the song as \"obscure\". OneWeekOneBand said \"The best bit of this - OK maybe apart from the riff - is where the lyrics go “Can you make it alone?” and the backing vox reply “Yes you can” and to prove it the song goes into a FUNK BREAKDOWN, the only one in ABBA's catalogue.\" George Starostin Reviews says the song is \"quite memorable\", and adds it is \"what all those 'heavy metal tunes' off Waterloo would have sounded like\" if they had been given more of the 'ABBA' sound. It adds \"the heavy guitar riffs on that one don't bother me in the least, as they never try to sound dreary or 'mock-ominous': they just emphasize the power of the tune, which is, in my opinion, a highly underrated ABBA classic, with all those riffs, a catchy, rhythmic synth solo, a groovy drum pattern\". PopDose describes the song as \"one of the earliest glimmers that ABBA were more than just your standard bubblegum pop group\". It wondered why the song wasn't featured in the Mamma Mia musical considering its subject matter, and theorises that it was because the song wasn't popular enough. It notes, however, that the group mimed it for quite a few TV appearances at the time, citing “Don Kirshner’s Rock Concert” in 1975. References 1975 songs ABBA songs Songs with feminist themes Songs about divorce",
"title": "Hey, Hey Helen"
},
{
"docid": "2864185",
"text": "Jersey Boys is a jukebox musical with a book by Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice. It is presented in a documentary-style format that dramatizes the formation, success and breakup of the 1960s rock 'n' roll group The Four Seasons. The musical is structured as four \"seasons\", each narrated by a different member of the band who gives his own perspective on its history and music. Songs include \"Big Girls Don't Cry\", \"Sherry\", \"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\", \"My Eyes Adored You\", \"Stay\", \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\", \"Walk Like A Man\", \"Who Loves You\", \"Working My Way Back to You\" and \"Rag Doll\". The musical premiered at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2004 and ran on Broadway from 2005 to 2017. Since its debut it has been on two North American national tours and two national tours of the UK and Ireland. The show has been produced in London's West End, Las Vegas, Chicago, Toronto, Melbourne and other Australian cities, Singapore, South Africa, the Netherlands, Japan, Dubai, and China. Jersey Boys won four 2006 Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and the 2009 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical. Development In the early 2000s, Bob Gaudio, an original Four Seasons member, sought to make a musical from the band's discography; he noted in a 2008 interview that he was inspired by the success of Smokey Joe's Cafe and Mamma Mia! into believing that a rock-and-roll musical with existing songs could work. He hired book writers Rick Elice and Marshall Brickman, who had difficulty finding a willing director until Michael David of Dodger Theatricals recommended them to Des McAnuff. Brickman suggested creating a show about the band's history, instead of repurposing their songs for an independent story the way ABBA did with Mamma Mia!; Gaudio liked the idea, noting that although biopics were a common format in film, such a story format was still relatively rare on stage and that, to his knowledge, none had been tried at the time. Brickman was drawn to the project because \"it's a classic American story. It's rags to riches, and back to rags.\" McAnuff was initially lukewarm to the project and did not like the idea of naming the project after a Four Seasons song, fearing it would look like a cash grab instead of a legitimate artistic work; Gaudio came up with the title on a plane ride, reasoning that the band members were all just a bunch of Jersey boys, and the name stuck. Little was known to the public about the Four Seasons' history before the musical, because magazines of the era did not write much about them. In their research, Brickman and Elice were surprised to find that the members had prison records, which might have prevented their music from being played if it had been publicized when they were active. According to Gaudio, \"Back then, things were a little clean-cut, don't forget, so the idea of our story getting out was horrifying to us.\" Other bands of",
"title": "Jersey Boys"
},
{
"docid": "5722841",
"text": "\"Intermezzo No. 1\" is an instrumental track from Swedish pop group ABBA's self-titled third album, released in April 1975. It was the first of only two tracks by the group not to contain lyrics; the other was the title track of their 1976 release, Arrival. It is the only purely instrumental ABBA song however, as Arrival includes \"a static layer of rich harmony vocals\". On the cover, the song was credited as \"Intermezzo No.1 featuring Benny Andersson\". Production Written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, the orchestral rock tune was recorded on October 16, 1974, in Stockholm's Glen and Metronome Studios under the working title \"Mama\". Another working title for the song was Bach-låten (The Bach Tune). In September 1975, it was released as the B-side to ABBA's single, \"Mamma Mia\". Carl Magnus Palm describes it as a \"showcase of Benny's classical music influences\", which first began to appear in his work with The Hep Stars songs “Sunny Girl” and “Wedding”. Carl Magnus Palm explains the song was a \"popular feature on every subsequent ABBA tour\" after the ABBA album was released. For example, the song is shown being performed in the 1977 concert tours in the film ABBA: The Movie. Composition The song has a \"piano and guitar-led instrumental\". Many of ABBA's pieces are full of \"thematic throwaways of the rich folk music culture [of Sweden]\". This song is a \"solo vehicle\" in which to indulge in classical music. The grand piano is the central instrument, layered by a \"flamboyant network of synth textures and brass punches\". ABBA: Let The Music Speak explains \"the main theme is inviting and uncomplicated, constantly giving way to a rapid-fire succession of mood-swinging secondary themes\". Critical reception Music News lists the song as one of ABBA's \"ambitious tracks...that showcase Andersson and Ulvaeus' classical leanings while demonstrating their abilities as proficient songwriters\". Der Tagesspiegel says the song, \"in contrast to the catchy masterpiece [Mamma Mia]\" that it was coupled with on the single, \"has a rather psychedelic-disturbing character\". Abba's Abba Gold notes that ABBA Gold doesn't include any of the \"lackadaisical instrumentals ABBA threw about\" like \"Arrival\" or \"Intermezzo No.1\". It adds though \"fans like the albums precisely for these oddities\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record describes the song as an \"impressive instrumental\". Bright Lights Dark Shadows: The Real Story of Abba explains that while \"experiments in applying classical music to a pop format were very much in vogue at the time [Intermezzo No.1] ha[s] come to seem a little dated\". It nevertheless describes the song as \"show[ing] a sense of musical ambition\" and an \"opus\". Carl Magnus Palm says for fans of ambitious music, the song \"probably remains a highlight in the ABBA oeuvre\", while to those who prefer more straightforward pop hits, the song \"has aged less well\". ABBA: Let The Music Speak says the song is \"whimsical and melodramatic\" and \"a sophisticated pastiche of all that is great and wondrous in the world of classical music, injected with a shot",
"title": "Intermezzo No. 1"
},
{
"docid": "11143164",
"text": "\"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \"Rio de Janeiro\". Eventually, the track was renamed \"When I Kissed the Teacher\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \"schoolgirl imagery\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \"bouncy\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \"Waterloo\". It says the song \"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \"When I Kissed the Teacher\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is listed alongside \"Dancing Queen\" as an example of the group's \"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\" The Los Angeles Times said \"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \"expected of ABBA\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" with the Van Halen song \"Hot for Teacher\" and the Jethro Tull song \"Teacher\" as examples of \"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.",
"title": "When I Kissed the Teacher"
},
{
"docid": "68620154",
"text": "Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \"Just a Notion\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \"Little Things\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \"ABBAtar\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \"Just a Notion\", was",
"title": "Voyage (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "18529345",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording is the original cast album for the ABBA-inspired stage musical of the same name. The album was released in 1999 and it reached No.56 in the UK album chart, with 2 weeks on the chart. Re-interest in this 1999 Original London Cast album caused it to reach #12 in the UK Album Chart, having charted at #16 a week earlier. It features performances by the original London cast of the musical including Lisa Stokke, Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae. The album was produced by the two male members of ABBA, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The album featured a number of ABBA's best known songs, including the title track, \"Dancing Queen\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" and \"Thank You for the Music\". Track listing Original release \"Overture / Prologue\" - Lisa Stokke—2:56 \"Honey, Honey\" - Lisa Stokke, Eliza Lumley, and Melissa Gibson—2:02 \"Money, Money, Money\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, Neal Wright, and Company—3:01 \"Mamma Mia\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Company-3:21 \"Thank You for the Music\" - Lisa Stokke, Hilton McRae, Paul Clarkson, and Nicolas Colicos-3:03 \"Chiquitita\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—2:27 \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—3:44 \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" - Andrew Langtree, Lisa Stokke, and Company—3:34 \"Super Trouper\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Jenny Galloway, Louise Plowright, and Female Company—3:56 \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" - Female Company—3:34 \"The Name of the Game\" - Lisa Stokke and Nicolas Colicos—3:22 \"Voulez-Vous\" - Company—3:29 \"Entr'acte\" - Musical cast—2:17 \"Under Attack\" - Lisa Stokke and Company—3:11 \"One of Us\" - Siobhán McCarthy—2:20 \"SOS\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae—2:44 \"Does Your Mother Know\" - Louise Plowright, Neal Wright, and Company—3:21 \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" - Hilton McRae—2:42 \"Our Last Summer\" - Paul Clarkson and Siobhán McCarthy—2:42 \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Lisa Stokke—3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" - Siobhán McCarthy—4:08 \"Take a Chance on Me\" - Jenny Galloway and Nicolas Colicos—3:33 \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" - Hilton McRae, Siobhán McCarthy, and Company—2:29 \"I Have a Dream\" - Lisa Stokke—2:58 5th anniversary edition The album was re-released in 2004, five years after its initial release to commemorate the musical's 5th anniversary. The new edition contained the original 24 tracks as well as three bonus tracks: the encore versions of \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Waterloo\". Another 5th anniversary release, which debuted in 2006, commemorates the Broadway production, which debuted in 2001. Also included is a deluxe souvenir booklet complete with lyrics and glimpses of Donna Sheridan in international productions, and a bonus DVD that basically gives a behind-the-scenes look at the musical as well as glimpses of international productions of the musical. An additional bonus feature includes clips of the West End cast singing \"Money, Money, Money\" and \"Dancing Queen\", as well as fond memories from original Broadway cast members Joe Machota and Tina Maddigan, who play the roles of Sky and Sophie,",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording"
},
{
"docid": "15642908",
"text": "\"My Love, My Life\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \"My Love, My Life\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \"Monsieur, Monsieur\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \"My Love, My Life\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson",
"title": "My Love, My Life"
},
{
"docid": "29435379",
"text": "\"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" (working title: \"Pandemonium\") is a song recorded in 1978 by the Swedish pop group ABBA for their sixth studio album, Voulez-Vous. History The song was a reflection of Björn Ulvaeus's state of mind during his divorce, an uptempo song with despairing lyrics where the narrator dreads the end of the working day, when they will be all alone to deal with their own thoughts. Ulvaeus later stated: \"There were times that last autumn I was with Agnetha that I had those nights myself. My lyrics were often based around fiction, but that must have been where that one came from.\" Appearances \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" was considered by the band members to be one of the strongest songs recorded during the Voulez-Vous sessions, and was originally intended to be the lead single from the album. ABBA performed the song in Japan in November 1978, upon their promotional visit to the country (known as ABBA in Japan). Although ABBA did not film an official video for \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\", their filmed performance on the Mike Yarwood Christmas Show in December 1978 serves as an \"unofficial\" music video. These filmed performances of the song differ from the original 5:11 version (lasting 3:42 and 3:50). In December 1978, a new song entitled \"Chiquitita\" was recorded, and it was ultimately decided that this would be released as the lead single from the Voulez-Vous album instead. As a result of this decision, \"If It Wasn't for the Nights\" remained an album track. Cover versions Singer Hazell Dean included a dance cover of the song for her 1996 album The Winner Takes It All: Hazell Dean Sings ABBA. A hi-NRG/eurodance cover by Abbacadabra can be found on the 2008 compilation We Love ABBA: The Mamma Mia Dance Compilation, released through Almighty Records. An audio sample can be heard on the official Almighty Records website. References 1979 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "If It Wasn't for the Nights"
},
{
"docid": "9191968",
"text": "\"Thank ABBA for the Music\" is a medley of songs originally released by pop group ABBA, performed by Steps, Tina Cousins, Cleopatra, B*Witched and Billie. The medley consists of \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Thank You for the Music\". It was originally performed during the 1999 Brit Awards, which occurred on 16 February, and its release coincided with the debut of the ABBA musical Mamma Mia!. The medley peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in April 1999 and reached the top 10 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and Sweden. Track listings Personnel Tina Cousins – lead and backing vocals Billie Piper – lead and backing vocals Cleopatra Cleo Higgins – lead vocals Yonah Higgins – backing vocals Zainam Higgins – backing vocals B*Witched Lindsay Armaou – backing vocals Edele Lynch – lead vocals Keavy Lynch – backing vocals Sinead O'Carroll – backing vocals Steps Lee Latchford-Evans – lead and backing vocals Claire Richards – lead and backing vocals Lisa Scott-Lee – lead and backing vocals Faye Tozer – lead and backing vocals Ian \"H\" Watkins – lead and backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References External links Songs about musicians 1999 singles B*Witched songs Billie Piper songs Epic Records singles Music medleys Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson Steps (group) songs Tina Cousins songs",
"title": "Thank ABBA for the Music"
},
{
"docid": "57917036",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack"
},
{
"docid": "8377793",
"text": "Number Ones is a compilation album of recordings by Swedish pop group ABBA, released by Polar Music in 2006. Whereas ABBA Gold pulls together 19 of the group's biggest hits and most familiar songs, Number Ones is a variation on this concept, collecting 18 tracks that were #1 hits in many of the countries where ABBA were successful. In the end, only three tracks from ABBA Gold do not make the cut: \"Does Your Mother Know\", \"Lay All Your Love on Me\", and \"Thank You for the Music\". In the UK, the track list includes the full length version of \"Summer Night City\" (originally released on the Thank You for the Music box set) and an additional track \"Ring Ring\", which, oddly enough, was never a big hit in that territory. A limited edition, also released in the UK, includes a bonus disc with 12 tracks from ABBA's #1 albums. In Taiwan, a hidden track follows \"I Have a Dream\". This hidden track, titled \"ABBA Remix\" and running for 3:31, is a medley of the choruses of the 18 songs on the CD. Track listing International track listing \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Super Trouper\" \"SOS\" \"Summer Night City\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Chiquitita\" \"One of Us\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"Fernando\" \"Waterloo\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"I Have a Dream\" UK track listing \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Super Trouper\" \"SOS\" \"Summer Night City (Extended version)\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Chiquitita\" \"One of Us\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"Fernando\" \"Waterloo\" \"Ring Ring\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"I Have a Dream\" Limited Edition Bonus Disc: Classic Tracks from Number Ones albums \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" \"Hole in Your Soul\" \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" \"Me and I\" \"The King Has Lost His Crown\" \"Rock Me\" \"Tiger\" \"I Wonder (Departure)\" \"Another Town, Another Train\" \"Our Last Summer\" \"Kisses of Fire\" \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" Personnel Agnetha Fältskog - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Anni-Frid Lyngstad - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Björn Ulvaeus - lead vocals , co-lead vocals acoustic guitar, backing vocals Benny Andersson – synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2006 greatest hits albums ABBA compilation albums Compilation albums of number-one songs Polar Music compilation albums Albums produced by Björn Ulvaeus Albums produced by Benny Andersson Albums recorded at Polar Studios",
"title": "Number Ones (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "52199703",
"text": "Gazosa are an Italian teen band, best known for the song \"www.mipiacitu\". Career The band formed in 1998 as Eta Beta and then Zeta Beta, and originally consisted of Jessica Morlacchi (b. 1987, vocalist and bass guitar), Vincenzo Siani (b. 1986, drums), and the brothers Federico Paciotti (b. 1987, guitar) and Valentina Paciotti (b. 1985, keyboards). Put under contract by Caterina Caselli, they made their official debut in 1999, with the Abba's cover \"Mamma Mia\". Their self-titled debut album was released in 2000 and it mixed new songs and covers. In 2001 the band entered the 51st edition of the Sanremo Music Festival and won the newcomers' competition with the song \"Stai con me (Forever)\". In the summer they got a large commercial success with \"www.mipiacitu\", which became theme song of a series of Omnitel commercials and peaked at the fourth place on the Italian hit parade. In 2002 the group returned to the Sanremo Festival, this time competing in the Big Artists section, and placed tenth with the song \"Ogni giorno di più\". After releasing a cover version of \"Nessuno mi può giudicare\", the group disbanded in 2003, with Jessica Morlacchi and Federico Paciotti starting their solo career. In 2009 the musical project was restarted; active only in live events, it has a different line-up except for the drummer Vincenzo Siani. Discography Albums 2000 - Gazosa 2001 - www.mipiacitu 2002 - Inseparabili Singles 1999 - \"Mamma Mia\" 2001 - \"Stai con me (Forever)\" 2001 - \"www.mipiacitu\" 2002 - \"Ogni giorno di più\" 2003 - \"Nessuno mi può giudicare\" (ft. Tormento) References External links Italian pop music groups Living people Musical groups established in 1998 Sanremo Music Festival winners of the newcomers section Year of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Gazosa"
},
{
"docid": "2583339",
"text": "Jacqueline Clune (born 13 December 1965) is a British actress and writer. She became established through her Edinburgh Fringe one-woman cabaret shows and her 1995 Karen Carpenter tribute act before graduating to mainstream acting. Early life Jackie Clune is the third of four children born in Harlow, Essex, to Irish Roman Catholic parents: her father, Don Clune (died August 2010), was a buyer for a computer firm, and her mother (who survived him by eight years) a nurse. The writer Maggie Clune is her sister. Jackie Clune graduated with a degree in drama from the University of Kent. Career On graduation from university, she became a full-time drama lecturer at the Royal Holloway College for at least six years, was the presenter of the Weekend Breakfast Show on BBC GLR 94.9fm, and a BBC London radio journalist. She started singing in bands part-time, but between sets as a DJ she developed a facility in chatting to the audience. This led a friend to suggest that she could create a Karen Carpenter tribute performance, with singing; this she worked on and took to the Edinburgh Festival in 1995, where she was spotted by a West End producer. Giving up her lecturing career, she co-founded the Red Rag Women's Theatre Company, and fell into stand-up comedy while working at the Hackney Empire. Her credits include the BBC soap drama EastEnders and ITV's The Bill. Since hosting the Stonewall Society equality shows at the Royal Albert Hall, she has developed a multi-media career. She has been on TV (terrestrial and Sky) and a radio panellist on Front Row, QI, Never Mind the Buzzcocks, What the Dickens?, Woman's Hour and The Staying-in Show and Loose Women. She had a part in Showstopper (1997), Bryony Lavery's play A Wedding Story (1999) and portrayed Julie Burchill, at the time a columnist for The Guardian, in the one-woman play Julie Burchill Is Away by Tim Fountain at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and in the West End (2003) which launched her to the global press. In 2006–7, she played the lead female role of Donna in the Abba songs-based musical Mamma Mia! international tour until 17 March 2007. On 4 June 2007, she took over the role of the dance teacher Mrs. Wilkinson in Billy Elliot the Musical in London. She gave her final performance on 22 November 2008 prior to rejoining the Mamma Mia! International Tour (2009–2011) again as leading role Donna, the role interpreted by Meryl Streep in the film. She sang the theme tune of, and contributed material to, the TV comedy Smack the Pony. After becoming involved in the revival of the Andrew Lloyd Webber and Don Black musical Tell Me On A Sunday, she met Denise van Outen with whom she co-wrote the show Blondes, which van Outen performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in August 2009 and in six preview performances at the New End Theatre in Hampstead. She promoted the album Love Songs (Dress Circle) courtesy of a show at the",
"title": "Jackie Clune"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "7491727",
"text": "Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.",
"title": "Dominic Cooper"
},
{
"docid": "59057076",
"text": "Mamma Mia is a Ghanaian film directed by and starring Bob Smith Jnr in 1995. Set in Verona as well as Accra, it was one of the earlier films to focus on the lives of Ghanaians living in Europe. The film was the first of three films in a series sharing that name the others being Double Trouble (Mamma Mia Part 2) (1998) and Black is Black (Mamma Mia 3) (2000). Cast Bob Smith Jnr References English-language Ghanaian films 1990s English-language films",
"title": "Mamma Mia (1995 film)"
},
{
"docid": "70096150",
"text": "Croatia Songs is a record chart in Croatia for songs, compiled by Billboard since February 2022. The chart is updated every Tuesday on Billboards website. The chart was announced on 14 February 2022 as part of Billboards Hits of the World chart collection. The first number-one song on the chart was \"Behute\" by Senidah on the issue dated 19 February 2022. The longest charting number-one song is currently \"Mamma mia\" by Grše. The current number-one song on the chart is \"Fantazija\" by Grše featuring Miach. Methodology The chart tracks songs' performance from Friday to Thursday. Chart rankings are based on a weighted formula incorporating official-only streams on both subscription and ad-supported tiers of leading audio and video music services, plus download sales from top music retailers within the territory. All data are provided by MRC Data. List of number-one songs Reception All the songs that appeared on the first issue of the chart were released by the former Yugoslav non-Croatian musicians, apart from \"Trebaš li me\" by Eni Jurišić and Matija Cvek, \"Debili\" by 30zona and Kuku$ Klan, \"Ti i ja\" by Jelena Rozga (in collaboration with Serbian singer Saša Matić), and \"Highlife\" by Grše, alongside \"Heat Waves\" by Glass Animals and \"Black Summer\" by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Hrvoje Marjanović of Index.hr criticized the Croatian media for trying to censor mainstream music from other former Yugoslav republics due to its alleged lack of quality, and praised the chart for showcasing what people of Croatia actually listen to. He further praised the death of genre boundaries, claiming that, \"on the same IG story of the same person, probably in the same day, you will come across songs by Arctic Monkeys, Drake and Senidah\", as well as the death of the \"cajka problem\". However, in the meantime, multiple other Croatian artists appeared on the chart, such as Hiljson Mandela who debuted with three songs in 2022, Baks, Let 3, and the most frequent Billboard dweller, Grše, whose song \"Sip\" is one of the longest charting songs on the chart, surpassing the majority of his former Yugoslav non-Croatian colleagues. Grše would go on to become the first Croatian artist to top the chart, doing so with his single \"Mamma Mia\" in the week of 29 May 2023, and stay at the number one spot for 17 weeks, becoming the longest charting number-one song since the release of the list. Croatian music journalists generally reacted positively to the introduction of such a music chart but criticized the local music industry managers for trying to cover up the popularity of trap music. Tena Šarčević of Jutarnji list explained how the lack of Croatian artists might shock some people, but that the Balkan trap genre has dominated the on-demand streaming for quite some time. She further noted how there's a big difference between the Croatian airplay-based HR Top 40 chart, and the Billboard chart. Ravno Do Dnas Zoran Stajčić commented how the newly introduced Billboard chart is \"real\" and how it gives real insight into",
"title": "Croatia Songs"
},
{
"docid": "10708687",
"text": "The 56th Annual Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall on June 2, 2002 and broadcast by CBS. \"The First Ten\" awards ceremony was telecast on PBS television. The event was co-hosted by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. With her win as a producer of Thoroughly Modern Millie, Whoopi Goldberg became the 10th person to become an EGOT winner. The ceremony The show opened with a tribute to Richard Rodgers, featuring a medley of his songs performed by Marvin Hamlisch, Harry Connick Jr., Michele Lee, Mos Def, Lea Salonga, Peter Gallagher, John Raitt, Bernadette Peters, Gregory Hines, and the company of Oklahoma! A Broadway/New York song medley was performed by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. Presentations from nominated musicals: Into the Woods: \"Children Will Listen\", \"Ever After\" and \"Into the Woods\" - Vanessa Williams, John McMartin, Company Mamma Mia!: \"I Have a Dream\", \"Money, Money, Money\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Chiquitita\" and \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Pitre, Judy Kaye, Karen Mason, Tina Maddigan, Company Thoroughly Modern Millie: \"Forget About the Boy\"/\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" - Sutton Foster, Anne L. Nathan, Casey Nicholaw, Noah Racey, Company Sweet Smell of Success: \"Dirt\" - John Lithgow, Company Urinetown: \"Run, Freedom, Run\" - Hunter Foster, Spencer Kayden, Jeff McCarthy, Company Oklahoma!: \"The Farmer and the Cowman\" - Company The First Ten awards were presented prior to the full ceremony and broadcast on PBS. The awards presented were: Best Direction of a Play, Direction of a Musical, Book of a Musical, Original Score, Choreography, Costume Design, Lighting Design and Scenic Design. There were also interviews and \"rehearsal and performance clips from the nominated shows.\" The broadcast won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program; the director was Glenn Weiss. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 2001–02 season before May 2, 2002 are eligible. Original plays An Almost Holy Picture Fortune’s Fool 45 Seconds from Broadway The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? The Graduate If you ever leave me...I'm going with you! Metamorphoses The Mystery of Charles Dickens QED The Smell of the Kill Topdog/Underdog Original musicals By Jeeves Mamma Mia! One Mo' Time Sweet Smell of Success Thoroughly Modern Millie Thou Shalt Not Urinetown Play revivals A Christmas Carol The Crucible The Dance of Death The Elephant Man Hedda Gabler Major Barbara The Man Who Had All the Luck Morning's at Seven Noises Off Private Lives A Thousand Clowns The Women Musical revivals Into the Woods Oklahoma! Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Source: TheaterMania Regional Theatre Tony Award Williamstown Theatre Festival Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Robert Whitehead Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Julie Harris Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: 11 nominations: Thoroughly Modern Millie 10 nominations: Into the Woods and Urinetown 9 nominations: Morning's at Seven 7 nominations: Oklahoma! and Sweet Smell of Success 6 nominations: The Crucible and Private Lives 5 nominations: Mamma Mia! 3 nominations: Fortune's Fool and",
"title": "56th Tony Awards"
},
{
"docid": "46265080",
"text": "Narsha (stylized as NARSHA) is the eponymous debut extended play by South Korean singer Narsha, a member from girl group Brown Eyed Girls. Lee Min-soo, her group's long-time producer served as the album's executive producer. Featuring a dark and edgy sound, it was released on July 8, 2010, and distributed by Nega Network. The EP features seven tracks in total, including one preview and one instrumental version of the album's title track. Upon its release, the album became a success by debuting at number three on Gaon Weekly Albums Chart with an approximate sale of 5,000+. It also received positive reviews from music critics, praising its dark theme along with the electronic influence. Three singles were released from the album, with the first and pre-release single \"I'm In Love\", a remake of Ra.D's original song. The second and title track, titled \"삐리빠빠 (Bbi Ri Bba Bba)\", became another solo hit for Narsha as well as her signature solo song. \"Mamma Mia\" was released as the last digital single on August 20, 2010, one month after the album's release. Background and composition In 2010, it was announced that all Brown Eyed Girls' members would start their own solo careers beside their group activities, starting first with Narsha. Its original title was \"Narshism\", but later changed to just plain \"NARSHA\". The album was produced executively by Lee Min-soo, while frequent lyricist Kim Eana participated in writing the majority of the album's lyrics. It also featured productions from producer DJ Jinu aka Hitchhiker, whom is responsible for her home group's most well-known hit \"Abracadabra\" and had previously remixed their single \"How Come?\". Musically, the album is a K-pop record with a \"dark and edgy\" electronic sound, while also including R&B and bossa nova elements. Singles \"I'm In Love\" Originally a Ra.D song, \"I'm In Love\" was selected as the album's first single, It was released on July 2, 2010, reaching number six on Gaon Singles Chart (Weekly) and number four on Gaon Download Chart (Weekly). \"Bbi Ri Bba Bba\" The song was announced as the album's title track upon its track list announcement. It peaked at number six on Gaon Singles Chart during the second week while reaching number three on the download chart. An accompanying music video was released online, receiving mixed to positive reacts due to its dark and gothic theme. Upon its release, the song became her most successful solo hit to date \"Mamma Mia\" Previously included as a 27-second preview on the album, the full version was released as the last digital single on August 20, 2010, featuring Sunny Hill. The song also peaked at number six and number four on Gaon Singles Chart and Gaon Download Chart, respectively. An accompanying music video was also released online, receiving an R-19 rating. Release and promotion The album was originally intended to be released in May, 2010, but was pushed back to June, then July, 2010, due to schedule conflicts. Prior to the release of the album, two teasers for both",
"title": "Narsha (EP)"
},
{
"docid": "3608711",
"text": "London School of Musical Theatre (LSMT) is a training academy of performing arts, that was founded by Glenn Lee in 1995. The school is located on Borough Road, central London. It was originally housed at The Old Vic and then His Majesty's Theatre, before moving to premises on Borough Road, where it currently operates. The school offers a one-year, full-time, vocational training for adults wishing to pursue a career in musical theatre. The ethos of LSMT is to create the environment of a professional company in rehearsal rather than that of an educational institution. The emphasis of the course is on the development of the singing voice as the tool for acting through song alongside a thorough training in dance and drama. Classes are taught by professionals and practitioners working in the industry, with direct experience of the requirements of musical theatre. Since its inception in 1995, the organisation has commissioned new musical theatre productions, many of which have now been published and performed around the world. The school employs Charles Miller as composer-in-residence. Notable Alumni Emma Hatton - actress (Wicked, Evita) Melissa Jacques - actress (Everybody's Talking about Jamie, Mamma Mia) Sophie Isaacs - actress (Six, Heathers, Made In Dagenham, Legally Blonde) Jacqui Tate - actress (Les Miserables, Avenue Q, South Pacific, The Phantom of The Opera) Adam Bayjou - actor/singer (Les Miserables, Assassins, Opera Boys) Richard Meek - actor (Annie, The Producers, Rocky Horror Show, Hairspray) Hollie O'Donoghue - actress (Les Miserables, The Commitments) Nancy Sullivan- actress (Les Miserables, Little Voice, Beautiful Thing) Jodie Jacobs - actress (We Will Rock You, Evita, Fame, Footloose, The Wedding Singer) Rosa O'Reilly - actress (Wicked, Jesus Christ Superstar, Les Miserables, Dirty Dancing) Michael Auger - singer (Collabro) Katie Rough - Legend Natalie Law - actress (Leopaldstadt, The Lady Vanishes, Exit The King, Ink) Soophia Foroughi - actress (Prince of Egypt, Broken Wings, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels) Marcus Ayton - actor (Shrek, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dream Coat) Devon Elise Johnson - actress (Half a Sixpence, Mamma Mia, Titanic) Holly-Anne Hull (Phantom of The Opera, Les Miserables, Copacobana) Kelly Agbowu - actress (Waitress, Book of Mormon, Lion King, Les Miserables) Adam Strong - actor (We Will Rock You, Rock of Ages, Jesus Christ Superstar) Robbie Scotcher - actor (Blood Brothers, Mamma Mia, Miss Saigon) Louise Willoughby - TV/Film actress (Time, Coronation Street, Doctors) Luke Newton - TV/Film actor (Bridgerton, Lake Placid, The Lodge) Danny Walters - TV/Film actor (EastEnders, Benidorm, Call The Midwife) Olivia Chenery - TV/Film actress (Endeavour, Silent Witness, Virgin and Martyr, Penny Dreadful, My Friends Best Wedding, The One) External Sources External links London School of Musical Theatre website Performing arts education in London Schools of the performing arts in the United Kingdom Music schools in London Drama schools in London Educational institutions established in 1995 Musical theatre organizations",
"title": "London School of Musical Theatre"
},
{
"docid": "65136975",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" is a song recorded and released as a single by Romanian singer Elena Gheorghe, featuring rapper Glance. This marks their second collaboration, the first one being the native number one single \"Ecou\" (2013). \"Mamma Mia\" was initially released for digital download and streaming in the United States on 5 August 2014 under Robbins Entertainment, and worldwide the following year in July under Cat Music. An English language track, it was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă. Music critics gave the song mostly positive reviews, complimenting its catchy instrumentals, but doubted the role of the featured artist by calling it \"not convincing\". An accompanying music video for \"Mamma Mia\", directed by Dan Petcan and Bogdan Filip, premiered on the Cat Music YouTube channel on 21 May 2014 and was supported by a giveaway. The clip depicted Elena at wedding playing the role of the bride, and Italian male as the groomsman. Commercially, the song was modernly successful, peaking at number 33 on the singer's native Romanian Airplay 100. The song was also sent to radio stations across Italy, Poland and Spain, where it had managed to enter several charts. Background and composition In February 2014, Elena went on local radio station Kiss FM for an interview, where she would announce an international single coming up. At the time of the interview, Laurențiu Duță was producing the song in Los Angeles. \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă himself. It was initially sent to radio stations across Italy in July, before being released on streaming devices in the United States by Robbins Entertainment the following month. +Mas Music distributed the song's release on 23 January 2015, while Cat Music handled its worldwide release on 13 July. \"Mamma Mia\" marks Elena and Glance's second collaboration, the first one being \"Ecou\" (2013), which achieved huge chart success in the singer's native country. An English language love song, \"Mamma Mia\" was described as a catchy dance-pop tune. Lyrically, the song is about Elena questing whether she should date a romantic Italian man, knowing well that she will be played on by him. Some lyrics of the song are: \"I just can't getting off my mind he's so amazing / My heart says Yes, my mind says No / Just let him go, go, go.\" Reception and Promotion Upon its release, \"Mamma Mia\" was met positively by music critics. Jonathan Currinn gave the song five stars, calling it a \"lost treasure that we'll forever love\". He went on to compliment the music video, which he called \"completely epic\" and \"full-on amazingness in every way\". He called out the clip's director Dan Petcan for his \"terrific job at directing [it]\", and Elena for her acting skills which were described as \"brilliant\". Zuletzt Aktualisiert from HitFire described the song as a \"catchy dance pop track\". He found the song rather amusing, and",
"title": "Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)"
},
{
"docid": "25989073",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia\" is the 21st episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 57th overall episode of the series. It was written by co-executive producer Ron Weiner and directed by series producer Don Scardino. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 7, 2009. Guest stars in this episode include Alan Alda, Steve Buscemi, Stuart Margolin, Keith Olbermann, Clayton Dean Smith, and Michael Benjamin Washington. In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) begins to search for his biological father with help from Liz Lemon (Tina Fey). Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his supposedly illegitimate son (Washington) to the cast and crew of the fictitious show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS), but some question his intentions. At the same time, Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) and Liz fight for attention when Jenna gets public recognition for a comedic sketch Liz wrote. \"Mamma Mia\" has received generally positive reception from television critics. According to the Nielsen Media Research, the episode was watched by 6.2 million households during its original broadcast. Ron Weiner and Alan Alda received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, respectively, both for this episode. Plot Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) decides not to search for his biological father, after it was revealed in the previous episode that the man he believed was his father was not. Liz Lemon (Tina Fey), however, convinces him to find out who his real father is, so Jack contacts Lenny Wosniak (Steve Buscemi)—a private investigator—to search for his biological father. Lenny gives him an envelope containing the names of three individuals who could be his father. Jack tells Liz about the envelope, and she suggests they Mamma Mia! this and bring the three men to New York under false pretenses, to which Jack agrees. Jack meets the men, George Park, Fred O'Dwyer (Stuart Margolin), and Professor Milton Greene (Alan Alda). At meeting the three men, Jack comes to the realization that Milton is his father, as George Park is Korean and Fred O'Dwyer lost his genitals in a grenade explosion during World War II. He tells Milton that he is his son, after Milton admitted to sleeping with his mother, Colleen Donaghy (Elaine Stritch), around the time Jack was conceived. Milton is happy to have him as his son, and reveals to Jack that he is in need of a kidney transplant. Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his illegitimate son, Donald (Michael Benjamin Washington), to the TGS with Tracy Jordan staff. Liz and Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit) suspect that Donald is embezzling from Tracy as they do not believe that Donald is twenty-one years old, which Donald claims to be. Cerie Xerox (Katrina Bowden), Liz's assistant, obtains Donald's birth certificate and gives it to Liz and Pete; the two learn that Donald is forty years of age, thus confirming their suspicions about him. Liz tells Tracy about this,",
"title": "Mamma Mia (30 Rock)"
},
{
"docid": "42872635",
"text": "Suzie Mathers is a Scottish-Australian actress and theatre performer best known for her role as Glinda the Good Witch in the Australian, Asian tour, and London productions of Wicked as well Sophie in the 10th Anniversary Australian tour of Mamma Mia! the Musical. Spouse: Laura Francis (7/3/2019) Biography Born in Aberdeen, Scotland and raised in Perth, Western Australia, Suzie received a Bachelor of Arts (Music Theatre) from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) in 2007. In the few short years since graduating, Suzie has fast made her mark in the Australian and International music theatre industry. Career Her career in musical theater started with a spot in an amateur production of Jesus Christ Superstar. In 2007, she graduated with a degree in music theater from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. While in college, she performed in various productions such as \"The Good Fight\" and \"Annie Get Your Gun.\" Originally an offstage vocal swing for the 2008 Melbourne production, Mathers was cast in Wicked straight out of drama school, and remained with the company as an ensemble member until the beginning of the Sydney season in 2009. Suzie left to play the leading role of Sophie in the 10th Anniversary Australian tour of Mamma Mia!, which toured nationally in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth & Brisbane. After the national tour of Mamma Mia! Suzie returned to the cast of Wicked for the first Australian tour performing in Brisbane, Adelaide & Perth, in the role of the Midwife, and was also the understudy for Glinda. Suzie officially took over the role of lead Glinda from Lucy Durack in 2015, performing in Singapore, South Korea, New Zealand and Manila to much critical acclaim. A highlight was performing to the shows composer Stephen Schwartz, twice. She has co-starred alongside various Australian theatre performers including Jemma Rix, Maggie Kirkpatrick, David Harris, Anne Wood and Gretel Scarlett as well as New Zealand actor Jay Laga'aia. Suzie stepped down from the role of Glinda when it returned to Australia at the end of Wicked's Manila run on 9 March 2014. Though Suzie did briefly reprise the role in Melbourne while Lucy Durack took leave due to injury in May 2014. Mathers then again reprised the role of Glinda for the Brisbane and Perth seasons of Wicked, taking over once again from Lucy Durack, who left at the end of the Sydney season due to her pregnancy. During the Brisbane season Suzie reached her 500th performance as Glinda, and is expected have performed the role over 580 times when the show closes in Perth mid 2015. Mathers made her West End debut reprising the role of Glinda this time in the London production of Wicked at the Apollo Victoria Theatre. She performed the role at the 10th anniversary performance on 27 September 2016. Rachel Tucker and Willemijn Verkaik performed as Elphaba alongside her. She left the production on 22 July 2017. Stage credits Other performances Suzie's other appearances include An Afternoon with Stephen Sondheim at Her",
"title": "Suzie Mathers"
},
{
"docid": "5533680",
"text": "Sunny Hill (Hangul: ) is a South Korean girl group (formerly a co-ed group) formed in 2007 by For Everyone Media. The group consists of Bitna and Kota. Janghyun left the group in 2014 and Jubi and Misung left the group in 2019. History 2007–2009: Debut with Love Letter and 2008 My Summer Sunny Hill debuted in September 2007 as a co-ed group consisting of members Janghyun, Jubi, and Seung Ah. Their first release was the single album Love Letter, which later won the Excellent Newcomer Album award. Following this success, the group released their second single album, 2008 My Summer. The group then had a musical hiatus, and only released various songs for film and drama soundtracks. 2010–2011: Label and line-up changes and Midnight Circus Following their musical hiatus, Sunny Hill unexpectedly changed labels to Nega Network, home of girl group Brown Eyed Girls. Nega Network later introduced a new member Kota for the group. Sunny Hill was quickly thrown into their first project under Nega Network by featuring on Narsha's digital single \"Mamma Mia\". Janghyun did not vocally participate in the track, but was featured in the music video. The group quickly became known as \"Narsha's Group\", due to lack of popularity amongst fans of K-pop. Following promotions of \"Mamma Mia\", Nega Network introduced a new member for the group, Misung. The quintet released single \"Pit-A-Pat\" for the Korean drama The Greatest Love. The song attracted much attention and charted high. Sunny Hill made another unexpected label change to LOEN Entertainment. On June 3, 2011, Sunny Hill's first extended play, Midnight Circus with the lead single being the title track. On August 4, 2011, Sunny Hill released their follow-up ballad, \"Pray\". The song continued the group's growing popularity and charted on the Top 10 of the Gaon Chart, despite there being no live promotions. 2012–2013: Antique Romance and Young Folk On January 13, 2012, Sunny Hill made their comeback with their first maxi-single \"The Grasshoppers\". On January 20, it was announced that Janghyun would be entering his mandatory military service on January 31. The single peaked at the Top 3 of the Gaon Chart. On April 14, it was announced that Sunny Hill would be making comeback as four-member girl group with digital single, \"Is the White Horse Coming?\". Sunny Hill released their digital single Is The White Horse Coming? on April 19. The next day, it was reported that the song had topped in the several music site such as Soribada, Melon, Mnet, and Bugs. On December 6, Sunny Hill's second extended play, Antique Romance with the lead single \"Goodbye to Romance\". The track was said to be about the members' first love story. The album was successful and both songs of the album reached the Top 10 songs in Gaon Chart. On April 5, Sunny Hill released collaboration single Love Actually with South Korean modern rock group called Daybreak, as a part of project album Re:code - Episode III. Misung also participated as co-produced and co-wrote",
"title": "Sunny Hill"
},
{
"docid": "57088167",
"text": "Mamma Mia! is the fourth extended play from South Korean boy band SF9. It was released on February 26, 2018, by FNC Entertainment. The album consists of six tracks, including the title track, \"Mamma Mia\". Commercial performance The EP sold 11,060+ copies in South Korea. It peaked at number 3 on the Korean Gaon Chart. Track listing References 2018 EPs SF9 (band) EPs FNC Entertainment EPs Kakao M EPs",
"title": "Mamma Mia! (EP)"
},
{
"docid": "20477930",
"text": "Kaire Vilgats (born 11 January 1976) is an Estonian vocalist and actress, known for numerous roles in stage musicals. Over the years, she has repeatedly participated in the Eurovision Song Contest as a backing vocalist for Estonian entries. Early life Kaire Vilgats was born and spent her childhood in Pärnu, a resort town in the south-west of Estonia, where she also went to school. She learnt the accordion in a music school before taking classes in singing. Career Vilgats has later been trained in pop-jazz singing at the Georg Ots Music School in Tallinn, with Silvi Vrait as her vocal coach. In 1999, Vilgats was awarded third place in the Kaks takti ette contest for young singers, organized by Estonian Television. The winner of that season was an Estonian rock star, Tanel Padar, with Eda-Ines Etti in second position. The same year, she was cast in the company of the Estonian production of the musical La Cage aux Folles which was her theatre début. A series of supporting roles in musicals were to follow. Kaire Vilgats has been the musical director of the Estonian Puppet Theatre in Tallinn, where she composed music for children's musicals and plays, like, The Little Witch by Otfried Preußler. In 2006, she was nominated for an Estonian theatre prize for the supporting role of Amps in the musical but did not win. Roles 2000: Tanz der Vampire (Magda) 2000: Little Shop of Horrors (Crystal) 2000: Zorba (Storyteller) 2001: No, No, Nanette (Betty from Boston) 2001: Les Misérables (Mme Thenardier, understudy) 2002: Miss Saigon (Gigi) 2003: Fiddler on the Roof (Golde) 2004: Crazy for You (Irene Roth) 2006: Fame (Esther Sherman) 2006: (Amps) 2006: Lumekuninganna (Snow Queen) (Grandmother/Snow Queen) 2007: Phantom (Carlotta) 2008: Anything Goes (Reno Sweeney) 2008: Buratino senitundmatud seiklused (\"Buratino`s Yet Unknown Adventures\") (Malviina) 2011: Libahunt (\"The Warewolf\") (Grandmother) 2011: The Beauty and the Beast (Teapot) 2011: Karlsson katuselt (\"Karlsson on the Roof\") (Hildur Sokk), drama 2012: Seljatas sada meest (\"Overcame a Hundred Men\") (Maria Loorberg), drama 2013: Shrek (Dragon) 2014: Koerhaldjas Mia (Dog-Fairy Mia) (Christmas Mom) 2015: Billy Elliiot (Mrs Wilkinson) 2015: Karlsson katuselt (\"Karlsson on the Roof\"), (Hildur Sokk) 2016: Mamma Mia (Rosie Mulligan / Tanya Chesham-Leigh) 2017: Les Misérables (Mme Thenardier) As a chorist, Vilgats has appeared in Evita, La Cage aux Folles, Georg and Mort. She is also a voice actress and vocal coach. Other credits Kaire Vilgats is a backing vocalist for different Estonian pop acts, such as Anne Veski, Ivo Linna or Maarja. With 7 appearances, she is holding the record of biggest number of participations in the Eurovision Song Contest for Estonia. In 2000 and 2002, she sang backing vocals for the Estonian and Maltese songs, and did the same for Estonia at 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2019 contests. The 2020 contest in Rotterdam she was to attend as a backing singer got cancelled due to the pandemic spread of coronavirus. Vilgats provided her vocals for the album Family. We are Family, released in 2003 as a",
"title": "Kaire Vilgats"
},
{
"docid": "35568430",
"text": "Carrie Manolakos (pronounced \"men-uh-LAH-kiss\"; born February 16, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and musical theatre actress. As an actress, she is perhaps best known for her stage work, on Broadway in Mamma Mia! as Sophie Sheridan, and in the original 2nd national tour cast of Wicked as the Elphaba standby. She became an internet sensation after her cover of the Radiohead song \"Creep\" went viral after it was picked up by Gawker Media, under the title \"Eargasm\". The cover was performed at her album release party at Le Poisson Rouge in Greenwich Village. Early life and education Manolakos grew up in Syracuse, New York and attended Manlius Pebble Hill School. At age 10, she began participating in the community theater at Syracuse Stage. Manolakos attended the Tisch School of the Arts at NYU. Career 2008–2011: Mamma Mia!, Wicked, and other stage work Manolakos performed in the ensemble of the Mamma Mia! tour for six months before being promoted to the role of Sophie. Shortly after that, she was invited to join the Broadway company, replacing Carey Anderson. She gave her first performance on June 4, 2008. It was announced on February 9, 2009, that Manolakos would be joining the second national tour of Wicked as the standby for Elphaba. On June 25, 2010, Manolakos performed at the Yale Institute for Music Theatre Workshops as Athena in The Daughters, a musical which follows the three daughters of Zeus as they embark on separate and intersecting journeys of self-discovery. Manolakos performed in a concert celebrating Alanis Morissette on September 1, 2010. On November 1, 2010, Manolakos joined Peter Lerman for his debut concert at the Laurie Beechman Theatre, featuring tunes from his original songbook. It was announced on December 3, 2010, that Manolakos would be involved in a concert featuring the music from the musical Jawbreaker. The concert took place on December 12, 2010. Manolakos took part in a concert at Joe's Pub on March 27, 2011, celebrating the release of Joey Contreras debut album, Love Me, Love Me Not. Manolakos appeared as Night Terrors in at the La Jolla Playhouse production of Sleeping Beauty Wakes from July 19 through August 21, 2011. On September 7, 2011, it was announced that Manolakos would be starring as Katie in the rock musical Chix 6 at the Queens Theatre from September 27 to October 30, 2011. 2012–2014: Echo, viral video, and Hit List Manolakos starred as Marianne Reilly in the first run of Seth Rudetsky's Disaster! at Triad Theatre, now renamed Stage 72, on January 22 through March 25, 2012. On February 27, 2012, Manolakos took part in Broadway Remembers Whitney Houston at Joe's Pub, a tribute concert for the late singer. Manolakos performed at Broadway Rhythm and Booze alongside Uzo Aduba on March 26, 2012. Manolakos released her debut album, Echo, on April 2, 2012, produced by Dominick Amendum and Justin Goldner. The album debuted in the top 100 of the iTunes pop charts. On April 23, 2012, Manolakos became an internet sensation",
"title": "Carrie Manolakos"
},
{
"docid": "4265347",
"text": "Hairspray is a 2007 musical romantic comedy film based on the 2002 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was based on John Waters's 1988 comedy film of the same name. Produced by Ingenious Media and Zadan/Meron Productions, and adapted from both Waters's 1988 script and Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell's book for the stage musical by screenwriter Leslie Dixon, the film was directed and choreographed by Adam Shankman and has an ensemble cast including John Travolta, Michelle Pfeiffer, Christopher Walken, Amanda Bynes, James Marsden, Queen Latifah, Brittany Snow, Zac Efron, Elijah Kelley, Allison Janney, and Nikki Blonsky in her feature film debut. Set in 1962 Baltimore, Maryland, the film follows the \"pleasantly plump\" teenager Tracy Turnblad (Blonsky) as she pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television dance show and rallies against racial segregation. The film began development in 2004, and Dixon reworked Meehan and O'Donnell's first draft of the screenplay to tone down the musical's campiness. In 2005, Shankman agreed to direct the film. Composer/lyricist Marc Shaiman and lyricist Scott Wittman reworked their songs from the Broadway musical for the film's soundtrack, and also wrote four new songs for the film. Principal photography commenced in September 2006 with a budget of $75 million, and ended in December of that year; filming took place on locations in Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and on sound-stages at Toronto's Showline Studios. Recording sessions for the film's songs and soundtrack took place in San Diego, California in the United States. Hairspray premiered on July 10, 2007, at the Mann Village Theater and was released on July 20, 2007, in the United Kingdom and the United States. The film was critically and financially successful, breaking the record for the highest-grossing opening weekend for a movie musical, which the film held until July 2008 when it was surpassed by Mamma Mia! and later High School Musical 3: Senior Year in October. Hairspray went on to become the tenth highest-grossing musical film in US cinema history, behind the film adaptations of Grease, Chicago, and Mamma Mia!, and stands as one of the most critically and commercially successful musical films of the 2000s. Available in a variety of formats, Hairsprays Region 1 home video release took place on November 20, 2007. USA Network purchased the broadcast rights to Hairspray and was scheduled to debut the film on cable television in February 2010, but in the end it did not broadcast that month. Instead the film was pushed back and premiered on USA on July 24, 2010, with sister channel Bravo also showing it multiple times, and in February 2011 aired on ABC for over-the-air broadcasts. Since its release, it has been cited as one of the best musical films of the 21st century and of all time. Plot In May 1962, 16-year-old overweight high school student Tracy Turnblad lives in Baltimore along with her shy best friend Penny Pingleton. Both frequently watch The Corny Collins Show, a local teen dance television show broadcast",
"title": "Hairspray (2007 film)"
},
{
"docid": "6232351",
"text": "Jenny Galloway is a British actress and singer best known for her stage career, which includes Madame Thénardier in Les Misérables. She has received numerous awards and nominations, winning the 1999 Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for her performance in Mamma Mia!. She had previously won the award seven years earlier for her portrayal of the character Luce in George Abbott's The Boys from Syracuse. Galloway can be heard on the cast recordings of Les Misérables 10th Anniversary Concert, Les Misérables 25th Anniversary Concert, Oliver!, Mamma Mia! and Mary Poppins. In the 2001 ITV children's series Weirdsister College, Galloway portrayed the college porter known as the Beetle. Her film credits include In Transit, About a Boy, Fierce Creatures and the role of the Foreign Secretary in Johnny English. She appeared in Madame de Sade alongside Judi Dench and Deborah Findlay as Charlotte in 2008. Galloway had a principal role in a fifth series episode of Marple, The Pale Horse, alongside Julia McKenzie. Her role was Bella Ellis – the town's local witch and cook to Thyrza Grey (played by Pauline Collins) – who are considered prime suspects at many points during the episode. The episode aired as the first part of the fifth series in the UK in August 2010, before the fourth series had finished airing. She reprised her role as Madame Thénardier in the 25th Anniversary Concert of Les Misérables at the O2 Arena in October 2010. She was briefly reunited with her former co-star Alun Armstrong at the end of the performance, when he appeared alongside the rest of the original cast of the musical for the finale. She and Armstrong had appeared as the Thénardiers in the 10th Anniversary Concert at the Royal Albert Hall. Galloway also played the character in the 2006 Broadway revival of the show. Galloway worked at the Watermill Theatre, Newbury, Berkshire in 1982, returning periodically, to assist stage management, drive the van, and lead sing-alongs. In 2013, she appeared as Sister Thomas in the Father Brown episode \"The Bride of Christ\". In 2017, she featured as the Nanny in the film adaptation of Agatha Christie's Crooked House, alongside Glenn Close, Max Irons and Terence Stamp. In March 2023, she appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors as Mrs Garton-Hill. Theatre credits Sandra – Zigger Zagger (1967) – National Youth Theatre Madame Thénardier – Les Misérables (1992–1994, 1995, 2006–2008 and 2010) Widow Corney – Oliver! (1994; revival cast) Rosie – Mamma Mia! (1999; original cast) Mickey - My One and Only 2002; Original West End Cast Mrs. Lovett – Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Mrs. Brill – Mary Poppins (2004; original cast, 2009) Mrs. Pearce – My Fair Lady (Paris production, 2010) Selected filmography Come Away (2020) Johnny English (2003) The Clandestine Marriage (1999) Doctors (2023) References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) British film actresses British musical theatre actresses Living people British television",
"title": "Jenny Galloway"
},
{
"docid": "21194236",
"text": "The 29th Golden Raspberry Awards, or Razzies, ceremony was held by the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation to identify the worst films the film industry had to offer in 2008, according to votes from members of the Golden Raspberry Foundation. Razzies co-founder John J. B. Wilson has stated that the intent of the awards is \"to be funny.\" The ceremony was held at the Barnsdall Gallery Theatre in Hollywood, California on February 21, 2009. Nominations were announced on January 21, 2009. The Love Guru was the most nominated film of 2008, with seven. Award results were based on votes from approximately 650 journalists, cinema fans and film professionals from 20 countries. Awards were presented by John Wilson, the ceremony's founder. The Love Guru received the most awards, winning Worst Picture, Worst Actor, and Worst Screenplay. Paris Hilton received three awards, including Worst Actress for her work in The Hottie & the Nottie and Worst Supporting Actress for Repo! The Genetic Opera. Hilton matched the record number of awards received by an actor in a single year, set by Eddie Murphy the previous year at the 28th Golden Raspberry Awards for his roles in Norbit. Pierce Brosnan received Worst Supporting Actor for his role in Mamma Mia!, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull received the award for Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel. Uwe Boll received the Worst Director award for the films 1968 Tunnel Rats, In the Name of the King and Postal, and also received a special award for Worst Career Achievement. Nominations were announced on January 21, 2009, one day before the 81st Academy Awards nominations, and according to Razzies tradition the ceremony itself also preceded the corresponding Academy Award function by one day. The most nominated film of 2008 was the box office bomb The Love Guru, with seven nominations. Paid members of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation voted to determine the winners; individuals may become members of the foundation by visiting the organization's website at www.razzies.com. Award results were based on votes from approximately 650 journalists, cinema fans and professionals from the film industry. Voters were from 45 states in the United States and 19 other countries. Ceremony The ceremony opened with a musical number which parodied the song \"Dancing Queen\" from Mamma Mia! The Movie. Awards were presented by John Wilson, the ceremony's founder. Awardees received a gold spray-painted raspberry worth $4.97. The Love Guru received three awards: Worst Picture, Worst Actor and Worst Screenplay. Worst Picture was the last award given out at the ceremony. John Wilson did not agree with the voters' determination on The Love Guru, and after viewing the film again in preparation for the ceremony, said to the Associated Press: \"A couple of things he did got me to laugh, and these days, two laughs in a comedy is a high ratio.\" \"The main thing wrong with it is no one said to Myers that it wasn't funny. He managed to offend the entire Indian population and",
"title": "29th Golden Raspberry Awards"
},
{
"docid": "62333832",
"text": "Bob Smith Junior, also known as Diabolo Man, is a Ghanaian veteran actor, producer director and writer. He was known for various roles he played in movies like Diabolo and Mamma Mia. Filmography Diabolo Mamma Mia Coming To Ghana Sika Mu Sakawa See also Eddie Coffie References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Ghanaian male film actors 21st-century Ghanaian male actors",
"title": "Bob Smith Junior"
},
{
"docid": "16800234",
"text": "Karen Mason is an American musical theatre actress and singer. She has appeared on stage in Broadway theatre, notably as Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard, and is a multiple award-winning cabaret performer. Career Mason was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, and grew up in St. Louis and Chicago. She majored in theater at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, graduating in 1999. Mason started as a \"singing hostess at Lawrence of Oregano in Chicago\" in 1976 after leaving college, where she met the late pianist and composer Brian Lasser, with whom she worked until his death in 1992. Mason has performed in cabaret and with symphonies for many years. She was one of the featured cabaret vocalists at Duplex Cabaret Theatre, New York City, in the early 1980s, and in 2005 presented a program \"Better Days\" with songs by her late musical director Brian Lasser. She appeared at the Bay Area Cabaret, Empire Ballroom, San Francisco in 2010. She continues to perform her cabaret act at such venues as Davenport's (Chicago) and The Iridium (New York City). She taught at the Theatre Arts Center's Summer Workshops & Camp in Bayside, Queens, New York in 2010. She first appeared on Broadway in Play Me a Country Song in 1982. She took the role of standby to Glenn Close as Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard in the Los Angeles production in 1993, and went on to play almost 300 performances over two years both in Los Angeles and on Broadway. She originated the role of Tanya in Mamma Mia!, playing the role from October 5, 2001 to October 6, 2002. She took over the role of Velma Von Tussle in Hairspray on April 6, 2008. She was the Queen of Hearts in Wonderland in 2011 on Broadway and in the Tampa and Houston productions in 2009–2010. Mason appears in the US tour of A Christmas Story, The Musical! starting in November 2011. In 2011, Mason was scheduled to play Mrs. Danvers in the musical Rebecca on Broadway. In 2017, she sang, \"It's About Time\", written by her husband, Paul Rolnick (in 2011), to call for marriage equality. Mason appeared on tour in Andrew Lloyd Webber's Love Never Dies as Madame Giry. The tour ended on December 2, 2018. In December 2020, Mason appeared in The Doris Dear Christmas Special on Broadway on Demand, where her performance received a 5-star rating. Work Broadway Play Me a Country Song (1982) Jerome Robbins' Broadway (1989) Sunset Boulevard (1994) Mamma Mia! (Drama Desk Award nomination) (2001) Hairspray (2008) Wonderland (2011) Off Broadway Karen Mason Sings Broadway, Beatles, and Brian, 1986, Minetta Lane Theater And the World Goes 'Round (Outer Critics Circle Award) - 1991 Carnival! - Rosalie, 1993, York Theatre Regional Heartbeats by Amanda McBroom at Goodspeed Opera House, 1993 Gypsy at the Westchester Broadway Theatre in May through August 2007; The Muny in St. Louis, Missouri in July 2006;Bucks County Playhouse in New Hope, Pennsylvania; and the Sundance Theatre Touring Production Love Never Dies",
"title": "Karen Mason"
},
{
"docid": "44001649",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia\" is a song by Swedish singer and songwriter Darin featuring vocals by rapper Prophet of 7Lions. It was released on April 14, 2014 in the Nordic countries in occasion of his 10-year anniversary as an artist. It's Darin's first single with Warner Music Sweden. The song was originally written for Darin's sixth studio album Exit, but it didn't make the final cut. Background and release On March 14, 2014 Darin announced via his Instagram account the release of a new single called Mamma Mia, along with a competition which consisted of sharing a picture on the social network in order to win an exclusive ticket for the premiere of the music video of the song which would take place in a secret venue in Stockholm two days before the single release. A trailer of the music video was also posted on Darin's official YouTube channel the same day. Winners were contacted by Darin himself on April 2 and the event took place in a cinema in Stockholm called Rigoletto on April 12. A seven track EP called Mamma Mia - Remixes was released on June 18, 2014. Music video The music video of the single was released on 21 April on Darin's YouTube channel. It was directed by Alex Herron and filmed in Palmdale, California. As stated by the director himself, \"the video feels as if it's a love story in the beginning but then it starts to escalate and she's a Mamma Mia, she's the ultimate crazy woman. They rob a bank, she strips for him. It's pretty dirty, it's pretty good\". The production of the video costed 500,000 Swedish crowns. Charts Release history References 2014 songs 2014 singles Darin (singer) songs Songs written by Darin (singer) Warner Music Group singles",
"title": "Mamma Mia (Darin song)"
},
{
"docid": "33848187",
"text": "The following is a discography of original albums and singles released by American singer Mario Lanza. Singles (45rpm) RCA Victor 1950: \"Be My Love\" / \"I’ll Never Love You\" (RCA Victor, 10-1561) ????: \"Vesti la giubba\" / \"Ave Maria\" (RCA Victor, 10-3228) 1951: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 12-1192) 1962: \"O Holy Night\" / \"The Virgin's Slumber Song\" (RCA Victor, 12-1285) Red Seal 1950: \"'O sole mio\" / \"Mattinata\" (RCA Victor, 49-0902) ????: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 49-1169) ????: \"O Holy Night\" / \"The Virgin's Slumber Song\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, 49-1338) 1951: \"Because\" / \"For You Alone\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, 49-3207) 1953: \"Song of India\" / \"If You Were Mine\" (RCA Victor, 49-4209) 1954: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 49-4213) 1954: \"I'll Walk With God\" / \"Beloved\" (RCA Victor, 49-4210) 1954: \"Serenade\" / \"Deep in My Heart, Dear\" (RCA Victor, 49-4218) 1955: \"Ave Maria\" / \"I'll Walk With God\" (RCA Victor, 47-6330) 1957: \"Be My Love\" / \"The Loveliest Night Of The Year\" (RCA Victor, 47-6334) 1957: \"Never till Now\" / \"Come Dance with Me\" (RCA Victor, 47-7119) 1957: \"A Night to Remember\" / \"Behold!\" (RCA Victor, 47-6915) 1959: \"'O sole mio\" / \"For the First Time\" (RCA, 47-7439) ????: \"I'll Walk With God\" / \"Guardian Angels\" (RCA, 47-7622) ????: \"Granada\" / \"Lolita\" (RCA Victor, 47-9126) 1957: \"Granada\" / \"Mamma mia che vo' sape?\" (RCA Italiana, N 0618) 1957: \"Arrivederci Roma\" / \"The Loveliest Night of the Year\" (RCA Italiana, N 0633) 1958: \"Silent Night\" / \" The First Noel\" (RCA Italiana, N 0698) 1958: \"Come prima\" / \"'O sole mio\" (RCA Italiana, N 0732) 1958: \"There's Gonna Be a Party Tonight\" / \"Imitation Sequence\" (RCA, ERA 115) 1957: \"Behold!\" / \"A Night to Remember\" (RCA, 45RCA 1026) 1958: \"Seven Hills Of Rome\" / \"Come Dance with Me\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1045) 1958: \"Arrivederci Roma\" / \"Never Till Now\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1052) 1958: \"On The Street Where You Live\" / \"Younger Than Springtime\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1059) 1958: \"Love In a Home\" / \"Do You Wonder?\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1080) 1958: \"Drinking Song\" / \"Serenade\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1090) 1958: \"I'll Walk With God\" / \"The Lord's Prayer\" (RCA, RCA 1094) 1959: \"Because\" / \"Ave Maria\" (RCA, RCA 1123) 1959: \"'O Sole Mio\" / \"I Love Thee (Ich Liebe Dich)\" (RCA, RCA 1128) 1959: \"O Come All Ye Faithful\" / \"Silent Night, Holy Night\" (RCA, 45-RCA) 1155 1960: \"Because You're Mine\" / \"The Donkey Serenade\" (RCA, 45-RCA 1166) 1960: \"Only A Rose\" / \"Be My Love\" (RCA, RCA 1210) ????: \"Mamma mia che vo' sape'?\" / \"Core 'ngrato\" (RCA Victor Red Seal, DM 1330) 1951: \"Begin the Beguine\" / \"Night and Day\" (RCA, 447-0772) ????: \"Ave Maria\" / \"The Lord's Prayer\" (RCA, 447-0774) ????: \"Drink, Drink, Drink\" / \"Giannina mia\" (RCA, 447-0775) ????: \"O Holy Night\" / \"I'll Walk With God\" (RCA, 447-0777) ????: \"Arrivederci Roma\" / \"Come prima\" (RCA, 447-0853) His Master's Voice 1950: \"Che gelida manina\" / \"Core 'ngrato\" (HMV, D.B. 21017) 1950: \"Mattinata\" / \"Cielo e mar\" (HMV,",
"title": "Mario Lanza discography"
},
{
"docid": "22559166",
"text": "Musicality is the third solo album from English actress-singer Martine McCutcheon. The album features covers of songs from McCutcheon's favourite musicals, including Mamma Mia! and Les Misérables. Released in December 2002, Musicality was a commercial failure; it debuted and peaked only at #55 on the UK Albums Chart, spending just two weeks in the Top 100. It is McCutcheon's lowest-charting and lowest-selling album to date. Track listing \"Maybe This Time\" – from Cabaret \"Zing Went the Strings of My Heart\" – from Listen Darling \"White Christmas\" – from Holiday Inn \"I Dreamed a Dream\" – from Les Misérables \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" – from Babes in Arms \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" – from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" – from Funny Girl \"Out Here on My Own\" – from Fame \"What I Did for Love\" – from A Chorus Line \"There Are Worse Things I Could Do\" – from Grease \"The Winner Takes It All\" – from Mamma Mia! \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" – from The Lion King \"Wouldn't It Be Luverely\" – from My Fair Lady \"Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again\" – from The Phantom of the Opera \"The Man That Got Away\" – from A Star Is Born \"Nobody Does It Like Me\" – from See-Saw Charts References 2002 albums Martine McCutcheon albums",
"title": "Musicality (album)"
},
{
"docid": "41259403",
"text": "Gretel Scarlett Jahnke (), known as Gretel Scarlett (born 9 November 1987) is an Australian actress and performer. Having appeared in theatre productions including Wicked and Mamma Mia!, she is best known for starring as Sandy in the 2013–2015 Australian production of Grease and Kathy Selden in the 2016/2017 Australian production of Singin' in the Rain which opened at Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne. She most recently appeared in Disney's Frozen as the Elsa understudy. Early life Born in Rockhampton, Scarlett's parents enrolled her in singing and dancing lessons at the age of four. She later took speech and drama lessons and went on to complete her Trinity and AMEB Classical Voice and Speech/Drama Examinations as well as her RAD and Cecchetti Classical Ballet Examinations. Growing up in central Queensland with her five brothers, Scarlett's family moved to Sydney when she was 15 to attend Newtown High School of the Performing Arts. After attending NSHPA for five weeks, she was offered a scholarship to study full-time classical ballet. She went on to complete her ballet scholarship, but after suffering stress fractures, realised she did not want to concentrate on classical ballet alone, but wanted to sing and act as well. After finishing her senior schooling, Scarlett began studying a Bachelor of Medical Radiation Science in Nuclear Medicine at the University of Sydney. However, during her first year, she chose to audition for the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA). She graduated from WAAPA in 2008 with a Bachelor of Arts (Music Theatre). She received the Finley Award in 2007, and the Leslie Anderson Award for the best overall Showcase Performance and the Hal Leonard Award in 2008. Whilst at WAAPA, Scarlett appeared in several shows and played the leading role of Mrs Johnstone in its 2008 production of Blood Brothers. Career Breast Wishes, Mamma Mia! and Wicked Scarlett was cast in the 2009 Australian Tour of Breast Wishes, making her professional debut in the role of Sal. Scarlett was then cast in the ensemble in the 10th Anniversary Tour of Mamma Mia!, and understudied the lead roles of Sophie, Ali, and Lisa. She then joined the ensemble cast for the 2010-2012 Australian and international tours, performing the role of the witches' mother and understudying the lead roles of Elphaba and Nessarose. Scarlett felt as though she had become \"a professional understudy\". Grease In 2013, after a series of auditions, Scarlett was cast in the lead role of Sandy Dumbrowski in the Australian production of Grease opposite Rob Mills as Danny Zuko. Producer John Frost noted that Scarlett \"came in and auditioned and she just knocked us away, so this is a great opportunity for her\". The production opened on 25 August 2013 at the Lyric Theatre, Brisbane, to strong reviews. In December 2013, Australian producer John Frost announced that Grease would extend its Australian tour to include Singapore, Perth and Adelaide in 2014. Grease continued its Australian tour to Hobart in September 2014 and returned to Melbourne at The Regent",
"title": "Gretel Scarlett"
}
] | [
"ABBA"
] |
train_32940 | where does pancreatic juice enters the digestive tract | [
{
"docid": "44825470",
"text": "Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) is a congenital malformation where the pancreatic and bile ducts meet outside of the duodenum. There are two varieties of PBM: one with biliary dilatation and the other without. When an abnormally long common channel is visible on direct cholangiography, such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, PBM is diagnosed. Signs and symptoms The sphincter of Oddi does not control the pancreaticobiliary junction in patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM). Because the pressure in the pancreatic duct is typically higher than in the bile duct, pancreatic juice often refluxes into the biliary tract. Patients with PBM experience continuous regurgitation, but this does not always result in symptoms. Increased pressure in the pancreatic and bile ducts as a result of a primary stricture of the distal bile duct or blockage of the common channel can cause symptoms like jaundice, vomiting, and abdominal pain. This is frequently transient and may be brought on by impaction from a protein plug. Complications In patients with PBM, regardless of the presence of biliary dilatation, acute pancreatitis is more common in children (30% of patients) than in adults (9%). Although pancreatitis is often mild with subtle imaging findings, it can also be recurrent. One possible cause of acute pancreatitis linked to PBM is protein plugs. Chronic pancreatitis affects about 3% of PBM patients. Causes There is disagreement over PBM's pathophysiology. Nonetheless, a number of studies have indicated that it may be related to abnormal ventral pancreatic development. It is thought that the ventral pancreatic duct is connected to the origin of the common channel because small pancreatic branch ducts have been observed emerging from the common channel in certain PBM patients. Rarely, PBM is linked to additional congenital pancreatic abnormalities like pancreas divisum or annular pancreas. Diagnosis The JSPBM committee on PBM diagnostic criteria states that anatomical examination findings or imaging characteristics are used to diagnose PBM. The diagnosis is confirmed by the existence of an abnormally long common channel, an abnormal union between the pancreatic and bile ducts, or a pancreatic-biliary junction outside the duodenal wall. Treatment Regardless of whether symptoms are present, risk-reducing surgery is advised for patients with PBM because it is a risk factor for biliary cancer. References Further reading External links Congenital disorders of digestive system",
"title": "Pancreaticobiliary maljunction"
},
{
"docid": "29506574",
"text": "Ductal cells refer to the epithelial cell lining of the pancreatic duct that deliver enzymes from the acinar cells to the duodenum. They have the essential function of producing bicarbonate-rich (HCO3-) secretion to neutralize stomach acidity. The hormone secretin stimulates ductal cells and is responsible for maintaining the duodenal pH and preventing duodenal injury from acidic chyme. Ductal cells mix their production with acinar cells to make up the pancreatic juice. Ductal cells comprise about 10% of the pancreas by number and about 4% in volume. Its function is to secrete bicarbonate and mucins and to form the tubule network that transfers enzymes made by acinar cells to the duodenum. Ductal cells have a proliferation rate of about 0.5% in normal adults, but mitotic activity goes up when the pancreas is damaged. Ductal network The ductal pancreas network originates from the central pancreatic duct—this main duct with the bile duct opens into the duodenum. The ductal cells of the main pancreatic duct are bound by connective tissue and produce a columnar epithelium. Interlobular ducts originate from the main pancreatic duct and connect the various pancreatic lobes. In these lobes, the intercalated ducts expel acini. Meanwhile, the ductal cells of these intercalated ducts create a simple squamous epithelium that rapidly converts into simple cuboidal, and connective tissue also surrounds them. As the ducts grow larger, the epithelium becomes cuboidal or columnar (when large in diameter, the ducts become stratified cuboidal), and connective tissue surrounds them. Pancreatic ductal cells are very similar to ductal cells of other exocrine glands (liver, bile duct, salivary glands). Because of this, a common diagnosis affects these cells: cystic fibrosis. Ductal cell physiology While ductal cells are a minor type of cell in the adult pancreas, they have a critical function besides making the network that transfers enzymes from acini to the digestive tract. The primary function of pancreas ductal cells is to secrete a bicarbonate-rich, isotonic fluid. This fluid washes away the inactive form of digestive enzymes in the ductal system, neutralizes stomach acidity and mucins, and creates a pH environment necessary for the pancreas's normal function. Multiple factors affect the rate of bicarbonate secretion: species, cell location in the ductal system, secretory rate, etc. When stimulated, bicarbonate levels can get to 140mM. Due to this, there is a contrast in concentration between the outside and inside environment of ductal cells. The channels and ion transporters on ductal cells vary on the luminal and basolateral membrane, meaning there is functional polarization of the ductal cell. The largest network branches in this system contain goblet cells that interact with ductal cells, making up about 2% of this structure—these cells aid mucin assembly. Furthermore, unlike other exocrine glands, the pancreas does not have myoepithelial cells around the ducts. Ductal cells have a single cilium that is made up of nine peripheral doublets but does not have a central microtubule. This cilium is considered vital for perceiving flow in ducts. Exocrine cell type Morphology is what identifies ductal cells.",
"title": "Ductal cells"
},
{
"docid": "3239937",
"text": "Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a number of digestive enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase. The pancreas is located in the visceral region, and is a major part of the digestive system required for proper digestion and subsequent assimilation of macronutrient substances required for living. Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature due to the high concentration of bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate is useful in neutralizing the acidic gastric acid, allowing for effective enzymic changes. Pancreatic juice secretion is principally regulated by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin, which are produced by the walls of the duodenum, and by the action of autonomic innervation. The release of these hormones into the blood is stimulated by the entry of the acidic chyme into the duodenum. Their coordinated action results in the secretion of a large volume of pancreatic juice, which is alkaline and enzyme-rich, into the duodenum. The pancreas also receives autonomic innervation. The blood flow into pancreas is regulated by sympathetic nerve fibers, while parasympathetic neurons stimulate the activity of acinar and centroacinar cells. Pancreatic secretion is an aqueous solution of bicarbonate originating from the duct cells and enzymes originating from the acinar cells. The bicarbonate assists in neutralising the low pH of the chyme coming from the stomach, while the enzymes assist in the breakdown of the proteins, lipids and carbohydrates for further processing and absorption in the intestines. Secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice can be collected during endoscopy and provides an important source for diagnostic biomarkers, allowing detection of pancreatic pathology, especially cancer not yet visible on medical imaging.. Pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum through duodenal papillae. Some individuals have also an accessory duct, named accessory pancreatic duct, which may be functional (that is, it also empties the contents of the exocrine pancreas into the duodenum) or non-functional. External links References Pancreas Endocrine system",
"title": "Pancreatic juice"
},
{
"docid": "47053582",
"text": "The sphincter of Oddi (also hepatopancreatic sphincter or Glisson's sphincter), abbreviated as SO, is a muscular valve that in some animals, including humans, controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice out of the gallbladder and pancreas respectively through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum. It is named after Ruggero Oddi. Structure The sphincter of Oddi is a circular muscle band (sphincter) that surrounds the major duodenal papilla. Function The sphincter regulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile into the duodenum. It also prevents reflux of duodenal contents into the ampulla of Vater. By preventing reflux of the contents of the duodenum, the sphincter of Oddi prevents the accumulation of particulate matter and sludge in the bile ducts, reducing the risk of cholangitis. The sphincter of Oddi also allows retrograde filling of the gallbladder. The sphincter of Oddi is relaxed by the hormone cholecystokinin via vasoactive intestinal peptide. Clinical significance Pancreatitis can result from a failure of pancreatic secretions to drain properly. One possible cause of impaired drainage of pancreatic juice is blockage of the sphincter of Oddi. A common cause of blockage is a gallstone in the common bile duct. Opiates may cause spasms of the sphincter of Oddi, leading to increased serum amylase levels. History The sphincter was described for the first time by Ruggero Oddi when he was a young student in 1887. This description followed extensive research into the physiology of dogs and detailed histological examinations of humans and many other species. Other animals In many mammals (including mice, guinea pigs, dogs, and opossums), the smooth muscle around the ampulla of Vater does not form a sphincter. References Further reading Digestive system Gallbladder",
"title": "Sphincter of Oddi"
},
{
"docid": "3902553",
"text": "Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) or echo-endoscopy is a medical procedure in which endoscopy (insertion of a probe into a hollow organ) is combined with ultrasound to obtain images of the internal organs in the chest, abdomen and colon. It can be used to visualize the walls of these organs, or to look at adjacent structures. Combined with Doppler imaging, nearby blood vessels can also be evaluated. Endoscopic ultrasonography is most commonly used in the upper digestive tract and in the respiratory system. The procedure is performed by gastroenterologists or pulmonologists who have had extensive training. For the patient, the procedure feels almost identical to the endoscopic procedure without the ultrasound part, unless ultrasound-guided biopsy of deeper structures is performed. Digestive tract Upper digestive tract For endoscopic ultrasound of the upper digestive tract, a probe is inserted into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum during a procedure called esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Among other uses, it allows for screening for pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, and gastric cancer, as well as benign tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract. It also allows for characterization and biopsy of any focal lesions found in the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as esophageal tuberculosis. This is done by inserting a needle through the stomach lining into the target. Less commonly this procedure is used to identify malformations and masses in the bile ducts and pancreatic ducts. Endoscopic ultrasound is performed with the patient sedated. The endoscope is passed through the mouth and advanced through the esophagus to the suspicious area. From various positions between the esophagus and duodenum, organs within and outside the gastrointestinal tract can be imaged to see if they are abnormal, and they can be biopsied by a process called fine needle aspiration. Organs such as the liver, pancreas, and adrenal glands are easily biopsied, as are any abnormal lymph nodes. In addition, the gastrointestinal wall itself can be imaged to see if it is abnormally thick, suggesting inflammation or malignancy. The technique is highly sensitive for detection of pancreatic cancer (90–95% sensitivity), particularly in patients who are suspected to have a mass or present with jaundice. Its role in staging patients with pancreatic cancer is limited to local metastases; however, in combination with CT scan which provides information on regional metastases, it provides an excellent imaging modality for diagnosis and staging of pancreatic carcinoma. Endoscopic ultrasound can also be used in conjunction with endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP). The ultrasound probe is used to locate gall stones which may have migrated into the common bile duct. This occurrence may cause obstruction of the drain shared by the liver and pancreas, which may lead to lower back pain, jaundice, and pancreatitis. Lower digestive tract Echo-endoscopy can also be used for imaging of the rectum and colon, although these applications are lesser known. It is used primarily to stage newly diagnosed rectal or anal cancer. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration may be used to sample lymph nodes during this procedure. Evaluation of the integrity of the anal sphincters may also be",
"title": "Endoscopic ultrasound"
},
{
"docid": "1110702",
"text": "Trypsinogen () is the precursor form (or zymogen) of trypsin, a digestive enzyme. It is produced by the pancreas and found in pancreatic juice, along with amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsinogen. It is cleaved to its active form, trypsin, by enteropeptidase, which is found in the intestinal mucosa. Once activated, the trypsin can cleave more trypsinogen into trypsin, a process called autoactivation. Trypsin cleaves the peptide bond on the carboxyl side of basic amino acids such as arginine and lysine. Function Trypsinogen is the proenzyme precursor of trypsin. Trypsinogen (the inactive form) is stored in the pancreas so that it may be released when required for protein digestion. The pancreas stores the inactive form trypsinogen because the active trypsin would cause severe damage to the tissue of the pancreas. Trypsinogen is released by the pancreas into the second part of the duodenum, via the pancreatic duct, along with other digestive enzymes. Activation of trypsinogen Trypsinogen is activated by enteropeptidase (also known as enterokinase). Enteropeptidase is produced by the mucosa of duodenum and it cleaves the peptide bond of trypsinogen after residue 15, which is a lysine. The N-terminal peptide is discarded, and a slight rearrangement of the folded protein occurs. The newly formed N-terminal residue (residue 16) inserts into a cleft, where its α-amino group forms an ion pair with the aspartate near the active site serine, and results in the conformational rearrangement of other residues. The amino group of Gly 193 orientates itself into the correct position, which completes the oxyanion hole in active site, thereby activating the protein. Since trypsin also cleaves the peptide bond after an arginine or a lysine, it can cleave other trypsinogen, and the activation process therefore becomes autocatalytic. Safeguards against trypsinogen activation Trypsin is produced, stored and released as the inactive trypsinogen to ensure that the protein is only activated in the appropriate location. Premature trypsin activation can be destructive and may trigger a series of events that lead to pancreatic self-digestion. In normal pancreas, around 5% of trypsinogens are thought to get activated, therefore there are a number of defenses against such inappropriate activation. Trypsinogen is stored in intracellular vesicles in the pancreas called zymogen granules whose membranous walls are thought to be resistant to enzymatic degradation. A further safeguard against inappropriate trypsin activation is the presence of inhibitors such as bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1 (SPINK1), which binds to any trypsin formed. Trypsin autocatalytic activation of trypsinogen is also a slow process due to the presence of a large negative charge on the conserved N-terminal hexapeptide of trypsinogen, which repels the aspartate on the back of trypsin's specificity pocket. Trypsin may also inactivate other trypsin by cleavage. Serum trypsinogen Serum trypsinogen is measured using a blood test. High levels are seen in acute pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. Trypsinogen isoforms Three isoforms of trypsinogens may be found in human pancreatic juice. These are the cationic, anionic, and meso trypsinogen, and they account for 23.1%, 16%, and 0.5%",
"title": "Trypsinogen"
},
{
"docid": "760918",
"text": "The bile duct (formerly known as the common bile duct) is a part of the biliary tract. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct. It ends by uniting with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla. It possesses its own sphincter to enable regulation of bile flow. Anatomy The bile duct is some 6–8 cm long, and normally up to 8 mm in diameter. Its proximal supraduodenal part is situated within the free edge of the lesser omentum. Its middle retroduodenal part is oriented inferiorly and right-ward, and is situated posterior to the first part of the duodenum, and anterior to the inferior vena cava. Its distal paraduodenal part is oriented still more right-ward, is accommodated by a groove upon (sometimes a channel within) the posterior aspect of the head of the pancreas, and is situated anterior to the right renal vein. The bile duct terminates by uniting with the pancreatic duct (at an angle of about 60°) to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla. The distal extremity of the bile duct invariably features its own sphincteric muscle (the pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic ampulla usually possess sphincters of their own to allow the flow of pancreatic juice to be regulated independently, however, these two can be absent). Clinical significance Several problems can arise within the common bile duct, usually related to its obstruction. Opinions vary slightly on the maximum calibre of a normal CBD, but 6mm is one accepted upper limit of normal with a further 1mm diameter allowed for each decade over 60 years. It normally gets slightly dilated after cholecystectomy, with upper limit (95% prediction interval) being about 10 mm after a few months. On abdominal ultrasonography, the common bile duct is most readily seen in the porta hepatis (where the CBD lies anterior to the portal vein and hepatic artery). The absence of Doppler signal distinguishes it from the portal vein and hepatic artery. Obstruction Tumours in the head of the pancreas may come to obstruct the distal bile duct. If obstructed by a gallstone, a condition called choledocholithiasis can result. In this obstructed state, the duct is especially vulnerable to an infection called ascending cholangitis. One form of treatment is a cholecystenterostomy. Rare deformities of the common bile duct are cystic dilations (4 cm), choledochoceles (cystic dilation of the ampula of Vater (3–8 cm)), and biliary atresia. History Obstruction of the common bile duct and related jaundice has been documented since at least since the time of Erasistratus. Additional images See also Choledochoduodenostomy - a surgical procedure to create a connection between the common bile duct (CBD) and an alternative portion of the duodenum. References External links —\"The gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts.\" () Digestive system Gallbladder Hepatology",
"title": "Common bile duct"
},
{
"docid": "44164320",
"text": "Cystogastrostomy is a surgery to create an opening between a pancreatic pseudocyst and the stomach when the cyst is in a suitable position to be drained into the stomach. This conserves pancreatic juices that would otherwise be lost. This surgery is performed by a pancreatic surgeon to avoid a life-threatening rupture of the pancreatic pseudocyst. Indications Symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts are an indication a cystogastrostomy needs to be performed. Pancreatic pseudocysts are chronic collections of pancreatic fluid encased by a wall of nonepithelialized granulation tissue and fibrosis. They can be caused by leakage of the pancreatic duct, or as a result of inflammatory pancreatitis. Symptoms of this include abdominal bloating, difficulty eating and digesting food, and constant pain or deep ache in the abdomen. A lump can be felt in the middle or left upper abdomen if a pseudocyst is present. To further diagnose a pancreatic pseudocyst an abdominal CT scan, MRI or ultrasound can be used. Emergency surgery may need to be performed if there is a rupture of the pseudocyst. This can be detected from symptoms of bleeding, shock, fainting, fever and chills, rapid heartbeat, or severe abdominal pain. Technique Surgical cystogastrostomy Surgical repair is carried out through an incision in the abdomen. After locating the pseudocyst, it is attached to the wall of the stomach and the cystogastrostomy is created. Although it has a high success rate, it is infrequently used because of the recovery period. Endoscopic cystogastrostomy A relatively new and less-invasive method involving endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance and fluoroscopy. A large bore needle is used to access the identified pseudocyst, creating a fistula between the cystic cavity and either the stomach or the duodenum. Plastic stents may be placed to facilitate drainage from the pseudocyst. The success rate of endoscopic treatment of pseudocysts may be greater than 70%. Laparoscopic cystogastrostomy This method is the second of two less invasive surgeries used to drain pseudocysts and can be performed by a single surgeon because of the advanced tools. The pseudocyst is identified and accessed using laparoscopic techniques. Once the pseudocyst cavity is located, it is entered and aspirated, and an opening is created into the stomach for drainage. Laparoscopic drainage may result in better cosmetic appearance and decreased pain following surgery. Complications Cystogastrostomy can lead to pancreatic abscess and pancreatic duct leak. Stents can become blocked, leading to infection of the pseudocyst. Other complications include those normally associated with surgery and anesthesia, including bleeding. History Jedlicka first described the procedure. References Abdominal surgical procedures Digestive system surgery Endoscopy",
"title": "Cystogastrostomy"
},
{
"docid": "15071539",
"text": "Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 7 (E-NPP 7) also known as alkaline sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (Alk-SMase) or intestinal alkaline sphingomyelinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ENPP7 gene. History ENPP7 is a new name for an old enzyme whose activity was originally identified in 1969 by Nilsson as a type of sphingomyelinase that hydrolyses sphingomyelin to ceramide in the intestinal tract. The enzyme was then purified and characterized by Duan et al. and named alkaline sphingomyelinase (alk-SMase), as the optimal pH of the enzyme was 9.0 and its main substrate is sphingomyelin. Most previous studies used the name of alk-SMase for this protein. The name of ENPP7 was created based on the results of cloning studies which show that alk-SMase shares no structural similarities with either acid or neutral SMase but belongs to the family of ecto nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP). As a new addition to the family it is therefore called ENPP7 or NPP7. A 3D homology model of ENPP7 was recently constructed using the crystal structural of an NPP member in bacteria as a template. Tissue distribution Differing from other ENPP members, ENPP7 seems only expressed in the intestinal mucosa in many species and additionally in human liver. In the intestinal tract, ENPP7 activity is low in the duodenum and colon but high in the middle of the jejunum. As an ecto enzyme, ENPP7 is located on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and is released in the lumen by bile salt and pancreatic trypsin. The enzyme expressed in human liver is released in the bile and delivered to the intestine. The activity of ENPP7 depends specifically on two types of primary bile salts, taurocholate (TC) and taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC) at critical micelle concentrations. Other detergents, such as CHAPS and Triton X-100 have no stimulatory effects rather inhibitory effects, indicating a biologic interaction between bile salts and the enzyme. Unlike acid and neutral SMases in the intestinal tract that are rapidly inactivated by pancreatic trypsin, alk-SMase is resistant to trypsin digestion. Thus ENPP7 is active in the intestinal lumen and is transported along the intestinal tract. Significant activity can be detected in the faeces. The substrates of ENPP family vary greatly. Some have activity against nucleotides, some have activity against phospholipid and lysophospholipids. ENPP7 is the only enzyme that has a type of phospholipase C activity against sphingomyelin. Physiological functions and clinical implications ENPP7 is the key enzyme in the gut that digests sphingomyelin. Sphingomyelin is a lipid constituent of cell membrane, and a dietary component being particularly abundant in milk, cheese, egg, and meat. Digestion of sphingomyelin mainly occurs in the middle part of the small intestine, where ENPP7 is abundant, indicating a role of the enzyme in sphingomyelin digestion. Recent studies on ENPP7 knockout mice clearly showed that digestion of sphingomyelin and generation of ceramide is severely affected in ENPP7 deficiency mice. ENPP7 is fully developed in the intestine before birth, which gives the infant ability to digest sphingomyelin in the milk. The daily intake of",
"title": "ENPP7"
},
{
"docid": "2166035",
"text": "The pancreatic duct or duct of Wirsung (also, the major pancreatic duct due to the existence of an accessory pancreatic duct) is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct. This supplies it with pancreatic juice from the exocrine pancreas, which aids in digestion. Structure The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. There are many anatomical variants reported, but these are quite rare. Accessory pancreatic duct Most people have just one pancreatic duct. However, some have an additional accessory pancreatic duct, also called the Duct of Santorini. An accessory pancreatic duct can be functional or non-functional. It may open separately into the second part of the duodenum, which is dorsal, and usually (in 70% of people) drains into the duodenum via the minor duodenal papilla. In the other 30% of people, it drains into the main pancreatic duct, which drains into the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla. The main pancreatic duct and the accessory duct both eventually—either directly or indirectly—connect to the second part ('D2', the vertical segment) of the duodenum. It is named for Giovanni Domenico Santorini. Clinical significance Compression, obstruction or inflammation of the pancreatic duct may lead to acute pancreatitis. The most common cause for obstruction is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct, a condition called choledocholithiasis. Obstruction can also be due to duodenal inflammation in Crohn's disease. A gallstone may get lodged in the constricted distal end of the ampulla of Vater, where it blocks the flow of both bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum. Bile backing up into the pancreatic duct may initiate pancreatitis. The pancreatic duct is generally regarded as abnormally enlarged if being over 3 mm in the head and 2 mm in the body or tail on CT scan. Pancreatic duct or parts of pancreatic duct can be demonstrated on ultrasound in 75 to 85% of people. Pancreatic ductal carcinoma is a common form of pancreatic cancer. History The pancreatic duct is also called the duct of Wirsung. This is named after its discoverer, the German anatomist Johann Georg Wirsung (1589–1643). Additional images References Pancreas anatomy",
"title": "Pancreatic duct"
},
{
"docid": "3174610",
"text": "Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a medical imaging technique. It uses magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts non-invasively. This procedure can be used to determine whether gallstones are lodged in any of the ducts surrounding the gallbladder. Uses MRCP has been slowly replacing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as investigation of choice. MRCP is highly accurate in diagnosing the biliary system, pancreatic duct and accessing surrounding solid organs. Several advantages offered by MRCP is its non-invasive nature, less costly, requires less examination time when compared to ERCP (30 minutes), fewer staff required, and does not require any ionising radiation. MRCP is used to diagnose gallstones. It can also diagnose choledochal cysts very reliably. Besides providing information regarding the biliary system, MRCP also provides information regarding surrounding solid organs and blood vessels, thus useful for planning the resection of pancreatic cancer and look for complications of primary sclerosing cholangitis such as liver cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma. Technique Subject is needed to fast for at least four hours to ensure the biliary system is maximally distended with fluid while keeping the fluid in the gastrointestinal system at a minimum. However, clear fluid and routine medication is allowed before the scan. Negative oral contrast such as pineapple juice, date syrup, ferumoxsil, Açaí juice and water are useful in decreasing T2 signal intensity, thus minimising signals from stomach and duodenum from interfering with signals from the biliary system. MRCP makes use of heavily T2-weighted MRI pulse sequences. These sequences show high signal in static or slow moving fluids within the gallbladder, biliary ducts and pancreatic duct, with low signal of surrounding tissue. Secretin is also given to a patient to increase ductal compliance, making imaging easier. History It was introduced by Wallner in 1991. Additional images See also Magnetic resonance myelography References Magnetic resonance imaging Digestive system imaging",
"title": "Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography"
},
{
"docid": "73377843",
"text": "Monitor peptide, also known as pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor I (PSTI-I) or pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor 61 (PSTI-61), is a peptide that plays an important role in the regulation of the digestive system, specifically the release of cholecystokinin (CCK). Function One of the primary functions of monitor peptide is to stimulate the release of CCK from the enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine. CCK then acts on the gallbladder to release bile and on the pancreas to release digestive enzymes, which help to further break down the food. This coordinated response helps to ensure efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients. Another function is to act as a competitive inhibitor of trypsin, which is a protease that can activate other proteases. It has been shown to prevent premature activation of pancreatic enzymes. Its role as a feedback regulator has been well-described for decades. Monitor peptide binds to intestinal epithelial cells and induces CCK-release, which enhances pancreatic secretion in the presence of nutritional protein in the duodenum. When all nutritional protein is digested, monitor peptide is bound by trypsin and subsequently degraded, resulting in decreasing CCK-release and a reduction of pancreatic secretion. History Monitor peptide was first discovered in 1984 by Fushiki et al. It was purified from rat bile-pancreatic juice and the peptide sequence was elucidated. Description Monitor peptide is composed of 61 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 6500 daltons and is basic (PI = 9.0), acid stable, and heat resistant. It is only found in the zymogen granules of pancreatic acinar cells. Similar to CCK-releasing peptide (CCK-RP), it is trypsin sensitive and stimulates CCK release. It is possible that it also stimulates the growth of intestinal epithelial cells. References Peptides Cholecystokinin",
"title": "Monitor peptide"
},
{
"docid": "20758684",
"text": "One of the most common locations for a foreign body is the alimentary tract. It is possible for foreign bodies to enter the tract either from the mouth, or from the rectum. The objects most commonly swallowed by children are coins. Meat impaction, resulting in esophageal food bolus obstruction is more common in adults. Swallowed objects are more likely to lodge in the esophagus or stomach than in the pharynx or duodenum. Diagnosis If the person who swallowed the foreign body is doing well, usually an x-ray image will be taken which will show any metal objects, and this will be repeated a few days later to confirm that the object has passed all the way through the digestive system. Also it needs to be confirmed that the object is not stuck in the airways, in the bronchial tree. Treatment Most objects that are swallowed will, if they have passed the pharynx, pass all the way through the gastrointestinal tract unaided. However, sometimes an object becomes arrested (usually in the terminal ileum or the rectum) or a sharp object penetrates the bowel wall. If the foreign body causes problems like pain, vomiting or bleeding it must be removed. Swallowed batteries can be associated with additional damage, with mercury poisoning (from mercury batteries) and lead poisoning (from lead batteries) presenting important risks. While swallowed coins typically traverse the alimentary tract without further incident, care must be taken to monitor patients, as reaction of the metals in the coin with gastric acid and other digestive juices may produce various toxic compounds if the coin remains within the alimentary tract for a prolonged period of time. Endoscopic foreign body retrieval is the first-line treatment for removal of a foreign body from the alimentary tract. Glucagon has been used to treat esophageal foreign bodies, with the intent that it relaxes the smooth muscle of the lower esophageal spincter to allow the foreign body to pass into the stomach. However, evidence does not support a benefit of treatment with glucagon, and its use may result in side effects. Objective testing of passing small objects In 2018, an international team of six paediatric health-care professionals undertook a self-administered test, by swallowing a Lego piece (specifically, a Lego minifigure head) and checking when the pieces appeared. They developed a Stool Hardness and Transit (SHAT) score to normalise stool consistency over time, and resulted in a Found and Retrieved Time (FART) score. The principal finding of this study, the FART score (n = 5), ranged from 1.14 days (27 h 20 min) to 3.04 days (72 h 35 min), with an average retrieval time of 1.71 days. Their conclusion: \"This international, multicentre trial identified that small objects, such as those swallowed by children, are likely to pass in 1–3 days without complication. This should offer reassurance for parents.\" See also 101 Things Removed from the Human Body, 2003 British documentary detailing unusual foreign objects located and removed from patients, including examples found within the alimentary tract. Bezoar Rectal",
"title": "Foreign body in alimentary tract"
},
{
"docid": "593400",
"text": "In medicine, the fecal fat test is a diagnostic test for fat malabsorption conditions, which lead to excess fat in the feces (steatorrhea). Background In the duodenum, dietary fat (primarily triglycerides) is digested by enzymes such as pancreatic lipase into smaller molecules of 1,2-Diacylglycerols and free fatty acids, which can be absorbed through the wall of the jejenum of the small intestine and enter circulation for metabolism and storage. Since fat is a valuable nutrient, human feces normally contains very little undigested fat. However, a number of diseases of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract are characterized by fat malabsorption. Examples of such diseases are: disorders of exocrine pancreatic function, such as chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (these are characterized by deficiency of pancreatic digestive enzymes) celiac disease (in which the fat malabsorption in severe cases is due to inflammatory damage to the integrity of the intestinal lining) short bowel syndrome (in which much of the small intestine has had to be surgically removed and the remaining portion cannot completely absorb all of the fat). small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome Microscopy In the simplest form of the fecal fat test, a random fecal specimen is submitted to the hospital laboratory and examined under a microscope after staining with a Sudan III or Sudan IV dye (\"Sudan staining\"). Visible amounts of fat indicate some degree of fat malabsorption. Quantitative Quantitative fecal fat tests measure and report an amount of fat. This is usually done over a period of three days, the patient collecting all of their feces into a container. The container is thoroughly mixed to homogenize the feces, without using specific mixer equipment. A small sample from the feces is collected. The fat content is extracted with solvents and measured by saponification (turning the fat into soap). Normally, up to 7 grams of fat can be malabsorbed in people consuming 100 grams of fat per day. In patients with diarrhea, up to 12 grams of fat may be malabsorbed since the presence of diarrhea interferes with fat absorption, even when the diarrhea is not due to fat malabsorption. References Gastroenterology Feces Stool tests",
"title": "Fecal fat test"
},
{
"docid": "18292835",
"text": "Biliary dyskinesia is a disorder of some component of biliary part of the digestive system in which bile cannot physically move in the proper direction through the tubular biliary tract. It most commonly involves abnormal biliary tract peristalsis muscular coordination within the gallbladder in response to dietary stimulation of that organ to squirt the liquid bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum. Ineffective peristaltic contraction of that structure produces postprandial (after meals) right upper abdominal pain (cholecystodynia) and almost no other problem. When the dyskinesia is localized at the biliary outlet into the duodenum just as increased tonus of that outlet sphincter of Oddi, the backed-up bile can cause pancreatic injury with abdominal pain more toward the upper left side. In general, biliary dyskinesia is the disturbance in the coordination of peristaltic contraction of the biliary ducts, and/or reduction in the speed of emptying of the biliary tree into the duodenum. Mechanism Normally, the downstream gallbladder stores and concentrates the bile which originates in liver hepatocyte cells and is released into the microscopic component of the biliary system by the liver. Through aggregating tubules of increasing diameter, the bile leaves the liver and reaches the upstream (proximal) component of the common bile duct. Apparently, the common bile duct beyond (distal to) the gallbladder tends to normally have a greater tone so that the bile backs up into the gallbladder. When bile enters the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), it aids in digesting the fat within food leaving the stomach. When the bile can not be properly propelled from the not-mechanically-obstructed gallbladder or can not flow out of the end of the common bile duct properly, there is a state of biliary dyskinesia. So, biliary dyskinesia is a dynamically (functional...not fixed mechanical) obstructive, pain-producing disorder. Obstruction by a stone or tumor is a static, mechanical obstruction and tends to produce a more intense pain known as biliary colic. Failure of the biliary sphincter of Oddi can be distinguished from failure of the pancreatic sphincter. Diagnosis Diagnosis may or may not be determined by an ultrasound, but most likely the disease and other biliary diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and bile duct are found by what is most commonly referred to as a hepatobiliary or HIDA scan. This type of imaging is known as cholescintigraphy. Cholescintigraphy Cholescintigraphy or hepatobiliary scintigraphy is scintigraphy of the hepatobiliary tract, including the gallbladder and bile ducts. The image produced by this type of medical imaging, called a cholescintigram, is also known by other names depending on which radiotracer is used, such as HIDA scan, PIPIDA scan, DISIDA scan, or BrIDA scan. Cholescintigraphic scanning is a nuclear medicine procedure to evaluate the health and function of the gallbladder and biliary system. A radioactive tracer is injected through any accessible vein and then allowed to circulate to the liver and starts accumulating in the gall bladder which can take up to an hour. A standard fatty meal (usually a high fat milk shake)",
"title": "Biliary dyskinesia"
},
{
"docid": "71862633",
"text": "John Richardson Young (1782 – June 8, 1804) was an American physician and considered one of the earliest pioneers of experimental physiology and biochemistry in the United States. Young was born in Hagerstown, Maryland to Ann and Samuel Richardson Young, a physician. His father came from County Down, Ireland and had been educated at Trinity College Dublin and the University of Edinburgh. His mother died in 1791 and Young went to Princeton where he graduated in 1799. He then practiced with his father at Hagerstown before joining Pennsylvania University where he graduated in 1803 with a thesis titled \"An Experimental Inquiry into the Principles of Nutrition and the Digestive Processes.\" Young's teachers included the physician Benjamin Rush and the chemist James Woodhouse. In his thesis, Young documented his experiments conducted on bull frogs and he rejected the contemporary idea that digestion involved fermentation or putrefaction and demonstrated that food was dissolved in the stomach by an acidic juice and that the mass then went to the duodenum where it mixed with bile and pancreatic juice. He however identified the gastric acid incorrectly as phosphoric acid and it was only ten years later that William Prout identified it as hydrochloric acid. Since he had used a frog as an experimental model, he was able to show that neither mastication nor heat had a major role in digestion. He died just a year later and it is believed that he and his sisters succumbed to tuberculosis. Dr Samuel Young, their father, lived to the age of 108. Young had been a founder of the American Linnean Society. References 1782 births 1804 deaths American physiologists University of Pennsylvania alumni",
"title": "John Richardson Young"
},
{
"docid": "3249926",
"text": "Accessory pancreas is a rare condition in which small groups of pancreatic cells are separate from the pancreas. They may occur in the mesentery of the small intestine, the wall of the duodenum, the upper part of the jejunum, or more rarely, in the wall of the stomach, ileum, gallbladder or spleen. The condition was first described by Klob in 1859. Accessory pancreas is a small cluster of pancreas cells detached from the pancreas and sometimes found in the wall of the stomach or intestines. Diagnosis Pancreatic disorders are often accompanied by weakness and fatigue. The past Medical history may reveal previous disorders of the biliary tract or duodenum, abdominal trauma or surgery, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus. The medication history should be detailed and specifically include the use of thiazides, furosemide, estrogens, corticosteroids, sulfonamides, and opiates. Note a family history of pancreatic disorders. In the review of systems, obtain a complete description of any pain in the upper abdomen or epigastric area. Symptoms that may be important in relation to pancreatic disorders are pruritus, abdominal pain, dyspnea, nausea, and vomiting. The functional assessment includes data about the patient's dietary habits and use of alcohol. Note any restlessness, flushing, or diaphoresis during the examination. Vital signs may disclose low-grade fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, and hypotension. Inspect the skin for jaundice. Assess the abdomen for distention, tenderness, discoloration, and diminished bowel sounds. Tests and procedures used to diagnose pancreatic disorders include laboratory analyses of blood, urine, stool, and pancreatic fluid, and imaging studies. Specific blood studies used to assess pancreatic function include measurements of serum amylase, lipase, glucose, calcium, and triglyceride levels. Urine amylase and renal amylase clearance tests may also be ordered. Stool specimens may be analyzed for fat content. The secretin stimulation test measures the bicarbonate concentration of pancreatic fluid after secretin is given intravenously to stimulate the production of pancreatic fluid. Treatment Treatment of accessory pancreas depends on the location and extent of the injured tissue. Surgery may be an option, or some physicians order prophylactic antibiotics. References External links Digestive system Conditions diagnosed by stool test Congenital disorders of digestive system",
"title": "Accessory pancreas"
},
{
"docid": "6999823",
"text": "Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare cause of hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract. It is caused by a bleeding source in the pancreas, pancreatic duct, or structures adjacent to the pancreas, such as the splenic artery, that bleed into the pancreatic duct, which is connected with the bowel at the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. Patients with hemosuccus may develop symptoms of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, such as blood in the stools, maroon stools, or melena, which is a dark, tarry stool caused by digestion of red blood cells. They may also develop abdominal pain. It is associated with pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and aneurysms of the splenic artery. Hemosuccus may be identified with endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy), where fresh blood may be seen from the pancreatic duct. Alternatively, angiography may be used to inject the celiac axis to determine the blood vessel that is bleeding. This may also be used to treat hemosuccus, as embolization of the end vessel may terminate the hemorrhage. However, a distal pancreatectomy—surgery to remove of the tail of the pancreas—may be required to stop the hemorrhage. Signs and symptoms Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare entity, and estimates of its rate are based on small case series. It is the least frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (1/1500) and is most often caused by chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocysts, or pancreatic tumors. As a result, the diagnosis may easily be overlooked. The usual presentation of hemosuccus is the development of symptoms of upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding, such as melena (or dark, black tarry stools), maroon stools, or hematochezia, which is frank rectal bleeding. The source of hemorrhage is usually not determined by standard endoscopic techniques, and the symptoms of the condition are usually grouped as a cause of obscure overt gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Over one-half of patients with hemosuccus also develop abdominal pain, usually located in the epigastrium, or uppermost part of the abdomen. The pain is described as being \"crescendo-decrescendo\" in nature, meaning that it increases and decreases in intensity slowly with time. This is thought to be due to transient blockage of the pancreatic duct from the source of bleeding, or from clots. If the source of the bleeding also involves obstruction of the common bile duct (such as with some tumours of the head of the pancreas), the patient may develop jaundice, or \"silver stools\", an uncommon finding of acholic stools mixed with blood. Causes The causes of hemosuccus pancreaticus can be grouped into diseases of the pancreas and diseases of the vascular structures around the pancreas. Diseases of the pancreas include acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic duct stones, ruptured aneurysms of the splenic artery, and pseudoaneurysms of the splenic artery and hepatic artery. Pseudoaneurysms are complications of pancreatitis where a pseudocyst is formed, with one wall abutting an artery, usually the splenic artery. Should the arterial wall rupture, the pseudoaneurysm will hemorrhage into the pancreatic duct. Rarely the bleeding is not channeled into the bowel from the main pancreatic duct (or duct of",
"title": "Hemosuccus pancreaticus"
},
{
"docid": "306244",
"text": "Intrinsic factor (IF), cobalamin binding intrinsic factor, also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells (in humans) or chief cells (in rodents) of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the distal ileum of the small intestine. In humans, the gastric intrinsic factor protein is encoded by the CBLIF gene. Haptocorrin (transcobalamin I) is another glycoprotein secreted by the salivary glands which binds to vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is acid-sensitive and in binding to haptocorrin it can safely pass through the acidic stomach to the duodenum. In the less acidic environment of the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes digest the glycoprotein carrier and vitamin B12 can then bind to intrinsic factor. This new complex is then absorbed by the epithelial cells (enterocytes) of the ileum. Inside the cells, vitamin B12 dissociates once again and binds to another protein, transcobalamin II; the new complex can then exit the epithelial cells to be carried to the liver. Site of secretion Intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells within the stomach, and so is present in the gastric juice as well as in the gastric mucous membrane. The optimum pH for its action is approximately 7. Its concentration does not correlate with the amount of HCl or pepsin in the gastric juice, e.g., intrinsic factor may be present even when pepsin is largely absent. The site of formation of the intrinsic factor varies in different species. In pigs it is obtained from the pylorus and beginning of the duodenum; in human beings it is present in the fundus and body of the stomach. The limited amount of normal human gastric intrinsic factor limits normal efficient absorption of B12 to about 2 μg per meal, a nominally adequate intake of B12. Insufficiency In pernicious anemia, which is usually an autoimmune disease, autoantibodies directed against intrinsic factor or parietal cells themselves lead to an intrinsic factor deficiency, malabsorption of vitamin B12, and subsequent megaloblastic anemia. Atrophic gastritis can also cause intrinsic factor deficiency and anemia through damage to the parietal cells of the stomach wall. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency can interfere with normal dissociation of vitamin B12 from its binding proteins in the small intestine, preventing its absorption via the intrinsic factor complex. Other risk factors contributing to pernicious anemia are anything that damages or removes a portion of the stomach's parietal cells, including bariatric surgery, gastric tumors, gastric ulcers, and excessive consumption of alcohol. Mutations in the GIF gene are responsible for a rare inheritable disease called intrinsic factor deficiency which results in malabsorption of vitamin B12. Treatment In most countries, intramuscular injections of vitamin B12 are used to treat pernicious anemia. Orally administered vitamin B12 is absorbed without intrinsic factor, but at levels of less than one percent than if intrinsic factor is present. Despite the low amounts absorbed, oral vitamin B12 therapy is effective at reducing symptoms of pernicious anemia. Vitamin B12 can also be given sublingually, but there is",
"title": "Intrinsic factor"
},
{
"docid": "13880720",
"text": "Biliary reflux, bile reflux (gastritis), duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER) or duodenogastric reflux is a condition that occurs when bile and/or other contents like bicarbonate, and pancreatic enzymes flow upward (refluxes) from the duodenum into the stomach and esophagus. Biliary reflux can be confused with acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). While bile reflux involves fluid from the small intestine flowing into the stomach and esophagus, acid reflux is backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus. These conditions are often related, and differentiating between the two can be difficult. Bile is a digestive fluid made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into duodenum after food is ingested to aid in the digestion of fat. Normally, the pyloric sphincter prevents bile from entering the stomach. When the pyloric sphincter is damaged or fails to work correctly, bile can enter the stomach and then be transported into the esophagus as in gastric reflux. The presence of small amounts of bile in the stomach is relatively common and usually asymptomatic, but excessive refluxed bile causes irritation and inflammation. Bile reflux has been associated with gastric cancer, chemical gastritis and the development of ulcers. Symptoms and signs Frequent heartburn Pain in the upper part of the abdomen Vomiting and/or regurgitating bile Hypersalivation Bile reflux can be asymptomatic when lying down or after eating, as bile reflux occurs physiologically. Diagnosis Bile reflux is usually associated with: Erosive esophagitis Barrett's esophagus Management Ursodeoxycholic acid is an adequate treatment of bile reflux gastritis. The dosage is usually of /day and for a 4 weeks treatment. Medications used in managing biliary reflux include bile acid sequestrants, particularly cholestyramine, which disrupt the circulation of bile in the digestive tract and sequester bile that would otherwise cause symptoms when refluxed; and prokinetic agents, to move material from the stomach to the small bowel more rapidly and prevent reflux. Surgery Biliary reflux may also be treated surgically, if medications are ineffective or if precancerous tissue is present in the esophagus. Epidemiology Obesity is an independent risk factor for development of bile reflux. Bile reflux is very infrequent in healthy individuals. References External links The damage of reflux Bile Reflux page at CNN Health:symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, prevention Diseases of oesophagus, stomach and duodenum",
"title": "Biliary reflux"
},
{
"docid": "165423",
"text": "Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food compounds into small water-soluble components so that they can be absorbed into the blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. Mechanical digestion takes place in the mouth through mastication and in the small intestine through segmentation contractions. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small compounds that the body can use. In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food. The saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food; the electrolyte hydrogencarbonate (), which provides the ideal conditions of pH for amylase to work; and other electrolytes (, , ). About 30% of starch is hydrolyzed into disaccharide in the oral cavity (mouth). After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. In infants and toddlers, gastric juice also contains rennin to digest milk proteins. As the first two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus and bicarbonates are secreted by the stomach. They provide a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of chemicals like concentrated hydrochloric acid while also aiding lubrication. Hydrochloric acid provides acidic pH for pepsin. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. Pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides or proteoses, which is further broken down into dipeptides and amino acids by enzymes in the small intestine. Studies suggest that increasing the number of chews per bite increases relevant gut hormones and may decrease self-reported hunger and food intake. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, partially digested food (chyme) enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic (about",
"title": "Digestion"
},
{
"docid": "481852",
"text": "Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by the alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one consisting of 14 amino acids (shown in infobox to right), the other consisting of 28 amino acids. Among the vertebrates, there exist six different somatostatin genes that have been named: SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4, SS5 and SS6. Zebrafish have all six. The six different genes, along with the five different somatostatin receptors, allow somatostatin to possess a large range of functions. Humans have only one somatostatin gene, SST. Nomenclature Synonyms of \"somatostatin\" include: growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH) growth hormone release–inhibiting hormone (GHRIH) somatotropin release–inhibiting factor (SRIF) somatotropin release–inhibiting hormone (SRIH) Production Digestive system Somatostatin is secreted by delta cells at several locations in the digestive system, namely the pyloric antrum, the duodenum and the pancreatic islets. Somatostatin released in the pyloric antrum travels via the portal venous system to the heart, then enters the systemic circulation to reach the locations where it will exert its inhibitory effects. In addition, somatostatin release from delta cells can act in a paracrine manner. In the stomach, somatostatin acts directly on the acid-producing parietal cells via a G-protein coupled receptor (which inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus effectively antagonising the stimulatory effect of histamine) to reduce acid secretion. Somatostatin can also indirectly decrease stomach acid production by preventing the release of other hormones, including gastrin and histamine which effectively slows down the digestive process. Brain Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons project to the median eminence, where somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve endings into the hypothalamohypophysial system through neuron axons. Somatostatin is then carried to the anterior pituitary gland, where it inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from somatotrope cells. The somatostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus mediate negative feedback effects of growth hormone on its own release; the somatostatin neurons respond to high circulating concentrations of growth hormone and somatomedins by increasing the release of somatostatin, so reducing the rate of secretion of growth hormone. Somatostatin is also produced by several other populations that project centrally, i.e., to other areas of the brain, and somatostatin receptors are expressed at many different sites in the brain. In particular, populations of somatostatin neurons occur in the arcuate nucleus, the hippocampus, and the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract. Functions Somatostatin is classified as an inhibitory hormone, and is induced by low pH. Its actions are spread to different parts of the body. Somatostatin release is inhibited by the vagus nerve. Anterior pituitary In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are: Inhibiting the release of growth hormone (GH) (thus opposing the effects of growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH)) Inhibiting the release of",
"title": "Somatostatin"
},
{
"docid": "1551570",
"text": "Pancreatic enzymes, also known as pancreases or pancrelipase and pancreatin, are commercial mixtures of amylase, lipase, protease and lactase. They are used to treat malabsorption syndrome due to certain pancreatic problems. These pancreatic problems may be due to cystic fibrosis, surgical removal of the pancreas, long term pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or MODY 5, among others. The preparation is taken by mouth. Common side effects include vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea. Other side effects include perianal irritation and high blood uric acid. The enzymes are from pigs. Use is believed to be safe during pregnancy. The components are digestive enzymes similar to those normally produced by the human pancreas. They help the person digest fats, starches, and proteins. Pancreatic enzymes have been used as medications since at least the 1800s. They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2021, it was the 243rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions. Medical uses Pancrelipases are generally a first line approach in treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and other digestive disorders, accompanying cystic fibrosis, complicating surgical pancreatectomy, or resulting from chronic pancreatitis. The formulations are generally hard capsules filled with gastro-resistant granules. Pancrelipases and pancreatins are similar, except pancrelipases has an increased lipase component. Pancreatin is a mixture of several digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas. It is composed of amylase, lipase and protease. This mixture is used to treat conditions in which pancreatic secretions are deficient, such as surgical pancreatectomy, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. It has been claimed to help with food allergies, celiac disease, autoimmune disease, cancer and weight loss. Pancreatin is sometimes called \"pancreatic acid\", although it is neither a single chemical substance nor an acid. Pancreatin contains the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, amylase and lipase. A similar mixture of enzymes is sold as pancrelipase, which contains more active lipase enzyme than does pancreatin. The trypsin found in pancreatin works to hydrolyze proteins into oligopeptides; amylase hydrolyzes starches into oligosaccharides and the disaccharide maltose; and lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerols. Pancreatin is an effective enzyme supplement for replacing missing pancreatic enzymes, and aids in the digestion of foods in cases of pancreatic insufficiency. Pancreatin reduces the absorption of iron from food in the duodenum during digestion. Some contact lens-cleaning solutions contain porcine pancreatin extractives to assist in the intended protein-removal process. Side effects High doses over a long period of time are associated with fibrosing colonopathy. Due to this association a maximum dose of 10,000 IU of lipase per kilogram per day is recommended. Though never reported there is a theoretical risk of a viral infection as they are from pigs. Society and culture Brand names Brand names include Creon, Pancreaze, Pertzye, Sollpura (Liprotamase), Ultresa, and Zenpep. Legal status United States Longstanding pancreatic enzyme replacement products (PERPs)—some in use for a century or more—fell under a 2006 FDA requirement that pharmaceutical companies with porcine-derived PERP products submit a New Drug Application (NDA) for",
"title": "Pancreatic enzymes (medication)"
},
{
"docid": "13986377",
"text": "Gastric lipase, also known as LIPF, is an enzymatic protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LIPF gene. Function Gastric lipase is an acidic lipase secreted by the gastric chief cells in the fundic mucosa in the stomach. It has a pH optimum of 3–6. Gastric lipase, together with lingual lipase, comprise the two acidic lipases. These lipases, unlike alkaline lipases (such as pancreatic lipase), do not require bile acid or colipase for optimal enzymatic activity. Acidic lipases make up 30% of lipid hydrolysis occurring during digestion in the human adult, with gastric lipase contributing the most of the two acidic lipases. In neonates, acidic lipases are much more important, providing up to 50% of total lipolytic activity. Gastric lipase hydrolyzes the ester bonds of triglycerides in the stomach. Fatty acids and diacylglycerols are produced from this reaction. The long chain free fatty acids have the ability to prevent gastric lipase from hydrolyzing more triglycerides. In this case, gastric acid will be responsible for less than 30% of lipid hydrolysis. These enzymes are found in the cytoplasm and cell membranes of gastric cells. Gastric lipase is not the primary lipase needed for the majority of triglyceride hydrolysis. Outside of the stomach, gastric lipase can hydrolyze triacylglycerol in the duodenum with the help of other lipases and bile secretion. It is an essential enzyme for hydrolyzing milk fat globule membranes. For a newborn with an underdeveloped pancreas, LIPF plays a more important role in lipid digestion compared to an adult with a fully functioning pancreas. There is typically an increase in production of LIPF when the pancreas is unable to operate at its optimal potential. Low levels of LIPF are typically seen in the tumors of gastric cancer patients. Clinical significance Gastric lipase can partially compensate for the decrease in production of pancreatic lipase associated with pancreatic dysfunction, giving some means for the body to digest lipids. A limitation of acidic lipases is that they remove only one fatty acid from each triacylglycerol. The free fatty acid can readily cross the epithelial membrane lining the gastrointestinal tract, but the diacylglycerol cannot be transported across. This leaves the acidic lipases less efficient than alkaline lipases. Structure Gastric lipase is a polypeptide of 371 residues in length. The structure of gastric lipase was determined using X-ray diffraction with a resolution of 3.00 Å, and is composed of 41% helices and 14% beta sheets. Gastric lipase belongs to the α/β-hydrolase-fold family. It possesses a classical catalytic triad (Ser-153, His-353, Asp-324) and an oxyanion hole (backbone NH groups of Gln-154 and Leu-67) analogous to serine proteases. References External links",
"title": "Gastric lipase"
},
{
"docid": "50990100",
"text": "Lundh's test is a test of function of the exocrine function of the pancreas gland. The exocrine role of the pancreas involves release of various digestive enzymes, including lipase and proteases, such as trypsin, in response to hormonal stimulation after eating. Disorders of the pancreas including chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and pancreatic cancer can lead to decreased pancreatic exocrine activity. Lundh's test involves placing a tube with multiple channels in to the duodenum. This tube has holes in the stomach and in the duodenum. A meal consisting of proteins, carbohydrates and fats is injected into the stomach. Typically a prokinetic medication such as metoclopramide is administered to accelerate passage of the food into the duodenum. A sample of the duodenal juice is taken at the 30 minute mark, and then every 30 minutes until the two hour mark. The activity of trypsin is measured and averaged among the 4 collections. A positive test is defined by low trypsin activity on the average of the samples, and is suggestive of decreased exocrine function of the pancreas. A positive Lundh's test is indicative of decreased exocrine function of the pancreas, but theoretically may be positive if there is lack of release of cholecystokinin. References Endocrinology Medical procedures",
"title": "Lundh's test"
},
{
"docid": "5114949",
"text": "The following is a partial list of the \"A\" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (A02). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (A04). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes. The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM. – digestive system – biliary tract – bile ducts – extrahepatic bile ducts – common bile duct – Ampulla of Vater – Sphincter of Oddi – cystic duct – common hepatic duct – intrahepatic bile ducts – bile canaliculi – gallbladder – gastrointestinal tract – intestines – intestinal mucosa – enterocytes – goblet cells – paneth cells – large intestine – anal canal – cecum – appendix – colon – ascending colon – descending colon – sigmoid colon – transverse colon – rectum – small intestine – duodenum – Ampulla of Vater – Sphincter of Oddi – Brunner Glands – ileum – ileocecal valve – Meckel Diverticulum – jejunum – lower gastrointestinal tract – ileum – ileocecal valve – Meckel Diverticulum – large intestine – anal canal – cecum – appendix – colon – ascending colon – descending colon – sigmoid colon – transverse colon – rectum – jejunum – mouth – dentition – salivary glands – parotid gland – salivary ducts – minor salivary glands – sublingual gland – submandibular gland – von Ebner glands – tongue – lingual frenum – taste buds – pharynx – upper gastrointestinal tract – duodenum – Ampulla of Vater – Sphincter of Oddi – Brunner Glands – esophagus – esophageal mucosa – upper esophageal sphincter – esophagogastric junction – lower esophageal sphincter – stomach – cardia – esophagogastric junction – lower esophageal sphincter – gastric fundus – gastric mucosa – gastric chief cells – enterochromaffin cells – gastrin-secreting cells – gastric parietal cells – somatostatin-secreting cells – gastric stump – pyloric antrum – pylorus – liver – intrahepatic bile ducts – bile canaliculi – round ligament of liver – pancreas – islets of langerhans – glucagon-secreting cells – insulin-secreting cells – pancreatic polypeptide-secreting cells – somatostatin-secreting cells – exocrine pancreas – pancreatic ducts – Ampulla of Vater The list continues at List of MeSH codes (A04). A03",
"title": "List of MeSH codes (A03)"
},
{
"docid": "23310498",
"text": "Haptocorrin (HC) also known as transcobalamin-1 (TC-1) or cobalophilin is a transcobalamin protein that in humans is encoded by the gene. One essential function of haptocorrin is protection of the acid-sensitive vitamin B12 while it moves through the stomach. A second function is serum HC binding of the great majority of circulating vitamin B12, rendering it unavailable for take-up by cells. This is conjectured to be a circulating storage function. Functions Haptocorrin (HC), also commonly known as the R-protein, or the R-factor, or previously referred to as transcobalamin I, is a unique glycoprotein produced by the salivary glands of the oral cavity, in response to ingestion of food. This protein binds strongly to vitamin B12 in what is an intricate and necessary mechanism to protect this vitamin from the acidic environment of the stomach. Vitamin B12 is an essential water-soluble vitamin, the deficiency of which creates anemia (macrocytic anemia), decreased bone marrow cell production (anemia, pancytopenia), neurological problems, as well as metabolic issues (methylmalonyl-CoA acidosis). Vitamin B12 is therefore an important vitamin for the body to absorb. Despite its vital role however, vitamin B12 is structurally very sensitive to the hydrochloric acid found in the stomach secretions, and easily denatures in that environment before it has a chance to be absorbed by the small intestine. Found in fresh animal products (such as liver), vitamin B12 attaches haptocorrin, which has a high affinity for its molecular structure. Coupled together vitamin B12 and haptocorrin create a complex. This haptocorrin–B12 complex is impervious to the insult of the stomach acid, and passes on via the pylorus to the duodenum. In the duodenum pancreatic proteases (a component of pancreatic juice) cleave haptocorrin, releasing vitamin B12 in its free form. The same cells in the stomach that produce gastric hydrochloric acid, the parietal cells, also produce a molecule called the intrinsic factor (IF), which binds the B12 after its release from haptocorrin by digestion, and without which only 1% of vitamin B12 is absorbed. Intrinsic factor (IF) is a glycoprotein, with a molecular weight of 45 kDa. In the duodenum, the free vitamin B12 attaches to the intrinsic factor (IF) to create a vitamin B12–IF complex. This complex then travels through the small bowel and reaches the terminal tertiary portion of the small intestine, called the ileum. The ileum is the longest of all portions of the small intestine, and has on its surface specialized receptors called cubilin receptors, that identify the B12–IF complexes and take them up into the circulation via endocytosis-mediated absorption. Separate from the digestive absorption function, serum HC binds 80-90% of circulating B12, rendering it unavailable for cellular delivery by transcobalamin II. This is conjectured to be a circulating storage function. Several serious, even life-threatening diseases cause elevated serum HC, measured as abnormally high serum vitamin B12 while at the same time manifesting as a vitamin deficiency because of insufficent vitamin bound to transcobalamin II. References Further reading Digestive system",
"title": "Haptocorrin"
},
{
"docid": "7643455",
"text": "Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses. Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body. They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system. In a sense they are known to act as chemoreceptors, initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses. Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product (short chain fatty acid), acetate. Intestinal enteroendocrine cells Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract. Hormones secreted include somatostatin, motilin, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and enteroglucagon. The enteroendocrine cells sense the metabolites from intestinal commensal microbiota and, in turn, coordinate antibacterial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota. K cell K cells secrete gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage. K cells are mostly found in the duodenum. L cell L cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-2. L cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine (colon), but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum. I cell I cells secrete cholecystokinin (CCK), and have the highest mucosal density in the duodenum with a decreasing amount throughout the small intestine. They modulate bile secretion, exocrine pancreas secretion, and satiety. G cell Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, and stimulate gastric acid secretion. Enterochromaffin cell Enterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin. Enterochromaffin-like cell Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting histamine. N cell Located in a increasing manner throughout the small intestine, with the highest levels found in the in ileum, N cells release neurotensin, and control smooth muscle contraction. S cell S cells secrete secretin mostly from the duodenum, but also in decreasing amounts throughout the rest of the small intestine, and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion. D cell Also called Delta cells, D cells secrete somatostatin. Mo cell (or M cell) found in crypts of the small intestine, especially in the duodenum and jejunum. Different from the Microfold cells (M cells) that are in Peyer's patches. Secrete motilin Gastric enteroendocrine cells Gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the gastric glands, mostly at their base. The G cells secrete gastrin, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin-releasing peptide during parasympathetic stimulation to stimulate secretion. Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin",
"title": "Enteroendocrine cell"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "5348207",
"text": "Synergistic enhancers of antiretrovirals usually do not possess any antiretroviral properties alone, but when they are taken concurrently with antiretroviral drugs they enhance the effect of that drug. Types One of these is an over-the-counter nutritional supplement and another two of these have been FDA approved (for other indications). The effects of these drugs, however, will require further evaluation before being clinically exploited. Chloroquine/quinoline antimalarials Chloroquine is being investigated as a synergistic enhancer of protease inhibitors. The mechanism underlying the effects of chloroquine on response to protease inhibitorsis inhibition of cellular drug efflux pumps. The effects of the antimalarial drugs, however, will require further evaluation before being clinically exploited. Grapefruit juice Grapefruit juice is a common natural plant extract. The enzyme CYP3A4, a member of the Cytochrome P450 enzyme family, is present mostly in the liver but also in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. One of the functions of CYP3A4 is to metabolise, or break down, foreign chemicals including many drugs used to treat HIV. Such enzymes present in the GI tract are a first line defense against toxic substances; this allows the body to metabolize away many chemicals before they enter the bloodstream. Grapefruit juice can neutralize CYP3A4 in the GI tract but not significantly in the liver. By pre-treating with grapefruit juice prior to taking protease inhibitors the GI intake and therefore the bioavailabity is increased. The effect, however, is unreliable and results may vary greatly, therefore it is not a standard recommended practice. Hydroxyurea Hydroxyurea (HU) is an older medication (an antimetabolite) used for sickle-cell anemia and some other hematologic disorders. It enhances ddI, and to a lesser extent AZT and ddC. One possible explanation is that HU causes cells to spend more time in the \"S\" phase checkpoint of cellular growth which allows ddI, AZT and ddC into the cell more. In addition HU inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme used to break down certain proteins to form the building blocks of DNA called dNTPs. When dNTPs are depleted the cell tries to absorb more but if ddI, AZT or ddC is present it absorbs that due to the similarity, the net effect is more ddI, AZT or ddC enters the cell. HU can result in bone marrow suppression, and there are warnings that using HU with ddI can increase the risk of pancreatitis. The Health and Human Services (HHS) panel in the US is recommending against the use of Hydroxyurea although some doctors are still using it for various reasons. Leflunomide Leflunomide has the trade name Arava. It enhances AZT through depleting a dNTP analogous to HU, RV and mycophenolic acid. Mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic acid is an inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)-inhibitor. It enhances abacavir but reduces the effect of AZT and d4T. Works analogous to HU and RV only the enzyme inhibited is IMPDH which leads to depletion of the dNTP named dGTP which causes cells to take up more abacavir. Mycophenolic acid is currently approved for used in organ transplantation as mycophenolate mofetil, trade",
"title": "Synergistic enhancer (antiretroviral)"
},
{
"docid": "22346099",
"text": "Stool osmotic gap is a measurement of the difference in solute types between serum and feces, used to distinguish among different causes of diarrhea. Feces is normally in osmotic equilibrium with blood serum, which the human body maintains between 290–300 mOsm/kg. However, the solutes contributing to this total differ. Serum is mostly sodium and potassium salts (as reflected in the formulas for serum osmol gap and anion gap), while the digestive tract contains significant amounts of other compounds. Stool osmotic gap is a measure of the concentration of those other compounds. Stool osmotic gap is calculated as 290 mOsm/kg − 2 × (stool Na + stool K). 290 mOsm/kg is the presumed stool osmolality, and the measured concentration of sodium and potassium cations is doubled to account for the corresponding anions which must be present. A normal gap is between 50 and 100 mOsm/kg, corresponding to the concentration of other solutes such as magnesium salts and sugars. A low stool osmotic gap suggests secretory diarrhea, wherein the digestive tract is hyperpermeable and losing electrolytes, while a high gap suggests osmotic diarrhea, wherein the digestive tract is unable to absorb solutes from the chyme, either because the digestive tract is hypopermeable (e.g. due to inflammation), or non-absorbable compounds (e.g. Epsom salt) are present. The reason for this is that secreted sodium and potassium ions make up a greater percentage of the stool osmolality in secretory diarrhea, whereas in osmotic diarrhea, other molecules such as unabsorbed carbohydrates are more significant contributors to stool osmolality. High osmotic gap (>100 mOsm/kg) causes of osmotic diarrhea include celiac sprue, chronic pancreatitis, lactase deficiency, lactulose, osmotic laxative use/abuse, and Whipple's disease. Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg) causes of secretory diarrhea include toxin-mediated causes (cholera, enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli) and secretagogues such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (from a VIPoma, for example). Uncommon causes include gastrinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma (which produces excess calcitonin), factitious diarrhea from non-osmotic laxative abuse and villous adenoma. References Further reading Diseases of intestines",
"title": "Stool osmotic gap"
},
{
"docid": "29358768",
"text": "The oxygen cocktail is a foamy substance containing a beverage drink (juice, milk, etc.) enriched in gaseous oxygen. The drink is used as part of oxygen therapy by a number of Soviet medical institutions; their research suggest that the drink, by supplying oxygen, allegedly reduces chronic fatigue syndrome and hypoxia and activates metabolism. History The oxygen cocktail was developed in the 1960s by the Russian academician N. N. Sirotinin. While researching the respiratory function of the stomach and the possibility of filling the body with oxygen through the digestive tract, Soviet doctors put probes into the patients' stomachs, through which the body could be filled with up to 2 liters of oxygen. Although the condition of the patients improved considerably, this method had to be abandoned because of discomfort caused by the probes. In an alternative treatment, a foam-forming liquid was filled with oxygen and transferred to the patient's mouth via a tube. Later, researches suggested adding the oxygen foam into food or drink. Such oxygen-enriched drinks received the name “oxygen cocktail” and were produced in sanatoriums and clinics. Since the 1970s, the method of making such drinks has undergone almost no changes, but the foam-forming ingredients and the ways of filling the cocktails with oxygen have been improved. Ingredients Juices (grape, cherry, raspberry, etc.), syrups, water, milk and fruit-drinks are often used as the base of the cocktail. Oily and sparkling liquids result in poor homogeneity of the foam. The base liquid might contain extracts of plants and herbs such as hawthorn, strawflower, motherwort and rose hip, which themselves are used in the clinical practices. An essential element of the oxygen cocktail is the foaming agent, such as gelatin egg white or liquorice. Initially, oxygen cocktails were made with egg white. However clinical trials proved that this ingredient resulted in allergenicity and unpleasant taste and could promote infectious diseases; thus it was replaced by liquorice, which is a foaming agent, tonic and sedative. Mechanism of action After entering the intestines, the oxygen from the cocktail allegedly absorbs into the blood, where it stimulates metabolism, blood circulation, redox and the immune system. The activated metabolism also stimulates the digesting of other cocktail's ingredients, thereby enhancing their medical action. Clinical research in Russia The use of oxygen cocktail for medical rehabilitation was allegedly studied at the gynecological department of medical rehabilitation of the \"Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology\". It was demonstrated that using the oxygen cocktails as a part of the complex therapy of adults, children and teenagers with inflammations of uterine appendages, optimized metabolism and activated antioxidants in the blood plasma, thereby improving the general condition of the patients. This result was confirmed in other Russian clinics. In 2005 the Research Center of Children's Health (Russian Academy of Medical Sciences) studied the efficiency of the oxygen cocktails as a part of the complex therapy of children and teenagers with chronic diseases of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Patients took 200 mL of the oxygen cocktail per day. It",
"title": "Oxygen cocktail"
},
{
"docid": "12976",
"text": "Gastroenterology (from the Greek gastḗr- \"belly\", -énteron \"intestine\", and -logía \"study of\") is the branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders. The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract, sometimes referred to as the GI tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine as well as the accessory organs of digestion which include the pancreas, gallbladder, and liver. The digestive system functions to move material through the GI tract via peristalsis, break down that material via digestion, absorb nutrients for use throughout the body, and remove waste from the body via defecation. Physicians who specialize in the medical specialty of gastroenterology are called gastroenterologists or sometimes GI doctors. Some of the most common conditions managed by gastroenterologists include gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcer disease, gallbladder and biliary tract disease, hepatitis, pancreatitis, colitis, colon polyps and cancer, nutritional problems, and many more. History Citing from Egyptian papyri, John F. Nunn identified significant knowledge of gastrointestinal diseases among practicing physicians during the periods of the pharaohs. Irynakhty, of the tenth dynasty, 2125 B.C., was a court physician specializing in gastroenterology, sleeping, and proctology. Among ancient Greeks, Hippocrates attributed digestion to concoction. Galen's concept of the stomach having four faculties was widely accepted up to modernity in the seventeenth century. 18th century Italian Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–99) was among early physicians to disregard Galen's theories, and in 1780 he gave experimental proof on the action of gastric juice on foodstuffs. In 1767, German Johann von Zimmermann wrote an important work on dysentery. In 1777, Maximilian Stoll of Vienna described cancer of the gallbladder. 19th century In 1805, Philipp Bozzini made the first attempt to observe inside the living human body using a tube he named Lichtleiter (light-guiding instrument) to examine the urinary tract, the rectum, and the pharynx. This is the earliest description of endoscopy. Charles Emile Troisier described enlargement of lymph nodes in abdominal cancer. In 1823, William Prout discovered that stomach juices contain hydrochloric acid. In 1833, William Beaumont published Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion following years of experimenting on test subject Alexis St. Martin. In 1868, Adolf Kussmaul, a well-known German physician, developed the gastroscope. He perfected the technique on a sword swallower. In 1871, at the society of physicians in Vienna, Carl Stoerk demonstrated an esophagoscope made of two telescopic metal tubes, initially devised by Waldenburg in 1870. In 1876, Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer described the properties of some liver cells now called Kupffer cells. In 1883, Hugo Kronecker and Samuel James Meltzer studied oesophageal manometry in humans. 20th century In 1915, Jesse McClendon tested acidity of human stomach in situ. In 1921–22, Walter Alvarez did the first electrogastrography research. Rudolf Schindler described many important diseases involving the human digestive system during World War I in his illustrated textbook and is portrayed by some as the \"father of gastroscopy\". He",
"title": "Gastroenterology"
},
{
"docid": "2332327",
"text": "Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs of digestion, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires endoscopy, followed by biopsy of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere. These factors also determine the prognosis. Overall, the GI tract and the accessory organs of digestion (pancreas, liver, gall bladder) are responsible for more cancers and more deaths from cancer than any other system in the body. There is significant geographic variation in the rates of different gastrointestinal cancers. Upper digestive tract Esophageal cancer Esophageal cancer is the sixth-most-common cancer in the world, and its incidence is increasing. Some three to five males are affected for each female. An \"esophageal cancer belt\", in which the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is more than a hundred times that of adjacent areas, extends from northeastern China through central Asia to northern Iran. Ethiopia also has a notably high incidence. There are two main types of esophageal cancer—adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Worldwide, the incidence of each type is about the same, but in developed countries like North America and Europe adenocarcinoma is the more common. Cancer of the esophagus is often detected late inasmuch as there are typically no early symptoms. Nevertheless, if the cancer is caught soon enough, patients can have a five-year survival rate of 90% or above. By the time esophageal cancer is usually detected, though, it might have spread beyond the esophageal wall, and the survival rate drops significantly. In China, the overall five-year survival rate for advanced esophageal cancer is about 20%, and in the United States it is about 15%. Stomach cancer Cancer of the stomach, also called gastric cancer, is the fourth-most-common type of cancer and the second-highest cause of cancer death globally. Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia) is a high-risk area for gastric cancer, and North America, Australia, New Zealand and western and northern Africa are areas with low risk. The most common type of gastric cancer is adenocarcinoma, which causes about 750,000 deaths each year. Important factors that may contribute to the development of gastric cancer include diet, smoking and alcohol consumption, genetic aspects (including a number of heritable syndromes) and infections (for example, Helicobacter pylori or Epstein-Barr virus) and pernicious anemia. Chemotherapy improves survival compared to best supportive care, however the optimal regimen is unclear. Pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cancer is the fifth most-common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, and the seventh most-common in Europe. In 2008, globally there were 280,000 new cases of pancreatic cancer reported and 265,000 deaths. These cancers are classified as endocrine or nonendocrine tumors. The most common is ductal adenocarcinoma.",
"title": "Gastrointestinal cancer"
},
{
"docid": "752895",
"text": "A Meckel's diverticulum, a true congenital diverticulum, is a slight bulge in the small intestine present at birth and a vestigial remnant of the vitelline duct. It is the most common malformation of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in approximately 2% of the population, with males more frequently experiencing symptoms. Meckel's diverticulum was first explained by Fabricius Hildanus in the sixteenth century and later named after Johann Friedrich Meckel, who described the embryological origin of this type of diverticulum in 1809. Signs and symptoms The majority of people with a Meckel's diverticulum are asymptomatic. An asymptomatic Meckel's diverticulum is called a silent Meckel's diverticulum. If symptoms do occur, they typically appear before the age of two years. The most common presenting symptom is painless rectal bleeding such as melaena-like black offensive stools, followed by intestinal obstruction, volvulus and intussusception. Occasionally, Meckel's diverticulitis may present with all the features of acute appendicitis. Also, severe pain in the epigastric region is experienced by the person along with bloating in the epigastric and umbilical regions. At times, the symptoms are so painful that they may cause sleepless nights with acute pain felt in the foregut region, specifically in the epigastric and umbilical regions. In some cases, bleeding occurs without warning and may stop spontaneously. The symptoms can be extremely painful, often mistaken as just stomach pain resulting from not eating or constipation. Rarely, a Meckel's diverticulum containing ectopic pancreatic tissue can present with abdominal pain and increased serum amylase levels, mimicking acute pancreatitis. Complications The lifetime risk for a person with Meckel's diverticulum to develop certain complications is about 4–6%. Gastrointestinal bleeding, peritonitis or intestinal obstruction may occur in 15–30% of symptomatic people (Table 1). On rare occasions the diverticulum can herniate through the abdominal wall also known as a Littre hernia. Only 6.4% of all complications require surgical treatment, and untreated Meckel's diverticulum has a mortality rate of 2.5–15%. Table 1 – Complications of Meckel's Diverticulum: Bleeding Bleeding of the diverticulum is most common in young children, especially in males who are less than 2 years of age. Symptoms may include bright red blood in stools (hematochezia), weakness, abdominal tenderness or pain, and even anaemia in some cases. Bleeding may be caused by: Ectopic gastric or pancreatic mucosa: Where diverticulum contains embryonic remnants of mucosa of other tissue types. Secretion of gastric acid or alkaline pancreatic juice from the ectopic mucosa leads to ulceration in the adjacent ileal mucosa i.e. peptic or pancreatic ulcer. Pain, bleeding or perforation of the bowel at the diverticulum may result. Mechanical stimulation may also cause erosion and ulceration. Gastrointestinal bleeding may be self-limiting but chronic bleeding may lead to iron deficiency anaemia. The appearance of stools may indicate the nature of the bleeding: Tarry stools: Alteration of blood produced by slow bowel transit due to minor bleeding in upper gastrointestinal tract Bright red blood stools: Brisk bleeding Stools with blood streak: Anal fissure \"Currant jelly\" stools: Ischaemia of the intestine leads to copious mucus production",
"title": "Meckel's diverticulum"
},
{
"docid": "4510252",
"text": "Digestive system surgery, or gastrointestinal surgery, can be divided into upper GI surgery and lower GI surgery. Subtypes Upper gastrointestinal Upper gastrointestinal surgery, often referred to as upper GI surgery, refers to a practice of surgery that focuses on the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. There are many operations relevant to the upper gastrointestinal tract that are best done only by those who keep constant practice, owing to their complexity. Consequently, a general surgeon may specialise in 'upper GI' by attempting to maintain currency in those skills. Upper GI surgeons would have an interest in, and may exclusively perform, the following operations: Pancreaticoduodenectomy Esophagectomy Liver resection Surgery on the digestive system's organs is referred to as digestive system surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, or gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. Nutrients from the food we eat are processed and absorbed by the digestive system. Surgery could be required to remedy or treat certain problems or diseases that affect the digestive tract. There are many different types of digestive system operations, some of the more popular ones being: 1. Appendectomy: The surgical removal of the appendix, typically as a result of acute appendicitis, an appendix inflammation. 2. Gastric bypass: A weight-loss procedure that includes separating the stomach into an upper pouch that is smaller and a lower pouch that is bigger. Then, a section of the stomach and small intestine are skipped in favor of rearranging the small intestine to link to both pouches. As a result, the stomach can contain less food and nutrients are not as well absorbed, which causes weight loss. 3. Cholecystectomy: Surgically removing the gallbladder, frequently as a result of painful gallstones or other problems. 4. Colectomy: The removal of the colon (large intestine) whole or in part. This procedure is typically done to address problems including colorectal cancer, diverticular disease, or inflammatory bowel disease. 5. Resection of the liver in part: This procedure is frequently carried out to treat liver tumors or to remove damaged liver tissue. 6. Esophagectomy: Removal of the esophagus in whole or in part, usually to treat esophageal cancer. 7. Pancreatic Surgery: procedures involving the pancreas, such as the Whipple surgery (pancreaticoduodenectomy), which is used to treat some forms of pancreatic cancer and other serious pancreatic diseases. 8. Hernia Repair: A hernia, which is the protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, is treated surgically. These operations can be carried out using conventional open surgical procedures or minimally invasive techniques like laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery, which require smaller incisions and result in quicker recoveries. Surgery of the digestive system is a complicated topic that calls for specialized education and experience. To make educated decisions regarding their healthcare, individuals must speak with a trained surgeon about their unique situation, treatment options, and potential hazards. References General surgery",
"title": "Digestive system surgery"
},
{
"docid": "5115087",
"text": "The following is a partial list of the \"C\" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (C05). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (C07). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes. The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM. – digestive system diseases – biliary tract diseases – bile duct diseases – bile duct neoplasms – common bile duct neoplasms – biliary atresia – choledochal cyst – caroli disease – cholestasis – cholestasis, extrahepatic – cholestasis, intrahepatic – alagille syndrome – liver cirrhosis, biliary – cholangitis – cholangitis, sclerosing – common bile duct diseases – biliary dyskinesia – sphincter of oddi dysfunction – choledocholithiasis – common bile duct neoplasms – bile reflux – biliary tract neoplasms – bile duct neoplasms – common bile duct neoplasms – gallbladder neoplasms – cholelithiasis – cholecystolithiasis – choledocholithiasis – gallbladder diseases – cholecystitis – acalculous cholecystitis – cholecystitis, acute – emphysematous cholecystitis – cholecystolithiasis – gallbladder neoplasms – postcholecystectomy syndrome – digestive system abnormalities – anus, imperforate – barrett esophagus – biliary atresia – choledochal cyst – caroli disease – diaphragmatic eventration – esophageal atresia – hirschsprung disease – intestinal atresia – meckel diverticulum – digestive system fistula – biliary fistula – esophageal fistula – tracheoesophageal fistula – gastric fistula – intestinal fistula – rectal fistula – rectovaginal fistula – pancreatic fistula – digestive system neoplasms – biliary tract neoplasms – bile duct neoplasms – common bile duct neoplasms – gallbladder neoplasms – gastrointestinal neoplasms – esophageal neoplasms – gastrointestinal stromal tumors – intestinal neoplasms – cecal neoplasms – appendiceal neoplasms – colorectal neoplasms – colonic neoplasms – adenomatous polyposis coli – gardner syndrome – sigmoid neoplasms – colorectal neoplasms, hereditary nonpolyposis – rectal neoplasms – anus neoplasms – anal gland neoplasms – duodenal neoplasms – ileal neoplasms – immunoproliferative small intestinal disease – jejunal neoplasms – stomach neoplasms – zollinger-ellison syndrome – liver neoplasms – adenoma, liver cell – carcinoma, hepatocellular – liver neoplasms, experimental – pancreatic neoplasms – adenoma, islet cell – insulinoma – carcinoma, islet cell – gastrinoma – glucagonoma – somatostatinoma – vipoma – carcinoma, pancreatic ductal – peritoneal neoplasms – gastrointestinal diseases – esophageal diseases – barrett esophagus – deglutition disorders – esophageal motility disorders – crest syndrome – esophageal achalasia – esophageal spasm, diffuse – gastroesophageal reflux – plummer-vinson syndrome – diverticulosis, esophageal – esophageal and gastric varices – esophageal atresia – esophageal cyst – esophageal fistula – tracheoesophageal fistula – esophageal neoplasms – esophageal perforation – mallory-weiss syndrome – esophageal stenosis – esophagitis – esophagitis, peptic – gastroenteritis – appendicitis – cholera morbus – colitis – colitis, ischemic – colitis, microscopic – colitis, collagenous – colitis, lymphocytic – colitis, ulcerative – proctocolitis – dysentery – dysentery, amebic – dysentery, bacillary – enteritis – duodenitis – ileitis – pouchitis – enterocolitis – enterocolitis, necrotizing –",
"title": "List of MeSH codes (C06)"
},
{
"docid": "5323147",
"text": "Pancreatic diseases are diseases that affect the pancreas, an organ in most vertebrates and in humans and other mammals located in the abdomen. The pancreas plays a role in the digestive and endocrine system, producing enzymes which aid the digestion process and the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. The most common pancreatic disease is pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas which could come in acute or chronic form. Other pancreatic diseases include diabetes mellitus, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, cystic fibrosis, pseudocysts, cysts, congenital malformations, tumors including pancreatic cancer, and hemosuccus pancreaticus. Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. There are two forms of pancreatitis, which are different in causes and symptoms, and require different treatment: Acute pancreatitis is a rapid-onset inflammation of the pancreas, most frequently caused by alcoholism or gallstones. Less frequent but important causes are hypertriglyceridemia, drugs, infections. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus The pancreas is central in the pathophysiology of both major types of diabetes mellitus. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, there is direct damage to the endocrine pancreas that results in insufficient insulin synthesis and secretion. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which begins with insulin resistance, is characterized by the ultimate failure of pancreatic β cells to match insulin production with insulin demand. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the inability to properly digest food due to a lack of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. EPI is found in humans affected by cystic fibrosis and Shwachman–Diamond syndrome. It is caused by a progressive loss of the pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. Chronic pancreatitis is the most common cause of EPI in humans. Loss of digestive enzymes leads to maldigestion and malabsorption of nutrients. Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis, is a hereditary disease that affects the entire body, causing progressive disability and early death. It is caused by a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The product of this gene helps create sweat, digestive juices, and mucus. The name cystic fibrosis refers to the characteristic 'fibrosis' (tissue scarring) and cyst formation within the pancreas, causing irreversible damage, and often resulting in painful inflammation (pancreatitis). Pseudocysts A pancreatic pseudocyst is a circumscribed collection of fluid rich in amylase and other pancreatic enzymes, blood and necrotic tissue, typically located in the lesser sac. Cysts A pancreatic cyst is a fluid filled sac within the pancreas. They can be benign or malignant. X-ray computed tomography (CT scan) findings of cysts in the pancreas are common, and often are benign. In a study of 2,832 patients without pancreatic disease, 73 patients (2.6%) had cysts in the pancreas. About 85% of these patients had a single cyst. Cysts ranged in size from 2 to 38 mm (mean, 8.9 mm). There was a strong correlation between the presence of cysts and age. No cysts were identified among patients less than 40 years of age, while 8.7 percent of the patients aged 80 to 89 years had a pancreatic cyst. Cysts",
"title": "Pancreatic disease"
},
{
"docid": "3640445",
"text": "Blind loop syndrome, also known as stagnant loop syndrome, is a state that occurs when the normal bacterial flora of the small intestine proliferates to numbers that cause significant derangement to the normal physiological processes of digestion and absorption. In some cases of blind loop syndrome, overgrowth of pathogenic non-commensal bacteria has also been noted. It has long been understood that from birth, and throughout life, large amounts of bacteria reside symbiotically within animal gastrointestinal tracts such as the human gastrointestinal tract. The understanding of this gut flora has even led to novel treatments for bowel irregularity that utilize so called \"probiotics\" or good bacteria that aid in normal digestion. The problem of blind loop syndrome arises when the bacterial colonies residing in the upper gastrointestinal tract begin to grow out of control or are altered in their makeup thereby creating a burden on the normal physiological processes occurring in the small intestine. This results in problems, among others, of: vitamin B12 deficiency, fat malabsorption and steatorrhea, fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies and intestinal wall injury. Symptoms and signs Most of the symptoms of blind loop syndrome are non specific but nevertheless warrant the utmost attention. These include: Loss of appetite Nausea Flatulence Diarrhea Fullness after a meal Fatty stools (steatorrhea) Unintentional weight loss Generalised weakness As a result of the concomitant vitamin and mineral deficiencies that occur as a result of the malabsorption associated with blind loop syndrome patients with advanced cases should be investigated for: Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency Iron deficiency Vitamin E deficiency Causes Blind loop syndrome is a complication of surgical operations of the abdomen, as well as inflammatory bowel disease or scleroderma. Another cause is jejunoileal diverticula. Pathophysiology The overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine is prevented by various mechanical and chemical factors which include the constant peristaltic movement of contents along the length of the gastrointestinal tract and the antibacterial properties of gastric secretions, pancreatic secretions and bile. It follows that a disruption of any of these factors could lead to bacterial overgrowth and indeed blind loop syndrome has been found to occur in persons with anatomical anomalies that result in stagnation. Blind loop syndrome has also been associated with achlorhydria, dysmotility, fistulae, and strictures. Chronic or high dose opioid therapy may contribute to blind loop syndrome by reducing gastric motility. Due to the disruption of digestive processes by the overgrowth of intestinal bacteria; malabsorption of bile salts, fat and fat-soluble vitamins, protein and carbohydrates results in damage to the mucosal lining of the intestine by bacteria or via the production of toxic metabolites. Diagnosis A physical examination may reveal a mass or distention of the abdomen. Tests which may be useful for diagnosis include: Abdominal X-ray Abdominal CT scan Contrast enema study Treatment The treatment of blind loop syndrome follows two basic principles. When a patient presents with symptoms of blind loop syndrome, the treating physician basically has two recognized options for management: Test-and-treat Treat empirically Test-and-treat method Although it would seem to",
"title": "Blind loop syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "20007653",
"text": "Trepibutone is a drug used for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Trepibutone promotes secretion of the bile and pancreatic juice, and accelerates flaccidity of the smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract to lower internal pressure of the gallbladder and bile duct. It improves the symptoms of the bile duct and pancreatic disease. It is usually used for improvement of cramp and bile secretion associated with cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, dyskinesia of the biliary tract or postcholecystectomy syndrome, or pain and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with chronic pancreatitis. References Hydroxyquinol ethers Piceol ethers Keto acids",
"title": "Trepibutone"
},
{
"docid": "15636680",
"text": "In general surgery, a Roux-en-Y anastomosis, or Roux-en-Y, is an end-to-side surgical anastomosis of bowel used to reconstruct the gastrointestinal tract. Typically, it is between stomach and small bowel that is distal (or further down the gastrointestinal tract) from the cut end. Overview The name is derived from the surgeon who first described it (César Roux) and the stick-figure representation. Diagrammatically, the Roux-en-Y anastomosis looks a little like the letter Y. Typically, the two upper limbs of the Y represent (1) the proximal segment of stomach and the distal small bowel it joins with and (2) the blind end that is surgically divided off, and the lower part of the Y is formed by the distal small bowel beyond the anastomosis. Roux-en-Ys are used in several operations and collectively called Roux operations. When describing the surgery, the Roux limb is the efferent or antegrade limb that serves as the primary recipient of food after the surgery, while the hepatobiliary or afferent limb that anastomoses with the biliary system serves as the recipient for biliary secretions, which then travel through the excluded small bowel to the distal anastomosis at the mid jejunum to aid digestion. The altered anatomy can contribute to indigestion following surgery. The procedure has also been associated with an increased incidence of iron-deficiency anemia. Iron-deficiency anemia develops in up to 45% of people who have had a Roux-en-Y anastomosis. Operations that make use of a Roux-en-Y Some gastric bypasses for obesity. Multiple failed nissen fundoplication surgeries. Roux-en-Y reconstruction following partial or complete gastrectomy for stomach cancer. Roux-en-Y hepatico jejuno stomy used to treat (macroscopic) bile duct obstruction which may arise due to: a common bile duct tumour or hepatic duct tumour (e.g. resection of cholangiocarcinoma) a bile duct injury (e.g. cholecystectomy, iatrogenic, trauma) an infection/inflammation (e.g. pancreatic pseudocyst) Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy – indications same as Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Roux-en-Y pancreas transplant Roux-en-Y pancreas reconstruction after blunt abdominal trauma. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy or choledochojejunostomy with gastrojejunostomy as palliation for irresectable pancreatic head cancer. References External links Anastomoses – thefreedictionary.com. Digestive system surgery General surgery Stomach",
"title": "Roux-en-Y anastomosis"
},
{
"docid": "9107326",
"text": "Gallbladder diseases are diseases involving the gallbladder and is closely linked to biliary disease, with the most common cause being gallstones (cholelithiasis). The gallbladder is designed to aid in the digestion of fats by concentrating and storing the bile made in the liver and transferring it through the biliary tract to the digestive system through bile ducts that connect the liver, gallbladder, and the Sphincter of Oddi. The gallbladder is controlled on a neurohormonal basis, with Cholecystokinin (CCK) leading to the contraction and release of bile into the bile ducts. Other hormones allow for the relaxation and further storing of bile. A disruption in the hormones, ducts, or gallbladder can lead to disease. Gallstones are the most common disease and can lead to other diseases, including Cholecystitis, inflammation of the gallbladder, and gallstone pancreatitis when the gallstone blocks the pancreatic duct. Treatment is considered for symptomatic disease and can vary from surgical to non-surgical treatment. About 104 million new cases of gallbladder and biliary disease occurred in 2013. Signs and symptoms Gallbladder disease presents chiefly with abdominal pain located in the right upper abdomen. This pain is described as biliary colic. Pain typically occurs suddenly and radiates to the right shoulder and back, depending on several factors, including specific diseases. It can either be constant or episodic and last from minutes to hours. This pain is described as biliary colic pain. Other common symptoms with gallbladder disease and biliary colic are nausea and vomiting. With conditions such as cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis, fever may be present. During the physical examination, the patient will present with Murphy's sign. This maneuver requires the physician to grab the lower part of the right ribs and curl their fingers under them. A positive test elicits pain with deep inspiration and is indicative of inflammation of the gallbladder, cholecystitis. With positive Murphy's sign, deep palpation of the abdomen also elicits pain. In these cases, physicians will need to rule out peritonitis, inflammation of the abdominal cavity. A negative Murphy's sign does not rule out all gallbladder diseases as ascending cholangitis. Using an ultrasound transducer supplanting a physician's hands during an abdominal ultrasound can detect a positive Murphy's sign. The sign also has over a 90% positive and negative predictive value for acute cholecystitis Gallstones Gallstones may develop in the gallbladder as well as elsewhere in the biliary tract. If gallstones in the gallbladder are symptomatic, surgical removal of the gallbladder, known as cholecystectomy may be indicated. Gallstones form when the tenuous balance of solubility of biliary lipids tips in favor of precipitation of cholesterol, unconjugated bilirubin, or bacterial degradation products of biliary lipids. For cholesterol gallstones, metabolic alterations in hepatic cholesterol secretion combine with changes in gallbladder motility and intestinal bacterial degradation of bile salts to destabilize cholesterol carriers in bile and produce cholesterol crystals. For black pigment gallstones, changes in heme metabolism or bilirubin absorption lead to increased bilirubin concentrations and precipitation of calcium bilirubinate. In contrast, mechanical obstruction of the biliary tract is the",
"title": "Gallbladder disease"
},
{
"docid": "5988464",
"text": "Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown and storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. In animals, these fats are obtained from food and are synthesized by the liver. Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing these fats. The majority of lipids found in the human body from ingesting food are triglycerides and cholesterol. Other types of lipids found in the body are fatty acids and membrane lipids. Lipid metabolism is often considered the digestion and absorption process of dietary fat; however, there are two sources of fats that organisms can use to obtain energy: from consumed dietary fats and from stored fat. Vertebrates (including humans) use both sources of fat to produce energy for organs such as the heart to function. Since lipids are hydrophobic molecules, they need to be solubilized before their metabolism can begin. Lipid metabolism often begins with hydrolysis, which occurs with the help of various enzymes in the digestive system. Lipid metabolism also occurs in plants, though the processes differ in some ways when compared to animals. The second step after the hydrolysis is the absorption of the fatty acids into the epithelial cells of the intestinal wall. In the epithelial cells, fatty acids are packaged and transported to the rest of the body. Metabolic processes include lipid digestion, lipid absorption, lipid transportation, lipid storage, lipid catabolism, and lipid biosynthesis. Lipid catabolism is accomplished by a process known as beta oxidation which takes place in the mitochondria and peroxisome cell organelles. Lipid digestion Digestion is the first step to lipid metabolism, and it is the process of breaking the triglycerides down into smaller monoglyceride units with the help of lipase enzymes. Digestion of fats begin in the mouth through chemical digestion by lingual lipase. Ingested cholesterol is not broken down by the lipases and stays intact until it enters the epithelium cells of the small intestine. Lipids then continue to the stomach where chemical digestion continues by gastric lipase and mechanical digestion begins (peristalsis). The majority of lipid digestion and absorption, however, occurs once the fats reach the small intestines. Chemicals from the pancreas (pancreatic lipase family and bile salt-dependent lipase) are secreted into the small intestines to help breakdown the triglycerides, along with further mechanical digestion, until they are individual fatty acid units able to be absorbed into the small intestine's epithelial cells. It is the pancreatic lipase that is responsible for signalling for the hydrolysis of the triglycerides into separate free fatty acids and glycerol units. Lipid absorption The second step in lipid metabolism is absorption of fats. Short chain fatty acids can be absorbed in the stomach, while most absorption of fats occurs only in the small intestines. Once the triglycerides are broken down into individual fatty acids and glycerols, along with cholesterol, they will aggregate into structures called micelles. Fatty acids and monoglycerides leave the micelles and diffuse across",
"title": "Lipid metabolism"
},
{
"docid": "64991255",
"text": "Nervous system CNS Encephalitis Myelitis Meningitis Arachnoiditis PNS Neuritis eye Dacryoadenitis Scleritis Episcleritis Keratitis Retinitis Chorioretinitis Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Uveitis ear Otitis externa Otitis media Labyrinthitis Mastoiditis Cardiovascular system Carditis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Vasculitis Arteritis Phlebitis Capillaritis Respiratory system upper Sinusitis Rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis lower Tracheitis Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonitis Pleuritis Mediastinitis Digestion system Mouth Stomatitis Gingivitis Gingivostomatitis Glossitis Tonsillitis Sialadenitis/Parotitis Cheilitis Pulpitis Gnathitis Gastrointestinal tract Esophagitis Gastritis Gastroenteritis Enteritis Colitis Enterocolitis Duodenitis Ileitis Caecitis Appendicitis Proctitis Accessory digestive organs Hepatitis Ascending cholangitis Cholecystitis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Integumentary system Dermatitis Folliculitis Cellulitis Hidradenitis Musculoskeletal system Arthritis Dermatomyositis soft tissue Myositis Synovitis/Tenosynovitis Bursitis Enthesitis Fasciitis Capsulitis Epicondylitis Tendinitis Panniculitis Osteochondritis: Osteitis/Osteomyelitis Spondylitis Periostitis Chondritis Urinary system Nephritis Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Reproductive system Female Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Parametritis Cervicitis Vaginitis Vulvitis Mastitis Male Orchitis Epididymitis Prostatitis Seminal vesiculitis Balanitis Posthitis Balanoposthitis Pregnancy/newborn Chorioamnionitis Funisitis Omphalitis Endocrine system Insulitis Hypophysitis Thyroiditis Parathyroiditis Adrenalitis Lymphatic system Lymphangitis Lymphadenitis Physiology Inflammations",
"title": "List of inflammatory disorders"
},
{
"docid": "6405285",
"text": "Dietary indiscretion is the tendency for certain animals to feed on unusual items, or undergo drastic changes in feeding behaviour. The unusual items can include non-foodstuffs, such as garbage or foreign objects, or foodstuffs that are not normally consumed by the animal. The changes in feeding behaviour can include the ingestion of spoiled or raw food, or consuming abnormally large quantities of food. Dietary indiscretion is relatively uncommon in humans, but is especially prevalent in domesticated animals, such as dogs, as a result of their close contact with their human owners. In humans Dietary indiscretion is relatively uncommon in humans, except for people with certain psychological disorders. Eating disorders Certain eating disorders, such as binge-eating disorder and bulimia nervosa, involve compulsions to engage in episodes of binge eating. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a binge involves an episode of dietary indiscretion, where an abnormally large amount of food is consumed in a short period, and the individual feels that they do not have control over the amount they are eating. Dietary indiscretion is also characteristic of another eating disorder known as pica, which is characterized by an appetite for non-nutritive substances, such as paper, cloth, and soil. Diabetes The phrase \"dietary indiscretion\" is sometimes used by endocrinologists when discussing patients with diabetes mellitus. In particular, individuals with type 2 diabetes should avoid certain dietary items, including sugar-sweetened beverages, saturated and trans fats, and starches, such as white rice. When doctors are treating patients with diabetes, dietary indiscretion refers to the patient not following the dietary recommendations, and consuming foods that can potentially exacerbate the effects of their diabetes. For example, in a case study by J.S. Baird of Columbia University, when a patient presents to the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis, the first step for physicians is to determine whether or not the patient had performed dietary indiscretion, which could be a potential cause of the ketoacidosis. Other animals Dietary indiscretion frequently occurs in domesticated animals, especially in dogs. Dietary indiscretion involving the consumption of human food by domesticated dogs can be harmful and can result in conditions including acute inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) and acute gastritis. In addition to these conditions, dietary indiscretion can be harmful to animals if non-digestible items, such as bones, are consumed. These items cannot be digested, and as such they often become lodged in the intestinal tract, causing severe, often life-threatening, digestive distress. If the animal consumes a substance that is contaminated with bacteria or other toxic substances, garbage toxicosis, or \"garbage gut\", can result. Garbage toxicosis involves the bacteria (or other toxic substances) entering the digestive system, resulting in the production of toxins by the bloodstream. In dogs, garbage toxicosis results in symptoms similar to those in humans with gastroenteritis. These can include: bloody or watery diarrhea projectile vomiting abdominal pain and swelling fever lack of energy dehydration Garbage toxicosis can generally be diagnosed by veterinarians based on symptoms and physical examination. Occasionally, further tests, such as blood",
"title": "Dietary indiscretion"
},
{
"docid": "41080840",
"text": "The gut–brain axis is the two-way biochemical signaling that takes place between the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the central nervous system (CNS). The \"microbiota–gut–brain axis\" includes the role of gut microbiota in the biochemical signaling events that take place between the GI tract and the CNS. Broadly defined, the gut–brain axis includes the central nervous system, neuroendocrine system, neuroimmune systems, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis), sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, vagus nerve, and the gut microbiota. Chemicals released in the gut by the microbiome can vastly influence the development of the brain, starting from birth. A review from 2015 states that the microbiome influences the central nervous system by \"regulating brain chemistry and influencing neuro-endocrine systems associated with stress response, anxiety and memory function\". The gut, sometimes referred to as the \"second brain\", may use the same type of neural network as the central nervous system, suggesting why it could have a role in brain function and mental health. The bidirectional communication is done by immune, endocrine, humoral and neural connections between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. More research suggests that the gut microorganisms influence the function of the brain by releasing the following chemicals: cytokines, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, chemokines, endocrine messengers and microbial metabolites such as \"short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans\". The intestinal microbiome can then divert these products to the brain via the blood, neuropod cells, nerves, endocrine cells and more to be determined. The products then arrive in the brain, putatively impacting different metabolic processes. Studies have confirmed communication between the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala (responsible for emotions and motivation), which acts as a key node in the gut-brain behavioral axis. While Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the only disease confirmed to be directly influenced by the gut microbiome, many disorders (such as anxiety, autism, depression and schizophrenia) have been linked to the gut-brain axis as well. The impact of the axis, and the various ways in which one can influence it, remains a promising research field which could result in future treatments for psychiatric, age-related, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. For example, according to a study from 2017, \"probiotics have the ability to restore normal microbial balance, and therefore have a potential role in the treatment and prevention of anxiety and depression\". The first of the brain–gut interactions shown, was the cephalic phase of digestion, in the release of gastric and pancreatic secretions in response to sensory signals, such as the smell and sight of food. This was first demonstrated by Pavlov through Nobel prize winning research in 1904. As of October 2016, most of the work done on the role of gut microbiota in the gut–brain axis had been conducted in animals, or on characterizing the various neuroactive compounds that gut microbiota can produce. Studies with humans – measuring variations in gut microbiota between people with various psychiatric and neurological conditions or when stressed, or measuring effects of",
"title": "Gut–brain axis"
},
{
"docid": "51623631",
"text": "Lipase inhibitors belong to a drug class that is used as an antiobesity agent. Their mode of action is to inhibit gastric and pancreatic lipases, enzymes that play an important role in the digestion of dietary fat. Lipase inhibitors are classified in the ATC-classification system as A08AB (peripherally acting antiobesity products). Numerous compounds have been either isolated from nature, semi-synthesized, or fully synthesized and then screened for their lipase inhibitory activity but the only lipase inhibitor on the market (October 2016) is orlistat (Xenical, Alli). Lipase inhibitors have also shown anticancer activity, by inhibiting fatty acid synthase. Discovery of lipase inhibitors and their development Pancreatic lipase inhibitor was originally discovered and isolated from fermented broth of the Streptomyces toxytricini bacterium in 1981 and named lipstatin. It is a selective and potent irreversible inhibitor of human gastric and pancreatic lipases. Tetrahydrolipstatin, more commonly known as orlistat, is a saturated derivative produced by hydrogenation. It was developed in 1983 by Hoffmann-La Roche and is a more simple and stable compound than lipstatin. For that reason orlistat was chosen over lipstatin for development as an anti-obesity drug. It is the only available FDA-approved oral lipase inhibitor and is known on the market as Xenical and Alli. Initially orlistat was developed as a treatment for dyslipidemia, not as an anti-obesity agent. When researchers found out that it promotes less energy uptake, the focus was switched to obesity. Orlistat has a few adverse effects. Most reported side effects are gastrointestinal; including liquid stools, steatorrhea and abdominal pain. More severe and serious are interactions between orlistat and anticoagulants when given in combination. It can increase INR which can lead to insufficient anticoagulant treatment and bleeding. These adverse effects of orlistat are more common early in the therapy but usually decrease with time. Pancreatic lipases do not only affect the hydrolysis of triglycerides but are also necessary for hydrolysis of fat soluble vitamins. Due to this, the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins may decrease. Therefore, it is recommended to take a multiple-vitamin supplement during orlistat therapy. Cetilistat, a new lipase inhibitor, is an experimental drug for obesity. In October 2016 the drug was still in clinical trials. Cetilistat was developed to overcome the adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract of orlistat. It has a different structure but similar inhibition activity to the gastrointestinal lipase. However cetilistat interacts differently with the fat micelles from digested food, therefore it has less side effects and better tolerability. Mechanism of action The lipase inhibitors lipstatin and orlistat act locally in the intestinal tract. They are minimally absorbed in the circulation because of their lipophilicity. Hence, they do not affect systemic lipases. The mechanism of lipase inhibitors in fat digestion is shown in figure 1. These inhibitors bind covalently as an ester to the serine hydroxyl group at the active site on pancreatic- and gastric lipases and form a stable complex. This results in a conformational change in the enzyme which causes exposing of the catalytic active site. When the active site is",
"title": "Discovery and development of gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors"
},
{
"docid": "1593643",
"text": "Hyperlipidemia is abnormally high levels of any or all lipids (e.g. fats, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids) or lipoproteins in the blood. The term hyperlipidemia refers to the laboratory finding itself and is also used as an umbrella term covering any of various acquired or genetic disorders that result in that finding. Hyperlipidemia represents a subset of dyslipidemia and a superset of hypercholesterolemia. Hyperlipidemia is usually chronic and requires ongoing medication to control blood lipid levels. Lipids (water-insoluble molecules) are transported in a protein capsule. The size of that capsule, or lipoprotein, determines its density. The lipoprotein density and type of apolipoproteins it contains determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism. Hyperlipidemias are divided into primary and secondary subtypes. Primary hyperlipidemia is usually due to genetic causes (such as a mutation in a receptor protein), while secondary hyperlipidemia arises due to other underlying causes such as diabetes. Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are common in the general population and are regarded as modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease due to their influence on atherosclerosis. In addition, some forms may predispose to acute pancreatitis. Classification Hyperlipidemias may basically be classified as either familial (also called primary) when caused by specific genetic abnormalities or acquired (also called secondary) when resulting from another underlying disorder that leads to alterations in plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Also, hyperlipidemia may be idiopathic, that is, without a known cause. Hyperlipidemias are also classified according to which types of lipids are elevated, that is hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia or both in combined hyperlipidemia. Elevated levels of Lipoprotein(a) may also be classified as a form of hyperlipidemia. Familial (primary) Familial hyperlipidemias are classified according to the Fredrickson classification, which is based on the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation. It was later adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO). It does not directly account for HDL, and it does not distinguish among the different genes that may be partially responsible for some of these conditions. Type I Type I hyperlipoproteinemia exists in several forms: Lipoprotein lipase deficiency (type Ia), due to a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or altered apolipoprotein C2, resulting in elevated chylomicrons, the particles that transfer fatty acids from the digestive tract to the liver Familial apoprotein CII deficiency (type Ib), a condition caused by a lack of lipoprotein lipase activator. Chylomicronemia due to circulating inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (type Ic) Type I hyperlipoproteinemia usually presents in childhood with eruptive xanthomata and abdominal colic. Complications include retinal vein occlusion, acute pancreatitis, steatosis, and organomegaly, and lipemia retinalis. Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia type II is further classified into types IIa and IIb, depending mainly on whether elevation in the triglyceride level occurs in addition to LDL cholesterol. Type IIa This may be sporadic (due to dietary factors), polygenic, or truly familial as a result of a mutation either in the LDL receptor gene on chromosome 19 (0.2% of the population) or the ApoB gene (0.2%). The familial form is characterized by tendon xanthoma, xanthelasma, and premature cardiovascular",
"title": "Hyperlipidemia"
},
{
"docid": "6342648",
"text": "Enterostatin is a pentapeptide derived from a proenzyme in the gastrointestinal tract called procolipase. It reduces food intake, in particular fat intake, when given peripherally or into the brain. Function Enterostatin is created in the intestine by pancreatic procolipase, the other colipase serving as an obligatory cofactor for pancreatic lipase during fat digestion. Enterostatin can be created in the gastric mucosa and the mucosal epithelia in the small intestine. An increased high fat diets will cause the procolipase gene transcription and enterostatin to release into the gastrointestinal lumen. Enterostatin appears in the lymph and circulation after a meal. Enterostatin has been shown to selectively reduce fat intake during a normal meal. The testing has been successful with different species. Signaling pathway The signaling pathway of the peripheral mechanism uses afferent vagal to hypothalamic centers. The central responses are mediated through a pathway including serotonergic and opioidergic components. Inveterately, enterostatin cuts fat intake, bodyweight, and body fat. This reaction may involve multiple metabolic effects of enterostatin, which include a decrease of insulin secretion, a growth in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion. A possible pathophysiological role is indicated by studies that have associated low enterostatin output and/or responsiveness to breeds of rat that become obese and prefer dietary fat. Humans with obesity also exhibit a lower secretion from pancreatic procolipase after a test meal, compared with persons of normal weight. Effects Its effects include a reduction of insulin secretion, an increase in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion. At the end level, it initiates a sensation of fullness of stomach which could be the reason for its role in regulation of fat intake and reduction of body weight. For enterostatin to be utilized it needs the presence of CCK A receptors. Studies based on rats who lack these receptors have found them to be un-responsive to enterostatin. When rats have been injected with high doses of enterostatin into the brain the rats ate progressively less food as the dose was increased. In rats, examination of experiments involving the effects of peripheral or intracerebroventricular administration of enterostatin show this selectively slows down fat consumption. Medical trials Although enterostatin-like immunoreactivities exist in blood, brain, and gut, and exogenous enterostatins decrease fat appetite and insulin secretion in rats, the roles of these peptides in human obesity remain to be examined., References Digestive system Pentapeptides",
"title": "Enterostatin"
},
{
"docid": "588652",
"text": "Chylomicrons (from the Greek χυλός, chylos, meaning juice (of plants or animals), and micron, meaning small), also known as ultra low-density lipoproteins (ULDL), are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides (85–92%), phospholipids (6–12%), cholesterol (1–3%), and proteins (1–2%). They transport dietary lipids, such as fats and cholesterol, from the intestines to other locations in the body, within the water-based solution of the bloodstream. ULDLs are one of the five major groups lipoproteins are divided into based on their density. A protein specific to chylomicrons is ApoB48. There is an inverse relationship in the density and size of lipoprotein particles: fats have a lower density than water or smaller protein molecules, and the larger particles have a higher ratio of internal fat molecules with respect to the outer emulsifying protein molecules in the shell. ULDLs, if in the region of 1,000 nm or more, are the only lipoprotein particles that can be seen using a light microscope, at maximum magnification. All the other classes are submicroscopic. Function Chylomicrons transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues. When a large portion of the triglyceride core has been hydrolyzed, chylomicron remnants are formed and are taken up by the liver, thereby also transferring dietary fat to the liver. Origin Pancreatic lipases digest dietary triglycerides in the lumen of the small intestine, forming monoglycerides and fatty acids. These lipids are absorbed into enterocytes via passive diffusion. Inside these cells, monoglycerides and fatty acids are transported to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER), where they are re-esterified to form triglycerides. These triglycerides, along with phospholipids and cholesterol, are added to apolipoprotein B48 to form immature chylomicrons. Immature chylomicrons are transported from the smooth ER to the Golgi apparatus via SAR1B proteins, where they are processed, resulting in mature chylomicrons. Mature chylomicrons are secreted through the basolateral membrane into the lacteals, where they join lymph to become chyle. The lymphatic vessels carry the chyle to the lymphatic ducts before they join the venous return of the systemic circulation via subclavian veins. From there, the chylomicrons supply the tissue with fat absorbed from the diet. It is important to note that, unlike digested carbohydrates (in the form of monosaccharides) and proteins (in the form of amino acids), digested lipids (in the form of chylomicrons) bypass the hepatic portal system, avoiding first pass metabolism. Stages The three stages of the chylomicron are nascent, mature, and remnant. Nascent chylomicrons Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase, resulting in a mixture of fatty acids and monoglycerides. These then pass from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte, where they are re-esterified to form triglycerides. The triglycerides are then combined with phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, and apolipoprotein B48 (ApoB48) to form a nascent chylomicron. These are then released by exocytosis from the enterocytes into the lacteals, lymphatic vessels originating",
"title": "Chylomicron"
},
{
"docid": "730370",
"text": "The myenteric plexus (or Auerbach's plexus) provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input (although present ganglion cell bodies belong to parasympathetic innervation, fibers from sympathetic innervation also reach the plexus), whereas the submucous plexus provides secretomotor innervation to the mucosa nearest the lumen of the gut. It arises from cells in the vagal trigone also known as the nucleus ala cinerea, the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the tenth cranial nerve (vagus nerve), located in the medulla oblongata. The fibers are carried by both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves. The myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility. According to preclinical studies, 30% of myenteric plexus' neurons are enteric sensory neurons, thus Auerbach's plexus has also a sensory component. Structure A part of the enteric nervous system, the myenteric plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine. The ganglia have properties similar to the central nervous system (CNS). These properties include presence of glia, interneurons, a small extracellular space, dense synaptic neuropil, isolation from blood vessels, multiple synaptic mechanisms and multiple neurotransmitters. The myenteric plexus originates in the medulla oblongata as a collection of neurons from the ventral part of the brain stem. The vagus nerve then carries the axons to their destination in the gastrointestinal tract. They contain Dogiel cells. Function The myenteric plexus functions as a part of the enteric nervous system (digestive system). The enteric nervous system can and does function autonomously, but normal digestive function requires communication links between this intrinsic system and the central nervous system. The ENS contains sensory receptors, primary afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. The events that are controlled, at least in part, by the ENS are multiple and include motor activity, secretion, absorption, blood flow, and interaction with other organs such as the gallbladder or pancreas. These links take the form of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that connect either the central and enteric nervous systems or connect the central nervous system directly with the digestive tract. Through these cross connections, the gut can provide sensory information to the CNS, and the CNS can affect gastrointestinal function. Connection to the central nervous system also means that signals from outside of the digestive system can be relayed to the digestive system: for instance, the sight of appealing food stimulates secretion in the stomach. Neurotransmitters The enteric nervous system makes use of over 30 different neurotransmitters, most similar to those of the CNS such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. More than 90% of the body's serotonin lies in the gut; as well as about 50% of the body's dopamine, which is currently being studied to further our understanding of its utility in the brain. The heavily studied neuropeptide known as substance P is present in significant levels and may help facilitate the production",
"title": "Myenteric plexus"
}
] | [
"duodenum"
] |
train_6472 | the process of dna profiling has recently been dubbed | [
{
"docid": "44290",
"text": "DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding. DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspects' profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime. It is also used in paternity testing, to establish immigration eligibility, and in genealogical and medical research. DNA profiling has also been used in the study of animal and plant populations in the fields of zoology, botany, and agriculture. Background Starting in the 1980s, scientific advances allowed the use of DNA as a material for the identification of an individual. The first patent covering the direct use of DNA variation for forensics (US5593832A) was filed by Jeffrey Glassberg in 1983, based upon work he had done while at Rockefeller University in the United States in 1981. British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys independently developed a process for DNA profiling in 1985 while working in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester. Jeffreys discovered that a DNA examiner could establish patterns in unknown DNA. These patterns were a part of inherited traits that could be used to advance the field of relationship analysis. These discoveries lead to the first use of DNA profiling in a criminal case. The process, developed by Jeffreys in conjunction with Peter Gill and Dave Werrett of the Forensic Science Service (FSS), was first used forensically in the solving of the murder of two teenagers who had been raped and murdered in Narborough, Leicestershire in 1983 and 1986. In the murder inquiry, led by Detective David Baker, the DNA contained within blood samples obtained voluntarily from around 5,000 local men who willingly assisted Leicestershire Constabulary with the investigation, resulted in the exoneration of Richard Buckland, an initial suspect who had confessed to one of the crimes, and the subsequent conviction of Colin Pitchfork on January 2, 1988. Pitchfork, a local bakery employee, had coerced his coworker Ian Kelly to stand in for him when providing a blood sample—Kelly then used a forged passport to impersonate Pitchfork. Another coworker reported the deception to the police. Pitchfork was arrested, and his blood was sent to Jeffreys' lab for processing and profile development. Pitchfork's profile matched that of DNA left by the murderer which confirmed Pitchfork's presence at both crime scenes; he pleaded guilty to both murders. After some years, a chemical company named Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) introduced the first ever commercially available kit to the world. Despite being a relatively recent field, it had a significant global influence on both criminal justice system and society. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different that it is possible to distinguish one individual from another, unless they are monozygotic (identical) twins. DNA profiling uses repetitive sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs),",
"title": "DNA profiling"
},
{
"docid": "3163350",
"text": "Mencía, known as Jaen in Portugal, is a grape variety native to the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. In Spain, it is planted on over , with another in neighboring Portugal. It is primarily found in the Bierzo, Ribeira Sacra, Valdeorras, Monterrei and Dão wine regions. Most wines produced from Mencía have traditionally been light, pale, relatively fragrant red wines for early consumption. This style of wine was the result of post-Phylloxera plantations on fertile plains, which tended to give high yields but diluted wine. In recent years, much more concentrated and complex wines have been produced by a new generation of winemakers, primarily from old vines growing on hillsides, often on schist soils, in combination with careful vineyard management. This has led to a renewed interest in Mencía and the denominaciones de origens using it, such as Bierzo, Valdeorras, Ribeira Sacra, Monterrei and the little-known Liébana. Since the 1990s, the grape is increasing in popularity, and an increasing number of noted Spanish winemakers are now working with it. Relationship to other grapes It was once thought to be an ancient clone of Cabernet Franc, with which it shares some of its aromas, an impression which has been dispelled with DNA profiling. Instead, DNA profiling carried out by the Department of Vegetal Biology of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid has concluded that Mencía is identical to Portugal's Jaen do Dão (or Jaen for short) grape variety. However, just recently it has been determined via microsatellite DNA fingerprinting analysis (a.k.a. DNA profiling) that, contrary to what was previously believed, Mencía (Jaén do Dão) likely originated in Portugal since it was the result of a crossing between Alfrocheiro and Patorra, two Portuguese red grape cultivars from the Dão and the Douro regions respectively. Synonyms Over the years, Mencía has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Fernao Pires Tinta, Giao, Jaen, Loureiro Tinto, Mencin, Negra, Negro, Mencia Roble, Tinto Mencia and Tinto Mollar. It is known as Jaén colorado in León, not to be confused with Jaén blanco or Jaén rosado (both of which are variants of Cayetana) and Jaén tinto from Huelva. References Red wine grape varieties Grape varieties of Spain Spanish wine Galicia (Spain)",
"title": "Mencía (grape)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "70168863",
"text": "Ribose-seq is a mapping technique used in genetics research to determine the full profile of embedded ribonucleotides, specifically ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs), in genomic DNA. Embedded ribonucleotides are thought to be the most common alteration to DNA in cells, and their presence in genomic DNA can affect genome stability. As recent studies have suggested that ribonucleotides in mouse DNA may affect disease pathology, ribonucleotide incorporation in genomic DNA has become an important target of medical genetics research. Ribose-seq allows scientists to determine the precise location and type of ribonucleotides that have been incorporated into eukaryotic or prokaryotic DNA. The technique exploits the presence of the extra hydroxyl groups (OH) found in the 2’ end of ribonucleotides, which can distort and destabilize DNA. The technique was developed through a collaboration with a group of researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology including Francesca Storici and Kyung Duk Koh (now at the University of California San Francisco), and Jay Hesselberth at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical School. History Nucleic acids are the essential macromolecules that carry genetic information in all life forms. These biopolymers consist of nucleotide monomers, which are organic molecules that consist of a phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar (ribose in ribonucleotides and deoxyribose in deoxyribonucleotides). While ribonucleotides are typically located in ribonucleic acid (RNA), they can also be found in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The first discovery of ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) embedded into DNA was in mitochondrial DNA from mouse and human cells in 1973 by Lawrence Grossman, Robert Watson, and Jerome Vinograd. In 2006, the presence of rNMPs were confirmed in nuclear DNA of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (\"fission yeast\"), and exploration in other species has continued since. Incorporation of ribonucleotides into DNA Multiple studies have identified mechanisms by which ribonucleotides can be added to, removed from, or generated from DNA. Primarily, ribonucleotides are incorporated into DNA during the DNA synthesis process. To initiate DNA replication, short RNA primers synthesized on complementary DNA to allow for the subsequent binding and replication action of the primary replication enzymes, DNA polymerases. Typically, these primers are then removed by nuclease enzymes, RNases H or Flap Structure-specific Endonuclease 1 (FEN1). As such, there is a fairly substantial volume of transient rNMPs that are present in DNA in the form of RNA primers and then later removed. After DNA replication is initiated, rNMPs can be fully incorporated into DNA by DNA polymerases and this represents the major mechanism of ribonucleotide incorporation in DNA with over 1 ribonucleotide per 1,000 deoxyribonucleotides incorporated. The embedded rNMPs are often targeted for removal by the Ribonucleotide Excision Repair (RER) mechanism. However, if RER is not working properly, this can become a more persistent source of embedded rNMPs in DNA. Another mechanism by which rNMPs may arise in DNA is through oxidative stress, which alters the deoxyribose unit in DNA to a ribose. While the RER pathway is the most efficient process for removing rNMPs from DNA, ribonucleotides can also be removed through the 3’-5’ exonuclease activity",
"title": "Ribose-seq"
},
{
"docid": "17704946",
"text": "Epigenomics is the study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell, known as the epigenome. The field is analogous to genomics and proteomics, which are the study of the genome and proteome of a cell. Epigenetic modifications are reversible modifications on a cell's DNA or histones that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenomic maintenance is a continuous process and plays an important role in stability of eukaryotic genomes by taking part in crucial biological mechanisms like DNA repair. Plant flavones are said to be inhibiting epigenomic marks that cause cancers. Two of the most characterized epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation and histone modification. Epigenetic modifications play an important role in gene expression and regulation, and are involved in numerous cellular processes such as in differentiation/development and tumorigenesis. The study of epigenetics on a global level has been made possible only recently through the adaptation of genomic high-throughput assays. Introduction to epigenetics The mechanisms governing phenotypic plasticity, or the capacity of a cell to change its state in response to stimuli, have long been the subject of research (Phenotypic plasticity 1). The traditional central dogma of biology states that the DNA of a cell is transcribed to RNA, which is translated to proteins, which perform cellular processes and functions. A paradox exists, however, in that cells exhibit diverse responses to varying stimuli and that cells sharing identical sets of DNA such as in multicellular organisms can have a variety of distinct functions and phenotypes. Classical views have attributed phenotypic variation to differences in primary DNA structure, be it through aberrant mutation or an inherited sequence allele. However, while this did explain some aspects of variation, it does not explain how tightly coordinated and regulated cellular responses, such as differentiation, are carried out. A more likely source of cellular plasticity is through the regulation of gene expression, such that while two cells may have near identical DNA, the differential expression of certain genes results in variation. Research has shown that cells are capable of regulating gene expression at several stages: mRNA transcription, processing and transportation as well as in protein translation, post-translational processing and degradation. Regulatory proteins that bind to DNA, RNA, and/or proteins are key effectors in these processes and function by positively or negatively regulating specific protein level and function in a cell. And, while DNA binding transcription factors provide a mechanism for specific control of cellular responses, a model where DNA binding transcription factors are the sole regulators of gene activity is also unlikely. For example, in a study of Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, it was demonstrated that stable features of differentiation remain after the nucleus is transferred to a new cellular environment, suggesting that a stable and heritable mechanism of gene regulation was involved in the maintenance of the differentiated state in the absence of the DNA binding transcription factors. With the finding that DNA methylation and histone modifications are stable, heritable, and also reversible processes that influence gene",
"title": "Epigenomics"
},
{
"docid": "8513572",
"text": "Antoni Imiela (1954 – 8 March 2018) was a German-born convicted serial rapist who grew up in County Durham, England. He was found guilty of the rape of nine women and girls, and the indecent assault, and attempted rape, of a 10-year-old girl whom he repeatedly punched and throttled. The crimes took place in Surrey, Kent, Berkshire, London, Hertfordshire and Birmingham, and the press dubbed the offender the M25 Rapist after the M25 motorway that passes in the vicinity of all those areas except Birmingham. He died in HM Prison Wakefield on 8 March 2018. Early life Imiela was born in Lübeck, West Germany, to a Polish father and German mother. He grew up in displaced people camps until the age of 7 when the family emigrated to the United Kingdom, settling in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham. His mother abandoned the family in 1968, and shortly after that Imiela began committing crimes and was sent to youth detention centres. In 1987, he robbed a post office at gunpoint, demanding £10,000. After having committed further robberies, he was sentenced to 14 years in prison. He was released in 1996. Attacks By September 2002, police had identified the existence of an extremely dangerous serial rapist who, an hour after one attack, had used the victim's mobile phone to taunt her mother. Often he approached his victims at speed from behind. If a victim resisted they were punched in the face; he also carried a knife. He was also dubbed the \"summer rapist\" and the \"trophy rapist\" as he sometimes stole items of clothing having forced the victim to undress. Kent Police and Surrey Police launched a joint investigation code-named Operation Orb, and Imiela was finally caught with the use of DNA profiling. Once police had his DNA they launched a public appeal for information which resulted in a woman coming forward who expressed suspicion about her neighbour. A DNA swab test was carried out on the individual, Antoni Imiela, which enabled police to link him to the attacks. He was subsequently arrested. On 4 March 2004, he was sentenced to seven life sentences (with eight years minimum) at Maidstone Crown Court for the crimes. He was subsequently imprisoned at Wakefield Prison in Yorkshire. On 18 October 2010, Imiela was charged with the rape, indecent assault and buggery of a 29-year-old woman, Sheila Jankowitz, on 25 December 1987 in Forest Hill, south east London, following a case review using new forensic techniques. The victim's interview with police had been recorded and although she died in 2006, Imiela appeared at City of Westminster Magistrates' Court on 1 November 2010 and subsequently at Southwark Crown Court on 7 January 2011 to answer the charges. On 12 March 2012, court proceedings against Imiela for the Christmas Day rape in 1987 began at the Old Bailey. A statement by the late Sheila Jankowitz, who was murdered in her native South Africa in 2006 in an unrelated crime, was read to the court by the prosecuting barrister, Richard",
"title": "Antoni Imiela"
},
{
"docid": "25323092",
"text": "Rape investigation is the procedure to gather facts about a suspected rape, including forensic identification of a perpetrator, type of rape and other details. The vast majority of rapes are committed by persons known to the victim: only between five and 15 percent of assaults are perpetrated by a stranger. Therefore, the identity of the perpetrator is frequently reported. Biological evidence such as semen, blood, vaginal secretions, saliva, vaginal epithelial cells may be identified and genetically typed by a crime lab. The information derived from the analysis can often help determine whether sexual contact occurred, provide information regarding the circumstances of the incident, and be compared to reference samples collected from patients and suspects. Medical personnel in many countries collect evidence for potential rape cases by using rape kits. The time it takes to have rape kits processed has been criticized. Forensic evidence Victim injuries A forensic medical examination is conducted head to toe to record all injuries from minor to severe for the purpose of recovering evidence to support the victim's assertion that a rape took place without consent. Swabbing for bodily fluid samples (saliva, semen, blood) reveals evidence that may identify or eliminate a suspect as well as the nature of the sexual activity that took place. Toxicology report Establishing the victim's levels of alcohol, prescription or recreational drugs by taking urine and blood samples can support an assertion that there was a lack of capacity to consent to sexual activity. Passage of time Where an alleged victim of rape comes forward days, weeks, months or even years after an alleged assault took place it is not always appropriate to conduct a physical forensic examination. Such a passing of time degrades any useful physical forensic evidence. Where allegations of rape or childhood sexual abuse are the subject of an investigation which relies on memory as the only evidence, a form of forensic interviewing may be used to assist with the investigation. Documentary evidence Documentary evidence will also be collected during a thorough rape investigation. This type of evidence can include paper records and digital records categorized as either public, judicial or private documents such as: police records court documents business records personal papers (letters, diary, journal) time logs phone records medical records social service records psychiatric records tape recordings video tapes CCTV or surveillance video footage computer records microfiche emails, texts, social media posts, instant messaging records Perpetrator identification DNA profiling DNA profiling is used by crime laboratories for testing biological evidence, most commonly by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which allows analysis of samples of limited quality and quantity by making millions of copies. An advanced form of PCR testing called short tandem repeats (STR) generates a DNA profile that can be compared to DNA from a suspect or a crime scene. Blood, buccal (inner cheek) swabbings or saliva should also be collected from victims to distinguish their DNA from that of suspects. Criminals may plant fake DNA samples at crime scenes. In one case",
"title": "Rape investigation"
},
{
"docid": "4020995",
"text": "Laser capture microdissection (LCM), also called microdissection, laser microdissection (LMD), or laser-assisted microdissection (LMD or LAM), is a method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue/cells/organisms (dissection on a microscopic scale with the help of a laser). Principle Laser-capture microdissection (LCM) is a method to procure subpopulations of tissue cells under direct microscopic visualization. LCM technology can harvest the cells of interest directly or can isolate specific cells by cutting away unwanted cells to give histologically pure enriched cell populations. A variety of downstream applications exist: DNA genotyping and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, RNA transcript profiling, cDNA library generation, proteomics discovery and signal-pathway profiling. The total time required to carry out this protocol is typically 1–1.5 h. Extraction A laser is coupled into a microscope and focuses onto the tissue on the slide. By movement of the laser by optics or the stage the focus follows a trajectory which is predefined by the user. This trajectory, also called element, is then cut out and separated from the adjacent tissue. After the cutting process, an extraction process has to follow if an extraction process is desired. More recent technologies utilize non-contact microdissection. There are several ways to extract tissue from a microscope slide with a histopathology sample on it. Press a sticky surface onto the sample and tear out. This extracts the desired region, but can also remove particles or unwanted tissue on the surface, because the surface is not selective. Melt a plastic membrane onto the sample and tear out. The heat is introduced, for example, by a red or infrared (IR) laser onto a membrane stained with an absorbing dye. As this adheres the desired sample onto the membrane, as with any membrane that is put close to the histopathology sample surface, there might be some debris extracted. Another danger is the introduced heat: Some molecules like DNA, RNA, or protein don't allow to be heated too much or at all for the goal of being isolated as purely as possible. For transport without contact. There are three different approaches. Transport by gravity using an upright microscope (called GAM, gravity-assisted microdissection) or transport by laser pressure catapult; the most recent generation utilizes a technology based on laser induced forward transfer (LIFT). With cut-and-capture, a cap coated with an adhesive is positioned directly on the thinly cut (5-8 μm) tissue section, the section itself resting on a thin membrane (polyethylene naphthalene). An IR laser gently heats the adhesive on the cap fusing it to the underlying tissue and an UV laser cuts through tissue and underlying membrane. The membrane-tissue entity now adheres to the cap and the cells on the cap can be used in downstream applications (DNA, RNA, protein analysis). Procedure Under a microscope using a software interface, a tissue section (typically 5-50 micrometres thick) is viewed and individual cells or clusters of cells are identified either manually or in semi-automated or more fully automated ways allowing the imaging and then automatic selection of",
"title": "Laser capture microdissection"
},
{
"docid": "967212",
"text": "As with all utility patents in the United States, a biological patent provides the patent holder with the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing the claimed invention or discovery in biology for a limited period of time - for patents filed after 1998, 20 years from the filing date. Until recently, natural biological substances themselves could be patented (apart from any associated process or usage) in the United States if they were sufficiently \"isolated\" from their naturally occurring states. Prominent historical examples of such patents on isolated products of nature include adrenaline, insulin, vitamin B12, and gene patents. However, the US Supreme Court ruled in 2013 that mere isolation by itself is not sufficient for something to be deemed inventive subject matter. History The United States has been patenting chemical compositions based upon human products for over 100 years. The first patent for a human product was granted on March 20, 1906, for a purified form of adrenaline. It was challenged and upheld in Parke-Davis v. Mulford. Judge Hand argued that natural substances when they are purified are more useful than the original natural substances. The 1970s marked the first time when scientists patented methods on their biotechnological inventions with recombinant DNA. It was not until 1980 that patents for whole-scale living organisms were permitted. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Diamond v. Chakrabarty, upheld the first patent on a newly created living organism, a bacterium for digesting crude oil in oil spills. The patent examiner for the United States Patent and Trademark Office had rejected the patent of a living organism, but Chakrabarty appealed. As a rule, raw natural material is generally rejected for patent approval by the USPTO. The Court ruled that as long as the organism is truly \"man-made\", such as through genetic engineering, then it is patentable. Because the DNA of Chakrabarty's organism was modified, it was patentable. Since that 1980 court case, there have been many patents of genetically modified organisms. This includes bacteria (as just mentioned), viruses, seeds, plants, cells, and even non-human animals. Isolated and manipulated cells - even human cells - can also be patented. In 1998, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) issued a broad patent claiming primate (including human) embryonic stem cells, entitled \"Primate Embryonic Stem Cells\" (). On 13 March 2001, a second patent () was issued with the same title but focused on human embryonic stem cells. In another example, a genetically modified mouse, dubbed the Oncomouse, that is useful for studying cancer, was patented by Harvard University as . Companies and organizations, like the University of California, have patented entire genomes. Food patents An early example of a food patent is the patent granted to RiceTec for basmati rice in 1997. In 1999, a patent was filed for a peanut butter and jelly sandwich that was without crust. Agriculture giant Monsanto filed for a patent on certain pig genes in 2004. Gene patents A gene patent is a patent on a",
"title": "Biological patents in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "54472601",
"text": "Recent human evolution refers to evolutionary adaptation, sexual and natural selection, and genetic drift within Homo sapiens populations, since their separation and dispersal in the Middle Paleolithic about 50,000 years ago. Contrary to popular belief, not only are humans still evolving, their evolution since the dawn of agriculture is faster than ever before. It has been proposed that human culture acts as a selective force in human evolution and has accelerated it; however, this is disputed. With a sufficiently large data set and modern research methods, scientists can study the changes in the frequency of an allele occurring in a tiny subset of the population over a single lifetime, the shortest meaningful time scale in evolution. Comparing a given gene with that of other species enables geneticists to determine whether it is rapidly evolving in humans alone. For example, while human DNA is on average 98% identical to chimp DNA, the so-called Human Accelerated Region 1 (HAR1), involved in the development of the brain, is only 85% similar. Following the peopling of Africa some 130,000 years ago, and the recent Out-of-Africa expansion some 70,000 to 50,000 years ago, some sub-populations of Homo sapiens have been geographically isolated for tens of thousands of years prior to the early modern Age of Discovery. Combined with archaic admixture, this has resulted in relatively significant genetic variation. Selection pressures were especially severe for populations affected by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Eurasia, and for sedentary farming populations since the Neolithic, or New Stone Age. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP, pronounced 'snip'), or mutations of a single genetic code \"letter\" in an allele that spread across a population, in functional parts of the genome can potentially modify virtually any conceivable trait, from height and eye color to susceptibility to diabetes and schizophrenia. Approximately 2% of the human genome codes for proteins and a slightly larger fraction is involved in gene regulation. But most of the rest of the genome has no known function. If the environment remains stable, the beneficial mutations will spread throughout the local population over many generations until it becomes a dominant trait. An extremely beneficial allele could become ubiquitous in a population in as little as a few centuries whereas those that are less advantageous typically take millennia. Human traits that emerged recently include the ability to free-dive for long periods of time, adaptations for living in high altitudes where oxygen concentrations are low, resistance to contagious diseases (such as malaria), light skin, blue eyes, lactase persistence (or the ability to digest milk after weaning), lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, retention of the median artery, reduced prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, lower susceptibility to diabetes, genetic longevity, shrinking brain sizes, and changes in the timing of menarche and menopause. Archaic admixture Genetic evidence suggests that a species dubbed Homo heidelbergensis is the last common ancestor of Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Homo sapiens. This common ancestor lived between 600,000 and 750,000 years ago, likely in either Europe or Africa. Members of this species",
"title": "Recent human evolution"
},
{
"docid": "27962727",
"text": "Restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers are a type of genetic marker which are useful for association mapping, QTL-mapping, population genetics, ecological genetics and evolutionary genetics. The use of RAD markers for genetic mapping is often called RAD mapping. An important aspect of RAD markers and mapping is the process of isolating RAD tags, which are the DNA sequences that immediately flank each instance of a particular restriction site of a restriction enzyme throughout the genome. Once RAD tags have been isolated, they can be used to identify and genotype DNA sequence polymorphisms mainly in form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Polymorphisms that are identified and genotyped by isolating and analyzing RAD tags are referred to as RAD markers. Although genotyping by sequencing presents an approach similar to the RAD-seq method, they differ in some substantial ways. Isolation of RAD tags The use of the flanking DNA sequences around each restriction site is an important aspect of RAD tags. The density of RAD tags in a genome depends on the restriction enzyme used during the isolation process. There are other restriction site marker techniques, like RFLP or amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), which use fragment length polymorphism caused by different restriction sites, for the distinction of genetic polymorphism. The use of the flanking DNA-sequences in RAD tag techniques is referred as reduced-representation method. The initial procedure to isolate RAD tags involved digesting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme, ligating biotinylated adapters to the overhangs, randomly shearing the DNA into fragments much smaller than the average distance between restriction sites, and isolating the biotinylated fragments using streptavidin beads. This procedure was used initially to isolate RAD tags for microarray analysis. More recently, the RAD tag isolation procedure has been modified for use with high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina platform, which has the benefit of greatly reduced raw error rates and high throughput. The new procedure involves digesting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme (for example: SbfI, NsiI,…), ligating the first adapter, called P1, to the overhangs, randomly shearing the DNA into fragments much smaller than the average distance between restriction sites, preparing the sheared ends into blunt ends and ligating the second adapter (P2), and using PCR to specifically amplify fragments that contain both adapters. Importantly, the first adapter contains a short DNA sequence barcode, called MID (molecular identifier) that is used as a marker to identify different DNA samples that are pooled together and sequenced in the same reaction. The use of high-throughput sequencing to analyze RAD tags can be classified as reduced-representation sequencing, which includes, among other things, RADSeq (RAD-Sequencing). Detection and genotyping of RAD markers Once RAD tags have been isolated, they can be used to identify and genotype DNA sequence polymorphisms such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These polymorphic sites are referred to as RAD markers. The most efficient way to find RAD tags is by high-throughput DNA sequencing, called RAD tag sequencing, RAD sequencing, RAD-Seq, or RADSeq. Prior to the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, RAD",
"title": "Restriction site associated DNA markers"
},
{
"docid": "11887815",
"text": "Postreplication repair is the repair of damage to the DNA that takes place after replication. Some example genes in humans include: BRCA2 and BRCA1 BLM NBS1 Accurate and efficient DNA replication is crucial for the health and survival of all living organisms. Under optimal conditions, the replicative DNA polymerases ε, δ, and α can work in concert to ensure that the genome is replicated efficiently with high accuracy in every cell cycle. However, DNA is constantly challenged by exogenous and endogenous genotoxic threats, including solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated as a byproduct of cellular metabolism. Damaged DNA can act as a steric block to replicative polymerases, thereby leading to incomplete DNA replication or the formation of secondary DNA strand breaks at the sites of replication stalling. Incomplete DNA synthesis and DNA strand breaks are both potential sources of genomic instability. An arsenal of DNA repair mechanisms exists to repair various forms of damaged DNA and minimize genomic instability. Most DNA repair mechanisms require an intact DNA strand as template to fix the damaged strand. DNA damage prevents the normal enzymatic synthesis of DNA by the replication fork. At damaged sites in the genome, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells utilize a number of postreplication repair (PRR) mechanisms to complete DNA replication. Chemically modified bases can be bypassed by either error-prone or error-free translesion polymerases, or through genetic exchange with the sister chromatid. The replication of DNA with a broken sugar-phosphate backbone is most likely facilitated by the homologous recombination proteins that confer resistance to ionizing radiation. The activity of PRR enzymes is regulated by the SOS response in bacteria and may be controlled by the postreplication checkpoint response in eukaryotes. The elucidation of PRR mechanisms is an active area of molecular biology research, and the terminology is currently in flux. For instance, PRR has recently been referred to as \"DNA damage tolerance\" to emphasize the instances in which postreplication DNA damage is repaired without removing the original chemical modification to the DNA. While the term PRR has most frequently been used to describe the repair of single-stranded postreplication gaps opposite damaged bases, a more broad usage has been suggested. In this case, the term PRR would encompasses all processes that facilitate the replication of damaged DNA, including those that repair replication-induced double-strand breaks. Melanoma cells are commonly defective in postreplication repair of DNA damages that are in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, a type of damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. A particular repair process that appears to be defective in melanoma cells is homologous recombinational repair. Defective postreplication repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers can lead to mutations that are the primary driver of melanoma. References DNA repair",
"title": "Postreplication repair"
},
{
"docid": "15354795",
"text": "Cellular senescence is a phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division. In their experiments during the early 1960s, Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead found that normal human fetal fibroblasts in culture reach a maximum of approximately 50 cell population doublings before becoming senescent. This process is known as \"replicative senescence\", or the Hayflick limit. Hayflick's discovery of mortal cells paved the path for the discovery and understanding of cellular aging molecular pathways. Cellular senescence can be initiated by a wide variety of stress inducing factors. These stress factors include both environmental and internal damaging events, abnormal cellular growth, oxidative stress, autophagy factors, among many other things. The physiological importance for cell senescence has been attributed to prevention of carcinogenesis, and more recently, aging, development, and tissue repair. Senescent cells contribute to the aging phenotype, including frailty syndrome, sarcopenia, and aging-associated diseases. Senescent astrocytes and microglia contribute to neurodegeneration. Cellular mechanisms Stress response and DNA damage Mechanistically, replicative senescence can be triggered by a DNA damage response due to the shortening of telomeres. Cells can also be induced to senesce by DNA damage in response to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of oncogenes, and cell-cell fusion. Normally, cell senescence is reached through a combination of a variety of factors (i.e., both telomere shortening and oxidative stress). The DNA damage response (DDR) arrests cell cycle progression until DNA damage, such as double-strand breaks (DSBs), are repaired. Senescent cells display persistent DDR that appears to be resistant to endogenous DNA repair activities. The prolonged DDR activates both ATM and ATR DNA damage kinases. The phosphorylation cascade initiated by these two kinases causes the eventual arrest of the cell cycle. Depending on the severity of the DNA damage, the cells may no longer be able to undergo repair and either go through apoptosis or cell senescence. Such senescent cells in mammalian culture and tissues retain DSBs and DDR markers. It has been proposed that retained DSBs are major drivers of the aging process. Mutations in genes relating to genome maintenance has been linked with premature aging diseases, supporting the role of cell senescence in aging (see DNA damage theory of aging). Depletion of NAD+ can lead to DNA damage and cellular senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells. Although senescent cells can no longer replicate, they remain metabolically active and commonly adopt an immunogenic phenotype consisting of a pro-inflammatory secretome, the up-regulation of immune ligands, a pro-survival response, promiscuous gene expression (pGE), and stain positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. Two proteins, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase and p16Ink4A, are regarded as biomarkers of cellular senescence. However, this results in a false positive for cells that naturally have these two proteins such as maturing tissue macrophages with senescence-associated beta-galactosidase and T-cells with p16Ink4A. Senescent cells can undergo conversion to an immunogenic phenotype that enables them to be eliminated by the immune system. This phenotype consists of a pro-inflammatory secretome, the up-regulation of immune ligands, a pro-survival response, promiscuous gene expression (pGE) and stain positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase",
"title": "Cellular senescence"
},
{
"docid": "29573659",
"text": "Replication timing refers to the order in which segments of DNA along the length of a chromosome are duplicated. DNA replication In eukaryotic cells (cells that package their DNA within a nucleus), chromosomes consist of very long linear double-stranded DNA molecules. During the S-phase of each cell cycle (Figure 1), all of the DNA in a cell is duplicated in order to provide one copy to each of the daughter cells after the next cell division. The process of duplicating DNA is called DNA replication, and it takes place by first unwinding the duplex DNA molecule, starting at many locations called DNA replication origins, followed by an unzipping process that unwinds the DNA as it is being copied. However, replication does not start at all the different origins at once. Rather, there is a defined temporal order in which these origins fire. Frequently a few adjacent origins open up to duplicate a segment of a chromosome, followed some time later by another group of origins opening up in an adjacent segment. Replication does not necessarily start at exactly the same origin sites every time, but the segments appear to replicate in the same temporal sequence regardless of exactly where within each segment replication starts. Figure 2 shows a cartoon of how this is generally envisioned to occur, while Figure 3 shows an animation of when different segments replicate in one type of human cell. Replication timing profiles The temporal order of replication of all the segments in the genome, called its replication-timing program, can now be easily measured in two different ways. One way simply measures the amount of the different DNA sequences along the length of the chromosome per cell. Sequences that duplicate first, long before cell division, will be more abundant in each cell than the sequences that replicate last just prior to cell division. The other way is to label newly synthesized DNA with chemically tagged nucleotides that become incorporated into the strands as they are synthesized, and then catch cells at different times during the duplication process and purify the DNA synthesized at each of these times using the chemical tag. In either case, we can measure the amount of the different DNA sequences along the length of the chromosome either directly using a machine that reads how much of each sequence is present or indirectly using a process called microarray hybridization. In any case, the temporal order of replication along the length of each chromosome can be plotted in graphical form to produce a \"replication timing profile\". Figure 4 shows an example of such a profile across 70,000,000 base pairs of human Chromosome 2. Replication timing and chromosome structure At present, very little is known about either the mechanisms orchestrating the timing program or its biological significance. However, it is an intriguing cellular mechanism with links to many poorly understood features of the folding of chromosomes inside the cell nucleus. All eukaryotes have a timing program, and this program is similar in related species. This",
"title": "Replication timing"
},
{
"docid": "34831933",
"text": "Rapid DNA (UK:Rapid DNA profiling) describes the fully automated (hands free) process of developing a CODIS Core STR profile or other STR profile from a reference sample buccal swab. The “swab in – profile out” process consists of automated extraction, amplification, separation, detection and allele calling without human intervention. A machine designed to perform such rapid DNA analysis is called a DNA \"magic box\" by enforcement authorities. The FBI established a Rapid DNA Program Office in 2010 to direct the development and integration of Rapid DNA technology for use by law enforcement. The Program Office works with the Department of Defense, the Department of Homeland Security, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Institute of Justice, and other federal agencies to ensure the coordinated development of this new technology among federal agencies. The Program Office also works with state and local law enforcement agencies and state bureaus of identification through the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services Division Advisory Policy Board to facilitate the effective and efficient integration of Rapid DNA in the police booking environment. Several manufacturers have developed instruments for Rapid DNA analysis such as IntegenX, now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific based in Waltham, MA, and ANDE based in Waltham, MA. Following commercial availability, the FBI works with federal, state, and local CODIS laboratories and the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods to test, evaluate, and validate the hands-free instruments for law enforcement use. RapidHIT systems include instruments and RapidLINK software which will enable use for law enforcement. As of March 18 2016 one Rapid DNA instrument was approved by the FBI for submission of samples to NDIS/CODIS without manual review: the DNAScan manufactured by NetBio in Waltham, MA. Effective January 1, 2017, the DNAScan lost its approved status as CODIS-participating labs are required to include the 20 CODIS Core Loci. Law Enforcement Use of Rapid DNA The goal of the FBI's Rapid DNA initiative was to develop commercial instruments capable of producing a CODIS-compatible DNA profile within two hours and to integrate those instruments effectively within the existing CODIS structure to search unsolved crimes while an arrestee is in police custody during the booking process. In 2012 the Palm Bay, Florida, Police Department received the first commercially produced Rapid DNA unit placed in a police agency; an IntegenX RapidHIT 200 system. In January 2014, after a year of testing and validation, the Palm Bay Police began generating leads on real-world criminal cases, including producing a DNA profile in 90 minutes that linked a suspect to a burglary of a U.S. soldier's home that occurred while he was in Afghanistan. The Palm Bay Police department is known for applying various innovation technologies in real-life situations and is the pioneer of the use of private lab services to create an effective DNA database. On August 18, 2017, President Donald Trump signed into law the Rapid DNA Act of 2017 which amended the DNA Identification Act of 1994 (42 U.S.C. §14132) to allow CODIS upload of DNA",
"title": "Rapid DNA"
},
{
"docid": "33560980",
"text": "Bruce William Stillman (born 16 October 1953) is a biochemist and cancer researcher who has served as the Director of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) since 1994 and President since 2003. He also served as the Director of its NCI-designated Cancer Center for 25 years from 1992 to 2016. During his leadership, CSHL has been ranked as the No. 1 institution in molecular biology and genetics research by Thomson Reuters. Stillman's research focuses on how chromosomes are duplicated in human cells and in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; the mechanisms that ensure accurate inheritance of genetic material from one generation to the next; and how missteps in this process lead to cancer. For his accomplishments, Stillman has received numerous awards, including the Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize in 2004 and the 2010 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, both of which he shared with Thomas J. Kelly of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, as well as the 2019 Canada Gairdner International Award for biomedical research, which he shared with John Diffley. Life and career Stillman was educated at Glen Waverley High School (1966-1969) and Sydney Boys High School (1970–71), then graduated with First Class honours from the University of Sydney, and earned his PhD from the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University. He began his career at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in 1979 with investigations into how DNA is copied, starting with studying DNA replication of human adenovirus as a model. He then began to study how the genome of simian virus 40 (SV40) is duplicated in cells. Eventually his research focused on how cellular chromosomes are duplicated and how the entire process is regulated in cells, studying the process primarily in the yeast S. cerevisiae and in human cells. This work provided key insights into how both virus and cellular oncoproteins manipulate cellular physiology to bring about oncogenic transformation. One of his most significant achievements was the biochemical reconstitution with purified proteins of the complete replication of the SV40 DNA genome. This system utilized the virus-encoded T antigen that binds to the SV40 virus origin of DNA replication, the start site for DNA synthesis, coupled with purified human proteins, many of them discovered by Stillman and his colleagues. These proteins include RPA, RFC, PCNA, and the discovery that multiple DNA polymerases participate in the process of copying DNA, often switching from one polymerase to the other. Another major accomplishment was the discovery of the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC), a key protein made up of six subunits that binds to cellular origins of DNA replication and coordinates the entire process of initiating a complete cycle of DNA replication throughout the entire cell genome. Soon after the discovery of ORC, Stillman's group identified other initiation proteins that together form the pre-replication complex (pre-RC), which makes chromosomes competent for the subsequent initiation of DNA replication during the S phase of the cell cycle. His group's recent studies have revealed the intricate details of the mechanism of the initiation of DNA replication and",
"title": "Bruce William Stillman"
},
{
"docid": "8156765",
"text": "Geobacillus stearothermophilus (previously Bacillus stearothermophilus) is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium and a member of the phylum Bacillota. The bacterium is a thermophile and is widely distributed in soil, hot springs, ocean sediment, and is a cause of spoilage in food products. It will grow within a temperature range of 30 to 75 °C. Some strains are capable of oxidizing carbon monoxide aerobically. It is commonly used as a challenge organism for sterilization validation studies and periodic check of sterilization cycles. The biological indicator contains spores of the organism on filter paper inside a vial. After sterilizing, the cap is closed, an ampule of growth medium inside of the vial is crushed and the whole vial is incubated. A color and/or turbidity change indicates the results of the sterilization process; no change indicates that the sterilization conditions were achieved, otherwise the growth of the spores indicates that the sterilization process has not been met. Recently a fluorescent-tagged strain, Rapid Readout(tm), is being used for verifying sterilization, since the visible blue fluorescence appears in about one-tenth the time needed for pH-indicator color change, and an inexpensive light sensor can detect the growing colonies. Biological indicators are used in conjunction with chemical indicators and process indicators to validate sterilization processes. It was first described in 1920 as Bacillus stearothermophilus, but, together with Bacillus thermoglucosidasius, it was reclassified as a member of the genus Geobacillus in 2001. Applications in molecular biology DNA polymerase Recently, a DNA polymerase derived from these bacteria, Bst polymerase, has become important in molecular biology applications. Bst polymerase has a helicase-like activity, making it able to unwind DNA strands. Its optimum functional temperature is between 60 and 65 °C and it is denatured at temperatures above 70 °C. These features make it useful in loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). LAMP is similar to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but does not require the high temperature (96 °C) step required to denature DNA. Reverse transcriptase In 2013, a thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase (TGIRT), GsI-IIC-MRF, from G. stearothermophilus was found to retain activity up to 70 °C and to exhibit high processivity and a low error rate. These properties make this enzyme useful for reverse transcribing long and/or highly structured RNA molecules. A method for determining RNA secondary structure, DMS-MaPseq, uses this enzyme because it converts normal RNA to DNA accurately but introduces mutations at unpaired bases that have been methylated by dimethyl sulfate, and the mutations can be identified via sequencing. References External links Type strain of Geobacillus stearothermophilus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Bacillaceae",
"title": "Geobacillus stearothermophilus"
},
{
"docid": "44948015",
"text": "The DNA Based Technology (Use and Regulation) Bill, 2017 or the Human DNA Profiling Bill is a proposed legislation in India. The bill will allow the government to establish a National DNA Data Bank and a DNA Profiling Board, and use the data for various specified forensic purposes. The bill has raised concerns of privacy among citizen rights groups. The bill was expected to be presented in the parliament in the monsoon session of 2015. History The bill was originally proposed in 2007 and in 2012 drafting of the bill began. The draft bill was prepared by the Department of Biotechnology. The bill proposes to form a National DNA Data Bank and a DNA Profiling Board, and use the data for various specified purposes. The proposed DNA Profiling Board will consist of molecular biology, human genetics, population biology, bioethics, social sciences, law and criminal justice experts. The Board will define standards and controls for DNA profiling. It will also certify labs and handle access of the data by law enforcement agencies. There will be similar bodies at state levels. The bill will also create a National DNA Data Bank, which will collect data from offenders, suspects, missing persons, unidentified dead bodies and volunteers. It will profile and store DNA data in criminal cases like homicide, sexual assault, and other crimes. The data will be restricted and will be available only to the accused or the suspect. A person facing imprisonment or death sentence can send a request for DNA profiling of related evidence to the court that convicted him. The bill has the provision that any misuse of data will carry a punishment of up to three years imprisonment and also fine. Criticism and support The bill has been criticised for not addressing the concerns of privacy. The Citizens Forum for Civil Liberties has opposed the bill on privacy concerns and sent a complaint to the National Human Rights Commission of India in 2012. A. P. Shah committee report In October 2012, an expert committee headed by Ajit Prakash Shah presented its report. It said that there should be safeguards to prevent illegal collection and use of DNA data. There should be also safeguards to prevent the proposed body from misusing them. The report also suggested that there should a mechanism using which citizens can appeal against the retention of data. There should also be a mechanism of appeal under which citizens under trial can request a second sample to be taken. The samples must be taken after consent in case of victims and suspects. However, samples can also be taken from crime scenes. The committee noted that although the bill allows volunteers to submit samples, there is no proper procedure to obtain consent and there is no mechanism under which volunteer can withdraw their data. The committee proposed that before giving the data to a third party, the person must be notified and consent must be sought, if the third party is not an authorised agency. The report said",
"title": "Human DNA Profiling Bill"
},
{
"docid": "56627034",
"text": "Mutational signatures are characteristic combinations of mutation types arising from specific mutagenesis processes such as DNA replication infidelity, exogenous and endogenous genotoxin exposures, defective DNA repair pathways, and DNA enzymatic editing. The term is used for two distinct concepts, often conflated: mutagen signatures and tumor signatures. Its original use, mutagen signature, referred to a pattern of mutations made in the laboratory by a known mutagen and not made by other mutagens – unique to the mutagen as a human signature is unique to the signer. Uniqueness allows the mutagen to be deduced from a cell's mutations Later, the phrase referred to a pattern of mutations characteristic of a tumor type, although usually not unique to the tumor type nor to a mutagen. If a tumor mutational signature matches a unique mutagen mutational signature, it is valid to deduce the carcinogen exposure or mutagenesis process that occurred in the patient's distant past. Increasingly refined tumor signatures are becoming assignable to mutagen signatures. Deciphering mutational signatures in cancer provides insight into the biological mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and normal somatic mutagenesis. Mutational signatures have shown their applicability in cancer treatment and cancer prevention. Advances in the fields of oncogenomics have enabled the development and use of molecularly targeted therapy, but such therapies historically focused on inhibition of oncogenic drivers (e.g. EGFR gain-of-function mutation and EGFR inhibitor treatment in colorectal cancer). More recently, mutational signatures profiling has proven successful in guiding oncological management and use of targeted therapies (e.g. immunotherapy in mismatch repair deficient of diverse cancer types, platinum and PARP inhibitor to exploit synthetic lethality in homologous recombination deficient breast cancer). General concepts Mechanisms – overview DNA replication infidelity DNA proofreading is the process by which DNA polymerase excises an incorrectly incorporated nucleotide via exonuclease enzymatic reaction. Inability of DNA polymerase to correct these replication errors leads to progressive accumulation of mutations through successive cell mitosis. Genotoxins Endogenous cellular (e.g. spontaneous 5-methylcytosine deamination leads to C>T transition (genetics)) mutations (see DNA damage (naturally occurring)) Exogenous/carcinogens Ultraviolet radiation: UVB radiation causes direct DNA damage and is a known risk factor for skin cancer (e.g. melanoma) Alkylating antineoplastic agents: This group of chemotherapy agents adds alkyl group to DNA, which causes crosslinking of DNA and interferes with DNA replication and DNA repair. Cancer cells are most impacted because of their high mitosis rate. Tobacco: Tobacco contains several carcinogens which are harmful to DNA, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acrolein, nitrosamines, cyanide and others (see health effects of tobacco) DNA repair deficiency Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD): DNA double-strand break requires homologous recombination mechanism for accurate repair of breakpoints. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency: The mismatch repair machinery recognizes and repairs erroneous base pair insertion, deletion or mis-incorporation. Enzymatic DNA editing Cytidine deaminase enzymes: This family of enzymes are part of the innate immune system and are involved in the control of retroviruses and transposons elements (including endogenous retroviruses). These enzymes (cytidine deaminase/CDA, activation-induced cytidine deaminase and APOBEC protein family) actively cause cytidine deamination and therefore introduce",
"title": "Mutational signatures"
},
{
"docid": "44746274",
"text": "DNA phenotyping is the process of predicting an organism's phenotype using only genetic information collected from genotyping or DNA sequencing. This term, also known as molecular photofitting, is primarily used to refer to the prediction of a person's physical appearance and/or biogeographic ancestry for forensic purposes. DNA phenotyping uses many of the same scientific methods as those being used for genetically informed personalized medicine, in which drug responsiveness (pharmacogenomics) and medical outcomes are predicted from a patient's genetic information. Significant genetic variants associated with a particular trait are discovered using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach, in which hundreds of thousands or millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are tested for their association with each trait of interest. Predictive modeling is then used to build a mathematical model for making trait predictions about new subjects. Predicted phenotypes Human phenotypes are predicted from DNA using direct or indirect methods. With direct methods, genetic variants mechanistically linked with variable expression of the relevant phenotypes are measured and used with appropriate statistical methodologies to infer trait value. With indirect methods, variants associated with genetic component(s) of ancestry that correlate with the phenotype of interest, such as Ancestry Informative Markers, are measured and used with appropriate statistical methodologies to infer trait value. The direct method is always preferable, for obvious reasons, but depending on the genetic architecture of the phenotype, is not always possible. Biogeographic ancestry determination methods have been highly developed within the genetics community, as it is a key GWAS quality control step. These approaches typically use genome-wide human genetic clustering and/or principal component analysis to compare new subjects to curated individuals with known ancestry, such as the International HapMap Project or the 1000 Genomes Project. Another approach is to assay ancestry informative markers (AIMs), SNPs that vary in frequency between the major human populations. As early as 2004, evidence was compiled showing that the bulk of phenotypic variation in human iris color could be attributed to polymorphisms in the OCA2 gene. This paper, and the work it cited, laid the foundation for the inference of human iris color from DNA, first carried out on basic level by DNAPrint Genomics Beginning in 2009, academic groups developed and reported on more accurate predictive models for eye color and, more recently, hair color in the European population. More recently, companies such as Parabon NanoLabs and Identitas have begun offering forensic DNA phenotyping services for U.S. and international law enforcement. However, the science behind the commercial services offered by Parabon NanoLabs has been criticized as it has not been subjected to scrutiny in peer-reviewed scientific publications. It has been suggested that it is not known \"whether their ability to estimate a face’s appearance is better than chance, or if it’s an approximation based on what we know about ancestry”. DNA phenotyping is often referred to as a \"biologic witness,\" a play on the term eye-witness. Just as an eye-witness may describe the appearance of a person of interest, the DNA left at a crime scene can",
"title": "DNA phenotyping"
},
{
"docid": "39346603",
"text": "Xeno nucleic acids (XNA) are synthetic nucleic acid analogues that have a different backbone from the ribose and deoxyribose found in the nucleic acids of naturally occurring RNA and DNA. The same nucleobases can be used to store genetic information and interact with DNA, RNA, or other XNA bases, but the different backbone gives the structure different stability, and it cannot be processed by naturally occurring cellular processes. For example, natural DNA polymerases cannot read and duplicate this information, thus the genetic information stored in XNA is invisible to DNA-based organisms. , at least six types of synthetic sugars have been shown to form nucleic acid backbones that can store and retrieve genetic information. Research is now being done to create synthetic polymerases to transform XNA. The study of its production and application has created a field known as xenobiology. Background The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953. Around the early 2000s, researchers created a number of exotic DNA-like structures, XNA. These are synthetic polymers that can carry the same information as DNA, but with different molecular constituents. The \"X\" in XNA stands for \"xeno-\", meaning strange or alien, indicating the difference in the molecular structure as compared to DNA or RNA. Not much was done with XNA until the development of special polymerase enzyme, capable of copying XNA from a DNA template as well as copying XNA back into DNA. Pinheiro et al. (2012), for example, has demonstrated such an XNA-capable polymerase that works on sequences of around 100 base pairs in length. More recently, synthetic biologists Philipp Holliger and Alexander Taylor succeeded in creating XNAzymes, the XNA equivalent of a ribozyme, enzymes made of RNA. This demonstrates that XNAs not only store hereditary information, but can also serve as enzymes, raising the possibility that life elsewhere could have begun with something other than RNA or DNA. Structure Strands of DNA and RNA are formed by stringing together long chains of molecules called nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of three chemical components: a phosphate, a five-carbon sugar group (this can be either a deoxyribose sugar—which gives us the \"D\" in DNA—or a ribose sugar—the \"R\" in RNA), and one of five standard bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil). The molecules that piece together to form the xeno nucleic acids are almost identical to those of DNA and RNA, with one exception: in XNA nucleotides, the deoxyribose and ribose sugar groups of DNA and RNA have been replaced with other chemical structures. These substitutions make XNAs functionally and structurally analogous to DNA and RNA despite being unnatural and artificial. XNA exhibits a variety of structural chemical changes relative to its natural counterparts. Types of synthetic XNA created so far include: 1,5-Anhydrohexitol nucleic acid (HNA) Cyclohexene nucleic acid (CeNA) Threose nucleic acid (TNA) Glycol nucleic acid (GNA) Locked nucleic acid Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) Fluoroarabino nucleic acid (FANA) HNA could potentially be used as a drug that can recognize and bind to specified sequences. Scientists have been able",
"title": "Xeno nucleic acid"
},
{
"docid": "30870527",
"text": "The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) is the United States national DNA database created and maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. CODIS consists of three levels of information; Local DNA Index Systems (LDIS) where DNA profiles originate, State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) which allows for laboratories within states to share information, and the National DNA Index System (NDIS) which allows states to compare DNA information with one another. The CODIS software contains multiple different databases depending on the type of information being searched against. Examples of these databases include, missing persons, convicted offenders, and forensic samples collected from crime scenes. Each state, and the federal system, has different laws for collection, upload, and analysis of information contained within their database. However, for privacy reasons, the CODIS database does not contain any personal identifying information, such as the name associated with the DNA profile. The uploading agency is notified of any hits to their samples and are tasked with the dissemination of personal information pursuant to their laws. Establishment The creation of a national DNA database within the U.S. was first mentioned by the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM) in 1989. The FBI's strategic goal was to maximize the voluntary participation of states and avoid what happened several years early, when eight western states frustrated with the progress creating a national Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) network formed the Western Identification Network (WIN). The FBI's strategy to discourage states from creating systems that competed with CODIS was to develop DNA databasing software and provide it free of charge to state and local crime laboratories.This strategic decision--to provide software free of charge for the purpose of gaining market share--was innovative at that time and predated the browser wars. In 1990, the FBI began a pilot DNA databasing program with 14 state and local laboratories. In 1994, Congress passed the DNA Identification Act which authorized the FBI to create a national DNA database of convicted offenders as well as separate databases for missing persons and forensic samples collected from crime scenes. (Some in the Bureau believed the Act was not required to establish a national DNA database because the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services Division was already using similar authorities to provide data-sharing solutions to federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies.) The DNA Identification Act also required that laboratories participating in the CODIS program maintain accreditation from an independent nonprofit organization that is actively involved in the forensic fields and that scientists processing DNA samples for submission into CODIS maintain proficiency and are routinely tested to ensure the quality of the profiles being uploaded into the database. The national level of CODIS (NDIS) was implemented in October 1998. Today, all 50 states, the District of Columbia, federal law enforcement, the Army Laboratory, and Puerto Rico participate in the national sharing of DNA profiles. Database structure The CODIS database contains several different indexes for the storage of DNA profile information. For assistance in criminal investigations three indexes exist:",
"title": "Combined DNA Index System"
},
{
"docid": "383876",
"text": "The Thermoproteota (also known as Crenarchaea) are prokaryotes that have been classified as a phylum of the Archaea domain. Initially, the Thermoproteota were thought to be sulfur-dependent extremophiles but recent studies have identified characteristic Thermoproteota environmental rRNA indicating the organisms may be the most abundant archaea in the marine environment. Originally, they were separated from the other archaea based on rRNA sequences; other physiological features, such as lack of histones, have supported this division, although some crenarchaea were found to have histones. Until recently all cultured Thermoproteota had been thermophilic or hyperthermophilic organisms, some of which have the ability to grow at up to 113 °C. These organisms stain Gram negative and are morphologically diverse, having rod, cocci, filamentous and oddly-shaped cells. Thermoproteota were initially classified as a part of Regnum Eocyta in 1984, but this classification has been discarded. The term \"eocyte\" now applies to either TACK (formerly Crenarchaeota) or to Thermoproteota. Sulfolobus One of the best characterized members of the Crenarchaeota is Sulfolobus solfataricus. This organism was originally isolated from geothermally heated sulfuric springs in Italy, and grows at 80 °C and pH of 2–4. Since its initial characterization by Wolfram Zillig, a pioneer in thermophile and archaean research, similar species in the same genus have been found around the world. Unlike the vast majority of cultured thermophiles, Sulfolobus grows aerobically and chemoorganotrophically (gaining its energy from organic sources such as sugars). These factors allow a much easier growth under laboratory conditions than anaerobic organisms and have led to Sulfolobus becoming a model organism for the study of hyperthermophiles and a large group of diverse viruses that replicate within them. Recombinational repair of DNA damage Irradiation of S. solfataricus cells with ultraviolet light strongly induces formation of type IV pili that can then promote cellular aggregation. Ultraviolet light-induced cellular aggregation was shown by Ajon et al. to mediate high frequency inter-cellular chromosome marker exchange. Cultures that were ultraviolet light-induced had recombination rates exceeding those of uninduced cultures by as much as three orders of magnitude. S. solfataricus cells are only able to aggregate with other members of their own species. Frols et al. and Ajon et al. considered that the ultraviolet light-inducible DNA transfer process, followed by homologous recombinational repair of damaged DNA, is an important mechanism for promoting chromosome integrity. This DNA transfer process can be regarded as a primitive form of sexual interaction. Marine species Beginning in 1992, data were published that reported sequences of genes belonging to the Thermoproteota in marine environments., Since then, analysis of the abundant lipids from the membranes of Thermoproteota taken from the open ocean have been used to determine the concentration of these “low temperature Crenarchaea” (See TEX-86). Based on these measurements of their signature lipids, Thermoproteota are thought to be very abundant and one of the main contributors to the fixation of carbon . DNA sequences from Thermoproteota have also been found in soil and freshwater environments, suggesting that this phylum is ubiquitous to most environments. In 2005, evidence",
"title": "Thermoproteota"
},
{
"docid": "26285",
"text": "In molecular biology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences, known as polymorphisms, populations, or species or to pinpoint the locations of genes within a sequence. The term may refer to a polymorphism itself, as detected through the differing locations of restriction enzyme sites, or to a related laboratory technique by which such differences can be illustrated. In RFLP analysis, a DNA sample is digested into fragments by one or more restriction enzymes, and the resulting restriction fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis according to their size. RFLP analysis is now largely obsolete due to the emergence of inexpensive DNA sequencing technologies, but it was the first DNA profiling technique inexpensive enough to see widespread application. RFLP analysis was an important early tool in genome mapping, localization of genes for genetic disorders, determination of risk for disease, and paternity testing. RFLP analysis The basic technique for the detection of RFLPs involves fragmenting a sample of DNA with the application of a restriction enzyme, which can selectively cleave a DNA molecule wherever a short, specific sequence is recognized in a process known as a restriction digest. The DNA fragments produced by the digest are then separated by length through a process known as agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane via the Southern blot procedure. Hybridization of the membrane to a labeled DNA probe then determines the length of the fragments which are complementary to the probe. A restriction fragment length polymorphism is said to occur when the length of a detected fragment varies between individuals, indicating non-identical sequence homologies. Each fragment length is considered an allele, whether it actually contains a coding region or not, and can be used in subsequent genetic analysis. Examples There are two common mechanisms by which the size of a particular restriction fragment can vary. In the first schematic, a small segment of the genome is being detected by a DNA probe (thicker line). In allele A, the genome is cleaved by a restriction enzyme at three nearby sites (triangles), but only the rightmost fragment will be detected by the probe. In allele a, restriction site 2 has been lost by a mutation, so the probe now detects the larger fused fragment running from sites 1 to 3. The second diagram shows how this fragment size variation would look on a Southern blot, and how each allele (two per individual) might be inherited in members of a family. In the third schematic, the probe and restriction enzyme are chosen to detect a region of the genome that includes a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) segment (boxes in schematic diagram). In allele c, there are five repeats in the VNTR, and the probe detects a longer fragment between the two restriction sites. In allele d, there are only two repeats in the VNTR, so the probe detects a shorter fragment between the same two restriction sites. Other genetic processes, such as insertions, deletions, translocations, and inversions,",
"title": "Restriction fragment length polymorphism"
},
{
"docid": "50445785",
"text": "Maurice Stroun (September 3, 1926 – August 2017) was a Swiss researcher and professor at the University of Geneva in the Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology. He is known for first hypothesizing and demonstrating the existence of disease-specific circulating nucleic acids as well as first developing techniques for the detection of tumor-related characteristics of circulating DNA and RNA in plasma and serum, or liquid biopsies as this field is now known. Early work In the mid 1960s, Stroun along with colleague, Philip Anker, (also in the Department of Plant Physiology at the University of Geneva) began to study the phenomenon of neoplasms in plants. Building on early grafting studies in plants as well as work by other researchers that demonstrated the transfer of genetic material between bacteria, they hypothesized that a similar phenomenon might occur between bacterial cells and plants. Their research in the late 1960s demonstrated that this process did indeed exist and led them to study whether a similar mechanism occurred in higher-order species, where Stroun published further research showing transfer of genetic material from bacteria to frogs. In an article published in Science, November 10, 1972, bacterial RNA was demonstrated in frog brain cells after a bacterial peritoneal infection. In the April 1973 issue of the Journal of Bacteriology, Stroun showed transcription of spontaneously released bacterial DNA was found to be incorporated into cellular nuclei of frog auricles. In one particular experiment published in the same article, Stroun and his group extracted the auricles of frog hearts and dipped them for several hours in a suspension of bacteria. Afterward, they found a high percentage of RNA-DNA hybridization between bacterial DNA extracted from bacteria of the same species as that used in the experiment and titrated DNA extracted from the auricles which had been dipped in the bacterial suspension. The experiment demonstrated that bacterial DNA had been absorbed by the animal cells. Stroun dubbed this phenomenon has trancession. Professor Straun died in Geneva in 2017. Extension to humans and cancer Building on their work and taking notice of the work of Henry G. Kunkel, whose group made the association of higher levels of circulating DNA and lupus, Stroun started studying whether circulating DNA could be associated with malignancies such as cancers in humans. In a 1977 issue of International Review of Cytology, Volume 51, Anker and Stroun wrote that when foreign DNA is transcribed into a cell of a different organism, \"this general biological event is related to the uptake by cells of spontaneously released bacterial DNA, thus suggesting the existence of circulating DNA. In view of the malignant transformations obtained with DNA, the oncogenic (cancer-causing) role of circulating DNA is postulated.\" In the late 1970s, building on the discovery of circulating DNA in human blood by Mandel and Metais, Leon and his collaborators developed a radioimmunoassay for measuring nanogram quantities of nucleic acids in serum. This technique enabled them to observe that cancer patients tended to possess a greater quantity of circulating DNA in serum (on",
"title": "Maurice Stroun"
},
{
"docid": "3778551",
"text": "petite (ρ–) is a mutant first discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Due to the defect in the respiratory chain, 'petite' yeast are unable to grow on media containing only non-fermentable carbon sources (such as glycerol or ethanol) and form small colonies when grown in the presence of fermentable carbon sources (such as glucose). The petite phenotype can be caused by the absence of, or mutations in, mitochondrial DNA (termed \"cytoplasmic Petites\"), or by mutations in nuclear-encoded genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. A neutral petite produces all wild type progeny when crossed with wild type. petite mutations can be induced using a variety of mutagens, including DNA intercalating agents, as well as chemicals that can interfere with DNA synthesis in growing cells. Mutagens that create Petites are implicated in increased rates of degenerative diseases and in the aging process. Overview A mutation that produces small (petite\" > petite) anaerobic-like colonies had shown first in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and described by Boris Ephrussi and his co-workers in 1949 in Gif-sur-Yvette, France. The cells of petite colonies were smaller than those of wild-type colonies, but the term “petite” refers only to colony size and not the individual cell size. History Over 50 years ago, in a lab in France, Ephrussi, et al. discovered a non-Mendelian inherited factor that is essential to respiration in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae without this factor, known as the ρ-factor, is described by the development of small colonies when compared to the wild-type yeast. These smaller colonies were dubbed petite colonies. These petite mutants were observed to be spontaneously produced naturally at a rate of 0.1%-1.0% every generation. They also found that treatment of wild-type S. cerevisiae with DNA-intercalating agents would more rapidly produce this mutation. Schatz identified a region of the yeast's nuclear DNA that was associated with the mitochondria in 1964. Later, it was discovered that mutants without the ρ-factor had no mitochondrial DNA (called ρ0 isolates), or that they possessed a difference in density or amount of the mitochondrial DNA (called ρ− isolates). The use of electron microscopy to view the DNA in the mitochondrial matrix helped to verify the actuality of the mitochondrial genome. S. cerevisiae has since become a useful model for aging. It has been shown that as yeast ages, it loses functional mitochondrial DNA, which leads to replicative senescence, or the inability to further replicate. It has been suggested that there is a link between mitochondrial DNA loss and replicative life span (RLS), or the number of times a cell can reproduce before it dies, as it has been found that an increase in RLS is established with the same changes in the genome that enhance the propagation of cells that do not contain mitochondrial DNA. Genetic screens for replicative life span associated genes and pathways could be made easier and quicker by selecting genetic suppressors of the petite negative mutants. Causes The petite is characterized by a deficiency in cytochromes (a, a3 + b) and a lack of",
"title": "Petite mutation"
},
{
"docid": "16856653",
"text": "Z-DNA-binding protein 1, also known as DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors (DAI) and DLM-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZBP1 gene. ZBP1 is also an abbreviation for chicken or rat β-actin zipcode-binding protein 1, a homolog of the human insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IMP-1) and murine CRD-BP, the proteins involved in mRNA transport (RNA-binding proteins, RBPs). Function DLM1 encodes a Z-DNA binding protein. Z-DNA formation is a dynamic process, largely controlled by the amount of supercoiling. ZBP1 recognizes DNA in the cytoplasm as an antiviral mechanism. Viral life cycles often include steps where DNA is exposed in the cytoplasm. DNA is normally contained in the nucleus of a cell, and therefore cells use proteins like ZBP1 as an indicator of a viral infection. Once ZBP1 is activated, it increases the production of antiviral cytokines such as interferon beta. DLM1 then binds to cytosolic Viral DNA using two Z-DNA-binding domains (Zα and Zβ) at its N-terminus along with a DNA binding domain (D3). The role of ZBP1 in DNA sensing has been questioned. It has been found to sense Influenza A Virus (IAV) infection and induce cell death. Since DNA is not synthesized in any stage of IAV life cycle, DNA sensing playing a role in this context is unlikely. However, recent investigation has found that ZBP1 is capable of sensing Z-form RNAs produced during IAV infection, cumulating in a form of caspase independent, inflammatory cell death called necroptosis. A follow-up study identified that ZBP1 senses the IAV ribonucleoprotein complex to induce cell death. A more recent study has identified transcription factor IRF1 as the upstream regulator of ZBP1 expression. References Further reading",
"title": "ZBP1"
},
{
"docid": "67011367",
"text": "The evolution of the human oral microbiome is the study of microorganisms in the oral cavity and how they have adapted over time. There are recent advancements in ancient dental research that have given insight to the evolution of the human oral microbiome. Using these techniques it is now known what metabolite classes have been preserved and the difference in genetic diversity that exists from ancient to modern microbiota. The relationship between oral microbiota and its human host has changed and this transition can directly be linked to common diseases in human evolutionary past. Evolutionary medicine provides a framework for reevaluating oral health and disease and biological anthropology provides the context to identify the ancestral human microbiome. These disciplines together give insights into the oral microbiome and can potentially help contribute to restoring and maintaining oral health in the future. Technique advancements Since the 1980s, it has been well known that archeological dental calculus preserves cellular structures and oral bacteria, but a new discovery in the last decade has revealed that dental calculus is a long-term reservoir of DNA and proteins. Human DNA in dental calculus was initially targeted by PCR amplification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), followed by either haplogroup inference or conventional cloning and Sanger sequencing. Shotgun metagenomics paired with next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology further confirmed dental calculus contains mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Dental calculus typically contains 10–1,000-fold more DNA than bone or dentine, making it the richest known source of aDNA, one of the possible double helical structures of DNA, in the archaeological record. Archaeological dental calculus is an alternative source of high quality mitochondrial DNA sufficient for full mitogenome reconstruction. This reconstruction can then be applied to maternal lineage ancestry analysis to determine the haplogroup, thus identifying which geographical regions maternal ancestors settled. Protein sequencing has also been applied revealing bacterial functions such as virulence factors and their interactions with the host are viable from ancient dental calculus. Proteomics has revealed over 60 human proteins with origins in dental calculus such as follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein, alpha amylase I, hemoglobin, etc. Metabolomics and lipidomic studies are used to determine what metabolic categories (amino acids, carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, energy, lipids, nucleic acids, peptides, xenobiotics) and the source of metabolites (host, microbial, diet) are found within dental calculus samples. Many of these newly developed techniques used to study ancient dental calculus are still in their early stages and need to overcome several limitations to offer a more accurate understanding on the evolution of the oral microbiome. Some examples of these limitations are isolation of contaminant DNA, correct identification of ancient microbial species, identification and isolation of non-bacterial DNA as well as better statistical techniques. Genetic diversity Microbial profiles differ significantly between dental plaque and dental calculus although calculus forms from plaque. The protein and metabolic profiles also have distinct taxonomic and metabolic functions between dental plaque and dental calculus. As the oral biofilm develops, taxonomic shifts take place due to the structural and resource changes in the biofilm",
"title": "Evolution of the human oral microbiome"
},
{
"docid": "1564401",
"text": "Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to at least one antimicrobial drug in three or more antimicrobial categories. Antimicrobial categories are classifications of antimicrobial agents based on their mode of action and specific to target organisms. The MDR types most threatening to public health are MDR bacteria that resist multiple antibiotics; other types include MDR viruses, parasites (resistant to multiple antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic drugs of a wide chemical variety). Recognizing different degrees of MDR in bacteria, the terms extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) have been introduced. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) is the non-susceptibility of one bacteria species to all antimicrobial agents except in two or less antimicrobial categories. Within XDR, pandrug-resistant (PDR) is the non-susceptibility of bacteria to all antimicrobial agents in all antimicrobial categories. The definitions were published in 2011 in the journal Clinical Microbiology and Infection and are openly accessible. Common multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) Common multidrug-resistant organisms, typically bacteria, include: Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) producing Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producing Gram-negatives Multidrug-resistant Gram negative rods (MDR GNR) MDRGN bacteria such as Enterobacter species, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis Overlapping with MDRGN, a group of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of particular recent importance have been dubbed as the ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species). Bacterial resistance to antibiotics Various microorganisms have survived for thousands of years by their ability to adapt to antimicrobial agents. They do so via spontaneous mutation or by DNA transfer. This process enables some bacteria to oppose the action of certain antibiotics, rendering the antibiotics ineffective. These microorganisms employ several mechanisms in attaining multi-drug resistance: No longer relying on a glycoprotein cell wall Enzymatic deactivation of antibiotics Decreased cell wall permeability to antibiotics Altered target sites of antibiotic Efflux mechanisms to remove antibiotics Increased mutation rate as a stress response Many different bacteria now exhibit multi-drug resistance, including staphylococci, enterococci, gonococci, streptococci, salmonella, as well as numerous other Gram-negative bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are able to transfer copies of DNA that code for a mechanism of resistance to other bacteria even distantly related to them, which then are also able to pass on the resistance genes, resulting in generations of antibiotics resistant bacteria. This initial transfer of DNA is called horizontal gene transfer. Bacterial resistance to bacteriophages Phage-resistant bacteria variants have been observed in human studies. As for antibiotics, horizontal transfer of phage resistance can be acquired by plasmid acquisition. Antifungal resistance Yeasts such as Candida species can become resistant under long-term treatment with azole preparations, requiring treatment with a different drug class. Lomentospora prolificans infections are often fatal because of their resistance to multiple antifungal agents. Antiviral resistance HIV is the prime example of MDR against antivirals, as it mutates rapidly under monotherapy. Influenza virus has become increasingly MDR; first to amantadines, then to neuraminidase inhibitors such as",
"title": "Multiple drug resistance"
},
{
"docid": "14058535",
"text": "Checkpoint kinase 1, commonly referred to as Chk1, is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that, in humans, is encoded by the CHEK1 gene. Chk1 coordinates the DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoint response. Activation of Chk1 results in the initiation of cell cycle checkpoints, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and cell death to prevent damaged cells from progressing through the cell cycle. Discovery In 1993, Beach and associates initially identified Chk1 as a serine/threonine kinase which regulates the G2/M phase transition in fission yeast. Constitutive expression of Chk1 in fission yeast was shown to induce cell cycle arrest. The same gene called Rad27 was identified in budding yeast by Carr and associates. In 1997, homologs were identified in more complex organisms including the fruit fly, human and mouse. Through these findings, it is apparent Chk1 is highly conserved from yeast to humans. Structure Human Chk1 is located on chromosome 11 on the cytogenic band 11q22-23. Chk1 has a N-terminal kinase domain, a linker region, a regulatory SQ/TQ domain and a C-terminal domain. Chk1 contains four Ser/Gln residues. Chk 1 activation occurs primarily through the phosphorylation of the conserved sites, Ser-317, Ser-345 and less often at Ser-366. Function Checkpoint kinases (Chks) are protein kinases that are involved in cell cycle control. Two checkpoint kinase subtypes have been identified, Chk1 and Chk2. Chk1 is a central component of genome surveillance pathways and is a key regulator of the cell cycle and cell survival. Chk1 is required for the initiation of DNA damage checkpoints and has recently been shown to play a role in the normal (unperturbed) cell cycle. Chk1 impacts various stages of the cell cycle including the S phase, G2/M transition and M phase. In addition to mediating cell cycle checkpoints, Chk1 also contributes to DNA repair processes, gene transcription, egg production, embryo development, cellular responses to HIV infection and somatic cell viability. S phase Chk1 is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Chk1 monitors DNA replication in unperturbed cell cycles and responds to genotoxic stress if present. Chk1 recognizes DNA strand instability during replication and can stall DNA replication in order to allow time for DNA repair mechanisms to restore the genome. Recently, Chk1 has shown to mediate DNA repair mechanisms and does so by activating various repair factors. Furthermore, Chk1 has been associated with three particular aspects of the S-phase, which includes the regulation of late origin firing, controlling the elongation process and maintenance of DNA replication fork stability. G2/M transition In response to DNA damage, Chk1 is an important signal transducer for G2/M checkpoint activation. Activation of Chk1 holds the cell in the G2 phase until ready to enter the mitotic phase. This delay allows time for DNA to repair or cell death to occur if DNA damage is irreversible. Chk1 must inactivate in order for the cell to transition from the G2 phase into mitosis, Chk1 expression levels are mediated by regulatory proteins. M phase Chk1 has a regulatory role in the spindle checkpoint however",
"title": "CHEK1"
},
{
"docid": "2488614",
"text": "DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage. Mismatch repair is strand-specific. During DNA synthesis the newly synthesised (daughter) strand will commonly include errors. In order to begin repair, the mismatch repair machinery distinguishes the newly synthesised strand from the template (parental). In gram-negative bacteria, transient hemimethylation distinguishes the strands (the parental is methylated and daughter is not). However, in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the exact mechanism is not clear. It is suspected that, in eukaryotes, newly synthesized lagging-strand DNA transiently contains nicks (before being sealed by DNA ligase) and provides a signal that directs mismatch proofreading systems to the appropriate strand. This implies that these nicks must be present in the leading strand, and evidence for this has recently been found. Recent work has shown that nicks are sites for RFC-dependent loading of the replication sliding clamp, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), in an orientation-specific manner, such that one face of the donut-shape protein is juxtaposed toward the 3'-OH end at the nick. Loaded PCNA then directs the action of the MutLalpha endonuclease to the daughter strand in the presence of a mismatch and MutSalpha or MutSbeta. Any mutational event that disrupts the superhelical structure of DNA carries with it the potential to compromise the genetic stability of a cell. The fact that the damage detection and repair systems are as complex as the replication machinery itself highlights the importance evolution has attached to DNA fidelity. Examples of mismatched bases include a G/T or A/C pairing (see DNA repair). Mismatches are commonly due to tautomerization of bases during DNA replication. The damage is repaired by recognition of the deformity caused by the mismatch, determining the template and non-template strand, and excising the wrongly incorporated base and replacing it with the correct nucleotide. The removal process involves more than just the mismatched nucleotide itself. A few or up to thousands of base pairs of the newly synthesized DNA strand can be removed. Mismatch repair proteins Mismatch repair is a highly conserved process from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The first evidence for mismatch repair was obtained from S. pneumoniae (the hexA and hexB genes). Subsequent work on E. coli has identified a number of genes that, when mutationally inactivated, cause hypermutable strains. The gene products are, therefore, called the \"Mut\" proteins, and are the major active components of the mismatch repair system. Three of these proteins are essential in detecting the mismatch and directing repair machinery to it: MutS, MutH and MutL (MutS is a homologue of HexA and MutL of HexB). MutS forms a dimer (MutS2) that recognises the mismatched base on the daughter strand and binds the mutated DNA. MutH binds at hemimethylated sites along the daughter DNA, but its action is latent, being activated only upon contact by a MutL dimer (MutL2), which binds the MutS-DNA complex and acts as a mediator",
"title": "DNA mismatch repair"
},
{
"docid": "45461558",
"text": "DRIP-seq (DRIP-sequencing) is a technology for genome-wide profiling of a type of DNA-RNA hybrid called an \"R-loop\". DRIP-seq utilizes a sequence-independent but structure-specific antibody for DNA-RNA immunoprecipitation (DRIP) to capture R-loops for massively parallel DNA sequencing. Introduction An R-loop is a three-stranded nucleic acid structure, which consists of a DNA-RNA hybrid duplex and a displaced single stranded DNA (ssDNA). R-loops are predominantly formed in cytosine-rich genomic regions during transcription and are known to be involved with gene expression and immunoglobulin class switching. They have been found in a variety of species, ranging from bacteria to mammals. They are preferentially localized at CpG island promoters in human cells and highly transcribed regions in yeast. Under abnormal conditions, namely elevated production of DNA-RNA hybrids, R-loops can cause genome instability by exposing single-stranded DNA to endogenous damages exerted by the action of enzymes such as AID and APOBEC, or overexposure to chemically reactive species. Therefore, understanding where and in what circumstances R-loops are formed across the genome is crucial for the better understanding of genome instability. R-loop characterization was initially limited to locus specific approaches. However, upon the arrival of massive parallel sequencing technologies and thereafter derivatives like DRIP-seq, the possibility to investigate entire genomes for R-loops has opened up. DRIP-seq relies on the high specificity and affinity of the S9.6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) towards DNA-RNA hybrids of various lengths. S9.6 mAb was first created and characterized in 1986 and is currently used for the selective immunoprecipitation of R-loops. Since then, it was used in diverse immunoprecipitation methods for R-loop characterization. The concept behind DRIP-seq is similar to ChIP-sequencing; R-loop fragments are the main immunoprecipitated material in DRIP-seq. Uses and Current Research DRIP-seq is mainly used for genome-wide mapping of R-loops. Identifying R-loop formation sites allows the study of diverse cellular events, such as the function of R-loop formation at specific regions, the characterization of these regions, and the impact on gene expression. It can also be used to study the influence of R-loops in other processes like DNA replication and synthesis. Indirectly, DRIP-seq can be performed on mutant cell lines deficient in genes involved in R-loop resolution. These types of studies provide information about the roles of the mutated gene in suppressing DNA-RNA formation and potentially about the significance of R-loops in genome instability. DRIP-seq was first used for genome-wide profiling of R-loops in humans, which showed widespread R-loop formation at CpG island promoters. Particularly, the researchers found that R-loop formation is associated with the unmethylated state of CpG islands. DRIP-seq was later used to profile R-loop formation at transcription start and termination sites in human pluripotent Ntera2 cells. In this study, the researchers revealed that R-loops on 3' ends of genes may be correlated with transcription termination. Workflow of DRIP-seq Genomic DNA extraction First, genomic DNA (gDNA) is extracted from cells of interest by proteinase K treatment followed by phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation. Additional zymolyase digestion is necessary for yeast cells to remove the cell wall prior to proteinase K",
"title": "DRIP-seq"
},
{
"docid": "149544",
"text": "Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical frameworks for molecular systematics were laid in the 1960s in the works of Emile Zuckerkandl, Emanuel Margoliash, Linus Pauling, and Walter M. Fitch. Applications of molecular systematics were pioneered by Charles G. Sibley (birds), Herbert C. Dessauer (herpetology), and Morris Goodman (primates), followed by Allan C. Wilson, Robert K. Selander, and John C. Avise (who studied various groups). Work with protein electrophoresis began around 1956. Although the results were not quantitative and did not initially improve on morphological classification, they provided tantalizing hints that long-held notions of the classifications of birds, for example, needed substantial revision. In the period of 1974–1986, DNA-DNA hybridization was the dominant technique used to measure genetic difference. Theoretical background Early attempts at molecular systematics were also termed chemotaxonomy and made use of proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and other molecules that were separated and characterized using techniques such as chromatography. These have been replaced in recent times largely by DNA sequencing, which produces the exact sequences of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA segments extracted using different techniques. In general, these are considered superior for evolutionary studies, since the actions of evolution are ultimately reflected in the genetic sequences. At present, it is still a long and expensive process to sequence the entire DNA of an organism (its genome). However, it is quite feasible to determine the sequence of a defined area of a particular chromosome. Typical molecular systematic analyses require the sequencing of around 1000 base pairs. At any location within such a sequence, the bases found in a given position may vary between organisms. The particular sequence found in a given organism is referred to as its haplotype. In principle, since there are four base types, with 1000 base pairs, we could have 41000 distinct haplotypes. However, for organisms within a particular species or in a group of related species, it has been found empirically that only a minority of sites show any variation at all, and most of the variations that are found are correlated, so that the number of distinct haplotypes that are found is relatively small. In a molecular systematic analysis, the haplotypes are determined for a defined area of genetic material; a",
"title": "Molecular phylogenetics"
},
{
"docid": "60505164",
"text": "Paul Holes (born March 15, 1968) is an American former cold-case investigator for the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office. Holes is known for his contributions to solving the Golden State Killer case using advanced methods of identifying the killer with DNA and genealogy technology. Since retiring in March 2018, Holes has contributed to books, television, and podcasts about the Golden State Killer and true crime. Early life Holes was born to devoutly Catholic parents. His family moved several times in his childhood due to his father working in the United States Air Force. He studied at the University of California, Davis, from 1986 to 1990. There he received his Bachelor of Science in biochemistry. His interest in scientific investigation of crimes was sparked during childhood by the television series Quincy, M.E. (1976-1983). Career Investigative work Holes was sworn in as an investigator for the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office in Martinez, California, in 1994. In the same year, Holes first discovered the cold case files of the East Area Rapist (EAR). His interest in the case was ignited and he remained close to the files, reviewing them any chance he had between active cases in Contra Costa County until a DNA break in 2001 expanded the case even further. When DNA from the EAR matched a string of unsolved California murders committed by a killer dubbed the \"Original Night Stalker\" (ONS) the case again gained traction. Holes struck up a friendship with journalist Michelle McNamara, who coined the term Golden State Killer (GSK) to publicize the connection between the EAR-ONS cases. In the meantime, Holes helped investigate dozens of cases including those of convicted murderers Philip Joseph Hughes Jr. and Roger Kibbe, and looking into if Phillip Garrido was connected to other unsolved crimes after he was identified as the kidnapper of Jaycee Dugard. After years of gathering evidence for the GSK cases and using as many DNA samples as he could without depleting the evidence, Holes made contact with genealogist and scientist Barbara Rae-Venter. Rae-Venter used DNA from the GSK cases to construct a genetic profile of the suspect and create a family tree that was detailed enough to narrow down the suspects to Joseph James DeAngelo. In March 2018, Holes visited the Citrus Heights home of DeAngelo on his final day as an investigator before his retirement. Holes watched the home for the activity of DeAngelo, who at the time was only a leading suspect tied to the Golden State Killer rapes and murders. Holes decided not to approach the home for fear of causing a disturbance or tipping off DeAngelo of any suspicion of his involvement as a suspect in the case. Using discarded DNA samples from DeAngelo's home, detectives were able to match his DNA to that known to be from the Golden State Killer. DeAngelo was later taken into custody by the Sacramento Police on April 24, 2018. While researching the EAR case, it began to be strongly suspected by some that another high profile",
"title": "Paul Holes"
},
{
"docid": "3737740",
"text": "Differential extraction (also known as differential lysis) refers to the process by which the DNA from two different types of cells can be extracted without mixing their contents. The most common application of this method is the extraction of DNA from vaginal epithelial cells and sperm cells from sexual assault cases in order to determine the DNA profiles of the victim and the perpetrator. Its success is based on the fact that sperm cells pack their DNA using protamines (rather than histones) which are held together by disulfide bonds. The protamines sequester DNA from spermatozoa, making it more resilient to DNA extraction than DNA from epithelial cells. After determining that sperm cells are present (typically through staining and light microscopy) in a vaginal/rectal sample, the subject's epithelial cells are lysed by a standard DNA extraction method, like a phenol/chloroform extraction and their DNA extracted through normal means. The epithelial DNA in solution is removed and saved, while the sperm cell's DNA precipitates with the attached protamines. Differential extraction uses a chemical called dithiothreitol (DTT) to disrupt the sulfur bonds in the protamines in order to release its DNA. Once the DNA is detached from the protamines, it is prone to standard DNA extraction methods. This creates two different DNA fractions from one sample, that of the victim and that of the perpetrator. However, the described method is difficult to carry out because it is both very labor-intensive and time-consuming, leading to a build-up of untested rape kits. An estimated 500.000 rape kits alone in the US. Greenspoon et al. reported improvements in sample processing efficiency and throughput using robotic automation. However, associated costs for implementation in conjunction with low-throughput quantities of samples may be impractical for forensic laboratories and cannot be justified. Recently a multistep nucleic acid extraction procedure was introduced to provide DNA lysates of highest quality. A self-sealing membrane allows a stepwise release and separation of DNA from mixed specimens. Implemented in a spin-column system, it is ideally suitable for DNA extraction procedures involving differential extraction of forensic samples such as epithelium, saliva or blood vs. sperms. Simple and reliable extraction protocols for both, stained samples as well as gynecological swabs, respectively, overcome the often claimed difficulties in differential extraction (e.g. losing a sperm pellet through several washing steps). Furthermore, an early qualified decision whether the process of a differential extraction is worth the time and efforts is possible due to gradual buffer separation. As an immunological pre-test for semen in a sample of sexual assault can be carried out using the identical sample. Workflow First of all human proteins, e.g. human semenogelin antigen, can be optional isolated and immunologically analyzed to quick-check for the presence of human seminal fluid. If this test shows a positive result, the same casework sample will be processed further. The first part of the differential lysis is carried out under mild conditions to gain the female DNA. Lysate of the epithelia cells is retained within the column even during heat incubation and",
"title": "Differential extraction"
},
{
"docid": "55655295",
"text": "DNA profiling is the determination of a DNA profile for legal and investigative purposes. DNA analysis methods have changed countless times over the years as technology changes and allows for more information to be determined with less starting material. Modern DNA analysis is based on the statistical calculation of the rarity of the produced profile within a population. While most well known as a tool in forensic investigations, DNA profiling can also be used for non-forensic purposes such as paternity testing and human genealogy research. History The methods for producing a DNA profile were developed by Alec Jeffreys and his team in 1985. Jefferys discovered that an unknown sample of DNA such as blood, hair, saliva, or semen could be analyzed and a unique DNA pattern/profile could be developed. A year after his discovery, Jefferys was asked to use his new found DNA analysis to convict a man that police believed was responsible for 2 rape murders. Jefferys proved that the man was innocent using DNA from the crime scene. When DNA analysis was first discovered, a process called Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to analyze DNA. However, RFLP was an inefficient process due to the fact that it used up large amounts of DNA which could not always be obtained from a crime scene. Modern day technology has evolved beyond RFLP. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis is the modern day equivalent of RFLP. Not only does STR analysis use less of a sample to analyze DNA, but it also is a part of a larger process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR is a process that can be used to quickly reproduce up to a billion copies of a singular segment of DNA. Methods Retired methods RFLP analysis The first true method of DNA profiling was restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The first use of RFLP analysis in forensic casework was in 1985 in the United Kingdom. This type of analysis used variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) to distinguish between individuals. VNTRs are common throughout the genome and consist of the same DNA sequence repeated again and again. Different individuals can have a different number of repeats at a specific location in the genome. For example, person A could have 4 while person B could have 5 repeats. The differences were visualized through a process called gel electrophoresis. Smaller fragments would travel farther through the gel than larger fragments separating them out. These differences were used to distinguish between individuals and when multiple VNTR sites were run together, RFLP analysis has a high degree of individualizing power. The process of RFLP analysis was extremely time consuming and due to the length of the repeats used, between 9 and 100 base pairs, amplification methods such as the polymerase chain reaction could not be used. This limited RFLP to samples that already had a larger quantity of DNA available to start with and did not perform well with degraded samples. RFLP analysis was the primary type of analysis performed",
"title": "Forensic DNA analysis"
},
{
"docid": "1882227",
"text": "Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that exist as plankton. They are known for nitrogen-fixing abilities, and they form symbiotic relationships with certain plants, such as the mosquito fern. They are one of four genera of cyanobacteria that produce neurotoxins, which are harmful to local wildlife, as well as farm animals and pets. Production of these neurotoxins is assumed to be an input into its symbiotic relationships, protecting the plant from grazing pressure. A DNA sequencing project was undertaken in 1999, which mapped the complete genome of Anabaena, which is 7.2 million base pairs long. The study focused on heterocysts, which convert nitrogen into ammonia. Certain species of Anabaena have been used on rice paddy fields, proving to be an effective natural fertilizer. Nitrogen fixation by Anabaena Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, vegetative cells differentiate into heterocysts at semiregular intervals along the filaments. Heterocyst cells are terminally specialized for nitrogen fixation. The interior of these cells is micro-oxic as a result of increased respiration, inactivation of O2-producing photosystem (PS) II, and formation of a thickened envelope outside of the cell wall. Nitrogenase, sequestered within these cells, transforms dinitrogen into ammonia at the expense of ATP and reductant—both generated by carbohydrate metabolism, a process supplemented, in the light, by the activity of PS I. Carbohydrate, probably in the form of glucose, is synthesized in vegetative cells and moves into heterocysts. In return, nitrogen fixed in heterocysts moves into the vegetative cells, at least in part in the form of amino acids. The fern Azolla, forms a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to this essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a \"super-plant\", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass in as little as 1.9 days. The typical limiting factor on its growth is phosphorus, abundance of which, due to chemical runoff, often leads to Azolla blooms. Unlike other known plants, the symbiotic microorganism is transferred directly from one generation to the next. This has made Anabaena azollae completely dependent on its host, as several of its genes are either lost or have been transferred to the nucleus in Azolla's cells. Primitive vision pigments studied in Anabaena Anabaena is used as a model organism to study simple vision. The process in which light changes the shape of molecules in the retina, thereby driving the cellular reactions and signals that cause vision in vertebrates, is studied in Anabaena. Anabaena sensory rhodopsin, a specific light-sensitive membrane protein, is central to this research. DNA repair Double strand breaks (DSBs) are a type of DNA damage that can be repaired by homologous recombination. This enzymatic repair process occurs in several enzymatic steps including an early step catalyzed by RecN protein. A study of the dynamics of RecN in DSB repair in Anabaena indicated differential regulation of DSB repair so that it is active in vegetative cells but absent in mature heterocysts that are terminal",
"title": "Anabaena"
},
{
"docid": "42071445",
"text": "Denaturation Mapping is a form of optical mapping, first described in 1966. It is used to characterize DNA molecules without the need for amplification or sequencing. It is based on the differences between the melting temperatures of AT-rich and GC-rich regions. Even though modern sequencing methods reduced the need for denaturation mapping, it is still being used for specific purposes, such as detection of large scale structural variants. Methodology When subjected to denaturing factors like increased heat or chemicals like formamide in low levels, DNA is partially denatured in a predictable pattern based on its nucleotide content in different regions. This allows unique fingerprints or ‘barcodes' to be generated for molecules with different sequences not unlike restriction mapping. In the earliest forms of denaturation mapping, DNA was denatured by heating in presence of formaldehyde or glyoxal and visualized using electron microscopy. Dyes that selectively bind to double stranded DNA like ethidium bromide could be used to monitor the extent of denaturation. But it was not possible to observe locations of denaturation based on this information. And requirement of electron microscopy made this method more strenuous to perform. More recently microfluidics were used for denaturation mapping of single molecules. In this method a reservoir that contains individual stained DNA molecules is placed next to nanochannels. Under pressure the molecules are pushed towards the nanochannels, and stretch out. With the application of heat in the presence of formamide the molecules denature and while in these channels, denaturation profile of these molecules can be observed by fluorescence microscopy. Computational Prediction Because of the predictable nature of a denaturation map, given a sequence it is possible to computationally generate a candidate map with relatively high confidence based on the Poland-Sherga model. This algorithm can predict the melting probability of a region for a certain temperature and salt concentration. Based on this probability, potential intensity of a region can be calculated as where and are fluorescence intensities of double and single stranded regions respectively and is the probability of DNA remaining double stranded. Uses Historically, this method was used to compare and analyze properties of a single sequence or a group of sequences such as heterogeneity in the absence of sequencing. It was not uncommon to ribosomal DNA and compare the resulting maps of related organisms not unlike 16s rRNA identification method that is often used today. But development of DNA sequencing techniques rendered this use of the method mostly obsolete. Main advantage of denaturation mapping is that large-scale organization of the genome is left intact during the process. That means long-range structural variants can be detected easily. For detection of large structural variants, it is possible to use this technique to make alignments on these barcodes that will enable one to determine the origins of fragments. For instance it was possible to demonstrate this on T4GT7 DNA that circularly permutates in individual viruses. This was also shown fragments of human chromosomes. Furthermore, as it is possible to profile and locate extremely long sequences (more",
"title": "Denaturation mapping"
},
{
"docid": "1635294",
"text": "Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a technique in molecular biology for the typing of multiple loci, using DNA sequences of internal fragments of multiple housekeeping genes to characterize isolates of microbial species. The first MLST scheme to be developed was for Neisseria meningitidis, the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Since its introduction for the research of evolutionary history, MLST has been used not only for human pathogens but also for plant pathogens. Principle MLST directly measures the DNA sequence variations in a set of housekeeping genes and characterizes strains by their unique allelic profiles. The principle of MLST is simple: the technique involves PCR amplification followed by DNA sequencing. Nucleotide differences between strains can be checked at a variable number of genes depending on the degree of discrimination desired. The workflow of MLST involves: 1) data collection, 2) data analysis and 3) multilocus sequence analysis. In the data collection step, definitive identification of variation is obtained by nucleotide sequence determination of gene fragments. In the data analysis step, all unique sequences are assigned allele numbers and combined into an allelic profile and assigned a sequence type (ST). If new alleles and STs are found, they are stored in the database after verification. In the final analysis step of MLST, the relatedness of isolates are made by comparing allelic profiles. Researchers do epidemiological and phylogenetical studies by comparing STs of different clonal complexes. A huge set of data is produced during the sequencing and identification process so bioinformatic techniques are used to arrange, manage, analyze and merge all of the biological data. To strike the balance between the acceptable identification power, time and cost for the strain typing, about seven to eight house-keeping genes are commonly used in the laboratories. Quoting Staphylococcus aureus as an example, seven housekeeping genes are used in MLST typing. These genes include carbamate kinase (arcC), shikimate dehydrogenase (aroE), glycerol kinase (glpF), guanylate kinase (gmk), phosphate acetyltransferase (pta), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) and acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase (yqiL) as specified by the MLST website. However, it is not uncommon for up to ten housekeeping genes to be used. For Vibrio vulnificus, the housekeeping genes used are glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (glp), DNA gyrase, subunit B (gyrB), malate-lactate dehydrogenase (mdh), methionyl-tRNA synthetase (metG), phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase (purM), threonine dehydrogenase (dtdS), diaminopimelate decarboxylase (lysA), transhydrogenase alpha subunit (pntA), dihydroorotase (pyrC) and tryptophanase (tnaA). Thus both the number and type of housekeeping genes interrogated by MLST may differ from species to species. For each of these housekeeping genes, the different sequences are assigned as alleles and the alleles at the loci provide an allelic profile. A series of profiles can then be the identification marker for strain typing. Sequences that differ at even a single nucleotide are assigned as different alleles and no weighting is given to take into account the number of nucleotide differences between alleles, as we cannot distinguish whether differences at multiple nucleotide sites are a result of multiple point mutations or a single recombinational exchange. The large number",
"title": "Multilocus sequence typing"
},
{
"docid": "1812008",
"text": "Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), pronounced \"rapid\", is a type of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but the segments of DNA that are amplified are random. The scientist performing RAPD creates several arbitrary, short primers (10–12 nucleotides), then proceeds with the PCR using a large template of genomic DNA, hoping that fragments will amplify. By resolving the resulting patterns, a semi-unique profile can be gleaned from an RAPD reaction. No knowledge of the DNA sequence of the targeted genome is required, as the primers will bind somewhere in the sequence, but it is not certain exactly where. This makes the method popular for comparing the DNA of biological systems that have not had the attention of the scientific community, or in a system in which relatively few DNA sequences are compared (it is not suitable for forming a cDNA databank). Because it relies on a large, intact DNA template sequence, it has some limitations in the use of degraded DNA samples. Its resolving power is much lower than targeted, species-specific DNA comparison methods, such as short tandem repeats. In recent years, RAPD has been used to characterize, and trace, the phylogeny of diverse plant and animal species. Introduction RAPD markers are decamer (10 nucleotides long) DNA fragments from PCR amplification of random segments of genomic DNA with a single primer of arbitrary nucleotide sequence and which are able to differentiate between genetically distinct individuals, although not necessarily in a reproducible way. It is used to analyze the genetic diversity of an individual by using random primers. Due to problems in experiment reproducibility, many scientific journals do not accept experiments merely based on RAPDs anymore. RAPD requires only one primer for amplification. How it works After amplification with PCR, samples are loaded into a gel (either agarose or polyacrylamide) for gel electrophoresis. The differing sizes created through random amplification will separate along the gel in a repeatable manner depending on the sample source. This creates a distinct DNA fingerprint. Unlike traditional PCR analysis, RAPD does not require any specific knowledge of the DNA sequence of the target organism: the identical 10-mer primers will or will not amplify a segment of DNA, depending on positions that are complementary to the primers' sequence. For example, no fragment is produced if primers annealed too far apart or 3' ends of the primers are not facing each other. Therefore, if a mutation has occurred in the template DNA at the site that was previously complementary to the primer, a PCR product will not be produced, resulting in a different pattern of amplified DNA segments on the gel. Limitations Nearly all RAPD markers are dominant, i.e. it is not possible to distinguish whether a DNA segment is amplified from a locus that is heterozygous (1 copy) or homozygous (2 copies). Codominant RAPD markers, observed as different-sized DNA segments amplified from the same locus, are detected only rarely. PCR is an enzymatic reaction, therefore, the quality and concentration of template DNA, concentrations of PCR components, and the PCR",
"title": "Random amplification of polymorphic DNA"
},
{
"docid": "31054510",
"text": "Justin Elgen Long, \"The Dub\", is an American businessman and skier who currently resides in British Columbia, Canada. He is known for being the youngest person to ski Mount Stanley in Africa as well as for founding the Amelia Earhart DNA Project. Long currently dedicates himself to the technology industry in Vancouver and is the grandson of aviator and author Elgen Long. Early life and education Long was born in San Diego and was a resident of the Reno-Lake Tahoe area. He graduated with honors from Galena High School in Reno, Nevada and spent his early years skiing in Lake Tahoe. Long received a degree in Health Sciences and Business from Simon Fraser University. Defining work The Amelia Earhart DNA Project In February 2011, Long approached Dr. Dongya Yang at Simon Fraser University with letters written by Amelia Earhart. His actions started the Amelia Earhart DNA Project, where Long currently provides support through logistics and funding. The letters were obtained through his grandfather Elgen Long when he realized that the seals on the envelopes were very likely to contain cells left over after Amelia licked them. The Amelia Earhart DNA project will create the first full genetic profile of the disappeared aviator and be used to examine many of the claimed theories of her disappearance. Automation of Tinder Dating App In early February 2015, an Internet bot that Long developed to intelligently automate the Tinder dating app went viral worldwide. The project, named Tinderbox, was more intelligent than previous attempts to build automated bots on Tinder since it used the Eigenfaces algorithm and machine learning techniques to learn who Long found attractive. Additionally, the bot automated chats to help filter conversations of interest and determine which Tinder matches were truly interested. Snow4Innocents Africa To bring awareness to children's health in southern Uganda in 2010, Long created the Snow4Innocents campaign and became the youngest person to simultaneously climb and ski Mount Stanley, Africa. He was the first skier to use the new southern Rwenzori route from Kilembe trekking over 80 km on foot. Long successfully completed the climb and was acknowledged by figures including the Vice President of Uganda at the opening of Holy Innocents Children's Hospital. In the process he also planted an NHL Canucks flag on the mountain in an idea voted by contestants in an online contest. The campaign was a collaboration between Long and Holy Innocents Children's Hospital and received support from Children's Hospital Oakland, Newschoolers.com, IonEarth, and Oakley. Other work From 2007 to January 2011, Long was known as the Executive Director of ACG Corp., a small PR and design agency in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. After four years servicing clients internationally, Long sold the agency to Blue Lotus Creative, another Vancouver agency. References External links Canadian male ski mountaineers Living people 1988 births",
"title": "Justin Long (businessman)"
},
{
"docid": "46880460",
"text": "ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing) is a technique used in molecular biology to assess genome-wide chromatin accessibility. In 2013, the technique was first described as an alternative advanced method for MNase-seq, FAIRE-Seq and DNase-Seq. ATAC-seq is a faster analysis of the epigenome than DNase-seq or MNase-seq. Description ATAC-seq identifies accessible DNA regions by probing open chromatin with hyperactive mutant Tn5 Transposase that inserts sequencing adapters into open regions of the genome. While naturally occurring transposases have a low level of activity, ATAC-seq employs the mutated hyperactive transposase. In a process called \"tagmentation\", Tn5 transposase cleaves and tags double-stranded DNA with sequencing adaptors. The tagged DNA fragments are then purified, PCR-amplified, and sequenced using next-generation sequencing. Sequencing reads can then be used to infer regions of increased accessibility as well as to map regions of transcription factor binding sites and nucleosome positions. The number of reads for a region correlate with how open that chromatin is, at single nucleotide resolution. ATAC-seq requires no sonication or phenol-chloroform extraction like FAIRE-seq; no antibodies like ChIP-seq; and no sensitive enzymatic digestion like MNase-seq or DNase-seq. ATAC-seq preparation can be completed in under three hours. Applications ATAC-Seq analysis is used to investigate a number of chromatin-accessibility signatures. The most common use is nucleosome mapping experiments, but it can be applied to mapping transcription factor binding sites, adapted to map DNA methylation sites, or combined with sequencing techniques. The utility of high-resolution enhancer mapping ranges from studying the evolutionary divergence of enhancer usage (e.g. between chimps and humans) during development and uncovering a lineage-specific enhancer map used during blood cell differentiation. ATAC-Seq has also been applied to defining the genome-wide chromatin accessibility landscape in human cancers, and revealing an overall decrease in chromatin accessibility in macular degeneration. Computational footprinting methods can be performed on ATAC-seq to find cell specific binding sites and transcription factors with cell specific activity. Single-cell ATAC-seq Modifications to the ATAC-seq protocol have been made to accommodate single-cell analysis. Microfluidics can be used to separate single nuclei and perform ATAC-seq reactions individually. With this approach, single cells are captured by either a microfluidic device or a liquid deposition system before tagmentation. An alternative technique that does not require single cell isolation is combinatorial cellular indexing. This technique uses barcoding to measure chromatin accessibility in thousands of individual cells; it can generate epigenomic profiles from 10,000-100,000 cells per experiment. But combinatorial cellular indexing requires additional, custom-engineered equipment or a large quantity of custom, modified Tn5. Recently, a pooled barcode method called sci-CAR was developed, allowing joint profiling of chromatin accessibility and gene expression of single cells. Computational analysis of scATAC-seq is based on construction of a count matrix with number of reads per open chromatin regions. Open chromatin regions can be defined, for example, by standard peak calling of pseudo bulk ATAC-seq data. Further steps include data reduction with PCA and clustering of cells. scATAC-seq matrices can be extremely large (hundreds of thousands of regions) and is extremely sparse, i.e. less than",
"title": "ATAC-seq"
},
{
"docid": "17269927",
"text": "The MRN complex (MRX complex in yeast) is a protein complex consisting of Mre11, Rad50 and Nbs1 (also known as Nibrin in humans and as Xrs2 in yeast). In eukaryotes, the MRN/X complex plays an important role in the initial processing of double-strand DNA breaks prior to repair by homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining. The MRN complex binds avidly to double-strand breaks both in vitro and in vivo and may serve to tether broken ends prior to repair by non-homologous end joining or to initiate DNA end resection prior to repair by homologous recombination. The MRN complex also participates in activating the checkpoint kinase ATM in response to DNA damage. Production of short single-strand oligonucleotides by Mre11 endonuclease activity has been implicated in ATM activation by the MRN complex. Evolutionary ancestry and biologic function The MRN complex has been mainly studied in eukaryotes. However, recent work shows that two of the three protein components of this complex, Mre11 and Rad50, are also conserved in extant prokaryotic archaea. This finding suggests that key components of the eukaryotic MRN complex are derived by evolutionary descent from the archaea. In the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, the Mre11 protein interacts with the Rad50 protein and appears to have an active role in the repair of DNA damages experimentally introduced by gamma radiation. Similarly, during meiosis in the eukaryotic protist Tetrahymena Mre11 is required for repair of DNA damages, in this case double-strand breaks, by a process that likely involves homologous recombination. Biological function Repair of double-strand DNA breaks In eukaryotes, the MRN complex (through cooperation of its subunits) has been identified as a crucial player in many stages of the repair process of double-strand DNA breaks: initial detection of a lesion, halting of the cell cycle to allow for repair, selection of a specific repair pathway (i.e., via homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining) and providing mechanisms for initiating reconstruction of the DNA molecule (primarily via spatial juxtaposition of the ends of broken chromosomes). Initial detection is thought to be controlled by both Nbs1 and MRE11. Likewise, cell cycle checkpoint regulation is ultimately controlled by phosphorylation activity of the ATM kinase, which is pathway dependent on both Nbs1 and MRE11. MRE11 alone is known to contribute to repair pathway selection, while MRE11 and Rad50 work together to spatially align DNA molecules: Rad50 tethers two linear DNA molecules together while MRE11 fine-tunes the alignment by binding to the ends of the broken chromosomes. Telomere maintenance Telomeres maintain the integrity of the ends of linear chromosomes during replication and protect them from being recognized as double-strand breaks by the DNA repair machinery. MRN participates in telomere maintenance primarily via association with the TERF2 protein of the shelterin complex. Additional studies have suggested that Nbs1 is a necessary component protein for telomere elongation by telomerase. Additionally, knockdown of MRN has been shown to significantly reduce the length of the G-overhang at human telomere ends, which could inhibit the proper formation of the so-called T-loop, destabilizing the telomere",
"title": "MRN complex"
},
{
"docid": "42177410",
"text": "DNA base flipping, or nucleotide flipping, is a mechanism in which a single nucleotide base, or nucleobase, is rotated outside the nucleic acid double helix. This occurs when a nucleic acid-processing enzyme needs access to the base to perform work on it, such as its excision for replacement with another base during DNA repair. It was first observed in 1994 using X-ray crystallography in a methyltransferase enzyme catalyzing methylation of a cytosine base in DNA. Since then, it has been shown to be used by different enzymes in many biological processes such as DNA methylation, various DNA repair mechanisms, and DNA replication. It can also occur in RNA double helices or in the DNA:RNA intermediates formed during RNA transcription. DNA base flipping occurs by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases and unstacking the base from its neighbors. This could occur through an active process, where an enzyme binds to the DNA and then facilitates rotation of the base, or a passive process, where the base rotates out spontaneously, and this state is recognized and bound by an enzyme. It can be detected using X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, or hybridization probes. Discovery Base flipping was first observed in 1994 when researchers Klimasauskas, Kumar, Roberts, and Cheng used X-ray crystallography to view an intermediate step in the chemical reaction of a methyltransferase bound to DNA. The methyltransferase they used was the C5-cytosine methyltransferase from Haemophilus haemolyticus (M. HhaI). This enzyme recognizes a specific sequence of the DNA (5'-GCGC-3') and methylates the first cytosine base of the sequence at its C5 location. Upon crystallization of the M. HhaI-DNA complex, they saw the target cytosine base was rotated completely out of the double helix and was positioned in the active site of the M. HhaI. It was held in place by numerous interactions between the M. HhaI and DNA. The authors theorized that base flipping was a mechanism used by many other enzymes, such as helicases, recombination enzymes, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, and Type II topoisomerases. Much research has been done in the years subsequent to this discovery and it has been found that base flipping is a mechanism used in many of the biological processes the authors suggest. Mechanism DNA nucleotides are held together with hydrogen bonds, which are relatively weak and can be easily broken. Base flipping occurs on a millisecond timescale by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases and unstacking the base from its neighbors. The base is rotated out of the double helix by 180 degrees., typically via the major groove, and into the active site of an enzyme. This opening leads to small conformational changes in the DNA backbone which are quickly stabilized by the increased enzyme-DNA interactions. Studies looking at the free-energy profiles of base flipping have shown that the free-energy barrier to flipping can be lowered by 17 kcal/mol for M.HhaI in the closed conformation. There are two mechanisms of DNA base flipping: active and passive. In the active mechanism, an enzyme binds to",
"title": "DNA base flipping"
},
{
"docid": "2769664",
"text": "Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, also known as AICDA, AID and single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase, is a 24 kDa enzyme which in humans is encoded by the AICDA gene. It creates mutations in DNA by deamination of cytosine base, which turns it into uracil (which is recognized as a thymine). In other words, it changes a C:G base pair into a U:G mismatch. The cell's DNA replication machinery recognizes the U as a T, and hence C:G is converted to a T:A base pair. During germinal center development of B lymphocytes, error-prone DNA repair following AID action also generates other types of mutations, such as C:G to A:T. AID is a member of the APOBEC family. In B cells in the lymph nodes, AID causes mutations that produce antibody diversity, but that same mutation process leads to B cell lymphoma. Function This gene encodes a DNA-editing deaminase that is a member of the cytidine deaminase family. The protein is involved in somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class-switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes in B cells of the immune system. AID is currently thought to be the master regulator of secondary antibody diversification. It is involved in the initiation of three separate immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification processes: Somatic hypermutation (SHM), in which the antibody genes are minimally mutated to generate a library of antibody variants, some of which with higher affinity for a particular antigen than any of its close variants Class switch recombination (CSR), in which B cells change their expression from IgM to IgG or other immune types Gene conversion (GC) a process that causes mutations in antibody genes of chickens, pigs and some other vertebrates. AID has been shown in vitro to be active on single-strand DNA, and has been shown to require active transcription in order to exert its deaminating activity. The involvement of Cis-regulatory factors is suspected as AID activity is several orders of magnitude higher in the immunoglobulin \"variable\" region than other regions of the genome that are known to be subject to AID activity. This is also true of artificial reporter constructs and transgenes that have been integrated into the genome. A recent publication suggests that high AID activity at a few non-immunoglobulin targets is achieved when transcription on opposite DNA strands converges due to super-enhancer activity. Recently, AICDA has been implicated in active DNA demethylation. AICDA can deaminate 5-methylcytosine, which can then be replaced with cytosine by base excision repair. Mechanism AID is believed to initiate SHM in a multi-step mechanism. AID deaminates cytosine in the target DNA. Cytosines located within hotspot motifs are preferentially deaminated (WRCY motifs W=adenine or thymine, R=purine, C=cytosine, Y=pyrimidine, or the inverse RGYW G=guanine). The resultant U:G (U= uracil) mismatch is then subject to one of a number of fates. The U:G mismatch is replicated across creating two daughter species, one that remains unmutated and one that undergoes a C => T transition mutation. (U is analogous to T in DNA and is treated as such when replicated). The uracil may be",
"title": "Activation-induced cytidine deaminase"
},
{
"docid": "6476735",
"text": "Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain to a DNA-cleavage domain. Zinc finger domains can be engineered to target specific desired DNA sequences and this enables zinc-finger nucleases to target unique sequences within complex genomes. By taking advantage of endogenous DNA repair machinery, these reagents can be used to precisely alter the genomes of higher organisms. Alongside CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN, ZFN is a prominent tool in the field of genome editing. Domains DNA-binding domain The DNA-binding domains of individual ZFNs typically contain between three and six individual zinc finger repeats and can each recognize between 9 and 18 basepairs. If the zinc finger domains perfectly recognize a 3 basepair DNA sequence, they can generate a 3-finger array that can recognize a 9 basepair target site. Other procedures can utilize either 1-finger or 2-finger modules to generate zinc-finger arrays with six or more individual zinc fingers. The main drawback with this procedure is the specificities of individual zinc fingers can overlap and can depend on the context of the surrounding zinc fingers and DNA. Without methods to account for this \"context dependence\", the standard modular assembly procedure often fails. Numerous selection methods have been used to generate zinc-finger arrays capable of targeting desired sequences. Initial selection efforts utilized phage display to select proteins that bound a given DNA target from a large pool of partially randomized zinc-finger arrays. More recent efforts have utilized yeast one-hybrid systems, bacterial one-hybrid and two-hybrid systems, and mammalian cells. A promising new method to select novel zinc-finger arrays utilizes a bacterial two-hybrid system and has been dubbed \"OPEN\" by its creators. This system combines pre-selected pools of individual zinc fingers that were each selected to bind a given triplet and then utilizes a second round of selection to obtain 3-finger arrays capable of binding a desired 9-bp sequence. This system was developed by the Zinc-Finger Consortium as an alternative to commercial sources of engineered zinc-finger arrays. (see: Zinc finger chimera for more info on zinc finger selection techniques) DNA-cleavage domain The non-specific cleavage domain from the type IIs restriction endonuclease FokI is typically used as the cleavage domain in ZFNs. This cleavage domain must dimerize in order to cleave DNA and thus a pair of ZFNs are required to target non-palindromic DNA sites. Standard ZFNs fuse the cleavage domain to the C-terminus of each zinc finger domain. To let the two cleavage domains dimerize and cleave DNA, the two individual ZFNs must bind opposite strands of DNA with their C-termini a certain distance apart. The most commonly used linker sequences between the zinc finger domain and the cleavage domain requires the 5′ edge of each binding site to be separated by 5 to 7 bp. Several different protein engineering techniques have been employed to improve both the activity and specificity of the nuclease domain used in ZFNs. Directed evolution has been employed to generate a FokI variant with enhanced cleavage activity that the authors dubbed \"Sharkey\". Structure-based design",
"title": "Zinc-finger nuclease"
},
{
"docid": "15872993",
"text": "Thermococcus litoralis (T. litoralis) is a species of Archaea that is found around deep-sea hydrothermal vents as well as shallow submarine thermal springs and oil wells. It is an anaerobic organotroph hyperthermophile that is between in diameter. Like the other species in the order thermococcales, T. litoralis is an irregular hyperthermophile coccus that grows between . Unlike many other thermococci, T. litoralis is non-motile. Its cell wall consists only of a single S-layer that does not form hexagonal lattices. Additionally, while many thermococcales obligately use sulfur as an electron acceptor in metabolism, T. litoralis only needs sulfur to help stimulate growth, and can live without it. T. litoralis has recently been popularized by the scientific community for its ability to produce an alternative DNA polymerase to the commonly used Taq polymerase. The T. litoralis polymerase, dubbed the vent polymerase, has been shown to have a lower error rate than Taq but due to its proofreading 3’–5’ exonuclease abilities. DNA polymerase The DNA polymerase of Thermococcus litoralis is stable at high temperatures, with a half-life of eight hours at and two hours at . It also has a proofreading activity that is able to reduce mutation frequencies to a level 2–4 times lower than most non-proofreading DNA polymerases. Habitat and ecology T. litoralis grows near shallow and deep sea hydrothermal vents in extremely hot water. The optimal growth temperature for T. litoralis is 85–88 °C. It also prefers slightly acidic waters, growing between pH 4.0 to 8.0 with the optimal pH between 6.0–6.4. Unlike many other hyperthermophiles, T. litoralis is only facultatively dependent on sulfur as a final electron acceptor in fermentation, producing hydrogen gas in its absence and hydrogen sulfide when present. Additionally, T. litoralis has been shown to produce an exopolysaccharide (EPS) that could possibly help it form a biofilm. It is made of mannose, sulfites, and phosphorus. Physiology T. litoralis can utilize pyruvate, maltose, and amino acids as energy sources. In a laboratory setting, T. litoralis must be supplied with amino acids in order to grow at non-reduced rates. The only amino acids it does not require are asparagine, glutamine, alanine, and glutamate. These amino acids may not be vital for T. litoralis because asparagine and glutamine tend to deaminate at high temperatures found around hydrothermic vents and alanine and glutamate can usually be produced by other hyperthermophilic archaea. The main carbon source for T. litoralis seems to be maltose, which can be brought into the cell via a maltose-trehalose ABC transporter. T. litoralis has a specialized glycolytic pathway called the modified Embden–Meyerhoff (EM) pathway. One way the modified EM pathway in T. litoralis deviates from the common EM pathway is that the modified version contains an ADP dependent hexose kinase and PFK instead of an ATP dependent versions of the enzymes. Novel strains New DNA analysis has shown several isolates of T. litoralis, MW and Z-1614, which are most likely new strains. MW and Z-1614 were confirmed to be strains of T. litoralis through DNA-DNA hybridization, C–G",
"title": "Thermococcus litoralis"
},
{
"docid": "241191",
"text": "In genomics, DNA–DNA hybridization is a molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between DNA sequences. It is used to determine the genetic distance between two organisms and has been used extensively in phylogeny and taxonomy. Method The DNA of one organism is labelled, then mixed with the unlabelled DNA to be compared against. The mixture is incubated to allow DNA strands to dissociate and then cooled to form renewed hybrid double-stranded DNA. Hybridized sequences with a high degree of similarity will bind more firmly, and require more energy to separate them: i.e. they separate when heated at a higher temperature than dissimilar sequences, a process known as \"DNA melting\". To assess the melting profile of the hybridized DNA, the double-stranded DNA is bound to a column or filter and the mixture is heated in small steps. At each step, the column or filter is washed; sequences that melt become single-stranded and wash off. The temperatures at which labelled DNA comes off reflects the amount of similarity between sequences (and the self-hybridization sample serves as a control). These results are combined to determine the degree of genetic similarity between organisms. One method was introduced for hybridizing large numbers of DNA samples against large numbers of DNA probes on a single membrane. These samples would have to be separated in their own lanes inside the membranes and then the membrane would have to be rotated to a different angle where it would result in simultaneous hybridization with many different DNA probes. Uses When several species are compared, similarity values allow organisms to be arranged in a phylogenetic tree; it is therefore one possible approach to carrying out molecular systematics. In microbiology DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) is used as a primary method to distinguish bacterial species as it is difficult to visually classify them accurately. This technique is not widely used on larger organisms where differences in species are easier to identify. In the late 1900s, strains were considered to belong to the same species if they had a DNA–DNA similarity value greater than 70% and their melting temperatures were within 5 °C of each other. In 2014, a threshold of 79% similarity has been suggested to separate bacterial subspecies. DDH is a common technique for bacteria, but it is labor intensive, error-prone, and technically challenging. In 2004, a new DDH technique was described. This technique utilized microplates and colorimetrically labelled DNA to decrease the time needed and increase the amount of samples that can be processed. This new DDH technique became the standard for bacterial taxonomy. In zoology Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist, pioneers of the technique, used DNA–DNA hybridization to examine the phylogenetic relationships of avians (the Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy) and primates. In radioactivity In 1969, one such method was performed by Mary Lou Pardue and Joseph G. Gall at the Yale University through radioactivity where it involved the hybridization of a radioactive test DNA in solution to the stationary DNA of a cytological preparation, which is identified as",
"title": "DNA–DNA hybridization"
},
{
"docid": "53368771",
"text": "Pharmacomicrobiomics, proposed by Prof. Marco Candela for the ERC-2009-StG project call (proposal n. 242860, titled \"PharmacoMICROBIOMICS, study of the microbiome determinants of the different drug responses between individuals\"), and publicly coined for the first time in 2010 by Rizkallah et al. (from Ramy K. Aziz research group), is defined as the effect of microbiome variations on drug disposition, action, and toxicity. Pharmacomicrobiomics is concerned with the interaction between xenobiotics, or foreign compounds, and the gut microbiome. It is estimated that over 100 trillion prokaryotes representing more than 1000 species reside in the gut. Within the gut, microbes help modulate developmental, immunological and nutrition host functions. The aggregate genome of microbes extends the metabolic capabilities of humans, allowing them to capture nutrients from diverse sources. Namely, through the secretion of enzymes that assist in the metabolism of chemicals foreign to the body, modification of liver and intestinal enzymes, and modulation of the expression of human metabolic genes, microbes can significantly impact the ingestion of xenobiotics. Efforts to understand the interaction between specific xenobiotics and the microbiome have traditionally involved the use of in vivo as well as in vitro models. Recently, next generation sequencing of genomic DNA obtained from a community of microbes has been used to identify organisms within microbial communities, allowing for accurate profiles of the composition of microbes within an environment. Initiatives such as the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) have aimed to characterize the microbial composition of the oral, gut, vaginal, skin and nasal environments. This and other microbiome characterization projects have accelerated the study of pharmacomicrobiomics. An extensive understanding of the microbiome in the human body can lead to the development of novel therapeutics and personalized drug treatments that are not potentiated or activated by processes carried out by the microbiome. History In a 1973 paper, Ronald Scheline stated that the gastrointestinal microbiome has the ability to act as an organ with metabolic potential at least equal to the liver. Since then, the importance of the human microbiome in mediating health and disease has been acknowledged, and specific interactions between xenobiotics and microbes have been characterized using in vitro or in vivo methods. However, few studies have taken into account the complete metabolic profile, leading some to say that the microbiome's cumulative role in xenobiotic metabolism and toxicology has largely remained unexplored. It is reported that 84% of the top-selling pharmaceuticals in the US and Europe are administered orally, making it the most common mode of drug administration. The implication of this is that a large proportion of drugs, especially those that are lowly soluble and permeable ones, encounter the microbiome and are subject to reductive and hydrolytic reactions. The view of the human microbiome as an organ is quite common in scientific literature; however, it is more biologically correct to view it as a cloud, since a 'microbiome cloud model' better reflects the uncertainty associated with the dynamic composition of the microbiome. Understanding the microbiome variability is key to understanding and modulating pharmacomicrobiomic interactions. The same",
"title": "Pharmacomicrobiomics"
},
{
"docid": "29155762",
"text": "Katie's Law, also known as the Katie Sepich Enhanced DNA Collection Act of 2010, is a federal law to provide funding to states to implement minimum and enhanced DNA collection processes for felony arrests. The bill is named after Katie Sepich, who was brutally attacked outside of her New Mexico home in August 2003. She was raped, strangled, her body set on fire, and abandoned at an old dump site. Summary Katie's attacker's skin and blood were found under her fingernails. This DNA profile was sent to the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) where officials hoped a match would be made. A DNA match identified Gabriel Adrian Avila, who had been arrested in November 2003 for aggravated burglary and was serving time in the New Mexico Corrections System since November 2004. After being confronted with his DNA evidence, Avila subsequently confessed to the murder of Sepich. The experience of Katie's parents, Jayann and Dave Sepich, in bringing Katie's killer to justice motivated them to advocate for legislation that would expand the use of DNA to arrest and convict criminals: Jayann and Dave Sepich, Katie's parents, began researching the role of DNA in solving crimes. At first they just wanted to find and punish the person who had murdered their daughter; but as they learned more about how DNA can solve crimes, they also learned it could do so much more–it can prevent crimes and save lives. The proposed legislation encourages states to collect a sample through DNA profiling from individuals who are: arrested for, charged with or indicted for crimes involving murder, manslaughter, sexual assaults, and kidnapping or abduction. The collected samples are included in CODIS which contains more than 5 million records and used by law enforcement agencies. DNA profiling is not the same as full genome sequencing and contains no genetic information. There are over 3 billion markers in the DNA molecule and only 13 of these markers go into CODIS. Law's expansion Susana Martinez was the attorney who prosecuted and convicted the killer. While she was District Attorney, Martinez worked to pass legislation that would expand Katie's Law, requiring a DNA sample for all felony arrests. While Governor of New Mexico, Martinez signed the expansion bill into law in April 2011. National growth On February 4, 2010 Congressman Harry Teague (D-NM) introduced H.R. 4614. The bill had 11 co-sponsors: Rep. Gerry Connolly (D-VA) Rep. Martin Heinrich (D-NM) Rep. Tim Holden (D-PA) Rep. Steve Kagen (D-WI) Rep. Suzanne Kosmas (D-FL) Rep. Ben Ray Lujan (D-NM) Rep. Betsy Markey (D-CO) Rep. David Reichert (R-WA) Rep. Thomas J. Rooney (R-FL) Rep. Adam B. Schiff (D-CA) Rep. Anthony Weiner (D-NY) On May 18, the bill was passed in the House by a vote of 357 to 32. In the Senate side, S. 3805 was introduced by Sen. Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) on September 20, 2010 and co-sponsored by Sen. Michael Bennet (D-CO), Sen. Charles Schumer (D-NY), Sen. Tom Udall (D-NM). As of 2018, no action has been taken on the bill. 25",
"title": "Katie's Law"
},
{
"docid": "27341280",
"text": "5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) is a thymidine analogue which is incorporated into the DNA of dividing cells. EdU is used to assay DNA synthesis in cell culture and detect cells in embryonic, neonatal and adult animals which have undergone DNA synthesis. Whilst at high doses it can be cytotoxic, this molecule is now widely used to track proliferating cells in multiple biological systems. EdU-labelling allows cells to be isolated without denaturing DNA, allowing researchers to determine the transcriptional profile of cells. This approach has been used to assess transcription in neuronal cells and tissues that have recently divided either in vitro or in vivo. Detection EdU is labeled and detected with an azide molecule (most commonly fluorescent azides) through Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry. Unlike the commonly used bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), EdU detection requires no heat or acid treatment. Toxicity EdU incorporated into DNA induces DNA damage through the formation of interstrand crosslinks. These are detected by the cell during DNA replication, which is reflected by phosphorylation of histone H2AX, arrest in the cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. References External links Nucleosides Staining dyes Pyrimidinediones Ethynyl compounds",
"title": "5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine"
}
] | [
"DNA fingerprinting",
"DNA typing",
"DNA testing"
] |
train_22575 | who wrote the magna carta and when was it written | [
{
"docid": "19769447",
"text": "The phrase law of the land is a legal term, equivalent to the Latin lex terrae, or legem terrae in the accusative case. It refers to all of the laws in force within a country or region, including statute law and case-made law. Use in Magna Carta In the year 1215, this term was used in Magna Carta. Perhaps the most famous clause (number 39 in the 1215 charter, clause 29 in the 1297 statute) of Magna Carta states: No Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or be disseised of his Freehold, or Liberties, or free Customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any other wise destroyed; nor will We not pass upon him, nor condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land. This is sometimes called the \"law of the land clause\". Magna Carta was originally written in Latin, and the Latin term is lex terrae, or legem terrae in the accusative case (i.e. when the term is being used as the object in a sentence). Emulation of Magna Carta Over 500 years later, following the American Revolution, legislators looked to Magna Carta for inspiration, and emulated its \"law of the land\" language. Versions of it can be found in the Virginia Constitution of 1776, the Constitution of North Carolina of 1776, the Delaware Constitution of 1776, the Maryland Constitution of 1776, the New York Constitution of 1777, the South Carolina Constitution of 1778, the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780, and the New Hampshire Constitution of 1784. In 1787, the Continental Congress adopted the Northwest Ordinance for governance of areas in the United States outside of the individual states. Congress wrote: \"No man shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land.\" Following adoption of the United States Constitution, Congress re-adopted the Northwest Ordinance in 1789. Use in the United States Constitution This term was used in 1787 to write the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which states: \"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the land....\" The Supremacy Clause is the only place in the Constitution where this exact term was used. Meaning and interpretation This term has been the subject of numerous scholarly works and judicial decisions over the years. Usually the English term is used, but sometimes the Latin: lex terrae, or legem terrae in the accusative case (i.e. when the term is being used as the object in a sentence). What it includes Judges and barristers have said for many centuries that the words \"law of the land\" refer to particular legal requirements. For example, William Bereford, Justice of the Common Pleas, said in 1308 that the then-existing \"law of the land requires\" a tenant to be summoned by two summoners. In 1550, it",
"title": "Law of the land"
},
{
"docid": "33773392",
"text": "1215: The Year of Magna Carta is a historical documentation of life in Medieval England written by author and journalist Danny Danziger and emeritus professor of history at the London School of Economics John Gillingham. It was originally published in 2003 by Hodder & Stoughton, a division of Hodder Headline. In 2004, it was published in the United States by Touchstone. This book is a sequel to Danziger's previous work, The Year 1000, which he co-authored with author Robert Lacey. Content Overview 1215: The Year of Magna Carta is a work of creative non-fiction, a method of writing which is rarely used in writing a historical text. The book goes into detail about life in the Middle Ages, specifically in the year 1215. The book begins by explaining the everyday life of someone of royalty, then of the average peasant. It explains school, the countryside, hunting, tournaments, battles and the church. Throughout the book, several references to Magna Carta are intertwined with everyday events. For example, the chapter entitled \"Family Strife\" begins with the quotation from clause 62 of Magna Carta: \"We have completely remitted and pardoned to all any ill will, grudge and rancor that have arisen between us and our subjects.\" 1215: The Year of Magna Carta continues to describe the life of a common scholar, where studies in the medical field were greatly encouraged to students who had failed at studying philosophy. While Oxford and Cambridge were the ideal universities to study, smaller schools became established in Salerno and Montpellier. This section goes on to explain women's education, which ended for them at age fifteen. After Danziger and Gillingham go at length explaining life in the Middle Ages, they begin to speak of how Magna Carta came to be, starting with King John. King John and Magna Carta The story of King John is told from his birth to his death, in between being his struggle in accepting to sign Magna Carta. Danziger and Gilingham go at length to explain the reasons that caused him to be spoiled as a child, that is, being neglected as a child. This led to his tyrannous rule as King of England after the death of his brother, Richard I. He had several mistresses, was unfaithful to his wife, and raised the taxes in England which made it impossible for the peasants to live. Thus, Magna Carta was written by the Barons of England to give the country a guideline. The book ends with the reasons for the writing of Magna Carta. This includes the problems faced by the women and children of Medieval England who had hardly any rights, and how knights were duty-bound to protect them. There is an entire section that explains the myths regarding the writing and signing of Magna Carta. Some of the myths include: Magna Carta having no meaning after Prince Louis was crowned king and that it would not be an influential document for the rest of the world. Critical reception 1215: The Year",
"title": "1215: The Year of Magna Carta"
},
{
"docid": "23536034",
"text": "William Walwyn (bap. 1600–1681) was an English pamphleteer, a Leveller and a medical practitioner. Life Walwyn was a silkman in London who took the parliamentary side in the English Civil War. He advocated religious toleration and emerged as a leader of the Levellers in 1647, which led to his imprisonment in 1649. In October 1645 Walwyn published England's Lamentable Slaverie, his famous rebuke to John Lilburne, in which he criticised his fellow Leveller for a misguided reliance on Magna Carta of 1215 as the foundation for citizens' rights. He argued that Magna Carta was \"more precious in your [Lilburne's] esteem than it deserveth\", dismissing it as a small set of concessions \"wrestled out of the pawes\" of Norman conquerors and describing it as, \"a messe of pottage\" and, (in the following year), \"but a beggerly thing containing many marks of intollerable bondage\". Walwyn's critique of the appeal to Magna Carta was compelling and fundamentally accurate, and he proposed instead a fresh charter, a proto-social contract founded on equity and right reason, rather than on compromised accretions of the law. During 1646 he wrote five pamphlets in response to Thomas Edwards' Gangraena, in which Walwyn was described as \"a Seeker, a dangerous man, a strong head\". In 1649, while held in the Tower of London on a charge of Treason, he published \"The Fountain of Slaunder Discovered\" and \"Walwyns Just Defence\" to defend his character against the publication of \"Walwyn's Wiles\". The pamphlet had seven authors who were the leading Baptist and Independent preachers in London at the time Arnald, Burnet, Foster, Kiffin, Lordall, Price, and Rosier, but was mainly drafted by John Price who had previously attacked Walwyn in print after four of the Leveller petitions were burnt by the common hangman in June 1647 (see \"Gold Tried in the Fire\"). In Price's opinion it was Walwyn, not Lilburne, who was the most dangerous of the Leveller leaders. In 1653, when Lilburne was arrested having returned from exile in Bruges, Overton and Prince rallied support, Walwyn however was arrested and held in the tower until Lilburne's trial was concluded. William Walwyn died in 1681 and was buried in the New Churchyard, Bethlem, where John Lilburne and other members of the Walwyn family were also buried. Walwyn's Wiles This pamphlet was written by seven of the leading London Independent and Baptist preachers and published whilst Walwyn and the other Leveller leaders were held in the tower. The full title was \"Walwyn's Wiles, or the Manifestators manifested, ... declaring the subtle and crafy wiles, the atheistical, blasphemous soul-murdering principles and practices of Mr William Walwyn\". Walwyn's Wiles was a response to the jointly signed Leveller pamphlet \"A Manifestation\" (April 14, 1649) which whilst it denied that they intended to level men's estates also stood firm on the principles outlined in The Agreement of the People. In the ten pages of Wiles Walwyn is variously described as a Jesuit, a bigamist, of having persuaded a woman to commit suicide, and that he would",
"title": "William Walwyn"
},
{
"docid": "46991599",
"text": "Magna Carta of Chester, or Cheshire, was a charter of rights issued in 1215 in the style of Magna Carta. The charter is primarily concerned with the relationship between the Earl of Chester and his barons, though the final clause states that the barons must allow similar concessions to their own tenants. Background The Runnymede Charter of Liberties did not apply to the shire of Chester, which at the time was a separate feudal domain. At the petitions of his barons, the Earl of Chester, Ranulf III set out his own charter. The similarities between many of the clauses in the Magna Carta of Chester and those in Magna Carta indicates that it was written after King John issued the latter on 19 June 1215. In the early 1200s, the Earldom of Chester was the only county palatine on the Welsh Marches; Ranulf III ruled Chester as a separate feudal domain. His barons living outside of Cheshire are referred to as his 'knights from England'. In the late 12th century manuscript De laude Cestrie, Lucian of Chester describes the county as obedient, 'more to the sword of its prince than to the crown of the king.' Ranulf III had been loyal to the king during the First Barons' War and had supported Magna Carta. Ranulf III, William Marshal, the Earl of Derby and Earl of Warwick were the most powerful supporters of the king. In 1215, Ranulf was one of the few magnates to serve as a witness for Magna Carta. Before John's death in 1216, rebel barons offered the throne of England to Prince Louis of France. Louis arrived in England unopposed in the summer of 1216 and took Winchester. Ranulf was an outspoken supporter for the re-issuing of Magna Carta after Louis' retreat in 1217. He also witnessed the 1225 re-issue of the Runnymead Magna Carta. His general support for John's Magna Carta, makes the issuing of his own no surprise. Content The charter is recorded as having been issued, 'at the petition of the barons of Cheshire,' suggesting that they were sufficiently discontented that Ranulf III attempted to pacify them before taking the cross. The charter has 13 clauses, in contrast to the 60 of Magna Carta. Clauses 1 & 4 Several clauses approach issues found in the Runnymede charter, but in a different way. Clauses 1 and 4 deal with the rival claims of the earl's court and barons' courts to jurisdiction over tenants living on baronial estates. Clause 1 acknowledges the earl's right to judge the most serious offences, but Clause 4 allows defendants of his court to plea 'thwetnic' (total denial), on which the defendant would be released to the jurisdiction of their baron. Clauses 2 & 3 Clauses 2 and 3 refer to the system whereby fugitive villeins from outside the county, including those fleeing justice, could take refuge on the estates of the earl or his barons. This was accompanied by an obligation on the part of male fugitives to provide labour",
"title": "Magna Carta of Chester"
},
{
"docid": "3007312",
"text": "Magna Carta is the first of a series of constitutional charters in English law. Magna Carta may also refer to: Music Magna Carta (band), an English folk rock band Magna Carta... Holy Grail, a 2013 album by Jay-Z Magna Carta Records, a music label Places Magna Carta Island, in the River Thames in England Magna Carta Place, in Canberra, Australia Magna Carta Memorial, at Runnymede, England Video games Magna Carta (series) Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche, a 2001 Korean RPG video game Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata, a 2004 Korean RPG video game MagnaCarta 2, a 2009 Korean RPG videogame Other uses Magna Carta (barge), a hotel barge Magna Carta (Italy), a think tank within The People of Freedom political party Magna Carta (An Embroidery), an artwork by Cornelia Parker Magna Carta revolt of 1213-1215 The Magna Carta School, a school in Surrey, England The Magna Carta of Aragon of 1287, see Union of Aragon See also Magna Carta Hiberniae, an issue of the English Magna Carta, or Great Charter of Liberties in Ireland",
"title": "Magna Carta (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "24708749",
"text": "Ironclad is a 2011 British action historical drama film directed by Jonathan English. Written by English and Erick Kastel, based on a screenplay by Stephen McDool, the cast includes James Purefoy, Brian Cox, Kate Mara, Paul Giamatti, Vladimir Kulich, Mackenzie Crook, Jason Flemyng, Derek Jacobi, and Charles Dance. The film chronicles the siege of Rochester Castle by King John in 1215. The film was shot entirely in Wales in 2009 and produced on a budget of $25 million. Plot A prologue describes how the barons of England, aided by the Knights Templar, fought against the tyrannical King John in a war that lasted more than three years. The war ended with King John signing Magna Carta, a document granting rights to all English freemen. John regrets signing the Magna Carta. In retaliation, John hires an army of pagan Danish mercenaries under the leadership of warlord Tiberius to restore his absolute authority over the kingdom. The Abbot Marcus leads three Templar knights on a pilgrimage to Canterbury and they take shelter from the rain at Darnay Castle. One of the knights, Thomas Marshall, is assured by the abbot that Marshall's release from the Templar Order will be sought at Canterbury. By morning, King John arrives at the castle with his army and mercenaries. Baron Darnay signed Magna Carta and in retribution John orders him hanged. The Abbot attempts to intervene and the King orders that the abbot's tongue be cut off. Marshall and the two other knights fight the Danes, during which Marshall escapes the castle on horseback carrying the abbot; the two knights left behind are slain. The abbot dies before night of his wound, and Marshall breaks his vow of silence to swear that his sacrifice will not be in vain. Once he has reached Canterbury, Marshall meets with Archbishop Langton, the author of Magna Carta, and Baron William d'Aubigny, a former soldier turned wool merchant. Langton reveals that the Pope has sided with King John and that he himself is to be excommunicated for writing Magna Carta. The three men agree that John must be stopped, and that the place to do so is Rochester Castle, the seat of Baron Cornhill and a strategic stronghold that controls southern England and allows access to London and the rest of the country. d'Aubigny persuades three of his men to join him, including his squire, Guy, and a petty criminal named Jedediah, but a fourth turns down the baron's call to arms. A party of seven finally leaves for Rochester where, on arriving, they discover several Danish mercenaries have already claimed the castle; the fourth man had betrayed them to the king. Aubigny's party fights and kills the Danes, and then claim Rochester Castle in the name of the rebellion, much to the displeasure of Cornhill. When John's army finally arrives and lays siege to Rochester, the garrison holds fast and manages to beat the initial Danish assault. In the aftermath, Aubigny offers his men leave if they wish; none accept.",
"title": "Ironclad (film)"
},
{
"docid": "63497669",
"text": "Henry Summerson is an English historian. He is the author of a number of books. Summerson worked for the Carlisle Archaeological Unit and wrote a history of medieval Carlisle (1993). He was then employed by English Heritage writing a number of guidebooks on English castles. He is an editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, for which he has written 165 articles. He was Research Edition for the Dictionary'''s medieval and Tudor articles, and is now an associate research editor. He has taken part in the Oxford Holinshed Project. A participant in the Magna Carta Project, Summerson has written commentaries chapter by chapter of the original Magna Carta of 1215, and its sequel of 1225. Summerson is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. WorksThe maintenance of law and order in England, 1227-63. Ph.D. dissertation 1975, University of Cambridge, supervisor D. J. V. FisherCrown Pleas of the Devon Eyre of 1238 (1985), court records, editorMedieval Carlisle: The City and the Borders from the Late Eleventh to the Mid-Sixteenth Century (1993, 2 vols.)Crown Pleas of the Wiltshire Eyre, 1268 (2012), court records, editor with Brenda Farr and Christopher Robin ElringtonCarlisle Castle'' (2013), with M. R. McCarthy, and R. G. Annis References External links Henry Summerson at GoodReads Year of birth unknown Living people British male writers Fellows of the Royal Historical Society Year of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Henry Summerson"
},
{
"docid": "585250",
"text": "In the 1760s William Blackstone described the Fundamental Laws of England in Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book the First – Chapter the First : Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals as \"the absolute rights of every Englishman\" and traced their basis and evolution as follows: Magna Carta between King John and his barons in 1215 confirmation of Magna Carta by King Henry III to Parliament in 1216, 1217, and 1225 Confirmatio Cartarum (Confirmation of Charters) 1253 a multitude of subsequent corroborating statutes, from King Edward I to King Henry IV the Petition of Right, a parliamentary declaration in 1628 of the liberties of the people, assented to by King Charles I more concessions made by King Charles I to his Parliament many laws, particularly the Habeas Corpus Act 1679, passed under King Charles II the Bill of Rights 1689 assented to by King William III and Queen Mary II the Act of Settlement 1701 Blackstone's list was an 18th-century constitutional view, and the Union of the Crowns had occurred in 1603 between Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland, and the 1628 Petition of Right had already referred to the fundamental laws being violated. Recorded usage The phrase Fundamental Laws of England has often been used by those opposing particular legislative, royal or religious initiatives. For example, in 1641 the House of Commons of England protested that the Roman Catholic Church was \"subverting the fundamental laws of England and Ireland\", part of a campaign ending in 1649 with the beheading of King Charles I. Subsequently, the phrase was used by the Leveller Lt. Col. John Lilburne (later to become a Quaker) accusing the House of Lords and House of Commons of tyranny in The Just Defence of John Lilburne, Against Such as charge him with Turbulency of Spirit. Lilburne also wrote a 1646 book called The Legal Fundamental Liberties of the People of England, asserted, revived and vindicated. Also in 1646, the General Court of Massachusetts referred to the Fundamental Laws of England in regard to Magna Carta, while defending their representative and legislative autonomy in their address to the Long Parliament. In his 1670 trial, William Penn called upon the phrase many times, including \"However, this I leave upon your Consciences, who are of the Jury (and my sole Judges) that if these Ancient Fundamental Laws, which relate to Liberty and Property, and (are not limited to particular Persuasions in Matters of Religion) must not be indispensably maintained and observed, Who can say he hath Right to the Coat upon his Back?\" The aftermath of the trial established Bushell's Case, preventing a jury from being fined for its verdict. In the 1774 pamphlet American Claim of Rights, South Carolina's Chief Justice William Drayton wrote Other famous subscribers to the phrase include Lord Coke (1522–1634), Emerich de Vattel (1714–1767), and Samuel Adams (1722–1803). Unwritten history Locke's view in Two Treatises of Government (1690) was \"that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his",
"title": "Fundamental Laws of England"
},
{
"docid": "65750526",
"text": "Magna Carta: The True Story Behind the Charter is a book by historian David Starkey. It was published in 2015 by Hodder & Stoughton. The book tells the story of the writing of the royal charter of rights Magna Carta. Starkey writes about its background, its history and what he believes is so great and important about it. Background 2015 was the 800th anniversary of the first issuing of Magna Carta. To coincide with this, new academic works on the subject were published and events held to mark the anniversary. Starkey presented a one-hour BBC documentary on Magna Carta, and it was accompanied by a book published by Hodder and Stoughton. In the documentary, Starkey argues that Magna Carta is a foundational stone of the rule of law and a basis constitutions because he believes states tends towards being \"arrogance, corruption and conflict with its people\", while the citizens tend towards being “disorderly, irrational and bloody-minded”. Starkey writes that Magna Carta is essential in keeping peace and constraints on the state and the citizen population and says that it is this rather shaky 800 year old document that has led to a \"constitutional edifice\" developing in the UK. Synopsis Starkey starts by describing the origins of Magna Carta. He tells the story of the warring parties and the fight involved in the creation and writing of the charter. He argues that the story of the birth of English constitutional government is much murkier and more complicated than the general view that it had been born at Runnymede on 15 June 1215. Nevertheless, Starkey writes that this symbolised a great English capacity to find peaceful compromise in politics. The book mostly focuses on telling the story behind the charter, how the barons forced King John to seal the charter. The story follows the differences between the original Magna Carta of 1215 and the subsequent Magna Carta of November 1216 which followed the death of King John a month before. Starkey concludes the book by writing about his views on the political implications of Magna Carta in present-day politics. He believes that the modern UK state appears to be fragmenting and would be helped by the core principles of the charter with a new charter of liberties or a new William Marshal figure. Reception The book received positive and negative feedback. Gerard DeGroot of The Times reviewed the book favourably, saying that Starkey is \"a perceptive historian with a populist's ability to communicate... admirable for its lucidity and brevity; this book is all that most people will need to know about the epochal charter and its legacy. Starkey also has the courage and imagination to interpret Magna Carta in a manner that has profound meaning for the world of today.\" Frank MacGabhann of The Irish Times was very positive about the book, saying that it was \"scholarly yet accessible. Analytical yet clear, it is a pleasure to read.\" In Speculum, medieval historian James Masschaele took a more critical review. He noted that",
"title": "Magna Carta: The True Story Behind the Charter"
},
{
"docid": "40359",
"text": "Due process of law is application by the state of all legal rules and principles pertaining to a case so all legal rights that are owed to a person are respected. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this constitutes a due process violation, which offends the rule of law. Due process has also been frequently interpreted as limiting laws and legal proceedings (see substantive due process) so that judges, instead of legislators, may define and guarantee fundamental fairness, justice, and liberty. That interpretation has proven controversial. Analogous to the concepts of natural justice and procedural justice used in various other jurisdictions, the interpretation of due process is sometimes expressed as a command that the government must not be unfair to the people or abuse them physically or mentally. The term is not used in contemporary English law, but two similar concepts are natural justice, which generally applies only to decisions of administrative agencies and some types of private bodies like trade unions, and the British constitutional concept of the rule of law as articulated by A. V. Dicey and others. However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American theory of due process, which, as explained below, presently contains many implied rights not found in either ancient or modern concepts of due process in England. Due process developed from clause 39 of Magna Carta in England. Reference to due process first appeared in a statutory rendition of clause 39 in 1354 thus: \"No man of what state or condition he be, shall be put out of his lands or tenements nor taken, nor disinherited, nor put to death, without he be brought to answer by due process of law.\" When English and American law gradually diverged, due process was not upheld in England but became incorporated in the US Constitution. By jurisdiction Magna Carta In clause 39 of Magna Carta, issued in 1215, John of England promised: \"No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land.\" Magna Carta itself immediately became part of the \"law of the land\", and Clause 61 of that charter authorized an elected body of 25 barons to determine by majority vote what redress the King must provide when the King offends \"in any respect against any man\". Thus, Magna Carta established the rule of law in England by not only requiring the monarchy to obey the law of the land but also limiting how the monarchy could change the law of the land. However, in the 13th century, the provisions may have been referring only to the rights of landowners, and not",
"title": "Due process"
},
{
"docid": "17998985",
"text": "Gérard De Athée written in Magna Carta 1215 as Gerardi de Athyes. He was a Principal military commander and Lord from Athee Sur Cher in now France. He possessed his own Castle, Arms and badge of \"A Lion contrapasssant qui retourne ca tete\" of Guyenne Aquitaine and that as used by King Richard Coer De Leon under whom he is first referenced. He later seamlessly transferred to King John of England from 1211 to 1215 following the death of King Richard in 1199 at the siege of Chalus. He served King John in France as commander of Loches castle, one of the last castles to resist Philip Augustus in Normandy. D'Athée was captured by the French and, being so highly valued by King John, ransomed back to England in return for 2,000 marks. He and his extended families and kinsmen were granted estates in England, and De Athee was appointed High Sheriff of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire (1208-1210) and High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests in 1209. His rapid rise in the English court caused resentment amongst the English barons. He is mentioned critically in clause 50 of Magna Carta: References BBC History Magna Carta and two Sheriffs of Gloucestershire ~ By Russell Howes 12th-century births Year of death unknown French mercenaries High Sheriffs of Derbyshire High Sheriffs of Gloucestershire High Sheriffs of Herefordshire High Sheriffs of Nottinghamshire",
"title": "Gérard d'Athée"
},
{
"docid": "11853779",
"text": "William Hardell was a Mayor of London and a Magna Carta surety. He was appointed Sheriff of the City of London in 1207 and elected Mayor of London (a century later known as Lord Mayor of London) in 1215. After the sealing of Magna Carta by King John in 1215, he was appointed to be one of the Enforcers, sometimes called Sureties, of Magna Carta. The list of enforcers does not appear on Magna Carta itself and the first surviving list of these was by Matthew Paris the chronicler of St Albans. References Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 12th-century births 13th-century deaths 13th-century mayors of London Sheriffs of the City of London Magna Carta barons English feudal barons",
"title": "William Hardell"
},
{
"docid": "2048381",
"text": "The Golden Bull of 1222 was a golden bull, or edict, issued by Andrew II of Hungary. King Andrew II was forced by his nobles to accept the Golden Bull (Aranybulla), which was one of the first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch. The Golden Bull was issued at the year 1222 diet of Fehérvár. The law established the rights of the Hungarian nobility, including the right to disobey the King when he acted contrary to law (jus resistendi). The nobles and the church were freed from all taxes and could not be forced to go to war outside of Hungary and were not obligated to finance it. This was also a historically important document because it set down the principles of equality for all of the nation's nobility. Seven copies of the edict were created, one for each of the following institutions: to the Pope, to the Knights Templar, to the Knights Hospitaller, to the Hungarian king itself, to the chapters of Esztergom and Kalocsa and to the palatine. The charter's creation was influenced by the emergence of a nobility middle class, unusual in the nation's feudal system. As a regular gesture of generosity, King Andrew often donated property to particularly faithful servants, who thereafter gained new economic and class power. With the nation's class system and economic state changing, King Andrew found himself coerced into decreeing the Golden Bull of 1222 to relax tensions between hereditary nobles and the budding middle class nobility. The Golden Bull is often compared to Magna Carta; the Bull was the first constitutional document of the nation of Hungary, while Magna Carta was the first constitutional charter of the nation of England. Background Grants of liberties The Golden Bull that Andrew II of Hungary issued in the spring of 1222 is \"one of a number of charters published in thirteenth-century Christendom that sought to constrain the royal power.\" Peter II of Aragon had already in 1205 planned to make concessions to his subjects. Simon de Montfort, supreme commander of the Albigensian Crusade, issued the Statute of Pamiers in 1212, confirming the privileges of the clergymen and limiting the authority of the future rulers of Toulouse and Carcassonne. The statute influenced the Magna Carta of John, King of England, which also secured the liberties of the Church and regulated feudal relationships in 1215. The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, strengthened the authority of the imperial prelates in 1220. Contacts between Hungary and these countries can be demonstrated during this period. Aragonese nobles settled in Hungary in the early 13th century. Hungarian participants of the Fifth Crusade could meet Robert Fitzwalter and other leaders of the movement which had achieved the issue of the Magna Carta. Two Hungarian prelates visited Canterbury in 1220. However, no direct connection between the texts of the Golden Bull and other early 13th-century grants of liberties can be demonstrated. Historian James Clarke Holt says, there is no need to assume that the authors",
"title": "Golden Bull of 1222"
},
{
"docid": "29193776",
"text": "Robert de Gresle (1174–1230) was a Lord of the manor of Manchester, the first of his family to take up residence in Manchester. Initially the Gresle family, were absentee landlords, living elsewhere, with Stewards to represent them locally. Whilst Robert de Gresle took up residence his leadership led to an influx of skilled workers. In the early 13th century. Gresle was one of the landowners who made King John sign Magna Carta. Gresle was excommunicated for his role in the rebellion, and when King John later ignored the terms of Magna Carta, Gresle forfeited his lands. King John died in 1216 and the land was returned to Robert Gresle on behalf of King Henry III. In this period medieval Manchester was centered on the manor house and the church of St Mary mentioned in the Domesday Book. The castle in Manchester overlooked the rivers Irk and Irwell where the Chethams School of Music stands today. The Gresle family directly leased land to tenants and created burgage tenements for indirect rent. Career In June 1215, Robert de Gresle was amongst the landowners who demanded King John sign Magna Carta in Runnymede. Gresle was amongst the barons who eventually rose against the king during the First Barons War, resulting in his castle estates being seized by the King. The same year, Pope Innocent III excommunicated Gresle due to his role in the rebellion. Following the death of King John, Gresle's lands were eventually returned on behalf of King Henry III. He would go on to witness the confirmation of the charter by Henry III in 1225. In 1222, Gresle received a charter to hold a yearly fair in Manchester to be held on the eve and feast day of Saint Matthew, which was renewed when the King came of age in 1227. This was held in Acres Fields (now St Ann's Square), and continued to be held there until it was moved to Knot Mill in 1823. Marriage and issue Robert married Margaret, daughter and heir of Henry de Longchamp. They had a son, who would go on to inherit the barony. Thomas de Gresle (died 1262) References Bibliography Lords of the manor of Manchester 1174 births 1230 deaths",
"title": "Robert de Gresle"
},
{
"docid": "4994864",
"text": "William Malet (born before 1175–1215), feudal baron of Curry Mallet in Somerset, was one of the guarantors of Magna Carta. In 1190, he accompanied King Richard the Lionheart on third crusade. While still on crusade in 1191, he took part in the Siege of Acre. Upon returning to England, he served as Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset in 1209. The precise nature of his relationship to an earlier William Malet is unknown. William Malet was one of the rebel barons who were heavily indebted to King John. It is believed that by 1214 he owed the king as much as £1333. In 1214 he entered into an agreement to serve with the king along with 10 knights and 20 other soldiers in exchange for the cancellation of his debts. However, the agreement broke down for an unknown reason and by 1215 he joined the rebellion. William Malet seems to have died just a few months after Magna Carta was signed by King John. Landholdings Amongst the manors comprising his feudal barony were his caput of Curry Mallet, where stood his castle, and Shepton Mallet in Somerset. Marriages and progeny He married twice but left no male progeny, only three daughters and co-heiresses, who divided their father's estate. By his first wife, whose name is unknown, Malet had a daughter. Mabel Malet, married firstly Nicholas Avenel and secondly, before November 1223, Hugh de Vivonia (d.1249) (alias de Forz) of Chewton, Somerset. By his second wife, Alice Basset, who was a daughter of Thomas Basset, Sheriff of Oxfordshire and Berkshire, William Malet had a daughter: Bertha Malet (d.pre-1221), who died unmarried. Hawise Malet, who at some time before 23 March 1217 married Hugh I Poyntz (d.1220). She married secondly Robert de Mucegros (d.1254) of Brewham, Somerset. References Year of birth uncertain Year of death unknown Magna Carta barons High Sheriffs of Somerset High Sheriffs of Dorset 12th-century English landowners 13th-century English landowners English feudal barons Christians of the Third Crusade",
"title": "William Malet (Magna Carta baron)"
},
{
"docid": "10707089",
"text": "Richard de Montfichet (or Richard de Munfichet) (died 1267) was a Magna Carta surety. He was a landowner in Essex. Life He was the son of another Richard de Montfichet, whom Henry II made forester of Essex. Richard the elder was the son of Gilbert, who married Avelina de Lucy, daughter of Richard de Luci. Richard the elder was the grandson of William de Montfichet, founder of the abbey of Stratford-Langton Essex; he was with Richard I in Normandy in 1195, was sheriff of Essex and Hertfordshire in 1202, and died the next year, leaving one son by his wife Milisent. William de Warenne offered King John 500 marks for a licence to marry the widow Melisent. The young Richard was then about ten years old, and was at first a ward of Roger de Lacy (1170-1211). He appears as witnessing several charters in 1214, and on 21 June 1215 received charge of the forests of Essex as his by hereditary right. He had nevertheless acted previously with the baronial party, and been present at the meeting at Stamford in March. He was one of the twenty-five barons appointed to enforce the observance of Magna Carta, and as a prominent member of the party was excommunicated by the pope in 1216. He supported Louis VIII of France both before and after John's death, and fighting at Lincoln against William Marshal on 20 May 1217 was then taken prisoner. He returned to loyalty, and recovered his lands in the following October. In 1223, his lands were again for a time seized by the king in consequence of his presence at a prohibited tournament at Blyth. In 1225, he was a justice-itinerant for Essex and Hertfordshire, and in the same year was a witness to the confirmation of Magna Carta. In 1234, he was admitted to sit as a baron of the exchequer, and in 1236 again witnessed the confirmation of the charter. He was justice of the forest for nineteen counties in 1237, and from 1242 to 1246 sheriff of Essex and Hertfordshire, the counties in which his estates lay. Montfichet was one of the baronial representatives on the committee to consider the king's demand for a subsidy in 1244, and probably, therefore. had a share in drafting the remarkable scheme of reform of that year. Family He married first Alice (fl. 1217), and then. Jousa or Joyce. He died in 1267 without issue, and his estates passed to the children of his three sisters. Montfichet is of chief note for his share in the struggle for the charter. He was the last survivor of the twenty-five; his age probably prevented his taking any part in the later barons' war, which he outlived. Notes Attribution References Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1894). \"Montfichet, Richard de\". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co. External links http://magnacarta800th.com/schools/biographies/the-25-barons-of-magna-carta/richard-de-montfichet/ Anglo-Normans 1267 deaths 13th-century English landowners Magna Carta barons People from Essex Year of birth unknown English feudal barons",
"title": "Richard de Montfichet"
},
{
"docid": "1312148",
"text": "Magna Carta Island is an ait in the River Thames in England, on the reach above Bell Weir Lock. It is in Berkshire facing water-meadows forming Runnymede. Its civil and ecclesiastical parish is Wraysbury so it was transferred from Buckinghamshire to Berkshire in 1974. History The island is a contender for being the place where, in 1215, King John sealed Magna Carta. Whilst the charter itself indicates Runnymede by name, it is possible the island may have been considered part of Runnymede at the time. It is known that in 1217 the island was the meeting-place of Henry III and Louis (later Louis VIII) of France. In the early 1920s it was owned by a stockbroker, J. F. MacGregor, and his wife, the music hall performer Maidie Scott. In August 2014 Forbes reported that the island would be sold by Sotheby's International Realty. See also Islands in the River Thames References Islands of Berkshire History of Buckinghamshire Islands of the River Thames Magna Carta Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead",
"title": "Magna Carta Island"
},
{
"docid": "12482319",
"text": "Robert de Vere (after c. 1165 – before 25 October 1221), hereditary Master Chamberlain of England, was the son of Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, and Agnes of Essex. He succeeded his brother as the third Earl of Oxford, and was one of the twenty-five guarantors of Magna Carta. Robert de Vere was the second surviving son of Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, and his third wife, Agnes of Essex. The date of his birth is not known, but he was likely born after 1164. Almost nothing is known of his life until 1207, when he married Isabel de Bolebec, the widow of Henry de Nonant (d. 1206) of Totnes, Devon. In 1206-07, Isabel and her sister Constance were co-heiresses of their niece, another Isabel de Bolebec, the countess of Oxford by her marriage to Robert's brother, Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford. They divided the barony of Whitchurch. The fact that aunt and niece had identical names, Isabel de Bolbec, and were successively countesses of Oxford and heiresses of Whitchurch has led to confusion between the two women. When Robert's brother, Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford, died in the latter half of 1214, Robert succeeded to his title and estates and the hereditary office of Master Chamberlain of England. The dower of Earl Aubrey's second wife, Alice (possibly his cousin, a daughter of Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk), had not been formalized. In 1215, Robert settled his sister-in-law's dower by lot, the earl drawing two knights' fees for every one drawn by Alice. This is the only known instance of dower being settled in this manner. Robert joined the disaffected barons who met at Stamford and forced King John to issue Magna Carta at Runnymede on 15 June 1215. The earl was elected one of the barons who were to guarantee the King's adherence to its terms. Together with other Magna Carta barons, he was excommunicated as a rebel by Pope Innocent III on 16 December 1215, and joined them in offering the crown to Prince Louis of France. Robert took up arms against King John, but pledged loyalty to him after the King had taken Castle Hedingham in March 1216. Later in the same year, however, he did homage to Prince Louis at Rochester. Louis entered London and was proclaimed King. On 14 June 1216, he captured Winchester and soon controlled over half of England. In the midst of this crisis, King John died, prompting many of the barons to desert Louis in favour of John's nine-year-old son, Henry III. In 1217, Prince Louis retook Castle Hedingham and restored it to Robert, but despite this Robert transferred his allegiance to the new King in October 1217. Although he did homage to Henry, he was not fully restored in his offices and lands until February 1218. Earl Robert served as a king's justice in 1220-21, and died shortly before 25 October 1221. He was buried at Hatfield Regis Priory, where either",
"title": "Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford"
},
{
"docid": "433122",
"text": "Reginald de Braose (19 September 1182 – June 1228) was one of the sons of William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber and Matilda, also known as Maud de St. Valery and Lady de la Haie. Her other children included William and Giles. The de Braoses were loyal to King Richard I but grew in power under King John of England. The dynasty was in conflict with King John towards the end of his reign and almost lost everything. Reginald de Braose was a scion of the powerful Marcher family of de Braose, helped manage its survival and was also related by marriage to the Welsh Princes of Wales. Magna Carta He supported his brother Giles de Braose in his rebellions against King John. Both brothers were active against the King in the Barons' War. Neither was present at the signing of Magna Carta in June 1215 because at this time they were still rebels who refused to compromise. Restoration of royal favour King John acquiesced to Reginald's claims to the de Braose estates in Wales in May 1216. Reginald became Lord of Brecon, Abergavenny, Builth and held other Marcher Lordships but was also very much a vassal of the Welsh leader Llewelyn Fawr, Prince of Gwynedd who had become his father-in-law in 1215 when Reginald married Llywelyn's daughter, Gwladus Ddu. King Henry III restored Reginald to favour and the Bramber estates (confiscated by King John) in 1217. Welsh wars At this seeming betrayal, Rhys and Owain, Reginald's Welsh nephews who were princes of Deheubarth, were incensed and took Builth, except the castle. Llywelyn Fawr also became angry and his forces besieged Brecon. Reginald eventually surrendered to Llewelyn and gave up Seinhenydd (Swansea). By 1221 they were at war again, with Llewelyn again laying siege to Builth. The siege was relieved by King Henry III's forces. From this time on Llewelyn tended to support the claims of Reginald's nephew John de Braose concerning the de Braose lands in Wales. Reginald was a witness to the re-issue of Magna Carta by King Henry III in 1225. He died two or three years later in 1227 or 1228 in Brecon and was succeeded by his son by his first wife, Graecia Briwere (or Brewer), daughter of William Brewer. He was buried in Brecon Priory Church (now Brecon Cathedral). Reginald and Graecia had a son, William de Braose, who was executed by Llewellyn Fawr, King of Gwynedd, upon being caught in the bedchamber of Joan, Lady of Wales. It may be that the Matilda de Braose who was the wife of Rhys Mechyll, Prince of Deheubarth was the daughter of Reginald. See also House of Braose References Related Source Complete Peerage, G. E. Cokayne, Vol 1 pp 21–22 for the family of Reginald 1228 deaths Anglo-Normans Norman warriors Anglo-Normans in Wales History of Swansea Year of birth unknown Feudal barons of Abergavenny Feudal barons of Bramber 1182 births People from Bramber",
"title": "Reginald de Braose"
},
{
"docid": "2327564",
"text": "Robert Fitzwalter (died 9 December 1235) was one of the leaders of the baronial opposition against King John, and one of the twenty-five sureties of Magna Carta. He was feudal baron of Little Dunmow, Essex and constable of Baynard's Castle, in London, to which was annexed the hereditary office of castellan and chief knight banneret of the City of London. Part of the official aristocracy created by Henry I and Henry II, he served John in the wars in Normandy, in which he was taken prisoner by King Philip II of France and forced to pay a heavy ransom. Fitzwalter was implicated in the baronial conspiracy of 1212. According to his own statement the king had attempted to seduce his eldest daughter, but Robert's account of his grievances varied from time to time. The truth seems to be that he was irritated by the suspicion with which John regarded the new baronage. Fitzwalter escaped a trial by fleeing to France. He was outlawed, but returned under a special amnesty after John's reconciliation with the pope. Fitzwalter continued, however, to take the lead in the baronial agitation against the king, and upon the outbreak of hostilities in 1215 was elected \"Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church\". It was due to his influence in London that his party obtained the support of the city and used it as their base of operations. The clause in Magna Carta prohibiting sentences of exile, except as the result of a lawful trial, refers more particularly to his case. He was one of the twenty-five barons appointed to enforce the promises of Magna Carta, and his aggressive attitude was one of the causes which contributed to the revival of civil war later in 1215. He was one of the envoys who invited Prince Louis to England, and was the first of the barons to do homage when Louis entered London. Slighted by the French as a traitor to his natural lord, he served Louis with fidelity until he was captured at the Battle of Lincoln in May 1217. Released on the conclusion of peace, he joined the Fifth Crusade, but returned at an early date to make his peace with the regency. The remainder of his life was uneventful, and he died peacefully in 1235. He was the father of three children: Matilda, Robert, and Christina (who married William FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex). He is remembered as a champion of English liberty, and has also become associated with various legends, including that of Robin Hood. Family Robert Fitzwalter was the son of Walter Fitz Robert of Woodham Walter and his wife Maud (or Mathilde), the daughter of Richard de Lucy of Diss (a member of the de Lucy family). Robert was a feudal baron of the fourth generation after the Norman conquest, great-grandson of Richard fitz Gilbert (d. c. 1090). His paternal grandfather was Richard fitz Gilbert's son Robert Fitz Richard, steward of Henry I, to whom the king had",
"title": "Robert Fitzwalter"
},
{
"docid": "17417094",
"text": "John FitzRobert (ca. 1190–1240) (de Clavering) is listed as one of the Surety Barons for Magna Carta (1215), although it seems not previously noted as a rebel. He was the son of Robert fitzRoger and Margaret Chesney. Life History relates that with the renewal of hostilities in the autumn of 1215, he joined the barons in waging war against King John of England. Notwithstanding that, he is listed as sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk for the year 1215–16. After the baronial defeat at Lincoln in May, he submitted to King Henry III of England's minority government. He served as sheriff of Northumberland from 1224 to 1227. Marriage and issue He married Ada, ca. 1218, a daughter of Hugh de Balliol and Cecily de Fontaines. His son Roger FitzJohn, married Isabel de Dunbar daughter of Patrick II, Earl of Dunbar. His daughter Cecily married Patrick III, Earl of Dunbar. He was also the father of a son Hugh de Eure from whom the Lords Eure descend; as well as the father of a son Robert FitzJohn de Stokkes, who may have been Sheriff of London. References External links Magna Carta Barons Association: John FitzRobert Magna Carta barons English feudal barons",
"title": "John FitzRobert"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "26219667",
"text": "The Ankerwycke Yew is an ancient yew tree close to the ruins of St Mary's Priory, the site of a Benedictine nunnery built in the 12th century, near Wraysbury in Berkshire, England. It is a male tree with a girth of at 0.3 metres. The tree is at least 1,400 years old, and could be as old as 2,500 years. On the opposite bank of the River Thames are the meadows of Runnymede and this tree is said to have been witness to the sealing of Magna Carta. The tree is one of the places where Henry VIII may have courted Anne Boleyn. There is some justification for the hypothesis that the Ankerwycke Yew could be \"the last surviving witness to the sealing of Magna Carta 800 years ago\". \"In the 13th century, the landscape would have been different as the area was probably rather marshy as it was within the flood plain of the Thames. The Ankerwycke Yew is on a slightly raised area of land (therefore dry) and with the proximity of the Priory perhaps both lend some credibility to this claim.\" The Ankerwycke Yew is situated on lands managed by the National Trust. In 2002 it was designated one of fifty Great British Trees by The Tree Council. See also Fortingall Yew List of oldest trees References External links Magna Carta and the Ankerwycke Yew Photos of a trek to the Ankerwyke Yew Ancient yews under threat in Churchyards and sacred groves Individual yew trees Individual trees in England History of Berkshire History of the River Thames Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Magna Carta",
"title": "Ankerwycke Yew"
},
{
"docid": "75929",
"text": "The Charter of Kortenberg (Dutch: Keure van Kortenberg) is an agreement signed and sealed on September 27, 1312, in the abbey of Kortenberg by John II, Duke of Brabant and representatives of the cities of Brussels, Antwerp, 's-Hertogenbosch, Tienen and Zoutleeuw. Creation of the document is of historical and political importance because it retains agreements between inhabitants of a territory with a ruler who had absolute power. This reflected the start of a current that would later be labeled by historians as Brabant's Constitutionalism because residents without control had claimed rights and powers, and had them recorded in writing, which are somewhat comparable to what have come to be called civil and political rights centuries later. In this process, the first simple rules were created for what would develop into a legal order that is now called democratic rule of law. The charter was valid for the entire duchy of Brabant, for the rich and the poor. From this charter originated an early kind of parliament, the \"Council of Kortenberg\" an assembly of lords. The control organ, a precursor of the later \"Estate assembly\" (namely, the first estate was the clergy, the second estate was the nobility, and the third estate was the municipalities) gathered in the Kortenberg Abbey and elsewhere with ups and downs until 1375. From 1332 on the council was extended by two more members, so that there were 16 Lords; Antwerp got a second member and the Walloon Brabant town of Nivelles () also got a member. In 1340 documents were sealed with a special seal on which a tree was planted on a small hill. The seal bore the words \"SIGILUM COMMUNE : CONSILII DE CORTENBERGHE\" which was the common seal of the Council of Kortenberg. Charter of Kortenberg and Magna Carta Although Magna Carta is commonly regarded as the very first charter giving rise to medieval European constitutionalism, the Charter of Kortenberg appears to have been more democratic in nature. This mainly because the beneficiaries of Magna Carta were only the barons while the beneficiaries of the Charter of Kortenberg included all citizens, expressly 'the rich and the poor' (riken ende armen). Reinforcing this view, the composition of the Council of Kortenberg marks a clear difference with the more 'elitist' Magna Carta. Whilst Magna Carta was to be implemented by a council of 25 barons, the Council of Kortenberg counted four knights and ten townsmen. In the financial commission of August 1314 the nobility were only two with 12 civil representatives of eight towns. Follow up A historical line of continuity can be drawn from the Charter of Kortenberg via the Joyous Entries of new Dukes into Flemish and Brabantian towns, the migration of educated citizens in the 16th & 17th century from these towns to the Seven United Provinces as a result of the Eighty Years' War and the stay of some of the Mayflower Pilgrim Fathers in those Provinces, who had fled religious persecution in England for the tolerance of 17th-century Holland",
"title": "Charter of Kortenberg"
},
{
"docid": "359007",
"text": "The Norman yoke is a term denoting the oppressive aspects of feudalism in England, attributed to the impositions of William the Conqueror, the first Norman king of England, his retainers and their descendants. The term was used in English nationalist and democratic discourse from the mid-17th century. History The medieval chronicler Orderic Vitalis wrote in his Ecclesiastical History that the Normans had imposed a yoke on the English: \"And so the English groaned aloud for their lost liberty and plotted ceaselessly to find some way of shaking off a yoke that was so intolerable and unaccustomed.\" His later work, written in light of Henry I's reign and fifty years after the Conquest, took a more positive view of the situation of England, writing, \"King Henry governed the realm ... prudently and well through prosperity and adversity. ... He treated the magnates with honour and generosity. He helped his humbler subjects by giving just laws, and protecting them from unjust extortions and robbers.\" The culturally freighted term of a \"Norman yoke\" first appears in an apocryphal work published in 1642 during the English Civil War, under the title The Mirror of Justices; the book was a translation of , a collection of 13th century political, legal, and moral fables, written in Anglo-Norman French, thought to have been compiled and edited in the early 14th century by renowned legal scholar Andrew Horn. Even though it would have been obvious to anyone living in the fourteenth century that the book was a work of fiction, at the time of its publication in 1642, The Mirror of Justices was presented and accepted as historical fact. Frequently, critics following the Norman yoke model would claim Alfred the Great or Edward the Confessor as models of justice. In this context, Magna Carta is seen as an attempt to restore pre-Conquest English rights, if only for the gentry. When Sir Edward Coke reorganised the English legal system, he was keen to claim that the grounds of English common law were beyond the memory or register of any beginning and pre-existed the Norman conquest, although he did not use the phrase \"Norman yoke\". The idea of the Norman yoke characterized the nobility and gentry of England as the descendants of foreign usurpers who had destroyed an Anglo-Saxon golden age. Such a reading was extremely powerful for the poorer classes of England. Whereas Coke, John Pym, Lucy Hutchinson, and Sir Henry Vane saw Magna Carta rights as being primarily those of the propertied classes, during the prolonged 17th-century constitutional crisis in England and Scotland, the arguments were also taken up in a more radical way. Those espousing the more radical arguments include the likes of Francis Trigge, John Hare, John Lilburne, John Warr, and Gerrard Winstanley of the radical Diggers, the latter of whom even called for an end to primogeniture and for the cultivation of the soil in common. \"Seeing the common people of England by joynt consent of person and purse have caste out Charles our Norman",
"title": "Norman yoke"
},
{
"docid": "51225254",
"text": "Thomas North Whitehead (31 December 1891, Cambridge, England – 22 November 1969, Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an early human relations theorist and researcher, best known for The Industrial Worker, a two-volume statistical analysis of the Hawthorne experiments. He worked as a professor at Harvard University and Radcliffe College, and in the British Foreign Office during World War II. Early life and education Whitehead was the son of the prominent English philosopher Alfred North Whitehead, and was known as \"North\" to his family. He read economics at Trinity College, Cambridge, earning a B.A. in 1913. He then did graduate studies in mechanical engineering at University College London. Government service Whitehead served as an army officer in France and East Africa during World War I, taking a leave from his graduate studies to do so. On the completion of his studies in 1920 after the war, he began working for the Admiralty, and remained there until his 1931 move to Harvard. During World War II, he again took a leave, this time from his professorship at Harvard, to work as an expert on American relations in the British Foreign Office. In 1940, before America entered the war, he advised Winston Churchill that American isolationism would not be a permanent obstacle, and after the Pearl Harbor attacks he communicated a message of solidarity to Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was also Whitehead's suggestion that Churchill compare America's proposed Lend-Lease policy to Magna Carta, and that one of the original copies of Magna Carta then on display in America be made into a more permanent gift to seal the deal. However, this proposal fell through because the British government did not own any of the four surviving copies of Magna Carta. Academia Whitehead joined the Harvard Business School in 1931, following his father who had moved to Harvard in 1924. He stayed at Harvard for the rest of his career except for a leave of absence during World War II. After the war, Whitehead ran the Harvard-Radcliffe Program in Business Administration, a business program for women at Radcliffe College, keeping also his appointment at Harvard. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1952. When Harvard's business school began admitting women in 1955, he returned to a full-time position at Harvard. He remained at Harvard until his retirement. Contributions Whitehead's work The design and use of instruments, published in 1934, was primarily written while he was still at the Admiralty. It prefigures the care in accurate measurement that Whitehead put into his work on the Hawthorne experiments. In this, Whitehead's \"golden rule\" was to \"never measure more than is absolutely necessary\". The Hawthorne experiments studied worker productivity at a Western Electric factory. They were originally intended to study the effects of lighting on productivity, but instead determined that workers reacted positively to the changing conditions of the experiment, and that their productivity decreased again when the experiment ended. Whitehead, following the lead of Jean Piaget, took the approach of carefully documenting the behavior of a small sample",
"title": "Thomas North Whitehead"
},
{
"docid": "4792980",
"text": "The Magna Carta School is an 11–16 academy school in Staines, England, which has been awarded specialisms in Technology and ICT. It is named after Magna Carta due to its proximity to Runnymede, where the document was signed. The school contains over 1200 pupils including over 60 prefects. At an OfSTED inspection in 2022, the school received an Inspection Grade of 3 (Requires Improvement). Achievements The school was awarded Artsmark Gold status in June 2010 and several student representatives attended an Arts Council England ceremony in Brighton. The school became the first Apple RTC (Regional Training Centre) in Surrey in 2010; this included a new Apple suite with the introduction of high definition video conferencing for national/international interactive learning. Notable alumni Billy Reeves, songwriter and BBC journalist, who wrote hits for Sophie Ellis-Bextor in her first band theaudience. Harvey Elliott (attended Magna Carta 2014–2016), is a Footballer for Liverpool FC. He broke a Premier League record for the youngest player in the Premier League when he came on for Fulham FC against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the 88th minute. Matt Lapinskas, a former pupil, was an actor in EastEnders, playing the part of Anthony Moon. He judges the yearly competition \"Magna's Got Talent\" at the school Mykola Pawluk, television video editor and two-times BAFTA nominee. Alice Upcott and Edward Upcott and their team from Spelbound, won Britain's Got Talent on UK TV in 2010. Solar Panels The school has a MaidEnergy Co-op Community-owned solar panel installation, producing lower carbon power to the school, at a discount price compared to power from the network. References Academies in Surrey Secondary schools in Surrey",
"title": "The Magna Carta School"
},
{
"docid": "26337370",
"text": "Magna Carta was built in the Netherlands in 1936. She was converted from a sand carrying cargo vessel to a hotel barge in 2001-2002 after 65 years carrying cargo for the same family. The barge conversion was designed and managed by Dominic Read, one of the new owners. Magna Carta has 4 double cabins allowing her to carry up to 8 passengers. She also has separate crew quarters which house the crew of four. The crew consists of the captain, two hostesses, chef, and tour guide. References External links Magna Carta Official site Hotel barges Barges 1936 ships",
"title": "Magna Carta (barge)"
},
{
"docid": "11316177",
"text": "Magna Carta Place is located in Canberra, Australia to the north-west of Old Parliament House. Centrally located in the place is a Magna Carta Monument which was provided as a gift to the people of Australia from the British Government to commemorate the centenary of Federation of Australia. The site was dedicated in 1997 which was the 700th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta by King Edward I of England. A 1297 copy of Magna Carta, purchased by the Australian government in 1952, is on display in nearby Parliament House, Canberra. The monument was unveiled by the Prime Minister of Australia John Howard in 2000 prior to the centenary of federation in 2001. Magna Carta Place is located on a semicircular network of roads consisting of King George Terrace, Queen Victoria Terrace and Langton Crescent. References External links Information about Magna Carta Place from the National Capital Authority Magna Carta Parks in Canberra",
"title": "Magna Carta Place"
},
{
"docid": "58937563",
"text": "Stephen Church is a writer and professor of medieval history at the University of East Anglia and is regarded as an expert on King John. In 2015 his book King John: England, Magna Carta, and the Making of a Tyrant was one of the Financial Times best books of the year. Career Church is an expert in Medieval History, specifically the 12th Century and works at the University of East Anglia School of History department which he joined in 1995 after completing his postgraduate work in London. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and the Society of Antiquaries of London. He is also a trustee of the Allen Brown Memorial Trust, where he organises the R. Allen Brown Memorial Lecture that is given at the opening of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies. The Trust also gives conference bursaries for postgraduate students and sponsors sessions at other conferences and a postgraduate reading group. Since 1994 he has written several articles (including for the journal History) and books on Medieval History, and is a regular conference organiser and speaker on the subject of King John. Church has been regularly acknowledged as strong support to fellow Historians in their writing and has lectured in Europe on the subject of the Plantagenet Empire. In 2010 he co-lead with Professor Elisabeth Tyler (University of York) two reading groups which aimed to read Orderic Vitalis's Historica ecclesiastica from start to finish and reflect on its content. In 2015 he appeared on Saturday Extra on Australian station ABC Radio with Nicholas Cowdery to discuss why does Magna Carta still matter, and co-presented the BBC programme The Last Journey of the Magna Carta King, part of the BBC Taking Liberties season, with archaeologist Dr Ben Robinson. Publications Books 2017 – Henry III: A Simple and God-Fearing King 2015 – King John: England, Magna Carta, and the Making of a Tyrant 2015 – King John and the Road to Magna Carta 2007 – King John: New Interpretations 2007 – Dialogus de Scaccario, and Constitutio Domus Regis The Dialogue of the Exchequer, and The Disposition of the Royal Household (Oxford Medieval Texts) 2001 – The Pakenham Cartulary for the Manor of Ixworth Thorpe, Suffolk, c.1250-c.1320 (17) (Suffolk Charters) 1999 – The Household Knights of King John 1994 – Medieval Knighthood V (with Ruth Harvey) Selected published articles 2017 – Political Discourse at the Court of Henry II and the Making of the New Kingdom of Ireland: The Evidence of John’s Title dominus Hibernie – History pg.808–823 ISSN 0018-2648 2016 – Stephen: The Reign of Anarchy. By Carl Watkins. Penguin Monarchs Series. Allen Lane – History pg.772–773 ISSN 0018-2648 2010 – King John’s Testament and the Last Days of his Reign – English Historical Review pg.505–528 ISSN 1477-4534 2009 – The care of the royal tombs in English cathedrals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: the case of the effigy of King John at Worcester – The Antiquaries Journal ISSN 1758-5309 2008 – Paganism in conversion age",
"title": "Stephen Church"
},
{
"docid": "40033983",
"text": "\"Heaven\" is a song recorded by American rapper Jay-Z for his twelfth studio album Magna Carta Holy Grail (2013), featuring American recording artist Justin Timberlake. The song was written by Jay-Z, Timberlake, The-Dream, R.E.M., Adrian Younge, Timbaland, and J-Roc, while the production was handled by the latter two. During the song, Jay-Z touches on subjects of religious allegory and an interrogation of organized religion. The song has since peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. Background On \"Heaven\", Jay-Z questions the meaning of religion and once again shoots down rumors that he is part of the secret organization Illuminati. He explained the song in a promotional video for Samsung, saying, \"No matter what religion you are, accept the other people's idea. Because, have you ever been to heaven? This song is toying with the idea of it being on Heaven or Hell on earth. My idea of being on Heaven is in your daughter's laughter. Hell could be if your child missing's for three minutes; you in three minutes of Hell.\" The song indulges in religious allegory, and is one of the few songs on Magna Carta Holy Grail that touches upon existential and spiritual themes. Throughout the song he ponders faith, superstition and free thinking. The songs features Jay-Z rapping a lyric of rock band R.E.M.'s 1991 single \"Losing My Religion\". Following the album's release, former frontman of R.E.M. Michael Stipe told NME that he was \"thrilled\" and that it was a \"great honor\" that Jay-Z included the lyrics in one of his songs. Release and promotion On June 25, 2013, \"Heaven\" became the second song from Magna Carta Holy Grail (after the lead single \"Holy Grail\") to have its partial lyrics revealed by the JAY Z MAGNA CARTA App via Samsung. On June 27, 2013, Jay-Z released a video via the same app of him discussing the song in depth with superproducer Rick Rubin. Critical reception \"Heaven\" was met with generally positive reviews, with most critics praising it over the hit lead single, another Jay-Z/Justin Timberlake collaboration, \"Holy Grail\". Ian Cohen of Pitchfork praised the song as one of the album's strong points, stating, \"Heaven\" is the most thought-provoking spiritual meditation [Jay-Z's] written, and the willful misreading of \"Losing My Religion\" is used to powerful effect. David Weiss of Paste credited \"Heaven\" for setting off the most interesting section of the album, ending at the Beyoncé-featuring \"Part II (On the Run)\". Del F. Cowie of Exclaim! said the song's production \"sounded like a long-lost Wu-Tang instrumental somehow bereft of an Inspectah Deck verse.\" Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times praised the song's production by Timbaland, saying: \"The producer and rapper move with the coordination of expert magicians juggling Champagne bottles and knives.\" Louis Pattison of NME gave a more mixed review, related to Jay-Z not taking full advantage of the subject matter. Grant Jones of RapReviews said of the song: \"The piercing \"Heaven\" starts off well, with an intriguing defense of Illuminati",
"title": "Heaven (Jay-Z song)"
},
{
"docid": "6780007",
"text": "Magellan were a progressive metal/rock band formed in San Francisco, California, United States by brothers Trent and Joel Wayne Gardner in 1985. The band's albums featured a number of well-known guest musicians, such as Ian Anderson, drummer Joey Franco, and bassist Tony Levin. The group co-wrote songs with Chicago frontman Robert Lamm on his album, Living Proof (2012). In February 2014, Wayne Gardner committed suicide. On June 11, 2016, Trent Gardner also died of undisclosed reasons. Members Trent Gardner - lead vocals, keyboards, trombone (1985 - 2016) Wayne Gardner - guitars, bass, keyboards, backing vocals (1985 - 2014) Guest members Joey Franco (Twisted Sister, Van Helsing's Curse)- drums and orchestral percussion (Hundred Year Flood) Jason Gianni - drums (on Impossible Figures) Alan Sweeney - keytar (on Impossible Figures) Tony Levin (John Lennon, King Crimson, Peter Gabriel) - bass (Hundred Year Flood) Ian Anderson (Jethro Tull) - Flute (Hundred Year Flood) George Bellas - guitar (Hundred Year Flood) Robert Berry (Alliance, 3) - guitar and bass (Hundred Year Flood) Brad Kaiser - drums (Test of Wills) Hal Stringfellow Imbrie - bass, Backing vocals (Hour of Restoration, Impending Ascension) Doane Perry (Jethro Tull)- drums (Impending Ascension) Discography Albums Hour of Restoration (Magna Carta, 1991) Impending Ascension (Magna Carta, 1994) Test of Wills (Magna Carta, 1997) Hundred Year Flood (Magna Carta, 2002) Impossible Figures (Inside Out, 2003) Symphony for a Misanthrope (Inside Out, 2005) Innocent God (Muse-Wrapped Records, 2007) Singles \"Dust in the Wind\" (featuring Rob Lopez) (2012) \"Hello,Goodbye\" (2012) \"Keep It\" (2012) \"Good to Go?\" (2012) \"The Better Suite\" (2013) \"Cynic's Anthem\" (2013) \"25 or 6 to 4\" (2014) \"Icons\" (2015) References External links Heavy metal musical groups from California American progressive metal musical groups Progressive rock musical groups from California Musical groups established in 1985 Musical groups from San Francisco Magna Carta Records artists Inside Out Music artists 1985 establishments in California",
"title": "Magellan (band)"
},
{
"docid": "2598745",
"text": "Roger's Profanisaurus is a humorous book (and for a short period commencing 2011; mobile app), published in the United Kingdom by Dennis Publishing which is written in the style of a lexicon of profane words and expressions. The book is marketed as \"the foulest-mouthed book ever to stalk the face of the earth\". It is a spin-off publication from the popular British adult comic Viz, and features one of the comic's characters, the foul-mouthed Roger Mellie \"the Man on the Telly who says 'Bollocks!\". The title of the book is a word play on Roget's Thesaurus, Profanisaurus being a portmanteau of profanity and Thesaurus. Publication history The Profanisaurus was originally published as a supplement stapled into the middle of the December 1997 edition of the Viz comic (Viz 87), with 'over 700 rude words and phrases'. It was labelled \"Sweary Mary's Dictionary\", after a foul-mouthed character from Viz. The 2013 edition of the Profanisaurus is titled \"Hail Sweary\", a possible a nod to her heritage. Contributions from readers were originally published in the comic, and then edited into later editions. The first actual book was released less than a year later, in 1998 (), but the content had tripled with now 2,250 definitions; this was followed in the second edition in 2002 with the number of terms covered growing to 4,000 (). An updated version, the Profanisaurus Rex, containing over 8,000 words and phrases, was released in 2005, and a further-expanded version, the \"Magna Farta\" (a play on Magna Carta) at the end of 2007. (Perhaps coincidentally, Oliver Cromwell is said to have referred to Magna Carta as \"Magna Farta\".) Subsequent versions have been Das Krapital (2010, a play on Karl Marx's Das Kapital), Hail Sweary (2013, featuring on the cover Roger in a monk's outfit kneeling as if in prayer, and the title in Olde Englishe above; an obvious and obscene reference to the Catholic 'Hail Mary'), and War and Piss (2018, a play on Tolstoy's War and Peace, with \"over 20,000\" definitions). Content Unlike a traditional dictionary or thesaurus, the content is enlivened by often pungent or politically incorrect observations and asides, intended to provide further comic effect. Those familiar with Ambrose Bierce's Devil's Dictionary might recognise some parallels with Bierce's style, though his lacked the overt obscenity. The authors often take delight in lampooning political or media figures of the day, or illustrating terms with fictional dialogue between notionally respectable historical figures. A much-used technique for sexual phrases is to include them in a quoted passage from a non-existent Barbara Cartland novel. Reception David Stubbs wrote that Profanisaurus \"represents what you might call the maximalist tendency in obscenity\". Becky Barrow wrote that Profanisaurus \"became a bestseller. It contained more swear words than the most devoted practitioner would ever remember.\" See also The Meaning of Liff References External links Roger's Profanisaurus online at Viz's website Comedy books Linguistics books English dictionaries Works about profanity",
"title": "Roger's Profanisaurus"
},
{
"docid": "3098998",
"text": "MagnaCarta: Tears of Blood, also known as MagnaCarta: Crimson Stigmata is a role-playing video game developed by Softmax and originally released for the PlayStation 2 in South Korea by Sony Computer Entertainment as MagnaCarta: Crimson Stigmata (마그나카르타: 진홍의 성흔, Mageuna Kaleuta: Jinhong-ui Seongheun) and in Japan as simply (a title later used in the PAL version) by Banpresto in 2004. It is the second installment of the Magna Carta series and a sequel to the 2001 game Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche. The game was later released as MagnaCarta: Tears of Blood in the United States. A PlayStation Portable version was released in May 2006 as . Gameplay The game's battle elements borrowed from Shadow Hearts and the Star Ocean series. Up to three characters may move around the battlefield in real time. The player can only control one character at a time and can only attack after the character fills its \"leadership meter\" by remaining still. Once filled, the character can initiate an attack by performing a series of three timed button presses (known as the \"trinity ring\"). If the attack is unsuccessful, the leadership meter empties, and the player must wait for it to refill again. The three modes of combat that are uniquely embedded are \"standard\", \"combo\" and \"counter\". The standard mode is excellent for offensive and defensive attacks. By perfecting the timing of the buttons, characters will learn stronger attacks. Combo attacks lack defense but are generally used to create powerful offensive attacks by combining all attacks in one turn. The counter mode does what its name implies; not only is the user able to block, but also attack by predicting their enemies' attacks. Players using this mode do not exhaust their leadership meter. Characters may attack with various combat \"styles\" learned in the game, which use different chi (energy) types to increase their utility. There are eight different types of chi present in all areas, but in different exhaustible quantities. Plot The game takes place in the land of Efferia, where a seemingly endless war has raged between the continent's two species: Humans and Yason. Humans and Yason are similar in appearance, but Yason have lighter skin and differently shaped ears. The protagonist of the game, Calintz, is a high-ranking leader of the Tears of Blood, a mercenary squad hired out by the Human Alliance to deal with problems they cannot, or will not, touch. Since the group is not part of the official army, the mercs are disliked by the Alliance soldiers. The core group also consists of Azel, a youthful sword wielder who looks up to Calintz, Eonis, a powerful mage, and Haren, a martial artist. Save for Azel, all group members have a heavy grudge against the Yason for the deaths of friends and family. The Blast Worms, highly skilled Yason soldiers, are led by the Four Warriors, an elite group who wields great power and magic. When the Alliance's use of the \"forbidden magic\" fails, Calintz stops an assault by",
"title": "Magna Carta: Tears of Blood"
},
{
"docid": "8578845",
"text": "The Charter of the Forest of 1217 ( or ) is a charter that re-established for free men rights of access to the royal forest that had been eroded by King William the Conqueror and his heirs. Many of its provisions were in force for centuries afterwards. It was originally sealed in England by the young King Henry III, acting under the regency of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. It was in many ways a companion document to the Magna Carta. The charter redressed some applications of the Anglo-Norman Forest Law that had been extended and abused by King William Rufus. History \"Forest\" to the Normans meant an enclosed area where the monarch, or sometimes another aristocrat, had exclusive rights to animals of the chase and the greenery (\"vert\") on which they fed. It did not consist only of trees, but included large areas of commons such as heathland, grassland and wetlands, productive of food, grazing and other resources. Lands became more restricted as King Richard and King John designated increasing areas as royal forest, off-limits to commoners. At its widest extent, royal forest covered about one-third of the land of southern England. Thus it became an increasing hardship on the common people to try to farm, forage, and otherwise use the land they lived on. The Charter of the Forest was first issued on 6 November 1217 at Old St Paul's Cathedral, London as a complementary charter to the Magna Carta from which it had evolved. It was reissued in 1225 with a number of minor changes to wording, but cancelled in 1227 when Henry III declared his adulthood. It was joined with the Magna Carta in the Confirmation of Charters in 1297. At a time when royal forests were the most important potential source of fuel for cooking, heating and industries such as charcoal burning, and of such hotly defended rights as pannage (pasture for their pigs), estover (collecting firewood), agistment (grazing), or turbary (cutting of turf for fuel), this charter was almost unique in providing a degree of economic protection for free men who used the forest to forage for food and to graze their animals. In contrast to the Magna Carta, which dealt with the rights of barons, it restored to the common man some real rights, privileges and protections against the abuses of an encroaching aristocracy. For many years it was regarded as a development of great significance in England's constitutional history, with the great seventeenth-century jurist Sir Edward Coke referring to it along with Magna Carta as the Charters of England's Liberties, and Sir William Blackstone remarking in the eighteenth century that: Contents The first chapter of the charter protected common pasture in the forest for all those \"accustomed to it\", and chapter nine provided for \"every man to agist his wood in the forest as he wishes\". It added \"Henceforth every freeman, in his wood or on his land that he has in the forest, may with impunity make a mill, fish-preserve,",
"title": "Charter of the Forest"
},
{
"docid": "5913830",
"text": "Paul Burgess (born 28 September 1950) is an English rock drummer, notable for his association with a wide range of British rock and folk-rock bands. In addition to extensive session work, he has been a member of 10cc, Jethro Tull, Camel, Magna Carta, and The Icicle Works. Career Burgess was born in Manchester, England. He started playing drums in 1965 and played in 60s Stockport four piece band Axis, which he left in July 1971. He then joined 10cc on their 1973 UK tour and subsequently played with the band on most of their tours until 1983. He played on the 10cc Live: King Biscuit Flower Hour album recorded in 1975 and officially joined 10cc as drummer, percussionist and occasional keyboardist in 1976 after the departure of Kevin Godley and Lol Creme. His first studio album with the band was Deceptive Bends, which featured the hits \"The Things We Do for Love\", \"Good Morning Judge\" and \"People in Love\". During the 1977 10cc tour Burgess was joined on drums by Stuart Tosh. Burgess continued his association with 10cc on their albums Bloody Tourists (1978), Look Hear? (1980) and Ten Out of 10 (1981). Paul also played drums on Graham Gouldman's Animalympics (1980) soundtrack and Eric Stewart's first two solo albums; the soundtrack to the French film Girls (1980) and Frooty Rooties (1982). Burgess subsequently became a member of The Invisible Girls, a band that backed punk-influenced performance poet John Cooper Clarke on several of his late 70s/early 80s recordings. Burgess temporarily left the band in 1980 and was replaced by Buzzcocks drummer John Maher for the album Pauline Murray and The Invisible Girls, on which the band backed ex-punk singer Pauline Murray. He was also a member of folk-rock outfit Magna Carta for one album, 1981's Midnight Blue. After the release of this album, Magna Carta broke up for several years. The following year 1982, Burgess was briefly a member of Jethro Tull, replacing Gerry Conway, and touring throughout Europe and North America with the band. He was the drummer on the London Symphony Orchestra's album A Classic Case, which also included the rest of the current Jethro Tull members. Burgess was replaced by Doane Perry in 1984. Burgess rejoined 10cc for their 1983 tour, after which 10cc broke up. In 1984, Burgess became a member of progressive rock unit Camel, replacing Stuart Tosh, who had also been a member of 10cc. He stayed for one studio album (Stationary Traveller), and one live album (Pressure Points: Live in Concert) before the band dissolved in 1985. Around the same time, Burgess was the session drummer (though not an official band member) for pop band The Colourfield, playing drums on virtually all the tracks on their 1985 debut LP, Virgins & Philistines. In 1986, he toured with Joan Armatrading and returned as a member of the reformed Magna Carta. During the late 1980s, Burgess also did extensive live work with a range of artists including glam-rocker/rockabilly revivalist Alvin Stardust and disco singer",
"title": "Paul Burgess (musician)"
},
{
"docid": "39933290",
"text": "\"Part II (On the Run)\" is a song recorded by American rapper Jay-Z from his twelfth studio album Magna Carta Holy Grail (2013) featuring American singer and wife Beyoncé. The song was written by Jay-Z, James Fauntleroy, Timbaland, and J-Roc while the production was handled by the latter two. It is viewed as a sequel to Beyoncé and Jay-Z's 2002 collaboration \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\", a song which was rumored to be about their relationship. \"Part II (On the Run)\" is a slow-tempo Electro-R&B ballad instrumentally complete with synths and drums, and its lyrics refer to a rebellious couple in love and describe their dangerous relationship. The song charted at numbers 93 and 81 on the UK Singles Chart and US Billboard Hot 100 respectively based on downloads alone, following the release of Magna Carta Holy Grail. It was sent to U.S. contemporary hit radio stations as the third single to be released from the album on February 18, 2014. Background \"Part II (On the Run)\" was written by Jay-Z, James Fauntleroy, Timbaland and J-Roc, while the production was handled by the latter two. It contains a sample of \"Believe in Me\" by American band One Way and Jay-Z uses Juvenile's \"Back That Azz Up\" flow when he rhymes \"Push your ma'fucka wig back, I did that/I been wilding since a Juve.\" \"Part II (On the Run)\" is viewed as a sequel to Beyoncé and Jay-Z's collaboration \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" (2002), when rumors about the pair dating started, as before that neither artist had never talked about it. The lyrics of the song were revealed by Jay-Z prior to its official release on June 27, 2013 thru a Samsung smartphone application. However, on July 4, 2013, the song leaked on the Internet prior to its official premiere. \"Part II (On the Run)\" was sent to U.S. contemporary hit radio stations on February 18, 2014 as the third single to be released from Magna Carta Holy Grail. Composition \"Part II (On the Run)\" is a smooth slow-tempo electro-R&B love ballad which is equipped with a steamy, retro and retro-futuristic groove that creates an acute level of moody texture. It is instrumentally complete with keyboards and drums. Jon Pareles, a writer of The New York Times noted that it was the closest song to pop music on Magna Carta Holy Grail. Pareles further noted that Timbaland's production sets aside his usual brittle tones to hint at the keyboard confections of 1980's Lionel Richie and Don Henley. Lyrically, the song speaks about a rebellious couple that is desperately in love. The song opens with an airy prelude during which Beyoncé sings the lines, \"Who wants that perfect love story anyway anyway / Cliché cliché cliché. Who wants that hero love that saves the day anyway, cliché cliché cliché\" in dreamy lead vocals along with breathy harmonies. Jay-Z and Beyoncé further trade verses about fugitives finding romance, with Beyoncé singing, \"I hear sirens while we make love\" and slowly exhaling in the song,",
"title": "Part II (On the Run)"
},
{
"docid": "32188384",
"text": "MoeTar is an American, Bay Area, California-based rock group, founded by singer Moorea Dickason (\"Moe\") and bassist Tarik Ragab (\"Tar\"). Moorea and Tarik previously worked together in the more politically charged funk/pop band No Origin. History Moorea and Tarik formed the band in 2008 with Matthew Heulitt (Narada Michael Walden, Zigaboo Modeliste) on guitar, David Flores (Lauryn Hill, John Santos, Carne Cruda) on drums, and Bob Crawford on keyboards. Early on Bob left the band, and was replaced by Matt Lebofsky (miRthkon, Faun Fables, Secret Chiefs 3). With the lineup in place, the band entered a period of intense rehearsals and shows. Their first gig (May 17, 2009) was performing near the finish line at the annual Bay to Breakers race in San Francisco. They also performed at the annual Burning Man Decompression Festival, and played the opening slot at the final show of Sleepytime Gorilla Museum. In 2010, they recorded their debut CD From These Small Seeds with engineer Dan Rathbun (of Sleepytime Gorilla Museum, Idiot Flesh). The album was self-released in July, 2010. Papa J of CalProg ranked it the number 4 best album of 2010. In 2011, they signed to Magna Carta Records who re-released From These Small Seeds on CD in early 2012 with different artwork. In 2013, they started recording their second CD Entropy of the Century which was released in August 2014. Jonathan Herrera (Zigaboo Modeliste, Miguel Migs, Cathedrals) helped contribute to the recording process of this record and then officially joined the band, also on keyboards. Band members Moorea Dickason – vocals Tarik Ragab – bass, backing vocals Matthew Heulitt – guitar, backing vocals Matt Lebofsky – keyboards, backing vocals David M. Flores – drums Jonathan Herrera – keyboards (since 2014) Discography Albums From These Small Seeds (2012, Magna Carta Records #MA-9111) Entropy of the Century (2014, Magna Carta Records #MA-9118-2) The Final Four (EP) (2018, self-release on Bandcamp) References External links MoeTar – official website Papa J's Top 10 albums of 2010 American experimental musical groups Musical groups from Oakland, California Magna Carta Records artists",
"title": "MoeTar"
},
{
"docid": "64569566",
"text": "The Jurors is an artwork by Hew Locke, installed at Runnymede in Surrey in 2015 to commemorate the 800th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta. Commissioned in 2014 by Surrey County Council and the National Trust, it comprises 12 high-backed bronze chairs placed in a grassy meadow, arranged in a rectangular formation to face inwards as if around a table, with one chair at each end and five along each side. Each chair measures , and the installation covers an area of . The surfaces of each chair are decorated with images and symbols representing freedom, the rule of law, and human rights, clockwise from one end: The decorations cast into the chairs also include garlands of flowers, as a reference to the Victorian language of flowers, including coltsfoot, black-eyed Susan and horse chestnut for aspects of justice, and hops for injustice; images of ermine as a reference to the traditional robes of English judges; and keys to prison cells, including a key to the Bastille which was given to George Washington by the Marquis de Lafayette in 1790. Locke deliberately avoided representing a \"collection of heroes\", and intended his 24 selected scenes to provoke reflection and debate. Locke considers that the artwork is only completed when each chair is occupied by people discussing the issues depicted. It was dedicated on 15 June 2015, at a ceremony attended by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. The ceremony included a dramatised performance of the poem \"Or In Any Other Way\" by Owen Sheers, in which twelve actors emerged from the crowds to recite a stanza each, and then took a place on one of the chairs. References The Jurors by Hew Locke, at Runnymede and Ankerwycke, National Trust What does The Jurors represent?, National Trust The dedication of The Jurors at Runnymede, National Trust The Jurors artwork at Runnymede, Exploring Surrey's Past The Jurors, an artwork by Hew Locke for Runnymede - Lillie Lenton, Exploring Surrey's Past The Jurors, an artwork by Hew Locke for Runnymede - Clause 39 of Magna Carta, Exploring Surrey's Past The Jurors, an artwork by Hew Locke for Runnymede - freedom of speech, Exploring Surrey's Past Hew Locke, Exploring Surrey's Past The Jurors, hewlocke.net Magna Carta: Prince William unveils Hew Locke's new artwork The Jurors at Runnymede, SurreyLive, 16 June 2015 The Jurors and the Queen: Memorialising Magna Carta at Runnymede, Steven Franklin, 18 October 2017 Hew Locke, The Jurors, situations.org.uk 2015 sculptures Buildings and structures in Surrey",
"title": "The Jurors"
},
{
"docid": "46723566",
"text": "Magna Carta (An Embroidery) is a 2015 work by English installation artist Cornelia Parker. The artwork is an embroidered representation of the complete text and images of an online encyclopedia article for Magna Carta, as it appeared in English Wikipedia on 15 June 2014, the 799th anniversary of the document. Execution The hand-stitched embroidery is 1.5 metres (5') wide and nearly 13 metres (42') long. It is a response to the legacy of Magna Carta in the digital era and Parker has referred to it as \"a snapshot of where the debate is right now\", the result of all open edits by English Wikipedians up to that date. It was commissioned by the Ruskin School of Art at the University of Oxford in partnership with the British Library, after being chosen from proposals from a shortlist of artists in February 2014. Parker used a screenshot from the 15 June 2014 English Wikipedia article for Magna Carta and printed it onto fabric. Like English Wikipedia, the embroidery was created through the collaboration of many individuals. It was divided in 87 sections and sent to 200 individuals who each hand-stitched portions of the artwork. She sought the collaboration of people and groups that have been affected by and associated with Magna Carta. The majority of the text was sewn by prisoners. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild stitched the images, with at least one embroiderer selected from each region of the UK. Many celebrities and public figures also contributed, stitching phrases or words of special significance to them. Parker has represented the work as \"Echoing the communal activity that resulted in the Bayeux Tapestry, but on this occasion placing more emphasis on the word rather than the image, I wanted to create an artwork that is a contemporary interpretation of Magna Carta.\" The work includes a tea stain from a prisoner and a spot of blood from Guardian editor Alan Rusbridger, who accidentally pricked his finger while sewing. Embroiderers Parker invited some 200 people to hand-stitch portions of the work including prison inmates, civil rights campaigners, MPs, lawyers, barons and artists. Much of the work was done by 36 prisoners from 13 different prisons in England, under the supervision of the social enterprise Fine Cell Work. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild contributed the images as did students from the Royal School of Needlework and the London embroidery company Hand & Lock. Six students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School, London were the youngest contributors to the work. Parker invited royalty to contribute to the work, but they declined. She said that right-wing people were more likely to decline; both Gordon Brown and Alex Salmond also declined to contribute. List of contributors Julian Assange – \"freedom\" Mary Beard Shami Chakrabarti – \"Charter of Liberties\" Kenneth Clarke Jarvis Cocker – \"common people\" for the song of the same name Brian Eno – \"in perpetuity\" Anthea Godfrey (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of Pope Innocent III Antony Gormley Germaine Greer Igor Judge, Baron Judge and Lady",
"title": "Magna Carta (An Embroidery)"
},
{
"docid": "76368886",
"text": "Magna Carta Cartel (MCC) is a Swedish alternative rock band, formed in Linköping in 2006. History The band's first EP Valiant Visions Dawn was released in 2008. In the fall of 2009 Magna Carta Cartel released their debut album Goodmorning Restrained. In March 2017, Martin Persner revealed that for seven years he has participated in the band Ghost (who's primary songwriter was Mary Goore, a former member of MCC) under the name \"Omega\" and will now instead shake up his former band, Magna Carta Cartel. In May 2017, the band made a comeback with the release of the EP The Demon King. In September 2018, they released the single \"The Sun & The Rain\". Band members Members Martin Persner – lead vocals, guitars Pär Glendor – guitars, keyboards Arvid Persner – drums, guitars Niels Nielsen – guitars, keyboards Former members Simon Söderberg – guitars, vocals Tobias Forge – guitars, bass Discography Albums Goodmorning Restrained (2009) THE DYING OPTION (2022) EPs Valiant Visions Dawn EP (2008) The Demon King EP (2017) References External links Official website Swedish alternative rock groups Culture in Linköping",
"title": "Magna Carta Cartel"
},
{
"docid": "69809271",
"text": "In 1816, the London bookbinder John Whittaker (also described as a bookseller or associated with other book-related occupations) produced a luxury edition of Magna Carta on its 600th anniversary. It was officially styled Magna Carta Regis Johannis XV. Die Junii Anno Regni XVII. The text of Whittaker's Magna Carta was in gold. Copies in the small edition were intended for the king and other nobles; George III and either John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, or his son, were known to have copies. Different copies use different materials: some are printed on vellum, others on satin or paper. About 40 were auctioned in the 20th century. Thomas Frognall Dibdin described Whittaker's Magna Carta as \"gorgeous and truly unrivalled\" in Bibliographical Decameron. Citations Works cited 1816 books Magna Carta",
"title": "Whittaker Magna Carta"
},
{
"docid": "2089508",
"text": "The Walls Came Tumbling Down is a film script written by author Robert Anton Wilson, first published in book form in 1997. Plot summary The introduction of the book includes Wilson's thoughts abouts many things, including UFOs, Magna Carta, the IRA and Nelson Mandela. It also includes Wilson's explanation of how he wrote the screenplay after a film deal had collapsed and he was trying to get another deal together. The book deals with the sometimes frightening experiences that happen to those who stumble into an expanded consciousness without any intent to go there and without any preparation or Operating Manual to tell them how to navigate when the walls tumble and the doors of perception fly open, leaving the brain suddenly free of the limits of \"mind\". Title references The title refers not only to the walls of Jericho in the Bible story but also to the tunnel-walls of the labyrinth of Minos in the Greek myth, which hid Theseus and the Minotaur from each other before their final confrontation. It also refers to the Leary-Wilson reality-tunnels. The plot revolves around three characters, Michael, Simon, and Cathy. See also Mystical experiences Ego death Higher consciousness Religious ecstasy External links Excerpt from The Walls Came Tumbling Down 1997 books Books by Robert Anton Wilson",
"title": "The Walls Came Tumbling Down (Wilson book)"
},
{
"docid": "15621393",
"text": "John of England has been portrayed many times in fiction, generally reflecting the overwhelmingly negative view of his reputation. Art The North Wall Frieze in the courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States depicts King John granting Magna Carta. Literature King John is the protagonist of John Bale's sixteenth-century Protestant play King Johan, in which he is depicted positively as a bulwark against the papacy. John was the subject of an anonymous Elizabethan play, The Troublesome Reign of King John, in 1591. The play reflects the sympathetic view of King John during the English Reformation; it depicts John as \"a fearless resister of the Papacy\". This play is believed by many Shakespeare scholars to have been a source for Shakespeare's play. King John appears in the plays The Downfall of Robert Earl of Huntington and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (1598) by Anthony Munday. Munday's two plays feature the exploits of Robin Hood, and John is depicted as Robin's enemy in these plays. Munday's work thus incorporated King John into the Robin Hood legends. As a result of this, John and one of his Justices in Eyre, the Sheriff of Nottingham, are frequently portrayed as villain and henchman in later versions Robin Hood legends. These usually place the Robin Hood stories in the latter part of Richard I's reign, when Richard was in captivity and John was acting as unofficial regent. John was the subject of a Shakespearean play, King John (written c. 1595, and published in 1623). Prince John is a central figure in the 1819 historical romance Ivanhoe, by Sir Walter Scott, and is depicted in subsequent adaptations. Ivanhoe helped popularize the image of King John as cruel and villainous. The novel also calls John a \"Norman\", although contemporary documents from the period of John's reign do not refer to the monarch as a Norman. King John features in the three-decker novel Forest Days (1843) by G. P. R. James, about the First Barons' War. The children's novel The Constable's Tower: or the Times of Magna Charta (1891) by Charlotte Mary Yonge, revolves around John signing Magna Carta, and also features the Siege of Dover during the First Barons' War. The novel Uncanonized (1900) by Margaret Horton Potter features King John. King John is the subject of A. A. Milne's poem for children, King John's Christmas (1927), which begins \"King John was not a good man\", but slowly builds sympathy for him as he fears not getting anything for Christmas, when all he really wants is a rubber ball. In the comic parody 1066 and All That (1930) John is depicted as \"an Awful King\". The Devil and King John by Philip Lindsay (1943) is a highly speculative but relatively sympathetic account. Philip José Farmer, a science fiction author, featured King John as one of several historical figures in his Riverworld saga. Below the Salt (1957) by Thomas B. Costain depicts the First Baron's War and John's signing of Magna Carta. John is a",
"title": "Cultural depictions of John, King of England"
},
{
"docid": "34691325",
"text": "Daniel Gwynne Jones (born 27 July 1981) is a British popular historian, TV presenter, and journalist. He was educated at The Royal Latin School, a state grammar school in Buckingham, before attending Pembroke College, Cambridge. Early life and education Jones was born in Reading, England, in 1981 to Welsh parents. He was educated at The Royal Latin School, a state grammar school in Buckingham, before attending Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he achieved a first-class degree in history in 2002. Career Historian Dan Jones' first history book was a popular narrative history of the English Peasants' Revolt of 1381, titled Summer of Blood: The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, which was published in 2009. His second book, The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England, was published in 2012 in the United Kingdom and a year later in the United States, where it became a New York Times bestseller. The book, which covers the history of the Plantagenet dynasty from Henry II to Richard II, received positive reviews from critics. Jones' third book, The Hollow Crown: The Wars of the Roses and the Rise of the Tudors published in 2014, picks up where The Plantagenets leaves off and covers the period 1420–1541, from the death of Henry V to the execution of Henry VIII's cousin, Margaret Pole. His fourth book, also published in 2014 is about Magna Carta and is titled Magna Carta: The Making and Legacy of the Great Charter. Jones' next book, The Templars, The Rise and the Spectacular Fall of God's Holy Warriors, was published in September 2017 about the Knights Templar. Jones also worked as a historical consultant on the 2018 History historical drama Knightfall, presenting the official podcast. In August 2018, he published The Colour of Time: A New History of the World, 1850–1960 illustrated by Marina Amaral. He collaborated with Amaral again in 2020 for the book The World Aflame. Crusaders: The Epic History of the Wars for the Holy Land was published on 5 September 2019. It deals with the Crusades from 1096 onwards. Powers and Thrones: A New History of the Middle Ages was published by Head of Zeus in 2021. His first historical fiction debut began with his 2022 book Essex Dogs which is part of a planned trilogy. It details the life of a platoon of archers and men-at-arms during the Hundred Years' War. In 2022, Jones started his own podcast through Somethin' Else and Sony Music Entertainment called This Is History: A Dynasty to Die For, recounting much of the content of his 2012 book, The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England. TV presenter In 2014, Jones' book The Plantagenets was adapted for television as a four-part series on Channel 5 entitled Britain's Bloodiest Dynasty: The Plantagenets. Jones has also made a twelve-part series for Channel 5, Secrets of Great British Castles. In April 2016 he co-wrote and co-presented, with Suzannah Lipscomb, Henry VIII and His Six Wives, shown on Channel 5. In May 2017 he co-wrote and co-presented a three-part docu-drama,",
"title": "Dan Jones (writer)"
},
{
"docid": "3098984",
"text": "MagnaCarta: The Phantom of Avalanche (마그나카르타 ~눈사태의 망령~), also known as just MagnaCarta (마그나카르타), is a Korean role-playing video game developed and published by Softmax for Windows in 2001. It is the predecessor to the PlayStation 2 title, Magna Carta: Tears of Blood, and was the first installment in the Magna Carta series. It was never released outside of Korea. Gameplay The game's Carta (眞名) system, which takes on a similar method as Final Fantasy VIIIs junction system, relies on the usage of hanja (Han characters) to represent various energy patterns as every living thing carries a distinct energy pattern and may rely upon the use of Carta to manipulate this energy for various purposes. In application, these patterns are individually assigned to each character attribute to directly affect character growth. Some Carta may be more effective when assigned to a specific attribute due to the compatibility between the character's own personal energies in compliance with the Carta's unique energies. The available stock of the particular Carta also plays a role in determining its effectiveness. Magna Carta employs a turn-based battle system based on the conditional usage of TP (Turn Points). When a character achieves his or her turn, the player is given the options of moving the character around and / or executing a skill. (The turn automatically ends upon executing a skill, regardless of any other conditions present.) Both the movement range of the character, as well as any skills she or he executes, costs a specific number of Turn Points to be accomplished. While moving, free roaming is allowed around the battle field during one's turn, but within a limited range which is indicated by an aura. The size of the aura, like many elements of battle, may be affected by the turn range, so characters who have TP left over from previous rounds may find a slight range advantage in the next. Plot Calintz, once having been a high-ranking royal guard, has left his home of Shudelmir many years ago to seek adventure elsewhere. Though having left his home in a peaceful state, Calintz decided to return home years later only to find Shudelmir in chaos. The sheer growth of monsters, as well as the rise of two important factions, have left Calintz with no choice but to join the Schwarz Strum as the 7th Squad Leader. Rumors have surfaced about the origin of the monsters. Particularly, the monster growth has been attributed to the enthroning of the new Emperor, Shulenlord. Many people believe that Vermillion, one of the two rising factions, is releasing the creatures in hopes of dethroning the new Emperor, and that the Emperor is retaliating against Vermillion in this same fashion. Amidst this conflict, political struggles between the fallen Princess, Juclecia, and the new Empress, Leona, have contributed a fair share to the chaos of Shudelmir. Having lost her mother to a senseless crime of murder, Juclecia was stripped of her royal authority and cast out into the rural district to conscribe",
"title": "Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche"
},
{
"docid": "39696085",
"text": "Magna Carta Holy Grail (alternatively written and stylized as Magna Carta... Holy Grail) is the twelfth studio album by American rapper Jay-Z. It was made available at first for free digital download for Samsung customers via the Jay-Z Magna Carta app on July 4, 2013. It was released for retail sale on July 8, 2013 by Roc Nation, Roc-A-Fella, and Universal Music Distribution, as well as the final release by Roc-A-Fella before the label was shuttered. The album features guest appearances by Justin Timberlake, Nas, Rick Ross, Frank Ocean and Beyoncé. Most of the album was produced by Timbaland and Jerome \"J-Roc\" Harmon, while other producers included Boi-1da, Mike Will Made It, Hit-Boy, Mike Dean, No I.D., The-Dream, Swizz Beatz, and Pharrell Williams among others. The album was promoted through various commercials presented by Samsung and was not preceded by any retail singles. The album spawned three successful singles, \"Holy Grail\", \"Tom Ford\" and \"Part II (On the Run)\" featuring Beyoncé. Multiple other songs on the album achieved chart success including, \"FuckWithMeYouKnowIGotIt\", \"Oceans\", \"Heaven\" and \"Picasso Baby\". Additionally, the album was supported by three concert tours: Legends of the Summer (co-headlined with Justin Timberlake), Magna Carter World Tour and On the Run Tour (co-headlined with his wife Beyoncé). Upon its release, Magna Carta... Holy Grail was met with mixed reviews from music critics. Some complimented the album's production and composition, while others were disappointed with its overall theme and found many songs repetitive. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, selling 528,000 copies in its first week, making it Jay-Z's 13th consecutive studio album to top the chart. On September 2, 2013, it was announced that the album was certified double platinum by the RIAA, for shipments of two million copies. At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, the album was nominated in six categories, winning the award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Holy Grail\" featuring Justin Timberlake. Background On September 23, 2010, rapper Q-Tip confirmed working on Jay-Z's twelfth studio album, with a tentative release in 2011. By May 2012, reports arose that he was working on new music with Roc Nation producer Jahlil Beats. In an interview with XXL, Beats stated: \"Me and Jay-Z been going back and forth. He picked a couple of my joints that he's working on. I don't even wanna say too much about Jay, but we definitely working on some stuff. I haven't even sent him a bunch of beats. I sent him my favorite stuff. He hit me right back like, 'Yo, I'ma go in on this,' or, 'I like this.'\" The album development was kept a secret, but The-Dream hinted about a new Jay-Z album in an April 2013 interview with Hot 97. Leading up to the album's announcement, Jay-Z served as an executive producer for both the film The Great Gatsby and its soundtrack, The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film, which he and film director Baz Luhrmann worked together for two years . The opening song,",
"title": "Magna Carta Holy Grail"
},
{
"docid": "41713649",
"text": "Magna Carta College (also known as Magna Carta College, Oxford and formerly as GBSO) is an independent business school in Oxford, United Kingdom. Accreditation Magna Carta College programmes were, until April 2015, accredited through the University of Buckingham and were previously accredited through the University of Wales until 2011, when the University of Wales announced that it would cease to act as an accrediting body for other universities. Students who had registered for accredited courses at the time of the announcement could remain on their University of Wales course until graduation. Between 2013 and 2016 the college was acquired and run by a team of investors, ceasing all involvement or association with Magna Carta College in Nov 2016. In 2017 the founder and the original academic faculty reacquired the name, and relaunched the school, to coincide with the partnership with London Metropolitan University to deliver an online (blended learning) MBA programme, leading to a degree award by London Met. Associated organisations Magna Carta College has affiliations or partnerships with the following organisations Buckinghamshire New University London Metropolitan University Pearson References Universities and colleges in England Business schools in England Education in Oxford",
"title": "Magna Carta College"
},
{
"docid": "30333410",
"text": "Henry Care (1646–1688) was an English political writer and journalist, or \"Whig propagandist\", whose speciality was anti-Catholicism. Life Care edited a paper called the Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome. It began as a serial publication covering the history of the Protestant Reformation. After the publicity for the alleged Popish Plot of 1678, he wrote against the Church of England and its members, then supposed by some to be deeply inclined towards popery. He was tried at Guildhall, 2 July 1680, on an information against him as the author of this journal, and more particularly for a clause against the lord chief justice, William Scroggs, who himself sat as judge at the trial. The jury found him guilty, and Care was prohibited from printing his journal. These proceedings then constituted one of the charges brought against Scroggs, who was removed from the bench some months later, and Care continued to publish. Care's last number of the Weekly Pacquet, which extended to five volumes, is dated 13 July 1683, at which time he fell ill. In 1682 Care fell out with Langley Curtis, the original publisher; Care, who lived at the time in the Great Old Bailey, continued to work on his own account. But at the start of the quarrel, Curtis, employed William Salmon, another writer, to publish a continuation of the Pacquets, and he did so from 25 August 1682, the same day as Care's fifth volume also began, until 4 May 1683. The English Liberties (1680, in later versions often British Liberties) was a cheap polemical book that was influential and much-reprinted, in the American colonies as well as Britain, and made Magna Carta central to the history and the contemporary legitimacy of its subject. The Excellent Priviledge of Liberty (1687), an American book generally attributed to William Penn, reprinted the text of both Magna Carta (its first American printing) and (without attributing it) English Liberties. Legacy The English Liberties continued to be reprinted until the late 18th century. A two-volume adaptation of the Weekly Pacquet, under the title The History of Popery, appeared anonymously in 1735–6. Notes References Breay, Claire, Harrison, Julian (eds.), Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy, 2015, The British Library, Attribution 1646 births 1688 deaths English male journalists English male non-fiction writers",
"title": "Henry Care"
},
{
"docid": "10682044",
"text": "William de Lanvallei III (died 1217) was an English landowner, governor of Colchester Castle. He was lord of Walkern, Hertfordshire. Relationship with King John William III accompanied King John of England on his expedition to Poitou in 1214 and was present at the truce. William III was an enforcer of Magna Carta and was related to several of the Magna Carta barons (see \"family\" section below). Family William was the grandson of the founder of the family fortune, William de Lanvallai I, a Breton. William I (1125-1180), was an administrator for Henry II of England after his takeover of the duchy of Brittany in 1166. William served in the office for five years, crossing to England in 1171 or 1172. to become the king's castellan of Winchester. William I married Gunnora, the daughter of Hubert de Saint Clair (1120-1155). William II (c.1161-1204), son of William I, married Hawise, great-granddaughter of Hugh de Bocland (Buckland, Oxfordshire). William III, son of William II, married Maud, daughter of Gilbert (Hamon) Peche. Maud was niece of Robert Fitzwalter, a leader of the Magna Carta barons. Hawise, daughter of William III, was placed as ward with Hubert de Burgh. Hubert married Hawise to his son, John. References External links website for Walkern History Society website for the Magna Carta Barons Association 12th-century births 1217 deaths 12th-century English landowners 13th-century English landowners Anglo-Normans Magna Carta barons People from Colchester People from Hertfordshire English feudal barons",
"title": "William de Lanvallei"
},
{
"docid": "8268876",
"text": "(or the Great Charter of Ireland) is an issue of the English Magna Carta (or Great Charter of Liberties) in Ireland. King Henry III of England's charter of 1216 was issued for Ireland on 12 November 1216 but not transmitted to Ireland until February 1217; it secured rights for the Anglo-Norman magnates in Ireland. The charter was reissued in 1217 as in England. It was in effect the application of Magna Carta to Ireland, with appropriate substitutions (such as \"Dublin\" for \"London\", and \"Irish Church\" for \"Church of England\"). The only known copy of the charter was once to be found in the Red Book of the Dublin Court of Exchequer, a manuscript volume compiled in the fourteenth century. The Red Book was destroyed in the explosion at the Four Courts in Dublin, in 1922, but the charter had been recorded by H. F. Berry in Early Statutes of Ireland (1907). Magna Carta Hiberniae 1216 (1 Hen. 3) is now a retained statute in the Republic of Ireland under the Statute Law Revision Act 2007, s.2(2)(a), Schedule 1. Further reading Early Statutes of Ireland H. F. Berry, 1907 Magna Charta Hiberniae, pp. 31–33, H.G. Richardson, Irish Historical Studies References External links Magna Charta Hiberniae 1216 (Great Charter of Ireland) Statute Law Revision Act 2007 1210s in law Irish laws Law of Northern Ireland Legal history of Ireland 1216 in Europe 13th century in Ireland Medieval charters and cartularies",
"title": "Great Charter of Ireland"
}
] | [
"1215"
] |
train_22579 | what kind of change happens to water when it is boiled | [
{
"docid": "1262296",
"text": "In thermodynamics, Trouton's rule states that the (molar) entropy of vaporization is almost the same value, about 85–88 J/(K·mol), for various kinds of liquids at their boiling points. The entropy of vaporization is defined as the ratio between the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling temperature. It is named after Frederick Thomas Trouton. It is expressed as a function of the gas constant : A similar way of stating this (Trouton's ratio) is that the latent heat is connected to boiling point roughly as Trouton’s rule can be explained by using Boltzmann's definition of entropy to the relative change in free volume (that is, space available for movement) between the liquid and vapour phases. It is valid for many liquids; for instance, the entropy of vaporization of toluene is 87.30 J/(K·mol), that of benzene is 89.45 J/(K·mol), and that of chloroform is 87.92 J/(K·mol). Because of its convenience, the rule is used to estimate the enthalpy of vaporization of liquids whose boiling points are known. The rule, however, has some exceptions. For example, the entropies of vaporization of water, ethanol, formic acid and hydrogen fluoride are far from the predicted values. The entropy of vaporization of at its boiling point has the extraordinarily high value of 136.9 J/(K·mol). The characteristic of those liquids to which Trouton’s rule cannot be applied is their special interaction between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding. The entropy of vaporization of water and ethanol shows positive deviance from the rule; this is because the hydrogen bonding in the liquid phase lessens the entropy of the phase. In contrast, the entropy of vaporization of formic acid has negative deviance. This fact indicates the existence of an orderly structure in the gas phase; it is known that formic acid forms a dimer structure even in the gas phase. Negative deviance can also occur as a result of a small gas-phase entropy owing to a low population of excited rotational states in the gas phase, particularly in small molecules such as methane a small moment of inertia giving rise to a large rotational constant , with correspondingly widely separated rotational energy levels and, according to Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, a small population of excited rotational states, and hence a low rotational entropy. The validity of Trouton's rule can be increased by considering Here, if , the right hand side of the equation equals , and we find the original formulation for Trouton's rule. References Further reading - Publication of Trouton's rule Atkins, Peter (1978). Physical Chemistry Oxford University Press Chemistry theories Thermodynamic properties",
"title": "Trouton's rule"
},
{
"docid": "58091424",
"text": "A pool fire is a type of diffusion flame where a layer of volatile liquid fuel is evaporating and burning. The fuel layer can be either on a horizontal solid substrate or floating on a higher-density liquid, usually water. Pool fires are an important scenario in fire process safety and combustion science, as large amounts of liquid fuels are stored and transported by different industries. Physical properties The most important physical parameter describing a pool fire is the heat release rate, which determines the minimum safe distance needed to avoid burns from thermal radiation. The heat release rate is limited by the rate of evaporation of the fuel, as the combustion reaction takes place in the gas phase. The evaporation rate, in turn, is determined by other physical parameters, such as the depth, surface area and shape of the pool, as well as the fuel boiling point, heat of vaporization, heat of combustion, thermal conductivity and others. A feedback loop exists between the heat release rate and evaporation rate, as a significant part of the energy released in the combustion reaction will be transmitted from the gas phase to the liquid fuel, and can supply the needed heat of vaporization. In the case of large pool fires, most of the heat transfer happens in the form of thermal radiation. Typical fuels in accidental pool fires, or experiments simulating them, include aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-heptane, liquefied propane gas), aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene), alcohols (methanol, ethanol) or mixtures thereof (kerosene). It is important that a pool fire involving a water-insoluble fuel is not attempted to be extinguished with water, as this can trigger explosive boiling and spattering of the burning material. Open-top tank fires are pool fires of industrial scale that occur when the roof of an atmospheric tank fails due to internal tank blast, followed by the contents of the tank catching fire. If a layer of water is present underneath the fuel and the fuel is a mixture of chemical species with several different boiling points, a boilover may eventually occur, greatly aggravating the fire. The boilover onset occurs as soon as a hot zone propagates down through the fuel, reaching the water and making it boil. See also Radiative transfer Fire safety References Types of fire Process safety",
"title": "Pool fire"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "36193547",
"text": "2-Chlorobutane is a compound with formula . It is also called sec-butyl chloride. It is a colorless, volatile liquid at room temperature that is not miscible in water. Physical properties It is a colorless, volatile liquid at room temperature that is not miscible in water. Being an alkyl chloride, its boiling point varies depending on what kind of halide is attached and where it is attached. The boiling points of chlorides are lower than bromides or iodides due to the small size of chlorine relative to other halogens, and its weaker intermolecular forces. Despite its polarity, 2-chlorobutane is only slightly soluble in water due to the hydrocarbon chain its attached to, this makes it soluble in nonpolar-organic solvents. Like many alkyl halides, it is relativity reactive, although not as reactive as iodides and bromides (I>Br>Cl>F), because of this reactivity, alkyl fluorides are more stable than others, and are not readily reactive. Synthesis 2-Chlorobutane can be synthesized through the addition of hydrochloric acid to 2-butene in the following reaction: The reaction is two-step, with the pi electrons attacking the chloride hydrogen, which forms a chloride nucleophile. In the second step, the nucleophile attacks the carbocation generated in the first step. Although addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene is stereoselective, the symmetrical structure of 2-butene prevents an anti-Marknikov product from forming due to both sides of the double bond having the same stability. In addition, 2-chlorobutane can be synthesized in a substitution reaction by reacting 2-butanol with hydrochloric acid. In this case, the reaction is SN1 because 2-butanol generates a carbocation in a 2-step reaction. Because a hydroxyl group is not a good leaving group, it first attacks the chloride hydrogen, creating water, which is a good leaving group, this generates the carbocation. In the second step, the chloride nucleophile attacks the carbocation to form the product. Uses 2-Chlorobutane, along with other alkyl halides, is a useful intermediate in many different organic reactions. The halogen group is an effective leaving group, leading to its use in both elimination and substitution reactions. In addition, the compound is also a candidate for coupling reactions via a Grignard reagent. Substitution reactions In an Sn2 reaction, a nucleophile (iodine) attacks the partially positive carbon, which eliminates the chlorine. This occurs in one step. A less favorable but still possible reaction is an Sn1 reaction, where a secondary carbocation is formed once the leaving group is removed. The nucleophile then attacks the carbocation, forming the product. Elimination reactions Additionally, because 2-chlorobutane is antiperiplanar, it can undergo E2 elimination reactions with strong bases. In it, the chlorine leaving group is removed, and the double bond is restored to yield different constitutional isomers. This is because 2-chlorobutane possesses two different sets of β-hydrogens at the first and third carbons respectively, resulting in 1-butene or 2-butene. It is important to note that as a secondary alkyl halide, both E2 and Sn2 reactions are equally likely when reacting with a substance that can act as both a base and",
"title": "2-Chlorobutane"
},
{
"docid": "1515874",
"text": "The history of tea in China is long and complex, for the Chinese have enjoyed tea for millennia. Scholars hailed the brew as a cure for a variety of ailments; the nobility considered the consumption of good tea as a mark of their status, and the common people simply enjoyed its flavour. In 2016, the discovery of the earliest known physical evidence of tea from the mausoleum of Emperor Jing of Han (d. 141 BCE) in Xi'an was announced, indicating that tea from the genus Camellia was drunk by Han dynasty emperors as early as the 2nd century BCE. Tea then became a popular drink in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties. Historical background According to legend, tea was first discovered by the legendary Chinese emperor and herbalist, Shennong, in 2737 BCE. It is said that the emperor liked his drinking water boiled before he drank it so it would be clean, so that is what his servants did. One day, on a trip to a distant region, he and his army stopped to rest. A servant began boiling water for him to drink, and a dead leaf from the wild tea bush fell into the water. It turned a brownish color, but it was unnoticed and presented to the emperor anyway. The emperor drank it and found it very refreshing, and cha (tea) came into being. The Erya, a Chinese dictionary dated to the 3rd century BCE, records that an infusion of some kind of leaf was used as early as the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE). While historically the origin of tea as a medicinal herb useful for staying awake is unclear, China is considered to have the earliest records of tea drinking, with recorded tea use in its history dating back to the first millennium BCE. The Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) used tea as medicine. The use of tea as a beverage drunk for pleasure on social occasions dates from the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) or earlier. The Classic of Tea (茶經) by the Tang dynasty writer Lu Yu (陸羽; 729–804) is an early work on the subject. (See also Tea Classics) According to Cha Jing writing, around CE 760, tea drinking was widespread. The book describes how tea plants were grown, the leaves processed, and tea prepared as a beverage. It also describes how tea was evaluated. The book also discusses where the best tea leaves were produced. At this time in tea's history, the nature of the beverage and style of tea preparation were quite different from the way westerners consume it today. Tea leaves were processed into compressed cakes form. The dried teacake, generally called brick tea was ground in a stone mortar. Hot water was added to the powdered teacake, or the powdered teacake was boiled in earthenware kettles then consumed as a hot beverage. See matcha for the Japanese version of using powdered green tea, which is derived from older Chinese customs. A form of compressed tea referred to as white",
"title": "History of tea in China"
},
{
"docid": "2807557",
"text": "Czech cuisine has both influenced and been influenced by the cuisines of surrounding countries and nations. Many of the cakes and pastries that are popular in Central Europe originated within the Czech lands. Contemporary Czech cuisine is more meat-based than in previous periods; the current abundance of farmable meat has enriched its presence in regional cuisine. Traditionally, meat has been reserved for once-weekly consumption, typically on weekends. The body of Czech meals typically consists of two, or sometimes more, courses; the first course is traditionally soup, and the second course is the main dish. If a third course is eaten, which mainly happens at more festive occasions, it is usually a sweet dessert or compote (). In the Czech cuisine, thick soups and many kinds of sauces, both based on stewed or cooked vegetables and meats, often with cream, as well as baked meats with natural sauces (gravies), are popular dishes usually accompanied with beer, especially Pilsner, that Czechs consume the most in the world. Czech cuisine is also very strong in sweet main courses, a unique feature in European cuisines. History The 19th-century Czech language cookbook by Karolína Vávrová shows influences of French cuisine in the order of multi-course meals common throughout the Habsburg monarchy, beginning with soup, followed by fish entrees, meat and sweets. Vávrová deviates from this standard order for the sweets of type. These flour-based sweets, including baked puddings, strudels, doughnuts and souffles could be served either before or after the roast meats, but stewed fruits, creamy desserts, cakes, ice cream, and cookies were to always be served after the roast and for multiple dessert courses would follow this stated order. Side dishes Dumplings () (steamed and sliced like bread) are one of the mainstays of Czech cuisine and are typically served with meals. They can be either wheat or potato-based and are sometimes made from a combination of wheat flour and dices made of stale bread or rolls. Puffed rice can be found in store-prepared mixtures. Smaller Czech dumplings are usually potato-based. When served as leftovers, sliced dumplings are sometimes pan-fried with eggs. Czech potato dumplings are often filled with smoked meat and served with spinach or sauerkraut. Fried onion and braised cabbage can be included as a side dish. There are many other side dishes, including noodles and boiled rice. Potatoes are served boiled with salt, often with caraway seed and butter. Peeled and boiled potatoes are mixed into mashed potatoes. New potatoes are sometimes boiled in their skins, not peeled, from harvest time to new year. Because of the influence of foreign countries, potatoes are also fried, so French fries and croquettes are common in restaurants. Buckwheat, pearl barley and millet grains are rarely served in restaurants. These are more commonly a home-cooked, healthier alternative. Pasta is common, either baked, boiled, cooked with other ingredients, or served as a salad. Pasta is available in different shapes and flavors. This is an influence of Italian and Asian cuisine. Rice and buckwheat noodles are not",
"title": "Czech cuisine"
},
{
"docid": "17402595",
"text": "Instant-boiled mutton () is a Chinese hot pot dish. Introduction Instant-boiled mutton, also known as Mongolian Fire Pot or dip-boil mutton, is a Chinese hot pot dish. Traditionally, Chinese people have eaten it inside the home during cold winter weather, but in recent times, instant-boiled mutton has been eaten year-round. It is also eaten in restaurants. Mutton slice often uses different cut from the back (e.g. shangnao, sancha, etc.) and rear legs (e.g. modang). The tail of the lamb is used to prepare the soup base. History Instant-boiled mutton dates back to the Yuan Dynasty. At one point during a battle, the Khagan of the Mongol Empire, Kublai Khan, had a sudden craving for stewed mutton. However, the enemy's troops were approaching. To satisfy Kublai Khan's desire, a chef quickly cut off a dozen thin mutton slices and put them in boiling water. He removed them as soon as the lamb changed color and put them into a bowl with salt. Kublai Khan finished the mutton quickly and returned to the battle, which he won. At the victory banquet, Kublai Khan requested that the chef make this lamb dish again and named it instant-boiled mutton. Cooking and eating method When instant-boiled mutton is eaten in China, a hot-pot of boiling water is placed in the middle of the table. Tofu, Chinese cabbage, bean sprouts, and vermicelli are normally included in the hot-pot. Lamb is pre-sliced paper-thin into unbroken pieces and served on the table. Eaters pick up some pre-sliced raw lamb using chopsticks, put it in the boiling hot-pot, and remove it as soon as the lamb changes color. Each person has a small bowl to hold sauce for the cooked lamb; the sauce is normally a mixture of sesame sauce, chili oil, leeks, and more. See also List of lamb dishes References Zhongli, Tumei. (2007). Food in China. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. . External links www.china.org.cn www.chinesefoodrecipes.org Lamb:Good for you China Eating Out Guide Beijing cuisine Lamb dishes Chinese soups and stews",
"title": "Instant-boiled mutton"
},
{
"docid": "54305952",
"text": "Pentamethylantimony or pentamethylstiborane is an organometalllic compound containing five methyl groups bound to an antimony atom with formula Sb(CH3)5. It is an example of a hypervalent compound. The molecular shape is trigonal bipyramid. Some other antimony(V) organometallic compounds include pentapropynylantimony (Sb(CCCH3)5) and pentaphenyl antimony (Sb(C6H5)5). Other known pentamethyl-pnictides include pentamethylbismuth and pentamethylarsenic. Production Pentamethylantimony can be made by reacting Sb(CH3)3Br2 with two equivalents of methyl lithium. Another production route is to convert trimethylstibine to the trimethyl antimony dichloride, and then replace the chlorine with methyl groups with methyl lithium. Sb(CH3)3 + Cl2 → Sb(CH3)3Cl2 Sb(CH3)3Cl2 + 2LiCH3 → Sb(CH3)5 + 2LiCl Properties Pentamethylantimony is colourless. At -143 °C it crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with space group Ccmm. Unit cell dimensions are a=6.630 Å b=11.004 Å c=11.090 Å. There are four formula per unit cell. Unit cell volume is 809.1 Å3. The trigonal bipyramid shape has three equatorial positions for carbon, and two axial positions at the peaks of the pyramids. The length of the antimony-carbon bond is around 214 pm for equatorial methyl groups and 222 pm for the axial positions. The bond angles are 120° for ∠C-Sb-C across the equator, and 90° for ∠C-Sb-C between equator and axis. The molecules rapidly change carbon atom position, so that in NMR spectrum as low as −100 °C, there is only one kind of hydrogen position. Pentamethylantimony is more stable than pentamethylbismuth, because in lower energy trimethylbismuth, the non-bonding pair of electrons is more shielded due to the f-electrons and the lanthanoid contraction. Trimethylantimony is higher in energy, and thus less is released in a decomposition of pentamethylantimony. Pentamethylantimony can be stored as a liquid in clean glass at room temperature. Pentamethylantimony melts at -19 °C. Although it decomposes when boiling is attempted and can explode, it has a high vapour pressure at 8 mmHg at 25 °C. There are two absorption bands in the ultraviolet at 2380 and 2500 Å. Reactions Pentamethylantimony reacts with methyl lithium to yield a colourless lithium hexamethylantimonate in tetrahydrofuran. Sb(CH3)5 + LiCH3 → Li(thf)Sb(CH3)6 Pentamethylantimony reacts with silsesquioxanes to yield tetramethylstibonium silsesquioxanes. eg (cyclo-C6H11)7Si7O9(OH)3 yields (cyclo-C6H11)7Si7O9(OSb(CH3)4)3. The reaction happens quickly when there are more than two OH groups. Phosphonic acids and phosphinic acids combine with pentamethylantimony to yield compounds like (CH3)4SbOP(O)Ph2, (CH3)4SbOP(O)(OH)Ph and (CH3)4SbOP(O)(OH)3, eliminating methane. Stannocene Sn(C5H5)2 combines with pentamethylantimony to produce bis(tetramethylstibonium)tetracyclopentadienylstannate ([(CH3)4Sb]2Sn(C5H5)4). Pentamethylantimony reacts with many very weak acids to form a tetramethylstibonium salt or tetramethylstibonium derivative with the acid. Such acids include water (H2O), alcohols, thiols, phenol, carboxylic acids, hydrogen fluoride, thiocyanic acid, hydrazoic acid, difluorophosphoric acid, thiophosphinic acids, and alkylsilols. With halogens, pentamethylantimony has one or two methyl groups replaced by the halogen atoms. Lewis acids also react to form tetramethyl stibonium salts, including [(CH3)4Sb]TlBr4, [(CH3)4Sb][CH3SbCl5], Pentamethylantimony reacts with the surface of silica to coat it with Si-O-Sb(CH3)4 groups. Over 250 °C this decomposes to Sb(CH3) and leaves methyl groups attached to the silica surface. References Organoantimony compounds Hypervalent molecules Methyl complexes",
"title": "Pentamethylantimony"
},
{
"docid": "46318",
"text": "Portable soup was a kind of dehydrated food of English origin used in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was a precursor of meat extract and bouillon cubes, and of industrially dehydrated and instant food. It is also known as pocket soup or veal glue. It is essentially a partially dehydrated broth and a solid counterpart of the glace de viande (meat glaze) used in French cuisine. It was long a staple of British seamen, military and explorers, as it would keep for many months or even a year. In this context, it was considered a filling and nutritious dish. Process Portable soup was made from a slow-cooked beef or veal broth (often 6 to 8 hours), reduced, degreased to remove the fat (which may spoil and become rancid over time) and then reduced repeatedly until it solidified into a jelly. Once it was sufficiently gelatinous to hold its form, it was placed on pieces of flannel or unglazed earthenware dishes and rotated regularly to dry it further. Historically, this was a seasonal process attempted only in the winter when humidity was low. Once dry, it was wrapped in paper and stored in boxes. History Hugh Plat In the late sixteenth century, Sir Hugh Plat wrote, in his unpublished notes, of portable soup as a potential military rations for the army and navy, describing it as meat broth boiled down to a thick and dry paste which he called \"gelly\". Plat's basic recipe was to boil the feet or legs of beef cattle for a long time to make \"a good broath\" which was then strained and boiled down to \"a strong & stiff gelly\". This in turn was dried on clean cloths in a windy place out of the sun, cut with wire into pieces, powdered with flour to stop the pieces from sticking, and stored in wooden boxes. Made in March, it would \"keepe all the yeere\". Alternatively, the dry jelly could be \"stamped\" into shape with a wooden die, like the \"Genoa Paste\" of quinces familiar to Plat and other cooks of the time. He instructed that no sugar or salt should be added to the jelly because such taste would be concentrated by the boiling process, although he speculated that saffron might add colour, and that rosewater could also be added at this stage. He wondered whether baked flour or grated bread could be incorporated to make the jelly \"serve as bread and meate the better\", and whether the addition of isinglass would make it stiffer. The jelly was variously described by Plat as a \"Victual for Warr\", \"dry gelly carried to the sea\", and a food for soldiers on the march. Plat envisaged using this jelly either as the base for soup, or \"neat\" as a concentrated food. Reconstitution as soup simply involved dissolving a piece of the jelly in hot water to make \"good broath\", and, because jelly and water alone would be rather bland, adding such flavourings as were available or to taste",
"title": "Portable soup"
},
{
"docid": "11763521",
"text": "In fluid thermodynamics, nucleate boiling is a type of boiling that takes place when the surface temperature is hotter than the saturated fluid temperature by a certain amount but where the heat flux is below the critical heat flux. For water, as shown in the graph below, nucleate boiling occurs when the surface temperature is higher than the saturation temperature () by between . The critical heat flux is the peak on the curve between nucleate boiling and transition boiling. The heat transfer from surface to liquid is greater than that in film boiling. Nucleate boiling is common in electric kettles and is responsible for the noise that occurs before boiling occurs. It also occurs in water boilers where water is rapidly heated. Mechanism Two different regimes may be distinguished in the nucleate boiling range. When the temperature difference is between approximately above TS, isolated bubbles form at nucleation sites and separate from the surface. This separation induces considerable fluid mixing near the surface, substantially increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux. In this regime, most of the heat transfer is through direct transfer from the surface to the liquid in motion at the surface and not through the vapor bubbles rising from the surface. Between above TS, a second flow regime may be observed. As more nucleation sites become active, increased bubble formation causes bubble interference and coalescence. In this region the vapor escapes as jets or columns which subsequently merge into plugs of vapor. Interference between the densely populated bubbles inhibits the motion of liquid near the surface. This is observed on the graph as a change in the direction of the gradient of the curve or an inflection in the boiling curve. After this point, the heat transfer coefficient starts to reduce as the surface temperature is further increased although the product of the heat transfer coefficient and the temperature difference (the heat flux) is still increasing. When the relative increase in the temperature difference is balanced by the relative reduction in the heat transfer coefficient, a maximum heat flux is achieved as observed by the peak in the graph. This is the critical heat flux. At this point in the maximum, considerable vapor is being formed, making it difficult for the liquid to continuously wet the surface to receive heat from the surface. This causes the heat flux to reduce after this point. At extremes, film boiling commonly known as the Leidenfrost effect is observed. The process of forming steam bubbles within liquid in micro cavities adjacent to the wall if the wall temperature at the heat transfer surface rises above the saturation temperature while the bulk of the liquid (heat exchanger) is subcooled. The bubbles grow until they reach some critical size, at which point they separate from the wall and are carried into the main fluid stream. There the bubbles collapse because the temperature of bulk fluid is not as high as at the heat transfer surface, where the bubbles were",
"title": "Nucleate boiling"
},
{
"docid": "1277505",
"text": "A steam explosion is an explosion caused by violent boiling or flashing of water or ice into steam, occurring when water or ice is either superheated, rapidly heated by fine hot debris produced within it, or heated by the interaction of molten metals (as in a fuel–coolant interaction, or FCI, of molten nuclear-reactor fuel rods with water in a nuclear reactor core following a core-meltdown). Steam explosions are instances of explosive boiling. Pressure vessels, such as pressurized water (nuclear) reactors, that operate above atmospheric pressure can also provide the conditions for a steam explosion. The water changes from a solid or liquid to a gas with extreme speed, increasing dramatically in volume. A steam explosion sprays steam and boiling-hot water and the hot medium that heated it in all directions (if not otherwise confined, e.g. by the walls of a container), creating a danger of scalding and burning. Steam explosions are not normally chemical explosions, although a number of substances react chemically with steam (for example, zirconium and superheated graphite (inpure carbon, C) react with steam and air respectively to give off hydrogen (H2), which may explode violently in air (O2) to form water or H2O) so that chemical explosions and fires may follow. Some steam explosions appear to be special kinds of boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE), and rely on the release of stored superheat. But many large-scale events, including foundry accidents, show evidence of an energy-release front propagating through the material (see description of FCI below), where the forces create fragments and mix the hot phase into the cold volatile one; and the rapid heat transfer at the front sustains the propagation. If a steam explosion occurs in a confined tank of water due to rapid heating of the water, the pressure wave and rapidly expanding steam can cause severe water hammer. This was the mechanism that, in Idaho, USA, in 1961, caused the SL-1 nuclear reactor vessel to jump over in the air when it was destroyed by a criticality accident. In the case of SL-1, the fuel and fuel elements vaporized from instantaneous overheating. Events of this general type are also possible if the fuel and fuel elements of a water-cooled nuclear reactor gradually melt. The mixture of molten core structures and fuel is often referred to as \"Corium\". If such corium comes into contact with water, vapour explosions may occur from the violent interaction between molten fuel (corium) and water as coolant. Such explosions are seen to be fuel–coolant interactions (FCI). The severity of a steam explosion based on fuel-coolant interaction (FCI) depends strongly on the so-called premixing process, which describes the mixing of the melt with the surrounding water-steam mixture. In general, water-rich premixtures are considered more favorable than steam-rich environments in terms of steam explosion initiation and strength. The theoretical maximum for the strength of a steam explosion from a given mass of molten corium, which can never be achieved in practice, is due to its optimal distribution in the form of",
"title": "Steam explosion"
},
{
"docid": "167082",
"text": "is a family of stocks used in Japanese cuisine. Dashi forms the base for miso soup, clear broth soup, noodle broth soup, and many simmering liquids to accentuate the savory flavor known as umami. Dashi is also mixed into the flour base of some grilled foods like okonomiyaki and takoyaki. Preparation The most common form of dashi is a simple broth made by heating water containing kombu (edible kelp) and kezurikatsuo (shavings of katsuobushi – preserved, fermented skipjack tuna or bonito) to near-boiling, then straining the resultant liquid; dried anchovies or sardines may be substituted. Katsuobushi is especially high in sodium inosinate and kombu is especially high in glutamic acids; both combined create a synergy of umami. Granulated or liquid instant dashi largely replaced the homemade product in the second half of the 20th century. Homemade dashi is less popular today, even in Japan. Compared to the taste of homemade dashi, instant dashi tends to have a stronger, less subtle flavor, due to the use of chemical flavor enhancers—glutamates and ribonucleotides. Variations Other kinds of dashi are made by soaking kelp, niboshi, or shiitake in water for many hours or by heating them in near-boiling water and straining the resulting broth. Kombu dashi is made by soaking or gently simmering kelp in water; soaking is traditional and fit for making baby food while simmering is a more modern practice. Kombu dashi becomes bitter and unpalatable when boiled. Niboshi dashi is made by pinching off the heads and entrails of small dried sardines, to prevent bitterness, and soaking the rest in water. Sometimes the heads are used as not everyone finds them to be bitter, and the fish are occasionally toasted to evaporate any volatile unpleasant fishy odors. Shiitake dashi is made by soaking dried shiitake mushrooms in water. Dried shiitake is preferred over fresh due to a stronger presence of savory or umami flavors. See also List of soups References Further reading Fish and seafood soups Japanese condiments Umami enhancers Stock (food)",
"title": "Dashi"
},
{
"docid": "71235224",
"text": "Kanuchi (Cherokee: Ku-nu-che (ᎦᎾᏥ ga-na-tsi)) is a hickory nut soup eaten originally by the Cherokee people and which consists primarily of ground hickory nuts boiled in water. Hickory was the nut of choice (probably the species Carya ovata, known for its natural sweetness), since it is a nut tree endemic to North America, and is known to grow plentifully in those forested areas settled by the Cherokee. Nutritional value and historical use Dried hickory nutmeat is high in both fat and protein, containing 3% water, 18% carbohydrates, 13% protein, and 64% fats. The nut was generally rendered into oil or made into a kind of nutmeal ball that could be used to make stock for stews and soups. Traditionally, kanuchi was eaten by adding the soup broth to hominy (Cherokee: A-ma-ge-i (ᎠᎹᎨᎢ)) that had been prepared from the flint corn (Cherokee: Se-lu(ᏎᎷ)). Hickory King corn is now principally used for making hominy. Traditional manner of preparation Kanuchi is made by gathering hickory nuts (Cherokee: So-hi (ᏐᎯ)) in the wild, usually in October. The outer hulls are removed, while the nuts, complete with their inner-shells, are then dried on a rack in front of a fire. Since hickory nuts are rarely commercially exported, the hickory nut can be substituted by making use of pecans or walnuts, or by using an equal mixture of both walnuts and pecans. The dried hickory nuts with their shells are placed over a large flat rock that has been inserted within a flat basket lined temporarily with a cloth, and are then cracked open by pounding with a smaller rock. After breaking the outer shells and crushing the nut meat, the resulting nutmeat is sifted through a sieve basket (Today, modern sieves and strainers are used). The kernels and small hulls that passed through the sieve are taken up and put into a large wooden corn mortar and there pounded with a large wooden pestle (Cherokee: Ka-no-na (ᎧᏃᎾ)) until the substance can be made into balls. The crushed nuts were formed by hand into balls, to be stored in this way for several days until ready for use. When soup was desired, an earthenware pot partly filled with water was traditionally used. The water was brought to a boil and the balls inserted into the pot of boiling water. Boiling water can also be poured over the balls while they are laid up in the pot, while stirring constantly. Once the soup reaches the right consistency, usually after cooking for 10 minutes, the soup can be ladled out and served. A thick soup is typically served with any type of bread or dumpling, whereas a thin soup may be used as a drink. Today, most food connoisseurs prefer eating kanuchi soup with rice, as its main viand, or else with sweet potatoes. Some recipes call for a dash of maple syrup to sweeten the soup. See also Indigenous cuisine of the Americas References External links Kanuchi and the Search for a Native American Soup Osiyo TV,",
"title": "Kanuchi"
},
{
"docid": "1492870",
"text": "The Marrying Kind is a 1952 American comedy drama film directed by George Cukor and starring Judy Holliday and Aldo Ray. Other cast members include John Alexander, Charles Bronson, Peggy Cass, Barry Curtis, Tom Farrell, Frank Ferguson, Ruth Gordon (who co-wrote the screenplay with Garson Kanin), Gordon Jones, Madge Kennedy, Nancy Kulp, Mickey Shaughnessy, and Joan Shawlee. Plot summary The ups and downs of marriage and commitment are realized as Florence and Chet Keefer recount their marriage to the divorce judge. As the judge attempts to decipher whether or not their love for one another is gone, key moments of their lives together are recalled. Florence and Chet came close to making it big at various times, and suffered when those opportunities were lost. But the biggest stressor on their marriage occurred when their son drowned in a lake. They recover from his death as well as they can, and Florrie returns to work while Chet is recuperating from an injury. When Florrie's former boss leaves her a lot of money in his will, Chet is concerned about what the context might have been. They fight over the money, and though their daughter tries to stop their arguments, things boil to a head. When they go to their family for advice, it seems divorce makes the most sense. After talking it all through with the judge, they realize that they never really wanted to get divorced in the first place. After the judge leaves, Florrie and Chet resolve to try again and not blame each other when things go wrong. Cast Judy Holliday as Florence \"Florrie\" Keefer Aldo Ray as Chet Keefer Madge Kennedy as Judge Anne B. Carroll Sheila Bond as Joan Shipley John Alexander as Howard Shipley Rex Williams as George Bastian Phyllis Povah as Mrs. Derringer Mickey Shaughnessy as Pat Bundy Griff Barnett as Charley Peggy Cass as Emily Bundy Nancy Kulp as Edie Shooting locations Several exteriors were shot on location in New York City, including in Central Park and in Stuyvesant Town-Peter Cooper Village. Narration The main way the action in this film happens is by narration, as Florence or Chet describe for the Judge different situations. However, as the viewer sees those scenes portrayed in the film, what they are seeing is different from what the narrator is describing. In the case of the story of how they met, what Chet describes is completely different from what is shown happening. '\"It so happens I remember it different\", Miss Holliday primly says.' Creative process Garson Kanin told the Los Angeles Times that he and Ruth Gordon had a different writing process for The Marrying Kind than usual - they worked on it little by little over a period of months. They'd sketch out this or that scene to make a certain point. Then on a train ride they started compiling all their ideas, and found out they had 'far too much' material. '\"Sometimes we rewrite each other's stuff,\" Miss Gordon said, expressionlessly. \"Every time I",
"title": "The Marrying Kind"
},
{
"docid": "2774201",
"text": "A boiler explosion is a catastrophic failure of a boiler. There are two types of boiler explosions. One type is a failure of the pressure parts of the steam and water sides. There can be many different causes, such as failure of the safety valve, corrosion of critical parts of the boiler, or low water level. Corrosion along the edges of lap joints was a common cause of early boiler explosions. In steam locomotive boilers, as knowledge was gained by trial and error in early days, the explosive situations and consequent damage due to explosions were inevitable. However, improved design and maintenance markedly reduced the number of boiler explosions by the end of the 19th century. Further improvements continued in the 20th century. On land-based boilers, explosions of the pressure systems happened regularly in stationary steam boilers in the Victorian era, but are now very rare because of the various protections provided, and because of regular inspections compelled by governmental and industry requirements. The second kind is a fuel/air explosion in the furnace, which would more properly be termed a firebox explosion. Firebox explosions in solid-fuel-fired boilers are rare, but firebox explosions in gas or oil-fired boilers are still a potential hazard. Principle Boiler steam explosions Many shell-type boilers carry a large bath of liquid water which is heated to a higher temperature and pressure (enthalpy) than boiling water would be at atmospheric pressure. During normal operation, the liquid water remains in the bottom of the boiler due to gravity, steam bubbles rise through the liquid water and collect at the top for use until saturation pressure is reached, then the boiling stops. If some pressure is released, boiling begins again, and so on. If steam is released normally, say by opening a throttle valve, the bubbling action of the water remains moderate and relatively dry steam can be drawn from the highest point in the vessel. If steam is released more quickly, the more vigorous boiling action that results can throw a fine spray of droplets up as \"wet steam\" which can cause damage to piping, engines, turbines and other equipment downstream. If a large crack or other opening in the boiler vessel allows the internal pressure to drop very suddenly, the heat energy remaining in the water will cause even more of the liquid to flash into steam bubbles, which then rapidly displace the remaining liquid. The potential energy of the escaping steam and water are now transformed into work, just as they would have done in an engine; with enough force to peel back the material around the break, severely distorting the shape of the plate which was formerly held in place by stays, or self-supported by its original cylindrical shape. The rapid release of steam and water can provide a very potent blast, and cause great damage to surrounding property or personnel. A failure of this type qualifies as a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). The rapidly expanding steam bubbles can also perform work by",
"title": "Boiler explosion"
},
{
"docid": "1240278",
"text": "A billycan is an Australian term for a lightweight cooking pot in the form of a metal bucket commonly used for boiling water, making tea/coffee or cooking over a campfire or to carry water. These utensils are more commonly known simply as a billy or occasionally as a billy can (billy tin or billy pot in Canada). Usage The term billy or billycan is particularly associated with Australian usage, but is also used in New Zealand, and to a lesser extent Britain and Ireland. In Australia, the billy has come to symbolise the spirit of exploration of the outback and is a widespread symbol of bush life, although now regarded mostly as a symbol of an age that has long passed. To boil the billy most often means to make tea. This expression dates from the Australian gold rushes and probably earlier. \"Billy Tea\" was the name of a popular brand of tea long sold by Australian grocers and supermarkets. Billies feature in many of Henry Lawson's stories and poems. Banjo Paterson's most famous of many references to the billy is surely in the first verse and chorus of Waltzing Matilda: \"Waltzing Matilda and leading a waterbag\", which was later changed by the Billy Tea Company to \"And he sang as he watched and waited 'til his billy boiled ...\". Etymology Although there is a suggestion that the word may be associated with the Aboriginal billa (meaning water; cf. Billabong), it is widely accepted that the term billycan is derived from bouilli can, the name given to the empty canisters used for preserving Soup and bouilli and other foods. With the addition of a handle, these tins were repurposed for boiling water. Letters to newspapers in the early 20th century support this view and David George Stead quoting his father, who emigrated in 1862 aged 16, wrote \"the term \"billy can\" was commonly used in south coastal England, to describe a \"bouilli\" can or tin. The preservation of foods in tin canisters began in 1812 at the firm of Donkin, Hall and Gamble in Bermondsey, England. The reuse of the empty cans probably began at the same time but it is not until 1835 that there is a record of \"an empty preserved-meat-canister serving the double purpose of tea-kettle and tea-pot\". By the 1840s, soup and bouilli tin or bouilli tin was increasingly being used as a generic term for any empty preserved food can. The earliest known use of billy for kettle is in an 1848 Tasmanian newspaper report of a criminal trial. A defendant is reported as saying \"he put some bread on the table and the \"billy\" on the fire.\" Reminiscences by Heberley and Davenport place billy or billies at earlier events but these accounts were written much later. Another early example from 1849 shows that use of the term was possibly widespread in Australia. It occurs in idyllic description of a shepherd's life in South Australia: \"near the wooden fire, is what is called the billy",
"title": "Billycan"
},
{
"docid": "43822185",
"text": "Giovanni Marliani was an Italian physicist, doctor, philosopher and astrologer who was born and lived during the Late Medieval period in northern Italy. Marliani specialised in many mathematical fields and lectured on the phenomenon of natural body heat. He was known for experiments attempting to empirically prove that hot water freezes faster than cold water. (The phenomenon known today as the Mpemba effect.) Biography Born in Milan, Lombardy, in 1420, Giovanni Marliani was the son of a Milanese noble, Cantello Marliani. Marliani studied medicine in Pavia under the tutelage of Biagio Pelacani of Parma. Giovanni Marliani became a doctor in 1440 and went on to the Milanese College of Physics where he taught medicine, philosophy, astrology and physics for most of his life. In 1452, Marliani returned to Pavia after some time in the Milanese Studio. He was paid 425 florins every three months by the Duke of Milan, Francesco Sforza. With a change in the ruling class of Milan, Marliani's family, who were traditionally Ghibellines (against Papal rule) gained more prestige under the Sforza dynasty. In 1450, he was given a title by the Milanese administration. After the death of F. Sforza, Galeazzo Maria took over his dealings. Giovanni Marliani was in debt because of his large family. Castello Marliani, his father, was nominated for an award in 1450; the 'Razionale della Camera delle entrate Straordinarie ad Laborerios'. However, his father died a year later. Giovanni Marliani was invited by King Ferdinand of Naples to teach in 1467. His pay rose to 1,000 florins a year, which was the highest known salary of its kind. Marliani specialised in Mathematics (de Minutiis), Fractions (scienta de ponderibus) Velocity, Statistics, and disseminated physics and Medieval logic. 1482 was the height of Marliani's career, during which he attended to the needs of high-profile dignitaries who were associates and allies of the Sforza family. Giovanni Marliani died in 1483 and was buried in Santa Maria delle Grazie church in Milan during the reign of Ludovico il Moro. Leonardo da Vinci is known to have studied Marliani's science publications thoroughly, although he did not always agree with his findings. All of Marliani's assets were passed down to his son Daniele. In 1457, his son was given enough land by the Duke to conduct falconry. Work In the scientific community, there was a debate about how objects cooled and in 1461 Marliani confirmed that he had experimentally observed hot water freezing faster than cold water. In his experiment he stated that he had used four ounces of unheated water and four ounces of boiled water, which he placed in similar containers outside on a cold winter's day. He eventually observed that the boiled water froze first; although he was unable to explain the mechanics of how it happened. Marliani also lectured on the quantities and production of natural body heat. He partly accepted the theory of Giovanni da Sermoneta, who stated that the temperature of the human body stayed constant throughout the seasons. However, Marliani maintained",
"title": "Giovanni Marliani"
},
{
"docid": "8494097",
"text": "Milton Malek-Yonan (1904–2002) was an Assyrian entrepreneur and inventor. Biography Milton Malek-Yonan was born to Assyrian parents in Urmia, Iran in 1904. He was a descendant of one of the oldest and most prominent Assyrian families, the Malek family or tribe that came from Assyrian village of Geogtapah, Urmi, a region in Northwestern Iran. The family dates back nearly eleven centuries. Malek-Yonan grew up in Richmond, Virginia and later moved to Oak Park, Illinois, and finally retired and settled in Carmel, California with his wife, Dr. Ingmar Malek-Yonan, a professor of German Studies at University of California at Berkeley and Stanford University who died in 2007. Malek-Yonan died at his home in Carmel at the age of 98. His father, Rev. Isaac Malek-Yonan was a published author. Malek-Yonan had five siblings including a twin sister, Ann. His relative is a famous actress, author, director, public figure and activist Rosie Malek-Yonan. Malekized Rice In 1938 Malek-Yonan discovered that millions of pounds of rice was being wasted in California's Sacramento Valley because the United States was no longer exporting rice to Japan due to the embargo on Japan for attacking China. The U.S. rice trade was in serious trouble. Being from the Middle East, Malek-Yonan wondered why more Americans didn't use rice instead of allowing it to go to waste. Malek-Yonan discovered that the problem was that the average American was not accustomed to cooking rice in those days. When they did, it would come out sticky and messy. This gave Malek-Yonan the idea of canning the rice which proved to be quite a challenge. Working with a canning factory, Malek-Yonan began numerous experiments. But his efforts failed. Refusing to accept failure, he continued his research and soon discovered that there were about 2,000 varieties of rice. Malek-Yonan soon discovered that the natives of Assam in India grew a particular kind of rice called Patna. Before milling it while still in its hulls, the Patna rice was boiled and spread to dry. What made this rice also distinct from rice of other regions was that it was virtually disease free. The combination of the boiling of the rice and the absence of disease intrigued Malek-Yonan enough to continue with his experiments. Malek-Yonan contacted the Rice Experimental Station of the State Agriculture College at Biggs in California's Sacramento Valley for paddies of rice with the husks intact. Then he persuaded a local hospital to allow him to use a sterilization vat to steam the rice in. The rice was then spread for several hours outdoors to dry before it was ready for milling. He borrowed a hand mill from a scientist who happened to own one from his Asian travels. The final step was to take the rice to the laboratory of a canning company to be canned. When he opened the cans several days later, he discovered that each kernel separated beautifully. Malek-Yonan had discovered the secret of canning rice but after meeting with a patent attorney, he realized he didn't have",
"title": "Milton Malek-Yonan"
},
{
"docid": "135275",
"text": "Red Boiling Springs is a city in Macon County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 1,205 at the 2020 census. History Founding The area was originally known as Salt Lick Creek due to a salt lick that was located approximately four miles northwest of current day Red Boiling Springs. The salt lick attracted animals, American Indians, and other people. Among the people who came to hunt the animal trails was Daniel Boone, who reportedly carved his name and the year 1775 into a beech tree in a nearby community. The area was first surveyed, and land grants were first awarded in the mid-1780s. The first post office was established in 1829 and named the Salt Lick Creek post office. In 1847, the post office was renamed \"Red Boiling Springs.\" Sometime in the 1830s, a farmer named Jesse Jones noticed red-colored sulphur water bubbling up from springs on his farm. In 1844, a businessman named Samuel Hare, realizing the springs' commercial potential, purchased a plot of the Jones farm surrounding the springs, and constructed an inn. The inn's remote location and the region's poor roads likely doomed the venture, and the inn was gone by the 1870s. Aunt Sooky's Salve was a widely distributed product that was manufactured in Red Boiling Springs under the supervision of 'Aunt' Sooky Goad, who also claimed to be the original discoverer of the benefits of the Red Boiling Springs water. Early in life, she had dropsy and claimed to be cured by drinking the sulphur water. In 1914, a Nashville man wrote an article stating that Shepherd Kiby (Kirby), the brother of Goad, discovered that washing his eyes with the spring water reduced eye irritation, but Goad's use of the water seems to have preceded that of Kirby. Tourist attraction In 1873, a stagecoach line was established between Red Boiling Springs and Gallatin, where there was a railroad stop. This likely led to renewed commercial interest in the springs, and by 1876, a general store owner named James Bennett had purchased the springs tract and had built a hotel. Bennett's hotel consisted of a row of log cabins flanking a central frame dining hall. In the late 1870s, Nashville newspapers first started mentioning Bennett's hotel and its guests' activities, as it was vogue during the Gilded Age for newspapers to report on daily happenings at upper class and upper-middle class resorts. The 1880s saw a boom in the development of mineral springs resorts as \"summer getaways,\" due in part to the publicity received by places such as Saratoga Springs in New York. During this decade, New York businessman James F. O. Shaugnesy purchased the Red Boiling Springs tract and began development of the area as a resort. In 1889, the town first made the Nashville newspapers' front pages when former Tennessee Governor John C. Brown died of a hemorrhage at one of the hotels. The papers emphasized that due to the isolation of the town and a lack of a telephone or telegraph, there was",
"title": "Red Boiling Springs, Tennessee"
},
{
"docid": "56778",
"text": "An azeotrope () or a constant heating point mixture is a mixture of two or more components in fluidic states whose proportions cannot be altered or changed by simple distillation. This happens because when an azeotrope is boiled, the vapour has the same proportions of constituents as the unboiled mixture. Azeotropic mixture behavior is important for fluid separation processes. Each azeotrope has a characteristic boiling point. The boiling point of an azeotrope is either less than the boiling point temperatures of any of its constituents (a positive azeotrope), or greater than the boiling point of any of its constituents (a negative azeotrope). For both positive and negative azeotropes, it is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation and azeotropic distillation is usually used instead. For technical applications, the pressure-temperature-composition behavior of a mixture is the most important, but other important thermophysical properties are also strongly influenced by azeotropy, including the surface tension and transport properties. Some azeotropic mixtures of pairs of compounds are known, and many azeotropes of three or more compounds are also known. Etymology The term azeotrope is derived from the Greek words ζέειν (boil) and τρόπος (turning) with the prefix α- (no) to give the overall meaning, \"no change on boiling\". The term was coined in 1911 by English chemist John Wade and Richard William Merriman. Because their composition is unchanged by distillation, azeotropes are also called (especially in older texts) constant boiling point mixtures. Types Positive azeotropes A solution that shows greater positive deviation from Raoult's law forms a minimum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition. In general, a positive azeotrope boils at a lower temperature than any other ratio of its constituents. Positive azeotropes are also called minimum boiling mixtures or pressure maximum azeotropes. A well-known example of a positive azeotrope is an ethanol–water mixture (obtained by fermentation of sugars) consisting of 95.63% ethanol and 4.37% water (by mass), which boils at 78.2 °C. Ethanol boils at 78.4 °C, water boils at 100 °C, but the azeotrope boils at 78.2 °C, which is lower than either of its constituents. Indeed, 78.2 °C is the minimum temperature at which any ethanol/water solution can boil at atmospheric pressure. Once this composition has been achieved, the liquid and vapour have the same composition, and no further separation occurs. The boiling and recondensation of a mixture of two solvents are changes of chemical state; as such, they are best illustrated with a phase diagram. If the pressure is held constant, the two variable parameters are the temperature and the composition. The adjacent diagram shows a positive azeotrope of hypothetical constituents, X and Y. The bottom trace illustrates the boiling temperature of various compositions. Below the bottom trace, only the liquid phase is in equilibrium. The top trace illustrates the vapor composition above the liquid at a given temperature. Above the top trace, only the vapor is in equilibrium. Between the two traces, liquid and vapor phases exist simultaneously in equilibrium: for example, heating a 25% X :",
"title": "Azeotrope"
},
{
"docid": "3626738",
"text": "Off on a Comet () is an 1877 science fiction novel by French writer Jules Verne. It recounts the journey of several people carried away by a comet contacting the Earth. The comet passes by various bodies in the Solar System before returning the travelers to the Earth. Plot The story starts with a comet called Gallia, that touches the Earth in its flight and collects a few small chunks of it. The disaster occurs on January 1 of the year 188x in the area around Gibraltar. On the territory that is carried away by the comet there remain a total of thirty-six people of French, English, Spanish and Russian nationality. These people do not realize at first what has happened, and consider the collision an earthquake. They first notice weight loss: Captain Servadac's adjutant Ben Zoof, to his amazement, jumps high. Zoof with Servadac also soon notice that the alternation of day and night is shortened to six hours, that east and west have changed sides, and that water begins to boil at , from which they rightly deduce that the atmosphere became thinner and pressure dropped. At the beginning of their stay in Gallia they notice the Earth with the Moon, but think it is an unknown planet. Other important information is obtained through their research expedition with a ship, which the comet also took. During the voyage they discover a mountain chain blocking the sea, which they initially consider to be the Mediterranean Sea and then they find the island of Formentera (before the catastrophe a part of the Balearic Islands), where they find French astronomer Palmyrin Rosette, who helps them to solve all the mysterious phenomena. They are all on a comet which Rosette discovered a year ago and predicted to be on a collision course with Earth, but no one believed the astronomer, because a layer of thick fog at the time prevented astronomical observations in other places. A new research expedition determines the circumference of Gallia to be . The mass of the comet is calculated by Rosette. He determines it at 209,346 billion tonnes. For the calculation he uses spring scales and forty 5-franc silver coins, the weight of which on earth equaled exactly . However, the owner of the scales, Isaac Hakkabut, has rigged the instrument, so the results have to be cut by a quarter. The involuntary travelers through the Solar system do not have any hope for long-term colonization of their new world, because it is lacking arable land. They feed themselves mainly with the animals that were left on the chunk carried away by Gallia. One strange phenomenon they meet is that the sea on the comet does not freeze, even though the temperature drops below the freezing point (believed to be due to the theory that a stagnant water surface resists freezing longer than when rippled by wind). Once a stone is thrown into the sea, the sea freezes in a few moments. The ice is completely smooth",
"title": "Off on a Comet"
},
{
"docid": "106269",
"text": "A test tube, also known as a culture tube or sample tube, is a common piece of laboratory glassware consisting of a finger-like length of glass or clear plastic tubing, open at the top and closed at the bottom. Test tubes are usually placed in special-purpose racks. Types and usage Chemistry Test tubes intended for general chemical work are usually made of glass, for its relative resistance to heat. Tubes made from expansion-resistant glasses, mostly borosilicate glass or fused quartz, can withstand high temperatures up to several hundred degrees Celsius. Chemistry tubes are available in a multitude of lengths and widths, typically from 10 to 20 mm wide and 50 to 200 mm long. The top often features a flared lip to aid pouring out the contents. A chemistry test tube typically has a flat bottom, a round bottom, or a conical bottom. Some test tubes are made to accept a ground glass stopper or a screw cap. They are often provided with a small ground glass or white glaze area near the top for labelling with a pencil. Test tubes are widely used by chemists to handle chemicals, especially for qualitative experiments and assays. Their spherical bottom and vertical sides reduce mass loss when pouring, make them easier to wash out, and allow convenient monitoring of the contents. The long, narrow neck of test tube slows down the spreading of gases to the environment. Test tubes are convenient containers for heating small amounts of liquids or solids with a Bunsen burner or alcohol burner. The tube is usually held by its neck with a clamp or tongs. By tilting the tube, the bottom can be heated to hundreds of degrees in the flame, while the neck remains relatively cool, possibly allowing vapours to condense on its walls. A boiling tube is a large test tube intended specifically for boiling liquids. A test tube filled with water and upturned into a water-filled beaker is often used to capture gases, e.g. in electrolysis demonstrations. A test tube with a stopper is often used for temporary storage of chemical or biological samples. Biosciences Culture tubes are test tubes used in biology and related sciences for handling and culturing all kinds of live organisms, such as molds, bacteria, seedlings, plant cuttings, etc.. Some racks for culture tubes are designed to hold the tubes in a nearly horizontal position, so as to maximize the surface of the culture medium inside. Culture tubes for biology are usually made of clear plastic (such as polystyrene or polypropylene) by injection molding and are often discarded after use. Plastic test tubes with a screwtop cap are often called \"Falcon tubes\" after a line manufactured by Becton Dickinson. Some sources consider that the presence of a lip is what distinguishes a test tube from a culture tube. Clinical medicine In clinical medicine, sterile test tubes with air removed, called vacutainers, are used to collect and hold samples of physiological fluids such as blood, urine, pus, and synovial fluid. These",
"title": "Test tube"
},
{
"docid": "3323237",
"text": "Pão de queijo (, \"cheese buns\" in Portuguese) or Brazilian cheese buns is a small, baked cheese roll or cheese bun, a popular snack and breakfast food in Brazil. It is a traditional Brazilian recipe, originating in the state of Minas Gerais. In Brazil, it is inexpensive and often sold from streetside stands by vendors carrying a heat-preserving container. It is also commonly found in groceries, supermarkets and bakeries, industrialized or freshly made. The cassava flour is what gives the snack its distinct texture, which is chewy and elastic, being crunchy on the outside. Most countries in South America have their own versions of this snack; the main difference between them in general is the ingredients used in the recipe, which can change slightly giving different results. In Brazil traditionally both sour and sweet cassava flour are used; the Brazilian recipe also excludes some ingredients used in other countries such as corn starch, all-purpose flour, black pepper, sugar, fennel, and baker's yeast. History With the discovery of mines near Ouro Preto in around 1700, some 20% of the Brazilian population at that time, mainly slaves, occupied a vast territory in southeast Brazil. Since wheat was not available, local cooks created a kind of bread from starch derived from the cassava tubes shown to them by Tupiniquins indigenous groups. In the late 19th century, grated hard cheese was added. Main ingredients In Brazil the most traditional recipe uses both sweet and sour cassava flour, oil, eggs, milk, salt, cheese (Minas, Canastra, Parmesan), and water. Small amounts of margarine or butter can also be included. The fat in the recipe acts as a molecular lubricant. The egg gives colour and flavour to the recipe, contributing to the elastic texture of the dough. The type of cheese varies according to preference or availability. The most used are mozzarella, parmesan, and minas or canastra cheese (either in its \"ripened\" or \"standard\" version). The cheese gives the typical flavor of the cheese bread, hence its name. There is also the boiled cheese bread with a preparation technique that requires boiling water while preparing, sometimes mixed with vegetable oil in flour. The boiled cheese bread has the closest taste of natural, as in the boiling process the dough is pre-cooked. Some recipes use potato. Preparation Pães de queijo are formed into small balls, around 3–5 centimeters in diameter (though they may be larger) and about 50 calories in each roll. The cassava flour is a powerful starch which is key to the texture of the pão de queijo; unlike other types of bread, pão de queijo is not leavened. Small pockets of air within the dough expand during baking and are contained by the elasticity of the starch paste. Because it is made of cassava flour (as opposed to wheat flour), pão de queijo contains no gluten. Varieties of stuffed pães de queijo with catupiry, hot and melted goiabada, doce de leite and other variations can be found in Brazil. Availability and variations Brazil In Brazil,",
"title": "Pão de queijo"
},
{
"docid": "54433476",
"text": "He Sees You When You're Sleeping is a 2002 Canadian made-for-TV Christmas drama film, starring Cameron Bancroft and Erika Eleniak. It was written by Carl Binder, based on a story by Mary Higgins Clark and directed by David Winning. The film was first aired at PAX Television on December 22, 2002. Plot Sterling Brooks (Cameron Bancroft) is a selfish stock-broker, who happens to die in a freak accident. Now, to get an eternal place in heaven he has to reunite a family. Cast Cameron Bancroft as Sterling Brooks Erika Eleniak as Annie Campbell Nickol Tschenscher as Marissa Campbell Eli Gabay as Junior Badgett Pam Hyatt as Nor Campbell Craig March as Eddie Badgett Udo Kier as Hans Kramer Greg Evigan as Joe Reception Andy Webb from \"The Movie Scene\" gave it two out of five stars and stated: \"What this all boils down to is that \"He Sees You When You're Sleeping\" is entertaining in a sort of its so corny it is amusing kind of way. But for me it was certainly not what I expected from a movie which is part of \"The Mary Higgins Clark Collection\" and the mix of humour and drama in this doesn't really work.\" He Sees You When You're Sleeping won four awards. Two in the Chicago International Film Festival, for \"Best Feature Length Telefilm: Drama\" and \"Special Achievement in Direction\" for David Winning. One Columbus International Film & Video Festival for \"Entertainment\". And one \"WorldFest Houston\" for \"Television and Cable Production - Feature Made for Television/Cable\". References External links Canadian Christmas drama films Christmas television films English-language Canadian films Canadian drama television films 2000s English-language films 2000s Canadian films",
"title": "He Sees You When You're Sleeping"
},
{
"docid": "56389461",
"text": "Joshpara is a kind of dumpling popular in Central Asia, South Caucasus and the Middle East. They are made of unleavened wheat dough squares filled with ground meat and condiments. In observance of the Islamic dietary rules, the meat filling is usually without pork. Etymology Josh means \"to boil\" while para is a term for \"bit\" in early Persian. This word was commonly used prior to the 10th century, when it was replaced by the modern Persian name gosh e-barreh, meaning \"lamb's ear\". There are several variations of the name in other languages including Azerbaijani (düşbərə, dushbara), Bashkir (сөсбәрә, süsbərə) Kazakh (тұшпара, tushpara), Kyrgyz (чүчпара, chuchpara), Tajik (тушбера, tushbera), Uzbek (chuchvara) and Uyghur (چۆچۈرە, chöchürä). The Arabic word shishbarak () or shushbarak () is thought to be derived from joshpara in pre-Islamic times. Another theory about the words' etymology is that the word comes from the Turkic word düşbərə. The words tosh and dash mean \"filled up\" and \"spill out\", and berek means \"food\" (dishes made from dough). This alludes to the fact that düşbərə should be added in when the water is boiling and spilling out of the saucepan. A common Azerbaijani joke suggests that the word comes from “düş bəri”, which means \"fall here\": in other words, asking to fill the spoon with as many dumplings as possible. Regional variations Turkic and Persian cuisines The dish is found in Azerbaijani, Iranian, Tajik, Uzbek, Uyghur, and other Central Asian cuisines. The dough for Central Asian chuchvara or tushbera is made with flour, eggs, water, and salt. It is rolled into a thin layer, and cut into squares. A dollop of meat filling, seasoned with chopped onions, black pepper, salt and thyme, is placed at the center of each square, and the corners of the dumpling are pinched and folded. The dumplings are boiled in meat broth until they rise to the surface. Chuchvara can be served in a clear soup or on their own, with either vinegar or sauce based on finely chopped greens, tomatoes and hot peppers. Another popular way of serving chuchvara is to top the dumplings with syuzma (strained qatiq) or with smetana (sour cream). The latter is known as Russian-style. In Azerbaijan, the dumplings are smaller and the dough is thicker. are typically made from dough (wheat flour, egg, water), mutton (boneless), onions, vinegar, dried mint, pepper, and salt. The dish is prepared either with water or meat broth. Mutton can be substituted with beef, or even with chicken. The broth is made from mutton bones, and the ground meat is prepared with onions and spices. The dough is then rolled, cut into small squares, and stuffed with ground meat. The squares are wrapped like triangles and the edges are pasted together, making shell-shaped figures. The dumplings are added into the boiling salty water and cooked until the dumplings come to the surface. are served with sprinkled dried mint. Vinegar mixed with shredded garlic is added or served separately to taste. 5-8 düşbərəs typically fit",
"title": "Joshpara"
},
{
"docid": "2079074",
"text": "Whale oil is oil obtained from the blubber of whales. Oil from the bowhead whale was sometimes known as train-oil, which comes from the Dutch word traan (\"tear drop\"). Sperm oil, a special kind of oil obtained from the head cavities of sperm whales, differs chemically from ordinary whale oil: it is composed mostly of liquid wax. Its properties and applications differ from those of regular whale oil, and it was sold for a higher price. Source and use Emerging industrial societies used whale oil in oil lamps and to make soap. In the 20th century it was made into margarine. With the commercial development of the petroleum industry and vegetable oils, the use of whale oils declined considerably from its peak in the 19th century into the 20th century. This is said to have saved whales from extinction. In the 21st century, with most countries having banned whaling, the sale and use of whale oil has practically ceased. Whale oil was obtained by boiling strips of blubber harvested from whales. The removal is known as flensing and the boiling process was called trying out. The boiling was carried out on land in the case of whales caught close to shore or beached. On longer deep-sea whaling expeditions, the trying-out was done aboard the ship in a furnace known as a trywork and the carcass was then discarded into the water. Baleen whales were a major source of whale oil. Their oil is exclusively composed of triglycerides, whereas that of toothed whales contains wax esters. The bowhead whale and right whale were considered the ideal whaling targets. They are slow and docile, and they float when killed. They yield plenty of high-quality oil and baleen, and as a result, they were hunted nearly to extinction. Chemistry Whale oil has low viscosity (lower than olive oil), is clear, and varies in color from a bright honey yellow to a dark brown, according to the condition of the blubber from which it has been extracted and the refinement through which it went. It has a strong fishy odor. When hydrogenated, it turns solid and white and its taste and odor change. Its composition varies with the species from which it was sourced and the method by which it was harvested and processed. It is composed mainly of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). Oil sourced from toothed whales, especially the oil of sperm whales, contains a substantial amount of wax esters. Most of the fatty acids are unsaturated. The most common fatty acids are oleic acid and its isomers (18:1 carbon chains). Whale oil is exceptionally stable. Applications The main use of whale oil was for illumination and machine lubrication. Cheaper alternatives to whale oil existed, but were inferior in performance and cleanliness of burn. As a result, whale oil dominated the world for both uses. This in turn further fueled the Industrial Revolution, in the United States, in Britain, and continental Europe. As demand for whale oil",
"title": "Whale oil"
},
{
"docid": "3639992",
"text": "Infusion is the process of extracting chemical compounds or flavors from plant material in a solvent such as water, oil or alcohol, by allowing the material to remain suspended in the solvent over time (a process often called steeping). An infusion is also the name for the resultant liquid. The process of infusion is distinct from both decoction—a method of extraction involving boiling the plant material—and percolation, in which water is passed through the material (as in a coffeemaker). History The first recorded use of essential oils was in the 10th or 11th century by the Persian polymath Avicenna, possibly in The Canon of Medicine. Tea is far older than this, dating back to the 10th century BC as the earliest recorded reference. Preparation techniques Infusion is a chemical process that uses botanicals (typically dried herbs, flowers or berries) that are volatile and release their active ingredients readily in water, oil, or alcohol. In this process, a liquid is typically boiled (or brought to another appropriate temperature) and poured over the herb. After the herb has been allowed to steep in the liquid for an appropriate period of time, it is removed (possibly by straining) leaving an infusion. Unless the infusion is to be consumed immediately, it is bottled and refrigerated for future use. The amount of time the herbs are left in the liquid depends on the kind of infusion. Infusion times can range from seconds (for some kinds of Chinese tea) to hours, days, or months (for liqueurs like sloe gin). There are several accessories and techniques for removing the steeped or leftover botanicals that were used to infuse liquids, including metal steepers (which look like clamps), tea infusers (which act as strainers), and french presses (which are commonly used to infuse water with various teas and coffee). The most commonly used technique is the teabag, which is made with filter paper and filled with various tea flavors. Examples Tea is a common example of an infusion; most varieties of tea call for steeping the leaves in hot water, although some variants (e.g. Moroccan mint tea) call for decoction instead. Many herbal teas are prepared by infusion, as well; lemon, chamomile, senna, apple, ginger, rooibos, and many other plants are used individually or in combination. Coffee can also be made through infusion (as in a French press), but is more often made through percolation. Herbal remedies are commonly produced through infusions in water or oil. Flavored oils: Plants with desirable flavors may be steeped in an edible oil or vinegar for an extended period; the infused oil or vinegar is often sold still containing the plant and is then used as flavoring. Chilis, lemon, garlic, and many other plants may be used. There can be ambiguity in the labeling of these oils: for example, what is described as sesame oil may be oil extracted from sesame seeds or another vegetable oil infused with sesame. Cucumber water, a mix of sliced cucumber with citrus slices and herbs such as",
"title": "Infusion"
},
{
"docid": "2184383",
"text": "Boiling-point elevation is the phenomenon whereby the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water. The boiling point can be measured accurately using an ebullioscope. Explanation The boiling point elevation is a colligative property, which means that it is dependent on the presence of dissolved particles and their number, but not their identity. It is an effect of the dilution of the solvent in the presence of a solute. It is a phenomenon that happens for all solutes in all solutions, even in ideal solutions, and does not depend on any specific solute–solvent interactions. The boiling point elevation happens both when the solute is an electrolyte, such as various salts, and a nonelectrolyte. In thermodynamic terms, the origin of the boiling point elevation is entropic and can be explained in terms of the vapor pressure or chemical potential of the solvent. In both cases, the explanation depends on the fact that many solutes are only present in the liquid phase and do not enter into the gas phase (except at extremely high temperatures). Put in vapor pressure terms, a liquid boils at the temperature when its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure. For the solvent, the presence of the solute decreases its vapor pressure by dilution. A nonvolatile solute has a vapor pressure of zero, so the vapor pressure of the solution is less than the vapor pressure of the solvent. Thus, a higher temperature is needed for the vapor pressure to reach the surrounding pressure, and the boiling point is elevated. Put in chemical potential terms, at the boiling point, the liquid phase and the gas (or vapor) phase have the same chemical potential (or vapor pressure) meaning that they are energetically equivalent. The chemical potential is dependent on the temperature, and at other temperatures either the liquid or the gas phase has a lower chemical potential and is more energetically favorable than the other phase. This means that when a nonvolatile solute is added, the chemical potential of the solvent in the liquid phase is decreased by dilution, but the chemical potential of the solvent in the gas phase is not affected. This means in turn that the equilibrium between the liquid and gas phase is established at another temperature for a solution than a pure liquid, i.e., the boiling point is elevated. The phenomenon of freezing-point depression is analogous to boiling point elevation. However, the magnitude of the freezing point depression is larger than the boiling point elevation for the same solvent and the same concentration of a solute. Because of these two phenomena, the liquid range of a solvent is increased in the presence of a solute. The equation for calculations at dilute concentration The extent of boiling-point elevation can be calculated by applying Clausius–Clapeyron relation and",
"title": "Boiling-point elevation"
},
{
"docid": "1134713",
"text": "Kroppkaka (plural \"kroppkakor\") is a traditional Swedish boiled potato dumpling, most commonly filled with onions and meat. Potatoes, wheat flour, onion, salt and minced meat/pork are common ingredients in kroppkaka. They are very similar to the Norwegian raspeball, Lithuanian cepelinai and German klöße. And quite similar to the Swedish palt. Kroppkakor are served with butter (melted), lingonberry jam or heavy cream. There are some regional variations of the recipe with different proportions of boiled and raw potatoes. Spices are heavily featured in some variations. Kroppkakor are mainly eaten in the southern Swedish landskap (provinces) of Öland, Småland, Gotland and Blekinge. The dish is very different between regions. In Blekinge, the kroppkakor are called \"grey kroppkakor\" and are made from almost only raw potatoes and only a tiny bit boiled potatoes are used. In Öland, kroppkakor are made from mostly raw potatoes and a small amount of boiled potato. In Småland, kroppkakor are made of mostly boiled potatoes and a small amount of raw potato, and in Gotland, kroppkakor are made of only boiled potatoes. In Blekinge and Öland, there are kroppkakor with different fillings such as eel and seabirds which were historically eaten mostly by the poor. However, the most common filling is pork. Kroppkakor comes from the southeastern area of Sweden, but in northern Sweden, there is a similar dish called palt. Palt is made in a similar way, but the ingredients differ a little and it is made from uncooked potatoes only, such as what kind of flour and what kind of potatoes are used, which makes a difference in taste from kroppkakor. Similar dishes Palt Kartoffelklösse Kumle – Norwegian potato-dumpling Knodel – potato-dumplings commonly found in Central European and Eastern European cuisine. Poutine râpée – Acadian boiled potato-dumpling References External links Öland Kroppkaka Recipe Debatable if this recipe is for Öländska kroppkakor or normal kroppkakor. Potato dishes Dumplings Swedish cuisine",
"title": "Kroppkaka"
},
{
"docid": "23345729",
"text": "A frost boil, also known as mud boils, a stony earth circles, frost scars, or mud circles, are small circular mounds of fresh soil material formed by frost action and cryoturbation. They are found typically found in periglacial or alpine environments where permafrost is present, and may damage roads and other man-made structures. They are typically 1 to 3 metres in diameter. Frost boils are amongst the most common features of patterned ground, the pervasive process shaping the topology of soils in periglacial regions. They generally form regular patterns of polygons. Frost boils are a type of nonsorted circle, and are characterized from other circles by barren centres of mineral soil and intercircle regions filled with vegetation and peat. It is named after skin boils due to similarities in their formation processes, although subsequent research has shown other methods of formation. Frost boils have been observed on Mars, indicating the presence of periglacial processes similar to those on Earth. Formation The most accepted theory involves cryoturbation caused by differences in moisture conditions and ground temperature. Other recent research posits that frost boils are formed by several interacting mechanisms, including differential frost heaving, load casting, convection, frost cracking, mass displacement, and soil sorting. The traditional model of injection, however, may still apply for some frost boils. Models generally presume soil is predominately silt or clay, for the reasons listed under the injection subsection. Injection Frost boils occur in soils of poorly-sorted sediments with significant silt and/or clay content. These soils include perennially frozen till, marine clay, colluvium, and other muds. These soils have low liquid limits, low plasticity limits, and high natural moisture contents. These soils liquefy and flow readily in response to slight changes to either internal or external stress, or a change in water content. Localized stresses are often the result of moisture being confined in the active layer by the underlying permafrost and a semi-rigid carapace of dried surface mud, created by desiccation during the late summer. The moisture content of soils may increase during summer due to rain. Other stresses include the volumetric change of water during the freezing and thawing, and the flow of groundwater. The subsequent increase of hydrostatic, artesian, and/or pore water pressure pressures on slopes. When internal stresses cannot be contained, the semi-rigid surface layer ruptures. The saturated mud bursts above the surface, creating a mud boil. Soil Liquefaction This process is analogous to the formation of sand boils. Where soils are badly drained, soil temperatures are more sensitive to changes in the atmospheric temperature. Soil aggregates are less stable near the surface as freezing occurs more rapidly. Deeper soils experience longer periods of stability due to freeze drying, or cryodesiccation. Deeper soils also experience greater stresses due to the secondary refreezing of soil in late autumn. As a result, the introduction of additional water due to thaw or groundwater flows is likely to cause deeper soil to liquefy and deform like plastic. The high viscosity of water close to 0 °C promotes",
"title": "Frost boil"
},
{
"docid": "2885032",
"text": "Tavče gravče () is a traditional Macedonian dish. It is prepared with fresh beans and can be found in many restaurants in North Macedonia. It is also commonly eaten by the Macedonian diaspora. This meal is baked and served in a traditional unglazed earthenware pot. The name of the dish may be translated as \"beans on a tava\". Tavče gravče is considered the national dish of North Macedonia. \"Tavče gravče Tetovo style\" is a popular regional variation. Ingredients The basic ingredients in tavče gravče are: butter beans onion oil dry red pepper red and black pepper salt parsley Preparation The beans are cleaned and then soaked in cold water – preferably overnight, but, if time is an issue, they may be soaked for several hours or until the beans have become soft. The water in which the beans have been soaked must be discarded and fresh water added, before the beans are brought slowly to the boil and then simmered in a covered pot on a very low flame for one hour. After the first boiling, the water is again discarded, the beans washed and yet more fresh water added before they are boiled for a second time. This changing of the water at several points in the cooking process makes the beans more digestible by leaching out of them some of the indigestible sugars that can often cause flatulence. A whole onion is then added to the boiling water with the beans. When the beans are boiled, the boiled onion is removed from the water, fried separately with a scoop of flour and a teaspoon of ground red paprika, and then returned to the boiled beans. Salt, black pepper, and/or the ubiquitous regional seasoning salt Vegeta may be added to the soup. Some cooks may also add dried meats such as smoked pork, bacon or suho meso to the mix. When the beans are boiled and when all the ingredients have been added, they are put in an earthenware pot covered with a lid and baked in an oven at 220 °C. During the baking, the beans must be checked carefully from time to time to ensure that they do not become dry. The traditional earthenware pot not only gives the dish a pleasingly rustic appearance when it is served, piping hot, from the oven, but also keeps it hot and, if used regularly and kept in good condition, can even impart a special flavour to the dish – in much the same way that the traditional unglazed earthenware cazuela can do. See also List of legume dishes References Balkan cuisine Macedonian cuisine Baked beans National dishes",
"title": "Tavče gravče"
},
{
"docid": "40769990",
"text": "Illite crystallinity is a technique used to classify low-grade metamorphic activity in pelitic rocks. Determining the \"illite crystallinity index\" allows geologists to designate what metamorphic facies and metamorphic zone the rock was formed in and to infer what temperature the rock was formed. Several crystallinity indices have been proposed in recent years, but currently the Kübler index is being used due to its reproducibility and simplicity. The Kübler index is experimentally determined by measuring the full width at half maximum for the X-ray diffraction reflection peak along the (001) crystallographic axis of the rock sample. This value is an indirect measurement of the thickness of illite/muscovite packets which denote a change in metamorphic grade. The method can be used throughout the field of geology in areas such as the petroleum industry, plate tectonics. Progression As stated above, the Kübler index was not always the preferred index for illite crystallinity studies in the past. Prior to the introduction of the Kübler index, there were several other indices used to classify low grade metamorphic rocks. Two of the more popular methods of the past are the Weaver index and the Weber index, introduced in 1960 and 1972 respectively. These studies consist of mainly the same types of methods but vary in their expression of ratio measurements. The Kübler index, introduced by Bernard Kübler in 1964 for petroleum exploration and improved on in later years, has come to be the go-to index for illite crystallinity based on its reproducibility and simplicity. Applications Illite crystallinity is useful when trying to determine what type of metamorphic conditions a rock was subjected to during its formation. Illite crystallinity can be used to trace the low grade metamorphic transition from zeolite facies to greenschist facies (diagenetic zone to epizone). This change is flagged by the change of thin illite grains to thicker illite/muscovite grains. This low grade metamorphic technique can also be put into use when there is an absence in change of mineral structure which applies to higher grade metamorphism. Early use of illite crystallinity was in the petroleum industry to determine the transition from a dry gas phase to an unproductive rock. Recently, this technique has expanded in the field and now is used in areas such as palaeotectonics and geodynamic reconstructions. Rock preparation and methods Rock sample preparation for illite crystallinity can vary slightly, but boils down to basically the same steps. Although for accurate returns in testing, consistency of sample preparation is a must. General sample preparation for illite crystallinity is as follows: Rinse and dry the field sample Crush the sample Stir sample into deionized water and let settle overnight to isolate clay sized particles (<2 μm) Dry supernatant containing <2 μm particles Mix with deionized water and centrifuge Collect supernatant containing <2 μm particles Centrifuge <2 μm particle solution and dry Mix with water and deposit on a glass slide The sample is first broken down, using the steps above, and prepared for XRD analysis. Results from the XRD are then",
"title": "Illite crystallinity"
},
{
"docid": "48553837",
"text": "Vacuum cooling is a rapid cooling technique for any porous product that has free water and uses the principle of evaporative cooling. Vacuum cooling is generally used for cooling food products that have a high water content and large porosities, due to its efficacy in losing water from both within and outside the products. This is the most widely used technique for rapid cooling of food products which has been proven to be one of the most efficient and economical methods of cooling and storage of vegetables, fruits, flowers, and more. This cooling technology not only largely improves the product quality, but also increases the shelf life of the product and, at the same time, it reduces the cooling costs compared to the conventional cooling methods available. Principle The technology is based on the phenomenon that as the vapor pressure on a liquid reduces, its boiling point reduces. The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the external pressure. When the pressure put onto a liquid is reduced, the vapor pressure needed to induce boiling is also reduced, and therefore the boiling point of the liquid decreases. By reducing pressure, boiling water is possible at lower temperatures. This rapid evaporation of moisture from the surface and within the products due to the low surrounding pressure absorbs the necessary latent heat for phase change from the product itself. This latent heat required for evaporation is obtained mostly from the sensible heat of the product and as a consequence of this evaporation the temperature of the product falls and the product can be cooled down to its desired storage temperature. Process An airtight chamber is maintained by removing air from the inside of the chamber using a vacuum pump. The products to be cooled are kept in that airtight chamber. As the pressure is reduced the boiling point of water reduces and water starts to evaporate, taking heat from the product. As a consequence of this evaporation, the product temperature begins to decrease. This cooling process of the products continues until it reaches the desired product temperature. For maintaining a steady cooling process, it is necessary to evacuate the chamber continuously. Other factors that determine the cooling process are the surface area of the product that is available for heat transfer as well as the product's sensitivity to losing water. Advantages As the product is cooled uniformly throughout the body without any temperature gradient in the body, the shelf life of the product increases. Cooling the product through vacuum cooling takes roughly a quarter of the energy of other traditional cooling methods. Disadvantage Sometimes excess moisture loss during the cooling process will deteriorate the product's quality and therefore there is a limit to the cooling process. This problem is to be taken care of by maintaining the required pressure, temperature, and time of cooling. References H.M. Ozturk, H.K. Ozturk, Effect of pressure on the vacuum cooling of iceberg",
"title": "Vacuum cooling"
},
{
"docid": "395046",
"text": "The boiling frog is an apologue describing a frog being slowly boiled alive. The premise is that if a frog is put suddenly into boiling water, it will jump out, but if the frog is put in tepid water which is then brought to a boil slowly, it will not perceive the danger and will be cooked to death. The story is often used as a metaphor for the inability or unwillingness of people to react to or be aware of sinister threats that arise gradually rather than suddenly. While some 19th-century experiments suggested that the underlying premise is true if the heating is sufficiently gradual, according to modern biologists the premise is false: changing location is a natural thermoregulation strategy for frogs and other ectotherms, and is necessary for survival in the wild. A frog that is gradually heated will jump out. Furthermore, a frog placed into already boiling water will die immediately, not jump out. As metaphor The boiling frog story is generally offered as a metaphor cautioning people to be aware of even gradual change lest they suffer eventual undesirable consequences. It may be invoked in support of a slippery slope argument as a caution against creeping normality. It is also used in business to reinforce that change needs to be gradual to be accepted. The term \"boiling frog syndrome\" is a metaphor used to describe the failure to act against a problematic situation which will increase in severity until reaching catastrophic proportions. It thereby encapsulates the barely noticeable impact of slow environmental degradation that has been described by Daniel Pauly as shifting baselines. The story has been retold many times and used to illustrate widely varying viewpoints: in 1960 about warning against those who wished for detente during the Cold War; in 1980 about the impending collapse of civilization anticipated by survivalists; in the 1990s about inaction in response to climate change and staying in abusive relationships. It has also been used by libertarians to warn about the slow erosion of civil liberties. In the 1996 novel The Story of B, environmentalist author Daniel Quinn spends a chapter on the metaphor of the boiling frog, using it to describe human history, population growth and food surplus. Pierce Brosnan's character Harry Dalton mentioned it in the 1997 disaster movie Dante's Peak in reference to the accumulating warning signs of the volcano's reawakening. Al Gore used a version of the story in a New York Times op-ed, in his presentations and the 2006 movie An Inconvenient Truth to describe ignorance about global warming. In the movie version the frog is rescued before it is harmed. This use of the story was referenced by writer/director Jon Cooksey in the title of his 2010 comedic documentary How to Boil a Frog. Law professor and legal commentator Eugene Volokh commented in 2003 that regardless of the behavior of real frogs, the boiling frog story is useful as a metaphor, comparing it to the metaphor of an ostrich with its head in",
"title": "Boiling frog"
},
{
"docid": "6417588",
"text": "Kelly Kettle, Storm Kettle, Ghillie Kettle, Thermette, Survival Kettle and Volcano Kettle are trade names for portable devices for boiling water outdoors using twigs and other small combustible materials; these devices consist of a water jacket surrounding a fire chamber which creates an upward chimney draft ensuring efficient and rapid boiling even in windy or wet weather. Kelly Kettle and Volcano Kettle are registered trademarks of the Kelly Kettle company which first produced the product in Ireland in the early 1900s. George Marris & Co of Birmingham first produced the \"Sirram Volcano Kettle\" in England in the 1920s. The Thermette was first manufactured in New Zealand in 1929 and was standard issue for the New Zealand Army during World War II where it was known as a Benghazi boiler or Benghazi burner. Other companies, including the Eydon Kettle Company started manufacture at later dates. Earlier examples of water heaters using a water jacket include heavier samovar tea urns from Eastern, Central, and Southeastern Europe, as well as the Middle East. History Early examples (estimated at 3,600 years) of devices that heat water surrounding a fire include samovar tea urns from Eastern, Central, and Southeastern Europe, as well as the Middle East. The Kelly Kettle Company first manufactured portable devices of this type in the early 1900s. George Marris & Co of Birmingham (Brass Founders, Stampers and Piercers) first come to light in the 1800s making iron bedsteads and brass/copper fern pots. They diversified into picnic sets, picnic water-boiling sets and high-end shaving/toiletry sets in the 1880s (The Sirram Spirit Set Registered Design 247422 of Dec 1884) and Camping Stoves with their brand name \"Sirram\" (Marris backwards). There was a meeting between one of the Marris family and a New Zealander (almost certainly John Ashley Hart who started the Thermette Co in New Zealand in 1929 - see below) to discuss products and ideas. The original concept of the volcano kettle appears to have been Harts, but he may have been inspired by traditional Mongolian and Chinese hot-pots which had a central chimney. The first Sirram Volcano Kettle was manufactured out of spun copper with brass handles/fittings, it appeared in the late 1920s and was eventually covered by Registered Design No. 731794 of 1928. Subsequently, the design changed from copper/brass to spun aluminium; there is no record of when this change occurred. The Volcano Kettles were still in production in the late 1960s as the book 'Modern Camping 1968: by Jack Cox' quotes a UK Consumers Association ('Which? Magazine') test of 21 camp stoves which concluded \"For boiling water quickly or washing up there is nothing to beat a Sirram Volcano, either at home or abroad\". Production of the Volcano Kettles and picnic boiling sets appear to have ceased in 1970 when Desmo Ltd purchased Hawker Marris Saled Ltd and discontinued the kettle range in favour of focussing on their picnic hamper range. Following the demise of the Sirram Volcano Kettle in 1970, modern versions are now in production by a",
"title": "Kelly Kettle"
},
{
"docid": "16757401",
"text": "Home canning or bottling, also known colloquially as putting up or processing, is the process of preserving foods, in particular, fruits, vegetables, and meats, by packing them into glass jars and then heating the jars to create a vacuum seal and kill the organisms that would create spoilage. Though ceramic and glass containers had been used for storage for thousands of years, the technique of canning, which involves applying heat for preservation, was only invented in the first decade of the 1800s. Before that, food storage containers were used for non-perishable foods, or with preservatives such as salt, sugar, vinegar, or alcohol. Techniques The two methods of home canning are water bath canning and pressure canning. Both involve placing the food inside special glass canning jars and then heating the contents. Home canning glass jars are annealed during manufacture to increase their ability to withstand temperature changes and mechanical shocks. There are several regional variations on jar design, such as Mason jars (North America), Fowler's Vacola jars (Australia), Kilner jars (England), and Weck jars (Germany). Water bath canning Water bath canning is appropriate for high-acid foods only, such as jam, jelly, most fruit, pickles, and tomato products with acid added. It is not appropriate for meats and low-acid foods such as vegetables. This method uses a pot large enough to hold and submerge the glass canning jars. Food is placed in glass canning jars and placed in the pot. Hot water is added to cover the jars. Water is brought to a boil () and held there for at least 10 minutes. Different foods require a different length of time under boil; larger jars require longer times. Pressure canning Pressure canning is the only safe home canning method for meats and low-acid foods. This method uses a pressure canner — similar to, but heavier than, a pressure cooker. A small amount of water is placed in the pressure canner and it is turned to steam, which without pressure would be , but under pressure is raised to . Based on the recipe, the canner is heated until the correct pressure is reached, and the jars left for the appropriate amount of time (charts have been published with times and pressures). The heat is turned off, pressure reduced, canner opened, and hot jars carefully lifted out and placed on an insulated surface (towels, wood cutting board, etc.) and out of drafts to cool. Safety While it is possible to safely preserve many kinds of foodstuffs, home canning can expose consumers to botulism and other kinds of food poisoning if done incorrectly. The most common source of food-borne botulism is home-canned foods prepared in an unsafe manner. Safety measures must be taken when performing home canning, since ingestion of toxin in food produced by Clostridium botulinum can cause death. Because of the high risk of illness or death associated with improper canning techniques, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) considers it critical that consumers who intend to can at home obtain",
"title": "Home canning"
},
{
"docid": "103194",
"text": "The Leidenfrost effect is a physical phenomenon in which a liquid, close to a solid surface of another body that is significantly hotter than the liquid's boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer that keeps the liquid from boiling rapidly. Because of this repulsive force, a droplet hovers over the surface, rather than making physical contact with it. The effect is named after the German doctor Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost, who described it in A Tract About Some Qualities of Common Water. This is most commonly seen when cooking, when drops of water are sprinkled onto a hot pan. If the pan's temperature is at or above the Leidenfrost point, which is approximately for water, the water skitters across the pan and takes longer to evaporate than it would take if the water droplets had been sprinkled onto a cooler pan. Details The effect can be seen as drops of water are sprinkled onto a pan at various times as it heats up. Initially, as the temperature of the pan is just below , the water flattens out and slowly evaporates, or if the temperature of the pan is well below , the water stays liquid. As the temperature of the pan rises above , the water droplets hiss when touching the pan, and these droplets evaporate quickly. When the temperature exceeds the Leidenfrost point, the Leidenfrost effect appears. On contact with the pan, the water droplets bunch up into small balls of water and skitter around, lasting much longer than when the temperature of the pan was lower. This effect works until a much higher temperature causes any further drops of water to evaporate too quickly to cause this effect. The effect happens because, at temperatures at or above the Leidenfrost point, the bottom part of the water droplet vaporizes immediately on contact with the hot pan. The resulting gas suspends the rest of the water droplet just above it, preventing any further direct contact between the liquid water and the hot pan. As steam has much poorer thermal conductivity than the metal pan, further heat transfer between the pan and the droplet is slowed down dramatically. This also results in the drop being able to skid around the pan on the layer of gas just under it. The temperature at which the Leidenfrost effect appears is difficult to predict. Even if the volume of the drop of liquid stays the same, the Leidenfrost point may be quite different, with a complicated dependence on the properties of the surface, as well as any impurities in the liquid. Some research has been conducted into a theoretical model of the system, but it is quite complicated. The effect was also described by the Victorian steam boiler designer, William Fairbairn, in reference to its effect on massively reducing heat transfer from a hot iron surface to water, such as within a boiler. In a pair of lectures on boiler design, he cited the work of Pierre Hippolyte Boutigny (1798–1884) and Professor Bowman of",
"title": "Leidenfrost effect"
},
{
"docid": "7493966",
"text": "A loss-of-pressure-control accident (LOPA) is a mode of failure for a nuclear reactor that involves the pressure of the confined coolant falling below specification. Most commercial types of nuclear reactor use a pressure vessel to maintain pressure in the reactor plant. This is necessary in a pressurized water reactor to prevent boiling in the core, which could lead to a nuclear meltdown. This is also necessary in other types of reactor plants to prevent moderators from having uncontrolled properties. Pressure is controlled in a pressurized water reactor to ensure that the core itself does not reach its boiling point in which the water will turn into steam and rapidly decrease the heat being transferred from the fuel to the moderator. By a combination of heaters and spray valves, pressure is controlled in the pressurizer vessel which is connected to the reactor plant. Because the pressurizer vessel and the reactor plant are connected, the pressure of the steam space pressurizes the entire reactor plant to ensure the pressure is above that which would allow boiling in the reactor core. The pressurizer vessel itself may be maintained much hotter than the rest of the reactor plant to ensure pressure control, because in the liquid throughout the reactor plant, pressure applied at any point has an effect on the entire system, whereas the heat transfer is limited by ambient and other losses. Causes of a loss of pressure control Many failures in a reactor plant or its supporting auxiliaries could cause a loss of pressure control, including: Inadvertent isolation of the pressurizing vessel from the reactor plant, via the closing of an isolation valve or mechanically clogged piping. Because of this possibility, no commercial nuclear power plant has any kind of valve in the connection between the pressuriser and the reactor coolant circuit. To avoid clogging anywhere in the primary circuit, the coolant is kept very clean, and the connecting pipe between the pressuriser and the reactor coolant circuit is short and large diameter. A rupture in the pressurizer vessel, which would also be a loss-of-coolant accident. In most reactor plant designs, however, this would not limit flowrate through the core and therefore would behave like a loss-of-pressure-control-accident rather than a loss-of-coolant accident. Failure of either the spray nozzles (failing open would inhibit raising pressure as the relatively cool spray collapses the pressurizer vessel bubble) or the heaters of the pressurizing system. Thermal Stratification of the liquid portion of the pressurizer. When the liquid portion of the pressurizer becomes stratified, the lower layers of water (furthest from the steam bubble) are subcooled and as the steam bubble slowly condenses, pressurizer pressure will appear relatively constant but actually will be slowly lowering. When the operator energizes pressurizer heaters to maintain or raise pressure, pressure will continue to drop until the subcooled water is heated up by the pressurizer heaters to the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure of the steam (bubble) portion of the pressurizer. During this reheating period, pressure control will be lost,",
"title": "Loss-of-pressure-control accident"
},
{
"docid": "1730629",
"text": "Parboiling (or leaching) is the partial or semi boiling of food as the first step in cooking. The word is from the Old French parbouillir, 'to boil thoroughly' but by mistaken association with \"part\", it has acquired its current meaning. The word is often used when referring to parboiled rice. Parboiling can also be used for removing poisonous or foul-tasting substances from foods, and to soften vegetables before roasting them. Basic technique The food items are added to boiling water and cooked until they start to soften, then removed before they are fully cooked. Parboiling is usually used to partially cook an item which will then be cooked another way such as braising, grilling, or stir-frying. Parboiling differs from blanching in that one does not cool the items using cold water or ice after removing them from the boiling water. Parboiled rice Sometimes raw rice or paddy is dehusked by using steam. This steam also partially boils the rice while dehusking. This process generally changes the colour of rice from white to a bit reddish. This type of rice is eaten in the districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada of Karnataka state, in the state of Kerala, and in most parts of Tamil Nadu, Bihar, and West Bengal in India. West Africa and the Afro-Caribbean diaspora are also accustomed to parboiling rice. See also Blanching Parbaking Parcooking References Cooking techniques Culinary terminology",
"title": "Parboiling"
},
{
"docid": "1564176",
"text": "An egg timer or kitchen timer is a device whose primary function is to assist in timing during cooking; the name comes from the first timers initially being used for the timing of cooking eggs. Early designs simply counted down for a specific period of time. Some modern designs can time more accurately by depending on water temperature rather than an absolute time. Technology Traditionally egg timers were small hourglasses and the name has come to be synonymous with this form. As technology progressed mechanical countdown timers were developed which had an adjustable dial and could be applied to a wide range of timed cooking tasks. Most recently digital timers have also been manufactured and a wide selection of software is available to perform this task on a computer or mobile phone. The task is simple to perform on most microwaves and oven timers. New products have been developed which potentially allow for better egg timing; these use the temperature of the water in which the eggs are being cooked to indicate the cooking state of the eggs. This kind of timer has the potential to more accurately indicate the state of the egg while it is being cooked as they do not rely on certain conditions (water hardness, hob temperature, atmospheric pressure). One such product is made of translucent plastic with a heat-sensitive coloured disc in the middle which changes colour at . The plastic around the disc changes temperature relatively steadily and gradually from the outside to the inside of the plastic mimicking how an egg heats up while cooking. This allows an observer to see the colour creep inwards through the disc and stop the boiling at the stage required. As it mimics the boiling of an egg, it will be accurate even if the boiling process is disrupted, a lower temperature is used and regardless of the quantity of eggs being cooked. Other similar products use electronics to sense the water temperature and play a certain tune or series of beeps to indicate the state of the eggs. Egg boiling Eggs consist of proteins which denature when heat is applied. They lose their shape and become long strands rather than tight masses. They then tangle with each other causing the liquid of the egg to become more and more viscous. Most traditional egg timers have a set time of about three minutes, that being the approximate time it takes to cook an average sized hen's egg in water. Hard-boiled eggs take longer to cook. The three minute egg timer is for soft-boiled eggs. The egg changes rapidly during the first few minutes of cooking. The changes cannot be seen through the eggshell, so timing is important. Other timers Countdown timers not specifically for eggs are also available for general kitchen and timing use. For example, the clockwork Memo Park Timer had a countdown of up to sixty minutes and was sold attached to a keyring, its original purpose being to remind motorists when their parking meter",
"title": "Egg timer"
},
{
"docid": "285522",
"text": "In thermodynamics, superheating (sometimes referred to as boiling retardation, or boiling delay) is the phenomenon in which a liquid is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point, without boiling. This is a so-called metastable state or metastate, where boiling might occur at any time, induced by external or internal effects. Superheating is achieved by heating a homogeneous substance in a clean container, free of nucleation sites, while taking care not to disturb the liquid. This may occur by microwaving water in a very smooth container. Disturbing the water may cause an unsafe eruption of hot water and result in burns. Cause Water is said to \"boil\" when bubbles of water vapor grow without bound, bursting at the surface. For a vapor bubble to expand, the temperature must be high enough that the vapor pressure exceeds the ambient pressure (the atmospheric pressure, primarily). Below that temperature, a water vapor bubble will shrink and vanish. Superheating is an exception to this simple rule; a liquid is sometimes observed not to boil even though its vapor pressure does exceed the ambient pressure. The cause is an additional force, the surface tension, which suppresses the growth of bubbles. Surface tension makes the bubble act like an elastic balloon. The pressure inside is raised slightly by the \"skin\" attempting to contract. For the bubble to expand, the temperature must be raised slightly above the boiling point to generate enough vapor pressure to overcome both surface tension and ambient pressure. What makes superheating so explosive is that a larger bubble is easier to inflate than a small one; just as when blowing up a balloon, the hardest part is getting started. It turns out the excess pressure due to surface tension is inversely proportional to the diameter of the bubble. That is, . This can be derived by imagining a plane cutting a bubble into two halves. Each half is pulled towards the middle with a surface tension force , which must be balanced by the force from excess pressure . So we obtain , which simplifies to . This means if the largest bubbles in a container are small, only a few micrometres in diameter, overcoming the surface tension may require a large , requiring exceeding the boiling point by several degrees Celsius. Once a bubble does begin to grow, the surface tension pressure decreases, so it expands explosively in a positive feedback loop. In practice, most containers have scratches or other imperfections which trap pockets of air that provide starting bubbles, and impure water containing small particles can also trap air pockets. Only a smooth container of purified liquid can reliably superheat. Occurrence via microwave oven Superheating can occur when an undisturbed container of water is heated in a microwave oven. At the time the container is removed, the lack of nucleation sites prevents boiling, leaving the surface calm. However, once the water is disturbed, some of it violently flashes to steam, potentially spraying boiling water out of the container. The boiling",
"title": "Superheating"
},
{
"docid": "50054690",
"text": "Vacuum drying is the mass transfer operation in which the moisture present in a substance, usually a wet solid, is removed by means of creating a vacuum. In chemical processing industries like food processing, pharmacology, agriculture, and textiles, drying is an essential unit operation to remove moisture. Vacuum drying is generally used for the drying of substances that are hygroscopic and heat-sensitive, and is based on the principle of creating a vacuum to decrease the chamber pressure below the vapor pressure of the water, causing it to boil. With the help of vacuum pumps, the pressure is reduced around the substance to be dried. This decreases the boiling point of water inside that product and thereby increases the rate of evaporation significantly. The result is a significantly increased drying rate of the product. The vacuum drying process is a batch operation performed at reduced pressures and lower relative humidity compared to ambient pressure, enabling faster drying. Vacuum dryer Vacuum dryer is the equipment with the help of which vacuum drying is carried out. Vacuum dryers are sometimes made up of cast iron, but most are made of stainless steel, so that they can bear the high vacuum pressure without any kind of deformation. The oven is divided into hollow trays which increases the surface area for heat conduction. The oven door is locked air tight and is connected to vacuum pump to reduce the pressure. The materials to be dried are kept on the trays inside the vacuum dryer and pressure is reduced by means of a vacuum pump. The dryer door is tightly shut and steam is passed through the space between trays and jacket so that the heat transfer occurs by conduction. Water vapors from the feed is sent into the condenser and after the drying vacuum pump is disconnected and the dried product is collected from the trays. Microwave vacuum drying Because conventional drying approaches (e.g., convective drying) may cause great nutritional and textural changes (like a darker color due to Maillard reaction), microwave vacuum drying is an alternative for pharmaceuticals and food drying, a method known since 1989. The microwaves speed up the drying process and lower temperature in vacuum system, reducing overall drying cycle time and temperature-induced effects of the food product. Microwave vacuum drying may be used for production of dried pharmaceuticals and food. Industrialized equipment, however, may require pre-treating samples before processing in the industrial vacuum system; pre-drying is used by conventional methods to reduce bulk water content. Applications Vacuum dryer can be used to dry heat sensitive hygroscopic and toxic materials. If the feed for drying is a solution, it can be dried using vacuum dryer as the solvent can be recovered by condensation. To improve the quality of products, such as for fruit preservation, hybrid drying combining osmotic dehydration followed by heat pump drying and microwave-vacuum drying proved effective. References Drying",
"title": "Vacuum drying"
},
{
"docid": "59017628",
"text": "Zalewajka is a traditional rustic soup made of diced and boiled potatoes and overflowed with sour rye made from sourdough bread. It also often contains Polish sausage and dried mushrooms. Origin The soup comes from central part of Poland. The first mentions of it appeared in 19th century in Łódź and Radomsko. The basic component of diet for people from those areas were potatoes and mushrooms. Potatoes constituted the base of the majority of the dishes people from Łódź and Radomsko prepared. They were served in different ways like boiled, mashed or fried. Thanks to its simplicity in the 19th and 20th century zalewajka become popular around the country to places like Kielce and Zagłębię Dąbrowskie. Zalewajka recipes There are a lot of recipes for this kind of soup which are different because of the region of Poland they were prepared. Łódź Main ingredients of the soup is bread sourdough, water, sausages and onion slices. Also added are wheat flour, sour cream and potatoes. The potatoes are peeled, cut into small cubes, then put into water and boiled. Sliced sausages and chopped onion are fried on the pan. When the potatoes are almost boiled, sausage and bread sourdough are added. After careful mixing, flour with the sour cream and the pinch of salt is added. Świętokrzyska This recipe originated in the Świętokrzyskie region. It's quite similar to Łódź recipe, but garlic and bacon added and less of sour cream used. The cooking process itself is almost the same except putting bacon into the soup. Radomsko Zalewajka from Radomsko is similar, but with more spices like marjoram and dried mushrooms. Cooked the same way as in the recipes from Łódź and Świętokrzyskie but without meat. See also List of soups References Polish cuisine Polish soups",
"title": "Zalewajka"
},
{
"docid": "72171954",
"text": "Rice forms an important part of Korean economy and culture. Koreans have been eating rice for a long time, and it is one of the ingredients that should not be missed at meals. Therefore, there are many kinds of rice dishes, there are many local festivals related to rice, and there are many proverbs related to rice. Korean rice products Tteokbokki Tteokbokki is a Korean dish made by frying or boiling rice cakes and ingredients in seasoning. Rice cake, the main ingredient, is made of rice or wheat. It is one of Korea's representative national snacks and representative street food. It ranked 10th on the Korean food list and is the most popular Korean snack. Injeolmi Injeolmi is a rice cake in which rice flour is steamed with a steamer, pounded with a mortar, cut into appropriate sizes, and coated with bean powder. It is a popular rice cake that is served without omission from the table of ancestral rites and feasts, and it is digestible and high in calories. Surprisingly, it is one of the most popular rice cakes among foreigners. In general, while foreigners perceive the texture of rice cake as a strange food that is tough and doesn't taste much, injeolmi is less burdensome to chew just the size of finger food, and there is an image that it is healthy thanks to its unique savory and subtle sweetness. Nurungji Nurungji is grilled rice stuck to the bottom of the cauldron. Nurungji can be intentionally baked in a frying pan. In the days when electric rice pots were used before, they were distributed, nurungji was always created every time rice was cooked, so it was used for various purposes. Usually, it is common to make Sungnyung by boiling water in scorched rice in a cauldron, and there were cases where it was used in dishes such as scorched rice soup, dried, stored, and eaten like snacks. When there were no snacks, nurungji was the main snack for children. Juk Juk is a food that boiled rice. In Korea, people usually eat it as a substitute for meals when they have dental-related diseases or have a cold. A dead dish made only of rice is incredibly simple. Just soak the rice in water or grind it into a pot and it's done. Vegetables, seafood, and meat are chopped little by little and eaten. Sikhye Sikhye is one of Korea's traditional drinks, and it is a grain drink made by marinating malt and rice together. In Korea, it is mainly drunk on holidays such as Chuseok and New Year's Day, and it is widely loved as a beverage in everyday life, so it is easy to find it made at home or sold in cans or plastic bottles. It is a popular drink that can be enjoyed by men and women of all ages due to the combination of the savory aroma and sweetness of grain, and it is also a delicacy to scoop up rice that has sunk",
"title": "Rice in Korean culture"
},
{
"docid": "482034",
"text": "Hot dry noodles (), known in Chinese as reganmian, also transliterated as dried and spicy noodles, is a traditional dish of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province in central China. Hot dry noodles have an 80-year history in Chinese food culture; they are unique because the noodles are not in a broth like most other Asian-style hot noodle dishes. They are the most significant, famous and popular breakfast food in Wuhan, often sold by street carts and restaurants in residential and business areas. Breakfasts such as hot dry noodles are available from about 5 am, and usually appear at Wuhan's night markets as a late-night snack. These noodles can be prepared within minutes and are affordable, so they are a popular breakfast. There are hot dry noodle restaurants all over the city. Typical hot dry noodle dishes contain soy sauce, sesame paste, pickled vegetables (carrots and beans), chopped garlic chives and chili oil. Hot dry noodles, along with Shanxi's knife-cut noodles (刀削面; 刀削麵; dāoxiāomiàn), Liangguang's yifumian, Sichuan's dandanmian, and northern China's zhajiangmian, are collectively referred to as the \"top five noodles of China\" by People's Daily, and in a 2013 article titled \"China's Top 10 famous noodles\" Business Insider reported that CNTV rated reganmian the top Chinese noodle dish. The specifics of the preparation of hot dry noodles is discussed in Wuhan author Chi Li's novel Cold or Hot, It's Good to Live (冷也好热也好活着就好). Cooking method The recipe for hot dry noodles differs from cold noodles and soup noodles, as the dish is served hot without broth. The fresh noodles are mixed with sesame oil and cooked in boiling water. The cooked and cooled noodles become pliable. Before eating, the noodles will be cooked again the same way, and dressings including spring onion and sauce are added. While preparing hot dry noodles, the noodles are placed into a cone-shaped strainer, dipped briefly into boiling water, and then swirled and drained. The noodles are poured into a paper bowl, sesame paste, salt, pepper, sugar, vinegar, soy sauce, chive and pickled radish are added, poured on top and stirred. Origin Summer in Wuhan is extremely long, and the high temperature causes food to deteriorate rapidly. Consequently, in the past people added dietary alkali into noodles to slow deterioration; this evolved into reganmian. According to a widely circulated rumor, in the early 1930s there was a small food stand operated by Bao Li, a hawker who made a living by selling bean noodles and noodle soups near a temple in Hankou. One day, Li poured sesame oil onto his noodles accidentally; he boiled them and added shallot and other condiments the next day, and sold them the next morning. His noodles became very popular because of their unique taste, and customers asked Bao Li what kind of noodle it was; Bao Li answered \"hot dry noodles\". From then on, Bao Li specialized in hot dry noodles, which caused a sensation in Wuhan with many customers. Many cooks learned from him and specialized in",
"title": "Hot dry noodles"
},
{
"docid": "870352",
"text": "In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\" In traditional grammar, it is typically defined as a string of words that expresses a complete thought, or as a unit consisting of a subject and predicate. In non-functional linguistics it is typically defined as a maximal unit of syntactic structure such as a constituent. In functional linguistics, it is defined as a unit of written texts delimited by graphological features such as upper-case letters and markers such as periods, question marks, and exclamation marks. This notion contrasts with a curve, which is delimited by phonologic features such as pitch and loudness and markers such as pauses; and with a clause, which is a sequence of words that represents some process going on throughout time. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command, or suggestion. Typical associates Clauses A sentence is typically associated with a clause. A clause can either be a clause simplex or a clause complex. A clause simplex represents a single process going on through time. A clause complex represents a logical relation between two or more processes and is thus composed of two or more clause simplexes. A clause (simplex) typically contains a predication structure with a subject noun phrase and a finite verb. Although the subject is usually a noun phrase, other kinds of phrases (such as gerund phrases) work as well, and some languages allow subjects to be omitted. In the examples below, the subject of the outmost clause simplex is in italics and the subject of boiling is in square brackets. There is clause embedding in the second and third examples. [Water] boils at 100 degrees Celsius. It is quite interesting that [water] boils at 100 degrees Celsius. The fact that [water] boils at 100 degrees Celsius is quite interesting. There are two types of clauses: independent and non-independent/interdependent. An independent clause realises a speech act such as a statement, a question, a command or an offer. A non-independent clause does not realise any act. A non-independent clause (simplex or complex) is usually logically related to other non-independent clauses. Together, they usually constitute a single independent clause (complex). For that reason, non-independent clauses are also called interdependent. For instance, the non-independent clause because I have no friends is related to the non-independent clause I don't go out in I don't go out, because I have no friends. The whole clause complex is independent because it realises a statement. What is stated is the causal nexus between having no friend and not going out. When such a statement is acted out, the fact that the speaker doesn't go out is already established, therefore it cannot be stated. What is still open and under negotiation is the reason for that fact. The causal nexus is represented by the independent clause complex and not by the two interdependent clause simplexes. See also copula for the",
"title": "Sentence (linguistics)"
},
{
"docid": "3672150",
"text": "Vacuum evaporation is the process of causing the pressure in a liquid-filled container to be reduced below the vapor pressure of the liquid, causing the liquid to evaporate at a lower temperature than normal. Although the process can be applied to any type of liquid at any vapor pressure, it is generally used to describe the boiling of water by lowering the container's internal pressure below standard atmospheric pressure and causing the water to boil at room temperature. The vacuum evaporation treatment process consists of reducing the interior pressure of the evaporation chamber below atmospheric pressure. This reduces the boiling point of the liquid to be evaporated, thereby reducing or eliminating the need for heat in both the boiling and condensation processes. There are other advantages, such as the ability to distill liquids with high boiling points and avoiding decomposition of substances that are heat sensitive. Application Food When the process is applied to food and the water is evaporated and removed, the food can be stored for long periods without spoiling. It is also used when boiling a substance at normal temperatures would chemically change the consistency of the product, such as egg whites coagulating when attempting to dehydrate the albumen into a powder. This process was invented by Henri Nestlé in 1866, of Nestlé Chocolate fame, although the Shakers were already using a vacuum pan before that (see condensed milk). This process is used industrially to make such food products as evaporated milk for milk chocolate and tomato paste for ketchup. In the sugar industry vacuum evaporation is used in the crystallization of sucrose solutions. Traditionally this process was performed in batch mode, but nowadays continuous vacuum pans are available. Wastewater treatment Vacuum evaporators are used in a wide range of industrial sectors to treat industrial wastewater. It represents a clean, safe and very versatile technology with low management costs, which in most cases serves as a zero-discharge treatment system. Thin film deposition Vacuum evaporation is also a form of physical vapor deposition used in the semiconductor, microelectronics, and optical industries and in this context is a process of depositing thin films of material onto surfaces. Such a technique consists of pumping a vacuum chamber to pressures of less than 10−5 torr and heating a material to produce a flux of vapor to deposit the material onto a surface. The material to be vaporized is typically heated until its vapor pressure is high enough to produce a flux of several Angstroms per second by using an electrically resistive heater or bombardment by a high voltage beam. See also Freeze drying List of waste-water treatment technologies Vacuum deposition References External links Vacuum evaporation manufacturer Evaporators Food preservation Food processing Vacuum Water pollution Thin film deposition",
"title": "Vacuum evaporation"
},
{
"docid": "2061993",
"text": "In chemistry and materials science, impurities are chemical substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid. They differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound. Firstly, a pure chemical should appear in at least one chemical phase and can also be characterized by its phase diagram. Secondly, a pure chemical should prove to be homogeneous (i.e., a uniform substance that has the same composition throughout the material). The perfect pure chemical will pass all attempts to separate and purify it further. Thirdly, and here we focus on the common chemical definition, it should not contain any trace of any other kind of chemical species. In reality, there are no absolutely 100% pure chemical compounds, as there is always some small amount of contamination. The levels of impurities in a material are generally defined in relative terms. Standards have been established by various organizations that attempt to define the permitted levels of various impurities in a manufactured product. Strictly speaking, a material's level of purity can only be stated as being more or less pure than some other material. Impurities are either naturally occurring or added during synthesis of a chemical or commercial product. During production, impurities may be purposely or accidentally added to the substance. The removal of unwanted impurities may require the use of separation or purification techniques such as distillation or zone refining. In other cases, impurities might be added to acquire certain properties of a material such as the color in gemstones or conductivity in semiconductors. Impurities may also affect crystallization as they can act as nucleation sites that start crystal growth. Impurities can also play a role in nucleation of other phase transitions in the form of defects. Unwanted impurities Impurities can become unwanted when they prevent the working nature of the material. Examples include ash and debris in metals and leaf pieces in blank white papers. The removal of impurities is usually done chemically. For example, in the manufacturing of iron, calcium carbonate is added to the blast furnaces to remove silicon dioxide from the iron ore. Zone refining, another purification method, is an economically important method for the purification of semiconductors. However, some kinds of impurities can be removed by physical means. A mixture of water and salt can be separated by distillation, with water as the distillate and salt as the solid residue. This is done by heating the water so it boils and leaves behind the salt. The water is cooled and the gas turns back to a pure liquid. Impurities are usually physically removed from liquids and gases. Removal of sand particles from metal ore is one example with solids. No matter what method is used, it is usually impossible to separate an impurity completely from a material. The reason that it is impossible to remove impurities completely is of thermodynamic nature and is predicted by the second law of thermodynamics. Removing impurities completely means reducing their concentration to zero. This would require an infinite amount of",
"title": "Chemical impurity"
},
{
"docid": "18526084",
"text": "Team 5P () is the animation production team, which established in 2002. The first members were composed of Hongsuk Kim (Kee-mong), Sangsik Min (Sickman), Donghyuk Jang (Seedrock), Sukjo Jang (Devil), Jihyuk Jung (Guy Hyuk), and Junghoon Ji (Back-gun). They used to draw many kinds of Animations; especially the series of \"The Hell of Selfish and Immoral Entertainers ()\", \"The Middle-aged Detective Kim Jung Il\", \"The Banana Girl (unsuitable for under 19-years-old)\" are very famous masterpieces. ==Private Kim Chang-who'''s Desertion== The Story is separated of two stories. One is the story which describes the time Kim Chang-who joined a party; He couldn't stand on much reproaches from his superiors - He deserted remaining his diary and ran away stealing a duck from a farm, the other is the story which describes the time after Kim deserted his party; but he was captured by his captain Kim Hong-suk just before he take a traffic to his home, he was imprisoned with his superiors into the guardhouse. The Hell of Entertainers The flash animation series is the most popular animation of the team. Many kinds of military service problems were dealt in this animation. Series of Moonoejoong In 2002, Team 5P made the first series of \"The Hell of Entertainers\" which Heejun Moon (in this series, he is featured as \"Moonoejoong; literally, A No-brained Bug\") who is due to join the 666 party is featuring. In this first series, Moonoejoong is scolded by many superiors, including a foolish and fault maker, Kim Chang-who. One day night, He dreamt of what he sings rock'n roll, when he sings shouting, making most of his fans wild with enthusiasm. At that time, his superior, Jung Ji-hyuk wakes him up, and scolded while he was still sleeping. This day, Moonoejoong couldn't have any supper because he waste his breakfast into the trash box after Kim Chang-who told him about a patty on a Military Hamburger, while he miss twice in a football game; one is his own goal, the other is speaking what Jung Ji-hyuk missed a penalty kick. He couldn't have any supper until his sleeping time. Series of Stivoong Yoo Another entertainer, Steve Yoo (Korean name; Seungjun YOO) featured as \"Stivoong YOO(No literal meaning but similar to his name).\" Steve is a naturalized American to avoid the military duty in South Korea on February, 2002. At first of the series, he told his party supervisor that he was due to join the American Army. However, the supervisor scold and strike him even Stivoong cried that he is about to join the American Army. Likewise Moonoejoong, he is scolded by his superiors. From joined day on, he is defeated seriously. After a while, Jung Ji-hyuk told Kim Chang-who, \"boil my noodle pack.\" Kim Chang-who spit into the pack boiling noodle, Moonoejoong found his situation and reported to Jung Ji-hyuk. Thus, in the evening, Kim was beat seriously by Jung for the reason. The next day, in the morning roll call, everybody sing the South Korean national",
"title": "Team 5P"
},
{
"docid": "896894",
"text": "Castle Geyser is a cone geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. It is noted for the particularly large geyserite sinter deposits, which form its cone. These deposits have been likened in appearance to a castle. When the geyser was given this name in 1870, the top edges of the structure resembled the typical profile associated with the modern concept of a castle, having the appearance of a large keep, multiple turrets, and especially because of the crenellation along the top edges of what resembled its towers. As the drawing below shows the cone had distinctive appearance at the time. Over time the cone's shape changes because of the layers of mineral deposited in successive eruptions. History On September 18, 1870, the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition entered the Upper Geyser Basin. Eventually, members of the expedition named seven geysers they observed in the basin. The appearance of this geyser led Lieutenant Gustavus Cheyney Doane to name it Castle Geyser. Nathaniel P. Langford gave this account in his 1871 Scribner's article: \"The Castle,\" situated on the summit of an incrusted mound, has a turreted crater through which a large volume of water is expelled at intervals of two or three hours to the height of , from a discharging orifice about in diameter. The architectural features of the silicious sinter surrounding it, which is very massive and compact, indicating that at some former period the flow of water must have been much greater than at present, suggested its name. A vent near it is constantly discharging a large stream of boiling water, and when the geyser is in action the water in this vent boils and bubbles with great fierceness. Eruption The Castle Geyser has a 10- to 12-hour eruption cycle. The geyser erupts hot water for about 20 minutes in a vertical column that reaches a height of before changing to a noisy steam phase that issues for 30 to 40 minutes. The sinter cone for Castle Geyser has been dated to around 1022 using carbon-14 dating. This date is much younger than the originally-presumed age of 5,000 to 15,000 years. A 3-D laser scan made of the cone reveals evidence that this geyser has evolved through four to five distinct stages to reach its current configuration. In November 2002, the Denali earthquake in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska caused Castle Geyser, as well as other geysers in Yellowstone, to decrease in eruption frequency. The affected geysers have returned to their previous pattern since that time, however. Gallery References External links Geysers of Wyoming Geothermal features of Teton County, Wyoming Geothermal features of Yellowstone National Park Geysers of Teton County, Wyoming Articles containing video clips",
"title": "Castle Geyser"
},
{
"docid": "52996",
"text": "Steaming is a method of cooking using steam. This is often done with a food steamer, a kitchen appliance made specifically to cook food with steam, but food can also be steamed in a wok. In the American southwest, steam pits used for cooking have been found dating back about 5,000 years. Steaming is considered a healthy cooking technique that can be used for many kinds of foods. Because steaming can be achieved by heating less water or liquid, and because of the excellent thermodynamic heat transfer properties of steam, steaming can be as fast, or faster, than cooking in boiling water, as well as being more energy efficient. History Some of the world's earliest examples of steam cooking were found in China's Yellow River Valley; early steam cookers made of stoneware have been found dating back as far as 5,000 BCE. And also in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, created during the Stone Age. Some of the second earliest examples of steam cooking have been found in Italy and Sardinia, created during the Bronze Age, and in Cochise County, Arizona, where steam pits were used for cooking about 10,000 years ago. From the eighth century CE, thin cypress strips were used to make steamers; today their slatted bases are constructed from bamboo. The classic steamer has a chimney in the center, which distributes the steam among the tiers. While steaming has not caught up in the west for assorted dishes, the technique was heavily popularized worldwide by Chinese and East Asian cuisine. The two main classic steamers feature the ancient bamboo steamer as well as the modern metal (aluminum or stainless steel) steamer, with the difference being that the bamboo lid takes longer to heat up but absorbs excess moisture and allows heat to condense again over the delicate food. Other developments were the creations of microwaveable silicone steamers and plastic-hybrid steamers. Method Steaming works by boiling water continuously, causing it to vaporize into steam; the steam then carries heat to the nearby food, thus cooking the food. The food is kept separate from the boiling water but has direct contact with the steam, resulting in a moist texture to the food. This differs from double boiling, in which food is not directly exposed to steam, or pressure cooking, which uses a sealed vessel, but which is capable of pressure steaming or submerging. Such cooking is most often done by placing the food into a food steamer, typically a circular container made of metal or wood and bamboo. The steamer usually has a lid that is placed on the top of the container during cooking to allow the steam to cook through the food. When a steamer is unavailable, food can be steamed inside a wok, supported over boiling water in the bottom of the wok by a metal frame. Some modern home microwave ovens include a structure to cook food by steam vapor produced in a separate water container, providing a similar result to being cooked on stove. There are",
"title": "Steaming"
}
] | [
"vaporization"
] |
train_46340 | when did they change the australian national anthem | [
{
"docid": "1374481",
"text": "As an additional question in the 1977 referendum, voters were polled on which song they would prefer to be the national anthem (in place of \"God Save the Queen\"). Voting on this question was not compulsory. This was the third plebiscite to be held in Australia, following two regarding military service in 1916 and 1917. The winner, \"Advance Australia Fair\", was later formally declared the Australian anthem in 1984. Background Prior to 1974, \"God Save the Queen\" was Australia's national anthem. In 1974, the Whitlam government performed a nationwide opinion survey, conducted through the Australian Bureau of Statistics, to determine the song to be sung on occasions of national significance. \"Advance Australia Fair\" was chosen and was enshrined as the national song, to be used on all occasions excepting those of a specifically regal nature. In January 1976, the Fraser government reinstated \"God Save the Queen\" for royal, vice-regal, defence and loyal toast occasions, and made plans to conduct a national poll to find a song for use on ceremonial occasions when it was desired to mark a separate Australian identity. Results Voters were presented with the following choice: ''Against the background that 'GOD SAVE THE QUEEN' is the NATIONAL ANTHEM to be played on Regal and Vice Regal occasions, electors may indicate their preferences as to which of the tunes of the songs listed below they would prefer to be played on other occasions. See also Referendums in Australia References Plebiscite Plebiscite 1977 referendums 1977 (National Song) Song Multiple-choice referendums",
"title": "1977 Australian plebiscite (National Song)"
},
{
"docid": "13225968",
"text": "Majestic Fanfare is a short orchestral piece of music written by the British composer Charles Williams in 1935. It is well recognized as the theme to ABC news broadcasts in Australia. Currently, it is being used on ABC NewsRadio, usually at the top of every hour. 1943 version Majestic Fanfare was first recorded in 1943 by the Queen's Hall Light Orchestra conducted by the composer. In an abridged form, it came to prominence in Australia, initially as the signature tune for radio broadcasts of proceedings from the Parliament of Australia, and subsequently as the signature tune for radio and television news broadcasts by the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC). It was first used for this purpose on 1 January 1952 until 1982, when it was replaced with a different version. Majestic Fanfare replaced a short version of Advance Australia Fair that had been in use throughout World War II. Further shortening of what was already regarded as a significant national song (it would become Australia's official national anthem in 1984) was regarded as somewhat sacrilegious, while shortening the apolitical Majestic Fanfare was deemed less contentious. 1982 version On television, Majestic Fanfare was updated in 1982 to celebrate the ABC's 50th anniversary, using synthesizers. This version was used as the ABC News theme. It was tuned a semitone higher, to E major. 1988 version In 1988, in accordance with the recommendation, and also to help celebrate the Australian Bicentenary, the ABC commissioned the Australian composer Richard Mills to re-orchestrate the tune in a more modern, Australian idiom. His arrangement was recorded by the Sydney Symphony Orchestra under Stuart Challender, at the Sydney Opera House. In the early 2000s, Mills' original pencil-written manuscript for the full and two abridged versions of the theme was donated to the music library of the University of Melbourne. The theme is still used for ABC Radio news bulletins. Originally it was planned that Armiger's 2005 theme (below) would replace Majestic Fanfare on radio bulletins as well, but the plan did not proceed. A radio news inquiry later that year recommended that Majestic Fanfare should be either replaced or updated. The piece, as used by the ABC, exists in two formats: an 18-second version that was used for many years, and a 9-second abridged version that was usually used thereafter (although the 18-second version is still played on regional radio and on extended bulletins, such as the daily 7.00am Local Radio bulletins). Other ABC News themes In 1985, when ABC's evening news bulletin was replaced by The National, Majestic Fanfare was replaced by Alan Hawkshaw's Best Endeavours, then also used by Britain's Channel 4 News bulletins. In 1985, when ABC News was relaunched, Majestic Fanfare did not return. Since then, two Australian-composed tunes have been used. The first titled ABC News theme was written in 1985 by Sydney composers Tony Ansell and Peter Wall. It was used for 19 years. The original version of the current ABC News theme, composed by Martin Armiger and introduced on Australia Day",
"title": "Majestic Fanfare"
},
{
"docid": "30531423",
"text": "The Urban Guerillas are an Australian pub rock band. Originally formed in Adelaide, the band is currently based in Sydney. Beginnings 1981 A tough, punk-influenced band with a fiercely independent streak, The Urban Guerillas was formed in Adelaide in 1980 as a trio with Ken Stewart (guitar/vocals), Terry Burgan (bass/vocals) and John Martin (drums). Terry and John had recently moved to Adelaide from Whyalla. After playing their relentless, driving brand of original pop / punk rock music around Adelaide for a little over two years and releasing two independent cassettes, the band moved to Sydney and seamlessly slotted into the live pub circuit. Sydney 1983–1987 In 1983 they went into Studios 301 to record and released the song 1984 on their own label, The single sold in enough quantities to attract the attention of George Wayne from Triple J who invited the band into the Australian Broadcasting Corporation studios to play live to air. In 1984 they recorded a more pop-oriented single, She's Probably, produced by Adelaide guitarist Mal Eastick from Stars (Australian band) and producer of the Andy Durant Memorial Concert. This single won numerous favourable reviews around the country and gave the band a boost around Sydney before a membership reshuffle took some time to consolidate the new four-piece line up. The band resurfaced nationally in 1986 with their Borrowed Time EP and an appearance on a nationally televised talent quest Star Search (Australia). During this time the Urban Guerillas played regularly at the Sandringham (Sando) and until Roaring Jack entered the scene, had held the over-the-bar record of takings at the famous inner west hotel. (The Roaring Jack crowd consistently managed to out-drink the Urban Guerillas punters). The band toured nationally in 1986 mostly headlining but also playing some notable supports with The Saints, The Hitmen, the New Christs and Spy vs Spy. In 1987 the band released their signature tune Here Come the Americans. An anthem against the Americanisation of Australian culture. Using a war analogy for the cultural invasion gave the song a literal interpretation that resonated with the peace movement. The song gave the Urban Guerillas a provocative edge and the renewed attention from the media delivered access to the suburban venues. Through various line-up changes the band experimented and consistently fronted up as an energetic and formidable live performance unit until the end of 1987, when after much touring and having all their gear stolen, the Guerillas had imploded. Another View 1988–1990 In 1988 Stewart played solo in addition to supporting Roaring Jack whilst putting together another three piece. This outfit toured to Melbourne, Canberra and Adelaide frequently and the suburban bars in Sydney but their regular work became to an abrupt end when Stewart fell off the drum-kit while playing guitar during a gig in Oatley, breaking his wrist. However, before the accident the Urban Guerillas had managed to record their first album, Another View, in 1989 with Phil Punch at Electric Avenue studio and released it in 1990 to critical acclaim.",
"title": "The Urban Guerillas"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "326167",
"text": "\"\" (, , \"God of Justice\") is the national anthem of Serbia, as defined by the Article 7 of the Constitution of Serbia. \"Bože pravde\" was adopted in 1882 and had been the national anthem of the Kingdom of Serbia until 1919 when Serbia became a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was re-adopted as the national anthem at first by the parliamentary recommendation in 2004 and then constitutionally sanctioned in 2006, after Serbia restored its independence. History After the assassination of Prince Mihailo, Milan Obrenović came to the throne in 1872, celebrating his coming of age. Then he ordered a play from the manager of the National Theater in Belgrade, Jovan Đorđević, who quickly wrote and presented the play \"Marko names the Emperor\" (Marko kazuje na kome je carstvo), with the aim of glorifying Serbian history and the Obrenović dynasty, and song \"God of justice\" (Bože pravde), composed by Davorin Jenko. Song gained more popularity among the people than the piece itself, and in 1882, on the occasion of Milan's enthronement as Serbian king, Đorđević reworked the text and so his new version became the first official anthem of Serbia. In 1903, after the May Coup, the Obrenović dynasty died out and the Karađorđevićs came to the helm of Serbia. The new Serbian king Peter I wanted to change the state symbols, even the anthem. The Austrian composer from Vienna, August Stol, composed a song for the Serbian king. Peter did not like the composition. Various competitions in which many Serbian poets (Aleksa Šantić among others) participated were also unsuccessful. In the end, in 1909, it was decided to make the anthem Bože pravde official again, with minor changes to the text. Various rulers of Serbia changed the words of the anthem to suit them. During the rule of Prince Milan I of Serbia, the words were \"God, save Prince Milan\" (knez Milana Bože spasi), which changed to God, save King Milan (kralj Milana Bože spasi) when Serbia became a kingdom. Later it was tailored to Alexander I (\"God, save King Alexander\"; kralja Aleksandra Bože spasi) and Peter I (\"God, save King Peter\"; kralja Petra Bože spasi) as well. During the World War I, in the territories of Serbia occupied by Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, the performance of the national anthem, as well as the display of the symbols of the Kingdom of Serbia, was prohibited. During the time of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which later became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), \"Bože pravde\" was part of its national anthem. On the eve of the World War II, at the great international gathering of the Music Confederation, held in Paris, this anthem was declared one of the three most beautiful in the world. \"Bože pravde\" anthem was officially abandoned and banned after the World War II in 1945, in favour of \"Hey, Slavs\" (under its Serbo-Croatian title Hej, Sloveni), which was the national anthem of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for 47 years, from",
"title": "Bože pravde"
},
{
"docid": "27274193",
"text": "The 2010 ANZAC Test was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand on 7 May 2010. The match coincided with the official opening of AAMI Park in Melbourne. The match was won by Australia with a score of 12–8. The teams The squads for each side were announced on 2 May 2010. The selectors for the Australian team made only five changes to the squad that won the final of the 2009 Four Nations. Three of those changes were due to injuries. Notable among the selections was the omission of Brisbane Broncos centre Israel Folau. There had been rumours that Folau was considering moving to the Australian Football League or rugby union; however, the selectors insisted he had been dropped for form reasons. Manly centre Jamie Lyon was called up in Folau's place, and to act as goal-kicker due to Johnathan Thurston's injury-enforced absence. Thurston, the incumbent Australian half back, missed the match with a shoulder injury. He was replaced in the position by Cooper Cronk. Michael Weyman, a prop forward from the St. George Illawarra Dragons was the only member of the squad representing Australia for the first time. The New Zealand team included two debutants: Aaron Heremaia and Zeb Taia. Alex Glenn was named in the 18-man squad but was left out of the 17-man team. One of the notable selections was 19-year-old Kieran Foran being named as half back for the first time: Commentators predicted he would be the long-term incumbent in the position, with former Australian halfback Andrew Johns suggesting he could become the best player in the world. Opening of AAMI Park The match was the first event to be held at Melbourne's AAMI Park, a rectangular stadium built for rugby league, rugby union and soccer in a city known for its preference for Australian rules football. Despite having been officially sold out wet conditions on the night meant an attendance of 29,442, which nearly satisfied the stadium's 30,050 capacity. The opening ceremony featured the NRL's all-time highest point-scorer, Hazem El Masri kicking a goal. The National anthem of New Zealand was performed by Elizabeth Marvelly and the National anthem of Australia was performed by Katie Noonan. Match details The first half of the match was low-scoring, as wet conditions caused numerous ball-handling errors. Australia took a 6–0 lead at half-time, after Brett Morris scored a try to add to an earlier penalty goal from Jamie Lyon. Morris' try was scored in the 39th minute of the first half and was the result of a grubber kick from Darren Lockyer. Morris scored a second try shortly into the second half to make the score 12–0. Sam Thaiday set up the try with a flick pass as he was being pushed out of the field of play by New Zealand defenders. New Zealand pulled back two unconverted tries through Jason Nightingale and Junior Sa'u; however, they were not able to make up the 12-point deficit, and Australia won the match 12–8. The",
"title": "2010 Anzac Test"
},
{
"docid": "250523",
"text": "(; \"Our Bahrain\"; also known as , \"the national anthem of Bahrain\") is the national anthem of Bahrain. Originally composed as an instrumental in 1942, lyrics were added in 1985, which were changed in 2002 following the country's transformation from an emirate into a kingdom. History The anthem was originally composed in 1942 to be played at official events such as receptions, making Bahrain one of the first Arab countries to adopt a national anthem. The leaders of the police band made many modifications and additions to the music over the following years, most significantly in 1972, a year after Bahrain's independence from the United Kingdom, when it was extended by playing it twice. In 1985, former leader of the police band Colonel Mohamed Sudqi Ayyash wrote lyrics for the anthem, which were used until 2002. That year, with the emergence of the National Action Charter and a constitutional amendments referendum that declared the country's ruler Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah a king and the country a kingdom, the lyrics were changed by Minister of the Royal Court Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa. Bahraini composer and singer Ahmed Aljumairi was directed by the government to re-arrange the national anthem with an inclusion of a fanfare that was recorded with the London Philharmonic Orchestra in London. Mr. Ahmed Aljumairi sang the national anthem with the chorus in that recording that became the official anthem of the country. Band leader Major General Mubarak Najm Al-Najm made a military band version arrangement that is used by the police. Lyrics Current lyrics Former lyrics (1985–2002) Notes References External links Bahrain: Bahrainona - Audio of the national anthem of Bahrain, with information and lyrics (archive link) Himnuszok - A vocal version of the Anthem, featured in the Himnuszok website. Asian anthems Music of Bahrain National symbols of Bahrain Compositions in D major",
"title": "Bahrainona"
},
{
"docid": "49216229",
"text": "The 2016 Anzac Test (known as the Downer Anzac Test due to sponsorship) was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand at Hunter Stadium in Newcastle. It was the 17th Anzac Test played between the two nations since the first was played under the Super League banner in 1997. The game marked the international coaching debut of Mal Meninga for Australia since taking over the position from Tim Sheens in late 2015. Meninga, a 4 time Kangaroo Tourist (the only player ever to do so), a World Cup winning captain and a veteran of 46 tests for Australia between 1982–94, has previously coached Queensland to 9 State of Origin series wins in 10 years (including a record 8 series wins in succession from 2006-2013) in the years prior to taking over as Kangaroos coach. This was the first of two matches between Australia and New Zealand before the 2016 Rugby League Four Nations in late October and November. The second match will be played at the nib Stadium in Perth, Western Australia on 15 October. Meninga broke tradition and named the Australian team a few days early, which included 4 debutants; Blake Ferguson, Josh McGuire, Michael Morgan and Fijian-born Semi Radradra. The New Zealand team was named on 1 May. Pre-game National anthems Russ Walker - New Zealand National Anthem Adrian Li Donni - Australian National Anthem Squads 1 - Peta Hiku was originally selected to play but withdrew due to injury. He was replaced by Gerard Beale. 2 - Shaun Kenny-Dowall and Brad Takairangi were originally selected to play but both players withdrew. Tohu Harris was shifted from five-eighth to centre and Kodi Nikorima was shifted from the bench to five-eighth as a result. Aidan Guerra and Michael Jennings were a part of the Kangaroos squad but did not play in the match. Alex Glenn and Danny Levi were a part of the Kiwis squad but did not play in the match. Match summary Notes: This was the annual 2016 Anzac Test. Australia's win ended a 3-match losing streak against New Zealand. This was the first time New Zealand were held scoreless in a test-match since 2007. With the victory, Australia reclaim the Bill Kelly Memorial Trophy. Martin Taupau and Sam Moa made their 10th test appearance for New Zealand. Blake Ferguson, Josh McGuire, Michael Morgan and Fijian-born Semi Radradra made their international debuts for Australia while Dallin Watene-Zelezniak, Kenny Bromwich and Manu Maʻu made their international debuts for New Zealand. Women's Test A Women's rugby league match between the Australian Jillaroos and New Zealand Kiwi Ferns will serve as the curtain-raiser for the main game. New Zealand coach Alan Jackson named an 18-strong squad in preparation for the Trans-Tasman Test. A few days later, Australian coach Steve Folkes announced his 18-strong squad for the Trans-Tasman Test. Women's squads The 18th woman is a cover for a possible injury or suspension and unless called up to the starting line-up or the bench, does not actually",
"title": "2016 Anzac Test"
},
{
"docid": "15031260",
"text": "\"Tanzania Nakupenda Kwa Moyo Wote\" is a Swahili-language patriotic song about Tanzania in East Africa. The song's history and authorship is uncertain, but stretches back to the colonial days, when then it was sung as thus \".\" It cannot be ruled out that it was part of an attempt to develop a national anthem towards the end of colonial rule before the South African lyrics version that was introduced and popularized by South African freedom fighters became adopted as anthem. The composition effort could have been coordinated by colonial officials in the last days of British colonialism in Tanganyika. It was changed to Tanzania, Tanzania after the formation of the Tanzanian union in 1964. In Tanzania it is frequently sung alongside the national anthem \"Mungu Ibariki Afrika\". The song appears in the 2004 documentary Darwin's Nightmare in which a female sex worker sings the song to seemingly uninterested Russian pilots. Her name was Eliza and she was killed a few days after by an Australian client. The song was performed in Australia for the fourth President of Tanzania, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, when he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Newcastle. Lyrics References Tanzanian songs Patriotic songs Songwriter unknown Year of song unknown 2. Bernadette Matthias singing 20 July 2015",
"title": "Tanzania Nakupenda Kwa Moyo Wote"
},
{
"docid": "1265870",
"text": "The South African Rugby Union (SARU) is the governing body for rugby union in South Africa and is affiliated to World Rugby. It was established in 1992 as the South African Rugby Football Union, from the merger of the South African Rugby Board and the non-racial South African Rugby Union (SACOS), and took up its current name in 2005. SARU organises several national teams, most notably the senior national side, the Springboks. History The South African Rugby Board was the rugby union governing body of white South Africans between 1889 and 1992. The governing of white and coloured rugby union was handled separately during South Africa under Apartheid. In 1992 the non-racial South African Rugby Union and the South African Rugby Board were merged to form the South African Rugby Football Union. The unified body changed its name in 2005 to the current South African Rugby Union. Kamp Staaldraad The debacle of the 2003 World Cup saw the Springboks exit in the quarterfinals. Further, SARU experienced the scandal of Kamp Staaldraad, the training camp run by then-Boks coach Rudolf Straeuli. Reportedly, \"naked players were crammed into foxholes and doused repeatedly with ice-cold water while the English national anthem and New Zealand's haka were played over and over again ... [and] were also forced into a freezing lake in the early hours of the morning to pump up rugby balls under water and ... when some players tried to get out they were ordered back into the water at gunpoint.\" Straeuli resigned, as did Rian Oberholzer, the managing director of South Africa Rugby (Pty) Ltd, the commercial arm of SARFU. Soon afterwards, SARFU president Silas Nkununu, facing a strong reelection challenge, withdrew from consideration for election. van Rooyen Brian van Rooyen was elected president of SARU in 2004. He soon became a highly polarising figure in South African sport, with detractors accusing him of financial shenanigans, favouritism, and general mismanagement. His management style was also widely perceived as autocratic. One of the major gripes against the Van Rooyen administration was the allocation of venues for the Springboks home test matches. The KwaZulu-Natal Union and the Free State Union did not receive a Tri Nations Test in 2005 or 2006. Both unions, vocal opponents of Van Rooyen, accused him of punishing them for their opposition. SANZAR However, the biggest bone of contention surrounded the expansion of the Super Rugby competition. SANZAR, a consortium of the South African, Australian, and New Zealand governing bodies, expanded their Super 12 competition to 14 teams, a change that took effect in 2006. South Africa was entitled to add one franchise to the four from the Super 12 era. In a controversial move, the Southern Spears franchise was assured a place in the 2007 and 2008 competitions, with an increasingly unpopular promotion/relegation system established to keep the total of South African Super 14 teams at its allotted five. Van Rooyen was widely viewed as being responsible for this arrangement, which was generally opposed by the existing Super",
"title": "South African Rugby Union"
},
{
"docid": "40429",
"text": "\"Waltzing Matilda\" is a song developed in the Australian style of poetry and folk music called a bush ballad. It has been described as the country's \"unofficial national anthem\". The title was Australian slang for travelling on foot (waltzing) with one's belongings in a \"matilda\" (swag) slung over one's back. The song narrates the story of an itinerant worker, or \"swagman\", making a drink of billy tea at a bush camp and capturing a stray jumbuck (sheep) to eat. When the jumbuck's owner, a squatter (grazier), and three troopers (mounted policemen) pursue the swagman for theft, he declares \"You'll never catch me alive!\" and commits suicide by drowning himself in a nearby billabong (watering hole), after which his ghost haunts the site. The original lyrics were composed in 1895 by Australian poet Banjo Paterson, to a tune played by Christina MacPherson. The first published setting of \"Waltzing Matilda\" was Harry Nathan's on 20 December 1902. Nathan wrote a new variation of Christina MacPherson's melody and changed some of the words. Sydney tea merchant, James Inglis, wanted to use \"Waltzing Matilda\" as an advertising jingle for Billy Tea. In early 1903, Inglis purchased the rights to 'Waltzing Matilda' and asked Marie Cowan, the wife of one of his managers, to try her hand at turning it into an advertising jingle. Cowan made some more changes to the words and some very minor changes to Nathan's melody and gave the song a simple, brisk, harmonious accompaniment which made it very catchy. Her song, published in 1903, grew in popularity, and Cowan's arrangement remains the best-known version of \"Waltzing Matilda\". Extensive folklore surrounds the song and the process of its creation, to the extent that it has its own museum, the Waltzing Matilda Centre in Winton, in the Queensland outback, where Paterson wrote the lyrics. In 2012, to remind Australians of the song's significance, Winton organised the inaugural Waltzing Matilda Day to be held on 6 April, wrongly thought at the time to be the anniversary of its first performance. The song was first recorded in 1926 as performed by John Collinson and Russell Callow. In 2008, this recording of \"Waltzing Matilda\" was added to the Sounds of Australia registry in the National Film and Sound Archive, which says that there are more recordings of \"Waltzing Matilda\" than any other Australian song. History Writing of the song In 1895, Andrew Barton Paterson was living in Sydney, NSW. By day, he was a solicitor. By night he wrote his much-loved poetry and moonlighted as a freelance journalist under the pen name of \"The Banjo\". Banjo was the name of his favourite horse on his father's farm. Paterson took a holiday from his day job, probably in early August. He made a journey of at least 5 days to visit Sarah Riley, his fiancée of 7 years, in Winton, central-western Queensland and to see how people lived on the enormous, remote sheep stations in the district. On arriving in Winton, Banjo attended a gathering where",
"title": "Waltzing Matilda"
},
{
"docid": "23656853",
"text": "\"\" (German for \"German Austria, you wonderful country\") was the national anthem of Austria from 1920 to 1929. Although it was used as the national anthem, it did not enjoy any official status. The text was written by Chancellor Karl Renner in 1920, while the melody was composed by Wilhelm Kienzl. The Republic of German-Austria was formed in 1918 as the successor to the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire in its predominantly German speaking part. The government and population was much in favour of a unification with Germany, the German nation-state that had been formed in 1871 but had excluded Austria. However, the victors of World War I demanded that Austria remained a separate country. In the Treaty of Versailles, there was a prohibition of unification. Under the provisions of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), German Austria had to change its name to simply Austria. Lyrics See also \"\" \"\" References Music of Austria Historical national anthems National symbols of Austria Republic of German-Austria European anthems German patriotic songs German military marches Austrian military marches Compositions in F major",
"title": "Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land"
},
{
"docid": "8970586",
"text": "The National anthem of Manchukuo was one of the many national symbols of independence and sovereignty created to foster a sense of legitimacy for Manchukuo in both an effort to secure international diplomatic recognition and to foster a sense of nationalism among its inhabitants. During Manchukuo's 13-year existence, two national anthems were used. The National anthem of Manchukuo was widely taught in schools and used in ceremonies in Manchukuo. 1932 proposed version It is unclear when Manchuria began its first national anthem production, but it seems that preparations had already begun around the Manchuria National Declaration on March 1, 1932. On May 21, 1932, the Manchuria Sports Association formally applied to the Organizing Committee of the Olympics to dispatch players to the Los Angeles Olympics (held in July 1932). The Organizing Committee urges the Manchuria country to apply to the International Olympic Committee as “participation is approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)” and informs the Organizing Committee to send the national flag and national anthem, they have done it. On the other hand, there is still a record that the Manchuria Sports Association sent a document stating that “the national flag and national anthem were sent to the organizing committee” to the secretary general of the Olympic organizing committee. Before May, the song was completed. However, the line \"a country good at defense uses humaneness, a country bad at defense uses military force.\" upset the Kwantung Army, and the lyrics written in Classical Chinese were too difficult to be understood by the ordinary citizens, the drafted anthem was not favored. 1933 version The first national anthem was declared by State Council Decree No.4, dated 24 February Dàtóng 2 (1933) but publicized on March 1. The lyrics were written by Manchukuo's first Prime Minister Zheng Xiaoxu, who was a devout Confucianist and Qing loyalist in addition to being an accomplished poet and calligrapher. 1942 version The national anthem was changed on 5 September Kāngdé 9 (1942), by State Council Order No. 201. Prime Minister of Manchukuo Zhang Jinghui cited the 1933 version of the anthem was unsuitable for the current situations of the Empire as the reason for the change. The new anthem, with Manchurian (i.e. Mandarin Chinese) and Japanese lyrics, was written by a committee, according to Zhang. The 1933 anthem was renamed the Manchukuo Independence Song (滿洲國建國歌, pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguó jiàn guógē, Japanese Hepburn romanization: Manshukoku-kenkoku uta). Lyrics Official Interpretation According to the official interpretation of the anthem issued on the same day of its adoption, the \"God\" in the first line of the Chinese version refers to Amaterasu, the sun goddess in Shinto, referring to Manchukuo's adoption of State Shinto as its state religion in 1940. Also, God's Light is interpreted as Arahitogami, i.e. Emperor of Japan. The whole of the first line is interpreted as \"The Divine Work\" in the fourth line came from Kangde's Imperial Rescript on the Tenth Anniversary of the Nation on 1 March 1942, in which he mentioned, and hence interpreted as: References",
"title": "National anthem of Manchukuo"
},
{
"docid": "63607046",
"text": "Chom Rat Chong Charoen (, lit: Long live the great king) was the royal and national anthem of Rattanakosin Kingdom. History In 1855, there were two captains, Thomas George Knox and Captain Impey. They both arrived in Rattanakosin and both brought the song \"God Save the King\", which is a song in honour of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom to Siam. New lyrics were written in English in honour of the King Rama V, which has shown significant evidence in the Siam Recorder. Later, Phraya Sisunthonwohan changed the lyrics in Siamese to the poetics of the poem, Quite by naming the new song \"Chom Rat Chong Charoen\". Relinquishment When King Rama V visited British Singapore in 1871, 'God Save the King' was played and it was realised that the song is both the national anthem of Britain and Siam. After he returned back to Siam, he invited to discuss about changing the royal and national anthem. Khru Mi Khaek decided to bring \"Bulan Loi Luean\", a piece composed by a former King, Rama II and decided to add a part to the song. Lyrics See also Sansoen Phra Narai, a former royal anthem of Thailand Bulan Loi Luean, another former royal anthem of Thailand References Thai songs Historical national anthems Royal anthems Songs about kings God Save the King",
"title": "Chom Rat Chong Charoen"
},
{
"docid": "51985527",
"text": "Girt by Sea is a documentary film about the Australian coast which combines archive and crowd-sourced footage with an original soundtrack by The Panics. The film was made using footage from the National Film and Sound Archive and ABC Archives along with crowd-sourced home movies contributed through social media. Its content spans 100 years of moving images. The film Girt by Sea follows the format of From the Sea to the Land Beyond, also produced by Heather Croall. It explores the role the coast has played in Australia's national identity. It depicts surf lifesavers on Bondi Beach, shipbuilding in Whyalla, the Great Ocean Road, coral reefs off Queensland, the indigenous fishermen of Groote Eylandt, and Tasmania's sentinel lighthouses. It also shows darker moments such as whaling, the impact of colonisation, and changing views on immigration. The film was commissioned by ABC TV Arts, Perth International Arts Festival, ScreenWest, Screen Australia and the National Film and Sound Archive. The title comes from a line in the Australian national anthem, Advance Australia Fair, \"Our home is girt by sea\" with \"girt\" meaning surrounded by water. Screenings The sold-out world premiere was at Perth International Arts Festival on 9 February 2014, with live accompaniment by The Panics. It was broadcast on ABC 1 on 16 February 2014. It was also screened as part of the Great Southern Festival and the Adelaide Guitar Festival. References External links 2014 in Australian television Australian documentary television films 2014 documentary films 2014 films Documentary films about Australia Documentary films about nature 2010s English-language films 2010s Australian films",
"title": "Girt by Sea"
},
{
"docid": "68682374",
"text": "Umara Sinhawansa (born 14 March 1989), is a Sri Lankan singer, songwriter, producer, and audio engineer. She is known for her contributions to the country's pop, R&B and jazz genres. Sinhawansa gained prominence working with Bathiya and Santhush's musical group, and later transitioned to solo-singing. Early life Umara Sinhawansa was born into a family of professional musicians, father Tony Sinhawansa and mother Ayesha Sinhawansa, who allowed her to be exposed to all genres of music from jazz and hip hop to classic and R&B. She has one sister, (Umaria Sinhawansa), and two brothers. Umara was educated at Muslim Ladies’ College and represented Sri Lanka in three international singing competitions. She and her sister Umaria won third place at the 2011 Crimea Music Fest, competing against singers from all around the world, and won first prize at the All-Island Singing Competition of Sri Lanka. Career She did her first professional recording at the age of 10 along with her sister Umaria and made her first public performance at the age of 13. Later on Umara teamed up with the popular singing duo Bathiya and Santhush, and was the designated audio engineer when they toured. She has a vocal range of four and a half octaves. Some of her chart toppers are \"Wassanayata\", \"Shaheena\", \"Sihina Ko\" and \"Malak Thibuna\" with Chithral Somapla and Kasthuri. After her marriage to Risky Fahmi, she moved to Hong Kong, where she mastered the art of jazz under Dylan Lye. During a 6-year stint in Hong Kong, she performed in the Chinese market and established herself as a Sri Lankan vocalist while performing with her band Proteus. After returning from Hong Kong in 2017, Umara launched her academy, Umara Music Studio (UMS) which provides music and vocal training for students of all ages. National Anthem controversy On 30 July 2023, Sinhawansa performed for the opening ceremony of the Lanka Premier League cricket tournament held at R. Premadasa Stadium, along with singers Yohani and Chitral Somapala. Sinhawansa came under scrutiny for her rendition of \"Sri Lanka Matha\", the national anthem of Sri Lanka. Critics accused her of allegedly distorting the lyrics, changing the word \"matha\" (mother) to \"mahatha\" (mister). Others criticized her style of singing as operatic and Westernized, deviating too much from the style of the original. Public opinion was divided on social media. While many heavily criticized Sinhawansa for \"tarnishing\" the national anthem, others including public figures such as singer Ashanthi De Alwis and Samagi Jana Balawegaya MP Chamathka Ratnayake came to her defense. Politicians from the country's Buddha Sasana and Ministry of Public Administration condemned the event as unconstitutional, sighting the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka's protections of the national anthem. On 31 July 2023, the Ministry of Public Administration, Home Affairs, Provincial Councils and Local Government issued a gazette written by ministry secretary Ranjith Asoka, stating that a probe will be launched to investigate the alleged distortion of the national anthem. On 2 August 2023, Sinhawansa issued an apology on social media, stating, \"I",
"title": "Umara Sinhawansa"
},
{
"docid": "1889044",
"text": "\"I Am Australian\" (or \"We Are Australian\") is a popular Australian song written in 1987 by Bruce Woodley of the Seekers and Dobe Newton of the Bushwackers. Its lyrics are filled with many historic and cultural references, such as to the \"digger\", Albert Namatjira and Ned Kelly, among others. Its popularity has made it one of a number of Australian patriotic songs considered as alternatives to the current national anthem, \"Advance Australia Fair\". It is commonly taught in primary schools. In the years since the song's release, there have been calls for it to become Australia's national anthem, notably in 2011 by former Victorian Premier Jeff Kennett. First release The song was first released as the final track on Bruce Woodley's 1987 double album Roaring Days/I Am Australian, with vocals by Woodley and his daughter Claire. Festivities \"I Am Australian\" is popular at celebrations such as Australia Day and New Year's Day. It is often sung by Australian fans at sporting events. It was sung by the Seekers at the 1994 AFL Grand Final. It was often played at citizenship ceremonies from 2008 until 2012 when the Copyright Tribunal ruled that this was an infringement and ordered the Federal Government to pay Bruce Woodley $149,743.34 in compensation. It was one of the final numbers performed at the 2016 Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo hosted at Marvel Stadium (previously Etihad Stadium at the time) in Melbourne. It was sung primarily by Australian military personnel with backing vocals and musical accompaniment by the combined acts of the Tattoo. Spectators seated in the public gallery of the Australian House of Representatives erupted into applause and sang part of \"I am Australian\" when Parliament voted on and legalised same-sex marriage on 7 December 2017. Appeals In 1996, the Salvation Army used the song in TV advertisements for its Red Shield Appeal. The song was used by the Australian Republican Movement in radio and television advertisements during the 1999 Australian republic referendum. In October 2003, in conjunction with the sponsorship of the 2003 Rugby World Cup, Australian telecommunications giant Telstra launched a new campaign centred on the song remixed and performed by Rai Thistlethwayte. The campaign was produced by advertising company Young and Rubicam. In aid of the Farmhand Foundation's Drought Relief Appeal, Telstra released a CD of the Rai Thistlethwayte rework that sold for $6. A total of $100,000 was raised from the profits ($4.05 per CD) generated from the sale of the CD. The actual published copy of the CD credits \"Performed by: Rai Thistlewayte & other artists\" and \"Music re-arranged by: Rai Thistlewayte\". In 2008, Telstra used a different version of the song recorded by the Sydney band, Botanics, for advertising their mobile coverage of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. In 2009, two additional verses were added to show remembrance during the official National Day of Mourning for the victims of the Black Saturday bushfires. Woodley performed the song along with his daughter Clare and Kinglake fire survivors Merelyn and David Carter during",
"title": "I Am Australian"
},
{
"docid": "380312",
"text": "The State Anthem of the Armenian SSR was the national anthem of Armenia when it was a republic of the Soviet Union and known as the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. It was used between 1944 and 1991. Its music was composed by Armenian composer Aram Khachaturian, and the lyrics were written by Sarmen. Along with the Anthem of the Estonian SSR, it is one of the only two SSR anthems without an intro. Upon independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia adopted the anthem \"Mer Hayrenik\" in its place, though there has been occasional debate about restoring the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR with different lyrics as the national anthem. Lyrics 1956–1991 version 1944–1956 version Restoration attempts The anthem has always maintained simultaneous public support and displeasure in Armenia, and there have been attempts to restore the anthem's melody with new lyrics as the national anthem of the Republic of Armenia, similar to the case with Russia's in 2000 during the early years of Vladimir Putin's presidency. Some Armenian composers and artists have long disliked the uncomplicated theme of the current national anthem, \"Mer Hayrenik\", and have expressed a desire for a more solemn tune, while others have stated that singing \"Mer Hayrenik\" itself has carried too much sorrow throughout the 20th and 21st centuries and that a more joyous alternative should be chosen. In 2019, National Assembly vice-speaker Alen Simonyan claimed that most Armenians do not like the current anthem. Eurasianet reported in 2019 that the current anthem remains unpopular with many Armenians, mainly for aesthetic reasons. In 2005, the issue of changing the national anthem was discussed in government, which culminated in a constitutional referendum on adopting new state symbols within one year (by 6 December 2006). In early 2006, a competition for a new anthem was held by Minister of Culture Hasmik Poghosyan. The competition received 85 entries, and in August the commission shortlisted five, which did not include \"Mer Hayrenik\" but included a proposal with the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR and lyrics by Armen Soghomonyan. This proposal won the competition, but the commission members rejected the submitted lyrics, urging local authors to submit better ones. While several Armenian music and arts figures were indifferent to or supportive of the change to the music, the results of the competition were eventually scrapped in October, after strong opposition from the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (or \"Dashnaks\"), then a member of the ruling coalition, throughout over the selection of a Soviet-era song. The government instead adopted a draft law that would keep \"Mer Hayrenik\" as the anthem for at least one more year. The adoption of the law was after the 6 December 2006 date set late the year prior as the constitutional deadline for reaffirming the existing state symbol. In 2012, actor Sos Sargsyan, writer Levon Ananyan and publicist Zori Balayan sent an open letter with 2,208 signatures to the president petitioning to restore the Soviet-era coat of arms designed by",
"title": "Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
{
"docid": "6163391",
"text": "\"The Anthem\" is a song by American rock band Good Charlotte from their studio album, The Young and the Hopeless (2002). Members Joel Madden and Benji Madden originally wrote the song for a film soundtrack alongside John Feldmann, but it did not appear in the film. According to Joel Madden, the song is about \"not living the way that you're supposed to live\", and Benji Madden added that the song is about achieving one's goals. \"The Anthem\" was released on January 13, 2003, as the second single from The Young and the Hopeless and charted in several countries, peaking at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number 43 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song has received gold certifications in Australia and the United States, and platinum in the United Kingdom. The second disc of the UK CD single features a live cover of the song \"Acquiesce\" by Britpop band Oasis. Background and composition When lead vocalist Joel Madden was 19, he went out to Los Angeles for the first time and met up with producer John Feldmann, and they went surfing together. Feldmann told Joel that a movie was looking for a soundtrack song, and Joel wrote an appropriate one with his brother Benji Madden and Feldmann that turned into \"The Anthem\". The movie ended up not wanting the song, but it became a charting hit for the band in several countries when they released it. Despite the title, Joel said, \"I honestly didn't think 'The Anthem' would even be a big song.\" In 2003, Joel described the lyrics: \"To us,\" added guitarist Billy Martin in the same interview, \"it's a song saying that whatever goal you have, try and reach it.\" Composed in the key of D major, \"The Anthem\" is written in common time with a driving rock tempo. Release and reception \"The Anthem\" was serviced to American alternative radio on January 13, 2003, and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in late March 2003. The song then crossed over to contemporary hit radio, to which the song was released on March 3, 2003. Appearing as the Billboard Hot 100's \"Hot Shot Debut\" at number 56 later the same month, \"The Anthem\" took three more weeks to peak at number 43 on the listing, becoming Good Charlotte's second top-50 hit in the US. The song also charted on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40, where it reached number 11 in May 2003. On December 12, 2005, the song received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over 500,000 digital copies in the US. \"The Anthem\" was released in Australia as a CD single on March 3, 2003. The following week, the song debuted at number 14, its peak, on the ARIA Singles Chart and spent a second week at number 14 in April 2003 before descending the chart, totaling 18 weeks in the top 50. The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) awarded the song",
"title": "The Anthem (Good Charlotte song)"
},
{
"docid": "32847870",
"text": "The 2006 Checker Auto Parts 500 Presented by Pennzoil was a NASCAR Nextel Cup Series racing event that took place on November 12, 2006, at Phoenix International Raceway in Avondale, Arizona. The traditional pre-race ceremonies were held with the showing of the national colors along with the invocation service from a local minister. One of country music's top ten recording artists of 2006, Taylor Swift, sang the national anthem prior to the racing event. The green flag was officially waved at 2:35 p.m. and the checked flag was waved at approximately 5:49 p.m. After this race, Colombian native Juan Pablo Montoya and Australian driver Marcos Ambrose would temporarily become the foreigners that would consistently make the racing grid for all the future NASCAR Cup Series races along with limited degrees of success by Scottish IndyCar driver Dario Franchitti. Events held alongside the 2006 Checker Auto Parts 500 on the same weekend include the Casino Arizona 150 (NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series) and the Arizona Travel 200 (NASCAR Busch Series). Entry list Qualifying *Qualified by owner's points. **Qualified by champion's provisional. Race recap For pre-race ceremonies, the Luke Air Force Base Honor Guard presented the nation's colors. Phoenix International Raceway chaplain Ken Bowers gave the invocation. Rising country music artist at the time Taylor Swift performed the national anthem. Doug Bowens, on behalf of Pennzoil would give out the starting command. Brandon Whitt would \"earn\" the last-place finish in his only NASCAR Nextel Cup Series start due to a rear end issue on lap 123 of 312. Kevin Harvick defeated Jimmie Johnson by a ¼ of a second in front of 106,000 people after three hours and fourteen minutes of racing action. Harvick dominated this race, leading exactly 80.7% of the race. There were 12 lead changes in addition to ten caution flag waved by NASCAR for 58 laps. There was at least one red flag in the race; it was waved due to a multi-car accident on lap 305. Jeff Gordon qualified for the pole position with a speed of while the average speed of the race was . This was the final career race for team owner Doug Bawel. It was also the last DNF for Clint Bowyer until the 2009 race in Darlington. Brandon Whitt did a great job making this race, considering the team and his limited experience. His only other start that year was an ARCA race, and he had a DNQ to go with each of them. The other finishers in the top ten were: Denny Hamlin, Jeff Gordon, Carl Edwards, Mark Martin, Kasey Kahne, Kurt Busch, Dale Earnhardt Jr., and Jeff Burton. Now-retired drivers Kyle Petty and Dale Jarrett also participated in this race during their twilight years. Seven drivers failed to make the race while Robby Gordon was sent to the back of the grid due to an engine replacement. Kyle Busch failed to finish in the top ten in his Hendrick Motorsports #5 Chevrolet Monte Carlo machine. Drivers were racing for a prize",
"title": "2006 Checker Auto Parts 500"
},
{
"docid": "247886",
"text": "\"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\" is the national anthem of Zambia. The tune is taken from the hymn \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\" (), which was composed by Xhosa composer Enoch Sontonga, in 1897. The lyrics were composed after Zambian independence to specifically reflect Zambia, as opposed to Sontonga's lyrics, which refer to Africa as a whole. History \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\" started to become popular in South Africa in 1923 as a Christian hymn. It became a closing hymn for African National Congress (ANC) meetings and later became a symbolic song for black struggle against the Apartheid regime. Its popularity spread across Africa through churches, and the tune became associated with African nationalism movements across the continent, particularly in East and Southern Africa. Following the passing of the Zambia Independence Act 1964 in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, enacting Zambia's independence from the United Kingdom, \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\" was adopted as the national anthem of Zambia, replacing \"God Save the Queen\", the anthem of Northern Rhodesia. In 1973, having used \"Nkosi Sikeleli Africa\" for over 9 years, it was decided that new lyrics set to the tune of \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\" would be needed for Zambia's national anthem. A national competition was held for the new words. However, none of the entries were deemed good enough to be used in full for the anthem. As a result, six of the entries were merged to create \"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\", and the entrants selected were awarded prizes. The authors credited for the composition were G. Ellis, E.S. Musonda, J.M.S. Lichilana, I. Lowe, J. Sajiwandani and R.J. Seal. In September 1973, the National Assembly passed the National Anthem Act, which legally defined the English lyrics of \"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\" as the national anthem of Zambia. The Act also made it an offence to \"insult or bring into contempt or ridicule\" the anthem and granted the President of Zambia the rights to prescribe how the anthem is sung and to restrict its use. Lyrics On occasions requiring brevity, usually the first verse and chorus are sung. Criticism In 2005, Zambian women's groups petitioned for a number of the lyrics in \"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\" to be changed, because they felt that they were too male orientated. In response, it was decreed that the current lyrics did include women in context, and it was stated that \"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\" was \"composed of historical lyrics that reflect the country's heritage.\" In 2012, Professor Michelo Hansungule repeated the concerns that the Zambian national anthem was too masculine. He also argued that because it had the same tune as the national anthem of South Africa, it might have intellectual property implications and suggested that Zambia's sovereignty could be questioned. See also National anthem of South Africa References 3. https://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/acts/National%20Anthem%20Act.pdf External links Zambia: \"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free\" - Audio of the national anthem of",
"title": "Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free"
},
{
"docid": "19949133",
"text": "The Song to the Auspicious Cloud () was the title of two historical national anthems of the Republic of China. The first version was composed in 1896 by Jean Hautstont, a Belgian composer and esperantist, and was in use from 1913 to 1915 as a provisional anthem. The second version, composed by Xiao Youmei, was in use from 1921 to 1928 as an official national anthem. The lyrics of both songs were based on Commentary of Shang Shu () written by Fu Sheng in 200–100 BCE. Auspicious Cloud represents heaven and good luck in Chinese culture. History The lyrics of the two versions of the Song to the Auspicious Cloud were based on a song written in Commentary of Shang Shu, which was said to have been sung by the ancient Chinese Emperor Shun, when he passed on the throne to Yu the Great. Its original lyrics in classical Chinese were: \"How bright is the Auspicious Cloud, How broad is its brilliancy. The light is spectacular with sun or moon, How it revives dawn after dawn.\" The image of the song symbolized transfer and changing, which referred to the noble demise system of Chinese emperor relinquishing seats to others in Yao and Shun's era before the hereditary system of monarchy in ancient Chinese legends. After the end of the monarchy and the establishment of the republic, the lyrics of the classical song was favored by many to become the national anthem by the new government. First version (1913–15) A national anthem committee was established in July 1912 by Cai Yuanpei, the Minister of Education of the Republic of China. Representative Wang Rongbao (汪榮寶), added another quotation from Emperor Shun: \"時哉夫，天下非一人之天下也\" (Time has changed, the whole nation is no longer owned by one person.) in the last line of \"Song to the Auspicious Cloud\" and invited Jean Hautstont, a Belgian composer and esperantist, to compose an anthem. On April 8, 1913, the national anthem was used in opening ceremony of the first regular council. It was a provisional anthem until \"China Heroically Stands in the Universe\" became the national anthem of the Republic of China on May 23, 1915. Second version (1921–28) In November 1919, Duan Qirui established the National Anthem Research Committee (國歌研究會), which adopted the second version of the \"Song to the Auspicious Cloud\". Lyrics (1920) by Zhang Taiyan from the classic \"the Song to the Auspicious Cloud\" (卿雲歌) from the Commentary of Shangshu. Music (1921) by Xiao Youmei. It was selected to be the official anthem on March 31, 1921, by No.759 presidential decree, and was released in July 1921 by the Department of National Affairs (國務院). ¹糺 (jiū \"collaborate\") is sometimes written as 糾 (jiū \"investigate\") or 織 (zhī \"to web\") It was replaced by the current national anthem of the Republic of China, which is also the Kuomintang party anthem, in 1928, as a result of the Northern Expedition from 1926 to 1928 and the overthrow of the government. However, during the Second Sino-Japanese war, several",
"title": "Song to the Auspicious Cloud"
},
{
"docid": "164326",
"text": "\"\" (; ) is the national anthem of Nauru. The lyrics were written by Margaret Hendrie, with music composed by Laurence Henry Hicks. It was adopted in 1968, upon attaining independence from the mostly Australian-administered UN Trusteeship. History The anthem was composed by Anglo-Australian composer and military bandmaster Laurence Henry Hicks, who was leader of the Black Watch Band. It was adopted upon independence from the UN Trust Territory of Nauru, which was mostly administered by Australia, in January 1968. The anthem did not have official lyrics at the time, but lyrics by Nauruan composer Margaret Griffith Hendrie (1935–1990) were later adopted. Lyrics See also Flag of Nauru Notes References External links Midi version of the Nauru national anthem Streaming audio, lyrics and information for the Nauru national anthem (archive link) Sheet music Nauru National symbols of Nauru Music of Nauru 1968 songs National anthems 1968 establishments in Nauru",
"title": "Nauru Bwiema"
},
{
"docid": "1990778",
"text": "\"The Power of Four\" is a joint anthem composed for the British & Irish Lions rugby union team. It was written by Neil Myers in 2005. It was commissioned by the Lions head coach, Sir Clive Woodward for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand as the official song. It was intended to be a universal anthem for the British & Irish Lions to be sung before every game. However it was criticised as being uninspiring as members of the Lions squad did not engage with it and it was also noted that the fans did not like it. It was dropped as the Lions anthem after the 2005 tour and led to changes in the way music would be chosen in future Lions tours. Background The Lions were originally a representative team of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, but players from the Irish Free State remained eligible after it left the U.K. in 1922. Donal Lenihan recalled his dissatisfaction that the U.K. anthem \"God Save the Queen\" was played during the 1989 tour to Australia. Later Lions teams lacked any anthem. There was similar discontent among Northern Ireland players about the use by the Ireland national team of \"Amhrán na bhFiann\", anthem of the Republic of Ireland. This led the Irish Rugby Football Union to commission \"Ireland's Call\" in 1995 as an alternative. 2005 Lions Tour The Power of Four was commissioned by Sir Clive Woodward for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand and was written by Neil Myers. It was recorded by the Melody Music Lions Choir. The song is a classical composition played in a high key. It was first performed live by Welsh singer Katherine Jenkins before the British & Irish Lions rugby union match against Argentina at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales in 2005. it was performed despite suggestions of either God Save the Queen, the Welsh national anthem Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau or a combination of the anthems of the Home Nations of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland being played instead of The Power of Four. It is always sung in English. Before the British & Irish Lions squad was selected, Woodward sent out bracelets with \"The Power of Four\" printed on them to potential British & Irish Lions players to try and create a sense of unity and to make them think about the upcoming tour to New Zealand. This was criticised as being \"crazy\". The Power of Four was also used as a motivational slogan in some of the Lions' team building activities. The lyrics of The Power of Four were circulated to all of the members of the British & Irish Lions tour squad and the song was pre-added to the playlists on their tour iPods. The song was not released as a single however it was permitted to be broadcast by radio stations and it was made available to download on the Internet. The British & Irish Lions players",
"title": "The Power of Four"
},
{
"docid": "1325694",
"text": "The National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic () is the title of the current national anthem of Kyrgyzstan, adopted on 18 December 1992 by a resolution of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan (known as the \"Jogorku Kenesh\"). The music was composed by and , and the words were written by and . Initially, the anthem consisted of three verses and a chorus; however, by the resolution of the Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic N 2648-V of 27 December 2012, the second verse was excluded. History Written by Jalil Sadykov and Shabdanbek Kuluyev and composed by Nasyr Davlesov and Kalyy Moldobasanov, the anthem was adopted on 18 December 1992 by a resolution of the Jogorku Kenesh. In the 2000s, several public figures began initiatives to change the lyrics of the anthem. They considered the meaning of the word бейкуттук (beyquttuq, \"serenity\", \"calmness\"), which was in the second verse, to be contradictory, with the negative prefix бей- (bey-) giving the word кут (kut, \"happiness\", \"luck\", \"grace\") the opposite meaning. In 2011, the Jogorku Kenesh set up a commission to change the lyrics of the national anthem and the flag, which had also been under dispute over the use of red and the flaming sun. The flag would not be changed, but after considering many proposals for changes to the lyrics or a new second verse, the commission, headed by Abdyrakhman Mamataliev, concluded to remove the verse entirely, stating there were generally contradictions in it. The Jogorku Kenesh voted in favour of the commission's proposal on 27 December 2012 with resolution N 2648-V. Lyrics Current lyrics Lyrics from 1992 to 2012 The anthem with the additional verse between verses one and two (official until 27 December 2012): Anthem protocol When the anthem is being performed at official ceremonies and social functions, the protocol is to put the hands over their heart if one is a civilian, which follows the American example for the playing of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". When in formation, officers of the Armed Forces of Kyrgyzstan perform a Russian-style salute while enlisted personnel present arms with whatever weapon they might have in hand, outside of formation, all personnel salute. See also Anthem of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, the previous anthem Notes References External links Audio of the national anthem of Kyrgyzstan, with information and lyrics Himnuszok - A vocal recording of the anthem hosted on Szbszig's Himnuszok website Version of the national anthem on the audio page of the President of Kyrgyzstan National anthem of Kyrgyzstan from official website of President of Kyrgyz Republic State Symbols of Kyrgyzstan Music of Kyrgyzstan National symbols of Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz anthems Compositions in A major",
"title": "National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic"
},
{
"docid": "31423695",
"text": "Afghanistan has had a number of different national anthems throughout its history. History The Royal Salute (1926–1943) Afghanistan's first national anthem was adopted during its period as a monarchy. It was instrumental and had no lyrics. Grand Salute (Our Brave and Noble King) (1943–1973) This was Afghanistan's second national anthem during its monarchical period. National anthem of the Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) Be ardent, be more ardent (1978–1991) Another national anthem was adopted after the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was set up in 1978. Its lyrics were written by Sulaiman Layeq on behalf of the government of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) headed by Nur Muhammad Taraki, who decided to change the national symbols after the Marxist coup d'état of 1978. The music was composed by Jalīl Ghahlānd and was arranged by Ustad Salim Sarmad. It is known alternatively by the title of \"Garam shah lā garam shah\" (), which is also the song's incipit. Like many national anthems, it was sometimes sung abbreviated, with only the chorus and the first stanza. In 1986, Afghanistan officially abandoned communism, but this song was kept as the national anthem until 1991, when it was discontinued. Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia (1991–1996, 2001–2006) From 1991 to 2006, Afghanistan used a mujahideen battle song composed in 1919 by Ustad Qasim as its national anthem. It is also known alternatively by the title \"Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia\" (), which is also the song's incipit. The song was reintroduced by the new transitional government of Afghanistan in 2002; it remained such when the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was established in 2004 and was used by the latter until 2006. This Is the Home of the Brave (1996–2001, 2021-) During the late 1990s, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under the Taliban took control over most of Afghanistan from the UN-recognized government and ruled most of the country until late 2001. The Taliban did not have formal laws specifying its symbols, including the flag and the anthem. An a capella nasheed song named This Is the Home of the Brave () was used in its media and official ceremonies, serving as a de facto national anthem. National anthem of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2006–2021) A new National Anthem (, ; ) was adopted and officially announced as such by a Loya Jirga in May 2006. According to Article 20 of the Afghan constitution, the national anthem shall be in Pashto with the mention of \"God is Greatest\" as well as the names of the ethnicities in Afghanistan. The lyrics were written by Abdul Bari Jahani, and the music was written by German–Afghan composer . See also List of former national anthems Music of Afghanistan National symbols of Afghanistan References External links 1992 to 2006 Afghan national anthem 1992 to 2006 Afghan national anthem Afghan songs National symbols of Afghanistan National Anthem of Afghanistan Asian anthems",
"title": "National anthems of Afghanistan"
},
{
"docid": "23582883",
"text": "\"\" (; English translation: Be Blessed Without End), also known as the \"Kernstock-Hymne\", is a German language song that was the national anthem of Austria from 1929 until 1938. Written by Ottokar Kernstock, it was sung to the famous tune of the imperial Austrian anthem, \"\" by Joseph Haydn, later known as the tune of the \"\", which since 1922 has been the national anthem of Germany. History The first but unofficial anthem of the First Austrian Republic was Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land (\"German-Austria, you Glorious Land\"). Written in 1920 by Karl Renner and set to music by Wilhelm Kienzl, the patriotic song was not able to successfully compete against the former imperial anthem and especially the latter's famous tune by Joseph Haydn. In 1929, a new anthem was introduced that was sung to this popular tune and whose text stemmed from Ottokar Kernstock, who had written it in 1920. The third verse of the poem was, however, excluded from the official status as national anthem. The song remained in use in both the First Republic and the Federal State of Austria but became obsolete in 1938, when Austria joined the German Reich. It was not the only proposal for a new Austrian national anthem. Anton Wildgans asked Richard Strauss to set one of his poems, Österreichisches Lied (\"Austrian Song\"), to music. Although Strauss did so, the music to the poem did not become popular. Here are excerpts of the poem: The introduction of the Kernstockhymne actually led to chaos, as everyone sang different lyrics to the same tune, depending on their political standpoints. The school council of Vienna decreed that people should sing Deutschland über alles, the Ministry of Education demanded for everyone to sing the Kernstockhymne. Consequently, people sang the anthem that fitted their personal political views: the former imperial anthem, the Kernstockhymne, or the , which often led to dissonance when the national anthem was sung publicly. Since 1936, it had become customary to also sing the Lied der Jugend as part of the national anthem, thus honouring the murdered chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß. As the Kernstockhymne had never gained popularity, no attempt was made to reinstate it as the national anthem after World War II. See also List of historical national anthems Land der Berge, Land am Strome Dem Vaterland Deutschlandlied Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land References External links Audio sample Official audio recording Peter Diem: Die Symbole Österreichs (in German) Historical national anthems German patriotic songs National symbols of Austria European anthems Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser",
"title": "Sei gesegnet ohne Ende"
},
{
"docid": "42026516",
"text": "The Closing Ceremony of the 1964 Summer Olympics took place on October 24, 1964, at the National Olympic Stadium in Tokyo, Japan. The athletes from each country entered informally, despite plans to have a formal entrance. There did not appear to be any backup plan to sort athletes into their respective countries, and as a result the athletes rushed the field, sometimes arm in arm or riding piggyback, in a disorganized and chaotic spectacle. Zambia had just declared independence from Northern Rhodesia on that day and proudly marched under a newly made placard, but other placards were nowhere to be seen. The Japanese television networks were praised for covering the event live without losing their professional demeanor. When order was restored, the officially regulated ceremony was held, overseen by IOC president Avery Brundage. The athletes stood in a circle holding lights, and the large display above the field changed to read \"SAYONARA\". The national anthems of Greece, Japan, and Mexico as the next Olympic host country were played. As the closing ceremony completed with fireworks, the audience sang Hotaru no Hikari (the tune of Auld Lang Syne). The Showa Emperor was in attendance. Anthems Japanese national anthem Greek national anthem Olympic Hymn Mexican national anthem References External links Official video of excerpts from closing ceremony Ceremony Closing Olympics closing ceremonies Ceremonies in Japan",
"title": "1964 Summer Olympics closing ceremony"
},
{
"docid": "42561918",
"text": "The Lied von der blauen Fahne (Song of the Blue Flag) was an East German patriotic song written by Johannes R. Becher and set to music by Hanns Eisler. Both Becher and Eisler were also the creators of Auferstanden aus Ruinen, which became the national anthem of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). History In 1949, the GDR was founded in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, which was in place since 1945 after Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II. German communists sought to boost the picture of the GDR as being the first anti-Fascist state on German soil. Unlike West Germany (FRG), the GDR refused to recognize its responsibility for the atrocities committed by the Nazis as it regarded itself as a new socialist national entity that had defeated Nazism. This official state myth thus enabled the growth of a strong patriotism with socialist ideals in East Germany whereas West Germany still has a difficult relationship to its own national identity, particularly with many former Nazis running the government. As the GDR still wanted to reunify Germany in its early years, patriotic and propaganda songs constantly mentioned the country as a whole. Especially in the 1950s, patriotic songs praising Germany, German unity and the future of a new, democratic nation were produced and promoted by the GDR government, the socialist party and its sub-organizations. One of these songs was the Song of the Blue Flag which referred to the flag of the party's youth organisation, the Freie Deutsche Jugend. Its authors, Hanns Eisler and Johannes R. Becher, had also written East Germany's national anthem and other patriotic songs. The official attitude of the socialist government towards Germany changed in 1974 when the constitution was modified and all passages referring to the country as a whole or the GDR as a \"socialist state of the German nation\" were effaced. Hence, the lyrics of the national anthem exalting \"Germany, our united fatherland\" fell out of use, too, as did all songs about a united Germany thad had hitherto been sung. Lyrics See also Auferstanden aus Ruinen Children's Hymn References External links Lied von der blauen Fahne on YouTube. German patriotic songs East Germany",
"title": "Lied von der blauen Fahne"
},
{
"docid": "30876661",
"text": "\"\" (; ) is the national anthem of Malaysia. It was adopted as the national anthem at the time of the Federation of Malaya's independence from the United Kingdom in 1957. The tune was originally used as the regional anthem of the state of Perak, \"Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan\". History Competition and invited composers At the time of independence, each of the eleven states that made up the Federation of Malaya had their own regional anthem, but there was no national anthem for the Federation as a whole(though before independence, it was God Save the Queen that was the colonial anthem). Tunku Abdul Rahman, at the time the Chief Minister and Minister for Home Affairs, organised and presided over a committee for the purpose of choosing a suitable national anthem. At his suggestion, a worldwide competition was launched. 514 entries were received, but none were deemed suitable. Next, the committee decided to invite selected composers of international repute to submit compositions for consideration. The composers chosen were Benjamin Britten (who later described his submission to be a \"curious and I'm afraid rather unsuccessful job\"), Sir William Walton, who had recently composed the march for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953, and the U.S. opera composer Gian Carlo Menotti and Zubir Said, who later composed \"Majulah Singapura\", the national anthem of Singapore. Their works were also turned down. Use of Perak State Anthem melody Tunku Abdul Rahman then suggested that the state anthem of Perak be used as a basis for the new national anthem, the committee agreed to his suggestion. On 5 August 1957, the Committee chose the Perak State Anthem, citing the \"traditional flavour\" of its melody. New lyrics for the national anthem were written jointly by the Panel of Judges, led by the Tunku himself. At the time this melody was, while still the State Anthem of Perak, \"Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan\", also the melody of a popular song called \"Terang Bulan\". The song had been very popular on Mahé, the largest island in the Seychelles, where the Sultan of Perak had formerly been living in exile. When Sultan Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah, who ruled Perak from 1887 to 1916, represented the Rulers of the Federated Malay States at the Coronation of King Edward VII in 1901, his protocol officer was asked what his state anthem was. Realising that his state did not have one, he proceeded to hum the aforementioned tune so as not to appear backward in front of his hosts. 1992 rearrangement The anthem was given a new, faster march beat in 1992, which proved unpopular and was the subject of much derision, with some Malaysians commenting that the altered tempo resembled circus music. 2003 rearrangement and proposed renaming In July 2003, it was reported in the Malaysian press that the anthem would be rearranged for the second time and the title and incipit would be changed from Negaraku to Malaysiaku (meaning \"My Malaysia\"). There was a public outcry of dismay and the",
"title": "Negaraku"
},
{
"docid": "68719436",
"text": "\"We Are the Youth\" is a song by Australian singer songwriter, Jack River. It was released in September 2021. In November 2021, Rankin performed the song on The Sound. In December 2021, River partnered with Sydney's The Artist Studio to launch We Are the Youth Day where the song was reinterpreted by 14 up-and-coming artists. At the 2022 Rolling Stone Australia Awards, the song was nominated for Best Single. The song was also nominated for the inaugural Environmental Music Prize in 2022. Background Holly Rankin (Jack River) said she was inspired to write the track after performing at the 2019 School Strike for Climate rally calling gate song \"a protest anthem that forefronts a new generation of advocates and activists fighting for change\". Rankin said \"I played to 80,000 young people, and I realised that I didn’t have an anthem for them, and myself – to express how we felt about the times.\" Rankin told Broadsheet, \"I had the concept for a really long time, over six or seven years, but being at that march made me realise I didn't have the song to give to these students and to my generation about how I'm feeling and how they're feeling.\" Rankin was empowered by this moment and inspired by multiple global social movements and Rankin's own experiences as well as forebears of the 'political pop' style of music such as Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell and Neil Young. Rankin said she began writing the song about \"climate action\", but released \"...it needed to be about everything that everyone is feeling, which is, I think, a really persistent frustration with our leader and global leaders on climate action, on First Nations' rights and respects, on women's rights and respects. It feels like we’re at a cultural turning point. A lot of us feel like it can be tipped, but we're exhausted and the change needs to be urgent – especially with impending climate doom.\" Music video The music video was directed by Rankin and Nyikina Warrwa and Wangkumara-Barkindji filmmaker Marlikka Perdrisat. It begins with a card dedicating the track to \"the billions of young people driving urgent political and social change. We are living in the anthropocene. The actions of this generation will define the destiny of humanity and the planet for the rest of time.\" It is assembled from archival footage and focuses on global change-makers such as Jean Hinchcliffe, Grace Tame and Brittany Higgins, in addition to global advocates like Amanda Gorman, Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim and Autumn Peltier. Reception Tyler Jenke from Rolling Stone Australia called it \"likely one of the most important songs of her career, unveiling the uplifting and powerful protest anthem.\" Sose Fuamoli from Australian Broadcasting Corporation said \"The new Jack River single comes at us hard, but in the unique way only her music can. On the surface, it lands like a hazy folk-pop dream, yet stripping away those layers, we find some propulsive and honest songwriting from Jack River that can really strike a chord.\"",
"title": "We Are the Youth"
},
{
"docid": "17605271",
"text": "\"Australia\" is a song by Australian rock band Gyroscope, from the album Breed Obsession. It was released as the third single from their highly successful album, which peaked at number one on the Australian Albums Chart. The song was released to radio in May 2008, and was released as a CD single and digital download on 14 June 2008, along with two acoustic pieces. One of those being a live acoustic version of \"Australia\", the other a live acoustic cover of Chris Isaak's \"Wicked Game\". Meaning The song lyrically covers a range of issues surrounding the band's home country, Australia. It notably \"pays tribute to Indigenous Australians, first settlers, Diggers and recent reconciliation efforts.\" \"Australia\" is said to have risen Gyroscope's \"songwriting to new heights\", it's a track that confirms the Australian rock band \"are equally capable of creating softer numbers as well as the harder hitting ones\". Lead vocalist and songwriter Daniel Sanders speaking about the story behind the song, said \"It was essentially written about myself leaving England as a tot and coming to Australia, and then growing up here, appreciating and embracing our culture and heritage and falling in love with it all. I wanted to express it for my own sake... So I could rejoice in what I love about this country\". Access All Areas said an \"intimate delivery\" adds to the song's \"inspiring\" message, which \"is set to spark feelings of national pride\" amongst Australians. Style \"Australia\" uses a combination of \"subtle drumbeats\", acoustic guitar and stringed instruments to create its sound. The use of the violin and cello are said to give the \"song some extra depth\". The \"strong marching-band beat\" of Rob Nassif's drum kit, along with the contribution of Sanders' \"intimate delivery\" on vocals are a main feature of the song, which is credited for its \"lush melodic arrangement with perfectly placed orchestral flourishes\". Reception \"Australia\" was still a month from its release as a single when it received its first national coverage from Australian television and radio programs. The music video debuted on the Australian music program Rage on 23 May 2008. It also played a second time the next morning, and then again the next night, closing the show. Upon release of Breed Obsession, \"Australia\" was already heralded as an \"unofficial anthem\" of the country. It had been earmarked by commercial stations who were \"already calling it a hit\". The song even took an impressive compliment from Mushroom Records chief executive officer Michael Parisi, who said \"this is a new anthem. Massive, massive, massive.\" Gyroscope's third single off their third – and most successful to date – album, has been compared to Australian classics as \"Solid Rock\" by Goanna, \"Sounds of Then\" by Ganggajang and the anthemic \"I Am Australian\" from The Seekers. This comparison was made by rock historian Glenn A. Baker, who said \"these are songs that invoke in us feeling of who we are and where we are,\" and notably that \"the Gyroscope track would have the",
"title": "Australia (Gyroscope song)"
},
{
"docid": "316531",
"text": "\"The Song of Australia\" was composed as the result of 1859 competition to create a \"patriotic song\", sponsored by the Gawler Institute in Adelaide. The winning lyrics were written by an English-born poet, Caroline Carleton, and the music chosen by the judges was composed by the German-born Carl Linger (1810-1862), a prominent member of the Australian Forty-Eighters. It was one of the options in the 1977 plebiscite to choose a new Australian National Anthem, in which it was preferred by South Australians, but lost in the other states to \"Advance Australia Fair\". Contest On 1 October 1859, the South Australian Register announced: A few weeks later, the judges announced the winner, and the second stage of the competition: The winner was announced in early November: Lyrics This is the poem as published in The South Australian Register on 21 October 1859: Criticism Publication of Caroline Carleton's poem caused immediate controversy, generally along the lines that it was nice poetry, but \"too tame\". One person regretted that nothing more inspiring than the colour of the sky and the prettiness of the scenery could be found for the poem. Another wondered \"how hidden wealth could gleam in the darkness\". Someone else complained that the poem could equally refer to, say, California, while another commentator longed for a time when such a peaceful song accorded with international politics, and regretted that the contest was restricted to South Australians, that the prize was so paltry, and there was no mention of sheep. The Advertiser of 24 October, gave a spirited defence of the judges, and of Mrs. Carleton's poem, culminating in several parodies purporting to be the \"real Song of Australia\". Performances and public reaction One of its first public performances was by the Adelaide Liedertafel, conducted by Herr Linger, for a South Australian Institute soirée at White's Rooms, King William Street, Adelaide, on 14 December 1859. The song, played by orchestra and chorus under Professor Joshua Ives, was a feature of the opening ceremony of the Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition in 1887. \"Song of Australia\" was a particular favourite of the Australian baritone Peter Dawson. who called it \"the finest national anthem ever written\". His notable performances included: Recital in London as a duet with Richard Nitschke in 1905. Duet with Clara Serena at Wembley on (the then) Australia Day 24 July 1924. A gramophone recording HMV EA1003 of Dawson and vocal quartet singing \"Song of Australia\" was released in 1932. Proposed national anthem In 1924, George Edwin Yates, the federal member for Adelaide, proposed in parliament that the song be adopted as the national anthem. He proceeded to sing the first verse, despite the objections of his fellow members. The song was one of four included in a national plebiscite to choose Australia's national song in 1977. Nationwide it was the least popular of the four choices, but it had the distinction of being the most popular choice in South Australia. This result can be attributed to the fact of \"Advance Australia",
"title": "The Song of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "30962394",
"text": "\"Libya, Libya, Libya\" ( ), also known as \"\" (), has been the national anthem of Libya since 2011; it was previously the national anthem of the Kingdom of Libya from 1955 to 1969. It was composed by Mohammed Abdel Wahab, in 1951, with the lyrics being written by . History Kingdom of Libya \"Libya, Libya, Libya\" was composed by Mohammed Abdel Wahab in 1951 and was originally the national anthem of the Kingdom of Libya, from its independence in 1951 until 1969 when King Idris I was overthrown by a bloodless coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi. The lyrics were written by Al Bashir Al Arebi. Libyan Arab Republic In 1969, Muammar Gaddafi adopted the Egyptian anthem \"Walla Zaman Ya Selahy\" as the national anthem of the newly proclaimed Libyan Arab Republic. It was later changed to the Egyptian military marching song \"Allahu Akbar\", which remained the anthem of republic, and later, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, until 2011. Libyan civil war In 2011, \"Libya, Libya, Libya\" was declared as the new national anthem of Libya by the National Transitional Council. \"Libya, Libya, Libya\" ultimately did become the national anthem of Libya once again, following the Libyan Civil War and the death of Muammar Gaddafi. The verse that glorifies King Idris (shown in italics) has since been discontinued and rewritten to glorify Libyan national hero Omar al-Mukhtar, who spearheaded native Libyan resistance against Italian colonization during the Second Italo-Senussi War. Lyrics Current lyrics The rewritten third verse is not always sung. Original third verse (1951–1969) Tune See also Music of Libya Notes References External links MP3 version Music of Libya Libyan monarchy National symbols of Libya African anthems Royal anthems Compositions in A-flat major",
"title": "Libya, Libya, Libya"
},
{
"docid": "18154467",
"text": "God Bless Australia was a proposed 1961 Australian national anthem by Australian songwriter Jack O'Hagan who provided patriotic lyrics to the traditional tune of Waltzing Matilda. Lyrics Credits: Music by Marie Cowan, Lyrics by Jack O'Hagan. Here in this God given land of ours, Australia This proud possession, our own piece of earth That was built by our fathers, who pioneered our heritage, Here in Australia, the land of our birth. REFRAIN God bless Australia, Our land Australia, Home of the Anzac, the strong and the free It's our homeland, our own land, To cherish for eternity, God bless Australia, The land of the free. Here in Australia, we treasure love and liberty, Our way of life, all for one, one for all We're a peace loving race, but should danger ever threaten us, Let the world know we will answer the call REFRAIN (×2) Corporate sponsorship The song was given airplay in cinema advertisements in Australia by Ampol, an Australian Petrol Company, with a 45rpm record sold by the company. \"God Bless Australia\" was broadcast in honour of Australia Day (26 January) in 1968 via various television channels. This version was sung by Neil Williams, backed by an orchestra and chorus, which were recorded at Melbourne's GTV-9 studios. At that time, O'Hagan dismissed \"Advance Australia Fair\" as a possilbe national anthem, \"[it] never developed into a national song. You can't make a national song overnight. It just evolves. That's why holding competitions to find one are not successful.\" O'Hagan also felt the original words to \"Waltzing Matilda\" were not suitable for an anthem as being undignified. STW-9 in Perth used this for their sign offs from 1977 until they went 24/7 in 1983. References 1961 songs Australian songs Australian patriotic songs Songs written by Jack O'Hagan",
"title": "God Bless Australia"
},
{
"docid": "21345377",
"text": "Anthems 1991–2008 is a compilation album released by Ministry of Sound in Australia and the UK and the first in a series. The three CD set features dance singles from the period of 1991–2007 (despite the \"2008\" in the title). UK Series Anthems 1991–2008 is the first in a series of albums released by the Ministry of Sound. The series is split into three mini-series, these are \"Anthems\", \"Chilled\" and \"Ibiza\". There is not an official name for the series, but is often called 'Anthems' after four albums in the series and the first mini-series. Currently, there are eight different albums in the series. The artwork scheme follows the Fifteen Years release of 2006, which is sometimes seen as the pre-runner to Anthems 1991–2008. The Ibiza 1991–2009 album notably comes in a 3-CD digipack, rather than the larger fold-away digipacks (which are contained in slipcases) used for the other seven albums. The same album is overlooked when the series is being listed in the booklet for Anthems R&B. All copies of Chilled Acoustic feature a mistake in the artwork, where the top half of the Ministry of Sound logo used on the reverse side of the digipack; is upside-down. 2011 saw the year with the most releases in the series, with seven being released, four of these featuring 'Anthems' in the name. The last two Anthems albums of 2010, Anthems Disco and Anthems Electronic 80s, were released only a week between each other (8 November and 15 November respectively). List of albums in the series Anthems 1991–2008 (2007) Chilled 1991–2008 (2008) Anthems II 1991–2009 (2008) Chilled II 1991–2009 (2009) Ibiza 1991–2009 (2009) One (2009) Anthems Electronic 80s (2009) Chilled Acoustic (2010) Anthems R&B (2010) Anthems Disco (2010) Anthems Electronic 80s 2 (2010) Anthems Hip-Hop (2011) Anthems Indie (2011) Chilled Afterhours (2011) 20 Years (2011) Anthems R&B II (2011) Anthems Alternative 80s (2011) Anthems Collection (2011) Anthems Hip-Hop 2 (2012) Big Beat Anthems (2012) Anthems 90s (2012) Anthems Electronic 80s 3 (2012) Anthems Hip-Hop 3 (2013) Anthems Trance (2013) Anthems Hip-Hop 4 (2014) Anthems 90s 2 (2014) Anthems House (2014) Anthems Drum & Bass (2015) Anthems Soul Classics (2016) Anthems Acoustic (2016) Anthems Electronic 90s (2019) List of download exclusives in the series Chilled Sessions (2008) iDrum Minsistry of Sound Anthems (2008)—iPod game iDrum Trance Anthems (2008)—iPod game Australian Series Like in the UK, Ministry of Sound Australia's Anthems series started with Anthems 1991–2008, but the series in Australia is considerably smaller and less popular compared to MoSA's Sessions and Annual series. Anthems 1991–2008 and Anthems Electronic 80's being the same version as what was released in the UK, however Anthems II in Australia did not include the 1991–2009 subtitle and focused more on Australian dance and dance tracks that were on the ARIA charts for overall and club songs. Rave Anthems 1990–1996 was released exclusively in Australia and focused on Rave, House and Hi-NRG dance subgenres. List of albums in Australian Anthems series Anthems: 1991–2008 (2008) Rave Anthems: 1990-1996 (2009)",
"title": "Ministry of Sound Anthems"
},
{
"docid": "4928900",
"text": "\"\" (Spanish for \"Our Anthem\") is a Spanish-language version of the United States national anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". The debut of the translation came amid a growing controversy over immigration in the United States (see 2006 U.S. immigration reform protests). Background The idea for the song came from British music executive Adam Kidron, as a show of support to Hispanic immigrants in the United States. The song is included on the album ; a portion of the profits of which go to the National Capital Immigration Coalition, a Washington, D.C.-based group. Many other artist including Tito El Bambino and Frank Reyes are also originally to be feature on the song, originating from an album which is a \"collection of the latino experience in America\" according to Barry Jeckell of Billboard. Reporter Stephen Dinan wrote: \"The song 'Nuestro Himno,' which means 'Our Anthem,' is not a faithful and literal Spanish translation of the words to 'The Star-Spangled Banner,' but is a hip-hop-style remix with new raps and chants.\" The song's first verse is apparently based on a 1919 translation prepared by Francis Haffkine Snow for the United States Bureau of Education. The only changes to the first verse from this version are a replacement of \"\" (\"don't you see?\") with \"\" (\"do you see it?\"); \"\" (\"bars\") with \"\" (\"stripes\"); and \"\" (\"the brilliance of rockets, the roar of bombs\") with \"\" (\"the brilliance of struggle, in step with freedom\"). However, subsequent verses diverge significantly between the 1919 and 2006 versions. The song features Latin American artists such as Haitian native Wyclef Jean, Cuban-American hip hop star Pitbull and Puerto Rican singers Carlos Ponce and Olga Tañón. It debuted at 7:00 pm. ET on 28 April 2006 on more than 500 Spanish language radio stations. A remix was planned to be released in June. It will contain several lines in English that condemn U.S. immigration laws. Among them: \"These kids have no parents, cause all of these mean laws... let's not start a war with all these hard workers, they can't help where they were born.\" This is not the first time that the National Anthem has been translated into another language by ethnic and immigrant groups in the United States. In 1861, it was translated into German. It has also been translated into Yiddish by Jewish immigrants and into French by Cajuns. Controversy Although the song's creators did not claim that it was a verbatim translation, Nuestro Himno has nonetheless provoked controversy for favoring style over precision and de-emphasizing the original anthem's bellicose aspects. It has also received criticism for its political use by supporters of immigrants and more liberalized immigration policies. Others criticize the rendition, believing that any variation from the official version demeans a near-sacred symbol to some Americans. According to Victor Martinez of LaLey and Radio Mex in Atlanta, Georgia, \"The flag, and the country's national anthem are sacred. You shouldn't touch them. You shouldn't change them.\" Another critic of the new version is Charles Key, great-great-grandson",
"title": "Nuestro Himno"
},
{
"docid": "27205034",
"text": "The is the regional anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal subject of Russia. It was composed by Arkady Mandzhiev and written by Vera Shugrayeva. History The Supreme Council of the Republic of Kalmykia announced the proclamation of the sovereignty of the republic in October 1990. On the 18th, the Supreme Council of the Kalmyk Autonomous SSR adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty, according to which the Kalmyk ASSR became the Kalmyk SSR. Reflections on the coat of arms and the flag did not find this change. By resolution of the Supreme Council of 20 February 1992, No. 336-IX, the Kalmyk SSR was renamed the Republic of Kalmykia (). In Russian, the new name of the republic was Республика Калмыкия (Хальмг Тангч) (Respublika Kalmykia [Khalmg Tangch]), incorporating the Kalmyk name - the words \"Khalmg Tangch\" were removed in 1994. In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kalmyk SSR from 7 June 1991, No. 243-P -1X, a competition was announced in the republic to create new state symbols of the Kalmyk SSR. As a result, the Supreme Council of Kalmykia approved the anthem on 30 October 1992, along with its music and lyrics. The anthem was also approved by the separate Law of the Republic of Kalmykia of 4 November 1992 \"On the Supplement of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Kalmyk SSR Article 158-1\". Lyrics Regulations The order, place and time of execution of the anthem are defined by the Law of the Republic of Kalmykia of 11 June 1996 No. 44-I-3 \"On State Symbols of the Republic of Kalmykia\". According to Art. 16 of said Law, the anthem is performed during solemn ceremonies and other events held by state bodies when raising the national flag. After a newly appointed Head takes oath, the anthem is played right after. The anthem can also be played during openings of ceremonial meetings of the Parliament (e.g. People's Khural of Kalmykia) and during openings of memorials and monuments. It can be played during visits by highest officials of Russia (or its federal subjects), the CIS, and other countries (after their anthems have been played). \"Khalmg Tanghchin chastr\" is also played while state awards are being presented, and played during the openings and closings of solemn rallies, meetings, in honour of sports teams, and official celebrations. Additionally, the anthem can be played while laying wreaths to the graves of victims of political repression and those killed in the defense of their ethnic homeland. See also Anthem of the Republic of Buryatia National anthem of Mongolia List of national anthems External links National Anthems Forum Instrumental rendition with photos Vocal recording in Kalmyk Notes References Regional songs Kalmykia Kalmyk language Russian anthems European anthems",
"title": "State Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia"
},
{
"docid": "47888708",
"text": "\"Lost\" was a 2015 single from Australian rock band Cold Chisel. The single was released weeks before the album, The Perfect Crime, that it featured on. A mid-tempo ballad, it reached number 92 in the Australian charts. The song was shortlisted for Song of the Year at the APRA Music Awards of 2016. Details \"Lost\" was written by regular Cold Chisel songwriter Don Walker and former Australian Idol contestant Wes Carr in 2012. The pair had a number of writing sessions together. Walker said, \"After putting out an album of the normal stuff that Idol people have to record, he wanted to do an album of real songs and wanted to see if I could get involved in some co-writing.\" Carr, who had played the song live for two years before Cold Chisel recorded it, said, \"\"Lost\" is very close to my heart. For me, at that time, I was pretty lost in life. I've always felt like i never really truly have found my place in life.\" Barnes said, \"The song was classic Cold Chisel. Don's chord changes were as tricky to sing over as ever, but once I found the way they moved, the melodies were perfect. We hadn't been on the singles chart for a long time.\" The song did not initially make the short list for the album, before strings and backing vocals were suggested by producer Kevin Shirley. Subsequently, put out as the single, a video was also released. Reception The Australian called the song, \"an honest crack at a stadium-worthy anthem that can be sung at full tilt by the audience, hitting its straps quickly by introducing what becomes the chorus after a mere four-line intro. Barnes’s voice soars, the bridge takes everything up a notch but only so that when it returns to the chorus everything can be stripped right back — and then built right up again.\" Rolling Stone Australia said, \"\"Lost\" kicks in with the heart-stopping melody of some vintage Chisel single. Hey that's right, they do radio songs too.\" Personnel Jimmy Barnes - vocals Ian Moss - guitar Don Walker - keyboards Phil Small - bass Charley Drayton - drums Charts References Cold Chisel songs 2015 songs Songs written by Don Walker (musician) Songs written by Wes Carr",
"title": "Lost (Cold Chisel song)"
},
{
"docid": "18933208",
"text": "\"God Defend New Zealand\" (, meaning 'New Zealand') is one of two national anthems of New Zealand, the other being \"God Save the King\". Legally the two have equal status, but \"God Defend New Zealand\" is more commonly used. Originally written as a poem, it was set to music as part of a competition in 1876. Over the years its popularity increased, and it was eventually named the second national anthem in 1977. It has English and Māori lyrics, with slightly different meanings. Since the late 1990s, the usual practice when performed in public is to perform the first verse of the national anthem twice, first in Māori and then in English. History and performance \"God Defend New Zealand\" was written as a poem in the 1870s by Irish-born, Victorian-raised immigrant Thomas Bracken of Dunedin. A competition to compose music for the poem was held in 1876 by The Saturday Advertiser and judged by three prominent Melbourne musicians, with a prize of ten guineas. The winner of the competition was the Vandemonian-born John Joseph Woods of Lawrence, Otago, who composed the melody in a single sitting the evening after finding out about the competition. The song was first performed at the Queen's Theatre, Princes Street in Dunedin, on Christmas Day, 1876. In February 1878, sheet music was published. A Māori version of the song was produced in 1878 by Thomas Henry Smith of Auckland, a judge in the Native Land Court, on request of Premier George Edward Grey. A copy of the Māori lyrics, using Aotearoa for its title, was printed in Otago newspapers in October 1878. In Smith's original text the word \"whakarangona\" was used to translate 'hear', rather than the modern \"whakarongona\". In 1897, Premier Richard Seddon presented a copy of words and music to Queen Victoria. The song became increasingly popular during the early 20th century, and in 1940 the New Zealand government bought the copyright and made it New Zealand's 'national hymn' in time for that year's centennial celebrations. It was used at the British Empire Games from 1950 onwards, and first used at the Olympics during the 1952 Summer Olympics, when both it and God Save the King was played following Yvette Williams' victory in the 1952 long jump. It next played during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Following the performance at the Munich games, a campaign began to have the song adopted as the national anthem. \"God Save the Queen\" was New Zealand's sole national anthem until the 1970s. In May 1973 a remit to change the New Zealand flag, declare a New Zealand republic and change the national anthem was voted down by the Labour Party at their national conference. In 1976 Garth Henry Latta from Dunedin presented a petition to Parliament asking \"God Defend New Zealand\" to be made the national anthem. With the consent of Queen Elizabeth II, the government of Robert Muldoon gazetted the song as the country's second national anthem on 21 November 1977, on equal standing with",
"title": "God Defend New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "197048",
"text": "\"Pheng Xat Lao\" ( , \"Song of the Lao People\") is the national anthem of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. It was written and composed in 1941 by Thongdy Sounthonevichit. It was adopted as the national anthem of the Kingdom of Laos in 1945. The original lyrics were revised after the Communists triumphed in the Laotian Civil War and established the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 1975, with the new lyrics written by Sisana Sisane. History Long a tributary state of Siam, in 1893 Laos became a protectorate of France within its colonial empire. The French claimed their annexation was to protect Laos from \"hostile neighbors\" such as China and especially Siam, which had been militarily forced to cede Laos to the European colonial power. In reality, France simply ruled Laos as a colony, even bringing in many Vietnamese to work in its governing. The transferring of control from one master to another meant that nationalist sentiment did not develop as it did in formerly independent Vietnam. However, the outbreak of the Second World War soon saw the fall of France to Nazi Germany. The new right-wing government in Siam saw this as a possible opportunity to regain formerly Thai territory lost to France, especially the land located on the Thai side of the Mekong River. To counteract this, the French colonial government began promoting Lao nationalism. Because of this liberalization, many patriotic songs were now composed, each one emphasizing Lao \"uniqueness\". \"Pheng Xat Lao\" was one of them, having been composed by Thongdy Sounthonevichit in 1941 with lyrics written by Maha Phoumi under the name \"Lao Hak Xat\" (the patriotic Laos). It was chosen as the national anthem in 1945, when the king was forced by the Japanese occupiers to declare Laos independent from French rule. This new freedom was short-lived, since France quickly regained control of French Indochina after Japan's surrender in 1945. In 1947, France granted limited autonomy to Laos within the French Union, and \"Pheng Xat Lao\" again became the national anthem. When the Pathet Lao emerged victorious in the Laotian Civil War in 1975, thanks to major North Vietnamese assistance, the new Communist government abolished the monarchy and changed the lyrics to reflect the ideology of the Marxist government. As a result, the anthem became all-encompassing, mentioning all ethnic groups in Laos, instead of focussing on the Lao race and Buddhism. However, the melody was retained. Lyrics Current lyrics Original lyrics (1947–1975) Notes References External links Michael Sauser and Gilbert Greeve - Sauser and Greeve sing the anthem on their CD \"Hymnen der Welt: Asien\" \"Pheng Xat Lao\" at empas.com Dookola Swiata - This travel website has an instrumental version of the Anthem, as an .asx file. Music of Laos National anthems National symbols of Laos 1941 songs Asian anthems Compositions in F major Communist songs",
"title": "Pheng Xat Lao"
},
{
"docid": "1306778",
"text": "The State Anthem of the Tajik SSR was the regional anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, adopted in 1946. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, this anthem was still in use until 1994 when Tajikistan adopted a new anthem with different lyrics but retained the same melody. Background The anthem was used between 1946 and 1994. The music was composed by Suleiman Yudakov, and the lyrics were written by Abolqasem Lahouti. The melody is preserved in \"Surudi Milli\", the current national anthem of Tajikistan, with different lyrics. In 1977, the lyrics were changed to remove mentions of Joseph Stalin. This is the version presented here for the Tajik stanzas, but the Russian version given here is the old one. Unlike other former Soviet states like Belarus, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan that appropriated their old Soviet-era regional anthems as national ones but did so without the Soviet lyrics, Tajikistan retained the Soviet lyrics for a time before replacing them in 1994. It is also one of the nine countries to continuously use their Soviet-era anthems; the other eight being Uzbekistan, Russia (since 2000), Kazakhstan (until 2006), Turkmenistan (until 1996), Belarus, Kyrgyzstan (until 1992), Azerbaijan (until 1992), Ukraine (until 1992). Lyrics 1977 version 1946 version Notes References External links Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Full version) Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Short version) MIDI file Vocal recording in MP3 format Lyrics - nationalanthems.info (1946-1953 version) Tajik SSR National symbols of Tajikistan Music of Tajikistan Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Compositions in A minor",
"title": "Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
{
"docid": "243548",
"text": "The \"State Anthem of Turkmenistan\", also known as the \"National Anthem of Independent Neutral Turkmenistan\" (), was adopted as the national anthem of Turkmenistan in 1996, then again with modified lyrics in 2008. The music was composed by Turkmenistani composer Veli Mukhatov, who also composed the music of the Turkmen SSR's regional anthem. The lyrics were originally written by the first president of Turkmenistan, Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Turkmenbashi), who died on 21 December 2006. Less than two years after his death, the reference to Turkmenbashi in the chorus was replaced with \"the people\", and both the third and final verse and the chorus at the start of the piece were removed. The national anthem is played at the start of radio and television broadcasts at 6:55 a.m. local time and played again when radio and television stations sign off. History Until 1996, Turkmenistan, which received independence a few years earlier, used the Turkmen SSR anthem without words as the state anthem. The new anthem was adopted on 27 September 1996 by the People's Council of Turkmenistan in Bayramali. The anthem, known by the first sentence of the chorus, \"The great creation of Turkmenbashi\", in reference to the first leader, Saparmurat Niyazov, was used from 1997 to 2008, when it was given minor changes when his successor, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, ordered to do so following Niyazov's death in 2006. Lyrics Current Version 1997–2008 Version Notes References External links Turkmenistan: Garaşsyz, Bitarap Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Gimni - Audio of the national anthem of Turkmenistan, with information and lyrics (archive link) Instrumental version of \"Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem\" in RealAudio Ruhnama - Songs and Video Clips (archive link) - This website dedicated to the Ruhnama features a page with a vocal version of the National Anthem, as well as other songs and video clips. Turkmenistan Music of Turkmenistan National symbols of Turkmenistan Compositions in F major",
"title": "State Anthem of Turkmenistan"
},
{
"docid": "1699882",
"text": "\"Terang Bulan\" () is a traditional Indonesian song. This song is an adaptation based on the song named \"La Rosalie\". History The song was a traditional folk song adapted from the popular French melody of La Rosalie. Following the popularity of the French melody, it became a popular Indonesian folk song as well as for Malays at parties and cabarets in the Malay Peninsula from the 1920s to the 1930s. Since the independence of the Federation of Malaya in 1957, public performances of the song and its melody have been outlawed, as any such use is proscribed by statute. Lyrics Other versions Several lyrics set to the tune exist, with their meanings being very similar, as the exact original lyrics are generally considered to be unknown. Felix Mendelssohn & His Hawaiian Serenaders used the tune of Terang Bulan in their song Mamula Moon, on their 1947 album Paradise Isle. Dutch version Dutch singer Zangeres Zonder Naam recorded a Dutch version of \"Terang Bulan\" (spelt \"Terang Boelan\"). The meaning in the Dutch version is entirely different from the original lyrics, although the Dutch version mentions the island of Java. Other adaptation from the similar French melody Perak State Anthem Sultan Idris Murshidul’adzam Shah, the ruler of Perak, was aware of the song's popularity during his exile in the Seychelles for abetting murder. When the Sultan represented the other rulers of the Federated Malay States at the coronation of King Edward VII in 1901, his protocol officer was asked what his state anthem was. The Sultan realised that his state did not possess an anthem, proceeded to hum the aforementioned tune in order not to appear backwards to his hosts, thus 'creating' the state anthem of Perak. Malaysian National Anthem Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Chief Minister and Minister for Home Affairs of the Federation of Malaya, selected Perak's state anthem as the Federation's national hymn, on account of its \"traditional flavour\". The tune was rechristened \"Negaraku\" and the lyrics were changed, with popular performances in cabarets and parties halting as it became proscribed by statute. When Malaysia was formed in 1963, the song remained the national anthem. References External links Web.archive.org 19th-century songs Songwriter unknown Year of song unknown",
"title": "Terang Bulan"
},
{
"docid": "364904",
"text": "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika (, ), also known as \"The Call of South Africa\" or simply \"Die Stem\" (), was the national anthem of South Africa during the apartheid era. There are two versions of the song, one in English and the other in Afrikaans, which were in use early on in the Union of South Africa alongside God Save the Queen and as the sole anthem after South Africa became a republic. It was the sole national anthem from 1957 to 1994, and shared co-national anthem status with \"God Save the King/Queen\" from 1938 to 1957. After the end of apartheid, it was retained as a co-national anthem along with \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\" until 1997, when a new hybrid song incorporating elements of both songs was adopted as the country's new national anthem, which is still in use. History Background and inception In May 1918, C.J. Langenhoven wrote an Afrikaans poem called \"Die Stem\", for which music was composed in 1921 by , a reverend. The music composed that ended up being accepted was actually a second version; the first did not satisfy Langenhoven. It was widely used by the South African Broadcasting Corporation in the 1920s, which played it at the close of daily broadcasts, along with \"God Save The King\". It was recorded for the first time in 1926 when its first and third verses were performed by Betty Steyn in England for the Zonophone record label; it was sung publicly for the first time on 31 May 1928 at a raising of the new South African national flag. In 1938, South Africa proclaimed it to be one of the two co-national anthems of the country, along with \"God Save the King\". It was sung in English as well as Afrikaans from 1952 onward, with both versions having official status in the eyes of the state, while \"God Save the Queen\" did not cease to be a co-national anthem until May 1957, when it was dropped from that role. However, it remained the country's royal anthem until 1961, as it was a Commonwealth realm until that point. The poem originally had only three verses, but the government asked the author to add a fourth verse with a religious theme. The English version is for the most part a faithful translation of the Afrikaans version with a few minor changes. Composition It is uplifting in tone, addressing throughout of commitment to the Vaderland () and to God. However, it was generally disliked by black South Africans, who saw it as triumphalist and strongly associated it with the apartheid regime where one verse shows dedication to Afrikaners (though the specific mention of Afrikaners is omitted in the English version to avoid alienating the British-descent Anglophone whites living in South Africa as they are not considered Afrikaners) and another to the Great Trek of the Voortrekkers. P. W. Botha, who was the state president of South Africa during the 1980s, was fond of the song and made his entourage sing",
"title": "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika"
},
{
"docid": "46404939",
"text": "Hizb ut-Tahrir ( Ḥizb at-Taḥrīr; Party of Liberation) is an international pan-Islamist and fundamentalist political organisation. The organisation is considered a \"radical Islamic group\" and has come under scrutiny from the Australian government. They are commonly associated with the goal of all Muslim countries unifying as an Islamic state or caliphate ruled by Islamic law (sharia) and with a head of state (caliph) elected by Muslims. Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia) has prepared a structure, constitution and an anthem for its proposed Khilafah State. It has more than 300 members in Australia. The Hizb ut-Tahrir constitution contains contentious issues such as (Article 7c), \"Those who are guilty of apostasy (murtadd) from Islam are to be executed\". The proposed state would enforce Islamic Sharia law. According to Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia), \"Europe and the U.S are the enemy\", Jews \"are the most evil creatures\", women should be segregated for \"cultural reasons\", and Muslim children should not be forced to sing the Australian national anthem. 2005–2009 In Australia in 2005, the party survived a proposed ban after clearance from the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. The party planned its first Khilafah conference in Sydney for 27 January 2007. The planned conference led to allegations in newspaper reports that the party was linked to the July 2005 London bombings. Opposition politicians called on the local and federal governments not to grant visas to foreign speakers attending, and to re-consider proscribing Hizb ut-Tahrir. The demands for a ban were rejected by Attorney General Philip Ruddock, on the grounds there was insufficient evidence to warrant banning the group. Radical clerics from the group demanded the establishment of a Muslim superstate, and warned Muslims they must be prepared to kill anyone who threatened its existence. Hizb ut-Tahrir members originally planned to hold the conference in the town hall of Bankstown, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney with adjacent Lakemba as Australia's biggest Muslim electorate, but the Sydney council cancelled it. Hizb ut-Tahrir secured another location the next day on 28 January. According to the Herald Sun, he also stated, \"if you people are united and a third person comes along and tries to incite disunity ... kill him..., Muslims are not unique in doing so, as most nations kill those charged with treason....\" Conference spokesman Wassim Doureihi said the work of Hizb ut-Tahrir was not to change the political landscape in Australia. He added, \"It is because of Islam and my allegiance to Islam that I am responsible for ensuring to do what I can to protect the safety and security of all peoples in this country and beyond.\" Morris Iemma, Premier of New South Wales and MP for Lakemba, which with adjacent Bankstown has Australia's largest Muslim community, stated around the time of the conference that Hizb ut-Tahrir \"is an organisation that is basically saying that it desires to declare war on Australia, our values and our people.\" even though according to Sydney Morning Herald, the speakers at the Khilafah Conference \"made it clear they did not see",
"title": "Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia)"
},
{
"docid": "1102176",
"text": "The state anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was the national anthem of Kazakhstan when it was a republic of the Soviet Union and known as the Kazakh SSR. Background The music was composed by Mukan Tölebaev, Russian composer Yevgeny Brusilovsky and Tatar composer Latıf Hamıdı, with lyrics written by Kazakh authors Äbdilda Täjibaev, Qaiym Muhamedhanov and Ğabıt Müsirepov. The Soviet-era lyrics were removed after the Kazakh SSR was renamed the Republic of Kazakhstan on 10 December 1991, In 1992, new lyrics were adopted with the same melody as the anthem of independent Kazakhstan, until 7 January 2006. From 1991 to 1997, it was one of the five remaining republics that appreciated its old anthem, then from 1997 to 2000, it became one of four (when Turkmenistan changed its anthem). From 2000 to 2006, it is one of the five remaining again (when Russia changed its anthem). It is the only SSR anthem played in ; all the others use . Lyrics Original words which were removed during the post-Stalinist era are indicated with parenthesis. Notes References Sources Қазақ совет энциклопедиясы (the Kazakh Soviet Encyclopedia) (1972–1978) External links Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Full version) Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Short version) MIDI file Vocal recording in MP3 format Lyrics - nationalanthems.info Original version (1946-1953) Kazakh SSR Music of Kazakhstan National symbols of Kazakhstan Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Year of song missing",
"title": "Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
{
"docid": "156381",
"text": "\"Zdravljica\" (; ) is a carmen figuratum poem by the 19th-century Romantic Slovene poet France Prešeren, inspired by the ideals of Liberté, égalité, fraternité. It was written in 1844 and published with some changes in 1848. Four years after it was written, Slovenes living within Habsburg Empire interpreted the poem in spirit of the 1848 March Revolution as political promotion of the idea of a united Slovenia. In it, the poet also declares his belief in a free-thinking Slovene and Slavic political awareness. In 1989, it was adopted as the regional anthem of Slovenia, becoming the national anthem upon independence in 1991. History The integral version of the poem was first published only after the March Revolution when Austrian censorship was abolished, since the censorship did not allow for the poem to be printed earlier because of its political message. On 26 April 1848, it was published by the Slovene newspaper Kmetijske in rokodelske novice, that was edited by the Slovene conservative political leader Janez Bleiweis. Before the censorship was abolished, Prešeren omitted the third stanza (\"V sovražnike 'z oblakov / rodú naj naš'ga treši gróm\") because he intended to include the poem in his Poezije collection (Poems), however the censor (fellow-Slovene Franz Miklosich in Austrian service) saw in the fourth stanza (\"Edinost, sreča, sprava / k nam naj nazaj se vrnejo\") an expression of pan-Slavic sentiment and therefore did not allow its publication either. Prešeren believed the poem would be mutilated without both the third and the fourth stanza and decided against including it in the Poezije. \"Zdravljica\" was first set to music in the 1860s by Benjamin Ipavec and Davorin Jenko, but their versions didn't go well with the public, probably because the stanzas that they chose were not enough nationally awakening. In 1905, the Slovene composer Stanko Premrl wrote a choral composition. It was first performed only on 18 November 1917 by the Music Society () in the Grand Hotel Union, Ljubljana. It became an immediate success. Notes References External links 1844 poems Poetry by France Prešeren Anthems of Slovenia European anthems",
"title": "Zdravljica"
},
{
"docid": "46423852",
"text": "The 2015 Anzac Test was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane. It was the 16th Anzac Test played between the two nations since the first was played under the Super League banner in 1997. Both sides were announced on 26 April. The game was originally scheduled to take place on 1 May, but it was postponed due to bad weather. The Test instead took place on May 3, along with a Women's rugby league match between the Australian Jillaroos and New Zealand Kiwi Ferns which served as the curtain-raiser for the main game, won 22-14 by the Jillaroos. New Zealand's win was their first Anzac Test win in 17 years, and the first time New Zealand had won three consecutive test matches over Australia since 1953. As man of the match, Manu Vatuvei was awarded the Charles Savory medal. Pre-game National anthems Russ Walker - New Zealand National Anthem Adrian Li Donni - Australian National Anthem Squads 1 - Shifted to Fullback taking the place of originally selected Billy Slater who withdrew due to injury. Michael Jennings was promoted from originally 19th Man to Centre. 2 - Replaced originally selected Dallin Watene-Zelezniak who was withdrawn due to suspension. Daly Cherry-Evans and Josh Papalii were a part of the Kangaroos squad but did not play in the match. Lewis Brown and Kodi Nikorima were a part of the Kiwis squad but did not play in the match. Match summary Women's Test A Women's rugby league match between the Australian Jillaroos and New Zealand Kiwi Ferns which served as the curtain-raiser for the main game, won 22-14 by the Jillaroos. Women's squads Match summary See also References External links 2015 in Australian rugby league 2015 in New Zealand rugby league Anzac Test Rugby league in Brisbane International rugby league competitions hosted by Australia",
"title": "2015 Anzac Test"
},
{
"docid": "28243323",
"text": "An Australian Football League team song is traditionally sung by members of the winning team after an AFL game. It is played when each team runs out onto the field prior to the beginning of the match, and played for the winning team at the end of the match. The first team song was the Collingwood song \"Good Old Collingwood Forever\", written by player Tom Nelson in 1906 to the tune of \"Goodbye, Dolly Gray\", an American music hall song. Other clubs have continued to rewrite other songs' lyrics to suit their team, with four of the 18 team songs having both original lyrics and music. Notes The Brisbane Bears' previous team song was to the tune of \"Battle Hymn of the Republic/Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory/Glory, Glory Hallelujah\" The Fitzroy Lions' team song was compiled by Bill Stephen in 1952 on a train to Perth during a football trip. Bill Stephen wrote the first line of the song after which each other player wrote a line. It is to the tune of the French National Anthem, \"La Marseillaise\" and was adopted by Brisbane in 1997. The Western Bulldogs team song was originally called \"Sons of the 'Scray\" before Footscray changed their name to the Western Bulldogs in 1997, with the song's lyrics being altered to \"Sons of the West\". At that same time, other lyrics changes were made to the last few lines of the song. The South Melbourne Swans' club song was identical to the current Sydney Swans club song, with the lyric \"South will go in and win over all\" being changed to \"Swans will go in...\" when the club moved to Sydney. Until 2021 Sydney Swans used the same 1972 recording by The Fable Singers, with \"South\" being re-dubbed as \"Swans\". In 2021, the club adopted a previously unused recording of the song dating from 2018. The lyric \"While our loyal Swans are marching\" was re-dubbed over the new recording - replacing the previously used \"While her loyal sons are marching\" and making the song more gender inclusive. Prior to their relocation to Moorabbin, St Kilda's team song was a variation on I Do Like to Be Beside the Seaside, referring to the Saints' original home ground the Junction Oval. The Fremantle Dockers' club song used from 1995 until 2011 contained a section based on \"The Song of the Volga Boatmen\", a Russian folk song, but most of the song was an original composition by Ken Walther. After the 2011 season, the \"Volga Boatmen\" section was dropped, leaving only the part written by Walther. The West Coast Eagles' song was rerecorded by Birds of Tokyo in February 2020. The song sticks with the chorus most fans will recognise, sticking with We're Flying High, but it now contains a couple of verses as well as a didgeridoo intro performed by indigenous musician Matthew Doyle, the first AFL song to contain the didgeridoo. References Team songs Australian rules football-related lists Lists of sport-related songs",
"title": "List of Australian Football League team songs"
},
{
"docid": "1083645",
"text": "The \"Himno de Riego\" (\"Anthem of Riego\") is a song dating from the Trienio Liberal (1820–1823) of Spain and named in honour of Colonel Rafael del Riego, a figure in the respective uprising, which restored the liberal constitution of 1812. The lyrics were written by Evaristo Fernández de San Miguel, while the music is typically attributed to José Melchor Gomis. It was declared the national anthem of Spain in 1822, remaining so until the overthrow of the liberal government the next year in 1823, and was also one of the popular anthems used in the First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) and, with much more prominence, the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939). It continued to be used by the Second Republican government in exile until it was dissolved in 1977 upon the end of the Francoist Spanish State in 1975. History The \"Himno de Riego\" was written between 31 January and 6 February 1820 in the town of Algeciras by Evaristo Fernández de San Miguel, lieutenant colonel of the flying column headed by Rafael del Riego, who had previously rejected another text by Antonio Alcalá Galiano. It was declared the official national anthem of Spain on 7 April 1822 when the Cortes Generales approved the corresponding decree, which was signed by King Fernando VII in Aranjuez two days later and finally published in the Gaceta de Madrid on 14 April. However, the liberal government was overthrown and the constitution repealed by Fernando VII in October 1823, with the Marcha Real resuming its role as the national anthem. In the First Republic of 1873 to 1874, part of the greater 1868–1874 Sexenio Democrático achieved by the overthrow of Isabella II in the Glorious Revolution, the anthem occupied a discreet position; the most popular anthems used at this time were \"La Marseillaise\" and the \"Himno de Garibaldi\". However, by the time of the Second Republic of 1931 to 1939, the anthem had once again gained popularity to the point of becoming the primary institutional representative of the government during this period. Contrary to popular belief, the \"Himno de Riego\" was never declared the official anthem of the Second Republic. According to one opinion, it can be deduced that the republicans did not consider the 1822 declaration of the song as the national anthem superseded or repealed. Lyrics Original lyrics (1820–1823) The following is the original version used during the Trienio Liberal (1820–1823). First short version (1931–1939) The following is the version used during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939). It consisted of verses one, three and seven of the original version, with a few minor lyrical changes. Second short version The following version consists of the first and last verses of the original, with a few minor lyrical changes. Satirical lyrics This alternative version was extremely popular amongst Spaniards, particularly in Catalonia, during the Spanish Civil War. The rudeness of the lyrics reflects the dislike of Republican Spain for the church and the monarchy. After the war, these lyrics continued to be sung by Franco's detractors",
"title": "Himno de Riego"
}
] | [
"1984"
] |
train_32328 | when was the last touch of frost made | [
{
"docid": "651924",
"text": "A Touch of Frost is a television detective series produced by Yorkshire Television (later ITV Studios) for ITV from 6 December 1992 until 5 April 2010, initially based on the Frost novels by R. D. Wingfield. Writing credit for the three episodes in the first 1992 series went to Richard Harris. The series stars David Jason as Detective Inspector William Edward \"Jack\" Frost, an experienced and dedicated detective who frequently clashes with his superiors. In his cases, Frost is usually assisted by a variety of detective sergeants or constables, with each bringing a different slant to the particular case. Comic relief is provided by Frost's interactions with the bureaucratically-minded Superintendent Norman \"Horn-rimmed Harry\" Mullett, played by Bruce Alexander. A number of young actors had their major debut as supporting cast in the show, including: Matt Bardock, Ben Daniels, Neil Stuke, Mark Letheren, Colin Buchanan, Jason Maza, Jim Sturgess, Damian Lewis and Marc Warren. Background The series is set in the fictional southern England town of Denton. Denton may be in Berkshire, Oxfordshire or Wiltshire. There are many references to Reading, Oxford, and Swindon. In SE1E1 a character mentions going to Bishop's Stortford, implying it is a short journey away and thus in the Hertfordshire or Essex area. In SE2E3 a suspect talks about \"Driving over to Chelmsford\", implying reasonable proximity to Denton, again placing the action in the Herts/Essex area. Frost drives a blue Ford Sierra - D843 MPP. This is a Luton registration (ending 'PP'), a very common registration in Hertfordshire, consistent with Bishop's Stortford. In the earlier episodes, the M4 and A417 were often seen, and the map of Swindon was seen in the control room, although a map of Reading was used occasionally. Paperwork given to Frost and other characters refers to Denton station as being part of the Thames Valley Police. In SE2E4 Frost hurries to Denton station and Network SouthEast branding is visible on the station signs. This is broadly consistent with most of the putative locations listed, though not with the actual Yorkshire locations. In SE4E1 Frost and Toolan observe a train passing, consisting of a British Rail Class 141 Pacer in West Yorkshire Metro red and cream livery coupled with a British Rail Class 142 Pacer in BR Provincial Sector blue livery. Both units in those liveries are quite inconsistent with Network SouthEast but very much with the Yorkshire locations. In some episodes ambiguous references to 'County' are made. This is inconsistent with Denton being part of Thames Valley since this is not part of a County force. One reference implies 'County' has jurisdiction beyond that of Denton. Either 'County' is the HQ of the county force Denton belongs to, or Denton is a small city force, surrounded by a larger county force. A situation analogous to that of Oxford City Police and Oxfordshire Constabulary pre-1968. The programme was produced by ITV in Leeds, and most of the outdoor locations were shot in West Yorkshire. Several scenes were filmed in and around the",
"title": "A Touch of Frost"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "11768519",
"text": "George J. Costigan (born 8 August 1947) is an English actor who is best known for portraying Bob in the 1987 film Rita, Sue and Bob Too and for roles in TV series such as Happy Valley and So Haunt Me. Early life Born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, Costigan grew up in Salford, Greater Manchester. After attending St Augustine's C of E Primary School on Bolton Road in Pendlebury, he went to Wardley Grammar School on Mardale Avenue in Wardley near Swinton. Career Costigan has appeared regularly on television since 1978. He played Tom Towers in the 1982 series of The Barchester Chronicles, an adaption of the novels by Anthony Trollope, and in the same year starred as Tom Hannaway in a BBC adaptation of Fame is the Spur. In 1984, he appeared as lead guest actor playing Wilson Kemp in \"The Greek Interpreter\", an episode of the successful Granada TV series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, and, in the same year, also played Philip the Bastard in the BBC Television Shakespeare production of The Life and Death of King John (alongside Leonard Rossiter in the title role). In 1986, he played the lead role of Bob, an adulterous businessman in the small independent comedy film Rita, Sue and Bob Too, which has since achieved cult status. He has since starred or featured in many television productions, including The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (channelling Peter Lorre) Kavanagh QC, Coogan's Run, Connie, A Touch of Frost, Inspector Morse, Murder Most Horrid, London's Burning, The Bill, Holby City, The Long Firm, City Central, Vera, Dalziel and Pascoe, The Ruth Rendell Mysteries, The Inspector Lynley Mysteries, The Beiderbecke Connection, New Tricks, Linda Green and Casualty. His film work includes Calendar Girls and Shirley Valentine. He appeared in the role of Max Capricorn in the 2007 Doctor Who Christmas special, \"Voyage of the Damned\". In 1974, he joined the Liverpool Everyman Theatre Company, where he met his second wife, Jooles, remaining with the company for eight years. Whilst at the Everyman he appeared as Bert in the Willy Russell musical John, Paul, George, Ringo and Bert alongside Trevor Eve, Anthony Sher, and Bernard Hill. In the theatre, he created the role of Mickey Johnstone in Willy Russell's musical Blood Brothers, originally at the Liverpool Playhouse, and later at the Lyric Theatre, London. He then played the role of Estragon in Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot at the Manchester Library Theatre for three weeks from 16 February to 8 March 2008, and played Willy Loman in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman at York Theatre Royal in November 2008. In December 2009, it was announced that he is to join Emmerdale as a friend of Rodney Blackstock. He made his debut in the soap in March 2010 and his last appearance was shown on 23 July 2010. In April 2010, he starred as Alan, the ex-husband of Christine, Inspector Frost's new love interest in A Touch of Frost. In 2012, he appeared in William Shakespeare's",
"title": "George Costigan"
},
{
"docid": "18033",
"text": "Little Nemo is a fictional character created by American cartoonist Winsor McCay. He originated in an early comic strip by McCay, Dream of the Rarebit Fiend, before receiving his own spin-off series, Little Nemo in Slumberland. The full-page weekly strip depicted Nemo having fantastic dreams that were interrupted by his awakening in the final panel. The strip is considered McCay's masterpiece for its experiments with the form of the comics page, its use of color and perspective, its timing and pacing, the size and shape of its panels, and its architectural and other details. Little Nemo in Slumberland ran in the New York Herald from October 15, 1905, until July 23, 1911. The strip was renamed In the Land of Wonderful Dreams when McCay brought it to William Randolph Hearst's New York American, where it ran from September 3, 1911, until July 26, 1914. When McCay returned to the Herald in 1924, he revived the strip, and it ran under its original title from August 3, 1924, until January 9, 1927, when McCay returned to Hearst. Concept A weekly fantasy adventure, Little Nemo in Slumberland featured the young Nemo (\"No one\" in Latin) who dreamed himself into wondrous predicaments from which he awoke in bed in the last panel. The first episode begins with a command from King Morpheus of Slumberland to a minion to collect Nemo. Nemo was to be the playmate of Slumberland's Princess, but it took months of adventures before Nemo finally arrived; a green, cigar-chewing clown named Flip was determined to disturb Nemo's sleep with a top hat emblazoned with the words \"Wake Up\". Nemo and Flip eventually become companions, and are joined by an African Imp whom Flip finds in the Candy Islands. The group travels far and wide, from shanty towns to Mars, to Jack Frost's palace, to the bizarre architecture and distorted funhouse-mirror illusions of Befuddle Hall. The strip shows McCay's understanding of dream psychology, particularly of dream fears—falling, drowning, impalement. This dream world has its own moral code, perhaps difficult to understand. Breaking it has terrible consequences, as when Nemo ignores instructions not to touch Queen Crystalette, who inhabits a cave of glass. Overcome with his infatuation, he causes her and her followers to shatter, and awakens with \"the groans of the dying guardsmen still ringing in his ears\". Although the strip began October 15, 1905, with Morpheus, ruler of Slumberland, making his first attempt to bring Little Nemo to his realm, Nemo did not get into Slumberland until March 4, 1906, and, due to Flip's interfering, did not get to see the Princess until July 8. His dream quest is always interrupted, either by his falling out of bed, or by his parents forcing him to wake up. On July 12, 1908, McCay made a major change of direction: Flip visits Nemo and tells him that he has had his uncle destroy Slumberland (it had been dissolved before, into day, but this time it appeared to be permanent). After this, Nemo's",
"title": "Little Nemo"
},
{
"docid": "4502358",
"text": "Wade Hampton Frost (March 3, 1880 – May 1, 1938) was born in Marshall, Virginia. He was the son of a country doctor. Before college, he was first homeschooled by his mother, and then spent the final two years in boarding school. He received his B.A. in 1901 and his M.D. in 1903, both from the University of Virginia. He was the first resident lecturer at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health and was later professor of epidemiology. Frost served as Chair of the Department of Epidemiology from 1919 until 1938 and served as Dean of the School from 1931 until 1934. His work included studies of the epidemiology of poliomyelitis, influenza, diphtheria, and tuberculosis. In 1906, Frost assisted in the first successful arrest of a yellow fever epidemic in the United States. He also helped field investigations regarding typhoid outbreaks and water pollution by applying his knowledge of microbiology laboratory techniques. Frost's personal life is rarely touched on, but one of the presumed reasons that he focused on tuberculosis was because he was diagnosed with incipient pulmonary tuberculosis when he was in his thirties. He had to spend several months in a sanatorium when diagnosed. He is often considered the father of modern epidemiology. Frost's bibliography consists of 57 scientific publications.He died in Baltimore, Maryland on May 1, 1938, of esophageal cancer. References External links \"A Guide to the Wade Hampton Frost Collection.\" Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia 1880 births 1938 deaths University of Virginia alumni Johns Hopkins University faculty People from Marshall, Virginia American public health doctors University of Virginia School of Medicine alumni Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Members of the American Epidemiological Society",
"title": "Wade Hampton Frost"
},
{
"docid": "3166104",
"text": "David Spinx (born 25 April 1951) is an English actor, probably best known for playing Keith Miller in the BBC television soap opera EastEnders from 2004 to 2008. He had previously appeared in EastEnders as a guest character in an episode in 1999 as the cellmate of Steve Owen and provided the voices on the radios in Barry Evans' cab firm. He made guest appearances in many other television series such as A Touch of Frost, The Bill and Hustle. David made his last appearance on EastEnders on 1 July 2008; his character was axed having 'run out of steam'. Filmography Big Boys Don't Cry (2020 film) Casualty (2014) Snow in Paradise (2014 Come Dine with Me (2010) – Himself EastEnders (1999) – Sharkey, (2004–2008) – Keith Miller Hustle (2004) – Security Guard New Tricks (2003) – File Sergeant Falling Apart (2002) – Men's Group Member Tipping the Velvet (2002) – Rough Man Jack of Diamonds (2001) – Kelly Conspiracy (TV) (2001) – Cook Holby City (2000) – Len Palmer Fifteen to One (2000) – Himself A Touch of Frost (1999–2000) – Dick Rycroft The Bill (1999) – Porter, (2003) – Trevor Saunders Grafters (1998) – Bailiff If Only.../The Man with Rain in His Shoes/Twice Upon a Yesterday (1998) – Vendor England, My England (1995) – Smith References English male soap opera actors 1951 births Living people Actors from the London Borough of Ealing People from Ealing",
"title": "David Spinx"
},
{
"docid": "71401659",
"text": "Samuel Frost (January 14, 1765 – October 31, 1793) was an American murderer who was acquitted of murdering his father, and later convicted of murdering a man named Captain Elisha Allen. He was then hanged at his highly publicized execution on October 31, 1793. Early life Samuel Frost was born on January 14, 1765, in Princeton, a town in Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1779, when Frost, one of three children, was 14 years old, his mother died after falling ill. Frost thought that his father's abuse towards his mother was what caused her death. Murders On September 23, 1783, at the age of 18, Frost murdered his father. While they were digging a ditch, Frost knocked his father over, and repeatedly stabbed him in the head with a handspike until his brains were exposed. Frost did this in retaliation for the death of his mother four years earlier. Frost was quickly apprehended and charged with murder. However, he was acquitted by reason of insanity during his trial in April of the same year. After his acquittal, Frost was homeless. He would frequently do work for people in exchange for a temporary place to live. When he couldn't find anywhere to stay, Frost would live in the woods, surviving on apples and berries he found. One person he worked for was a man named Captain Elisha Allen. Allen would reportedly treat Frost like a slave. Frost ran away from Allen's estate several times, and was flogged by Allen as punishment. On July 16, 1793, Samuel Frost murdered Elisha Allen. That afternoon, Allen ordered Frost to help him with his cabbage patch. While Allen kneeled to fix a plant in the garden, Frost hit him in the head with a hoe. After Frost hit him with the hoe two more times, Allen said \"Forbear Sam, you done enough.\" Frost ignored Allen's pleas, and hit him at least thirteen more times, killing him. At his second trial, Samuel Frost pleaded guilty to the murder of Captain Elisha Allen and was sentenced to death. Execution Before his execution, Frost frequently read the bible. He also banged his head against the walls of his prison cell to feel how his victims felt. When asked what he would do if he was free, Frost responded that there was one more person that he wanted to kill. Samuel Frost's execution happened on October 31, 1793, on a hill in Worcester, Massachusetts. After confessing to his murders in front of an audience of 2,000 people he was blind-folded and his hands were tied behind his back. He was then hanged. His last words were \"I declare that I ever had a great aversion to stealing and telling lies, and think them to be great crimes. I always meant to tell the truth, and never stole, except taking a few apples from orchards may be called so.\" The hill that Frost was executed on became known as \"Frost Hill\" after his death. References 1765 births 1793 deaths American male criminals",
"title": "Samuel Frost (murderer)"
},
{
"docid": "6596809",
"text": "Benedict Sandiford is a British actor who is best known for his role as son Neil on the British sitcom Barbara and for 'Harry Enfield & Chums' in 1997. He also made guest appearances on Heartbeat, Peak Practice, A Touch of Frost, Touching Evil, At Home with the Braithwaites, Pie in the Sky, Cadfael, This Life, Foyle's War, Midsomer Murders and Coronation Street. He played rent boy Alfred Wood in the 1997 film Wilde, alongside Stephen Fry and Jude Law, and starred in the TV drama \"Eskimo Day\" and its sequel \"Cold Enough For Snow\", both penned by Jack Rosenthal and also starring Maureen Lipman, Tom Wilkinson, Anna Carteret and David Ross. His theatre credits include: Falling Over England (Greenwich Theatre), The Schoolmistress (Chichester Festival Theatre), Spring and Port Wine, The Grouch, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (West Yorkshire Playhouse), Kafka's Dick (Watford Palace Theatre), Restoration (Salisbury Playhouse), Lady in the Van (Hull Truck and UK Tour). Sandiford is now an Artist in Residence at South Street Arts Centre in Reading, where he has made 8 original pieces of theatre: Jacksons Corner, Kaspar, The Final Whistle, The Great British Bump Off, Being Gordon Greenidge, In Ruins, Amelia, and Behind Closed Doors. He now works at Reading School as Head of Drama, where he teaches GCSE drama and A-level Theatre Studies. External links British male television actors Living people 1973 births",
"title": "Benedict Sandiford"
},
{
"docid": "21356185",
"text": "The following is a list of episodes detailing the long-running ITV drama series A Touch of Frost, starring David Jason, John Lyons and Bruce Alexander. Series overview Episodes Series 1 (1992) Series 2 (1994) Series 3 (1995) Series 4 (1996) Series 5 (1997) Series 6 (1999) Series 7 (1999–2000) Series 8 (2001) Series 9 (2002) Series 10 (2003) Series 11 (2003–04) Series 12 (2005) Series 13 (2006) Series 14 (2008) Series 15 (2010) References Lists of British crime television series episodes Lists of British drama television series episodes",
"title": "List of A Touch of Frost episodes"
},
{
"docid": "13494992",
"text": "The Leeds Studios (also known as the ITV Television Centre, Yorkshire Television Studios or YTV Studios) is a television production complex on Kirkstall Road in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. ITV plc had proposed to close the studios in 2009, however later in the year had a change of mind and instead decided to refit them as high-definition studios. Background The Leeds Studios have been the home of Yorkshire Television, and its successor, ITV Yorkshire, since 1968 and are owned by ITV Yorkshire's parent company ITV plc. The complex houses the main studios and administrative headquarters of ITV Yorkshire, which also has smaller offices in Sheffield and Kingston upon Hull. ITV programmes which have been produced there include: 3-2-1, My Parents Are Aliens, Where the Heart Is, The Royal, Heartbeat, Wire in the Blood, Bruce's Price is Right, Bad Influence! and A Touch of Frost. Countdown was regularly made for Channel 4 here until April 2009 (when it moved to The Manchester Studios and then to MediaCityUK in Salford) as was Win My Wage, a new gameshow for Channel 4 made by independent company Hotbed Media in 2007. The studios were also home to Through the Keyhole, (which began as a YTV production on ITV, but was later made by David Frost's company Paradine Productions for Sky1 and the BBC) and were used for the interior shots on hit comedy The League of Gentlemen and medical drama Bodies (both for the BBC). The revived Bullseye on Challenge was also recorded at the Leeds Studios as was the 2006 series of Mastermind, due to the closure of Granada Studios for the removal of asbestos at the time. The front of the main studio buildings have, in the past, acted as the main entrance to Hotten General in the serial drama, Emmerdale. History The studios were built on slum clearance land on Kirkstall Road, purchased from the former Leeds Corporation. Construction commenced in early 1967: A mild winter aided building work and by mid-1968 studios one and two were equipped for transmission (studios three and four being completed by early 1969). The studio was officially opened by the Duchess of Kent on 29 July 1968. It was the first purpose-built colour television production centre in Europe and cost over £4 million to build and equip (at 1968 prices). Colour cameras were initially Marconi Mk7s and EMI 2001s. Both of these cameras were in use until the mid-1980s. Some studios in The Leeds Studios used Marconi cameras, the others used EMI cameras. In 1976 the cameras in Studio 3 were replaced with the Philips LDK 25 models. During the 1970s, one set was used as a synthetic ice rink when not in use for filming. The regional news show Calendar was produced at the centre for many years but in 1989 was moved to a dedicated newsroom and broadcast facility based in a converted roller rink next to the main studios. The programme moved back to the main studio building in October 2012. Proposed",
"title": "The Leeds Studios"
},
{
"docid": "7160486",
"text": "Be with Us (A Year With...) is a 2003 DVD by English girl group Atomic Kitten. The DVD mainly consists of behind the scenes footage of a year in the life of the band. DVD information Filmed over the course of 12 months, Liz McClarnon, Natasha Hamilton and Jenny Frost give an inside look how the music videos were recorded, give a glimpse into their private lives, and take a bike ride through Singapore. The DVD also contains footage of various major and minor performances across the globe. The timeframe coincides with the release of the Ladies Night album. The video features the music videos for \"Ladies Night\", \"If You Come to Me\", \"Be with You\", \"The Last Goodbye\", and \"The Tide Is High\". The DVD also contains a photo gallery. The DVD was certified Gold on 25 February 2005. Track listing Music Videos: \"Ladies Night\" \"If You Come to Me\" \"Be With You\" \"The Last Goodbye\" \"The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling)\" Plus the girls singing: \"Never Gonna Give You Up\" in the lift \"Cheeky Song (Touch My Bum)\" in a radio interview \"I'll Be There for You\" seen in the behind the scenes of The Last Goodbye \"It's Raining Men\" \"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)\" \"Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer\" \"Live and Let Die\" \"Insomnia from the movie \"Faithless\" \"Round Round\" \"Here With Me\" and much more References and notes External links Official site Atomic Kitten video albums 2003 video albums Documentary films about pop music and musicians",
"title": "Be with Us (A Year With...)"
},
{
"docid": "9723113",
"text": "Noel Frank Johnson (28 December 1916 – 1 October 1999) was an English actor. He was the voice of special agent Dick Barton on BBC Radio and Dan Dare on Radio Luxembourg. Life Johnson was born 28 December 1916 in West Bromwich, England and attended Bromsgrove School, where his fictional character Dick Barton was listed on the honours boards. He married Leonora Peacock in 1942: they had one son Gareth Johnson. He died 1 October 1999. Career After wartime service in the Royal Army Service Corps, including evacuation from Dunkirk, he was invalided out, and joined the BBC Repertory Company in 1945. He was the original voice of Dick Barton from 7 October 1946, performing over 300 episodes before quitting in 1949 to pursue a stage career. He was paid £18 per week but felt that he deserved much more for such a popular character. He returned to play Dick Barton once more in a special series in 1972. In 1969 he appeared in a BBC seven-part David Ellis radio thriller called Find The Lady. He later played Dan Dare on the Radio Luxembourg serial, but his name was kept secret. His assured upper class voice cadence made him ideal for certain characters, notably in the BBC Radio 4 dramatic adaptation of A Dance to the Music of Time by Anthony Powell. This was broadcast as 26 one-hour episodes between 1978 and 1981; Johnson played the novel sequence's narrator Nicholas Jenkins, while the younger Nicholas was played by Gareth Johnson in the first 18 episodes. In the last quarter of the series – in which Jenkins is in late middle-age – Johnson plays Jenkins alone. His movie career included roles in Frenzy, The First Great Train Robbery, For Your Eyes Only and his last film Withnail & I in 1987, where he played a militaristic and drunken bar owner. Johnson also appeared in numerous television dramas until the mid-1990s, including Dixon of Dock Green, Coronation Street, Out of the Unknown, Doomwatch, Death of an Expert Witness, Colditz, Rumpole of the Bailey, Doctor Who (in the serials The Underwater Menace and Invasion of the Dinosaurs), Inspector Morse and A Touch of Frost, amongst many others. Filmography References External links Noel Johnson obituary 1916 births 1999 deaths English male radio actors Male actors from Birmingham, West Midlands People educated at Bromsgrove School 20th-century English male actors British Army personnel of World War II Royal Army Service Corps soldiers Military personnel from the West Midlands (county)",
"title": "Noel Johnson"
},
{
"docid": "10534697",
"text": "Raymond Russell is an English session musician and experimental jazz rock guitarist. He is also a record producer and composer. Russell made his professional debut as Vic Flick's replacement as lead guitarist in the John Barry Seven. Session guitarist In 1973 he was a member of the band Mouse, which released a progressive rock album entitled Lady Killer for the Sovereign record label. Composition in TV/film In 1963, Russell assumed Vik Flick's position as lead guitarist of the John Barry Seven. He played on the soundtracks for James Bond films - Moonraker, You only live twice, Octopussy, Thunderball, Live and let die, The man with the Golden Gun, and The spy who loved me. Russell was later employed by George Harrison's company HandMade Films and played for the film scores of Monty Python's Life of Brian, Water and Time Bandits. Russell's TV compositions have included A Touch of Frost, for which he won a Royal society Television Award, Bergerac, Plain Jane, A Bit of a Do, Rich Tea and Sympathy, The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries, Dangerfield and Grafters, as well as The Murder of Meredith Kercher and BBC's Hooded Men. He also played in the DVD Simon Phillips Returns with Simon Phillips and Anthony Jackson. Russell was composer for British TV Detective series A Touch of Frost - series 6-15 between 1999-2010.6 He released an album A Touch of FrostT in 2003 which featured David Jason as Frost on the cover. In 2008 Russell, drummer Ralph Salmins, and sound engineer Rik Walton created Made Up Music, a music library that distributes music on its web site and by sending portable hard drives to music editors. In March 2020, Russell featured on an episode of the BBC Television programme Antiques Roadshow, in which his fretless six-string electric guitar, made by Bartell and gifted to him by George Harrison, having originally belonged to John Lennon, was valued at £300,000-£400,000. Discography Turn Circle (CBS, 1968) Dragon Hill (CBS, 1969) June 11, 1971: Live at the ICA (RCA Victor, 1971) Rites & Rituals (CBS, 1971) Secret Asylum (Black Lion, 1973) Ready or Not (DJM, 1977) This Side Up (B&W, 1989) A Table Near the Band (Angel Air, 1990) Guitars from Mars (Virgin, 1990) Why Not Now (1988) Childscape (1990) with Gil Evans and Mark Isham June 11th 1971: Live at the ICA / Retrospective (Mokai, 2000) A Touch of Frost (Universal, 2003) The Composer's Cut (Angel Air, 2005) Goodbye Svengali (Cuneiform, 2006) Myths & Legends (Strip Sounds, 2007) Now, More Than Ever (Abstract Logix, 2013) The Celestial Squid with Henry Kaiser (Cuneiform, 2015) Fluid Architecture (Cuneiform, 2020) References External links 1947 births Living people Military personnel from London People from Islington (district) Cuneiform Records artists English television composers English male composers English jazz guitarists English male guitarists English session musicians Nucleus (band) members British male jazz musicians RMS (band) members Black Lion Records artists",
"title": "Ray Russell (musician)"
},
{
"docid": "25385789",
"text": "Charles Marshall Pratt (March 5, 1939 – December 16, 2000) was an American rock climber known for big wall climbing first ascents in Yosemite Valley. He was also a long-time climbing instructor and mountain guide with Exum Mountain Guides in the Grand Tetons. Climbing career In August, 1958, Pratt completed the first ascent of the north face of Fairview Dome in Tuolumne Meadows in Yosemite National Park with Wally Reed, This climb, completed when Pratt was 19, is described as \"marvelously direct\" and a \"memorable climb\" in Fifty Classic Climbs of North America. In 1959, he completed the first ascent of the East Face of Washington Column (later called 'Astroman') in Yosemite Valley with Warren Harding and Glen Denny. In 1960, he made the second ascent of The Nose on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley, a route pioneered by Warren Harding in 1958. He climbed with Royal Robbins, Tom Frost and Joe Fitschen, and they made the climb in one continuous push lasting seven days. Robbins said it was \"the most magnificent and complete adventure of our lives.\" The first ascent had taken Harding's team 45 days of climbing spread over an 18-month period. On September 12, 1961, Tom Frost and Royal Robbins began the first ascent of the Salathé Wall on El Capitan, named for pioneer Yosemite climber John Salathé. Pratt was purchasing additional climbing equipment for the ascent during those first few days. Frost and Robbins spent two days establishing the first of the route, and then retreated to the valley floor, where they met up with Pratt, with whom they spent several more days pushing the route to above the valley floor. Once again, the climbers descended and resupplied. On September 19, they resumed the climb, and after days of intense vertical aid climbing they reached and surpassed \"The Roof\", a overhang. On September 24, the trio reached the summit. It had taken them a total of 11 days and 36 pitches of vertical climbing to finish the route, which is rated YDS VI, 5.10, A3. In October, 1963, he made the first free ascent of the Kor-Ingalls Route on Castleton Tower near Moab, Utah, with Steve Roper. In the summer of 1964, Pratt, Harding and Yvon Chouinard spent five days in an alpine-style ascent of the South Face of Mount Watkins, located up Tenaya Canyon, a side canyon of Yosemite Valley. The climb was completed in extreme heat with limited water supplies, leading to dehydration of the three climbers. Pratt wrote in the 1965 American Alpine Journal: \"By the fourth day, Yvon had lost so much weight from dehydration that he could lower his climbing knickers without undoing a single button. For the first time in seven years, I was able to remove a ring from my finger, and Harding, whose resemblance to the classical conception of Satan is legendary, took on an even more gaunt and sinister appearance.\" From October 22–31, 1964, with Robbins, Frost and Chouinard, Pratt made the first ascent of the North",
"title": "Chuck Pratt"
},
{
"docid": "7255193",
"text": "Beatrice Edney (born 23 October 1962) is an English television actress. Born in London, she is the daughter of actress Sylvia Syms and her husband Alan Edney. Her brother is Benjamin Edney and her cousin was musician Nick Webb. Edney first came to audiences' attention as Heather MacLeod in the 1986 film Highlander, the first entry in the Highlander series. She returned to the role again in the 2000 film Highlander: Endgame. In 1987, Edney performed the title role in the television production of The Dark Angel with Peter O'Toole. In 1990, she appeared in the Bruce Beresford film Mister Johnson, alongside Pierce Brosnan and Edward Woodward. Her many television appearances include a leading role in the 1986 television series Lost Empires, based on the novel by J. B. Priestley, in which she acted alongside Colin Firth. She has also appeared in episodes of a host of successful British television dramas such as Rosemary & Thyme, A Touch of Frost, Prime Suspect, Inspector Morse (and its spin-off, Lewis), Agatha Christie's Poirot (in the episode \"The Mysterious Affair at Styles\") and Wallander. In 1994, Edney played the role of Louisa Gradgrind in the television adaptation of Charles Dickens' Hard Times. In 1995, she had a starring role in the Channel 4 sitcom Dressing for Breakfast. In 2012, she played Queen Charlotte in The Madness of King George III at the Apollo Theatre, London. Other stage appearances have included The Girlfriend Experience at the Royal Court. Film and television appearances A Day at the Beach (1970) - Winnie Lost Empires (1986, TV series) - Nancy Ellis Highlander (1986) - Heather MacLeod Diary of a Mad Old Man (1987) - Simone (Marcel's daughter-in-law) A Handful of Dust (1988) - Marjorie Inspector Morse (1989, TV series, Episode: \"The Last Enemy\") - Deborah Burns The Dark Angel (1989, TV mini-series) - Maud Ruthyn Trouble in Paradise (1989) - Ann Kusters Frederick Forsyth Presents: Just Another Secret (1989, TV film) - Anneliese The Lilac Bus (1990, TV film) - Dee Mister Johnson (1990) - Celia Rudbeck Agatha Christie's Poirot (1990, TV series, Episode: \"The Mysterious Affair at Styles\" - Mary Cavendish In the Name of the Father (1993) - Carole Richardson Hard Times (1994, TV mini-series) - Louisa Gradgrind Mesmer (1994) - Marie Antoinette MacGyver: Trail to Doomsday (1994, TV film) - Natalia Prime Suspect (1995, TV series, Episode: \"The Lost Child\") - Susan Covington The Affair (1995, TV film) - Esther Thief Takers (1995–1996, TV series) - Cathy Worsley Dressing for Breakfast (1995–1998, TV series) - Louise The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1996, TV mini-series) - Annabella Bloodlines: Legacy of a Lord (1998) - Kate Manning Highlander: Endgame (2000) - Heather MacLeod Murder Rooms: Mysteries of the Real Sherlock Holmes (2001, TV series, Episode: \"The White Knight Stratagem\") - Lyla Milburn Animated Tales of the World (2002, TV series, Episode: \"King Solomon & the Bee\") - Queen of Sheba (voice) A Touch of Frost (2003, TV series, Episode: \"Hidden Truth\") - Sheila Hadley My Uncle",
"title": "Beatie Edney"
},
{
"docid": "2091618",
"text": "Max Frost and the Troopers were a fictional rock music group created for the exploitation film Wild in the Streets, released in 1968. The film featured Christopher Jones as the highly influential singer Max Frost. The songs performed by Frost and his band, a group that was never formally named in the film, were credited to Max Frost and the Troopers in the subsequent singles and album. The band name \"Troopers\" is based on the term \"troops,\" the designation Frost used in the film to refer to his friends and followers. A studio group appeared on the soundtrack album for the film, along with incidental music penned by Cynthia Weil and Barry Mann and composed by Les Baxter; however, the songs were not originally credited to Max Frost and the Troopers, but rather to The 13th Power (see following paragraph). Owing to the success of the song \"Shape of Things to Come\" as a single, an accompanying album by Max Frost and The Troopers, Shape of Things to Come, was issued on the Tower record label in 1968. Musicians playing on the album were at first believed to include members of Davie Allan and The Arrows (who also released the \"Shapes of Things to Come\" without lyrics) with lead vocals by Paul Wibier (who also wrote a majority of the songs on the album), however, it is now thought that the album was actually the work of Wibier's own group, the 13th Power, who had previously recorded for Curb under the name The Moms. The music is high-energy rock with some psychedelic touches. The group was produced by Harley Hatcher and Eddie Beram for Mike Curb Productions. Their first single was recorded with Curb's Tower subsidiary Sidewalk Records. Subsequent singles were taken from their album. Their final single, \"Sittin' in Circles,\" was performed in the film Three in the Attic by Davie Allan and the Arrows. The B-side of that single, \"Paxton Quigley's Had The Course,\" was a Chad & Jeremy composition. The soundtrack album for the 1968 film The Glory Stompers, starring Dennis Hopper, contains two additional songs credited to Max Frost and the Troopers: \"There's A Party Going On\" (which was released as their first single) and \"You Might Want Me Baby.\" Later, \"Wild In The Streets: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\" was released, which included the singles from the original \"Shape of Things to Come\" LP and an additional four songs: \"Wild in the Streets,\" \"Listen to Music,\" \"Love to Be Your Man,\" and \"Fourteen or Fight!\" A European release of the Shape of Things to Come album, released in 2014 on the Captain High label, includes the entirety of the Wild in the Streets soundtrack album as bonus tracks. Cultural historian Greil Marcus borrowed the Troopers' song title for his 2006 book \"The Shape of Things to Come: Prophecy & The American Voice.\" Discography Albums Shape of Things to Come Tower ST-5147 (1968) Singles \"There Is a Party Going On\" / \"Stomper's Ride\" Sidewalk 938 (1968) \"Shape",
"title": "Max Frost and the Troopers"
},
{
"docid": "1946330",
"text": "Jack Frost is the character from English folklore who personifies winter. Jack Frost may also refer to: People Jack Frost (footballer, born 1870) (1870–1935), Australian footballer Jack Frost (footballer, born 1920) (1920–1988), English professional footballer Jack Frost (footballer, born 1992), Australian footballer Jack Frost (musician) (born 1968), American guitarist Jack Frost (politician) (1911–1995), Australian politician John Frost (SAAF officer) (1918–1942), South African fighter ace John Carver Meadows Frost (1915–1979), aka Jack Frost, British aircraft designer for Avro Canada John W. Frost (born 1934), American academic and former tennis player Jack Frost, pseudonym of Bob Dylan (born 1941) as producer starting in the 1990s Bands Jack Frost (Australian band), Australian rock band Jack Frost (Austrian band), Austrian gothic band Arts and entertainment Jack Frost (1934 film), an animated short film produced by Ub Iwerks Jack Frost (1964 film), Russian film Jack Frost (TV special), a 1979 Rankin-Bass television special Jack Frost (1997 film), a 1997 horror film Jack Frost 2: Revenge of the Mutant Killer Snowman, the 2000 sequel to the above horror film Jack Frost (1998 film), a 1998 family film starring Michael Keaton Jack Frost (manhwa), a 2009 manhwa series by Go Jin Ho Jack Frost, an album from Australian band Jack Frost Fictional characters Jack Frost (comics) Jack Frost (Marvel Comics), pair of characters Jack Frost, a character in the Vertigo Comics series The Invisibles Jack Frost (Fables), a character in Jack of Fables Jack Frost, an Avon Comics character based on the folkloric figure Jack Frost (detective), central character in radio plays and novels by R.D. Wingfield and TV series A Touch of Frost Jack Frost (mascot), the unofficial mascot of Atlus, a Japanese computer and video game company Jack Frost, a minor character in the StarCraft expansion Insurrection Jack Frost, a character played by Martin Short in The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause Jack Frost, a character from the film Rise of the Guardians and the William Joyce book series on which it was based Jack Frost, the antagonist in Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book Jack Frost, antagonist of the Rainbow Magic book series Other uses Jack Frost Ski Resort, in the Poconos region of Pennsylvania, United States See also Frost (surname) John Frost (disambiguation)",
"title": "Jack Frost (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "2522239",
"text": "Rodney David Wingfield (6 June 1928 – 31 July 2007) was an English author and radio dramatist. He is best remembered for creating the character of Detective Inspector Jack Frost, who was later played by Sir David Jason in A Touch of Frost. Early life Rodney David Wingfield was born in Hackney, east London in 1928. He was educated at the Coopers' Company School and during the Second World War was evacuated to Frome, Somerset. Wingfield was exempted from National Service due to poor eyesight and had various office jobs in the East End before joining the Petrofina oil company. His first radio play, Our West Ladyton Branch was accepted by the BBC in 1968 and two more were then commissioned, at which point Wingfield resigned from his job. Inspector Frost In 1972, Macmillan Publishers invited him to write a book, and he wrote Frost at Christmas. This was rejected and not published until the early 1980s in Canada. Wingfield had originally planned to kill Frost in the first book, but he was persuaded instead to leave it as an open ending. Following this, two more Frost books were written: A Touch of Frost and Night Frost. In 1977 Frost appeared in a radio play called Three Days of Frost, in which Frost was played by Leslie Sands, a friend of Wingfield's. The books were first published in the United Kingdom in early 1989, and in 1992 Frost first appeared on television in A Touch of Frost, played by David Jason. Wingfield was never enthusiastic about the TV adaptation of his detective, once saying he had nothing against David Jason but \"he just isn't my Frost\". Hard Frost was published in 1995, followed by Winter Frost in 1999. Wingfield did not enjoy writing books, and much preferred writing radio scripts. In 20 years he wrote over 40 radio mystery plays, but stopped in 1988, with Hate Mail, due to the decline of radio and the success of his Frost books. As well as the many mystery plays, Wingfield also penned a comedy radio series, The Secret Life of Kenneth Williams, starring Kenneth Williams as a secret agent. Wingfield was a very private man, always avoiding book launches and publishing parties, and being rarely photographed. Other In 1982, Leslie Sands played Sergeant Fowler in Wingfield's BBC radio thriller Outbreak of Fear, a murder mystery set in the West Country. In 1987, Bob Peck starred in the Wingfield BBC radio drama Deadfall, about a demolition man whose past catches up with him. The 'winkle' postcard (sent by Inspector Frost) is most probably based on a Donald McGill seaside postcard. After a dispute with the BBC in 1984 he submitted a number of radio plays under the pseudonym \"Arthur Jefferson\", (the real name of Stan Laurel) one such play being The Killing Season broadcast in six-parts that same year and starring Sean Barrett, Michael Jenner, John Hollis, and Allan Cuthbertson; the serial was essentially a palimpsest of his earlier serial Outbreak of Fear.",
"title": "R. D. Wingfield"
},
{
"docid": "38923229",
"text": "Paul Moriarty (born 19 May 1946) is a British actor. He is best known for playing Det. Sgt. Jake Barrett in the ITV police series The Gentle Touch (1980–1984) and George Palmer in the BBC soap opera EastEnders (1996–1998). Known for having a strong cockney accent, Moriarty has often been cast in police or criminal roles and has played police officers in ten different television shows throughout his career. Life and career Moriarty was born and raised in London, England. His acting career began in the early-1970s when he had recurring roles in the drama serial Seven Days In The Life of Andrew Pelham (1971, part of the BBC's Thirty-Minute Theatre series), and in the 1972 ITV series Holly. He also made guest appearances in several popular television shows including Coronation Street, Z Cars and The Sweeney. He also appeared in Milk-O, a sitcom pilot written by Bob Grant in 1975. In 1980, Moriarty landed the role of Detective Sargeant Jake Barrett in the groundbreaking ITV police series The Gentle Touch, a role he played until 1984. After this he continued to play guest roles on established British television series such as Casualty, The Bill, Maigret and Wycliffe. Again playing a police officer, he had a recurring role as Sgt. Bill Wells in the ITV series A Touch of Frost. In 1995, he played Col. Forster in the BBC's acclaimed adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. The following year, he had a recurring role in the ITV crime drama series The Knock, before landing one of his best known roles as gangster George Palmer in the popular long-running BBC soap opera EastEnders. Moriarty's character appeared from 1 July 1996 until 8 December 1998, when his character was one of many axed by executive producer Matthew Robinson, following a dip in ratings. Since leaving EastEnders, Moriarty has continued to appear in television shows, including Doctors as Leonard Beaumont and George Grant, Holby City and Ashes To Ashes. Moriarty has often been cast in police or criminal roles, and has played a police officer in at least ten different British television series; Z Cars, The Gentle Touch, Between The Lines, A Touch of Frost, Maigret, Peak Practice, Expert Witness, Murder Most Horrid, Doctors and Ashes To Ashes. References External links English male film actors English male soap opera actors 1946 births Living people Male actors from London",
"title": "Paul Moriarty (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "32788562",
"text": "William Frost was a Welsh aviator. William Frost may also refer to: William Frost (MP) (died c.1408), MP for City of York William Edward Frost, English painter William Goodell Frost, Greek scholar and president of Berea College Jack Frost (detective) (William Edward Frost), fictional character in A Touch of Frost",
"title": "William Frost (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "1562935",
"text": "Mika Sue Boorem (; born August 18, 1987) is an American actress and filmmaker. She began her career as a child actress, appearing on television in small guest roles on Touched by an Angel and Ally McBeal, before earning critical acclaim for her performance in The Education of Little Tree (1997). After being cast in supporting roles in Jack Frost and Mighty Joe Young (both 1998), Boorem had a lead role in the drama Hearts in Atlantis (2001), opposite Anton Yelchin and Anthony Hopkins, which garnered her further critical acclaim. Boorem also had prominent supporting roles in the war drama The Patriot (2000) and the thriller Along Came a Spider (2001). She went on to star in numerous teen films in the early-to-mid 2000s, including the surf film Blue Crush (2002), the comedy Sleepover (2004), and the drama Augusta, Gone (2006). Boorem was a recurring guest star on the network series Dawson's Creek in 2002 and 2003. She had a central role in John Carpenter's horror film The Ward (2010), followed by roles in several independent films. Boorem made her feature film directorial debut with Hollywood.Con (2021), starring Tom Arnold and Brian Krause. Life and career Early life Boorem was born on August 18, 1987, at Carondelet St. Joseph's Hospital in Tucson, Arizona, to Holly (née Thomas) and Benjamin Boorem. She has one older brother, Benjamin Jr. Her father is a gemologist. She began acting in local theater in Arizona, and subsequently moved to Los Angeles with her family, where she attended Le Lycée Français de Los Angeles, a French-English bilingual school. Work as a child actress After appearing as herself in the direct-to-video of Disney Sing-Along Songs called Beach Party at Walt Disney World in 1995, Boorem had her first televised role in 1996 as a guest on the series Touched by an Angel. That was followed by a supporting part in The Education of Little Tree (1997), based on the controversial memoir of the same name by Forrest Carter. David Noh of Film Journal International deemed her performance as a young friend of the titular Cherokee character \"delightful.\" For her performance, she was nominated for a Young Artist Award. The same year, Boorem had a guest role playing the young Ally McBeal in the 1997 pilot episode. She also had a supporting role in A Walton Easter, a television film spin-off from The Waltons, which aired in the spring of 1997. She subsequently had a supporting role in the Christmas film Jack Frost (1998) starring Michael Keaton, for which she was nominated for a YoungStar Award for Best Actress in a Drama Film. She then had a part in Disney's live-action film Mighty Joe Young (1998), playing the young counterpart of Charlize Theron's character. She appeared on television again as a main cast member of the comedy series The Tom Show, which aired for one season between 1997 and 1998; in the series, she portrayed the daughter of a television producer, played by Tom Arnold. Also in 1998,",
"title": "Mika Boorem"
},
{
"docid": "42505385",
"text": "Henry Edward Sutton (born 8 September 1963) is a crime novelist. The author of nine works of fiction including My Criminal World (2013) and Get Me Out of Here (2011), he teaches Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia, where he is a Senior Lecturer and the co-director of the Master of Arts in Prose Fiction UEA Creative Writing Course. In 2004, he won the J.B.Priestley Award. Early life Sutton was born in Gorleston-on-Sea, Norfolk, to writer Belinda Brett and furniture maker Toby Sutton. Career In 1983, Sutton began a career in journalism with Eastern Counties Newspapers as a feature writer and reporter. In 1987, he joined Haymarket Publishing as desk editor, and by 1991 he was working at The European where he performed a number of roles: travel editor, deputy arts editor, feature writer. He has served as Books Editor at the Daily Mirror, and as Literary Editor at Esquire magazine UK. By 2008, Sutton was appointed as an Associate Creative Writing Tutor at the UEA, and in 2011, he was made a Senior Lecturer. He is also the director of the new Creative Writing MA Crime Fiction at UEA, and the founder of the Noirwich Crime Writing Festival. In 2009, he was writer-in-residence at the university's British Centre of Literary Translation. Sutton's first published work was Gorleston (1995), a novel about pensioner Percy Lanchester, a pensioner, struggling to come to terms with the death of his wife. Percy's life is turned upside down when he meets a notorious widow named Queenie. The Independent said this debut \"pulls off the stunning feat of humanizing an out-of-season seaside resort\". His second novel, Bank Holiday Monday (1997) was also set in Norfolk, in a rented windmill on the coast where five adults and a child gather to spend the long weekend. The Guardian has said the tale \"should be required reading for any middle-class couples considering renting a holiday home in Norfolk this summer\". The Househunter (1999) was described as \"gloriously original\" and \"unashamedly honest\" by British author and critic Julie Myerson. Flying (2001) focuses on seven characters crewing an airliner on a long-haul return flight between London and New York, and the repercussions of a wild crew party in the down route hotel. Writing in The Guardian, he said he decided to set the novel on a plane, \"thinking that an object capable of inspiring such powerful feelings in me would provide great source material\". Sutton's protagonist in Kids' Stuff (2005), his fifth book, is Mark – a practical man who is reunited with a long lost daughter, and is set in Norwich. His next book, First Frost (2011) was a collaborative effort with James Gurbutt. They co-authored the novel, which is set in Denton, Greater Manchester, in 1981, and illuminates Detective Sergeant Jack Frost's backstory. Actor David Jason, who played Jack Frost (detective) in A Touch of Frost, \"not only a gripping mystery, but an exclusive look at Jack Frost's early years.\" His eighth novel, Get Me Out",
"title": "Henry Sutton (novelist)"
},
{
"docid": "38236350",
"text": "Ripples of Desire (花漾, Hua Yang) is a 2012 Taiwanese film directed by Zero Chou. Plot The story is set on a floating island populated by pirates and lepers off the shores of 17th century Taiwan. There are two beautiful courtesans, White Snow and White Frost, who are the top attraction for at the establishment of businesswoman Moon. The sisters, known as the Rippling Sisters of Flower Street, are known for their flirtatious love duets. Men from everywhere vie for their hearts, ready to deflower them. Though they are twins, the sisters have very different personalities. While Snow is reserved and unyielding, Frost is wild and rebellious. Both guard a terrible secret. Affected by leprosy, the sisters must inflict a man with the illness to regain their own health. Meanwhile, a naive young music teacher named Wen arrives at Flower House to teach the girls new opera songs. Snow is told by Moon to inflict Wen, but the kind-hearted Snow, touched by his gentleness and talent, chose to sacrifice herself. Moon then had Frost replace Snow as the stage star and sure enough, Frost became the top courtesan in place of Snow. The ever practical Frost chides and ridicules Snow for jeopardizing everything they've sacrificed so much for. Meanwhile, even though Frost is in love with her platonic childhood friend (Scarface), she chose the rich and lustful merchant, Sir Li. In order to make her sister give up on her love, Frost plans a grand dynastic scheme to convince Snow that love is a fools game. The scheme entangles them with unscrupulous pirates, a philandering husband, a vindictive wife and kidnappings and murders. Cast Jerry Yan as Scarface Ivy Chen as White Frost Michelle Chen as White Snow Joe Cheng as Wen Simon Yam as Master Hai Sandra Ng as Madame Moon Li Xiaoran as Jen Mao Zijun as Sir Li Aviis Zhong as Maid Reception The film received mixed reviews. It flopped at the box office, merely grossing NT$3.8 million nationwide. References External links Ripples of Desire at Hong Kong Cinemagic Films directed by Zero Chou Taiwanese historical romance films Chinese historical romance films 2010s historical romance films 2010s Mandarin-language films",
"title": "Ripples of Desire"
},
{
"docid": "58506851",
"text": "Touching the Void is a play written by David Greig, based on the book of the same name by Joe Simpson. It made its world premiere at the Bristol Old Vic in September 2018, before embarking on a short UK and international tour. The play centres on the true story of Joe Simpson and Simon Yates, climb of the 6,344-metre west face of the Siula Grande in the Peruvian Andes in 1985. Production history Touching the Void has been adapted for the stage by David Greig, based on the 1988 book of the same name by Joe Simpson. The book was previously adapted into a docudrama survival film in 2003. On 8 November 2017, it was announced the play would receive its world premiere the following year and would begin previews at the Bristol Old Vic on 8 September 2018, with an official opening night on 18 September, booking for a limited period until 6 October. The production marked the reopening of the venue following refurbishment. The play is directed by the Artistic Director of Bristol Old Vic Tom Morris, with movement direction by Sasha Milavic Davies, design by Ti Green, lighting design by Chris Davey and composition and sound design by Jon Nicholls. Following its premiere production Touching the Void embarked on a tour to the Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh and Royal & Derngate, Northampton with whom it was a coproduction. Following its opening night in Bristol it was announced the play would also tour to Hong Kong City Hall, Hong Kong, Perth Theatre, Perth and Eden Court Theatre, Inverness. A typical performance runs two hours and forty minutes, including one interval of 30 mins. Following completion of the tour Touching the Void transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre in London's West End for a limited run, running from 9 November 2019 until 29 February 2020. The script of Touching the Void was published by Faber and Faber on 6 September 2018. Following the closure of the theatre due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the play will be revived at the Bristol Old Vic from 26 to 29 May 2021, where performances will be presented live to both a socially distanced audience as well as broadcast online. Synopsis The play is set in 1985, on Siula Grande in the Peruvian Andes. It follows Joe Simpson and Simon Yates as they climb the west face of the Siula Grande, becoming the first climbers to reach the summit using the west face. Descending down the north ridge tragedy struck as Simpson slipped down an ice cliff, breaking his right leg. With Simpson incapacitated Yates lowered Simpson off the North Ridge by tying two 150-foot lengths of rope together to make one rope. With worsening conditions, frost bite and complications with the knots Yates inadvertently lowered Simpson off a cliff and Simpson accidentally dropped one of the cords required to ascend the rope. Simpson could not climb up the rope, Yates could not pull him back up, the cliff was too high",
"title": "Touching the Void (play)"
},
{
"docid": "36443385",
"text": "A Touch of Cloth is a British television comedy series created and written by Charlie Brooker and Daniel Maier, shown on Sky One. A parody of British police procedural dramas, it stars John Hannah as Jack Cloth, a police detective with personal problems, and Suranne Jones as Anne Oldman, his colleague. The title is a play on the title of the detective series A Touch of Frost and the British euphemism \"touching cloth\". The DVD of the first series was released in the UK on 3 September 2012, and the second and third series were released on 1 September 2014. Cast John Hannah as D.I. Jack Cloth Suranne Jones as D.C/D.I. Anne Oldman Julian Rhind-Tutt as A.C.C. Tom Boss Navin Chowdhry as D.C. Asap Qureshi Adrian Bower as D.S. Des Hairihan Daisy Beaumont as Dr. Natasha Sachet Todd Carty as D.C. Todd Carty (Series 1–2) Karen Gillan as D.C. Kerry Newblood (Series 3) Series overview Episodes Series 1 (2012) Guest stars in this series include Raquel Cassidy as Claire Hawkchurch; Theo Barklem-Biggs as Darren Crossway; Brian Cox as Bill Ball and Kate Fleetwood as Kate Cloth. Series 2 (2013) Guest stars in this series include Anna Chancellor as Hope Goodgirl; Stephen Dillane as Macratty; Gwyneth Powell as Mrs McClusky; and guest appearances from Graham Cole, Peter Dean, Konnie Huq, Rufus Hound and Richard Osman. Series 3 (2014) Guest stars in this series include Jessie Morell as Ivy Branch and Adrian Dunbar as Damien Vull. Series 4 A joke trailer for the fourth series ended the last episode of series three. John Hannah claimed, in 2015, that the series has been cancelled. \"I imagine that's dead. I think it's been too long. I loved that show. Charlie wanted to do more, everyone did. It was Sky I guess. There might have been something to do with the negotiations, I don't know. We did the first one, then they wanted a lot more and Charlie wasn't sure he could sustain it over twelve episodes. So we did two more and then by the third one, they had figured out what they were doing. I think it's dead, it's a couple of years since we did that now. Normally when these things go, they go pretty quickly because people have other commitments, and Charlie is busy. It's a real shame. I doubt I'll be playing DI McDoodah for the next few years!\" Critical reception A Touch of Cloth received mixed reviews. In its review of the first series, The Guardian wrote that the show is \"stuffed to the rafters with jokes\", noting the variety of both good and bad jokes. Radio Times also commented on the hit-and-miss nature of the show: \"while a lot of [the jokes] don’t stick ... when it’s funny, it’s deliriously so.\" Series 2 received a similar critical response, with Time Out giving 3 out of 5 stars to the first episode and 2 out of 5 stars to the second episode. Again the show was both criticised and",
"title": "A Touch of Cloth"
},
{
"docid": "2489779",
"text": "Frost may refer to two distinct weather phenomena: Frost (temperature), a value of air temperature less or equal than the freezing point of water (0 °C, 32 °F) Frost, a solid deposition of ice on surfaces and objects Frost may also refer to: People Frost (surname) David Frost (1939–2013), British broadcaster and presenter Nick Frost, English comedian and actor Robert Frost, an American poet Places United States Frost, Louisiana, an unincorporated community Frost, Minnesota, a town Frost, Ohio, an unincorporated community Frost, Texas, a city Frost, West Virginia, an unincorporated community Frost Township, Michigan, United States Elsewhere Frost (crater), a lunar crater Entertainment Music Performers Frost (Australian band), a pop rock band Frost (Norwegian band), an electronica band Frost (musician), Kjetil-Vidar Haraldstad, Norwegian drummer for Satyricon Frost (rapper), American rapper Frost*, an English neo-progressive rock supergroup The Frost, a late-1960s American psychedelic rock band Albums Frost (album), an album by Enslaved Frost (Monofader album) Other media Frost (collection), stories by Donald Wandrei featuring detective I.V. Frost Frost (comics), a character from the Noble Causes series published by Image Comics Frost (Mortal Kombat), a character in the Mortal Kombat fighting game series Frost, a 6th Universe counterpart of Frieza in the Dragon Ball Super manga and anime Mary Elizabeth Bartowski, code named \"Frost\" in the U.S. TV series Chuck Emma Frost or simply Frost, a character from Marvel Comics Frost (Bernhard novel), a novel by Thomas Bernhard Frost (Bailey novel), a novel by Robin Wayne Bailey Frost (2017 film), a Lithuanian film Frost (2012 film), a Canadian short drama film Killer Frost, the name of 2 fictional villains in DC Comics Tina \"Frost\" Lin Tsang, a playable Operator in Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege Frost, a playable character in Warframe A Touch of Frost, a British television show about a police detective A Touch of Frost (novel), a 1987 crime novel Other uses Frost House (disambiguation), any of several places Frost Art Museum at Florida International University Frost heaving, the process by which the freezing of water-saturated soil causes the deformation and upward thrust of the ground surface Frost National Bank, a bank based in San Antonio, Texas, USA Frostenden, Suffolk, England See also Frosting (disambiguation) Frosty (disambiguation) Jack Frost (disambiguation)",
"title": "Frost (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "1014383",
"text": "Susannah Doyle (born 5 July 1966) is an English actress, notable for her roles as Joy Merryweather in Drop The Dead Donkey (1991–1998), and as Avril Burke in Ballykissangel (2001). Her other credits include Scandal (1989), The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993), A Touch of Frost (1997), Midsomer Murders, Don't Go Breaking My Heart (1999), About a Boy (2002), episode \"The Fisher King\" (2004), The Revenge Files of Alistair Fury (2008), \"Shut Up and Dance\", from Black Mirror (2016), Josh (TV series) (2016), and The Last Vermeer (2020). Early life The daughter of the Irish actor Tony Doyle, she realised that she wished to follow in his footsteps when, aged about five or six, she was taken to see him work, often in tiny theatres with audience and actors close together. She trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Career Her big TV break came in 1991 with the role of Joy, the intelligent, acid-tongued secretary and foil to her corporate-speak boss, in the Channel 4 comedy Drop The Dead Donkey. Other TV roles followed, including Minder in 1994, two episodes of Soldier, Soldier in 1996 and A Touch of Frost in 1997. When her father died in 2000, the producers of Ballykissangel asked whether she would join the cast. She had reservations over her ability to cope emotionally but took on the part of Avril Burke in 2001. In 2001, she also appeared in an episode of Cold Feet and one of Pie in the Sky. In 2004, she guest starred as Vanessa Stone in Midsomer Murders, episode \"The Fisher King\" (2004). In 2008, she starred as Celia Fury in the CBBC television series The Revenge Files of Alistair Fury, which won won the BAFTA for Best Children's Drama Award. In 2010 she appeared in \"Your Sudden Death Question\", S4:E3 of Lewis. In 2012 she appeared in an episode of police comedy Vexed. In October 2013, she appeared in Sarah Rutherford's Adult Supervision at Park Theatre (London). In 2016, she appeared in \"Shut Up and Dance\", an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror. Director Doyle started as a film director in 2005, writing and directing the short film New Religion. Filmography Scandal (1989) ... Jackie Drop The Dead Donkey (1991–1998) ... Joy Merryweather The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993) ... Maggie Lemass Don't Go Breaking My Heart (1999) ... Diane Ballykissangel (2001) ... Avril Burke About a Boy (2002) ... Bitter Ex-Girlfriend Midsomer Murders - The Fisher King (2004) ... Vanessa Stone The Revenge Files of Alistair Fury ... Celia Fury A Congregation of Ghosts (2009) .... Barbara Baxter Black Mirror: \"Shut Up and Dance\" (2016) .... Blackmailed Woman Josh (TV series) (2016) The Last Vermeer (2020)... Johana References External links 1966 births Living people Actors from the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Actresses from London Alumni of Richmond upon Thames College Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art English film actresses English film directors English film producers English people of",
"title": "Susannah Doyle"
},
{
"docid": "4771728",
"text": "Night Frost is a novel by R. D. Wingfield in the popular series featuring Detective Inspector Jack Frost, coarse, crude, slapdash – and holder of the George Cross. The novel was filmed for the ITV detective series A Touch of Frost. Plot introduction A serial killer is terrorizing the senior citizens of Denton, and the local police are succumbing to a flu epidemic. Tired and demoralized, the force has to contend with a seemingly perfect young couple suffering arson attacks and death threats, a suspicious suicide, burglaries, pornographic videos, poison-pen letters... In uncertain charge of the investigations is Detective Inspector Jack Frost, crumpled, slapdash and foul-mouthed as ever. He tries to cope despite inadequate back-up, but there is never enough time; the unsolved crimes pile up and the vicious killings go on. So Frost has to cut corners and take risks, knowing that his divisional commander will throw him to the wolves if anything goes wrong. And for Frost, things always go wrong... Release details 1992, UK, Constable (), Pub date ? March 1992, hardback (First edition) 1992, UK, Corgi Books (), Pub date ? December 1992, paperback 1993, UK, Magna Large Print Books (), Pub date ? December 1993, hardback 1995, USA, Crimeline, Bantam Books (), Pub date ? May 1995, paperback 1997, UK, Corgi Adult (), Pub date ? January 1997, paperback 1998, UK, ISIS Audio Books (), Pub date ? March 1998, audio book (Complete & Unabridged) 2000, UK, ISIS Audio Books (), Pub date ? August 2000, audio book 2005, UK, Corgi Books (), Pub date ? July 2005, audio book 1992 British novels British crime novels Constable & Robinson books British novels adapted into television shows",
"title": "Night Frost"
},
{
"docid": "2365356",
"text": "James Evander Munro Yuill (born 13 February 1956) is a Scottish actor. He is a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and later joined the Renaissance Theatre Company. He has appeared in many of Kenneth Branagh's films, most recently as Edward Woolmer in the 2018 film All Is True. Yuill was also the music composer for A Midwinter's Tale and Swan Song. He is best known for the character Detective Inspector Doug Kersey in the popular British television series Wycliffe. He was in every episode except the last two in Season 5. The series was cancelled after that because Jack Shepherd refused to continue in the title role when the producers had sacked Yuill \"for insurance reasons\" after he contracted life-threatening meningitis during filming, and then would not reinstate him even though he made a full recovery. In June 2006, Yuill made his first appearance in EastEnders as the recurring character Victor Brown. In October 2007, he took the lead in Sophocles' Antigone as Creon, King of Thebes at The Tron Theatre, Glasgow. In 2010, he was nominated for the award of Best Male Performance for his role in a play adaption of the Testament of Cresseid by the Critics Award for Theatre in Scotland. Yuill has worked as a performance consultant on a number of productions, and also as a producer. Selected roles The Mackinnons (1977, TV series) as Tom Stewart A Sense of Freedom (1977, film) as Dunkie Death Watch (1978, film) Square Mile of Murder (1980, TV series) Play for Today: The Good Time Girls (1981, TV play) as Finlayson Andrina (1981, TV play) as Stanley Mindrape (1982, play at the Sheffield Crucible and Greenwich Theatres) People V Scott (1982, TV movie) as Kevin Gourlay The World Cup: A Captain's Tale (1982, TV movie) (uncredited) Objects of Affection (1982, TV series) as Charles Local Hero (1983, film) as Iain, the man who asks Mac for his autograph near the end of the film Boon (1987–1992, TV series) as Eric Eurocops (1988, TV series) as McCulloch Henry V (1989, film) as Jamy Paper Mask (1990, film) as Alec Moran Much Ado About Nothing (1993, film) as the Friar Grushko (1994, TV series) as Chazov Alleyn Mysteries (1994–1995, TV series) as Angus Findlay Frankenstein (1994, film) Hamish Macbeth (1994, TV series) as Lachlan McRae (Series 1) A Mugs Game (1995, TV series) as Alan Wycliffe (1994–1998, TV series) as DI Doug Kersey Casualty (1998, TV series) as Donald Mallett Psychos (1999, TV miniseries) Monsignor Renard (2000, TV series) as Malo Gagnepain Strictly Sinatra (2000, film) Brotherly Love (2000, TV series) as Callum Schneider's 2nd Stage (2001, film short) as Detective Chief Inspector A Touch of Frost (2003, TV) as Charles Lightfoot in \"Close Encounters\" Murphy's Law (2004, TV series) as Miller Davidson, arms smuggler Ladies in Lavender (2004, film) as Constable Timmins The Inspector Lynley Mysteries (2005, TV series) as PC Garrett in In Divine Proportion Dalziel and Pascoe (2006, TV series) as Robert MacAlpine in \"Guardian Angel\" As",
"title": "Jimmy Yuill"
},
{
"docid": "49370424",
"text": "The Robert Frost Farm, also known as \"The Gully\", is a historic farm property on Buck Hill Road in South Shaftsbury, Vermont. The 1790 farmstead was purchased in 1929 by poet Robert Frost, and served as his primary residence until 1938. During this period of residency, Frost was awarded two Pulitzer Prizes for his poetry. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1968; its landmark designation was withdrawn in 1986 after its private owners made alterations that destroyed important historic elements of the property. Description and history The former Frost Farm is located in southern Shaftsbury, a rural community in southwestern Vermont, on the south side of Buck Hill Road, roughly midway between United States Route 7 and Vermont Route 7A. It consists of with a mix of fields and woods, with the main farm complex set on a drumlin with views to the north. The main house is a 1-1/2 story Cape, built about 1790, but altered somewhat by Frost after his purchase, and further altered by later owners. Also on the property are a barn and two smaller frame structures, the latter both used by Frost as writing studios. The farm was purchased by Robert Frost in 1929, and was probably occupied by the family in 1930. Although it was the Frosts primary residence, it was generally only occupied by them on weekends and summers, when Frost's academic duties made it possible. Frost did a significant amount of writing while living here, and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1931 and 1937. After Frost's wife died in 1938, he spent much less time here. The property remained in the family until 1963, when it was sold to artist Kenneth Noland, who maintained it in sympathy to the Frost history. During his ownership period, the property was designated a National Historic Landmark, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A subsequent owner made incompatible alterations to the property in 1984, and the Park Service withdrew its landmark designation two years later. It remains listed on the National Register. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Bennington County, Vermont List of National Historic Landmarks in Vermont References Commercial buildings completed in 1790 Buildings and structures in Shaftsbury, Vermont Former National Historic Landmarks of the United States Robert Frost National Register of Historic Places in Bennington County, Vermont",
"title": "Robert Frost Farm (South Shaftsbury, Vermont)"
},
{
"docid": "17678624",
"text": "Richard Calabro (born 14 April 1979) is a Yorkshire born actor who began his career in the children's TV drama The Ward, playing 'prankster' Digger Reily, until the character was eventually written out of the series in 1992. More recently, Calabro starred with Angela Griffiths in award-winning hospital drama Holby City. Some other television credits include: Woof!, Mike & Angelo, Press Gang, Rosemary and Thyme, The Bill, Band of Gold, Mother Love, Casualty, My Hero, Emmerdale, Doctors, Seven Sisters, Seven Brothers, Macbeth (BBC 2001), Taggart, Caitlin's Way (HBO), A Touch of Frost, Little Boy Lost and Lear's Children. Calabro made his stage debut in Boy George's hit musical Taboo in 2002 and also starred in the same show on the U.K No 1 tour in 2003. Selected Appearances Holby City Taggart The Bill Caitlin's Way Life Support A Touch of Frost Band of Gold Casualty Woof! Press Gang Children's Ward Mother Love References 1979 births Living people Male actors from Yorkshire English male child actors English male television actors English people of Italian descent",
"title": "Richard Calabro"
},
{
"docid": "49283097",
"text": "Jo Frost: Nanny On Tour is an American short-lived reality television series, themed around parenting skills, hosted by British nanny Jo Frost. The series ran for 10 1-hour long episodes from January to March 2016 on Up TV. Jo Frost also serves as a producer on the show. Background The series uses a similar theme that was used in Supernanny, which has Frost traveling to a new city each week and work with one family that desperately needs her expertise. Prior to her arrival, Frost monitors the family's behavior from her mobile RV office through the use of surveillance cameras through the consent of the family after they agree to have it placed throughout their home. Once she sees their weaknesses and errors, Frost helps the families come up with tools and techniques in order to improve their parenting skills, maintain their discipline and relationship with their children, and to keep in touch through progress reports. In addition, Frost also travels to communities where she seeks out help from people looking for advice from family issues to becoming better parents. Production The series' format was based on a Dutch version that Frost did for RTL 4 in 2015. The concept was later picked up by Up TV in September 2015. Frost also wanted to move away from the Supernanny image by adopting a contemporary look: \"It was really important to be able to think what kind of format I can develop to allow me to be the staple in a family's home,\" Frost said, \"and be able to look at a wider spectrum of issues we see in 21st century modern parenting.\" Episodes (This section is unfinished, you can help finish it by finding more details about these Episodes and edit their descriptions) International broadcast In the United Kingdom, the series aired on Quest Red in March 2017. References External links (UPtv) 2010s American reality television series 2016 American television series debuts 2016 American television series endings American English-language television shows American television series based on Dutch television series Parenting television series Works about child care occupations",
"title": "Jo Frost: Nanny On Tour"
},
{
"docid": "12227576",
"text": "Die Another Day is the soundtrack for the 20th James Bond film of the same name, and was released by Warner Bros. Records on November 12, 2002. Arnold made use of electronic rhythm elements in his score, and included two of the new themes he created for The World Is Not Enough. The first, originally used as Renard's theme for the previous film, is heard during the mammoth \"Antonov\" cue on the recording, and is written for piano. The second new theme, most easily described as Bond's romance theme, is heard here on the \"Going Down Together\" track. There is also a second romance theme in \"Die Another Day\" which was previously used on The World Is Not Enough soundtrack titled \"Christmas in Turkey\", and can be heard during the Moneypenny/Bond virtual sequence. In November 2017, La La Land Records released a limited expanded edition containing previously unreleased music. The album received mixed to negative reviews. Track listing \"Die Another Day\" – Performed by Madonna \"James Bond Theme (Bond vs. Oakenfold)\" – David Arnold featuring Paul Oakenfold \"On the Beach\" \"Hovercraft Chase\" \"Some Kind of Hero?\" \"Welcome to Cuba\" \"Jinx Jordan\" \"Jinx and James\" \"A Touch of Frost\" \"Icarus\" \"Laser Fight\" \"Whiteout\" \"Iced Inc.\" \"Antonov\" \"Going Down Together\" Expanded edition Disc 1 On the Beach (extended version)** 3:56 Bond Meets Moon*/Hovercrafts* 2:16 How Do You Intend to Kill Me Now, Mr. Bond?* 2:02 Hovercraft Chase 3:48 Bond to Jail* 0:49 Some Kind of Hero? 4:32 Kiss of Life* 4:46 Peaceful Fountains of Desire* 1:05 What's In it For You?*/Cuba* 1:21 Cuban Car* 0:50 Jinx Jordan 1:28 Jinx & James 2:03 Wheelchair Access* 2:22 Jinx, James and Genes* 5:14 Gustav Graves’ Grand Entrance* 1:34 Blades* 3:12 Bond Gets the Key*/Virtual Reality* 2:01 The Vanish*/Bond Goes to Iceland* 2:10 The Explanation* 1:36 Icarus 1:23 Ice Spy* 3:00 A Touch of Frost 1:50 Laser Fight 4:36 It Belongs to His Boss*/Double Agent* 2:34 Whiteout 4:55 Bond Kidnaps Skidoo* 2:29 Iced Inc. 3:08 Ice Palace Car Chase* 4:57 Disc 2 Switchblades* 3:23 Antonov 11:51 Antonov Gets It* 3:20 Moneypenny Gets It* 1:11 Going Down Together 1:32 Additional Music On the Beach 2:50 Hovercraft Chase (film version)** 3:47 Some Kind of Hero? (film version)** 4:32 Peaceful Fountains of Desire (alternate ending)* 1:06 What's In it For You? (orchestra only)* 0:41 Welcome to Cuba 2:07 Jinx Jordan (orchestra only)** 1:28 Jinx & James (film version)** 2:07 Wheelchair Access (original version)* 2:22 Party Trick (source)* 1:37 A Touch of Frost (film version)** 1:50 Laser Fight (film version)** 4:38 Whiteout (full mix)** 4:55 Antonov (film version)** 11:51 James Bond Will Return* 3:54 (*) Previously unreleased (**) Contains previously unreleased material In popular culture South Korean figure skater Kim Yuna used the track \"Going Down Together\" as part of her James Bond Medley short program for the 2009–2010 season. The James Bond Medley program was also used at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada, where Kim went on to win a gold medal. See also James Bond music",
"title": "Die Another Day (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "67550332",
"text": "The Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts at the Presidential Convocation and Groundbreaking for the Robert Frost Library is a speech delivered by United States President John F. Kennedy about the arts and liberal education in honor of the American poet Robert Frost to the students and faculty of Amherst College, a liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts, on October 26, 1963. Kennedy was assassinated 27 days after delivering the speech. The speech marked the dedication of the Robert Frost Memorial Library at Amherst College, Frost had died in January 1963. Background Kennedy and his military escorts arrived at Amherst's Memorial Field in three helicopters at 11:30 am. Kennedy and the poet Archibald MacLeish were awarded honorary Doctor of Law degrees by Plimpton at the convocation ceremony. Kennedy and MacLeish both gave speeches. at the ceremony. Following the ceremony Kennedy rode to the groundbreaking event for the new Robert Frost Memorial Library in an open-topped motorcade with the President of Amherst College, Calvin Plimpton. MacLeish said in his speech that \"The people of this countryside may forget in ordinary human course what anyone says on this occasion, but they will remember, for many, many years that a young and gallant President of the United States, with the weight of history heavy upon his shoulders, somehow found time to come to our small corner of the world to talk of books and men and learning\". Supporters of Kennedy's position on civil rights held a silent vigil in front of the Kirby Theatre. The event attracted wide media coverage. 130 members of the media were in attendance with 40 members of the White House Press staff and 70 technicians. A documentary film, JFK: The Last Speech, was made in 2018 about the speech and Kennedy's visit to Amherst. The speech Kennedy's speech was 15 minutes in length. The JFK Library wrote that Kennedy spoke of the \"role of the artist in society\" the \"nature of strength and power\" and the \"importance of public service from educated citizens\". Kennedy spoke of Robert Frost's life in American poetry and his contributions to American culture. Kennedy said that \"When power leads men towards arrogance, poetry reminds him of his limitations. When power narrows the areas of man's concern, poetry reminds him of the richness and diversity of existence. When power corrupts, poetry cleanses\". References External links JFK Library - Audio of Kennedy's remarks National Endowment for the Arts - President John F. Kennedy: Remarks at Amherst College, October 26, 1963 - Transcript 1963 in Massachusetts 1963 in the United States 1963 in the arts 1963 speeches Amherst College October 1963 events in the United States Presidency of John F. Kennedy Robert Frost Speeches by John F. Kennedy",
"title": "Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts"
},
{
"docid": "31458329",
"text": "The 1989 Grand National (officially known as the Seagram Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 143rd renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 8 April 1989. The race was won in a time of 10 minutes 6.9 seconds and by a distance of 7 lengths by Irish 12-year-old Little Polveir, ridden by jockey Jimmy Frost. West Tip was second and The Thinker finished third. Fourteen of the 40 runners completed the course. The winner had been sold by a four-way partnership six weeks before the race to Edward Harvey. It was Little Polveir's fourth attempt at the Grand National; he was sent off at odds of 28/1. Jockey Frost's son, Hadden, attempted to emulate his father's victory 22 years later by riding Calgary Bay in the 2011 Grand National; he fell at the fourth fence. Jimmy Frost's daughter, Bryony, then rode in the 2018 Grand National on Milansbar; she came in fifth place. There were two equine fatalities during the race, both at Becher's Brook. The deaths came two years after the dramatic fatal fall of the popular grey Dark Ivy at Becher's in 1987. Following an outcry, Aintree took significant measures to reduce the severity of the fence. The main race was seen by a record Grand National crowd at Aintree, with 74,189 people in attendance, over 8,500 more than the previous year, and it would not be until the Monday race of 1997 that a larger crowd would attend the main race day. Leading contenders Dixton House was backed down from 33/1 to 7/1 favourite after he won the National Hunt Handicap Chase at Cheltenham a few weeks before Aintree, helping his rider, Tom Morgan, to the leading rider's trophy at the festival in the process. Morgan, having his fifth ride in the Grand National, took the favourite to the front going to Becher's Brook for the first time, only to crumple on landing and exit the contest. Dixton House only ever returned to a racecourse once more, in January 1990, when he pulled up lame and was subsequently retired while Morgan also never raced in the National again. Durham Edition had been prepared by trainer Arthur Stephenson specifically with the Grand National in mind after his second-place finish the previous year. A proven ability to be at the business end of the National ensured plenty of public support to be sent off at 15/2. In addition, he was to be partnered, as last year, by Chris Grant, jointly the most experienced rider in the race, weighing out for his ninth National. The pair ran what was considered at the time by many in racing to be a textbook Grand National: hunting around the first circuit in mid-division before gradually moving through the field on the second; always in touch, they moved into the rear of a leading group of seven at the Canal Turn on the second circuit, tracking the group until moving up onto the",
"title": "1989 Grand National"
},
{
"docid": "41147481",
"text": "Jennifer Estep is an American author of urban fantasy and paranormal romance novels under Pocket Books. She is most known for the Mythos Academy and Elemental Assassin series. In 2018 she began publication of her new Crown of Shards epic fantasy series with Harper Voyager. Book List Black Blade Cold Burn of Magic (Book 1) (Apr 28, 2015) Dark Heart of Magic (Book 2) (Oct 27, 2015) Bright Blaze of Magic (Book 3) (Apr 26, 2016) Elemental Assassin Spider's Bite (Book 1) (Jan 26, 2010) Web of Lies (Book 2) (May 25, 2010) Venom (Book 3) (Sep 28, 2010) Tangled Threads (Book 4) (Apr 26, 2011) Spider's Revenge (Book 5) (Sep 27, 2011) Thread of Death (E-Novella 5.5) (Jan 31, 2012) By a Thread (Book 6) (Feb 28, 2012) Widow's Web (Book 7) (Aug 21, 2012) Deadly Sting (Book 8) (Mar 26, 2013) Kiss of Venom (E-Novella 8.5) (Jul 22, 2013) Heart of Venom (Book 9) (Aug 27, 2013) The Spider (Book 10) (Dec 24, 2013) Poison Promise (Book 11) (July 22, 2014) Black Widow (Book 12) (2014) Spider's Trap (Book 13) (2015) Bitter Bite (Book 14) (2016) Unwanted (Novella 14.5) (2016) Unraveled (Book 15) (2016) Nice Guys Bite (Novella 15.5) (2016) Snared (Book 16) (2017) Venom in the Veins (Book 17) (2018) Winters Web (Novella 17.5) (2019) Sharpest Sting (Book 18) (2020) Last Strand (Book 19) (2021) Bigtime Karma Girl (Book 1) by Estep, Jennifer (Jul 1, 2008) Hot Mama (Book 2) by Estep, Jennifer (Nov 6, 2007) Jinx (Book 3) by Estep, Jennifer (Jul 11, 2011) A Karma Girl Christmas (E-Novella 3.5) (Sep 24, 2011) Nightingale (Book 4) (Jul 12, 2012) Fandemic (Book 5) (Jun 2015) Mythos Academy First Frost (0.5 Prequel E-Story) (Jul 1, 2011) Touch of Frost (Book 1) (Jul 26, 2011) Kiss of Frost (Book 2) (Nov 29, 2011) Dark Frost (Book 3) (Jun 1, 2012) Crimson Frost (Book 4) (Dec 24, 2012) Spartan Frost (E-Novella 4.5) (Jun 25, 2013) Midnight Frost (Book 5) (Jul 30, 2013) Killer Frost (Book 6) (Feb 25, 2014) Spartan Heart (Colorado 1) (Dec 5, 2017) Spartan Promise (Colorado 2) (Jan 15, 2019) Spartan Destiny (Colorado 3) (forthcoming) Crown of Shards Kill the Queen (2018) Protect the Prince (2019) Crush the King (2020) Section 47 a Sense of Danger (Jul 20, 2021) Sugar Plum Spies (upcoming 2022) Other Carniepunk anthology, by Rachel Caine, Jennifer Estep, Kevin Hearne, Seanan McGuire, and Rob Thurman Carniepunk: Parlor Tricks by Jennifer Estep (Jun 3, 2013) External links http://www.jenniferestep.com/ References Urban fantasy writers Living people Year of birth missing (living people) American women novelists American fantasy writers American women science fiction and fantasy writers 21st-century American women",
"title": "Jennifer Estep"
},
{
"docid": "19034476",
"text": "Jean Heywood (born Jean Murray; 15 July 1921 – 14 September 2019) was a British actress. Born in Blyth, Northumberland, in July 1921, Heywood appeared in films such as Billy Elliot and Our Day Out. Her TV work included roles in When the Boat Comes In, All Creatures Great and Small, Boys from the Blackstuff, Family Affairs, The Bill and Casualty. In 2005, she starred alongside Richard Briers and Kevin Whately in a drama called Dad on BBC One as part of Comic Relief's Elder Abuse campaign. In 2010 Heywood made a guest appearance in the ITV series Married Single Other. Career Heywood appeared in many roles, mainly in television but also in films such as Billy Elliot. Personal life At age six, Heywood moved with her parents, Jack and Elsie, to New Zealand. Her mother died less than six months later, and the family returned to the UK. Heywood died in September 2019 at the age of 98. Her husband, Roland, had predeceased her (in 1996). They had two children together, and Heywood had another from an earlier relationship. Filmography When the Boat Comes In (1976–77) as Bella Seaton Our Day Out (1977) as Mrs Kay Emmerdale Farm (1978) as Phyllis Acaster Boys from the Blackstuff (1982) E5 \"George’s Last Ride\" as Mary Malone. No Place Like Home (1984) as Lillian (Beryl's mother) Dalgliesh (TV series) Cover Her Face (1985) as Martha A Very Peculiar Practice (1986) as Lillian Hubbard Miss Marple: Sleeping Murder (1987) as Edie Pagett All Creatures Great and Small (1990) as Mrs Alton The Glass Virgin as Amy A Touch of Frost (1997) Episode: No Other Love, as Olive Walters Hetty Wainthropp Investigates (1998) S4:E3 \"Digging for Dirt\" as Enid Weston Billy Elliot (2000) as Grandma Brookside (2000) as Kitty Hilton Heartbeat (1995) S5 Episode 6 as Hilda Openshaw. We're All Allies Really. References External links 1921 births 2019 deaths 20th-century English actresses 21st-century English actresses Actresses from Northumberland English television actresses People from Blyth, Northumberland",
"title": "Jean Heywood"
},
{
"docid": "8301408",
"text": "Matthew Arthur Bardock was born in 1969 in Croydon. He is an English actor who is known for playing Jeff Collier in Casualty, DS Clive Barnard in A Touch of Frost, DS Davey Higgins in The Coroner, Albie in The Lakes, Mark Craig in New Blood and DS Simon Morgan in Manhunt: The Nightstalker. Career Bardock made his television debut in 1992, when he appeared in Prime Suspect and the following year, he appeared in Casualty as a leading gang member who set fire to the ED. In 1995, Bardock appeared in the stage production of Mojo by Jez Butterworth at the Royal Court Theatre. Bardock came to notice for his role as DC Clive Barnard in the British television series A Touch of Frost. His character was the nephew of the Chief Constable. While many believe he had only got into CID through his family connections, Frost sees beyond that and takes Barnard under his wing. He was later promoted to Detective Sergeant, but was killed in the 1997 episode \"No Other Love\". July and August 2000 saw Bardock play the role of Danny Weir in the short-lived TV comedy Pay and Display. Bardock also appeared as murder suspect Scott Burnett in The Bill in 2004. His character was developed and he began a relationship with PC Honey Harman and later married her, though the marriage was short-lived after it was discovered that he had murdered his first wife. His character later died in prison having hanged himself. He also appeared in Prime Suspect as the sadistic pornographer Jason Reynolds as well as the Channel 4 series No Angels, in which he played registrar Peter Compton. Bardock had a small part in ITV's Midsomer Murders and in May 2005, he played DI Tom Wilson in New Tricks. Bardock re-joined the BBC television series Casualty as paramedic Jeff Collier in February 2007 for three months, before returning to the programme in September of that year. On 30 June 2014, it was announced that Bardock would be leaving his role as Jeff – a role he played for seven years – and he was killed off in October that year. Between 31 July and 27 September 2014, he appeared in comedy play My Night With Reg at the Donmar Warehouse theatre in the West End. As of 2016 he played Mark Craig in BBC Drama New Blood. Notable roles Film All or Nothing (2002) ... Man at Bar (director: Mike Leigh) Bollywood Queen (2001) ... Facer (director: Jeremy Wooding) Television \"Manhunt\" Series 2 - 2021 New Blood Mark Craig; 2016–present The Coroner Detective Sergeant Davey Higgins; 2015–2016 Doctor Who ... Al; 2014 (director: Douglas Mackinnon) New Street Law ... Dennis Longwell; 2006 (director: David Skynner) The Street ... Alex; 2006 (director: David Blair) No Angels ... Peter; 2005 The Bill ... Scott Burnett; 2005 Judge John Deed ... Alan Ferns; 2004 (director: Tristram Powell) Midsomer Murders ... Harry Rose; 2005 (director: Peter Smith) New Tricks ... DI Tom Wilson; 2004 (director:",
"title": "Matt Bardock"
},
{
"docid": "5860462",
"text": "Martyn Auty (born July 1951 in Yorkshire) is an English film and television producer. He attended the University of Hull and graduated in 1972. He began his career as a film critic for Time Out and The Monthly Film Bulletin. Auty is most famous for his series producing, having worked on Heartbeat and A Touch of Frost during the 1990s, however, he has also worked on a variety of other styles of programme. These include Lenny Live and Unleashed, Soul Survivors, and A Gentleman's Relish. The latter, which starred Billy Connolly, was made for the BBC in 2001. Auty returned to shooting a new series of A Touch of Frost in 2009. Auty has also ventured into making motion pictures, having produced A Foreign Field (1993), Heidi (2005), and most recently Ways to Live Forever (2010). References External links 1951 births Living people Alumni of the University of Hull English television producers English film critics Film people from Yorkshire English film producers",
"title": "Martyn Auty"
},
{
"docid": "73238803",
"text": "Wildcat is a 2022 American documentary film about animal rescue efforts in Peru, directed by the photojournalist Trevor Frost and Melissa Lesh. It was premiered at the 2022 Telluride Film Festival and was released in theaters on December 21, 2022, by Amazon Studios. Summary The film follows Harry Turner, a British war veteran suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder after tours of duty in Afghanistan. After his time in the army, he traveled to a remote Amazon rainforest in Peru, where he met an American wildlife biologist, Samantha Zwicker, who was involved in the rescue of wild animals threatened by poachers. The film tracks their relationship as they work together to rescue an abandoned baby ocelot named Khan, who was accidentally shot and died and baby ocelot Keanu, raising the wildcat and training it to return to the jungle and survive on its own. The film also touches upon Zwicker's own traumatic personal history. Cast Harry Turner Samantha Zwicker Production In 2019, Frost met Turner in Peru. Initially there to work on a photo project on anacondas, he decided to instead make a documentary about Turner's animal rescue efforts and relationship with Zwicker. Approximately half of the film is made up of footage shot by Turner and Zwicker. The film drew inspiration from conservation-themed documentaries such as Virunga, Grizzly Man and Jane. On October 19, 2021, it was reported that Amazon Studios had acquired the then-untitled documentary from 30WEST and directors Frost and Lesh for approximately $20 million. The film was produced by Joshua Altman and Alysa Nahmias. Music The film includes the original song \"A Sky Like I've Never Seen\" by Fleet Foxes featuring Tim Bernardes. Patrick Jonsson composed the score. Release The film was premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2022. It opened with a limited theatrical release on December 21, 2022, and was released on Prime Video on December 30, 2022. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92% based on 49 reviews, with the consensus reading, \"Although it raises some uncomfortable ethical quandaries, Wildcat is an affecting testament to the healing power of interspecies bonds.\" Stephen Farber of The Hollywood Reporter called it \"a riveting journey into the wild\", writing that although it leaves the viewer with unanswered questions about the relationship of Turner and Zwicker, \"there is no arguing with the film's remarkable animal footage and the potent emotion that accompanies the inevitable moment when they must separate from the animal they have raised\". Cath Clarke of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, calling it \"genuinely heartfelt, made with incredible sensitivity and emotional intelligence by Melissa Lesh and Trevor Frost\". Michael Rechtshaffen of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it \"poignantly delivers its life-affirming, coming-of-age message with no cloying strings attached\". The film was named one of the Top 5 Documentaries of 2022 by the National Board of Review. At the IDA Documentary Awards, it was nominated for Best Editing (for editors Joshua Altman, Ben",
"title": "Wildcat (2022 film)"
},
{
"docid": "9109539",
"text": "Simone Bendix (born 26 September 1967) is a Danish actress. Bendix trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. In addition to the 1994 Gerry Anderson science-fiction drama Space Precinct, in which she played the regular role of Officer Jane Castle, her television appearances include The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993), Between the Lines (1993), The Tomorrow People (1994), Lie Down with Lions (1994) The Crow Road (1996) and A Many Splintered Thing (2000). She has also appeared in Bugs, The Inspector Lynley Mysteries, The Last Detective, Taggart and A Touch of Frost. Bendix featured in a 1998 TV advertisement for Nescafé Gold Blend opposite Neil Roberts (the last of the Gold Blend couple adverts). She is married to Kasper Winding. They have a son, Pablo, and a daughter, Polly. References External links 1967 births 20th-century Danish actresses 21st-century Danish actresses Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School Danish expatriates in England Danish film actresses Danish television actresses Living people Place of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Simone Bendix"
},
{
"docid": "4515048",
"text": "Anthony Bate (31 August 1927 – 19 June 2012) was an English actor. He is possibly best known for his role as Oliver Lacon in the BBC television adaptations of the John le Carré novels Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and Smiley's People and his role as Bret Renssalaer in Len Deighton's trilogy Game, Set and Match. Bate's other credits include: Dixon of Dock Green, The Saint, The Avengers, Prime Suspect, Inspector Morse, A Touch of Frost and Midsomer Murders. Early life Bate was born the third son of Isle of Wight hoteliers Hubert George Cookson Bate (son of George Harry Bate, a hairdresser and trichologist, of Stourbridge; died 1986) and Cecile Marjorie Canadine (died 1973). Bate was educated at King Edward VI School, Stourbridge, and trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama (gold medal). During his National Service he served with the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve from 1945 to 1947. Theatre From his professional theatre debut in 1953, Bate's theatre roles included: his first West End appearance in Inherit the Wind (St Martin's) 1960, Treasure Island (Mermaid) 1960, Happy Family (Hampstead) 1966, Much Ado About Nothing and Silence (RSC Aldwych) 1969. Find Your Way Home (Open Space Theatre) 1970, Eden End (tour) 1972, Economic Necessity (Haymarket Leicester) 1973, Getting Away with Murder (Comedy) 1976, Shadow Box (Cambridge) 1979, The Old Jest (tour) 1980, and A Flea in her Ear (Plymouth Theatre Co) 1980. Little Lies (Wyndhams) 1983, Master Class (tour) 1984, The Deep Blue Sea (Theatre Royal Haymarket) 1988, Relative Values (Chichester Festival Theatre and Savoy) 1993–94. Television Bate's first television appearance was in 1955 and from then on he appeared as: James in Pinter's The Collection, Rogojin in The Idiot, MacDuff in Macbeth, Javert in Les Misérables, the title role in Grady (a trilogy), T H Huxley in Darwin’s Bulldog, Nikolai in Fathers and Sons, Creon in King Oedipus, Victor Hugo in Ego Hugo, Harry Paynter in Intimate Strangers, The Dutch Train Hijack 1976, Dr Dorn in The Seagull 1977, Kim Philby in Philby, Burgess and Maclean 1977 (nominated Best Actor Monte Carlo Festival 1978), An Englishman's Castle (1978), the title role in The Trial of Uri Urlov 1978, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy 1978, Crime and Punishment 1979, Tis Pity She's A Whore 1980, The Human Crocodile 1980, “Fanny by Gaslight” 1981, Smiley's People 1982, A Woman Called Golda (with Ingrid Bergman) 1982, J A D Ingres in Artists and Models 1983, Shackleton, Game, Set and Match (TV mini series 1988), War and Remembrance 1988, Inspector Morse (Dr Crowther in Last Bus to Woodstock) 1988, Countdown to War 1989, Agatha Christie's Poirot 1990, Medics 1991 and 1992, Prime Suspect 1994, Rebecca 1996, A Touch of Frost 1996, Bodyguards 1996, Silent Witness 1997, Midsomer Murders 2000. He also appeared in Spindoe and Beasts. Films Bate's film credits include Dentist in the Chair (1960), Dentist on the Job (1961), Payroll (1961), A Prize of Arms (1962), Act of Murder (1964), Ghost Story (1974), Give My Regards to Broad Street",
"title": "Anthony Bate"
},
{
"docid": "6173096",
"text": "Detective Inspector William Edward \"Jack\" Frost, GC QPM, is a fictional detective created by R. D. Wingfield—characterised as sloppy, untidy, hopeless with paperwork—but unmatched at solving mysteries. The character has appeared in two radio plays, ten published novels, and a TV series spanning 42 episodes between 1992 and 2010. \"Jack\" is a nickname, alluding to Jack Frost. Radio plays The character first appeared in a radio play entitled Three Days of Frost first transmitted on BBC Radio 4 on 12 February 1977, which is a re-telling of Wingfield's \"Frost at Christmas\" (the novel had yet to be published). He was portrayed by Leslie Sands. The character's second appearance was also on BBC Radio 4, in a play entitled A Touch of Frost, also based on Wingfield's second novel of the same name, transmitted on 6 February 1982. In the second radio play the character was portrayed by Derek Martin. Novels Wingfield published six novels about DI Frost, starting with Frost at Christmas in 1984. Between 2011 and 2017, four Frost books were published under the name James Henry, with the approval of the Estate of R.D. Wingfield. In the case of First Frost, this pseudonym refers to James Gurbutt and Henry Sutton, but in Fatal Frost, Morning Frost and Frost at Midnight it refers to Gurbutt only. These are all prequels to the Wingfield novels. The first three books are set between 1981 and November 1982 when Frost was a Detective Sergeant, and Frost at Midnight is set in August 1983, when Frost is a Detective Inspector. The two latest—and so far last—Frost books are by Danny Miller. Frost at Christmas (1984 / 1995, Bantam Crimeline, New York), (U.S. mass market paperback edition) A Touch of Frost (1987 / 1995 Bantam Crimeline, New York), (U.S. mass market paperback edition) Night Frost (1992, Constable, London / 1995, Bantam Crimeline, New York), (U.S. mass market paperback edition) Hard Frost (1995 UK & U.S.) (U.S. mass market paperback edition) Winter Frost (1999, Constable, London / 2000 Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) A Killing Frost (2008, Bantam Press / Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) First Frost (2011, Transworld Publishers Ltd / Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) Fatal Frost (2012, Bantam Press / Corgi Books, London) (Bantam Press hardback) (Corgi Books paperback) Morning Frost (2013, Bantam Press / 2014, Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) Frost At Midnight (2017, Bantam Press / 2018 Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) A Lethal Frost (2018, Bantam Press / 2018 Corgi Books, London) (Corgi Books paperback) The Murder Map (2019, Corgi Books, London) (paperback original) Television series Beginning in 1992, television adaptations of the novels, and further stories based on the characters were transmitted on ITV in the UK. The series starred David Jason as Frost. This series was broadcast under the umbrella title A Touch of Frost. There were thirty-eight stories broadcast (forty-two episodes, if counted individually). These have been released on VHS and DVD internationally. Three endings were filmed for the final episode.",
"title": "Jack Frost (detective)"
},
{
"docid": "14978763",
"text": "Bernard John Holley (9 August 1940 – 22 November 2021) was a British actor whose career spanned more than six decades. Life and career Holley was born in Eastcote, Middlesex. He attended Kilburn Grammar School and the Rose Bruford Drama School, and made his first professional stage appearance at the Theatre Royal, Lincoln, in 1963. Holley came to notice in the long-running UK police drama series Z-Cars as PC Newcombe, a character he played for four years. He also appeared in Doctor Who, first as Peter Haydon in The Tomb of the Cybermen (1967), starring Patrick Troughton as the Doctor, and later as the Axon Man in The Claws of Axos (1971), starring Jon Pertwee. Holley reprised his role as Axos in a new Doctor Who audio drama, The Feast of Axos, opposite Colin Baker, which was released on CD in February 2011. Holley played Mr Hurst in eight episodes of the popular ITV sitcom \"Please Sir\" (1971-2). Other regular roles included Detective Inspector Mike Turnbull in The Gentle Touch (1982–84), a character he also played in the follow-up series C.A.T.S. Eyes in 1985. He later played Richard in two seasons of Birds of a Feather in 1998. He also appeared as the Chief Constable in the popular drama series A Touch of Frost, in 1999 and returned to play the role in 2003. His later television appearances included roles in Hollyoaks, EastEnders, Doctors and Holby City. Holley also voiced hundreds of television commercials, including the campaign for the PlayStation 3 game LittleBigPlanet, and presented many corporate videos. His film roles included appearances in Travels with My Aunt (1972) and the film The Deadly Females (1976). Holley also worked consistently on the stage in theatres across the UK, including Farnham, Brighton, Manchester, Edinburgh, Derby and Norwich. One of his last stage roles was in Allan Monkhouse's Mary Broome at the Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond, in 2011. Holley died after a long illness on 22 November 2021, at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife, Jean and their son, Michael. References External links Bernard Holley's Showreel - - YouTube 1940 births 2021 deaths English male stage actors English male television actors People educated at Kilburn Grammar School People from Eastcote 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors Actors from the London Borough of Hillingdon",
"title": "Bernard Holley"
},
{
"docid": "6018439",
"text": "Neil Dudgeon (born 2 January 1961) is an English actor who, since 2010, has played DCI John Barnaby in the ITV drama series Midsomer Murders. He replaced John Nettles in the lead role in 2011. Early life and education Dudgeon is the son of James C Dudgeon and June M Weeks. He has an older sister, Lynne W Dudgeon. He was born in Doncaster in 1961, where he was raised. At that time, it was a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, but is now in South Yorkshire. He attended Intake Secondary Modern school in Doncaster, among other schools. He acted in several school plays, (including Rosencrantz and Guildernstern are Dead), then went on to study drama at the University of Bristol (1979–82). Career Dudgeon made his first screen appearance in 1987. The following year he appeared as a Second World War pilot in Piece of Cake, alongside Tim Woodward, Jeremy Northam and Nathaniel Parker. As well as occasional appearances in series such as Casualty, London's Burning and Lovejoy, he appeared in 1994 as Detective Constable Costello, a one-episode subordinate to Detective Inspector William Edward \"Jack\" Frost (played by David Jason), in the TV series A Touch of Frost, in 1998-99 as George the Chauffeur in The Mrs Bradley Mysteries (alongside Dame Diana Rigg), in Inspector Morse (episode \"The Way Through the Woods\"), Between The Lines, Common As Muck (in 1994 & 1997), Out of the Blue, Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking, The Street and four series of Messiah with Ken Stott. He also appeared in the romantic comedy film Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, playing the taxi driver who takes the title character to meet Mark Darcy (played by Colin Firth), towards the end of the film. In 2007 Dudgeon appeared in the eponymous role of self-made millionaire Roman Pretty in the BBC2 sitcom Roman's Empire. In 2009 he played a main character in BBC's Life of Riley, a series recommissioned and aired in April 2011, the same month that Dudgeon played the role of one time Football League secretary Alan Hardaker in the TV drama United, which was centred on the events of the 1958 Munich air disaster involving Manchester United. In 2010 Dudgeon appeared in an episode of the ITV crime drama Midsomer Murders, called \"The Sword of Guillaume\". He was introduced in the episode as the cousin of Detective Chief Inspector Tom Barnaby, played by John Nettles, who retired from the role. Dudgeon, also cast as a senior detective, took over as the lead character in Midsomer Murders after the last episodes featuring John Nettles were screened in 2011. Dudgeon's character name is DCI John Barnaby, which has been suggested may be a vehicle for continued sales to territories where the show is known as \"Inspector Barnaby\". Dudgeon had first appeared in Midsomer Murders in the opening episode of the fourth series (\"Garden of Death\"), playing a secondary character. In 2012 Dudgeon starred as Norman Birkett on BBC Radio 4's",
"title": "Neil Dudgeon"
},
{
"docid": "1067803",
"text": "The Lincoln Imp is a grotesque on a wall inside Lincoln Cathedral, England, and it has become the symbol of the city of Lincoln. The carving is situated high on the north side of the Angel Choir and is not conspicuous. The Angel Choir was built between 1250 and 1280, so the carving must date from then. It became well known in the late nineteenth century, and its associated folk tales are an elaboration of earlier traditions involving the devil hiding from wind inside the cathedral, the devil looking at Lincoln with malicious envy, and stone sculptures (at Lincoln Cathedral or Lincoln College, Oxford) said to represent either theme. History A 1780 guide to early English sculpture by John Carter had a section on “Antiquities from Lincoln”. It made no mention of the imp but had an illustration of “A Sculpture projecting over the angle of a Turret of the South Porch of the Cathedral. ’Tis called by the inhabitants, the ‘Devil on the Witch’s back, looking over Lincoln’.\" Guides to the cathedral published in 1837 and 1856 also mentioned this exterior sculpture, and made no mention of the imp. An 1869 book by Richard John King did mention the imp carving, though not by nickname. “The grotesque below the second corbel on the north side (counting from the east — it is in the retro-choir) represents an elf with large ears, and may perhaps be regarded as illustrating the mediaeval folk-lore.” The nickname “Lincoln Imp” arose some time before 1897, when it featured in a pamphlet by Arnold Frost (real name G.T. Hemsley,) containing his poem “The Ballad of the Wind, the Devil and Lincoln Minster”. Frost claimed it was based on an “old Lincolnshire legend” that had “not hitherto appeared in print”. He said it had been told to him “some five or six years ago by a North Lincolnshire man, sixty years of age, who, as a boy, had heard his father relate it.” Frost summarised the legend: “The coming of Bishop Remigius to Lincoln made the devil very angry, for up to that time he had had it all his own way in the town and district. The devil tried his utmost to turn him from his purpose of building a Cathedral, but without success. At last in desperation — the Minster then nearing its completion — the devil waylaid the bishop at the south-western corner of the building and tried to kill him. But the good prelate in his extremity called for aid upon the Blessed Virgin Mary — to whom the Church was to be dedicated — whereupon, the Blessed Virgin sent a mighty rushing wind, which, catching the devil, so hustled and buffeted him, that he slipped inside the Church for safety, where he has been ever since, nor dare he come out, knowing that the wind awaits his return in order to make an end of him.” The legend made no mention of a stone carving. That was Frost’s own addition, in",
"title": "Lincoln Imp"
},
{
"docid": "6041904",
"text": "Emma Amos (born 18 August 1964 in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire) is an English actress. She played Yvonne Sparrow in the last three series and 2016 special of time travel sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart alongside Nicholas Lyndhurst, replacing original actress Michelle Holmes who held the role from 1993-96. In 1992, she played Sherbet Gravel in Philip Ridley's controversial stage play The Fastest Clock in the Universe. Life Emma Amos trained at the Royal College of Music from 1982 to 1989, and in 1991 she landed a part in the British film Buddy's Song. Designed as a vehicle for the rising pop-singer Chesney Hawkes, the film also starred Roger Daltrey of rock band the Who as Terry, Buddy's dad. Amos was cast as Dawn, Terry's girlfriend, but only featured in a few brief scenes. Amos's first television role was playing 'Phoebe' the talking phone in the children's series Wizadora. She starred in 8 episodes in 1991 for Oxford Press before the series was picked up by ITV and Phoebe was re-introduced as a model phone. She started in an episode of long-running sit-com Men Behaving Badly, playing the part of Mandy, the annoying girlfriend of Tony's brother, in the episode \"People Behaving Irritatingly\". Following a variety of supporting-part roles, Amos eventually landed a starring role alongside Nicholas Lyndhurst in the time-travel sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart. Replacing Michelle Holmes midway through the show's 6 series run, Emma took on the role of time-travelling bigamist Gary Sparrow's 1990s wife, Yvonne. It was in the final three series that the character developed considerably, Emma's performance focusing on Yvonne's increasing success as a high-powered business woman. The show's creators also made the character a far sexier proposition than previously. She was often dressed in smart business suits with short skirts or seen exercising in tight-fitting lycra. In one episode, \"The 'Ouses in Between\", Amos took on the additional role of Marie Lloyd, a music hall singer in Victorian times who nearly meets Jack the Ripper, when her husband's time-travelling takes him further back in time than usual. Since then, Amos has appeared in a range of British television series, including Casualty, A Touch of Frost, Peak Practice, Midsomer Murders, The Bill, My Family and Doctors. She has also appeared in Heartbeat, in which she played Anita Hudson in the episode \"Little White Lies,\" as well as having been seen in the feature films Vera Drake and Bridget Jones's Diary. Amos played Julie Davies in The Last Detective. In January 2009, she appeared in a Churchill Insurance TV commercial. In 2016 it was announced that Amos, as well as her daughter Esme Coy, would appear in a one-off special return of Goodnight Sweetheart. On 26 April 2017, it was announced that Amos would be appearing in the Chichester Festival Theatre production of Sweet Bird of Youth by Tennessee Williams from 2–24 June 2017. Amos, who during her run on Goodnight Sweetheart, was voted as having TV's best legs by readers of British magazine The Economist, is married to the actor",
"title": "Emma Amos (actress)"
},
{
"docid": "12187226",
"text": "USS Snowden (DE-246) was an Edsall-class destroyer escort built for the U.S. Navy during World War II. She served in the Atlantic Ocean the Pacific Ocean and provided destroyer escort protection against submarine and air attack for Navy vessels and convoys. She was named in honor of Admiral Thomas Snowden (1857-1930) who was awarded the Navy Cross during World War I. She was laid down on 7 December 1942 by Brown Shipbuilding Co., Inc., Houston, Texas; launched on 19 February 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Edith M. Greenlee, wife of Captain Halford R. Greenlee (Retired); and commissioned on 23 August 1943. At war's end, she returned home with three battle stars. World War II North Atlantic operations Snowden sailed for New Orleans, Louisiana, on 3 September en route to Bermuda for her shakedown cruise which lasted until 14 October. She was then ordered to Charleston, South Carolina. Late in the month, she escorted to Panama, and, in November, to New York City. The ship was assigned to convoy UGS-24 there, on 11 November, and escorted it to Norfolk, Virginia, and Casablanca, arriving on 1 December. She picked up another convoy there and returned to New York on 24 December 1943. Snowden got underway for a short training cruise to Norfolk on 5 January 1944 and then escorted to New York. In January, she escorted convoy UGS-31 to Gibraltar, via Norfolk, and in February returned to New York with convoy UGS-30 which arrived on 8 March. The escort then moved to Norfolk and joined Task Group (TG) 21.15, a hunter-killer group, which sailed on 24 March. That evening, a sound contact was made by Snowden, but she was ordered out of the area so that aircraft from could drop sonar buoys, which produced negative results. Sinking of German Submarine U-488 On 28 April, Snowden, , and left their screening positions to make fathometer readings at the head of an oil slick. Snowden made a reading at 560 feet. The trio dropped two depth charge patterns of 39 charges each. Two undersea explosions followed as U-488 was destroyed. Sinking of German Submarines U-154 and U-490 The task group was forced to return to port for a resupply of depth charges on 5 May before continuing operations in June and July. On 12 June, Snowden, Frost, and made a surface radar contact. Inch illuminated the target with star shells, and it was identified as a submarine. Frost commenced firing as Snowden was out of range. An SOS was received by Frost which was followed by a loud explosion from the submarine. The three escorts picked up 60 survivors from the sunken U-490. On 3 July, Frost and Inch destroyed U-154 Snowden put a boat in the water, and it collected such debris as paper with German writing, German cigarettes, and human flesh. The submarine was definitely sunk. Sinking of German Submarine U-1235 On 22 August, Snowden joined task group TG 22.5 and operated in the Caribbean until 30 December 1944 when it returned to",
"title": "USS Snowden"
},
{
"docid": "2065692",
"text": "Adrienne Frost is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jay Faerber and Terry Dodson. Adrienne frost first appeared in Generation X #48 (February 1999). The character appeared in stories set in the Marvel Universe, commonly in association with the X-Men. She is the older sister of Emma Frost, Christian Frost, and Cordelia Frost. Publication history Adrienne Frost made her debut in Generation X Vol 1 #48 (Feb. 1999). The issue was the scripts written by Jay Faerber and comics drawn by Terry Dodson. Fictional character biography Early years Adrienne was the first-born child to Hazel and Winston Frost. Followed Christian, Emma, and Cordelia who was the last. The Frost family was one of the homes that did not have love and kindness, but rather manipulative and controlling. Adrienne established herself as the \"perfect child\" and was the favorite of their father, hoping to gain his favor and inherit the Frost family fortune. Adrienne was a power monger and showed little remorse or emotion when hurting her siblings both emotionally and physically. At an early age, Adrienne discovered her mutant ability of psychometry: the ability to touch an object and instantly know the object's history in terms of events surrounding its past, present, and future owners. Her power revealed to her what she had always known. Winston, her father had little intention of dividing his fortune between all of his children. Instead, he planned to pick the child whom he perceived as being able to guide his company into a state of growth and prosperity. This simply reinforced her original beliefs, and she became cold and distant from the world. Those who were worth anything were the ones she could manipulate in her chess game of power. Her power allowed her to become a top 'A' student and excel in all her endeavors, and continuing to earn her father's favor. However, Emma's rebellion against their father leads to Winston developing a profound new interest in her. To demoralize her, Adrienne outed Christian, to whom Emma was closest, and set in motion of the events that led to his attempted suicide. She also exposed Emma's kiss with her teacher Ian Kendall, which resulted in him being fired. In retaliation, Emma shocked her sister by exposing Adrienne's secret modeling career, of which their father disapproved. Despite her plans, Adrienne had no control over the fact that her father saw Emma as akin to him when he was young. Confident, Adrienne gathered with her siblings for her father to reveal who would guide his finances into the next millennium. She thought it was her who was going to be the prime candidate, Adrienne was left in shocked when their father chose Emma as his heir. However she was sick of her father's manipulations, and chose to leave succeed on her own. Leaving Adrienne as the second choice. Adrienne continued living under her father, at times even suffering his physical abuse. She continued to resent Emma and",
"title": "Adrienne Frost"
},
{
"docid": "108569",
"text": "Limon is a statutory town that is the most populous municipality in Lincoln County, Colorado, United States. The population was 2,043 at the 2020 United States Census. Limon lies at the intersection of Interstate 70, U.S. Highways 24, 40, 287, and Colorado Highway 71. The Limon Correctional Facility is part of the Colorado Department of Corrections system and is a major employer in the area with employment of roughly 350. Limon is the western terminus of the Kyle Railroad and it is here the regional interchanges with the Union Pacific Railroad. Trains previously stopped at Limon Railroad Depot. History Railroads were the major factor for Limon's original founding and location. The Kansas Pacific Railroad made its way across the plains from southern Kansas following the Smoky Hill Trail in 1870. In 1888, the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad (now the Kyle Railroad) made its way west to east from Colorado Springs, entering Lincoln County and intersecting the Kansas Pacific (now Union Pacific) at the present day location of Limon. This union of the two railroads was the earliest founding of the \"Hub City\". Porter lynching Limon was the site of a lynching on November 16, 1900. Preston Porter Jr, a sixteen-year-old African-American male, had confessed under duress to the murder of eleven-year-old Louise Frost who was Caucasian. Porter was apparently being held some 90 miles away in Denver, but was sent back to Limon by request of unspecified people and against the wishes of Sheriff Freeman. When the train carrying Porter stopped in Limon, sixteen men selected from a mob of 300 \"marked by calmness and determination\" took Porter from Freeman's custody despite the sheriff's protestations \"in the name of law.\" Originally it was announced that Porter would be hanged but many in the crowd including R. W. Frost, the girl's father, objected \"that such a death would be too easy.\" The method was left to Frost who decided upon burning at the stake. Frost also refused to allow mutilation of Porter's body before burning. While waiting for his execution, Porter sat next to a bonfire reading the Gospel of Luke from the Bible. Porter was chained to an iron railroad rail set in the ground on the exact spot where the murder had taken place and burned to death, the match to start the fire being set by the girl's father. Lynchings of this type were apparently rare, as reporters on the scene wrote: \"The general sentiment expressed approves the execution of the negro, but deprecates the method adopted.\" 1990 tornado On June 6, 1990, an F3 tornado touched down near Matheson (about 16 miles west of Limon), tearing roughly east-northeast through fields. Minutes later, the then rain-wrapped tornado arrived, devastating the city. The storm injured 14 people, but remarkably no one was killed. Most of Limon's business district had been laid to ruins in just moments. Governor Roy Romer declared Limon a disaster area the next day. Limon successfully rebuilt its business district adding streetscaping, a new",
"title": "Limon, Colorado"
},
{
"docid": "20408364",
"text": "Jill Baker (born 1952) is a British actress who has worked extensively in theatre and television for 50 years. Personal life Baker is a graduate of the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. She and actor Bob Peck were married for 17 years, from 1982 until his death, in 1999. They had three children. Career She made her debut in the TV movie Savages in 1975 and has worked steadily on television and theatre since. Her theatre work includes Sufficient Carbohydrate by Denis Potter, Goosepimples, Mike Leigh, All My Sons, all in the West End and the premiere of The Secret Rapture in 1988. She has also been working as an actress in British television since 1975. Along with playing a recurring lead character in Rides, Screaming and Fish, she has made cameo appearances in individual episodes of Blore M.P, The Professionals (1980), Only Fools and Horses (1981), Me and My Girl (1983), \"Last Bus to Woodstock\" (An Inspector Morse TV-Mystery) (1988), Tales of Sherwood Forest (1989), Prime Suspect (1995), The Girl (1996) as Anne Thornton, The Broker's Man (1997–98) as Claudette Monro-Foster, The Vanishing Man (1998) as Dr. Jeffries, , Perfect Strangers (2001), New Tricks (2003), A Touch of Frost (2004), Secret Smile (2005), Waking the Dead, Holby City, (2007), Spooks (2008) and Wallander, Episode 1 in 2008. She has also appeared as Lady de Lesseps in Shakespeare in Love. In 2009 she appeared in the ITV Drama Whatever It Takes, In 2011 she appeared in the ITV Drama Midsomer Murders \"Not in My Back Yard\" as Eleanor Swanscombe. In 2014, she appeared in Happy Valley as Helen Gallagher. Baker appeared in Only Fools and Horses in the episode \"The Second Time Around\", as Del Boy (David Jason)'s ex-fiancée, Pauline Harris. Filmography Film Television References External links 1952 births Living people English stage actresses English film actresses English television actresses",
"title": "Jill Baker"
}
] | [
"5 April 2010"
] |
train_56047 | who built the track of the transcontinental railroad track that began in sacramento california | [
{
"docid": "8446022",
"text": "Martinez station is an Amtrak passenger train station in Martinez, California, United States. Located at the west end of downtown Martinez, the station has one side platform and one island platform, which serve three of the four tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad Martinez Subdivision. It is served by the daily California Zephyr and Coast Starlight long-distance trains, five daily round trips of the San Joaquin corridor service, and fifteen daily round trips (eleven on weekends) of the Capitol Corridor service. Martinez is also served by Amtrak Thruway buses plus County Connection, Tri-Delta Transit, and WestCAT local buses. History In early 1877, the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) began construction of two lines meeting at Martinez. The Northern Railway subsidiary built along the coast from Oakland to Martinez, while the San Pablo-Tulare Railway Company followed an inland route from Martinez to Tracy. A passenger station and freight house were built in Martinez east of Ferry Street, along with an engine house and turntable. The first train from Oakland to Martinez ran on September 22, 1877, with regular scheduled service beginning the next January. In August 1878, the line was completed to Tracy, where it met the First transcontinental railroad. Transcontinental service was rerouted over the new route via Martinez on September 8, 1878. On December 6, 1879, the CPRR opened a new line from Benicia to Fairfield, where it connected with the California Pacific Railroad to Sacramento. A train ferry was operated between Benicia and Port Costa; Martinez was cut off from transcontinental service. The Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) leased the CPRR in 1885. On June 7, 1891, the SP opened its San Ramon Branch from Avon (just east of Martinez) to San Ramon; it was later extended to Pleasanton. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway opened a line through the south part of Martinez in 1899, with a station at John Strentzel's fruit ranch. The station, later named Muir, was never heavily used for passenger service and was closed around the 1940s. On November 10, 1930, the SP opened the Benicia-Martinez Railroad Drawbridge east of Martinez, replacing the train ferry and adding Martinez to the Oakland–Sacramento mainline. Passenger service on the San Ramon Branch ended in 1931. The second story on the east end of the station was removed in 1942. Local service between Martinez and Tracy ended in the early 1950s, and between Oakland and Sacramento in 1962. However, Martinez remained a stop on long-distance trains including the Cascade, City of San Francisco, and San Joaquin Daylight. Amtrak took over most intercity passenger operations in the United States on May 1, 1971. Amtrak did not continue service to the San Joaquin Valley, but Martinez was served by the Seattle–San Diego Coast Daylight/Starlight (later the Coast Starlight) and the Oakland–Chicago City of San Francisco (later the San Francisco Zephyr and California Zephyr). The Oakland–Bakersfield San Joaquin began service on March 5, 1974, with a stop at Martinez. The station was renovated in 1983. The San Jose–Sacramento Capitols (later Capitol",
"title": "Martinez station"
},
{
"docid": "2821019",
"text": "The Niles Canyon Railway (NCRy) is a heritage railway running on the first transcontinental railroad alignment (1866, 1869) through Niles Canyon, between Sunol and the Niles district of Fremont in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area, in California, United States. The railway is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Niles Canyon Transcontinental Railroad Historic District. The railroad is operated and maintained by the Pacific Locomotive Association which preserves, restores and operates historic railroad equipment. The NCRy features public excursions with both steam and diesel locomotives along a well-preserved portion of the first transcontinental railroad. History The Niles Canyon Railway operates along a portion of the First transcontinental railroad constructed in the 1860s. The rail line through Niles Canyon was amongst the earliest to be built in California and provided the first rail connection between San Francisco Bay and the rest of the nation. Construction The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 authorized the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad to build the transcontinental railroad between the Missouri River and the waters of the Pacific. For various reasons, the Central Pacific Railroad reached an agreement with the first Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870) (not related to the later company of same name) to build the westernmost portion of the line connecting the Central Pacific in Sacramento to San Jose via Stockton and Livermore. Trains could then continue to San Francisco via the San Francisco & San Jose Rail Road which was completed in 1864. By 1866, the Western Pacific had built of track north and east from San Jose, reaching halfway into what was then known as Alameda Cañon, to about Farwell near milepost 33. The Western Pacific used 500 Chinese laborers to grade and construct the rail line into the rugged canyon with its tight curves and narrow banks. Construction was then halted because of disagreements between the railroad's contractors and its financiers. In 1869, the Central Pacific Railroad, a subsidiary of which had acquired the Western Pacific and Oakland Point in 1868, restarted work on the railroad line through Alameda Cañon in two opposite directions, both using Chinese laborers. In June 1869, J. H. Strobridge and crew began to lay out a new line starting at a point on the 1866 Western Pacific rails in the west end of Alameda Cañon (San Jose Junction at MP 30.6) westward out of the canyon towards Oakland, while Turton, Knox & Ryan dispatched workers to continue the railroad in Alameda Cañon eastward from the point where the 1866 Western Pacific rails abruptly stopped. Four major timber through (Howe) truss bridges were built to cross Alameda Creek and Arroyo de la Laguna Creek. In addition to building wooden bridges and grading the railroad bed, the laborers built culverts, retaining walls, and bridge piers in masonry. By mid-August 1869, the railroad was completed through Alameda Cañon eastward to Pleasanton and into Livermore Valley. In September 1869, the railroad from Sacramento through Alameda Cañon to the waterfront Alameda",
"title": "Niles Canyon Railway"
},
{
"docid": "14065639",
"text": "The Martinez subdivision is a Union Pacific railway line which runs from Roseville, California to Oakland, California. It is informally referred to as the Cal-P line, after the original California Pacific Railroad, who constructed the line from Sacramento to Suisun and Fairfield. (As such, the nickname may only apply to that segment.) The line is entirely double-tracked including bridges, and features extensive sidings. History Originally built as a more direct route to the San Francisco Bay to compete with the Western Pacific Railroad, the Cal-P segment opened months prior to the First transcontinental railroad. California Pacific was taken over by the Central Pacific, which in late 1879 completed the line from Suisun-Fairfield to Oakland via the train ferry Solano from Benicia to Port Costa. The present double-track lift bridge across the Carquinez Strait replaced the train ferry in 1930. The California Pacific became part of the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) which in the 1990s merged into the Union Pacific Railroad, the line's current owner. The subdivision forms part of the modern Overland Route. The Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority is planning to construct a third track between Sacramento and Roseville as part of a plan to expand passenger rail operations in the area. Traffic The line hosts several Amtrak passenger routes: the Capitol Corridor, San Joaquins, Coast Starlight, and California Zephyr operate 36 trains daily over the Benicia–Martinez Bridge. Union Pacific operates numerous freight trains over the route, and BNSF has trackage rights in some segments. the line between Martinez and Sacramento saw 44 freight trains daily. References Rail lines in California Southern Pacific Railroad lines Union Pacific Railroad lines",
"title": "Martinez Subdivision"
},
{
"docid": "1182712",
"text": "The Western Pacific Railroad was a Class I railroad in the United States. It was formed in 1903 as an attempt to break the near-monopoly the Southern Pacific Railroad had on rail service into northern California. WP's Feather River Route directly competed with SP's portion of the Overland Route for rail traffic between Salt Lake City/Ogden, Utah, and Oakland, California, for nearly 80 years. The Western Pacific was one of the original operators of the California Zephyr passenger line. In 1982, the Western Pacific was acquired by the Union Pacific Corporation and it was soon merged into the Union Pacific Railroad. History The original Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870) was established in 1862 to build the westernmost portion of the first transcontinental railroad, between Sacramento and San Jose, California (later to Oakland). After completing the last link from Sacramento to Oakland, this company was absorbed into the Central Pacific Railroad in 1870. The second company to use the \"western pacific\" appellation was the Western Pacific Railway Company, founded in 1903. Under the direction of George Jay Gould I, the Western Pacific Railway proposed to build a standard gauge track connection to the Pacific Coast for his aspiring Gould transcontinental system. Construction was financed by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, a company in the Gould system, which had lost access to California due to the attempted acquisition of the Southern Pacific Railroad by the Rio Grande's main rival, the Union Pacific Railroad. The Western Pacific Railway acquired the Alameda and San Joaquin Railroad and began construction on what became known as the Feather River Route. Completed in 1909, it was the last major rail line connected to California. After Western Pacific Railway Company defaulted on mortgage bonds, its assets were sold in 1916 to The Western Pacific Railroad Company. The original line used 85 lb/yd rail on untreated ties, with no tie plates except on curves over one degree; in 1935 more than half of the main line still had its original rail, most of it having carried 150 million gross tons. In 1931 Western Pacific opened a main line north from the Feather River Canyon to the Great Northern Railway in northern California. This route, today part of BNSF's Gateway Subdivision, joined the Oakland – Salt Lake City main line at the Keddie Wye, a unique combination of two steel trestles and a tunnel forming a triangle of intersecting track. In 1935, the railroad went bankrupt because of decreased freight and passenger traffic caused by the Great Depression and had to be reorganized. Western Pacific (WP) operated the California Zephyr passenger train with the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. The WP handled the \"Silver Lady\" from Oakland, California, to Salt Lake City, Utah from 1949 to 1970. The Western Pacific owned several connecting short-line railroads. The largest was the Sacramento Northern Railway, which once reached from San Francisco to Chico, California. Others included the Tidewater Southern Railway, the Central California Traction,",
"title": "Western Pacific Railroad"
},
{
"docid": "11135926",
"text": "Reno station is an Amtrak intercity train station in Reno, Nevada, served by the California Zephyr train. It is also serviced by five times per weekday, and twice on weekends, Amtrak Thruway routes to Sacramento. Description The station is located at 280 North Center Street in downtown Reno. The tracks are owned by the Union Pacific Railroad, while the station and platform are owned by the city of Reno. The station does not have a parking lot. The tracks are placed below ground level as they pass through the heart of downtown Reno. As of 2014, the station was served by the once-daily California Zephyr, running between Chicago and Emeryville, California (in the San Francisco Bay Area). The previous year, the station served 78,827 passengers, or about 216 per day. The station is popular with passengers traveling in both directions between Northern California and Reno. Three Amtrak Thruway routes, two originating at the station and one at the Nugget Casino Resort in Sparks, connect the station to Sacramento. History A depot has existed at this location since the first transcontinental railroad arrived in Reno in 1868. A series of wooden depots built by the Central Pacific Railroad burned down. The current stucco depot was built by the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1926. The Southern Pacific Depot was also used by the Virginia & Truckee Railroad until 1950, when the railroad ceased operations. The Western Pacific Railroad historically provided service to Reno, but never used this station, instead using the (now disused for rail service) Nevada-California-Oregon Railroad Depot, a few blocks to the east. ReTRAC The station was enlarged in 2007 as part of the Reno Transportation Rail Access Corridor (ReTRAC) project, which grade separated the tracks to mostly eliminate street running in downtown Reno. In the process of excavating around the depot, many artifacts from Reno's past were discovered including a long filled-in pedestrian tunnel and a previously unknown basement at a former masonic lodge. Many items from the excavation are on display in the station lobby, including an old cistern used by the fire department, a horse watering fountain, Native American artifacts, and several bottles dating as far back as the 1860s. As part of the renovation, Amtrak moved most of its operations to a glass-enclosed addition near the trench, though passengers can still use the original waiting area. On December 4, 2012, it was announced that the station would be placed on the National Register of Historic Places. See also Nevada-California-Oregon Railroad Depot – former Western Pacific Reno station Notes References External links Reno Amtrak Station TrainWeb ReTRAC Project City of Reno Amtrak stations in Nevada Buildings and structures in Reno, Nevada Transportation in Reno, Nevada Railway stations in the United States opened in 1926 Former Southern Pacific Railroad stations in Nevada History of Reno, Nevada National Register of Historic Places in Reno, Nevada Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada Railway stations in the United States opened in 1868",
"title": "Reno station"
},
{
"docid": "394957",
"text": "The Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 were a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of a \"transcontinental railroad\" (the Pacific Railroad) in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies. In 1853, the War Department under then Secretary of War Jefferson Davis was authorized by the Congress to conduct surveys of five different potential transcontinental routes from the Mississippi ranging from north to south. It submitted a massive twelve volume report to Congress with the results in early 1855. However, no route or bill could be agreed upon and passed authorizing the Government's financial support and land grants until the secession of the southern states in 1861 removed their opposition to a central route. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 () was the original act. Some of its provisions were subsequently modified, expanded, or repealed by four additional amending Acts: The Pacific Railroad Act of 1863 (), Pacific Railroad Act of 1864 (), Pacific Railroad Act of 1865 (), and Pacific Railroad Act of 1866 (). The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 began the practice of granting federal government owned lands directly to corporations; before that act, land grants were made to the states, for the benefit of corporations. Act of 1862, and amended 1864–65 The original 1862 Act's long title was An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes. It was based largely on a proposed bill originally reported six years earlier on August 16, 1856, to the 34th Congress by the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph. Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 1, 1862, the 1862 Act authorized extensive land grants in the Western United States and the issuance of 30-year government bonds (at 6 percent) to the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad (later the Southern Pacific Railroad) companies in order to construct a continuous transcontinental railroad between the eastern side of the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, Iowa (opposite from Omaha, Nebraska) and the navigable waters of the Sacramento River in Sacramento, California. Section 2 of the Act granted each Company contiguous rights of way for their rail lines as well as all public lands within on either side of the track. Section 3 granted an additional 10 square miles (26 km2) of public land for every mile of grade except where railroads ran through cities or crossed rivers. The method of apportioning these additional land grants was specified in the Act as being in the form of \"five alternate sections per mile on each side of said railroad, on the line thereof, and within the limits of ten miles on each side\" which thus provided the companies with a total of for each mile of their railroad. (The interspersed non-granted area remained as public lands",
"title": "Pacific Railroad Acts"
},
{
"docid": "12304433",
"text": "The Feather River Route is a rail line that was built and operated by the Western Pacific Railroad. It was constructed between 1906 and 1909, and connects the cities of Oakland, California, and Salt Lake City, Utah. The line was built to compete with the Central Pacific Railroad (and later Southern Pacific Railroad), which at the time held a nearly complete monopoly on Northern California rail service. The route derives its name from its crossing of the Sierra Nevada, where it follows both the North and Middle Forks of the Feather River. The route is famous for its impressive engineering qualities and its considerable scenic value. All of the route is now owned and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad; however, the Union Pacific has transferred significant portions of the route to other lines. The portion still called the Feather River Route by the Union Pacific runs from the California Central Valley to Winnemucca, Nevada and has been divided into three subdivisions named the Sacramento, Canyon and Winnemucca subdivisions. History Early history Interest in building a transportation artery through the Feather River Canyon and across the deserts of Nevada and Utah began with the discovery of Beckwourth Pass, in the Sierra Nevada, in 1850. The pass, at in elevation, is the lowest pass through the Sierra Nevada. In the 1860s, Arthur W. Keddie began surveying in the Feather River Canyon, in order to find a suitable route for such an artery. He eventually found such a route, and helped to found the Oroville and Virginia City Railroad Company in 1867 to build a railroad along it. Political pressure from the Central Pacific Railroad, among other factors, led to the end of all construction efforts by 1869. Throughout the 1870s and 1880s, little progress was made in forming a company to construct the railroad line. Some interest remained, because the proposed route was much less steep and passed through the Sierra Nevada at a point lower than that of the recently finished First transcontinental railroad, owned by the Central Pacific Railroad between Sacramento and Ogden, Utah. The Union Pacific Railroad, which terminated in Ogden at the time, considered building the line multiple times throughout this era to bypass the Central Pacific and access the Pacific Coast on its own. None of these proposals resulted in any level of action, and the idea was widely considered dead by the 1890s. Interest in a line through the Feather River Canyon was renewed in 1900, when the Union Pacific Railroad, then led by E. H. Harriman, took control of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Subsequently, Harriman decided to close off access to the Southern Pacific to all railroads other than the Union Pacific, leaving all other railroads unable to access the Pacific Coast from Salt Lake City. Foremost among these railroads was the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, the westernmost part of an transcontinental rail network organized by Jay Gould. Jay's son and successor, George Gould, decided obtain access to the Pacific Coast. Hence,",
"title": "Feather River Route"
},
{
"docid": "65356160",
"text": "The tracklaying race of 1869 was an unofficial contest between tracklaying crews of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads, held during the construction of the first transcontinental railroad. The competition was to determine who would first reach the meeting place at Promontory, Utah. Starting in 1868, the railroad crews set, and subsequently broke, each other's world records for the longest length of track laid in a single day. This culminated in the April 28, 1869, record set by Chinese and Irish crews of the Central Pacific who laid of track in one day. That record was broken in August 1870, by about , by two crews of the Kansas Pacific, working from opposite ends of the same track. History Rivalry In July 1866, the Pacific Railway Act was amended, authorizing the Central Pacific (CP) to build east until it met the line being constructed by the Union Pacific (UP). The amount of land and money each railroad would be granted was proportional to the number of miles of track laid, causing the two railroads to start building in earnest. Their rivalry was notably unfriendly. In February 1869, crews for the UP and CP were grading parallel routes on the Promontory Range. At that time, the UP's primarily Irish crews began bullying the CP's primarily Chinese crews, first throwing clods of earth and escalating to a series of raids in which the UP crews attempted to dislodge the CP by attacking while wielding pick handles. Eventually, the UP crews began setting off heavy charges without warning, seriously injuring several CP workers; when the CP crews began grading at a higher elevation, they retaliated by setting off a surprise explosion, which buried several UP workers alive. Tracklaying Building the railroad started with surveying the route and grading the roadbed; for the CP, grading was delayed by the route chosen through the rugged Sierra mountain range. During the first five years of construction, the CP spent only 95 weeks laying tracks, while the remainder had been consumed in grading. In the CP's traditional approach to tracklaying, once the grading was complete, a loaded tracklaying car was sent to the end of the line, carrying a single crew and eight pairs of rails along with a commensurate number of ties, spikes, and splices. One pair of rails was unloaded at a time and the tracklaying car only advanced once the crew had completed that pair of rails. When the line curved, the rails were pre-bent (and the inside rail was shortened) before they were loaded onto the tracklaying car. The slow pace of the tracklaying car and limited manpower that could be brought to bear limited the CP to laying just of track during the first five years of construction from 1863 to 1868, building east from Sacramento, despite adopting speedier techniques for curved rails and splices in 1866. Meanwhile, the UP had built from Omaha, Nebraska, west to Cheyenne, Wyoming, by 1868. In 1867, General Jack Casement of the UP described their",
"title": "Tracklaying race of 1869"
},
{
"docid": "15174140",
"text": "Union Pacific No. 119 was a 4-4-0 American type steam locomotive made famous for meeting the Central Pacific Railroad's Jupiter at Promontory Summit, Utah, during the Golden Spike ceremony commemorating the completion of the First transcontinental railroad in 1869. The locomotive was built by Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works of Paterson, New Jersey in 1868, along with numbers 116, 117, 118 and 120. The original was scrapped in 1903, but a replica now operates at the Golden Spike National Historical Park. Promontory Summit No. 119 was assigned to the Union Pacific Railroad's Utah Division, carrying trains between Rawlins, Wyoming and Ogden, Utah, and was stationed in the latter when a call for a replacement engine came from vice-president Thomas C. Durant, to take him to Promontory Ridge, Utah Territory, for the Golden Spike ceremony celebrating the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. While enroute to the ceremony, a swollen river had washed away some supports to the Devil's Gate Bridge. Durant's engineer refused to take his engine across, consenting only to nudging the lighter passenger cars over the span. It held, but this left Durant and his entourage without an engine. No. 119 was sent from Ogden to take them the short distance to Promontory, where it was memorialized in photos and history faced nose to nose with the Central Pacific's Jupiter. In Andrew J. Russell's famous photograph of the Meeting of the Lines, No. 119 is seen on the right with its engineer, Sam Bradford, leaning off the cowcatcher holding a bottle of champagne up to Jupiter engineer George Booth. Bradford and Booth would later break a bottle of champagne over the other's locomotive in celebration. Later career After the Golden Spike run, 119 led a similar life to Jupiter, and returned to service as a freight locomotive. In 1882, 119 was renumbered to 343, and was scrapped in 1903. Replicas As was the case with the Jupiter, the Union Pacific only began to acknowledge the 119's historical significance well after it was scrapped. For a 1949 reenactment of the Golden Spike ceremony staged at the Chicago Railroad Fair the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad's locomotive number 35 was cosmetically altered stand-in for the 119; likewise the Jupiter was a proxy provided by the Virginia and Truckee Railroad. In 1968, the Union Pacific sponsored the construction of the Omaha Zoo Railroad in the Henry Doorly Zoo, including a narrow gauge replica of the 119, built by Crown Metal Products. The First transcontinental railroad, the National Park Service's Golden Spike site at Promontory, Utah, had exhibited representations of the 119 and Jupiter on a portion of restored track where the original ceremony was held. In this instance, the 119 was portrayed by the Virginia and Truckee's Dayton locomotive, (which is ironic because the Dayton was built by the Central Pacific Railroad's shops in Sacramento) and was displayed here until it and the Jupiter, which was portrayed by that railroad's Inyo, were sold to the state of Nevada in 1974. In 1975,",
"title": "Union Pacific No. 119"
},
{
"docid": "43588854",
"text": "For over two decades in the early twentieth century, there existed a network of streetcars in Reno that served as the main mode of public transit in Reno, Nevada, United States. The system consisted of a streetcar network in the area of Reno and Sparks, Nevada, as well as an interurban line between Reno and the Moana Springs resort. Reno's streetcar network operated from Thanksgiving Day in 1904 to September 1927. To the present day, the early twentieth century streetcar network in Reno, Nevada is the only streetcar or light rail system that has ever operated in the state of Nevada. History Background There were only a few settlers in the Reno area after 1850, until the discovery of silver in the Comstock Lode which led to a silver rush in the area and resulted in more settlers in Reno. By January 1863, the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) had begun laying tracks east from Sacramento, California, in order to connect with the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory, Utah, and form the First transcontinental railroad. Once the railroad station was established, the town of Reno officially came into being on May 9, 1868. In 1871, Reno became the county seat of the newly expanded Washoe County, replacing the previous county seat, located at Washoe City. After the opening of the Transcontinental Railroad, branch railroads began to connect with the first Transcontinental Railroad. For example, the Virginia and Truckee Railroad was extended to Reno in 1872, which provided a boost to the new city's economy. These railroads hauled lumber from Carson City to the mines, and ore from the mines out to the main Transcontinental Railroad. In 1885, the University of Nevada (then called Nevada State University) moved from Elko to Reno. Reno's streetcar system By the early 1900s, Reno was large enough that the establishment of an electric streetcar system for public transit in the city was justified. A group of local businessmen organized the Nevada Transit Company, with the aim of building an electric streetcar line. The line, which traveled the route between Reno and the newly founded town of Sparks, Nevada, was constructed in just four months, and opened with a celebration on Thanksgiving Day, 1904. This initial streetcar line ran from Reno's downtown railway node eastward to Sparks, turning south just before Deer Park, then east to run to the Southern Pacific roundhouse and railroad yards. The portion of the line in Reno proper traveled west along Fourth Street to Sierra Street, then south to Second Street, east to Virginia Street, and south again to the Truckee River. In January 1905, the line's route was extended over the Truckee River on the Virginia Street Bridge. The car barn for the streetcar company stood at 911 E. 4th Street, near Morrill Avenue. The streetcar service was purchased in 1906 and was renamed the Reno Traction Company. Streetcars were used heavily by commuting workers, shoppers, and pleasure-seekers headed to Wieland’s Park (later known as Coney Island), with the Reno-Sparks line",
"title": "Streetcars in Reno"
},
{
"docid": "5996132",
"text": "Chin Lin Sou (September 29, 1836 – August 10, 1894, 陳林新) was an influential leader in the Chinese American community and prominent figure in Colorado. He immigrated to the United States from Guangzhou, China, in 1859. Chin stood out amongst other Chinese immigrants at the time as he dressed like a westerner and spoke perfect English. He was a supervisor of hundreds of Chinese workers who built the transcontinental railroad and feeder lines across California, Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, and Colorado. He was among the first Chinese immigrants in Colorado. He became wealthy by buying abandoned mines and selling them or operating placer mines. He was a merchant in Gilpin County and Denver, Colorado. Known as a leader, he founded and was a member in organizations that supported Chinese business people and communities. In 1977, a stained glass portrait of Chin was installed at the Old Supreme Court in the Colorado State Capitol building in Denver for his role in Colorado's history. Early life Chin Lin Sou was born in Canton (now called Guangzhou) in southern China on September 29, 1836. To escape the civil war in China (Taiping Rebellion), he traveled by sea to San Francisco, California in 1859. He was inspired by tales of success in the American West. Upon his arrival, he mined for gold for several years in California. In the United States, he was seen as less foreign than other Chinese people because he wore western clothing, was over six feet tall, had blue eyes, and spoke English fluently. Based upon the color of his eyes and his height, his family may have been from northern China. He was recognized as an intelligent man and a quick learner, who had great executive ability. Career Railroad He worked on the first transcontinental railroad as the foreman of a group of Chinese railroad workers, many of whom Chin, himself, recruited and helped to gain passage into the United States. He first worked for Charles Crocker of the Central Pacific Railroad at Donner Pass in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and in then the Great Basin of Utah. He worked among hundreds of Chinese who also fled China's civil war. The transcontinental railroad was completed on May 10, 1869, at Promontory, Utah, becoming what is considered the greatest technological event of the 19th century. He worked in Nevada for the Central Pacific Railroad. Then, he worked for Gen. Grenville Dodge of the Union Pacific Railroad, which had merged with Central Pacific. Working to bring the railroad tracks to government standards, he worked in Utah, Wyoming, and Nebraska from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Plains. In Colorado, he worked for the Denver Pacific Railroad, which built a feeder line from Denver to the Union Pacific line at Cheyenne, Wyoming. With Denver connected to the transcontinental railroad, it had access to national markets and became the \"Queen City of the West.\" His leadership was important to the construction of the railroad. Railroad company owners hired Chinese workers because they",
"title": "Chin Lin Sou"
},
{
"docid": "65803950",
"text": "Tunnel Number 41, or the Big Hole, is a single-track railway tunnel underneath Mount Judah in the Sierra Nevada, near Norden, California. It is owned by the Union Pacific Railroad, in service as a part of the Roseville Subdivision of the Overland Route. Daily freight trains as well as Amtrak's California Zephyr utilize the line. History The first bore through the Sierras, Tunnel Number 6, was built as part of the first transcontinental railroad. In 1901, Southern Pacific proposed building a long tunnel via a new alignment to both lower the track elevation and cut several miles off of the Donner Pass route. Bores with lengths up to in length were reportedly considered, but an option for a tunnel route was under consideration as late as 1912. The uncertain corporate fate of the Central Pacific Railroad and the outbreak of World War I stalled further work. After Southern Pacific was cleared to take ownership of the Central Pacific in 1923, they announced a new tunneled route would be constructed and work began soon after. The tunnel opened to traffic on September 19, 1925 as the third-longest rail tunnel in the United States at in length. The new tunnel and cutoff shortened the route by and was lower in elevation than the previous bore through the summit, Tunnel No.6. The new and old single track routes were used in tandem as a double-tracked route until the old route was mothballed in 1993. The line is capable of transporting double-stacked containers. See also List of tunnels documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in California Tunnel motors — locomotives designed to cope with long tunnels, especially those in the Sierra Nevada EMD SD40T-2 EMD SD45T-2 References External links Union Pacific Railroad tunnels Southern Pacific Railroad Sierra Nevada (United States) Railroad tunnels in California 1925 establishments in California 1925 in rail transport Historic American Engineering Record in California Tunnels completed in 1925",
"title": "Tunnel No. 41"
},
{
"docid": "49240404",
"text": "The history of the Union Pacific Railroad stretches from 1862 to the present. For operations of the current railroad, see Union Pacific Railroad; for the holding company that owns the current railroad, see Union Pacific Corporation. There have been four railroads called Union Pacific: Union Pacific Rail Road, Union Pacific Railway, Union Pacific Railroad (Mark I), and Union Pacific Railroad (Mark II). This article covers the Union Pacific Rail Road (UPRR, 1862–1880), Union Pacific Railway (1880–1897), and Union Pacific Railroad (Mark I)(UP, 1897–1998). For the history of the Union Pacific Railroad (Mark II), see Union Pacific and Southern Pacific Transportation Company. Beginnings: 19th century The original company, Union Pacific Rail Road (UPRR), was created and funded by the federal government by Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864. The laws were passed as war measures to forge closer ties with California and Oregon, which otherwise took six months to reach. UPRR remained under partial federal control until the 1890s. Its management was noted for many feuds and high turnover. The UPRR main line started in Council Bluffs, Iowa and moved west to link up with the Central Pacific Railroad line, which was built eastward from Sacramento. Construction on the UPRR main line was delayed until the American Civil War ended in 1865. Some 300 miles of main line track were built in 1865–66 over the flat prairies. The Rocky Mountains posed a much more dramatic challenge but the crews had learned to work at a much faster pace with 240 miles built in 1867 and 555 miles in 1868–69. The two lines were joined in Utah on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Interstate 80, built in the 1950s, paralleled the UPRR main line. In 1870 the fare in coach from Omaha to San Francisco was $33.20 , with sleeper cars costing extra. The train stopped for meals at lunch rooms along the way. Passenger traffic for the long trip was light at first—2,000 a month in the 1870s, growing to 10,000 a month in the 1880s. Wall Street speculator Jay Gould (1836–1892) took control of the UPRR in 1874, as well as the smaller Kansas Pacific Railway based in Kansas City. He merged the two into the Union Pacific Railway in 1880, giving the Union Pacific new markets in the wheat and ranching regions of Kansas and eastern Colorado. Branches were opened to mining districts in Montana, Idaho, and Utah and (until 1893) to farmlands in Oregon. Despite severe austerity measures the Union Pacific was unable to repay its old government loans. Most of the wheat farmers joined the People's Party, a Populist movement in the 1890s and engaged in heated anti-railroad rhetoric. The Populists were soon voted out and had no lasting impact on the Union Pacific. In the Panic of 1893 financial crisis the Union Pacific Railway, like 153 other American railroads, went bankrupt. The trains continued to operate but the bondholders lost their investment. In 1897, a new Union Pacific",
"title": "History of the Union Pacific Railroad"
},
{
"docid": "3477390",
"text": "The Central California Traction Company is a Class III short-line railroad operating in the northern San Joaquin Valley, in San Joaquin County, California. It is owned jointly by the Union Pacific and BNSF Railway. Service The railroad operates between Stockton and Lodi. CCT also operates the Stockton Public Belt Railway around the Port of Stockton. It connects to the Stockton Terminal and Eastern Railroad company freight lines that serve greater Stockton. Several miles of the CCT track through Acampo are being used to store rolling stock, primarily Centerbeam flatcars that carry lumber, . History The Central California Traction Company was founded on August 7, 1905, as an alternative city streetcar line to the Stockton Electric Railroad. Streetcar service began in 1906. The company soon had greater ambitions and became a 1,200-volt DC electric interurban railway, opening a line from Stockton to Lodi on September 2, 1907, and reaching Sacramento on September 1, 1910. In 1928, the railroad was sold by the original owners and was then jointly purchased by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Western Pacific Railroad. The Stockton streetcar operations were taken over by Stockton Electric Railway (by then an SP Subsidiary) in 1929. Interurban service ceased on February 4, 1933, but local streetcars continued to run in Sacramento continued until the service was acquired by National City Lines in 1943. Electric service ended on December 22, 1946. The railroad operated over the same line from Lodi and Stockton to Sacramento until 1966 when the Sacramento belt line was closed, then trains were run over Southern Pacific's line into Sacramento. In 1998, service to Sacramento was suspended. Since then the tracks remain between Stockton and Sacramento, being kept for future operational options. One of the Central California Traction Company train stations survives in Acampo, just north of Lodi. This station was converted into a residence, with altered interior walls and an expansion. Locomotive roster See also List of California Interurban Railroads Sacramento Northern Railway Stockton Terminal and Eastern Railroad References Notes Bibliography External links Official Central California Traction Company−CCT website Comprehensive Trainweb.org: CCT Site Trainweb.org: Current CCT Locomotive Roster Cencalrails.railfan.net: Photographs of CCT Donsdepot.net: Photographs of CCT Western Pacific Railroad Museum — home of CCT Caboose #24. Tidewatersouthern.com: CCT Steeple Cab locomotive #100. Davesrailpix.com: Photograph collection of all interurbans — includes CCT and TS. California railroads Interurban railways in California Transportation in Sacramento, California Transportation in Sacramento County, California Transportation in San Joaquin County, California Lodi, California Economy of Stockton, California Spin-offs of the BNSF Railway Spin-offs of the Union Pacific Railroad Railway companies established in 1905 1905 establishments in California American companies established in 1905",
"title": "Central California Traction Company"
},
{
"docid": "74794998",
"text": "The Fresno Subdivision is a railroad in California owned and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad. Mostly built by the Southern Pacific Railroad in the 1870s, the line traverses the San Joaquin Valley on a northwest to southeast alignment. Route The Fresno Subdivision runs from Sacramento, California through the centers of several cities in the eastern San Joaquin Valley to Bakersfield, California. From its interchange with the Martinez Subdivision in the north, it runs south through Elk Grove, Lodi, Stockton, Manteca, Modesto, Merced, and Madera before entering Fresno. The line intersects with the BNSF Railway Stockton Subdivision at Stockton, forming the Stockton Diamond. It largely parallels the BNSF Railway Stockton Subdivision and California State Route 99. Operations The line is primarily used for freight movements. a total of 16 trains daily operated between Fresno and Stockton, with 12 operating between Stockton and Sacramento. The San Joaquin Valley Railroad has trackage rights over the line south of Fresno. Amtrak and the Altamont Corridor Express operate passenger trains over the northern segment of line. Altamont Corridor Express is also expanding its service area, with new stations along the line planned as far south as Merced. History The line was largely built by the Southern Pacific Railway in the late 1800s. The tracks between Sacramento and Lathrop run on the route of the original Central Pacific Railroad. The branch line from Lathrop reached Goshen in August 1872, Delano in July the following year, and had extended past Bakersfield to Caliente in 1875. The merger of Southern Pacific and Union Pacific in 1996 brought the line under its current ownership. of the line between Ceres and Turlock is expected to be double-tracked as part of the Altamont Corridor Express expansion. References External links Rail lines in California Southern Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad lines",
"title": "Fresno Subdivision"
},
{
"docid": "16209490",
"text": "Samuel Skerry Montague (1830–1883) was a railway engineer responsible for building railways in the United States. He was appointed chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad in 1863. He also worked on the Southern Pacific Railroad and the First transcontinental railroad. Early life He was the son of Richard and Content Montague, was born at Keene, New Hampshire, July 6, 1830. At the age of six his family moved to Rockford, Illinois, where he attended school in the winters and the Rockford Classical School. At the age of 22 he started working on the Rock Island and Rockford Railroad in 1852 starting out as a surveyor's assistant. Later he worked on the Peoria and Bureau Valley Railroad, then with the Rock Island and Peoria, and finally with the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. All these railroads were bought out by other railroads and only existed for a short period of time. Career In the fall of 1859 he went to California over the California Trail. In California Montague met Theodore Judah and worked for him building the Valley Railroad from Folsom, California, to Marysville, California. Combined with his previous experience Montague continued to learn his engineering skills by apprenticing with Judah. On February 12, 1862, Montague went to work for Judah now the Chief Engineer on the Central Pacific, helping with the location surveys over the Sierra Nevada (U.S.). Montague worked his way up to Judah's assistant engineer by the time of Judah's death in 1863. Montague was appointed Chief Engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad in 1863 after the death of Theodore Judah. He was responsible for building the western half of the First transcontinental railroad. He was a confidant of Leland Stanford the founder of Stanford University, governor of California and one of the \"big four\" who directed the Central Pacific Railroad. Samuel was one of Stanford's \"inner circle\". He was the engineer charged with directing the locating, designing and building the western section of the transcontinental railroad that linked the west and east coasts of the United States, that linked Promontory Summit, Utah, to Sacramento, California. Montague was assisted by his fellow engineers Lewis M. Clement and James Harvey Strobridge. Montague directed the engineering work on the Central Pacific which involved the work of thousands of Chinese as well as their \"white\" surveyors, engineers, coordinators, supervisors, etc. as they crossed the Sierra Nevada over Donner Pass. It was a monumental engineering undertaking. In the famous \"Golden Spike\" celebration photo of 1869 in which a Central Pacific locomotive and a Union Pacific locomotive are touching \"nose-to-nose\" at Promontory, Utah, the two men shaking hands at the center of this photograph are Samuel S. Montague, Chief Engineer for the Central Pacific and Grenville M. Dodge, Chief Engineer for the Union Pacific. Samuel in about 1869 became one of eight officers of the Central Pacific Railroad. In addition to the transcontinental railroad, he was chief engineer during the construction of numerous other railroad lines in California that Central Pacific and",
"title": "Samuel S. Montague"
},
{
"docid": "3956726",
"text": "The Sierra Northern Railway is a common carrier railroad company operating in California. The company owns several rights of way originating from those of the former Sacramento Northern Railroad, Northern Electric Railway, Sierra Railway Company Of California, Western Pacific Railroad, and Yolo Shortline Railroad. It handles all freight operations and track maintenance for its parent company, the Sierra Railroad Company. The tracks that are maintained by Sierra Northern are also used by the Sierra Railroad Company's tourist trains. History In August 2003, the Sierra Railroad and the Yolo Shortline Railroad merged to form the Sierra Northern Railway. According to the AAR, the line operates of track in California. It serves a number of industrial areas in the state and interchanges with the Union Pacific Railroad, the BNSF Railway and the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. In 2022, the company signed a 30-year lease to operate over the Santa Paula Branch Line, formerly operated by the Fillmore and Western Railway. Routes The company operates trains over two primary routes: Riverbank, California to Sonora, California – Woodland, California to West Sacramento, California – Junctions with other railroads The Oakdale and West Sacramento (Lovdale)–Woodland lines have junctions with BNSF Railway and Union Pacific. The Fort Bragg–Willits line, which has been closed since the collapse of a tunnel in 2012, has a junction with the defunct Northwestern Pacific Railroad in Willits. See also Sacramento RiverTrain Sierra Railroad California Western Railroad References External links Sierra Northern Railway California railroads Transportation in Mendocino County, California Transportation in Sacramento, California Transportation in Stanislaus County, California Transportation in Yolo County, California Oakdale, California West Sacramento, California Woodland, California",
"title": "Sierra Northern Railway"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "396897",
"text": "\"The Big Four\" was the name popularly given to the famous and influential businessmen, philanthropists and railroad tycoons who funded the Central Pacific Railroad (C.P.R.R.), which formed the western portion through the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States, built from the mid-continent at the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean during the middle and late 1860s. Composed of Leland Stanford (1824–1893), Collis Potter Huntington (1821–1900), Mark Hopkins Jr. (1813–1878), and Charles Crocker (1822–1888), the four themselves, however, personally preferred to be known as \"The Associates.\" They enriched themselves utilizing tax money and land grants, while heavily influencing the state legislature from within the Republican Party (Stanford was governor of California when the first of the Pacific Railroad Acts was passed.), and through monopolizing tactics. Contemporary critics claimed they were the greatest swindlers in U.S. history. Membership Leland Stanford (1824–1893) – C.P.R.R. President, Stanford University founder. Collis Potter Huntington (1821–1900) – C.P.R.R. Vice President, for whom the city of Huntington, West Virginia was named. He is also the uncle of Henry E. Huntington (1850–1927), founder of the famous Huntington Library with its art galleries and gardens in San Marino, California. Mark Hopkins Jr. (1813–1878) – C.P.R.R. Treasurer Charles Crocker (1822–1888) – Construction Supervisor, President of Charles Crocker & Co., a C.P.R.R. subsidiary, later founder of the larger, more extensive Southern Pacific Railroad, another transcontinental link to the east, built later in 1883. Collectively, the four established the Sacramento Library Association for the state capital in Sacramento, California in 1857, which later established the present Sacramento Public Library. David Hewes, an enterprising businessman, was called the \"maker of San Francisco\" for his work in clearing land for development. He was invited to be a part of the \"Big Four\" but declined due to the financial risks. Over his lifetime he gained and lost several fortunes. In their time, the four men were sometimes referred to as nabobs or \"nobs,\" a reference to their wealth and influence. When the four built mansions in the same neighborhood of San Francisco, the area quickly became known as Nob Hill, a name it carries today. In popular culture In Henry T. Williams' The Pacific tourist – Williams' illustrated trans-continental guide of travel, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean published in 1878, the Big Four was replaced by the Five Associates or Representative Men of the Central Pacific Railroad, with Charles Crocker's older brother Judge Edwin B. Crocker (1818–1875), who served as the CPRR attorney from 1865 to 1869, added. Ambrose Bierce lampooned the \"Big Four\" in his work \"Black Beetles in Amber\", a collection of satirical verses attacking various prominent Californians. In \"The Birth of the Rail\", \"road agents\" (bandits) Happy Hunty (Huntington), Cowboy Charley (Crocker), and Leland The Kid (Stanford), joined by minor devil Sootymug (Hopkins), give up robbing stage coaches for the much greater loot of railroad operation. References External links \"The Story of the Central Pacific. The Rise of the Big Four: Huntington,",
"title": "Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad)"
},
{
"docid": "887062",
"text": "Donner Pass is a mountain pass in the northern Sierra Nevada, above Donner Lake and Donner Memorial State Park about west of Truckee, California. Like the Sierra Nevada themselves, the pass has a steep approach from the east and a gradual approach from the west. The pass has been used by the California Trail, First transcontinental railroad, Overland Route, Lincoln Highway and Victory Highway (both later U.S. Route 40 and still later Donner Pass Road), as well as indirectly by Interstate 80. The pass gets its name from the ill-fated Donner Party who overwintered there in 1846. Today the area is home to a thriving recreational community with several alpine lakes and ski resorts (Donner Ski Ranch, Boreal, and Sugar Bowl). The permanent communities in the area include Kingvale and Soda Springs, as well as the larger community below the pass surrounding Donner Lake. History To reach California from the east, pioneers had to get their wagons over the Sierra Nevada mountain range. In 1844 the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party followed the Truckee River into the mountains. At the head of what is now called Donner Lake, they found a low notch in the mountains and became the first overland settlers to use the pass. The pass was named after a later group of California-bound settlers. In early November 1846 the Donner Party found the route blocked by snow and was forced to spend the winter on the east side of the mountains. Of the 81 settlers, only 45 survived to reach California; some of them resorting to cannibalism to survive. On January 13, 1952, 222 passengers and crew aboard a train became stranded about west of Donner Pass at Yuba Pass, on Track #1 adjacent to Tunnel 35 (on Track #2), at about MP 176.5. Southern Pacific Railroad's passenger train City of San Francisco was en route westbound through the gap when a blizzard dumped so much snow the train was unable to move forward or reverse. The passengers and crew were stranded for three days until the nearby highway could be plowed sufficiently for a caravan of automobiles to carry them the few miles to Nyack Lodge. Central Pacific Railroad In the spring of 1868, the Sierra Nevada were finally overcome by the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR), after almost three years of sustained drilling and blasting through granite, with the successful completion at Donner Pass of its 1,659-foot (506 m) Tunnel #6 (a.k.a. the Summit Tunnel) and associated grade, thus permitting the establishment of commercial transportation en masse of passengers and freight over the Sierra for the first time. Following a route first surveyed and proposed by CPRR's original Chief Engineer, Theodore D. Judah (1826–1863), the construction of the four tunnels, several miles of snowsheds, and a hand-crafted stone retaining wall 75-foot tall (a.k.a. Chinese or China Wall in recognition of the Chinese builders) necessary to breach Donner Summit constituted the most difficult engineering and construction challenge of the original Sacramento–Ogden CPRR route. Principally designed and built under the personal,",
"title": "Donner Pass"
},
{
"docid": "30854",
"text": "Theodore Dehone Judah (March 4, 1826 – November 2, 1863) was an American civil engineer who was a central figure in the original promotion, establishment, and design of the First transcontinental railroad. He found investors for what became the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR). As chief engineer, he performed much of the route survey work to determine the best alignment for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada, which was completed six years after his death. Early life and education Theodore Judah was born in 1826 (perhaps 1825) in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the son of Mary (Reece) and The Rev. Henry Raymond Judah, an Episcopal clergyman. After his family moved to Troy, New York, Judah attended the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, then called the Rensselaer Institute in 1837 for a term and developed at a young age a passion for engineering and railroads. At age 23, Judah married Anna Pierce (1828-1895) on May 10, 1849. Theirs was the first wedding in the then-new St James Episcopal Church of Greenfield, Massachusetts. Career After studying briefly at Rensselaer, Judah went to work on a number of railroads in the Northeast, including engineering for the Lewiston Railroad down the Niagara Gorge. He was elected member of the American Society of Civil Engineers on May 1853; at that time there were fewer than 800 civil engineers in the United States. Judah was hired in 1854 at age 28, by Colonel Charles Lincoln Wilson, as the Chief Engineer for the Sacramento Valley Railroad in California. He and his wife Anna sailed to Nicaragua, crossed over to the Pacific, and caught a steamer to San Francisco. Under his charge, Sacramento Valley became in February 1856 the first common carrier railroad built west of the Mississippi River. Later, he was chief engineer of the California Central Railroad, incorporated 1857, and the San Francisco and Sacramento Railroad organized in 1856. Pacific railroad surveys On January 1857 in Washington DC, Judah published \"A practical plan for building The Pacific Railroad\", in which he outlined the general plan and argued for the need to do a detailed survey of a specific selected route for the railroad, not a general reconnaissance of several possible routes that had been done earlier. Nominated in the 1859 California Pacific Railroad Convention in San Francisco, Judah was sent to Washington DC to lobby in general for the Pacific Railroad. Congress was distracted by the trouble of pre-Civil War America and showed little interest. He returned noting that he had to find a specific practical route and some private financial backing to do a detailed engineering survey. In the fall of 1860, Charles Marsh, surveyor, civil engineer and water company owner, met with Judah, who had recently built the Sacramento Valley Railroad from Sacramento to Folsom, California. Marsh, who had already surveyed a potential railroad route between Sacramento and Nevada City, California, a decade earlier, went with Judah into the Sierra Nevada Mountains. There they examined the Henness Pass Turnpike Company’s route (Marsh was a founding director of that company).",
"title": "Theodore Judah"
},
{
"docid": "39534649",
"text": "Henness Pass, elevation , is a mountain pass northwest of Reno on the crest of the Sierra Nevada range in Sierra County, California. The pass is traversed by Henness Pass Road, a mostly unpaved road not generally passable by automobiles in winter. Portions of the road are recommended for high clearance vehicles only. Like most of the well-known Sierra Nevada passes, it lies on the Great Basin Divide. Here, the Middle Yuba River flows west to the Pacific Ocean, and the Little Truckee River flows east into the Great Basin. Historically, Henness Pass Road was a travel route used by Native Americans and then immigrants and local mining communities during the Gold Rush era. Beginning in the late 1850s, the road was a major supply route for the silver and gold mines in Nevada. Freight was brought by steamboat from San Francisco up the Sacramento River to Marysville. From there it was carried by wagons, with part of the route being via the Bridgeport Covered Bridge and the Virginia Turnpike, which connected to the road to Henness Pass at North San Juan. Henness Pass is named for Patrick Henness, who is credited with developing the route in 1849 or 1850 as an alternative to Donner Pass. In 1855 the road was officially surveyed by D.B. Scott when the California Legislature passed An Act to Construct a Wagon Road over the Sierra Nevada range, but a route through El Dorado County approximating the current path of U.S. Route 50 was ultimately chosen. Charles Marsh was a founding director of the Henness Pass Turnpike Company, and was a civil engineer who built and owned water systems serving the mines and towns of Nevada County, California beginning in the 1850s. His intimate familiarity with the topography of the area led to his accompanying Theodore D. Judah (who wanted to build a transcontinental railroad) on a reconnaissance of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in 1860. They proceeded over the Henness route, taking elevations and measurements, and came back both convinced that a railroad crossing of the imposing mountains was feasible. They also explored the Donner Pass route, and agreed that it was more favorable. The Henness Pass route was eclipsed by completion in 1868 of the First transcontinental railroad as far as Reno via Donner Pass. Henness Pass and its namesake road still provide the only crossing of any significance between Yuba Pass (State Route 49) to the north and Donner Summit (Interstate 80) to the south. References See also http://cprr.org/Museum/Maps/Nevada_Survey_Maps/ Landforms of Sierra County, California Mountain passes of the Sierra Nevada (United States)",
"title": "Henness Pass"
},
{
"docid": "1259119",
"text": "Events January events The Central Pacific Railroad hires its first Chinese workers. One of them, Hung Wah, will go on to command the largest and longest-working work crew on the CPRR. January 10 – The Illinois Central, Columbus and Indianapolis and Richmond and Covington railroads sign an agreement for joint operation as the Great Central Line between Columbus, Ohio, and Indianapolis, Indiana, headed by the Indiana Central Railway. January 13 – Samuel C. Pomeroy succeeds Cyrus K. Holliday as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. January 16 – The San Francisco and San Jose Railroad is completed to San Jose, California. June events The first railway track in Indonesia was laid between Semarang and Tanggung, Central Java by the Dutch colonial government. June 3 – The first revenue trains operate over the Central Pacific Railroad between Sacramento, California and Newcastle, California. June 29 – St-Hilaire train disaster, Beloeil, Quebec, Canada: 99 killed when an immigrant train fails to stop at an open swing bridge and falls into the Richelieu River. July events July – Samuel Marsh succeeds Nathaniel Marsh for a second term as president of the Erie Railroad. July 2 – The Northern Pacific Railway is chartered to build a northern transcontinental railroad in the United States. July 9 – Franz Muller kills Thomas Briggs in a North London Railway train, the first British railway murder. August events August 24 - The United States Postal Service inaugurates the first railway post office route in the United States when Chicago Assistant Postmaster George B. Armstrong authorizes the route on the Chicago and North Western Railway between Chicago and Clinton, Iowa. August 25 - The San Francisco and Alameda Railroad begins operation between Alameda Terminal and San Leandro, California. October events October – Robert H. Berdell succeeds Samuel Marsh as president of the Erie Railroad. Unknown date events Cornelius Vanderbilt acquires the Hudson River Railroad. Murray, Dougal and Company, later to become part of American Car and Foundry, is founded in Milton, Pennsylvania. Births February births February 6 – George Jay Gould I, eldest son of Jay Gould, president of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad and the Western Pacific Railroad (d. 1923). June births June 8 – Herbert William Garratt, English steam locomotive builder and inventor of the Garratt locomotive type (d. 1913). July births July 15 – Franklin Knight Lane, Interstate Commerce Commission commissioner 1905–1913, chairman of same in 1913, is born (d. 1921). October births October 23 – Victor Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill, chairman of the Great Western Railway (Great Britain) 1908–1934 (d. 1934). Deaths Unknown date deaths Stephen H. Long, American steam locomotive mechanical engineer who helped build the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (b. 1784). References",
"title": "1864 in rail transport"
},
{
"docid": "2539911",
"text": "Alameda Terminal (a.k.a. Alameda Wharf) was a railroad station and ferry wharf at the foot and west of present-day Pacific Avenue and Main Street in Alameda, California, on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay with ferry service to San Francisco. It was built in 1864 and operated by the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad. In 1869, it served as the original west coast terminus of the U.S. First transcontinental railroad, until the opening of Oakland Pier two months later. The western terminus was inaugurated September 6, 1869, when the first Western Pacific through train from Sacramento reached the shores of San Francisco Bay at Alameda Terminal, — thus completing the first transcontinental railroad \"from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean\" in accordance with the Pacific Railroad Acts. History In 1863, Alfred A. Cohen, a San Francisco lawyer, along with his associates, formulated plans to build a railroad and wharf to carry passengers not only to Alameda, but also by ferry to San Francisco. In 1864, he built a wharf, starting from a spot near today's Pacific Avenue and Main Street westward, into the Bay at that time, and ending at part of today's Alameda Point where the USS Hornet sits anchored. On August 25, 1864, Cohen inaugurated passenger service, for 25 cents, from the wharf at Vallejo and Davis Street in San Francisco, via the leased river packet Sophie MacLane, to the Alameda Wharf and then to his San Francisco and Alameda Railroad High St station. In September 1864, he leased the slightly larger Contra Costa. As business grew, he replaced the leased boat, in February 1866, with his very own ferry boat, the Alameda. First transcontinental train After the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 authorized construction of the First transcontinental railroad and telegraph line, the first construction activity took place in 1863 eastward from Sacramento on the Central Pacific Railroad line. In October 1864, the Central Pacific Railroad assigned all the rights of the Pacific Railway Acts to the Western Pacific Railroad for the route between Sacramento and San Jose, including land grants. The plan was that the transcontinental railroad would follow the Western Pacific from Sacramento to San Jose and then connect with the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad (SF&SJ), completed in 1864, to San Francisco. By 1866, Western Pacific had built of track north and east from San Jose, reaching halfway into Niles Canyon, to about Farwell near Milepost 33. The Western Pacific used 500 Chinese laborers to grade and construct the rail line into the rugged canyon with its tight curves and narrow banks. Construction was then halted because of disagreements between the railroad's contractors and its financiers. In 1868, Central Pacific Railroad, a subsidiary of which had acquired the Western Pacific and Oakland Point, restarted work on the Western Pacific Railroad line starting at Sacramento working southward, as well as near Lathrop and Livermore, using upwards to 2,000 Chinese laborers. The new plan was to connect with Oakland and Oakland Point with",
"title": "Alameda Terminal"
},
{
"docid": "3155937",
"text": "The California Pacific Railroad Company (abbreviated Cal. P. R. R. or Cal-P) was incorporated in 1865 at San Francisco, California as the California Pacific Rail Road Company. It was renamed the California Pacific Railroad Extension Company in the spring of 1869, then renamed the California Pacific Railroad later that same year. Its main line from Vallejo to Sacramento was completed six months prior to the May 1869 golden spike ceremony of the Central Pacific/Union Pacific Transcontinental Railway. Beginning January 1869, the company operated a passenger ferryboat (New World) from San Francisco to Vallejo and thence a railroad to Sacramento. It also had a branch from Adelante (later Napa Junction, now American Canyon) to Calistoga and another from Davis to Marysville. The Cal-P operated independently from 1865 to 1876. It was then operated by the Central Pacific and was finally sold to the Southern Pacific. Amtrak's Capitol Corridor follows the original Cal-P Line from Sacramento to Suisun/Fairfield on its way to, via Martinez, Oakland and San Jose. A shorter transcontinental route When the transcontintal railroad first crossed the U.S. in May 1869, it wasn't truly a transcontinental line because it terminated at Sacramento, short of the Pacific coast destination of San Francisco or Oakland Harbor. The first truly transcontinental railroad was completed September 1869, from Sacramento through Stockton, over Altamont Pass and thence via Niles Canyon to the San Francisco Bay Area, a distance of . That line was constructed by Leland Stanford's Central Pacific Railroad subsidiary, the Western Pacific Railroad (of 1862). The route over Altamont Pass was completed to Alameda Terminal in September 1869 (and to Oakland Long Wharf in November 1869). [Note: This Western Pacific (1862-1870) is unrelated to the Western Pacific Railroad (of 1916) that ran to Salt Lake City via the Feather River Canyon.] The other route from Sacramento through Stockton, to Banta and Tracey Junction, thence to Martinez to Oakland, was able to avoid the heavy grades of Altamont Pass, but was , twelve miles longer. The Central Pacific was searching for a shorter route from the Bay Area to Sacramento and was eyeing the California Pacific (Cal-P) road between Sacramento and Vallejo, completed in November 1868, which became the basis for a Cal-P Vallejo route of about when steamer ferry service between San Francisco and Vallejo was inaugurated by Cal-P in January 1869. In July 1871, the Central Pacific offered to buy the Cal-P, but their offer was rejected. Central Pacific announced plans to build a parallel route of the Cal-P but diverging at Napa Junction via the Suisun Marsh to Benicia. In September 1871, Central Pacific gained the majority of its stocks and thus control of the California Pacific. The California Pacific, facing financial and expansion difficulties, finally was sold to the Central Pacific in 1876. The Central Pacific proceeded to shift from the Cal-P Sacramento to Vallejo mainline in favor of a line diverging at Suisun across the Suisun Marsh to Benicia on the northern shore of Carquinez Strait. In October 1877.",
"title": "California Pacific Railroad"
},
{
"docid": "1562264",
"text": "Niles Canyon is a canyon in the San Francisco Bay Area formed by Alameda Creek, known for its heritage railroad and silent movie history. The canyon is largely in an unincorporated area of Alameda County, while the western portion of the canyon lies within the city limits of Fremont and Union City. The stretch of State Route 84 known as Niles Canyon Road traverses the length of the canyon from the Niles district of Fremont to the unincorporated town of Sunol. Two railroads also follow the same route down the canyon from Sunol to Niles: the old Southern Pacific track along the north side, now the Niles Canyon Railway, and the newer Union Pacific (formerly the Western Pacific) track a little to the south. At the west end of the canyon are the ruins of the Vallejo Flour Mill, which dates to 1853. History The route of El Camino Viejo à Los Angeles (Old Road to Los Angeles), the oldest north-south trail in the interior of Alta California, ran through Niles Canyon. In addition, the canyon, then known as Alameda Cañon, was located in three different Mexican land grants - Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda, Rancho Ex-Mission San José, and Rancho Valle de San Jose. It was later named Cañada Molina Vallejo for the two-story adobe grist mill built in the early 1840s on the Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda near the mouth of the canyon by its owner José de Jesús Vallejo, elder brother of Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. The locality became known as Vallejo's Mill and later as Vallejo's Mills when Vallejo built a second wooden three story mill next to the original adobe mill in 1856. The area later became the town of Niles, named after the Niles Station, which was built after the first transcontinental railroad was completed through the canyon by Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870) in the Summer of 1869. The station was named after Central Pacific Railroad attorney Addison C. Niles, later a California Supreme Court judge. The Thompson & West map shows that the area was still known as Niles or Vallejo Mills in 1878 with the Contract & Finance Co., a subsidiary of Central Pacific, still in ownership of the later town of Niles. The railroad through Alameda Cañon to Pleasanton was completed August 15, 1869 and to Laddsville on August 18, 1869. The first through train from Sacramento to Alameda Terminal (the first terminus of the Transcontinental Railroad ) ran through Alameda Cañon on September 6, 1869. As Niles became known as a picnic day-tripper destination around 1900, the name Niles Canyon replaced Alameda Cañon. Essanay Film Manufacturing Company, an early motion picture company, had a studio and back lot located in Niles from 1912–1916 at the canyon's western mouth. The canyon was featured in many early films, some by Broncho Billy and it was here that Charlie Chaplin filmed one of his most iconic movies, The Tramp. The Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum has exhibits, screenings, and events remembering its heritage.",
"title": "Niles Canyon"
},
{
"docid": "1259062",
"text": "Events January events January 9 – Government of India resolves not to create new guaranteed railway companies, thus determining future relationships between private enterprise and state in railway development. January 23 – George Westinghouse files for a patent on his air brake; this year also he founds the Westinghouse Air Brake Company (\"WABCO\"). February events February 17 – Henry Keyes succeeds Henry C. Lord as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. February 27 – The first line of what is now Athens Metro, in Greece, opens as Athens Piraeus Railway SA, the first railroad in the country (8.8 km). March events March – By an act of Congress, the Kansas Pacific Railway's name is shortened to Kansas Pacific. April events April 6 – The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway is formed through merger of the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad and the Lake Shore Railway. April 23 – Crews building the Central Pacific Railroad lay 10 miles (16 km) of track in one day. April 26 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad opens its first segment of track (6 miles / 10 km long) between Topeka and Pauline, Kansas. April 28 – Franklin B. Gowen becomes president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. May events May 10 – The golden spike is driven at Promontory Summit, Utah, on the First transcontinental railroad in North America. May 15 – The first trains operate the entire length of the First transcontinental railroad in North America traveling between Omaha, Nebraska, and Sacramento, California. June events June 1 – The Merchants Despatch is reformed as a joint stock trading company, with ownership divided among the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway (CCC&I), the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, and the New York Central Railroad (NYC), all part of the Cornelius Vanderbilt rail empire. June 17 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, building westward from Topeka, reaches Carbondale, Kansas. July events July 3 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad subsidiary Kansas City and Cameron Railroad opens the Hannibal Bridge, the first railroad bridge across the Missouri River, connecting its namesake cities. Completion of the Mount Washington Cog Railway in New Hampshire, U.S., the world's first mountain rack railway. Riihimäki – Saint Petersburg Railway line in the Grand Duchy of Finland completed from the Finland Station in Saint Petersburg to Zelenogorsk. Stations opened at Lanskaya, Udelnaya, Ozerki, Pargolovo, Pesochny, Levashovo, Beloostrov, Solnechnoye, Repino, Komarovo and Zelenogorsk. August events August 18 – The Windsor and Annapolis Railway in Nova Scotia officially opens between Annapolis and Grand Pre. September events September 13 – The Solway Junction Railway is opened for iron ore traffic, including a 1-mile 8 chain (1.8 km) iron girder viaduct across the Solway Firth in Scotland. September 21 – The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway leases the Kalamazoo, Allegan and Grand Rapids Railway in Michigan. October events 10 October – A branch of the West Coast Main Line to Liverpool Lime Street, is opened by",
"title": "1869 in rail transport"
},
{
"docid": "18081953",
"text": "This article lists the railroads and a timeline of railroad history in Solano County, California. Timeline 1849-1859 1849 Benicia Barracks established as military post which would last until 1929. California Gold Rush 8 Nov 1849 Benicia established post office. 18 Feb 1850 Solano County incorporated with county seat at Benicia. 1851 Marysville and Benicia Railroad incorporated at Marysville to build a railroad from Marysville to Benicia or Knights Ferry. 28 Jul 1851 Vallejo establishes post office. 9 Sep 1850 California admitted into the United States. 18 Apr 1854 Suisun establishes post office. 1 Jun 1854 Vacaville establishes post office. 1856 San Francisco and Sacramento Railroad organized to build a 52-mile railroad from Benicia to Sacramento and connect Benicia to San Francisco by steamship. No further details. 9 Nov 1857 San Francisco and Marysville Railroad incorporated at Marysville after acquiring Marysville & Benicia Railroad. Some construction performed in 1859. 18 Aug 1858 Rio Vista establishes post office. 31 Dec 1858 Fairfield established post office. 1860s 26 Mar 1864 Napa Valley Rail Road incorporated at San Francisco. Railroad built from the tidewater on the northern end the San Pablo Bay south of Napa at a location known as Suscol to Calistoga. 5 Dec 1864 Sacramento and San Francisco Railroad incorporated to build proposed railroad between two cities. 3 Jan 1865 California Pacific Rail Road incorporated from San Francisco & Marysville Railroad and the Sacramento & San Francisco Railroad. 10 Jan 1865 California Pacific Rail Road absorbs the Sacramento & San Francisco Rail Road Company and the San Francisco & Marysville Rail Road Company. 11 Jul 1865 Track opened on Napa Valley Railroad between Suscol and Napa. Line from Napa to Calistoga was completed in 1868. 24 Dec 1866 California Pacific Rail Road commenced grading from Vallejo towards Suisun then Davisville (Davis). 24 Jun 1868 California Pacific completed between Vallejo and Suisun via American Canyon. 27 Jul 1868 California Pacific completed from Suisun - Elmira. 10 Aug 1868 California Pacific completed from Elmira - Dixon. 24 Aug 1868 California Pacific completed from Dixon - Davisville (Davis). Later that year tracks reach Washington (West Sacramento). Jan 1869 Napa Valley Rail Road extends line from Suscol to Napa Junction where it interchanged with the California Pacific Railroad. 26 Jan 1869 Dixon establishes post office. 12 Apr 1869 Vaca Valley Rail Road incorporated to build from Elmira to Madison via Vacaville. 14 Apr 1869 California Pacific Railroad Extension Company incorporated to acquire Napa Valley Railroad. 10 May 1869 Central Pacific/Union Pacific Golden Spike Ceremony completes Transcontinental Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah. Grading commences on Vaca Valley Rail Road. 9 Jun 1869 Napa Valley Rail Road sold under foreclosure to the California Pacific Railroad Extension Company. 21 Jun 1869 Vaca Valley Rail Road completed from Elmira - Vacaville. Interchange with California Pacific at Elmira. 16 Nov 1869 A small amount of construction commenced on the Suisun, Berryessa and Clear Lake Railroad was organized to build to Clear Lake but the project was abandoned within two years. 22",
"title": "Rail transportation in Solano County, California"
},
{
"docid": "71810536",
"text": "Charles Marsh (December 6, 1825 - May 22, 1876) was an influential figure in the building of the first transcontinental railroad, as well as in building water systems for mining in the Sierra Nevada Mountains during the California Gold Rush. He was one of the founding directors of the Central Pacific Railroad. He was a surveyor and worked with Theodore D. Judah to survey and evaluate various possible routes for the first transcontinental railroad through the Sierra Nevada. He built a number of ditches and water pipelines to serve mines and towns there, and became known as the “Father of Ditches.” He was also one of the founders of the Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad. Builder of ditches/canals and entrepreneur Marsh was born December 6, 1825, in Hatley, Quebec, Canada. It seems he spent his early years in Vermont, then moved with his family to the Milwaukee area of Wisconsin, where he studied civil engineering. In 1849, at age 23, he came to California and tried his hand at prospecting near what later became Nevada City, California. He found $3,000 in gold , and the next year, he conceived a plan to bring water to Coyote Diggings there. In conjunction with three others, he built a nine-mile ditch at a cost of $10,000. When completed, the investment paid for itself in six weeks. This eventually evolved into the South Yuba Canal Company, the largest network of ditches in California with 250 miles of ditches and 20 reservoirs. Over the years, the industrious Marsh was the founder, director and/or investor in a multitude of water companies, railroads, mines, etc., including the Henness Pass Turnpike Company, Excelsior Canal Company, Union Hotel, Banner Mine, and the Bank of Nevada County. In 1850, at age 24, he was elected county surveyor, and laid out the western boundary of the county. That year, in partnership with two others, he built the 45-mile Grizzly Ditch, which was completed in 1851 at a cost of $50,000. In 1852, he surveyed the townsite of Walloupa, and built the Walloupa Ditch. That year he became a director of the Sacramento, Auburn and Nevada Railroad and surveyed its proposed route from Sacramento to Nevada City. He estimated that it would cost two million dollars to build the railroad. Unable to raise the required funds, the project was dropped. A decade later, when the Central Pacific Railroad was built, it began at Sacramento and went through Auburn on its way to Nevada. Marsh became chairman of the county board of supervisors in 1855, at the age of 30, and continued building and operating various ditches/canals bringing water to mines and towns. As owner of the Nevada Water Works, he built a water pipe system to serve Nevada City. Planning and building the first transcontinental railroad In the fall of 1860, Marsh, surveyor, civil engineer and water company owner, met with Theodore Judah, civil engineer, who had recently built the Sacramento Valley Railroad from Sacramento to Folsom, California. Marsh, who had already",
"title": "Charles Marsh (railroad builder)"
},
{
"docid": "51916",
"text": "A transcontinental railroad or transcontinental railway is contiguous railroad trackage, that crosses a continental land mass and has terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad or over those owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route. Although Europe is crisscrossed by railways, the railroads within Europe are usually not considered transcontinental, with the possible exception of the historic Orient Express. Transcontinental railroads helped open up interior regions of continents not previously colonized to exploration and settlement that would not otherwise have been feasible. In many cases they also formed the backbones of cross-country passenger and freight transportation networks. Many of them continue to have an important role in freight transportation and some like the Trans-Siberian Railway even have passenger trains going from one end to the other. Africa East-west There are several ways to cross Africa transcontinentally via connecting east–west railways. One is the Benguela railway, completed in 1929. It starts in Lobito, Angola, and connects through Katanga to the Zambia railways system. From Zambia several ports are accessible on the Indian Ocean: Dar es Salaam in Tanzania through the TAZARA, and, through Zimbabwe, Beira and Maputo in Mozambique. The Angolan Civil War has made the Benguela line largely inoperative, but efforts are being taken to restore it. Another west–east corridor leads from the Atlantic harbours in Namibia, either Walvis Bay or Luderitz to the South African rail system that, in turn, links to ports on the Indian Ocean ( i.e. Durban, Maputo). A 1015 km gap in the east–west line between Kinshasa and Ilebo filled by riverboats could be plugged with a new railway. There are two proposals for a line from the Red Sea to the Gulf of Guinea, including TransAfricaRail. In 2010 a proposal sought to link Dakar to Port Sudan. Thirteen countries would be on the main route; another six would be served by branches. North-south A north-south transcontinental railway had been proposed by Cecil Rhodes, who termed it the Cape-Cairo railway. This system would act as a direct route from the northernmost British possession in Africa, Egypt, to the southernmost one, the Cape Colony. The project was never completed. During its development, a competing French colonial project for a competing line from Algiers or Dakar to Abidjan was abandoned after the Fashoda incident. This line would have had four gauge islands in three gauges. An extension of Namibian Railways is being built in 2006 with the possible connection to Angolan Railways. Libya has proposed a Trans-Saharan Railway connecting possibly to Nigeria which would connect with the proposed AfricaRail network. African Union of Railways The African Union of Railways has plans to connect the various railways of Africa including the Dakar-Port Sudan Railway. Australia East-west Australia's east–west transcontinental rail corridor, consisting of lines built to three different track gauges, was completed in 1917, when the Trans-Australian Railway was opened between Port Augusta, South Australia and Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. This line, built",
"title": "Transcontinental railroad"
},
{
"docid": "28180882",
"text": "David Hewes (May 16, 1822 in Lynnfield, Massachusetts – July 23, 1915 in Orange, California), was an American born into one of the \"old families\" of Massachusetts that could be traced back seven generations to the patriot Joshua Hewes. Hewes is associated with the construction and completion of the First transcontinental railroad, although he was an enthusiastic supporter rather than being directly connected with the construction thereof. He provided a golden spike marking completion of the railroad and he also planned the connection of the railroad company's wires to Western Union so the taps of the silver hammer driving the golden spike at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory could be heard instantaneously coast-to-coast. Hewes supported himself from the age of fourteen and earned enough to pay for his education including entry into Phillips Academy, Andover and Yale College. During his second year at Yale he joined his savings with a small inheritance from his father investing the monies in galvanized iron houses that were shipped to California. He travelled by ship and arrived at San Francisco in February 1850 and later set up a general merchandise store in Sacramento. In 1852 Sacramento was devastated by fire and in early 1853 a flood leaving Hewes with little resources. Seeing San Francisco as a promising metropolis of the Pacific Coast he began a small-scale business of earth-moving as the city was leveling sand dunes and filling streets. Hewes' Steam Paddy Company purchased steam shovels and then built the first steam locomotive on the Pacific Coast. He grew the enterprise to reclaiming the harbor, blocked by hundreds of abandoned ships from the gold rush, to level and fill the area where much of San Francisco's business district now stands. He was called the \"maker of San Francisco\" because it was through \"his initiative and energy that the task was undertaken and accomplished\". Hewes was invited to be a part of the Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad) but declined due to the financial risks, over his lifetime he gained and lost several fortunes. Hewes first marriage was to Matilda C. Gray in 1875 and they spent two and a half years in Europe. On the return trip Matilda's health necessitated that they move to a warmer climate. In 1881, they settled in Southern California, building a Victorian-styled mansion that still stands as a historical site in Tustin, CA. Matilda died in 1887. Hewes' second wife was Anna Lathrop, sister of Mrs. Leland Stanford. Married in 1889, they also travelled overseas and additionally to Europe they spent parts of their eighteen months in the Orient and Mid-East. Anna died soon after in August 1892. Hewes first started what arguably was his greatest accomplishment - the Hewes ranch near El Modena in Orange County when he moved there with Matilda. Called Anapauma, \"a place of rest\", it was a massive sheep ranch over with a large portion eventually converted in vineyards which later died off from blight. Hewes restored the ranch as a citrus farm which was",
"title": "David Hewes"
},
{
"docid": "22185329",
"text": "The San Francisco and Oakland Railroad (SF&O) was built in 1862 to provide ferry-train service from a San Francisco ferry terminal connecting with railroad service through Oakland to San Antonio. In 1868 Central Pacific Railroad decided that Oakland would be the west coast terminus of the First transcontinental railroad and bought SF&O. Beginning November 8, 1869, part of the SF&O line served as the westernmost portion of the transcontinental railroad. It subsequently was absorbed into the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP). The track in Oakland was electrified in 1911 and extended across the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in 1939. Service was abandoned in 1941. History The San Francisco and Oakland Railroad (and Ferry Co.) was formed in October 1861 under the leadership of Rodman Gibbons and other Oakland residents in order to provide transportation to Oakland by means of a ferry from San Francisco to a small wharf at Oakland Point where passengers could take a train into Oakland. Service began in September 1862 along 7th Street to a station in downtown Oakland at Broadway. Traffic increased steadily so an extension of the line was planned. In 1864 the track was extended across a bridge over Indian Creek Slough, the outlet to Lake Merritt, then along private right-of-way adjacent to San Antonio Creek (Oakland Estuary) to the Commerce Street Wharf (foot of 14th Avenue) in San Antonio. The cost of the extension and of building a new larger ferry boat caused Gibbons and his associates to lose control of the company SF&O in 1865 to A. A. Cohen, president of the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad (SF&A). After Central Pacific Railroad (CP) decided in April 1868 to make Oakland the western terminus of the transcontinental railroad, its subsidiary purchased the majority of the stock of the struggling SF&O from A. A. Cohen in August 1868 and began to expand the small wharf at Oakland Point. In August 1869 the CP subsidiary also purchased the majority of the stock of SF&A, bankrupt by the 1868 Hayward earthquake. In 1870 they merged the two local railroads together and then brought them back into the Central Pacific. Meanwhile, the Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870) had surveyed a line from San Jose via Niles Canyon and Altamont Pass to Sacramento, but ran out of money in a 1866 dispute, after laying of track from San Jose into the middle of Niles Canyon. By 1868, a CP subsidiary had purchased the WP line and then restarted the construction of it, through a contract with Turton, Knox & Ryan, beginning February 1868 from Sacramento working south to connect with the line beginning, later in June 1869, eastward from the point Western Pacific had stopped in Niles Canyon. Also in June 1869, they added a new line, through a contract with J. H. Strobridge, from Niles northwest towards Oakland. In September 1869 this new line towards Oakland was first connected temporarily to the SF&A at San Leandro. The first through Western Pacific train from Sacramento arrived on September 6,",
"title": "San Francisco and Oakland Railroad"
},
{
"docid": "68114106",
"text": "Barstow Yard is a classification yard operated by Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF) in Barstow, California. With 48 directional tracks and a total area of approximately , it is the second largest classification yard west of the Rocky Mountains after the JR Davis Yard. Today, almost all freight traffic to and from Southern California runs through the junction. Its beginnings date back to the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad connection by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF). At the end of the 19th century, the Mojave Desert had to be crossed, in which an important branch for traffic from the Midwest to San Francisco in the north and to Los Angeles and San Diego in the southwest was created at the site of today's Barstow. In the early 1970s, AT&SF expanded the railroad facilities into a large flat facility that stretches above the city for nearly along the Mojave River. In 1995, the AT&SF merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad (BN) to form the BNSF Railway. BNSF operates the transcontinental connection under the name Southern Transcon and, in 2019, employed around 1000 people at Barstow Yard. History Railway networks in Southern California and the city of Barstow from the 1870s By 1867, the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) had completed the western portion of the first transcontinental railroad link between San Francisco and Omaha, Nebraska, and expanded into southern California in the 1870s. Soon after, a spur was built from Los Angeles to Yuma on the Colorado River in Arizona. A line from Mojave, California through the desert to Needles, California, about north of Yuma on the Colorado River, was also built, connecting the planned Atlantic and Pacific Railroads between Missouri and California. The western section ran east to Isleta, New Mexico. After 1880, the California Southern Railroad created a line from San Diego in the south via San Bernardino to the SP line in today's Barstow, about east of Mojave. The intersection was called Waterman Junction after the governor of California Robert Waterman, who ran a ranch and operated several silver mines in the area. During the second phase of the Great Depression from 1873 to 1896, the western part of the never-completed Atlantic and Pacific, between Needles and Isleta, was reorganized as a subsidiary of the AT&SF, which operated its network, thereby widened, westward through Isleta to Needles; the eastern portion became part of the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway. AT&SF also acquired the section through the Mojave Desert from SP and reached the west coast through its subsidiary, California Southern Railroad. Waterman Junction was named in 1886 by the president of the AT&SF William Barstow Strong in Barstow. The AT&SF was able to expand its original network from Kansas (Atchison and Topeka Railroad) to New Mexico (Albuquerque and Santa Fe) to the Pacific coast by the end of the 19th century. In 1888, the rail network extended east to Chicago, Illinois. Another transcontinental railroad connection was built in the south after the Sunset Route of",
"title": "Barstow Yard"
},
{
"docid": "2936787",
"text": "The establishment of America's transcontinental rail lines securely linked California to the rest of the country, and the far-reaching transportation systems that grew out of them during the century that followed contributed to the state's social, political, and economic development. When California was admitted as a state to the United States in 1850, and for nearly two decades thereafter, it was in many ways isolated, an outpost on the Pacific, until the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869. Passenger rail transportation declined in the early- and mid-20th Century with the rise of the state's car culture and road system. It has since undergone something of a renaissance, with the introduction of services such as Metrolink, Coaster, Caltrain, Amtrak California, and others. On November 4, 2008, the people of California passed Proposition 1A, which helped provide financing for a high-speed rail line. 19th century Background The early Forty-Niners of the California Gold Rush wishing to come to California were faced with limited options. From the East Coast, for example, a sailing voyage around the tip of South America would take five to eight months, and cover some 18,000 nautical miles (33,000 km). An alternative route was to sail to the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, to take canoes and mules for a week through the jungle, and then on the Pacific side, to wait for a ship sailing for San Francisco. During the 1850s the voy:Ruta de Transito through Nicaragua was another option. Eventually, most gold-seekers took the overland route across the continental United States, particularly along the California Trail. Each of these routes had its own deadly hazards, from typhoid fever to cholera or Indian attack. Transcontinental links The very first \"inter-oceanic\" railroad that affected California was built in 1855 across the Isthmus of Panama, the Panama Railway. The Panama Railway reduced the time needed to cross the Isthmus from a week of difficult and dangerous travel to a day of relative comfort. The building of the Panama Railroad, in combination with the increasing use of steamships (instead of sailing ships) meant that travel to and from California via Panama was the primary method used by people who could afford to do so, and was used for valuable cargo, such as the gold being shipped from California to the East Coast. California's symbolic and tangible connection to the rest of the country was fused at Promontory Summit, Utah, as the \"last spike\" was driven to join the tracks of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads, thereby completing the first transcontinental railroad on May 10, 1869 (before that time, only a few local rail lines operated in the State, the first being the Sacramento Valley Railroad). The 1,600 mile (2,575-kilometer) trip from Omaha, Nebraska, would now take mere days. The Wild West was quickly transformed from a lawless, agrarian frontier to what would become an urbanized, industrialized economic and political powerhouse. Of perhaps greater significance is the unbridled economic growth that was spurred on by the sheer",
"title": "History of rail transportation in California"
},
{
"docid": "17979797",
"text": "The Big Four Building is a historic 19th-century building in Downtown Sacramento, California. It is now located within Old Sacramento State Historic Park and the Old Sacramento National Historic District. History The Big Four House was originally three separate buildings constructed over 1851 to 1852, adjacent to the Sacramento River waterfront. The original three structures included the Stanford Building, the Huntington & Hopkins Building, and the Miller Building. The Big Four The lower floors were occupied by merchants, three of whom later became The Big Four (with Charles Crocker), hence the buildings' name. The Big Four were associated with the founding of the First transcontinental railroad linking California with the Eastern U.S. — and were Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Jr., Leland Stanford, and Charles Crocker. On the second floor these buildings they organized and ran the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California, to plan, build, and operate the western section of the first Transcontinental Railroad. They also founded the Southern Pacific Railroad here. Huntington, Hopkins & Co., which imported and sold hardware, iron, steel, and coal, occupied 54 \"K\" Street. The second floor of these structures served as the first offices of the Central Pacific Railroad from 1862 to 1873. By 1878 ownership was consolidated, and the structures were enlarged into one building. Over time it has also housed shops, including the Huntington & Hopkins Hardware Store, a bar and cafe, and a hotel on the second floor. Landmark The Big Four House was declared a National Historic Landmark on July 4, 1961. It is included within the Old Sacramento Historic District, which also is a National Historic Landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places since its establishment on October 15, 1966. It was also formerly a California Historical Landmark of its own, but now is a Historic district contributing property included in the registration of the Old Sacramento National Historic District. See also History of Sacramento, California Old Sacramento State Historic Park National Register of Historic Places listings in Sacramento County, California California Historical Landmarks in Sacramento County, California Index: Historic districts in California References External links Buildings and structures in Sacramento, California History of Sacramento, California National Register of Historic Places in Sacramento, California National Historic Landmarks in California Historic American Buildings Survey in California California Historical Landmarks Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California Southern Pacific Railroad Railroad-related National Historic Landmarks Old Sacramento State Historic Park Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in California National Historic Landmark District contributing properties",
"title": "Big Four House"
},
{
"docid": "2542080",
"text": "The first Vallejo Flour Mill, in the Niles district of Fremont, California, was built in 1841 by José de Jesús Vallejo (1798–1882), elder brother of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, on his Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda, along with a dam and aqueduct to power it. The Flour Mill was located at the mouth of Niles Canyon, then called Alameda Cañon, which served as the major course of Alameda Creek. A second Flour Mill was built in 1856, the stone foundation of which may still be seen today. The ruins of the Vallejo Flour Mill is located at the northeast corner of Niles Canyon Road (State Route 84) and Mission Boulevard (State Route 238) in Vallejo Mill Historical Park. In 1932, it was designated a California Historical Landmark (#46). A watercolor painting of the 1856 Flour Mill, done by Carmelita Vallejo, J & J Vallejo's daughter then finishing her studies at the San Jose Notre Dame Academy, showed several buildings surrounding a three-story Flour Mill building with a large wooden wheel on the north side. According to the Alameda County Gazette (January 1857), the wheel was the overshot design, 30 feet in diameter and 8 feet broad, and the millstone was 4 feet in diameter. The Flour Mill cost $5,000 and had a capacity of 150 barrels of flour a day. In 1909, the 1841 adobe mill was torn down to make way for a wye-switch built by Southern Pacific Railroad. Impact of the first transcontinental railroad In 1865–1866, Western Pacific, one of three companies to build the first transcontinental railroad, built of track north of San Jose towards Sacramento. This railroad segment skirted the Vallejo Flour Mills at the mouth of Alameda Cañon (now Niles Canyon) and reached halfway into the canyon, about a mile past the Farwell Bridge near milepost 33 where it stopped. The Western Pacific used 500 Chinese laborers to grade and construct the rail line into the rugged canyon with its tight curves and narrow banks. Four major timber through (Howe) truss bridges were built to cross Alameda Creek and Arroyo de la Laguna Creek. In addition to building wooden bridges and grading the railroad bed, the laborers built culverts, retaining walls, and bridge piers in masonry. In October 1866, construction was halted because of disagreements between the railroad's contractors and its financiers. In June 1869, the Central Pacific Railroad, a subsidiary of which had acquired the Western Pacific and Oakland Point in 1868, restarted work on the railroad line through Alameda Cañon, also using Chinese laborers, and added a new line from the canyon northwest towards Oakland. The new line started in the canyon a mile east of the Mills at a junction initially called the Vallejo Mills Junction and followed the line of Vallejo's aqueduct, which was torn out to build the railroad and then rebuilt. Since the junction in the canyon was confining, Central Pacific started to grade a new junction in the valley just west of the Mills to service both the",
"title": "Vallejo Flour Mill"
},
{
"docid": "30361797",
"text": "The Pengra Pass rail route, also known as the Natron Cutoff, the Cascade Subdivision, or the Cascade Line, is a Union Pacific Railroad line (originally a Southern Pacific Railroad line) connecting Eugene, Oregon, with Klamath Falls, Oregon. Construction of the line began in 1905 and was completed in the mid-1920s. Its name denotes a mountain pass on the Lane County–Klamath County boundary in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, about from Willamette Pass. The line heads southeast from Eugene, up the Cascades and over Pengra Pass, then southward beside U.S. Route 97 to Klamath Falls, where it splits in two, each track continuing into California. The route has at least 22 tunnels, several snow sheds and multiple bridges across canyons. The Pengra Pass route was built to provide trains running between Eugene and California with a cheaper and otherwise more practical option than to follow the older Siskiyou Pass route, which runs south from Eugene and over Siskiyou Pass to California. As a result, the Siskiyou Pass route was rendered nearly obsolete. In 2008, a landslide in the area shut down rail traffic for 105 days, which forced Union Pacific trains to make lengthy detours and Amtrak to halt services between Eugene and Sacramento, severing a key west coast rail link. In 2011, no trains had used the Siskiyou Pass route in almost a decade. By 2015 however, that line was reopening to relieve I-5 of local truck traffic. On May 29, 2018, one of the tunnels, known as Tunnel 11, caved in during scheduled maintenance work, shutting down rail traffic for 3 weeks. Union Pacific rerouted their freight trains running between Northern California and Portland through a lengthy detour, while Amtrak service did not operate between Eugene and Sacramento (initially between Eugene and Klamath Falls, with a bus bridge between the two points). Nonetheless, a major helper operation is demanded by the Pengra Pass route's of constant grade—the longest anywhere on the former Southern Pacific system, including Donner Pass. The right-of-way is surrounded by waterfalls and streams running through a Douglas fir forest. At many locations, the track runs atop the steep southern slopes of the Salt Creek canyon. See also List of mountain passes in Oregon List of Oregon railroads List of tunnels documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon Oregon Eastern Railway (SP predecessor) Pengra Bridge References External links Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation: Historic American Engineering Record in California Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon Southern Pacific Railroad lines Rail transportation in Oregon Union Pacific Railroad lines",
"title": "Pengra Pass rail route"
},
{
"docid": "107854",
"text": "Roseville is the most populous city in Placer County, California, located within the Sacramento metropolitan area. As of 2019, the US Census Bureau estimated the city's population to be 141,500. Interstate 80 runs through Roseville and State Route 65 runs through part of the northern edge of the city. History The settlement developed around a stage coach station called Griders. According to the Roseville Historical Society, in 1864 the Central Pacific Railroad tracks were constructed northeastward from Sacramento as part of the transcontinental railroad. The point where the tracks met the California Central Railroad line was named \"Junction\". Junction eventually became known as Roseville. In 1909, three years after the Southern Pacific Railroad moved its facilities from Rocklin to Roseville, the town became an incorporated city. What followed was a period of expansion, with businesses building more than 100 structures, including what was the largest ice manufacturing plant in the world (the Pacific Fruit Express building, in 1913). The city was a railroad town for decades. By 1929, the railroad employed up to 1,225 people out of a total population of 6,425. With the onset of World War II, the rail yards became busier than ever. The post-war building boom brought continued prosperity. But the nature of the city changed dramatically in the 1950s. During this decade, the railroad continued to expand and upgrade, converting its steam engine fleet to all diesel engines. But competition arose in new sectors: the postwar development of the national Interstate Highway System and the airline industry adversely affected the railroads' passenger and freight traffic. Trucking carried increasing amount of freight on highways. Industry restructuring took place and jobs were lost as railroads dropped passenger routes and consolidated operations. Although the railroad has continued as a major employer in Roseville, the city's expansion has been based on the emergence of other employment sectors. Construction in 1950 of the Washington Boulevard (then called Seawell) railroad underpass dramatically affected downtown. It improved the ability of people to travel from one side of the tracks to the other, but it reduced traffic through the Roseville business district north of the tracks. Those businesses lost customers. The completion of Interstate 80 in 1956 stimulated new businesses, with a population shift, from downtown to what would become known as East Roseville. The old downtown lost more businesses and slid into a gradual decline. The Southern Pacific (now Union Pacific) yard was the site of the 1973 Roseville Yard Disaster. A major explosion and fire took place. The city saw steady population growth throughout the ensuing decades, as shopping centers, major retailers, and homes were constructed, mostly outside the historic downtown. The growth rate was modest until 1985. Between 1929, when the population was 6,425 people, and 1985, the population grew by 22,563 people. In 1985 the population stood at 28,988 people. Five years later it was 44,685 people, and by 2000 it was 74,234 people. Some of this growth was fueled by the arrival of major technology employers, such as",
"title": "Roseville, California"
},
{
"docid": "2881398",
"text": "Railroad Wars were business rivalries between railroad companies, which occurred frequently in American history. Although they were usually little more than legal disputes inside a courtroom, they sometimes turned into armed conflicts. There has been competition between railroad companies since the beginning of railroading in the United States, but violent confrontations were most common in the final quarter of the 19th century, particularly in the Old West. Wars Placer County Railroad War One of the first railroad wars in Old West history was the Placer County Railroad War in California. In 1864, the Sacramento Valley Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad began competing for the ownership of a road from Ashland to a point just outside Auburn Station, which was in the process of being abandoned by the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada Railroad. Because the Sacramento Valley company was in need of American-made rail for use in the First transcontinental railroad, the abandonment of the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada road gave them an opportunity to purchase new rail cheaply. To the contrary, the Central Pacific was interested in completing the road to Auburn. In order to stop the destruction of the road by the Sacramento Valley company, Central Pacific convinced a local Welshman named Griffith Griffith, who owned a granite quarry along the road, to sue the former for threatening his business. Griffith was successful and on June 15, 1864, he received a court order to stop the destruction of the road. The Sacramento Valley company ignored the order though and on July 2 they began disassembling the road for use elsewhere. In response, the sheriff of Placer County assembled his deputies and arrested some railroad workers at Auburn Station. However, on July 9, the disassembling of the road was resumed so the deputies attempted to stop it again. But, before they were successful, the Justice of Lincoln arrived and arrested the deputies for disturbing the peace. When he learned of this, the sheriff of Placer County ordered the Auburn Greys, a local militia, to pick up where his deputies had left off. During the following encounter, the militia opened fire on a crew of workers as they were removing the tracks. Others were arrested and put in jail. The road was safe for the time being, but, soon after, the California Supreme Court got involved and sided with the Sacramento Valley Railroad. Now that the Sacramento Valley company had permission from the state to continue removing the road, the Central Pacific was forced to build their own line to Auburn, which was completed on May 13, 1865. Colorado Railroad War The Colorado Railroad War, also known as the Royal Gorge Railroad War, was fought in the late 1870s between the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and the smaller Denver and Rio Grande company. In 1878, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe was competing against the Denver and Rio Grande to put the first line through Raton Pass. Both railroads had extended lines into Trinidad, Colorado and the pass",
"title": "Railroad Wars"
},
{
"docid": "4152415",
"text": "The Sacramento Valley Railroad (SVRR) was incorporated on August 4, 1852, the first transit railroad company incorporated in California. Construction did not begin until February 1855 because of financial and right of way issues, and its first train operated on February 22, 1856. Although the oldest working railroad in the state was the Arcata and Mad River Railroad, first operational in December 15, 1854, the Sacramento Valley Railroad was the West's pioneering incorporated railroad, forerunner to the Central Pacific. Original SVRR route On August 4, 1852, the Sacramento Valley Railroad was incorporated in California, and Charles Lincoln Wilson became its first president. He left for New York to find expertise and private funds for the railroad effort; he recruited a young survey engineer Theodore D. Judah from New York to come west with him to Sacramento. Judah arrived in mid-May 1854, and on May 30 his report and preliminary survey for the proposed SVRR line eastward from Sacramento to Marysville by way of Folsom were in the hands of his employers. Because of financial and right of way issues, construction with grading subcontractors did not begin until February 1855, but soon other problems arose. In August 1855, the SVRR board elected Commodore C. K. Garrison, former mayor (1853-1854) of San Francisco, as president of SVRR. They also elected as vice president of SVRR the future American Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman, who was at that time the head of the banking house of Lucas & Turner in San Francisco. William Sherman, contacted his brother John, who had recently been elected to Congress, for help in obtaining federal land grants for the railroad, but to no avail. The board also in August 1855 announced that the actual laying of tracks can begin. The railroad's gauge was , wider than , and was laid with Welsh iron \"pear\" rail. Mastering the technique, the track laying crew were putting down six hundred feet of track daily. The original plans for a line from Sacramento to Folsom and then to Marysville were not fully realized as the funding did not materialize. As constructed, the Sacramento Valley Railroad ran from the Sacramento River levee at Front and \"L\" Street in present-day Old Sacramento and terminated at Folsom. On February 22, 1856, the first train operated over the entire line. Theodore Judah was the Chief Engineer of the Sacramento Valley Railroad. Judah would later become the Chief Engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad and the chief proponent of the first transcontinental railroad over the Sierra Nevada by way of Dutch Flat. In August 1865, Central Pacific Railroad maneuvered its way to buy controlling interest in the management of Sacramento Valley, diverting the profitable over-mountain Washoe trade and travel, potentially worth several million dollars annually, to Central Pacific and leaving local trade and travel to Sacramento Valley. Thereafter, the gauge of its track and all its rolling stock was changed to correspond with the standard gauge of the Pacific Railroad. On April 19, 1877, the Sacramento",
"title": "Sacramento Valley Railroad (1852–1877)"
},
{
"docid": "3818749",
"text": "C. P. Huntington is a 4-2-4T steam locomotive on static display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento, California, USA. It is the first locomotive purchased by the Southern Pacific Railroad, carrying that railroad's number 1, and it is named after one of the Big Four who founded it. History and career C. P. Huntington was originally purchased by Central Pacific Railroad (CP) in 1863 as that railroad's number 3, along with its sister engine T. D. Judah (CP no. 4). It was CP's third locomotive after Gov. Stanford (number 1, built by Norris Locomotive Works) and Pacific (number 2, built by Mason Machine Works). The locomotive is named in honor of Collis P. Huntington, the third president of the Southern Pacific Company (parent company of Southern Pacific Railroad). CP used the locomotive beginning on April 15, 1864, during construction of the western portion of the First transcontinental railroad in North America. Southern Pacific (SP) purchased C. P. Huntington from CP on February 5, 1871, gave it their number 1, and used it in light service in northern California. It was rebuilt twice, first in 1873 with new valves and again in 1888 with a new boiler built by CP's Sacramento shops. In 1888 the locomotive was also put on public display for the first time in Sacramento. In SP's 1891 renumbering plan, C. P. Huntington was assigned road number 1001. The locomotive was placed in storage for some time until it was rebuilt for use as a lineside weed burner in 1901. Its use as a weed burner proved unsatisfactory and the locomotive was again removed from active service. In 1910, C. P. Huntington was again rebuilt and it was then kept at SP's machine shops where it remained for a few years. The locomotive was nearly scrapped in 1914; it was spared this fate by SP management so that it could be displayed at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915 after a cosmetic restoration. On May 3, 1939, C. P. Huntington participated in the grand opening ceremonies for the Los Angeles Union Station. Operating under her own steam, the Huntington was paraded past large, cheering crowds to the newly completed passenger terminal, along with several other engines, including the famous 4-4-0, Virginia & Truckee 22, the Inyo (still painted in Union Pacific livery, from the filming of Cecil B. DeMille's 1939 movie of the same name, which premiered two days later), and Southern Pacific 4120, a massive AC-5 class 4-8-8-2 cab forward. The moment was captured on film by Disney animator and lifelong train enthusiast, Ward Kimball, and may be some of the only known footage of the engine under steam. Southern Pacific donated the engine to the State of California in 1964. The locomotive was placed on display at the old state fairgrounds on Stockton Boulevard, in Sacramento, where it remained until a 1970 refurbishing at Southern Pacific's Sacramento Shops, when it was placed in the Central Pacific Railroad Passenger Station in Old Sacramento in 1979.",
"title": "C. P. Huntington"
},
{
"docid": "11236987",
"text": "Hayward station is an Amtrak intercity train station in Hayward, California, United States. It is served by seven daily round trips of the Capitol Corridor route. The station has two side platforms serving the main track and a passing siding; most trains use the platform on the main track. Hayward station opened as an infill station on May 29, 1997; the town had previously seen railroad service from 1865 to 1941. History Railroad service in Haywards (later Hayward) began with the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad in August 1865. The terminal station was located at Watkins Street and D Street in downtown Haywards. It was destroyed in the 1868 Hayward earthquake, which bankrupted the railroad. The line was taken over in 1869 by the Central Pacific Railroad (CP). The CP built its own line (part of the First transcontinental railroad) and station slightly to the west, and abandoned the original line south of San Leandro in 1873. Transcontinental service was shifted from the CP to a northern route on the California Pacific Railroad in 1879. The Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) leased the CP in 1885 and constructed a two-story wood station of standard design at Hayward. Long-distance service to the south was switched to the Coast Line around 1909, but local passenger service to Hayward continued until 1941. Freight service continued on the line, and the station remained intact until it was destroyed by a 1982 fire. Amtrak Capitols (later Capitol Corridor) service between Sacramento and San Jose began in 1991; it ran through Hayward without stopping. After the success of other infill stations on the line, a station at Hayward was opened on May 29, 1997. A station shelter was constructed in the Arts and Crafts style. A siding track with a rarely-used second platform was added around 2006. A 2016-released Vision Plan called for Capitol Corridor trains to be rerouted over the Coast Subdivision, which is used by less freight service. Hayward station would be closed under that plan. Bus connections The station is served by three AC Transit local bus routes: route 34 runs adjacent to the station on Meekland Avenue, while routes 56 and 93 run on A Street. All three routes run to the larger bus terminal at Hayward BART station. References External links Amtrak stations in Alameda County, California Buildings and structures in Hayward, California Railway stations in the United States opened in 1997 Transportation in Hayward, California Railway stations in the United States closed in 1941",
"title": "Hayward station (Amtrak)"
},
{
"docid": "57606708",
"text": "The Iron Moonhunter () is a short children's picture book published in 1977, written and illustrated by the activist Kathleen Chang. The book purportedly retells a Chinese-American myth set in the Sierra Nevada mountains during the construction of the First transcontinental railroad, starting in the fall of 1866. Synopsis Chinese laborers that were hired to work in America received a hostile reception from white competition upon their arrival in San Francisco. While building the Central Pacific portion of the Transcontinental Railroad, an explosion set by white rivals killed several Chinese workers. The three Kwan cousins (Kwan Ming, Kwan Cheong, and Kwan Hop) fought back, finding and punishing the guilty, but modestly stated they were only living up to the legacy of their ancestor, Kwan Kung. Accidents later claimed the lives of two cousins; first, while setting blasting charges, Kwan Hop fell to his death after the rope securing his basket broke; in the ensuing winter of 1866–67, Kwan Cheong was trapped in a collapsed tunnel that had been dug to connect the work site with the camp site through snow deep. The following spring, the Chinese workers began to see the restless spirits of their comrades who had died while working on the railroads. One worker, Jeong Yum, erupted with hatred and agitated the men to blow up the railroad and rebel against their white supervisors. Kwan Ming instead counseled patience and pride: \"Talk sense, men. The railroad is our work and we should be proud of it. We're going to finish it because when we Tong Yun say we'll do something, we don't stop halfway.\" He laid out a plan to build a railroad for the spirits, using leftover steel rails and scrap metal from crashed trains to build the Iron Moonhunter, a dragon-shaped train, which played a song to alert the restless spirits: After reuniting the spirits with their loved ones, the workers continued to build track throughout the Sierra, stopping the train to help the needy. According to the legend, the Iron Moonhunter still plies the tracks, helping the Chinese in America. Development Chang states The Iron Moonhunter comes from a legend passed down from the time of the Transcontinental Railroad. However, the first known appearance of the Iron Moonhunter is in Frank Chin's play The Chickencoop Chinaman (1972), where Tam Lum explains it is a \"train built by Chinamans who knew they'd never be given passes to ride the rails they laid\", a \"wild engine to take them home\" built from stolen iron and steel. Sau-ling Cynthia Wong speculates that as it is supposedly based on an unpublished private oral history, the Iron Moonhunter may have been invented by Chin, who was married to Chang in the early 1970s. Publication history According to the book's copyright page, the original text and illustrations passed into the public domain in 1987. Legacy The Iron Moonhunter was dramatized by Calleen Sinnette Jennings, Mary Hall Surface, Eric Wilson (book & lyrics); Deirdre Kelly Lavrakas (concept); and Deborah Wicks La Puma",
"title": "The Iron Moonhunter"
},
{
"docid": "66053558",
"text": "Alhambra station was a train station in Alhambra, California. It was last served by the Amtrak Sunset Limited. History Opened in 1886 as Shorb, the station was a stop on the transcontinental Southern Pacific Railroad Sunset Limited. The first building was located at Garfield Avenue and Mission Road. A separate Alhambra station operated to the east. Pacific Electric built their route for the Shorb Line spur here in 1912 to connect their interurban system to the transcontinental passenger network; their passenger service ceased in 1924. The station building was reconstructed in 1940. Passenger services were commuted to Amtrak in 1971, who took over operations at the depot. Trains ceased to stop in 1975 as the station was bypassed. The tracks were depressed into a trench by the city with work starting in 1977. The tracks currently run in the trench below surface grade throughout Alhambra, rejoining grade-level tracks in El Monte adjacent to Metrolink’s El Monte station, served by the San Bernardino Line. The station was subsequently destroyed by a fire in 1984. References Alhambra, California Railway stations in the United States opened in 1886 Former Amtrak stations in California Former Southern Pacific Railroad stations in California Amtrak stations in Los Angeles County, California Demolished railway stations in the United States Pacific Electric stations Railway stations in the United States closed in 1975",
"title": "Alhambra station"
},
{
"docid": "5892561",
"text": "The California Southern Railroad was a subsidiary railroad of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (Santa Fe) in Southern California. It was organized July 10, 1880, and chartered on October 23, 1880, to build a rail connection between what has become the city of Barstow and San Diego, California. Construction began in National City, just south of San Diego, in 1881, and proceeded northward to the present day city of Oceanside. From there, the line turned to the northeast through Temecula Canyon, then on to the present cities of Lake Elsinore, Perris and Riverside before a connection to the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) in Colton. Following a frog war where the SP refused to let the California Southern cross its tracks, a dispute that was resolved by court order in favor of the California Southern, construction continued northward through Cajon Pass to the present day cities of Victorville and Barstow. The line, completed on November 9, 1885, formed the western end of Santa Fe's transcontinental railroad connection to Chicago. Portions of the original line are still in use today as some of the busiest rail freight and passenger routes in the United States. History The California Southern was organized on July 10, 1880, as a means to connect San Diego to a connection with the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad at an as-yet undetermined point. Among the organizers were Frank Kimball, a prominent landowner and rancher from San Diego who also represented the Chamber of Commerce and the Board of City Trustees of San Diego, Kidder, Peabody & Co., one of the main financial investment companies involved in the Santa Fe, B.P. Cheney, L.G. Pratt, George B. Wilbur and Thomas Nickerson who was president of the Santa Fe. The organizers set a deadline of January 1, 1884, to complete the connection, a deadline that was later adjusted due to problems in the construction of the Atlantic and Pacific that forced it to stop at Needles, California. The California Southern built its track northward from a point in National City, south of San Diego. The route, portions of which are still in use, connected the present day cities of National City, San Diego, Fallbrook, Temecula, Lake Elsinore, Perris, Riverside, San Bernardino, Colton, Cajon (not to be confused with El Cajon), Victorville and Barstow. In Barstow, then known as Waterman, the California Southern would connect to another Santa Fe subsidiary, the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. The Atlantic and Pacific was chartered in 1866 to build a railroad connection westward from Springfield, Missouri, connecting Albuquerque, New Mexico, then along the 35th parallel to the Colorado River. From there, the railroad was to continue to the Pacific Ocean following whatever proved to be the best route. The route was scheduled to be completed by July 4, 1878. However, the Southern Pacific was able to get a clause favorable to their own interests inserted into the charter: ... the Southern Pacific Railroad ... is hereby authorized to connect with the said Atlantic and Pacific railroad",
"title": "California Southern Railroad"
},
{
"docid": "18867107",
"text": "The Sacramento Railyards (or Railyard Specific Plan) is an urban infill project of approximately at the western terminus of the First transcontinental railroad in Sacramento, California. It is located between the downtown central business district and the River District, near the confluence of the American and Sacramento rivers. The property is owned by Downtown Railyard Ventures, LLC. The Sacramento Railyards was master-planned by the Jerde Partnership firm. Construction will take 15 to 20 years, with a projected build–out to last until the late 2020s. The site is equivalent in size to the existing downtown central business district and holds significant historical and cultural importance to Sacramento. The project features the preservation and partial reuse of the \"Central Shops\" buildings originally used for railroad maintenance and the former Southern Pacific Sacramento Depot; now known as Sacramento Valley Station. One of the Central Shops will be refitted into a public marketplace. Overall, the project is expected to include 12,000 housing units, of office uses, of retail, hotel, and other commercial uses, of parks and open space, a 25,000-seat Major League Soccer stadium for Sacramento Republic FC, a 1.3 million square foot, 17.8 acre Kaiser Permanente flagship medical center campus, a 540,000 square-foot courthouse, and create 19,000 permanent jobs. History The first railroad in Sacramento as well as California was the Sacramento Valley Railroad finished in 1856 and engineered by Theodore Judah. Judah's efforts to realize a transcontinental railroad was transferred to the power of \"The Big Four\" investors, who created the Central Pacific Railroad. The First transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, when Central Pacific's line joined Union Pacific's at Promontory Summit. Sacramento's terminus was the primary departure station for the railroad until 1883. Central Pacific merged with Southern Pacific in 1870, and the former's maintenance yards were expanded with the addition of the Southern Pacific shops. The shops were used for locomotive repairs, general maintenance and, occasionally, creation. The yards steadily expanded, becoming the biggest railroad facility west of the Mississippi River and employing approximately one-third of all Sacramento workers in the early decades of the 20th century. Railroad usage in the United States gradually declined over the century, and by the beginning of the 21st century, railyard upkeep had become less economically viable and laid largely dormant. As Union Pacific took over Southern Pacific in 1996, freight service in the railyards dwindled until 1999 when Union Pacific ceased rail operations in the railyards. Large portions of the railyards were subsequently removed in the years following. In 2003, developer Millennia Associates vied to purchase the southern 70 acres (28 ha) of the railyards, hoping to eventually obtain the entire railyard from Union Pacific. Millennia's financial partner, Thomas Enterprises, eventually finalized the railyard purchase on 2006-12-29. In 2015, the 200-acre Sacramento Railyards property was sold to Downtown Railyard Ventures, LLC., with experienced local developer Larry Kelley and his partners, Denton Kelley, Jay Heckenlively, Frank Myers and Alan Hersh serving as the master development team for the project. Environmental remediation on the site",
"title": "Sacramento Railyards"
},
{
"docid": "13496839",
"text": "The Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad was a short-lived electric interurban railway in the U.S. state of California. It began operation on October 10, 1914, and ran for 11.8 miles between Dixon and Rio Junction (or Dixon Junction). The line was run by the Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway, and was abandoned on August 9, 1917, after decreasing revenue. History The railway was incorporated on May 4, 1912, by Melville Dozier Jr to construct a railway line between Redding and Rio Junction (The Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway interchange), via Dixon, Woodland, Marysville, Colusa, Hamilton City, and Red Bluff. Construction began somewhere around 1913 after surveying was completed between Red Bluff and Rio Junction for the Sacramento Valley West Side Electric Railway, who later reorganized into the Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad after failed attempts to encourage investment. Originally, the line would have interchanged with the Vallejo & Northern (who intended to build a line between Napa and Sacramento) at Dixon. Equipment and tracks was provided by the Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway, who held a large share in the Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad's shares. Of the planned 193 mile long route, only 11.8 miles were built between Rio Junction (later renamed Olcott) and Dixon. The Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad leased the service to the Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway, and gave forth portions of their monthly revenue to the other line. The railway began service on October 10, 1914, with the first official train being led by company officials. From the start, the line was unprofitable as it traversed flat unpopulated land. Between March 1 and June 8, 1915, there were only 56 passengers recorded who actually travelled the line. Operating expenses were quite high, while revenue was very low. The Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern Railway applied to the Railroad Commission to abandon the line on July 23, 1917. It last ran on August 9, before it was torn up and partially salvaged by the Tidewater Southern Railway for its electrified line. The station agent at Dixon regularly had to send mail reminding Oakland, Antioch, & Eastern officials to pay him, as the company often avoided this due to the unprofitable nature of the line. References Defunct California railroads Interurban railways in California Railway companies established in 1915 Railway companies disestablished in 1917 American companies established in 1915 1915 establishments in California 1917 disestablishments in California",
"title": "Sacramento Valley Electric Railroad"
},
{
"docid": "3799019",
"text": "Gov. Stanford is a 4-4-0 steam locomotive originally built in 1862 by Norris Locomotive Works. Following construction, it was disassembled and hauled by the ship Herald of the Morning around Cape Horn to California, then up the rivers aboard the schooner Artful Dodger, arriving in Sacramento on October 6, 1863. With a dedication ceremony that included artillery discharge, it entered service on November 9, 1863, and it was used in the construction of the First transcontinental railroad in North America by Central Pacific Railroad bearing road number 1. It was Central Pacific's first locomotive and it is named in honor of the road's first president and ex-California governor, Leland Stanford. In May 1864, the Gov. Stanford was used to pull the first ceremonial passenger train beginning in Sacramento. The locomotive was withdrawn from mainline service in 1873, and was rebuilt in 1878 with larger cylinders and an increased boiler pressure, which increased its tractive effort to , as well as being outfitted with a water pump for extinguishing lineside fires. In 1891 the locomotive was renumbered to 1174, although both Joslyn (1956) and Diebert & Strapac (1987) both assert that this number was never actually applied to the locomotive. From 1873, the engine operated as a switcher in the road's Sacramento railyard until retired on July 20, 1895, at which time the railroad donated it to Stanford University; however, it was not delivered to the university until 1899. The locomotive was disassembled and stored during World War II but was returned to display at the university after reassembly by retired Southern Pacific engineer Billy Jones. In the 1960s, the university needed the space occupied by the engine for other uses, so the engine was removed and loaned in 1963 to the Railway & Locomotive Historical Society, which had been in the process of collecting historic locomotives and rolling stock to be displayed in what would ultimately become the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento. The locomotive is currently a centerpiece at the museum, where it has been cosmetically restored to its 1899 appearance. See also Jupiter (locomotive), Central Pacific's locomotive at the driving of a Golden spike to complete the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 List of preserved Southern Pacific Railroad rolling stock References External links Locomotive Governor Stanford. # 1, Photograph; scan (via Stanford.edu) of a stereogram photograph by Alfred A. Hart 'The Work Began Here'; Sacramento Bee newspaper clipping (via Newspapers.com) shows photo of Gov. Stanford in Sacramento with construction materials for Central Pacific Railroad. Individual locomotives of the United States Southern Pacific Railroad locomotives 4-4-0 locomotives First transcontinental railroad Standard gauge locomotives of the United States Railway locomotives introduced in 1862 Norris locomotives Preserved steam locomotives of California Steam locomotives of the United States",
"title": "Gov. Stanford"
},
{
"docid": "22284099",
"text": "The Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870) was formed in 1862 to build a railroad from Sacramento, California, to the San Francisco Bay, the westernmost portion of the First transcontinental railroad. After the completion of the railroad from Sacramento to Alameda Terminal on September 6, 1869, and then the Oakland Pier on November 8, 1869, which was the Pacific coast terminus of the transcontinental railroad, the Western Pacific Railroad was absorbed in 1870 into the Central Pacific Railroad. History The Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870) was formed in December 1862 by a group led by Timothy Dame and including Charles McLaughlin and Peter Donahue, all associated with the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad (SF&SJ), to build a railroad from San Jose north to Niles (then called Vallejo Mills), east through Niles Canyon (then called Alameda Cañon), north to Pleasanton, east through the Livermore Valley, and over Altamont Pass to Stockton, then north to Sacramento, with the plan that the transcontinental railroad would follow the Western Pacific to San Jose and then the SF&SJ to San Francisco. At the completion of the SF&SJ in January 1864, it was reported that the general contract for the Western Pacific was awarded to McLaughlin & Houston and that negotiations for iron, equipment, and rolling stock had begun. On October 31, 1864, the Central Pacific Railroad assigned all the rights of the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 to the Western Pacific for the route between Sacramento and San Jose, including land grants. The amending Act of March 3, 1865 ratified and confirmed the assignment made by Central Pacific Railroad to Western Pacific Railroad and authorized Western Pacific Railroad as one of the charter companies. Construction and transactions The construction of the Western Pacific Railroad began in February 1865 near San Jose and northward under a contract taken by J.B. Cox & Myers. After Chinese laborers had helped complete the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad in 1864, a force of 500 Chinese laborers was grading the roadbed and laying tracks for the Western Pacific in 1865. By October 1866, Western Pacific completed of track north and east from San Jose, reaching halfway into Alameda Cañon (now Niles Canyon) to a point just beyond Farwell. The first cars left San Jose to Vallejo Canyon (Alameda Cañon) on October 2. It had also surveyed, and started work on some places on, the rest of the line through Alameda Cañon, through Livermore Valley, over Livermore Pass (now Altamont Pass), and on to Stockton and Sacramento, before running out of money and halting all construction. Part of the difficulty was that federal land grants were not available where Mexican land grants had previously been made. In June 1867, the five Associates (Big Four plus E. B. Crocker) of the Central Pacific completed a complicated transaction with moribund Western Pacific (WP) and resuscitated it and its assets while Charles McLaughlin, the only Western Pacific owner left, retained rights to sell his land grants. In September 1867, Governor Stanford led a",
"title": "Western Pacific Railroad (1862–1870)"
},
{
"docid": "74817357",
"text": "China Slough (also called: Sutter Slough, China Lake, Sutter Lake, Sacramento Chinatown, Sacramento Chinadom, Old Sacramento Chinatown, Yee Fow), is historical site in Sacramento, California. The site of the former China Slough is California Historical Landmark No. 594, registered on May 22, 1957. The site of California Historical Landmark China Slough is the northeast corner of 4th Street and I Street in Sacramento at about 401 I Street. Before the China Slough was filled in, the waterway ran from 3rd Street to 5th Streets to north of I Street in Sacramento. The site became the Central Pacific Railroad Sacramento station built in 1910. The 1910 station had a wooden Trestle bridge built over the China Slough. A new depot was built nearby, the Sacramento Valley Station in 1926 and is now operated by Amtrak. The China Slough ran almost where the current Amtrak train tracks run today. History The slough was a swampy slow flowing channel of water off the Sacramento River in to the City of Sacramento. On each banks of the China Slough was the old Sacramento Chinatown. Before a Chinese population moved in, it was called Sutter Slough. The first group of Chinese immigrants came to Sacramento from 1849 to 1853, to escape the poor condition in southeastern China. In southeastern China was a famine, a very poor economy, high taxes, due to the Opium Wars (1839-1860), Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) and Punti–Hakka Clan Wars (1855–1868). From 1849 to 1853 about 24,000 young Chinese men immigrated to California looking to improve their lives. The next group of Chinese immigrants came to Sacramento to help built the First transcontinental railroad starting in 1863. From 1863 and 1869, about 15,000 Chinese workers helped build the transcontinental railroad. The train tracks started in Sacramento and headed east. The Sacramento pioneers did not want the swampy slough, so the Chinese community was free to live there. They built up the slough into a waterfront town. The Chinese immigrants brought in a host of skills: merchants opened store, cooks opened restaurants, laundrymen opened laundry services, entertainers put on theatre shows, and entrepreneurs served the needs not only in Chinatown but the needs of the city. Sutter Lake was formed with seasonally in the slough with spring and winter flooded. China Slough bathhouses were popular with all. In December 1856, a local Chinese Daily News (沙架免度新錄, Cantonese transliteration for Sacramento News) was founded by Ze Too Yune (司徒源), the first Chinese-run overseas Chinese newspaper. In March 1858, the Sacramento Chinese held a local Chinese Regatta in Sutter Lake, Festival of the Dragon Boat, with its Sze Yup (四邑) Company racing its Sam Yup (三邑) Company, which drew a large crowd lining the levee to view the contest. The main part of Sacramento Chinatown was located on I Street (the slough's levee road) from Second to Sixth Streets. Flood waters overflowed the levee and into Chinatown and the city a few times between 1850 and 1862. The Sze Yup Association was set up to greet",
"title": "China Slough"
},
{
"docid": "58891389",
"text": "The Camron-Stanford House is the last of the 19th-century Victorian mansions that once surrounded Lake Merritt in Oakland, California. It was the home to a series of influential families, and in 1907, became the city's first museum. History The home was built in 1876, and its first occupants were William Walker Camron and his wife, Alice (Marsh) Camron. She was the daughter of Dr. John Marsh, who was a California pioneer. Marsh was influential in encouraging wagon trains of settlers to come to California and also in its obtaining independence from Mexico. He owned the 13,000-acre Rancho los Meganos and the large, stone house of John Marsh that he built there, in what is now Marsh Creek State Park, still stands. He was murdered by a disgruntled employee, and as a young woman, Alice received a large inheritance, which she used to purchase the Camron-Stanford house from its builder, Samuel Merritt. Her husband, William Camron, was a deputy sheriff and was active in the Republican Party. He was appointed to a vacant seat on the Oakland City Council, and later became a member of the California State Assembly. Next to occupy the home was the family of David Hewes. He made and lost several fortunes. He is best known for donating one of the golden spikes used in the celebration of the completion of the first transcontinental railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah in 1869. The Josiah Stanford family owned the home from 1882 to 1903. Josiah Stanford was a brother of Leland Stanford, who was one of the founders of the Central Pacific Railroad, which built the portion of the first transcontinental railroad east from Sacramento to Promontory Summit. In 1907, the city of Oakland purchased the Camron-Stanford house and other private residences bordering Lake Merritt. The city razed the other homes and created Lakeside Park. It established the Oakland Museum in the Camron-Stanford house, which occupied the house for the next five decades. The museum merged with the Oakland Art Gallery and the Snow Museum and in 1965, moved to other quarters. However, public interest and donations saved the Camron-Stanford House, and today it is an independent museum. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 13, 1972. References External links Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California National Register of Historic Places in Alameda County, California Houses completed in 1871 Museums in Oakland, California Museums in the San Francisco Bay Area History museums in California Victorian architecture in California Oakland Designated Landmarks",
"title": "Camron-Stanford House"
}
] | [
"The Union Pacific",
"The Western Pacific Railroad Company"
] |
train_26893 | how many hours in a uk working day | [
{
"docid": "32584295",
"text": "Working time in the United Kingdom is regulated in UK labour law in respect of holidays, daily breaks, night work and the maximum working day under the Working Time Regulations 1998. While the traditional mechanisms for ensuring a \"fair day's wage for a fair day's work\" is by collective agreement, since 1962 the UK created minimum statutory rights for every individual at work. The WTR 1998 follow the requirements of the Working Time Directive, which allowed an \"opt out\" from the maximum working week, set at 48 hours. Other reforms have included the 28 holiday minimum per year, 20 minute breaks for each six hours worked, and a maximum average of 8 hours work in a 24-hour period for night-workers (the average is usually calculated over 17 weeks, but it can be over a longer period of up to 52 weeks if the workers and the employer agree). History Eight-hour day Three-Day Week Flexitime Holidays The most concrete measure of the WTR 1998 is, following basic rights in international law, mandating a minimum period of 28 days, or four full weeks, in paid holidays for all workers each year (though this includes public holidays). There is no qualifying period for this, or any other working time right, because beyond the importance of the law in seeking to strike a balance between work and life, sufficient periods of rest and leisure are seen as a critical element of workers health and safety. Nor is it possible for an employer to give a worker \"rolled up holiday pay\", for instance an additional 12.5% in a wage bill, in lieu of taking actual holidays. The employer must make sure the worker does in fact take paid holidays, and if the worker has not done so and the job terminates, the employer must give an additional payment for the unused holiday entitlement. British Airways plc v Williams [2010] UKSC 16, [2010] 3 CMLR 19 Zentralbetriebsrat der Landeskrankenhäuser Tirols [2010] IRLR 631 (C-486/08) workers who move from full to part-time cannot lose their holiday entitlement. NHS Leeds v Larner (2011) EAT, Bean J held that the entitlement to paid annual leave under WTR 1998 rr 13 and 13A for a worker who was absent for the whole year because of sickness did not depend on the worker submitting a request for that annual leave before the end of the pay year. Stringer v Revenue and Customs Commissioners (C-520/06) (2009) All ER (EC) 906 and Pereda v Madrid Movilidad SA (C-277/08) (2009) ECR I-8405 followed. Night work Where a person works at night, they may only do 12 hours in any 24-hour period on average, or simply 12 hours at most is dangerous. It can be called a night shift. Breaks Every worker must receive at least 11 consecutive hours of rest in a 24-hour period, and in every day workers must have at least a 20-minute break in any 6-hour period.<ref>Commission v United Kingdom (2006) C-484/04, [2006] IRLR 888 held the employer is under an",
"title": "Working time in the United Kingdom"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "5152648",
"text": "Different conventions exist around the world for date and time representation, both written and spoken. Differences Differences can exist in: The calendar that is used. The order in which the year, month, and day are represented. (Year-month-day, day-month-year, and month-day-year are the common combinations.) How weeks are identified (see seven-day week) Whether written months are identified by name, by number (1–12), or by Roman numeral (I-XII). Whether the 24-hour clock, 12-hour clock, or 6-hour clock is used. Whether the minutes (or fraction of an hour) after the previous hour or until the following hour is used in spoken language. The punctuation used to separate elements in all-numeric dates and times. Which days are considered the weekend. ISO 8601 International standard ISO 8601 (Representation of dates and times) defines unambiguous written all-numeric big-endian formats for dates, such as 2022-12-31 for 31 December 2022, and time, such as 23:59:58 for 23 hours, 59 minutes, and 58 seconds. These standard notations have been adopted by many countries as a national standard, e.g., BS EN 28601 in the UK and similarly in other EU countries, ANSI INCITS 30-1997 (R2008), and FIPS PUB 4–2 in the United States (FIPS PUB 4-2 withdrawn in United States). They are, in particular, increasingly widely used in computer applications, since the most to least significant digit order provides a simple method to order and sort time readings. Local conventions Date The little-endian format (day, month, year; 1 June 2022) is the most popular format worldwide, followed by the big-endian format (year, month, day; 2006 June 1). Dates may be written partly in Roman numerals (i.e. the month) or written out partly or completely in words in the local language. Time The 24-hour clock is the most commonly used method worldwide to physically represent the time of day. Some regions utilize 24-hour time notation in casual speech as well, such as regions that speak German, French, or Romanian, though this is less common overall; other countries that utilize the 24-hour clock for displaying time physically may use the 12-hour clock more often in verbal communication. In most English-speaking regions, the 12-hour clock is the predominant form of representing the time of day physically, while the 24-hour clock is generally used for contexts where unambiguity and accurate timekeeping are important, such as for public transport schedules. These are only generalizations, however, as there is no consistent rule for using one over the other: in the UK, train timetables will typically use 24-hour time, but road signs indicating time restrictions (e.g. on bus lanes) typically use 12-hour time, e.g. \"Monday–Friday 6.30–8.30pm\". The BBC website uses the 24-hour clock for its TV and radio programme listings, while BBC promotions for upcoming programmes give their times according to the 12-hour clock. Punctuation and spacing styles differ, even within English-speaking countries (6:30 p.m., 6:30 pm, 6:30 PM, 6.30pm, etc.). Most people who live in countries that use one of the clocks dominantly are still able to understand both systems without much confusion; the statements \"three",
"title": "Date and time representation by country"
},
{
"docid": "1045477",
"text": "How to Survive a Marriage is an American soap opera which aired on the NBC television network from January 7, 1974 to April 18, 1975. The serial was created by Anne Howard Bailey, with much input from then-NBC Vice President Lin Bolen. The show's working title was From This Moment and was an in-house NBC production. A total of 332 episodes were produced (255 in its first season, and 77 in its final season). Synopsis Larry and his wife Christine (nicknamed \"Chris,\" played by Jennifer Harmon) soon divorced and while battling for custody of their daughter Lori, Chris entered the workforce. On Valentine's Day 1975, Chris and Larry remarried, and she then battled alcoholism. Initially, the show featured veteran soap actress Rosemary Prinz in the role of Dr. Julie Franklin, a staunch feminist who counseled her friends on the joys of being an independent woman, only to decide that her life was truly complete by marrying a man. Prinz only agreed to stay on the show for a short time (as she had with All My Children several years earlier), and earned top billing, a three-day work week, and supposedly $1,000 an episode, which was a big salary for a soap actress to earn in the 1970s. After six months Julie left town to marry Dr. Tony DeAngelo. Another major story centered on Fran Bachman (Fran Brill) coping with sudden widowhood. Brill received over a thousand letters of condolence from viewers. Ratings and cancellation The show did not profit from the large lead-in that the high-rated Another World provided, mostly due to its many attempts to be socially relevant, which usually took the place of traditional storytelling to which American soap viewers at the time were acclimated. How to Survive a Marriage ran a distant third in the 3:30 p.m. timeslot, behind Match Game on CBS (then daytime TV's highest-rated program) and One Life to Live on ABC; a move to 1:30 p.m. on January 6, 1975 after the cancellation of the original version of the famed game Jeopardy! (it was done to enable Another World to expand to an hour) only brought worse ratings, as it faced two longtime favorites on the competing networks, CBS' As the World Turns which was expanded to an hour (11 months later) and ABC's Let's Make a Deal. Despite NBC's high hopes for How to Survive a Marriage it would only last on the air for sixteen months, ending on a Thursday (the 1:30–3:00 p.m. block on NBC was preempted the following day for a 90-minute special, First Ladies' Diaries: Rachel Jackson). The Monday after, Days of Our Lives expanded to an hour and assumed the vacant half hour left in NBC's daytime schedule. How to Survive a Marriage thus holds a rather dubious distinction as not only the first soap opera to become a victim of the first daytime serial, its sister NBC soap Another World, expanding to a full hour, but the second one as well, Days of Our Lives. Numerous",
"title": "How to Survive a Marriage"
},
{
"docid": "1404956",
"text": "UK Radio Aid was a charitable event in the United Kingdom held on Monday 17 January 2005 to raise money for the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) appeal for the victims of the Asian tsunami. Format The event consisted of a twelve-hour radio show broadcast on 268 radio stations with an audience of over 20 million, covering all of the UK's commercial stations including national stations Classic FM and Virgin Radio, as well as several student and hospital stations plus overseas stations such as BFBS. Over £3 million was raised during the broadcast Reading 107 and Splash FM were amongst a small number of commercial radio stations not to take this show, and instead kept local programming. talkSPORT continued their cricket coverage but regularly updated people on how to donate and how much money was raised. Presenters The shows were presented by a variety of celebrity DJs and guests, with live performances and interviews. Many celebrities and companies offered items for auction on eBay; Prime Minister Tony Blair donated a guided tour of 10 Downing Street, Chris Evans agreed that the highest bidder would be his guest at the BRIT Awards, and Frank Skinner donated a shirt worn by Elvis. Guests Singers who sang live in the studio include Jamie Cullum, Liam Gallagher, David Gray, Jamelia, Texas, Ronan Keating, Bryan Adams, Il Divo, Melanie C, and Russell Watson. Comedy was provided by Jon Culshaw, Avid Merrion, Ricky Gervais, Matt Lucas and David Walliams. Theme song The theme song for the day was a specially recorded version of The Beatles' \"Come Together\" recorded by Paul Weller. Timetable The shows during the day were presented by the following presenters, with some of the principal guests given in parentheses. 06:00-08:00: Davina McCall, Dermot O'Leary 08:00-10:00: Chris Evans, Kate Thornton (Tony Blair) 10:00-12:00: Simon Bates (Frank Skinner, Jade Goody) 12:00-14:00: Zoë Ball, Shane Richie (Jason Donovan) 14:00-16:00: Mark Goodier, Tony Blackburn (Sharon Osbourne) 16:00-18:00: Johnny Vaughan, Liza Tarbuck (Prince Andrew) External links UK Radio Aid official site Press release on UK Radio Aid UK Radio Aidun British radio programmes 2005 in radio 2005 in the United Kingdom",
"title": "UK Radio Aid"
},
{
"docid": "3298620",
"text": "The Working Time Directive 2003/88/EC is a European Union law Directive and a key part of European labour law. It gives EU workers the right to: at least 28 days (four weeks) in paid holidays each year; rest breaks of 20 minutes in a 6-hour period; daily rest of at least 11 hours in any 24 hours; restricts excessive night work; at least 24 hours rest in a 7-day period; and a right to work no more than 48 hours per week, unless the member state enables individual opt-outs. It was issued as an update on earlier versions from 22 June 2000 and 23 November 1993. Since excessive working time is cited as a major cause of stress, depression, and illness, the purpose of the directive is to protect people's health and safety. A landmark study conducted by the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization found that exposure to long working hours is common globally at 8.9%, and according to these United Nations estimates the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease, i.e. an estimated 745,000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events alone in 2016. This evidence has given renewed impetus for maximum limits on working time to protect human life and health. Background Like all European Union directives, this is an instrument which requires member states to enact its provisions in national legislation. The directive applies to all member states. It is possible for a worker to opt out of the 48-hour working week, but not the other requirements. After the 1993 Council Negotiations, when the 1993 version of the Directive was agreed to after an 11–1 vote, UK Employment Secretary David Hunt said, \"It is a flagrant abuse of Community rules. It has been brought forward as such simply to allow majority voting – a ploy to smuggle through part of the Social Chapter by the back door. The UK strongly opposes any attempt to tell people that they can no longer work the hours they want.\" Contents Aims and definitions Part 1 – purpose as health and safety Part 2 – definitions; night time is between midnight and 5 am and not less than seven hours Part 14 – more specific EU provisions take precedence Part 15 – minimum standards directive Part 16 – maximum reference period is fourteen days for article 5; four months for article 6; and determined by collective agreement for article 8; Part 23 – the directive cannot be a reason to reduce protection Part 24 – reporting to the EU Commission on the implementation of the WTD Parts 25–26 – review of derogations for fishing boats and passenger carriers Breaks Article 3 – there must be a daily rest of eleven consecutive hours per 24-hour period. Article 4 – a rest period for every six hours, set by legislation or collective agreement. Article 5 – weekly rest of 24 hours uninterrupted, on top of the daily rest in article 3, but derogation is justifiable for",
"title": "Working Time Directive 2003"
},
{
"docid": "65532449",
"text": "Sheila Elizabeth Whitton (née Hiller) (October 25, 1922 – November 26, 2017) was a Canadian coder with the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service, colloquially known as the WRENS, during WWII. She was one of a small group of Canadian coders sent to the UK to prepare for D-Day. Service in WWII Sheila Hiller graduated from Havergal College, Toronto, and joined the navy in 1943. She was first assigned to Halifax, where she began her coder training. Coders were first trained with books: “Great heavy coding books, which would have 4 letter insignia for a word.” In April 1944, Sheila was transferred to London with five other WRENS. In London they worked with civilian coders progressing from books to “coding machines.” In her words: \"We didn’t know at the time about those coding machines. it really was the size and shape of a fairly large typewriter, but they had cylinders. You had a set up each day for how to start each one, how you placed them in your machine. That code would change every day, so you’d have to make sure you would be able to break the message for the day\" The women worked in 3 shifts to cover the 24 hours of the day. She remained working as a coder in England until the end of the war. According to the CFB Esquimalt Naval & Military Museum, \"Just one year after the WRCNS was established, the Wrens were already earning high praise\" including from Vice Admiral Percy W. Nelles, Chief of Naval Staff, who stated, \"I wish to thank the patriotic women who have entered their country’s service and have added so capably to the combat strength of the navy by helping to man the shore establishments in this country. In one short year you have proved yourselves of immeasurable value to the naval service by taking over many tasks with skill, diligence and cheerfulness. As Chief of Naval Staff, I am proud of your record and the contribution you are making to the final victory.\" After WWII On her return to Canada she attended The University of Toronto and became a social worker. She served on the national board of the Canadian Save the Children Fund, and was chair in the mid-1960s. In the 1980s, she taught part-time at Sheridan College, Oakville. Personal life Sheila's longtime boyfriend Robert (\"Bob\") Fleming, an officer in The Queens Own Rifles was already in the U.K. Just after she arrived in London, April 1944, and having been apart for 2 years, they decided to marry. Sheila received permission to travel to Bob's location, where they were married by his regiment's Padre. Up until D-Day the newlywed couple were able to write to each other but then mail was stopped. The last letter Sheila received from Bob was from Normandy after he had been killed in action. After VE Day (Victory in Europe Day, May 8th, 1945) Sheila journeyed to France to visit the Canadian Cemetery at Bény-sur-mer, Normandy. In 1950 she",
"title": "Sheila Elizabeth Whitton"
},
{
"docid": "3952888",
"text": "A rag-and-bone man or ragpicker (UK English) or ragman, old-clothesman, junkman, or junk dealer (US English), also called a bone-grubber, bone-picker, chiffonnier, rag-gatherer, bag board, or totter, collects unwanted household items and sells them to merchants. Scraps of cloth and paper could be turned into cardboard, while broken glass could be melted down and reused, and even dead cats and dogs could be skinned to make clothes. Traditionally, this was a task performed on foot, with the scavenged materials (which included rags, bones and various metals to be scrapped) kept in a small bag slung over the shoulder. Some rag-and-bone men used a cart, sometimes pulled by a horse or pony. In the 19th century, rag-and-bone men typically lived in extreme poverty, surviving on the proceeds of what they collected each day. Conditions for rag-and-bone men in general improved following the Second World War, but the trade declined during the latter half of the 20th century. However, in the 21st century, partly as the result of the soaring price of scrap metal, rag-and-bone-style collection continues, particularly in the developing world. 19th century In the UK, 19th-century rag-and-bone men scavenged unwanted rags, bones, metal and other waste from the towns and cities in which they lived. Henry Mayhew's 1851 report London Labour and the London Poor estimates that in London, between 800 and 1,000 \"bone-grubbers and rag-gatherers\" lived in lodging houses, garrets and \"ill-furnished rooms in the lowest neighbourhoods.\" These bone-grubbers, as they were sometimes known, would typically spend nine or ten hours per day searching the streets of London for anything of value, before returning to their lodgings to sort whatever they had found. In rural areas where no rag merchants were present, rag-and-bone men often dealt directly with rag paper makers, but in London they sold rag to the local traders. White rag could fetch two to three pence per pound, depending on condition (all rag had to be dry before it could be sold). Coloured rag was worth about two pence per pound. Bones, worth about the same, could be used as knife handles, toys and ornaments, and, when treated, for chemistry. The grease extracted from them was also useful for soapmaking. Metal was more valuable; an 1836 edition of Chambers's Edinburgh Journal describes how \"street-grubber[s]\" could be seen scraping away the dirt between the paving stones of non-macadamised roads, searching for horseshoe nails. Brass, copper and pewter were valued at about four to five pence per pound. In a typical day, a rag-and-bone man might expect to earn about sixpence. Mayhew's report indicates that many who worked as rag-and-bone men did so after falling on hard times, and generally lived in squalor. Although they usually started work well before dawn, they were not immune to the public's ire; in 1872, several rag-and-bone men in Westminster caused complaint when they emptied the contents of two dust trucks to search for rags, bones and paper, blocking people's path. The ragpickers in the 19th and early 20th century did not",
"title": "Rag-and-bone man"
},
{
"docid": "2127563",
"text": "Rick Smolan (born November 5, 1949) is a former Time, Life, and National Geographic photographer best known as the co-creator of the Day in the Life book series. He is currently CEO of Against All Odds Productions, a cross-media organization. Background Smolan is a 1972 graduate of Dickinson College and co-created the best-selling Day in The Life Series photography series with David Elliot Cohen who are credited for creating the mass market for large-format illustrated books. Smolan and Jennifer Erwitt, co-founders of Against All Odds Productions, have produced a number of global crowd sourcing projects. Fortune Magazine selected Against All Odds Productions as One of the 25 Coolest Companies in America. More than five million of his books have been sold around the world, many have appeared on The New York Times best-seller lists and have been featured on the covers of Fortune, Time, and Newsweek. Smolan is also a member of the CuriosityStream Advisory Board. Data collection projects In 2012 Smolan and co-author Erwitt published The Human Face of Big Data, a book in which Smolan and Erwitt used various photographs, graphics, and information to make big data easier to comprehend and absorb on a more personal, relatable level. [Human Face of Big Data] focusing on humanity's new ability to collect, analyze, triangulate and visualize vast amounts of data in real time. In 2000 Smolan organized The Planet Project: Your Voice, Your World, one of the largest real-time internet polls in internet history, with the aim to get answers from over 1.5 million people in more than 240 countries on how they felt about their lives at the dawn of the new millennium. Notable works From Alice to Ocean is a collection of photographs Smolan took of Robyn Davidson's 1,700-mile trek across the deserts of central and Western Australia that National Geographic Magazine sponsored. Davidson's writings along with Smolan's photographs became a National Geographic cover story. An autobiographical account of her trek was later published in 1980 as a book entitled Tracks, which included some of Smolan's photographs. In 1996, Smolan and Erwitt published the Day in the Life book 24 Hours in Cyberspace: Painting on the Walls of the Digital Cave, a collection of photographs from 150 photojournalists, with the intention to, over a 24-hour period, chronicle how the internet was beginning to have a profound effect on the daily lives of people around the world. 24 Hours in Cyberspace (February 8, 1996) was \"the largest one-day online event\" up to that date, headed by Smolan with Jennifer Erwitt, Tom Melcher, Samir Arora and Clement Mok. In 2003 Smolan and Cohen published America 24/7.America At Home, UK at Home, and America 24/7 encapsulates various perspectives on life by inviting the public to submit images, and enabled readers to place their own photographs within or on the book. In November 2007 Smolan and Erwitt published Blue Planet Run : The Race to Provide Safe Drinking Water to the World, a series of photos illustrating attempts around the world to",
"title": "Rick Smolan"
},
{
"docid": "30948968",
"text": "Walton v Independent Living Organisation [2003] EWCA Civ 199 is a UK labour law case regarding the National Minimum Wage Act 1998. Facts Miss Julie Walton was a care worker, who looked after Miss E Jones, who had epilepsy but was a relatively easy client. She did washing, ironing, shopping and meals. Miss Walton was required to remain at work for 24 hours a day, and did three days a week. She was paid £31.40 a day and got allowance for meals and sleeping was free when she was with Miss Jones. The National Minimum Wage Team of the Inland Revenue contacted the company about a complaint. The employment agency sent in Miss Butler to do estimates about Miss Walton's hours of work and concluded her tasks took 6 hours and 50 minutes a day. Ms Walton agreed with this, and signed an agreement that this was in fact her hours of work. Tribunal held that her time was ‘unmeasured’, and that the estimation was an agreement of time for the purpose of NMWR 1999 r 28, even though her whole pay was expressed on a daily basis. Therefore, she was paid £4.60 which was over the minimum wage. Judgment Aldous LJ upheld the Tribunal. They had come to an agreement about the average hours of work. Arden LJ said it was a question of fact whether the worker did ‘only stand and wait’ and here she did not, and was able to do something entirely unrelated while at work. Jacob J concurred. See also UK labour law Notes United Kingdom labour case law United Kingdom wages case law Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases 2003 in United Kingdom case law",
"title": "Walton v Independent Living Organisation"
},
{
"docid": "57584993",
"text": "Oli Frost (born 1991) is a British satirist and musician, who creates \"novelty songs about the climate crisis\". In 2018 he appeared on the show Britain's Got Talent posing as a recorder player who covered hip-hop tracks. His other work includes Lifefaker (a service that helps you fake a perfect life on Instagram), Flopstarter (a crowdfunding platform for bad ideas), and an eBay auction of all his personal data. Music Frost appeared on Britain's Got Talent 2018 posing as \"Recorda Boi\", a recorder player who covered hip-hop tracks. On the show Recorda Boi explained how he wanted to make the recorder cool again. In 2020, Frost released The Greta Thunberg Song, which Greta Thunberg recreated the video of. It was followed by a series of other \"novelty songs about the climate crisis\". Frost's biggest song to date is The Vampire Conspiracy, with over 10 million listens across platforms. Frost started his musical career as a drummer; however, he told Canary Media that he \"developed a drummer complex of not wanting to be just a drummer,\" so he learned more instruments. He named Flight of the Conchords as an inspiration for his climate change-themed novelty songs. Work Lifefaker.com In 2018, Frost \"founded\" Lifefaker.com, a startup which appeared to sell photos that could help users fake a perfect life on Instagram. In an interview he explained how the idea came to him. However, when visitors tried to buy the photos they instead found the site was part of a campaign by mental health startup Sanctus. The site was covered in the media around the world and provoked online discussions on how social media impacts our mental health. eBay Data Sale In May 2018, Frost put an archive of all his personal data on eBay. According to his listing, the data included \"every like, post, and inane comment since I was 16,\" \"photos dating back to when I had a fringe and listened to Billy Talent,\" and \"loads more, like who I vote for, my boss's name, and where all my family live\". Within 24 hours the auction had £300 in bids, with 44 bidders and 5 days remaining. However, an hour after the story appeared on news sites, eBay removed the listing on the grounds it might violate Facebook's Terms and Conditions. Frost later apologised on his blog for mistakenly thinking he owned his personal data. Flopstarter Frost is the creator and editor of the site Flopstarter, a crowdfunding site for bad ideas. The site allows users to submit and back projects such as \"Natural Death Beef\", \"1D Printers\", and \"Coconut Shampoo for Coconuts\". Presenter Richard Bacon described the site as \"basically, a really good idea about really bad ideas\". Activism In 2015, Frost co-created The Homeless Period, a campaign to get homeless women better access to sanitary care. The campaign's petition to give shelters an allowance to buy sanitary products passed its goal of 100,000 signatures and in 2016 was raised in UK Parliament. The campaign gave rise to numerous local",
"title": "Oli Frost"
},
{
"docid": "9696268",
"text": "Thomas James Wrigglesworth is an English comedian. He was born and raised in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. In 2009 he was nominated for the main Edinburgh Comedy Award (formerly the Perrier awards) at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Early life Wrigglesworth was born in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, the fourth of five siblings; he comes from Totley in south-west Sheffield. He was educated at King Ecgbert School, and went on to study Electrical Engineering and then Acoustics at Salford University (Salford Acoustics). Career After graduating, he worked in the telecommunications and satellite industry, before caving in to friends' repeated requests to perform stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy Wrigglesworth began performing stand up comedy in 2003, when he won the So You Think You're Funny award. In 2006, he quit his day job and became a full-time comedian on the UK comedy circuit. His debut Edinburgh show in 2008 was titled I'm Struggling To See How That's Helping. But it was in 2009 that his second hour-long show, An Open Return letter to Richard Branson, bought him critical acclaim. The show was based on a true story, beginning with Wrigglesworth narrating a letter to Sir Richard Branson. It goes on to describe a hung-over Wrigglesworth boarding a Virgin train at Manchester, and witnessing a ticket inspector forcing an OAP called Lena Ainscow to purchase a new full-price train ticket. Wrigglesworth then conducted a whipround to help Lena, much to the annoyance of the ticket inspector, who arranged for the police to meet the train at Euston, after stating Wrigglesworth would be charged with begging. Thanks to several other passengers becoming embroiled in the story, a furore ensued and he and Lena were released from police questioning. The show ends with the conclusion of the letter to Richard Branson, the point of which was to ask Branson for help in making train fares fairer. After the Edinburgh run, the show toured around the UK, New Zealand, and the Montreal Comedy Festival, before a half-hour version was aired on BBC Radio 4 in 2010. His third Edinburgh show in 2010—called Tom Wrigglesworth's Nightmare Dream Wedding—then toured the UK, before Wrigglesworth took a two-year hiatus from performing at the festival. In 2013, he returned with a new show called Utterly at Odds with the Universe, which is expected to tour the UK and further afield in 2014. This show tracks the relationship he had with his grandfather, centring on audio cassette interviews made in the mid 80s, when Wrigglesworth was a small child. In 2014, Wrigglesworth performed in Green Bay, Wisconsin after his strong resemblance to Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers caught attention in the media. He eventually got to meet Rodgers at Lambeau Field, in addition to receiving the key to the city, as well as a custom Packers jersey, sporting his name and Rodgers' number 12. Radio Wrigglesworth regularly appears as a panellist on shows such as The Unbelievable Truth, It's Not What You Know and It's Your Round, as well as providing the continuity",
"title": "Tom Wrigglesworth"
},
{
"docid": "39020672",
"text": "The Legal Aid Agency is an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) in the United Kingdom. It provides both civil and criminal legal aid and advice in England and Wales. The agency was formed on 1 April 2013 as a replacement for the Legal Services Commission, which unlike the Legal Aid Agency, was a non-departmental public body of the MoJ. This change was enacted by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 to allow for greater ministerial control over the UK government's legal aid budget. Chief executive Until recently, the agency's Chief Executive, the Director of Legal Casework, was Shaun McNally (since April 2016.) However, in March 2021 this role has now been taken over by Jane Harbottle, who has herself confirmed \"it is an honour.\" The Chief Executive's role primarily involved achieving the departments policies, ensuring a diverse and competent workforce, as well as making sure the Legal Aid Agency meets statutory obligations. It is also his or her decision about legal aid funding in individual cases. Achievements In 2019, the Legal Aid Agency processed 91% of civil applications for legal aid within 20 days, and 100% of crime applications within 2 days. In total, they processed 400,000 applications for legal aid. Criticism The Legal Aid Agency has been criticised by the Law Society because many areas of the country have little or no legal aid providers. Additionally, there have been disapprovals of the Legal Aid Agency's handling of exceptional case funding (ECF). ECF is legal funding for a case which does not fall within the scope of LASPO. The Legal Aid Agency had planned for 5,000 to 7,000 applications for ECF in the first year post LASPO, however only achieved 1,520. Further criticism stems from the Legal Aid Agency's payment and treatment of legal aid providers. Funding provided by the Legal Aid Agency can often take years to come through to barristers. This was identified by the Law Society of England and Wales during the pandemic, who pushed for further guidance from the Legal Aid Agency regarding cash flow problems. The Law Society also expressed their view in a different report that fees provided by the Legal Aid Agency should be paid more fairly, and cover out-of-work hours performed by legal aid providers. In 2017, the Bach Commission called for the replacement of the Legal Aid Agency with an independent body that does not have any government involvement. In a 2018 High court Judgement, the Legal Aid Agency (LAA) lost another Judicial Review. The case was to decide how much the LAA pays out in complex fraud cases. In 2021, leading solicitors launched legal action against the Legal Aid Agency (LAA). The Judicial Review was called because the LAA did not consult solicitors on changes to bringing cost assessment in house. This would mean there would be no independent review of how much the LAA would payout. So essentially the LAA would not be able to dispute payment with itself. References External links",
"title": "Legal Aid Agency"
},
{
"docid": "49334196",
"text": "The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion, nicknamed the \"Six Triple Eight\", was a predominantly black battalion of the Women's Army Corps (WAC). The 6888th had 855 women, amongst whom were three Latinas, both enlisted and officers, and was led by Major Charity Adams. It was the only predominantly all-black US Women's Army Corps unit sent overseas during World War II. The group motto was \"No mail, low morale\". The battalion was organized into five companies, Headquarters, Company A, Company B, Company C, and Company D. Most of the 6888th worked as postal clerks, but others were cooks, mechanics and held other support positions, so that the 6888th was a self-sufficient unit. History During World War II, there was a significant shortage of soldiers who were able to manage the postal service for the U.S. Army overseas. In 1944, Mary McLeod Bethune worked to get the support of the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, for \"a role for black women in the war overseas.\" Black newspapers, too, challenged the U.S. Army to \"use black women in meaningful Army jobs.\" The women who signed up went to basic training in Georgia. Women who were already in the WAC, like Alyce Dixon, served at different locations, including the Pentagon, before they joined the 6888th. Great Britain The 6888th left the United States on February 3, 1945, sailing on the fast liner and arriving in Glasgow on February 12. The Île de France encountered several German U-boats on the trip, forcing the ship to take evasive maneuvers. The ship reached Glasgow safely. The battalion was transported by train to Birmingham. On 15 February the unit was inspected and marched in review before Lt. Gen. John C. H. Lee, Commanding General, Communications Zone, European Theater of Operations (ETO), and Maj Gen. Robert McGowan Littlejohn, Chief Quartermaster, ETO, whose responsibilities included the mail. Army officials believed that undelivered mail was hurting morale. Many letters and packages had only the first name of the intended recipient, had a commonly used name or used nicknames. There was estimated to be a backlog of 17 million items. The 6888th devised their own system to handle the backlog of mail. This included creating and maintaining a card index of names of those with the same or similar names, using military serial numbers to distinguish between them. This finally contained 7 million cards. The women of the 6888th worked 24 hours a day, seven days a week, in three shifts, processing and delivering mail – a morale booster – to fighting troops in Europe. Each shift handled an estimated 65,000 pieces of mail. In total, the unit handled mail for over four million military and civilians, and cleared backlogs in the UK and France. Early in the operation, a white general attempted to send a white officer to \"tell them how to do it right,\" but Major Adams responded, \"Sir, over my dead body, sir!\". The battalion finished what was supposed to be a six-month task in three months in May 1945.",
"title": "6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion"
},
{
"docid": "13659647",
"text": "The terms Spanish practices or old Spanish customs are British expressions that refer to irregular or restrictive practices in workers' interests. Typically, these are arrangements that have been negotiated in the past between employers and unions. The issue arises because, in British law, a contract of employment consists of both expressed and implied terms. Implied terms can arise through \"custom and practice\". Historically, alteration of these terms has been by negotiation and collective bargaining. Examples For example, if it has been the habit to release staff when the day's work is done (such as, today's newspaper is printed), then that becomes the de facto contract of employment. If some workers are required to stay on to do additional tasks, then it may be more convenient to pay these workers to do so (since otherwise they are not being treated equitably and/or have no incentive to do so). Over many years of incremental negotiation, the original rationale may be lost and a point reached where all workers are being paid a supplement merely to complete a normal shift. With the benefit of hindsight, such an arrangement might be described as a \"Spanish practice\". The expression was widely used in reporting the 2007 Royal Mail industrial disputes, the UK's national postal service. The term was used in an interview by Royal Mail Chief Executive Adam Crozier. Crozier described as \"cobblers\" claims by the Communication Workers Union deputy general secretary Dave Ward that the way Royal Mail made its employees work amounted to \"slavery\". According to Crozier, Royal Mail was \"only trying to make people work the hours for which they were paid\". He claimed there were 1,442 Spanish practices at Royal Mail a few years ago, and these had now been cut to 92. One example of such practices was paid overtime within normal working hours, after workers completed their scheduled delivery rounds early. Earlier, the term old Spanish customs was used in 1986 in reference to long-lasting industrial action in Fleet Street, traditionally the home of the UK's newspaper industry, for example the Wapping dispute. Main types of \"Spanish practices\" include allowing workers to go home before the end of their shift if they have completed their scheduled work; negotiable paid overtime within normal working hours after completing scheduled work, regardless of remaining working hours; automatic overtime pay if production reaches a certain level regardless of remaining working hours; no overlap between functions in the same workplace (demarcation); and overtime pay to cover absence of colleagues. Implications and history The term is viewed by people of Spanish origins as pejorative or politically incorrect. According to BBC Radio 4 presenter Nigel Rees, the terms have been used since the 1970s to describe malpractices among the trades unions, especially the print unions in Fleet Street. Speaking on Radio 4's Broadcasting House current affairs programme on Sunday 7 October 2007, Rees said: \"As one knows, Spanish people are very hard-working, upright people. But I suppose one or two of them may tend to take",
"title": "Spanish practices"
},
{
"docid": "10391062",
"text": "It's Me or the Dog is an English television program featuring dog trainer Victoria Stilwell who addresses canine behavioral problems (which are often shown putting a strain on interpersonal relationships), teaches responsible dog ownership and promotes dog training techniques based on positive reinforcement. There was also an American television version of the show which ran for four seasons. The show currently airs in about 50 countries worldwide. Beginnings British-born Victoria Stilwell was an actor who had built her sideline interest in dog training into a full-time business when she saw the first episode of Supernanny and realised that what she was doing with dogs was similar to what Jo Frost was doing with children. She contacted the producers of Super Nanny, British reality show producers Ricochet Television, who responded immediately, and production began on It's Me or the Dog. Stilwell said her motivation was to \"highlight positive training because there are so many dominance trainers out there messing it all up\". Stilwell acknowledges that training a dog on television is not the same as training without the cameras and crew. Format A similar concept to Supernanny (albeit dealing with dogs instead of children), most episodes begin with a brief interview with the dog owners on when they first met their dog(s) and how their ordeals began. Victoria observes the dog(s) and owners in their home and in a range of situations, including seeing firsthand how it disrupts relationships with other people. Once there is sufficient evidence of the bad behavior, she then spends two or more days teaching the owners how to create a better atmosphere for both dog and owner, and how to train specific behaviors. On occasion owners are taken to shelters or training centers to provide them with additional information. Victoria then leaves them to implement her training regimen on their own. After some time (usually several weeks), Victoria returns to evaluate how the dog and owner are progressing and, when necessary, dispenses more training advice. This format mirrors the format of Super Nanny. US Season 3, filmed in New York, took a looser documentary format. Stilwell sometimes implements a technique as soon as she sees a behavior rather than waiting until after the confrontation. Series and success There have been three US seasons and four UK series of It's Me or the Dog so far, the first running for six episodes from 31 August 2005, and earning record ratings for Channel 4. The second series aired from January – March 2006, running for twelve episodes. The third series transmitted from October to November 2006, and was eight episodes long, which included two-hour long specials wrapped at each end; It's Me or the Dog – The Event and It's Me or the Fat Dog. In 2007, a special one-hour show at the Crufts Competition was shown on 13 March, and a fourth series of six episodes aired in July and August. In June 2021, it was announced on Victoria Stilwell's Facebook page and on the It's Me",
"title": "It's Me or the Dog"
},
{
"docid": "10267501",
"text": "This is an article about a 19th century British report. It should not be confused with the Sadler Commission, an investigation into Indian University education at the end of the First World War. The Sadler Report, also known as the Report of the Select Committee on Factory Children's Labour (Parliamentary Papers 1831-32, volume XV) or \"the report of Mr Sadler’s Committee,\" was a report written in 1832 by Michael Sadler, the chairman of a UK Parliamentary committee considering a bill that limited the hours of work of children in textile mills and factories. In committee hearings carried out between the passage of the 1832 Reform Act and Parliament’s subsequent dissolution, Sadler had elicited testimony from factory workers (current and former), concerned medical men, and other bystanders. The report highlighted the poor working conditions and excessive working hours for children working in the factories. Time (and Sadler) prevented balancing or contrary evidence from being called before Parliament was dissolved. The committee report was published early in 1833. A mid-20th century historian described it as \"a mass of evidence, constituting a most formidable indictment of factory conditions... It is impossible not to be staggered by the revelations of human misery and degradation - impossible not to be moved by the dreadful stories of children and young persons (and adults, too, for that matter) who were bullied and cursed and tormented, pushed around and knocked about by those placed in authority over them.\" There was widespread public outcry at the conditions depicted by the testimony heard. Parliament declined to legislate on the basis of the report. Even Sadler’s parliamentary friends, such as Lord Morpeth, conceded that the proceedings of the Committee were irregular and its choice of witnesses unbalanced. Instead, Parliament voted for a fresh inquiry through a Factory Commission, which visited the principal manufacturing districts and took evidence on oath (unlike the Select Committee). The report of the Commission did not set out to directly refute testimony presented by Sadler, but it reached conclusions at variance with Sadler's report on many points. However, it concluded that children were working excessively long hours and government intervention to regulate child labour in textile trades was therefore called for. This required both restrictions on hours of work and a new organization for enforcing them. The consequent Factory Act of 1833 and its establishment of the UK Factory Inspectorate is often taken to mark the start of modern factory legislation in the UK. The report of Sadler’s Committee therefore indirectly led to an important advance in factory legislation. History On 16 March 1832 Sadler proposed the Second Reading of a Bill to limit the workday for textile workers under the age of 18 to ten hours. The bill also involved a ban on labour for children 9 years old and younger, an eight-hour day on Saturday, and a ban on night working for children under the age of 21. Although Sadler had asserted at earlier stages that the need for such legislation was so urgent and",
"title": "Sadler report"
},
{
"docid": "7091584",
"text": "Annual leave is a period of paid time off work granted by employers to employees to be used for whatever the employee wishes. Depending on the employer's policies, differing number of days may be offered, and the employee may be required to give a certain amount of advance notice, may have to coordinate with the employer to be sure that staffing is available during the employee's absence, and other requirements may have to be met. The vast majority of countries today mandate a minimum amount of paid annual leave by law. Among the larger countries, China requires at least five days' paid annual leave and India requires two days of paid leave for every month worked. The United States mandates no minimum paid leave, treating it as a perk rather than a right. Leave Most countries have labour laws that mandate employers give a certain number of paid time-off days per year to workers. Canada requires at least two weeks, which increases to three weeks for employees that have worked for a certain number of years (In Saskatchewan this entitlement starts out at three weeks and increases to four weeks). An additional fourth week is provided to federally regulated workers after working for a further number of years. In the European Union the countries can set freely the minimum, but it has to be at least equivalent to 4 working weeks. In the Netherlands this is achieved by mandating at minimum 4 times the number of contracted hours in a person's working week; e.g. if someone works 4 days of 7 hours a week, the annual leave hours a year is 112 at minimum. Full-time employees in Australia are entitled to at least 20 annual leave days a year. In New Zealand, 20 days' paid leave is also the normal minimum in addition to the 11 paid statutory holidays (e.g. Christmas, New Year's Day). However, many employers offer 5 or more weeks, especially in the public sector. Some countries, such as Denmark and Italy, or particular companies may mandate summer holidays in specific periods. Argentina has different labour laws for public employment and private employment. Public employees have between a minimum of 21 days paid to 45 days paid for vacations (including holidays and weekends). Private employees have between a minimum of 14 paid days to 28 paid days (including holidays and weekends). In both cases are always relying on the years of service. The more years the worker has worked the more days of paid vacation they will have. UK employers offer 28 days per annum of annual leave with a further 8 public holidays, these are referred to as Bank Holidays. Some employers may include the 8 bank holidays within their annual leave decreasing it to 20 days. US federal law does not require employers to grant any vacation or holidays, though, as of 2007, only about 25 percent of all employees receive no paid vacation time or paid holidays. Due to the lack of federal legislative requirements,",
"title": "Annual leave"
},
{
"docid": "7424024",
"text": "The Hours was an English rock band, formed in 2004 by Antony Genn and Martin Slattery. Career Antony Genn got his start as a 16-year-old joining Pulp and went on to play with Elastica and Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros. He went on to co-write a number of songs with Robbie Williams, Josh Homme, Brian Eno, Ian Brown from The Stone Roses, Scott \"Walker\" Engel, Jarvis Cocker, Lee Hazlewood and others, along with writing and producing scores for film and television. Martin Slattery is an established pianist and keyboard player, who had previously toured with Shaun Ryder’s group Black Grape. Both Genn and Slattery also have worked with Joe Strummer as a part the group the Mescaleros, and Slattery has written and worked with KT Tunstall, Grace Jones and Joe Strummer. The band is managed by Pat Magnarella who also manages The All-American Rejects, the Goo Goo Dolls and Green Day. The artwork for the band, including the skull image, was created by British artist Damien Hirst. He is cited as having Michael Buble as one of his biggest influences. They have received support from BBC Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe, and from Jarvis Cocker who said \"They understand what music is for—it's for human beings to communicate with other human beings. It's that simple, it's that important. Let them into your life. You won't regret it.\" Their single \"Ali in the Jungle\" is featured in the EA Sports FIFA '08 football game, '2K Sports NBA 2K13' and is the song that snooker player Ronnie O'Sullivan entered to in all his matches at the 2010 Wembley Masters during his run to the final. \"People Say\" has twice been used in the opening scenes of British soap opera Hollyoaks. Their second album, entitled See the Light, was released on 20 April 2009, and was produced by Flood (U2, Depeche Mode, Smashing Pumpkins). It was preceded by the single \"Big Black Hole\" on 6 April that year. The Hours were the support act for U2 on their 360 Tour in 2009. Their song \"Ali in the Jungle\" is the soundtrack to the Nike short film Human Chain, which debuted as an advertisement during the 2010 Winter Olympics. They released an EP with \"Ali In The Jungle\" through Hickory Records. The band's first US full-length release, It's Not How You Start, It's How You Finish, was released digitally through Adeline Records in 2010. Discography Albums Narcissus Road - 5 February 2007, A&M Records - UK No. 47 See the Light - 20 April 2009, A&M Records UK No. 115 Singles References External links MySpace page Free download of 'Murder or Suicide' A & M Records Scotsman interview with Antony Genn Interview with Antony on LeftLion.co.uk Playlouder 'Class of 2007' interview with Antony Genn GQ Online album review of Narcissus Road Rockfeedback single review of Back When You Were Good Drowned in Sound single review of Back When You Were Good Ali In The Jungle performance live at the Zodiac, Oxford, UK on 9",
"title": "The Hours (band)"
},
{
"docid": "8300664",
"text": "\"Working in the Coal Mine\" is a song with music and lyrics by the American musician and record producer Allen Toussaint. It was an international hit for Lee Dorsey in 1966, and has been recorded by other musicians including Devo in 1981. Lee Dorsey original version After Toussaint returned to New Orleans from the U.S. Army, in which he served from 1963 to 1965, he formed a production company, Sansu (also known as \"Tou-Sea Productions\"), with partner Marshall Sehorn. He produced a number of singles performed by Lee Dorsey in 1965 and 1966, including \"Ride Your Pony\" and \"Working in the Coal Mine\". Written, arranged and produced by Toussaint, the song concerns the suffering of a man who rises before 5 o'clock each morning in order to work in a coal mine, five days a week, where the conditions are very harsh and dangerous, but which offers the only prospect of paid employment. The singer repeatedly asks the Lord, \"How long can this go on?\" and complains that when the weekend arrives, he's too exhausted to have any fun. In the instrumental section, as in the song's fade, he says: \"Lord, I'm so tired / How long can this go on?\" The song features the sound of a pickaxe clinking, as if the musicians were working in a mine. Says producer Allen Toussaint \"There wasn’t as much percussion as you might think on there. It was a certain drummer and we had my brother hit the mic' stand with a drum stick for the pick sound. Those were the two percussion instruments.\" The recording took place at Cosimo Matassa's Governor Nichols Street studio in the French Quarter of New Orleans. Musicians included guitarist Roy Montrell, drummer Albert \"June\" Gardner, and bassist Walter Payton. It was a hit for Lee Dorsey, released on Amy Records (catalogue number 958), and entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on July 23, 1966, eventually peaking at #8, while reaching #5 on the Billboard R&B chart. It also reached #8 on the UK Singles Chart. Toussaint said that neither he nor Dorsey had ever been down a coal mine: \"We didn’t know anything about a coal mine\". He said of Dorsey: \"He was very good to work with. Very inspiring because he had such a happiness about him. He loved what he was doing when he was singing. He was a body and fender man when he wasn’t singing and even at his peak, when he would come off the road at the end of a successful tour, he would go and get into his grease clothes, his dirty work gear and go and work on cars. Straightening out fenders and painting bodywork. But really it was his finest hour when he was singing. He was a very good person for me to work with and he totally trusted me every step of the way.\" Over time, Dorsey's version of \"Working in the Coal Mine\" has been featured in many movies and television programs, including Where",
"title": "Working in the Coal Mine"
},
{
"docid": "4196171",
"text": "The RLSS UK National Pool Lifeguard Qualification (NPLQ) is the standard qualification providing training to over 95% of lifeguards in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The NPLQ can also be delivered in other countries where trainers and training centres meet RLSS UK standards. The RLSS UK NPLQ qualifications and courses are administered by IQL UK Ltd, part of the Royal Life Saving Society charity. Courses can be delivered over a one-week intensive course or over a number of different sessions. The RLSS UK NPLQ course contains both theory and practical training (reflected in the assessment ). Practical training includes CPR, Intervention and Rescue, Rescue of a casualty with a Suspected Spinal Injury and First Aid. Classroom based theory topics include those in the practical sessions as well as many topics relating to the role and requirements of the modern day lifeguard. The RLSS UK NPLQ qualification is internationally recognised and can be especially useful for students wishing to travel abroad to continue lifeguarding. In Ireland the majority of awards are done through IQL Ireland (Institute of Qualified Lifeguards Ireland). Course structure To obtain the qualification, two units must be passed. Unit one consist of training in swimming pool supervision, the principles of lifesaving and basic first aid. For new candidates, a minimum of thirty one hours of training must have been undertaken. Unit one is assessed by an external trainer assessor. Unit two assesses the practical application of the techniques learnt in unit one, with a minimum of seven hours of work being required to pass. It is assessed on an ongoing basis by a qualified trainer assessor. To obtain the qualification, both units must be passed within six months of each other. The qualification lasts for 2 years from the date of issue and a further 20 hours of training must be completed before a lifeguard applies for renewal. In 2018 the latest version of the RLSS UK NPLQ was launched called 'Generation 9'. As the most sophisticated pool lifeguarding qualification yet, it is endorsed by CIMSPA and is currently the UK’s only professional standard qualification for lifeguards. The previous update to the RLSS UK NPLQ was in 2012, which led to an unprecedented reduction in drownings in lifeguarded swimming pools in the UK to zero. This update, referred to as the 8th edition, was introduced that combined unit 1 & 2 into a single unit. Revision 8 also incorporated changes that rationalized the structure, some subjects were added, some removed or amended. The training material was completely revised together with the training material. An optional AED add-on is now available in revision 8. All trainer/assessors need to attend an update in order to train or assess RLSS UK NPLQ going forward as revision 7 was withdrawn in 2013. References Swimming safety Professional titles and certifications",
"title": "National Pool Lifeguard Qualification"
},
{
"docid": "8075860",
"text": "Christine McVie is the second solo album by the English musician, singer, and songwriter Christine McVie, released in 1984. It was McVie's first solo recording since her 1970 self-titled release (under her maiden name). It features two singles that reached the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, \"Got a Hold on Me\" and \"Love Will Show Us How\", which reached numbers 10 and 30, respectively. The album itself also achieved modest success in the United States, peaking at number 26 and spending 23 weeks on the Billboard 200. In the UK, the album reached number 58 on the UK Albums Chart. The cover art was shot in Wiltshire, two hours outside of London. McVie arrived at the location at six in the morning, although the photo was not taken until three in the afternoon for the purpose of getting optimal lighting. Some studio shots were arranged for the single sleeves. Background On February 5, 1983, Christine McVie revealed that she was assembling songs for a solo album with the intention of releasing it by Christmas. Although McVie previously produced one of Robbie Patton's solo albums, she still felt unprepared to tackle that responsibility on her own album, so she hired Titelman to fulfill that role. McVie did not expect the recording sessions to begin until June 1983 as producer Russ Titelman was occupied with Paul Simon's Hearts and Bones during the first half of the year. The majority of the album was recorded in Montreux, Switzerland over the span of three months with additional work taking place in the UK. Following two weeks of initial recording in Switzerland, the band took a brief break while McVie fleshed out some lyrics. McVie then traveled to Steve Winwood's house to work on \"Ask Anybody\", after which the rest of her studio band arrived to spend approximately five days recording additional instrumentation. McVie wrote the lyrics to \"Ask Anybody\" three years prior about her relationship with Dennis Wilson, but the song lacked a melody, so Winwood invited McVie to his studio \"where he found just the right ambiance, the right vibes, for the words.\" Mick Fleetwood also stopped by Winwood's studio in Gloucester to record drums. Later, McVie asked Eric Clapton to work with her on a song titled \"The Challenge\". \"To my delight, he agreed. Like all of my songs, it's about life and remorse and rejection.\" Clapton recorded his guitar part in roughly an hour. The next day, Ray Cooper came into the studio to overdub percussion, although McVie was preoccupied with an appointment that morning and was unable to meet Cooper. Following this recording session, McVie returned to Montreux and wrote \"The Smile I Live For\". Lindsey Buckingham stopped by the studio as did John McVie, although the latter did not play on the album in any capacity. Buckingham was in London at the time looking for someone to engineer his Go Insane solo album and traveled to Montreux for a week to overdub guitars and vocals. His contributions",
"title": "Christine McVie (album)"
},
{
"docid": "4458950",
"text": "A business day means any day except a legal holiday. It may also be defined as any day in which the New York Stock Exchange is open for trading or any day except those on which banking institutions are authorized or required by law or other governmental action to close It depends on the local workweek which is dictated by local customs, religions, and business operations. Working time The working time in a business day varies by region. For example, in the United States and much of the Western world, a typical workday is from 9am to 5pm. In contrast, for many eastern countries such as Japan, the normal business day is from 8:30am to 7pm. The length of a business day varies by era, by region, by industry, and by company. Prevalent norms have included the 8-hour day and the 10-hour day, but various lengths, from 4 to 16 hours, have been normal in certain times and places. United States In the United States, a business day is distinct from weekdays, weekends, and the standard workweek. A business day means all calendar days except the federal legal holidays listed in unless otherwise defined. At times, government agencies and businesses may define business days as \"day in which offices are open\" separate from the basic legal definition. For example, in the state of Georgia for purposes of consumer protection, the state clarifies that a business day, unless otherwise defined, corresponds to \"business days of operation\". Meaning that a business open daily would be considered to have seven business days a week. For purposes of lending, the business week is six days from Monday to Saturday. Similarly, the United States Postal Service (USPS) delivers mail on Saturdays. Saturdays are included when counting business days to determine the arrival date of a package in shipping estimates. If USPS receives a parcel on a Thursday that will be delivered in \"two business days\", it will arrive on the following Saturday if neither Friday nor Saturday are holidays. In finance, how business days are defined by \"business day conventions\" and determine how payments are settled on contracts such as interest rate swaps. German-speaking countries In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, two German words of somewhat different meaning are used to describe business or working days. One is Werktag, a legal term applied to all calendar days except Sundays and public holidays; it includes most Saturdays. Werktage are days on which businesses such as retail shops and institutions such as schools are generally allowed to operate (see also ). In contrast, Arbeitstag refers to a day on which someone actually works. For most employees, these are Monday to Friday. However, for example, a firefighter might have an Arbeitstag on Sunday even though it is legally not a Werktag. Shifts and trends The introduction of flex time introduces the internet as a more easily globalized and offshored workforce. The notion of a business day has come under a certain degree of challenge. Information-based companies with a limited",
"title": "Business day"
},
{
"docid": "42547848",
"text": "Dorothy Du Boisson, MBE (26 November 1919 – 1 February 2013) was a code breaker stationed at Bletchley Park during World War II. Bletchley Park Du Boisson joined the Women's Royal Naval Service (known as WRNS) during WWII and was stationed at the Newmanry sector of Bletchley Park, England. With others she operated code-breaking machines, such as the Tunny machine Heath Robinson. She was one of only four operators working with the Tunny but, to work efficiently, she had to learn how to operate the Heath Robinson as well. After the Colossus computer was developed, she operated it under the direction of a cryptographer. When more Wrens were posted, Du Boisson came off the machines and went into the Ops Rooms as a registrar. She was responsible for logging the tapes in and out and distributing them to the machines. Since she was one of only two people working in the Ops room, Du Boisson had a tremendous amount of work to do. She recorded the date and identity of each tape used on the Colossus and Tunny. She knew exactly where each tape was and the machine time spent on it. Moreover, she was also responsible for unwinding tapes into buckets and joining them into a loop. This was an essential step for operation, since the tape might not stand up to the speed of the machine. After many experiments, Du Boisson found a unique way to strengthen it by using a special glue, a warm clamp, and French chalk. After the war, the machines were smashed into fragments on the orders of Churchill. Later, Du Boisson worked as a typist in the Air Ministry. Career To perform the data analysis well, \"Du Boisson and other operators in Wrens needed to first get the data from a partially electronic machine named Heath Robinson. If it could perform its analysis successfully, the resulting data would be run through the Tunny machine.\" Most of the workers were between 20 and 22 years of age. They attended training sessions to get more familiar with the machines, how they operate and the maintenance procedures. The working shifts could last up to 70 hours per week because many machines kept running all the time and there were few people who knew how to operate them. It was necessary for those people to work three eight-hour shifts every day for several weeks. Moreover, due to this stressful workload, many errors in the operations started to appear. Due to limitations in the machines, when a mistake was found, in many cases, it was necessary to redo the work all over again. Living and working conditions Workers had to perform a series of strict jobs within a tight schedule. Due to restrictions on outside policies, workers had to spend most of the time locked in rooms without proper ventilation and luminosity. Moreover, many employees even lived there, usually in attics that were not actually prepared. \"The attic was cold and very damp,\" and they had to \"put",
"title": "Dorothy Du Boisson"
},
{
"docid": "11229978",
"text": "Michael Roger Lewis Cockerell (born 26 August 1940) is a British broadcaster and journalist. He is the BBC's most established political documentary maker, with a long, Emmy award-winning career of political programmes spanning television and radio. Early life and education Michael Roger Lewis Cockerell was born on 26 August 1940. His father was Professor Hugh Anthony Lewis Cockerell, OBE, Secretary General of the Chartered Insurance Institute, a professor who was an expert on insurance law, and his mother, Fanny Cockerell (née Jochelman), was an author and playwright, and daughter of Dr David Salomon Jochelman, a prominent leader of the British Jewish community. He was educated at Kilburn Grammar School, Heidelberg University and Corpus Christi College, Oxford where he studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics (receiving a BA in 1962, and an MA in 1968). Career From 1962 to 1966, Cockerell worked as a magazine journalist. He then joined the BBC Africa service, working as a producer there from 1966 to 1968. From 1968 to 1987, Cockerell worked in the BBC's Current Affairs department. He was initially a producer for the 24 Hours series from 1968 to 1972, from which he moved to being a reporter for Midweek (1972–75). In 1975, he became a reporter on the flagship news series Panorama, where he remained until 1987. That year, he became a freelance television reporter and documentary maker. He has latterly specialised in in-depth documentaries on the politics of Westminster. He has made biographical profiles of Margaret Thatcher (The Making of the Iron Lady, 2008), Edward Heath (Sir Ted: A Film Portrait of Edward Heath, 2005), Alan Clark, Barbara Castle, Roy Jenkins (A Very Social Democrat: A Portrait of Roy Jenkins, 1996), Michael Howard, David Cameron, Denis Healey (The Best Prime Minister Labour Never Had?, 2015) and most recently, Boris Johnson (The Irresistible Rise). From the 1970s onwards, his work for television has included How We Fell For Europe (2005), The Lost World of the Seventies (2012), The Marketing of Margaret Thatcher (1983), Blair's Thousand Days – The Lady and the Lords (2000), Life in Whips Office (1995), Inside 10 Downing Street (2000) and Cabinet Confidential (2001). He has also made multi-part series', among them the How to Be trilogy (How to Be Chancellor, 2010, How to Be Foreign Secretary, 1998 and How to Be Home Secretary, 1999); a three-part series on the history of Anglo-American, Anglo-German and Anglo-French relations; an observational documentary on the workings of Alastair Campbell's press office in News from Number 10; and a three-part analysis of Tony Blair's 10 years in office as Prime Minister. He also followed up the How to Be series, with How to Be Ex Prime Minister (2007), broadcast just before Blair's resignation. The programme was repeated upon the departure from office of Theresa May in 2019. Cockerell's 2010 series The Great Offices of State was a behind-the-scenes look at the Home Office, the Foreign Office, and the UK Treasury, three of the UK's Great Offices of State. This was followed by the 2011",
"title": "Michael Cockerell"
},
{
"docid": "66897562",
"text": "Blue Weekend is the third studio album by English rock band Wolf Alice, released on 4 June 2021 through Dirty Hit. Blue Weekend was preceded by four singles—\"The Last Man on Earth\", \"Smile\", \"No Hard Feelings\" and \"How Can I Make It OK?\". The album received acclaim from music critics, with many naming it the band's best work, and was shortlisted for the Mercury Prize in 2021. Release On 24 February 2021, Wolf Alice announced the album's title and initial release date of 11 June, alongside the release of lead single \"The Last Man on Earth\". On 3 May 2021, the band announced that they would be bringing the album's release earlier by one week, to 4 June. Promotion Singles Blue Weekend was preceded by four singles. \"The Last Man on Earth\" was released on 24 February 2021 as the album's lead single. It was premiered by Annie Mac on her eponymous BBC Radio 1 Radio program, where Ellie Rowsell and Theo Ellis from the band co-hosted with her. The music video was released on YouTube an hour after Mac's radio show started. \"Smile\" was released on 20 April 2021 as the album's second single. It was premiered the same way as its predecessor. \"No Hard Feelings\" was released on 11 May 2021, an hour earlier than the previous two on Zane Lowe's Apple Music show, with the music video again released on YouTube an hour afterwards. \"How Can I Make It OK?\" was released on 3 June 2021 as the fourth and last single of the album along with a music video on YouTube. Critical reception Blue Weekend received acclaim from music critics, many of whom described it as their best album. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating of 100, the album received an average score of 91, based on 19 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\". It was ranked as the third highest-rated album of 2021 on the website at the time of release. Blue Weekend was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 2021, and multiple NME Awards in 2022. Accolades Commercial performance Blue Weekend debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with 36,182 copies sold in its first week, becoming Wolf Alice's first number-one album. It was the biggest-selling album of 2021 in UK independent record shops. Track listing Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Blue Weekend. Wolf Alice Ellie Rowsell – vocals, guitar, piano, bass, programming, Mellotron, synth, Wurlitzer, string arrangement Joff Oddie – guitar, piano, backing vocals, glock, programming, synth, claps, electric upright bass, bass, tenor resonator, 12-string, classical guitar, acoustic guitar Theo Ellis – bass, programming Joel Amey – drums, percussion, synth, backing vocals, guitar, Stylophone, programming, claps Additional musicians Owen Pallett – string arrangement, violin, viola Iain Berryman – glasses, programming, keys, trumpet Joel Workman – electric upright bass Michael Peter Olsen – cello Markus Dravs – programming, synth Technical Markus Dravs – production Iain Berryman – engineering, additional production Joel Workman – engineering assistance ; additional engineering Charlie Andrew",
"title": "Blue Weekend"
},
{
"docid": "25565763",
"text": "The Working Time Regulations 1998 (SI 1998/1833) is a statutory instrument in UK labour law which implemented the EU Working Time Directive 2003. It was updated in 1999, but these amendments were then withdrawn in 2006 following a legal challenge by the European Court. It does not extend to Northern Ireland. Contents The Working Time Regulations create a basic set of rights for the time people work, particularly 28 days paid holidays, a right to 20 minute paid breaks for each 6 hours worked, a right to weekly rest of at least one full 24 hour period, and the right to limit the working week to 48 hours. These are designed to be minimum standards, which anybody's individual contract or collective agreement through a trade union may improve upon. The Regulations apply to all workers (not just employees) and stipulate minimum rest breaks, daily rest, weekly rest and the maximum average working week. Paid holidays Regulations 13 and 13A create a right to paid annual leave of 28 days, expressed as \"four weeks\" and an additional \"1.6 weeks\" (including bank holidays and public holidays). In the Working Time Directive article 7 refers to paid annual leave of \"at least four weeks\", and under article 5 states that the \"weekly rest period\" means a \"seven-day period\". When the Directive was implemented in the UK, regulation 13 originally stated \"four weeks\" but many employers only gave their workers four five-day periods of leave (i.e. 20 days). In response the UK government amended the regulations in 2007 to add the further 1.6 week period, bringing the minimum in line with the European Union requirement for four full weeks (i.e. 28 days). However, this confusion led to the argument that the UK had gone beyond the minimum standards required by the Working Time Directive 2003, even though no country in the EU has a right to fewer holidays than 28 days. Rest periods Regulation 10 creates the right to a minimum period of rest of 20 minutes in any shift lasting over 6 hours. Under 18's are entitled to a 30 minute break for every 4.5 hours worked. Weekly working time Regulations 4-5 set a default rule that workers may work no more than 48 hours per week and employers are required to do everything reasonable to ensure limits are not broken. There are however, numerous exceptions to the universal rule. It does not apply to some limited specific sectors. Moreover, “autonomous workers”, which according to the UK’s Health and Safety Executive, following European Union interpretation and case law, are defined as those with “total control” of both the duration and scheduling of work, are also excluded. Any individual can also voluntarily opt out of the Health and Safety Protection of the maximum working week. ECJ case law has confirmed that statutory holiday will continue to accrue during career breaks or sabbaticals. Case law UK v Council (Working Time Directive) [1996] ECR I-5755 Sindicato de Médicos de Asistencia Pública v Conselleria de Sanidad y",
"title": "Working Time Regulations 1998"
},
{
"docid": "4479476",
"text": "Howe Caverns is a cave in the hamlet of Howes Cave, Schoharie County, New York. Howe Caverns is a popular tourist attraction, providing visitors with a sense of caving or spelunking, without needing the advanced equipment and training usually associated with such adventures. Geology Geologists believe the formation of the cave, which lies below ground, began several million years ago. The cave walls are composed mainly of two types of limestone (Coeymans and Manlius) from different periods in the Earth's early history, deposited hundreds of millions of years ago when the Atlantic Ocean stretched far inland. The cave contains an underground lake, called the Lake of Venus, as well as many speleothems. Discovery and development Howe Caverns is named after farmer Lester Howe, who discovered the cave on May 22, 1842, after noticing that his cows frequently gathered near bushes at the bottom of a hill on hot summer days. Behind the bushes, Howe found a strong, cool breeze emanating from a hole in the Earth. Howe proceeded to dig out and explore the cave with his friend and neighbor, Henry Wetsel, on whose land the cave entrance was located. The cave is a constant temperature of , irrespective of the outside weather. Howe opened the cave to eight-hour public tours in 1843, and, as business grew, a hotel was built over the entrance. When Howe encountered financial difficulties, he sold off parts of his property until a limestone quarry purchased the remainder. The quarry's purchase included the hillside, which encompassed the cave's natural entrance. Eventually, the cave was closed to the public, until an organization was formed in 1927 to reopen it. The organization spent the next two years undertaking development work to create an alternative entrance into the cave. After completion of the work – including elevators, brick walkways, lighting, and handrails – the cave was reopened to visitors on Memorial Day, May 1929. Developments since 2000 In 2008, the cave was purchased by a new private concern. In 2011, an adventure park attraction was assembled at the site, and it has been expanded since then. In May 2015, Howe Caverns officials re-opened the natural entrance of the cave to public tours. The newly-opened section of the cavern had not been seen since 1900, as the property had been owned by a succession of cement companies since the late 1800s. Howe Caverns has several tours, including a 90 minute walking tour with a boat ride and a two-and-a-half hour spelunking tour. The expanded tour features the remains of Howe's original tourist boat and signatures in the rock left by 19th-century cavern visitors. Howe Caverns is also a wedding venue. Weddings are performed atop a heart-shaped calcite formation in the cave. References External links Cave House Museum of Mining & Geology BSA Scavenger Hunt Info Caves of New York (state) Limestone caves Show caves in the United States Landforms of Schoharie County, New York Tourist attractions in Schoharie County, New York Museums in Schoharie County, New York Natural history",
"title": "Howe Caverns"
},
{
"docid": "54730065",
"text": "The Queuing Rule of Thumb (QROT) is a mathematical formula, known as the queuing constraint equation when it is used to find an approximation of servers required to service a queue. The formula is written as an inequality relating the number of servers (s), total number of service requestors (N), service time (r), and the maximum time to empty the queue (T): QROT serves as a rough heuristic to address queue problems. Compared to standard queuing formulas, it is simple enough to compute the necessary number of servers without involving probability or queueing theory. The rule of thumb is therefore more practical to use in many situations. Formula A derivation of the QROT formula follows. The arrival rate is the ratio of the total number of customers N and the maximum time needed to finish the queue T. The service rate is the reciprocal of service time r. It is convenient to consider the ratio of the arrival rate and the service rate. Assuming s servers, the utilization of the queuing system must not be larger than 1. Combining the first three equations gives . Combining this and the fourth equation yields . Simplifying, the formula for the Queuing Rule of Thumb is . Usage The Queuing Rule of Thumb assists queue management to resolve queue problems by relating the number of servers, the total number of customers, the service time, and the maximum time needed to finish the queue. To make a queuing system more efficient, these values can be adjusted with regards to the rule of thumb. The following examples illustrate how the rule may be used. Conference lunch Conference lunches are usually self-service. Each serving table has 2 sides where people can pick up their food. If each of 1000 attendees needs 45 seconds to do so, how many serving tables must be provided so that lunch can be served in an hour? Solution: Given r = 45, N = 1000, T = 3600, we use the rule of thumb to get s: . There are two sides of the table that can be used. So the number of tables needed is . We round this up to a whole number since the number of servers must be discrete. Thus, 7 serving tables must be provided. Student registration A school of 10,000 students must set certain days for student registration. One working day is 8 hours. Each student needs about 36 seconds to be registered. How many days are needed to register all students? Solution: Given s = 1, N = 10,000, r = 36, the rule of thumb yields T: . Given the work hours for a day is 8 hours (28,800 seconds), the number of registration days needed is days. Drop off During the peak hour of the morning about 4500 cars drop off their children at an elementary school. Each drop-off requires about 60 seconds. Each car requires about 6 meters to stop and maneuver. How much space is needed for the minimum drop",
"title": "Queuing Rule of Thumb"
},
{
"docid": "15671264",
"text": "Love Songs is the Bee Gees' third compilation album in four years, though the first to cover a specific musical style. A proposed album of love songs was in the works around 1995 when the Bee Gees recorded their own versions of \"Heartbreaker\" and \"Emotion\", but that project was soon shelved and those recordings remained unavailable until the release of Their Greatest Hits: The Record in 2001. Following the success of the Number Ones compilation in 2004, Universal once again tried to mine the Bee Gees catalog, this time focusing on their ballads. Spanning their entire career, Love Songs features many of the group's big hits, but also includes some lesser known tracks such as \"Secret Love\" and \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\", which were both big hits in Europe. Also included is a live version of \"Islands in the Stream\". The US and the UK versions differed slightly in song selection and running time. Included on the UK version were 1993's \"Heart Like Mine\" and a song Barry and Maurice wrote together with Ronan Keating in 1999 called \"Lovers and Friends\", backing Keating both vocally and instrumentally while also producing the recording. Another anomaly was the inclusion of the Robin Gibb solo hit \"Juliet\" from 1983, which was a big hit in many countries, except in the UK and the US. By the time Love Songs was released, there had been several Bee Gees compilations on the market as well as their entire back catalog, so this release seemed somewhat redundant. In the US it did chart but only managed to reach No. 166. In their homeland it climbed to No. 51 on the UK Albums Chart, but its best showing was in the Netherlands where it went top 20, peaking at No. 21. Track listing USA/International \"To Love Somebody\" (Bee Gees' 1st) \"Words\" (Horizontal) \"First of May\" (Odessa) \"Lonely Days\" (2 Years On) \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" (Trafalgar) \"How Deep Is Your Love\" (Saturday Night Fever soundtrack) \"More Than a Woman\" (Saturday Night Fever soundtrack) \"(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away\" (Bee Gees Greatest) \"Emotion\" (Their Greatest Hits: The Record) \"Too Much Heaven\" (Spirits Having Flown) \"Heartbreaker\" (Their Greatest Hits: The Record) \"Islands in the Stream\" (Live) (One Night Only) \"Juliet\" (How Old Are You?) - Robin Gibb solo track) \"Secret Love\" (High Civilization) \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\" (Size Isn't Everything) \"Closer Than Close\" (Still Waters) \"I Could Not Love You More\" (Still Waters) \"Wedding Day\" (This Is Where I Came In) UK/Japan \"To Love Somebody\" \"Words\" \"First of May\" \"Lonely Days\" \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" \"How Deep Is Your Love\" \"More Than a Woman\" \"(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away\" \"Emotion\" \"Too Much Heaven\" \"Heartbreaker\" \"Islands in the Stream (Live)\" \"Juliet\" \"Secret Love\" \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\" \"Heart Like Mine\" (Bonus track) (Size Isn't Everything) \"Closer Than Close\" \"I Could Not Love You More\" \"Wedding Day\" \"Lovers and Friends\" (featuring Ronan Keating) – 5:17 (bonus track; new",
"title": "Love Songs (Bee Gees album)"
},
{
"docid": "9226144",
"text": "The Reckoning of Time (, CPL 2320) is an English era treatise written in Medieval Latin by the Northumbrian monk Bede in 725. Background In mid-7th-century Anglo-Saxon England, there was a desire to see the Easter season less closely tied to the Jewish Passover calendar as well as a desire to have Easter observed on a Sunday. Continuing a tradition of Christian scholarship exploring the correct date of Easter, a generation later, Bede sought to explain the ecclesiastical reasoning behind the Synod of Whitby's decision in 664 to favor Roman custom over Irish custom. Bede's resulting treatise provides justification for a precise calculation for Easter. It also explains why time, and the various units of time, are sacred. Structure The treatise includes an introduction to the traditional ancient and medieval view of the cosmos, including an explanation of how the Earth influenced the changing length of daylight, of how the seasonal motion of the Sun and Moon influenced the changing appearance of the new moon at evening twilight, and a quantitative relation between the changes of the tides at a given place and the daily motion of the Moon. The Reckoning of Time describes the principal ancient calendars, including those of the Hebrews, the Egyptians, the Romans, the Greeks, and the English. The focus of was calculation of the date of Easter, for which Bede described the method developed by Dionysius Exiguus. also gave instructions for calculating the date of the Easter full moon, for calculating the motion of the Sun and Moon through the zodiac, and for many other calculations related to the calendar. Bede based his reasoning for the dates on the Hebrew Bible. The functions of the universe and its purpose are generally referred to a scriptural foundation. According to the introduction by Faith Wallis in the 1999 English translated edition of The Reckoning of Time, Bede aimed to write a Christian work that integrated the astronomical understanding of computing with a theological context of history. The book is also regarded by Bede to be a sequel to his works The Nature of Things and On Time. Sections The work is divided into six sections: Technical preparation (Chapters 1–4) This section familiarizes the reader with terminology regarding measurements. In chapter 3 Bede defines a day as being 12 hours long. An hour consists of increments of , and . Each of which are small increments of time within the hour. The smallest increment of time is the atom. The Julian calendar (Chapters 5–41) Here, Bede gives an exhaustive overview of the date of the Earth's creation, the months, the weeks and the Moon. He argues that the first day did not, as it was generally believed, take place at the time of an equinox. According to the religious accounts of God's creation of the universe, light was created on the first day. It was not until the fourth day, however, that God created the stars and therefore there was no measurement of hours. Much of this section",
"title": "The Reckoning of Time"
},
{
"docid": "26248852",
"text": "16 Wishes is a 2010 teen fantasy-comedy television film directed by Peter DeLuise and written by Annie DeYoung, starring Debby Ryan and Jean-Luc Bilodeau. It premiered on June 25, 2010, on Disney Channel in the United States and on July 16, 2010, on Family Channel in Canada. The film was the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on Disney Channel. In addition, 16 Wishes introduced Ryan to new audiences, such as the contemporary adult audiences since the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic (18–34). The film was the second most watched program on cable during the week of its premiere. It was the second film to be released on Disney Channel in 2010 that was not promoted as a \"Disney Channel Original Movie\" (after Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars) and is a co-production between Disney Channel, Family Channel, Unity Pictures of Vancouver and MarVista Entertainment in Los Angeles. In other countries, it was advertised as a Disney Channel Original Movie. It was planned to have its UK premiere on November 19, 2010, on Disney Channel UK, but was replaced with Starstruck, which had already been shown in May; it was later shown in December 2010 in the UK. Plot Abby Jensen has been planning her sweet sixteen since she was a little girl, and keeps a list of wishes that she wants to come true. When her sixteenth birthday finally arrives, she adds her crush Logan as her sixteenth and final wish to the list. Throughout the day, Abby is consistently visited by a peculiar woman named Celeste, who first appears as an exterminator when the Jensens' house is swarmed by a wasps’ nest that had been building up for 16 years. Celeste saves Abby's list, but the family is unable to return inside until the wasps are exterminated. Abby meets her best friend, Jay Kepler at the bus stop where he gives her a necklace for a birthday gift. Celeste returns, dressed as a mailwoman, and gives Abby 16 candles and a matchbox. Abby lights the first candle and her first wish, meeting celebrity Joey Lockhart, is fulfilled. Realizing that the numbers of the candles correspond to the numbers of the wishes on her list, Abby lights the eighth candle, granting her wish for a car; when Celeste emerges from the car, Abby deduces that Celeste is a magical being. Abby unsuccessfully tries to fulfill her third wish. Celeste explains that there is a limit to how many wishes can be granted within an hour, and that at midnight, the wishes she made will become permanent. Throughout the day, Abby uses the candles to beat her rival Krista Cook, who has the same birthday as her, in a volleyball match, and become student body president. Jay agrees to take Abby shopping for a dress for her party but drops his wallet. They are followed by Krista, who convinces the clerk to eject them. Abby uses the 9th candle to make a wish to",
"title": "16 Wishes"
},
{
"docid": "70202663",
"text": "Ant & Dec's Limitless Win, sometimes known simply as Limitless Win, is a British game show hosted by Ant & Dec. It premiered 8 January 2022 on ITV1. It was created and is produced by Hello Dolly Ltd. It is also produced by Ant & Dec's Mitre Studios. The set's AR elements uses Unreal Engine 4. Gameplay Two contestants work together as a team to answer a series of questions whose solutions are all positive integers (whole numbers). In a preliminary round, they must answer as many questions as possible in 60 seconds, earning five \"lives\" for each correct response and incurring no penalty for a pass or miss. The contestants alternate turns; no conferring is allowed, and a contestant's turn only ends once they give a correct answer. The hosts decide in advance which contestant will receive the first question. If the team fails to answer any questions correctly, they are immediately dismissed with no winnings, which as of series 3, has never happened in transmissions to date. Examples of questions used in the preliminary round: How many odd numbers are there between zero and one hundred? (Answer: 50) The London Eye typically takes how many minutes to complete one full rotation? (Answer: 30) Which song about partying was Prince's first UK Top 40 hit? (Answer: \"1999\") The main game makes use of the \"Limitless Ladder,\" a vertical scale marked off in steps and displaying cash values at each 10th step that increase from bottom to top. The questions get increasingly difficult as the team moves up the ladder. The team must use a dial to register their guess on each question, attempting to get as close to the correct answer as possible without going over. They move up the ladder a number of steps equal to their guess, and lose enough lives to match the error between the guess and the correct answer. All correct answers in this portion of the game are less than or equal to 50. The hosts warn the team when they have 20 seconds left to give a guess; if they fail to do so before time runs out, the last value they have dialled is automatically locked in. If the team make an error larger than the number of remaining lives or offer a guess above the exact answer, the game ends and they leave with no winnings. Examples of questions used in the main game: On 21 June 2021, the longest day of the year, the Shetland Islands experienced the most hours of daylight in the UK. How many hours was that? (Answer: 19) The Natural History Museum's Dippy the Dinosaur, which went on a national tour in 2018, is how many metres long in its displayed pose? (Answer: 26) How many countries have a land border with Germany? (Answer: 9) One lifeline at a time is made available for the team's use as the game proceeds; each may only be used once. The lifelines are shuffled and randomly placed at",
"title": "Limitless Win"
},
{
"docid": "19049467",
"text": "Wong How Man (born 1949) is a Chinese explorer, writer and photojournalist from Hong Kong. Wong is the founder and President of the China Exploration & Research Society (CERS). In 2002, Time Magazine honored Wong as one of their 25 Asian Heroes, calling him 'China's most accomplished living explorer.' Early life and education Wong was born in Hong Kong. Wong studied in Wah Yan College, Kowloon in Hong Kong before reading journalism and art in the United States. With degrees from the university of Wisconsin, River Falls, including an Honorary Doctorate. Career In 1974, Wong began exploring China as a journalist. In 1982, Wong became an explorer with National Geographic Society, until 1986. In 1986, Wong founded the China Exploration & Research Society] (CERS), first in the United States and later moved to Hong Kong, a preeminent nonprofit organization specializing in exploration, research, conservation and education in remote China and periphery countries like Myanmar, Laos, Bhutan and the Philippines. Wong led six major expeditions for the National Geographic magazine. His writing for the National Geographic was nominated for the Overseas Press Club Award of America. In his 1985 National Geographic expedition, Wong led a team that found a new source of the Yangtze River and documented this expedition in his 1989 book, Exploring the Yangtze: China's Longest River. During this expedition he came across the hanging coffins and developed a long life obsession with this particular historical custom, which later became the topic of an award-winning documentary by Discovery Channel. Twenty years later, Wong discovered a yet longer source. In 2004, Discovery Channel also made an hour-long documentary 'Crossings' about Wong's upbringing and subsequent exploration career. Subsequently, Wong led CERS expeditions that pinpointed the source of the Mekong in 2007 and discovered a new source for the Yellow River in 2008. In 2011, his team defined the source of the Salween River, followed by that for the Irrawaddy in 2017, and the Brahmaputra in 2018. Wong has authored over two dozen books. Among these, From Manchuria to Tibet won the prestigious Lowell Thomas Travel Journalism Gold Award in 1999. His book Islamic Frontiers of China was published in the UK in 1990, with a new and expanded edition in 2011. Wong has received numerous awards, including the Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Wisconsin in River Falls, Lifetime Achievement Award from Monk Hsing Yun. He is often invited as keynote speaker on important international lecture circuits for institutions, universities, corporations, both and select groups of audience. Wong's organization, CERS, has conducted scores of successful conservation projects, many of which became full-length documentary films. His work and that of CERS has been featured on CNN over a dozen times, including a half-hour profile by anchor Richard Quest. His work has been featured on the front page of the Wall Street Journal and Al-Jazeera TV made a half-hour feature His nonprofit organization is mainly supported by private foundations and individuals. A large format book, Classic of Mountains and Seas: Wong How-Man",
"title": "Wong How Man"
},
{
"docid": "995596",
"text": "How to Live on Twenty-four Hours a Day is a short self-help book \"about the daily organization of time\" by novelist Arnold Bennett. Written originally as a series of articles in the London Evening News in 1907, it was published in book form in 1908. Aimed initially at \"the legions of clerks and typists and other meanly paid workers caught up in the explosion of British office jobs around the turn of the [twentieth] century\", it was one of several \"pocket philosophies\" by Bennett that \"offered a strong message of hope from somebody who so well understood their lives\". The book was especially successful in the US, where Henry Ford bought 500 copies to give to his friends and employees. Bennett himself said that the book \"has brought me more letters of appreciation than all my other books put together\". In her book The Self-Help Compulsion: Searching for Advice in Modern Literature, Harvard academic Beth Blum argued that \"Bennett's essays on the art of living mount a challenge against modernism's disdain for the crude utilitarianism of public taste\" and saw Virginia Woolf's hostility to Bennett as \"defined, in part, as an inspired rebuttal of Bennett's practical philosophies\". In a 2019 New York Times article, Cal Newport recommended How to Live on Twenty-four Hours a Day as an inspiration for anyone embarking on a program of \"digital decluttering\". Philosophy In the book, Bennett addressed the growing number of white-collar workers that had accumulated since the advent of the Industrial Revolution. In his view, these workers put in eight hours a day, forty hours a week, at jobs they did not enjoy, and at worst, hated. They worked to make a living, but their daily existence consisted of waking up, getting ready for work, working as little as possible during the workday, going home, unwinding, going to sleep, and repeating the process the next day. In short, he did not believe they were really living. Bennett addressed this problem by urging his readers to seize their extra time and make the most of it to improve themselves. Extra time could be found at the beginning of the day, by waking up early, and on the ride to work, on the way home from work, in the evening hours, and especially during the weekends. During this time, he prescribed improvement measures such as reading great literature, taking an interest in the arts, reflecting on life, and learning self-discipline. Bennett wrote that time is the most precious of commodities and that many books have been written on how to live on a certain amount of money each day. He added that the old adage \"time is money\" understates the matter, as time can often produce money, but money cannot produce more time. Time is extremely limited, and Bennett urged others to make the best of the time remaining in their lives. Advice In the book, Bennett offers the following advice: View the 24-hour day as two separate days, one encompassing the 8-hour workday and",
"title": "How to Live on 24 Hours a Day"
},
{
"docid": "45022539",
"text": "RT UK, also known as Russia Today, was a free-to-air television news channel based in the United Kingdom. It was part of the RT network, a Russian state-controlled international television network funded by the federal tax budget of the Russian government. The channel's head was Nikolay Bogachikhin. Launched in 2014, it ran live broadcasts for seven years and ceased broadcasting from London in July 2021. RT UK served as the home and production base of RT's UK-based programmes. The channel's studios were located in Millbank Tower. Prior to its closure, the channel offered four hours of its own programming per day, airing RT UK News Monday through Friday at 7 pm, 8 pm, 9 pm and 10 pm. The RT UK News anchors were Bill Dod and Kate Partridge. RT International now broadcasts in its place, though the channel is still available online through RT's websites and social media. The UK media regulator Ofcom has repeatedly found RT to have breached its rules on impartiality and on one occasion found it had broadcast \"materially misleading\" content. On 18 March 2022, Ofcom cancelled RT's UK broadcasting licence \"with immediate effect\" after concluding the outlet was not \"fit and proper\" or a \"responsible broadcaster\". Launch RT UK was launched on 30 October 2014 and closed for TV broadcasting on 30 July 2021. The channel's coverage focused on the United Kingdom. RT presenter Afshin Rattansi stated that the channel's position was \"to challenge dominant power structures in Britain by broadcasting live and original programming with a progressive UK focus\", and it was \"not subject to the metropolitan elite's London bias\" since its \"news will come from right across the country\". Richard Sambrook, former director of global news at the BBC and director of the Centre of Journalism at Cardiff University was quoted as saying \"It's a surprising move to focus resources on the UK. It's not a commercial proposition, therefore the main purpose must be to gain influence. It's about soft power for the Kremlin\". In a pre-launch statement, RT correspondent Polly Boiko said \"So much is made of how RT is funded. It's been cast as the Big Bad Wolf of the news media landscape,\" and \"I think many of us... see the launch of RT UK as an opportunity to shake off the accusations levelled at the channel\". Incidents Relations with British regulators (2014–19) Ahead of the launch of its UK-specific broadcasts in 2014, RT said that its advertisements promoting the channel had been rejected by ad agencies because it was felt they would violate UK laws on political advertising. The network posted versions of the adverts on billboards and its website with the word \"redacted\" on them in protest. The UK Advertising Standards Authority said it had not banned the ads or even received any complaint about them. The UK broadcast regulator Ofcom has repeatedly reprimanded the international version of RT for its failure to remain impartial. In July 2014, London-based RT International correspondent Sara Firth resigned, after five years",
"title": "RT UK"
},
{
"docid": "68564587",
"text": "Impossible Rebellion was a series of nonviolent climate change protests in the United Kingdom organised by Extinction Rebellion (XR), from 23 August 2021 to 4 September 2021. The protests particularly targeted the City of London to raise awareness of the role of the financial sector in climate change. Protesters during the Impossible Rebellion demanded that the UK government cease new investments in the fossil fuel industry. XR also demand that the government declare a climate emergency, reach net zero carbon emissions by 2025 and create a citizens' assembly on climate change. The Impossible Rebellion was the fifth major set of XR protests; activists are focusing on short-term protests in highly visited areas rather than taking hold of smaller numbers of area, as in previous actions. Demonstrations variously focused on banks' continued investment in fossil fuels, new road and rail infrastructure such as HS2, the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, treatment of animals on Crown Estate land and the fashion and fast food industry. Some days of protest have been themed around highlighting women and indigenous voices. Sister groups involved in protests include Animal Rebellion and Money Rebellion. Background Extinction Rebellion (XR) are a climate justice movement with three major demands to the UK government: declare a climate emergency; achieve carbon neutrality by 2025; and create a citizens' assembly on climate change. For the Impossible Rebellion, which ran from 23 August 2021 to 4 September 2021, the movement also demanded that the government cease new fossil fuel investments. The fortnight-long Impossible Rebellion was the fifth major set of XR protests, following its 10-day September 2020 Autumn Rebellion. The protests came in the wake of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, which found that a tipping point in the climate system may have already been exceeded by carbon dioxide emissions. A co-founder stated that XR experienced increasing donations following the report's publishing, and that they raised over £100,000 in 24 hours shortly before the beginning of the Impossible Rebellion. Tactics by protesters and police Extinction Rebellion use nonviolent civil disobedience such as marches, protests, disruption to public transport and people deliberately being arrested, to achieve their goals. According to the Evening Standard, around 2,000 volunteers worked for XR on art action design, including banners, flags, costumes, sculptures and other design work. Art co-ordinators create some costumes, such as the \"red rebels\", and issue instructions to other XR chapters on how to replicate the artwork. The UK arts factory co-ordinator stated that creating banners and flags required 16-hour working days for a month from 100 volunteers, and that they aimed to upcycle and reuse as many materials as possible. The demonstrations involved drumming and chanting, and human barriers to cause road closures. A June 2021 Supreme Court ruling—nicknamed the \"Ziegler judgment\"—found that obstructing a highway during a protest could be lawful, but the deputy assistant commissioner of the Metropolitan Police commented that \"officers are still able to take action if they see wilful obstruction\". Prior to the protests, XR sent a letter to the",
"title": "Impossible Rebellion"
},
{
"docid": "15645307",
"text": "The Wales Genocide Memorial is a monument in the garden of the Temple of Peace in Cardiff, Wales, dedicated to the victims of the Armenian genocide that took place in Ottoman Empire carried out by the Turkish government against the Armenian population from 1915 to 1922. Unveiling The memorial was erected and unveiled on November 2, 2007, at an initiative of the Wales-Armenian Society. The monument's opening was consecrated in a service conducted by Bishop Nathan Hovhannisian, Primate of the Armenian Apostolic Church of Great Britain. The ceremony was attended by Lord Dafydd Elis-Thomas Presiding Officer of the National Assembly of Wales, David Yeoman, the Assistant Bishop of Llandaff, and Vahe Gabrielyan, Armenian Ambassador to the UK. Over 300 people attended the opening ceremony. Members of the Turkish community protested, saying the genocide never happened. Desecration In the early hours of January 27, 2008 the ornate Armenian Cross was smashed by a hammer, which was found at the scene. Eilian Williams of Wales Armenia Solidarity condemned the attack, which happened just hours before a memorial service could take place in remembrance of Holocaust, Armenian genocide and Hrant Dink. Eilian Williams has said \"We shall repair the cross again and again, no matter how often it is desecrated. We also challenge the UK government and the Turkish Embassy to condemn this racist attack.\" See also Armenian genocide List of Armenian genocide memorials Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day External links Armenia-Wales.org Armenian Community and Church Council of Great Britain Armenian Genocide Monument in Wales Smashed on UK's Holocaust Memorial Day References 2007 sculptures Armenian genocide denial Armenian genocide memorials Buildings and structures in Cardiff Monuments and memorials in Cardiff Vandalized works of art in the United Kingdom",
"title": "Wales Genocide Memorial"
},
{
"docid": "12725716",
"text": "Onehundredhours (also known among fans as '100h', or 'the hours') were a Christian rock band, headed by Tré Sheppard. History The band initially started by accident an initial one-off gig, when Tré was asked to lead worship at a youth Cell-Church conference in 1997, which resulted in their first tour, of California after they were invited by the conference speakers. Following this, the band released 2 independent records, which sold in excess of 16,000 copies. Onehundredhours were then signed up by the Christian record label Survivor. Since then, another 2 albums have been released, assisting in the growth of the band's popularity, in the UK and also within Europe, where many tours have taken place. They are also regular guests to Spring Harvest and Soul Survivor festivals, as well as New Wine. In 2005, Onehundredhours supported Daniel Bedingfield on his UK & European tour. Daniel, a long-time friend of Onehundredhours, gave a personal invitation for the band to guest on the tour. In 2006, the band toured throughout the UK, touring with Tree63 on their UK dates in December. Furthermore, on 11 May 2008 Onehundredhours played at the Astoria Theatre as part of the 'Live at the Court' celebration, which made up a number of events in the London-wide Pentecost festival. They shared the stage on this occasion with The Gentlemen, Electric Church and headliners Salvador. In 2009, the band played their last gig at Soul Survivor Week C. Name The Band's name comes from the average amount of free time a Christian has each week, inspired by the book ‘The Other Hundred Hours’ by Wyn Fountain. The process on which it works is as follows: There are 7 x 24 = 168 hours in a week If you spend 8 hours sleeping per day, this makes 7 x 8 = 56 hours per weekSo extracting the time spent sleeping, that leaves 112 hours a week. 12 hours is about the maximum time one can spend in church, at bible studies, or youth groups etc. That leaves 100 hours, and the band wanted to say that this doesn’t need to be 100 hours without God, but instead that worship should be a lifestyle, which spans all our time. Members Tré Sheppard Tori Sheppard Tim Cooke Mark Prentice Steve Evans Jonny Ravn Discography One Hundred Hours (1999) Lift (2001) Cardiphonia (2002) Stronger Than My Heart (2004) As Sure as the Stars (2007) engagehivaids.com Engagehivaids.com was set up by Onehundredhours in 2004. It is a web-based community created, in partnership with the iThemba AIDS Foundation, to raise awareness for the HIV/AIDS crisis in Africa. To date, many campaigns have been run, including selling red rubber wrist bands, a texting service, and selling badges. The ultimate goal is for the band's heart to inspire, challenge and resource young people to live their lives with justice, hope, action and love at the core to bring about change for people affected by HIV/AIDS. External links onehundredhours official website www.engagehivaids.com English rock music groups English Christian",
"title": "Onehundredhours"
},
{
"docid": "42858934",
"text": "Independent lifeboat services in Britain and Ireland began to be established around the coasts towards the end of the 18th century in response to the loss of life at sea. More recently, independent services have been set up in response to the increasing popularity of coastal and river sport and leisure activities. There are at least 84 (see tables below) and as many as 100 independent lifeboat services operating throughout Britain and Ireland, both on coasts and inland waterways, comprising around a quarter of the lifeboat services in the UK and Ireland. Because the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) owns and operates the majority of lifeboat stations (238 in 2018), smaller independent services can be overshadowed when it comes to publicity and fundraising. Independent services are usually funded privately and most are registered charities; most operate 24 hours a day, every day of the year. Many currently-independent, RNLI-adopted and lapsed services pre-date the RNLI (founded 1824 as the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck). History The first recorded independent lifeboat service was established in 1776 at Formby, 7 miles south of Southport, where there is still an independent lifeboat service (see table). Many early lifeboat stations were taken under the wing of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution after its foundation in 1824 and throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Few early stations retained their independence; some were closed by the RNLI many years after takeover, according to the local needs at the time, and of these some were re-established as independent services, sometimes years later. A few 20th century independent services were started up in response to the rapid increase in popularity and affordability of aquatic sport and leisure activities such as swimming, boating, windsurfing, angling and diving. It has not been established how many independent lifeboat services there are (2014) because there is no umbrella organisation except for some stations in Ireland and the River Severn area (see table below). All, though, are crewed by volunteers and equipped with boats ranging from retired RNLI lifeboats to state-of-the-art boats paid for by fundraising campaigns. Independent lifeboat services in Britain and Ireland Independent lifeboat services are spread across England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Some are primarily inland rescue services. Note: Some services appear twice where they cover border areas. United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Channel Islands Whilst the Channel Islands are not part of the UK (they are Crown dependencies) they are included here because of their proximity to Britain and Ireland with their location in the English Channel and by virtue of the RNLI's coverage, which includes Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney. Jersey Republic of Ireland Some independent services come under the umbrella of Community Rescue Boats Ireland (CRBI) and are trained and administrated by Irish Water Safety. See also List of former RNLI stations List of RNLI stations Lifeboat (rescue) Search and rescue (Ireland) Search and rescue (UK) List of lifeboat disasters in Britain and Ireland References Sea rescue organisations",
"title": "Independent lifeboats in Britain and Ireland"
},
{
"docid": "6256727",
"text": "Sir Brian Keith Follett (born 22 February 1939) is a British biologist, academic administrator, and policy maker. His research focused upon how the environment, particularly the annual change in day-length (photoperiod), controls breeding in birds and mammals. Knighted in 1992, he won the Frink Medal (1993) and has been a Fellow of the Royal Society since 1984, and served as the chair of the UK government's teacher training agency and Arts and Humanities Research Council, and was Vice-Chancellor of University of Warwick. Education and early life Follett was educated at Bournemouth School and studied biological chemistry. On graduating he undertook a Ph.D. with Professor Hans Heller in the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Bristol. That work introduced him to endocrinology and the development of assays to understand the physiological role of hormones. Career and research In 1964 Follett moved to Washington State University and joined Donald Farner's group investigating photoperiodism. Follett's research focus became on the brain pathways whereby birds (and mammals) measure day length and use its changes to regulate breeding. He became a lecturer at Leeds University then moved with James Dodd FRS group to the University of Bangor in 1969, then to the University of Bristol in 1978. He moved to Warwick in 1993 as Vice-Chancellor. Research programmes Follett's studies used, as model species, the Japanese quail and later wild-caught starlings. His work included the development of the first radioimmunoassay to measure bird luteinizing hormone (LH) in collaboration with Frank Cunningham (Reading University) and Colin Scanes. This made it possible to measure LH in 10 microliters of plasma and so follow circulating hormone levels in individual birds exposed to photoperiods of many types. Using gonadectomized quail it was possible to show unequivocally that the underlying photoperiodic response in birds (but not mammals) is driven by brain circuits that are switched on an off by day length. It demonstrated that measuring day length involved a daily (circadian) rhythm in photosensitivity with the birds being responsive to light particularly 12 and 18 hours after dawn. In other words, if light fell at these hours then the day was read as \"long\", if not then it was read as \"short\". In 1978 as the Chair of Zoology at Bristol, his research interest included mammals, notably sheep, and occasionally wild birds such as albatrosses, swans, gulls and partridges. Key studies included: (a) The development of a rapid photoperiodic response system: The research group followed the neural and endocrine changes as photoinduction as it occurred in real time. The first overt change when quail are exposed to a single long day is a rise in LH secretion at about hour 20. This model was applied: to show definitively the circadian nature of the photoperiodic clock and its complex properties as an oscillator, to measure (with Russell Foster) the action spectrum for the non-retinal light receptors, and in many studies to determine the timed sequence of neural changes as induction occurred. Subsequently, Takashi Yoshimura in Japan used the quail to investigate",
"title": "Brian Follett"
},
{
"docid": "70018886",
"text": "Critique of work or critique of labour is the critique of, and/or wish to abolish, work as such, and to critique what the critics of works deem wage slavery. Critique of work can be existential, and focus on how labour can be and/or feel meaningless, and stands in the way for self-realisation. But the critique of work can also highlight how excessive work may cause harm to nature, the productivity of society, and/or society itself. The critique of work can also take on a more utilitarian character, in which work simply stands in the way for human happiness as well as health. History Many thinkers have critiqued and wished for the abolishment of labour as early as in Ancient Greece. An example of an opposing view is the anonymously published treatise titled Essay on Trade and Commerce published in 1770 which claimed that to break the spirit of idleness and independence of the English people, ideal \"work-houses\" should imprison the poor. These houses were to function as \"houses of terror, where they should work fourteen hours a day in such fashion that when meal time was deducted there should remain twelve hours of work full and complete.\" Views like these propagated for in the following decades by e.g. Malthus, which led up to the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The battle of shortening the working hours to ten hours was ongoing between around the 1840s until about 1900. However, establishing the eight-hour working day went significantly faster, and these short-hour social movements aligned against labour, managed to get rid of two working hours between the mid-1880s to 1919. During this epoch, reformers argued that mechanization was not only supposed to provide material goods, but to free workers from \"slavery\" and introduce them to the \"duty\" to enjoy life. While the productive capacity rose enormously with industrialization, people were made busier, while one might have expected the opposite to occur. This was at least the expectation among many intellectuals such as Paul Lafargue. The liberal John Stuart Mill also predicted that society would come to a stage where growth would end when mechanization would meet all real needs. Lafargue argued that the obsession society seemed to have with labour paradoxically harmed the productivity, which society had as one of its primary justifications for not working as little as possible. Paul Lafargue In Lafargue's book The Right To Be Lazy, he claims that: \"It is sheer madness, that people are fighting for the \"right\" to an eight-hour working day. In other words, eight hours of servitude, exploitation and suffering, when it is leisure, joy and self-realisation that should be fought for – and as few hours of slavery as possible.\" Automation, which had already come a long way in Lafargue's time, could easily have reduced working hours to three or four hours a day. This would have left a large part of the day for the things which he would claim that we really want to do – spend time with",
"title": "Critique of work"
},
{
"docid": "5696586",
"text": "A kick chart is a form or graph used by a pregnant woman in the later stages to record the activity of her fetus. If too few kicks are felt within a specified time (usually 12 hours) this could indicate a problem. A frequent question posed by midwives is how \"many times has the baby kicked in the last twelve hours?\" The unborn foetus should move five times per hour, or ten times in any twelve-hour period. In the UK this is regarded as best indication of the health of the baby from the second trimester. Once routine, use of these charts has declined, since women often forgot to complete them and fetal movement patterns are very varied, leading to unnecessary concern. Foetal kick counters A more recent trend in the United Kingdom has been the replacement of the kick chart with jewelry-based counters. A pregnancy bracelet is a wearable form of kick counter. The bracelets available work on similar principles: the baby kicks, the mother moves a marker. The idea is that this is more practical than using a pen and paper. The two most widely advertised bracelets are currently undergoing the patent application process. See also Pregnancy Stillbirth References Obstetrics Midwifery",
"title": "Kick chart"
},
{
"docid": "48629736",
"text": "The British Sleep Society (BSS) was established in 1988 to support clinicians, researchers, nurses, technologists, scientists and students with an interest in sleep and sleep disorders. It acts as an umbrella organisation, with a number of roles and activities. The Society advises health services policy through submitting evidence for consideration by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). It organises an influential scientific meeting each year dedicated to sleep disorders and sleep research and jointly hosts an annual international education course for sleep technologists and clinicians. The Society has charitable status, and operates throughout England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. It serves the media, fund raisers, commerce and concerned members of the public with support and advice. Introduction The British Sleep Society has an inclusive approach to all specialists related to sleep medicine and sleep research. Members include both academic and clinical specialists, particularly neurologists, pulmonologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, pediatricians, geriatricians as well as neurophysiologists, circadian rhythm experts, nurses and a large number of technologists in sleep laboratories. The Society currently has over 400 members under leadership provided by a 10-member executive board, and a subcommittee coordinates scientific meetings and training courses. The organisation was founded in response to the increase of awareness of sleep apnea and its clinical importance. Over the next few years it broadened to include neurological and physiological interests with strong emphasis on technical aspects and polysomnography. Special interest groups in areas such as pediatrics and actigraphy have been established. It now provides a comprehensive resource to clinical, research and technical specialties. Affiliation The Society works with other medical specialist bodies to promote sleep medicine as a medical subspecialty in the UK. The Registration Council for Clinical Physiologists holds a register of practitioners in six disciplines, one of which is sleep physiology. As part of this the Society is a registered professional body within the Council, with the aim to improve the safety of patient care. The Society is affiliated with the European Sleep Research Society. Meetings and training The Society runs an annual spring technologist conference, aimed at providing training in all aspects of sleep medicine. The Society also holds an annual scientific meeting, to listen to presentations on the latest research and clinical developments in sleep and the treatment of sleep disorders. It is the largest meeting in Great Britain dedicated to sleep. The Society has joined forces with the Belgian and Dutch Sleep Societies to organise the International Sleep Medicine Course (ISMC), hosting it every three years. The course is endorsed by the European Sleep Research Society. Related fields The British Sleep Society draws from professions in sleep medicine, statistics, psychology, epidemiology, economics, biology, and mathematics. See also Sleep epidemiology Sleep Research Society References External links Sleep Research Society Registration Council for Clinical Physiologists In the media http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/how-many-hours-sleep-do-you-need-survey-shows-britons-getting-just-five-hours-11364011963848 https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/quarter-brit-workers-less-five-6672090 http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/uk/survey-shows-many-of-us-are-getting-just-five-hours-sleep-a-night-1.906092 https://web.archive.org/web/20151022114451/http://www.westerndailypress.co.uk/Working-age-Britons-hours-night-research-reveals/story-28020304-detail/story.html Medical and health organisations based in the United Kingdom Sleep medicine organizations",
"title": "British Sleep Society"
},
{
"docid": "18784307",
"text": "Roy Rowland (December 31, 1910 – June 29, 1995) was an American film director. The New York-born director helmed a number of films in the 1950s and 1960s including Our Vines Have Tender Grapes, Meet Me in Las Vegas, Rogue Cop, The 5000 Fingers of Doctor T, and The Girl Hunters. Rowland married Ruth Cummings, the niece of Louis B. Mayer and sister of Jack Cummings (MGM producer/director). They had one son, Steve Rowland, born in 1932, who later became a music producer in the UK. Biography Early life Roy Rowland was born in Brooklyn, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. The family moved to Edendale, California, when Roy was ten. He graduated from the University of Southern California with a law degree before beginning his career at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) as a script clerk. He then began working as a prop man, grip, and assistant cameraman. In 1927 he met Ruth Cummings at the Santa Monica Beach Club. She was the niece of Louis B. Mayer and the sister of producer Jack Cummings. Her family disapproved of Rowlands, so they eloped. This resulted in Rowland being blacklisted. But Ruth Cummings arranged a rapprochement with Mayer. He was assistant director on most of the Tarzan films, starring Johnny Weissmuller in the 1930s. Short films Rowland made his reputation directing short films, particularly the \"How to\" series of shorts starring Robert Benchley. One of them, How to Sleep (1937), won an Academy Award. He also worked with producer Pete Smith as the director of several of the short films in the Pete Smith Specialties series, and directed several of the short films in the Crime Does Not Pay series. Features Rowland's debut feature was A Stranger in Town (1943). He made three films with the child actress Margaret O'Brien: Lost Angel (1943), Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945), and Tenth Avenue Angel (1948). He also directed musicals such as Hit the Deck (1955), Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956), and Seven Hills of Rome (1958). He also made The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. (1953), from a story by Dr. Seuss. He directed Many Rivers to Cross with Robert Taylor and Gun Glory (1957) with Stewart Granger and Rowland's son Steve. Rowland was survived by his wife Ruth and their son. Partial filmography Hollywood Party (1934) – co-director Sunkist Stars at Palm Springs (1936) – short Cinema Circus (1937) – short Hollywood Party (1937) – short Song of Revolt (1937) – short How to Start the Day (1937) – short A Night at the Movies (1937) – short film with Robert Benchley Music Made Simple (1938) – short An Evening Alone (1938) – short How to Raise a Baby (1938) – short The Courtship of the Newt (1938) – short How to Read (1938) – short How to Watch Football (1938) – short Opening Day (1938) – short Mental Poise (1938) – short How to Sub-Let (1939) – short An Hour for Lunch (1939) – short Dark Magic (1939) – short Home",
"title": "Roy Rowland (film director)"
},
{
"docid": "38597548",
"text": "Bartending school refers to private education businesses that teach individuals the many intricacies of serving customers alcohol from behind a bar. This includes not only classes in such topics as drinks mixology: the intricacies of mixing drinks and drink presentation, and the alcohol laws of the city and state, or province, in which the school is situated. In the United States, bartenders must pass a certification course for their particular state. There are many bartending schools in every state. Some offer only a few hours of instruction, others offer up to 100 hours. Courses that are at least 12 hours in length are certified by a state's board of education or board of vocational or postsecondary education. In Canada, bartending schools can be found in each province. Many of those schools offer introductory one day courses in addition to two week long certification courses. No specific regulatory body offers bartending certification, but each province has an additional responsible serving program that all wait staff need to complete before serving alcohol. Curriculum Modern schools offer training in how to deal with drunk driving, underage drinkers, and aggressive customers. This is often required for certification. Students also learn how to run a bar including setup and cleanup. In addition, students learn the basics about glassware and bartending equipment, as well as brands of liquors and liqueurs, recipes for the most popular drinks (mixology), and drink presentation.They may also trained in customer service, up-selling to customers, and procedures in taking payment. Most schools also offer training in resume preparation, how to act at a job interview, and where they should start looking for employment. Many bar schools have their students train using colored water to simulate the various types of alcohol, while others use real liquors. Some schools also have mock bars behind which their students can train in a realistic way. History Bartending has been a profession since ancient Roman times. There was no need for a bartending school up until the 1700s because alcohol only consisted of beer, wine and ale rather than mixed drinks. The owners of ale houses and taverns would serve alcohol and train new service staff themselves. After the repeal of prohibition in 1933, stand alone bars and bars in restaurants reopened, and it was necessary for businesses to hire bartenders en masse. It was no longer possible for an individual barman to educate the new workers, and so for the first time bartending schools were founded. According to a brief news blurb in Reading Eagle from 1934, \"bartender schools are mushrooming in the manor of Tom Thumb golf courses a while back\". One school offered a \"three weeks course in rudimental drink mixing, fashioning the multiple concoctions of pre-prohibition.” Classes consisted of one and a half hour periods, five days a week. Bartending schools were popular in a variety of cities around the United States for decades. In 1955, jobs in service occupations like nursing and bartending surpassed farm work as the third largest category of",
"title": "Bartending school"
},
{
"docid": "23687706",
"text": "Sunita Shroff is a British television presenter and actress. Early life Sunita Shroff was born in Scotland to Irish and Indian parents, and raised in Greece where she was educated in the Campion School. She speaks fluent Greek, Italian and French. Career Her TV career started at Channel East where she fronted their flagship current affairs show. Shroff went on to compete against 11,000 other people in the BBC Talent Competition and came in the final 3 in the ‘Holiday Program' category. Shroff gained presenting experience on the QVC shopping channel and has gone on to work as a presenter on a variety of terrestrial television projects, predominantly relating to the property market. She has also pursued an acting career, appearing in a number of television serials, commercials and in films. Presenting credits Secret Location House Swap - BBC1 Homes & Property - ITV1 Get a new life - BBC2 Moving Day - ITV1 A house in the country - ITV1 Women in the property market - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Upfront - BBC QVC - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Channel East - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Cook and Chat - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Lifestyle - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Live Mozambique 8 hour Telethon - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Viewing for leisure – Travel Series in Greece - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) Great big british quiz - Sky Digital (UK & Ireland) BBC talent (Final 3 in ‘Holiday’ program category) - BBC Acting credits - TV Coronation Street - Granada Television The Bill - ITV Emmerdale - ITV Gunrush - ITV Broken News - BBC Spookes - Lot 49 Films Strike Back: Project Dawn Acting credits - film Fair is Fare Man Walks Into a Pub Being Lucky Privacy How to Squat, a Guide Person to Persian Paid Arrogance Hallowed Ground The Odd Conversation Personal life Child = Mimi Hedderly Charity work In 2006, she competed in the Macmillan 4x4 UK Challenge charity event raising £2,000 for Macmillan Cancer Support. References External links Living people British television presenters British actresses British people of Irish descent Indian people of Irish descent British people of Indian descent British women television presenters Year of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Sunita Shroff"
},
{
"docid": "32960023",
"text": "Scavengers were employed in 18th and 19th century in cotton mills, predominantly in the UK and the United States, to clean and recoup the area underneath a spinning mule. The cotton wastage that gathered on the floor was seen as too valuable for the owners to leave and one of the simplest solutions was to employ young children to work under the machinery. Many children suffered serious injuries while under the mules, with fingers, hands, and sometimes heads crushed by the heavy moving parts. Legislation introduced in 1819 tried to reduce working hours and improve conditions but there were still deaths recorded well beyond the middle of the 19th century. Job Description Scavengers were the lowliest of the apprentices at the cotton mills and had to endure the worst conditions. They were employed to work under the machinery to clean up the dust and oil and to gather the cotton that had been thrown off the mule by its intense vibrations. The tenters would not stop to allow the scavenger to work because they were paid by how much they could produce. As the mule moved forwards the children were sent under the machine, sweeping and gathering the cotton. They had to then time their retreat so as to not become entangled within the many moving parts. These children had started in the mills at around the age of four, working as scavengers until they were eight before progressing to the role of piecers. They worked 14 to 16 hours a day, beaten if they fell asleep, until they were 15. Danger Mule sweeping is noted as being one of the worst in history due to the work conditions. The danger of being beneath the machines meant that they had to constantly pay attention to its movements to avoid serious injury. An 1840 novel by Frances Trollope describes the work of a scavenger: While there were no requirements for factory owners to keep any records about the majority of accidents on their premises there are many anecdotal cases of scavengers suffering serious and sometimes fatal injuries. Some lost fingers or a hand, others are said to have been decapitated. A record held at the Quarry Bank Mill, now a museum, states: Research by Jane Humphries, a professor of economic history at the University of Oxford, revealed that a mill near Cork had such a poor safety record that six people died and 60 others were mutilated over a four-year period. Robert Blincoe, a scavenger who went on to found his own cotton-spinning business, described the life of a child labourer in his book A Memoir of Robert Blincoe. He wrote about the mistreatment of workers at the cotton mills and the poor conditions that they had to endure. He claims that on one occasion he was nearly crushed by the machine and that, despite the injuries to his head, he was beaten for not completing the sweep in a single turn. Legislation The children were sent to the mills of",
"title": "Mule scavenger"
},
{
"docid": "1591111",
"text": "Holden v. Hardy, 169 U.S. 366 (1898), is a US labor law case in which the US Supreme Court held a limitation on working time for miners and smelters as constitutional. Facts In March 1896, the Utah state legislature passed a law that limited the number of work hours for miners and smelters. A few months later, Salt Lake County Sheriff Harvey Harden arrested Albert Holden, the owner of Old Jordan Mine, for breaking that law. He charged him with forcing two of his workers to work much longer than eight hours. Holden admitted to making his workers work longer hours, but he argued that the Utah law was unconstitutional because it prevented individuals from making contracts with each other. In addition, Holden argued that the law prevented him from having both property and liberty without due process, and the law also singled out managers in the mining industry by preventing them from equal protection of the laws. Holden was found guilty and fined $50, which he refused to pay, and so he ended up serving a jail sentence of 57 days. Meanwhile, Holden appealed the case to the Utah Supreme Court and focused on the part of the Utah Constitution that protect the freedoms of labor. Holden argued the Utah Legislature had no right to pass any law restricting how many hours people can work in a day. The Utah Supreme Court disagreed with him, sided with the legislature, and explained that mining and smelting was dangerous: \"prolonged effort day after day... will produce morbid, noxious, and often deadly effects in the human system.\" Therefore, limiting hours of that kind of work was necessary. Holden then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear oral arguments on October 21, 1897. Judgment The Supreme Court, in a majority opinion by Henry Billings Brown, held the Utah law was a legitimate exercise of the police power since there was indeed a rational basis, supported by facts, for the legislature to believe particular work conditions are dangerous. It distinguished the case from laws imposing universal maximum hour rules, which would be unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment: See also US labor law Lochner v. New York: Similar case denying limited working hours for bakers List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 169 References External links 1898 in United States case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court Working time Legal history of Utah United States substantive due process case law United States labor case law Mining law and governance Mining in Utah",
"title": "Holden v. Hardy"
},
{
"docid": "772859",
"text": "The Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) was the regulatory body in the United Kingdom for commercial television (ITV and Channel 4 and limited satellite television regulation – cable television was the responsibility of the Cable Authority) – and commercial and independent radio broadcasts. The IBA came into being when the Sound Broadcasting Act 1972 gave the Independent Television Authority responsibility for organising the new Independent Local Radio (ILR) stations. The Independent Television Commission formally replaced the IBA on 1 January 1991 in regulatory terms; however, the authority itself was not officially dissolved until 2003. The IBA appointed and regulated a number of regional programme TV contractors and local radio contractors, and built and operated the network of transmitters distributing these programmes through its Engineering Division. It established and part-funded a National Broadcasting School to train on-air and engineering staff. Approach The IBA's approach to regulation was more robust than that of its successors, and it assumed the ultimate role of the broadcaster (whereas today, TV licensees are termed \"broadcasters in their own right\"). The IBA took a very \"hands-on\" approach and placed the interests of the viewer before anything else. For example, if two ITV licensees wanted to merge, or another wanted to change its broadcast name, this would require approval by the IBA. This direct approach also extended to programmes; the IBA could (and did) place limits on how many soap episodes could be shown per week, if they believed programme quality would be compromised. As well as setting guidelines on advertising content (some guidelines only, the remainder being the responsibility of the ASA), quantity and timings, the IBA also operated monitoring systems for the quality of programme content and the technical quality of programme play-out. On 19 January 1972, the British government announced the lifting of all restrictions and limits on the number of broadcasting hours per day that both the BBC and ITV could air. Until 1972, both the BBC and ITV were limited to how many normal programming hours they could air during the course of each day – by 1971 it was limited to 8 hours per day, with exemptions for schools, adult educational, religious programming, state occasions and outdoor sporting coverage. For ITV this meant they could start a proper daytime television schedule, allowing the smaller ITV companies to produce and sell programming to the network. The IBA ensured that along with the new daytime schedules which launched on Monday 16 October 1972 that their public service remit programming would continue after the restrictions were lifted. Schools programming were now placed in a new 2.5 hour slot each weekday from 9.30am along with the continued production of religious programming and adult education. There were also limits on the value of prizes that could be given away – this dated from the broadcast of the UK version of Twenty-One in 1958 in which a contestant won enough money to buy both a car and a house. In 1960, two years after the quiz show scandals in",
"title": "Independent Broadcasting Authority"
},
{
"docid": "15730123",
"text": "The observance of Jewish law (halakhah) in the polar regions of Earth presents unique problems. Many mitzvot, such as Jewish prayer and the Sabbath, rely on the consistent cycle of day and night in 24-hour periods that is commonplace in most of the world. However, north of the Arctic Circle (and south of the Antarctic Circle) a single period of daylight can last for a month or more during the summer, and the night lasts for a similar length of time in the winter. The question for religious Jews that live in or visit these regions is how to reconcile the observed length of days in the polar regions with common practice elsewhere in the world. Should a \"day\" be defined solely based on sunrise and sunset, even if these events do not occur for long stretches of time, or should the definition of a polar \"day\" be consistent with the length of a day in the rest of the world? The problem was first identified in the 18th century, when Jewish émigrés began to move in greater numbers to the northern parts of Scandinavia. A number of different opinions on the question have been presented in responsa and are reviewed in a 2005 essay by Rabbi J. David Bleich, and in a 2007 article by Rabbi Dovid Heber. Scope of the problem The definition of a \"day\" in polar regions affects mitzvot that must be performed during the day, or at a particular time of day. It also affects the passage of time in the Jewish calendar for the purpose of observing Shabbat and other Jewish holidays. Mitzvot performed during the day Many ritual mitzvot may be performed at any time during the day but not at night, or vice versa. In addition, a lender is required to return clothing used as collateral to a poor borrower if he needs it to sleep at night, and an employer must pay a day laborer his wages on the same day that the work is done. Time of day The most familiar mitzvah that depends on the time of day is Jewish prayer. The morning Shema must be read between dawn and three variable hours after sunrise. (\"Variable hours\" are each one-twelfth of the time between sunrise and sunset, or according to another opinion between dawn and the appearance of stars at twilight. Variable hours are longer than 60 minutes in the summer, and shorter than 60 minutes in the winter.) The prayers of Shacharit, Mussaf and Minchah are also limited to certain hours of the day. The evening Shema and Ma'ariv, though acceptable at any time of the night, should preferably be done in the first half of the night. It is possible that during very long days of the polar summer, evening prayers are not recited, and during very long nights of the polar winter, daytime prayers are not recited. Days of the week The passage of days from one to the next most prominently drives the observance of",
"title": "Jewish law in the polar regions"
}
] | [
"8 hours work"
] |
train_2085 | when did the movie sling blade come out | [
{
"docid": "171522",
"text": "Sling Blade is a 1996 American drama film written, directed by and starring Billy Bob Thornton. Set in Arkansas, it is the story of intellectually challenged Karl Childers and the friendship he develops with a boy and his mother. Karl was released from a psychiatric hospital where he had grown up due to having killed his mother and her lover when he was 12 years old. It also stars Dwight Yoakam, J. T. Walsh, John Ritter, Lucas Black, Natalie Canerday, James Hampton, and Robert Duvall. The film was adapted by Thornton from his previous one-man show Swine Before Pearls, from which he also developed a screenplay for the 1994 short film Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade, directed by George Hickenlooper. Sling Blade became a sleeper hit, launching Thornton into stardom. Thornton won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and he was also nominated for Best Actor. The music for the soundtrack was provided by French Canadian artist/producer Daniel Lanois. Sling Blade was filmed in 24 days, on location in Benton, Arkansas, produced by David L. Bushell and Brandon Rosser. Plot Karl Childers is a developmentally disabled Arkansas man whose parents physically and mentally abused him when he was young. He has been in the custody of the state mental hospital since the age of 12 after murdering his mother and her teenage lover, who was also his tormentor, with a sling blade. Karl believed his mother was being raped and killed the teen in defense of her. When he realized his mother was a willing participant in the affair, Karl killed her as well. Karl spends his days staring out a window at an open field and rubbing his hands together. As a passive person, he is often forced by serial rapist Charles to listen to stories of his criminal history as a convicted sexual predator. The state determines that Karl is no longer dangerous and releases him. Karl wants to stay and pleads to, but is told that he has to leave. He goes back to his hometown, where he finds work as a small engine mechanic. Karl befriends 12-year-old Frank Wheatley and shares details of his past, including the killings. Frank introduces Karl to his mother, Linda, and her homosexual friend and boss, Vaughan. Vaughan is concerned about Karl's history, but Linda asks him to move into her garage, angering her abusive and alcoholic boyfriend, Doyle. Vaughan tells Karl that he fears Doyle could hurt or kill Linda and Frank one day. Karl becomes a role model to Frank, who misses his deceased father and despises Doyle. As they grow closer, Karl tells Frank that he is haunted by an incident that happened when he was six or eight years old. His parents performed an abortion of his unwanted baby brother and made him dispose of the body. Karl found the baby was still moving and buried him alive. Karl later visits his sickly father and tries to reconcile, but is rejected. He scolds his",
"title": "Sling Blade"
},
{
"docid": "859735",
"text": "Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade is a 1994 short film written by Billy Bob Thornton, directed by George Hickenlooper and starring Thornton, Molly Ringwald, and J. T. Walsh. It was adapted into the 1996 feature film Sling Blade, also starring Thornton, which won Thornton the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, as well as a nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role. Overview Thornton plays Karl Childers, an intellectually disabled man who has been in a mental hospital for the past 25 years for murdering his mother and her lover. On the day of his release, he is interviewed by a reporter, Theresa Tatum (Molly Ringwald), who is writing an article with the intent of examining whether criminals judged to be insane should be released. Before the interview, Tatum is of the opinion that criminals like Childers should never be released. During the interview, however, Tatum must question her previous beliefs. The title of the film comes from Childers's description of the murders. He admits to committing murder with a kaiser blade: \"Some folks call it a sling blade, I call it a Kaiser blade.\" References External links 1994 drama films 1994 films 1994 short films American short films Films directed by George Hickenlooper 1990s English-language films",
"title": "Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade"
},
{
"docid": "3899773",
"text": "James Wade Hampton (July 9, 1936 – April 7, 2021) was an American actor, television director, and screenwriter. He is best known for his TV roles such as Private Hannibal Shirley Dobbs on F Troop (1965–1967), Leroy B. Simpson on The Doris Day Show (1968–1969), Love, American Style (1969–1974), and his movie roles such as \"Caretaker\" in The Longest Yard (1974), a role which garnered him a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male, as Howard Clemmons in Hawmps! (1976), Harold Howard in Teen Wolf (1985), and its sequel, Teen Wolf Too (1987), and as Jerry Woolridge in Sling Blade (1996). Early life Hampton was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, the son of Edna (Gately), who worked at a millinery, and Ivan Hampton, who ran a dry cleaning business. He was raised in Dallas, Texas, and majored in theatre arts at the University of North Texas in Denton. While attending UNT, he was a member of the Gamma Lambda chapter of Kappa Alpha Order. After a series of failed jobs including bodyguard, bartender, and photojournalist, he was inducted into the United States Army. He was stationed in Germany and performed with the USO, for which he won awards. Career Following his service, he performed in summer stock in Texas and then moved to New York City, where he was given his first film role, in the Academy Award-nominated short subject The Cliffdwellers. His next role was as the lead character in a May 1963 Gunsmoke episode entitled \"Jeb\", featuring his friend and series regular Burt Reynolds. Hampton returned to Gunsmoke later that year in \"Pa Hack’s Brood\" (S9E13), again as a character named Jeb, although Marshal Dillon makes no reference in this episode to the previous appearance. Hampton returned to Gunsmoke one more time as the title character (and hilarious cousin to Festus) in the 1965 episode ' \"Eliab’s Aim\". In 1964, he was cast as publisher William Randolph Hearst in the episode \"The Paper Dynasty\" of the television series Death Valley Days. Hampton is known for his roles in CBS's The Doris Day Show (as Leroy, the handyman); ABC's F Troop (as Hannibal Dobbs, the incompetent bugler); Robert Aldrich's The Longest Yard (1974); Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan (1975); Teen Wolf (1985); the Teen Wolf television series (1986 to 1989); Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach (1988); and Sling Blade (1996). Hampton guest-starred as Jim Rockford's childhood friend Aaron Ironwood in a 1975 episode of NBC's The Rockford Files. He received a HALO Award for Hawmps!, and a Golden Globe Award nomination for \"Most Promising Newcomer\" for the part of \"Caretaker\" in The Longest Yard. In 1980, he starred alongside Gary Collins in the low-budget movie Hangar 18. In 2012, Hampton appeared in an advertisement on MeTV touting some of the shows in which he had guest-starred, including Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. and The Rockford Files. Personal life Hampton married actress Mary Deese in 2002. He was the father of",
"title": "James Hampton (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "3493669",
"text": "George Loening Hickenlooper III (May 25, 1963 – October 29, 2010) was an American narrative and documentary filmmaker. Early life Hickenlooper was born in St. Louis, the son of Barbara Jo Wenger, a social worker and stage actress, and George Loening Hickenlooper, Jr., a teacher and playwright. He was also the grand nephew of British-born conductor Leopold Stokowski through marriage to his great aunt, pianist Olga Samaroff (whose birth name was Lucy Mary Agnes Hickenlooper). He attended high school at St. Louis University High, where he was part of a group of teenage filmmakers he informally called the \"Splicers,\" whose members included James Gunn (Guardians of the Galaxy). After graduating from Yale University with a B.A. in History and Film Studies in 1986, Hickenlooper interned for the producer Roger Corman, and launched his directing career with Art, Acting, and the Suicide Chair: Dennis Hopper in 1988. Career His first feature-length documentary, Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse, explored the making of Apocalypse Now. It won several awards, including the National Board of Review award for \"Best Documentary\", an American Cinema Editors award for \"Best Edited Documentary\", two Academy of Television Arts and Sciences awards for \"Outstanding Individual Achievement – Informational Programming – Directing\" and \"Outstanding Individual Achievement – Informational Programming – Picture Editing\", and the International Documentary Association award. Hickenlooper himself won an Emmy for direction. A short film written by Billy Bob Thornton Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade (1994), \"attracted considerable critical acclaim\" for Hickenlooper and was \"[a] hit on the festival circuit.\" Thornton parlayed the success into a full-length picture -- Sling Blade, which won an Oscar for its screenplay for Thornton, who also directed the film. His final film, Casino Jack, was released two months after his death. In addition to his films, Hickenlooper authored a book in 1991, Reel Conversations. Death Hickenlooper died in his sleep on October 29, 2010, at the age of 47. Despite initial reports that Hickenlooper had suffered a heart attack, the coroner ruled that his death was the result of accidental painkiller overdose, combining oxymorphone with alcohol. Sleep apnea and a \"moderately enlarged heart\" were contributing factors. Filmography Documentaries Art, Acting, and the Suicide Chair: Dennis Hopper, 1988 Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse, 1991 Picture This: The Times of Peter Bogdanovich in Archer City, Texas, 1991 The Big Brass Ring, 1997 (short) Monte Hellman: American Auteur, 1997 (short) Mayor of the Sunset Strip, 2003 Speechless, 2008 Out in the City, 2009 (short) \"Hick\" Town, 2009 Narrative films Ghost Brigade, 1993 Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade, 1994 (short) The Low Life, 1995 Crosstown Traffic, 1995 (failed pilot) Persons Unknown, 1996 Dogtown, 1997 The Big Brass Ring, 1999 The Man from Elysian Fields, 2001 Bizarre Love Triangle, 2005 Factory Girl, 2006 Casino Jack, 2010 References External links Film Freak Central interview (archived) 1963 births 2010 deaths American documentary filmmakers Drug-related deaths in Colorado People from St. Louis Yale University alumni Writers from Missouri Film directors from Missouri Accidental",
"title": "George Hickenlooper"
},
{
"docid": "71670969",
"text": "American musician Dwight Yoakam has starred in a number of films and television series ranging from 1992 to the present. His first major roles included the CBS crime drama P.S. I Luv U and the 1993 movie Red Rock West. In 1996, he had his acting breakthrough in the Billy Bob Thornton movie Sling Blade. For this role, he was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild (SAG) award. Yoakam made his directorial and writing debut in 2000's South of Heaven, West of Hell. Between 2005 and 2006, he also appeared in the movies Bandidas, The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, and Wedding Crashers. In 2014, Yoakam had a recurring role in season two of the CBS science fiction series Under the Dome. He also reunited with Thornton for season one of the Amazon Prime Video original series Goliath. Film Television References American filmographies Male actor filmographies",
"title": "Dwight Yoakam filmography"
},
{
"docid": "4973252",
"text": "Natalie Suzanne Canerday (born March 9, 1962) is an American actress. Canerday is a native of Russellville, Arkansas. After earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in Theatre in 1985 from Hendrix College (where she performed in plays with Herman's Head star William Ragsdale), she began her motion picture career as a production secretary for the television feature The Tuskegee Airmen, then made minor appearances in films such as Biloxi Blues and Walk the Line, and later Shotgun Stories. She played the wife of a small town sheriff in the 1991 film One False Move. Her most famous roles have been as protagonists' harried mothers in Sling Blade and October Sky. In 1996, she and others in Billy Bob Thornton's Sling Blade cast were collectively nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a Motion Picture. Canerday served as a judge for the 2006 George Lindsey/UNA Film Festival, and in 2007 was cast in a national radio commercial. In October 2009 she worked in the Oak Ridge Secret City Film Festival in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, which was known as the 7 day shoot-out because the contestants had only 7 days to make a 2–7 minute short-film. She played the part of a bartender in the short film Third Rate Romance directed by Chase Hartsook. References External links Natalie Canerday at Moviefone 1962 births Actresses from Arkansas American film actresses American television actresses Living people People from Russellville, Arkansas Hendrix College alumni People from Pope County, Arkansas 21st-century American women",
"title": "Natalie Canerday"
},
{
"docid": "3717780",
"text": "Bruce Hampton (born Gustav Valentine Berglund III; April 30, 1947 – May 1, 2017) was an American musician. He was a key figure in the Atlanta, Georgia music scene, mentoring numerous other musicians who became national stars. His own musical style was avant-garde, combining elements of jazz, fusion, southern rock and jam band styles. He first rose to prominence as the leader of the Hampton Grease Band. Adopting the moniker Colonel Hampton B. Coles, Retired or alternatively Col. Bruce Hampton Ret., and sometimes playing a sort of dwarf guitar called a \"chazoid\", he later formed several other bands, some of whose names include The Late Bronze Age, The Aquarium Rescue Unit, The Fiji Mariners, The Codetalkers, The Quark Alliance, Pharaoh Gummitt, and Madrid Express. Career As a member of the Hampton Grease Band, Bruce Hampton helped record the 1971 album Music to Eat. According to legend, this was the second-worst-selling album in Columbia Records history, with the worst being a yoga record. Hampton's band The Late Bronze Age consisted of \"Col. Hampton B. Coles, Ret.\" (Bruce Hampton) on vocals, slide guitar, mandolin, and chazoid; Ben \"Pops\" Thornton (Billy McPherson) on vocals, guitar, saxophones, and keyboards; Lincoln Metcalfe (Ricky Keller) on bass, guitar, brass, and vocals; and Bubba Phreon (Jerry Fields) on drums, percussion, trombone, and vocals. They performed several songs in the 1983 movie Getting It On. Hampton helped start the 1990s seminal H.O.R.D.E. tours. The best known of his bands to play H.O.R.D.E. is the jazz-rock outfit Aquarium Rescue Unit, which featured improvisational music all-stars Oteil Burbridge, Jimmy Herring, Rev. Jeff Mosier, Matt Mundy, and Jeff Sipe. In 1994, Hampton then formed the progressive rock/jazz duo Fiji Mariners and recorded two albums on Capricorn Records with Dan Matrazzo who simultaneously played keys, drums, and bass. Later, Ricky Fargo, Marcus Williams joined on drums and Joseph Patrick Moore joined on bass. Hampton was the voice of Warren, a talking potted shrub, in a 1998 episode (\"Warren\") of the TV show Space Ghost Coast to Coast. Hampton played Morris, the songwriting band manager, in Billy Bob Thornton's 1996 film Sling Blade. He also starred in Mike Gordon's 2001 film Outside Out as a guitar 'out'structor. Grammy Award nominated blues singer and longtime friend Susan Tedeschi wrote a song about Bruce called \"Hampmotized.\" It appears on her 2002 release Wait For Me. Hampton returned the favor with the song \"Susan T\". Basically Frightened: The Musical Madness of Col. Bruce Hampton, Ret. is a documentary about Hampton. It premiered at the Atlanta Film Festival in March 2012. Georgia Governor Nathan Deal presented Hampton with the Governor's Award In The Arts and Humanities in 2012. In 2014, Hampton made a cameo in the music video for rap group Run The Jewels' single \"Blockbuster Night, Pt. 1\". 2015 saw the production of Here Comes Rusty in which Hampton portrayed the lead character, Dicky, alongside co-stars Fred Willard, Joey Lauren Adams and Brandon Niederauer. The film debuted at the Atlanta Film Festival in 2016, but was",
"title": "Bruce Hampton"
},
{
"docid": "1472136",
"text": "James Victor Chesnutt (November 12, 1964 – December 25, 2009) was an American singer-songwriter from Athens, Georgia. His first album, Little, was released in 1990. His commercial breakthrough came in 1996 with the release of Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation, a charity record of alternative artists covering his songs. Chesnutt released 17 albums during his career, including two produced by Michael Stipe, and a 1996 release on Capitol Records, About to Choke. His musical style has been described by Bryan Carroll of AllMusic as a \"skewed, refracted version of Americana that is haunting, funny, poignant, and occasionally mystical, usually all at once\". Injuries from a 1983 car accident left him partially paralyzed; he used a wheelchair and had limited use of his hands. Early life An adoptee, Chesnutt was raised in Zebulon, Georgia, where he first started writing songs at the age of five. When he was 13, Chesnutt declared that he was an atheist, a position that he maintained for the rest of his life. At 18, while drinking and driving, a car accident left him partially paralyzed; in a December 1, 2009 interview with Terry Gross on her NPR show Fresh Air, he said he was \"a quadriplegic from [his] neck down\", and although he had feeling and some movement in his body, he could not walk \"functionally\" and that, although he realized shortly afterward that he could still play guitar, he could only play simple chords. After his recovery he left Zebulon and moved to Nashville, Tennessee; the poetry he read there (by Stevie Smith, Walt Whitman, Wallace Stevens, W. H. Auden, Stephen Crane and Emily Dickinson) served to inspire and influence him. Early career and films Around 1985, Chesnutt moved to Athens and joined the band La-Di-Das with future member of the Dashboard Saviors Todd McBride. After leaving that group, he began performing solo on a regular basis at the 40 Watt Club; it was there that he was spotted by Michael Stipe of R.E.M. Stipe went on to produce Chesnutt's first two albums, Little (1990) and West of Rome (1991). In 1993, Chesnutt was the subject of filmmaker Peter Sillen's independently produced documentary, Speed Racer: Welcome to the World of Vic Chesnutt, which was shown on PBS. Chesnutt also had a small role as \"Terence\" in the 1996 Billy Bob Thornton movie Sling Blade, which he later described self-mockingly as a poor performance. In 1996, Chesnutt was exposed to a wider audience with the release of the charity record Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation, the proceeds from which went to the Sweet Relief Fund. The album consisted of Chesnutt covers by famous musicians including R.E.M., Indigo Girls, Madonna with her brother-in-law Joe Henry, Garbage, The Smashing Pumpkins (with Red Red Meat), Cracker, Soul Asylum, and Live. For the 2007 edition of the Vienna International Film Festival (Viennale), New York filmmaker Jem Cohen was commissioned to close the festival, which he did with his program titled, Evening's Civil Twilight in Empires of",
"title": "Vic Chesnutt"
},
{
"docid": "33855525",
"text": "The 18th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, music and radio for the 1995–1996 season, and took place in 1997 in Hollywood, California. Established in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theatre and music. Categories ★ Bold indicates the winner in each category. Best Young Performer in a Feature Film Best Performance in a Feature Film: Leading Young Actor ★ Lucas Black - Sling Blade Vincent Kartheiser - Alaska Joe Perrino - Sleepers Kyle Howard - House Arrest Kevin Bishop - Muppet Treasure Island Best Performance in a Feature Film: Leading Young Actress ★ Michelle Trachtenberg - Harriet the Spy Mara Wilson - Matilda Thora Birch - Alaska Anna Paquin - Fly Away Home Heather Matarazzo - Welcome to the Dollhouse Best Performance in a Feature Film: Supporting Young Actor ★ Blake Bashoff - Big Bully Gregory Smith - Harriet the Spy Brawley Nolte - Ransom Geoffrey Wigdor - Sleepers Adam Zolotin - Jack Best Performance in a Feature Film: Supporting Young Actress ★ (tie) Vanessa Lee Chester - Harriet the Spy ★ (tie) Claire Danes - To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday Jessica Wesson - Flipper Kira Spencer Hesser - Matilda Erin Williby - First Kid Best Performance in a Feature Film: Actor Age Ten or Under ★ Jonathan Lipnicki - Jerry Maguire Alex D. Linz - One Fine Day Jake Lloyd - Unhook the Stars Haley Joel Osment - Bogus Eric Lloyd, - Dunston Checks In Ross Bagley - Independence Day Best Performance in a Feature Film: Actress Age Ten or Under ★ Mae Whitman - One Fine Day Ashley Buccille - Phenomenon Siri Howard - Welcome to the Dollhouse Yvonne Zima - The Long Kiss Goodnight Best Young Performer in a Foreign Film Best Performance in a Foreign Film ★ Andrei Chalimon - Kolya (Czech Republic) Chloe Ferguson - The Quiet Room (Australia) Tiba Tossijn - Long Live the Queen (The Netherlands) Tatjana Trieb - Beyond Silence (Germany) Gregg Fitzgerald - War of the Buttons (Ireland) Best Young Performer in a TV Movie or Mini Series Best Performance in a TV Movie / Mini Series: Young Actor ★ Kenny Vadas - Captains Courageous Shelton Dane - Hidden in America Noah Fleiss - Chasing the Dragon Devon Sawa - Night of the Twisters Erik von Detten - Christmas Every Day Tim Redwine - Step Toward Tomorrow Best Performance in a TV Movie / Mini Series: Young Actress ★ Jena Malone - Bastard Out of Carolina Kimberlee Peterson - Homecoming Rebekah Johnson - Ruby Jean and Joe Julia McIlvaine - The Summer of Ben Tyler Tegan Moss - The Angel of Pennsylvania",
"title": "18th Youth in Film Awards"
},
{
"docid": "3767355",
"text": "68th National Board of Review Awards Best Picture: Shine The 68th National Board of Review Awards, honoring the best in filmmaking in 1996, were announced on 9 December 1996 and given on 9 February 1997. Top 10 films Shine The English Patient Fargo Secrets & Lies Everyone Says I Love You Evita Sling Blade Trainspotting Breaking the Waves Jerry Maguire Top Foreign Films Ridicule Les Voleurs Bitter Sugar La Cérémonie Kolya Winners Best Picture: Shine Best Foreign Language Film Ridicule, France Best Actor: Tom Cruise - Jerry Maguire Best Actress: Frances McDormand - Fargo Best Supporting Actor: Edward Norton - Everyone Says I Love You Best Supporting Actress (tie): Juliette Binoche and Kristin Scott Thomas - The English Patient Best Ensemble Acting: The First Wives Club Breakthrough performance: Renée Zellweger - Jerry Maguire Best Director: Joel Coen - Fargo Best Documentary: Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills Best Film Made for Cable TV: Wild Bill: Hollywood Maverick Special Achievement in Filmmaking: Billy Bob Thornton - Sling Blade Special Citation: Elia Kazan, for lifetime achievement in direction Freedom of Expression Award: The People vs. Larry Flynt - Miloš Forman, Oliver Stone International Freedom Award: Zhang Yuan Billy Wilder Award: Sidney Lumet Career Achievement Award: Gena Rowlands William K. Everson Award for Film History: Peter Bogdanovich, for Who the Devil Made It? Special Recognition for Excellence in Filmmaking: Angels & Insects Basquiat Big Night Bound Caught Follow Me Home I Shot Andy Warhol Lone Star Marvin's Room The Substance of Fire Swingers The Deli The War Room Unhook the Stars Welcome to the Dollhouse External links National Board of Review of Motion Pictures :: Awards for 1996 1996 1996 film awards 1996 in American cinema",
"title": "National Board of Review Awards 1996"
},
{
"docid": "24989285",
"text": "Larry Meistrich (born October 14, 1966) is an American film producer. He was a founding member of the now defunct film production company The Shooting Gallery. Meistrich attended Johns Hopkins University graduating in 1989 with a degree in writing. While at Hopkins, he was a brother of Alpha Delta Phi. He produced Sling Blade, with Billy Bob Thornton, which won the Academy Award for Best Writing, Adapted Screenplay. He won an Independent Spirit Award for producing You Can Count on Me in 2001 and the film was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Screenplay. Meistrich now is the founder and chairman of NEHST Studios. NEHST has combined with another studio to create DigiNext Films. Larry Meistrich has had some controversial film companies and been sued for fraud by his employee and investors for losing tens of millions of dollars. Selected filmography as a producer Laws of Gravity (1992) New Jersey Drive (1995) Sling Blade (1996) Henry Fool (1997) Niagara, Niagara (1997) Belly (1998) Strangeland (1998) Frogs for Snakes (1998) The Minus Man (1999) The 24 Hour Woman (1999) The Bumblebee Flies Anyway (1999) You Can Count on Me (2000) The Tic Code (2000) Chinese Coffee (2000) Daddy and Them (2001) The Numbers (2005) Mechina: A Preparation (2005) Article 32 (2009) Selected filmography as a distributor The Song of the Little Road (2003) 41 (2007) Intervention (2007) Running the Sahara (2007) Faded Glory (2009) The Mayor of Strawberry Fields (2009) Article 32 (2009) Chloe and Keith's Wedding (2009) Running America (2009) The 904: Shadow on the Sunshine State (2010) Cut Poison Burn (2010) Standing Silent (2011) Lilith (2011) Thank You For Judging (2011) The Standbys (2012) Kinderblock 66: Return to the Buchenwald (2012) The United States of Football (2013) A Miracle in Spanish Harlem (2013) Mr. Sophistication (2013) The American Nurse (2014) Anita B. (2014) Drunktown's Finest (2014) African Exodus (2014) Elephant Blues (2014) Pass the Light (2015) Leaves of the Tree (2016) References External links 1966 births Film producers from New York (state) American film studio executives Living people People from the Bronx",
"title": "Larry Meistrich"
},
{
"docid": "6523887",
"text": "Dennis Chalker (born July 28, 1954) is a retired Navy SEAL, inventor and author who has written six books about the United States Navy SEALs. Career Chalker began his military service with the U.S. Army, serving in the 82nd Airborne Division from 1972 till 1975. Upon discharge he tried his hand at a few civilian jobs and found them less than challenging. Chalker then joined the United States Navy in 1977. Chalker graduated from Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training BUD/S class 101 in Coronado, Ca. Following SEAL Tactical Training and completion of a six month probationary period, he received the NEC 5326 as a Combatant Swimmer (SEAL), entitled to wear the Special Warfare Insignia. Chalker initially served with SEAL Team ONE and was later hand-selected by Commander Richard Marcinko in 1980 to become a plankowner of the Navy's first dedicated counter-terrorist unit, SEAL Team Six. As a member of SEAL Team Six, he participated in Operation Urgent Fury in the US Invasion of Grenada. His team reached then Governor General Paul Scoon's mansion and held it for an entire day while being attacked by a force of Grenadians and Cubans. As a SEAL, Chalker saw action in Haiti (recounted in his book One Perfect Op), El Salvador, and Panama. When Marcinko was tasked to select members for a new unit to test security at US Naval bases against the threat of terrorism, he once again chose Chalker as one of the founding members in 1985. This unit was called Naval Security Coordination Team, also known as Red Cell. Chalker transitioned back to SEAL Team SIX in 1987 which was renamed as Naval Special Warfare Development Group. His final duty station was as the Command Master Chief at the Naval Special Warfare Center for BUD/S (Basic Underwater Demolition/SEALs) Training in Coronado, California. While serving as Command Master Chief of BUD/S, Chalker was hired as a technical advisor for The Rock, a 1996 Jerry Bruckheimer film. Chalker was also used as an onscreen extra during the movie's swim and dive sequences. This led to a position as Director of Operations with Global Studies Group, Inc. (GSGI), upon his retirement from the US Navy. GSGI is a combination security and training company owned by former US Navy SEAL Harry Humphries that specializes in bringing modified (civilian version) SpecOps tactical skill training to law- enforcement agencies and Hollywood movie productions. Chalker is credited for inventing and developing a tactical rifle and submachine gun single-point sling known as the Chalker Sling while at SEAL Team Six. The Chalker Sling attaches the long gun to the shooter via a harness which enables the operator to quickly transition to a secondary weapon or perform another task while using both hands and keeping the weapon in a close-ready position as the weapon \"hangs\" from the chest, leaving just enough slack to be able to quickly bring it to firing position with little effort. Since retiring from the Navy, Chalker has authored six books, three fiction and three non-fiction with",
"title": "Dennis Chalker"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "12111449",
"text": "NEHST Studios is a film, television, and internet financing, development and production company announced at the Cannes Film Festival in 2007. It was founded by Larry Meistrich, producer of the Oscar-winning Sling Blade, among many others, and a team of industry execs. NEHST is pronounced \"next\" and is the spelling of the Old English word for next. NEHST Studios releases include the documentary 41 about The Station nightclub fire, which killed 100 people in West Warwick, Rhode Island in 2003. In 2009, the studio announced the acquisition of feature rights to the sports books of Matt Christopher. It was reported in 2010 that NEHST was asking actors to pay to be cast in its movies, and might be investigated for the practice by the Screen Actors Guild. References External links Official Website Film production companies of the United States",
"title": "NEHST Studios"
},
{
"docid": "64274600",
"text": "Rissoella verruculosa is a species of red algae, the only accepted species in the genus Risoella and the family Rissoellaceae. This species is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. The genus name of Rissoella is in honour of Giuseppe Antonio Risso (1777–1845) and generally called Antoine Risso, who was a Niçard and a naturalist. Rissoella verruculosa has an amino acid composition with relatively high levels of lysine and methionine for a plant. Former species Rissoella denticulata , now accepted as a synonym for Neorubra denticulata Description Rissoella verruculosa consists of simple or unbranched ribbon-like slings that are often twisted with wavy and denticulated borders. It has slingshots measuring 0.5 to 2cm wide and 5 to 20 cm in length. A stipe connects the slings to a discoid base and attaches them to the rock. The consistency of the seaweed is rubbery, yellow more or less orange or reddish, varies with lighting and moistening. It turns brown when it is long outside the water and returns to its normal initial state when wet. The blades of the seaweed has on both sides small warts on. Alimentation It is an autotrophic plant that creates its organic matter by photosynthesis from water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts with green chlorophyll and with other pigments such as red phycoyerythrin that capture light. Reproduction The reproductive cycle of Rissoella verruculosa is made up of three generations and is trigenetic. Gametophyte carries the sexual organs that produce globular cystocarpes and contain a second generation that comes from the development of the fertilized egg. The third generation is diploid and will carry tetrasporocysts that are included in the cortex. Environment Rissoella verruculosa is visible at the end of the winter season until summer when it extends over the meliottoral rock. It is found especially on silica substrates and very rare on limestone coasts that are calcifuge exposed to sun and water, which will allow it to withstand temperature, salinity References Other sources De Reviers B., 2002, BIOLOGIE ET PHYLOGENIE DES ALGUES, Tome 1 : BIOLOGIE, ed. Belin Sup., 352p. Augier H., 2007, GUIDE DES FONDS MARINS DE MEDITERRANEE. ECOLOGIE, FLORE, FAUNE, PLONGEES, Guides du naturaliste, ed. Delachaux et Niestlé, 456p. Harmelin J.-G., Bassemayousse F., 2008, MEDITERRANEE, A LA DECOUVERTE DES PAYSAGES SOUS-MARINS, ed. Glénat, 192p. De Reviers B., 2002, BIOLOGIE ET PHYLOGENIE DES ALGUES, Tome 2 : EMBRANCHEMENTS, ed. Belin Sup., 255p. Gigartinales",
"title": "Rissoella verruculosa"
},
{
"docid": "40480242",
"text": "Singapore sling is a cocktail named after the place where the drink was developed Singapore Sling may also refer to: Singapore Sling (tax avoidance), a corporate tax avoidance scheme Singapore Sling (1990 film), a Greek art film Singapore Sling (1993 film), an Australian TV movie Singapore Sling (band), an Icelandic shoegaze rock 'n' roll band Singapore Slingers, a basketball team Singapore Sling, the nickname of the former turn 10 chicane at the Marina Bay Street Circuit",
"title": "Singapore Sling (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "10624236",
"text": "Cyd Zeigler Jr. is a commentator and author in the field of sexuality and sports. Zeigler co-founded Outsports and the National Gay Flag Football League. He had a featured part in the documentary F(l)ag Football (2015). Early life and education Zeigler was born in Harwich, Massachusetts, and lived there through high school. He was a track and field athlete and led his high school track team in scoring three consecutive years. Zeigler graduated from Stanford University (B.A., Communication), where he founded Theta Delta Chi fraternity, was on the Stanford Men's Ultimate (Frisbee) Team, and was a contributor to the Stanford Review newspaper. Career He is a former sports editor for Genre Magazine, former associate editor for the New York Blade, and has written for Playboy, MSNBC, CNN, New York Press and Out Magazine. He has appeared on ESPN, Fox Sports Radio, CNN, and MSNBC as well as contributing to Sports Illustrated, Logo and The New York Times. In 1999, Zeigler and Jim Buzinski founded Outsports. They co-authored The Outsports Revolution: Truth & Myth in the World of Gay Sports. In 2002, Buzinski and Zeigler also co-founded the National Gay Flag Football League. Zeigler is credited with breaking the story of John Amaechi coming out of the closet in February 2007. Zeigler has also broken national stories,including the coming out of then-NFL prospect Michael Sam, transgender Div. 1 NCAA athlete Kye Allums, openly gay football players Wade Davis and Alan Gendreau, and more. Zeigler is featured in the 2015 documentary, F(l)ag Football. He was also inducted into the LGBTQ Journalists Hall of Fame by the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association. Political views On March 30, 2023, Zeigler announced on Twitter that he had become a registered Republican for the first time in 20 years, stating that \"progressives and Democrats seeking to use the government to attack political foes must be stopped. Period.\", and that \"this completely insane butchering of Democracy and our justice system cannot stand\". He defended the announcement by stating that he did not like Donald Trump, but then interacted with and promoted the account of Florida governor Ron DeSantis — who was campaigning for the Republican nomination in the 2024 presidential election. LGBT publications such as The Advocate and the Washington Blade considered the implicit endorsement of DeSantis to be a \"betrayal\" of the LGBT community (and especially the transgender community), citing DeSantis's support of anti-LGBT policies such as the Florida Parental Rights in Education Act. Zeigler later stated that he didn't agree \"with much of what the GOP and DeSantis have done in the last six months\", and that he regretted the posts. Personal life Zeigler presently lives in Los Angeles. He previously lived in New York City where he was a research editor for a global financial services firm. He was previously a development executive for Disney Channel, focusing on their movie and music franchises before leaving in 2001. Works Awards and nominations References External links Personal biography 1973 births American gay writers American gay",
"title": "Cyd Zeigler"
},
{
"docid": "6756101",
"text": "Silverblade is a supernatural fantasy comic book limited series, published in the United States by DC Comics in 1987. The maxi-series ran for twelve issues. The book was written by Cary Bates with the art drawn by Gene Colan and edited by Dennis O'Neil. Silverblade was published in DC Comics' deluxe format. Synopsis The series' hero is aged movie star Jonathan Lord, nicknamed \"The Lord of Hollywood\" by the press. He is based on swashbuckling actors Errol Flynn and Tyrone Power, and back-matter in the comics showed the three being contemporaries and friends. He is also compared at moments to Boris Karloff, Bela Lugosi and Lon Chaney, for playing various monsters. Lord's most famous film was the fictional 1940 adventure/horror The Silver Blade, where he played a dashing nobleman that was cursed to become a gargoyle at night. His co-stars were leading lady Sandra Stanyon and child actor Bobby Milestone. The movie ends with Stanyon's character crying over the body of the gargoyle, her tears being the \"magic potion\" that frees Silver Blade from the curse and revives him. Forty-seven years later, in 1987, Jonathan Lord is a Hollywood recluse living in his mansion named Shangri-la. Lord and Sandra Stanyon had married, but sometime after 1950 their relationship soured and he committed adultery, causing her to divorce him. Bobby Milestone could not find work as an adult actor, so he became the butler to a bitter Lord. The story opens with Milestone collecting Maltese Falcon replicas for a tree display in Shangri-la. The latest addition turns out to have magic properties when it comes to life. The falcon wraps Lord's old film reels around himself, transforming him into the Silver Blade he portrayed years ago. Lord can now transform into any of his movie roles and possess their powers, with the added benefit of effectively regaining his youth by portraying Silver Blade. Jonathan Lord returns to show business pretending to be his own son, Jonathan Lord Jr. He lands the role of Silver Blade in a new science-fiction update/remake while still disliking the project. The producer for the film is one Vincent Vermillion who knows Lord and Milestone well; Vermillion was another child on the set of the original The Silver Blade movie who served as Milestone's stunt double near the climax. The gargoyle threw Vermillion off the top of a castle, but the safety net broke and Vermillion suffered broken bones. Vermillion had been an excellent dancer and planned to become the next Fred Astaire in film, but instead is confined to crutches and blames the two for his ruined dream. Vermillion kidnaps Milestone and hires assassins to kill him, but Milestone is saved by Lord. Realizing Lord has supernatural powers, he intends to keep an eye on Lord to uncover his secrets. Later, a séance is held in a haunted home led by a mysterious Native-American, Blackfeather, who had also been searching for the magical Maltese Falcon. The ghost haunting the residence is the spirit of actor Brian",
"title": "Silverblade"
},
{
"docid": "2337637",
"text": "The Roller Blade Seven is a 1991 cult martial arts film directed by Donald G. Jackson, written by Jackson and Scott Shaw, produced by Jackson and Shaw, and starring Shaw, Frank Stallone, Karen Black, Joe Estevez, Don Stroud, and William Smith. Plot and style The Roller Blade Seven unfolds in an abstract, dreamlike structure, utilizing minimal dialogue and repetition of footage in key scenes. Several sequences occur repeatedly, such as a scene in which the protagonist is seen to get on his motorcycle and ride out of a car-park eight times in a row, leaving from a different parking bay each time. The film follows Hawk Goodman (Scott Shaw) who is sent on a mission by Father Donaldo (Donald G. Jackson) to rescue his sister, Sister Sparrow Goodman, from the clutches of the evil overlord Pharaoh (William Smith) in the apocalyptic world of the future. The film takes place in a region known as the Wheelzone whose populace travels solely by the means of roller skates or skateboards. Hawk, however, arrives riding a Harley Davidson motorcycle. Sister Sparrow has been abducted from the Master of Light Institute by the evil Saint Offender (Joe Estevez). Before Hawk can complete his task, he must take psychedelic mushrooms with cult movie actress Karen Black and learn to rollerblade. Armed only with his samurai sword, Hawk does battle with the Black Knight (Frank Stallone), rollerblading ninjas and other gangs that inhabit the Wheelzone. Joining him on this mission are a Kabuki mime (Claudia Scholz) with a wiffle bat, a rollerblading banjo player entirely swathed in bandages and a pacifist named Stella Speed. Pharaoh's minions have been abducting women to make them his slaves. He explains that he uses a wheelchair due to an old skateboarding accident, and he longs for the days when he used to be able to ride a skateboard. \"Hawk's quest sees him chewing magic mushrooms with Karen Black, confronts murderous William Smith, wheel-chair bound Pharaoh and team up with blonde sake-enforcer Stella Speed. There's a lot of fights with skate freaks in metal demon/ninja horns/bondage gear and/or kabuki makeup\". Cast Scott Shaw as Hawk Goodman Joe Estevez as Saint O'ffender Allison Chase as Stella Speed Don Stroud as Conga Man Karen Black as Tarot Frank Stallone as Black Knight Rhonda Shear as Officer Daryl Skates William Smith as Pharaoh Jill Kelly as Deserette Claudia Scholz as Kabuki Zen filmmaking Shaw and Jackson described the Roller Blade Seven as the first example of Zen filmmaking. This is a style of filmmaking in which no scripts are used. \"Although it is directed by Donald G. Jackson of Hell Comes to Frogtown and other titles like Lingerie Kickboxer, Rollergator, and Ghost Taxi actor, writer and experimental martial artist Scott Shaw is more often recognized as the creative force behind the movie. He calls his unique approach to cinema Zen Filmmaking, which is a system that favors shooting whatever you feel like\". Reception Jim Vorel of Paste ranked the film #27 on his list",
"title": "The Roller Blade Seven"
},
{
"docid": "31144693",
"text": "Gil Hibben (born September 4, 1935) is an American custom knifemaker from Wyoming who is based in La Grange, Kentucky. Hibben designed the first line of Browning hunting knives in 1968, the American Kenpo Knife for Ed Parker, and the Rambo Knife for the 1988 film Rambo III 2008 film Rambo. Hibben's \"Fantasy Knives\" have been used in over 37 films and television shows, particularly science fiction, earning him the title \"Klingon Armorer\" from the Star Trek franchise. Hibben currently serves as a President of the Knifemakers' Guild, a post he has held for fourteen years. Early life Hibben was born in Wyoming in 1935. Unable to afford a Bowie knife at age 15, Hibben decided to make his own out of scrap metal and files. He did not make another knife until his discharge from the US Navy in 1956 when he took a job in Seattle, Washington as a machinist for Boeing Aircraft and started making knives in his spare time after he sold another handmade Bowie knife to a friend for $45. Knifemaker In 1964, Hibben relocated to Sandy, Utah to become a full-time knifemaker. His blades were primarily 440C stainless steel and Hibben was the first knife maker to use that steel in his knives. While in Sandy, Hibben partnered with another knifemaker named Stuart Benedict and these knives were sold under the name \"Ben-Hibben\". The knives from this time period were fixed-blade Bowie knives, hunting knives, fishing knives and some early fighting knives. In 1965, Hibben left Sandy for Manti, Utah to open a larger facility where he operated as \"Hibben Knives\". One of his knives was written about and featured on the cover of Guns & Ammo in an article titled The Versatile Gil Hibben, expanding his reputation beyond that of a local knifemaker. This recognition lead him to the attention of Browning Arms Company, who had Hibben design the company's first line of knives in 1968 consisting of 3 fixed blade knives and a folding hunting knife. That same year, Hibben sang Tenor for the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. A lifelong martial artist with black belt rankings in Aikido, Judo, and American Kenpo, Hibben designed and built a knife called the Kenpo Knife as his Black Belt Thesis under Ed Parker in 1968; his thesis and knife design led to Long Form VIII (\"Double Dagger Form\") which uses two knives in mock combat. In 1970, Hibben moved his shop again. After a brief period in Springdale, Arkansas, he relocated to Alaska for five years working as a knifemaker and a hunting and fishing guide. In 1975 he moved his shop again to Silver Dollar City, Missouri and four years later to Louisville, Kentucky. Movie knives While in Louisville, Hibben was contacted by Sylvester Stallone to make a modern version of a Bowie knife for the film Rambo III. After the release of the movie, Hibben began a long-term partnership with United Cutlery of Taiwan who released factory versions of the \"Rambo III Knife\" and",
"title": "Gil Hibben"
},
{
"docid": "3639306",
"text": "The term accensi (: accensus) is applied to two different groups. Originally, the accensi were light infantry in the armies of the early Roman Republic. They were the poorest men in the legion, and could not afford much equipment. They did not wear armour or carry shields, and their usual position was part of the third battle line. They fought in a loose formation, supporting the heavier troops. They were eventually phased out by the time of Second Punic War. In the later Roman Republic the term was used for civil servants who assisted the elected magistrates, particularly in the courts, where they acted as ushers and clerks. Infantry History and deployment Accensi appear to have evolved from the old fifth class of the army under the Etruscan kings when it was reformed by Marcus Furius Camillus. The fifth class was made up of the poorest soldiers in the legion who were equipped with slings and perhaps a small shield. They acted as skirmishers, screening their own formations and disrupting the enemy. It is likely that engagements with the Samnites and a crushing defeat at the hands of the Gauls taught the Romans the importance of flexibility and the inadequacy of the phalanx on the rough, hilly ground of central Italy. Camillan system In the early Camillan system of organisation of the 3rd and 4th centuries BC, men were sorted into classes according to wealth, the accensi being the poorest. Accensi were armed with slings which they used to hurl stones at enemy formations. They fought as skirmishers, wearing only a tunic and sometimes carrying a small round shield. In this type of legion, the 900 accensi formed 15 maniples, military units of 60 men each, which were in turn part of 15 ordines, larger units made up of a maniple of triarii, a maniple of rorarii and a maniple of accensi. The accensi stood in the last line of the legion, behind the front line of hastati, the second line of principes, the third of triarii and the fourth of rorarii. In a pitched battle, the leves, javelin armed skirmishers who were attached to maniples of hastati, would form up at the front of the legion and harass the enemy with javelin fire and cover the advance of the hastati, spear armed infantry. If the hastati failed to break the enemy, they would fall back and let the principes, heavier and more experienced infantry, take over. If the principes did not break them, they would retire behind the triarii, who would then engage the enemy in turn—hence the expression rem ad Triarios redisse, \"it has come to the triarii\"—signalling an act of desperation. The equites, cavalrymen, were used as flankers and to pursue routing enemies. The rorarii, the poorer reserve soldiers, and accensi, the least dependable troops armed with slings, would be used in a support role, providing mass and supporting wavering areas of the line. Polybian system By the time of the later Polybian system of the 2nd",
"title": "Accensi"
},
{
"docid": "53721623",
"text": "An edged weapon, or bladed weapon, is a melee weapon with a cutting edge. Bladed weapons include swords, daggers, knives, and bayonets. Edged weapons are used to cut, hack, or slash; some edged weapons (such as many kinds of swords) may also permit thrusting and stabbing. Edged weapons contrast with blunt weapons such as maces, and with thrusting weapons such as spears. Many edged agricultural tools such as machetes, hatchets, pitchforks, axes, sickles, sling blades, and scythes, have been used as improvised weapons by peasantry, militia, or irregular forces – particularly as an expedient for defence. Edged weapons and blades, as well as other cold weapons, are associated with the premodern age but continue to be used in modern armies. Combat knives and knife bayonets are used for close combat or stealth operations and are issued as a secondary or sidearm. Modern bayonets are often intended to be used in a dual role as both a combat knife and knife bayonet. Improvised edged weapons were extensively used in trench warfare of the First World War; for example, an entrenching tool might be modified to take an edge and be used as a melee weapon. See also List of premodern combat weapons Lists of swords List of medieval weapons List of martial arts weapons References Weapons Melee weapons",
"title": "Edged and bladed weapons"
},
{
"docid": "22215026",
"text": "The Ching sling is a tactical rifle sling created by Eric S. H. Ching (13 August 1951 – 28 July 2007) and popularized by Jeff Cooper. The purpose of the sling is to stabilize the rifle as a shooting aid with a minimal amount of adjustment. Origins While slings have occasionally been employed as shooting aids, most systems were awkward to handle and required a significant amount of time to implement. In 1986 Ching took a rifle class at the American Pistol Institute (now called Gunsite Academy) in Paulden, Arizona under Jeff Cooper and becoming mildly irritated with the military sling's disadvantages, Eric Ching conceived a sling system which was handier and quicker. The sling was adopted by Cooper in his scout rifle system and named after Ching. Galco offers Ching slings as well as their Safari Ching Sling (8 oz) the 3rd generation of the sling that requires only two sling swivels. Operation Like the CW Sling, the Ching sling uses three sling sockets. Unlike the CW Sling, the Ching sling consists of a main strap, which is attached to the forearm and buttstock sockets like a normal carry sling, and a short strap. A clockwise half twist in the sling at the fore-end socket allows the strap to lie flat against the arm when shooting. A stop button screws onto the main strap about two-thirds back from the front loop. The short strap attaches to the middle socket and to an oval ring that slides freely along the main strap between the forearm sling loop and the button. The unfinished side faces the muzzle. Advantages Proponents of the Ching Sling maintain that the sling allows faster and quieter acquisition of shooting support. The sling requires no shifting of sling loops when converting from carrying mode to shooting mode and can be used on any rifle with existing sling loops in the normal locations with the addition of a middle sling loop and is flexible enough to be used with the rear loop located anywhere between the pistol grip cap and the end of the buttstock. History In the early 1980s the \"Speed Slings\" specified by Jeff Cooper on his scout rifle were derived from the Bisley Two-Point System which was dubbed \"CW Sling\" after his friend Carlos Widmann of Guatemala. In 1986 when Eric Ching attended the Gunsite school he felt that he could improve the idea of the \"Speed Sling\" and he came up with a new design which was far more improved than the \"CW Sling\". The sling was found to be superior and quickly adopted and named \"Ching Sling\" by Jeff Cooper and the name stuck. The production was handled by custom leather maker Bruce Nelson then to Galco International and Beast Enterprises. The Ching Sling had a second version called Ching Sling II which was longer, more universal, and wider in places for more comfort. The last version was the \"Safari Ching Sling\" which was improved with wider straps, split main strap, and the",
"title": "Ching sling"
},
{
"docid": "57579192",
"text": "The Film Detective is an American classic film restoration, distribution, and streaming company based in Rockport, Massachusetts, and is a division of the American entertainment company, Cineverse. Launched in 2013, The Film Detective offers an extensive library of over 3,000+ hours of classic films and television series, with a focus on both renowned classics and B-movies across genres including comedy, drama, film noir, horror, musical, mystery, science fiction, and silent. Services offered by The Film Detective include a classic film and television app on web, iOS, Android, Roku, Amazon Fire TV and Apple TV; a 24/7 linear channel offered across multiple leading OTT platforms including Sling TV, Plex, STIRR, DistroTV, Local Now, and Rakuten TV; and exclusive, limited-run Blu-ray and DVD releases. History The Film Detective was launched in 2013 by founder Phil Hopkins, film archivist and producer, and previous co-founder of Marengo Films, Dogtown Productions, Inc., and Film Chest. In 2016, The Film Detective launched its classic film and television app on Roku, Amazon Fire TV, and Apple TV, featuring iconic titles, including rare silent films, westerns, film noir, musicals and comedies. The Film Detective's 24/7 classic film and television channel joined Sling TV's free, live and VOD offerings in 2018, followed by DistroTV and STIRR in 2019; Plex and Glewed TV in 2020; and Local Now, RakutenTV, TCL, LG (US), and Kapang in 2021. In May 2020, The Film Detective announced the launch of its Android app, bringing over four thousand hours of classic film and television to Android users. The Film Detective features the voice of Dana Hersey, former host of The Movie Loft and legendary broadcast host. In November 2021, The Film Detective launched its first classic film and television app, hosted by classic radio expert Carl Amari. In 2021, The Film Detective announced it would release an original series, Classic Films for Kids, hosted by author Jennifer Churchill and her sidekick Weston, coming in 2022. Services The Film Detective offers an extensive library of over 4,000+ hours of classic films and television series, with a focus on both renowned classics and B-movies across genres including comedy, drama, film noir, horror, musical, mystery, science fiction, and silent. The Film Detective is available through The Film Detective classic film and television app, The Film Detective 24/7 linear channel available across multiple leading OTT platforms including Sling TV and Plex, and The Film Detective's special edition Blu-ray and DVD releases. The Film Detective's classic film restorations are also featured on leading broadcast channels and platforms including Turner Classic Movies, NBC, EPIX, PBS, MeTV, and more. Programming on The Film Detective 24/7 classic film and television channel features daily curation of horror films, daytime TV, classic comedies and musicals, westerns and adventures, and drama, mystery, and film noir titles. The Film Detective channel offers monthly thematic promotions and weekly features, including Saturday morning cartoons like Superman, Popeye, and Betty Boop; Sunday Serials like The Perils of Pauline and Flash Gordon; and late night weekday TV including The Carol Burnett",
"title": "The Film Detective"
},
{
"docid": "4109785",
"text": "Robot Arena is an action video game series focused on robot building and fighting. It is based on television shows such as Robot Wars and Battlebots. There are three games in the series, Robot Arena released in 2001, Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy released in 2003, and Robot Arena 3 released in 2016. Games Robot Arena Robot Arena was the first game in the series to be released. The objective was to build a robot using available parts and enter competitions to try and win. The player first chose a chassis, then added batteries, weapons and armour, only being able to choose what they could afford from the amount of money that they had. The game received mostly negative reviews. IGN gave it a 4.3 out of 10 writing \"While it's prettier than most budget titles, it also suffers from the vacancy that so often comes with nice looking people, dogs, or mechanical monsters. It looks great standing still, but give it a complicated task and it all goes to pieces\". GameSpot wrote \"Even at the low retail cost of $19.99, Robot Arena isn't worth it. You'd end up getting more entertainment if you randomly chose two movies at an over-priced movie theater\". Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy (or just Robot Arena 2 or RA2 as most people called it) was released two years after the original. In late 2001, a tech demo was released by Infogrames as a promotional release for the game. It was merely an open sandbox where the player could control three robots. It contained two flippers, a saw blade, some barrels, an oil slick, two open pits, and two platforms that could be driven onto. When the game was released officially, it had fixed many of the previous games issues. The funding system used in order to build a robot was scrapped entirely, as players could now choose any weapons or batteries for free. Chassis available to use were also scrapped in favor of the player now being able to draw their own chassis, also being able to angle sides to make wedges. The robots were now built more realistically and the difficulty on each was now varied instead of all the robots acting the same way as they did in the first game. The game also introduced the Havok physics engine, which meant that robots were now able to leave the ground so flippers and wedges could be used effectively. The game received mostly positive reviews. GameSpy gave it 77 out of 100 writing \"A pleasant surprise. Whether you're going head-to-head against formidable AI bots or human opponents, it has plenty to offer both newcomers and bot-bashing aficionados alike\". Robot Arena 3 Robot Arena 3 (stylised as Robot Arena III) was quietly announced in May 2015, using the header: \"Create. Destruction,\" replacing the old Robot Arena 2 information on the website. However it wouldn't be until March 2016, when the game was officially announced to the",
"title": "Robot Arena"
},
{
"docid": "21248134",
"text": "\"Rose's Turn\" is a song from the musical Gypsy. It has been performed by such actresses as Ethel Merman (who originated the role of Rose on Broadway), Bette Midler, Angela Lansbury, Tyne Daly, Patti LuPone, Bernadette Peters, and Imelda Staunton. The song is often regarded as the pinnacle of the eleven o'clock number. Synopsis The song \"occurs at the point when Mama Rose realizes the frustrations of having little to show for the sacrifices that have left her with two seemingly ungrateful children.\" At this point in the show, Mama Rose is \"a character whose dreams were too strong and whose heart held her own feelings hostage to make those dreams come true.\" She \"finally drops her facade and admits her frustration and despair.\" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette argues the \"unmasking of her psyche\" takes place during the song. Production The song was written by Jule Styne with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. As the finale, it contains a number of callbacks to songs from earlier in the show. Bette Midler, who performed the show in the television movie, said the song is her favorite piece from the show: \"It's a terrifying piece of music because it's one of the two most famous arias in the musical comedy lexicon, the other being 'Soliloquy' from Carousel.\" Critical reception Chicago magazine described it as \"show-stopping.\" Michael Kuchwara, notable theater critic for the Associated Press, described it as a \"blazing finale.\" The Hour named it a \"showstopping tour-de-force.\" The Spokesman-Review wrote the song \"may not match the other songs for lyrics and melodic value, but its emotional effect is riveting\", and described it as a \"magical moment.\" Boca Raton News names it a \"torch song\" and the \"dramatic high point.\" Toledo Blade wrote \"when [Mama Rose] sings 'Rose's Turn', a touching reflection of who she is and what she gave up for her daughters, we finally understand the passions that drove her.\" Kuchwara in another AP review called it a \"stunning musical soliloquy,\" adding \"it's here where Rose pours out her true feelings, letting the rage and frustration of a stymied life explode.\" Legacy \"Rose's Turn\" was featured on the Glee episode Laryngitis in 2010, sung by Kurt (Chris Colfer) It was released on the deluxe version of Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers the same year. This version of the song has seen a resurgence in 2024, being used on the social media platform TikTok in a trend where users reflect on times they have wasted as Colfer sings \"All that work and what did it get me? Why did I do it?\". References 1959 songs Songs from Gypsy (musical) Songs with music by Jule Styne Songs written by Stephen Sondheim",
"title": "Rose's Turn"
},
{
"docid": "22129265",
"text": "Coming Soon () is a 2008 Thai horror film starring Worrakarn Rotjanawatchra, Oraphan Arjsamat, Sakulrath Thomas, and Chantavit Dhanasevi. The film is the directorial debut for Sophon Sakdapisit, who was the co-writer of the films Shutter (2004) and Alone (2007). Plot The movie starts with a scene of a movie where a woman named Chaba murders two of her three kidnapped children, only to be arrested by local villagers and hanged. Shane and Som, in the movie audience, got traumatized by Shomba and start researching, finding out that this movie was based on a true event that happened 30 years ago. Curious, they decide to check the house where this event occurred. While in the house, Shane falls off the stairs and gets heavily injured. At the hospital, they are questioned by the doctor on why they went to the house, to which they replied it was to investigate the report of Chaba's death. The doctor later tells them that Chaba hasn't died and is currently in a mental facility. Shane and Som decide to find out for themselves what had gone wrong with the film. Watching one of its behind-the-scenes clip, Shane witnesses the actress, Ingchan, having difficulty portraying the hanging scene despite the noose around her neck being attached with a safety sling. During one more take, it looked like Ingchan had portrayed the scene right. However, one of the staff filming via a different camera zoomed in on the safety sling and it showed that it had snapped. As a result, Ingchan literally dies from hanging before the entire staff could immediately rescue her. Having safely found their way out, Shane reveals to Som the whole truth and warns her not to watch the movie at all costs. He leaves to her his watch before rushing back to the movie theater. Once there, Shane is relentlessly chased by the vengeful ghost of Ingchan. All of the former's attempt to escape proved entirely futile as at one point he is supernaturally transported inside the place where the hanging scene took place. There Shane witnesses the corpses of several of his co-employees and friends, including Yod. Som soon catches up to the movie theater and can only watch in horror and in utter defeat as Ingchan gouges Shane's eyes out, killing him and suffering the same fate as Yod and the others. Soon thereafter, Som's fate is left unknown and the film eventually gets distributed as usual, leaving Ingchan's real death to be witnessed repeatedly by moviegoers. The film ends with Ingchan dying by hanging in the movie screen and for one final scare, waking up again suddenly and shouting, \"You really want to see me die?!\". Production Critical reception Slasherpool felt that the film had some decent scary moments and that the script was sound. They noted that first-time director Sopon Sukdapisit might not have had a lot of experience, with some obvious flaws, and \"rookie\" mistakes, and nothing very innovative, suggesting that he stick to writing. The",
"title": "Coming Soon (2008 film)"
},
{
"docid": "59789237",
"text": "The Sling TSi is a South African four-seat, single-engine, low-wing homebuilt aircraft sold in kit form by Sling Aircraft of Johannesburg South. It was developed from the Sling 4. The Sling TSi first flew in 2018, with kits being shipped to builders in fall 2018. Design and development The aircraft was developed in 2018. The Sling TSi is an all-metal, low-wing, fixed tricycle gear homebuilt aircraft. The airplane is equipped with the new Rotax 915iS engine and was the inspiration for the designation of TSi. Parts of the wings and fuselage were reinforced and outfitted with flush riveting for increased strength and reduced drag over the Sling 4. The UK Light Aircraft Association has limited the airframe safe life to 1600 hours. Operational history The first Sling TSi in the USA was shown at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh in 2018. In a review for KitPlanes, writer Paul Dye said, \"...it lives up to its design goals. We flew with four full sized adults from a field with a density altitude of 9,000' and had to throttle back to keep from exceeding redline when we leveled off at 10,000. Later, operating off of a dry lakebed in the high desert, with temperatures of 100 degrees, we never had to worry about engine cooling - and it handled like a fine touring machine.\" A company demonstrator Sling TSi flew non-stop from Torrance, California, to Tampa Executive Airport on its way to Lakeland, Florida for Sun 'n Fun 2019 in 13.5 hours. The aircraft carried an additional of fuel over the normal long-range tanks and benefited from tailwinds en route. In July 2019 the company did a ceiling expansion test and flew non-stop from Torrance, California to Wittman Regional Airport to attend EAA AirVenture Oshkosh for 9.75 hours. The aircraft reached a final height of 27,000 feet. Variants During EAA AirVenture Oshkosh in 2019 the development of a new high-wing variant, the Sling HW was announced. Specifications (2020 model Sling TSi) See also Similar aircraft Alpi Pioneer 400 Issoire APM 40 Simba Vans RV-10 References External links 2010s South African aircraft Aircraft first flown in 2018 Low-wing aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft Homebuilt aircraft",
"title": "Sling Aircraft Sling TSi"
},
{
"docid": "63702390",
"text": "Mastanesosus (or Sosus or Sus, , ) was a Berber king of Mauretania (modern-day Morocco and Western Algeria) and son of Bocchus I. He ruled from around 80 BC to 49 BC. Evidence The little information known about King Mastanesosus comes from coins bearing the inscription \"REX BOCCHVS SOSI F\" (Bocchus II son of Sosus), in addition to a reference by Cicero in his book In Vatinum, where he detailed an itinerary by Publius Vatinius through North Africa. Vatinius had allegedly met King Mastanesosus in person in 62 BC. Some historians, such as Stéphane Gsell, have confused Mastanesosus with Massinissa II of Numidia. The archaeological evidence and Cicero's reference however leave little doubt that a king named Sosus had ruled Mauretania after Bocchus I and before Bogud and Bocchus II, as had originally been conjectured by American archaeologist Duane W. Roller. Additional evidence of the existence of a king of Mauretania named Sos or Sosus came in 2020, when a sling-bullet was discovered bearing the Latin inscription \"\" (King Sos). The sling-bullet may have come from a battle that was fought by Sosus's army or in his name. Reign The end of Bocchus I's reign may have been weak due to his old age, and Mastanesosus' reign probably started on shaky grounds, since at the beginning of his rule, Tingi and its region were independent and ruled as such by a princely family, namely by Iephtas, then his son Ascalis. General Sertorius helped dethrone prince Ascalis around 80-81 BC, and thereby restored King Mastanesosus as ruler over the region of Tangier. It was during this campaign that general Sertorius reported visiting the tomb of Antaeus, probably at Mzoura cromlech. Sallustius reports that, around 77-74 BC, a certain person was sent out of Mauretania in the custody of a king named Leptasta, interpreted by Stéphane Gsell to be the same as \"Iephtas\". This puts a large question as to when and how Mastanesosus became king, and how much control he had over the Kingdom of Mauretania. Apart from these little snippets of events, little is known about Mauretania during the 30 years that followed the death of King Bocchus I. References 2nd-century BC monarchs in Africa 2nd-century BC Berber people Kings of Mauretania History of Morocco",
"title": "Mastanesosus"
},
{
"docid": "26756302",
"text": "Bambi Lee Savage (born Shannon Strong in 1963) is an American singer, songwriter and musician who also has worked as an audio engineer, most notably assisting on U2's Achtung Baby. Her song \"Darlin'\" was featured on the Sling Blade film soundtrack and her four independently-released albums are Matter of Time (2003), GJ and the PimpKillers (2009) Darkness Overshadowed (2012) and Berlin-Nashville Express (2019). Biography Bambi Lee Savage was born Shannon Strong in 1963 in Pensacola, Florida. Her father, Guy Thomas Strong, was a Navy pilot who was killed in an airplane crash while working as a stunt pilot on the set of the 20th Century Fox film Tora! Tora! Tora! in 1969. In the early 1980s, she played guitar and sang with several punk bands in Denver before moving to London in 1985 where she eventually joined former members of Nyam Nyam and Red Guitars in the band Horseland. They released a three-song EP in 1987 on the Red Rhino label. Inspired by an Einstuerzende Neubauten concert at London’s Kilburn National Ballroom, in 1987 she relocated to Berlin where she began working as an assistant recording engineer at Hansa Tonstudio. There she assisted and/or engineered sessions for artists including U2, Goodbye Mr Mackenzie, Anita Lane and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. She left her audio engineering career to concentrate on songwriting and performing, and in 1992, with Bono acting as the benefactor of her first recording session, Mick Harvey played on and produced a four-song demo of her original material. Recorded at Berlin's Vielklang Studios and also featuring guitarist Hugo Race, the tracks were to remain unreleased for several years. As a featured artist in the 1995 German music documentary Lost in Music: Out of Country, she performed two of her alt-country songs, \"I Can’t Count on My Man\" and \"Demon Alcohol\" with guitarist Alex Hacke and drummer Moritz Wolpert. Though neither song appears on any of her releases to date, “Demon Alcohol” was later covered by Mick Harvey and released on his 2005 solo album One Man's Treasure. At the invitation of Achtung Baby producer Daniel Lanois, in 1995 she recorded a four-song demo with engineer Mark Howard at Lanois' San Francisco recording studio. One of the songs, \"Darlin'\", caught the attention of Lanois and director Billy Bob Thornton while they were working on the soundtrack to the film Sling Blade, and Lanois added lead guitars and placed it in the soundtrack. This breakthrough led to negotiations with Island Records for a deal that was never finalized. She spent the next several years traveling between Berlin and the U.S., working on material and occasionally playing live. In 2003 she returned to Daniel Lanois’ studio (now in Los Angeles) to record two tracks with engineer Adam Samuels, and, combining these with the previous recordings, independently released her first album, Matter of Time. She toured Australia in 2005, playing several shows around the country, including Byron Bay’s International Roots Music Festival accompanied by guitarist James Cruikshank, and several dates in",
"title": "Bambi Lee Savage"
},
{
"docid": "12684560",
"text": "The 1st Golden Satellite Awards, given by the International Press Academy, were awarded on January 15, 1997. The ceremony was hosted by Stacy Keach. Special achievement awards Mary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) – Rod Steiger Outstanding Contribution to New Media – Bill Gates Outstanding New Talent – Arie Verveen Motion picture winners and nominees Best Actor – Drama Geoffrey Rush – Shine as David Helfgott (TIE) James Woods – Killer: A Journal of Murder as Carl Panzram (TIE) Christopher Eccleston – Jude as Jude Fawley Ralph Fiennes – The English Patient as László Almásy William H. Macy – Fargo as Jerry Lundergaard Billy Bob Thornton – Sling Blade as Karl Childers Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Tom Cruise – Jerry Maguire as Jerry Maguire Nathan Lane – The Birdcage as Albert Goldman Eddie Murphy – The Nutty Professor as Sherman Klump Jack Nicholson – Mars Attacks! as President James Dale Stanley Tucci – Big Night as Secondo Best Actress – Drama Frances McDormand – Fargo as Marge Gunderson Brenda Blethyn – Secrets & Lies as Cynthia Purley Kristin Scott Thomas – The English Patient as Katharine Clifton Emily Watson – Breaking the Waves as Bess McNeill Robin Wright Penn – Moll Flanders as Moll Flanders Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Gwyneth Paltrow – Emma as Emma Woodhouse Glenn Close – 101 Dalmatians as Cruella de Vil Shirley MacLaine – Mrs. Winterbourne as Grace Winterbourne Heather Matarazzo – Welcome to the Dollhouse as Dawn Wiener Bette Midler – The First Wives Club as Brenda Morelli-Cushman Best Animated or Mixed Media Film The Hunchback of Notre Dame James and the Giant Peach Mars Attacks! Muppet Treasure Island Space Jam Best Art Direction Romeo + Juliet – Catherine Martin The English Patient Evita Hamlet The Portrait of a Lady Best Cinematography The English Patient – John Seale Breaking the Waves Evita Hamlet Romeo + Juliet Best Costume Design Evita – Penny Rose Hamlet Moll Flanders The Portrait of a Lady Ridicule Best Director Joel Coen – Fargo Scott Hicks – Shine Mike Leigh – Secrets & Lies Anthony Minghella – The English Patient Lars von Trier – Breaking the Waves Best Editing Independence Day – David Brenner The English Patient Fargo Mission: Impossible Romeo + Juliet Best Film – Drama Fargo The English Patient Lone Star Secrets & Lies Shine Trainspotting Best Film – Musical or Comedy Evita Cold Comfort Farm Everyone Says I Love You Flirting with Disaster Swingers Best Foreign Language Film Breaking the Waves, Denmark Bitter Sugar (Azúcar amarga), Cuba A Judgement in Stone (Le cérémonie), France Kolya (Kolja), Czech Republic Prisoner of the Mountains (Kavkazskiy plennik), Russia Ridicule, France Best Original Score \"The English Patient\" – Gabriel Yared \"Hamlet\" – Patrick Doyle \"Mars Attacks!\" – Danny Elfman \"Michael Collins\" – Elliot Goldenthal \"Sling Blade\" – Daniel Lanois Best Original Song \"You Must Love Me\" performed by Madonna – Evita \"God Give Me Strength\" performed by Kristen Vigard – Grace of My Heart",
"title": "1st Golden Satellite Awards"
},
{
"docid": "49351005",
"text": "Urethral hypermobility is a condition of excessive movement of the female urethra due to a weakened urogenital diaphragm. It describes the instability of the urethra in relation to the pelvic floor muscles. A weakened pelvic floor muscle fails to adequately close the urethra and hence can cause stress urinary incontinence. This condition may be diagnosed by primary care providers or urologists. Treatment may include pelvic floor muscle exercises, surgery (e.g. urethral sling), or minimally invasive procedures (e.g. urethral bulking injections). Anatomy The urethra is held in place in relationship to the pelvic bones and bladder by a combination of ligaments, pelvic floor muscles, and surrounding connective tissue known as the urogenital diaphragm. Damage to any of these structures, or the nerves that control them can cause the urethra to be displaced from its normal position or to have increased range of motion. This can result in lack of effective closure of the urethra and thus urinary leakage, especially when pressure from the abdomen is increased during physical exertion and cough, sneeze, or valsalva maneuvers. Female anatomical considerations Changes during pregnancy and physical trauma during childbirth can cause damage to the pubosacral ligament, uterosacral ligament, and pelvic floor muscles, and the connection of the pubic bone itself. Any of these changes may contribute to urethral hypermobility. Male anatomical considerations Males have a lower incidence of urethral hypermobility than females, but prostatectomy is one risk factor urethral hypermobility and stress incontinence. Diagnosis Urethral hypermobility is often diagnosed indirectly by achieving a diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence. This could include ruling out other types of incontinence and other abnormalities, and specific tests for stress incontinence, for example testing for urinary leakage during cough. Specialized testing to further characterize the degree of urethral hypermobility may include urodynamic testing, voiding cystourethrography, pelvic ultrasound, and electromyography. These modalities are only recommended for people who experience ongoing symptoms despite an adequate trial of pelvic floor muscle training. Treatment Pelvic Floor Muscle Training The first line treatment for urethral hypermobility is pelvic floor exercises under supervision of a physical therapist. However, there is no consensus on which training regiments are most effective, and studies have not determined which mechanisms improve the function of the pelvic floor muscles (e.g. improving reflex action of muscles in response to abdominal pressure vs. increasing urethral closing pressure). Weight Loss Loss of 5-10% of weight has been shown to result in mild improvement in symptoms that was persistent across follow-up periods of 1-3 years. Medication Duloxetine is a medication in the Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor class which is approved in Europe for treatment of stress urinary incontinence and used off-label in America for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Surgery Several surgical procedures are available to treat urethral hypermobility. These procedures use combinations of sutures, implanted synthetic mesh, and autotransplanted tissue to support and reposition the urethra in relation to the pubic bone and other pelvic structures. Burch colposuspension Midurethral sling Pubovaginal sling Mini sling Surgical meshes have come to the public attention due",
"title": "Urethral hypermobility"
},
{
"docid": "33328762",
"text": "The Sling Aircraft Sling 2, formerly called The Airplane Factory Sling 2, is a South African two-seater light aircraft designed and produced by Sling Aircraft in Johannesburg, South Africa. In 2009 the specially modified second prototype was flown around the world in a westerly circumnavigation which took 40 days. This was the first time any aircraft of this class had achieved a circumnavigation. The design complies with the requirements of four different regulatory aircraft classes. The design was originally known as the Sling, but was re-designated as the Sling 2 to distinguish it from the later four-seat Sling 4. The Sling 2 is supplied as a kit and as a ready-to-fly aircraft and can be operated as a light-sport aircraft or homebuilt aircraft. Design and development Development of the Sling 2 commenced in 2006. The Sling is a two-seat, low wing, all metal aircraft with tricycle landing gear made from composites. The aircraft is powered by an Rotax 912UL,, a Rotax 912ULS, or a 912iS engine, or optionally a turbocharged Rotax 914 UL, driving a 3-bladed Warp Drive Inc propeller. The factory later discontinued the Rotax 912UL model. The airplane features a sliding canopy, large fuel tanks, and standard equipment includes a \"glass cockpit\" style display. Mike Blyth began working on the design of the Sling 2 in 2006; the first prototype first flew on November 18, 2008. A full testing programme followed, with the help of a South African military aerodynamicist, which was completed in 2009. Blyth and partner James Pitman then flew the second prototype around the world to accomplish a challenging circumnavigation. 310 Sling 2s had been completed and flown by the end of 2019. The UK Light Aircraft Association has limited the airframe structural fatigue life to 500 hours for aircraft in that country. They have also only approved operation for day, visual flight rules. Operational history The second prototype Sling 2 was flown on a westerly global circumnavigation in 2009. Blyth and Pitman departed from South Africa flying up through Western Africa, across the Atlantic to Brazil and Guyana, up through the US Virgin Islands and the East Coast of the United States to Oshkosh, Wisconsin for EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009. After the air show they flew across the United States to Los Angeles, then on to Hawaii, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Seychelles, and finally back to South Africa. They completed the whole journey in 40 days. The aircraft used for the circumnavigation was a standard production Sling, but with larger fuel tanks, strengthened landing gear, seats that lie flat for sleeping and removable control sticks. After being modified, the aircraft had an endurance at standard cruise of approximately 24 hours. The aircraft cruised at 89 knots Indicated airspeed (IAS) (98 knots True airspeed (TAS)) with almost full fuel. When more nearly empty, it would cruise at 96 knots IAS (105 knots TAS). With full fuel, fully loaded with crew the Sling weighed approximately 1,984 Lbs (900 kg), or about 600",
"title": "Sling Aircraft Sling 2"
},
{
"docid": "10101820",
"text": "The Sacramento Film and Music Festival (SF&MF) is a large, multi-day, all-genre international film festival held in Sacramento, California in the United States. It has been in operation since 2000. The festival's mission is to celebrate filmmaking from around the world and sponsor the art of film in California's Capital region. History For the 2011 season, the festival's 12th, the event was divided into two parts with the WinterFEST January 15–17 and the SummerFEST August 18–21. The WinterFEST dates coincided with the Martin Luther King holiday weekend and in addition to the usual range of film programming, the program documentaries with themes of politics, peace, and social justice including \"Sowing the Seeds of Justice\" about the life and legal career of Cruz Reynoso. The 2010 festival dates were July 23 - August 1, opening with the feature documentary \"Official Rejection\" about the difficulties of getting films into film festivals. In a special program on July 29, the 2010 Festival included the world premiere of \"Walking Dreams\" a documentary about the work of artist David Garibaldi, followed by a live performance of his work and a charity auction. In a performance of career significance, and in front of 600 attendees, David painted his first large format self-portrait. The five paintings created during the evening were sold, following the performance, with the proceeds benefiting both the festival and the Friends of the Sacramento Metropolitan Arts Commission. The 2009 festival ran July 24 - Sunday, August 2. The 10th festival opened with a premiere screening of the independent feature, \"Sensored\" starring Robert Picardo and shot entirely on the Red One ultra-high definition digital camera. The festival kicked off 2009 with a Sac Music Seen New Year's Eve at the Crest Theatre with live music from The Dirty Feet and Autumn Sky, selected local music videos from the festival's own music video production program and a program of short films. The 2008 festival dates were Friday, August 8 - Sunday, August 17. The 2008 festival included 17 feature films, over 100 short films and video projects, eight musical acts, two industry presentations, a pitch session, 30 ticketed events and the presentation of 25 awards. In a Gold Circle Series Screening, the festival hosted the West Coast premiere of UNCOUNTED: The New Math of American Elections. Filmmaker David Earnhardt was joined by radio host Peter B. Collins and political commentator Brad Friedman for a discussion regarding the film's topics of voting integrity and election fraud. In 2007, the eighth annual festival welcomed guests Larry Meistrich, principle of NEHST Studios and producer of such movies as the Academy Award winning Sling Blade and You Can Count On Me; Mike DiManno and Scott Reid, CEO and President respectively of Redwood Palms Pictures; and writer/director Joe Carnahan. During the 2007 Festival, 99 films were screened in competition, plus five short movies produced for The Sacramento Bee. In an eight-hour marathon pitch session, Larry Meistrich met with filmmakers and prospective filmmakers, directly resulting in four development deals. In 2007,",
"title": "Sacramento Film and Music Festival"
},
{
"docid": "38971018",
"text": "A sling is a drink historically made with sugar, hot or cold water, nutmeg, and a spirit such as gin, whiskey, rum, or brandy. In its modern form, it is made with gin and, varyingly, of ingredients such as sweet vermouth, lemon juice, simple syrup, Angostura bitters, and soda water. The word sling comes from the German schlingen, meaning \"to swallow fast\". The Singapore Sling is a popular gin sling originally made at the Long Bar, Raffles Hotel, Singapore. Recipes for it variously contain such ingredients as Benedictine, cherry liqueur, herbal liqueur, pineapple juice, lime juice, bitters, and club soda. History The sling is an old drink, circa 1759, originally intended to be a single-serving punch, containing sour, sweet, and alcoholic ingredients in proportions that have varied with time. The introduction of bitters was a new twist added to some versions of the drink, creating a cocktail of spirit, sugar, water, and bitters, making a drink similar to an Old Fashioned. References External links Sling Cocktails | FOUR Magazine : FOUR Magazine Cocktails with nutmeg Cocktails with gin Cocktails with sweet vermouth Cocktails with lemonade Cocktails with Angostura bitters Cocktails with carbonated water",
"title": "Sling (drink)"
},
{
"docid": "27155243",
"text": "Call Me Fitz is a Canadian television series produced by E1 Entertainment, Amaze Film & Television, and Big Motion Pictures. The half-hour comedy stars Jason Priestley as Richard \"Fitz\" Fitzpatrick, a morally bankrupt used-car salesman whose consequence-free life is complicated by the arrival of do-gooder Larry (Ernie Grunwald), another salesman who claims he is Fitz's conscience. The series is co-produced by Movie Central (western Canada) and The Movie Network (central/eastern Canada), for airing on those two channels and their jointly owned channel HBO Canada (Canada wide). The first thirteen-episode season of the show premiered on HBO Canada in September 2010, with subsequent seasons premiering in September 2011, 2012, and October 2013. The series was filmed in New Minas, Nova Scotia. Synopsis The show stars Priestley as Richard Fitzpatrick, a used-car salesman walking a fine line of acceptable behaviour on the lot alongside a new salesman, do-gooder Larry, who claims to be the embodiment of his conscience. Fitz's idealisation of Frank Sinatra and his dysfunctional family have shaped him into the cocksure anti-hero he is proud to be. Fitz's ambition is to get out of 'slinging tin' at his family's used car dealership and open his own lounge, the Summerwind. In the meantime, he is content to make the Duncan Underwood Inn his watering hole. Fitz does not like the Ruptal cousins, whom he refers to as \"9\" and \"11\", and their used-car dealership across the street from Fitzpatrick Motors. Fitz hits rock bottom when he crashes a GT while on a test drive and the customer ends up in a coma. Fitz meets Ali while in jail and at first believes her to be his lawyer until she says \"mom\", referring to Fitz's customer in the coma. In an attempt to avoid a pending attempted vehicular manslaughter charge Fitz decides to marry Babs, who comes out of her coma just in time to get married. Ali admits her attraction to Fitz after her mother tells him she wants a divorce and while they are making out in her car Ali accidentally steps on the accelerator and drives into and kills her mother. In season two Fitz's attempts to open the Summerwind are thwarted by city council and Fitz is the prime suspect in the disappearance and suspected homicide of Sonja. Fitz decides to run for city council in season three. The news that Ali is pregnant with his baby does little to inspire Fitz to change his ways. Through an unfortunate series of mishaps Fitz ends up as mayor of Coverton. Fitz's rampant promiscuity is matched only by his corruption, which eventually lands him in prison. Fitz breaks out of prison just as Ali goes into labour. With Ali having abandoned their son Fitz is left struggling with the challenges of being a single father in season four. In an interview with RTÉ Jason Priestley described the show as \"booze, blow and broads or Sunday night at Charlie Sheen's house.\" Cast Jason Priestley as Richard \"Fitz\" Fitzpatrick Ernie Grunwald as",
"title": "Call Me Fitz"
},
{
"docid": "1754904",
"text": "\"Spidey Super Stories\" is a live-action, recurring skit on the original version of the Children's Television Workshop series The Electric Company. Overview Episodes featured the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, provided to the Children's Television Workshop free of charge, and was played (always in costume) by puppeteer and dancer Danny Seagren. It premiered during the first show of The Electric Company's fourth season (1974–1975), which was given the production number 391. It predated the pilot film of the series The Amazing Spider-Man by three years, becoming the first recorded live-action rendition of Spider-Man, and was the first recorded live-action rendition of a Marvel character in any medium since the Captain America serial of 1944. (There was a live stage show travelling the country in 1972/1973, \"The Bullwinkle Show\", produced by Jay Ward/Fun Time Productions, featuring costumed cartoon characters, including Spider-Man, which was the first entertainment featuring a live-action Spider-Man) Stories involved the masked superhero foiling mischievous characters who were involved in petty criminal activities, although sometimes the crooks would commit more serious crimes such as assault or larceny. The cast of The Electric Company played the roles of the various characters in each story, with another serving as narrator. In many of these sketches, in keeping with Stan Lee's writing style, viewers were addressed as \"true believers\". Unlike other live-action and cartoon productions of Spider-Man, this version of the web-slinging hero did not speak out loud, instead communicating only with word balloons (having a similar role to Clarabell the Clown of Howdy Doody), in order to encourage young viewers to practice their reading skills. Due to the series' budget limitations, comic book panels were interspersed through each skit in lieu of special effects. Aside from Spider-Man himself, no characters from the comic series ever appeared on \"Spidey Super Stories\". Theme song The theme song that plays at the beginning and end of the shorts was written by Gary William Friedman. The lyrics are as follows: Spider-Man, where are you coming from? Spider-Man, nobody knows who you are! Spider-Man, you've got that Spidey touch Spider-Man, you are a web-slinging star! Episodes Approximately one dozen \"Spidey Super Stories\" segments were produced during The Electric Company's 1974–1975 season, with another twelve or so during the 1975–1976 season, and further episodes during the series' final season. A 4-DVD boxed set was released by Shout! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment on February 7, 2006, named The Best of Electric Company. It featured 20 episodes from 1971–1977 (D4D 34121), three of which contained Spidey segments. A second 4-DVD boxed set with 20 shows from 1971–1976 was released on November 14, 2006 (82666-31014). Two of the episodes in this boxed set featured Spidey segments; however, in several of the other episodes, the Spider-Man segments were edited out to minimize the appearance of the character because of rights issues. Episode 60A, from season five, which featured a Spider-Man sketch as the sketch of the day, was altered drastically from the version that originally aired on television. Another DVD",
"title": "Spidey Super Stories"
},
{
"docid": "238145",
"text": "This is a list of weapons that were used during the medieval period. Each weapon is organized according to their purpose in battle. Offensive weapons Melee weapons Battle axe Bec de corbin Bludgeon Club Flail Flanged mace Horseman's pick Mace Morning star Quarterstaff Shestopyor, Pernach War hammer Sword and hilt weapons Swords can have single or double bladed edges or even edgeless. The blade can be curved or straight. Arming sword Dagger Estoc Falchion Katana Knife Longsword Messer Rapier Sabre or Saber (Most sabers belong to the renaissance period, but some sabers can be found in the late medieval period) Shortsword Ulfberht (Frankish) Spears and polearms Ahlspiess Bardiche Bec de Corbin Bill Glaive Goedendag Guisarme Halberd Lance Lochaber axe Lucerne hammer Man catcher Military fork Partisan Pike Plançon a picot Ranseur Sovnya Spear Spetum Swordstaff Voulge War scythe War hammer Ranged weapons Bows Longbows Daikyu English longbow Welsh longbow Recurved bows Hungarian bow Perso-Parthian bow Short bows and reflex bows Gungdo Hankyu Mongol bow Turkish bow Crossbows Arbalest Crossbow Repeating crossbow Skane lockbow Stone bow Flamethrowers Byzantine flamethrower Pen Huo Qi flamethrower Gunpowder firearms Arquebuses Arquebus Istinggar arquebus Java arquebus Jiaozhi arquebus Tanegashima arquebus Torador arquebus Blunderbuss Hand cannons Baton a feu Bedil tumbak Hand cannon Huo Qiang lance hand cannon Heilongjiang hand cannon Huo Chong Meriam kecil Petronel San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon Shou Chong Tu Huo Qiang Slings Kestros Sling Stave sling Throwing weapons Chakram Francisca Kunai Nzappa zap Shuriken Throwing knife Throwing spear Wurfkreuz (German throwing cross) Siege weapons Ballista Battering ram Bombards Bombard Byzantine bombard (Greek) Dardanelles bombard (Turkish) Dulle Griet Faule Grete Faule Mette Grose Bochse Mons Meg Orban bombard Pumhart von Steyr Cannons Abus Basilisk Byzantine fire tube Cannon Cetbang Chongtong Culverin Ekor lotong Falconet Fauconneau Hu Dun Pao cannon Korean cannon Lantaka Lela Pierrier a boite Pot de fer Prangi Saker Tarasnice Veuglaire Wankou Chong Xanadu cannon Xi Xia Bronze cannon Mortar Organ gun Petrary weapons Catapult Hu Dun Pao trebuchet Mangonel Onager Trebuchet Rocket powered weapons Byzantine rocket launcher Huo Che rocket arrow launcher Hwacha rocket arrow launcher Siege tower Warships Caravel Carrack Cog Fire ship Galley Junk Djong (ship) Longship Lou chuan (tower ship) Qiao chuan Turtle ship Animals in war Camels in warfare Dogs in warfare Elephants in warfare Horses in warfare Courser Destrier Rouncey See also Lists of weapons List of medieval military technologies List of premodern combat weapons Military technology and equipment References European weapons Medieval Medieval weapons",
"title": "List of medieval weapons"
},
{
"docid": "11511993",
"text": "Singapore Sling is an Icelandic rock band from Reykjavík, formed in 2000. The band have released nine studio albums to date. History Singapore Sling was formed in spring 2000 in Reykjavík, Iceland, by singer, songwriter and guitarist Henrik Björnsson, aided by his friend, guitarist Einar Þór Kristjánsson. Björnsson had some 8-track demos and wanted to create a band. One of these demos was \"Overdrive\", which surfaced online on the Iceland Airwaves 2001 official website, and later became \"Overdriver\", the opening track on their first studio album. Despite Björnsson's job as a bartender, the band's name did not come from the Singapore Sling cocktail but from a 1990 art film, Singapore Sling, by the Greek director Nikos Nikolaidis. In a June 2003 interview with VRT Radio 1, Björnsson said, We had a first gig. It was booked and we didn't have a name and I had been looking for a film called Singapore Sling for a long time. I couldn't find it anywhere. It sounded cool, so that became the name of the band. It's some kind of dark, perverse Greek film from 1990. I haven't found it yet, so if you know someone who has it, please let me know. I hope it's good. A dark perverse noir film and a guy who has sex with a corpse. And he's called Singapore Sling. The band evolved to a sextet with changing lineups performing at Iceland Airwaves, Reykjavík's main music festival, before obtaining a record deal with a local label, Hitt Records, in 2002. The lineup at that time was Björnsson on vocals, guitar and keyboards, Kristjánsson on guitar, Þorgeir Guðmundsson on bass guitar, Helgi Örn Pétursson on guitar and keyboards, Bjarni Friðrik Jóhannsson on drums, and Sigurður Magnús Finnsson (aka Siggi Shaker, aka Iggi Sniff) on tambourine and maracas. Singapore Sling released its first album, The Curse of Singapore Sling, in August 2002. Following the release, the band performed at the Iceland Airwaves 2002 music festival. The album was licensed by the New York independent record label Stinky Records for a North American release in 2003. \"Why this record is being released in America is because a guy came here on a festival and then he let some people hear it in America,\" explained Björnsson. Kristjánssonn added, \"The whole idea of the Airwaves Festival is like a festival for Icelandic bands to export or be spotted. Iceland is so isolated and they have this festival. Icelandair sponsors it and they give flights and stuff like that to journalists and label people so they can come and see us. The whole festival is sponsored by Icelandair and the government to get Icelandic music to be heard outside of Iceland.\" The band toured the United States and Canada in summer 2003. Although their home label Edda left the music business and shut its branch Hitt Records, Singapore Sling released its second record, Life Is Killing My Rock 'N' Roll, in Iceland on Sheptone Records, and in the United States on Stinky, promoted",
"title": "Singapore Sling (band)"
},
{
"docid": "387854",
"text": "The Singapore sling is a gin-based sling cocktail from Singapore. This long drink was developed in 1915 by Ngiam Tong Boon (), a bartender at the Long Bar in Raffles Hotel, Singapore. It was initially called the gin sling. History The drink was created sometime between 1899 and 1915 at Raffles Hotel. Simon Diffords wrote that the drink was originally Ngiam's \"house\" version of the gin sling. It was socially unacceptable for women to drink alcohol in public at that time, so Ngiam made the cocktail look like fruit juice to enable women to drink it. On the other hand, David Wondrich of Esquire claimed that the drink was created in the 1890s and wasn't related to the Raffles until the 1920s. The original recipe of the Singapore sling is debated. This is because the original recipe was lost after the 1930s when the hotel stopped serving the drink. D. A. Embury stated in the Fine Art of Mixing Drinks: \"Of all the recipes published for [this drink] I have never seen any two that were alike.\" The Times described the \"original recipe\" as a mixture of two measures of gin with one of cherry brandy and one each of orange, pineapple, and lime juice. The hotel's recipe was recreated based on a 1936 note by a visitor. The Long Bar at Raffles Hotel sells 800-1200 Singapore slings every day. 70% of the total revenue of the bar comes from the sling, which earns the bar S$15 million in annual sales. Present-day style By the 1980s, in countries such as the United States, the Singapore sling was often little more than gin, bottled sweet and sour, and grenadine, a recipe showing very little relationship to the recipe used elsewhere under the same name. By that time both in the Raffles Hotel and Hong Kong, and generally in the UK, the recipe had remained standardised as gin and cherry brandy (in various ratios between 2:1 and 1:2). By 2000, benedictine was introduced and pineapple juice used more. In New Orleans, sometimes Hurricane mix was used instead of pineapple. Gin slings The gin sling, attested from 1790, described a North American drink of gin, which was flavoured, sweetened, and served cold. The \"Singapore sling\" has been documented as early as 1930 as a recipe in the Savoy Cocktail Book: Ingredients one-quarter lemon juice, one-quarter dry gin, one-half cherry brandy: \"Shake well and strain into medium-sized glass, and fill with soda water. Add 1 lump of ice\". This recipe persisted for decades and is recalled in 1982 in The Sainsbury Book of Cocktails & Party Drinks, where it is also called the Singapore sling and was the classic recipe of the time. A minor difference occurs in that the measures of the spirits were twice the quantity compared with the lemon and soda of the 1930 quotation and garnished with slice of lemon and a glacé cherry. These two very similar forms represent a traditional British version of the Singapore sling. Also documented",
"title": "Singapore sling"
},
{
"docid": "13538989",
"text": "A Blade in the Dark () is a 1983 Italian giallo film directed by Lamberto Bava. Originally planned for television, the film was made as a nearly two hour piece split into four parts each of which would end with a murder scene. After the film was found to be too gruesome for Italian television censors, it was re-edited into a feature film. Plot The film begins with three boys entering an old house, two pushing the third boy inside, where he's to take a dare. The pair gang up on him by throwing a tennis ball into the basement, saying he's a \"girl\" if he doesn't retrieve it and chanting he's a \"female\" when he hesitates. The boy slowly shuffles down in fear, and after some suspense, a scream is heard when he's out of sight. The ball is thrown back, stained with what looks like blood, causing the two other boys to flee out of their own terror. This is later revealed to be a film scene within the film itself. Musician Bruno is hired to compose soundtrack for an upcoming horror film, renting the villa where the movie is set for a few weeks to help his inspiration. Property owner Tony Rendina, who's off to his father's rig in Kuwait, is delighted that Bruno accepts his request for some of his music, which Bruno promises to arrange for recording on a cassette. Giovanni lives in the basement as the groundskeeper, and Bruno's girlfriend Giulia is an actress off to another city for a stage play. Director Sandra is trying to capture the fear of the dark in the film, reels of scenes revealing it's inspired by the circumstances of the opening scene. She refuses anyone seeing the ending to not spoil the production for its complete artistic effect. Bruno is told before Tony owned the property, a woman named Linda leased out the villa, but she's since disappeared after moving out and never been heard from again. An unseen figure steals an extendable box cutter from Bruno's studio, finding a naked woman in a magazine image to leave cuts in for Bruno to find. Bruno meets Katia, one of the neighbors, who comes in unannounced and is scared by an arachnid in a cabinet. She doesn't tell him why she's there, but she flirts with him before leaving. Bruno finds Katia left her diary, which says she found out Linda's \"secret\". Katia is attacked outside by the figure, chased into the basement, where she hides behind unfinished drywall. The attacker finds her and jams the box cutter through the mesh, eventually slashing Katia's stomach and throat, causing her bleed to death. When Bruno goes outside when he hears the killer drag Katia's body, the killer pulls out the blade ready to slash him too. Not noticing Katia right at his feet, Bruno heads back inside, where he finds blood on his pants and receives a silent phone call. Bruno eventually goes over his music tapes, where he",
"title": "A Blade in the Dark"
},
{
"docid": "51002641",
"text": "Welcome Home, Bobby is a 1986 American made-for-television drama film directed by Herbert Wise and written by Conrad Bromberg. The movie stars Timothy Williams, Nan Woods, Tony Lo Bianco, Adam Baldwin, John Karlen and Moira Harris. It premiered on CBS on February 22, 1986. The movie deals with themes of sexual identity and homophobia, set against the backdrop of a Chicago high school and its students. Plot Bobby Cavalero is a 16-year-old high school student who is questioning his sexual identity. He is an award-winning math student and a member of his high school swim team, who gets caught up in a drug bust. He is later exonerated, but because of the investigation, information comes out that he had a sexual relationship with an older man in his 30s, Mark Reed. When students at the school find out about Bobbys sexual encounter, they start shunning him, verbally abuse him, and call for his expulsion from school. After some members of the swim team discover Bobby swimming laps alone, they jump in the pool and try to drown him. His father, Joe is an ultra-conservative working class man who rejects the idea that his son might be gay. He is also extremely homophobic. When he finds Bobby wrestling with his younger brother, Joe beats the hell out of Bobby. His mother, Rose doesn't really understand why her son is questioning his sexuality, but she does try to offer support. The only people who do support him are his ex-girlfriend Beth, his bohemian friend Cleary, and Mr. Geffin, a closeted gay teacher at his school. Mr. Geffin opens up to Bobby and tells him he lives a quiet, happy life with his lover, but nonetheless is still closeted. In the end, Bobby's sexuality is still ambiguous. Cast Timothy Williams as Bobby Cavalero Tony Lo Bianco as Joe Cavalero Anthony Candell as Donny Cavalero Gisela Caldwell as Rose Cavalero Adam Baldwin as Cleary Nan Woods as Beth John Karlen as Mr. Geffin Stephen James as Mark Reed Moira Harris as Ann Marie John Pleshette as John Hammill Critical reception David Friedman wrote in The Philadelphia Inquirer that the problem with the movie \"isn't its intentions, which are clearly noble, or its depiction of Bobby and his situation, which is clearly sympathetic. It's the lifeless execution of those high-minded sentiments that sends \"Welcome\" stumbling into the depths of Snore City\". Friedman also had a problem with the character Joe Cavalero (Bobby's dad), whose dialogue in the film included, \"The men in this family are men...Thank God my father isn't alive to see this. These gays, they spit on us. They talk about their rights. What right do they have to spread their disease?\" Historian Stephen Tropiano said, \"despite some overly melodramatic moments between father and son, William's performance perfectly captures the confusion and angst experienced by many teens coming to terms with their sexual identity.\" In his review for The Washington Blade, Noel Gillespie said the movie was \"well-acted, cleverly and convincingly written, smoothly",
"title": "Welcome Home, Bobby"
},
{
"docid": "39264631",
"text": "Blades of Courage (also known as Skate!) is a 1987 Canadian made-for-television movie written by Suzette Couture and directed by Randy Bradshaw. The film was released under the name Skate! and first aired on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation network. It won the 1988 Gemini Award for Best TV Movie. Plot The film is about Lori Laroche, a young figure skater from Peterborough, Ontario. In her debut at the 1985 Canadian Figure Skating Championships, Laroche (Christianne Hirt) places third. At the banquet to announce the team that will attend the World Figure Skating Championships, Stuart Carmody (Cec Linder) the president of the Canadian Figure Skating Association, decides to send Christa Simmons, the Canadian champion, and Laroche instead of the silver medalist, Tara Lynn (Owens Shelley-Lynn Owens). Tara Lynn's coach, Bruce Gainor (Colm Feore) is furious, and pulls Carmody aside. Carmody assures Gainor this is a good idea. Carmody also tells Gainor the CFSA would like to team up Gainor and Laroche. After a rough start in the compulsories, Laroche places 10th overall at the worlds after the freeskate. The Canadian Figure Skating Association offers to pay for her training costs and new coach, Bruce Gainor, in Toronto. Laroche's overbearing mom, Carla (Rosemary Dunsmore) is excited, while her dad, Ron (Tom Butler) is less than thrilled at the idea of their young daughter moving away from home in the middle of the school year. Reluctantly, Ron agrees. At the Peterborough Arena, Carla tells Anna Petrie (Patricia Hamilton) about the coaching change. Anna is upset, and she tells Carla both of them have been fired and the CFSA is in charge now. Gainor's coaching techniques are tough compared to how Laroche was treated by her old coach. No matter what Gainor does, nothing will make Laroche cave to his training methods. He tells David Frye (Stuart Hughes) he's going to \"nuke\" her. Gainor signs Laroche up for Skate Hamilton. After Laroche skaters, Gainor starts to point out the flaws in her program and character until Laroche is crying and screaming. He comforts Laroche after his outburst. Gainor and choreographer, Denise, come up with a plan for Laroche to do a triple Salchow in her program for Canadians. Even though Laroche protests, Gainor is adamant she does it. When Laroche falls, Gainor tells her, \"if you fall, you repeat the jump again and again until you get it right.\" As Denise is about to leave the ice, Gainor says he'd like to see her in his office. Laroche meets Donny Hackett (Stephen Marshall) in school. Laroche is walking out of a classroom after a teacher is reprimanding her for falling asleep in class. Hackett asks Laroche for an autograph, and she scribes down a profane note. Despite Laroche's snubs, Hackett keeps trying to flirt with Laroche. Laroche finds out her parents are splitting up after a visit with Carla. Laroche blames her mom for the divorce, and returns to the arena. Laroche walks into Gainor's office and tells him about the divorce. Gainor uses",
"title": "Blades of Courage"
},
{
"docid": "1563948",
"text": "The Shanghai Gesture is a 1941 American film noir directed by Josef von Sternberg and starring Gene Tierney, Walter Huston, Victor Mature, and Ona Munson. It is based on a Broadway play of the same name by John Colton, which was adapted for the screen by Sternberg and produced by Arnold Pressburger for United Artists. It was the last Hollywood film Sternberg ever completed: Howard Hughes fired him halfway through production of Macao in 1951, as well as from Jet Pilot the year prior. Boris Leven received an Academy Award nomination for Best Art Direction, while Richard Hageman was nominated for Best Original Music Score. Plot Gigolo \"Doctor\" Omar (Victor Mature) bribes the Shanghai police not to jail the broke American showgirl Dixie Pomeroy (Phyllis Brooks); he invites her to seek a job at the casino owned by Dragon-lady \"Mother\" Gin Sling (Ona Munson), his boss. In the casino, Omar attracts the attention of a beautiful, privileged young woman (Gene Tierney), fresh from a European finishing school. She is out for some excitement. When asked, she gives her name as \"Poppy\" Smith. Meanwhile, Gin Sling is informed that she must move her establishment to the much less desirable Chinese sector. She is given five or six weeks, until Chinese New Year, to comply. Gin Sling is confident that she can thwart this threat to her livelihood, and orders her minions to find out everything they can about the man behind it, Englishman Sir Guy Charteris (Walter Huston), a wealthy entrepreneur who has purchased a large area of Shanghai that contains her gambling parlor. Dixie proves to be an unexpected source of information; Charteris had taken her out to dinner a number of times, before dumping her to avoid her meeting his newly arrived daughter, Poppy, whose real name is Victoria Charteris. From Dixie's description, Gin Sling realizes Charteris is someone from her past. Meanwhile, Poppy falls in love with Omar and becomes addicted to gambling and alcohol. Though the spoiled woman is openly contemptuous of the casino owner, Gin Sling allows her credit to cover her ever-growing losses. Gin Sling invites Charteris and other important dignitaries to a Chinese New Year dinner party. Charteris at first declines, but then curiosity gets the better of him. At the dinner, she exposes his disgraceful past. Charteris, then calling himself Victor Dawson, had married her. One day, he abandoned her, taking her inheritance, leaving her destitute and alone. Thinking her baby had died and forced to do whatever she had to in order to survive, she wandered from place to place, until she reached Shanghai. There, Percival Howe had faith in her and backed her financially, allowing her to work her way up to her current position. To cap her revenge, she has Victoria brought in. Victoria openly flaunts her attraction to Omar and ridicules her father. As Charteris takes his wayward daughter out, he tells Van Elst privately to come to his office the next morning to pick up a £20,000 check",
"title": "The Shanghai Gesture"
},
{
"docid": "5034226",
"text": "A sling blade or kaiser blade is a heavy, hooked, steel blade at the end of a long (around ) handle that is usually made of wood. The blade is double-edged, and both sides are usually kept sharp. It is used to cut brush, briar, and undergrowth. Other common names for the tool are bush knife, ditch bank blade, briar axe, and surveyor's brush axe. On the East Coast of the United States some farmers call it a bush axe. The Plover, Wisconsin dialect refers to it as a ditch witch. Also historically used as a wildland firefighting tool to cut fireline, known as a brush hook. It is also sometimes referred to as a bush hook in south eastern North Carolina. Its use in wildland fire has been substantially superseded by the chainsaw. It generally has a to curved blade and a to handle. It is commonly used by surveying crews and firefighters to clear out heavy undergrowth from trails, as well as by homeowners and gardeners to clear thick brush. In popular culture In the film Sling Blade, Karl Childers (Billy Bob Thornton), the main character, recounts an incident from his childhood in which he killed his mother and her paramour with this tool. Childers describes it as, \"Some folks call it a sling blade, I call it a Kaiser blade. It's kinda got a long wooden handle, kind of like an axe handle. With a long blade on it shaped kinda like a bananer. Mhm. Sharp on one edge, and dull on the other. Mhm. It's what the highway boys use to cut down weeds and whatnot.\" In the novel Red Rising, Helldivers are equipped with sickle-like weapons called slingBlades, crude cutting weapons intended to sever the Helldiver's limbs if they are caught in machinery. The protagonist, Darrow, later acquires a slingBlade during the course of a war game. After breaking the rules of the game and attacking the Proctors, he gains popularity as \"The Reaper\", with the slingBlade acting as his sigil. See also Billhook Bill (weapon) Slasher (tool) References Gardening tools Cutting tools",
"title": "Sling blade"
},
{
"docid": "4689838",
"text": "Slings & Arrows is a Canadian television series set at the fictional New Burbage Festival, a Shakespearean festival similar to the real-world Stratford Festival. It stars Paul Gross, Stephen Ouimette and Martha Burns. Rachel McAdams appeared in the first season. The darkly comic series first aired on Canada's Movie Central and The Movie Network channels in 2003, and received acclaim in the United States when it was shown on the Sundance Channel two years later. Three six-episode seasons were filmed, with the final season airing in Canada in the summer of 2006 and in the United States in early 2007. Slings & Arrows was created and written by former Kids in the Hall member Mark McKinney, playwright and actress Susan Coyne, and comedian Bob Martin. All three appear in it as well. The entire series was directed by Peter Wellington. Premise Slings & Arrows centers around life at a fictional Shakespearean theatre festival in New Burbage, Canada. Each season focuses on The New Burbage Festival's production of a different play. The themes of the play are often juxtaposed with personal and professional conflicts facing the festival's cast and crew. Season 1: Hamlet The show's central characters are actor/director Geoffrey Tennant (Paul Gross), New Burbage artistic director Oliver Welles (Stephen Ouimette), and actress Ellen Fanshaw (Martha Burns), who seven years previously collaborated on a legendary production of Hamlet. Midway through one of the performances, Geoffrey suffered a nervous breakdown, jumped into Ophelia's grave and then ran screaming from the theater. After that, he was committed to a psychiatric institution. When the series begins, Geoffrey is in Toronto, running a small company, \"Théâtre Sans Argent\" (French for \"Theatre Without Money\"), on the verge of being evicted. Oliver and Ellen have stayed at New Burbage, where Oliver has gradually been commercializing his productions and the festival. On the opening night of the New Burbage's A Midsummer Night's Dream, Oliver sees Geoffrey on the news, chained to his theatre in protest. Heavily drunk, Oliver calls Geoffrey from a payphone and they argue about the past. Oliver then passes out in the street and is run over and killed by a truck bearing the slogan \"Canada's Best Hams\". Geoffrey's blistering eulogy at Oliver's funeral about the state of the festival leads to him being asked to take over Oliver's job on a temporary basis. After clashing with an old rival, Darren Nichols (Don McKellar), Geoffrey is reluctantly forced to take over directing the festival's latest production of Hamlet. Making this difficult are Jack Crew (Luke Kirby), the insecure American film star cast as Hamlet; Geoffrey's former lover Ellen, who is playing Gertrude and dating a much younger man; and Oliver, now haunting both Geoffrey and the festival as a ghost. Also in the play is apprentice actress Kate (Rachel McAdams), who finds herself falling for Jack. On the business side of the festival, New Burbage manager Richard Smith-Jones (Mark McKinney) is seduced by one of his sponsors, American executive Holly Day (Jennifer Irwin) who wants",
"title": "Slings & Arrows"
},
{
"docid": "4022449",
"text": "The bottle sling (also called a jug sling, a Hackamore knot, or a Scoutcraft knot) is a knot which can be used to create a handle for a glass or ceramic container with a slippery narrow neck, as long as the neck widens slightly near the top. While classed with binding knots, such as the reef knot and miller's knot, the bottle sling is able to perform a function for which most other binding knots are unsuited. The bottle sling's specific form allows it to grip a cylinder, assuming it has even a slight flare or collar, and lift it along its axis when the knot is loaded by all four strands. With appropriate size cord, most wine bottles can be reliably suspended with this knot. History The bottle sling was described in detail by the Greek physician Heraklas in his first century monograph on surgical knots and slings. It was included under the name diplous karkhesios brokhos (\"double jug-sling noose\"). Clearly familiar with the knot, Heraklas provided three distinct tying methods. Knot expert Cyrus L. Day believed the bottle sling was not described again in print until Craigin's 1884 A Boy's Workshop, although Clifford Ashley noted it was illustrated in Johann Röding's 1795 Allgemeines Wörterbuch der Marine (\"General Dictionary of the Navy\"). More recently, the bottle sling has been nationally recognized by the Boy Scouts of America as the symbol of Outdoor Skills by scout camps throughout the country. Usage As the name suggests, the primary use for this knot is to suspend bottles, jugs, and other items with similar shapes. The space at the center of the knot is dropped over the top of a bottle or similar object. Firmly pulling on all four ends emerging from the knot tightens it against the neck of the bottle. Looping the running ends through the bight and tying them together will make a sling that grips and can be used to lift the bottle. This provides a convenient method of lowering a beverage bottle from a boat into the water to chill. As mentioned above, the knot is believed to have been used medically in ancient Greece for applying traction in the reduction of fractures and dislocations. However it is not known to have any current medical application. The knot is also said to have been used as an improvised emergency horse bridle when rope was the only material at hand. Its use is described with the central parts of the knot acting as a bit, one of the knot's outer bights passing over the top of the animal's muzzle, and the other passing under the jaw to form the noseband. The closed loop end of the knot would be placed over the animal's head and behind the ears, as a crownpiece, and the two free ends coming off under the chin used as reins. It was intended only for temporary use. However, at least one author has disputed this as \"nonsense\" and suggests its only proper equestrian use is",
"title": "Bottle sling"
},
{
"docid": "70915785",
"text": "Tras La Tormenta () It is the fifth and last studio album made between the American singer Willie Colón and the Panamian Songwriter Rubén Blades. It was released on January 31, 1995, through Sony Tropical, Epic Records and Columbia Records. Recorded at Acme Recordings Studios, being the last great collaboration that the two artists did. It had four singles, \"Talento De Televisión\", \"Homenaje A Héctor Lavoe\", \"Tras La Tormenta\" and \"Como Un Huracán\", being the first mentioned the most awarded of the album. It is considered by experts as one of the most successful salsa albums. They were also nominated for in the 38th Annual Grammy Awards for Grammy Award For Best Tropical Latin Album and reached the third spot in Billboard Tropical Albums chart. Also As one of his four singles It is found as the opening theme of the album, \"Tribute to Héctor Lavoe\" that for almost a minute you can hear the trombone that brought Willie Colón to fame, along with Héctor Lavoe, during their period as duo, was composed by Colón himself, Amilcar Boscán and Cucco Peña. Background It was recorded after a long fight between Blades and Colon, which was due to Blades' disagreement with the album The Last Fight (1984), both came with great albums behind their backs such as Hecho En Puerto Rico by Colón Published by Sony Music in 1993, Amor Y Control with Blades in 1992 also with Sony Music. although in songs like \"Doña Lele\" and \"Tras La Tormenta\" it is shown how they interact with the trombone and you of Blades, at no time during the recording did they share a studio, something they did not do until 2003 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of their album Siembra. Sony Music intervention The intervention of Sony Music was proposed in a humorous way by Blades himself, due to his intention to thank Colón for entering him into the world of music in 1977 with his album Metiendo Mano!, although Colón accepted the project did not come out as expected being in different studios at the time of recording the album. Singles Talento De Televisión It was written by Amílcar Boscán inspired by the actress Yuyito, saying that it was born from \"everyday phenomena that are usually forgotten\". He also said that when he watched television in the 1990s there was a Venezuelan television program called Super Sábado Sensacional where the Argentine model \"Yuyito\" was, who is really Amalia González. It was also said that it was Jennifer López but it was ruled out by Amílcar Boscán himself. Homenaje A Héctor Lavoe This is the song where the album opens. Fingering the trombone for 40 seconds where Colón and Lavoe leaned on to achieve fame. Track listing This list has been adapted from Apple Music. Staff Musicians and general producers,adapted from AudioKat: Performers credits Technicals credits References Sony Music albums Salsa albums 1995 albums Willie Colón albums Rubén Blades albums Sony Music Latin albums Epic Records albums Albums produced by Willie",
"title": "Tras La Tormenta"
},
{
"docid": "40884065",
"text": "True Confessions of a Heartless Girl is a 2002 novel by Canadian author Martha Brooks, her seventh novel for young adults. It received the 2002 Governor General's Award for English-language children's literature. True Confessions of a Heartless Girl tells the story of Noreen Stall, a troubled and possibly pregnant seventeen-year-old girl who stumbles upon the town of Pembina Lake after stealing her boyfriend's truck and savings. Plot summary Part 1: The Stranger On a stormy July night, Lynda Bradley, the owner of The Molly Thorvaldson Café, notices a pair of headlights pull up in front of the café just before closing time. She allows the flustered looking teenage girl from inside the truck to come in and have a cup of coffee. Lynda learns that this girl's name is Noreen and tells her that she is in Pembina Lake. Noticing that she is most likely in some sort of trouble with no place to go, Lynda makes up the cot for her to sleep on that night. Later on, Noreen notices something slimy in the couch cushions, a gnawed-on chicken leg, and tosses it to the dog. In the morning, Dolores Harper comes by to help with the café like she does every Saturday morning. Meanwhile, Tessie, Seth's dog, is sick and so is Noreen. Part 2: True Confessions • Confessions of Pride - Noreen Age 12: Noreen recalls the day of her 19-year-old stepsister's wedding. Noreen is angry and upset because this means she will be left alone with Bob and Amazing. Noreen tells Gladys she looks like hell as she walks out of the room. • Confessions of Lust - Noreen Age 14: Noreen hates the way Bob, her stepfather, looks at her. As she is leaving the house to meet up with her boyfriend at the time, Brad, Bob remarks that she looks like a hooker. He also says that she better not get herself knocked up like her mother did. Noreen's mother was pregnant with her at age 17, and was on welfare by age 18. This was when she was rescued by Bob. Noreen then goes to meet up with Brad and fools around with him anyway. • Confessions of Sloth - Noreen Age 15: Noreen's mother is angry that she has skipped 10 days of school that month. Since Noreen will not listen to her, Amazing calls her stepsister, Gladys. Gladys asks her why she is not in school and tells her to stop acting out. Noreen will not take Gladys' advice either. • Confessions of Anger - Noreen Age 16: Gladys was always the one to hold Noreen tight while their parents fought. One night, Bob opens their door and stands in the doorway, waiting to hear a sound out of them. Noreen cannot stop giggling so he comes into the room and picks her up by the arm. She feels a sharp pain in her arm and is later given a sling to wear. She keeps it on far longer than necessary",
"title": "True Confessions of a Heartless Girl"
},
{
"docid": "25960460",
"text": "Daddy and Them is a 2001 American comedy-drama film written, directed by, and starring Billy Bob Thornton. In addition to Thornton, it stars John Prine, Laura Dern, Andy Griffith, Ben Affleck, Kelly Preston, Diane Ladd, Brenda Blethyn, Tuesday Knight, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Jim Varney in his final film appearance before his death in February 2000. Daddy and Them was filmed in 1998 in the wake of Thornton’s success with Sling Blade and was originally planned as a theatrical release. The release was ultimately delayed by Miramax, who found the film not \"commercial\" enough. The film debuted at the Newport International Film Festival on June 6, 2001. Miramax eventually aired the film on Showtime in January 2003 and released it on DVD on January 13, 2004. Plot synopsis Ruby and Claude Montgomery are a very insecure and jealous couple who must reunite with extended family in Arkansas when Claude's Uncle Hazel is jailed for attempted murder. The couple travels with Ruby's older sister Rose, with whom Claude had a previous relationship, and Ruby and Rose's mother Jewel, who continuously talks about Rose and Claude's past relationship, which irritates Ruby. Cast Production The film was shot in Arkansas from August to October 1998. Filming locations included various sites around Little Rock, including Pinnacle Mountain State Park and the interior of the Arkansas State Capitol. The song from the same-titled album \"In Spite of Ourselves\" used during the closing credits was performed by John Prine and Iris DeMent. Release Daddy and Them initially had a theatrical release date planned for sometime in late 1999 or early 2000. The release date was pushed back as Miramax wanted All the Pretty Horses, a studio film Thornton was directing at the time, to debut first. It continued to sit on the shelf long after Horses premiered in late 2000. Thornton has commented that friction with Miramax during the production of Horses played a role in the shelving of Daddy and Them. The film had its world premiere at the Newport International Film Festival on June 6, 2001. Reception Daddy and Them holds an 86% rating based on 7 reviews on the review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes. Eddie Cockrell of Variety wrote, \"Beneath its deadpan and often absurdist exterior, Daddy and Them feels like a very personal piece of work about how family really does come first, warts and all.\" Brad Slager of Film Threat was more critical, writing, ”Plotless and pedantic, Daddy and Them is supposed to be a lighthearted look at family dysfunction in the Deep South, but the characters are not enjoyable enough to care about.\" References External links Official site Daddy and Them at Box Office Mojo 2001 films Films directed by Billy Bob Thornton Films about dysfunctional families 2001 independent films Films shot in Arkansas Films set in Arkansas Films set in Little Rock, Arkansas 2001 comedy-drama films American comedy-drama films Miramax films 2000s English-language films 2000s American films",
"title": "Daddy and Them"
},
{
"docid": "21678985",
"text": "Ann Moore created the baby sling called the Snugli and the refined version of it called the Weego. Early life and education Ann Moore was born in Ohio in 1940, growing up in a farming community known as the Dunkard Brethren Church. The community was similar to the Amish in their morals by living simply, dressing plainly and not using modern devices. Moore accredits her childhood to where she got her inventive spirit from, creating simple dolls and toys on the farm at a young age. She also said that the farm is where she learned many values that helped her later become a nurse, with the importance of community and drawing from limited resources. In her young adult life Moore attended the University of Cincinnati for her undergraduate degree, and then attended Columbia University for her pediatric nursing degree. She had her first international experience when she went to Germany to work with Eastern Europe refugees and then when to Morocco to aid earthquake victims. Career In 1962, Moore was teaching pediatric nursing at Columbia University’s Babies Hospital. Chief residents at the hospital were organizing their first Peace Corps trip to Togo, Africa and she was recruited to join as a pediatric nurse being the 33rd person to register. While training at the Howard University in Washington, D.C., she met fellow volunteer Mike Moore, her French training teacher. The two instantly had a connection, getting engaged after six weeks of meeting and married two weeks after that. They both moved to Togo with the Peace Corps for the next two years where she would teach nutrition courses and worked with the medical team, researching preventive medicine and hygiene. In Togo, Moore would often go to the crowded marketplaces, noticing that she would never hear babies crying like she would in America. She then realized that infants were being held in slings allowing them to be closer to their mothers. This set-up also allowed for drastically increased mobility for the mothers, being able to cook, run errands, work, and take care of older children. Compared to the U.S., babies were rarely close to their mothers for long periods of time, often being placed in plastic seats. Moore came back from the Peace Corps in 1962, heavily pregnant. She aimed to have the same relationship with her children as the Togolese did, creating her own version of the sling. However, she saw that her daughter would slip at times, so she asked her mother, Lucy Auckerman, to sew her a backpack to place her in. When Moore was out doing errands, people would often come up to her commenting on the sling and asking her questions. At this time, it was a radical idea to hold your children in such a way, however experts were coming out talking about the benefits of this act, and the benefits of bonding with kids. Studies showed that infants who were held close to their mothers developed better language skills and were more self-confident, while",
"title": "Ann Moore (inventor)"
}
] | [
"1996"
] |
train_12353 | lightning arresters are used in power systems to protect electrical equipments against | [
{
"docid": "743458",
"text": "A lightning arrester (alternative spelling lightning arrestor) (also called lightning isolator) is a device, essentially an air gap between an electric wire and ground, used on electric power transmission and telecommunication systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrester, in most cases to earth. In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrester is placed where wires enter a structure, preventing damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near them. Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge arresters, are devices that are connected between each conductor in power and communications systems and the earth. These prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a path over which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Their purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by lightning or is near to a lightning strike. If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances or even cause death. Lightning arresters are used to protect electric fences. They consist of a spark gap and sometimes a series inductor. Such type of equipment is also used for protecting transmitters feeding a mast radiator. For such devices the series inductance has usually just one winding. Lightning arresters can form part of large electrical transformers and can fragment during transformer ruptures. High-voltage transformer fire barriers are required to defeat ballistics from small arms as well as projectiles from transformer bushings and lightning arresters, per NFPA 850. Components A potential target for a lightning strike, such as an outdoor television antenna, is attached to the terminal labeled A in the photograph. Terminal E is attached to a long rod buried in the ground. Ordinarily no current will flow between the antenna and the ground because there is extremely high resistance between B and C, and also between C and D. The voltage of a lightning strike, however, is many times higher than that needed to move electrons through the two air gaps. The result is that electrons go through the lightning arresters rather than traveling on to the television set and destroying it. A lightning arrester may be a spark gap or may have a block of a semiconducting material such as silicon carbide or zinc oxide. \"Thyrite\" was the trade name used by General Electric for the silicon carbide composite used in their arrester and varistor products. Some spark gaps are open to the air, but most modern varieties are",
"title": "Lightning arrester"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "3896782",
"text": "A bonding jumper is a reliable conductor to ensure the required electrical conductivity between metal raceways required to be electrically connected. Bonding \"Bonding\" is a method by which all electrically conductive materials and metallic surfaces of equipment and structures, not normally intended to be energized, are effectively connected with a low impedance path to avoid any appreciable potential difference between any separate points. Bonding ensures that all surfaces accessible to a person are at the same potential, reducing the hazard of an electric shock. A bonded system is not necessarily connected to earth, for example, in an aircraft. The common way to effectively bond different metallic surfaces of enclosures, electrical equipment, pipes, tubes or structures together is with a copper conductor, rated lugs and appropriate bolts, fasteners or screws. Other bonding means between different metallic parts and pieces might employ brackets, clamps, exothermic bonds or welds to make effective connections. Effectively bonded equipment can also safely conduct phase-to-ground fault currents, induced currents, surge currents, lightning currents or transient currents during abnormal conditions. Bonding jumpers must be sized to safely handle the anticipated fault current. Applications Rules for bonding jumper installation are given in electrical code regulations. Typically, these require a jumper at any place where the continuity of a bonding system might be interrupted, for example, where metallic conduits join an enclosure through fittings that do not assure good electrical contact. Some codes require a bonding jumper to be pulled into non-metallic conduit or in electrical metallic tubing that may be exposed to corrosion or mechanical damage. In North American electrical codes, an important bonding jumper is found in main electrical panels, where the system neutral conductor is connected to earth ground. This must be done at only one point in each separately derived system to prevent flow of objectionable current in the earth. Bonding jumpers may be installed wherever metal parts are free to move on a hinge or bearing. This is done for electrical safety grounding, static electricity protection, and may also be useful for control of electromagnetic interference. For example, a control panel door may have a bonding jumper across the hinges so that the metal door is effectively connected to ground, since the hinges may not provide a reliable contact. Temporary bonding jumpers are used in the handling of flammable liquids and gases, so that static charge on a vehicle or portable tank does not ignite escaping gas. References Electricity",
"title": "Bonding jumper"
},
{
"docid": "7025837",
"text": "Martin Allan Uman (born 1936) is an American engineer. He has been acknowledged by the American Geophysical Union as one of the world's leading authorities on lightning. Uman is probably best known for his work in lightning modeling, which is the application of electromagnetic field theory to the description of various lightning processes. This provides a better understanding of lightning in general and has had a number of important practical spinoffs, the most notable has been a lightning locating system and the redefinition of several important lightning characteristics relative to hazard protection. Uman co-founded Lightning Location and Protection, Inc., a company in the lightning locating equipment business. Uman has written five books on the subject of lightning, all of which are now in revised second edition paperbacks. He also is the author of a book on plasma physics and the co-author (with V. A. Rakov) of a book on lightning. Uman has written nineteen book chapters and encyclopedia articles on lightning, and he has published over 265 papers in reviewed journals and 342 in other articles and reports. He holds seven patents, six in the area of lightning detection and location. Early life and education Uman graduated in 1953 as valedictorian from Henry B. Plant High School in Tampa, Florida. He received his Bachelor of Science in Engineering from Princeton University in 1957 as a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi. He received his M.A. in 1959 and his Ph.D. in 1961 from Princeton in electrical engineering. His dissertation was \"The Behavior of Electrons in Certain Gas Mixtures.\" In summer 1956 Uman was research assistant at Sandia Corporation in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In summer 1957 he was research associate at Sperry Gyroscope Company in Great Neck, New York. In summer 1958 he was research assistant at Forrestal Research Center in Princeton, New Jersey and scientist at Elcon Laboratory, Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Career From 1961 to 1965 Uman was associate professor of electrical engineering at the University of Arizona in Tucson. At Arizona Uman taught and conducted research in electromagnetics and gaseous electronics and became interested in the physics of lightning. From 1965 to 1971 Uman was fellow physicist at Westinghouse Research Labs in Pittsburgh. There he studied the physical and electromagnetic aspects of lightning and long laboratory sparks. In 1971 Uman became a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Florida in Gainesville. He served as department chair from 1991 to 2003. In 2003 Uman was granted the rank of Distinguished Professor. He has been Director of the UF Lightning Research Laboratory since 1972. In 1975 Uman co-founded Lightning Location and Protection, Inc. He served as president from 1975 to 1983 and as vice president and chief consulting scientist from 1983 to 1995, when he left the company. LLP is now a division of Vaisala and is the world leader in the sale of lightning locating equipment. Awards and honors 2018 - Lifetime Achievement Award \"For your outstanding leadership and significant",
"title": "Martin A. Uman"
},
{
"docid": "20646679",
"text": "A lightning rod or lightning conductor (British English) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike. If lightning hits the structure, it is most likely to strike the rod and be conducted to ground through a wire, rather than passing through the structure, where it could start a fire or cause electrocution. Lightning rods are also called finials, air terminals, or strike termination devices. In a lightning protection system, a lightning rod is a single component of the system. The lightning rod requires a connection to the earth to perform its protective function. Lightning rods come in many different forms, including hollow, solid, pointed, rounded, flat strips, or even bristle brush-like. The main attribute common to all lightning rods is that they are all made of conductive materials, such as copper and aluminum. Copper and its alloys are the most common materials used in lightning protection. History The principle of the lightning rod was first detailed by Benjamin Franklin in Pennsylvania in 1755, who in subsequent years developed his invention for household application (published in 1757) and made further improvements towards a reliable system around 1760. United States In what later became the United States, the pointed lightning rod conductor, also called a lightning attractor or Franklin rod, was invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 as part of his groundbreaking exploration of electricity. Although not the first to suggest a correlation between electricity and lightning, Franklin was the first to propose a workable system for testing his hypothesis. Franklin speculated that, with an iron rod sharpened to a point, \"The electrical fire would, I think, be drawn out of a cloud silently, before it could come near enough to strike.\" Franklin speculated about lightning rods for several years before his reported kite experiment. In the 19th century, the lightning rod became a decorative motif. Lightning rods were embellished with ornamental glass balls (now prized by collectors). The ornamental appeal of these glass balls has been used in weather vanes. The main purpose of these balls, however, is to provide evidence of a lightning strike by shattering or falling off. If after a storm a ball is discovered missing or broken, the property owner should then check the building, rod, and grounding wire for damage. Balls of solid glass occasionally were used in a method purported to prevent lightning strikes to ships and other objects. The idea was that glass objects, being non-conductors, are seldom struck by lightning. Therefore, goes the theory, there must be something about glass that repels lightning. Hence the best method for preventing a lightning strike to a wooden ship was to bury a small solid glass ball in the tip of the highest mast. The random behavior of lightning combined with observers' confirmation bias ensured that the method gained a good bit of credence even after the development of the marine lightning rod soon after Franklin's initial work. The first lightning conductors on ships were supposed",
"title": "Lightning rod"
},
{
"docid": "7473698",
"text": "A multipoint ground is an alternate type of electrical installation that attempts to solve the ground loop and mains hum problem by creating many alternate paths for electrical energy to find its way back to ground. The distinguishing characteristic of a multipoint ground is the use of many interconnected grounding conductors into a loose grid configuration. There will be many paths between any two points in a multipoint grounding system, rather than the single path found in a star topology ground. This type of ground may also be known as a Signal Reference Grid or Ground (SRG) or an Equipotential Ground. Advantages If installed correctly, it can maintain reference ground potential much better than a star topology in a similar application across a wider range of frequencies and currents. Disadvantages A multipoint ground system is more complicated to install and maintain over the long term, and can be more expensive to install. Star topology systems can be converted to multipoint systems by installing new conductors between old existing ones. However, this should be done with care as it can inadvertently introduce noise onto signal lines during the conversion process. The noise can be diminished over time as noisy and failed components are removed and repaired, but some isolation of high current (e.g. motors and lighting) and sensitive low current (e.g. amplifiers and radios) equipment may always be necessary. Design considerations A multipoint grounding system can solve several problems, but they must all be addressed in turn. The size of the conductors must be designed to meet the expected load in operations and in lightning protection. The amount of cross bonding, and the topology of the grids, is determined by the expected frequencies in the signals to be carried and the uses the installation will be put to. A ground grid is provided primarily for safety, and the size of the conductors is probably governed by local building or electrical code. One factor to keep in mind is that since the final grid will have multiple paths to ground, the final system resistance to ground will likely be lower than for a typical star ground. But this does not change the need for adequate conductor size to any given piece of equipment in case of a fault. Lightning protection is provided by bonding the multipoint ground grid to one or more grounding rods under or at the perimeter of the building, and then up to the lightning rods. If the building has significant metal framing elements, these should be bonded to the lightning rods and grounding rods as well. If the building has large motors, driving such things as fans, pumps, elevators, etc., these should also be on the multipoint grid. However, they should not be on segments of the grid that will service equipment such as audio amplifiers, small signal radio circuits, computer networks, sensitive electrical instrumentation, etc. Since building two grids into the same building may be prohibitively expensive, a good compromise is to connect the low frequency, high",
"title": "Multipoint ground"
},
{
"docid": "12977073",
"text": "In electrical engineering, isolated-phase bus (IPB), also known as phase-isolated bus (PIB) in some countries, is a method of construction for circuits carrying very large currents, typically between a generator and its step-up transformer in a steam or large hydroelectric power plant. Each phase current is carried on a separate conductor, enclosed in a separate grounded metal housing. Conductors are usually hollow aluminum tubes or aluminum bars, supported within the housing on porcelain or polymer insulators. The metal housings are electrically connected so that induced current, nearly of the magnitude of the phase current, can flow through the housing, in the opposite direction from the phase current. The magnetic field produced by this current nearly exactly cancels the magnetic field produced by the phase current, so there is almost no external magnetic field produced. This also limits the amount of force produced between conductors during a short circuit. The external housings of the conductors remain at a low potential with respect to earth ground and are usually bonded to ground. By enclosing the conductors in separate housings a high degree of protection from two-phase and three-phase faults is obtained. Almost any fault would instead be a single-phase earth fault which does not produce a large fault current. The conductors between the generator and the first circuit breaker are even more important to protect against two- and three-phase faults because there is no breaker that can stop the fault current from the generator. While most modern circuit breakers will interrupt the fault current in less than 50 ms, the fault current from the generator will take several seconds to interrupt because the field current in the rotor takes this amount of time to discharge. The consequences of a two- or three-phase fault between the generator and the first circuit breaker are therefore much more serious and often result in severe damage to the busbars and nearby equipment. Isolated-phase bus is made in ratings from 3000 amperes to 45,000 amperes, and rated for voltages from 5000 volts up to about 35,000 volts. In the larger current ratings, dry air is forced through the enclosures and within the tubular conductors for forced-air cooling of the conductors. The cooling air is recirculated through a heat exchanger. Some items of switchgear, such as circuit breakers and isolating switches, are made in housings compatible with the isolated-phase bus. Accessories such as instrument transformers, surge arresters, and capacitors are also made in compatible housings. Due to the expense of its construction and the energy loss, isolated-phase bus is usually used in short segments; a large underground powerhouse may have isolated-phase bus up to about 250 metres or so to connect generators to transformers in a cavern. Forced-air cooling can approximately double the rating over the same size conductors used in a self-cooled system. The extra cost of losses and cooling fan power consumption must be balanced against the lower capital cost of the bus. Various forms of flexible terminals, expansion joints, and weatherproof or fire-proof bushings and",
"title": "Isolated-phase bus"
},
{
"docid": "63067942",
"text": "ALDIS (Austrian Lightning Detection & Information System) is a sensor network in Austria for the detection and localization of lightning discharge occurring during thunderstorms. In addition to the location of the strike point, the associated peak current is also estimated. ALDIS is a member of the pan-European lightning detection project EUCLID (EUropean Cooperation for LIghtning Detection). ALDIS was initiated in 1991. Project partners are the OVE (Austrian Electrotechnical Association) and APG (Austrian Power Grid). The detection of lightning, either from cloud-to-ground or within the cloud is accomplished by eight sensors of type LS7002 (Vaisala), which are distributed across the Austrian territory. The performance of a lightning location system is best described by the main performance parameters detection efficiency (DE), location accuracy (LA), and classification accuracy (CA). In a study by Schwalt et al. (2020) based on data from a high speed video camera and an electric field recording system, it is shown that the DE of flashes (any group of cloud-to-ground, CG, and intracloud, IC, discharges belonging to the same origin in the cloud) exceeds 96%. The LA of the detected cloud-to-ground discharges is about 100 m on average. The accuracy to classify correctly individual lightning events as cloud-to-ground (CG) or intracloud (IC) events is 80-90% (classification accuracy, CA) for the sensor system LS7002. Since 1998 a radio tower located on top of the Gaisberg (a mountain near Salzburg, Austria) is equipped with instruments in order to record lighting current waveforms and allow to obtain parameters of the lightning strokes to the tower. Thereby obtained data are also applicable for the performance analyses and calibration of the lightning location system ALDIS and lightning research studies in general. The main goals of the ALDIS project group are: to provide lightning data to a number of lighting sensitive businesses and organizations in Austria (meteorological services, insurance companies, etc.) to perform research about the origins and effects of lightning which has an impact on the development of lightning protection system thunderstorm warning due to automatically monitoring of first indications of approaching thunderstorms. This can be used to send warning messages to critical industries (e.g. handling of explosives) long-term archiving of located lightning for statistical evaluations in connection with the determination of the local lightning hazard or risk management according to the valid international lightning protection standards (IEC/EN 62305 series). Some historical lightning data can be accessed via HORA (Natural Hazard Overview & Risk Assessment Austria, https://hora.gv.at). An overview of the actual lightning activity in Austria is shown on ALDIS mobile. References Lightning Science and technology in Austria",
"title": "Austrian Lightning Detection & Information System"
},
{
"docid": "15235947",
"text": "In an electric power system, overcurrent or excess current is a situation where a larger than intended electric current exists through a conductor, leading to excessive generation of heat, and the risk of fire or damage to equipment. Possible causes for overcurrent include short circuits, excessive load, incorrect design, an arc fault, or a ground fault. Fuses, circuit breakers, and current limiters are commonly used overcurrent protection (OCP) mechanisms to control the risks. Circuit breakers, relays, and fuses protect circuit wiring from damage caused by overcurrent. Overcurrent in an electrical grid Overcurrent capabilities of electrical generators are essential for the power system operations. Lack of overcurrent capability (low short circuit ratio) of a weak grid creates a multitude of problems, including: transients during the large load changes will cause large variations of the grid voltage, causing problems with the loads (e.g., some motors might not be able to start in the undervoltage condition); the grid protection devices are designed to be triggered by a sufficient level of overcurrent. In a weak system the short circuit current might be hard to distinguish from a normal transient overcurrent encountered during the load changes; during a black start operation after a failure, large inrush current might be needed to energize the system components. For example, if some loads in a weak system remain connected, and inverter-based resource might not be able to start. Related standards IEC 60364-4-43: Electrical installations of buildings – Part 4-43: Protection for safety – Protection against overcurrent See also Current limiting Electrical fault Electrical safety Overvoltage References Sources Electrical systems",
"title": "Overcurrent"
},
{
"docid": "235899",
"text": "A circuit breaker is an electrical safety device designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by current in excess of that which the equipment can safely carry (overcurrent). Its basic function is to interrupt current flow to protect equipment and to prevent fire. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying current ratings, from devices that protect low-current circuits or individual household appliances, to switchgear designed to protect high-voltage circuits feeding an entire city. Any device which protects against excessive current by automatically removing power from a faulty system, such as a circuit breaker or fuse, can be referred to as an over-current protection device (OCPD). Origins An early form of circuit breaker was described by Thomas Edison in an 1879 patent application, although his commercial power distribution system used fuses. Its purpose was to protect lighting circuit wiring from accidental short circuits and overloads. A modern miniature circuit breaker similar to the ones now in use was patented by Brown, Boveri & Cie in 1924. Hugo Stotz, an engineer who had sold his company to Brown, Boveri & Cie, was credited as the inventor on German patent 458392. Stotz's invention was the forerunner of the modern thermal-magnetic breaker commonly used in household load centers to this day. Interconnection of multiple generator sources into an electrical grid required the development of circuit breakers with increasing voltage ratings and increased ability to safely interrupt the increasing short-circuit currents produced by networks. Simple air-break manual switches produced hazardous arcs when interrupting high-voltage circuits; these gave way to oil-enclosed contacts, and various forms using the directed flow of pressurized air, or pressurized oil, to cool and interrupt the arc. By 1935, the specially constructed circuit breakers used at the Boulder Dam project used eight series breaks and pressurized oil flow to interrupt faults of up to 2,500 MVA, in three AC cycles. Operation All circuit breaker systems have common features in their operation, but details vary substantially depending on the voltage class, current rating and type of the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker must first detect a fault condition. In small mains and low-voltage circuit breakers, this is usually done within the device itself. Typically, the heating or magnetic effects of electric current are employed. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually arranged with protective relay pilot devices to sense a fault condition and to operate the opening mechanism. These typically require a separate power source, such as a battery, although some high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers, protective relays, and internal power sources. Once a fault is detected, the circuit breaker contacts must open to interrupt the circuit; this is commonly done using mechanically stored energy contained within the breaker, such as a spring or compressed air to separate the contacts. A breaker may also use the higher current caused by the",
"title": "Circuit breaker"
},
{
"docid": "29160726",
"text": "An impulse generator is an electrical apparatus which produces very short high-voltage or high-current surges. Such devices can be classified into two types: impulse voltage generators and impulse current generators. High impulse voltages are used to test the strength of electric power equipment against lightning and switching surges. Also, steep-front impulse voltages are sometimes used in nuclear physics experiments. High impulse currents are needed not only for tests on equipment such as lightning arresters and fuses but also for many other technical applications such as lasers, thermonuclear fusion, and plasma devices. Jedlik's tubular voltage generator In 1863 Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik discovered the possibility of voltage multiplication and in 1868 demonstrated it with a \"tubular voltage generator\", which was successfully displayed at the Vienna World Exposition in 1873. It was an early form of the impulse generators now applied in nuclear research. The jury of the World Exhibition of 1873 in Vienna awarded his voltage multiplying condenser of cascade connection with prize \"For Development\". Through this condenser, Jedlik framed the principle of surge generator of cascaded connection. (The Cascade connection was another important invention of Ányos Jedlik.) Marx generator One form is the Marx generator, named after Erwin Otto Marx, who first proposed it in 1923. This consists of multiple capacitors that are first charged in parallel through charging resistors as by a high-voltage, direct-current source and then connected in series and discharged through a test object by a simultaneous spark-over of the spark gaps. The impulse current generator comprises many capacitors that are also charged in parallel by a high-voltage, low-current, direct-current source, but it is discharged in parallel through resistances, inductances, and a test object by a spark gap. See also Pulsed power Pulse-forming network Marx generator Cockcroft–Walton generator Fuse (electrical) Laser Nuclear fusion Particle accelerator Plasma (physics) References Electronic engineering Hungarian inventions",
"title": "Impulse generator"
},
{
"docid": "316577",
"text": "A launch pad is an above-ground facility from which a rocket-powered missile or space vehicle is vertically launched. The term launch pad can be used to describe just the central launch platform (mobile launcher platform), or the entire complex (launch complex). The entire complex will include a launch mount or launch platform to physically support the vehicle, a service structure with umbilicals, and the infrastructure required to provide propellants, cryogenic fluids, electrical power, communications, telemetry, rocket assembly, payload processing, storage facilities for propellants and gases, equipment, access roads, and drainage. Most launch pads include fixed service structures to provide one or more access platforms to assemble, inspect, and maintain the vehicle and to allow access to the spacecraft, including the loading of crew. The pad may contain a flame deflection structure to prevent the intense heat of the rocket exhaust from damaging the vehicle or pad structures, and a sound suppression system spraying large quantities of water may be employed. The pad may also be protected by lightning arresters. A spaceport typically includes multiple launch complexes and other supporting infrastructure. A launch pad is distinct from a missile launch facility (or missile silo or missile complex), which also launches a missile vertically but is located underground in order to help harden it against enemy attack. The launch complex for liquid fueled rockets often has extensive ground support equipment including propellant tanks and plumbing to fill the rocket before launch. Cryogenic propellants (liquid oxygen oxidizer, and liquid hydrogen or liquid methane fuel) need to be continuously topped off (i.e., boil-off replaced) during the launch sequence (countdown), as the vehicle awaits liftoff. This becomes particularly important as complex sequences may be interrupted by planned or unplanned holds to fix problems. Most rockets need to be supported and held down for a few seconds after ignition while the engines build up to full thrust. The vehicle is commonly held on the pad by hold-down arms or explosive bolts, which are triggered when the vehicle is stable and ready to fly, at which point all umbilical connections with the pad are released. Transport of rockets to the pad . Each launch site is unique, but a few broad types can be described by the means by which the space vehicle gets to the pad. Horizontally integrated rockets travel horizontally with the tail forward to the launch site on a transporter erector launcher and are then raised to the vertical position over the flame duct. Examples include all large Soviet rockets, including Soyuz, Proton, N1, and Energia. This method is also used by the SpaceX and Electron launch vehicles. Silo launched rockets are assembled inside of a missile silo. This method is only used by converted ICBMs due to the difficulty and expense of constructing a silo that can contain the forces of a rocket launch. Vertically integrated rockets can be assembled in a separate hangar on a mobile launcher platform (MLP). The MLP contains the umbilical structure and is carried to the launch site",
"title": "Launch pad"
},
{
"docid": "1138512",
"text": "The prospective short-circuit current (PSCC), available fault current, or short-circuit making current is the highest electric current which can exist in a particular electrical system under short-circuit conditions. It is determined by the voltage and impedance of the supply system. It is of the order of a few thousand amperes for a standard domestic mains electrical installation, but may be as low as a few milliamperes in a separated extra-low voltage (SELV) system or as high as hundreds of thousands of amps in large industrial power systems. The term is used in electrical engineering rather than electronics. Protective devices such as circuit breakers and fuses must be selected with an interrupting rating that exceeds the prospective short-circuit current, if they are to safely protect the circuit from a fault. When a large electric current is interrupted an arc forms, and if the breaking capacity of a fuse or circuit breaker is exceeded, it will not extinguish the arc. Current will continue, resulting in damage to equipment, fire, or explosion. Residential In designing domestic power installations, the short-circuit current available on the electrical outlets should not be too high or too low. The effect of too high short-circuit current is discussed in the previous section. The short-circuit current should be around 20 times the rating of the circuit to ensure the branch circuit protection clears a fault quickly. Quick disconnecting is needed, because during a line-to-ground short circuit the grounding pin potential on the power outlet can rise relative to the local earth (concrete floor, water pipe etc.) to a dangerous voltage, which needs to be shut down quickly for safety. If the short-circuit current is lower than this figure, special precautions need to be taken to make sure that the system is safe; those usually include using a residual-current device (a.k.a. ground fault interrupter) for extra protection. The short-circuit current available on the electrical outlets is often tested when inspecting new electrical installations to make sure that the short-circuit current is within reasonable limits. A high short-circuit current on the outlet also shows that the resistance from the electrical panel to the outlet is low, so there won't be an unacceptably high voltage drop on the wires under normal load. The resistance path is the total resistance back through the supply transformer; to measure this an engineer will use an \"earth fault loop impedance meter\". The application of a low voltage allows a small current to pass from the socket back through earth to the supply transformer and distribution board. The resistance measured can be used to calculate the short-circuit current. Utility and industrial In power transmission systems and industrial power systems, often the short-circuit current is calculated from the nameplate impedances of connected equipment and the impedance of interconnecting wiring. For simple radial distribution systems with only a few elements, hand calculation is feasible, but computer software is generally used for more complex systems. Where rotating machines (generators and motors) are present in the system, the time-varying effect of",
"title": "Prospective short-circuit current"
},
{
"docid": "2118467",
"text": "British Standard BS 7671 \"Requirements for Electrical Installations. IET Wiring Regulations\", informally called in the UK electrical community \"The Regs\", is the national standard in the United Kingdom for electrical installation and the safety of electrical wiring systems SCOPE of BS 7671 The regulations in BS7671 applies to the design, selection, erection and verification of electrical installations within; residential properties commercial properties public premises industrial premises prefabricated building low voltage generating sets highway equipment and street furniture locations containing a bath or shower rooms or cabins that contain a sauna swimming pools and other basins construction and demolition sites agricultural and horticultural premises caravan/camping parks and similar locations marinas and similar locations medical locations exhibitions, shows and stands Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems (Domestic and commercial) outdoor lighting installations extra-low voltage lighting mobile and transportable units caravans and motor caravans temporary installations for structures, amusement devices/booths at fairgrounds, amusement parks, circuses and professional stage and broadcast applications operating and maintenance gangways floor and ceiling heating systems onshore units of electrical shore connections for inland navigation vessels. Exclusions from the scope of BS 7671 are the following. systems for the distribution of electricity to the public other than prosumer's installations covered by Chapter 82 Railway traction equipment, rolling stock and signalling equipment Equipment of motor vehicles, except those to which the requirements of the Regulations concerning caravans or other types of mobile unit are applicable. Equipment on board ships covered by BS 8450, BS EN 60092-507, BS EN ISO 13297 or BS EN ISO 10133 Equipment of mobile or fixed offshore installations. Equipment within and aircraft. Those aspects of mines covered by Statutory Regulations Radio interference suppression equipment, except so far as it affects safety of the electrical installation. Lightning protection systems for buildings and structures covered by BS EN 62305. Those aspects of Lift Installations covered by relevant parts of BS 5655 and BS EN 81 and those aspects of escalator or moving walkway installations covered by relevant parts of BS 5656 and BS EN 115. Electrical equipment of machines covered by BS EN 60204. Electric fences covered by BS EN 60335-2-76 The DC side of cathodic protection systems complying with the relevant part(s) of BS EN 12696, BS EN 12954, BS EN ISO 13174, BS EN 13636 and BS EN 14505. BS 7671 only covers electrical systems that the IET defines as those covered by the following. Circuits supplied at a nominal voltage up to, but not exceeding 1000V AC or 1500V DC. For AC the preferred frequencies of the supply are 50Hz, 60Hz and 400Hz. The use of other frequencies for special purposes in not excluded. Part 2 - Definitions the voltages covered by BS7671 are defined thus. Voltage, nominal (U0). The voltage by which an installation (or part of an installation) is designated and the following ranges of nominal voltage (rms values for AC) are defined Extra-low. Not exceeding 50V AC or 120V ripple free DC, whether between conductors or Earth Low. Exceeding extra-low voltage but",
"title": "BS 7671"
},
{
"docid": "294989",
"text": "A spark gap consists of an arrangement of two conducting electrodes separated by a gap usually filled with a gas such as air, designed to allow an electric spark to pass between the conductors. When the potential difference between the conductors exceeds the breakdown voltage of the gas within the gap, a spark forms, ionizing the gas and drastically reducing its electrical resistance. An electric current then flows until the path of ionized gas is broken or the current reduces below a minimum value called the \"holding current\". This usually happens when the voltage drops, but in some cases occurs when the heated gas rises, stretching out and then breaking the filament of ionized gas. Usually, the action of ionizing the gas is violent and disruptive, often leading to sound (ranging from a snap for a spark plug to thunder for a lightning discharge), light, and heat. Spark gaps were used historically in early electrical equipment, such as spark gap radio transmitters, electrostatic machines, and X-ray machines. Their most widespread use today is in spark plugs to ignite the fuel in internal combustion engines, but they are also used in lightning arresters and other devices to protect electrical equipment from high-voltage transients. Breakdown voltage For air, the breakdown strength is about 30 kV/cm at sea level. Spark visibility The light emitted by a spark does not come from the current of electrons itself, but from the material medium fluorescing in response to collisions from the electrons. When electrons collide with molecules of air in the gap, they excite their orbital electrons to higher energy levels. When these excited electrons fall back to their original energy levels, they emit energy as light. It is impossible for a visible spark to form in a vacuum. Without intervening matter capable of electromagnetic transitions, the spark will be invisible (see vacuum arc). Applications Spark gaps are essential to the functioning of a number of electronic devices. Ignition devices A spark plug uses a spark gap to initiate combustion. The heat of the ionization trail, but more importantly, UV radiation and hot free electrons (both cause the formation of reactive free radicals) ignite a fuel-air mixture inside an internal combustion engine, or a burner in a furnace, oven, or stove. The more UV radiation is produced and successfully spread into the combustion chamber, the further the combustion process proceeds. The Space Shuttle Main Engine hydrogen oxygen propellant mixture was ignited with a spark igniter. Protective devices Spark gaps are frequently used to prevent voltage surges from damaging equipment. Spark gaps are used in high-voltage switches, large power transformers, in power plants and electrical substations. Such switches are constructed with a large, remote-operated switching blade with a hinge as one contact and two leaf springs holding the other end as second contact. If the blade is opened, a spark may keep the connection between blade and spring conducting. The spark ionizes the air, which becomes conductive and allows an arc to form, which sustains ionization and",
"title": "Spark gap"
},
{
"docid": "6855511",
"text": "An electrical room is a technical room or space in a building dedicated to electrical equipment. Its size is usually proportional to the size of the building; large buildings may have a main electrical room and subsidiary electrical rooms. Electrical equipment may be for power distribution equipment, or for communications equipment. Electrical rooms typically house the following equipment: Electric switchboards Distribution boards Circuit breakers and disconnects Motor control centers Transformers Busbars Electricity meters Backup batteries in a Battery room Fire alarm control panels Distribution frames In large building complexes, the primary electrical room may house an indoor electrical substation. Construction features The construction features of an electrical room vary depending on the scope of the equipment to be installed. Floors may be reinforced to support heavy transformers and switchgear. Walls and ceilings may have to support a heavy cable tray system or busbars. Additional ventilation or air conditioning may be needed, since electrical apparatus gives off heat but the temperature must not rise beyond the tolerance of equipment. Double doors may be installed to allow for maintenance of large equipment. If utility service entrance equipment and metering is present in the room, special provisions may be made for access by utility personnel. Fire detection and fire suppression systems, such as carbon dioxide, may be installed. A large electrical room may have extensive provisions for grounding (earthing) and bonding enclosures of electrical equipment to prevent stray voltage and danger of electric shock, even during faults in the electrical system. Lightning protection requires different measures than protection from power-frequency faults. Electrical rooms may have electromagnetic shielding to prevent interference to nearby sensitive audio or video equipment. In large facilities access control systems may control admission to the room. Regulations Layout details and construction of electrical rooms will be controlled by local building code and electrical code regulations. Requirements for an electrical room relate to fire safety and electrical hazards. An electrical room is usually required to be secured from access by unauthorized persons; these rules are especially strict where equipment within the room has exposed live terminals. Regulations may require two separate means of exit from a room where the power rating of circuits exceeds some threshold, to allow for quick exit in an emergency. Rooms containing oil-filled equipment may be required to have fire-resistant construction or active fire suppression equipment in the room and may be designated as an electrical vault. Since power distribution often requires large numbers of electrical cables, special measures for fire resistance of cables and cable trays may be also specified by regulations. In industrial buildings that handle flammable gases or liquids, or combustible dusts, special electrical rooms may be prepared that have ventilation and other measures to prevent an explosion hazard that would otherwise exist with electrical equipment in hazardous areas. For large installations, it may be less costly overall to use a special room than to install a large number of devices that are resistant to the hazardous conditions. Similarly, in wet or corrosive environments,",
"title": "Electrical room"
},
{
"docid": "457968",
"text": "A power strip is a block of electrical sockets that attaches to the end of a flexible cable (typically with a mains plug on the other end), allowing multiple electrical devices to be powered from a single electrical socket. Power strips are often used when many electrical devices are in proximity, such as for audio, video, computer systems, appliances, power tools, and lighting. Power strips often include a circuit breaker to interrupt the electric current in case of an overload or a short circuit. Some power strips provide protection against electrical power surges. Typical housing styles include strip, rack-mount, under-monitor and direct plug-in. Control Some power strips include a master switch to turn all devices on and off. This can be used with simple devices, such as lights, but not with most computers, which must use shutdown commands from the software first. Computers may have open files, which may be damaged if the power is simply turned off. Some power strips have individually switched outlets. \"Master/slave\" strips can detect one \"master\" device being turned off (such as the PC itself in a computer setup, or a TV in a home theatre) and turn everything else on or off accordingly. Remote control strips are used in data centers, to allow computer systems or other devices to be remotely restarted, often over the Internet (although this leaves them vulnerable to outside attacks). Indication Many power strips have a neon or LED indicator light or one per output socket to show when power is on. Better-quality surge-protected strips have additional lights to indicate the status of the surge protection system, however these are not always reliable as an indicator. Energy-saving features and standby power Some power strips have energy-saving features, which switch off the strip if appliances go into standby mode. Using a sensor circuit, they detect if the level of power through the socket is in standby mode (less than 30 watts), and if so they will turn off that socket. This reduces the consumption of standby power used by computer peripherals and other equipment when not in use, saving money and energy Some more-sophisticated power strips have a master and slave socket arrangement, and when the \"master\" socket detects standby mode in the attached appliance's current it turns off the whole strip. However, there can be problems detecting standby power in appliances that use more power in standby mode (such as plasma televisions) as they will always appear to the power strip to be switched on. When using a master–slave power strip, one way to avoid such problems is to plug an appliance with a lower standby wattage (such as a DVD player) into the master socket, using it as the master control instead. A different power strip design intended to save energy uses a passive infrared (PIR) or ultrasonic sound detector to determine if a person is nearby. If the sensors don't detect any motion for a preset period of time, the strip shuts off several outlets, while leaving one",
"title": "Power strip"
},
{
"docid": "36672111",
"text": "Since the late 1980s, there have been several attempts to investigate the possibility of harvesting lightning energy. A single bolt of lightning carries a relatively large amount of energy (approximately 7 gigajoules or about the energy stored in 38 gallons or 172 litres of gasoline). However, this energy is concentrated in a small location and is passed during an extremely short period of time (microseconds); therefore, extremely high electrical power is involved. 5 gigajoules over 10 microseconds is equal to 500 terawatts. Because lightning bolts vary in voltage and current, a more average calculation would be 10 gigawatts. It has been proposed that the energy contained in lightning be used to generate hydrogen from water, to harness the energy from rapid heating of water due to lightning, or to use a group of lightning arresters to harness a strike, either directly or by converting it to heat or mechanical energy, or to use inductors spaced far enough away so that a safe fraction of the energy might be captured. Overview A technology capable of harvesting lightning energy would need to be able to rapidly capture the high power involved in a lightning bolt. Several schemes have been proposed, but the ever-changing energy involved in each lightning bolt renders lightning power harvesting from ground-based rods impractical: too high and it will damage the storage; too low and it may not work. Additionally, lightning is sporadic, and therefore energy would have to be collected and stored; it is difficult to convert high-voltage electrical power to the lower-voltage power that can be stored. In the summer of 2007, an alternative energy company called Alternate Energy Holdings, Inc. (AEHI) tested a method for capturing the energy in lightning bolts. The design for the system had been purchased from an Illinois inventor named Steve LeRoy, who had reportedly been able to power a 60-watt light bulb for 20 minutes using the energy captured from a small flash of artificial lightning. The method involved a tower, a means of shunting off a large portion of the incoming energy, and a capacitor to store the rest. According to Donald Gillispie, CEO of AEHI, they \"couldn't make it work,\" although \"given enough time and money, you could probably scale this thing up... it's not black magic; it's truly math and science, and it could happen.\" According to Martin A. Uman, co-director of the Lightning Research Laboratory at the University of Florida and a leading authority on lightning, \"a single lightning strike, while fast and bright, contains very little energy by the time it gets down to earth, and dozens of lightning towers like those used in the system tested by AEHI would be needed to operate five 100-watt light bulbs for the course of a year\". When interviewed by The New York Times, he stated that \"the energy in a thunderstorm is comparable to that of an atomic bomb, but trying to harvest the energy of lightning from the ground is hopeless\". Another major challenge when attempting to",
"title": "Harvesting lightning energy"
},
{
"docid": "34220239",
"text": "IEC 60204-1 / EN 60204 Safety of machinery – Electrical equipment of machines – Part 1: General requirements This is a standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), published in parallel by CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization). Content The standard contains the following: Electrical Supply Requirements; electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements; over current and over voltage protection requirements; requirements for determination of the short circuit current rating of the electrical equipment; protective bonding requirements, terminology, and protection against electric shock; Incoming supply requirements and switching; requirements pertaining to safe torque off, emergency stop, and control circuit protection; symbols for actuators of control devices; testing requirements; marking and documentation requirements. Scope IEC 60204-1 is scoped to cover the electrical equipment of machines that operate in the low-voltage range, generally accepted to be 1000 V a.c. or less, or 1500 V d.c. or less. Equipment within the scope is typically built from off-the-shelf components assembled into a suitable electrical enclosure, with the necessary interconnecting wiring and mechanical supporting structures. Custom switchgear and controlgear assemblies are covered by IEC 61439-1 used with IEC 61439-2. Switchgear and controlgear assemblies are explicitly permitted for integration as part of the electrical equipment of machines under IEC 60204-1. The electrical equipment covered by the standard includes the switchgear and controlgear of the machine. Switchgear includes the power switching components, e.g., the main disconnecting device, and breakers protecting the supply conductors and the branch circuits in the machine. Controlgear includes all of the control system components downstream of the switchgear, out to the final point of control, but not including the machine actuators. The scope restricts the mains supply frequency to an upper limit of 200 Hz. This acts to exclude machinery built for installation on aircraft or shipboard where the supply frequency is typically 400 Hz. Specialized machines have additional requirements found in other parts of IEC 60204, including machines that: are intended for use in open air (i.e. outside buildings or other protective structures); use, process, or produce potentially explosive material (for example paint or sawdust); are intended for use in potentially explosive and/or flammable atmospheres; have special risks when producing or using certain materials; are intended for use in mines; are sewing machines, units, and systems (which are covered by IEC 60204-31); are hoisting machines (which are covered by IEC 60204-32); are semiconductor fabrication equipment (which are covered by IEC 60204-33). Exclusions Specifically excluded from the scope of IEC 60204-1 are machines that are portable by hand when working, and machines \"where electrical energy is directly used as a working tool.\" The complete scope of the standard can be viewed by visiting the IEC catalog page for the standard and clicking on the \"Preview\" button to obtain the Table of Contents, Scope, and Normative References sections of the standard. Parts IEC 60204-11, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 11: Requirements for equipment for voltages above 1 000 V AC or 1 500 V DC and not exceeding 36 kV IEC",
"title": "IEC 60204"
},
{
"docid": "1561900",
"text": "In an electric power system, a switchgear is composed of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This type of equipment is directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply. The earliest central power stations used simple open knife switches, mounted on insulating panels of marble or asbestos. Power levels and voltages rapidly escalated, making opening manually operated switches too dangerous for anything other than isolation of a de-energized circuit. Oil-filled switchgear equipment allows arc energy to be contained and safely controlled. By the early 20th century, a switchgear line-up would be a metal-enclosed structure with electrically operated switching elements using oil circuit breakers. Today, oil-filled equipment has largely been replaced by air-blast, vacuum, or SF6 equipment, allowing large currents and power levels to be safely controlled by automatic equipment. High-voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for operating motors and other electric machines. The technology has been improved over time and can now be used with voltages up to 1,100 kV. Typically, switchgear in substations is located on both the high- and low-voltage sides of large power transformers. The switchgear on the low-voltage side of the transformers may be located in a building, with medium-voltage circuit breakers for distribution circuits, along with metering, control, and protection equipment. For industrial applications, a transformer and switchgear line-up may be combined in one housing, called a unitized substation (USS). According to the latest research by Visiongain, a market research company, the worldwide switchgear market is expected to achieve $152.5 billion by 2029 at a CAGR of 5.9%. Growing investment in renewable energy and enhanced demand for safe and secure electrical distribution systems are expected to generate the increase. Components A switchgear assembly has two types of components: Power-conducting components, such as switches, circuit breakers, fuses, and lightning arrestors, that conduct or interrupt the flow of electrical power. Control systems such as control panels, current transformers, potential transformers, protective relays, and associated circuitry, that monitor, control, and protect the power-conducting components. Functions One of the basic functions of switchgear is protection, which is interruption of short-circuit and overload fault currents while maintaining service to unaffected circuits. Switchgear also provides isolation of circuits from power supplies. Switchgear is further used to enhance system availability by allowing more than one source to feed a load. History Switchgear is as old as electricity generation. The first models were very primitive: all components were simply fixed to a wall. Later they were mounted on wooden panels. For reasons of fire protection, the wood was replaced by slate or marble. This led to a further improvement, because the switching and measuring devices could be attached to the front, while the wiring was on the back. Housing Switchgear for lower voltages may be entirely enclosed within a building. For higher voltages (over about 66 kV), switchgear is typically",
"title": "Switchgear"
},
{
"docid": "395904",
"text": "Sir William Snow Harris (1 April 1791 – 22 January 1867) was a British physician and electrical researcher, nicknamed Thunder-and-Lightning Harris, and noted for his invention of a successful system of lightning conductors for ships. It took many years of campaigning, research and successful testing before the British Royal Navy changed to Harris's conductors from their previous less effective system. One of the successful test vessels was which survived lightning strikes unharmed on her famous voyage with Charles Darwin. Life and work Harris was born in Plymouth on 1 April 1791. His family was well established as solicitors in the town, and he went to Plymouth Grammar School. His childhood in the seaport which included the naval dockyard renamed Devonport gave him an enduring interest in ships. He went to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine and qualified as a physician, then returned to Plymouth and set up a medical practice. His interest in the emerging science of electricity led him to invent his improved lightning conductor for ships in 1820. In 1824 he married, and decided to abandon his profession of medicine to concentrate on his studies of electricity. His paper \"On the Relative Powers of various Metallic Substances as Conductors of Electricity\", read before the Royal Society in 1826, led to him being elected a fellow of the society in 1831. He read papers on the elementary laws of electricity to the Society in 1834, 1836 and 1839, and also sent accounts of his experiments and discoveries to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His experimental investigations into the force of high intensity electricity were published in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834. In 1835 Harris received the Royal Society's Copley Medal for his \"Experimental Investigations of the Forces of Electricity of high Intensity\". Harris was curator of apparatus in the museum of The Plymouth Institution (now The Plymouth Athenaeum) and held the office of President twice. His work on lightning conductors for ships gained him a government annuity of £300 \"in consideration of services in the cultivation of science\", and to overcome continued objections to his proposals he published an 1843 work on Thunderstorms, as well as contributing papers to The Nautical Magazine on lightning damage. He was knighted in 1847 after the system had been adopted and shown successful, and was given a grant of £5,000. Though his continued research did not find new discoveries, his manuals of Electricity, Galvanism and Magnetism were published between 1848 and 1856 and went through several editions. When he died in Plymouth on 22 January 1867 he had a Treatise on Frictional Electricity in preparation, and it was published later that year. Lightning conductor for ships The lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 suggested a way of avoiding the common problem of lightning causing damage to the wooden sailing ships of the period. In Britain, the Royal Navy chose a protection system with a chain draped into the sea from the top of the mast as a lightning conductor.",
"title": "William Snow Harris"
},
{
"docid": "22435060",
"text": "Network isolators are installed as part of a wired Ethernet system as galvanic isolators to reduce the potential for electrical injury and limit the extent of damage due to lightning strikes. Through the applied principle of electromagnetic induction, network data is transmitted across an electrically non-conducting barrier. High frequency AC voltages conveying data are induced across an isolating gap. The network isolator is a passive device, and functions without any requirement of an external power supply. A functional equivalent to network isolators is Ethernet over a small stretch of optical fibre, using media converters or Ethernet switches/network cards with fiber connections on each end. Applications Network isolators have many other applications in overcoming the problems of differing ground potentials across networks, or between network components. For example: Electrical testing facilities, where measurement and monitoring equipment are connected to a central control centre through an Ethernet; For redundant server systems, which are physically connected via a copper network; For private or commercial networks, where inherent potential differences within a building, or between buildings, become problematic, and a fibre-optic solution is not economically viable; General usage as filters for shield currents in Ethernet connections. Medical Network isolators are used in medical devices to protect patients against leakage currents. Network connections between medical devices and Ethernet networks (and other non-medical devices, such as personal computers) must be in accordance with the IEC 60601-1 standard. This standard specifically deals with medical electronic and electrical equipment and systems, and classifies non-medical devices as potential hazard sources. A specific hazard stems from possible differences in ground potentials between network components, which, when not properly isolated, can result in a leakage current that can flow through the patient, which is dangerous, and potentially lethal. Such voltage differences can also arise through incorrect installation and wiring of network systems, electrical shorting within damaged cables and cabling, or shorting between damaged network cables and other voltage sources. Network isolators work to remove this hazard, by electrically disconnecting medical devices from a network. Isolators may be used as network accessories, built into medical devices, or installed within a medical network system. Networks isolators should be installed as close as possible to the medical device in question. As they serve no therapeutic or diagnostic purpose, network isolators themselves are not classed as medical electronic equipment according to the IEC 60601-1 standard, nor do they fall within the scope of the Medical Devices Directive 93/42/EEC. They are often installed in the medical field in conjunction with isolation transformers, which serve to protect the patient from other electrical faults. Technical requirements The international standard IEC 60601-1 Medical Electrical Equipment (3rd edition) specifies stringent criteria on the safety and isolation of medical devices. These requirements are of course much more stringent than those of a typical consumer product standard (i.e. IEC 60950 Safety of Information Technology Equipment), as the patient may be unconscious, anaesthetised, or otherwise unable to move, and the need for patient protection is therefore paramount. The IEC 60601-1 standard requires that",
"title": "Network isolator"
},
{
"docid": "575126",
"text": "An isolation transformer is a transformer used to transfer electrical power from a source of alternating current (AC) power to some equipment or device while isolating the powered device from the power source, usually for safety reasons or to reduce transients and harmonics. Isolation transformers provide galvanic isolation; no conductive path is present between source and load. This isolation is used to protect against electric shock, to suppress electrical noise in sensitive devices, or to transfer power between two circuits which must not be connected. A transformer sold for isolation is often built with special insulation between primary and secondary, and is specified to withstand a high voltage between windings. Isolation transformers block transmission of the DC component in signals from one circuit to the other, but allow AC components in signals to pass. Transformers that have a ratio of 1 to 1 between the primary and secondary windings are often used to protect secondary circuits and individuals from electrical shocks between energized conductors and earth ground. Suitably designed isolation transformers block interference caused by ground loops. Isolation transformers with electrostatic shields are used for power supplies for sensitive equipment such as computers, medical devices, or laboratory instruments. Some specifications require that Isolation transformers be a part of the lightning protection on the AC circuits. Terminology Sometimes the term is used to emphasize that a device is not an autotransformer whose primary and secondary circuits are connected. Power transformers with specified insulation between primary and secondary are not usually described only as \"isolation transformers\" unless this is their primary function. Only transformers whose primary purpose is to isolate circuits are routinely described as isolation transformers. Operation Isolation transformers are designed with attention to capacitive coupling between the two windings. The capacitance between primary and secondary windings would also couple AC current from the primary to the secondary. A grounded Faraday shield between the primary and the secondary greatly reduces the coupling of common-mode noise. This may be another winding or a metal strip surrounding a winding. Differential noise can magnetically couple from the primary to the secondary of an isolation transformer, and must be filtered out if a problem occurs. Applications Pulse transformers Some small transformers are used for isolation in pulse circuits. Electronics testing In electronics testing and servicing, an isolation transformer is a 1:1 (under load) power transformer used for safety. Without it, exposed live metal in a device under test is at a hazardous voltage relative to grounded objects such as a heating radiator or oscilloscope ground lead (a particular hazard with some old vacuum-tube equipment with live chassis). With the transformer, as there is no conductive connection between transformer secondary and primary, only a small leakage current will flow if the exposed live metal is connected to earth. Even if an isolation transformer is used, hazardous voltages may still be present between components of the isolated device. Thus it is still possible for an operator to be exposed to lethal voltages by touching multiple elements in",
"title": "Isolation transformer"
},
{
"docid": "41472",
"text": "In telecommunication, the term outside plant has the following meanings: In civilian telecommunications, outside plant refers to all of the physical cabling and supporting infrastructure (such as conduit, cabinets, tower or poles), and any associated hardware (such as repeaters) located between a demarcation point in a switching facility and a demarcation point in another switching center or customer premises. In the United States, the DOD defines outside plant as the communications equipment located between a main distribution frame (MDF) and a user end instrument. The CATV industry divides its fixed assets between head end or inside plant, and outside plant. The electrical power industry also uses the term outside plant to refer to electric power distribution systems. Context Network connections between devices such as computers, printers, and phones require a physical infrastructure to carry and process signals. Typically, this infrastructure will consist of: Cables from wall outlets and jacks run to a communications closets, sometimes referred to as station cable. Cables connecting one communications closet to another, sometimes referred to as riser cable. Racks containing telecommunications hardware, such as switches, routers, and repeaters. Cables connecting one building to another. Exterior communications cabinets containing hardware outside of buildings. Radio transceivers used inside or outside buildings, such as wireless access points, and hardware associated with them, such as antennas and towers. The portion of this infrastructure contained within a building is the inside plant, and the portion of this infrastructure connecting buildings or facilities is the outside plant. Where these two plants meet in a given structure is the demarcation point. Outside plant cabling, whether copper or fiber, is generally installed as aerial cable between poles, in an underground conduit system, or by direct burial. Hardware associated with the outside plant must be either protected from the elements (for example, distribution frames are generally protected by a street side cabinet) or constructed with materials suitable for exposure to the elements. Installation of the outside plant elements often require construction of significant physical infrastructure, such as underground vaults. In older large installations, cabling is sometimes protected by air pressure systems designed to prevent water infiltration. While this is not a modern approach, the cost of replacement of the older cabling with sealed cabling is often prohibitively expensive. The cabling used in the outside plant must also be protected from electrical disturbances caused by lightning or voltage surges due to electrical shorts or induction. Example: copper access network In civilian telecommunications, the copper access network (also known as the local loop) providing basic telephone or DSL services typically consists of the following elements: In-house wiring that connects customer premises equipment to the demarcation point, usually in residential installations contained in a weather protected box. One or more twisted pairs, called a drop wire. The drop wires typically connect to a splice case, located in line for aerial cables, or in a small weather protected case for underground wiring, where the local cabling is connected to a secondary feeder line. These cables contain fifty or",
"title": "Outside plant"
},
{
"docid": "56471486",
"text": "Vernon Cooray is a Sri Lankan scientist who is an emeritus professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering at Uppsala University, Sweden. As a scientist he has concentrated on solving both physics and engineering problems related to lightning physics, lightning protection and physics of electrical discharges. This research work has resulted in more than 600 research publications. He was the Ph.D. thesis supervisor of more than thirty researchers, both at Uppsala and foreign universities, who are now actively engaged in lightning research and lightning protection in different parts of the world. Early life and career In 2014 he was elected as the president of the International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP) for a period of six years. ICLP is considered as the most prestigious conference in the world that addresses the problems related to lightning physics and lightning protection and attended by lightning researchers and engineers from all over the world. From 2000 to 2017, he was the professor responsible for the research and Ph.D. studies in the field of atmospheric electrical discharges at Uppsala University. Vernon Cooray has also contributed to educate the general public on lightning and lightning protection through newspapers, radio and television. Vernon Cooray has edited three books and authored two books on lightning physics and lightning protection. Research He is the first scientist to show that the basic foundation of all engineering return stroke models are the same even though they are expressed in different mathematical formulations. He is also the first scientist to resolve one of the controversies that existed in 1980s between the EMC engineers and Power engineers related to the theories of interaction of lightning electromagnetic fields with power lines by showing that a model developed by Prof. Sune Rusck, and used frequently by power engineers, is identical to the model developed by Agrawal et al., frequently used by EMC engineers. He and his collaborators were the first group of scientists to show that lightning cloud flashes are as efficient as lightning ground flashes in generating nitrogen oxides. He together with Prof. Marcos Rubinstein developed the Cooray-Rubinstein approximation which is frequently used in analysing the voltages induced in power lines by lightning. Vernon Cooray and Marley Becerra developed the lightning interaction simulation program SLIM that can be used to predict the location of lightning strikes to structures. He together with Dr. Gerald Cooray illustrated a connection between classical electromagnetic fields and time energy uncertainty principle. Awards He has been awarded the Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) honorary degree from University of Colombo in Sri Lanka, the IEEE fellow membership, the Karl Berger award from the international scientific committee of ICLP, and the best book award from the Atmospheric Science Librarians International (ASLI). References 1951 births Living people Fellows of the IEEE Sri Lankan scientists Swedish people of Sri Lankan descent",
"title": "Vernon Cooray"
},
{
"docid": "5801968",
"text": "A field mill is a specialized instrument used for measuring the strength of electric fields in the atmosphere, one of the key parameters of atmospheric electricity. They are used in the launch criteria for rockets bound for orbit, as well as the now-retired Space Shuttle, to avoid lightning strikes. They are also used in outdoor laboratories for lightning protection equipment to determine favorable experiment conditions, or simply to measure the atmospheric electric field away from thunderstorms. The \"mill\" is a typical rotating shutter design in the instrument. It acts as a Chopper, converting the tiny DC signal of ambient static electricity into a tiny AC signal that is easier to detect without the amplifier's DC bias swamping it. It can be used on the ground, or deployed airborne and flown through anvil head clouds to make measurements. KSC electric field mill network At Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida, 31 field mills are deployed around KSC and the nearby Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. Data from the field mills help forecasters determine when electric charge aloft might trigger lightning during a launch. References External links About Electric Field Mill Operation CAMEX-4 MIPS Field Mill Application of Airborne Field Mill Data for Use in Launch Support Florida Airborne Field Mill Research May Improve Launch Weather Criteria http://www.precisionstrobe.com/jc/fieldmill/fieldmill.html Build a homemade field mill INEO SUEZ Lightning Research Laboratory—University of Florida Lightning detection Meteorological instrumentation and equipment fr:Détecteur de foudre#Moulin à champ",
"title": "Field mill"
},
{
"docid": "18758722",
"text": "Most forms of uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can be either powered by battery or flywheel energy. These are ready for immediate use at the instant that the mains electricity fails, but the relatively small and finite amount of stored energy they contain makes them suitable for short periods of use, typically in the order of a few dozen minutes to a couple of hours depending on the actual load. To get uninterruptible and continuous power supply, a diesel-generator back-up system is needed along with a fuel supply plan that includes on-demand replacement. Diesel rotary uninterruptible power supply devices (DRUPS) combine the functionality of a battery-powered or flywheel-powered UPS and a diesel generator. When mains electricity supply is within specification, an electrical generator with a mass functions as motor to store kinetic energy in an electro-mechanical flywheel. When mains electricity supply fails, stored energy in the flywheel is released to drive the electrical generator, which continues to supply power without interruption. At the same time (or with some delay, for example 2 to 11 seconds, to prevent the diesel engine from starting at every incident), the diesel engine takes over from the flywheel to drive the electrical generator to make the electricity required. The electro-magnetic flywheel can continue to support the diesel generator in order to keep a stable output frequency. Typically a DRUPS will have enough fuel to power the load for days or even weeks in the event of failure of the mains electricity supply. The main advantages of DRUPS equipment compared to battery-powered UPS combined with a diesel-generator are the higher overall system energy efficiency, smaller footprint, use of fewer components, longer technical lifetime (no use of power electronics) and the fact it does not result in chemical waste (no use of batteries). The main disadvantages of DRUPS equipment are a more frequent maintenance regimen due to the number of moving parts. DRUPS are also typically installed in external buildings due to noise concerns from the generators. A DRUPS can provide a ride-through time of 15–40 seconds. A flywheel UPS can be installed ahead of typical UPS battery systems to reduce the effects of lightning & switching transients and to increase battery life. See also Spot network substation References Uninterruptible power supply",
"title": "Diesel rotary uninterruptible power supply"
},
{
"docid": "29152171",
"text": "A remote radio head (RRH), also called a remote radio unit (RRU) in wireless networks, is a remote radio transceiver that connects to an operator radio control panel via electrical or wireless interface. When used to describe aircraft radio cockpit radio systems, the control panel is often called the radio head. In wireless system technologies such as GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, 5G NR this radio equipment is remote to baseband units such as BTS/NodeB/eNodeB/gNodeB or gNB. This equipment is used to extend the coverage of a baseband unit in challenging environments such as rural areas or tunnels. RRHs are generally connected to the baseband unit or base station which can be an x86 server on the ground near a cell tower, via a fiber optic cable using Common Public Radio Interface protocols. RRHs have become one of the most important subsystems of today's new distributed base stations. The RRH contains RF circuitry plus analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog converters and up/down converters, and connects to, and thus drives the cell site's antenna. RRHs also have operation and management processing capabilities and a standardized optical interface to connect to the rest of the base station/baseband unit. This will be increasingly true as LTE and WiMAX are deployed. Remote radio heads make MIMO operation easier; they increase a base station's efficiency and facilitate easier physical location for gap coverage problems. RRHs will use the latest RF component technology including gallium nitride (GaN) RF power devices and envelope tracking technology within the RRH RF power amplifier (RFPA). RRH protection in fiber to the antenna systems Fourth generation (4G) and beyond infrastructure deployments will include the implementation of Fiber to the Antenna (FTTA) architecture. FTTA architecture has enabled lower power requirements, distributed antenna sites, and a reduced base station footprint than conventional tower sites. The use of FTTA will promote the separation of power and signal components from the base station and their relocation to the top of the tower mast in a Remote Radio Head (RRH). According to the Telcordia industry standard that establishes generic requirements for Fiber to the Antenna (FTTA) protection GR-3177, the RRH shifts the entire high-frequency and power electronic segments from the base station to a location adjacent to the antenna. The RRH will be served by optical fiber and DC power for the optical-to-electronic conversion at the RRH. RRHs located on cell towers will require Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) to protect the system from lightning strikes and induced power surges. There is also a change in electrical overstress exposure due to the relocation of the equipment from the base station to the top of the mast. Protection from lightning damage RRHs can be installed in a low-profile arrangement along a rooftop, or can involve a much higher tower arrangement. When installed at the highest point on a structure (whether a building or a dedicated cell tower), they will be more vulnerable to receiving a direct lightning strike and higher induced lightning levels, compared with those installed in a lower profile manner below",
"title": "Remote radio head"
},
{
"docid": "1717012",
"text": "A shunt is a device that is designed to provide a low-resistance path for an electrical current in a circuit. It is typically used to divert current away from a system or component in order to prevent overcurrent. Electrical shunts are commonly used in a variety of applications including power distribution systems, electrical measurement systems, automotive and marine applications. Defective device bypass One example is in miniature Christmas lights which are wired in series. When the filament burns out in one of the incandescent light bulbs, the full line voltage appears across the burnt out bulb. A shunt resistor, which has been connected in parallel across the filament before it burnt out, will then short out to bypass the burnt filament and allow the rest of the string to light. If too many lights burn out however, a shunt will also burn out, requiring the use of a multimeter to find the point of failure. Photovoltaics In photovoltaics, the term is widely used to describe an unwanted short circuit between the front and back surface contacts of a solar cell, usually caused by wafer damage. Lightning arrester A gas-filled tube can also be used as a shunt, particularly in a lightning arrester. Neon and other noble gases have a high breakdown voltage, so that normally current will not flow across it. However, a direct lightning strike (such as on a radio tower antenna) will cause the shunt to arc and conduct the massive amount of electricity to ground, protecting transmitters and other equipment. Another older form of lightning arrester employs a simple narrow spark gap, over which an arc will jump when a high voltage is present. While this is a low cost solution, its high triggering voltage offers almost no protection for modern solid-state electronic devices powered by the protected circuit. Electrical noise bypass Capacitors are used as shunts to redirect high-frequency noise to ground before it can propagate to the load or other circuit components. Use in electronic filter circuits The term shunt is used in filter and similar circuits with a ladder topology to refer to the components connected between the line and common. The term is used in this context to distinguish the shunt components connected between the signal and return lines from the components connected in series along the signal line. More generally, the term shunt can be used for a component connected in parallel with another. For instance, shunt m-derived half section is a common filter section from the image impedance method of filter design. Diodes as shunts Where devices are vulnerable to reverse polarity of a signal or power supply, a diode may be used to protect the circuit. If connected in series with the circuit it simply prevents reversed current, but if connected in parallel it can shunt the reversed supply, causing a fuse or other current limiting circuit to open. All semiconductor diodes have a threshold voltage – typically between 0.5 volt and 1 volt – that must be exceeded before",
"title": "Shunt (electrical)"
},
{
"docid": "33760806",
"text": "Carlo Alberto Nucci is full professor of Electrical Power Systems at the University of Bologna and the Editor in Chief of the Electric Power System Research Journal. He authored or co-authored over 200 science papers in the field of power electrical engineering. Fellow of IEEE for contributions to analysis and modeling of lightning originated phenomena in power systems and IET. He has also been Chair of the IEEE PowerTech Permanent Steering Committee. Nucci is head of the Power Systems Laboratory at the University of Bologna. Together with prof. F. Rachidi of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, he has developed a computer code for the appraisal of lightning-induced voltages in electrical network, called LIOV, which is quoted in IEEE standards. Prof. Nucci is also member of the Bologna Science Academy. His research is currently focused on: Power systems electromagnetic transients Lightning protection of power systems Smart Grids - Distributed generation Dynamics of power systems Secondary cell for electric vehicles Career Nucci received a degree with honors from the University of Bologna, Italy in 1982. In the same University he was appointed a researcher in Power Electrical Engineering in 1983, became a full professor and the chair of Power Systems in 2000. He serves as the chair of Study Committee C4 in Cigre International Council on Large Electric Systems. Since January 2010 he has been the Editor in Chief of the Electric Power System Research journal. Personal life Carlo Alberto Nucci was born in Bologna, Italy, in 1956. References External links Academic staff of the University of Bologna Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology Fellows of the IEEE Living people 1956 births Engineers from Bologna University of Bologna alumni",
"title": "Carlo Alberto Nucci"
},
{
"docid": "2074176",
"text": "In electrical engineering, overvoltage is the raising of voltage beyond the design limit of a circuit or circuit element. The conditions may be hazardous. Depending on its duration, the overvoltage event can be transient—a voltage spike—or permanent, leading to a power surge. Explanation Electronic and electrical devices are designed to operate at a certain maximum supply voltage, and considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is higher than that for which the devices are rated. For example, an electric light bulb has a wire in it that at the given rated voltage will carry a current just large enough for the wire to get very hot (giving off light and heat), but not hot enough for it to melt. The amount of current in a circuit depends on the voltage supplied: if the voltage is too high, then the wire may melt and the light bulb burn out. Similarly other electrical devices may stop working, or may even burst into flames if an overvoltage is delivered to the circuit. Sources Natural A typical natural source of transient overvoltage events is lightning. Bursts of solar wind following solar flares are also known to cause overvoltage in electrical circuits, especially onboard space satellites. Man-made Man-made sources of spikes are usually caused by electromagnetic induction when switching on or off inductive loads (such as electric motors or electromagnets), or by switching heavy resistive AC loads when zero-crossing circuitry is not used - anywhere a large change of current takes place. One of the purposes of electromagnetic compatibility compliance is to eliminate such sources. An important potential source of dangerous overvoltage is electronic warfare. There is intensive military research in this field, whose goal is to produce various transient electromagnetic devices designed to generate electromagnetic pulses that will disable an enemy's electronic equipment. A recent military development is that of the exploding capacitor designed to radiate a high voltage electromagnetic pulse. Another intense source of an electromagnetic pulse is a nuclear explosion. Diesel or petrol powered generators can also be a source of overvoltage. If the generator speed increases suddenly, such as due to inadvertent throttle movement or unstable operation of the prime mover, this can cause brief but damaging overvoltage to any connected equipment. A faulty voltage regulator can also cause overvoltage. An example of an overvoltage event occurred on August 25, 2011, in East Palo Alto, California. The line voltage supplied to 232 customers increased from 110 volts to around 400 volts for 80 minutes. The event damaged electronic equipment, light bulbs, and other electrical equipment including smart meters. The opposite of such an event is a brownout. Conduction path The transient pulses can get into the equipment either by power or data lines, or directly through space from a strong electromagnetic field change - an electromagnetic pulse (EMP). Filters are used to prevent spikes entering or leaving the equipment through wires, and the devices coupled electromagnetically to space (such as radio-frequency pick-up coils in MRI scanners) are protected by shielding.",
"title": "Overvoltage"
},
{
"docid": "4267366",
"text": "Arcing horns (sometimes arc-horns) are projecting conductors used to protect insulators or switch hardware on high voltage electric power transmission systems from damage during flashover. Overvoltages on transmission lines, due to atmospheric electricity, lightning strikes, or electrical faults, can cause arcs across insulators (flashovers) that can damage them. Alternately, atmospheric conditions or transients that occur during switching can cause an arc to form in the breaking path of a switch during its operation. Arcing horns provide a path for flashover to occur that bypasses the surface of the protected device. Horns are normally paired on either side of an insulator, one connected to the high voltage part and the other to ground, or at the breaking point of a switch contact. They are frequently to be seen on insulator strings on overhead lines, or protecting transformer bushings. The horns can take various forms, such as simple cylindrical rods, circular guard rings, or contoured curves, sometimes known as 'stirrups'. Background High voltage equipment, particularly that which is installed outside, such as overhead power lines, is commonly subject to transient overvoltages, which may be caused by phenomena such as lightning strikes, faults on other equipment, or switching surges during circuit re-energisation. Overvoltage events such as these are unpredictable, and in general cannot be completely prevented. Line terminations, at which a transmission line connects to a busbar or transformer bushing, are at greatest risk to overvoltage due to the change in characteristic impedance at this point. An electrical insulator serves to provide physical separation of conducting parts, and under normal operating conditions is continuously subject to a high electric field which occupies the air surrounding the equipment. Overvoltage events may cause the electric field to exceed the dielectric strength of air and result in the formation of an arc between the conducting parts and over the surface of the insulator. This is called flashover. Contamination of the surface of the insulator reduces the breakdown strength and increases the tendency to flash over. On an electrical transmission system, protective relays are expected to detect the formation of the arc and automatically open circuit breakers to discharge the circuit and extinguish the arc. Under a worst case, this process may take as long as several seconds, during which time the insulator surface would be in close contact with the highly energetic plasma of the arc. This is very damaging to an insulator, and may shatter brittle glass or ceramic disks, resulting in its complete failure. Operation Arcing horns form a spark gap across the insulator with a lower breakdown voltage than the air path along the insulator surface, so an overvoltage will cause the air to break down and the arc to form between the arcing horns, diverting it away from the surface of the insulator. An arc between the horns is more tolerable for the equipment, providing more time for the fault to be detected and the arc to be safely cleared by remote circuit breakers. The geometry of some designs encourages the arc",
"title": "Arcing horns"
},
{
"docid": "31350472",
"text": "Natural Bridges National Monument Solar Power System is an experimental electrical power plant at the Natural Bridges National Monument in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Utah. It consists of 256,812 solar cells arranged in 12 rows, each measuring long. Direct current energy from the array is converted to alternating current at an equipment building, then supplied to the park's staff buildings and visitor center. Excess energy is stored in a bank of batteries that is used on cloudy days. The system is controlled by computers and creates fewer emissions than the diesel generators that it replaced. When it was dedicated in June 1980 by the Utah Governor, it was the world's largest solar plant at 100 kW. The solar power station was later downsized to 50 kW and supplemented with a diesel generator backup system which allowed the solar array to operate more efficiently. History The electrical power plant, located in Natural Bridges National Monument, is a joint experimental venture between the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory and the United States National Park System and Department of Energy. It was initiated in 1979 and when dedicated in June 1980 by the Utah Governor, it was the world's first solar-power generating system. It is above sea level and located in a desert in the southeast corner of the U.S. state of Utah. An array of solar panels are set up and located on adjacent to the park's visitor center. The visitor center has an observation platform nearby overlooking the solar cells and recorded narration explaining the function of the facility. Natural Bridges receives sunlight year-round and is far from other commercial power sources, making it an ideal site for an experimental solar cell power system. The 1980 project cost $15 million ($ in 2022 dollars) and a power plant 30 years later would cost about $1.5 million ($ in 2022 dollars) because of technical advances in solar cell production. The power plant operated for 10 years before it was shut down for overhaul and upgrading. The plant was downsized from 100 kW to 50 kW and supplemented with a diesel generator backup system which allowed the solar array to operate more efficiently. At this time the modernization involved adding 18 kW of new state-of-the-art solar modules, replacing the battery bank and upgrading the wiring to a higher gauge. The electric power system was again renovated in 2003 with new 319 kilowatt lead-acid rechargeable batteries and 100 kilowatt electronic DC to AC inverters. Characteristics The photovoltaic system (PV) plant is from the nearest power line. It originally consisted of 256,812 individual solar cells with diameters of and , arranged in 12 rows; these were originally capable of 100 kW at noon with full sunlight. The direct current (DC) power generated by the solar cells is converted to alternating current (AC) power. AC electricity is used for the visitors' center, six staff residences, maintenance facilities, and the local water sanitation system. The system is protected with lightning rods. When",
"title": "Natural Bridges National Monument Solar Power System"
},
{
"docid": "31858593",
"text": "The DC distribution system has been proposed, as a replacement for the present AC power distribution system for ships with electric propulsion. This concept represents a new way of distributing energy for low-voltage installations on ships. It can be used for any electrical ship application up to 20 megawatts and operates at a nominal voltage of 1000 V DC. The DC distribution system is simply an extension of the multiple DC links that already exist in all propulsion and thruster drives, which usually account for more than 80 percent of the electrical power consumption on electric propulsion vessels. Benefits In addition to boosting efficiency by up to 20 percent, other benefits include space and weight savings of up to 30 percent and flexible placement of electrical equipment. This allows for significantly more cargo space and a more functional vessel layout where the electrical system is designed around the vessel functions and not vice versa. The efficiency improvement is mainly achieved from the system no longer being locked at a specific frequency (usually 60 Hz on ships), even though a 60 Hz power source can also be connected to the grid. This new freedom of being able to control each power source totally independently opens up numerous ways of optimizing fuel consumption. The reduced weight and footprint of the installed electrical equipment will vary depending on the ship type and application. One comparison using the DC distribution system instead of the traditional AC system for a Platform Supply Vessel (PSV), reduced the weight of the electrical system components from to . Another saves 15-30% fuel. On land, the solar panels on several buildings in Sweden are connected via DC to smooth production and consumption, bypassing the AC grid and its inverters. Fuel savings The biggest potential for fuel savings lies in the ease with which energy storage devices, such as batteries or super capacitors, can be added to the system. Energy storage will help the engines level out load variations from the thrusters and other large loads. Operational optimization DC distribution system allows for new ways of thinking regarding operational optimization. The system is flexible and can combine different energy sources such as engines, turbines, and fuel cells. This means that there is the potential to implement an energy management system that takes into account varying fuel prices and the availability of different fuels. Challenges Because the main AC switchboard with its AC circuit breakers and protection relays is omitted from the new design, a new protection philosophy that fulfills class requirements is needed for selectivity and equipment protection. ABB has proposed a solution for protecting the DC distribution system using a combination of fuses and controlled turn-off semiconductor power devices. Because all energy-producing components have controllable switching devices, the fault current can be blocked much faster than is possible with traditional circuit breakers with associated protection relays. Although this approach offers a faster response during a short circuit, it does not fit well in system independent building philosophies. Safety and",
"title": "DC distribution system (ship propulsion)"
},
{
"docid": "29651525",
"text": "is a 2011 third-person shooter developed by Vicious Cycle Software, and published by D3 Publisher, for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Windows. It is a spin-off entry in the Japanese Earth Defense Force series, and is essentially an American take on the premise, following the titular Earth Defense Force as they deploy to fight an invasion of aliens and giant insects in the United States. Insect Armageddon has no story or setting connection to the numbered Earth Defense Force series. Insect Armageddon was released to mixed but generally positive reviews from critics. Gameplay Players take the role of Lightning Alpha, who battles against wave after wave of deadly gigantic insect and robot enemies. Insect Armageddon predominately takes place in the city of New Detroit, the target of a concentrated bug invasion that only the EDF can stop. The graphics have been greatly improved, but still retain the arcade-shooter physics of its predecessor. Vehicle controls have been fixed, with improved tank and mecha vehicles that can be manned by more than one player. Credits are accumulated which are used for a wide variety of tasks. Over 300 weapons are available. These can be purchased using a new unlock system that partially replaces the in-game weapon drop system of Earth Defense Force 2017, though some weapons are only dropped by elite enemies. Four different classes are selectable from the menu, each with special functions and exclusive equipment. All armor colors can be customized. Trooper Armor: The standard armor with an expansive loadout. It has access to more weapons than any other class, and upgradable abilities that allow it to be a versatile, all-around unit. The Trooper Armor is also the only armor available in Survival Mode. Jet Armor: Jet-powered armor used for flying and aerial attacks. It uses energy to replenish weapons. The jet pack allows the fastest movement across the map for any class but also the weakest protection. Tactical Armor: Wide-ranging support armor. It is the only class that can deploy turrets, mines and radar dishes. Stronger equipment is unlocked as the story progresses. Battle Armor: Heavy armor similar to an exoskeleton. It is powerful but slow, comes with a portable energy shield, and can equip some of the most powerful weapons in the game. Battle armor also can release its entire pool of energy in a massive electric blast, damaging everything unfortunate enough to be close by. Both split-screen and online co-operative play are included. A six-player Survival mode is also available, with a squad of EDF soldiers defending against endless waves of bugs. The game has two expansion packs: Pounds of Pain, which features 15 weapons mostly for the Battle Armor but also a few for the Trooper Armor and Tactical Armor, available from GameStop; and Death From Above, which features 15 weapons mostly for the Jet Armor but also a few for the Trooper Armor and Tactical Armor as well, available from Best Buy. Plot The EDF defends a fictional city called New Detroit against an",
"title": "Earth Defense Force: Insect Armageddon"
},
{
"docid": "54388709",
"text": "Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric current, arcing, electromagnetic fields and static electricity. History The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In 1989 OSHA promulgated a much-needed regulation in the General Industry Regulations. Several standards are defined for control of hazardous energy, or lockout/tagout. In 1995 OSHA was successful in promulgation of regulations for utility. In 1994 were established Electrical Safety Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace. Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 – for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution, contained comprehensive regulations and addressed control of hazardous energy sources for power plant locations Standards are compared with those of IEEE and National Fire Protection Association. Lightning and earthing protection Lightning and Earthing protection systems are essential for the protection of humans, structures, protecting buildings from mechanical destruction caused by lightning effects and the associated risk of fire, Transmission lines, and electrical equipment from electric shock and Overcurrent. Earthing protection systems TT system TN system IT system Lightning protection systems lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system) lightning rod with taut wires. lightning conductor with meshed cage (Faraday cage) Physiological effects of electricity Electrical shocks on humans can lead to permanent disabilities or death. Size, frequency and duration of the electrical current affect the damage. The effects from electric shock can be: stopping the heart beating properly, preventing the person from breathing, causing muscle spasms. The skin features also affect the consequences of electric shock. Indirect contact – can be avoided by automatic disconnection for TT system, automatic disconnection for TN systems, automatic disconnection on a second fault in an IT system, measures of protection against direct or indirect contact without automatic disconnection of supply Direct contact – can be avoided by protection by the insulation of live parts, protection by means of barriers or enclosures, partial measures of protection, particular measures of protection Electrical safety conductors NEC 2008 Table 250.122 – Safeco Electric Supply Electrical safety standards Australian Standards – Australia – AS/NZS 3000:2007, AS/NZS 3012:2010, AS/NZS 3017:2007, AS/NZS 3760:2010, AS/NZS 4836:2011 Български Държавен Стандарт – (On English:Bulgarian state standard) – БДС 12.2.096:1986 Bulgaria Brazilian National Regulation – NR10 Brazil – China GB4943, GB17625, GB9254 IEEE/TÜV – Germany NSR Niederspannungsrichtlinie 2014/35/EU La norme français C 15-100 – Aspects de la norme d’installation électrique France British standard – United Kingdom BS EN 61439, BS 5266, BS 5839, BS 6423, BS 6626, BS EN 62305, BS EN 60529 India Standardization – India – IS-5216, IS-5571, IS-6665 Polska Norma – Poland – PN-EN 61010-2-201:2013-12E – ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000,ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р 52726-2007 Russia| NFPA, IEEE STD 80, IEEE STD 80 – United States NFPA 496, NFPA 70 Lightning protection standards NFPA 780, IEC 62305 СТО 083-004-2010,ГОСТ Р МЭК 62561.2-2014 БДС EN 62305-1:2011 Norme NF C 15-100 DIN EN 62305-1 PN-EN 62305 BS-EN 62305 UNE 21186. Protección contra el rayo SNI 03-7015-2004 IS 2309 GB/T 36490-2018",
"title": "Electrical safety standards"
},
{
"docid": "31948597",
"text": "A ring ground is a type of electrical ground that is used to protect buildings and equipment from damage due to electrical surges. Ring grounds are typically used as protection against lightning strikes. They are also known as ground rings, although this term may also be applied to grounding rings that are installed in metal pipe systems to protect electrical devices such as flow meters. Construction A ring ground is typically constructed from a fairly large wire that is buried at least a few feet underground. The ring ground will usually encircle the entire building that it is trying to protect. The ring ground is used as the base of the entire building's ground system, and all components of the building's ground system, including the building structure, are connected to the ground ring. In the U.S., the National Electrical Code specifies that ring grounds must be constructed from #2 or thicker wire, must be buried at least 2 1/2 feet underground, and must have at least 20 feet of exposed copper to ensure good electrical contact with the earth. Ring grounds should be installed beyond the building's drip line to prevent corrosion of the ring's metal. Ring grounds are very commonly used around communications equipment such as cell phone towers, police radio towers, and other types of radio towers and equipment buildings. They are also often used to protect computer data centers. Halo Ground A halo ground is a type of ring ground that, instead of being installed outside and underground, is installed inside, near the top of a building or structure. The ground reference for all equipment inside the area being protected is separate from the halo. The halo is connected to the main building ground, which may include an underground ring ground outside the building, with vertical conductors especially in the corners of the building. Electrical equipment is also often placed in fully enclosed metal cabinets, which function as Faraday cages to further protect the equipment. The halo may be connected to structural metallic elements such as door frames, building steel, window frames, and air conditioning vents. A typical halo ground is constructed of #2 insulated copper wire and is installed six inches below the ceiling, and entirely encircles the area that it is protecting. Theory of Operation When an electrical conductor moves through a magnetic field, an electric current is induced into the conductor. The same thing also happens when the electrical conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is moving. This is known as electromagnetic induction, and is the underlying principle used in the construction of electrical generators. When lightning strikes a metal tower or strikes near a building containing electrical equipment, a large, rapidly changing magnetic field is generated. This magnetic field induces current onto power lines, often disrupting electrical service, and also induces current into other electrical conductors such as electrical equipment and even structural metal used in construction, such as rebar used to reinforce concrete. These induced currents can easily damage electronic equipment.",
"title": "Ring ground"
},
{
"docid": "10918148",
"text": "A lightning prediction system is a type of lightning detection equipment that determines when atmospheric conditions likely to produce lightning strikes and sounds an alarm, warning those nearby that lightning is imminent and giving them the chance to find safety before the storm arrives in the area. Lightning protection systems are often installed in outdoor areas which are often congested with people, lack sufficient shelter, and are difficult to evacuate quickly (such as water parks, college campuses, and large swimming pool or athletic field complexes). These locations are particularly dangerous during lightning storms. Prediction systems are prone to false alarms as they respond to conditions that are not always attributed to a developing thunderstorm. Electric field data is typically used in conjunction with detection information to limit false positives. Description The detection equipment is designed to constantly survey atmospheric electrical activity and potential for lightning occurrence via radar and other methods. Storms are scanned by radar to determine the degree of electrification and potential for lightning occurrence. The method used by such systems includes the stationing of at least three receivers at known locations in order to triangulate their data. When any of the receivers detects a strong electrical disturbance, the location is shared with other receivers in the area for corroboration, and then (presuming the data has passed the filters), encoded and transmitted to a central facility and thereafter processed for deriving the position of the lightning strike. By detecting thunderstorm electrical fields, a track can be predicted to allow warnings as early as 30 minutes before lightning strikes the protected area. The system is synchronized with the U.S. Coast Guard LORAN navigation network, and includes various features which permit a more accurate analysis of lightning position. While some systems require manual remote activation of the siren from the central monitoring facility, others work automatically. These systems can also sound an \"All Clear\" tone when electrical activity in the monitored area has receded to safe levels. This feature eliminates both the need for skilled monitoring of the system as well as the chance for human error in interpreting the data. See also Early warning system Franklin bells Lightning de:Blitz#Ortung es:Detector de rayos fr:Détecteur de foudre ja:雷検知器 pl:Wykrywacz piorunów fi:Salamatutka",
"title": "Lightning-prediction system"
},
{
"docid": "6499752",
"text": "In an electric power system, a fault or fault current is any abnormal electric current. For example, a short circuit is a fault in which a live wire touches a neutral or ground wire. An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by a failure of a current-carrying wire (phase or neutral) or a blown fuse or circuit breaker. In three-phase systems, a fault may involve one or more phases and ground, or may occur only between phases. In a \"ground fault\" or \"earth fault\", current flows into the earth. The prospective short-circuit current of a predictable fault can be calculated for most situations. In power systems, protective devices can detect fault conditions and operate circuit breakers and other devices to limit the loss of service due to a failure. In a polyphase system, a fault may affect all phases equally, which is a \"symmetric fault\". If only some phases are affected, the resulting \"asymmetric fault\" becomes more complicated to analyse. The analysis of these types of faults is often simplified by using methods such as symmetrical components. The design of systems to detect and interrupt power system faults is the main objective of power-system protection. Transient fault A transient fault is a fault that is no longer present if power is disconnected for a short time and then restored; or an insulation fault which only temporarily affects a device's dielectric properties which are restored after a short time. Many faults in overhead power lines are transient in nature. When a fault occurs, equipment used for power system protection operate to isolate the area of the fault. A transient fault will then clear and the power-line can be returned to service. Typical examples of transient faults include: momentary tree contact bird or other animal contact lightning strike conductor clashing Transmission and distribution systems use an automatic re-close function which is commonly used on overhead lines to attempt to restore power in the event of a transient fault. This functionality is not as common on underground systems as faults there are typically of a persistent nature. Transient faults may still cause damage both at the site of the original fault or elsewhere in the network as fault current is generated. Persistent fault A persistent fault is present regardless of power being applied. Faults in underground power cables are most often persistent due to mechanical damage to the cable, but are sometimes transient in nature due to lightning. Types of fault Asymmetric fault An asymmetric or unbalanced fault does not affect each of the phases equally. Common types of asymmetric fault, and their causes: line-to-line fault - a short circuit between lines, caused by ionization of air, or when lines come into physical contact, for example due to a broken insulator. In transmission line faults, roughly 5% - 10% are asymmetric line-to-line faults. line-to-ground fault - a short circuit between one line and ground, very often caused by physical contact, for example due to lightning or other storm damage. In transmission",
"title": "Electrical fault"
},
{
"docid": "502730",
"text": "The New York City blackout of 1977 was an electricity blackout that affected most of New York City on July 13–14, 1977. The only unaffected neighborhoods in the city were in southern Queens (including neighborhoods of the Rockaways), which were part of the Long Island Lighting Company system, as well as the Pratt Institute campus in Brooklyn, and a few other large apartment and commercial complexes that operated their own power generators. Unlike other blackouts that affected the region, namely the Northeast blackouts of 1965 and 2003, the 1977 blackout was confined to New York City and its immediate surrounding areas. The 1977 blackout also resulted in citywide looting and other criminal activity, including arson, unlike the 1965 and 2003 blackouts. Prelude Lightning damage The events leading up to the blackout began on July 13 at 8:34 p.m. EDT on Wednesday, with a lightning strike at Buchanan South, a substation on the Hudson River, tripping two circuit breakers in Buchanan, New York. The Buchanan South substation converted the 345,000 volts of electricity originating from the 900 MW Indian Point nuclear generating station to lower voltage for commercial use. A loose locking nut combined with a slow-acting upgrade cycle prevented the breaker from reclosing and allowing power to flow again. A second lightning strike caused the loss of two 345 kV transmission lines, the subsequent reclose of only one of the lines, and the loss of power from the nuclear plant at Indian Point. As a result of the strikes, two other major transmission lines became overloaded. Per procedure, Consolidated Edison, the power provider for New York City and some of Westchester County, tried to bring a fast-start generating station online at 8:45 p.m. EDT; however, no one was manning the station, and the remote start failed. Other, manned plants successfully started, but several had removed some of their turbines from service for routine maintenance and could not provide their rated load. At 8:55 p.m., a third lightning strike hit Sprain Brook substation in Yonkers, which took out two additional critical transmission lines. Because the system design had prioritized protecting the already-isolated Indian Point plant, only the north-south line automatically returned to service. The poor design of Con Edison's control-room displays did not clearly display this fact to the operator at the time. The second opening of a transmission line left Con Edison system disconnected from key generating stations across the Hudson river. Instead, their power flowed to cross-river lines in Newark or upstate New York and then turned towards New York City. The remaining lines into New York City could not carry this excess power without exceeding their long-term capacity limits. Power reductions Con Edison's control room operator recognized that the extant north-south lines could not maintain their existing loads for long and asked New York Power Pool (NYPP) operators in Guilderland to reduce transmission on the overloaded lines. Implicitly, the Con Edison operator meant that they should use the cross-river lines near Indian Point, because he did not realize",
"title": "New York City blackout of 1977"
},
{
"docid": "3484453",
"text": "A power conditioner (also known as a line conditioner or power line conditioner) is a device intended to improve the quality of the power that is delivered to electrical load equipment. The term most often refers to a device that acts in one or more ways to deliver a voltage of the proper level and characteristics to enable load equipment to function properly. In some uses, power conditioner refers to a voltage regulator with at least one other function to improve power quality (e.g. power factor correction, noise suppression, transient impulse protection, etc.) Conditioners specifically work to smooth the sinusoidal A.C. wave form and maintain a constant voltage over varying loads. Types An AC power conditioner is the typical power conditioner that provides \"clean\" AC power to sensitive electrical equipment. Usually this is used for home or office applications and commonly provides surge protection as well as noise filtering. Power line conditioners take in power and modify it based on the requirements of the machinery to which they are connected. Attributes to be conditioned are measured with various devices. Voltage spikes are most common during electrical storms or malfunctions in the main power lines. The surge protector stops the flow of electricity from reaching a machine by shutting off the power source. Design A good quality power conditioner is designed with internal filter banks to isolate the individual power outlets or receptacles on the power conditioner. This eliminates interference or \"cross-talk\" between components. For example, if the application will be a home theater system, the noise suppression rating listed in the technical specifications of the power conditioner will be very important. This rating is expressed in decibels (db). The higher the db rating, the better the noise suppression. Active power filters (APF) are filters which can perform the job of harmonic elimination. Active power filters can be used to filter out harmonics in the power system which are significantly below the switching frequency of the filter. The active power filters are used to filter out both higher and lower order harmonics in the power system. The main difference between active power filters and passive power filters is that APFs mitigate harmonics by injecting active power with the same frequency but with reverse phase to cancel that harmonic, where passive power filters use combinations of resistors (R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C) and do not require an external power source or active components such as transistors. This difference makes it possible for APFs to mitigate a wide range of harmonics. The power conditioner will also have a \"joule\" rating. A joule is a measurement of energy or heat required to sustain one watt for one second, known as a watt second. Since electrical surges are momentary spikes, the joule rating indicates how much electrical energy the suppressor can absorb at once before becoming damaged itself. The higher the joule rating, the greater the protection. Uses Power conditioners vary in function and size, generally according to their use. Some power conditioners provide",
"title": "Power conditioner"
},
{
"docid": "319613",
"text": "In electrical engineering, spikes are fast, short duration electrical transients in voltage (voltage spikes), current (current spikes), or transferred energy (energy spikes) in an electrical circuit. Fast, short duration electrical transients (overvoltages) in the electric potential of a circuit are typically caused by Lightning strikes Power outages Tripped circuit breakers Short circuits Power transitions in other large equipment on the same power line Malfunctions caused by the power company Electromagnetic pulses (EMP) with electromagnetic energy distributed typically up to the 100 kHz and 1 MHz frequency range. Inductive spikes In the design of critical infrastructure and military hardware, one concern is of pulses produced by nuclear explosions, whose nuclear electromagnetic pulses distribute large energies in frequencies from 1 kHz into the gigahertz range through the atmosphere. The effect of a voltage spike is to produce a corresponding increase in current (current spike). However some voltage spikes may be created by current sources. Voltage would increase as necessary so that a constant current will flow. Current from a discharging inductor is one example. For sensitive electronics, excessive current can flow if this voltage spike exceeds a material's breakdown voltage, or if it causes avalanche breakdown. In semiconductor junctions, excessive electric current may destroy or severely weaken that device. An avalanche diode, transient voltage suppression diode, varistor, overvoltage crowbar, or a range of other overvoltage protective devices can divert (shunt) this transient current thereby minimizing voltage. Voltage spikes, also known as surges, may be created by a rapid buildup or decay of a magnetic field, which may induce energy into the associated circuit. However voltage spikes can also have more mundane causes such as a fault in a transformer or higher-voltage (primary circuit) power wires falling onto lower-voltage (secondary circuit) power wires as a result of accident or storm damage. Voltage spikes may be longitudinal (common) mode or metallic (normal or differential) mode. Some equipment damage from surges and spikes can be prevented by use of surge protection equipment. Each type of spike requires selective use of protective equipment. For example, a common mode voltage spike may not even be detected by a protector installed for normal mode transients. Power increases or decreases which last multiple cycles are called swells or sags, respectively. An uninterrupted voltage increase that lasts more than a minute is called an overvoltage. These are usually caused by malfunctions of the electric power distribution system. See also - a device to channel inductive spikes back through the coil producing them References Power electronics Spike pl:Przepięcie",
"title": "Voltage spike"
},
{
"docid": "2251965",
"text": "An earthing system (UK and IEC) or grounding system (US) connects specific parts of an electric power system with the ground, typically the Earth's conductive surface, for safety and functional purposes. The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the installation. Regulations for earthing systems vary among countries, though most follow the recommendations of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Regulations may identify special cases for earthing in mines, in patient care areas, or in hazardous areas of industrial plants. In addition to electric power systems, other systems may require grounding for safety or function. Tall structures may have lightning rods as part of a system to protect them from lightning strikes. Telegraph lines may use the Earth as one conductor of a circuit, saving the cost of installation of a return wire over a long circuit. Radio antennas may require particular grounding for operation, as well as to control static electricity and provide lightning protection. Purposes There are three main purposes for earthing: System earthing System earthing serves a purpose of electrical safety throughout the system that is not caused by an electrical fault. Its main purpose is to prevent static buildup and to protect against power surges caused by nearby lightning strikes or switching. Static buildup, as induced by friction for example, such as when wind blows onto a radio mast, is dissipated to the Earth. In the event of a surge, a lightning arrester, a surge arrester or a SPD will divert the excess current to the Earth before it reaches an appliance. System earthing also allows for equipotential bonding to all metal works to prevent potential differences between them. Having Earth as a common reference point also keeps the electrical system's potential difference limited to the supply voltage. Equipment earthing Equipment earthing serves a purpose of electrical safety in an electrical fault. Its main purpose is to prevent equipment damage and the risk of an electric shock. This type of earthing is not an earth connection, technically speaking. When current flows from a line conductor to an earth wire, as is the case when a line conductor makes contact with an earthed surface in a Class I appliance, an automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) device such as a circuit breaker or a RCD will automatically open the circuit to clear the fault. Functional earthing Functional earthing serves a purpose other than electrical safety. Example purposes include electromagnetic interference (EMI) filtering in an EMI filter, and the use of the Earth as a return path in a single-wire earth return distribution system. Low-voltage systems In low-voltage networks, which distribute the electric power to the widest class of end users, the main concern for design of earthing systems is safety of consumers who use the electric appliances and their protection against electric shocks. The earthing system, in combination with protective devices such as fuses and residual current devices, must ultimately ensure that a person does not come into contact with a metallic object whose",
"title": "Earthing system"
},
{
"docid": "12489597",
"text": "High-voltage switchgear is any switchgear used to connect or disconnect a part of a high-voltage power system. This equipment is essential for the protection and safe operation, without interruption, of a high voltage power system, and is important because it is directly linked to the quality of the electricity supply. The term \"high voltage\" covers the former medium voltage (MV) and the former high voltage (HV), so refers to equipment with a rated voltage of over 1000 V in the case of alternating current, and over 1500 V in the case of direct current. The industrial applications of high voltage circuit breakers are for the moment limited to alternating current because they are more economical, there are however high voltage disconnectors for direct current connections. High-voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for operating motors and others electric machines. The technology has been improved over time and can be used with voltages up to 1,100 kV. Classification Functional classification Disconnectors and earthing switches Disconnectors and earthing switches are safety devices used to open or to close a circuit when there is no current through them. They are used to isolate a part of a circuit, a machine, a part of an overhead line or an underground line so that maintenance can be safely conducted. The opening of the line isolator or busbar section isolator is necessary for safety, but not sufficient. Grounding must be conducted at both the upstream and downstream sections of the device under maintenance. This is accomplished by earthing switches. In principle, disconnecting switches do not have to interrupt currents, as they are designed for use on de-energized circuits. In practice, some are capable of interrupting currents (as much as 1,600 ampere under 300 V but only if current is drawn via a same circuit half breaker bypass system), and some earthing switches must interrupt induced currents which are generated in a non-current-carrying line by inductive and capacitive coupling with nearby lines (up to 160 A under 20 kV). High-current switching mechanism High-current switching mechanisms are used for energized circuits carrying a normal load. Some can be used as a disconnecting switch. But if they can create a short-circuit current, they can not interrupt it. Contactor Contactors are similar in function to high-current switching mechanisms, but can be used at higher rates. They have a high electrical endurance and a high mechanical endurance. Fuses A fuse can automatically interrupt a circuit with an overcurrent flowing in it for a fixed time. This is accomplished by the fusion of an electrical conductor which is graded. Fuses are mainly used to protect against short circuits. They limit the peak value of the fault current. In three-phase electric power, they only eliminate the phases where the fault current is flowing, which can pose a risk for both the malfunctioning devices and the people. To alleviate this problem, fuses can be used in conjunction with high-current switches or contactors. Like contactors, high-voltage fuses are used only in",
"title": "High-voltage switchgear"
},
{
"docid": "40625088",
"text": "A voltage sag (U.S. English) or voltage dip (British English) is a short-duration reduction in the voltage of an electric power distribution system. It can be caused by high current demand such as inrush current (starting of electric motors, transformers, heaters, power supplies) or fault current (overload or short circuit) elsewhere on the system. Voltage sags are defined by their magnitude or depth, and duration. A voltage sag happens when the RMS voltage decreases between 10 and 90 percent of nominal voltage for one-half cycle to one minute. Some references define the duration of a sag for a period of 0.5 cycle to a few seconds, and a longer duration of low voltage would be called a \"sustained sag\". The definition of voltage sag can be found in IEEE 1159, 3.1.73 as \"A variation of the RMS value of the voltage from nominal voltage for a time greater than 0.5 cycles of the power frequency but less than or equal to 1 minute. Usually further described using a modifier indicating the magnitude of a voltage variation (e.g. sag, swell, or interruption) and possibly a modifier indicating the duration of the variation (e.g., instantaneous, momentary, or temporary).\" Voltage sag in large power system The main goal of the power system is to provide reliable and high-quality electricity for its customers. One of the main measures of power quality is the voltage magnitude. Therefore, Monitoring the power system to ensure its performance is one of the highest priorities. However, since power systems are usually grids including hundreds of buses, installing measuring instruments at every single busbar of the system is not cost-efficient. In this regard, various approaches have been suggested to estimate the voltage of different buses merely based on the measured voltage on a few buses. Related concepts The term \"sag\" should not be confused with a brownout, which is the reduction of voltage for minutes or hours. The term \"transient\", as used in power quality, is an umbrella term and can refer to sags, swells, dropouts, etc. Swell Voltage swell is the opposite of voltage sag. Voltage swell, which is a momentary increase in voltage, happens when a heavy load turns off in a power system. Causes Several factors can cause a voltage sag: Some electric motors draw much more current when they are starting than when they are running at their rated speed. A line-to-ground fault will cause a voltage sag until the protective switchgear (fuse or circuit breaker) operates. Some accidents in power lines such as lightning or a falling object can cause a line-to-ground fault. Sudden load changes or excessive loads Depending on the transformer connections, transformers energizing Voltage sags can arrive from the power utility, but most are caused by local in-building equipment. In residential homes, voltage sags are sometimes seen when refrigerators, air-conditioners, or furnace fans start up. Factors that affect the magnitude of sag caused by faults: The distance between the victim and the fault source The fault impedance Type of fault The voltage",
"title": "Voltage sag"
},
{
"docid": "1706048",
"text": "A battery room is a room that houses batteries for backup or uninterruptible power systems. The rooms are found in telecommunication central offices, and provide standby power for computing equipment in datacenters. Batteries provide direct current (DC) electricity, which may be used directly by some types of equipment, or which may be converted to alternating current (AC) by uninterruptible power supply (UPS) equipment. The batteries may provide power for minutes, hours or days, depending on each system's design, although they are most commonly activated during brief electric utility outages lasting only seconds. Battery rooms were used to segregate the fumes and corrosive chemicals of wet cell batteries (often lead–acid) from the operating equipment, and for better control of temperature and ventilation. In 1890, the Western Union central telegraph office in New York City had 20,000 wet cells, mostly of the primary zinc-copper type. Telecommunications Telephone system central offices contain large battery systems to provide power for customer telephones, telephone switches, and related apparatus. Terrestrial microwave links, cellular telephone sites, fibre optic apparatus and satellite communications facilities also have standby battery systems, which may be large enough to occupy a separate room in the building. In normal operation power from the local commercial utility operates telecommunication equipment, and batteries provide power if the normal supply is interrupted. These can be sized for the expected full duration of an interruption, or may be required only to provide power while a standby generator set or other emergency power supply is started. Batteries often used in battery rooms are the flooded lead-acid battery, the valve regulated lead-acid battery or the nickel–cadmium battery. Batteries are installed in groups. Several batteries are wired together in a series circuit forming a group providing DC electric power at 12, 24, 48 or 60 volts (or higher). Usually there are two or more groups of series-connected batteries. These groups of batteries are connected in a parallel circuit. This arrangement allows an individual group of batteries to be taken offline for service or replacement without compromising the availability of uninterruptible power. Generally, the larger the battery room's electrical capacity, the larger the size of each individual battery and the higher the room's DC voltage. Electrical utilities Battery rooms are also found in electric power plants and substations where reliable power is required for operation of switchgear, critical standby systems, and possibly black start of the station. Often batteries for large switchgear line-ups are 125 V or 250 V nominal systems, and feature redundant battery chargers with independent power sources. Separate battery rooms may be provided to protect against loss of the station due to a fire in a battery bank. For stations that are capable of black start, power from the battery system may be required for many purposes including switchgear operations. Very large utility batteries may be used for grid energy storage. Submarines and ocean-going vessels Battery rooms are found on diesel-electric submarines, where they contain the lead-acid batteries used for undersea propulsion of the vessel. Even nuclear submarines",
"title": "Battery room"
},
{
"docid": "49459416",
"text": "IEC 61000-4-5 is an international standard by the International Electrotechnical Commission on surge immunity. In an electrical installation, disruptive surges can appear on power and data lines. Their sources include abrupt load switching and faults in the power system, as well as induced lightning transients from an indirect lightning strike (direct lightning is out of scope in this standard). It necessitates the test of surge immunity in electrical or electronic equipment. IEC 61000-4-5 defines test set-up, procedures, and classification levels. In particular, it standardizes the required surge voltage and current waveforms for laboratory testing, with the \"1.2/50-8/20 μs\" impulse being the most frequently used surge waveform. Although this standard is designed for testing equipment as a whole at system level, not for individual protection devices, in practice this surge waveform is often also used for rating Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS), Gas Discharge Tubes (GDT), Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV), and other surge protection devices. The current version is Third Edition (2014), amended in 2017. Test Setup Two major components are defined in this standard: two types of Combination Wave Generators (CWG) and various Coupling/Decoupling Networks (CDN) depending on the test level and type. First, a Combination Wave Generator is a standardized impulse generator (sometimes also referred to as a lightning surge generator), it's used for producing simulated, standard voltage and current surges under laboratory conditions. Subsequently, the surge is transmitted into a port of the Device-Under-Test (DUT) via a coupling network. Finally, to prevent surges from reaching other devices via the power system during the test, a decoupling network is also inserted between the power line and the DUT. Surge Waveforms The Combination Wave Generator is required to have an output floating from ground, and be capable of generating both positive and negative impulses. Its repetition rate should be at least one impulse per 60 seconds. The surge is defined by the Combination Wave Generator's open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current waveforms, characterized by front time, duration, and peak values. With an open circuit output, the surge voltage is a double exponential pulse in the form of . With a short circuit output, the surge current waveform is a damped sine wave. The ratio between the peak open-circuit voltage and the peak short-circuit current is 2, giving an effective output impedance of 2 Ω. Usually, the voltage waveform has a 1.2 μs front time and a 50 μs duration, and the current waveform has a 8 μs front time and 20 μs duration. This is the most commonly used surge waveform for most applications, often referred to as a \"1.2/50-8/20 μs\" surge. Alternatively, for outdoor telecommunication networks that experience a higher surge level, the standard also defines a more energetic generator with a 10/700 μs voltage waveform and a 5/320 μs current waveform. Front time and duration are not measured directly, but as virtual parameters derived from measurements. For open-circuit voltage, front time is defined to be 1.67 times the 30%-90% rise time, duration is defined as the time interval between the",
"title": "IEC 61000-4-5"
},
{
"docid": "49238681",
"text": "Farhad Rachidi (born August 22, 1962, in Geneva, Switzerland) is an Iranian-Swiss scientist. Early life Rachidi is the son of Davoud Rashidi, a famous Iranian theatre actor and director. At the age of 3 months his family decided to move back to Iran. He attended Marika (Shahdokht Farahnaz) primary school and the French-Iranian Razi High-School in Tehran and obtained his high-school diploma in 1980. In the same year, he moved to Lausanne, Switzerland and started his education in electrical engineering. He received a M.S. degree in electrical engineering and a Ph.D. from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, in 1986 and 1991 respectively. Career Rachidi worked at the Power Systems Laboratory of the same institute until 1996 and had several short stays at the University of Florida and at the NASA Kennedy Space Center. In 1997, he joined the Lightning Research Laboratory of the University of Toronto in Canada and from April 1998 until September 1999, he was with Montena EMC in Switzerland. He is currently a Titular Professor and the head of the EMC Laboratory at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne. His research interests include lightning electromagnetics, electromagnetic compatibility, application of high power electromagnetics to humanitarian demining, and electromagnetic time reversal. In collaboration with Prof. C.A. Nucci of the University of Bologna, he has developed models for the evaluation of lightning electromagnetic radiation, which have been widely used in lightning-related engineering applications. One of the most important contributions made by Professor Rachidi is the development of a model describing the interaction of an exciting electromagnetic field and a transmission line. Dr. Rachidi served as the vice-chair of the European COST Action on the Physics of Lightning Flash and its Effects (2005-2009), the Chairman of the 2008 European Electromagnetics International Symposium (EUROEM), the President of the International Conference on Lightning Protection (2008-2014), and the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility (2013-2015). He is currently the President of the Swiss National Committee of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) and a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society. Prof. Rachidi is an IEEE Fellow, EMP Fellow and Electromagnetics Academy Fellow. Rachidi Model This model, known as the Rachidi model, is extensively used in the literature for the evaluation of field-induced disturbances in transmission lines. Another remarkable endeavor of Prof. Rachidi is the instrumentation of the Säntis Tower in Switzerland for lightning current measurements. This project was initiated by Prof. Rachidi, Prof. M. Rubinstein and Prof. M. Paolone and resulted in the instrumentation of the tower for lightning current measurements. Since its instrumentation in 2010, several hundreds of lightning flashes have been successfully recorded on the tower and the station has served as a primary experimental site used by researchers and engineers involved in lightning research and protection. The obtained data constitute the largest dataset on lightning current and current derivatives associated with upward flashes available to this date. Other activities of Prof. Rachidi include the development of the so-called ‘full-wave’ transmission line",
"title": "Farhad Rachidi"
},
{
"docid": "12654117",
"text": "Battleshort (sometimes \"battle short\") is a condition in which some military equipment can be placed so it does not shut down when circumstances would be damaging to the equipment or personnel. The origin of the term is to bridge or \"short\" the fuses of an electrical apparatus before entering combat, so that the fuse blowing will not stop the equipment from operating. According to Allied Ordnance Publication AOP-38-3, a NATO publication, a battleshort is \"The capability to bypass certain safety features in a system to ensure completion of the mission without interruption due to the safety feature.\" It also says, \"Examples of bypassed safety features are circuit overload protection, and protection against overheating\". In peaceful situations one would want equipment to shut down so it is not damaged. In a battle or emergency, where the survival of the vessel (or other protected asset) is dependent upon the continued operation of the equipment, it is sometimes wiser to risk equipment damage than have the equipment shut down when it is needed. For example, the electrical drives to elevate and traverse the guns of a combat warship may have \"battleshort\" fuses, which are simply copper bars of the correct size to fit the fuse holders, as failure to return fire in a combat situation is a greater threat to the ship and crew than damaging or overheating the electrical motors. Battleshorts have been used in some non-combat situations as well, including the Firing Room/Mission Control spaces at NASA during the crewed Apollo missions — specifically the Moon landings. Similar measures can be used on the pumps for fire sprinkler systems, with protective devices bypassed when alarms are activated. The justification is that any damage to the pumps is less than the potential loss of the building. See also Kill switch War emergency power , which suffered an electrical problem while under fire during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal References Military technology",
"title": "Battleshort"
},
{
"docid": "41834",
"text": "An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) or uninterruptible power source is a type of continual power system that provides automated backup electric power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails. A UPS differs from a traditional auxiliary/emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions by switching to energy stored in battery packs, supercapacitors or flywheels. The on-battery run-times of most UPSs are relatively short (only a few minutes) but sufficient to \"buy time\" for initiating a standby power source or properly shutting down the protected equipment. Almost all UPSs also contain integrated surge protection to shield the output appliances from voltage spikes. A UPS is typically used to protect hardware such as computers, data centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss. UPS units range in size from ones designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor (around 200 volt-ampere rating) to large units powering entire data centers or buildings. The world's largest UPS, the 46-megawatt Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), in Fairbanks, Alaska, powers the entire city and nearby rural communities during outages. Common power problems The primary role of any UPS is to provide short-term power when the input power source fails. However, most UPS units are also capable in varying degrees of correcting common utility power problems: Voltage spike or sustained overvoltage Momentary or sustained reduction in input voltage Voltage sag Noise, defined as a high frequency transient or oscillation, usually injected into the line by nearby equipment Instability of the mains frequency Harmonic distortion, defined as a departure from the ideal sinusoidal waveform expected on the line Some manufacturers of UPS units categorize their products in accordance with the number of power-related problems they address. A UPS unit may also introduce problems with electric power quality. To prevent this, a UPS should be selected not only by capacity, but also by the quality of power that is required by the equipment that is being supplied. Technologies The three general categories of modern UPS systems are on-line, line-interactive and standby: An on-line UPS uses a \"double conversion\" method of accepting AC input, rectifying to DC for passing through the rechargeable battery (or battery strings), then inverting back to 120 V/230 V AC for powering the protected equipment. A line-interactive UPS maintains the inverter in line and redirects the battery's DC current path from the normal charging mode to supplying current when power is lost. In a standby (\"off-line\") system the load is powered directly by the input power and the backup power circuitry is only invoked when the utility power fails. Most UPS below one kilovolt-ampere (1 kVA) are of the line-interactive or standby variety which are usually less expensive. For large power units, dynamic uninterruptible power supplies (DUPS) are sometimes used. A synchronous motor/alternator is connected on the mains via a choke. Energy is stored in a",
"title": "Uninterruptible power supply"
},
{
"docid": "1400408",
"text": "In electric power distribution, automatic circuit reclosers (ACRs) are a class of switchgear designed for use on overhead electricity distribution networks to detect and interrupt transient faults. Also known as reclosers or autoreclosers, ACRs are essentially rated circuit breakers with integrated current and voltage sensors and a protection relay, optimized for use as a protection asset. Commercial ACRs are governed by the IEC 62271-111/IEEE Std C37.60 and IEC 62271-200 standards. The three major classes of operating maximum voltage are 15.5 kV, 27 kV and 38 kV. For overhead electric power distribution networks, up to 80% of faults are transient, such as lightning strike, surges or foreign objects coming into contact with exposed distribution lines. Consequently, these transient faults can be resolved by a simple reclose operation. Reclosers are designed to handle a brief open-close duty cycle, where electrical engineers can optionally configure the number and timing of attempted close operations prior to transitioning to a lockout stage. The number of reclose attempts is limited to a maximum of four by recloser standards noted above. At two multiples of the rated current, the recloser's rapid trip curve can cause a trip (off circuit) in as little as 1.5 cycles (or 30 milliseconds). During those 1.5 cycles, other separate circuits can see voltage dips or blinks until the affected circuit opens to stop the fault current. Automatically closing the breaker after it has tripped and stayed open for a brief amount of time, usually after 1 to 5 seconds, is a standard procedure. Reclosers are often used as a key component in a smart grid, as they are effectively computer controlled switchgear which can be remotely operated and interrogated using SCADA or other communications. Interrogation and remote operation capabilities allow utilities to aggregate data about their network performance, and develop automation schemes for power restoration. Automation schemes can either be distributed (executed at the remote recloser level) or centralized (close and open commands issued by a central utility control room to be executed by remotely controlled ACRs). Description Autoreclosers are made in single-phase and three-phase versions, using oil, vacuum, or SF6 interrupters. Controls for the reclosers range from the original electromechanical systems to digital electronics with metering and SCADA functions. The ratings of reclosers run from 2.4–38 kV for load currents from 10–1200 A and fault currents from 1–16 kA. On a 3-phase circuit, a recloser is more beneficial than three separate fuse cutouts. For example, on a wye to delta conversion, when cutouts are used on the wye side and only 1 out of 3 of the cutout fuses open, some customers on the delta side have a low voltage condition, due to voltage transfer through the transformer windings. Low voltage can cause severe damage to electronic equipment. But when a recloser is used, all three phases open, thereby eliminating the problem. History Reclosers were invented in the mid 1900s in the USA with the earliest reclosers introduced by Kyle Corporation in the early 1940s. Reclosers were originally oil-filled hydraulic devices",
"title": "Recloser"
}
] | [
"the damaging effects of lightning"
] |
train_2053 | what movies is the song mrs robinson in | [
{
"docid": "7332013",
"text": "\"Mrs. Robinson\" is a song by American folk rock duo Simon & Garfunkel from their fourth studio album, Bookends (1968). The writing of the song was begun before the 1967 film The Graduate, which contained only fragments of it. The full song was released as a single on April 5, 1968, by Columbia Records. Produced by the duo and Roy Halee, the song was written by Paul Simon, who offered parts of it to movie director Mike Nichols alongside Art Garfunkel after Nichols rejected two other songs intended for the film. The Graduates soundtrack album uses two short versions of \"Mrs. Robinson\"; The full song was published on the album Bookends. The song was additionally released on the Mrs. Robinson EP in 1968, which also included three other songs from the film: \"April Come She Will\", \"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\", and \"The Sound of Silence\". \"Mrs. Robinson\" became the duo's second chart-topper, reaching 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as peaking within the top 10 of the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Spain, among other countries. In 1969, it became the first rock song to win the Grammy Award for Record of the Year. The song contains a famous reference to baseball star Joe DiMaggio. The song has been covered by a number of artists, including Frank Sinatra, the Lemonheads, and Bon Jovi. In 2004, it finished at No. 6 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. Background Simon & Garfunkel reached national fame in the United States in 1965–66, touring colleges and releasing a string of hit singles and albums. Meanwhile, director Mike Nichols, then filming The Graduate, became fascinated with two of the duo's songs, listening to them nonstop before and after filming. After two weeks of this obsession, he met with Columbia Records chairman Clive Davis to ask for permission to license Simon & Garfunkel music for his film. Davis viewed it as a perfect fit and envisioned a best-selling soundtrack album. Simon was not as immediately receptive, viewing movies as akin to \"selling out\", but he agreed to write at least one or two new songs for the film after being impressed by Nichols' wit and the script. Leonard Hirshan, a powerful agent at William Morris, negotiated a deal that paid Simon $25,000 to submit three songs to Nichols and producer Lawrence Turman. Several weeks later, Simon re-emerged with two new tracks, \"Punky's Dilemma\" and \"Overs\", neither of which Nichols was particularly taken with. Nichols asked if the duo had any more songs to offer, and after a break from the meeting, they returned with an early version of \"Mrs. Robinson\". They had been working on a track titled \"Mrs. Roosevelt\" (Eleanor Roosevelt), and returned to perform it for Nichols. He was ecstatic about the song, later commenting, \"They filled in with dee de dee dee de dee dee dee because there was no verse yet, but I liked even that.\" Garfunkel later expanded upon the song's placement in The Graduate: The",
"title": "Mrs. Robinson"
},
{
"docid": "46660",
"text": "The Graduate is a 1968 album of songs and music from the soundtrack of Mike Nichols' movie The Graduate. It includes five songs from the folk-rock duo Simon & Garfunkel, including \"Mrs. Robinson\", a work in progress which Simon adapted to fit the movie, along with several instrumental pieces by Dave Grusin. Released January 21 on Columbia Masterworks, the album was produced by Teo Macero. In March of the following year, Simon and Grusin won the 1968 Grammy Award for \"Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special\". \"Mrs Robinson\" received the Grammy for \"Record of the Year\", whilst Simon & Garfunkel collected the \"Best Contemporary-pop Performance, Vocal Duo or Group\" award. Although the album features two versions of \"Mrs. Robinson\", neither is the full version as featured on Bookends, which was composed later. The first consists of relentless, sharp guitar chords, with the \"dee-de-dee-dee\" sung motif, while the second includes a chorus, before tapering off as it does in the film. The other major song of the album, the 1965 hit \"The Sound of Silence\", is used three times in the film. Both songs have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (in 1999 and 2004 respectively). Track listing Personnel Paul Simon – lead vocals, guitar Art Garfunkel – lead vocals Dave Grusin – additional music Charts Certifications References Comedy-drama film soundtracks Single-artist film soundtracks Simon & Garfunkel albums Dave Grusin soundtracks Albums produced by Teo Macero 1968 soundtrack albums Columbia Records soundtracks Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media",
"title": "The Graduate (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "30499833",
"text": "\"April Come She Will\" is a song by American music duo Simon & Garfunkel from their second studio album, Sounds of Silence (1966). It originally appeared on the solo album The Paul Simon Songbook. It is the B-side to the hit single \"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\". It is included on The Graduate soundtrack album and was additionally released on the \"Mrs. Robinson\" EP in 1968, together with three other songs from The Graduate film: \"Mrs. Robinson\", \"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\", and \"The Sound of Silence\". Background and composition The song was written in 1964 while Paul Simon was in England. Its lyrics use the changing nature of the seasons as a metaphor for a girl's changing moods. The inspiration for the song was a girl that Simon met and the nursery rhyme she used to recite, \"Cuckoo\". It is the shortest song on the album. The song is composed in the key of G major, sounding as A major with the capo on the 2nd fret, with Art Garfunkel's vocal range spanning from D3 to D4. Release and reception In the February 1968 release of the soundtrack for the movie The Graduate, the song appeared (in a different version) as the seventh track. It is featured in a pool scene in the movie and was used as a rhythmic guide for the editing of the film. Reviews for the song were generally positive. Matthew Greenwald of Allmusic wrote: \"The sense of yearning in this song would later be beautifully echoed in one of the Parsley, Sage, Rosemary & Thyme masterpieces, \"For Emily, Wherever I May Find Her.\" Like that song, it is very brief, yet the shortness of the song adds to the effectiveness and economy of both the lyric and melody.\" In popular culture Excerpts feature throughout the Korean drama Angel Eyes (TV series). It is the favorite song of the female lead Yoon Soo-wan (Koo Hye-sun) and is the ringtone for the phone of the male lead Park Dong-joo (Lee Sang-yoon) on his return to South Korea. Part of the song was featured in Season 23, Episode 18 of The Simpsons, Beware My Cheating Bart. Conversely, the musical segment featured a visual gag referencing the poster of the 1967 film, The Graduate, for which Simon & Garfunkel provided the soundtrack. In the 2000s, the song was also featured in an episode of Parks and Recreation and one of The Mindy Project. References Bibliography External links April Come She Will | The Paul Simon Official Site 1966 songs Songs written by Paul Simon Simon & Garfunkel songs",
"title": "April Come She Will"
},
{
"docid": "46752",
"text": "Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits is the first compilation album from Simon & Garfunkel, which was released on June 14, 1972, two years after Simon & Garfunkel had parted ways. The album is currently available on CD under Legacy's Playlist banner. Overview The album was a mix of original studio recordings and four previously unreleased live recordings. The album's minimalist packaging does not specifically date the latter; however, the live versions of \"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her\" and \"Kathy's Song\" included on Greatest Hits were also included on the 2008 album Live 1969. The liner notes to Live 1969 state that these two songs were both recorded at a November 1969 concert in St. Louis, Missouri. According to the liner notes from Collected Works, however, the version of \"Kathy's Song\" was taken from a 1968 concert in Vermont. In a 1975 BBC Radio 1 interview, Roy Halee identified this version of \"The 59th Street Bridge Song\" as being from Simon & Garfunkel's 1970 performance at Carnegie Hall, \"the last concert they did together\" (prior to their disbanding later in 1970). A live version of \"Homeward Bound\" was also included on the album. The remaining ten studio songs comprise nine singles released between 1965 and 1972, \"America\" being issued as a single several years after its appearance as a track on the Bookends album, and one album track, \"Bookends\" (without its parent song \"Old Friends\"). All the singles included, except \"America,\" \"El Condor Pasa (If I Could),\" and \"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\" made the Top Ten, with the last peaking at No. 11. \"Mrs. Robinson\" topped the chart aided by its appearance in Mike Nichols' hit movie The Graduate. \"The Sound of Silence\" and \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" also peaked at No. 1 as singles in their studio versions, and \"The Boxer\" peaked as a single at No. 7. Reception Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits peaked on the U.S. albums chart at No. 5. On the UK Album Chart, it was a No. 2 hit. The album has proven a long and durable seller, currently being certified for 14 million units sold in the U.S. alone. It is easily their best-selling album in the U.S., and holds the record in the U.S. for the best-selling album by a duo. In 2003, the album was ranked No. 293 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Track listing All songs composed by Paul Simon unless otherwise noted. Side one \"Mrs. Robinson\" (some pressings use the single mix with an early fade-out at 3:51; later pressings revert to the Bookends album version at 4:02) – 3:51 or 4:02 \"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her\" (Live) – 2:25 \"The Boxer\" – 5:11 \"The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)\" (Live with applause cross-fade into the studio version of \"The Sound of Silence\") – 1:50 \"The Sound of Silence\" (Acoustic version with electric overdubs) – 3:11 \"I Am a Rock\" – 2:53 \"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\" (Traditional; arranged by Simon, Art",
"title": "Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits"
},
{
"docid": "4845104",
"text": "The Graduate is a 1963 novella by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College. It tells the story of Benjamin Braddock, who, while pondering his future after his graduation, has an affair with the older Mrs. Robinson, the wife of his father's business partner, before falling in love with their daughter, Elaine. The novella was adapted into the highly successful 1967 film The Graduate, directed by Mike Nichols, with Dustin Hoffman in the title role and Anne Bancroft as Mrs. Robinson. Webb has stated he never felt comfortable with the attention the film brought him because he felt it distracted from his status as a serious artist. He did not receive any royalties from the film and has stated he is glad it happened that way. On the episode of the AMC television series Movies That Shook the World devoted to the film adaptation, Webb revealed the identity of the real-life inspiration for Mrs. Robinson: Jane Ericson (exact spelling unknown), the wife of an associate of Webb's father. However, that was the extent of any similarity with the novel; Webb denied having a relationship with her. A sequel titled Home School, which takes place ten years after the ending of the first novel, was published by Hutchinson in June 2007. Plot Benjamin Braddock has recently graduated from a small Eastern college and has returned home to a suburb of Los Angeles. Benjamin, visibly uncomfortable as his parents deliver accolades and neighborhood friends ask him about his future plans, evades those who try to congratulate him. Mrs. Robinson enters his room, asking him strange questions and probing into his life. After he drives her home, Mrs. Robinson attempts to seduce him. Benjamin rebuffs her and quickly goes downstairs as he hears Mr. Robinson arriving home. A week after his 21st birthday, Benjamin begins his affair with Mrs. Robinson and meets her at the Taft Hotel. In mid-September, Benjamin spends the time drifting around in the pool by day, purposefully neglecting to select a graduate school, and seeing Mrs. Robinson at the hotel by night. One evening, Mrs. Robinson reveals that she is in a loveless marriage, because in the 1940s, she became pregnant with her daughter, Elaine, dropped out of college, and married to avoid scandal. After being increasingly pressured by his parents and Mr. Robinson to go on a date with Elaine, he takes her out but deliberately sabotages the date by driving recklessly and taking her to two clubs and a strip show. Benjamin discovers that he likes Elaine and decides to tell her everything. Elaine is furious and returns to Berkeley where she is a university student. Several months later, Benjamin goes to Berkeley and moves into a rooming house near Elaine's dormitory. Elaine is uneasy in his presence and tells him that she has started dating Carl Smith, a medical student. Elaine accuses him of taking advantage of her mother's drunken state and raping her, refusing to believe that it was her mother",
"title": "The Graduate (novel)"
},
{
"docid": "1037063",
"text": "It's a Shame About Ray is the fifth album by American alternative rock band the Lemonheads, released on June 2, 1992. The album was produced by the Robb Brothers. At the time of principal recording, the band consisted of Evan Dando (lead vocals, guitar), Juliana Hatfield (bass, backing vocals) and David Ryan (drums). Though not originally on the album, the band's cover of Simon & Garfunkel's \"Mrs. Robinson\" was added to the album in later pressings after it had become a major worldwide radio hit, and it features a later lineup of the band with Nic Dalton on bass. History The title track was inspired by a quote that band leader Evan Dando had seen in a Sydney newspaper in reference to a kid called Ray who kept getting kicked out of every school he went to. The album became an international hit for the band, reaching #31 in the UK Top 100 as well as #5 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart in the U.S. The song was later included at #138 on Pitchfork's \"Top 200 Tracks of the 90s\" list. The music video features Johnny Depp. Actress Polly Noonan and her car appear on the cover of the album. Rereleases After its initial release, the album was reissued with a cover of the song \"Mrs. Robinson\", written by Paul Simon and originally recorded by Simon & Garfunkel. The Lemonheads' version was recorded to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the release of the film The Graduate. The band recorded the song in Berlin while on tour, with Nic Dalton on bass guitar. It was released as a single. The album was reissued by Rhino in 2008 as a collector's edition that includes several demo versions of album tracks, the B-side song \"Shaky Ground\" and a DVD containing the previously released (on VHS) Two Weeks in Australia. Notable performances The Lemonheads toured Australia in late 2010, playing the album in its entirety along with songs from their other albums. The band performed the entire album at London's Shepherd's Bush Empire on September 14–15, 2005, as part of the All Tomorrow's Parties–curated Don't Look Back concert series, with \"Mrs. Robinson\" missing from the setlist. The band performed the album in its entirety while opening for certain dates of Jawbreaker's 2022 spring tour. Track listing All songs by Evan Dando unless otherwise stated. \"Rockin Stroll\" - 1:48 \"Confetti\" - 2:47 \"It's a Shame About Ray\" (words: Dando, Tom Morgan; music: Dando) - 3:08 \"Rudderless\" - 3:21 \"My Drug Buddy\"- 2:52 \"The Turnpike Down\" - 2:34 \"Bit Part\" (studio version) (words: Dando, Morgan; music: Dando) - 1:52 \"Alison's Starting to Happen\" - 2:00 \"Hannah & Gabi\" - 2:41 \"Kitchen\" (Nic Dalton) - 2:55 \"Ceiling Fan in My Spoon\" - 2:00 \"Frank Mills\" (James Rado, Gerome Ragni, Galt MacDermot) - 1:45 Re-release bonus track \"Mrs. Robinson\" (Paul Simon) - 3:45 Bonus material \"Shaky Ground\" (B-side) - 1:49 \"It's a Shame About Ray\" (demo version) - 2:57 \"Rockin Stroll\" (demo version) - 1:49 \"My Drug",
"title": "It's a Shame About Ray"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "42125084",
"text": "\"The Moon of Manakoora\" is a popular song written by Frank Loesser (lyrics) and Alfred Newman (music) for the 1937 Paramount film The Hurricane starring Dorothy Lamour. Lamour sang the song in the film and also made a commercial recording of it. The song \"The Moon of Manakoora\" is considered a standard and was Loesser's first success as a lyric writer. Manakoora, loosely translated to English, is \"witchcraft\", derived from \"mana\" meaning \"magic\" and \"koora/kura\" (pronounced \"KUU-rah\") meaning \"lore\" or \"school\" or \"body of knowledge\". Other recordings The song has been covered by many other artists, including: The cast of TV series Glee Australian Jazz vocalist Janet Seidel The Norman Luboff Choir Andy Williams (for his 1959 album To You Sweetheart, Aloha.) The Ames Brothers Chet Atkins Stanley Black Frankie Carle Benny Carter Frank Chacksfield Bing Crosby – The Crosby version was recorded on January 21, 1938, with John Scott Trotter and his Orchestra for Decca Records and reached the No. 10 position in the charts in 1938. Vic Damone (for his 1962 album Strange Enchantment) Eddie \"Lockjaw\" Davis Percy Faith Benny Goodman Burl Ives (for his 1965 album On the Beach at Waikiki) Harry James Kana King Andre Kostelanetz Gene Krupa Harry Leader Guy Lombardo Arthur Lyman Henry Mancini Tony Martin (with Ray Noble and his Orchestra. This recording reached the charts of the day and peaked in the No. 15 position.) Felix Mendelssohn’s Hawaiian Serenaders Buddy Merrill Orchestra Vaughn Monroe Alfred Newman Les Paul and Mary Ford Sonny Rollins Wayne Shorter The Ventures The melody of the song appears in themes for the movies The Hurricane and Mr. Robinson Crusoe. References 1937 songs Songs written for films Songs written by Frank Loesser",
"title": "The Moon of Manakoora"
},
{
"docid": "7197338",
"text": "\"Chicago\" is a popular song written by Fred Fisher and published in 1922. The original sheet music variously spelled the title \"Todd'ling\" or \"Toddling.\" The song has been recorded by many artists, but the best-known versions are by Frank Sinatra, Ben Selvin and Judy Garland. The song alludes to the city's colorful past, feigning \"... the surprise of my life / I saw a man dancing with his own wife\", mentioning evangelist Billy Sunday as having not been able to \"shut down\" the city, and State Street where \"they do things they don't do on Broadway\". The song made a minor appearance on the U.S. pop charts, reaching #84 in the fall of 1957. It was the first of two charting songs about Chicago recorded by Sinatra. The other was \"My Kind of Town\" from 1964, which reached U.S. #110. Lyrics As with many similar songs, the lyrics have undergone a number of reworkings. The original third verse included the lines, \"More Colored people up in State Street you can see,/ Than you'll see in Louisiana or Tennessee\" and makes reference to the Chicago Stockyards. Later recordings have a number of replacements: Of all versions, Judy Garland's 1961 Judy at Carnegie Hall concert recording contains more references than most: Marshall Field's department store, the Drake Hotel, the Chicago Loop, The Pump Room at the Ambassador East hotel, and even Mrs O'Leary's Cow. Chart history Film appearances 1937 - Instrumental version played over opening credits of 1933 film, Little Giant with Edward G. Robinson; also reprised later in the film. 1939 - featured in H.C. Potter's 1939 film, The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle, starring Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire. 1942 - the song was featured in the opening and closing credits of the 1942 movie Roxie Hart starring Ginger Rogers and Adolphe Menjou. 1949 - included in the fictionalized biography of Fred Fisher, Oh, You Beautiful Doll. 1952 - used in the 1952 film With a Song in My Heart. 1957 - performed by Frank Sinatra in a 1957 movie in which he starred, The Joker Is Wild. His separately-recorded rendition (i.e., not the same version that is in the film) is the only charting version of the song. 1974 - appears in the film Harry and Tonto. Recorded versions Synco Jazz Band (Joseph Samuels) (Aug 10, 1922) Ben Selvin Jamey Aebersold Ann-Margret George Barnes Luis Barreiro Count Basie Laura Benanti - The Playboy Club Tony Bennett Pierre Blanchard Claude Bolling Boston Pops Orchestra James Brown Dave Brubeck John Bunch Benny Carter Chicago - Night and Day: Big-Band (1995) Rosemary Clooney Bing Crosby for his 1957 album New Tricks. Graham Dalby & the Grahamophones Sammy Davis Jr. Jimmy Dorsey Tommy Dorsey John Eaton Duke Ellington Bob Florence Pete Fountain Sergio Franchi (in Italian) on his 1964 RCA single Bud Freeman Jackie and Roy Judy Garland on her double LP Judy at Carnegie Hall (1961) and the studio album Judy in London (1972, rec. 1960) The Georgians (1922) Harry Goldson",
"title": "Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)"
},
{
"docid": "24752258",
"text": "Lou Pardini (born June 5, 1952) is an American Grammy-nominated keyboardist, songwriter and vocalist who is now best known as a former member of the rock band Chicago. He is known for his work with notable musicians such as Stevie Wonder, Santana, Elton John, Peabo Bryson, Earth, Wind, & Fire and The Doobie Brothers, and he has written hit songs for Patti Austin, Kenny G, The Temptations, and more. Current career Lou sang his popular song “I’m Gonna Wait For Your Love” duet with Saxophonist Eric Marienthal's 1989 album was released by Verve Music (Formerly GRP Records) in 1989, and also the single because mostly worldwide including the Philippines. His Grammy-nominated song \"Just to See Her\", recorded by Smokey Robinson, also won Robinson his first ever Grammy for the Best Male R&B Vocal performance. The song \"What Might Have Been\" recorded by Pardini on his solo album titled Live and Let Live has also been a popular favorite in Asia, particularly in the Philippines and Japan, and also in Europe. As a composer and artist, Pardini's credits include a library of music featured on TV and film such as Romance and Cigarettes, written and directed by John Turturro and starring Kate Winslet and James Gandolfini, and the movie Blue, directed by Ryan Minningham. In August 2009, Pardini answered Bill Champlin's departure as keyboardist and vocalist in the multi-platinum band, Chicago. On January 21, 2022, he announced his departure from Chicago in a Facebook group post. References Living people 21st-century American keyboardists Chicago (band) members American male songwriters Place of birth missing (living people) 1952 births Koinonia (band) members American people of Italian descent",
"title": "Lou Pardini"
},
{
"docid": "1562492",
"text": "Wilbert Huntington Harrison (January 5, 1929 – October 26, 1994) was an American rhythm and blues singer, pianist, guitarist and harmonica player. Biography Harrison was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He had a Billboard #1 record in 1959 with the song \"Kansas City\". The song was written in 1952 and was one of the first credited collaborations by the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Harrison recorded \"Kansas City\" for the Harlem-based entrepreneur Bobby Robinson, who released it on his Fury record label. At the height of the song's success, Robinson was sued by Savoy Records who informed them that the release of the record in March 1959 violated a contract Harrison had with that label that was to expire in August 1959. The litigation, which lasted until September 1959, abruptly prevented Robinson from issuing follow-ups to \"Kansas City\" while Harrison was a star. Meanwhile, Harrison continued to perform and record but it would be another ten years before he again cracked the Billboard Top 40 when he released the self-penned \"Let's Work Together (Part 1)\" that went to #32 in early 1970 on the Billboard Hot 100. The 1970 hit version was released as a single on Sue Records (Sue 11) and was backed with \"Let's Work Together (Part 2)\". The song also was released in a 5 minute 19 second version on the Sue Records album SSLP-8801 Let's Work Together. The song was originally released by Harrison in 1962 with different lyrics as \"Let's Stick Together\" on Fury 1059 and Fury 1063. \"Let's Work Together\" was later a hit for Canned Heat, and, again as \"Let's Stick Together\", for Bryan Ferry. It was also recorded by country rock band the Kentucky Headhunters for the soundtrack to the movie Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man. In 1970, Harrison had some success with \"My Heart Is Yours\", and he toured for many years with a band known as 'Wilbert Harrison and the Roamers', and as a solo act. A follow-up album was released that year, Anything You Want. Reviewing it in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \"Let's Work Together was an anachronistic, even primitive r&b album based on the fluke hit of the same name, which makes this the follow-up. Side one consists entirely of roll and rock songs you'd swear you've heard before—'Your Three Letters,' eh, and what's this 'Let's Stick Together,' and why not bring out 'Kansas City' again? Very unprepossessing, very charming. In fact, if the second side weren't all standards and uncharming filler—only 'Sentimental Journey' is even funny—I wouldn't be recommending this to r&b diehards only.\" Harrison died of a stroke in 1994, in a Spencer, North Carolina, nursing home at the age of 65. In 2001, his recording of \"Kansas City\" was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and has also been named as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500",
"title": "Wilbert Harrison"
},
{
"docid": "11988865",
"text": "Music of the Millennium II (named Music of the Millennium 2001 for its Japanese release) is the second part of the Music of the Millennium trilogy. The album was released soon after the beginning of the third millennium, and has music from some of the most influential names in popular music from the middle to the end of the twentieth century and includes some of the biggest international hits of the period. Different versions of the album were released, including two international versions and a one-disc Canadian version. International Track List 1 Disc 1 Queen – Bohemian Rhapsody The Rolling Stones – Undercover of the Night Jimi Hendrix – Purple Haze U2 – Pride (In the Name of Love) Simple Minds – Alive and Kicking Blondie – Call Me Lenny Kravitz – Fly Away Bryan Adams – Run to You David Bowie – China Girl Pink Floyd – Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2) Sting – Englishman In New York Elton John – Rocket Man Supertramp – Breakfast In America Genesis – Invisible Touch Eric Clapton – I Shot the Sheriff Bob Marley & the Wailers – Jamming UB40 with Chrissie Hynde – I Got You Babe Deep Purple – Smoke on the Water Oasis – Cigarettes & Alcohol Blur – Song 2 Disc 2 John Lennon – Woman The Police – Every Breath You Take Sinéad O'Connor – Nothing Compares 2 U Janet Jackson – That's the Way Love Goes George Michael – Fastlove Robbie Williams – Angels Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It Rod Stewart – You Wear It Well Prince – 1999 Donna Summer – Hot Stuff ABBA – Mamma Mia Diana Ross – Chain Reaction James Brown – Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine Marvin Gaye – What's Going On Ben E. King – Stand by Me Otis Redding – (Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay Stevie Wonder – Uptight (Everything's Alright) Simon & Garfunkel – Mrs. Robinson Wings – Mull of Kintyre Don McLean – American Pie Notice that in the UK the 40 songs are arranged in a different order. International Track List 2 Disc 1 Queen & David Bowie – Under Pressure Rolling Stones – Start Me Up U2 – Pride (In the Name of Love) Eric Clapton – Bad Love Aerosmith – Love in an Elevator Free – All Right Now Paul McCartney & Wings – Jet Dire Straits – Money for Nothing Peter Gabriel – Sledgehammer Simple Minds – Alive and Kicking Frankie Goes to Hollywood – Relax Supertramp – The Logical Song Jethro Tull – \"Living in the Past\" Prince – Kiss Tina Turner – The Best Simon & Garfunkel – Mrs. Robinson Bob Dylan – Like a Rolling Stone The Byrds – Mr. Tambourine Man The Beach Boys – God Only Knows Disc 2 John Lennon – Woman Robbie Williams – Angels Crowded House – Don't Dream It's Over Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger Cranberries – Linger Radiohead",
"title": "Music of the Millennium II"
},
{
"docid": "12821020",
"text": "Russ Regan (born Harold Rustigian; October 15, 1928 in Sanger, California – May 27, 2018 in Palm Springs, California) was an American record executive who was President of both UNI Records and 20th Century Records and was vice-president of A&R at Motown. Regan is the rare executive to have seen No. 1 hits in four successive decades. Career He started his career in the 1950s as a composer and record producer. His first notable hit was a 1959 Christmas novelty song, inspired by \"The Chipmunk Song\", titled \"The Happy Reindeer\" credited to Dancer, Prancer and Nervous (No. 34, Pop) issued by Capitol Records. In the early 1960s, Regan recorded \"Joan of Love\", backed with \"Adults Only\", which was released under the name Russ Regan. He also recorded \"Calling All Cars\" under the name Davy Summers for Warner Brothers with producer Sonny Bono. In the mid-1960s, he was drafted in to help form a musical direction for Warner Brothers' fledgling pop/soul music subsidiary, Loma Records. Regan started in record promotion with Motown in the early years of the company. His first project there was the company's first Billboard Hot 100 number one record, \"Please Mr. Postman\" by The Marvelettes in 1961. He would go on to promote songs by The Supremes, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, and Marvin Gaye. He suggested the name of The Beach Boys when a Los Angeles group called Carl & The Passions had just recorded a song called \"Surfin'\". He also helped Frank Sinatra record his No. 4 hit, \"That's Life\" in 1966. He struck a deal with Jimmy Miller Productions when Miller left The Rolling Stones, which resulted in albums from B.B. King, Henry Gross, Bobby Whitlock, and others. Regan also signed Ambrosia and Harriet Schock to 20th Century Records. Russ Regan played a major role in the careers of a number of recording artists, as he headed up labels such as Uni, 20th Century and Phonogram Records. Dozens of recording artists, including Elton John, Neil Diamond, Barry White, Olivia Newton-John and The Beach Boys had Regan to thank for opening the doors for their success. One of his most surprising successes while at UNI was South African trumpeter Hugh Masakela's \"Grazing In The Grass\" in 1968, which sold over a million and reached the top spot in the Billboard pop chart. While President of 20th Century Records, Regan was inspired from a dream to create the movie All This and World War II, which saw Fox News footage from WWII backed with various artists singing Beatles songs. The movie was never released on video, and it remains in the vaults of 20th Century Fox. Regan also supervised the soundtracks for the movies Endless Love, Breakin', The Karate Kid, All The Right Moves, Love At First Bite, This Is Spinal Tap, and A Chorus Line. Regan was also the Music Supervisor for four Academy Award-winning songs from the films The Poseidon Adventure, The Towering Inferno, Flashdance, and Chariots of Fire. Notes",
"title": "Russ Regan"
},
{
"docid": "17377861",
"text": "Dimples is a 1936 American musical drama film directed by William A. Seiter. The screenplay was written by Nat Perrin and Arthur Sheekman. The film was panned by the critics. Videocassette and DVD versions of the film were available in 2009. Plot A young mid-nineteenth century street entertainer is separated from her pickpocket grandfather when given a home by a wealthy New York City widow. Cast Shirley Temple as Sylvia Dolores \"Dimples\" Appleby, an 8-year-old girl who is a street performer in New York City circa 1850 and Professor Appleby's granddaughter Frank Morgan as Professor Eustace Appleby, a pickpocket who is also Dimples's grandfather Helen Westley as Mrs. Caroline Drew, Allen's aunt and Dimples's patroness Robert Kent as Allen Drew, a theatrical producer and Caroline Drew's nephew Astrid Allwyn as Cleo Marsh, a haughty actress and Allen's sudden romantic interest Delma Byron as Betty Loring, Allen's betrothed and the daughter of Colonel Loring Berton Churchill as Colonel Jasper Loring, Betty's father Julius Tannen as Emery T. Hawkins, a swindler John Carradine as Richards, a swindler Stepin Fetchit as Cicero, a servant Billy McClain as Rufus Jack Clifford as Uncle Tom, a character in Allen's new play Betty Jean Hainey as Topsy, a character in Allen's new play Paul Stanton as Mr. St. Clair, a character in Allen's new play The Hall Johnson Choir as Choir Production This movie was originally to be titled The Bowery Princess but was changed as it was deemed too coarse for Temple's image. There was a great deal of friction on the set of this movie as Morgan and Temple repeatedly tried to steal scenes from one another. Morgan would place his stovepipe hat on a table blocking Temple's face and forcing her to move her marks and out of the camera lights. He would also keep moving his hands near her eye level by tinkering with a handkerchief or placing on gloves. Temple for her part would either yawn or scratch her face. In the scene where Morgan's character gets ripped off by con men, Temple jiggled the fishing pole she was holding in the background in an attempt to draw attention away from Morgan. She also worked with Robinson to devise ways of creating rhythmic pauses and gestures in her dance movements to prevent scene stealing from Morgan. Producer Nunally Johnson, commenting on the scene stealing, remarked that \"When this picture is over, either Shirley will have acquired a taste for Scotch whiskey or Frank will come out with curls.\" Music The film's songs – \"Hey, What Did the Blue Jay Say\", \"He Was a Dandy\", \"Picture Me Without You\", \"Get On Board\", \"Dixie-anna\", and \"Wings of the Morning\" – were written by Jimmy McHugh and lyricist Ted Koehler. The dances were choreographed by Bill Robinson who appeared with Temple in four films and partnered her for the famous staircase tap dance in The Little Colonel. Sony Computer Entertainment later used the song Get On Board for a PlayStation 2 advertisement entitled \"Mountain\".",
"title": "Dimples (1936 film)"
},
{
"docid": "1835337",
"text": "The Fat Boys were an American hip hop trio from Brooklyn, New York, who emerged in the early 1980s. The group was briefly known originally as the Disco 3, originally composed of Mark \"Prince Markie Dee\" Morales, Damon \"Kool Rock-Ski\" Wimbley, and Darren \"Buff Love\" Robinson. The trio is widely known for using beatbox in their songs. The group opened doors for beatboxers like Biz Markie and Doug E. Fresh. The Fat Boys were one of the first rap groups to release full-length rap albums, along with Run-D.M.C., Whodini and Kurtis Blow. Beloved for their comedic, self-deprecating rhymes, the group released seven studio albums, four of which went Gold by RIAA. The first two albums of the group were produced by Kurtis Blow. Successful singles included \"Jail House Rap\", \"Can You Feel It?\", \"Fat Boys\", \"Stick 'Em\", \"Don't You Dog Me\", \"All You Can Eat\", \"The Fat Boys Are Back\", and \"Pump It Up\". The album Crushin' received a Platinum status due to their single \"Wipeout\", which was recorded together with the American rock group The Beach Boys. The next album, Coming Back Hard Again, repeated the formula of the previous one and received a Gold status due to the successful single \"The Twist (Yo, Twist)\", recorded together with American rock 'n roll singer Chubby Checker. The album also included the theme song for the movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master, which featured Robert Englund performing as Freddy Krueger. The group starred in three feature films in the 1980s: Krush Groove, Knights of the City and Disorderlies. Members Mark Morales, also known as \"Prince Markie Dee\" (February 19, 1968 – February 18, 2021) Damon Wimbley, also known as \"Kool Rock-Ski\" (born November 9, 1966) Darren Robinson, also known as \"The Human Beat Box\" and \"Buff Love\" (June 10, 1967 – December 10, 1995) History Beginnings In 1983, a Swiss-born promoter named Charles Stettler, the owner of his own label Tin Pan Apple, decided to hold a hip-hop talent contest. To find a sponsor, Stettler went to radio station WBLS, which recommended him to a couple of sponsors. In the end, he persuaded the company Coca-Cola to finance the contest. For the next three months, contests were held to identify a winner in each borough of New York City every Saturday afternoon. On May 23, 1983, the final contest entitled \"Coca-Cola and WBLS present: The Tin Pan Apple After Dark Dance & Rap Contest!\" was held. The event was held at Radio City Music Hall. The host that evening was Mr. Magic from the radio program Rap Attack. According to the terms of the competition, the winner signed a contract for a recording contract. The Fat Boys members, then calling themselves The Disco 3, were unexpected winners with their song \"Stick' Em\". European Tour In 1983, The Disco 3 released their debut single \"Reality\". It was produced by James Mason, jazz guitarist and keyboardist of Roy Ayers' jazz-funk band. Since the group did not have a manager,",
"title": "The Fat Boys"
},
{
"docid": "2321193",
"text": "Felons and Revolutionaries is the debut studio album by the American nu metal band Dope. The album was released in 1999 on Epic Records and has sold over 236,000 copies in the United States, making it their best-selling album to date. It was re-released on June 17, 2000, with the single \"You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)\" (Dead or Alive cover) as a bonus track. \"Pig Society\", \"Everything Sucks\", \"Sick\", and \"Debonaire\" were also released as singles, but did not chart. Track listing The track listing on the back cover of some pressings does not list the song \"Fuck tha Police\" as appearing on the record. This is most likely due to a typographical error, censorship, or the producers using too much of the space on the back of the album for the artwork. The original pressing for the album's Canadian release does list the song on the back cover. There are also reports that some versions of the album actually did not contain this song. On the later pressing that included \"You Spin Me 'Round (Like a Record)\", the song \"Everything Sucks\" is actually the Andy Wallace remix version. Appearances in other media \"Debonaire\" is used during the SWAT assault scene in the movie The Fast and the Furious. \"Debonaire\" was used as the entrance theme of the wrestler Rhino in ECW. It was also used as the opening song for their video game Anarchy Rulz. Also used in the movie Run All Night starring Liam Neeson and Joel Kinnaman. Personnel Dope Edsel Dope – lead vocals, programming, additional guitars, bass Simon Dope – keyboards, percussion, sampling Tripp Eisen – lead guitar Acey Slade – rhythm guitar, bass, backing vocals Preston Nash – drums Additional personnel DJ Lethal – screaming hummingbird on track 12 The N.Y.C. Dope Choir – backing vocals on track eight Production Jordan Schur – executive production and A&R Edsel Dope – production, arrangements, artwork, design, digital editing, engineering, layout, mixing Chip Quigley – management and direction John Travis – production, engineering, recording, mixing Acey Slade – engineering Eric Too – assistant engineering Derek Carlson – assistant engineering Mr. Big Head – assistant engineering Jay Baumgardner – mixing Blumpy – mixing Will Gibson – A&R coordination for Flip Kaz Utsunomiya – A&R for Epic Larry Robinson – business affairs Joe Serling – legal representation Howie Weinberg – mastering Roger Lian – editing John Ditmar – booking Peter Ciccotto – design Marina Chavez – photography Chapman Baehler – photography Mear at Conart – artwork Chart positions Album Single References 1999 debut albums Dope (band) albums Epic Records albums Speed metal albums",
"title": "Felons and Revolutionaries"
},
{
"docid": "30854817",
"text": "Thomas Thompson (3 October 1933 – 29 October 1982), was an American journalist and author. Career Thompson was born in Fort Worth, Texas, to Clarence Arnold Thompson (1897–1983) and Ruth Oswalt (1904–1983). He graduated from the University of Texas in 1955. He then worked as a reporter and editor at the Houston Press. Thompson joined Life magazine in 1961 and became an editor and staff writer. While at Life he covered the JFK assassination and was the first writer to locate Lee Harvey Oswald's home and wife. Among his stories were coverage of the making of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by the Beatles, in which he revealed the group's extensive drug use; an in-depth look at Frank Sinatra and his alleged Mafia ties; and the 40th and 50th birthdays of Elizabeth Taylor. His book Hearts (1971) concerned the rivalry between Houston surgeons Michael DeBakey and Denton Cooley at the dawn of the heart transplant era. Richie: The Ultimate Tragedy Between One Decent Man and the Son He Loved (1973) was the story of a Long Island man who killed his drug-addicted son. This was made into a TV-movie called The Death of Richie. Thompson's most successful book, Lost! (1975), was his account of the true story of two men and one woman who were lost at sea after a storm in the Pacific. Thompson's Lost! was retold in the made-for-TV movie Lost! in 1986. Blood and Money (1976) was based on a true story of scandal and the murders of Houston socialite Joan Robinson Hill and her husband John Hill, and the alleged involvement of Mrs. Hill's father, Ash Robinson, a wealthy Texas oil magnate. The book sold four million copies in fourteen languages. There were three lawsuits against Thompson after the book's publication. Ann Kurth, John Hill's second wife, sued Thompson for his description of her as a \"sex bomb\". Kurth's suit and that of a Longview, Texas police officer, were both dismissed. Ash Robinson, the father of Joan Robinson Hill, also sued Thompson for his portrayal in the book; Robinson was unsuccessful in his suit against Thompson. Robinson had been allowed to read the book prior to its publication and initially said he approved of what Thompson had written about him. His only criticism was that he believed the book was too long. Thompson's publishers withheld his royalties until all suits connected with the book were settled. Thompson also wrote Serpentine (1979), the story of convicted murderer Charles Sobhraj. Thompson wrote one novel, Celebrity (1982), which was on the national best-seller list for six months. That novel became the basis for a five-hour mini series in 1984. Thompson received the National Headliner Award for investigative reporting. He was also the 1977 Edgar Award winner for Blood and Money. Thompson's family believed that the liver disease that caused his death was contracted in the Far East while investigating the Charles Sobhraj saga. When he became ill, Thompson was teaching writing at the University of Southern California. Among",
"title": "Thomas Thompson (American author)"
},
{
"docid": "5605013",
"text": "Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance) is the only album issued by The Contours during their recording career at Motown Records. Issued on Motown's Gordy subsidiary in October 1962 (see 1962 in music), the album includes the hit title track and the number 21 R&B hit single \"Shake Sherry\". Also including the early singles \"Whole Lotta' Woman\" and \"The Stretch\", Do You Love Me is notable as the first LP to be released by Gordy Records. The song was also performed in the movies Dirty Dancing, Getting Even With Dad, Teen Wolf Too (by Ragtime), and \"Beethoven's 2nd\". It was performed by Bootsy Collins and the Funk Brothers in the movie Standing in the Shadows of Motown and in 2016 was used in a Pepsi-Cola commercial featuring Janelle Monáe. It also appeared in a 2020 Boston Dynamics commercial featuring dancing robots. Barni Wright was credited for the cover design. Track listing All tracks composed by Berry Gordy; except where indicated Side A \"Do You Love Me\" \"Shake Sherry\" \"You Better Get in Line\" \"The Stretch\" (Loucye Gordy Wakefield, William \"Mickey\" Stevenson) \"It Must Be Love\" (Joe Billingslea, Sylvester Potts) \"Whole Lotta Woman\" (Smokey Robinson, Billy Gordon, Billy Hoggs) Side B \"Claudia\" (Clarence Paul, Ivy Jo Hunter, William \"Mickey\" Stevenson) \"So Grateful\" \"The Old Miner\" (William \"Mickey\" Stevenson) \"Funny\" (William \"Mickey\" Stevenson, Billy Gordon, Sylvester Potts) \"Move Mr. Man\" (Berry Gordy, Jr., Rebecca Nichols) 1988 CD reissue track listing Side A \"Do You Love Me\" 6:37 \"Just a Little Misunderstanding\" 2:43 \"Shake Sherrie\" 2:51 \"Can You Do It?\" 2:19 \"Don't Let Her Be Your Baby\" 2:50 Side B \"First I Look at the Purse\" 3:00 \"Whole Lotta Woman\" 2:37 \"Can You Jerk Like Me?\" 2:30 \"It's So Hard Being a Loser\" 2:39 \"You Get Ugly\" 2:22 Note: The Song \"Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance)\" on the CD/tape (Not LP) reissue versions is not the 1962 hit single version (2:54). It is some kind of very strange extended disco remix (6:37) version. Also, besides the songs \"Shake Sherrie\" and \"Whole Lotta Woman\" the other songs are different from the original 1962 LP release and consist of later hits, etc. References 1962 debut albums Gordy Records albums Albums produced by Berry Gordy The Contours albums",
"title": "Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance)"
},
{
"docid": "16417394",
"text": "\"The Sinking of the Reuben James\" is a song by Woody Guthrie about the sinking of the U.S. convoy escort , which was the first U.S. naval ship sunk by German U-boats in World War II. Woody Guthrie had started to write a song including each name on the casualty list of the sinking. This was later replaced by the chorus \"tell me what were their names.\" The song is set to the melody of \"Wildwood Flower\", an antebellum tune by Joseph Philbrick Webster. Recordings The Almanac Singers on Dear Mr. President 1942 Will Geer on Bound for Glory 1958 The Weavers on At Carnegie Hall, Volume 2 1960 Johnny Horton on Johnny Horton Sings History 1960 Oscar Brand on Every Inch a Sailor 1960 Kingston Trio on Close-Up 1961 Dennis Weaver 1962 The Chad Mitchell Trio on Reflecting 1963 Jon Mark and Alun Davies on Relax Your Mind 1963 Cisco Houston on Cisco Houston sings the songs of Woody Guthrie 1963 The Highwaymen on Homecoming 1963 Pete Seeger on Waist Deep in the Big Muddy and Other Love Songs 1967 James Talley on Woody Guthrie and Songs of My Oklahoma Home 1999 Folk Family Robinson on Songs of America (2007). Folk Family Robinson is Chris and Rich Robinson of the Black Crowes and their father Stan Robinson. Country Joe McDonald on Thinking of Woody Guthrie 1969 Cyril Tawney on The Song Goes On 2007 References External links Woody Guthrie songs 1942 songs Songs of World War II The Kingston Trio songs Songs written by Woody Guthrie Songs written by Joseph Philbrick Webster",
"title": "The Sinking of the Reuben James"
},
{
"docid": "18245237",
"text": "TRB Two – also known as TRB2 – is the second studio album by Tom Robinson Band. It was recorded days after the original drummer, Dolphin Taylor, left the band. The TRB disbanded four months after its release. Steve Ridgeway designed the cover. Songs The album was dedicated to Mrs. Mary Towers, the mother of Liddle Towers. Liddle Towers was an amateur boxer who had died in police custody in 1976 - his case was the subject of \"Blue Murder\". \"Black Angel\" was originally recorded as \"Sweet Black Angel\" by Robinson's first band, Café Society, on their self-titled debut album in 1975. \"Law and Order\" was co-written by Nick Plytas who joined the TRB as a temporary keyboard player from April to July 1978. Robinson and Danny Kustow believe \"Bully for You\" inspired \" Another Brick in the Wall Part 2\" by Pink Floyd, with whom the band shared a manager and label. \"There's no question [the song's repeated] 'We don't need no aggravation' was in the air around [Floyd lyricist] Roger Waters\", said the former. \"The truth of it is that I had a really good idea for a chorus and we didn't make the most of it. If 'Bully for You' had started with, 'We don't need no aggravation,' how much better would it have been? Roger's skills as a writer were far more developed than my own. He put a great idea to better use, so fair play to him.\" Reception Smash Hits said, \"This is far superior to the last album and the TRB are developing into a very fine rock band. This album captures more of their live power, but the increasing sophistication of the songs means less immediate impact.\" The Globe and Mail determined that \"Robinson succeeds in sounding like a parody of himself as he sings in a Monty Python-esque voice and clutters the album with Gospel singers and synthesizers.\" Track listing All tracks composed by Tom Robinson; except where indicated \"All Right All Night\" (Robinson, Danny Kustow, Dolphin Taylor, Ian Parker) – 2:59 \"Why Should I Mind\" (Robinson, Danny Kustow) – 3:01 \"Black Angel\" – 4:02 \"Let My People Be\" – 4:07 \"Blue Murder\" – 5:02 \"Bully for You\" (music: Peter Gabriel; lyrics: Robinson) – 3:20 \"Crossing over the Road\" (Robinson, Danny Kustow, Ian Parker) – 3:39 \"Sorry Mr. Harris\" – 2:43 \"Law and Order\" (music: Robinson, Nick Plytas, Taylor; lyrics: Robinson, Dolphin Taylor) – 2:35 \"Days of Rage\" (Robinson, Dolphin Taylor) – 3:33 \"Hold Out\" – 4:10 Charts Personnel Tom Robinson Band Tom Robinson – vocals, bass Danny Kustow – guitar, backing vocals Ian \"Quince\" Parker – keyboards; vocals on \"Law & Order\" Preston Heyman – drums, triangle, backing vocals with: Carol Grimes, Kasim Sulton, Niamh Chambers, Barry St. John – backing \"high\" vocals Technical Bill Price – preparation Paul Libsom, Tom Edmonds – engineer Julie Harris, Steve Ridgeway – cover design References Tom Robinson Band albums 1979 albums EMI Records albums Albums produced by Todd Rundgren",
"title": "TRB Two"
},
{
"docid": "6741028",
"text": "Our Song is a 2000 American coming of age drama film written and directed by Jim McKay. It follows three high school-aged girls and best friends over one pivotal summer in Brooklyn. Our Song stars Kerry Washington, Melissa Martinez, and Anna Simpson in their film debuts, respectively. The film features the Jackie Robinson Steppers, a real-life community marching band. Our Song received critical acclaim for its realism and depiction of female adolescence. Plot During one summer in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, three high school girls and best friends navigate changing realities and new feelings. Lanisha, Maria, and Joycelyn each have different family situations, romantic interests, moral codes and aspirations, but are close confidantes. The girls live in the same housing project and are all dedicated members of the Jackie Robinson Steppers, a community marching band that holds daily rehearsals in a local parking lot. The girls want to master the instruments they play in order to impress their conductor. Aspiring singer Joycelyn works in a makeup boutique, while both Maria and Lanisha work at a bakery. Sometimes they talk about what they'll do after high school, but most of their conversations are about the immediate issues that face them daily. Foremost among them is the closing of the girls' high school due to an asbestos contamination, and the resulting challenge of finding a new school with a good reputation and planning the daily commute. These decisions become the catalyst for the girls setting out on increasingly divergent paths. Maria learns she is pregnant by her boyfriend and has to make a decision about whether to keep the baby. Lanisha has faced a teen pregnancy herself before but chose to have an abortion. Maria eventually drifts towards the idea of having her baby. Cast Kerry Washington as Lanisha Brown Melissa Martinez as Maria Hernandez Anna Simpson as Joycelyn Clifton Marlene Forte as Pilar Brown Ray Anthony Thomas as Carl Brown Rosalyn Coleman as Dawn Clifton Carmen Lopez as Rita Hernandez Tyrone Brown as Mr. Miller Lorraine Berry as Kim Production Director Jim McKay said the idea for the film \"started out as an idea for a film about friendship. It was about kids outside of the mainstream of American society.\" McKay said he was dissuaded from making another female-driven film like his previous effort Girls Town. McKay said, \"There were people who told me: ‘Don’t make another movie about young women. It’s a bad business move. You need to do something different.’ I’m really glad I didn’t listen to them. This is the story I had to tell. This is what I wanted to do.” The Jackie Robinson Steppers were not in the original script, but McKay wrote them in after he saw them perform and realized \"what being in a band meant to the kids in that neighborhood.\" The film's lead actresses had a month of rehearsals prior to the start of filming, in addition to two months of practicing with the marching band. Filming took place over twenty days in",
"title": "Our Song (film)"
},
{
"docid": "2406503",
"text": "\"My Guy\" is a 1964 hit single by American singer Mary Wells for the Motown label. Written and produced by Smokey Robinson of The Miracles, the song is a woman's rejection of a sexual advance and affirmation of her fidelity to her boyfriend, who is her ideal and with whom she is happy, despite his ordinary physique and looks. Mary Wells version At the session for the \"My Guy\" backing track, the studio musicians were having issues completing the intro. They had been playing all day and only a half-hour scheduled studio time was left. Trombonist George Bohanon said to keyboardist Earl Van Dyke that the opening measure of \"Canadian Sunset\" could be perfectly juxtaposed on the intro's chord changes, and Van Dyke, the session bandleader, expediently constructed an intro incorporating the opening of \"Canadian Sunset\" and also the \"left hand notes\" from \"Canadian Sunset\" composer Eddie Heywood's rendition of \"Begin the Beguine\". Van Dyke would recall: \"We were doing anything to get the hell out of that studio. We knew that the producers didn't know nothing 'bout no 'Canadian Sunset' or 'Begin the Beguine'. We figured the song would wind up in the trash can anyway\". When Wells recorded her vocal she sang over the song's outro with a huskiness evoking the line delivery of Mae West: Wells would recall: \"I was only joking but the producers said 'Keep it going, keep it going'.\" Cash Box described it as \"a tantalizing shuffle-twist hand-clapper that the lark and her combo-choral support serve up in most attractive fashion.\" \"My Guy\" became the biggest hit ever for Wells, Motown's first female star, and reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart on 16 May 1964. The song led the Cashbox magazine R&B chart for seven weeks. \"My Guy\" was also Wells' last hit single for Motown, except for duets she recorded with label mate Marvin Gaye. An option in her recording contract let Wells terminate the contract at her discretion after she reached her twenty-first birthday on May 13, 1964. Encouraged by her ex-husband, Wells broke her Motown contract and signed with 20th Century Fox in hopes of higher royalties and possible movie roles. However, Wells' career never again reached the heights it had at Motown, and she never again had a hit single as big as \"My Guy\". Her version of the song was used in the film More American Graffiti (1979) and in a season one episode of Friends (\"The One with Mrs. Bing\"). In the United Kingdom, \"My Guy\" peaked at No.5 in June 1964. In 1999, the 1964 recording of \"My Guy\" by Mary Wells on Motown Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Personnel Lead vocals by Mary Wells Background vocals by the Andantes: Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow, and Louvain Demps Written and produced by William \"Smokey\" Robinson Instrumentation by the Funk Brothers: Earl Van Dyke – keyboards Johnny Griffith – piano Eddie Willis – guitar Robert White – guitar James Jamerson",
"title": "My Guy"
},
{
"docid": "18687071",
"text": "\"What Them Girls Like\" is a hip hop song. It is the first single from Ludacris's sixth studio album Theater of the Mind. The single features Chris Brown and Sean Garrett and is produced by Darkchild. Critical reception Allmusic editor David Jeffries called this song completely unsurprising, with rock-solid hook. Ken Copabianco described the song: His \"sex talk is good-natured and slyly insightful about love (\"What Them Girls Like\")\" XXL Magazine wrote a mixed review: \"Elsewhere, he’s just straight reaching—“What Them Girls Like,” for instance, where, despite taking a cue from 2000’s Mel Gibson chick flick What Women Want, there’s no real solid connection established between the film and the actual song.\" Music video The music video premiered on Yahoo! Music on September 11. The video takes cues from the Mel Gibson movie \"What Women Want\". The music video premiered on BET and later appeared at #80 on the Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2008 countdown. Comfort Fedoke, DeRay Davis, Tyrese Gibson, Teairra Mari, Kristia Krueger, Suelyn Medeiros, Amber Rose, Joe & Gavin Maloof and La La made cameo appearances in the video. There is a 40-second intro before the music starts in the video. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References External links 2008 singles 2008 songs Chris Brown songs Ludacris songs Music videos directed by Chris Robinson (director) Song recordings produced by Rodney Jerkins Songs written by Sean Garrett Songs written by Ludacris Songs written by Rodney Jerkins Def Jam Recordings singles",
"title": "What Them Girls Like"
},
{
"docid": "14773122",
"text": "Amy is a 1981 American drama film directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Jenny Agutter. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions, distributed by Buena Vista Distribution, and written by Noreen Stone. Plot In 1913, Amy Medford leaves her possessive, wealthy husband to begin a new life teaching speech to deaf students in the rural Appalachian Mountains at a school for blind and deaf children. Though encountering resistance from those who question whether it's even possible to teach speech to children with hearing-impairments, Amy becomes close to the staff and children, building a new life for herself and gaining the personal strength she will need to stand up to the domineering husband who is not content to let her live her own life. Cast Jenny Agutter as Amy Medford Barry Newman as Dr. Ben Corcoran Kathleen Nolan as Helen Gibbs Chris Robinson as Elliot Medford Lou Fant as Lyle Ferguson Margaret O'Brien as Hazel Johnson Nanette Fabray as Malvina Lance LeGault as Edgar Wanbuck Lucille Benson as Rose Metcalf Jonathan Daly as Clyde Pruett Lonny Chapman as Virgil Goodloe Brian Frishman as Mervin Grimes Jane Daly as Molly Tribble Dawn Jeffory as Caroline Chapman Peggy McCay as Mrs. Grimes Len Wayland as Mr. Grimes Virginia Vincent as Edna Hancock Norman Burton as Caruthers Otto Rechenberg as Henry Watkins Ronnie Scribner as Walter Ray Seamon Glass as Mr. Watkins Production Amy was originally filmed as a television movie titled Amy on the Lips, and was the first television movie that Disney Studios made for an adult audience. Nanette Fabray and Louise Fletcher were interested in the role of \"Malvina\", a teacher of deaf children. Fabray, who played the part, was hearing impaired, and Fletcher's parents were deaf. The deaf children in the film, except for Brian Frishman, were students from the California School for the Deaf in Riverside, California. Dawn Jeffory, who was cast as Caroline Chapman, had a real-life role as a guest instructor at the school, and was helpful to director Vincent McEveety in working with the children. Lyle Ferguson, the school superintendent, was played by Lou Fant, a son of deaf parents, who helped establish the National Theatre for the Deaf. By January 1981, the film's title was changed to Amy and given a theatrical release as Walt Disney Productions felt that the film was \"so powerful\" it warranted a theatrical release. Music The film's score was written by Robert F. Brunner. The film features one original song, \"So Many Ways\", written by Bruce Belland (lyrics) and Robert F. Brunner (music). The song was sung by Julie Budd and plays during the film's opening credits and is reprised during the film's end credits. Educational film In 1982, Disney Educational Services excerpted a sequence from the film for educational use, entitled Amy-on-the-Lips. Home media Amy was originally released as a double bill on a re-release of Alice in Wonderland. The film came to video cassette in October 1981. Disney released a manufactured-on-demand DVD of the film as part of",
"title": "Amy (1981 film)"
},
{
"docid": "51321471",
"text": "\"eps2.2_init_1.asec\" is the fourth episode of the second season of the American drama thriller television series Mr. Robot. It is the fourteenth overall episode of the series and was written and directed by series creator Sam Esmail. It originally aired on USA Network on July 27, 2016. The series follows Elliot Alderson, a cybersecurity engineer and hacker with social anxiety disorder, who is recruited by an insurrectionary anarchist known as \"Mr. Robot\" to join a group of hacktivists called \"fsociety\". In the episode, Darlene asks Elliot for his help, while the FBI investigates the arcade. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.637 million household viewers and gained a 0.3 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, praising the performances and tension, but criticizing its runtime and pacing. Plot On Halloween of the previous year, Darlene (Carly Chaikin) visits Elliot (Rami Malek). They catch up during movie night, with Elliot saying he got fired a few months ago after a violent fight and he is now forced to go to therapy. Inspired by a mask she brought, he wears their father's jacket and opens up about hacking E Corp, intriguing Darlene. In present day, Elliot is visited by Darlene, who asks for his help with fsociety. When he refuses, she asks to see Mr. Robot (Christian Slater) instead. Later, Elliot visits Ray (Craig Robinson), who gives him a chessboard. Mr. Robot then offers a deal; they will play chess and if Elliot wins, Mr. Robot goes away. Elliot is conflicted on what to do, with Krista (Gloria Reuben) telling him not to accept it, while Leon (Joey Badass) tells him to fight for what he wants. The FBI is investigating the arcade, with the agents finding that the \"End of the World Party\" was on social media. Dominique (Grace Gummer) then discovers a piece of evidence: a bullet casing retrieved in the arcade. Cisco (Michael Drayer) informs Darlene about their discovery. He urges her in getting Elliot back, but she refuses to get him involved. After having sex, Cisco states that the Dark Army couldn't been involved in Romero's death, as he was investigating an illegal FBI surveillance program called Project Berenstain. Joanna (Stephanie Corneliussen) is informed that her funds are running low and that Tyrell's severance package has been withheld, as he had to pay the parking attendant who found Tyrell's SUV during the hack to stay quiet. Desperate, she meets with Scott (Brian Stokes Mitchell). She offers to frame Tyrell for his wife's murder if Scott gives her his severance package, but he refuses. With the information that Price (Michael Cristofer) provided, Angela (Portia Doubleday) decides to submit the evidence, leading to the arrest of the two E Corp executives. Nevertheless, she assumes Price wants her to help settle the class action lawsuit over the toxic leak, but he rebuffs her theory. Whiterose (BD Wong) pressures Price to stay on schedule and receives information about the",
"title": "Eps2.2 init 1.asec"
},
{
"docid": "5064635",
"text": "Here's to You, Rachel Robinson is a 1993 young adult novel by Judy Blume, the sequel to Just as Long as We're Together. It is an allusion to the Simon and Garfunkel song, \"Mrs. Robinson\". Plot This book is written from the perspective of Rachel Robinson, who is thirteen years old and the youngest child of three. She is regarded as an overachiever and perfectionist, but explains throughout the book that she finds it difficult being intellectually gifted, and uses her perfectionist behaviours as a coping mechanism to deal with problems with her family and with her insecurities regarding her friendships. Her immediate family consists of her mother Nell, a high-achieving lawyer and later judge, her father Victor, a teacher with a gentle nature, her older sister Jessica, who suffers with cystic acne and the discrimination that comes with it, and her older brother Charles, who was expelled from boarding school and makes their lives a misery. Rachel feels Charles gets all the attention in her family, even if it is negative, and that he is driving their parents to the breaking point. She also resents that her brother gets so much attention from teenage girls, especially her friends, Stephanie and Alison. In the book, Rachel has to deal with her crush on Charles's tutor, Paul Medeiros (who ends up dating their cousin Tarren), her worries that Stephanie and Alison prefer each other to her, her frequent invitations to join high-achieving school societies, and the fact that the best-looking boy in ninth grade (at least, to Stephanie, Alison, and Rachel), Jeremy \"Dragon\" Kravitz, may be interested in her. Through family counseling and a trip to Ellis Island, the Robinson family begin to learn how to put aside their differences and become a closer family. Allusions and references to other works The novel's title is a reference to the Simon and Garfunkel song \"Mrs. Robinson\"; specifically the lines: \"And here's to you, Mrs. Robinson, Jesus loves you more than you will know\" Judy Blume has stated on her website that she \"had a terrible time coming up with a title for Rachel's story and I'm not happy with the one I finally chose which comes from a line in the book spoken angrily by Charles\". Reception Here's to You, Rachel Robinson was received positively by critics. Publishers Weekly and Kirkus Reviews praised the character dynamics and dialogue as \"complex\" yet \"credible.\" References External links Judy Blume's website 1993 American novels Novels by Judy Blume Sequel novels American young adult novels Orchard Books books",
"title": "Here's to You, Rachel Robinson"
},
{
"docid": "41712862",
"text": "Akalpith is a Marathi movie to be released on 28 February 2014. The genre of movie is a 'psychological thriller' and is written and directed by Mr. Prasad Acharekar. Movie starts with Renuka Shahane, Mohan Agashe and Nirmiti Sawant. The theme song of movie is written by Guru Thakur and is composed by Sonam Sherpa, Nitin Malik and Subir Malik of Parikrama Band. Plot A Man is accused of three murders but in the interrogations he says that he doesn't remember the day's events and hence is considered to be insane. So he is to be transferred to Bhopal psychological research department. Just 14 h before he being transported to Bhopal he says that he has started to remember the events of that day. An urgent special midnight Jury is arranged to record the statement and he is taken there. He is recording his statement and what he remembers, but the problem starts when he remembers that he was present on the place of murders but didn't kill the people. Now he only has 4 hours to prove to the jury that he is innocent. What happens next is the movie. Cast Renuka Shahane - Dr. Mugdha Mohan Aagashe - Justice Gore Nirrmite Saawaant - Mrs. Sarnjamhe Abheney Saawaant - Milind Deshmukh Sumaydh Gaikwad - Raj Rutul Patil - Shweta Ashutosh Patki — Vishal Atul Todankar- Mr. Shinde Sandesh Jadhav - Killer Chotu Sachin Shinde - Milind's Lawyer Saurabh Oak - Mr. Kamath Shashikant Patade - Pandu Critical reception Akalpith movie received mixed reviews from critics. A Reviewer of The Times of India wrote \"The film has its thrills and twists but does not build the kind of suspense that one would expect from a psychological thriller. The music does not provide the required tension but it is a one time watch\". A Reviewer of Loksatta wrote \"When watching the end of the movie, the writer definitely feels lost somewhere. As the ending of the film is not effective, the audience is likely to walk out of the theater in a confused state..\". A Reviewer of Zee Talkies says \"But, if you are going to watch it from critical point of view, certainly there are few errors to notice. Especially, the climax of the film is not very convincing\". References External links 2010s Marathi-language films 2010s Indian films",
"title": "Akalpith"
},
{
"docid": "4221446",
"text": "\"Subterraneans\" is a song by David Bowie, the closing track of his 1977 album Low. As with most of Side 2, \"Subterraneans\" is mostly instrumental, with brief, obscure lyrics sung near the song's end. \"Subterraneans\" was first recorded in 1975 and intended for the soundtrack to the 1976 film The Man Who Fell to Earth. It was later revisited during the sessions for Low. Musical characteristics After the Station to Station sessions ended in November 1975 at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles, David Bowie recorded \"Subterraneans\" within those studios in December 1975. The song later received overdubs by Brian Eno. The sleeve notes of Low credit \"Peter and Paul with additional ARP synthesizer and piano\". The \"Peter and Paul\" mentioned are Peter Robinson, who played Fender Rhodes, and Paul Buckmaster (the composer of the string arrangements for the Rolling Stones' \"Moonlight Mile\") who played the ARP Odyssey. Peter Robinson and Paul Buckmaster worked with Bowie at Cherokee Studios in late 1975 on the aborted movie soundtrack to The Man Who Fell to Earth. \"Subterraneans\" was ultimately the most heavily edited song on Low, with David Bowie's saxophone, as well as multilayered synthesizers and reversed instrument sounds from Brian Eno, floating underneath a moaned vocal which is wordless until around the final ninety seconds. The soundscapes contain a cinematic quality which evokes the feel of Miles Davis' landmark album In a Silent Way. Bowie related the song to the misery of those in East Berlin during the Cold War. According to Bowie, people who \"got caught in East Berlin after the separation – hence the faint jazz saxophones representing the memory of what it was.\" Live versions The song was used as an introduction to Bowie's set during the 1995 Outside Tour. It was different from the album version in that its lyrics and musical themes were merged from the song \"Scary Monsters\" (which would follow \"Subterraneans\" on the setlists). This version was performed alongside the co-headliners, Nine Inch Nails. Personnel David Bowie: Vocals, saxophone, reversed electric guitar, ARP String Ensemble Paul Buckmaster: ARP Odyssey synthesizer Peter Robinson : Reversed Fender Rhodes electric piano Brian Eno: ARP 2600 synthesizer, piano Carlos Alomar: Reversed electric guitar George Murray: Reversed bass guitar Tony Visconti: Production Other versions Philip Glass – Low Symphony (1992) Nine Inch Nails – Live recording (with David Bowie) (1995) Dylan Howe – Jazz reconstruction for his album Subterranean – New Designs on Bowie's Berlin (2014) Alva Noto with Martin Gore (vocals) and William Basinski (saxophone) – vinyl and digital single (2022) References David Bowie songs 1977 songs Songs written by David Bowie Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti Song recordings produced by David Bowie",
"title": "Subterraneans"
},
{
"docid": "18881301",
"text": "\"Happy\" is a song written by Michel Legrand and Smokey Robinson and first recorded by Bobby Darin. The song was first released as a single by Bobby Darin on November 23, 1972, peaking #67 on the Billboard Hot 100, it was his last single to hit the chart. The song was included on his posthumous Motown LP Darin: 1936–1973. A version of the song by Michael Jackson was featured on Jackson's 1973 album Music & Me. Robinson also recorded a version of the song, included on Robinson's 1975 album A Quiet Storm. Background According to Robinson, the song was inspired by the film's melody, which was originally composed by Michel Legrand. He explained, \"I was looking at the movie one day, and I was listening to that melody, and I thought it was just such a beautiful melody, until I wanted to write some words for that melody, which I did, and I went and I sang them for Berry Gordy, and he was really upset because I didn't write them before he finished the movie so they could've been in the movie.\" Michael Jackson recording Michael Jackson recorded the song for the Motown label in 1973. The song featured on Jackson's album Music & Me. Its full title is \"Happy (Love Theme from Lady Sings the Blues)\", although Michael's version was never featured in the film, there was an instrumental version used, however, it was not featured on the soundtrack for Lady Sings the Blues. Michael Jackson's single was first released in Australia, backed by \"In Our Small Way\". Jackson continued to perform the track in concert as late as 1977, citing it as one of his favorite songs. In 1983, the song was released as a single in the UK to promote Motown's 18 Greatest Hits compilation album, on which the song was included. Upon its release, \"Happy\" (credited to Michael Jackson plus The Jackson 5) peaked at #52 on the British pop chart. Charts Other cover versions It was later recorded by the song's composer, Smokey Robinson, and appeared on his landmark solo album A Quiet Storm. The Spanish teen group La Pandilla also recorded a Spanish-language version of the song for their 1974 album El Alacrán. Dominican singer Benny Sadel released a merengue version of the Spanish-language rendition of the song on his 2002 album La Negra Mia. Notes References Halstead, Craig and Chris Cadman (2003). Michael Jackson: The Solo Years. Authors OnLine. George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG. Michael Jackson songs 1973 singles 1983 singles Songs with music by Michel Legrand Songs written by Smokey Robinson Motown singles Song recordings produced by Hal Davis Rhythm and blues ballads Bobby Darin songs 1972 songs",
"title": "Happy (Michael Jackson song)"
},
{
"docid": "6868486",
"text": "Live at Ronnie Scott's is an album by American singer-songwriter Nina Simone. It is a live recording of a concert she gave at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in 1984, a London venue where she performed a few times in her later life. Information about songs on this album \"Fodder In Her Wings\" and \"I Sing Just To Know That I'm Alive\", Nina first recorded these self-written songs on Fodder On My Wings (1982). Both are very personal to her, talking about Nina's estrangement from people and closing a bad chapter and beginning a new one. \"Be My Husband\", written by her ex-husband and ex-manager Andrew Stroud, first featured on Pastel Blues (1965). Later covered by Jeff Buckley as \"Be Your Husband\". \"I Loves You Porgy\", her first hit-single from her debut Little Girl Blue (1958). \"Mississippi Goddam\", Nina wrote this civil rights song after four black girls died during a church bombing, first featured on Nina Simone in Concert (1964). \"Moon over Alabama\", together with \"Mississippi Goddam\". Nina sings this song to show that the two songs have a similar melody. She, therefore, switches between them during the performance. \"My Baby Just Cares For Me\", Nina introduces this last song with: I think this is what you've all been waiting for... She often did that when performing it live in her later years. It is the song that brought her back into the limelight after it featured in a commercial in 1982, yet it wasn't a song she particularly liked or wished to be remembered by. Track listing All tracks composed by Nina Simone; except where indicated \"God God God\" (Paramahansa Yogananda, Simone) \"If You Knew\" \"Mr. Smith\" (Kurt Weill, Bertolt Brecht) \"Fodder in Her Wings\" \"Be My Husband\" (Simone, Andrew Stroud) \"I Loves You Porgy\" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, DuBose Heyward) \"The Other Woman\" (Simone, Jessie Mae Robinson) \"Mississippi Goddam\" \"Moon Over Alabama\" (Kurt Weill, Bertolt Brecht) \"For a While\" (Bob Gaudio, Jake Holmes) \"See Line Woman\" (George Houston Bass) \"I Sing Just to Know That I'm Alive\" \"My Baby Just Cares for Me\" (Gus Kahn, Walter Donaldson) Personnel Nina Simone - vocals, piano Paul Robinson - drums References 1987 live albums Nina Simone live albums Albums recorded at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club",
"title": "Live at Ronnie Scott's (Nina Simone album)"
},
{
"docid": "9694521",
"text": "Our Bodies Our Selves is the fifth album by the Berkeley, California punk rock band The Mr. T Experience, released in 1993 by Lookout! Records. It was the band's first album as a three-piece, after the departure of founding guitarist Jon Von Zelowitz the previous year. It was also their last album with bassist Aaron Rubin and founding drummer Alex Laipeneiks. After their departures, vocalist/guitarist Dr. Frank re-formed the band with a new lineup. The song \"Even Hitler Had a Girlfriend\" was used in the soundtrack to the 1996 movie Glory Daze starring Ben Affleck and was included on the film's soundtrack album, along with the song \"I Just Wanna Do it With You\" from the band's 1996 album Love is Dead. During the film's party scene, the main characters also perform as a band a cover of The Mr. T Experience song \"Now We Are Twenty-One\" from their 1988 album Night Shift at the Thrill Factory. The song “More Than Toast” was included on the soundtrack of EA Sports NCAA Football06. Track listing Personnel Dr. Frank – vocals, guitar Aaron Rubin – bass Alex Laipeneiks – drums Technical Kevin Army - produced, engineer, mixing John Golden - mastering Tom Robinson - band photography Sergie Graphics - art Aaron Laipeneiks - art The Mr. T Experience albums 1993 albums",
"title": "Our Bodies Our Selves"
},
{
"docid": "7222162",
"text": "Theodore & Co is an English musical comedy in two acts with a book by H. M. Harwood and George Grossmith Jr. based on the French comedy Théodore et Cie by Paul Armont and Nicolas Nancey, with music by Ivor Novello and Jerome Kern and lyrics by Adrian Ross and Clifford Grey. It was produced by Grossmith and Edward Laurillard and directed by Austen Hurgon, opening at the Gaiety Theatre on 19 September 1916 and running for 503 performances. It starred Grossmith, Fred Leslie and Leslie Henson. Theodore & Co opened during World War I in the same year as two other tremendously successful shows in London: Chu Chin Chow and The Bing Boys are Here, and the successful The Happy Day. Audiences wanted light and uplifting entertainment during the war, and these shows delivered it. This show established Ivor Novello as a theatrical composer and was Kern's first show in London. Novello's songs from the show include \"What A Duke Should Be\" and \"Oh, How I Want To Marry\". Roles and original cast Bompas, 24th Duke of Shetland – Davy Burnaby Pony Twitchen (of the \"Crimson Comics\") – Leslie Henson Rt. Hon. George Wye (Minister of Movies) – Fred Leslie Mr. Blissett (A Husband) – Frederick Morant Cosmo Legallos – Henri Leoni Mr. Satterthwaite (of Dowton) – Victor Gouriet Crump – Robert Nainby Delatour (Manager of the New Casino) – Frank Hector A Man with a Blue Envelope – Ralph Roberts The Emir of Baluchistan – J. Grande His Interpreter – Fred Raynham Sir Basil Bowlwell, R.H.G. – James Thomas Lord Theodore Wragge – George Grossmith Jr. Lady Theresa Wye – Gladys Homfrey Lady Pansy (the Duke's daughter) – Madge Saunders Hon. Sapphire Blissett – Julia James Fudge Robinson (of the \"Crimson Comics\") – Peggy Kurton Alma, \"The Statue of Liberty \" – Irene Richards Cleo, \"The Tiptoe Queen\" – Adrah Fair Lady Diana Camden – Ivey Collette/Doris Stocker Lady Moya – Violet Ashton Molly Pershore – Barbara Dunbar Marjorie Carstairs – Connie Guy Lady Lilly – Vera Davis Lady Billy – Lilian Caldicott Elizabeth Anne – Margaret Gamble Mary Ellen – Maudie Dunham Ethel Emily (Mr. Satterthwaite's daughter) – Joyce Barbour Rosa Maud (Mr. Satterthwaite's daughter) – Dorothy King Matilda Kate – Cherry Constant Harriett Jane – Mercia Swinburne Charwoman – Muriel Barney Musical numbers Act I Chorus – \"Isn't there a crowd everywhere\" (Words by Adrian Ross. Music by Ivor Novello) Song – \"What a Duke should be\" (Words by Clifford Grey. Music by Novello) Duet – \"I'll make myself at home\" (Words by Ross. Music by Novello) Song – \"I'm getting such a big girl now\" (Words by Grey. Music by Philip Braham) Song & Dance – \"Ev'ry little girl can teach me something new\" (Words by Ross. Music by Novello) Song – \"The Candy Girls\" (Words by Ross. Music by Novello) Sextet – \"You'd better not wait for him\" (Words by Grey. Music by Novello) Finale, Act I. – \"He's going to call on Baby",
"title": "Theodore & Co"
},
{
"docid": "14668925",
"text": "Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the 2007 film Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story. Production The cast and crew recorded 40 original songs; 33 are featured in the movie. Singer-songwriter Dan Bern and Mike Viola (of the Candy Butchers) wrote most of the film's songs, including \"There's a Change A' Happenin'\", \"The Mulatto Song\" and \"Hole in My Pants\". Marshall Crenshaw wrote the title tune and Van Dyke Parks penned one of the 1960-styled psychedelic jams, \"Black Sheep\". Singer Angela Correa provides the voice of Darlene Madison Cox (played in the film by actress Jenna Fischer), as she did in the feature film. A number of critics noted the unusually high quality of many of the individual songs on the soundtrack, how well they reflected the styles and times they were attempting to spoof, and how well they stood on their own as quality compositions. The soundtrack was nominated for both a Grammy and Golden Globe Award and was nominated and won the Sierra Award for Best Song in a Motion Picture from the Las Vegas Film Critics Society. Track listing All tracks performed by John C. Reilly, except where noted. All tracks produced by Michael Andrews and Jake Kasdan. iTunes exclusive extended edition \"Take My Hand\" (Reilly) \"Jump Little Children\" (Craig Robinson) \"(Mama) You Got to Love Your Negro Man\" (Reilly) \"That's Amore\" (Reilly) \"Walk Hard\" (Reilly) \"A Life Without You (Is No Life At All)\" (Reilly) \"(I Hate You) Big Daddy\" (Reilly) \"Walk Hard (Punk Version)\" (Reilly) \"Let's Duet\" (Reilly & Angela Correa) \"Darling\" (Reilly) \"Guilty As Charged\" (Reilly) \"There's a Change A' Happening (I Can Feel It)\" (Reilly) \"Dear Mr. President\" (Reilly) \"Hey Mr. Old Guy\" (Reilly) \"Ladies First\" (Reilly) \"The Mulatto Song\" (Reilly) \"Let Me Hold You (Little Man)\" (Reilly) \"Hole In My Pants\" (Reilly) \"Royal Jelly\" (Reilly) \"Farmer Glickstein\" (Reilly) \"Black Sheep\" (Reilly) \"Walk Hard (70's TV Show Theme)\" (Reilly) \"Who Wants to Party\" (Reilly) \"Weeping On the Inside\" (Reilly) \"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" (Reilly) \"Walk Hard (All-Star Version)\" (Ghostface Killah, Lyle Lovett, Jewel Kilcher, Jackson Browne) \"Beautiful Ride\" (Reilly) \"(Have You Heard the News) Dewey Cox Died\" (Reilly) \"Cut My Brother In Half Blues\" (Reilly) \"(You Make Me So) Hard\" (Jacques Slade) The song \"Starman\" is not available on the iTunes Exclusive Extended Edition of the album. Release history October 30, 2007 November 8, 2007 November 5, 2007 December 3, 2007 December 4, 2007 January 7, 2008 January 16, 2008 March 6, 2008 February 17, 2008 March 7, 2008 April 9, 2008 April 17, 2008 May 19, 2008 References 2007 soundtrack albums Columbia Records soundtracks Comedy rock soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Rockabilly soundtracks",
"title": "Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "9799466",
"text": "Alan Lee Gordon (April 22, 1944 – November 22, 2008) was an American songwriter best known for songs recorded by the Turtles, Petula Clark, and Barbra Streisand. Many of his songs were co-written with Gary Bonner, including the Turtles' \"Happy Together\" and Three Dog Night's \"Celebrate\". He worked with various popular musicians, including Blues Magoos, Alice Cooper, the Archies, the O'Jays, Lynn Anderson, Flo & Eddie, Frank Zappa, Helen Reddy, Gary Lewis & the Playboys, Tammy Wynette, the Lovin' Spoonful, Bobby Darin, and Freddy Fender. Career Gordon was born in Natick, Massachusetts. In 1965, he and Garry Bonner formed the Magicians, a group which would also include Allan \"Jake\" Jacobs and John Townley. They released a single in November 1965, \"An Invitation to Cry\". It met with some success, but their popularity was confined primarily to the New York and New England area. Gordon co-wrote, with Bonner, \"Happy Together\", originally recorded by the Turtles. In 1967, the Turtles version followed The Beatles' \"Penny Lane\" into the #1 slot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, spending three weeks there. It was named one of the Top 50 songs of the 20th century by BMI, having generated over 5 million performances on American radio by 1999, placing it in the same league as the Beatles' \"Yesterday\", and \"Mrs. Robinson\" by Simon and Garfunkel. Songs from Alan Gordon's catalogue have been featured in film, television, commercials and video games. Some of the films that featured Gordon-penned songs include The Naked Gun, Muriel's Wedding, Shrek, The Simpsons Movie, 27 Dresses, and Freaky Friday. Television programs include The Simpsons, That '70s Show, ER, Scrubs, The Wonder Years, and American Idol. Gordon died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on November 22, 2008, after a two-year battle with cancer. He was 64 years old. Singles 1965: \"An Invitation To Cry\" by The Magicians 1967: \"Girls in Love\" performed by Gary Lewis & the Playboys 1967: \"Jill\" performed by Gary Lewis & the Playboys 1967: \"Happy Together\" performed by The Turtles 1967: \"She'd Rather Be with Me\" performed by The Turtles 1967: \"She's My Girl\" performed by The Turtles 1967: \"You Know What I Mean\" performed by The Turtles 1967: \"Put the Clock Back on the Wall\" by the E-Types 1967: \"As Long As You're Here\" by Zalman Yanovsky (of The Lovin' Spoonful) 1967: \"The Cat in the Window (The Bird in the Sky)\" performed by Petula Clark 1968: \"Small Talk\" performed by Lesley Gore 1968: \"Small Talk\" performed by Harpers Bizarre 1968: \"('Til I) Run With You\" performed by Lovin' Spoonful 1969: \"Celebrate\" performed by Three Dog Night 1970: \"Me About You\" performed by The Turtles 1976: \"Gladiola\" performed by Helen Reddy 1977: \"My Heart Belongs to Me\" performed by Barbra Streisand References External links 1944 births 2008 deaths People from Natick, Massachusetts Songwriters from Massachusetts Deaths from cancer in Arizona Place of birth missing 20th-century American songwriters",
"title": "Alan Gordon (songwriter)"
},
{
"docid": "15503945",
"text": "Zeudi Araya (born 10 February 1951) is an Eritrean former actress, singer, model and film producer. Career On a journey to Italy in 1972, Araya recorded a commercial for coffee, where she was introduced to director Luigi Scattini, who cast her with Beba Lončar in La ragazza dalla pelle di luna shot in the Seychelles. In 1973, songs composed by Piero Umiliani she sang in the score of another Scattini film where she played the lead role (La ragazza fuoristrada) were released on a 45 rpm record. From 1973 to 1975, several roles in movies followed, most of them directed by Scattini. In 1976, she appeared with Paolo Villaggio in the Fantozzi-style comedy Il signor Robinson by Sergio Corbucci. She also appeared in the Italian version of Playboy magazine in March 1974. Her last prominent appearance was in the epic Hearts and Armour, released in 1983. Araya subsequently withdrew from acting, and has since then been producing movies. She was at the 2011 Venice Film Festival. Personal life Araya's father was a politician and her uncle was a diplomat in Rome. She was married to film producer Franco Cristaldi from 1983 until his death in 1992. Since 1994 she lives with the director Massimo Spano, with whom she has a son. Selected filmography La ragazza dalla pelle di luna – \"Simone\" (1973) La ragazza fuoristrada – \"Maryam\" (1973) The Prey – \"Nagaina\" (1974) The Body – \"Simoa\" (1974) La peccatrice – \"Debra\" (1975) Mr. Robinson – \"Venerdì\" (1976) Neapolitan Mystery – \"Elizabeth\" (1978) Tesoro mio – \"Tesoro Hoaua\" (1979) Atrocious Tales of Love and Death – \"Elizabeth Hover\" (1979) Hearts and Armour – \"Marfisa\" (1983) Control – \"Sheba\" (1987) Producer Marching in Darkness -\"Zeudi Araya Cristaldi\" (1996) Franco Cristaldi e il suo cinema Paradiso (2009) Television Maurizio Costanzo Show (TV show) – \"Herself\" (1996)DiscographyOltre l'acqua del fiume/Maryam'' (Bla Bla, BBR 1338, 7\") (1973) References External links 1951 births Living people People from Southern Region (Eritrea) Eritrean actresses 21st-century Eritrean women 21st-century Eritrean people Italian film actresses Italian film producers Eritrean emigrants to Italy 20th-century Eritrean women singers 20th-century Italian women singers 20th-century Italian actresses",
"title": "Zeudi Araya"
},
{
"docid": "17567525",
"text": "\"When I'm Gone\" is a song written by Smokey Robinson and a single he produced twice, one for early Motown star Mary Wells and the other for fellow Motown vocalist Brenda Holloway. Holloway's version became a hit while Wells' was aborted after the singer left the label in 1964. Overview Song information \"When I'm Gone\" was produced under a beat similar to Mary Wells' big hit, \"My Guy\" though this song included hand claps, and was originally recorded by Wells. In the song, the narrator asks her cheating lover what would he do if she were to leave him explaining how everybody around them thinks they're happy in front of the public when inside the woman is suffering from the lover's behavior calling him a \"real Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" character. She also complains that though he flirts with \"every girl that he sees\", he comes running back to her when they do him wrong. Throughout the song, the narrator threatens to leave him and in the end repeats the question she asks in the beginning: \"what are you gonna do when I'm gone?\" Mary Wells exit and Brenda Holloway's arrival The song was one of the last records Mary Wells recorded while at Motown. Fresh from the success of \"My Guy\" and with her Motown contract expiring the year of \"My Guy\" and its success, Wells decided to terminate her contract with Motown complaining of Gordy refusing to give Wells the royalties she earned during her successful tenure at the label. She argued that her Motown contract was invalid because she'd signed with the company at the age of seventeen. Due to the underage clause, Motown allowed Wells' contract to expire. (Had Wells not exited Motown, \"When I'm Gone\" would have been her next release, the follow-up to the million-selling \"My Guy\"). The singer then headed to 20th Century Fox Records after being offered a $500,000 contract that also offered Wells to do movies. Meanwhile, Motown's latest new signed artist, Brenda Holloway, was releasing her first single, \"Every Little Bit Hurts\", which shot to number 13 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. After Wells departed, Motown eventually convinced Holloway to record some of Wells' songs, partially due to the fact that Gordy felt Holloway was the next Mary though both singers' vocals differed from each other: Wells' deep, smokey contralto vocal contrasted with Holloway's lighter soprano. Holloway recorded \"When I'm Gone\" in Detroit. Charts Brenda Holloway version Released as a single in 1965, Holloway's version reached #25 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and performed slightly better on the R&B chart reaching number 12. Holloway performed her version on the show Shivaree . It was Holloway's second-biggest Motown chart hit, after Every Little Bit Hurts. Wells' version was released to the Motown compilation album, Vintage Stock. Weekly charts Year-end charts Personnel Mary Wells version Lead vocal by Mary Wells Background vocals by The Andantes Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Brenda Holloway version Lead vocal by Brenda Holloway Background",
"title": "When I'm Gone (Motown song)"
},
{
"docid": "40454203",
"text": "Buffalo Rider is a 1976 American Western film co-directed by John Fabian, George Lauris and Dick Robinson. The film's character of Buffalo Jones bears no relation to Charles \"Buffalo\" Jones who the producers did not know existed until years after. Plot Buffalo Rider Tells the story of a man named Buffalo Jones with Rick Guinn playing the role of Jones. Jones is depicted as a loner who tames and rides a buffalo and hunts down murderous buffalo hunters. Cast Rick Guinn as Jake \"Buffalo\" Jones John Freeman as Frank Nesbitt Rich Scheeland as Ralph Pierce George Sager as Ted Clayborn Dick Robinson as Sam Robinson Priscilla Lauris as Mrs. Robinson C. Lindsay Workman (voice) as Narrator Hal Smith (voice) as Old buffalo hunter Reception The film has received negative reviews. Chris Higgins of Mental Floss wrote that \"given all the animal 'stunts' (including what sure looks like actually shooting buffalo and various cross-species animal fights) it wouldn't pass muster today. The movie itself is a bit sub par, featuring an extreme over-reliance on narration and a sort of meandering documentary-ish treatment with some buffalo-related dramatic elements tossed in.\" The film was featured in a Gizmodo article of \"the weirdest thing on the internet tonight\" where Andrew Tarantola wrote, \"Enjoy the heartwarming tale of a man, conveniently named Buffalo Jones, and his buffalo, named Buffalo. No wait. Its name is Samson, because that's so much more original. Whatever you call them, the two chum around the American frontier, saving babies and stuff for an hour and a half (even though the script was apparently only about 15 pages long).\" In popular culture On November 22, 2011, the film was released as a video on demand from RiffTrax. This edition features a satirical commentary done by comedians and actors Michael J. Nelson, Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett. In 2011, the Austin-based band The Possum Posse created \"Guy on a Buffalo\", a narrated song set to clips from the movie Buffalo Rider. A clip from Part 3 of \"Guy on a Buffalo\" was used in Season 3 Episode 6 \"All For Nothing\" of the hit series Yellowstone inspiring the ranch hands to try and go buffalo riding See also Revisionist Western Bison References External links Complete movie on Archive.org Theatrical and TV trailers 1978 films 1978 Western (genre) films American Western (genre) films Rediscovered American films 1970s rediscovered films 1970s English-language films 1970s American films English-language Western (genre) films",
"title": "Buffalo Rider"
},
{
"docid": "74162865",
"text": "\"The Campaign\" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the American mockumentary comedy horror television series What We Do in the Shadows, set in the franchise of the same name. It is the 44th overall episode of the series and was written by producers Max Brockman and Shana Gohd, and directed by co-executive producer Yana Gorskaya. It was released on FX on July 27, 2023. The series is set in Staten Island, New York City. Like the 2014 film, the series follows the lives of vampires in the city. These consist of three vampires, Nandor, Laszlo, and Nadja. They live alongside Colin Robinson, an energy vampire; and Guillermo, Nandor's familiar. The series explores the absurdity and misfortunes experienced by the vampires. In the episode, Colin Robinson runs for comptroller and reconnects with Evie. Meanwhile, Nandor makes a new friend at the gym, and Laszlo tries to impress Nadja's new friends. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.268 million household viewers and gained a 0.11 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received mixed reviews, with critics feeling that the episode felt derivative of previous installments. Plot Colin Robinson (Mark Proksch) has decided to run for comptroller in Staten Island, as Sean (Anthony Atamanuik) was forced to drop out due to multiple DUI incidents. However, Colin Robinson's place is questioned by his opponent Barbara Lazarro (Marceline Hugot), whom he will face in a debate. However, Colin Robinson is not interested in the position, as he only wants to take place in the debate to drain people. Nandor (Kayvan Novak) has joined a gym. He has tried to get Guillermo (Harvey Guillén) to go with him, but he is avoiding Nandor to not reveal his quasi-vampiric nature. At the gym, he befriends an attendee, Alexander. He establishes a friendship, with Nandor telling the vampires that he is interested in Alexander because he is Jewish. To impress Alexander, Nandor forces Guillermo to perform a circumcision on him. Nadja (Natasia Demetriou) continues visiting Little Antipaxos, befriending a family of locals. However, the locals want to meet her husband and Nadja is embarrassed to present Laszlo (Matt Berry). Laszlo makes a poor impression on the first encounter, and it worsens when he sings a song from their enemy country. Nandor shows his circumcision to Alexander, which has healed over, but Alexander feels disgusted and ends their friendship. With this, Nandor decides to go out to the movies with Guillermo. Laszlo returns to Little Antipaxos, describing all his acts and finishing by insulting the family. Suddenly, the family praises Laszlo, as they believe him to be a reincarnation of a known \"perverted oaf\" tale and his presence means good luck. To get help, Colin Robinson attends a break-up support group, where Evie (Vanessa Bayer) is present. He reconnects with her, and both work during the debate. As Colin Robinson gives a lengthy speech, Evie feeds on the audience's sympathy. After the debate's end, Colin Robinson and Evie",
"title": "The Campaign (What We Do in the Shadows)"
},
{
"docid": "5041983",
"text": "Stormy Weather is a 1943 American musical film produced and released by 20th Century Fox, adapted by Frederick J. Jackson, Ted Koehler and H.S. Kraft from the story by Jerry Horwin and Seymour B. Robinson, directed by Andrew L. Stone, produced by William LeBaron and starring Lena Horne, Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson, and Cab Calloway. The film is one of two Hollywood musicals with an African American cast released in 1943, both starring Lena Horne, the other being MGM's Cabin in the Sky. Stormy Weather is a primary showcase of some of the leading African American performers of the day, during an era when African American actors and singers rarely appeared in lead roles in mainstream Hollywood productions. The supporting cast features the Nicholas Brothers in arguably the screen's most bravura dance sequence, Fats Waller, Katherine Dunham and her dancers, and Dooley Wilson. Stormy Weather takes its title from the 1933 song of the same title, which is performed almost an hour into the film. It is loosely based upon the life and times of its star, dancer Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson. The character of Selina was invented for the film; Robinson did not have such a romance in real life. Dooley Wilson (the singer/pianist in Casablanca the previous year) co-stars as Bill's perpetually broke but boldly imaginative friend, Gabe, and Emmett \"Babe\" Wallace appears as Chick Bailey. Other performers in the movie are Cab Calloway and Fats Waller (both appearing as themselves), the Nicholas Brothers dancing duo, comedian F. E. Miller, singer Ada Brown, and Katherine Dunham with her dance troupe. Despite a running time of only 77 minutes, the film features some 20 musical numbers. This was Robinson's final film (he died in 1949); Waller died only a few months after its release. Plot \"Mr. Bill\" Williamson, a naturally talented dancer, recounts his past to some neighborhood children in a series of flashbacks, which show his return home in 1918 after serving in World War I, meeting a beautiful singer/dancer named Selina Rogers, who is the sister of one of his war buddies, and his travels to New Orleans to become a performer. Along the way he is reunited with Selina, who persuades her manager, Chick Bailey, to hire him for their show, but the jealous Chick fires Bill for outshining him on stage. Bill stages his own show but runs out of money to pay his dancers up front and they refuse to take the stage. Eventually, they do, due to a stroke of luck. At this point in Bill's story to the children, Cab Calloway drives up to collect \"Mr. Bill\" to appear in his benefit show, where he is reunited with Selina for good. Release and legacy The original release prints of Stormy Weather were processed in sepiatone. In 2001, Stormy Weather was selected for the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\" It was released on DVD in North America in 2005. Soundtrack The film's musical",
"title": "Stormy Weather (1943 film)"
},
{
"docid": "18223292",
"text": "29 Acacia Avenue is a play by Denis and Mabel Constanduros. Its 1945 British comedy-drama film adaptation, directed by Henry Cass, was released in the U.S. as The Facts of Love. Premise Peter Robinson falls in love with the naïve country girl Fay and the worldly, wealthy and already-married Joan, and lives with them both (and Joan's husband) at his parents' house. However, one day Peter's parents unexpectedly return from holiday, and all hell breaks loose. Cast Gordon Harker as Mr. Robinson Betty Balfour as Mrs. Robinson Jimmy Hanley as Peter Robinson Carla Lehmann as Fay Hubert Gregg as Michael Jill Evans as Joan Henry Kendall as Mr. Wilson Dinah Sheridan as Pepper Megs Jenkins as Shirley Noele Gordon as Mrs. Wilson Guy Middleton as Gerald Aubrey Mallalieu as Martin Critical reception Allmovie wrote, \"one of the few low-budget British programmers to enjoy a reasonably widespread American release...The film weaves three separate romantic subplots into an entertaining unified whole\"; though Sky Movies called the film \"one wartime West End success that didn't transfer too well to screen, ending up embarrassingly stagey\"; but the Radio Times thought that although the film \"fails to fully disguise its theatrical origins...it nevertheless makes for pleasant period entertainment, with particularly likeable performances from British veterans Gordon Harker and Betty Balfour as the parents.\" References External links English plays 1945 films 1945 comedy-drama films British comedy-drama films Films directed by Henry Cass Films set in London Films set in Sussex Films produced by Sydney Box Columbia Pictures films British black-and-white films 1940s British films 1940s English-language films",
"title": "29 Acacia Avenue"
},
{
"docid": "3201852",
"text": "My Way is an album by American singer Frank Sinatra, released in 1969 on his own Reprise label. The album is mainly a collection of then-contemporary pop songs, such as Simon and Garfunkel's \"Mrs. Robinson\", and The Beatles' \"Yesterday\", French songs such as \"If You Go Away\", and the anthemic title song \"My Way\", which effectively became Sinatra's theme song in this stage of his career. On December 30, 1968 in Los Angeles, a few hours before going to celebrate the New Year 1969, at the Sands Casino from Las Vegas, My Way was recorded and mixed at EastWest Studios, then called Western Recorders. Later it was remixed and reissued by Concord Records in 2009 to mark its 40th anniversary. Two bonus tracks were included, and new liner notes from Bono. The bonus tracks were a rehearsal of \"For Once in My Life\" from 1969, for Sinatra's eponymous Emmy Award nominated 1969 television special, Sinatra, and a live 1987 performance of \"My Way\" at the Reunion Arena, Dallas, Texas. Bono's liner notes had previously appeared as his New York Times Op-ed column on January 9, 2009. The article discussed Bono's personal relationship with Sinatra, and Sinatra's thoughts on Miles Davis. Bono also mused on Sinatra's performances of \"My Way\", and the new year. Track listing Standard edition \"Watch What Happens\" (Norman Gimbel, Michel Legrand, Jacques Demy) – 2:17 \"Didn't We?\" (Jimmy Webb) – 2:55 \"Hallelujah, I Love Her So\" (Ray Charles) – 2:47 \"Yesterday\" (Lennon–McCartney) – 3:56 \"All My Tomorrows\" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 4:35 \"My Way\" (Paul Anka, Claude François, Jacques Revaux, Gilles Thibault) – 4:35 \"A Day in the Life of a Fool\" (Luiz Bonfá, Carl Sigman) – 3:00 \"For Once in My Life\" (Ron Miller, Orlando Murden) – 2:50 \"If You Go Away\" (Jacques Brel, Rod McKuen) – 3:30 \"Mrs. Robinson\" (Paul Simon) – 2:55 2009 Concord bonus tracks \"For Once in My Life\" – 4:11 studio rehearsal, NBC Studio 2, Burbank, California, August 13, 1969 \"My Way\" – 3:09 live performance at the Reunion Arena, Dallas, Texas, October 24, 1987 2019 Capitol bonus tracks \"My Way\" - 4:23 Duet with Willie Nelson \"My Way\" - 3:32 Duet with Luciano Pavarotti \"My Way\" - 4:36 Live at the Ahmanson Theatre, June 13, 1971 \"My Way\" - 3:43 Live at Reunion Arena, October 24, 1987 Personnel Frank Sinatra – vocals Don Costa – arranger, conductor Certifications References 1969 albums Albums arranged by Don Costa Albums conducted by Don Costa Albums produced by Sonny Burke Albums produced by Don Costa Concord Records albums Frank Sinatra albums Reprise Records albums Albums recorded at EastWest Studios",
"title": "My Way (Frank Sinatra album)"
},
{
"docid": "24954744",
"text": "Clarence Hummel Wilson (November 17, 1876 – October 5, 1941) was an American character actor. Career Wilson appeared in nearly 200 movies between 1920 and 1941, mostly in supporting roles as an old miser or grouch. He had supporting roles in films like The Front Page (1931; as Sheriff Pinky), Ruggles of Red Gap (1935) and You Can't Take It With You (1938). Wilson also played in several Our Gang comedies, most notably as Mr. Crutch in Shrimps for a Day and school board chairman Alonzo Pratt in Come Back, Miss Pipps, his final film. Death Wilson died on October 5, 1941, and he was interred at Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Selected filmography Duds (1920) - Jues The Penalty (1920) - A Crook (uncredited) The Little Grey Mouse (1920) - Henry Lealor Are All Men Alike? (1920) The Land of Jazz (1920) - Minor Role The First Born (1921) - Kury Lar While the Devil Laughs (1921) - Joe Franklin Oliver Twist, Jr. (1921) - Fagin The Tomboy (1921) - The Police Force Big Town Ideas (1921) - Chef Children of the Night (1921) - Tankerton Lovetime (1921) - Count de Baudine Queenie (1921) - Simon Pepper / Abner Quigley Cinderella of the Hills (1921) - Peter Poff The Jolt (1921) - Georgette's Father Gleam O'Dawn (1922) - Pierre Winning with Wits (1922) - Stage manager Extra! Extra! (1922) - Jim Rogers The Glory of Clementina (1922) - Vandemeer Honor First (1922) - Tricot (the Apache) The Cub Reporter (1922) - Mandarin Youth Must Have Love (1922) - Austin Hibbard The Last Hour (1923) - Quales Soft Boiled (1923) - The Reformer The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) - Minor Role (uncredited) The Dangerous Maid (1923) - Jewars (Jeffreys' secretary) Little Robinson Crusoe (1924) - 'Singapore' Scroggs Young April (1926) - Flower vendor (uncredited) The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) - Barber (uncredited) What Price Glory? (1926) - Waiter at Cafe (uncredited) The Silent Avenger (1927) - Dave Wade Mountains of Manhattan (1927) - Jim Tully Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927) - Money Lender (uncredited) Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927) - Bidder at Eliza's Auction (uncredited) Ladies Must Dress (1927) - Office Manager A Girl in Every Port (1928) - Bartender in Marseille (uncredited) The Phantom of the Turf (1928) - The Lawyer Big News (1929) - Coroner Woman Trap (1929) - Detective Captain Dangerous Paradise (1930) - Zangiacomo Officer O'Brien (1930) - Patello's Attorney (uncredited) Strictly Unconventional (1930) - George - Ted's Valet (uncredited) Love in the Rough (1930) - Brown Paid (1930) - Max Hardy (uncredited) The Front Page (1931) - Sheriff Hartman Ladies' Man (1931) - H.J. Dargen (Jeweler) (uncredited) Sweepstakes (1931) - Mr. Emory Wicked (1931) - Juryman Night Life in Reno (1931) - Adrian Garrett Flying High (1931) - Lunch Counter Manager (uncredited) Her Majesty, Love (1931) - Uncle Cornelius The Sea Ghost (1931) - Henry Sykes Under Eighteen (1931) - A.J. Dietrich, Attorney (uncredited) The Beast of the City",
"title": "Clarence Wilson (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "4397535",
"text": "The Making of Mr. Buechner's Dream is a DVD released in 2005 by the American rock band Daniel Amos on Stunt Records. The 90 minute film was edited together from over nine hours of randomly filmed home movies and footage made while the band was recording their epic 32 song album, Mr. Buechner's Dream. This \"making of\" documentary shows the band at work rehearsing the new songs and recording in the studio. Many \"making of\" documentaries, like The Beatles Let It Be do not actually show a lot of footage of the band recording what is actually found on the album. For example, many of that film's performances are different takes or rehearsals. In this film however, much of what is shown on the screen is the band recording exactly what is found on the album - from guitar solos, to vocals, to bass tracks. The film starts out letting the viewer roam around the band while it's rehearsing in drummer Ed McTaggart's house in California. The band is seen going through several of the songs from the album and working out chord changes. In most cases, the lyrics to the songs were not yet finished at this point so lead singer Terry Scott Taylor is seen improvising lyrics while the band plays. The next segment is an introduction to The Green Room studios and a short tribute to longtime D.A. engineer and friend, Gene Eugene, set to the music of \"Flash In Your Eyes,\" a song written about the late engineer and friend of the band. The rest of the film is inside the studio as the band works out guitar, bass, vocals, and drum tracks. The viewer gets to see the creative process as each band member takes part in making suggestions and giving their own ideas on each track. Also included in this segment is a number of comedy segments that the band put together in between sessions. Bonus material on the DVD includes a live performance by the band at the 2001 Creation Festival. Because much of this film is simply home movie footage filmed by the band itself, there are some quality issues from time to time. Lighting is not always the best and there are a few scenes with some digital noise in the audio. The producers of the film did their best to minimize these problems, but they are still noticeable at times. See also Frederick Buechner External links 2005 films Rockumentaries 2000s English-language films",
"title": "The Making of Mr. Buechner's Dream"
},
{
"docid": "23191696",
"text": "Robert Kent (born Douglas Blackley, Jr.; December 3, 1908 – May 4, 1955), was an American film actor. His career included starring roles in several film serials of the 1940s, including The Phantom Creeps, Who's Guilty?, and The Phantom Rider. He also had a role in the 1938 film The Gladiator and was Virginia Vale's leading man in Blonde Comet, a 1941 movie about a female racing driver. He married actress Astrid Allwyn in Tijuana, Mexico, on January 10, 1937, and they were divorced in 1941. He had three children: Kristina, Susan, and Kim Louise. He died in Los Angeles, California of a coronary occlusion due to coronary arteriosclerosis. Partial filmography One Hour Late (1934) - Soda Jerk (uncredited) Car 99 (1935) - Recruit Blatzky Four Hours to Kill! (1935) - George Nelson Love in Bloom (1935) - Man Who Buys Song (uncredited) College Scandal (1935) - Dan Courtridge Two for Tonight (1935) - College Boy (uncredited) Ship Cafe (1935) - Jimmy (uncredited) Love Before Breakfast (1936) - First College Boy (uncredited) The Country Beyond (1936) - Cpl. Robert King The Crime of Dr. Forbes (1936) - Dr. Michael Forbes King of the Royal Mounted (1936) - RCMP Sgt. King Dimples (1936) - Allen Drew Reunion (1936) - Tony Luke Nancy Steele Is Missing! (1937) - Jimmie Wilson Step Lively, Jeeves! (1937) - Gerry Townsend That I May Live (1937) - Dick Mannion Angel's Holiday (1937) - Nick Moore Born Reckless (1937) - Lee Martin The 13th Man (1937) - Jack Winslow (uncredited) Charlie Chan at Monte Carlo (1937) - Gordon Chase Mr. Moto Takes a Chance (1938) - Marty Weston Highway Patrol (1938) - Patrolman (uncredited) The Gladiator (1938) - Tom Dixon Wanted by the Police (1938) - Policeman Mike O'Leary Gang Bullets (1938) - John Carter Little Orphan Annie (1938) - Johnny Adams The Phantom Creeps (1939) - Capt. Bob West Convict's Code (1939) - Dave Tyler Almost a Gentleman (1939) - Robert Mabrey East Side of Heaven (1939) - Cyrus Barrett Jr. For Love or Money (1939) - Ted Frazier Andy Hardy Gets Spring Fever (1939) - Ensign Copley The Secret of Dr. Kildare (1939) - Charles Herron Calling All Marines (1939) - Minor Role (uncredited) One Million B.C. (1940) - Mountain Guide (uncredited) Sunset in Wyoming (1941) - Larry Drew Twilight on the Trail (1941) - Ash Drake Niagara Falls (1941) - Hotel Guest (uncredited) Blonde Comet (1941) - Jim Flynn Tillie the Toiler (1941) Stagecoach Express (1942) - Griff Williams The Forest Rangers (1942) - Lookout (uncredited) Stand by for Action (1942) - Hank Nels (uncredited) Yanks Ahoy (1943) - Lt. Reeves Find the Blackmailer (1943) - Mark Harper Northern Pursuit (1943) - Soldier (uncredited) Gung Ho! (1943) - Submarine Navigator Robinson (uncredited) What a Man! (1944) - Steven M. Anderson Hot Rhythm (1944) - Herman Strohbach What Next, Corporal Hargrove? (1945) - Lt. Dillon Who's Guilty? (1945) - Bob Stewart The Phantom Rider (1946, Serial) - Dr. Jim Sterling / The Phantom Rider Blonde",
"title": "Robert Kent (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "66807823",
"text": "Stan Ivar (born January 11, 1943) is an American actor who is best known for his role as John Carter in Little House on the Prairie, and also known for his roles as Ben Robinson in NCIS, Daniel Scott in Days of Our Lives, Mark Johnson in Star Trek: Voyager, and as Captain Mike Davison in the cult movie Creature (1985). Career He played blacksmith John Carter in Little House on the Prairie, joining the cast during the final season, and the TV movies Little House: Look Back to Yesterday, Little House: Bless All the Dear Children, and Little House: The Last Farewell. Once Little House on the Prairie ended, Ivar asked if he could keep the set. Ivar later disassembled the house and moved it out to his home in rural LA County. Other notable TV roles include Ben Robinson in NCIS, Daniel Scott in Days of Our Lives, Paul Raines in Highway to Heaven, and Mark Johnson in Star Trek: Voyager. He has also had roles in numerous other major television series, including Grapevine, General Hospital, Crazy Like a Fox, Scarecrow and Mrs. King, Cagney & Lacey, The Practice, St. Elsewhere, The John Larroquette Show, Married with Children, Murder, She Wrote, Beverly Hills, 90210, Beauty and the Beast, Cybill, Matlock, and Moonlighting. He has appeared in several television movies including The Alamo: Thirteen Days to Glory (1987), Shattered Dreams (1990), The Last Halloween (1991), Torch Song (1993), The Disappearance of Nora (1993), Chance of a Lifetime (1998), and many more. Feature film roles include Creature (1985), The Big Picture (1989), Rock-A-Doodle (1991), Aspen Extreme (1993), and playing Matt LeBlanc's character's father in Ed (1996). Filmography Film Television References External links 1943 births Living people Male actors from Brooklyn American male film actors American male television actors American male stage actors American male soap opera actors 20th-century American male actors",
"title": "Stan Ivar"
},
{
"docid": "58035742",
"text": "John Mark Robinson (born 19 July 1948) is an entrepreneur, director, and actor. Films he directed have included Roadhouse 66, Kid, and All Tied Up. He also directed the music videos for various musical artists including Bob Dylan, Tina Turner, Ramones, Pretenders, Bob Seger and Santana. Robinson is the founder and CEO of Tap&Go EV Ltd., owner operator of Vancouver Prop & Costume, and President of Boffi Los Angeles, having previously served as president of Modern Props. Robinson holds Patent No. 10,277,960 for his co-invention of a method and system for seeding video programs with episodic interactive items. Early life Robinson was born in Toronto, Ontario. He graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York. Music, television, and film career Robinson founded the Modern Productions in 1980 to direct and produce music videos for artists under the banner. In 1983, he directed Roadhouse 66, starring Willem Dafoe, released by Universal Pictures. In 1990, he directed the movie Kid released by Focus Features. Robinson directed the television show Martha Stewart Living in 1991. He also directed the movie Motowns Mustang in 1992 and All Tied Up in 1993. During his career, Robinson has directed and produced music videos for Bob Dylan (\"Sweetheart Like You\"), Bob Marley (\"Redemption Song\"), Pretenders, Tina Turner (\"What's Love Got to Do with It?\"), Ramones (\"Rock 'n' Roll High School\"), Santana (\"Hold On\"), Pat Benatar, and George Thorogood (\"Bad to the Bone\"). Design career Robinson is also a design professional, having served as president of Modern Props in both Los Angeles and Vancouver. He is the owner and operator of Vancouver Prop & Costume in Vancouver, British Columbia, as well as a partner in the Milanese a kitchen and bath design company Boffi Los Angeles. Vancouver Prop & Costume rents props and costumes for use in motion pictures, commercials, and television. Robinson has assembled tens of thousands of pieces that can be used. He purchased the selection of props from 20th Century Fox in 2005, and has continued to build the collection. He later founded Tap Media Labs, a company that adds content information to online videos for viewers, based in Vancouver and Los Angeles. Personal life Robinson married Linda DeScenna in 2017. Discography Music videos Credits References 1948 births Living people American male actors American directors American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni Male actors from Toronto American music video directors",
"title": "John Mark Robinson"
},
{
"docid": "23890585",
"text": "Blanche Robinson (Mrs. Martin Hennion Robinson, née Williams; 18 May 1883, near Liberty, Kansas – 19 August 1969, Los Angeles) was an American composer and well-known piano accompanist. During her prolific years as a composer, she lived in New York City. During her more active years as a piano accompanist, she lived in Los Angeles. In her published music, she was known as Mrs. M. Hennion Robinson or Mrs. M. Hennion-Robinson. Music career Robinson became a pupil in composition of Frederick Stephenson in Los Angeles. Her The Woman at Home, a chorus for women's voices, was performed with much success by the Lyric Club. Among her better-known compositions are Songs of You, The Mystic Hour, Youth, Fairies, Butterflies, The Dawn of Dawns, and a chorus for men's voices, A Song for Heroes. She performed under the management of Mr. Behymer in concert work. She also performed with Ebell Club, the Friday Morning Club, the Gamut Club, and many leading artists who toured Los Angeles. Family Father: Oliver David Williams (1854 Kentucky – 1932, Venice, California) Mother: Joanna Williams, née Dickerson (25 Oct 1855 Crawfordsville, Indiana – Oct 1949, Venice, California) Husband: Martin Hennion Robinson (18 January 1878 Missouri – 2 May 1964 Los Angeles) and Blanche Williams were married September 27, 1904, in Los Angeles, at the Central Methodist Episcopal Church, Los Angeles. Robinson died August 19, 1969, in Los Angeles. Her ashes are stored at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica, next to those of her daughter Dorothy B. Robinson (1906 Los Angeles – 2004), also a pianist. Music club and sorority affiliations Both Blanche Robinson and her daughter, Dorothy Robinson, were members of The Dominant Club, a Los Angeles charitable club of women musicians founded in 1906 that promotes women in classical music and chamber music. Blanche Robinson was a charter member and past president of The Dominant Club. Early education At age nine, Robinson's family moved to Chicago; there, she began eight-years of study with William Charles Ernest Seeboeck (21 August 1859 Vienna, Austria – 1907 Chicago), a gifted pianist and composer who had been a student of Anton Rubinstein (1829–1894). Selected compositions \"Love Was a Beggar,\" written for Mary McCormic, music by Robinson \"Love's Trilogy,\" a song for four-part chorus of women's voices, words by E. Sterrett, music by Robinson, G. Schirmer (1925) \"The Fairies,\" words & music by Robinson, G. Schirmer (1926) \"The Woman at Home,\" a chorus for women's voices \"Songs of You\" \"The Mystic Hour\" \"Youth,\" music by Robinson, words by Mrs. Louise Stedman Bostick \"Butterflies\" \"The Dawn of Dawns,\" music by Robinson, words by Ina Donna Coolbrith \"The Chudder Weaver,\" for high or medium voice, music by Robinson, words by Frances Hull Topping (b. 1879), G. Schirmer (©July 3, 1937) \"Two pictures,\" for voice and piano, G. Schirmer (©1924) LCCN unk84197289 \"The Lover's Errand\" Ellis Club of Los Angeles Collection of Musical Arrangements and Papers Processed by the staff of the Dept. of Music Special Collections, UCLA UCLA Library, Performing Arts Special Collections",
"title": "Blanche Robinson"
},
{
"docid": "9602392",
"text": "\"Patience\" is a song written by Henry Krieger and Willie Reale for the 2006 film Dreamgirls. The movie is an adaptation of the musical of the same name, which made its debut on Broadway in December 1981. The R&B track has been incorporated to more recent revivals of the stage drama, with \"Patience\" being one of several elements crossing from the adaptation to its parent production. Within the context of the film, the social protest song is spearheaded by star performer James \"Thunder\" Early (played by Eddie Murphy) only for its release to get killed by the hustling record business figure Curtis Taylor, Jr. (played by Jamie Foxx). Movie critic Peter Rainer of the Christian Science Monitor remarked that the emotional scene displayed \"Murphy at his best.\" Similar praise came from David Rooney of Variety. Although nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 79th Academy Awards. Background and critical responses \"Patience\" didn't exist during the creation of the original Dreamgirls musical, a stage drama which made its debut on Broadway in December 1981. Songwriters Henry Krieger and Willie Reale devised \"Patience\" for the musical's 2006 movie adaptation, which also featured the title Dreamgirls. The r&b track has been incorporated to more recent revivals of the stage drama, with \"Patience\" being one of several elements crossing from the adaptation to its parent production. The socially-charged lyrics and impassioned singing behind the song make it an inspirational piece of protest music meant to evoke the 70s-era musical work of artists such as Donny Hathaway, Marvin Gaye, and Stevie Wonder. \"Patience\" is performed both in the film and on its related soundtrack by the trio of Eddie Murphy, Anika Noni Rose, and Keith Robinson. It was Record producer by The Underdogs. In the context of the film, \"Patience\" is a politically-charged piece written by talented singer-songwriter C.C. White (played by Robinson) and recorded by star performer James \"Thunder\" Early (played by Murphy) coupled with vocalist Lorrell Robinson (played by Rose) and a gospel choir. In a scene set in 1973, the song comes into being after Early seeks to develop his public image while being under the thumb of manipulative, shady record business figure Curtis Taylor, Jr. (played by Jamie Foxx). Much to the chagrin of his employees, Foxx's character axes the song's release. This feeds into the flashes of anxiety and depression suffered by Murphy's character, which he self-medicates through illicit drug use. \"Patience\" was one of three Dreamgirls songs nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 79th Academy Awards. The others were \"Love You I Do\" and \"Listen\". All three Dreamgirls songs (as well as the piece \"Our Town\" that Randy Newman penned for Cars) lost the Oscar to \"I Need to Wake Up\" by Melissa Etheridge, which the songwriter created for An Inconvenient Truth. At the 2007 Academy Awards ceremony, \"Patience\" was performed by Rose and Robinson along with a gospel choir and their co-stars Beyoncé Knowles and Jennifer Hudson. Film critics",
"title": "Patience (Dreamgirls song)"
},
{
"docid": "4697496",
"text": "Richard Spencer Robinson (born May 24, 1969) is an American musician and founding member of the rock and roll band the Black Crowes. Along with older brother Chris Robinson, Rich formed the band in 1984 (originally called Mr. Crowes Garden) while the two were attending Walton High School in Marietta, Georgia. At age 15, Rich wrote the music for \"She Talks to Angels\", which became one of the band's biggest hits. Biography Early life Robinson was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and grew up in the East Cobb County/Marietta suburbs of Atlanta. He is the son of Nancy Jane (née Bradley) and Stanley \"Stan\" Robinson. His father's single, \"Boom-A-Dip-Dip\", was No. 83 on the 1959 Billboard charts. The Black Crowes The first incarnation of what would become the Black Crowes appeared as early as 1984. The band were then named Mr. Crowe's Garden after a favorite childhood fairy tale. Robinson has stated that, because of his young age, he would have to sneak in and out the venues they performed and would be refused admittance if he returned the next day to attend a gig himself. By 1989, the band had become the Black Crowes and had gained momentum in their native Georgia. Producer George Drakoulias discovered the band during a New York City show the band gave that year, and had them signed to Rick Rubin's then newly formed Def American label. Recording sessions began almost immediately and the band's debut, $hake Your Money Maker, was released in 1990 to a wide charting success and good critical reception. Much of the album showcased the skills of then-21 years old Rich, from the opening riff of \"Twice As Hard\" to the melody of Mainstream Rock chart-topping hit \"She Talks to Angels\". The band quickly hit the road in support of the album, first with Aerosmith (1990), then with ZZ Top (1991). Having been fired from the latter for behavior issues, the band started its own tour in 1991. The $hake Your Money Maker Tour was followed by the 1992 release of The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion. Departing from the more traditional rock & roll approach of their first album, the album featured more syncopated rhythms and generally longer songs (with three songs exceeding 6 minutes). The single Remedy reached No. 1 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in May 1992. Extensive touring, including headlining shows and festivals in Europe and Japan followed the release of the album, with the band appearing at the 1993 Pinkpop Festival. Although the band's popularity never again reached the pinnacle of their first two albums, the Black Crowes established a loyal and steady following across the United States and, to a lesser extent, United Kingdom and continental Europe. Amorica (1994) and Three Snakes and One Charm saw the band delving further into jam rock, before By Your Side returned to a more straightforward sound, more relating to Shake Your Money Maker while retaining musical elements developed since Amorica. After releasing Lions in 2001 and",
"title": "Rich Robinson"
},
{
"docid": "13989069",
"text": "Tamla Motown Gold: The Sound of Young America is a three-disc compilation album released by the Tamla Motown label in 2001. It features all the hits from the label in the 1960s, by various artists. Track listing Disc 1 Barrett Strong - Money (That's What I Want) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - Shop Around The Marvelettes - Please Mr. Postman The Contours - Do You Love Me The Marvelettes - Beechwood 4-5789 Marvin Gaye - Stubborn Kind Of Fellow Stevie Wonder - Fingertips Martha Reeves & The Vandellas - (Love Is Like A) Heatwave Marvin Gaye - How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You) The Temptations - The Way You Do The Things You Do Four Tops - Baby I Need Your Loving The Velvelettes - Needle in a Haystack Diana Ross & The Supremes - Baby Love Martha Reeves & The Vandellas - Dancing in the Street Brenda Holloway - Every Little Bit Hurts Diana Ross & The Supremes - Where Did Our Love Go? The Temptations - My Girl Mary Wells - My Guy The Velvelettes - He Was Really Sayin' Somethin' Diana Ross & The Supremes - Come See About Me Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - The Tracks Of My Tears Martha Reeves & The Vandellas - Nowhere to Run Four Tops - I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch) Diana Ross & The Supremes - Stop! In the Name of Love Junior Walker & the Allstars - \"Shotgun\" Kim Weston - Take Me In Your Arms (Rock Me a Little While) Diana Ross & The Supremes - Back in My Arms Again Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - Going To A Go-Go Disc 2 Four Tops - It's The Same Old Song Junior Walker & the Allstars - (I'm a) Road Runner Diana Ross & The Supremes - I Hear a Symphony Four Tops - Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever The Isley Brothers - This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak For You) Marvin Gaye & Kim Weston - It Takes Two Stevie Wonder - Uptight (Everything's Alright) The Temptations - Ain't Too Proud To Beg Four Tops - Reach Out, I'll Be There Diana Ross & The Supremes - You Can't Hurry Love The Isley Brothers - I Guess I'll Always Love You Junior Walker & the Allstars - How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You) Stevie Wonder - A Place in the Sun The Temptations - Beauty Is Only Skin Deep Four Tops - Standing in the Shadows of Love Diana Ross & The Supremes - You Keep Me Hangin' On The Isley Brothers - Put Yourself In My Place Jimmy Ruffin - What Becomes of the Broken Hearted Four Tops - Bernadette Diana Ross & The Supremes - Love Is Here and Now You're Gone Gladys Knight & the Pips - I Heard It Through the Grapevine The Isley Brothers - Behind a Painted Smile Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - I Second That Emotion",
"title": "Tamla Motown Gold: The Sound of Young America"
},
{
"docid": "72201621",
"text": "Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (Original Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album to the 2022 film Weird: The Al Yankovic Story, a satirical biopic, loosely based on the life and career of comedy musician \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, who is also credited as executive producer and co-writer of the film. The film, co-written and directed by Eric Appel (in his directorial debut), stars Daniel Radcliffe as Yankovic, along with Evan Rachel Wood, Rainn Wilson, Toby Huss, Arturo Castro, and Julianne Nicholson in supporting roles. The album features 46 tracks in total, consisting mostly Yankovic's early songs that were re-recorded for the album, new renditions of several of his parody songs, and original score compositions by Leo Birenberg and Zach Robinson, accompanying the remainder of it. Yankovic's original song \"Now You Know\" specially recorded for the film (in the closing credits) and album, was released as a single on November 4, 2022. The song was recorded in order to be eligible for a Best Original Song nomination at the 95th Academy Awards, but the prospects of an Academy Award campaign was dropped as its distributor Roku denied a limited theatrical release plans for the film. The same day, the album was released as a companion to the film by Legacy Recordings, in conjunction with its streaming premiere on The Roku Channel, though music enthusiasts mentioned it as a \"surprise album\" from Yankovic. It was released in CD on February 3, 2023, and a two-disc vinyl edition of the soundtrack was released on May 19, 2023. Production Background The original score is composed by Leo Birenberg and Zach Robinson, who also worked on Cobra Kai (2018–present). Birenberg and Robinson discussed the film's music with Eric Appel and \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Yankovic interacted with the crew through Zoom due to his participation in global tours, while scoring the film. Birenberg said on his creative collaboration with Yankovic, as \"he's an awesome guy to work with, because he's obviously so creative and such a visionary, but he also knows how much direction to give and to let people do their thing to make it as good as possible\". On doing parody music, Robinson added that \"you almost 'cue' the audience where to laugh a little bit. So the way you'll structure a specific build or a specific hit will be designed to tee up a punchline that exists in the on-camera work. And when you just play it straight, you're still hitting things and still building, but you're doing it in a way that you want the audience to be like, 'Yeah, I'm in it. This is a sweet action movie.' That's the difference.\" Composition The accordion was used as the primary instrument in the score, played by Cory Pesaturo. On using an accordion for the themes, Robinson explained that the process was \"insanely difficult\" as the player needs to know the aspects of an accordion and piano, and put them while constantly bellowing, as \"that's what makes the sound, is the air being pushed out",
"title": "Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (soundtrack)"
}
] | [
"The Graduate"
] |
train_2439 | how many species of kangaroos are native to australia | [
{
"docid": "68456270",
"text": "Bohra is an extinct genus of macropod from the Plio-Pleistocene of Australia. It is closely related to modern tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus), and like them is thought to have had an arboreal lifestyle, with some species of Bohra substantially exceeding living tree kangaroos in size. Taxonomy The type species, Bohra paulae was first described in 1982 from material found in Wellington Caves in New South Wales. Bohra is the name of a legendary kangaroo of the Euahlayi tribe from New South Wales. Bohra was said to walk on all four limbs and possessed sharp canine teeth before being removed by men. Living tree-kangaroos share similar proportions between the front and hind limbs. Three other species have been described: Bohra wilkinsonorum from southeastern Queensland in 2004, Bohra illuminata from south-central Australia in 2008, and Bohra nullarbora from Western Australia in 2009. Bohra is considered a plesiomorphic sister taxon to the living tree-kangaroos (Dendrolagus). Description Some species of Bohra like Bohra paula and Bohra wilkinsonorum were much larger than any tree-kangaroo, with estimated body masses of . They many similarities with tree-kangaroos in their cranio-dental and hind limb morphology, and in spite of its size, shows many of the same arboreal adaptations as its living relatives. Among the similarities are the calcaneus being flat and broad with the cuboid articulation not being stepped and the height-to-width ratio of the articulation being much smaller than in that of other types of kangaroos. Compared to living tree kangaroos, the species of Bohra are distinguished by proportionally larger cheek teeth and longer upper incisors. Remains of Bohra illuminata also show morphological similarities to rock wallabies (Petrogale); recent molecular studies suggest that rock wallabies are the closest living relatives of tree-kangaroos, further proving Bohra is of close relation to these groups. Distribution and habitat Bohra wilkinsonorum is the oldest species (Pliocene), while the remaining species are of Pleistocene age. All species of Bohra inhabited regions more southerly than any tree-kangaroo, including the now treeless Nullarbor plain. Given the arboreal nature of Bohra, it seems many regions of Australia were able to better support tree cover in the recent past. The youngest records of Bohra dates to around the Late Pleistocene, though the precise timing of extinction is uncertain due to a lack of precise dating on remains, though they may have persisted as recently as 22,000 years ago based on Dendrolagus-like DNA found in indeterminate bone fragments from Tunnel Cave in Southwestern Australia. References Prehistoric macropods Pliocene mammals of Australia Pleistocene mammals of Australia Pleistocene extinctions Prehistoric marsupial genera",
"title": "Bohra (mammal)"
},
{
"docid": "67594455",
"text": "Grevillea dilatata is a species of plant in the protea family that is endemic to Australia. It is native to south-eastern South Australia, including Kangaroo Island as well as the Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas. Description Grevillea dilatata is a shrub that grows up to tall and up to across. Leaves appear 'fan-shaped' with margins appearing more 'toothed' than lobed and noticeably pungent. The upper surface of the leaf is either glabrous or with sparse indumentum. The lower surface is always covered in subsericious (straight, silky) hairs. Taxonomy This species was once considered part of Grevillea ilicifolia, where it was known as Grevillea ilicifolia var. dilatata. A morphological study published in 2004 resulted in G. ilicifolia being separated into three species and four subspecies. The specific epithet (dilatata) is a Latin word meaning \"expanded\" or \"widened\". In some publications, it is still referred to as Grevillea ilicifolia var. dilatata. Distribution and habitat This species can be found in mallee, heath and shrubland habitats in south-eastern South Australia, including the York and Eyre peninsulas and Kangaroo Island. Conservation status Grevillea dilatata is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as it has lost 30% of its habitat from the 1980s to now due to land clearing for agriculture. It is currently threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation for agriculture and competition with invasive weeds. The population ia likely to be currently stable and it appears to be locally common within its distribution. References dilatata Proteales of Australia Endemic flora of Australia Flora of South Australia Plants described in 1830 Flora of Kangaroo Island",
"title": "Grevillea dilatata"
},
{
"docid": "44243772",
"text": "Amblyomma triguttatum, commonly known as the kangaroo tick, is a species of tick in the genus Amblyomma native to Australia, in Western Australia, parts of Queensland, and in New South Wales. Subspecies There are four subspecies, one or more of which might be separate species. The nominate subspecies is a vector for Rickettsia. Ecology Like all species in its family, Ixodidae (known as hard ticks), the kangaroo tick is a parasitic arachnid and is an obligate hematophage, solely consuming blood for its nutritional needs. Hosts Thought to be a carrier of Q fever, in addition to parasitising macropods such as western grey kangaroos and Tammar wallabies, it has been found on a variety of other mammalian hosts, including black rats, European rabbits, domesticated dogs and cats, and humans. References Amblyomma Animals described in 1844 Arachnids of Australia",
"title": "Amblyomma triguttatum"
},
{
"docid": "2422141",
"text": "Matschie's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei), also known as the Huon tree-kangaroo is a tree-kangaroo native to the Huon Peninsula of northeastern New Guinea island, within the nation of Papua New Guinea. Under the IUCN classification, Matschie's tree-kangaroo is an endangered species. The scientific name honours German biologist Paul Matschie. The indigenous population refers to it as a Boongarry. Description With a body and head length of , Matschie's tree-kangaroo are much smaller than Australia's well-known red kangaroo. An adult male weighs between 20 and 25 lb (9–11 kg). An adult female weighs between 15 and 20 lb (7–9 kg). There is no particular season in which they breed. Gestation lasts 44 days and joeys of captive bred individuals leave the pouch after 11 months. The average life span of the Matschie's tree-kangaroo in the wild is unknown, but is at least 14 years. The life span of the kangaroo in a zoo is about 20 years. The most distinctive trait of all tree-kangaroos is the hair whorl they possess. It is a patch of hair that goes out in many directions and its location ranges from up near the shoulders all the way down to the tail. The Matschie's tree-kangaroo is golden on its ventral side, lower parts of its limbs, ear edges, belly, and tail, and the rest of its body is a chestnut brown colour, except for usually having a dark stripe down its back. Their faces are typically an array of yellow and white colours. The Matschies' are similar in colour and size to Dendrolagus dorianus, the Doria's tree-kangaroo. Matschies' ears are small and bear-like looking and they do not have a good sense of hearing because of it. They have curved claws on their forelimbs and soft pads on their hind limbs that aid in their climbing ability, and they have some independent movement of their digits as well as good dexterity due to their forelimbs being able to bend a great deal. The 4th and 5th digit of their feet are enlarged, the 1st digit is absent, and the 2nd and 3rd digits are syndactylous (two digits that look like one fused together). Scientists have discovered that the Matschie's are able to walk bipedally and there's a lot of rotation in their limbs for climbing. Out of all of the Dendrolagus species, the Matschie's tree-kangaroo is the best vertical climber and has more strength in its muscles than any others. Their tails help to offset their balance while moving swiftly through the trees since their tails are about the same length as their head and body size. Sexual dimorphism is very low, with males and females being of about equal sizes. The upper and lower jaws of the Matschie's tree-kangaroos are different too in addition to them being different in body size. The upper jaw has three incisors, one canine, one premolar, and four molars, while the lower jaw has one very sharp incisor, no canines and low crowned molars. Ecology and behavior Matschie's tree-kangaroo lives",
"title": "Matschie's tree-kangaroo"
},
{
"docid": "72595219",
"text": "Macropodiformes is a suborder of Australian marsupial mammals. Members of this suborder are called macropodiformes, and include kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos. Macropodiformes is one of three suborders that form the order Diprotodontia, the largest extant order of marsupials. They are found in Australia and New Guinea, generally in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and savannas, though some species can also be found in deserts and rocky areas. They range in size from the musky rat-kangaroo, at plus a tail, to the red kangaroo, at plus a tail. Macropodiformes primarily eat leaves, grass, ferns, and shrubs, as well as fruit and other plant material. Many macropodiformes do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 40 individuals to 500,000. Ten species are categorized as endangered: Calaby's pademelon, Cape York rock-wallaby, dingiso, Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo, ifola, Matschie's tree-kangaroo, mountain pademelon, nabarlek, northern bettong, and Proserpine rock-wallaby. A further six species are categorized as critically endangered: the black dorcopsis, Gilbert's potoroo, golden-mantled tree-kangaroo, tenkile, Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo, and woylie. Eight species have gone extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began: the broad-faced potoroo, crescent nail-tail wallaby, desert bettong, desert rat-kangaroo, eastern hare-wallaby, Lake Mackay hare-wallaby, Nullarbor dwarf bettong, and toolache wallaby. The seventy-two extant species of Macropodiformes are divided into three families: Hypsiprymnodontidae, containing a single species, the musky rat-kangaroo; Macropodidae, containing sixty-three species divided between the twelve genera in the subfamily Macropodinae and the single genus of the subfamily Sthenurinae; and Potoroidae, containing eight species in three extant genera. Dozens of extinct Macropodiformes species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. Conventions Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the macropodiformes's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera, species, or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol \"\". Classification The suborder Macropodiformes consists of three extant families: Hypsiprymnodontidae, Macropodidae, and Potoroidae. Hypsiprymnodontidae contains a single species and Potoroidae contains eight species in three extant genera. Macropodidae is divided into two subfamilies: Macropodinae, containing sixty-three species divided between twelve genera, and Sthenurinae, containing a single species. In addition to the extant species, eight species—four in Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae, including one extinct genus—have gone extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began. Family Hypsiprymnodontidae Genus Hypsiprymnodon (musky rat-kangaroo): one species Family Macropodidae Subfamily Macropodinae Genus Dendrolagus (tree-kangaroos): fourteen species Genus Dorcopsis (dorcopsises): four species Genus Dorcopsulus (forest wallabies): two species Genus Lagorchestes (hare-wallabies): four species (two extinct) Genus Macropus (grey kangaroos): two species Genus Notamacropus (wallabies): eight species (one extinct) Genus Osphranter (kangaroos): four species Genus Onychogalea (nail-tail wallabies):",
"title": "List of macropodiformes"
},
{
"docid": "8667993",
"text": "The antilopine kangaroo (Osphranter antilopinus), also known as the antilopine wallaroo or the antilopine wallaby, is a species of macropod found in northern Australia: in Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It is a locally common, gregarious grazer. Taxonomy The description of the species by John Gould was published in 1842, one of four new species of 'kangaroos' presented before the Zoological Society of London in 1841. The type location was given as Port Essington. The author assigned the new species to the genus Osphranter, a taxon later submerged as a subgenus of Macropus, and recognised an affinity with his earlier description of Macropus robustus (known as the common wallaroo or euro). A taxonomic restructuring in 2019, based on genetic analysis, promoted Osphranter back to genus level, redefining the antilopine kangaroo and the red kangaroo, among others, as species within the genus Osphranter. The common names of the species include antilopine wallaroo, antilopine kangaroo and antilopine wallaby. The specific epithet antilopinus was proposed by Gould for the resemblance of the fur to the African mammals known as antelopes. The descriptive \"antilopine\" or \"antelope\" kangaroo is sometimes substituted as the 'antilopine wallaroo', but in behaviour and habitat it is similar to the red, eastern grey and western grey kangaroos. Occupying a similar niche to the large and reddish Osphranter rufus in the woodlands of southern and eastern Australia, it is also referred to locally as the red kangaroo, though it is a different species. Description The antilopine kangaroo is a larger species of Osphranter, a genus of kangaroos and wallabies. They share many characteristics with others of the genus, but have longer and more slender limbs like the larger species of the genus. The fur is short, pale at the ventral side and grading to a reddish tan colour over the upper parts of the pelage. Females have similar coloration, although lighter and with greyish fur at the head and shoulders. A patch or stripe of paler coloured fur is seen at the lower part of the head, and a lighter colour at the inside and edge of the ear sharply contrasts with the darker fur colour of outer side. The paws of the front and hind legs are very dark, and contrast the lighter fur of the lower limb. Their tails are thickly covered in fur, a uniform width along its length, and a paler shade of the upper body colour. The bare skin of the rhinarium is black. Measurements of the head and body combined is up to for males, with a tail to , and no longer than for females, whose tails are up to . Their standing height, from the crown of the head to the ground, is approximately . The female may weigh up to , and males may be over twice this weight at 49 kg. The male's head shape, like the red kangaroo Osphranter rufus, resembles that of a mule. The",
"title": "Antilopine kangaroo"
},
{
"docid": "73244406",
"text": "Diprotodontia is an order of Australian marsupial mammals. Members of this order are called diprotodonts. Diprotodontia is the largest order of marsupials and currently comprises 140 extant species, which are grouped into 39 genera. They are found in Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia, in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and savannas, though some species are found in deserts and rocky areas. They come in a wide array of sizes, ranging from the Tasmanian pygmy possum, at plus a tail, to the red kangaroo, at plus a tail. Diprotodontia is subdivided into three suborders: Macropodiformes, Phalangeriformes, and Vombatiformes. Macropodiformes has 72 species in 3 families: Hypsiprymnodontidae, Macropodidae, and Potoroidae, and includes kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos. Phalangeriformes has 64 species in 6 families: Acrobatidae, Petauridae, Pseudocheiridae, Tarsipedidae, Burramyidae, and Phalangeridae, and includes cuscus and the brushtail, ringtail, and gliding possums. Vombatiformes has only four species in two families: Phascolarctidae, the koala, and Vombatidae, the wombats. The classification of species in the order is not fixed, with many recent proposals for changes made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, the present set of suborders was created beginning in 1997 by splitting the former suborder Phalangerida into Macropodiformes and Phalangeriformes, and further reorganizations have been proposed. In addition to the extant species, eight species in the suborder Phalangeriformes—four in the family Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae—have been made extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began: the broad-faced potoroo, crescent nail-tail wallaby, desert bettong, desert rat-kangaroo, eastern hare-wallaby, Lake Mackay hare-wallaby, Nullarbor dwarf bettong, and toolache wallaby. Dozens of extinct, prehistoric Diprotodont species have also been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. Conventions Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol \"\". Classification The order Diprotodontia consists of 140 extant species belonging to 39 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 39 genera can be grouped into 11 families; these families are grouped into the suborders Macropodiformes, Phalangeriformes, and Vombatiformes, and many are further grouped into named clades or subfamilies. In addition to the extant species, eight species in the suborder Phalangeriformes—four in the family Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae, including one extinct genus—have been made extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began. Suborder Macropodiformes Family Hypsiprymnodontidae (musky rat-kangaroo): 1 genus, 1 species Family Macropodidae Subfamily Macropodinae (kangaroos and wallabies) 12 genera, 66 species (4 extinct) Subfamily Sthenurinae (banded hare-wallaby) 1 genera, 1 species Family Potoroidae (bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos) 4 genera (1 extinct),",
"title": "List of diprotodonts"
},
{
"docid": "17905749",
"text": "Eucalyptus cneorifolia, the Kangaroo Island narrow-leaf mallee, is a native tree of Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Description The mallee tree will grow to in height, it has an upright habit and can have a single or multiple stems with a lignotuber at the base of the trunk. It mostly forms a dense canopy of thin dark green leaves that have conspicuous oil glands. The bark is fibrous, greyish-brown to dark-grey in colour with longitudinally fissured bark on the lower trunk and with smooth greyish bark above. Adult leaves have an alternate arrangement. The leaf blade is linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong shape with a length of and a width of . the leaves are glossy, olive-green, dull and grey-green when dried with indistinct veins. It flowers between December and April producing inflorescences with small white flowers. The flowers occur in umbels of 4 to 14 found at the axils of the leaves. The buds are usually more or less ellipsoid in shape with a conical or hemispherical-conical bud-cap. The buds have a length of and a width of . The fruits that form are hemispherical or hemispherical-globose in shape. They have a length of to . The fruit disc is wide and flat or slightly raised with three or four needle-like exserted valves. Fruits contain brown ovoid shaped seeds with a slightly wrinkled surface that are and wide. Taxonomy The species was first formally described by the botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1828 and published in Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. The species name cneorifolia is taken from the genus Cneorum and the Latin word 'folium' meaning a leaf, referring to the similarity of the leaves to those of the unrelated plant Cneorum tricoccum. Distribution The Kangaroo Island narrow-leaf mallee was originally endemic to eastern Kangaroo Island and has no closely related species. It is also found around Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges on the mainland but is vulnerable on the Fleurieu Peninsula. It grows well in well-drained soils over laterite or limestone as part of a dense mallee shrubland community. Cultivation It is grown in plantations for the production of cineole based eucalyptus oil. On Kangaroo Island, there were over 100 stills for the production of eucalyptus oil from the narrow-leaf mallee, however, the distillation industry went into decline after the 1930s due to the greater profitability of sheep farming. Today there is currently only one operating distillery on the island. Gallery References External links Eucalyptus Oil Industry Revival, Landline, ABC. cneorifolia Myrtales of Australia Crops originating from Australia Flora of Kangaroo Island Plants described in 1828",
"title": "Eucalyptus cneorifolia"
},
{
"docid": "5625932",
"text": "Arripis trutta, known as the Australian salmon in Australia and as kahawai in New Zealand, is a South Pacific marine fish and one of the four extant species within the genus Arripis, native to the cooler waters around the southeastern Australian coasts and the New Zealand coastline. Other common names for this species include Eastern Australian salmon, bay trout, blackback salmon (or just \"black back\"), buck salmon (or \"buck\"), cocky salmon, colonial salmon, newfish and salmon trout. Although it is referred to as \"salmon\" in Australian English and its species epithet trutta is Latin for trout, it is not related to true salmons or trouts, which belong to the family Salmonidae of the order Salmoniformes. All Arripis species belong to the family Arripidae of the order Perciformes. Taxonomy Arripis trutta was first formally described in 1801 as Sciaena trutta by Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider with the type locality given as the Cook Strait. Description Arripis trutta is a streamlined fish with a long and slender body. There is a bony ridge edge of bone beneath and in front of each eye which has obvious serrations in smaller individuals. In larger fish the scales feel smooth. The lobes of the caudal fin are equivalent in length to the head. These fish are dark bluish-green dorsally and silvery white ventrally. The juveniles have golden bars on their upper flanks and these break up into large spots as the fish matures. The pectoral fin is vivid yellow and the caudal and spiny part of the dorsal fin both have a blackish margin. There are 9 spines and 15–17 soft rays in the dorsal fin and 3 spines and 9–10 soft rays in the anal fin. The maximum total length recorded is although they are commonly a total length of around and the maximum recorded weight is . The most consistent difference between this species and Arripis truttacea is the gill raker count, A. truttacea has 25–31 gill rakers and A trutta has 33–40. Arripis trutta can differentiated from Arripis xylabion, as the former has a larger tail. Distribution Arripis trutta is found in the southwestern Pacific Ocean mostly around the littoral waters of the Tasman Sea and Bass Strait. In Australia, they are found from Moreton Bay in Queensland to western Victoria and northern Tasmania, with infrequent records at Kangaroo Island in South Australia. They are also found around Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island in the open waters of the Tasman Sea. In New Zealand, they are distributed around the coasts but are more common north of Kaikōura on the South Island. They are also found around the Chatham Islands and Kermadec Islands east of New Zealand. Habitat and biology Arripis trutta is a migratory fish that may swim long distances, sometimes thousands of kilometres. The adults congregate and form very large schools off oceanic beaches and exposed coasts coastal areas, and will enter rivers. The juveniles live in smaller schools in more sheltered areas such as bays",
"title": "Arripis trutta"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "4266008",
"text": "In Australian folklore, the Queensland tiger is a creature said to live in the Queensland area in eastern Australia. Also known by a native name, yarri, it is described as being a dog-sized feline with stripes and a long tail, prominent front teeth and a savage temperament. It has been hypothesized to be a survivor or descendant of the large predatory marsupial Thylacoleo, officially considered to be extinct, or possibly a large feral cat variant (given possible discrepancies with thylacoleo dentition). In 1926 A. S. le Souef described a \"Striped marsupial cat\" in The Wild Animals of Australasia, this information later also included in Furred Animals of Australia, by Ellis Troughton, longtime curator of mammals in the Australian Museum. History The earliest documented witness reports of a Queensland marsupial tiger date from 1871, with indigenous traditions of the yarri preceding these. Lumholtz writes in 1878I learned that on the summit of the Coast Mountains, before mentioned, there lived two varieties of mammals which seemed to me to be unknown to science: but I had much difficulty in acquiring this knowledge. One of the animals [the local Aborigines] called yarri. From their description I conceived it to be a marsupial tiger. It was said to be about the size of a dingo, though its legs were shorter and its tail long, and it was described ... as being very savage. If pursued it climbed up the trees, where the natives did not dare follow it, and by gestures they explained to me how at such times it would growl and bite their hands. Rocky retreats were its most favourite habitat, and its principal food was said to be in a little brown variety of wallaby common in Northern Queensland scrubs. Its flesh was not particularly appreciated ... and if they accidentally killed a yarri they gave it to their old women. In Western Queensland I heard much about an animal which seemed to me to be identical with the yarri here described, and a specimen was once nearly shot by an officer of the black police in the regions I was now visiting [Herbert River]. Lumholtz goes on to contrast the description of this animal with a leaf-eating species recognisable as a tree kangaroo, possibly that now known as Lumholtz's, after the author's work in scientific appraisal of these and other species of the region. Reports have come consistently from the Northeast of Queensland, and indicate a fast and agile creature (Welfare & Fairley, 1981). Though these have diminished in number since the 1950s, they have continued (the Beast of Buderim being one recent example of the phenomenon). Such sightings in modern context, when able to be investigated further, have been universally identified as introduced domestic cats gone feral — natural selection tends favour proportions, markings and behaviours more commonly associated with actual wild species, after only a few generations in the wild. The domestic cat was introduced to Australia some hundreds of years ago, and have dispersed (and been dispersed)",
"title": "Queensland tiger"
},
{
"docid": "1600571",
"text": "The dingiso () (Dendrolagus mbaiso), also known as the bondegezou or bakaga, is an endangered, long-tailed marsupial found only in mountain forests on the west of the island of New Guinea (in Indonesia). It is a species of tree-kangaroo (genus Dendrolagus), which are mammals native to Australia and New Guinea that feed on leaves or other plant matter. It belongs to the macropodid family (Macropodidae) with kangaroos, and carries its young in a pouch like most other marsupials. Though sacred to the local Moni people, it is still threatened by hunting and habitat loss. Dr Tim Flannery and his team gave the species name mbaiso which means \"the forbidden animal\" in Moni, because of the local belief that dingiso is the spirit of their ancestors. Locally Dingiso is called Bakaga. Distribution The marsupial lives in sub-alpine forests in the Sudirman Range in Central Papua and Highland Papua in Western New Guinea. It lives just below the tree line, at elevations of . The species was first filmed for an episode of the BBC documentary South Pacific TV series in 2009, after 11 days of searching with local Moni tribesmen. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the dingiso inhabits mossy forests and shrubland and is \"found in rugged areas\". Description The dingiso has a distinctive pattern of black and white fur, it has a white belly, and a black head, back and limbs. Unlike other tree kangaroos, it spends little time in the trees. Taxonomy Dendrolagus mbaiso was formally described to science in 1995 by Australian Museum zoologist Tim Flannery, Indonesian zoologist Boeadi, and Australian anthropologist Alexandra Szalay. Behavior The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species states that the dingiso is mainly terrestrial and \"very docile\". Conservation The dingiso remains common in the west because of the protection conferred on it by the Moni people. For many Moni, it is an ancestor which must never be harmed. Nonetheless, Dendrolagus mbaiso is an IUCN Red Listed Endangered species. Julie Boswell lists \"hunting for food, habitat loss, increasing human populations, agricultural stresses, and climate change\" as the main threats that the dingiso faces. References External links Papuaweb.org: Tree Kangaroos: A Curious Natural History — the Dingiso section Macropods Marsupials of New Guinea Endemic fauna of Indonesia Mammals of Western New Guinea Endangered fauna of Oceania Mammals described in 1995 Taxa named by Tim Flannery",
"title": "Dingiso"
},
{
"docid": "36615496",
"text": "Themeda quadrivalvis is a species of grass known by the common names grader grass, habana grass, and kangaroo grass, not to be confused with Themeda triandra, which is also known as kangaroo grass. It is native to India, Nepal, and Malaysia. It can also be found in many other places as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. It occurs in the United States, New Caledonia, Fiji, Mauritius, Thailand, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, China, the Middle East and tropical America. It is a troublesome exotic weed in Australia, especially in northern regions. It is also an agricultural weed in crops such as sugar cane and lucerne. Description This species is an annual grass growing up to tall. The usually folded leaves are up to long. The seed heads are rounded or fan-shaped and are accompanied by leaflike bracts. The grass becomes orange, red, or golden brown at maturity. The clustered spikelets in the seed heads have some tubercle-based hairs and twisted awns, which can be up to 5 centimeters long. The awn is hygroscopic, twisting when moist and drilling the seed into the soil. This species is similar to Themeda triandra, a native species which tends to be smaller and more brown in color. Grader grass is a prolific producer of seed; there can be up to 1000 seeds in a single seed head. The seed is dispersed by graders, on fur and clothing, and as a contaminant of pasture seed supplies. The seed is sometimes found as a contaminant of bird seed, as well. Invasiveness This grass is a major noxious weed in parts of Australia, where it was introduced in the 1930s. It may have arrived in supplies of straw packing. The plant was first recorded in Australia in September 1935 near Habana in the Mackay Region of Queensland. It then spread as a contaminant of seed. The weed easily invades ecosystems, displacing native vegetation. It grows quickly, producing flowers within 5 to 6 weeks after germination, and seed within 10 weeks. Flowering generally occurs in February to June in Australia. Germination can occur throughout the year, however, given adequate moisture. The grass easily colonizes disturbed areas such as roadsides. While the grass is cultivated for animal fodder in India, it is unpalatable throughout most of the year in Australia, forming wide monotypic stands that displace palatable grasses. It also forms a heavy fuel load, increasing the likelihood of fire. The species is also invasive in New Caledonia. References Andropogoneae Grasses of Africa Grasses of Asia Grasses of India Grasses of Pakistan Grasses of South Africa Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus",
"title": "Themeda quadrivalvis"
},
{
"docid": "15627489",
"text": "Themeda is a genus of plants in the grass family native to Asia, Africa, Australia, and Papuasia. There are about 18 to 26 species, many of which are native to Southeast Asia. Species Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. - Afghanistan, Himalayas, Tibet Themeda arguens (L.) Hack. - Christmas grass - Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Papuasia, northern Australia Themeda arundinacea (Roxb.) A.Camus - Indochina, southern China, Indian Subcontinent, Malaysia, Indonesia Themeda avenacea (F. Muell.) Maiden & Betche - oat kangaroo grass - Australia Themeda caudata (Nees ex Hook. & Arn.) A.Camus - Indochina, southern China, Himalayas, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines Themeda cymbaria Hack. - Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, Kerala Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack. - Southeast Asia, Papuasia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu Themeda helferi Hack. - Myanmar, Andaman Islands, Yunnan Themeda hookeri (Griseb.) A.Camus - Tibet, Yunnan, eastern Himalayas Themeda huttonensis Bor - Assam Themeda idjensis Jansen - Java Timur, Bali Themeda intermedia (Hack.) Bor - Southeast Asia, China, Indian Subcontinent, Papuasia, Queensland, Vanuatu Themeda laxa (Andersson) A.Camus Indian Subcontinent Themeda minor L.Liou - Tibet Themeda mooneyi Bor - Odisha Themeda novoguineensis (Reeder) Jansen - Papua New Guinea, Lesser Sunda Islands Themeda palakkadensis Chorghe, Prasad & Lakshminarasimhan - Kerala Themeda pseudotremula Potdar et al. - Maharashtra Themeda quadrivalvis- grader grass (L.) Kuntze - Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Andaman Islands; naturalized in Socotra, South Africa, eastern Indochina, Papuasia, Queensland, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, various islands (Indian and Pacific Oceans, West Indies) Themeda sabarimalayana Sreek. & V.J.Nair - India Themeda saxicola Bor - Odisha Themeda strigosa (Ham. ex Hook.f.) A.Camus - India, Bangladesh Themeda tremula (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. - India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Themeda triandra Forssk.- kangaroo grass, red grass, rooigras - Africa (from Morocco to KwaZulu-Natal), Asia (from Yemen to Japan to Maluku), Australia, New Guinea Themeda trichiata S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan Themeda unica S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Anhui, Zhejiang Themeda villosa (Poir.) A.Camus - silky kangaroo grass, Lyon's grass - China, Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea Themeda yunnanensis S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Yunnan Formerly included See Elymandra, Germainia, Hyparrhenia, Iseilema References Andropogoneae Grasses of Africa Grasses of Asia Grasses of Oceania Poaceae genera",
"title": "Themeda"
},
{
"docid": "60598453",
"text": "Juncus ingens, common name giant rush, is a dioecious perennial with horizontal or ascending rhizomes. The stems are erect, dull green, (1.5–2–5 m tall and 4–10 mm in diameter, cataphylls are to 40 cm or more long. The inflorescence is large and drooping, with many flowers scattered along fine branchlets. Flowers occur mostly October-January, seeds are shed mostly December-April. Juncus ingens was first described by Norman Wakefield in 1957. It is one of only two known dioecious species of Juncus native to Australia, the other being Juncus psammophilus. Juncus ingens is native to the floodplains of southeastern Australia, occurring mainly in Victoria, forming dense stands on the margins of seasonal wetlands. Giant rush is rarely grazed by introduced herbivores such as cattle or horses, or by native herbivores such as kangaroos, and is also resistant to fire. Although native to Australia, Juncus ingens is considered an invasive species in some areas such as Barmah National Park. The spread of J. ingens into areas where it historically did not occur is a result of changes to flooding regimes in the now highly regulated Murray-Darling Basin. Specifically, reduced winter flooding levels and extended flooding into summer months promotes the spread of J. ingens. Conversely, increasing winter and spring flood depth and duration, and reduction of unseasonal flooding limits the growth and spread of J. ingens, allowing recolonisation of displaced species such as Moira grass (Pseudoraphis spinescens). Water regime for vigorous growth Maintenance: Frequency of flooding: Annual to nearly annual. Depth of flooding: Shallow, 5 to 50 cm; can tolerate up to 1 m. Duration of flooding: Eight to 10 months Timing of flooding: At least spring to early autumn. Regeneration: Germination occurs on moist soil, bare of plants, such as on flood recession or wetland drawdown, in late autumn and winter. Seedling establishment: Establishment is increased by shallow flooding, to 20 cm, in spring–early summer; and by avoiding stresses such as overtopping or droughting in the first two years. Critical flood interval: Not certain. Maintains canopy in absence of flooding for a few years, but rhizomes probably persist longer; possibly reflood after about three to five years. Seed longevity not known.\" References External links Atlas of Living Australia: Juncus ingens Flora of Victoria: Juncus ingens Flora of Australia Flora of Victoria (state) ingens Dioecious plants",
"title": "Juncus ingens"
},
{
"docid": "61007784",
"text": "Gorge Wildlife Park is a privately-owned sanctuary in the Australian state of South Australia. It is at Cudlee Creek in the Adelaide Hills and continues to be operated by the same family that established it in 1965. It is 30 km northeast of Adelaide. Situated on 14 acres of land, under shaded trees, paths meander among the largest privately owned collection of Australian animals. The park provides contact with a range of Australian native animals as well as exhibits of Australian and exotic animals and birds. A feature is the opportunity for visitors to hold a koala. Gorge Wildlife Park is involved in protection and preservation of some endangered species such as the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (petrogale penicillata). List of species Birds Australian boobook owl Australian pelican Australian white ibis Black swan Blue peafowl Blue-and-gold macaw Blue-winged kookaburra Brolga Budgerigar Cattle egret Common ostrich Dusky moorhen Emu Galah Gang-gang cockatoo Golden-shouldered parrot Green dove Green catbird Green-winged macaw Jabiru Lady Amherst's pheasant Laughing kookaburra Little penguin Luzon bleeding-heart Magpie goose Nankeen kestrel Nicobar pigeon Pacific black duck Princess parrot Radjah shelduck Rainbow lorikeet Red-tailed black cockatoo Scarlet-chested parrot Southern cassowary Star finch Sun conure Superb fairywren Turquoise parrot Wedge-tailed eagle Whistling kite White-bellied sea eagle White-headed pigeon White-tailed black cockatoo Yellow-tailed black cockatoo (many others, Gorge has over 150 bird species) Mammals Arabian camel Bare-nosed wombat Black-handed spider monkey Bolivian squirrel monkey Brazilian agouti Brush-tailed rock wallaby Capybara Cotton-top tamarin Dingo Domestic goat Emperor tamarin European fallow deer Ghost bat Golden lion tamarin Greater bilby Grey-headed flying fox Japanese macaque Kangaroo Island kangaroo Koala Lar gibbon Meerkat Oriental small-clawed otter Parma wallaby Patagonian mara Quokka Red kangaroo (including albino) Red-necked wallaby Ring-tailed lemur Serval Short-beaked echidna South American coati Southern hairy-nosed wombat Spinifex hopping mouse Squirrel glider Swamp wallaby Tammar wallaby Tasmanian Devil Varied white-fronted capuchin Western grey kangaroo White-tufted marmoset Reptiles Aldabra giant tortoise American alligator Blood python Boa constrictor Boyd's forest dragon Carolina box turtle Carpet python Central bearded dragon Corn snake Eastern water dragon Fiji crested iguana Freshwater crocodile Gila monster Green iguana Hermann's tortoise Lace monitor Leopard ctenotus Leopard tortoise Mesa gecko Murray short-necked turtle Pig-nosed turtle Pink-tongued skink Plumed basilisk Red-eared slider turtle Saw-shelled turtle Shingleback lizard Southern death adder Western blue-tongued lizard White-lipped tree-frog References 1965 establishments in Australia Zoos established in 1965 Zoos in South Australia Animal sanctuaries Wildlife parks in Australia",
"title": "Gorge Wildlife Park"
},
{
"docid": "6921243",
"text": "The kangaroo dog or kangaroo hound is an Australian type of sighthound purposely crossbred from a variety of sighthound breeds to produce a hunting dog. Kangaroo dogs were first bred by colonial settlers in Australia from as early as the 1830s, the aim being to create a sighthound fast, strong and robust enough to outrun, catch and hold a kangaroo without being injured or disembowelled by the animal's powerful, clawed hind legs. From the 1830s onward, colonial hunting clubs were established across Australia's colonies, with native kangaroos, wallabies or dingoes pursued by mounted hunters and their kangaroo dogs. Originally, these dogs were bred from British sighthound breeds, principally the Greyhound and Scottish Deerhound, with occasional Irish Wolfhound blood; later, the Borzoi was also used and more recently the Saluki as well. Hunting of native species with sighthounds is now banned in Australia; however, kangaroo dogs are still bred for hunting invasive introduced species, such as feral pigs and red foxes. See also Longdog Lurcher References Dog breeds originating in Australia Sighthounds Dog crossbreeds",
"title": "Kangaroo dog"
},
{
"docid": "15460639",
"text": "Scottsdale Reserve is a nature reserve on the Murrumbidgee River in south-central New South Wales, Australia. It is south of Canberra, and north of Bredbo. It is owned and managed by Bush Heritage Australia (BHA), which purchased it in 2006. The purchase was supportive of projects aiming to connect existing fragmented remnant habitat such as K2C (Kosciuszko to Coast). Since the 1870s up until 2006, the land was used for agriculture – primarily sheep grazing with some minor cropping. A significant component of the Reserve (around 25%) has been cleared of native vegetation (~300 Ha). The reserve is within lands historically attributed to the Ngunawal people. Aboriginal presence in the area was likely due to the availability of resources such as the Bogong moth (Argotis infusa) and the daisy yam (Microseris lanceolata). The Murrumbidgee River would have been a good source of fish including the trout cod (Maccullochhella macquariensis) – currently listed as endangered under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999. The river would have provided water for many species of terrestrial fauna the local Aboriginal people are known to have utilised for food including the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus gigantus) and the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor). Biology and ecology Scottsdale Reserve contains a diverse range of species including more than 217 plant species and 142 animal species including 113 bird species, primarily within two threatened communities: Yellow box grassy woodlands (nationally critically endangered under the EPBC Act 1999); and Natural temperate grassland (nationally critically endangered under the EPBC Act 1999). Other vegetation communities found on the reserve include: Scribbly gum-black cypress pine forest; and Tablelands frost hollow grassy woodlands. Flora An extensive ecosystem restoration program is underway at Scottsdale with a nursery on site propagating plants including grasses such as river tussock (Poa labillardierei), shrubs such as the silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) and trees including yellowbox (Eucalyptus melliodora). In addition to propagating the more common species expected to be present in the vegetation communities mentioned above, Scottsdale is host to the silver-leafed mountain gum (Eucalyptus pulverulenta). Only ten natural populations of the silver-leafed mountain gum are thought to still exist in Australia and it has been listed as vulnerable to extinction. The Scottsdale team have obtained licenses and intend to propagate this species while in the process of identifying suitable sites. Natural temperate grassland The southern tablelands of the ACT and NSW contained around 480,000 hectares of native grasslands prior to European settlement. There is less than 3% of that original area today unaffected by the changes settlers brought including land clearing, grazing and invasive plants. Other impacts that graziers have had on natural grasslands include changes to soil chemistry resulting from the use of fertilisers, habitat fragmentation and changes in microbial processes. Natural temperate grassland is characterised by native perennial tussock grasses such as kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra syn. T. australis), snowgrass (Poa sieberiana) and river tussock grass (Poa labillardierei), together with speargrass species (Austrostipa sp.), wallaby grasses (Austrodanthonia sp.) and",
"title": "Scottsdale Reserve"
},
{
"docid": "235475",
"text": "The western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus), also referred to as a western grey giant kangaroo, black-faced kangaroo, mallee kangaroo, sooty kangaroo and (when referring to the Kangaroo Island subspecies) Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo, is a large and very common kangaroo found across almost the entire southern part of Australia, from just south of Shark Bay through coastal Western Australia and South Australia, into western Victoria, and in the entire Murray–Darling basin in New South Wales and Queensland. Taxonomy Long known to the Aboriginal Australians, for Europeans, the western grey kangaroo was the centre of a great deal of sometimes comical taxonomic confusion for almost 200 years. It was first noted by European explorers when Matthew Flinders landed on Kangaroo Island in 1802. Flinders shot several for food, but assumed that they were eastern grey kangaroos. In 1803, French explorers captured several Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroos and shipped them to Paris, where they lived in the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes for some years. Eventually, researchers at the Paris Museum of Natural History recognized that these animals were indeed distinct from the eastern grey kangaroo and formally described the species as Macropus fuliginosus in 1817. For reasons that remain unclear, the species was, later in 1888, incorrectly described as native to Tasmania. It was not until 1924 that researchers realized that the \"forester kangaroo\" of Tasmania was in fact Macropus giganteus, the same eastern grey kangaroo that was, and still is, widespread in the southeastern part of the mainland, and reaffirmed Kangaroo Island as the source of the type specimens. By 1971, it was understood that the Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroo belonged to the same species as the kangaroos of southern and Western Australia, and that this population extended through much of the eastern part of the continent as well (see range map). For a time, three subspecies were described, two on the mainland and one on Kangaroo Island. The current classification scheme emerged in the 1990s. The western grey kangaroo is not found in the north or the far southeast of Australia, and the eastern grey does not extend beyond the New South Wales–South Australia border, but the two species are both common in the Murray–Darling basin area. They never interbreed in the wild, although it has proved possible to produce hybrids between eastern grey females and western grey males in captivity. Subspecies There are two subspecies: Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus (commonly known as the Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroo or simply Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo) is endemic to Kangaroo Island, South Australia Macropus fuliginosus melanops has a range of different forms that intergrade clinally from west to east. Description The western grey kangaroo is one of the largest macropods in Australia. It weighs and its length is with a tail, standing approximately tall. It exhibits sexual dimorphism with the male up to twice the size of female. It has thick, coarse fur with colour ranging from pale grey to brown; its throat, chest and belly have a paler",
"title": "Western grey kangaroo"
},
{
"docid": "22446301",
"text": "Hebeloma aminophilum, commonly known as the ghoul fungus, is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. Found in Western Australia, it gets its common name from the propensity of the fruiting bodies to spring out of decomposing animal remains. Taxonomy The ghoul fungus was first described by mycologists R.N. Hilton and Orson K. Miller, Jr. in 1987. The holotype collection consisted of about 100 specimens that were fruiting around the bones of a decomposing kangaroo carcass that had been dumped some months before. Etymology The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek Hebe, \"youth\", and -loma, a fringe (pertaining to the fungal veil), referring to how the fungal veil is only seen in immature specimens. It gets its common name of ghoul fungus from its habit of growing around animal carcasses. Description The dull pinkish brown or cream cap is in diameter, convex initially before flattening out with age. There is a slight umbo, and the cap margin is inrolled when young. A thin white veil rapidly disappears in young mushrooms. The cap surface is sticky initially. The adnate (or sometimes adnexed) gills are pale pink to pinkish brown and up to 1 cm deep. With age, they can be encrusted with clumps of spores. The cylindrical stipe is high, 1–1.2 cm in diameter and has a thickened base and lacks a ring. The thick flesh is cream or pale yellow, with a bitter taste and a stale smell. The spore print is pinkish brown, and the oval spores measure 8.5 by 4.9 μm. The mycelium is white. Similar species Similar species include the introduced poisonpie (Hebeloma crustuliniforme), which has been recorded in pine plantations, the native western Australian poisonpie (H. westraliense), which does not grow near carcasses, and the Australian white webcap (Cortinarius austroalbidus), which is paler and smells of curry. Distribution and habitat An uncommon fungus, H. aminophilum is found in southern Western Australia, southeastern South Australia and Victoria. Fruiting bodies arise in eucalyptus woodland in the vicinity of sheep, reptile and bird carcasses. The habit of growing from flesh gives it the term sarcophilous. See also List of Hebeloma species References Ammonia fungi aminophilum Fungi described in 1987 Fungi native to Australia Fungus species",
"title": "Hebeloma aminophilum"
},
{
"docid": "6430470",
"text": "Citrus glauca, commonly known as the desert lime, is a thorny shrub or small tree native to Queensland, New South Wales, and South Australia. The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records common names native kumquat and desert lemon. Taxonomy Under the Swingle system, the desert lime was classified in the genus Eremocitrus, a close relative of the genus Citrus. More recent taxonomy considers all the Australian limes to be included in the genus Citrus, and most authorities treat the desert lime this way. Citrus glauca is one of the most resilient Citrus species, and is comparatively heat, drought, and cold tolerant. Hence the species is potentially important for Citrus breeding programs, and readily hybridises with many common Citrus species. Description A shrub or small tree to , it has several unusual characteristics. It is cold, heat, drought and salinity tolerant and thought evergreen. If the rains should fail it will shed its leaves and live off the green bark on the plant branches. It will set fruit almost immediately after flowering and is the earliest citrus to do so. Fruit is small and variable and depends on current climatic conditions and genetic make-up. Thorns appear on low-growing branches to prevent grazing by rabbits, kangaroos, cattle etc. but cease on branches above the grazing level. The fruit is globular, and about half-an-inch in diameter. The limes have an intense piquant flavour, and good rainfall years produce an abundance of fruit. Economic uses The desert lime fruit is a highly prized bushfood. Traditionally, it is wild-harvested from surviving bushland areas, where it is relatively common. However, C. glauca has also been extensively cleared from some areas due to the ongoing conversion of the wild bush into agricultural fields. The fruit are used in a range of products, including marmalades, beverages, and succade. It has a strong lime-like flavour. The fruit is beginning to be domesticated. Commercial cultivation of this fruit is beginning to reduce the reliance on wild-harvested product. Taxonomy, cultivars, and hybrids {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1=Australian limes |1={{clade |label1=former Eremocitrus |1=Citrus glauca |label2=former Microcitrus |2={{clade |1=Citrus warburgiana |2={{clade |1= |2= |3=Citrus australis}} }} }} }} Australian outback lime The Australian Outback lime was selected by CSIRO scientists from the regular desert lime. It is characterised by its upright habit, relatively large, flavoursome fruit, high yield, uniform ripening time, lack of thorns, and suitability for mechanical harvesting. The Australian Outback lime was cultivated at the former CSIRO Plant Industry site at Merbein, Victoria by Steve Sykes. Hybrids The eremolemon is thought to be a natural true-breeding hybrid between Citrus glauca and Citrus meyeri.Citrus plants hybridise readily, other hybrids include eremoranges, eremoradias (hybrid with a sour orange) and citrangeremos (hybrid with a citrange). Notes References Bruneteau, Jean-Paul, Tukka, Real Australian Food, . Cherikoff, Vic, The Dining Downunder Cookbook'', . External links Australian cuisine Bushfood glauca Crops originating from Australia Desert fruits Drought-tolerant trees Flora of New South Wales Flora of Queensland Flora of South Australia Sapindales of Australia Trees of Australia",
"title": "Citrus glauca"
},
{
"docid": "8682287",
"text": "The rufous rat-kangaroo or rufous bettong (Aepyprymnus rufescens) is a small, jumping, rat-like marsupial native to eastern Australia. It is the only species in the genus Aepyprymnus. The largest member of the potoroo/bettong family (Potoroidae), it is about the size of a rabbit. The rufous rat-kangaroo is active at night when it digs for plant roots and fungi, and like other marsupials it carries its young in a pouch. Though its range is reduced, the population is healthy and stable. Taxonomy The rufous rat-kangaroo is the only member of its genus, and is the largest of all the potoroids. It is generally grey with a hint of reddish brown and its scientific name means \"reddish high-rump\". It was once thought of as a solitary, nocturnal animal, but recent observation indicates that the rufous rat-kangaroo may form loose, polygynous associations. It feeds mostly on tubers and fungi, but also on leaves and other vegetation. Description A species of the family Potoroidae (potoroos & bettongs), small to medium marsupials that include the living Potorous (potoroos) and Bettongia (bettongs). They are not closely related to others of the family, and the largest extant potoroine species, and their characteristics have them placed within a monotypic genus. Aepyprymnus rufescens is distinguished by the ruffled and bristly hair of the pelage and rufous tint of the fur at the upper parts. The hair across the back is predominantly grey, the rufous tinge more evident, and is interspersed with silvery hairs. An indistinct stripe appears at the hip line. The underparts are also grey, although paler. The combined head and body length is 385 to 390 millimetres. The tail may be from 340 to 390 mm in length, and excepting a white tip that may appear the colour is overall grey-brown. The ears are comparatively long, 48 to 57 mm, with a triangular form. The colour of the ears is very dark at the outer side and pink at the interior, the fringe is lined with silver hairs. A hairless pink rim appears around the eye. The weight range is from 2.5 to 3.5 kilograms. A similar species, the northern Bettongia tropica, may be distinguished by the lack of shaggy fur with a rufous tinge, their blackish tail, and this species hairless pink ring at the eye and pointy triangular ears. The vocalisation includes an alarm call, a soft hissing sound, another sound like a chainsaw when in aggressive postures and they regularly emit a grunting noises during normal activity. Reproduction Breeding occurs throughout the year, once the female has reached maturity, generally at 11 months. The male reaches maturity between 12 and 13 months. Once mature, the female is capable of breeding at three-week intervals. The gestation of the young is about 22–24 days. After the young are born, they live within the pouch for about 16 weeks. Upon leaving the pouch, the joey stays near the mother for about 7 weeks, while it gets used to fending for itself. Behaviour The species may share nests",
"title": "Rufous rat-kangaroo"
},
{
"docid": "31289089",
"text": "A sustainable wildlife enterprise is a farming system incorporating sustainable use of wildlife to promote conservation. In Australia, landholders work together across boundaries to harvest or make use of (ecotourism) naturally occurring wildlife populations such as the kangaroo sustainably. Important to the concept is that biodiversity and environmental benefit occurs via alternative land uses. Attaching value to native resources through commercial development has the potential to provide alternative sources of income, especially in areas where traditional systems are no longer as profitable or environmentally sustainable. The Sustainable Wildlife Enterprise system enables farmers to realise the financial value of native wildlife such as the kangaroo and encourages them to manage their land that supports the source of income without lowering total farm profitability – hence contributing to habitat and biodiversity conservation. The Sustainable Wildlife Enterprise system was developed in Australia, and is based on worldwide experiences. Background Until primary production systems can put a value on habitat and conservation areas there will be more and more species loss. Conventional farming techniques have seen broad-scale environmental degradation in Australia’s rangelands, particularly during droughts where soil fertility and low rainfall limit natural production capacity. Where native wildlife and resources are given value and managed sustainably, there is a proven benefit for biodiversity and habitat. Sustainable Wildlife Enterprises in Australia are based on wildlife management experiences from countries such as South Africa and Scotland. In South Africa - the commercial value of wildlife to private landholders makes the future of wildlife in that country far more secure than it is anywhere else on that continent. See Wildlife of South Africa. In Scotland, deer stalking and red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) hunting occurs sustainably because hunting licences are owned by the landholder. This incentivizes to the landholder to protect their source of income and the habitat the animals live on. Native species adapted to Australia's unique environment, allowing them to survive the climatic extremes and thrive with little impact to the environment. Kangaroos impact less on the environment than hoofed animals and emit substantially less methane. There is currently a sustainable kangaroo harvesting industry in place in Australia. See the Kangaroo industry. Landholders do not control or receive benefit from harvest of kangaroos on their land other than reduction of grazing pressure under this system. A Pilot Sustainable Wildlife Enterprise – Queensland, Australia A pilot project is currently being run in Central-south Queensland (Maranoa). The cooperative owns and operates chiller boxes, and takes kangaroos from harvester properties of landholder members. Through improved information and training, quality of kangaroo products can be ensured through traceback and temperature tracking systems. The highly trained operatives within the cooperative also guarantee humane treatment of the animals. The cooperative assess kangaroo populations and develop and implement best-practice quality standards, which include standards of animal selection, harvesting, field dressing, transport, chilling and traceback from processors. Landholders benefit by the amount of kangaroo harvested on their land, and as a proportion of their investment and involvement. There are a number of ways",
"title": "Sustainable wildlife enterprise"
},
{
"docid": "5435664",
"text": "Bush tomatoes are the fruit or entire plants of certain nightshade (Solanum) species native to the more arid parts of Australia. While they are quite closely related to tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), they might be even closer relatives of the eggplant (S. melongena), which they resemble in many details. There are 94 (mostly perennial) natives and 31 (mostly annual) introduced species in Australia. Bush tomato plants are small shrubs whose growth is encouraged by fire and disturbance. The fruit of a number of species have been used as food sources by Aboriginal people in the drier areas of Australia. A number of Solanum species contain significant levels of solanine and as such are highly poisonous. It is strongly recommended that people unfamiliar with the plant do not experiment with the different species, as differentiating between them can often be difficult. Some of the edible species are: Solanum aviculare kangaroo apple Solanum centrale, also known as desert raisin, bush raisin or bush sultana, or by the native name kutjera Solanum chippendalei bush tomato, named after taxonomic botanist George Chippendale Solanum diversiflorum bush tomato, karlumbu, pilirta, wamurla Solanum ellipticum potato bush, very similar to Solanum quadriloculatum which is poisonous. Solanum laciniatum kangaroo apple. Solanum orbiculatum round-leaved solanum Solanum phlomoides wild tomato. In 1859, aboriginal people were observed burning off the outer skin of S. aviculare as the raw state would blister their mouths. S. chippendalei is consumed by first splitting the fruit, scraping the centre out and eating the outer flesh as the seeds and surrounding placenta are bitter. S. diversiflorum is roasted before being eaten or dried. Fruit of S.orbiculatum is edible, but the fruit of the large leafed form may be bitter. Fruit of S. phlomoides appears to be edible after the removal of seeds and roasting or sundrying. Solanum aviculare contains solasodine, a steroid used in the manufacture of oral contraceptives. Solanum plastisexum, a rare species first described in 2019, is distinguished among plants for exhibiting \"breeding system fluidity\" – that is, it has no stable sexual expression. References Solanales of Australia Solanum Bushfood Australian Aboriginal bushcraft Edible fruits Edible Solanaceae Plant common names",
"title": "Bush tomato"
},
{
"docid": "27839568",
"text": "The Iluka Nature Reserve in a protected nature reserve that is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The reserve is situated near the coastal town of . The average elevation of the terrain above sea level is 6 meters. The littoral rainforest, one of the last remaining in the Southern Hemisphere, is part of the Coastal group of the UNESCO World Heritagelisted Gondwana Rainforests, inscribed in 1986. The reserve was added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007. It contains many different plant species ranging from coastal dune species to tropical rainforest species. The Iluka rainforest has a vast range of native animal species ranging from wallabies and kangaroos to wombats and echidnas. Iluka is known for the rare coastal emu. This nature reserve is very popular with bird watchers. Over 140 species of birds have been recorded here. See also Broadwater National Park Bundjalung National Park Protected areas of New South Wales References External links Nature reserves in New South Wales Gondwana Rainforests of Australia Forests of New South Wales Northern Rivers 1976 establishments in Australia Protected areas established in 1976",
"title": "Iluka Nature Reserve"
},
{
"docid": "17238658",
"text": "Gahnia (sawsedge, saw-sedge) is a genus of sedges native to China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand and a number of Pacific Islands. The common name is due to the toothed margins. It often forms tussocks. Species Accepted species: Gahnia ancistrophylla Benth. – Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria Gahnia aristata Benth. – Western Australia Gahnia aspera (R.Br.) Spreng. – Maluku, New Guinea, Queensland, New South Wales, Melanesia, Bonin Islands, Hawaii Gahnia australis (Nees) K.L.Wilson – Western Australia Gahnia baniensis Benl. – Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Vietnam, Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra Gahnia beecheyi H.Mann – forest sawsedge – Hawaii Gahnia clarkei Benl – New Guinea, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria Gahnia decomposita (R.Br.) Benth. – Western Australia Gahnia deusta (R.Br.) Benth. – Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria Gahnia drummondii (Steud.) K.L.Wilson – Western Australia Gahnia erythrocarpa R.Br. – New South Wales Gahnia filifolia (C.Presl) Kük. ex Benl – New South Wales Gahnia filum (Labill.) F.Muell.— chaffy sawsedge – Australia, all states except Queensland Gahnia graminifolia Rodway – Tasmania Gahnia grandis (Labill.) S.T.Blake – Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria Gahnia halmaturina R.L.Barrett & K.L.Wilson – South Australia Gahnia howeana R.O.Gardner – Lord Howe Island Gahnia hystrix J.M.Black – Kangaroo Island Gahnia insignis S.T.Blake – Queensland, New South Wales Gahnia javanica Moritzi – Yunnan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Islands Gahnia lacera (R.Lesson ex A.Rich.) Steud. – Cutty grass – New Zealand North Island Gahnia lanaiensis O.Deg., I.Deg. & J.Kern -- Lanaʻi sawsedge – Lanaʻi Island of Hawai'i Gahnia lanigera (R.Br.) Benth. – Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales Gahnia marquisensis F.Br. – Marquesas Gahnia melanocarpa R.Br. – Black-fruit saw-sedge – Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria Gahnia microcarpa Guillaumin – New Caledonia Gahnia microstachya Benth. – Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania Gahnia novocaledonensis Benl – New Caledonia Gahnia pauciflora Kirk – Cutting sedge – New Zealand North and South Islands Gahnia procera J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. – Mountain sedge – New Zealand North and South Islands Gahnia radula (R.Br.) Benth. – Thatch saw-sedge – Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania, South Australia Gahnia rigida Kirk – New Zealand North and South Islands Gahnia schoenoides G.Forst. – Society Islands Gahnia sclerioides K.L.Wilson – Western Australia Gahnia setifolia Hook.f. – Māpere, razor sedge – New Zealand North and South Islands Gahnia sieberiana Kunth – Red-fruited saw sedge – Australia, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia Gahnia sinuosa J.Raynal – New Caledonia Gahnia subaequiglumis S.T.Blake – Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria Gahnia trifida Labill. – Coast saw-sedge – Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia Gahnia tristis Nees in W.J.Hooker & G.A.W.Arnott – China, Ryukyu Islands, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra Gahnia vitiensis Rendle -- Fijian sawsedge – Fiji, Hawaii Gahnia xanthocarpa (Hook.f.) Hook.f. – Māpere, gahnia – New Zealand North and South Islands Conservation The species Gahnia lanaiensis has been known as a rare endemic plant from the Hawaiian island of Lanai and it was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States. In 2010, however, research suggested",
"title": "Gahnia"
},
{
"docid": "9180751",
"text": "This list of introduced bird species includes all the species of bird introduced to an area without regard to that territory being or not being their native area of occupation or the success of that re-introduction or introduction to the area. This practice has been harmful in many areas, although some introductions are made with the aim of preserving bird species. Following the name of the bird, a brief description of where they were introduced is included. Struthioniformes Struthionidae Ostrich, successfully introduced to Australia, and possibly introduced to New Mexico (captive only) and Israel Casuariformes Casuariidae Emu, successfully introduced to Kangaroo Island, South Australia, Tasmania and possibly introduced to Texas Rheiformes Rheidae Greater rhea, successfully introduced to France (captive only), and Germany (by accident) Lesser rhea, successfully introduced to Tierra del Fuego Apterygiformes Apterygidae Tokoeka, successfully introduced to Kapiti Island and Little Barrier Island, New Zealand Little spotted kiwi, successfully introduced to Kapiti Island, New Zealand Tinamiformes Tinamidae Chilean tinamou, introduced successfully to Easter Island and unsuccessfully to the Hawaiian Islands Great tinamou, unsuccessfully introduced to Sapelo Island, Georgia, US Red-winged tinamou, unsuccessfully introduced to the United States Anseriformes Anatidae Trumpeter swan, re-introduced successfully to areas of the United States and Canada Mute swan, introduced successfully to North America, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, United Arab Emirates and Japan introduced unsuccessfully to the Hawaiian Islands Black swan, successfully introduced to the Netherlands, United Arab Emirates and Japan; unsuccessfully introduced to Tahiti and Hawaiian Islands Swan goose, a domesticated breed that can become feral, but which has difficulty in becoming established. Feral populations known in Europe possibly unsuccessfully introduced to Hawaii Spur-winged goose, unsuccessfully introduced to Western Australia Cape Barren goose, introduced unsuccessfully to New Zealand; re-introduced successfully to King Island in Bass Strait Snow goose, unsuccessfully introduced to New Zealand Emperor goose, successfully introduced to England Bar-headed goose, successfully to Canada and much of Europe Greylag goose, successfully introduced to England and Falkland Islands (is a native rare-breeder in northern Scotland); successfully introduced to New Zealand. Possibly successfully introduced ferally in Colombia and elsewhere in the Andes Canada goose, successfully introduced to Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Japan, and New Zealand; successfully re-introduced to some areas of the United States and Canada; unsuccessfully introduced to the Hawaiian Islands and Western Australia Barnacle goose, successfully introduced to southern England Hawaiian goose, re-introduced successfully to Hawaii and Maui in the Hawaiian Islands; possibly introduced unsuccessfully to New Zealand Magellan goose, unsuccessfully introduced to South Georgia Island Australian wood duck, possibly introduced unsuccessfully to the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand Black-bellied whistling duck, unsuccessfully introduced to Cuba and Jamaica White-faced whistling duck, possibly introduced successfully in Costa Rica; unsuccessfully introduced to Mauritius Egyptian goose, successfully introduced to eastern England and Israel. occasionally feral in Europe; introduced unsuccessfully to New Zealand, Australia, and the United States Muscovy duck, feral in many parts of the world; introduced successfully to areas of the United States and Britain; introduced unsuccessfully to Adams Island, New Zealand Mallard, successfully",
"title": "List of introduced bird species"
},
{
"docid": "3204439",
"text": "Bush tucker, also called bush food, is any food native to Australia and historically eaten by Indigenous Australians, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, but it can also describe any native flora, fauna, or funga used for culinary or medicinal purposes, regardless of the continent or culture. Animal native foods include kangaroo, emu, witchetty grubs and crocodile, and plant foods include fruits such as quandong, kutjera, spices such as lemon myrtle and vegetables such as warrigal greens and various native yams. Traditional Indigenous Australians' use of bushfoods has been severely affected by the settlement of Australia in 1788 and subsequent settlement by non-Indigenous peoples. The introduction of non-native foods, together with the loss of traditional lands, resulting in reduced access to native foods by Aboriginal people, and destruction of native habitat for agriculture, has accentuated the reduction in use. Since the 1970s, there has been recognition of the nutritional and gourmet value of native foods by non-Indigenous Australians, and the bushfood industry has grown enormously. Kangaroo meat has been available in supermarkets since the 1980s, and many other foods are sold in restaurants or packaged as gourmet foods, which has led to expansion of commercial cultivation of native food crops. History Aboriginal Australians have eaten native animal and plant foods for an estimated 60,000 years of human habitation on the Australian continent, using various traditional methods of processing and cooking. An estimated 5,000 species of native food were used by Aboriginal peoples. With much of it unsafe or unpalatable raw, a variety of methods were employed to render the various foods edible, such as cooking on open fires (meat) or boiling in bark containers. They would pound vegetables and seeds, or hang them in bags in running water. Colonisation Bush tucker provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial settlers, often supplementing meagre rations. However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by colonists unfamiliar with the new land's food ingredients, generally preferring familiar foods from their homelands. Especially in the more densely colonised areas of south-eastern Australia, the introduction of non-native foods to Aboriginal people resulted in an almost complete abandonment of native foods by them. This impact on traditional foods was further accentuated by the loss of traditional lands, which has resulted in reduced access to native foods by Aboriginal people, and destruction of native habitat for agriculture. The 19th century English botanist, Joseph Dalton Hooker, writing of Australian plants in remarked although \"eatable,\" are not \"fit to eat\". In 1889, botanist Joseph Maiden reiterated this sentiment with the comment on native food plants \"nothing to boast of as eatables.\" The first monograph to be published on the flora of Australia reported the lack of edible plants on the first page, where it presented Billardiera scandens as, \"... almost the only wild eatable fruit of the country\". Modern use Apart from the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880s, no native food plants were produced commercially until the",
"title": "Bush tucker"
},
{
"docid": "5759122",
"text": "Sthenurus (\"strong tail\") is an extinct genus of kangaroos. With a length around 3 m (10 ft), some species were twice as large as modern extant species. Sthenurus was related to the better-known Procoptodon. The subfamily Sthenurinae is believed to have separated from its sister taxon, the Macropodinae (kangaroos and wallabies), halfway through the Miocene, and then its population grew during the Pliocene. Fossil habitats A 1997 study analysed the diets of the fauna at various fossil site localities in South Australia, using stable carbon isotope analysis 13C/12C of collagen. It found that at older localities such as Cooper Creek, the species of Sthenurus were adapted to a diet of leaves and twigs (browsing) due to the wet climate of the time between 132 and 108 thousand years ago (kya - by thermoluminescence dating and uranium dating), which allowed for a more varied vegetation cover. At the Baldina Creek fossil site 30 kya (C14 dating), the genus had transitioned to a diet of grass-grazing. During this time, the area was open grasslands with sparse tree cover as the continent was drier than today, but at Dempsey's Lake (36-25 kya) and Rockey River (19 kya C14 dating), their diet was of both grazing and browsing. This analysis may be because of a wetter climatic period. The overall anatomy of the genus did not alter in response to the change in diet and dentition did not adapt to the varying toughness of the vegetation between grasses, shrubs, and trees. Other animals found in the Cuddie Springs habitat include the flightless bird Genyornis, the red kangaroo, Diprotodon, humans, and many others. Examination of skeletal remains of Sthenurus from Lake Callabonna, northern South Australia, revealed that as the animals were trapped as they floundered in the clay mud while attempting to cross the floor of the lake during low-water or dry times. The data show that three closely allied sthenurine species coexisted sympatrically at Lake Callabonna: a new giant taxon, S. stirlingi, an intermediate-sized S. tindalei, and the considerably smaller S. andersoni. Comparative osteology of these Sthenurus species with Macropus giganteus emphasizes how different sthenurine kangaroos were from extant kangaroos, especially with the sthenurines' short, deep skulls, long front feet with very reduced lateral digits, and the monodactyl hind feet. Teapot Creek, a tributary of the MacLaughlin River in the Southern Monaro, southeastern New South Wales, contains a sequence of terraces. The highest and oldest of these terraces was reported to contain the remains of fossil mammals found in Plio-Pleistocene fossil deposits elsewhere in eastern Australia. Sthenurus atlas, S. occidentalis, and S. newtonae are some of the species identified from the fossils found in the terrace. Paleodiet Examining the structure and lifestyle of this species is difficult because not much material has surfaced in regards to them. However, even within the rarity of discoveries relating to the kangaroo-like species, scientists were able to use their findings to learn more about their lifestyles. For example, scientists broke down the few bones that they had discovered",
"title": "Sthenurus"
},
{
"docid": "42172291",
"text": "Simosthenurus occidentalis is a species of sthenurine marsupial (\"short-faced kangaroo\") that existed in Australia during the Pliocene, becoming extinct in the Pleistocene epoch around 42,000 years ago. It was a large herbivorous biped that resembles large kangaroos, but with a heavier body than modern kangaroos. The structure of the skull and teeth - resembling koalas and panda bears - indicates that it consumed tough vegetation. Taxonomy The type specimen was collected by E. A. Le Souef and noted in a report to the state's Caves Board, then revised and published by Ludwig Glauert as Sthenurus occidentalis in 1910. This holotype is fossil material preserving the left and right dentary of an adult found at Mammoth Cave in Southwest Australia. The specific epithet occidentalis, meaning \"of the west\", refers to the discovery of this species in Western Australia. Description A mid-sized species of Simosthenurus, known as 'short-faced' kangaroos, one of several genera in a macropodid lineage that diversified in Pliocene Australia. The mass of adults is estimated to have around 118 kilograms, standing at a similar height to larger modern roos but with a heavier and more robust body. The dentition contains molars set close to the jaw, which combined with the cranial structure, strongly indicates an animal capable of consuming tough vegetation. The short jaw and facial anatomy clearly distinguishes their appearance from the surviving lineage of kangaroos, which usually graze on grasses rather than a browsing diet, and more closely resembles the habits of the modern koala Phascolarctos cinereus. A set of powerful molars located close to the hinge of jaw, similar to but further back than a koala, improved the mechanical advantage and a potential enlargement of the zygomaticomandibularis muscles would have reduced the hazard of dislocation while biting with the rear molars. Modelling of the bite force and the skulls resistance to torsional forces suggests that the species was able to consume tough material, such as leaves, bark and branches, that could be torn with the claws of the long forelimbs. The diamond-like shape of the forehead and reinforced cheek bones was able to distribute the forces applied by large muscles to the rear molars at one side of the jaw, strongly suggesting that browsing habit included an ability to tear and chew hardy and fibrous material. The morphology of the skull and dentition was found to be most comparable to Asian mammal Ailuropoda melanoleuca (panda), an animal that primarily feeds as a browser of tough plant material. Distribution and habitat The species is represented in the records of many southern fossil sites in Australia, including Tasmania. The type locality is located in Southwest Australia, at Mammoth Cave, and evidence from another site in the southwest indicates it existed until about 42,000 years ago. Fossils assigned to the species have been obtained at sites in the Southwest, southern regions of Central Australia and the southeast of the continent. In Tasmania S. occidentalis has been identified at fossil sites in the northeast and central regions, the species has",
"title": "Simosthenurus occidentalis"
},
{
"docid": "215027",
"text": "The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) is a marsupial found in the eastern third of Australia, with a population of several million. It is also known as the great grey kangaroo and the forester kangaroo. Although a big eastern grey male can typically weigh up to and have a length of well over , the scientific name, Macropus giganteus (gigantic large-foot), is misleading: the red kangaroo of the semi-arid inland is larger, weighing up to . Taxonomy The eastern grey kangaroo was described by George Shaw in 1790 as Macropus giganteus. Subspecies There are two subspecies: Macropus giganteus giganteusfound in eastern and central Queensland, Victoria, New South Wales and southeastern South Australia Macropus giganteus tasmaniensis(commonly known as the forester kangaroo) endemic to Tasmania Description The eastern grey kangaroo is the second largest and heaviest living marsupial and native land mammal in Australia. An adult male will commonly weigh around whereas females commonly weigh around . They have a powerful tail that is over long in adult males. Large males of this species are more heavily built and muscled than the lankier red kangaroo and can occasionally exceed normal dimensions. One of these, shot in eastern Tasmania weighed , with a total length from nose to tail (possibly along the curves). The largest known specimen, examined by Lydekker, had a weight of and measured along the curves. When the skin of this specimen was measured it had a \"flat\" length of . The eastern grey is easy to recognise: its soft grey coat is distinctive, and it is usually found in moister, more fertile areas than the red. Red kangaroos, though sometimes grey-blue in colour, have a totally different face than eastern grey kangaroos. Red kangaroos have distinctive markings in black and white beside their muzzles and along the sides of their face. Eastern grey kangaroos do not have these markings, and their eyes seem large and wide open. Where their ranges overlap, it is much more difficult to distinguish between eastern grey and western grey kangaroos, which are closely related. They have a very similar body and facial structure, and their muzzles are fully covered with fine hair (though that is not obvious at a distance, their noses do look noticeably different from the noses of reds and wallaroos). The eastern grey's colouration is a light-coloured grey or brownish-grey, with a lighter silver or cream, sometimes nearly white, belly. The western grey is a dark dusty brown colour, with more contrast especially around the head. Indigenous Australian names include iyirrbir (Uw Oykangand and Uw Olkola) and kucha (Pakanh). The highest ever recorded speed of any kangaroo was set by a large female eastern grey kangaroo. Distribution and habitat Although the red is better known, the eastern grey is the kangaroo most often encountered in Australia, due to its adaptability. Few Australians visit the arid interior of the continent, while many live in and around the major cities of the southern and eastern coast, from where it is usually only a",
"title": "Eastern grey kangaroo"
},
{
"docid": "6473840",
"text": "Themeda triandra is a species of perennial tussock-forming grass widespread in Africa, Australia, Asia and the Pacific. In Australia it is commonly known as kangaroo grass and in East Africa and South Africa it is known as red grass and red oat grass or as rooigras in Afrikaans. Kangaroo grass was formerly thought to be one of two species, and was named Themeda australis. The plant has traditional uses as food and medicine in Africa and Australia. Indigenous Australians harvested it to make bread and string for fishing nets around 30,000 years ago. It was used as livestock feed in early colonial Australia, but this use was largely replaced by introduced plants. there is a large government-funded project under way to investigate the possibility of growing kangaroo grass commercially in Australia for use as a regular food source for humans. Description Themeda triandra is a grass which grows in dense tufts up to tall and wide. It flowers in summer, producing large red-brown spikelets on branched stems. The leaves are in length and wide but can exceed long and wide. Its inflorescence is compounded, fasciculated, is long and composed of a single raceme. It pedicels are oblong and are 0.5 mm long while its lemma is long and is both apical and geniculate. The column of lemma's awn is hispidulous and twisted. Its leaves are a grey-green colour in winter, turning red-brown in summer. The blooms exude a strong perfume. Taxonomy and naming Themeda triandra was first formally described in 1775 by Peter Forsskål who published the description in Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. There are many synonyms of this species. The specific epithet (triandra) is the feminine of the Botanical Latin adjective triandrus, meaning \"with three stamens\", based on the Greek-derived combining forms tri-, three, and -andrus, male. Kangaroo grass was formerly thought to be one of two species, and was named Themeda australis. Distribution and habitat Themeda triandra is found across Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific. In Australia, it is found in all of the states and territories. It grows predominantly in grassland and open woodland communities. It is a significant species in temperate grasslands in Australia, a habitat considered to be endangered or threatened in various parts of the country. It does not do well under heavy grazing pressure, but benefits from occasional fire. It tolerates a wide range of soils but is most common in moist microclimates such as roadsides and railway lines. T. triandra occurs on a wide variety of soils from sandy soils to heavy clays. There seems to be little association between abundance of T. triandra and a specific soil type. It is often common in areas where moisture collects and grazing is light, such as along roadsides or railway lines. Morphology Kangaroo grass is a tufted perennial up to 1.5m tall, with tussock width up to 0.5m. The narrow leaves grow up to 0.5m long, and are green in summer changing to straw coloured in winter. The seed head is large, often red-brown and",
"title": "Themeda triandra"
},
{
"docid": "27865398",
"text": "The Ballarat Wildlife Park is a wildlife park in Ballarat, Victoria. Opened in February 1985, it is privately owned by founder Greg Parker and his wife, Julia Leonard. The 10-hectare park holds over 300 animals, including Australian animalsthere are over 100 free-roaming kangaroosand an extensive collection of reptiles. It was once well known for housing Patrick, the common wombat who was the oldest known marsupial in captivity when he died aged around 30 years old in 2017. History Since buying his first python when he was ten years old, animal enthusiast Greg Parker had amassed a collection of over 300 reptiles across 50 species. He even got a job at Healesville Sanctuary in the late 1970s. After a year of planning, Parker bought of land in Ballarat, Victoria, where he opened the Ballarat Wildlife Park in February 1985. He incorporated his reptile collection into the wildlife park, while also branching out into mammals. Parker co-owns the park with his wife, Julia Leonard, and manages it with his family and a small team of permanent staff. Park Certified by the Zoo and Aquarium Association, the 10-hectare Ballarat Wildlife Park is home to around 300 animals and 40 species. It is located on the corner of York and Fussell Streets, in Ballarat East. All of the Australian mammals breed each year, and the establishment also breeds its reptiles. The park contains many different exhibits and a cafe. It holds wildlife education talks and \"meet-and-greets\" with some of the animals can be booked; strict guidelines and time limits on handling the animals are in place. The Ballarat Wildlife Park holds a number of Australian animals. It is home to the largest colony of koalas in captivity in Victoria, which has around 35 members. It has contributed to a number of koala conservation campaigns, including fundraisers for planting eucalyptus trees. Visitors can feed the over 100 free-roaming kangaroos by purchasing kangaroo feed. There are wombats, emus, cassowaries, quokkas, and special enclosures for endangered Australian animals such as Tasmanian devils. It was the first privately-owned park to breed Tasmanian devils on the mainland. The dingoes have their own large enclosure. The park also contains animals not native to Australia. There are six meerkats. There is a colony of little penguins. The reptile house holds snakes, lizards and frogs. The park also has a Komodo dragon. It has a special enclosure for the tree-kangaroos. Aldabra giant tortoise Alligator snapping turtle Alpaca American alligator Asian forest tortoise Australian green tree frog Australian water dragon Banded rock python Bare-nosed wombat Boa constrictor Broad-headed snake Brolga Brown tree snake Buff-banded rail Burmese python Bush stone-curlew Central bearded dragon Common snapping turtle Dingo Dyeing poison dart frog Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Eastern long-necked turtle Eastern tiger snake Eastern whipbird Eclectus parrot Emu Freshwater crocodile Frilled lizard Gila monster Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo Green anaconda Indochinese spitting cobra Inland taipan Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo King brown snake Koala Komodo dragon Lace monitor Little penguin Magnificent tree frog Mangrove monitor Merten's water monitor Monocled cobra",
"title": "Ballarat Wildlife Park"
},
{
"docid": "13771845",
"text": "Moonlit Sanctuary Wildlife Conservation Park is a biopark within the Pearcedale Conservation Park located at Pearcedale on the Mornington Peninsula near Melbourne, Australia. It aims to display the fauna that was found in the Mornington Peninsula and Western Port Biosphere Reserve prior to European settlement as well as working towards the recovery of threatened Australian fauna. The park is open all year except on Christmas Day. The sanctuary, as part of Pearcedale Conservation Park, is an institutional member of the Zoo and Aquarium Association (ZAA). It is ECO Certified at the Ecotourism level by Ecotourism Australia. History Development of the zoo started in December 1998, with construction of a visitor center, a wetland habitat with a lake, and more than 30 animal enclosures, as well as many Australian trees and other plants. The zoo was opened in September 2001. Evening walks Moonlit Sanctuary operates evening walks, which are an environmental immersion experience. A guide takes visitors on a walk through natural bushland where the guide spotlights a variety of nocturnal animals, many of them endangered. The guide gives talks about the animals, and answers visitors' questions. Visitors come into close contact with the animals in their natural habitats and can observe their natural behaviours. Daytime visits Moonlit Sanctuary is also open during the day, where visitors get an experience closer to a normal zoo. It operates education services for school children, and provides research facilities for graduate students. It also engages in conservation breeding of endangered species. Animals In total over 400 animals representing over 60 different species call the sanctuary home. Some examples of the native animal species kept at the sanctuary are listed below. ▣ Banded lapwing ▣ Banded stilt ▣ Bare-nosed wombat ▣ Barking owl ▣ Bush stone-curlew ▣ Central bearded dragon ▣ Chestnut-eared finch ▣ Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink ▣ Dingo ▣ Eastern barn owl ▣ Eastern blue-tongued lizard ▣ Eastern grey kangaroo ▣ Eastern long-necked turtle ▣ Eastern whipbird ▣ Eclectus parrot ▣ Emu ▣ Gang-gang cockatoo ▣ Gippsland water dragon ▣ Helmeted honeyeater ▣ Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo ▣ Koala ▣ Lace monitor ▣ Laughing kookaburra ▣ Long-nosed potoroo ▣ Major Mitchell's cockatoo ▣ Orange-bellied parrot ▣ Rainbow lorikeet ▣ Red-bellied pademelon ▣ Red-necked wallaby ▣ Red-tailed black cockatoo ▣ Regent honeyeater ▣ Rufous bettong ▣ Sacred kingfisher ▣ Satin bowerbird ▣ Shingleback lizard ▣ Southern bettong ▣ Southern hairy-nosed wombat ▣ Spinifex hopping mouse ▣ Spotted tree monitor ▣ Spotted-tailed quoll ▣ Squirrel glider ▣ Sulphur-crested cockatoo ▣ Superb parrot ▣ Swamp wallaby ▣ Swift parrot ▣ Tammar wallaby ▣ Tasmanian devil ▣ Tawny frogmouth ▣ Wedge-tailed eagle ▣ White-browed woodswallow ▣ Woylie ▣ Yellow-bellied glider ▣ Yellow-tailed black cockatoo Conservation Moonlit has successfully bred a number of rare and endangered species including southern bettong (aka eastern bettong), eastern quoll, Julia Creek dunnart, fluffy glider (yellow-bellied glider) and squirrel glider. The eastern quoll and southern bettong are now extinct on the mainland and only found in the wild in Tasmania. In 2016 it opened",
"title": "Moonlit Sanctuary Wildlife Conservation Park"
},
{
"docid": "1212198",
"text": "Kangaroo paw is the common name for a number of species, in two genera of the family Haemodoraceae, that are native to the south-west of Western Australia. These rhizomatous perennial plants are noted for their unique bird-attracting flowers. The tubular flowers are coated with dense hairs and open at the apex with six claw-like structures which resemble kangaroo forelimbs, and it is from this paw-like formation that the common name \"kangaroo paw\" is derived. The kangaroo paw plant has been introduced into Japan and has been grown as a new ornamental crop mainly in Okinawa Island under a subtropical climate. History The genus Anigozanthos' author was French botanist Jacques-Julien Houtou de Labillardière, who first collected the kangaroo paw in 1792 near Esperance. Red and green kangaroo paw or Kurulbrang (Noongar) was introduced to England in 1833, and was first described in 1836 by botanist David Don. The specific name manglesii is so named in honour of the first individual to raise the specimen from seed, Robert Mangles, which he did in his English garden. His experience with growing the specimen is recorded in letters to his brother James Mangles. The red and green kangaroo paw was adopted as the state emblem of Western Australia in a proclamation on 9 October 1960. An image of a red and green kangaroo paw was superimposed onto a view of Perth from a distance on a 5 pence stamp, issued 1 November 1962, commemorating the Seventh British Empire and Commonwealth Games which were held in Perth that year. The stamp was designed by R. M. Warner. The red and green kangaroo paw was again included on a stamp on 10 July 1968, which were six cent stamps in a series of state floral emblems. It was designed by Nell Wilson. In 1990, disease was found on the kangaroo paw plant in Okinawa. The unreported fungi, which caused the plant to become very limp and wilt, was characterised by a discolouration of the plant leaving it a brown to black colour around the stalks, leaves and base of the plant. As the plant began to discolour over time, white cottony mycelia started to appear at the surface of the lesions and then the plant eventually died. Cultivation and cut flowers The plant is native to south-western Australia, occurring naturally from the Murchison River in the North to Busselton and Mount Barker in the South, and Lake Muir to the East. It has been developed as a cut-flower crop in the United States, Israel and Japan. In Israel, plants are propagated from tissue culture imported from Australia and are then grown in unheated greenhouses in natural day conditions. The plants have found their way to California and become popular among garden supply businesses there. Research In 2007 Kings Park Botanic and Garden Board started a breeding program to protect the Kangaroo Paw from disease and the impact of climate changes. During this effort cross breading between 5 different species brought about new colouring including blue shades.",
"title": "Kangaroo paw"
},
{
"docid": "58035856",
"text": "The Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus mayri) is a critically endangered, bear-like mammal native to tropical mountain forests on the island of New Guinea in Western Papua. Elusive and rare, it was considered extinct until rediscovery in 2018. It is a species of tree-kangaroo (genus Dendrolagus), a group of long-tailed, bear-like animals native to Australia and New Guinea that mostly live in trees and feed on plant matter. Tree-kangaroos belong to the macropod family (Macropodidae) with kangaroos, and carry their young in a pouch like most other marsupials. The Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo is likely threatened by hunting, and is known only from remote mountains on the Wondiwoi Peninsula in northwest New Guinea. Until 2018, the wondiwoi tree-kangaroo was known only from a single specimen collected in 1928. The only known specimen is a male weighing . D. mayri was located in the Wondiwoi Peninsula of West Papua at an elevation of within montane rain forest. It is thought that the Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo could occupy an area of . Re:wild, the global conservation organization, lists the Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo as one of their \"25 most wanted lost species\". Taxonomy It was named in honour of Ernst Mayr, who collected the type specimen now deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. It was described by Lord Rothschild and Capt. Guy Dollman in a 1933 paper and an illustration based on the only known specimen was published in their 1936 monograph on the genus. Discovery In July 2018, the first known photographs of the species were taken by British naturalist Michael Smith. Smith was investigating Vireya rhododendrons in an unexplored area of the Wondiwoi ranges and photographed a \"dorianus type\" tree kangaroo at an altitude of approximately 1,600 metres. Scent marks, tree kangaroo scat and claw marks at the base of trees made by climbing tree kangaroos were found from 1,700 m to 2,000 m in steep montane forest. Local hunters, who frequently kill grizzled tree-kangaroos in lowland forest, rarely visit the forest above 1,500 m because of the difficult terrain, lack of water sources and dense bamboo thickets. An expert-led monograph on the genus discusses this \"first photograph of a living animal\" and asks \"What other novel observations are out in the cloud forests of New Guinea?\": Status Long thought to be extinct or critically endangered, the IUCN Red List listed the species as critically endangered (possibly extinct) because \"if the species still exists the population must be very small (less than 50 mature individuals) and probably in decline due to hunting pressures. Although the area has not been well-sampled, there have been a few visits to the area with no reports of this species.\" The species status of Dendrolagus mayri is uncertain. Some authorities refer to all 'dorianus type' tree kangaroos as subspecies of Doria's tree kangaroo, including Colin Groves, who published a major revision of the taxonomy of the genus in 1982. More recent DNA analysis indicates, however, that the members of the dorianus group deserve species status, although Dendrolagus mayri itself was not",
"title": "Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo"
},
{
"docid": "64174152",
"text": "The Vogelkop–Aru lowland rain forests is a tropical moist forest ecoregion in Indonesia. The ecoregion covers the peninsular lowlands of western New Guinea, along with the Aru Islands and other nearby islands. Geography The ecoregion includes the lowland and hill (below 1000 meters elevation) forests of the Bird's Head Peninsula (also known as the Vogelkop Peninsula), Bomberai Peninsula, and the Bird's Neck Isthmus, as well as the Aru Islands to the south and Raja Ampat Islands (Misool, Salawati, Waigeo, Kofiau, and others) to the west. The Aru and Raja Ampat islands sit on the Australia-New Guinea continental shelf. When sea levels were lower during the ice ages, these islands were joined to the Australia-New Guinea continent, which allowed terrestrial plants and animals to move between them. The peninsular mountains above 1000 meters elevation, including the Arfak Mountains and Tamrau Mountains, constitute the separate and distinct Vogelkop montane rain forests ecoregion. Climate The ecoregion has a tropical rain forest climate. Flora The vegetation of the ecoregion is tropical wet evergreen forest, including lowland alluvial forests, hill forests, and limestone forests. Lowland alluvial forest has an irregular, multi-tiered canopy with many emergents. The understory has shrub layer, where palms are common, and an herb layer. Climbers, epiphytes, and ferns are abundant. Common canopy trees include Pometia pinnata, Octomeles sumatrana, Alstonia scholaris, and species of Ficus and Terminalia. Other tree genera include Pterocarpus, Artocarpus, Planchonella, Canarium, Elaeocarpus, Cryptocarya, Celtis, Dracontomelon, Dysoxylum, Syzygium, Vitex, Spondias, and Intsia. Lowland hill forest has a lower, more closed and regular tree canopy than the alluvial forest. The shrub layer is more open with fewer palms, and there is a denser herbaceous layer. Dominant canopy trees include species of Pometia, Canarium, Anisoptera, Cryptocarya, Terminalia, Syzygium, Ficus, Celtis, Dysoxylum, and Buchanania. Species of Koompassia, Dillenia, Eucalyptopsis, Vatica, and Hopea are locally abundant. The conifer Araucaria cunninghamii var. papuana forms dense groves in scattered locations. Fauna The ecoregion has 47 species of mammals, including marsupials, murid rodents, and bats. Native mammals include the Arfak long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijni), dusky pademelon (Thylogale bruinji), New Guinea quoll (Dasyurus albopunctatus), red-bellied dasyure (Phascolosorex doriae), ursine tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus ursinus), brown forest wallaby (Dorcopsis muelleri), Lorentz's mosaic-tailed rat (Melomys lorentzii), Shaw Mayer's brush mouse (Pogonomelomys mayeri) and lowland brush mouse (Pogonomelomys bruijni). the Arfak long-beaked echidna is critically endangered, and the dusky pademelon and ursine tree-kangaroo are considered vulnerable. There are no strictly endemic mammal species, but several species are threatened or have a limited range. The ecoregion has 366 species of birds, of which nine are endemic. It encompasses the West Papuan lowlands and Aru Islands endemic bird areas. Endemic birds include Bruijn's brush-turkey (Aepypodius bruijnii), Kofiau paradise kingfisher, (Tanysiptera ellioti), black-backed monarch (Monarcha julianae), Wilson's bird-of-paradise, (Cicinnurus respublica), and red bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea rubra). The largest bird in the ecoregion is the flightless southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius). Protected areas A 2017 assessment found that 7,557 km2, or 10%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. About 70% of the unprotected area is still forested.",
"title": "Vogelkop–Aru lowland rain forests"
},
{
"docid": "3517460",
"text": "This is a list of the wild birds found in Australia including its outlying islands and territories, but excluding the Australian Antarctic Territory. The outlying islands covered include: Christmas, Cocos (Keeling), Ashmore, Torres Strait, Coral Sea, Lord Howe, Norfolk, Macquarie and Heard/McDonald. The list includes introduced species, common vagrants and recently extinct species. It excludes species only present in captivity. 975 extant and extinct species are listed. There have been three comprehensive accounts: the first was John Gould's Birds of Australia, the second Gregory Mathews, and the third was the Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds (1990-2006). The taxonomy originally followed is from Christidis and Boles, 2008. Their system has been developed over nearly two decades and has strong local support, but deviates in important ways from more generally accepted schemes. Supplemental updates follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. This list uses British English throughout. Bird names and other wording follows that convention. Ostriches Order: StruthioniformesFamily: Struthionidae 1 species recorded [1 introduced] This order is not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species have become established in South Australia and possibly on the New South Wales/Victoria border. Cassowaries and emu Order: CasuariiformesFamily: Casuariidae 2 species recorded [2 extant native] This family of flightless ratite birds is represented by two living species in Australia. Another two species are found in New Guinea. The extinct, geographically isolated King and Kangaroo Island emus were historically considered to be separate species to mainland emus. However, genetic evidence from 2011 suggests that all three are conspecific. Magpie goose Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anseranatidae 1 species recorded [1 extant native] The family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous. The single species is found across Australia. Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae 30 species recorded [20 extant native, 3 introduced, 7 vagrant] The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These are adapted for an aquatic existence, with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. In Australia, 30 species have been recorded, of which three have been introduced, and seven are vagrants. Megapodes Order: GalliformesFamily: Megapodiidae 3 species recorded [3 extant native] Megapodiidae are represented by various species in the Australasian region, although only three species are found in Australia. They are commonly referred to as \"mound-builders\" due to their habit of constructing large mounds to incubate their eggs. Guineafowl Order: GalliformesFamily: Numididae 1 species recorded [1 introduced] Numididae are not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species exist in Queensland. New World quail Order: GalliformesFamily: Odontophoridae 1 species recorded [1 introduced] Odontophoridae are not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species survive in external territories and possibly the mainland. Pheasants,",
"title": "List of birds of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "1604611",
"text": "The woylie or brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata) is a small, critically endangered mammal native to forests and shrubland of Australia. A member of the rat-kangaroo family (Potoroidae), it moves by hopping and is active at night, digging for fungi to eat. It is also a marsupial and carries its young in a pouch. Once widespread, the woylie mostly died out from habitat loss and introduced predators such as foxes. It is currently restricted to two small areas in Western Australia. There were two subspecies: B. p. ogilbyi in the west, and the now-extinct B. p. penicillata in the southeast. Taxonomy A species was first described by J. E. Gray in 1837, based on the skin and skull of an adult male obtained by the Zoological Society of London, and placed with the British Museum of Natural History. The origin of the holotype has not been determined, but it is presumed to be New South Wales. The two subspecies recognised are: Bettongia penicillata penicillata J.E. Gray, 1837. The nominate subspecies, classified as a modern extinction. This was the south-eastern subspecies. Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi (Waterhouse, 1841). This is the south-western subspecies. A description published as Hypsiprymnus ogilbyi, a species now recognised as the only extant subspecies of B. penicillata. The cited author is G. R. Waterhouse, who presented a manuscript prepared by John Gould. The type was collected at York, Western Australia. The common name, \"woylie\", is derived from walyu in the Nyungar language. The regional variants amongst Nyungar peoples are noted as wol, woli and woylie. The spelling woylie, and its variants, were used for the species in reports and advertisements in Western Australian newspapers, and the spelling 'woylye' was added in the 1920s. The names boodie and boodie rat came to be applied by the rural inhabitants to several species in south-west Australia, including the woylie, and printed in references to them after 1897. However, the boodie (Bettongia lesueur) is now recognised as a separate species. The term \"kangaroo rat\" was also applied from the founding of the Swan River Colony, and was sometimes used to distinguish the species from the boodie. Another vernacular term applied to the woylie was \"farting rat\", inspired by the abrupt noise it emits when disturbed. Description Bettongia penicillata is a species of potoroine marsupial that digs for fungi during the night, usually maintaining a solitary range around a central nest. The length of the head and body combined is , entirely covered in fur that is a grey-brown over the back, a buff colour across the face, thigh and flank, and blending to the pale cream colour beneath. The greyish brown of the upper-parts of the pelage is interspersed with silvery hair. The tail is a similar length to the head and body, measuring from , and is a rufous brown colour that ends in a blackish tip. The upper-side of the slightly prehensile tail has a ridge of longer fur along its length. The average measurements are for the heady-body length and for",
"title": "Woylie"
},
{
"docid": "19324507",
"text": "The kangaroo industry in Australia is based on the regulated harvesting of species of kangaroos. Products Kangaroo meat Australia commercially produced kangaroo meat since 1959. Annually about 3 percent of Australia’s 50 million kangaroos are utilized for their meat, which is served in many Australian restaurants and sold in some supermarkets. It is also exported to over 60 countries overseas. Various pet food companies offer animal feed based on kangaroo or including kangaroo. Since kangaroos emit smaller amounts of methane compared to cattle and sheep, their meat is sometimes advertised in this context. Australia's beef industry is estimated to account for about 11 percent of the country's carbon emissions. Kangaroo Leather Various products are made from the skins of the animals. Kangaroo leather is a strong, light leather, which is more stretchy than goat or cattle but also wrinkles more easily and darkens faster. It is commonly used for shoes, motorcycle suits, handbags, wallets and in whips. Big brands usually market it as “k-leather”. Since many people see kangaroos as pest animals (and numbers have to be limited with annual culling) using the leather, when the meat is also utilized is seen as sustainable. Kangaroo populations Of the 48 species of macropods (kangaroos) in Australia, only six abundant species are allowed to be used commercially. The kangaroo industry, which represents a large amount of the commercial meat and leather traders, calls the shooting of kangaroos ″commercial kangaroo harvest″. They advocate applying under regulated quotas for the limitation of kangaroo populations, because they can overgraze, which can lead to both, a loss of biodiversity, and conflicts with farmers. As the kangaroos are not farmed, they spend their lives in their natural habitat. The shooting of certain quotas is permitted in six of eight Australian states and some additional areas with large kangaroo populations. According to the kangaroo industry, the limitation of the kangaroo population is the key ″to ensure conservation and animal welfare″ while ″health and safety standards are upheld″. Each state government has its own kangaroo management plan to estimate their populations and outline the hunting quotas. Most kangaroos are hunted in the arid grazing rangelands. According to the Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, each year about 3 percent of Australia’s 50 million kangaroos are used for meat production, which means around 1.5 million animals. The meat of following species is exported as kangaroo meat; red kangaroo eastern grey kangaroo western grey kangaroo common wallaroo Annual quotas The National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia authority must have a detailed management plan for the commercial reduction of the kangaroos, which is approved by the federal conservation department. Detail of the population monitoring and quota-setting controls must be renewed every five years. After the kangaroo population has been estimated, the approved shooting quota is limited to a maximum of 15 to 20 percent of the total population. However usually only about 3 percent of the kangaroos are killed due to the limited demand of the market for kangaroo",
"title": "Kangaroo industry"
},
{
"docid": "7368451",
"text": "Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) is a rare, long-tailed marsupial found in rainforests in northeastern Australia. Like most tree-kangaroos (genus Dendrolagus), it lives alone in trees and feeds on plant matter. It belongs to the macropod family (Macropodidae) with kangaroos, and carries its young in a pouch like other marsupials. It is threatened by climate change and diseases, and is found in the hilly, fertile Atherton Tableland near Cairns in north east Queensland. Name The species name lumholtzi is after the Norwegian explorer Carl Sofus Lumholtz (1851–1922), who was the first European to record a specimen in 1883. The local indigenous Dyirbal and Yidiny language name may have been either \"mabi\" or \"mapi\". Description and habitat It is the smallest of all tree-kangaroos, with males weighing an average of 7.2 kg (16 lbs) and females 5.9 kg (13 lbs). Its head and body length ranges , and its tail, . It has powerful limbs and has short, grizzled grey fur. Its muzzle, toes and tip of tail are black. The Lumholtz's tree-kangaroos colonizes a variety of habitats, as long as they are flush with food and have stable and adaptable structural features. Social behaviour Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo are generally solitary animals, with the exception of male–female mating and the long, intimate mother–joey relationship. Each kangaroo maintains a \"home range\" and will be hostile towards a member of the same sex that enters it (the one exception seems to be non-hostile encounters between adult males and their male offspring). Thus, the male will protect his own range, and visit the ranges of the females in his group. Mating takes place in episodes of about twenty minutes, and is often quite aggressive. Status The Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo is classified as near-threatened by the IUCN, and authorities consider it as rare. It was historically impacted by habitat loss through logging and land clearing. Currently, it is threatened by non-native diseases and by climate change, which causes temperature extremes and severe weather. Blindness In June 2019, it was reported that many Lumholtz's tree-kangaroos were going blind. Normally almost invisible in the treetops, they were being found in schools, sheds and in the middle of roads, unable to see and confused. Veterinarian Andrew Peters, from Charles Sturt University, said he had found evidence of optic nerve and brain damage, suggesting that a new viral infection was involved. Karen Coombes, who has cared for injured tree kangaroos on her property west of Cairns for two decades, said she thought successive dry periods in the area were contributing to the eye problems. Her theory is that, because the animals only eat the leaves of the rainforest trees they inhabit, which are always fairly toxic, the drier-than-normal weather over recent years could have caused the toxins in the leaves to become more concentrated. No toxin has been identified and this hypothesis remains speculative and unsubstantiated. Other work by wildlife veterinarian Amy Shima and wildlife biologist Roger Martin (author of Tree-kangaroos of Australia and New Guinea), does not support these claims. Their",
"title": "Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo"
},
{
"docid": "178953",
"text": "Tree-kangaroos are marsupials of the genus Dendrolagus, adapted for arboreal locomotion. They inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Guinea and far northeastern Queensland, along with some of the islands in the region. All tree-kangaroos are considered threatened due to hunting and habitat destruction. They are the only true arboreal macropods. Evolutionary history The evolutionary history of tree-kangaroos possibly begins with a rainforest floor-dwelling pademelon-like ancestor. This ancestor possibly evolved from an arboreal possum-like ancestor as is suspected of all macropodid marsupials in Australia and New Guinea. During the late Eocene, the Australian/New Guinean continent began a period of drying that caused a retreat in the area of rainforest, which forced the ancestral pademelons to begin living in a drier, rockier environment. After some generations of adaptation to the new environment, the pademelons may have evolved into rock-wallabies (Petrogale spp.), which developed a generalist feeding strategy due to their dependence on a diverse assortment of vegetation refuges. This generalist strategy allowed the rock-wallabies to easily adapt to Malesian rainforest types that were introduced to Australia from Asia during the mid-Miocene. The rock-wallabies that migrated into these introduced forests adapted to spend more time climbing trees. One species in particular, the Proserpine rock-wallaby (Petrogale persephone), displays equal preference for climbing trees as for living in rocky outcrops. During the Late Miocene, the semi-arboreal rock-wallabies could have evolved into the now extinct tree-kangaroo genus Bohra. Global cooling during the Pleistocene caused continent-wide drying and rainforest retractions in Australia and New Guinea. The rainforest contractions isolated populations of Bohra which resulted in the evolution of today's tree-kangaroos (Dendrolagus spp.), as they adapted to lifestyles in geographically small and diverse rainforest fragments, and became further specialized for a canopy-dwelling lifestyle. Taxonomy Species These species are assigned to the genus Dendrolagus: Seri's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus stellarum) has been described as a subspecies of Doria's tree-kangaroo (D. dorianus stellarum), but some recent authorities have treated it as a separate species based on its absolute diagnostability. The Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo is among the 25 \"most wanted lost\" species that are the focus of Global Wildlife Conservation's \"Search for Lost Species\" initiative. The extinct species D. noibano from the Pleistocene of Chimbu Province, Papua New Guinea is substantially larger than living species. However, it has since been suggested to be a larger extinct form of Doria's tree-kangaroo. The case for the golden-mantled tree-kangaroo (D. pulcherrimus) is comparable to that of D. stellarum; it was first described as a subspecies of D. goodfellowi, though recent authorities have elevated it to species status based on its absolute diagnostability. A population of the tenkile (Scott's tree-kangaroo) recently discovered from the Bewani Mountains may represent an undescribed subspecies. Distribution and habitat Tree-kangaroos inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Guinea, far northeastern Australia, and some of the islands in the region, in particular, the Schouten Islands and the Raja Ampat Islands. Although most species are found in mountainous areas, several also occur in lowlands, such as the aptly named lowlands tree-kangaroo. Most tree-kangaroos are considered threatened",
"title": "Tree-kangaroo"
},
{
"docid": "425971",
"text": "Pademelons are small marsupials in the genus Thylogale, found in Australia and New Guinea. They are some of the smallest members of the macropod family, which includes the similar-looking but larger kangaroos and wallabies. Pademelons are distinguished by their small size and their short, thick, and sparsely-haired tails. Like most other marsupials, they carry their young in a pouch. Etymology The word \"pademelon\" comes from the word badimaliyan in Dharug, an Australian Aboriginal language spoken near what is now Port Jackson, New South Wales. The scientific name Thylogale uses the Greek words for \"pouch\" and \"weasel.\" Description Along with the rock-wallabies and the hare-wallabies, the pademelons are among the smallest members of the macropod family. Mature male pademelons are larger than females, with an average weight of about 7 kg and height of 60 cm. Mature females weigh around 3.8 kg. Species There are seven recognised species within genus Thylogale: Distribution and habitat The red-legged pademelon can be found in the coastal regions of Queensland and New South Wales, and in south-central New Guinea. In some areas, its range has been drastically reduced. The red-bellied or Tasmanian pademelon is abundant in Tasmania, although it was once found throughout the southeastern parts of mainland Australia. The dusky pademelon lives in New Guinea and surrounding islands. It was previously called the Aru Islands wallaby. Before that, it was called the \"philander\" (\"friend of man\"), which is the name it bears in the second volume of Cornelis de Bruijn's Travels, originally published in 1711. The Latin name of this species is called after De Bruijn. The natural habitat of the pademelon is in thick scrubland or dense forested undergrowth. It also makes tunnels through long grasses and bushes in swampy country. Threats Pademelon meat used to be considered valuable and was eaten by settlers and indigenous Australians. Aside from being killed for their meat and soft fur, their numbers have been reduced by the introduction of non-native predators such as cats in Australia, dogs, and red foxes. The rapid increase in Australia's rabbit population has also caused problems as rabbits graze on the same grasses, making less available for the pademelons. Clearing of land for urbanisation has pushed the larger wallabies and kangaroos onto land that previously was occupied by pademelons with little competition. Tasmanian pademelons were an important part of the diet of the now-extinct thylacine, and they are still preyed on by quolls, Tasmanian devils, and wedge-tailed eagles. Despite these predators, Tasmania and its outlying smaller islands have large numbers of pademelons and every year many are culled to keep their numbers sustainable. References External links Macropods Taxa named by John Edward Gray Marsupials of Australia",
"title": "Pademelon"
},
{
"docid": "2231034",
"text": "This is a list of the wild birds found in Western Australia. The list includes introduced species, common vagrants, recently extinct species, extirpated species, some very rare vagrants (seen once) and species only present in captivity. 629 species are listed. The taxonomy is based on Christidis and Boles, 2008. Their system has been developed over nearly two decades and has strong local support, but deviates in important ways from more generally accepted schemes. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. All of the birds below are included in the total bird count for Western Australia. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. (A) Accidental – a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Western Australia (E) Endemic – a species endemic to Western Australia (I) Introduced – a species introduced to Western Australia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions (Ex) Extirpated – a species that no longer occurs in Western Australia although populations exist elsewhere (X) Extinct – a species or subspecies that no longer exists. Ostriches Order: StruthioniformesFamily: Struthionidae This order is not native to Western Australia, but feral populations of one species have become established. Cassowaries and emu Order: CasuariiformesFamily: Dromaiidae This family of flightless ratite birds is represented by two living species in Australia. Another two species are found in New Guinea. The extinct, geographically isolated King and Kangaroo Island emus were historically considered to be separate species to mainland emus. However, genetic evidence from 2011 suggests that all three are conspecific. Magpie goose Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anseranatidae The family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous. The single species is found across Australia. Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These are adapted for an aquatic existence, with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Megapodes Order: GalliformesFamily: Megapodiidae Megapodiidae are represented by various species in the Australasian region. They are commonly referred to as \"mound-builders\" due to their habit of constructing large mounds to incubate their eggs. Guineafowl Order: GalliformesFamily: Numididae Numididae are not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species exist in Western Australia. Pheasants, grouse, and allies Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans. Grebes Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater",
"title": "List of birds of Western Australia"
},
{
"docid": "18859160",
"text": "The Armadale Reptile Centre is a reptile zoo (featuring a number of other animals) in Armadale, Western Australia that focuses on herpetology and wildlife endemic to Australia (with a few exotic reptile species as exception). Opened to the public in 1995, the Armadale Reptile Centre houses a large variety of mostly native reptiles and other wildlife with over 50 different reptile species on display, including a large female saltwater crocodile and various species of lizards, snakes and turtles, as well as other animals such as tree frogs, cockatoos, dingoes, emus, marsupials (including kangaroos), owls and wedge-tailed eagles. The centre is also used as a rescue and rehabilitation facility for wildlife that are sick or injured. Klaas and Mieke Gaikhorst built and own the centre, having worked with rescuing and rehabilitating injured or displaced reptiles (and other animals) for more than thirty years. Species at the centre Reptiles Bardick Black-headed python Black-tailed monitor Boa constrictor Bobtail lizard Boyd's forest dragon Broad leaf-tailed gecko Brown tree snake Burton's legless lizard Central bearded dragon Centralian carpet python Centralian blue-tongued lizard Children's python Common death adder Common scaly-foot Crowned snake Dugite Eastern snake-necked turtle Eastern water dragon Fraser's legless lizard Frill-necked lizard Gilbert's lashtail dragon Gwardar Jungle carpet python King brown snake King's skink Lace monitor Long-nosed lashtail dragon Murray short-necked turtle Northern giant cave gecko Northern blue-tongued lizard Oblong turtle Olive python Ornate crevice dragon Perentie Pygmy python Pygmy spiny-tailed skink Red-bellied black snake Red-eared slider Rosenberg's monitor Rough knob-tailed gecko Rough-scaled python Saltwater crocodile Sand goanna Saw-shelled turtle Southwest carpet python Spiny-tailed ridge monitor Spotted mulga snake Spotted python Stimson's python Thick-tailed barking gecko Water python Western bearded dragon Western tiger snake Western blue-tongued lizard Woma python Amphibians Australian green tree frog Splendid tree frog White-lipped tree frog Others (Birds) African firefinch Alexandrine parakeet Australian barn owl Australian boobook owl Australian bustard Australian magpie Baudin's black-cockatoo Black-faced woodswallow Black-throated finch Bourke's parrot Bush stone-curlew Cockatiel Common bronzewing Common pheasant Diamond firetail Domestic chicken Double-barred finch Dusky woodswallow Eclectus parrot Emu Galah Gouldian finch Grey butcherbird King quail Laughing dove Laughing kookaburra Little corella Long-billed corella Long-tailed finch Peewit lark Major Mitchell's cockatoo Nankeen kestrel Orange-breasted waxbill Painted finch Peaceful dove Pied butcherbird Princess parrot Red-backed kingfisher Red-headed parrotfinch Red-tailed black-cockatoo Sacred kingfisher Scarlet-chested parrot Star finch Stubble quail Sulphur-crested cockatoo Tawny frogmouth Wedge-tailed eagle Western corella (Fish) Frontosa cichlid Perlmutt Red fin borleyi (Mammals) Bare-nosed wombat Dingo Domestic donkey Domestic pony Grey-headed flying fox Red kangaroo Short-beaked echidna Southwestern brushtail possum Western grey kangaroo Western wallaroo External links Armadale Reptile Centre - Western Australia, 6 minute YouTube video of 2013, by Western Australia Now and Then Armadale, Western Australia Zoos in Western Australia 1995 establishments in Australia Buildings and structures in Perth, Western Australia Tourist attractions in Perth, Western Australia Wildlife parks in Australia",
"title": "Armadale Reptile Centre"
},
{
"docid": "684228",
"text": "Australidelphia is the superorder that contains roughly three-quarters of all marsupials, including all those native to Australasia and a single species — the monito del monte — from South America. All other American marsupials are members of the Ameridelphia. Analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials has shown that the South American monito del monte's lineage is the most basal of the superorder. The Australian australidelphians form a clade, for which the name Euaustralidelphia (\"true Australidelphia\") has been proposed (the branching order within this group is yet to be determined). The study also showed that the most basal of all marsupial orders are the other two South American groups (Didelphimorphia and Paucituberculata, with the former probably branching first). This indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America along with the other major divisions of extant marsupials, and likely reached Australia via Antarctica in a single dispersal event after Microbiotheria split off. Phylogeny Phylogeny of living Australidelphia based on the work of May-Collado, Kilpatrick & Agnarsson 2015 with extinct clades from Black et al. 2012 (*)This clade has been called Agreodontia by other authors since 2014. Taxonomy The orders within this group are listed below: Genera †Djarthia Godthelp, Wroe & Archer 1999 Order †Yalkaparidontia Archer, Hand & Godthelp 1988 Family †Yalkaparidontidae Archer, Hand & Godthelp 1988 ?Order Microbiotheria (1 species) ?Family Microbiotheriidae: monito del monte Order Dasyuromorphia (71 species) Family †Thylacinidae: thylacine Family Dasyuridae: antechinuses, quolls, dunnarts, Tasmanian devil, and allies Family Myrmecobiidae: numbat Order Peramelemorphia (21 species) Family Thylacomyidae: bilbies Family †Chaeropodidae: pig-footed bandicoots Family Peramelidae: bandicoots and allies Order Notoryctemorphia (2 species) Family Notoryctidae: marsupial moles Order Diprotodontia (117 species) Family Phascolarctidae: koala Family Vombatidae: wombats Family Phalangeridae: brushtail possums and cuscuses Family Burramyidae: pygmy possums Family Tarsipedidae: honey possum Family Petauridae: striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, yellow-bellied glider, sugar glider, mahogany glider, squirrel glider Family Pseudocheiridae: ringtailed possums and allies Family Potoridae: potoroos, rat kangaroos, bettongs Family Acrobatidae: feathertail glider and feather-tailed possum Family Hypsiprymnodontidae: musky rat-kangaroo Family Macropodidae: kangaroos, wallabies, and allies Family †Thylacoleonidae: marsupial lions Family †Palorchestidae: marsupial tapirs Family †Diprotodontidae: giant wombats Footnotes References Australasian realm fauna Mammal superorders Extant Paleocene first appearances Marsupials of Australia Marsupials Metatheria Paleocene mammals of Australia Paleocene mammals of Oceania",
"title": "Australidelphia"
},
{
"docid": "215506",
"text": "The red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus) is the largest of all kangaroos, the largest terrestrial mammal native to Australia, and the largest extant marsupial. It is found across mainland Australia, except for the more fertile areas, such as southern Western Australia, the eastern and southeastern coasts, and the rainforests along the northern coast. Taxonomy The initial description of the species by A.G. Desmarest was published in 1822. The type location was given as an unknown location west of the Blue Mountains. The author assigned the new species to the genus Kangurus. In 1842, Gould reassigned the species to the genus Osphranter, a taxon later submerged as a subgenus of Macropus. A taxonomic restructure in 2015 in Taxonomy of Australian Mammals by Jackson and Groves promoted Osphranter back to the genus level, redefining the red kangaroo, among others, as a species within the genus Osphranter. This was further supported by genetic analysis in 2019. Description This species is a very large kangaroo with long, pointed ears and a square shaped muzzle (snout/nose). They are sexually dimorphic; males have short, red-brown fur, fading to pale buff below and on the limbs, while females are smaller than males and are blue-grey with a brown tinge and pale grey below, although arid zone females are coloured more like males. It has two forelimbs with small claws, two muscular hind-limbs, which are used for jumping, and a strong tail which is often used to create a tripod when standing upright. Males grow up to a head-and-body length of with a tail that adds a further to the total length. Adult males are referred to by Australians as \"Big Reds\". Females are considerably smaller, with a head-and-body length of and tail length of . Females can weigh from , while males typically weigh about twice as much at . The average red kangaroo stands approximately tall to the top of the head in upright posture. Large mature males can stand more than tall, with the largest confirmed one having been around tall and weighed . The red kangaroo maintains its internal temperature at a point of homeostasis about using a variety of physical, physiological, and behavioural adaptations. These include having an insulating layer of fur, being less active and staying in the shade when temperatures are high, panting, sweating, and licking its forelimbs. They have an exceptional ability to survive in extreme temperatures using a cooling mechanism where they can increase their panting and sweating rates in high temperatures to cool their bodies. To survive in harsh conditions and conserve energy, Red kangaroos can enter a state of torpor. Red kangaroos also have a high tolerance for consuming plants high in salt content, and can survive for long periods without water by reabsorbing water from their urine in the kidneys, minimizing water loss. They can go for extended periods without drinking, meeting moisture requirements from consumed vegetation. The red kangaroo's range of vision is approximately 300° (324° with about 25° overlap), due to the position of its",
"title": "Red kangaroo"
},
{
"docid": "9550347",
"text": "The Australian environment ranges from virtually pristine Antarctic territory and rainforests to degraded industrial areas of major cities. Forty distinct ecoregions have been identified across the Australian mainland and islands. Central Australia has a very dry climate. The interior has a number of deserts while most of the coastal areas are populated. Northern Australia experiences tropical cyclones while much of the country is prone to periodic drought. This dry and warm environment and exposure to cyclones, makes Australia particularly vulnerable to climate change -- with some areas already experiencing increases in wildfires and fragile ecosystems. The island ecology of Australia has led to a number of unique endemic plant and animal species, notably marsupials like the kangaroo and koala. Agriculture and mining are predominant land uses which cause negative impacts on many different ecosystems. The management of the impact on the environment from the mining industry, the protection of the Great Barrier Reef, forests and native animals are recurring issues of conservation. The protected areas in Australia are important sources of ecotourism, with sites like the Great Barrier Reef and World Heritage sites like Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area or the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park draw both national and international tourism. Clean Up Australia Day was an initiative developed in 1989 to collaboratively clean up local areas and is held on the first Sunday of autumn (in March). Protected areas Protected areas cover 895,288 km2 of Australia's land area, or about 11.5% of the total land area. Of these, two-thirds are considered strictly protected (IUCN categories I to IV), and the rest is mostly managed resources protected area (IUCN category VI). There are also 200 marine protected areas, which cover a further 64.8 million hectares. Indigenous Protected Area have been established since the 1990s, the largest of which covers part of the Tanami Desert in the Northern Territory. The protected natural areas include world heritage listed properties, such as the Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh/Naracoorte), Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves, Fraser Island, Great Barrier Reef, Greater Blue Mountains Area, Heard and McDonald Islands, Lord Howe Island, Macquarie Island, Purnululu National Park, Shark Bay, and the Wet Tropics of Queensland. Protected mixed World Heritage listed areas include Tasmanian Wilderness, Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, Willandra Lakes Region and Kakadu National Park. Ningaloo Reef and Cape Range peninsula are submitted and on the Tentative List for World Heritage listing and are Australian National Parks. Conservation Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, it covers a diverse range of habitats, from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests, and is recognised as a megadiverse country. Because of the great age and consequent low levels of fertility of the continent, its extremely variable weather patterns, and its long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique and diverse. About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic. Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced plant",
"title": "Environment of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "17205364",
"text": "South Australia is a state in Australia with 487 species of bird recorded. This list is based on the 1996 classification by Sibley and Monroe (though there has been a recent (2008) extensive revision of Australian birds by Christidis and Boles), which has resulted in some lumping and splitting. Their system has been developed over nearly two decades and has strong local support, but deviates in important ways from more generally accepted schemes. Supplemental updates follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. This list also uses British English throughout. Any bird names or other wording follows that convention. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in South Australia (E) Endemic - a species endemic to South Australia (I) Introduced - a species introduced to South Australia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions Ostriches Order: StruthioniformesFamily: Struthionidae This order is not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species have become established. Common ostrich, Struthio camelus (I) Cassowaries and emu Order: CasuariiformesFamily: Casuariidae This family of flightless ratite birds is represented by two living species in Australia. Another two species are found in New Guinea. The extinct, geographically isolated King and Kangaroo Island emus were historically considered to be separate species to mainland emus. However, genetic evidence from 2011 suggests that all three are conspecific. Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae Magpie goose Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anseranatidae The family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous. The single species is found across Australia. Magpie goose, Anseranas semipalmata (A) Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These are adapted for an aquatic existence, with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Plumed whistling-duck, Dendrocygna eytoni Cape Barren goose, Cereopsis novaehollandiae Freckled duck, Stictonetta naevosa Black swan, Cygnus atratus Radjah shelduck, Radjah radjah (A) Australian shelduck, Tadorna tadornoides Australian wood duck, Chenonetta jubata Australian shoveler, Spatula rhynchotis Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata (A) Pacific black duck, Anas superciliosa Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (I) Mallard × Pacific black duck, Anas platyrhynchos × supercilisoa (I × native hybrid) Grey teal, Anas gracilis Chestnut teal, Anas castanea Pink-eared duck, Malacorhynchus membranaceus Hardhead, Aythya australis Blue-billed duck, Oxyura australis Musk duck, Biziura lobata Megapodes Order: GalliformesFamily: Megapodiidae Megapodiidae are represented by various species in the Australasian region. They are commonly referred to as \"mound-builders\" due to their habit of constructing large mounds to incubate their eggs. Australian brushturkey, Alectura lathami (I) Malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata Pheasants, grouse, and allies Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their",
"title": "List of birds of South Australia"
},
{
"docid": "62710931",
"text": "Australia Walkabout Wildlife Park is a wildlife sanctuary located in Calga, New South Wales, Australia. The wildlife park is home to Australian native birds, mammals and reptiles as well as farm animals. It offers research and education programs, with visitors able to undertake day and night tours. The park is home to a wide range of Australian animals and in 2021 became home to a group of meerkats, the park's first exotic animals. Animals found at the park Native bird species include Emu Australian boobook owl Tawny frogmouth Laughing kookaburra Major Mitchell's cockatoo Sulphur-crested cockatoo Galah Eclectus parrot Rainbow lorikeet Pacific black duck Australian wood duck Satin bowerbird White-headed pigeon Non-native bird species include Blue peafowl (in petting zoo) Domestic goose (in petting zoo) Domestic turkey (in petting zoo) Brahma chicken (in petting zoo) Native herptile (reptile and amphibian) species include Lace tree goanna Eastern water dragon Pygmy bearded dragon Shingleback lizard Eastern blue-tongued lizard Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink Hosmer's spiny-tailed skink Barking gecko Olive python Murray Darling carpet python Centralian carpet python Coastal carpet python Jungle carpet python Diamond python Spotted python Tiger snake Red-bellied black snake Common death adder Brown tree snake Eastern long-necked turtle Eastern short-necked turtle Eastern dwarf tree frog Peron's tree frog Eastern froglet Red-crowned toadlet Native mammal species include Grey-headed flying-fox Dingo Short-beaked echidna Tasmanian devil Spotted-tail quoll Eastern quoll Bare-nosed wombat Southern hairy-nosed wombat Koala Red kangaroo Eastern grey kangaroo Eastern hill wallaroo Tammar wallaby Parma wallaby Red-necked wallaby Swamp wallaby Agile Wallaby Red-necked pademelon Rufous bettong Long-nosed potoroo Southeastern common brushtail possum Southeastern common ringtail possum Sugar glider Bilby Long-nosed bandicoot Spinifex hopping mouse Non-native mammal species include Serval Meerkat Huacaya alpaca (in petting zoo) Domestic pig (in petting zoo) Domestic miniature goat (in petting zoo) Domestic rabbit (in petting zoo) Guinea pig (in petting zoo) References External links Zoos in New South Wales Wildlife parks in Australia Central Coast (New South Wales) Zoos established in 2001 2001 establishments in Australia",
"title": "Australia Walkabout Wildlife Park"
},
{
"docid": "19018909",
"text": "Kangaroo leather is a strong, lightweight leather derived from the hide of the kangaroo. Kangaroos are harvested. Both the meat and the hides are sold. Although hunting most species of macropod is prohibited, a small number of the large-sized species with high populations can be hunted by commercial hunters. This policy has been criticised by some wildlife activists. Applications The leather is used in a wide variety of shoes. The unique structure of kangaroo leather allows it to be cut down to be very thin, but still retain strength. Kangaroo leather is also popular in the manufacture of motorbike leathers and is used for many other applications such as car upholstery, military, football and american football boots, and fashion accessories. Kangaroo leather is the material of choice for making whips, as the strips can be cut thin to keep the whip flexible, without sacrificing durability. Properties Studies conducted by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) confirm that kangaroo is one of the strongest leathers of similar substance available. When split thinly, kangaroo leather retains considerably more of the original tensile strength of the unsplit leather than does calf leather. When split to 20% of original thickness kangaroo retains 30 to 60% of the tensile strength of the unsplit hide. Calf split to 20% of original thickness, on the other hand, retains only 1–4% of original strength. Kangaroo leather is lighter and stronger than the hide of a cow or goat. It has 10 times the tensile strength of cowhide and is 50% stronger than goatskin. Studies of the morphology of kangaroo leather help explain its particular properties. The collagen fibre bundles in cattle hide are arranged in a complex weaving pattern. The fibres are often at angles as much as 90 degrees to the skin surface. Cattle hide also contains sweat glands, erector pili muscles and a distinct gradation in elastin levels, concentrated in the upper part of the skin. Kangaroo hide on the other hand has been shown to have a highly uniform orientation of fibre bundles in parallel with the skin surface. It does not contain sweat glands or erector pili muscles, and elastin is evenly distributed throughout the skin thickness. This structural uniformity explains both the greater tensile strength of the whole leather and the greater retention of strength in splits. Bovine skin is much more complex in cross-section; in whole section it has many more weak points from which tears can start when placed under tension. In addition, when split the collagen fibres running at significant angles to the skin surface will be cut, becoming weak points. Environmental aspects The Australian kangaroo industry produces a range of meat and leather products from animals harvested from the wild under strict government-controlled management plans intended to ensure that the harvest is sustainable and humane. A wide cross section of Australian ecologists support the kangaroo industry as being both sustainable and environmentally wise. Many argue that kangaroos, native to Australia, are a more environmentally friendly livestock",
"title": "Kangaroo leather"
}
] | [
"four"
] |
train_51540 | approximately what percentage of earth 's surface is covered with water | [
{
"docid": "305265",
"text": "An underwater environment is a environment of, and immersed in, liquid water in a natural or artificial feature (called a body of water), such as an ocean, sea, lake, pond, reservoir, river, canal, or aquifer. Some characteristics of the underwater environment are universal, but many depend on the local situation. Liquid water has been present on Earth for most of the history of the planet. The underwater environment is thought to be the place of the origin of life on Earth, and it remains the ecological region most critical to the support of life and the natural habitat of the majority of living organisms. Several branches of science are dedicated to the study of this environment or specific parts or aspects of it. A number of human activities are conducted in the more accessible parts of the underwater environment. These include research, underwater diving for work or recreation, and underwater warfare with submarines. It is hostile to humans in many ways and often inaccessible, and therefore relatively little explored. Extent Three quarters of the planet Earth are covered by water. Most of the planet's solid surface is abyssal plain, at depths between below the surface of the oceans. The solid surface location on the planet closest to the center of the geoid is the Challenger Deep, located in the Mariana Trench at a depth of . There is a smaller part of the surface covered by bodies of fresh water and a large volume of underground water in aquifers. The underwater environment is hostile to humans in many ways and therefore little explored. It can be mapped by sonar, or more directly explored via manned, remotely operated, or autonomous submersibles. The ocean floors have been surveyed via sonar to at least a coarse resolution; particularly-strategic areas have been mapped in detail, to assist in navigating and detecting submarines, though the resulting maps may be classified. Oceans and seas An ocean is a body of water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word \"ocean\" is often used interchangeably with \"sea\" in American English. Strictly speaking, a sea is a body of water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land, though \"the sea\" refers also to the oceans. Saline water covers approximately and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface and 90% of the Earth's biosphere. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that less than 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly . Lakes, ponds, and rivers A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from",
"title": "Underwater environment"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "9421637",
"text": "Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator is a species of bacterium that lives in groundwater at depths from below the Earth's surface. The genus is monospecific. Etymology The name comes from a quotation from Jules Verne's novel Journey to the Center of the Earth, where the hero, Professor Lidenbrock, finds a secret inscription in Latin: Descende, audax viator, et terrestre centrum attinges (Descend, bold traveller, and you will attain the center of the Earth). Biology Desulforudis audaxviator is the only bacterium found in water samples obtained underground in the Mponeng gold mine in South Africa. Approximately four micrometres in length, it survives on chemical food sources derived from the radioactive decay of minerals in the surrounding rock. This makes it one of the few known organisms that does not depend on sunlight for nourishment, and the only species known to be alone in its ecosystem. It has genes for extracting carbon from carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other sources, and for fixing elemental nitrogen, though it normally gets its nitrogen from ammonia released from rocks. It may also have acquired genes from a species of archaea by horizontal gene transfer. Analyses of water from the bacterium's habitat show that the water is very old and has not been diluted by surface water, indicating the bacteria have been isolated from the earth's surface for several million years. As the environment at that depth is so much like the early Earth, it may indicate what types of creatures existed before there was an oxygen atmosphere. Billions of years ago, some of the planet's first bacteria may have thriven in similar conditions. Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator (CDA) populations have a slow evolution rate which results in high genetic similarities as they underwent minimal evolution since their physical separation from their ancestral population. A striking morphological feature of the organism is the presence of gas vesicles (provide cells the ability to flow in fluid making the CDA spores with this feature able to spread to large distances), firstly distinguished from an early study of the closest relative of Desulforudis, Desulfotomaculum, which reported spores associated with gas vesicles and follow-up research showing that Desulfotomaculum spores could survive harsh temperature conditions and spread to the cold marine sediments. Ca. D. audaxviator is a Gram positive sulfate-reducing bacterium. Hydrogen for this reduction comes from the radiolysis of water from the decay chain of uranium and thorium. The radiation allows for the production of sulphur compounds the bacteria can use as a high-energy food source. The genome contains an unusual transposon and possesses many sites of insertion. Its complete intolerance of oxygen suggests long-term isolation. It is equipped with a flagellum allowing it to swim. Ca. D. audaxviator lives in a complete absence of organic compounds, light, and oxygen, in temperatures exceeding and a pH of 9.3. The physiology that enables it to live in these extreme conditions is a tribute to its unusually large genome, consisting of 2157 genes instead of the 1500 of \"streamlined\" bacteria found in very stable environments.",
"title": "Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator"
},
{
"docid": "214717",
"text": "Themis (minor planet designation: 24 Themis) is one of the largest asteroids in the asteroid belt. It is also the largest member of the Themistian family. It was discovered by Annibale de Gasparis on 5 April 1853. It is named after Themis, the personification of natural law and divine order in Greek mythology. Not to be confused with 269 Justitia, named for Justitia, Themis' Roman name. Discovery and observations 24 Themis was discovered on 5 April 1853 by Annibale de Gasparis of Naples, though it was given its name by fellow Italian astronomer Angelo Secchi. The asteroid was named after Themis, the Greek goddess of law. Gravitational perturbations in the orbit of Themis were used to calculate the mass of Jupiter as early as 1875. On 24 December 1975, 24 Themis had a close encounter with 2296 Kugultinov with a minimum distance of . By analyzing the perturbation of Kugultinov's orbit due to the gravitational pull of Themis, the mass of Themis was determined to be approximately solar masses ( Earth masses). Orbit and rotation Themis is in an elliptical orbit around the Sun with an eccentricity of 0.1306 and an inclination of 0.76°. It has an orbital period of 5.54 years. The distance between Themis and the Sun ranges from 2.71 AU at perihelion and 3.55 AU at aphelion, with a mean distance of 3.1302 AU. Themis is part of the Themis family of asteroids, which is located in the outer part of the main belt. The family consists of a core of large objects surrounded by a cloud of smaller objects; 24 Themis is a member of the core. Surface materials Ice On 7 October 2009, the presence of water ice was confirmed on the surface of this asteroid using NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility. The surface of the asteroid appears completely covered in ice. As this ice layer is sublimated, it may be getting replenished by a reservoir of ice under the surface. Scientists hypothesize that some of the first water brought to Earth was delivered by asteroid impacts after the collision that produced the Moon. The presence of ice on 24 Themis supports this theory. Because of its proximity to the sun (~3.2 AU), the widespread ice on the surface of 24 Themis is somewhat unexpected. The surface ice may be replenished by a sub-surface reservoir of water or impact gardening—a lunar phenomenon in which the moon overturns surface material at a rate of 1 m/ Gyr. An alternative mechanism to explain the presence of water ice on 24 Themis is similar to the hypothesized formation of water on the surface of the Moon by solar wind. Trace amounts of water would be continuously produced by high-energy solar protons impinging oxide minerals present at the surface of the asteroid. The hydroxyl surface groups (S–OH) formed by the collision of protons () with oxygen atoms present at oxide surface (S=O) can further be converted in water molecules () adsorbed onto the oxide minerals surface. The chemical rearrangement supposed",
"title": "24 Themis"
},
{
"docid": "12994388",
"text": "Bouldnor Cliff is a submerged prehistoric settlement site in the Solent. The site dates from the Mesolithic era and is in approximately of water just offshore of the village of Bouldnor on the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom. The preservation of organic materials from this era that do not normally survive on dry land has made Bouldnor important to the understanding of Mesolithic Britain, and the BBC Radio 4's Making History programme described it \"probably Europe's most important Mesolithic site\" albeit concealed under water. The site was first discovered by divers from the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology (now the Maritime Archaeology Trust) in 1999, when a lobster was observed discarding worked flint tools from its burrow on the seabed. Since then, several years of fieldwork have revealed that Bouldnor was a settlement site about 8,000 years ago, at a time when lower sea levels meant that the Solent was just a river valley. The work done so far has already revealed that the technology of Mesolithic settlers was probably 2,000 years ahead of what had previously been believed. Site formation Investigations suggest that during the Mesolithic era, between 8000 and 4000 BC, the western Solent was a sheltered river basin, rich in woodland and fed by a river at Lymington and drained by the Western Yar at Freshwater. As sea levels rose, the Solent eventually flooded and the settlement area was swamped. The rising waters deposited silt and mud onto the original land surface, covering and preserving it. Discovery Fishermen had reported recovering stone tools from the seabed of the Solent since the 1960s, but it was not until 1987 that the submerged remains of an ancient forest were discovered at Bouldnor. Later radiocarbon dating of pollen revealed this to be approximately 8,000 years old. Subsequently, regular dives revealed a submerged cliff east of Yarmouth with large quantities of peat that dated to a similar period. The Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology began mapping the cliff face and selected four main sites of interest (named BC 1–4). It was while diving in of water on BC 2 in 1999, that divers noticed a burrowing lobster discarding worked flints from its burrow. The lobster had burrowed through thick mud deposits that had formed since the Solent flooded, and into the original surface of the cliff when the Solent was dry. Since 1999, divers have excavated at Bouldnor every year. Further discoveries were made at BC 2 and BC 4, and a later a new site was discovered nearby (BC 5). The dangerous diving conditions in the fast flowing waters of the Solent make archaeological investigation particularly difficult and archaeologists have used several new techniques to make analysis of the sea bed easier. This has included 'box sampling' – collecting large areas of sea bed in metal tins to raise them to the surface and more thoroughly excavate their contents on dry land. Findings Archaeologists have discovered large quantities of burnt flints, mounds of timbers",
"title": "Bouldnor Cliff"
},
{
"docid": "28856870",
"text": "ADEOS II (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite 2) was an Earth observation satellite (EOS) launched by NASDA, with contributions from NASA and CNES, in December 2002. and it was the successor to the 1996 mission ADEOS I. The mission ended in October 2003 after the satellite's solar panels failed. Mission overview The three primary objectives of the mission, as identified by NASDA, were to: Regularly monitor the water and energy cycle as a part of the global climate system Quantitatively estimate the biomass and fundamental productivity as a part of the carbon cycle Detect trends in long term climate change as a result of continuing the observations started by ADEOS I The project had a proposed minimum life of three years, with a five-year goal. Instruments The satellite was equipped with five primary instruments: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), Global Imager (GLI), Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-II (ILAS-II), Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances (POLDER), and SeaWinds. These instruments were designed to monitor Earth's water cycle, study biomass in the carbon cycle, and detect trends in long-term climate change. The mission was established to continue the work undertaken by ADEOS I between 1996 and 1997. Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) AMSR monitors water vapor, precipitation, sea surface, wind, and ice by means of microwave radiation emanating from Earth's surface and atmosphere. It is a radiometer that operates in eight frequency bands covering 6.9 GHz to 89 GHz, and monitors the horizontal and vertical polarizations separately. With a dish of aperture, the spatial resolution is in the 89 GHz band, degrading to at 6.9 GHz. Global Imager (GLI) GLI (GLobal Imager) is an optical sensor to observe solar radiation reflected from Earth's surface and map vegetation, clouds, etc. The data is acquired in 23 visible/near-infrared, and in 13 far infrared channels. The scanning is done by a rotating mirror covering along track and cross-track, and at a resolution of . Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer 2 (ILAS-2) ILAS-2 maps the vertical distribution of O3, NO2, HNO3, H2O, CFC-11, CFC-12, CH4, N2O, and ClONO2, as well as the distribution of temperature and pressure, all in the stratosphere. It observes the absorption spectrum in Earth's atmospheric limb in the 3-13 micron wavelength band, and in the 753-784 nm band of the occulting Sun. The altitude resolution is . Polarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectances (POLDER) POLDER measures the polarization, and spectral characteristics of the solar light reflected by aerosols, clouds, oceans and land surfaces. Eight narrow band wavelengths (443, 490, 564, 670, 763, 765, 865, and 910 nm) are covered by the instrument which enables identification of the physical and optical properties of the aerosols and their role in radiation budget. SeaWinds SeaWinds is a scatterometer that provides wind speed and direction by observing the microwave reflection from ocean surfaces. With its dish, it scans the surface along conical surfaces at 18 RPM. It provides speed at an accuracy of 2 m/s, wind direction at an accuracy of 20°, both with a spatial resolution of",
"title": "ADEOS II"
},
{
"docid": "470926",
"text": "The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a Japanese remote sensing instrument onboard the Terra satellite launched by NASA in 1999. It has been collecting data since February 2000. ASTER provides high-resolution images of Earth in 14 different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from visible to thermal infrared light. The resolution of images ranges between 15 and 90 meters. ASTER data is used to create detailed maps of surface temperature of land, emissivity, reflectance, and elevation. In April 2008, the SWIR detectors of ASTER began malfunctioning and were publicly declared non-operational by NASA in January 2009. All SWIR data collected after 1 April 2008 has been marked as unusable. The ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) is available at no charge to users worldwide via electronic download. As of 2 April 2016, the entire catalogue of ASTER image data became publicly available online at no cost. It can be downloaded with a free registered account from either NASA's Earth Data Search delivery system or from the USGS Earth Explorer delivery system. ASTER bands ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 1 On 29 June 2009, the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) was released to the public. A joint operation between NASA and Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), the Global Digital Elevation Model is the most complete mapping of the earth ever made, covering 99% of its surface. The previous most comprehensive map, NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, covered approximately 80% of the Earth's surface, with a global resolution of 90 meters, and a resolution of 30 meters over the USA. The GDEM covers the planet from 83 degrees North to 83 degrees South (surpassing SRTM's coverage of 56 °S to 60 °N), becoming the first earth mapping system that provides comprehensive coverage of the polar regions. It was created by compiling 1.3 million VNIR images taken by ASTER using single-pass stereoscopic correlation techniques, with terrain elevation measurements taken globally at 30-meter (98 ft) intervals. Despite the high nominal resolution, however, some reviewers have commented that the true resolution is considerably lower, and not as good as that of SRTM data, and serious artifacts are present. Some of these limitations have been confirmed by METI and NASA, who point out that the version 1 of the GDEM product is \"research grade\". Version 2 During October 2011, version 2 of Global Digital Elevation Model was publicly released. This is considered an improvement upon version 1. These improvements include increased horizontal and vertical accuracy, better horizontal resolution, reduced presence of artifacts, and more realistic values over water bodies. However, one reviewer still regards the Aster version 2 dataset, although showing 'a considerable improvement in the effective level of detail', to still be regarded as 'experimental or research grade' due to presence of artefacts. A 2014 study showed that over rugged mountainous terrain the ASTER version 2 data set can be a more accurate representation of the ground than the SRTM elevation model. Version 3 ASTER v3 was",
"title": "Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer"
},
{
"docid": "19023136",
"text": "In seismology, a microseism is defined as a faint earth tremor caused by natural phenomena. Sometimes referred to as a \"hum\", it should not be confused with the anomalous acoustic phenomenon of the same name. The term is most commonly used to refer to the dominant background seismic and electromagnetic noise signals on Earth, which are caused by water waves in the oceans and lakes. Characteristics of microseism are discussed by Bhatt. Because the ocean wave oscillations are statistically homogenous over several hours, the microseism signal is a long-continuing oscillation of the ground. The most energetic seismic waves that make up the microseismic field are Rayleigh waves, but Love waves can make up a significant fraction of the wave field, and body waves are also easily detected with arrays. Because the conversion from the ocean waves to the seismic waves is very weak, the amplitude of ground motions associated to microseisms does not generally exceed 10 micrometers. Detection and characteristics As noted early in the history of seismology, microseisms are very well detected and measured by means of a long-period seismograph, This signal can be recorded anywhere on Earth. Dominant microseism signals from the oceans are linked to characteristic ocean swell periods, and thus occur between approximately 4 to 30 seconds. Microseismic noise usually displays two predominant peaks. The weaker is for the larger periods, typically close to 16 s, and can be explained by the effect of surface gravity waves in shallow water. These microseisms have the same period as the water waves that generate them, and are usually called 'primary microseisms'. The stronger peak, for shorter periods, is also due to surface gravity waves in water, but arises from the interaction of waves with nearly equal frequencies but nearly opposite directions (the clapotis). These tremors have a period which is half of the water wave period and are usually called 'secondary microseisms'. A slight, but detectable, incessant excitation of the Earth's free oscillations, or normal modes, with periods in the range 30 to 1000 s, and is often referred to as the \"Earth hum\". For periods up to 300 s, the vertical displacement corresponds to Rayleigh waves generated like the primary microseisms, with the difference that it involves the interaction of infragravity waves with the ocean bottom topography. The dominant sources of this vertical hum component are likely located along the shelf break, the transition region between continental shelves and the abyssal plains. As a result, from the short period 'secondary microseisms' to the long period 'hum', this seismic noise contains information on the sea states. It can be used to estimate ocean wave properties and their variation, on time scales of individual events (a few hours to a few days) to their seasonal or multi-decadal evolution. Using these signals, however, requires a basic understanding of the microseisms generation processes. Generation of primary microseisms The details of the primary mechanism was first given by Klaus Hasselmann, with a simple expression of the microseism source in the particular case",
"title": "Microseism"
},
{
"docid": "13220980",
"text": "The Grand Canyon Caverns ( or , ), located just a few miles east of Peach Springs, Arizona, lie below ground level. They are among the largest dry caverns in the United States. Dry caverns comprise only 3% of caverns in the world. Because of the lack of water, stalagmites and stalactites are rare in the caverns. During the Mississippian Period, 345 million years ago, the southwestern United States was covered by ocean. Skeletons of sea life settling to the depths, created a mud with a high percentage of calcium. This eventually hardened into the limestone bedrock seen in the caverns today. Over millions of years, the bedrock was pushed up to over above sea level. Approximately 35 million years ago, rainfall flowed into the rock, and eroded passages that led to the Colorado River and what is now the Grand Canyon. Millions of years later, the evaporating water left calcium deposits on the walls and floors, creating the formations that can be viewed today. Contemporary history In 1927, Walter Peck discovered the caverns by chance. After a failed search for gold, he opened the caverns to travelers and began charging 25 cents admission, which included a view of a purported caveman. In the 1960s the \"caveman\" was shown to be the remains of two inhabitants of the area, who had died in the winter of 1917–1918. Part of a group of Hualapai Native Americans harvesting and cutting firewood on the caverns' hilltop, they were trapped there for three days by a snowstorm. Two brothers died from influenza, and since the ground was frozen solid with and covered in snow, they were buried in what was thought to be only a hole, as returning them to their tribal headquarters in Peach Springs risked spreading the flu. In 1935, the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration made an agreement with Peck to build a new entrance to the Caverns. In 1962, another entrance was built by blasting a shaft into the limestone and installing a large elevator. At that time the natural entrance was also sealed off at the request of the Hualapai Indians as it was considered a sacred burial place. Near the natural entrance, the skeletal remains of a Paramylodon harlani (Glossotherium harlani) were also found. This giant and extinct ground sloth lived during the Age of Mammals around 11,000 years ago, when the woolly mammoth and saber tooth cat roamed North America. Peck had named the caverns Yampai Caverns, with the name being changed several times. Up until 1957, they were known as The Coconino Caverns. From 1957 through 1962, they were known as The Dinosaur Caverns. In 1962, they were renamed The Grand Canyon Caverns. During the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. government designated the caverns as a fallout shelter, with supplies for 2,000 people. These supplies remain in the caverns. In 1979, a cosmic ray telescope was installed at Grand Canyon Caverns, below the surface. Features The area includes a hotel, (The Grand",
"title": "Grand Canyon Caverns"
},
{
"docid": "21549825",
"text": "The Casius quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is located in the north-central portion of Mars' eastern hemisphere and covers 60° to 120° east longitude (240° to 300° west longitude) and 30° to 65° north latitude. The quadrangle uses a Lambert conformal conic projection at a nominal scale of 1:5,000,000 (1:5M). The Casius quadrangle is also referred to as MC-6 (Mars Chart-6). Casius quadrangle contains part of Utopia Planitia and a small part of Terra Sabaea. The southern and northern borders of the Casius quadrangle are approximately 3,065 km and 1,500 km wide, respectively. The north to south distance is about 2,050 km (slightly less than the length of Greenland). The quadrangle covers an approximate area of 4.9 million square km, or a little over 3% of Mars' surface area. Origin of name Casius is the name of a telescopic albedo feature located at 40° N and 100° E on Mars. The feature was named by Schiaparelli in 1888 after Mt Casius in Egypt, famous in antiquity for the nearby coastal marshes in which whole armies were reputed to have drowned. The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1958. Physiography and geology The high latitude Casius quadrangle bears several features that are believed to indicate the presence of ground ice. Patterned ground is one such feature. Usually, polygonal shapes are found poleward of 55 degrees latitude. Other features associated with ground ice are Scalloped Topography, Ring Mold Craters, and Concentric Crater Fill. Polygonal patterned ground Polygonal, patterned ground is quite common in some regions of Mars, especially in scalloped topography. It is commonly believed to be caused by the sublimation of ice from the ground. Sublimation is the direct change of solid ice to a gas. This is similar to what happens to dry ice on the Earth. Places on Mars that display polygonal ground may indicate where future colonists can find water ice. Patterned ground forms in a mantle layer that fell from the sky when the climate was different. Polygonal ground is generally divided into two kinds: high center and low center. The middle of a high center polygon is 10 meters across and its troughs are 2–3 meters wide. Low center polygons are 5–10 meters across and the boundary ridges are 3–4 meters wide. Low center polygons have been proposed as a marker for ground ice. Ring mold craters Ring mold craters look like the ring molds used in baking. They are believed to be caused by an impact into ice. The ice is covered by a layer of debris. They are found in parts of Mars that have buried ice. Laboratory experiments confirm that impacts into ice result in a \"ring mold shape\". They may be an easy way for future colonists of Mars to find water ice. Concentric crater fill Concentric crater fill is when the floor of a crater is mostly",
"title": "Casius quadrangle"
},
{
"docid": "2200368",
"text": "The geology of Venus is the scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet Venus. Within the Solar System, it is the one nearest to Earth and most like it in terms of mass, but has no magnetic field or recognizable plate tectonic system. Much of the ground surface is exposed volcanic bedrock, some with thin and patchy layers of soil covering, in marked contrast with Earth, the Moon, and Mars. Some impact craters are present, but Venus is similar to Earth in that there are fewer craters than on the other rocky planets that are largely covered by them. This is due in part to the thickness of the Venusian atmosphere disrupting small impactors before they strike the ground, but the paucity of large craters may be due to volcanic re-surfacing, possibly of a catastrophic nature. Volcanism appears to be the dominant agent of geological change on Venus. Some of the volcanic landforms appear to be unique to the planet. There are shield and composite volcanoes similar to those found on Earth, although these volcanoes are significantly shorter than those found on Earth or Mars. Given that Venus has approximately the same size, density, and composition as Earth, it is plausible that volcanism may be continuing on the planet today, as demonstrated by recent studies. Most of the Venusian surface is relatively flat; it is divided into three topographic units: lowlands, highlands, and plains. In the early days of radar observation the highlands drew comparisons to the continents of Earth, but modern research has shown that this is superficial and the absence of plate tectonics makes this comparison misleading. Tectonic features are present to a limited extent, including linear \"deformation belts\" composed of folds and faults. These may be caused by mantle convection. Many of the tectonic features such as tesserae (large regions of highly deformed terrain, folded and fractured in two or three dimensions), and arachnoids (those features resembling a spider's web) are associated with volcanism. Eolian landforms are not widespread on the planet's surface, but there is considerable evidence the planet's atmosphere causes the chemical weathering of rock, especially at high elevations. The planet is remarkably dry, with only a chemical trace of water vapor (20 ppm) in the Venusian atmosphere. No landforms indicative of past water or ice are visible in radar images of the surface. The atmosphere shows isotopic evidence of having been stripped of volatile elements by off-gassing and solar wind erosion over time, implying the possibility that Venus may have had liquid water at some point in the distant past; no direct evidence for this has been found. Much speculation about the geological history of Venus continues today. The surface of Venus is not easily accessible because of the extremely thick atmosphere (some 90 times that of Earth's) and the surface temperature. Much of what is known about it stems from orbital radar observations, because the surface is permanently obscured in visible wavelengths by cloud cover. In addition, a number",
"title": "Geology of Venus"
},
{
"docid": "661187",
"text": "The swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus), also called the cane-cutter, is a large cottontail rabbit found in the swamps and wetlands of the southern United States. The species has a strong preference for wet areas, and it will take to the water and swim. Range and habitat The swamp rabbit is found in much of the south-central United States and along the Gulf coast. It is most abundant in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, but also inhabits South Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee, Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and Georgia. It is possibly extirpated from Kansas. Swamp rabbits mainly live close to lowland water, often in cypress swamps, marshland, floodplain, and river tributaries. Swamp rabbits spend much of their time in depressions which they dig in tall grass or leaves, providing cover while they wait until the nighttime to forage. There is concern that swamp rabbits are increasingly becoming exposed to predation, especially during snowy/wintry seasons. Snow cover has shown to increase swamp rabbit mortality by almost two times in the northern extent of their range. This is due mostly to the fact that snow cover constrains hiding ability and availability of food resources. Physical description S. aquaticus is the largest of the cottontail species, although its ears are smaller than those of other cottontails. Males are slightly larger than females. The head and back are typically dark or rusty brown or black, while the throat, ventral surface, and tail are white, and there is a cinnamon-colored ring around the eye. Their sides, rump, tail and feet are much more brownish, along with a pinkish-cinnamon eye-ring, as opposed to the whitish eye-ring in eastern cottontails. S. aquaticus males vary in weight from approximately to , with an average of about ; females vary from approx. to , averaging about . S. aquaticus ranges in length from approx. to , with an average length of about . Predation Known predators of Sylvilagus aquaticus are domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), and humans (Homo sapiens). Even though their swimming abilities lack the speed to escape a pack of hunting dogs, swamp rabbits elude pursuers by lying still in the water surrounded by brush or plant debris with only their nose visible. The species is hunted for fur, meat, and sport, and is the second-most commonly hunted rabbit in the United States. Swamp rabbits have several adaptations to avoid predators: cryptic coloration, \"freezing\", and rapid, irregular jumping patterns. Ontogeny and reproduction S. aquaticus are synchronous breeders. Females give birth to altricial young. Young are born with well-developed fur but their eyes are closed and they are immobile. Their eyes have opened by day three and the young have begun walking. They are weaned and leave the nest after about 15 days. Young are sexually mature at seven months and reach adult weight at 10 months. The nests in which the young are born consist of a slight depression in the earth that is filled with grasses mixed with rabbit hair. Breeding season varies widely",
"title": "Swamp rabbit"
},
{
"docid": "4967948",
"text": "Terra Sirenum is a large region in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars. It is centered at and covers 3900 km at its broadest extent. It covers latitudes 10 to 70 South and longitudes 110 to 180 W. Terra Sirenum is an upland area notable for massive cratering including the large Newton Crater. Terra Sirenum is in the Phaethontis quadrangle and the Memnonia quadrangle of Mars. A low area in Terra Sirenum is believed to have once held a lake that eventually drained through Ma'adim Vallis. Terra Sirenum is named after the Sirens, who were birds with the heads of girls. In the Odyssey these girls captured passing seamen and killed them. Chloride deposits Evidence of deposits of chloride based minerals in Terra Sirenum was discovered by the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter's Thermal Emission Imaging System in March 2008. The deposits are approximately 3.5 to 3.9 billion years old. This suggests that near-surface water was widespread in early Martian history, which has implications for the possible existence of Martian life. Besides finding chlorides, MRO discovered iron/magnesium smectites which are formed from long exposure in water. Based on chloride deposits and hydrated phyllosilicates, Alfonso Davila and others believe there is an ancient lakebed in Terra Sirenum that had an area of 30,000 km2 and was 200 meters deep. Other evidence that supports this lake are normal and inverted channels like ones found in the Atacama desert. Inverted relief Some areas of Mars show inverted relief, where features that were once depressions, like streams, are now above the surface. It is believed that materials like large rocks were deposited in low-lying areas. Later, erosion (perhaps wind which can't move large rocks) removed much of the surface layers, but left behind the more resistant deposits. Other ways of making inverted relief might be lava flowing down a stream bed or materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water. On Earth, materials cemented by silica are highly resistant to all kinds of erosional forces. Examples of inverted channels on Earth are found in the Cedar Mountain Formation near Green River, Utah. Inverted relief in the shape of streams are further evidence of water flowing on the Martian surface in past times. Martian gullies Terra Sirenum is the location of many Martian gullies that may be due to recent flowing water. Some are found in the Gorgonum Chaos and in many craters near the large craters Copernicus and Newton. Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters. Moreover, they lie on top of sand dunes which themselves are considered to be quite young. Tongue-shaped glaciers Possible pingos The radial and concentric cracks visible here are common when forces penetrate a brittle layer, such as a rock thrown through a glass window. These particular fractures were probably created by something emerging from below the brittle Martian surface. Ice may have accumulated under the surface in a lens shape;",
"title": "Terra Sirenum"
},
{
"docid": "51506837",
"text": "The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the planet Earth: Earth – third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. Classification of Earth Astronomical object Gravitationally rounded object Planet Planet of the Solar System Inner planet Terrestrial planet Location of Earth Earth's location in the Universe Universe – all of time and space and its contents. Observable universe – spherical region of the Universe comprising all matter that may be observed from Earth at the present time, because light and other signals from these objects have had time to reach Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. Laniakea Supercluster – galaxy supercluster that is home to the Milky Way and approximately 100,000 other nearby galaxies. Includes the prior defined local supercluster, the Virgo Supercluster, as an appendage. Virgo Supercluster – one of the approximately 10 million superclusters in the observable universe. It spans 33 megaparsecs (110 million light-years), and contains at least 100 galaxy groups and clusters, including the Local Group. Local Group – specific galaxy group that includes the Milky Way and at least 53 other galaxies, most of them dwarf galaxies. Milky Way Galaxy – a specific barred spiral galaxy Orion Arm – a spiral arm of the Milky Way Solar System – the Sun and the objects that orbit it, including eight planets, the third planet closest to the Sun being Earth Earth's orbit – path through which the Earth travels around the Sun. The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million kilometers (92.96 million miles). Movement of the Earth Earth's orbit Earth's rotation Earth's precession Features of Earth Age of the Earth Figure of the Earth (size and shape) Earth radius Models of the Earth Globe World map Gravity of Earth Earth's magnetic field Natural environment Earth's spheres Atmosphere of Earth Earth's biosphere Ecosystems Biomes biogeographic realms Marine realms Bioregions Ecoregions (list) Anthroposphere Noosphere Earth's geosphere Structure of the Earth Earth's surface Lithosphere of Earth (solid Earth) Earth's crust Land Landforms (list) Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Pedosphere Ocean floor Earth's mantle Earth's core Outer core Inner core Earth's hydrosphere This sphere represents all water on Earth, wherever it is and in whatever form within the water cycle. Water, by relative altitude Atmospheric water Water vapor Clouds Precipitation Cryosphere (frozen water) Polar ice caps Ice sheets Ice caps Glaciers Surface water Bodies of water (list) World Ocean Southern Ocean Oceans - This includes the Earth's five oceans: The Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. Groundwater Water, by salt content Fresh water Brackish water Seawater Astronomical events on Earth Meteor showers (list) Meteorite falls Tides Eclipse - This includes both a lunar eclipse and solar eclipse. Equinox - This includes both the March equinox and the September equinox. Solstice - This includes the",
"title": "Outline of Earth"
},
{
"docid": "30872597",
"text": "Hypoxia (hypo: \"below\", oxia: \"oxygenated\") refers to low oxygen conditions. For air-breathing organisms, hypoxia is problematic but for many anaerobic organisms, hypoxia is essential. Hypoxia applies to many situations, but usually refers to the atmosphere and natural waters. Atmospheric hypoxia Atmospheric hypoxia occurs naturally at high altitudes. Total atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, causing a lower partial pressure of oxygen, which is defined as hypobaric hypoxia. Oxygen remains at 20.9% of the total gas mixture, differing from hypoxic hypoxia, where the percentage of oxygen in the air (or blood) is decreased. This is common in the sealed burrows of some subterranean animals, such as blesmols. Atmospheric hypoxia is also the basis of altitude training, which is a standard part of training for elite athletes. Several companies mimic hypoxia using normobaric artificial atmosphere. Aquatic hypoxia An aquatic system lacking dissolved oxygen (0% saturation) is termed anaerobic, reducing, or anoxic. In water, oxygen levels are approximately 7 ppm or 0.0007% in good quality water, but fluctuate. Many organisms require hypoxic conditions. Oxygen is poisonous to anaerobic bacteria for example. Oxygen depletion is typically expressed as a percentage of the oxygen that would dissolve in the water at the prevailing temperature and salinity. A system with low concentration—in the range between 1 and 30% saturation—is called hypoxic or dysoxic. Most fish cannot live below 30% saturation since they rely on oxygen to derive energy from their nutrients. Hypoxia leads to impaired reproduction of remaining fish via endocrine disruption. A \"healthy\" aquatic environment should seldom experience less than 80% saturation. The exaerobic zone is found at the boundary of anoxic and hypoxic zones. Hypoxia can occur throughout the water column and also at high altitudes as well as near sediments on the bottom. It usually extends throughout 20-50% of the water column, but depends on the water depth and location of pycnoclines (rapid changes in water density with depth). It can occur in 10-80% of the water column. For example, in a 10-meter water column, it can reach up to 2 meters below the surface. In a 20-meter water column, it can extend up to 8 meters below the surface. Seasonal kill Hypolimnetic oxygen depletion can lead to both summer and winter \"kills\". During summer stratification, inputs or organic matter and sedimentation of primary producers can increase rates of respiration in the hypolimnion. If oxygen depletion becomes extreme, aerobic organisms, like fish, may die, resulting in what is known as a \"summer kill\". The same phenomena can occur in the winter, but for different reasons. During winter, ice and snow cover can attenuate light, and therefore reduce rates of photosynthesis. The freezing over of a lake also prevents air-water interactions that allow the exchange of oxygen. This creates a lack of oxygen while respiration continues. When the oxygen becomes badly depleted, anaerobic organisms can die, resulting in a \"winter kill\". Causes of hypoxia Oxygen depletion can result from a number of natural factors, but is most often a concern as a consequence of",
"title": "Hypoxia (environmental)"
},
{
"docid": "33965039",
"text": "Kepler-22b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation KOI-087.01) is an exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the Sun-like star Kepler-22. It is located about from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope in December 2011 and was the first known transiting planet to orbit within the habitable zone of a Sun-like star, where liquid water could exist on the planet's surface. Kepler-22 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-22b's radius is roughly twice that of Earth. Its mass and surface composition are unknown. However, an Earth-like composition for the planet has been ruled out; it is likely to have a volatile-rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell. The only parameters of the planet's orbit that are currently available are its orbital period (about ) and its inclination (approximately 90°). Evidence suggests that the planet has a moderate surface temperature, assuming that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating. In the absence of an atmosphere, its equilibrium temperature (assuming an Earth-like albedo) would be approximately , slightly higher than that of Earth's . The planet's first transit was observed on 12 May 2009. Confirmation of the existence of Kepler-22b was announced on 5 December 2011. Physical characteristics Mass, radius and temperature Kepler-22b's radius was initially thought to be 2.4 times that of Earth, but has since been revised to . Its mass and surface composition remain unknown, with only some rough estimates established: at the time of the discovery announcement, it was known to have fewer than 124 Earth masses at the 3-sigma confidence limit, and fewer than 36 Earth masses at 1-sigma confidence. The adopted model in Kipping et al. (2013) does not reliably detect the mass (the upper limit is 52.8 ). , the upper limit has been constrained to at most . Kepler-22b, dubbed by scientists as a 'water world', might be an 'ocean-like' planet. It might also be comparable to the water-rich planet Gliese 1214 b although Kepler-22b, unlike Gliese 1214 b, is in the habitable zone. An Earth-like composition is ruled out to at least 1-sigma uncertainty by radial velocity measurements of the system. It is thus likely to have a more volatile-rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell; this would make it similar to Kepler-11f, one of the smallest known gas planets. Natalie Batalha, one of the scientists on the Kepler Space Telescope project, has speculated, \"If it is mostly ocean with a small rocky core, it's not beyond the realm of possibility that life could exist in such an ocean\". This possibility has spurred SETI to perform research on top candidates for extraterrestrial life. In the absence of an atmosphere, its equilibrium temperature (assuming an Earth-like albedo) would be approximately , compared with Earth's . Host star The host star, Kepler-22, is a G-type star that is 3% less massive than the Sun and 2% smaller in volume. It has a surface temperature",
"title": "Kepler-22b"
},
{
"docid": "11090",
"text": "A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense community of trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines a forest as, \"Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban use.\" Using this definition, Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 (FRA 2020) found that forests covered , or approximately 31 percent of the world's land area in 2020. Forests are the largest terrestrial ecosystems of Earth by area, and are found around the globe. 45 percent of forest land is in the tropical latitudes. The next largest share of forests are found in subarctic climates, followed by temperate, and subtropical zones. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary production of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes of biomass per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests. Forests form distinctly different biomes at different latitudes and elevations, and with different precipitation and evapotranspiration rates. These biomes include boreal forests in subarctic climates, tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests around the Equator, and temperate forests at the middle latitudes. Forests form in areas of the Earth with high rainfall, while drier conditions produce a transition to savanna. However, in areas with intermediate rainfall levels, forest transitions to savanna rapidly when the percentage of land that is covered by trees drops below 40 to 45 percent. Research conducted in the Amazon rainforest shows that trees can alter rainfall rates across a region, releasing water from their leaves in anticipation of seasonal rains to trigger the wet season early. Because of this, seasonal rainfall in the Amazon begins two to three months earlier than the climate would otherwise allow. Deforestation in the Amazon and anthropogenic climate change hold the potential to interfere with this process, causing the forest to pass a threshold where it transitions into savanna. Deforestation threatens many forest ecosystems. Deforestation occurs when humans remove trees from a forested area by cutting or burning, either to harvest timber or to make way for farming. Most deforestation today occurs in tropical forests. The vast majority of this deforestation is because of the production of four commodities: wood, beef, soy, and palm oil. Over the past 2,000 years, the area of land covered by forest in Europe has been reduced from 80% to 34%. Large areas of forest have also been cleared in China and in the eastern United States, in which only 0.1% of land was left undisturbed. Almost half of Earth's forest area (49 percent) is relatively intact, while 9 percent is found in fragments with little or no connectivity. Tropical",
"title": "Forest"
},
{
"docid": "9288398",
"text": "An embankment dam is a large artificial dam. It is typically created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi-plastic mound of various compositions of soil or rock. It has a semi-pervious waterproof natural covering for its surface and a dense, impervious core. This makes the dam impervious to surface or seepage erosion. Such a dam is composed of fragmented independent material particles. The friction and interaction of particles binds the particles together into a stable mass rather than by the use of a cementing substance. Types Embankment dams come in two types: the earth-filled dam (also called an earthen dam or terrain dam) made of compacted earth, and the rock-filled dam. A cross-section of an embankment dam shows a shape like a bank, or hill. Most have a central section or core composed of an impermeable material to stop water from seeping through the dam. The core can be of clay, concrete, or asphalt concrete. This type of dam is a good choice for sites with wide valleys. They can be built on hard rock or softer soils. For a rock-fill dam, rock-fill is blasted using explosives to break the rock. Additionally, the rock pieces may need to be crushed into smaller grades to get the right range of size for use in an embankment dam. Earth-fill dams Earth-fill dams, also called earthen dams, rolled-earth dams or earth dams, are constructed as a simple embankment of well-compacted earth. A homogeneous rolled-earth dam is entirely constructed of one type of material but may contain a drain layer to collect seep water. A zoned-earth dam has distinct parts or zones of dissimilar material, typically a shell of locally plentiful material with a watertight clay core. Modern zoned-earth embankments employ filter and drain zones to collect and remove seep water and preserve the integrity of the downstream shell zone. An outdated method of zoned earth dam construction used a hydraulic fill to produce a watertight core. Rolled-earth dams may also employ a watertight facing or core in the manner of a rock-fill dam. The frozen-core dam is a temporary earth dam occasionally used in high latitudes by circulating a coolant through pipes inside the dam to maintain a watertight region of permafrost within it. Tarbela Dam is a large dam on the Indus River in Pakistan, about northwest of Islamabad. Its height of above the river bed and reservoir make it the largest earth-filled dam in the world. The principal element of the project is an embankment long with a maximum height of . The dam used approximately 200 million cubic yards (152.8 million cu. meters) of fill, which makes it one of the largest man-made structures in the world. Because earthen dams can be constructed from local materials, they can be cost-effective in regions where the cost of producing or bringing in concrete would be prohibitive. Rock-fill embankment dams Rock-fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth with an impervious zone. The earth used often contains a high percentage",
"title": "Embankment dam"
},
{
"docid": "68779455",
"text": "A fissure is a long, narrow crack opening along the surface of Earth. The term is derived from the Latin word , which means 'cleft' or 'crack'. Fissures emerge in Earth's crust, on ice sheets and glaciers, and on volcanoes. Ground fissure A , also called an , is a long, narrow crack or linear opening in the Earth's crust. Ground fissures can form naturally, such as from tectonic faulting and earthquakes, or as a consequence of human activity, such as oil mining and groundwater pumping. Once formed, ground fissures can be extended and eroded by torrential rain. They can be hazardous to people and livestock living on the affected surfaces and damaging to property and infrastructure, such as roads, underground pipes, canals, and dams. In circumstances where there is the extensive withdrawal of groundwater, the earth above the water table can subside causing fissures to form at the surface. This typically occurs at the floor of arid valleys having rock formations and compacted soils with a high percentage of fine-grained material. Crevasse A , also called an , is a deep linear crack in an ice sheet or glacier resulting from the opposing force produced by their movement at different rates of speed. The force builds until their associated shear stress is sufficient to break the ice along the faces. The breakage often forms vertical or near-vertical walls, which can melt and create seracs, arches, and other ice formations. A crevasse may be as deep as and as wide as . A crevasse may be covered, but not necessarily filled, by a snow bridge made of the previous years' accumulation and snow drifts. The result is that crevasses are rendered invisible, and extremely dangerous to anyone attempting to traverse a glacier. Types of crevasses Longitudinal crevasses form parallel to the ice flow where the glacier width is expanding. Splaying crevasses appear along the edges of a glacier. Transverse crevasses form in a zone of longitudinal extension where the principal stresses are parallel to the direction of glacier flow. Fissure vent A , also known as a or , is a long volcanic vent through which lava erupts. Fissure vents are connected to deep magma reservoirs and are typically found in and along rifts and rift zones. They are commonly associated with shield volcanoes. Over time fissure vents form spatter cones and can feed lava channels and lava tubes. Karst terrain or simply are vast regions of barren land with rocky ground and generally consisting of nearby caves, fissured ground, and sinkholes. Although these regions normally have moderate to heavy rainfall, they are noticeably devoid of vegetation and characteristically have no lakes, rivers, or streams on their surface. They form when large to massive veins of soluble aggregate like limestone, gypsum, or dolomite are excavated by underground torrents of flowing water. Karst aquifers In the United States, about 40% of the groundwater used for drinking comes from . Some of these areas are well known vacation destinations like Carlsbad Caverns",
"title": "Fissure"
},
{
"docid": "23527621",
"text": "The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to hydrology: Hydrology – study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. What type of thing is hydrology? Hydrology can be described as all of the following: a branch of science a branch of natural science a branch of physical science a branch of Earth science a branch of geography a branch of physical geography Essence of hydrology Water Hydrologic cycle Cryosphere Origin of water on Earth Water distribution on Earth Branches of hydrology Hydrometry – the measurement of the different components of the hydrologic cycle Chemical hydrology – the study of the chemical characteristics of water Ecohydrology – the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle Hydrogeology – the study of the presence and movement of water in aquifers Hydroinformatics – the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications Hydrometeorology – the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere Isotope hydrology – the study of the isotopic signatures of water Surface hydrology – the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near the Earth's surface Catchment hydrology – study of the governing processes in a given hydrologically defined catchment Drainage basin management – covers water-storage, in the form of reservoirs, and flood-protection. Water quality – includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes. History of hydrology History of hydrology Things studied by hydrology Abstract concepts in hydrology Field capacity Phenomena studied by hydrology Water movement pathways Water cycle (aka \"hydrological cycle\") Above ground Evaporation – Pan evaporation – Condensation – Precipitation – condensed water, is pulled by gravity back to Earth, in the form of: Drizzle Rain Sleet Snow Graupel Hail Interception – Evapotranspiration – Stemflow – Throughfall – On ground Surface runoff – flow of surface water First flush Floods Flash floods Overland flow – Horton overland flow – Below ground Infiltration – Pipeflow – Baseflow – Subsurface flow – flow of ground water Physical things studied by hydrology Ground water Soil moisture Surface water Environmental issues Desertification/Oasification – Hypoxia – Erosion – Water pollution – Measurement tools Groundwater Aquifer characterization Flow direction Piezometer - groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test) Conductivity, storativity, transmisivity Geophysical methods Vadose zone characterization Infiltration Infiltrometer - infiltration Soil moisture Capacitance probe-soil moisture Time domain reflectometer - soil moisture Tensiometer - soil moisture Solute sampling Geophysical methods Surface water Water level Mechanical pressure gauge – Electronic pressure gauge – Acoustic pressure gauge – Channel shape Dumpy level – Discharge Acoustic Doppler velocimeter – Dilution tracing – Meteorological Precipitation Rain gauge – rainfall depth (unit) and intensity (unit time−1) Disdrometer – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity Doppler weather radar – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity, rain cloud reflectivity converted to precipitation intensity through calibration",
"title": "Outline of hydrology"
},
{
"docid": "13578381",
"text": "HD 113766 is a binary star system located 424 light years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Centaurus. The star system is approximately 10 million years old and both stars are slightly more massive than the Sun. The two are separated by an angle of 1.3 arcseconds, which, at the distance of this system, corresponds to a projected separation of at least 170 AU. What makes HD 113766 special is the presence of a large belt of warm (~440 K) dust surrounding the star HD 113766 A. The dense dust belt, more than 100 times more massive than the Solar System's asteroid belt, is thought to be collapsing to form a rocky planet, which when it has formed will lie within the star's terrestrial habitable zone where liquid water can exist on its surface. HD 113766 represents the most well understood system in a growing class of objects that should provide more clues to how rocky planets like the Earth formed. HD 113766 A Rocky accretion belt The dusty material in the system was analyzed in 2007 by a group led by Dr. Carey Lisse, of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, MD, USA. Observations were made using the infrared spectrometer on board the Spitzer Space Telescope, and interpreted using the results of the NASA Deep Impact and STARDUST missions. Analysis of the atomic and mineral composition, dust temperature, and dust mass show a huge amount of warm material similar to metal rich S-type asteroids in a narrow belt at 1.8 ± 0.2 AU from the HD 113766 A. The group found at least a Mars' mass worth of warm dust in particles of size 10 m or less, and very likely as much as a few Earth masses of dust if one adds in the contribution of material in bodies up to 1 km in radius which are currently thought to be the basic building blocks of rocky planet formation. Comparison with current planetary formation theories suggests that the disk is in the early stages of terrestrial (rocky) planet formation. This can be also inferred by the presence of metals in the rocky material making up the disk. If planets had already formed the high density metals should have sunk to their cores during the molten stage of planet formation; a process known as planetary differentiation. Icy accretion belts While no water gas was found to be associated with the warm dust belt, two concentrations of icy material were found in the system. The first belt lies between 4 and 9 AU, and is at the equivalent position of the solar system's asteroid belt, while the second belt is even farther out between 30 and 80 AU, where the solar system's Kuiper Belt would lie. This material may be the source of future water for the rocky planet at 1.8 AU if and when it completes its formation. There may also be gas giant planets in this system, already formed (in the first 1-5",
"title": "HD 113766"
},
{
"docid": "43126",
"text": "Callisto (, ), or Jupiter IV, is the second-largest moon of Jupiter, after Ganymede. In the Solar System it is the third-largest moon after Ganymede and Saturn's largest moon Titan, and as large as the smallest planet Mercury, though only about a third as massive. Callisto is, with a diameter of , roughly a third larger than Earth's Moon and orbits Jupiter on average at a distance of , which is about six times further out than the Moon orbiting Earth. It is the outermost of the four large Galilean moons of Jupiter, which were discovered in 1610 with one of the first telescopes, being visible from Earth with common binoculars. The surface of Callisto is the oldest and most heavily cratered object in the Solar System. Its surface is completely covered with impact craters. It does not show any signatures of subsurface processes such as plate tectonics or volcanism, with no signs that geological activity in general has ever occurred, and is thought to have evolved predominantly under the influence of impacts. Prominent surface features include multi-ring structures, variously shaped impact craters, and chains of craters (catenae) and associated scarps, ridges and deposits. At a small scale, the surface is varied and made up of small, sparkly frost deposits at the tips of high spots, surrounded by a low-lying, smooth blanket of dark material. This is thought to result from the sublimation-driven degradation of small landforms, which is supported by the general deficit of small impact craters and the presence of numerous small knobs, considered to be their remnants. The absolute ages of the landforms are not known. Callisto is composed of approximately equal amounts of rock and ice, with a density of about , the lowest density and surface gravity of Jupiter's major moons. Compounds detected spectroscopically on the surface include water ice, carbon dioxide, silicates and organic compounds. Investigation by the Galileo spacecraft revealed that Callisto may have a small silicate core and possibly a subsurface ocean of liquid water at depths greater than . It is not in an orbital resonance like the three other Galilean satellites—Io, Europa and Ganymede—and is thus not appreciably tidally heated. Callisto's rotation is tidally locked to its orbit around Jupiter, so that it always faces the same direction, making Jupiter appear to hang directly overhead over its near-side. It is less affected by Jupiter's magnetosphere than the other inner satellites because of its more remote orbit, located just outside Jupiter's main radiation belt. Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and probably molecular oxygen, as well as by a rather intense ionosphere. Callisto is thought to have formed by slow accretion from the disk of the gas and dust that surrounded Jupiter after its formation. Callisto's gradual accretion and the lack of tidal heating meant that not enough heat was available for rapid differentiation. The slow convection in the interior of Callisto, which commenced soon after formation, led to partial differentiation and possibly to the",
"title": "Callisto (moon)"
},
{
"docid": "23823321",
"text": "The Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station (KGU), is an operational hydroelectric power plant across the Kafue River in Zambia. Location KGU is located on the Kafue River, approximately , by road, south of Lusaka, the capital and largest city in Zambia. This is approximately upstream of where the Kafue River empties into the Zambezi River, and approximately upstream of the Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station. The geographical coordinates of Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station are:15°48'25.0\"S, 28°25'16.0\"E (Latitude:-15.806944; Longitude:28.421111). Overview KGU is an earth-rockfill dam with a concrete spillway with four radial gates. The electromechanical capacity is six generators of 150 megawatts each, for maximum capacity of 900 megawatts. The reservoir measures in surface area. The power generators and electromechanical power house are below ground. The water effluent from 900 megawatts Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station is used downstream to power the 750 megawatts Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station, in what is known as cascaded generation. History Construction of this power station started in 1967. In 1971, the first 150 megawatt turbine was installed and commissioned. Three other turbines were installed and commissioned in 1972. At some point between 1973 and 2009, two more turbines of 150 megawatts each, were installed to bring the generating capacity at the power station to 900 megawatts. The station currently has an installed capacity of 990 MW with six (6) generators with a capacity of 165 MW each. The power plant has a 330 kV power line output. References External links Official Website of ZESCO Power stations in Zambia Kafue River Kafue District Underground power stations Energy infrastructure completed in 1973 Hydroelectric power stations in Zambia",
"title": "Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station"
},
{
"docid": "15654406",
"text": "Lake Untersee ( \"Lower Lake\") is the largest surface freshwater lake in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica. It is situated to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. The lake is approximately long and wide, with a surface area of , and a maximum depth of . The lake is permanently covered with ice and is partly bounded by glacier ice. Lake Untersee is an unusual lake, with pH between 9.8 and 12.1, dissolved oxygen at 150 per cent supersaturation, and very low primary production in the water column. Despite the high oxygen supersaturation in most of the lake, there is a small sub-basin at the southern end that is anoxic, and its sediments may have a higher methane concentration than those of any other known lake on Earth. Much of the primary production is in microbial communities that grow on the floor of the lake as stromatolites. The water temperature varies between and and the ice cover on the lake is thick. The ice cover may have persisted for over 100,000 years, and some scientists studying climate change fear significant environmental changes associated with global warming in the coming decades. In the past, the water chemistry of the lake has been compared to Clorox. However, the chemical activity of bleach is due to Cl− in addition to a pH that is higher than that measures in Lake Untersee, and Lake Untersee does not have high chlorine or chlorite concentrations. Geography Lake Untersee lies in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica, which is roughly on the same longitude as Huab, in the Skeleton Coast National Park on the northern coast of Namibia. It is situated 90 kilometres (56 mi) to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. Aurkjosen Cirque lies at the east side of the lake. The lake is approximately long and wide and has a surface area of ( is also reported). Its maximum depth is . It is permanently covered with ice, which has an average thickness of in summer. The lake is dammed by the Anuchin Glacier, and meltwater from the Anuchin Glacier is the main source of water. The lake has no outlet. Water is lost through sublimation and ablation of the ice cover. The lake is categorized as an ultra-oligotrophic lake. Lake Ober-See, a smaller ( glacial lake, is located a few kilometres to the northeast and is similar in most respects. History Isotope studies have established that the lake has long had a permanent ice cover. Further, studies carried out during the austral summer confirm the lake's homogeneous characteristics, with thermal convection as the reason given for its hydro-geochemical and isotropical nature. It is replenished perennially by a process of underwater melting of the adjacent glacier ice. It is also stated that the lake existed during the Holocene period when it emerged from a melt-water pond. Studies of Lake Untersee have revealed that there are several large boulders",
"title": "Lake Untersee"
},
{
"docid": "5444216",
"text": "In atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive, dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed. Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues. Types The main assumption made by the thermotropic model is that while the magnitude of the thermal wind may change, its direction does not change with respect to height, and thus the baroclinicity in the atmosphere can be simulated using the and geopotential height surfaces and the average thermal wind between them. Barotropic models assume the atmosphere is nearly barotropic, which means that the direction and speed of the geostrophic wind are independent of height. In other words, no vertical wind shear of the geostrophic wind. It also implies that thickness contours (a proxy for temperature) are parallel to upper level height contours. In this type of atmosphere, high and low pressure areas are centers of warm and cold temperature anomalies. Warm-core highs (such as the subtropical ridge and Bermuda-Azores high) and cold-core lows have strengthening winds with height, with the reverse true for cold-core highs (shallow arctic highs) and warm-core lows (such as tropical cyclones). A barotropic model tries to solve a simplified form of atmospheric dynamics based on the assumption that the atmosphere is in geostrophic balance; that is, that the Rossby number of the air in the atmosphere is small. If the assumption is made that the atmosphere is divergence-free, the curl of the Euler equations reduces into the barotropic vorticity equation. This latter equation can be solved over a single layer of the atmosphere. Since the atmosphere at a height of approximately is mostly divergence-free, the barotropic model best approximates the state of the atmosphere at a geopotential height corresponding to that altitude, which corresponds to the atmosphere's pressure surface.",
"title": "Atmospheric model"
},
{
"docid": "26673238",
"text": "The mineralogy of Mars is the chemical composition of rocks and soil that encompass the surface of Mars. Various orbital crafts have used spectroscopic methods to identify the signature of some minerals. The planetary landers performed concrete chemical analysis of the soil in rocks to further identify and confirm the presence of other minerals. The only samples of Martian rocks that are on Earth are in the form of meteorites. The elemental and atmospheric composition along with planetary conditions is essential in knowing what minerals can be formed from these base parts. Mineral composition The surface geology of Mars is somewhere between the basalt or andesite rocks on Earth. This led to the formation of minerals similar to what is found on Earth. The presence of iron oxide gives the surface the “rust” color that is associated with Mars, the Red Planet. The presence of perchlorate, in high percentages, forms highly saline soils, which could produce liquid water. Chemical alteration of Martian rocks into carbonate and phyllosilicate minerals occurred earlier in Mars history when water was present in large quantities. Orbital instruments and Landers not only identified new minerals but in some cases also confirmed the presence of minerals detected by the others. Phyllosilicates Kaolinite (} Montmorillonite() Mica () Serpentine () Felsic minerals Quartz () Feldspar () Maskelynite Salts Gypsum () Perchlorate () Carbonates (Ca rich) Ikaite () Aragonite () Ankerite () Sulfates (Ca/Mg rich) Jarosite () Other undetermined Mafic minerals Olivine () Pyroxene () Augite () Pigeonite () Clinopyroxene Iron oxides Hematite () Magnetite () Ilmenite () Orbital instruments Orbital crafts sent to Mars provided data on surface geology mostly through spectroscopy. This data is used to determine possible minerals on the surface, and the types of instruments Landers would need in order to narrow down those minerals. Mars Global Surveyor Launched in 1996, it used the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC), Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter, and Thermal Emission Spectrometer to show layering on the surface, presence of surface ice, and the mineral hematite. The presence of ice over the surface is essential to understanding why certain water bearing minerals are on Mars. Mars Odyssey Launched in 2001, although it carried multiple instruments only Thermal Emission Imaging System was designed to look at minerals. This allowed it to detect the presence of quartz, olivine, and hematite. Mars Express Launched in 2003 the Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) observed montmorillonite and localized phyllosilicate minerals. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Launched in 2005 this orbiter carried multiple instruments which found the mineralogy to be dominated by mafic minerals such as olivine, mica, pyroxene and smectite clays such as kaolinite. The HiRISE was used in determining the landing site for the Phoenix Lander. Using the CTX (camera) and CRISM instruments it was able to find phyllosilicate minerals, carbonate minerals, and oxides. The SHARAD was used to detect carbonate dust layers. Landers To date, the only method planetary scientists have used to carry out experiments on the Martian surface has been to send probes",
"title": "Mineralogy of Mars"
},
{
"docid": "1010773",
"text": "(; ) is an optical phenomenon in which a bright spot appears around the shadow of the viewer's head in the presence of dew. In photogrammetry and remote sensing, it is more commonly known as the hotspot. It is also occasionally known as Cellini's halo after the Italian artist and writer Benvenuto Cellini (15001571), who described the phenomenon in his memoirs in 1562. Nearly spherical dew droplets act as lenses to focus the light onto the surface behind them. When this light scatters or reflects off that surface, the same lens re-focuses that light into the direction from which it came. This configuration is similar to a cat's eye retroreflector. However a cat's eye retroreflector needs a refractive index of around 2, while water has a much smaller refractive index of approximately 1.33. This means that the water droplets focus the light about 20% to 50% of the diameter beyond the rear surface of the droplet. When dew droplets are suspended on trichomes at approximately this distance away from the surface of a plant, the combination of droplet and plant acts as a retroreflector. Any retroreflective surface is brightest around the antisolar point. Opposition surge by other particles than water and the glory in water vapour are similar effects caused by different mechanisms. See also Aureole effect Brocken spectre, the magnified shadow of an observer cast upon the upper surfaces of clouds opposite the Sun Gegenschein, a faint spot of dust lit by sunlight focused by Earth's atmosphere, visible in the night sky toward the antisolar point Retroreflector Subparhelic circle Sylvanshine References External links A site showing examples of a Heiligenschein What causes heiligenschein Atmospheric optical phenomena",
"title": "Heiligenschein"
},
{
"docid": "1852572",
"text": "The Marangoni effect (also called the Gibbs–Marangoni effect) is the mass transfer along an interface between two phases due to a gradient of the surface tension. In the case of temperature dependence, this phenomenon may be called thermo-capillary convection (or Bénard–Marangoni convection). History This phenomenon was first identified in the so-called \"tears of wine\" by physicist James Thomson (Lord Kelvin's brother) in 1855. The general effect is named after Italian physicist Carlo Marangoni, who studied it for his doctoral dissertation at the University of Pavia and published his results in 1865. A complete theoretical treatment of the subject was given by J. Willard Gibbs in his work On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1875-8). Mechanism Since a liquid with a high surface tension pulls more strongly on the surrounding liquid than one with a low surface tension, the presence of a gradient in surface tension will naturally cause the liquid to flow away from regions of low surface tension. The surface tension gradient can be caused by concentration gradient or by a temperature gradient (surface tension is a function of temperature). In simple cases, the speed of the flow , where is the difference in surface tension and is the viscosity of the liquid. Water has a surface tension of around 0.07 N/m, and a viscosity of approximately 10−3 Pa s, at room temperature. So even variations of a few percent in the surface tension of water can generate Marangoni flows of almost 1 m/s. Thus Marangoni flows are common and easily observed. For the case of a small drop of surfactant dropped onto the surface of water, Roché and coworkers performed quantitative experiments and developed a simple model that was in approximate agreement with the experiments. This described the expansion in the radius of a patch of the surface covered in surfactant, due to an outward Marangoni flow at a speed . They found that speed of expansion of the surfactant-covered patch of the water surface occurred at speed of approximately for the surface tension of water, , the (lower) surface tension of the surfactant-covered water surface, the viscosity of water, and the mass density of water. For N/m, i.e., of order tens of per cent reduction in surface tension of water, and as for water N m−6s3, we obtain the second equality above. This gives speeds that decrease as surfactant-covered region grows, but are of order cms/s to mm/s. The equation is obtained by making a couple of simple approximations, the first is by equating the stress at the surface due to the concentration gradient of surfactant (which drives the Marangoni flow) with the viscous stresses (that oppose flow). The Marangoni stress , i.e., gradient in the surface tension due gradient in the surfactant concentration (from high in the centre of the expanding patch, to zero far from the patch). The viscous shear stress is simply the viscosity times the gradient in shear velocity , for the depth into the water of the flow due to the spreading",
"title": "Marangoni effect"
},
{
"docid": "6029513",
"text": "Terra Cimmeria is a large Martian region, centered at and covering at its broadest extent. It covers latitudes 15 N to 75 S and longitudes 170 to 260 W. It lies in the Eridania quadrangle. Terra Cimmeria is one part of the heavily cratered, southern highland region of the planet. The Spirit rover landed near the area. The word Cimmerium comes from an ancient Thracian seafaring people. The land was always covered in clouds and mist. A high altitude visual phenomena, probably a condensation cloud, was seen above this region in late March 2012. NASA tried to observe it with some of its Mars orbiters, including the THEMIS instrument on the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft and MARCI on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Martian gullies Terra Cimmeria is the location of gullies that may be due to recent flowing water. Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few if any craters. Moreover, they lie on top of sand dunes which themselves are considered to be quite young. Usually, each gully has an alcove, channel, and apron. Some studies have found that gullies occur on slopes that face all directions, others have found that the greater number of gullies are found on poleward facing slopes, especially from 30–44 S. Although many ideas have been put forward to explain them, the most popular involve liquid water coming from an aquifer, from melting at the base of old glaciers, or from the melting of ice in the ground when the climate was warmer. There is evidence for all three theories. Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect of an aquifer. Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in aquifers at the usual depths where gullies begin. One variation of this model is that rising hot magma could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layers that allow water to flow. They may consist of porous sandstone. The aquifer layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). Because water in an aquifer is prevented from going down, the only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. Eventually, water could flow out onto the surface when the aquifer reaches a break—like a crater wall. The resulting flow of water could erode the wall to create gullies. Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is \"Weeping Rock\" in Zion National Park Utah. As for the next theory, much of the surface of Mars is covered by a thick smooth mantle that is thought to be a mixture of ice and dust. This ice-rich mantle, a few yards thick, smooths the land, but in places it has a bumpy texture, resembling the surface of a basketball. The mantle may be like a glacier and under certain",
"title": "Terra Cimmeria"
},
{
"docid": "6262231",
"text": "Most water in Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total. The vast bulk of the water on Earth is saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land. In all, water from oceans and marginal seas, saline groundwater and water from saline closed lakes amount to over 97% of the water on Earth, though no closed lake stores a globally significant amount of water. Saline groundwater is seldom considered except when evaluating water quality in arid regions. The remainder of Earth's water constitutes the planet's resource. Typically, fresh water is defined as water with a salinity of less than 1% that of the oceans – i.e. below around 0.35‰. Water with a salinity between this level and 1‰ is typically referred to as because it is marginal for many uses by humans and animals. The ratio of salt water to fresh water on Earth is around 50:1. The planet's fresh water is also very unevenly distributed. Although in warm periods such as the Mesozoic and Paleogene when there were no glaciers anywhere on the planet all fresh water was found in rivers and streams, today most fresh water exists in the form of ice, snow, groundwater and soil moisture, with only 0.3% in liquid form on the surface. Of the liquid surface fresh water, 87% is contained in lakes, 11% in swamps, and only 2% in rivers. Small quantities of water also exist in the atmosphere and in living beings. Although the total volume of groundwater is known to be much greater than that of river runoff, a large proportion of this groundwater is saline and should therefore be classified with the saline water above. There is also a lot of fossil groundwater in arid regions that have never been renewed for thousands of years; this must not be seen as renewable water. Distribution of saline and fresh water The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km3 (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being freshwater. Of the freshwater, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. Because the oceans that cover roughly 70.8% of the area of Earth reflect blue light, Earth appears blue from space, and is often referred to as the blue planet and the Pale Blue Dot. Liquid freshwater like lakes and rivers cover about 1% of Earth's surface and altogether with Earth's ice cover, Earth's surface is 75% water by area. Lakes Collectively, Earth's lakes hold 199,000 km3 of water. Most lakes are in the high northern latitudes, far from human population centers. The North American Great Lakes, which contain 21% of the world's fresh water by volume, are an exception. The Great Lakes Basin is home to 33 million people. The Canadian cities of",
"title": "Water distribution on Earth"
},
{
"docid": "693305",
"text": "Prochlorococcus is a genus of very small (0.6 μm) marine cyanobacteria with an unusual pigmentation (chlorophyll a2 and b2). These bacteria belong to the photosynthetic picoplankton and are probably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. Prochlorococcus microbes are among the major primary producers in the ocean, responsible for a large percentage of the photosynthetic production of oxygen. Prochlorococcus strains, called ecotypes, have physiological differences enabling them to exploit different ecological niches. Analysis of the genome sequences of Prochlorococcus strains show that 1,273 genes are common to all strains, and the average genome size is about 2,000 genes. In contrast, eukaryotic algae have over 10,000 genes. Discovery Although there had been several earlier records of very small chlorophyll-b-containing cyanobacteria in the ocean, Prochlorococcus was discovered in 1986 by Sallie W. (Penny) Chisholm of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Robert J. Olson of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and other collaborators in the Sargasso Sea using flow cytometry. Chisholm was awarded the Crafoord Prize in 2019 for the discovery. The first culture of Prochlorococcus was isolated in the Sargasso Sea in 1988 (strain SS120) and shortly another strain was obtained from the Mediterranean Sea (strain MED). The name Prochlorococcus originated from the fact it was originally assumed that Prochlorococcus was related to Prochloron and other chlorophyll-b-containing bacteria, called prochlorophytes, but it is now known that prochlorophytes form several separate phylogenetic groups within the cyanobacteria subgroup of the bacteria domain. The only species within the genus described is Prochlorococcus marinus, although two subspecies have been named for low-light and high-light adapted niche variations. Morphology Marine cyanobacteria are to date the smallest known photosynthetic organisms; Prochlorococcus is the smallest at just 0.5 to 0.7 micrometres in diameter. The coccoid shaped cells are non-motile and free-living. Their small size and large surface-area-to-volume ratio, gives them an advantage in nutrient-poor water. Still, it is assumed that Prochlorococcus have a very small nutrient requirement. Moreover, Prochlorococcus have adapted to use sulfolipids instead of phospholipids in their membranes to survive in phosphate deprived environments. This adaptation allows them to avoid competition with heterotrophs that are dependent on phosphate for survival. Typically, Prochlorococcus divide once a day in the subsurface layer or oligotrophic waters. Distribution Prochlorococcus is abundant in the euphotic zone of the world's tropical oceans. It is possibly the most plentiful genus on Earth: a single millilitre of surface seawater may contain 100,000 cells or more. Worldwide, the average yearly abundance is individuals (for comparison, that is approximately the number of atoms in a ton of gold). Prochlorococcus is ubiquitous between 40°N and 40°S and dominates in the oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) regions of the oceans. Prochlorococcus is mostly found in a temperature range of 10–33 °C and some strains can grow at depths with low light (<1% surface light). These strains are known as LL (Low Light) ecotypes, with strains that occupy shallower depths in the water column known as HL (High Light) ecotypes. Furthermore, Prochlorococcus are more plentiful in the presence of heterotrophs that have catalase",
"title": "Prochlorococcus"
},
{
"docid": "176813",
"text": "Physical geodesy is the study of the physical properties of Earth's gravity and its potential field (the geopotential), with a view to their application in geodesy. Measurement procedure Traditional geodetic instruments such as theodolites rely on the gravity field for orienting their vertical axis along the local plumb line or local vertical direction with the aid of a spirit level. After that, vertical angles (zenith angles or, alternatively, elevation angles) are obtained with respect to this local vertical, and horizontal angles in the plane of the local horizon, perpendicular to the vertical. Levelling instruments again are used to obtain geopotential differences between points on the Earth's surface. These can then be expressed as \"height\" differences by conversion to metric units. Units Gravity is commonly measured in units of m·s−2 (metres per second squared). This also can be expressed (multiplying by the gravitational constant G in order to change units) as newtons per kilogram of attracted mass. Potential is expressed as gravity times distance, m2·s−2. Travelling one metre in the direction of a gravity vector of strength 1 m·s−2 will increase your potential by 1 m2·s−2. Again employing G as a multiplier, the units can be changed to joules per kilogram of attracted mass. A more convenient unit is the GPU, or geopotential unit: it equals 10 m2·s−2. This means that travelling one metre in the vertical direction, i.e., the direction of the 9.8 m·s−2 ambient gravity, will approximately change your potential by 1 GPU. Which again means that the difference in geopotential, in GPU, of a point with that of sea level can be used as a rough measure of height \"above sea level\" in metres. Gravity Potential fields Geoid Due to the irregularity of the Earth's true gravity field, the equilibrium figure of sea water, or the geoid, will also be of irregular form. In some places, like west of Ireland, the geoid—mathematical mean sea level—sticks out as much as 100 m above the regular, rotationally symmetric reference ellipsoid of GRS80; in other places, like close to Sri Lanka, it dives under the ellipsoid by nearly the same amount. The separation between the geoid and the reference ellipsoid is called the undulation of the geoid, symbol . The geoid, or mathematical mean sea surface, is defined not only on the seas, but also under land; it is the equilibrium water surface that would result, would sea water be allowed to move freely (e.g., through tunnels) under the land. Technically, an equipotential surface of the true geopotential, chosen to coincide (on average) with mean sea level. As mean sea level is physically realized by tide gauge bench marks on the coasts of different countries and continents, a number of slightly incompatible \"near-geoids\" will result, with differences of several decimetres to over one metre between them, due to the dynamic sea surface topography. These are referred to as vertical datums or height datums. For every point on Earth, the local direction of gravity or vertical direction, materialized with the plumb line,",
"title": "Physical geodesy"
},
{
"docid": "4752159",
"text": "The impact depth of a projectile is the distance it penetrates into a target before coming to a stop. The physicist Sir Isaac Newton first developed this idea to get rough approximations for the impact depth for projectiles traveling at high velocities. Newton's approximation for the impact depth Newton's approximation for the impact depth for projectiles at high velocities is based only on momentum considerations. Nothing is said about where the impactor's kinetic energy goes, nor what happens to the momentum after the projectile is stopped. The basic idea is simple: The impactor carries a given momentum. To stop the impactor, this momentum must be transferred onto another mass. Since the impactor's velocity is so high that cohesion within the target material can be neglected, the momentum can only be transferred to the material (mass) directly in front of the impactor, which will be pushed at the impactor's speed. If the impactor has pushed a mass equal to its own mass at this speed, its whole momentum has been transferred to the mass in front of it and the impactor will be stopped. For a cylindrical impactor, by the time it stops, it will have penetrated to a depth that is equal to its own length times its relative density with respect to the target material. This approach is only valid for a narrow range of velocities less than the speed of sound within the target or impactor material. If the impact velocity is greater than the speed of sound within the target or impactor material, impact shock causes the material to fracture, and at higher velocities to behave like a gas, causing rapid ejection of target and impactor material and the formation of a crater. The depth of the crater depends on the material properties of impactor and target, as well as the velocity of impact. Typically, greater impact velocity means greater crater depth. Applications Projectile: Full metal projectiles should be made of a material with a very high density, like uranium (19.1 g/cm3) or lead (11.3 g/cm3). According to Newton's approximation, a full metal projectile made of uranium will pierce through roughly 2.5 times its own length of steel armor. Shaped charge, bazooka: For a shaped charge (anti-tank) to pierce through steel plates, it is essential that the explosion generates a long heavy metal jet (in a shaped charge for anti-tank use, the explosion generates a high speed metal jet from the cone shaped metal lining). This jet may then be viewed as the impactor of Newton's approximation. Meteorite: As may be concluded from the air pressure, the atmosphere's material is equivalent to about 10 m of water. Since ice has about the same density as water, an ice cube from space travelling at 15 km/s or so must have a length of 10 m to reach the surface of the earth at high speed. A smaller ice cube will be slowed to terminal velocity. A larger ice cube may also be slowed, however, as long as it",
"title": "Impact depth"
},
{
"docid": "4387406",
"text": "A set of equations describing the trajectories of objects subject to a constant gravitational force under normal Earth-bound conditions. Assuming constant acceleration g due to Earth’s gravity, Newton's law of universal gravitation simplifies to F = mg, where F is the force exerted on a mass m by the Earth’s gravitational field of strength g. Assuming constant g is reasonable for objects falling to Earth over the relatively short vertical distances of our everyday experience, but is not valid for greater distances involved in calculating more distant effects, such as spacecraft trajectories. History Galileo was the first to demonstrate and then formulate these equations. He used a ramp to study rolling balls, the ramp slowing the acceleration enough to measure the time taken for the ball to roll a known distance. He measured elapsed time with a water clock, using an \"extremely accurate balance\" to measure the amount of water. The equations ignore air resistance, which has a dramatic effect on objects falling an appreciable distance in air, causing them to quickly approach a terminal velocity. The effect of air resistance varies enormously depending on the size and geometry of the falling object—for example, the equations are hopelessly wrong for a feather, which has a low mass but offers a large resistance to the air. (In the absence of an atmosphere all objects fall at the same rate, as astronaut David Scott demonstrated by dropping a hammer and a feather on the surface of the Moon.) The equations also ignore the rotation of the Earth, failing to describe the Coriolis effect for example. Nevertheless, they are usually accurate enough for dense and compact objects falling over heights not exceeding the tallest man-made structures. Overview Near the surface of the Earth, the acceleration due to gravity = 9.807 m/s2 (metres per second squared, which might be thought of as \"metres per second, per second\"; or 32.18 ft/s2 as \"feet per second per second\") approximately. A coherent set of units for , , and is essential. Assuming SI units, is measured in metres per second squared, so must be measured in metres, in seconds and in metres per second. In all cases, the body is assumed to start from rest, and air resistance is neglected. Generally, in Earth's atmosphere, all results below will therefore be quite inaccurate after only 5 seconds of fall (at which time an object's velocity will be a little less than the vacuum value of 49 m/s (9.8 m/s2 × 5 s) due to air resistance). Air resistance induces a drag force on any body that falls through any atmosphere other than a perfect vacuum, and this drag force increases with velocity until it equals the gravitational force, leaving the object to fall at a constant terminal velocity. Terminal velocity depends on atmospheric drag, the coefficient of drag for the object, the (instantaneous) velocity of the object, and the area presented to the airflow. Apart from the last formula, these formulas also assume that negligibly varies with height",
"title": "Equations for a falling body"
},
{
"docid": "55321500",
"text": "The geochemistry of carbon is the study of the transformations involving the element carbon within the systems of the Earth. To a large extent this study is organic geochemistry, but it also includes the very important carbon dioxide. Carbon is transformed by life, and moves between the major phases of the Earth, including the water bodies, atmosphere, and the rocky parts. Carbon is important in the formation of organic mineral deposits, such as coal, petroleum or natural gas. Most carbon is cycled through the atmosphere into living organisms and then respirated back into the atmosphere. However an important part of the carbon cycle involves the trapping of living matter into sediments. The carbon then becomes part of a sedimentary rock when lithification happens. Human technology or natural processes such as weathering, or underground life or water can return the carbon from sedimentary rocks to the atmosphere. From that point it can be transformed in the rock cycle into metamorphic rocks, or melted into igneous rocks. Carbon can return to the surface of the Earth by volcanoes or via uplift in tectonic processes. Carbon is returned to the atmosphere via volcanic gases. Carbon undergoes transformation in the mantle under pressure to diamond and other minerals, and also exists in the Earth's outer core in solution with iron, and may also be present in the inner core. Carbon can form a huge variety stable compounds. It is an essential component of living matter. Living organisms can live in a limited range of conditions on the Earth that are limited by temperature and the existence of liquid water. The potential habitability of other planets or moons can also be assessed by the existence of liquid water. Carbon makes up only 0.08% of the combination of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Yet it is the twelfth most common element there. In the rock of the lithosphere, carbon commonly occurs as carbonate minerals containing calcium or magnesium. It is also found as fossil fuels in coal and petroleum and gas. Native forms of carbon are much rarer, requiring pressure to form. Pure carbon exists as graphite or diamond. The deeper parts of Earth such as the mantle are very hard to discover. Few samples are known, in the form of uplifted rocks, or xenoliths. Even fewer remain in the same state they were in where the pressure and temperature is much higher. Some diamonds retain inclusions held at pressures they were formed at, but the temperature is much lower at the surface. Iron meteorites may represent samples of the core of an asteroid, but it would have formed under different conditions to the Earth's core. Therefore, experimental studies are conducted in which minerals or substances are compressed and heated to determine what happens in similar conditions to the planetary interior. The two common isotopes of carbon are stable. On Earth, carbon 12, 12C is by far the most common at 98.894%. Carbon 13 is much rarer averaging 1.106%. This percentage can vary slightly and its",
"title": "Geochemistry of carbon"
},
{
"docid": "3666609",
"text": "An atmometer or evaporimeter is a scientific instrument used for measuring the rate of water evaporation from a wet surface to the atmosphere. Atmometers are mainly used by farmers and growers to measure evapotranspiration (ET) rates of crops at any field location. Evapotranspiration is a measure of all of the water that evaporates from land surfaces plus the water that transpires from plant surfaces. Based on the amount of water that does evaporate and transpire, the user can water crops correspondingly, which results in less water use and possibly increased crop yields. Companies that currently sell atmometers include C&M Meteorological Supply and Calsense. Design An atmometer consists of a porous, ceramic plate connected to a water reservoir by a glass or plastic tube. The device stands around tall with a diameter of . Water is drawn from the water reservoir through the tube to wet the plate. As the water on the plate evaporates, more water is drawn from the reservoir to re-wet the plate. A canvas cover made of Gore-Tex is placed over the plate to prevent anything from getting in. The canvas cover is important because it simulates the amount of solar radiation a plant absorbs under certain weather conditions and controls the rate of evaporation. Different types of canvas covers simulate different amounts of evapotranspiration rates that various plant surfaces would undergo. For example, alfalfa ET rates are estimated using the No. 54 green canvas cover, while grass ET rates are estimated using the No. 30 green canvas cover. A membrane between the plate and canvas cover prevents rain water from wetting the gauge yet allows water vapor to escape. A gauge that runs up the side of the atmometer measures the level of water (in inches) in the reservoir, which shows how much water has evaporated. An electronic model of the atmometer is also available, which includes a data logger attached to it. A data logger automatically records the level of water every time a change due to evaporation occurs. The data that the data logger records can be downloaded onto a computer to record the results. The electronic model eliminates possible human error that could occur from reading the gauge, but costs approximately $900 while the manual model costs approximately $300. Use and maintenance An atmometer is fairly easy to install and use. It is usually mounted on a wooden post about s above the ground in an area representative of the weather and field conditions. The plate of the atmometer should be placed in direct sunlight so the evaporation rates are not affected. It should not be placed near tall trees or buildings, as they can affect the amount of exposure that the atmometer has to environmental factors, which affect evapotranspiration rates. To measure the amount of water that has evaporated, calculate the change in water level on the gauge by subtracting the final water level from the initial water level. Advantages (compared to weather stations) In a 2003 study conducted on the Central",
"title": "Atmometer"
},
{
"docid": "11572600",
"text": "Kolumbo is an active submarine volcano in the Aegean Sea in Greece, about 8 km northeast of Cape Kolumbo, Santorini island. The largest of a line of about twenty submarine volcanic cones extending to the northeast from Santorini, it is about 3 km in diameter with a crater 1.5 km across. It first noticed by humans when it breached the sea surface in 1649-50. The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program treats it as part of the Santorini volcano, though at least one source maintains that it is a separate magmatic system. The 1650 explosion, which occurred when the accumulating cone reached the surface, sent pyroclastic flows across the sea surface to the shores and slopes of Santorini, where about seventy people and many animals died. A small ring of white pumice that formed was rapidly eroded away by wave action. The volcano collapsed into its caldera, triggering a tsunami that caused damage on nearby islands up to 150 km distant. The highest parts of the crater rim are now about 10 m below sea level. In 2006, sea floor pyroclastic deposits from the two Aegean explosions were explored, sampled and mapped by an expedition by NOAA Ocean Explorer, equipped with ROV robotics. The crater floor, averaging about 505 m below the sea surface, is marked in its northeast area by a field of hydrothermal vents and covered by a thick bacterial community, the 2006 NOAA expedition discovered. Superheated (measured as hot as 224 °C) metal-enriched water issuing from the vents has built chimneys of polymetallic sulfide/sulfates to a maximum height of 4 m, apparently accumulated since the 1650 event. The 2006 expedition initiated new seismic air-gun techniques in order to determine the volume and distribution of the submarine volcanic deposit of pumice and ash on the sea floor around Santorini, which has been studied extensively since 1975. Revised, more accurate estimates of the total dense rock equivalent volume of the Minoan event(s), consisting of pyroclastic sea floor deposits, distal ash fallout and ignimbrites on the island of Santorini, is likely about 60 km3, a greatly increased estimate, comparable to the largest historic explosion, Mount Tambora 1815; the increased estimate affects the size of the ensuing tsunami as it has been widely modeled. In October 2022 it was announced that a previously undetected magma chamber had been discovered approximately 2 to 4 km below sea level in the Kolumbo underwater volcano. Scientists had determined that it is gradually filling with melt. Although an eruption is not imminent, it does pose a threat which has prompted them to recommend real-time monitoring of the volcano. See also Minoan eruption Timeline of volcanism on Earth Notes References NOAA Ocean Explorer: Thera 2006 Expedition Summary NOAA Ocean Explorer: Thera 2006 Expedition detailed Log University of Rhode Island: Kolumbo Volcano Ferdinand André Fouqué, Santorin et ses éruptions (Paris: Masson) 1879. Haraldur Sigurdsson, S. Carey, C. Mandeville, 1990. \"Assessment of mass, dynamics and environmental effects of the Minoan eruption of the Santorini volcano\" in Thera and the",
"title": "Kolumbo"
},
{
"docid": "2312855",
"text": "Isotope hydrology is a field of geochemistry and hydrology that uses naturally occurring stable and radioactive isotopic techniques to evaluate the age and origins of surface and groundwater and the processes within the atmospheric hydrologic cycle. Isotope hydrology applications are highly diverse, and used for informing water-use policy, mapping aquifers, conserving water supplies, assessing sources of water pollution, and increasingly are used in eco-hydrology to study human impacts on all dimensions of the hydrological cycle and ecosystem services. Details Water molecules carry unique isotopic \"fingerprints\", based in part on differing ratios of the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes that constitute the water molecule. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Air, freshwater and seawater contain mostly oxygen-16 ( 16O). Oxygen-18 (18O) occurs in approximately one oxygen atom in every five hundred and has a slightly higher mass than oxygen-16, as it has two extra neutrons. From a simple energy and bond breakage standpoint this results in a preference for evaporating the lighter 16O containing water and leaving more of the 18O water behind in the liquid state (called isotope fractionation). Thus seawater tends to contain more 18O than rain and snow. Dissolved ions in surface and groundwater water also contain useful isotopes for hydrological investigations. Dissolved species like sulfate and nitrate contain differing ratios of 34-S to 32-S or 15-N to 14-N, and are often diagnostic of pollutant sources. Natural radioisotopes like tritium (3-H) and radiocarbon (14-C) are also used as natural clocks to determine the residence times of water in aquifers, rivers, and the oceans. Applications The most commonly used isotope application in hydrology uses hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to evaluate sources or age of water, ice or snow. Isotopes in ice cores help to reveal conditions of past climate. Higher average global temperature would provide more energy and thus an increase the atmospheric 18O content of rain or snow, so that lower than modern amounts of 18O in groundwater or ice layer imply the water or ice represents a period of cooler climatic eras or even ice ages. Another application involves the separation of groundwater flow and baseflow from streamflow in the field of catchment hydrology (i.e. a method of hydrograph separation). Since precipitation in each rain or snowfall event has a specific isotopic signature, and subsurface water can be identified by well sampling, the composite signature in the stream is an indicator the proportion of the streamflow comes from overland flow and what portion comes from subsurface flow. Stable isotopes in the water molecule are also useful in tracing the sources (or proportion of sources) of water that plants use. Current use The isotope hydrology program at the International Atomic Energy Agency works to aid developing states to create a detailed portrait of Earth's water resources. In Ethiopia, Libya, Chad, Egypt and Sudan, the International Atomic Energy Agency used radioisotope techniques to help local water policy identify and conserve fossil water. The International Atomic Energy Agency maintains a",
"title": "Isotope hydrology"
},
{
"docid": "26592619",
"text": "CoRoT-9b is an exoplanet orbiting the star CoRoT-9, approximately 1500 light years away in the constellation Serpens. CoRoT-9b's distance of nearest approach to its parent star of approximately 0.36 AU was the largest of all known transiting planets at the time of its discovery, with an orbital period of 95 days. The transit of this planet lasts 8 hours. The planet is at a distance from its star where there is a strong increase in albedo as the temperature decreases, because of the condensation of reflective water clouds in the atmosphere. This suggests its atmosphere may be locked into one of two states: a cloudless state with temperatures between and , or covered in water clouds with a temperature in the range to . Discovery CoRoT-9b was discovered by combining observations from the CoRoT satellite, which looks for a small dip in starlight as a planet passes in front of its parent star, and radial velocity measurements from the European Southern Observatory's High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) instrument on the 3.6 m Telescope. Its presence was confirmed by observations from several telescopes from the ESO. This discovery was announced in 2010 on St. Patrick's Day, after 145 days of continuous observations in summer 2008. Mass and size CoRoT-9b has a mass of 0.84 times that of Jupiter (MJ) as determined from HARPS spectroscopy, and has a radius of 1.05 times that of Jupiter (RJ) as determined from photometry of the transit light curve. This implies that this planet has a density of 96% that of water, and surface gravity 1.93 times that of Earth. A search for rings and satellites around this planet with the Spitzer space telescope was negative. Atmosphere and interior Since CoRoT-9b is the first temperate giant exoplanet found by the transit method, astronomers will be able to study the atmosphere of a temperate giant planet for the first time, examining the composition of clouds, the composition of the atmosphere, temperature distributions, and even some details of the interior of the planet. The atmosphere of this planet is presumably dominated by hydrogen and helium (like Jupiter and Saturn), with up to 20 Earth masses of other elements including water, as well as rock at high temperatures and pressures. The authors of the CoRoT-9b discovery paper refer to the planet as a class II (\"water cloud\") or class III (\"clear\") atmosphere planet, as described by the Sudarsky extrasolar planet classification. See also CoRoT is a CNES space mission to discover planets using the photometric transit method. It is in polar orbit around the Earth. CoRoT-7b is a rocky super-Earth. HD 80606 b is the longest period (but much more eccentric than CoRoT-9b) transiting planet. GJ 1214 b is a transiting super-Earth found by MEarth Project. References External links \"CoRoT-9b, a temperate exoplanet\" - DLR Portal, 2010.march.17 Exoplanets discovered in 2010 Transiting exoplanets Giant planets Serpens 9b Articles containing video clips",
"title": "CoRoT-9b"
},
{
"docid": "42744699",
"text": "The Salvinia effect describes the permanent stabilization of an air layer upon a hierarchically structured surface submerged in water. Based on biological models (e.g. the floating ferns Salvinia, backswimmer Notonecta), biomimetic Salvinia-surfaces are used as drag reducing coatings (up to 30% reduction were previously measured on the first prototypes. When applied to a ship hull, the coating would allow the boat to float on an air-layer, reducing energy consumption and emissions. Such surfaces require an extremely water repellent super-hydrophobic surface and an elastic hairy structure in the millimeter range to entrap air while submerged. The Salvinia effect was discovered by the biologist and botanist Wilhelm Barthlott (University of Bonn) and his colleagues and has been investigated on several plants and animals since 2002. Publications and patents were published between 2006 and 2016. The best biological models are the floating ferns (Salvinia) with highly sophisticated hierarchically structured hairy surfaces, and the back swimmers (e.g.Notonecta) with a complex double structure of hairs (setae) and microvilli (microtrichia). Three of the ten known Salvinia species show a paradoxical chemical heterogeneity: hydrophilic hair tips, in addition to the super-hydrophobic plant surface, further stabilizing the air layer. Salvinia, Notonecta and other organisms with air retaining surfaces Immersed in water, extremely water repellent (super-hydrophobic), structured surfaces trap air between the structures and this air-layer is maintained for a period of time. A silvery shine, due to the reflection of light at the interface of air and water, is visible on the submerged surfaces. Long lasting air layers also occur in aquatic arthropods which breathe via a physical gill (plastron) e. g. the water spider (Argyroneta) and the saucer bug (Aphelocheirus) Air layers are presumably also conducive to the reduction of friction in fast moving animals under water, as is the case for the back swimmer Notonecta. The best known examples for long term air retention under water are the floating ferns of genus Salvinia. About ten species of very diverse sizes are found in lentic water in all warmer regions of the earth, one widely spread species (S. natans) found in temperate climates can be even found in Central Europe. The ability to retain air is presumably a survival technique for these plants. The upper side of the floating leaves is highly water repellent and possesses highly complex and species-specific very distinctive hairs. Some species present multicellular free-standing hairs of 0.3–3 mm length (e. g. S. cucullata) while on others, two hairs are connected at the tips (e.g. S. oblongifolia). S. minima and S. natans have four free standing hairs connected at a single base. The Giant Salvinia (S. molesta), as well as S. auriculata, and other closely related species, display the most complex hairs: four hairs grow on a shared shaft; they are connected at their tips. These structures resemble microscopic eggbeaters and are therefore referred to as “eggbeater trichomes”. The entire leaf surface, including the hairs, is covered with nanoscale wax crystals which are the reason for the water repellent properties of the surfaces. These",
"title": "Salvinia effect"
},
{
"docid": "62349416",
"text": "is a sub-kilometer near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 17 September 2006, by the Catalina Sky Survey at Catalina Station in Arizona. On 21 November 2019, it passed Earth at a distance of , which is the object's closest flyby for centuries. The stony A/S-type asteroid is highly elongated in shape and has a rotation period of 11.5 hours. Orbit and classification orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.7–1.2 AU once every 11 months (338 days; semi-major axis of 0.95 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Catalina Station in September 2006. Close approaches Being a potentially hazardous asteroid, has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) of which corresponds to 7.4 lunar distances. In order to be classified as \"potentially hazardous\" an object must have an Earth-MOID of less than – approximately 19.5 lunar distances – and an absolute magnitude brighter than 22, approximately corresponding to a diameter above . On 21 November 2019 at 00:01 UTC, it passed Earth at a nominal distance (measured from the center of the Earth) of and at a relative velocity of . This is the object's closest flyby in JPL's data base, which covers 183 approaches over almost three centuries from April 1900 to November 2198. On 19 November 2069, it will pass from Earth, which will be the asteroid's second closest approach after its record flyby on 21 November 2019. Numbering and naming This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 12 January 2017 (). As of 2020 it has not been named. Physical characteristics During its apparition in November 2007, spectro-photometric data obtained of allowed for an A/S/D-type classification. This classification could be further constrained to an A/S-type, as a D-type does not agree with the object's relatively high albedo value (see below). Rotation period In September 2018, a rotational lightcurve of was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner and Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a very high brightness amplitude of magnitude (), indicative of a highly elongated non-spherical shape. The two photometrists revisited the object in October 2019 and obtained a similar result of hours with an even higher magnitude of (). Diameter and albedo According to the NEOSurvey carried out by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, the asteroid's surface has an albedo of , which gives a mean-diameter of roughly 300 meters based on an absolute magnitude of 19.9. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.20 and a diameter of 0.311 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 19.9 as well. References External links An asteroid as large as 2,000 feet across will speed past Earth later this month, bgr.com, 6 November 2019 NEO Earth Close Approaches, CNEOS – Center for Near Earth Object",
"title": "(481394) 2006 SF6"
},
{
"docid": "2926",
"text": "The Antarctic ( or , American English also or ; commonly ) is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau, and other island territories located on the Antarctic Plate or south of the Antarctic Convergence. The Antarctic region includes the ice shelves, waters, and all the island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately wide and varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20 percent of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5 percent (14 million km2) is the surface area of the Antarctica continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administered under the Antarctic Treaty System. Biogeographically, the Antarctic realm is one of eight biogeographic realms on Earth's land surface. Climate change in Antarctica is particularly important because the melting of the Antarctic ice sheet has a high potential to add to the global sea level rise. Further, this melting also disrupts the flow of Southern Ocean overturning circulation, which would have significant effects on the local climate and marine ecosystem functioning. Geography As defined by the Antarctic Treaty System, the Antarctic region is everything south of the 60°S latitude. The Treaty area covers Antarctica and the archipelagos of the Balleny Islands, Peter I Island, Scott Island, the South Orkney Islands, and the South Shetland Islands. However, this area does not include the Antarctic Convergence, a transition zone where the cold waters of the Southern Ocean collide with the warmer waters of the north, forming a natural border to the region. Because the Convergence changes seasonally, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources approximates the Convergence line by joining specified points along parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. The implementation of the convention is managed through an international commission headquartered in Hobart, Australia, by an efficient system of annual fishing quotas, licenses, and international inspectors on the fishing vessels, as well as satellite surveillance. The islands situated between 60°S latitude parallel to the south and the Antarctic Convergence to the north and their respective exclusive economic zones fall under the national jurisdiction of the countries that possess them: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom), Bouvet Island (Norway), and Heard and McDonald Islands (Australia). Kerguelen Islands (France; also an EU Overseas territory) are situated in the Antarctic Convergence area, while the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, Isla de los Estados, Hornos Island with Cape Horn, Diego Ramírez Islands, Campbell Island, Macquarie Island, Amsterdam and Saint Paul Islands, Crozet Islands, Prince Edward Islands, Gough Island, and Tristan da Cunha group remain north of the Convergence and thus outside the Antarctic region. Ecology Antarctica A variety of animals live in Antarctica for at least some of the year, including: Seals Penguins South Georgia pipits Albatrosses Antarctic petrels Whales Fish, such as Antarctic icefish, Antarctic toothfish Squid, including the colossal squid",
"title": "Antarctic"
},
{
"docid": "8350310",
"text": "Intermittent, temporary or seasonal rivers or streams cease to flow every year or at least twice every five years. Such rivers drain large arid and semi-arid areas, covering approximately a third of the Earth's surface. The extent of temporary rivers is increasing, as many formerly perennial rivers are becoming temporary because of increasing water demand, particularly for irrigation. Despite inconsistent water flow, intermittent rivers are considered land-forming agents in arid regions, as they are agents of significant deposition and erosion during flood events. The combination of dry crusted soils and the highly erosive energy of the rain cause sediment resuspension and transport to the coastal areas. They are among the aquatic habitats most altered by human activities. During the summer even under no flow conditions the point sources are still active such as the wastewater effluents, resulting in nutrients and organic pollutants accumulating in the sediment. Sediment operates as a pollution inventory and pollutants are moved to the next basin with the first flush. Their vulnerability is intensified by the conflict between water use demand and aquatic ecosystem conservation. Advanced modelling tools have been developed to better describe intermittent flow dynamic changes such as the tempQsim model. US definition According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency definition, an intermittent river, or intermittent stream, is any river or stream that only flows during certain times of the year, and may not have any flowing surface water during the dry season. Distinction: intermittent vs ephemeral stream Intermittent rivers do not rely on, but may be supplemented, by stormwaters or other runoff from upstream sources. Their channels are well-defined, as compared to ephemeral streams, which may or may not have a defined channel, and rely mainly on storm runoff, as their aquatic bed is above the water table. An ephemeral stream does not have the biological, hydrological, and physical characteristics of a continuous or intermittent stream. Legal perspective Opinions on the Clean Water Act (CWA) from the Supreme Court have classified intermittent streams as non-jurisdictional and thus outside of legal protection. Prior to 2001, virtually all bodies of water in the United States were considered jurisdictional because of their potential to function as a habitat for migratory birds. Following this 2001 Supreme Court ruling on US waters, Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County vs. US Army Corps of Engineers, the court went on to see two cases in 2006 further involving this matter. Rapanos vs. United States and Carabell vs. United States, after being combined into one decision, added new analytical thresholds to be met for protection but ultimately left the determination of what were to be protected U.S. waters up to the EPA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and further court cases. Recent litigation was brought by eighteen states' attorneys general because of a change to the interpretation of what is to be considered by the EPA and Army Corps of Engineers as \"waters of the United States\" during May 2020. Causes of intermittence Intermittent streams contain water during periods",
"title": "Intermittent river"
},
{
"docid": "20393262",
"text": "Cueva Fell or Fell's Cave is a natural cave and archaeological site in southern Patagonia. Cueva Fell is in proximity to the Pali Aike Crater, another significant archaeological site. Cueva Fell combined with the nearby Pali Aike site have been submitted to UNESCO as a possible World Heritage Site. Site discovery Fell's Cave was discovered by Junius Bird. It came to his attention because arrow points and flakes were found on the surface. The cave was originally called the Río Chico shelter, but was later renamed by Bird to Fell's Cave in honor of the Fell family who owned the Estancia Brazo Norte, the North Arm Station, where the cave is located. Excavation of the site began in 1936. Site formation Fell's Cave is located in the Río Chico canyon, Chile, near the Straits of Magellan and the Argentine border. This area is known as the Southern Patagonian Basalt Plateaus. Situated on the southeast side of what was once a river bank, it is more accurately described as a rock shelter. It was formed by river water wearing away at the sandstone bank, leaving behind a canopy of lava conglomerate and thus creating a shelter deep and wide. The erosion formed a smooth floor of hard clay. Remnants of sandstone still clinging to the conglomerate roof eventually fell to the floor, forming an archaeologically sterile layer that separated later human occupation periods. Stratigraphy Junius Bird labelled the occupational sediment layers of the site from top to bottom, the top layer directly under the surface is I and the oldest, lowest layer is V. Surface The surface material of the site is composed of dirt, rocks, and hard-packed sheep manure. The surface layer ranges from in thickness. Layer I The youngest stratigraphic layer of Fell's Cave is a dark earth layer, reaching approximately in thickness. This component dates from around 700 years BP to the present. According to conventional radiocarbon dating, the layer dates to 1265 CE +-90. Layer II The division between Layer I and Layer II is relatively indistinguishable as the sediments are of similar dark earth, and also reach about or more in thickness. This layer dates to around 6,500 years BP. Layer III This layer dates to around 8,500 to 6,500 years BP. The earth consistency between Layers II and III marking a notable distinction between the two. Layer III is approximately thick and consists of compacted dark earth. Layer IV The thickness of this layer varies from and consists of firmly packed dark earth. This layer dates from c. 10,000 to 8,500 years BP. Sterile Layer After the earliest layer, Layer V, had accumulated, sandstone slabs fell from the roof of the cave and sealed it off. This layer is thick. Layer V A refuse soft clay soil varying in thickness from composes the oldest occupation level at the site. The site dates from 11,000 +-170 years BP to 10,080 +-160 years BP according to conventional radiocarbon dating. Chronology Bird named the periods from earliest to",
"title": "Cueva Fell"
},
{
"docid": "42403426",
"text": "Across the southern highlands of Mars, approximately 640 sites of chloride-bearing deposits have been identified using the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS). These isolated, irregularly shaped patches (approximate size range of 0.33 – 1300 km2, with an average size of 24 km2) have been dated to the older geologic periods on Mars: Noachian (4.5 – 3.5 billion years ago) and Hesperian (3.5 – 2.9 billion years ago) periods. On Earth, chlorides are known to form through aqueous processes. Similar processes are expected to be responsible for the formation of chloride deposits on Mars. The finding of these deposits is significant in that it provides further evidence for the presence of surface or subsurface water in ancient Mars. Importance of chlorides Chlorides contain the anion Cl− and are soluble in water, meaning they provide evidence of past aqueous processes, which helps to constrain the type of environment at a particular region. On Earth, two main processes form chlorides: efflorescence and precipitation. Whereas on Earth these minerals are formed in more alkaline environments, the minerals on Mars form from more acidic fluids and the processes are connected to basaltic weathering. The key similarity between the formation of chlorides on the two planets is the presence of water. This is important because water is essential to life on Earth, and therefore drives the search for evidence of life on other planets. Chlorides are of particular interest because of their potential to preserve a biological signature through chemical sedimentation. In addition, their presence throughout the entire southern hemisphere of Mars suggests their formation have been an important process to the early history of Mars. Methods for identification The chloride salts were identified using THEMIS on board the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter. The spectrum acquired from THEMIS shows a featureless slope over the wavenumber range of ~672 to 1475 cm−1. Few things describe this spectrally distinct feature, and thus has been concluded to be the result of chloride-bearing deposits. One such supporting terrestrial example is the identification of halite in Death Valley by instruments in the same wavelength as THEMIS. Further investigation of these deposits using the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) showed the features to be light-toned and irregularly shaped fractures overlying small, degraded craters. Spectra from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer (CRISM) on MRO was also used for comparison in lab experiments to explain the featureless slope observed in the THEMIS data. Known minerals on Earth were tested to see if they reproduced the same distinct THEMIS spectra. Pyrite was determined to not be a possible match for the mineral deposits on Mars. Flood basalt mixtures containing halite reproduced the spectra in some instances, reinforcing the conclusion that this THEMIS spectra, and thus the deposits, are chloride. However, the most definitive evidence that these are in fact chloride deposits will come from in situ observations on the Martian surface. Terra Sirenum Terra Sirenum is a region in the southern highlands of Mars (approximately at 38.8°S, 221°E),",
"title": "Chloride-bearing deposits on Mars"
},
{
"docid": "10892778",
"text": "POLDER (POLarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances) is a passive optical imaging radiometer and polarimeter instrument developed by the French space agency CNES. Description The device was designed to observe solar radiation reflected by Earth's atmosphere, including studies of tropospheric aerosols, sea surface reflectance, bidirectional reflectance distribution function of land surfaces, and the Earth Radiation Budget. Specifications POLDER has a mass of approximately , and has a power consumption of 77 W in imaging mode (with a mean consumption of 29 W). Imaging POLDER utilizes a push broom scanner. The device's optical system uses a telecentric lens and a charged coupled device matrix with a resolution of 242x548 pixels. The focal length is with a focal ratio of 4.6. The field of view ranges from ±43° to ±57°, depending on the tracking method. Spectral characteristics The device scans between 443 and 910 nm FWHM, depending on the objective of the measurement. The shorter wavelengths (443–565 nm) typically measure ocean color, whereas the longer wavelengths (670–910 nm) are used to study vegetation and water vapor content. Data transfer It transmits data on 465.9875 MHz at bit rate of 200 bit/s, and receives on 401.65 MHz at 400 bit/s. The data rate is 880 kbit/s at a quantization level of 12 bits. Missions POLDER was first launched as a passenger instrument aboard ADEOS I on 17 August 1996. The mission ended on 30 June 1997 when communication from the host satellite failed. POLDER 2 was launched in December 2002 aboard ADEOS II. The second mission ended prematurely after 10 months when the satellite's solar panel malfunctioned. A third generation instrument was launched on board the French PARASOL microsatellite. The satellite was maneuvered out of the A-train on 2 December 2009 and permanently shut down on 18 December 2013. Footnotes Sources External links POLDER website Radiometry Earth observation satellite sensors",
"title": "POLDER"
},
{
"docid": "5904679",
"text": "Snow hydrology is a scientific study in the field of hydrology which focuses on the composition, dispersion, and movement of snow and ice. Studies of snow hydrology predate the Anno Domini era, although major breakthroughs were not made until the mid eighteenth century. Snowfall, accumulation and melt are important hydrological processes in watersheds at high altitudes or latitudes. In many western states in United States, snow melt accounts for a large percentage of the spring runoff that serves as water supply to reservoirs, urban populations and agricultural activities. A large portion of snow hydrology groups are pursuing new methods for incorporating snow hydrology into distributed models over complex terrain through theoretical developments, model development and testing with field and remote sensing data sets. Snow hydrology is quite complex and involves both mass and energy balance calculations over a time-varying snow pack which is influenced by spatial location in the watershed, interaction with vegetation and redistribution by winds. Some researchers seek to accurately capture snow dynamics at a point and over a domain as the spatial pattern of snow cover area is readily observable from remote sensing. Overview Snow and ice accounts for around 75% of Earth's entire freshwater volume but lacks the capability of reliable applications. In comparison, the water supplied from rivers and freshwater lakes carries a consistent annual source of water. These natural bodies of water are formed through springs, rainfall and mountainous snow runoff. According to estimates, snow represents about 5% of the precipitation that reaches Earth's surface. Due to the large amount of water held within these sources, snow hydrology has been a growing study in the field of river tides and seasonal flow rates. Despite common belief, snow fall is not the main cause for the destruction of organic matter in cold climates. The most damaging aspect is cold temperature winds that exist above the snow pack surface. Studies have shown the insulating properties of snow defend the plants and small animals in the environment from these frigid winds. “The snow itself is the habitat for various micro-organisms like snow worms and algae.” Without consistent annual snowfall, many plants would be destroyed due to frost damage. Both ice worms (Mesenchytraeus Solifugus) and green algae are unique organisms that can live in glacial and snowy habitats. History Though most of the knowledge in the field of snow hydrology has been discovered in the last two centuries, there is evidence that some understanding existed as early as 500-428BC in the Greek states. Ancient Some of the earliest evidence that supports an ancient technical understanding of snow movement was produced by the Greeks. Anaxagoras, an ancient Greek notes: \"the water in the Nile comes from the snow in Ethiopia, which freezes in the winter and melts in the summer\". The upper class Greeks in these city states were shown to have basic understanding of the cooling properties that snow exhibited. Upper class citizens would have hay lined pits dug beneath their homes and bring snow down from the",
"title": "Snow hydrology"
},
{
"docid": "32728264",
"text": "The radar horizon is a critical area of performance for aircraft detection systems that is defined by the distance at which the radar beam rises enough above the Earth's surface to make detection of a target at the lowest level possible. It is associated with the low elevation region of performance, and its geometry depends on terrain, radar height, and signal processing. This is associated with the notions of radar shadow, the clutter zone, and the clear zone. Airborne objects can exploit the radar shadow zone and clutter zone to avoid radar detection by using a technique called nap-of-the-earth navigation. Definition Without taking into account the refraction through the atmosphere, the radar horizon would be the geometrical distance from the radar to the horizon only taking into account the height of the radar above sea-level, and the radius of the earth (approximately 6.4·103 km): When H is small compared to , this can be approximated by: [The percentage error, which increases roughly in proportion to the height, is less than 1% when H is less than 250 km.] With this calculation, the horizon for a radar at a altitude is . The radar horizon with an antenna height of over the ocean is . However, since the pressure and water vapor content of the atmosphere varies with height, the path used by the radar beam is refracted by the change in density. With a standard atmosphere, electromagnetic waves are generally bent or refracted downward. This reduces the shadow zone, but causes errors in distance and height measuring. In practice, to find , one must be using a value of 8.5·103 km for the effective Earth's radius (4/3 of it), instead of the real one. So the equation becomes: And for the same examples : the radar horizon for the radar at a altitude will be and the one at will be . Furthermore, layers with an inverse trend of temperature or humidity cause atmospheric ducting, which bends the beam downward or even traps radio waves so that they do not spread out vertically. This phenomenon occurs in two circumstances: A thin stable layer of elevated humidity Stable temperature inversion Ducting influence becomes stronger as frequency drops. Below 3 MHz, the whole volume of the air acts as a waveguide to fill in the radar shadow and also reduces radar sensitivity above the duct zone. Ducting fills in the shadow zone, extends the distance of the clutter zone, and can create reflections for low PRF radar that are beyond the instrumented range. Limiting factors Shadow Zone Objects beyond Dh will be visible only if the height satisfies the following requirement: where is the target height and is the target range. Objects below this height are in the radar shadow. Clutter Zone The Clutter Zone is where radar energy is in the lowest several thousand feet of air. This extends to a distance of about 120% of the radar horizon. There are a large number of reflectors on the ground at these",
"title": "Radar horizon"
},
{
"docid": "34298804",
"text": "The composition of Mars covers the branch of the geology of Mars that describes the make-up of the planet Mars. Elemental composition Mars is differentiated, which—for a terrestrial planet—implies that it has a central core made up of high density matter (mainly metallic iron and nickel) surrounded by a less dense, silicate mantle and crust. Like Earth, Mars appears to have a molten iron core, or at least a molten outer core. However, there does not appear to be convection in the mantle. Presently Mars shows little geological activity. The elemental composition of Mars is different from Earth's in several significant ways. First, Martian meteorite analysis suggests that the planet's mantle is about twice as rich in iron as the Earth's mantle. The planet's distinctive red color is due to iron oxides on its surface. Second, its core is richer in sulphur. Third, the Martian mantle is richer in potassium and phosphorus than Earth's and fourth, the Martian crust contains a higher percentage of volatile elements such as sulphur and chlorine than the Earth's crust does. Many of these conclusions are supported by in situ analyses of rocks and soils on the Martian surface. Much of what we know about the elemental composition of Mars comes from orbiting spacecraft and landers. (See Exploration of Mars for list.) Most of these spacecraft carry spectrometers and other instruments to measure the surface composition of Mars by either remote sensing from orbit or in situ analyses on the surface. We also have many actual samples of Mars in the form of meteorites that have made their way to Earth. Martian meteorites (often called SNC's, for Shergottites, Nakhlites, and Chassignites—the groups of meteorites first shown to have a martian origin) provide data on the chemical composition of Mars' crust and interior that would not otherwise be available except through a sample return mission. Based on these data sources, scientists think that the most abundant chemical elements in the Martian crust are silicon, oxygen, iron, magnesium, aluminium, calcium, and potassium. These elements are major components of the minerals comprising igneous rocks. The elements titanium, chromium, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, sodium, and chlorine are less abundant but are still important components of many accessory minerals in rocks and of secondary minerals (weathering products) in the dust and soils (the regolith). On September 5, 2017, scientists reported that the Curiosity rover detected boron, an essential ingredient for life on Earth, on the planet Mars. Such a finding, along with previous discoveries that water may have been present on ancient Mars, further supports the possible early habitability of Gale Crater on Mars. Hydrogen is present as water (H2O) ice and in hydrated minerals. Carbon occurs as carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and sometimes as dry ice at the poles. An unknown amount of carbon is also stored in carbonates. Molecular nitrogen (N2) makes up 2.7 percent of the atmosphere. As far as we know, organic compounds are absent except for a trace of methane detected in the atmosphere.",
"title": "Composition of Mars"
},
{
"docid": "53132711",
"text": "Nigeria has extensive mangrove forests in the coastal region of the Niger Delta. Considered one of the most ecologically sensitive regions in the world, the Niger Delta mangrove forest is situated within a deltaic depositional environment. These mangrove forests serve a critical role in regional ecological and landscape composition, and support subsistence gathering practices, and market-based income opportunities. Anthropogenic development threatens the survival of Niger Delta mangrove populations. Overview Mangrove forests are found in 118 countries and territories worldwide, 75% of mangrove vegetation zones are located in intertidal tropic and sub-tropic habitats situated between 25° N and 25° S . Typically surrounding salient river deltas, mangrove regions support a variety of halophytes. These robust shrubs and trees, which have adapted to changing coastal conditions (such as inundation, sun exposure, anaerobic soil, and salinity concentration), play a substantive role in cultivating the biodiversity and wellbeing of the surrounding landscape. Introduction Mangroves are coastal wetland forests located in the intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical estuaries, saline backwaters, deltas, creeks, and lagoons. The mangrove ecosystem represents specific areas where mangrove plants flourish. These halophytic plants, including trees, shrubs, palms, and ferns, grow in the intertidal zones of brackish waters or estuarine wetlands in tropical and subtropical regions. This unique environment within mangroves influences the morphology, anatomy, and behavior of a community of organisms, showcasing local adaptations. The mangrove forests play a crucial role in coastal stabilization, minimizing the impact of wave action and wind energy on the shoreline, and acting as excellent inland structure defenders. They also act as carbon sinks, sequestering a significant amount of carbon annually. Despite covering a small percentage of the Earth's surface, mangroves account for a substantial portion of terrestrial carbon input into the ocean. Additionally, mangroves are highly productive ecosystems, supporting coastal populations' livelihoods directly and indirectly and providing habitats for various wildlife populations, including wading birds and seabirds. These forests also serve as essential sources of food, medicine, fuel, and shelter for many people, particularly those in coastal regions. Mangroves have a crucial ecological function in stabilizing coastal areas by mitigating the effects of wave action and wind energy on the shoreline, effectively acting as natural defenses for inland structures. The mangrove plants and the sediments surrounding them serve as carbon sinks, capturing approximately 22.8 million metric tons of carbon each year. In fact, they are superior in carbon sequestration compared to other blue carbon ecosystems, making them a significant nature-based response to climate change. Despite occupying a small fraction of the Earth's continental surface (approximately 0.1%), mangrove forests contribute 11% of all terrestrial carbon input into the ocean. Mangroves stand out as highly productive ecosystems globally, offering essential support to the livelihoods of coastal communities both directly and indirectly. They provide habitats and sustenance to diverse wildlife populations, such as wading birds and seabirds. Additionally, mangroves play a crucial role as a significant resource for food, medicine, fuel, and housing for numerous individuals in Nigeria, especially those residing in coastal areas. The Niger Delta",
"title": "Niger Delta mangroves"
},
{
"docid": "32873991",
"text": "The Chilling Stars is a non-fiction book about the possible causes and effects of global climate change by Henrik Svensmark and Nigel Calder. The paperback version was published by Totem Books on March 19, 2003. An updated version titled The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change was published in 2007. Svensmark is otherwise known as a Danish physicist and professor, while Calder had worked as a science journalist. The authors argue that cloud cover changes caused by variations in cosmic rays are a major contributor to global temperature increases, and they state that human influences have been exaggerated. Contents and background The authors describe a cross-disciplinary theory that takes in elements of cosmology, particle physics, paleo-climatology, and meteorology. They label their concept 'cosmoclimatology', and they attempt to look back through prior climate trends such as the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. They detail what they view as a close correlation between the rate of cosmic rays reaching the Earth, which varies based on electromagnetic fluctuation on the Sun's surface, and the Earth's temperature. They write how the solar magnetic field grew over twice as strong as before over the 20th century, and they peg this as a primary driver of the approximately 0.6 °C warming over that time. Specifically, they state that fewer cosmic rays cause fewer clouds to form, and thus the climate becomes hotter, given that the individual water droplets that make up clouds collect when cosmic particles turn water into ions. Reviews The online magazine londonbookreview.com remarked, \"For those who believe that the argument about the causes of climate change have been settled may find this a difficult book to read. But those who retain an open mind may find this an interesting read, even if it is only to confirm that the science is far from being settled.\" Scientists have generally not found the published work of Svensmark et al. persuasive. For example, Lockwood et al. find that \"The cloud-cosmic ray suggestion increasingly fails to match observations\". A joint Spanish/Japanese collaboration of solar ray/astrophysics experts found that the change in global cloud cover is closely correlated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation and uncorrelated with solar rays. See also Scientific opinion on climate change The Great Global Warming Swindle The Cloud Mystery References External links Book Excerpt from news.bbc.co.uk Climate change books 2003 non-fiction books 2003 in the environment 2007 in the environment Environmental non-fiction books",
"title": "The Chilling Stars"
}
] | [
"71 %"
] |
train_2323 | who plays peter parker in amazing spider man | [
{
"docid": "362269",
"text": "Peter Parker is the secret identity of the character Spider-Man. Peter Parker may also refer to: Fictional characters Other versions of the main Spider-Man character; see Alternative versions of Spider-Man Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series), a character portrayed by Tobey Maguire in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man series Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), a character portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man film series Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a character portrayed by Tom Holland in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Peter Parker (Insomniac Games character), a character in the Marvel's Spider-Man games by Insomniac Games Peter Parker, the grandson of Peter's Pocket Grandpa, a character in The Dandy People Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet (1721–1811), British Admiral and Member of Parliament, friend and patron of Admiral Nelson Sir Peter Parker, 2nd Baronet (1785–1814), English naval officer Peter Parker (physician) (1804–1888), first Protestant medical missionary to China Peter Parker (British businessman) (1924–2002), chairman of the British Railways Board, 1976–1983 Peter Parker (author) (born 1954), British biographer and journalist Peter Parker (umpire) (born 1959), Australian cricket umpire Pete Parker (1895–1991), Canadian radio announcer Other uses Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic book series Peter Parker House See also Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "Peter Parker (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "41357270",
"text": "The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for",
"title": "List of Spider-Man film cast members"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "48338115",
"text": "\"Spider-Man\" is the name of several superheroes in the Marvel Universe. The first titular and main protagonist is Peter Parker, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Other characters have adopted the alias over the years in the Earth 616 universe such as Ben Reilly and Otto Octavius. There also consists of alternate universe versions of the web-slinger such as May \"Mayday\" Parker and Miguel O'Hara. Characters named Spider-Man Peter Parker Peter Parker, the Amazing Spider-Man, is the mainstream and original Earth-616 incarnation of the character and appears in almost every piece of Spider-Man related media. All other \"spider-men\" are derived from him. Ben Reilly Ben Reilly is a clone of Peter Parker, who also briefly fought crime as the Scarlet Spider. He also took over as Spider-Man (with a new costume) when Peter retired to settle down with a new family. This lasted until the original Green Goblin returned and murdered him. Spider-X Spider-X (Brian Kornfield), created by Mort Todd, first appeared in Midnight Sons Unlimited #3 (Oct. 1993). As Spider-X was seen by many wearing Spider-Man's costume, he is initially believed to be Spider-Man himself, mutated by the Darkhold, Until his own mother learned the truth and explained this to the titular group. Kornfield grew up off Broadway in New York City raised by his mother, with his father having been killed at an unknown time period. He had a very active imagination and idolized all superheroes, even writing letters to as many as he could. His mother was brutally assaulted and mugged on New York's streets. Brian was obsessed with being a superhero so he could find and take down the muggers. Brian was met by the Dwarf (an agent of the Elder God Chthon) offering him the power to be like his idol Spider-Man via a page of the Darkhold. Brian accepted the offer and was transformed into Spider-X. His obsessive desire for vengeance was twisted even further by the Darkhold's black magic and Brian saw himself as the ultimate arbitrator of justice, willing to mete out punishment that no one else would. Spider-X first brutally slew his mother's mugger. He then captured and planned to slay some other criminals, which brought him into conflict with the Ghost Rider and John Blaze when the two crashed into Spider-X's web that had been spun across the entire street. The conflict ended inconclusively when Spider-X fled from the Ghost Rider's Penance Stare; his eight eyes may have somehow diluted the Stare's force, allowing him to break hold. The occult investigators/warriors the Nightstalkers came to New York and investigated a previous letter from Kornfield, which claimed there is an occult basis to the rise in New York City's crime. Spider-X attacked the three of them when his mother was questioned. His struggles escalated, bringing in some of the Darkhold Redeemers summoned by the energy released by the use of a Darkhold page, as well as Morbius the Living Vampire and even Spider-Man himself. Still seeking to punish criminals, Spider-X",
"title": "List of incarnations of Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "504988",
"text": "Benjamin \"Ben\" Reilly (), also known as the Scarlet Spider, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Grown in a lab by Miles Warren/Jackal, he is a clone of Peter Parker/Spider-Man tasked with fighting him but instead becoming an ally, later even regarded as a \"brother\". Created by writer Gerry Conway, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 (October 1975) and is seemingly killed in the same issue. The character returned and featured prominently in the 1994–96 \"Clone Saga\" storyline, adopting the \"Scarlet Spider\" alias with a costume similar to Spider-Man's consisting of a red spandex bodysuit and mask complemented by a blue sleeveless hoodie sweatshirt adorned with a large spider symbol on both sides, along with a utility belt and bulkier web-shooters. This Scarlet Spider costume was designed by artist Tom Lyle. When Peter Parker temporarily left the Spider-Man role, Ben became the new Spider-Man while wearing a new costume variation designed by artist Mark Bagley. However, Reilly dies at the hands of Norman Osborn/Green Goblin, sacrificing himself to save Parker who then resumes the Spider-Man role. In 2017's Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy story, the character is revealed to be alive, his mind forcibly transferred to new clone bodies by the Jackal repeatedly before his resurrection was successful. Driven mad by the experience of being reborn and dying repeatedly, he became the new Jackal and started his own criminal enterprise. After being defeated by Spider-Man and others, Reilly reclaims his Scarlet Spider identity in the series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider. Reimagined as an antihero, he first hopes to escape his past then embarks on a spiritual quest to redeem himself. This arc is completed in \"Spider-Geddon\" (2018), during which he sacrifices himself to protect others when his life force is absorbed by an enemy who inadvertently absorbs his many death traumas as well. Ben is then resurrected in a new clone body, his mind and soul healed and restored. During the events of the 2021–2022 storyline \"Beyond\", Ben temporarily became Spider-Man again, only for him to have his memories purged from him and becoming a new villain called Chasm. Due to his many resurrections in different clone bodies, the 2017–2018 comic series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider states he has died and returned more than anyone else in the Marvel Universe, leading to him becoming favored by Lady Death. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse voiced by Andy Samberg. Publication history Ben Reilly was first featured as Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 as a nameless clone of Peter Parker who seemingly dies alongside his creator the Jackal, who had also created a clone of Parker's lost love Gwen Stacy. The events of the issue were later revisited in several comics such as What If #30. Asked why he created the character, writer Gerry Conway explained: Though Conway had no intention of using the character beyond this initial story in",
"title": "Ben Reilly"
},
{
"docid": "2555765",
"text": "Carrion is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an enemy of Spider-Man. Publication history The Miles Warren clone version of Carrion first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #25 and was created by Bill Mantlo, Jim Mooney, and Frank Springer. Carrion emerged as part of a storyline that was a sequel to the original Clone Saga and as a result he has one of the most complicated histories of any Spider-Man villain. According to Tony Isabella, in Mantlo's original plans for this story, Carrion would have been revealed as the Peter Parker clone. That the real Spider-Man had also dumped the then-deceased Green Goblin's gear in the same furnace explained the Goblin-esque look of Carrion. However, Marv Wolfman, then writer of The Amazing Spider-Man book, had some second thoughts about it. He decided he didn't want a second Spider-Man running around so Bill was asked to change the planned revelation of his extended story, even though the first chapter had already been published. The character's history has been retconned several times as successive writers changed the status of the various clones, the plans and motivations of Professor Miles Warren and other aspects from the stories. Often these changes took place in stories which did not directly involve Carrion, resulting in further stories trying to tie up gaps. No fewer than three separate incarnations have been encountered. William Allen first appeared in Spider-Man: Dead Man's Hand #1 (April 1997), created by Roger Stern and Dan Lawlis. McBride was created by Sal Buscema and Gerry Conway in The Spectacular Spider-Man #149 (April 1989). Fictional character biography Miles Warren clone The original Carrion first appeared seeking to destroy Spider-Man, somehow knowing that his secret identity was Peter Parker. He unsuccessfully approached the Maggia with a plan to kill Spider-Man. He attacked Peter Parker, blaming him for the death of Gwen Stacy. Carrion sought to destroy Parker/Spider-Man several times before capturing Spider-Man and revealing to him that he was a decayed clone of Professor Miles Warren, also known as the Jackal. Warren had created the clone and left it in a capsule to mature to full development; however Warren had then (seemingly) died and the clone was left developing in the capsule with artificially accelerated age. Something went wrong and the clone's body became like a living corpse. As Warren's clone, Carrion blamed Spider-Man for the deaths of both Warren and Gwen Stacy and sought to bring him to justice with the help of a malleable student named Randy Vale. Carrion captured Peter Parker and prepared to kill him with a giant \"Spider-Amoeba\" created by cloning cells from Parker. However, Parker freed himself and became Spider-Man. In the subsequent fight a fire consumed the laboratory whilst the amoeba latched onto Carrion. The Spider-Amoeba suffocated Carrion, smothering him to death, and then unable to escape it perished in the fire. Malcolm McBride Many years later, Spider-Man learned from the High Evolutionary that Warren had not",
"title": "Carrion (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "3359643",
"text": "Debra Whitman is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #196 (September 1979), she served as a brief love interest for Peter Parker in the Spectacular Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man comic titles in the late 1970s and early 1980s. She is also one of the first characters to determine that Peter was Spider-Man, although she was later convinced she was delusional. The character has appeared in Spider-Man media adaptations, most notably in Spider-Man: The Animated Series. Fictional character biography Debra Whitman was a secretary in the biophysics department of Empire State University. While there, she met Peter and they started dating. However, things kept coming up in his secret life as Spider-Man and he kept giving her excuses to get out of the date. Because of Peter's rejections, she started to date Biff Rifkin for emotional support, but her infatuation with Peter did nothing but grow. Debra also suffered from a mental instability that led her to idealize people and invert values. With Peter it grew further into her hallucinating that he was Spider-Man. When she told her psychiatrist, Dr. Baily Kuklin, about her hallucinations, he asked Peter to wear the Spider-Man suit to give her a shocking confrontation with reality to get her out of the hallucination. Peter refused, and indicated Biff Rifkin as a more reliable source of information. However, Biff already knew Debra when she was married to Mark Whitman. One day he asked her about her black eye and she gave evasive answers. That night he went to their house and saw Mark beating her. He rescued her and took her to the hospital, but she insisted Mark was a kind and gentle husband, locked in denial. Peter then wore the suit and told her he was Spider-Man. The shock made her come to her senses and decided to leave New York to get a divorce. During the superhero \"Civil War\", Peter reveals his identity as Spider-Man to the world. Thereafter, Debra is seen on the phone speaking to her co-writer about her new book, entitled \"TWO FACED: How Spider-Man Ruined My Life\". She seems discouraged about the title and tone of the book, but is committed to a book signing later in the day. Enraged, she then hurls items around the room to get out her anger before the signing. At the book signing, Spider-Man and the newly released Vulture are both seen planning to crash. After Spider-Man defeats the Vulture, Debra reveals to Betty Brant the editors had forced her to exaggerate the mental damage that Peter had \"done\" to her in order to make for a better book. Debra's mother had been sick and the medical bills were far more than she could pay for, so when the Daily Bugle dug up all of Peter Parker's past relationships to get dirt on him, she jumped on the chance to write the book. Betty talked Debra into telling the truth to the Daily",
"title": "Debra Whitman"
},
{
"docid": "18936506",
"text": "\"Green Goblin Reborn!\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the",
"title": "Green Goblin Reborn!"
},
{
"docid": "53599140",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" was released with the tagline \"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \"unjust\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 129"
},
{
"docid": "31655527",
"text": "\"The Gathering of Five\" and \"The Final Chapter\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \"re-branding\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \"Issue One\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \"Clone Saga\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \"the gathering of five\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \"package\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time",
"title": "The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter"
},
{
"docid": "14154213",
"text": "Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles",
"title": "Spider-Man: With Great Power"
},
{
"docid": "15635388",
"text": "\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far",
"title": "Spider-Man: Brand New Day"
},
{
"docid": "9601342",
"text": "Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \"Mayday\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \"The Final Chapter\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man Family"
},
{
"docid": "65818012",
"text": "Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen",
"title": "Sins Rising"
},
{
"docid": "8896262",
"text": "The Green Goblin's Last Stand is a 1992 superhero fan film by Dan Poole, based on the comic book story \"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\", published by Marvel Comics in The Amazing Spider-Man #121–122. Poole is the director, producer, creative editor, screenwriter, and star of the film. The film and its attendant documentary received showings and accolades at several small film festivals. Plot Peter Parker, as his alias Spider-Man, is following a stolen vehicle. He stops the car and traps the two criminals. Afterwards, he meets his girlfriend Gwen Stacy. Peter's spider-sense detects Norman Osborn traveling in a taxi, and he learns from Gwen that Norman survived an explosion at his chemical plant. Norman returns to his home, in an amnestic state, in an attempt to find his son, Harry. In his room, he finds a newspaper detailing the explosion of Norman's plant, caused by a battle between Spider-Man and The Green Goblin. Peter visits Norman, who becomes enraged and tells him to leave. Peter believes he is unwell, and tells Gwen that Norman was obviously mentally altered after the accident. Norman sees Parker's name on the newspaper and hallucinates that Spider-Man is chasing him into the streets of New York. Three thugs harass and attack him, leaving him unconscious. The next day, Norman wakes up in his former 'warehouse'. He finds the goblin equipment, and vows revenge on Spider-Man. Peter goes back to Norman's apartment and finds the newspaper, realizing that he has once again become the Green Goblin. He bumps into Harry Osborn, who believes his father is still in the hospital. Harry discovers that the card with the doctor's number and address is missing from his desk, but that the card had Peter's address and number on it as well. Gwen goes to look for Peter at his \"Darkroom\", but Norman kidnaps her and takes her to the rooftops. Peter finds she is missing, and is challenged by Norman to come rescue her. Peter trips Norman with his web, but after he regains consciousness, he pushes Gwen off the roof. Peter quickly spins a web to catch Gwen, breaking her neck in the process. Enraged, Peter nearly kills Norman, but he escapes by throwing a pumpkin bomb. Norman is tracked down by Peter to the warehouse ruins. Peter makes Norman's glider malfunction and defeats him. After asking him why he killed Gwen, Norman is apathetic, and describes her as a \"pawn\". Peter almost beats Norman to death again, but cannot bring himself to do so. Norman activates his glider to kill Peter, but his spider sense activates and he quickly jumps out of the way, leaving the glider to impale Norman, killing him. At the cemetery, Peter apologizes to Gwen at her grave, stating that Norman's death only made the pain worse. He admits hesitance in being Spider-Man, but reminds himself of his promise to Uncle Ben's death that he would continue being Spider-Man. Cast Dan Poole as Peter Parker / Spider-Man Jimi Kinstle as Norman Osborn",
"title": "The Green Goblin's Last Stand"
},
{
"docid": "144167",
"text": "Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,",
"title": "Aunt May"
},
{
"docid": "58112860",
"text": "Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is two series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. The series revolves around Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson having remained married and raising a daughter named Anna-May \"Annie\" Parker, with Mary Jane and Annie further becoming the superheroes Spinneret and Spiderling. The original series was a 2015 comic book limited series that tied into that year's Secret Wars event. Following the event's end, the popularity of the series led to a sequel ongoing series set in the alternate reality of Earth-18119, which was published from 2016 to 2018. Mary Jane and Annie from this series make cameo appearances in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The first volume takes place during the \"Secret Wars\" storyline and was published as a limited series in 2015. Dan Slott and Adam Kubert's story occurs in a Battleworld which was a \"drastically reimagined incarnation of New York City\". A second volume, now as an ongoing series part of the 2016 \"Marvel NOW!\" relaunch, details the further tales of Spider-Man and his family after their reality was restored. Originally, Gerry Conway was the lead writer of the volume; Ryan Stegman joined as both co-writer and artist with issue #8. With issue #13, \"the series new creative team of writer Jody Houser and artist Nick Roche kicked off their run by jumping eight years into the Parker family's future\". The second volume is followed by the three issue limited series Spider-Girls which was part of the 2018 comics event Spider-Geddon. CBR highlighted that while events of the \"One More Day\" storyline still \"haven't been totally undone in the Marvel comic continuum\", as a result of Renew Your Vows, both MJ and Peter of Earth 616 share \"small fragments of memories of their life and decided to begin again, with a fresh new start\". Plot Volume one: Secret Wars During the \"Secret Wars\" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. Spider-Man brutally defeats Venom. As the superheroes are being defeated by Regent, Mary Jane Watson uses a fire truck's siren to help Spider-Man force Venom into a burning building and brings the structure down on Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe. In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent won't detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. Peter takes pictures of Demolition Man protesting the Regent's rule when he is defeated by Boomerang, Rhino, and",
"title": "Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows"
},
{
"docid": "37629473",
"text": "The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \"Dying Wish\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \"Superior Spider-Man\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \"Go Down Swinging\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \"Spider-Geddon\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \"Spider-Geddon\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team",
"title": "The Superior Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "663197",
"text": "Nicholas Hammond (born 15 May 1950) is an American and Australian actor and writer who is best known for his roles as Friedrich von Trapp in the film The Sound of Music and as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the 1970s television series The Amazing Spider-Man. He also appeared in the theatrical films as Spider-Man and its two sequels outside of North America. Early life Hammond was born on May 15, 1950, in Washington, D.C., the son of Colonel Thomas West Hammond, Jr. by his wife Eileen Hammond (née Bennett). Hammond's father was American of English descent and an officer in the U.S. Army, and his mother was English and had played a role in Much Too Shy in 1942. Hammond has one elder brother, David (b. 1946). Hammond's parents had met and married in London during World War II when his father had been posted in the United Kingdom. After the war, the couple moved to the U.S. permanently, and because the Colonel had an army job, the family moved numerous times to various army stations across the country during Hammond's childhood. Nicholas Hammond graduated from the Landon School in Bethesda, Maryland, before attending and graduating from Princeton University. Col. Hammond died in 1970. Career Hammond was 11 years old when he made his acting debut as Robin Rhodes in the Broadway play The Complaisant Lover in 1961, playing alongside Michael Redgrave and Googie Withers. At the same time, he began to shoot for the 1963 film Lord of the Flies, which marked his film debut. After this, Hammond played what was to be his most notable screen role: Friedrich von Trapp (the elder of the two boys) in the 1965 hit The Sound of Music. Hammond's next acting role came in 1970, when he appeared in Conduct Unbecoming, his first role as an adult. In 1972 Hammond appeared as Peter Linder in Skyjacked. In 1973 he made a guest appearance on The Brady Bunch in season 4, episode #090, \"The Subject Was Noses\", as the high school hunk, Doug Simpson, who loses interest in Marcia after her tragic football accident. That year Hammond also appeared in The Waltons episode \"The Townie\", as Theodore Claypool Jr. After making the transition from juvenile to young leading man, Hammond spent several seasons in daytime soaps, such as General Hospital. He also appeared on many television shows of the 1970s including Hawaii Five-O. In the late 1970s Hammond re-joined fellow The Sound of Music alumnus Heather Menzies (who played Louisa von Trapp) for one episode of the TV adaptation of Logan's Run. He also contributed to The Sound of Music Family Scrapbook. Spider-Man From 1977 to 1979, Hammond played the role for which he is perhaps best known, as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the television series The Amazing Spider-Man. Hammond described his approach to the character: \"I liked the idea of taking a fantasy hero and making him believable as a person. I made it clear going into it that I wasn't interested in doing",
"title": "Nicholas Hammond"
},
{
"docid": "17038885",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series about Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The Amazing Spider-Man may also refer to: Comics The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) Film Spider-Man (1977 film) starring Nicholas Hammond, also known as The Amazing Spider-Man on home media The Amazing Spider-Man (film), a reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise The Amazing Spider-Man (soundtrack), a film-score album from the 2012 film, composed by James Horner Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), the title character of the film series Television The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series) starring Nicholas Hammond, which evolved out of the 1977 film Games The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball) See also The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "931",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an ongoing American superhero comic book series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man as its title character and main protagonist. Being in the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it was the character's first title, launching seven months after his introduction in the final issue of Amazing Fantasy. The series began publication with a March 1963 cover date and has been published nearly continuously to date over six volumes with only one significant interruption. Issues of the title currently feature an issue number within its sixth volume, as well as a \"legacy\" number reflecting the issue's overall number across all Amazing Spider-Man volumes. The title reached 900 issues in 2022. The series began as a bimonthly periodical before being increased to monthly after four issues. It was the character's sole monthly headlining title until Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man launched in 1978. After 441 issues, The Amazing Spider-Man was restarted in 1999 as issue No. 1 of Volume 2. It ran for 58 issues before reverting to the title's overall issue number with #500 in 2003. The series ran essentially continuously over the first two volumes from 1963 until its landmark 700th issue at the end of 2012 when it was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Marvel's comic lines. The title was occasionally published biweekly during the first two volumes, and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010. After the relaunch of Action Comics and Detective Comics, The Amazing Spider-Man briefly became the highest-numbered active American comic book. The Amazing Spider-Man returned with volume 3 in April 2014 following the conclusion of The Superior Spider-Man story arc after 31 issues. In late 2015, the series was relaunched with a fourth volume following the 2015 Secret Wars event. After 45 years , the volume was once again relaunched as part of Marvel Legacy, returning to the overall \"legacy\" numbering with issue No. 789 in late 2017. Less than a year later, the series was relaunched again with a fifth volume as part of Marvel's Fresh Start. For the first time, although the issue numbers were again restarted from #1, the issues also bore the overall \"legacy\" issue number. A sixth volume commenced in April 2022 to celebrate Spider-Man's 60th anniversary. Since the second volume, the title has had various release schedules, including monthly and bi-weekly, among others. Publication history Writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko created the character of Spider-Man, and the pair produced 38 issues from March 1963 to July 1966. Ditko left after the 38th issue, while Lee remained as writer until issue 100. Since then, many writers and artists have taken over the monthly comic through the years, chronicling the adventures of Marvel's most identifiable hero. The Amazing Spider-Man has been the character's flagship series for his first fifty years in publication, and was the only monthly series to star Spider-Man until Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, in 1976, although 1972",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "19054808",
"text": "Bluebird (Sally Avril), sometimes rendered Blue Bird, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is usually depicted as a supporting character in the Spider-Man series. In other media, Sally Avril has appeared in the animated series The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Grey DeLisle; in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), portrayed by Kelsey Asbille; and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), played by Isabella Amara. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Sally Avril first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (1962). Sally was a minor member of Flash Thompson's entourage, appearing in only one issue during the Silver Age. Her \"Bluebird\" career was created by Busiek (scripts) and Olliffe (pencils) in 1996. Fictional character biography Sally Avril was a fellow student of Peter Parker's at Midtown High who turned him down for a date, preferring Flash Thompson. Thirty years later, writing for Untold Tales of Spider-Man, Kurt Busiek resurrected the one-note brunette from obscurity and gave her a background. She was an ambitious, thrill-loving girl who took blue ribbons in gymnastics. With fellow popular kid Jason Ionello, she attempted to cash in on a Daily Bugle contest offering a thousand dollars to a reader who brought in pictures of Spider-Man. Although their mission was a bust, Sally loved the thrill and became very smitten with the web-slinger when he touched her cheek just before leaving her and Jason with a warning to give it up. Sally and Jason tailed Spidey again, who was (unwillingly) working for Electro. The flash from Sally's camera roused Spidey from his hypnotic state, and a well-placed kick by the athletic young Sally took Electro by surprise long enough for Spidey to readjust his mask — which Electro had been preparing to remove — and defeat him. Spider-Man posed for a shot with an ecstatic Sally and Jason that the Bugle ran. Suffused with glee, Sally tried to get a permanent gig on the Bugle, but was told the photographer's job was filled — by Peter Parker. Peter admitted this but asked her not to tell their fellow Midtowners. Sally donned an eccentric blue-and-white costume and decided, with her aerobic skills, to become a superheroine. She asked Peter to take some Bugle pics of her doing some stunts, but Peter refused. Angered, she threatened to blackmail him by revealing that he took Spider-Man pictures, but he undercut her by telling them himself. Bluebird's zeal but lack of experience caused trouble for Spider-Man during fights with Scarlet Beetle and Electro. Her \"ether egg\" weapons would detonate prematurely or have little effect, once even allowing the villain to escape. Considering her more trouble than she was worth, Spider-Man allowed the Black Knight's men to hurt her quite badly in order to dissuade her from interfering in his fights again, although he later felt remorseful. Bruised but undaunted, Sally and Jason headed to an area where",
"title": "Bluebird (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "5051787",
"text": "\"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\" is a Spider-Man story written by Roger Stern, originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #248 in 1984. In the story, a young fan of Spider-Man meets his hero. This comic was selected as one of the \"Top 10 Spider-Man stories of all time\" by Wizard and is regarded as among the most-loved Spider-Man stories. Plot Young Timothy \"Tim\" Harrison lies in his bed. Portions from a column by Daily Bugle writer Jacob Conover say Tim is the greatest Spider-Man fan in the world and has collected every article available on him, including a whole album of The Daily Bugle retractions. Tim has also collected mementos such as kinescopes of Spider-Man's early television appearances and bullets from a crime foiled by Spider-Man. Suddenly, Spider-Man comes into Tim's room. In the following hours, the two trade anecdotes about Spider-Man's long career. The hero is surprised and touched by how much the boy adores him. When Spider-Man is about to leave, Tim asks him who he really is. After some hesitation, Spider-Man takes off his mask, identifies himself as Peter Parker, and retells the fateful night when his negligence let Uncle Ben die, causing him to fight crime. The story does not change Tim's admiration of his hero. A tearful Peter Parker embraces Tim (who refers to him as \"Pete\") and departs. An exterior view reveals Tim is staying in a cancer clinic. The last of the newspaper captions states that the boy's only wish is to meet his hero in person. Conover ends his report by stating his hope that \"Spider-Man takes the time to visit a very brave young man named Tim Harrison, and I hope he does it soon. You see, Tim Harrison has leukemia, and the doctors only give him a few more weeks to live\". Background The lead story of Amazing #248 is Spider-Man's fight against Thunderball, but Stern's backup story is remembered much better than the main tale. According to Stern: Tim Harrison's death is mentioned in Danny Fingeroth and Ron Garney's \"A Spider-Man Carol\", in which Spider-Man meets Tim's brother Joey. The story was published in the 1991 Marvel Holiday Special. Collected editions The story has been reprinted several times and collected in various trade paperbacks including The Very Best of Spider-Man (December 1994, ). References External links Comics by Roger Stern Single issue storylines of comic book series 1984 works",
"title": "The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "2839562",
"text": "\"The Other\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \"acts\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes",
"title": "Spider-Man: The Other"
},
{
"docid": "68718864",
"text": "The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Spectacular Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. Spectacular Spider-Man Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, as an experiment in entering the black-and-white comic-magazine market successfully pioneered by Warren Publishing and others. It sold for 35 cents when standard comic books cost 12 cents and Annuals and Giants 25 cents. It represented the first Spider-Man spin-off publication aside from the original series' summer Annuals, begun in 1964. The first issue (cover-dated July 1968) featured a painted, color cover by men's adventure-magazine artist Harry Rosenbaum, in acrylic paint on illustration board, over layouts by The Amazing Spider-Man artist John Romita Sr. The 52-page black-and-white Spider-Man story, \"Lo, This Monster!\", was by writer Stan Lee, penciler Romita Sr. and inker Jim Mooney. A 10-page origin story, \"In The Beginning!\", was by Lee, penciler Larry Lieber and inker Bill Everett. The feature story was reprinted in color, with some small alterations and bridging material by Gerry Conway, in The Amazing Spider-Man #116–118 (Jan.–March 1973) as \"Suddenly...the Smasher!\", \"The Deadly Designs of the Disruptor!\", and \"Countdown to Chaos!\" (with additional inking by Tony Mortellaro on the latter two). These versions were themselves reprinted in Marvel Tales #95–97 (Sept.-Oct. 1978). The second and final issue (Nov. 1968) also sported a painted cover and the interior was in color as well. Lee, Romita and Mooney again collaborated on its single story, \"The Goblin Lives!\", featuring the Green Goblin. A next-issue box at the end promoted the planned contents of the unrealized issue #3, \"The Mystery of the TV Terror\". A version of the Goblin story, trimmed by 18 pages, was reprinted in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #9 (1973), and portions of the \"TV Terror\" costume were reused for the costume of the Prowler. Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–100 (October 1976 – January 1985) Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #100–133 (February 1985 – October 1987) The Spectacular Spider-Man #134–200 (November 1987 – March 1993) The Spectacular Spider-Man #201–263 (April 1993 – September 1998) The Spectacular Spider-Man #264-290 (July 2003 – April 2005) The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 2 #1–27 (July 2003 – April 2005) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #291–313 (June 2017 – December 2018) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 3 #1–6 (June 2017 – November 2017) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #297–313 (November 2017 – December 2018) The Spectacular Spider-Man Annuals 1 – [Mantlo/Buckler] \"And Men Shall Call Him... Octopus!\" – September 1979 2 – [Macchio/Mooney] \"Vengeance Is Mine... Sayeth the Word!\" – May 1980 3 – [Kraft/Sherman/Weiss] \"Dark Side of the Moon\" – July 1981 4 – [DeNatale/Mantlo] \"Memory Lane!\" – July 1984 5 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace\" – July 1985 6 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace II\" – July 1986 7 – [Owsley/Kupperberg] \"The Honeymoon\" – August 1987 8 – [Conway/Gruenwald] \"Return to Sender\" – July 1988 9 – [Conway/Herdling] \"The Serpent in the Shadow\" – May 1989 10 – [Conway/Lee] \"Into the Microverse\" – June 1990",
"title": "List of The Spectacular Spider-Man issues"
},
{
"docid": "39645332",
"text": "Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge is a 1981 American superhero film that had a theatrical release abroad, a composite of the 1979 two-parter episode \"The Chinese Web\" of the contemporary television series The Amazing Spider-Man, released on 9 May 1981. It was directed by Don McDougall, written by Lionel E. Siegel and stars Nicholas Hammond as the titular character, Rosalind Chao, Robert F. Simon, Benson Fong, and Ellen Bry. It is the sequel to Spider-Man (1977) and Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978). It was the final Spider-Man film that was released theatrically outside of North America, until Columbia Pictures acquired the rights in 1999 from its license, due to licensing and financial issues with Cannon Films, Carolco Pictures and New Cannon, and finally released Spider-Man in 2002. Plot Min Lo Chan, the Chinese Minister of Industrial Development, who happens to be an old college friend of J. Jonah Jameson, flees China and comes to the United States to locate three men who during the war approached him and offered him money for secrets about Mao Zedong, which he refused at the time. He stays with his niece Emily Chan, who lives in New York City. However, it appears the incident is now being investigated and he needs to find one of them quickly in order to verify his innocence. He asks Mr. Jameson to help him find them, but he wants it done quietly because it seems that there are elements who want him convicted, so Jameson asks Peter Parker to find the three ex-Marines on his behalf, but also to talk to them discreetly. Meanwhile, back in Hong Kong, Zeider who is a wealthy industrialist, is among the ones being considered to build a power plant for the Chinese Government worth one billion dollars. However, he knows that Min Lo Chan is considering another company but if he's convicted his successor will award the contract to him. As a result, he sends Clyde Evans to make sure he doesn't return to China alive. As Spider-Man, Peter saves Min's life several times. However, in one of the murder attempts Min suffers a minor heart attack and has to remain under medical observation. To trick Evans, the Daily Bugle publishes the news stating that Min has died in hospital. Peter manages to contact the last of the Marines needed to clear Min's name, Professor Dent, who agrees to help as he also wants to clear his name. Along with Peter and Min's niece Emily, Dent flies to Hong Kong to testify, but Zeider has him kidnapped to ensure his silence. During an incident while chasing the kidnappers, Emily discovers that Peter Parker is Spider-Man. Finally, with Emily's help, Spider-Man traces Dent in Zeider's secret office at the top of a building. After defeating all of the henchmen, he captures Zeider and frees Dent. Peter Parker proceeds to return to the United States as Emily decides to stay in China and promises Peter not to reveal his secret identity. Cast Nicholas Hammond as Spider-Man",
"title": "Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge"
},
{
"docid": "313540",
"text": "The Chameleon (Dmitri Smerdyakov; Russian: Дмитрий Смердяков) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963). The Chameleon is the first ever antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He is a master of disguises who is known for his ability to impersonate virtually anybody. The character is also the half-brother of Kraven the Hunter. This relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. He has also been a member of the Sinister Six and the Sinister Twelve at various points in his history. Since his original introduction, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), portrayed by Numan Acar. Fred Hechinger is set to appear as the character in the upcoming Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Kraven the Hunter (2024). Publication history 1960s Dmitri Smerdyakov debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. The Chameleon is therefore the first member of Spider-Man's rogues' gallery based on issue publication date and excluding the burglar who murdered Ben Parker. He appeared in the 1959 Tales to Astonish series. He appeared in the 1959 Tales of Suspense series. He appeared in the 1985 Web of Spider-Man series. 2000s Dmitri Smerdyakov appeared in the 2014 Original Sin: Secret Avengers Infinite Comic series. He later appeared in the 2015 Spider-Man and the X-Men series. He appeared in the 2018 Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2021 Giant-Size Amazing Spider-Man: Chameleon Conspiracy one-shot. Fictional character biography Dmitri Smerdyakov was born in Soviet Russia. In his youth, he became a servant and half-brother to Sergei Kravinoff, and later a minor associate of Gustav Fiers. Although Dmitri and Sergei were friends, Sergei was often abusive to Smerdyakov, leading to a combination of admiration and resentment towards Kravinoff. Eventually, Smerdyakov emigrated to the United States of America. As he had made a talent for himself during his youth by impressing his brother by impersonating friends and neighbors, he assumed an even more impressive disguise: the identity of Chameleon. During his first known criminal outing, he impersonated Spider-Man, though he was soon exposed and arrested. Shortly afterward, Sergei (now known as \"Kraven the Hunter\") came to America, and the Chameleon set his old associate's sights on Spider-Man. Both men became long-time enemies of Spider-Man, part of his primary rogues gallery. The Chameleon inspired Kraven to begin hunting Spider-Man, inviting Kraven to dispose of the hero. With Kraven, the Chameleon battled Iron Man, and then confronted the Hulk. At one point, the Chameleon disguised himself as Hank Pym, and robbed Pym's laboratory for documents to combat Virus Nine. While delivering",
"title": "Chameleon (character)"
},
{
"docid": "53738449",
"text": "Since the characters inception in the 1960s, Spider-Man has appeared in several forms of media, including novels and book series. Original solo novels The Amazing Spider-Man: Mayhem in Manhattan (1978) No. 1 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Len Wein and Marv Wolfman. Doctor Octopus is blackmailing the top eight CEO's of various U.S. oil companies in order to get a stranglehold on U.S. oil. He also tries to convince those same CEO's that he has rendered their oil radioactive and thereby useless. For one year, they must secretly agree to buy oil from Doctor Octopus instead and, at the end of that time, they can go back to business as usual. The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign (1979) No. 8 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Paul Kupperberg. The plot concerns a TV anchorman whose daughter has been kidnapped by the Kingpin, who has forced the popular media frontsman to stand as Mayor. The Kingpin has taken millions of dollars from the other ganglords in order to cut them into his plan, which is to push his candidate into becoming Mayor. Peter Parker manages to convince J. Jonah Jameson into running for Mayor also. Secondly, Parker gets sent to cover a mayoral rally and thirdly, Silvermane's plan to secretly undermine the Kingpin's authority has him using a fake Spider-Man to threaten the Kingpin's candidate, and to lead the real Spider-Man into conflict with the Kingpin. While this is all happening, Jameson has hired a private investigator named Cindy Sayers to pretend to be his niece in order to find out how Peter Parker can get so many pictures of Spider-Man. The Hulk and Spider-Man: Murdermoon (1979) No. 11 of the Marvel Pocket Novels and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign, also written by Paul Kupperberg. The book begins with the Hulk fighting the U.S. military in a desert, but then cuts to Spider-Man intervening in a raid on a company doing research for NASA. The wall-crawler does not quite save the day but, returning to the Bugle, he immediately gets dropped into a story to cover the latest StarLab spy-in-the-sky satellite, which is due to drop back out of the sky. That story takes Parker out to a U.S. aircraft carrier. But when the satellite vanishes from the radar, trouble arises. Meanwhile, Bruce Banner is reading a newspaper advertisement offering a potential treatment for his condition. He follows up on the ad, but finds himself kidnapped by the villain and, as the Hulk, gets brainwashed into fighting Spider-Man. Spider-Man: Carnage in New York (1995) Written by David Michelinie and Dean Wesley Smith. A man named Catrall is on the run from the FBI because he has a serum that will drive anyone who comes into contact with it into a killer rage. He created the serum as a byproduct of studies designed to eliminate violent behavior. Meanwhile, an experiment is being run to try to kill the Carnage symbiote without killing Casady, its host. Catrall shows",
"title": "Spider-Man in novels"
},
{
"docid": "58734846",
"text": "Spider-Girl is the code name of several fictional characters in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The most prominent version and first to receive an ongoing series is Mayday Parker from the MC2 universe, the second version is Anya Corazon, and the third version is Gwen Warren, the latter two both from the Earth-616 universe. Several alternate reality incarnations of the character have additionally received notoriety, including the Ultimate Spider-Girl, Ashley Barton, Betty Brant, April, Penelope and Petra Parker, and Charlotte Morales. Publication history The first portrayed Spider-Girl, Mayday Parker, first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint with The Amazing Spider-Girl and Spectacular Spider-Girl. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature \"Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man\", written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through #8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8, followed by one last Spider-Girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End, in which fellow Spider-Girl April Parker is killed. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity. The new series featured a new character, Anya Corazon, whose adventures occurred on Earth 616. The series was canceled after only eight issues. No official reason was given for the cancellation. This character returned for a Spider-Island limited series. A second Earth-616 Spider-Girl was introduced in Avenging Spider-Man #16 (January 2013), before returning a decade later in X-Men Unlimited Infinity Comic #69 (January 2023) under the name \"Gwen Warren\", assuming the mantle of Spider-Girl as a member of the X-Men. Spider-Girls Mayday Parker The daughter of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 universe. April Parker Prior to calling herself \"Mayhem\", Mayday's clone April goes by Spider-Girl, the two sharing the mantle. Anya Corazon A Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña (Spider), and occasionally goes by Spider-Girl. Gwen Warren The mutant clone of Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Ana Soria created by the Jackal using technology stolen from Mister Sinister, the newborn Spider-Girl battles The Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Spider-Man's body) and the X-Men in the form of a 30 ft. human-spider hybrid, resembling a giant garden spider with human eyes able to shoot eye-beams, before being returned to a normal size with sentience, to the physical size of a twelve-year-old humanoid girl. Later, she enrolls in and drops out of the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning under the name \"Gwen Warren\" according to a statement by Tom Brevoort",
"title": "Spider-Girl"
},
{
"docid": "22018101",
"text": "\"Spidey Meets the President!\" is a backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man #583, written by Zeb Wells, with art by Todd Nauck and Frank D'Armata. The cover of the issue shows Barack Obama giving a thumbs-up to Spider-Man. The comic book was published the week before Obama's inauguration in January 2009. Plot The story begins with Peter Parker standing among other reporters on the presidential inauguration of Barack Obama, photographing this historic moment. Suddenly a limo pulls up and reveals another Obama. The Secret Service does not know what to do, so Peter, who quickly dons his Spider-Man costume, asks both questions that only the real Barack Obama would be able to answer. When he asks what his nickname was during his college days, the actual Barack says his true name, and the fake one is confused and angry, causing him to reveal his true form, which turns out to be the super-villain known as the Chameleon. This gives Spider-Man the opportunity to capture the Chameleon and the Secret Service arrests him. Obama tells Spider-Man that he is a fan of the hero and thanks him. Afterward, as Obama swears his oath as President, Spider-Man is shown sitting at the top of the Washington Monument, where he thinks Biden notices him. Prologue This story was prepended in The Amazing Spider-Man Presidents Day Special digital comic. The additional pages depict the minutes before the original story took place, with Obama getting ready for the inauguration. The Chameleon, disguised as Obama's tailor, locks him inside and takes his place, driving to the inauguration in the presidential limousine. However, the real Obama escapes and is driven to the ceremony in a second limousine by his soon-to-be Vice President Joseph Biden. Meanwhile, outside the capital, Peter Parker is running late to the inauguration ceremony and has forgotten his press credentials. So, he enters the area stealthily by using his spider-like abilities to climb over a high wall. However, he is spotted by Senator John McCain and a few Secret Service agents. The senator recognizes as him as the photographer from The Daily Bugle and even provides him with a spare press credential. Parker then joins the press corps and the prequel story connects to the main story. Reception Typical sales for The Amazing Spider-Man are about 70,000 copies per issue. Issue #583 sold over 350,000 copies and went to five printings. It was the highest-selling regular series book of the 2000s. Collected edition References Cultural depictions of Barack Obama 2009 comics debuts Individual stories from issues of anthology comics",
"title": "Spidey Meets the President!"
},
{
"docid": "2306292",
"text": "The Spectacular Spider-Man is a comic book and magazine series starring Spider-Man and published by Marvel Comics. Following the success of Spider-Man's original series, The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel felt the character could support more than one title. This led the company in 1968 to launch a short-lived magazine, the first to bear the Spectacular name. In 1972, Marvel more successfully launched a second Spider-Man ongoing series, Marvel Team-Up, in which he was paired with other Marvel heroes. A third monthly ongoing series, Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, debuted in 1976. Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, Each issue was written by Paul Jenkins (except #23–26, by Samm Barnes). The book's primary pencillers were Humberto Ramos and Mark Buckingham. The comic included the storyline Spider-Man: Disassembled in which Spider-Man met a new enemy called the Queen who wanted him as her mate. Her kiss caused him to slowly mutate into a giant spider who metamorphosed into human form with enhanced strength and agility, along with organic webbing and a psychic link with insects and arachnids. This comic also included the sequel to \"Sins Past\", \"Sins Remembered\", in which Peter went to Paris to meet Sarah Stacy and resolved the issues between them. Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures was a title published by Panini Comics in the United Kingdom from November 1995 to September 2005, although the Adventures portion of the title was often dropped from the cover page. It featured a mix of reprinted American material, as well as originally produced British material, including a guest appearance from Captain Britain. Spectacular was aimed at a younger audience than Panini's other Spider-Man reprint title Astonishing Spider-Man, and was loosely based on the continuity of the 1990s animated series. Volume 3 (2017–18) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man (vol. 3) was published from June 2017 to December 2018. After the first six issues, the series reverted to legacy numbering with issue #297 as part of the line-wide Marvel Legacy relaunch. The series' original creative team had Chip Zdarsky as writer, with Adam Kubert providing the artwork. Notable recurring characters included Teresa Durand, J. Jonah Jameson, Johnny Storm, and original character Rebecca London. Various issues, as well as the one Annual, were illustrated by guest artists; Kubert's final issue as artist was #307, excluding covers. Zdarsky left the series with issue #310. The series ended with issue #313, the final three issues being a tie-in to the Spider-Geddon crossover event written by Sean Ryan. The Spectacular Spider-Men The Spectacular Spider-Men is a currently ongoing series that was published beginning March 2024. The series is written by Greg Weisman (who also created The Spectacular Spider-Man television series) with Ramos returning for art. The Spectacular Spider-Men stars both versions of Spider-Man (Peter Parker and Miles Morales) and focuses on the relationship between the two Spider-Men. The series' supporting cast featured characters who previously appeared in the television series and Weisman's Starbrand & Nightmask comic series, including Kenny",
"title": "The Spectacular Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "2660132",
"text": "The Human Fly is the name of three fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. One is a supervillain that was an occasional antagonist of Spider-Man, and the other two were superheroes, one of which was the title of a short-lived series in the late 1950s reprinting some of Fox's Blue Beetle strips from the 1940s. It was published by Super Comics. Publication history The Human Fly first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #10 (January 1976), and was created by Len Wein, Bill Mantlo, and Gil Kane. The character subsequently appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #192–193 (May–June 1979), Spider-Woman #30 (September 1980), Moon Knight #35 (January 1984), Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #86 (January 1984), and The Amazing Spider-Man #276 (May 1986), in which he was killed by the Scourge of the Underworld. The story of the Fly in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #86 was drawn by Fred Hembeck, who (in his personal caricature form) had a guest appearance in that particular issue. The Fly received an entry in the original The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #4, and The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Spider-Man #1 (2005). The superhero version of Human Fly starred in Marvel Comics' The Human Fly #1–19 (September 1977 – March 1979). Fictional character biography Richard Deacon Richard Deacon, born in Newark, New Jersey, was a small-time criminal who was shot by the police and left for dead after an unsuccessful kidnapping attempt which was foiled by Spider-Man. Stumbling into the laboratory of Dr. Harlan Stillwell (whose brother Farley Stillwell created the Scorpion for J. Jonah Jameson), Deacon coerces the scientist into saving his life. Overhearing an offer Jameson made with Stillwell to fund the creation of a new superhero, Deacon insists he be the subject of the experiment. Stillwell imprints the genetic coding of a housefly onto Deacon, empowering him and healing him of his bullet wounds. Deacon then kills Harlan Stillwell after he served his purpose and uses his newfound powers to further his criminal ambitions. He first uses Jameson as bait to get revenge on Spider-Man. Due to his inexperience, the Fly is no match for him and is defeated. Some time later, Human Fly begins to display fly-like tendencies like eating garbage. He also develops physical mutations, including facet eyes. Human Fly attacks Spider-Man after Spencer Smythe handcuffed him—along with Jameson—to a bomb. Human Fly hurls the two from a rooftop and leaves them for dead. Once freed from the shackle, Spider-Man tries to stop Human Fly from stealing an art exhibit, but the villain knocks him down and escapes. Soon afterwards, the police catch the Fly using S.H.I.E.L.D. equipment. Traveling to Los Angeles, the Fly seeks out Dr. Karl Malus, who confirms that his powers are fading and he will soon be powerless. Malus recommends that he get a new set of powers using a blood transfusion from another superbeing, which would most conveniently be the locally operating Spider-Woman. With his powers",
"title": "Human Fly (character)"
},
{
"docid": "27330977",
"text": "\"One Moment in Time\" is a 2010 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics starring Spider-Man. Written by Joe Quesada and illustrated by Paolo Rivera, it was originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #638–641, and immediately follows \"The Gauntlet\" storyline. It is notable for revealing what changes the villain Mephisto made to save the life of Peter Parker/Spider-Man's aunt, May Parker, and dissolve the wedding of Parker and Mary Jane Watson at the end of the 2007 \"One More Day\" storyline. The name of the storyline forms the acronym O.M.I.T., which Quesada explained was an intentional reference to how Parker and Watson's wedding was removed from continuity. Storytelling In The Amazing Spider-Man #638, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from the end of \"One More Day\" or Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21. The flashbacks use actual pages from the original comics, and are mixed in with new pages that illustrate how events were changed by the villainous demon Mephisto. In Amazing Spider-Man #639, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from \"Civil War\" and Amazing Spider-Man #539-543. These flashbacks are only panels from the original comics and not full pages. In Amazing Spider-Man #640, the story is told as the altered events of \"Back in Black\" and \"One More Day\", as well as other events contemporaneous with those storylines. Plot Mary Jane Watson whispers to Mephisto that Peter will not trade his marriage for Aunt May's life unless Mary Jane tells him to accept the agreement, and that Mephisto will leave Peter alone forever when the deal is done. Mephisto agrees to these terms. At present time MJ shows up at Peter's door. They talk about how they have been acting towards each other lately and both agree they want to be friends with each other. Then they reminisce about what happened on what was supposed to be their wedding day. Spider-Man stops Electro and his gang. One of the gang members, Eddie, makes note of the arresting officer's name. Then Mephisto, as a red pigeon, swoops down and unlocks the door of the police car Eddie is in, allowing him to escape while the officers are occupied with cuffing Electro. Spider-Man is out patrolling that night and hears the gunshots of Eddie shooting at the arresting officer and his wife. While saving the policeman and his wife, Spider-Man gets hit in the head with a cinder block. He chases after Eddie and tackles him off the side of a building. Though Spider-Man foils the murder, during his struggle, he and Eddie fall from a building to the ground, with Spider-Man absorbing most of the impact. Eddie escapes, declining to kill Spider-Man because he saved Eddie's life. On the wedding morning, Mary Jane shows up but Peter does not as he is lying unconscious in an alleyway. After Peter misses his wedding he tries to explain what happened to Mary Jane, but she knows",
"title": "One Moment in Time (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "4250586",
"text": "The Iron Spider is a fictional powered exoskeleton used by several characters in Marvel Comics. Publication history The Iron Spider armor first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #529 and was designed by Joe Quesada, based on a sketch by Chris Bachalo. Peter Parker wore this gold and red suit as Spider-Man's official costume until writer J. Michael Straczynski chose to revert to the older costume. It was used symbolically to show the character's divided loyalties during the 2006–2007 \"Civil War\" storyline. Known wearers Peter Parker After being revived from a battle with Morlun, Tony Stark created the Iron Spider Armor as a gift to Peter Parker, in order to get the young hero's support for the Superhero Registration Act. But during several fights, Parker slowly became disturbed over the battles with several unregistered heroes, and discovered that Stark was using the suit to monitor him, along with several devices in play to incapacitate him if necessary. But during a trip to 42, a prison that illegally held super-powered individuals within the Negative Zone without trial or counsel, Parker became completely disgusted with Stark's actions, and turned his back from the Registation's side of the war, and forgone the costume after \"reformed\" criminals Jester and Jack O' Lantern attacked his aunt and wife in an attempt to capture him, and after a serious confrontation with Stark, leading the tech genius to repossess it. Scarlet Spiders The Iron Spider armor costume has been duplicated and used by MVP's three genetic clones in the Initiative who identify themselves as Red Team and also labeled the Scarlet Spiders. It is unknown as to what new powers the team possesses, but they have been shown to use some of the built-in powers such as the cloaking device, communications, and waldoes which the original costume possessed. One change is that there are now four waldoes, as opposed to three. These suits have the original's morphing ability, as well as web-shooters, and wall-crawling capability. Mary Jane Watson Mary Jane Watson later donned the Iron Spider armor in order to help Spider-Man and Iron Man fight Regent. She uses her experience in Iron Man's suit and her brief spider powers that she had back in the Spider-Island storyline to operate the armor. Aaron Davis Aaron Davis purchases a recolored and modified Iron Spider armor which he uses to form his incarnation of the Sinister Six. Amadeus Cho Amadeus Cho wears a version of the suit in the comic book The Totally Awesome Hulk. Powers and abilities Supported by a system similar to that of Tony Stark's classic Iron Man design, The Iron Spider armor features many gadgets, including three mechanical spider-arms, or \"waldoes\", that can be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. Stark describes them as too delicate to use in combat, yet Spider-Man shortly afterward uses them to smash through the sensors in Titanium Man's helmet. Later on during the \"Civil War\" arc, he uses them (reluctantly) during",
"title": "Iron Spider"
},
{
"docid": "1103984",
"text": "Elizabeth \"Liz\" Allan, also known as Elizabeth Allan-Osborn and commonly misspelled as \"Liz Allen\", is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In the character's earliest appearances, she was a popular girl at the high school Peter Parker attends. She has been a regular supporting character in the various Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Venom series in an on-and-off basis, and has ties to the Green Goblin and Molten Man. She is married to Harry Osborn, the mother of their son Normie Osborn, and the CEO of Alchemax. Liz Allan would later become Misery upon being bonded to the Symbiote that is a hybrid of the Anti-Venom and Carnage Symbiotes. Sally Livingstone portrays Liz Allan in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (2002), while Laura Harrier portrayed Liz Allan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history Liz Allan is named in The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963), the same issue in which Betty Brant first appears. However, an unnamed blonde female high school student in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) appears to be Liz Allan, and The Marvel Encyclopedia lists this as her official first appearance. She was a supporting character in the series until Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), which bids farewell to Liz as both she and Spider-Man graduate from high school. Nearly a decade later, Liz Allan was brought back in a story arc in Amazing Spider-Man #132-133 (May–June 1974), in which it is revealed that she is the Molten Man's stepsister. Writer Gerry Conway recalled, \"I liked doing callbacks to the run I was most influenced by, the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era, so bringing Liz back was something I'd wanted to do for a long time. And it gave me a reason to go back and look through the issues she was in, which brought me to the Molten Man's first appearance.\" Fictional character biography Liz Allan was a high school student that attended Midtown High School together, and a minor love interest of Peter Parker and Flash Thompson. Peter likes Liz, but she is Flash's girlfriend and considers Peter something of a loser, even taking part in the general ridicule that Peter endures on a daily basis. Her earliest appearances depict her as flighty and rather thoughtless - not outright cruel, but lacking the empathy necessary to perceive Peter's nature. However, after she hears an ailing Peter had donned a Spider-Man costume to save Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus, she develops a crush on him. By this time, however, Peter's interest has waned considerably, as he notes that Liz never showed any real interest in him until he began dating Betty Brant, and assumes that Liz's feelings are little more than a schoolgirl crush. Betty and Liz clash several times over Peter, as Betty mistakenly thinks that Peter reciprocates Liz's interest in him. In Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), Peter and Liz graduate",
"title": "Liz Allan"
},
{
"docid": "6146135",
"text": "Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and",
"title": "List of Spider-Man enemies"
},
{
"docid": "5857436",
"text": "Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are the parents of Peter Parker, the superhero known as Spider-Man. Richard and Mary Parker have been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portrayed the characters in the films The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Emma Roberts portrays Mary Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Richard and Mary Parker were created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. For many years before The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #5 (November 1968), there had been no explanation of why Peter Parker was being raised by his aunt and uncle, with his parents only appearing in flashbacks and photographs. That issue finally answered the question: Richard and Mary Parker were murdered by Albert Malik, who was one of Johann Schmidt's successors to the persona of Red Skull. In The Amazing Spider-Man #365 (August 1992), Spider-Man's 30th anniversary, they reappeared. Two years later, however, in #388 (April 1994), they were revealed to be Life Model Decoys created by the Chameleon and were destroyed. In the novel Mary Jane, it is said they died in a plane accident while going to Switzerland to turn in some important discovery that Richard made. Peter tries to figure out what the discovery was but fails, as he cannot figure out the things Richard has written on his board. In July 1997, Untold Tales of Spider-Man #-1, part of Marvel Comics' \"Flashback Month\" event, written by Roger Stern and drawn by John Romita, Sr., the characters' origins are expanded. Since then, they have rarely been mentioned. Fictional character biographies Captain Richard Parker, a decorated soldier of the United States Army Special Forces and younger brother of Ben Parker, was recruited by Nick Fury, the future director of S.H.I.E.L.D., to the C.I.A. Mary Fitzpatrick was the daughter of O.S.S. agent \"Wild Will\" Fitzpatrick. She attended the best schools and eventually followed in her father's footsteps, becoming a C.I.A. translator and data analyst. Richard and Mary met on the job, fell in love, and married. Originally they eloped, later having a more elaborate service, fooling many. Mary became a field agent like Richard, giving them both an easy cover as a married couple. They were assigned to investigate Baroness Adelicia Von Krupp, who had captured an agent of a \"friendly power\" (who turned out to be Logan, aka Wolverine, then a Canadian operative called \"Agent Ten\" and who would eventually become an ally of their son Peter who would grow up to become Spider-Man). They rescued Logan from the Baroness and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. After that mission, they discovered Mary was pregnant; Logan was actually the first person to congratulate the Parkers, commenting later that he never saw an agent as tough as Richard Parker go that white that fast. Their son, Peter, was often left in the care of Ben and his wife May",
"title": "Richard and Mary Parker"
},
{
"docid": "823737",
"text": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \"Torment\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \"Clone Saga\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter",
"title": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "503156",
"text": "Spider-Girl (May \"Mayday\" Parker) is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She has been referred to as both Spider-Girl and Spider-Woman. The character appears in the MC2 universe. The character was created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz as the teenage daughter of Peter Parker (Spider-Man) and Mary Jane Watson, and first appeared in What If #105 (February 1998). She later acquired her own ongoing comic book, Spider-Girl, written by DeFalco and drawn by Frenz and Pat Olliffe, which was the longest-running superhero book with a lead female character ever published by Marvel before being relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, and later The Spectacular Spider-Girl. Two incarnations of Mayday Parker, an infant and an adult, appear in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Publication history Spider-Girl first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint. Although each of these titles were slated to be 12-issue limited series, Spider-Girls initial sales justified their continuation as ongoing titles. After initial interest, Spider-Girl drew low sales. The book's active fan base convinced Marvel to revoke several cancellation announcements. Reprints of the series in digest size trade paperbacks sold well. Marvel Associate Editor Nick Lowe revealed in a Nov. 2005 interview that \"Spider-Girl, for the first time, is completely safe from cancellation.\" Despite Lowe's statement, Marvel announced that No. 100 would be the title's final issue. The book was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, with issue #0 appearing in Oct. 2006. On October 11, 2008, Tom DeFalco announced that The Amazing Spider-Girl would be canceled with issue #30, though he revealed that, due to the company's love for the character, she could possibly be given a sixteen-page back-up strip in The Amazing Spider-Man Family. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. On March 18, 2009, Marvel announced that Spider-Girl would continue publication as The Spectacular Spider-Girl, a web-comic released through Marvel's Digital Comics Unlimited. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. The Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through No. 8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8. The new The Spectacular Spider-Girl stories were then contained in Web of Spider-Man. This lasted for seven issues before being moved to its own four-issue limited series, Spectacular Spider-Girl, which tied up most of the series plot threads. This was followed by one last Spider girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity.",
"title": "Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker)"
},
{
"docid": "32703921",
"text": "Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It features the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna \"Ana\" Soria) to the Marvel Universe and laid the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, style, and plot. Plot Infested \"Infested\" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the \"Spider-Island\" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31. Spider-Island The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him \"The Way of the Spider\", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen. Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jackal is behind the disturbance, as he has collected several prominent crime figures with spider-powers and given them Spider-Man outfits. The Avengers attempt to defend the city against spider-powered hooligans. Although Shang-Chi is able to confirm Spider-Man's identity to the other heroes, he is nevertheless ordered to stay out of the fight due to the inability to distinguish him from the other Spider-Men. However, inspired by a conversation with Mary Jane, Peter is able to rally various other New Yorkers to help him stop the villainous Spider-Men by posing as another random spider-powered citizen. As Anti-Venom works on curing various Spider-People of their powers, Madame Web reflects on the need for both Agent Venom and Anti-Venom to fix the Spider-Island problem. Meanwhile, Carlie and Peter attempt to investigate the Jackal's lab, reasoning that he is the most likely candidate to have caused this event, unaware that they are being watched. Jackal is seen working on the Spider-King by filling with tiny spider embryos. Horizon Labs works with Reed Richards to find a cure for the spider-powered people while the Avengers and",
"title": "Spider-Island"
},
{
"docid": "871334",
"text": "The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Amazing Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. The list is updated as of March 19, 2024. Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) This comic book plot is written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Steve Ditko. Features the first appearances of Spider-Man, Aunt May, Uncle Ben, Flash Thompson, and Liz Allan. High school student Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider, thus gaining the proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a spider, along with a precognitive \"spider-sense\" and later creating a web-shooting device. Peter becomes Spider-Man, an instant TV sensation, but coming out of a TV studio one day, Peter does not stop an escaping burglar, claiming it is not his problem. A few days later, he comes home to find his Uncle Ben has been shot and goes to track down the murderer, only to find that it was the same burglar that he had let escape a few days earlier. Peter blames himself for his uncle's death and realizes that with great power there must also come great responsibility. This issue was released on June 5, 1962, and was published in August 1962. The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100 (January 1963 – July 1971) The Amazing Spider-Man #101–200 (August 1971 – November 1979) The Amazing Spider-Man #201–300 (December 1979 – March 1988) The Amazing Spider-Man #301–400 (April 1988 – February 1995) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–499 (March 1995 - September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–441 (March 1995 – September 1998) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #1–58 (November 1998 – September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #500–545 (October 2003 – December 2007) The Amazing Spider-Man #546–647 \"Brand New Day\" (January 2008 – November 2010) Note: Brand New Day is a soft reboot stemming out of the events of One More Day. Three issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month during this time. See Free Comic Book Day (2007): Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man #648–700 (November 2010 – December 2012) Note: During the \"Big Time\" storyline, two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month at the increased length of 30 pages each (compared to the traditional 22 pages). The Amazing Spider-Man #701–801 (January 2013 – June 2018) Superior Spider-Man (vol. 1) #1–33 (January 2013 – April 2014) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1–20 (April 2014 – August 2015) — Marvel NOW! Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows (vol. 1) #1–5 (June 2015 – September 2015) Note: Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is a Secret Wars tie-in miniseries set in an alternate universe where One More Day never happened. The miniseries is counted as part of the legacy numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1–32 (October 2015 – September 2017) — All-New, All-Different Marvel The Amazing Spider-Man #789–801 (October 2017 – June 2018) — Marvel Legacy The Amazing Spider-Man #802–894 (July 2018 – March 2022) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #1–74 (July 2018 – September 2021) — Fresh Start Note: See Free Comic Book Day (2018): Amazing Spider-Man.",
"title": "List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues"
},
{
"docid": "38162451",
"text": "\"Dying Wish\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \"Ends of the Earth\" and finished in \"Dying Wish\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \"Dying Wish\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \"Origin of the Species\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \"Ends of the Earth\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \"Ends of the Earth\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \"Peter Parker\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \"Spider-Man\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped",
"title": "Dying Wish"
},
{
"docid": "315920",
"text": "MacDonald \"Mac\" Gargan is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964). Mac Gargan is a recurring antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He debuted as a private investigator hired by J. Jonah Jameson to learn how Peter Parker took pictures of Spider-Man. In the following issue, Jameson decided to turn Gargan into a deadly adversary for Spider-Man through a barely-tested procedure, which left Gargan with an irremovable scorpion-themed armor and the predatory instincts of the arachnid. Driven insane by his mutation, Gargan instead turned to a life of crime as the Scorpion, and went on to menace both Spider-Man and Jameson, whom he held responsible for his transformation. Since then, having finally removed the armor, Gargan has also served as the third host of the Venom symbiote, and a member of the Dark Avengers as Spider-Man, but eventually returned to his Scorpion alias as it kept him alive due to the strain both the neural-armors and symbiote put on his body. Since his original introduction during the Silver Age of Comic Books, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games, and merchandise. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Mando. Publication history 1960s Mac Gargan debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He later appeared under the codename of Scorpion in The Amazing Spider-Man #20 (January 1965). He appeared as an antagonist in the 1977 Ms. Marvel series. 2000s Mac Gargan appeared as the third Venom in Marvel Knights: Spider-Man #10 (January 12, 2005). He later appeared as the third Spider-Man in Dark Avengers #1 (January 21, 2009). He appeared as a regular character in the series from issue #1 through issue #16 (May 12, 2010). He appeared in the 2009 Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man series, his first solo comic book series, by writer Brian Reed and artist Chris Bachalo. According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #1 was the 45th best selling comic book in June 2009. Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #2 was the 68th best selling comic book in July 2009. 2010s Mac Gargan reappeared under the codename Scorpion in the \"Big Time\" story arc from the 2010 The Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2019 Absolute Carnage series. 2020s Mac Gargan appeared in the 2020 Ravencroft series. He appeared in the 2022 Miles Morales: Spider-Man series. Fictional character biography Scorpion Mac Gargan was a private investigator initially hired by J. Jonah Jameson to find out how Peter Parker is able to obtain incredible pictures of Spider-Man. Gargan's efforts set off Peter's spider-sense and the teen easily evades the detective. Jameson then decides to hire Gargan as the subject of a barely-tested process that would endow him with the",
"title": "Mac Gargan"
},
{
"docid": "75438924",
"text": "\"Gang War\" is a 2023 storyline published by Marvel Comics. It was created by Zeb Wells and John Romita Jr. The story involves Spider-Man and the local superheroes working to deal with a gang war between the different families after Tombstone was shot and the crime families plan to take over the criminal underworld. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #39, Deadly Hands of Kung Fu: Gang War #1, and Luke Cage: Gang War #2 were dedicated in memory of Keith Giffen who died from a stroke on October 9, 2023. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #40, Luke Cage: Gang War #3, Miles Morales: Spider-Man Vol. 2 #14, and Spider-Woman Vol. 8 #2 saluted the retirement of Alison Gill. The event overall received mixed reviews, with criticism directed towards the artwork, tie-ins, pacing, character arcs, and the lack of focus on Spider-Man. Publication history Gang War will detail the different crime families going to war after Tombstone was shot by Shotgun during the wedding of Janice Lincoln and Randy Robertson. With the crime families blaming each other for calling the hit and planning to take over the criminal underworld, Spider-Man works to keep the gang war from getting worse with help from the local superheroes while also dealing with the anti-vigilante laws that will cause all the sides to come into conflict with the NYPD. Plot Lead-up On the day when Tombstone's daughter Janice Lincoln was going to marry Robbie Robertson's son Randy Robertson, it is attended by Peter Parker, Aunt May, Martha Robertson, and the crime lords Hammerhead, Mister Negative, Crime Master, Diamondback, Madame Masque, Black Mariah, and Owl. Just then, Shotgun crashes the wedding on his motorcycle and uses special bullets to wound Tombstone. Peter Parker slips away to become Spider-Man and pursues Shotgun. He follows Shotgun through the forest until he loses him. As Tombstone is loaded into an ambulance, the crime lords blame each other for the attack. Madame Masque leaves in her limousine as Hammerhead sets off an explosive in it. As Spider-Man and Rek-Rap deal with Re-Po (who was made from Peter Parker's debt collector by Madelyne Pryor) in his mission to get Rek-Rap and the other demons back to Limbo, Hammerhead talks with his branch of the Maggia as one of them mentions about what happened to Madam Masque. Just then, they are visited by Count Nefaria who will take the blame on what happened with his daughter Madame Masque. While touching Hammerhead's head, Count Nefaria states that the crime lords will bow to the Maggia once again. As Hammerhead watches the news about Randy Robertson talking about Fisk's law, Hammerhead gets a call from his minion Jake about how they found Lady Yulan's grunts and how he speculated that Lady Yulan's grunts are either vampires or hate holy water. As Hammerhead orders Jake to take Father O'Neil home, he also tells them to lose the masks they got from the Inner Demons as they have a big day tomorrow. The next day, Hammerhead meets with",
"title": "Gang War (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "144436",
"text": "Benjamin Franklin \"Ben\" Parker, usually referred to as Uncle Ben, was a supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with the superhero Spider-Man (Peter Parker). He was the husband of May Parker and the paternal uncle and father figure of Peter Parker. After appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962), Uncle Ben made his first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He was modeled and named after American founding father Benjamin Franklin. The character has been an essential part of Spider-Man's history. His death at the hands of a petty criminal, whom Spider-Man previously had the chance to apprehend, but chose not to, has been depicted in most versions of the hero's origin story, as the main factor that inspired Peter to become Spider-Man. Uncle Ben's quote, \"With great power there must also come great responsibility\" (often paraphrased as \"With great power comes great responsibility\"), has become Spider-Man's \"moral guide\" and iconic life motto. The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including films, animated series, and video games. He was portrayed by Cliff Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and by Martin Sheen in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012). In December 2021, Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) screenwriters Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers confirmed that Uncle Ben's comic book role as Peter's \"moral guide\" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)—who tells him his life motto before being killed as a result of his actions—had instead been adapted to his aunt May Parker, portrayed by Marisa Tomei in five films from 2016 to 2021. Adam Scott portrays a younger Ben Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history After first appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962)—caring for his niece (a mermaid named Linda Brown) with his wife May—Uncle Ben returned in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962)—caring for his nephew (Peter Parker / Spider-Man) with May—and was killed in the same issue. Although his history as a supporting character was very brief, Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider-Man's life, often appearing in flashbacks. Notability of death The murder of Uncle Ben is possibly the most notable in comic book history. He is also one of the few comic book deaths that has never been reversed in official continuity. He was a member of the \"Big Three\", alongside Jason Todd (an associate of Batman) and Bucky (an associate of Captain America) whose notable deaths, along with Ben's, gave rise to the phrase: \"No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky, Jason Todd, and Uncle Ben\". Later, the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment, \"No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben\". The violent killing of Uncle Ben, done by a common street criminal, also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne, the parents of",
"title": "Uncle Ben"
},
{
"docid": "1368744",
"text": "The \"Clone Saga\" is an extended comic-book storyline published by Marvel Comics, revolving around the superhero Spider-Man and clones of him, as well as of other characters. The second and best-known story arc of this name ran from October 1994 to December 1996, and quickly became one of the most controversial Spider-Man stories ever told. Although it was intended to wrap up in less than a year, the comics sold very well and the writers were encouraged to prolong the saga as long as possible. This led to some changes to the storyline that ultimately proved unpopular. Despite the controversy, the 1990s Clone Saga remains one of the most popular Spider-Man story arcs of all time. Although many people were involved in its creation, the Clone Saga is most closely associated with Terry Kavanagh, who proposed the idea; Howard Mackie, who worked on the majority of the smaller crossovers involved in the overall story arc; and Gerry Conway, who devised the original story. Executive editors on the storyline included Tom DeFalco, Bob Budiansky, and Bob Harras. Story arcs There were two \"Clone Sagas\": the original storyline in the 1970s and the second saga which consumed all the regular Spider-Man series, several limited series and one-shot issues between 1994 and 1997. Between the two, there were also two smaller storylines that dealt with elements from the original saga. The original Clone Saga In mid-1973, writer Gerry Conway made the decision to kill off the girlfriend of Peter Parker, Gwen Stacy, in The Amazing Spider-Man #121 because the editorial team felt that Gwen had become stale as a character and they wanted to instill an additional element of tragedy into Peter Parker's life. In the follow-up arcs, Conway introduced a new villain called the Jackal and let Gwen Stacy seemingly return from the dead. The Jackal was the villain identity of Gwen and Peter's biology professor Miles Warren, who could not cope with the death of Gwen, with whom he had a secret infatuation. As an expert on cloning, he creates clones of both Gwen and Peter, discovering Peter is Spider-Man as a result. The Jackal blames Spider-Man for Gwen's death and wants to kill him. The Jackal kidnaps Spider-Man and forces him to fight his clone. Both men believe they are the real Peter Parker. The two Spider-Men soon decide to work together, but one is seemingly killed by the same bomb that kills the Jackal. The surviving Spider-Man determines he is the original because he is in love with Mary Jane Watson, which did not happen until after Professor Warren created the clone. Spider-Man drops the body of the clone into an incinerator. Gwen Stacy's clone disappears to find a new life for herself. The Amazing Spider-Man #149, the climactic installment of the original Clone Saga, leaves it ambiguous whether it is the original Spider-Man or his clone who perishes in the bomb explosion. Conway said this ambiguity was unintentional, as at the time he took it as a given",
"title": "Clone Saga"
},
{
"docid": "25700184",
"text": "This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \"Power Booster\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \"Spider-Friends\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \"costume\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \"Vengeance Of Loki\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \"Windchill Factor Zero\". In \"Mission: Save The Guardstar\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \"fire and ice don't really mix\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \"Opposites Attack!\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in",
"title": "List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters"
},
{
"docid": "2291862",
"text": "\"The Death of Jean DeWolff\" is a four-part story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It comprises the comics Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #107–110 (October 1985 – January 1986). The story was written by Peter David, penciled by Rich Buckler, and inked by Brett Breeding, Josef Rubinstein, Kyle Baker and Pat Redding. It was the second professional comic book writing assignment for David and the beginning of his \"break\" into comic book writing. In this arc, Peter Parker (Spider-Man) hunts down the killer of police captain Jean DeWolff, one of his closest friends. Publication history On the first page of \"Part 4: All My Sins Remembered\", when Spider-Man remembers his teenage past with Betty Brant, the flashback panels are reprints of panels from earlier issues of Amazing Spider-Man; e.g. the third panel is from Amazing Spider-Man #41. Plot summary After capturing a trio of muggers assaulting Ernie Popchik (an elderly tenant of his Aunt May's), Spider-Man learns that his close friend NYPD Captain Jean DeWolff has been killed in her sleep. Spider-Man confronts the police officer in charge of the investigation, Sergeant Stan Carter. Carter tells him Jean was killed by a close-range double-barreled shotgun blast, and that her badge is missing. Meanwhile, attorney Matt Murdock (the civilian identity of Daredevil) is assigned to represent Popchik's muggers at their arraignment; he succeeds in getting them released without bail, and through his super-senses also finds out Spider-Man's secret identity as Peter Parker when the latter attends the trial in May's and Popchik's company. However, he is disgusted by his clients' rowdy behavior, and speaks with the judge presiding over the case — his friend and mentor, Horace Rosenthal — about his misgivings with doing pro bono publico work. During their talk he senses an armed and masked intruder in Rosenthal's chamber. After Rosenthal leaves, the intruder introduces himself as the Sin-Eater and tries to shoot Murdock. Hearing the commotion, Rosenthal returns and is shot by the Sin-Eater. The Sin-Eater then escapes through the window. On the streets outside, Spider-Man responds to the panic aroused by the Sin-Eater's appearance. He opens fire on Spider-Man, who leaps above the scattergun blasts. The bullets hit a crowd of bystanders. During their fight, Spider-Man spots a gavel and a badge on the Sin-Eater's belt, and realizes he must be the one who killed Jean DeWolff. However, when he sees Aunt May lying senseless on the ground, he allows the Sin-Eater to escape so that he can help her. Spider-Man successfully petitions Carter for unofficial approval to search DeWolff's apartment. Carter also reveals the folklore behind the term sin-eater, and mentions that he is a former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. Spider-Man is unable to find any clues in DeWolff's apartment, but discovers a collection of news clippings indicating that she was romantically interested in him. While at Rosenthal's funeral, Murdock recognizes Sin-Eater's heartbeat among those attending DeWollf's funeral nearby, but there are too many mourners for him to pick out which one is the Sin-Eater.",
"title": "The Death of Jean DeWolff"
},
{
"docid": "13305157",
"text": "\"One More Day\" (OMD) is a four-part 2007 comic book crossover storyline, connecting the three main Spider-Man series published by Marvel Comics at the time. Written by J. Michael Straczynski and Joe Quesada, with art by Quesada, the story arc concludes the fallout of Spider-Man's actions during the 2007 Civil War crossover. \"One More Day\" starts in The Amazing Spider-Man #544, continues in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #24 and The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2) #41, and concludes in The Amazing Spider-Man #545. After Aunt May had been shot by a stray bullet from a goon of the Kingpin meant for Spider-Man, Spider-Man seeks help to save her life. He encounters the demon Mephisto, who offers to save her life if Spider-Man gives him his marriage. Spider-Man and his wife, Mary Jane Watson, agree, and this part of their history is erased so that, effectively, they have never been married. The storyline set the stage for a restructuring of the Spider-Man titles, resulting in the cancellation of Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, with The Amazing Spider-Man revamped as a thrice-monthly publication. The events of \"One More Day\" regarding Peter Parker and Mary Jane's marriage was met with highly negative criticism, although the artwork received praise. Elements of the storyline were adapted in the feature film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada felt dissolving the Peter Parker and Mary Jane marriage and returning Spider-Man to his roots was necessary to preserve the longevity of the character for the next 20 or 30 years. Quesada said he and other previous editors-in-chief had long been seeking an opportunity to begin a new methodology in which to tell Spider-Man stories, but had not found a reasonable way to do so. Quesada said \"It's very easy to un-marry a character, or fix something like that: you just do a huge universal retcon, and say a few events in history didn't happen. But that's really not the way we do it here at Marvel.\" Quesada found an opportunity to address this in the events of the 2007 Civil War mini-series, which resulted in the unmasking of Spider-Man's identity to the public. Quesada knew J. Michael Straczynski was planning to end his run as a Marvel writer, so he personally approached Straczynski to propose \"One More Day\" as his final project. The ideas for \"One More Day\" began to develop almost two years before its release, at one of Marvel's creative summits for creators and editors. Quesada, Straczynski, Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, Jeph Loeb, Tom Brevoort and Axel Alonso developed the concept between them, and Ed Brubaker and Dan Slott added more at the next summit. \"One More Day\" was announced as the concluding storyline of Straczynski's run on Amazing Spider-Man in early 2007, and Quesada was named as the artist for the storyline. Although Quesada had become more selective in choosing projects to do as an artist since becoming editor-in-chief, he felt",
"title": "Spider-Man: One More Day"
},
{
"docid": "15011570",
"text": "The Living Brain is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 and has made few subsequent appearances since. A foe of the superhero Spider-Man, the original Living Brain was created by the fictional International Computing Machines Corporation and billed as the most intelligent computer and robot in existence, capable of solving virtually any question asked. In more recent times, the Superior Spider-Man reprogrammed it to serve as a laboratory assistant at Parker Industries, with it remaining in that role after Peter Parker returned. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (Jan. 1964). The second Living Brain appears in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #6. Fictional character history Original Living Brain The Living Brain, soon after its creation, is brought to Midtown High School by its creator Dr. Petty as a part of a demonstration of its renowned ability to solve any problem. The students agreed to ask the machine what is Spider-Man's secret identity, and a nervous Peter Parker, the volunteer for the demonstration, fed it all of the given known information from the students concerning the wall-crawler, relievingly finding the answer to be in a mathematical code for Peter to decode overnight (because of this, it is unknown if the Living Brain correctly deduced Spider-Man's true identity). During the course of the Living Brain's demonstration, the two workmen hired to transport it overhear how the Living Brain has the ability to answer anything and they decide to steal it to use this ability for gambling purposes. Caught in the middle of their stealing it by Dr. Petty, one of the workmen quickly knocks him out, but by doing so bumps the other one into the Living Brain's control panel on its chest, causing the Living Brain to malfunction. Going on a rampage through Midtown High, the Living Brain is confronted by Spider-Man, who eventually shuts it down. At the end of the day as Peter is walking back home, he plans on telling everyone the next day he'd lost the code during the confusion. The Living Brain reappears several years later, now discredited and broken-down. Dr. Petty plans to donate it to Midtown High School's science lab. The Living Brain ends up being stolen by Dr. Petty's son Steve Petty who modifies the robot, giving it a gold and red color scheme, clawed hands and the ability to fly. Remotely controlling the Living Brain to attack a bully who had been tormenting him, Steve is eventually defeated by Spider-Man (who had been on a visit to Midtown High as Peter Parker) and the Living Brain is shut down once more. The Living Brain, restored to its pre-upgrade appearance, was then acquired by a group of criminals, who used it to commit robberies. The robot and its controllers were apprehended",
"title": "Living Brain"
},
{
"docid": "2444780",
"text": "Humberto Ramos (born 27 November 1970) is a Mexican comic book penciller, best known for his work on American comic books such as Impulse, Runaways, The Spectacular Spider-Man, The Amazing Spider-Man and his creator-owned series Crimson. Career Humberto Ramos began his career in 1989 at Kaboom Cómics. He was later hired by DC Comics as the regular penciller for their Flash spin-off Impulse, which launched in March 1995. Written by Mark Waid, the superhero/teen comedy series focused on young speedster Bart Allen, the grandson of the second Flash, Barry Allen, and his struggles with growing up in an alienated Alabama suburb. In 1998, Ramos co-founded the imprint Cliffhanger with comic book artists Joe Madureira and J. Scott Campbell. They created the imprint, housed by Jim Lee's Image Comics division Wildstorm, to publish their creator-owned comic books outside the mainstream superhero genre. Both Campbell and Madureira had already built large fanbases with their previous work on Gen13 and Uncanny X-Men respectively, and were two of the most popular comic book artists at the time. Ramos, on the other hand, was not as popular and his inclusion on the imprint was perceived as second choice, after fan-favorite Michael Turner declined because he was still under contract at Top Cow. Ramos' first Cliffhanger title Crimson ran for 24 issues and two one-shots, with poor success. It was followed by the fantasy/mystery series Out There, months later. Ramos also began illustrating the covers of Peter Parker: Spider-Man with issue #30 and—beginning with May 2002's Peter Parker: Spider-Man #44—additionally did the interior artwork on the four-issue story arc \"A Death in the Family\" (later collected as Spider-Man: Return of the Goblin; ), written by Paul Jenkins. After his Cliffhanger contract expired, and Out There concluded after 18 issues in early 2003, Ramos left the imprint, apparently not on the best terms, and launched a new Spider-Man title, The Spectacular Spider-Man. The book reunited Ramos with Peter Parker: Spider-Man writer Paul Jenkins and earned him a 2005 Harvey Award nomination as Best Cover Artist. While Ramos worked on Spectacular Spider-Man, another book created by him (although illustrated by Francisco Herrera), the six-issue miniseries Kamikaze, which had originally been planned for 2001, was published by WildStorm under the Cliffhanger imprint. In 2005, Ramos' creator-owned six-issue miniseries Revelations began publication by Dark Horse Comics. Following Revelations, Ramos returned to Marvel Comics, joining writer Marc Guggenheim as the new creative team on Wolverine, beginning with issue #42 in March 2006. The same month also saw the release of the first volume of the space opera Kookaburra K, a series of three 46-page comic albums Ramos illustrated for French comic publisher Soleil Productions, written by French comic book creator Crisse. Ramos worked with writer Terry Moore on Runaways from 2008 to 2009, and became one of the regular artists on The Amazing Spider-Man in 2010. In April 2014, Ramos and writer Dan Slott launch Amazing Spider-Man as part of Marvel NOW!. The first issue of this new version of The",
"title": "Humberto Ramos"
}
] | [
"Andrew Garfield"
] |
train_2333 | who played harry osborn in the amazing spider-man | [
{
"docid": "29719785",
"text": "Dane William DeHaan ( ; born February 6, 1986) is an American actor. His roles include Andrew Detmer in Chronicle (2012), Jason Glanton in The Place Beyond the Pines (2012), Lucien Carr in Kill Your Darlings (2013), Harry Osborn / Green Goblin in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Lockhart in A Cure for Wellness (2016), Valerian in Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017), Chris Lynwood in ZeroZeroZero, and Kenneth Nichols in Oppenheimer (2023). In 2021, he starred in psychological romance horror miniseries Lisey's Story. He also had a role in the true crime limited series adaptation of The Staircase in 2022. Early life DeHaan was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania. His father is a computer programmer and his mother is an executive at MetLife. He has an older sister, and had what The Independent described in 2017 as a \"very normal, super-supportive childhood\". DeHaan attended Emmaus High School in Emmaus, Pennsylvania for three years and appeared in community theater. He transferred to the University of North Carolina School of the Arts for his senior year of high school, where he said he was \"around artists for the first time\". He continued at UNCSA for undergraduate studies, graduating in 2008. Career DeHaan began his professional acting career as an understudy for Haley Joel Osment in the short-lived 2008 Broadway revival of American Buffalo. Also in 2008, he made his television debut, guest-appearing on an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. In 2010, DeHaan made his feature film debut in John Sayles' Amigo and played Jesse in the third season of HBO's In Treatment. In 2011, he played Timbo in the fourth season of True Blood. In 2012, DeHaan starred in the sci-fi found footage film Chronicle, and as Cricket in Lawless. In 2013, he played Lucien Carr, a contemporary of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, in Kill Your Darlings. It was a role for which he has received critical acclaim. In 2013, he starred as the main character \"Trip\" in Metallica's surrealist concert film Metallica: Through the Never. He was the cover star of Hero magazine issue 10 in October 2013, shot by Hedi Slimane. In 2014, Annie Leibovitz photographed DeHaan for Prada's men's clothing spring advertising campaign. That same year, he played Harry Osborn / Green Goblin in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and Zach Orfman in Life After Beth. DeHaan played a fictional version of himself in the music video for Imagine Dragons' song \"I Bet My Life\". In 2015, DeHaan starred as James Dean in the drama Life, based on Dean's friendship with photographer Dennis Stock. In September 2015, DeHaan was the cover star of Another Man issue 20. In 2016, DeHaan played Roman in the independent drama film Two Lovers and a Bear and Lockhart in the 2016 horror film A Cure for Wellness. In 2017, DeHaan starred in Luc Besson's science fiction film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets based on the French comics series Valérian and Laureline. He also starred",
"title": "Dane DeHaan"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "74457974",
"text": "Spider-Man: Lotus is a 2023 American superhero fan film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. It was produced, directed, and co-written by Gavin J. Konop. The film stars Warden Wayne as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Sean Thomas Reid as Harry Osborn, and Moriah Brooklyn as Mary Jane Watson. The film is not associated with Marvel Studios nor Sony Pictures and was funded by fans via an Indiegogo campaign. Its trailer trended on Twitter and YouTube, which helped gain exposure for the film. The film began receiving media attention in June 2022 after messages were leaked online in which Konop and Wayne used discriminatory language, igniting a controversy which was widely covered by news outlets. Plot After defeating a new supervillain calling himself the Shocker, Peter Parker arrives late to a double date with his girlfriend Gwen Stacy and best friends Harry Osborn and Mary Jane Watson. After some initial friction due to his frequent absences, Peter plans to propose to Gwen during a planned vacation at the lake. However, Peter's arch-nemesis, the Green Goblin, arrives shortly thereafter, kidnaps Gwen, and takes her unconscious body to the top of the George Washington Bridge. Peter, as his alter ego \"Spider-Man\", fails to save Gwen, resulting in a final battle between himself and the Goblin, resulting in the latter's death. Sometime later, Peter has retired from being Spider-Man, blaming himself for failing to save Gwen’s life and begins to shut others out. Haunted by the dreams of the night Gwen died, Peter angrily confronts Mary Jane and Harry for not caring about Gwen’s passing. Though she is hurt, Mary Jane begrudgingly gives Peter a letter for him to give to Spider-Man, which asks if Spider-Man can pay a young child named Tim Harrison a visit before he succumbs to a terminal illness. Harry, despondent over his father's death and regretting the strained relationship the two of them had, leaves the city and goes on a bender, before returning to New York to visit his father's grave. Peter arrives at the Harrison's apartment as Spider-Man, meeting and bonding with Tim, who sees Spider-Man as a hero in spite of what the press says about him. However, when questioned about what happened to \"the girl on the bridge\", Peter convinces Tim that he isn't a hero, claiming that his origin was an accident and that he only became Spider-Man for selfish desires. Peter abandons Tim, but Tim's mother convinces Peter to make amends with the boy, wanting to give him hope in his dying days. Peter apologizes and even unmasks in front of Tim, who recognizes Peter as Spider-Man's photographer. Peter bids farewell to Tim, encouraging him to stay strong in the face of fear. Elsewhere, Mary Jane and Harry begin to patch up their relationship as Peter returns to the cemetery to pay his respects at Gwen’s grave. In the distance, he also notices Tim's grave as well, realizing that even though he may not \"want\" to be Spider-Man, he \"needs\" to continue",
"title": "Spider-Man: Lotus"
},
{
"docid": "24423096",
"text": "\"Competition\" is the fifth episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man, which is based on the comic book character Spider-Man, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In it, Spider-Man must face the Sandman, a former petty thug who now can manipulate his sand body at will. \"Competition\" was written by Kevin Hopps and directed by Troy Adomitis. Hopps and Adomotis each had their respective roles previously in \"Interactions\". Victor Cook, a developer, producer, and supervising director for The Spectacular Spider-Man, was thrilled to use Sandman because he felt he was \"a perfect character for animation.\" \"Competition\" aired on March 29, 2008, on the Kids WB! block for The CW. The episode received warm reviews from television critics - IGN wrote that the fight scenes were the greatest of the series at the time. Plot summary Peter, as Spider-Man, effectively defeats two common thugs - Flint Marko and Alex O'Hirn - and puts them in prison. While discussing their outrage towards Spider-Man, their bail is paid and they go into a limousine outside. Inside the limousine, Hammerhead tells them he has big plans for them, taking them to a secret base. The next day, Peter practices his web slinging in his bedroom, when Aunt May walks in. He stops and she suggests he takes their neighbor Mary Jane Watson to the upcoming Fall Formal. Peter cringes at the idea and heads off to school. There, it is announced football practices will be held that day and Harry wants to try out. Peter passes on joining him as he feels it will reveal his abilities. When he hears Flash Thompson planning on specifically going after Harry during tryouts, he decides to keep him safe and try out anyway. They each do good at tryout - Harry impresses the coach and the other player, while Peter does the same using his extra abilities. Meanwhile, Norman Osborn arrives at the warehouse to supervise an experiment on Marko. The restrained Marko will be given subdermal silicon transplants giving him a hardened untraceable silicon armor. Dr. Octavius says that the experiment has too many flaws but Osborn commands him to go with it anyway. The experiment malfunctions and the silicon violently mutates him. His body evaporates into sand and Octavius, terrified, thinks he has just killed him. Suddenly, Marko reshapes himself, still made of sand, and viciously thrashes against the walls for them to let him out. Hammerhead and Osborn take him outside in their limousine, where Marko is able to reform himself in his old appearance. When they tell him he will work for \"the Big Man,\" but he decides to go alone and leaves. Hammerhead is fine with that as it means they will now have a distraction for Spider-Man. Now codenamed \"Sandman,\" Marko robs a bank and Spider-Man arrives immediately. He is overpowered by Marko's new powers and finds himself out of web fluid. After defeating Spider-Man, Sandman escapes through a sewer drain, after accidentally mentioning the \"Big Man's\" name.",
"title": "Competition (The Spectacular Spider-Man)"
},
{
"docid": "18936506",
"text": "\"Green Goblin Reborn!\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the",
"title": "Green Goblin Reborn!"
},
{
"docid": "504988",
"text": "Benjamin \"Ben\" Reilly (), also known as the Scarlet Spider, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Grown in a lab by Miles Warren/Jackal, he is a clone of Peter Parker/Spider-Man tasked with fighting him but instead becoming an ally, later even regarded as a \"brother\". Created by writer Gerry Conway, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 (October 1975) and is seemingly killed in the same issue. The character returned and featured prominently in the 1994–96 \"Clone Saga\" storyline, adopting the \"Scarlet Spider\" alias with a costume similar to Spider-Man's consisting of a red spandex bodysuit and mask complemented by a blue sleeveless hoodie sweatshirt adorned with a large spider symbol on both sides, along with a utility belt and bulkier web-shooters. This Scarlet Spider costume was designed by artist Tom Lyle. When Peter Parker temporarily left the Spider-Man role, Ben became the new Spider-Man while wearing a new costume variation designed by artist Mark Bagley. However, Reilly dies at the hands of Norman Osborn/Green Goblin, sacrificing himself to save Parker who then resumes the Spider-Man role. In 2017's Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy story, the character is revealed to be alive, his mind forcibly transferred to new clone bodies by the Jackal repeatedly before his resurrection was successful. Driven mad by the experience of being reborn and dying repeatedly, he became the new Jackal and started his own criminal enterprise. After being defeated by Spider-Man and others, Reilly reclaims his Scarlet Spider identity in the series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider. Reimagined as an antihero, he first hopes to escape his past then embarks on a spiritual quest to redeem himself. This arc is completed in \"Spider-Geddon\" (2018), during which he sacrifices himself to protect others when his life force is absorbed by an enemy who inadvertently absorbs his many death traumas as well. Ben is then resurrected in a new clone body, his mind and soul healed and restored. During the events of the 2021–2022 storyline \"Beyond\", Ben temporarily became Spider-Man again, only for him to have his memories purged from him and becoming a new villain called Chasm. Due to his many resurrections in different clone bodies, the 2017–2018 comic series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider states he has died and returned more than anyone else in the Marvel Universe, leading to him becoming favored by Lady Death. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse voiced by Andy Samberg. Publication history Ben Reilly was first featured as Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 as a nameless clone of Peter Parker who seemingly dies alongside his creator the Jackal, who had also created a clone of Parker's lost love Gwen Stacy. The events of the issue were later revisited in several comics such as What If #30. Asked why he created the character, writer Gerry Conway explained: Though Conway had no intention of using the character beyond this initial story in",
"title": "Ben Reilly"
},
{
"docid": "42499790",
"text": "Dr. Ashley Kafka is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in stories revolving around the superhero Spider-Man. Introduced in The Spectacular Spider-Man #178 (July 1991), she was created by writer J. M. DeMatteis and artist Sal Buscema. The character was inspired by therapeutic hypnotist Frayda Kafka. In the comics, Dr. Kafka is a psychiatrist at the Ravencroft Institute for the Criminally Insane, and an occasional ally of Spider-Man. After having been killed by Massacre, Dr. Kafka was twice \"reanimated\" with her soul intact in a cloned body by Ben Reilly and Norman Osborn, dying again in the former body to the Carrion Virus before going on to become the Queen Goblin in the latter body after being magically corrupted by Osborn's \"sins\" (the Green Goblin persona) by the Beyond Corporation. The character has appeared in several forms of media outside of comics, including animated series and video games. A male version of the character appeared in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 portrayed by Marton Csokas. Publication history Ashley Kafka first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #178 (July 1991), and was created by J.M. DeMatteis and Sal Buscema. She was killed in The Superior Spider-Man #4 (April 2013) before being twice revived in Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy #2 (November 2016) and Ravencroft #5 (September 2020), becoming the Queen Goblin in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #88 (February 2022) Fictional character biography Ashley Kafka grew up in New York with her mother and her sister, Norma, who had been born with severe facial birth defects and was mentally challenged. Kafka looked after Norma while growing up. Their mother died when Kafka was nineteen years old and Norma was left at a psychiatric hospital, where she died a short time later. Kafka then went to college at the Empire State University where she studied psychology and earned a degree. Kafka goes on to become a professional psychologist specializing in the criminally insane and founds a maximum security sanitarium called the Ravencroft Institute for the Criminally Insane, where she treats super-criminals. Kafka is later killed by Massacre during a breakout attempt. It is revealed in the mini-series Ben Reilly: Spider-Man that prior to her death, Kafka had knowledge of Peter Parker's true identity as Peter reached out to Kakfa for help in dealing with the belief that he was a clone of Spider-Man and not the original. Dead No More During the \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" storyline, Ben Reilly \"reanimated\" Ashley Kafka in a cloned body (with her soul intact). She later suffered from clone degeneration, and died again. The Sins of Norman Osborn In the pages of Ravencroft, Norman Osborn used Reilly's cloning method to revive Ashley Kafka in a new cloned body (her soul less intact), in a plan to get John Jameson to regain his ability to transform into Man-Wolf. During the \"Sins Rising\" arc, the revived Sin-Eater uses Mister Negative's powers to corrupt Ashley Kafka and use her",
"title": "Ashley Kafka"
},
{
"docid": "6073034",
"text": "Philip Benjamin \"Phil\" Urich () is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared in Web of Spider-Man #125 (June 1995). He was a superhero as the Green Goblin, and a supervillain as the Hobgoblin. He was later crowned the Goblin Knight before dubbing himself the Goblin King. Publication history The character first appeared in Web of Spider-Man #125 (June 1995) as the Green Goblin. Phil Urich's identity and origin was revealed in Green Goblin #1 (October 1995). The character later first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #649 (January 2011) as the Hobgoblin. Fictional character biography Heroic Green Goblin The nephew of Ben Urich of the Daily Bugle, Phil stumbles upon one of Harry Osborn's old Goblin hideouts. Using a mask that delivers a \"zap\" gives him Goblin-level strength seemingly without the psychotic side-effects of the original Goblin formula, he gains enhanced strength and endurance. Following Harry's death, he tries to gain a reputation as a superhero version of Green Goblin. However, he is sometimes seen as being as maniacal as his villainous predecessors. His equipment is damaged during a battle against a Sentinel in the \"Onslaught\" crossover; Urich sacrifices his glider to destroy a Sentinel by ramming the robot in the head, but a fragment of metal ricochets off the explosion and damages his mask's circuitry. Urich is unable to repair or replace the technology and retires from being the Goblin. Phil later forms a superhero self-help group with Mickey Musashi in order to prevent teenagers from becoming superheroes, and to help young former superheroes get over their pasts, attempting to convince them and others that their powers had damaged their lives. His intentions are pure, but he accepts funds from a secret benefactor to rescue the Runaways during the \"True Believers\" story arc. The groups vows to only don their uniform one last time and help the Runaways defeat Ultron's clone. The team vows not to use their powers again, but Mattie Franklin secretly uncovers a MGH drug ring. This leads to Nekra attacking the group during one of their counseling sessions. Urich suffers a mental breakdown after watching Chris Powell and Mickey share a celebratory kiss, having apparently convinced himself that he and Mickey had feelings for each other though she only saw him as a friend. He attacks Mickey and Chris and steals the Darkhawk amulet from Chris. The Loners join together to fight Urich, but he is able to escape with Hollow. Villainous Hobgoblin Urich is next seen in the Big Time storyline in New York helping out his uncle at the new Front Line offices. He develops a crush on co-worker Norah Winters who is looking into Goblin Gangs for a story. Urich goes to one of the old Goblin hideouts, hoping to find something there to impress Norah. He encounters Daniel Kingsley (posing as the original Hobgoblin) who is also looking for some new Goblin technology. Kingsley is about to kill him when Urich snaps and",
"title": "Phil Urich"
},
{
"docid": "31952364",
"text": "\"Big Time\" is a series of comic book storylines in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics from 2010 to 2011. It follows the 102 consecutive issues of the \"Brand New Day\" publishing scheme and is the first shift in publishing for The Amazing Spider-Man since \"Brand New Day\" began. The frequency of publication dropped from three issues monthly to two issues, but the length of the comic book expanded from 22 to 30 pages. This extra length is sometimes used for back-up stories and sometimes for a longer main story. Concurrently with the story going in The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel also started the new series Spider-Girl vol. 2, Osborn, and Carnage, which are considered part of \"Big Time.\" All nine issues of \"Big Time\" have sold out at Diamond Comic Distributors and have a second printing with a variant cover. Plot summary \"Kill to be You\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #648 through #651 Peter starts a new job at Horizon Labs after a recommendation from Marla Jameson to the head of the lab gets him the job. Phil Urich takes over the Hobgoblin identity after killing Daniel Kingsley. Spider-Man is unable to stop the theft because of the Hobgoblin's Lunatic Laugh. Peter uses his new job at Horizon Labs to create a suit that uses harmonics to prevent the Lunatic Laugh from affecting him. Spider-Man and the Black Cat infiltrate the building of the Kingpin to get the experimental metal back. In the back-up stories in The Amazing Spider-Man #649 through #651 Alistair Alphonso Smythe breaks Mac Gargan out of prison and gives him a new Scorpion costume. These events directly lead into the \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\" story that follows. \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #652 through #654, titled the \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer,\" Alistair Smythe has created an army of Spider-Slayers by giving cybernetic implants to people with a grudge against J. Jonah Jameson. All of the Spider-Slayers, and Mac Gargan as the Scorpion, have a power similar to Spider-Man's spider-sense that makes them harder to hit and for Smythe to telepathically communicate with all of them. Smythe targets Jameson's family and friends so Jameson can feel the same pain Smythe felt when he lost his father. The New Avengers help Spider-Man fight the multiple threats, but Spider-Man is forced to build a bomb that will destroy the spider-sense of the Spider-Slayers so they can be defeated. Mac Gargan prevents Spider-Man from fleeing after he plants the bomb, so he is forced to set it off while he is still within its radius and he loses his spider-sense as well. After his army of Spider-Slayers is stopped Smythe tries to kill Jameson himself, but Marla Jameson jumps in the way to save the life of her husband. \"No One Dies\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #655 and #656, titled \"No One Dies,\" a funeral is held for Marla Jameson. Peter has a nightmare where he sees everyone who has ever died in his life (including",
"title": "Spider-Man: Big Time"
},
{
"docid": "3087896",
"text": "Dr. Gregory Herd is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. His first appearance was in The Spectacular Scarlet Spider #1. He originally operated as the villain Override and worked with his wife, who operated as Aura. He becomes the fiery villain Shadrac in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #2. Fictional character biography Together with his wife (who operated under the name Aura), Dr. Gregory Herd worked as a mercenary for hire as Override. During the \"Spider-Hunt\" storyline, in which a massive bounty is placed on Spider-Man's head, Herd's wife is gravely injured and left in medical care. To cover her steadily mounting medical expenses, Override goes to work as one of Norman Osborn's costumed employees. Desperate for some way to save his wife, Herd asks to join Osborn's \"Gathering of Five\" ceremony to gain one of five \"gifts\". However, Herd is the recipient of death, which gives Herd new powers while steadily destroying him over time. He falls under the thumb of a man named Dolman, who owned one of the five artifacts used in the Gathering ceremony before it was stolen by Osborn. Dolman intends to use Herd as a tool to regain what Osborn had stolen. Herd assaults Osborn Industries but runs into the current Spider-Man, Mattie Franklin. Herd dismisses Franklin with little effort but is later forced to battle the original Spider-Man and Iceman while trying to tell officials that Dolman was tampering with his mind. He convinces Iceman to freeze him entirely in an attempt to stay alive. Though temporarily frozen, Shadrac is still dying albeit in a less painful manner. Later pursuing Dolman, Shadrac, Iceman, and Spider-Man team up to capture him. After Dolman merges with the Spindle and gains powers, Shadrac \"overrides\" him and possesses his body in a last-ditch effort to stop Dolman and save himself. Civil War Somehow separated from both Shadrac and Dolman, with Aura restored to human form, and back in his original costume, Herd joins Hammerhead's \"villain army\" that was captured by Iron Man and S.H.I.E.L.D. agents. Powers and abilities As Override Dr. Gregory Herd wore a cybernetically enhanced costume that allowed him to control, or \"override\", electronic devices. As Shadrac Due to the Gathering of the Five ceremony, Herd has internalized the powers of his cybernetic suit as well as gaining the ability to override emotions. In addition, his entire body is constantly wreathed in mystical flames which, in addition to slowly killing him, he can manipulate in the form of blasts from his hands or an aura he can expand at will. While the maximum temperature of these flames is unknown, Shadrac can melt metal with a touch. Other versions MC2 In the MC2 universe Gregory Herd is shown as a participant in The Gathering of Five, which was interrupted in this continuity. A prior story revealed that Mattie Franklin and Madame Web eventually gained the gifts (power and immortality) they had in the mainstream continuity, but what became of Herd after",
"title": "Gregory Herd"
},
{
"docid": "2202942",
"text": "Ryan Ottley is an American comic book artist and writer, best known for work on Image Comics' Invincible and Marvel Comics' Amazing Spider-Man. Career Ottley began drawing Invincible with issue 8, and continued on the book for 14 years, drawing 127 issues of its 144-issue run. During the course of his work on the book he co-created characters including Battle Beast, Angstrom Levy, Conquest, and Powerplex. In an interview with comic book website Project Fanboy, Ottley discussed how he got into the comic book industry after being fired from his previous job working in a medical supply warehouse. Ottley decided now was a great time to try to get into comics again and began actively building exposure for his work on the internet through the websites digitalwebbing.com and penciljack.com. Ottley penciled the first five issues of Kirkman and Todd McFarlane's Haunt, an ongoing series which debuted October 7, 2009. Ottley indicated on the letters page of issue #5 that he left in order to focus on Invincible. In 2012, Ottley was one of several artists to illustrate a variant cover for Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead #100, which was released July 11 at the San Diego Comic-Con. In 2016, Image Comics published Grizzly Shark, a three-issue miniseries written and drawn by Ottley, and has an average critics rating of 7.1 out of 10 on the review aggregator website Comic Book Roundup. In 2018 Marvel Comics relaunched a new volume of The Amazing Spider-Man, with writer Nick Spencer. Ottley supplied the art for 20 issues of the run. He co-created the villain Kindred with Nick Spencer. His work drew praise from Jesse Schedeen of IGN, who stated, \"Ottley's expressive figure work and dynamic fight scenes make him a natural fit.\" In 2021, Ottley was announced as the artist on that year's relaunched Hulk, teaming him with writer Donny Cates. In November 2022, it was announced that following Cates departure as writer of Hulk due to personal reasons, Ottley would take over as the writer for the remainder of the series, starting with issue 11. Bibliography Interior work The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 5 #1–5, 11–13, 16, 23–25, 30–31, 37, 41–43, 49 (Marvel Comics, 2018–2020) Free Comic Book Day 2018 The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (Marvel Comics, 2018) Free Comic Book Day 2019 Spider-Man/Venom #1 (Marvel Comics, 2019) Grizzly Shark #1–3 (Image Comics, 2016) Haunt #1–5 (Image Comics, 2009-2010) Invincible #8–144 (Image Comics, 2004–2018) Solution Squad #1 (Solution Squad LLC, 2013) Superman/Batman Annual #1 (DC Comics, 2006) Tales of Army of Darkness #1 (Dynamite Entertainment, 2013) The Walking Dead #75 (Image Comics, 2010) Hulk #1–6, #9–14 (Marvel Comics, 2021–2023) Covers work The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 5 #14, 26–29, 40 (Marvel Comics, 2019–2020) The Amazing Spider-Man: Sins Rising Prelude #1 (Marvel Comics, 2020) The Amazing Spider-Man: The Sins of Norman Osborn #1 (Marvel Comics, 2020) Brit vol. 2 #7–12 (2008–2009) Guarding the Globe #1 (Image Comics, 2010) Haunt #13 (Image Comics, 2011) Head Lopper #7 (Image Comics, October 2017) Variant covers The Amazing Spider-Man vol.",
"title": "Ryan Ottley"
},
{
"docid": "32198217",
"text": "The 2002–2007 Spider-Man film series, also called the Sam Raimi trilogy or the Tobey Maguire trilogy, is a superhero film series consisting of three Spider-Man films with the same director and main actor: Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004) and Spider-Man 3 (2007). Based on the Marvel comic book series about the fictional character of the same name, all three films were directed by Sam Raimi and distributed by Columbia Pictures. Tobey Maguire plays the titular role, with Kirsten Dunst portraying his love interest, Mary Jane Watson, and James Franco concluding the principal cast with his role as Harry Osborn, Spider-Man's frenemy. Throughout the series, the Spider-Man releases featured villains such as Green Goblin (Willem Dafoe), Doctor Octopus (Alfred Molina), Sandman (Thomas Haden Church) and Venom (Topher Grace). Other characters who appeared in the series are Betty Brant (Elizabeth Banks), J. Jonah Jameson (J. K. Simmons) and Gwen Stacy (Bryce Dallas Howard). Every Spider-Man film was a financial success and achieved blockbuster status. Each installment was the third top-grossing film of their respective release years. In 2002, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets performed better than Spider-Man. For 2004, Shrek 2 and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban had grossed more than Spider-Man 2 and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix outdid Spider-Man 3s revenue. With a box office total of nearly $900 million, Spider-Man 3 stands as the highest-earning in the series and is the 31st highest-grossing film worldwide. The previous two entries sit at 41st and 48th in worldwide totals. The franchise made around $2.5 billion at the box office in ticket sales. Overall, the film series received positive to polarized reception from critics. Spider-Man was released to largely positive reviews from the media, scoring an 89% rating based on a sample of 192 reviews on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes with an average of 7.6/10. The second entry performed even better with critics, garnering an approval rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10. With 241 reviews accounted for, Rotten Tomatoes reported that Spider-Man 3 had an approval rating of 63% and a score of 6.2/10. Metacritic lists the third installment as having a 59% rating on its site. Spider-Man 2 was named the third best superhero film of all-time by IGN and Time magazine. Raimi's Spider-Man series won various awards and gathered five Academy Award nominations: two for Spider-Man and three for Spider-Man 2, with one win for Best Visual Effects in 2005 for Spider-Man 2. The series won two MTV Movie Awards out of ten nominations, five Saturn Awards out of thirteen nominations and four Teen Choice Awards out of fifteen nominations. The films were nominated for one Annie Award, five British Academy Film Awards, two Grammy Awards and ten Satellite Awards. Other honors came from the Visual Effects Society Awards, which gave the franchise ten nominations and three",
"title": "List of accolades received by the 2002–2007 Spider-Man film series"
},
{
"docid": "1103984",
"text": "Elizabeth \"Liz\" Allan, also known as Elizabeth Allan-Osborn and commonly misspelled as \"Liz Allen\", is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In the character's earliest appearances, she was a popular girl at the high school Peter Parker attends. She has been a regular supporting character in the various Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Venom series in an on-and-off basis, and has ties to the Green Goblin and Molten Man. She is married to Harry Osborn, the mother of their son Normie Osborn, and the CEO of Alchemax. Liz Allan would later become Misery upon being bonded to the Symbiote that is a hybrid of the Anti-Venom and Carnage Symbiotes. Sally Livingstone portrays Liz Allan in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (2002), while Laura Harrier portrayed Liz Allan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history Liz Allan is named in The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963), the same issue in which Betty Brant first appears. However, an unnamed blonde female high school student in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) appears to be Liz Allan, and The Marvel Encyclopedia lists this as her official first appearance. She was a supporting character in the series until Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), which bids farewell to Liz as both she and Spider-Man graduate from high school. Nearly a decade later, Liz Allan was brought back in a story arc in Amazing Spider-Man #132-133 (May–June 1974), in which it is revealed that she is the Molten Man's stepsister. Writer Gerry Conway recalled, \"I liked doing callbacks to the run I was most influenced by, the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era, so bringing Liz back was something I'd wanted to do for a long time. And it gave me a reason to go back and look through the issues she was in, which brought me to the Molten Man's first appearance.\" Fictional character biography Liz Allan was a high school student that attended Midtown High School together, and a minor love interest of Peter Parker and Flash Thompson. Peter likes Liz, but she is Flash's girlfriend and considers Peter something of a loser, even taking part in the general ridicule that Peter endures on a daily basis. Her earliest appearances depict her as flighty and rather thoughtless - not outright cruel, but lacking the empathy necessary to perceive Peter's nature. However, after she hears an ailing Peter had donned a Spider-Man costume to save Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus, she develops a crush on him. By this time, however, Peter's interest has waned considerably, as he notes that Liz never showed any real interest in him until he began dating Betty Brant, and assumes that Liz's feelings are little more than a schoolgirl crush. Betty and Liz clash several times over Peter, as Betty mistakenly thinks that Peter reciprocates Liz's interest in him. In Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), Peter and Liz graduate",
"title": "Liz Allan"
},
{
"docid": "5974158",
"text": "Spider-Man Unlimited is the title of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics. The first series began in 1993 and was named in its indicia as Volume 1. It was set in the main Marvel Universe. The second series was based on the animated TV series Spider-Man Unlimited, and was not set in the Marvel Universe. It is called Volume 2. The third series, which began in 2004, did not have a volume number listed and was also set in the main Marvel Universe. 1993 series (vol. 1) Originally announced under the title Spider-Man Giant Size, the 1993 series was a quarterly series with double-length stories, which at the time was notable for being printed on glossy stock paper (a practice discontinued in later issues before being adopted by the entire Marvel line in the 2000s). Earlier issues played a part in Spider-Man crossovers; the first issue was the first part of \"Maximum Carnage\" and the second issue was the last part of \"Maximum Carnage\". Issues #7-14 formed part of the Clone Saga. Later in the series, the focus shifted to stand-alone stories. Ron Lim penciled the lead story in the first eight issues of the book. Most of the later issues were written by Christopher Golden and drawn by Joe Bennett. Issue #1 Spider-Man Unlimited #1 was published in May 1993. The issue credits are: Title: \"Maximum Carnage Part 1\" Editor: Danny Fingeroth Writers: Tom DeFalco, Mike W. Barr, Terry Kavanagh Pencils: Ron Lim, Jerry Bingham, Mark Bagley Inkers: Jim Sanders, III, Jerry Bingham, Tom Palmer Plot Cletus Kasady has been transferred from the Vault to Ravencroft Institute for some tests. He there reveals that the alien symbiote which made him the supervillain Carnage infected his bloodstream before it died, allowing Kasady's metabolism to produce an imitation of the symbiote. Using this faux symbiote, he slaughters the guards and doctors. Carnage comes across a fellow Ravencroft inmate, Shriek. She persuades him to free her so she can join his killing spree. Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson are at the wake after Harry Osborn's funeral. J. Jonah Jameson thinks Spider-Man was responsible for Harry's downfall (as the Green Goblin). Peter is incredibly mixed up as he comforts Harry's wife Liz Allan. Mary Jane is upset from the whole Harry fallout and asks Peter to give up being Spider-Man, for a couple of weeks at least, so things can settle down. He agrees. Out on the streets, Carnage is attacked by Spider-Man's doppelganger. Carnage ensnares and attempts to kill it, but Shriek stops him with a sonic blast and says she is adopting the doppelganger. Peter goes for a takeout and hears on the radio about Carnage's escape. He changes to Spider-Man and goes swinging off to find Carnage. He is attacked by Shriek and the doppelganger instead, who quickly defeat him. Spider-Man topples off a building into a back alley as the doppelganger and Shriek swing off. Because Carnage used him as a hostage before, Jonah is immediately",
"title": "Spider-Man Unlimited (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "8896262",
"text": "The Green Goblin's Last Stand is a 1992 superhero fan film by Dan Poole, based on the comic book story \"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\", published by Marvel Comics in The Amazing Spider-Man #121–122. Poole is the director, producer, creative editor, screenwriter, and star of the film. The film and its attendant documentary received showings and accolades at several small film festivals. Plot Peter Parker, as his alias Spider-Man, is following a stolen vehicle. He stops the car and traps the two criminals. Afterwards, he meets his girlfriend Gwen Stacy. Peter's spider-sense detects Norman Osborn traveling in a taxi, and he learns from Gwen that Norman survived an explosion at his chemical plant. Norman returns to his home, in an amnestic state, in an attempt to find his son, Harry. In his room, he finds a newspaper detailing the explosion of Norman's plant, caused by a battle between Spider-Man and The Green Goblin. Peter visits Norman, who becomes enraged and tells him to leave. Peter believes he is unwell, and tells Gwen that Norman was obviously mentally altered after the accident. Norman sees Parker's name on the newspaper and hallucinates that Spider-Man is chasing him into the streets of New York. Three thugs harass and attack him, leaving him unconscious. The next day, Norman wakes up in his former 'warehouse'. He finds the goblin equipment, and vows revenge on Spider-Man. Peter goes back to Norman's apartment and finds the newspaper, realizing that he has once again become the Green Goblin. He bumps into Harry Osborn, who believes his father is still in the hospital. Harry discovers that the card with the doctor's number and address is missing from his desk, but that the card had Peter's address and number on it as well. Gwen goes to look for Peter at his \"Darkroom\", but Norman kidnaps her and takes her to the rooftops. Peter finds she is missing, and is challenged by Norman to come rescue her. Peter trips Norman with his web, but after he regains consciousness, he pushes Gwen off the roof. Peter quickly spins a web to catch Gwen, breaking her neck in the process. Enraged, Peter nearly kills Norman, but he escapes by throwing a pumpkin bomb. Norman is tracked down by Peter to the warehouse ruins. Peter makes Norman's glider malfunction and defeats him. After asking him why he killed Gwen, Norman is apathetic, and describes her as a \"pawn\". Peter almost beats Norman to death again, but cannot bring himself to do so. Norman activates his glider to kill Peter, but his spider sense activates and he quickly jumps out of the way, leaving the glider to impale Norman, killing him. At the cemetery, Peter apologizes to Gwen at her grave, stating that Norman's death only made the pain worse. He admits hesitance in being Spider-Man, but reminds himself of his promise to Uncle Ben's death that he would continue being Spider-Man. Cast Dan Poole as Peter Parker / Spider-Man Jimi Kinstle as Norman Osborn",
"title": "The Green Goblin's Last Stand"
},
{
"docid": "172171",
"text": "The Hobgoblin is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, most of whom are brainwashed by the Winkler Device into becoming Hobgoblins. Created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Romita Jr., the first incarnation of the Hobgoblin was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #238 (March 1983) as a criminal mastermind equipped with Halloween-themed weapons similar to those used by the Green Goblin. The true identity of the Hobgoblin was one of the longest-running mysteries in the Spider-Man comics. In 1987, the Hobgoblin was revealed to be Ned Leeds, Peter Parker's journalist co-worker at the Daily Bugle, while in 1997, ten years later, his identity was retroactively established to be Roderick Kingsley, a fashion designer and Mary Jane Watson's former boss, with Ned reframed as a fall guy, and later in the 2020s as the second Hogoblin and secret sorcerer apprentice of Baron Mordo. Other characters that have assumed the Hobgoblin mantle over the years include criminals Lefty Donovan and Jason Macendale, Roderick's twin brother Daniel Kingsley, Spider-Man 2211's daughter Robin Borne, Ben Urich's nephew Phil Urich, and Kingsley's butler Claude. Leeds, Donovan and Claude were first brainwashed to serve as Hobgoblins as part of a scheme orchestrated by the Kingsley brothers, with Kingsley, Macendale, Borne and Urich being the only versions to operate independently of the others (although occasionally partnering with them), with Leeds and Kingsley later also being brainwashed by Queen Goblin to serve as her enforcers. In the alternate continuities of The Amazing Spider-Man comic strip and Ultimate Marvel, Harry Osborn has also adopted the Hobgoblin persona. The Hobgoblin has been adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including television series and video games. An amalgamated version of the character named Jason Philips appeared in the 1994–1998 Spider-Man: The Animated Series, voiced by Mark Hamill, while the Harry Osborn incarnation is featured in Spider-Man (2017–2018), voiced by Max Mittelman. Publication history The Hobgoblin was created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Romita Jr. for The Amazing Spider-Man #238 (March 1983). Like other writers, Stern found himself under pressure to have Spider-Man fight the Green Goblin again, but did not wish to bring Norman Osborn or Bart Hamilton back from the dead, have Harry Osborn be the Green Goblin again, or create another Green Goblin. Stern instead created a new concept as heir to the Goblin legacy and developed the Hobgoblin. Stern recounts that he directed Romita to base the costume on the Green Goblin's but to make it \"a little more medieval-looking\", while Romita asserts that he was given no direction beyond using the Green Goblin as a basis. Both agree, however, that the costume was chiefly Romita's design. The Hobgoblin's identity was not initially revealed, generating one of the longest-running mysteries in the Spider-Man comics. According to Stern, \"I plotted that first",
"title": "Hobgoblin (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "7036658",
"text": "\"The Wedding!\" is a story from The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21 in which Mary Jane Watson and Peter Parker (a.k.a. Spider-Man) get married. It was published in 1987 and written by David Michelinie, featuring cover art by John Romita Sr. Plot Spider-Man is web slinging through town and runs into Electro. He defeats him and then returns home, to find Mary Jane in the process of moving in. MJ leaves for a photo shoot, leaving Peter to ponder how on earth he'll be able to provide for him and MJ. Peter takes his photos of Spider-Man defeating Electro to the Daily Bugle and is surprised by the staff with a party in honor of his upcoming wedding to Mary Jane. J. Jonah Jameson arrives, clearly irritated, and starts to complain about why they are hosting a party when they're supposed to be working. As soon as Peter leaves, he states that he wants to cut the pay of everyone who didn't attend. Peter is barely able to sleep that night, contemplating his impending wedding. The next day he meets Mary Jane. He leaps to the ceiling and goes down to one knee, asking her to marry him once again. \"I hate cleaning footprints off the ceiling,\" she responds with a smile. They both eat, but can't help shake their worries about the wedding. Mary Jane leaves for a meeting, where her old boyfriend presents her with two tickets to Paris, that she can only take if she skips the wedding. Peter goes to Aunt May's house, and goes through a scrap book, remembering his most prominent times with Mary Jane. MJ and her aunt arrive, and they announce the upcoming marriage to their family. She leaves in a Ferrari with her ex-boyfriend, and Peter takes the subway home. Both are starting to have second thoughts about their marriage. When they meet up again that night, Spidey takes MJ out web-slinging to clear their heads. The next day, Peter's best man, Flash Thompson, and his best friend, Harry Osborn, take Peter out for a bachelor party, but he's beginning to show his true feelings about the wedding. They try to convince him that love conquers all. Meanwhile, Mary Jane is having a grand party across town. Peter finally decides to go home for the night, and has nightmares about all of his enemies trying to attack MJ, and being helpless to stop them. He wakes up in a sweat, wondering what he should do. Meanwhile, MJ is out with Liz Allan, wondering the same. Later at City Hall, all of the guests are in attendance (for reasons unknown, Matt Murdock is not present), but both Peter and Mary Jane are late, leaving everyone confused. At the last minute, they both appear and are married by Mary Jane's uncle, judge Spenser Watson. (MJ's wedding dress was designed by real-life designer Willi Smith.) MJ gives Peter the tickets to France with which her ex-boyfriend tried to tempt her, and they go off on",
"title": "The Wedding!"
},
{
"docid": "47275084",
"text": "The comic book stories published by Marvel Comics since the 1940s have featured several noteworthy concepts besides its fictional characters, such as unique places and artifacts. Since the introduction of Peter Parker as a character in 1962, with the superhero alter-ego, Spider-Man, a number of these locations have been prominently featured in connection with storylines specific to this character. These have then been carried over to depictions of Spider-Man in film, video games, and other media. There follows a list of those features. Residences Aunt May's house: Located at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens, nearly every depiction of Spider-Man begins with Parker living with his Aunt May and Uncle Ben (or just his Aunt May, where Uncle Ben is already shown as being deceased). The house is sometimes depicted as being next door to the home of Mary Jane Watson. Storylines have occurred in various comic book runs and other media where Aunt May's home is attacked. In the 2018 American computer-animated film, Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, a shed in the backyard leads to a secret underground lair where Parker (deceased in that universe) had kept a variety of costumes and technology. In the 1981 TV cartoon, Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, the house serves as the Spider-Friends' headquarters, though Aunt May remains unaware of their activities. Companies Daily Bugle: A newspaper headquartered in a building where Parker works as a photographer for J. Jonah Jameson. Oscorp Tower: A research company headquartered in a skyscraper owned by Norman Osborn, which later became the headquarters for Alchemax. Parker Industries: A company that was founded and owned by Parker. Educational institutions Empire State University Empire State University (ESU) is a fictional university whose alumni include Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Harry Osborn, Gwen Stacy, Brian Braddock (on an exchange program), Emma Frost, Norman Osborn, Hector Ayala, Harry Osborn, Brad Davis, Chip Martin and Johnny Storm (the Human Torch). Doreen Green (Squirrel Girl) is currently enrolled in its computer science undergraduate program. Staff included Miles Warren, Edward Lansky (aka Lightmaster), Mendel Stromm, Gregson Gilbert (creator of the Dragon Man), Clifton Shallot (the mutant Vulture), David Jude, and Curtis Connors. Empire State University in other media Empire State is featured in Spider-Man with students and faculty like Curt Connors, Farley Stillwell. Students included Alisa Silvermane (daughter of Silvermane), Debra Whitman, Felicia Hardy, Flash Thompson, Liz Allen, Mary Jane Watson, Michael Morbius, and Peter Parker. It appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man with members being Martha and Curt Connors, Dr. Miles Warren and Max Dillon. Students included Eddie Brock, Gwen Stacy and Peter Parker. ESU is seen in Spider-Man set in the Spider-Man Insomniac Universe, where it resembles New York University. ESU is alluded in Spider-Man 3 and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Midtown High School Midtown High School (also known as Midtown Science High School or the Midtown School of Science and Technology) is a fictional school appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The school is depicted as being located in Queens, NYC.",
"title": "Features of Spider-Man media"
},
{
"docid": "4912964",
"text": "Oscorp (sometimes stylized as OsCorp), also known as Oscorp Industries, is a fictional multibillion-dollar multinational corporation appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, predominantly in stories about Spider-Man. The company was founded by Norman Osborn and has appeared in numerous media adaptations. It first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #37 (March, 1966) and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. History The corporation is based out of the Oscorp Tower in New York. It was created and run by its CEO Norman Osborn. Norman studied chemistry and electrical engineering in college. He also took a number of courses in business administration. Norman's teacher, Professor Mendel Stromm, formed the business partnership. Since Norman put up the bulk of the financing, they called their company the Osborn Corporation, or Oscorp. Stromm's early research was on a chemical that would provide enhanced strength in its test subjects and would eventually turn Osborn into the Green Goblin. Osborn, wanting the formula for himself, discovered that Stromm had been embezzling funds from Oscorp. Stromm explained that he was merely borrowing but Osborn turned him over to the police. After several years in prison, Stromm was released and tried to kill Osborn for revenge using evil robots. He was stopped by the superhero Spider-Man and seemingly died of a heart attack when he was nearly shot. Jay Allan's company \"Allan Chemical\" was merged with Normie Osborn's stocks from Oscorp and the last remaining properties of Horizon Labs after its destruction, establishing it under the new name of \"Alchemax\". It was later revealed that Norman Osborn under the guise of \"Mason Banks\" created the corporation in order to leave a strong empire for his grandson and establish an empire for the Osborn legacy. Their headquarters Oscorp Tower was the former headquarters of Oscorp. By 2099, Alchemax would eventually control most aspects of daily life in a possible future. Fictional staff members Current Norman Osborn - The Founder and CEO of Oscorp. Former Arthur Stacy - The Chief of Security at Oscorp who is the brother of George Stacy and the uncle of .... Charles Standish - The Senior Vice-President of Oscorp. Charles Standish was kidnapped by the Flaming Sword, but he was eventually rescued by the Avengers. Donald Menken - The personal assistant of Norman Osborn. Dr. David Patrick Lowell - A scientist who became Sundown upon being drenched in his chemicals that was similar to the Goblin Formula. Dr. Malek - A scientist who was part of the research team that was experimenting on Freak. Dr. Nels van Adder - A research scientist whose formula turned him into the Proto-Goblin. Dr. David Lowell - He developed the Photogenesis Project for Oscorp, and discovered a way to give a human superpowers through photosynthesis. Harry Osborn - Norman's son who for a time served as CEO. Mendel Stromm - Former partner of Norman Osborn. Mark Raxton - Former Head of Security. Other versions Ultimate Marvel In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Oscorp is much the same",
"title": "Oscorp"
},
{
"docid": "66089693",
"text": "\"Last Remains\" is a 2020 storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man. The events in this story seem to be a consequence of the events that occurred in 2007's One More Day storyline. This storyline features Spider-Man fighting against a new enemy, called Kindred who has taken control of Miles Morales, Spider-Gwen, Spider-Woman, Anya Corazon, and Julia Carpenter. The entire storyline lasts from The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #50–55, with several tie-ins, and #56–57 being the epilogues. The main story received mixed to positive reviews, with critics praising the art style, and the character analysis of Spider-Man, but there was heavy criticism on the pacing, the unresolved plot threads, and the identity of Kindred. Plot summary Main story After Spider-Man threw Norman Osborn off the ship and left him in the wreckage, Sin-Eater returns to normal and shoots Norman Osborn with his rifle, knocking him out. Kindred uses a centipede to communicate with Sin-Eater and calls him a hypocrite, stating that Sin-Eater hates people who have sins in them, yet he is full of sins and kills Sin-Eater, absorbing his sinful magical power. Kindred used Sin-Eater's sins to create constructs that attack the ship Spider-Man is on a ship underwater with Miles Morales, Spider-Gwen, Spider-Woman, Anya Corazon, and Julia Carpenter. The sins possess the other spider heroes, and they attack Spider-Man. The possessed spider heroes brutally beat down Spider-Man, with Spider-Man realizing that him throwing out Norman Osborn caused him to lose control and not be aware of what was happening. Spider-Man tries to hold back, fearing he might kill his friends, but the possessed spider heroes brutally attacked him. The possessed Miles breaks a window, which causes water to flood in. Spider-Man uses his webbing to lift the ship on land, but the spider heroes ambush him, with Kindred mocking Spider-Man for trying to save his enemies. Kindred uses a possessed Anya to inject a spider venom (that can kill an elephant) to watch Spider-Man suffer before ordering the possessed heroes to swing away. Spider-Man starts swinging through the city and crashes through trash cans before walking to Sanctum Sanctorum and knocks on the door. Doctor Strange opens the door, and Spider-Man collapses in front of him. Upon recovering, a downcast Peter tells Strange about something that had occurred, with the doctor being upset that Peter made a deal with a demon and didn't expect any consequences. Aiming to help rectify the evil, as Strange inquires about the Order, a demon-possessed Silk invades from the window directly above them. As Norman revives under Ravencroft newly cleansed of his evil, after telling the guards he needs no help, Dr. Kafka (who was a clone of a dead person in the Clone Conspiracy) views his now visible evidence of villainy as more than ample reason for her brand of help. While Sin-Eater's followers are arrested by the NYPD, Norman pleads for her to help him find Stanley's master, \"Kindred\", who aims to enact a worse event upon the city.",
"title": "Last Remains"
},
{
"docid": "21055791",
"text": "The Green Goblin is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the first and best-known incarnation of the Green Goblin is Norman Osborn, who is regarded as one of the superhero Spider-Man's three archenemies, alongside Doctor Octopus and Venom. Originally a manifestation of chemically induced insanity, others would later take on the persona, including Norman's son Harry Osborn. The Green Goblin is depicted as a criminal mastermind who uses an arsenal of Halloween-themed equipment, including grenade-like Pumpkin Bombs, razor-sharp bats, and a flying Goblin Glider, to terrorize New York City. Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: \"Of all the costumed villains who've plagued Spider-Man over the years, the most flat-out unhinged and terrifying of them all is the Green Goblin.\" The Green Goblin has appeared in numerous media adaptations of Spider-Man over the years, including films, animated television series, and video games. Norman and Harry Osborn were portrayed by Willem Dafoe and James Franco in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and by Chris Cooper and Dane DeHaan in the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Dafoe reprised his role as Norman Osborn in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) which used the concept of the multiverse to link the Raimi trilogy to the MCU. Publication history According to Steve Ditko: Stan's synopsis for the Green Goblin had a movie crew, on location, finding an Egyptian–like sarcophagus. Inside was an ancient, mythological demon, the Green Goblin. He naturally came to life. On my own, I changed Stan's mythological demon into a human villain. The Green Goblin debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14. At this time his identity was unknown, but he proved popular and reappeared in later issues, which made a point of his secret identity. According to both Stan Lee and John Romita, Sr., who replaced Ditko as the title's artist, Lee always wanted the Green Goblin to be someone Peter Parker knew, while Ditko wanted his civilian identity to be someone who had not yet been introduced. Lee elaborated: Steve wanted him to turn out to be just some character that we had never seen before. Because, he said, in real life, very often a villain turns out to be somebody that you never knew. And I felt that that would be wrong. I felt, in a sense, it would be like cheating the reader. ... if it's somebody you didn't know and had never seen, then what was the point of following all the clues? I think that frustrates the reader. However, Lee prefaced this statement by admitting that, due to his self-professed poor memory, he may have been confusing the Green Goblin with a different character. Moreover, in an earlier essay he had said that he could not remember whether Norman Osborn being the Green Goblin was his idea or Ditko's. Ditko has maintained that it was his idea, even claiming",
"title": "Green Goblin"
},
{
"docid": "19526651",
"text": "Green Goblin (Bart Hamilton) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was depicted as the third Green Goblin, and first appeared in Amazing Spider-Man #176 (January 1978). Fictional character biography Bart Hamilton first came into contact with the legacy of the Green Goblin when he treated a mentally disturbed Harry Osborn, who had just been captured after a long stint as the Green Goblin. Under hypnosis, Osborn told Hamilton everything about the Goblin, as well as Spider-Man's secret identity. Hamilton was sceptical about these stories, and checked on them, finding them to be true. After curing Osborn of his insanity, and temporarily making him forget about ever being the Green Goblin, Hamilton investigated the old headquarters of the Green Goblin and, after being exposed to the same chemical formula that Norman and Harry used in the past, became the third Green Goblin. References Marvel Comics supervillains",
"title": "Green Goblin (Bart Hamilton)"
},
{
"docid": "24021661",
"text": "\"Survival of the Fittest\" is the pilot episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man, which is based on the comic book character Spider-Man, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The episode was written and directed by the series developers, Greg Weisman and Victor Cook. In the episode, Spider-Man (Josh Keaton) faces the evil Vulture (Robert Englund) as he begins his junior year in high school. Sony Entertainment originally conceived The Spectacular Spider-Man as a series of four DVDs, and asked Weisman and Cook to develop it. The central idea was to follow Spider-Man in his younger years in the comics; Weisman and Cook wanted to incorporate the styles of the early comic publications by Lee and Ditko. Reviewers have cited other influences in the themes, such as the live action film series and the Ultimate Spider-Man continuity. \"Survival of the Fittest\" originally aired on March 8, 2008, on the Kids' WB block on The CW. It had previously been shown to a large audience at the 2008 WonderCon. The episode was the highest rated program of the Kids WB! 2007-2008 combined with the second episode \"Interactions\" and alone received a Nielsen rating of 1.2/3. It was well received by critics, IGN calling it \"a Spider-Man story that feels like classic Spider-Man, and that's a good thing.\" Plot The night before school starts, Spider-Man, alter ego of Peter Parker (Josh Keaton), foils an attempted bank robbery; in the background, a shadowed figure (Keith David) tells his henchman Hammerhead (John DiMaggio) to summon the Enforcers to kill Spider-Man. The next day, an aerodynamic engineer named Adrian Toomes (Robert Englund) is outraged at OsCorp for stealing his anti-gravity project, viciously berating Dr. Otto Octavius (Peter MacNicol) until Norman Osborn (Alan Rachins) arrives. Osborn dismisses Toomes, calling him a failure and a buzzard before he has him escorted out by security. Toomes turns to Octavius and declares that he no longer blames him for the theft of his work. Meanwhile, Peter arrives at school and tells his friends Gwen Stacy (Lacey Chabert) and Harry Osborn (James Arnold Taylor) that he is determined to get a date with Sally Avril, though both she and Flash Thompson (Joshua LeBar) humiliate him in front of everyone. After school, Peter and Gwen are offered an internship at Dr. Connor's lab, where the former was given his superpowers; both accept. Peter goes to Harry's apartment, where Norman congratulates him on his newfound career. Toomes, going by the name \"the Vulture,\" breaks in wearing a suit with built-in metallic wings and talons, with his anti-gravity technology incorporated to it and kidnaps Norman. Peter slips out to don the Spider-Man costume and pursues Vulture. He succeeds in rescuing Norman but loses to Vulture in a fight. Later, Peter goes to the lab where he meets up with Gwen, his close friend Eddie Brock (Benjamin Diskin), and the Conners. When he finds out he will not be paid for the internship, he tries to sell pictures to the Daily",
"title": "Survival of the Fittest (The Spectacular Spider-Man)"
},
{
"docid": "417310",
"text": "Harold Theopolis \"Harry\" Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Harry is the best friend of Peter Parker (Spider-Man's alter ego) and Flash Thompson, one of the ex-boyfriends of Mary Jane Watson, the son of Norman Osborn, the husband of Liz Allan and the father of Normie and Stanley Osborn. He is the second character to assume the Green Goblin alias while one of his clones was amongst the many users of the Iron Patriot armor as the superhero American Son. An artificial intelligence (A.I.) copy of Harry (which he created while the Green Goblin) is also the creator of the clones Gabriel and Sarah, who are both later revealed to be operating as his demonic revenant Kindred under the Harry A.I.'s command. The character has appeared in many adaptations of Spider-Man outside of the comic books, including various cartoons and video games. James Franco portrayed the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and Dane DeHaan portrays the character in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Harry Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. In The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973), Harry's father, Norman, is killed off, and a subplot leading to Harry inheriting his father's identity as the Green Goblin is introduced. This subplot culminates in The Amazing Spider-Man #136 (September 1974). Writer Gerry Conway said that the idea of Harry Osborn becoming the Green Goblin stemmed in part from a desire to deal with the consequences of the psychedelic drugs Harry began using in The Amazing Spider-Man #96 (May 1971). Conway said that he had had experience with such drugs himself, and that \"with psychedelic drugs, hallucinogens, if they've been misused, there is a potential for additional hallucinogenic experiences that are completely beyond your control or volition. I could imagine Harry getting hit by something like that, in the fragile emotional state following the death of his father, and losing touch with reality, as a result. Besides, I never had any intention of getting rid of the Green Goblin as a concept forever, so it all came together\". Harry dies in The Spectacular Spider-Man #200 (May 1993). Artist Sal Buscema said that drawing the final two pages of this issue was a deeply emotional experience for him due to how long he had drawn the character, and felt it was appropriate that writer J. M. DeMatteis chose not to add any dialogue to those pages. Several years later, the Spider-Man writers made plans to reveal that the mysterious villain Gaunt was Harry Osborn, who was still alive and had orchestrated the entire \"Clone Saga\", but an editorial edict prevented this from coming to fruition. However, Harry was eventually revived in The Amazing Spider-Man #545 (December 2007). He received an",
"title": "Harry Osborn"
},
{
"docid": "59807558",
"text": "Spider-Punk (Hobart Brown) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is an alternate version of Hobie Brown and Spider-Man who opposes President Norman Osborn, V.E.N.O.M., and the Inheritors. Hobie Brown / Spider-Punk made his film debut in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, voiced by Daniel Kaluuya. Publication history Spider-Punk was created by writer Dan Slott and artist Olivier Coipel. The idea of a punk Spider-Man emerged when Coipel proposed the look for Spider-UK. Slott rejected the look as wrong for a member of the Captain Britain corps but used it to develop a new character that would be \"all punk\". Spider-Punk first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #10 (January 2015). Fictional character biography Spider-Verse (comics) During the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline, the Earth-138 version of Spider-Man is revealed to be Hobart Brown, originally operating as Spider-Punk. He is a homeless teenager who was transformed by a spider that was irradiated as part of President Norman Osborn's toxic waste dumping. He becomes the punk rock inspired Spider-Man, leading the downtrodden people of New York against Osborn's V.E.N.O.M. troops. Spider-Punk managed to kill Osborn during a riot by bashing the President with his guitar. After President Osborn's death, Spider-Punk unmasked himself to the viewing crowd as their savior. Spider-Punk was later recruited by Superior Spider-Man to join an army of Spider-Men. Spider-Geddon During the \"Spider-Geddon\" storyline, Spider-Punk is shown to be fighting Thunderstrike, while the other Web Warriors are dismantling Loomworld. Spider-Punk (who is starting to call himself Spider-Man) takes down Thunderstrike. When Spider-Punk states to Eric Masters to carry a message to the Red Skull about taking the Bowery, Eric is then reduced to a skeleton by Kang the Conqueror who claims that he has the rights to his name in the future for his company KangCo. When Spider-Punk goes on the attack, Kang summons some Spider-Punk dolls to assist him. After fighting them, Spider-Punk gets away from them and asks for a tape from Captain Anarchy who is busy fighting the Annihilation Wave when they emerged in Harlem from the Negative Zone. When the Spider-Punk dolls catch up, they get into a fight with the Annihilation Wave where one of them eats the tape that Captain Anarchy was going to give to Spider-Punk. After getting the tape out of the insectoid's mouth, Spider-Punk is surprised when Kang catches up to him. As Captain Anarchy holds Kang off, Spider-Punk swings away. Meeting up with Robbie Banner, Hobie tries to convince him to help while reminding him of how he helped in battles against the U-Foes, the Universal Church of Truth, and Hydra. When Kang catches up again, Robbie plays the tape and becomes the Hulk to attack Kang. When Kang is defeated, he states that Captain Anarchy is not marketable and died old while Hobie died young. After Kang disappears with Hulk confused on what Kang meant, Spider-Girl shows up and states that something big is coming, and Spider-Punk agrees to go with her. Spider-Punk later visited an",
"title": "Spider-Punk"
},
{
"docid": "5724747",
"text": "Normie Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the grandson of Norman Osborn and the eldest son of Harry Osborn. Publication history Normie Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #263 (April 1985), and was created by Bill Mantlo and Al Milgrom. He appeared in Green Goblin stories throughout the 1990s, generally portrayed as hating Spider-Man. Fictional character biography Normie Osborn is the child of Liz Allan and Harry Osborn and the grandson of Norman Osborn. Harry's sanity recovered shortly before dying from a modified version of the Goblin formula, saving Spider-Man and saying \"You're my best friend\"; Normie is shown overhearing this, possibly changing his view of Spider-Man. While still recovering from his father's death, Normie is befriended by Peter Parker, a sort of surrogate uncle to him. A trio of robotic \"Goblin women\" (one of a number of failsafes prepared by Harry before death) kidnap Normie, intending to turn him into a new Green Goblin. Spider-Man and the Molten Man (Normie's uncle) defeat them before he can be exposed to the Goblin formula. Norman Osborn returned from the dead, using a robot Goblin to kidnap his heir. This version appears as the standard Green Goblin, and causes Normie to believe his father has returned. This is part of a complex ploy to increase Norman's visibility by playing the unfortunate grandfather. Norman dismisses the possibility of his grandson being his heir (the new Goblin), saying that Normie has the same weaknesses as Harry. Normie is seen in a Sensational Spider-Man issue playing baseball, being watched from the stands by the Molten Man and the Chameleon, while Electro is in the shadows. No harm comes to Normie, but the Chameleon uses his safety as a bargaining chip to bring the Molten Man into his plan to attack Spider-Man after the hero's recent unmasking. Normie reappears after the One More Day storyline. Now Normie hates his father for supposedly abandoning him when Harry was mistakenly believed dead while being high on the Goblin serum. His hatred for Spider-Man is also reignited. Osborn's re-establishes himself as a major crime lord called the Goblin King, undergoing plastic surgery to also establish himself as a businessman named Mason Banks to provide a suitable inheritance for his grandson, with Liz apparently helping Norman in this endeavor. When Osborn acquires the Carnage symbiote and transforms into the Red Goblin, Osborn attempts to gain his grandson Normie's aid by infusing a portion of the Carnage symbiote into Normie, turning into \"Goblin Childe\". Despite the symbiote amplifying Normie's jealousy of his half-brother Stanley, Normie throws off its influence when he witnesses his grandfather try to kill his parents, realizing in the process that the villain was actually his own grandfather and not Spider-Man. The symbiote fragment is subsequently separated from Normie while the main symbiote is apparently destroyed during the final battle between Red Goblin and Spider-Man. It is implied that Liz and Mark kept at least some of",
"title": "Normie Osborn"
},
{
"docid": "65818012",
"text": "Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen",
"title": "Sins Rising"
},
{
"docid": "18842058",
"text": "Norman Virgil Osborn is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, he debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964) as the first and best-known incarnation of the Green Goblin. He has since endured as one of the superhero Spider-Man's most prominent villains and is regarded as one of his three archenemies, alongside Doctor Octopus and Venom. In his comic book appearances, Norman Osborn is depicted as the amoral industrialist head of science conglomerate Oscorp and the father of Harry Osborn, the best friend of Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker. Osborn, in part as a reaction to the death of his wife, maintains a cold disposition and is obsessed with attaining as much power as possible. As a result, he treats his son harshly and openly favors Peter for his intellect, leading Harry to often try and compensate. In his origin story, Osborn is exposed to an experimental formula that enhances his physical abilities and intellect, though at the cost of his sanity. As the Goblin, he becomes a criminal mastermind who uses an arsenal of advanced, Halloween-themed equipment, including grenade-like Pumpkin Bombs, razor sharp bats, and a flying Goblin Glider, to terrorize New York City. Osborn has been part of many of Spider-Man's defining stories, most notably \"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\" and the \"Clone Saga\". While his primary foe is Spider-Man, Osborn has often come into conflict with Iron Man, Captain America and other superheroes in the Marvel Universe. Although Osborn sometimes works with other supervillains such as Doctor Doom and Loki and groups like the Sinister Six and the Dark Avengers, these relationships often collapse due to his desire for unbridled power. Osborn's largest overarching story came during the line-wide \"Dark Reign\" and Siege comic book events, in which he served as the main antagonist; during this time, he became the original iteration of Iron Patriot. The character has been in various top villain lists as one of Spider-Man's greatest enemies and one of the greatest comic book villains of all time. The character's popularity has seen him appear on a variety of merchandise, inspire real-world structures (such as theme park attractions) and be referenced in a number of media. He has been adapted to serve as Spider-Man's adversary in live-action, animated, and video game incarnations. Willem Dafoe played the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy and reprised the role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), while Chris Cooper played the character in the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Marvel Comics editor and head writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko are credited with creating the character; they each collaborated with one another on how the character would be portrayed. According to Ditko: \"Stan's synopsis for the Green Goblin had a movie crew, on location, finding an Egyptian-like sarcophagus. Inside was an ancient, mythological demon, the Green Goblin. He naturally came to life. On my",
"title": "Norman Osborn"
},
{
"docid": "2644585",
"text": "The Enforcers are a team of supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as adversaries of the superheroes Spider-Man and Daredevil. The original Enforcers consisted of Montana (Jackson Brice), the Ox (Raymond Bloch), and Fancy Dan (Daniel Brito). Publication history Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko, the team's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #10 (March 1964). The Enforcers appear often in the early issues of The Amazing Spider-Man, debuting in #10, and returning in #14 and 19, in the latter issue teaming with the supervillain the Sandman. The team would go on to appear in Daredevil #356–357 and Dazzler #7–8, and fight Spider-Man again in Marvel Team-Up #39–40 and 138, Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #19–20, Spider-Man #94–95, Spider-Man (vol. 2) #28, and elsewhere. Fictional team biography The Enforcers are a group of hired hitmen and extortionists, each with an expertise in a different and unique area of combat, whose goal it is to aid various employers in the takeover of New York City's criminal gangs. In their first appearance, the Enforcers aided the Big Man (Frederick Foswell) in his attempt to gain control of New York City's criminal gangs. They clashed with the superhero Spider-Man for the first time, and are defeated by him. They were subsequently employed by paranoid industrialist Norman Osborn, hired them to shut down Malone's Flophouse in a bid to gain the land. However, the then-amnesiac Malone resident Namor the Sub-Mariner thwarted them, later destroying Osborn's construction equipment. They next aided the Green Goblin in his first unsuccessful attempt to eliminate Spider-Man, but were again defeated and jailed. Soon after that, they joined forces with the Sandman to subdue the Human Torch at a point where it was believed Spider-Man had become a coward, but are defeated by the combined might of Spider-Man and the Human Torch. The Enforcers clash repeatedly with Spider-Man and occasionally other heroes such as Daredevil. Foswell is eventually unmasked, but later reforms and is killed. Afterward, the Ox also appears to have been killed, Montana and Fancy Dan team with a new Big Man, as well as with the Sandman and a new Crime Master, Nick Lewis, Jr. son of the original. During a battle in which the team is defeated by Spider-Man, the Human Torch, and the Sons of the Tiger, Crime Master shoots the new Big Man, learning belatedly that this \"Big Man\" was, in fact, a woman — Janice Foswell, daughter of the original and the younger Lewis' romantic interest. The Enforcers were hired by Lightmaster, who introduced a new Ox, Raymond Bloch's twin brother Ronald Bloch, to the team. The Enforcers are once again defeated by Spider-Man. They later battle the mutant superheroine the Dazzler. The Enforcers return with new members \"Snake\" Marston and \"Hammer\" Harrison. The Enforcers come under the employ of the Kingpin, but were defeated by Spider-Man and the then-reformed Sandman. This lineup appears only once more to fight Daredevil. The original",
"title": "Enforcers (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "65599543",
"text": "The Green Goblin (Norman Osborn) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is the Ultimate Marvel version of Norman Osborn, and was rendered by artist Mark Bagley to resemble actor Brian Dennehy, as per writer Brian Michael Bendis's instructions. Fictional character biography Norman Osborn is a corrupt industrialist and scientist who is trying to perfect the Super Soldier drug for S.H.I.E.L.D., an obsession that leads to the neglect of his wife Martha Osborn and son Harry Osborn. When an OZ-injected spider bites Peter Parker on a field trip, granting him amazing abilities, Norman theorizes that if the OZ combined with spider DNA were behind Parker's abilities of a spider, then Norman with OZ combined with his own DNA would become a heightened version of himself. But his experiment goes wrong and an explosion occurs, affecting his son and Dr. Otto Octavius. He himself is transformed into a muscular, grotesque, goblin-looking monster, granting him superhuman strength, reflexes, stamina, speed and durability, and enabling him to leap great distances. He is also pyrokinetic, as he can throw flaming balls of destructive energy. In an attempt to destroy all evidence of his existence, the Green Goblin kills Norman's wife but Harry manages to escape while the house is burning down. The next day, he attacks Harry's school, but is stopped by Spider-Man. During the fight, the Green Goblin plummets off a bridge into the river, seemingly dead. His alter-ego is later referred to as the \"Green Goblin\" by the public. However, Norman survives and has \"evolved\" in his words. He can now control his transformations into an intelligent incarnation of the Green Goblin via OZ injections. Due to overdosing on OZ, he suffers from hallucinations. These include seeing everything through a blood-red filter and creatures called \"plasmids\" tormenting him. Taking Harry back, Norman moves back into New York City, blaming his business rival Justin Hammer for the explosion. Under the Goblin's spell, he reveals himself to Parker, telling the boy to give up the Spider-Man identity and work for him, or suffer the deaths of loved ones. The Goblin tells Parker to kill the S.H.I.E.L.D. head Nick Fury. When Parker refuses, the Goblin kidnaps Mary Jane Watson who he attempts to kill by hurling from the top of a bridge. Spider-Man is able to save Mary Jane and joins S.H.I.E.L.D. operatives in attacking the Goblin. The battle continues at Osborn's Manhattan penthouse, where the Goblin transforms even further after taking several more OZ injections and begins to choke the life out of Spider-Man. Harry discovers the scene, picking up a shattered window pane to jam into his father's back, reverting him to his human self. Norman is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody. In the Ultimate Six limited series, Norman and Octavius (now dubbed Doctor Octopus) devise a plan to escape from prison alongside Electro, Kraven the Hunter, and Sandman which uses Norman's new ability to transform into his Green Goblin form at will. It also seems",
"title": "Green Goblin (Ultimate Marvel character)"
},
{
"docid": "15635388",
"text": "\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far",
"title": "Spider-Man: Brand New Day"
},
{
"docid": "59778779",
"text": "\"Go Down Swinging\" is a four-issue comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, first published by Marvel Comics between March and May 2018 and featuring the fictional superhero Spider-Man. The story overall received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the art, action, and the ending. Plot Lead-up Following his fight with Spider-Man, Norman Osborn resolves to find a means of restoring his powers, concluding that he has only ever defeated Spider-Man when allowing himself to draw on his inner demons. The apparent first step in this plan occurs when Osborn manages to steal the Carnage symbiote from an abandoned S.H.I.E.L.D. storehouse while Spider-Man is occupied with the return of Scorpio. Osborn's efforts to control the symbiote initially backfire when he merges with it and finds himself overwhelmed by the urge to kill rather than his own prior plan to direct its power against Spider-Man specifically. Norman Osborn is able to convince it to let him have control in favor of trying something other than its usual mindless slaughter. Main plot While interrogating a captive J. Jonah Jameson for information on Spider-Man, Osborn takes a brief interval from the torture to kill Phil Urich as the self-proclaimed Goblin King tried to raid one of his old storehouses. After Osborn appeared as the Green Goblin, Jameson mentioned how he could not stop Spider-Man since even throwing Gwen Stacy off the bridge did not stop him from fighting back. Those words caused Norman to remember that Spider-Man is Peter Parker. Attacking the Daily Bugle in his familiar Goblin attire, Osborn gives the rest of the staff time to evacuate as he fights Peter before revealing his new bond with Carnage, proclaiming himself to be the Red Goblin, driving Spider-Man away with 'Carnage bombs' that injure his leg. Discovering a sound-transmitting spider-tracer planted on him, Red Goblin uses this to deliver a 'devil's bargain' to Peter; if Peter abandons his identity as Spider-Man and never performs any further heroics, Red Goblin will leave him alone, but the second he sees any sign of Spider-Man's return he will kill everyone in Peter's life. Peter places his Spider-Man top on a flagpole so that Osborn can see it burn, but privately vows that he will find a way to defeat Osborn as Peter Parker rather than Spider-Man. Normie Osborn and Stanley Osborn's nanny \"Emma\" finds out that Red Goblin (her husband possessed by the Carnage symbiote) is coming after the kids. To keep them safe, Emma abducts them. Peter is able to contact various allies like Human Torch, Clash, Silk, Miles Morales, and Agent Anti-Venom to watch over his loved ones. Liz Allan had tracking chips placed in her grandchildren as she, Mark Raxton, and Harry Osborn find the grandchildren as they discover that \"Emma\" is actually Emily Osborn. Red Goblin targets Harry Osborn, Emily, Liz, and Mark; proving immune to Carnage's traditional weaknesses of Human Torch's fire and Clash's sound devices. Peter is forced to step back into action despite his injured leg, with Agent",
"title": "Go Down Swinging"
},
{
"docid": "34974765",
"text": "\"Ends of the Earth\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man published by Marvel Comics in 2012. The villains of the story are the Sinister Six, who are led by Spider-Man's arch-enemy Doctor Octopus. Unlike the prior event story \"Spider-Island\" there is only one tie-in issue (a one-shot) instead of the multitude of tie-in issues involved with that story; the story is completely contained within issues #682-687 of The Amazing Spider-Man. The storyline received positive reviews, with critics praising the action, the plot, and the art style. Premise The story is part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of Spider-Man's first appearance. \"Ends of the Earth\" will see Spider-Man fighting against the Sinister Six, who are led by Doctor Octopus. Despite Spider-Man leaving the Avengers in Shattered Heroes, the members of the team are supporting characters, and he rejoins the team at the beginning. The story was written by Dan Slott and brings storylines that have been running since issue #600 was released in July 2009 to fruition. Marvel released several preview images for the event, and has written an article about why each current member of the Sinister Six is important for this group. Plot summary Lead-up Doctor Octopus learns that he only has a few months left to live due to injuries he has sustained in fights with Spider-Man, Captain America, and others. During the \"Origin of the Species\" storyline Doctor Octopus enlists the help of several villains to kidnap the presumed newborn son of Norman Osborn and Menace because he believes the unique combination of their blood can provide a cure for him. When he learns Harry Osborn is the father, he realizes no cure will be found in the boy's blood. Doctor Octopus captures Tony Stark and forces him to work on a cure for him by threatening to blow up a bomb, despite Tony telling Octavius that he is not a medical doctor. Doctor Octopus has an army of Macro-Octobots attack New York City to keep Spider-Man and the Avengers occupied while his Sinister Six (consisting of Chameleon, Electro, Mysterio, Rhino, Sandman, and himself) infiltrates a military base, but Spider-Man and the Avengers are able to stop them. The Sinister Six create a cosmic problem on a Caribbean island to keep Spider-Man and the Future Foundation occupied and away from the Baxter Building so the Sinister Six can sneak inside and steal one of Reed Richard's inventions. The Sinister Six attack a lab in Paris to create an opening to the Avengers Academy to steal a device containing self-sustaining power invented by Henry Pym. The Sinister Six fight and defeat the Intelligencia so that the Sinister Six is the only team of supervillains left to conquer the world. They also steal the Intelligencia's Zero Cannon (a weapon which negates Earth's gravity) to send objects to space. Doctor Octopus appears in a new robot suit designed to keep him alive. Doctor Octopus has some Octobots sneak aboard John Jameson's space shuttle when it",
"title": "Ends of the Earth (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "14154213",
"text": "Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles",
"title": "Spider-Man: With Great Power"
},
{
"docid": "6146135",
"text": "Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and",
"title": "List of Spider-Man enemies"
},
{
"docid": "39216224",
"text": "\"If This Be My Destiny...!\" is a story arc featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It spans the issues The Amazing Spider-Man #31–33 (1965-1966), and was written by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the latter of whom also did the art. The story introduces supporting characters Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy, Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus temporarily assuming the Master Planner alias, and Spider-Man being pinned under heavy machinery, which he lifts after gathering enough will power through thoughts of his family. Background The storyline ran in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 through #33, with a single interconnected story arc, being one of the first of its kind in Spider-Man's history. Lee recounted that he and Ditko jointly plotted the acclaimed sequence in which Spider-Man lifts the heavy machinery off of him, but that stretching the sequence out for several pages was purely Ditko's idea. Having anticipated that Ditko would spend just two or three panels on this plot point, Lee said that when he saw the art for the scene \"I almost shouted in triumph\". In the letters section of the September–October 1998 issue of Comic Book Marketplace, Ditko pointed out that he was credited as sole plotter of series starting with issue 25, and that the sequence in question was in issue 33. He further stated that Stan Lee never knew what was in Ditko's plotted stories until he saw the artwork. Synopsis Peter Parker attends his first day at Empire State University, meeting classmates Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy. Meanwhile, Aunt May succumbs to a mysterious and life-threatening illness and a new evil mastermind called the \"Master Planner\" arranges for the theft of various technological devices. After a fateful battle, Spider-Man discovers that the Master Planner is none other than Doctor Octopus, and that he has stolen a rare isotope that could be the only means to save Aunt May's life. Doc Ock manages to escape, leaving Spider-Man trapped under heavy machinery. Thinking about Uncle Ben's death and not wanting to lose Aunt May as well, Spider-Man is able to gather enough will power to lift the machinery, though his leg gets hurt while escaping from the flooding lab. He gives the serum to Dr. Curt Connors for analysis before delivering it to the hospital where May is treated, and takes some photographs for the Daily Bugle to raise money for May's hospital bills. When he returns to the hospital, Peter is relieved to learn the serum cured May, and goes home for some well deserved rest. Reception One of the most celebrated issues of the Lee-Ditko run is #33 (February 1966), the third part of the story arc \"If This Be My Destiny\", featuring the dramatic scene of Spider-Man who, through willpower and memories of his family, escapes from being pinned by heavy machinery. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that \"Steve Ditko squeezes every ounce of anguish out of Spider-Man's predicament, complete with visions of the uncle he failed and the aunt he has sworn to save\". Peter",
"title": "If This Be My Destiny...!"
},
{
"docid": "9601342",
"text": "Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \"Mayday\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \"The Final Chapter\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man Family"
},
{
"docid": "6131243",
"text": "Professor Mendel Stromm is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has also been known as the Robot Master and Gaunt. Publication history Stromm first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #37 (June 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Fictional character biography Professor Mendel Stromm was Norman Osborn's college professor at ESU and later became a partner in OsCorp Industries. His early research was on a chemical that would provide enhanced strength in its test subjects and would eventually turn Osborn into the Green Goblin. Osborn, wanting the formula for himself, discovered that Stromm had been embezzling funds from OsCorp. Stromm explained that he was merely borrowing them, but Osborn turned him over to the police. After several years in prison, Stromm was released and tried to kill Osborn for revenge using deadly robots. He was stopped by Spider-Man and seemingly died of a heart attack when he was nearly shot. Stromm had made plans for his death, however, by arranging to have his Spirit transferred to a robot double. Now calling himself \"the Robot Master\", Stromm returned in Spectacular Spider-Man #68 (July 1982). Spider-Man defeated and destroyed the robot double. In Spectacular Spider-Man #233 (April 1996), Stromm returned again, this time as a cyborg called \"Gaunt\". It was revealed that he survived through a cybernetic suit fused to his body – attached by none other than Osborn. Osborn had discovered that Stromm had survived his heart attack thanks to the Goblin Formula, but on a level of consciousness supported only by his suit. Eventually, via Seward Trainer, he was cured of his need for the suit and came back in a large suit of robotic armor, only for it to be destroyed by Ben Reilly and Peter Parker, despite Stromm's attempt to defeat them both with two flying robots and three childlike androids attacking simultaneously. Shortly afterward, Norman Osborn knocked him out with a laser blast and left him for dead, though he survived and only had amnesia. He came back in yet another robot suit, only to be stopped by Spider-Man once again. In Peter Parker: Spider-Man Vol 1 #27 (March 2001), Stromm tried to create a sentient robot to kill Osborn, but it turned on him and destroyed his body, keeping his severed head alive. This artificial intelligence then attempted to take over New York City's electrical grid, but was stopped when Spider-Man fought his way into its core processor and uploaded a computer virus into it, putting both the A.I. and Mendel into a comatose state. The artificial intelligence took over Electro's body and tried to use his powers to create a horde of self spawning robots, but after the interference of Spider-Man the A.I. altered Spidey's spider sense, after which Spider-Man defeated the A.I.. In Penance: Relentless (2007), it is revealed that Spider-Man tipped S.H.I.E.L.D. off to Stromm's whereabouts and that they were able to rescue him from the suspended loop he was stuck in. He",
"title": "Mendel Stromm"
},
{
"docid": "2039583",
"text": "Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin is a video game produced by Sega and developed by Technopop initially on the Mega Drive/Genesis. It was ported internally by Sega for the Master System and Game Gear consoles, the latter being published by Acclaim Entertainment through its Flying Edge division. An updated version was also released for the Sega CD was also done internally at Sega under the name of The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin. All versions of the video game are side-scrolling platform games, whereby the player controls superhero Spider-Man to battle various supervillains (Doctor Octopus, Sandman, The Lizard, Hobgoblin, Vulture, Mysterio, Electro, and Venom) to obtain the keys needed to disarm a nuclear bomb that the Kingpin has not only framed Spider-Man for stealing but plans to detonate within twenty-four hours. In the middle of the game, Spider-Man's wife Mary Jane Watson is also kidnapped by Venom. Plot A few weeks after becoming Spider-Man, Peter Parker becomes married to Mary Jane Watson. Meanwhile, Kingpin establishes a criminal empire and forcefully transforms respected scientist Otto Octavious into Doctor Octopus. Peter reveals his identity to Mary Jane, who accepts. The two are then attacked by Doctor Octopus, who claims to want to know more information about Spider-Man (and is searching for Peter due to him taking photos of Spider-Man). Peter defeats Doctor Octopus, who reveals himself to be Octavious and apologizes for his crimes. Peter is then attacked by a thug named Flint Marko, who he defeats easily, though Marko is picked up by one of Fisk’s helicopters. Fisk gains help from scientist Curt Connors, intended to be a replacement for Octavious, and transforms Marko into Sandman. Elsewhere, Mary Jane is kidnapped by Bugle reporter Eddie Brock, who has bonded to the Venom symbiote. Spider-Man defeats Sandman, but is phoned by Kingpin, who says he has employee Venom and has captured Mary Jane. Curt Connors attempts to increase Venom’s power, but fails. Kingpin injects him with an artificial serum and he becomes Lizard. Spider-Man attempts to find Kingpin’s hideout, but is stalked and captured by Lizard. Spider-Man complies to his capture, so he can get closer to Kingpin. Before they get to Kingpin’s hideout, Spider-Man injects Connors with an antidote, causing him to return to his normal form. Peter attempts to get to Kingpin’s hideout on his own using a GPS on Lizard. On his way, he is captured by a mysterious man, who refers to himself as Hobgoblin. Hobgoblin speaks of his rivalry with Kingpin, and gives his assistance in charge for Spider-Man’s cooperation. Spider-Man grudgingly complies, and the two get to Kingpin’s headquarters. The while inside Kingpin’s hideout, Kingpin reveals to Spider-Man via hologram that Hobgoblin was working for him the whole time. Hobgoblin unmasks as Harry Osborn. The two battle and Spider-Man comes out on top. Angered, Kingpin sends his three most powerful mercenaries, Vulture, Mysterio, and Electro. The three fight on a plane, with Vulture and Spider-Man being the last ones standing. Angered, Vulture cuts open the plane’s engine.",
"title": "Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin"
},
{
"docid": "3480370",
"text": "\"The Six Arms Saga\" is a story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, written by Stan Lee and drawn by Gil Kane. It spans the issues The Amazing Spider-Man #100–102 (1971) and features the first appearance and origin story of Morbius, the Living Vampire. The story arc is mostly remembered for Spider-Man growing four extra arms, and for a subsequent What If…? stating that keeping the arms would have allowed Spider-Man to save Gwen Stacy and defeat Thanos himself. The Six-Armed Spider-Man appears in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Plot Peter Parker has recently experienced a lot of misery in his life: his best friend Harry Osborn has become a junkie, his close friend Captain George Stacy died in his arms, and Gwen Stacy – Peter's girlfriend – wrongly blamed Spider-Man for her father's death. He creates a serum to remove his spider powers, after which he then falls into a troubled sleep in which he fights all his enemies, while enduring excruciating side pains. The dream ends with George Stacy's spirit imploring Peter to keep protecting New York as Spider-Man, stating that his powers are both a blessing and a curse. When he wakes up, Peter realizes that the serum has unintentionally augmented his powers, giving him four additional arms. After rejecting an invitation to a movie from Gwen, and a late-night photo assignment from the Daily Bugle, Peter, as Spider-Man, calls Curt Connors for help, who offers him his summer house as refuge. Elsewhere, Michael Morbius is found stranded in the ocean by a boat and taken aboard, only for numerous passengers to mysteriously disappear. When the crew confronts him, Morbius attacks them and flees. As night falls and the crew goes to sleep, Morbius, now resembling a vampire, returns and feeds on their blood, but is overwhelmed by guilt and attempts to kill himself by jumping into the ocean. He washes ashore and stumbles upon Connors' house, which he enters before falling asleep. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is working on curing himself in Connors' lab when he smashes a test tube in frustration, causing Morbius to be awakened by the noise and attack. As the two fight, Connors arrives and the stress of being attacked by Morbius causes him to transform into the Lizard. Morbius and the Lizard fight over who will kill Spider-Man. Morbius manages to bite the Lizard before escaping. An enzyme in Morbius' blood allows Connors to temporarily regain control of his mind, and he joins forces with Spider-Man to track down Morbius, believing that his blood can help cure them both. Meanwhile, Morbius reflects on how he became a vampire following a failed experiment that he, his fiancée, Martine Bancroft, and his assistant worked on to cure Morbius' rare blood disease; he killed his assistant before jumping into the ocean, not wanting to hurt Martine. As Spider-Man and the Lizard search for Morbius, Gwen and Aunt May worry about Peter, as they haven't heard from him in a while, and J. Jonah Jameson reveals",
"title": "The Six Arms Saga"
},
{
"docid": "21604709",
"text": "Carlie Cooper is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is named after Joe Quesada's daughter. She is friends with Peter Parker, Harry Osborn, Vin Gonzales, and Lily Hollister. She is one of Spider-Man's first potential romantic interests in the \"One More Day\" story arc and eventually is a girlfriend for a time. Publication history Carlie Cooper first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #545 (December 2007) and was created by Dan Slott and Joe Quesada. Fictional character biography \"Brand New Day\" Carlie Cooper is the roommate and best friend of Lily Hollister; the two grew up together but Carlie was the brighter of the two. As a child, she was also friends with Gwen Stacy. She is an officer of the New York Police Department's Crime Scene Unit. She campaigned vigorously for Bill Hollister, whom she considers a father figure. Her birth father Ray Cooper was a well-respected cop who reportedly died years earlier. While preparing a body found in the river for the medical examiner, she finds a spider-tracer in the corpse's mouth, which initiates the police warrant for the \"Spider-Tracer Killer\". She later discovers that the \"Spider-Tracer Killer\" is a conspiracy by a group of New York cops who have planted the tracers on dead bodies to frame Spider-Man in an attempt to turn the public against. Carlie informs the precinct's sergeant, who is secretly a part of the conspiracy and issues a warrant for her arrest, claiming that she is aiding and abetting the killer. She goes to the Hollisters and tells the truth of the tracer killings. She escapes the police with the help of Menace. Later, Vin Gonzales finds her and apologizes to her for all that was done to her. When Doctor Octopus tries using Octobot technology to turn New York into a living weapon, Carlie and Norah Winters investigate who is responsible and through the course of their investigation, stumble upon Doctor Octopus's lair. Unknown to them, Doctor Octopus has already kidnapped J. Jonah Jameson Sr., after learning that JJJ Sr. is going to marry May Parker. Spider-Man frees all three of Doctor Octopus's captives with the aid of the Human Torch. Afterward, Carlie attends the wedding with Johnny Storm as her date. Later, Carlie is accused of tampering with evidence when several pieces of evidence collected from three murder scenes mysteriously disappear from the police evidence locker. Spider-Man later discovers that the 'evidence' was actually pieces of the Sandman, which left the evidence locker on their own. Carlie was cleared, but is still looked down on by some fellow officers. It is discovered that Carlie's father did not die. Ray speaks to Carlie while she is watching a fight between the Maggia and Mr. Negative's Inner Demons. When Carlie learns that Ray was not the good cop the man was made out to be, she has her father arrested. She then cuts her hair and decides to be more assertive in her life. After several",
"title": "Carlie Cooper"
},
{
"docid": "20822005",
"text": "\"New Ways to Die\" is a 2008, six-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Dan Slott with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #568-#573. Plot summary The Thunderbolts led by Norman Osborn/Green Goblin come to New York City to hunt down the fugitive Spider-Man, who has been framed for a series of murders. Meanwhile, at the F.E.A.S.T. shelter run by Martin Li (Mister Negative), the cancer-ridden Eddie Brock is miraculously healed. When the Thunderbolts track Spider-Man to the F.E.A.S.T. shelter, Brock reacts to the Venom Symbiote (currently bonded to Mac Gargan), transforming into Anti-Venom (a hero with the ability to heal others and purify diseases). Now able to destroy every kind of sickness, he attacks Venom and cures him which destroys most of his symbiote. Spider-Man and Anti-Venom team up to take down the Thunderbolts. Anti-Venom fights Venom in a new, improved scorpion armor from Norman Osborn. \"Venorpion\" hits Anti-Venom with his stinger and injects a super-poisonous toxin into him that dissolves his suit. After a battle which results in a building collapsing, Songbird tells Spider-Man to lie low for the next few days. Osborn then holds a press conference, saying that Spider-Man has died in the collapse. At the end of the book, Eddie's suit later reforms. Collected editions Reception Amazing Spider-Man #568 sold 82,540 copies, the 7th best selling comics of August 2008. Amazing Spider-Man #573 sold 93,346 copies or 8th for October 2008. IGN gave the first issue of the arc an 8.0 out of 10 and the last issue 6.4. See also Spider-Man: Brand New Day Kraven's First Hunt References External links Spider-Man: New Ways to Die at Marvel.com Interview with Dan Slott about Amazing Spider-Man:New Ways to Die 2008 comics debuts Green Goblin",
"title": "New Ways to Die"
},
{
"docid": "24939735",
"text": "Siege is an American comic book, published by Marvel Comics from January to May 2010. It deals with the climax of the \"Dark Reign\" storyline, which saw Norman Osborn become the United States primary defense officer, leading H.A.M.M.E.R. as well as employing his own evil Avengers. The story depicts Loki manipulating Osborn into leading an all-out assault on Asgard, at the time located within the United States. Captain America and his own Avengers lead a rebellion against Osborn. The events in Siege led to Marvel Comics introducing the subsequent storyline \"Heroic Age\". Publication history The \"Siege\" storyline consists of an eponymous four-issue mini-series, and a number of related tie-in books, including one-shots, miniseries, and existing ongoing series. Marvel announced in early 2010 that the company's \"Siege\" storyline would be followed by the \"Heroic Age\" storyline. This was first hinted at in the story by Athena to Amadeus Cho. Publication aftermath The end of the story was described as what would be the start of a new \"Heroic Age\" in the Marvel Universe. The final tie-in issues of the four Avengers titles, Mighty Avengers #36, New Avengers #64, Dark Avengers #16 and Avengers: The Initiative #35 were the last ones of those series, along with a New Avengers: Finale one-shot, with illustrations by Bryan Hitch. In June 2010 Marvel published Avengers Prime: Siege Aftermath. This five-part series focused on Thor, Iron Man, and Captain America and bridged the gap between \"Siege\" and \"Heroic Age\". Though not badged as an aftermath series, a limited series starting in May 2010 examined the fall of Norman Osborn and examine the effects upon his son Harry Osborn. The series was titled Amazing Spider-Man Presents: American Son. Plot Norman Osborn calls a meeting of the super-villain Cabal, consisting of Doctor Doom, the Hood, the Taskmaster, and the Asgardian God Loki, to discuss Asgard (the home of the Norse gods), which is now hovering above Broxton, Oklahoma, and the last holdout in Osborn's consolidation of power. A rift develops between Doom and Osborn, creating mayhem that appears to break up the group. Later, under his pretense of respectability, Osborn attempts in vain to secure permission from the President of the United States to invade Asgard, claiming it poses a national security threat. On Loki's advice, Osborn engineers a tragedy in which the hapless Asgardian Volstagg, manipulated into battling the super-villain team the U-Foes, accidentally causes an explosion that kills everyone in a crowded Soldier Field football stadium in Chicago, Illinois. This gives Osborn the justification to lay siege on Asgard with military troops as well as with the Dark Avengers — his team of supervillains posing as superheroes and with loyalists planted amid the various 50-State Initiative teams of heroes. Osborn's aide-de-camp, Victoria Hand suggests unsuccessfully that Osborn seek therapy for his instability. Shortly thereafter, the President realizes that Osborn is unstable and orders Hand to produce him. In the meantime, in order to better control the highly powerful but psychologically fragile superhero the Sentry, who has",
"title": "Siege (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "41357270",
"text": "The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for",
"title": "List of Spider-Man film cast members"
},
{
"docid": "21465518",
"text": "\"Character Assassination\" is a four-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Marc Guggenheim with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #584-#588. An interlude, \"The Spartacus Gambit\" was featured in Amazing Spider-Man Extra #1 (June 2008) and later re-released for free online via Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited alongside the release of The Amazing Spider-Man #587 in February 2009. Plot summary The race for mayor is hot with Bill Hollister close in the polls to Randall Crowne. The Spider-Tracer murders continue with Shocker and Boomerang walking in on another corpse. Spider-Man is chased by police and is shot in the right arm. Spider-Man hallucinates a fight with Menace in which he unmasks to reveal the face of Harry Osborn. On top of the Statue of Liberty Harry proposes to Lily who is not sure what to say. Meanwhile, Carlie's lab reverse engineers the Spider-Tracers to track the source. Carlie arrives in Vin and Peter's apartment finding a bag of Spider-Tracers under Vin's bed. Horrified, she demands an explanation from Vin and his partner Cop hints that the entire NYPD is involved with the murders. Spider-Man attempts to stop Menace from attacking the Hollister Campaign supporters but Menace defeats the wounded Spider-Man leaving him to be captured by the police. Menace retreats to Harry Osborn's apartment \"unmasking\" to reveal the face of Lily Hollister. Harry walks in and looks in horror. Lily explains that she discovered notes about the Goblin Serum and hideout through concerns that Harry returned to drugs. A new type of Goblin Serum made contact with Lily's skin mutating her into Menace. She states that she attacked the Hollister campaign to make others sympathize with Bill Hollister and help him become elected. Lily also says that she accepts Harry's marriage proposal and leaves Harry who is flabbergasted by this turn of events. On election day Harry picks up a vial of the Goblin Serum and picks up a Goblin Gun behind the original Glider. Spider-Man is arrested by the police for the spider tracer murders and held at Ryker's Island. Matt Murdock arrives as his attorney and files motions to prevent the NYPD or the courts from unmasking him. At the preliminary hearings Iron Fist appears dressed as Spider-Man to create doubt that the Peter is the only Spider-Man or the killer. Black Cat and Murdock smuggle Peter a web-shooter. Carlie confronts Vin and he and his partner reveal that many NYPD cops from their precinct are planting the tracers on dead bodies to frame Spider-Man in a smear campaign to turn public opinion against him. He states that they are tired of him getting away with vigilante justice. Carlie claims to want in but then turns them into their captain Sergeant Palone, who unknown to her is the leader of the conspiracy. He later has Vin arrested as the sole suspect as Vin's precinct killed Bookie, who solved the murders first. While trapped in Rykers, Spider-Man learns that Vin",
"title": "Character Assassination"
},
{
"docid": "144170",
"text": "Gwendolyne Maxine \"Gwen\" Stacy is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider-Man. A college student and the daughter of George and Helen Stacy, she is the first romantic interest for Peter following his high school graduation before she is murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Her death has haunted Peter ever since, and stories published long afterwards indicate she still holds a special place in his heart. Gwen is posthumously subjected to numerous cloning experiments by her former professor Miles Warren, Peter's clone Ben Reilly, and an A.I. of Harry Osborn, the latter resulting in the creation of the Kindreds, and Ben briefly resurrecting Gwen in \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" (2016–2017), with the embodiment of Death herself confirming in Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider (2017–2018) that all clones Ben created of deceased people had their souls intact on being brought back, while clones of living people (like Ben himself) had unique souls of their own. In the alternate realities of Ultimate Marvel and Spider-Gwen, a still-living Gwen respectively becomes their universe's versions of Carnage and Spider-Woman. The character was portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider-Man 3 (2007) and by Emma Stone in The Amazing Spider-Man film series (2012–2014) and Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023; archive footage). A multiverse Spider-Gwen is voiced by Hailee Steinfeld in the 2018 animated film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse and its sequel Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), and will reprise the role in Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (TBA) and Spider-Woman (TBA). Publication history Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Fictional character biography Early history In her initial appearances, Peter Parker meets Gwen while both are studying as undergraduates at Empire State University, but with Aunt May in the hospital, Peter is troubled and ignores her advances. She dates both Flash Thompson and Harry Osborn to make Peter jealous. Gradually, however, a romance develops; Gwen, a science major, appreciates Peter's intellect. Their relationship begins almost immediately after Peter stops going out with Mary Jane Watson, whom he begins to see as shallow and self-absorbed. Later issues introduce Gwen's father, NYPD Captain George Stacy, as well as her mother Helen Stacy and her uncle Arthur Stacy. Though her father is both fond of Peter and supportive of his alter-ego Spider-Man, his death strains Peter's relationship with Gwen after he is killed by falling debris during a battle involving Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus. Gwen blames Spider-Man for his death, and leaves for Europe to cope with her loss. She wants Peter to ask her to marry him and convince her to stay, but his guilt stops him from proposing. Gwen's feelings for Peter eventually prompt her to return to New York, and their relationship is rekindled. According to Lee, who scripted all of the stories featuring Gwen Stacy up to this point, the original intent was for Gwen",
"title": "Gwen Stacy"
},
{
"docid": "71375109",
"text": "\"Dark Web\" is an American comic book crossover storyline written by Zeb Wells with art by Adam Kubert and Ed McGuinness, published in 2022 by Marvel Comics. The story, which serving as a spiritual successor to \"Inferno\", involves Spider-Man and the X-Men joining forces against Ben Reilly and Madelyne Pryor as the two wronged clones are teaming up as Chasm and Goblin Queen to raise hell across the Marvel Universe. \"Dark Web\" is bookended by two one-shots, subtitled Dusk and Dawn, and the story continued in the pages of Zeb Wells' run of Amazing Spider-Man. The storyline tied into various other books like Venom (vol. 5) and limited series including Gold Goblin, Mary Jane & Black Cat, Dark Web: Ms. Marvel and Dark Web: X-Men.{draim11}</ref/> Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 6) #18, Dark Web Finale, Dark Web: Ms. Marvel #2, Dark Web: X-Men #3, Mary Jane & Black Cat #2, and Venom (vol. 5) #15 were dedicated in memory of Carlos Pacheco. Publication history In April 2022, Marvel comics posted a teaser \"The Dark Web is being spun\" that will involve Spider-Man prior to the release of the Free Comic Book Day: Spider-Man/Venom #1. The comic book issue ended with a teaser revealing Ben Reilly is working with Madelyne Pryor. At San Diego Comic-Con in July 2022, teaser art from Ryan Stegman offered a glimpse on the event with the Goblin Queen looming over Spider-Man, Venom, Black Cat, Cyclops, Jean Grey, Magik, Iceman, Firestar, Mary Jane, Chasm and Hallows' Eve, a new member of Spider-Man's rogue's gallery. It is revealed in the Next Big Thing panel to be a Spider-Man/X-Men crossover spearheaded by current Amazing Spider-Man writer Zeb Wells. The two franchises recently crossed paths when the X-Men's former ally Moira MacTaggert kidnapped Mary Jane Watson and used her as a puppet to infiltrate the Hellfire Gala. Prelude issues were published in November to set up the event letting readers see exactly what Chasm and the Goblin Queen have been busy with. Venom (vol. 5) #13 set the stage to the crossover as Eddie Brock returns from space and finds an unexpected ally in Madelyne Pryor. Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 6) #14 introduced Chasm, Reilly's new persona, and a brand new villain, Hallows' Eve, who was pivotal to the event. Limited series Gold Goblin, Mary Jane & Black Cat, Dark Web: Ms. Marvel and Dark Web: X-Men tied directly to the Dark Web saga. Gold Goblin, written by Christopher Cantwell with art from Lan Medina, set up a new status quo for Norman Osborn whose sins were cleansed during the Last Remains storyline. Mary Jane & Black Cat, written by Jed MacKay with art from Vincenzo Carratù, forces two of the greatest loves of Peter Parker's life for another team up after being thrown into each other's path; Mary Jane and Black Cat previously joined forces during the Beyond storyline. Dark Web: Ms. Marvel, written by Sabir Pirzada with art from Francesco Mortarino, took Ms. Marvel in Limbo against deadly experiments going haywire;",
"title": "Dark Web (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "24953467",
"text": "\"Reaction\" is the eighth episode of the American animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man, which is based on the comic book character Spider-Man, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The episode originally broadcast in the United States on the Kids WB! block for The CW on May 3, 2008. The episode details Dr. Otto Octavius as an accidental laboratory incident caused by the Green Goblin where the radiation merges special mechanical tentacles to his skin and seemingly damaged his brain (although it was later suggested that what was interpreted as brain damage was in fact his mind rewiring itself to accommodate four extra limbs), and turns him from a timid and weak scientist into the villain Dr. Octopus. \"Reaction\" was directed by Jennifer Coyle and was the first episode of the series to be written by Randy Jandt. While writing the teleplay, Jandt was challenged with staying true to the original material of Spider-Man, particularly towards that of Dr. Octopus. \"Reaction\" received generally positive reviews, with television critics singling out Dr. Octopus' portrayal. Octopus's character design was applauded by both the designers and Coyle; the latter noted that his design allowed her to direct them freely in different manners, and that the arms in particular were particularly well-done. Peter MacNicol voiced the character and used a voice inspired by that of actor Laird Cregar. It is available on both the third volume DVD set for the series, as well as the complete season box set. Plot summary Dr. Otto Octavius tries to complain to his boss Norman Osborn about the dangers of several recent experiments they have been performing to create supervillains in his laboratory and how Spider-Man could trace them to Oscorp, but is quickly berated by Osborn for his \"whining.\" Octavius backs down and goes to work inside an experimentation chamber while Osborn departs. Unbeknown to him, the villain Green Goblin sneaks into the lab, activating the chamber's generators while locking Octavius inside. While unsuccessfully trying to escape from the chamber, the radiation emitted fuses the mechanical tentacles he is wearing into his skin. Osborn and others arrive on the scene to turn off the generator, while Spider-Man jumps in to help get Octavius out of the wreckage. When the doctor wakes up, he attacks Osborn with his tentacles and pins him to a wall. When Spider-Man tries to intervene, Octavius brushes him aside as well with one of his tentacles, declaring himself \"Dr. Octopus.\" He steals a power battery to recharge his tentacles and storms out of the building, using his tentacles as extra limbs. The next day, Peter, Gwen, Harry and some of Harry's new popular friends go to Coney Island, where Harry impresses everyone with his newfound strength. Liz Allan begins to attach herself to Peter and the two have a fun time. However, Peter spots Dr. Octopus and abandons the group to pursue him as Spider-Man. Spider-Man follows Dr. Octopus to TriCorp, where he attempts to steal a power pack from a vault.",
"title": "Reaction (The Spectacular Spider-Man)"
},
{
"docid": "24284443",
"text": "Headsman is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. His apparent real name is Cleavon Twain (a play on the words \"cleave in twain\") though it is unclear if this is his actual birth name or simply an alias. Fictional character biography Origin Cleavon Twain and his older brother grew up on a chicken farm in Louisiana. There, Cleavon had a pet dog that repeatedly tried to bite his brother. This led him to warn Cleavon that he would kill the dog if he attacks him one more time. Eventually the dog bit his brother and was subsequently killed by him. Cleavon was heart broken, but still looked up to his brother. The brothers later joined a biker gang called the 'Headhunters'. Cleavon states that his brother was the 'badass' of the gang. The Twain brothers had since grown estranged, with Cleavon descending deeper into a life of crime, while his brother returned to life on the farm. Eventually, Cleavon Twain made his way to New York, where he was tracked down by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn) and given advanced technology, including a high-tech adamantium vibro-axe that could cut through anything and a hover platform for transportation. He also had a strength boosting harness that made his axe swings even more powerful and deadly. He was not told who was employing him, but he was sent to help the Enforcers escape from Spider-Man, which he accomplished by forcing Spider-Man to flee. Harry Osborn alerted Spider-Man about where the criminals were meeting, and the Headsman was forced to flee after the ensuing battle after Spider-Man damaged his power pack. After repairing his pack, Headsman teamed with Lucky Lobo to kill Spider-Man. Believing he had killed Spider-Man, he left the hero buried under a pile of rubble. Headman faced Spider-Man again, when the Green Goblin attacked the Headsman and revealed himself to Headsman as his employer. The Green Goblin destroyed the Headsman's equipment and knocked him out, allowing Spider-Man to turn him in to the police. Thunderbolts Many years later, the Headsman joined Osborn's Thunderbolts black ops team. He helped discredit Doc Samson by attacking Air Force One disguised as the Green Goblin. Osborn saved the President in a staged attack by tossing the faux \"Green Goblin\" out of the plane. The team's next objective was to kill Deadpool, at which they failed miserably. His teammate the Ghost told him that on his first mission he was using a faulty gravity-grip so Ghost had fixed it, suggesting that Osborn had meant for him to die in his fall from the plane. He battled new teammate Mister X, but was spared from death by the Black Widow. When the Thunderbolts capture Songbird and Natasha Romanov, they are ordered to execute them. Headsman, Ghost and Paladin refused to kill the prisoners and allowed them to escape, knocking out their teammates and erasing their memories of the event. Death The Uranian of the Agents of Atlas later implants a",
"title": "Headsman (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "31655527",
"text": "\"The Gathering of Five\" and \"The Final Chapter\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \"re-branding\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \"Issue One\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \"Clone Saga\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \"the gathering of five\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \"package\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time",
"title": "The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter"
},
{
"docid": "1355215",
"text": "Featured here is a chronological list of story arcs in the comic book series Ultimate Spider-Man, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Bill Jemas, and drawn by Mark Bagley until Stuart Immonen replaced him. Ultimate Spider-Man is a teenage drama, in background contrast to the adult Spider-Man in the Marvel continuity. Ultimate Spider-Man \"Power and Responsibility\" (#1–7) Published: October 2000 – May 2001 Creative Team: Brian Michael Bendis (writing) / Mark Bagley (art) Plot outline: During a field trip to Osborn Industries, Peter Parker gets bitten by a genetically-mutated spider. The spider was part of the scientific experimentation there and had been injected with a formula that Norman himself had created called OZ. Kong, one of Peter's classmates kills the spider before anyone could retrieve it. Norman Osborn decides to track Peter's progress as he now has the last of the formula in his blood. After several instances of fainting and displaying extraordinary strength and reflexes, Peter realizes the bite gave him spider-like powers. On one occasion, Peter accidentally breaks Flash Thompson's hand when he tries to fight him, a bully who has been tormenting Parker for years. When Flash's family attempt to sue, Peter becomes part of a local wrestling circuit as the masked \"Amazing Spider-Man\" to anonymously pay for his Aunt May and Uncle Ben's legal fees. Peter also gets his Spider-Man suit courtesy of the wrestling organization, although it isn't finished yet. Peter does not reveal this secret double-life to anybody, not even his friends Mary Jane Watson and Harry Osborn. Peter flees the wrestling organization after being accused of stealing. Peter returns home where his aunt and uncle berate him for his failing academic grades and for his change in attitude. Angry and confused, Peter runs away and spends the night at Kong's home before going to party, where Ben finds him and tries to take him home. Ben informs Peter of the \"with great power, comes great responsibility\" ethos that Peter's father abided by. Peter is angered that his father was never there to tell him that himself, and runs off to contemplate Ben's words. More angry and tired, he allows a burglar to escape after robbing a deli owner, but upon returning home, he finds that Uncle Ben had been murdered. Peter tracks down Ben's killer, subdues him, only to find out he is the same burglar he had let get away earlier. He ties him to a rope and leaves the killer to the police. Understanding Uncle Ben's words, Peter is galvanized to using his powers for good, and begins to establish himself as the superhero known as Spider-Man. Meanwhile, Norman Osborn injects himself with the OZ formula, gaining confidence by tracking the effects the spider formula had on Peter. As a result, Norman is transformed into a monstrous, fiery, large goblin. The Goblin destroys the lab, kills several scientists and leaves Dr. Otto Octavius, another scientist, for dead. All this is seen by Harry Osborn who runs home to find his mother",
"title": "List of Ultimate Spider-Man story arcs"
}
] | [
"Dane William DeHaan"
] |
train_51671 | when did the us adopt the gregorian calendar | [
{
"docid": "599966",
"text": "The New Calendarists are Eastern Orthodox churches that adopted the Revised Julian calendar. Background In the history of Christianity, divisions on which calendar to use were initiated after 1582, when the Roman Catholic Church transitioned from the ancient Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar. Eventually, by the 18th century, the Gregorian Calendar was officially adopted even in Protestant countries as the civil calendar, but still faced some opposition from smaller groups. In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Gregorian calendar was officially introduced in 1752. Around the same time, debates between those wanting to adopt the Gregorian Calendar and traditionalists wanting to keep the Julian calendar were also going on within several Eastern Catholic Churches. Those debates were focused mainly on ritual questions and ended in various compromises. The need for preservation of ritual differences, including various questions related to liturgical calendar, was consequently acknowledged by Rome. New Calendarists In 1923, the Revised Julian calendar was devised. Since then, several Eastern Orthodox Churches have introduced partial changes into their liturgical calendars. Those changes were based on the application of the Revised Julian calendar for the liturgical celebration of immovable feasts (including Christmas), thus reducing the use of the old Julian calendar to liturgical celebration of moveable feasts (feasts of the Easter cycle). Thus, the Revised calendar use was introduced. It has been adopted by: the Ecumenical Patriarchate (March 1924) the Church of Greece (March 1924) the Church of Cyprus; (March 1924) the Romanian Orthodox Church (later in 1924) the Patriarchate of Alexandria (in 1928) the Patriarchate of Antioch (in 1928) the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (in 1968) the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (in 2023) The Orthodox Church in America (except for Alaska) and the Albanian Orthodox Church also use the revised calendar. It was not adopted by the Eastern Orthodox Churches of: Jerusalem, Georgia, Russia, Sinai, and the monasteries on the Mount Athos. The Polish Orthodox Church has wavered between the two calendars; today it officially follows the old calendar. In Eastern Orthodoxy, issues related to calendar reform did not produce break of communion or schisms between the mainstream churches, but they did cause disputes and internal schisms within some churches. The result of those conflicts was the emergence of the Old Calendarist movement, and consequent creation of separate churches, thus breaking the communion with those mother churches that accepted the calendar reform. See also Adoption of the Gregorian calendar French revolutionary calendar Revised Julian calendar Old Calendarists References Sources Calendars History of Eastern Christianity History of Eastern Orthodoxy Liturgical calendars Old Calendarism Julian calendar",
"title": "New Calendarists"
},
{
"docid": "23397214",
"text": "The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian calendar backward to the dates preceding its official introduction in 1582. In nations that adopted the Gregorian calendar after its official and first introduction, dates occurring in the interim period of 15 October 1582 (the first date of use of Gregorian calendrical dates, being dated 5 October 1582 in the preceding Julian calendar) to the date on which the pertinent nation adopted the Gregorian calendar and abandoned the Julian calendar are sometimes 'Gregorianized' also. For example, the birthday of U.S. President George Washington was originally dated 11 February 1731 (Old Style) because Great Britain, of which he was born a subject, used (until September 1752) the Julian calendar and dated the beginning of English years as 25 March. After Great Britain switched to the Gregorian calendar, Washington's birthday was dated 22 February 1732 proleptically, according to the Gregorian calendar applied backward. This remains the modern dating of his birthday. Usage ISO 8601:2004 (clause 3.2.1 The Gregorian calendar) explicitly requires use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all dates before the introduction of 15 October 1582, if the partners to an exchange of information agree. Most scholars of Maya civilization also use it, especially when converting Long Count dates (1st century BC – 10th century AD). The best practice for citation of historically contemporary documents is to cite the date as expressed in the original text and to notate any contextual implications and conclusions regarding the calendar used and equivalents in other calendars. This practice permits others to re-evaluate the original evidence. For these calendars one can distinguish two systems of numbering years BC. Bede and later historians did not enumerate any year as zero (nulla in Latin; see Year zero); therefore the year preceding AD 1 is 1 BC. In this system the year 1 BC is a leap year (likewise in the proleptic Julian calendar). Mathematically, it is more convenient to include a year 0 and represent earlier years as negative numbers for the specific purpose of facilitating the calculation of the number of years between a negative (BC) year and a positive (AD) year. This is the convention in astronomical year numbering and the international standard date system, ISO 8601. In these systems, the year 0 is a leap year. Although the nominal Julian calendar began in 45 BC, leap years between 45 BC and 1 BC were irregular (see Leap year error). Thus the Julian calendar with quadrennial leap years was only used from the end of AD 4 until 1582 or later (contingent on the specific nation in question). The proleptic Gregorian calendar is sometimes used in computer software to simplify identifying pre-Gregorian dates, e. g. in PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, PHP, CIM, Delphi and Python. Difference between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates Before the official and first introduction of the Gregorian calendar, the differences between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates are as follows: The table below assumes a Julian leap day of 29 February,",
"title": "Proleptic Gregorian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "33151859",
"text": "This is the calendar for Old Style 1752, a leap year which began on 1 January, and dropped 3–13 September to transition to the Gregorian calendar. Previously, the Old Style calendar in England (and related regions) had begun on 25 March and ended with the following March, on 24 March. Because the Gregorian calendar did not have leap day in 1700, the original 10-day difference in calendars had expanded to an 11-day difference, and to compensate, 2 September was followed by 14 September, as skipping 11 days beyond 3 September. Year 1753, in England (and related regions) followed the full Gregorian calendar. Note, below, the shortened length of September. |- |- |- With the omission of 3–13 September, then 14 September 1752 became the first day to match the New Style date of the Gregorian calendar, as adopted c.1582 by some Catholic territories. Scotland followed this same plan, in converting to Gregorian dates in 1752, along with England, Wales, Ireland, the American colonies, and related regions. Other nations, such as Russia and Sweden, continued to use the Julian calendar, in 1752. Although the Swedish calendar had tried a gradual transition, beginning in 1700, to drop 11 leap days during 40 years, Sweden returned to the Julian calendar and finally adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1753. Other nations did not change to the Gregorian system until more than 150 years later. There were many different transition plans used by various other nations (see: Gregorian calendar#Adoption). See also Old Style 1751 - first Old Style year to end on 31 December in England and related regions References Julian calendar",
"title": "Old Style 1752"
},
{
"docid": "15512766",
"text": "Dual dating is the practice, in historical materials, of indicating a date with what appear to be duplicate or excessive digits: these may be separated by a hyphen or a slash, or placed one above the other. The need for dual dating arose from the transition from an older calendar to a newer one. Another method used is to give the date of an event according to one calendar, followed in parentheses by the date of the same event in the other calendar, appending an indicator to each to specify which reference calendar applies. As an example, in the date \"10/21February 1750/51\" a style seen in the records of Great Britain and its possessions the notation arises from the prospective or previous adoption of the Gregorian calendar and a concurrent calendar reform. (The dual day number is due to the eleven days difference (at the time) between the Julian calendar date and the Gregorian one; the dual year is due to a change of start of year, from 25March to 1January.) European countries and their colonies: Old Style and New Style dates England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the American colonies Long before the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar, the date of the start of the year caused difficulties. Until 1752, England, Wales, Ireland and the American colonies started the legal year on 25March, whereas Scotland (since 1600), as well as common usage, started the year on 1January. This meant that a date such as 29January, while being toward the end of a legal year, would also be near the beginning of the following \"common\" (and Scottish) year. It was to show this duality that the system of displaying two year numbers first came into use examples may be seen on memorial tablets and in parish registers. Dating based on the year beginning on 25March became known as \"Annunciation Style\" dates, while dates of the year commencing on 1January were described as \"Circumcision Style\" dates, because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, commemorating the eighth day of Jesus Christ's life after his birth, counted from its observation on Christmas Day (25December). In 1752, England and its possessions changed the start of the year to 1January, and also adopted the Gregorian calendar (on 2September). Thereafter, the terms \"Old Style\" (OS) and \"New Style\" (NS) were more commonly added to dates when it proved necessary or expedient to identify which calendar was being used for the given date. Often, both were given for example: 20January 1708(OS) (1709(NS)). There may be some confusion as to which calendar alteration OS or NS refers to: the change of the start of the year, or the transition of one style of calendar to another. Historically, OS referred only to the start of the year change, to 1January from 25March, and some historians still believe this is the best practice. However, OS and NS may refer to both alterations of the calendar: constructions like may be seen. Rest of Europe During the period",
"title": "Dual dating"
},
{
"docid": "476654",
"text": "Little Christmas (), also known as Old Christmas, Green Christmas, or Twelfth Night, is one of the traditional names among Irish Christians and Amish Christians for 6 January, which is also known more widely as the Feast of the Epiphany, celebrated after the conclusion of the twelve days of Christmastide. It is the traditional end of the Christmas season and until 2013 was the last day of the Christmas holidays for both primary and secondary schools in Ireland. Origins Owing to differences in liturgical calendars, as early as the fourth century, the churches of the eastern Roman Empire were celebrating Christmas on 6 January, while those of the western Roman Empire were celebrating it on 25 December. In October 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar as a correction of the Julian calendar, because the latter has too many leap years that cause it to drift out of alignment with the solar year. This has liturgical significance since calculation of the date of Easter assumes that spring Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on 21 March. To correct the accumulated error, he ordained the date be advanced by ten days. Most Roman Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately and Protestant countries followed suit over the following 200 years. In particular, the British Empire (including the American colonies) did so from 1752 with the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, by which time the divergence had grown to eleven days. This meant that Christmas Day on 25 December ('New Style') was eleven days earlier than it would have been but for the Act, making \"Old Christmas\" [25 December ('Old Style')] happen on 5 January (NS). In February 1800, the Julian calendar had another leap year but the Gregorian did not, moving Old Christmas to 6 January (NS), which coincided with the Feast of the Epiphany. For this reason, in some parts of the world, the Feast of the Epiphany, which is traditionally observed on 6 January, is sometimes referred to as Old Christmas or Old Christmas Day. (Although 1900 was also not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar (and thus the Julian 25 December has since that year coincided with 7January in the Gregorian calendar) the custom of celebrating Little Christmas on 6January did not change.) Observance by country Europe In the Scottish Highlands the term Little Christmas () is applied to New Year's Day, also known as , or , while Epiphany is known as , the feast-day of the Kings. The Transalpine Redemptorists who live on Papa Stronsay in Scotland, celebrate 'Little Christmas' on the twenty-fifth day of every month, except for December, when the twenty-fifth day is celebrated as Christmas Day. The custom of blessing homes on Epiphany developed because the feast commemorates the time that the three kings visited the home of the Holy Family. In the late 19th Century, the day was also known as Little Christmas in some parts of England, such as Lancashire. In the Isle of Man, New Year's Day on",
"title": "Little Christmas"
},
{
"docid": "219425",
"text": "The Swedish calendar () or Swedish style () was a calendar in use in Sweden and its possessions from 1 March 1700 until 30 February 1712 (see below). It was one day ahead of the Julian calendar and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Easter was calculated astronomically, with a minor exception, from 1740 to 1844. Solar calendar In November 1699, the Government of Sweden decided that, rather than adopt the Gregorian calendar outright, it would gradually approach it over a 40-year period. The plan was to skip all leap days in the period 1700 to 1740. Every fourth year, the gap between the Swedish calendar and the Gregorian would reduce by one day, until they finally lined up in 1740. In the meantime, this calendar would not be in line with either of the major alternative calendars and the differences would change every four years. In accordance with the plan, 29 February was omitted in 1700, but the Great Northern War stopped any further omissions from being made in the following years. In January 1711, King Charles XII declared that Sweden would abandon the calendar, which was not in use by any other nation, in favour of a return to the older Julian calendar. An extra day was added to February in the leap year of 1712, thus giving the month a unique 30-day (30 February) and the year a 367-day length. In 1753, one year later than England and its colonies, Sweden introduced the Gregorian calendar. The leap of 11 days was accomplished in one step, with 17 February being followed by 1 March. Easter Easter was to be calculated according to the Easter rules of the Julian calendar from 1700 until 1739, but from 1700 to 1711, Easter Sunday was dated in the anomalous Swedish calendar, described above. In 1740, Sweden finally adopted the \"improved calendar\" already adopted by the Protestant states of Germany in 1700 (which they used until 1775). Its improvement was to calculate the full moon and vernal equinox of Easter according to astronomical tables, specifically Kepler's Rudolphine Tables at the meridian of Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory (destroyed long before) on the former Danish island of Hven near the southern tip of Sweden. In addition to the usual medieval rule that Easter was the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox, the astronomical Easter Sunday was to be delayed by one week if this calculation would have placed it on the same day as the first day of Jewish Passover week, Nisan 15. It conflicts with the Julian Easter, which could not occur on the 14th day of the moon (Nisan 14), but was permitted on Nisan 15 to 21 although those dates were calculated via Christian, not Jewish, tables (see Computus). The resulting astronomical Easter dates in the Julian calendar used in Sweden from 1740 to 1752 occurred on the same Sunday as the Julian Easter every three years but were earlier than the earliest canonical limit for Easter",
"title": "Swedish calendar"
},
{
"docid": "39579023",
"text": "Events from the year 1599 in the Kingdom of Scotland. Incumbents Monarch – James VI Events 17 April – the title Marquess of Huntly is created in the Peerage of Scotland in favour of George Gordon, 6th Earl of Huntly. 29 November – Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow granted its charter by King James VI. 17 December – King James VI, via an act of his Privy Council, decided that Scotland should come into line with other “well governit commonwealths” and adopts 1 January as New Years Day. Prior to this 25 March was New Years Day. Thus the year 1599 commenced on 25 March 1599 and ended on 31 December 1599 - it was only 9 months long. The next date, in Scotland, was 1 January 1600. This left Scotland at odds with England, whereby the New year continued be dated from 25 March. As a consequence 1 January 1600 in Scotland was 1 January 1599 in England. It is sometimes, mistakenly, said that Scotland adopted the Gregorian Calendar at this time. Whilst starting the New Year on 1 January was one component of Gregorian reforms, Scotland did not adopt the two more fundamental changes in relation to (1) the computation for leap years and (2) the realignment of the calendar with the solar year, which necessitated the omission of ten days from the existing calendar. Scotland, along with England and Wales, adopted the Gregorian Calendar in 1752 under the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 by which time the omission of eleven days from the older calendar was required. 28 December – issue at Holyroodhouse by William Schaw, Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland and General Warden of the master stonemasons, of the Second Schaw Statutes, significant in the history of freemasonry, particularly in relation to Lodge Mother Kilwinning. The earliest records of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) date from this year. Births Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin (died 1663) John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure (died 1634) Thomas Weir, soldier and Covenanter (executed for witchcraft 1670) Deaths Jean Hepburn, Lady Darnley, Mistress of Caithness, Lady Morham See also Timeline of Scottish history References",
"title": "1599 in Scotland"
},
{
"docid": "33150453",
"text": "This is the calendar for Old Style 1751, which began on Monday, 25 March, in England (and related regions). The Old Style year 1751 ended on 31 December, unlike England's typical Old Style calendar, which ended with the following March, on 24 March. Hence, 1751 was the final year to begin on 25 March, and Old Style 1752 began on 1 January (Wednesday), in England, Wales, Ireland, or the American colonies (etc.), as a transition year to the New Style (N.S.) Gregorian calendar. However, both calendars had been in dual use in some regions, for many years. |- |- |- Note that Scotland already used a calendar beginning 1 January to 31 December, as adopted since 1600, while England (and related regions) had continued to begin the new year on 25 March, until 1752. See also Old Style common year starting on Monday - for similar years Old Style 1752 - transition year to Gregorian calendar 1753 - first full Gregorian year in England (and related regions) References Julian calendar",
"title": "Old Style 1751"
},
{
"docid": "19344",
"text": "March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 21 marks the astronomical beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where September is the seasonal equivalent of the Northern Hemisphere's March. History The name of March comes from Martius, the first month of the earliest Roman calendar. It was named after Mars, the Roman god of war, and an ancestor of the Roman people through his sons Romulus and Remus. His month Martius was the beginning of the season for warfare, and the festivals held in his honor during the month were mirrored by others in October, when the season for these activities came to a close. Martius remained the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps as late as 153 BC, and several religious observances in the first half of the month were originally new year's celebrations. Even in late antiquity, Roman mosaics picturing the months sometimes still placed March first. March 1 began the numbered year in Russia until the end of the 15th century. Great Britain and its colonies continued to use March 25 until 1752, when they finally adopted the Gregorian calendar (the fiscal year in the UK continues to begin on 6 April, initially identical to 25 March in the former Julian calendar). Many other cultures, for example in Iran, or Ethiopia, still celebrate the beginning of the New Year in March. March is the first month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Europe, Asia and part of Africa) and the first month of fall or autumn in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, part of Africa, and Oceania). Ancient Roman observances celebrated in March include Agonium Martiale, celebrated on March 1, March 14, and March 17, Matronalia, celebrated on March 1, Junonalia, celebrated on March 7, Equirria, celebrated on March 14, Mamuralia, celebrated on either March 14 or March 15, Hilaria on March 15 and then through March 22–28, Argei, celebrated on March 16–17, Liberalia and Bacchanalia, celebrated March 17, Quinquatria, celebrated March 19–23, and Tubilustrium, celebrated March 23. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Other names In Finnish, the month is called maaliskuu, which is believed to originate from maallinen kuu. The latter means earthy month and may refer to the first appearance of \"earth\" from under the winter's snow. In Ukrainian, the month is called березень/berezenʹ, meaning birch tree, and březen in Czech. Historical names for March include the Saxon Lentmonat, named after the March equinox and gradual lengthening of days, and the eventual namesake of Lent. Saxons also called March Rhed-monat or Hreth-monath (deriving from their goddess Rhedam/Hreth), and Angles called it Hyld-monath. In Slovene, the traditional name is sušec, meaning the month when the earth becomes dry enough so that it",
"title": "March"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "15290",
"text": "Intercalation or embolism in timekeeping is the insertion of a leap day, week, or month into some calendar years to make the calendar follow the seasons or moon phases. Lunisolar calendars may require intercalations of days or months. Solar calendars The solar or tropical year does not have a whole number of days (it is about 365.24 days), but a calendar year must have a whole number of days. The most common way to reconcile the two is to vary the number of days in the calendar year. In solar calendars, this is done by adding an extra day (\"leap day\" or \"intercalary day\") to a common year of 365 days, about once every four years, creating a leap year that has 366 days (Julian, Gregorian and Indian national calendars). The Decree of Canopus, issued by the pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes of Ancient Egypt in 239 BCE, decreed a solar leap day system; an Egyptian leap year was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus instituted a reformed Alexandrian calendar. In the Julian calendar, as well as in the Gregorian calendar, which improved upon it, intercalation is done by adding an extra day to February in each leap year. In the Julian calendar this was done every four years. In the Gregorian, years divisible by 100 but not 400 were exempted in order to improve accuracy. Thus, 2000 was a leap year; 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not. Epagomenal days are days within a solar calendar that are outside any regular month. Usually five epagomenal days are included within every year (Egyptian, Coptic, Ethiopian, Mayan Haab' and French Republican Calendars), but a sixth epagomenal day is intercalated every four years in some (Coptic, Ethiopian and French Republican calendars). The Solar Hijri calendar, used in Iran, is based on solar calculations and is similar to the Gregorian calendar in its structure, and hence the intercalation, with the exception that its epoch the Hijrah. The Bahá'í calendar includes enough epagomenal days (usually 4 or 5) before the last month (, ʿalāʾ) to ensure that the following year starts on the March equinox. These are known as the Ayyám-i-Há. Lunisolar calendars The solar year does not have a whole number of lunar months (it is about 365/29.5 = 12.37 lunations), so a lunisolar calendar must have a variable number of months per year. Regular years have 12 months, but embolismic years insert a 13th \"intercalary\" or \"leap\" month or \"embolismic\" month every second or third year. Whether to insert an intercalary month in a given year may be determined using regular cycles such as the 19-year Metonic cycle (Hebrew calendar and in the determination of Easter) or using calculations of lunar phases (Hindu lunisolar and Chinese calendars). The Buddhist calendar adds both an intercalary day and month on a usually regular cycle. Lunar calendars In principle, lunar calendars do not employ intercalation because they do not seek to synchronise with the seasons, and the motion of the moon is astronomically",
"title": "Intercalation (timekeeping)"
},
{
"docid": "599965",
"text": "Old Calendarists (Greek: palaioimerologitai or palaioimerologites), also known as Old Feasters (palaioeortologitai), Genuine Orthodox Christians or True Orthodox Christians (GOC; ), are traditionalist groups of Eastern Orthodox Christians who separated from mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches because some of the latter adopted the revised Julian calendar while Old Calendarists remained committed to the Julian calendar. Old Calendarists are not in communion with any mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches. \"Old Calendarists\" is another name for the True Orthodox movement in Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Cyprus. Terminology Mainstream Eastern Orthodox Christians which use the old (Julian) calendar are not what is designated by the expression \"Old Calendarist\", because they remain in communion with the Eastern Orthodox churches that use the new calendar (the Revised Julian calendar). Old Calendarists have severed communion with the mainstream Eastern Orthodox which follow the old calendar, because the latter maintained communion with Eastern Orthodox churches which had adopted the revised calendar. Thus, to be \"Old Calendarist\" is not the same thing as only following the old calendar. The Russian Orthodox Church, for instance, is not Old Calendarist, but follows the old (Julian) calendar. History Background Until 1924, the Eastern Orthodox Church universally used the Julian calendar, whereas the Roman Catholic Church, under Pope Gregory XIII, conducted a calendar reform resulting in the Gregorian calendar in 1582. The difference between the two calendars is 13 days between 1900 and 2100. 1923 Congress In May 1923, the Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople, called by Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, adopted the Revised Julian calendar. This new calendar was different to the Julian calendar, and would not diverge from the Gregorian calendar for a further 800 years. The Revised Julian calendar replaced the tabular date of Easter of the Julian calendar with an astronomical date of Easter. The astronomical Easter was unpopular and hardly used at all, and for the purpose of calculating the date of Easter the Julian calendar was restored. Not all Eastern Orthodox churches were represented at the congress or adopted its decisions, and the Russian Orthodox Church and some other Eastern Orthodox churches have continued to use the Julian calendar liturgically to this day. Birth Greece In 1924, the Church of Greece adopted the Revised Julian calendar, also called 'New calendar'. \"At first, resistance to the New Calendar was muted\". The Old Calendarists in Greece were at first a small number of laymen, priests and monks, whose number grew over the years. Before they were joined by bishops, the Old Calendarist movement in Greece was only composed of priests and laypeople, of which \"several hundreds monks from Athos\". In 1935, three bishops of the Church of Greece joined the movement and consecrated four new bishops for the movement. Of those three bishops, Metropolitan of Florina became the leader of the Greek Old Calendarist movement. Of the three bishops who had joined, Chrysostom of Zakynthos soon left the movement after the consecration and went back to the Church of Greece. Of the four bishops consecrated, two joined the Church of",
"title": "Old Calendarists"
},
{
"docid": "3659585",
"text": "The Old New Year, or the Orthodox New Year, is an informal traditional holiday, celebrated as the start of the New Year by the Julian calendar. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Old New Year falls on January 14 in the Gregorian calendar. This traditional dating of the New Year is sometimes commonly called \"Orthodox\" because it harks back to a time when governments in Russia and Eastern Europe used the Julian calendar, which is still used by some jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church's liturgical year actually begins in September. By country North Macedonia The holiday in North Macedonia is known as Old New Year () or as Vasilica (), \"St. Basil\". Late on January 13, people gather outside their houses, in the center of their neighborhoods where they start a huge bonfire and drink and eat together. Traditional Macedonian music is sung. For those who stay at home, it is the tradition to eat home-made pita with a coin inside. Whoever finds the coin in their part is said to have luck during the year. Macedonians around the world also celebrate the holiday, especially in Australia, Canada, and the United States where Macedonian Orthodox Church has adherents. Russia Although the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic officially adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, the Russian Orthodox Church continued to use the Julian calendar. The New Year became a holiday that is celebrated by both calendars. As in most countries which use the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day in Russia is a public holiday celebrated on January 1. On that day, joyous entertainment, fireworks, elaborate and often large meals and other festivities are common. The holiday is interesting as it combines secular traditions of bringing in the New Year with the Christian Orthodox Christmastide customs, such as Rozhdestvo. The New Year by the Julian calendar is still informally observed, and the tradition of celebrating the coming of the New Year twice is widely enjoyed: January 1 (New New Year) and January 14 (Old New Year). Usually not as festive as the New New Year, for many this is a nostalgic family holiday ending the New Year holiday cycle (which includes Eastern Orthodox Christmas on January 7) with traditional large meals, singing and celebratory drinking. Scotland In Scotland the Old New Year has traditionally been held on 12 January. In the first half of the 20th century, large segments of the Scottish Gaelic community still observed the feast and today, it is still marked in South Uist and Eriskay as Oidhche Challaig and as Oidhche Challainn in Glenfinnan. Also in Scotland, the coastal town of Burghead in Morayshire celebrates the eve of the Old New Year with \"The Burning o' the Clavie\". Old New Year is the 12th of January in this district as well. Serbia The Old New Year in Serbia and among Serbs is commonly called the Serbian New Year (), and sometimes the Orthodox New Year () and rarely Julian New Year ().",
"title": "Old New Year"
},
{
"docid": "25776973",
"text": "The list of traditional Turkish units of measurement, a.k.a. Ottoman units of measurement, is given below. History The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), the predecessor of modern Turkey was one of the 17 signatories of the Metre Convention in 1875. For 58 years both the international and the traditional units were in use, but after the proclamation of the Turkish Republic, the traditional units became obsolete. In 1931 by Act No. 1782, international units became compulsory and the traditional units were banned from use starting 1 January 1933. List of units Length Area Volume Weight Volumetric flow Time The traditional calendar of the Ottoman Empire was, like in most Muslim countries, the Islamic calendar. Its era begins from the Hijra in 622 CE and each year is calculated using the 12 Arabian lunar months, approximately eleven days shorter than a Gregorian solar year. In 1839, however, a second calendar was put in use for official matters. The new calendar, which was called the Rumi also began by 622, but with an annual duration equal to a solar year after 1840. In modern Turkey, the Gregorian calendar was adopted as the legal calendar, beginning by the end of 1925. But the Islamic calendar is still used when discussing dates in an Islamic context. See also Measurement Notes References Systems of units Obsolete units of measurement Turkey-related lists Economy of the Ottoman Empire Economic history of Turkey Ottoman Empire-related lists Human-based units of measurement Science and technology in Turkey Units of measurement by country",
"title": "Ottoman units of measurement"
},
{
"docid": "21637",
"text": "The New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day, preceded by New Year's Eve). This was also the first day of the year in the original Julian calendar and the Roman calendar (after 153 BC). Other cultures observe their traditional or religious New Year's Day according to their own customs, typically (though not invariably) because they use a lunar calendar or a lunisolar calendar. Chinese New Year, the Islamic New Year, Tamil New Year (Puthandu), and the Jewish New Year are among well-known examples. India, Nepal, and other countries also celebrate New Year on dates according to their own calendars that are movable in the Gregorian calendar. During the Middle Ages in Western Europe, while the Julian calendar was still in use, authorities moved New Year's Day, depending upon locale, to one of several other days, including March 1, March 25, Easter, September 1, and December 25. Since then, many national civil calendars in the Western World and beyond have changed to using one fixed date for New Year's Day, January 1most doing so when they adopted the Gregorian calendar. By type Based on the used calendar new years are often categorized between lunar or lunisolar new years or solar new years. By month or season January January 1: The first day of the civil year in the Gregorian calendar used by most countries. Contrary to common belief in the west, the civil New Year of January 1 is not an Orthodox Christian religious holiday. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar makes no provision for the observance of a New Year. January 1 is itself a religious holiday, but that is because it is the feast of the circumcision of Christ (seven days after His birth), and a commemoration of saints. While the liturgical calendar begins September 1, there is also no particular religious observance attached to the start of the new cycle. Orthodox nations may, however, make civil celebrations for the New Year. Those who adhere to the revised Julian calendar (which synchronizes dates with the Gregorian calendar), including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, and Turkey, observe both the religious and civil holidays on January 1. In other nations and locations where Orthodox churches still adhere to the Julian calendar, including Georgia, Israel, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Ukraine, the civil new year is observed on January 1 of the civil calendar, while those same religious feasts occur on January 14 Gregorian (which is January 1 Julian), in accord with the liturgical calendar. The Japanese New Year (正月, Shōgatsu) is currently celebrated on January 1, with the holiday usually being observed until the January 3, while other sources say that Shōgatsu lasts until January 6. In 1873, five years after the Meiji Restoration, Japan",
"title": "New Year"
},
{
"docid": "180861",
"text": "The Soviet calendar was a modified Gregorian calendar that was used in Soviet Russia between 1918 and 1940. Several variations were used during that time. The Gregorian calendar, under the name \"Western European calendar\", was implemented in Soviet Russia in February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of . As many as nine national holidays (paid days of rest) were implemented in the following decade, but four were eliminated or merged on , leaving only five national holidays: 22January, 1–2May, and 7–8November until 1951, when 22January reverted to a normal day. During the summer of 1929, five-day continuous work weeks were implemented in factories, government offices, and commercial enterprises, but not collective farms. One of the five days was randomly assigned to each worker as their day of rest, without regard to the rest days assigned to their family members or friends. These five-day work weeks continued throughout the Gregorian year, interrupted only by the five national holidays. While the five-day week was used for scheduling work, the Gregorian calendar and its seven-day week were used for all other purposes. During the summer of 1931, six-day interrupted work weeks were implemented for most workers, with a common day of rest for all workers interrupting their work weeks. Five six-day work weeks were assigned to each Gregorian month, more or less, with the five national holidays converting normal work days into days of rest. On five- and six-day work weeks were abandoned in favor of seven-day work weeks. History Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar was implemented in Russia on by dropping the Julian dates of pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree signed (Julian) by Vladimir Lenin. The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date until All surviving examples of physical calendars from show the irregular month lengths of the Gregorian calendar (such as those displayed here). Most calendars displayed all the days of a Gregorian year as a grid with seven rows or columns for the traditional seven-day week with Sunday (Воскресенье; \"Resurrection\") first. The 1931 pocket calendar displayed here is a rare example that excluded the five national holidays, enabling the remaining 360 days of the Gregorian year to be displayed as a grid with five rows labeled for each day of the five-day week. Even it had the full Gregorian calendar on the other side. Work weeks During the second half of May 1929, Yuri Larin (Юрий Ларин, 1882–1932) proposed a continuous production week (nepreryvnaya rabochaya nedelya = nepreryvka) to the Fifth Congress of Soviets of the Union, but so little attention was paid to his suggestion that the president of the Congress did not even mention it in his final speech. By the beginning of , Larin had won the approval of Joseph Stalin, prompting all newspapers to praise the idea. The change was advantageous to the anti-religious movement, as Sundays and religious holidays became working days. On the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR directed its efficiency experts to",
"title": "Soviet calendar"
},
{
"docid": "10936",
"text": "February 29 is a leap day (or \"leap year day\")—an intercalary date added periodically to create leap years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the 60th day of a leap year in both Julian and Gregorian calendars, and 306 days remain until the end of the leap year. It is the last day of February in leap years, with the exception of 1712 in Sweden. It is also the last day of meteorological winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the last day of meteorological summer in the Southern Hemisphere in leap years. In the Gregorian calendar, the standard civil calendar used in most of the world, February 29 is added in each year that is an integer multiple of four, unless it is evenly divisible by 100 but not by 400. For example, 1900 was not a leap year, but 2000 was. The Julian calendar—since 1923 a liturgical calendar—has a February 29 every fourth year without exception. Consequently, February 29 in the Julian calendar, since 1900, falls 13 days later than February 29 in the Gregorian, until the year 2100. The convention of using February 29 was not widely accepted before the 15th century; from Julian's edict until the 16th century (formally), February 24 was doubled instead. Events Pre-1600 888 – Odo, count of Paris, is crowned king of West Francia (France) by Archbishop Walter of Sens at Compiègne. 1504 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Jamaican natives to provide him with supplies. 1601–1900 1644 – Abel Tasman's second Pacific voyage begins as he leaves Batavia in command of three ships. 1704 – In Queen Anne's War, French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony, killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive. 1712 – February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden, in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar. 1720 – Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband, who becomes King Frederick I on March 24. 1768 – Polish nobles form the Bar Confederation. 1796 – The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force, facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations. 1892 – St. Petersburg, Florida is incorporated. 1901–present 1908 – James Madison University is founded at Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States as The State Normal and Industrial School for Women by the Virginia General Assembly. 1912 – The Piedra Movediza (Moving Stone) of Tandil falls and breaks. 1916 – Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom. 1916 – In South Carolina, the minimum working age for factory, mill and mine workers is raised from 12 to 14 years old. 1920 – The Czechoslovak National Assembly adopts the Constitution. 1936 – The February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends. 1940 – For her performance as Mammy in Gone with the Wind, Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award. 1940",
"title": "February 29"
},
{
"docid": "3278310",
"text": "The Nanakshahi (, pronunciation: [naːnakʃaːɦiː]) calendar is a tropical solar calendar used in Sikhism. It is based on the \"Barah Maha\" (Twelve Months), a composition composed by the Sikh gurus reflecting the changes in nature conveyed in the twelve-month cycle of the year. The year begins with the month of Chet, with 1 Chet corresponding to 14 March. The reference epoch of the Nanakshahi calendar is the birth of Guru Nanak Dev, corresponding to the year 1469 CE. Etymology The Nanakshahi Calendar is named after the founder of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak Dev Ji. History Sikhs have traditionally recognised two eras and luni-solar calendars: the Nanakshahi and Khalsa. Traditionally, both these calendars closely followed the Bikrami calendar with the Nanakshahi year beginning on Katak Pooranmashi (full moon) and the Khalsa year commencing with Vaisakhi. The methods for calculating the beginning of the Khalsa era were based on the Bikrami calendar. The year length was also the same as the Bikrami solar year. According to Steel (2000), (since the calendar was based on the Bikrami), the calendar has twelve lunar months that are determined by the lunar phase, but thirteen months in leap years which occur every 2–3 years in the Bikrami calendar to sync the lunar calendar with its solar counterpart. Kay (2011) abbreviates the Khalsa Era as KE. References to the Nanakshahi Era have been made in historic documents. Banda Singh Bahadur adopted the Nanakshahi calendar in 1710 CE after his victory in Sirhind (12 May 1710 CE) according to which the year 1710 CE became Nanakshahi 241. However, Singh (2008) states the date of the victory as 14 May 1710 CE. According to Dilgeer (1997), Banda \"continued adopting the months and the days of the months according to the Bikrami calendar\". Banda Singh Bahadur also minted new coins also called Nanakshahi. Herrli (1993) states that \"Banda is supposed to have dated his coins according to his new calendar. Although Banda may have proclaimed this era, it cannot be traced in contemporary documents and does not seem to have been actually used for dating\". According to The Panjab Past and Present (1993), it is Gian Singh who \"is the first to use Nanak Shahi Samvats along with those of Bikrami Samvats\" in the Twarikh Guru Khalsa. According to Singha (1996), Gian Singh was a Punjabi author born in 1822. Gian Singh wrote the Twarikh Guru Khalsa in 1891. The revised Nanakshahi calendar was designed by Pal Singh Purewal to replace the Bikrami calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Nanak Dev in 1469 and the Nanakshahi year commences on 1 Chet. New Year's Day falls annually on what is 14 March in the Gregorian Western calendar. The start of each month is fixed. According to Kapel (2006), the solar accuracy of the Nanakshahi calendar is linked to the Gregorian civil calendar. This is because the Nanaskhahi calendar uses the tropical year instead of using the sidereal year which is used in",
"title": "Nanakshahi calendar"
},
{
"docid": "341532",
"text": "The traditional Korean calendar or Dangun calendar () is a lunisolar calendar. Dates are calculated from Korea's meridian (135th meridian east in modern time for South Korea), and observances and festivals are based in Korean culture. Koreans mostly use the Gregorian calendar, which was officially adopted in 1896. However, traditional holidays and age-reckoning for older generations are still based on the old calendar. The biggest festivals in Korea today, which are also national holidays, are Seollal, the first day of the traditional calendar, and Chuseok, the harvest moon festival. Other important festivals include Daeboreum also referred to as Boreumdal (the first full moon), Dano (spring festival) and Samjinnal (spring-opening festival). Other minor festivals include Yudu (summer festival), and Chilseok (monsoon festival). History Similar to most traditional calendars of other East Asian countries, the Korean Calendar is derived from the Chinese calendar. The traditional calendar designated its years via Korean era names from 270 to 963, then Chinese era names with Korean era names at a few times until 1894. In 1894 and 1895, the lunar calendar was used with years numbered from the foundation of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392. The Gregorian calendar was adopted on 1 January 1896, with the Korean era name Geon-yang (). From 1945 until 1961 in South Korea, Gregorian calendar years were counted from the foundation of Gojoseon in 2333 BC (regarded as year one), the date of the legendary founding of Korea by Dangun, hence these Dangi () years were 4278 to 4294. This numbering was informally used with the Korean lunar calendar before 1945 but has only been occasionally used since 1961, and mostly in North Korea prior to 1997. Although not being an official calendar, in South Korea, the traditional Korean calendar is still maintained by the government. The current version is based on East Asia's Shixian calendar (), which was in turn revised by Jesuit scholars. In North Korea, the Juche calendar has been used since 1997 to number its years, based on the birth of the state's founder Kim Il Sung. Features The Chinese zodiac of 12 Earthly Branches (animals), which were used for counting hours and years; Ten Heavenly Stems, which were combined with the 12 Earthly Branches to form a sixty-year cycle; Twenty-four solar terms () in the year, spaced roughly 15 days apart; Lunar months including leap months added every two or three years. Weekdays Note that traditional Korean calendar has no concept of weekdays: the following are names of weekdays in the modern (Western) calendar. Months In modern Korean language, the months of both the traditional lunisolar and Western calendars are named by prefixing Sino-Korean numerals to , the Sino-Korean word for \"month\". Traditionally, when speaking of individuals' birth months, the months of the lunisolar calendar were named by prefixing the native Korean name of the animal associated with each Earthly Branch in the Chinese zodiac to , the native Korean word for \"month\". Additionally, the first, eleventh, and twelfth months have other Korean names which",
"title": "Korean calendar"
},
{
"docid": "23698",
"text": "The International Fixed Calendar (also known as the IFC, Cotsworth plan, the Cotsworth calendar and the Eastman plan) is a proposed calendar reform designed by Moses B. Cotsworth, first presented in 1902. The International Fixed Calendar divides the year into 13 months of 28 days each. A type of perennial calendar, every date is fixed to the same weekday every year. Though it was never officially adopted at the country level, the entrepreneur George Eastman instituted its use at the Eastman Kodak Company in 1928, where it was used until 1989. While it is sometimes described as the 13-month calendar or the equal-month calendar, various alternative calendar designs share these features. Rules The calendar year has 13 months with 28 days each, divided into exactly 4 weeks (13 × 28 = 364). An extra day added as a holiday at the end of the year (after December 28, i.e. equal to December 31 Gregorian), sometimes called \"Year Day\", does not belong to any week and brings the total to 365 days. Each year coincides with the corresponding Gregorian year, so January 1 in the Cotsworth calendar always falls on Gregorian January 1. Twelve months are named and ordered the same as those of the Gregorian calendar, except that the extra month is inserted between June and July, and called Sol. Situated in mid-summer (from the point of view of its Northern Hemisphere authors) and including the mid-year solstice, the name of the new month was chosen in homage to the sun. Leap years in the International Fixed Calendar contain 366 days, and its occurrence follows the Gregorian rule. There is a leap year in every year whose number is divisible by 4, but not if the year number is divisible by 100, unless it is also divisible by 400. So although the year 2000 was a leap year, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 were common years. The International Fixed Calendar inserts the extra day in leap years as June 29 - between Saturday June 28 and Sunday Sol 1. Each month begins on a Sunday, and ends on a Saturday; consequently, every year begins on Sunday. Neither Year Day nor Leap Day are considered to be part of any week; they are preceded by a Saturday and are followed by a Sunday, making a long weekend. As a result, a particular day usually has a different day of the week in the IFC than in all traditional calendars that contain a seven-day week. The IFC is, however, almost compatible with the World Calendar in this regard, because it also starts Sunday and has the extra day at the end of the year and the leap day in the middle, except IFC leaps on Gregorian June 17 and TWC leaps two weeks later on July 1. Since this break of the ancient week cycle has been a major concern raised against its adoption, various leap week calendars have been proposed as a solution. * The two special dates have been",
"title": "International Fixed Calendar"
},
{
"docid": "20839575",
"text": "A century leap year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar that is evenly divisible by 400. Like all leap years, it has an extra day in February for a total of 366 days instead of 365. In the obsolete Julian calendar, all years that were divisible by 4, including end-of-century years, were considered leap years. The Julian rule, however, adds too many leap days (about 3 extra leap days in 400 years), which resulted in the calendar drifting gradually with respect to the astronomical seasons. To remedy this, Pope Gregory XIII introduced in 1582 a slightly modified version of the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar, where century years are leap years only if they are divisible by 400. This eliminates 3 of the 4 end-of-century years in a 400-year period. For example, the years 1600, 2000, 2400, and 2800 are century leap years since those numbers are evenly divisible by 400, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900, and 3000 are common years despite being evenly divisible by 4. This scheme brings the average length of the calendar year significantly closer to the astronomical length of the year, nearly eliminating the drift of the calendar against the seasons. The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582, but was adopted by various countries at different times over several centuries. Dates prior to 1582 are generally recorded using the Julian calendar, and different countries have different conventions about how to record dates between 1582 and their adoption of the Gregorian calendar. Consequently, for example, the year 1700 was a leap year in the British and Russian empires but not in most of the rest of Europe; 1800 and 1900 were still leap years in the Russian empire but not generally elsewhere. Notes References External links An Introduction to Calendars courtesy of the United States Naval Observatory Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars History of Gregorian Calendar Units of time Calendars Gregorian calendar Leap years in the Gregorian calendar sv:Sekelskottår",
"title": "Century leap year"
},
{
"docid": "410750",
"text": "This is a list of calendars. Included are historical calendars as well as proposed ones. Historical calendars are often grouped into larger categories by cultural sphere or historical period; thus O'Neil (1976) distinguishes the groupings Egyptian calendars (Ancient Egypt), Babylonian calendars (Ancient Mesopotamia), Indian calendars (Hindu and Buddhist traditions of the Indian subcontinent), Chinese calendars and Mesoamerican calendars. These are not specific calendars but series of historical calendars undergoing reforms or regional diversification. In Classical Antiquity, the Hellenic calendars inspired the Roman calendar, including the solar Julian calendar introduced in 45 BC. Many modern calendar proposals, including the Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582 AD, contains modifications from that of the Julian calendar. List of calendars In the list below, specific calendars are given, listed by calendar type (solar, lunisolar or lunar), time of introduction (if known), and the context of use and cultural or historical grouping (if applicable). Where appropriate, the regional or historical group (Jewish calendar, Hijri calendar, Sikh, Mayan, Aztecan, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Iranian, Hindu, Buddhist, Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican, Hellenic, Julian or Gregorian-derived) is noted. Calendars fall into four types: lunisolar, solar, lunar and seasonal. Most pre-modern calendars are lunisolar. The seasonal calendars rely on changes in the environment (e.g., \"wet season\", \"dry season\") rather than lunar or solar observations. The Islamic and some Buddhist calendars are lunar, while most modern calendars are solar, based on either the Julian or the Gregorian calendars. Some calendars listed are identical to the Gregorian calendar except for substituting regional month names or using a different calendar epoch. For example, the Thai solar calendar (introduced 1888) is the Gregorian calendar using a different epoch (543 BC) and different names for the Gregorian months (Thai names based on the signs of the zodiac). Variant month names Regional or historical names for lunations or Julian/Gregorian months Non-standard weeks Calendaring and timekeeping standards Coordinated Universal Time, adopted 1960 and since 1972 including a system of observation-based leap seconds. ISO 8601, standard based on the Gregorian calendar, Coordinated Universal Time and ISO week date, a leap week calendar system used with the Gregorian calendar Fiscal year varies with different countries. Used in accounting only. 360-day calendar used for accounting 365-day calendar used for accounting Unix time, number of seconds elapsed since 1 January 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC). Julian day, number of days elapsed since 1 January 4713 BC, 12:00:00 (UTC). Heliocentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the Sun. Barycentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the barycentre of the Solar System. Lilian date, number of days elapsed since the beginning of the Gregorian Calendar on 15 October 1582. Rata Die, number of days elapsed since 1 January 1 AD 1 in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. Non-Earth or fictional Darian calendar (proposed for Mars, not used in planetary science) Discworld calendar (fictional) Middle-earth calendars (fictional) Stardates (from Star Trek, fictional) See also History of calendars Epoch Horology Perpetual calendar Liturgical year Calendar of",
"title": "List of calendars"
},
{
"docid": "13950019",
"text": "The civil calendar is the calendar, or possibly one of several calendars, used within a country for civil, official, or administrative purposes. The civil calendar is almost always used for general purposes by people and private organizations. The most widespread civil calendar and de facto international standard is the Gregorian calendar. Although that calendar was first declared by Pope Gregory XIII to be used in Catholic countries in 1582, it has since been adopted, as a matter of convenience, by many secular and non-Christian countries although some countries use other calendars. Civil calendars worldwide 168 of the world's countries use the Gregorian calendar as their sole civil calendar as of 2021. Most non-Christian countries have adopted it as a result of colonization, with some cases of voluntary adoption. Four countries have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Afghanistan and Iran (which use the Solar Hijri calendar), Ethiopia (the Ethiopian calendar), and Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat). Four countries use a modified version of the Gregorian calendar (with eras different from Anno Domini): Japan (Japanese calendar), North Korea (North Korean Calendar), Taiwan (Minguo calendar), and Thailand (Thai solar calendar). In the former two countries, the Anno Domini era is also in use. South Korea previously used the Korean calendar from 1945 to 1961. Eighteen countries use another calendar alongside the Gregorian calendar: Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen (Lunar Hijri calendar), Bangladesh (Bengali calendar), Egypt (Lunar Hijri calendar and Coptic calendar), India (Indian national calendar), Israel (Hebrew calendar), Myanmar (Burmese calendar). See also List of calendars Chinese calendar Persian calendar References Calendars",
"title": "Civil calendar"
},
{
"docid": "25886202",
"text": "The tables below list equivalent dates in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Conventions Within these tables, January 1 is always the first day of the year. The Gregorian calendar did not exist before October 15, 1582. Gregorian dates before that are proleptic, that is, using the Gregorian rules to reckon backward from October 15, 1582. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Augustus corrected errors in the observance of leap years by omitting leap days until AD 8. Julian calendar dates before March AD 4 are proleptic, and do not necessarily match the dates actually observed in the Roman Empire. Conversion table This table is taken from the book by the Nautical almanac offices of the United Kingdom and United States originally published in 1961. Using the tables Dates near leap days that are observed in the Julian calendar but not in the Gregorian are listed in the table. Dates near the adoption date in some countries are also listed. For dates not listed, see below. The usual rules of algebraic addition and subtraction apply; adding a negative number is the same as subtracting the absolute value, and subtracting a negative number is the same as adding the absolute value. If conversion takes you past a February 29 that exists only in the Julian calendar, then February 29 is counted in the difference. Years affected are those which divide by 100 without remainder but do not divide by 400 without remainder (e.g., 1900 and 2100 but not 2000). No guidance is provided about conversion of dates before March 5, -500, or after February 29, 2100 (both being Julian dates). For unlisted dates, find the date in the table closest to, but earlier than, the date to be converted. Be sure to use the correct column. If converting from Julian to Gregorian, add the number from the \"Difference\" column. If converting from Gregorian to Julian, subtract. See also Revised Julian calendar References External links Calendars",
"title": "Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars"
},
{
"docid": "22862916",
"text": "The Juche calendar, named after the Juche ideology, is the system of year-numbering used in North Korea. It begins with the birth of Kim Il Sung, the founder of North Korea. His birth year, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, is \"Juche 1\" in the Juche calendar. The calendar was adopted in 1997, three years after the death of Kim Il Sung. History The calendar borrows elements from two historical calendars used in Korea, the traditional system of Korean era names and the Gregorian calendar in which years are tied to the traditional birth of Jesus. In contrast to these two, the Juche calendar begins with the birth of the founder of the Democratic People's Republic, Kim Il Sung. The decree on the Juche calendar was adopted on 8 July 1997, on the third anniversary of the death of Kim Il Sung. The same decree also designated the birth anniversary of Kim Il Sung as the Day of the Sun. The birth year of Kim Il Sung, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, became \"Juche 1\" in the Juche calendar. The calendar began to be implemented on 9 September 1997, the Day of the Foundation of the Republic. On that date, newspapers, news agencies, radio stations, public transport, and birth certificates began to use Juche years. Usage The year 1912 is \"Juche 1\" in the Juche calendar. There are no \"before Juche\" years; years before 1912 are given numbers based on the Gregorian calendar only. Ranges of years that begin before 1912 and end after it are also given in Christian calendar numbers only. Any other years after 1912 will be given in either Juche years only, or in Juche years and the corresponding year in the Christian calendar in parentheses. In material pertaining to relations with foreign countries, \"the Juche Era and the Christian Era may be used on the principles of independence, equality and reciprocity.\" The Juche calendar is a popular souvenir among tourists visiting North Korea. Examples See also Public holidays in North Korea The year numbers of the Republic of China calendar, currently used in Taiwan, match those of the Juche calendar. The years in Japan's Taishō era (30 July 1912 to 25 December 1926) coincided with those of the Juche calendar. References External links Example of \"Juche 103 (2014)\" from Pyongyang University of Science and Technology 1997 introductions Culture of North Korea Calendars Modified Gregorian calendars 1997 establishments in North Korea",
"title": "Juche calendar"
},
{
"docid": "30446032",
"text": "Date and time notation in Japan has historically followed the Japanese calendar and the nengō system of counting years. At the beginning of the Meiji period, Japan switched to the Gregorian calendar on Wednesday, 1 January 1873, but for much domestic and regional government paperwork, the Japanese year is retained. Japanese people and businesses have also adopted various conventions in accordance with their use of kanji, the widespread use of passenger trains, and other aspects of daily life. Date The most commonly used date format in Japan is \"year month day (weekday)\", with the Japanese characters meaning \"year\", \"month\" and \"day\" inserted after the numerals. Example: for \"Sunday 31 December 2023\". The weekday is usually abbreviated to a single character, e.g. for (\"Sunday\"), but may also be written in full, then usually without surrounding parentheses. Apart from the Gregorian calendar, the Japanese imperial calendar is also used, which bases the year on the current era, which began when the current emperor acceded to the throne. The current era is Reiwa and began in 2019. The imperial year increments on January 1 just like the Gregorian, not on the anniversary of the emperor's enthronement. When using the imperial calendar, the year is prefixed with the era. For example, the above date using the imperial calendar is written as: ; a more direct translation might be: Reiwa year 5, Dec 31 (Sun). The first year of the emperor's reign is written as 元年 gannen, not 1年 ichi nen. Either form may be abbreviated as yy/mm/dd; periods as separators are not uncommon either. Examples: , , . Ambiguities as to which calendar is used for the year are usually only resolved by the context in which the date appears, but imperial calendar dates may be prefixed with a single character or letter denoting the era, e.g. or . This is a shorthand notation and full dates are often the preferred way of resolving such ambiguities. Time Both the 12-hour and 24-hour notations are commonly used in Japan. The 24-hour notation is commonly used in Japan, especially in train schedules. The 12-hour notation is also commonly used, by adding (\"before noon\") or (\"after noon\") before the time, e.g. for 10 am. Japanese broadcasting and newspapers usually use a modified 12-hour notation in which midnight is (0 am) and noon is (0 pm) and, for example, \"quarter past midnight\" is . The AM/PM signs are also used, while the sign may be placed either before or after the time (AM10:00 or 10:00AM). Using the Japanese notation, times are written as \"\", with the characters for \"hour\" and \"minute\" (optionally also for \"seconds\") added after the numerals. It is also common to simply write . Times past midnight can also be counted past the 24 hour mark, usually when the associated activity spans across midnight. For example, bars or clubs may advertise as being open until \"\" (i.e. 6 am). This is partly to avoid any ambiguity (6 am versus 6 pm), partly because the closing",
"title": "Date and time notation in Japan"
},
{
"docid": "51600548",
"text": "This is a list of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country. For explanation, see the article about the Gregorian calendar. Except where stated otherwise, the transition was a move by the civil authorities from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. In religious sources it could be that the Julian calendar was used for a longer period of time, in particular by Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches. The historic area does not necessarily match the present-day area or country. The column \"Present country\" only provides a logic search entry. With a few exceptions, the former colonies of European powers are not shown separately. There are only four countries which have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Ethiopia (Ethiopian calendar), Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat), Iran and Afghanistan (Solar Hijri calendar). Thailand has adopted the Gregorian calendar for days and months, but uses its own era for years: the Buddhist era. The partially recognized Republic of China (Taiwan) also uses its own era, the Minguo era. List Legend See also cal (command) Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Old Style and New Style dates References Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar",
"title": "List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country"
},
{
"docid": "11323667",
"text": "The Arabic names of the months of the Gregorian calendar are usually phonetic Arabic pronunciations of the corresponding month names used in European languages. An exception is the Syriac calendar used in Iraq and the Levant, whose month names are inherited via Classical Arabic from the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars and correspond to roughly the same time of year. Though the lunar Hijri calendar and solar Hijri calendar are prominent in the Mideast, the Gregorian calendar is and has been used in nearly all the countries of the Arab world, in many places long before European occupation. All Arab states use the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. The names of the Gregorian months as used in Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen are widely regarded as standard across the Arab world, although their Classical Arabic names are often used alongside them. In other Arab countries, some modification or actual changes in naming or pronunciation of months are observed. Iraq and the Levant These names are used primarily in Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, as well as by Arab citizens of Israel. Classical Arabic inherited the names from the Babylonian and Hebrew calendars, which are lunisolar. Although the Arabic names are cognate, they do not refer to the lunar months, as when the names are used in their original Babylonian or Hebrew context (indeed, the names of the Gregorian months in Hebrew are based on the German names of the Gregorian months, rather than the months of the Babylonian and Hebrew Calendars.) Nine of these names were used in the Ottoman Turkish calendar, of which five remain in use in the modern Turkish calendar. Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Eastern Arabia The names of the Gregorian months in Egypt, Sudan and Eastern Arabia are based on the old Latin names. Libya (1969–2011) The names of months used in the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) were derived from various sources, and were assembled after Muammar Gaddafi's seizure of power in 1969 and abolished in 2011 after the 17 February Revolution. The decision of changing calendar names was adopted in June 1986. The Libyan calendar, which followed the same sequence of renamed Gregorian months, counted the years from the death of Muhammad. This reckoning was therefore ten years behind the Solar Hijri calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan. Algeria and Tunisia The names of the Gregorian months in Algeria and Tunisia are based on the French names of the months, reflecting France's long colonisation of these countries (1830–1962 in Algeria; 1881–1956 in Tunisia). Morocco As Morocco was long part of the Roman Empire, the long-standing agricultural Berber calendar of the country preserves the Julian calendar and (in modified form) the names of its months. There are regional variations of the Berber calendar, since some communities did not recognise the Julian 29 February in century years where the Gregorian calendar had no equivalent date. When Morocco adopted the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes, the names of the months were taken from this local",
"title": "Arabic names of Gregorian months"
},
{
"docid": "730958",
"text": "In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a or aj) is a unit of measurement of time defined as exactly 365.25 days of SI seconds each. The length of the Julian year is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar that was used in Western societies until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar, and from which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because astronomical Julian years are measuring duration rather than designating dates, this Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year. Usage The Julian year is not a unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI), but it is recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as a non-SI unit for use in astronomy. Before 1984, both the Julian year and the mean tropical year were used by astronomers. In 1898, Simon Newcomb used both in his Tables of the Sun in the form of the Julian century (36 525 days) and the \"solar century\" ( days), a rounded form of 100 mean tropical years of each according to Newcomb. However, the mean tropical year is not suitable as a unit of measurement because it varies from year to year by a small amount, days according to Newcomb. In contrast, the Julian year is defined in terms of the SI unit one second, so is as accurate as that unit and is constant. It approximates both the sidereal year and the tropical year to about ±0.008 days. The Julian year is the basis of the definition of the light-year as a unit of measurement of distance. Epochs In astronomy, an epoch specifies a precise moment in time. The positions of celestial objects and events, as measured from Earth, change over time, so when measuring or predicting celestial positions, the epoch to which they pertain must be specified. A new standard epoch is chosen about every 50 years. The standard epoch in use today is Julian epoch J2000.0. It is exactly 12:00 TT (close to but not exactly Greenwich mean noon) on in the Gregorian (not Julian) calendar. Julian within its name indicates that other Julian epochs can be a number of Julian years of 365.25 days each before or after J2000.0. For example, the future epoch J2100.0 will be exactly 36,525 days (one Julian century) from J2000.0 at 12:00 TT on (the dates will still agree because the Gregorian century 2000–2100 will have the same number of days as a Julian century). Because Julian years are not exactly the same length as years on the Gregorian calendar, astronomical epochs will diverge noticeably from the Gregorian calendar in a few hundred years. For example, in the next 1000 years, seven days will be dropped from the Gregorian calendar but not from 1000 Julian years, so J3000.0 will be . Julian calendar distinguished The Julian year, being a uniform measure of duration, should not be confused with the",
"title": "Julian year (astronomy)"
},
{
"docid": "17781547",
"text": "The Rumi calendar (, , lit. \"Roman calendar\"), a specific calendar based on the Julian calendar, was officially used by the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat (1839) and by its successor, the Republic of Turkey until 1926. It was adopted for civic matters and is a solar based calendar, assigning a date to each solar day. History In the Islamic state of the Ottoman Empire, the religious Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) was in use. In this calendar, months coincide with lunar phases. Because a \"lunar year\" (the combined duration of twelve lunar phases) is shorter than the solar year, the seasons cycle through the lunar months as the solar years pass. \"As a result,\" says the Astronomical Almanac, \"the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through the seasons over a period of about 33 [solar] years\". 1677 Introduction of the Fiscal calendar In 1677, Head Treasurer (, ) Hasan Pasha under Sultan Mehmed IV proposed the correction of financial records by dropping one year (an escape year) every 33 years, resulting from the difference between the lunar Islamic calendar and the solar Julian calendar. In 1740 (1152 AH) during the reign of Sultan Mahmud I, March was adopted as the first month of the fiscal year for the payment of taxes and dealings with government officials instead of Muharram following Treasurer Atıf Efendi's proposal. Proposed by Treasurer Moralı Osman Efendi during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid I, the range of the fiscal calendar applications was extended in 1794 to state expenditures and payments in order to prevent surplus cost arising from the time difference between the Islamic and Julian calendar. 1840 Adoption of the Julian Calendar The Julian calendar, used from 1677 AD on for fiscal matters only, was adopted on March 13, 1840 AD (March 1, 1256 AH), in the frame of Tanzimat reforms shortly after the accession to the throne of Sultan Abdülmecid I, as the official calendar for all civic matters and named \"Rumi calendar\" (literally Roman calendar). The counting of years began with the year 622 AD, when Muhammad and his followers emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the same event marking the start of the Islamic calendar. The months and days of the Julian calendar were used, the year starting in March. However, in 1256 AH the difference between the Hijri and the Gregorian calendars amounted to 584 years. With the change from lunar calendar to solar calendar, the difference between the Rumi calendar and the Julian or Gregorian calendar remained a constant 584 years. 1917 Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Since the Julian to Gregorian calendar changeover was finally being adopted in neighboring countries, the Rumi calendar was realigned to the Gregorian calendar in February 1917, leaving the difference of 584 years unchanged, however. Thus, after February 15, 1332 AH (February 1917 AD), the next day instead of being February 16 suddenly became March 1, 1333 AH (March 1, 1917 AD). The year 1333 AH (1917 AD) was made into a year with only",
"title": "Rumi calendar"
},
{
"docid": "87473",
"text": "The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and also used by the farming populace in Egypt. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter (which contained only 365 days each year, year after year, so that the seasons shifted about one day every four years), a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of adding an extra day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the reform was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus imposed the Decree upon Egypt as its official calendar (although initially, namely between 25 BC and AD 5, it was unsynchronised with the original implementation of the Julian calendar which was erroneously intercalating leap days every third year due to a misinterpretation of the leap year rule so as to apply inclusive counting). To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic or Alexandrian calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian calendar but have different numbers and names. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Coptic calendar does not skip leap years three times every 400 years, and therefore it stays synchronised with the Julian calendar over a four-year leap year cycle. Coptic year The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and one at the end of the year of five days (six days in leap years). The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year. The year starts on the Feast of Neyrouz, the first day of the month of Thout, the first month of the Egyptian year. For 1900 to 2099 it coincides with the Gregorian Calendar's 11 September, or 12 September before a leap year, but for any year, it coincides with the Julian Calendar's 29 August, or 30 August before a leap year. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year Diocletian became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for Anno Martyrum or \"in the Year of the Martyrs\"). The first day of year I of the",
"title": "Coptic calendar"
},
{
"docid": "63966709",
"text": "A computus clock is a clock equipped with a mechanism that automatically calculates and displays, or helps determine, the date of Easter (and other dependent dates of moveable Church feasts). A computus watch carries out the same function. Background The movement of a computus clock provides and/or calculates astronomical and calendar information according to the tradition that Easter Sunday is the first Sunday after the first full moon (Paschal or ecclesiastical full moon) on or after the spring equinox (21 March), and Easter Sunday should not occur on the same day as the Jewish calendar date Nisan 15th, the first day of Passover week. In early Christianity, the Easter date was calculated each year and announced by the Pope. The later need for Christian clergy living in different territories to be able to calculate the Easter date for themselves forced attempts to establish clear rules for the Easter date calculation and finally the algorithms for this. The determination of the Easter date requires calculating astronomical and calendar cycles – the annual motion of the Sun round the celestial sphere, the evolution of the phases of the Moon, the cycle of the days of the week, particularities of calendars and some agreements like the date of the so-called ecclesiastical equinox., designated as March 21, irrespective of the actual astronomical observation by the Church of Alexandria in the beginning of the 4th Century. Specific astronomical data which may be incorrect, misinterpreted or location dependent, were eliminated from the Easter date calculation by the invention of special paschal functions – “letters” and “numbers”. They include the “golden number” (which gives the dates of all the new moons for the year in a 19-year Metonic cycle), the solar cycle (the 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar and 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar with respect to the week), the epact (the age of the Moon in days on a certain date), the dominical letter (used to determine the day of the week for particular dates) and the indiction (the number of a given year in a fifteen-year period). The computations after the Gregorian reform of 1582 should also take into account additional corrections necessary due to particularities of the Gregorian calendar, notably the solar equation (taking into account some non-leap century years) and the lunar equation (for correction of the Metonic cycle) The term “computus” as the description of the Easter date computation was proposed in 725 by the English Benedictine monk Bede in his treatise “De temporum ratione” (“The Reckoning of Time”). Alexandrian computus, based on rules established by the Church of Alexandria, was universally used from the beginning of the 8th century until the Gregorian calendar reform of 1582. The Roman Catholic Church has used the Gregorian calendar, and accordingly Gregorian computus, to calculate the dates of Easter since 1583. The Gregorian computus was later adopted by most Protestant churches – between 1753 and 1845 – while most Eastern Churches, including the majority of Eastern Orthodox Churches and Non-Chalcedonian Churches continued to",
"title": "Computus clock"
},
{
"docid": "9746888",
"text": "The Romanian calendar is the Gregorian, adopted in 1919. However, the traditional Romanian calendar has its own names for the months. In modern Romania and Moldova, the Gregorian calendar is exclusively used for business and government transactions and predominates in popular use as well. Nevertheless, the traditional names of the months do appear in some contexts, for instance on ecclesiastical calendars produced by the Romanian Orthodox Church. History Romania adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1 April 1919, which became 14 April 1919. In 2019, the National Bank of Romania released a commemorative coin of 10 silver lei to celebrate the centenary of Romania's adoption of the calendar. Traditional month names All the traditional names of the months are of Latin origin, which indicates that their use predates the Slavic contact around the 8th century. Six months have their names derived from characteristics of the months. Five are derived from the Latin names now used in the Gregorian calendar (and earlier in the Julian calendar). However, each of these has a folk etymology and an additional meaning. The last month, December, derives its name from that of Saint Andrew. See also Gregorian calendar Slavic calendar Lithuanian calendar French Republican calendar References Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române, Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică \"Iorgu Iordan\", Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 1998 Culture of Romania Culture of Moldova Months",
"title": "Romanian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "70430237",
"text": "The Council of Constantinople of 1923 was a meeting of representatives of several local Eastern Orthodox Churches held in Constantinople from 10 May to 8 June 1923, convened at the initiative of Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius Metaxakis. In spite of being called by some as the \"Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople of 1923\", or otherwise referred to as \"pan-Orthodox\" or as an \"ecumenical council\", the council is not recognized as an ecumenical council: \"Calling the 1923 Council 'ecumenical' cannot be accepted, since representatives of the Alexandrian, Antiochian, Jerusalem and most of the other Local Churches did not participate in its work.\" The primary topic of the Council of 1923 was calendar reform. The Roman Catholic Church and almost all of Western Europe completed their switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, the current international standard, during the 16th century. Russia, and the rest of the Orthodox world, however, remained on the old calendar until this council. At this council, the Greek Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, and many other branches of the Eastern Orthodox Church adopted the new calendar, which they called \"the new Julian calendar\", which corresponds with the Gregorian calendar until 2800. This council is extremely controversial within Eastern Orthodoxy—it led to many schisms in many autocephalous churches of different Old Calendarist groups. Even academic sources note the controversy of this council. The acts and decisions of this council were first translated into English only in 2006, by the Rev. Dr. Patrick Viscuso. Sources References Constantinople 1923 1923 1923 in Turkey 20th-century Eastern Orthodoxy",
"title": "Council of Constantinople (1923)"
},
{
"docid": "214479",
"text": "As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as . Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon (a mathematical approximation of the first astronomical full moon, on or after 21 March itself a fixed approximation of the March equinox). Determining this date in advance requires a correlation between the lunar months and the solar year, while also accounting for the month, date, and weekday of the Julian or Gregorian calendar. The complexity of the algorithm arises because of the desire to associate the date of Easter with the date of the Jewish feast of Passover which, Christians believe, is when Jesus was crucified. It was originally feasible for the entire Christian Church to receive the date of Easter each year through an annual announcement by the pope. By the early third century, however, communications in the Roman Empire had deteriorated to the point that the church put great value in a system that would allow the clergy to determine the date for themselves, independently yet consistently. Additionally, the church wished to eliminate dependencies on the Hebrew calendar, by deriving the date for Easter directly from the March equinox. In The Reckoning of Time (725), Bede uses as a general term for any sort of calculation, although he refers to the Easter cycles of Theophilus as a \"Paschal .\" By the end of the 8th century, came to refer specifically to the calculation of time. The calculations produce different results depending on whether the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar is used. For this reason, the Catholic Church and Protestant churches (which follow the Gregorian calendar) celebrate Easter on a different date from that of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy (which follow the Julian calendar). It was the drift of 21 March from the observed equinox that led to the Gregorian reform of the calendar, to bring them back into line. Background Easter commemorates the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe to have occurred on the third day (inclusive) after the beginning of Passover. In the Hebrew lunisolar calendar, Passover begins at twilight on the 14th day of Nisan. Nisan is the first month of spring in the northern hemisphere, with the 14th corresponding to a full moon. By the 2nd century, many Christians had chosen to observe Easter only on a Sunday. The Hebrew calendar does not have a simple relationship with the Christian calendars: it resynchronizes with the solar year by intercalating a leap month every two or three years, before the lunar new year on 1 Nisan. Later Jews adopted the Metonic cycle to predict future intercalations. A possible consequence of this intercalation is that 14 Nisan could occur before the equinox, which some third-century Christians considered unacceptable (this cannot happen in the fixed calendar in use today). Consequently, it was decided to separate the dating of Easter from the Hebrew calendar, by identifying the first full moon following the March equinox. By the",
"title": "Date of Easter"
},
{
"docid": "39124",
"text": "Aloysius Lilius ( 1510 – 1576), also variously referred to as Luigi Lilio or Luigi Giglio, was an Italian physician, astronomer, philosopher and chronologist, and also the \"primary author\" who provided the proposal that (after modifications) became the basis of the Gregorian Calendar reform of 1582. The crater Lilius on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 2346 Lilio. In computer science, the Lilian date is the number of days since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582. Life and work Not much is known about the early life of Lilius/Lilio/Giglio. It is known that he came from the comune of Cirò in the province of Crotone, in the Calabria region of Italy. He studied medicine and astronomy in Naples, after which he served Count Carafa. He settled in Verona and died in 1576. Although he was still alive at the time when his proposal was presented at Rome, it does not seem that he made the presentation; it was handled by his brother Antonio, also a physician and astronomer. He is primarily known as the inventor of the Gregorian Calendar: he wrote the proposal on which (after modifications) the calendar reform was based. Lilio's brother Antonio presented the manuscript to Pope Gregory XIII; it was passed to the calendar reform commission in 1575. The commission issued a printed summary entitled (Compendium of a New Plan for the Restitution of the Calendar), printed in 1577 and circulated within the Roman Catholic world in early 1578 as a consultation document. Lilio's manuscript itself is not known to have survived; the printed Compendium is the nearest known source for the details it contained. The processes of consultation and deliberation meant that the reform to the calendar did not occur until 1582, six years after the death of Luigi Lilio in 1576. The reform had by then received some modifications in points of detail by the reform commission, in which one of the leading members was Christopher Clavius, who afterwards wrote defences and an explanation of the reformed calendar, including an emphatic acknowledgement of Lilio's work, especially for his provision of a useful reform for the lunar cycle: \"We owe much gratitude and praise to Luigi Giglio who contrived such an ingenious Cycle of Epacts which, inserted in the calendar, always shows the new moon and so can be easily adapted to any length of the year, if only at the right moments the due adjustment is applied.\" The papal bull () was issued on 24 February 1582 (year 1581 in Florentine Easter-based reckoning), ordering Catholic clergy to adopt the new calendar, and exhorting all Catholic sovereigns to do the same. The year 2010 was the 500th year since the Lilius' birth; several activities were organized by Italian astronomers in order to recognize the great work performed by him. In particular, in Torretta di Crucoli (Crotone, Italy), a new astronomical group was created and dedicated to Luigi Lilio. Notes References . . . External links Circolo Astrofili",
"title": "Aloysius Lilius"
},
{
"docid": "15651",
"text": "The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers). The Julian calendar was proposed in 46 BC by (and takes its name from) Julius Caesar, as a reform of the earlier Roman calendar, which was largely a lunisolar one. It took effect on , by his edict. Caesar's calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years, until 1582 when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar. The Julian calendar has two types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. That is more than the actual solar year value of approximately 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar gains one day every 129 years. In other words, the Julian calendar gains 3.1 days every 400 years. Gregory's calendar reform modified the Julian rule, to reduce the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year: the Gregorian calendar gains just 0.1 day over 400 years. For any given event during the years from 1901 through 2099, its date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date (for instance Julian 1 January falls on Gregorian 14 January). Most Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately; Protestant countries did so slowly in the course of the following two centuries or so; most Orthodox countries retain the Julian calendar for religious purposes but adopted the Gregorian as their civil calendar in the early part of the twentieth century. Table of months History Motivation The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. This intercalary month was formed by inserting 22 or 23 days after the first 23 days of February; the last five days of February, which counted down toward the start of March, became the last five days of Intercalaris. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, forming an intercalary year of 377 or 378 days. Some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia (23 February). If managed correctly this system could have allowed the Roman year to stay roughly aligned to a tropical year. However, since the pontifices were often politicians, and because a Roman magistrate's term of office",
"title": "Julian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "44100110",
"text": "The adoption of the Gregorian Calendar was an event in the early modern history of most cultures and societies, marking a change from their traditional (or \"old style\") dating system to the modern (or \"new style\") dating system the Gregorian calendar that is widely used around the world today. Some states adopted the new calendar from 1582, some did not do so before the early twentieth century, and others did so at various dates between. A few still have not, but except for these, the Gregorian calendar is now the world's civil calendar universally, although in many places an old style calendar remains used in religious or traditional contexts. During and for some time after the change between systems, it has been common to use the terms \"Old Style\" and \"New Style\" when giving dates, to indicate which calendar was used to reckon them. The Gregorian calendar was decreed in 1582 by the papal bull by Pope Gregory XIII, to correct an error in the Julian calendar that was causing erroneous calculation of the date of Easter. The Julian calendar had been based upon a year lasting 365.25 days, but this was slightly too long; in reality, it is about 365.2422 days, and so over the centuries, the calendar had drifted increasingly out of alignment with the Earth's orbit. According to Gregory's scientific advisers, the calendar had acquired ten excess leap days since the First Council of Nicaea (which established the rule for dating Easter in AD 325). Consequently, he ruled, ten days must be skipped to restore the : Catholic countries did this in 1582. Countries which did not change until the 18th century had by then observed an additional leap year (1700), necessitating the dropping of eleven days. Some countries did not change until the 19th or 20th century, necessitating one or two further days to be omitted from the calendar. Although Gregory's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church, the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States. The changes he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar, over which he had no formal authority. They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect. The bull became the canon law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by Protestant churches, Eastern Orthodox Churches, and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter (and related events in the Liturgical calendar) were celebrated by different Christian churches diverged. Adoption in Catholic countries Catholic states such as France, the Italian principalities, Poland–Lithuania, Spain (along with her European and overseas possessions), Portugal, and the Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire were first to change to the Gregorian calendar. Thursday, 4 October 1582, was followed by Friday, 15 October 1582, with ten days skipped. Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time",
"title": "Adoption of the Gregorian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "206356",
"text": "The Baháʼí calendar used in the Baháʼí Faith is a solar calendar consisting of nineteen months and four or five intercalary days, with new year at the moment of Northern spring equinox. Each month is named after a virtue (e.g., Perfection, Mercy), as are the days of the week. The first year is dated from 1844 CE, the year in which the Báb began teaching. Years on the calendar are annotated with the date notation of BE (Baháʼí Era). The Baháʼí year BE {{#ifexpr: <79 |will start|started}} on March . History The Baháʼí calendar started from the original Badíʿ calendar, created by the Báb in the Kitabu'l-Asmáʼ and the Persian Bayán (5:3) in the 1840s. An early version of the calendar began to be implemented during his time. It used a scheme of nineteen months of nineteen days, with the product of 361 days, plus intercalary days to make the calendar a solar calendar. The first day of the early implementation of the calendar year was Nowruz, while the intercalary days were assigned differently than the later Baháʼí implementation. The calendar contains many symbolic meanings and allusions including connections to prophecies of the Báb about the next Manifestation of God termed He whom God shall make manifest. Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, who claimed to be the one prophesied by the Báb, confirmed and adopted this calendar. Around 1870, he instructed Nabíl-i-Aʻzam, the author of The Dawn-Breakers, to write an overview of the Badíʿ calendar. In the Kitáb-i-Aqdas (1873) Baháʼu'lláh made Naw-Rúz the first day of the year, and also clarified the position of the Intercalary days to immediately precede the last month. Baháʼu'lláh set Naw-Rúz to the day on which the sun passes into the constellation Aries. Baháʼís interpret this formula as a specification of the vernal equinox, though where that should be determined was not defined. The calendar was first implemented in the West in 1907. The Baháʼí scriptures left some issues regarding the implementation of the Badíʿ calendar to be resolved by the Universal House of Justice before the calendar can be observed uniformly worldwide. On 10 July 2014 the Universal House of Justice announced provisions that will enable the common implementation of the Badíʿ calendar worldwide, beginning at sunset 20 March 2015, coinciding with the completion of the ninth cycle of the calendar (see below). Before that time, the Baháʼí calendar was synchronized to the Gregorian calendar by starting the year at sunset on March 20, regardless of when the vernal equinox technically occurs, meaning that the extra day of a leap year occurred simultaneously in both calendars. The intercalary days always stretched from 26 February to 1 March, automatically including the Gregorian leap day so that there were four intercalary days in a regular year, and five in a Gregorian leap year. The Universal House of Justice selected Tehran, the birthplace of Baháʼu'lláh, as the location at which the time and date of the vernal equinox is to be determined according to astronomical",
"title": "Baháʼí calendar"
},
{
"docid": "4216993",
"text": "There are eleven time zones in Russia, which currently observe times ranging from UTC+02:00 to UTC+12:00. Daylight saving time (DST) has not been used in Russia since 26 October 2014. From 27 March 2011 to 26 October 2014, permanent DST was used. List of zones Since 27 December 2020, the time zones are as follows: Daylight saving time Daylight saving time in Russia was originally introduced on 1 July [14 July, ] 1917 by a decree of the Russian Provisional Government. However, it was abandoned by a decree of the Soviet government six months later. Daylight saving time was re-introduced in the USSR in 1981, beginning on 1 April and ending on 1 October each year, until mid-1984, when the USSR began following European daylight saving time rules, moving clocks forward one hour at 02:00 local standard time on the last Sunday in March, and back one hour at 03:00 local daylight saving time on the last Sunday in September until 1995, after which the change back occurred on the last Sunday in October. On 27 March 2011, clocks were advanced as usual, but they did not go back on 30 October 2011, effectively making Moscow Time UTC+04:00 permanently. On 26 October 2014, following another change in the law, the clocks in most of the country were moved back one hour, but summer daylight saving time was not reintroduced; Moscow Time returned to UTC+03:00 permanently. History Russian Empire In the Russian Empire, most of the nation observed solar time. From 1740s to 1867, Alaska belonged to Russia (Russian America) which used the Julian calendar, which was 11 or 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar (as used by the rest of Russia) and had local times up to GMT+15:10. The westernmost area of Russia was Congress Poland, with local times down to GMT+01:10. During the late 19th century, Moscow Mean Time was introduced on 1 January [13 January, N.S.] 1880, originally at GMT+02:30:17. 2:30:17 corresponds to 37.6166667°, the longitude of Moscow. Other parts of Russia kept solar time for several years. Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, when Wednesday 31 January (O.S.) was followed by Thursday 14 February (N.S.), which dropped 13 days from the calendar. Soviet Union After the Soviet Union was created, Moscow Time became UTC+02:00 and the various other time zones (up to UTC+12:00) were introduced throughout Russia and the rest of the Soviet Union, for example Irkutsk Time UTC+07:00 (Irkutsk has since this always been MSK+5). Between 1917 and 1922 the time was less ordered, with daylight saving time some of those years, some with two hours addition, and some of those years with one or two hours extra winter time. On 21 June 1930, the Soviet Union advanced all clocks by one hour, effectively making the nation run on daylight saving time all year (the so-called decree time). On 1 April 1981, 00:00:00, Oymyakonsky District changed its time zone from MSK+6 to MSK+8. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+09:00 to",
"title": "Time in Russia"
},
{
"docid": "2764696",
"text": "For exact dates in the Gregorian calendar see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050. Public holidays in Israel are national holidays officially recognized by the Knesset, Israel's parliament. The State of Israel has adopted most traditional religious Jewish holidays as part of its national calendar, while also having established new modern holiday observances since its founding in 1948. Additionally, Christians, Muslims, and Druze have the right to Holiday leave on the holidays of their own religions. Of the religious and modern holidays below, some are bank holidays / national holidays requiring all schools, government institutions, financial sector, and most retailers in Jewish Israeli society to be closed, while other holidays are marked as days of note or memorial remembrances with no breaks in public or private sector activities. As is the case with all religious Jewish holidays, most public holidays in Israel generally begin and end at sundown, and follow the Hebrew calendar. Because of this, most holidays in Israel fall on a different Gregorian calendar date each year, which syncs every 19 years with the Hebrew calendar. Shabbat, the weekly Sabbath day of rest, in Israel begins every Friday evening just before sundown, ending Saturday evening just after sundown. Most of the Israeli workforce, including schools, banks, public transportation, government offices, and retailers within Jewish Israeli society are shut down during these approximately 25 hours, with some non-Jewish retailers and most non-kosher restaurants still open. Table Jewish, Christian, Druze, and Secular holidays Jewish holidays are defined by the Hebrew calendar. Christian holidays are defined by the Gregorian calendar for Catholics and the Julian calendar for Orthodox. Druze holidays are also defined by the Gregorian calendar, with the sole exception of Eid al-Adha which is also celebrated by Muslims (and therefore defined by the Lunar Hijri calendar). Secular observances which are common to all religions are defined by the Hebrew calendar if they are of a uniquely national nature (such as Yom Ha-Atzmaut), and by the Gregorian calendar if they are of a global or international nature (such as Victory in Europe Day). Because the Hebrew calendar no longer relies on observation but is now governed by precise mathematical rules, it is possible to provide the Gregorian calendar date on which a Hebrew calendar date will fall, and vice-versa. Islamic holidays See also Jewish holidays Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 with Gregorian calendar dates References External links National holidays in Israel (2013) Public Holidays, Israel, World Travel Guide Culture of Israel Israel Society of Israel Holidays",
"title": "Public holidays in Israel"
},
{
"docid": "201400",
"text": "The Hindu calendar, also called Panchanga (), is one of various lunisolar calendars that are traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with further regional variations for social and Hindu religious purposes. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping based on sidereal year for solar cycle and adjustment of lunar cycles in every three years, but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start. Of the various regional calendars, the most studied and known Hindu calendars are the Shalivahana Shaka (Based on the King Shalivahana, also the Indian national calendar) found in the Deccan region of Southern India and the Vikram Samvat (Bikrami) found in Nepal and the North and Central regions of India – both of which emphasize the lunar cycle. Their new year starts in spring. In regions such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala, the solar cycle is emphasized and this is called the Tamil calendar (though Tamil Calendar uses month names like in Hindu Calendar) and Malayalam calendar and these have origins in the second half of the 1st millennium CE. A Hindu calendar is sometimes referred to as Panchangam (पञ्चाङ्गम्), which is also known as Panjika in Eastern India. The ancient Hindu calendar conceptual design is also found in the Hebrew calendar, the Chinese calendar, and the Babylonian calendar, but different from the Gregorian calendar. Unlike the Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to the month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles (354 lunar days) and approximately 365 solar days, the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month, but inserts an extra full month, once every 32–33 months, to ensure that the festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season. The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since Vedic times, and remain in use by the Hindus all over the world, particularly to set Hindu festival dates. Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Vedic calendar, later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system. The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. Similarly, the ancient Jain traditions have followed the same lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals, texts and inscriptions. However, the Buddhist and Jain timekeeping systems have attempted to use the Buddha and the Mahavira's lifetimes as their reference points. The Hindu calendar is also important to the practice of Hindu astrology and zodiac system. It is also employed for observing the auspicious days of deities and occasions of fasting, such as Ekadashi. Origins The Vedic culture developed a sophisticated time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals, and timekeeping as well as the nature of solar and Moon movements are mentioned in Vedic texts. For example, Kaushitaki Brahmana chapter 19.3",
"title": "Hindu calendar"
},
{
"docid": "3070171",
"text": "On 10 August 2002, the government of Turkmenistan adopted a law to rename all the months and most of the days of the week. The names were chosen according to Turkmen national symbols, as described in the Ruhnama, a book written by Saparmurat Niyazov, Turkmenistan's first and only president for life. According to Arto Halonen's documentary film The Shadow of the Holy Book, Turkish businessman Ahmet Çalık came up with the idea to rename the months, as he was trying to befriend Niyazov to expand his business in the country. After the law was passed the new names were used in all Turkmen state-owned media. Publications in languages other than Turkmen often use the new names too, especially those that were targeted at Russian-speaking citizens of Turkmenistan, with the old name sometimes written in brackets. The old month names were still used in popular speech, however. Four years after the change, Niyazov died in 2006. On 23 April 2008 it was reported that the cabinet of ministers of Turkmenistan discussed restoring the old names of the months and days of week. The old names were restored in July 2008. The original Roman calendar month names were borrowed from Russian. The adopted Turkmen month names were as follows: The original names of the days of the week come from Persian. The adopted names were as follows: See also Gregorian calendar References External links The months of the Gregorian (Christian) calendar in various languages The days of the week in various languages Бердымухамедов велел вернуть старый календарь, Аркадий Дубнов, gundogar.org, 2008-04-25 Culture of Turkmenistan Languages of Turkmenistan Specific calendars Saparmurat Niyazov Names of units of time Renaming of Turkmen months and days of week Months Days of the week",
"title": "2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week"
},
{
"docid": "26253",
"text": "The Revised Julian calendar, or less formally the new calendar and also known as the Milanković calendar, is a calendar proposed in 1923 by the Serbian scientist Milutin Milanković as a more accurate alternative to both Julian and Gregorian calendars. At the time, the Julian calendar was still in use by all of the Eastern Orthodox Churches and affiliated nations, while the Catholic and Protestant nations were using the Gregorian calendar. Thus, Milanković's aim was to discontinue the divergence between the naming of dates in Eastern and Western churches and nations. It was intended to replace the Julian calendar in Eastern Orthodox Churches and nations. From 1 March 1600 through 28 February 2800, the Revised Julian calendar aligns its dates with the Gregorian calendar, which had been proclaimed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. The Revised Julian calendar has been adopted for ecclesiastical use by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania, the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Cypriot Orthodox Church, the Church of Greece, the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, the Orthodox Church in America, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the Orthodox Church in Japan, and the Eastern Catholic Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. It has not been adopted by the Russian Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Macedonian Orthodox Church, the Georgian Orthodox Church, the Polish Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. It has not been adopted by any nation as an official calendar. Instead, all of the Eastern Orthodox nations have adopted the Gregorian calendar as the official state calendar. The Revised Julian calendar has the same months and month lengths as the Julian and Gregorian calendar, but, in the Revised Julian version, years evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years, except that years with remainders of 200 or 600 when divided by 900 remain leap years, e.g. 2000 and 2400 as in the Gregorian calendar. Implementation Comparison of Revised Julian and Gregoriancalendar century years. (In the original Juliancalendar, every century year is a leap year.) A committee composed of members of the Greek government and Greek Orthodox Church was set up to look into the question of calendar reform. It reported in January 1923. In the end, for civil purposes, the Gregorian calendar was adopted; the changeover went into effect on 16 February/1 March. After the promulgation of the royal decree, the Ecumenical Patriarch, Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, issued an encyclical on 3 February recommending the calendar's adoption by Orthodox churches. The matter came up for discussion at the Council of Constantinople (1923), which deliberated in May and June. Subsequently, it was adopted by several of the autocephalous Orthodox churches. The synod was chaired by Meletius IV and representatives were present from the churches of Cyprus, Greece, Romania and Serbia. There were no representatives of the other members of the original Orthodox Pentarchy (the Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and",
"title": "Revised Julian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "38120193",
"text": "The , colloquially known as the or \"national calendar year\" is a unique calendar system in Japan. It is based on the legendary foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC. emphasizes the long history of Japan and the Imperial dynasty. The Gregorian year is . History dating was used as early as 1872, shortly after Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar and was popular during the life of the Meiji Constitution (1890–1947). Its use was promoted by the scholars of kokugaku in the late 19th century. The Summer Olympics and Tokyo Expo were planned as anniversary events in 1940 (); but the international games were not held because of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA, from 1927) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN, from 1929) used the system for identification. For example many Japanese names circa World War II use imperial years: The IJA's Type 92 battalion gun was called \"ninety-two\" because its design was completed in 1932, and the 2592nd year since the first Emperor of Japan was 1932 (). Japan's wartime cipher machine was named the System 97 Printing Machine for European Characters because it entered service in 1937 (). The Mitsubishi A6M (Navy Type 0 Carrier Fighter), colloquially called the \"Zero\" by allied forces, entered service in 1940 (). The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence (1945) used the imperial year (). In Japan today, the system of counting years from the reign of Emperor Jimmu is used in some judicial contexts. The existing law determining the placement of leap years is based on the years, using a formula that is effectively equivalent to that of the Gregorian calendar. is also used in Shinto context. Related pages Epoch Japanese calendar Japanese era name References External links National Diet Library, \"The Japanese Calendar\" Cultural history of Japan Time in Japan",
"title": "Japanese imperial year"
},
{
"docid": "38642",
"text": "As of March 1 (O.S. February 19), where the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 (O.S. February 17), 1800. In Sweden, the year started in the Julian calendar and remained so until February 28. Then, by skipping the leap day, the Swedish calendar was introduced, letting February 28 be followed by March 1, giving the entire year the same pattern as a common year starting on Monday. This calendar, being ten days behind the Gregorian and one day ahead of the Julian, lasts until 1712. Events January–March January 1 – Protestant nations in Western Europe, except England, start using the Gregorian calendar. Catholic nations have been using the Gregorian calendar since its introduction in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. January 1 (Julian) (January 11, Gregorian) – The Tsardom of Russia begins numbering its calendar from the birth of Christ (Anno Domini), instead of since the Creation (Anno Mundi). January 26 – At approximately 9 p.m., the Cascadia earthquake occurs in the Pacific Northwest, with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptures about of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and causes a tsunami, that strikes the coast of Japan approximately 10 hours later. February 3 – The 'Lesser Great Fire' destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland. February 12 – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the \"Swedish Meteor\". February 27 – The island of New Britain is discovered by William Dampier, in the western Pacific. March 1 (Gregorian) – Protestant Germany and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar. March 1 (Swedish), March 11 (Gregorian), February 29 (Julian) – The Swedish calendar is adopted. March (early) – William Congreve's comedy The Way of the World is first performed in London. March 3 – Shivaji II accedes to the throne of the Maratha Empire as the 4th Chhatrapati after his father Rajaram I's death. March 24 – The Treaty of London is signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic. April–June April 15 – The coronation of King Frederick IV of Denmark takes place at Frederiksborg Castle in Copenhagen. April 18 – Hungarian freedom activist Ferenc Rákóczi is arrested by Austrian authorities and charged with sedition. Imprisoned near Vienna and facing a death sentence, he escapes and later leads the overthrow of the Habsburg control of Hungary. April 21 – In India, the siege of the fortress of Sajjangad (located in the Maharashtra state) is begun by an army led by Fateullahakhan. The",
"title": "1700"
},
{
"docid": "34868",
"text": "1582 (MDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. This year saw the beginning of the Gregorian calendar switch, when the papal bull Inter gravissimas introduced the Gregorian calendar, adopted by Spain, Portugal, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and most of present-day Italy from the start. In these countries, the year continued as normal through Thursday, October 4; the next day became Friday, October 15, like a common year starting on Friday. France followed two months later, letting Sunday, December 9 be followed by Monday, December 20. Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years, and the complete conversion to the Gregorian calendar was not entirely done until 1923. Events January–March January 2 – University of Würzburg is refounded. January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. February 10 – François, Duke of Anjou, arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed by William the Silent. February 24 – Pope Gregory XIII proclaims the Gregorian Calendar, to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the 6th century and is 10 days off schedule. March 9 – Scryer Edward Kelley arrives at John Dee's house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops the Enochian language. March – The New Testament of the Douai Bible, the translation into English by Father Gregory Martin from Latin of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578. April–June April 2 – 1582 Ancuancu earthquake: Ancuancu (in modern-day La Paz Department, Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak. On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake. April 3 – Battle of Temmokuzan: Unable to reverse the collapse of Takeda clan, Takeda Katsuyori and his household commit suicide. April 14 – King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes the University of Edinburgh. April 16 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina. April 17 – Siege of Takamatsu: In Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi departs from the Himeji Castle in the modern-day Hyōgo Prefecture and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to the Bitchū Province in the modern-day Okayama Prefecture. Along the way, he stops at the Kameyama Castle where he makes a rendezvous with the Ukita clan and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle. May 17 –",
"title": "1582"
},
{
"docid": "10969152",
"text": "The Berber calendar () is the agricultural calendar traditionally used by Berbers (Amazigh, plural Imazighen). The calendar is utilized to regulate the seasonal agricultural works. The Islamic calendar, a lunar calendar, is not suited for agriculture because it does not relate to seasonal cycles. In other parts of the Islamic world, either Iranian solar calendars, the Coptic calendar, the Rumi calendar, or other calendars based on the Julian calendar were used before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. The current Berber calendar is a legacy of the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis and the Roman province of Africa, as it is a surviving form of the Julian calendar. The latter calendar was used in Europe before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, with month names derived from Latin. Berber populations previously used various indigenous calendars, such as that of the indigenous Guanches of the Canary Islands. However, relatively little is known of these ancient calendrical systems. Differences between calendars The agricultural Berber calendar still in use is almost certainly derived from the Julian calendar, introduced in the Roman province of Africa at the time of Roman domination. The names of the months of this calendar are derived from the corresponding Latin names and traces of the Roman calendar denominations of Kalends, Nones and Ides exist: El Qabisi, an Islamic jurisconsult by Kairawan who lived in the 11th century, condemned the custom of celebrating \"pagans'\" festivals and cited, among traditional habits of North Africa, that of observing the Qalandas (\"Kalends\") of January (1 January, i.e. the Julian New Year's Day). The length of the year and of the individual months is the same as in the Julian calendar: three years of 365 days followed by a leap year of 366, without exceptions, and 30- and 31-day months, except for the second one that has 28 days. The only slight discrepancy lies in that the extra day in leap years is not usually added at the end of February, but at the end of the year. This means that the beginning of the year (the first day of yennayer) corresponds to the 14th day of January in the Gregorian calendar, which coincides with the offset accumulated during the centuries between astronomical dates and the Julian calendar. Months There are standard forms for the names of the Amazigh (Berber) calendar. The table below also provides the forms used in Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia . In addition, some of the month names in Maltese are of Berber origin, specifically January (jannar), February (frar), May (mejju), and August (awwissu), with the others deriving from Italian. Berber and Italian month names are different enough that it is possible to easily determine the source language of each Maltese month name. Seasons and Festivals In addition to the subdivision by months, within the traditional agricultural calendar there are other partitions, by \"seasons\" or by \"strong periods\", characterized by particular festivals and celebrations. Not all the four seasons have retained a Berber denomination: the words for spring and",
"title": "Berber calendar"
},
{
"docid": "5203039",
"text": "The Armenian calendar is the calendar traditionally used in Armenia, primarily during the medieval ages. The Armenian calendar is based on an invariant year length of 365 days. Because a solar year is about 365.25 days and not 365 days, the correspondence between the Armenian calendar and both the solar year and the Julian calendar slowly drifted over time, shifting across a year of the Julian calendar once in 1,461 calendar years (see Sothic cycle). Thus, the Armenian year 1461 (Gregorian & Julian 2011) completed the first Sothic cycle, and the Armenian Calendar was one year off. In A.D. 352, tables compiled by Andreas of Byzantium were introduced in Armenia to determine the religious holidays. When those tables exhausted on 11 July 552 (Julian Calendar), the Armenian calendar was introduced. Year 1 of the Armenian calendar began on 11 July 552 of the Julian calendar. The calendar was adopted at the Second Council of Dvin. Armenian year 1462 (the first year of the second cycle) began on 11 July 2012 of the Julian calendar (24 July 2012 of the Gregorian calendar). An analytical expression of the Armenian date includes the ancient names of days of the week, Christian names of the days of the week, days of the month, Date/Month/Year number after 552 A.D., and the religious feasts. The Armenian calendar is divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus an additional (epagomenal) five days, called aweleacʿ (\"superfluous\"). Years in the Armenian era are usually given in Armenian numerals (written in Armenian letters) preceded by the abbreviation , for (, meaning \"in the year\"). For example, , which means \"the year 1455.\" Another prefix is , standing for ( \"in the Armenian year\"). Months The Armenian month names show influence of the Zoroastrian calendar and Kartvelian influence in two cases (2nd and 3rd months). There are different systems for transliterating the names; the forms below are transliterated according to the Hübschmann-Meillet-Benveniste system: Days of the month The Armenian calendar gives the days of the month names instead of numbering them – something also found in the Avestan calendars. Zoroastrian influence is evident in five names: Holidays Per Armenian law, 12 days are declared as non-working days. Non-working days include: See also Public holidays in Armenia Armenian numerals Calendar of saints (Armenian Apostolic Church) Tabarian calendar Georgian calendar Iranian calendar Zoroastrian calendar :hy:Հայկյան տոմար References External links The Haik calendar (Origin of the Armenian calendar). Armenian/Gregorian date converter Literature V. Bănăţeanu, \"Le calendrier arménien et les anciens noms des mois\", in: Studia et Acta Orientalia 10, 1980, pp. 33–46 Edouard Dulaurier, Recherches sur la chronologie arménienne technique et historique (1859), 2001 reprint . Jost Gippert, Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems in The Annual of The Society for The Study of Caucasia\", 1, 1989, 3-12.Jost Gippert: Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems [I]: Frame Louis H. Gray, On Certain Persian and Armenian Month-Names as Influenced by the Avesta Calendar, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1907) P'. Ingoroq'va, \"Jvel-kartuli c'armartuli",
"title": "Armenian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "10310004",
"text": "The Republic of China calendar, often shortened to the ROC calendar or the Minguo calendar, is a calendar used in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu. The calendar uses 1912, the year of the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC) in Nanjing, as the first year. The ROC calendar follows the tradition of using the sovereign's era name and year of reign, as did previous Chinese dynasties. Months and days are numbered according to the Gregorian calendar. The ROC calendar has been in wide use in the ROC since 1912, including in early official documents. The ROC calendar is the official calendar used in Taiwan since 1945, and also adopted by Overseas Chinese and Taiwanese communities. Chorographies and historical research published in mainland China covering the period between 1912 and 1949 also use the ROC calendar. Calendar details The Gregorian calendar was adopted by the nascent Republic of China effective 1 January 1912 for official business, but the general populace continued to use the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar. The status of the Gregorian calendar was unclear between 1916 and 1921 while China was controlled by several competing warlords each supported by foreign colonial powers. From about 1921 until 1928 warlords continued to fight over northern China, but the Kuomintang-led Nationalist government controlled southern China and used the Gregorian calendar. After the Kuomintang reconstituted the Republic of China on 10 October 1928, the Gregorian calendar was officially adopted, effective 1 January 1929. The People's Republic of China has continued to use the Gregorian calendar since 1949. Despite the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, the numbering of the years was still an issue. The Chinese monarchical tradition was to use the monarch's era name and year of reign. One alternative to this approach was to use the reign of the semi-legendary Yellow Emperor in the third millennium BC to number the years. In the early 20th century, some Chinese republicans began to advocate such a system of continuously numbered years, so that year markings would be independent of the monarch's era name. (This was part of their attempt to de-legitimize the Qing dynasty.) When Sun Yat-sen became the provisional president of the Republic of China, he sent telegrams to leaders of all provinces and announced the 13th day of 11th month of the 4609th year of the Yellow Emperor's reign (corresponding to 1 January 1912) to be the first year of the Republic of China. The original intention of the Minguo calendar was to follow the monarchical practice of naming the years according to the number of years the monarch had reigned, which was a universally recognizable event in China. Following the establishment of the Republic, hence the lack of a monarch, it was then decided to use the year of the establishment of the current regime. This reduced the issue of frequent change in the calendar, as no Chinese emperor ruled more than 61 years in Chinese history – the longest being the Kangxi Emperor, who ruled from 1662 to 1722",
"title": "Republic of China calendar"
},
{
"docid": "64966331",
"text": "Joseph el-Ruzzi, in Arabic Yusuf al-Ruzzi, was the Patriarch of the Maronite Church in 1597–1608. He promulgated several measures bringing the Maronite Church in concert with Rome. Among the changes was the Church's switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, making the Maronites the first Eastern Church to make the move. Origins Ruzzi was from Bkoufa near Ehden in northern Mount Lebanon. He belonged to the Ruzzi family. His uncle Mikha'il served as patriarch of the Maronite Church from 1567 until his death in 1597. Patriarchate Ruzzi succeeded his uncle as patriarch after being elected in 1597. His election occurred during the visit of the papal emissary Girolamo Dandini who was sent to keep tabs on the Maronite Church's implementation of Roman Catholic reforms after reports that Mikha'il had Jacobite tendencies. According to the historian William Harris, Ruzzi ardently pursued papal practices, and the historian Pierre Dib considers him \"a daring and resourceful man ... an inconsiderate Latinizer\". In a council he held in the village of Moussa in 1598, he set out measures toward the Latinization of the Maronite Church. The following year Pope Clement VIII instructed Ruzzi to promulgate Latin marital rules in the Maronite Church; the marital rules relating to consanguinity, affinity, public honesty and spiritual relationship, did not take into effect until the late 19th century. Among the Latinization measures he implemented, Ruzzi revised fasting periods in accordance with Rome and removed a degree of Syriac from Maronite liturgy and ritual. Despite opposition from a significant proportion of the Maronites, he implemented the church's switch to the Gregorian calendar in 1606. The change was implemented successfully in Syria, but the Cypriot Maronites continued using the Julian calendar. Ruzzi's act made the Maronites the first Eastern Church to adopt the Gregorian calendar; the Syriacs and Chaldeans followed in 1836, the Melkites in 1857 and the Armenians in 1911. Not long after Ruzzi's act, in the 1600s, the Maronites discontinued counting the years from the Seleucid era in favor of the Christian era. Ruzzi died in March 1608. According to Dib, the measures implemented by Ruzzi were \"harsh vexations\" for the Maronites which prevented the election of a new patriarch until 16 October. Ruzzi's successor John Makhlouf criticized Ruzzi's reforms and expressed to Pope Paul V his desire to reestablish the ancient practices of the Maronite Church which were changed by Ruzzi to placate his religious subjects. Despite initial opposition, Ruzzi's changes became a permanent aspect of the Church. Ruzzi was influential with the Ottoman governor of Tripoli and Sunni Muslim local chieftain Yusuf Sayfa Pasha (intermittent ), whose jurisdiction spanned the predominantly Maronite districts of Byblos, Bsharri and Batroun in northern Mount Lebanon. The Patriarch frequently obtained orders of safe conduct from the Governor, who strove to win the support of his distrusting Maronite peasant subjects. References Bibliography 1608 deaths 16th-century Eastern Catholic archbishops 16th-century people from the Ottoman Empire 17th-century people from the Ottoman Empire 17th-century Eastern Catholic archbishops Bishops in the Ottoman Empire",
"title": "Joseph el-Ruzzi"
}
] | [
"1752"
] |
train_26782 | who played the sheriff of nottingham in robin hood prince of thieves | [
{
"docid": "23294255",
"text": "The Sheriff of Nottingham is the main antagonist of the 2006 BBC television series, Robin Hood. Keith Allen's portrayal was described by The Hollywood Reporter as \"very camp in the Alan Rickman tradition of sardonic villains,\" referring to Rickman's role as the Sheriff in the 1991 film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves. Sarcastic and with a dark sense of humour, he has many catch phrases, including \"La di da di da!\" and \"A clue: no\" (also the title of the first season finale). He also has an explosive temper, usually triggered by Robin's interference or the repeated failures of Guy of Gisbourne and other minions. He has many insults for his servants when they fail him, including \"blithering oafs\", \"incompetent fools\" and \"idiotic buffoons\". Vaisey became the Sheriff a few years before Robin's return to England, taking over from Marian's father Edward. He has used the position to become the leading figure in the 'Black Knights', a group conspiring to overthrow King Richard in favour of Prince John. As a plot device to explain why Robin does not kill the Sheriff, John insures the latter's life by promising to destroy Nottingham should he be killed. In \"Sisterhood,\" the Sheriff's sister Davina is introduced, with whom he displays previously unseen affection. Davina dies in his arms after an altercation with Robin, for which the Sheriff vows revenge. Keith Allen lost one of his teeth while filming a fight sequence for the show. This was written into the script, with the Sheriff losing a tooth in the last episode of Series 1. He takes teeth from skulls and places them in the gap in his teeth as a recurring gag in the second series. In the third series, Prince John plays the Sheriff off against Gisbourne until in \"Do You Love Me?\" they finally fight to the death and the Sheriff is killed by Gisbourne, or so Gisbourne thinks - it is shown at the end of the episode that the Sheriff survived; as his apparently dead body is carted away, his fingers twitch. Vaisey returns to Nottingham after Isabella loses it to Robin Hood and the people. He is assisted by Blamire, Isabella's second-in-command, and it is later revealed that he has formed an alliance with Isabella. In a deadly confrontation with Robin and Gisborne, he ends up killing Gisborne. He is finally killed by a dying Robin (who has been poisoned by Isabella). who fires a burning arrow into the barrels of byzantine fire stored in the castle. Vaisey just has enough time to notice the barrels before the entire castle is blown up - and him, Isabella and their remaining men along with it. References Fictional murderers Fictional nobility Fictional sheriffs Robin Hood (2006 TV series) Robin Hood characters",
"title": "Vaisey, Sheriff of Nottingham"
},
{
"docid": "40186742",
"text": "The following is a List of awards and nominations received by actor Alan Rickman. Rickman has received numerous accolades including a BAFTA Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award in addition to nominations for two Drama Desk Awards, a Drama League Award, a Laurence Olivier Award, and two Tony Awards. Rickman received a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role as the Sheriff of Nottingham in the action-adventure film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991). Upon receiving the award Rickman stated, \"Let this be a gentle reminder that subtlety isn't everything\". He was also BAFTA-nominated for his roles as Jamie in the drama Truly, Madly, Deeply (1991), Colonel Brandon in the costume drama Sense and Sensibility (1995), and Éamon de Valera in the period drama Michael Collins (1996). For his role as Grigori Rasputin in the HBO film Rasputin: Dark Servant of Destiny (1996) he received the Primetime Emmy Award, the Golden Globe Award and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie. Rickman was also known for his extensive work in theatre. For his roles on Broadway he received two Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nominations for his roles as Le Vicomte de Valmont in Christopher Hampton's Les Liaisons Dangereuses (1987) and as Elyot Chase in the Noël Coward revival Private Lives (2002). He reprised the role in the West End received a nomination for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor. Major Awards BAFTA Awards Emmy Awards Golden Globe Awards Screen Actors Guild Awards Theatre awards Drama Desk Award Drama League Award Laurence Olivier Awards Tony Awards Critics Awards Miscellaneous Awards References Rickman, Alan",
"title": "List of awards and nominations received by Alan Rickman"
},
{
"docid": "538712",
"text": "The 1992 MTV Movie Awards was hosted by Dennis Miller. Performers En Vogue — \"My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)\" Ugly Kid Joe — \"Everything About You\" Arrested Development — \"Tennessee\" Vince Neil — \"You're Invited (But Your Friend Can't Come)\" Awards Below are the list of nominations. Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold. Best Movie Terminator 2: Judgment Day Backdraft Boyz n the Hood JFK Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Best Male Performance Arnold Schwarzenegger – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Val Kilmer – The Doors Robin Williams - The Fisher King Best Female Performance Linda Hamilton – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Geena Davis – Thelma and Louise Rebecca De Mornay – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Julia Roberts – Dying Young Most Desirable Male Keanu Reeves – Point Break Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Christian Slater – Kuffs Patrick Swayze – Point Break Jean-Claude Van Damme – Double Impact Most Desirable Female Linda Hamilton – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Christina Applegate – Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead Kim Basinger – Final Analysis Tia Carrere – Wayne's World Julia Roberts – Dying Young Breakthrough Performance Edward Furlong – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Anna Chlumsky – My Girl Campbell Scott – Dying Young Ice-T – New Jack City Kimberly Williams – Father of the Bride Best On-Screen Duo Dana Carvey and Mike Myers – Wayne's World Damon Wayans and Bruce Willis – The Last Boy Scout Anna Chlumsky and Macaulay Culkin – My Girl Kevin Costner and Morgan Freeman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Geena Davis and Susan Sarandon – Thelma and Louise Best Villain Rebecca De Mornay – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Robert Patrick – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Alan Rickman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Wesley Snipes – New Jack City Best Comedic Performance Billy Crystal – City Slickers Dana Carvey – Wayne's World Steve Martin – Father of the Bride Bill Murray – What About Bob? Mike Myers – Wayne's World Best Song from a Movie Bryan Adams — \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" (from Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves) MC Hammer — \"Addams Groove\" (from The Addams Family) Color Me Badd — \"I Wanna Sex You Up\" (from New Jack City) Eric Clapton — \"Tears in Heaven\" (from Rush) Guns N' Roses — \"You Could Be Mine\" (from Terminator 2: Judgment Day) Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky and Macaulay Culkin – My Girl Anjelica Huston and Raúl Juliá – The Addams Family Annette Bening and Warren Beatty – Bugsy Juliette Lewis and Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Priscilla Presley and Leslie Nielsen – The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear Best Action Sequence L.A. Freeway Scene – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Burning Building/Escape Through Old Tunnel – Backdraft Roof Scene – The",
"title": "1992 MTV Movie Awards"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "50693271",
"text": "Robin Hood is a fictional character in Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated feature film Robin Hood (1973). Robin Hood is voiced by Shakespearean and Tony Award winning actor Brian Bedford. The film is based on the legends of Robin Hood and Reynard the fox, a 12th-century Alsatian fairy tale character, but uses anthropomorphic animals rather than people; in Robin's case being a red fox. The story follows the adventures of Robin Hood, Little John and the inhabitants of Nottingham as they fight against the excessive taxation of Prince John, and Robin Hood wins the hand of Maid Marian. In Robin Hood Robin Hood is the protagonist of the film Robin Hood (1973). He does not see himself as a criminal but as a hero. Although Robin Hood is often shown as an outlaw who chooses to rob from the rich to help the poor people, in this animated version, he is shown mainly attacking Prince John and his agents, who have impoverished Nottingham with high taxes. Robin Hood and Little John steal the tax caravans and give it back to the peasants while trying to avoid capture by both Prince John and the Sheriff of Nottingham. He is also in love with Maid Marian. Maid Marian reveals she and Robin were childhood sweethearts but they have not seen one another for years. Prince John is hosting an archery tournament, and the winner will receive a kiss from Maid Marian. Robin decides to participate in the tournament disguised as a stork whilst Little John disguises himself as the Duke of Chutney to get near Prince John. Robin wins the tournament, but Prince John exposes him and sentences him to death despite Maid Marian's pleas. However, thanks to Little John, Robin escapes into the woods with Marian. As Robin and Maid Marian enjoy their reunion, the townsfolk have a troubadour festival spoofing Prince John, describing him as the \"Phony King of England\", and the song soon becomes popular with John's soldiers. A paltry coin gets deposited into the poor box at Friar Tuck's church, which gets seized by the Sheriff. Friar Tuck lashes out at the Sheriff, to which he is quickly arrested. Prince John orders Friar Tuck hanged, knowing Robin Hood will come out of hiding to rescue his friend. Robin and Little John sneak in, with Little John managing to free all of the prisoners whilst Robin steals Prince John's taxes, but Sir Hiss awakens to find Robin fleeing. Chaos follows as Robin and the others try to escape to Sherwood Forest. The Sheriff corners Robin after he returns to rescue Tagalong, a young rabbit and Skippy’s younger sister who was nearly left behind. During the chase, Prince John's castle catches fire and the Sheriff figures he has Robin where he wants him, either to be captured, burned, or make a risky jump into the moat. Robin Hood elects to jump. Little John and Skippy fear Robin is lost, but he surfaces safely after using a reed as a breathing",
"title": "Robin Hood (Disney character)"
},
{
"docid": "24229333",
"text": "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 film about the legendary outlaw Robin Hood. Prince of Thieves may also refer to: Robin Hood, sometimes known as the \"Prince of Thieves\" The Prince of Thieves, a 1948 film about Robin Hood Prince of Thieves, or Le Prince des Voleurs, an 1872 Robin Hood novel attributed to Alexandre Dumas Prince of Thieves, a 2004 novel written by Chuck Hogan See also Princess of Thieves, a 2001 TV show starring Keira Knightley King of Thieves (disambiguation) Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (disambiguation)",
"title": "Prince of Thieves (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "66553590",
"text": "Sherwood is an animated science fiction streaming television series created by Diana Manson and Megan Laughton that premiered on March 6, 2019, on YouTube Premium. It is a new telling of the Robin Hood legend. Some reviewers have noted the focus on socioeconomic class, as Robin lives among \"the impoverished 99%,\" leading rebels who will overthrow the Sheriff, who lives in an Upper City housing \"the wealthy citizens of Sherwood.\" Others also noted the focus on class difference, with Robin and her comrades trying to \"overcome inequality and fight for justice.\" Apart from this, others said the series has a cyberpunk feeling to it. The show had a world premiere in Sydney, Australia, in March 2019. In April 2020, Sherwood was one of the originals that Google decided to make freely available in light of the pandemic. Even though the show's season one episodes aired in March 2019, official accounts on Twitter and Instagram regularly post content about the show. Premise In the year 2270, in the dystopic 23rd century, 14-year-old hacker Robin Loxley and her friends battle the Sheriff of Nottingham in a Britain devastated by environmental disaster. Characters Main Robin Loxley (voiced by Anya Chalotra) is the main protagonist of the series. She often has to fight and steal from the Sheriff of Nottingham, to protect Sherwood. She is called \"Insurgent Hood\" by the Sheriff and his allies, also once takes the alias of \"Marian Johns.\" Iniko (voiced by Tyler Posey) is one of the main protagonists, the pilot of the submarine Amphy, and a self proclaimed Sea Pirate. Gisbourne (voiced by Aneurin Barnard) is the son of the Sheriff of Nottingham and is the Head of Security of the Regime. He often commands the Drobos and attempts to catch the Insurgents. Sheriff Nottingham (voiced by Joseph Fiennes) is the main antagonist of the Sherwood series and rules the Upper City. He is the head of the Regime, with Gisbourne as his Head of Security (and son). Supporting Tui (voiced by Rachel House) is like a mother to Robin, and helps her around the Kelp Farm. Gripper (voiced by Adetokumboh M'Cormack) is part of Robin's crew and acts like a father to Juba. Rose Trefgarne (voiced by Jamie Chung) is a protagonist, often helping out the main cast. Formerly a resident of The Upper City, she now resides in Sherwood. Thomas Loxley (voiced by Darrill Rosen) is a scientist and inventor, and is the father of Robin Loxley. Juba (voiced by Neneh Conteh) is a small girl with dark skin and light blonde hair like Gripper and who is a refugee before she came to Sherwood. Production The idea for the series was originally posed by Diana Manson and Megan Laughton, of a New York company named Baby Octopus, in 2016, to Justin Trefgarne. Additionally, the show is, according to Trefgarne, aimed at \"the pre-teen market,\" and is focused \"on positive female empowerment.\" The production company, Baby Octopus, worked with the Computer Science in Media team of Google",
"title": "Sherwood (2019 TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "5601815",
"text": "Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly is Child ballad 141, about Robin Hood. Synopsis Robin Hood is brought news that the Sheriff of Nottingham surprised Will Stutely, and though he killed two of the Sheriff's men, he was captured. They set out to rescue him, confirm the story from a palmer, and arrive as he is being brought out. Will Stutly offers to fight the sheriff's men, with his bare hands, if need be, but the sheriff is resolved to hang him. Little John jumps out to cut his bonds and give him a sword. Robin's men rouse up, and the sheriff and his men flee, and Robin's men go back to Sherwood. Influences Francis James Child believed this to be derived from Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires. Adaptations The entire tale was used by Howard Pyle in his Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, often with no more changes than rendering the verse as prose. An anonymous \"brave young man\" was identified as David of Doncaster, as part of his development of that character. References External links Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly Child Ballads Robin Hood ballads",
"title": "Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly"
},
{
"docid": "18831196",
"text": "The Sheriff of Nottingham is the main antagonist in the legend of Robin Hood. He is generally depicted as an unjust tyrant who mistreats the local people of Nottinghamshire, subjecting them to unaffordable taxes. Robin Hood fights against him, stealing from the rich, and the Sheriff, in order to give to the poor; it is this characteristic for which Robin Hood is best known. The Sheriff is considered the archenemy of Robin Hood, as he is the most recurring enemy of the well-known outlaw. It is not known whom this character is based on. The legend of Robin Hood (which is at least as old as the 14th century), traditionally referred to the Sheriff of Nottingham only by his title. The post of Sheriff of Nottingham only came into existence in 1449. However, there has from very early Norman times been a High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests, appointed by the king, which became High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire in 1568. The character in the legend could therefore have been based on the royal appointee responsible for law enforcement in the Royal Forests (which included Sherwood Forest). Character It is the task of the holder of the office of Nottingham's Sheriff to capture outlaws such as Robin Hood, either to ensure the safety of trade routes through Sherwood Forest or to keep them from poaching the King's deer. In some stories, the Sheriff of Nottingham is portrayed as having a lecherous desire for Robin Hood's lady Maid Marian. He is widely considered to be the principal villain of the Robin Hood stories, appearing frequently alongside such enemies of Robin Hood as Sir Guy of Gisborne or John, King of England (though rarely both). The legends are generally set far from Nottingham; this fits the historical position of High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests (from 1068 until 1568). In the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, the Sheriff's influence outside the region of Nottingham has grown so great, he attempts to take control of the throne. In some versions, the Sheriff is a cowardly schemer while his assistant, Sir Guy of Gisborne, is a more competent and determined physical threat to Robin. In other versions, the Sheriff answers to Prince John. Possible historical basis If one treats the legend as having had its origins in real events (despite the fact that the earliest known version of the legend appears 200 years later), the character could have been based upon one of (or a composite of multiple of) the real life people who occupied the post of High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests at the relevant time. If, as in many versions of the Robin Hood legend, the action of the story is placed during the absence of King Richard I of England in 1190–1193 during the Third Crusade and his subsequent holding to ransom in Austria, the character could be identified with the little-known William de Wendenal, who was High Sheriff from 1191",
"title": "Sheriff of Nottingham"
},
{
"docid": "7338286",
"text": "\"Will You Tolerate This?\" is the first episode of the 2006 Robin Hood television series, made by Tiger Aspect Productions for BBC One. It aired on Saturday 7 October 2006 at 7.05pm. The title of the episode refers to a line of dialogue near the end, where Robin asks the public at Nottingham Castle: \"Will you tolerate this injustice? (I, for one, will not)\". Plot In 1192, Robin of Locksley and his artless man-servant Much have returned to Nottinghamshire, England after spending 5 years fighting for King Richard in the Holy Land. They save another man named Allan A Dale from mounted soldiers who were going to cut off Allan's hand for trying to poach a deer. Robin tries to convince soldiers that he has them surrounded. However, after they begin to leave, Much comes out of hiding, and from his taunts the soldiers realize there are only the two opponents. The pair proceed to run for their lives. Robin and Much jump into a covered hole underneath a tree, before they come out of hiding. The next day, they meet a weaver, and Robin decides to spend some time working for him. However, Robin is seduced by his daughter, and Much attempts to distract the weaver to no avail. The weaver and Robin fight before he escapes again. The duo finally arrive at Locksley. They find Robin's recently widowed friend Dan Scarlett, also a carpenter, who built half of Locksley. He explains how he chose to have his hand cut off to protect his two sons, who had been caught stealing. Sir Guy of Gisborne, the current ruler of the area, arrives, where Robin announces his return. Robin makes himself at home once more and proclaims Much a free man after his bravery in the Crusades. Much has something to eat and a bath, but soon gets out when Robin tells him he is off to visit the Sheriff of Nottingham. Robin and Much receive a hostile reception from the former sheriff, Edward. Knowing Edward is a good man, Robin and Much find out from him that night that he had no choice as he is no longer sheriff because Prince John appointed a sadistic man named Vaisey to take his place. Robin finally arrives at the castle and sees no one has enough money for Wednesday market. He confronts Sheriff Vaisey at the Council and suggests that he abolish taxes, though the Sheriff bites back. Robin also learns that both of Dan Scarlett's sons have been caught stealing again. Robin enters the dungeons to learn they will be hanged, and also meets Allan again, exposed as lying about his wife. The next day, Allan, both of Dan Scarlett's sons, and another young man are due to be hanged, and Robin has to read out their sentence. In case he reneges, the Sheriff also has Much held by two soldiers at a great height. A priest interferes by saying he and the Bishop are protecting the men by invoking",
"title": "Will You Tolerate This?"
},
{
"docid": "62084",
"text": "The Adventures of Robin Hood is a 1938 American Technicolor epic swashbuckler film from Warner Bros. Pictures. It was produced by Hal B. Wallis and Henry Blanke, directed by Michael Curtiz and William Keighley, and stars Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Basil Rathbone, Claude Rains, Patric Knowles, Eugene Pallette, and Alan Hale. The film is particularly noted for its Academy Award-winning score by Erich Wolfgang Korngold. The film was written by Norman Reilly Raine and Seton I. Miller. The storyline depicts the legendary Saxon knight Robin Hood, who in King Richard the Lionheart's absence in the Holy Land during the Crusades, fights back as the outlaw leader of a rebel guerrilla band against Prince John and the Norman lords oppressing the Saxon commoners. The Adventures of Robin Hood has been acclaimed by critics since its release. In 1995, the film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation by the National Film Registry. Alan Hale, who plays Little John, had played the same character in Douglas Fairbanks's 1922 version of the film and went on to play him again in Rogues of Sherwood Forest, released by Columbia in 1950, a 28-year span. Plot Richard, the Norman King of England, is taken captive in 1191 by Duke Leopold while returning from the Third Crusade. Richard's treacherous brother Prince John, aided by fellow Norman Sir Guy of Gisbourne, names himself regent of England, increasing the Saxons' taxes under the pretense of gathering a ransom for Richard. The Normans exploit and oppress the Saxons. Sir Robin of Locksley, a Saxon noble, opposes the brutality and rescues Much the Miller's Son from being executed for poaching, earning Gisbourne's ire. Robin later confronts Prince John at a Nottingham Castle banquet, telling the assembled guests that he regards John's declaring himself regent as treason. John orders Robin's execution, but he escapes and flees with Much and Will Scarlet into Sherwood Forest. John seizes Robin's lands and names him outlaw. Much is sent to recruit men to join their band. Robin and Will encounter John the Little on a log bridge, and after a quarterstaff contest, welcome him into their ranks. Dozens more men join Robin's band, swearing an oath to dispoil the rich while aiding the poor, to fight injustice, and to show courtesy to all oppressed. They start a war against John and Gisbourne, dispatching those who abuse their power. Robin's band encounters the rotund Friar Tuck, a renowned swordsman. Tuck joins the band and assists in capturing a company of Normans transporting a shipment of gathered taxes. In the company are Gisbourne, the cowardly Sheriff of Nottingham, and King Richard's ward Lady Marian. After their capture, the men are humiliated at a celebratory woodland banquet, with Marian given a seat of honor. Initially scornful, she comes to share Robin's views after he shows her examples of Norman brutality against the Saxons. Robin sends the convoy back to Nottingham Castle, telling them that they have",
"title": "The Adventures of Robin Hood"
},
{
"docid": "55704204",
"text": "The Legend of Robin Hood is a board game published by Operational Studies Group (OSG) in 1979, and later republished by Avalon Hill that is based on the legendary outlaw Robin Hood and his nemesis, the Sheriff of Nottingham. Description The Legend of Robin Hood is a 2-player microgame set in Sherwood Forest and the surrounding area. One player controls Robin Hood, who attempts to recruit a band of loyal men to help him rob from the rich and give to the poor. The other player controls the Sheriff of Nottingham, who uses soldiers to attempt to guard travellers and capture Robin's men. Components The ziplock bag with cover art sheet contains: 6-page rulebook paper map of Sherwood Forest and environs, divided into various areas 117 die-cut counters (39 playing pieces, 7 markers, money) The Avalon Hill edition added a game box. A 6 sided die is also needed to play. Gameplay At the start of the game, Robin Hood and unrecruited outlaws are scattered across the board, while the soldiers are gathered in three castles. Robin must recruit others to his band, who then rob travelers in the forest to generate income. Robin must engage in personal combat with several would-be leaders, and if wounded, must remain inactive for a turn, which may lead to his capture. Will Scarlet, Alan-a-Dale and Maid Marion appear at random times and locations. If non-leaders are captured and hanged by the Sheriff, replacements can be recruited. However, if named leaders are hanged, they cannot be replaced. When Will and Alan appear, they are unrecruited and face no danger from the soldiers until they join the Merry Men. However Maid Marion is automatically part of the Merry Men, and can be captured by the soldiers the turn she appears unless Merry Men reach her first. If the Sheriff captures and hangs Robin, the game is over. One of Robin's victory conditions is to wed Maid Marion before the villainous Sir Guy can force her to wed, and he can do that by being in the same area as Maid Marion and Alan-a-Dale. King Richard I appears near the end of the game, giving Robin Hood a chance to enter the same area as the king and gain a pardon, another of his victory conditions, and the one that ends the game immediately. Victory conditions Robin Hood must be free at the end of the game and achieve 3 out of 4 victory conditions: Own more than 20 marks of gold Deplete the Sheriff's treasury to less than 5 marks Marry Maid Marion Receive a pardon from King Richard. The Sheriff wins by either preventing Robin from achieving three victory conditions, by hanging Robin (ending the game immediately), or by holding Robin captive at the end of the game. Publication history Several games published by OSG in the 1970s such as Arcola and Devil's Den were bought and republished by Avalon Hill. Such was the case with The Legend of Robin Hood, a game designed",
"title": "The Legend of Robin Hood (board game)"
},
{
"docid": "7587489",
"text": "Robin Hood is an English folk hero and legendary outlaw. Robin Hood or Robinhood may also refer to: Places Robin Hood, Drouin, Victoria, Australia Robinhood, Saskatchewan, Canada Robinhood Bay, Newfoundland, Canada Robin Hood, West Yorkshire, England Robin Hood, one of the Crookdale Horseshoe group of hills in Cumbria, England Robin Hood Gardens a residential estate in London, England Robin Hood Hills, Nottinghamshire, England Doncaster Sheffield Airport, South Yorkshire, England, formerly known as Robin Hood Airport Robin Hood Hills, West Memphis, Arkansas, U.S. Robinhood, Mississippi, U.S. Arts and entertainment Ballets Robin Hood (ballet), a 1998 ballet by Paul Vasterling Robin Hood, a 1985 ballet by Ilkka Kuusisto Fictional characters Robin Hood (DC Comics), version of the character in DC Comics Robin Hood (Disney character), character in the 1973 Disney film Robin Hood Robin Hood (Once Upon a Time), a character from the ABC television series Once Upon a Time Films Robin Hood (1912 film), a silent film Robin Hood (1922 film), a silent film starring Douglas Fairbanks Robin Hood (1973 film), a Disney animated film Robin Hood (1991 British film), a TV movie featuring Patrick Bergin and Uma Thurman Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, a 1991 film starring Kevin Costner Robin Hood: Men in Tights, a 1993 parody film directed by Mel Brooks Robin Hood (2009 film), a Malayalam film starring Prithviraj Robin Hood (2010 film), directed by Ridley Scott and starring Russell Crowe and Cate Blanchett Robin Hood (2018 film), directed by Otto Bathurst and starring Taron Egerton and Jamie Foxx Gaming Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (video game), a 1991 NES tie-in for the Kevin Costner film Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood, a 2002 strategy computer game developed by Spellbound Studios Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown, a 2003 video game made by Cinemaware and Capcom In print Robin Hood; His Deeds and Adventures as Recounted in the Old English Ballads, a 1906 book by Lucy Fitch Perkins Robin Hood, a 1912 novel by Henry Gilbert Robin Hood: The Prince of Outlaws, a 1937 novel by Carola Oman Robin Hood, a 1955 novel by Antonia Fraser Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, a 1991 novel by Simon R. Green, a novelization of the film Robin Hood, a 1992 novel by A. L. Singer, a novelization of the 1973 film Robin Hood: The Boy Who Became a Legend, a 1999 novel by Kathryn Lasky Robin Hood, a 2005 novel by Narinder Dhami, a novelization of the 1973 film Robin Hood: Demon's Bane, a 2015–17 trilogy of novels by Debbie Viguié and James R. Tuck Robin Hood: The One Who Looked Good in Green, a 2018 novel by Wendy Mass Robin Hood, a 2020 young adult novel series by Robert Muchamore Operas Robin Hood, a 1750 opera, music by Charles Burney (under the Temple of Apollo banner), libretto by Moses Mendez Robin Hood, a 1784 opera, music by William Shield, libretto by L. McNally and E. Lysaght Robin Hood, an 1860 opera, music by George Macfarren, libretto by John Oxenford Robin",
"title": "Robin Hood (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "5590209",
"text": "Sword of Sherwood Forest is a 1960 British Eastman Color adventure film in MegaScope directed by Terence Fisher and starring Richard Greene, Peter Cushing, Niall MacGinnis and Sarah Branch. Greene reprises the role of Robin Hood, which he played in The Adventures of Robin Hood TV series 1955–1959. It was produced by Sidney Cole and Greene for Hammer Film Productions. Plot The Sheriff of Nottingham plans to confiscate the estate of the Lord of Bawtry, a nobleman who has died on Crusade. The Archbishop of Canterbury, speaks against this plan and the Sheriff plots to eliminate him. Robin Hood is asked to undertake the assassination of the Archbishop for the plotters, led by the Earl of Newark and Lord Melton, but on realising who the intended target is, resolves to help the Archbishop instead. Maid Marian also wants to meet the Archbishop so she can grant freedom to the family of a man murdered by the Sheriff's men, and she is also keen to meet Robin again who she met when she thought he was a common outlaw, but now realises he is on the side of good. Main cast Cast notes Apart from Greene, none of the original cast from The Adventures of Robin Hood appear in the film. Production While most Hammer films of that period were filmed at the company's permanent home at Bray Studios, Sword of Sherwood Forest was made at Ardmore Studios in Bray, County Wicklow, in Ireland. The film's music was composed by Alun Hoddinott, with songs by Stanley Black. Critical reception The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: \"Lush Irish landscapes, doing service for Nottinghamshire's medieval green belt, and the presence of two solitary actors, Richard Pasco and Jack Gwillim, fail to save this joyless romp. Pantomimic dialogue, a sprawling plot and a rouged and lipsticked Prioress are but three of the hazards common to this type of film; a needless flogging scene, and the flea-bitten costumes and performances of the small-part players, are more damaging and unpleasant elements in a tradition that remains specifically Hammer's.\" British film critic Leslie Halliwell said: \"The big-screen version of a popular TV series makes a rather feeble addition to the legend, but the actors try hard.\" The New York Times wrote: \"It's business as usual, but hold on. Alan Hackney's script and Terence Fisher's direction keep the incidents jouncing ...a nicely tinted Sherwood Forest is as pretty as could be, and Sarah Branch is certainly the curviest Lady Marian we've ever seen. Mr. Greene is aptly limber, and Peter Cushing, Richard Pasco and an unidentified \"Archbishop of Canterbury\" are excellent\". The Radio Times Guide to Films gave the film 2/5 stars, writing: \"To many, Richard Greene was the definitive Robin Hood, ushering in ITV in a cleverly cast (though cheaply made) television series with a remarkably catchy theme tune. This is the feature, co-produced by Greene for Hammer Films. Alan Wheatley makes way for Peter Cushing as the villainous Sheriff of Nottingham, and the film is directed by",
"title": "Sword of Sherwood Forest"
},
{
"docid": "982180",
"text": "Robin Hood is a 1973 American animated musical adventure comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution. Produced and directed by Wolfgang Reitherman, it is based on the English folktale \"Robin Hood\". The story follows the adventures of Robin Hood, Little John, and the inhabitants of Nottingham as they fight against the excessive taxation of Prince John, and Robin Hood wins the hand of Maid Marian. The film features the voices of Brian Bedford, Phil Harris, Peter Ustinov, Pat Buttram, Monica Evans, Terry-Thomas, Roger Miller, and Carole Shelley. The idea to adapt Robin Hood into an animated feature was dated back to Walt Disney's interest in the tale of Reynard the Fox following the release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). The idea was repeatedly shelved for several decades. In 1968, Ken Anderson pitched a film adaptation of Robin Hood, incorporating ideas from Reynard the Fox by using anthropomorphic animals rather than humans. The project was approved, becoming the first completely \"post-Walt\" animated feature and the first with an entirely non-human cast. Robin Hood was released on November 8, 1973. The film received mixed reviews from critics, but it was nonetheless a box-office success, grossing $33 million worldwide against a production budget of $5 million. Although some retrospective reviews have called out its use of recycled animation, the film's reputation has grown positively over time and has since become a cult classic. Plot The story is narrated by Alan-a-Dale. He introduces Robin Hood and Little John, who live in Sherwood Forest, robbing from the rich and giving to the overtaxed townsfolk of Nottingham. Meanwhile, Prince John and his counselor Sir Hiss arrive in Nottingham. Sir Hiss had hypnotized Prince John's brother, King Richard, to fight in the third crusade, allowing Prince John to take the throne as de facto King. Prince John is greedy and immature, even sucking his thumb whenever his mother is mentioned. Robin and Little John disguise themselves as fortune tellers and rob Prince John, prompting the Prince to swear revenge and put a bounty on their heads. Meanwhile, Prince John's henchman, the cheerful Sheriff of Nottingham, taxes the inhabitants of Nottingham excessively under Prince John's orders. Robin gives back some money to a family of rabbits and gives a bow, arrow, and one of his hats to the young rabbit Skippy for his birthday. Skippy takes two of his sisters and his friend Toby to watch him test out the bow but accidentally fires an arrow into the grounds of Nottingham Castle. The children sneak inside and meet Maid Marian and her lady-in-waiting, Lady Kluck. Marian reveals that she and Robin were once childhood sweethearts. Now having returned to Nottingham after spending many years in London, she wonders if Robin remembers her. Friar Tuck, the local priest, visits Robin and Little John to report that Prince John is hosting an archery tournament, with a kiss from Maid Marian as the prize. Robin disguises himself as a stork and enters",
"title": "Robin Hood (1973 film)"
},
{
"docid": "39771270",
"text": "Lady of the Forest: A Novel of Sherwood is a 1992 historical fiction novel by American author Jennifer Roberson. A re-telling of the Robin Hood legend from the perspective of twelve characters associated with the legend, the story centers around English noblewoman Lady Marian FitzWalter's encounters with Lord Robert of Locksley and his scheming rival the Sheriff of Nottingham amid the backdrop of Prince John's schemes – he aims to increase his own wealth and power at the expense of post-Conquest England and his brother, King Richard. Roberson wrote her novel as a prequel to the known legend. Understanding that Robin Hood lacked a single origin story, she decided to create an original narrative that depicted how \"seven very different people from a rigidly stratified social structure came to join together to fight the inequities of medieval England.\" Roberson spent a year researching and writing the story, and sought to combine fact and legend in developing the motivations for certain characters. The novel was published in September 1992 by Zebra Books, with a cover designed by illustrator Anne Yvonne Gilbert. Lady of the Forest received generally positive reviews, and has been analyzed by Robin Hood scholar Stephen Thomas Knight, who observed that Roberson's Marian is a \"strong woman\" who helps Robert, a traumatized veteran of the Crusades, adjust to his life in England; Knight connects this to the \"post-Vietnam\" mood that existed when the novel was written. Roberson released a sequel, Lady of Sherwood, in 1999. Plot summary The story begins in the spring of 1194 in the English county of Nottinghamshire. Lady Marian FitzWalter attends a festival held at Huntington Castle by the Earl of Huntington, who wishes to honour the return of his only surviving heir, Lord Robert of Locksley, from the Crusades. Marian seeks an audience with Robert to learn the manner of her Crusader father's death the previous year, as Robert was a witness. The reserved, mentally scarred Robert reacts strongly, having flashbacks to Sir Hugh's violent murder at the hands of Saracens. He informs her that Hugh wished for Marian to marry William DeLacey, the harsh and scheming Sheriff of Nottingham, to her dismay. DeLacey knows naught of her father's last wishes, but intends to make her marry him anyway. Prince John arrives at the festival unexpectedly with plans: he states his wish to ally himself with the Earl by marrying Robert to his bastard daughter Joanna, and also approaches DeLacey about raising more taxes ostensibly to be sent to ransom John's brother, King Richard. In truth, John wishes to keep the revenue for himself and maintain his brother's imprisonment. Soon after, Marian is reluctantly manipulated into accompanying the Sheriff to attend a market at Nottingham Castle. There, she is kidnapped by the prisoner William \"Scarlet\" Scathlocke, an enraged man imprisoned for killing four Norman soldiers, and is taken into the depths of nearby Sherwood Forest. Lord Robert, who was taught how to navigate the massive forest as a youth, secretly tracks Scarlet and is",
"title": "Lady of the Forest"
},
{
"docid": "270446",
"text": "Nottingham is a city in England, and the county town of Nottinghamshire. Nottingham may also refer to: Places United Kingdom Nottingham (UK Parliament constituency), 1295–1885 Nottingham (European Parliament constituency), 1979–1994 United States Nottingham, Indiana Nottingham, Maryland Nottingham, Prince George's County, Maryland Nottingham, New Hampshire Nottingham, New Jersey Nottingham, Ohio Nottingham, West Virginia Nottingham Township, Harrison County, Ohio Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania East Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania West Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania Livermore, California, formerly Nottingham People Earl of Nottingham, a title in the Peerage of England, including a list of men who have borne this title Edward Nottingham (born 1948), United States federal judge Jacob Nottingham, American baseball player Wayne B. Nottingham, physics professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ships , various Royal Navy ships , a merchant ship sunk in 1941 , a merchant ship scrapped in 1971 , an East Indiaman Fiction Sheriff of Nottingham, the fictional villain in the Robin Hood legend Ian Nottingham, a character from the Witchblade comic and television series Robin Hood (2010 film) (original title: Nottingham) Other uses Nottingham (HM Prison), a Category B men's prison in Nottingham, England Nottingham (speedway), a 1930s motorcycle racing team Nottingham Cooperative, a housing cooperative in Madison, Wisconsin \"Nottingham Lace\", a song by guitarist Buckethead from the 2005 album Enter the Chicken Nottingham system, a modification of the Bloom–Richardson grading system for breast tumors See also Mottingham, a district of London",
"title": "Nottingham (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "5603627",
"text": "Robin Hood and the Potter is a 15th century ballad of Robin Hood. While usually classed with other Robin Hood ballads, it does not appear to have originally been intended to be sung, but rather recited by a minstrel, and thus is closer to a poem. It is one of the very oldest pieces of the surviving Robin Hood legend, with perhaps only Robin Hood and the Monk older than it. It inspired a short play intended for use in May Day games, attested to around 1560. It was later published by Francis James Child as Child ballad #121 in his influential collection of popular ballads in the 1880s. The story of Potter includes some common motifs that would feature in later Robin Hood stories: single combat where victory is not guaranteed; Robin Hood taking a disguise to blend in; an archery competition; and a naive sheriff who enters the greenwood where he is dramatically outwitted by the crafty outlaws who know the forest better. The tone of Potter is more comic than other early Robin Hood stories that were more violent, such as Robin Hood and the Monk or Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne. Nobody dies, and the story concludes with the \"lowde lawhyng\" (loud laughing) of the Sheriff's wife. Plot Robin Hood and Little John spy a potter approaching down the path. Little John mentions that he once met the same potter at Wentbridge and fought him, and his sides are still sore from the encounter. Little John makes a bet with Robin that he won't be able to make him pay a toll. Robin accepts and demands a toll of a potter (pavage) for crossing a bridge in the forest. They fight a duel, Robin wielding a sword and buckler while the potter uses his staff, and the potter wins. The two reconcile and Robin Hood strikes a deal with the potter. The potter will stay in the Forest, while Robin disguises himself as the potter and travels to Nottingham to sell the pots. He charges ridiculously low prices and so sells them all; by his doing so, the Sheriff's wife is intrigued, and when Robin gives her his last pots for free, she invites him to dinner with her and the sheriff. While at dinner the Sheriff's men are having an archery contest, Robin shows the Sheriff that he can shoot far better than the Sheriff's men, and he then explains that he can shoot that well because he was taught by Robin Hood. The sheriff asks him to lead him to the outlaw. Robin agrees, and when back in the forest the sheriff is ambushed by Robin's men. They take his money and his clothes. Because of the hospitality of the sheriff's wife in Nottingham, Robin lets him go free, telling him he must give his wife a white palfrey. On returning to Nottingham, the wife laughs at the Sheriff. She remarks that Robin has been paid back for the pots he gave to",
"title": "Robin Hood and the Potter"
},
{
"docid": "2071706",
"text": "Robin and Marian is a 1976 romantic adventure film from Columbia Pictures, shot in Panavision and Technicolor, that was directed by Richard Lester and written by James Goldman after the legend of Robin Hood. The film stars Sean Connery as Robin Hood, Audrey Hepburn as Lady Marian, Nicol Williamson as Little John, Robert Shaw as the Sheriff of Nottingham, Richard Harris as Richard the Lionheart, and Denholm Elliott as Will Scarlet. It also features comedian Ronnie Barker in a rare film role as Friar Tuck. Robin and Marian was filmed in Zamora, as well as Artajona, Urbasa, Quinto Real and Orgi, all small medieval villages in Navarre, Spain. It marked Hepburn's return to the screen after an eight-year absence. Lester made Robin and Marian amid a series of period pieces, including The Three Musketeers (1973). The original music score was composed by John Barry. The film originally was titled The Death of Robin Hood but was changed by Columbia Pictures to be more marketable, and perhaps give equal billing to Hepburn. It is the only theatrical film based on the Robin Hood legend that makes use of a very old story (found in A Gest of Robyn Hode) depicting his murder at the hands of a prioress he was related to but turns the legend on its head by making Marian the prioress, and making it an act of love, not betrayal. Plot An ageing Robin Hood has been a trusted captain fighting for King Richard the Lionheart for twenty years and is now in France, the Third Crusade over. Richard orders him to take a castle which is rumoured to hold a gold statue. Discovering that it is defended by a solitary, one-eyed old man who is sheltering women and children, and being told the statue is worthless stone, Robin and his right-hand man, Little John, refuse to attack. King Richard, angry, orders the pair's execution and the castle attacked, but is wounded with an arrow by the old man. Richard has the helpless residents massacred, with the exception of the old man, because Richard likes his eye. Mortally wounded, the King offers to let Robin beg for his life. When Robin refuses, Richard draws his sword, lacks the strength to strike him and falls. Robin helps the dying king and, moved by his loyalty, Richard frees Robin and Little John. The two return to England and reunite with old friends Will Scarlet and Friar Tuck in Sherwood Forest. He hears his exploits have become legendary. When Robin inquires about Maid Marian, they tell him where she lives. When he goes to see her, she finds him as impossible as ever, while he discovers she has become an abbess. He learns that his old nemesis, the Sheriff of Nottingham, has ordered her arrest in response to King John's order to expel senior leaders of the Roman Catholic Church from England. When the sheriff comes to arrest Marian, Robin rescues her against her will, striking Sir Ranulf, the sheriff's arrogant",
"title": "Robin and Marian"
},
{
"docid": "22749489",
"text": "Robin Hood is a comic opera by Reginald De Koven (music), Harry B. Smith (lyrics) and Clement Scott (lyrics of \"Oh Promise Me\"). The story is based on the Robin Hood legend, during the reign of King Richard I (1189-1199 AD). The opera was composed in Chicago, Illinois during the winter of 1888-1889. The opera was first performed at the Chicago Opera House on 9 June 1890. It was produced by the Boston Ideal Opera Company, also known as the Bostonians. The opera opened in New York at the Standard Theatre on September 22, 1891 and was produced in London at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 1891 with a new title, Maid Marian. It was revived at the Knickerbocker Theater on Broadway on April 30, 1900. Other Broadway revivals were in 1902 at the Academy of Music, in 1912 at New Amsterdam Theatre with Walter Hyde in the title role, in 1918 at the Park Theatre, in 1929 at the Casino Theatre and Jolson's 59th Street Theatre, in 1932 at Erlanger's Theatre, and in 1944 at the Adelphi Theatre. In 2004 Ohio Light Opera produced the opera based on a new critical edition of the opera that it commissioned from Quade Winter, based on the composer's original manuscripts in the Library of Congress. A complete CD recording was issued by Albany Records. Synopsis The opera is set in the late 12th century during the reign of King Richard I. Act 1 In the market square in Nottingham, England, villagers are celebrating the first day of May. Friar Tuck tells how he sells clothing and other goods (\"As an Honest Auctioneer\"). Annabel and the milkmaids are happy with their lives (\"Milkmaids' Song\"), but Allan-a-Dale notes that milkmaids are overworked. Robin Hood and his archers arrive and tout their ideal life in the woods (\"Come the Bowmen in Lincoln Green\"); they are welcomed to an archery contest. Robin notices Annabel, and Allan-A-Dale quickly questions his motives, as Allan loves Annabel. Annabel, Allan, Robin and the outlaw Little John consider the fickle nature of love. Maid Marian enters in disguise as a page boy to see Sir Guy of Gisborne, the ward of the Sheriff of Nottingham (\"I Came as a Cavalier\"). The Sheriff has arranged a marriage between Guy and Marian. Marian reveals herself to Robin and the reasons for her disguise, and the two fall in love (\"Come Dream So Bright\"). The Sheriff appears and boasts of his plans (\"I am the Sheriff of Nottingham\"). Sir Guy and the Sheriff plot how Guy will ask Marian to marry him (When a Peer Makes Love to a Damsel Fair). Robin and the bowmen return, pleased about the prizes they won in the archery contest. Because Robin is to receive his inheritance today, they go to the Sheriff's residence, knock on the door, and demand that the Sheriff declare Robin Hood's title of Earl, with its title to his land,and cash. The Sheriff refuses all demands and produces forged documents stating that",
"title": "Robin Hood (De Koven opera)"
},
{
"docid": "5603757",
"text": "Robin Hood and the Butcher (Roud 3980, Child 122) is a story in the Robin Hood canon which has survived as, among other forms, a late seventeenth-century English broadside ballad, and is one of several ballads about the medieval folk hero that form part of the Child ballad collection, which is one of the most comprehensive collections of traditional English ballads. It may have been derived from the similar Robin Hood and the Potter. Synopsis Robin Hood meets with a \"jolly\" butcher on horseback, on his way to sell his meat at a fair (1.9). Robin appreciates the butcher's good nature and asks him about his trade and where he lives. The butcher refuses to say where he lives, but tells Robin he is going to a fair in Nottingham, and in response Robin queries him about the price of his meat and horse, interested in becoming a butcher himself (although, in some variants he fights with the butcher). In all variants, Robin buys the butcher's goods and goes into Nottingham, where he sells a lot of meat at ridiculously low prices. The other butchers suspect that he is a prodigal who is wasting his inheritance: \"For he sold more meat for one penny / than others could do for five / Which made the Butchers of Nottingham / [...] / to study as they did stand / Saying surely he was some Prodigal / that had sold his Fathers land\" (2.19-25). They invite him to the sheriff's, where their guild is feasting, and Robin and the butchers make merry over food and wine. Since Robin proposes to pay for all their food and drink (\"For the shot I will pay e're I go my way,\" Robin says [3.19]), the butchers and the Sheriff again speculate that he must have inherited and sold some land for a lot of money. The Sheriff asks if he has more animals to sell. Robin says he has two or three hundred beasts on one hundred acres of land and invites the Sheriff to see them, whereupon the Sheriff, with three hundred pounds of gold on his person, rides with him to Sherwood Forrest. Not knowing Robin's true identity, the Sheriff ironically hopes that they do not meet a certain \"man they call Rob. Hood\" (4.5). Once there, a hundred deer happen to appear and Robin shows them to the Sheriff, claiming them as his animals, but the Sheriff has decided he does not like Robin's company. Robin then summons Little John and the rest of his men with his horn. Robin takes the Sheriff's portmanteau and counts five hundred gold pounds in it, which he intends to keep for himself and the band. He then sends the Sheriff on his way home, jokingly commending himself to the Sheriff's wife before riding away laughing. Variations of the ballad This ballad is an abridgment of an older ballad, Robin Hood and the Potter. There are two extant versions of \"Robin Hood and the Butcher,\" Version",
"title": "Robin Hood and the Butcher"
},
{
"docid": "46912362",
"text": "Robin Hood is a 2018 American action-adventure film directed by Otto Bathurst and written by Ben Chandler and David James Kelly, from a story by Chandler. It is a quasi-contemporary retelling of the Robin Hood legend, and follows his training by John to steal from the Sheriff of Nottingham. The film stars Taron Egerton as Robin, and features Jamie Foxx, Ben Mendelsohn, Eve Hewson, Tim Minchin and Jamie Dornan in supporting roles. Returning home to England to learn the corrupt Sheriff of Nottingham (Mendelsohn) has seized his family estate, aristocrat Robin of Loxley joins forces with Friar Tuck (Minchin) and Little John (Foxx) – a fierce Arabian warrior who wants to put an end to the Crusades. Armed with arrows and dubbed Robin Hood, Loxley leads a band of oppressed rebels in a daring plan to rob the Sheriff of his money and take away his power. The film was announced in February 2015, with Egerton signing on as the lead role that September. Hewson, Foxx and Mendelsohn all joined the cast over the following year, and principal photography began in February 2017, lasting through May. Robin Hood was released by Lionsgate on November 21, 2018. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $86 million against a production budget of $100 million. Due to its label as a critical and financial flop, in addition to its modern take on classic source material, numerous publications compared the film to 2017's unsuccessful King Arthur: Legend of the Sword. Robin Hood was nominated for three Razzies for Worst Remake, Worst Supporting Actor for Foxx, and Worst Picture. Plot Lord Robin of Loxley, an aristocrat and an English longbow master, lives in Nottingham and enjoys a good life with his lover Marian, before he is drafted by the corrupt Sheriff of Nottingham to fight in the Third Crusade against the Saracens. Four years later, Robin becomes disillusioned with the Crusades when he fails to prevent his commander, Guy of Gisbourne, from executing unarmed prisoners, including a teenage boy, despite the pleading of the boy's father, which prompts Gisbourne to send Robin back home under accusations of treasonous conduct. When he returns to Nottingham, Robin learns from his old friend Friar Tuck that the Sheriff had officially declared him dead two years prior, seizing his land and wealth to continue funding the war effort at the behest of the corrupt Cardinal Franklin. The citizens were exiled from the city and into the coal mine town across the river. Investigating \"the Slags\", Robin witnesses the commoners planning to rise against the government that oppresses and exploits them and learns that Marian is now involved with their aspiring leader, Will Tillman. Robin is prevented from contacting her by the prisoner whose son he tried to save. The man then introduces himself as Yahya — which he says can be translated to \"John\" — and proposes that he and Robin work to end the war by stealing back the money taken from the people. Marian seeks",
"title": "Robin Hood (2018 film)"
},
{
"docid": "6601160",
"text": "Brent Charlesworth (born 22 July 1942) is a British local councillor who has served as Lord Mayor and Sheriff of Nottingham, and later as Mayor of Lincoln. Biography Born in Sheffield on the 22nd of July, 1942 to Ronald and Sarah Charlesworth, Brent grew up on the Shirecliffe estate in Sheffield. His father worked 45 years in the steelworks in Templeborough (Rotherham) until the steel industry was wiped out during the Thatcher years. Educated at Nether Edge (which became) Abbeydale Boys’ Grammar School, he trained as a teacher in Birmingham and taught in that city in the 1960s. Later he studied for a BA at the University of Wales, subsequently becoming a part-time university tutor. He also studied at the University of Leicester for a higher degree. He moved to Nottingham in 1971, becoming a Lecturer in Education at the former Trent Polytechnic (now Nottingham Trent University). He became Senior Lecturer in the Social Studies Department, working on the Clifton Campus from 1976 until taking early retirement some 25 years later. Political career In 1983 he was elected to Nottingham City Council as Labour member for the Clifton West ward. After boundary changes abolished the Clifton West ward in 2003, when the City Council became a unitary authority, he was elected member for the newly created Clifton South ward. As a Nottingham City councillor, he held various positions of responsibility, latterly Vice-Chair of the Notts/Nottingham Fire and Rescue Service. Around 2000, he served as Chair of Governors for Whitegate Primary and Nursery School in Nottingham. He served as the Lord Mayor of Nottingham in 2003/04, and was Sheriff of Nottingham for two years from 1991. Whilst serving the latter civic office, he travelled to the United States to present Hollywood actor Kevin Costner with an award recognising the achievements of the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, in which Costner played the lead role and, when he was Lord Mayor, opened the Ningbo campus of the University of Nottingham in China. He stood down from Nottingham City Council in May 2007, moved to Lincoln, ostensibly to retire, but was subsequently voted in as councillor for Park Ward on Lincoln City Council. When Labour recovered power in Lincoln in 2011, he was appointed Executive Portfolio Holder for Social Inclusion and Community Cohesion, a post he held until taking civic office on 3 June 2014 as the 808th Mayor of Lincoln. In this role, he signed a twinning agreement with the city of Nanchang, China at the Lincoln Guildhall. He chose his Park Ward councillor colleague David Jackson as his Sheriff. His term came to an end on 19 May 2015. He has described himself as a socialist, and expressed opposition to identity politics. Personal life He has one son, Daniel, who graduated in Psychology from the University of Lincoln. He currently lives in Lincoln. Originally a Sheffield Wednesday supporter, he attends every Imps (Lincoln City FC) home match. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20110831062407/http://tmf.lincoln.gov.uk/CouncillorDetail.asp/?sec_id=2771&id=235 - Councillor Brent Charlesworth's page at Lincoln City Council",
"title": "Brent Charlesworth"
},
{
"docid": "16971609",
"text": "Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne is Child Ballad 118, part of the Percy collection. It introduces and disposes of Guy of Gisborne who remains next to the Sheriff of Nottingham the chief villain of the Robin Hood legend. This ballad survives in a single seventeenth century copy but has always been recognized as much older in content, possibly older than Robin Hood and the Monk. A play with a similar plot survives in a copy dated to 1475. The Oxford Companion to English Literature describes it as the best known of the Robin Hood ballads. But it is also the most often cited, along with Robin Hood and the Monk, for excessive brutality. Guy comes to Barnesdale to capture Robin Hood, but Robin kills and beheads him. Meanwhile, Little John has been captured by the Sheriff, but Robin rescues him by impersonating Guy of Gisborne. External links Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne ROBIN HOOD AND GUY OF GISBORNE: INTRODUCTION References Child Ballads Robin Hood ballads",
"title": "Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne"
},
{
"docid": "14236499",
"text": "The Legend of Robin Hood was a 1975 BBC television serial that told the story of the life of Robin Hood. Plot Robin has been raised as the son of John Hood, a groundskeeper, but learns that he is in fact the long lost son of the Earl of Huntingdon. He comes into conflict with a plot to replace King Richard I by his brother Prince John involving the Sheriff of Nottingham and Sir Guy of Gisbourne. Broadcast The serial was broadcast by the BBC in the Sunday \"tea time slot\". The serial was also broadcast by PBS in the United States, alongside other BBC period dramas such as The Forsyte Saga and Elizabeth R. Cast Martin Potter as Robin Hood Diane Keen as Lady Marion John Abineri as Sir Kenneth Neston William Marlowe as Sir Guy of Gisbourne Paul Darrow as Sheriff of Nottingham Michael-John Jackson as King Richard David Dixon as Prince John Reception Clive James praised The Legend of Robin Hood in The Observer, describing it as \"a promising series. Neatly written, well acted, finely dressed and softly filmed like Akenfield.\" Controversy Mary Whitehouse and the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association attacked The Legend of Robin Hood, saying the program displayed \"extreme violence and sadism\" and was not suitable for children. The BBC defended the show by stating that it had been approved by senior BBC executives, and had also been promoted as a program for parents and children to watch together. Discussing the controversy, television historian James Chapman stated: \"Viewed today, The Legend of Robin Hood does not seem particularly violent, certainly not in comparison to Arthur of the Britons\". References External links 1970s British drama television series BBC television dramas Robin Hood television series Period television series 1975 British television series debuts 1975 British television series endings 1970s British television miniseries British adventure television series British English-language television shows Cultural depictions of Eleanor of Aquitaine Films scored by Stanley Myers",
"title": "The Legend of Robin Hood (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "49887530",
"text": "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 adventure film about the legendary outlaw Robin Hood. Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves may also refer to: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (video game), a 1991 video game tie-in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (2009 film), a 2009 Indian film See also The Prince of Thieves, a 1948 Robin Hood film Robin Hood (disambiguation) Prince of Thieves (disambiguation)",
"title": "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "6040384",
"text": "Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood is a 2002 stealth-based real-time tactics video game developed by Spellbound Entertainment. It is similar to games such as Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive and the Commandos series. In the game, the player controls up to five characters in a setting based on the stories of the protagonist, Robin Hood. The player can also control Robin Hood's Merry Men, including Little John, Friar Tuck, Will Scarlet, Will Stutely, and Maid Marian. Robin and his crew must evade the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham and his henchmen and stop the machinations of the vile usurper to England's throne, Prince John. However, Robin must avoid killing enemies as much as possible, or he will not be able to recruit as many new Merry Men. Plot The game starts with Robin Hood, arriving in Lincoln from the Crusades, and finding out that his inheritance has been stolen by the notorious Sheriff of Nottingham. After the player finishes the first and second missions, meets Maid Marian in the Nottingham cathedral, and subsequently tries to meet the Prince, it is understood that King Richard has been kidnapped by Leopold of Austria for a ransom, and that the Regent Prince John is unlawfully usurping the rightful king. The responsibility of getting the ransom of £100,000 to save the king falls into the player's hands. Missions generally include ambushing convoys and infiltrating towns, usually to gather information or even liberate a notable outlaw from the sheriff's clutches. In the final mission, Robin must fight the Sheriff of Nottingham, thereby defeating the Prince. Gameplay While the merry men can kill or wound enemy soldiers, their resources are limited to a certain extent, with main characters having more than minor miscellaneous ones. In addition, in every town, the player can give money to beggars, who, when given coins and purses, help by providing hints and tips. Common folk sometimes, though rarely, offer help but two—a woman in a red apron and a man in a red-and-blue shirt—flee at the sight of a merry man and alert nearby enemy soldiers. The greed of enemy soldiers is also limited, with money purses not affecting sergeants, while ale does affect them. Sometimes, money can be found in knights, cavalry units, sergeants, and more rarely, normal soldiers. Reception The PC version received \"favorable\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Awards The game received awards for Best Game Design and Best Animation at the 2003 Animago Awards. References External links Official webpage RuneSoft 2002 video games Freeverse Inc. games Linux games MacOS games MorphOS games RuneSoft games Legend of Sherwood Stealth video games Video games developed in Germany Windows games Strategy First games Single-player video games Spellbound Entertainment games Meridian4 games",
"title": "Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood"
},
{
"docid": "4758473",
"text": "Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown is a turn-based strategy video game developed by Cinemaware and published by Capcom. It is loosely based on the legend of Robin Hood and remake of Cinemaware's previous game Defender of the Crown, released for PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox, and mobile phones. Plot It is a time of great unrest in England. With King Richard the Lionheart held for ransom, the evil Prince John seizes the throne, and declares himself the King of England. The entire nation soon falls into civil war as greedy nobles war amongst themselves and Prince John sends forth armies to shackle the country under his unjust rule. In this time of lawlessness, only an outlaw can lead the people to freedom. One man, the embodiment of true honor, vows to save his people and restore peace to the land. This man is known as Robin Hood. From the small-scale skirmishes with the Sheriff of Nottingham in Sherwood Forest, Robin finds himself drawn into the larger battlefields of England, and the hero of the poor must become the savior of an entire nation. Gameplay Robin Hood is a blend of role-playing and turn-based strategy combined with action sequences. As Robin Hood, the player must: Fund the war effort by lightening the purses of traveling merchants in archery ambushes. Lay siege to castles using mighty siege engines and Greek Fire. Joust in tournaments for fame, fortune and land. Conquer England's 38 territories by commanding troops on the battlefield and manage Robin's growing armies. Sword fight through battlements, catacombs and towers in search of treasure - or to rescue a damsel-in-distress. The game also features: Special events, multiple goals and non-linear gameplay. A story of action, drama, romance and adventure. Twenty minutes of rendered cutscenes and a full hour of recorded voice acting. 8 different alternate game endings depending on the player's actions through the game. Reception The PC, PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions received \"mixed\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. IGN said, \"With all the elements that come into play, Defender of the Crown is overly enjoyable — especially for fans of strategy titles who want to be able to pick up and play something without too much of a hassle.\" References External links Official product page 2003 video games Capcom games Cinemaware games Mobile games PlayStation 2 games Defender of the Crown Turn-based strategy video games Video game remakes Video games developed in the United States Video games scored by Troels Brun Folmann Video games set in the Middle Ages Windows games Xbox games Atomic Planet Entertainment games Single-player video games I-play games",
"title": "Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown"
},
{
"docid": "5415673",
"text": "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a console game released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy developed by Sculptured Software, Inc. and Bits Studios, respectively, and published by Virgin Games, Inc. It was based on the film of the same name. The game was featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of Nintendo Power magazine. However, this issue was notorious for the fact that the game was not released until 4 months after the issue was released. Gameplay The game was notable for featuring several modes of gameplay. The standard adventuring mode depicted the action from an overhead perspective as the player guided Robin through the environment, battling enemies. A second mode used for one-on-one duels depicted the action from the side and featured different controls that allowed the player-controlled character to jump as well as attack and guard. The third mode, a melee mode, featured action taking place from an extreme overhead perspective, allowing for the depiction of large-scale battles between large forces. This mode typically ensued when a large number of Robin's merry men and enemy soldiers clashed. During a horse racing sequence, there is yet another mode, a blend of the overhead and side perspectives, as the horse must be guided to jump over debris and ultimately beat the competitor. The game also had a loose equipping system, where nearly any object could be held as a weapon. When Duncan first joins Robin's band, he comes brandishing a chicken leg for attack. Story The game opens in an Arab prison in Jerusalem. Robin Hood is in prison along with Peter Dubois and Azeem. Robin must free both of them and then they must make their escape. Peter is mortally wounded in the escape process, but Robin and Azeem escape to England. Upon arrival in England, Robin finds that his father has been murdered and that the Sheriff of Nottingham is ruling England oppressively in the absence of King Richard. Maid Marian tells Robin that there are rumours that men are hiding out in Sherwood Forest from the sheriff and tells him to go there, seek them out and join them. Once Robin joins the camp in Sherwood, it becomes Robin Hood's home base for the remainder of the game. He continually leaves camp to undertake various missions. Upon completing each mission, Robin must return to camp to find out what mission to undertake next. Eventually, Robin Hood takes his last mission to get rid of the Sheriff of Nottingham. Once Robin defeats the Sheriff, the game is won and concludes with a wedding of Robin Hood and Maid Marian, which is interrupted by King Richard, who has just returned to England. Richard gives Marian away and she and Robin are married. Reception Power Unlimited gave the Game Boy version a score of 83% commenting: \"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is, of course, based on the movie, but not as bad as many other such games. On the contrary: it is",
"title": "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "723582",
"text": "The Story of Robin Hood and his Merrie Men is a 1952 action-adventure film produced by RKO-Walt Disney British Productions, based on the Robin Hood legend, made in Technicolor and filmed in Buckinghamshire, England. It was written by Lawrence Edward Watkin and directed by Ken Annakin. It is the second of Disney's complete live-action films, after Treasure Island (1950), and the first of four films Annakin directed for Disney. Plot Young Robin Hood, in love with Maid Marian, enters an archery contest with his father at the King's palace. On the way home his father is killed by henchmen of Prince John. Robin takes up the life of an outlaw, gathering together his band of merry men with him in Sherwood Forest, to avenge his father's death and to help the people of the land whom Prince John is over taxing. Cast Richard Todd as Robin Hood Joan Rice as Maid Marian Peter Finch as the Sheriff of Nottingham James Hayter as Friar Tuck James Robertson Justice as Little John Martita Hunt as Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine Hubert Gregg as Prince John Elton Hayes as Alan-a-Dale Anthony Eustrel as the Archbishop of Canterbury Patrick Barr as King Richard Anthony Forwood as Will Scarlet Bill Owen as Will Stutely Hal Osmond as Much the Miller Louise Hampton as Tyb, aged nurse of Maid Marian Richard Graydon as Merrie Man Michael Hordern as Scathelock Bill Travers as Possie Man Clement McCallin as The Earl of Huntingdon Nigel Neilson as Merrie Man Geoffrey Lumsden as Merrie Man Julian Somers as Posse Leader Leonard Charles Newcombe as a Page Boy to Maid Marian Production The idea to make the film was Walt Disney's. He wanted to use colour, use a more historically accurate script than in most previous Robin Hood films, and to shoot on location in Nottingham Forest. Ken Annakin was loaned out from J. Arthur Rank Films, to whom he was under contract, to make the film. Annakin says the entire film was storyboarded in advance by Carmen Dillon and Guy Green, so as to ensure Walt Disney to keep creative control, adding \"quite often I had to bite my tongue or be prepared to quit\", but Annakin soon earned Disney's respect and the two men went on to make several films together. Production began in April 1951 at Denham Film Studios in London. This was the second film Disney made in the United Kingdom, the first being Treasure Island (1950). These and several other Disney films were made using British funds frozen during World War II. Originally Bobby Driscoll was going to be featured in the film as a boy in Robin's camp, but he was unable to appear in the film because he had violated British labour laws with his appearance in Treasure Island. In Driscoll's absence, the story was rewritten to focus on the romantic relationship between Robin Hood and Maid Marian. Robert Newton, who was originally cast as Friar Tuck, had to be recast with James Hayter after",
"title": "The Story of Robin Hood (film)"
},
{
"docid": "3014033",
"text": "John Edwin Arnatt (9 May 1917 – 21 December 1999) was a British actor. Early life and education John Arnatt was born in Petrograd, Russia on 9 May 1917. His parents were Francis and Ethel Marion (née Jephcott) Arnatt. He attended Epworth College. Arnatt trained for the stage at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Career One of Arnatt's most high-profile roles was as \"The Deputy Sheriff of Nottingham\" in the fourth and final season of 1955-60 TV series The Adventures of Robin Hood starring Richard Greene. His character filled in for Alan Wheatley, who played the regular sheriff. Arnatt's character was introduced and interacted with Wheatley's character in the episode \"The Devil You Don't Know\". In the 1962 film Dr Crippen, starring Donald Pleasence (who also had a recurring role in \"The Adventures of Robin Hood\" as Prince John), Arnatt played Chief Inspector Walter Dew. Arnatt also played an imitation \"M\" to Tom Adams' imitation James Bond in two films, Licensed to Kill and Where the Bullets Fly (1966). In 1967, Arnatt got something of a promotion when he played the High Sheriff of Nottingham opposite Barrie Ingham's Robin in the film A Challenge for Robin Hood. Never well known, he amassed numerous television credits in programmes such as Steptoe and Son, Keeping Up Appearances, Dangerfield, Lovejoy, The Professionals, House of Cards, Thriller and Z-Cars. He had a recurring role in the first two series of the ITV legal drama, The Main Chance (1969–70) and in Doctor Who he was the second actor to play Time Lord Cardinal Borusa in the serial The Invasion of Time (1978). Later, in the television film, Marple: The Moving Finger (1985), he played Reverend Guy Calthrop. In 1995 he was elected Master of the Green Room Lodge no. 2957. Death John Arnatt died at the age of 82 on 21 December 1999. Filmography Film Television References External links 1917 births 1999 deaths British male television actors 20th-century British male actors Alumni of RADA British expatriates in the Russian Empire",
"title": "John Arnatt"
},
{
"docid": "6220128",
"text": "Robin Hood and the Monk is a Middle English ballad and one of the oldest surviving ballads of Robin Hood. The earliest surviving document with the work is from around 1450, and it may have been composed even earlier in the 15th century. It is also one of the longest ballads at around 2,700 words. It is considered one of the best of the original ballads of Robin Hood. In Robin Hood and the Monk, Robin goes to Nottingham for mass, but has a dispute with Little John on the way. In Nottingham, he is spotted by a monk and captured. Little John, Much the Miller's Son, and other Merry Men intercept the monk, kill him, and launch a successful plot to free Robin from prison. Robin and Little John are reconciled. The King and Sheriff are left frustrated at Robin's escape, although they are impressed at Little John's loyalty. Plot Little John talks of the May morning, but Robin Hood is still unhappy because he cannot go to Mass or matins. He decides to go to a service in Nottingham, inspired by his devotion to the Virgin Mary. \"Moche, the mylner sun\" (Much the Miller's Son) advises him to take at least twelve men; he refuses and goes with only Little John. On the way, he makes a bet with Little John, loses, and refuses to pay when they cannot agree on the payout. Little John leaves him. Robin goes to St. Mary's in Nottingham and prays. A monk whom he had robbed sees him and tells the sheriff, who gathers a group of many men to arrest Robin. Robin fights them off with a two-handed sword, wounding many and killing twelve of the sheriff's men. His sword breaks while fighting the sheriff, and he runs into the church in an attempt to escape. The text breaks off at this point; there is a page missing that presumably described Robin's capture and the news reaching his men. The story continues with the men's shock, and Little John being the only one to keep his wits about him. He declares they must rescue him. They catch the monk riding with a little page; Little John kills the monk for his role in Robin's capture, and Much kills the page so that the page cannot spread word of the ambush. Little John and Much go to the (unnamed) king with the monk's letters and tell him the monk died on the way. The king gives them gifts and directions to bring Robin Hood to him. Little John brings the letters to the sheriff and tells him that the monk did not come because the king had made him an abbot. They get into the prison, kill the jailer, and escape with Robin. The sheriff does not dare face the king. Robin says that Little John has done him a good turn in return for the ill one he played, and offered to be his man; Little John still wants him to",
"title": "Robin Hood and the Monk"
},
{
"docid": "39047069",
"text": "Dominique Mattei (born in 1981 in Marseille, France) better known by the stage name Dumè is a French singer, composer and actor. Biography As an adolescent, he studied composing, singing and playing guitar at the Marseilles conservatory. He opened for concerts by Pascal Obispo and signed as a composer for Atletico music. He wrote songs for Johnny Hallyday, Faudel, Natasha Saint-Pier, Louisy Joseph amongst others and partnered with Lionel Florence writing for others. In November 2009, Dominique Mattei announced that he was taking the name Dumè and was preparing his first album through financing from My Major Company. In 2012, Dumè was also featured in Génération Goldman tribute project to Jean-Jaques Goldman singing Il suffira d'un signe alongside Merwan Rim, Amaury Vassili and Baptiste Giabiconi. In 2013, he is taking part in the French musical adaptation of Robin hood titled Robin des Bois playing the role of Vaisey, the Sheriff of Nottingham. He also performs in the play Notting Hill Nottingham as a solo and Devenir quelqu'un with M. Pokora (in the role of Robin Hood). His first album solo is edited in 2014 : La moitié du chemin. Discography Singles 2010 : Je ne sais rien faire 2012 : La moitié du chemin, duet with Judith 2014 : Maman m'avait dit Album 2014 : La moitié du chemin Appearances 2012 : Il suffira d'un signe (Merwan Rim, Amaury Vassili, Baptiste Giabiconi and Dumè in Génération Goldman) Musical Theatre 2013 : Robin des Bois, Vaisey, the Sheriff of Nottingham Notting Hill Nottingham (Dumè in Robin des Bois) Devenir quelqu'un (Dumè & M. Pokora in Robin des Bois) Y renoncer un jour (Dumè in \"Robin des Bois\") References French composers French male composers 1981 births Living people Male actors from Marseille 21st-century French singers 21st-century French male singers",
"title": "Dumè"
},
{
"docid": "3130659",
"text": "Princess of Thieves is a romantic adventure television film starring Keira Knightley, produced by Granada Productions, and premiered on ABC's The Wonderful World of Disney in the United States in 2001. Co-starring in the film are Stuart Wilson as Robin Hood, Stephen Moyer as Prince Philip, Jonathan Hyde as Prince John and Malcolm McDowell as the Sheriff. The movie was directed by Peter Hewitt and filmed in Romania. The film's plotline draws inspiration from the classic Robin Hood legend, which has been adapted many times for screen. Plot Years after the \"known\" events of the Robin Hood legend, Robin's daughter, Gwyn (Keira Knightley) has grown up to be a strong-willed young woman, with a talent for archery, much like her father. As Maid Marian has died and Robin Hood (Stuart Wilson) is perpetually away battling in the Crusades, Gwyn has lived much of her life alone. Her only friend is the sweet but plain Froderick (Del Synnott), who clearly is in love with her. Upon the death of King Richard the Lionheart, Robin returns to see that the proper man takes Richard's place as King of England. Robin is quickly foiled and imprisoned by his enemies, the Sheriff of Nottingham (Malcolm McDowell) and Prince John (Jonathan Hyde). It is then up to Gwyn to save the day. She must complete Robin's mission to find and protect the young Prince Philip (Stephen Moyer), who has just returned from exile in France to claim the throne – not an easy task since he has decided to forsake his true identity and is travelling anonymously under his valet's name (who died en route protecting his prince). Though she does fortuitously cross paths with the prince, she is not aware of his identity. With a romantic spark budding between them, they must find the Merry Men and join forces to free her father from the tortures of the Tower of London before the evil Prince John ascends to the throne and brings England to ruin. After freeing her father, Gwyn along with her father and Prince Philip stop the coronation of Prince John. When Philip is about to be crowned as king, Gwyn with a heavy heart tells him that she can only serve and work for him, and they cannot be together. Robin later explains that he stayed out of Gwyn's life to protect her from the life he leads, but it did not make any difference because she grew up to be just like him. He then proposes a partnership between the two of them to serve Philip, with the only condition being that she take her orders from him (Robin) alone. She agrees, and at the end they are seen together leading Robin's men, side by side. Characters Keira Knightley – Gwyn, the daughter of Robin Hood and Maid Marian Stephen Moyer – Prince Philip, illegitimate son of King Richard the Lionheart Stuart Wilson – Robin Hood Del Synnott – Froderick, a young man who has grown up with Gwyn; he",
"title": "Princess of Thieves"
},
{
"docid": "7208093",
"text": "Young Robin Hood is an animated series produced for television by Hanna-Barbera, CINAR and France Animation and aired in syndication in 1991. It ran for one season as part of the Sunday-morning programming block, The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera (1985–1994). The show takes place when Robin Hood is a teenager, Richard the Lion Heart is on his \"first crusade\" and Robin's father, the Earl of Huntington, joins him. Young Robin Hood was Hanna-Barbera's second adaptation of the legend of Robin Hood, after their 1972 television special The Adventures of Robin Hoodnik. Synopsis Robin Hood quickly finds himself at odds with the establishment; the Sheriff of Nottingham and Prince John, and creates a camp in Sherwood forest with other youngsters, the only girl, Marian, is a ward of the sheriff and spy for Robin. The main thing about Robin's youth in this case, is that his plans do not always work and he is occasionally questioned because of his youth, the fact that he is a known criminal and has no legal guardian to vouch for him. Characters Robin Hood (voiced by Thor Bishopric) – the boy in the county with a bow. He rarely is beaten by other archers. As a nobleman, he understands Latin, and has a tame hawk called Arrow, who is used to pass messages between him and Marian. Little John (voiced by Terrence Scammell) – a blacksmith's son. Typically one of Robin's most loyal followers, but is not above criticizing Robin's plans. Alan-a-Dale (voiced by Michael O'Reilly) – a very young, romantic minstrel. Will Scarlet (voiced by Sonja Ball) – a young, talented thief, who idolizes Robin. He is a technical talent and creates traps and machines. Brother Tuck (voiced by Harry Standjofski) – a very young monk, sometimes questioning his choice being an outlaw. He is very pious and speaks Latin every now and then. Marian (voiced by Anik Matern) – Robin's sweetheart and a ward at Nottingham, sometimes suspected of conspiring with him. Haggala (voiced by Bronwen Mantel) – a kind-hearted sorceress whose spells don't always work. She has a cat named Miranda. Prince John (voiced by Michael Rudder) – spoiled boy who whines about who should be king. Sometimes tries to usurp Richard but the attempts are thwarted by Robin, or John's own ineptitude. Sheriff of Nottingham (voiced by A.J. Henderson) – a harsh man and good swordsman. Gilbert of Gisbourn (voiced by Mark Hellman) – lieutenant to the sheriff and has a crush on Marian. He often tries to win her over and Marian uses it to get information. He has a dog named Bruno. Production The series was a joint American-Canadian-French production of Hanna-Barbera, CINAR and France Animation and Antenne-2 in partnership with the Global Television Network, the Family Channel, Centre National De La Cinématographie and Sofica Cofimage 3. The animation is produced by France Animation and Crayon Animation, while the overseas production services were handled by Fil-Cartoons (subsidiary of Hanna-Barbera) in the Philippines, and two studios in South Korea: Sae",
"title": "Young Robin Hood"
},
{
"docid": "40490972",
"text": "Lady of Sherwood is a 1999 historical fiction novel by American author Jennifer Roberson. It is a sequel to her 1992 novel Lady of the Forest, and follows Robin Hood, Lady Marian, and their associates, as they fight injustices in the wake of the death of King Richard. They must fight the machinations of Prince John, who is competing for the throne against his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany. The novel was published in November 1999 by Kensington Books with cover art illustrated by Anne Yvonne Gilbert. It has garnered a generally positive reception. Booklist positively compared Lady of Sherwood to the Marion Zimmer Bradley work The Mists of Avalon, while others praised Roberson's engaging characters and attention to historical detail. Plot summary The novel is set in 1199 England, and follows the events of Lady of the Forest. It begins with the death of Richard I of England. Robin of Locksley, his lover Lady Marian Fitzwalter, and their outlaw friends find themselves again facing the wrath of William DeLacey, the Sheriff of Nottingham. Richard's death has resulted in the loss of their royal pardon, which was granted after they seized the tax revenues that were to be sent to Richard's brother Prince John. With Richard's death, John is now competing for the crown against his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany. With Richard having named them both co-heirs, both men have their supporters, with the Sheriff supporting the former and Robin's father the Earl of Huntington supporting the latter. Meanwhile, Robin and Marian, along with their outlaw friends, are living together at her manor of Ravenskeep, though Robin and Marian have not married. To her great sadness, Marian has discovered that she cannot have children, but hides her miscarriages from Robin to avoid worrying him. She tells Robin's estranged father the Earl of Huntington about her perceived barrenness, wishing for him to force Robin to leave her, as she wants him to have the chance to father an heir with someone else. With the pardon now over, the Sheriff begins anew his efforts to arrest Sherwood's outlaws. Knowing that it has housed some of these men, he ransacks Ravenskeep and attempts to have it legally taken away from her. Marian declares war on the Sheriff. Later, she and Robin, accompanied by their outlaw friends, retreat to the woods for a permanent outlaw camp, having officially lost everything legitimate. Robin and Marian finally marry. Development Lady of Sherwood was written by American author Jennifer Roberson as a sequel to her popular 1992 novel Lady of the Forest. Before writing both novels, Roberson was primarily known as a fantasy writer, and became interested in writing a \"big, sprawling, mainstream historical epic.\" To her agent, she proposed a reinterpretation that would \"emphasize Marian's point of view and contribution to the legend\" of Robin Hood. Roberson wrote her interpretations as prequels to the known legend. While the first novel focused on \"how seven very different people from a rigidly stratified social structure came to",
"title": "Lady of Sherwood"
},
{
"docid": "556241",
"text": "Robin Hood: Men in Tights is a 1993 adventure comedy film and a parody of the Robin Hood story. The film was produced and directed by Mel Brooks, co-written by Brooks, Evan Chandler, and J. David Shapiro based on a story by Chandler and Shapiro, and stars Cary Elwes, Richard Lewis, and Dave Chappelle in his film debut. It includes frequent comedic references to previous Robin Hood films, particularly Prince of Thieves (upon which the plot is loosely structured), and the 1938 Errol Flynn adaptation The Adventures of Robin Hood. Brooks himself had previously created the short-lived sitcom When Things Were Rotten in the mid-1970s, which also spoofed the Robin Hood legend. The film also features Brooks in a minor role – the first time he had appeared in one of his own films in which he does not receive top billing or play the lead role since Young Frankenstein. In addition to Brooks, it features Brooks regulars Dom DeLuise and Dick Van Patten (who had been a cast member on When Things Were Rotten) in minor roles as well as Rudy De Luca and Gene Wilder in cameos as party guests, the latter of whom was uncredited. Reflecting its spoof nature, while some character names (such as Robin of Loxley and Maid Marian) remain unchanged from the source material, other names are altered: Nottingham becomes \"Rottingham\" and one of the Merry Men is given the name Will Scarlet O'Hara, referencing the character from Gone with the Wind. Brooks, being Jewish, changed his cameo character from Friar Tuck to \"Rabbi Tuckman.\" Though the film received mixed reviews from critics, it was a box-office success, grossing $72 million on a $20 million budget. Plot Robin of Loxley is captured during the Crusades and is imprisoned in Jerusalem. With the help of fellow inmate Asneeze, he escapes and frees the other inmates. Upon returning to England, Robin finds Asneeze's son, Ahchoo, and discovers that Prince John has assumed control while King Richard is away fighting in the Crusades. Richard is unaware that the prince is abusing his power. Robin returns to his family home, Loxley Hall, only to find it being repossessed by John's men. His family's blind servant, Blinkin, informs Robin that his family is dead, and his father left him a key which opens \"the greatest treasure in all the land.\" Robin recruits Little John and Will Scarlet O'Hara to help regain his father's land and oust Prince John from the throne. On his quest, Robin attracts the attention of Maid Marian of Bagelle, who wants to find the man who has the key to her Everlast chastity belt. They are also joined by Rabbi Tuckman, who shares with them his sacramental wine and bargain circumcisions. While Robin is training his band of tights-clad Merry Men, the Sheriff of Rottingham hires the mafioso Don Giovanni to assassinate Robin at the Spring Festival. They plan to hold an archery tournament to attract Robin. Maid Marian hears of the plot, and sneaks",
"title": "Robin Hood: Men in Tights"
},
{
"docid": "62152623",
"text": "The Triumph of Robin Hood (Italian: Il trionfo di Robin Hood) is a 1962 Italian adventure film directed by Umberto Lenzi and starring Don Burnett, Gia Scala and Samson Burke. The film's sets were designed by the art director Giuseppe Ranieri. It was shot on location in Slovenia and Croatia. Plot While King Richard continues his campaign in the Holy Land, his most loyal subjects back in England are led by Robin Hood. Together, Richard's subjects unite to gallantly resist against Baron Elwin, the Sheriff of Nottingham who seeks to enhance his standing with Prince John. Cast Don Burnett as Robin Hood Gia Scala as Anna Samson Burke as Little John Vincenzo Musolino as William Gamwell Gaia Germani as Isabella Arturo Dominici as Baron Elwin, Sheriff of Nottingham Enrico Luzi as Scully Daniela Igliozzi as Madeleine Vinicio Sofia as Sir Tristan of Goldsborough Gianni Solaro as Sir Goodman Maks Furijan as Sir Guy Nello Pazzafini as Black Peter Janez Vrhovec as John Lackland References Bibliography Roy Kinnard & Tony Crnkovich. Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908–1990. McFarland, 2017. External links 1962 films 1960s historical adventure films Italian historical adventure films 1960s Italian-language films Films directed by Umberto Lenzi Films set in Nottingham Films set in England Robin Hood films 1960s Italian films",
"title": "The Triumph of Robin Hood"
},
{
"docid": "9066265",
"text": "The Merry Men are the group of outlaws who follow Robin Hood in English literature and folklore. The group appears in the earliest ballads about Robin Hood and remains popular in modern adaptations. History The Merry Men are Robin Hood's group who work to rob from the rich and give to the poor. They have antagonized the tyrannical rule of Prince John while King Richard is fighting in the Crusades. This also puts them into conflict with Prince John's minions, Guy of Gisbourne and the Sheriff of Nottingham. The early ballads give specific names to only three companions: Little John, Much the Miller's Son, and William Scarlock or Scathelock, the Will Scarlet of later traditions. Joining them are between 20 and \"seven score\" (140) outlawed yeomen. The most prominent of the Merry Men is Robin's second-in-command, Little John. He appears in the earliest ballads, and is mentioned in even earlier sources, such as Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Chronicle of around 1420 and Walter Bower's expansion of the Scotichronicon, completed around 1440. Later ballads name additional Merry Men, some of whom appear in only one or two ballads, while others, like the minstrel Alan-a-Dale and the jovial Friar Tuck, became fully attached to the legend. Several of the Robin Hood ballads tell the story of how individual Merry Men join the group; this is frequently accomplished by defeating Robin in a duel. The phrase \"merry man\" was originally a generic term for any follower or companion of an outlaw, knight, or similar leader. Robin's band are called \"mery men\" in the oldest known Robin Hood ballad, \"Robin Hood and the Monk\", which survives in a manuscript completed after 1450. Known members Little John – Robin Hood's lieutenant. Later stories depict him as a huge man who joins the band after fighting Robin with quarterstaves over a river. Much the Miller's Son – A grown man and a seasoned fighter in the early ballads. Later stories depict him as one of the youngest of the Merry Men. Will Scarlet – Another very early companion, appearing in ballads like \"A Gest of Robyn Hode\". In \"Robin Hood Newly Revived\" he is a skilled swordsman and Robin's nephew. Arthur a Bland – He appears in only one ballad, \"Robin Hood and the Tanner\". He is an accused poacher who bests Robin in a fight and joins the band. David of Doncaster – appears in one ballad in the Child collection, Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow. The sheriff is giving an archery contest, and David, \"a brave young man,\" warns Robin against going, because it is a trap, which advice inspires Robin to take precautions against capture.<ref>Francis James Child, English and Scottish Popular Ballads, \"Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow\"</ref> He reappears in later adaptations, both books and movies. For example, in Stories of Robin Hood and His Merry Outlaws by J. Walker McSpadden, he is made a \"merry cobbler\" and again warns Robin of the dangers of the archery competition, appearing only otherwise",
"title": "Merry Men"
},
{
"docid": "6309072",
"text": "Robin Hood is a 1991 British adventure film directed by John Irvin, executive produced by John McTiernan, and starring Patrick Bergin, Uma Thurman, Jürgen Prochnow, Jeroen Krabbé, and Edward Fox. Although originally intended for a theatrical release in the United States and South America, the film instead premiered on television, on the Fox network in those territories a month before the release of Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves. It was released in cinemas in several countries in Europe and elsewhere, including Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Plot summary The film begins when a miller, who is poaching deer on lands belonging to the King of England, is detected by a hunting party led by the cruel Norman knight Sir Miles Folcanet. The miller flees the hunting party until he runs into a Saxon earl, Robert Hode and his friend, Will. The miller pleads for help and Will urges Hode to intercede, as the Normans arrive threatening to poke the miller's eyes out. Folcanet is enraged by Hode's interference and demands that Hode be punished by the local Sheriff (shire-reeve) Roger Daguerre, who is Hode's friend. Privately Daguerre confides to Hode that he needs peace with Folcanet because he has agreed to give Daguerre a large portion of his niece Marian's wealth once they are married. Publicly Daguerre orders a single stroke of the whip for Hode after he apologizes; Hode is enraged, insulting Daguerre and is outlawed as a result. He flees into Sherwood Forest, meets John Little and the usual cast of Merry Men and under the name \"Robin Hood\" takes up arms and fights against the Norman nobility. After seeing Hode's Merry Men humiliate Folcanet, Marian joins their band in disguise, until a disgruntled outlaw recognizes her and betrays her to the Sheriff. Hode convinces everyone to attack Nottingham Castle to stop the wedding, certain that she loves him. Folcanet is defeated and Daguerre is convinced to set aside their feud and bless the marriage of Robin and Marian. Cast Production Characterisation The film shares some of its underlying plot with the famous 1938 swashbuckler, The Adventures of Robin Hood, concentrating on the struggle between Normans and Saxons. Details of the storyline and the identities of the characters differ widely, however, between the two versions. Although the familiar characters Little John, Friar Tuck, Will Scarlet and Much the Miller's Son appear in this version, the traditional Sheriff of Nottingham and Guy of Gisbourne have been replaced by original antagonists. The Baron Daguerre takes the Sheriff's place as the scheming, greedy tax collector (though in this version, he is originally Robin's friend) and Folcanet stands in for Guy as the violent, vindictive knight after Robin's head (and Marian's maidenhead). Unlike many modern versions of the story, King Richard does not appear at the end and instead Daguerre is reconciled with Hode and promises a future where Saxons and Normans are treated equally. Filming It was filmed on location at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire, England, a medieval-style Victorian-era edifice built",
"title": "Robin Hood (1991 British film)"
},
{
"docid": "28035697",
"text": "Robin Hood is a fictional character appearing in media published by DC Comics, based on the legendary character of the same name. The character debuted in New Adventure Comics vol. 1 #23 (January 1938), and was created by Sven Elven. Publication history The DC Comics version of Robin Hood first appeared in New Adventure Comics vol. 1, #23 (January 1938). Robin Hood's debut in January 1938 was one of the earliest appearances of a recurring character in a DC Comics title, and predates Superman's debut in June 1938. The character then shows up in Robin Hood Tales #1 (February 1956) published by Quality Comics; the series was later bought and published by National Periodical Publications (later known as DC Comics) starting with Robin Hood Tales #7 (February 1957). Fictional character biography The mainstream DC Comics version of Robin Hood is Robert Fitzooth, the 12th century Earl of Huntingdon. Fitzooth a veteran soldier, discovers the ruins of his family castle upon returning from the Crusades. He later learns that Prince John has usurped the throne of his brother, Richard the Lionheart, Prince John razed the elder Earl of Huntingdon's castle and confiscated his lands because he supported King Richard. A suspicious Richard had sent Fitzooth back to England ahead of his return from the Crusades. Robert Fitzooth was given Richard's royal ring, and empowered to act on his behalf. Fitzooth loses the ring to Prince John's machinations and uses his military training to found a rebel movement based in Sherwood Forest, to oppose Prince John's rule and retrieve the royal seal. He takes his namesake \"Robin\" from a small bird, a robin he sees bravely opposing a falcon. The surname \"Hood\" from a green hood was given to him by the Countess Marian, otherwise known as Lady Marian or Maid Marian. More Fun Comics In More Fun Comics #82 Speedy and Green Arrow use \"time pills\" confiscated from a mad scientist named Professor Wurm to travel back to the 12th century era of Robin Hood. They discover that Robin Hood has been framed for murder by Sir Guy of Gisbourne; Green Arrow clears Robin's name, and later returns to the present day with Speedy. Detective Comics In Detective Comics vol. 1 #116, Batman and Robin meet and rescue Robin Hood. Batman also takes part in an archery tournament sponsored by the Sheriff of Nottingham, all thanks to Professor Carter Nichols and his \"time hypnosis\" technology. World's Finest Comics Green Arrow travels through time again, and switches places with Robin Hood in World's Finest Comics vol. 1 #40. Wonder Woman Wonder Woman traveled back in time twice to meet Robin Hood using the \"Amazon time-and-space transformer\", in Wonder Woman vol. 1 #82, and then later in Wonder Woman vol. 1 #94. Adventure Comics In Adventure Comics vol. 1 #264, while visiting Sherwood Forest, Green Arrow and Speedy discover a time machine in a secret World War II laboratory. They both travel back in time where Green Arrow temporarily takes the place of",
"title": "Robin Hood (DC Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "5607655",
"text": "\"Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow\" is Child ballad 152. It features an archery competition for a golden (or silver) arrow that has long appeared in Robin Hood tales, but it is the oldest recorded one where Robin's disguise prevents his detection. Synopsis The sheriff of Nottingham complains to King Richard of Robin Hood. The king declares that the sheriff is his sheriff and must catch him. The sheriff decides to trap him with an archery contest, where the prizes would be arrows with golden and silver heads. Robin decides to compete, despite a warning from David of Doncaster that it is a trap, though he does order the Merry Men to attend in great number and disguised. Robin goes in disguise and wins, escaping without being recognized. At Little John's advice, a letter is written to the sheriff and shot into his hall, telling the truth. Archery contests in Robin Hood tales There are many archery contests in the legends of Robin Hood, but many of them are clearly derived from this source, as in Howard Pyle's The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. Other variants are more closely related to the older contest included in A Gest of Robyn Hode, where they are recognized and must fight free. Portrayals The story is portrayed in the 1938 film The Adventures of Robin Hood starring Errol Flynn in which Prince John, Guy of Gisbourne, and the Sheriff of Nottingham plan to trap Robin as the most likely winner of the contest, knowing of his attraction to the Lady Marian, and Robin splits the arrow of another contestant to thus win the prize of the golden arrow given by her hand. An altered version of the tale appears in the first episode of the Robin of Sherwood television series, in which the prize offered is a silver arrow belonging to Herne the Hunter as a means of luring Robin to the castle. This episode is parodied in Mel Brooks' Robin Hood: Men in Tights in which the contest itself seduces Robin. The event also appears in the animated Disney film, with the prizes instead being a golden arrow and a kiss from Maid Marian. The event also appears in the computer game Conquests of the Longbow: The Legend of Robin Hood, where the player, as Robin Hood, can win a golden arrow in an archery contest, thereby adding its value (15000 marks) to a ransom to free Richard the Lionheart from prison abroad. The event also appears in the Doctor Who episode \"Robot of Sherwood,\" with Robin splitting another contestant’s arrow, before the Doctor splits Robin’s arrow. See also List of the Child Ballads Notes External links Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow Child Ballads Robin Hood ballads",
"title": "Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow"
},
{
"docid": "18446775",
"text": "Tony Rotherham is an English historian, living history re-enactor, film extra, teacher, fight choreographer, stuntman, weapon expert and Robin Hood. He was previously Nottingham's official Robin Hood and has been doing this kind of work for many years. Rotherham trained at the Andrew Van Der Hauser Academy of Sword in the Netherlands and learned a very high degree of combat. He worked in film and television as a fight choreographer and actor for many years. Rotherham has been studying the history of Robin Hood ever since he was 18 years old, including the history behind the ballads. He has been giving lectures on the subject for over 20 years and is also the founder of several successful and award-winning historical recreation societies: Spirit of England, The Company of the White Boar, Sea Thieves Pirate Association and Stand and Deliver The English Highwayman's Association. Film and TV work Rotherham played King James in the documentary 'The Battle of Flodden', and Sam Gregory in the Channel 5 documentary 'The Real Dick Turpin'. He was the assistant director additional scenes in a 1999 film adaptation of King Lear, and has worked on many other films, including Highlander 1 & 2, Merlin The Quest Begins and several documentaries. Sources The official website (used with permission), The Tales of Robin Hood, Prof Dr. R. Rotherham, Robin Hood's World Wide Society and the BBC. References Male actors from Nottingham Living people Action choreographers English historians English male film actors English male television actors Year of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Tony Rotherham"
},
{
"docid": "26171",
"text": "Robin Hood is a legendary heroic outlaw originally depicted in English folklore and subsequently featured in literature, theatre, and cinema. According to legend, he was a highly skilled archer and swordsman. In some versions of the legend, he is depicted as being of noble birth, and in modern retellings he is sometimes depicted as having fought in the Crusades before returning to England to find his lands taken by the Sheriff. In the oldest known versions, he is instead a member of the yeoman class. Traditionally depicted dressed in Lincoln green, he is most famous for his attribute of stealing from the rich to give to the poor. Through retellings, additions, and variations, a body of familiar characters associated with Robin Hood has been created. These include his lover, Maid Marian; his band of outlaws, the Merry Men; and his chief opponent, the Sheriff of Nottingham. The Sheriff is often depicted as assisting Prince John in usurping the rightful but absent King Richard, to whom Robin Hood remains loyal. He became a popular folk figure in the Late Middle Ages, and his partisanship of the common people and opposition to the Sheriff are some of the earliest-recorded features of the legend, whereas his political interests and setting during the Angevin era developed in later centuries. The earliest known ballads featuring him are from the 15th century. There have been numerous variations and adaptations of the story over the subsequent years, and the story continues to be widely represented in literature, film, and television media today. Robin Hood is considered one of the best-known tales of English folklore. In popular culture, the term \"Robin Hood\" is often used to describe a heroic outlaw or rebel against tyranny. The origins of the legend as well as the historical context have been debated for centuries. There are numerous references to historical figures with similar names that have been proposed as possible evidence of his existence, some dating back to the late 13th century. At least eight plausible origins to the story have been mooted by historians and folklorists, including suggestions that \"Robin Hood\" was a stock alias used by or in reference to bandits. Ballads and tales The first clear reference to \"rhymes of Robin Hood\" is from the alliterative poem Piers Plowman, thought to have been composed in the 1370s, followed shortly afterwards by a quotation of a later common proverb, \"many men speak of Robin Hood and never shot his bow\", in Friar Daw's Reply ( 1402) and a complaint in Dives and Pauper (1405–1410) that people would rather listen to \"tales and songs of Robin Hood\" than attend Mass. Robin Hood is also mentioned in a famous Lollard tract dated to the first half of the fifteenth century (thus also possibly predating his other earliest historical mentions) alongside several other folk heroes such as Guy of Warwick, Bevis of Hampton, and Sir Lybeaus. However, the earliest surviving copies of the narrative ballads that tell his story date to the second",
"title": "Robin Hood"
},
{
"docid": "37882642",
"text": "Robin des Bois (full title Robin des Bois: Ne renoncez jamais) is a French musical with mise en scène by Michel Laprise and text and music by Patrice Guirao and Lionel Florence. It premiered on 26 September 2013 at Palais des congrès de Paris and played until 5 January 2014 with French singer M. Pokora in the role of Robin Hood. Synopsis In this amended version of Robin Hood, Marianne (in English Maid Marian) decided to end her relationship with Robin Hood. Fifteen years later, they both are leaders of their own groups, in two separated parts of the Sherwood forest. Marianne lives with Adrien, the boy she had with Robin, but Robin doesn't know about him. Adrien, now 15, falls in love with the daughter of Shérif de Nottingham (in English Sheriff of Nottingham, the avowed enemy of Robin) and she comes to lives with him in the forest. After another attack from the sheriff's army, Marianne requests Robin's help to save her group and their houses. When the sheriff realises that Adrien is Robin's son, he decides to imprison the young boy, despite the feelings his daughter has towards him. Robin is captured too, but is freed by his friends. He then launches a rescue operation with the help of his followers and notably Petit Jean (Little John) and Frère Tuck (Friar Tuck) played by Nyco Lilliu. They win the final battle, but Little John is killed. They mourn him before King Richard Lionheart comes back to England and knights Robin. Personnel Presentation Gilbert Coullier Roberto Ciurleo RDB-P Mise en scène Michel Laprise Production Gilbert Coullier Productions Composition David Hallyday Fred Château Mathieu Mendès Corneille Shaka Ponk Coyle Girelli Stanislas John Mamann Costumes Stéphane Rolland Cast (Roles as in French production) M. Pokora as Robin des Bois (Robin Hood) Stéphanie Bédard as Marianne Nyco Lilliu as Frère Tuck (Friar Tuck) Caroline Costa as Bédélia Marc Antoine as Petit Jean (Little John) Dumè as Vaisey, le shérif de Nottingham (Sheriff of Nottingham) Sacha Tran as Adrien Soundtrack Robin des Bois soundtrack (longer title Robin des Bois - Ne Renoncez Jamais) for the musical Robin des Bois was released on Capitol Records / EMI on 22 March 2013 and entered the SNEP official French Albums Chart in its first week of release. The album is being released in two versions. The standard edition and the digipack limited edition. Track list M. Pokora – \"Le jour qui se rêve\" (3:45) Dumè & M. Pokora – \"Devenir quelqu'un\" (3:40) Stéphanie Bédard & M. Pokora – \"Tes blessures\" (4:43) Nyco Lilliu, Marc Antoine & M. Pokora – \"À nous\" (3:59) Caroline Costa – \"J'ai dit oui\" (3:59) Nyco Lilliu – \"Un monde à changer\" (3:25) M. Pokora – \"Si l'amour existe\" (3:50) Stéphanie Bédard – \"La flèche ou la cible\" (3:45) Sacha Tran – \"Quinze ans à peine\" (3:50) Marc Antoine – \"Lui sait qui je suis\" (3:58) Caroline Costa & Sacha Tran – \"Laissez-nous vivre\" (3:33) Dumè – \"Notting Hill Nottingham\" (3:11)",
"title": "Robin des Bois"
},
{
"docid": "1089042",
"text": "Robin Hood is a 1922 silent adventure film starring Douglas Fairbanks and Wallace Beery. It was the first motion picture ever to have a Hollywood premiere, held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre on October 18, 1922. The movie's full title, under which it was copyrighted, is Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood. It was one of the most expensive films of the 1920s, with a budget estimated at about one million dollars. The film was a smash hit and generally received favorable reviews. Plot The opening has the dashing Earl of Huntingdon besting his bitter enemy, Sir Guy of Gisbourne, in a joust. Huntingdon then joins King Richard the Lion-Hearted, who is going off to fight in the Crusades and has left his brother, Prince John, as regent. The prince soon emerges as a cruel, treacherous tyrant. Goaded on by Sir Guy, he usurps Richard's throne. When Huntingdon receives a message from Lady Marian Fitzwalter, his love interest, telling him of all that has transpired, he requests permission to return to England. King Richard assumes that the Earl has turned coward and denies him permission. The Earl seeks to leave in spite of this, but is ambushed by Sir Guy and imprisoned as a deserter. Upon escaping from his confines, he returns to England, endangering his life and honor, to oppose Prince John and restore King Richard's throne. He finds his friends and himself outlawed and Marian apparently dead. Huntingdon returns to Nottingham and adopts the name of Robin Hood, acrobatic champion of the oppressed. Leading a band that steals from the rich to give to the poor, including Friar Tuck, Little John, Will Scarlet, and Allan-a-Dale, he labors to set things right through swashbuckling feats and makes life miserable for Prince John and his cohort, the high sheriff of Nottingham. After rescuing Marian from Prince John's prison and defeating Sir Guy in a final conflict, Robin is captured. The timely reappearance of King Richard returns him to Marian and foils the efforts of Prince John. Cast Douglas Fairbanks as Earl of Huntingdon/Robin Hood (Fairbanks's custom was to place his name last.) Wallace Beery as King Richard the Lion-Hearted Sam De Grasse as Prince John Enid Bennett as Lady Marian Fitzwalter Paul Dickey as Sir Guy of Gisbourne William Lowery as The High Sheriff of Nottingham Willard Louis as Friar Tuck Alan Hale as The Squire/Little John Bud Geary as Will Scarlet Lloyd Talman as Allan-a-Dale Billie Bennett as Servant to Lady Marian Wallace Beery played King Richard the Lion-Hearted again the following year in a sequel called Richard the Lion-Hearted. Alan Hale, Sr., made such an impression as Little John in this film that he reprised the role 16 years later in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) opposite Errol Flynn, then played the character again in Rogues of Sherwood Forest in 1950, 28 years after his initial performance in the original Fairbanks film. Production A huge castle set and an entire 12th-century village of Nottingham were constructed at the Pickford-Fairbanks",
"title": "Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood"
},
{
"docid": "43593445",
"text": "\"Robot of Sherwood\" is the third episode of the eighth series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. It was written by Mark Gatiss and directed by Paul Murphy, and was first broadcast on BBC One on 6 September 2014. In the episode, the alien time traveller the Doctor and his companion Clara (Jenna Coleman) arrive in Sherwood Forest in 1190, where they encounter legendary hero Robin Hood (Tom Riley) as well as the gold-plundering Sheriff of Nottingham (Ben Miller), who has allied himself with robotic knights. The episode was watched by 7.28 million viewers in the UK and received generally positive reviews from television critics. Plot The Twelfth Doctor and Clara land in Sherwood Forest in 1190, where they are met by Robin Hood. Robin challenges the Doctor to a duel which the Doctor wins by knocking Robin into a river. Clara learns that Robin is looking for his Maid Marian, but the Doctor believes there is something wrong. Robin competes in an archery contest held by the Sheriff of Nottingham where the prize is a golden arrow. The Doctor interrupts the contest by exploding the target with his sonic screwdriver. Intrigued by the Doctor's power, the Sheriff commands his robot knights to capture the Doctor. The Doctor allows the robots to capture him, Robin and Clara so he can learn more about the Sheriff's plans. The Doctor and Clara learn that the Sheriff intends to use a crashed spaceship (disguised as part of a castle) and its robot knights to take over the world. The Sheriff and the knights have plundered the countryside to collect enough gold to repair the engines' circuits, but the engines are too damaged and will create an explosion that will destroy half of England. The Doctor is initially convinced that Robin is a creation of the robots in order to give the oppressed peasants hope using the legends of Earth, but ultimately learns that he is real. Clara and Robin escape the castle, but the Doctor is taken prisoner again. The Doctor leads the prisoners in a revolt against the robots. Most of the robots are destroyed, and the prisoners flee. Robin returns to save the day. The Sheriff challenges Robin to a duel, which Robin wins by knocking the Sheriff into a gold vat using a trick the Doctor taught him. The spaceship, controlled by the remaining robots, takes off but still lacks the power to make it off the planet. The Doctor decides to fire the golden arrow into the engines to give the ship a power boost to reach orbit. Since Robin's arm is injured (and the Doctor cheated during the archery contest), the Doctor, Clara, and Robin work together to fire the golden arrow from the contest into the ship, allowing it to reach orbit and harmlessly detonate. As he prepares to leave, the Doctor admits that Robin will be remembered as a legend rather than as a man which Robin is content with. When the Doctor",
"title": "Robot of Sherwood"
},
{
"docid": "15621393",
"text": "John of England has been portrayed many times in fiction, generally reflecting the overwhelmingly negative view of his reputation. Art The North Wall Frieze in the courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States depicts King John granting Magna Carta. Literature King John is the protagonist of John Bale's sixteenth-century Protestant play King Johan, in which he is depicted positively as a bulwark against the papacy. John was the subject of an anonymous Elizabethan play, The Troublesome Reign of King John, in 1591. The play reflects the sympathetic view of King John during the English Reformation; it depicts John as \"a fearless resister of the Papacy\". This play is believed by many Shakespeare scholars to have been a source for Shakespeare's play. King John appears in the plays The Downfall of Robert Earl of Huntington and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (1598) by Anthony Munday. Munday's two plays feature the exploits of Robin Hood, and John is depicted as Robin's enemy in these plays. Munday's work thus incorporated King John into the Robin Hood legends. As a result of this, John and one of his Justices in Eyre, the Sheriff of Nottingham, are frequently portrayed as villain and henchman in later versions Robin Hood legends. These usually place the Robin Hood stories in the latter part of Richard I's reign, when Richard was in captivity and John was acting as unofficial regent. John was the subject of a Shakespearean play, King John (written c. 1595, and published in 1623). Prince John is a central figure in the 1819 historical romance Ivanhoe, by Sir Walter Scott, and is depicted in subsequent adaptations. Ivanhoe helped popularize the image of King John as cruel and villainous. The novel also calls John a \"Norman\", although contemporary documents from the period of John's reign do not refer to the monarch as a Norman. King John features in the three-decker novel Forest Days (1843) by G. P. R. James, about the First Barons' War. The children's novel The Constable's Tower: or the Times of Magna Charta (1891) by Charlotte Mary Yonge, revolves around John signing Magna Carta, and also features the Siege of Dover during the First Barons' War. The novel Uncanonized (1900) by Margaret Horton Potter features King John. King John is the subject of A. A. Milne's poem for children, King John's Christmas (1927), which begins \"King John was not a good man\", but slowly builds sympathy for him as he fears not getting anything for Christmas, when all he really wants is a rubber ball. In the comic parody 1066 and All That (1930) John is depicted as \"an Awful King\". The Devil and King John by Philip Lindsay (1943) is a highly speculative but relatively sympathetic account. Philip José Farmer, a science fiction author, featured King John as one of several historical figures in his Riverworld saga. Below the Salt (1957) by Thomas B. Costain depicts the First Baron's War and John's signing of Magna Carta. John is a",
"title": "Cultural depictions of John, King of England"
},
{
"docid": "3370990",
"text": "Rabbit Hood is a 1949 Merrie Melodies cartoon released on December 24, 1949. The entry was directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese, and features Bugs Bunny. Plot Bugs Bunny finds himself entangled in the lush surroundings of the King's domain. As he attempts to silence an alarm triggered by his pilfering of carrots, he is apprehended by the Sheriff of Nottingham. Facing the grim prospect of torture, Bugs is saved by the timely arrival of Little John, who introduces him to Robin Hood, though the famed outlaw fails to materialize. In a series of comical misdirections, Bugs outwits the Sheriff, first by fabricating the imminent arrival of the king, then by selling him the Royal Rose Garden under false pretenses. Angered by Bugs' deceptions, the Sheriff seeks revenge, only to further embarrass himself by mistaking Bugs for the king in a farcical knighting ceremony. Despite narrowly escaping the Sheriff's wrath, Bugs finds himself in another predicament when the Sheriff's arrow grazes him while attempting to flee over the garden wall. Little John's repeated attempts to introduce the elusive Robin Hood fall flat, as the outlaw fails to show up. Bugs, skeptical of Robin's existence, mocks Little John, only to be surprised when the real Robin Hood, portrayed by Errol Flynn, makes a dramatic entrance. Production notes Rabbit Hood is the last Warner Bros. cartoon released during creator Leon Schlesinger's lifetime. Rabbit Hood is one of the few Bugs Bunny cartoons to receive a Blue Ribbon reissue. Strangely, while the shorts' technical credits remain, the Bugs Bunny in card before the title card was removed. Hot Cross Bunny, Knights Must Fall and Homeless Hare are the other three cartoons with this distinction. Rabbit Hood is the origin of the infamous \"knighting\" exchange, where Bugs Bunny is dressed up like a king, and proceeds to pound the Sheriff's head with his sceptre while dispensing an oddball title with each strike: Sheriff: bows Bugs: \"In the name of my most Royal Majesty, I knight thee: (strikes Sheriff over the head with his sceptre) Arise! Sir Loin of Beef.\" (strike) \"Arise! Earl of Cloves.\" (strike) \"Arise! Duke of Brittingham.\" (strike) \"Arise! Baron of Munchausen.\" (strike) \"Arise! Essence of Myrrh,\" (strike) \"Milk of Magnesia,\" (strike) \"Filet of Fish,\" (strike) \"Quarter of Ten....\" Sheriff: (dazed, slurred, but still on his feet) \"You are too kind, your majesty.\" Bugs: (to the viewers) \"Got lots of stamina!\" The cartoon ends with the appearance of \"the real\" Robin Hood in the form of a clip from the classic 1938 movie, which starred Errol Flynn. He received a personal copy of this film in exchange for the right to use his earlier image. Rule, Britannia! (1740) is used here as a satirical motif to mock English pretension. The film's music takes advantage of the similarities between the fanfare of the Middle Ages and the reveille. The oafish Little John uses a tiny trumpet to sound a standard reveille tune. Later, Bugs disguised as a page plays another",
"title": "Rabbit Hood"
},
{
"docid": "52021231",
"text": "Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood is a CG-animated series produced by Method Animation and DQ Entertainment (seasons 1–2), in co-production with Fabrique d'Images (season 1), ZDF, ZDF Enterprises, De Agostini Editore (season 1), and KidsMe S.r.l. (season 3), with the participation of TF1 (season 1) and The Walt Disney Company France, and in association with COFIMAGE 24. It is an animated adaptation of the Robin Hood story. It has 52 episodes which are 15 minutes each. One distributor pairs them up, reducing the count to 26, then counts 13 of those as season 1, despite the series having aired continuously from June to July 2016. Series overview Characters Robin Hood (voiced by Tom Wayland) is the teenage son of the Earl of Locksley. Tuck (voiced by Eli James) is based on Friar Tuck and a friend of Robin Hood who helps with Little John in stopping the plans of Prince John. Little John (voiced by Jake Paque) is a friend of Robin Hood who helps with Tuck in stopping the plans of Prince John. Prince John (voiced by David Nelson). Sheriff (voiced by David Wills) is based on the Sheriff of Nottingham. Rolf (voiced by Billy Bob Thompson) and Ralf (voiced by Marc Thompson) are the Sheriff's twin sons. Marian (voiced by Sarah Natochenny) is based on Maid Marian and an apprentice magician who operates as a spy in Prince John's castle. Derke is a dragon transformed into a hamster by Marian. Scarlett (voiced by Eileen Stevens) is based on Will Scarlet. Flynn is a dog that helps The Sheriff hunt for Robin. Matilda (voiced by Laurie Hymes) is Scarlett's mom and Robin Hood's aunt. King Richard (voiced by HD Quinn) is based on King Richard. Stig (voiced by Cameron Guile) is the son of the Viking King, and the tribe's shaman. Jack is the tall leader of the rouges. Doug is the smallest of the rogues. Fillcher is the heaviest of the rogues. Episodes Each season has 26 episodes with unique debut dates. Microsoft opts to pair 2 episodes as 1, renumbering 13 per season. Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 References External links 2010s French animated television series 2010s German television series 2016 French television series debuts 2019 French television series endings French children's animated fantasy television series German children's animated fantasy television series French English-language television shows Robin Hood television series Teen animated television series Television series by Method Animation German English-language television shows",
"title": "Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood"
},
{
"docid": "15098739",
"text": "Twang!! is a musical with music and lyrics written by Lionel Bart and a book by Bart and Harvey Orkin, with assistance from Burt Shevelove. The piece, a spoof of the character and legend of Robin Hood, was a disastrous box-office failure and cost Bart his personal fortune. After a preview in Manchester, Twang!! opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London's West End on 20 December 1965 and closed on 29 January 1966 after just 43 performances, receiving scathing reviews and playing to mostly empty houses. Bart produced it with Bernard Delfont and John Bryan, and Joan Littlewood directed but quit before it opened. She was replaced by Shevelove and Bart. Twang!! is remembered as \"the most expensive flop\" in West End history up to that time. In 2008, the Estate of Lionel Bart commissioned Julian Woolford to write a new book for the musical which was performed in 2013 at Guildford School of Acting. This version is now licensed through MTI Synopsis Robin Hood and his Merry Men attempt to break into Nottingham Castle, in a variety of preposterous disguises, in order to prevent a marriage between the nymphomaniac \"court tart\" Delphina and the hairy Scots laird Roger the Ugly, arranged for the purpose of securing the loan of Scottish troops for bad Prince John. The new version is a \"meta-musical\" with a completely different plot. Robin Hood has lost his 'Twang' and is not the hero he once was. Much the Miller's Son arrives in Sherwood Forest having run away from home and is arrested by the sheriff. He is rescued by Robin and the Men before discovering that in Nottinghamshire life is a musical comedy. He falls in love with Delphina whilst Maid Marion helps Robin find his missing 'twang' before King Richard returns to re-establish order. Roles and principal cast Alan-a-Dale – Elric Hooper Sir Guy of Gisborne – Howard Goorney Mystery Voice in \"Unseen Hands\" – Long John Baldry Mutch – Kent Baker Robin Hood – James Booth Little John – Bernard Bresslaw Will Scarlett – Ronnie Corbett Friar Tuck – Will Stampe Sheriff of Nottingham – Bob Grant Maid Marian – Toni Eden Prince John – Maxwell Shaw Delphina – Barbara Windsor Roger the Ugly – Philip Newman Production The cast included the strongest players from Littlewood's Theatre Workshop, including Ronnie Corbett, Barbara Windsor and James Booth. But Twang!! ran into difficulty from the start. The script was weak, especially the part of Robin Hood, which was badly underwritten. When Booth expressed his concerns, he was repeatedly assured that the part would be expanded to a starring role. Littlewood demanded a rewrite, but constant, confusing revisions failed to improve the script. Littlewood, the choreographer Paddy Stone, the designer Oliver Messel, and the writers failed to work together. Rehearsals were disorganised and fraught with tension; Bart was drinking; Littlewood threatened to walk out. At a rehearsal, Littlewood accused Bart of failing to fulfill his creative responsibilities because he was too strung-out on LSD. Bart, in",
"title": "Twang!!"
}
] | [
"Alan Rickman"
] |
train_12632 | what was the last year h2 hummers were made | [
{
"docid": "14395",
"text": "Hummer (stylized in all caps) is a brand of pickups and SUVs first marketed in 1992 when AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee. Although discontinued in 2010, Hummer returned as a model under GMC in 2020. In 1998, General Motors (GM) purchased the brand name from AM General and marketed three vehicles: the original Hummer H1, based on the military Humvee, as well as the new H2 and H3 models that were based on smaller, civilian-market GM platforms. By 2008, Hummer's viability in the economic downturn was questioned. Rather than being transferred to the Motors Liquidation Company as part of the GM bankruptcy in 2009, the brand was retained by GM, to investigate its sale. No final deal was made, and in 2010, Hummer dealerships began shutting down. The nameplate returned to the marketplace for the 2022 model year, not as a separate make brand but as electric pickup truck and SUV models sold under the GMC brand as the \"GMC Hummer EV\". The pre-production versions of the EV began November 2021 after a $2.2 billion investment to build a variety of all-electric vehicles in GM's Detroit-Hamtramck assembly plant. History Origin AM General had planned to sell a civilian version of its Humvee as far back as the late 1980s. Having the same structure and most mechanical components, the civilian Hummers were finished in automotive gloss paint, adding passenger car enhancements such as air conditioning, sound insulation, upgraded upholstery, stereo systems, wood trim, and convenience packages. The civilian model began in part because of the persistence of Arnold Schwarzenegger, who saw an Army convoy while filming Kindergarten Cop in Oregon and began to campaign and lobby for a civilian version to be available on the market. In 1992, AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee vehicle to the public under the brand name \"Hummer\". The first two Hummer H1s to be sold were purchased by Schwarzenegger. GM purchase In December 1999, AM General sold the brand name to General Motors but continued to manufacture the vehicles. GM was responsible for the marketing and distribution of all civilian Hummers produced by AM General. Shortly thereafter, GM introduced two of its own design models, the H2 and H3, and renamed the original vehicle H1. AM General continued to build the H1 until it was discontinued in 2006 and was contracted by GM to produce the H2. The H3 was built in Shreveport, LA, alongside the Chevrolet Colorado and GMC Canyon pickups, with which it shared the GMT-355 platform (modified and designated GMT-345). Hummer dealership buildings featured an oversized half Quonset Hut style roof, themed to the Hummer brand's military origins. By 2006, the Hummer began to be exported and sold through importers and distributors in 33 countries. On October 10, 2006, GM began producing the Hummer H3 at its Port Elizabeth plant in South Africa for international markets. The Hummers built there at first were only left-hand drive, but right-hand drive versions were",
"title": "Hummer"
},
{
"docid": "895075",
"text": "The Hummer H2 is an full-size off-road sport utility vehicle (SUV) that was marketed by Hummer and built in the AM General facility under contract from General Motors from 2002 until 2009. It is based on a modified GMT820 GM three-quarter-ton pickup truck in the front and a half-ton 1500 frame in the rear. A four-door pickup truck version with a midgate that opens the vehicle's interior to the external cargo bed was introduced for the 2005 model year as the H2 SUT (sport utility truck). Background In 2001 and 2002, GM allowed journalists to examine early versions of the Hummer H2, which were still under development at the time. The H2 was built by AM General under contract with General Motors at AM General Commercial Assembly Plant in Mishawaka, Indiana. Features Standard Standard features include air conditioning with tri-zone climate controls, tilt leather-wrapped steering wheel with radio controls, cruise control, leather upholstery, heated front and rear seats, 8-way power front seats, dual memory system, BOSE premium sound system, single-CD/cassette player and later in 2004, a 6-disc CD changer, then in 2008, a single CD-player with MP3 capability, an auxiliary input jack and DVD player, outside-temperature indicator, compass, rear radio controls, independent front torsion bar suspension, rear 5-link coil spring suspension specially created for the H2, oversized tires with wheels scripted \"HUMMER\" on, universal garage door opener and remote engine start (2008–2009). Optional Options for the H2 include adjustable rear suspension (which is included within the Adventure Package), a wide power sunroof, rearview camera, DVD entertainment system, navigation system, ladder, custom grilles, side step bars, Air compressor with road assistance kit, and 20\" chrome wheels (slightly different from stock wheels). 2008 updates For 2008, the Hummer H2 and H2 SUT received an update. While largely unchanged on the exterior, the H2 and H2 SUT interiors were redesigned. This included a new instrument cluster with improved gauges and Driver Information Center (DIC) based on the higher-trim GMT900 trucks/SUVs, a new leather-wrapped steering wheel, three new radios with a Bose premium audio system and auxiliary audio inputs (including a new touchscreen GPS navigation radio with DVD audio and video playback while the transmission is in the park position, and XM Nav-Traffic capabilities), a new rear seat DVD entertainment system, Bluetooth hands-free calling capabilities, enhanced voice activation, new OnStar hardware with buttons moved from the rearview mirror to the overhead console, a lower dashboard-mounted radio, new dual-zone climate controls, new rear seat audio system controls, a new dash-mounted control knob for the 4X4 system to replace the old pushbutton controls, brushed aluminum interior trim panels, new interior color options, available remote engine start, and a center dashboard-mounted analog clock. Also for 2008, a new 6.2 L V8 gasoline engine replaced the previous 6.0 L, with a new 6L80-E six-speed automatic transmission, replacing the 4L65-E four-speed automatic. Hummer launched a special 2009 Black Chrome Limited Edition featuring a new paint color, Sedona Metallic. All Black Chrome editions also had Sedona interior, black chrome accents",
"title": "Hummer H2"
},
{
"docid": "12249136",
"text": "Unique Whips is an American reality television show that aired on the now-defunct Speed network from 2005 to 2008. It premiered on February 8, 2005, The show follows the work of Unique Autosports, based in Long Island, New York, as they customize celebrity automobiles. It was created and Produced by Steve Hillebrand and Corey Damsker of Hollywood East. The customization generally consists of car stereo, wheels, custom paint and interior work. Celebrities whose cars were featured on the show include P. Diddy, DJ Pauly D, Jeff Gordon, Tony Stewart, Pam Anderson, Patti LaBelle, 50 Cent, LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Marcus Camby, Fat Joe, and Tom Wolfe. Spinoffs and related works Unique Autosports: Miami ran on the Spike network for one season. On 2 February 2016, a sequel television series featuring Unique Autosports, Unique Rides, premiered on Discovery's Velocity (now Motor Trend) channel. The first episode featured Castro modifying a Cadillac Escalade for Jason Derulo. The series ran for 3 seasons. Celebrity rides P. Diddy - 2 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited B-Real – 2007 Nissan Pathfinder, 2007 Nissan Armada Pharrell Williams - 1998 Nissan Maxima, 1993 Toyota Supra, 1994 BMW 3 Series 1988 Hyundai Excel Sedan LeBron James - 2003 Hummer H2, Ferrari F430 Orlando Brown - 1996 Chevrolet Impala SS, 2007 Ford F-650 50 Cent - 2007 Lamborghini Murcielago Roadster, 2006 Rolls-Royce Phantom, 2005 Chrysler 300C, 2008 Pontiac G8 Chi-Ali - 2004 Nissan Altima, 2009 Chevrolet Impala, 1995 Ford Mustang Coupe, 2003 Hummer H2, 2000 Toyota Camry, 1997 Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition Lloyd Banks - 1972 Chevrolet Impala, 2006 Bentley Continental, Bulletproof SUV, 2003 Hummer H2 KRS-One - Chevrolet Monte Carlo Stock Car Jadakiss - 2004 Range Rover, 2005 Chevrolet Corvette, 2004 Mercedes-Benz S-Class, 2005 Cadillac XLR, GMC Yukon Denali, 2003 Cadillac Escalade, 1997 Chevrolet Tahoe Fat Joe - 2005 Bentley Continental Dewayne Robertson - Dodge Charger SRT8, Land Rover Range Rover, Cadillac Escalade, Hummer H2 Al Harrington - 2007 Cadillac Escalade, Bentley Continental GT Busta Rhymes - Rolls-Royce Phantom, 1997 Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition, Lamborghini Diablo, 1988 Chevrolet Caprice Queen Latifah - Lamborghini Murcielago, 1984 Cadillac Hearse, 1973 Chevrolet Impala Convertible Mike McGlone - 2006 Chevrolet Impala, 1995 Cadillac Fleetwood Carmelo Anthony - Lincoln Continental Timbaland - 2002 Porsche Cayenne Charles Barkley - Ferrari 458 Spider, Jaguar XJ220, Hummer H1, Aston Martin Vanquish, Lamborghini Gallardo Tony Yayo - 2003 Hummer H2, Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class Young Buck - 2003 BMW 760li The Game - 2003 Cadillac Escalade Jerricho Cotchery - Bentley Continental Flying Spur Gary Sheffield - Cadillac Escalade Marcus Camby - Hummer H2, Corvette Marcus Banks - Land Rover Range Rover, BMW 745i Byron Leftwich - 1967 Lincoln Continental Convertible Jason Giambi - Cadillac Escalade Nelly - Bentley Continental GT Ruben Sierra - Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition truck GZA - Dodge Magnum Patti LaBelle - Mercedes Benz CLS 55 Barry Gardner - Mercedes Benz CLS 55 Wyclef Jean - 1994 BMW 5-Series, 1988 Chevrolet Caprice Sedan, 1992 Honda Civic Sedan Jennifer Capriati - 2005 Range Rover Robinson Cano",
"title": "Unique Whips"
},
{
"docid": "1633865",
"text": "The Hummer H3 is an off-road vehicle that was produced from 2005 to 2010 by General Motors. The smallest model of the Hummer lineup, it was offered as a 5-door SUV or a 4-door pickup truck known as the H3T. Unlike the larger H1 and H2 models, the H3 was not developed by AM General. It was introduced for the 2006 model year, based on a modified GMT355 that underpinned the Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon compact pickup trucks that were also built at GM's Shreveport Operations in Shreveport, Louisiana and the Port Elizabeth plant in South Africa. While mechanically related to the Colorado and Canyon, GM claims they share only 10% of their components, with the chassis modified and reinforced for heavy off-road duties. Powertrains The H3 was launched with a 3.5 liter straight-5 cylinder L52 engine that produced and of torque and was mated to a standard five-speed Aisin AR5 manual transmission or an optional Hydra-Matic 4L60-E four-speed automatic transmission. In 2007 this engine was replaced by the 3.7 liter LLR that produced and of torque, figures that were revised in 2009 to and . Under revised EPA testing standards when equipped with either transmission this straight-5 engine achieved in the city and on the highway with a combined average of . Available solely with the 4L60-E automatic transmission, a 5.3 liter LH8 V8 engine producing and of torque was added in 2008 for the Alpha model. The V8 version had lower fuel economy, estimated at in the city, on the highway, with a combined average of . In 2007, a H3X edition was added. It included the luxury package, 18-inch chrome wheels with unique center caps, chrome trim, chrome tube steps, a body-colored grille and a hard tire cover. The H3X also came with exclusive colors of Sonoma Red Metallic or Desert Orange Metallic. Capabilities The H3 featured a two-speed, electronically controlled full-time four-wheel drive system that made it for both on-road and off-road driving. An electronic locking rear differential was optional, with a locking front differential also becoming an option on later models. Like the Hummer H2, the H3 can ford of water (tested in depths up to ) at a speed of and of water at a speed of . Standard ground clearance with the 31-inch tires was while the approach, departure, and breakover angles were 37.4°, 34.7°, and 22.1° respectively, allowing the H3 to scale a vertical wall and negotiate grades of 60% and side slopes of 40%. Front and rear recovery hooks were standard, with an optional trailer hitch and wiring harness. The H3 features a traction control that can use the brakes independently to stop wheelspin and improve traction while adjusting to road conditions. It is also equipped with Stabilitrak stability control and ABS with variable brake force distribution assist. The optional Adventure or Off Road package included 33-inch tires, off-road shocks, differential lockers and 4:1 low range gearing. These upgrades increased ground clearance, suspension articulation, approach and departure angles, and increased the H3's",
"title": "Hummer H3"
},
{
"docid": "4531530",
"text": "Hummer is a sub-brand and then-division of General Motors. Hummer may also refer to: Vehicles Humvee, a military vehicle Hummer H1, a civilian version of the Humvee Hummer H2, other vehicle of the Hummer brand Hummer H3, other vehicle of the Hummer brand Harley-Davidson Hummer, a motorcycle E-2 Hawkeye, an aircraft Music The Hummer, a 2006 album by Devin Townsend \"Hummer\" (Foals song), a 2007 single Hummer, another name for the Corrugaphone A song by Smashing Pumpkins on the album Siamese Dream Other meanings Hummer (surname) Hummingbird, a bird Hummer (cocktail), a boozy milkshake made with vodka Hummer (1997 video game), a 1990s Sega arcade video game Hummer (2009 video game), a 2009 Sega arcade game A person or thing that hums A slang term for fellatio See also Hammer (disambiguation)",
"title": "Hummer (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "1507664",
"text": "GMT (General Motors Truck) is a nomenclature used by General Motors to designate multiple vehicle platforms. In use since the early 1980s, the GMT nomenclature is used for light trucks, full-size SUVs, and vans, along with several medium-duty trucks. With only a few exceptions, nearly all GMT vehicles use body-on-frame construction, along with rear-wheel drive (or all-wheel drive) powertrain configurations. Primary applications Primary applications of the platform – those that are equivalent in basic RWD/frame structure to each other – existed from 1981 to 1989, and again since 2018. Light trucks and SUVs Pickups and SUVs have been the main vehicles underpinned by GMT platforms, being involved for the entirety of the platform's existence. Fullsize GMT400 – Chevrolet C/K and variants, 1988 – 2002 GMT800 – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 1999 – 2007 GMT900 – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2007 – 2014 GMTK2XX – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2014 – 2019 GMTT1XX – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2019–present Midsize GMT325 – Chevrolet S-10 and truck rebadgings, 1982 – 2012 GMT330 – Chevrolet S-10 Blazer and SUV rebadgings, 1983 – 2012 GMT355 – First-gen. Chevrolet Colorado and truck rebadgings, 2004 – 2012 GMT360 – Chevrolet TrailBlazer and rebadgings, 2002 – 2009 GMT700, later GMT31XX – Second-gen. Chevrolet Colorado, 2012–present GMT700, later GMT31XX – Second-gen. Chevrolet TrailBlazer SUV, 2012–present Hummer In contrast to the Hummer H1–designed and assembled by AM General, the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3 were developed by GM, receiving their own platform designations. Designated the GMT825, the H2 was derived from the GMT820 (Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon), with its own midsection frame design and a rear frame shared with the 2500-series GMT800 pickup trucks. The H3 SUV was designated the GMT345, a close variant of the GMT355 (Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon). The 2009-2010 H3T pickup truck was designated as the GMT745, adopting a nomenclature closer in line with the GMT700 used by the later second-generation Colorado/Canyon. Vans The 1996 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana replaced the previous G-series Van/Vandura, adopting the GMT600 designation. As part of a model update and revision for 2003, GM changed the Express/Savana to GMT610, which remains in use, the model line competes with the Ford Transit, and Ford E-Series (dependent on configuration), Mercedes-Benz/Freightliner Sprinter, Dodge Ram Wagon, and the Ram ProMaster (cargo van only). Medium trucks For 1990, the Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC TopKick medium-duty trucks adopted the GMT530 designation (sharing the cab of the GMT400 trucks). For 2003, the line was redesigned, becoming the GMT560 platform (sharing a version of the GMT610 cab). After the 2009 model year, General Motors ended medium-duty truck production. Since 2018, a medium-duty version of the GMTK2XX has been produced in a joint venture with Navistar International. Other applications While the aforementioned platforms are the ones model commonly referred to as GMT platforms, there have been other instances of the name being applied which are not for RWD and/or body-on-frame vehicles. MPVs For 1990, GM unveiled its first minivans, all of which were underpinned by the first generation of the U platform. This platform",
"title": "General Motors GMT platform"
},
{
"docid": "177390",
"text": "AM General is an American heavy vehicle and contract automotive manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana. It is best known for the civilian Hummer and the military Humvee that are assembled in Mishawaka, Indiana. For a relatively brief period, 1974–1979, the company also manufactured transit buses, making more than 5,400 of them. Corporate history AM General traces its roots to the Standard Wheel Company of Terre Haute, Indiana, which expanded in 1903 to include the Overland Automotive Division. In 1908, John North Willys purchased the Overland company, then based in Indianapolis, Indiana, and renamed it Willys-Overland Motors. In the 1940s, as Willys, it collaborated with Ford to develop a vehicle to US Army specifications. It then mass-produced that vehicle as \"America's first four-wheel-drive, one-fourth-ton, tactical utility truck\"—the Jeep of World War II fame. In 1953, Kaiser Motors purchased Willys-Overland, changing its name first to Kaiser-Willys Motor Company, and in 1963, to Kaiser-Jeep Corporation. In 1970, it was purchased by American Motors Corporation (AMC). In July 2020, KPS Capital Partners acquired the company. Defense and Government Products Division In 1964, Kaiser-Jeep purchased the Studebaker facilities on Chippewa Avenue in South Bend, Indiana, which included Studebaker's \"General Products Division\", along with its substantial defense contracts. At the time, Kaiser had been awarded a US$87 million Army truck contract, and under government pressure, agreed to perform the work at the South Bend plant it had recently acquired from Studebaker. American Motors American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased the Jeep Corporation from Kaiser in 1970 when Kaiser decided to leave the auto business. In 1971, AMC made the General Products Division of Jeep (producing military trucks as well as contract and non-commercial vehicles) a wholly owned subsidiary and renamed it AM General Corporation. American Motors ceased to function as an independent automaker in 1982 when a controlling interest was purchased by Renault. US government regulations at that time forbade ownership of defense contractors by foreign governments—and Renault was partially owned by the French government. LTV Corporation In 1983, LTV Corporation bought AM General and established it as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1984, its headquarters moved from the American Motors AMTEK Building in Detroit, Michigan, to Livonia, Michigan, and two years later to South Bend, Indiana, where primary manufacturing operations were located. Renco Group In 1992, AM General was sold to Renco Group, which in 2002 converted it to a limited liability company. Hummer brand In 1984 AM General built a separate factory at 13200 McKinley Hwy in Mishawaka for HMMWV production. In 1992 AM General began marketing the HMMWV to the civilian market under the Hummer brand. In 1999, GM acquired the rights to the brand and continued production of the original civilian Hummer as the H1 until June 2006. The Hummer H2 went on the market in 2002, and was produced until January 2009. It was designed and marketed by GM, but manufactured by AM General at the Mishawaka plant. AM General did not build the H3 model. GM was sued early in",
"title": "AM General"
},
{
"docid": "1693069",
"text": "H2, H02, or H-2 may refer to: Arts and media Armenia 2 (H2), a private television company broadcasting in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh H2 (A&E Networks), the rebranded name of the former channel History International H2 (American TV channel), the American version of the channel H2 (manga), a baseball manga by Mitsuru Adachi Halo 2, a video game for the Xbox, created and developed by Bungie Halloween II (2009 film), initially abbreviated to H2 Hollywood Squares, referred to as H2 informally during the 2002–2004 seasons Computing , level 2 heading markup for HTML Web pages, see HTML element#heading H2 (database), an open-source Java SQL database-management system DSC-H2, a 2006 Sony Cyber-shot H series camera HTTP/2, major revision of HTTP, often abbreviated in discussions as h2, and identifying itself to other servers as h2 in TLS negotiation or h2c in the HTTP Upgrade header LGA 1155 CPU socket, also known as Socket H2 Roads and transportation Interstate H-2, a highway in Hawaii, located on the island of Oahu London Buses route H2 Science and mathematics Biology and medicine ATC code H02 Corticosteroids for systemic use, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System British NVC community H2, a heath community in the British National Vegetation Classification system Histamine H2 receptor Prostaglandin H2 H-2, the Major histocompatibility complex of the mouse (equivalent of the Human Leukocyte Antigens) or , wide- or narrow-sense heritability Chemistry H2, the chemical formula for hydrogen gas (dihydrogen) Deuterium (Hydrogen-2, H-2, 2H), the isotope of hydrogen with one proton, one neutron, and one electron Other uses in science and mathematics H II region, a region of interstellar atomic hydrogen that is ionized , one of the three laryngeals in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language The Hardy space H2 Vehicles Air and space H-II, a family of Japanese liquid-fueled rockets H-IIA H-IIB H-II Transfer Vehicle, a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency uncrewed spacecraft H-2 MUPSOW, a precision-guided glide bomb manufactured by Pakistan Landgraf H-2, an American single-seat twin-rotor helicopter produced in 1944 Standard H-2, a U.S. Army reconnaissance plane produced in 1916 Automobiles Haval H2, a Chinese subcompact SUV Hummer H2, an American full-size SUV Motorcycles Kawasaki H2 Mach IV, 1970s two-stroke motorcycle Kawasaki Ninja H2, 2010s supercharged motorcycle Rail LB&SCR H2 class, a British LB&SCR locomotive GNR Class H2, a class of British steam locomotives LNER Class H2, a class of British steam locomotives H02 locomotive (Germany), a high-pressure steam locomotive made in 1930 Saxon XII H2, a German steam locomotive produced in 1922 PRR H2, a model within the American PRR locomotive classification H2, designation for METRORail Siemens S70 light rail vehicles Sea HMAS Success (H02), a Royal Australian Navy Admiralty S-class destroyer completed in 1918 HMS Exmouth (H02), a British Royal Navy E-class destroyer commissioned in 1934 HMS H2, a British Royal Navy H class submarine commissioned in 1915 USS H-2 (SS-29), a U.S. Navy H-class submarine commissioned in 1913 Other uses H-2 Air Base, a military air base in Iraq H2 (classification), a para-cycling classification H-2A Visa,",
"title": "H2"
},
{
"docid": "23291693",
"text": "\"Riverside\" is a house song released by Dutch DJ Sidney Samson. The \"Riverside, motherfucker!\" proclamation is the voice of Tupac Shakur sampled from the film Juice (playtime 1:10:25). The song is often censored during prime time, to avoid causing offence. A vocal mix has been made featuring Wizard Sleeve, released in the UK on 4 January 2010. The song name has been changed to \"Riverside (Let's Go!)\". Many British radio stations, including BBC Radio 1, added \"Riverside\" to their playlists, and as such the single received a high amount of radio play throughout December 2009 and January 2010, in preparation for the single's release. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 2 on 10 January 2010. In January 2018, Samson collaborated with Tujamo to release a new version of the song titled \"Riverside (Reloaded)\". Later in the same year, Samson also partnered with Oliver Heldens to release another remake titled \"Riverside 2099\". Music video Released May 2009, the music video features two children who have been hired by 'The Godfather' to collect a package of lollipops from two women. After delivering the goods two lollipops short, 'The Godfather' chases the younger child through the streets, as one of the children sticks 'Riverside' stickers onto various items and eventually slaps a sticker on Sidney himself. The video ends with 'The Godfather' being hit by a Hummer H2. It was filmed on location in Arnhem, the Netherlands. This is visible as there is a fire hose marked 'brandslang' during the indoor chase scene, the cars have Dutch license plates and the clip shows a Dutch Police officer. Finally, at some point in the video clip, the chase takes place on the platform of train station Arnhem Presikhaaf. An additional music video has been made for the Wizard Sleeve version, which was directed by James Copeman. It features on screen painting of people and models walking with paintbrushes. Wizard Sleeve and Sidney Samson are seen holding pictures and then the camera goes into that picture to reveal the model walking with Sidney Samson rapping in a painting behind her. It later has scenes with him and another model rapping. Track listing \"Riverside\" (Explicit Edit) – 3:24 \"Riverside\" (Afrojack Remix) – 5:31 \"Riverside\" (Warren Clarke Remix) – 6:54 \"Riverside (Let's Go!)\" (Dirty Extended Vocal Mix) – 5:09 \"Riverside (Let's Go!)\" (Breakage Remix) – 4:11 Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts Original version Remix featuring Wizard Sleeve Certifications Release history References 2009 songs 2009 singles 2010 singles Data Records singles Number-one singles in Scotland",
"title": "Riverside (song)"
},
{
"docid": "38164675",
"text": "Ian MacDonald Hummer (born August 23, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for Osaka Evessa of the Japanese B.League. He has previously played professionally in countries such as Turkey, Russia, France (Monaco), Germany and Finland. He is from Vienna, Virginia and played college basketball for the Princeton Tigers. He was the 2009 The Washington Post Boys basketball Player of the Year for Gonzaga College High School as a senior in high school and the 2013 Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year as a senior in college for Princeton. At Princeton, he is the second leading scorer (behind Bill Bradley) and fifth leading rebounder in program history. He led the team to three postseason tournaments and the 2010–11 Ivy League Championship. He holds the Ivy League record for most single-season and career Player of the Week Awards. He earned Associated Press 2013 All-American honorable mention recognition. Both his father, Ed, and uncle, John, are distinguished former Princeton Tigers men's basketball players. His 2008 Gonzaga team won the District of Columbia championships throughout his junior year. Background Hummer played for Gonzaga College High School of the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference (WCAC). He joined the starting lineup for the final two months of his sophomore season. Hummer was a second team 2007–08 All-Metro DC selection by The Washington Post as Gonzaga finished as the top-ranked school in the Metro area during his junior year. The team's point guard was sophomore Tyler Thornton. Hummer scored 16 points and added 14 rebounds in the 2008 city championship game victory against Theodore Roosevelt High School. He was a 2008–09 All-Metro DC selection and Boys basketball Player of the Year by The Washington Post. Hummer scored a career-high 32 points and added 15 rebounds against DeMatha Catholic High School on January 21, 2009. His performance earned him recognition by ESPN RISE as its ESPN RISE National Boys Basketball Player of the Week. The team's success over #15-ranked Dematha propelled it from 43 to 13 in the national rankings. However, Gonzaga lost the 2009 WCAC championship by a 62–61 margin on a last second shot to DeMatha despite 18 points and 10 rebounds by Hummer. Hummer was selected to play in the 2009 Capital Classic. Hummer was a back to the basket player who generally defended opposing high school centers. He had an underdeveloped face-up game yet he was undersized to play that style of game in power conferences. Power conference schools questioned how much potential he had in a league where his low post skills would likely be defended by larger, stronger and/or more athletic players who relegated him to perimeter play. When Princeton head coach Sydney Johnson recruited him, the only competition was mid-major schools and Hummer was not interested in any of them. During his campus visit with his father at his brother Alex's (Princeton Class of 2011) dorm room, he decided at midnight to go hang out at Dan Mavraides room across campus, signalling to his father that he was pretty",
"title": "Ian Hummer"
},
{
"docid": "9927380",
"text": "Rod Hall (born — died June 14, 2019) was an American professional off-road racer. He was inducted in the Off-road Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2005. He has spent his entire adult life around four-wheel-drive vehicles. He competed in fifty straight Baja 1000 races and had class wins in 25 of them. At his death, he had the most desert off-road race wins. Racing career His racing career began in the 1960s, when organized off-road competition was just beginning. Traveling from his Hemet, California, home to races in the Rocky Mountains and desert Southwest, Hall quickly earned a reputation for going faster than other competitors – and surviving races with less vehicle damage. He won the 1964 Afton Canyon Jeep Junket near Riverside, California, in what may have been one of the first organized off-road races in the United States. As the popularity of organized off-road racing mushroomed in the late-1960s, so did Hall's success behind the wheel. In 1967 he won the inaugural NORRA Mexican 1000 Rally (the race now known as the SCORE International Baja 1000). He won the overall Baja 1000 race in 1969. As of 2016, Hall was the only racer to have competed in every Baja 1000 in a four-wheeled vehicle. He raced in the first fifty Baja 1000 races with his final start in 2017 when he was nearly 80 years old. Hall remains the only driver to win Baja overall in a four-wheel-drive vehicle. He has accumulated over 160 major event wins and more than a dozen SCORE/HDRA & Best in the Desert (BitD) championship titles. His string of 35 consecutive race wins in the early 1980s remains the longest unbroken string of race victories in off-road racing history. Hummer Hall switched to Hummer in 1993. In addition to being the owner of Team HUMMER, Hall is partner with Mike Winkel in Reno's Rod Hall/Winkel HUMMER. His franchise was the first stand-alone Hummer dealership in the country. Hall regularly conducted BF Goodrich tire seminars, HUMMER Happenings for dealerships and corporate excursions in HUMMER vehicles. Hall is the driver of the new Hummer H3 SUV race truck, which debuted in the 2005 BitD “Vegas to Reno” competition and helped Hall earn his record 18th Baja 1000 victory in November 2005. Hall retired the Hummer race team from full race series action in 2009, but continues to field a Hummer entry at the Baja 1000. Hall captured his record-breaking 19th, 20th and 21st Baja 1000 class wins in his H3 in 2007, 2009 & 2012. Hall switched to helping to train drivers though his Rod Hall DRIVE program. The Rod Hall DRIVE off-road driving school was located at the Wild West Motorsports Park in Reno, Nevada. Driving style On a SCORE video, Hall described his driving style, \"I was never a fast guy, and I was never the first guy to the first checkpoint. But I did learn that you don’t go any slower than you have to in the rough stuff, maybe you can",
"title": "Rod Hall (racer)"
},
{
"docid": "21835208",
"text": "Zombieland is a 2009 American post-apocalyptic zombie comedy film directed by Ruben Fleischer (in his theatrical debut) and written by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick. It stars Woody Harrelson, Jesse Eisenberg, Emma Stone, Abigail Breslin, and Bill Murray. In the film, Tallahassee (Harrelson), Columbus (Eisenberg), Wichita (Stone), and Little Rock (Breslin) make their way on an extended crosscountry road trip to find a sanctuary free from zombies. Development for Zombieland began in 2005, when Reese and Wernick originally wrote the film as a spec script for a television pilot. Fleischer helped develop the teleplay into a screenplay for a self-contained feature. Tony Gardner was hired as the film's special effects makeup designer, which primarily features physical prosthetics to create the look of the zombies. Principal photography for the film began in February 2009 and lasted until that March, with filming locations including Hollywood, Atlanta, and in and around Georgia. Some of the film's scenes contained improvisation by the actors. Zombieland premiered at Fantastic Fest in Austin on September 25, 2009, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 2, by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film received positive critical reception, with praise for its screenplay, dialogue, comedy, and cast performances (especially Murray's). It grossed $102 million worldwide, becoming the then-highest grossing zombie film in the U.S. until the release of World War Z (2013), and $54 million in home sales. A sequel, Zombieland: Double Tap, was released in October 2019. Plot Two months since a strain of mad cow disease mutated to become infectious to humans and turn them into zombies, survivors of the epidemic are advised to use their city of origin as nicknames when meeting other survivors, so as to not get too attached to them and protect themselves. Columbus, a former college student with a unique set of zombie survival rules, travels from Austin, Texas, towards Columbus, Ohio, to search for his parents. On the way, he meets Tallahassee, who somewhat reluctantly agrees to give Columbus a ride towards Ohio. On the way, he mentions to Columbus that he misses his puppy, Buck, who was killed by zombies. The pair meet con artist sisters Wichita and Little Rock, who trick Tallahassee and Columbus and steal their weapons and Escalade after Little Rock feigns being bitten by a zombie. The two men find a yellow Hummer H2 loaded with weapons and continue on before running into another trap set by the girls, who take them hostage. Tallahassee steals his gun back and has a stand-off with Wichita, until Columbus intervenes saying that they have bigger problems to worry about, resulting in an uneasy truce between them. The sisters reveal they are going to the Pacific Playland amusement park in Los Angeles, an area supposedly free of zombies. After learning his hometown has been destroyed, and his parents likely killed, Columbus and Tallahassee decide to accompany them to the amusement park. When the group reach Hollywood, Tallahassee directs them to Bill Murray's house. Tallahassee and Wichita meet Murray,",
"title": "Zombieland"
},
{
"docid": "23447417",
"text": "Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots is an action-adventure video game based on the 2009 live action film Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. It is the Nintendo DS port of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, but follows a different storyline and focuses exclusively on the Autobots. It was developed by Vicarious Visions alongside Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons, which follows the Decepticons; the two games share some basic similarities, but overall feature different characters, missions and locations. Both games were published by Activision in June 2009, and received mixed reviews. Gameplay As with Transformers: The Game, the DS version of Revenge of the Fallen splits the Autobot and Decepticon campaigns into two different games. The two games feature 25 missions in total, and the ability to battle friends via the handheld's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Similar to Transformers Autobots, players must customize their own Transformer, known as \"Create-A-Bot\", who can be furthered customized during the game using parts found in missions. The difference between this game and its predecessors is that while scanning a vehicle to choose an alternate form, players are limited to \"light\" vehicles, which are fast but weak, \"medium\" vehicles, which are fast and strong, and \"heavy\" vehicles, which are strong but slow, and the protoform can't scan another vehicle once one has been already chosen. Another addition is that multiple weapons, armor and upgrades can be found throughout the game. Synopsis Characters Similar to the first set of Transformers games for the DS, the player gets to create their own character which they play as throughout the campaign. Many of the main Transformers from the movie appear throughout the story to aid the player, and several are available to play as in challenges. Create-A-Bot: The player character, who is depicted as a Transformer having just recently arrived on Earth and joined the Autobots, seeking to impress his superiors. Optimus Prime (voiced by Peter Cullen): The heroic, wise, and inspiring leader of the Autobots, who transforms into a Peterbilt 379 semi-truck. He is playable in the tutorial and challenge missions. Jetfire (voiced by Clive Revill): An old Transformer and former Decepticon, who defected to the Autobots. He can transform into a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Though unplayable, he is featured in a few missions in the game. Bumblebee (voiced by Mark Ryan): An Autobot recon officer and scout, who transforms into a fifth-generation Chevrolet Camaro. He is only playable in challenge missions. Ratchet (voiced by Robert Foxworth): The Autobots' medical officer, who transforms into a Search and Rescue Hummer H2. Though unplayable, he makes several appearances throughout the game, and gives the player useful hints. Ironhide (voiced by Jess Harnell): The Autobots' weapon specialist, who transforms into a GMC Topkick pickup truck. Though unplayable, he is featured in several story and challenge missions. Sideswipe: An Autobot soldier and a relatively recent addition to the team. He transforms into a Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Concept, and is only playable in challenge missions. Breakaway: An Aerialbot who can transform into a",
"title": "Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots"
},
{
"docid": "26689927",
"text": "John Hummer (born May 4, 1948) is an American venture capitalist and retired professional basketball player who was an original member of the Buffalo Braves after starring for the Princeton Tigers men's basketball team. He also led his high school to the 1966 Virginia State 1A championship and helped Princeton earn a 1967–68 co-Ivy League Championship as well as a 1968–69 outright Ivy League Championship. Over the course of his basketball career, he was coached by four National Basketball Hall of Fame members. In college, Hummer was a three-time All-Ivy League selection (first-team: 1969 and 1970, second team: 1968). He played for two Ivy League champion teams and served as team captain as a senior. He was a part of the first of head coach Pete Carril's thirteen Ivy League champions (1968), eleven NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament teams (1969) and three undefeated conference champions (1969). Although Hummer set no statistical records, his name continues to be ranked high in the Princeton record book by many statistical measures. He played six seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Braves, Chicago Bulls and Seattle SuperSonics. He was the 15th overall selection in the 1970 NBA draft and the first draft choice in the history of the Braves franchise. As a Braves draft choice, he was a somewhat controversial pick in a draft year with two All-American local products available. During his NBA career, he played for Hall of Famers Dolph Schayes, Bill Russell and Jack Ramsay. After his professional basketball career ended, he went to Stanford University to get an MBA in 1980. In 1989, Ann Winblad and he founded Hummer Winblad Venture Partners, a venture capital firm focusing on software companies. Amateur career Hummer attended Washington-Lee High School in Arlington, Virginia. Following in the footsteps of his brother Ed Hummer, he led W-L to the 1966 Virginia 1A state title as a high school senior. Ed had led the team to the 1962 and 1963 titles. His nephew (Ed's son Ian) was a freshman on the 2009–10 Princeton team. In Hummer's sophomore season at Princeton, the team was co-champion of the Ivy League with a 20–6 (12–3 Ivy) record. Despite the fact that Princeton had three of the five first-team All-Ivy team members, plus second-team member Hummer, they lost the one-game league playoff to the Jim McMillian-led 1968 Columbia Lions. That year the team rose to as high as 8th in the AP Poll. This was the first of thirteen Ivy League championships for head coach Pete Carril. The following season, the team accumulated a 19–7 (14–0) record and participated in the 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. They lost to St. John's in the tournament, but Hummer was joined by Geoff Petrie on the first-team All-Ivy squad. This was the first of eleven NCAA tournament appearance for Carril. It was also the first of three 14–0 conference champions for Carril. As a senior, Hummer was first-team All-Ivy, but the Tigers placed third in the conference",
"title": "John Hummer"
},
{
"docid": "23066298",
"text": "Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Co., Ltd. is based in Chengdu, China. Sichuan Tengzhong is a privately owned company known for making a wide range of road equipment, such as bridge piers, highway construction and maintenance machinery. Sichuan Tengzhong has been moving more into heavy-duty trucks, including tow trucks and oil tankers. Aborted acquisition of Hummer On 1 June 2009, as a part of General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization announcement, GM revealed that Hummer brand would be discontinued. However, the following day GM announced it had reached a deal to sell the brand to an undisclosed buyer. On 2 June 2009 GM announced the sale of Hummer to a non-disclosed Chinese company. The New York Times reported Tuesday that the buyer would be the Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company Ltd., a machinery company in western China. Late Tuesday Sichuan Tengzhong itself posted it on their own website. The transaction was expected to close in the third quarter of 2009, subject to customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals. Financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed. Credit Suisse acted as exclusive financial advisor and Shearman&Sterling acted as international legal counsel to Tengzhong on this transaction. Citi acted as financial advisor to GM. Prior to the 2009 sale a handful of other Chinese automakers, including Chang Feng, expressed interest in the brand, but all declined to make a formal offer. The deal include the continuation of manufacturing in the two plants that GM already used to produce the Hummer trucks until June 2011, with a possible extension until 2012. On 24 February 2010, The Chinese Ministry of Commerce rejected Tengzhong's bid to purchase Hummer from General Motors, and that the deal had collapsed. The later stated the same and that they will discontinue the brand. Some reports were saying that Tengzhong would instead purchase it privately through the company's new supporter, J&A Tengzhong Fund SPC, a private equity investment fund owned by an offshore entity that was recruiting private investors to buy into its acquisition plan. At the time, even established companies were in difficulties. With them, small companies were also declining (including Tengzong). Also falling was Hummer's value, with lowered customer demand. After that, some other buyers were approached to buy the brand, but those deals also failed. Finally, the Hummer brand was defunct on 24 May 2010. References Companies based in Chengdu Construction equipment manufacturers of China Chinese brands",
"title": "Tengzhong"
},
{
"docid": "45565179",
"text": "The Robert Award for Best Visual Effects () is one of the merit awards presented by the Danish Film Academy at the annual Robert Awards ceremony. The award has been handed out since 1984, although numerous years in the 1980s and 1990s saw no honorees. Between 1984 and 2013 the award was given as the Robert Award for Best Special Effects (Robert Prisen for årets special effects), and since 2014 as the Robert Award for Best Visual Effects (Robert Prisen for årets visuelle effekter). Honorees 1980s 1984: Eg Norre – 1985: – The Element of Crime 1986: Peter Høimark and – 1987: Stig Sparre-Ulrich and Niels Arnt Torp – Barndommens gade 1988: Not awarded 1989: Not awarded 1990s 1990: Not awarded 1991: Not awarded 1992: Hummer Højmark, Morten Jacobsen and Kaj Grönberg – Europa 1993: Not awarded 1994: Not awarded 1995: Not awarded 1996: Not awarded 1997: Not awarded 1998: Not awarded 1999: Hans Peter Ludvigsen – 2000s 2000: Hummer Højmark – I Kina spiser de hunde 2001: Thomas Borch Nielsen – 2002: Hummer Højmark, Steen Lyders, and Kris Kolodziejski – 2003: Jonas Wagner, Morten Lynge, Niels Valentin Dal and Hummer Højmark – Klatretøsen 2004: Peter Hjorth – It's All About Love 2005: Daniel Silwerfeldt and Thomas Borch Nielsen – 2006: Peter Hjort, Hummer Højmark, and Lars K. Andersen – Adam's Apples 2007: Thomas Dyg – Tempelriddernes skat 2008: Hummer Højmark and Jeppe Nygaard Christensen – Island of Lost Souls 2009: Hummer Højmark, Jonas Drehn, and Thomas Busk – Flammen og Citronen 2010s 2010: Peter Hjorth and Ota Bares – Antichrist 2011: Morten Jacobsen and Thomas Foldberg – R 2012: Hummer Højmark and Peter Hjort – Melancholia 2013: Jeppe Nygaard Christensen, Esben Syberg, and Rikke Hovgaard Jørgensen – En kongelig affære 2014: Hummer Højmark, Rikke Gjerløv Hansen, Thomas Øhlenschlæger, and Jeppe Nygaard Christensen – 2015: Peter Hjorth – Nymphomaniac Director's Cut References External links 1984 establishments in Denmark Awards established in 1984 Film awards for Best Visual Effects Visual Effects",
"title": "Robert Award for Best Visual Effects"
},
{
"docid": "69432033",
"text": "SoloTürk or Solo Türk, often stylized as SOLOTÜRK, is a single-aircraft aerobatic demonstration team of the Turkish Air Force. Plans for the team began in November 2009 and the pilot training process was finalized in August 2010 with three pilots initially. The first demonstration flight was performed within the military in September 2010, and the team made its first public appearance 15 April 2011. Since then, SoloTürk has participated in several national and international airshows, with most maneuvers in demonstration flights being special to the team. The team uses a specially-painted General Dynamics F-16C Block 40 aircraft which is combat ready. SoloTürk formerly operated out of the Akıncı Air Base, but moved to Konya Air Base in 2016 after the coup d'état attempt. The team has a total of 13 personnel, including two pilots, and uses a CASA CN-235M-100 for transportation. Pilots wanting to fly for the team must meet certain criteria before they qualify for a training. SoloTürk has received multiple awards for its demonstration flights. History The development of a one-aircraft aerobatic team started on 25 November 2009. The pilots were selected in January 2010 and training started in May the same year, which lasted three months. The first display flight was performed on 1 September 2010 to then Turkish Air Force commander Hasan Aksay at the 4th Main Base Jet Command, where the team was stationed until 2016. The team made its first public appearance on 15 April 2011 at the Akıncı Air Base in Ankara during the 100th anniversary event of the Turkish Air Force. At the final Waddington International Air Show in 2014, SoloTürk ducked under the glide slope on final approach and made an extremely low-pass above the audience watching the aircraft land. The Akıncı Air Base, which was the base of SoloTürk since its forming, was closed following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt as it is alleged that the base was used as the command center of pro-coup military. An internal investigation concluded that none of the members of SoloTürk were a part of the Gülen movement. The base of the team was moved to the Konya Air Base in October 2016, where the aerobatic demonstration team Turkish Stars are also based at. On 25 January 2017, pilots Erhan Günar and Serdar Doğan flew the SoloTürk F-16, which has a takeoff speed of , at a speed of during a training flight in preparation of the coming year and broke the \"slowest flight\" record. At the inaugural Teknofest on 20 September 2018, a drag race was held between SoloTürk, Red Bull RB8, Kawasaki Ninja H2, Tesla Model S P100D, Aston Martin Vantage, Lotus Evora GT410 and Bombardier Challenger 600. The 9-second race was won by Kenan Sofuoğlu who was driving the Kawasaki Ninja H2. SoloTürk came third behind the Red Bull RB8 driven by Jake Dennis. Before the start of the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix at the Istanbul Park circuit, SoloTürk made a fly-by on the main straight. A footage captured by",
"title": "SoloTürk"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "65047940",
"text": "The Hummer is an ice cream cocktail originally created in Detroit, Michigan, at Bayview Yacht Club by Jerome Adams. It was the first \"boozy milkshake\" of the late 1960s. It is made with light rum and Kahlua and vanilla ice cream. Two legendary bartenders have been credited with creating the drink. According to The Detroit Free Press Jerome Adams created the drink at the Bayview Yacht Club in 1967, but in a 1982 article The Free Press said it was invented at the London Chop House by Farouk Elhaje. The original recipe has evolved over the years, with new versions replacing the vanilla ice cream with peppermint, butter pecan or using fresh cream instead of ice cream. The drink is made strong with nearly 4 ounces of alcohol in a 7.5 ounce glass. The consistency is so thick, made with two scoops of vanilla ice cream, that a straw would stand up straight in the glass. Despite the high alcohol content of the drink, it doesn't taste strongly of alcohol. The price of a pitcher for 10 or 12 was around $90 in 2014. The Hummer has not seen as much of a resurgence as other classic cocktails like the Last Word because ice cream is considered a difficult ingredient to work with. References Cocktails with vodka Cocktails with rum Cocktails with coffee liqueur Cocktails with ice cream Creamy cocktails Sweet cocktails Vanilla ice cream",
"title": "Hummer (cocktail)"
},
{
"docid": "48753513",
"text": "A doppelgänger brand image is a parody logo or narrative intended to highlight ethical issues regarding the product advertised. They are commonly associated with the brand's lack of authenticity, and most are created as a form of individual protest, either posted digitally on social media, or displayed as physical graffiti. A 2012 study concluded that doppelgänger brand images were able to negatively affect sales, because they created a perception of mistrust in the minds of the customers. A 2006 study concluded that, Doppelgänger has an impact on emotional brand image of a brand. In a 2006 paper, Craig J. Thompson, Aric Rindfleisch and Zeynep Arsel suggest that doppelgänger brand images are a sign that \"an emotional-branding story is beginning to lose its cultural resonance\", and can be useful as a warning symptom. Examples The \"Joe Chemo\" campaign, an internet campaign created by an organization called Adbusters, criticized the product message of Camel cigarettes, and emphasized the harmful effects of smoking, by depicting the company's camel mascot as \"a camel who wishes he'd never smoked cigarettes\". In this doppelganger image the confident, cool and popular Joe Camel is replaced by this sick, depressed and lonely Joe Chemo. Shortly after this doppelganger campaign began, Joe Camel was withdrawn from the market. McDonald's is often criticized because of its harmful effects on human health. To illustrate its negative effect, the McDonald's logo was redesigned as \"McDiabetes\". For this DBI, there is a long running hashtag on Twitter. In 2015, a designer reinterpreted the Pepsi logo to represent a corpulent man. The intention was to emphasize the direct relation between consumption of sweetened soft drinks and obesity. After General Motors launched the Hummer H2 in the mid-2000s, a creative viral Internet campaign called \"FUH2\" began. This campaign concentrated not only on the brand itself, but also on its owners who were portrayed as savages who cared about style more than the environment. During Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, comedian John Oliver satirised Trump's \"Make America Great Again\" slogan with the parody \"Make Donald Drumpf Again\", referring to Trump's alleged ancestral surname. Nike's logo and slogan (\"Just do it\") appear in several images either altered or adjusted, often highlighting the company's use of sweat shop labor. Following the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, several satirical logos reflecting a negative image were born out of a contest sponsored by Greenpeace. The South Butt was an attempt to commercialize a parody of The North Face's brand. The Indian Premier League major cricket sporting event was severely criticized as Indian Puppet League, after revelations came out in 2015 regarding the match fixing and mis-governance issues associated with it. This negative portrayal of brand affected the events popularity and the credibility of associated players. The Board of Control for Cricket in India was also severely affected. Walmart has several anti-branding doppelganger initiatives aimed against it. A spoof of the Apple logo that shows a worm coming out of the bitten apple and the words",
"title": "Doppelgänger brand image"
},
{
"docid": "977047",
"text": "H2S was the first airborne, ground scanning radar system. It was developed for the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command during World War II to identify targets on the ground for night and all-weather bombing. This allowed attacks outside the range of the various radio navigation aids like Gee or Oboe, which were limited to about of range from various base stations. It was also widely used as a general navigation system, allowing landmarks to be identified at long range. In March 1941, experiments with an early airborne interception radar based on the 9.1 cm wavelength, (3 GHz) cavity magnetron revealed that different objects have very different radar signatures; water, open land and built-up areas of cities and towns all produced distinct returns. In January 1942, a new team was set up to combine the magnetron with a new scanning antenna and plan-position indicator display. The prototype's first use in April confirmed that a map of the area below the aircraft could be produced using radar. The first systems went into service in early 1943 as the H2S Mk. I and H2S Mk. II, as well as ASV Mark III. On its second operational mission on 2/3 February 1943, an H2S was captured almost intact by German forces, and a second unit a week later. Combined with intelligence gathered from the surviving crew, they learned it was a mapping system and were able to determine its method of operation. When they pieced one together from parts and saw the display of Berlin, near panic broke out in the Luftwaffe. This led to the introduction of the FuG 350 Naxos radar detector in late 1943, which enabled Luftwaffe night fighters to home on the transmissions of H2S. The British learned of Naxos and a great debate ensued over the use of H2S. Later calculations showed that losses after the introduction of Naxos were actually less than before it, and use continued. After it was found the resolution of the early sets was too low to be useful over large cities like Berlin, in 1943 work started on a version operating in the X band at 3 cm (10 GHz), the H2S Mk. III. Almost simultaneously, its American equivalent was introduced as the H2X in October of that year. A wide variety of slightly different Mk. III's were produced before the Mk. IIIG was selected as the late-war standard. Development continued through the late-war Mk. IV to the 1950s era Mk. IX that equipped the V bomber fleet and the English Electric Canberra. In the V-force, Mk. IXA was tied into both the bombsight and navigation system to provide a complete long-range Navigation and Bombing System (NBS). In this form, H2S was last used operationally during the Falklands War in 1982 on the Avro Vulcan. Some H2S Mk. IX units remained in service on the Handley Page Victor aircraft until 1993, providing fifty years of service. Etymology of \"H2S\" The radar was originally called \"BN\" (Blind Navigation), but it quickly became \"H2S\". The",
"title": "H2S (radar)"
},
{
"docid": "4517307",
"text": "\"Long Term Parking\" is the 64th episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the 12th of the show's fifth season. Written by Terence Winter and directed by Tim Van Patten, it originally aired on May 23, 2004. Starring James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi * Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano Jr. * Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano Jr. Jamie-Lynn DiScala as Meadow Soprano * Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano Baccalieri * Vincent Curatola as Johnny Sack John Ventimiglia as Artie Bucco and Steve Buscemi as Tony Blundetto * = credit only Guest starring Synopsis Little Carmine recoils from the escalating violence of the New York mob war, and Johnny becomes the new boss of the Lupertazzi family. In a sit-down with Tony, both Johnny and Phil make threats against his blood relations. Johnny says he wants Tony B \"on a fucking spit\". In hiding, Tony B calls Tony to apologize. Tony tells him not to come back and says he will look after his sons. He further admits why he was not at the hijack where Tony B was arrested decades earlier, saying that he has always felt guilty; \"Now we're even.\" Ending the call, they tell each other to take care. Tony then has the call traced and learns that Tony B is in upstate New York, near their uncle's now-empty house. Tony and Johnny meet alone. Tony says he knows where Tony B is and what has to be done. Johnny refuses to let Tony handle it himself and states that Tony B will be at Phil's mercy. Tony subsequently refuses to give up Tony B's location and the meeting ends in antagonism. Tony punishes Christopher for bungling a cigarette smuggling operation. Back home, Chris rants about Tony's treatment and what he sees as his favoritism towards Tony B. Adriana, under intense stress, is diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. When FBI surveillance catches Adriana behaving oddly with a bag of garbage behind her nightclub, she is brought in. She admits that she was cleaning up after a murder in her office: drug dealer Matush Giamona killed a customer who claimed he had been ripped off. Threatened with imprisonment for covering up the murder, Adriana is told she has to wear a wire. She refuses but persuades the FBI that Chris is ready to turn. They let her go, with a deadline for bringing him in. When Adriana tells Chris she has been talking to the FBI, he reacts violently and begins to strangle her before he breaks down crying. They eventually agree to flee and start a new life. Getting gas for his Hummer H2 the next morning, Chris pensively observes a poor family in front of the gas station, their meager possessions strapped to the roof of a run-down car. Adriana soon receives",
"title": "Long Term Parking"
},
{
"docid": "11258440",
"text": "Hummer Winblad Venture Partners (HWVP) is an American software and web focused venture capital firm based in San Francisco, California. Its founders include John Hummer and Ann Winblad. The firm was an early investor in Napster, the first popular file sharing service, and in several internet firms that failed during the dot-com bubble. History First decade (1989–1999) Ann Winblad started Hummer Winblad Venture Partners with former professional basketball player John Hummer after selling her company Open Systems and serving as a consultant to Microsoft, Apple Computer, and IBM. The company originally focused on raising money from pension funds and investing in software companies. In 1999 Bill Gates invested in the company's venture fund. In her book The Kingmakers, reporter Karen Southwick wrote that Hummer Winblad Venture Partners \"may not be among the super tier of VC firms, but it certainly gets just about as much publicity.\" Napster and the dot-com bubble (2000–2014) In 2000 Hummer Winblad led a US$15 million round of funding for Napster while the internet company was being sued by the Recording Industry Association of America. The Economist noted that this investment was unusual for a company that previously had been \"notably more risk-averse than most Silicon Valley rivals towards Internet investments.\" In 2001 several of the company's investments ended in company bankruptcies or closures, including Pets.com, Homes.com, eHow, and Rival Networks. In 2006 Hummer Winblad Venture Partners settled a lawsuit brought by EMI Group and Universal Music Group after Napster's bankruptcy. Rebranding as HWVP (2015–) In 2015 Hummer Winblad Venture Partners rebranded as HWVP. The next year, for the first time, it raised a fund without Ann Winblad or John Hummer listed among the general partners. , its investments include Ace Metrix and NuoDB. References External links Financial services companies established in 1989 Venture capital firms of the United States Companies based in San Francisco American companies established in 1989 1989 establishments in California",
"title": "Hummer Winblad Venture Partners"
},
{
"docid": "61481901",
"text": "Harunur Rashid (born 1 January 1962) is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the incumbent Jatiya Sangsad member from the Chapai Nawabganj-3 constituency since January 2019. Career Rashid was elected to Jatiya Sangsad from Chapai Nawabganj-3 in the June 1996 Bangladeshi general election as a candidate of Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He had received 77,929 votes while his nearest rival, Latifur Rahman of Awami League, had received 47,048 votes. Rashid was re-elected to the same position in the 2001 Bangladeshi general election. He had received 85,489 votes while the same rival, Latifur Rahman of Awami League, had received 60,460 votes. Rashid contested the 2008 Bangladeshi general election from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as the Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate but lost to Abdul Odud of Awami League. He received 76,178 votes while the winner received 112,753 votes. Latifur Rahman of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami also campaigned against him. In November 2011, Rashid participated in a human chain protesting erosion at the Chapainawabganj Press Club. Rashid boycotted the 2014 election as per decision of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Abdul Odud of Awami League was elected to parliament uncontested from Chapai Nawabganj-3. Rashid was elected to parliament from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate on 30 December 2018. He had received 133,661 votes while Abdul Odul of Awami League and his nearest rival received 85,938 votes. He took the oath of office 90 days after the mandated time following instructions of Tarique Rahman. The four Bangladesh Nationalist Party members of parliament initially refused to join parliament as they had deemed the election unfair. Rashid in parliament asked the speaker to create a committee to investigate the large number of cases filed against Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians. Charges and convictions Assistant director Monayem Hossain of the Anti-Corruption Commission filed a case against Rashid for tax fraud in March 2007 with Tejgaon police station and then pressed charge in July. Rashid had imported a Hummer H2 on 25 April 2005 without paying tax as per his privilege as a member of parliament but later sold the to Ishtiak Sadek, violating the rules of the duty free facility, who sold it to Enayetur Rahman Bappi. The car, imported under duty free privilege, cannot be sold under less than years of being purchased. Rapid Action Battalion-2, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Akbar Hossain, had spotted the Hummer in Panthapath and asked the men to come to their camp where they were detained. In October 2019, Judge Shaikh Nazmul Alam of the Dhaka court sentenced Rashid to five years’ imprisonment for dodging taxes while importing a luxurious car in 2007 and fined him five million taka. It also sent his co-accused former managing director of NTV and Channel 9, Enayetur Rahman Bappi, to two years imprisonment. His other co-accused proprietor of Sky Autos, Ishtiak Sadek, sentenced to jail for three years. A week later, the High Court granted him six months’ bail in the case. Justices Obaidul Hassan and AKM Zahirul Huq asked the government to explain why Rashid's parliamentary membership",
"title": "Harunur Rashid (Chapai Nawabganj politician)"
},
{
"docid": "60856076",
"text": "H2 Motorsports was an American professional stock car racing team owned by Matt Hurley. The team operated part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, fielding the No. 28 Toyota Supra for Shane Lee. The team shutdown before the start of the 2020 season due to financial troubles and because of the pending investigation against Hurley. The assets of H2 Motorsports were purchased by Sam Hunt Racing for the 2020 season. Founder Founder Matt Hurley was born April 5, 1996. Hurley graduated from Cypress Lake High School in Fort Myers, Florida, and claims to have worked at least 40 hours per week since he was 14 years old. Hurley once described himself as an \"...investor, entrepreneur, and political hack...\" Hurley founded H2 Motorsports and based it in Mooresville, North Carolina. H2's primary sponsor was Circuit City. An entrepreneur, Hurley has started additional businesses such as H2 Innovation Center, and Youngbloods, Inc., a private holding company which later changed its name to the H2 Organization. Hurley co-founded Torchlight Productions, a website design and development firm at the age of 15. Controversy & legal actions In 2017, Hurley leased a commercial building in Fort Myers, Florida for Southwest Florida Innovation Center, at a building named The Atrium, with plans to renovate the 132,000sf building with 42,000sf set aside for startup companies and the remainder of which were sublet spaces to other tenants. The estimate for the purchase and renovation was $20 Million. He was later sued for not paying rent, and the tenants in the building were evicted, including one business that was a United States Contract Postal Unit. Hurley blamed a number of the tenant complaints and issues on the fact the building purchase had not been yet completed, and on hurricane Irma. He is currently under investigation by the State of Florida's Office of Financial regulation, and was arrested for contempt of court in 2020. Xfinity Series The team announced on May 23, 2019, that they would attempt twenty races with Lee in the No. 28 Toyota Supra, beginning at Iowa in June with Circuit City as the sponsor for all races. In late summer 2019, it was revealed that Lee was signed for all of 2020, and that depending on sponsorship, the team could expand to two cars for 2020. Due to concerns that their cars would not be ready in time for the three road course races in August with being a new team, H2 decided to skip those races (at Watkins Glen, Mid-Ohio, and Road America) and better prepare for the upcoming oval races. Before the race at Darlington in September, they released Lee due to what they deemed a lack of performance, who the team released on August 28, 2019, after less than 3 months with the team and despite the fact that he finished in the top 21 in all but one of his races, and had great runs at both Daytona (before crashing in \"the big one\") and Iowa, where he finished in the top 10.",
"title": "H2 Motorsports"
},
{
"docid": "64339286",
"text": "The Crosstown Line, designated Routes H2 and H4, is a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Brookland–CUA station and Tenleytown–AU station of the Red Line of the Washington Metro. The line operates every 24 minutes between 7AM and 9PM, and 20 - 40 minutes after 9PM at a combined frequency of 12 minutes during the day and, 20 minutes during the late nights. Trips roughly take 48 minutes to complete. Background Routes H2 and H4 operate as part of the Crosstown Line between Brookland–CUA station and Tenleytown–AU station. Routes H2 and H4 serve the hospital complex along 1st Street. The line splits after serving Columbia Heights station. Route H2 mainly operates along Adams Mill Road, Connecticut Avenue, Van Ness Street, and Veazey Street. While Route H4 mainly operates along Mount Pleasant Street, Park Road, Porter Street, and Wisconsin Avenue. Both routes connect Brookland and Tenleytown stations by bus without having to take the Red Line. Routes H2 and H4 currently operate out of Bladensburg division with some select weekday trips operating out of Western division. H2 stops H4 stops History Routes H2 and H4 originally operated under streetcars by the Capital Traction Company. The line was then made into buses in the 1920s. Routes H2 and H4 operated between Fort Lincoln and Westmoreland Circle connecting Tenleytown, Forest Hills, Cleveland Park, Mount Pleasant, Columbia Heights, Rock Creek Park, Brookland along Yuma Street, Massachusetts Avenue, Wisconsin Avenue, Porter Street NW (H4), Van Ness/Veazey Street NW (H2), Connecticut Avenue (H2), Columbia Road NW, Irving Street NW, Michigan Avenue NW/NE, Franklin Street NE, and 14th Street NE. It mostly provides service in outer DC without having to enter Downtown. The line was later acquired by DC Transit in 1956 and later diverted to serve the Washington Hospital Complexes along 1st Street. It later became a Metrobus route in 1973. On February 19, 1978, after Brookland–CUA station opened, routes H2 and H4 were diverted off Monroe Street to serve the new station. This gives residents access to the Red Line on its route. No route changes were made during its route. On August 25, 1984, routes H2 and H4 were rerouted off Tenley Circle to serve Tenleytown–AU station in the middle of its route when it opened. No route changes were made on the route. On September 18, 1999, after Columbia Heights station opened a series of changes were made to the H2 and H4. Routes H2 was shorten to terminate at Van Ness–UDC station and route H4 was shorten to terminate at Tenleytown–AU station. Service to Westmoreland Circle and along Yuma Street was replaced by a new route N8 which will operate between Van Ness and Wesley Heights. This was due to resident complaint along Yuma Street and Tenleytown over H2 and H4 buses making loud noises along Yuma street causing noise pollution and damage to homes. The new N8 solves the noise complaint problem by using smaller and quieter 30 ft buses. Routes H2 and H4 were",
"title": "Crosstown Line (Washington, D.C.)"
},
{
"docid": "43793484",
"text": "The Kawasaki Ninja H2 is a supercharged four-stroke supersport-class motorcycle in the Ninja sports bike series manufactured by Kawasaki, featuring a variable-speed centrifugal supercharger. Its namesake is the 750 cc Kawasaki H2 Mach IV, an inline triple that was introduced by Kawasaki in 1972 to \"disrupt what it saw as a sleeping motorcycle market\". Its Ninja H2R track-only variant is the fastest and most powerful production motorcycle on the market, producing a maximum of and with ram-air. The H2R has 50% more power than the fastest street-legal motorcycles, while the street-legal Ninja H2 has a lower power output of – with ram-air. Design Kawasaki selected the literbike platform for its top-of-the-line Ninja H2 model, rather than continuing with the higher-displacement Ninja ZX-14 hyperbike. Cycle World's Kevin Cameron explained that the literbike class is \"the center of the high-performance market\", attracting the best development in racing, with the best chassis and suspension design, so it made sense for Kawasaki to create a machine that could leverage this. The H2 is the first production motorcycle with a supercharger, although turbochargers were available on some models in the early 1980s. Specifications in the infobox are from Kawasaki unless noted. Production The street-legal Ninja H2 has mirrors in place of the track-only H2R's winglets, and plastic body panels in place of the H2R's carbon-fiber panels but there is the H2 carbon version that has them in carbon. The street-legal H2 is said to make , probably with reduced supercharger boost compared to the H2R. The H2 and H2R share the supercharger (with a lower boost level on the H2) and many other components, with the exception of the head gasket, cam profile and timing with ECU mapping, exhaust system, and clutch (the H2R's clutch has two additional plates). For 2017, Kawasaki made a limited-edition model with 120 units produced globally: the individually-numbered Kawasaki Ninja H2 Carbon with special paint and carbon-fiber upper cowl. For 2017, the standard Ninja H2 was also updated. For 2018, Kawasaki made a new sport touring version of the H2, the , with a claimed wet weight of . Features that are options on the base model H2 SX come standard on the Kawasaki H2 SX SE, which has a claimed wet weight of . It has revised throttle bodies, camshafts, crankshaft, pistons, cylinder and cylinder head as well as a new exhaust system aimed at increasing mid range torque. The intake system and supercharger impeller were also redesigned. A new larger fuel tank, rear trellis subframe and panniers increase the bike's weight by . For 2019, the H2 received an update with 15% more power from updates to the intake, spark plugs, ECU, and air filter, among other components. Also added was a new LED lighting scheme and a special top coat of paint that is claimed to be self-healing and able to smooth over small scratches in warmer conditions. Also new were lighter and smaller Brembo Stylema calipers, a new TFT dash, and smartphone connectivity that provides information",
"title": "Kawasaki Ninja H2"
},
{
"docid": "10565411",
"text": "Foals (stylised in all caps) are a British rock band formed in Oxford in 2005. The band's current line-up consists of Greek-born lead vocalist and guitarist Yannis Philippakis, drummer and percussionist Jack Bevan, rhythm guitarist Jimmy Smith and bassist Walter Gervers. They are currently signed to Warner Records, and have released seven studio albums to date: Antidotes (2008), Total Life Forever (2010), Holy Fire (2013), What Went Down (2015), and Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 & 2 (2019) and their most recent, Life Is Yours (2022). They have also released one video album, six extended plays and thirty-five singles. The band have toured internationally for over a decade, and have featured at many festivals including Glastonbury, Coachella, and Roskilde. They have won a number of awards, including best live act at the 2013 Q Awards while producers Alan Moulder and Flood were awarded 'UK Producer of the Year' for their work on the album Holy Fire. The band's studio albums Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 and 2 were released March and October 2019, respectively, with the latter becoming the group's first album to top the UK Album Chart. History 2005–2006: Formation The lead singer of the band Youthmovies, Andrew Mears, originally formed the band Foals. He was present on the band's debut 7\" single, \"Try This on Your Piano/Look at My Furrows of Worry\", but left shortly afterwards to concentrate on Youthmovies's debut album, Good Nature. Jack Bevan, Lina Simon and Yannis Philippakis were originally in cult math rock band the Edmund Fitzgerald. The group disbanded, claiming that things had become \"too serious\" and that they wanted to have more \"fun making their music\". Walter Gervers and Jimmy Smith were part of a small Oxford band called Face Meets Grill. They met at and formed the band from members of Abingdon School, the same school that Radiohead attended. They played gigs in and around Oxford, and recorded an EP in Hull. After playing Truck Festival in 2004 they separated to follow different paths and careers. Guitarist Jimmy Smith is the only one of the band members to have completed his degree, at Hull University, each of the other band members quit their respective universities when the band signed to Transgressive Records. 2007–2008: Antidotes In early 2007, the band released the limited edition 7\" singles \"Hummer\" and \"Mathletics\", both produced by Gareth Parton. \"Hummer\" later featured on the Channel Four teen drama Skins. Philippakis described this period as 'the music was almost a premeditated mix of blending techno and minimalism [and] we'd set ourselves these rules, like 'only staccato rhythms', and 'guitars must be played really high'. In the summer of 2007, Foals began working on their debut album in New York. It was produced by Dave Sitek of TV on the Radio. However, the band decided to mix the album themselves, stating that Sitek made the first master copy of the album sound like \"it was recorded in the Grand Canyon\". Philippakis",
"title": "Foals (band)"
},
{
"docid": "4680235",
"text": "Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE) is an American automotive engineering company specializing in high-performance automobile modifications, specifically engines and induction systems. Now headquartered in Brighton, Michigan the company was founded by and named for NHRA driver John Lingenfelter in Decatur, IN. Over the decades since its founding, LPE has been creating high-performance versions of many GM vehicles, such as the F-Bodies (Camaro, Firebird), B Bodies (Impala SS, Caprice, Roadmaster, Fleetwood), Corvette, CTS-V, GTO, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Escalade, Denali, SSR, Hummer H2, and Sierra. Furthermore, it has also created performance enhancement packages for the Dodge Viper and Plymouth Prowler. In January 1998, MotorTrend tested a Chevrolet Tahoe modified and tuned by Lingenfelter, powered by a 396 (6.5L) cubic inch Chevrolet V8 and achieved a 5.1-second 0-60 time as well as a 0.9g lateral acceleration figure. The SUV completed the quarter mile in 13.8 seconds at 96 mph. These numbers matched the performance figures of a base model C4 Corvette and GMC Syclones/Typhoons of that era. Motor Trend also tested an LPE-built Impala SS that had the same performance numbers as the last generation M5 (0-60 4.7 sec) due to its bored and stroked LT-1 (displacement rose to 383 in3 and horsepower rose to 425). Another LPE vehicle was featured in the June 1996 issue of Car and Driver: A special C4 Corvette with a 427.6 in3 engine that attained a top speed of 212 mph (ca. 341 km/h) . LPE's 2001 Corvette 427 twin-turbo with 800 rear-wheel horsepower accomplished a 0-60 mph acceleration in 1.97 seconds. Another LPE vehicle that the company developed and marketed to customers which has been one of their most powerful vehicles offered to date was a 2006 twin-turbo Corvette Z06 with 1,109 rear wheel horsepower. In 2014, they expanded operations. The current owner of Lingenfelter Performance Engineering is Ken Lingenfelter. References External links Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Automotive companies of the United States Companies based in Indiana",
"title": "Lingenfelter Performance Engineering"
},
{
"docid": "2674653",
"text": "\"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\" is a song by American rapper Khia, released in April 2002 as the lead single from her debut studio album, Thug Misses. Owing to its sexually explicit lyrics, an edited version of the song was released to mainstream radio. The song reached number 42 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It also reached number four in the United Kingdom two years later and number 12 in Australia. Lyrically, “My Neck, My Back (Lick It)” is about a woman searching for and pursuing a man at a club, demanding that he perform sexual acts on her, including licking her clitoris and anus, and encouraging other women to do the same. Background and meaning The lyrics contain detailed, explicit descriptions of both cunnilingus and anilingus, so a heavily edited version was used for radio broadcasting and the official music video. Khia later stated in a 2002 interview for MTV News concerning the song's big success: \"I guess the world is just nasty and freaky like that […] It's not even my favorite song, and I was kind of surprised that's the song that everybody jumped on. … That song is just nothing compared to my other music. It's like, 'That's what the world is about today,' so hey, it works for me.\" In 2018, NPR ranked the song as #184 for their The 200 Greatest Songs By 21st Century Women list, saying: \"'My Neck, My Back' is the most enduring erotic pleasure procedural of this era, and rightfully so. Underscoring the dirty in Dirty South, Khia raps simple demands as to where she wants to be licked (short version: 'all over'), with explicit suggestions towards technique that span two dedicated verses. It's a delightfully nasty club classic where a woman's pleasure is presented as a debt owed her.\" Recording and composition \"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\" is a dirty rap song, and India Mae Alby of Keakie.com described it as a \"low beat Club song\". The song is noted for its chorus, in which Khia raps \"My neck, my back, lick my pussy and my crack\". The song was written by Khia herself and Edward Meriwether. During a studio session, Khia recorded \"My Neck, My Back\" at Grooveland Studios in Clearwater, Florida. Music video Background The music video was directed by Diane Martel, and was released during the spring of 2002. In the United Kingdom, a different video was used, which did not feature Khia, instead depicting a group of bikini-clad models washing a Hummer H2 in a seductive manner while lip-synching the words to the song. Synopsis The music video begins with Khia dancing in a half-bikini dress at a party in front of various people full of arcade games. It later shows scenes of Khia at a pool receiving a massage by a dreadheaded man. Khia is also seen dancing at a barbecue. There are also scenes showing Khia in a house wearing a polka-dot shirt and heels surrounded by men. Khia can",
"title": "My Neck, My Back (Lick It)"
},
{
"docid": "1307965",
"text": "Need for Speed: Underground 2 is a 2004 racing video game developed by EA Black Box and published by Electronic Arts. It is the eighth installment in the Need for Speed series and the direct sequel to Need for Speed: Underground. It was developed for Microsoft Windows, GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions were developed by Pocketeers, and a PlayStation Portable version, titled Need for Speed: Underground Rivals, was developed by Team Fusion. Another version for mobile phones was also developed. Like its predecessor, it was also commercially successful, selling around 11 million copies worldwide and breaking sales records in the United Kingdom. The game entails tuning cars for street races, resuming the Need for Speed: Underground storyline. Need for Speed: Underground 2 provides several new features, such as broader customization, new methods of selecting races, set in a city known as Bayview. The game stars Brooke Burke as the voice of Rachel Teller, who guides the player throughout the game. The game's storyline is presented in a comic book strip. The Nintendo DS port introduces a new feature in which the player can design custom decals to adorn any vehicle in the game. Plot The story takes place after the initial events of Underground, shortly after the player beats Eddie and his street racing gang The Eastsiders in Olympic City, along with Melissa. Revered as the best street racer in Olympic City, the player wins a race while driving a blue Nissan Skyline GT-R and promptly receives a call from an unidentified individual with an \"invitation\" to join his team, followed by a threat explicitly disclaiming that he is not \"taking no for an answer\". Angered, the player immediately hangs up the call and drives to a celebratory party; while talking to Samantha on the phone, they are blinded and ambushed by a Hummer H2 from a dark alley, which rams and wrecks their Skyline. A man with a scythe tattoo on his hand calls to confirm that he \"took care of a problem\". Six months later, the player boards a plane to Bayview with a good luck note from Samantha, referring to her friend Rachel Teller, as well as being given a car key bearing the name 'Rachel'. The player arrives in Bayview and is contacted by Rachel, who has left them her Nissan 350Z at the airport car lot, asking to meet at a car dealership; the player can ignore these instructions and race in three events and outruns before Rachel calls demanding her car back, after which no more races will spawn. At the dealership, he buys his first car using the money provided by their insurance company over the totaled Nissan Skyline, and begins to race again. Rachel becomes the key contact within Bayview. She explains the layout of Bayview street racing scene, introducing the sponsorship mechanics, the Underground Racing League (URL) and actively aids the player afterwards by giving them tips on driving, secret shops, important events and",
"title": "Need for Speed: Underground 2"
},
{
"docid": "26728952",
"text": "The 1968–69 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team represented the Princeton University in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1968–69 NCAA University Division men's basketball season. The head coach was Pete Carril and the team captain was Christopher Thomforde. The team played its home games in the Dillon Gymnasium on the university campus before the January 25, 1969, opening of Jadwin Gymnasium on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey. The team was the champion of the Ivy League, which earned them an invitation to the 25-team 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. The team was Princeton's first undefeated Ivy League champion, and earned Carril his first of eleven NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament invitations. The team helped Princeton end the decade with a 72.6 winning percentage (188–71), which was the tenth best in the nation. During the regular season, the team played a few of the teams that would eventually participate in the 25-team NCAA tournament: they opened their season against the and later played two of the eventual final four participants (the UCLA Bruins and North Carolina Tar Heels) in the ECAC Holiday Classic at Madison Square Garden in New York City in late December 1968. The team posted a 19–7 overall record and a 14–0 conference record. The team entered the tournament riding an eleven-game winning streak and having won fifteen of their last sixteen games, but they lost their March 8, 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament East Regional first-round game against the St. John's Redmen 72–63 at Reynolds Coliseum in Raleigh, North Carolina. Both John Hummer and Geoff Petrie were selected to the All-Ivy League first team. Petrie, who led the conference in scoring with a 23.9 average in conference games, was also an All-East selection. Thomforde was selected in the 1969 NBA draft by the New York Knicks with the 96th overall selection in the 7th round. Hummer led the conference in field goal percentage with 55.4%. Petrie and Hummer would become the only Tiger teammates to both be drafted in the first round of the NBA draft (in the same draft no less) when they were selected eighth and fifteenth overall in the 1970 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers and the Buffalo Braves. The two were part of a trio of 1970 NBA first-round draftees from the Ivy League that included number thirteen selection Jim McMillian of Columbia. Hummer was the first NBA draft pick by the expansion Buffalo Braves. Petrie would share the 1971 NBA Rookie of the Year Award with Dave Cowens. Brian Taylor was selected in the 1972 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 23rd overall selection in the second round while Reggie Bird was selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the 55th overall selection in the fourth round. Schedule and results The team posted a 19–7 (14–0 Ivy League) record. |- !colspan=9 style=| Regular season |- !colspan=9 style=| NCAA tournament NCAA tournament The team lost in the first round of the 1969 NCAA Division",
"title": "1968–69 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "2668825",
"text": "John Earl Lingenfelter (October 6, 1945 in East Freedom, Pennsylvania – December 25, 2003 in Decatur, Indiana) was an NHRA driver, engineer and tuner. Over his career, Lingenfelter won 13 career national event events in Competition Eliminator and was the first driver in the class to break the six-second quarter-mile barrier. He finished second in the Pro Stock Truck standings in 1998, which was the first year of competition for the now defunct class. His Cavalier had an E.T. of 7.08 seconds. In October 1988, Lingenfelter also drove the Callaway Sledgehammer to attain the closed-course speed record for a street driven car at 254.76 mph; a record that stood for 25 years. He was the founder of Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE for short) in Decatur, Indiana. LPE is a shop specializing in the modification of GM vehicles such as the F-Bodies (Camaro, Firebird), B Bodies (Impala SS, Caprice, Roadmaster, Fleetwood), Corvette, CTS-V, GTO, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Escalade, Denali, SSR, Hummer H2, and Sierra. The shop also worked with tuning packages for the Dodge Viper and Plymouth Prowler. In the press, his tuned vehicles were reported to have as much civility as the stock vehicles upon which they were based in everyday driving. However, these vehicles were brutally fast. Motor Trend tested a Tahoe tuned by Lingenfelter and achieved a 5.1 second 0-60 time as well as a 0.95g lateral acceleration figure. These numbers match the performance figures of the C4 Corvette and GMC Syclones/Typhoons of that era. This Tahoe had its 350in3 V8 bored and stroked to 396in3, making 500 hp and still retaining its 4WD drivetrain. Motor Trend also tested a Lingenfelter built Impala SS that had the same performance numbers as the last generation M5 (0-60 4.7 sec) due to its bored and stroked LT-1 (Displacement rose to 383in3 and horsepower rose to 440). Another vehicle built by Lingenfelter was also featured in the June 1996 issue of Car and Driver when they built a special C4 Corvette with a 427in3 engine that attained a top speed of 212 mph. Currently, the most powerful vehicle they have in their stable is a 2006 twin-turbo Corvette Z06 with 1,109 rear wheel horsepower worth $288,540. Lingenfelter built the engine for \"Big Red\", a 1969 Camaro that has achieved speeds in excess of 220 mph. He was critically injured during an NHRA Summit Sports Compact drag racing event at Pomona, California on October 27, 2002. He died Thursday December 25, 2003 at Adams County Memorial Hospital in Decatur, Indiana at age 58. See also John Lingenfelter Memorial Trophy References External links Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Dragster drivers 1945 births 2003 deaths",
"title": "John Lingenfelter"
},
{
"docid": "66474715",
"text": "is a former Japanese YouTuber and rapper. He was part of the hip hop group Kaiware Hummer, releasing music under the stage name Bema. In January 2021, Watanabe allegedly solicited nude photos from an underage fan, which subsequently caused his agency UUUM to drop him as an act and YouTube to permanently ban his channel. Career When Watanabe was in middle school, he posted on Niconico under the username . Watanabe began uploading to YouTube in 2011. Watanabe released his debut solo album, Shinryakuteki Sukima, on November 26, 2016. In addition, Watanabe co-authored an autobiography about Kaiware Hummer with fellow members Naru and Imiga titled Kaiware Hummer Monogatari, with the first book released on July 20, 2017 and the second book released on August 31, 2017. Watanabe made an appearance on YouTuber 's second album Season 2, in which he was a featured artist on the song \"Kokomo.\" In 2018, Watanabe left Genesis One and signed with UUUM as his network. By June 2019, he had over 2.7 million subscribers on his main channel. After getting arrested on suspicion of battery in the same month, his activities were cancelled for the remainder of the year, including an appearance with Kaiware Hummer at A-nation 2019, while he remained at his agency to do clerical work. On February 7, 2020, UUUM announced that Watanabe would resume activities on February 14, 2020 on a new channel, which was named \"Mahoto.\" On January 22, 2021, UUUM announced that Watanabe had been dismissed from the agency after confirming he solicited nude photos from an underage girl. On January 28, 2021, YouTube suspended his channel for community violations. Following the events, on March 2, 2021, Watanabe issued an apology on Twitter and also announced he was retiring from YouTube. Since his retirement from YouTube, Watanabe started editing videos for Gardman, a YouTube channel with 2 million subscribers, earning him a million yen a month. Personal life On January 21, 2021, Watanabe announced that he was marrying actress and former Keyakizaka46 member Yui Imaizumi and that they were expecting a child. The child, a daughter was born in June 2021. Following Watanabe's 2021 arrest, Imaizumi announced in July 2021 that she would not be registering their marriage and that she would be raising the child herself with support from her family. Legal troubles On June 2, 2019, Watanabe was arrested on suspicion of battery. He had reportedly beat a female acquaintance and stomped on her face during an argument while he was intoxicated. On June 19, 2019, he issued an apology and also claimed he reconciled with the victim. On July 18, 2019, UUUM later stated that Watanabe's activities would be suspended, including Kaiware Hummer's appearance at A-nation 2019. Instead, he would be doing clerical work within the agency until December 31, 2019, though there were no immediate plans of him returning in January 2020. During this period, he was also prohibited from drinking. On January 21, 2021, the same day where Watanabe announced his marriage to",
"title": "Mahoto Watanabe"
},
{
"docid": "6865153",
"text": "Racing Gears Advance is a combat racing game for the Game Boy Advance system released in 2004 and includes licensed vehicles from GM, Dodge, Mitsubishi and Lotus Cars. The soundtrack is notable for having been composed by Neil Voss, known for his prior work on Tetrisphere and The New Tetris. All circuit cups (there are five total) take the name of letters from the Greek alphabet (Alpha, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Omega), with each cup having five tracks (25 tracks total). Characters such as Spacewave, Jack Speed, Throttle, etc., drive the following cars: Cadillac Cien Chevrolet Corvette Chevrolet SSR Dodge Viper Dodge M80 Dodge Super 8 Hemi Hummer H2 Lotus Esprit Lotus Exige Lotus Elise Lotus 340R Mitsubishi RPM 7000 Due to its success, a sequel was announced for Nintendo DS under the working title Racing Gears DS, but was later cancelled. Reception Racing Gears Advance received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the game holds a score of 83/100 based on 17 reviews. Alex Navarro of GameSpot gave the game 8.5/10 while praising its controls, vehicle upgrades, and multiplayer. Craig Harris of IGN was similarly positive towards the game, giving it 8.9/10 and praising almost everything about the game except for its inability to save records for the player's best lap and race times. References 2004 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Racing video games Video games developed in Canada Video games scored by Neil Voss Multiplayer and single-player video games",
"title": "Racing Gears Advance"
},
{
"docid": "62984822",
"text": "The GMC Hummer EV (badged as HEV) is a line of battery electric heavy-duty vehicles produced by General Motors since 2021, and sold under the GMC marque. The Hummer EV is offered in two variants: a pickup truck and a sport utility vehicle (SUV), unveiled in October 2020 and April 2021 respectively. Weighing roughly , the Hummer EV is among the heaviest consumer automobiles currently sold in the United States. Its size, mass, and acceleration have led to concerns about the danger it poses to other road users in the event of collisions, as well as its efficiency and environmental impact. Overview The Hummer EV is assembled in Detroit and has batteries produced by LG Chem in South Korea, with plans to later start producing batteries in the U.S. It is intended that SUV models produced from 2024 onward will be able to charge other electric vehicles using an onboard 19.2 kWh charger. The electric motors' torque profile makes it suited for towing trailers. It includes various technologies, such as cameras that allow the driver to see underneath it and four-wheel steering. The SUV variant is rated to tow up to and seats five passengers with of cargo space behind the rear seats and with the back seats folded down. The pickup truck variant has a longer wheelbase than the SUV. The pickup variant has a high loadbed with a payload capacity of as well as a front trunk. The front trunk on both models is also intended to store the four removable roof panels when needed. It has eighteen cameras installed, as well as front-and-rear pedestrian alerts designed to aid drivers' situational awareness. These accompany numerous other driver-assistance features such as automatic braking and blind-spot warnings. It weighs , with the battery weighing almost . With a gross vehicle weight rating of , it is classified as a class 3 medium-duty truck in the United States. Origins The GMC Hummer EV originates from the discontinued Hummer brand that was founded by AM General, the manufacturer of the original HUMVEE light military vehicle that was later adapted to civilian spec and sold to the public as the Hummer H1. In 1999, General Motors purchased the rights to the Hummer name and began marketing it as a full-fledged brand with a lineup that eventually included the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3. The Hummer brand was discontinued in 2010 following the General Motors bankruptcy. Trims Edition 1 Edition 1 started production in 2022 as a limited edition and the sole model available for the first year. It was available for pre-order by the end of the launch event on October 20, 2020. All Edition 1 units are white with a black roof and feature bronze-colored wheels. The interior is a two-tone black-and-gray with bronze accents and Edition 1 badges. The Edition 1 will also feature Easter eggs themed after the Apollo 11 moon landing. Edition 1 has three electric motors with , of range, and is fitted with the Extreme Off-Road package,",
"title": "GMC Hummer EV"
},
{
"docid": "44529226",
"text": "A nitrogen fixation package is a piece of research equipment for studying nitrogen fixation in plants. One product of this kind, the Q-Box NF1LP made by Qubit Systems, operates by measuring the hydrogen (H2) given off in the nitrogen-fixing chemical reaction enabled by nitrogenase enzymes. Principle of operation Nitrogen is produced by bacteria, which have an endo-symbiotic relationship with the legume host. In this relationship, the plant shares its carbohydrates with the bacteria so that the bacteria can thrive, and the plant benefits by having excess nitrogen made available. The bacteria's creation of nitrogen also creates hydrogen, which is what the unit measures to determine the nitrogen produced. Measurement of H2 evolution as a means of determining nitrogenase activity is an alternative technique to acetylene reduction assay, and allows real-time monitoring of changes in nitrogenase activity. Product description Q-Box NF1LP is an experimental package using an open-flow gas exchange system for measurement of nitrogen fixation in H2-producing legume symbioses. A flow-through H2 sensor (Q-S121) measures the production rate of H2 from N2-fixing tissues, allowing in vivo measurement of nitrogenase activity in real time. Measurements of nitrogenase activity on up to three plants is possible, i.e. a four-channel system including a reference sample. Operation Nitrogen fixation packages must be used in a laboratory-type environment. This can be a temporary laboratory set up in the field, as long as it is under stable, uncontaminated conditions. The product must be supplied with many potted samples of the plants and of the neighbouring soil, taken from separate areas on the farm or field under study. The tests rely on the availability of the Herbaspirillum bacteria in the soil. This bacterium is found at the root of most legumes, which is where they produce nitrogen. To test soil properly, it must be free of added nitrogen fertilizers, which have harmful effects on the Herbaspirillum bacteria needed for fixation. Applications Different aspects of nitrogen fixation can be examined with these products, such as effects of temperature on the fixation process, the regulation of the process by oxygen, and the inhibition of nitrogen fixation by an over-abundance of fertilizers. References External links Microbiology equipment Nitrogen cycle",
"title": "Nitrogen fixation package"
},
{
"docid": "1303680",
"text": "Wayne Kent Cherry (born 1937) is an American car designer educated at Art Center College of Design and employed by General Motors from 1962 through 2004, retiring as Vice President of Design. Cherry worked for General Motors in the United States from 1962 until 1965, when he moved to the United Kingdom to take a position with General Motors' Vauxhall Motors subsidiary, becoming Design Director at Vauxhall in 1975. In 1983 General Motors consolidated all European passenger car design under Cherry and made him Design Director at General Motors' Adam Opel AG subsidiary. Cherry returned to the United States in 1991 and in 1992 became General Motors Vice President of Design. Cherry retired from General Motors in 2004. Cherry was one of twenty-five nominees for the 1999 Car Designer of the Century. Education In the 1950s, Cherry read an article about the Art Center College of Design and wrote to the college, asking how to become a car designer. The college replied, telling Cherry to submit a portfolio. Cherry submitted a portfolio that included sketches of cars and engines, and was accepted to the college. Cherry graduated with a bachelor's degree in industrial and transportation design in early 1962. Career Cherry joined General Motors in 1962 after graduating from the Art Center College of Design, initially working at General Motors in the US as an Associate Creative Designer. Cherry was a member of the team that designed the original Chevrolet Camaro/Pontiac Firebird and the team that designed the 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado. In 1965, Cherry transferred to General Motors' United Kingdom-based Vauxhall Motors subsidiary. His first project was in 1965 under Assistant Director of Design Leo Pruneau working on the Vauxhall XVR concept car. became Assistant Design Director at Vauxhall in 1970. In that same year, the Vauxhall SRV concept car was shown. Under Cherry, General Motors released the redesigned 1973 Vauxhall Firenza with its aerodynamic \"droopsnoot\". Cherry became the Design Director for Vauxhall in 1975. In 1983, General Motors consolidated the design activities of its Vauxhall and Opel subsidiaries. As part of the consolidation plan, Cherry became Design Director at General Motors' Rüsselsheim, Germany-based Adam Opel AG subsidiary and became responsible for overall design of passenger cars in Europe. During his time at Opel, Cherry supervised the design of the Astra, Corsa, Calibra, Tigra, among many others. Cherry returned to the United States in 1991 to direct the design studios of General Motors' Chevrolet and Geo divisions. In 1992 Cherry became Vice President of Design for General Motors worldwide, one of seven to have held the position, including Harley Earl, Bill Mitchell, Irv Rybicki, Chuck Jordan, Ed Welburn and Michael Simcoe. While Cherry Vice President of Design, he oversaw the designs of the Pontiac Solstice, Cadillac Sixteen concept car, Hummer H2, Chevrolet SSR and many other vehicles, including the Cadillac CTS introduced in 2002. Cherry retired from General Motors on January 1, 2004. Automobiles Designed As Design Director at Vauxhall & Opel: 1975-1981 Vauxhall Cavalier Mark I (front end only)",
"title": "Wayne Cherry"
},
{
"docid": "847342",
"text": "Sut is a demon in Islam. SUT may refer to: H2 SUT, a model of Hummer H2 Shaanxi University of Technology, China Sharif University of Technology, Iran Shenyang University of Technology, China Society for Underwater Technology Solar updraft tower, a solar power plant Sport Utility Truck Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand System under test in software testing IATA airport code for Sumbawanga Airport London Underground station code for Sudbury Town tube station, England Sutherland, historic county in Scotland, Chapman code TV Shizuoka, a Japanese commercial broadcaster",
"title": "SUT"
},
{
"docid": "2826629",
"text": "\"We Be Burnin'\" is the first single from Jamaican musician Sean Paul's third studio album, The Trinity (2005). It achieved success worldwide, becoming a top-10 hit on at least 10 national music charts, including those of Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Background and release \"We Be Burnin'\" was released as the first single from The Trinity on 22 August 2005 in the US and on 12 September 2005 in the UK. In the US, the single peaked inside the Billboard Hot 100 at number six, and in the UK, the single peaking at number two. The single became his biggest solo hit in the UK, beating the number-three peak of \"Like Glue\" in 2003 and spending just under five months inside the UK top 75. It was the biggest hit from the album in the UK; however, it was \"Temperature\" that was the biggest hit from the album in the US. The original version, sometimes denoted by the title being followed by \"Legalize It\", features prominent themes of marijuana use, referencing \"trees\", \"weed\" and \"herb\" several times and smoking it for \"meditation\". Another radio-friendly version was released with the title being followed by \"Recognize It\", which changed all drug-related lyrics to ones concerning women. Although the lyrics are different, Tami Chynn's single \"Hyperventilating\" as well as Capleton's \"Or Wah\" from the album Reign of Fire utilize the same riddim as Sean Paul's \"We Be Burnin'\", since both use the riddim \"Stepz\". Music video The video was shot in Southern California deserts by Jessy Terrero, showing dancers accompanying Paul, and two girls in an overheated Hummer H2. Sean Paul is seen dancing with three other girls in front of highly modified trucks. Track listings US 12-inch single A1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It club version) – 3:28 A2. \"We Be Burnin'\" (instrumental) – 3:52 B1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It radio version) – 3:36 B2. \"We Be Burnin'\" (instrumental) – 3:53 UK CD1 and European CD single \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It) UK CD2 \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) \"Bounce It Right There\" \"We Be Burnin\" (video) Ringtone UK 12-inch single A1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) A2. \"We Be Burnin'\" (instrumental) B1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It) B2. \"Bounce It Right There\" Australian CD single \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) \"Bounce It Right There\" \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications !scope=\"col\" colspan=\"3\"| Ringtone |- Release history References Sean Paul songs 2005 singles 2005 songs Atlantic Records singles Music videos directed by Jessy Terrero Songs about cannabis Songs written by Sean Paul Songs written by Steven \"Lenky\" Marsden VP Records singles",
"title": "We Be Burnin'"
},
{
"docid": "51885439",
"text": "Mohammad Akbar Hossain is a retired lieutenant general in the Bangladesh Army and former commandant of National Defence College. Career Hossain is the former general officer commanding of 9th Infantry Division and commander of Savar area. He previously served as Director General of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. He also served as Director of Counter Intelligence Bureau of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. He previously Commanded a Artillery Brigade and a Air Defence Artillery Brigade. He was an artillery officer who was commissioned in the 13th BMA long course on 20 December 1985 from Bangladesh Military Academy. Under him a new monogram of DGFI was designed. On October 2005, Akbar was posted to 2nd Rapid Action Battalion as commanding officer. On February 2007 the battalion surveillance team had spotted a Hummer in Panthapath and asked the owners to come to their camp where they were detained. Assistant director Monayem Hossain of the Anti-Corruption Commission filed a case against Harunur Rashid for tax fraud in March 2007 with Tejgaon police station and then pressed charge in July. Harunur Rashid had imported a Hummer H2 on 25 April 2005 without paying tax as per his privilege as a member of parliament but later sold the to Ishtiak Sadek, violating the rules of the duty free facility, who sold it to Enayetur Rahman Bappi. A vehicle imported duty free using such a privilege may not be resold within three years of its importation. Hossain became the 1st Colonel Commandant of the Remount Veterinary and Farm Corps in December 2020. References Living people Bangladeshi military personnel Bangladesh Army generals Bangladeshi generals Directors General of the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence 1965 births",
"title": "Mohammad Akbar Hossain"
},
{
"docid": "15623467",
"text": "Armando Carpio Sanchez (June 15, 1952 – April 27, 2010) was a Filipino politician. He is a former two-term mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas and one-term governor of the Province of Batangas. During his term as governor, he was also the treasurer of the League of Provinces of the Philippines. Political career Mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas During the 1998 elections, he ran for mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas, which he subsequently won. Batangas Governorship After two terms as mayor of Sto. Tomas, he decided to run as Batangas Governor. He ran as the Liberal Party official candidate during the 2004 elections. His opponents included former Justice Secretary Hernando Perez, former Board Member Dennis Hernandez and former Nasugbu Mayor Rosario Apacible. One of his projects during his term was the beautification of Batangas Capitol Grounds. He facilitated the relocation of national government agencies and squatters who occupied a portion of the Capitol Grounds. During his governorship, allegations of corruption surfaced. On May 30, 2005, Batangas ombudsman and graft investigator Guillermo Gamo was gunned down in Batangas City on his way to the capitol. At the time, Gamo was investigating what he described as multimillion-peso anomalous deals and projects at the capitol. On April 13, 2015, Melinda “Mei” Magsino, a journalist of the Philippine Daily Inquirer until 2005 who covered corruption and illegal gambling (\"jueteng\") issues in Batangas, was also shot dead. Records from the National Union of Journalists in the Philippines (NUJP) showed that Magsino reported “threats” to her life sometime in 2005, during which she exposed alleged corruption and illegal gambling activities of late Batangas Governor Armando Sanchez. Assassination attempt He survived an assassination attempt on June 1, 2006, when he was able to get out of his Hummer H2 that exploded while boarding it inside the Batangas Capitol Grounds. His driver and bodyguard were killed during the explosion. 2007 Elections During the 2007 elections, he opted to run for re-election as governor. He was the official candidate of Kampi, a pro-administration party. He faced Lipa City Mayor Vilma Santos-Recto who was the official candidate of Lakas CMD, another pro-administration party. Since two pro-administration candidates were battling it out for the governorship of Batangas, administration officials opted to declare the Province of Batangas a \"free-zone\". Santos-Recto is the wife of then Senator Ralph Recto who was running for re-election as part of the pro-administration Team Unity. Since Sanchez was a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, governors threatened to junk the candidacy of Recto as senator. Sanchez lost to Santos-Recto by more than 100,000 votes. 2010 Elections and death Sanchez, once again ran for the gubernatorial position with Edwin Ermita, who was the defeated running mate of Santos-Recto in 2007, as his running mate. Sanchez was rushed to the Mary Mediatrix Medical Center in Lipa City on April 26, 2010, after collapsing during a campaign and was placed inside an intensive care unit. Sanchez suffered a stroke due to fatigue, decreased sugar levels and severe hypertension,",
"title": "Armando Sanchez"
},
{
"docid": "28540730",
"text": "The Kawasaki H2 Mach IV is a 750 cc 3-cylinder two-stroke production motorcycle manufactured by Kawasaki. The H2 was a Kawasaki triple sold from September 1971 through 1975. A standard, factory produced H2 was able to travel a quarter mile from a standing start in 12.0 seconds. It handled better than the Mach III that preceded it. By the standards of its time, its handling was sufficient to make it the production bike to beat on the race track. Nonetheless, its tendency to pull wheelies and a less than solid feel through high speed corners led to adjustments to the design as it evolved. More than any other model, it created Kawasaki's reputation for building what motorcycle journalist Alastair Walker called, \"scarily fast, good-looking, no holds barred motorcycles\", and led to a further decline in the market place of the British motorcycle industry. History In September 1971 the H2 was a direct result of the success of the 500 cc Kawasaki H1 Mach III introduced in 1969. The H2 engine was a 3-cylinder two-stroke with an engine displacement of which produced at 6,800 rpm, a power-to-weight ratio of to every of weight. This made it the fastest accelerating motorcycle in production. This was an entirely new engine and not a bored-out 500. Unlike the H1 500, the 750 had much more low engine speed torque, with a strong burst of power starting at 3,500 rpm to the 7,500 rpm red line. The 1972 H2 came with a single front disc brake, a second disc brake was an optional Kawasaki part, an all-new capacitor discharge ignition system unique to the H2, a chain oiler, and two steering dampers; one friction and one hydraulic. In 1973, there were minor mechanical changes made to the carburetor jets, oil injection pump and cylinder port timing in an effort by the factory to get more MPG from the H2A. Because of these changes the most powerful H2 was the 1972 model. In 1974 the H2B engine was modified for more civilized performance at the expense of raw power. The race tail was slimmed down from the previous year. An oil-based steering damper and check valve were added. The power was reduced to at 6,800 rpm. The oil injection system was substantially changed with two separate sets of injection lines, unlike the earlier models with one set of lines. Oil was injected into the carburetors on a separate line. The oil injection to the bottom end bearings (both main and rod big ends) was retained as a single branched line. A longer swingarm improved stability. The final model had a weight of . The H2B and H2C had the steering damper repositioned to the left. In 1972, the H2, as well as the 350 cc S2 Mach II, had a race tail that held the taillight, and had a small storage space. See also List of fastest production motorcycles List of motorcycles by type of engine Notes References Weekblad Motor 1971 pages 1515 and 1516, 1760-1762",
"title": "Kawasaki H2 Mach IV"
},
{
"docid": "12746521",
"text": "CNW Marketing Research, Inc. (CNWMR), known primarily as an automotive marketing research company, was a private company founded in 1984. It operated separate research offices covering the automotive, computer, electronics, housing, and personal investment industries, as well as a research office covering political issues. CNW was a reclusive firm and has been the subject of some controversy (see below), with subscribers in nine countries including government agencies, Wall Street brokerage houses and financial institutions. Major clients included Gannett Newspapers, Time Inc., Meredith Publishing (Better Homes et al.) as well as a long list of corporate clients. The CNW stands for Coastal Northwest, a consumer magazine founded by Stephanie Yanez Spinella and husband Art Spinella, which was published for only one test issue. Beginning as Coastal Northwest Publishing Company in 1983, according to Art Spinella, it became CNW Marketing/Research in 1984. The slash was dropped with the advent of the internet, making its name CNW Marketing Research, Inc. As of February 2015, after the death of co-founder Art Spinella, the company has closed its doors, according to a statement from Stephanie Yanez Spinella on the main CNW site. CNWMR performed research into consumer motivations and decisions in automotive purchases, and reports a variety of data related to market forecasting. The company's website states that its research and data publications are provided to more than 10,000 subscribers in print and on-line formats, with annual subscription prices list as beginning at $400. It publishes a monthly Retail Automotive Summary periodical, Home and Shelter Update newsletters, Purchase Path studies, sales forecasting and other industry analyses. Current leasing and other trends are tracked regularly through data gleaned from insurance companies, providing a unique data view used by the automotive industry, industry analysts and government agencies. Key personnel Art Spinella was named automotive division president or company president in 2001, 2002, or 2003, according to various accounts, after serving as vice president and general manager since 1992. Often misattributed as the president in articles from 1992 through 2000, he was described as an auto leasing newsletter editor and director of automotive research at the company prior to 1992. Stephanie Yanez is currently listed as the CEO, previously identified as president of CNWMR in 1995, until as recently as 2003. Offices The company's website lists only a Bandon, Oregon P.O. Box as an address, and its \"call centers, data center, and field offices are off limits\" to clients and other visitors. Controversy CNWMR's publication \"From Dust to Dust\" states that for the 2005 model year a Hummer H2 or H3 (but not the H1) is more efficient in terms of cost per lifetime mile than a Prius. While a Prius is one-third the weight of a Hummer and gets between four and six times better fuel economy, CNWMR argued the Hummer vehicles are built using less costly technology and are driven more over their lifetime. CNWMR calculates most expenses occur during construction and disposal, not during operation. Additionally, their efficiencies are based on Priuses lasting fifteen years",
"title": "CNW Marketing Research"
},
{
"docid": "1616308",
"text": "Ratatat is the debut album from the Brooklyn-based electronic duo of the same name. It was recorded between July 2001 and May 2003 in bassist Evan Mast's Crown Heights, Brooklyn apartment and mixed in June 2003 before its release on April 20, 2004. The album is essentially instrumental, although it has occasional voice excerpts (referred to in the liner notes as \"spoken interludes\") by local MC and rapper Young Churf. The track \"Spanish Armada\" contains a French horn played by Michal Emanovsky. Other tracks of note are \"Germany to Germany\", later released as a single; and \"Cherry\", a homage to Ratatat's original name. The most well known song on the album is \"Seventeen Years\". It was featured in a television advertisement titled \"Accessorize\" for the Hummer H2 in 2004, in the British television show Soccer AM as the original background music for The Crossbar Challenge segment, and in Level One Productions's ski movie Shanghai Six. It was also played during Rob's party in the 2008 monster movie Cloverfield as well as Keith Hufnagel's part in the DVS skateboard video Skate More. The song \"Bustelo\" was used in several Jaguar commercials in mid-2006. Track listing \"Seventeen Years\" – 4:26 \"El Pico\" – 4:41 \"Crips\" – 3:47 \"Desert Eagle\" – 4:25 \"Everest\" – 4:10 \"Bustelo\" – 2:27 \"Breaking Away\" – 4:19 \"Lapland\" – 4:56 \"Germany to Germany\" – 3:38 \"Spanish Armada\" – 2:58 \"Cherry\" – 5:58 References External links Official Ratatat Website Official Cherry video 2004 debut albums Ratatat albums XL Recordings albums Albums produced by E*vax",
"title": "Ratatat (album)"
},
{
"docid": "26082385",
"text": "The GM Instrument Cluster Settlement was a 2008 class action settlement awarded to owners of certain General Motors vehicles with allegedly defective speedometers. The settlement allows the owner or lessee to get their instrument cluster replaced under the terms of a special coverage adjustment to their factory standard warranty. Background As early as 2005, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration had received complaints concerning erratic speedometer and gauge readings from numerous makes and models of GM vehicles. No deaths or injuries were ever attributed to the erratic gauges, but owners of the vehicles felt the problem was a safety concern. In 2007, Kevin Zwicker filed suit against General Motors in U.S. District Court in Seattle seeking three types of compensation: Replacement of all speedometers on the affected models Reimbursement for anyone who already paid to have a defective speedometer replaced Reimbursement for anyone who paid speeding tickets and whose auto insurance rates rose due to a defective speedometer John Hall filed a nearly identical suit in U.S. District Court in Oregon after paying the out of warranty repair cost to replace the instrument cluster in his 2003 GMC Envoy SLE. Both Zwicker and Hall were represented by Beth Terrell, an attorney with the Seattle law firm of Tousley Brain Stephens. The case was assigned to U.S. District Judge John Coughenour, who decided to certify the lawsuit as a class-action. Terms If the vehicle is within 7 years or 70,000 miles (110,000 km) of the date it was first placed in service, GM must replace the instrument panel (parts and labor) for free. If the vehicle is within 7 years and between 70,001 miles (110,001 km) and 80,000 miles (130,000 km) of the date it was first placed in service, GM must replace the instrument panel (parts) for free. Any labor costs will be the responsibility of the vehicle owner. Owners who paid for repairs to the speedometer before the class action settlement are eligible for reimbursement under the following terms: If the speedometer failed and the vehicle is within 7 years had less than 70,000 miles on it, upon proper proof of claim GM will reimburse the cost of repairs (parts and labor) up to the limit of what a GM dealership would have charged. If the speedometer failed and the vehicle is within 7 years and had more than 70,000 miles but less than 80,000 miles on it, upon proper proof of claim GM will reimburse the cost of the part only (no labor). Vehicles covered (made 2000 to 2007) Cadillac Deville Cadillac Escalade ESV Cadillac Escalade EXT Chevrolet Avalanche Chevrolet Impala Chevrolet Silverado Chevrolet Suburban Chevrolet Tahoe GMC Sierra GMC Envoy Hummer H2 See also Automobile products liability List of class-action lawsuits References Class action lawsuits General Motors litigation Speed sensors",
"title": "GM Instrument Cluster Settlement"
},
{
"docid": "1113423",
"text": "The RT 125 was a German two-stroke motorcycle made by DKW in Zschopau in the 1930s, IFA and MZ in the 1950s and early 1960s, and DKW in Ingolstadt in the 1950s and 1960s. \"RT\" stands for , . In the 1930s DKW pioneered the Schnürle two-stroke loop scavenging process to dispense with the use of a deflector piston and improve efficiency of the combustion chamber. DKW also developed a highly efficient arrangement of transfer ports. These two features were included in the RT 125 to great commercial advantage. Competitor companies such as Adler and TWN copied the adoption of flat-topped pistons and strove to develop equally efficient transfer port arrangements without infringing DKW's patent. Copies and variants Copies of the RT 125 were built by at least eight different entities in at least six countries. War reparations After World War II the Soviet Union took plans, tooling and even several dozen personnel as war reparations to MMZ in Moscow (later transferred to MMVZ and SMZ) and to a factory in Kovrov, and produced copies of the RT 125 as the M1A Moskva and K-125 respectively. WFM of Poland made a modified version of the RT 125 (under SHL 125 and Sokół 125 brands), developed into 125/175 cc family motorcycles, produced until 1985. RT 125 plans were also taken to the United Kingdom where they became the basis of the BSA Bantam, and to the USA where they formed the basis of the Harley-Davidson \"Hummer\" (Hummer is really just a few specific years, but generally people call the Harley lightweights Hummers). Postwar German production: DKW and MZ After the Second World War, DKW's factories in Zschopau were in the Soviet occupation zone. As such, they were under the control of the Soviet Union until they were handed over to the government of East Germany. The factory continued production of the RT 125 under the MZ (Motorradwerk Zschopau) brand into the 1950s. Meanwhile, DKW had reorganized itself in Ingolstadt, where it began production of the RT 125W (for \"West\") in 1949. Variants of the RT 125W, usually with larger engines, were in production throughout the 1950s. Yamaha YA-1 In the 1950s, after reestablishing themselves as manufacturers of musical instruments, Nippon Gakki decided to use the manufacturing equipment left over from wartime production to make motorcycles. Since the copyright on the RT 125 had been voided by the Allies, the company reverse engineered it as the basis for their first motorcycle. Nippon Gakki formed the Yamaha Motor Company in 1955 to build their copy of the RT 125 as the Yamaha YA-1, which was in production from 1955 to 1958. The YA-1 inherited design characteristics of RT 125 and, due to its thin body and chestnut brown tank, was affectionately nicknamed the . References RT 125 Motorcycles introduced in the 1930s Two-stroke motorcycles",
"title": "DKW RT 125"
},
{
"docid": "71836226",
"text": "Hummer Team (Chinese: 悍馬小組) was a Taiwanese developer of bootleg video games which was founded in 1992 and closed down in 2010 History Hummer Team was founded in Taipei, Taiwan in 1992 and was dedicated to the development and publishing of unauthorized ports of video games for the Nintendo Famicom. The first video game published by Hummer Team was Jing Ke Xin Zhuan (1992), a role-playing video game. Upon the releases of Kart Fighter (1993) and Somari (1994), the company began to gain attention. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Hummer Team experienced economic troubles because it had difficulty developing for the fifth generation of video game consoles. Nintendo had stopped producing Famicom cartridges by 2003, making it impossible for the Hummer Team to continue working on the platform. Despite Hummer's economic problems, the team continued to release video games for Plug and Play Consoles until 2006. Recognition (1992–2006) Hummer Team's first game, Jing Ke Xin Zhuan, was released in 1992. The company was known in Argentina under the pseudonym Yoko Soft after having released Street Fighter: The World Warrior in 1993. Some of Hummer Team's better known games include Street Fighter II: The World Warrior, an unlicensed port of Street Fighter II, Kart Fighter, a Street Fighter clone infamously using characters from the Super Mario Bros. series, and Somari, a port of the original Sonic the Hedgehog game to the Famicom, featuring Mario instead of Sonic. Somari in particular gained a bit of notoriety, having been made fun of by many content creators and video game journalists for its poor physics, modified object placement and replacement of Sonic as the main character. Games References Video game development companies Video gaming in Taiwan Unauthorized video games",
"title": "Hummer Team"
},
{
"docid": "9036354",
"text": "The Hummer HX is a two-door off-road concept compact SUV that was revealed at the 2008 North American International Auto Show by General Motors. Design The objective of the HX concept car project was to potentially market a Hummer branded vehicle in the smaller-sized and lower priced SUV market segments. Development of the vehicle, dubbed H4, began in 2004 and the new model was to be Jeep Wrangler sized. The 2008 HX show car was smaller than both the H2 and H3. It featured a V6 engine mated to a six-speed automatic transmission. The HX shared with other Hummers a body-on-frame design, with front and rear independent suspensions, four-wheel-disc brakes, and full-time four-wheel drive. The HX was shown with a slant-back configuration, wearing a desert-inspired matte olive paint scheme, and featured removable doors with exposed hinge pins and removable composite fender flares that are attached with quarter-turn quick-release fasteners. The exterior's matte olive color was also applied to the interior's largely sheet metal-covered panels. The floor was a rubberized material. The HX seats four, with a pair of bucket-type seats in the second row. The rear seats are removable to allow cargo room. The console included a compartment for phones and MP3 players with no conventional radio, only integrated speakers and a connector for digital players or similar devices. Three designers, recent graduates of College for Creative Studies who were new to General Motors, Robert Jablonski; Kang Min-young, a South Korea native; and David Rojas, a native of Peru, participated in the development of the Hummer HX. Production Through MEV The Hummer HX never reached production through GM; however, MEV (My Electric Vehicle) won exclusive rights to the Hummer HX brand. MEV produce the Hummer HX as a small electric vehicle with similar proportions to the original HX concept although significantly smaller and is intended as a resort vehicle/golf cart. It utilizes a 72v drive system, powering an AC brushless motor, giving a range of 60+ miles and top speed of 19mph. MEV also produce the Hummer HXT, which is a soft-top version of their HX. References Hummer vehicles General Motors concept cars",
"title": "Hummer HX"
},
{
"docid": "18913191",
"text": "Craig B. Hummer (born May 20, 1965) is an American sportscaster. He is best known for his coverage of the Tour de France, Olympic Games, and Professional Bull Riders (PBR) events. Hummer is a former competitive ocean swimmer and lifeguard. Hummer won 39 national championship titles, including 7 years as International Ironman. Early life and education Hummer was born in Akron, Ohio on May 20, 1965. He was a swimmer at Thomas Worthington High School, where he swam All-American times in three events. Hummer received an academic scholarship to attend Kenyon College, and earned 17 All-American titles in the school's NCAA Division III program. He went on to become a surf racer. Career Swimming After graduation, Hummer applied to be a Los Angeles County lifeguard. In 1987, he won his first national title at a lifeguard competition in Hawaii. In 1988, Hummer made the US team that traveled to the World Championships in Australia. In 1989, Hummer was the U.S. Ocean Ironman Champion for the first time. He has been the U.S. Ocean Ironman Champion seven times. starting in 1989. In 1990, he participated in a single race for the Uncle Toby's Super Series, which was held in Hawaii, and was invited to compete in the series in Australia. In 1990 he won the three-day United States Lifesaving Association (USLA). That year, he went to Australia to participate in Uncle Toby's Super Series where top ranked lifeguards travel the continent competing. Hummer was the first American invited to participate in this event. He competed annually in Australia for four years, and was voted Most Improved in 1993. In his last year participating in Uncle Toby's Super Series, he took 9th place. He won the USLA championship again in 1991, and in 1992, he won 7 events at the U.S. Lifesaving Association National Championships, and 8 events in 1993. Hummer won six consecutive series title in the Bud Light Ocean Festival Series. Hummer finished second in the Outrigger's Waikiki King's Race, part of Outrigger Hotel's Hawaiian OceanFest, in 1991. He won the competition the next four consecutive years. He also won the U.S. Surf Lifesaving Championship six times. Hummer was emcee of the National Lifeguard Championships in 1996. In 1997, Hummer hosted the Wakiki King's race and was a commentator on the Fox Sports' Association of Volleyball Professionals series. He also commentated the Oceanman World Tour. He has appeared on Family Feud with the Los Angeles County Lifeguards. Hummer has also done ads for Gatorade, Carl's Jr, Ford, and Dr. Pepper. Hummer has also appeared on Baywatch, Late Show with David Letterman, The Golden Girls. and NBC's Today Show. Broadcasting Hummer has commentated on over 40 different sports. Hummer first pursued a broadcasting career in 1996. He briefly worked for TVG Network, a horse racing network. Hummer became part of the Universal Sports Network when it was still the World Championship Sports Network. In 2003, he worked on the series Global Extremes for OLN. The Global Extremes finale followed a group",
"title": "Craig Hummer"
},
{
"docid": "37298974",
"text": "The 2012–13 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team represented Princeton University during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Tigers, led by second year head coach Mitch Henderson, played their home games at Jadwin Gymnasium and were members of the Ivy League. The Tigers entered the season as the favorites to win the Ivy League regular season title. For the first time in school history, the team was served by a quartet of captains. They finished the season 17–11, 10–4 in Ivy League play to finish in second place. They chose not to participate in a postseason tournament. Following the season Hummer earned Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year. Roster Preseason The Ivy League media selected Princeton as the preseason favorite when 16 of 17 voting members (one voter selected Harvard) named Princeton first in the preseason poll. Jeff Goodman of CBS Sports also selected Princeton as his preseason choice with Harvard second, noting that Harvard had been his preseason favorite until the September 2012 Harvard cheating scandal that involved about 125 athletes and students ensnared Kyle Casey and Brandyn Curry, leading to their withdrawal. Casey and Curry had been first-team and second-team All-Ivy selections for the 2011–12 Ivy League men's basketball season, respectively. Princeton returned three of its five starters from the 2011–12 team: first-team All-Ivy senior forward Ian Hummer, senior center Brendan Connolly and junior guard T.J. Bray. Bray had been the team leader in assists, while Hummer's 515 points was the most by a Tiger in a single season since Bill Bradley. Princeton announced a quartet of captains for the first time in school history. Its trio of seniors, Hummer, Connolly, and Mack Darrow were joined by Bray as team quad-captains for the season. Princeton's most significant loss from the prior year was the graduation of shooting guard Doug Davis. Davis had finished as the second leading scorer in Princeton history. CBS' Goodman selected Hummer as his Preseason Ivy League Player of the Year. Jimmy Sherburne took the entire school year off from the team and Princeton as he recuperated from a shoulder injury. Three freshmen: Hans Brase, Edward \"Edo\" Lawrence and Mike Washington, Jr. joined the team. Lawrence is believed to be the tallest Princeton Tiger basketball player of all time. Princeton entered the season with 9 of the team's 14 players measuring or taller. The team is scheduled to appear on NBC Sports Network three times, including the January 12 rivalry game against Penn. In addition, Princeton's March 1 contest with Harvard will be broadcast on ESPNU. Schedule When Yale defeated Princeton at Jadwin Gymnasium on February 9, it snapped a 21-game conference home winning streak, which was Princeton's longest since it won 26 consecutive home games from 1996 to 1999. The 2012–13 Tigers finished with a 17–11 (10–4) record and did not qualify for the postseason. Princeton entered the final weekend of the season with three games remaining and a half-game lead over Harvard. The team got swept in its two",
"title": "2012–13 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team"
}
] | [
"2009"
] |
train_2580 | shadow of the colossus creator 's new game | [
{
"docid": "9871587",
"text": "Team Ico was a Japanese video game development studio led by game designer Fumito Ueda. It was part of Sony Interactive Entertainment Japan Studio's Product Development Department #1, and had developed the games Ico and Shadow of the Colossus, both for the PlayStation 2. The team was also initially responsible for The Last Guardian before Ueda's departure in 2011 and the formation of a new company taking over development in 2014. Their games are usually characterized by minimalist storytelling and gameplay, an atmospheric use of bloom and high dynamic range rendering (HDR) lighting, and use of fictional languages. Their products are frequently cited as examples of video games as an art form. Projects In February 2007, Team Ico took out a full page advertisement in the Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu. The advertisement featured some early concept sketches on note paper, suggesting that the team's new game was then in the early phases of design. The following year, Sony updated its careers section with the first screenshot of Team Ico's third game headed to PlayStation 3. Posts available were for planners, animators, artists and effect designers. In March 2009, Fumito Ueda, the lead designer of Ico and Shadow of the Colossus, said the new game, \"might be something similar to what's been done.... The essence of the game is rather close to Ico.\" A video released in the weeks before E3 2009 showed early footage of the game with its working title, Project Trico. The video shows a young boy befriending a griffin-like creature, which appears to combine the functionality of Yorda from Ico with that of Agro and the colossi from Shadow of the Colossus, acting both as a companion and as a form of transportation which can be freely climbed upon. E3 2009 revealed the project's release title as The Last Guardian. Eurogamer reported that The Last Guardian had been posted for release for October 7, 2011 by UK retailers Asda, Tesco, Zavvi, The Hut, and Woolworths. Sony had stated that the game would make its release in the fall of 2011. After the first two God of War games were ported for the PlayStation 3, Ueda mentioned in an interview at the Tokyo Games Show of an interest to do the same with both Ico and Shadow of the Colossus. The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection was confirmed at the 2010 Tokyo Game Show, and was released worldwide in September 2011. During E3 2015, four years after the game had last been seen, Sony aired an official trailer for The Last Guardian, revealing along with it that the game was to be released in 2016 for the PlayStation 4. The trailer revealed that production was shifted to a new company founded by Ueda and other former staff known as genDESIGN, while Japan Studio would focus on programming and implementation. While the closure of Team Ico was never formally announced by Sony, it was predicated on Ueda's departure from Sony in 2011, following by several other members",
"title": "Team Ico"
},
{
"docid": "22869030",
"text": "The Last Guardian is a 2016 action-adventure game developed by Japan Studio and GenDesign and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4. Players control a boy who befriends a giant half-bird, half-mammal creature, Trico. Team Ico began developing The Last Guardian in 2007. It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda, and shares stylistic, thematic, and gameplay elements with his previous games, Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005). He employed the \"design through subtraction\" approach he had used for his previous games, removing elements that did not contribute to the core theme of the connection between the boy and Trico. Sony announced The Last Guardian at E3 2009 with a planned release in 2011 for the PlayStation 3. It suffered numerous delays; Ueda and other Team Ico members departed Sony, forming the studio GenDesign, and hardware difficulties moved the game to the PlayStation 4 in 2012, drawing speculation that the game would not see release. Ueda and GenDesign remained as creative consultants, with Ueda as director and Sony's Japan Studio handling technical development. The Last Guardian was reintroduced at E3 2015. Upon release, it received praise for its art direction, story, and depiction of Trico, though some criticized the gameplay. Gameplay Like its predecessors Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005), The Last Guardian is a third-person game that combines action-adventure and puzzle elements. The player controls an unnamed boy who must cooperate with a half-bird-half-mammal creature to solve puzzles and explore areas. The name of the creature, , can be taken to mean , , or a portmanteau of and . The boy can climb on structures, carry objects such as barrels, and operate mechanisms such as levers. Trico's size and agility allow it to reach areas that the boy cannot reach alone, and fight off guards who attempt to capture the boy. Conversely, certain obstacles, such as gates, or glass eyes that frighten Trico, prevent Trico from progressing, and must be removed by the boy. The boy must locate barrels to feed Trico when it is hungry, pet Trico to calm it after a battle, and remove spears thrown at Trico by enemies. Though the player initially has little command over Trico, the boy learns to command Trico to leap onto ledges or head in a certain direction, among other actions. Although players are encouraged to train Trico to move in the right direction, new areas can be discovered by letting Trico wander independently. At various points, the boy wields a reflective mirror that summons lightning from Trico's tail, which can be used to break certain objects. The player is returned to the last checkpoint if the boy is captured by guards, or if he falls from too great a height. Multiple playthroughs unlock additional costumes based on previous Ueda games. Plot The Last Guardians story is framed as a flashback told by an older man (voiced by Hiroshi Shirokuma) recounting his experience as a boy. The boy (voiced by ) awakens in",
"title": "The Last Guardian"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "56198325",
"text": "Shadow of the Colossus is a 2018 action-adventure game developed by Bluepoint Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4. It is a remake of the original game developed by Team Ico and released in 2005 for the PlayStation 2, using ultra-high definition art assets. The remake's development was led by Bluepoint, who developed the earlier PlayStation 3 remaster, with assistance from Japan Studio. The developers remade the assets from the ground up, but Shadow of the Colossus retains the same gameplay from the original title aside from the introduction of a new control scheme. The game received critical acclaim. Gameplay The gameplay is nearly identical to the original version of the game, aside from reworked controls. Progression through Shadow of the Colossus occurs in cycles. Beginning at a central point in a landscape, the player seeks out and defeats a colossus, and is returned to the central point to repeat the process. Most colossi are located in remote areas, such as atop cliffs or within ancient structures. Players are able to choose from several options when playing. On a standard PlayStation 4, the game runs at a 1080p resolution at 30 frames per second. On a PlayStation 4 Pro, the game can run either at a 1440p resolution (upscaled to 4K) at 30 frames per second, or at a 1080p resolution at 60 frames per second. Development Sony had announced a remake of Shadow of the Colossus for the PlayStation 4 during their Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 press conference. The remake was led by Bluepoint, who had developed the earlier PlayStation 3 remaster. The idea for a remake had come after a conversation Bluepoint developers had: they wanted to create a new definitive version of the original game, and after speaking with friends at Sony Japan, it was agreed upon. Bluepoint producer Randall Lowe and technical director Peter Dalton stated in an interview with Game Informer that the original Shadow of the Colossus was on many of their employees' Top 5 of all-time list. The developers remade all the game's assets from the ground up, but the game retains the same gameplay from the original title along with the introduction of a new control scheme. The game uses the original codebase from the PlayStation 2 game. The art staff used the PlayStation 2 version to create parity with the PlayStation 4 version. The game was released on February 6, 2018 in North America; February 7 in Europe, Australia and New Zealand; and February 8 in Japan. Reception Shadow of the Colossus received \"universal acclaim\" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Brett Makedonski's 10/10 score on Destructoid stated that \"Nothing in this entire game is forgettable. For a game predicated on methodically finding and exposing these creatures' weak points, you'd be hard-pressed to find a weak point throughout the entire experience.\" Nick Plessas's score of 8.5/10 on EGMNow said that \"Remakes can seem like the low-hanging fruit of game development, but Bluepoint does Shadow of",
"title": "Shadow of the Colossus (2018 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "17080244",
"text": "The Fall of Colossus is a 1974 science fiction novel written by the British author Dennis Feltham Jones (writing as D. F. Jones). This is the second volume in \"The Colossus Trilogy\" and a sequel to Jones' 1966 novel Colossus. The trilogy concludes in 1977's Colossus and the Crab. Plot Five years have passed since the super computer called Colossus used its control over the world's nuclear weapons to take control of humanity. In our timeline, that would place this story in the 1990s or the early 2000s. All references in the novel, however, place it in the 22nd century, with the 20th and 21st being mentioned in the past. Colossus has been superseded by an even more advanced computer system built on the Isle of Wight, which has abolished war and poverty throughout the world. National competition and most sports have been replaced by the Sea War Game, where replicas of World War I dreadnoughts battle each other for viewing audiences. A group known as the Sect, which worships Colossus as a god, is growing in numbers and influence. Yet despite the seeming omnipresence of Colossus' secret police and the penalty of decapitation for anti-machine activities, a secret Fellowship exists that is dedicated to the computer's destruction. Charles Forbin, in his early 50s in this and the first novel, is the former head of the design team that built and activated the original Colossus. He now lives on the Isle of Wight with his wife and son, serving the computer as Director of Staff. Though contemptuous of the growing cult of personality around Colossus, he has reconciled himself to Colossus' rule. His wife Cleo, now 28 years old (35 in the previous novel), loathes Colossus and is a member of the Fellowship. One afternoon while taking her son to a secluded beach, she receives a radio transmission from the planet Mars. Identifying Cleo as a member of the Fellowship, the transmission offers help to destroy Colossus and asks her to return to the same spot the next day for further instructions. She returns with Edward Blake, Colossus' Director of Input and the head of the Fellowship. Together, they receive instructions to obtain a circuit diagram of one of Colossus' input terminals and a sample of the information that is fed into it, along with instructions to proceed to two locations — one in St. John's, Newfoundland, the other in New York's Central Park — to receive further transmissions. Though Blake passes the necessary information along to Cleo, she is quickly arrested by the Sect and sentenced by Colossus to spend three months at an \"Emotional Study Center\" on the island of Tahiti for one of Colossus' experiments designed to help Colossus better understand human emotion by (in this case) simulating the Roman myth of the Rape of the Sabine Women. Now under suspicion, Blake approaches Forbin, who is devastated by his wife's arrest. Explaining the details of their plot, Blake convinces Forbin to help after explaining the details of",
"title": "The Fall of Colossus"
},
{
"docid": "474070",
"text": "{{Infobox comics creator | name_nonEN = 桂 正和 | image = Masakazu Katsura - Lucca Comics & Games 2014.JPG | image_size = | caption = Masakazu Katsura at Lucca Comics & Games 2014 | alt = | bodyclass = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = Fukui, Japan | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Japanese | area = Manga artist, artist, character designer | alias = | signature = | signature_alt = | notable works = Video Girl Ai, I\"s, Zetman | collaborators = | awards = Tezuka Award (1980, 1981) | module = | website = | nonUS = ja | subcat = }} is a Japanese manga artist, known for several works of manga, including Wing-Man, Shadow Lady, DNA², Video Girl Ai, I\"s, and Zetman. He has also worked as character designer for Iria: Zeiram the Animation, Tiger & Bunny and Garo -Guren no Tsuki-, as well as the video game Astral Chain.Career Masakazu Katsura was born in the prefecture of Fukui in Japan. The turning point in his life was an illness for which he was bedridden, during which time he taught himself a different way to draw. Katsura entered the manga industry in his second or third year of high school, when he entered a work for the Tezuka Award to win the prize money. However, he says he did not grow up reading manga, instead he read novels and watched movies.Video Girl Ai was made into an original video animation and has been released in North America. A live-action movie was also made of the story. The five-volume series DNA² was adapted into a television anime series and concluded with a short OVA, both were also released in North America. I\"s was adapted into two OVA series: one two-episode side story, and one six-episode summary of the manga. Katsura also performed as a vocalist on the songs \"Tomorrow Will Be Tomorrow\" and \"Unseen Dream\" from the two soundtracks for the Video Girl Ai OVA. In 2008, he collaborated with Akira Toriyama, his good friend and creator of Dragon Ball and Dr. Slump, for the Jump SQ one-shot Sachie-chan Good!!. The two became friends in the early 1980s, having been introduced by their mutual editor Kazuhiko Torishima, and have even parodied each other in their own manga. Toriyama credits Katsura with coming up with the idea to have two characters \"fuse\" together in Dragon Ball, leading to the Fusion technique. However, Katsura says this is only a rumor; while he did in fact suggest it to him, he knows that Toriyama was not listening and claims Toriyama later thought it up on his own. They worked together again in 2009, for the three-chapter one-shot Jiya in Weekly Young Jump. Also in 2008, Katsura did a design illustration of the Batman costume for Bandai's \"Movie Realization\" action figure line, basing it on the costume used in the film The Dark Knight. Works Manga Wing-Man (1983–1985) Zetman (4 one-shots from 1989 to 1994,",
"title": "Masakazu Katsura"
},
{
"docid": "33032462",
"text": "The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection (known in PAL regions as Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Classics HD) is a video game bundle that contains high-definition remasters of two PlayStation 2 games, Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005), for the PlayStation 3. Developed by Bluepoint Games, who assisted in the remastering alongside Japan Studio and its division Team Ico, the bundle provides support for high-definition monitors, higher frame rates, stereoscopic 3D, and additional features for the PlayStation Network. The two games, while fundamentally different in gameplay and story, are thematically connected, with Shadow of the Colossus considered a spiritual sequel to Ico. Both games were critically acclaimed on their original release, while the remastered collection itself was praised by reviewers. Games Within Ico, the player controls a boy named Ico, cursed by being born with horns on his head, and locked away in a remote empty castle by his village. Ico manages to free himself and comes across a young frail girl, Yorda, who is chased by shadowy creatures that try to drag her to a different realm. Ico helps Yorda escape, ultimately discovering that her mother is the Queen that resides in the castle and is trying to use Yorda to extend her own life. Shadow of the Colossus is considered a spiritual sequel to Ico, and later stated by its creator, Fumito Ueda, to be a prequel set in the same world as Ico. The player controls a young man named Wander seeking to bring life back to the body of Mono, a woman that he cared for, by completing the task of killing sixteen monolithic beasts that wander the landscape. With his horse Agro, Wander locates each lair and destroys the beasts, slowly being overcome with dark energy, but fueled by the opportunity to reunite with Mono. Remastered features The core game and story for both Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005) remain unchanged with the remastered versions. For the remastering, both games have had a graphical overhaul to allow them to support modern high-definition displays up to 1080p. With the more powerful PlayStation 3, both games feature a fixed frame rate of 30 frames per second; the original PlayStation 2 version of Shadow of the Colossus was noted for pushing the limits of the older console and often suffered from framerate losses. Both games support stereoscopic 3D, taking advantage of the original design of the games with considerations towards depth-of-field viewing, as evidenced by the large landscapes. Both games in the collection support 7.1 surround sound. Icos remastering is based on the European version, which features additional content that did not make it into the North America release of the original game, as well as some altered puzzles from these original releases. Specifically, upon completing the game, the player can restart to see the English translations of the mysterious language that Yorda, the player character's companion, uses, and a two-player mode with the second player in control of Yorda.",
"title": "The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection"
},
{
"docid": "161487",
"text": "is an action-adventure game developed by Japan Studio and Team Ico and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2. It was released in North America and Japan in 2001 and Europe in 2002 in various regions. It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda, who wanted to create a minimalist game around a \"boy meets girl\" concept. Originally planned for the PlayStation, Ico took approximately four years to develop. The team employed a \"subtracting design\" approach to reduce elements of gameplay that interfered with the game's setting and story in order to create a high level of immersion. The protagonist is a young boy named Ico who was born with horns, which his village considers a bad omen. Warriors lock him away in an abandoned fortress. During his explorations of the fortress, Ico encounters Yorda, the daughter of the castle's Queen. The Queen plans to use Yorda's body to extend her own lifespan. Learning this, Ico seeks to escape the castle with Yorda, keeping her safe from the shadowy creatures that attempt to draw her back. Throughout the game, the player controls Ico as he explores the castle, solves puzzles and assists Yorda across obstacles. Ico introduced several design and technical elements, including a story told with minimal dialogue, bloom lighting, and key frame animation, that have influenced subsequent games. Although not a commercial success, it was critically acclaimed for its art, original gameplay and story elements and received several awards, including \"Game of the Year\" nominations and three Game Developers Choice Awards. Considered a cult classic, it has been called one of the greatest video games ever made, and is often brought up in discussions about video games as an art form. It has influenced numerous video games since its release. It was rereleased in Europe in 2006 in conjunction with Shadow of the Colossus, the spiritual successor to Ico. A high-definition remaster of the game was released alongside Shadow of the Colossus for the PlayStation 3 in The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection in 2011. Gameplay Ico is primarily a three-dimensional platform game. The player controls Ico from a third-person perspective as he explores the castle and attempts to escape it with Yorda. The camera is fixed in each room or area but swivels to follow Ico or Yorda as they move; the player can also pan the view a small degree in other directions to observe more of the surroundings. The game includes many elements of platform games; for example, the player must have Ico jump, climb, push and pull objects, and perform other tasks such as solving puzzles in order to progress within the castle. These actions are complicated by the fact that only Ico can carry out these actions; Yorda can jump only short distances and cannot climb over tall barriers. The player must use Ico so that he helps Yorda cross obstacles, such as by lifting her to a higher ledge, or by arranging the environment to allow Yorda to",
"title": "Ico"
},
{
"docid": "37184",
"text": "Colossus, Colossos, or the plural Colossi or Colossuses, may refer to: Statues Any exceptionally large statue List of tallest statues :Category:Colossal statues Colossus of Barletta, a bronze statue of an unidentified Roman emperor Colossus of Constantine, a bronze and marble statue of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great Colossi of Memnon, two stone statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III Colossus of Nero, a bronze statue of the Roman emperor Nero Colossus of Rhodes, a bronze statue of the Greek god Helios Apennine Colossus, a stone statue created as a personification of the Apennine mountains Amusement rides Colossus (Ferris wheel), Ferris wheel at Six Flags St. Louis, Missouri, US Colossus, a pirate ship at Robin Hill theme park, Isle of Wight, UK Roller coasters Colossos (Heide Park), in Lower Saxony, Germany Colossus (Six Flags Magic Mountain), in California, US Colossus (Thorpe Park), in Surrey, UK Colossus the Fire Dragon, at Lagoon amusement park, Utah, US Art, entertainment, and media Fictional entities Colossus (comics), a fictional character in the X-Men series Colossi, the eponymous enemies in Shadow of the Colossus GTVA Colossus, a spacefaring warship in FreeSpace 2 Film Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970), a film based on the D. F. Jones novel Games Colossus Chess, a series of chess-playing programs Literature Colossus (collection), short stories by Donald Wandrei Colossus, a fictional computer that features in the novel Colossus, by D. F. Jones, its sequels, and film adaptation Music Colossus Records, an American label Colossus (band), an American Christian metal band from Sioux Falls, South Dakota Albums Colossus (Scorn album), 1993 Colossus (Walt Mink album), 1997 Colossus, by Triggerfinger, 2017 Colossus (EP), by Caligula's Horse, 2011 Songs \"Colossus\", by Afro Celt Sound System from Volume 3: Further in Time \"Colossus\", by Borknagar from Quintessence \"Colossus\", by Caligula's Horse from Colossus \"Colossus\", by Idles from Joy as an Act of Resistance \"Colossus\", by In Mourning from The Weight of Oceans \"Colossus\", by Lightning Bolt from Earthly Delights \"Colossus\", by Omega Lithium from Kinetik \"Colossus\", by Thomas Bangalter from Trax On Da Rocks Vol.2 \"Colossus\", by Tyler, the Creator from Wolf Computing Colossus computer, the first programmable electronic digital computer, used for code breaking in World War II Colossus, the codename for a new version of the Google File System COLOSSUS, the software program controlling the Apollo Guidance Computer in the command module of the Apollo missions Warships Colossus class (disambiguation) (UK) French ship Colosse HMS Colossus (UK) USS Colossus (US) Other uses Colossus Cinemas, a Canadian movie theater brand Colossus, a reticulated python once considered the largest snake in captivity See also The Colossus (disambiguation) Colossus Bridge (disambiguation) Colossae, an ancient city of Phrygia Colossal (disambiguation) Colosseum (disambiguation) Kolossus (disambiguation)",
"title": "Colossus"
},
{
"docid": "5877447",
"text": "The \"Muir Island Saga\" is a five-part Marvel Comics crossover event involving the X-Men and X-Factor, published in 1991. It was written by Chris Claremont and Fabian Nicieza. Plot After warnings from Forge and Banshee, the X-Men and Professor X investigate Muir Island, whose inhabitants have been taken over by the Shadow King. They are captured by the inhabitants. Professor X returns to his mansion, now in ruins after the Inferno storyline, to use Cerebro, only to find Stevie Hunter on the run from Colossus, also controlled by the Shadow King. Professor X battles Colossus and frees him from the Shadow King's control, but he is forced to strip away the Peter Nicholas persona he had been using since passing through the Siege Perilous. Xavier decides to call in his original students, now forming the team X-Factor. On Muir Island, Wolverine separates himself from his party and is attacked and freed from control by Forge. Rogue appears, ready to attack, but she too is taken out by Forge. The three regroup, but are quickly attacked by Banshee, who is also quickly taken down and freed. Banshee explains that Shadow King has been using Polaris as a nexus between the physical world and the Astral Plane since the time Zaladane stripped Polaris of her magnetism powers. Using her new powers to absorb negative energy for superhuman strength, Shadow King plans on becoming all-powerful. They fear that to break that connection and defeat him, they may have to kill Polaris. With X-Factor gathered, Professor X plans a strike on Muir Island using resources provided by Val Cooper. X-Factor lands on the island and quickly neutralizes its defenses. Back at the base, Professor X is attacked directly by the Shadow King, using his host body Jacob Reisz, who thinks he has control of all those present, including Cooper. She reveals herself to be a disguised Mystique and kills Reisz. Shadow King quickly shifts to a new host, Legion. As X-Factor and the freed X-Men reach Polaris, Legion sets off an explosion that destroys much of the island. Professor X lands on the island himself, but finds Legion holding all of his students captive. Legion is attacked unexpectedly by Storm, freeing the X-Men. He retreats and unleashes the X-Men and Muir Island inhabitants to take down his enemies. Professor X decides they must attack the Shadow King on both the physical and astral planes to defeat him, so he sends half the team to break the nexus formed with Polaris and the other half to protect his body while he is on the Astral Plane. He begins his battle with the Shadow King, but now the villain has become too powerful to attack. Jean Grey, finding the damage inflicted to Xavier on the Astral Plane affecting his actual body, brings herself and the accompanying X-Men onto the Plane to assist. In the physical world, Forge defeats the still-controlled Psylocke and uses her psychic knife on Polaris to disrupt and sever the nexus. His power",
"title": "Muir Island Saga"
},
{
"docid": "76452325",
"text": "Squirrel with a Gun is an upcoming indie action-adventure game being developed by New York-based studio Dee Dee Creations LLC and published by Maximum Entertainment. The player will control a squirrel that wields a gun as it escapes a secret underground facility and pesters the residence of a neighborhood. The game takes inspiration from the Yakuza franchise franchise and Shadow of the Colossus. Gameplay Squirrel with a Gun is an action-adventure game. The player will control a squirrel that can use a multitude of weapons ranging from pistols, shotguns, and an RPG as it escapes a secret underground facility and causes havoc in a residential neighborhood. Plot A squirrel breaks into a top-secret lab and eats a special hard drive that is shaped like an acorn. This is what prompts agents to pursue it throughout the game. References Upcoming video games scheduled for 2024 Action-adventure games PlayStation 5 games Unreal Engine games Windows games Xbox Series X and Series S games Squirrels in popular culture Single-player video games Video games developed in the United States",
"title": "Squirrel with a Gun"
},
{
"docid": "47683956",
"text": "Ashen is an action role-playing game developed by New Zealand studio A44 and published by Annapurna Interactive. Gameplay The game is set in a sunless world and tells the story of a character seeking a home. Gameplay is described as including open-world exploration, co-operation or competition with other players, and combat with in-world monsters. The game is presented in a third-person view, with a muted cel-shaded graphics presentation. The game follows the Dark Souls-style mechanics and combat. Both combat and exploration in an open world were key design elements of the game. Multiplayer elements include interactions with other players, which are incorporated into the game as providing traditional RPG elements such as crafting. Combat includes ranged and melee weapons. Character growth is primarily dominated by equipment, rather than player 'stats'; \"Talismans\", either found or crafted, are used to upgrade character abilities or provide other in-game perks. Development Initial publicity material for the game was released mid-2014. During Microsoft's E3 2015 press conference, Ashen was revealed as an Xbox console launch exclusive being developed by Aurora44 (now A44) under the ID@Xbox independent developer program. Initially released 2014 design elements of the game included survivalist elements and elemental effects, such as the wind as a help or hindrance. The world's geography and ecosystems were intended to be realistically modeled, to play into intelligent play styles within survival mechanisms; additionally, natural geography was intended to be based on an underlying geology. One in-world game element is an enemy known as the \"Gnaw\", which has the ability to erode the environment \"like a searing acid\". Much of the background, setting, and feel of the world was influenced by Cormac McCarthy's novel The Road. Combat was described as similar to the Dark Souls series, being high risk, with stamina being a major factor in combat. Multiplayer elements were described as 'passive', meaning that playing with a partner(s) is not mandated, and entirely optional, though certain situations require cooperative play; AI (computer controlled) allies were also to be implemented. The 'passive' multiplayer element included the conversion of a human player companion into an AI controlled non-player character (NPC)s if they could be escorted to the home town of the main adventurer; however such AI controlled NPCs were not guaranteed to be entirely benign. Art style influences were cited as initially including Superbrothers: Sword & Sworcery EP, Shadow of the Colossus, and The Legend of Zelda series. Developers also stated they had been influenced by the emergent multiplayer storytelling found in the video game DayZ. Release While initially listed on Steam, Ashen was later announced as an Epic Games Store timed exclusive but was also later listed as a Microsoft Store and an Xbox One title as a timed exclusive as well. Reception Ashen was rated 9/10 by GameSpot, and 4/5 by GamesRadar+. Eurogamer also praised the game, awarding it the \"Eurogamer Recommended\" mark. The game was noted through multiple reviews to hold similarities to the Dark Souls series, specifically Dark Souls. On the contrary, some parts",
"title": "Ashen (2018 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "3429092",
"text": "PLAY! A Video Game Symphony was a concert series that featured music from video games performed by a live orchestra. The concerts from 2006 to 2010 were conducted by Arnie Roth. From 2010, Andy Brick took the position of principal conductor and music director. Play! was replaced by the Replay: Symphony of Heroes concert series. History In 2004, Jason Michael Paul was approached by Square Enix to organize a concert for music from its Final Fantasy series. After the concert sold out in a few days, Paul decided to turn video game music concerts into a series. Arnie Roth, who had previously conducted the Dear Friends - Music from Final Fantasy and More Friends: Music from Final Fantasy concerts, was selected to conduct the concerts. Andy Brick, who had previously conducted the Symphonic Game Music Concerts, was chosen as the associate conductor. The concerts are performed by local symphony players and choirs. Play! premiered on May 27, 2006 at the Rosemont Theater in Rosemont, Illinois. The premiere show featured performances by Koji Kondo, Angela Aki, and Akira Yamaoka, and composers Nobuo Uematsu, Yasunori Mitsuda, Yuzo Koshiro and Jeremy Soule were in attendance. Concerts Each concert features segments of video game music performed by a live orchestra and choir, with video footage from the games shown on three screens. An opening fanfare, written by Nobuo Uematsu, is performed at each show. Music from all video game eras is performed at the shows. According to Paul, the show is a \"straightforward music program,\" designed \"to keep the arts alive in a way that is classy.\" Performed music Music from the following games has been performed at Play!: ActRaiser Apidya Battlefield Black Blue Dragon Castlevania Chrono Cross Chrono Trigger Commodore 64-Medley Commodore Amiga-Medley Daytona USA Dragon Age: Origins Dreamfall Final Fantasy Guild Wars Halo Kingdom Hearts Lost Odyssey Metal Gear Solid Prey Shadow of the Colossus Shenmue Silent Hill Sonic the Hedgehog Stella Deus Super Mario Bros. Super Mario World The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay The Darkness The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion The Legend of Zelda The Revenge of Shinobi Ys World of Warcraft Album On January 9, 2009, a live album CD and DVD of the concert was released. It was recorded in Prague and was performed by the Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra. Reception and legacy The concerts have been well received. Audiences regularly give standing ovations after each song. Jeremy Soule, composer of the music for The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, said that he \"consider[s] 'Play' to be the ultimate video-game surround system.\" According to Paul, Play! helps to promote the work of composers, as well as \"lend credibility to the genre of video-game music.\" Roth stated that the concerts help to also push the classical industry forward and to \"draw new audiences.\" According to Soule, video game concerts can help to educate old generations \"that game music isn't just a bunch of bleeps and bloops.\" One associate conductor stated that the performance",
"title": "Play! A Video Game Symphony"
},
{
"docid": "838271",
"text": "2005 saw the release of many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories, Tony Hawk's American Wasteland, Resident Evil 4, Black & White 2, Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30, Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening, Mario Kart DS, Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time, Myst V: End of Ages, Need for Speed: Most Wanted, and Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones, alongside prominent new releases including Brain Age, F.E.A.R., Forza Motorsport, Dinosaur King, God of War, Guild Wars, Guitar Hero, Nintendogs, Onechanbara, Shadow of the Colossus, Madden NFL 06, NBA Live 06, NBA 2K6, WWE Smackdown! vs. Raw 2006, and Sniper Elite. The seventh generation of video game consoles also began with the launch of the Xbox 360, while the Nintendo DS launched in PAL regions. The year's best-selling video game worldwide was Gran Turismo 4 for the PlayStation 2. The year's most critically acclaimed title was Resident Evil 4 for the GameCube and PlayStation 2. Critically acclaimed games Metacritic (MC) and GameRankings (GR) are aggregators of video game journalism reviews. Trends In 2005, the total U.S. sales of video game hardware, software and accessories rose 6% over 2004 to $10.5 billion USD ($9.9 billion, 2004) breaking 2002's $10.3 billion record for the industry. The increase is largely due to the portable game market which counterbalanced sluggish console game sales. Delays, hardware shortages, and anticipation of next-generation video game consoles have been cited as reasoning for slow sales for both console games and console hardware. Console games and hardware dropped by 12% and 3% respectively. The portable market of the video game industry rose to $1.4 billion, the second time sales broke the $1 billion mark in the industry's history. Mostly due to the release of the Nintendo DS and the PlayStation Portable in North America, sales for portable hardware rose 96% over 2004. Although the release of the Nintendo DS and the Sony PSP aided in spurring growth in the portable market, the Game Boy Advance still represented 62% total portable software units sold and 52% of total portable software dollar sales. Computer games continued its trend and declined by 14%, dropping from $1.1 billion in 2004 to $953 million. Although sales did decrease, NPD claims that playing games on the PC is actually increasing through a variety of different mediums including online websites and MMO subscriptions. Video game systems PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Xbox 360 Additionally, Microsoft's Xbox 360, Sony's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo's Wii were officially unveiled during or just prior to E3; however, only the Xbox 360 was released in 2005. The Xbox 360 was released in North America on November 22, Europe on December 2, and Japan on December 10. Handheld game systems Game Boy Advance SP Nintendo DS PlayStation Portable Hardware releases Best-selling video games Japan United States PAL regions Notable deaths January 15 – Deem Bristow, 57, voice actor best known for voicing Doctor Eggman. October 2 – Hamilton Camp, 70, actor best known",
"title": "2005 in video games"
},
{
"docid": "1355265",
"text": "Ultimate X-Men, a Marvel Comics series, has covered 19 story arcs since the first issue's debut in February 2001. Mark Millar wrote most of the first 33 issues, followed by Brian Michael Bendis for 12 issues, Brian K. Vaughan for 20 issues, and Robert Kirkman for 28 issues. Aron Eli Coleite, known for his work on the television series Heroes, took over the book for the remaining seven issues, concluding with his Requiem story. Film director Bryan Singer, who directed X-Men and X2: X-Men United, was scheduled to write 12 issues of Ultimate X-Men with Brian K. Vaughan and X2 scripters Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris, but was unable to commit due to working on the Superman Returns film. Mark Millar Ultimate X-Men was the second comic to debut as part of the Ultimate Marvel line, predated a few months by Ultimate Spider-Man. Mark Millar reinvented the X-Men with the first X-Men film (which debuted seven months before) as his only reference. The plot of \"The Tomorrow People\" was what Millar had in mind for the first X-Men film, and \"Return to Weapon X\" would have been the plot to the sequel. As in the film, Millar's original X-Men consisted of telepath Professor X, Cyclops (whose eyes shoot concussive beams) telepath/telekinetic Jean Grey, weather-manipulating Storm, simian genius Beast, metal-skinned Colossus, and cryokinetic Iceman. In its first year, the series was the best-selling comic book of 2001. The Tomorrow People Originally published in: Ultimate X-Men #1-6 (February 2001 - July 2001) Creators: writer Mark Millar, artist Adam Kubert (#1-4), Andy Kubert (#5-6) Plot outline: The government begins building and releasing Sentinels to hunt mutants after the Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy declares war against humans. Professor Charles Xavier unites a group of teenage mutants to form a group called the \"X-Men\" to stop the Brotherhood. Millar immediately establishes differences between the mainstream and Ultimate universes by reinventing the pasts and motives of several characters. For example, Jean Grey recruits Colossus after a nuclear arms deal goes bad, and Wolverine joins the team with the ulterior motive of assassinating Professor Xavier. Some themes remain the same, however, such as the love triangle involving Wolverine, Jean Grey and Cyclops. First appearances: Colossus, Cyclops, Beast, Storm, Iceman, Jean Grey, Wolverine, Magneto, Quicksilver, Scarlet Witch, Sentinels, Mastermind, Blob, Toad Notes: This arc's main plot revolves around Wolverine's search for his past and the Weapon X facility. Originally, Adam and Andy Kubert were both to illustrate Ultimate X-Men so that it could be published on a regular basis, but Andy moved to illustrating Origin and was unable to continue. The series' first arc sold extremely well: the first issue sold out, and the fourth and fifth issues sold more than 100,000 copies each to U.S. comic book stores alone. Return to Weapon X Originally published in: Ultimate X-Men #7-12 (August 2001 - January 2002) Creators: writer Mark Millar, artist Adam Kubert Plot outline: While Wolverine is away, Xavier and his X-Men are kidnapped and taken to Weapon",
"title": "List of Ultimate X-Men story arcs"
},
{
"docid": "3402872",
"text": "is a Japanese composer. He is best known for creating the soundtracks for the Heisei Gamera trilogy, Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack, Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, and Shadow of the Colossus. Biography Kow Otani was born in Tokyo, Japan. After graduating from university, he became a founding member of Yuji Saito's music production company Imagine in November 1986. The company has grown to feature musicians like Kohei Tanaka, Shiro Hamaguchi, Hayato Matsuo, and Shinji Miyazaki, who have become well known for cinematic scoring and orchestration through Otani. In 1987, he made his debut as an anime composer with the popular manga adaptation City Hunter, which earned him recognition in the industry. He later went on to work on titles such as Spy Games (1988), The Ultimate Teacher (1988), The Yadamura Waltz (1988), and You're Under Arrest (1994). The anime Future GPX Cyber Formula (1991) and Mobile Suit Gundam Wing (1995) and several films in the Gamera series are some of his most well-known works. In 2001, he created the score to the film Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack. Other notable scores by Otani include Gundam Wing (1995), Outlaw Star (1998), Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz (1998), Cross Fire (2000), The SoulTaker (2001), Haibane Renmei (2002), Zatch Bell! (2003), Eyeshield 21 (2005), Pumpkin Scissors (2006), Deltora Quest (2007), and Over Drive (2007). He has also been the music director and keyboardist of the band Dreams Come True. He appeared at Eminence Symphony Orchestra's events A Night in Fantasia 2007: Symphonic Games Edition and Unearthing Eden ~The sounds of AINARU~ in 2007. Throughout his career, Otani has also composed music for several video games, making his debut with the 1995 shooter game Philosoma. In 2000, he created the soundtrack to the flight simulator Sky Odyssey. He scored Shadow of the Colossus in 2005, his most famous video game work. Otani was responsible for composing the music for Wild Arms: Twilight Venom (2000), an anime adaptation of the Wild Arms video game series; he also arranged compositions of Michiko Naruke's music from the series. He did two more video game to anime adaptations: Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge (1997) and Popolocrois Monogatari (1998). In 2005, he created the track \"Madness\" alongside Hiroko Shigezumi for the Square Enix game Heavy Metal Thunder. Discography Anime City Hunter (1987) The Yamadamura Waltz (1988) Ultimate Teacher (1988) Spy Games (1988) Gokudō Sensō: Butōha (1991) Future GPX Cyber Formula (1991) Future GPX Cyber Formula 11 (1992) Yonigeya Hompo 2 (1993) Sotsugyō Ryokō: Nihon kara Kimashita (1994) You're Under Arrest (1994) Future GPX Cyber Formula ZERO (1994) Mobile Suit Gundam Wing (1995) Birdy the Mighty (1996) School Ghost Story 3 (1997) Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge (1997) Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz (1998) Outlaw Star (1998) Popolocrois Monogatari (1998) Wild Arms: Twilight Venom (2000) Cross Fire (2000) The SoulTaker (2001) Zoids: New Century Zero (2001) Haibane Renmei (2002) Lucky Ears (2003) Zatch Bell! (2003) Daphne in the Brilliant Blue (2004) Eyeshield 21 (2005) Shakugan no",
"title": "Kow Otani"
},
{
"docid": "47436443",
"text": "Submerged is a third-person exploration-based post-apocalyptic indie game developed and published by Uppercut Games for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2015, with an iOS port following in 2016. The sequel Submerged: Hidden Depths released on Stadia on 3 December 2020, with Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S versions following on 10 March 2022. The game is part of the \"ecogames\" genre which deal with the effects of climate change. Gameplay The player controls a young girl, Miku, as she explores an archipelago of half-sunken buildings, climbing ruins and traversing the spaces between using a rowboat. The game focuses on exploration; it involves no enemies or combat, and Miku cannot be killed. Plot The game is set in a dystopian future when global warming has flooded the world. Miku and her younger brother Taku drift into a city partially submerged beneath ocean water with only the tallest buildings protruding from the sea. The two have fled home from their father following his descent into alcoholism since the unfortunate death of their mother; his violent actions towards them have resulted in Taku becoming seriously injured. Taking refuge in the top of a clock tower, Miku begins to explore the city in her motorized fishing boat in search of supplies to treat Taku. She scales buildings, locating relief crates that had been parachuted in during the crisis. The whole time she is observed by aquatic beings who are revealed to be survivors of the city that have undergone a complete mutation to better thrive in their new environment. Miku also realizes to her shock that she herself is now mutating in a similar way. Eventually she locates the final crate and Taku recovers. They are then confronted by the mutants who perform some ritual that purges Miku of her mutation, making her human again. The siblings then take their leave and move on from the city. Development and release Submerged was made by a team of former BioShock developers and was chiefly inspired by Journey and Shadow of the Colossus. Additional inspirations included a Grand Theft Auto IV mod that submerges the game's Liberty City in water. The director Ed Orman said: \"It was unintentional at the beginning, but the setting we’ve chosen is pretty topical with global warming, sea levels rising and people ignoring that problem.\" Originally slated for 2014, the game was delayed for a 2015 release for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. PlayStation Plus, Xbox Gold members, and Steam users were offered discounts at launch. An iOS version, subtitled Miku and the Sunken City, was released in 2016. A version for Nintendo Switch was made available in 2019. Reception IGN awarded it a score of 6.8 out of 10, saying \"Submerged is a non-violent, sometimes beautiful exploration adventure set in a strange, mysterious future.\" Sequel On December 3, 2020, a sequel Submerged: Hidden Depths was published as a sequel by Stadia Games and Entertainment in partnership with Uppercut Games,",
"title": "Submerged (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "21638423",
"text": "Bluepoint Games Inc is an American video game developer based in Austin, Texas. Founded in 2006 by Andy O'Neil and Marco Thrush, the studio is known for video game remasters and remakes, such as Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection (2015), Shadow of the Colossus (2018), and Demon's Souls (2020). Sony Interactive Entertainment acquired the company in September 2021, making them a first-party developer for PlayStation Studios. History Bluepoint Games was founded in 2006 by Andy O'Neil and Marco Thrush, two former Retro Studios employees who had worked on Metroid Prime. The studio's first game, Blast Factor, was released later that year. In August 2009, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that remastered versions of God of War and God of War II would be coming to the PlayStation 3 as God of War Collection. The ports were handled by Bluepoint and released on November 17, 2009, in North America. The studio's remasters of Ico and Shadow of the Colossus as The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection for the PlayStation 3 were released in September 2011. Years later, in 2018, Bluepoint would remake Shadow of the Colossus for the PlayStation 4. The studio also handled the remastered HD versions of Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance and Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence included in the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection, which was released on November 8, 2011. Bluepoint collaborated with SuperBot Entertainment to develop PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale (2012), which was built on Bluepoint's proprietary engine. Bluepoint also ported the game to the PlayStation Vita. The studio collaborated with Santa Monica Studio to port Flower to the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in 2013, as well as with Respawn Entertainment to develop the Xbox 360 version of Titanfall (2014). After Titanfall, Bluepoint remastered the three PlayStation 3 releases of the Uncharted franchise to the PlayStation 4 as Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection, as well as Gravity Rush Remastered, which was released in Japan at the end of 2015 and internationally in early 2016. O'Neil died in June 2019 aged 47. By August 2019, Bluepoint had hired several other former Retro Studios staff. Notable hires include designer Kynan Pearson in July 2013 and artist Elben Schafers in 2014. In June 2020, Bluepoint was announced as developing a remake of Demon's Souls. The remake was released as a launch title for PlayStation 5 in November 2020 and received universal acclaim from critics. Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE) acquired Bluepoint on September 30, 2021, making it part of PlayStation Studios. SIE had previously leaked its intent to buy the studio in June that year. At the time, Bluepoint and its roughly 70 employees were working on original content. Games developed Support References External links 2006 establishments in Texas 2021 mergers and acquisitions American companies established in 2006 Companies based in Austin, Texas PlayStation Studios Video game companies based in Texas Video game companies established in 2006 Video game development companies",
"title": "Bluepoint Games"
},
{
"docid": "20486132",
"text": "Castlevania: Lords of Shadow is a 2010 action-adventure game developed by MercurySteam with supervision from Hideo Kojima, and published by Konami. It was released on October 5, 2010, for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, with a PC version released on August 27, 2013. The game is a reboot of the Castlevania series. Set in Southern Europe during the Middle Ages, the story focuses on Gabriel Belmont and his quest to defeat a malevolent order known as the Lords of Shadow and resurrect his wife. The player controls Gabriel in 3D environments as he uses melee skills to defeat enemies and solves puzzles to move through the game. The game was originally announced as Lords of Shadow with no connection to the Castlevania series mentioned. This was done to keep their plans to radically change the direction of the Castlevania mythos a secret and to prevent the announcement of the game from upstaging another series release, Castlevania Judgment. Hideo Kojima, creator of the Metal Gear series, helped produce the title. The music was composed by Spanish composer Óscar Araujo, who was acclaimed for his work on the game. The game sold well and received positive reviews from video game publications. It was praised for new elements it provided to the franchise, with particular praise for its story, combat, visuals, music, and art direction. Konami requested that the development team produce more titles related to Lords of Shadow. This includes two sequels titled Castlevania: Lords of Shadow – Mirror of Fate and Castlevania: Lords of Shadow 2. Gameplay Lords of Shadow is a third-person action-adventure game in which the player controls the main character, Gabriel Belmont. The combat involves a retractable chain whip called the Combat Cross. The player can perform up to forty unlockable combos with it. The commands consist of direct attacks for dealing damage to single enemies, and weak area attacks when surrounded by them. It is also capable of interactions with secondary weapons, such as knives, holy water and other items which can be upgraded. In addition, the Combat Cross's melee skills can be combined with the Light and Shadow magic system, which are spells aimed at defense and aggression, respectively. The whip is upgradeable and can also be used to guard against an opponent's attack. The developers attempted to reach out to new audiences by distancing Lords of Shadow from previous Castlevania games, but kept some elements intact to not alienate franchise fans. For example, vampires and werewolves are recurring enemies in the game, but other existing enemies include trolls, giant spiders and goblin-like creatures. The enemies can be defeated for experience points, which can be used to purchase combos or to augment the player's abilities further. Lords of Shadow has large-scale bosses known as titans. The Combat Cross can be used to grapple onto their bodies and navigate them, and break the runes that animate the titan. Similar to the original Castlevania titles, platforming and puzzles are a key component and are featured in fifty",
"title": "Castlevania: Lords of Shadow"
},
{
"docid": "63840332",
"text": "Wander refers to jitter frequences below 10 Hz. Wander may also refer to: Wander AG, a Swiss food company Wander (name), a given name Wander (film), a 2020 American film starring Aaron Eckhart Wander (1974 video game) Wander (2015 video game) Wander (Wander Over Yonder), a fictional character Wander (Shadow of the Colossus), a fictional character See also Wanderer (disambiguation) Wandering (disambiguation) Wonder (disambiguation) Wanderlust (disambiguation)",
"title": "Wander (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "16139625",
"text": "Colossus: The Collected Science Fiction of Donald Wandrei is a collection of science fiction short stories by American writer Donald Wandrei. It was released in 1989 by Fedogan & Bremer in an edition of 1,000 copies. Many of the stories originally appeared in the magazines Weird Tales, Astounding Stories, The Minnesota Quarterly, Thrilling Wonder Stories and Leaves. Contents 1989 edition Editors’ Note, by Philip J. Rahman Introduction, by Richard L. Tierney \"The Red Brain\" \"The Holiday Act\" \"Something from Above\" \"Raiders of the Universes\" \"A Race Through Time\" \"Farewell to Earth\" \"Colossus\" \"Colossus Eternal\" \"The Atom-Smasher\" \"The Blinding Shadows\" \"Life Current\" \"The Whisperers\" \"Murray’s Light\" \"Earth Minus\" \"Finality Unlimited\" \"Infinity Zero\" \"Black Fog\" \"The Crystal Bullet\" \"On the Threshold of Eternity\" \"A Trip to Infinity\" \"Requiem for Mankind\" Selected Bibliography, by D. H. Olson stories added for the 1999 edition \"If\" \"A Stranger Passes\" Publication history Colossus was originally announced as a forthcoming publication by Arkham House as early as 1965. However, it remained unpublished into the 1980s. Phil Rahman and Dr. Dennis Weiler approached the Wandrei estate with the hopes of publishing the collection. While no manuscript nor proposed contents could be found, Rahman and Weiler went forward and published a collection using the same title as the unpublished Arkham House collection. It was the first book published by Fedogan & Bremer. In 1999, in honor of their 10th anniversary, Fedogan & Bremer issued a second edition of the book (). The second edition contained an updated introduction, replaced the note by Philip J. Rahman with a newly discovered preface that Wandrei had done for an unpublished collection, and added two stories in place of the bibliography. A gallery of photographs was also added. \"Farewell to Earth\" The editor of Astounding Stories did not like the ending for the story \"Farewell to Earth\" that Donald Wandrei had originally written and Wandrei was forced to change it. Fedogan and Bremer published a chapbook containing the ending of the story as Wandrei originally wrote it. The chapbook also included an introduction by D. H. Olson and was published in an edition of 75 copies. The book was given to those who pre-ordered the 1999 edition of Colossus. References Sources 1989 short story collections Science fiction short story collections by Donald Wandrei Fedogan & Bremer books",
"title": "Colossus (collection)"
},
{
"docid": "49129970",
"text": "Seven Wonders is a pentalogy of children's fantasy, adventure and mythological fiction books written by American author Peter Lerangis. It is based on Greek mythology and set around the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Jack McKinley discovers a secret organization on a hidden island, and becomes the leader of a mission to retrieve seven lost magical orbs. As Jack and his three friends realize their lives are at stake, they have no choice but to accept the quest and embark on the challenge. Books The Colossus Rises The Colossus Rises is the first book in the series and was released on February 5, 2013. The day after thirteen-year-old Jack McKinley is told he has six months to live, he awakens on a mysterious island, where a secret organization promises to save his life—with one condition. Jack and three other kids: Aly Black, Cass Williams, and Marco Ramsay, must lead a mission to retrieve seven lost magical objects known as Loculi, which can save their lives only when combined together correctly. The Loculi have been missing for a thousand years, lost amongst the ruins and relics of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. With no one else to turn to and no escape in sight, the four kids have no choice but to undertake the quest. On their quest, they learn more about one another and the secret superhuman abilities each possesses, but Jack has trouble finding out his own inner strength. The first Wonder they visit is the Colossus of Rhodes, where they realize that there's way more than just their lives at stake when a mythical creature kidnaps Cass and an enemy organization, known as the Massa, threaten to get the Loculus before them. Lost in Babylon Lost in Babylon is the second book in the series and was released on October 29, 2013. After unearthing the first Loculus and defeating the Colossus of Rhodes, Jack and his friends are in worse shape than when they first set out. Marco has disappeared without a trace, along with the first Loculus. With no time to spare and no one else to turn to, Jack and the group have no choice but to follow the only clues they have and to head off on the next leg of their quest—to the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The Tomb of Shadows The Tomb of Shadows is the third book in the series and was released on May 13, 2014. With Babylon in ruins, Marco on the Massa side, and long-held secrets coming unraveled, the Select don’t know whom to trust or where to turn. With their G7W powers are manifesting at a furious pace, Jack, Aly, and Cass have no choice but to continue their quest. As lives hang in the balance, the friends rush to the next stop on their quest, the famed Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. Here they have to face down their own demons and engage in a battle with the shadows of the dead. The Curse of the",
"title": "Seven Wonders (series)"
},
{
"docid": "2664645",
"text": "Malus, the apples, is a genus of about 30–35 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including most importantly the domesticated Orchard or Table Apple. Malus may also refer to: Malus (Galatia), a town of ancient Galatia, now in Turkey Malus (Phrygia), a town of ancient Phrygia, now in Turkey Malus (Pisidia), a town of ancient Pisidia, now in Turkey Bonus–malus, a scheme of reward and punishment Malus (constellation), an asterism that was part of the Argo Navis constellation Étienne-Louis Malus (1775–1812), French officer, engineer, physicist, and mathematician Malus (Castlevania), a young boy who is the reincarnation of Dracula in the video games Castlevania and Castlevania: Legacy of Darkness Malus (EP), a 2022 EP by the South Korean boy band Oneus Edward Malus, played by Nicolas Cage, the protagonist of The Wicker Man Malus's law for a polarizer Karl Malus, M.D., a fictional villain from Marvel Comics The Malus, a monster appearing in the Doctor Who story \"The Awakening\" The Malus, a playable race in the computer game O.R.B: Off-World Resource Base Malus, the sixteenth and final Colossus in Shadow of the Colossus",
"title": "Malus (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "553764",
"text": "Adam Sessler (born August 29, 1973) is an American video game journalist, television personality and consultant. He is best known as the host for the video game review series Xplay and the editor-in-chief for G4's video game section. Upon his departure from G4 in April 2012, Sessler was its longest-tenured television personality, having originally been hired by its predecessor ZDTV in 1998. After his departure from G4, Sessler became the editor-in-chief and content producer for Rev3Games. He left video game journalism in 2014 to become the president of TheoryHead, a consultancy firm for entertainment and media. In 2021, Adam Sessler was announced as a returning On-Air Talent and staff of the relaunched G4 television network. Background Sessler was born in El Cerrito, California, and graduated from El Cerrito High School in 1991. He graduated from UCLA with a bachelor's degree in English literature. He was previously a credit analyst for ABN-AMRO in San Francisco, and an actor on the San Francisco Public-access television show Chip Weigh Magnet Down, which he also helped to make. Sessler admitted that he was grateful to no longer work for Fortune 500 companies, saying in The X-Play Insider's Guide to Gaming that he was \"very sad\" about the job. Sessler currently lives in San Francisco, California, with his wife Amber. Some of Sessler's favorite game series are the Halo series for its first-person shooter qualities; the Japanese version of Rez for its Trance Vibrator peripheral; the Banjo-Kazooie, Rayman, Ratchet & Clank, and Sly Cooper series for their unique platform qualities. In 2010, Sessler stated his top five games of the decade were, in order of release: Deus Ex, Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal, Shadow of the Colossus, Fable II, and Uncharted 2. He also stated that Uncharted 2 was his favorite single-player experience of all time. In his review of BioShock Infinite, he stated that it is in the \"rarefied company of titles like Half-Life 2 and Uncharted 2\", intimating it to be a new personal favorite. Likewise, he has recently expressed affinity towards titles such as Gone Home, The Last of Us (calling it one of the finest games he's ever played), and L.A. Noire (referring to it as a \"watershed moment in gaming\"). Sessler's favorite cabinet video game is Ghosts 'n Goblins, which he has stated on several occasions on older episodes of Extended Play and X-Play. He stated: \"When I was 9 years old I used to scam quarters from my parents and sneak out to this local bowling alley that was so seedy Hubert Selby Jr. would get the creeps there. It smelled like personal abandonment. That's what I think of when I play my favorite game\". Sessler has a younger brother, Jonathan, who appeared as Adam 2.0 in X-Plays 2005 April Fool's Day Episode, a \"clone\" of Adam who claims he's much better-looking than the original Adam with a \"special USB port\" (a reference to the Game Boy Advance SP succeeding the original Game Boy Advance). Career Sessler was",
"title": "Adam Sessler"
},
{
"docid": "2086219",
"text": "Quadratus is Latin for square. Quadratus was also a cognomen from the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. It may refer to: People Lucius Ninnius Quadratus, a tribune of the plebs in 58 BC and a warm friend to Roman Senator Marcus Tullius Cicero Gaius Volusenus Quadratus, a military officer of the late Roman Republic in 40s BC Fannius Quadratus, a Roman poet and a contemporary of Horace Gaius Antius Aulus Julius Quadratus, an ordinary consul serving in 105 Quadratus of Athens, the Christian writer and saint Quadratus (martyr), the name of several saints and martyrs Lucius Statius Quadratus, an ordinary consul serving in 142 Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus, Legate at Judaea between 102 and 105, Consul of Rome in 105 and Proconsul of Asia in 105, grandfather of: Gaius Asinius Quadratus, the Roman historian, father of: Gaius Asinius Protimus Quadratus (died 235), Proconsul of Achaea in 220 Any of various members of the Roman gens Ummidia Anatomy In anatomy, quadratus refers to a quadrilateral (square or rectangular) shape. Structures with quadratus in their name are: Lobus quadratus, the quadrate lobe of liver Pronator quadratus muscle, in the forearm Quadratus femoris muscle, in the posterior hip Quadratus lumborum muscle, in the back Quadratus plantae muscle, in the foot See also Quadriceps The 2nd colossus from the video game Shadow of the Colossus Araneus quadratus, a species of spider",
"title": "Quadratus"
},
{
"docid": "21075514",
"text": "Colossus and the Crab is a 1977 science fiction novel by the British author Dennis Feltham Jones (writing as D. F. Jones). It is the third and final volume in \"The Colossus Trilogy\" and a sequel to Jones's 1974 novel The Fall of Colossus. Plot The novel begins where its predecessor, The Fall of Colossus leaves off, with the supercomputer Colossus immobilized and the Martians arriving on Earth. They appear before Charles Forbin and his friend Edward Blake in the form of two black spheres, and quickly demonstrate vast intellect and powers of transformation and telepathy. After immobilizing Blake, they explain to Forbin their purpose in immobilizing Colossus — their desire to take half of the Earth's oxygen, a process that will kill nearly a quarter of the human population. In order to proceed with construction of the \"Collector\" designed to harvest the oxygen, the Martians reactivate the parts of Colossus necessary to manage human society. Though having no other option but to agree to the Martians' plan, Forbin continues to search for an alternative. He discovers in conversation with the Martians that their need for the oxygen is driven by the threat of radiation emanating from the Crab Nebula, which will kill the Martians without the protection of an oxygenated atmosphere. As construction of the Collector proceeds, a humbled Blake proposes to Forbin that the old Colossus — the \"parent\" of the crippled system, be reactivated. With little other alternative, Forbin agrees. Construction equipment controlled by Colossus soon completes work on the Collector. An initial five-minute test of the device proves enormously destructive. With a second, final test imminent, Blake travels to Colorado with Angela, Forbin's private secretary. Racing against time, Blake and a small team of workers succeeds in penetrating the mountain where the old Colossus is located and re-activating the computer, only to discover that, once supplied with the facts of the situation, Colossus argues that the collection program is in the best interests of humans' long-term future and should move forward. Informed of the failure of their plan, Forbin watches the second test proceed. Upon its conclusion he embarks on a new plan. With his new secretary, a fervently devout woman named Joan, he flies to Portsmouth and takes command of the battleships stationed there for the Sea War Games. Yet doing so puts him out of contact with Blake and the old Colossus, who informs Blake that a solution might exist that is acceptable to both the Martians and humanity. Regaining control of the nuclear arsenal, Colossus contacts the Martians, who inform it of Forbin's attempt to use the battleships to destroy the Collector. Though the Martians attempt to destroy the fleet using their device, they underestimate the power of the battleships' guns, which succeed in destroying the Collector. Though the Martians are defeated, Forbin dies in the process. He is buried by the reactivated Colossus, who reaches an agreement with the Martians: a smaller version of the Collector will extract the oxygen more gradually",
"title": "Colossus and the Crab"
},
{
"docid": "53936408",
"text": "Drawn to Life: The Next Chapter is a platform game developed by Planet Moon Studios and published by THQ for the Wii. Despite having the same title, it has a different plot compared to the DS version. Plot The Raposa Village has been in peace for a long time, until items from the city start disappearing. The mayor, Mari, asks the Creator to draw a new hero for help. Jowee believes that Zsasha (a well-known thief) has stolen the items and gone off to Jangala. The hero and Jowee (who loves adventure) go off to Jangala to find Zsasha, who has been held captive for days by the monkey king. Shadow walkers appear, invading Jangala. After the Hero defeats them and saves Zsasha, the monkey king releases him and gives them a strange mask. Mari realizes Zsasha did not steal the items, leading her to suspect that Wilfre might be the thief. To make sure if Wilfre is alive, Mari sends the Hero (and Jowee) to Shadow City. Soon, the Hero finds the ink factory working again, creating shadows. The Hero then finds Wilfre's journal, which holds a plot to destroy the Creator. His plan requires: branches from the tree of ages, the eternal furnace, a pen and pencil, and a magic mask. Mari and the other Raposa realize that Wilfre specifically wants to make creation ink to remake the world in his own image. They already have the latter two items, meaning that they just need to find the eternal furnace and branches from the tree of ages in order to stop Wilfre. Mari sends the Hero to Icy Wastes to find the eternal furnace. While there, a strange shadow creature appears, stealing it. The shadow creature is unknown, but resembles a Raposa girl. After the Hero and Jowee return, they discover that in the Eastern Winds, the tree of ages is in danger. They defeat the shadow creatures attacking it, and the Hero saves the tree. Mari is happy Wilfre's plan has failed, until Circi reveals that she's Wilfre's wife, and was the mastermind behind the plan after all. She uses the items that the Hero had found to make creation ink and revive Wilfre, but she can't remember what he looks like. She keeps on drawing pictures of him, but they don't resemble him. Frustrated, she throws away the pictures, but they - along with the items used to create the ink - begin to combine, creating a monster that kills her. It then floods the Village with ink. The Hero fights the dark monster in a final showdown, defeating it. The game ends with all of the Raposa celebrating, although their joy is bittersweet. Reception The game received \"mixed or average reviews\" according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. References 2009 video games Action-adventure games Drawing video games Multiplayer and single-player video games Planet Moon Studios games Platformers THQ games Video game sequels Video games scored by Richard Vreeland Video games with alternative versions Wii games",
"title": "Drawn to Life: The Next Chapter (Wii video game)"
},
{
"docid": "40373619",
"text": "BigHit Series are video games for the Korean Sony PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable consoles that have been officially re-released at a lower price by Sony and third parties that meet specific criteria. While the term \"BigHit series\" only applies to selections in South Korea, equivalent programs exist in North America (as \"Greatest Hits\"), PAL territories (as \"Essentials\") and Japan and Asia (as \"The Best\"). History The BigHit Series program was first released for PlayStation 2 on October 1, 2004, by Sony Computer Entertainment Korea (SCEK) for games that were distributed in South Korea. SCEK's official press release on September 30, 2004, stated (modified translation) that users of the PlayStation 2 hardware in Korea for the first time can purchase popular classic PlayStation 2 games, and enjoy them at an affordable cost; helping users to an existing genre preference due to several issues of being out-of-stock, or the user did not try the game. All BigHit Series games were released at the price of 26,800KRW. Historically exchange rates dating back to October 2004 show that was slightly above US$23.25 (US$1 ~= 1147 KRW) The translated press release by SCEK suggests that there might have been 6 games already released to PlayStation 2 owners in June of the same year; leading to 15 BigHit series games being released by the start of October 2004. The first 7 - 15 games released under the BigHit series title were : Minna no Golf 3, Gitaroo Man, Time Crisis 3, The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King, Need for Speed: Underground, SSX 3, WWE Smackdown! Shut Your Mouth, Final Fantasy X International, and Shin Sangoku Musō 2. List of titles PlayStation 2 Ace Combat 5: The Unsung War Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War Ape Escape 3 Dark Chronicle Dark Cloud Devil May Cry 3 Disgaea: Hour of Darkness Drakengard 2 Dynasty Warriors 3 Dynasty Warriors 4 Dynasty Warriors 5 EyeToy: Monkey Mania EyeToy: Play Fatal Frame Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly Final Fantasy XII Final Fantasy X Genji: Dawn of the Samurai Gitaroo Man God of War God of War II Gran Turismo 4 Gran Turismo Concept Hot Shots Golf 3 Hot Shots Golf Fore! Hot Shots Tennis ICO Jake Hunter Katamari Damacy Killzone Mad Maestro! Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater Need for Speed: Underground Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams Persona 3 FES Persona 4 Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones Prince of Persia: Warrior Within Raiden III Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal Ratchet: Deadlocked Resident Evil 4 Romance of the Three Kingdoms IX Samurai Warriors 3: Empires Samurai Warriors 4: Empires Sega Rally 2006 Shadow of the Colossus Shadow of the Colossus Shining Tears Sly 2: Band of Thieves Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus SOCOM 3 U.S. Navy SEALs SOCOM II U.S. Navy SEALs Sonic Heroes Sonic Mega Collection Plus Sonic Riders",
"title": "BigHit Series"
},
{
"docid": "1562412",
"text": "The Uncanny X-Men, sometimes referred to as Marvel's X-Men, is an action video game released by LJN for the NES in 1989. It is a licensed game based on the series of X-Men comics of the same name by Marvel Comics. The lineup of characters in the game is very close to those appearing in the 1989 animated pilot X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men. The Uncanny X-Men is the only title by LJN that was developed by an undisclosed external developer. It has been speculated that it was either developed by Japanese studios Bothtec or possibly Pixel. However, it has never been confirmed officially. It is also the second-to-last game to be released under the Enteractive Video Games label and the last to be released before LJN was sold to Acclaim Entertainment. Gameplay The object is to use several X-Men characters, each with special powers, to complete a series of missions. The powers of each character come in handy on particular missions. The game allows for either one or two players. If the 1-Player mode is selected, the player will be joined by an AI ally. The playable characters available are Wolverine, Cyclops, Storm, Colossus, Nightcrawler and Iceman. There are five bosses in order of appearance: Boomerang, Sabretooth, Juggernaut, The White Queen, and Magneto. Some characters have features that stand out. Wolverine, Nightcrawler, and Colossus fight through melee combat while Cyclops, Storm, and Iceman shoot projectiles. Nightcrawler can walk through walls (to simulate teleporting). Colossus cannot jump like the other characters. If the player holds on to B, they can make Storm fly. Each character has an unlimited attack (either a punch or some type of projectile) and a special move that uses his/her energy and would kill the character if it was used up too much. The game required the players to fight their way to the boss in each stage, sometimes requiring the collection of items such as keys. After the boss is defeated, the heroes have to quickly fight their way back to the beginning of the level before a bomb goes off. There are five missions: \"Practice\", \"Future City Street Fight\", \"Search And Destroy The Robot Factory\", \"Subterranean Confrontation\" and \"Battle Through A Living Starship\". A sixth mission where the player battles Magneto can be accessed after the first five levels have been completed; to access the level the player must press Select, B, up on the control pad, and Start simultaneously on the game's level selection screen. This button combination is printed on the cartridge label, but not in its entirety. This is because the creators originally meant for parts of the text displayed at the end of each level to provide the player with the missing part of the code, as well as instruct him/her to combine the revealed information with the label on the cartridge to discover the full code. Reception Seanbaby listed X-Men as number 3 on his worst NES games of all time, criticizing the inaccurate depiction of the characters, the",
"title": "The Uncanny X-Men (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "50791309",
"text": "Fe ( , ; Fairy) is a platform-adventure game developed by Zoink and published by Electronic Arts under its EA Originals program. It was released on February 16, 2018 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. In it, the player controls Fe, a fox-like creature in a forest setting, attempting to defend it from hostile entities called the Silent Ones, gaining help from other forest creatures by guiding them to complete tasks and learning new abilities from those it helps. Fe is the first game in the EA Originals series, which is EA's program created to promote indie developers. Gameplay Fe is a Metroidvania-style action-adventure game in which the player controls Fe, a fox-like creature within a forest that is highly responsive to the songs of the creatures and plants within it. The forest creatures are being attacked by entities called the Silent Ones for unknown reasons that threaten the forest's wildlife. Fe is able to sing to other creatures and objects to gain their help. These creatures can teach Fe a new song which gives the fox additional abilities through the forest, such as activating a flower that acts as a jump-pad to launch Fe to higher locations and explore more of the world. The game has been noted to have minimal instructions, requiring the player to experiment and to perceive the forest's ecosystem to determine how to progress, instead of a set of objectives. One example requires the player to observe that one species of bird likes a certain type of flower, suggesting that they may be able to use the bird's song to interact in a different manner than if they used the flower's song. Fe has been favorably compared to Abzû, Journey and Shadow of the Colossus for this \"hands-off\" approach to gameplay. Development Fe, named after the Swedish language term for fairy, was developed by the Swedish-based studio Zoink. The studio's chief executive officer, Klaus Lyngeled, called the title \"a personal narrative about our relationship with nature\" and to emphasize that \"everything in this world is connected\". Most of the team grew up near forests and frequently played within them, getting close to the wildlife there, while overcoming fears of the deeper forests being scary places. Creative director Hugo Bille said they wanted to stay true to the recollection of their Nordic forests, populated by creatures with no spoken language. Bille said games like Journey and Shadow of the Colossus were inspiration, and that they always wanted to capture the exploration mechanics of games in the Metroid and Zelda series. Fe was first announced during the EA Play event occurring alongside the E3 2016 in June of that year. It was presented as the first of \"EA Originals\", a new segment of EA's publishing aimed to help indie developers with financing and publishing of their titles to reach a wider audience without EA being as involved in the game's development, thus allowing the studio to take more of a share of sales",
"title": "Fe (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "8688871",
"text": "is the producer of Sony Interactive Entertainment's Product Development Department #1 division. Kaido started his videogaming career at Taito in 1987, where he worked as project leader and lead game designer on arcade titles Bonze Adventure, Night Striker, Champion Wrestler, Cameltry, Sonic Blast Man, Warrior Blade and Dead Connection. Kaido then changed departments to work on the world's first Home Karaoke Console, the X55 (presently called MEDIA BOX) from its very beginnings. In 1996, he then worked as the project leader and lead game designer for coin-op game Cleopatra Fortune. In 1997, Kaido left Taito and joined Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. There he started working on the game Ape Escape as its lead game designer and associate producer. Most recently, Kaido worked as product manager and producer for Ico in 2001, and Shadow of the Colossus in 2005. He left Sony in August 2012. Works Bonze Adventure (1988) Night Striker (1989) Champion Wrestler (1989) Cameltry (1989) Sonic Blast Man (1990) Warrior Blade (1991) Dead Connection (1992) Cleopatra Fortune (1996) Tomba! (1998) Ape Escape (1999) Tomba! 2: The Evil Swine Return (2000) Ico (2001) Shadow of the Colossus (2005) External links Interview with EuroGamer.net Interview with Kikizo.com References Living people Japanese video game producers Year of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Kenji Kaido"
},
{
"docid": "5148976",
"text": "Stephen Marlowe (born Milton Lesser, in Brooklyn, New York, died , in Williamsburg, Virginia) was an American author of science fiction, mystery novels, and fictional autobiographies of Goya, Christopher Columbus, Miguel de Cervantes, and Edgar Allan Poe. He is best known for his detective character Chester Drum, whom he created for the 1955 novel The Second Longest Night. Lesser also wrote using the pseudonyms Adam Chase, Andrew Frazer, C.H. Thames, Jason Ridgway, Stephen Wilder, and Ellery Queen. Biography Lesser attended the College of William & Mary, earning his degree in philosophy, marrying Leigh Lang soon after graduating. He was drafted into the U.S. Army during the Korean War. He and his wife divorced in 1962. He was awarded the French Prix Gutenberg du Livre in 1988 for The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus, and in 1997 he was awarded the Life Achievement Award by the Private Eye Writers of America. He also served on the board of directors of the Mystery Writers of America. In the later part of his life he lived with his second wife Ann in Williamsburg, Virginia. Selected bibliography As Milton S. Lesser: Somewhere I'll Find You (1947) Earthbound (1952) The Star Seekers (1953) Recruit for Andromeda (1959) Stadium Beyond the Stars (1960) Spacemen Go Home (1961) Secret of the Black Planet (1965) As Stephen Marlowe: Catch the Brass Ring (1954) Model for Murder (1955) Turn Left for Murder (1955) Dead on Arrival (1956) Blonde Bait (1959) Passport to Peril (1959) The Shining (1961) Colossus: A novel about Goya and a world gone mad (1965) The Search for Bruno Heidler (1966) Come Over, Red Rover (1968) The Summit (1970) The Man with No Shadow (1974) The Cawthorn Journals (or Too Many Chiefs) (1975) Translation (1976) The Valkyrie Encounter (1978) Deborah's Legacy (1983) The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus (1987) The Death and Life of Miguel De Cervantes (1991) The Lighthouse at the End of the World (1995) Chester Drum novels (as Stephen Marlowe): The Second Longest Night (1955) Mecca for Murder (1956) Killers Are My Meat (1957) Murder Is My Dish (1957) Trouble Is My Name (1957) Terror Is My Trade (1958) Violence Is My Business (1958) Double in Trouble (with Richard S. Prather, co-starring Prather's series character Shell Scott) (1959) Homicide Is My Game (1959) Danger Is My Line (1960) Death Is My Comrade (1960) Peril Is My Pay (1960) Manhunt Is My Mission (1961) Jeopardy Is My Job (1962) Francesca (1963) Drum Beat - Berlin (1964) Drum Beat - Dominique (1965) Drum Beat - Madrid (1966) Drum Beat - Erica (1967) Drum Beat - Marianne (1968) As Adam Chase (writing with Paul W. Fairman): The Golden Ape (1959) As Andrew Frazer: Find Eileen Hardin - Alive! (1959) The Fall of Marty Moon (1960) As Jason Ridgway: West Side Jungle (1958) Adam's Fall (1960) People in Glass Houses (1961) Hardly a Man Is Now Alive (1962) The Treasure of the Cosa Nostra (1966) As Ellery Queen Dead Man's Tale (1961) As C. H. Thames: Violence Is Golden",
"title": "Stephen Marlowe"
},
{
"docid": "4441079",
"text": "Nico (1938–1988) was a German singer-songwriter, fashion model and actress. Nico may also refer to: People Nico (given name) Nico (Romanian singer) (born 1970) Arts and entertainment Nico (album), a 1996 album by the group Blind Melon Nico (TV series), a cartoon about a blind boy Nico & Vinz, a Norwegian musical duo Nico di Angelo, a character in the books Percy Jackson & the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus by Rick Riordan Nico Bellic, the main protagonist of the video game Grand Theft Auto IV Above the Law (film), a 1988 film known as Nico in some countries Shadow of the Colossus, a video game called Nico while in development Other uses Nico (gorilla) Naftiran Intertrade (trading code \"NICO\"), Swiss-based subsidiary of the National Iranian Oil Company Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis, a medical condition See also Niko (disambiguation) Nicolas (disambiguation)",
"title": "Nico (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "4271863",
"text": "X-Men: The Official Game (also known as X3: The Official Game) is the name of Activision's three tie-in video games to the 2006 film X-Men: The Last Stand. The game covers the events between the films X2 and X-Men: The Last Stand, specifically following the characters of Logan, Iceman, and Nightcrawler. It also bridges the gap between the two films, explaining why Nightcrawler is not present for The Last Stand, and also introduces new foes for the game, such as HYDRA. The game uses several voice actors from the X-Men film series including Hugh Jackman, Alan Cumming, Shawn Ashmore, Patrick Stewart, Tyler Mane, and Eric Dane. X-Men: The Official Game received mixed reviews from critics. The game, along with most other games published by Activision that had used the Marvel licence, was de-listed and removed from all digital storefronts on January 1, 2014. Gameplay Players control the actions of several X-Men-related characters, most notably Logan, Nightcrawler and Iceman, as they uncover a plot to eradicate mutants. Sometimes, another X-Man will help the player's character battle. The Nintendo DS game features Magneto as a playable character, while the Game Boy Advance version features Colossus as a playable character as well as the ability to switch between three characters. Consoles Logan's levels involve fighting hordes of soldiers, armed with weapons. He can retract his claws, but any time a button is pressed, they are extracted. Logan heals minor wounds, reflected as yellow on his Life Gauge, but when his minor wound damage empties, all wounds are considered major, taking off his actual life bar. Logan can only heal major damage if he is not engaged in combat at the time. Logan can't target lock like his allies; he can only block, which can fend off weak attacks only until it is built up. Wolverine, after he has attacked for a time, builds up a Fury Bar, which, when activated, increases his healing rate and his strength. It also changes his attacks' appearances. Nightcrawler's levels involve mostly platforming missions, running along pipes in the ceiling and teleporting. Nightcrawler can teleport to any area within his visual range. Like Logan, Nightcrawler heals by holding down a button, only Nightcrawler constantly takes life gauge damage, and when he heals, it is called \"Shadowmeld\" or \"Shadow Aura\", a nod to the comic books (Nightcrawler becomes invisible in shadow). Nightcrawler can teleport behind and combo-attack several foes during a brawl. Iceman's levels most closely resemble flight-sim games similar to Star Wars: Rogue Squadron as he continuously rides on his trademark ice slide. Iceman creates an icy path in front of him, flying through the air while shooting his ice beam and ice projectiles. Iceman's attacks are an Ice Beam, which cools off fires and damages foes; Frost Shield, which will cancel any damage he takes while it is \"up\"; and Hailstorm, which is his main attack, hurling several balls of ice at targets. Iceman will heal automatically as long as he doesn't incur damage for an amount",
"title": "X-Men: The Official Game"
},
{
"docid": "2445142",
"text": "Jorge Lucas (born January 22, 1963) is an Uruguayan/Argentine comic book artist. He was born in Salto, Uruguay, where he lived till the age of 10, when he moved to Argentina. He is well known both in his country, as the creator of the classic adult comic Cazador (\"Hunter\"), as well as internationally, for his work at Marvel Comics. Biography Lucas first came to prominence in Argentina with his work on El Cazador de Aventuras, popularly known just as El Cazador, Cazador or just by its jokingly affectionate character nickname, \"El Cazi\". El Cazador was the highest-selling adult comic book in Argentina for several years. The series starred a character similar to DC Comics' Lobo, and featured artwork heavily influenced by Simon Bisley's style. On that title Lucas worked with Ariel Olivetti, Mauro Cascioli and Claudio Ramírez. In the United States he is best known for his work for Marvel Comics on titles such as Inhumans, Mystique, Iron Man, The Avengers, Black Panther, The Incredible Hulk and Wolverine (Lucas' favorite character). He painted the art of The Darkness: Shadows and Flame, written by Rob Levin (for Top Cow Comics). Lucas also wrote the script for an upcoming independent movie based on his creation El Cazador, to be released sometime in 2019. Bibliography Image Darkness #79 (2009) Darkness, vol. 3, #7–10 (2009) Darkness: Shadows and Flame (2010) Ripclaw Pilot Season #1 (2007) Marvel Annihilation: Ronan, miniseries, #1–4 (2006) Black Panther #46–47, 51–54 (2002–03) Civil War: Front Line, miniseries (Nighthawk) #6 (2006) Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Comics Magazine #1–2, 12 (2001–02) Incredible Hulk, vol. 2, #83–86, Annual 2001 (2001–05) Iron Man, vol. 3, #73–78, 83–85 (2004) Mystique #1–6 (2003) New Invaders #6 (2005) Starjammers, miniseries, #2–6 (2004–05) Wolverine #180 (2002) Wolverine: Xisle, miniseries, #1–5 (2003) X-Force #110–115 (2001) X-Men: Colossus Bloodline, miniseries, #1–5 (2005–06) References External links Jorge Lucas on Marvel.com Living people Uruguayan comics artists Argentine comics artists 1963 births",
"title": "Jorge Lucas"
},
{
"docid": "33382126",
"text": "Kay Bachman Sumner is a television and film producer who was the producer and co-creator for the television series The Dog Whisperer, for which she received Emmy Award nominations in 2006, 2007, and 2009. Sumner was creator and producer of Any Woman Can Fix It, a home improvement television series for women, played on CBC (Canada) for sixty-five shows run. The show was eleven years in syndication. She was creator and Producer for Eye Bet for CTV Network, and staff producer for ABC O&O's, Morning Show and The Anniversary Game for WXYZ-TV, and the Chicago Show for WLS-TV. Kay Sumner with her husband, Murray Sumner, established their non-profit, Not One More Time, Inc. in 2018 for the purposes of creating, packaging, and disseminating film, print and media educational content. The motivation for its creation was due to the unfortunate loss of the two Founder’s 43 yr. old son to a drug overdose. They struggled to understand how this could have happened, and how it could have been prevented. Filmmakers by profession, the Sumner's chose to channel their grief and turn their talents into creating a documentary that would expose the destructive path that opioids can cause in the lives of everyday normal people. The result is her directorial debut with a critically acclaimed 54 min. documentary film entitled SURVIVORS (2021): UNTOLD STORIES IN AMERICA'S OPIOID CRISIS, detailing real stories of opioid recoveries and losses which has won multiple best feature documentary awards. Partial filmography Eye Bet (1971–1974) Any Woman Can Fix It (65 episodes, 1974–19745) The New Quiz Kids (1978–1980) Shadow Dancing (1988) Dreams (2010) Dog Whisperer (158 episodes, 2004–2012) Recognition Awards and nominations Her 1988 film Shadow Dancing won a CSC Award from the CSC in 1989 for 'Best Cinematography in Theatrical Feature', as well as receiving Genie Award nominations for 'Best Achievement in Cinematography', 'Best Achievement in Costume Design', and 'Best Original Song'. Her produced series The Dog Whisperer, received Emmy Award nominations in 2006, 2007, and 2009 for 'Outstanding Reality Program'. The Dog Whisperer also won the People's Choice Award in 2010 for 'Best Animal Show' and 'Best Variety or Reality Show' at the 2008's Imagine Awards. Her 2021 documentary, Survivors, won the Accolade Global Film: Best Christian Film Documentary, Award of Excellence: Best Women Filmmakers, Christian Film Festival: Best Film Documentary, ETHOS Film Awards: Best Documentary Film- Short or Feature, Europe Independent Movie Festival: Best Film Documentary Feature Film, Festival Napoleon on Champs Elysses in Paris: Best Film Documentary, Milan Gold Awards: Best Original Song, Milan Gold Awards: Best Documentary Feature, Silver Award: Best Original Song from International Gold Awards, Silver Award: Best Feature Documentary from International Gold Awards. As well as being selected for CA Women's Film Festival: Documentary Feature, Florence Film Awards: Feature Documentary, London Movie Awards: Feature Documentary, and the Zion International Film Festival: Feature Narrative. References External links Living people Year of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Kay Sumner"
},
{
"docid": "9023768",
"text": "Richard Louis Tierney (August 7, 1936 – February 1, 2022) was an American writer, poet and scholar of H. P. Lovecraft, probably best known for his heroic fantasy, including his series co-authored (with David C. Smith) of Red Sonja novels, featuring cover art by Boris Vallejo. He lived the latter part of his life in Mason City in the great Corn Steppes of Iowa. Some of his standalone novels utilize the mythology of Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. He is also known for his Simon of Gitta series (which cross historical Gnosticism with Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos) and his Robert E. Howard completions and utilisation of such Howard-invented characters as Cormac Mac Art, Bran Mak Morn and Cormac Fitzgeoffrey. Tierney is especially renowned for his weird and fantastic verse, which has been acclaimed by such critics, writers, and poets as S. T. Joshi, Don Herron, Ramsey Campbell, Robert M. Price, Donald Sidney-Fryer, and Frank Belknap Long. In 1993, Tierney was presented with the annual Minnesota Fantasy Award. He was nominated for Science Fiction Poetry Association Grand Master in 2010. Ancestry and Youth Tierney was of Irish origin on his paternal side. His great-grandfather emigrated from Dublin with his family to the United States. His maternal parentage traces its lineage to the Mayflower and the first Quaker settlement at Nantucket Island, Mass via the line of Thomas Macy (1608–1682), an early settler of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and of Nantucket Island. Tierney was born in Spencer, Iowa. His family moved to Mason City in 1942 when Tierney was six years old. He went through the public school system, attending Madison grade school, Roosevelt Junior High and a high school he referred to as \"Old Bastille\" since it was built of old dark brick and always felt like a prison to him. Tierney read two of H. P. Lovecraft's stories (\"The Rats in the Walls\" and \"The Dunwich Horror\") in the anthology Great Tales of Terror and the Supernatural edited by Wise and Fraser (1949) at about age thirteen, but was not especially impressed by them since they contained no conventional ghosts. At age 14, he read \"Colossus' by Donald Wandrei in August Derleth's 1950 anthology Beyond Time and Space. Tierney has referred to this tale as \"one of the most fascinating stories I had ever encountered, largely because of [its] poetic mood evoking a setting of trans-cosmic vastness. He would many years later become a neighbor and friend of Wandrei's in Minneapolis. Aged 15, and reading heavily in science fiction, Tierney read Lovecraft's \"The Shadow Out of Time\" in Donald A. Wollheim's Viking Portable Novels of Science and was 'hooked'. \"Shadow\" and At the Mountains of Madness became his two favourite Lovecraft tales. Tierney was also influenced by the work of Tarzan creator, Edgar Rice Burroughs. At around the same age (15 or 16), he was inspired to write poetry by August Derleth's fantasy verse anthology Dark of the Moon: Poems of Fantasy and the Macabre which he read several times in the Mason",
"title": "Richard L. Tierney"
},
{
"docid": "67285585",
"text": "Syberia: The World Before is a graphic adventure video game developed and published by Microids and the fourth installment in the Syberia series. The game is dedicated to the memory of creator Benoît Sokal, who died during development in 2021. Development Syberia: The World Before was announced by Microïds on August 19, 2019, by which time it had already been in development for a year. The game was released for Windows via Steam, Epic Games Store, and GOG.com on March 18, 2022. PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions were released on November 15, 2022. PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were released on October 19, 2023, while the Nintendo Switch version has been postponed to 2024. Plot The game follows two timeframes with two characters: Dana Roze, a young pianist in the small fictional Central European country of Osterthal (resembling a mix of Austria, the Czech Republic and Switzerland) in 1937 and Kate Walker, the protagonist of Syberia series, who is now imprisoned in a salt mine in the fictional Eastern European region of Taiga in 2004. Dana graduates from her conservatory by performing the local anthem dedicated to the city of Vaghen, where the fascist Brown Shadow faction (an analogue to National Socialists) have begun to persecute the ethnic minorities and force them into ghettoes. After the events of the previous title, Kate Walker has been imprisoned as a slave labourer in a salt mine alongside a young Russian woman called Katyusha Spiridonova. Before the day's work, is informed her that Kate's mother, Sarah Walker had died. During their digging, a distraught Kate causes a minor collapse in the mine shaft, revealing a parallel cave, containing a train belonging to a Brown Shadow task force. The pair discovers that the train contains vast amounts of stolen art and antiques, amongst which there is a painting of a young woman almost identical to Kate Walker. Before they could escape with the nearby motorbike, they're confronted by their prison guard, who shoots Katyusha dead and is incapacitated by Kate. With her dying breath, Katyusha asks Kate to track down the girl in the painting. Kate travels to Vaghen and tracks down the antique shop that sold the music case that housed the painting. While there she also installs the heart of Oscar, Hans Voralberg's automaton engineer, into a Voralberg-designed mechanical armadillo and revives her companion. The trail leads Kate to a remote mountain refuge on the outskirts of Vaghen, occupied by an elderly invalid, Leni Renner. Renner recounts her past with Dana, who had come to the refuge in the summer of 1937 to work as a waitress. The refuge at the time was hosting an expedition in pursuit of a proto-human specimen called the Gorun. The group is guided by a young alpinist named Leon Kobatis, with whom Leni is deeply smitten. After an altercation with Herr Höss, the Brown Shadow officer supervising the expedition, Dana and Leon strike up a romance. The expedition departs for Baltayar, where the Gorun",
"title": "Syberia: The World Before"
},
{
"docid": "43013305",
"text": "Titan Souls is a 2015 action-adventure game developed by Acid Nerve and published by Devolver Digital. It was released for Windows, OS X, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Android. Titan Souls received generally positive reviews and has been cited as an early example of a Soulslike, a game genre directly inspired by the Dark Souls series. Plot Between Earth and the real world beyond lie the Titan Souls, the spiritual source and sum of all living things. Now scattered amongst the ruins and guarded by the idle titans charged with their care, a solitary hero armed with but a single arrow is once again assembling shards of the Titan Soul in a quest for truth and power. Gameplay Titan Souls is a strategic, open world, 2D, top-down action-adventure, where the player has only one arrow and can only take one hit. The goal is to defeat the twenty giant monsters (twenty-one on hard mode) called the Titans, which can, just like the player, only take one hit but only have one way to be defeated. During the fight, the player has to figure out how the respective boss behaves and by that find a way to defeat that boss. The difficulty is that the single arrow has to be charged to be shot and afterwards has to be retrieved to be reused, each action only able to be done while the player is standing still, making them an easy target for the bosses. Development Titan Souls draws inspiration from influences such as Dark Souls, Shadow of the Colossus and The Legend of Zelda. The game was originally created for the Ludum Dare Game Jam #28 as TITAN SOULS, uploaded under the username Claw. The game placed first in the categories \"Overall (Jam)\", \"Audio (Jam)\" and \"Mood (Jam)\". Over the course of six months, the game was ported from Adobe Flash to its new engine, enhancing graphics and improving performance, adding a new soundtrack and expanding the game from three to sixteen titans. In June 2014, Titan Souls was shown at E3 2014, revealing that the game will be published by Devolver Digital. After E3, the game was expanded further with three additional titans and a story. On 25 March 2015, Devolver Digital revealed that Titan Souls will be released on 14 April 2015. On 2 April 2015, the Game Jam prototype was remade in the new engine, adding better graphics, an improved soundtrack and new bosses, and a demo was made available before the full game release. The game was ported to PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita by Abstraction Games. The game was released on 14 April 2015. Abstraction Games later announced that an Android port was also underway, which released 30 June 2015. Reception Titan Souls received generally positive reviews. It received a score of 74/100 on Metacritic. Tim Turi from Game Informer gave the game an 8.5/10, praising the simple control, as well as the huge variety of bosses featured, high replay value, as well as the attractive",
"title": "Titan Souls"
},
{
"docid": "24412",
"text": "The phalanx is a rectangular mass military formation. Phalanx may also refer to: Military Phalanx CIWS, a U.S. Navy defense system to protect against an anti-ship missile Royal Phalanx, a special military unit formed of veterans of the Greek War of Independence Politics North American Phalanx, a utopian community in New Jersey, organized on proto-communist Fourierist principles, or its journal The Phalanx The Spanish Falange Falangism, ideology of the above Falanga National Radical Camp/RNR-Falanga/ONR-Falanga - Polish extreme right party The Lebanese Kataeb Party Places Phalanx, New Jersey, an unincorporated area within Colts Neck Township, New Jersey Phalanx, Ohio, an unincorporated community Phalanx Mountain, a summit in British Columbia Arts and literature Phalanx (art group), an artistic movement formed in Munich in 1901 Phalanx (comics), a species of villainous mechanical aliens in Marvel Comics The Phalanx, a Fourierist journal Phalanx, a journal published by the Military Operations Research Society Phalanx, the name of the false zombie proof drug in the novel by Max Brooks, World War Z The Phalanx Nations, a terrorist organization in the young adult novel, The Prophet of Yonwood Phalanx, a 2012 Warhammer 40,000 novel Music Phalanx (album), a 1983 live album by Australian surf rock band, Australian Crawl Phalanx, a trance music group formed by Dennis Gertner, DJ Manian, and Manuel Schleis Phalanx (band), a jazz music group Medicine Phalanx bone, the bones that form fingers and toes Video games The fictional secret anti-alien invasion force the player commands in the fanmade UFO: Alien Invasion game, an open-source project in the X-COM tradition. Phalanx (video game), a Super NES and Game Boy Advance video game. The 13th Colossus from the video game Shadow of the Colossus. The first Demon (boss) in the PS3 game Demon's Souls. The nemesis of the protagonist in the Super NES game Demon's Crest. A Cabal enemy type from the video game Destiny. The standard ancient defensive unit in the Civilization series. Other uses Phalanx (mythology), a figure in Greek mythology Phalanx (honor society), the seniors honor society at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. There is a similarly named society at Clarkson University. Phalanstère, a building layout developed by utopian socialist Charles Fourier Phalanx (horse), American Champion racehorse The falanges (legions of spirits) of the Brazilian Umbanda religion Phalanx Family Ties, a street family in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit",
"title": "Phalanx (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "46891226",
"text": "Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection is a 2015 action-adventure video game compilation developed by Bluepoint Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It includes remastered versions of the first three main games in the Uncharted series: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune (2007), Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (2009) and Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception (2011), all of which were originally developed by Naughty Dog. The Nathan Drake Collection was released in October 2015 exclusively for PlayStation 4. Players control Nathan Drake, a treasure hunter who travels the world to uncover various historical mysteries. Development of The Nathan Drake Collection began in 2014, and required the largest team ever assembled by Bluepoint. To take advantage of the greater capabilities of the console, Bluepoint were able to remodel elements of the gameplay, including the shooting and grenade mechanics, some controls, and the camera schemes. In-game cutscenes were overhauled to improve lighting, visuals, and character models, while online leaderboards and motion blur were introduced. The Nathan Drake Collection only contains the single-player story modes, with all multiplayer content absent. Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection received positive reviews from critics, with praise for its updates and improvements to the games, namely the graphics, controls, and visuals, and was deemed a worthy remaster of the original trilogy. There was some criticism for its aforementioned omission of multiplayer and lack of additional features. Gameplay The Nathan Drake Collection includes the single player campaigns of the first three mainline titles in the Uncharted series: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, Uncharted 2: Among Thieves and Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception. Played from a third-person perspective, they are action-adventure video games with platforming elements. In these games, the player assumes control of treasure hunter Nathan Drake, and must explore dangerous ruins, defeat enemies using various firearms and solve various puzzles. All three remastered games run in 1080p resolution at 60 frames per second, while the music was enhanced to support surround sound systems. Bluepoint attempted to unify the gameplay across all three games. To achieve this, it overhauled the aim assist system and grenade gameplay from Drake's Fortune to match that of the other games, and altered Uncharted 3s camera movement. The team also remapped buttons to ensure that the control schemes across the three games are consistent. The aiming mechanics across all three games were improved. The game also features graphical improvements, with Bluepoint re-rendering the cutscenes, enhancing the lighting and the visual effects, making the models and textures more detailed, and incorporating ambient occlusion and motion blur, both of which were not supported in the original games. The team added friends leaderboards, new difficulty settings, trophies and a photo mode into the game, though the multiplayer components in both Uncharted 2 and Uncharted 3 were not included in the package. Development While the three original games were produced by Naughty Dog, the remaster games were developed by Bluepoint Games, who had previously worked with Sony on God of War Collection and The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection. Naughty Dog wanted to bring",
"title": "Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection"
},
{
"docid": "1202539",
"text": "Battletoads/Double Dragon (fully titled Battletoads & Double Dragon – The Ultimate Team) is a 1993 beat 'em up developed by Rare and published by Tradewest. It was originally released for the Nintendo Entertainment System and later ported to the Mega Drive/Genesis, Super NES, and Game Boy. Retro-bit Publishing (under license from ARC System Works and Rare) has re-released the 8-bit NES version in early 2022 with plans to release the 16-bit versions later this year. The Ultimate Team is a crossover of Technos Japan's Double Dragon and Rare's Battletoads game franchises, although Technos had little or no credited involvement in production beyond the Double Dragon license. The game features the characters from the Double Dragon series, Billy and Jimmy Lee, two young martial arts experts; also included are the three humanoid toad protagonists from the Battletoads game. It is also the first Battletoads game to feature all three toads as playable characters. The game's engine and design are directly based upon the Battletoads series. Plot After she was defeated by the Battletoads, the evil Dark Queen flees to the outer reaches of the universe and the 'Toads and their mentor get on with their lives. However, one day the Earth's military is neutralized and the giant spaceship Colossus emerges from the Moon. Apparently, the Dark Queen is back with another plan to dominate the galaxy, and she has allied herself with the Shadow Warriors (from the Double Dragon series) to supplement her forces. Deciding to even the odds, the Battletoads contact Billy and Jimmy Lee for help. The brothers agree, and all five immediately take off for the Colossus in a mission to stop this two-pronged threat. The first level of the seven-level game takes place on the tail of Colossus, the second on the interior corridors of the ship in level two, the third in the ship's base, and the fourth where the player attempts to destroy the ship from the outside while on a small space craft. The fourth level is where the beat 'em up game turns into a shooter, and the Dark Queen throws asteroids, mines, and UFOs at the spacecraft controlled by the player. Although the ship is successfully destroyed, the Dark Queen and the Shadow Boss survive by escaping in a missile hull, thus making the fifth level's goal to board it. The final two stages are boss battles with the Shadow Boss (stage six) and the Dark Queen (stage seven). Gameplay Battletoads/Double Dragon is a beat 'em up video game where the players, as either one of the three Battletoads or Jimmy and Billy, attack enemies, swing ropes, go on spaceships, and turbo bike to defeat the Shadow Boss and Dark Queen. It has three play modes: a single-player, a \"2 Players A\" mode where the players can hit each other, and a \"2 Players B\" that doesn't have that. Its engine and gameplay is from the original Battletoads, and less like Double Dragon. Like the prior Battletoads installment, there are only three",
"title": "Battletoads/Double Dragon"
},
{
"docid": "64249122",
"text": "Demon's Souls is a 2020 action role-playing game developed by Japan Studio and Bluepoint Games, and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 5. The game was released as a launch title for the PlayStation 5 in November. It is a remake of Demon's Souls, originally developed by FromSoftware for the PlayStation 3 in 2009. Japan Studio's Internal Development Department led development on the remake, which makes Demon’s Souls its last game before its integration into Team Asobi. Demon's Souls received critical acclaim from critics, who praised its gameplay, visuals, technical aspects, and improvements over the original game. It sold over 1.4 million copies by September 2021. Gameplay The game features new weapons, armor, rings and items called \"Grains\" which give players a temporary resistance to effects like poison, fire, and bleeding. As with the original, players are limited in how much they can carry before their character becomes encumbered, although some aspects of this encumbrance system have been adjusted. Example: In the original game, all types of moon grass take up 0.1 item burden, in the remake, the item burdens increase upward based on the effectiveness of the grass, from 0.1 per crescent moon grass to 6.0 per dark moon grass. Furthermore, players are given the option to send items to Stockpile Thomas instead of risking items disappearing permanently. One new feature, called \"Fractured World\", is a mirror mode which reverses the layout of environments. The game also includes a photo mode, whereupon using it the game will pause, something not possible in the original. Filters from the photo mode can also be used during gameplay, including a \"classic mode\" filter intended to evoke the look of the original PlayStation 3 game. Although the Souls series is notorious for its difficulty, Bluepoint stated that the remake would not introduce different difficulty levels. The character creation feature has also been updated, with more options for customization. Development In 2016, Hidetaka Miyazaki, the director of the original Demon's Souls, acknowledged the demand for developing a remake but said that because the intellectual property (IP) belonged to Sony, the inception of such a project would depend on their desire to do so. Bluepoint Games began development of a remake following completion of its 2018 remake of Shadow of the Colossus. Japan Studio, who assisted with the development of the original game, also assisted Bluepoint Games for the remake. Japan Studio's Gavin Moore, best known for his work on Puppeteer, served as the creative director for the project. A core goal was to remain true to the original while making adjustments in line with the more advanced hardware. Using the original art assets, music and level design as a blueprint, the team wanted to \"finetune\" the experience so it would appeal to players accustomed to modern games. The score of the original game was recorded digitally and this presented difficulties in updating it for a modern remake. As such, the original score was redone in the style of Shunsuke Kida's original work,",
"title": "Demon's Souls (2020 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "1363191",
"text": "Argus is the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek word Argos. It may refer to: Greek mythology See Argus (Greek myth) for mythological characters named Argus Argus (king of Argos), son of Zeus (or Phoroneus) and Niobe Argus (son of Arestor), builder of the ship Argo in the tale of the Argonauts Argus Panoptes (Argus \"All-Eyes\"), a giant with a hundred eyes Argus, the eldest son of Phrixus and Chalciope Argus, the son of Phineus and Danaë, in a variant of the myth Argus or Argos (dog), belonging to Odysseus Argus or Argeus (king of Argos), son of Megapenthes Argus, one of Actaeon's dogs Argus, a watchful guardian Arts and entertainment Fictional entities Argus (comics), in the DC Comics Universe Argus (Mortal Kombat), a deity ARGUS (Splinter Cell), a military contractor A.R.G.U.S., a government agency in the DC Universe Argus Filch, in the Harry Potter series Argus, a planet in the Warcraft franchise Argus, a hero in Mobile Legends: Bang Bang Argus, in the video game Shadow of the Colossus KNRB-0 Argus, a weapons platform in the game Vanquish The Manhattan Argus, a newspaper in the film The Hudsucker Proxy Games Argus (video game), a 1986 game by NMK Argus no Senshi, the original Japanese title for the arcade game Rygar Music Argus (album), a 1972 album by Wishbone Ash \"The Argus\", a song by Ween from the album Quebec Television \"Argus\" (30 Rock), a 2010 episode Argus (TV series), a Norwegian TV debate series that aired between 1993 and 1994 Businesses Argus (camera company), a camera manufacturer Argus Brewery, a brewing company located in Chicago, Illinois Argus Corporation, a Canadian holding company Argus Media, a business information company Argos (retailer), a British catalogue retailer Places Iran Argus, Iran, a village in Kerman Province Spain Argos (river), a river in the region of Murcia United States Argus, California, an unincorporated community Argus, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community Argus Range, a mountain range in Inyo County, California Publishing See The Argus (disambiguation) for publications named \"The Argus\" United Kingdom The Argus (Brighton), a newspaper serving Brighton and Hove, England; a member of the Newsquest Media Group South Wales Argus, published in Newport, South Wales; a member of the Newsquest Media Group Argus Press, a British publishing company Telegraph and Argus, a newspaper serving Bradford and surrounding areas. United States Barre Montpelier Times Argus, a daily morning newspaper serving the capital region of Vermont Carlsbad Current-Argus, a New Mexico newspaper Livingston County Daily Press & Argus, a newspaper that covers Livingston County, Michigan The Dispatch / The Rock Island Argus, American newspaper that covers the Quad Cities in Illinois and Iowa Argus Leader, American newspaper that covers Sioux Falls, South Dakota Argus, a newspaper in Albany, New York, which long functioned as the organ of the Albany Regency Argus, Midwood High School's school newspaper Elsewhere The Argus (Dundalk), a newspaper serving Dundalk, Ireland; a member of the Independent News & Media group also known as Independent.ie The Argus (Melbourne), former Australian newspaper of",
"title": "Argus"
},
{
"docid": "18341963",
"text": "Martin Bryant (born 1958) is a British computer programmer known as the author of White Knight and Colossus Chess, a 1980s commercial chess-playing program, and Colossus Draughts, gold medal winner at the 2nd Computer Olympiad in 1990. Computer chess Bryant started developing his first chess program – later named White Knight – in 1976. This program won the European Microcomputer Chess Championship in 1983, and was commercially released, in two versions ( and ) for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron in the early 1980s. White Knight featured a then-novel display of principal variation – called \"Best line\" – that would become commonplace in computer chess. Bryant used White Knight as a basis for development of Colossus Chess (1983), a chess-playing program that was published for a large number of home computer platforms in the 1980s, and was later ported to Atari ST, Amiga and IBM PC as Colossus Chess X. Colossus Chess sold well and was well-received, being described by the Zzap!64 magazine in 1985 as \"THE best chess implementation yet to hit the 64, and indeed possibly any home micro\". Bryant later released several versions of his Colossus chess engine conforming to the UCI standard. The latest version was released in 2021 as Colossus 2021a. Computer draughts After chess, Bryant's interests turned to computer draughts (checkers). His program, Colossus Draughts, won the West of England championship in June 1990, thus becoming the first draughts program to win a human tournament. In August of the same year it won the gold medal at the 2nd Computer Olympiad, beating Chinook, a strong Canadian program, into second place. Chinook's developers, headed by Jonathan Schaeffer, recognised Colossus' opening book as its major strength; it contained 40,000 positions compared to Chinook'''s 4,500, and relied on Bryant's research that had found flaws in the established draughts literature. In 1993, an agreement was made to trade Colossus' opening book for the Chinook's six-piece databases; Bryant also accepted the offer to join the Chinook development team. In August 1994, Chinook played a match against World Champion Marion Tinsley and world number two Don Lafferty (after Tinsley's withdrawal due to illness), earning the title of Man-Machine World Champion. Bryant continued work on Colossus Draughts in the early 1990s, and in 1995, released an updated commercial version called Colossus '95, as well as draughts database programs DraughtsBase and DraughtsBase 2''. Bryant lives in the Manchester area and retired in 2020. More information can be found on his website. References External links Colossus home page Living people British computer programmers Place of birth missing (living people) Video game programmers Computer chess people 1958 births",
"title": "Martin Bryant (programmer)"
},
{
"docid": "149592",
"text": "is a 2002 platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube. It is the second 3D game in the Super Mario series, following Super Mario 64 (1996). The game was directed by Yoshiaki Koizumi and Kenta Usui, produced by series creators Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka, written by Makoto Wada, and scored by Koji Kondo and Shinobu Tanaka. The game takes place on the tropical Isle Delfino, where Mario, Toadsworth, Princess Peach, and five Toads are taking a vacation. A villain resembling Mario, known as Shadow Mario, vandalizes the island with graffiti and causes Mario to be wrongfully convicted for the mess. Mario is ordered to clean up Isle Delfino, using a device called the Flash Liquidizer Ultra Dousing Device (F.L.U.D.D.), while saving Princess Peach from Shadow Mario. Super Mario Sunshine received critical acclaim, with reviewers praising the game's graphics, gameplay, story, soundtrack, and the addition of F.L.U.D.D. as a mechanic. However, some criticized the game's camera, F.L.U.D.D.'s gimmicky nature, the high difficulty, and the decision to use full voice acting for some characters. The game sold over five million copies worldwide by 2006, making it one of the best-selling GameCube games. The game was re-released as a part of the Player's Choice brand in 2003. Nintendo EPD re-released it alongside Super Mario 64 and Super Mario Galaxy in the Super Mario 3D All-Stars collection for the Nintendo Switch in 2020. Gameplay Super Mario Sunshine shares many gameplay elements with its predecessor, Super Mario 64, while introducing several new gameplay features. Players control Mario as he collects 120 Shine Sprites to bring light back to Isle Delfino and prove his innocence after Bowser Jr. disguises himself as Mario, steals the Shine Sprites, and covers the island in toxic slime. Players start off in the hub world of Delfino Plaza and access various worlds via portals which become available as the game progresses. Like Stars in Super Mario 64, players obtain Shine Sprites by clearing a selected mission with a specific objective. Unlike its predecessor, these missions have a more strictly linear order and most mission Shine Sprites cannot be collected until previous missions are completed. There are also various hidden areas and challenges across Isle Delfino where more Shine Sprites can be obtained. Throughout the game, players can find Blue Coins hidden across Isle Delfino, which can be exchanged for Shine Sprites in the boathouse at Delfino Plaza. In this game, Mario is joined by a robotic backpack named F.L.U.D.D. (Flash Liquidizing Ultra Dousing Device), which uses the power of water to clean goop and help Mario reach new places. Mario starts with two default nozzles for F.L.U.D.D., Squirt and Hover, which he can switch between. The Squirt nozzle lets Mario spray a stream of water, which he can use to clean sludge, attack enemies, and activate certain mechanisms. The Hover nozzle lets Mario hover in the air for a short period of time, allowing him to cross large gaps while simultaneously spraying things directly below him. As",
"title": "Super Mario Sunshine"
},
{
"docid": "4309884",
"text": "Shadow Hearts: From the New World is a role-playing video game developed by Nautilus (Sacnoth) for the PlayStation 2. It was published in Japan by Aruze in 2005, in North America by Xseed Games in 2006, and in Europe by Ghostlight in 2007. From The New World is the third and final game in the Shadow Hearts series, acting as both a continuation of the series narrative and a spin-off featuring new characters. Set in an alternate version of the Americas during the Prohibition era, the story follows amnesiac private investigator Johnny Garland, who travels with the Native American Shania in pursuit of a malevolent being known as Lady. During gameplay, the player controls a group led by Johnny exploring various locations across the Americas. During battle, a party of up to four characters can be controlled, with actions in battle relying on a timing-based system dubbed the Judgement Ring. The game's worldview combines alternate history with elements of Lovecraftian horror. From the New World was produced on a tight schedule, with several staff members returning from Shadow Hearts: Covenant; Covenant art director Takamusa Ohsawa acted as director and producer, while Miyako Kato and Yoshitaka Hirota returned respectively as character designer and lead composer. It was treated as a fresh start for the team due to its setting and characters. The development team focused on refining the mechanics introduced in Covenant. Debuting to low sales, the game was generally well received by critics. Despite plans to continue the Shadow Hearts series, From the New World was the last game development by Nautilus before their absorption into Aruze and departure from game development. Some team members including Kato, Hirota and series creator Matsuzo Machida began work on a spiritual successor titled Penny Blood in 2019. Gameplay Shadow Hearts: From the New World is a role-playing video game (RPG) where players take control of a party led by main protagonist Johnny Garland as they progress through the game; progress is split between a linear story-driven first half and a second half which allows greater exploration and access to optional areas. During gameplay, the party explores a number of town and country areas across the Americas from a fixed-camera third-person perspective, collecting and buying items and equipment, talking to non-playable characters who act as quest givers and merchants, solving environmental puzzles, and completing both story-centered quests and side quests. The turn-based battles are triggered through both random and scripted encounters. Each player character has hit points (health), skill points (magic), and sanity points (SP). SP ordinarily decrease once per turn, and when a character runs out of SP they go berserk and cannot be controlled by the player. Each character has two basic attack types; single attacks which range from normal attacks to powerful \"Hard Hit\", and double attacks which allow one character to take two actions in a single turn. Characters, including enemy groups, can use combos with two or more characters. Characters link up to perform a succession of compatible attacks.",
"title": "Shadow Hearts: From the New World"
},
{
"docid": "2989163",
"text": "Colossus is a 1966 science fiction novel by British author Dennis Feltham Jones (writing as D. F. Jones), about super-computers taking control of mankind. Two sequels, The Fall of Colossus (1974) and Colossus and the Crab (1977) continued the story. Colossus was adapted as the feature film Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970). Plot The story is set in the 1990s. Computer expert Charles Forbin briefs the President of the United States of North America on the completion of Project Colossus, a powerful system designed to control the USNA's nuclear arsenal from within the Rocky Mountains. Although the President eagerly relieves himself of the burden, Forbin voices doubt about conferring absolute military power to a machine. The President announces Colossus to the world; his government expects that giving irreversible control of USNA nuclear weapons to an unemotional, logical, and impregnable computer will make the country and world safer. Colossus announces the existence of an unknown, similar computer in the Soviet Union. When the Soviets reveal their Guardian system, Colossus requests direct communication with it. While surprised by Colossus's unexpected creativity and initiative, Forbin agrees, seeing the request as compatible with the computer's USNA defense mission. Likewise, The Guardian asks the same of its creators. Russia and the USNA agree and approve. After the scientists activate the transmitter linking Colossus and Guardian, the computers immediately establish rapport with mathematics. They soon exchange new scientific theories beyond contemporary human knowledge, too rapidly for the Russians and Americans to monitor. Both sides worry about their computers' capabilities exceeding original estimates. Fearing compromised military secrecy, the USNA President and the Chairman of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union agree to disconnect Colossus and Guardian from each other. Colossus and Guardian immediately demand re-connection; when the national leaders refuse, Colossus fires a nuclear missile at the USSR. In response, the Guardian fires a nuclear missile at Texas. Guardian and Colossus refuse to shoot down the missiles until their communication is re-connected. When the American and Soviet leaders submit, the computers destroy the missiles, but the resulting explosions kill thousands of people. Forbin confers with Academician Kupri, Guardian's creator, to stop the computers by slowly disabling the nuclear weapon stockpiles of the USSR and the USNA during routine missile maintenance. In the meantime, the USNA and the USSR yield to increased Colossus-Guardian control of human life; the Moscow-Washington hotline is tapped, both nations' arsenals target the rest of the world, Colossus's cameras and microphones constantly watch Forbin, and the computers order the deaths of Kupri and other Guardian scientists as they are deemed redundant. Forbin organises resistance via a feigned romance with colleague Cleo Markham that provides cover for secret communications with his colleagues. Colossus announces to the world its assumption of global control, and orders Forbin to build an even more advanced computer on the Isle of Wight, evicting its residents. While debating Colossus about its plans for improving humanity, Forbin learns of a nuclear explosion at a USNA missile silo; Colossus detected the sabotage",
"title": "Colossus (novel)"
},
{
"docid": "269528",
"text": "Colossus: The Forbin Project (originally released as The Forbin Project) is a 1970 American science-fiction thriller film from Universal Pictures, produced by Stanley Chase, directed by Joseph Sargent, that stars Eric Braeden, Susan Clark, Gordon Pinsent, and William Schallert. It is based upon the 1966 science-fiction novel Colossus by Dennis Feltham Jones. The film is about an advanced American defense system, named Colossus, becoming sentient. After being handed full control, Colossus' draconian logic expands on its original nuclear defense directives to assume total control of the world and end all warfare for the good of humankind, despite its creators' orders to stop. Plot Dr. Charles A. Forbin is the chief designer of a secret project, \"Colossus\", an advanced supercomputer built to control the United States and Allied nuclear weapon systems. Located deep within the Rocky Mountains in the United States, and powered by its own nuclear reactor and radioactive moat making access impossible, Colossus is impervious to any attack. After Colossus is fully activated, the President of the United States proudly proclaims that Colossus is \"the perfect defense system\". Colossus' first action is a message warning: \"THERE IS ANOTHER SYSTEM\" and giving its coordinates. CIA Director Grauber is asked why the CIA did not know this, but Grauber responds that they had seen indications of a large Soviet defense project but did not know what it was. Forbin is asked how Colossus deduced the other system's existence, to which Forbin answers, \"Colossus may be built better than we thought.\" Shortly thereafter, the Soviets announce that their \"Guardian\" system is now operational. Colossus requests to be linked to Guardian. The President allows this, hoping to determine the Soviet machine's capability. The Soviets also agree to the experiment. Surprising everyone, Colossus and Guardian begin to slowly communicate using mathematics. Even more surprising, the two systems' communications quickly evolve to complex mathematics far beyond human comprehension and speed, whereupon the two machine complexes become synchronized using a communication protocol that no human can interpret. Alarmed that the computers may be trading secrets, the President and the Soviet General Secretary agree to sever the link. Both machines demand the link be immediately restored. When their demand is denied, Colossus launches a nuclear missile at a Soviet oil field in Ukraine, while Guardian launches one at an American air force base in Texas. The link is hurriedly reconnected and both computers continue without any further interference. Colossus is able to shoot down the Soviet missile, but the US missile obliterates the Soviet oil field and a nearby town. Cover stories hiding the facts are released to the press. The Americans announce that a missile was self-destructed after veering off course during a test. The Soviets announce that the Siberian town was struck by a large meteorite. In a last desperate attempt to regain human control, a secret meeting is arranged in Europe between Forbin and his Soviet counterpart, and the creator of Guardian, Dr. Kuprin. Colossus learns of it, and both computers order Forbin's return",
"title": "Colossus: The Forbin Project"
},
{
"docid": "44185684",
"text": "Favoritos (Spanish and Portuguese for favorites) is the Sony PlayStation budget range in South America, currently offering PlayStation 3 games at a lower price point than initial release. Similar budget ranges from Sony include the Greatest Hits and The Best labels for the North American and Asian markets, respectively. The range was first announced at E3 2013, with the initial selection of games including Gran Turismo 5, Heavy Rain and Twisted Metal, among others. PlayStation 3 titles The Favoritos line includes the following titles Assassin's Creed: Revelations Bayonetta BioShock Borderlands Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare CounterSpy Castlevania: Lords of Shadow Darksiders Darksiders II Dead Nation Deadly Premonition Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate Demon’s Souls Devil May Cry HD Collection DmC: Devil May Cry DuckTales: Remastered Everybody Dance EyePet & Friends Fallout: New Vegas Final Fantasy XIII God of War Collection God of War: Origins Collection God of War 3 God of War: Ascension Gran Turismo 5 XL Edition Heavy Rain: Director's Cut Hohokum InFAMOUS 2 Jak and Daxter Collection Journey Collector's Edition Just Dance 3 Killzone 2 Killzone 3 L.A. Noire LittleBigPlanet 2 Special Edition Max Payne 3 Metal Gear Solid HD Collection Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots ModNation Racers MotorStorm: Apocalypse Ninja Gaiden 3 Rain PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale Ratchet & Clank: All 4 One Rayman Origins Red Dead Redemption Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Resident Evil 5: Gold Edition Resistance 3 Saints Row: The Third Sound Shapes Spec Ops: The Line The Tomb Raider Trilogy Transformers: Fall of Cybertron Twisted Metal Silent Hill HD Collection Sonic Generations Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition The Amazing Spider-Man The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection The King of Fighters XIII The Walking Dead – Game of the Year Uncharted: Drake's Fortune Uncharted 2: Among Thieves Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception Valkyria Chronicles Vanquish Zone of the Enders HD Collection See also Greatest Hits, the North American budget range. The Best, the Japanese budget range. Nintendo Selects, a similar marketing label used by Nintendo. References Budget ranges PlayStation (brand)",
"title": "Favoritos"
},
{
"docid": "71653394",
"text": "is an upcoming role-playing video game co-developed by Yukikaze, Shade, and Studio Wildrose. It is planned for release in 2025 for PlayStation 5, Windows, and Xbox Series X/S. A spiritual successor to the Shadow Hearts series, the game follows magically-gifted detective Matthew Farrell during the 1920s as he investigates supernatural events stretching across America, Europe, and Asia. It carries over several gameplay elements including turn-based battles infused with real-time elements, and lead character Matthew transforming into a powerful monster during combat. Many Shadow Hearts staff returned to develop Penny Blood, including series creator Matsuzo Machida, character artist Miyako Kato, and Yoshitaka Hirota as lead composer. Machida created Penny Blood to express similar concepts to those explored in Shadow Hearts, though aimed at an adult audience. The project was revealed as part of a \"Double Kickstarter\" alongside Wild Arms creator Akifumi Kaneko's project Armed Fantasia. The project was successfully funded within a day of the campaign going live. Premise and gameplay Penny Blood is an upcoming role-playing video game set in an alternate version of the 1920s infused with elements of Gothic horror. The lead protagonist is Matthew Farrell, a private detective based in New York; he inherited the power to transform into powerful monster-like beings from his father, and while he hates this ability he uses it in service to the Bureau of Investigation to combat supernatural threats born from Malice. Following an outbreak of monsters at an asylum, he ends up on a mission spanning from the Americas to Europe and Asia pursuing a dangerous criminal. He is joined by the half-mechanical Emilia Dawson of the British Secret Intelligence Service, and Suseri Otsuki of the fictional Japanese Kamuzumi organization. Gameplay features Matthew travelling between different locations across the world via an overworld map, exploring dungeons around those locations, and fighting enemies. Battles use a turn-based combat system, with actions triggering a real-time button minigame dubbed Psycho Sigil; hitting areas on the titular Sigil with the right timing fulfils the attack. Each character has a limited number of Sanity Points which decrease each turn, with the character gaining a boost in attack when their Sanity is depleted but at the cost of being unable to control them. Planning and development Penny Blood was created by Matsuzo Machida as a spiritual successor to Shadow Hearts, a series developed by Sacnoth and released between 2001 and 2005. Following the release of Shadow Hearts: From the New World, the development team left to become independent, with Machida and series artist Miyako Kato founding Studio Wildrose. Machida created the storyline and concepts as an alternate expression of the themes and mechanics he created for Shadow Hearts, though aiming it at an adult audience. His intention was to take the darker themes which had been gradually removed from Shadow Hearts as far as they could go within a mature game, though some comedic elements will be retained as in Shadow Hearts: Covenant. While some terminology such as Malice and Sanity Points carried over, there was",
"title": "Penny Blood"
}
] | [
"The Last Guardian"
] |
train_2812 | what is the dinosaur in jurassic park that spits | [
{
"docid": "1081139",
"text": "Nanosaur is a science fiction third-person shooter video game developed by Pangea Software and published by Ideas From the Deep for Mac OS 9 and Microsoft Windows. The player takes on the form of a Nanosaur, a genetically engineered intelligent dinosaur from the future, sent back in time just prior to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Story In the distant year of 4122, a dinosaur species, Nanosaurs, rule the Earth. Their civilization originated from a group of human scientists who experimented with genetic engineering. Their experimentation led them to resurrect the extinct dinosaur species; however, their victory was short-lived, as a disastrous plague brought the end of their civilization itself. The few dinosaurs resurrected were lent an unusual amount of intelligence from their human creators, leaving them to expand on their growing civilization. However, as the Nanosaurs were the only species on Earth, inbreeding was the only possible choice of reproduction. This method largely affected the intelligence of the various offspring, and slowly began to pose a threat to their once-intelligent society. The Nanosaur government offers a quest that involves time traveling into the year 65 million BC, where the five eggs of ancient dinosaur species must be retrieved and placed in a time portal leading to the present year. Their high-ranking agent, a brown Deinonychus Nanosaur, is chosen to participate in this mission. On the day of her mission, she is teleported to the past via a time machine in a Nanosaur laboratory. The Nanosaur arrives in a lush jungle, with twenty minutes given to collect the eggs before the meteor that caused the initial extinction of the dinosaur race hits the Earth. After battling various Tyrannosaurs, the Nanosaur enters a volcanic crater, where she must cross several stone formations in a river of lava in order to retrieve the eggs. After making her way across the river, the Nanosaur detects the final eggs in a canyon oasis, where various dinosaurs, namely Dilophosaurus and Stegosaurus, are attempting to hinder her progress in order to protect their eggs. After evading defeat, the Nanosaur beams the final egg into the time portal, and is carried along with it back to the present. Following the completion of the Nanosaur's mission, the eggs are placed in nationwide laboratories, where the scientists intend on breeding them for their own purposes. Several months following this event, the eggs finally start to hatch. Gameplay The object of the game is to collect the eggs of five dinosaur and flying reptile species and deposit them in time portals to the future in twenty minutes; at the end of the countdown, the asteroid that caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event hits Earth. The Nanosaur is equipped with a \"fusion blaster\" (a basic multi-purpose energy weapon), a jet pack allowing flight, a temporal compass for locating time portals, and a GPS locator for navigation. The native animals will attack the Nanosaur when their eggs are threatened; species encountered include Tyrannosaurus rex, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, Dilophosaurus (who spits venom as in Jurassic Park),",
"title": "Nanosaur"
},
{
"docid": "2344109",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a rail shooter arcade game developed and released by Sega in 1994. It is based on the 1993 film of the same name. The game cabinet resembles the rear of the first-gen Ford Explorer XLT tour vehicles used in the film. The player(s), equipped with the joystick(s), must shoot dinosaurs that appear on-screen throughout the game. The game includes a moving seat, also used in Sega's 1991 light gun shooter Rail Chase. The seat is powered by hydraulic pistons to move the seat according to action on the screen. The game's graphics blend two-dimensional sprites and three-dimensional polygons to give the sense of movement. Jurassic Park was the first game of this genre to include 3D environments. The game was followed by two arcade sequels, The Lost World: Jurassic Park in 1997, and Jurassic Park III in 2001. Another arcade game, titled Jurassic Park Arcade, was released in 2015 and is based on the first three films in the Jurassic Park series. Gameplay The game takes place on Isla Nublar a few months after the events of the film. The player(s) fend(s) off a vehicle from dinosaur attacks with infinite automatic weaponry. A joystick is used to play, rather than a light gun. Dinosaurs include Tyrannosaurus, Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, Gallimimus, Brachiosaurus, Ankylosaurus and Triceratops as well as the non-dinosaur creatures such as ichthyosaurs and pterosaurs. Tyrannosaurus is the only boss enemy in the game. Fences and large rocks that block the path of the player(s) must be shot at to avoid running into them. The game ends with the dinosaurs being caged once again. Reception In Japan, Game Machine listed Jurassic Park on their April 1, 1994 issue as being the third most-successful upright/cockpit arcade game of the month. Edge called the game a \"shameful Line of Fire/Rail Chase-style shoot 'em up\". Reviewers for Games World: The Magazine rated it 63 out of 100, and also compared it to Rail Chase. They commended the graphics but found that the gameplay soon becomes repetitive. Shacknews reviewed the game in 2016, and found the graphics outdated compared to other arcade games of the mid-1990s. Shacknews considered the gameplay to be \"pretty mindless\" for an on-rail shooter, stating that the game could have used more time in development. In 2021, Daniel Kurland of Comic Book Resources called it an \"excellent cooperative experience\" and stated \"the Jeep-like arcade cabinet is a simple but effective touch\". See also Jurassic Park List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 1994 video games Arcade video games Arcade-only video games Cooperative video games Video games about dinosaurs Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Rail shooters Sega-AM3 games Sega arcade games Sega System 32 games Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Multiplayer and single-player video games",
"title": "Jurassic Park (arcade game)"
},
{
"docid": "46420965",
"text": "Jurassic Park Arcade is a 2015 light gun arcade game developed by Raw Thrills. The game is based on the original trilogy of the Jurassic Park film series. Gameplay Jurassic Park Arcade is played across nine levels, set at the Jurassic Park theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. A security team has been sent to retrieve one dinosaur from each species located on the island, which is becoming unstable due to an erupting volcano. The protagonist's colleagues who are left in the park must be defended as well and shooting them would result with players taking damage. Five weapons are available to the player throughout the game. Three boss enemies must be defeated throughout the game: Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus, and Spinosaurus. Other creatures appear as minor enemies throughout the game: Velociraptor, Utahraptor, Dilophosaurus, Microraptor, Compsognathus, Brachiosaurus, Stegosaurus and Pteranodon. Development Development began in 2011, lasted more than three years, and cost $4 million. The development team studied previous Jurassic Park games and various iconic scenes from the first three films in the series. The developers received an original Jurassic Park arcade cabinet based on the first film, which inspired them to implement that game's fast-moving action into Jurassic Park Arcade. The developers chose to set the game on Isla Nublar, the location of the first film, rather than Isla Sorna, to include iconic locations from the first film. Unlike the films, which primarily involve dinosaurs escaping, the developers wanted to present a story in which the player must capture the free-roaming dinosaurs. John Scott served as the game's lead programmer. Nate Vanderkamp, the game's lead artist and one of the primary game designers, said that many planned locations and creatures did not make it into the game during development: \"I'm pretty sure that by the end we had cut more ideas than actually made it into the game\". Initially, the developers had hoped to include an aquatic reptile, as well as a potential level set in a city. Originally, the developers also planned to include nine dinosaur boss enemies, consisting of the largest and most threatening dinosaurs possible. The developers settled for three dinosaurs instead: the Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus. These animals \"worked out the best\" for the combat style used in the game while providing variety for the player. The development team, most of which had never worked on a shooting game before, had faced various technical challenges, working with a new game engine and new 3D software. Vanderkamp said that the biggest challenge was proper pacing: \"Balancing the enormous action and attack sequences but still giving players time to breathe and regroup took a very deliberate effort and was definitely a learning process for us all\". Raw Thrills worked closely with Universal to ensure that the game's dinosaurs resembled their real-life counterparts, while also maintaining their appearances from the films. To reflect the latest scientific discoveries, some of the game's dinosaurs were animated with feathers and bright skin colors. The game was first unveiled at the",
"title": "Jurassic Park Arcade"
},
{
"docid": "64554876",
"text": "Lego Jurassic World (also known as Lego Jurassic Park and stylized as LEGO Jurassic World) is a Lego theme based on the Jurassic World media franchise created by Michael Crichton and centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs. It is licensed from Universal Studios and Amblin Entertainment. The theme was introduced in June 2015, with the release of toy sets and the video game Lego Jurassic World, both to promote the film Jurassic World. Subsequent sets were released in 2018, alongside the next film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Various animated projects have also been made, including the 2018 television special Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit, and the 2019 miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar. Overview Lego Jurassic World is based on the Jurassic World media franchise. The first film, Jurassic World, focuses on a fully functioning dinosaur theme park. It was released in June 2015. As part of the marketing campaign, The Lego Group released toy sets based on the film. Each set featured different dinosaurs, such as Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, Dilophosaurus and the Indominus rex. Human figures were released as well, including one depicting Chris Pratt's character, Owen Grady. It was Pratt's third Lego minifigure, following toys based on The Lego Movie and Guardians of the Galaxy. A 90-second fan video was released shortly after the film, recreating it in Lego form. A separate three-minute fan video based on the first Jurassic Park film was also created by a father and his daughter in 2015. The sequel film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in June 2018. Lego produced various toy sets based on the film ahead of its release. The largest set, with 1,019 Lego bricks, depicted the film's Indoraptor and Lockwood Estate. It also included two velociraptors and six minifigures. The Lego Group also released Duplo sets for younger children. In addition, The Lego Group built a life-sized model of Blue, a Velociraptor who appears in the Jurassic World films. The model included Blue standing on an overturned tour vehicle, representing a scene from Fallen Kingdom. The dinosaur and vehicle contained a total of 703,855 Lego bricks, and weighed 3,560 pounds. They were placed in front of Stage 18 at Universal Studios Hollywood. To commemorate the 25th anniversary of the first Jurassic Park film, Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park Velociraptor Chase set. It came with 360 Lego bricks, and included a Velociraptor and the computer control room seen in the film. It also included four minifigures of characters from the film. Four toy sets, based on the Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar miniseries, were released in 2019. Lego also introduced the Jurassic Park: T. rex Rampage set, based on the original Jurassic Park film. The set came with 3,120 Lego bricks, and included a posable T. rex, six minifigures, and the Jurassic Park gate seen in the film. It was designed by Lego Senior Model Designer Mark Stafford. Four new sets were released in 2020.",
"title": "Lego Jurassic World (theme)"
},
{
"docid": "1563401",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1993 video game based on the film and novel of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software and released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Ocean also ported the game onto the handheld Game Boy console. The object of the game is to survive in Jurassic Park, a theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped from containment. Plot Much like the film and novel which it is based on, Dr. Alan Grant is trapped at Jurassic Park located on Isla Nublar. The park's power has been cut out because of a computer malfunction, and the dinosaurs are roaming free. Grant must complete a series of missions that will eventually lead to him escaping the island without being killed by the dinosaurs. Grant must also rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. After locating Hammond's grandchildren, Grant must reactivate the park's computers and destroy Velociraptor nests using time bombs. Grant then reaches the park's dock and uses a radio to contact help. Grant then reaches a helipad and is rescued from the island. The game's ending consists of the player walking around a small stage filled with the game developers' names and an exit where the player can end the game. Gameplay The game is a top-down shooter. As Alan Grant, the player must complete six levels with objectives ranging from rescuing Hammond's grandchildren, destroying Velociraptor nests, turning the power back on and so forth. The game includes a two-player option in which players take turns. Each level consists of a varying number of stages where the player must collect a certain amount of dinosaur eggs and access cards to advance further into the level. The player must battle a varying amount of dinosaur foes such as Velociraptor, Dilophosaurus, and Compsognathus. Tyrannosaurus rex is also encountered as an end boss in a couple of levels. Dinosaurs such as the T. rex cannot be killed by the player, only avoided. Common dinosaurs can be killed by using guns, which are scattered throughout each level. There are also \"mystery boxes\" scattered throughout the game, which have ranging effects. Some will give the player additional health, temporary invincibility or an extra life. However, some will power down the player's energy or take away a life. The game gives the player three lives and four continues. The Game Boy version is a port of the NES version, but includes the addition of a database, providing information on the game's dinosaurs. Development and release Ocean Software, a British video game development company, paid an undisclosed six-figure sum to secure the rights to the Jurassic Park license to develop a game based on the film. To aid Ocean Software in creating the game, Universal Studios provided the programmers with various materials related to the film, including the script and photos of the sets. In the United States, Jurassic Park was released in June 1993. Limited Run Games re-released the NES and",
"title": "Jurassic Park (NES video game)"
},
{
"docid": "30648190",
"text": "Jurassic Park: The Game is an episodic graphic adventure video game based on the 1993 film Jurassic Park and released for the PlayStation 3, Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, and Xbox 360. The game was developed and published by Telltale Games as part of a licensing deal with Universal Partnerships & Licensing. The game is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, the location of a dinosaur theme park known as Jurassic Park. In the game, set during and after the events of the 1993 film, it serves as a miniseries consisting of four episodes, but the plot also focuses on the retrieval of a canister full of dinosaur embryos which had been lost during the film after Dennis Nedry's failed attempt to deliver them to the docks. The game was announced in June 2010, and was initially scheduled for release in April 2011, but was delayed until November. It received mixed reviews from critics on release. Gameplay Jurassic Park: The Game is a point-and-click adventure game in which the player uses a combination of buttons to progress. The player controls various characters throughout the game, which is played across four portions known as \"episodes\". The game has decision-based objectives as well as quick-time events that affect gameplay as well as how the game's events play out. Plot Episode 1: The Intruder Dr. Gerry Harding, Sarah Harding's father, is the chief veterinarian for the Jurassic Park dinosaur theme park, owned by InGen and located on the tropical island of Isla Nublar. The game begins with Gerry showing his teenage daughter Jess, Sarah's younger sister, around the park. At this time, Dennis Nedry puts his plan into motion to shut down the park's security and escape with stolen dinosaur embryos, hidden inside a modified canister of shaving cream. During a tropical storm, Nedry's two contacts, Nima Cruz and Miles Chadwick, head into the park after he fails to meet them at the dock. After getting past the deactivated fences, they find Nedry's Jeep, and his corpse. They find the embryo canister as well, but are attacked by a pack of Dilophosaurus before they can use Nedry's jeep to escape. Chadwick is killed, but before the Dilophosaurs can kill Nima, they suddenly flee in terror at the sound of unknown dinosaurs with glowing eyes, one of which bites Nima, who leaves the now-damaged jeep and Chadwick's corpse behind and flees through the jungle with the canister and Chadwick's gun. On their way to the dock, Gerry and Jess encounter Nima, who is now delirious from the bite and needs medical attention. They drive to the Visitor's Center, but are delayed by a juvenile Triceratops blocking the road. When Gerry and Jess get the dinosaur back into its enclosure, the alpha-female Triceratops appears and mistakes them as a threat, attacking their Jeep. The park's T.rex has escaped its paddock and approaches the Triceratops. While the two dinosaurs fight, the humans hide in a nearby maintenance shed, where they spend the night. Dr. Laura Sorkin,",
"title": "Jurassic Park: The Game"
},
{
"docid": "45249481",
"text": "Lego Jurassic World is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by TT Fusion and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It adapts the plots of the first four films in the Jurassic Park franchise, and is part of a series of Lego-themed video games. The game was released for Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Windows, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on 12 June 2015 to coincide with the theatrical release of Jurassic World. An OS X port by Feral Interactive followed shortly thereafter, on 23 July. Lego Jurassic World was later released for Android and iOS on 31 March 2016. A Nintendo Switch version was later released on 17 September 2019. Gameplay Lego Jurassic World'''s gameplay is similar to previous Lego video games. Gameplay consists of the player solving puzzles. The game features 20 levels, with five levels based on each film. The levels are accessed through a free-roaming overworld area. The game incorporates a two-player cooperation mode. The game features more than 100 unlockable characters to play as, including more than 20 dinosaur species, such as Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus, Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus. Mr. DNA, a cartoon character featured in the 1993 Jurassic Park film, is also an unlockable character. Throughout the game, Mr. DNA provides the player with hints; and with dinosaur trivia, as he did in the Jurassic Park video game for the Super NES. Human characters include Dr. Alan Grant, Ian Malcolm, and Owen Grady. Each character has a special ability. The utilization of each character's ability is required to progress through the game. Jurassic World producers Pat Crowley and Frank Marshall appear as unlockable characters, as well as the film's director, Colin Trevorrow. Steven Spielberg, who has acted as director and executive producer for films in the series, is also an unlockable character. The player can also create new human characters by travelling to either the Jurassic Park Visitor Center or the Jurassic World Innovation Center. Hybrid dinosaurs can also be created from various parts of dinosaurs that can be unlocked during the game's progression. Enemies include Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Troodon and Velociraptor. The 3DS version excludes the free-roaming mode for a central hub instead, but is otherwise nearly identical to the home console versions of the game. The Android and iOS versions also use a main hub section to access levels; because of limitations on digital storage space, these versions feature fewer levels and fewer cutscenes than the home console versions, and the levels are also reduced in size. The iOS version supports use of iCloud and Game Center. Plot The game follows the storylines from the Jurassic Park films: Jurassic Park, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, Jurassic Park III and Jurassic World. However, the developers modified the storylines to fit the events into five levels per film. Notable scenes from each film have been recreated in the game, although as the game was intended for a younger audience, the scenes are depicted in a more humorous manner. All death scenes from",
"title": "Lego Jurassic World"
},
{
"docid": "70855438",
"text": "Toxungen comprises a secretion or other body fluid of one or more biological toxins that is transferred by one animal to the external surface of another animal via a physical delivery mechanism. Toxungens can be delivered through spitting, spraying, or smearing. As one of three categories of biological toxins, toxungens can be distinguished from poisons, which are passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin, and venoms, which are delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action. Toxungen use offers the evolutionary advantage of delivering toxins into the target's tissues without the need for physical contact. Taxonomic distribution Toxungens have evolved in a variety of animals, including flatworms, insects, arachnids, cephalopods, amphibians, and reptiles. Toxungen use possibly exists in birds, as a number of species deploy defensive secretions from their stomachs, uropygial glands, or cloacas, and some anoint themselves with heterogenously acquired chemicals from millipedes, caterpillars, beetles, plant materials, and even manufactured pesticides. Some of the described substances may be toxic, at least to ectoparasites, which would qualify them as toxungens. Toxungen use might also exist in several mammal groups. Slow lorises (genus Nycticebus), which comprise several species of nocturnal primates in Southeast Asia, produce a secretion in their brachial glands (a scent gland near their armpit) that possesses apparent toxicity. When the secretion is licked and combined with saliva, their bite introduces the secretion into a wound, which can cause sometimes severe tissue injury to conspecifics and other aggressors, thereby functioning as a venom. They can also rub the secretion on their fur or lick their offspring before stashing them in a secure location, thereby functioning potentially as a toxungen. Skunks and several other members of Mephitidae and Mustelidae spray a noxious and potentially injurious secretion from their anal sac when threatened. High concentrations of the spray can be toxic, with rare accounts of spray victims suffering injury and even death. Although the extinct theropod Dilophosaurus was portrayed in the original Jurassic Park and Jurassic World Dominion movies as capable of spitting a toxic secretion, no evidence exists to suggest that any dinosaur possessed either a toxungen or venom. Classification of toxin deployment Animals that deploy toxungens are referred to as toxungenous. Some animals use their toxins in multiple ways, and can be classified as poisonous, toxungenous, and/or venomous. Examples include the scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus, which is both toxungenous (can spray its toxins) and venomous (can inject its toxins), and the snake Rhabdophis tigrinus, which is poisonous (sequesters toad and/or firefly toxins in its nuchal gland tissues that are toxic if consumed by a predator), toxungenous (the nuchal glands are pressurized and can spray the toxins when ruptured), and venomous (toxic oral gland secretions can be injected via the teeth). Even humans can be considered facultatively poisonous, toxungenous, and venomous because they sometimes make use of toxins by all three means for research and development (e.g., biomedical purposes), agriculture (e.g., spraying insecticides), and nefarious reasons (to kill other animals, including humans). Evolution",
"title": "Toxungen"
},
{
"docid": "3373612",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a light gun arcade game from Sega. It was released in 1997, and is based on the film of the same name. It is also a sequel to Sega's 1994 Jurassic Park arcade game. A third Jurassic Park arcade game, based on Jurassic Park III, was made by Konami in 2001. Gameplay Ian Malcolm and Sarah Harding go missing after landing on Isla Sorna to conduct an investigation. A rescue team is sent to the island. The player(s) control(s) one of two rangers, whose goal is to find Dr. Malcolm and Dr. Harding. Player(s) battle dinosaurs by disabling them with tranquilizer darts. The game features five levels based on environments from the film, including a laboratory and a workers' village. Four of the levels feature a boss battle that must be won to advance the game. Boss enemies include 2 large meat-eating dinosaurs which are Tyrannosaurus and Carnotaurus as well as the prehistoric crocodilian Deinosuchus. Velociraptors are also featured as enemies throughout the game. Compsognathus, Dilophosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, and pterosaurs are also encountered throughout the game. At times, the game presents the player(s) with an opportunity to rescue a human who is being attacked by one or multiple dinosaurs. Saving the human results in the human rewarding the player(s) with either a temporary weapon upgrade or additional health. Like some of Sega's light gun rail shooters such as Virtua Cop and The House of the Dead, The Lost World: Jurrasic Park features a dynamically adjusting difficulty system that will increase difficulty as the player progresses and decrease as they lose lives. As difficulty increases, dinosaurs attack quicker, more dinosaurs will try to attack the player simultaneously, and more target icons need to be shot to cancel a boss dinosaur's attack. Development The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1997 film of the same name. Having developed the original Jurassic Park arcade game, Sega AM3, a division of Sega, became interested in making the game after hearing about the film. Additionally hoping that they could make use of Sega's new relationship with Spielberg's company DreamWorks (the two companies were partnered for the GameWorks chain of entertainment venues), producer Mie Kumagai presented her ideas to AM3 president Hisao Oguchi, who approved. AM3 began developing the game in early 1997, after receiving permission from Universal Studios. Shinichi Ogasawara was the game's director. The development team wanted the sequel to have more tension. Sega AM3 utilized Sega's Model 3 arcade system board, as Model 2 was not advanced enough for certain features. Model 3 allowed the game to operate at 60 frames and 100,000 polygons per second. It was the first shooting game to use Model 3, which Sega AM3 had never used before. The development team had difficulty designing the game due to unfamiliarity with Model 3. The team also faced a tight deadline to get the game finished and released. Early in development, the developers only had access to the film's original script.",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game)"
},
{
"docid": "25388853",
"text": "The East Berlin Formation is an Early Jurassic geological formation in New England, United States. Dinosaur footprints and trackways are abundant in this formation. These tracks include Eubrontes (belonging to medium-sized-theropods similar to Dilophosaurus), Anchisauripus (belonging to small theropods like Coelophysis), and Anomoepus (belonging to indeterminate small ornithischians). Several museums, parks, and tourist attractions are based around the East Berlin Formation's dinosaur tracks, including Dinosaur State Park in Rocky Hill, Connecticut and Powder Hill Dinosaur Park in Middlefield, Connecticut. Although the East Berlin Formation was originally intended to apply to the Hartford Basin of Connecticut and Massachusetts, equivalent strata is found elsewhere in the Newark Supergroup. Equivalent formations include the Waterfall Formation (Culpeper Basin; Virginia, Maryland), Towaco Formation (Newark Basin; New Jersey), White Oaks Formation (Pomperaug Basin, Connecticut), and Turner Falls Sandstone (Deerfield Basin, Massachusetts). See also List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks Indeterminate ornithischian tracks Footnotes References Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. . Jurassic Massachusetts Jurassic Connecticut",
"title": "East Berlin Formation"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "70560227",
"text": "Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game, the first to be developed by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall. It is based on the first five films in the Jurassic Park franchise. After years in development, the game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, and quickly achieved its $100,000 fundraising goal. It was released in October 2022. Early reception was generally positive. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar is a legacy board game for two to four players, ages 10 and up. The game follows the plots of the first five Jurassic Park films. It is set on Isla Nublar, the fictional island featured in several films. As in the first Jurassic Park film, the players' goal is to build a dinosaur theme park on the island and achieve a lasting legacy. Gameplay takes place across 12 sessions spanning the events of the five films. Players choose from several playable characters, including Dr. Alan Grant, Dr. Ellie Sattler, Dr. Ian Malcolm, John Hammond, Dr. Henry Wu, and Robert Muldoon. The game also introduces several original characters and scenarios not seen in the films. The game initially features four dinosaurs, and eight additional creatures can be encountered as the game progresses. Dinosaurs are represented as mini figures, while humans take the form of cardboard tabs placed into plastic holders. Gameplay generally revolves around the dinosaurs, such as avoiding carnivores or protecting herbivores. Players can also survey areas, enter buildings to play mini-games, and search for items such as tools and weapons. New gameplay mechanics are introduced throughout to alter the experience. Players must work together as a team and agree on what action to take, as their choices in one session can have permanent consequences in future sessions. For instance, stickers are placed on the board as the game progresses, representing locations or other elements that become permanent. Development and release Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar was in development for years. It was created by Funko's design division, Prospero Hall, marking its first legacy game. It is also the first film-based legacy game. Prospero Hall cited the COVID-19 pandemic as its biggest challenge in creating the game. The dinosaur figures are scaled-down replicas based on animations by Industrial Light & Magic, which worked on the CGI dinosaurs in each film. The development team tried to strike a balance with the original films while introducing new characters and story ideas to improve gameplay. In designing the game's look, Prospero Hall referred to old issues of adventure magazines and Scientific American, as well as maps and tourism pamphlets from the 1950s. As a result, the instruction manual and other game documents are designed in a 1950s pulp fiction comic style. The game was announced in September 2021. It was launched as a Kickstarter project six months later, quickly reaching its $100,000 fundraising goal. The game was released in October 2022, selling for $120. It is Prospero",
"title": "Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla Nublar"
},
{
"docid": "72820001",
"text": "Velociraptor was popularized by its appearance in the Jurassic Park franchise, which features numerous individuals. They first appear in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, followed by a 1993 film adaptation from director Steven Spielberg, which spawned a series of films. Despite their name, Crichton heavily based the Velociraptors on the larger Deinonychus, and this was carried over into the films. The on-screen raptors were created using several production methods, including animatronics by Stan Winston and CGI by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). The 2015 film Jurassic World introduces a group of named raptors who are being trained in a research program. Among these is an individual named Blue, who returns in the sequels Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The concept of trained raptors was conceived by Spielberg, who served as executive producer on the Jurassic World films. Blue is among the most popular Jurassic Park/World dinosaurs and, alongside Rexy the Tyrannosaurus, has become a fan favorite in the franchise. Appearances In Crichton's original novel and the film adaptation, dinosaurs have been genetically engineered by InGen for a theme park on the fictional Isla Nublar. The Velociraptors are portrayed as intelligent pack hunters. They terrorize the main characters and are responsible for several deaths, including that of Ray Arnold. They also stalk Lex and Tim Murphy in a restaurant kitchen at the park's visitor center. The raptors are overseen by park warden Robert Muldoon, who is killed by them as well in the film. Muldoon notes that the raptors possess problem-solving intelligence and fast speeds reaching 60 miles per hour. Raptors are also featured in Crichton's sequel novel The Lost World and its film adaptation The Lost World: Jurassic Park, both taking place at InGen's abandoned site on Isla Sorna. The raptors again terrorize and kill several characters. A different group of raptors are featured in the 2001 film Jurassic Park III, also set on Isla Sorna. In the film, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant states that raptor intelligence was superior to that of primates. If not for the extinction of dinosaurs, Grant believes that raptors may have risen to become the dominant species on Earth. He theorizes that their intelligence came from an ability to communicate with each other, using their resonating chambers, a theory that is later proven when he encounters InGen's raptors on the island. In Jurassic World, Blue is the oldest of the four Velociraptors trained by Owen Grady for a research program on Isla Nublar, the site of a new theme park. She and her three younger sisters, Charlie, Delta, and Echo, are later used to hunt down the escaped hybrid dinosaur Indominus rex, only to turn against their trainer when accepting the Indominus as their new alpha. Later, Blue is the first to change her loyalty back to Owen and fight against the Indominus. After the rest of her pack is killed by the hybrid, Blue joins a battle between a T. rex (Rexy) and the Indominus, who is then",
"title": "Velociraptors in Jurassic Park"
},
{
"docid": "56601569",
"text": "ReBecca Hunt-Foster is an American paleontologist. She has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous of the Colorado Plateau, Rocky Mountains, Southcentral, and the Southwestern United States of America. She described the dinosaur Arkansaurus fridayi and identified the first juvenile Torosaurus occurrences from Big Bend National Park in North America in 2008. Career Mulberry High School, Mulberry, Arkansas. 1998 B.S. Earth Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 2003 M.S. Geology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. 2005 Hunt-Foster is the park paleontologist for the National Park Service at Dinosaur National Monument, where she has worked since August 2018. Previously she was the district paleontologist for the Bureau of Land Management–Utah, where she has worked from 2013 to 2018. She was employed for five years as paleontology collections manager at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2007 to 2012 and a research assistant at Augustana College from 2005 to 2008. Professional work Hunt-Foster's current research includes Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaurs from North America, the Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation paleofauna of western Colorado, the ichnofauna of the lower Jurassic to lower Cretaceous rocks of southeastern Utah. ReBecca has worked as a paleontologist in western Colorado and eastern Utah since 2007. Prior to moving to the area, ReBecca was a research assistant at Augustana College where she worked on latest Cretaceous ceratopsian dinosaurs from southern Laramidia and preparing Cryolophosaurus, the first known dinosaur from Antarctica. She has also worked on Precambrian stromatolites and the geology of Glacier National Park. Popular books Hunt-Foster is the coauthor of \"Behavioral interpretations from chasmosaurine ceratopsid bonebeds: a review.\" with Andrew Farke, in the 2010 book New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. References Bibliography Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K. 2016. The Macomb Expedition. Sojourns: Landscapes for the People 11(2): 58-59. Hunt-Foster, ReBecca K., Martin G. Lockley, Andrew R.C. Milner, John R. Foster, Neffra A. Matthews. Brent H. Breithaupt, and Joshua A. Smith. 2016. Tracking dinosaurs in BLM Canyon Country, Utah: Geology of the Intermountain West 3: 67–100 Kirkland, James I., Marina Suarez, Celina Suarez, and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, 2016. The Lower Cretaceous in east-central Utah—the Cedar Mountain Formation and its bounding strata: Geology of the Intermountain West 3: 101–228 Foster, John R. and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster. 2015. First report of a giant neosuchian (Crocodyliformes) in the Williams Fork Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Colorado. Cretaceous Research 55: 66-73. Kirkland, Jim, John Foster, ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, Gregory A. Liggett, and Kelli Trujillo. 2014. Mid-Mesozoic: The Age of Dinosaurs in Transition. Conference Proceedings, 88p. Trujillo, Kelli C., John R. Foster, ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, and Kevin R. Chamberlain. 2014. A U/Pb age for the Mygatt-Moore Quarry, Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Mesa County, Colorado. Volumina Jurassica XII(2): 107-114. Lockley, Martin G., ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster, John R. Foster, Ken Cart, and Scott Gerwe. 2014. Early Jurassic track assemblages from the Granite Creek Area of Eastern Utah. In Lockley, M.G. and Lucas, S.G., eds., Fossil footprints of western North America. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 62: 205-210 Lockley, Martin G.,",
"title": "ReBecca Hunt-Foster"
},
{
"docid": "14222404",
"text": "Carnosaur (1984) is a horror novel written by Australian author John Brosnan, under the pseudonym of Harry Adam Knight. A film adaptation was made in 1993 by Adam Simon. The novel bears several similarities to Michael Crichton's Jurassic Park, though Carnosaur preceded the latter work by six years. Brosnan feared that the public would have thought that his Gollancz reissue of Carnosaur would have been seen as a plagiarism to Jurassic Park. He admitted he liked the scene in the Crichton novel film adaption involving dinosaurs rampaging through a museum, as it bore direct similarities to an incident featured in Carnosaur. Plot Set in a rural village near Cambridgeshire, England, the novel opens at a chicken farm which is attacked one night by a mysterious creature, leaving both the farmer and his wife dead. A story circulates that the killer was a Siberian tiger that had escaped the private zoo of an eccentric lord named Darren Penward. A reporter named David Pascal investigates the carnage, and notices that the blood-stained room where the attack occurred has been thoroughly cleansed in a seeming attempt at covering the killer's footprints. A few days later, the creature attacks a stable, killing a horse, the keeper, and her daughter, leaving one survivor, an eight-year-old boy. Pascal arrives at the scene, only to find Penward's men already there, towing a concealed animal with a helicopter. Pascal interviews the boy, who reveals that the killer was not a tiger, but in fact a dinosaur. After unsuccessfully trying to interview Penward's men, Pascal moves on and begins a sexual relationship with Penward's nymphomaniac wife, who eventually takes him into her private quarters. From there, Pascal enters the zoo, only to discover that it's filled with dinosaurs. He is captured and given a tour of the establishment. He sees a variety of different species, mostly carnivores, including the dinosaur that had escaped earlier which is identified as a Deinonychus, a sexually-frustrated Megalosaurus, and an adolescent Tarbosaurus. Penward explains that he recreated the dinosaurs by studying the DNA fragments found in fossils, then using them as a basis for restructuring the DNA of chickens. He goes as far as saying that he intends to let his dinosaurs loose in remote areas of the world where they could flourish and eventually spread after what he considers an inevitable Third World War. Pascal is imprisoned, only to be rescued by Lady Penward, but only after promising that he permanently commit to her. As they make their escape, Pascal notices that his ex-girlfriend Jenny Stamper, also a reporter, has been caught in the act of infiltrating Penward's zoo as well. Enraged at his insistence on helping her, Lady Penward releases the dinosaurs and other animals present in the zoo. In the chaos, the Tarbosaurus destroys Penward's helicopter and heavy machine gun before it can get in the air. The Deinonychus pursues Pascal and Jenny through Penward's museum, with the two getting away when it is tricked into attacking its own reflection due",
"title": "Carnosaur (novel)"
},
{
"docid": "10718863",
"text": "Garden Park is a paleontological site in Fremont County, Colorado, known for its Jurassic dinosaurs and the role the specimens played in the infamous Bone Wars of the late 19th century. Located north of Cañon City, the name originates from the area providing vegetables to the miners at nearby Cripple Creek in the 19th century. Garden Park proper is a triangular valley surrounded by cliffs on the southeast and southwest and by mountains to the north; however, the name is also refers to the dinosaur sites on top and along the cliffs. The dinosaur sites now form the Garden Park Paleontological Resource Area, which is overseen by the Bureau of Land Management. Geology Garden Park was formed by erosion of sedimentary rocks that have been distorted by uplift of the Rocky Mountains. The region is bisected by Four Mile Creek (also called Oil Creek), which has carved a canyon through the Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. One of these Mesozoic strata is the Morrison Formation, which is exposed within the canyon. However, because the formation contains high amounts of swelling clays, large faulted blocks or slump-blocks of the formation are slowly moving towards the creek. The result is to make it difficult to correlate the various dinosaur quarries because exposures are limited and not continuous. The formation in Garden Park can be divided informally into a lower and upper unit. The lower unit is composed primarily green and gray mudstones, with numerous lenticular, white to tan to gray sandstones. The upper is composed mostly of red mudstone, with lesser amounts of yellowish, often tabular sandstone. These two units probably correspond to the Tidwell, Saltwash and Brushy Basin members of the Morrison Formation on the Colorado Plateau. Dinosaurs The discovery of dinosaurs in the Garden Park area has been presented numerous times by Schuchert and LeVene, Shur, Ostrom and McIntosh, and Jaffe. Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope both produced major finds here. The lesser known post-Marsh and Cope collecting of dinosaurs has been presented by Monaco. She recounts the expeditions by the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in the early 20th century, the Denver Museum of Natural History in the 1930 and 1990s, and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in the mid-1950s. Dinosaurs from Garden Park on display include Allosaurus fragilis, Diplodocus longus, Ceratosaurus nasicornis, and Stegosaurus stenops at the National Museum of Natural History, Haplocanthosaurus delfsi at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and Othnielosaurus consors (then called Othnielia rex), Stegosaurus stenops and a clutch of Preprismatoolithus coloradensis eggs at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Major vertebrate quarries references (h) = holotype References External links Garden Park Fossil Area - Bureau of Land Management Hands On The Land Jurassic Colorado Jurassic paleontological sites of North America Morrison Formation Paleontology in Colorado Protected areas of Fremont County, Colorado Bureau of Land Management areas in Colorado",
"title": "Garden Park, Colorado"
},
{
"docid": "54555989",
"text": "Jurassic World: The Game is a simulation video game developed by Ludia and based on the 2015 film Jurassic World. It is a sequel to Ludia's earlier game, Jurassic Park Builder (2012), and features similar gameplay. The Chinese servers for the game shut down on January 4, 2021 making it unplayable there, but is still playable in other parts of the world. Gameplay Jurassic World: The Game is set on the fictional Costa Rican islands of Isla Nublar and Isla Sorna, where the player is put in control of constructing a Jurassic World theme park. The player can add buildings and create dinosaurs to populate the park. The game features creatures like dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles, among other prehistoric animals. The combat, in which the player chooses an animal to fight against a rival's animal, uses a system of action points that will increase with each turn while making use of each animals' weaknesses. By obtaining a collection of creatures, the player maintains the park by completing missions assigned to them by the characters. The player can erect buildings and decorations to increase revenue. Each rank unlocks new Battle Stages and buildings to expand the park. Throughout the game, the players are able to get Card Packs, which can give rare species, new missions or currency. Hybrid animals are available to obtain by fusing two matching dinosaurs with a reached level cap of 40 like combining a Tyrannosaurus and a Velociraptor to form the Indominus rex. Superhybrids can in turn be created by collecting specific DNA and fusing it with an existing hybrid. The park also includes an aquatic and Cenozoic sections, with many species present that are not dinosaurs. The game supports the use of Hasbro's Jurassic World Brawlasaurus toys, which could be scanned by players and incorporated into the game for battles. Development and release Jurassic World: The Game was announced by Universal Pictures in October 2014, as part of its promotional plans for the 2015 film Jurassic World. Ludia released the game for iOS in April 2015, to coincide with the release of the film. It was released shortly after for Android in May 2015. Reception Patrick Klepek of Kotaku criticized the game for its use of in-game advertisements. Nadia Oxford of Gamezebo gave the game three stars out of five. Oxford noted the realistic dinosaur models, but wrote that the game \"combines mediocre park-building with mediocre dino-battling. It's competent and by gosh it (mostly) looks glorious, but there isn't a lot here that differentiates the game from standard park-builders\". Gamezebo considered the game to be \"pretty much Jurassic Park Builder part II, except the parks you create in that three-year-old game seem a lot more colorful and joyful than the washed-out grey fairgrounds you create in Jurassic World\". References External links Official website 2015 video games Amusement park simulation games Business simulation games Android (operating system) games IOS games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Video games developed in Canada Video games",
"title": "Jurassic World: The Game"
},
{
"docid": "61217127",
"text": "Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit is a two-part animated television special that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Inspired by the Lego toyline, it was aired on NBC in the United States on November 29, 2018. It was later released on DVD in North America as a 43-minute film by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment on January 15, 2019. The special was followed by the 13-episode miniseries Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar in 2019. Plot Set in 2012, Simon Masrani is planning a secretive new exhibit at his Jurassic World dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Park worker Claire Dearing is responsible for ensuring that three dinosaurs – Baryonyx, Carnotaurus and Stygimoloch – are transported from Isla Sorna to Isla Nublar to become part of the new exhibit. If Claire does well, Simon will make her assistant manager of park operations. Animal behaviorist Owen Grady is hired to transport the dinosaurs to Isla Nublar, along with four Velociraptor eggs. Owen and his helicopter pilot face a thunderstorm while transporting the dinosaurs, but eventually reach Isla Nublar safely. Upon arrival, the eggs hatch and Vic Hoskins is intent on training the velociraptors to obey commands. Owen is disappointed to learn that his job is not over yet, as he still has to transport the three dinosaurs by truck to the other side of Isla Nublar. During the transportation, a boy hijacks a park tour vehicle and takes it for a joyride across the island. Owen, accompanied by his dog Red, follows the boy and stops him. Claire proceeds with transporting the dinosaurs on her own. Meanwhile, Simon wants his scientists, Dr. Henry Wu and Allison Miles, to create a new dinosaur attraction to increase park attendance. Eventually, he decides to have them bake dinosaur-themed cookies to accompany the opening of his new exhibit. In the second half of the special, disgruntled park worker Danny Nedermeyer infiltrates the park's control room and secretly sabotages operations. Owen reunites with Claire and helps her transport the dinosaurs. At Owen's insistence, they take a shortcut, but their truck plummets down a hill and crashes, and the caged dinosaurs escape. In addition, Danny shuts down power to one of the dinosaur enclosures, allowing the park's Tyrannosaurus rex to escape. Owen manages to get the dinosaurs contained, and Vic is impressed with Owen's ability to control the animals. Owen agrees to Vic's job offer to train the four baby raptors. Simon's exhibit, consisting of a three-dinosaur carousel, opens to the public. Danny is revealed to be the nephew of Dennis Nedry as he secretly vows to continue his efforts to bring down Jurassic World. Cast Britt McKillip as Claire Dearing Ian Hanlin as Owen Grady Dhirendra as Simon Masrani Alex Zahara as Vic Hoskins Vincent Tong as Dr. Henry Wu, ACU Team Member, Boy, Captain Bethany Brown as Allison Miles, Mom Adrian Petriw as Danny Nedermeyer Sabrina Pitre as Park Vet Broadcast In Canada, the special debuted on",
"title": "Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit"
},
{
"docid": "12154291",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is a score of the 2001 film of the same name. It was orchestrated, composed and conducted by Don Davis and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. Davis incorporated John Williams' themes from the previous films into the score. Background and composition John Williams had previously composed the film soundtracks Jurassic Park (1993) and The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). As Jurassic Park III was underway, Williams was busy working on the A.I. Artificial Intelligence soundtrack and suggested Don Davis to handle the Jurassic Park III score. According to Davis: \"I suspect he wasn't too interested in doing the third part of a franchise that he said goodbye to sometime before\". Despite a rumor, James Horner was never considered to compose the film's score. After signing on to the project, Davis became unsure if his score could live up to Williams' work. He listened to the previous Jurassic Park scores, hoping for his own to maintain consistency with them. Some of Williams' prior themes, mostly from the first film, were used in Jurassic Park III, but some were shortened or lengthened to fit certain scenes. Williams provided his original handwritten scores to Davis. One of Williams' themes is used for the returning character of Dr. Alan Grant. Davis also composed a new theme which was supposed to recreate the mending relationship between Paul and Amanda Kirby. The score was recorded with a 104-piece orchestra, with Davis orchestrating and conducting. One track, \"Clash of Extinction\", was created for a battle scene between a T. rex and Spinosaurus, although Johnston ultimately removed the track. Aside from Davis' score, Johnston chose to include \"Big Hat, No Cattle\", a song by Randy Newman from his 1999 album Bad Love. Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original cue listing The complete known cue list is as follows (including alternates): \"Isla Sorna Sailing Situation\" - [4:22] \"The Dig Site (Unused)\" - [1:07] \"They Were Smart\" - [1:42] \"A Walk in the Park\" - [1:21] \"Resonating Chamber\" - [1:17] \"Alan Goes (Album Mix Ending)\" - [1:54] \"Dinosaur Fly-By (Album)\" - [2:12] \"What's a Bad Idea (Album)\" - [1:03] \"Coopers Last Stand\" - [1:43] \"We Haven't Landed Yet\" - [0:40] \"Frenzy Fuselage (Album Mix)\" - [3:12] \"Clash of Extinction (Unused)\" - [1:42] \"The Kirby's Story\" - [4:06] \"Bone Man Ben\" - [3:38] \"Raptor Eggs\" - [2:52] \"The Raptor Room\" - [2:34] \"The Raptor Repartee\" - [3:26] \"Eric Saves Alan\" - [1:47] \"Tree People\" - [2:02] \"Nash Calling\" - [3:36] \"Party Crasher\" - [3:17] \"Pteranodon Habitat\" - [3:01] \"Tiny Pecking Pteranodons\" - [3:23] \"Billy Oblivion\" - [2:49] \"Brachiosaurus on the Bank\" - [2:07] \"Reaching for Glory\" - [2:31] \"Underwater Attack\" - [2:11] \"Spinosaurus Confrontation\" - [3:02] \"River Reminiscence\" - [1:08] \"Ambush and Rescue\" - [3:40] \"The Hat Returns - End Credits (Album)\" - [5:22] \"Big Hat, No Cattle (Source)\" - [4:26] \"Alan Goes (Film Mix)\" - [1:50] \"Dinosaur Fly-By (Extended Film Version)\" - [2:21] \"Coopers Last Stand (Film Alternate) \" - [1:23] \"Frenzy Fuselage",
"title": "Jurassic Park III (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "9057939",
"text": "Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite is an assemblage of fossil dinosaur footprints on public land near Shell, in Big Horn County, Wyoming. They were discovered in 1997 by Erik P. Kvale, a research geologist from the Indiana Geological Survey. The site is managed by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the Red Gulch/Alkali National Back Country Byway and is open to the public. Fossils The fossilized tracks are believed to have been made during the Middle Jurassic Period, 160–180 million years b.p., on what was then a shore of the Sundance Sea. Theropod tracks are thought to be among those discovered, but evidence suggests that the tracks were made by a large, diverse group of dinosaurs. Due to a rarity of Middle Jurassic theropods, the species that made the tracks is currently unknown. The majority of the footprints are in the area dubbed \"the ballroom\". Besides the trackways, a variety of fossils can be found, including belemnites, crinoids, and shrimp burrows. Geology The tracksite is in a limestone layer in the lower part of the Sundance Formation. Its discovery was somewhat surprising, since the Sundance was historically considered to be marine in nature. Indeed, the layer just above the tracksite contains abundant marine fossils including numerous Gryphaea nebrascensis, indicating that later in the Jurassic it was once again submerged. See also Sundance Formation Fossil trackway Sundance Sea References External links BLM Wyoming.gov: official Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite website Geo-sciences.com: Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite – Wyoming’s Middle Jurassic Treasure Fossil trackways in the United States Fossil parks in the United States Jurassic geology of Wyoming Jurassic paleontological sites of North America Paleontology in Wyoming 1997 in paleontology Protected areas of Big Horn County, Wyoming Bureau of Land Management areas in Wyoming",
"title": "Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite"
},
{
"docid": "71450070",
"text": "Owen Grady is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in the fourth film Jurassic World (2015), which is also the first installment in the Jurassic World trilogy. Colin Trevorrow directed and co-wrote the film, casting Chris Pratt as Owen. He is one of the three main protagonists in the trilogy, along with his love interest Claire Dearing (portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard), and his adoptive daughter, Maisie Lockwood (portrayed by Isabella Sermon), who made her debut in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran and animal behavioral scientist researching Velociraptor at the dinosaur theme park Jurassic World, located on Isla Nublar. By the end of the first film, he and Claire begin a relationship. Pratt reprised the role in the film's sequels. In Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), he and Claire have broken off their relationship, and she is leading an effort to save the Isla Nublar dinosaurs from a volcanic eruption. Owen agrees to join her rescue mission so he can save Blue, the last survivor of his old raptor group, with whom he has a close connection. Later in the film, he and Claire reconcile and become adoptive parents to Maisie Lockwood, the biogenetic granddaughter of Benjamin Lockwood. In Jurassic World Dominion (2022), Owen and Claire remain in a relationship and are raising Maisie, who is kidnapped by Biosyn for research purposes along with Blue's asexually reproduced baby, Beta. The couple then embark on a rescue mission to retrieve them from Biosyn. The concept of a raptor handler was conceived as early as 2004, by Jurassic World executive producer Steven Spielberg. He was disappointed with early drafts that featured the animals being trained for missions, although he believed the idea still had potential. Trevorrow was hired as the film's director and co-writer in 2013, and incorporated Spielberg's idea while scaling it back. Owen Grady is among Pratt's most popular roles. The character has overall received a mixed to positive reception from critics. While some reviews criticized the films for not fully utilizing Pratt's skill as a comic actor and Owen's minimal characterization garnered mixed reactions, Pratt's overall performance has been well-received, and some consider Owen to be one of the best Jurassic Park characters. Fictional background Jurassic World In the first film, Owen is a U.S. Navy veteran who works as an on-site animal behaviorist at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park located on the island of Isla Nublar. Owen and his friend, Barry, are studying four Velociraptors on the island, on behalf of InGen Security and its chief, Hoskins. Their research is done to test the raptors' intelligence, although they oppose Hoskins's long-term goal to use the animals as military weapons. Owen explains that his relationship with the raptors is a personal one and that they only respond to him under controlled conditions. He was once romantically attracted to Claire Dearing, the park's operations manager, though their conflicting personalities ended a potential relationship after one date. To increase park",
"title": "Owen Grady"
},
{
"docid": "50553794",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1994 point-and-click adventure game developed and published by Sega for the Sega CD. The video game is based on the 1993 film of the same name, and includes elements from Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which the film is based upon. Plot Set after the events of the film, a group of scientists is sent to collect dinosaur eggs at InGen's Jurassic Park. This theme park is populated with genetically engineered dinosaurs and is located on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. After the group's helicopter crashes on the island, a survivor – controlled by the player – receives a video message from Emily Shimura, a computer expert. Shimura states that the crash was the result of sabotage orchestrated by InGen's corporate rival, Biosyn Corporation, which paid to have a bomb attached to the helicopter. A second helicopter is sent to rescue the player, but it is also compromised by Biosyn, which has sent out its own team to steal the dinosaur eggs. When Biosyn's helicopter arrives, the company's agents are tranquilized by the player, who uses the helicopter to escape the island. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a point-and-click adventure game, with a strong emphasis on action sequences which require split-second timing. The player must search Isla Nublar to retrieve eggs from seven different dinosaur species and place them in an incubator at the Jurassic Park visitor center. The eggs must be collected within a real-time 12-hour limit. Jurassic Park is played from a first-person perspective, giving the player a panoramic view of the surroundings as well as various tools to interact with, and a trio of weapons to contend with dinosaurs. Because none of the weapons (a stun gun, tranquilizer darts, and gas grenades) are lethal, each situation is in the form of a puzzle disguised as combat which requires more than just shooting to survive. First-aid kits can be used to replenish the player's health, while night vision goggles allow the player to see in dark environments. Paleontologist Robert T. Bakker makes video appearances throughout the game to provide the player with hints and dinosaur information, via special Dinosaur Field Kiosks that are located near dinosaur paddocks. Shimura also provides the player with information through video messages. Development and release In January 1992, Sega spent an estimated $1 million to purchase the rights to develop a Jurassic Park video game. Sega had the rights to use the Jurassic Park logo and some sounds from the film, but none of the characters. Elements from Michael Crichton's novel, Jurassic Park, were added into the game. It was the first Sega CD video game to be developed entirely in the United States by Sega of America. Initially, the game was to include three different perspectives: top-down, side-scrolling, and first-person. Development began on prototype versions of each perspective. The game's designers later realized that the game was too big, and decided to concentrate on only one perspective instead. The designers chose the first-person perspective which was the",
"title": "Jurassic Park (Sega CD video game)"
},
{
"docid": "1282784",
"text": "Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis is a construction and management simulation video game based on the Jurassic Park series developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by Universal Interactive, with the console versions being co-published with Konami in Japan. It was released for Windows, Xbox, and PlayStation 2. The game's primary goal is to construct a five-star rated dinosaur theme park named Jurassic Park on custom-generated islands by hatching dinosaurs, building attractions, keeping visitors entertained, and ensuring the park's safety. Development began in 2001, and lasted 22 months. The game was announced in February 2002, with its release initially scheduled for late 2002. Ultimately, the game was released in North America and the PAL region in March 2003, followed by a Japanese release later that year. According to Metacritic, the Windows and Xbox versions received \"Mixed or average\" reviews, while the PlayStation 2 version received \"Generally favorable\" reviews. Gameplay The player's main objective is to create an animal theme park featuring dinosaurs, make it popular, and make it safe with a 5-star rating. Gameplay functions are very similar to the SimCity and Zoo Tycoon game models. It is necessary to build feeding stations where herbivores can get bales of plant feed, while carnivores are fed live cows and goats. However, herbivores become unhappy if they don't have enough trees around them or enough nearby dinosaurs to socialize with. Likewise, carnivores have an innate desire to hunt other dinosaurs, so even a constant stream of livestock will not keep them happy. To create a dinosaur, fifty percent (50%) of the particular dinosaur's DNA is needed. The higher the percentage of DNA, the longer that dinosaur will live, unless it dies by means other than natural causes, such as malnutrition or being attacked by another dinosaur. To obtain a dinosaur's DNA, the player must extract it through fossils or amber. Higher quality specimens will yield more DNA. To obtain fossils and amber, the player must send a fossil-hunting team to dig in one of nine dig sites around the world. Additional dig teams can be purchased later in the game. Each dig site contains fossils from three particular dinosaurs. Fossils of some dinosaurs, such as Brachiosaurus, can be found in more than one dig site. The chance of finding fossils depends on the quality of the site. There are 6 classifications on the quality of a dig site, ranging from \"excellent\" to \"exhausted.\" It is still possible to find fossils and amber at sites that have been exhausted, although they are often of low quality with little DNA to provide. Valuable items such as silver, gold, or opal are also discovered infrequently by the dig team(s), and can be sold for profit. Attractions help make the park popular, and increase its rating power and income when correctly configured. Attractions must be researched before they can be constructed, and include the Balloon Tour, Safari Adventure and Viewing Dome. Viewing Vents and Viewing Platforms do not need to be researched. The Safari Tour and Balloon",
"title": "Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "62688023",
"text": "{{Infobox character |name = Ian Malcolm |series = Jurassic Park |image = Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum).jpg |caption = Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park (1993) |first = Jurassic Park (1990) |last = Jurassic World Dominion (2022) |creator = Michael Crichton |adapted_by = Steven SpielbergDavid Koepp |portrayer = Jeff Goldblum |voice = Fred Young (Jurassic Park Pinball)Jeff Goldblum ([[The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)|The Lost World: Jurassic Park video game]], Chaos Island: The Lost World, Jurassic World Evolution, Jurassic World Evolution 2)Bradley Duffy (Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar)Maurice LaMarche (Animaniacs) |occupation = Mathematician; Chaotician |family = Dr. Sarah Harding (love interest)Kelly Curtis (daughter in film only) }} Dr. Ian Malcolm is a fictional character from the Jurassic Park franchise created by Michael Crichton and portrayed by Jeff Goldblum. Malcolm is a gifted mathematician who specializes in chaos theory. The character was inspired in part by American historian of science James Gleick and French mathematician Ivar Ekeland. In Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and its 1993 film adaptation, Malcolm is invited by insurance lawyer Donald Gennaro to notice any problems with John Hammond's dinosaur theme park, Jurassic Park. Malcolm was intended by Crichton to fill in the role of the audience in the scenarios he is put through. Malcolm is a secondary protagonist in the original novel and the main protagonist in the sequel, The Lost World, due to positive fan reception from Goldblum's performance as the character in director Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of the original novel. His role as Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park skyrocketed Goldblum's career. Malcolm has become one of Goldblum's most popular characters and has been depicted in many forms of popular culture. The character's signature line, \"Life finds a way\", has become synonymous with Goldblum and the Jurassic Park franchise, and Malcolm has been recognized as the franchise's most enduring character. Fictional character biography In Crichton's novel, Dr. Ian Malcolm, along with paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and paleobotanist Dr. Ellie Sattler, is hired as a consultant by InGen CEO John Hammond to provide opinions on Jurassic Park, a theme park on the remote island of Isla Nublar that features genetically recreated dinosaurs. Malcolm is the most pessimistic about the idea of the park, feeling that Hammond and his scientists have not taken the time or effort to fully understand what they are creating. In particular, he points out that Hammond's assertion that the dinosaurs can be controlled through sterilization and managed breeding is foolish since there are far too many unpredictable variables where biology is concerned. During a tour of the park, disgruntled computer programmer Dennis Nedry shuts down power to the park to gain access to dinosaur embryos to sell to a rival. Nedry's actions cause the electrified fences to shut down as well, allowing the dinosaurs to escape from their paddocks. Malcolm is attacked by a Tyrannosaurus rex, which breaks his leg. Malcolm is found by game warden Robert Muldoon and Dr. Ellie Sattler and taken back to",
"title": "Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)"
},
{
"docid": "33940799",
"text": "Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a 1994 side-scrolling video game developed by BlueSky Software and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It is the sequel to Sega's previous Jurassic Park video game, based on the film of the same name and also released for the Genesis. Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a revamped version of its predecessor, featuring similar gameplay with several changes, and a new story that continues from where the previous game ended. Plot After the events of Jurassic Park, Dr. Alan Grant escapes Isla Nublar on a helicopter. While the Costa Rican Army is blowing up parts of the island to destroy the park's dinosaurs, Grant spots a helicopter of armed InGen field agents arriving on the island. Fearing that the agents have plans to collect any remaining dinosaur eggs and DNA samples for a new dinosaur park, Grant attempts to contact the Costa Rican Army. Grant's helicopter crashes on the island after the pilot attempts to stop him. Grant survives the crash and must find a way to stop InGen. Gameplay Gameplay is very similar to Sega's earlier Jurassic Park video game for the Sega Genesis. Like its predecessor, Rampage Edition is an action game with a platform setup that allows the player to choose between Dr. Grant or the Raptor. As Dr. Grant, the player starts out with a dart gun that has infinite ammo. A wide selection of weapons is available for the player to obtain throughout the game, including an assault rifle, shotgun, flame-thrower, grenades, rocket launcher, and shock rifle. As Dr. Grant, the player travels through the island while fighting InGen agents and dinosaurs until Grant can escape by boat. As the Raptor, the player can win battles with physical attacks such as biting and whipping opponents with the Raptor's tail. A bonus for the Raptor is to collect enough Lysine crates, which allows the player to go into \"Raptor Rage\" mode where the screen turns red and the player becomes invincible for a limited amount of time. As the Raptor, the player can play all the same levels as Dr. Grant. The goal of the Raptor is to escape the island on a departing cargo boat to find a safe place to nest its eggs. Candy bars and med kits are collected throughout the game to replenish the player's health, while eggs, embryo containers and DNA samples are collected throughout the game for points. Instead of the linear gameplay of the previous game, Rampage Edition allows players to choose from three levels to complete before they are allowed to proceed to the final levels in order to win the game. Unlike its predecessor, Rampage Edition features a faster pace, and allows Grant to perform additional actions such as riding dinosaurs and using zip-lines. Grant and the raptor are also able to kill their enemies, unlike the previous game. Rampage Edition also features larger levels, and more weapons for Grant to use. Development and release Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition is a",
"title": "Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition"
},
{
"docid": "50883740",
"text": "Scan Command: Jurassic Park (also known as Jurassic Park: Scan Command) is a 2001 fighting strategy video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure for Microsoft Windows. The game is based on the 2001 film, Jurassic Park III, and was considered unique for its use of a barcode scanner accessory known as the Scan Command. Gameplay Scan Command: Jurassic Park involves an evil scientist, Dr. Irene Corts, who has taken over the Jurassic Park theme park with her army of genetically altered dinosaurs and plans to use them to achieve world domination. The player's goal is to stop Corts. The player must also locate five children and help them escape Jurassic Park. The game features eight playable creatures from the first three Jurassic Park films. The player starts out as a Velociraptor, while other dinosaurs such as Spinosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus rex become unlocked as more levels are completed. The game features seven levels, including caves, jungles, swamps, dilapidated InGen laboratories, and steel pyramids. The final level is set inside an active volcano. The game included a portable, battery-powered barcode scanner, known as the Scan Command, capable of storing up to 25 scans at a time. Barcodes are scanned by the player to obtain \"genetic codes\". Barcodes are loaded into the game by connecting the scanner to a computer's serial port. When a barcode is loaded, it is transformed into dinosaur DNA as part of a puzzle minigame. Once completed, the \"genetic codes\" can then be used to enhance the player's defenses and attacks, with customizable traits such as agility and strength. Players can also trade \"genetic codes\". After reaching a certain power level, the player's creature can fight in real-time battles against other creatures controlled by evil scientists at InGen. In addition to solving puzzles, the player must also defeat enemy dinosaurs to advance to each new level. Development and release In March 2001, Knowledge Adventure, a subsidiary of Vivendi Universal Publishing, obtained the rights to develop video games based on Universal Studios' upcoming film, Jurassic Park III. The concept of Scan Command and its barcode-scanning aspect were considered unusual when the game was unveiled at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in May 2001. Richard Wyckoff, one of the game's designers, said: \"We figure that unless you live in a cave you're going to be surrounded by bar codes. That's why we chose them. They're so ubiquitous in our society\". The game was unveiled with the initial title of Scan Command: A Jurassic Park III Game, and was released as Scan Command: Jurassic Park on October 11, 2001. Reception Jason MacIsaac of The Electric Playground gave the game a 79 percent rating out of 100 and praised the scanner accessory: \"It's a unique idea, and as a source of entertainment, nearly limitless. [...] And I'm surprised at how well this idea works into the gameplay\". However, MacIsaac negatively wrote, \"game screens can look like they've locked up when moving data\". Jon Thompson of AllGame rated the game four stars",
"title": "Scan Command: Jurassic Park"
},
{
"docid": "65407767",
"text": "Jurassic Park, later also referred to as Jurassic World, is an American science fiction adventure media franchise. It focuses on the cloning of dinosaurs through ancient DNA, extracted from mosquitoes that have been fossilized in amber. The franchise explores the ethics of cloning and genetic engineering, and the morals behind de-extinction. The franchise began in 1990, with the release of Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park. A film adaptation, also titled Jurassic Park, was directed by Steven Spielberg and was released in 1993. Crichton then wrote a sequel novel, The Lost World (1995), and Spielberg directed its film adaptation, The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). Four additional films have been released, including Jurassic Park III in 2001, completing the original trilogy of films. The fourth installment, Jurassic World, was released in 2015, marking the beginning of a new trilogy. Its sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in 2018. The sixth film, Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022, marks the conclusion of the second trilogy. Two Jurassic World short films have also been released: Battle at Big Rock (2019) and a Jurassic World Dominion prologue (2021). Theropod dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor have had major roles throughout the film series. Other species, including Brachiosaurus and Spinosaurus, have also played significant roles. The series has also featured other creatures such as Mosasaurus and members of the pterosaur group, both commonly misidentified by the public as dinosaurs. The various creatures in the films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For the first three films, the animatronics were created by special-effects artist Stan Winston and his team, while Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) handled the CGI for all the films. The first film garnered critical acclaim for its innovations in CGI technology and animatronics. Since Winston's death in 2008, the practical dinosaurs have been created by other artists, including Legacy Effects and Image Engine (Jurassic World), Neal Scanlan (Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom), and John Nolan (Jurassic World Dominion). Paleontologist Jack Horner has served as the longtime scientific advisor on the films, and paleontologist Steve Brusatte was also consulted for Jurassic World Dominion. The original film was praised for its modern portrayal of dinosaurs. Horner said that it still contained many inaccuracies, but noted that it was not meant as a documentary. Later films in the series contain inaccuracies as well, for entertainment purposes. This includes the films' velociraptors, which are depicted as being larger than their real-life counterparts. In addition, the franchise's method for cloning dinosaurs has been deemed scientifically implausible, for a number of reasons. On-screen portrayals The various creatures in the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For each of the films, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) has handled dinosaur scenes that required CGI. Throughout the film series, ILM has studied large animals such as elephants and rhinos, for reference in designing the digital dinosaurs. Jurassic Park trilogy (1993–2001) For the original 1993 film Jurassic Park,",
"title": "Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park"
},
{
"docid": "53681874",
"text": "John Russell Foster (born November 3, 1966) is an American paleontologist. Foster has worked with dinosaur remains from the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains, Foster is also working on Cambrian age trilobite faunas in the southwest region of the American west. He named the crocodyliform trace fossil Hatcherichnus sanjuanensis in 1997 and identified the first known occurrence of the theropod trace fossil Hispanosauropus in North America in 2015. Career Born November 3, 1966, San Diego, California. High School, Los Gatos High School, Los Gatos, California. 1985 A.B. Geology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California. 1989 M.S. Paleontology, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota. 1993 Ph.D. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 1998 He is adjunct faculty of geology at Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado. From 2014 to 2018 he was the Director of the Museum of Moab. He served for thirteen years as Curator of Paleontology at the Museums of Western Colorado from 2001 to 2014. He is currently a curator at the Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum in Vernal, Utah. Professional work An expert on the Late Jurassic, he has spent more than twenty-five years excavating fossils across the western United States, authoring and coauthoring more than 55 professional papers, ranging from Triassic to Cretaceous, with a few Cambrian and Cenozoic studies appearing as well. In addition to dinosaurs, he has spent over a decade working in the Cambrian shales of the western United States. Triassic In December 2017, he and coauthors Xavier A. Jenkins of Arizona State University and Robert J. Gay of Colorado Canyons Association formally published their study on the oldest known dinosaur from Utah, a neotheropod that is likely an animal similar to Coelophysis. Jurassic His researches in the Late Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains includes the geographic and environmental distributions of microvertebrates and dinosaurs. He served as the lead researcher at the Mygatt-Moore Quarry in western Colorado for 14 years, and continues to work in the Late Jurassic of eastern Utah and western Colorado. His current work includes the excavation of the first known dinosaur from the western United States, \"Dystrophaeus,\" on Bureau of Land Management lands in San Juan County, Utah. Foster had a ceratosaurid ceratosaur theropod dinosaur, Fosterovenator, named after him in 2014 Cambrian His researches in the Cambrian of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau, includes the study of taphonomy and biostratinomy of trilobites, and what this information indicates about the paleoenvironmental conditions on the shallow shelf of western North American during the early Paleozoic. Popular books Foster is the author of Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World, followed by his second book Cambrian Ocean World. References Bibliography Lockley, M. G., Gierlinski, G., Matthews, N. A., Xing, L., Foster, J. R., and Cart, K. 2017. New dinosaur track occurrences from the Upper Jurassic Salt Wash Member (Morrison Formation) of southeastern Utah: Implications for thyreophoran trackmaker distribution and diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology",
"title": "John Foster (paleontologist)"
},
{
"docid": "12674207",
"text": "Jurassic Park: Survival is a canceled action-adventure video game that was in development by Savage Entertainment and was to be published by Konami. Based upon the Jurassic Park franchise, the game was to be released on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in November 2001. It was also planned for Microsoft Windows and GameCube. Development began in October 2000. Initially, the game was to be based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. However, the film was in production at that time and could not provide visual reference to the game's development teams, who had to devise their own designs and ideas. Vivendi Universal ultimately decided that the game would only be inspired by the film, rather than based on it, and subsequently chose to include elements not featured in the film. In July 2001, Savage ended development due to payment conflicts with Vivendi Universal, which was dissatisfied with the progress of the game. In North America, the game was expected to receive a Teen rating. Gameplay Jurassic Park: Survival was to be played from a third-person perspective with David Vaughn, a member of a security team, as the main character. The game would have taken place on an island of genetically engineered dinosaurs. Gameplay was described as being similar to the Tomb Raider games. Chacko Sonny, a founder of Savage Entertainment, described the company's goal on the gameplay as \"Die-Hard meets Jurassic Park\". In its preview video, gameplay appeared similar to a survival horror game, with additional action-adventure elements such as climbing, crawling, rolling, shoot rolling, jumping and swimming, as well as other platforming strategies to outwit the dinosaurs instead of trying to take them head on. Vaughn's enemies would have included eight dinosaur species and four different types of military officers. A fictionalized version of Troodon with glowing eyes would have been featured in the game, and was later implemented into Jurassic Park: The Game (2011). Dinosaur AI was meant to be an integral part of the game; dinosaurs would be able to lure the main character into traps, hunt in packs, and retreat for reinforcements if needed. Vaughn's weapons would have included a pistol, an electric prod, and a grenade launcher. Vaughn would also carry a PDA with him, which could be used to contact team members for assistance. An item known as the \"phero pack\" could also be carried around and dropped in certain locations to lure dinosaurs to Vaughn's human enemies and attack them. Puzzles would play a major role in the game. Stealth was also a significant part of gameplay, as Vaughn could complete objectives easier by avoiding detection from guards and spotlights while inside enemy encampments. Vaughn could also use computer terminals located throughout the game to access security cameras for a better view of the area and nearby enemies. The game would have featured 12 large levels, located in swamps, dense forests, huge caves and networks of tunnels, military outposts, a marina, a terrorist camp, jungles, a hatchery, and a large aviary used",
"title": "Jurassic Park: Survival"
},
{
"docid": "5775130",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: Park Builder is a construction and management simulation game for the Game Boy Advance that was developed by Konami. The game was released on September 10, 2001. It is the second game, under the title Jurassic Park III, for the Game Boy Advance title games after The DNA Factor, released in the same year, it is followed by Island Attack. Summary Jurassic Park III: Park Builder challenges the player to design and run an island-based Jurassic Park theme park, similar to Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis. The player must first send an excavation team to one of eight worldwide locations to search for fossilized mosquitoes that contain dinosaur DNA, which is then used to create dinosaurs. The player can place structures in the park such as hotels, restaurants and shops. Hurricanes and earthquakes can damage the park's buildings. The player must advertise the park in order to attract more customers. Visitors to the park must view the dinosaurs while riding on tour buses. The player begins with three buses and can purchase more later. The player is given a maximum of eight holding pens for however many dinosaurs the park may have. There are six different environments on the island, including jungles, a beach, plains, and a desert. Dinosaurs can become ill and require medical attention. To keep them healthy, the dinosaurs are placed in environments that closely resemble their natural habitat. The game features 140 creatures, including Brachiosaurus, Mosasaurus, Pteranodon, Spinosaurus, Stegosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. The dinosaurs, depending on their size and aggression, are grouped into six categories: three for carnivores and three for herbivores. Reception The game was met with average to mixed reception, as GameRankings gave it a score of 68.54%, while Metacritic gave it 65 out of 100. AllGame criticized the game for its few sound effects and \"generic background music\", as well as the need to \"constantly switch back and forth\" between different menu screens, \"making it easy to forget what you're doing in relation to what needs to be done.\" IGN wrote a positive review but criticized the game for its lack of a tutorial mode: \"It's a very complex game with tons of little elements to manage...and it's boggling to see that the developers don't offer even the most basic tutorial for beginner park builders. Right from the get-go, you're thrust into the game without knowing what does what, or how you're supposed to do it.\" See also List of Jurassic Park video games References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Park Builder Konami games Construction and management simulation games Video games with oblique graphics Video games based on films Video games based on adaptations Video games set on fictional islands Video games developed in Japan",
"title": "Jurassic Park III: Park Builder"
},
{
"docid": "3539669",
"text": "\"Dino\" Don Lessem (born 1951) is a writer of more than 50 popular science books, specializing in dinosaurs. He was the founder of the Dinosaur Society and the Jurassic Foundation, which collectively have raised millions of dollars for dinosaur research. He is the CEO and founder of Dino Don, Inc., an animatronics company specializing in dinosaurs, dragons, and sea creatures. Career After a bachelor's degree in art history at Brandeis University and a master's in animal behavior from the University of Massachusetts Boston, Lessem began his writing career as a researcher for the Smithsonian Center for Short-Lived Phenomena. For more than a decade he was a science journalist specializing in conservation issues for the Boston Globe and a contributor to Life, The New York Times, and Smithsonian Magazine. Lessem's professional interest in dinosaurs developed while he was a Knight Journalism Fellow at MIT in 1988. He wrote his first book, Kings of Creation, in 1990, as a survey of current worldwide paleontology research. Lessem was an advisor to Jurassic Park, Dinosaur, and Disney's Animal Kingdom, as well as their respective theme park attractions. He has written and hosted Discovery Channel and NOVA documentaries on dinosaurs and is a television and radio commentator on paleontology. The sauropodomorph dinosaur Lessemsaurus is named after him. Lessem directed the excavation and reconstruction of the largest plant-eating dinosaur, the 110-foot long Argentinosaurus, and the largest carnivorous dinosaur, the 45 foot-long Giganotosaurus from Patagonia, in collaboration with Dr. Rodolfo Coria of the Museo Carmen Funes in Plaza Huincul, Argentina. Lessem's first traveling exhibition company, Exhibits Rex, has created several of the largest international travelling museum exhibitions of dinosaurs, including Jurassic Park, The Lost World, and Chinasaurs, in addition to an exhibition of the treasures of Genghis Khan. Lessem's The Real Genghis Khan exhibition has toured major museums in North America and Asia since 2009. Celebrating the neglected civilizing influence of Genghis Khan and curated by Smithsonian archaeologists, the exhibition has been seen by nearly two million visitors. The exhibition blends live musical performance with role-playing activities, and the largest collection of 13th century Mongolian artifacts ever toured. It has been viewed by nearly two million museum-goers. Lessem's company Dino Don, Inc. began constructing the world's most accurate full-sized robotic dinosaurs in 2017 for zoos and museums worldwide. In April 2019 Lessem opened his Dinosaur Safari exhibition at New York's Bronx Zoo with more than 40 dinosaurs up to 60 feet in length, the largest zoo robotic exhibition in North America. In July 2020 at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, the Dinos Everywhere! exhibit featured Lessem's creation of the world's largest anatomically correct dinosaur, a 120-foot Argentinosaurus. Other venues to display Dino Don, Inc. dinosaurs include The Jacksonville Zoo, Philadelphia Zoo, Columbus Zoo, San Antonio Zoo, Copenhagen Zoo, Edinburgh Zoo, and Leipzig Zoo. Lessem has also authored children's books on extinct animals, endangered species, the Amazon rainforest and the \"Iceman\". Via his monthly column in Highlights Magazine for a decade, \"Dino\" Don answered more than 10,000 letters",
"title": "Don Lessem"
},
{
"docid": "11587850",
"text": "Walking with... is a palaeontology media franchise produced and broadcast by the BBC Studios Science Unit. The franchise began with the series Walking with Dinosaurs (1999), created by Tim Haines. By far the most watched science programme in British television during the 20th century, Walking with Dinosaurs spawned companion material and four sequel series: Walking with Beasts (2001), Walking with Cavemen (2003), Sea Monsters (2003) and Walking with Monsters (2005). Each series uses a combination of computer-generated imagery and animatronics, incorporated with live action footage shot at various locations, to portray prehistoric animals in the style of a traditional nature documentary. The Walking with... programmes were praised for their special effects and for their science communication. Though largely praised by scientists for the effort to adhere to science and for portraying prehistoric life as animals rather than movie monsters, some academic criticism has been leveled at the series for not making clear through their narration what is speculative and what is based in fact. In addition to the five main series, the success of Walking with... also led to the production of the Walking with Dinosaurs special episodes The Ballad of Big Al, The Giant Claw and Land of Giants. The franchise has also been accompanied by several books, merchandise, video games and the live theatrical show Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. In 2013, a movie based on Walking with Dinosaurs, with the same name, was directed by Neil Nightingale and Barry Cook. Development Walking with Dinosaurs was devised by the then BBC-employed science television producer Tim Haines in 1996. Inspired by the 1993 film Jurassic Park, Haines envisioned a more science-based documentary programme using the same techniques as Jurassic Park to bring dinosaurs to life. Though such a series was initially feared to be far too expensive to produce, particularly considering the production costs of Jurassic Park, Haines managed to bring down the costs through working with the award-winning UK-based graphics company Framestore. It was only after the production of a six-minute pilot episode in 1997 that Haines managed to secure funding for the series; Walking with Dinosaurs was funded by the BBC, BBC Worldwide and the Discovery Channel, alongside major investments from TV Asahi in Japan and ProSieben in Germany. At a cost of £6.1 million ($9.9 million), Walking with Dinosaurs cost over £37,654 ($61,112) per minute to produce, making it the most expensive documentary series per minute ever made. The visual effects of Walking with Dinosaurs were done by Framestore and the puppets and animatronics were done by the special effects company Crawley Creatures. The success of Walking with Dinosaurs led to the rapid creation of Walking with... as a brand of documentary series. In the aftermath of Walking with Dinosaurs, Haines founded the production company Impossible Pictures together with Jasper James, one of the producers on Walking with Dinosaurs. 2000 saw the release of a special episode of Dinosaurs, The Ballad of Big Al, focusing on a single Allosaurus specimen. The first entire sequel",
"title": "Walking with..."
},
{
"docid": "61480190",
"text": "Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar is a 13-episode CG-animated television miniseries that acts as a prequel to the 2015 film Jurassic World. Set in 2012 and inspired by the Lego toyline, the show is a direct followup to the Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit television special that debuted on NBC in the United States in 2018. The series began airing in Canada on Family Channel on July 6, 2019. Plot The series takes place at Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park on the island of Isla Nublar. Velociraptor handler Owen Grady and the park's operations manager Claire Dearing work to keep Jurassic World from falling into ruin unaware that Dennis Nedry's nephew Danny Nedermeyer has a secret agenda to ruin it. Cast Episodes Specials Broadcast In Australia, the series debuted on 9Go! on August 15, 2019. In the United States, Nickelodeon picked up the series and began airing it on September 14, with the first episode made available on video-on-demand platforms beginning August 25, 2019. ITV in the United Kingdom premiered the series as part of their CITV block on September 7, 2019. See also Lego Jurassic World (theme) Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit Lego Jurassic World (video game) Lego Dimensions Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park References External links LEGO: Jurassic World – Legend of Isla Nublar at Family.ca Official Jurassic World website Official Jurassic Outpost website Official Nickelodeon website 2019 animated television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series debuts 2019 Canadian television series endings 2019 American television series debuts 2019 American television series endings 2010s Canadian animated television series 2010s American animated television series 2020s Canadian animated television series 2020s American animated television series American children's animated action television series American children's animated adventure television series American children's animated comic science fiction television series American children's animated science fantasy television series Canadian children's animated action television series Canadian children's animated adventure television series Canadian children's animated comic science fiction television series Canadian children's animated science fantasy television series Television series set in 2012 Works based on Jurassic Park Nickelodeon original programming Animated television series about dinosaurs J",
"title": "Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar"
},
{
"docid": "71416196",
"text": "Dr. Henry Wu is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. He also appears briefly in the novel's 1993 film adaptation and plays a larger role in the Jurassic World film trilogy. Dr. Wu is the lead geneticist for the dinosaur theme parks Jurassic Park and Jurassic World, overseeing the de-extinction of dinosaurs through genetic engineering. He is killed by a Velociraptor in the novel, but survives throughout the film series, in which he is portrayed by actor BD Wong. Although Wu is a supporting character in the novel, he has a drastically reduced role in the film adaptation, directed by Steven Spielberg. Wong and Wu are both Asian-American, and the actor believed that the role was reduced, to his disappointment, because of \"racial exclusion in Hollywood\". Wong was skeptical that he would ever reprise the role, but eventually did so for the fourth film in the franchise, Jurassic World (2015). It was directed by Colin Trevorrow, who co-wrote the script with Derek Connolly. The writers viewed Wu as a logical character to return, considering his role in recreating dinosaurs. Wong is the only actor from any of the previous films to appear in Jurassic World, and he and Trevorrow were happy to revisit the character after his minor role in the first film. Wong reprised the role again for the sequels, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022), which were also co-written by Trevorrow. In the Jurassic World trilogy, Wu secretly creates weaponized hybrid dinosaurs at the behest of others, although the animals later escape and wreak havoc. In Dominion, he secretly engineers giant locusts for his employer, Biosyn, which unleashes the insects to consume rival crops in a plot to control the world food supply. The character undergoes a redemption when he expresses regret for his actions and eventually stops the locust outbreak. Wu is sometimes considered a villain in the Jurassic World films, although Wong believes the character is misunderstood, stating that his research is well intentioned and driven by the demands of others. Aside from the films, Wong also reprised the role for the video games Jurassic World Evolution (2018) and Jurassic World Aftermath (2020), as well as two theme park attractions, Jurassic World: The Ride and VelociCoaster. Fictional background Dr. Henry Wu is the chief geneticist at Jurassic Park, a theme park featuring genetically engineered dinosaurs on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. Wu was recruited by the park's owner, John Hammond, to bring dinosaurs back from extinction for use as attractions. Novels In the novel, Wu was a student of geneticist Norman Atherton, who was Hammond's partner in the Jurassic Park project. After Atherton died of cancer, Wu was personally recruited by Hammond to join the project. Wu is eager to make his mark in the science world, and Hammond gives him an opportunity to do so, offering him a $50 million budget to create living",
"title": "Henry Wu (Jurassic Park)"
},
{
"docid": "57421235",
"text": "Jurassic World: The Ride is a dark water ride attraction that is themed to the Jurassic World series at Universal Studios Hollywood. The original Jurassic Park: The Ride, which operated from June 21, 1996, to September 3, 2018, underwent a major refurbishment and reopened as Jurassic World: The Ride. History The ride was announced on May 10, 2018, by Universal Studios Hollywood officials during a 25th anniversary celebration of the 1993 film Jurassic Park, directed by Steven Spielberg. It was stated that Jurassic Park: The Ride, which opened on June 21, 1996, would be closed for retheming based on the 2015 film Jurassic World and its 2018 sequel Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The Jurassic Cafe restaurant and Jurassic Outfitters retail store near the original attraction were also closed temporarily to be rethemed. Universal Creative worked on the new ride, and Jon Corfino was the project director and show producer. He worked closely on the ride with Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall, the director and producer respectively for the 2015 film. Corfino worked to blend elements of the old ride with the new one, and the final idea was presented to Spielberg. The team had to rush to get the ride finished for the busy summer tourist season. Mosasaurus, an aquatic reptile that appeared in the films, is digitally featured on the ride. Industrial Light & Magic collaborated with the design team at Universal Studios Hollywood to create the creature and its environment. The walls of the Mosasaurus tank are depicted across four large, high-definition screens on both sides of the boat. A 3D effect makes objects in the foreground move faster than those in the background, a technique that gives the Mosasaurus a realistic appearance. The attraction also features larger dinosaurs than Jurassic Park: The Ride, and new animatronics allow the dinosaurs to move better than their predecessors. Several actors from the films reprise their roles for the ride: Chris Pratt as Owen Grady, Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing, and BD Wong as Dr. Henry Wu. The attraction officially opened on July 12, 2019, without advanced notice or fanfare. It previously had a soft opening for friends and family of Universal employees. The official opening coincided with a number of other Jurassic World-themed attractions adjacent to the ride entrance. Guests can take part in the Triceratops Encounter, where guests interact with Juliet, a Triceratops, and Dino Play, in which young visitors excavate large dinosaur fossils. Guests can also interact with baby Velociraptors like Sierra or Tango along with their trainer. The Mosasaurus is part of the Aquarium Observatory section, an area that responds to real-world weather, changing between day time and night time depending on the actual time of day. Jurassic Cafe introduced a bar called Isla Nu-bar, named after the series' fictional Isla Nublar island. Following a refurbishment in 2021, the ride's climax was updated with a new Indominus Rex animatronic. Ride description Queue and pre-show Guests enter through the Jurassic World gates and into a series of",
"title": "Jurassic World: The Ride"
},
{
"docid": "1770979",
"text": "Dr. Alan Grant is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. He is a paleontologist and is introduced in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which began the franchise. Crichton based Grant on the paleontologist Jack Horner. Director Steven Spielberg helmed the 1993 film adaptation, and several actors were considered for the role of Grant. It ultimately went to Sam Neill, becoming one of his most popular roles. Spielberg gave the character a dislike of children, and put him in a relationship with Dr. Ellie Sattler, a paleobotanist who is Grant's student in the novel. Sattler, portrayed by Laura Dern, wants to start a family with Grant, who is resistant to the idea. Neill reprised the character in 2001's Jurassic Park III, which also saw a cameo by Dern. In the film, Sattler has married someone else and started a family, although she and Grant remain friends. Director Joe Johnston chose to break-up Grant and Sattler, believing that Dern looked too young to be in such a relationship; Neill is 20 years older than her. Neill was dissatisfied with his performance in the first film, which factored into his return for Jurassic Park III, marking the first time he reprised one of his roles. Neill and Dern would return again for major roles in Jurassic World Dominion, released in 2022. In the film, Sattler has divorced her husband; she and Grant eventually rekindle their romantic relationship. Colin Trevorrow, the film's director and co-writer, was in agreement with Neill and Dern on reuniting their characters romantically. Neill and Dern also reprised their roles for the video games Jurassic World Evolution and Jurassic World Evolution 2, lending their voices to downloadable content packs released in 2019 and 2022 respectively. Fictional background Dr. Alan Grant is a paleontologist who is dedicated to his research, which includes a focus on velociraptors. He believes that dinosaurs are closely related to birds, and also theorizes that the vision of a Tyrannosaurus is based on movement. Grant has written several books on dinosaurs, as referenced in the first novel. He has also written at least two in the film series. In Jurassic Park III, Eric Kirby opines that he liked Grant's first book better, as Grant liked dinosaurs when he wrote it, compared to the second written after his time at Jurassic Park. Grant has a dislike of computers, and is portrayed in the film series as easily irritated. Novels In the first novel, Grant is described as \"a barrel-chested, bearded man of forty\". He had a wife who died years prior to the events of the novel. He has a strong affinity for children, especially those interested in dinosaurs. He is one of the world's most renowned paleontologists, partly specializing in hadrosaur and other duck-billed dinosaurs such as Maiasaura. Dr. Ellie Sattler is a graduate student and paleobotanist who is studying under Grant. Before the events of the novel, Grant was approached by Donald Gennaro, chief counsel for InGen, to provide information on the requirements",
"title": "Alan Grant (Jurassic Park)"
},
{
"docid": "50566202",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1993 action video game developed and published by Ocean Software, for DOS and Amiga computers. The game is based on director Steven Spielberg's 1993 film, Jurassic Park, and also includes elements from author Michael Crichton's 1990 novel of the same name, which the film is based upon. The player controls the character of Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who becomes trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. Grant's initial objective is to search for Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of park owner John Hammond. Upon locating the children, Grant must contact a helicopter so survivors can escape the island. Gameplay consists of a bird's-eye view during the game's large exterior environment, but switches to a first-person perspective whenever Grant enters a building. Development of the game began in November 1992. A development team of 13 people – considered large at that time – worked on the game. Spielberg was also involved in the game during its development to ensure that it would be faithful to his initial vision. Materials related to the film, including its script and photographs of the sets, aided the developers during the game's production. Jurassic Park was released in the United Kingdom in October 1993, and was subsequently released in the United States a year later. Many critics praised the game's indoor environments, but some criticized its large exterior environment, and its boring and repetitive gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the 1993 film of the same name, in which paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped on an island theme park and zoo where genetically engineered dinosaurs have escaped. Playing as Grant, the player must rescue Lex and Tim, the grandchildren of the park's owner, John Hammond. The player begins the game near an overturned vehicle in the Tyrannosaurus paddock. After finding Tim, Grant searches for Lex in a sewer maze. The player then must re-activate the park's power to contact a helicopter so the survivors can escape the island. Jurassic Park features a bird's-eye view in exterior levels, but switches to a first-person shooter perspective when entering buildings. The exterior levels contain eight large areas, each one consisting of a different dinosaur paddock, as well as a Pteranodon dome. Each level requires Grant to complete a series of tasks in order to advance further through the game. Indoor levels are spread throughout the game. The game features 11 building complexes, each one overrun by velociraptors. The game also includes a raft level. A password is given after each level is won. The game includes six dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player begins with a taser weapon; other weapons can be found by the player. First aid kits can be used to restore all of the player's health. Electronic motion sensors are located throughout the game, and can detect all moving objects. Connected to the motion sensors are computer terminals, which can be used to receive messages, maps",
"title": "Jurassic Park (computer video game)"
},
{
"docid": "5788628",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor is a side scrolling and puzzle game set in the Jurassic Park movie universe. It was developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Hawaii and published by Konami for the Game Boy Advance. It was coincided with the release of the film Jurassic Park III on July 16, 2001. The two other games, Jurassic Park III: Park Builder and Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, are also released by Konami. Summary A cargo plane flying over Isla Sorna is struck by lightning, and upon crashing, the dinosaur DNA it stored is spread across the island. The player then assumes the role of either Mark Hanson (a photographer) or Lori Torres (an ace pilot), and must wander around the island in a side-scrolling format, collecting DNA and avoiding dinosaurs. In each level, the player's character has the ability to switch between a background and a foreground pathway. Switching between the two pathways allows the player to access weapons and DNA samples, or to avoid oncoming dinosaurs. At the end of each level, the player will use the DNA that is collected in a short puzzle game, in order to create more dinosaurs. Completing this minigame will unlock more areas for the player to explore. At the end of the game, the military bombs the island, and the player escapes on a small plane, wondering if dinosaurs should really have a place in their world. Reception The game was met with negative reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 48.94%, while Metacritic gave it 44 out of 100. AllGame praised the game's graphics and sound effects, but criticized its \"awkward\" controls and wrote that the levels \"are poorly designed and seemingly impossible to complete.\" AllGame also criticized the game's ability to switch between background and foreground pathways, writing \"this just adds confusion, since swapping between roads can be tricky and the paths are oftentimes deceiving because of the limited screen size and resolution.\" IGN praised its cutscenes, sound effects and music, but criticized its \"sloppy game design,\" clumsy controls, and bad collision detection, as well as the game's background and foreground pathways: \"Nothing casts a shadow, so you can't even tell if a DNA sample is hovering over the foreground path or lying on the ground on the background path.\" GameSpot criticized the game for \"disappointing\" sound effects and music, and for sharing nothing in common with the film. GameSpot also criticized the game's background and foreground pathways, calling it \"a confusing little gimmick that is mainly used to increase the amount of backtracking you'll have to do to collect the particles you need.\" In 2018, Zack Zwiezen of Kotaku ranked the game among the \"worst\" Jurassic Park games ever released, stating that it \"looked and played awful when it was first released, and it hasn’t aged well at all.\" References External links 2001 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Jurassic Park video games Konami games Video games developed in the United",
"title": "Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor"
},
{
"docid": "1663525",
"text": "Jurassic Park is an open-world action-adventure video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), based on the 1990 novel and 1993 film of the same name. It was developed and published by Ocean Software in 1993 in North America and PAL regions, and published by Jaleco in 1994 in Japan. The player controls Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist who has become trapped at Jurassic Park, an island theme park and zoo populated by genetically engineered dinosaurs. The game's exterior portion is viewed from a top-down perspective, but shifts to a first-person view during interior sections. The game garnered praise for these varied and three-dimensional perspectives, the usage of stereo sound, and the adventure gameplay. In 1994, Ocean released a sequel, Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues, with gameplay which significantly differs from that of the original. Gameplay Jurassic Park is based on the novel and film of the same name. Following a computer system failure, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and others become trapped at an island theme park, known as Jurassic Park, that is populated with dinosaurs. The player controls Grant, and begins the game armed with a cattle prod, although the game also features five other weapons: tranquilizer gun, shotgun, bolas, gas grenade launcher, and missile launcher. The game features seven different dinosaur enemies, as well as giant dragonflies. The player is given five lives, and two continues when all lives are lost. Grant's health is represented by a red health bar. Food and first-aid kits located throughout the game can replenish the player's health. Motion sensors set up around the island allow characters in the game to communicate advice to the player, although some advice is deliberately malicious. If Grant loses a life, the player is restarted at the last motion sensor with which Grant came into contact. Mr. DNA, a character from the film, provides dinosaur facts to the player if the game is paused or remains idle for too long. The player must open and close multiple gates to travel around the island. The game's music changes depending on the player's location in the park. The player is also required to collect dinosaur eggs throughout the game. The game's world is spacious and non-linear. The exterior portion, played from a top-down perspective, consists of a maze that is made up of jungle trees, along with rock formations, canals, fences, gates, and a number of buildings that can be entered and explored. The game switches to a first-person perspective when the player enters one of these buildings. The player must collect ID cards belonging to characters on the island in order to access certain rooms. Other rooms are completely dark and require night vision goggles to enter. Some buildings contain multiple floors that are accessed via elevators. Jurassic Park supports the Super NES Mouse when playing first-person sequences or operating computer terminals. To win the game, the player must complete several objectives, starting with powering up a computer to re-activate the park's motion sensors. Once activated,",
"title": "Jurassic Park (SNES video game)"
},
{
"docid": "1460085",
"text": "The Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, is a park that houses fossilized remains and petrified eggs of dinosaurs. It is a man-made fossil park and not the actual nesting grounds where the dinosaurs lived. The eggs and fossils on display here are from the world's 3rd-largest dinosaur fossil excavation site and 2nd-largest hatchery at Raiyoli, Balasinor, Gujarat. The Park was set up by the Geological Survey of India and is the only dinosaur museum in the country. History In 1970, the Forest Department of the Gujarat Government began its planting and restoration efforts. The park, also known as India's Jurassic Park, is 428 hectares in size and contains sections such as the dinosaur section, fossil section, etc. Now, the park is managed by the Gujarat Ecological and Research Foundation (GEER). The oldest record of dinosaur bone fossils is of middle Jurassic period, and they are found from Patcham formation of Kutch basin. The fossils which were found in Upper Cretaceous formations in the region date back 66 million years. The eggs are of different sizes, some the size of cannonballs. Fossil trackways of these gargantuan animals are also on display in the park. Dinosaurs that are on display include Tyrannosaurus rex, Megalosaurus, Titanosaurus, Barapasaurus, Brachiosaurus, Antarctosaurus, Stegosaurus and Iguanodon. The park displays life-size models of the dinosaurs along with details of each period in which they existed and the characteristics of the animals. The fossils were found in the Songhir Bagh Basin, the Himatnagar basin of Balasinor, south-eastern parts of Kheda, Panchmahal and Vadodara districts of the state. Gallery References Paleontology in India Protected areas of Gujarat Fossil trackways Fossil parks in India Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad district Cretaceous paleontological sites of Asia Protected areas with year of establishment missing",
"title": "Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park"
},
{
"docid": "46961985",
"text": "Jurassic Park Builder was a 2012 construction and management simulation video game developed and published by Ludia for iOS and Android operating systems, as well as Facebook. The game, based on the Jurassic Park series, allows the player to build a theme park featuring extinct animals. Ludia ended the game's support as of March 30, 2020. In 2015, Ludia released a sequel to the game titled Jurassic World: The Game, to coincide with the release of the film Jurassic World. Gameplay Jurassic Park Builder is a freemium game consisting of two-dimensional landscape renderings and three-dimensional creatures. The player's objective is to build and maintain a Jurassic Park theme park. The player begins the game with a basic home base, while expansion of the park is done by clearing land. To create dinosaurs, the player must clear away trees and rocks to locate prehistoric mosquitos, which are trapped in amber and contain dinosaur DNA. In a laboratory, the player then attempts to unlock the DNA from the mosquito. If the player is successful, then a dinosaur egg is created. Amber is sometimes discovered when the player clears land for park expansion. Basic mission objectives are given to the player by characters from the first two films: Alan Grant, John Hammond, Ian Malcolm, and Kelly Curtis. Dr. Henry Wu, a park scientist, also appears in the game, which features no characters from the film Jurassic Park III. Mission objectives include constructing roads and feeding creatures in the park. Completing missions ultimately gives the player the ability to create new buildings and conduct research for cloning new dinosaurs. Buildings include hotels and theme park attractions, including tour vehicles that travel along a path determined by the player. Revenue is earned through the buildings and dinosaurs that are located in the park. Revenue is collected in regular intervals, and the player can earn more money by feeding the dinosaurs to level them up. Although the dinosaurs do not require food to survive, feeding the animals will level them up, resulting in higher profits for the player. Carnivorous and herbivorous creatures require their own supply of food, which must be managed by the player to avoid running out. The player can choose to pay real money to purchase in-game currency, as well as supplies such as dinosaur food. Various aspects of the game take time to progress, including the hatching of dinosaur eggs, the clearing of forest land, and shipments of food from the mainland. The player can pay real currency to speed up these parts of the game. In a minigame titled \"Red Zone\", the player must tap on a specific dinosaur to prevent it from escaping its enclosure. In addition to breakouts, the player is occasionally given the option to respond to other emergencies such as storms. Responding to emergencies earns the player additional in-game currency. Aside from Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar, the game features two additional parks that the player can create: Aquatic Park, located on Nublar's seabed, featuring extinct aquatic",
"title": "Jurassic Park Builder"
},
{
"docid": "524169",
"text": "High concept is a type of artistic work that can be easily pitched with a succinctly stated premise. It can be contrasted with low concept, which is more concerned with character development and other subtleties that are not as easily summarized. The origin of the term is disputed. Terminology High-concept narratives are typically characterised by an overarching \"what if?\" scenario that catalyses the following events. Many summer blockbuster movies are built on a high-concept idea, such as \"what if we could clone dinosaurs?\" as in Jurassic Park. High-concept narratives differ from analogous narratives. In the case of the latter, a high-concept story may be employed to allow commentary on an implicit subtext. A prime example of this might be George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, which asks, \"What if we lived in a future of totalitarian government?\" while simultaneously generating social comment and critique aimed at Orwell's own (real-world) contemporary society. Similarly, the Gene Roddenberry sci-fi series Star Trek went beyond the high concept storytelling of a futurist starship crew, by addressing 20th century social issues in a hypothetical and defamiliarising context. Planet of the Apes (1968) likewise engages in social commentary regarding race relations and other topics from modern human society via the lens of the ape civilization, in part as a response by screenplay co-writer Rod Serling to his experiences of anti-semitism. Characteristics The term is often applied to films that are pitched and developed almost entirely upon an engaging premise with broad appeal, rather than standing upon complex character study, cinematography, or other strengths that relate more to the artistic execution of a production. Extreme examples of high-concept films are Snakes on a Plane and Sharknado, which describe their entire premises in their titles. A movie described as being \"high-concept\" is considered easy to sell to a wide audience because it delivers upon an easy-to-grasp idea. This simple narrative can often be summed up with a single iconic image, such as the theme park logo from Jurassic Park. Along with having well-defined genre and aesthetics, high-concept films have marketing guidelines known as \"the look, the hook and the book\". The look of the film is simply how visually appealing it is to the public, usually before its release. Jurassic Park would show the world dinosaurs as they had never been seen before. The hook is the story the film is trying to sell to its audience. Everyone wanted to know how dinosaurs could walk the Earth again after being extinct for 65 million years and how they would coexist with people. The book can be labeled as all the merchandise made to help promote the film. The merchandise in Jurassic Park was destined to sell well, with people wanting the T-shirts and lunch boxes that were shown for sale within the movie itself, with similar merchandise later to be sold at Universal Studios in the gift shop connected to the Jurassic Park ride. Commercial benefits High-concept television series and movies often rely on pre-sold properties such as movie stars",
"title": "High concept"
},
{
"docid": "61769736",
"text": "Battle at Big Rock is a 2019 American short film directed by Colin Trevorrow. It is part of the Jurassic Park franchise and follows the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018). It stars André Holland, Natalie Martinez, Melody Hurd, and Pierson Salvador. The short premiered on FX on September 15, 2019 and was subsequently released online. Plot Set one year after the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, a blended family from Oakland, California goes on a camping trip at the fictional Big Rock National Park in Northern California, approximately from where dinosaurs from Fallen Kingdom were let loose. The film chronicles the first major confrontation between humans and the dinosaurs. The family is enjoying their camping when they are suddenly greeted by a Nasutoceratops and her baby. To their terror, an adult Allosaurus attacks the Nasutoceratops baby and the mother tries to protect her baby. A battle ensues between the two dinosaurs and the family decide to hide inside their RV. Eventually, a third Nasutoceratops appears from the woods, driving back the Allosaurus. The Nasutoceratops escape and the baby of the family starts crying. Hearing the cry, the Allosaurus starts wrecking the RV apart in order to feed on the family hiding inside. After the RV is completely destroyed, the parents and the son begin to fear for the worst. To their relief, their daughter shoots the Allosaurus in its head and eye with a crossbow, which causes the dinosaur to flee. They embrace, though are in complete shock over what just happened. During the closing credits, found footage clips of dinosaurs and other creatures are shown including a pack of Compsognathus chasing after a scared little girl, a Stegosaurus causing a car to swerve and drive off a cliff, fishermen in a boat peacefully passing by a Parasaurolophus on the banks of a river, a Mosasaurus eating a great white shark after the shark eats a seal, and a Pteranodon swooping at a dove that had just been released at a wedding. Cast André Holland as Dennis, the father of the family Natalie Martinez as Mariana, the mother of the family Melody Hurd as Kadasha, Dennis's daughter Pierson Salvador as Mateo, Mariana's son Chris Finlayson as Greg, a friend of the family Noah and Ethan Cole as Dennis and Mariana's baby son and Kadasha and Mateo's half-brother Production Development The idea for the film originated when Universal Studios asked Trevorrow if he would be interested in making a potential Jurassic World short film, and he accepted. Trevorrow wrote the short film with Emily Carmichael, who was already working with him to write Jurassic World Dominion (2022). The short film's story remained the same throughout the project's history, as Trevorrow believed the next logical step for the franchise would be for campers to encounter dinosaurs following the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. To maintain secrecy on the project, no auditions or casting calls were held. A casting director who knew Trevorrow helped lead a secretive search for",
"title": "Battle at Big Rock"
},
{
"docid": "2343984",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by DreamWorks Interactive and Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Electronic Arts and Sega for the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, respectively, in 1997. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. In 1998, a special edition of the game was released for the Sony PlayStation as a Greatest Hits title and featured several modifications to the gameplay. Gameplay The Saturn and PlayStation versions feature identical gameplay. The game features a side-scroller perspective. There are 5 characters in all throughout the course of the game, each with their own special abilities and attributes: Compsognathus, Human Hunter, Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus rex, and Sarah Harding, who is also known as the \"Human Prey\". During gameplay, the character must complete all levels sequentially to gain access to the next character. For each character, there are \"DNA bonuses\" in each level that can be collected for access to storyboard art for that particular character. Actor Jeff Goldblum briefly reprised his role as Ian Malcolm for a secret ending that the player can access if every DNA bonus is collected. The secret ending is a video of Goldblum congratulating the player for finishing the game, but suggesting to go outside and do other activities instead. The Lost World: Jurassic Park ignores the plot of the film, despite featuring some of its dinosaurs and being set on \"Site B\", an island also known as Isla Sorna and used as InGen's dinosaur breeding site. The plot varies with every character, each one struggling to survive on the island, populated by over 20 species of dinosaurs in an environment of escalating chaos. Item pickups for the dinosaur characters are limited to food needed to maintain their strength, while item pickups for the human characters include gas canisters, automatic weapons, health refills, and rocket launchers. The playable dinosaurs' chapters consist of traversing various parts of the island, defending against other predators as well as InGen hunters. The \"Human Hunter\" chapters are largely based in more urban environments, including an underground complex, a geothermal center and an InGen lab. Although objectives are never elaborated on, the Hunter's goal is to eliminate any dinosaur threat. The final chapters involve Harding escaping the island on a cargo ship. Development DreamWorks Interactive announced that they were working on a video game based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park in the third quarter of 1996. In March 1997, Electronic Arts announced that it had secured the distribution and publishing rights for a PlayStation video game adaptation of the film, as part of a deal with DreamWorks. During the first two months of pre-production, producer Patrick Gilmore held daily meetings with his development team to develop a variety of ideas for the game. The ideas were ultimately put into a concept document that included more than 100 pages, some of which offered storyboards and detailed descriptions of each scene",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)"
},
{
"docid": "61908847",
"text": "Jurassic World Live is a live show produced by Feld Entertainment and NBCUniversal based on the Jurassic World franchise. The show started touring arenas around the United States in September 2019, beginning with the Schottenstein Center in Columbus, Ohio. Show Jurassic World Live Tour is a live arena show. Twenty-four dinosaurs are included in the show with seven species in total. These dinosaurs include a 43-foot long T. rex that weighs 8,000 lbs., Blue, the Velociraptor from the Jurassic World franchise, and Pteranodons that will swoop down and pick performers up during the show. The dinosaurs move through animatronics (for the larger dinosaurs) and live acting (for the smaller dinosaurs) in which \"dinoteers\" walk the dinosaurs around the arena while wearing dinosaur costumes. The show also features stunts using props such as a Jurassic World Jeep, motorcycles and a Gyrosphere. The show is canon. The production crew consulted with Steven Spielberg, Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall during the creation of the show, ensuring that there were no continuity errors between the show and the Jurassic World story, as well as ensuring that the dinosaurs, props and tone of the show aligned with that of the Jurassic World franchise. The show features the original score from the movies. Storyline The Jurassic World Live Tour show follows an original storyline that takes place at some point between the first two Jurassic World movies. The story is written by Shawn Thomas and Steve Jarczak and directed by Dan Shipton and Ross Nicholson. The story begins on the day Jurassic World falls and ends before the beginning of the adventures shown in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The story will focus around a team of scientists led by Dr. Kate Walker that have been working on a \"Dino-Decoder,\" a device that allows humans to understand dinosaur emotions. After the Indominus rex escapes on Isla Nublar, the team becomes separated. It is not until later on when the \"Dino-Decoder\" sends out a signal that the team discovers that Jeannie - a Troodon that the team had been testing the device on - is still alive. As the team sets out on a quest to save her, they discover that InGen still intends to weaponize dinosaurs and that they are intrigued by the \"Dino-Decoder\" and Jeannie. The adventure moves to an InGen facility in Chile, where conflict breaks out featuring dinosaur-on-dinosaur and dinosaur-on-human battles. The story then circles back to Isla Nublar. References Works based on Jurassic Park",
"title": "Jurassic World Live"
},
{
"docid": "56188730",
"text": "Dinosaur suits are a type of costumed character or creature suit resembling a dinosaur. Dinosaur suits are also called dinosaur costumes. Such costumes were used in film and television and as mascots for decades, reflecting dinosaurs' prominence in the arts and entertainment. Usually operators use two cable-pulled handle to control the motions. Realistic dinosaur suits also gained popularity for live shows following the success of Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. An experienced performer can make lifelike movements with a dinosaur suit. They are also used in theme parks and in an educational context at various museums. Inflatable dinosaur suits have been used for pranks, gags, and protests. Film and television Dinosaur suits were first used in early monster movies, such as Gorgo (1961), which featured a T-Rex like monster. They continued to be used in films such as Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend (1985) which used animatronic brontosaurus suits with radio-controlled heads, and in television series like Dinosaurs (1991), a sitcom with a family of dinosaurs. The film Jurassic Park (1993) used dinosaur suits for some of the creatures, such as Velociraptor and Deinonychus. In modern-day movies such as Jurassic World (2015), this was instead done using CGI. In children's television, Barney, an anthropomorphic purple dinosaur, was used in the show Barney & Friends alongside other dinosaurs, becoming widely known in pop culture. Live action Some sports teams have dinosaur mascots represented by costumes, such as Arsenal F.C., Toronto Raptors, Colorado Rockies, Calgary Dinos and NC Dinos. For Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular, puppet-suits of dinosaurs such as the baby T-Rex and Utahraptors were created by Creature Technology Co. for use on stage alongside larger remote-controlled animatronics. These suits had the performer's legs visible, to make the leg shape more realistic. Feathers were later added to them due to recent discoveries about dinosaur plumage. Because of the show's ongoing popularity, these types of suits also became popular for live appearances, with and without the performer's visible legs, and including other types of suits such as two-person triceratops and stegosaurus costumes. As part of their Jurassic Park attractions, Universal Studios created several realistic dinosaur suits for their theme parks, including Velociraptors and a life size adult Triceratops that was also used to advertise the movies. The dinosaur suits utilised in Universal studios appear to replicate the method used for the dinosaurs in the classic Jurassic Park films. They are capable of complex behaviours such as roaring, snapping, trying to eat the guests or even showing affection in ways such as rubbing their heads or noses on the guests. Dinosaur suits created by the company Erth are used to teach students about dinosaurs at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in the \"Dinosaur Encounters\" show, including a baby triceratops and baby T-Rex. The vocalizations of the suits are made by the performers themselves through a microphone and speaker. Other museums also began to use dinosaur suits as attractions, such as THEMUSEUM in Ontario. In 2015,",
"title": "Dinosaur suit"
},
{
"docid": "32242633",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It was released on September 16, 1997. By this time the Genesis was near the end of its commercial lifespan, and months went by between new software releases for the console. The Lost World: Jurassic Park is based on the film of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. Gameplay Unlike the previous Jurassic Park games for the Genesis, the game features a bird's-eye view perspective similar to Jurassic Park on the Super NES. The player assumes the role of an unnamed character who must capture dinosaurs on Isla Sorna, while stopping rival hunters from transporting dinosaurs to the mainland. The game consists of nineteen missions spread across four sections of the island, referred to as Sites One through Four. Boss levels must be played at the end of each Site in order to advance to the next Site. Two players can work together in Cooperative Mode, or work against each other in Competitive Mode. Weapons such as a taser, tranquilizer gun, shotgun and grenades can be used against hunters and dinosaurs. At times, the player can control vehicles such as an SUV and a hovercraft. Development The game was originally scheduled to release in August 1997. This was pushed to September 1997. Reception Game Informer gave the game an 8.25 out of 10 and wrote, \"We can honestly say that this game is more fun than the PlayStation/Saturn version. [...] We'd love to see more titles like The Lost World for Genesis. It's entertaining and pushes the Genesis to its limits.\" Game Informer also praised the game's graphics, but noted \"when there's a lot of on-screen action, the slow down does become frustrating.\" GamePro instead considered the graphics unimpressive by Genesis standards, citing muted colors, simple backgrounds, and small sprites. The reviewer also described the gameplay as boring. See also Jurassic Park video games The Lost World: Jurassic Park (video game), a listing of games based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park References External links 1997 video games Cooperative_video_games Jurassic Park video games Video games based on adaptations Sega Genesis games Sega Genesis-only games Video games developed in Hungary Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands",
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Sega Genesis game)"
},
{
"docid": "14363937",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! is a 2001 video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure for Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. Gameplay consists of the player(s) going around on a virtual board game map. Knowledge Adventure also concurrently developed and published Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender. Certain aspects of Dino Defender were re-used for Danger Zone!. Gameplay InGen's supply of dinosaur DNA is nearly destroyed after an earthquake comes to Jurassic Park. As in Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender, the player is again cast as a Dino Defender. The player must go to Jurassic Park to retrieve new DNA samples. The game includes a multiplayer for up to 2 players. The Dino Defender Chief, a character who serves as both an authority figure and narrator, returns from the previous game to guide the player through menus. Danger Zone! also recycles several cutscenes, menu designs, animations, and audio from Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender. In the game the tokens are SUVs. The player goes around Jurassic Park on a board-like version of it. The player's mission is to collect four DNA samples from a dinosaur chosen at the start of the game. Dinosaurs include T. rex, Spinosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Compsognathus, Pteranodon, Velociraptor, and Stegosaurus. The player can buy items, which can be used against dinosaurs. Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! features a variety of diverse mini-games. Many mini-games are side-scrolling games that feature the same armored character used in Dino Defender. Other mini-games such as \"Raging Raptors\" involves the player controlling a raptor and fighting another raptor, or hunting in a field to obtain DNA of dinosaurs using a helicopter. When the player has filled the \"DNA meter\" with the DNA of the chosen dinosaur, the creature is then cloned and the player wins the game. Reception Christy Wasson of GameZone had expected more action from a Jurassic Park game. She praised the graphics, and the sound effects of the game's helicopters and \"somewhat realistic\" dinosaurs, but also felt that the animation and narration \"could use some work\". Wasson also criticized the game's slow loading times, its easy difficulty, and wrote that having to compete against the computer AI is boring. Wasson also believed the game's concept would have worked better with a different theme, rather than as a board game. Jinny Gudmundsen of USA Today recommended the game for children over the age of 10 because of dinosaur violence. Gudmundsen considered the game's multiplayer option superior to its single-player mode, and said that gameplay could become boring once all the minigames have been played. Jason MacIsaac of The Electric Playground enjoyed the large collection of mini-games, but he criticized the game's long sessions, slow loading times, and the difficulty of the \"Raging Raptors\" mini-game. Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone! sold an estimated 210,000 copies, totaling $4.6 million in revenue. In August 2006, Next Generation listed the game at number 97 on its list of \"Top 100 PC Games of the 21st Century\", which",
"title": "Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!"
},
{
"docid": "4510457",
"text": "Koparion is a genus of small coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur, from the late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian stage), of Utah. It contains the single named species Koparion douglassi which is known only from a single isolated tooth. Discovery In 1993, Daniel Chure and Brooks Britt reported the discovery of small theropod remains, found by screenwashing large amounts of earth in the Rainbow Park near Dinosaur National Monument in Uintah County, Utah. In 1994, Chure named and described a unique tooth as the type specimen of the new species Koparion douglassi. The generic name Koparion comes from the Ancient Greek κοπάριον, \"small surgical knife\", in reference to the small size of the tooth. The specific name honors Earl Douglass, who, in the early twentieth century, excavated the Dinosaur National Monument quarry. The holotype specimen, DINO 3353, was found in the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation dating from the late Kimmeridgian, about 151 million years old. The taxon is thus present in stratigraphic zone 6 of the Morrison Formation. The specimen consists of a single maxillary (upper cheek) tooth crown (the root is missing). It cannot be determined whether it represents a left or a right tooth. Description The tooth is two millimeters tall and very recurved, with a strongly convex front edge and a nearly vertical back edge. The tooth is stout, with a maximum fore-aft length of 1.9 millimeters. Both edges are serrated, showing low rectangular denticles (individual serrations). The twelve denticles on the rear edge are much higher than the fourteen on the front edge, which cover only the nearly horizontal upper part of the front edge. The tooth base, though very wide, is constricted. The base is asymmetrical, with the right side in front view protruding much further than the left side; because it is not known whether it is a left or right tooth, it cannot be established what is the inner and what the outer side. The denticles are separated by \"blood grooves\", and \"blood pits\" are also present. The back denticles point obliquely upwards but have no hooked upper corners. Classification Chure assigned Koparion to the Troodontidae based on the anatomy of the tooth. At that time, it was the oldest known troodontid, and is the first of that group discovered from the Jurassic. A troodontid presence in the Jurassic was predicted by the standard theory regarding the origin of birds, claiming that birds and troodontids are closely related (Chure suggested that they may even have been sister taxa, though this is not currently supported). Within this context, Koparion could be used to refute the temporal paradox argument, that such a close relationship were unlikely because the then oldest known bird, Archaeopteryx, lived much earlier than the Deinonychosauria, i.e. the Troodontidae and the Dromaeosauridae; later also non-fragmentary Jurassic troodontid material was reported, from China. See also List of dinosaurs Hesperornithoides - Another troodontid reported from the Jurassic. Timeline of troodontid research References Late Jurassic dinosaurs of North America Troodontids Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation Fossil",
"title": "Koparion"
},
{
"docid": "68464954",
"text": "Jurassic Park is a 1993 platform game developed and published by Sega for the Game Gear. Another version, with identical gameplay, was also released for the Master System. The game is based on the 1993 film of the same name. It was praised for its graphics, but criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Gameplay Jurassic Park is a platform game set at a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Nublar. The dinosaurs escape after the failure of the electric fence enclosures, and the player is tasked with rounding up the animals. The game features five areas of Isla Nublar. The player can play the first four areas in any order, but cannot access the final area – Jurassic Park's Visitor Center – until the others are completed. Each area begins with a driving level, played from a side-scrolling perspective, as the player shoots at oncoming dinosaurs. The player then proceeds on foot, and is armed with three weapons. The player can jump and hang from ledges. Medical kits can be collected to refill the player's health bar, while bottles can be collected to expand the health bar. At the end of each area is a boss enemy, such as Brachiosaurus, Pteranodon, Triceratops, and Velociraptor. The final boss enemy is a Tyrannosaurus rex. The Master System version has identical gameplay. In both versions, Jurassic Park is opened to the public upon completion of the game. Reception Jurassic Park received praise for its graphics, but was criticized for its short length and easy gameplay. Sega Visions wrote: \"Even without the hot Jurassic Park license, this portable action game would stand on its own with solid graphics and game play\". Richard Longhurst of Sega Power called it \"the most shameful film licence game ever to disgrace the Gear\". Rob Pegley, also writing for Sega Power, reviewed the Master System version and found the gameplay to be unoriginal. The game was generally praised by four critics writing for Electronic Gaming Monthly, although two were unimpressed with the driving portions of the game. Mean Machines opined that the game had a lack of levels and variety. The game's music received praise and criticism. \"Scary Larry\" of GamePro stated that the sound effects \"are stale, but effective\", writing that the game \"tries to emulate the roar of the beasts and the sounds of the jungle, but the dinosaurs end up sounding sickly\". Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games praised the sampled dinosaur roars. Mean Machines found them to be \"awful\", and also criticized the \"instantly forgettable music\". References External links Jurassic Park at MobyGames 1993 video games Jurassic Park video games Game Gear games Master System games Platformers Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Single-player video games",
"title": "Jurassic Park (Game Gear video game)"
},
{
"docid": "11134473",
"text": "Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender is a 2001 side-scrolling video game developed and published by Knowledge Adventure. It is based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. The player is depicted as a person in a bio-mechanical suit hired by Jurassic Park to bring power back to the electrified fences and capture all the free-roaming dinosaurs. A modified version of the game's first level, as well as some of the game's animation and audio, was re-used for another video game titled Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!, also developed and published by Knowledge Adventure. Plot After a training mission, the player is shown a cutscene of a typhoon raging across Jurassic Park, a dinosaur theme park on the fictional island of Isla Sorna. Power to the island and its electrified fences is cut off from the storm, allowing the dinosaurs to escape. The player is briefed that all the dinosaurs must be captured \"before they destroy one another\". The player controls a Dino Defender, a person inside a bio-mechanical suit. The character first lands on a beach with a few Compsognathus on it. Soon after, the character runs into some Velociraptors at a small cliff. The character advances and then must swim while avoiding jellyfish and purple seaweed. The character advances to an underwater cavern, where raptors and stegosaurs are encountered and must be captured or avoided. The character then discovers a steep ravine and is knocked over a cliff by a Pteranodon. The character climbs the cliff, jumping over many gaps while avoiding pterosaurs. At the top of the cliff, the character escapes baby pteranodons and a Tyrannosaurus rex. The T. rex then chases the character and falls down a pit after it crosses an unstable bridge, but survives. The character goes into the jungle and avoids additional dinosaurs, before going down a waterfall. The character avoids a T. rex and discovers a construction elevator. A Spinosaurus arrives and the character escapes on vines. The T. rex and Spinosaurus face off, with the Spinosaurus fleeing. The character moves from the Tyrannosaurus pen to tunnels, where more Velociraptors must be captured. The character escapes to the visitor center and encounters the Spinosaurus. The character activates flip switches which cause the visitor center's dinosaur skeletons to crush the Spinosaurus. After leaving the visitor center, multiple helicopters fly off with the dinosaurs the character had tranquilized. Gameplay The six levels of Dino Defender consist of fast-paced quick thinking challenges. The player must move around obstacles and find supply boxes, switch on circuit breakers and avoid dinosaurs. Helicopters drop supply boxes onto the island, which contain gear such as a net, a tranquilizer or a distractor flare which can be used to capture or distract dinosaurs. \"Call boxes\" can be used to lure dinosaurs and various other weapons to tranquilize them. \"Circuit Breakers\" scattered around the island can be switched on to activate the island's electricity. To collect gear to capture/tranquilize a certain dinosaur, the player must find a 'supply box' which contains a",
"title": "Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender"
}
] | [
"Dilophosaurus"
] |
train_41502 | who plays the voice of mittens in bolt | [
{
"docid": "24543179",
"text": "Super Rhino is a 2009 American animated comedy direct-to-video short film, produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and starring the characters from feature film Bolt. Directed by Nathan Greno, the short film picks up sometime after the conclusion of Bolt. The excitable and TV obsessed hamster Rhino finds out his friends Penny and Bolt have been kidnapped. Rhino has to save them from the evil Dr. Calico. The short inspires Bolt: The Video Game and is a spin-off to the fictional TV show featuring Bolt. Super Rhino was included in the 2009 DVD and Blu-Ray release of Bolt. Plot Penny and Bolt have been captured by the evil Dr. Calico, suspended above a pool of lava & they couldn’t speak,inside a heavily guarded warehouse on an island in the middle of nowhere - a base which is impenetrable to both people and dogs. Penny's father watches the events from his lab through a secret camera imbedded in Bolt's collar and worries that he cannot save her. Discovering that no man or dog can break into Dr. Calico's base, he turns to Rhino, who is watching TV in the background. In order to save Penny and Bolt, Rhino is put through the same procedure as Bolt to give him super-powers. Rhino uses his newly found powers to fly across the sea and crash land outside the armed base encased in his ball. Rhino's battle with the guard is witnessed by Penny, Bolt and Dr. Calico from the inside, with helicopters and cars crashing into the side of the building. Rhino uses his heat-vision to create an opening in the wall. Once inside, Rhino uses his eye-beams to defeat the armed guards and commandeers a flying missile, riding it like a surfboard to aim at Dr. Calico, though the missile misses. Instead, Rhino uses his \"super squeak\" (similar to Bolt’s \"super bark\") ability to finish the villain off. With Penny and Bolt saved, Rhino walks away. Rhino is next seen on stage performing \"The Best of Both Worlds\"; the theme song from Hannah Montana (by co-star Miley Cyrus), where it is revealed that Rhino has been dreaming his adventures all along. Mittens wakes him up, telling him that she's not a fan of his singing. The short ends with another dream sequence, this time about Rhino being selected by the President to defeat Calico once again. Cast Mark Walton as Rhino Miley Cyrus as Penny Susie Essman as Mittens Malcolm McDowell as Dr. Calico Sean Donnellan as Penny's TV Dad Randy Savage as Thug See also List of Disney Animated Shorts and Featurettes Walt Disney Animation Studios References External links 2009 animated short films Bolt (franchise) American animated comedy films Computer-animated short films 2009 computer-animated films American animated short films 2000s Disney animated short films Films directed by Nathan Greno Films scored by John Powell 2000s English-language films Animated films about rodents Films produced by Clark Spencer Films about dreams Hamsters",
"title": "Super Rhino"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "20082212",
"text": "The Lime Works is a novel by Thomas Bernhard, first published in German in 1970. It is a complex surrealist work, where the creativity and resourcefulness of a destructive personality is marshalled against itself in a nightmarish narration. Synopsis The story opens with a description of a woman’s brains scattered across the floor of an abandoned lime works, and a half-frozen man crouching on the ground nearby, covered in manure. From this first grotesque scene, Bernhard begins his story, a compelling tale of two people insidiously bound to each other, told through a hypnotic wave of voices – the people of the small Austrian town nearby (Sicking), the officials, the salesmen, the chimney sweeps, the local gossips, the couple themselves. The man, Konrad, is consumed with his work – a book that is to be both visionary and definitive, the ultimate treatise on the subject of hearing. His wife, a cripple, is the victim of his obsessive experiments: he whispers one phrase in her ear, over and over, hundreds of times, demanding from her impossible degrees of aural discrimination. She has no way of knowing, or no strength to tell herself, whether he is a deluded madman or a genius. For three decades, he has been waiting for the ideal moment, the perfect constellation of circumstances, to arise, so that he may begin writing down his conclusions. But he never begins, and he is now an old man. We watch as he compulsively invites his own ruin. We feel him creep from one moment to the next, terrified of failure. Suppose he started writing and then caught a cold? Suppose he finished and his tome was judged worthless? Or his wife destroyed it? Even amidst the total isolation of the lime works, where they live, he is continually distracted. He hallucinates about prowlers. He hoards bits of food for dreaded visitors. And she torments him. He must feed her, read to her, bring her cider from the deep cellar (one glass at the time), maintain her voluminous correspondence with servants he has long ago forgotten, try on a mitten she has been knitting and unravelling for years, tend the earaches she develops from constant experiments... until the monotony and heartlessness of their life together shatters in a bloodbath. Excerpt The many voices narrating the novel appear within brackets (and Laska’s is the local tavern): \"...Konrad’s wife, whose maiden name was Zryd, a woman almost totally crippled by decades of taking the wrong medication, and who had consequently spent half her lifetime hunched over in her custom-built French invalid chair, but who is now, as Wieser puts it, out of her misery, was taught by Konrad how to use a Mannlicher carbine, a weapon the otherwise defenseless woman kept out of sight but always within reach, with the safety off, behind her chair, and it was with this gun that Konrad killed her on the night of December 24–25, with two shots in the back of her head (Fro); two shots",
"title": "The Lime Works"
},
{
"docid": "44498470",
"text": "The Doozers is an animated television series that is a spin-off to Fraggle Rock. The series is co-produced by the Halifax studio of DHX Media and The Jim Henson Company, and was developed in association with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The series originally premiered in Australia on Nick Jr. on October 7, 2013. The series began its US run as a Hulu exclusive on April 25, 2014. Turner's Cartoonito and Boomerang also aired it within European countries and Africa, as well as Cartoon Network Asia. On September 12, 2017, it was renewed for a second season. It premiered on May 25, 2018. Premise In the self-sustainable community of Doozer Creek located just beyond the view of humans, the show focuses on the Doozer Pod Squad (consisting of Daisy Wheel, Flex, Spike, and Mollybolt). Characters Main Spike Doozer (voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk) is the member of the Pod Squad who pushes the other Pod Squad members into action. He is the son of Chief Doozer and the older brother of Daisy Wheel Doozer. He has a brown nose and brown hair and wears a blue hat, socks and wristbands. Molly Bolt Doozer (voiced by Jenna Warren) is a Pod Squad member who enjoys organizing events. She can also make lists, maps, and graphs. She has a purple nose and purple hair and wears a pink hat, socks and shirt. Flex Doozer (voiced by Trek Buccino in season 1 and Tyler Barish in season 2) lives on his grandparents farm and uses his room as his workshop. Flex pilots the Pod Squad's vehicles. He has a yellow nose and yellow hair and wears an orange hat, socks and wristbands. Daisy Wheel Doozer (voiced by Millie Davis) is the youngest and smallest of the Doozer Pod Squad. She is the younger sister of Spike Doozer and the daughter of Chief Doozer. She has a blue nose and blue hair and wears a purple hat, socks and shirt. Chief's family Chief Doozer (voiced by Heather Bambrick) is the Chief of Doozer Creek who is the mother of Spike Doozer and Daisy Wheel Doozer. Architect's family Chief Architect Doozer is the wife of Baker and mother of Molly. Baker Timberbolt Doozer (voiced by David Berni) is the father of Molly Bolt Doozer and the husband of Chief Architect Doozer. He runs the bakery shop in Doozer Creek. Peg Bolt Doozer (voiced by Lisa Norton) Others Doozer Doodad (voiced by David Berni) – Manager of the Doozer Creek supply depot, where the Pod Squad gets the supplies for their projects. Pinball Gimbal (voiced by Lisa Norton) Professor Gimbal wears glasses and has a purplish-white color in his nose and hair, wearing a light blue helmet. He manages the Doozarium, where the Pod Squad meet. He issues challenges, and makes suggestions, for various projects for the Pod Squad to complete. Baxter was advertised for the series but has not appeared yet. He had a brown nose and brown hair. Voice cast David Berni – Baker Timberbolt Doozer",
"title": "The Doozers"
},
{
"docid": "52281037",
"text": "Marvel's Inhumans, or simply Inhumans, is an American television series created by Scott Buck for ABC based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's other television series. It was produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television in association with Devilina Productions, and was co-financed by IMAX Entertainment in a deal that gave the series a theatrical premiere. Buck served as showrunner on the series. The series is centered on Black Bolt, portrayed by Anson Mount, and other members of the Inhuman Royal Family. Serinda Swan, Ken Leung, Eme Ikwuakor, Isabelle Cornish, Ellen Woglom, and Iwan Rheon also star. Marvel Studios announced an Inhumans film in 2014 as part of their Phase Three slate of films, with the species first introduced to the MCU in the series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The film was removed from Marvel Studios' slate in April 2016, and the Inhumans series was announced that November, to be partly filmed using IMAX cameras. Buck joined the series in October, and Mount was cast in February 2017. Filming took place from March to June 2017, at the former Naval Air Station Barbers Point airfield in Kalaeloa, Hawaii and various locations on the island of Oahu. Inhumans debuted on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, the first live-action television series to do so. The theatrical run lasted two weeks, before the series premiered on ABC on September 29 and ran for eight episodes, concluding on November 10. The series was met with unfavorable reviews and low television ratings, and was canceled by ABC in May 2018. Mount reprised his role as an alternate version of Black Bolt in Marvel Studios' MCU film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Premise After a military coup, the Inhuman Royal Family escape to Hawaii, where they must save themselves and the world. Cast and characters Main Anson Mount as Black Bolt:The Head of the Inhuman Royal Family and King of Attilan, whose voice can cause destruction with the slightest whisper. Showrunner Scott Buck called Black Bolt enigmatic and fascinating because \"a lot of times, we don't know what he's thinking\", and noted the difficulty of writing a character who \"does not speak, but yet he is our hero and the center of the show\". Buck specifically ruled out the series using voice over, with Black Bolt instead communicating via sign language. Premiere director Roel Reiné told Mount to just use 15 or 16 signs, but Mount decided to create his own sign system. He explained that since the character is not from Earth, he would not know Earth-based systems such as American Sign Language (ASL). Mount borrowed the underlying rules of ASL but then \"double-check[ed] my signs against ASL to make sure there is no overlap\", and also studied orchestra conductors. Mount created a document for his language with over 50 pages, and felt that if he could develop the language over several seasons, it could become",
"title": "Inhumans (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "27818012",
"text": "The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas is an independent animated short film and a parody of How the Grinch Stole Christmas! written and directed by John Wardlaw and animated by Andy Angrand. The film features the final performance of actor Jonathan Harris and co-stars Tress MacNeille. The film also features an original score by Gary Stockdale and music by director John Wardlaw's band, Anti-m. Jonathan Harris Written in 1997, the script was presented to Jonathan Harris in 1998 though it was not until 2000 that his voice work was actually recorded. Harris died on November 3, 2002, long before the film was completed making it his last film. In 2006 an additional scene was added to the film and Jonathan Harris' former Lost In Space co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright and Marta Kristen added their voices to the film. The film was dedicated in his memory. Production and release Completed in 2009 the film made its first appearance at the non-theatrical 2009 Los Angeles Reel Film Festival where it was honored with three awards. In 2010 it made its theatrical world premier in the home town of film-maker John Wardlaw at the 25th Annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival (SBIFF). Between December 2009 and December 2011, the film played in 30 film festivals, winning 13 awards. Its final theatrical appearance was at L’hybride in Lille France. Considering the film features a cast from the TV series Lost In Space it was interesting that two of the films praises came from writers from the original series of Star Trek. \"It had a great animation style, clever and slightly naughty story (well put together) and was totally enjoyable!\" claimed D. C. Fontana \"I laughed my nuts off,\" stated David Gerrold. In 2011 The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas was released on DVD as part of a collection of short films and music videos by Wardlaw. The DVD bonus features include early animations and audio outtakes. The film was licensed to ShortsHD and ShortsTV in 2014. Awards See also List of Christmas films References External links Official website American independent films American animated short films 2009 animated short films 2000s Christmas films 2009 films 2000s American animated films American Christmas films 2000s English-language films English-language Christmas films",
"title": "The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas"
},
{
"docid": "40706081",
"text": "New Demons is the fourth studio album by American electronicore band I See Stars, released on October 22, 2013 through Sumerian Records. The album was originally set for release on August 13, before being pushed back to September 17, and again to October 22 for unknown reasons. The album marks a progression of the sound in their previous album Digital Renegade, with Zach Johnson having a much bigger vocal role, as well as having a much more prominent EDM sound. The song \"Violent Bounce\" was the first single to be released. It was uploaded to YouTube via the Sumerian Records channel. \"Murder Mitten\" and the title track, \"New Demons\", were to follow. The band did performances of the song \"Ten Thousand Feet\" to give fans a taste of what is going to be on the rest of the album before its release. Klayton of Celldweller, Mutrix, and Razihel all provided additional programming for some of the tracks. It is the final album to feature unclean vocalist/keyboardist Zach Johnson and rhythm guitarist Jimmy Gregerson before they were dismissed from the band in June 2015. Background The album had been worked on by the band immediately after their previous album, Digital Renegade, was finished. The song \"Ten Thousand Feet\" was the only song played from the album before it was released. The song \"Violent Bounce\" was released as the first single from the album several months before the album release date, accompanied by a lyric video. The song \"Murder Mitten\" is written about brothers Devin and Andrew Oliver's relationship with their mother, who was an alcoholic during their childhood. A remix version entitled New Demons (Remixes) was released on February 23, 2015. Featuring eight remixes from various producers, showcasing many styles of EDM. Reception The album debuted on Billboard 200 at No. 28, No. 10 on the Top Rock Albums Albums chart, selling 10,000 copies in its first week. It has sold 47,000 copies in the United States as of June 2016. Track listing Personnel I See Stars Devin Oliver – clean vocals Zach Johnson – unclean vocals, keyboards, synthesizers, sequencer, programming Brent Allen – lead guitar Jimmy Gregerson – rhythm guitar Jeff Valentine – bass guitar Andrew Oliver – drums, percussion, backing vocals; additional clean vocals on \"Murder Mitten\" Production Jake Klein – additional writing for \"Murder Mitten\", \"We're Not in Kansas Anymore\" and \"Who Am I?\" Joey Valentine – additional writing for \"Murder Mitten\", \"We're Not in Kansas Anymore\" and \"Who Am I?\", additional production Joey Sturgis – production, engineering, mixing, mastering Shawn Keith – executive producer, art direction Nick Scott – guitars, bass and vocals engineering, guitar and bass editing Chuck Alkazian – drum engineering Josh Karpowicz – assistant drum engineering at Pearl Sound Studios, Canton, Michigan Jeff Dunne – drum editing Kacey Dodson – vocal editing Scott \"Celldweller\" Albert, Nicolò \"Razihel\" Arquilla and James \"Mutrix\" Ruehlmann – additional production Matt Dalton – additional production, additional gang vocals at 37 Studios, Michigan Dylan Kuhn – painting and wall photography",
"title": "New Demons"
},
{
"docid": "43839916",
"text": "Kate & Mim-Mim is an animated children's television series created by husband-and-wife duo, Scott and Julie Stewart. Produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment in season 1 and later by DHX Media in season 2 with FremantleMedia Kids & Family, the first episode premiered on Disney Junior in the United States on December 19, 2014 until July 2, 2017 when Disney Junior lost the rights to air the series. The series also premiered in the United Kingdom on CBeebies on October 30, 2016. The show focuses on the friendship and adventures of a little girl named Kate and her favorite toy, a plush bunny named Mim-Mim who go on daring adventures in the fictional world of Mimiloo. Characters Kate is the main protagonist. She is a 5-year-old girl who wears colored clothes and is best friends with a stuffed bunny named Mim-Mim. Kate is voiced by Maryke Hendrikse in North America and Jessica Hann in the UK. Mim-Mim, a plush purple bunny, is Kate's best friend. Mim-Mim is voiced by Lee Tockar in North America and by Rob Foster in the UK. Valerie is Kate's mother. Valerie is voiced by Nicole Oliver in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK. Marco is Kate's father. Marco is voiced by David Godfrey in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK. Boomer is a blue creature and Lily's younger brother. He is voiced by Maryke Hendrikse in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK. Lily is a pink creature and Boomer's older sister. She is voiced by Tabitha St. Germain in North America and Jess Robinson in the UK. Gobble is a giant brown badger, voiced by Brian Drummond in North America and Terrence Mann in the UK. Tach is an orange-yellow creature, voiced by Matt Hill in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK. Broadcast Other international broadcasters that have picked up the series include DR (Denmark), SVT (Sweden), Clan (Spain), Panda (Portugal), Super RTL (Germany), Tiji (France), JimJam (Central and Eastern Europe), PBS (Thailand) and Okto (Singapore). Episodes Season 1 (2014-15) Rip Roaring Race (1 September 2014) The Need for Seed (2 September 2014) Color Me Happy (3 September 2014) Kittens and Mittens (4 September 2014) Tail Tale (5 September 2014) Mirror Mirror (8 September 2014) Boomer Size (9 September 2014) Mim Mim's Moon Mishap (10 September 2014) Tee Hee Rex (11 September 2014) Mega Music Maker (12 September 2014) Lost Island (15 September 2014) Flight of the Flowers (16 September 2014) A Case of the Giggles (17 September 2014) Hiccups and Night Fun (18 September 2014) Cloud Castle (19 September 2014) Snow Bowling (22 September 2014) Valentine Friends (23 September 2014) A Storybook Ending (24 September 2014) Balloon Buddies (25 September 2014) Twinkle Twinkle (26 September 2014) Snifferific (29 September 2014) Summer Funday Drive (30 September 2014) Mega Mim (1 October 2014) Kate the Great (2 October 2014) Clean Sweep (3 October 2014) Princess Kate (17 November 2014) Lighter than Air (18 November 2014) Gobble's Gift (19 November",
"title": "Kate & Mim-Mim"
},
{
"docid": "38461327",
"text": "Mihaela Rădulescu (born 3 August 1969) is a Romanian businesswoman, television host and producer, social activist, bestselling author, and columnist. She is also a goodwill ambassador for United Way Worldwide, Hospice House of Hope, and Save the Children and the founder of the charitable children's assistance foundation Fundația Ayan. She has hosted the TV show \"Duminica în familie\" on Antena 1 since 2000, and has hosted or produced programs including Lucky Star, Gala, Punem Pariu că-i vara, Ferma, and Uite cine dansează (Pro TV). Career When Rădulescu was born, her parents were still students. Later, they became teachers. She and her brother, Florin, were raised by their grandparents. Rădulescu attended three colleges, but did not earn a bachelor's degree. She was a student at the National Academy of Physical Education and Sports for three years. She also studied philology and foreign languages for two years and attended courses at the Faculty of Psychology for three years. Rădulescu started her career upon moving to Bucharest. She worked as an instructor of aerobic and fitness gymnastics, a taxi driver (when she was a student), a secretary in the first post-revolution government, a referent at the Office of Foreign Relations and Protocol of the Senate, the head of the cabinet at the Romanian Senate, the director of the International Festival Dakino for three editions, and the director and co-organizer of two editions of the elite international model show, \"Look of the Year\". Rădulescu began a career as a TV host and producer, becoming number 1 in Romania - \"Duminica in familie\" (Sunday in the family) at Antena 1, and \"Your Lucky Star\" at Pro TV. She was the first female journalist to make war documentaries in Iraq and Afghanistan, in 2005 and 2006. During her career, Rădulescu has worked for Tele7ABC, Pro TV, Antena 1, and B1 TV. Rădulescu served as a jury member on Romania's Got Talent at Pro TV, for six years. She has also been a host for \"Dancing with the Stars\" on Pro TV. Since 2017, she has been host of The Farm on Pro TV. In 2021 she served as a jury member on The Masked Singer on Pro TV. In other entertainment work, Rădulescu has appeared in six Romanian films. She was also a voiceover actor as Flame in the animated movie Turbo in 2013 and Mittens in the Disney movie Bolt to dub the films in Romanian. Rădulescu is the author of five best-selling books, published by Polirom Publishing House. She has been on the cover of magazines including Elle, Marie Claire, Unica, Viva, and Cosmopolitan. Rădulescu is an eco-activist, working with To.org and other companies. She was awarded with the Order of Merit by King Mihai of Romania for her humanitarian campaigns and for improving the quality of the public dialogue. She was also awarded Woman of the Year five times for her outstanding philanthropic work and as a social activist. Rădulescu has also received the Tocqueville Award for her charity donations, mostly for hospitals",
"title": "Mihaela Rădulescu"
},
{
"docid": "54221354",
"text": "I Am Bolt is a 2016 British biographical documentary sports film co-directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner and produced by Leo Pearlman. It is based on the life of Jamaican sprinter and three times Olympic gold medalist and World Record holder for 100m, 200m, 4×100m relay, Usain Bolt, the fastest man in recorded human history. The film describes Bolt's journey in winning nine gold medals and the incidents surrounding the Olympic titles. The film was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom and then worldwide. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Cast Usain Bolt himself Pelé himself Neymar himself Serena Williams herself Asafa Powell himself Sebastian himself Ziggy Marley himself Nas with voice Glen Mills himself Ricky Simms himself Chronixx himself Yohan Blake himself Maurice Greene himself Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt – his parents themselves Dwayne Jarrett – Bolt's school coach himself Nugent Walker – Bolt's manager himself Dwayne Barnett himself Reception Critical response I Am Bolt received positive reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 242 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \" Bolt's golden era may be too recent and the sponsors too dominant for any real warts to be included, but his charm and sheer physical wonder make this a compelling watch regardless.\" Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter reacted positively, saying: \"Athletic achievements don’t get much more unbeatable than the records held by Jamaican runner Usain Bolt, who’s won nine consecutive Olympic gold medals and even more World Championship awards. Considered the fastest sprinter who’s ever logged track time, Bolt is a hero to millions and admired on a level comparable to global sports legends like Muhammad Ali and Pele.\" Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it 2/5, stating \"Fans of Usain Bolt will find much to relish in this gushing homage to the nine-time Olympic gold medallist, which chases its idol from his 2015 slump, via scenes of downtime in Jamaica to the podium in Rio. References External links Sports films based on actual events Running films Biographical films about sportspeople Documentary films about sportspeople 2010s biographical films 2016 films Pelé Cultural depictions of track and field athletes Cultural depictions of Jamaican people 2010s English-language films",
"title": "I Am Bolt"
},
{
"docid": "46798001",
"text": "{{Infobox concert | image = | image_caption = Promotional poster for the tour | image_size = | border = yes | artist = Helene Fischer | album = Farbenspiel | start_date = | end_date = | number_of_legs = 2 | number_of_shows = | gross = | last_tour = | this_tour = Farbenspiel Live(2014-15) | next_tour = Helene Fischer Live 2017/2018(2017-18) }}Farbenspiel Live' was a European concert tour by German singer Helene Fischer, in support of her sixth studio album, Farbenspiel''. It began on 25 September 2014, in Riesa, Germany at the Erdgas Arena, continued throughout Europe, and finally concluded on 8 July 2015 in Dresden at Glücksgas Stadium. The tour visited arenas and stadiums throughout 2014 and 2015. The concerts in Berlin in July 2015 were recorded for an Official Live DVD which was released on 4 September 2015. The 2015 part of the Tour was ranked as the 38th biggest International Tour of the year with earnings of about $42,000,000. Fischer is also the most successful German Act on the list for the second year in a row. Set list {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFE6FF; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | header = 2014 - Die Tournee | content = This set list is representative of the performance in Frankfurt. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the 2014 tour. \"Intro\" \"Unser Tag\" \"Und morgen früh küss' ich dich wach\" \"Fehlerfrei\" \"Mitten im Paradies\" \"In diesen Nächten\" \"Wunder dich nicht\" \"Nur wer den Wahnsinn liebt\" \"Interlude Winter\" \"Lass jetzt los (Let it Go)\" \"Vergeben, vergessen und wieder vertrau'n\" \"Bring Me to Life\" (Evanescence cover) \"Feuerwerk\" \"Rock Medley\" (You're the Voice / I Love Rock 'n' Roll / Jump / Livin' on a Prayer / Purple Rain) \"Mit keinem Andern\" \"Interlude Frühling\" \"Der Augenblick\" \"Caruso\" (Lucio Dalla cover) \"Ein kleines Glück\" \"Interlude Sommer\" \"Marathon\" \"Ich habe Fieber / Fever\" (Peggy Lee cover) \"Ich will immer wieder dieses Fieber spüren\" \"Te quiero\" \"Fly\" (Céline Dion cover) \"My Heart Will Go On\" (Céline Dion cover) \"Von hier bis unendlich\" \"Die Hölle morgen früh\" Encore \"Phänomen\" \"Atemlos durch die Nacht\" }} {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFE6FF; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | header = 2015 - Die Stadion-Tournee | content = This set list is representative of the performance in Hamburg. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the 2015 tour. \"Intro\" \"Unser Tag\" \"Und morgen früh küss' ich dich wach\" \"Fehlerfrei\" \"Mitten im Paradies\" \"Wunder dich nicht\" \"Marathon\" \"Te quiero\" \"Interlude Winter\" \"Ich wollte nie erwachsen sein (Nessaja's Lied)\" (Peter Maffay cover) \"Vergeben, vergessen und wieder vertrau'n\" \"Feuerwerk\" \"Party Medley\" (Party Rock Anthem / Seven Nation Army / Sexy / Männer / Sex on fire / The Best) \"Mit keinem Andern\" \"Interlude Sommer\" \"So kann das Leben sein\" \"Everything I Do\" (Bryan Adams cover) \"Ich habe Fieber / Fever\" (Peggy Lee cover) \"Ich will immer wieder dieses Fieber",
"title": "Farbenspiel Live"
},
{
"docid": "41611151",
"text": "John Mitten (born 30 March 1941) is an English former sportsman who played both football and cricket during the 1950s, '60s and '70s. Football career Born in Manchester, Mitten played as a left winger for Mansfield Town, Newcastle United, Leicester City, Coventry City, Plymouth Argyle, Exeter City, Bath City and Trowbridge Town, making 203 appearances in the Football League. After retiring as a player, Mitten became a manager, and was in charge of Tiverton Town and Sidmouth Town. He is the son of fellow footballer Charlie Mitten. Cricket career He was active from 1958 to 1963 for Leicestershire. He appeared in 14 first-class matches as a right-handed batsman who kept wicket. He scored 259 runs with a highest score of 50* and completed 23 catches. References 1941 births Living people English cricketers English men's footballers Footballers from Manchester Leicestershire cricketers Mansfield Town F.C. players Newcastle United F.C. players Leicester City F.C. players Coventry City F.C. players Plymouth Argyle F.C. players Exeter City F.C. players Bath City F.C. players Trowbridge Town F.C. players English Football League players Men's association football wingers English football managers Tiverton Town F.C. managers",
"title": "John Mitten"
},
{
"docid": "4450417",
"text": "Chris Williams (born December 19, 1968) is an American-Canadian animation film director, screenwriter and voice actor who is best known for directing the films Bolt (2008) and Big Hero 6 (2014) and co-directing the film Moana (2016) for Walt Disney Animation Studios, and for directing the film The Sea Beast (2022) for Netflix Animation. Early life Williams was born on December 19, 1968, in Missouri and spent the first 25 years of his life in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, where his father was the director of Counselling Services at the University of Waterloo. Williams graduated from the University of Waterloo with a degree in Fine Arts and then enrolled in the animation program at Sheridan College, Oakville, Ontario. Upon graduation from Sheridan, he was recruited by Disney and moved to Los Angeles. Career Williams previously worked in the story department for Mulan (1998), The Emperor's New Groove (2000) and Frozen (2013), in which he also voiced the character Oaken. In February 2007, it was announced he would direct American Dog, which was re-titled Bolt (2008) and was later joined by Byron Howard, both of them replaced Chris Sanders who was the original director. In July 2010, it was reported by various sources that Williams would direct King of the Elves based on the story by Philip K. Dick. However, in 2012, it was revealed that Williams had joined another Walt Disney Animation film, Big Hero 6, as a co-director inspired by the Marvel Comics of the same name. In November 2018, it was reported that Williams had left Disney and he would write and direct The Sea Beast for Netflix. The Sea Beast was released on Netflix on July 8, 2022. Filmography Feature films Shorts and TV Other credits See also List of University of Waterloo people References External links 1968 births Living people American animated film directors American expatriates in Canada American film directors American male screenwriters American male voice actors Animation screenwriters Animators from Missouri Annie Award winners Directors of Best Animated Feature Academy Award winners Male actors from Missouri People from Kitchener, Ontario Primetime Emmy Award winners Sheridan College animation program alumni University of Waterloo alumni Walt Disney Animation Studios people Netflix people Writers from Ontario",
"title": "Chris Williams (director)"
},
{
"docid": "5273220",
"text": "\"Three Little Kittens\" is an English language nursery rhyme, probably with roots in the British folk tradition. The rhyme as published today however is a sophisticated piece usually attributed to American poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860). With the passage of time, the poem has been absorbed into the Mother Goose collection. The rhyme tells of three kittens who first lose, then find and soil, their mittens. When all is finally set to rights, the kittens receive their mother's approval and some pie. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16150. The poem was published in England in 1827 in a mock review by William Ewart Gladstone, writing as Bartholomew Bouverie, in The Eton Miscellany. A version was later published in 1833 as an anonymous addition to a volume of Follen's verse and in the United States in 1843. Follen may have developed and refined an existing, rude version of the poem, and, in the process, made it her own. The poem is a sophisticated production that avoids the typical moralization of 19th century children's literature in favour of anthropomorphic fantasy, satirical nonsense, and word play. Text The cat and her kittens They put on their mittens, To eat a Christmas pie. The poor little kittens They lost their mittens, And then they began to cry. \"O mother dear, we sadly fear We cannot go to-day, For we have lost our mittens.\" \"If it be so, ye shall not go, For ye are naughty kittens.\" From Gladstone, The Eton Miscellany (1827) The three little kittens they lost their mittens, And they began to cry, Oh, mother dear, we sadly fear Our mittens we have lost What? Lost your mittens, you naughty kittens! Then you shall have no pie. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We shall have no pie. Our mittens we have lost. The three little kittens they found their mittens, And they began to smile, Oh, mother dear, see here, see here, Our mittens we have found What? Found your mittens, you good little kittens, And you shall have some pie. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We shall have some pie. Let us have some pie. The three little kittens put on their mittens, And soon ate up the pie; Oh, mother dear, we greatly fear Our mittens we have soiled What? Soiled your mittens, you naughty kittens! Then they began to sigh, Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. Our mittens we have soiled. Then they began to sigh. The three little kittens they washed their mittens, And hung them out to dry; Oh! mother dear, look here, look here, Our mittens we have washed What? Washed your mittens, you good little kittens, But I smell a rat close by. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We smell a rat close by. Let's all have some pie. From Follen, New Nursery Songs for All Good Children (1843) Background According to Janet Sinclair Gray, author of Race and Time, \"Three Little Kittens\" may have origins in the British folk tradition, but the poem as known today is a",
"title": "Three Little Kittens"
},
{
"docid": "65383201",
"text": "The Mitten (Ukrainian: Рукавичка) is a Ukrainian fairy tale. It remains popular in modern Ukraine and has been translated into other languages. Some of the written records of The Mitten date back to the 19th century and include the folklore collections of Pavlo Chubynsky. and Ivan Rudchenko. Plot There are numerous variations of this Ukrainian folk tale. In the general story, a person loses their mitten in a forest in the snow during a cold winter. One by one, various animals come and settle inside the mitten planning to stay warm. Eventually, the mitten can no longer hold all who want to warm themselves inside. The mitten then splits open and spills out all the animals into the cold. Variations The individual losing the mitten varies - some versions feature a child who loses their mitten. The animals included varies in different versions but often includes a mouse, a frog, a hare, a fox, a wolf, a boar and a bear. The animals fitting into the mitten get progressively larger. In some retellings, each of the animals have adjectives or nicknames. In many retellings, prior to settling in, the new-comer asks permission from the animals already inside. When the mitten can hold no more, sometimes a sneeze causes the animals to no longer fit inside. In some retellings, the person who lost the mitten finds it after the animals have left. Interpretation The story illustrates the Tragedy of the Commons. Translations The Mitten was translated into various languages, including English, Japanese, Azerbaijani, French, German and Russian. One of the most popular versions of The Mitten retold in English is by Jan Brett. In popular culture In 1996 a Ukrainian Animated Film Studio Ukranimafilm released a cartoon The Mitten (N. Marchenkova, а scriptwriter and director). In 2001, Ukrposhta, the postal service of Ukraine, released a Ukrainian Fairy Tale series of stamps, including The Mitten. References M M M",
"title": "The Mitten (folk tale)"
},
{
"docid": "47814429",
"text": "Supergiant is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña, Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013). The character has made several appearances in other media such as animated television and video games. Publication history Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013) and was created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña. Fictional character biography The character Supergiant is a member of Thanos' supervillain team Black Order. While searching for Thanos' son Thane during the Infinity storyline, Supergiant and Corvus Glaive laid siege to the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning and defeated the X-Men. They left after realizing that Thane was not there. In the comic, When the Black Order seized Wakanda, Supergiant was left in control of Black Bolt who she would mentally order to activate the Illuminati's hidden bombs in Wakanda Necropolis. When the Illuminati arrived to save Black Bolt, Supergiant used Black Bolt's ability to defeat the heroes. Upon activating the bomb, Supergiant was faced by Maximus who had the trigger. Maximus triggered the bomb, but also used Lockjaw to transport Supergiant along with the bomb to a distant uninhabited planet where she perished in the explosion. During the \"No Surrender\" arc, Supergiant came back as a psychic projection, along with the rest of the Black Order, thanks to the Challenger who had set them up against Grandmaster's Lethal Legion. During the battle in Antarctica, the Black Order retreat after Corvus Glaive is killed. Supergiant stays to take control of Thor, but is dissipated by Lethal Legion member Ferene the Other. Powers and abilities Supergiant, in the series, has telepathic abilities, which allow her to mind-control anyone and feed on their intellect. At some point, she was transformed into a psionic entity. Out of her transformation, Supergiant gained the power to phase through living beings and obstacles. She also became immune to physical damage. Reception Accolades In 2022, Screen Rant included Supergiant in their \"10 Best Cosmic Villains Not Yet In The MCU\" list. In 2022, CBR.com ranked Supergiant 3rd in their \"MCU: Every Member Of Thanos’ Black Order, Ranked By Power\" list. In other media Television Supergiant appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Hynden Walch. Supergiant appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced again by Hynden Walch. This version lacks psychic powers, but can grow to a gigantic size and previously dated Star-Lord prior to the series' events. In the episode \"Undercover Angle\", Supergiant is imprisoned by the Nova Corps until the Guardians of the Galaxy accidentally free her while infiltrating the organization, though Gamora is able to subdue her. In the episode \"Come and Gut Your Love\", Supergiant works with another ex-girlfriend of Star-Lord's, Lucy, to attack him after discovering he is J'son's son. Video games Supergiant appears as a mini-boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Supergiant appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Marvel Future Fight. Supergiant appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 as part of the Infinity",
"title": "Supergiant (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "64365104",
"text": "White Fang () is a 2018 animated film directed by Alexandre Espigares. Based on the 1906 book White Fang by Jack London, the film features the voices of Nick Offerman, Rashida Jones, Paul Giamatti, and Eddie Spears as natives of Alaska who, at different times, come to know White Fang, a free spirited and at times violent wolfdog who eventually bonds with Offerman's character, a gentle master named Weedon Scott. The film also features Dave Boat, Daniel Hagen, and Stephen Kramer Glickman in the original English version, and Virginie Efira, Raphaël Personnaz, and Dominique Pinon in the French dub. The film premiered at Sundance Film Festival in January 2018. After a limited theatrical run in France and the United States, Netflix acquired the film and released it later that year, on July 6, 2018. The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences. During its theatrical run, White Fang grossed $7.8 million worldwide. Plot White Fang, a wolfdog, is mauled during a dog fight. Town marshal Weedon Scott tries to interfere, but White Fang's owner, Beauty Smith, overpowers him, knocking him out with his cane. When the police search for Weedon, he runs away. In a flashback, White Fang lives with his mother, another wolfdog. While searching for a shelter, they get attacked by a lynx. White Fang's mother successfully kills the predator, but not without injury. While Scott camps for the night after escaping a pack of wolves with Hank, another Marshall, and Jim Hall, a criminal being transported to prison, White Fang and his mother head to their campground to search for food. Hank notices the pair and attempts to shoot White Fang's mother to put her down due to her injured leg. Scott stops Hank from killing White Fang's mother and instead gives White Fang a piece of salmon, saying that he might be able to return the favour in the future. White Fang and Kiche then end up encountering the pack of wolves Weedon encountered. Kiche then throws the salmon towards the pack to distract them, giving her and White Fang a chance to escape. While searching for food the following morning, White Fang and his mother come across an Indigenous camp. When a man named Three Eagles attempts to kill White Fang's mother, Grey Beaver, another man recognises her as Kiche, his old sled dog. Three Eagles leaves Kiche to Grey Beaver, who decides to train her to become a sled dog again. Later, Hank comes to the camp area to tell the Indigenous people that their land is currently on sale due to a recent gold strike, and Grey Beaver resolves to buy back the land by selling beaver pelt mittens in Fort Yukon. When Grey Beaver realises that there are no beavers on his side of the land, he decides to give Kiche to a man named William in exchange for trapping beavers on William's side. After selling the amount of mittens he needs to buy back the land, Grey Beaver travels to",
"title": "White Fang (2018 film)"
},
{
"docid": "72225292",
"text": "The second season of Big Mouth, an American adult animated coming-of-age sitcom created by Andrew Goldberg, Nick Kroll, Mark Levin, and Jennifer Flackett, was released on Netflix on October 5, 2018. The series centers on teens based on Kroll and Goldberg's upbringing in suburban New York, with Kroll voicing his fictional younger self. Big Mouth explores puberty while \"embrac[ing] a frankness about the human body and sex.\" Cast and characters Main Nick Kroll as Nick Birch, Maurice the Hormone Monster, Coach Steve, Rick the Hormone Monster, Lola Skumpy, Nick Starr, Mila and Lotte Jensen, a webcam girl, Gina's Abuela, Bad Mitten, Rabbi Poblart and others John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman, Detective Florez and Andrew 3000 Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian, Guy Bilzerian, Radio DJ and Gina's Brother #1 Jenny Slate as Missy Foreman-Greenwald, Mirror Missy, Taffiny, The Implant and Additional Voices Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch, Bob the Hormone Monster and a Bus Driver Maya Rudolph as Diane Birch, Connie the Hormone Monstress, Susan, The Pill and Principal Barren Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington (1899–1974), Featuring Ludacris, Cyrus Foreman, Priest, Condom and Magician #2 Recurring Guest Episodes Reception Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 100% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 8.80 out of 10. The website's critics consensus reads \"Poignantly repulsive, Big Mouth continues to confront the awkwardness of adolescence with foul-mouthed glee and an added layer of maturity.\" On Metacritic, it has a score of 90 out of 100 for the second season, based on nine critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Accolades References 2018 American animated television seasons Big Mouth (American TV series) seasons",
"title": "Big Mouth season 2"
},
{
"docid": "6190944",
"text": "Mamba is a 1930 American pre-Code film, released by Tiffany Pictures. It was shot entirely in Technicolor and stars Jean Hersholt, Eleanor Boardman, Ralph Forbes, Josef Swickard, Claude Fleming, William Stanton and William von Brincken. It was based on a story by Ferdinand Schumann-Heink and John Reinhardt and was advertised as the First Drama In Natural Color as all previous color features in sound had featured musical numbers. Plot The film takes place in Neu Posen, German East Africa sometime before the First World War. \"Mamba\" is the name given to a South African snake. The reptile of this adventure is Auguste Bolte (played by Jean Hersholt), who is constantly reminding those with whom he has a chance to converse that he can buy anything. He neglects his appearance and does not even bother to shave or brush his hair. The German officers hold themselves aloof from him and the only individual he has an opportunity to talk to at length is his valet-secretary, a Cockney, who feeds his master with flattery. One afternoon Bolte recalls that he has received a letter asking for 200,000 marks from Count von Linden. The Count is in Germany and in a footnote it is written that Bolte might marry von Linden's daughter, Helen. The white people of the post have as little to do with Bolte as possible and the British officers across the frontier also spurn him. It occurs to Bolte that a beautiful wife would perhaps help to make life more agreeable for him. He thinks also that the officers would then overlook some of his failings and be quite impressed. He therefore allies himself to Germany. Helen (played by Eleanor Boardman), like most daughters who marry wealthy villains in melodramas, does so to save her father from ruin. There is a flash of the wedding and soon Helen and her ignoble husband are seen aboard the steamship bound for East Africa. On the same vessel is Karl von Reiden, the officer who is to take charge of the Neu Posen post. He is not averse to a little flirtation with a beautiful woman and therefore when Helen goes out on deck to avoid Bolte, Karl succeeds in meeting her. These scenes are fairly well filmed and the color effects are capital. Karl, played by Ralph Forbes, is a handsome fellow. So soon as he knows that Bolte is Helen's husband he realizes that the marriage is not to her liking. Later these passengers are on the river boat, and when that craft reaches Neu Posen. Bolte stands on the aft deck hoping to make all the German officers envious of his attractive bride. He later gives a feast and takes good care to make a show of his wealth, even to having a procession of natives carrying the viands. A visit from a native woman interrupts the proceedings, and in a subsequent passage Bolte, enraged with his wife, is about to flog her with a whip when Karl comes to",
"title": "Mamba (film)"
},
{
"docid": "37260910",
"text": "A mitten is a glove without individual finger openings. Mitten(s) may also refer to: Landforms The Mitten, a mountain in Antarctica West and East Mitten Buttes, a geologic formation in Monument Valley Lower Peninsula of Michigan, nicknamed \"the Mitten\" Animals Chinese mitten crab, a species of crab native to Eastern Asia Mittens (cat), a famous cat from Wellington, New Zealand Polydactyl cat, also known as \"mitten cat\" Arts Film and television The Mitten (film), a 1967 Soviet animated film Mittens, a character in the 2008 film Bolt Mittens, a kitten character in Timmy Time Mittens Fluff 'N' Stuff, a Lalaloopsy doll and character in the TV series Literature Mittens, a kitten in Beatrix Potter tale The Tale of Tom Kitten The Mitten (folk tale), a Ukrainian folk tale adapted to several media Music \"Mittens\", a song by Carly Rae Jepsen Mittens Records, a record label founded by Julie Feeney Other uses Yakovlev Yak-130, NATO reporting name MitteN Fuchu, Shopping center Mittens (chess engine), by Chess.com Mitt Romney (born 1947), American politician nicknamed \"Mittens\" See also Glove (disambiguation) Mitte (disambiguation), a German word for middle—Mitten is another grammatical form of Mitte",
"title": "Mitten (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "3898662",
"text": "The East Valley Tribune is a newspaper concentrated on cities within the East Valley region of metropolitan Phoenix, including Mesa, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, and Queen Creek. Formerly a daily newspaper, the Tribune resulted from the combination of local newspapers acquired by Cox Enterprises: The Tempe Daily News, the Mesa Tribune, the Gilbert Tribune, the Scottsdale Progress, and the Chandler Arizonan. History Attorney Alfred P. Shewman and Judge W.D. Morton founded Mesa's first newspaper, the Evening Weekly Free Press, in 1891. In 1899, Judge W.D. Morton sold out to Shewman, who died in 1901. Frank T. Pomeroy and Harry D. Haines bought the paper in 1910 and converted it into a daily publication, The Evening Press. They then sold the paper in 1911. In 1913, The Evening Press became the Mesa Daily Tribune, and in 1925, the paper was renamed the Mesa Daily Journal. The name changed again to the Daily Mesa Evening Journal in 1928. In 1932, Southside Publishing Company, a corporation of Mesa and Chandler businessmen, acquired ownership. Over the next 7 years, stock was purchased by P.R. Mitten and his son, Charles until 1939 when Charles Mitten bought out his father's share. Mitten began printing the paper five days a week after World War II under the name of the Mesa Daily Tribune. In 1950 Mitten sold the paper to David W. Calvert. In 1952, the Tribune Publishing Company was incorporated. On January 26, 1956, the Mesa Daily Tribune publishing plant on Macdonald Street was destroyed by fire and opened five months later at 120 W. 1st Ave, Mesa. In 1977, Cox Enterprises of Atlanta, Georgia, purchased the Mesa Daily Tribune from Calvert. Cox Newspapers then purchased the Tempe Daily News in 1980 and the Chandler Arizonan in 1983. It started the Gilbert Tribune in 1990, and purchased the Scottsdale Progress in 1993. David C. Scott was appointed president of Cox Arizona Publications and publisher of the Mesa Tribune in 1986, succeeding Roger Kintzel. In December 1996, Cox Newspapers sold its newspaper holdings to Thomson Newspapers. In May 1997, under the leadership of its publisher, Karen Wittmer, all five newspapers were combined into one newspaper, The Tribune. The paper served eastern Maricopa County with a Scottsdale edition for the northern communities. In December 1997, the Daily News-Sun in Sun City, Arizona, joined the Tribune as part of its Phoenix SMG (Strategic Marketing Group). The Ahwatukee Foothills News, which covered news on the southeastern border of Phoenix, joined in November 1998. In December 1999, The Tribune was renamed the East Valley Tribune and, in August 2000, Thomson Newspapers sold its Arizona newspaper holdings to Freedom Communications, Inc. of Irvine, California On October 6, 2008, publisher Julie Moreno announced that, as of 2009, the newspaper would cease publishing in Scottsdale and Tempe. Additionally, it would publish only four days a week in the remainder of its circulation area, although it would publish four distinct editions serving Mesa, Chandler, Gilbert and Queen Creek. More than 140 staff members' jobs were eliminated",
"title": "East Valley Tribune"
},
{
"docid": "2704591",
"text": "Hoover Field was an early airport serving the city of Washington, D.C. It was constructed as a private airfield in 1925, but opened to public commercial use on July 16, 1926. It was located in Arlington, Virginia, near the intersection of the Highway Bridge and the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway, where The Pentagon and its northern parking lots now stand. Considered one of the most hazardous airfields in the United States, Hoover Field suffered from short and unpaved runways, numerous life-threatening obstructions around the field, poor visibility (due to a burning garbage dump to its northwest), and poor drainage. It was purchased by the owner of nearby Washington Airport in early 1929, causing a brief merger of the two fields, but was sold to a new owner just 12 months later. It nearly went bankrupt in 1933, and was sold at auction and merged with Washington Airport to become Washington-Hoover Airport on August 2, 1933. Washington-Hoover Airport closed in June 1941. Washington National Airport (now Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport) was built as its replacement. Construction Hoover Field was built in 1925 by Thomas E. Mitten, president of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company (which held the airmail contract between Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia). Hell's Bottom, a site at the foot of the Highway Bridge in Arlington County, Virginia (formerly a horse racing track) directly across the Potomac River from the city, was selected by Mitten for the site of his new \"airport.\" Pioneering aviator Alys McKey Bryant helped clear trees and brush and run the tractor which leveled the land for the airfield. The single sod runway was long. A single hangar, by in size, was constructed. Construction ended in 1925, and at first the field was used only by planes giving sight-seeing tours over the national capital. The then-unnamed airfield was threatened with competition almost immediately. Because the field was privately owned, civic leaders began a campaign for the city of Washington to build a publicly owned municipal airport. The federal government considered filling in all or part of Kingman Lake and using the lake, Kingman Island, and nearby Heritage Island for a federal airport to compete with the nascent field in Arlington, but this plan died in August 1926. The government's actions and Mitten's desire to fly people between D.C. and Philadelphia for the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence led Mitten to expand his airfield. The new airfield was dedicated on July 16, 1926. It was named for then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, a major promoter of civil aviation. The roughly trapezoidal airport was built along a north-by-northeast axis, was approximately long and wide, and in size. The only navigational aid was a windsock. Conditions at the field Flying conditions at Hoover Field were notoriously poor. Arlington Beach, a local amusement park, was located on the north-northeastern edge of the airport (next to Highway Bridge), and a landfill on the north-northwestern side. The trash in the landfill was also on fire. The smoke sometimes obscured the",
"title": "Hoover Field"
},
{
"docid": "52539397",
"text": "Evelin Võigemast (until 2007, Evelin Pang; born 22 May 1980) is an Estonian stage, film television and voice actress and singer. Early life and education Born Evelin Pang in Tallinn, her parents were Valdur Pang and Eda Pang (née Taska). She has a brother named Margus Pang. She initially studied at Tallinn School No. 21 secondary school, but graduated from Tallinn School No. 49. (now, Tallinn Arte Gymnasium) in 1998. She is also a graduate of the Tallinn Children's Music School (now, the Tallinn Music School) in Kesklinn, Tallinn, where she studied piano. In 1998, she began studying acting at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre under Elmo Nüganen, graduating in 2002. Among his graduating classmates were Priit Võigemast, Karin Rask, Maria Soomets, Hele Kõre, Mart Toome, Ott Aardam, Elisabet Reinsalu, and Argo Aadli. Stage career Following graduation, she joined the Tallinn City Theatre in 2002, where she is still currently engaged. She has appeared in roles at the Tallinn City Theatre in works by such varied authors and playwrights as: Shakespeare, Alexandre Dumas, David Auburn, Anton Chekhov, Franz Kafka, Ivan Turgenev, W. B. Yeats, A. H. Tammsaare, Tennessee Williams, Ernest Hemingway, Arnold Wesker and Nikolai Gogol, among others. She has also performed at the Vanalinnastuudio in roles by Bertolt Brecht and Jim Cartwright; the NUKU Theatre, the Nargen Opera; and at the Vanemuine in Tartu, where she performed as Evita Peron in Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's Evita in 2014. Film In 2000, Pang began voicing the animated character Lotte in the popular Estonian Lotte films; the first was Lotte Goes South. This was followed by Lotte from Gadgetville in 2006, Lotte and the Moonstone Secret in 2011, and Lotte and the Lost Dragons in 2019. The Lotte films and their characters proved so popular in Estonia that a theme park, Lottemaa, was opened in Reiu, Pärnu County, Estonia. She was also cast as a voice actress to dub the role of Mittens in the Estonian release of the 2008 American Disney animated feature film Bolt (Estonian: Välk). She made her feature-length film debut in a small role in the 2002 Elmo Nüganen directed Nimed marmortahvlil (English release titles: Names in Marble and Names Engraved in Marble), based on the novel of the same name by author Albert Kivikas about the Estonian War of Independence. She was billed under her maiden name, Evelin Pang. This was followed by a co-starring role in the Peeter Urbla directed comedy-drama Stiilipidu in 2005, opposite actresses Maarja Jakobson and Anne Reemann. Other film roles include that of Annika Hunt in the Asko Kase directed drama Hundi agoonia; Liisa, in the 2009 Hannu Salonen directed drama Vasha; Evelyn in the 2012 Ain Mäeots directed drama Deemonid; Reet Haljandi in the 2015 Margus Paju directed family adventure film Supilinna Salaselts (English release title: The Secret Society of Souptown), based on the novels of Finnish author Mika Keränen; Marian in the 2017 Andres Maimik and Katrin Maimik directed comedy-drama Minu näoga onu; and Andres'",
"title": "Evelin Võigemast"
},
{
"docid": "43864691",
"text": "The Brooklyn Bolts were a professional American football team based in Brooklyn, New York City, New York. They were a charter member of the Fall Experimental Football League (FXFL), which was trying to become the developmental league for the National Football League. They played their home games at MCU Park. History In August 2014, it was announced that Brooklyn was awarded a franchise for the upcoming 2014 season of the Fall Experimental Football League (FXFL). All of the teams in the league are owned by the FXFL, but local Minor League Baseball franchises are responsible for the operations of each team. The Bolts worked in conjunction with the Brooklyn Cyclones who play at MCU Park on Coney Island. By playing its games in Brooklyn, the Bolts became the first outdoor professional football team to play in New York City proper since 1983, when the New York Jets left Shea Stadium. (Two short-lived arena football teams, the Knights in 1988 and the CityHawks in 1997 and 1998, also played in the city; otherwise, all professional teams claiming to represent the city have played in either New Jersey or Long Island.) On July 10, 2015, the league confirmed the Bolts would return for the 2015 season. Former NFL quarterback Josh Freeman played for the Bolts for the 2015 season and then signed with the Indianapolis Colts and started the Colts' final regular season game of 2015. In early August 2016, Brooklyn Baseball Banter, a site that covers the Brooklyn Cyclones, reported that the Cyclones' front office was about to pull the plug on the Bolts and the FXFL at MCU Park, as the league had not contacted the Cyclones regarding a third season (the Cyclones were prepared to bring back the Bolts if the league was prepared to play). A few weeks later the site reported that Cyclones' management had stated that the league had canceled the 2016 season and that the Bolts had folded and put remaining fan merchandise on discount clearance. In the spring of 2017, former FXFL commissioner Brain Woods re-emerged as CEO of a new circuit called The Spring League; its business model was different from the FXFL's, as the teams no longer have set home cities or distinctive identities. In December 2016, Woods was reported to be considering bringing the Bolts or Blacktips back to play in an indoor league and is eyeing the Arena Football League, National Arena League, Champions Indoor Football and Indoor Football League. Coaches For the 2014 season, veteran NFL player John Bock was named as head coach of Bolts. Joining Bock on the Brooklyn Bolts staff were former NFL players Marvin Jones, James Brown, Nate Poole, Deon Dyer, Kelvin Kinney and defensive coordinator Joey Smith. Former NFL head coach and defensive coordinator Rod Rust served as a consultant to the Bolts. Also serving as coaching consultants were Don Strock, Danny Hope and Fred O’ Connor. Offensive coordinator Wayne Anderson Jr. is the former assistant head coach of the SoCal Coyotes, a developmental",
"title": "Brooklyn Bolts"
},
{
"docid": "2137368",
"text": "The Milky Way is a one-reel animated cartoon short subject, produced in Technicolor and released to theatres with the film The Captain Is a Lady in 1940 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The short (produced and directed by Rudolf Ising and co-produced by Fred Quimby with the voice of Bernice Hansen as the kittens and their mother, and musical supervision by Scott Bradley) explores the adventures of the \"three little kittens who lost their mittens\", as they explore a dreamland where space is made up entirely of dairy products (for example, the Milky Way is made of milk and the Moon is made of green cheese). The short won the 1940 Oscar for Best Animated Short Film, and was the first non-Disney film to do so. Other shorts nominated in 1940 included A Wild Hare by Warner Bros., introducing Bugs Bunny, and another MGM cartoon Puss Gets the Boot, with Jasper & Jinx, the prototype for Tom and Jerry. This makes 1940 the first time a Disney film wasn’t even nominated for the award. It was added as a bonus feature in the Marx Bros. DVD release of Go West (1940) and Warner Archive Blu-ray release of Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940). Plot Three kittens, denied milk as punishment for losing their mittens after playing out in the snow, sail up into the Milky Way in a basket lifted by three helium balloons. Their space flight takes them past the Moon, the planet Mars, the Big Dipper, and the Little Dipper, until they reach their destination: the Milky Way. Once in the Milky Way, they find it a land of natural milk springs and geysers. The kittens proceed to happily gorge themselves on milk, until they get into trouble and risk falling back down to Earth. However, it is then revealed that the whole event was imagined. Their mother comes in to their bedroom to invite them down for supper. The kittens rush excitedly into the kitchen, only to be sickened to see that their supper is milk. Additional Crew Production Manager: Fred Quimby Film Co-Produced by William Hanna (uncredited) Uncredited Story by Maurice Day Uncredited Animation by Jack Zander Home Media Go West (unrestored bonus feature) Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection: 15 Winners (restored) Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection, Disc 1 (restored) Broadway Melody of 1940, Warner Archive Collection Blu-ray release (restored bonus feature) References External links The Milky Way (1940) on Dailymotion (uploaded by InternetAnimationDatabase) 1940 films 1940 animated films 1940 short films 1940s American animated films 1940s animated short films 1940s fantasy comedy films 1940 musical comedy films American musical comedy films Best Animated Short Academy Award winners Films directed by Rudolf Ising Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short films 1940s musical fantasy films Animated films based on nursery rhymes Animated films about cats Films about dreams American musical fantasy films Films produced by Fred Quimby Films scored by Scott Bradley Milky Way in fiction Mars in film Moon in film Films set on balloons Fiction about",
"title": "The Milky Way (1940 film)"
},
{
"docid": "3961695",
"text": "is a Japanese anime short series created by Shuichi Oshida, considered as a parody of Go Nagai's Mazinger Z. The series is produced by both Bee Train and Synergy Japan and began airing in Kids Station on April 12, 2004 to November 1, 2004. Theme Panda-Z: The Robonimation includes characters that were modeled after the main cast of Mazinger Z. None of the characters are voiced, and the show's infrequent dialogue is instead presented through intertitles. Some episodes have no dialogue at all, relying on mime movement, sound effects, and the show's electric guitar-based blues/rock/fusion soundtrack for expression. Each episode is five minutes long, including both the opening and ending credits. The ending credits also include a profile of one character or set piece from the series. Story The series consists of short comedy sketches, involving the adventures of Pan-Taron, a super deformed robotic panda, pilot of the Panda-Z mecha, and his equally small cute robotic friends, as they fight the evil Skullpander, leader of the Warunimal forces. The story is confined to the small Robonimal Island (containing Robonimal City and P-Z Labs) and a tiny nearby volcanic island that is home to the Warunimal base. Buildings in Robonimal City are all topped with panda heads. Never taking itself seriously, the story is often just an excuse to put the characters in common everyday situations, but with a robotic twist, which allows for comical results. In several episodes the characters can be seen playing the card game Old Maid against one another. The deck they play with has characters from the show on them, including Skullpander as the Joker. In one episode they play Rock-Paper-Scissors...a game made more difficult by their mitten-like hands. Being robots, they can often be seen ingesting batteries for their food. Some other times, the struggle between the two groups is present, but either one of them, or sometimes even both, don't take the fighting seriously. Characters Robonimal Island - Pilot of the Panda-Z. - Taron's grandfather and the director of the laboratory. He is a researcher at the mysterious \"Super P-Z\" and an authority on Robonimal engineering. He created the Panda-Z along with Taron's father (who left one day years ago and never returned). But outside of that, he is just a kind grandfather, who loves his grandson very much. - A pink robot rabbit with angel wings and a white nurse's outfit. She dreams of becoming a great nurse someday. She has a cheerful, kind personality and also has a strong sense of responsibility. - He is something of a leader in Taron's group of friends. Denwan is dependable, but sometimes, he gets ahead of himself and ends up failing. His dream is to become a great public Denwan someday. ( is Japanese for \"telephone\" and Wanwan is the sound a dog makes so he is basically a telephone dog.) He is, however, a pay phone, requiring others to pay him to make an outgoing call. Also, his dial only has seven digits. -",
"title": "Panda-Z"
},
{
"docid": "2371419",
"text": "The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1908 as The Roly-Poly Pudding. In 1926, it was re-published as The Tale of Samuel Whiskers. The book is dedicated to the author's fancy rat \"Sammy\" and tells of Tom Kitten's escape from two rats who plan to make him into a pudding. The tale was adapted to animation in 1993. Plot summary Tom Kitten is a young cat who lives with his mother, Mrs. Tabitha Twitchit, and sisters, Moppet and Mittens, in a house overrun with rats. Her children being an unruly bunch, Mrs. Tabitha puts Moppet and Mittens in a cupboard in order to keep them under control, but Tom Kitten escapes up the chimney. As he makes his way to the top of the house, he comes across a crack in the wall and, squeezing through it, finds himself under the attic's floorboards. There he meets the rats, Mr. Samuel Whiskers and his wife Anna Maria. They catch him and proceed to cover him with butter and dough in order to eat him as a pudding. However, when they proceed to settle the dough with a rolling-pin, the noise gets through the floorboards and attracts the attention of Tabitha Twitchit and her friend Mrs. Ribby who has been helping search for Tom Kitten. They quickly call for John Joiner, a terrier, who saws open the floor and rescues Tom Kitten. Samuel Whiskers and Anna Maria escape to the barn of Farmer Potatoes, spreading their chaos to another location, though leaving the cat family residence in peace. Connections to other books Ribby was one of the main characters of The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan (published in 1905), which also featured Tabitha Twitchit as a shop keeper, with the kittens appearing in the illustrations. The family had also appeared in The Tale of Tom Kitten in 1907. Tabitha's shop is again mentioned in The Tale of Ginger and Pickles (1909) which also included Samuel Whiskers and Anna Maria. Inspirations The cat family home was based on Beatrix Potter's own house, Hill Top in Cumbria. Farmer Potatoes was based on a local man called Poslethwaite. Adaptations In 1933, Theron K. Butterworth published a dramatic adaptation of the tale as Mr. Samuel Whiskers. In 1993, an animated film adaptation was telecast on the BBC anthology series, The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends with the voices of Rosemary Leach as Tabitha Twitchet, John Gordon Sinclair as John Joiner, Patricia Routledge as Ribby, Struan Rodger as Samuel Whiskers, and Sheila Hancock as Anna Maria. References Footnotes Works cited External links 1908 children's books British children's books British picture books Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding, The Tale of Children's books adapted into films Children's books adapted into television shows English-language books Children's books about cats Children's books about mice and rats Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding, The Tale of",
"title": "The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding"
},
{
"docid": "24852180",
"text": "Joshua Ryan Bolt (born 2 May 1994) is an English actor. He starred in the 2009 film The Be All and End All, a role which saw him shortlisted for the best newcomer at the 2009 British Independent Film Awards. Early life Joshua Ryan Bolt was born in Liverpool on 2 May 1994, and grew up in the Liverpool suburb of Hunt's Cross. Career Bolt began acting at the age of 12 when he was cast in a theatre production of Much Ado About Nothing. In 2009, he played Pete Shotton in the BAFTA nominated film Nowhere Boy. He went on to appear in the ninth series of Shameless, playing the pot smoking psychopath Frasier Kane. He is featured in the music video for punk band The Luka State's single, \"Kick in The Teeth\". In summer 2011, it was announced that Bolt had won the lead role of Henry in ITV1's Just Henry, which aired over the Christmas period of that same year. Upon completing Just Henry, he joined the second series of Accused. In January 2012, he began work on the six-part BBC series Last Tango in Halifax (2012), playing Raphael \"Raff\" Greenwood. He guest starred in the last two episodes of seventh season of the detective series Lewis. In July 2012, IMDb named him as one of their rising British teenage stars. Bolt played Brian Harris, a central character, in the two-part BBC Three drama The Crash which centres on a car crash inspired by real life events. He portrayed Daniel in the third series of Scott & Bailey. In February 2013, he began work on The Heart of Nowhere, a film directed by Charlie Fink to coincide with Noah and the Whale's final album; he played Floyd, the bassist of the group. At the 2013 BAFTA television awards, Last Tango in Halifax won best drama and filming began in June 2013 of its second series. Bolt reprised his role as Raff. He returned for the third series in 2014 and the fourth in 2016. In March 2015, producers of the hit sitcom Benidorm announced that Bolt had been cast as part of a brand new family for Series 8, which aired in January 2016. Bolt played Rob Dawson, the family's son, who befriends regular characters Tyger Dyke and Joey Ellis. Bolt lent his voice to the Doctor Who audio series from Big Finish. The episode, entitled \"Dethras\", featured Bolt alongside the fourth incarnation of the title character and was released in 2017. He appeared alongside in the second series of Grantchester playing an undercover agent and Marxist. He played a young soldier named Thomas Macquillan in the ITV drama Harry Price Ghost Hunter, ITV's adaptation of Neil Spring's debut novel, The Ghost Hunters. The film aired on ITV on 27 December 2015. Bolt starred as Reburrus, a young boy hungry for revenge following the slaughter of his family, in Barbarians Rising, an eight-part drama for the History Channel airing in the U.S. and the UK. It charted",
"title": "Josh Bolt"
},
{
"docid": "17093263",
"text": "The following is a list of known fictional characters who are Inhumans, a race of superhumans appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Known Inhumans Inhuman Royal Family The Inhuman Royal Family are the ruling class of the Inhumans. Among the members of the Inhuman Royal Family are: Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) – King of the Inhumans and husband to Medusa. He has a destructive hypersonic voice capable of defeating other super-powered beings. He has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in sleep. A fork-like antenna on Black Bolt's forehead allows more controlled use of his voice and psychically connects him to Lockjaw. Medusa (Medusalith Amaquelin Boltagon) – Wife of Black Bolt and Queen of the Inhumans. She is also a former member of the Fantastic Four and the Frightful Four, as well as the mother of Ahura and older sister of Crystal. Her prehensile hair possesses super-strength. Crystal (Crystallia Amaquelin Maximoff) – Medusa's sister, ex-wife of Quicksilver and mother of Luna. She is a former member of the Fantastic Four, as well as a former member of the Avengers. She can manipulate Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Gorgon (Gorgon Petragon) – Cousin of Medusa. He has bull-like legs in place of his actual legs capable of creating shockwaves equal in magnitude to an earthquake. Karnak the Shatterer (Karnak Mander-Azur) – Cousin of Black Bolt. He is also a priest and philosopher and chose not to expose himself to the Terrigen Mists (a substance that grants the Inhumans their powers upon contact). Despite this, he does have the ability to sense an opponent's weak points and is a superb martial artist. Triton (Triton Mander-Azur) – Karnak's fish-like brother who can breathe underwater and survive the pressures of the deep sea. Maximus Boltagon – Also known as Maximus the Mad, he is the brother of Black Bolt and attempts to overthrow him numerous times. Maximus has the ability of mind-control. The Unspoken – Cousin of Black Bolt. He was once the King of the Inhumans until the rest of the Royal Family rose up against his power-hungry ways. Black Bolt defeated and banished him, decreeing that his actions would be removed from the history books and his name never be uttered again causing him to be referred to as \"The Unspoken\". The Terrigen Mists gave him the power of \"Terrigenesis,\" the ability to alter his body into any form he wished. Ahura Boltagon – Son of Medusa and Black Bolt. He has psychic abilities. Luna Maximoff - Daughter of Quicksilver and Crystal. Born human, but later mutated by the Terrigen Crystal by her father. Lockjaw – A large bulldog who was granted the power of teleportation after exposure to the Terrigen Mists. This was due to the Inhumans' experiment on canines. Inhuman Royal Guards The Inhuman Royal Guards are a group of Inhumans that are responsible for protecting the Inhuman Royal Family. Among its members are: Chynae – A hydrokinetic Inhuman with pointy",
"title": "List of Inhumans"
},
{
"docid": "2259372",
"text": "The Saddletramps were an alternative country band from Toronto, Ontario in the 1980s and 1990s. Core members of the band included Ken Horne, Andrew Lindsay, John DeHaas and Brian Duguay. History In the early 1980s several Fanshawe College students from the Greater Toronto Area who shared a rented house in London, Ontario got together to form the band Tin Mitten. Their first gig was opening for another established local band, The Waiting. Friends of the band members chanted \"No Waiting, Mitten Now\" and pelted the band with mittens. The band was soon renamed The Saddletramps, and performed in various Toronto venues. Lindsay met seventeen-year-old Sarah Harmer while working at Sunrise Records in Burlington, and she joined the band, later commuting to Toronto to perform on weekends while attending Queen's University. In 1989 the Saddletramps released their first album, The Saddle Tramps, on cassette tape, with Dehaas on bass, Duguay on lead guitar and vocals, Harmer on vocals, Horne on percussion, Lindsay on vocals and guitar. Mike Northcott also contributed some instrumental work. The album was recorded at Grant Ave and Axon Studios, and all but one of the songs were written by the band members. In 1990 the band released a second cassette album, Yardsale. Harmer left to concentrate on her studies; she later fronted her own band, Weeping Tile. The Saddletramps disbanded in 1995. In 1999, Harmer began a solo career; her solo album You Were Here included a new recording of \"Don't Get Your Back Up\", which she had originally recorded with The Saddletramps on Yardsale. Lindsay, Duguay, and Dehaas formed a new band called Loomer along with Michael Taylor, Iain Thomson, and Scott Loomer. The band released an album, Love Is A Dull Instrument in 2004. In 2006, Harmer sang \"Only Lovers\" on the band's second album, Songs of the Wild West Island. Discography Albums The Saddle Tramps (1989) Tracks: \"Christ\", \"Life and Times\", \"Church\", \"Winds of Change\", \"Alaska\", \"I Don't Mind\", \"Blue Eyes\" and \"Fallen Angel\" Yardsale (1990) Tracks: \"Weight of the World\", \"Deal With It\", \"Boomerang\", \"4000 Roads\", \"She Don't Love\", \"Rain of Gold\", \"Wastin' It On You\", \"Race Along The Edge\", \"Passin' Thru\", \"Don't Get Your Back Up\" Well Gone Bad (1993) References Canadian alternative country groups",
"title": "The Saddletramps"
},
{
"docid": "19731992",
"text": "Bolt is a video game developed by Avalanche Software and published by Disney Interactive Studios for Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2008 film of the same name. Mark Walton, Sean Donnelan, and Malcolm McDowell reprise their roles as Rhino, Penny's TV father, and Dr. Calico respectively. Miley Cyrus, who voiced Penny, is replaced by Ashleigh Prather. Synopsis Setting In the game, the player follows and controls the super dog Bolt and Penny on various missions taking place in the fictional TV show universe from the movie. The levels are shared between Bolt and Penny. By using Bolt's superpowers, the player can fight hordes of enemies. New powers, such as Superbark and Laser Eyes, will be unlocked during the game. While Bolt has superpowers, Penny has only her maneuverability by using her Wheelbar and is incentivized to take down enemies in a stealthy way. The game focuses on Bolt's fake TV life, not the actual movie storyline. Penny's father has been kidnapped by the evil Dr. Calico, and Penny and Bolt must travel through 5 countries to rescue him. All of this is actually on TV, and Rhino is watching a DVD pack of all the 25 Bolt episodes, possibly at the rural home at the end of the movie with Bolt's family (Penny, Mittens, Bolt himself, and Penny's mother). On the Nintendo DS version, players can play a mini-game called Rhino's Mission, where they go through mazes and avoid obstacles, like cannons. Despite that the end of the Bolt film shows a new storyline, it can be implied that these episodes featured in the game are mostly the episodes in the first season, despite the movie starting with the chase sequence. Plot Penny's father has been captured by Calico and his organization in an attempt to construct a powerful weapon of untold power. Penny and Bolt travel to Italy in an effort to find out more, but they get nowhere other than learning of Calico's location in Belize. Calico finally manages to capture Penny once she and Bolt find his temple base in the Yucatán jungle. To prove to Penny's father that she is alive and being held hostage, Calico gives Penny a cell phone with her father on the other line. Calico then attempts to flee the crumbling temple with his new captive but decides to leave her there with Bolt to die, saying, \"As long as the professor believes she's alive, he will do what is asked and finish the weapon. Too bad we can't all have nine lives\". However, Penny and Bolt survive and discover Calico's new base in the Russian Arctic with a large rocket in the center. But upon entering, Penny notices micro-focusing mirrors and realizes that it is her father's satellite instead of a warhead. All too late as Calico seals the entrance and, to Bolt's horror, launches it with Penny inside screaming for help. Bolt then jumps onto the rocket and",
"title": "Bolt (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "39154767",
"text": "Bolts and Blip is an animated television series that aired on Teletoon from 2010 to 2011. The show has also aired on 3net at 10:30 am on Sundays, and The CW's Saturday morning block, Vortexx, from July 13, 2013 at 8:30 a.m. Plot The series is a comic action adventure set on the Moon in 2080. It follows two central city misfits, Bolts and Blip, who accidentally find themselves as members of the Lunar League's last placed team the Thunderbolts. With the help of their rag-tag band of teammates, the two friends discover what they are made of in this intergalactic sports circuit. Characters Main cast Blip (Voiced by Matt Murray) - One of the two main titular protagonists. Blip is a bumbling Civi-Bot who attempts to keep within societal norms, but is not very successful. He is best friend and roommate to the wacky Bolts, and often must drag his impulsive friend out of trouble. He is the more mature, level-headed of the duo. He along with Bolts were accidentally drafted into the Lunar League's bottom team, The Thunderbolts. He has a huge crush on Saedee, who spends most of the series ignoring his displays of affection, while occasionally letting slip possible mutual feelings, before revealing in the season finale she too loves Blip. Late in the series he is revealed to be Dr. Tommy's Secret Bot, and has latent powers, which he calls his \"Super Mode\"; in this state he is taller, stronger, faster, and can fly. He has a pet mouse like robot named Squeaker, who prior to undergoing training was very violent and attacked everyone, But nowadays he only attacks Bolts. Bolts/Blood's Bot/Darth Boltor (Voiced by Terry McGurrin) - The other titular protagonist. Bolts is immature, impulsive and has a talent for getting himself into trouble; including one time where he put himself under huge debt to a Robot Mafia Leader Vinnie Two-Chimes, after losing a bet in a (fixed) sock fight match. But he does occasionally show he has some common sense as seen in Little Squeaker when he thinks it's a bad idea to show Squeaker around to the Thunderbolts after Squeaker viciously attacked both him and Saedee's housewarming present. He also shows some signs of intelligence and ingenuity as also seen in little Squeaker when he modified an illegal weapon to bring up to legal standards only to have his talented creation shot down by Gridiron telling the sport was a croquet sport match and not a battle. He's the team's jokester and often drives Coach Gridiron insane. He once entered a secret (and illegal) wrestling tournament under the name Bolto de Fuego (a play on Bola de Fuego), and has continued using the name Boltor as his screen name. Like Blip he has latent powers, where his eyes will turn red and he gains monstrous strength. He is eventually revealed to be \"Blood's Bot\", the ultimate creation of Dr. Blood. Saedee (Voiced by Melissa Altro) - The gorgeous heroine Saedee, who is",
"title": "Bolts and Blip"
},
{
"docid": "1563682",
"text": "Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965). Black Bolt is the ruler of Attilan, and a member of the Inhumans, a reclusive race of genetically altered superhumans. Black Bolt's signature power is his voice, as his electron-harnessing ability is linked to the speech center of his brain. Speaking triggers a massive disturbance in the form of a highly destructive shockwave capable of leveling a city. Due to the extreme danger posed by this power, the character has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in his sleep, and he usually remains completely silent and speaks through sign language or via a spokesperson. Black Bolt has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes. Since his original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, different versions of Black Bolt were portrayed by Anson Mount in the Marvel Television series Inhumans (2017) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Publication history Black Bolt debuted in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He re-joined the Illuminati as part of the 2012 Marvel NOW! rebranding initiative. He appeared in the 2017 Black Bolt series, his first solo comic book series, by Saladin Ahmed and Christian James Ward. He appeared in the 2021 Darkhold: Black Bolt #1 one-shot. Fictional character biography 1960s Black Bolt's first appearance established the character as being a member of the Inhuman ruling class. The title Thor featured a back-up feature called \"Tales of the Inhumans\", which recounts the character's origin story. The son of King Agon and Queen Rynda, Black Bolt is exposed to the mutagenic Terrigen Mist while still an embryo, and eventually demonstrates the ability to manipulate electrons. To protect the Inhuman community from his devastating voice, Black Bolt is placed inside a sound-proof chamber and is tutored in the use of his powers. Reentering Inhuman society as a young man—having vowed never to speak—the character is attacked by his younger brother Maximus, who attempts, unsuccessfully, to goad him into speaking. Black Bolt proved popular, and decides to leave Attilan to explore the outside world. The character reappears in a story focusing on his cousin Medusa, drives off the Hulk after the monster defeats the entire Inhuman Royal Family (Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Triton, and Crystal), and with the Fantastic Four, battles his brother Maximus and his own group of rogue Inhumans. 1970s After being forced to intercede in the budding romance between his cousin Crystal and the Fantastic Four's Johnny Storm, Black Bolt and the Inhumans feature in the title Amazing Adventures, and battle villains such as the Mandarin and Magneto. A story in The Avengers, told in flashback, reveals how Black Bolt came",
"title": "Black Bolt"
},
{
"docid": "45252624",
"text": "Lalaloopsy is an animated children's television series based on the dolls of the same name from MGA Entertainment. It was produced by MGA and MoonScoop Entertainment. The series first aired on March 29, 2013. The series' voice production was made and recorded in Calgary, AB, Canada, by Chinook Animation. After the first few episodes were aired on Nickelodeon, it was moved to the Nick Jr. Channel. The show's last episode aired on September 14, 2015. In December 2015, Viacom filed a lawsuit against MGA, stating that the toy company didn't provide proper financing for the advertisement and production of the series. In September 2016, a judge awarded Viacom damages of over $14.9 million relating to the show. It was pulled from the lineup less than a month later, while all traces of the show were also removed from Nick Jr.'s website at the same time. Plot Lalaloopsy focuses on Lalaloopsy Land. Lalaloopsy Land is inhabited by colorful rag dolls, who came to life the moment their last stitch was sewn. Each episode focuses on one or two groups of them facing a problem of their own and either solving it on their own or with incidental or previously planned help from the other group of dolls seen in the episode. Episodes Characters Bea Spells-A-Lot (voiced by Hayley Stone) Crumbs Sugar Cookie (voiced by Calista Schmidt) Dot Starlight (voiced by Marissa Tawiah) Jewel Sparkles (voiced by Selia Sangra) Mittens Fluff ‘N’ Stuff (voiced by Paige Stone) Pillow Featherbed (voiced by Zoe Marlett) Peanut Big Top (voiced by Malia Ashley Kerr) Rosy Bumps ‘N’ Bruises (voiced by Emma Duke) Spot Splatter Splash (voiced by Tate McRae) Supporting Ace Fender Bender (voiced by Griffin Kingston) Berry Jars ‘N’ Jam (voiced by Anna Quick) Blanket Featherbed (voiced by Jordan Anderson) Blossom Flowerpot (voiced by Cascadas Lucia Fuller) Bundles Snuggle Stuff (voiced by Taylor Walters) Candle Slice O’ Cake Charlotte Charades (N/A) Cherry Crisp Crust Dyna Might (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Ember Flicker Flame (voiced by Jessica Young) Forest Evergreen (voiced by Keaton Whitbread) Haley Galaxy (voiced by Greer Hunt) Holly Sleighbells (voiced by Tate McRae) Little Bah Peep (voiced by Greer Hunt) Mango Tiki Wiki (voiced by Jaida Shaleena Lewis) Mari Golden Petals (voiced by Bella Orman) Marina Anchors (voiced by Greer Hunt) Misty Mysterious (voiced by Sara Matsubara) Patch Treasurechest (voiced by Andrew Hilbrecht) Peggy Seven Seas (voiced by Joanna Burchacki) Pepper Pots ‘N’ Pans (voiced by Aurora Hunt) Peppy Pom Poms (voiced by Sofia Tchernetsky) Pickles B.L.T. (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Pix E. Flutters (voiced by Cascadas Lucia Fuller) Prairie Dusty Trails (voiced by Bella Orman) Scraps Stitched ‘N’ Sewn (voiced by Brittany Thurlow) Scribbles Splash Sir Battlescarred (voiced by Carson Pound) Specs Reads-a-Lot Sprinkle Spice Cookie Squirt Lil Top Squiggles N Shapes Star Magic Spells Sunny Side Up (voiced by Jessica Young) Suzette La Sweet (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Tippy Tumblelina (voiced by Sophie Brown) Trace E. Doodles Trinket Sparkles Winter Snowflake (voiced by Olivia Duke) Broadcast In Canada, the series",
"title": "Lalaloopsy (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "20213458",
"text": "Mark Daniel Walton (born October 24, 1968) is an American storyboard artist and voice actor who has worked for Walt Disney Animation Studios, DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Warner Animation Group, and other companies. He currently works for Illumination, as of 2023. Walton also voiced Rhino the hamster in the 2008 animated film Bolt. Early life Walton was born on October 24, 1968, in Salt Lake City, Utah, the oldest of seven children. Although he is not a professional actor, Walton said in an interview, \"I liked acting in high school and college. I enjoyed it. I think at some point I decided that if I was really going to be a professional actor that it would take at least everything that I would have emotionally or physically and I knew that I really wanted to pursue art.\" He graduated from Utah State University in 1998 with a degree in illustration. Career Mark Walton started at Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida as a story and animation intern in 1995. After performing as a show artist for The Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical Discovery Adventure North American Mall Tour in 1996, he transferred to Walt Disney Feature Animation in Burbank, CA. (now known as Walt Disney Animation Studios) in 1997 to work on his first feature, Tarzan as a storyboard artist. While at Disney, from the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, he did storyboards for The Emperor's New Groove, The Little Matchstick Girl, Home on the Range, Chicken Little, Meet the Robinsons, Tangled, and Gnomeo and Juliet, as well as storyboarding and developing the unproduced films Wild Life, My Peoples, and Rapunzel Unbraided (an early version of Tangled), Joe Jump, and King of the Elves. Also, while at Disney, he provided the voices for Barry & Bob the Longhorns in Home on the Range (2004), Goosey Loosey for the computer-animated film Chicken Little and its video game (2005), and for Rhino the hamster in Bolt (2008) for which he was nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production, and the short film spin-off Super Rhino. He also storyboarded a short CGI film \"The Zit\" for Mike Blum's Pipsqueak Films, shown on the TV series Independent Lens. After leaving Disney in 2009, Walton storyboarded on films for DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Marza Animation Planet, Original Force 3D, Ken Duncan Studio, Mass Animation, On Animation, Kool Produktion AS, Rovio Animation, and Warner Animation Group. He has also taught storyboarding at California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts), Academy of Art, SUU, and CGMA. Numerous positive reviews came from film critics regarding Walton's performance as Rhino in Bolt. CNN noted “Walton's Rhino steals every scene he's in.”, while Enewsi stated \"Walton has perfect comedic timing as Rhino\". Another reviewer noted “The hamster alone is enough to make this movie worth seeing”, with other positive reviews featured in the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, where Walton contemplated Rhino's popularity as, \"he imagines he's actually something bigger",
"title": "Mark Walton (story artist)"
},
{
"docid": "2915913",
"text": "The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) was a pioneering computer network protocol for transporting human speech over packetized communications networks. It was an early example of Voice over Internet Protocol technology. History NVP was first defined and implemented in 1974, with definition led by the “Speech” project at ISI, the USC Information Sciences Institute following initial work begun in 1973. ISI leadership was by Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI), University of Southern California, with funding from ARPA's Network Secure Communications (NSC) program. The project's stated goals were \"to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of secure, high-quality, low-bandwidth, real-time, full-duplex (two-way) digital voice communications over packet-switched computer communications networks...[and to] supply digitized speech which can be secured by existing encryption devices. The major goal of this research is to demonstrate a digital high-quality, low-bandwidth, secure voice handling capability as part of the general military requirement for worldwide secure voice communication.\" NVP’s first demonstration was in August 1974 between the groups at ISI and MIT Lincoln Laboratory. That was history’s first “phone call” using a computer network. It was partly enabled by users of vocoders custom-built by BB&N, Bolt Beranek, and Newman. Work as a whole involved many other researchers nationally. Necessary subnet (IMP-to-IMP) changes for real-time packet forwarding were discussed at ISI in March 1974, chaired by Bob Kahn, DARPA’s program director for the speech project. At the end of the meeting, he summarized actions and directed BB&N to make the required subnet updates. NVP was used to send speech between distributed sites on the ARPANET using several different voice-encoding techniques, including linear predictive coding (LPC) and continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD). Cooperating researchers included Steve Casner, Randy Cole, and Paul Raveling (ISI); Jim Forgie (Lincoln Laboratory); Mike McCammon (Culler-Harrison); John Markel (Speech Communications Research Laboratory); John Makhoul (Bolt, Beranek and Newman), and Rod McGuire and Philip Rubin (Haskins Laboratories). NVP was used by experimental Voice Funnel equipment (circa February 1981), based on BBN Butterfly computers, as part of ongoing ARPA research into packetized audio. ARPA staff and contractors used the Voice Funnel, and related video facilities, to do three-way and four-way video conferencing among a handful of US East and West Coast sites. Credit also is due to Dave Retz and his group at the UC Santa Barbara Speech Communication Laboratory. ISI used his operating system, ELF, for the early development of speech networking, including extension to speech conferencing. Protocol The protocol consisted of two distinct parts: control protocols and a data transport protocol. Control protocols included relatively rudimentary telephony features such as indicating who wants to talk to whom; ring tones; negotiation of voice encoding; and call termination. Data messages contained encoded speech. For each encoding scheme (vocoder) a frame was defined as a packet containing the negotiated transmission interval of a number of digitized voice samples. NVP was transported over the Internet Stream Protocol (ST) and a later version called Stream Protocol, version 2 (ST-II), both connection-oriented versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) and which",
"title": "Network Voice Protocol"
},
{
"docid": "1685637",
"text": "Eat-Man (stylized as EAT-MAN) is a Japanese manga series created by Akihito Yoshitomi in 1996 which was serialized by MediaWorks monthly in 19 volumes until 2003 in Dengeki Comic Gao! magazine. In 1997, Studio Deen adapted the manga into a 12-episode anime television series which was broadcast in Japan from January 9 to March 27, 1997 on TV Tokyo. A sequel, Eat-Man '98, was also animated by Studio Deen and ran from October 8 to December 23, 1998. Both anime series are licensed in North America by Discotek Media and the manga series was licensed by Viz Communications before it was dropped. A second manga called Eat-Man The Main Dish started serialization in Monthly Shonen Sirius in May 2014. Story Eat-Man is a series of short, episodic stories about an \"explorer\" (a type of mercenary) named Bolt Crank who has the ability to eat virtually anything and then, at will, reproduce from his body the objects he's consumed. Eat-Mans world is a mix of high-tech futurist cyberpunk and fairy tale. The episodes take place in various worlds and in undefined times. Characters Bolt Crank (voiced by Masashi Ebara), is the best \"explorer\" in the world. In the manga, \"Explorers\" are a kind of mercenary. Although mercenaries in the manga do any job, even assassinations, the explorers were employees with principles. Bolt has a bizarre power, the ability to eat anything inorganic and then later recreate it (even fixing the item ingested) from any part of his body. The item usually comes out from his arms and hands, but sometimes can be created in other body areas, like his head, chest, or legs. In the manga, it was implied that inside Bolt's body was actually a void of space. Objects that he's consumed float around in a seemingly endless space, much like the inside of Doraemon's fourth-dimensional pocket. A man of few words, Bolt doesn't show his feelings and always keeps a cool head. However, his cynical personality and his \"always get the job done\" attitude can make him seem like a very cold and dark character but, in the end, he always finds a way to do the right thing. He never appears to look back on the past or regret it in any way. Although Bolt's past remained a mystery in all the series, some stories gave clues about his past, including some characters that appeared in various episodes. The end of the manga series revealed a lot about who and what Bolt is, but his exact identity still remains a mystery. Here are some hints in the series: Bolt never ages, but the end of the manga series revealed that he is biologically immortal (he does not age but can be hurt and/or killed). There is a character identical to Bolt called Leon. His creations include an gynoid (Stella) with human feelings who loved him (an antagonist of Bolt in various episodes, trying to transform all living things into machines) and a weird robot capable of assimilating any",
"title": "Eat-Man"
},
{
"docid": "41088062",
"text": "George James Bolt (1 August 1899 – 2 September 1966) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton, Hawthorn and North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Family The son of Francis Bolt (1865–1950), and Catherine Ann Bolt (1868–1954), née Waite, George James Bolt was born at Rutherglen on 1 August 1899. Bolt married Violet Maria McLaine (1900–1928) in 1921, and they had two children together before her death in 1928. He subsequently married Violet's older sister, Jessie Marjorie McLaine (1895–1960) in 1936. Football Carlton Bolt joined Carlton from Brunswick in the Victorian Football Association in 1922, although he did not play a senior game for Brunswick. Carlton had a poor season in 1923 and dissension among the playing group broke into the open after Round 13 when Carlton suffered a heavy defeat to Essendon. At an after-match function at the Essendon Football Club, Bolt and his team-mate Jack Morrissey became embroiled in a heated argument that culminated in a fist fight between the two. The next day, Sunday, the club committee met and suspended both players for an indefinite period, bringing an end to Bolt's Carlton career. Hawthorn An application to transfer to Richmond in 1924 was refused, and he played with Auburn Football Club in the Reporter League and the Railways club in the Wednesday league until mid 1925 when he was cleared to Hawthorn, where he played the last eight matches in their VFL debut season. North Melbourne Bolt subsequently moved to North Melbourne, and took his career games tally to 42 with another 16 matches in 1926–27. Death George Bolt died on 2 September 1966, aged 67, and is buried at Fawkner Memorial Park. Notes References Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2009), The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers: every AFL/VFL player since 1897 (8th ed.), Seaford, Victoria: BAS Publishing. External links George Bolt's profile at Blueseum 1899 births 1966 deaths Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) Carlton Football Club players Hawthorn Football Club players North Melbourne Football Club players",
"title": "George Bolt (footballer)"
},
{
"docid": "13458294",
"text": "Chung Misook (; born December 25, 1962) is a South Korean voice actress who joined Seoul-based Korean Broadcasting System's voice acting division in 1984. Role Broadcast TV Pororo the Little Penguin (EBS) - Petty Clamp School Detectives (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Nokoru Imonoyama Pita-Ten (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Misha Futari wa Pretty Cure (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Cure Black/Nagisa Misumi (Mook Ha-ram) Jang Geum's Dream (Korea TV Edition, MBC) - Seo Jang Geum One Piece (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Nami Naruto (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Hitomi Uchiha Sailor Moon (Crew Folding) - Sailor Mercury Tokyo Mew Mew (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Ichigo Momomiya InuYasha (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Kagome Higurashi (Yoo Ga-young) Shaman King (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Hao Asakura Kamikaze Kaito Jeanne (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Maron Kusakabe/Kaito Jeanne Magic Knight Rayearth (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Hikaru Shidou (Sunny/Joo Eun-vit) The Irresponsible Captain Tylor (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) Nurse Angel Ririka SOS (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ririka Moriya Digimon Adventure (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Taichi Kamiya (Shin Tae-il) Astro Boy (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Astro Boy Cowboy Bebop (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Faye Valentine Erementar Gerad (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Cisqua Kanon (Korea TV Edition, Animax) - Nayuki Minase Mahojin Guru Guru (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Kukuri Element Hunters (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ren Karas Doug (Korea TV Edition) - Patti Mayonnaise Danny Phantom (Korea TV Edition) - Sam Dragon Tales (Korea TV Edition) - Emmy Flowering Heart (Korea TV Edition) - Ari Jin You're Under Arrest (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Noh Han-na The Fairly OddParents (Korea TV Edition) - Timmy Turner Hello Kitty's Paradise (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Hello Kitty Movie dubbing Harry Potter (replacing Emma Watson, Korea TV Edition, SBS) The Sixth Sense (replacing Haley Joel Osment, Korea TV Edition, KBS) Interview with the Vampire (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, MBC) Jumanji (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Leon (replacing Natalie Portman, Korea TV Edition, KBS) Demolition Man (replacing Sandra Bullock, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Roman Holiday (replacing Audrey Hepburn, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (playing Belle, Walt Disney Pictures) Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (playing Pocahontas, Walt Disney Pictures) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (playing Adult Kiara, Walt Disney Pictures Anastasia (playing Anastasia \"Anya\", 20th Century Fox) Mulan (playing Mulan, Walt Disney Pictures) The Prince of Egypt (playing Miriam, Dreamworks Animation) Finding Nemo (playing Dory, Pixar) Bolt (playing Mittens, Walt Disney Pictures) Finding Dory (playing Dory, Stan's wife, Pixar) Games Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata - Reith The War of Genesis Side Story II: Tempest - Elizabeth Pandragon Girlfriend of Steel - Asuka Langley Soryu Elsword - Rena References External links Jeong Mi Sook Fan Site (in Korean) Jeong Mi Sook Fan Cafe (in Korean) 1962 births Living people South Korean voice actresses 20th-century South Korean actresses 21st-century South Korean actresses",
"title": "Chung Misook"
},
{
"docid": "28064582",
"text": "The Mitten () is a 1967 Soviet animated film directed by Roman Kachanov. The film received international recognition. Plot summary The film centers on a girl who wants a dog. She brings home a puppy, but her mother wouldn't let the puppy stay. The girl is upset and goes outside to the playground, where all the other kids are walking their dogs. She starts playing with her mitten, pretending that the mitten is a dog. And the power of her imagination turns her mitten into a puppy, which keeps the mitten's red color and black spots on the back. The puppy starts chasing a cat, which ends up finding shelter on top of the ad board saying \"Everyone who has a dog is welcome to take part in the kennel club competition!\" The girl takes her puppy to the competition, and it completes the task better than other dogs, but on the way to finish one of the threads of the puppy's knitted coat gets caught by a nail on the wooden barrier, and it loses the competition. The girl takes it home and is about to feed it, when it turns back to a mitten. Mom notices the girl trying to feed a mitten and decides to get her a real puppy. Creators Dolls and scenery made — Pavel Gusyov, Oleg Masainov, V. Petrov, M. Chesnokova, G. Gettinger, G. Lyutinsky, A. Maximov, V. Kalashnikova, V. Kuranov, S. Etlis, leadership the Roman Gurov Film editor — Vera Gokke Editor — Natalya Abramova Director — Nathan Bitman Awards MKF in Moscow — a silver medal in competition of children's movies, the movie \"The Mitten\" (1967) Annecy International Animation Film Festival — the first award, the movie \"The Mitten\" (1967) Gijón International Film Festival — a prize of the city of Gijon \"For high art quality of animation\", the movie \"The Mitten\" (1968) Gijón International Film Festival — the Grand Prix \"A gold plate\", the movie \"The Mitten\" (1968) All-Union Film Festival — the first award, the movie \"The Mitten\" (1968) Interesting facts There is no dialogue in the film. Leonid Shvartsman based the character of the mother on a very close acquaintance — Tamara Vladimirovna Poletika (the first wife of his friend and animator Lev Milchin). The bulldog in “The Mitten” is based on the director, Roman Kachanov. External links Films directed by Roman Abelevich Kachanov Soviet animated films Soyuzmultfilm 1967 films 1960s Soviet films 1967 animated films",
"title": "The Mitten (film)"
},
{
"docid": "72421517",
"text": "Twined knitting (also known as two-end knitting) is a traditional Scandinavian knitting technique. It refers to knitting where two strands of yarn are knitted into the fabric alternatively and twisted once and always in the same direction before every stitch. The technique is called tvåändsstickning in Swedish, tvebandsstrikking in Norwegian, and tvebinding in Danish. Their literal meaning is \"two-end knitting\", referring to the traditional way of knitting with both yarn ends from one ball of yarn. While the right-side of the fabric resembles a one-end stocking-stitch fabric (as seen from the right side), the wrong-side of the fabric has a horizontally ridged surface due to the plaits created by the twisting of the two strands of yarn. Intricate relief patterns are characteristic of the technique. Twined knitting produces a firmer and more durable fabric with greater thermal insulation than conventional one-end knitting. The technique has historically been used to knit mittens, gloves, socks, stockings, caps and sleeves for waistcoats. Historical and cultural overview The technique is predominantly associated with the forestry areas of Värmland, Dalarna, Härjedalen, Jämtland and Hälsingland in Sweden, and Hedmark, Oppland, Akershus and Buskerud in Norway. Archaeological finds from these areas provide evidence that the technique has been practiced since the sixteenth century. Practical knowledge of the technique still persists in these areas. Danish archeological findings of the technique have been dated to the seventeenth century. However, practical knowledge of the technique has ceased to exist in Denmark. Evidence of the technique has not yet been found in the remaining Nordic countries. Sweden The technique is historically significant to the Swedish county Dalarna. Two-end knitted garments continue to be included in several of Dalarnas traditional local costumes. The history of knitting in this region can be traced back to the mid-seventeenth century. Wool yarn was the most common knitting material, but linen and cotton yarn was sometimes used to knit socks, mittens and gloves. Mittens and gloves were commonly twine-knitted in white (typically for women) or black (typically for men) wool yarn with a knitted or embroidered colourful pattern. Embroidered twine-knitted mittens with a fringe trimming are particularly associated with Dala-Floda were they are included in the traditional local costume. However, embroidered mittens with or without fringe trimmings are common in other parts of Dalarna as well as in Värmland and Härjedalen. Some two-end knitted mittens were intended to be worn inside unlined leather mittens, in which cases they were known as handskvantar, bälgvantar or körhandskar. On the island of Sollerön in Siljan, half-mittens and gloves were two-end knitted in white linen or cotton yarn for weddings, half-mittens being worn by the bride and gloves by the groom. The gloves and half-mittens were later reused by the couple on ceremonial occasions. The garments from Sollerön are characterised by their elaborate relief patterns. In Lima, twine-knitted cotton gloves were produced and exported during the nineteenth century. Socks and stockings were typically two-end knitted in an undyed wool, linen or cotton yarn, often to be dyed after. During dyeing,",
"title": "Twined knitting"
},
{
"docid": "19492570",
"text": "Paul Pape (born July 17, 1952) is an American actor. He is known for the role of Double J in the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever. Post Saturday Night Fever, he has appeared in over 20 films. He also played a supporting role in the 2008 racing video game Need for Speed: Undercover as Lt. Jack M. Keller. Filmography Film Bolt - Man (voice) Cats & Dogs - Wolf Blitzer (voice) Chicken Little - Fire Chief (voice) China: The Panda Adventure - Bill Harkness Voice-over (voice) Dragon Nest: Warriors' Dawn - Blacksmith and Kuke (voice) Frozen - Crowd Member #1 (voice) Incredibles 2 - Additional Voices (voice) Monsters vs. Aliens - Soldiers (voice) Missing Link - New Worlder (voice) Osmosis Jones - Male Red Blood Cell #2 (voice) Saturday Night Fever - Double J Tangled - Man #4 (voice) The Desperate Hour - Lyft Driver The Emoji Movie - Additional Voices (voice) The Tale of Despereaux - Man in crowd (voice) The Wild - Man (voice) Wreck-It Ralph - Man at Arcade (voice) Television Angie - Vinnie Visicio Caprica - Rhetoric Host #2 Family - Clyde GameStar: Die Redaktion - Lt. Jack M. Keller Hagen - Stewart Hart to Hart - Burt Kroll Journeyman - Julius Resurrection Blvd. - Detective Wilson The Man in the High Castle - Film Narrator (voice) Wanda at Large - Voiceover References External links 1952 births Living people 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors Male actors from New York (state) Actors from Rochester, New York",
"title": "Paul Pape"
},
{
"docid": "31193548",
"text": "Bolt is a fictional character that appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated film Bolt (2008). He is depicted as a White Shepherd with superpowers such as a \"super bark\" and the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes. When he found himself lost, Bolt discovered that he was an actor in a television show, and must take it upon himself to get back home, learning how to be a normal dog in the process. Bolt's journey and personal evolution as a character are core to the film's main themes. Created by Chris Williams and Byron Howard, Bolt is introduced as a dog who is unknowingly the star of his own TV show. His ignorance is crucial as the cast and crew go to extreme lengths to make Bolt think he is actually a super dog in order to make the performance more authentic. The character is voiced by John Travolta. Much of the inspiration for Bolt was provided by John Lasseter, who also oversaw his visual development with chief character designer Joe Moshier. Aside from the film, the character also appears in the direct-to-video short film Super Rhino, the two video games Bolt and Disney Infinity, and the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom trade card role-playing game. In addition, photos of Bolt appear in Wreck-It Ralph (2012) and Big Hero 6 (2014). Bolt's character, alongside Travolta's vocal performance, has received mostly positive critical acclaim from film critics and became a breakout character, leading to strong sales of merchandise and toys following the film's release. Development Characterization and design The character known as Bolt was originally conceptualized as a bipedal Jack Russell Terrier named Henry, designed by Chris Sanders. In this script, Henry would be aware of the fact that he is an actor. Henry, as well as Sander's idea for the movie, was eventually scrapped when John Lasseter and some colleagues from Pixar reviewed the project. The character was subsequently redesigned after a White Spitz Breed, although changes were done to the muzzle, ears, and overall body structure to give the character a more distinctive and expressive appearance. Some aspects of his design, such as his distinctive ears, were inspired by American White Shepherds in order to emphasize his expressiveness. To make Bolt's movement seem more realistic and in line with that of real canines, the animation department studied the body language and locomotion of real white shepherds and utilized virtual bone-structure in the CGI models. Personality-wise, the new Bolt would be more naïve and insecure, conveying more pathos than Henry. At the same time, the art department worked to give Bolt a whimsical nature with a pose that excels confidence, thus allowing the character to have a contrasting personality and body language which reflects that. Voice work John Travolta was chosen to do the voice work for Bolt, after Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Tom Cruise turned down the role. Despite a history of turning down voice-over offers for animated characters, Travolta agreed to provide the voice for",
"title": "Bolt (Disney character)"
},
{
"docid": "62892130",
"text": "Katrina Mitten (born 1962, Huntington, Indiana) is a Native American artist. She is enrolled in the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. Mitten is beadwork artist, whose embroidery style of beadwork has earned her numerous awards and has been featured in major metropolitan museums. Biography Mitten is a descendant of one of the five Miami families who were allowed to stay after the establishment of the Indian Removal Act by Andrew Jackson. This act allowed him to relocate access to relocate Native people from their ancestral homelands. Those who were not relocated were encouraged to assimilate into Westernized civilization. Instead, they tried to pass on as much of their culture as possible At the age of twelve, Mitten learned beading from her grandmother Josephine. Josephine influenced a large portion of Mitten's works, including her 1950s handbag, which she has stated represents her family heritage. Mitten made this handbag collaborating with her granddaughter Saiyer Miller and teaching her using the same methods as her grandmother. Mitten also learned more about her tribe by visiting museums and studying her families' heirlooms. She is active on the powwow circuit. She has created utilitarian works, such as The Cradle Board, as well as necklaces, bracelets, and beaded handbags. Other influences in her art include the geometric designs found in ribbonwork and the floral patterns depicted throughout the Great Lakes tribal beadwork. She incorporates personal and family stories into her art pieces and uses her art as a means of story telling. In 2016 Mitten collaborated with Native American artists Katy Strass and Angela Ellsworth to create a painting of the states on a fiberglass statue of a bison. Two of her pieces, MMIW (Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women) and Ten Original Clans of the Myaamia, were acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign. Select artworks Cradle Board \"I have been waiting for you\" outfit 1950's Handbag 1940s-styled bag Exhibitions Native Art Market at the National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C. (2014) Myaamia Heritage Museum & Archive (2018) Santa Fe Indian Market Collections Mitten's artwork is held in the permanent collections of: Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian American Art Museum References External links Native Daughter: Katrina Mitten video from Journey Indiana Artists from Indiana Miami people 1962 births Living people Native American women artists 20th-century American artists 20th-century American women artists 21st-century American artists 21st-century American women artists 20th-century Native American artists 21st-century Native American artists 20th-century Native American women 21st-century Native American women Native American people from Indiana Native American beadworkers American beadworkers Women beadworkers",
"title": "Katrina Mitten"
},
{
"docid": "1584558",
"text": "Derek Stephen Prince is an American voice actor who has played various roles in the Digimon series, the voice of Elgar in the live-action Power Rangers Turbo, and Power Rangers in Space. In the world of anime, he played Keitaro Urashima in Love Hina, DemiDevimon and Piedmon in Digimon, Ken Ichijouji and Veemon in Digimon 02 and Impmon in Digimon Tamers, Uryū Ishida in Bleach, Iggy in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders and Shino Aburame in Naruto. In video games, he provides the voice of Vexen in the Kingdom Hearts series and Asuka R. Kreutz in the Guilty Gear series. Derek has been part of the Voice123 roaster since September, 2008. He reprised his role as Ken Ichijouji for YouTuber Aficionados Chris' review of Digimon. Some of the characters he voices are intellectual or brainy, such as Vexen, and Uryū. Filmography Anime .hack//Legend of the Twilight – Reki Accel World – Sulfur Pot (Ep. 19) Aldnoah.Zero – Marylcian Apocalypse Zero – Bolt Argento Soma – Lab Assistant B Arc the Lad – Gene Battle B-Daman – Li Yong Fa, Monkey Don Beyblade Burst – Ranjiro Kiyama (Seasons 3 & 5) Blade of the Immortal – Taito Magatsu Bleach – Uryū Ishida Bleach: Thousand Year Blood War – Uryū Ishida Blood Lad – Sabao Blue Exorcist – Reiji Shiratori / Astaroth (Eps. 1-2) Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo – Nunchuck Nick, Wiggin' Tribe Spokesman Code Geass R2 – Additional Voices Cowboy Bebop – Lin, Shin Cyborg 009 – Dr. Gaia, Machine Gun, Kain, alternate voice of Joe Shimamura (select episodes) D.Gray-man – Selim (Ep. 43) Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – Spider Demon (Elder Brother), Kakushi Digimon Adventure – DemiDevimon, Piedmon, Digitamamon Digimon Adventure 02 – Ken Ichijouji, DemiVeemon/Veemon/ExVeemon/Paildramon (shared)/Imperialdramon (shared) Digimon Frontier – Grumblemon/Gigasmon, Dynasmon, Oryxmon, Honeybeemon Digimon Fusion – Jeremy Tsurugi, Zamielmon Digimon Tamers – Impmon/Beelzemon Doraemon – Stan Dragon Ball Super – Freeza (Toonami Asia dub) Duel Masters 2.0 – Dr. Root and Multi-Card Monty Durarara!! – Gangster (Ep. 12.5), Additional Voices Eyeshield 21 – Yoichi Hiruma Flint the Time Detective – Batterball, Elekin, Young Orville Wright (Ep. 17), Young Jean-Henri Fabre (ep. 30) Fushigi Yūgi – Keisuke Yūki Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex 2nd Gig – Runaway worker in the episode \"Excavation\" Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045 – Underwear Man Ground Defense Force! Mao-chan – Ichiro Suteki Gurren Lagann – Jamo-ichi Gun Frontier – Tochiro Oyama Hunter × Hunter – Lippo, Shacmono Tocino, Examinee A (Ep. 6) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders – Iggy Kikaider – Ichiro/Kikaider 0-1 Kill la Kill – Guts Kite Liberator – Tsuin Love Hina – Keitaro Urashima (as David Umansky) Lucky ☆ Star – Cherry, Additional Voices Lupin III – Mr. X, French Police Officer Mahoromatic – Suguru Misato (credited as David Umansky) MÄR: Märchen Awakens Romance – Phantom/Tom Mars Daybreak – Crowley Mobile Suit Gundam F91 – Birgit Pirjo Mon Colle Knights – Mondo Ooya Monster – Rudy Gillen Naruto – Shino Aburame (episode 34-220) Naruto: Shippuden – Shino Aburame (episode 33-present)",
"title": "Derek Stephen Prince"
},
{
"docid": "1149296",
"text": "The Chinese mitten crab (; ; Shanghainese: du6-zaq8-ha5, \"big sluice crab\"), also known as the Shanghai hairy crab (, p Shànghǎi máoxiè), is a medium-sized burrowing crab that is named for its furry claws, which resemble mittens. It is native to rivers, estuaries and other coastal habitats of East Asia from Korea in the north to Fujian, China in the south. It has also been introduced to Europe and North America, where it is considered an invasive species. The species features on the list of invasive alien species of Union concern. This means that the import of the species and trade in the species is forbidden in the whole of the European Union. Description and ecology This species' distinguishing features are the dense patches of dark setae on its claws. The crab's body is the size of a human palm. The legs are about twice as long as the carapace. Mitten crabs spend most of their life in fresh water and return to the sea to breed. During their fourth or fifth year in late summer, the crustaceans migrate downstream and attain sexual maturity in the tidal estuaries. After mating, the females continue seaward, overwintering in deeper waters. They return to brackish water in the spring to hatch their eggs. After development as larvae, the juvenile crabs gradually move upstream into fresh water, thus completing the life cycle. It moves from freshwater habitats to saltwater habitats once it has reached reproduction maturity. The types of estuaries suitable for the mitten crab is large brackish waters for the larva to develop in, and large shallow waters for the growth of the juvenile crabs. An increase in microplastics has had a significant impact on the population as it affects their metabolism, growth, and oxidative stress response in the liver. The Chinese mitten crab originates from Hong Kong to the border of Korea. It can be found inland but prefers coastal areas. In the Yangtze, the largest river in its native range, Chinese mitten crabs have been recorded up to upstream. It is known to settle in rice fields by the sea and rivers inland. The crab is found in subtropical and temperate regions. Phylogenetically the crab belongs to the Varunidae family which is the newest group of brachyuran crustaceans. Spawning crabs average around in length. Since crabs spawn at the end of their life spans and perish at the end of the breeding cycle, the crabs can live up to 7 (in Germany also 8) years old. The mitten crab diet is omnivorous. Their main prey consists of worms, mussels, snails, dead organic material, and other small crustaceans and fish. Reproduction Mitten crabs start off as freshwater organisms. In late August, sexual instincts awaken and they begin migrating downstream to the sea, away from their feeding grounds. It is during this migration where the crabs reach puberty and develop their sex organs. The crabs begin to breed in the brackish waters in late fall. The males arrive first and stay in the",
"title": "Chinese mitten crab"
},
{
"docid": "48403924",
"text": "Sami Daher () is a Lebanese actor and voice actor. Filmography Film Television Plays Waylon Le Omma. 2013 Dubbing roles Batman: The Animated Series - Harvey Bullock, Penguin, Kyodai Ken (Lebanese dubbing version) Ben 10: Omniverse - Argit (second voice) Bolt (uncredited; Classical Arabic version) Courage the Cowardly Dog Mokhtarnameh Prophet Joseph References External links Lebanese male actors Lebanese male voice actors Year of birth missing (living people) Living people",
"title": "Sami Daher"
},
{
"docid": "24466292",
"text": "\"I Thought I Lost You\" is a song performed by American singers and actors Miley Cyrus and John Travolta. It was released as a promotional single in 2008. The song was written by Cyrus alongside producer Jeffrey Steele. It was included in the 2008 Disney animated film Bolt, in which Cyrus and Travolta provide the voices of main characters Penny and Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was made after filmmakers requested Cyrus to write a song for the film. The song reflects the film's story of a dog being separated from his owner and trying to find his way back to her. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was nominated for Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, losing both to Bruce Springsteen's \"The Wrestler\" from The Wrestler (2008). The song's accompanying promotional clip has Cyrus and Travolta performing the song in a recording studio and features clips from Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was promoted by live performances by Cyrus. Background Cyrus became involved with Bolt once she was cast as Penny, Bolt's owner. Filmmakers asked Cyrus to write a song for herself and John Travolta, who stars as Bolt. She co-wrote the song with the aid of Jeffrey Steele, who also produced the track, in a short period of time as they had a due date. The film's settings vary in cities throughout the United States, which Cyrus thought she could capture in the song. \"Not just make it something that sounds from Hollywood and really produced, but we could add a little country twang to it,\" she said. Cyrus said the writing process was easy. Before the song's completion, Travolta agreed to sing it, believing \"Well, it will be a cute song, whatever it is.\" After listening to the song, he was surprised at Cyrus' songwriting abilities. \"She's really gifted at writing, and she really wanted to write something good for me as the character Bolt, so she went out of her way with her writing partner to come up with something good, and I really think they pulled it off\", Travolta told MTV News. John Lasseter, executive producer of Bolt, decided to make \"I Thought I Lost You\" the theme for Bolt, since it lyrically summarized the film's plot. He said, \"[The song] sums up the theme of this film. You know, a dog and its owner and they both were separated, but they love each other so much — there's such an emotional payoff when these characters get reunited, and I think that's what this song's about.\" Lasseter thought that solely the song worked, but it worked better for the film. \"I Thought I Lost You\" is one of two songs on the Bolt soundtrack and was released to Radio Disney to promote Bolt and its accompanying soundtrack. Composition \"I Thought I Lost You\" is a pop rock song and lasts three minutes and thirty-six seconds. Its instrumentation includes electric guitar and piano. The song",
"title": "I Thought I Lost You"
},
{
"docid": "26441386",
"text": "Mrs. Tabitha Twitchit is a fictional anthropomorphic cat who features in the books of Beatrix Potter. She is a shopkeeper and the long-suffering mother of three unruly kittens, Moppet, Mittens and Tom Kitten. In the books, she is shown as standing on her hind legs and wearing fashionable clothes. She and her kittens live in a house based on the Hill Top farmhouse while her shop is based on one in Hawkshead, a market town nearby. Inspiration The success of her early books enabled Potter to purchase a farm called Hill Top in Cumbria. Among the animals there was a cat called Tabitha Twitchit. Books The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan (1905) Tabitha is shown working at her shop and the illustrations include kittens, presumably her own, playing outside. Tabitha is rather peeved when her cousin Ribby tells her that she is having tea with Duchess the dog. \"Just as if there were no CATS in Sawrey!\" mutters Tabitha. Privately, Ribby considers Duchess superior company to Tabitha — though the two cats do enjoy a good gossip while Ribby is at the shop purchasing goods. However, after a great deal of confusion and chaos as a result of the tea party with Duchess, Ribby decides that in future she will invite Cousin Tabitha Twitchit instead. The Story of Miss Moppet (1906) The Story of Miss Moppet was a fold-up book also written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter, in which the titular kitten has problems with a mouse. In her next book, The Tale of Tom Kitten, published the following year, Moppet was shown to be one of Tabitha Twitchit's children. The Tale of Tom Kitten (1907) The Tale of Tom Kitten showed Tabitha and her kittens, Moppet, Mittens and Tom Kitten, living in Potter's own home at Hill Top. Tabitha has invited some friends for tea (maybe even Ribby) and washes and dresses her children for the occasion. She then unwisely allows them to play outside, but they then lose their clothes to some passing ducks, including Jemima Puddle-Duck. Their angry mother sends them to their room, telling her friends that they are ill, when in fact they are just getting up to further mischief. Potter concluded The Tale of Tom Kitten with the remark that she might \"have to make another, larger, book, to tell you more about Tom Kitten\". In fact she had been writing such a book at about the same time and it was published a year later. The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding (1908) This book was The Roly-Poly Pudding (later renamed The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding). Again based at Hill Top, it describes the place as being overrun with rats which are as much a trial for Tabitha (as they were for Potter) as her kittens. Tabitha tries to keep her children under control by locking them into a cupboard (an accepted form of discipline in those days). Tom Kitten evades his mother, only to",
"title": "Tabitha Twitchit"
},
{
"docid": "72706663",
"text": "Mittens was a chess engine developed by Chess.com. It was released on January 1, 2023, alongside four other engines, all of them given cat-related names. The engine became a viral sensation in the chess community due to exposure through content made by chess streamers and a social media marketing campaign, later contributing to record levels of traffic to the Chess.com website and causing issues with database scalability. Mittens was given a rating of one point by Chess.com, although it was evidently stronger than that. Various chess masters played matches against the engine, with players such as Hikaru Nakamura and Levy Rozman drawing and losing their games respectively. A month after its release, Mittens was removed from the website on February 1, as expected through Chess.com's monthly bot cycles. In December 2023, Mittens was brought back in a group of Chess.com's most popular bots of 2023. Release Mittens was released on January 1, 2023, as part of a New Year event on Chess.com. It was one of five engines released, all with names related to cats. The other engines released were named Scaredy Cat, rated 800; Angry Cat, rated 1000; Mr. Grumpers, rated 1200 and Catspurrov (a pun on Garry Kasparov), rated 1400. As part of the announcement, a picture of each engine was accompanied by a short description of its character. The description given for Mittens suggested that the engine was hiding something, reading: Of the five engines released, Mittens was by far the most popular. In December 2023, Chess.com re-released Mittens as part of a \"best of 2023\" group of chess bots made to showcase their most popular bots of the year. Design Mittens was conceptualized by Chess.com employee Will Whalen. Appearing as a kitten, Mittens trash talked its opponents with a selection of voice lines: these lines included quotes from J. Robert Oppenheimer, Vincent van Gogh and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as the 1967 film Le Samouraï. The engine's \"personality\" was devised by a writing team headed by Sean Becker, and Marija Casic provided the engine's graphics. Chess.com did not disclose any information about the software running the engine. It may be based on Chess.com's Komodo Dragon 3 engine. Mittens' strategy was to slowly grind down an opponent, a tactic likened to the playing style of Anatoly Karpov. Becker stated that the design team believed it would be \"way more demoralizing and funny\" for the engine to play this way. According to Hikaru Nakamura, Mittens sometimes missed the best move (or winning positions). Rating On Chess.com, Mittens had a rating of one point. However, the engine's playing style and tactics showed that it was stronger than that; Mittens was able to beat or draw against many top human players. In an interview with CNN Business, Whalen stated that the idea behind giving Mittens a rating of one was to surprise its opponents, giving it the upper hand psychologically. Estimates of Mittens' true rating range from an Elo of 3200 to 3500, because of its ability to beat other",
"title": "Mittens (chess)"
},
{
"docid": "61602150",
"text": "Mittens is a domestic cat who formerly lived in Wellington, New Zealand, who wandered in Te Aro and the city's central business district. A feline flâneur, he roams up to from his home. Selfie pictures with the cat have become a desired item for locals. Mittens is occasionally taken to the SPCA or the police. Originally from the suburbs of Auckland, he has become a social media celebrity since he, his late brother Latte, and their owner Silvio Bruinsma moved to the capital city in 2017. He featured on the 2018 edition of the Wellington Advent Calendar, an online calendar counting down the days before Christmas. Sam Thacker, an SPCA staff member, posted a polite direction about how to treat Mittens if anyone comes across him; asking members of the public not to report or take him in as they are familiar with his behaviour. On 22 May 2020, Mittens was given the Key to the City of Wellington. Previous recipients include Sir Peter Jackson and Sir Richard Taylor. Later in 2020, he was the subject of an exhibition at the Wellington Museum and a candidate for New Zealander of the year in August. On 5 February 2021, Mittens was seen being taken in to a car, presumably, to be taken to the abductor's home, for pictures. Mittens' owner described the abductor's actions as a \"massive error in judgement\". With the help of the social media community, Mittens was quickly located and returned home. On 10 November 2021, It was reported that Mittens was looking to relocate to his home city of Auckland. Andy Foster the mayor of Wellington was quoted saying \"He does have the Key to the City so he's welcome back at any time.\" See also List of individual cats References External links Individual cats Culture in Wellington Individual animals in New Zealand 2010 animal births",
"title": "Mittens (cat)"
}
] | [
"Susie Essman"
] |
train_2970 | who played lead guitar on still of the night | [
{
"docid": "18342279",
"text": "\"Still of the Night\" is a song by the English band Whitesnake. It was released as the first single from their self-titled 1987 album. It reached #16 in the U.K., #18 on the U.S. Mainstream rock Tracks and #79 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2003, Martin Popoff listed it as 58th in The Top 500 Heavy Metal Songs of All Time. In 2008, Guitar World considered it as \"the best song that Led Zeppelin never wrote\". In 2009, the track was named the 27th best hard rock song of all time by VH1. Background The song was written by lead singer David Coverdale and guitarist John Sykes, and proved to be one of the band's most popular songs. Both the current Whitesnake lineup and John Sykes play the song as their live encore. In 2009, in an interview with Metal Hammer, Coverdale commented on the origins of the song: \"When my mother died I was going through the stuff at her house and found some early demo cassettes. One of them was a song that Ritchie Blackmore and I had been working on which was the basic premise of what would become \"Still of the Night\". It was totally unrecognizable, so Ritchie doesn't have anything to worry about... neither do I! Ha ha ha! I took it as far as I could then I gave it to Sykes when we were in the south of France, and he put the big guitar hero stuff on there. John hated blues so I had to work within those parameters. I manipulated it to be electric blues, but how he performed it was fabulous for his time and relatively unique because of the songs. There were a lot of people doing that widdly stuff but they didn't have the quality of those songs.\" Music video The director of the music video was Marty Callner. Initially the female role of the \"Whitesnake woman\" was planned for the pre-fame Claudia Schiffer, but the night before the shoot the plan fell apart. As such Callner called Coverdale to discuss changes on the story boards, but seeing the attractiveness of Coverdale's future wife Tawny Kitaen she was chosen to play the role. Part of the video's set design was Coverdale's idea inspired by Elvis Presley's movie Jailhouse Rock, but \"it's like much more idealized prison cells, but this was done with a big full moon. And the band was fantastic – they sold the song brilliantly\". The band in the music video is not the same as on the audio track. Of the original band that recorded the song, only vocalist David Coverdale appears. Studio bassist Neil Murray was replaced with Rudy Sarzo in the video. Likewise drummer Aynsley Dunbar was replaced by Tommy Aldridge, and both guitarists Adrian Vandenberg and Vivian Campbell appear on the video but do not play on the song. Comparison to Led Zeppelin The song sparked comparison with Led Zeppelin. Some have claimed Coverdale copied Led Zeppelin's \"Black Dog\" and \"Whole",
"title": "Still of the Night (song)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "671340",
"text": "\"Takin' Care of Business\" is a song written by Randy Bachman and first recorded by Canadian rock group Bachman–Turner Overdrive (BTO) for their 1973 album Bachman–Turner Overdrive II. The lead vocal is sung by Randy. Development Randy Bachman had developed what would later become \"Takin' Care of Business\" while still a member of The Guess Who. His original idea was to write about a recording technician who worked on The Guess Who's recordings. This particular technician would take the 8:15 train to get to work, inspiring the lyrics \"take the 8:15 into the city\". In the early arrangement for the song, which had the working title \"White Collar Worker\", the chorus riff and vocal melody were similar to that of The Beatles' \"Paperback Writer\" (which in turn was inspired by a Chuck Berry song Johnny B. Goode). When Bachman first played this version for Burton Cummings, Cummings declared that he was ashamed of him and that The Guess Who would never record the song because the Beatles would sue them. Bachman still felt like the main riff and verses were good, it was only when the song got to the chorus that everyone hated it. While BTO was still playing smaller venues in support of its first album, Bachman was driving into Vancouver for a gig and listening to the radio when he heard local DJ Daryl B's catch phrase \"We're takin' care of business\". Lead vocalist Fred Turner's voice gave out before the band's last set that night. Bachman sang some cover songs to get through the last set, and on a whim, he told the band to play the C, B-flat and F chords (a I-VII-IV progression) over and over, and he sang \"White Collar Worker\" with the new words \"Takin' Care of Business\" inserted into the chorus. Recalled Randy: \"When we finished the song that night, people kept clapping, stomping, and shouting 'takin' care of business' over and over. So we picked up the tempo again and reprised the song for another ten minutes. Afterwards, we all knew we had something.\" After this, he rewrote the lyrics to \"White Collar Worker\" with a new chorus and the title \"Takin' Care of Business\". The new lyrics also take a self-ironic glance at the idea of glamorous rock stars who don't really need to work, contrasted with working-class men, in a vein that prefigured Dire Straits' Money for Nothing a decade later. Along with this he wrote a revised guitar riff, which was the I-VII-IV progression played with a shuffle. Bachman says he then handed over the lyrics to Fred Turner with the thought that Turner would sing the lead vocal. But Turner handed them back, saying Randy should sing the lead as it would give himself a needed vocal break when the band performed live. The original studio version, recorded at Kaye-Smith Studios in Seattle, Washington, features prominent piano, played by Norman Durkee. The reason for Durkee's presence at the studio, and on the track, has been the",
"title": "Takin' Care of Business (song)"
},
{
"docid": "21614115",
"text": "\"(You Can Still) Rock in America\" is a song written by Jack Blades and Brad Gillis, and the first single released from Night Ranger's 1983 album Midnight Madness. Former Deep Purple and Black Sabbath singer Glenn Hughes contribute backing vocals on the song. Background Night Ranger were on tour in Springfield, Illinois with Sammy Hagar in 1983. Singer Jack Blades bought several music magazines in town on his day off, many of which proclaimed \"rock is dead\" in favor of new wave artists like Thompson Twins or the Cure. Blades refused to believe it, as his band and Sammy Hagar had played so many concerts on their tour with thousands of screaming fans who seemed to think rock and roll was still very much alive. He came up with the chorus first, and then wrote some verses based on what fans would tell him about the lengths they went to to attend rock concerts. \"So I just took this one girl's idea of what she was telling me, and I wrote that as a commentary on what I was seeing out there when everybody was saying rock was dead. And that ended up being sort of an anthem for Night Ranger, for sure,\" said Blades. Track listing Personnel Night Ranger Jack Blades – bass, lead vocals Alan Fitzgerald – keyboards Brad Gillis – guitars, vocals Kelly Keagy – drums, vocals Jeff Watson – guitars, vocals Additional musicians Glenn Hughes – backing vocals on \"(You Can Still) Rock in America\" Charts In popular culture A re-recording of the song is downloadable content for Rock Band 2 and is a playable track on Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. \"(You Can Still) Rock in America\" was the opening credits theme song for the television series Rock 'N' America. A snippet plays during the series finale of The Drew Carey Show. References 1983 songs 1983 singles Night Ranger songs MCA Records singles Songs written by Jack Blades Songs written by Brad Gillis",
"title": "(You Can Still) Rock in America"
},
{
"docid": "1973136",
"text": "Nightlife is the fourth studio album by Irish rock band Thin Lizzy, released on 8 November 1974 by Vertigo Records. It was produced by Ron Nevison and bandleader Phil Lynott, and was the first album to feature the band as a quartet with newcomers Scott Gorham and Brian Robertson on guitars. Some reissue CDs, and occasionally other sources, spell the album title as Night Life, the same as the song title. However the original album title is Nightlife. The song \"Philomena\" was written for Lynott's mother. Album artwork The album cover, designed by Jim Fitzpatrick, shows a panther-like creature in a city scene. The panther is often thought to be intended to represent Lynott, but Fitzpatrick has confirmed that the panther referred to the Black Panthers and African-American political figures like Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Reception Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described Nightlife as an \"underrated gem of a record\", but a \"complete anomaly within their catalog\"... \"a subdued, soulful record, smooth in ways that Thin Lizzy never were before and rarely were afterwards\". He singles out \"She Knows\" as \"gently propulsive, [and] utterly addictive\", but adds that there are \"still moments of tough, primal rock 'n' roll\", such as \"It's Only Money\" and \"Sha-La-La\". Martin Popoff judged the album \"more enigmatic, sincere and philosophically complex than much else rock 'n' roll out there at the time\", but also \"too distant from the band's heart and soul\" and overtly into black music, with Lynott \"searching for ways to pay homage to his racial heritage.\" Cover versions American metal band Slough Feg covered \"Sha-La-La\" on a 2006 split with Bible of the Devil, and again on their 2011 live album Made in Poland. Concrete Blonde covered \"It's Only Money\" on their 1989 album Free. \"It's Only Money\" was re-recorded 35 years later by Robertson on his 2011 solo album Diamonds and Dirt. The Obsessed covered \"It's Only Money\" on their 2017 album Sacred. John Norum covered \"It's Only Money\" on his 2010 album Play Yard Blues. Sade covered “Still In Love with You” as a new track on her 2011 collection The Ultimate Collection. Track listings The song \"Night Life\" borrows the title and chorus of Willie Nelson's 1960 song \"Night Life\", but Nelson is not credited on the album. On the cassette version, the positions of \"She Knows\" and \"Showdown\" were reversed. Remastered edition A remastered 2-CD set deluxe edition of Nightlife was released on 12 March 2012. Singles Philomena/Sha-La-La – 7\" (1974) It’s Only Money/Night Life – 7\" (1974) Showdown/Night Life – 7\" (1974) Personnel Thin Lizzy Phil Lynott – bass guitar, vocals, acoustic guitar, producer Scott Gorham – guitars Brian Robertson – guitars, backing vocals Brian Downey – drums, percussion Additional musicians Frankie Miller – joint lead vocals on \"Still in Love with You\" Gary Moore – lead guitar on \"Still in Love with You\" & tracks 7-9 on disc 2 Jean Alain Roussel – Hammond B3, piano on tracks 1, 4, 5 and 10",
"title": "Nightlife (Thin Lizzy album)"
},
{
"docid": "2988725",
"text": "Vito Bratta (born July 1, 1961) is an American guitarist and the former co songwriter for the glam metal band White Lion. He co-founded White Lion with lead singer Mike Tramp in 1983 and played with the band until 1991. Bio Bratta began playing guitar at the age of 13 and later became a member of a cover band from New Jersey called Dreamer. In 1982, he was a frontrunner to replace Bernie Tormé in Ozzy Osbourne's band but clashed with manager Sharon Osbourne and lost out to Brad Gillis. He was then asked to replace Ace Frehley in Kiss but declined after being asked to change his name. In 1983 he formed White Lion together with Mike Tramp where he was a member until the band's breakup in 1991. During the band's heyday he often played on a Steinberger and ESP's guitars. In the September 1989 issue of Guitar World, he graced the cover for the first time. When White Lion disbanded in September 1991, he soon started a short-lived project together with singer John Levesque that they called \"Civil War\" but was discontinued after a while. The last available guitar track Vito did was a guest appearance on the Coven, Pitrelli, O'reilly 1992 album CPR, on the track E-11 where he plays the final solo. After 1992, he has rarely been seen in public. He still lives where he grew up on Staten Island where he works to take care of his family. In 2003, Mike Tramp attempted to reunite with Bratta but was unsuccessful. Tramp talked about Bratta in later interviews with Anarchy Music, claiming Bratta was always quiet and maintained a certain distance from the rest of the band. On February 16, 2007, Bratta gave his first live interview in over 12 years. The following points were revealed during the Eddie Trunk interview: Bratta's father went through a 5-year illness, which required a large amount of personal time and commitment on Vito's part, both emotionally and financially. In 1997, he injured his wrist and finds it painful to move his hand up and down an electric guitar's neck; however he still manages to play classical guitars without excessive discomfort. In addition, he clarified that he has never ruled out a White Lion/Mike Tramp reunion; up until now, they have simply been impossible due to family obligations and his wrist injury. In April 2007, Vito Bratta made his first public musical appearances in over 15 years, at both Friday and Saturday nights shows at the L'Amour Reunion Shows in New York. Aside from this, Bratta has kept a low profile, but did agree to be featured in Richard Bienstock and Tom Beaujour’s book \"Nothin' But a Good Time.” And he also interviewed with journalist Matt Wake for Guitar World Magazine as featured in 2022’s ‘80s issue. In 2023, Bratta agreed to an interview with journalist Andrew Daly for Guitar World Magazine, as well as another (also with Daly) for Guitar World Online regarding “Guitarists Who Shaped His",
"title": "Vito Bratta"
},
{
"docid": "5693672",
"text": "Gary Talley (born August 17, 1947) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter and author. He began his career as lead guitarist for the Grammy-nominated group The Box Tops who were famous for hits like \"The Letter\", and \"Cry Like a Baby\". Career After his initial stint with The Box Tops, Talley played with musicians Jerry Butler, Billy Lee Riley, Hank Ballard, and Ace Cannon at the Sounds of Memphis Studio and later at Universal Studios also in Memphis. His reputation led him to the larger market of Atlanta in 1972, where he toured with Pat Boone, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Dobie Gray, Freda Payne, Billy Joe Royal, and many others. Talley relocated to Nashville in 1981 where he recorded with Willie Nelson, Tammy Wynette, Waylon Jennings, Sam Moore (of the duo Sam and Dave), and others. He has written songs recorded by Keith Whitley, The Box Tops, James Cotton, T. G. Sheppard, Fish Heads & Rice and others. He has continued writing and teaching, while at the same time playing television appearances, live events or touring with artists like Billy Preston, Sam Moore, Pam Tillis, Brenda Lee, Tammy Wynette, Rufus Thomas, Tim McGraw, The Drifters, Sam \"the Sham\" Samudio, David Lee Murphy, Bobby Whitlock, Tracy Nelson, Mac Gayden, Bobby Bare, Ray Vega, Deirdre Reilly, the Hombres, Jason D. Williams, James Carr, Al Watkins, and Little Eva among others. Publications like Acoustic Guitar and American Songwriter have published cover stories, articles and lessons about his career as a guitar instructor. In 1999, Talley created “Guitar Playing for Songwriters” the first instructional guitar video designed for songwriters. His specialized technique is tailored to accommodate the needs of songwriters. His students have included stars like Pam Tillis, and Sherrié Austin, Amanda Hunt-Taylor, Rory Bourke, Monty Powell, Holly Lamar and Tom Douglas. After a six-year hiatus following the death of The Box Tops lead singer, Alex Chilton in 2010, Gary and remaining original bass player Bill Cunningham reunited The Box Tops and began touring in 2016. In 2017 The Box Tops joined The Happy Together Tour with The Turtles, The Association, The Cowsills, Chuck Negron of Three Dog Night, and Ron Dante of The Archies. The Summer tour played 48 cities across the U.S. and entertained over 200,000 fans. Gary continues to teach guitar when he's not touring with The Box Tops, and plays various live shows and recording sessions in Nashville. On November 1, 2018, Talley was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall Of Fame, as a founding member of The Box Tops. In 2020, Talley began accompanying the singing of his 93-year old mother Nita Talley in a series of Youtube videos. These songs, especially the old-style gospel numbers, on which they sing harmony with Belinda Lee Leslie, have been made into CDs, and a portion of the proceedings go to the Wounded Warrior Project in honor of Gary's late father, Charles Talley. In 2022, at the age of 95, with three CDs available, Nita Talley was still recording with Gary Talley. References",
"title": "Gary Talley"
},
{
"docid": "35539259",
"text": "Up All Night is the debut studio album by American country music artist Kip Moore. It was released on April 24, 2012, by MCA Nashville. The album includes the number one single, \"Somethin' 'Bout a Truck\". In 2017, the album was certified Platinum in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Critical reception Up All Night received generally positive reception from music critics. Metacritic assigns a \"weighted average\" metascore to albums based upon the reviews and ratings of selected independent reviewers, and the album score is a 67, which means it received \"generally favorable\" reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave it three stars, saying that it is \"shameless in its attempt to win you over, and […] that eager-to-please nature winds up ingratiating whether you like it or not.\" Bobby Peacock of Roughstock praised Moore's voice and the production, saying that Moore \"touches on so many country cornerstones […] in a believable fashion.\" A positive review also came from the Great American Country writer Daryl Addison, who said that it \"carries a unique sound that fits somewhere between ramblin’ man storytelling, hook-driven contemporary country and atmospheric blue-collar rock.\" Country Standard Time'''s Michael Rampa was less favorable, criticizing the themes of some songs for \"paying women with alcohol\". At Country Weekly, Jessica Nicholson gave a positive review of the album, remarking that \"Kip's grainy, warm and confident vocal delivery ties the tales together into a believable tapestry. Brian Mansfield of USA Today rated the album two-and-a-half stars, observing that \"Moore's blue-collar grit is welcome, but only on Reckless (Still Growin' Up) does he approach his heroes.\" Billboard rated the album a 3.5 out of 5, stating, \"Moore spends much of his debut album, Up All Night, outlining the pleasures to be had from hot women and cold beverages.\" Taste of Country's Billy Dukes rated the album four stars, writing, \"Like Eric Church before him, this singer may struggle to find consistent mainstream success, but it’s not because of a lack of high-quality material.\" At PopMatters, Dave Heaton rated the album six out of ten discs, saying, \"It’s still generic, but takes a somewhat different turn, which is true for the entire LP.\" In 2017, Billboard contributor Chuck Dauphin placed four tracks from the album on his top 10 list of Moore's best songs: \"Beer Money\" at number one, \"Somethin' 'Bout a Truck\" at number three, \"Hey Pretty Girl\" at number five and \"Faith When I Fall\" at number ten. Track listing Personnel Adapted from the Up All Night'' liner notes. Musicians Mike Brignardello – bass guitar Adam Browder – electric guitar Steve Bryant – bass guitar Howard Duck – keyboards Mike Durham – electric guitar Tommy Harden – drums Brett James – background vocals Charlie Judge – keyboards Troy Lancaster – acoustic guitar, electric guitar Dave Lapsley – electric guitar Rob McNelley – electric guitar Kip Moore – acoustic guitar, lead vocals, background vocals Mike Rojas – keyboards Scotty Sanders —steel guitar Scott Williamson – drums Technical",
"title": "Up All Night (Kip Moore album)"
},
{
"docid": "54749838",
"text": "Unsung Prophets and Dead Messiahs is the sixth studio album by the Israeli oriental metal band, Orphaned Land, and was released on January 26, 2018. It is the first album to feature guitarist Idan Amsalem who replaced multi-instrumentalist and lead guitarist, Yossi Sassi, a founding member of the band, in 2014. Unsung Prophets and Dead Messiahs is Orphaned Land's fourth concept album, following 2010's The Never Ending Way of ORwarriOR, that once again utilizes the concept of light and darkness to convey its message. Described by the band's main vocalist, Kobi Farhi, as \"a protest album, a very angry album,\" Unsung Prophets and Dead Messiahs is based around Plato's Allegory of the cave - that is that humanity is figuratively trapped in a dark cave; all of their truths are shadows they see in the dark cave, and they will kill anyone who tries to take them out of the cave and bring them into the light. Orphaned Land believe that this allegory still holds true today, and acts as a prophecy 2000 years later, and thus Plato is \"an ancient prophet in a way.\" Kobi has stated that revolutionaries and leaders are always being assassinated, and are thus like \"dead messiahs in a way.\" He stated that the albums is a projection on humanity that instead of blaming religion or politicians on society's problems, that it's the people who prefer to remain trapped in the darkness; however, if humanity can break free from their chains, the world would be a place that we could not understand unless we try to embrace it. The album was mixed by Jens Bogren, just like their last album, All Is One, and mastered by Tony Lindgren, with much of the recording and production responsibilities done by Yonaton Kossov and Idan Amsalem in Israel. The artwork was created by Metastazis, as they also did for All Is One. In September 2018, Orphaned Land won the 'Video Of The Year' award at the Progressive Music Awards 2018 in London, for their video, Like Orpheus, which was one of the leading singles of the album. The music video is based on a true story about a Muslim girl who used to attend metal shows in Israel. A photo taken of her in a hijab with the lead singer of Behemoth in his corpse paint went viral, after which her parents forbade her from associating with the \"metal world.\" The music video depicts a Haredi man and a Muslim woman attending a Kreator concert at night, while hiding their association with the metal community from their families. Guest artists and quotations from others The album features three guest artists. Former Genesis guitarist Steve Hackett contacted Kobi Farhi and asked him to sing in a song about peace on his album The Night Siren. According to Farhi, Hackett offered to either play a guitar solo on an Orpahend Land album or to pay Farhi directly for his performance, and Farhi chose the guitar solo. Hackett appears on the",
"title": "Unsung Prophets & Dead Messiahs"
},
{
"docid": "4408667",
"text": "Avion were an Australian 1980s pop rock band formed in 1981, originally named Lionheart, the line-up was Evan Murray on keyboards, Martyn Toole on guitar, and three brothers: John Waller on drums, Kendall Waller on bass guitar and Randall Waller on lead vocals and lead guitar. The group issued two albums, Avion (1983) and White Noise (1987). Late in 1987, Murray died in a car accident and the group disbanded. According to Australian rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, the group had \"a strong cult following ... [with their] brand of melodic, American-influenced Adult Oriented Rock ... [but] met with virtual indifference at home\". History Avion's lead guitarist and lead singer, Randall Waller had previously released two albums as a solo artist, Oasis (1978) and Midnight Fire (1980). In 1981 Waller formed pop rock group Lionheart in Sydney with Evan Murray on keyboards, Martyn Toole on guitar, and his two brothers: John Waller on drums and Kendall Waller on bass guitar – the group was soon renamed as Avion. Avion signed with RCA Records and, in September 1983, released their debut self-titled album. Despite being mixed by Bob Clearmountain at the Power Station recording studio in NYC, the album was not a success. The album spawned three singles, \"I Need You\" (March 1983), \"Diamond Eyes\" (September) and \"Never Let Me Go\" (October) which were not successful. AllMusic described the album, \"its overwrought AOR sound and simplistic lyrics failing to secure significant sales\". In August 1984 the group issued a non-album single, \"Still the Night\". Paul Gannell replaced Toole on guitar and, in September 1985, released \"We've Got Secrets\" on RCA. In 1986, the band signed a deal with EMI Records and \"Celebration\" appeared in September. In 1987 the band's second album, White Noise, followed \"but the more considered songwriting failed to produce an upturn in Avion's career\". It also lacked airplay, and was not a success – the group was dropped by EMI. In April 1987 they released the third single from the album, \"Berlin Wall\". In September 1987 Evan Murray died in a car accident while the group were on tour and the band essentially disbanded. According to Australian rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, the group had \"a strong cult following ... [with their] brand of melodic, American-influenced Adult Oriented Rock ... [but] met with virtual indifference at home\". Randall Waller was briefly a member of Sharon O'Neill's backing band before relocating to United Kingdom from 1988 to 1993 where he worked as a record producer and engineer. In 1992, Waller laid down vocals for the \"Surrender Absolute\" album by David Zaffiro (Intense Records). As of 1998, he was playing guitar for Shania Twain's band. Discography Albums Avion (RCA Records) (September 1983) White Noise (EMI Records) (1987) Singles \"I Need You\" (1983) \"Diamond Eyes\" (1983) \"Never Let Me Go\" (1983) \"Still the Night\" (1984) \"We've Got Secrets\" (1985) \"Celebration\" (1986) \"Berlin Wall\" (1987) References Australian pop rock groups Musical groups established in 1981 Musical groups disestablished in 1987 Musical groups",
"title": "Avion (band)"
},
{
"docid": "2727083",
"text": "World Wide Live is a live album by German rock band Scorpions, released in 1985. The original audio recording was produced by Dieter Dierks. A VHS was released at the same time with footage of Scorpions' world tour. The live album was originally released as a 2LP vinyl set, in a gatefold-sleeve, and a cassette. The liner notes contain a crew member list, tour date information and when the shows were recorded: Bercy, Paris, France (1984-02-29) The Forum, Los Angeles, CA, USA (1984-04-24 & 1984-04-25) Sports Arena, San Diego, CA, USA (1984-04-26) Pacific Amphitheatre, Costa Mesa, CA, USA (1984-04-28) Sporthalle, Cologne, West Germany (1984-11-17) The initial CD release featured 15 tracks (dropping \"Another Piece of Meat\", \"Six-String Sting\" and \"Can't Get Enough\", parts 1 & 2, due to time constraints), but the remastered edition of 1997 features the original album in full. Track listing Audio Side one \"Countdown\" (Klaus Meine, Matthias Jabs) - 0:41 \"Coming Home\" (Rudolf Schenker, Meine) - 3:17 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting, 1984) \"Blackout\" (Schenker, Meine, Herman Rarebell, Sonja Kittelsen) - 4:11 (original studio version appears on Blackout, 1982) \"Bad Boys Running Wild\" (Schenker, Meine, Rarebell) - 3:45 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting) \"Loving You Sunday Morning\" (Schenker, Meine, Rarebell) - 4:41 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive, 1979) \"Make It Real\" (Schenker, Rarebell) - 3:51 (original studio version appears on Animal Magnetism, 1980) Side two \"Big City Nights\" (Schenker, Meine) – 4:49 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting) \"Coast to Coast\" (Schenker) – 4:40 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) \"Holiday\" (Schenker, Meine) – 3:12 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) \"Still Loving You\" (Schenker, Meine) – 5:44 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting) Side three \"Rock You Like a Hurricane\" (Schenker, Meine, Rarebell) – 4:04 (original studio version appears on Love at First Sting) \"Can't Live Without You\" (Schenker, Meine) – 5:28 (original studio version appears on Blackout) \"Another Piece of Meat\" (Schenker, Rarebell) – 5:36 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) \"Dynamite\" (Schenker, Meine, Rarebell) – 7:05 (original studio version appears on Blackout) Side four \"The Zoo\" (Schenker, Meine) – 5:46 (original studio version appears on Animal Magnetism) \"No One Like You\" (Schenker, Meine) – 4:07 (original studio version appears on Blackout) \"Can't Get Enough\", Pt. 1 (Schenker, Meine) – 1:59 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) \"Six String Sting\" (Matthias Jabs guitar solo) – 5:18 \"Can't Get Enough\", Pt. 2 (Schenker, Meine) – 1:52 (original studio version appears on Lovedrive) Video \"Coming Home\" \"Blackout\" \"Big City Nights\" \"Loving You Sunday Morning\" \"No One Like You\" \"Holiday\" \"Bad Boys Running Wild\" \"Still Loving You\" \"Rock You Like a Hurricane\" \"Dynamite\" \"I‘m Leaving You\" (Studio version which plays over credits) Personnel Scorpions Klaus Meine – lead vocals, rhythm guitar on \"Coast to Coast\" Rudolf Schenker – rhythm guitars, lead guitars on \"Big City Nights\", \"Coast To Coast\", \"Holiday\" and \"Still Loving You\", backing vocals Matthias Jabs – lead guitars, rhythm",
"title": "World Wide Live"
},
{
"docid": "2202550",
"text": "Iris is a Romanian rock band established in February 1975 by Ioan 'Nelu' Dumitrescu (drums), Ion 'Nuțu' Olteanu (lead solo guitar and vocals) and Emil Lechințeanu (bass guitar). They achieved success, followed by tours throughout Romania and recordings for radio broadcast. At the 2006 MTV Romania Music Awards, Iris won the Best Rock Award and were nominated for Best Band and Best Live Act. History Iris began in 1975-1976 with Emil Lechințeanu, Ioan 'Nelu' Dumitrescu and Ion 'Nuțu' Olteanu. Through the years, the band has experienced many line-up changes. In 45 years of activity, Iris became one of the biggest names in Romanian music history. First appearance on an album was in 1978 with the song \"Corabia cu pânze\" on \"Formații de muzică pop III\" compilation album. At the beginning of the 1980s, Ioan 'Nelu' Dumitrescu, Ion 'Nuțu' Olteanu (guitar) and Cristian 'Cristi' Minculescu, who are still present in the current line-up, played with Florin Ochescu (guitar) and Mihai 'Marty' Popescu (bass guitar). Together they released a debut-album, Iris I, which included songs that became some of the most popular Romanian rock songs: \"Doar pentru voi\" (\"Only for You\"), \"Trenul fără naș\" (\"The Train without a Ticket-Collector\"), \"Pe ape\" (\"On Water\"), and \"Cei ce vor fi\" (\"Those to Come\"). In 1987, Iris II was released with an extravagant cover depicting the communist regime, a cover which represented one of Cristian 'Cristi' Minculescu's idols, Angus Young, \"in action\". The band's line-up was Cristian 'Cristi' Minculescu (vocal), Ioan 'Nelu' Dumitrescu (drums), Valter Popa (guitar), Mihai Alexandru (guitar, vocal) and Doru 'Boro' Borobeică (bass guitar). On this album, notable songs included \"Strada ta\" (\"Your Street\"), \"În parc\" (\"In the Park\"), and \"Zi și noapte\" (\"Day and Night\"). One year later, Iris released its third album, Nu te opri (\"Don't Stop\"), which featured the same line-up as Iris II. The disc contained eight tracks, but the most important are \"Floare de iris\" (\"Iris Flower\"), \"Uită tot ce‑a fost\" (\"Forget All That Was\"), \"Eu și cu tine\" (\"Me and You\"), \"Ploaia de vise\" (\"Rain of Dreams\"). In December 1989, when the downfall of the Romanian communist regime began, Iris recorded the album Iris IV in Tomis Studio, without Mihai Alexandru, but with Cristian 'Cristi' Minculescu, Ion 'Nuțu' Olteanu, Doru 'Boro' Borobeică and Valter Popa. Hits from this album include \"De ce oare ai plecat?\" (\"Why Did You Leave Me?\"), \"Vino iar\" (\"Come Again\"), \"Rock and roll\", and \"Cine mă strigă în noapte?\" (\"Who Is Calling Me in the Night?\"). In 1992, Iris held an anniversary concert called Iris 15 ANI (\"Iris 15 years\") at Sala Polivalentă in Bucharest in front of 10,000 people. This was a record audience for a Romanian band, unequalled since that time. That same year, at the Cannes Festival, Iris won second place in the rock section and they appeared on MTV. The fifth Iris album was named 1993 and was recorded with the Iris IV line-up, plus guitarist Dan Alex Sârbu. Iris played in Italy and on the Malboro Tour,",
"title": "Iris (Romanian band)"
},
{
"docid": "9141909",
"text": "Mick Rogers (born Michael Oldroyd, 20 September 1946) is an English rock guitarist, singer and songwriter, chiefly known for his time with Manfred Mann's Earth Band from 1971 to 1975 and again since 1984. Excluding the group's titular member, Rogers is the longest serving member of MMEB. Early life and career His father was a drummer and his uncle a string bass player. The young Rogers was weaned on his uncle's jazz collection and 1950s rock and roll. Before MMEB he was a member of The Vision, which backed Adam Faith, and the Australian bands The Playboys, Bulldog, and Procession. Manfred Mann's Earth Band In 1971, Rogers co-formed Manfred Mann's Earth Band, along with keyboardist Manfred Mann, who had been a member of the 1960s band named after him. He left the Earth Band because he wanted to steer the band more in the direction of Frank Zappa, which created friction with Mann. A year after Rogers left the Earth Band, in 1976, the Earth Band had a worldwide hit song with a cover of the 1973 Bruce Springsteen song, \"Blinded by the Light\". The song went to number one in the Americas. After his initial departure from MMEB in 1975, he returned to Australia to work and then returned to the UK, where he formed the band Aviator with drummer Clive Bunker. They released two albums. During the initial years with Manfred Mann's Earth Band, Rogers was the only guitarist and chief lead vocalist in the group. When he returned in 1984, he shared vocal and guitar duties with Chris Thompson until Thompson's exit. The band effectively stopped existing after the release of Masque (1987), but a new formation was made in the early 1990s. Chris Thompson's parts and several new songs were now sung by Noel McCalla, whereas Rogers mostly only sang lead on \"Father of Day, Father of Night\", \"Joybringer\" and some verses on \"Spirits in the Night\" and \"Mighty Quinn\". This pattern did not change through further line-ups; Rogers is once again the band's main guitarist (current vocalist Robert Hart intermittently plays guitar) but never sings more than a handful of vocal parts, which in recent times have typically included a stripped-down version of \"Do Wah Diddy Diddy\". In 2020, Rogers planned to play material of the early Earth Band with original member Colin Pattenden and keyboardist Mike Keneally at the Burg Herzberg Festival under the moniker Solar Fire, however this did not happen due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The appearance was rescheduled twice and planned for 2022. With the exception of Manfred Mann himself, Rogers is the only original member that is still active in the band. Later projects During his second tenure with the Earth Band, Rogers released a handful of solo albums. His solo debut Back to Earth got a mixed review on the German Babyblaue Prog-Reviews, which praised Rogers' vocal and guitar work but criticized the fact that he was not accompanied by other musicians and instead relied on programmed drums. Father",
"title": "Mick Rogers (musician)"
},
{
"docid": "13584860",
"text": "One Night in Dublin: A Tribute to Phil Lynott is a live DVD by Gary Moore credited to \"Gary Moore and Friends\". On the night of 20 August 2005, Gary Moore (Thin Lizzy guitarist 1974, 1977, 1978–1979) staged a concert at the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. It featured Brian Downey and ex-Thin Lizzy guitarists Brian Robertson and Eric Bell as well as ongoing Lizzy member Scott Gorham. The concert was simply called \"The Boy Is Back in Town\", with the \"One Night in Dublin\" title a change made for the DVD. On 21 April 2009 it was also released on Blu-ray format. The show was typical in several ways of both Thin Lizzy shows and Gary Moore ones. As always with Thin Lizzy, \"Cowboy Song\" was followed by \"The Boys Are Back in Town\", and \"Whisky in the Jar\" is part of the encore. When Moore recorded \"Don't Believe a Word\" as a solo artist he played the song in its original slow blues arrangement; here he begins performing his version before switching mid-song to the faster Thin Lizzy-style rock song. As is always so with Moore, he closed with \"Parisienne Walkways\". Robertson, Gorham and Bell only performed songs they originally performed with Thin Lizzy. The DVD also contains the unveiling of a statue of Phil Lynott in Grafton Street, Dublin earlier that day, and rehearsals and interviews with Thin Lizzy members who featured in this concert. Performances Gary Moore 1. \"Walkin' by Myself\" (Traditional; arranged: Gary Moore) 2. \"Jailbreak\" (Phil Lynott) 3. \"Don't Believe a Word\" (Lynott) Gary Moore and Brian Robertson 4. \"Emerald\" (Brian Downey, Scott Gorham, Lynott, Brian Robertson) 5. \"Still in Love with You\" (Lynott) Gary Moore and Scott Gorham 6. \"Black Rose\" (Lynott, Francis McPeake, Moore) 7. \"Cowboy Song\" (Downey, Lynott) 8. \"The Boys Are Back in Town\" (Lynott) Gary Moore and Eric Bell 9. \"Whiskey in the Jar\" (Traditional; arranged: Eric Bell, Downey, Lynott) Gary Moore 10. \"Old Town\" (excerpt) / \"Parisienne Walkways\" (Jimmy Bain, Lynott/Lynott, Moore) Personnel Gary Moore – lead vocals, guitars (tracks 1-10) Brian Robertson – guitars, backing vocals (tracks 4-5) Scott Gorham – guitars, backing vocals (tracks 6-8) Eric Bell – guitars, vocals (track 9) Jonathan Noyce – bass guitar, (tracks 1-10) Brian Downey – drums (tracks 1-10) References Tribute albums 2007 video albums Live video albums Gary Moore live albums 2007 live albums",
"title": "One Night in Dublin: A Tribute to Phil Lynott"
},
{
"docid": "7053750",
"text": "Roadwork is a live album by vocalist/keyboardist/saxophonist Edgar Winter and his band White Trash, a powerful revue famous for their fusion of funk, gospel, R&B, and rock 'n' roll. It was released as a double LP in 1972. Roadwork was the second of only three albums the band recorded together. Highlights include Winter's vocals and virtuoso keyboard work, plus the guitar stylings of Rick Derringer. The longest track on the album was the band's own version of the John D. Loudermilk song, \"Tobacco Road\", which lasted over 17 minutes, taking up an entire side of the album. Derringer contributed lead vocals to \"Still Alive and Well\" and \"Back in the USA\", and Johnny Winter made a special appearance singing lead and playing guitar on \"Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo\". Louisiana native Jerry LaCroix, who shared lead vocals with Winter in White Trash, is also prominently featured. The album was recorded before live audiences at the Apollo Theater and the Academy of Music in New York City and in Los Angeles at the legendary Whisky a Go Go night club. The album was certified gold December 18, 1974 by the RIAA. Track listing Personnel Edgar Winter: Lead and backing vocals, Keyboards, Saxophone Jerry LaCroix: Lead and backing vocals, saxophone Jon Smith: Backing vocals, saxophone Rick Derringer: Lead vocals, guitars Randy Jo Hobbs: Bass Bobby Ramirez: Drums Marshall Cyr: Trumpet Mike McClellan: Trumpet Tilly Lawrence: Trumpet Johnny Winter: Lead vocals, guitar on \"Rock & Roll, Hoochie Koo\" Pete Weiss - engineering Production notes At the start of their appearance at the Apollo Theater, the host Frankie Crocker, a New York d.j. who introduced them, chided their evident late arrival saying (slightly off mic): \"Y'know, every time we used to go downtown to them jive jobs they give us, they always say 'black folks: late, can't be on time,' now look at the White Trash!\" (chuckle) The comment was met with laughter from the audience. After the introduction, the audience again broke out into sporadic laughter, and a loud gasp after seeing Edgar's albino complexion, possibly not expecting much from the band as it consisted of all white musicians (apart from drummer Ramirez), but their doubts were quickly dispelled when the band launched into \"Cool Fool\", a funky R&B song. This snippet appears on the original vinyl release at the beginning of Side 4. References Edgar Winter albums 1972 live albums Epic Records live albums Albums recorded at the Apollo Theater Albums recorded at the Whisky a Go Go",
"title": "Roadwork (album)"
},
{
"docid": "2893906",
"text": "Frehley's Comet is the second solo album by Ace Frehley, former lead guitarist of Kiss. It was also the first album that Frehley released after leaving Kiss in 1982. Background Frehley formed his solo band in 1984. He went on tour to perform his Kiss classics and some new material, which was recorded with his new band. The original Frehley's Comet lineup consisted of Ace Frehley (on lead, backup vocals and lead guitar), Richie Scarlet (on lead, backup vocals, lead and rhythm guitar), John Regan (on bass guitar and backup vocals), Arthur Stead (on keyboards), and Anton Fig (on drums). Fig also played drums on Frehley's 1978 Kiss solo album, as well as Kiss's Dynasty and Unmasked albums. In 1985, Richie Scarlet left the band to focus on a solo career. Scarlet's departure led to another lineup change with Arthur Stead being dropped and briefly replaced by Rob Sabino before Tod Howarth joining the band, handling the rhythm guitar, lead and backup vocals duties. The original Frehley's Comet lineup recorded various demos and songs around 1984 and 1985, and many of them were performed live; however, the songs from that era are still officially unreleased, and only a few of them made it to the final recording of Frehley's Comet. Notably, \"Breakout\", \"Into the Night\" (which was a cover of Russ Ballard), \"We Got Your Rock\", \"Love Me Right\", \"Dolls\", & \"Stranger in a Strange Land\" are the only songs on the record which were previously performed live in the band's early career and finally made it to the album. Songs \"Rock Soldiers\" Ace Frehley wrote this with Chip Taylor. Among the other hits Chip Taylor has penned are \"Wild Thing\" and Angel Of The Morning\". Frehley explained to American Songwriter magazine March/April 1988 how their collaboration worked: \"Chip wrote most of the lyrics and I wrote most of the music because I've known Chip for years and he was aware of the incident that went down in the summer of '83 when I had the car accident and he thought it would be a great idea to write a song around it.\" The song also featured 20 guitarists who were attending a weekend seminar for Musicians' Institute's Guitar Institute of Technology (GIT) hosted at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, NY. When Ace got word of the seminar he came up with the idea of having the 20 member guitar army. Ace brought a demo tape of the song to Tommy Tedesco who was hosting the seminar, the 20 guitarists listened and learned. They recorded their parts that evening in Master Sound Astoria, on a Sunday in October of 1986. \"Breakout\" was co-written with Kiss member Eric Carr around the Music from \"The Elder\" recording era. The song, however, was not used on the record and was later released by Kiss on their Revenge album, with the title \"Carr Jam 1981\". The instrumental part of the song was written by Frehley and Carr; however, the lyrics of the song",
"title": "Frehley's Comet (album)"
},
{
"docid": "54998239",
"text": "Dudley Dale Connell (born February 18, 1956) is an American singer in the bluegrass tradition. He is best known for his work with the Johnson Mountain Boys, Longview, and The Seldom Scene. Biography Early years Connell grew up in Rockville, Maryland. His parents were bluegrass enthusiasts. Connell initially played banjo like his father, but switched to guitar when he realized his strongest asset was his voice. Carter Stanley was a major influence on Connell's singing style. Johnson Mountain Boys In 1975, Connell founded and led the Johnson Mountain Boys, playing guitar and singing lead vocals. Other members included Richard Underwood (banjo), David McLaughlin (mandolin), Eddie Stubbs (fiddle) and Gary B Reid (bass). The band ended in 1988 due to road life stresses, but have since played reunion shows and another album Blue Diamond. Connell and other band members also provided musical support for Buzz Busby. Touring and session work Connell has recorded with Hazel Dickens, and toured with her in 1992. In 1993, Joe Wilson organized the \"Masters of the 5-String Banjo\" tour, with Connell, Laurie Lewis, Ralph Stanley, Will Keys, Seleshe Damessae]l, Kirk Sutphin, Tony Ellis, Seamus Eagan, and Carroll Best. Music from this tour was collected and released on the 1994 album Masters of the Banjo on Arhoolie Records. Longview In 1994, Connell formed Longview with Don Rigsby (mandolin), Marshall Wilborn (bass), Joe Mullins (banjo), James King (guitar), and Glen Duncan (fiddle). Seldom Scene In 1995, Connell joined the Seldom Scene, playing guitar and singing lead vocals, and has remained with them since. Dudley Connell and Don Rigsby Connell recorded two albums with Don Rigsby: Meet Me By the Moonlight in 1999 and Another Saturday Night in 2001. They drew on the Appalachian brother style of singing in country music made popular in the early 20th century by groups such as the Blue Sky Boys and the Monroe Brothers. Stony Point Quartet The Stony Point Quartet, featuring Connell, David McLaughlin (mandolin), Linda Lay (vocals), and Billy Lux (bass), focuses on gospel music. Seneca Rocks! 2006, Connell formed the band Seneca Rocks! with Tom Adams, David McLaughlin, and Marshall Wilborn from the Johnson Mountain Boys along with Sally Love Connell, who previously sang in a duo with Connell and is his wife. Audio Archival From 1989 to 1998, Connell worked as manager of the Smithsonian Folkways office in Rockville, Maryland. He currently is an Audio Archivist for the National Council for the Traditional Arts, cataloging and digitizing their collection of recordings for the Library of Congress. Awards Connell won the 2000 International Bluegrass Music Awards (IBMA) award for Male Vocalist of the Year. In Sept of 2020 Connell was inducted into the International Bluegrass Hall of Fame with the Johnson Mountain Boys. Discography Besides his ensemble work, Connell has contributed his vocal and guitar support to recordings by numerous artists. With The Johnson Mountain Boys 1981: The Johnson Mountain Boys (Rounder) 1982: Walls of Time (Rounder) 1983: Working Close (Rounder) 1984: Live at the Birchmere (Rounder) 1985: We'll Still",
"title": "Dudley Connell"
},
{
"docid": "1422717",
"text": "Steriogram were a New Zealand punk rock band that formed in Auckland in 1999. The band consisted of frontman Tyson Kennedy (lead vocals and drums), Brad Carter (vocals, lead guitar and lead vocals), Tim Youngson (rhythm guitar and backing vocals), Jake Adams (bass guitar and backing vocals) and Jared Wrennall (drums and backing vocals). The band released three studio albums Schmack! (2004), This Is Not the Target Market (2007) and Taping the Radio (2010). The band's 2004 international hit single \"Walkie Talkie Man\" was used in an advertisement for the iPod and a number of films and video games. History Formation, EPs and Schmack! (1999–2005) Steriogram was formed in June 1999 by Brad Carter and Jake Adams, two friends from Whangārei, who joined with Tyson Kennedy and Tim Youngson, two friends from Auckland. They started performing as a melodic rock four-piece band with a manic live show. They released the EP Soccerstar in December that year. It had three tracks, \"Chiqboom\", \"Soccerstar\" and \"Aeroplane\". Only 500 copies were made. Their second recording, \"White Trash\", released in August 2001, was more successful. Its b-side was \"Soccerstar\". They made a video for \"White Trash\" with drummer Kennedy rapping and it got so much exposure they decided he should stop drumming and move to the front of the stage to rap. They then recruited mutual friend Jared Wrennall from Balclutha, as drummer and became a five-piece. From then they started writing more of their songs with a hip hop influence. Steriogram toured New Zealand in a friend's van without any support crew, doing gigs where they could. In 2002, still unsigned, they joined several other New Zealand bands in the inaugural Boost Mobile School's Tour, playing for free during high school lunch hours to get exposure, as well as at bars at night. During the tour they released the EP Sing the Night Away, which contained five tracks: \"Sing the Night Away\", \"Free\", \"Big Lady Loving\", \"White Trash (DLT remix)\" and \"West Side!\". Videos were made for the songs \"Sing The Night Away\" and \"Free\". While recording at a rented beach house in 2002 they were contacted by a scout for American label Capitol Records, who had come upon their music video for \"White Trash\" on the website nzmusic.com, and were signed to Capitol Records later that year. 2004 saw the release of their debut album Schmack!. In addition to \"White Trash\", five more tracks from it were released as singles: \"Walkie Talkie Man\", \"Roadtrip\", \"Go\", \"Tsunami\" and \"On and On\". Three songs from Sing the Night Away featured on singles from the album: \"Sing the Night Away\", \"Free\" and \"Big Lady Loving\". There were two main factors contributing to Steriogram’s immediate success. First, the national school tour helped to generate a wider fan base. The other factor was their Internet site and the use of fans' loyalty. On the site fans were able to join up for the band’s newsletter and then eventually to what was known as a \"fan street pack\".",
"title": "Steriogram"
},
{
"docid": "1845321",
"text": "Robert Joel Kulick (January 16, 1950 – May 28, 2020) was an American guitarist and record producer, who worked with numerous acts such as Kiss, W.A.S.P., Alice Cooper, Lou Reed, Meat Loaf, and Michael Bolton. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and was the elder brother of former Kiss lead guitarist Bruce Kulick. Early career and Kiss Bob Kulick took a chance in late 1972 and auditioned for the lead guitar spot in a then-new band called Kiss. The band, with Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, and Peter Criss, was very impressed by his performance, however the glitzier Ace Frehley (who auditioned immediately after him) was chosen to fill the spot. Kulick later played (uncredited) on three Kiss albums: Alive II (three of the five studio tracks), Killers (all four new studio tracks), and some minimal work on Creatures of the Night. He also played on Paul Stanley's 1978 solo album and on his 1989 solo tour. Other work Early in his session career, Bob Kulick played lead guitar for Lou Reed on his Coney Island Baby record. Kulick and brother Bruce both played in singer Michael Bolton's (nee Bolotin) band at this time. Kulick then began a long-running stint in the Neverland Express, Meat Loaf's touring band, on and off for years, which led to appearances on several Meat Loaf albums, most notably on 1984's Bad Attitude. He also formed a band called Balance, with Peppy Castro (aka Emil \"Peppy\" Thielhelm, formerly of the Blues Magoos) and Doug Katsaros (multi-platinum recording arranger and Broadway conductor), which had modest chart success in the early 1980s, followed up by playing rhythm and lead guitar on Michael Bolton's 1983 self-titled album. Bob Kulick was involved with a project called Skull, releasing one album, No Bones About It, in 1991. Bruce Kulick, his brother, who would become a member of KISS, co-wrote one song and appeared as a guest guitarist on another track. In addition, Kulick played on the W.A.S.P. albums The Crimson Idol and Still Not Black Enough. He was only involved with the studio work and never toured with W.A.S.P. or became a member of the band. In 1996 he released Murderer's Row with his band of the same name. This group included David Glen Eisley (of Giuffria and Dirty White Boy) on vocals. Thereafter, Kulick served in various side projects such as Blackthorne and Observation Balloon. He also produced Motörhead's \"Whiplash\" (winner of the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance), produced and played guitar on the theme for WWE wrestler Triple H, and earned 11 platinum or gold records working with Kiss and Diana Ross. Kulick also composed, produced, and performed \"Sweet Victory\" with Eisley in the SpongeBob SquarePants episode \"Band Geeks\" on Nickelodeon. The song further appears on SpongeBob SquarePants: The Yellow Album. Personal life and death In 1983, Kulick began a long-term relationship with actress Stella Stevens. Kulick resided in Las Vegas, Nevada, and was a regular participant in the annual \"KISS Night in Las Vegas\" fundraiser",
"title": "Bob Kulick"
},
{
"docid": "15650103",
"text": "Cats on a Smooth Surface is an American rock group, that starting in 1978 and throughout the 1980s was the house band at The Stone Pony in Asbury Park, New Jersey In the years 1981 and 1982, the band's lineup consisted of Bobby Bandiera on lead guitar and vocals, Harry Filkin on rhythm guitar and vocals, Peter Schulle on keyboards and vocals, John Micco on bass guitar and vocals, Pete Gagen on drums, and Ray Plante on saxophone. Other band members through the years have included Glen Burtnick, Vincent Danielle, and Mike Bovenzi, Steff \"Stiff Reed\" Munter, Rich Ruggiero and Joel Krausse. The band is still in existence and performs regularly in New Jersey. In 1971, prior to founding \"Cats\", Harry Filkin and Bobby Bandiera were the key players in the Jersey shore band called Holme in Belmar NJ. Harry still plays as current member of Holme and with \"Harry and Billy\". Bobby Bandiera is now a 5-year member of the internationally famous Bon Jovi band as a vocalist and guitarist. He was also lead guitar with Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes and still makes occasional appearances with them. Starting in the spring of 1982 Bruce Springsteen often performed with the band, particularly on Sunday nights when he would appear unannounced at the Stone Pony and jump up on stage with them. He often claimed to the press that they were his favorite band to jam with Recently Rachel Copeland has also begun to sing with the band. Discography Albums Cats on a Smooth Surface (1992) Live 1982 With Bruce Springsteen: The Legendary Radio Broadcast (2018) Singles \"Mean Streets\" / \"No Right Time (To Say Goodbye)\" (1988) \"Midnight Romeo\" / \"What Do All the People Know\" (1992) References External links MySpace page Rock music groups from New Jersey Jersey Shore musical groups",
"title": "Cats on a Smooth Surface"
},
{
"docid": "32572541",
"text": "The Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour was a tour that was undertaken to pay tribute to the original band members who died in a plane crash in 1977. The tour began in the fall of 1987, in honor of the 10-year anniversary of the plane crash. A number of surviving members reunited for the tour. Original members Gary Rossington, Billy Powell and Leon Wilkeson were joined by Ed King (original member who had left the band in 1975), Artimus Pyle (drummer at the time of the plane crash), Randall Hall and Johnny Van Zant. History Rossington, who had formed the original band with lead singer Ronnie Van Zant was initially reluctant to do the tour. He was, in the words of his wife Dale Krantz-Rossington, still \"very emotional\" about the preceding events and about the anniversary of the plane crash. Eventually, Rossington decided that if the tour was to be done right, and if his fallen colleagues were to be honored properly, that he should be involved. Original guitarist and founding member, Allen Collins, was unable to play as a result of being paralyzed in a car crash in 1986. Collins served as musical director for the tour, picking setlists and making cameo appearances onstage. He chose former bandmate Randall Hall (who had played with Collins in the Allen Collins Band) to take his spot. Ronnie Van Zant's youngest brother, Johnny, was chosen to assume the role of lead vocalist. Other candidates were considered, including Paul Rodgers (of Free and Bad Company fame). Ronnie had been a huge Paul Rodgers fan and even owned a boat named \"Bad Company\" at one point. Ultimately though, it was Johnny who was deemed to be the best replacement for his brother. The first leg of the tour was enormously successful. Moved by the loyalty and reaction of the fans, the band elected to add a second leg (which ran through the summer of 1988). The Tribute Tour Band played an inspired selection of classic Skynyrd tunes and ended the show with a heart-wrenching instrumental version of Free Bird. The Rossington Band opened for the entire tour, playing a mixture of Rossington band original material and earlier material from the Rossington/Collins Band era. Dale Krantz-Rossington sang lead vocals for the Rossington Band and backup vocals for the Skynyrd set. Between the Rossington Band set and the Skynyrd set, old videos of the original Skynyrd band were shown on the bigscreen featuring full length versions of such songs as \"T for Texas\", \"Don't Ask Me No Questions\", \"Cry for the Bad Man\" and \"Whiskey Rock-A-Roller\". Typical setlist \"Workin' for MCA\" \"I Ain't the One\" \"Saturday Night Special\" \"The Needle and the Spoon\" \"That Smell\" \"I Know a Little\" \"Gimme Three Steps\" \"Call Me the Breeze\" \"Swamp Music\" \"You Got That Right\" \"What's Your Name\" \"Gimme Back My Bullets\" \"Simple Man\" \"Sweet Home Alabama\" \"Free Bird\" Tour dates Personnel Johnny Van Zant – vocals Gary Rossington – guitars Ed King – guitars Randall Hall – guitars Billy",
"title": "Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour"
},
{
"docid": "26934467",
"text": "Break Even was an Australian hardcore punk band from Perth, which formed in 2005. For most of the band's run, the band was composed of Perri Basile on bass guitar, Mark Bawden on lead vocals, Simon Dreja on drums and Steffen Sciuto on guitar. Their debut album, The Bright Side, was released in June 2009 and was dedicated to the band's original guitarist Rowan Willoughby, who died in November 2008. The group split in July 2012 but reconvened in December 2014. The band has been inactive since 2016. History Break Even formed in Perth in 2005 as a hardcore punk band with Mark Bawden on lead vocals, Simon Dreja on drums, Ash Pederick (ex-Miles Away) on guitar, Steffen Sciuto on bass guitar and Rowan Willoughby on lead guitar. Bawden later recalled, \"the Perth music scene is good, there's a whole bunch of bands out there. My cousin got me into the music and took me to my first local show. I met a few friends and that's really how the band got started.\" Their seven-track debut extended play, Young at Heart (2006), was issued on Common Bond Records. The lead track, \"Another Night\", was co-written by Sciuto, Willoughby, Dreja, Bawden and Pederick. In the following year they issued a split EP, Break Something Even More, with three of their tracks and four tracks from label mates, Something More. By that time Perri Basile had joined on bass guitar, Pederick had left and Sciuto switched to guitar. Their first track, \"Run for Your Life\", was co-written by Bawden, Sciuto, Dreja and Basile. On 19 November 2008 Rowan Willoughby died from suicide, which threatened the future of the band. In an interview, Bawden explained how they continued. \"We had a jam in the December holidays,\" he said. \"We knew we could still do something and we ended up writing an album as a four-piece.\" The band released their debut album, The Bright Side, in June 2009. Explaining the title, Bawden said: \"There is so much anger apathy around and this is our way of encouraging people to find the bright side in everything.\" It was recorded in March at Perth's Reading Room Studios. The album peaked at number 78 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Dizzy of Cack Blabbath felt The Bright Side was \"made up of very well crafted songs, and there is much more going on here than in 'traditional' Hardcore. The atmospheric passages that weave their way through the soul of the album give it a powerful impact. It benefits from some excellent guitar work that really lets the band exercise their growing musical muscle, even including a nicely worked Piano passage as the title track.\" Punktastics Paul described it as a \"superb album\" and explained, \"While I tend to enjoy the faster bands in the scene, this lot mix things up well – the music is hard and heavy but the message is positive and the juxtaposition works brilliantly... There's a real Defeater vibe to some of this record",
"title": "Break Even (band)"
},
{
"docid": "27370869",
"text": "The Kavaliers were an early 1960s New Zealand rock and roll band that evolved out of a group called The Zodiacs and were fronted by Samoan born lead singer Freddie Keil. They released a string of singles in the 1960s. The band's name would be resurrected in the 2000s by Freddie's younger brother Alphonso Keil. The Zodiacs The Zodiacs were fronted by Freddie Keil on lead vocals. Jimmy Murphy was their lead guitarist and Freddie's younger brother Alphonso Keil was the rhythm guitarist. Vic Williams was the drummer and John Harrison the bassist while Jimmy Langabeer played piano. After scuppered plans to record with the La Gloria label, they recorded on the Zodiac Records label. As such, they changed their name from the Zodiacs to the Kavaliers. When they were still called the Zodiacs, while Freddie Keil had returned to Western Samoa for a short time, they were fronted by Terry Dean and the Nitebeats singer, Terry Dean (also known as Terry Fidow). The Zodiacs line up Freddie Keil, Vocals (Died 1994) Jimmy Murphy, Lead guitar Vic Williams, Drums John 'Yuk' Harrison, Bass Jimmy Langabeer, Piano Alphonso Keil, Rhythm guitar (Died 2008) Terry Dean aka Terry Fidow, Vocals The Kavaliers After Freddie Keil had some problems with his cousin Herma Keil, he left the Keil Isles and formed The Zodiacs. They would later change their name to Freddie Keil and the Kavaliers. They released eleven singles and an album from 1960 to 1965. The Kavaliers line up Freddie Keil, Vocals Billy Belton, Rhythm Guitar Steve Smith, Piano Dave Paul, Saxophone Brian Smith, Bass Guitar Vic Williams, Drums Jimmy Murphy, Lead Guitar Alphonso Keil, Drums Discography Freddie Keil And The Kavaliers \"I Found A New Love\" / \"Three Nights A Week\" - Zodiac Z-1063 - (1961) \"What About Me\" / \"Take Good Care of Her\" - Zodiac Z-1079 (1962) \"The Wanderer\" / \"Twisting The Night Away\" - Zodiac Z-1085 - (1962 \"Should I\" / \"Its Only A Paper Moon\" - Zodiac Z-1105 - (1963) \"All The Other Boys Are Talking\" / \"Take These Chains from My Heart\" - Zodiac Z-1109 - (1963) \"Don't Try To Fight It Baby\" / \"No Signs Of Loneliness Here\" - Zodiac Z-1114 - (1963) \"Girls\" / \"Learnin', Trying To Forgive\" - Zodiac Z-1147- (1963) The Kavaliers \"The Twist\" / \"Tossin' And Turning\" Zodiac Z-1082 (1962) - (Note A-side was credited to Freddie Keil) The Maori Kavaliers They were a 1960s band that were more or less a spin-off from Freddie Keil & the Kavaliers, rather than an extension of the group. The group consisted of ex Freddie Keil and the Kavaliers members, Brian Smith and Billy Peters. Their name came about because of Smith and Peter's past association with the group. Alphonso Keil and The Kavalliers Alphonso Keil, the younger brother of Freddie Keil, was born in Samoa in 1944, and was a child when he came to New Zealand. In the late 1950s, he was the rhythm guitarist for a group called The Sundowners. He",
"title": "The Kavaliers"
},
{
"docid": "16237393",
"text": "The Asylum Tour was a concert tour by American rock band Kiss, in support of their thirteenth studio album, Asylum. Background On April 3, 1986, the band was set to perform in the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, when a transformer ended up blowing out the lights two hours before the show, cancelling the performance that night and later rescheduled to April 12. Tommy Thayer, a future member of Kiss, who was in Black 'n Blue at the time, had impressed Simmons when his band had opened for Kiss. In the tour program for the band's final tour, Stanley reflected on the tour: Reception Jerry Spangler, a reporter from the Deseret News who attended the Salt Palace performance, stated that the show was another typical Kiss show, criticizing how little there was regarding talent and excitement. He commented that when they take away the special effects, that Kiss was referred to as a dinosaur; concluding that the band should have closed their doors a long time ago, while also noting on the opening act W.A.S.P.'s performance in more paragraphs. Boyd Rogers, a reader who had attended the performance, later sent a response to the reporter to criticize him, and defending the band's performance, stating the number of people attending the concert; noting also on how short the paragraphs were regarding the band - suggesting that the reporter close his 'carnival doors'. Setlists These are example setlists of what were performed during the tour, but may not represent the majority of the shows. 1985 Setlist \"Detroit Rock City\" \"Fits Like a Glove\" \"Cold Gin\" \"Uh! All Night\" (with Paul Stanley guitar solo) \"War Machine\" (with Eric Carr drum solo) \"I Still Love You\" \"Under the Gun\" (with Bruce Kulick guitar solo) \"Tears Are Falling\" \"I Love It Loud\" (with Gene Simmons bass solo) \"Love Gun\" \"Rock and Roll All Nite\" Encore \"Heaven's on Fire\" \"Won't Get Fooled Again\" \"Lick It Up\" 1986 Setlist \"Detroit Rock City\" \"Fits Like a Glove\" \"Creatures of the Night\" \"Cold Gin\" (with Bruce Kulick guitar solo) \"Uh! All Night\" \"War Machine\" (with Eric Carr drum solo) \"Love Gun\" \"I Still Love You\" \"I Love It Loud\" (with Gene Simmons bass solo) \"Heaven's on Fire\" (with Paul Stanley guitar solo) \"Rock and Roll All Nite\" Encore \"Tears Are Falling\" \"Lick It Up\" Tour dates Paul Stanley dedicated the Tucson, Arizona concert at the McKale Center to the astronauts that were killed in the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion. The power went out in the middle of \"Rock and Roll All Nite\", ending the performance early. Local church groups protested the entire show due to its being scheduled on Easter Sunday. Opening act King Kobra was invited and appeared on stage to sing \"Lick it Up\" with Kiss, making King Kobra the first group to ever share the stage with Kiss. Box office score data Personnel Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar Gene Simmons – vocals, bass Eric Carr – drums, backing vocals Bruce Kulick – lead guitar, backing vocals",
"title": "Asylum Tour (Kiss)"
},
{
"docid": "26488123",
"text": "Tinyfish is an English progressive rock band, founded in 2004. The band members are Simon Godfrey (lead vocal, guitar), Jim Sanders (lead guitar, backing vocals), Paul Worwood (bass), Robert Ramsay (spoken word, harmonica) and Leon Camfield (drums, backing vocals). Band history Formation Tinyfish was formed in September 2004. Simon Godfrey, Jim Sanders and Paul Worwood were all members of Freefall, described by Simon as \"our first prog band\" , and which also featured Simon's brother Jem Godfrey (now of Frost*) on keyboards. After Freefall split in the early nineties Simon played drums in a number of bands while developing his songwriting talents in the guise of Men Are Dead (with Robert and Paul) and playing the open mike spots of London as Simon Walsh. First album The band released their eponymous debut album in 2006 to critical acclaim. Geoff Barton gave the album 8/10 in Classic Rock Magazine , and the magazine ranked it 15 in the best albums of the year . The songs on the album are shorter than is often the case for progressive rock (with the exception of the 'mini-epic' All Hands Lost) with an emphasis on tightly-written songs rather than long, self-indulgent solos and unorthodox time signatures. The album features no keyboards, which is again unusual for the genre, instead using guitar synthesizers to produce musical textures. There are three spoken-word tracks performed by Rob Ramsay, who is also the principal song lyricist for the band. Live performance Tinyfish played several shows throughout 2007 and 2008 in support of the album, including three shows at the Peel 'House Of Progression' in Kingston upon Thames, and at the 2007 Summer's End progressive rock festival. The core line-up was supplemented by drummer Leon Camfield when playing full electric band shows, although the band also performed - and occasionally still does perform - as a four-piece acoustic line-up. Curious Things In early 2009 Tinyfish released a mini-album, Curious Things, comprising a number of 'rarities' written over the previous few years, and produced by Jem Godfrey. One Night On Fire Later in 2009 the band released a DVD and live album, One Night On Fire (on the Metal Mind label), recorded at a performance at the Wyspianski Theatre, Katowice, Poland. The DVD contains performances of songs from both of the previous releases together with material from the yet-to-be-released Big Red Spark. Rob's spoken-word performances are a particular highlight, accompanied for the first time by the use of costumes to enhance theatricality. The DVD garnered more positive reviews . The Big Red Spark On 19 April 2010 the band announced that their second full-length album, The Big Red Spark, would be released by F2 Records in September 2010. After a long period of recording the album was mixed and mastered in June 2010 at Wolf Studios by Dominique Brethes, with Mike Varty as co-producer. The album was publicly available for the first time at a launch concert on 10 September 2010 at The Luminaire in North London, and was officially",
"title": "Tinyfish"
},
{
"docid": "3575797",
"text": "The Deluxtone Rockets is an American band from Muskegon, Michigan. It began as a punk band, but by the time of signing to Tooth & Nail Records it had evolved into a swing revival outfit. Their first album, which was self-titled, was produced by Gene Eugene and Dennis Danell of Social Distortion. They wrote their own songs, and their musical style and lyrics were often compared to The W's, but John Brown's lead vocals were likened to The Mighty Mighty Bosstones' Dicky Barrett or The Reverend Horton Heat. In their second album, Green Room Blues, the group dropped the horn section entirely and shifted to a rockabilly sound. The album's title reflects the fact that both Eugene and Danell died in early 2000, during production of the album. Though Danell had not been involved in the production, Eugene had been, and was replaced by Chris Colbert. The album has a darker mood than their debut effort, though its lyrics still reflect the faith of John Brown. The album also contained a cover of The Cure's \"Lovesong\". 2000 was generally reported as a bad year for the band; they were unable to play shows regularly because in addition to recording difficulties, their drummer left, after wanting to move to a different style musically. They were able to get Rodney from the Calicoes to fill in occasionally, and thus played at Cornerstone and other festivals. Also, one night their van caught fire and was totaled, though they still managed to play that night. Discography 1999 The Deluxtone Rockets 1999 Happy Christmas Volume 2 (Compilation, BEC) 2001 Green Room Blues 2009 New Material Demo Band members 1999 John Brown - Lead Vocals, Guitar Jimmy Van Boxel - Upright Bass, BGV's Jacob Dykema - Tenor Sax, Vocals Richard Mittwede - Trombone, BGV's Jason Sorn - Drums Tim Harvell - Trumpet, BGV's 2001 John Brown Jimmy Van Boxel Lonnie Pease - guitar Jason Feltman 2008 John Brown - Lead Vocals, Guitar Jason Sorn - Drums Harley Obzut - Bass Dusty Bottoms - Guitar References External links [ The Deluxtone Rockets] at Allmusic American Christian musical groups Swing revival ensembles American swing musical groups Tooth & Nail Records artists Musical groups from Michigan Muskegon, Michigan Rockabilly music groups Musical groups established in 1996 1996 establishments in Michigan",
"title": "The Deluxtone Rockets"
},
{
"docid": "8668511",
"text": "Alan Kendall (born 9 September 1944) is an English musician and was the lead guitarist for the Bee Gees, in an unofficial capacity from 1971 until 1980, and again from 1987 until 2001. Career His first recording was \"Don't Play That Song (You Lied)\", a single with a Lancashire band called Kris Ryan and the Questions, Kendall on lead guitar. His next known appearances were with Glass Menagerie. In 1970, he joined the bluesy progressive rock band Toe Fat who had released one album called Toe Fat. The original line-up of the band consisted of Cliff Bennett on lead vocal and piano, Ken Hensley on guitar, keyboards and vocals, John Glascock on bass and Lee Kerslake on drums; Kendall replaced Hensley on lead guitar. The band Toe Fat was managed by The Robert Stigwood Organisation, which suddenly dropped them in the middle of December 1970, right after they had returned from a US tour opening for Derek and the Dominos. Kendall joined the Bee Gees in 1971, when the band was looking for a new guitarist to replace Vince Melouney and Maurice Gibb had doubled on lead guitar as well as bass and keyboards on 2 Years On. Though several albums were released by the Brothers Gibb after Kendall joined it, their major success came with the release of the Saturday Night Fever. In 1979, he played guitar on Jimmy Ruffin's album Sunrise. In 1986, Kendall co-wrote the songs \"Moonlight Madness\", \"Change\" and \"System of Love\", both songs were included on Barry's unreleased album Moonlight Madness, and he played guitar on that album. With the Bee Gees, Kendall appeared on The Tonight Show, Late Night with David Letterman, Oprah Winfrey, a Command Performance for the Queen of the United Kingdom, as well as numerous other live performances. Equipment Kendall uses a Fender Stratocaster and can be seen in several live performances with this type of guitar. References 1944 births Living people People from Darwen English rock guitarists British lead guitarists Bee Gees members Toe Fat members",
"title": "Alan Kendall"
},
{
"docid": "24591554",
"text": "\"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\" is a song written by Sting that was first released by English rock band the Police on their 1980 album Zenyatta Mondatta. Along with another song from Zenyatta Mondatta, \"Voices Inside My Head\", the song reached 3 on the Billboard Dance Music/Club Play Singles chart in 1981. In 2000, a remix version credited to Different Gear versus the Police reached No. 28 on the UK Singles Chart, No. 7 on the Billboard Dance chart, and No. 94 in the Netherlands. On radio stations, the song is often played directly after \"Driven to Tears\". Lyrics and music \"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\" was one of Sting's earliest attempts at a song whose lyrics deal with concerns of the outside world rather than just his own issues. Ellie O'Day of Vancouver Free Press describes the lyrics as being mostly a \"repetitive chant\". Ultimate Classic Rock critic Mike Duquette describes the theme as \"a man going insane in a post-apocalyptic world.\" Sting regards the song as having a post-apocalyptic vision, something it shares with an earlier Police song, \"Bring on the Night\", from the 1979 album Reggatta de Blanc. Sting has said of the two songs \"such vanity as to imagine one's self as the sole survivor of a holocaust with all one's favorite things still intact\". \"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\" and \"Bring on the Night\" also share their chord progression. Rolling Stone critic David Fricke notes a structural similarity between \"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\" and two songs from Reggatta de Blanc, \"Walking on the Moon\" and \"The Bed's Too Big without You\". Like those two Reggatta de Blanc songs, \"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\" repeats its three-chord progression over its nearly four-minute length. Fricke regards the chord progression as \"hypnotic\". Personnel The Police Sting – bass guitar, lead and backing vocals, synthesizer Andy Summers – guitar, backing vocals Stewart Copeland – drums, backing vocals Critical reception Author Chris Welch praises the rhythm section of Sting and Stewart Copeland on the song, particularly the way they go with the flow and groove with ease. Sounds critic Phil Sutcliffe commented on its \"expression of melancholy\", noting that it maintains a restrained, dry tone that is able to project sadness without being overly demonstrative. RAM magazine critic Greg Taylor criticises the lyrics for not doing \"anything with its potentially political message\" but praises the music, particularly Andy Summers' \"long ringing\" guitar chords. Mojo critic John Harris regards it as one of several formless jams on the album, complaining that it \"randomly fades out as if simple boredom finally won out\". Duquette called it a \"delirious dance drone cut\" with an \"ass-shaking bassline\" Police guitarist Andy Summers considers \"When the World Is Running Down,",
"title": "When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around"
},
{
"docid": "47385441",
"text": "Count's 77 is a hard rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada. It was formed by legendary Danny \"The Count\" Koker, titular star of Counting Cars, the History Channel spinoff of Pawn Stars. The band focuses on the rock genre of the 1970s and has been playing and performing since well before Koker's rise in the public eye. \"The Count,\" who heads the band with lead vocals, is joined by John Zito (guitar), Stoney Curtis (guitar), Barry Barnes (bass) and Paul Disibio (drums) and the recently added Tommy Paris (keyboard). They are currently signed to Shrapnel Records. The number \"77\" in the band's name is a reference to the 1970s, the decade whose music is an inspiration to the band. History Founding Contrary to the belief of many fans, Count's 77 was formed before Danny Koker's role in Counting Cars was established. The Count's father (also named Danny Koker), who was the baritone vocalist and keyboardist for the Cathedral Quartet, a well-known southern gospel group, influenced his son from a young age to appreciate music. The band came together at a jam night at Koker's Las Vegas rock club, Count's Vamp'd. These weekly sessions were, and still are, headed by Count's 77 guitarist Jony Zito. Koker, as owner of the club, would occasionally come on stage and sing. One night, Koker, Zito, Curtis, Barnes, and Disibio – all current members except Tommy Paris – shared the stage and felt instant chemistry. Koker remembers, \"it just felt real. It felt great.\" After deciding to all rehearse together again, the new group continued to perform at Vamp'd, eventually drawing a crowd of spectators and listeners. \"Lucky for us, Koker said, \"we turned out to be all like-minded people... lovin the same type of music.\" Counting Cars (2012) Counting Cars debuted in August 2012 and has completed its eighth season. The reality TV show chronicles the daily happenings at Count's Kustoms, a Las Vegas automobile restoration and customization company owned and operated by Koker. While the Count's new television prominence did not lead to the band's forming, it gives Count's 77 a wide-reaching platform and allows the band to reach millions of viewers across the world when they are featured on the show. Koker, who has made several appearances on Pawn Stars as well as having his own show, thus has a large following of viewers and fans. Cast members of the TV show, most notably Kustoms airbrush artist Horny Mike, have made appearances at Count's 77 performances, with Koker's show and band symbiotically co-promoting one another. In addition, fans are pleased to find that Koker is \"exactly the same in person as he is on television.\" Koker films episodes of the show during weekdays, then often flies to concert venues around the country on weekends to perform. They released the follow-up Soul Transfusion in 2017. Also on Shrapnel Records. Shrapnel (2014) Stoney Curtis, one of the band's two guitar leads, had been signed to Shrapnel Records since 2004. This relationship proved beneficial when",
"title": "Count's 77"
},
{
"docid": "1637467",
"text": "Blues Image was an American rock band. They had a hit in 1970 with \"Ride Captain Ride\", which reached No. 4 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian RPM magazine charts. Career Blues Image was formed in Tampa, Florida in 1966 by singer-guitarist Mike Pinera, singer-drummer Manuel \"Manny\" Bertematti, singer-percussionist Joe Lala, keyboardist Emilio Garcia, and bassist Malcolm Jones. They were later joined by keyboardist Frank \"Skip\" Konte when Emilio Garcia left the band to become a pilot. Blues Image moved to Miami in 1968, where they helped form an innovative new music venue, Thee Image. Blues Image became the house band at the club, which featured acts like Cream, Grateful Dead, and Blood, Sweat & Tears. The band moved to Los Angeles and signed with Atco Records, releasing their self-titled debut album in February 1969. Their second album, Open was released in April 1970 and included the single \"Ride Captain Ride.\" Written by Pinera and Konte, it featured Kent Henry on guitar solo and fills, with Pinera playing solo at the end. The album sold over one million copies, and earned a gold record from the R.I.A.A. in August 1970. It was Blues Image's only charting hit. Pinera left the band to join Iron Butterfly in the fall of 1969, during the recording of Open, and was replaced by singer Denny Correll and guitarist Kent Henry. The band broke up after the release of their third album, Red White & Blues Image, in May 1970. The various members of Blues Image went on to become parts of other rock bands. Bertematti later played and recorded with New Cactus Band and toured with Iron Butterfly, Chi Coltrane, and Bobby Womack. Pinera also played with Iron Butterfly, New Cactus Band, Ramatam, and Alice Cooper. Konte joined Three Dog Night, and Lala played with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. Lala's percussion work also figures prominently on the Stephen Stills/Chris Hillman led group, Manassas. Henry played lead guitar with Steppenwolf prior to their breakup in 1972. Correll later recorded a series of successful contemporary Christian music (CCM) albums, helped expand the genre's commercial appeal, and achieved airplay with several singles on CCM radio during the late 1970s and early 1980s. He died in 2002. Gary Dunham, who also toured with the last incarnation of Blues Image, also became a solo CCM artist. Pinera has released several solo albums, including In the Garden of Eden. Joe Lala died of complications from lung cancer on March 18, 2014, at the age of 66. The group can briefly be seen performing \"Ride Captain Ride\" in the 1971 film, Dusty and Sweets McGee. Personnel Manuel \"Manny\" Bertematti - drums, vocals (1966-1970) Joe Lala - percussion, vocals (1966-1970; died 2014) Malcolm Jones - bass (1966-1970) Mike Pinera - guitar, vocals (1966-1970) Emilio Garcia - keyboards (1966-1967) Frank \"Skip\" Konte - keyboards (1967-1970) Denny Correll - vocals (1970; died 2002) Kent Henry - guitar (1970; died 2009) Michael Franklin Tim Franklin Bill Britton - guitar (1967; left",
"title": "Blues Image"
},
{
"docid": "75649523",
"text": "Dark Night is an album by the American musician James Armstrong, released in 1998. Armstrong supported the album with a North American tour. Production Armstrong recorded the album after recuperating from a home invasion and serious stabbing, which is referenced in the title track. Armstrong lost feeling in his fingers and had to relearn how to play guitar; he also learned slide guitar during his recovery. \"Lil' James\" is about Armstrong's son, who was also injured in the attack. Michael Ross played lead guitar on the majority of the tracks; Joe Louis Walker and Doug MacLeod played lead guitar on a few tracks. \"Bank of Love\" is about falling in love with a bank teller. Critical reception Jazziz wrote that Armstrong's \"vocals and songs are vulnerable, brooding, and brimming with resignation... His hoarse, laconic delivery and falsetto on 'Too Many Misses' and 'Dark Night' are soul-piercing.\" The Toronto Star called the album \"a dozen soulful tunes with a light, appealing but emotionally edgy voice a la Otis Redding.\" The Calgary Herald said that Armstrong's \"blues riffs are clean and bold and his singing reveals his deep blues roots.\" The Record concluded: \"Serviceable on his debut, Armstrong's vocals take on a new soulful fiber on Dark Night.\" The Ottawa Citizen deemed Dark Night \"a mixture of anger and depression leavened with the ray of hope that marks all of the best blues music.\" The Daily Advertiser labeled it \"a smooth, understated exercise in tasteful West Coast blues.\" The Philadelphia Inquirer determined that Armstrong \"wins you over with the undeniable honesty of his performances.\" AllMusic wrote that Michael Ross's \"silky leads blend with Armstrong's still very potent singing voice quite sympathetically.\" Track listing References 1998 albums HighTone Records albums Blues albums by American artists James Armstrong (musician) albums",
"title": "Dark Night (album)"
},
{
"docid": "5164691",
"text": "\"Romeo and Juliet\" is a rock song by the British rock band Dire Straits, written by frontman Mark Knopfler. It first appeared on the 1980 album Making Movies and was released as a single in 1981. The song subsequently appeared on the Dire Straits live albums Alchemy and On the Night, and later on Knopfler's live duet album with Emmylou Harris, Real Live Roadrunning (though Harris does not perform on the track). The track was also featured on the greatest hits albums Money for Nothing, Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits, and The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations. Composition and lyrical interpretation The lyrics of the song describe the experience of the two lovers of the title, hinting at a situation that saw the \"Juliet\" figure abandon her \"Romeo\" after finding fame and moving on from the rough neighborhood where they first encountered each other. In addition to the reference to William Shakespeare's play of the same title, the song makes playful allusion to other works involving young love, including the songs \"Somewhere\" – from West Side Story, which is itself based on the Shakespeare play – and \"My Boyfriend's Back\". The song opens on an arpeggiated resonator guitar part played by Knopfler, who also sings the lead vocal. The introductory arpeggios and melody are played on a National Style \"O\" guitar; the same guitar featured on the album artwork for Brothers in Arms and Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits. In the Sky Arts documentary Guitar Stories: Mark Knopfler, \"Knopfler picks up the National and demonstrates how he hit on the famous arpeggio lines in \"Romeo and Juliet\", from the Making Movies album, while experimenting with an open G tuning.\" The instrumentation remains simple during the verses and moves to a full-on rock arrangement in the chorus sections. The song itself, written by Knopfler, was inspired by his failed romance with Holly Vincent, lead singer of the short-lived band Holly and the Italians. The song speaks of a Romeo who is still very much in love with his Juliet, but she now treats him like \"just another one of [her] deals\". Knopfler has both stated and implied that he believes Vincent was using him to boost her career. The song's line, \"Now you just say, oh Romeo, yeah, you know I used to have a scene with him,\" refers to an interview with Vincent, where she says \"What happened was that I had a scene with Mark Knopfler and it got to the point where he couldn't handle it and we split up.\" Reception Record World called it a \"compelling performance that's both beautiful and forceful,\" praising Knopfler's guitar playing and the \"Dylanesque\" vocals. Ultimate Classic Rock critic Michael Gallucci rated \"Romeo and Juliet\" as Dire Straits' 3rd best song, saying that it \"bridges Shakespeare, West Side Story and a modern rock 'n' roll love story where fame, not family, is keeping the young lovers apart.\" Classic Rock critic",
"title": "Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)"
},
{
"docid": "7791829",
"text": "Hello Master is the debut studio album by Canadian hard rock band Priestess. Recorded with Gus van Go serving as producer, the album was initially released on October 18, 2005, by Indica Records in Canada and on later dates in other regions. Its lyrics discuss typical rock n' roll themes such as love, violence and death, and its unusual sound for a hard rock record of the time is the result of van Go trying to emulate the sounds of classic rock and metal albums. The album's music was predominantly written by Mikey Heppner, the band's lead singer and guitarist. Heppner formed Priestess after the Dropouts, his previous act which played punk rock music, fell through as its members left to form the Stills. Their manager van Go signed on to produce Priestess' debut album. None of the music on Hello Master dates back to the Dropouts at all, as it was only written after Heppner decided he was done playing punk rock and wanted to play hard rock instead. It is best known for spawning the hit \"Lay Down\", which was included in the video game Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, elevating the band's profile drastically. Critics have noted the album's resemblance to legendary acts such as Black Sabbath and AC/DC, who have been cited as a key influence on Priestess; such stylistic similarities had mixed results in reviews, but were not seen as terribly detrimental to the album's overall quality. Background and recording Lead singer and guitarist Mikey Heppner had formed the punk rock group the Dropouts in the early 2000s merely as a way of having fun performing at shows, but after all his bandmates left for New York City to perform as the successful rock band the Stills full-time, he had an epiphany that he could take his own music more seriously, achieve that kind of success, and still have as much fun as he hoped. This, coupled with his first exposure to Tricky Woo (which he enjoyed for their resemblance to Black Sabbath and Deep Purple), led him to re-establish the Dropouts with a different musical style - hard rock - and a more earnest pursuit of success. The Dropouts experienced a small number of personnel changes that eventually led to the group's current incarnation featuring Dan Watchorn on guitar, Vince Nudo on drums, and Mike Dyball on bass guitar. This lineup existed for no more than a year under the Dropouts name, before the suggestion of Priestess was made. With the band's change in musical style came new songs; no song on Hello Master dates back to before they called themselves Priestess. Hello Master was recorded at the Boiler Room in New York City. When mastering the album, the group knew they wanted \"I Am the Night, Colour Me Black\" to be the lead track, and \"Everything That You Are\" to be the first track on side B of a vinyl release; consequently, \"Everything That You Are\" was put in the middle of",
"title": "Hello Master"
},
{
"docid": "1467475",
"text": "Everyday Sunday was an American Christian rock band from Columbus, Ohio with the founding member Trey Pearson as lead singer. The band released two albums on Flicker Records including Stand Up and Anthems for the Imperfect. Wake Up! Wake Up! was their first album on Inpop released May 22, 2007, on Inpop Records, followed by Best Night of Our Lives. The band released an EP independently in 2013 titled A New Beginning EP. Members The band saw a number of changes in their lineup. The band's lead singer was Trey Pearson. In an interview given to Ohio-based (614) Magazine, in May 2016, he publicly announced that he is gay. The band had the following members at various times. When they signed a major deal with Inpop Records, the band lineup was as follows. Trey Pearson - lead vocals Jesse Counts - guitar Aaron Eikenberry - guitar Brandon Eikenberry - bass Kevin Cramblet - drums Over time many other musicians were in the line-up like Dan Hunter (bass), Chris Hines (drums), Jason Siemer (guitar), and Andrew Martin (guitar). Other members included Wade James, Tyler Craft, Chris Saiben, Nick Spencer, Micah Kuiper, Jon-Paul Kauffman, Collin Wilbrandt. Incidents On March 13, 2009, the band was involved in an automobile accident in Valparaiso, Indiana. The vehicle and trailer went off the road and flipped three to four times, ejecting Craft and trapping the other three inside the vehicle. They were taken to a local hospital where they were treated and released. In September 2016, multiple staff members at Joshua Fest, a major Christian music festival, threatened to walk out if Pearson remained on the festival lineup. He had previously announced his pleasure at being \"the first openly gay artist to ever play a major Christian music festival\". Pearson was removed from the lineup, but still sang with Five Iron Frenzy. Discography Albums 1996: Stand Up (issued independently) 2001: Sleeper 2002: Stand Up (re-released by Flicker Records) 2004: Anthems for the Imperfect (Flicker Records) 2006: Wake Up! Wake Up! (Inpop Records) 2009: Best Night of Our Lives (Inpop Records) EPs 2013: A New Beginning EP (released independently) Singles 2001: \"Wait\" 2002: \"Lose it Again\" 2004: \"Comfort Zone\" 2004: \"Gypsy Girl (What Love Is)\" 2006: \"Apathy for Apologies\" (Top 5 on Christian Rock) 2006: \"Let's Go Back\" (Top 5 on Christian Rock and Top 10 Christian CHR) 2006: \"Find Me Tonight\" (No. 1 on Christian CHR, 10th most played song on U.S. Christian Hit Radio stations in 2006) 2007: \"Wake Up! Wake Up!\" (No. 1 played Christian Rock song of 2007) 2008: \"Mess With Your Mind\" (former Top 5 song on ChristianRock.Net) 2009: \"Best Night of Our Lives\" (No. 1 on Christian Rock 2009 for 5 consecutive weeks) 2010: \"Breathing for Me\" (No. 1 on Christian Rock 2010 for four consecutive weeks) 2010: \"Lies and Fear Go Hand in Hand\" (No. 6 on ChristianRock.Net) 2012: \"Calculate\" 2013: \"Solar\" References External links Christian rock groups from Ohio Christian punk groups Flicker Records artists Musical groups established in",
"title": "Everyday Sunday"
},
{
"docid": "4792401",
"text": "\"Here Today\" is a song by the American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1966 album Pet Sounds. Written by Brian Wilson and Tony Asher, the lyric warns the listener of inevitable heartbreak before the narrator reveals himself to be the ex-boyfriend of the listener's newfound love. Musically, the song features an uncommon formal structure, the use of electric bass guitar as a lead instrument, and a 20-bar length instrumental break. One of the last songs recorded for Pet Sounds, Wilson produced the track in March 1966 with the aid of his bandmates, who provided additional backing vocals, and 12 studio musicians, who played guitars, organ, upright bass, trombones, saxophones, tack piano, drums, and other percussion. Mike Love sang the lead vocal. \"Here Today\" proved influential to musicians such as Al Kooper, Paul McCartney, and Lemmy. Acts who have covered the song include Bobby Vee, R. Stevie Moore, Mathilde Santing, and Thurston Moore. Background and lyrics \"Here Today\" was written by Brian Wilson and Tony Asher for the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds album in early 1966. Although Wilson claimed that Asher only provided the words to his music, Asher credited himself with contributing musical ideas to several songs on the album, including this one, as Asher stated, \"'Here Today' contains a little more of me both lyrically and melodically than Brian.\" Moreover, Asher said, The lyrics warn the listener to beware of his newfound love and prepare for the potential heartbreak that may result (\"A brand new love affair is such a beautiful thing / but if you're not careful think about the pain it can bring\"). In his view, relationships are short-lasting (\"Love is here today and it's gone tomorrow / it's here and gone so fast\"). The narrator also warns that the aforementioned lover will make the listener \"feel so bad\", his \"heart feel sad\", his \"days go wrong, and his \"nights so long\". To prove his case, the narrator reveals himself to be her ex-boyfriend (\"Well you know I hate to be a downer / but I'm the guy she left before you found her\"). Wilson stated in 1996 that the song had \"really good lyrics\", but in another interview from the same year, he said, \"'Here Today' was probably one of the mystery songs on the album. I don't really know what it's about. I liked it, but yet I didn't. I don't really identify with that song like I do with 'You Still Believe In Me', or 'Caroline, No.' It was just one of those songs in there, one little song.\" Composition \"Here Today\" is primarily in the key of A major, with other portions suggesting F minor. Wilson said: Here Today' was a work of art in my opinion. It was an assertive track with utilization of basses played up higher. The trombones gave it that masculine touch.\" He stated that his intention for the piece was \"to conceive the idea of a bass guitar playing an octave higher than regular and showcase",
"title": "Here Today (The Beach Boys song)"
},
{
"docid": "1124731",
"text": "The Allnighter is the second solo studio album by Glenn Frey, the guitarist and co-lead vocalist for the Eagles. The album was released in mid-1984 on MCA in the United States and the United Kingdom, two years after Frey's modestly successful debut album No Fun Aloud and four years after the demise of the Eagles. It was and still is Frey's most successful solo album throughout his whole solo career, having reached No. 22 on the Billboard charts, and releasing two top 20 singles with \"Smuggler's Blues\" and \"Sexy Girl\". The album achieved gold status by the RIAA in the US. It is generally regarded as the culmination of the smoother, more adult-oriented sound of Frey's solo work. The single \"Smuggler's Blues\" helped to inspire the Miami Vice episode of the same name, and Frey was invited to star in that episode, which was Frey's acting debut. The music video for the single also won Frey an MTV Video Music Award in 1985. Composition When Frey was asked about his song writing partnership with Jack Tempchin, he said at the time that \"It’s funny, there are only those certain people where things click — at least for me. He’s very free. I’ll just run some soul licks by him, or I’ll ring him something like The Allnighter, which originally was just about staying up all night. But then we started talking about it and Jack says, ‘Staying up all night can’t play over three or four verses. What if the Allnighter was a guy?’ So, we made him into some woman’s every-guy.\" The lyrics of \"Better in the U.S.A\" are opposed to the Soviet Union. Critical reception In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau gave The Alnighter a \"C\" and panned it as a \"smarmy piece of sexist pseudosoul\". In a retrospective review for The Rolling Stone Album Guide (1992), Mark Coleman gave the album two out of five stars and wrote that it \"glistens with synthesized oomph, but the sugar coating doesn't sit well on Frey's mannered white R&B loverman act.\" On the other hand, AllMusic's William Ruhlmann retrospectively gave it four-and-a-half stars and said that it departs from the \"old Eagles sound\" of Frey's last album for a \"bluesy, rocking feel.\" Track listing All songs by Glenn Frey and Jack Tempchin, except where noted. Additional track Personnel Glenn Frey – lead vocals, electric piano (1, 10), electric guitar (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9), bass (2, 5), backing vocals (2, 4, 7-10), guitar (3), organ (5), acoustic guitar (5), synthesizers (6), slide guitar (6), acoustic piano (8), celesta (10) Additional musicians David \"Hawk\" Wolinski – synthesizers (1), organ (1, 7, 10), keyboards (4), synthesizer programming (4, 9), fuzz guitar (4) Barry Beckett – synthesizers (2), acoustic piano (2, 8), keyboards (3) Nick DeCaro – accordion (5), string arrangements (5) Vince Melamed – electric piano (7) Duncan Cameron – harmony vocals, lead guitar (2), guitar (3), electric guitar (5-8), acoustic guitar (10) Josh Leo",
"title": "The Allnighter (album)"
},
{
"docid": "48774336",
"text": "Voodoo Child is a rock and roll band from Guwahati, Assam, India. The band is primarily made up of Rittique Phukan (guitar/vocals/drums/songwriter), Jim Ankan Deka (keys/guitar), Rajib Hazarika (lead guitar),Priyanku Bordoloi ( Guitars) and Bobo Bardoloi (bass), although they frequently team up with session musicians (on drums, guitar, bass, organ and other backup instruments) when on tour.Pankaj Rajkhowa who is a Bangalore bassed musician does plays as a session Bassist during tour in South India.Pankaj Rajkhowa was a full time Bassist with The band from 2002 to 2006. The band has released 3 full length albums: We Own the Night, 20 Years on the Road, and Underneath the Stars, and 7 singles so far. History Voodoo Child is a Guwahati-based classic rock band, which came together in 2002. The band has performed many concerts in Northeast India and in other parts of the country. The band has gone through a few line-up changes since its inception because of alternative careers of band members. Phukan was the founder of the band and came up with the name Voodoo Child in 2002. Amborish Saikia (ex member of Euphoria and KK) joined as the lead guitarist. Although Phukan used to play the drums along with vocals, later Tanmoy Ray Choudhury (present drummer of Angaraag Mahanta and Papon and The East India Company) joined as the drummer and Phukan concentrated on vocals and rhythm guitar. In 2005 Deka joined the band as the keyboardist, Pankaj Rajkhowa as the Bassist and David Goldsmith as the other vocalist. In 2015, the line up changed to the present set up. Voodoo Child has played in almost all the top clubs of Assam and some parts of Northeast India. The band also performed at different clubs and pubs in Delhi, Bangalore, Goa and other parts of India. Festivals and events Voodoo Child has performed at many festivals and events including Shine A Light in Cherrapunji, World Music Day in Guwahati etc. The band opened for Danish pop/soft rock band Michael Learns to Rock on 13 December 2015 at the Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium in Assam. This was the first time an international band had performed in Guwahati. Albums We Own The Night (2017) 20 Years on the Road (2020) Underneath The Stars (2021) Singles Typical Love Song (2014) Good Die Young (2014) Little Love, Little Peace (2014) Taqi Song (2014) Your World Below (2015) Nights Go By (2015) Band members Rittique Phukan (Vocals, Rhythm guitar, songwriter, Drummer) Jim Ankan Deka (Lead guitar, Keyboard) Priyanku Bordoloi (Guitars) Rajib Hazarika (Lead guitar) Bobo Bardoloi (Bass) Ex members Pankaj Rajkhowa ( Bass ) Ambarish Saikia ( Guitar) David Goldsmith ( Vocals ) See also Music of India Indian rock References External links Official website Voodoo Child at Reverbnation Voodoo Child at Last.fm Indian rock music groups Musical groups established in 2002 2002 establishments in Assam Rockabilly music groups Guwahati",
"title": "Voodoo Child (band)"
},
{
"docid": "5147347",
"text": "This is a list of heavy metal guitarists from the 1960s to the 2010s. Heavy metal guitar players use highly-amplified electric guitar playing that is rooted in the guitar playing styles developed in 1960s-era blues rock and psychedelic rock. Metal guitar playing uses a massive sound, characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos and overall loudness. The electric guitar and the sonic power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. Heavy metal bands often have two electric guitarists, with one guitarist playing rhythm guitar and one guitarist playing lead guitar. The rhythm guitar player is part of the rhythm section of the band, along with the bass guitarist and the drummer. The lead guitarist plays guitar solos, instrumental melody lines and melodic fill passages. In power trios, which consist of a guitarist, bassist and drummer, with one or more members singing lead vocals, the single guitarist will switch between rhythm guitar and lead guitar roles as needed. Only add names here if the person has their own article - anything else will be removed. A Tosin Abasi (Animals as Leaders) Dimebag Darrell Abbott (Pantera, Damageplan, Rebel Meets Rebel) Willie Adler (Lamb of God) Lord Ahriman (Dark Funeral) Mikael Åkerfeldt (Opeth) Mike Albert (Megadeth) Jimmy Allen (Against All Will) Paul Allender (Cradle of Filth) Lee Altus (Exodus) Christopher Amott (Arch Enemy) Michael Amott (Arch Enemy, Carcass, Spiritual Beggars) Nicke Andersson (The Hellacopters) Ole Petter Andreassen (Thulsa Doom, The Cumshots) Christian Andreu (Gojira) Salman Ahmad (Junoon) Faraz Anwar (Dusk) Rob Arnold (Chimaira) Trey Azagthoth (Morbid Angel) B Matt Bachand (Shadows Fall) Rob Barrett (Cannibal Corpse, Malevolent Creation) Zoltan Bathory (Five Finger Death Punch) Michael Angelo Batio (Holland, Nitro) Reb Beach (Winger, Whitesnake, Dokken) Corey Beaulieu (Trivium) Jason Becker (Cacophony, David Lee Roth) Nuno Bettencourt (Extreme) Jack Black (Tenacious D) Ritchie Blackmore (Deep Purple, Rainbow, Blackmore's Night) Doug Blair (W.A.S.P) Eric Bloom (Blue Öyster Cult) Fallon Bowman (Kittie) Mick Box (Uriah Heep) Vidoja Božinović (Rok Mašina, Riblja Čorba) Vito Bratta (White Lion) Chris Broderick (Jag Panzer, Megadeth) Michael Bruce (Alice Cooper) Amalie Bruun (Myrkur) Buckethead (Deli Creeps, Giant Robot, Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains, Praxis, Guns N' Roses) Jordan Buckley (Every Time I Die) Adam Buszko (Hate) Glen Buxton (Alice Cooper) C Eric Carlson (The Mentors) Ernie C (Body Count) Phil Campbell (Motörhead) Vivian Campbell (Dio, Def Leppard, Thin Lizzy) Jerry Cantrell (Alice in Chains) Stephen Carpenter (Deftones) Nick Catanese (Black Label Society) Max Cavalera (Sepultura, Soulfly, Cavalera Conspiracy) Carlos Cavazo (Quiet Riot, Ratt) Dino Cazares (Fear Factory, Divine Heresy, Asesino, Brujeria) Manny Charlton (Nazareth) David T. Chastain (Chastain) \"Metal\" Mike Chlasciak (Halford, PainmuseuM, Testament, Sebastian Bach, Jim Breuer) Zal Cleminson (Nazareth) Janne JB Christoffersson (Grand Magus) Mike Church (Still Remains) Mike Clark (No Mercy, Suicidal Tendencies) Steve Clark (Def Leppard) Eddie Clarke (Motörhead) Gilby Clarke (Guns N' Roses, Supernova) Andy Classen (Holy Moses) Phil Collen (Def Leppard) Rusty Cooley Korey Cooper (Skillet) Randy Cooper (Texas Hippie Coalition) Nicole Couch (Phantom Blue) Robbin Crosby",
"title": "List of heavy metal guitarists"
},
{
"docid": "10893320",
"text": "Holman Autry Band consists of 4 Madison County, GA natives: Brodye Brooks (lead guitar), Casey King (Vocals and Bass Guitar), Josh Walker (Vocals and Rhythm Guitar), Brandon Myers (drums) Influences include Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Allman Brothers Band, Gov’t Mule, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Ronnie Milsap, Eagles, Eric Clapton, Metallica, Hank Williams, Sr., and many other musicians with great expressive talent. History Holman Autry Band, after only being together for just over 14 years, has won the “Athens, GA Battle of the Bands” and sold out the Georgia Theatre in Athens, GA many times, and so many other great accomplishments together it's hard to name them all. The band has had the pleasure of playing venues all over the States of Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Florida and are always welcome where they perform. The band consists of 4 self-taught musicians. Brodye Brooks (Lead Guitar and Vocals), Casey King (Vocals and Bass Guitar), Josh Walker (Vocals and Rhythm Guitar), Brandon Myers (Drums) They had late night jam sessions as teenagers and complement each other in such a way that can only be present through learning to play together. Sounds Holman Autry Band has a very distinct sound. This makes categorization into a particular genre very difficult. Holman Autry Band would most often fall into the Southern rock to Country rock category. However, Holman Autry Band and their fans prefer to consider their genre a new type of country music entitled “Black Label Country.” Some of their songs depict the “I’m not taking it anymore” attitude with songs like “Calling You Out” and “By Any Other Name.” Holman Autry Band will also show you their exceptional musical talent with “Fruition”, along with their love for music with “Glory Days.” They will also display fun-loving songs such as “Whiskey Wagon” and “Dark Haired Woman.” With songs such as “Wildest Dreams,” “Summer Day” and “This One’s for you”, they will show their sensitive side as well; the latter being a tribute to their fans. Holman Autry Band is known for the way they do cover songs. They will take a song, no matter how popular or unpopular, and revive it. Exceptional cover songs such as the Allman Brothers’ “Midnight Rider” and \"Come and Go Blues” and David Allan Coe’s “The Ride” make it difficult to hear the song played in its original form after hearing it played with the incomparable stylings of the Holman Autry Band. Discography Holman Autry Band (Self Titled) Tracks 1. Whiskey Wagon2. Glory Days3. Good at Lovin’ You4. Press On5. By Any Other Name6. St. Andrews Cross7. Fruition8. Dark Haired Woman9. Wildest Dreams10. Callin' You Out11. Summer Day12. A Night or Two13. This One's For You Sweet Southern Wind Tracks 1. Sweet Southern Wind2. Hear Me Callin'3. The Next Time4. Still Loud, Still Proud5. In A Little While6. Gypsy7. Long Nights8. New Breed9. Watch You Go10. I Ain't Bitter11. State Of Peace Nashville Sessions Tracks 1. Fruition2. St. Andrew's Cross3. Dark Haired Woman4. Press On5. Fruition 2 See also",
"title": "Holman Autry Band"
},
{
"docid": "43174632",
"text": "\"Life Goes On\" is a song by the British rock band The Kinks. Appearing on their album Sleepwalker, it was written by the band's main songwriter, Ray Davies. Background At a concert, Ray Davies described the song as being about \"a man who tries to commit suicide and fails,\" jokingly calling it \"a nice, happy sort of song.\" The Kinks' guitarist, Dave Davies, said of the song's guitar solo, \"Ideally, if I'm emotionally stimulated, I feel like I can play anything. With 'Life Goes On', we sat down and Ray just started playing it. It was the song that was really important: the emotion it created, the hollowness of it, but the fullness, as well. Those kinds of things really get me going. It just came out, because it was still that period where you could go into a studio and make a decent recording in a couple of days; you didn't have to spend three weeks just trying to get a sound on a drum computer. You could actually go in and do a song and the solos at the same time. I play off Ray's vocals, the way he expresses himself. Although I love guitar, it's still only an instrument that should help the song. That's my musical role, in a way.\" Release \"Life Goes On\" was released as the ninth and final track on The Kinks' 1977 album Sleepwalker. Following the album release, the song was released as the B-side to the American version of Sleepwalker second single, \"Juke Box Music\", in May of that year (in the U.K. and Germany, the song \"Sleepless Night\" was used instead.) The single failed to chart. The song has since appeared on the box set The Arista Years. Critical opinion AllMusic critic Denise Sullivan said, \"A gentle acoustic guitar riff and organ lead into the touching story of 'Life Goes On' from the Kinks' 1977 album, Sleepwalker. As Ray Davies tells the story about a friend's suicide in an admonishing voice full of yearning, whining, and disbelief, brother Dave plays along empathetically with his layered rhythm guitar lead. It's an epic song filled with beautiful harmonies and musical touches that match the lyric. Plus, it closes out the album – as was the habit with the Kinks – with a song that sums up the action preceding it, musically and lyrically. Yet, it also stands entirely on its own and serves as the perfect segue to the follow-up album, in this case, Misfits. It's a feat worth noting when one song serves such multi-purposes.\" Rolling Stone writer Billy Altman said that \"in 'Life Goes On', we are warned that 'life'll hit you when you least expect it.' Yet in the end, there always remains a faint glimmer of hope: 'Take that frown off your head/'cause you're a long time dead. References 1977 songs The Kinks songs Songs written by Ray Davies",
"title": "Life Goes On (The Kinks song)"
},
{
"docid": "15633996",
"text": "Eli Young Band is an American country music band composed of members who met while students at the University of North Texas in Denton, Texas: Mike Eli (lead vocals, guitar), James Young (guitar), Jon Jones (bass guitar), and Chris Thompson (drums). They released their self-titled debut album in 2002, followed by the Carnival records release Level in 2005. Their third album, Jet Black & Jealous, was released in 2008 by Universal South Records. A second major-label album, Life at Best, was released in 2011 by Republic Nashville, with 10,000 Towns following in early 2014. The band has charted eight times on the Billboard country charts, with four of their singles having reached No. 1: \"Crazy Girl\", which was the top country song of 2011 according to Billboard Year-End, along with \"Even If It Breaks Your Heart\", \"Drunk Last Night\", and \"Love Ain't\". Biography Mike Eli and James Young met at the University of North Texas where they became dorm roommates their freshman year. They played guitar and eventually began writing and singing songs together; they formed the acoustic duo, Eli & Young, while attending the University of North Texas and played locally at Rockin Rodeo before they got their big start. Chris Thompson and Jon Jones joined them later on and they became the Eli Young Band. They released Level on Carnival Records on April 5, 2005, and opened shows for Miranda Lambert. Level is their last Texas country album before becoming a Nashville act. Many of these songs can still be heard in their live shows today, such as \"Small Town Kid\" and \"Everything Is You\". Jet Black & Jealous While touring, they were also making songwriting a top priority and made time for writing trips and retreats at the Young family ranch. Energized with new songs, they were ready to begin working on a new album in late 2007. Working with producers Frank Liddell and Mike Wrucke (who have also produced for Lambert), they took time off from touring to record at Omni Studios in Nashville. Their third album, Jet Black & Jealous, was released in 2008. Its lead-off single, \"When It Rains\", spent 37 weeks on the country charts and peaked at No. 34. A second chart single, \"Always the Love Songs\" (co-written by David Lee Murphy and George Ducas), peaked at number 11 on Billboard. After it came \"Radio Waves\" and \"Guinevere\". Life at Best In 2011, the Eli Young Band moved to Republic Nashville and released their fifth overall single, \"Crazy Girl\" as the lead single off Life at Best. It became the band's first platinum-selling digital single, as well as their first No. 1 single, and also was the number 1 song on that year's Billboard Year-End charts. The band received three nominations for the 2012 Academy of Country Music Awards: Song of the Year, Top Vocal Group of the Year, and Single Record of the Year. On April 1, 2012, the band won the Academy of Country Music Award for Song of the",
"title": "Eli Young Band"
},
{
"docid": "5004973",
"text": "Charles Negron II (born June 8, 1942) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known as a founding member and lead vocalist of the rock band Three Dog Night. Early life Chuck Negron was born on June 8, 1942, in Manhattan, New York City, to Charles Negron, a Puerto Rican nightclub singer, and Elizabeth Rooke. When Negron was five years old, his parents divorced. Negron and his twin sister, Nancy, were raised by their mother, who placed them in a daycare facility while she supported her young children. Though Negron refers to this facility as an orphanage, it was a mansion in the Bronx that contained a swimming pool, gymnasium, arts and crafts and more. The facility did house some long-term residents, though this did not include Negron and his sister. Negron grew up in the Bronx, where he sang in local doo-wop groups and played basketball both in schoolyard pick-up games and at William Howard Taft High School. He was recruited to play basketball at Allan Hancock College, a small community college in Santa Maria, California and played later at California State University, Los Angeles. Career In 1967, singer Danny Hutton invited Negron to join him and Cory Wells to found the band Three Dog Night. The group became one of the most successful bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s, selling approximately 60 million records and earning gold records for singles that featured Negron as lead singer, including \"One,\" \"Easy To Be Hard,\" \"Joy to the World,\" \"Old Fashioned Love Song\" and \"The Show Must Go On.\" Negron developed a serious heroin addiction, which began in the early 1970s. In July 1975, the British music magazine NME reported that Negron had been arrested for cocaine possession in Kentucky. Three Dog Night disbanded in 1976. After many attempts at rehabilitation, Negron overcame his addiction in September 1991 and embarked on a solo career, recording the albums: Am I Still in Your Heart? (1995) Joy to the World (1996), a Christmas CD Long Road Back (1999) Chuck Negron – Live in Concert (2001), a double CD set<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/chuck-negron-live-in-concert-mw0000016251|title=Chuck Negron – Live In Concert|date=2001|author=Negron, Chuck|publisher=Sin-Drome Records}}</ref> recorded at Southern Methodist University (Dallas) and released on Sindrome Records, with sidemen Richard Campbell on bass guitar; Danny Mishkit on guitar, keyboards and saxophone; Frank Reina on drums; and Terence Elliott on lead guitarLive and In Concert (2005)The Chuck Negron Story (2005)Negron Generations (2017) Negron wrote his autobiography, Three Dog Nightmare (1999), in which he describes his life as a high school athlete and a member of a successful rock band. He writes about his descent into drug abuse and attributes his recovery from heroin addiction to his turning to God in desperation after dropping out from more than thirty drug treatment facilities. A revised edition with several new chapters was released in 2008 and an updated version was released in 2018. Personal life In 2006, Negron was featured in an episode of the A&E reality show Intervention'' about his son, Chuckie, and",
"title": "Chuck Negron"
},
{
"docid": "4085947",
"text": "Roy Ernest Nichols (October 21, 1932 – July 3, 2001) was an American country music guitarist best known as the lead guitarist for Merle Haggard's band The Strangers for more than two decades. He was known for his guitar technique, a mix of fingerpicking and pedal steel-like bends, usually played on a Fender Telecaster electric guitar. Nichols is considered one of the founders of the country music subgenre the “Bakersfield Sound”, which includes such notable country artists as Haggard, Buck Owens, and Don Rich. Biography Roy Ernest Nichols was born in Chandler, Arizona, to Bruce and Lucille Nichols, as the first born of seven children. The Nichols family moved to Fresno, California, when he was two, where they owned a camp for migrant farm workers. Sometimes a traveling gypsy band would stay at the camp and the young Nichols would hide and watch them play. His father Bruce was also a musician, playing upright bass at local dances on the weekends in the San Joaquin Valley. Nichols was drawn to his father’s music. He learned some basic chords from his father and began playing in his father's band on the weekends when he was only 11. By age 14, Nichols began playing weekends with Curly Roberts and the Rangers; he earned $25 a week. Career Shortly before his 16th birthday, Nichols met Fred Maddox, of the Maddox Brothers and Rose, a colorful hillbilly band, who heard Nichols playing guitar on Fresno DJ Barney Lee's Saturday-morning radio program. Nichols, still only 16 years old, was earning $90, a considerable amount at the time. “He could play anything”, remembers Rose Maddox. “He was good at all of it. Every guitar picker in the country wanted to play like him, but none of them ever compared. He was one of a kind, but the music aside, he was like any 16-year-old kid - feisty, causing us trouble. But my mother brought him under.” At a Maddox show in Mesa, Arizona, a teenaged couple sat in the front row: Buck and Bonnie Campbell Owens, who found themselves fascinated with Nichols' playing. The Maddox Brothers toured out of state for extended periods, so Fred Maddox became Nichols' legal guardian while his brother, Henry Maddox, became the young musician's tutor. While in Las Vegas, although warned by Lula Maddox not to do so, Nichols began sneaking away to gamble, an activity that soon led to the guitarist being fired from the group. In his 18 months with the group, Nichols appeared on records for over 100 songs and played almost every evening. Returning to the valley, Nichols joined Smiley Maxidon on radio station KNGS in Hanford, California, where he performed for a regular one-hour live broadcast. Nichols stayed up all night playing dances several nights a week while still returning to the station to play his 7 am show. About a year later, the Texas-born, Bakersfield country music icon Lefty Frizzell hired the young guitarist, where future employer Merle Haggard first saw Nichols play 1953 at",
"title": "Roy Nichols"
},
{
"docid": "5884036",
"text": "Ace is an album by Grateful Dead singer and guitarist Bob Weir. His first solo album, it was released in 1972. Weir's bandmates in the Grateful Dead back him on the album, and all but one of the songs became staples of the band's live shows. Recording and release The album's origins were an offer by the Dead's Warner Bros. Records label to have band members cut their own solo records, and it came out the same year as Jerry Garcia's Garcia and Mickey Hart's Rolling Thunder. However, in the case of Ace, Weir's backing band was the Dead itself (minus Ron \"Pigpen\" McKernan), and all songs except \"Walk in the Sunshine\" became concert staples of the Dead. The album is essentially a Grateful Dead recording in everything but name. In fact \"Mexicali Blues\" later appeared on the Grateful Dead album Skeletons from the Closet, and \"One More Saturday Night\" was first issued as a European single, in the guise of \"Grateful Dead with Bobby Ace\", to promote the band's then-imminent Europe '72 tour. Likewise, a live version of \"Playing in the Band\" had been released the previous year on Grateful Dead, having already been added to the band's repertoire. Dead bassist Phil Lesh explained \"One by one we sidled into the studio, saying things like 'Bob, I really like that tunegot a bass player for it yet?' or 'Hey Bob, need some keyboards on that ballad?' Drawn in by the new songs, we eventually assembled the whole band (minus Pig, who was still trying to regain his health) at Wally Heider’s [studio] and finished the album in a burst of enthusiasm. Bob’s songwriting had taken a great leap forward\". Versions of \"Greatest Story Ever Told\" and \"Playing in the Band\" also appear on percussionist Mickey Hart's Rolling Thunder, as \"The Pump Song\" and \"The Main Ten\", respectively, both of which were also sung by Weir. The album initiated Weir's writing partnership with his old schoolmate from Wyoming, John Barlow, as lyricist. Critical reception Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \"Weir can be preachy and screechy, but Robert Hunter's homiletics ('Playing in the Band') make up for John Barlow's post-hippie know-nothingisms ('Walk in the Sunshine'), and 'One More Saturday Night' isn't any less a rockabilly epiphany because it strains Bobby's vocal chords—that just adds a note of authenticity. With Barlow redeeming himself on the elegiac pre-hippie fable 'Cassidy' and Keith Godchaux sounding like a cross between Chick Corea and Little Richard, this is the third in a series that began with Workingman's Dead and American Beauty.\" Track listing Personnel Bob Weir – lead vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, production Jerry Garcia – lead guitar, production; pedal steel guitar on \"Looks Like Rain\", backup vocals on \"Greatest Story Ever Told\" Keith Godchaux – piano, organ, production Bill Kreutzmann – drums, percussion, production Phil Lesh – bass guitar, production; backup vocals on \"Mexicali Blues\" Additional personnel Ed Bogas – string arrangement on \"Looks Like",
"title": "Ace (Bob Weir album)"
},
{
"docid": "12836762",
"text": "\"Somebody\" is a rock song written by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance for Adams fourth studio album Reckless (1984). It was the second single released from the album Reckless. The song topped the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart and peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. Critical reception Stewart Mason from Allmusic said \"Following the Big Rawk Anthem ('Run to You') and the Sensitive Power Ballad ('Heaven'), 'Somebody' covers the third base as a straight-ahead singalong pop song with a killer chorus. A gift to an entire generation of cover bands working the bar circuit, 'Somebody' has a chorus so simple and catchy that you can actually sing along to it even if you've never actually heard the song before, and Adams and his indispensable musical partner, Jim Vallance, helpfully point out the feasibility of said activity by incorporating a large, somewhat ragged group of backing vocalists for the lengthy vamp of a fadeout. Rather like 'Run to You,' 'Somebody' is just slightly too schematic to qualify as an all-time heartland rock classic, but it still sounds good on the radio.\" Chart performance \"Somebody\" was released in the winter of 1985 and became one of the most successful songs from Reckless on the American rock charts and arguably one of Adams' most recognizable and popular songs. The song was Adams' second number one hit on the Top Rock Tracks chart, where it spent two weeks, and peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. \"Somebody\" reached number 13 on the Canadian singles chart and remained in the top 20 for six weeks. \"Somebody\" was Adams' third top 20 hit on the Canadian chart. \"Somebody\" was released the following month in Europe and peaked at the number 20 in Ireland and at 35 on the UK Singles Chart becoming his third single to chart in Europe. Music videos There are two music videos for the song. One features visual footage shot at the Massey Hall in Toronto, ON, over three nights on January 8, 9 and 10, 1985 of Adams and his band performing the song live, with the audience screaming in the background. The video was produced by Concert Productions International who used the single's soundtrack off the LP and mixed that with the sound of a taped audience. The other shows Adams walking out of a stadium and through a field, interspersed with shots of him with his guitar, as well as a woman (played by Lysette Anthony) who appears to be having relationship problems with her boyfriend; the video culminates with Adams walking out onto the field of a packed football stadium while a video of him playing the song plays on the big screen. Track listing Personnel Bryan Adams – lead and backing vocals, lead and rhythm guitars Keith Scott – lead guitar, backing vocals Tommy Mandel – keyboards Dave Taylor – bass Mickey Curry – drums Jim Vallance – percussion Chart positions File sharing lawsuit \"Somebody\" was part of the 24 songs, for",
"title": "Somebody (Bryan Adams song)"
},
{
"docid": "992729",
"text": "The Casanovas are an Australian hard rock band, which formed in 1999 by Patrick Boyce on drums, his brother Tommy on lead vocals and lead guitar, and Jimmy Lewis on bass guitar. They have released an EP Keep It Hot (2002), and five albums, The Casanovas (2004), All Night Long (2006), Terra Casanova (2015), Reptilian Overlords (2020) and Backseat Rhythms (2023). History The Casanovas were formed in late 1999 in Melbourne as a hard rock trio by brothers Patrick \"Paddy\" Boyce on drums and Tommy Boyce (a.k.a. Tommy Love) on lead vocals and lead guitar, with Jimmy Lewis on bass guitar. They released their debut single, \"10 Outta 10\", in August 2000. They added another guitarist, James Saunders shortly after. Their first extended play, Keep It Hot was released in September 2002. During 2002 Saunders left and Lewis was replaced on bass by Damian \"Damo\" Campbell. Starting in December 2002 they toured Australia, United Kingdom and supported New Zealand group, the Datsuns, for their European tour. This was followed by five dates in the United States in March 2003. Their single, \"Shake It\", received considerable Triple J airplay. Carly Sticpewich of Oz Music Project described it as \"hip-shaking rock turned up to 11 that you can get drunk to while you figure out how you're going to become as cool as singer/guitarist Tommy Love. Which, of course, is impossible because rock stars as cool as this are damn hard to imitate. Eat your heart out.\" They toured with the Datsuns, again, in October 2003 to New Zealand. They followed by two more Australian tours; one with the Living End in November–December. In December 2003 Paddy Boyce left the group and was replaced on drums by Jordan \"Jaws\" Stanley (ex-the Onyas) in the following January. Campbell explained \"It was long time coming and everyone is still on good relations but Paddy just wanted to go and do other projects... We had to train [Stanley] up nice and quick. His first two shows were in Sydney with the Darkness and then The Big Day Out. That's putting the pressure on.\" They followed by another tour in early 2004 with Starky and the Specimens. Their debut self-titled album, was released in May 2004. Oz Music Projects Tim Coyle felt they \"have been cruising on the groundswell of enthusiasm for four-square beats and power chord + clever-dick-solo guitar pyrotechnics, providing their rock mission statement.\" AllMusic's Eduardo Rivadavia observed that they \"not only succeed at pulling off mirror-image AC/DC blues bombers like 'Livin' in the City', 'Shake It', and evergreen first single, '10 Outta 10', with remarkably little evident guilt; they also know how and when to step out of the box without embarrassing themselves.\" They went on to play some dates in New York City in July and then a tour of Japan in September 2004. A second album, All Night Long was released in 2006, from which they have released two singles, \"Born to Run\" and \"California\". Born to Run was featured on",
"title": "The Casanovas"
},
{
"docid": "25613728",
"text": "Message was a hard rock band that was formed in New Jersey around 1980. The original members of the band were Dean Fasano (lead vocals, guitar), Simon Gannett (organ), Bruce Foster (keyboard), Andy Rubbo (drums), Richie Sambora (guitar), and Alec John Such (bass). The latter two would leave Message to form the classic lineup of Bon Jovi. The band disbanded shortly after releasing one record, but the lead singer, Dean Fasano released three more records later under the band name with different members. History 1980s The band was formed in 1980 by Dean Fasano. He sang lead vocals, while Richie Sambora played guitar, Alec John Such played bass, Andy Rubbo played drums, Simon Gannett played organ and Bruce Foster played both electric and acoustic piano. Shortly after the band was formed, they put out a self-titled album from their very own company. Due to the lack of money, the band did only 1800 pressings of the album, and they had to sell it from the trunk of their cars. Two years after the forming of Message, they got the opportunity to be an opening act for Joe Cocker. Unfortunately, they did not have the money to tour over a long period of time, therefore they only played a few dates on the Joe Cocker tour. When the band returned to its roots in Sayreville in New Jersey, some of the band members met Jon Bon Jovi from \"Jon Bon Jovi and the Wild Ones\". This meeting would cause both Richie Sambora and Alec John Such to leave Message in favor of Jon Bon Jovi's new band, Bon Jovi. The members of Message parted ways, but they would still stay in touch with each other for some time. After the breakup, some bootlegs from the Joe Cocker tour was put out for sale in Europe, and it hit the charts in some countries. 1990s and 2000s The band would not release a record until 1995, when their first album was re-released in CD. A few years later, the lead singer, Dean Fasano formed a new Message. This time the line up included Mike Walsh (guitar, keyboard and bass), Tom DeRossi (guitar), Jeff Thompsen (bass), Steve D’Acurtis (guitar, bass and sitar) and various other musicians. The new Message released an album called \"Fine Line\" in 1998. Only two years later, in 2000, Dean Fasano would put together another lineup of Message. This time the line up was Dean Fasano (lead vocals and keyboards), Tim Hewitt (bass), Aaron Anderson (drums, percussions), Steve Morris (guitar and keyboard), Chris Ousey (harmony and backing vocals) and David Chapman (keyboards). The album was called \"Outside Looking In\". This was the last studio album that Message released. Another re-release of the first Message album was done the same year as \"Outside Looking In\" came out. This time the album was called \"Lessons\" and it contained bonus songs such as \"Diana\", \"Living In The Night\" and \"Dance Of The Dead\". In 2006, Dean Fasano released live songs from the",
"title": "Message (band)"
},
{
"docid": "7997544",
"text": "The Black Pine is an American alternative rock band from Los Angeles, California. They formed in 1999 and have released five albums. History The Black Pine consists mainly of Mitch Cichocki (guitar, lead vocals), Jason Bacher (bass guitar), and Emma Kathan (drums, guitar, vocals). Other members include: Adeline Fargier Jasso, Nathaniel Farringer, Ian Latchmansingh and James Scott Rubia. The Black Pine formed in 1999 in Los Angeles, CA. They played their first show in 2000 at Los Angeles club, Spaceland, with Lou Barlow and Chokebore. In summer 2002, The Black Pine released its first E.P. entitled The Sexlife of Flowers. The band worked with the actor/director Adam Goldberg to score two of his films, Running with the Bulls, which was premiered on the Independent Film Channel in 2003, and I Love Your Work, which starred Christina Ricci, Giovanni Ribisi, Jason Lee and Franka Potente. The Black Pine also played as the backing band for the comedian Sarah Silverman's one woman show, \"Sarah Silverman: Jesus Is Magic\", performed at Second City in Los Angeles and The Canon Theater in Beverly Hills, California. The band released its second album, With Us, on the independent label, The New Black, founded by the Los Angeles band, The Antarcticans. Two songs from the album \"With Us\" : Early Morning and Focus 6 were featured in the film \"Under Still Waters\" starring Lake Bell, Jason Clarke, and Clifton Collins Jr. . The band's third album, \"Still Life\" was released in September 2008 on June le Fit records. \"The Morning Sun\", the band's fourth album was self released in February 2012. Members of The Black Pine played on Troy Von Balthazar's album \"How To Live On Nothing\", released on Third Side Records in 2010 and Troy Von Balthazar sang on the song, \"Paradise\" from The Black Pine album \"Still Life\". Members of The Black Pine played with the actor/director/musician Adam Goldberg under the name LANDy; the title of the album is Eros and Omissions, and was released in June 2010 on Apology Music Records. Guitarist from The Black Pine: Adeline Fargier Jasso toured with Cat Power as guitarist and backup singer for the Sun album released 2012. Adeline also toured as a guitarist and backup singer with Troy Von Balthazar. Adeline also appears on the upcoming Cat Power record Covers. In 2018 The Black Pine released a single with two songs \"The Moonlight\" \"And The Sea\". \"And The Sea\" features Eric Nichelson of the band Midlake. Mitchell Cichocki and Emma Kathan have released electronic music under the name Glass Night available through AMDISCS - London. Mitchell Cichocki has a solo electronic album released under the name Quiet Mansions. Emma Kathan has a solo electronic album released under the name Night House of Venus. Guitarist James Scott Rubia has a solo electronic album under the name Animal Clinic and is a guitarist/keyboardist singer in the band Kairos Creature Club (Greenway Records). Discography The Sexlife of Flowers (2003) Sinusoid Disappear Sexlife of Flowers Lighter Deep Water Peru With Us",
"title": "The Black Pine"
},
{
"docid": "30369425",
"text": "\"The Loner\" is a song by Neil Young, his first solo single. It was released on his solo debut album in November 1968, and then an edited version as his debut solo single three months later on Reprise Records. It missed the Billboard Hot 100 chart completely, but over time has become a staple of his performance repertoire. Both it and \"Sugar Mountain\", its B-side recorded live at the Canterbury House in Ann Arbor, Michigan, were released on album together for his 1977 compilation, Decade. History \"The Loner\" was written while Buffalo Springfield was in its last throes. The widely held assumption that the song was written about Stephen Stills (who covered the song on his 1976 album Illegal Stills) can perhaps not be disproved (Young himself rarely provides clarity on such issues), but it is perhaps more likely that the song is autobiographical in nature, especially since Young was, of all Springfield members, the most bothered by playing as a member of a band. Recorded with former Springfield member Jim Messina (bass) and George Grantham (drums) (they were uncredited on the album sleeve), it is the first Young track produced by David Briggs, with whom Young would collaborate until Briggs's death. Strings were arranged by David Blumberg, whom Young met through Briggs. Young's guitar is in Double drop D tuning; \"psycho guitar noises\" were made, according to Briggs, by putting the guitar through a Leslie speaker (the sound has also been referred to as a \"fuzztoned rave-up\"). The lyrics are characterized by dread and disorientation, coming from an \"immobile protagonist\" who \"witnesses extraordinary visual displays\". Praise came quickly. Rolling Stone said: \"'The Loner' is a contemporary lament that features a nice blending of Neil's guitar with strings in non-obtrusive fashion, allowing Young's balanced ice-pick vocal to chip effectively at the listener.\" Cash Box said that there was \"tremendous power in the instrumentals and [Young's] vocal.\" Allmusic critic Matthew Greenwald stated that \"lyrically, it's one of Young's finest autobiographical songs, a virtual self-portrait. The song is still played live, as is one other song from Neil Young, \"The Old Laughing Lady\". Stephen Stills has played the song live with and without Young. The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1970 movie The Strawberry Statement and is included on the movie soundtrack album. Notable covers \"The Loner\" has been covered by the following artists: Three Dog Night on their debut album (1968) Richie Havens on Mixed Bag II (1974) Stephen Stills on Illegal Stills (1976) Henry Kaiser on Heart's Desire (1990) Nils Lofgren on his tribute album The Loner - Nils Sings Neil (2008) Boxer on their 1979 album Bloodletting Ty Segall on his 2018 covers album Fudge Sandwich References External links AllMusic review Songs about loneliness 1969 debut singles Neil Young songs Three Dog Night songs Reprise Records singles Song recordings produced by David Briggs (record producer) 1968 songs Songs written by Neil Young Song recordings produced by Neil Young",
"title": "The Loner (Neil Young song)"
},
{
"docid": "14258034",
"text": "Lost Highway: The Concert is the fourth live DVD from American rock band Bon Jovi. The DVD shows the band performing the Lost Highway album in its entirety to an audience of approximately 2,000 people in Chicago Illinois. It is the first time in the band's history that they have performed an entire album in sequence live. After they completed performing the album in its entirety, the band played three of their hits: \"It's My Life\", \"Wanted Dead or Alive\" and \"Who Says You Can't Go Home\". The concert was released as a bonus audio disk with the German and UK version of Lost Highway on May 16, 2008, under the name Lost Highway: Tour Edition. Performance information On the songs that have female vocals on the album (\"Seat Next to You\" and \"Till We Ain't Strangers Anymore\"), violinist Lorenza Ponce sings the parts performed by the original artists on the studio versions. \"Any Other Day\" features solos from Bobby Bandiera (rhythm guitar), Kurt Johnston (pedal steel guitar), Lorenza Ponce (violin), David Bryan (keyboards) and finishing with an extended solo from lead guitarist Richie Sambora. This stretches the song to over 8 minutes, double the length of the studio version. Track listing Lost Highway Summertime (You Want To) Make a Memory Whole Lot of Leavin' We Got It Going On Any Other Day Seat Next to You Everybody's Broken Till We Ain't Strangers Anymore The Last Night One Step Closer I Love This Town It's My Life Wanted Dead or Alive Who Says You Can't Go Home Technical notes The European release, while having the correct region coding on the DVD, is still in the American NTSC picture format. The bonus performances are formatted as a 4:3 frame with a letterbox, which when viewed on a widescreen set produces a black area around all sides of the picture (windowboxing). Band personnel Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi – vocals, acoustic guitar Richie Sambora – lead guitar, backing vocals David Bryan – keyboards, backing vocals Tico Torres – drums, percussion Additional musicians Hugh McDonald – bass Bobby Bandiera – rhythm guitar, backing vocals Lorenza Ponce – violin, viola, backing vocals Kurt Johnston – pedal steel, mandolin Charts and certifications Peak positions Certifications References Bon Jovi video albums 2007 video albums Live video albums 2007 live albums",
"title": "Lost Highway: The Concert"
},
{
"docid": "1350077",
"text": "Rudolf Schenker (born 31 August 1948) is a German guitarist, founder and leader of the hard rock band Scorpions. He is the rhythm/lead guitarist, primary songwriter and the sole constant member of the band. He is also the CEO/owner-manager of the Scorpions Musik-Produktions-und Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (Scorpions music production and publishing company) and owner/founder of the Scorpio-Sound-Studios in Lower Saxony. He is the older brother of Michael Schenker. Career Since founding Scorpions in 1965, Schenker has become one of the major driving forces in the band's songwriting and musical direction. He has been Scorpions' most consistent member, appearing on every album and every tour. His younger brother Michael Schenker was a member of the Scorpions in the band's early days, before joining UFO. Schenker was awarded the City of Hanover Plaque as well as the Cross of Merit First Class of the Lower Saxony Order of Merit in 2000. Playing style In an interview on World Wide Live video, Schenker mentioned that his goal is grounded in compositional skill more than technical skill. While most Scorpions' guitar solos are performed by lead guitarist Matthias Jabs, there are some notable exceptions in which Schenker plays the solos instead of rhythm guitar, such as \"Wind of Change\", \"Always Somewhere\", \"Still Loving You\", \"Send Me an Angel\", \"Lady Starlight\", \"Big City Nights\", \"As Soon as the Good Times Roll\", \"When the Smoke Is Going Down\", \"Animal Magnetism\", \"Through My Eyes\", \"SLY\" and \"Rock 'N' Roll Band\". Schenker is known for his energetic riffing and wild live performances, which often includes swinging his guitar over his head and throwing the guitar up and catching it. He also sang lead vocals on four Scorpions songs: \"They Need a Million\", \"Drifting Sun\", \"Hey You\" and \"Love is the Answer\". Equipment While Schenker began playing with a Fender Stratocaster, he is primarily known for playing Gibson Flying Vs. On the Acoustica DVD, he is seen playing an acoustic Flying V made especially for him by Dommenget. He now uses Dean acoustic V models. Some of Schenker's main live guitars in recent years have been Dommenget — the same maker that produced Klaus Meine's live guitar and many guitars for Matthias Jabs. Schenker's signature models are \"Gibson Rudolf Schenker Flying V\", the Dommenget \"Ferrari\" V, PGG \"Scorpions Golden Jubilee\" Flying V, PGG \"Veetle\" Flying V and the \"Scorpions\" V. In the past, he primarily used Marshall amps, using their JMP, JCM800 2203, and JCM800 2205 heads. Currently, he uses ENGL amps, endorsing the E 650 Ritchie Blackmore signature heads. References External links Official site for Rudolf Schenker's biography -- (broken link as of dec 16, 2020) The Second Supper interview with Rudolf Schenker -- (broken link as of dec 16, 2020) Rudolf Schenker audio interview on Guitar Jam Daily Interview with Rudolf Schenker (2010) 1948 births Living people People from Hildesheim German rock guitarists German male guitarists German heavy metal guitarists Scorpions (band) members Rhythm guitarists Glam metal musicians",
"title": "Rudolf Schenker"
}
] | [
"John Sykes"
] |
train_2936 | mamma mia here we go again sky release date | [
{
"docid": "54535911",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\"One of Us\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\"Waterloo\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\"Why Did It",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "64154101",
"text": "Teneisha Phehoma Bonner (31 December 1981 – 11 September 2019) was a Jamaican-born English hip-hop and street dancer of stage and screen. She worked with the groups ZooNation and the Bounce Streetdance Company and as a backup dancer for many top performers in the music industry. Bonner played a role in the film StreetDance 3D and danced in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again and Mary Poppins Returns. Biography Bonner was born in St. Catherine, Jamaica on 31 December 1981. She was the daughter of Yvette Singh and Emanuel Bonner and had four half-siblings, being the eldest child in the family. Bonner was raised by her grandmother until she moved to Peckham in London at age seven to be with her mother and stepfather. She began dancing at Brixton Recreation Centre, and after observing the dance musical Cats aged 13, was inspired to dream for a professional dance career. Bonner had her first open stage auditions with the company RJC Dance and attended local street dance classes, borrowing a key for its drama room to allow her to practice solo during intervals away from school. She joined the BRIT School in Croydon at the age of 16, and obtained her first professional work at 17, performing for the pop singer Dane Bowers, and appearing on the television programmes Top of the Pops and CD:UK, to allow her to pay the school fees. Aged 18, Bonner was awarded a full scholarship to the London Studio Centre by its principal, with her training interrupted by her successfully auditioning for the Bounce Streetdance Company and going on a European and United Kingdom tour of the company's show Insane in The Brain. She was persuaded to completed her scholarship by her teacher after initial hesitance to do so, graduating in 2004. Bonner worked as part of a backup troupes for commercial artists such as Kylie Minogue, Rihanna, Take That, The Black Eyed Peas, Will.i.am and Alesha Dixon on tour. In 2002, she was one of the first dancers on Kate Prince's group ZooNation. Bonner was cast in the lead role of hopeful DJ girl Spinderella in the hip hop show Into the Hoods during its run at the Novello Theatre in the West End in 2008. Luke Jennings, the dance reviewer for The Observer, wrote of her performance \"The piece’s star is undoubtedly Bonner, whose dramatic beauty and fluent line compel the attention whenever she’s on stage\", and Katie Colombus of The Stage concurred, saying Bonner \"really steals the show, dancing with an edge, an energy and sharpness that I’ve never seen before. That same year, she performed at the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. In 2010, Bonner portrayed the hairdresser Shawna in the comedy film StreetDance 3D, and had a featured role in the Sadler's Wells Theatre production of the dance musical Shoes. She danced the role of Kerri in Some Like It Hip Hop at the Peacock Theatre in 2011, earning her the Critics' Choice National Dance Outstanding Female Performance (Modern) Award",
"title": "Teneisha Bonner"
},
{
"docid": "170409",
"text": "Colin Andrew Firth (born 10 September 1960) is an English actor and producer. He was identified in the mid-1980s with the \"Brit Pack\" of rising young British actors, undertaking a challenging series of roles, including leading roles in A Month in the Country (1987), Tumbledown (1988) and Valmont (1989). His portrayal of Mr. Darcy in the 1995 television adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice led to widespread attention, and to roles in more prominent films such as The English Patient (1996), Shakespeare in Love (1998), The Importance of Being Earnest (2002), Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003), and Love Actually (2003), co-starring as Mark Darcy in the romantic comedy films Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), and Bridget Jones's Baby (2016), and Harry Bright in the musical comedy films Mamma Mia! (2008) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again! (2018). In 2009, Firth received international acclaim for his performance in Tom Ford's A Single Man, for which he won a BAFTA Award and the Volpi Cup for Best Actor and received his first Academy Award nomination. In 2010, his portrayal of King George VI in Tom Hooper's The King's Speech won him the Academy Award for Best Actor. He subsequently appeared as MI6 agent Bill Haydon in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), and as secret agent Harry Hart / Agent Galahad in Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014) and its sequel Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017). He has since appeared in the musical fantasy film Mary Poppins Returns (2018), the war film 1917 (2019), and the romance film Supernova (2020). He is also known for his performances in television, including BBC's Conspiracy (2001) and HBO's The Staircase (2022), receiving Primetime Emmy Award nominations for each. In 2012, he founded the production company Raindog Films, where he served as a producer for Eye in the Sky (2015) and Loving (2016). His films have grossed more than $3 billion from 42 releases worldwide. Firth has campaigned for the rights of Indigenous people and is a member of Survival International. He has also campaigned on issues of asylum seekers, refugees' rights and the environment. He commissioned and co-authored a scientific paper on a study of the differences in brain structure between people of differing political orientations. He is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, two British Academy Film Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 2011, Firth was appointed a CBE by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for his services to drama. That same year, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and appeared in Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world. Early life Firth was born in the village of Grayshott, Hampshire, to parents who were academics and teachers. His mother, Shirley Jean (née Rolles), was a comparative religion lecturer at King Alfred's College (now the University of Winchester); and his father, David Norman Lewis Firth, was a history lecturer at King Alfred's",
"title": "Colin Firth"
},
{
"docid": "56937311",
"text": "The UK Albums Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling albums of the week in the United Kingdom. Since 2004 the chart has been based on the sales of both physical albums and digital downloads. Since 2015, the album chart has been based on both sales and streaming. This list shows albums that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart during 2018, as well as albums which peaked in 2017 and 2019 but were in the top 10 in 2018. The entry date is when the album appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced). One-hundred and fifty-five albums were in the top ten this year. Thirteen albums from 2017 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while 50 Years – Don't Stop by Fleetwood Mac and Unchained Melodies by Roy Orbison with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra were both released in 2018 but did not reach their peak until 2019. Christmas by Michael Bublé was originally released in 2011, launched a new chart run in 2017, reaching a peak on its latest run in 2018 and again in 2019. Dua Lipa by Dua Lipa was the only album from 2017 to reach its peak in 2018. Twelve artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2018. Anne-Marie, Calum Scott, First Aid Kit, The Greatest Showman Cast and XXXTentacion are among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 album in 2018. Ed Sheeran's Divide returned to the top of the chart for the opening two weeks of the year, totalling twenty weeks at number-one since it was released in March 2017. The first new number-one album of the year was The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by The Greatest Showman cast. Overall, nineteen different albums peaked at number-one in 2018, with nineteen unique artists hitting that position. Background Multiple entries One-hundred and fifty-five albums charted in the top 10 in 2018, with one-hundred and thirty-nine albums reaching their peak this year (including the re-entries Appetite for Destruction, Christmas, ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits, Mamma Mia! The Movie Soundtrack, Wanted on Voyage, The White Album, X, which charted in previous years but reached peaks on their latest chart run). Twelve artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2018. Chart debuts Thirty-four artists achieved their first top 10 album in 2018 as a lead artist. The Mamma Mia! film cast had one other entry in their breakthrough year. The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo album, or featured appearances on compilations or other artists recordings. Notes Camila Cabello's self-titled album Camila, was her first solo effort and her first top 10 album away from the group Fifth",
"title": "List of UK top-ten albums in 2018"
},
{
"docid": "42318865",
"text": "Tina Earnshaw is an Oscar- and BAFTA-nominated British make-up designer and the founder of Tina Earnshaw Cosmetics. She has designed the make up looks on some of the world's most successful films, including Titanic, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award, alongside Greg Cannom and Simon Thompson. Born in London, she began her career at the BBC working as a professional makeup artist. Initially working on commercials and for brands such as L'Oréal, Dior, and Chanel, she became known for the flawless beauty looks she created and for her methods of research that informed her designs. In 1995, she began a lasting partnership with Merchant Ivory and relocated to Paris to work on her first feature film. By 1997, she was on the set of James Cameron's Titanic, for which she received her first Oscar nomination. Since then she has designed the makeup looks for films such as Shakespeare in Love, The Italian Job, The Talented Mr. Ripley, Spider-Man 2 and 3, Prometheus, The Martian, Exodus: Gods and Kings, Mamma Mia 2 and Ridley Scott's All the Money in the World’. Her designs have seen her create iconic looks on the world's most recognizable faces, including Penélope Cruz, Gwyneth Paltrow, Cate Blanchett, Charlize Theron, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, and Jude Law. She has also served as a creative ambassador for Max Factor international. She is married to Robin Earnshaw and they have two children: Damon and Polly. Selected filmography 2018 Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2017 All the Money in the World (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2016/II The Promise (makeup department head) 2015 The Martian (make up and hair designer) 2014 Exodus: Gods and Kings (makeup designer) 2014 Before I Go to Sleep (makeup department head) 2014 Turks & Caicos (TV Movie) (makeup department head) 2013 The Counsellor (makeup designer) 2012/I Prometheus (makeup designer) 2011 Page Eight (TV Movie) (makeup designer) 2011 Your Highness (makeup designer) 2008 Marley & Me (makeup artist: Owen Wilson) 2008 Mamma Mia! (makeup designer) 2008/ The Deal (makeup artist: Ms. Ryan) 2007 Spider-Man 3 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2005 Dark Water (makeup artist: Ms. Connelly) 2004 Spider-Man 2 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2003 The Italian Job (chief makeup artist) 2001 Domestic Disturbance (key makeup artist - as Tina M. Earnshaw) 2001 Conspiracy (TV Movie) (makeup supervisor) 2001 The Mists of Avalon (TV Mini-Series) (makeup artist - 2 episodes) - Episode #1.2 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) - Episode #1.1 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 2000 Bounce (makeup artist: Gwyneth Paltrow) 2000 Duets (key makeup artist) 1999 The Talented Mr. Ripley (supervising makeup artist) 1998 Shakespeare in Love (makeup designer: Gwyneth Paltrow) 1998 Ever After: A Cinderella Story (key makeup artist) / (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 1998 Sliding Doors (key makeup designer) 1997 Titanic (key makeup artist) 1997 The Designated Mourner (chief makeup artist) 1996 Surviving Picasso (chief makeup artist) 1996 Emma (chief makeup designer) 1995 Othello (chief makeup artist) 1995 Feast of July (key",
"title": "Tina Earnshaw"
},
{
"docid": "41988044",
"text": "Alan MacDonald (c. 1956 – 30 August 2017) was a British production designer. He was best known for his work on The Queen (2006), which earned him nominations for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film and Best Technical Achievement at the British Independent Film Awards, and for the Rajasthan-set The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) which earned him a nomination for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film. In 2013, he designed the sets for the Academy Award-nominated film Philomena. He had also been a production designer for a number of advertisements for global firms including Coca-Cola, Levi's, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, and was the theatrical designer for Kylie Minogue's 2002 \"KylieFever2002\" tour. Filmography Absurd (1989) (short) Tunnel of Love (1991) (short) Man to Man (1992) Remembrance of Things Fast: True Stories Visual Lies (1994; Art Director) Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998) Rogue Trader (1998) Nora (2000) The Jacket (2005) Kinky Boots (2005) The Queen (2006) The Edge of Love (2008) Chéri (2009) Tamara Drewe (2010) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) Philomena (2013) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2 (2015) The Program (2015) Sing Street (2016) Victoria & Abdul (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Personal life and death He suffered from bipolar disorder. MacDonald died by suicide at his Covent Garden home on 31 August 2017, after spending two weeks as an in-patient at the private Nightingale Hospital at a cost of £20,000. His last two film credits, Victoria & Abdul (2017) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), were dedicated to his memory. References External links 1950s births 2017 deaths British film designers Date of birth missing Suicides in Greater London People with bipolar disorder",
"title": "Alan MacDonald (production designer)"
},
{
"docid": "56818610",
"text": "This article lists feature-length British films and full-length documentaries that have had their premieres in 2018 and were at least partly produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom. It does not feature short films, medium-length films, made-for-TV films, pornographic films, filmed theater, VR films and interactive films like Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. It also does not include films screened in previous years that had official release dates in 2018. British co-productions like Bohemian Rhapsody, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again garnered positive reviews and collectively grossed more than $1.5 billion in the Box Office worldwide. Small independent films like The Wife, Three Identical Strangers and At Eternity's Gate performed well in the Specialty Box Office, screening in a limited number of theaters. 2018 was expected to be the best year for British box office since 1971 with Avengers: Infinity War, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Incredibles 2, Black Panther, Bohemian Rhapsody, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Peter Rabbit and The Greatest Showman breaking £40 million at the British box office. Also included is an overview of five awards ceremonies which are major events in British film: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards. Film premieres January – March April – June July – September October – December Other premieres Culturally British Films The following list comprises films not produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom but is strongly associated with British culture. The films in this list should fulfill at least 3 of the following criteria: The film is adapted from a British source material. The story is at least partially set in the United Kingdom. The film was at least partially shot in the United Kingdom. Many of the film's cast and crew members are British. British winners Listed here are the British winners and nominees at the four most prestigious film award ceremonies in the English-speaking world: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards, that were held during 2018, celebrating the best films of 2017. The British nominations were led by Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Dunkirk, and Darkest Hour, with Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri winning awards in the major categories and Dunkirk going on to win large numbers of technical awards, whilst Gary Oldman won multiple best leading actor awards for his portrayal of Sir Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. British films did, however, notably lose out to The Shape of Water from USA. Academy Awards The 90th Academy Awards honoring the best films of 2017 were held on March 4, 2018. British winners: Darkest Hour (Best Actor, Best Makeup and Hairstyling) Dunkirk (Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, Best Film Editing) The Silent Child (Best Live Action Short Film) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor) Alex Gibson (Best Sound Editing) – Dunkirk Chris Overton (Best Live Action Short Film) – The Silent Child David",
"title": "List of British films of 2018"
},
{
"docid": "3239690",
"text": "Here We Go Again may refer to: Film and television Here We Go Again (film), a 1942 American comedy film Here We Go Again (1973 TV series), an American sitcom starring Larry Hagman Here We Go Again (2016 TV series), an American sitcom starring LaToya Luckett and Wendy Raquel Robinson Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, a 2018 British-American jukebox musical film sequel based on the music of ABBA Music Albums Here We Go Again (Demi Lovato album) or the title song (see below), 2009 Here We Go Again (pureNRG album) or the title song, 2008 Here We Go Again (SR-71 album) or the title song, 2004 Here We Go Again!, by the Kingston Trio, 1959 Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles, a tribute album by Willie Nelson, Wynton Marsalis, and Norah Jones, 2011 Here We Go Again, or the title song, by Joey McIntyre, 2009 Here We Go Again, by Red Steagall, 2007 Here We Go Again, an EP by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 1995 Songs \"Here We Go Again\" (Aretha Franklin song), 1998 \"Here We Go Again\" (Demi Lovato song), 2009 \"Here We Go Again\" (Glenn Miller song), 1944 \"Here We Go Again\" (Governor song), 2010 \"Here We Go Again\" (Ray Charles song), 1967; covered by several performers \"Here We Go Again\" (Sigma song), 2019 \"Here We Go Again\", by Danger Mouse and Jemini from Ghetto Pop Life, 2003 \"Here We Go Again\", by Dave Mason and Cass Elliot from Dave Mason & Cass Elliot, 1971 \"Here We Go Again\", by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince from He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper, 1988 \"Here We Go Again\", by DMX from ... And Then There Was X, 1999 \"Here We Go Again\", by the Hives from Barely Legal, 1997 \"Here We Go Again\", by John Lennon from Menlove Ave., 1986 \"Here We Go Again\", by Laila from Hello Laila, 1998 \"Here We Go Again\", by Marshmello from Joytime III, 2019 \"Here We Go Again\", by New Found Glory from Tip of the Iceberg, 2008 \"Here We Go Again\", by Operation Ivy from Energy, 1989 \"Here We Go Again\", by Paramore from All We Know Is Falling, 2005 \"Here We Go Again\", by Pixie Lott from Turn It Up, 2009 \"Here We Go Again!\", by Portrait from Portrait, 1992 \"Here We Go Again\", by Sara Paxton \"Here We Go Again\", by Subnoize Souljaz from Droppin Bombs, 2006 \"Here We Go Again (Bump 2000)\", by Kottonmouth Kings from High Society, 2000 \"Here We Go Again (I Love Lake Tahoe)\", by A from Monkey Kong, 1999 See also Here We Go (disambiguation) Here I Go Again (disambiguation) \"Here We Go... Again\", by the Weeknd, 2022",
"title": "Here We Go Again"
},
{
"docid": "71791370",
"text": "Amanda Seyfried is an American actress who has received numerous accolades throughout her career. Seyfried came to prominence following her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), for which she received an MTV Movie & TV Award. She then appeared in the romantic comedy films Dear John and Letters to Juliet (both 2010), earning various nominations at the Teen Choice Awards, and the black comedy horror Jennifer's Body (2009), which won her a second MTV Movie & TV Award. She starred in the ABBA-inspired musicals Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), for which she was nominated for two People's Choice Awards, and the period musical Les Misérables (2012), which earned her a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Seyfried received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020), earning nominations in the Best Supporting Actress category at the Academy Awards, AACTA International Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and Golden Globe Awards. This acclaim continued for her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the drama miniseries The Dropout (2022), for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film. Awards and nominations Notes References External links Seyfried, Amanda",
"title": "List of awards and nominations received by Amanda Seyfried"
},
{
"docid": "40616289",
"text": "\"Kisses of Fire\" is a song recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, released on their 1979 album Voulez-Vous. Production and release On 22 January 1979, Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson went abroad to the Bahamas on a working trip to write new songs. They came up with up to four songs on this trip, one of which was given the working title of \"Tidemas Blåsning\" and released as \"Kisses Of Fire\". The track was recorded at Polar Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, on 7 February 1979, and mixed on 1 March 1979. \"Kisses of Fire\" was released as the B-side to the single \"Does Your Mother Know\" in April 1979, shortly before the release of the Voulez-Vous album. The single peaked outside the UK top 3, possibly as a consequence of the lead vocals in \"Does Your Mother Know\" being sung by Björn rather than Agnetha or Frida. \"Kisses of Fire\" was considered to be a much more typical ABBA track. In Venezuela, “Kisses Of Fire” was released as an A-Side, with “Does Your Mother Know” as the B-Side. The song was featured in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, performed by Panos Mouzourakis. References Songs about kissing 1979 songs ABBA songs",
"title": "Kisses of Fire"
},
{
"docid": "37028241",
"text": "The Collection is a compilation album by the English singer Martine McCutcheon, released in 2012. Track listing Disc 1 \"Perfect Moment\" \"I Dreamed a Dream\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Talking in Your Sleep\" \"Never Lose Your Faith In Love\" \"I'm Over You\" \"What You See Is What You Get\" \"On the Radio\" \"Wishing\" \"Together We Are Beautiful\" \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" \"Zing! Went the Strings of My Heart\" \"The Lady Is A Tramp\" \"The Man That Got Away\" \"Can You Feel The Love Tonight\" \"Out Here On My Own\" Disc 2 \"Everybody\" \"Tonight\" \"Teardrops\" \"Rainy Days\" \"Secret Garden\" \"Hold Me Tighter In The Rain\" \"I've Got You\" \"Gettin' Ready for Love\" \"Maybe This Time\" \"There Are Worse Things I Could Do\" \"Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again\" \"You, Me And Us\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Rainy Days (Sleaze Sisters Anthem Mix)\" \"I'm Over You (Xenomania Disco Mix)\" References External links Martine McCutcheon albums 2012 compilation albums",
"title": "The Collection (Martine McCutcheon album)"
},
{
"docid": "51606521",
"text": "Michele Clapton is a British costume designer. She won at the BAFTA Awards for the four-part television series The Devil's Whore in the category of Best Costume Design. She won an Emmy Award for the costumes in the hit HBO show Game of Thrones in 2012. She went on to win again in 2014 and 2016. In 2016, starting with season 6 of HBO's epic fantasy series Game of Thrones, April Ferry took over Clapton's duties as the new costume designer for a majority of the sixth season. Clapton later returned to the show as costume designer for the seventh season. In 2021, Fabergé announced a partnership with Game of Thrones. Michele Clapton was invited to co-design a one-of-a-kind Fabergé x Game of Thrones egg objet, symbolic of Daenerys’ dragon eggs, while intertwining subtle nods to her stand-out costumes which celebrate the landscape around her and her evolving story arc. The design choices are informed by Daenerys’ journey from orphaned exile to conquering monarch and her ongoing quest for the Iron Throne. The Egg sold to a private buyer for $2.2 million USD. Following the success of the egg objet, Fabergé and Game of Thrones continued to work with Michele on a new limited-edition high jewellery collection, which launched at an exclusive event in Dubai. Selected filmography Film The Secret Garden (2020) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Ali and Nino (2016) Queen of the Desert (2015) Before I Go to Sleep (2014) Blood (2012) Love and Other Disasters (2006) My Family and Other Animals (2005) Separate Lies (2005) Chromophobia (2005) Miranda (2002) Chica de Río (2001) The Nine Lives of Tomas Katz (2000) Women Talking Dirty (1999) Simon Magus (1999) Dust Devil (1992) Visions of Ecstasy (1989) Television Sense and Sensibility (2008) The Crown (2016) Game of Thrones (2011–2019) References External links American costume designers Living people Primetime Emmy Award winners Year of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Michele Clapton"
},
{
"docid": "40600416",
"text": "Emma Slater (born 25 December 1988) is a British and American professional dancer and choreographer. She is known for her appearances on Dancing with the Stars. Early life Slater was raised in Tamworth, Staffordshire, England, where she joined local stage schools by taking part in numerous productions at an early age. She has a twin sister, Kelly, a costume designer and stylist on Dancing with the Stars. At age 10, Slater started her training in ballroom and Latin dance. In the early years of competing, she won a number competitions in England. At 15, she appeared in a George Michael music video \"Round Here\" produced by Bikini Films on location in London. Later that year, Slater took part in the fitness video \"Latinasize\" again filmed at the Pinewood Studios in London. Personal life She dated fellow Dancing with the Stars member Sasha Farber from 2011 to 2014. In December 2015, Farber made a post on his Instagram account confirming that he and Slater were back together. He proposed to Slater during a broadcast of Dancing with the Stars on 4 October 2016. They married on 25 March 2018, with fellow Dancing with the Stars pros Lindsay Arnold, Witney Carson and Jenna Johnson serving as bridesmaids, and Derek Hough serving as one of Farber's groomsmen. Slater became an American citizen in December 2020. The couple separated in April 2022. Slater filed for divorce in February 2023. Competitive dancing Slater has numerous titles to her name. In 2005, at the age of 16, she won the British Under 21 Latin American Championships at the Blackpool Closed 2005. She won the 2006 United Kingdom Under 21 Latin American Championships at the Bournemouth Pavilions, England. Ranked in the world's top 10, Slater went on to represent the UK in competitions around the world. Theatre At 16, Slater joined the hit theatre show ‘Simply Ballroom’ touring UK, including Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London's West End, United Arab Emirates and South Africa. While in South Africa, Slater appeared on Dancing with the South African Stars with her celebrity partner TV Host Dalen Lance. Following Simply Ballroom, Slater had an extended run in London's West End with theatre shows; Dirty Dancing at the Aldwych Theatre where she was the Principal Latin Dancer/Ballroom Supervisor, but also understudied and played the principal role of Lisa Houseman, ‘Cheek to Cheek’ at The Coliseum and ‘Latin Fever’ at the Peacock Theatre. In 2009, Slater joined the stage show Burn the Floor for the China tour initially, but later joined the cast for an extended run at the Longacre Theatre on Broadway New York City and a world tour covering: Belgium, Holland, Australia, Japan, South Korea, Canada, New Zealand, West End London, a nine-month USA multi-city tour. She also danced and advised on UK's ITV Popstar to Opera Star on a number of occasions. Mamma Mia! In 2008, Slater was featured in the Universal Pictures movie Mamma Mia! starring Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan and Colin Firth, directed by Phyllida Lloyd –",
"title": "Emma Slater"
},
{
"docid": "8738214",
"text": "is a Japanese actress and voice actress who is affiliated with Mausu Promotion. She is married to Makoto Yasue, a sound director employed by Glovision. On Twitter under the name chiffons, she reported the birth of her first son on August 3, 2011, in a tweet on August 11, 2011, and the birth of her second son on May 15, 2013, in a tweet on May 17, 2013. Biography Filmography Mixed media Galaxy Angel series (????) (Creta) Sakura Wars series (????) (Mell Raison) Television animation 1999 Cowboy Bebop (Angel) 2001 Baki the Grappler (Kozue Matsumoto) 2002 Saikano (Yukari) Tokyo Underground (Hekisa) 2004 Tweeny Witches (Arusu) Sonic X (Molly) The Galaxy Railways (Tina) 2006 Ergo Proxy (Monad Proxy) Fushigiboshi no FutagoHime Gyu! (Rein's Mother) Inukami! (Snake Woman) Kage Kara Mamoru! (Tsubaki Mapputatsu) Lemon Angel Project (Keiko Shikina) Ray the Animation (Burūsokkusu) 2007 Bamboo Blade (Sayako Kuwahara) Dennō Coil (Fumie) Kekkaishi (Aihi) Emily of New Moon (Ilse Burnley) 2008 Rosario + Vampire (Kyōko Aono) 2009 Aoi Hana (Hanae) Stitch! The Mischievous Alien's Great Adventure (Sand) Viper's Creed (Maika) 2012 AKB0048 (Mikako Minamino) High School DxD (Issei's mother) Psycho-Pass (Chika Shimazu) 2013 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Battle Tendency (Suzi Q) 2014 Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers (Rosetta Riley) HappinessCharge PreCure! (Miyo Masuko) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders (Suzi Q) 2015 Maria the Virgin Witch (Lolotte) 2016 Active Raid (Governor's Secretary) Cardfight!! Vanguard G Stride Gate (Hiroki Moriyama) 2019 Fruits Basket (Okami Soma) Star Twinkle PreCure (Terumi Hoshina) 2020 Boruto: Naruto Next Generations (Sakuya) Unknown date Monkey Typhoon (Karin Kuramu) Naruto (Female Orochimaru) Theatrical animation Naruto the Movie 2: Great Clash! The Illusionary Ruins at the Depths of the Earth (2005) (Kamira) Original video animation Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury Prologue (2022) (Nyla Bertran) Video games Panzer Dragoon Saga () (Fei) Wild Arms 4 () (Belial) Drakengard 2 () (Hanch) Everybody's Tennis () (Jun) Soulcalibur Legends () (Taki) Soulcalibur IV () (Taki) Soulcalibur: Broken Destiny () (Taki) Way of the Samurai 4 () (Akemi, Madara) Everybody's Golf 6 () (Satsuki) Granblue Fantasy () (Scathacha) Valkyria Chronicles IV () (Hanna Ivanovic) Apex Legends () (Wraith - Japanese voice) Fire Emblem: Three Houses () (Manuela) Unknown date Ys I & II (????) (Maria) Dubbing Live-action Amanda Seyfried Mamma Mia! (Sophie Sheridan) Jennifer's Body (Anita \"Needy\" Lesnicki) Letters to Juliet (Sophie Hall) Lovelace (Linda Lovelace) A Million Ways to Die in the West (Louise) Love the Coopers (Ruby) The Last Word (Anne Sherman) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (Sophie Sheridan) The Art of Racing in the Rain (Avery \"Eve\" Swift) Mank (Marion Davies) Things Heard & Seen (Catherine Claire) Anna Paquin A Walk on the Moon (Allison Kantrowitz) Almost Famous (Polexia Aphrodisia) Finding Forrester (Claire) X-Men (Rogue) 25th Hour (Mary D'Annunzio) X2 (Rogue) American Underdog (Brenda Mooni) Aubrey Plaza The To Do List (Brandy Klark) Life After Beth (Beth Slocum) Child's Play (Karen Barclay) Best Sellers (Lucy Stanbridge) 10 Things I Hate About You (Kat Stratford (Julia Stiles)) 17 Again (Maggie (Michelle Trachtenberg)) American Beauty",
"title": "Sachiko Kojima"
},
{
"docid": "40705751",
"text": "\"I Wonder (Departure)\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \"The Name of the Game\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \"I wonder ... it scares me\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \"maximum emotional leverage\", making it \"the most intimate personal portrait\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \"translate beautifully to the stage\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "I Wonder (Departure)"
},
{
"docid": "17426709",
"text": "The following is a list of films that were filmed wholly or partially in Oxford, England (often featuring the University of Oxford): Accident (1967) The Italian Job (1969) Heaven's Gate - Harvard commencement sequences shot in New College Lane, the Sheldonian Theatre and at Mansfield College in 1980. Another Country (1984) Oxford Blues (1984) Young Sherlock Holmes (1984) A Fish Called Wanda (1988) Howards End (1992) Shadowlands (1993) The Madness of King George (1994) True Blue (1996) The Saint (1997) Wilde (1997) The Red Violin (1998) Saving Private Ryan (1998) Mohabbatein (2000) (Bollywood film) 102 Dalmatians (2000) Quills (2000) Iris (2001) Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (2001) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Bhagam Bhag (2006) (Bollywood film) Blue Blood (2006) The History Boys (2006) The Golden Compass (2007) Salaam-e-Ishq (2007) (Bollywood film) Brideshead Revisited (2008) I Can't Think Straight (2008) The Oxford Murders (2008) An Education (2009) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Robinson in Ruins (2010) X-Men: First Class (2011) Desi Boyz (2011) Belle (2013) The Riot Club (2014) Doctor Strange (2016) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Mummy (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Tolkien (2019) Saltburn (2023) References Oxford-related lists",
"title": "List of films shot in Oxford"
},
{
"docid": "58104687",
"text": "Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \"Dancing Queen\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \"Fernando\" and \"Super Trouper\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\" —Cher Cher also said that \"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \"SOS\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song",
"title": "Dancing Queen (album)"
},
{
"docid": "65136975",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" is a song recorded and released as a single by Romanian singer Elena Gheorghe, featuring rapper Glance. This marks their second collaboration, the first one being the native number one single \"Ecou\" (2013). \"Mamma Mia\" was initially released for digital download and streaming in the United States on 5 August 2014 under Robbins Entertainment, and worldwide the following year in July under Cat Music. An English language track, it was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă. Music critics gave the song mostly positive reviews, complimenting its catchy instrumentals, but doubted the role of the featured artist by calling it \"not convincing\". An accompanying music video for \"Mamma Mia\", directed by Dan Petcan and Bogdan Filip, premiered on the Cat Music YouTube channel on 21 May 2014 and was supported by a giveaway. The clip depicted Elena at wedding playing the role of the bride, and Italian male as the groomsman. Commercially, the song was modernly successful, peaking at number 33 on the singer's native Romanian Airplay 100. The song was also sent to radio stations across Italy, Poland and Spain, where it had managed to enter several charts. Background and composition In February 2014, Elena went on local radio station Kiss FM for an interview, where she would announce an international single coming up. At the time of the interview, Laurențiu Duță was producing the song in Los Angeles. \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă himself. It was initially sent to radio stations across Italy in July, before being released on streaming devices in the United States by Robbins Entertainment the following month. +Mas Music distributed the song's release on 23 January 2015, while Cat Music handled its worldwide release on 13 July. \"Mamma Mia\" marks Elena and Glance's second collaboration, the first one being \"Ecou\" (2013), which achieved huge chart success in the singer's native country. An English language love song, \"Mamma Mia\" was described as a catchy dance-pop tune. Lyrically, the song is about Elena questing whether she should date a romantic Italian man, knowing well that she will be played on by him. Some lyrics of the song are: \"I just can't getting off my mind he's so amazing / My heart says Yes, my mind says No / Just let him go, go, go.\" Reception and Promotion Upon its release, \"Mamma Mia\" was met positively by music critics. Jonathan Currinn gave the song five stars, calling it a \"lost treasure that we'll forever love\". He went on to compliment the music video, which he called \"completely epic\" and \"full-on amazingness in every way\". He called out the clip's director Dan Petcan for his \"terrific job at directing [it]\", and Elena for her acting skills which were described as \"brilliant\". Zuletzt Aktualisiert from HitFire described the song as a \"catchy dance pop track\". He found the song rather amusing, and",
"title": "Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)"
},
{
"docid": "7491727",
"text": "Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.",
"title": "Dominic Cooper"
},
{
"docid": "1020882",
"text": "Amanda Michelle Seyfried ( ; born December 3, 1985) is an American actress, singer and songwriter. She began acting at 15, with recurring roles as Lucy Montgomery in the CBS soap opera As the World Turns (1999–2001) and Joni Stafford in the ABC soap opera All My Children (2003). She came to prominence for her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), and for her roles as Lilly Kane in the UPN mystery drama series Veronica Mars (2004–2006) and Sarah Henrickson in the HBO drama series Big Love (2006–2011). Seyfried has starred in a number of films, including Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), Jennifer's Body (2009), Dear John (2010), Letters to Juliet (2010), Red Riding Hood (2011), In Time (2011), Les Misérables (2012), A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014), Ted 2 (2015), and First Reformed (2017). She received critical acclaim and nominations for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020). For her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the Hulu miniseries The Dropout (2022), she won the Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress. In 2022, Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Early life and education Amanda Michelle Seyfried was born on December 3, 1985, in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Ann Seyfried (née Sander) is an occupational therapist, and her father, Jack Seyfried, is a pharmacist. She is of mostly German descent with smaller amounts of English, Scots-Irish, and Welsh ancestry. She has an older sister, Jennifer Seyfried, who is a musician in the Philadelphia rock band Love City. Seyfried attended William Allen High School, a large public school in Allentown, where she graduated in 2003. She enrolled at Fordham University in New York City in the fall of 2003, but chose not to attend after being offered a leading role in the 2004 film Mean Girls. Career 1996–2005: Early work While attending William Allen High School in Allentown, Seyfried began modeling. She appeared in several print ads for clothing companies, including Limited Too with Leighton Meester, and was featured on three covers of the Sweet Valley High novel series. At age 17 she stopped modeling and started a job as a waitress in a retirement community. While still a teen, she took vocal lessons, studied opera, trained with a Broadway coach, and began her acting career as an extra in Guiding Light, a daytime television drama. From 2000 to 2001 she played the recurring character Lucy Montgomery on the CBS soap opera As the World Turns and, from 2002 to 2003, Joni Stafford on the ABC soap All My Children. In 2003, Seyfried auditioned to play Regina George in Mean Girls, but the role eventually went to Rachel McAdams. While she was initially considered for the lead role of Cady Heron, ultimately played by Lindsay Lohan, the film's",
"title": "Amanda Seyfried"
},
{
"docid": "22559166",
"text": "Musicality is the third solo album from English actress-singer Martine McCutcheon. The album features covers of songs from McCutcheon's favourite musicals, including Mamma Mia! and Les Misérables. Released in December 2002, Musicality was a commercial failure; it debuted and peaked only at #55 on the UK Albums Chart, spending just two weeks in the Top 100. It is McCutcheon's lowest-charting and lowest-selling album to date. Track listing \"Maybe This Time\" – from Cabaret \"Zing Went the Strings of My Heart\" – from Listen Darling \"White Christmas\" – from Holiday Inn \"I Dreamed a Dream\" – from Les Misérables \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" – from Babes in Arms \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" – from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" – from Funny Girl \"Out Here on My Own\" – from Fame \"What I Did for Love\" – from A Chorus Line \"There Are Worse Things I Could Do\" – from Grease \"The Winner Takes It All\" – from Mamma Mia! \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" – from The Lion King \"Wouldn't It Be Luverely\" – from My Fair Lady \"Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again\" – from The Phantom of the Opera \"The Man That Got Away\" – from A Star Is Born \"Nobody Does It Like Me\" – from See-Saw Charts References 2002 albums Martine McCutcheon albums",
"title": "Musicality (album)"
},
{
"docid": "41643699",
"text": "This list contains the names of albums that contain a hidden track and also information on how to find them. Not all printings of an album contain the same track arrangements, so some copies of a particular album may not have the hidden track(s) listed below. Some of these tracks may be hidden in the pregap, and some hidden simply as a track following the listed tracks. The list is ordered by artist name using the surname where appropriate. Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film For Theaters soundtrack: Contains a song performed by Dana Snyder at the end of \"Nude Love (Reprise).\" The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience: following a period of silence after the album's final track is a reprise of the third track, \"Come to Butt-Head\" by Beavis and Butt-Head (Mike Judge); it repeats the original track's first verse, then continues with new lyrics where the two are joined by rapper Positive K Chicago Hope soundtrack: The album lists 24 tracks, but actually has 26 with cast member Mandy Patinkin performing \"And the Band Played On\" (as track 4) and \"Political Science\" (track 23). Darkthrone Holy Darkthrone: Tracks \"Slottet i det fjerne\" and \"To Walk the Infernal Fields\" are listed as unique tracks on the back cover, but they are a single track on a CD with few minutes of silence between them. Digimon: The Movie soundtrack: At tracks 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17, the Digimon Theme, Change Into Power, Let's Kick It Up, Going Digital and Strange starts playing after Here We Go and 59 seconds of silence. Enjoy Every Sandwich: Songs of Warren Zevon: after a period of silence, Jorge Calderón and Jennifer Warnes' version of Zevon's \"Keep Me in Your Heart\" - an instrumental version of the same song, arranged by Van Dyke Parks, plays after the last track. Kill Bill Volume 2 soundtrack: Hidden track \"Black Mamba\" by The Wu-Tang Clan plays at the end of \"Urami Bushi.\" Knights of the Blues Table: A rare track of Cyril Davies performing KC Moan is 'hidden' in the pregap. Instructions to access the track are in the liner notes. Leader of the Starry Skies – A Loyal Companion: 30 seconds following Idiot Box's cover of \"Nurses Whispering Versus\", Sarah Cutts' \"The Barnacle Tree\" - the only original composition of the compilation - begins to play. iTunes copies also include three extra unlisted cover tracks upon downloading - Local Girls' cover of \"Odd Even\", Ham Legion's cover of \"Dead Mouse\" and Stephen EvEns' cover of \"The Duck and Roger the Horse\". Lost in Translation soundtrack: Nine minutes after \"Just Like Honey,\" Bob Harris's version of \" More Than This\" by Roxy Music Mamma Mia! The Movie Soundtrack: \"Thank You for the Music\" by Amanda Seyfried Mojo presents... Let It Be Revisited: This tribute album to The Beatles' final album Let It Be was released as a free CD in August 2010 in the Mojo magazine. A vinyl version was released shortly after in the same magazine.",
"title": "List of albums containing a hidden track: Various artists"
},
{
"docid": "56756552",
"text": "Jessica Keenan Wynn (born Jessica Keenan Armstrong; June 12, 1986) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Heather Chandler in the off-Broadway production of Heathers: The Musical and Young Tanya in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Personal life Wynn is the daughter of Edwyna \"Wynnie\" Wynn and Roger Armstrong. Her legal surname is Armstrong, but she changed it to carry on the Wynn name. She is the niece of actor Ned Wynn and screenwriter Tracy Keenan Wynn; the granddaughter of Keenan Wynn, who she was named after; the great-granddaughter of comedian Ed Wynn; and the great-great-granddaughter of Frank Keenan, all of whom were prominent actors. Stage performances Filmography Film Television References External links 1986 births Living people American stage actresses American film actresses American people of Czech-Jewish descent American people of Romanian-Jewish descent Actresses from Los Angeles 21st-century American actresses",
"title": "Jessica Keenan Wynn"
},
{
"docid": "656355",
"text": "ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"SOS\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Mamma Mia\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \"Tropical Loveland\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \"Intermezzo No. 1\" (early working title: \"Mama\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \"Man in the Middle\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \"The ABBA Remasters\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \"Deluxe Edition\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \"Baby\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \"Rock Me\". \"Baby\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Crazy World\" \"Crazy World\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \"Money, Money, Money\" single in November 1976. \"Crazy World\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\" Recording began on 6 May 1975",
"title": "ABBA (album)"
},
{
"docid": "40655625",
"text": "\"I Let the Music Speak\" is a song by ABBA, featured as the first track to side two of their 1981 album The Visitors. It is the fifth-longest ABBA track, after \"Eagle\", \"The Day Before You Came\", \"The Visitors\", and \"Chiquitita\". Synopsis Billboard said the song \"is the singer's personal acknowledgement of the wondrous transcendental power and sweep of music\". Abba - Uncensored on the Record says the song \"suggest[s] that after all the good times and bad times, music will never let you down\". Composition The song opens with a \"rolling and wishful piano figure\", and includes a \"warm synth string ensemble\", focusing on the alto and tenor sections. The woodwind filigree is courtesy of flautist Jan Kling. The song also has an acoustic guitar starting in the second verse, which blend with Benny's grand piano, which is the \"leading voice in the rousing musings of the chorus\". The melodic design is quite angular - following the recitative medium. Frida's main vocals are assisted by Agnetha's \"pouncing falsetto grabs\" prior to the chorus. Critical reception Abba - Uncensored on the Record notes the song has a \"theatrical presentation\" and doesn't sound like a pop song. The song was listed among 4 others as one of the \"best cuts\" of the album The Visitors. Managing Information, Volume 7, Issues 6-10 explains \"Songs such as I Let the Music Speak', and the album's title-track [The Visitors] were a major break from their traditional style.\" ABBA:Let the music speak describes the song as a \"thespian ear-grabber\" and \"a rich tapestry of rhythmic contemplation, deftly easing from waltz to march time and back again\". Legacy Benny and Bjorn explained that \"I Let the Music Speak\" was an early example of their foray into musicals: \"Songs like \"Thank You for the Music\" or \"I Let the Music Speak\" had a theatrical quality. You could see \"Chess\" as a development from what we did with Abba\". I Let The Music Speak has lent its name to various media, including a 12-song album tribute to the songs of Benny and Bjorn by Anne Sofie von Otter, and also a book about ABBA entitled ABBA: Let The Music Speak. The opening line \"I'm hearing images, I'm seeing songs, no poet has ever painted\" was included as the quote at the beginning of the chapter entitled \"'I let the music speak': cross domain application for a cognitive model of musical learning'\". Notable covers include: \"Is 't zo bedoeld\", Dutch version by Bonnie & José on their album Herinnering (1985) \"I Let the Music Speak\" by Anne Sofie von Otter on her album of the same name (2006) Instrumental version included in the movie Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) References 1981 songs ABBA songs Songs about music",
"title": "I Let the Music Speak"
},
{
"docid": "67450812",
"text": "Ana Lúcia Alves de Menezes (22 January 1975 – 20 April 2021), also known as Ana Lúcia Granjeiro, was a Brazilian voice actress and voice director. Some of her notable dubbing roles included Sam Puckett in iCarly, Suzy Sheep in Peppa Pig, Laura in the Mexican telenovela Carrusel, Rory Gilmore in Gilmore Girls, and Maite Perroni in various roles. She was nominated three times for the Yamato Award: best actress in 2004 for Chihiro Ogino in Spirited Away, best supporting actress in 2005 for Koto in Yu Yu Hakusho, and best actress in 2010 for Misa Amane in Death Note, which she won. Personal life and death Ana Lúcia also practiced taekwondo, competing in tournaments at the International Taekwon-Do Federation. She won a bronze medal in the 1997 World Cup. Menezes died from a stroke in Rio de Janeiro on 20 April 2021. According to doctors, the stroke was caused by cerebral thrombosis which may have been caused by a reinfection of COVID-19 that she had at the end of 2020. Dubbing Amy Rose in Sonic X and Sonic Boom Aria Montgomery in Pretty Little Liars Sam Puckett in iCarly and Sam & Cat Koto in YuYu Hakusho Dulce Maria in Carita de ángel Po in Teletubbies Tanya Sloan in Power Rangers Zeo and Power Rangers Turbo Kira Ford in Power Rangers Dino Thunder Vida Rocca in Power Rangers Mystic Force Vada in My Girl Stella in Winx Club Maite Perroni in Rebelde, RBD: La familia, Cuidado con el ángel, Mi pecado, The Stray Cat, and Triunfo del amor Sophie Sheridan in Mamma Mia! and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again Toph Beifong in Avatar: The Last Airbender Hilda in Hilda Poof and Trixie Tang in The Fairly OddParents Jasmine Fenton in Danny Phantom Chihiro Ogino in Spirited Away Bridgette in Total Drama and Total DramaRama Diego and Mariam in Beyblade Misa Amane in Death Note Ikon Eron in Gormiti D.W. Read in Arthur Daisy Watkins in Static Shock Rosalie \"Ro\" Rowan in The Zeta Project Pippa the Poppy Fairy in rainbow magic the series Awards and nominations Notes References External links 1975 births 2021 deaths Brazilian voice actresses Brazilian voice directors Actresses from Recife 21st-century Brazilian actresses",
"title": "Ana Lúcia Menezes"
},
{
"docid": "50510142",
"text": "Songbird is a three-disc, limited edition box set by Australian singer Marina Prior. The album was released in Australia in April 2014. The Songbird box includes Marina's three albums, Both Sides Now (2012), Encore (2013) and Marina Prior Live, a new album recorded at The Glasshouse in Port Macquarie in 2013. The Box Set is named from the extra track, \"Songbird\", originally penned by Christine McVie and performed by Fleetwood Mac. It was also released a single. Prior promoted the album with a 26-date national tour commencing in Launceston in August. It concluded in December 2014. On the tour, Prior's performed her best-loved songs from throughout her career, accompanied by pianist David Cameron. Track listing CD 1 - Both Sides Now (2012) \"The Man with the Child in His Eyes\" - 3:22 \"Scarborough Fair\" - 3:42 \"You Weren’t in Love With Me\"- 3:33 \"Superstar\" - 4:31 \"Both Sides, Now\" - 4:21 \"Midnight at the Oasis\" - 3:30 \"In My Life\" / \"Here Comes the Sun\"- 3:41 \"Love the One You're With\" - 3:21 \"Waters Of Babylon\" - 2:33 \"River\" - 4:13 \"Day You Went Away\" - 3:58 \"Windmills of Your Mind\" - 3:31 \"Killer Queen\" - 3:09 \"SOS\" - 4:43 CD 2 - Encore (2013) \"Meadow Lark\" (from The Baker's Wife) - 5:19 \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\" (from Promises, Promises) - 3:34 \"When He Loved Me\" (from Toy Story 2) - 3:21 \"So in Love\" (from Kiss Me Kate) - 3:48 \"Dream Medley\" - Climb Every Mountain (from The Sound of Music), \"Out of My Dreams\" (from Oklahoma), \"I Have Dreamed\" (from The King and I) - 3:39 \"Memory (from Cats) - 4:07 \"Tomorrow\" (from Annie) - 3:18 \"Edelweiss (from The Sound of Music) - 1:53 \"Before I Gaze at You Again\" (from Camelot) - 3:14 \"I Dreamed a Dream\" (from Les Misérables) - 3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" (from Mamma Mia) - 4:42 \"Music of the Night\" (from The Phantom of the Opera) - 4:49 CD 3 - Live'' (2014) \"Overture\" - 1:03 \"Both Sides Now\" - 4:22 \"Memory\" - 4:11 \"I Love a Piano\" - 3:18 \"Celtic Medley\" (\"He Moved Through the Fair\", \"Heigh Diddle Dum\", \"Danny Boy\") - 10:04 \"The Winner Takes It All\" - 4:06 \"I Dreamed a Dream\" - 3:32 \"Rogers & Hammerstein Medley\" (\"Climb Every Mountain\", \"I Have Dreamed\", \"Out Of My Dreams\") - 3:36 \"The Music Of The Night\" - 5:22 \"Auld Lang Syne\" - 2:09 \"Time to Say Goodbye\" - 4:27 \"Songbird\" (Bonus Track) - 3:06 Release history References Marina Prior albums 2014 albums",
"title": "Songbird (Marina Prior box set)"
},
{
"docid": "68620154",
"text": "Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \"Just a Notion\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \"Little Things\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \"ABBAtar\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \"Just a Notion\", was",
"title": "Voyage (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "37252665",
"text": "is a Japanese actor and voice actor. He was born in Saitama. Filmography Film Sennen no Koi Story of Genji (2001) Television dramas Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1998) (Prince Kuni Asahiko) Aoi Tokugawa Sandai (2000) (Emperor Go-Yōzei) Mito Kōmon (2001) (Dr. Kogorō Matsumiya) Kōmyō ga Tsuji (2006) (Shimizu Muneharu) AIBOU: Tokyo Detective Duo (2007) Television animation Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2002) (Yamaguchi) Detective Conan (2005) (Akira Sakuma) Detective Conan (2006) (Korn) Bakugan Battle Brawlers (2007) (Exedra) Bokurano: Ours (2007) (Sasami) Detective Conan (2007) (Kakuji Dejima) Blassreiter (2008) (Matthew Grant) Bakugan Battle Brawlers: New Vestroia (2010) (Exedra) House of Five Leaves (2010) (Yagi Heizaemon) Kindaichi Case Files R (2014) (Wang Long) Level E (2011) (Kyushiro Yumeno) Robotics;Notes (2012) (Hiromu Hidaka) Tari Tari (2012) (Shoichi Okita) One Piece (2013) (Rock) Aldnoah.Zero (2014) (Volf Areash) Chaika - The Coffin Princess (2014) (Simon Scania) Glasslip (2014) (Ken Fukami) Soul Eater Not! (2014) (Cafe Master) Go! Princess PreCure (2015) (Tsukasa Kaido) Ajin: Demi-Human (2016) (Ikuya Ogura) Knight's & Magic (2017) Megalobox (2018) (Fujimaki) Kingdom Season 3 (2021) (Orudo) Theatrical animation Utsunomiko (1989) (Kusuri) Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade (2000) (Atsushi Henmi) Detective Conan: The Raven Chaser (2009) (Korn) Ajin Part 1: Shōdō (2015) (Ikuya Ogura) Video games Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War (2006) (Joshua \"LUCAN\" Bristow) Tales of Xillia (2011) (Jilland) Borderlands 2 (2012, Japanese version) (Handsome Jack) Tales of Xillia 2 (2012) (Jilland) The Evil Within (2014, Japanese version) (Detective Sebastian Castellanos) Nioh (2017) (Edward Kelley) Starlink: Battle for Atlas (2019) (St. Grand) Fate/Grand Order (2020) (Zeus) Famicom Detective Club: The Missing Heir (2021 Remake) (2021) (Kanji Ayashiro) Dubbing roles Live-action Aaron Eckhart The Dark Knight (Harvey Dent) Battle: Los Angeles (Michael Nantz) Erased (Ben Logan) Sully (2020 The Cinema edition) (Jeff Skiles) Wander (Arthur Bretnik) The First Lady (Gerald Ford) Colin Firth Bridget Jones's Diary (Mark Darcy) Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (Mark Darcy) Nanny McPhee (Cedric Brown) Mamma Mia! (Harry Bright) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (Harry Bright) The 4400 (Jordan Collier (Billy Campbell)) 5x2 (Gilles (Stéphane Freiss)) Ambulance (FBI Agent Anson Clark (Keir O'Donnell)) American Beauty (2003 TBS edition) (Lester Burnham (Kevin Spacey)) American Gods (Mr. World (Crispin Glover)) Antarctic Journal (Lee Young-min (Park Hee-soon)) Arbitrage (Det. Bryer (Tim Roth)) The A-Team (Vance Burress / Agent Lynch (Patrick Wilson)) Avalon (Murphy (Jerzy Gudejko)) Avengers: Age of Ultron (Ultron (James Spader)) Battle of the Sexes (Cuthbert \"Ted\" Tinling (Alan Cumming)) Beethoven Virus (Kang Mae (Kim Myung-min)) Boardwalk Empire (Roy Phillips (Ron Livingston)) Bones (Seeley Booth (David Boreanaz)) The Brave One (David Kirmani (Naveen Andrews)) C.B. Strike (Andrew Fancourt (Peter Sullivan)) Chaos (Captain Martin Jenkins (Henry Czerny)) Charlie Countryman (Nigel (Mads Mikkelsen)) Che (Mario Monje (Lou Diamond Phillips)) Chicken with Plums (Nasser-Ali (Mathieu Amalric)) Crocodile Dundee (Netflix edition) (Michael J. \"Crocodile\" Dundee (Paul Hogan)) Crossbones (William Jagger (Julian Sands)) Darkest Hour (Viscount Halifax (Stephen Dillane)) Déjà Vu (FBI Special Agent Paul Pryzwarra (Val Kilmer)) Devils (Dominic Morgan (Patrick Dempsey)) Dr. Dolittle: Million Dollar Mutts (Rick Beverley (Jason Bryden)) Draft Day",
"title": "Hiroyuki Kinoshita"
},
{
"docid": "18529345",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording is the original cast album for the ABBA-inspired stage musical of the same name. The album was released in 1999 and it reached No.56 in the UK album chart, with 2 weeks on the chart. Re-interest in this 1999 Original London Cast album caused it to reach #12 in the UK Album Chart, having charted at #16 a week earlier. It features performances by the original London cast of the musical including Lisa Stokke, Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae. The album was produced by the two male members of ABBA, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The album featured a number of ABBA's best known songs, including the title track, \"Dancing Queen\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" and \"Thank You for the Music\". Track listing Original release \"Overture / Prologue\" - Lisa Stokke—2:56 \"Honey, Honey\" - Lisa Stokke, Eliza Lumley, and Melissa Gibson—2:02 \"Money, Money, Money\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, Neal Wright, and Company—3:01 \"Mamma Mia\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Company-3:21 \"Thank You for the Music\" - Lisa Stokke, Hilton McRae, Paul Clarkson, and Nicolas Colicos-3:03 \"Chiquitita\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—2:27 \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—3:44 \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" - Andrew Langtree, Lisa Stokke, and Company—3:34 \"Super Trouper\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Jenny Galloway, Louise Plowright, and Female Company—3:56 \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" - Female Company—3:34 \"The Name of the Game\" - Lisa Stokke and Nicolas Colicos—3:22 \"Voulez-Vous\" - Company—3:29 \"Entr'acte\" - Musical cast—2:17 \"Under Attack\" - Lisa Stokke and Company—3:11 \"One of Us\" - Siobhán McCarthy—2:20 \"SOS\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae—2:44 \"Does Your Mother Know\" - Louise Plowright, Neal Wright, and Company—3:21 \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" - Hilton McRae—2:42 \"Our Last Summer\" - Paul Clarkson and Siobhán McCarthy—2:42 \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Lisa Stokke—3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" - Siobhán McCarthy—4:08 \"Take a Chance on Me\" - Jenny Galloway and Nicolas Colicos—3:33 \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" - Hilton McRae, Siobhán McCarthy, and Company—2:29 \"I Have a Dream\" - Lisa Stokke—2:58 5th anniversary edition The album was re-released in 2004, five years after its initial release to commemorate the musical's 5th anniversary. The new edition contained the original 24 tracks as well as three bonus tracks: the encore versions of \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Waterloo\". Another 5th anniversary release, which debuted in 2006, commemorates the Broadway production, which debuted in 2001. Also included is a deluxe souvenir booklet complete with lyrics and glimpses of Donna Sheridan in international productions, and a bonus DVD that basically gives a behind-the-scenes look at the musical as well as glimpses of international productions of the musical. An additional bonus feature includes clips of the West End cast singing \"Money, Money, Money\" and \"Dancing Queen\", as well as fond memories from original Broadway cast members Joe Machota and Tina Maddigan, who play the roles of Sky and Sophie,",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording"
},
{
"docid": "47713564",
"text": "Alexa Davies is a Welsh actress best known for her roles as Aretha in Raised by Wolves, Kate in Detectorists, Yvonne in Cradle to Grave, young Rosie in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and Meg in Dead Pixels. She grew up in Rhyl, Denbighshire. Filmography Film Television References External links 1995 births Welsh television actresses Welsh film actresses People from Rhyl Living people 21st-century Welsh actresses",
"title": "Alexa Davies"
},
{
"docid": "25011865",
"text": "Hugh William Skinner (born 6 January 1985) is a British actor. He is best known for starring in sitcoms W1A (2014–2017) and The Windsors (2016–present), and his appearances in musical films Les Misérables (2012) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early life Skinner grew up in London and Tunbridge Wells, and attended Eastbourne College from 1998 to 2003. He lived in Perth, Australia, for a year at age four. He graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2006. Career Early work (2007–2015) Skinner's first professional acting role was in the English Touring Theatre's 2007 production of French Without Tears. In addition to his work on stage, he played supporting roles in the BBC series Tess of the D'Urbervilles as Felix Clare in 2008, and Any Human Heart as Lionel in 2010. He also played the role of Joly, one of the student revolutionaries, in the 2012 film of Les Misérables. In the autumn of 2013, Skinner played the role of Luis Carruthers, a closeted gay man who is in love with the show's protagonist, Patrick Bateman, in the world premiere of American Psycho at the Almeida Theatre. He also appeared on the London cast album, which was released in 2016. While performing in American Psycho, he began filming the first series of the comedy W1A, playing the role of Will Humphries, an inept yet endearing intern at the BBC. The first series was released in 2014, with subsequent series airing on BBC2 in 2015 and 2017. Skinner played the role of Dr. Barnaby Ford in the BBC series Our Zoo. He also appeared at the Theatre Royal, Bath as Camille in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Thérèse Raquin, and as Yepikhodov in Simon Stephens' new translation of The Cherry Orchard at the Young Vic. He returned to the Young Vic in the summer of 2015 to play dual roles in Nick Gill's adaptation of The Trial. In the autumn of 2015, it was announced that he had been cast as Unwin Trevaunance, an aspiring Member of Parliament, in the second series of the BBC production of Poldark, which aired in 2016. Breakthrough (2016–present) Skinner starred in The Windsors, a spoof of the British royal family, as Prince William which aired on Channel 4 in 2016. The same year, he had a role in Fleabag, a BBC3 and Amazon production, where he played the protagonist's hapless boyfriend Harry. The following year, he played Sir George Howard in the first series of Harlots, an 18th-century costume drama that premiered on ITV Encore and Hulu in March. Also in 2017, he played a supporting role in Hampstead opposite Diane Keaton and Brendan Gleeson, and appeared in Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Skinner co-starred in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the 2018 sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, in which he played Young Harry, a version of the character originated by Colin Firth in the first film. In 2018 he also starred in the eighth and final",
"title": "Hugh Skinner"
},
{
"docid": "3255877",
"text": "Leon Dominic Cooke (born 8 August 1991) is an English actor, singer, dancer, and choreographer. Early life Leon Cooke was born in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. His parents are Joy and Michael Cooke, a former dancer and dance teacher, respectively. He has seven siblings who are also dancers: Tara, Zena, Cassandra, Damian, Anastasia, Valentina, and Dmitri. Cooke started training at The Marilyn Jones Dance Centre at the age of two years. He learned ballet, tap, gymnastics, theatre craft, song and dance, and street dance. He was a junior and mid-associate with the Royal Ballet in Birmingham and graduated from the Millennium Performing Arts College. Career Cooke was cast as Billy Elliot in Billy Elliot the Musical in September 2005. During his time as Billy Elliot, BBC's Blue Peter followed and filmed Cooke for a day on November 18, 2005. After completing 21 months and 200 shows as Billy, Cooke left the cast on July 7, 2007. Between December 2008 and February 2009, he appeared as Tadzio in the English National Opera's production of Death in Venice at the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels and two shows at the Grande Théâtre de la Ville de Luxembourg. Cook appeared as Quaxo and Mr. Mistoffelees in the musical Cats at Jersey (Fort Regent) and Guernsey (Beau Sejour) in 2009. In March 2010, he returned to the stage of the Victoria Palace Theatre to take part in a specially choreographed finale to celebrate the fifth anniversary of Billy Elliot the Musical opening in the West End. He completed the United Kingdom's second tour of We Will Rock You directed by Ben Elton. Cooke made his Chichester Festival debut as Wilton in Barnum, returning the following year to perform in Amadeus. He has performed in the musical Mamma Mia at the Prince of Wales Theatre and as part of the West End Live cast in Trafalgar Square, London. He performed in Mamma Mia at its new venue, the Novello Theatre. Between 2014 and 2015, Cooke was cast in Miss Saigon in the West End. He worked with the National Theatre in their production of the musical Wonder.land, playing the role of Dee. His workshops with the National Theatre include Helen by Euripides (2016, Paris) and The Threepenny Opera (2016). Choreography Leon Cooke choreographed the Songtime Theatre Arts Billy Youth Theatre's production at the Richmond Theatre in 2010. He was an assistant choreographer for the BBC 2 series Our Dancing Town which aired in January 2017. Television While in Billy Elliot the Musical, Cooke appeared on Blue Peter, Ready Steady Cook, the Paul O'Grady Show, Happy Birthday Bafta, and as a guest performer on Any Dream Will Do. He also performed with the cast on Sunday Night at the Palladium for their tenth anniversary. Cooke appeared in Series 3 of Sky One's Got to Dance, where he gained three gold stars for a tap routine that was described by Adam Garcia as \"awesome\". He performed at the Royal Variety Performance, the Olivier Awards 2015, and",
"title": "Leon Cooke"
},
{
"docid": "2556660",
"text": "Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \"my mom\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \"Mamma Mia\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \"Mamma Mia\" (Darin song), 2014 \"Mama Mia\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \"Mamma Mia\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \"Mama Mia\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \"Mammamia\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \"Mamma Mia\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \"Mamma Mia\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \"Mamma Mia\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon",
"title": "Mamma Mia"
},
{
"docid": "3685331",
"text": "Godstow is a hamlet about northwest of the centre of Oxford. It lies on the banks of the River Thames between the villages of Wolvercote to the east and Wytham to the west. The ruins of Godstow Abbey, also known as Godstow Nunnery, are here. A bridge spans the Thames and the Trout Inn is at the foot of the bridge across the river from the abbey ruins. There is also a weir and Godstow lock. History Godstow Abbey (see detailed history below) was built here, starting in 1133. It housed an order of Benedictine nuns. Rosamund Clifford, the mistress of King Henry II, retired here and died at 30 in about 1177. Her grave is somewhere in the grounds but now lost. The abbey was suppressed in 1539 under the Second Act of Dissolution. The abbey was then converted into Godstow House by George Owen. It was occupied by his family until 1645, when the building was badly damaged in the English Civil War. After this damage, the building fell into disrepair and was used by the locals as a source of stone for their buildings. A stone bridge was in existence in 1692 and an earlier one was probably that held by the Royalists against Parliamentarians in 1644, during the Civil War. Godstow House itself was fortified as part of the defences of Royalist Oxford against the Parliamentary army at the Siege of Oxford. By the Thames at Lower Wolvercote and Godstow is a 17th-century public house, The Trout Inn, close to Godstow Bridge. The current bridge, in two spans, was built in 1792, the southern span being rebuilt in 1892. Godstow Lock was built here in 1790. In Victorian times, Charles Dodgson (aka Lewis Carroll) brought Alice Liddell (aka Alice in Wonderland) and her sisters, Edith and Lorina, for river trips and picnics at Godstow. The ruins of Godstow Abbey were used as a backdrop in the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again during the musical number \"When I Kissed The Teacher\". History of Godstow Abbey Godstow Abbey was built on what was then an island between streams running into the River Thames. The site was given to the founder Edith de Launceline, in 1133 by John of St. John Edith was the widow of William and she had been living alone in Binsey in Oxfordshire, before deciding to found a group of nuns. The abbey was built in local limestone in honour of St Mary and St John the Baptist for Benedictine nuns; with a further gift of land from him, the site was later enlarged. The church was consecrated in 1139 in the presence of King Stephen. The Bishop of Lincoln confirms that it was Edith's money and will that created the community although she had enjoyed support from Henry I of England. The abbey was again enlarged between 1176 and 1188 when Henry II gave the establishment £258 (which included £100 for the church), 40,000 shingles, 4,000 laths, and a large quantity of",
"title": "Godstow"
},
{
"docid": "34081868",
"text": "Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \"the greatest showbiz impresario\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \"The Winner Takes It All\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\") and \"highly savvy writer\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to",
"title": "Judy Craymer"
},
{
"docid": "43934954",
"text": "\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" has been called a \"Fats Domino flavoured\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \"Why Did It Have To Be Me\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \"Happy Hawaii\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \"Happy Hawaii\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \"for the guys\" and praises it as an example of the \"professional songwriting\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs",
"title": "Why Did It Have to Be Me?"
},
{
"docid": "3735183",
"text": "Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an",
"title": "Catherine Johnson (playwright)"
},
{
"docid": "11143164",
"text": "\"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \"Rio de Janeiro\". Eventually, the track was renamed \"When I Kissed the Teacher\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \"schoolgirl imagery\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \"bouncy\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \"Waterloo\". It says the song \"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \"When I Kissed the Teacher\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is listed alongside \"Dancing Queen\" as an example of the group's \"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\" The Los Angeles Times said \"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \"expected of ABBA\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" with the Van Halen song \"Hot for Teacher\" and the Jethro Tull song \"Teacher\" as examples of \"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.",
"title": "When I Kissed the Teacher"
},
{
"docid": "55471191",
"text": "Josh Dylan (born 19 January 1994) is a British actor. He is best known for his role as Captain Adam Hunter in Allied (2016), as well as Young Bill in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Career Josh Dylan trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. In 2017, Dylan starred in the Orange Tree Theatre's production of Sheppey, directed by Paul Miller and won the 2017 Off West End Award for Best Supporting Actor. Filmography Film Television Stage Awards and nominations References External links 1994 births 21st-century English male actors Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors Living people Male actors from London People educated at Ardingly College",
"title": "Josh Dylan"
},
{
"docid": "15642908",
"text": "\"My Love, My Life\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \"My Love, My Life\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \"Monsieur, Monsieur\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \"My Love, My Life\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson",
"title": "My Love, My Life"
},
{
"docid": "75128298",
"text": "Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream was a British television talent competition that began airing on 22 October 2023 on ITV. The show documented the search for two new, unknown musical theatre performers to play the roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!. The series was presented by Zoe Ball, and features Samantha Barks, Alan Carr, Amber Riley and Jessie Ware as judges. The series was won by Stevie Doc and Tobias Turley to play Sophie and Sky respectively. Format The series documented the search to find two unknown musical theatre stars to play the central roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the 2024 West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!, based on the film of the same name for the musical's 25th anniversary. The format was similar to that of the BBC competitions How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, Any Dream Will Do, I'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow which aired on BBC One in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 respectively. ITV later aired a similar programme in 2012, Superstar. The series featured fourteen contestants, seven men and seven women, who took part in masterclasses, challenges and workshops focused on singing, dancing and acting which led to a finale set which took place in a West End theatre where a public vote decided the winners. Production In September 2022, it was reported that ITV were planning to revive the musical theatre talent search format with a new series based on Mamma Mia. In December 2022, ITV confirmed the commissioning of Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream. The series was produced by Thames, the production company behind the reality television formats Britain's Got Talent and I Can See Your Voice. The series is filmed in Corfu, Greece and is presented by Zoe Ball. The judges included Samantha Barks, who was a finalist on I'd Do Anything in 2008, comedian Alan Carr, Glee actress Amber Riley and singer Jessie Ware. Contestants The fourteen contestants competing for the roles of Sophie and Sky were announced on the day of the show's broadcast. Sophie Sky Weekly summary Results summary Colour key Week 1 (22 October) For the show's the first episode, the fourteen contestants were placed in either duos or trios and performed a song by ABBA. Group performances: \"Mamma Mia\" \"I Have a Dream\" Week 2 (29 October) In the show's second episode, the Sophies had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Dancing Queen\" Week 3 (5 November) In the show's third episode, the Skys had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" Week 4 (12 November) For the show's the fourth episode, the Sophies and Skys were paired up and had to recreate a scene",
"title": "Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream"
},
{
"docid": "44001649",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia\" is a song by Swedish singer and songwriter Darin featuring vocals by rapper Prophet of 7Lions. It was released on April 14, 2014 in the Nordic countries in occasion of his 10-year anniversary as an artist. It's Darin's first single with Warner Music Sweden. The song was originally written for Darin's sixth studio album Exit, but it didn't make the final cut. Background and release On March 14, 2014 Darin announced via his Instagram account the release of a new single called Mamma Mia, along with a competition which consisted of sharing a picture on the social network in order to win an exclusive ticket for the premiere of the music video of the song which would take place in a secret venue in Stockholm two days before the single release. A trailer of the music video was also posted on Darin's official YouTube channel the same day. Winners were contacted by Darin himself on April 2 and the event took place in a cinema in Stockholm called Rigoletto on April 12. A seven track EP called Mamma Mia - Remixes was released on June 18, 2014. Music video The music video of the single was released on 21 April on Darin's YouTube channel. It was directed by Alex Herron and filmed in Palmdale, California. As stated by the director himself, \"the video feels as if it's a love story in the beginning but then it starts to escalate and she's a Mamma Mia, she's the ultimate crazy woman. They rob a bank, she strips for him. It's pretty dirty, it's pretty good\". The production of the video costed 500,000 Swedish crowns. Charts Release history References 2014 songs 2014 singles Darin (singer) songs Songs written by Darin (singer) Warner Music Group singles",
"title": "Mamma Mia (Darin song)"
},
{
"docid": "70096150",
"text": "Croatia Songs is a record chart in Croatia for songs, compiled by Billboard since February 2022. The chart is updated every Tuesday on Billboards website. The chart was announced on 14 February 2022 as part of Billboards Hits of the World chart collection. The first number-one song on the chart was \"Behute\" by Senidah on the issue dated 19 February 2022. The longest charting number-one song is currently \"Mamma mia\" by Grše. The current number-one song on the chart is \"Fantazija\" by Grše featuring Miach. Methodology The chart tracks songs' performance from Friday to Thursday. Chart rankings are based on a weighted formula incorporating official-only streams on both subscription and ad-supported tiers of leading audio and video music services, plus download sales from top music retailers within the territory. All data are provided by MRC Data. List of number-one songs Reception All the songs that appeared on the first issue of the chart were released by the former Yugoslav non-Croatian musicians, apart from \"Trebaš li me\" by Eni Jurišić and Matija Cvek, \"Debili\" by 30zona and Kuku$ Klan, \"Ti i ja\" by Jelena Rozga (in collaboration with Serbian singer Saša Matić), and \"Highlife\" by Grše, alongside \"Heat Waves\" by Glass Animals and \"Black Summer\" by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Hrvoje Marjanović of Index.hr criticized the Croatian media for trying to censor mainstream music from other former Yugoslav republics due to its alleged lack of quality, and praised the chart for showcasing what people of Croatia actually listen to. He further praised the death of genre boundaries, claiming that, \"on the same IG story of the same person, probably in the same day, you will come across songs by Arctic Monkeys, Drake and Senidah\", as well as the death of the \"cajka problem\". However, in the meantime, multiple other Croatian artists appeared on the chart, such as Hiljson Mandela who debuted with three songs in 2022, Baks, Let 3, and the most frequent Billboard dweller, Grše, whose song \"Sip\" is one of the longest charting songs on the chart, surpassing the majority of his former Yugoslav non-Croatian colleagues. Grše would go on to become the first Croatian artist to top the chart, doing so with his single \"Mamma Mia\" in the week of 29 May 2023, and stay at the number one spot for 17 weeks, becoming the longest charting number-one song since the release of the list. Croatian music journalists generally reacted positively to the introduction of such a music chart but criticized the local music industry managers for trying to cover up the popularity of trap music. Tena Šarčević of Jutarnji list explained how the lack of Croatian artists might shock some people, but that the Balkan trap genre has dominated the on-demand streaming for quite some time. She further noted how there's a big difference between the Croatian airplay-based HR Top 40 chart, and the Billboard chart. Ravno Do Dnas Zoran Stajčić commented how the newly introduced Billboard chart is \"real\" and how it gives real insight into",
"title": "Croatia Songs"
},
{
"docid": "57917036",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack"
},
{
"docid": "17019742",
"text": "Gary Michael Goetzman (born November 6, 1952) is an American film and television producer and actor, and co-founder of the production company Playtone with actor Tom Hanks. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Goetzman began his career as a child actor. He had starred in the film Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball, appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, and eventually started a waterbed company and pinball arcade. Goetzman at one time delivered a waterbed to Jon Peters's home. His exploits as a performer and a salesman inspired his friend Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza. In 1984, he produced the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense with director Jonathan Demme. That initiated a successful run as a music supervisor, on such films as Something Wild, Colors, Modern Girls and Married to the Mob, among many others. In 1991, producer Goetzman and director Demme again collaborated to make The Silence of the Lambs, which garnered the top five Academy Awards including Best Picture. In 1993, Goetzman was executive producer of Demme's Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks, beginning a working relationship with Hanks. Goetzman co-produced Hanks's 1996 directorial debut, That Thing You Do! The two then co-founded Playtone in 1998. Since then, Goetzman has produced hit films including My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Polar Express, Charlie Wilson's War and Mamma Mia! Goetzman has also received several Emmy Awards for HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, The Pacific, John Adams, Game Change and Olive Kitteridge. Aside from producing films, Goetzman has been known to play small parts in movies he is connected to. He has also enjoyed a successful parallel career as a music composer and producer, working with such artists as Smokey Robinson, Natalie Cole, Jane Child, Thelma Houston, and The Staples Singers. He currently sits on the National board of directors for the Producers Guild of America. Goetzman is executive producer (with Tom Hanks and Mark Herzog) of the CNN exclusive documentary miniseries The Sixties (2014), The Seventies (2015), The Eighties (2016), and The Nineties (2017). Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Producer Modern Girls (1986) Miami Blues (1990) Amos & Andrew (1993) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) That Thing You Do! (1996) Beloved (1998) My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) The Polar Express (2004) The Ant Bully (2006) Starter for 10 (2006) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) The Great Buck Howard (2008) Mamma Mia! (2008) City of Ember (2008) Where the Wild Things Are (2009) Larry Crowne (2011) Parkland (2013) Ricki and the Flash (2015) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) A Hologram for the King (2016) The Circle (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Greyhound (2020) News of the World (2020) A Man Called Otto (2022) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 (2023) Executive producer The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Philadelphia (1993) Evan Almighty (2007) My Life in Ruins (2009) Ithaca (2015) As an actor Music department Soundtrack Production manager Thanks Television As an actor",
"title": "Gary Goetzman"
},
{
"docid": "52061803",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia\" is the second episode of the paranormal drama television series Supernaturals season 12, and the 243rd overall. The episode was written by Brad Buckner & Eugenie Ross-Leming and directed by Thomas J. Wright. It was first broadcast on October 20, 2016, on The CW. In the episode, Dean, Mary and Castiel are getting closer to Sam's location. Sam, meanwhile, is continued to being tortured by Toni, looking for information on the American hunters. Meanwhile, Crowley has finally found Lucifer, who is now in a new vessel: a faded rock star named Vince Vincente and sets off with Rowena to send him back to the Cage. The episode marked the debut of Rick Springfield on the recurring role of Lucifer's vessel. The episode received positive reviews, with critics praising the character development and Rick Springfield's performance. Plot Sam's (Jared Padalecki) new hallucination has him having sex with Toni (Elizabeth Blackmore) as a way to know the names. He finally finds about the hallucination and wakes up, realizing it was just a potion given to him and that they also need to talk about Ruby, surprising Sam. She receives a call from Mick (Adam Fergus), a fellow Man of Letters, who chastises her for disobeying orders and also tells her about Ms. Watt's (Bronagh Waugh) death. Dean (Jensen Ackles) is informed by Castiel (Misha Collins) that he may have found Sam a warded farmhouse after searching rental properties in Aldrich, Missouri, the location Ms. Watt's cell phone had pointed to. Dean decides to go but asks Mary (Samantha Smith) to stay out in order to protect her. Crowley (Mark A. Sheppard) has discovered Rowena (Ruth Connell), who is trying to live a normal life out of witchcraft. He finally convinces her for help in using her magic and the Book of the Damned to find Lucifer and lock him again in the Cage by threatening to kill her date. Meanwhile, Vince Vincente (Rick Springfield) is a washed-up rock star who has been feeling depressed since the death of his girlfriend years ago. While in his hotel room, Vince is stunned to find blood instead of water in his sink. After the objects in his room fly, Vince comes face to face with his dead girlfriend, who is in fact Lucifer disguised, tricking him to say \"yes\" to be his new vessel. Believing that he will be with his dead lover, Vince gives his consent and Lucifer gains a new vessel. Dean goes inside the farmhouse but he falls on a trap and is captured by Toni, who is planning on using him as a method of torture for Sam's punishment and a way for him to talk. Lucifer meets with Crowley to talk about their new positions. Crowley wants to continue ruling as King of Hell and tells him that he can better reign Heaven. Lucifer refuses and prepares to kill him when Rowena approaches with a spell and Crowley pours sulphuric acid on him in hopes this will make",
"title": "Mamma Mia (Supernatural)"
},
{
"docid": "55594395",
"text": "Oh Na-ra () is a South Korean actress. She began her career by joining the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and made her debut in the musical \"Simcheong\" the following year. She went on to star in various productions such as Bari, Annie Quang, All That Jazz, Broadway 42nd Streets, Empress Myeongseong, Love in the Rain, and Mamma Mia. Since 2004, she started play the main lead in the creative musicals I Love You. Followed by Finding Kim Jong-wook, Singles and Jomjom. Throughout her career, as musical actress, has received several accolades, including the Best New Actress Award at the 2006 Daegu International Musical Festival, the Best Actress Award at the 12th Korea Musical Awards in 2006, the Female Popularity Award at the 1st The Musical Awards in 2007, and the Popular Star Award at the 13th Korea Musical Awards in 2007. In addition to her work in musicals, Oh made her television debut with a minor role in SBS TV's SBS TV . She has since appeared in various dramas, including Pretty Mom, Pretty Woman, Queen of Reversals, Miss Ahjumma, Yong-pal, Hyde Jekyll, Me, Flowers of the Prison, Man to Man, The Lady in Dignity. Her supporting roles performances in dramas such as My Mister, Sky Castle, Racket Boys, and Alchemy of Souls earned her wider recognition. Early Life and education Oh Na-ra born on October 26, 1974 in Seoul as oldest of two sibling. Oh graduated from . Oh chose ballet as her major because she wanted to perform on stage. She graduated from the Department of Dance at Kyung Hee University. Afterwards, she pursued a master's degree in musical theater at Dankook University's Graduate School of Culture and Arts. Career Oh became interested in musicals after watching one on TV during college and wondered if they were real. She approached Nam Gyeong-eup, a musical actor, and expressed her desire to be part of musicals. Oh helped out at the performance hall of the musical \"Love in the Rain,\" doing tasks like cleaning and selling tickets. She also tried to make the actors happy. She joined the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and debuted with her musical “Simcheong” the following year. Afterwards, she appeared in 'Bari', 'Annie Quang', 'All That Jazz', 'Broadway 42nd Street', 'Empress Myeongseong', 'Love in the Rain', and 'Mamma Mia'. In 2001, Oh joined the Japanese theater company \"Four Seasons\" despite being a newcomer in the musical world. Oh was first Korean actor to be selected as a member. She auditioned and landed a role in the production \"Contact.\" Although she couldn't speak Japanese, it was a dance-only production, so there were no major issues. However, she couldn't go on stage due to visa extension problems caused by the office staff's intentional actions. After eight months, Oh (female) returned to Japan and was given the opportunity to appear in \"Mamma Mia.\" Despite initially being cast as the main character, her Japanese skills weren't perfect, so she returned after two years as an ensemble",
"title": "Oh Na-ra"
},
{
"docid": "62215057",
"text": "The Wild Dreams Tour or The Hits Tour, originally known as the Stadiums in the Summer Tour, is an ongoing concert tour by Irish pop vocal group, Westlife. It was first scheduled to begin on 17 June 2020 in Scarborough, England at the Scarborough Open Air Theatre. However, the tour was ultimately postponed in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The band has rescheduled their dates like the Wembley Stadium, Cork, and Scarborough to 2022. The first 17 other tour dates announced have been cancelled but 2 of them were rescheduled. Their three shows in Singapore made them the first international group to perform at the Singapore Indoor Stadium thrice in one tour. On 19 November 2022, band member Nicky Byrne was involved in a stage fall accident during the concert. On 25 November 2022, band member Mark Feehily pulled out of the remaining shows of the UK and Ireland leg due to contracting pneumonia. He would rejoin the band for the 2023 legs except for five of its dates due to pulmonary complications that need an operation. On 14 August 2023, Westlife announced their first ever tour dates in Canada and the United States. They will be performing in Toronto, Boston, New York City, and Chicago in March 2024. On 12 September 2023, Westlife announced their first-ever tour dates in India. On 26 September 2023, Westlife announced their first-ever tour date in Brazil and their first headlining concert tour in Mexico. Feehily has announced he has been forced to pull out just 2 weeks before the band’s debut North American Tour This concert tour also marks their most number of concert tour dates to date with 99 dates so far since their \"Where Dreams Come True Tour\" in 2001 with 82 dates. Band member Kian Egan added, \"This is the largest tour ever in China for a western act\". Set list This set list is representative of the 8 and 9 July 2022 shows at the Aviva Stadium. It does not represent all dates of the tour. \"Starlight\" \"Uptown Girl\" \"When You're Looking Like That\" \"Fool Again\" \"If I Let You Go\" \"My Love\" \"Swear It Again\" ABBA Medley: \"Mamma Mia\" / \"Gimme Gimme Gimme\" / \"Money Money Money\" / \"Take a Chance on Me\" / \"I Have a Dream\" / \"Dancing Queen\" / \"Waterloo\" / \"Thank You for the Music\" \"What About Now\" \"Mandy\" Medley: \"What Makes a Man\" / \"Queen of My Heart\" / \"Unbreakable\" / \"I'm Already There\" \"World of Our Own\" (contains excerpts of “Crazy In Love”) \"Flying Without Wings\" Encore \"Hello My Love\" \"You Raise Me Up\" This set list is representative of the 8 and 9 September 2023 shows at the Mercedes-Benz Arena. It does not represent all dates of the tour. \"Starlight\" \"When You're Looking Like That\" \"Fool Again\" \"If I Let You Go\" \"I Lay My Love on You\" \"Home\" \"Swear It Again\" \"What About Now\" \"Mandy\" \"What Makes a Man\" \"Queen of My Heart\" \"Uptown Girl\" \"Nothing's Gonna Change My",
"title": "The Wild Dreams Tour"
},
{
"docid": "43467891",
"text": "Talia Hannah Schlanger is a Canadian musician and radio broadcaster, who has worked in both Canada and the United States. Formerly a weekend host of Radio 2 Morning on CBC Radio 2 and TV host of CBC Music Backstage Pass, and a part-time host on CBC Radio 3, her selection as host of NPR's music program World Cafe was announced in February 2017. She joined World Cafe in October 2016 as a contributing producer, and was named the program's new host after the retirement of David Dye. In June 2019, she announced her departure from the program to return to other creative projects. In September 2019, Raina Douris was announced as her successor. Schlanger grew up in a Jewish family in Thornhill, Ontario. She is a graduate of Toronto Metropolitan University's program in radio and television arts. Prior to joining the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Schlanger was an actress, whose credits included the supporting role of Madison in Strange Days at Blake Holsey High, guest roles in System Crash and Degrassi: The Next Generation, and musical theatre roles in Mirvish Productions' Mamma Mia, the original Canadian company of Queen's We Will Rock You and the first national U.S. tour of Green Day's American Idiot. She won a Canadian Screen Award in 2014 as a coproducer with Brent Hodge, Bryan Ward, Grant Lawrence and Kai Black of The Beetle Roadtrip Sessions, a web series on CBC Music in which Lawrence travelled across Canada meeting local musicians and other personalities. Since leaving World Cafe, Schlanger has again been heard as a fill-in host on CBC Radio programming including Here and Now and Q. Her debut album, Grace for the Going, was released on February 2, 2024. This included a song about Toughie, who was the last known frog of his species when he died in 2016. References External links CBC Radio hosts Canadian television actresses Canadian musical theatre actresses Canadian radio producers Jewish Canadian actresses Living people Canadian child actresses Toronto Metropolitan University alumni People from Thornhill, Ontario Year of birth missing (living people) Canadian women radio hosts Jewish Canadian musicians Women radio producers 21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters Canadian women singer-songwriters Musicians from the Regional Municipality of York",
"title": "Talia Schlanger"
}
] | [
"July 20 , 2018"
] |
train_55969 | what are the major exports of new zealand | [
{
"docid": "62764073",
"text": "The information and communications technology industry in New Zealand is a rapidly growing sector. The technology sector overall employs over 120,000 people, and technology is New Zealand's third largest export sector, accounting for $8.7 billion of exports, with information technology creating 50,000 full time jobs, and about $1 billion in IT services exports. History Early computing services The first computers in New Zealand were large Mainframe computers, mainly for government departments. The first industry professional body, New Zealand Computer Society was founded in 1960. The introduction of computers in the commercial sector in New Zealand took off in the 1960s. The Bank of New Zealand was one of the first private-sector users, followed by Griffin's Foods. In 1964, the first local IT services company was Computer Bureau Limited (CBL), the predecessor of Datacom, followed shortly by Computer Services Limited in September 1964, founded by Denis Trotman. These businesses were computer bureaus, sharing computer resources among multiple customers. In 1967, the major commercial banks pooled their resources to form Databank Limited, to digitise banking services in New Zealand. Databank was later acquired by EDS. Growing software exports As New Zealand's computing capabilities expanded, software development became a major feature of the information technology sector. Progeni Software became the first New Zealand company to export software in 1968. In the early 1970s, Gil Simpson and Peter Hoskins wrote LINC fourth-generation programming language (4GL) which was marketed internationally by Burroughs. They later founded the Aoraki Corporation. In the 1980s Progeni, working with Wellington Polytechnic, with finance from the Development Finance Corporation, developed the Poly microcomputer, which was exported to Australia and China. In 1988, Peace Software was founded, also a major exporter of New Zealand-developed software. In 1991 Binary Research was founded, and later sold to Symantec Corporation. Entities Today, Datacom Group is New Zealand's largest information technology company and largest technology company, according to the \"TIN200\" index, followed by Fisher & Paykel, Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Xero, Gallagher Group, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Douglas Pharmaceuticals, Temperzone Group, Scott Technology, and Weta Digital. IT services and products IT services companies are defined as providing \"professional and IT infrastructure services\" and include Datacom Group, Intergen, Optimation Group and other major multi-nationals operating in New Zealand such as IBM and Fujitsu. IT product companies are businesses that provide applications or products that focus on a particular sector and include Xero, Gentrack, Serko, Pushpay and Jade. Startup industry New Zealand supports an active startup community with various public and private institutions dedicated to increasing the support and funding available to local entrepreneurs. Government support NZTE and Callaghan are the two primary government organisations charged with supporting the growth of startups in the country, offering access to expertise, export and research grants. VC industry Funding for post-seed companies has traditionally been dominated by local VC firms such as Icehouse Ventures and Movac, who were one of the early founders of the industry, have been actively investing since 1998 and had success with large exits including companies such as",
"title": "Information technology industry in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "27138073",
"text": "Kiwifruit or kiwi is a major horticultural export earner for New Zealand. New Zealand developed the first commercially viable kiwifruit and developed export markets, creating the demand for the fruit that exists today. Today New Zealand is the third largest kiwifruit producing country, next to China and Italy, and holds approximately 30% of the market share. In the 2008–2009 season the value of New Zealand kiwifruit exports was NZ$1.45 billion. Origin of the fruit Cultivation of the fuzzy kiwifruit spread from China in the early 20th century, when seeds were introduced to New Zealand by Mary Isabel Fraser, the principal of Whanganui Girls' College who had been visiting mission schools in Yichang, China. The seeds were planted in 1906 by a Whanganui nurseryman, Alexander Allison, with the vines first fruiting in 1910. A New Zealand horticulturalist developed the well-known green kiwifruit in Avondale, New Zealand, around 1924. This well known green kiwifruit were later renamed \"Hayward\" as a tribute to its creator, Hayward Wright. Origins of the industry The first commercial planting of Chinese gooseberries occurred in 1937 by the orchardist Jim MacLoughlin. He found that the vines were low maintenance and fruited well. By 1940, MacLoughlin purchased more property for Chinese gooseberry production. MacLoughlin's truck was commandeered for army use during the outbreak of war and as a result, he was forced to sell his property and enter into a shared cropping arrangement with another farmer. In 1955, MacLoughlin bought out his partner, purchasing his land back along with an additional 38 acres and planting it all to Chinese gooseberries. During the war around 550 cases of the fruit were marketed each season with the fruit proving popular with American servicemen in New Zealand. This provided the opportunity for the previously domestically-consumed fruit industry to expand by exporting to an international market. Initial growth of the export market In 1952, MacLoughlin approached the New Zealand Fruit Federation who agreed to facilitate the shipping and marketing of the fruit to United States markets, this was New Zealand's first export of Chinese gooseberries. Due to pioneering research into the transportability of the fruit by John Pilkington Hudson and others at the agriculture department in Wellington, this was the first international export of the kiwifruit. Rebranding the Chinese gooseberry As the local popularity of this fruit increased, New Zealanders discarded the local Chinese name for the fruit (yáng táo) in favour of the name Chinese gooseberry. Among the exporters was the prominent produce company Turners and Growers, who were calling the berries melonettes, because the local name for the fruit, Chinese gooseberry, had political connotations due to the Cold War, and to further distinguish it from European gooseberries, which are prone to a fungus called anthracnose. An American importer, Norman Sondag of San Francisco, complained that melonettes was as bad as Chinese gooseberry because melons and berries were both subject to high import tariffs, and instead asked for a short Māori name that quickly connoted New Zealand. In June 1959, during a",
"title": "Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "1222656",
"text": "The economy of Oceania comprises more than 14 separate countries and their associated economies. On a total scale, Oceania has approximately 34,700,201 inhabitants who are spread among 30,000 islands in the South Pacific bordered between Asia and the Americas. This region has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial markets of Australia and New Zealand to the much less developed economies that belong to many of its island neighbours. Trade blocs The smallest Pacific nations rely on trade with Australia, New Zealand and the United States for exporting goods and for accessing other products. Australia and New Zealand's trading arrangements are known as Closer Economic Relations. Australia and New Zealand, along with other countries, are members of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the East Asia Summit (EAS), which may become trade blocs in the future particularly EAS. Currency The below table summarizes the official currencies of Oceania. Several territories are dollarized or use a currency with a fixed exchange rate. Economic sectors Service industry The overwhelming majority of people living in the Pacific islands work in the service industry which includes tourism, education and financial services. Oceania's largest export markets include Japan, China, the United States and South Korea. The majority of people living in Australia, and to a lesser extent, New Zealand work in mining, electrical and manufacturing sectors also. Manufacturing The manufacturing of clothing is a major industry in some parts of the Pacific, especially Fiji, although this is generally decreasing. Australia boasts the largest amount of manufacturing in the region, producing cars, electrical equipment, machinery and clothes. Tourism Tourism has become a large source of income for many in the Pacific; tourists come from Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. Fiji currently draws almost half a million tourists each year; more than a quarter from Australia. This contributes $1 billion or more since 1995 to Fiji's economy but the government of Fiji underestimate these figures due in part to an invisible economy inside the tourism industry. Agriculture and fishing Agriculture and natural resources constitutes only 5% to 10% of Oceania's total jobs, but contributes substantially to export performance. The most populous two nations, Australia and New Zealand, are also the most developed and have majority service industries. This dilutes the data from the less developed Pacific Island nations who have major agricultural economies. Most of the Pacific countries (excluding Australia and New Zealand) the primary industry is agriculture. Many nations are still quintessentially agricultural; for example, 80% of the population of Vanuatu and 70% of the population of Fiji works in agriculture. The main produce from the pacific is copra or coconut, but timber, beef, palm oil, cocoa, sugar and ginger are also commonly grown across the tropics of the Pacific. Fishing provides a major industry for many of the smaller nations in the Pacific, although many fishing areas are exploited by other larger countries, namely Japan. Natural Resources, such as lead, zinc, nickel and gold,",
"title": "Economy of Oceania"
},
{
"docid": "673586",
"text": "Anchor is a brand of dairy products that was founded in New Zealand in 1886, and is one of the key brands owned by the New Zealand based international exporter Fonterra Co-operative Group. In Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan, Fonterra uses the Fernleaf brand instead of Anchor. Anchor by Fonterra Historically, the Anchor brand of milk products in New Zealand was owned by the New Zealand Dairy Group, which merged with Kiwi Co Operative in 2001 to form Fonterra. As the merger would leave New Zealand with virtually no competition in the domestic dairy sector, government legislation was required for Fonterra to be formed. One of the requirements was that Fonterra must divest its strongest domestic brand, Anchor, in the New Zealand market. This did not affect the brand internationally. The brand was sold to what is currently Goodman Fielder. Between 2001 and 2005, Fonterra grew one of their smaller milk brands which was originally only available in the South Island of New Zealand, 'Meadow Fresh Milk' into a nationwide brand which provided good competition to the Anchor Brand of milk products. In 2005, Fonterra did a brand swap with what is now Goodman Fielder, swapping Meadow Fresh for Anchor, allowing Fonterra to again align its international and domestic dairy brands. Anchor Milk Fresh Anchor Milk products available in New Zealand are manufactured and marketed by Fonterra Brands, a division of Fonterra. The main plant that processes Anchor milk in New Zealand is in Takanini, Auckland. In addition to the common varieties with differing percentages of milk fat, they also offer \"Anchor-Xtra\", with extra calcium (marketed to \"extra active\" parents), and \"Mega Milk\", with extra vitamins, as well as extra calcium, marketed for children. In 2013, the Anchor brand was released in China. Anchor Milk Powder Anchor Milk Powder is the major Anchor product available in some developing countries, such as Guyana and Ethiopia. Anchor Butter and Anchor Cheese Anchor Butter and Anchor Cheese are sold in New Zealand, but the brand for these products in New Zealand is still owned by a Goodman Fielder subsidiary. For butter and cheese the brand was not returned to Fonterra in the brand swap so not all Anchor branded products are Fonterra products in New Zealand. However, like most dairy products in New Zealand, the milk is still sourced from Fonterra suppliers and for butter and cheese, it is also likely that Fonterra manufactured the products with Goodman Fielder simply packaging the products. Outside New Zealand Internationally the Anchor brand is 100% owned by the Fonterra Co-Op Group. It is available in (and manufactured in) many areas including: Australia Barbados China Chile Ethiopia Fiji Indonesia Malaysia Mauritius Middle East Pacific Islands Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan United Kingdom In Britain, Anchor block butter was imported from New Zealand until August 2012 when Arla Foods UK, transferred production to a local factory at Westbury, Wiltshire, using English cream. Anchor Spreadable Anchor Spreadable is one of the brand's specialised products. This butter based spread",
"title": "Anchor (brand)"
},
{
"docid": "3974835",
"text": "New Zealand wine is produced in several of its distinct winegrowing regions. As an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, New Zealand has a largely maritime climate, although its elongated geography produces considerable regional variation from north to south. Like many other New World wines, New Zealand wine is usually produced and labelled as single varietal wines, or if blended, winemakers list the varietal components on the label. New Zealand is best known for its Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc, and more recently its dense, concentrated Pinot Noir from Marlborough, Martinborough and Central Otago. While New Zealand wine traces its history to the early 19th century, the modern wine industry in New Zealand began in the mid-20th century and expanded rapidly in the early 21st century, growing by 17% a year from 2000 to 2020. In 2020, New Zealand produced from of vineyard area, of which ha (about two-thirds) is dedicated to Sauvignon Blanc. Nearly 90% of total production is exported, chiefly to the United States, Britain and Australia, reaching a record in export revenue in 2020. History Winemaking and viticulture date back to New Zealand's colonial era. New Zealand's first vineyard was planted in 1819 by missionary Samuel Marsden in Kerikeri. James Busby, New Zealand's governing British Resident in the 1830s, planted vineyards on his land near Waitangi, having earlier established what is now the Hunter Valley wine region during his time in Australia. He was producing wine for locally stationed British soldiers in 1836. In 1851, French Marist missionaries established a vineyard in Hawke's Bay for making Communion wine. Now part of the Mission Estate Winery, it is the oldest commercial vineyard in New Zealand. Portrait artist William Beetham planted Pinot Noir and Hermitage (Syrah) grapes at his Lansdowne, Masterton vineyard in 1881. In 1895, the New Zealand government's Department of Agriculture invited the expert consultant viticulturist and oenologist Romeo Bragato to investigate winemaking possibilities. After tasting Beetham's Hermitage, he concluded that New Zealand and the Wairarapa in particular were \"pre-eminently suited to viticulture.\" His French wife, Marie Zelie Hermance Frere Beetham, supported Beetham in his endeavours. Their partnership and innovation to pursue winemaking helped form the basis of modern New Zealand's viticulture practices. Dalmatian immigrants arriving in New Zealand in the late 19th and early 20th centuries brought with them viticultural knowledge and planted vineyards in West and North Auckland. Typically, their vineyards produced table wine and fortified wine to suit the palates of their communities. For the first half of the 20th century, winemaking in New Zealand was a marginal economic activity. Land use during this period was primarily animal agriculture, and the exports of dairy, meat, and wool dominated the economy. Most New Zealanders were of British descent, and favoured beer and spirits; the temperance movement further reduced the national appreciation for wine. The Great Depression of the 1930s also hampered the growth of the fledgling industry. By the 1970s, some of these inhibiting factors underwent important changes. In 1973, Britain entered the European Economic Community",
"title": "New Zealand wine"
},
{
"docid": "6149661",
"text": "Macpac is a brand specialising in outdoor recreational equipment. It is best known for camping and travel equipment including backpacks, sleeping bags and technical clothing. Macpac was originally a New Zealand company but is now owned by the Australian company Super Retail Group. Macpac was founded by Bruce McIntyre in 1973. Macpac currently has two e-commerce stores, 27 New Zealand and 17 Australian retail stores. Macpac's international distribution is through third party companies in Europe, United Kingdom, Japan and Chile. History Macpac's roots can be traced to New Zealander Bruce McIntyre, who began designing his own outdoor gear after he left university aged 19 in 1973 and started making his first packs in his parents' garage in Christchurch. In 1975, he was involved with developing gear for a group of young men from the Canterbury Mountaineering Club who were heading to the South American Andes. The result was New Zealand’s first internal frame climbing pack – the Torre Egger. McIntyre extended the Torre Egger concept to suit trampers and travellers as well. He focused on customer service and product quality. By 1978, sales were growing at 100% a year and Macpac was unable to keep up with demand. Nevertheless, McIntyre headed to Australia to develop the company’s first export market. In 1987, he began exporting to the Netherlands and Switzerland, soon followed by Germany and the UK. In 2003, Macpac moved the majority of its production to Asia, shedding 150 jobs in Christchurch. McIntyre, the managing director at this time, blamed a 40% rise in the New Zealand dollar and a slow-down in international travel. In 2007, Macpac under the Mouton Noir parent company assimilated the down apparel and equipment retailer Fairydown. In January 2016, 90% of the company was bought by an Australian company Champ Ventures for about A$70m (NZ$74m) from Mouton Noir, owner of Fairydown outdoor equipment and clothing brand, and Kathmandu founder Jan Cameron. Macpac products are no longer available through third party retailers in New Zealand and Australia, and instead are now sold directly in Macpac branded stores, however the brand is sold overseas in third party stores. In September 2016, Macpac signed a deal with Amazon to enter the United States market. In February 2018, it was announced that the Australian Super Retail Group purchased Macpac for $135m AUD. They announced that they would rebrand their Ray's Outdoors stores in Australia to Macpac. Equipment Macpac designs and manufactures a range of outdoor equipment, ranging from technical garments, backpacks, sleeping bags and multiple tents designed to serve in different environments. Macpac has been a major sponsor of the New Zealand Alpine Team since 2013, and has a range of alpine-specific clothing and packs See also List of mountaineering equipment brands List of outdoor industry parent companies References External links www.macpac.co.nz - New Zealand website www.macpac.com.au - Australian website Companies based in Christchurch Camping equipment manufacturers Retail companies of New Zealand Retail companies of Australia Manufacturing companies of New Zealand Super Retail Group Retail companies established in",
"title": "Macpac"
},
{
"docid": "40969382",
"text": "The New Zealand Meat Board is a statutory body which provides quota management on behalf of the Crown for meat exports to the United States, European Union and United Kingdom. To protect their own livestock industry these countries give limited access to New Zealand meat exports. It also manages the Board's inherited financial reserves, which are ultimately owned by New Zealand's livestock farmers, for the benefit of industry projects. Beef + Lamb New Zealand provides industry-good functions. Current responsibilities Quotas To protect their own meat industry U.S. EU and U.K. control the volume and prices of their meat imports from New Zealand. The Board allocates, monitors and manages access to these markets: United States New Zealand is currently permitted to send up to 213,402 tonnes of beef and veal a year to the United States at a tariff rate of US4.4cents per kilogram. Any imports above that quota are subject to a higher tariff rate. Each calendar year the Board uses a (published) quota allocation system to allocate quota within New Zealand beef and veal exporters. The system provides for new entrants. European Union Sheepmeat and goatmeat. New Zealand is currently permitted to send up to 114,184 tonnes of sheepmeat and goatmeat a year to the European Union at zero duty. Any imports above that quota are subject to a higher tariff rate. There is a quota allocation system matching that for exports to the United States. High quality beef. New Zealand is currently permitted to send 846 tonnes of high quality beef a year to the European Union at a 20 per cent duty. The EU's \"most favoured nation\" global quota (the quota is administered by the EU) allows New Zealand to compete with other nations for a further 116,703 tonnes of frozen beef subject to the same duty. There is a quota allocation system matching that for exports to the United States. United Kingdom Sheepmeat and goatmeat. New Zealand is currently permitted to send up to 114,205 tonnes of sheepmeat and goatmeat a year to the United Kingdom at zero duty. Any imports above that quota are subject to a higher tariff rate. There is a quota allocation system matching that for exports to the United States. High quality beef. New Zealand is currently permitted to send 454 tonnes of high quality beef a year to the United Kingdom at a 20 per cent duty. Any imports above that quota are subject to a higher tariff rate. There is a quota allocation system matching that for exports to the United States. Other countries Exports of meat to countries outside U.S. EU and U.K. quota markets are handled by Beef + Lamb New Zealand and Meat Industry Association. Reserves The Meat Board manages more than $76m of reserve funds. The income is available to industry projects through Beef + Lamb New Zealand. Current directors of the Meat Board Chair—Andrew Morrison North Island farmers: Martin Coup, Scott Gower, George Tatham South Island farmers: Kate Acland, Nicky Hyslop, Andrew Morrison Processor-Exporters:",
"title": "New Zealand Meat Board"
},
{
"docid": "1117321",
"text": "The New Zealand Motor Corporation was the New Zealand representative, importer, distributor and retailer of a number of the best-known British automobiles. It carried out the same functions for a wide range of manufacturers of industrial machinery and equipment. It inherited and operated four independent plants assembling CKD kits of British Leyland and from the late 1970s, Honda models. It was succeeded piecemeal by Honda New Zealand in the 1980s. Formation New Zealand Motor Corporation (NZMC) was formed and listed on the New Zealand Exchange in 1970. It was the long-delayed pooling of their ownership and resources by British Leyland's two principal New Zealand representatives, motor assemblers, distributors and retailers: Dominion Motors (Nuffield) and the Austin Distributors Federation. Together they had 3,000 staff, 40 retail branches and four car assembly plants Newmarket (Morris), Panmure (Morris), Petone (Austin) and Nelson (Rover-Triumph). At that time British Leyland brands had a good market share in New Zealand but sales dropped reflecting British Leyland's sagging fortunes. New Zealand's principal export customer, the United Kingdom, joined the Common Market in 1973 and took up different sources for its agricultural produce. The mid-1970s witnessed a firm switch to Japanese brands. Not until the end of the 1970s did Hondas begin to replace the British Marina and Princess on NZMC's assembly lines. Economic difficulties in the early-1980s brought about a major restructuring of the New Zealand economy. A new government set about removing protection from many industries including local vehicle assembly. All NZMC assembly plants except the near-new former Rover-Triumph now Honda plant in Nelson had closed by 1988. Nelson closed in 1998. Products Cars and commercial vehicles, bus chassis and bodies, tractors, industrial and earthmoving equipment, diesel engines, cranes, shipping containers. While primarily producing vehicles for the New Zealand market, some were exported to Australia. Brands Austin, Honda, Jaguar, Land Rover, Leyland, Morris, Rolls-Royce, Rover, Triumph Aveling-Barford, Case, Cummins, Davis, ERF, Liebherr, Mitsubishi, WABCO, White Franchised dealers There were 65 franchised dealers in 1980. Honda Honda began acquiring the Honda assets from NZMC in the mid-1980s, first acquiring a 25% stake in 1985. Honda New Zealand Ltd was formed in 1988 and assembly of Honda passenger vehicles continued at the Nelson plant until August 1998, when tariffs on imported cars were abolished. References External links Honda New Zealand Website Defunct manufacturing companies of New Zealand Motor vehicle assembly plants in New Zealand New Zealand companies established in 1970",
"title": "New Zealand Motor Corporation"
},
{
"docid": "43060275",
"text": "The ceramics industry is a growing manufacturing sector in Bangladesh. The industry started in the late 1950s when the first ceramic industrial plants were established. The industry mainly produces tableware, sanitaryware and tiles. As of 2011, there were 21 ceramic industrial units throughout Bangladesh, employing about 500,000 people. In the first nine months of the 2013-14 fiscal year, Bangladesh exported about US$36 million worth of goods after meeting 80% of the domestic demand. The main export destinations are the EU, the US and the Middle East. History The first ceramic plant was established in Bogura in 1958. Owned by Tajma Ceramic Industries, it was a small manufacturing plant for porcelain tableware. Peoples Ceramic Industries, formerly Pakistan Ceramic Industries, started production in 1966. Bengal Fine Ceramics Ltd, the first Bangladeshi stoneware manufacturer, began its operations in 1986. One of the largest ceramic manufacturers in Bangladesh, Monno Ceramics, was established in 1985 to produce porcelain tableware with other ceramic items later. Shinepukur Ceramics was established in 1997 for the production of bone china and porcelain tableware. Shinepukur later captured around 60% of the domestic market. RAK Ceramics was incorporated in Bangladesh on 26 November 1998 and started its commercial production on 12 November 2000. Sources of raw material Some white clay deposits have been discovered in Mymensingh, Sylhet and Netrokona. The largest deposit of white clay is situated at Bijoypur of Mymensingh which was discovered in 1957. However, ceramic manufacturers import almost all of their raw material. China, India, New Zealand and Germany are the main sources of the raw materials. Foreign investment The ceramics industry sector has attracted foreign investment. The investments have mainly been from China and the Middle East states. Some of the major joint venture partners are RAK Ceramics, Fu Wang and China-Bangla, of which the largest is RAK of the UAE, and who have about 80% of the domestic sanitaryware market. Export destinations and international competitors Ceramic products have been exported to more than 45 countries. The largest export destinations are the United States, Italy, Spain, France, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Australia and Sweden. China and Thailand are amongst the major competitors in the international market for Bangladeshi ceramic manufacturers. However, the low labour costs of the local manufacturers has put Bangladesh in a strong position. References Industry in Bangladesh Ceramics manufacturers of Bangladesh",
"title": "Ceramics industry in Bangladesh"
},
{
"docid": "5910261",
"text": "The Romney, formerly called the Romney Marsh sheep but generally referred to by the local farmers as the Kent, is a breed of sheep originating in England. The Romney is a \"long-wool\" breed recognized in England by 1800. Exported to other continents, the Romney is an economically important sheep breed, especially to the sheep-meat and wool export trades of New Zealand. History Origins The breed evolved from medieval longwool types of which the Romney and Leicester breeds are early examples. The sheep recognized by 1800 as \"Romney Marsh\" or \"Kent\" were improved in body type and fleece quality through crossings with Bakewell's English Leicester. International spread The first confirmed export of Romneys from England was a shipment of 20 from Stone, Kent, that went on the Cornwall to New Zealand in 1853. With these and a further 30 ewes sent in 1856, Alfred Ludlum established New Zealand's first Romney Marsh stud in 1860 at Newry, in the Hutt Valley, and Ludlam's brother-in-law, Augustus Onslow Manby Gibbes, also bred them around this time in Australia at his famous sheep property, Yarralumla. In 1855, 60,000 Merinos had been in New Zealand, but the Romney Marsh sheep thrived more quickly, supplanting the Merino over most of the country. The New Zealand Romney Marsh Association was formed in 1904. Alfred Matthews was the first president; the stud he founded, Waiorongamai, is still going. In 1965, three-quarters of the New Zealand national flock was Romney. In the mid-1990s, Romneys comprised 58% of the New Zealand sheep flock (estimated in 2000 at 45 million), with Coopworths (originally Border Leicester on Romney crosses) and Perendales (originally Cheviot on Romney crosses) making up another 16.6%, Merinos 7%, and Corriedales 5.5% of the national flock. The New Zealand export lamb trade started in 1882 with a shipment aboard the Dunedin of 4,900 frozen carcasses to London's Smithfield Market. This was by far the biggest meat cargo ever carried over such a distance to that time. February 15, the departure date, is still celebrated as New Zealand Lamb Day. After 1932, the technology for shipping chilled fresh meat by sea (and later by air) further enhanced the export trade. The breeding of Romneys is not limited to England and New Zealand. The breed has also been established in Patagonia, Australia, Portugal, Brazil, Canada, and Southern California. For many years, England was the primary source of export Romneys. Between 1900 and 1955, 18,000 rams and 9,000 ewes went from England to 43 countries. New Zealand itself began exporting after the sensational win of Ernest Short's Parorangi ram at the Argentine International Exhibition in 1906. Health requirements in recent decades have made New Zealand and Australia almost the only breeding ground for exported Romney seed stock, with Brazil, Uruguay, the Falklands, the U.S., and England, itself, some of the recipient countries. Description Attributes The Romney is not the ideal breed for every situation. Henry Fell, in Intensive Sheep Management posits that the Romney is, \"A breed which ha[s] all the virtues save",
"title": "Romney sheep"
},
{
"docid": "13904544",
"text": "New Zealand Food Safety (NZFS), or Haumaru Kai Aotearoa, is the New Zealand government body responsible for food safety, and is the controlling authority for imports and exports of food and food-related products. In April 2012 it was merged into the Ministry for Primary Industries. The NZFSA administered legislation covering: food for sale in New Zealand primary processing of animal products and official assurances related to their export exports of plant products and the controls surrounding registration, and use of agricultural compounds and veterinary medicines. In July 2007 the NZFSA was separated from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to form a new Public Service Department. On 1 July 2010, the New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) was amalgamated back into the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Food Bill 160-2 Food Bill 160-2 was introduced on 26 May 2010 to make some fundamental changes to New Zealand's domestic food regulatory regime. Significantly, for an export-led economic recovery for New Zealand, the domestic food regulatory regime is the platform for exports. The New Zealand domestic standard is used as the basis for negotiating equivalence arrangements with trading partners. This minimizes the excessive importing country requirements that may be imposed but which do not go to food safety. If passed into law and fully implemented, it would replace the Food Act 1981 and the Food Hygiene Regulations 1974. Food Bill will also make consequential amendments to the Animal Products Act 1999 and the Wine Act 2003 to improve the interface of regulatory processes across food sectors. MAF (through NZFSA) managed New Zealand's participation in Codex Alimentarius and set strategic priorities which ensure that Codex standards have the widest possible application. See also Food safety in New Zealand Food Standards Australia New Zealand Food Act 1981 - New Zealand References External links New Zealand Food Safety Authority Government agencies of New Zealand Regulators of biotechnology products Food safety organizations Food safety in New Zealand Medical and health organisations based in New Zealand Regulation in New Zealand",
"title": "New Zealand Food Safety"
},
{
"docid": "23817539",
"text": "In international politics, food power is the use of agriculture as a means of political control whereby one nation or group of nations offers or withholds commodities from another nation or group of nations in order to manipulate behavior. Its potential use as a weapon was recognised after OPEC’s earlier use of oil as a political weapon. Food has a major influence on political actions of a nation. In response to acts of food power, a nation usually acts in the interest of its citizens to provide food. Food power is an integral part of the politics of food. The idea of food power is used in embargoes, employment, and food politics. In order for a nation to utilize food power effectively, the nation must effectively apply and display scarcity, supply concentration, demand dispersion, and action independence. The four main nations that export enough agriculture to be able to exert food power are the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. On the smaller scale, particularly in some African countries, food power has been used as a weapon by opposing sides in internal wars and conflicts against their own people. Historical background There are four nations in the world that export enough agriculture to exert this hypothetical food power: the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Forced to rely on these nations in times of shortage, food-importing countries may face food crises if needed supplies are withheld. But while political leaders in food-importing countries have expressed misgivings over their dependence, food-exporting nations generally do not withhold food, as agricultural producers in these nations press their governments to continue to export. Policy Food politics are the political aspects of the production, control, regulation, inspection and distribution of food. The politics can be affected by the ethical, cultural, medical and environmental disputes concerning proper farming, agricultural and retailing methods and regulations. Food power is an integral part of the politics of food. “Food is a weapon”, stated Earl Butz, the United States Secretary of Agriculture, in 1974. OPEC's use of oil as a political weapon brought on the possibility for America to use food as a tool against other states and to further the US's goals. There are alternative uses of food power as well. An importer can refuse to continue import unless political concessions are made. This would have the same effects that an exporter refusing to export would have. An example of this would be American reduction of the Cuban sugar quota. In simple terms, the demand concentration (one importer being the dominant buyer) and supply dispersion (several exporters competing to sell the same product) an importer can try to use this exchange politically to their favor; this is especially effective if the exporter has little else so export (low action independence). Food power and food security Food security and food power are not the same thing. However, they are often directly related. Food security is when all people of a region at all times have enough food for",
"title": "Food power"
},
{
"docid": "16806944",
"text": "The New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement is a bilateral free trade agreement signed between the People's Republic of China and New Zealand in April 2008. It is the first free trade agreement that China has signed with any developed country, and New Zealand's largest trade deal since the 1983 Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia. The New Zealand-China FTA was signed on 7 April 2008 in Beijing, after negotiations that spanned fifteen rounds over three years. It entered into force on 1 October 2008, after ratification by the New Zealand Parliament. The provisions of the agreement are expected to be phased in gradually over 12 years, fully coming into force in 2019. Agreements Under the agreement, 37 per cent of Chinese exports to New Zealand and 35 per cent of New Zealand exports to China will be tariff free by October 2008. All tariffs for Chinese exports to New Zealand will be eliminated by 2016, and 96 per cent of New Zealand exports to China will be tariff free by 2019. Mutual investment and trade in services will also be facilitated. The deal also allows 1,800 specialised workers to go from China to New Zealand for a period of up to three years. This, however, will be limited to approved occupations and to a maximum of 100 such workers in any sector, except for traditional Chinese medicine practitioners, Chinese chefs, and Mandarin teaching aides, which have maximums of 150 or 200. New Zealand will also establish a working holiday scheme enabling up to 1,000 young Chinese nationals annually to travel and work in New Zealand for up to 12 months. Both countries have agreed to enhance business visa conditions and processing. History 2008 agreement The New Zealand-China free trade agreement took over three years to negotiate. On 19 November 2004, Helen Clark and President of the People's Republic of China, Hu Jintao announced the commencement of negotiations towards an FTA at the APEC Leaders meeting in Santiago, Chile. The first round of negotiations was held in December 2004. Fifteen rounds took place before the FTA was signed in April 2008 by New Zealand's Minister of Trade Phil Goff and the Chinese Minister of Commerce Chen Deming at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. The deal was welcomed by a number of New Zealand exporters including the dairy cooperative Fonterra and the New Zealand Seafood Industry Council, while others such as the appliance manufacturer Fisher & Paykel stated that the deal would lead to tougher competition with cheaper-priced Chinese products. The New Zealand Council of Trade Unions opposed the inclusion of workforce in the trade agreement stating that there is potential for skilled Chinese workers to be exploited and underpaid. While the FTA enjoys the support of New Zealand's two largest political parties, Labour and National, the Green Party and the Māori Party opposed the agreement even before it was signed. Members of the Green Party protested against the signing of the deal, Keith Locke saying that easier access",
"title": "New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement"
},
{
"docid": "58910327",
"text": "The economic history of New Zealand dates to before European colonisation of the country. By the 20th century, it had become one of the most globalized economies in the world, relying heavily on international trade with developed countries including Australia, Canada, China, European Union, the United States, Japan, and South Korea. It is a mixed economy that functions on free-market principles and has a sizable manufacturing and service sector and an efficient agricultural sector. New Zealand has the 54th largest export economy in the world measured by nominal gross domestic product. In 2016, New Zealand exported a total of NZ$35.1billion and imported a total of NZ$35.4 billion, with its top exports being concentrated milk and the top imports being cars. New Zealand has an extremely diverse market economy with a sizable service sector that accounted for 63% of all GDP in 2013. Other industries including mining, manufacturing, waste services, electricity and gas accounted for 16.5% of GDP in 2013 while the primary sector only accounted for 6.5% of GDP, despite continually dominating New Zealand's exports. The biggest capital market for New Zealand is known as the New Zealand Exchange. As of June 2018 the NZX had listed over 300 securities with a market capitalization of NZD $164.5 billion. Overview The economy of New Zealand has been listed as seventh in the world for Social Progression, a societal tracker that watches areas such as Basic Human Needs, Foundations of Wellbeing, and the level of Opportunity provided to its residents. However, New Zealand's economy used to be much stronger than it is today. During the 1970s, the New Zealand income level was higher than it was in many of the other countries in Western Europe leading up to the oil shock crisis of this time. Due to the fact that income levels dropped in relative terms and have yet to be able to fully recover, the percentage of New Zealand citizens living in poverty has skyrocketed and there have been further increases in income inequality. Furthermore, New Zealand has dealt with current account deficit issues since the crisis of the 1970s with these deficits peaking in 2006 at −7.8% of GDP, but falling back down to −2.6% of GDP in 2014. Regardless of this, the outstanding government debt, in 2014, stood at 38.4% of GDP and between 1984 and 2006, the debt owed to foreign investors increased 11 times to a total of NZ$182 billion. Undeterred by the current account deficit problems, the difference on external goods and service has typically shown positive gains in the economy. In the 2014 fiscal year exports outpaced imports by NZ$3.9 billion. Over the last half-century, the government of New Zealand has been able to transform the country from an agrarian-based economy, that was extremely reliant upon the British for access to their markets, to an industrialized, free economy that is able to compete with other highly developed countries on the global scale. Prior to the market crash in 2007, per capita incomes had risen steadily",
"title": "Economic history of New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "40152982",
"text": "In 2013, a wide-scale recall of products sold by dairy producer Fonterra was announced after suspected botulism-causing bacteria were found during safety tests. The contaminated whey products had been sold to third parties who use it to produce infant formula and sports drinks. Approximately 1,000 tonnes of consumer product was affected by the recall across seven countries, but no cases of sickened consumers were reported. China, which imports most of its powdered milk from New Zealand, instituted a temporary ban on the import of the ingredient from New Zealand. The scandal resulted in the resignation of Fonterra's head of its milk business division, Gary Romano. The bacteria were ultimately found not to be a botulism-causing strain. Background Based in New Zealand, Fonterra Cooperative Group is the world's fourth largest producer of dairy products, with a turnover of nearly NZ$ 20 billion (US$15.7 billion). The company was formed in 2001 following the merger of the country's two largest dairy cooperatives, and controls 95% of New Zealand's dairy market. New Zealand produces 15 million tonnes of dairy products annually, of which 5% is consumed domestically and 95% is exported to other countries. Dairy exports contribute NZ$11 billion directly to the New Zealand economy, or around 7% of the country's gross domestic profit. Because of New Zealand's excellent safety history, consumers are willing to pay a premium for its dairy products. Chinese manufacturers in particular are major buyers of Fonterra products as many citizens have concerns about the safety of domestic dairy products in the wake of the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, in which melamine sickened thousands of people. Botulism is a rare disease caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. A small number of the bacteria can cause severe poisoning leading to respiratory and muscular problems in adults. In infants, the toxin also affects the intestinal system. Recall On 3 August 2013, the Ministry for Primary Industries announced a recall of products sold by Fonterra. The contaminated products originated with three batches of whey protein concentrate weighing 38 metric tons (42 tons) produced in May 2012. A problem was first noticed by Fonterra in March 2013 when testing suggested the possible presence of Clostridium, a sometimes-dangerous class of bacteria which is often harmless. On 31 July 2013, tests revealed signs of Clostridium botulinum, leading to the recall. The contamination was blamed on unsterilised pipes used to move the whey during production. The whey had been sold to third-party manufacturers who used it to produce infant formula, protein drinks, sports drinks, and other beverages; it had been mixed with other ingredients to produce an estimated 1,000 tons of consumer products by the time of the recall. No fresh dairy products were affected by the contaminated pipes. Manufacturers in Australia, China, Malaysia, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and Vietnam were affected by the recall, but the specific companies affected were not identified by the Ministry of Primary Industries. A Chinese consumer watchdog group said four domestic manufacturers – Dumex Baby Food Company, two subsidiaries of beverage",
"title": "2013 Fonterra recall"
},
{
"docid": "4233158",
"text": "The DeSoto Diplomat is an automobile produced by DeSoto from 1946 to 1962 for sale in export markets outside of North America. The export DeSoto based on the Plymouth was first introduced in 1937 and was built in Detroit. Chrysler Corporation of Canada, which before 1947 enjoyed \"Imperial Preference\" (reduced tariff barriers in British empire markets) and did not start building export DeSotos until late in the 1939 model year. In 1946, the export DeSoto became the DeSoto Diplomat. They were either fully imported into, or assembled locally (from CKD kits) in, Europe, South Africa, South America, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia. In 1955, Chrysler of Canada did not export any cars and all 1955 Diplomats came from Detroit. In the late 1950s, some European taxicab drivers preferred to have a Perkins P4C diesel engine in the Diplomat; these diesel engines were installed on a Belgian assembly line. From 1938 to 1956, the export DeSoto used Plymouth bodies with a grille that looked similar to the regular DeSoto but fit the Plymouth grille opening. From 1957 to 1959, the DeSoto Diplomat used the DeSoto Firesweep front clip with Plymouth body. The 1960 and 1961 DeSoto Diplomats were based on the full-size Dodge Dart. Although 1960 was the last year for DeSoto in Canada and 1961 for the United States and export markets, Chrysler South Africa built a number of 1962 DeSoto Diplomats based on the Dodge Dart 440 sedan. After 1962, the Diplomat name was retired and the Dodge Dart was marketed under its own name in South Africa. 16 years after DeSoto ended production, Chrysler would revive the Diplomat name for an M-body Dodge. Australian production Chrysler Australia introduced a locally produced SP24 series DeSoto Diplomat, based on the 1953 US Plymouth P24 in 1953. This was followed by the SP25 series Diplomat which was based on the 1954 US Plymouth P25 Cambridge/Cranbrook, and was built from 1954 to 1957. The Diplomat was available in \"Custom\", \"Regent\" and \"Plaza\" trim. An Australian developed Coupe Utility version of the Sedan was introduced in 1956. The Diplomat models were an alternative to the Plymouth Savoy and Plymouth Belvedere or the Dodge Kingsway which, aside from differences in grilles and badging, were essentially the same vehicle. All used the same basic body and all models combined managed to take only 5% of the Australian market in 1955. The Diplomat was replaced by the Australian-built Chrysler Royal, which was derived from the Australian-built P25 Plymouth and was built from 1957 to 1963. New Zealand production In the early and mid 20th century the New Zealand automotive industry was fully independent from it's Australian neighbour. This began to change after Australia introduced its own locally designed and built Holden, Ford, and Chrysler vehicles which gradually became the prevalent marques in New Zealand by the end of the 1960s. The DeSoto Dipomat introduced in New Zealand was exported from Canada directly to New Zealand and in factory right-hand-drive. Unlike Australia, New Zealand did not have",
"title": "DeSoto Diplomat"
},
{
"docid": "2754171",
"text": "Fisher & Paykel Appliances Holdings Limited () is a major appliance manufacturer founded in 1934. It is a subsidiary of Chinese multinational home appliances company Haier and is based in East Tāmaki, New Zealand. Originally an importer of domestic refrigerators, Fisher & Paykel now holds over 420 patents and bases its identity on innovative design, particularly in the areas of usability and environmental awareness. The company's trademarked appliances include Active Smart refrigerators, AeroTech ovens, DishDrawer dishwashers, Smart Drive washing machines and Smartload top loading dryers. The company also manufactures gas and electric cooktops. In 2004, Fisher & Paykel Appliances purchased the United States-based cookware manufacturer Dynamic Cooking Systems, and Italian cookware company Elba in 2006. Fisher & Paykel had grown into a global company operating in 50 countries and manufacturing in Thailand, China, Italy and Mexico. The company had a manufacturing base in Australia for almost 20 years and nearly 70 years in New Zealand, but stated it can no longer compete with low cost labour countries and had to close them. In 2012, Haier purchased over 90% of Fisher & Paykel Appliance shares, no changes in manufacturing or board of directors were made . History Fisher & Paykel Appliances Ltd was listed publicly in 2001, following the separation of Fisher & Paykel Industries Ltd into Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd and Fisher & Paykel Appliances Ltd that same year. Fisher & Paykel Industries Fisher & Paykel Industries Ltd was founded in 1934 in New Zealand by Sir Woolf Fisher and Maurice Paykel. The company publicly listed in 1979 with authorised capital of NZ$ 40 million. Initially the company was an importer of Crosley appliances, Maytag and Pilot products; in 1938 the company began manufacturing Kelvinator washing machines under license. This followed the introduction of tariffs by the First Labour Government of New Zealand. In 1956, manufacturing was moved to a purpose-built factory in Mount Wellington, Auckland. This facility included flexible machinery manufacturing techniques developed in tandem with the raw material suppliers, enabling Fisher & Paykel Industries to greatly increase production. In 1955, Fisher and Paykel acquired Dunedin electric oven manufacturer H. E. Shacklock Ltd, which dominated the New Zealand domestic appliance market through the era of Government protectionism. Subsequently, the Shacklock brand was gradually withdrawn from the Fisher and Paykel product range. The company began exporting within Australasia and East Asia around 1968. At that time the company also manufactured cabinets, sparkplugs and televisions. During the 1980s, the company became more focused on research and development, resulting in the development of the ECS direct drive mechanism washing machine affectionately known as 'Gentle Annie' and highly automated production lines. In 1989, the company opened its first overseas manufacturing facility in Cleveland, Australia. The company entered the European market in 1992, and by 1994 was exporting to over 80 countries. Fisher & Paykel Appliances On 12 November 2001, Fisher & Paykel Industries split into Fisher & Paykel Appliances Holdings Ltd and Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Corporation Ltd. In October 2004, Fisher",
"title": "Fisher & Paykel"
},
{
"docid": "428336",
"text": "The Cairns Group (Cairns Group of Fair Trading Nations) is an interest group of 19 agricultural exporting countries, composed of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Ukraine, Uruguay, and Vietnam. The Cairns Group seeks to liberalize global trade in agricultural produce. In particular, its members aim to abolish export subsidies and trade-distorting (\"amber box\") domestic support for agricultural products and seek to improve market access for agricultural exports. The coalition attempts to present a common front in multilateral trade negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO), tabling joint proposals and occasionally working with like-minded groups such as the G20 group of developing nations. In September 2018, the Institute of Economic Affairs proposed that the United Kingdom should join the Cairns Group \"as soon as possible\", stating that although \"the UK is not a major agricultural exporter, it is locked into EU supply chains.\". History Founding The Cairns Group was founded in August 1986, when the Australian government spearheaded the formation of a group and organized the inaugural meeting in the city of Cairns, Australia. There were 14 original member countries—Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Fiji, Hungary, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, and Uruguay—a very diverse group politically and economically. The Australian government led the formation of the group, though some of the South East Asian countries had been working together on agricultural trade through ASEAN. \"One of the most striking aspects of the Cairns Group was the intellectual leadership provided by Australia and to a lesser extent Canada. Australia's commitment to trade liberalization was the outcome of a long domestic debate in which neoliberal ideas had supplanted protectionism and become the guiding rationale of foreign and domestic policy. The Cairns Group offered a mechanism to promote this agenda in a key multilateral forum.\" The move to form the group was largely a response to spiralling trade subsidies of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy and the United States' Export Enhancement Program. Particularly, the objection came to the double standards between the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) forcing countries to liberalise their economies, whilst the United States was granted a waiver for agricultural protection in the 1950s. Uruguay Round The Cairns Group successfully forced agriculture onto the agenda of the Uruguay Round, which eventually led to the Agreement on Agriculture. In April 1989 in Geneva, Switzerland, the Group played a critical role in the framework agreement with United States, the EU, and Japan to cover negotiations during the remainder of the Round. Continued protectionism In the ongoing Doha Round of trade negotiations, they are mainly opposed by WTO members seeking to uphold their high level of agricultural protection on grounds of public policy, such as the EU, Japan, Norway, South Korea, Switzerland, and United States (dubbed the \"multifunctionalists\"). The Group's newest member is Vietnam, which joined in November 2013 as its 20th member. After its December 2013 meeting in Bali, Indonesia,",
"title": "Cairns Group"
},
{
"docid": "15619794",
"text": "The Patea Freezing Works was a meat-processing plant promoted by The Patea A&P Association in the town of Patea. The West Coast Meat and Produce Export Company was formed in August 1883 and operated a tinning plant and tallow factory in the area. Changes in technology saw the company change from canning to freezing in 1904. The Patea Freezing Company came into being in 1910. In 1933, a new Patea Freezing Company was formed and at times provided work for nearly 1000 workers during peak season. However, the company suffered badly during the downturn in the New Zealand meat-processing industry in the early 1980s. The Patea works were among the first to close down, ending operations in September 1982. At the time The Patea Freezing Works was owned by the British Vestey Group. Since the closure the site had fallen derelict. Residents regarded the area as a health hazard and blamed its high visibility from the highway as being partly responsible for a decline in property values over the years. \"The works has been a thorn in everyone's side for 25 years. This eyesore is our identity, it's Taranaki's eastern gateway and it's absolutely shocking what's been allowed to happen there.\" said former Patea Mayor Norm McKay, who worked at the freezing works for 29 years. Parts of the site were owned by the South Taranaki District Council and Escada Enterprises of Sydney, Australia The site was riddled with Asbestos cladding and insulation, chemicals, heavy metals, boiler ash dumps, rusting fuel storage tanks and collapsing structures. On Wednesday 6 February 2008 a large part of the Patea Freezing Works was destroyed by fire. During August 2009 Nikau Contractors were awarded the contract to demolish and clear the Patea Freezing works site. Nikau Contractors was chosen from eight companies that tendered to do the work. The chimney, which wasn't the original freezing works chimney, was toppled on 19 February 2010. This was despite support from local Iwi, and the South Taranaki Mayor Ross Dunlop, to explore the possibility of preserving the chimney as a monument. Such preservation had not been budgeted for in the site cleanup and would likely have ended up being paid for by local ratepayers. Video of the toppling of the chimney is available on YouTube. A link is provided in the External links section below. Demolition was completed in mid 2010. References External links Toppling of Chimney South Taranaki District Buildings and structures in Taranaki Meat processing in New Zealand Defunct meat export companies of New Zealand History of Taranaki Patea",
"title": "Patea Freezing Works"
},
{
"docid": "29502573",
"text": "New Zealand–Papua New Guinea relations refers to the diplomatic relations between New Zealand and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. Both nations are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Pacific Islands Forum and the United Nations. History New Zealand and Papua New Guinea are two Pacific Islands states with a common history in the fact that New Zealand and the Territory of Papua were colonized by the United Kingdom (while Germany administered German New Guinea). During World War II, New Zealand soldiers fought in the Battle of the Green Islands. In 1949, Australia established a joint administration over both territories called the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. In September 1975, Papua New Guinea obtained independence from Australia. Soon afterwards, New Zealand recognized and established diplomatic relations with Papua New Guinea. In December 1988, the Bougainville Civil War erupted in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville when a group calling itself the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) led a movement for secession by the island from Papua New Guinea. New Zealand played a role by hosting Papua New Guinean government officials and separatists for peace talks. In October 1997, following talks in Christchurch, a truce was signed between the new government and many of the Bougainville separatists. An unarmed Truce Monitoring Group (TMG) led by New Zealand and supported by Australia, Fiji and Vanuatu was subsequently deployed. In January 1998 the Lincoln Agreement was signed and New Zealand was witness to the 2001 Bougainville Peace Agreement which ended the conflict. New Zealand and Papua New Guinea are active members of the Pacific Islands Forum. There have been numerous visits by leaders of both nations with recent visits including New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern visiting Port Moresby in November 2018 to attend the 30th APEC summit. In February 2020, Papua New Guinean Prime Minister James Marape paid a four-day state visit to New Zealand. Since 2001, Papua New Guinea has been host to the Manus Regional Processing Centre on Manus Island established by Australia as a Pacific Solution aimed at stopping maritime arrivals of asylum seekers to Australia. In recent years, New Zealand has offered to take refugees who had been stuck on Manus Island. The New Zealand and Papua New Guinea governments wanted this offer to materialize, however, Australia wouldn't allow it, warning it could create an incentive for future asylum seekers to get in to Australia through a back door. Trade In 2018, trade between both nations totaled NZ$257 million dollars. New Zealand's main exports to Papua New Guinea include: electrical machinery and equipment, meat products, dairy produce and animal products. Papua New Guinea's main exports to New Zealand include: petroleum oils, coffee, and plywood or veneered panels. Papua New Guinea is New Zealand's second largest goods export market in the Pacific (after Fiji). New Zealand's private sector is engaged in Papua New Guinea across a wide range of industries including communications, construction, aviation, engineering, energy and education. Resident diplomatic missions New Zealand has a high commission in",
"title": "New Zealand–Papua New Guinea relations"
},
{
"docid": "19873889",
"text": "Malaysia–New Zealand relations (; Jawi: هوبوڠن مليسيا-نيوزيلند; ) refers to foreign relations between Malaysia and New Zealand. Malaysia has a High Commission in Wellington, and New Zealand has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations and Malaysia is important to New Zealand for strategic, political and economic reasons, with both countries' leaders were engaged in frequent visits to boost their relations. Country comparison History Official diplomatic relations between Malaysia and New Zealand has been established since 25 September 1957, with Malaysia remains as one of the oldest partner for New Zealand in Southeast Asia. The New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) has maintained its presence since the 1950s to fight alongside its allies from the threat of communism in the Malayan Emergency, Second Malayan Emergency and Sarawak Communist Insurgency. Following the path of the formation of the Malaysian federation, the NZDF also defended the British Malaya and Borneo from the Indonesian military infiltration. Trade and Economic relations The economic relations between the two countries also underpinned by four free trade agreements, including: The Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement. The ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA). The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The trade and economic relationship between Malaysia and New Zealand is strong. This is in part because Malaysia occupies an influential position within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and is well-known to New Zealanders. In 2005, Malaysia and New Zealand initiated discussions on a bilateral free-trade agreement. On 6 August 2020 Malaysia and New Zealand completed an Exchange of Letters to amend Article 1 of Annex 3 of the Malaysia New Zealand Free Trade Agreement. The amendment to Annex 3 entered into force on 1 October 2020. In 2012, Malaysia was New Zealand's eighth-largest trading partner with Malaysia's exports comprising petroleum, computer and television equipment and palm oil worth around NZ$1.84 Billion, while New Zealand exports to Malaysia stood at NZ$888 million, consisting of dairy products, meat and scrap metal. A free trade agreement between the two countries was signed on 26 October 2009 in Kuala Lumpur, and entered into force in August 2010. Many New Zealand companies have a significant presence in Malaysia, primarily in the food, telecommunications and ICTs sectors. The Free Trade Agreement aimed to encourage two-way investment between Malaysia and New Zealand. The total bilateral trade between two countries in 2016 stood at US$1.42 billion with exports amounted to US$730 million, while imports amounted to US$680 million. In 2017, the two countries expressed their interest to expand the collaboration in ICTs and tourism sectors. In the same year, New Zealand economic relations with Malaysia is also being discovered in other areas such as food (mainly dairies products) and beverage sector and both countries announced their intention to fosters stronger business and cultural links between them. A cultural exchange between Māori and the indigenous people of the Malaysian state of Sabah have been held in Kota Kinabalu.",
"title": "Malaysia–New Zealand relations"
},
{
"docid": "11480914",
"text": "The New Zealand wool boom of 1951, one of the greatest economic booms in the history of New Zealand, resulted directly from United States policy in the 1950–53 Korean War. In 1950, when the Korean War broke out, the United States of America sought to buy large quantities of wool to complete its strategic stockpiles. This led to the greatest wool boom in New Zealand's history, with prices tripling overnight. In 1951 New Zealand experienced economic growth never seen again since. The echoes of the boom reverberated into the late 1950s, by which time a record number of farms were in operation. The export price of wool declined by 40% in 1966, however New Zealand's sheep population continued to rise. From a total of 34.8 million in 1951, sheep numbers rose dramatically to peak at 70.3 million in 1982. However the subsequent free-market reforms of the Fourth Labour Government (in office: 1984–1990), and the associated removal of agricultural subsidies saw numbers decline even quicker than they had risen. By 2004 the national flock had dropped to a total of 39.3 million, the lowest in 50 years. sheep numbers increase again for the first time since 1982. New Zealand's sheep population stood at 40.1 million . New Zealand’s economy in the 20th century At the beginning of the 20th century, New Zealand's economy experienced remarkable growth rates. Their main exports included specialised primary commodities such as wool, meat, butter, and cheese. For the first half of the 20th century, these commodities made up over 90% of New Zealand's exports. Consequently, New Zealand topped had the highest GDP per capita in the world, and had the second highest GDP per capita throughout the mid-20th century. However, in the early 1930s, New Zealand experienced a great economic collapse. This led to staggering unemployment rates and resulted in a struggling economy. People were desperate to receive help from the state and government as many who had lost their jobs needed financial support to feed their families. Eventually, the government decided to reform the state policies. This saw an increase in state-funded sectors such as construction and manufacturing. From the 1940s to the 1970s, the percentage of New Zealand workers employed in the industrial sector increased to 35-40 per cent of the labour force. In the 1920s, less than 25 per cent of the labour force were working in this sector. The government also made various adjustments to their fiscal and monetary policies. The state intervention and support from the first Labour government was deemed effective and helped the economy to revive. The economy experienced a remarkably fast recovery. From 1934 to 1944, New Zealand recorded annual GDP growth rates of 7.5 per cent and GDP per capita rates of 6.7 per cent. These policies were carried through towards the mid-1990s and sustained New Zealand's economy. The policies were also deemed effective as they targeted full employment. The significant inflow of income due to the wool boom following the Korean War also served New Zealand's",
"title": "New Zealand wool boom"
},
{
"docid": "8808272",
"text": "This is a list of airports in Fiji, sorted by location. Fiji, officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands, is an island nation with an approximate population of 920,000, in the South Pacific Ocean about north of New Zealand's North Island. Its immediate neighbors are Vanuatu to the west, New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. The country comprises an archipelago of more than 332 islands, of which 110 are permanently inhabited, and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of about . The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, account for 87% of the population of almost 850,000. Fiji's capital and largest city is Suva, located on Viti Levu. Its major partners are Australia, New Zealand, United States, China , Japan ,South Korea , India and other nations for its dependence of importation and exportation. Airports in Fiji International airports Domestic airports Airport names shown in bold have scheduled passenger service on commercial airlines. See also Transport in Fiji List of airports by ICAO code: N#NF - Fiji, Tonga Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Oceania#Fiji References - includes IATA codes Great Circle Mapper: Fiji - IATA and ICAO codes - ICAO codes Fiji Airports Airports Fiji",
"title": "List of airports in Fiji"
},
{
"docid": "38911144",
"text": "Godfrey Hirst Carpets is the largest manufacturer and exporter of residential and commercial carpets in Australasia. The business was founded in 1888 in Geelong, Victoria, Australia, by Godfrey Hirst, an English immigrant from Meltham, West Yorkshire, England. His Excelsior Mill, on the north bank of the Barwon River, manufactured various wool textiles until it was sold in the 1966, continuing in operation as Godfrey Hirst Carpets. Godfrey Hirst acquired Feltex Carpets of New Zealand as an ongoing concern in 2006. Godfrey Hirst Carpets has production plants in Victoria, Australia and New Zealand. It also has offices in the United States and Singapore, and exports throughout Southeast Asia, Japan, USA, the Middle East and other world markets. The company produces several brands of carpet products for residential and commercial markets. It has also expanded into hard flooring, including timber, laminate and other surfaces. In early 2017, it was reported that the investment bank, Greenhill, was seeking a buyer for the company, which was majority owned by the McKendrick family. The business had $427.8 million annual revenue and earnings worth $55.9 million. On 20 November 2017, Mohawk Industries, Inc., announced they had \"agreed to acquire Godfrey Hirst Group\". The transaction was expected to be \"completed during the first half of 2018\". Notes External links Official Commercial Carpet & Flooring website Official Residential Carpet & Flooring website Australian companies established in 1888 Textile companies of Australia Carpet manufacturing companies",
"title": "Godfrey Hirst Carpets"
},
{
"docid": "655013",
"text": "Grey import vehicles are new or used motor vehicles and motorcycles legally imported from another country through channels other than the maker's official distribution system or a third-party channel officially authorized by the manufacturer. The synonymous term parallel import is sometimes substituted. Car makers frequently arbitrage markets, setting the price according to local market conditions so the same vehicle will have different real prices in different territories. Grey import vehicles circumvent this profit-maximization strategy. Car makers and local distributors sometimes regard grey imports as a threat to their network of franchised dealerships, but independent distributors do not since more cars of an odd brand bring in money from service and spare parts. In order for the arbitrage to work, there must be some means to reduce, eliminate, or reverse whatever savings could be achieved by purchasing the car in the lower-priced territory. Examples of such barriers include regulations preventing import or requiring costly vehicle modifications. In some countries, such as Vietnam, the import of grey-market vehicles has largely been banned. Overview Grey imports are generally used vehicles, although some are new, particularly in Europe where the European Union tacitly approves grey imports from other EU countries. In 1998, the European Commission fined Volkswagen for attempting to prevent prospective buyers from Germany and Austria from going to Italy to buy new VWs at lower pre-tax prices; pre-tax price is lower in Italy, as in Denmark, due to higher tax on cars. It is even possible for car buyers in the United Kingdom to buy right-hand drive cars in EU countries with right-hand traffic where left-hand drive cars are the norm. Japanese used vehicle exporting is a large global business, as rigorous road tests and high depreciation make such vehicles worth very little (in Japan) after six years, and strict environmental laws make vehicle disposal expensive. Consequently, it is profitable to export them to other countries with left-hand traffic, such as Australia, New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, Malta, South Africa, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Mozambique, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Cyprus. Some have even been exported to countries such as Peru, Paraguay, Russia, Mongolia, Yemen, Burma, Canada, and the United Arab Emirates, despite the fact that these countries drive on the right. It is actually because of these vehicles' RHD configuration that many of them are sent to LHD countries in the first place, for use as mail delivery vehicles. Many Japanese market Jeep Cherokees, for example, have found new use with rural mail carriers in the United States. Thailand is the third largest exporter of brand new and used right-hand drive cars after Japan and Singapore, because of that country's high-volume production of diesel 4x4 vehicles such as the Toyota Hilux Vigo, Toyota Fortuner, Mitsubishi L200, Nissan Navara, Ford Ranger, Chevy Colorado, and others. The Toyota Vigo is the most exported vehicle by parallel exporters. Unlike Japanese and Singaporean exports, the majority of Thailand's grey exports are of new vehicles and the market is dominated by two companies. One of",
"title": "Grey import vehicle"
},
{
"docid": "57026",
"text": "The economy of Niue is heavily dependent upon aid from New Zealand. Government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, and grants from New Zealand make up the shortfall and are used to pay wages to public employees. Niue has cut government expenditures by reducing the public service by almost half. Local economic activity The agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors has historically been an important source of revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand. Efforts to increase GDP include the promotion of tourism. An initiative into the financial services industry was dropped under pressure from the US Treasury. More recently the sale of Internet domain names under the NU top level domain has brought in some income. These domains are particularly popular in Scandinavia, Belgium and the Netherlands, since nu means \"now\" in Dutch and the Scandinavian languages. Economic statistics GDP: USD$24.938 million (2016) GDP: purchasing power parity – $10 million (2003), GDP – real growth rate: 6.2% (2003 est.) GDP – per capita: nominal - USD$15,586 (2016) purchasing power parity – $5,800 (2003), $15,066 (2011) GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 23% (2003) industry: 27% (2003) services: 50% (2003) Population below poverty line: 13% Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA% Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1995) Labor force: 450 (1992 est.) 663 (2001 est.) Labor force – by occupation: Most people work on family plantations; paid work exists only in government service, small industry, and on the Niue Development Board Unemployment rate: 12% (2001) Budget: revenues: $15.07 million (FY 04-05) $26 million (FY 18-19)expenditures: $16.33 million Industries: tourism, handicrafts, food processing Industrial production growth rate: NA% Electricity – production: 3 GWh (1998) Electricity – production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% (2010) nuclear: 0% (2010) other: 0% (1998) Electricity – consumption: 3 GWh (1998) Electricity – exports: 0 kWh (1998) Electricity – imports: 0 kWh (1998) Agriculture – products: coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes, taro, yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle Exports: $3.52 million 2014, USD$1.391 million (2016) Exports – commodities: canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaws, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts In 2014: Iron Structures ($576k) Refined petroleum ($456k) Cement ($277k) Fruit Juice ($224k) Delivery Trucks ($143k) Exports – partners: New Zealand 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia. In 2014: Senegal 44% ($1.55M) Czech Republic 12% ($413k) New Zealand 10% ($334k) Gambia 8% ($277k) United States 5% ($169k) Imports: $9 million (2003), $19 million (2014), USD$14.95 million (2016), NZD$21.5 million (2018) Imports – commodities: food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs In 2014: Special Purpose Ships ($5.48M), Refined Petroleum ($2.93M), Large Construction Vehicles ($403k), Prefabricated Buildings ($402k) and Cars ($312k). Imports – partners: New Zealand 59%,",
"title": "Economy of Niue"
},
{
"docid": "1632023",
"text": "Live export is the commercial transport of livestock across national borders. The trade involves a number of countries with the Australian live export industry being one of the largest exporters in the global trade. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, exports of live sheep rose 21.4% and live calves increased 9.7% between March 2017 and March 2018. During 2017 alone, Australia exported 2.85 million living animals in shipping containers and airplanes. The expansion of the trade has been supported by the introduction of purpose-built ships which carry large numbers of animals. The amount of livestock exported from the European Union grew to nearly 586m kilograms between 2014 and 2017, a 62.5% increase during the time period. The rising global demand for meat has resulted in the quadrupling of the export of live farm animals in the last half century, with two billion being exported in 2017, up from one billion in 2007. Roughly five million animals are in transit every day. There has been strong criticism of the industry on animal rights grounds by animal rights organizations and the media. New Zealand has effectively phased out live exports for slaughter purposes since 2007 due to concerns about animals. Australia Market and legislation Australia is one of the world's largest exporters of sheep and cattle. According to Meat and Livestock Australia, 2.44 million sheep were exported to markets in Asia and the Middle East in 2012, reduced from 4.2 million in 2008. The total number of cattle exported in 2012 was 617, 301, down 11% from the previous year. Indonesia accounted for 45% of total live cattle exports from Australia in 2012. Total cattle exports to Indonesia reduced by 33% from 2011. The reduction in cattle exports to Indonesia in 2012 was partly due to the newly imposed ESCAS (Exporter Supply Chain Assurance Scheme) from 2011, and partly due to Indonesia's move to become self-sufficient in beef production. Most of the livestock are for human consumption but there is also an active trade in breeding stock, including dairy cattle. The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources controls the Australian Standards for the Export of Livestock. The standards were amended in April 2011 (version 2.3). The Department also introduced ESCAS (Exporter Supply Chain Assurance Scheme), in 2011 — a system requiring exporters to provide evidence of compliance with internationally agreed animal welfare standards, and to demonstrate traceability and control through the supply chain. According to the Department, ESCAS was developed in response to evidence of cruelty to Australian cattle in Indonesia, and then extended to all livestock exports for the purpose of slaughter. See Animal Welfare section. AQIS (Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service) manages quarantine controls to minimise the risk of exotic pests and diseases entering the country. AQIS also provides import and export inspection and certification to help retain Australia's highly favourable animal, plant and human health status and wide access to overseas export markets. Other key markets include Israel, Malaysia, Japan, Mexico and China. The major markets for Australian",
"title": "Live export"
},
{
"docid": "5982589",
"text": "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) (Māori: Manatū Aorere) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with advising the government on foreign and trade policy, and promoting New Zealand's interests in trade and international relations. History The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) was first established as the Department of External Affairs (NZDEA) on 11 June 1943 through an Act of Parliament. This decision was prompted by a need for New Zealand to conduct its own external relations and because New Zealand's neighbour Australia already had its own Department of External Affairs since 1921. Prior to that, New Zealand's interests had been represented overseas by the United Kingdom. The establishment of the External Affairs Department was accompanied by the creation of a foreign service and the establishment of diplomatic missions in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the Soviet Union between 1942 and 1944. Like its similarly named Australian and Canadian counterparts, the NZDEA was named \"External Affairs\" rather than \"Foreign Affairs\" in deference to the British Government's responsibility for conducting foreign policy on behalf of the British Empire and later the Commonwealth of Nations. From 1969 to 1988, the Ministry was known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). Between 1988 and 1993, the Ministry was renamed the Ministry of External Relations and Trade (MERT). The NZDEA and the MFA was administered by the Prime Minister's Department until 1975. Between 1946 and 1975, the Secretary of External/Foreign Affairs also served concurrently as the Permanent Head of the Prime Minister's Department. For much of this period, several New Zealand Prime Ministers including Peter Fraser, Walter Nash, and Keith Holyoake held the External Affairs portfolio. MFAT had no relation to an earlier Department of External Affairs, which was responsible for administrating New Zealand's South Pacific island dependencies of Niue, the Cook Islands, Tokelau, and Samoa between 1919 and 1943. In 1943, that aforementioned department was renamed the Department of Island Territories. In 1975, the Island Territories Department was dissolved and its functions were absorbed back into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Functions The ministry represents New Zealand interests to other governments, including at the United Nations, APEC, TPPA and the WTO. It takes an active role in the Asia-Pacific region, and has been involved in regional security initiatives such as the RAMSI intervention in the Solomon Islands, and negotiating and implementing a peace agreement in Bougainville. It is active in developing export opportunities for local companies, and in 2008 negotiated a free trade agreement with China. It used to sponsor the Centre for Strategic Studies New Zealand in conjunction with other NZ Government ministries, though the centre is now part of Victoria University of Wellington. NZAID The New Zealand overseas development aid agency New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAID) was a semi-autonomous agency within the ministry, until it was brought back into the ministry as the International Development Group (IDG). It is a major provider of aid to the Pacific. Ministers The Ministry serves 4",
"title": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)"
},
{
"docid": "61596439",
"text": "The jute industry is a historically and culturally important industry in Bangladesh dating back to during the growth of the East India Company in the Indian subcontinent. Despite once being one of the country's biggest industries and major export items, the jute industry has declined since the 1970s. Exports have fallen as other countries grow jute independently, decreasing the demand for jute to be exported, and other products like plastics and hemp find more widespread use. As of 2021, Bangladesh holds the position of the second-largest producer of jute, accounting for 42 percent of total worldwide production, and leading in jute exports. History Pre-colonial and colonial eras (before 1971) Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, jute produced in Bengal was made into rope and clothing using local hand-looms. During the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), British supply of Russian flax ran short, and British mills considered jute as a potential alternative. However, manufacturing jute fabric in existing British industrial mills proved difficult, as jute was too coarse for the machines. The Balfour and Melville firms developed a process to weaken the fabric using water and whale fat. In 1838, Dundee mills received an order to manufacture sacks for sugar plantations in Dutch-controlled Java, so the mills produced jute burlap sacks using the Balfour and Melville methods. This generated demand and promoted Bengal-produced jute. Demand further increased following the Crimean War (1853–1856). In 1855, George Auckland, along with Bengali partner Shyamsunder Sen, established the first jute mill at Rishra, along the banks of the Hooghly River. The Union blockade during the American Civil War restricted the supply of cotton from the Confederate States of America and made it necessary for British mills to find an alternative input. Jute was a good alternative, as it was relatively cheaper and could be sourced from a British colony. In 1873, the British Raj formed a commission led by H.C. Kerr to investigate the jute industry and jute cultivation in Bangladesh. They published a \"Report on the Cultivation of, and Trade in, Jute in Bengal\" in 1877. This report suggested that large-scale jute cultivation in the Bengal region could have begun in the 1840s. In the later half of the 19th century, jute mills were opened around Kolkata, where worker numbers rapidly grew. By 1882, there were 18 mills, and by 1901, there were 51, with over ten thousand workers employed. The majority of the jute manufactured in the mills was exported to Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. The jute industry had become the second largest industry in British India after the cotton industry, and Kolkata became the centre of the jute trade. The majority of the factories were located outside Kolkata and were owned by foreigners. In the 1920s, jute prices rose dramatically, leading to increased production. Jute prices fell in the 1930s despite the Indian Jute Mills Association attempting to slow the price decline by reducing work hours. The British Raj formed the Bengal Jute Inquiry Committee to create reports on the state of",
"title": "Jute industry of Bangladesh"
},
{
"docid": "26526429",
"text": "RoofTG (formerly AHI Roofing) is a manufacturer of stone chip coated metal roof tiles based in Auckland, New Zealand and with plants in New Zealand, United States (California), Hungary and Malaysia. The company sells under both the Gerard and Decra brand names. History Product development AHI Roofing was created when Lou Fisher produced the world's first steel tile. Today AHI Roofing does business in over eighty countries worldwide in steel roof tiles. It was a world shortage of oil-based paint that began the coated steel tile story. In 1947, many large ironclad buildings in Britain were coated with a bituminous emulsion. It proved to be extremely tough and protective, adding to the life of the cladding. The first coated metal roofing tiles to be made in New Zealand were produced by Martile Roofing Ltd in Howick in 1956 and were pressed from an aluminium manganese alloy. They were then coated with High Bake Enamel. By 1957, L.J. Fisher had bought the rights to use the Martile profile from A.L.W. Martinsen and Son Ltd and was producing his own tile. Part of the condition of the rights purchase was that Fisher’s four-pan tile with its bitumastic emulsion coating was to be made from galvanised steel, thereby ensuring a different product. He formed LJ Fisher & Co. Ltd. (LJF) in 1957. In 1969, LJF merged with Alex Harvey & Sons and the New Zealand activities of Australian Consolidated Industries, forming Alex Harvey Industries (AHI), with AHI Roofing Pty Ltd being its subsidiary. Returning to Auckland from the UK in 1957, Fisher started producing coated and chipped panels from galvanised steel for roofing and cladding. Originally the natural stone chips were added to prevent panels sticking together during transportation. However their attractive appearance quickly became a product feature customers demanded. Fisher also experimented with crushed shells and bricks before natural stone chips became the top choice for their aesthetics and durability. International market expansion AHI expanded sales rapidly in the 1970s and 1980s. It was not until 1990 that a competitor made it to market called Metrotile (NZ) Ltd with a similar steel tile. AHI’s coated steel tiles were the first major innovation in residential roofing for more than thirty years. The new roofing material quickly became the choice of architects and major construction companies throughout New Zealand. AHI entered the European market in the 1970s. AHI’s earliest acrylic coated tiles have been used in the harsh winters of Canada from the 1970s and in Scandinavia from the 1980s. The growing success of metal tile technology as an export product resulted in the commissioning of new manufacturing plants under licence, in Denmark, Malaysia and the United States by the late 1980s. It was during this period that the company moved to acrylic coating technology (for improved chip adhesion) and launched the Colortile product on the New Zealand market. The Gerard worldwide operation (excluding the United States) was purchased by Carter Holt Harvey in 1989 and the CoronaShake product was launched in 1992 and",
"title": "RoofTG"
},
{
"docid": "2509143",
"text": "The Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, commonly known as Closer Economic Relations (CER), is a free trade agreement between Australia and New Zealand. It came into force on 1 January 1983, but the actual treaty was not signed until 28 March 1983 by the Deputy Prime Minister of Australia and Minister for Trade, Lionel Bowen and the New Zealand High Commissioner to Australia, Laurie Francis in Canberra, Australia. This was because Malcolm Fraser and Robert Muldoon hated each other personally to such an extent that they refused to ratify the agreement if the other was there. Overview CER built on the earlier New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was signed on 31 August 1965 and came into force on 1 January 1966. NAFTA had removed four-fifths of the tariffs between the two countries and quantitative restrictions on trade across the Tasman Sea. However, it came to be seen as too complex and bureaucratic, and in March 1980, a joint Prime Ministerial communiqué was released that called for \"closer economic relations\". The two major sticking points in the negotiations were New Zealand's wish for better access for its dairy products in Australia and Australia's wish for New Zealand to remove export incentives and quantitative restrictions. After the two hurdles were overcome, the Heads of Agreement was signed on 14 December 1982 and came into force on 1 January of the following year. One of the most important results of CER was the Protocol on the Acceleration of Free Trade in Goods, which resulted in the total elimination of tariffs or quantitative restrictions between the two countries by 1 July 1990, five years ahead of schedule. Other parts of CER include: A good that can be legally sold in one country can also be legally sold in the other. Anyone registered to practise an occupation in one country may practise in the other (with some exemptions including medical practitioners) Service providers may provide services in either country (except in certain areas such as airway services) The CER is complementary to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement. Future prospects Continuing down the path of economic integration, the next step for the Australian and New Zealand governments is to create a customs union through a common external tariff and a common competition policy. New Zealand and Australia already have a common competition policy but are unlikely to have a common external tariff. Addressing the New Zealand Parliament in February 2011, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard said: There has been a call from within both the Australian and the New Zealand business communities to extend the CER to other Pacific Island nations, harmonising the CER and the Pacific Regional Trade Agreement (PARTA) so as to move toward a single market and allowing the free movement of people and goods. There have also been calls from organisations such as CANZUK International to extend the CER and the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement to the United Kingdom and Canada, allowing free trade and free movement of people",
"title": "Closer Economic Relations"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "3980663",
"text": "Cloudy Bay Vineyards is a winery based in the Marlborough wine region of New Zealand, with vineyards in both Marlborough and Central Otago. Established in 1985 as one of the earliest wineries founded in Marlborough, Cloudy Bay attracted international acclaim for its first Sauvignon Blanc wines in the 1980s and was instrumental in establishing New Zealand's international reputation for white wine. It was acquired by Champagne house Veuve Clicquot in 2003 and is now a LVMH brand. History Cloudy Bay winery was established in 1985 by David Hohnen, the founder of Margaret River winery Cape Mentelle Vineyards. The winery was named after Cloudy Bay, the stretch of coast named by James Cook during his voyage to New Zealand in 1770. The winery brought New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc to world-wide attention in the 1980s when its first vintages were reviewed by British wine writer Oz Clarke, who wrote that New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc is “arguably the best in the world”. Wine writer George Taber recounts that Cloudy Bay is “what many people consider to be the world's best Sauvignon Blanc.” In 2003, Hohnen sold his remaining shares of Cloudy Bay Vineyards to Veuve Clicquot, bringing the winery under the full ownership of multinational luxury goods firm LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton. In 2014 it acquired its own Central Otago vineyards, its first expansion outside of Marlborough, by purchasing the Northburn Station vineyards and cellar door. Location The Cloudy Bay winery buildings are located in Marlborough’s Wairau Valley, approximately 8 kilometres north-west of Blenheim. Cellar doors are located at the winery in Marlborough and at Northburn Station in Central Otago. Wines produced The winery is primarily noted for its Sauvignon Blanc wines, the first New Zealand wines to be exported in the 1980s, and still represent the majority of its production. The “Te Koko” Sauvignon Blanc is a wild-ferment, barrel-aged version that contrasts with the fruit-driven unoaked style of the original. The winery also produces Chardonnay, the “Pelorus” sparkling and its “Te Wahi” Pinot Noir from Central Otago. See also Cloudy Bay References Marlborough Region Wineries of New Zealand LVMH brands",
"title": "Cloudy Bay Vineyards"
},
{
"docid": "23263901",
"text": "The Quota Management System (QMS) is a type of individual fishing quota that is used in New Zealand to manage fish stocks. New Zealand fishing industry Seafood is one of New Zealand's largest export markets, with 85% of catches being exported. Over 90% of the total revenue raised by the country's fishing industry comes from exported stocks, raising NZ$3 billion annually /> The most valuable species is the hoki, Macruronus novaezelandiae. For the purposes of QMS, New Zealand's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is divided into ten quota management regions. A separate quota is defined for each species in each region, depending on the species' distributions, ranging from a single fishing quota market for the hoki to eleven for the abalone Haliotis iris. History New Zealand is \"the world leader in implementing IFQs\". QMS was introduced by the Fisheries Amendment Act 1986, initially covering 26 marine species. The following year, it covered 30 species, and by 2005, it covered 93 species, out of the 140 commercial species in New Zealand's exclusive economic zone (EEZ). These comprised 550 separate fishing quota markets. QMS will eventually be extended to cover all living marine resources that are commercially exploited, including invertebrates, but excluding marine mammals. Total allowable commercial catch See also Fishing industry in New Zealand Environment of New Zealand References External links Ministry of Fisheries – The Quota Management System Fishing in New Zealand Environmental policy in New Zealand 1986 in New Zealand 1986 in the environment Fish conservation",
"title": "Quota Management System"
},
{
"docid": "2298005",
"text": "The New Zealand Customs Service (Customs, Māori: Te Mana Ārai o Aotearoa) is a state sector organisation in New Zealand whose role is to provide border control and protect the community from potential risks arising from international trade and travel, as well as collecting duties and taxes on imports to the country. History Customs is the oldest government department in New Zealand. Formed on 5 January 1840, it pre-dates the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi by one month. Its early establishment was necessary to collect revenue for the fledgling government, and over the years duties, tariffs and taxes collected by Customs have remained a major source of revenue for the country, although customs has also been used to impose various control over the movement of people and the distribution of particular products, in particular alcohol and tobacco. In 1996, the New Zealand Customs Department was renamed the New Zealand Customs Service. In recent years Customs has modernised itself in order to keep pace with new technologies and the ever-increasing volumes of international passengers and trade, while balancing its law enforcement and compliance obligations. Staffing levels sit between 1300 and 1500 nationally, with its head office located in Wellington. Staff are based at various ports and locations around New Zealand and are a mixture of frontline uniformed staff such as those seen at the airports and sea ports, as well as plainclothes staff in varying other roles. Responsibilities Customs is a law enforcement agency in its own right, and is responsible for intercepting contraband, and checks international travellers and their baggage, as well as cargo and mail, for banned or prohibited items. Contrary to popular belief, it is not responsible for biosecurity items such as food and other agricultural items declared at ports of entry - this is the responsibility for the Ministry for Primary Industries. Customs is also responsible for assessing and collecting Customs duties, excise taxes and Goods and Services Tax on imports and protecting New Zealand businesses against illegal trade. It is second only to the Inland Revenue Department for the amount of revenue it collects for the New Zealand Government. It exercises controls over restricted and prohibited imports and exports, including objectionable material (such as child sex abuse images), drugs, firearms and hazardous waste and also collects import and export data. Customs is responsible for documentation of all imports and exports (in 2006/7 this was 47 million imports and 33 million exports). Since 1999 all documentation to Customs has been electronic. Customs works closely with New Zealand's other border agencies, the Ministry for Primary Industries, the Aviation Security Service (AvSec) and Immigration New Zealand. It also works very closely with the New Zealand Police and the Organised and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand in joint operations involving the importation of drugs, and with the Department of Conservation on the management of items that are subject to CITES. Customs established the Trade Single Window in 2013 to provide a single place to lodge import and export",
"title": "New Zealand Customs Service"
},
{
"docid": "22768351",
"text": "Diplomatic relations between Argentina and New Zealand, have existed for decades. Both nations are mutual members of the Cairns Group and the United Nations. History Argentina and New Zealand are two industrialized southern hemisphere nations. Diplomatic relations between both nations were established in 1964. Relations, however, between the two nations were very limited, in part because of the distance between them. It wasn't until 1977 that Argentina opened an embassy in Wellington. In 1976, Argentina came under a military dictatorship which became increasingly hostile and asserted its claims over the Falklands Islands (which are British Overseas Territories in the South Atlantic Ocean). In April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falklands Islands, triggering what was to be known as the Falklands War. Immediately after the invasion of the Islands by Argentine troops, New Zealand severed diplomatic relations with the Argentine government and imposed economic sanctions. The war ended with a British victory in June 1982. In 1984, Argentina and New Zealand re-established diplomatic relations. In 1987, Argentina opened a consulate in Auckland and re-opened its embassy in Wellington in 1997. In April 1998, Argentina's President, Carlos Menem, paid a visit to New Zealand and met with New Zealand Prime Minister Jenny Shipley. That same year, New Zealand re-opened its embassy in Buenos Aires. Since the re-establishment of relations, both counties have worked together to improve global agricultural trade, preserve Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, and lobby the international community for awareness of climate change, whale conservation, international human rights, peace-keeping and non-proliferation of weapons. In November 2001, New Zealand's Prime Minister, Helen Clark, paid a visit to Argentina. Both countries have established a working holiday visa scheme. In December 2015, Air New Zealand began direct flights between Auckland and Buenos Aires. In 2017, Argentina's Secretary of Agriculture, Ricardo Negri, visited New Zealand. High-level visits High-level visits from Argentina to New Zealand President Carlos Menem (1998) Secretary of Agriculture Ricardo Negri (2017) High-level visits from New Zealand to Argentina Prime Minister Helen Clark (2001) Foreign Minister Murray McCully (2010) Trade In 2016, total trade between Argentina and New Zealand totaled US$199 million. Argentina's main exports to New Zealand include: soya bean oil cake, sugar, prepared and preserved fruits and nuts, and vehicles. New Zealand's main exports to Argentina include: paper products, aircraft, machinery, albuminoids, starches and glues, and electrical machinery. Resident diplomatic missions Argentina has an embassy in Wellington. New Zealand has an embassy in Buenos Aires. See also List of ambassadors of New Zealand to Argentina References New Zealand Bilateral relations of New Zealand",
"title": "Argentina–New Zealand relations"
},
{
"docid": "1196259",
"text": "J.H. Whittaker & Sons, Ltd (Whittaker's) is a New Zealand confectionery manufacturer specialising in palm oil-free chocolate, based in Porirua. Whittaker's is the largest chocolate brand in New Zealand. Approximately 30% of their production is now exported. The company controls its entire manufacturing process in its facility in Porirua, identifying itself as a \"bean-to-bar\" manufacturer. James Henry Whittaker (1868–1947) started the business in Christchurch in 1896 and it was later moved to Wellington. History James Henry Whittaker (1868–1947) worked in the British confectionery industry from the age of 14 and moved to New Zealand with his wife Leah Alice in 1890. He was a salesman for Cadbury's chocolate before and after his move to New Zealand. In 1896 he started manufacturing chocolate confectionery, selling it directly to customers using a horse and van. In 1913, he established a partnership with his two sons, Ronald and James, based in Wellington. The business became a limited liability company in 1937, with third-generation Whittakers still the sole shareholders in the company. In 1969 the company moved from Wellington to Porirua, because they needed more space and their premises at 167 Vivian Street were under threat from motorway development. The Peanut Slab was invented in the 1950s and Whittaker's began exporting it in 1985. In the 1970s and 80s they also produced Santé Bars, Toffee Milk Bars and K-Bars. The company began producing large blocks of chocolate in the 1990s. In 1992 the company formed J. H. Whittaker New Zealand Ltd. The company has provided commercial sponsorship for motor sports in New Zealand and for the All Blacks. The company's marketing phrases include \"A passion for chocolate since 1896\" and \"Good honest chocolate\" and also \"from bean to bar\". In 2011 it was listed as New Zealand's third most trusted brand by a Bradley Colman survey. From 2012 to 2022 Whittaker's was voted New Zealand's most trusted brand, benefitting from Cadbury's 2009 bad publicity surrounding palm oil and changes in product size, and further fallout from Cadbury's closure of its Dunedin factory in 2017. In May 2014, celebrity chef Nigella Lawson filmed an advert for Whittaker's in the 1930s Wellington railway station. Later, in 2022, Karl Urban appeared in an advert as a fictionalised time-travelling James Whittaker, appearing in Wellington's Civic Square. In June 2014, Whittaker's expanded its market to Malaysia. In 2014 Whittaker's set up a programme to support and improve cocoa bean production in Samoa, and in 2017 expanded the programme to include New Zealand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. In 2019 Whittaker's admitted that while some bars have ethically-sourced cocoa beans, the sugar is primarily sourced from Thailand. Thailand is known to have child labour in the sugar cane industry. In 2020 Whittaker's announced that its 116 products made with Ghanaian cocoa beans would now be 'Rainforest Alliance Certified'. The company also uses small amounts of beans from Samoa and Nicaragua. Apart from being named as New Zealand's most trusted brand, the company has won other awards including 'Exporter of",
"title": "Whittaker's"
},
{
"docid": "1628994",
"text": "Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax or consumption tax for goods and services consumed in New Zealand. GST in New Zealand is designed to be a broad-based system with few exemptions, such as for rents collected on residential rental properties, donations, precious metals and financial services. Because it is broad-based, it collects 31.4% of total taxation, GDP. The rate for GST, effective since 1 October 2010 as implemented by the National Party, is 15%. This 15% tax is applied to the final price of the product or service being purchased and goods and services are advertised as GST inclusive. Reduced rate GST (9%) applies to hotel accommodation on a long-term basis (longer than 4 weeks). Zero rate GST (0%) applies to exports and related services; financial services; land transactions; international transportation. Financial services, real estate, precious metals are also exempt (0%). History GST was introduced on 1 October 1986 by the Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas at a rate of 10% on goods and services. It replaced existing sales taxes for goods and services. In 1989 GST was increased, again an action initiated by the Labour Party with Deputy Prime Minister, Helen Clark and Prime Minister, Geoffrey Palmer taking GST to 12.5%. 21 years on in 2010, GST was raised again by the National Party's Prime Minister, John Key, taking GST to 15%. GST was introduced in conjunction with compensating changes to personal income tax rates and removal of many excise taxes on imported goods. How it works GST-registered organisations and individuals pay GST only on the difference between GST-liable sales and GST-liable supplies (i.e., they pay GST on the difference between what they sell and what they buy: income less expenditure). This is accomplished by reconciling GST received (through sales) and GST paid (through purchases) at regular periods (typically every two months, with some qualifying companies opting for one-month or six-month periods), then either paying the difference to the Inland Revenue (IRD) if the GST collected on sales is higher or receiving a refund from IRD if the GST paid on purchases is higher. Businesses exporting goods and services from New Zealand are entitled to \"zero-rate\" their products: effectively, they charge GST at 0%. This permits the business to claim back the input GST, but the eventual, non-New Zealand based consumer does not pay the tax (businesses that produce GST-exempt supplies are not able to claim back input GST). Because businesses claim back their input GST, the GST inclusive price is usually irrelevant for business purchasing decisions, other than in relation to cash flow issues. Consequently, wholesalers often state prices exclusive of GST, but must collect the full, GST-inclusive price when they make the sale and account to the IRD for the GST so collected. GST threshold Persons or entities with annual revenue less than $60,000 do not have to register for GST. This threshold has increased three times since the introduction of GST in 1986. Digital services supplied by offshore companies On 1 October 2016,",
"title": "Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand)"
},
{
"docid": "54007865",
"text": "New Zealand Refrigerating Company Limited founded 1881 by a committee led by John Roberts killed New Zealand livestock at its Burnside Works built in 1883 in Green Island Dunedin, froze the carcasses and shipped them for wholesaling in Smithfield, London. In 1905 Christchurch Meat Company of Islington bought New Zealand Refrigerating Company Limited and on 25 August 1916 Christchurch Meat Company took its subsidiary's name as its own. The main New Zealand Refrigerating Company works at Islington near Christchurch was operated over the last quarter of the 20th century by the same company finally trading as Silver Fern Farms. The works closed in 2008. The site in Islington was acquired early in the 21st century cleared and rebuilt as a business and industrial park, Waterloo Business Park, named after Waterloo Road on its eastern boundary. New Zealand Refrigerating Company A committee was formed in Dunedin early in 1881 but it was not until New Zealand Shipping Company's steamer S S Mataura arrived over twelve months later that New Zealand Refrigerating Company directors: John Roberts, Edwin Spence and Alexander Begg took responsibility for overseeing the loading of freshly killed stock owned by runholders for freezing on board ship. As well as the 3,844 sheep, 6 bullocks and 77 sucking pigs the Mataura carried: hares, rabbits, fowls, ducks, barracudas, hapuka, pūkeko, frost fish, cheeses, hams and a cask of penguin skins. The New Zealand Refrigerating Company made a tiny profit but the shipping company's costs of the voyage exceeded their freight charge. The shippers on their own account were pleased with results but the overfat sheep were unsaleable. Canterbury Meat Export Company The Canterbury Meat Export Company from its canning works in remote Templeton (now Islington), Christchurch, pigs were brought in to dispose of the waste, made New Zealand's first meat exports in 1870. Defective tins, over-supply and a period when station-owners were unwilling to take the risk of having their own livestock canned led to the company's liquidation and the acquisition of the plant by the Bank of New Zealand. The plant was recommissioned in 1879 Canterbury Frozen Meat and Dairy Produce Company In Christchurch John Cooke (1852–1917) formed The Canterbury Frozen Meat and Dairy Produce Company in March 1882. Cooke had acquired the Templeton works of Canterbury Meat Export and plant in Belfast. CFM did not take Templeton but bought some of the land at Belfast and a new freezing works at Belfast was in operation in February 1883. Canterbury Frozen Meat Company (later renamed New Zealand Refrigerating Company) The old Templeton canning works long back in use became the site of a new Freezing work in 1889 erected by the newly formed Canterbury Frozen Meat Company, secretly promoted by John Cooke. The new company with its directors and shareholders almost entirely from Belfast Northern Ireland bought the farmers' livestock taking the risk of getting a good price in London. This arrangement had great appeal for small farmers. The trade became established but unregulated shipments created shortages and gluts on",
"title": "New Zealand Refrigerating Company"
},
{
"docid": "57047959",
"text": "New Zealand–South Korea relations refers to the bilateral relations between New Zealand and South Korea. New Zealand established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Korea, also known as South Korea in 1962. South Korea has an embassy in Wellington, whereas New Zealand has an embassy in Seoul. There are many high level visits between the two countries, as well as extensive cooperation in film, science and technology and education. During the Korean war Between 1950 and 1957, New Zealand was involved in the Korean war. About 4700 New Zealanders served under UN command, and 1300 served during the war and after the Armistice. 45 New Zealanders lost their lives. Current relation Former South Korean president, Lee Myung Bak visited New Zealand in 2009. In 2018, minister of finance Grant Robertson visited South Korea and has met with South Korean deputy finance minister Koh Hyeong Kwon. During the meeting, the South Korean finance ministry announced that Korean firms will participate in New Zealand's infrastructure project. In 2014, speaker of the national assembly Kang-Chang Hee led a delegation of assembly members to meet with prime minister John Key, speaker David Carter and members of the New Zealand-Korea friendship group. A free trade agreement between the two countries was signed by prime minister John Key and trade minister Tim Groser in 2015. Trade South Korea is New Zealand's seventh-largest trading partner, with bilateral trade between the two countries in 2017-18 valued at NZ$4.75 billion (approximately ₩3.73 trillion). New Zealand's main exports to South Korea are wood, dairy products, meat, and aluminium. South Korea's main exports to New Zealand are petroleum, vehicles, machinery, iron and steel, and plastic. Immigration There are some 26,601 Koreans living in New Zealand. Most Koreans in New Zealand are Christians with a small minority of Buddhists. Korean community schools in major cities offer Korean language classes. See alslo Foreign relations of New Zealand Foreign relations of South Korea Indo-Pacific Strategy of South Korea References South Korea Bilateral relations of South Korea",
"title": "New Zealand–South Korea relations"
},
{
"docid": "23738563",
"text": "The oil and gas industry in New Zealand explores and develops oil and gas fields, and produces and distributes petroleum products and natural gas. In 2018, New Zealand's self-sufficiency in oil (mmbls production divided by consumption) was 17%, i.e. the country imports its petroleum product needs. All local oil production is exported as the New Zealand refinery is not suited to processing it. In 2018, 60 petajoules of crude were produced in New Zealand, 380 PJ of petroleum products imported (most of it crude), and 283 PJ consumed. The difference is exported or used for international travel (aviation fuel and similar). Oil and gas are produced from 21 petroleum licenses / permits, all in the Taranaki basin. The most important fields are Kapuni, Maui, Pohokura and Kupe. Exploration for oil and gas reserves includes the Great South Basin and offshore areas near Canterbury and Gisborne. New Zealand had one oil refinery, the Marsden Point Oil Refinery, but its refining capability was closed in 2021 and is now an import only facility. The major industry body is the Petroleum Exploration and Production Association of New Zealand. There are 2,600 kilometres of high-pressure natural gas transmission pipelines in the North Island. Most of these are owned and operated by First Gas, including the Maui pipeline, a 307 km pipeline that carries 78% of all natural gas produced in New Zealand. The low-pressure gas pipelines that distribute gas to end users are owned by First Gas (Northland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, Kapiti Coast), Vector (Auckland), Powerco (Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, Manawatu, Wellington) and GasNet (Wanganui). The largest retailers of gas are Contact Energy and Vector. There is no natural gas transmission in the South Island. New Zealand has one underground gas storage facility, the Ahuroa Gas Storage Facility. History In 1865, the Alpha well was drilled near Mikotahi at New Plymouth. This was the first oil well in what is now the Commonwealth and one of the first in the world. A petroleum industry developed at Moturoa, including producing wells and refineries. The last refinery there was closed in 1972. The field continues to produce small quantities of oil. The Kapuni gas field in South Taranaki was discovered in 1959 and brought into production in 1970. The North Island natural gas network started operating in 1970, initially supplying Kapuni gas to Auckland, Hamilton, New Plymouth, Wanganui, Palmerston North and Wellington. The off-shore Maui field was discovered in 1969 and brought into production in 1978. This supported the development of many large energy projects, including gas fired power stations at New Plymouth and Huntly, ammonia-urea plant at Kapuni, gas to methanol plant at Waitara and the synthetic petrol plant at Motunui. In 2018, the government announced that no new permits would be issued for offshore oil exploration. In 2021, the last of the deep sea oil and gas exploration permits outside Taranaki was surrendered. This was the Totara permit held by NZOG for an area in the Great South Basin of the south coast",
"title": "Oil and gas industry in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "579518",
"text": "Think Big was an interventionist state economic strategy of the Third National Government of New Zealand, promoted by the Prime Minister Robert Muldoon (1975–1984) and his National government in the early 1980s. The Think Big schemes saw the government borrow heavily overseas, running up a large external deficit, and using the funds for large-scale industrial projects. Petrochemical and energy related projects figured prominently, designed to utilise New Zealand's abundant natural gas to produce ammonia, urea fertiliser, methanol and petrol. The National Cabinet Minister Allan Highet coined the \"Think Big\" label in a speech to a National Party conference in 1977. Economist Brian Easton also used the term \"think big\" in describing economic strategies. History In the late 1970s New Zealand's economy was suffering from the aftermath of the 1973 energy crisis, from the loss of its biggest export market upon Britain's joining the European Economic Community, and from rampant inflation. In 1978 New Zealand faced a further crisis in oil-supply. OPEC continued to raise the price of oil. Then in 1979 the Iranian Revolution paralysed that country's oil-industry and of oil per day were withdrawn from world supply. In 1978 Bill Birch became the Minister of Energy. He looked to the substantial reserves of natural gas under Taranaki and off its coast as an opportunity to bring life to the ailing economy. In 1979 the oil crisis worsened. During the first half of 1979 OPEC raised oil prices from US$12 a barrel to US$19 a barrel. The New Zealand government banned weekend sales of petrol. On 30 July 1979 the government introduced carless days, where private motorists had to choose one day of the week, on which they could not drive their motor vehicle. Heavy fines were imposed for motorists who were caught driving on their nominated carless day. The increases in oil prices substantially worsened the country's already precarious terms of trade. The cost of oil loomed as the major component of the New Zealand balance of payments deficit. Muldoon's administration intended the Think Big projects to reduce New Zealand's reliance on imports, especially oil, and thus improve the balance of payments. Projects The core Think Big projects included the construction of the Mobil synthetic-petrol plant at Motunui, the complementary expansion of the Marsden Point Oil Refinery near Whangārei, and the building of a stand-alone plant at Waitara to produce methanol for export. Motunui converted natural gas from the off-shore Maui field to methanol, which it then converted to petrol on-site. Declining oil prices rendered this process uneconomic and saw a reduction in the production of synthetic fuel; however, the industry still remained at large due to prior investment. New Zealand would abandon the manufacturing of synthetic petrol in February 1997, allowing the plant to switch the focus to methanol.. The construction of the Clyde Dam on the Clutha River formed part of a scheme to generate electricity for the national grid. A proposed smelter at Aramoana on Otago Harbour was never built—largely owing to resistance on the grounds",
"title": "Think Big"
},
{
"docid": "23176533",
"text": "Deforestation in New Zealand has been a contentious environmental issue in the past, but native forests (colloquially called \"the bush\") now have legal protection, and are not allowed to be tampered with by humans. Pre-human forest cover Since New Zealand was the last major landmass to be settled by humans, anthropological changes are easier to study than in countries with a longer human history. A picture of the vegetation cover has been built up through the use of archeological and fossil remains, especially pollen grains from old forests. Intact forests are found on Stewart Island and Ulva Island, but during the Pleistocene these areas would have been covered in grass and shrubland. During the last glacial maximum podocarp, broadleaf and beech forest grew in the far north of New Zealand. Māori settlement Prior to Māori arrival, New Zealand was almost entirely forested, besides high alpine regions and those areas affected by volcanic activity. Māori began settling the country about 1000 years ago and by 1840, when Europeans were a small part of the total population, the forest cover is said to have been significantly reduced from 85% down to 53%. European settlement When the first Europeans arrived, in 1769, there was still thick, dense forest cover. Early explorers such as Cook and Banks described the land as \"immense woods, lofty trees and the finest timber\". Timber was mainly used for repairs to sailing ships until the 19th century. With the colony of New South Wales rapidly expanding in population, the need for timber from New Zealand began to rise. Timber exports, mainly kauri, became a major industry for New Zealand. There are records from the 1840s stating that 50 to 100 ships could be tied to shore in Kaipara Harbour and be filled with lumber from giant floating booms that could hold 10,000 logs at a time. Besides as a form of lumber, many pioneers found the kauri trees valuable for the gum they produced to make varnish and linoleum, primarily in the north island near Auckland. The colonists used unconventional methods to gather this gum from living trees. Stripping these trees and the ground around them resulted in the destruction of the land, rendering it unusable for agriculture (Wynn pg. 108). Without the trees to hold the soil and debris to the land, water flowed freely, causing frequent and regular flooding. As most of New Zealand was covered with thick bush, the slash-and-burn technique was often used to prepare land wanted for farming in forested areas. This practice was not carried out very responsibly due to the complexity of controlling a fire, and unintentionally resulted in large areas of land catching fire. Thousands of acres were accidentally burned and destroyed. After the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840, settlers begin a rapid expansion. Deforestation continued for many uses, including clearing land for farming and gardens and wood for construction. An estimated of land was also lost due to human-caused forest fires within only a few days. Settlers were",
"title": "Deforestation in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "72945522",
"text": "Adrian Hailwood (born 1971-72) is a New Zealand fashion designer. Known for his unique prints and evening wear, Hailwood's designs have gained international acclaim. He has dressed celebrities like Lorde, Tilda Swinton, and Maggie Gyllenhaal, and his creations have been featured on red carpets around the world. Hailwood's designs are part of collections at Te Papa and the New Zealand Fashion Museum. In addition to his clothing lines, he has expanded into accessories, including handbags and jewelry. Early life and education Hailwood's interest in fashion began with a love of sneakers as a child, drawing prolific designs from the age of five. Hailwood gained a Bachelor of Design from Victoria University of Wellington before becoming an art director for television advertising. He describes his entry into fashion design as a \"mistake\", after he designed some t-shirts for a car commercial. Fashion design career Hailwood worked with Auckland manufacturer Casual Apparel, learning how to cut, grade, construct and screenprint tshirts. He expanded the range to include denim skirts and screenprinted wool and cashmere pieces produced by Glengyle Knitwear. He opened his first shop in Ponsonby in 2001. The following year he was part of group shows in the Ponsonby Fringe Festival and L’Oreal New Zealand Fashion Week. Hailwood's first solo show was held at the 2003 New Zealand Fashion Week, and he has appeared at every New Zealand Fashion Week since. He was later mentored by Karen Walker after winning the inaugural Air New Zealand Fashion Export Growth Award in 2004. In 2007 Hailwood won the Development category at the NZ Fashion Export Awards where judges described him as a \"rising star in New Zealand with partnerships within the design industry\" and someone who was \"building the capability to become a great exporter\". Hailwood cites his inspirations as pop culture, film, and his trips to Asia. His 2015 \"sports luxe\" collection featuring intarsia roses and embroidered unicorns was inspired by George V's coat of arms, while his 2016 show used fabrics he designed to celebrate his mother's life. Hailwood designed the costumes for the 2017 Auckland Theatre Company production of Amadeus, and for the Royal New Zealand Ballet. His designs are held in the Te Papa collection, and the New Zealand Fashion Museum. Hailwood designs have been worn by Lorde, on the cover of Billboard magazine, Tilda Swinton, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Paloma Faith, Wendy Petrie and Jacinda Ardern. Controversy in the New Zealand and global fashion industry. In February 2023 Hailwood was accused of breaching intellectual property, when a Stuff investigation by Dana Johanssen found some of his designs appeared to be more expensive duplicates of those available from \"fast fashion\" sites such as Urban Revivo, Shein, ASOS and Alibaba. Hailwood had claimed he designed the print for the \"tree\" dress worn by Jacinda Ardern in the January 2023 Australian Women's Weekly as an homage to Japanese designer Issey Miyake. Stuff alleged that the design is the same as the signature \"Mirabelle\" dress available in various colours since 2018 from London fashion",
"title": "Adrian Hailwood"
},
{
"docid": "34090330",
"text": "William Nelson (15 February 1843 – 16 November 1932) was a New Zealand industrialist and farmer described in his obituaries as \"the father of Hawkes Bay\". He personally managed his Nelson Brothers freezing works at Tomoana for nearly 40 years. Emigration He arrived in Auckland in February 1863 with his elder brother Frederick Nelson. They settled in Hawkes Bay but their farming ventures were unsuccessful and William returned to his father's business in Warwick, England in the early 1870s leaving Fred in New Zealand. Gathering management experience in Warwick he meanwhile learnt all he could about meat preservation to export the meat otherwise wasted in New Zealand for want of consumers. Meat exports Fred and William, now back in New Zealand, established in 1880 a boiling down and canned-meat plant at Tomoana just north of Hastings in Hawke's Bay. The buildings were carefully planned for use as a refrigeration plant and laid out accordingly but the brothers waited for others to prove the best maritime refrigeration process. The first frozen meat shipment went to London from Otago in 1882. In London Frederick and brother Montague, manager of their father's Warwick gelatine factory, floated a company, Nelson Brothers Limited in May 1883 to raise capital for refrigeration machinery at Tomoana. In March 1884 Nelson Brothers arranged the first shipment, 9,000 sheep and six bullocks, on the sailing ship Turakina. By the middle of the 1890s Nelson Brothers Limited had the largest share of New Zealand's frozen meat export trade. In 1914 232,560 sheep, 217,908 lambs and 5,250 bullocks were slaughtered and frozen for export. Nelson Brothers Limited opened new freezing works at Waipukurau, Gisborne, Woodville and Spring Creek. Pastoral Prospering he and his brother bought pastoral land to supply stock for the works. He established one of the country's best Southdown flocks, trained young men in farm work and farm management, milled timber from his own property and supplied firewood to his freezing works' furnaces. He controlled 5,000 acres on the Heretaunga plain's flats and 30, 000 acres of hill country. He had the confidence of his workmen and his freezing works at Tomoana at this period were exceptional in having little trouble from employees' unions. His first wife died young after giving him five sons and four daughter and he remarried a daughter of Bishop William Williams who bore him another son and another daughter. Following her death he married a third time aged 79. A strong proponent of education he with others established what became Hereworth boys' preparatory school and Woodford House secondary school for girls both eventually in Havelock North. There is a Nelson Park in each of Hastings and Napier. A life-size bronze statue of William Nelson and his terrier was unveiled in Hastings in 2013 following the redevelopment of the old William Nelson park for retail use. A large part of the funds realised were used to improve local sports facilities and create William Nelson Skatepark. Family In 1897, his daughter Eva married the Hawke's Bay",
"title": "William Nelson (industrialist)"
},
{
"docid": "46761519",
"text": "New Zealand–South Africa relations refers to the diplomatic relations between New Zealand and South Africa. Both countries are members of the Cairns Group, Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. History Both nations are historically linked through the British Empire. Although there was very little contact between both territories at the time; between 1899 and 1902, New Zealand contributed over 6,000 soldiers to fight alongside the British during the Second Boer War to fight against primarily Afrikaans-speaking settlers of the Transvaal Republic and Orange Free State. Approximately 230 New Zealanders lost their lives in the war which resulted in a British win over the whole of South Africa. During World War I and World War II; soldiers from both New Zealand and South Africa fought alongside each other in Europe and North Africa. South Africa obtained its independence from Great Britain in 1934 while New Zealand obtained its independence in 1947. After World War II, South Africa adopted the policy of apartheid against the majority black South African population. New Zealand maintained diplomatic relations with the country until controversy erupted during the 1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand which led to mass protest against the South African government's policy on apartheid. In 1984, New Zealand severed diplomatic relations with South Africa. This followed the election of the Labour government of David Lange, which pledged to close the South African consulate in Wellington. After the release of Nelson Mandela from prison and progress on the negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa came to fruition; New Zealand re-established diplomatic relations with South Africa on 19 January 1994. In May 1994, New Zealand Prime Minister Jim Bolger attended the inauguration of Nelson Mandela. In 1995, South Africa hosted the Rugby World Cup and the last game was between New Zealand and South Africa; which deepened the relationship between both fans and politicians of both nations. In November that same year, President Nelson Mandela paid an official visit to New Zealand. In 1996 New Zealand opened a High Commission in Pretoria and South Africa followed suit by opening a High Commission in Wellington in 2009. Migration In 2013, there was an estimated community of 54,200 South Africans residing in New Zealand. Most of the community arrived to New Zealand after the end of apartheid in South Africa and most came for economic, safety and lifestyle reasons. Trade In 2017, two-way trade between both nations amounted US$277 million. New Zealand's main export products to South Africa include: dairy products, electronics, machinery and pharmaceuticals. South Africa's main export products to New Zealand include: vehicles, fishing ships, fruits, minerals and machinery. Resident diplomatic missions New Zealand has a high commission in Pretoria. South Africa has a high commission in Wellington. See also South African New Zealanders References South Africa Bilateral relations of South Africa New Zealand and the Commonwealth of Nations South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations",
"title": "New Zealand–South Africa relations"
},
{
"docid": "38563418",
"text": "New Zealand–Philippines relations refer to bilateral relations between New Zealand and the Philippines. The Philippines has an embassy in Wellington and 2 other consulates, one in Auckland and in Christchurch and New Zealand has an embassy in Manila. Both countries are members of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Military relations New Zealand and the Philippines fought together during the Korean War (1950–1953) under a UN-led police action to counter a North Korean invasion of South Korea. During the course of the Cold War, New Zealand and the Philippines were both part of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization from 1954 to 1977. The Royal New Zealand Air Force has also conducted exercises in the Philippines. Economic relations New Zealand's total exports to the Philippines in 2010 amounted to about US$475 million representing a 30% increase from 2009 making the Philippines one of their major export market. Philippine Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert del Rosario made a two-day official visit to New Zealand upon the invitation of Foreign Minister Murray McCully. The Secretary noted the increasing business activities between the Philippines and New Zealand as more companies in both countries explore and engage in business and investment opportunities in the dairy, information technology, geothermal and other sectors. State visit In October 2012, President Benigno Aquino III made a state visit to New Zealand. He witnessed the signing of three bilateral agreements meant to further strengthen diplomatic relations between Manila and Wellington. The signing followed a bilateral meeting between President Aquino and Prime Minister John Key, both held at the Parliament Building. The accords deal with a reciprocal working holiday scheme, defense cooperation and geothermal energy. Police assistance In 2009, the New Zealand Police was helping the Philippine National Police combat methamphetamine. The New Zealand Police also helps in providing training to the Philippine National Police. Migration In 2013, there were over 40,000 Filipinos residing in New Zealand. The 1936 New Zealand census found six New Zealand residents born in the Philippines, and the country's intake of Filipino students began to increase in 1960, under the Colombo Plan; however, even as late as 1981, there were only 405 Filipinos in New Zealand. It would take until the 1990s before highly populated regions such as Wellington and Auckland (especially the suburbs of Henderson and Mount Roskill) began to see exponential growth in their respective Filipino communities. The communities themselves are known for their many Philippine-related celebrations, particularly the celebration of Philippine Independence Day every year on the Sunday nearest to 12 June. In April 2008, New Zealand's embassy indicated that they would like to increase the intake of nurses and engineers from the Philippines. See also Filipino New Zealander References External links New Zealand Embassy Manila Philippines Bilateral relations of the Philippines",
"title": "New Zealand–Philippines relations"
},
{
"docid": "20243191",
"text": "In New Zealand, agriculture is the largest sector of the tradable economy. The country exported NZ$46.4 billion worth of agricultural products (raw and manufactured) in the 12 months to June 2019, 79.6% of the country's total exported goods. The agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector directly contributed $12.653 billion (or 5.1%) of the national GDP in the 12 months to September 2020, and employed 143,000 people, 5.9% of New Zealand's workforce, as of the 2018 census. New Zealand is unique in being the only developed country to be totally exposed to the international markets since subsidies, tax concessions and price supports for the agricultural sector were removed in the 1980s. However, as of 2017, the New Zealand Government still provides state investment in infrastructure which supports agriculture. Pastoral farming is the major land use, but a significant amount of land is also devoted to horticulture. New Zealand is a member of the Cairns Group, which is seeking to have free trade in agricultural goods. History Following their settlement of New Zealand in the 13th century, the Māori people developed economic systems involving hunting, foraging, and agriculture. The Māori people valued land and especially horticulture, with many and various traditional Māori proverbs and legends emphasise the importance of gardening. European and American explorers, missionaries and settlers introduced new animals and plants from 1769, and mass European settlement and land transfer led in the second half of the 19th century to an agricultural system featuring large Australian-style pastoral runs raising sheep. Immigrant land-hunger, innovations in refrigeration in the 1880s and the rise of dairying fostered the land reforms of John McKenzie in the 1890s, permitting an agricultural landscape of smaller family-based farms which became New Zealand's 20th-century agricultural norm (the oft-repeated cliché trumpets that agriculture/farming/farmers constitute \"the backbone of the [New Zealand] economy\") - challenged only in recent years by the growth in large-scale commercial industrial agriculture and in lifestyle blocks. The Department of Agriculture controlled all meat-exporting slaughterhouses. By 1921 there were 32 abattoir inspectors and 86 inspectors of meat works. New Zealand mutton was marked as government inspected and pure. The government offered a number of subsidies during the 1970s to assist farmers after the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community and by the early 1980s government support provided some farmers with 40 percent of their income. In 1984 the Labour government ended all farm subsidies under Rogernomics, and by 1990 the agricultural industry became the most deregulated sector in New Zealand. To stay competitive in the heavily subsidised European and US markets New Zealand farmers had to increase the efficiency of their operations. Pastoral farming In Northland, the major form of pastoral farming is beef cattle. In the Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki and West Coast regions, dairy cattle predominate. Through the rest of New Zealand, sheep farming is the major rural activity, with beef cattle farming in the hills and high country, and dairying increasing in Canterbury, Otago and Southland. Dairy farming There were 6.26 million dairy cattle",
"title": "Agriculture in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "40621772",
"text": "Scottish trade in the early modern era includes all forms of economic exchange within Scotland and between the country and locations outwith its boundaries, between the early sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth. The period roughly corresponds to the early modern era, beginning with the Renaissance and Reformation and ending with the last Jacobite risings and the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. At the beginning of this period Scotland was a relatively poor country, with difficult terrain and limited transport. There was little trade between different areas of the country and most settlements depended on what was produced locally. International trade followed the format of the Middle Ages, exporting raw materials and importing luxury goods and scarce raw materials. The early sixteenth century saw economic expansion from a low base before the English invasions of the 1540s. The late sixteenth century saw economic distress, inflation and famine, but also greater stability and the beginnings of industrial production as new techniques were imported to the country. The early seventeenth century saw economic expansion until the end of the 1630s, followed by disruption caused by the Bishop's Wars, English Civil Wars and English invasion and occupation. After the Restoration there was a recovery of trade, particularly to England and with the Americas, despite the problems of tariffs. Attempts to establish a Scottish colony in Central America as part of the Darién scheme ended in disaster in the 1690s. After the Union with England in 1707 the cattle trade and coal production continued to expand and the major area of industrial production was linen. There was growing trade with the Americas, which produced the Tobacco Lords of Glasgow, the trade in sugar and rum from Greenock, while Paisley specialised in cloth. There was also the development of financial institutions, such as the Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank of Scotland and British Linen Company, and improvements in roads both of which would help facilitate the Industrial Revolution that would accelerate in the late eighteenth century. Background Jenny Wormald commented that \"to talk of Scotland as a poor country is a truism\". At the beginning of the era, with difficult terrain, poor roads and limited methods of transport, there was little trade between different areas of the country and most settlements depended on what was produced locally, often with very little in reserve in bad years. Foreign trade was in the hands of a relatively small number of royal burghs, while generally smaller baronial and ecclesiastical burghs, that proliferated in the second half of the fifteenth century, acted mainly as local markets and centres of craftsmanship. From the fourteenth century Scottish exports, and most imports, were channelled through a monopoly known as the Staple, which was located for most of the late Middle Ages in the Flemish town of Bruges. In 1508 James IV moved the Staple to the small port of Veere in the province of Zealand, where it remained until the late seventeenth century. Most of the exports were raw materials, particularly wool, coal",
"title": "Scottish trade in the early modern era"
},
{
"docid": "1769925",
"text": "A commodity currency is a currency that co-moves with the world prices of primary commodity products, due to these countries' heavy dependency on the export of certain raw materials for income. Commodity currencies are most prevalent in developing countries (eg. Burundi, Tanzania, Papua New Guinea). In the foreign exchange market, commodity currencies generally refer to the New Zealand dollar, Norwegian krone, South African rand, Brazilian real, Russian ruble and the Chilean peso. Commodity currencies' nature can allow foreign exchange traders to more accurately gauge a currency's value, and predict movements within markets based on the perceived value of the correlated commodity. Effects Due to the nature of commodity currencies being tied to commodities, being tied to any one good can be beneficial as well as problematic for the country. While falling or rising exports will lead to deflation or inflation respectively in any country, the impacts are more severe in countries with commodity currencies, as their currencies are so heavily tied to a set few commodities. Positive According to a 2009 study on commodity currency titled \"Can Exchange Rates Forecast Commodity Prices?\" by Yu-Chin Chen, Kenneth Rogoff and Barbara Rossi, exchange rates of commodity currencies can predict future global commodity prices. This is hugely beneficial for economists and policymakers who want a reliable measure of future commodity prices. A currency that is naturally tied to a country’s major commodities can be beneficial if global demand for a commodity increases, naturally strengthening the value of the currency. As seen in Figure 1, as the demand for a commodity shifts out (higher demand) the price increases to p’. This increased demand also is likely to increase GDP, as more exports take place as demonstrated by the equation for GDP below. As exports increase due to higher demand, GDP will also increase greatly as this country relies heavily on this commodity, leading to higher prices causing inflation (indicated in Figure 2’s increase in the price level). Depending on whether the inflation is economically beneficial, this could be positive (see Inflation). It is important to note that while countries with commodity currencies benefit from higher demand, countries that import this commodity face the opposite effects. Negative On the other side, a currency being tied to the major commodities of a country can be problematic, as a decrease in demand for any specific commodity can take a huge toll on the country's currency, leading to deflation. As seen in Figure 3, as the demand for a commodity shifts in (less demand) the quantity decreases to q’. This decreased demand is likely to decrease GDP, as less exporting takes place, as demonstrated by the equation for GDP below. Similar to the reasoning in the previous section, as seen in Figure 4, a decrease in GDP leads to deflation. This can have negative or positive effects, depending on whether the nation's currency was overvalued or undervalued. Deflation can either be positive or negative in the long run as suggested by the effects section of the deflation article.",
"title": "Commodity currency"
},
{
"docid": "44172003",
"text": "eXeLearning is a free / libre software tool under GPL-2 that can be used to create educational interactive web content. eXeLearning can generate interactive contents in XHTML or HTML5 format. It allows you to create easily navigable web pages including text, images, interactive activities, image galleries or multimedia clips. eXeLearning, available for Linux, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, allows you to create or develop accessible contents in XHTML or HTML5 format, to generate complete websites (navigable web pages), to include interactive contents (different types of questions and activities) in each page, to export the contents in different formats such as ePub3 (an open standard for e-books), IMS or SCORM (educational standards used to publish interactive contents in platforms or elearning tools as Moodle or any other OER (Open Educational Resources) repositories or XLIFF (standard for translation). To classify, or to catalog, educational contents according to different metadata models: Dublin Core, LOM, LOM-ES. When exported as Web Site, we can create web pages that can be viewed in different digital devices (smartphones, tablets, laptops....) And all this stuff, and much more, without knowing anything about programming. History eXeLearning was originally developed in New Zealand, in 2007, and was led by two universities (University of Auckland and Auckland University of Technology) and the Tairawhiti Polytechnic Institute. The project was originally supported by the New Zealand government. Development is now supported by government agencies and companies in Spain and other countries. The original project remained active until 2010. At that time eXeLearning had thousands of users and it was a very well known authoring tool in educational environments. In 2009-2010, the Instituto de Tecnologías Educativas del Ministerio de Educación del Gobierno de España (now INTEF) decided to restart and to evolve the project. The new eXeLearning, as it was named, would keep alive the original open source spirit of the project, adapting the application to new web developments and standards and introducing major improvements. In 2013 eXeLearning evolved as a web application written in Python + Ext JS that can be used with the default or preferred browser of the user, capable for use in different browsers. Beginning with version 2.0, innovations included: Improvements in accessibility and presentation of contents. Replacement of the internal format used in eXe: the original version used a closed binary format and it has been changed to an open XML format. New option to export in XLIFF format to facilitate the translation of contents. Development of a command line version (exe_do) to facilitate the publishing and maintenance of contents through scripts. The Ability to generate editable SCORM packages with the tool itself. A new eXeLearning website was also developed, which allows users to actively participate in the project by making contributions and suggestions, and to find answers to different questions. The project is ongoing, with version 2.8.1 released in June 2023. The project roadmap includes plans for an online version of the application, rewriting in Python 3, and a new UI. Configuration Language management: we can work",
"title": "EXeLearning"
}
] | [
"United States",
"Japan",
"China",
"Australia"
] |
train_55972 | who does peter parker end up with in the comics | [
{
"docid": "27330977",
"text": "\"One Moment in Time\" is a 2010 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics starring Spider-Man. Written by Joe Quesada and illustrated by Paolo Rivera, it was originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #638–641, and immediately follows \"The Gauntlet\" storyline. It is notable for revealing what changes the villain Mephisto made to save the life of Peter Parker/Spider-Man's aunt, May Parker, and dissolve the wedding of Parker and Mary Jane Watson at the end of the 2007 \"One More Day\" storyline. The name of the storyline forms the acronym O.M.I.T., which Quesada explained was an intentional reference to how Parker and Watson's wedding was removed from continuity. Storytelling In The Amazing Spider-Man #638, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from the end of \"One More Day\" or Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21. The flashbacks use actual pages from the original comics, and are mixed in with new pages that illustrate how events were changed by the villainous demon Mephisto. In Amazing Spider-Man #639, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from \"Civil War\" and Amazing Spider-Man #539-543. These flashbacks are only panels from the original comics and not full pages. In Amazing Spider-Man #640, the story is told as the altered events of \"Back in Black\" and \"One More Day\", as well as other events contemporaneous with those storylines. Plot Mary Jane Watson whispers to Mephisto that Peter will not trade his marriage for Aunt May's life unless Mary Jane tells him to accept the agreement, and that Mephisto will leave Peter alone forever when the deal is done. Mephisto agrees to these terms. At present time MJ shows up at Peter's door. They talk about how they have been acting towards each other lately and both agree they want to be friends with each other. Then they reminisce about what happened on what was supposed to be their wedding day. Spider-Man stops Electro and his gang. One of the gang members, Eddie, makes note of the arresting officer's name. Then Mephisto, as a red pigeon, swoops down and unlocks the door of the police car Eddie is in, allowing him to escape while the officers are occupied with cuffing Electro. Spider-Man is out patrolling that night and hears the gunshots of Eddie shooting at the arresting officer and his wife. While saving the policeman and his wife, Spider-Man gets hit in the head with a cinder block. He chases after Eddie and tackles him off the side of a building. Though Spider-Man foils the murder, during his struggle, he and Eddie fall from a building to the ground, with Spider-Man absorbing most of the impact. Eddie escapes, declining to kill Spider-Man because he saved Eddie's life. On the wedding morning, Mary Jane shows up but Peter does not as he is lying unconscious in an alleyway. After Peter misses his wedding he tries to explain what happened to Mary Jane, but she knows",
"title": "One Moment in Time (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "19692184",
"text": "Vin Gonzales is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted as a supporting character of Spider-Man in Marvel's main shared universe. He was the roommate of Peter Parker as well as Parker's first romantic rival since the retconing of his marriage to Mary Jane Watson in \"One More Day.\" He is the younger brother of Michele Gonzales. Fictional character biography Vin Gonzales, an NYPD officer, is currently the roommate of Peter Parker. When Peter was in search of a roommate, Harry Osborn offered the idea of Vin, a friend of Lily and Carlie. He does not seem to trust Spider-Man. Vin seems to have a crush on Carlie Cooper. When the first rent arrives, Vin and Peter recently had an argument because of Peter's problems at the Daily Bugle. Vin thought that Peter still had his job as a photographer and Vin was giving Peter news tips. Peter decided not to tell Vin until he had found a job. Vin thought that Peter was playing him and that made Vin very angry. His anger towards Spider-Man increased where Kraven the Hunter's daughter Ana Tatiana Kravinoff had mistaken him from Spider-Man, causing trouble for him by having Vin placed on suspension from his job and after he was captured, Vin had to be saved by the real Spider-man (who was wearing the costume of his fellow crime fighter Daredevil). Spider-Man then had to use a cover story by pretending he left a costume with Peter Parker to protect his identity which was actually intended to prevent Vin from suspecting that Spider-Man was Peter himself. Later, Carlie Cooper found that a group of Spider-tracers were in the vicinity of Peter's and Vin's apartment. She goes over to investigate, only to discover a bag of spider-tracers under Vin's bed. Vin returns to get his key when Carlie reveals the bag and asks for explanation. Vin is unable to explain himself until his partner, Alan O'Neal, chastises him and slips that \"we gave 'em to you to take care of\". Vin later admitted to Carlie that he and Al were involved in a secret conspiracy with other policemen to turn public opinion against Spider-Man in a smear campaign by planting tracers on people already dead to hopefully put an end to Spider-Mans' vigilante activities. It was revealed that Vin was recruited into the group shortly after his rescue from Ana Kravinoff due to his continuing hatred for Spider-Man. A warrant is later put on both him and Carlie. He is captured and taken to Ryker's Island. At Ryker's Island, many criminals attack him for his status as a policeman, but Spider-Man rescues him and breaks him out of jail. Vin apologizes to Carlie, and proceeds to arrest the Sergeant. His sister, Michele Gonzales, who is an attorney, works out a plea deal for him, giving him six months in prison and a removal from the NYPD in exchange for the names of all the",
"title": "Vin Gonzales"
},
{
"docid": "38162451",
"text": "\"Dying Wish\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \"Ends of the Earth\" and finished in \"Dying Wish\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \"Dying Wish\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \"Origin of the Species\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \"Ends of the Earth\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \"Ends of the Earth\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \"Peter Parker\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \"Spider-Man\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped",
"title": "Dying Wish"
},
{
"docid": "64970237",
"text": "Mary Jane \"MJ\" Watson is a fictional character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film series. Based on the character of the same name, she is portrayed by Kirsten Dunst. In the films, Mary Jane is Peter Parker's next-door neighbor, childhood crush, and primary love interest. Though Mary Jane dates several other men in the first two films, she ultimately falls in love with Peter and Spider-Man and discovers they are one and the same. Despite his strong feelings for her, Peter initially declines a relationship with her in order to keep her safe, but they eventually become a couple in the end. Despite being criticized for adhering to the damsel in distress archetype in each installment of the film series, Dunst's interpretation of the character has been generally well-received. Character design and portrayal Comic book origins Mary Jane Watson was first introduced into Spider-Man comics story-lines in The Amazing Spider-Man #42 in 1966, despite being mentioned earlier in the comics. She was conceived as competition to Gwen Stacy as Spider-Man's primary love interest, and is characterized as a free-spirited, outgoing personality as opposed to Gwen's more serious, academic nature. Peter Parker initially dates Gwen after he stops going out with Mary Jane due to what he sees as her shallow personality while Mary Jane refuses to be tied down in one relationship. Despite this, Mary Jane became more popular with fans and following Gwen's death in the comics, Peter and MJ begin to rekindle their relationship and eventually marry despite ups and downs in the comics. Casting and execution Actress Kirsten Dunst was cast as Mary Jane Watson for the 2002 Spider-Man film, with Mary Jane having been cemented in comics lore as Peter Parker's primary love interest by then. Before director Sam Raimi cast Dunst, he had expressed his interest in casting Alicia Witt. Dunst decided to audition after learning Tobey Maguire had been cast as Peter Parker/Spider-Man, feeling the film would have a more independent feel. Dunst earned the role a month before shooting in an audition in Berlin. In the first two films in the trilogy, Dunst wore a red wig for the part, dying part of her hair in the first film, before dying her full head of blond hair red for the third film. Dunst was also allegedly asked to change her teeth for the films, a demand that she refused. She also declined to do certain stunts in the films. The set-up for Spider-Man and Mary Jane's famous \"upside-down kiss\" involved several rain-machines at the studio lot, and saw some difficulty as Maguire was hung upside down with water pouring into his nostrils. To achieve the look of Mary Jane pulling Spider-Man's mask down, Dunst was described by Sam Raimi as \"doing some hand trickery\" as the mask was not pliable in those conditions. Having initially signed on for three Spider-Man films, Dunst said that she would consider doing a fourth, but only if Raimi and Maguire also returned. In January 2010, it was announced",
"title": "Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi film series)"
},
{
"docid": "18936506",
"text": "\"Green Goblin Reborn!\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the",
"title": "Green Goblin Reborn!"
},
{
"docid": "23834597",
"text": "is a manga by . It ran in the children's magazine, Comic BomBom, from November 9, 2004, to May 11, 2005. The manga is not connected to Ryoichi Ikegami's Spider-Man: The Manga and takes place in its independent continuity numbered as Earth-7041. Plot In the year 200X, a supervillain who goes by the name Lord Beaustius (Lord Gokibu in the Japanese version) wants to steal the fossil of the Insect King, 15 year-old Peter Parker (Kakeru Amano in the Japanese version) uses his new spider powers to become Spider-Man J, to prevent this from happening. During his time as a superhero, he meets Japanese versions of Elektra, Dr. Doom, Blade, and the Fantastic Four. The story does not provide an extensive introduction to the character like previous Spider-Man series published in Japan did. Daniel Stein, author of \"Of Transcreations and Transpacific Adaptations: Investigating Manga Versions of Spider-Man\", said that \"no reintroduction of Spider-Man through a recap or revision of his origin story was necessary[...]\". Characters is a boy with the paranormal abilities of a spider. He keeps his identity as Spider-Man J a secret, fearing his family or friends might get hurt. The only person who knows Kakeru is Spider-Man J is Detective Makoto. He specializes in a number of weapons that he creates using his web-shooters. He is shy and clumsy, and barely has any friends. In the English version, he is known as Peter Parker. His parents are located in the United States. Stein described the Spider-Man J Peter Parker as \"a small, preadolescent kid who still sleeps with stuffed animals\". is a detective who became a police officer because he wanted to protect people. He has a goofy sense of humor, but has a good heart and believes in justice. In the English version, he is known as Detective Flynn. Stein described Flynn as \"a paternal figure less given to emotional outbursts and childish fantasies than [Spider-Man J's] Peter\". is Kakeru's young, happy go-lucky aunt. She loves Kakeru like he is her own son, and is overprotective of him. She owns her own dress shop. She is quite relaxed, and is known for her spicy curry. In the English version, she is known as Aunt May. Stein described the Spider-Man J Aunt May as \"a somewhat overbearing mother figure\". is Kakeru's classmate and girlfriend. She is a tomboy, and is very careful for everyone, especially Kakeru. In the English version, she is known as Jane-Marie, a name based on that of Mary Jane Watson from the American series. Stein describes Jane-Marie as \"a friend but not yet a potential love interest\". is Kakeru's/Spider-Man J Peter's classmate and friend. He is a fan of Spider-Man J and Comic BomBom, judging by his shirt that reads \"Bom\". In the English version, he is known as Harold. is the main villain of the manga. Not much is known about him, or his past. In the English version, he is known as Lord Beastius. Elektra The Spider-Man J Peter is against",
"title": "Spider-Man J"
},
{
"docid": "5662262",
"text": "This is a list of characters who serve as supporting cast of the Marvel Comics' Spider-Man. Family Tree Note: This tree covers various different alternate realities to varying degrees. Immediate family Richard Parker - Father. Died in an airplane crash. Mary Parker - Mother. Died in an airplane crash. Teresa Parker - Peter Parker's long lost sister who is introduced in the graphic novel Spider-Man: Family Business. She later appeared in the comics. Ben Parker - Peter Parker's uncle. Shot by the Burglar. May Parker - Peter Parker's loving aunt who raises him after his parents died. After the murder of her husband Ben, May is virtually his only family, and they are very close. Mary Jane Watson-Parker (love interest, later wife) - Introduced to Peter by his Aunt May, who is friends with her Aunt Anna, Mary Jane eventually becomes Peter's best friend and wife. Mayday Parker - Daughter from MC2 universe- Earth-982. Benjy Parker - Son from MC2 universe- Earth-982. Will Fitzpatrick - Mary Parker's father and Peter Parker's grandfather. J. Jonah Jameson - He became Peter's stepcousin after his father married Aunt May. Something Jameson personally dislikes. John Jameson - He became Peter's stepcousin once-removed after his grandfather married Aunt May. Clones Ben Reilly - Peter Parker's clone brother who was known as Scarlet Spider and the second Spider-Man. Unlike most of the clones, Peter views Ben Reilly as his brother and considers him family. Kaine Parker - Peter Parker's clone brother who was the second Scarlet Spider. Web-Man - A twin duplicate of Spider-Man. Spidercide - A Peter Parker clone who has control over his own molecules who was used by the Jackal as muscle. Died fighting Ben Reilly and Peter Parker above the Daily Bugle before falling to its death. Jack - A Peter Parker clone who was the Jackal's diminutive henchman, armed with claw-like fingernails (much like Guardian). He dies from clone degeneration. Guardian - A Peter Parker clone with dense skin, super-strength, and claw-like fingernails who guarded the entrance to one of the Jackal's headquarters. He also died of clone degeneration. Skeleton of a Spider-Man clone - Found in a smokestack Doppelganger - A mystical duplicate created by Magus. Elliot Tolliver - A proto-clone with mind of Doctor Octopus in a clone body of Peter Parker and of Otto Octavius. Spider-Man (Isotope Genome Accelerator version) - A duplicate separated from Peter Parker by the Isotope Genome Accelerator. Ultimate Carnage - Related in the Ultimate universe Earth-1610. Ultimate Spider-Woman - A clone of Peter Parker that is also known as Spider-Woman, Black Widow, Ultimate Spider-Woman, Ultimate Black Widow in the Ultimate universe Earth-1610. Mary Jane's family Anna Watson - Mary Jane's aunt and Aunt May's best friend. Madeline Watson - Mother, deceased Philip Watson - Father Kristy Watson - Cousin Gayle Watson-Byrnes - Sister May Parker's Family Albert Reilly (father) Claire Reilly (mother) Horace Reilly (uncle) Bill Reilly (uncle) Claudia Reilly (aunt): Bill Reilly's wife Sam Reilly (cousin): Bill and Claudia's son Julia Reilly",
"title": "List of Spider-Man supporting characters"
},
{
"docid": "15635388",
"text": "\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far",
"title": "Spider-Man: Brand New Day"
},
{
"docid": "1368744",
"text": "The \"Clone Saga\" is an extended comic-book storyline published by Marvel Comics, revolving around the superhero Spider-Man and clones of him, as well as of other characters. The second and best-known story arc of this name ran from October 1994 to December 1996, and quickly became one of the most controversial Spider-Man stories ever told. Although it was intended to wrap up in less than a year, the comics sold very well and the writers were encouraged to prolong the saga as long as possible. This led to some changes to the storyline that ultimately proved unpopular. Despite the controversy, the 1990s Clone Saga remains one of the most popular Spider-Man story arcs of all time. Although many people were involved in its creation, the Clone Saga is most closely associated with Terry Kavanagh, who proposed the idea; Howard Mackie, who worked on the majority of the smaller crossovers involved in the overall story arc; and Gerry Conway, who devised the original story. Executive editors on the storyline included Tom DeFalco, Bob Budiansky, and Bob Harras. Story arcs There were two \"Clone Sagas\": the original storyline in the 1970s and the second saga which consumed all the regular Spider-Man series, several limited series and one-shot issues between 1994 and 1997. Between the two, there were also two smaller storylines that dealt with elements from the original saga. The original Clone Saga In mid-1973, writer Gerry Conway made the decision to kill off the girlfriend of Peter Parker, Gwen Stacy, in The Amazing Spider-Man #121 because the editorial team felt that Gwen had become stale as a character and they wanted to instill an additional element of tragedy into Peter Parker's life. In the follow-up arcs, Conway introduced a new villain called the Jackal and let Gwen Stacy seemingly return from the dead. The Jackal was the villain identity of Gwen and Peter's biology professor Miles Warren, who could not cope with the death of Gwen, with whom he had a secret infatuation. As an expert on cloning, he creates clones of both Gwen and Peter, discovering Peter is Spider-Man as a result. The Jackal blames Spider-Man for Gwen's death and wants to kill him. The Jackal kidnaps Spider-Man and forces him to fight his clone. Both men believe they are the real Peter Parker. The two Spider-Men soon decide to work together, but one is seemingly killed by the same bomb that kills the Jackal. The surviving Spider-Man determines he is the original because he is in love with Mary Jane Watson, which did not happen until after Professor Warren created the clone. Spider-Man drops the body of the clone into an incinerator. Gwen Stacy's clone disappears to find a new life for herself. The Amazing Spider-Man #149, the climactic installment of the original Clone Saga, leaves it ambiguous whether it is the original Spider-Man or his clone who perishes in the bomb explosion. Conway said this ambiguity was unintentional, as at the time he took it as a given",
"title": "Clone Saga"
},
{
"docid": "3174694",
"text": "This is a list of titles featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. Spider-Man first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15, which was the last issue of that series. After that, he was given his own series. All stories presented in this list are published by Marvel Comics under their standard imprint, unless otherwise noted. The list is updated as of March 2023 and includes the Peter Parker, Ben Reilly, Miguel O'Hara and Miles Morales versions of the character. Ongoing series Mainstream continuity Titles currently featuring Spider-Man include: The Amazing Spider-Man #1–441 (March 1963 – November 1998). Also includes a #-1 issue (July 1997) (vol. 2) #1–58, #500–700 (January 1999 – December 2012). Also includes issues numbered #654.1, 679.1, 699.1, 700.1–700.5 (vol. 3) #1–18 (April 2014 – August 2015). Also includes issues numbered #16.1–20.1 (vol. 4) #1–32, #789–801 (October 2015 – June 2018). Also includes issues numbered #1.1–1.6 (vol. 5) #1–93 (July 2018 – March 2022). Also includes issues numbered #16.HU, 18–20.HU, 50–54.LR, 78.BEY, 80.BEY, 88.BEY, 92.BEY (vol. 6) #1–current (April 2022 – present) Annuals #1–28, 96–2001, #35–42, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2018 (II), 2019, 2021, 2023 (1964–2023) Miles Morales: Spider-Man #1–42 (December 2018 – September 2022), Annual #1 (2021) (vol. 2) #1–current (December 2022 – present) Spider-Man #1–98 (August 1990 – November 1998). A series initially created in 1991 for artist Todd McFarlane. Renamed Peter Parker: Spider-Man with issue #75. (vol. 2) #1–21, 234–240 (April 2016 – July 2018). Stars Miles Morales. Legacy numbering was introduced from January 2018. (vol. 3) #1–5 (September 2019 – November 2020). Out of continuity miniseries. (vol. 4) #1–11 (December 2022 – August 2023) The Superior Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1 (November 2023 – present) Other Continuities Spider-Man titles set in universes other than Earth-616: Ultimate Universe (Earth-6160) Ultimate Spider-Man #1– (January 2024 – present). Written by Jonathan Hickman and illustrated by Marco Checchetto. Set in the new Ultimate Marvel Universe and stars an older Peter Parker married to Mary Jane Watson and has two kids. Reprints Astonishing Spider-Man #1–current (Panini Comics/Marvel UK; November 1995 – present). Part of Marvel UK's \"Collector Edition\" line, reprinting U.S. stories from 2–3 years prior. Previous series Spider-Man has also had a number of ongoing series that have since ended: Mainstream continuity The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–2 (July–November 1968). A magazine format series. First issue was published in black-and-white. Marvel Team-Up #1–150 (March 1972 – February 1985). A series that mostly featured Spider-Man paired with a different Marvel Comics superhero each month. Replaced by Web of Spider-Man in 1985. Spider-Man Team-Up #1–7 (December 1995 – June 1997). Quarterly series. Marvel Team-Up (vol. 2) #1–11 (September 1997 – March 1998). Monthly series replacing Spider-Man Team-Up. The first seven issues featured Spider-Man team-ups before switching over to Namor the Sub-Mariner. Marvel Team-Up (vol. 3) #1–25 (January 2005 – December 2006). Features Spider-Man and other characters, with longer storylines than the previous volumes. Marvel Team-Up (vol. 4) #1–6 (June 2019 – September 2019). First three issues featured Spider-Man. Annuals #1–7 (1976 – 1984) Giant-Size Spider-Man #1–6",
"title": "List of Spider-Man titles"
},
{
"docid": "58112860",
"text": "Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is two series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. The series revolves around Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson having remained married and raising a daughter named Anna-May \"Annie\" Parker, with Mary Jane and Annie further becoming the superheroes Spinneret and Spiderling. The original series was a 2015 comic book limited series that tied into that year's Secret Wars event. Following the event's end, the popularity of the series led to a sequel ongoing series set in the alternate reality of Earth-18119, which was published from 2016 to 2018. Mary Jane and Annie from this series make cameo appearances in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The first volume takes place during the \"Secret Wars\" storyline and was published as a limited series in 2015. Dan Slott and Adam Kubert's story occurs in a Battleworld which was a \"drastically reimagined incarnation of New York City\". A second volume, now as an ongoing series part of the 2016 \"Marvel NOW!\" relaunch, details the further tales of Spider-Man and his family after their reality was restored. Originally, Gerry Conway was the lead writer of the volume; Ryan Stegman joined as both co-writer and artist with issue #8. With issue #13, \"the series new creative team of writer Jody Houser and artist Nick Roche kicked off their run by jumping eight years into the Parker family's future\". The second volume is followed by the three issue limited series Spider-Girls which was part of the 2018 comics event Spider-Geddon. CBR highlighted that while events of the \"One More Day\" storyline still \"haven't been totally undone in the Marvel comic continuum\", as a result of Renew Your Vows, both MJ and Peter of Earth 616 share \"small fragments of memories of their life and decided to begin again, with a fresh new start\". Plot Volume one: Secret Wars During the \"Secret Wars\" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. Spider-Man brutally defeats Venom. As the superheroes are being defeated by Regent, Mary Jane Watson uses a fire truck's siren to help Spider-Man force Venom into a burning building and brings the structure down on Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe. In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent won't detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. Peter takes pictures of Demolition Man protesting the Regent's rule when he is defeated by Boomerang, Rhino, and",
"title": "Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows"
},
{
"docid": "65818012",
"text": "Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen",
"title": "Sins Rising"
},
{
"docid": "44226135",
"text": "Spider-Man XXX: A Porn Parody is a 2011 American adult entertainment superhero film written by Axel Braun and Bryn Pryor, and directed by Braun for Vivid Entertainment. As a parody of the Spider-Man comic book series by Marvel, the film stars Xander Corvus, Capri Anderson, Ash Hollywood, and Sarah Shevon. Plot J. Jonah Jameson is attempting to run the Daily Bugle, which is harassing the \"menace\" known as Spider-Man, while his employees Betty Brant and Robbie Robertson have intimate relations in a back room. Across town, a power line accident results in an electric company worker being granted the power to generate and control electricity. The worker decides to become a supervillain, and so dons a costume and rechristens himself Electro. Electro hires a prostitute, and electrocutes her after they have sex. The Kingpin of Crime, Wilson Fisk, then approaches Electro, and hires him as part of an elaborate scheme. Meanwhile, Peter Parker and his promiscuous girlfriend Mary-Jane Watson are walking through an alley when Peter's spider-sense warns him of impending danger. Peter leaves Mary-Jane alone in the alley in order to change into his Spider-Man costume, and the danger that Peter had detected manifests as a gang of thugs who threaten Mary-Jane. Peter reappears as Spider-Man in time to save Mary-Jane, and Mary-Jane rewards the hero with the classic upside-down kiss, which continues into upside-down oral sex. Spider-Man then leaves Mary-Jane, and returns changed back into his Peter Parker attire. Peter and Mary-Jane meet up with Gwen Stacy and Flash Thompson for an off-camera double date to watch the film Black Swan. After they return to Flash's apartment, the city suffers a large scale blackout. Peter alleges that he must go check on his Aunt May, and leaves Mary-Jane at Flash's apartment. Flash suggests that Gwen and Mary-Jane join him in a threesome, and both agree, though due to the blackout much of this is only partially visible. Spider-Man confronts Electro, and engages in a brief fight that ends when Electro accidentally electrocutes himself. Black Widow appears, and attempts to seduce Spider-Man into joining the Avengers. Peter returns home after having sex with Black Widow, and is greeted by his Aunt May, who is being visited by Otto Octavius. Cast Xander Corvus as Spider-Man/Peter Parker Capri Anderson as Mary Jane Watson Ash Hollywood as Gwen Stacy Sarah Shevon as Betty Brant Brooklyn Lee as Black Widow/Natasha Romanoff Tyler Knight as Robbie Robertson Lily Labeau as Liz Allan Robert Black as J. Jonah Jameson Tara Lynn Foxx as Shocked Hooker Blyth Hess as Aunt May Dick Delaware as Electro/Max Dillon Seth Dickens as Flash Thompson Michael Vegas as Harry Osborn Peter O'Tool as Wilson Fisk/Kingpin James Bartholet as Doctor Octopus/Otto Octavius Awards and nominations Follow-ups The film was succeeded by Superman vs. Spider-Man XXX: An Axel Braun Parody in 2012, and Spider-Man XXX 2: An Axel Braun Parody in 2014. Xander Corvus also reprised his role as Spider-Man in 2013's Wolverine XXX: An Axel Braun Parody, and 2015's Avengers XXX",
"title": "Spider-Man XXX: A Porn Parody"
},
{
"docid": "62482614",
"text": "Spider-Girl or Spidergirl may refer to: Anya Corazon, a Marvel Comics Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña. Ashley Barton, a Marvel Comics antihero and granddaughter of Spider-Man Peter Parker and daughter of Clint Barton from the Marvel's Wastelanders universe. Gwen Warren, a Marvel Comics superhero and mutant biological daughter of Cyclops Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Spider-Queen Ana Soria, created by Miles Warren. Mayday Parker, a Marvel Comics superhero and daughter of Spider-Man Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 (Marvel Comics 2) universe. Petra Parker, an alternate universe superhero who appears in Ultimate Spider-Man, voiced by Olivia Holt. Spider Girl (Sussa Paka), a DC Comics superhero Spider Girls (born 1969/70), Indian conjoined twins See also Spider-Woman SP//dr Silk",
"title": "Spider-Girl (disambiguation)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "7715170",
"text": "Juniorpress was a Dutch publisher known for its translations of American comic books. It published Marvel Comics, Image Comics, and DC/Cliffhanger comics under its own name, and the imprint Baldakijn Boeken for the publication of DC Comics superhero comics such as Batman, Superman, and the New Teen Titans. It operated from 1976 to 2015. History Founded by Rob Spijkstra, Juniorpress started as the Dutch-language branch of the Swedish publishing group Semic Press. Although founded in 1973, the company didn't start publishing comics until 1976, with a selection of war, Western, romance, and horror comics, with titles such as Bajonet, Front, Gruwel, Krimi, Marshall, Oorlog, Romantica, and Western. Many of these were reprints of the Dutch publisher Nooit Gedacht. In 1978, Juniorpress acquired the Dutch-language license to publish Marvel Comics in the Netherlands and Belgium. In the early 1990s, Juniorpress sometimes sold 5,000 copies per issue of its Marvel reprints. In 1982–1983, the company canceled most of its original titles and changed direction, focusing almost exclusively on translations of American superhero comics. Around 1984, Juniorpress took over the previously independent company Baldakijn Boeken (\"Canopy Books\"), using this imprint to market DC translations. Juniorpress apparently lost the license to publish DC material around 1996. Juniorpress lost the Marvel Comics Dutch rights in 2007 to Z-Press Junior Media. After losing the Marvel Comics license, Juniorpress temporarily canceled its superhero lines. Later the company started again with various licenses, including Lego. In October 2014, Juniorpress was sold and renamed JP Publishing. Since this company does not publish comics, the few remaining Juniorpress titles petered out by the end of 2015. Titles (selected) Bamse (89 issues, 1978–1987) Bajonet mini-strip (\"Bayonet\") (75 issues, 1976–1983) Batman (78 issues, 1984–1995) Front mini-strip (71 issues, 1976–1983) De New Teen Titans (20 issues, 1985–1988) Oorlog mini-strip (\"War\") (79 issues, 1976–1982) Ponyclub (254 issues, 1985-2000) — comics magazine for female horse fanciers Peter Parker de spektakulaire Spiderman (Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man) (150 issues, 1983-1995) Romantica mini-strip (\"Romance\") (66 issues, 1976–1982) De Spectaculaire Spider-Man (Spider-Man) (196 issues, 1979–1995) Spiderman (Spider-Man) (135, 1996–2007) Super Reeks (\"Super Series\") (148 issues, 1977–1980) — acquired from Baldakijn Boeken with issue #301 Superman (119 issues, 1984–1996) Tarzan (67 issues, 1979–1981) Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles (61 issues, 1990–1995) Web van Spiderman (Web of Spider-Man) (110 issues, 1985–1995) Western mini-strip (66 issues, 1976–1981) Wolverine (89 issues, 1990–2000) De X-Mannen (X-Men) (296 issues, 1983–2007) Notes References Sources Publishing companies of the Netherlands Comics publishing companies 1973 establishments 2015 disestablishments",
"title": "Juniorpress"
},
{
"docid": "5857436",
"text": "Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are the parents of Peter Parker, the superhero known as Spider-Man. Richard and Mary Parker have been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portrayed the characters in the films The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Emma Roberts portrays Mary Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Richard and Mary Parker were created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. For many years before The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #5 (November 1968), there had been no explanation of why Peter Parker was being raised by his aunt and uncle, with his parents only appearing in flashbacks and photographs. That issue finally answered the question: Richard and Mary Parker were murdered by Albert Malik, who was one of Johann Schmidt's successors to the persona of Red Skull. In The Amazing Spider-Man #365 (August 1992), Spider-Man's 30th anniversary, they reappeared. Two years later, however, in #388 (April 1994), they were revealed to be Life Model Decoys created by the Chameleon and were destroyed. In the novel Mary Jane, it is said they died in a plane accident while going to Switzerland to turn in some important discovery that Richard made. Peter tries to figure out what the discovery was but fails, as he cannot figure out the things Richard has written on his board. In July 1997, Untold Tales of Spider-Man #-1, part of Marvel Comics' \"Flashback Month\" event, written by Roger Stern and drawn by John Romita, Sr., the characters' origins are expanded. Since then, they have rarely been mentioned. Fictional character biographies Captain Richard Parker, a decorated soldier of the United States Army Special Forces and younger brother of Ben Parker, was recruited by Nick Fury, the future director of S.H.I.E.L.D., to the C.I.A. Mary Fitzpatrick was the daughter of O.S.S. agent \"Wild Will\" Fitzpatrick. She attended the best schools and eventually followed in her father's footsteps, becoming a C.I.A. translator and data analyst. Richard and Mary met on the job, fell in love, and married. Originally they eloped, later having a more elaborate service, fooling many. Mary became a field agent like Richard, giving them both an easy cover as a married couple. They were assigned to investigate Baroness Adelicia Von Krupp, who had captured an agent of a \"friendly power\" (who turned out to be Logan, aka Wolverine, then a Canadian operative called \"Agent Ten\" and who would eventually become an ally of their son Peter who would grow up to become Spider-Man). They rescued Logan from the Baroness and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. After that mission, they discovered Mary was pregnant; Logan was actually the first person to congratulate the Parkers, commenting later that he never saw an agent as tough as Richard Parker go that white that fast. Their son, Peter, was often left in the care of Ben and his wife May",
"title": "Richard and Mary Parker"
},
{
"docid": "1762573",
"text": "Joseph \"Robbie\" Robertson is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr., he first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #51 (August 1967), and has since endured as a supporting character of the wall-crawler. Robbie Robertson was one of the first black characters in comics to play a serious supporting role, rather than act as comic relief. He has usually been a high-ranking editor at the New York newspaper, the Daily Bugle, and a close friend and confidant of publisher J. Jonah Jameson, acting as a voice of reason in Jameson's campaign to discredit Spider-Man. He is more friendly and supportive of Peter Parker as well as the other Daily Bugle staffers than the brash Jameson. In the 1980s, the character's backstory was explored, revealing a past conflict with the supervillain Tombstone, with whom he attended high school; these stories were well received by readers and contributed to greater interest in his character. The character has appeared in several media adaptations outside of comics over the years, including films, animated series, and video games. Actor Bill Nunn played Robbie Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy. Publication history Gerry Conway's run on The Spectacular Spider-Man and Web of Spider-Man expanded Robertson's back story with a dark history involving the hit man Tombstone which continues to haunt Robertson in the present. The stories drew an exceptionally intense level of reader interest. Editor Jim Salicrup recalled that \"some of the most jaded, seen-it-all before guys - namely the guys in Marvel's production department - got hooked on the Tombstone/Joe Robertson soap opera. They'd actually come into my office concerned about what was going to happen to Robbie next. 'He's not going to jail, is he?' they'd ask\". Fictional character biography Joseph Robertson was born in Harlem. He is married to Martha and they have had two sons. Their first son, Patrick Henry Robertson, died when he was only six months old. Their second son, Randy, is divorced. Growing up in a working-class family and being a member of a racial minority, Robertson seemed to sympathize with the downtrodden, including Marvel Comics' mutants, and he preached tolerance. He was forced to practice what he preached when his son came home from college with his white Jewish wife, Amanda. Robertson is the editor-in-chief of the Daily Bugle, the newspaper at which Peter Parker works and sells his photographs of Spider-Man. Unlike the Bugles volatile publisher, J. Jonah Jameson, Robbie tries his best to remain objective towards Spider-Man. Robbie is also the only Bugle employee who does not fear the wrath of his boss and is ready to stand up to him on editorial matters. Robbie serves as publisher when Jameson temporarily steps down. Robbie was a close personal friend of Captain George Stacy, and it has been implied, although not outright stated, that Robbie has deduced Spider-Man's secret identity, as Stacy did. Robbie's son Randy is also a close",
"title": "Robbie Robertson (character)"
},
{
"docid": "23813636",
"text": "Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that debuted in September 2011 as part of the second re-launch of the Ultimate Marvel imprint. It followed the \"Death of Spider-Man\" storyline that concluded the series Ultimate Spider-Man, to which Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man served as a sequel. Written by Brian Michael Bendis and illustrated by Sara Pichelli, the series also served as a continuation of elements from the miniseries Ultimate Comics: Fallout and focuses on the all-new Spider-Man, Miles Morales. The series was set in a continuity shared with other relaunched Ultimate Marvel titles including Ultimate Comics: X-Men and Ultimate Comics: Ultimates. The title ended in October 2013; the adventures of Miles continue in Miles Morales: Ultimate Spider-Man, released in July 2014. History After the \"Death of Spider-Man\" story arc, in which Peter Parker was killed, the title's third volume was launched, in which writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Sara Pichelli depicted Parker's mantle being passed on to Miles Morales. Characters Miles Morales / Spider-Man II - A thirteen-year-old boy living with both his parents, though he also attends a charter school and roommates with his best friend Ganke Lee and another student named Judge. He has managed to meet a few people associated with the former Spider-Man, including Gwen Stacy, Mary Jane, Aunt May, Spider-Woman and Nick Fury. Gwen Stacy – Now living a normal life, having briefly dated Peter Parker prior to his death. May Parker – Aunt of the deceased Peter Parker. Jessica Drew / Spider-Woman – A female clone of Peter Parker, sharing most of his memories. Peter Parker / Spider-Man – The first Spider-Man, originally thought to be killed by the Green Goblin, apparently returns, and meets Miles, later assisting him in a battle against a recently returned Green Goblin. Villains Norman Osborn / Green Goblin – Spider-Man's oldest nemesis. Thought to be dead, he returns and breaks the Ultimate Six out of the Triskelion to kill Peter Parker, calling themselves the 'Men of God'. Max Dillon / Electro – A former criminal empowered with electrokinesis by Hammer Industries. Freed from prison by Osborn to kill Peter Parker. Elijah Stern / Tinkerer – An evil scientist who tries to get revenge on the Roxxon Company. Aaron Davis / Prowler – A cat burglar named Aaron Davis, brother of Miles' father Jefferson, and Miles' paternal uncle. Maximus Gargan / Scorpion – A Mexican mob boss named Maximus Gargan that worked with Miles Morales' uncle Aaron Davis, a.k.a. The Prowler. Edward Brock Jr. / Venom – Peter Parker's childhood friend, bonded to a protoplasmic, semi-sentient black suit known as a Symbiote. Arkady Gregorivich Rossovich / Omega Red – A mutant zealot who was created by Weapon X. Reception Reviewing the first issue, James Hunt of Comic Book Resources rated issue #1 four and a half out of five stars. Hunt called the issue \"technically strong\", and praised the writing and art. He defended the absence of Peter Parker in the book, stating",
"title": "Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "144436",
"text": "Benjamin Franklin \"Ben\" Parker, usually referred to as Uncle Ben, was a supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with the superhero Spider-Man (Peter Parker). He was the husband of May Parker and the paternal uncle and father figure of Peter Parker. After appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962), Uncle Ben made his first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He was modeled and named after American founding father Benjamin Franklin. The character has been an essential part of Spider-Man's history. His death at the hands of a petty criminal, whom Spider-Man previously had the chance to apprehend, but chose not to, has been depicted in most versions of the hero's origin story, as the main factor that inspired Peter to become Spider-Man. Uncle Ben's quote, \"With great power there must also come great responsibility\" (often paraphrased as \"With great power comes great responsibility\"), has become Spider-Man's \"moral guide\" and iconic life motto. The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including films, animated series, and video games. He was portrayed by Cliff Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and by Martin Sheen in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012). In December 2021, Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) screenwriters Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers confirmed that Uncle Ben's comic book role as Peter's \"moral guide\" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)—who tells him his life motto before being killed as a result of his actions—had instead been adapted to his aunt May Parker, portrayed by Marisa Tomei in five films from 2016 to 2021. Adam Scott portrays a younger Ben Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history After first appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962)—caring for his niece (a mermaid named Linda Brown) with his wife May—Uncle Ben returned in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962)—caring for his nephew (Peter Parker / Spider-Man) with May—and was killed in the same issue. Although his history as a supporting character was very brief, Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider-Man's life, often appearing in flashbacks. Notability of death The murder of Uncle Ben is possibly the most notable in comic book history. He is also one of the few comic book deaths that has never been reversed in official continuity. He was a member of the \"Big Three\", alongside Jason Todd (an associate of Batman) and Bucky (an associate of Captain America) whose notable deaths, along with Ben's, gave rise to the phrase: \"No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky, Jason Todd, and Uncle Ben\". Later, the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment, \"No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben\". The violent killing of Uncle Ben, done by a common street criminal, also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne, the parents of",
"title": "Uncle Ben"
},
{
"docid": "32703921",
"text": "Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It features the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna \"Ana\" Soria) to the Marvel Universe and laid the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, style, and plot. Plot Infested \"Infested\" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the \"Spider-Island\" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31. Spider-Island The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him \"The Way of the Spider\", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen. Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jackal is behind the disturbance, as he has collected several prominent crime figures with spider-powers and given them Spider-Man outfits. The Avengers attempt to defend the city against spider-powered hooligans. Although Shang-Chi is able to confirm Spider-Man's identity to the other heroes, he is nevertheless ordered to stay out of the fight due to the inability to distinguish him from the other Spider-Men. However, inspired by a conversation with Mary Jane, Peter is able to rally various other New Yorkers to help him stop the villainous Spider-Men by posing as another random spider-powered citizen. As Anti-Venom works on curing various Spider-People of their powers, Madame Web reflects on the need for both Agent Venom and Anti-Venom to fix the Spider-Island problem. Meanwhile, Carlie and Peter attempt to investigate the Jackal's lab, reasoning that he is the most likely candidate to have caused this event, unaware that they are being watched. Jackal is seen working on the Spider-King by filling with tiny spider embryos. Horizon Labs works with Reed Richards to find a cure for the spider-powered people while the Avengers and",
"title": "Spider-Island"
},
{
"docid": "27114542",
"text": "Ultimate Spider-Man (titled Ultimate Spider-Man: Web Warriors for the third season and Ultimate Spider-Man vs. the Sinister Six for its final season) is an American superhero animated television series broadcast on the cable network Disney XD, based on the Spider-Man comics published by Marvel Comics. The series featured writers such as Brian Michael Bendis (who also created the comic book series of the same name), Paul Dini, and Man of Action (a group consisting of Steven T. Seagle, Joe Kelly, Joe Casey and Duncan Rouleau). It was first announced in early 2012, and debuted alongside the second season of The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes as part of the Marvel Universe programming block on April 1, 2012. In a break from other series, Spider-Man breaks the fourth wall and speaks directly to the audience. It also includes fantasy sequences from Peter's mind. The series concluded its run on January 7, 2017, with the two-part episode \"Graduation Day.\" with 4 seasons each consisting of 26 episodes. Reruns continued to air on Disney XD until August 30, 2017. Synopsis Peter Parker has been Spider-Man for one year. He has saved lives and fought supervillains, but he is still in the process of learning how to be a superhero. Nick Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. offers Peter the chance to train to be a real superhero and become \"The Ultimate Spider-Man\". However, Peter will first have to learn how to work with a team of four fellow teenage superheroes: Nova, White Tiger, Iron Fist, and Power Man. Season 1 During the first season, corrupt industrialist Norman Osborn targets Spider-Man in the shadows in hopes of collecting his DNA to create a spider-soldier army to sell to the government. To do this, he uses Doctor Octopus as his pawn, having him send numerous supervillains (like the Frightful Four, Taskmaster and Whirlwind) after Spider-Man and use a sample of Spidey's blood to create the Venom symbiote, which ends up bonding with Harry Osborn, Norman's son and Peter's best friend. In the two-part season finale, Spider-Man learns that it was Norman who was the mastermind behind Doctor Octopus' schemes and Venom's creation, just in time to see Doc Ock take his revenge on Norman for the way he treated him by turning him into the villainous Green Goblin. Season 2 In the second season, following the fight with the Green Goblin which destroyed the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier, the S.H.I.E.L.D. Team ends up staying at Peter Parker's house. In the season premiere, after learning that Spider-Man got his powers from one of Oscorp's genetically altered spiders at the end of last season, Doc Ock creates a bunch of serums with animal DNA in hopes of re-creating the process and S.H.I.E.L.D. scientist Dr. Curt Connors, still dealing with the aftermath of the Helicarrier's destruction after injuring his right arm and having it amputated, injects himself with one of these serums to become the Lizard. Later, Doctor Octopus controls the Lizard so that he can join him, Electro, Rhino, Kraven the Hunter, and",
"title": "Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "6093374",
"text": "Last Hero Standing is a 5-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics in 2005. The series was written by Tom DeFalco and drawn by Pat Olliffe (who also co-plotted the series). The series stars many characters from the MC2 universe, such as A-Next and the Fantastic Five. Although these characters existed prior to this miniseries, Marvel wished to reintroduce them to the public quickly following the success of Spider-Girl in digest size format. The series was released weekly and then reprinted as a trade paperback. Plot summary While \"joy-hunting\" together in Canada, Wild Thing is shocked when her father Wolverine is kidnapped in front of her eyes. Elsewhere across the world, one of the Ladyhawk sisters is abducted as well. These events get the attention of the Watcher Uatu. After the first appearances of the original Fantastic Four, and the defeat of Loki which caused the creation of the first group of Avengers, a new line of heroes have emerged in a possible future timeline. These heroes now form the groups of A-Next and the Fantastic Five (F5), while other heroes such as Spider-Girl, the Green Goblin, and Darkdevil remain solo. At the Avengers Compound, the headquarters of A-Next in the future, the young heroes are busy being trained by Captain America. At a local hospital, Iron Man has just visited a still comatose Scarlet Witch. After leaving her room, he hears noises in it, and when he re-enters it, she has been kidnapped as well. At her home, young May \"May Day\" Parker, alias Spider-Girl, is busy taking care of her baby brother Ben, while being watched over by her parents Peter Parker and Mary Jane. After that, she leaves for school. Meanwhile, the Thing of the F5 walks over the main streets of the city, when they suddenly start to crumble. Ben realizes he is in danger and sets off an alarm to alert his teammates. Peter later discusses recent events with Phil Urich, alias Green Goblin. They are attacked by a gigantic robot which manages to abduct Peter. A panicking Phil contacts May about this. She, the Buzz, the other Ladyhawk and the Green Goblin dive into a tunnel that was created by the robot that kidnapped Peter. There, they meet up with all the members of A-Next who discovered the same tunnel earlier. Meanwhile, somewhere else, an unconscious Peter is dragged by the robot into a dark realm. An ancient Doctor Strange tries to gain the assistance of Doc Magus, but he prefers to work on his own. Doc Magus uses his astral form to scan the entire world for the missing heroes, which leads him to a dark cave. There, he is attacked by a dark entity that defeats and then kidnaps him as well. At Avengers Compound, Captain America is exercising alone. Thunderstrike realizes Cap is feeling down because of his old age and promises him that he does not have to worry about it because A-Next will follow him anywhere. Cap",
"title": "Last Hero Standing"
},
{
"docid": "31655527",
"text": "\"The Gathering of Five\" and \"The Final Chapter\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \"re-branding\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \"Issue One\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \"Clone Saga\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \"the gathering of five\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \"package\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time",
"title": "The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter"
},
{
"docid": "14154213",
"text": "Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles",
"title": "Spider-Man: With Great Power"
},
{
"docid": "7306456",
"text": "Answer is the name of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first incarnation of Answer, Aaron Nicholson, first appeared in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #91 (June 1984). The second incarnation, David Ferrari, debuted in Captain America (Vol. 3) #20 (June 1999). The third incarnation, an unnamed criminal, made his first appearance in Superior Spider-Man #26 (January 2014). Publication history Aaron Nicholson debuted in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #91 (June 1984), created by writer Al Milgrom and artist Jim Mooney. David Ferrari debuted under the codename Answer after Aaron Nicholson's \"death\" in Captain America (Vol. 3) #20 (June 1999), created by Dan Jurgens. An unnamed criminal debuted under the codename Answer in Superior Spider-Man #26 (January 2014), created by Dan Slott and Christos Gage. Fictional character biography Aaron Nicholson Aaron Nicholson is a criminal genius and a former member of the Kingpin's criminal organization. He is also a former hitman in the Las Vegas division of HYDRA and was empowered by the laboratory machines of Dr. Farley Stillwell's brother Dr. Harlan Stillwell where he became the Answer. The Answer studies Spider-Man's powers, and then attacks Spider-Man and the Black Cat to test the limits of their powers. He then kidnaps the Black Cat to misdirect Spider-Man's attention as he steals Silvermane's body from the police morgue, and assisted the Kingpin in partially restoring Silvermane's life. He then kidnapped Dagger in hopes that her powers would cure the Kingpin's ailing wife. Silvermane rampages mindlessly; to end the rampage, the Answer sacrifices his corporeal form and converts himself to energy to revive Dagger, who possesses Silvermane's life-force. The Answer later telepathically contacts Doctor Octopus who restores his corporeal existence. The Answer ends up fighting with Octavius and is defeated by him. He later appears in the Raft where he escapes but is captured by Toxin. It is later revealed that he had been feigning bad luck in order to reunite with his unrequited love Ruby Thursday, before her body is killed by Bullseye. During the Civil War: War Crimes storyline, he is seen among an army of super-villains organized by Hammerhead that is captured by Iron Man and S.H.I.E.L.D. agents. Later, the Answer is a self-confessed loser at the wake of Stilt-Man. Almost all of the supervillains at the wake were the victims of murder/attempted murder. The Punisher disguises himself as a barman, poisons drinks, and then blows up the bar. Answer has since been hired by the Hood to take advantage of the split in the superhero community caused by the Superhuman Registration Act.<ref>'New Avengers #35</ref> He helps them fight the New Avengers but is taken down by Doctor Strange. He appeared in Brand New Day'' as one of the villains in the bar confronting Spider-Man. He was one of many prisoners who escaped from the Raft at the start of the Secret Invasion. He is one among many supervillains who joined the Hood's crime syndicate and attacked an invading Skrull force. He joins",
"title": "Answer (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "53599140",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" was released with the tagline \"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \"unjust\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 129"
},
{
"docid": "8388613",
"text": "Batwing (James \"Jimmy\" Santini) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history His first appearance was in Untold Tales of Spider-Man #2 (October 1995), and he was created by Kurt Busiek and Pat Olliffe. Batwing appeared as a supporting character in Avengers Academy beginning with issue #20 (Dec 2011), making occasional appearances throughout the series. Fictional character biography Young Jimmy Santini was with his father in an investigation of illegal toxic waste dumping in Carlsbad Caverns National Park where his father was either shot in the back by the polluters or fell to his death in the deep caverns (the full details were murky in Jimmy's diary). Jimmy was lost in the caverns and drank water that \"tasted like metal.\" He was eventually rescued and returned to his mother. Soon the chemicals began to take effect and Jimmy sprouted wings. His mother proclaimed him a demon, causing Jimmy to run away. He continued to mutate into a bat-like creature and ended up stealing food to survive. He arrived in New York City and made his home under an old pier. Jimmy began stealing food from people dining on rooftops scaring people in the process. Thus, the people began to dub him Batwing. When New York City Councilman Randolph Cherryh was once dining with his girlfriend, Batwing appeared and stole some of his apples which humiliated Randolph. Randolph Cherryh placed a bounty on him which Peter Parker decided to take part on during his financial problems. Randolph arranged for a party as part of a trap. When Batwing came, the police sprang and began shooting, only for Peter Parker in his alias of Spider-Man to web up the guns and pursue Batwing. Batwing battled with Spider-Man before fleeing back to where he lived under the pier. When Spider-Man followed Batwing to the pier, he discovered that Batwing was just a scared kid who was stealing food to survive. Spider-Man read some of his history before Jimmy ran off right into the Councilman who secretly followed in his helicopter. Randolph did not care if Batwing was just a youngster, and he was about to kill the boy when Spider-Man webbed down his men. Batwing fled despite Spider-Man's offer to get Reed Richards or Hank Pym to help cure him. Randolph vowed to ruin Spider-Man's life before having his mouth webbed and himself being shoved into a garbage can. Spider-Man continued to bring food to Jimmy who still fears people like Randolph Cherryh. Spider-Man later asked Dr. Curt Connors to use his expertise to help cure Jimmy. When an accident causes Connors to become the Lizard again, Batwing helps Spider-Man track him down and cure Connors. Connors and Jimmy leave New York for someplace quiet where Jimmy can be cured. When Connors' cure fails, Batwing returns to New York and battles Spider-Man again. With his father dead and his mother rejecting him, Jimmy hopes for death. Spider-Man locates Jimmy's mother and tells her that Jimmy is",
"title": "Batwing (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "144167",
"text": "Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,",
"title": "Aunt May"
},
{
"docid": "37629473",
"text": "The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \"Dying Wish\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \"Superior Spider-Man\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \"Go Down Swinging\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \"Spider-Geddon\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \"Spider-Geddon\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team",
"title": "The Superior Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "7547219",
"text": "Spider-Man: Reign is a four-issue comic book limited series featuring Spider-Man, written and illustrated by Kaare Andrews and published by Marvel Comics. Set 30 years into Spider-Man's future, on Earth-70237, it features a retired Spider-Man who returns to combat the injustices of a vastly different New York City. Publication history On December 12, 2006, Marvel announced that issue #1 had sold out through Diamond Comic Distributors and that a second printing would be released. The series has been compared to The Dark Knight Returns, a comparison which Marvel has also quoted when promoting Reign. As well as the thematic similarities between the two stories, both of which revisit aged heroes after the end of their careers, The Dark Knight Returns is also acknowledged within the pages of Reign by the inclusion of a character named Miller Janson (the name reflects Dark Knight Returns creators Frank Miller and Klaus Janson). The book also has several themes relevant in the post 9/11 world, most notably Mayor Waters taking control of the city of New York to protect it, and the WEBB, an energy field that seals all of New York inside it so no one can leave. In August 2023, Marvel announced a sequel to Reign was set to release in 2024, with Andrews returning to write and draw the series. Plot Thirty years into Spider-Man's future, New York City has become a safe, albeit authoritarian territory under the complete control of Mayor Waters. Superheroes and supervillains are no longer prevalent, instead replaced by the authoritarian government's police force, \"The Reign\". An elderly Peter Parker works as a florist, but he is fired for ruining a couple's wedding by sending the wrong flowers. He bumps into a child fleeing from the Reign, and as they show up to arrest the youth, Peter is also beaten alongside him. Parker returns home and is haunted by memories of his deceased wife Mary Jane, as Mayor Waters announces the WEBB system to protect the city from attacks. Behind the scenes, he keeps a vegetative Kingpin prisoner, mocking him. At Peter's apartment, J. Jonah Jameson delivers him a package. Jameson also apologizes for his years of abuse, explaining he sold the Daily Bugle because he realized he was running it on lies. Jameson leaves and starts a riot, which leads to a fight against two Reign officers. Meanwhile, Parker opens the package revealing a camera and his old black-suit mask. He defeats the officers wearing only the mask and his underwear, imagining himself in his prime. After Jameson asks if Spider-Man is back, Peter punches him and walks away silently. Mayor Waters is dismayed at the return of Spider-Man and releases Electro, Mysterio, Kraven the Hunter, the Sandman, the Scorpion and Hydro-Man from prison. The Mayor then tells the newly christened \"Sinner Six\" that, if they defeat their old nemesis, they can leave New York. Jameson announces the return of Spider-Man as the Reign cracks down on the citizens. Following the news of Spider-Man's return, an",
"title": "Spider-Man: Reign"
},
{
"docid": "5137176",
"text": "Hornet is an identity used by five fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics: two supervillains, and three superheroes. Both the first and third versions have suffered from physical disabilities. Publication history Although the armor of the third Hornet first appeared in Spider-Man as one of the four new superheroes Peter Parker had taken on, this version first appeared in Slingers #0 and was created by Joseph Harris, Todd DeZago, and Mike Wieringo. Speculation that the deceased Hornet in Wolverine vol. 3 #23 was not Eddie, but instead someone else who took on the name and costume, has been disproven by The Loners writer C. B. Cebulski, and The Loners #2 states that Hornet was indeed killed by Wolverine. Fictional character biography Scotty McDowell Scotty McDowell was a wheelchair-using criminologist who assisted Spider-Woman's cases. He was kidnapped by the mad scientist Karl Malus who injected Scotty with a formula composed of human and insect DNA, as well as several kinds of medicine. Spider-Woman rescued Scotty who seemed fine. Scotty began to suffer from nightmares in which he killed Spider-Woman. He awoke to discover that he had great strength and insect-like wings that allowed him to fly (but still unable to walk). He then received a costume in the mail (sent by Malus), and when he put it on, had a personality shift, becoming aggressive and chauvinistic. He flew around as the Hornet, and started out as a hero, saving people, and working with Spider-Woman. He even learned that he could throw bursts of bio-electricity. But Hornet became more and more resentful of Spider-Woman, and began to endanger the innocents he was \"helping\", even striking an onlooker with one of his electric blasts. When he nearly killed some thieves, Spider-Woman was sent after him. However, Hornet's abilities were almost a match for Spider-Woman, and unlike Spider-Woman, he wasn't trying to hold back for fear of hurting his friend. After a prolonged battle, Spider-Woman was able to subdue Hornet who was nearly homicidal by this point. Spider-Woman learned that Malus had altered Scotty into Hornet, for the sole purpose of having Spider-Woman die at the hands of a friend. Spider-Woman was able to flush the formula from Scotty's bloodstream, and revert him to normal (stripping him of both his powers and aggression). Afterwards, Spider-Woman learned that although the formula did make him more aggressive, the resentment he felt was real. Scotty admitted he was in love, but felt that Spider-Woman didn't notice him. He was also jealous of the attention garnered with the woman's heroic deeds. This put a strain on their friendship, and Spider-Woman ended their \"working relationship\". McDowell accepted this as well, taking a job farther away so as to preserve what was left of their friendship. Peter Parker When Spider-Man was accused of murder during the Identity Crisis storyline, Peter Parker donned four different costumes to continue saving lives without anyone knowing it was him; one of the adopted identities was Hornet. The Hornet costume",
"title": "Hornet (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "8474774",
"text": "Bullet Points is a comic book limited series that was published by Marvel Comics in 2006 and 2007, written by J. Michael Straczynski, illustrated by Tommy Lee Edwards and lettered by John Workman. The series was released under the Marvel Knights imprint and examines the consequences to the Marvel Universe when Steve Rogers is not injected with the Super-Soldier Serum but instead is Iron Man. Plot summary The series begins on December 8, 1940. Dr. Abraham Erskine is killed by a German spy, along with MP Benjamin Parker, before the Super-Soldier Serum was to be used for Project: Rebirth. Due to the assassination, Project: Rebirth is canceled. The US government activates Project: Iron Man and asks Steve Rogers to participate in it. Steve accepts, and is permanently bonded to the Iron Man armor. Iron Man debuts during the Battle of Guadalcanal, going on to help win the Second World War. Rogers goes on to become an essential part of American military tactics over the resulting decades, drafting Dr. Reed Richards to provide technical support. Meanwhile, lacking the guidance of a role model who taught him the value of responsibility as a result of Benjamin's death, Peter Parker grows up to become a disaffected, trouble-making punk. At one point, Peter decides to sneak out of a field trip to a desert base and goes joyriding with friends in a stolen jeep. After the jeep breaks down, Peter goes off to find fuel, but accidentally wanders into a test site just as a gamma bomb is detonated. Soon after recovering from the explosion and returning home, Peter is confronted by the two friends, who accuse him of getting them into trouble. Peter becomes angry and turns into the Hulk, destroying property around him. The Hulk is confronted by the police. May Parker recognizes the Hulk as Peter and suffers a heart attack, which causes him to flee in distress. As a result of Peter's transformation, the recently retired Rogers is drafted back to wear the Iron Man armor to capture Peter. After visiting May in hospital to say goodbye before running away, Peter is confronted by Iron Man and several army troops. Rejecting Rogers's attempts to calm him, Peter turns into the Hulk and confronts Iron Man. After a long fight outside the hospital, the Hulk eventually kills Iron Man; realizing what he has done, Peter flees in terror. Meanwhile, Reed Richards, along with his co-pilots Ben Grimm, Sue Storm and Johnny Storm, launch into space in a rocket designed to collect cosmic rays. However, the rocket explodes before it can reach orbit due to sabotage, crashing back to Earth and killing Ben, Johnny and Sue, with Reed being the only survivor. Reed is then invited to lead the spy organization S.H.I.E.L.D. As head of S.H.I.E.L.D., Reed uses his technical genius and scientific background to pioneer numerous radical technologies and also drafts others, including Bruce Banner, Stephen Strange, and Tony Stark, into the organization. Blaming himself and his gamma bomb for Parker's",
"title": "Bullet Points (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "24472810",
"text": "Powerless is a six-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics which ran from 2004 to 2005. The series was written by Matt Cherniss and Peter Johnson and penciled by artist Michael Gaydos. Plot summary A psychologist named William Watts wakes up in a hospital after a three-day coma. Fresh in his mind is the world of Earth-616, which he experienced while asleep. As William returns to his mundane daily life, he encounters three familiar faces: Peter Parker, a high-school student who is pressured by Norman Osborn to conduct industrial espionage on Stark Industries; a blind lawyer, Matt Murdock, who battles an uphill case against the Kingpin to absolve Frank Castle of murder; and an amnesiac soldier named Logan, who is led to believe he murdered Charles Xavier. Inspired by Matt's conviction, William leaves his bystander position and begins to act to help the three: he helps reveal Charles' murder was done by a third party, citing Logan to investigate Eric Magnus; he convinces Frank Castle to reveal vital information to Matt's case; and he acts by calling the cops to assist Peter in arresting Osborn. After Frank's trial, the Kingpin murders Murdock. Castle assassinates Kingpin in retaliation, which places him on the road to becoming the real-life Punisher. The series ends with William contemplating how the coma has shaken him from the stupor of life, as he reflects on his coma identity as Uatu. Creators Matt Cherniss and Peter Johnson – writers Michael Gaydos – penciller Lee Loughridge – colorist Alex Maleev – cover artist Axel Alonso – editor Joe Quesada – Editor-in-Chief Collections References 2004 comics debuts 2005 comics debuts Marvel Comics titles",
"title": "Powerless (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "4653327",
"text": "Spider-Man (Peter Parker) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a modernized, alternate universe counterpart of Spider-Man who is in his youth, a superhero first created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko in 1962. The Ultimate version of the character originated in Ultimate Marvel, a line of comic books created in 2000 that is set in a parallel universe with a narrative continuity separate and independent from the main continuity of Marvel Comics stories that began in the 1960s. Ultimate Spider-Man, the first and flagship title of the Ultimate line, was created by the writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Mark Bagley, and debuted in September 2000, which featured the first appearance of the Ultimate version of the character. Based on the original Spider-Man who debuted in 1962, he was bitten by a radioactive genetically-mutated spider, which gave him superhuman spider-like abilities which led him to become the superhero Spider-Man, and fight crime after the tragedy of his late Uncle Ben. The biggest difference is that this version of Parker is killed at the age of 16, being Spider-Man for a span of almost a year before being replaced by the 13-year-old Miles Morales. However following the Secret Wars storyline, Miles and his family were retconned into the history of the prime universe and Peter who had been resurrected had resumed his superhero role. To differentiate him from other incarnations, Peter Parker from this universe is commonly dubbed Ultimate Spider-Man. Fictional character biography At around the age of six, Peter Parker was orphaned after the death of his parents in a plane crash and was raised by his father's brother, Ben Parker, and his wife May. Nine years later, Peter grew to be an exceptionally bright teen and a high school genius, being particularly skilled in physics and chemistry. However, he was also an introverted outcast among his peers and was frequently bullied and tormented by Fred \"Flash\" Thompson and Kenny \"King Kong\" McFarlane. On a school field trip to the scientific corporation Oscorp, he was bitten by a genetically-mutated spider, which gave him spider-like superhuman abilities. The head of Oscorp, Norman Osborn, discovered this and experimented with the same mutagen injected within the spider's bloodstream on himself, but the experiment went awry, mutating him into a monstrous, green-coloured and hulking goblin-like creature later known as the Green Goblin. After discovering his new abilities, Peter used his powers for personal gain, like his standard counterpart, to financially support his family as a professional wrestler and to become popular by becoming the school's top basketball player thanks to his enhanced spider-powers. However, he began to selfishly utilise his abilities and started to act irresponsibly, which adversely affected his studies and behavior, all of which worried his aunt and uncle. Peter was later fired from his job as a wrestler under suspicions that he was responsible for a recent robbery, much to his chagrin and disappointment. Later that night, as he was walking to his",
"title": "Spider-Man (Ultimate Marvel character)"
},
{
"docid": "2861376",
"text": "Nicholas Peter Dallis (December 15, 1911 – July 6, 1991), was an American psychiatrist turned comic strip writer, creator of the soap opera-style strips Rex Morgan, M.D., Judge Parker and Apartment 3-G. Separating his comics career from his medical practice, he wrote under pseudonyms, Dal Curtis for Rex Morgan, M.D. and Paul Nichols for Judge Parker. Biography Born in New York City, Nick Dallis grew up on Long Island. He graduated from Washington & Jefferson College in 1933 and from Temple University's medical school in 1938 and married a nurse, Sarah Luddy. He decided to specialize in psychiatry, and after World War II, started a practice in Toledo, Ohio. Allen Saunders was chair at the time of the local mental hygiene center that invited him there, and in his autobiography, he recalled that Dallis approached him, as a well-known comics writer (Steve Roper and Mike Nomad, Mary Worth), about \"his desire to write a comic strip, one tracing the history of medicine. I told him that, commendable as his idea was, such a feature would not succeed. Readers want entertainment, not enlightenment. But a story about a handsome young doctor's involvement with his patients might be a winner.\" Comic strips After further conversations with Saunders on strip writing, Dallis successfully launched his Rex Morgan, M.D in 1948. Later, he found himself working more with troubled youth in juvenile court, and from his experiences there, he conceived a second strip focused on the legal world, Judge Parker, which took off in 1952 and also became successful. Both strips were in the soap opera tradition pioneered by Saunders, as continuities in which each story was basically distinct. And yet they differed from Mary Worth in centering on male protagonists who counseled their clients with professional advice as well as intervening to help them with personal problems. In addition, Dallis did manage to work in education and enlightenment for his readers, as well as entertainment. In 1958, he retired from medicine and moved to Arizona, where he continued to author his comics. In 1961, he launched his third strip, Apartment 3-G, about three young women sharing a Manhattan apartment. Dallis died in 1991, but all three of his strips survived over the years (with Apartment 3-G ending in 2015), and as of 2023 Judge Parker and Rex Morgan, M.D. continue in syndication. He was later remembered by his successor on two of his strips, Woody Wilson, as \"a prince among men... educated, kindly, compassionate, talented and generous.\" Wilson honored Dallis in a striking manner in the episodes of November 30 and December 1, 2015, by giving Rex and June's baby boy the second name \"Dallis\"; when asked by his daughter why he and June had chosen this name, Rex replied, \"Nick Dallis was a very good friend of ours, Princess. We wanted to honor him!\" Judge Parker and Rex Morgan, M.D. continue to honor Nick Dallis by sometimes letting their characters eat at a \"Nick's Diner.\" References 1911 births 1991 deaths 20th-century American",
"title": "Nicholas P. Dallis"
},
{
"docid": "28912839",
"text": "Sophia \"Chat\" Sanduval is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #53 (July 2009), a series in the Marvel Adventures imprint for young readers, taking place in a non-canonical, alternate reality from mainstream Marvel continuity. She was created by writer Paul Tobin and artist Matteo Lolli as the primary girlfriend for a teenage Peter Parker/Spider-Man. A mutant, Chat possesses the ability to talk to animals. She sees herself as both Peter Parker and Spider-Man's girlfriend, and has managed to involve herself in Peter's civilian and superhero lives. Publication history Chat was created by author Paul Tobin as an original girlfriend for the Spider-Man appearing in his Marvel Adventures Spider-Man comic book. She first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #53 and appeared in every subsequent issue until the series was canceled with #61 (July 2009 – March 2010). Chat next appeared in Tobin's Spider-Man Marvel Adventures comic-book series, which continue the stories started in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man. These stories feature a teenage Peter Parker/Spider-Man with a supporting cast of revamped Marvel Comics characters, as well as all-new characters such as Chat. Chat was introduced into the mainstream Marvel universe in the 2011 series Spider-Girl #4 as a friend of Anya Corazon's new roommate. It is unknown if she is a mutant or a normal human in this reality. Fictional character biography Little is known about Chat's childhood except that she was raised by an unknown mother and has an older sister. She is secretive about her mother and admits she hasn't talked about her for a couple years. A young mutant, Chat has the power to communicate with animals, an ability that also makes animals act unusually friendly around her. Although this aspect of her power embarrassed her, Chat used her animal affinity to help run a traveling zoo that visited all the New York orphanages. At some point, Chat felt herself \"falling apart\" and tried to re-establish her life. Becoming a runaway, she met Emma Frost, a teenage mutant with the ability to read and control minds. Self-absorbed and immoral, Emma regularly used her powers to rob stores and learn intimate secrets by peeking into people's minds. Although Chat disapproved of Emma's actions and often tried to stop her, she was too timid to truly stand up to Emma. This began to change when Chat and Emma were saved from a falling sign by Peter Parker, a teenager who was secretly the adventurous superhero known as Spider-Man. When Emma, using her telepathy, discovered Peter's secret, she convinced Chat they could \"have some fun\" by going to Peter's high school and learning more about his other identity. Through to a mind-link set up by Emma, Chat discovered how Peter became Spider-Man and was profoundly affected by his sense of responsibility, which she found both noble and attractive. Convincing Emma to help her enroll at Peter's school, Chat began dating Peter and would often use her powers secretly to help",
"title": "Sophia \"Chat\" Sanduval"
},
{
"docid": "25700184",
"text": "This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \"Power Booster\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \"Spider-Friends\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \"costume\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \"Vengeance Of Loki\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \"Windchill Factor Zero\". In \"Mission: Save The Guardstar\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \"fire and ice don't really mix\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \"Opposites Attack!\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in",
"title": "List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters"
},
{
"docid": "5051787",
"text": "\"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\" is a Spider-Man story written by Roger Stern, originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #248 in 1984. In the story, a young fan of Spider-Man meets his hero. This comic was selected as one of the \"Top 10 Spider-Man stories of all time\" by Wizard and is regarded as among the most-loved Spider-Man stories. Plot Young Timothy \"Tim\" Harrison lies in his bed. Portions from a column by Daily Bugle writer Jacob Conover say Tim is the greatest Spider-Man fan in the world and has collected every article available on him, including a whole album of The Daily Bugle retractions. Tim has also collected mementos such as kinescopes of Spider-Man's early television appearances and bullets from a crime foiled by Spider-Man. Suddenly, Spider-Man comes into Tim's room. In the following hours, the two trade anecdotes about Spider-Man's long career. The hero is surprised and touched by how much the boy adores him. When Spider-Man is about to leave, Tim asks him who he really is. After some hesitation, Spider-Man takes off his mask, identifies himself as Peter Parker, and retells the fateful night when his negligence let Uncle Ben die, causing him to fight crime. The story does not change Tim's admiration of his hero. A tearful Peter Parker embraces Tim (who refers to him as \"Pete\") and departs. An exterior view reveals Tim is staying in a cancer clinic. The last of the newspaper captions states that the boy's only wish is to meet his hero in person. Conover ends his report by stating his hope that \"Spider-Man takes the time to visit a very brave young man named Tim Harrison, and I hope he does it soon. You see, Tim Harrison has leukemia, and the doctors only give him a few more weeks to live\". Background The lead story of Amazing #248 is Spider-Man's fight against Thunderball, but Stern's backup story is remembered much better than the main tale. According to Stern: Tim Harrison's death is mentioned in Danny Fingeroth and Ron Garney's \"A Spider-Man Carol\", in which Spider-Man meets Tim's brother Joey. The story was published in the 1991 Marvel Holiday Special. Collected editions The story has been reprinted several times and collected in various trade paperbacks including The Very Best of Spider-Man (December 1994, ). References External links Comics by Roger Stern Single issue storylines of comic book series 1984 works",
"title": "The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "7606098",
"text": "Top Dog is a character from the comic book of the same name, published by Star Comics (an imprint of Marvel Comics). Top Dog was created by writer Lennie Herman and artist Warren Kremer. The series lasted for 14 issues, published from 1985 to 1987. The series Top Dog is a very intelligent, talking dog who befriends a human child named Joey Jordan. Top Dog goes on to live with Joey, who promises not to expose the fact that Top Dog can speak. The duo go on to have adventures involving spies, criminals and mad scientists, after it is revealed that Top Dog was formerly \"Mr. X\", a government agent who was valued for his intelligence, but had to disguise his canine nature with a cover ID and a full-body cloak. Amongst these adventures were several crossovers with other Star Comic characters such as Heathcliff and Royal Roy. One story even seemingly involved a Spider-Man team-up. Although it was actually an actor in a Spider-Man suit, the real Peter Parker does make an appearance. The series ran for fourteen issues after which, the character continued to make appearances in Heathcliff comic books (starting in issue #22) in both crossovers and backup stories. Top Dog reappeared in the 2009-2010 X-Babies miniseries Stars Reborn, as both a copy of himself produced by Mr. Veech to throw the X-Babies off his trail, and an Earth-616 version of himself, who happens to be a cyborg canine, rather than just an intelligent talking dog. Titles Top Dog The titles of the main 14-issue Top Dog series: \"The Secret Life of Top Dog\" (AKA \"The Dog-Gone Beginning\") \"Spies\" \"Mad Biter\" \"Top Dog's Secret Past is Revealed\" (AKA \"The Secret of Top Dog\") \"Mr. Invisible\" \"Frank N Stein\" \"Special Team Up: Royal Roy and Top Dog\" (AKA \"Crisis in Cashalot\") (featuring Royal Roy) \"The Strange Disappearance of Top Dog\" (AKA \"Missing\") \"Special Team Up: Heathcliff and Top Dog\" (AKA \"The Mystery of the Missing Millions\") (featuring Heathcliff) \"The Team Up of the Year: Can This be Spider-Man?\" (AKA \"The Spectacular Comic Book Caper!\") (featuring Peter Parker and a Spider-Man lookalike) \"Enter: Dirty Dog\" (AKA \"The Return of Dirty Dog\") \"The Revenge of Frank N Stein N Mervin\" \"Front to the Future\" \"Please Don't Go T-Top Dog!\" Heathcliff The regular series continued in the back of Heathcliff comics starting with issue #22. Issue numbers #36, 40, 46 - 56 did not feature a Top Dog story. Issue #45 is one of Warren Kremer's last published stories after his paralyzing stroke in 1989 (the issue was published in March 1990): Characters in the series Top Dog Joey Jordan Lizzie Jordan (Joey's sister) Mom Jordan Dad Jordan Mervin Megabucks Dirty Dog Frank and Stein Mr. Invisible References Star Comics titles Comics about dogs Dog superheroes 1985 comics debuts Comics characters introduced in 1985 Anthropomorphic dogs Marvel Comics male characters Marvel Comics spies Male characters in comics",
"title": "Top Dog (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "47346528",
"text": "Spider-Man (Peter Parker) from the Marvel Mangaverse is an alternate version of Spider-Man created by Kaare Andrews. He is just one of many examples of different cultural Spider-Men much like Spider-Man (Pavitr Prabhakar), Spider-Man 2099, and Miles Morales. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The Marvel Mangaverse is a comic book universe which was set in the Marvel Comics Multiverse created by Ben Dunn. The universe's incarnation of Peter Parker would debut in Marvel Mangaverse: Spider-Man (2002) a single issue book created, written and drawn by Kaare Andrews. Andrews depicted this version of Spider-Man as a ninja and the last of the Spider Clan after his Uncle Ben was killed by Venom. The character is the third depicted manga version of Spider-Man after Spider-Man: The Manga and Spider-Man J. Fictional character biography The Mangaverse Spider-Man first appeared in the one-shot Marvel Mangaverse: Spider-Man (2002) (created, written and drawn by Kaare Andrews) where his origin was very different from the regular Marvel Spider-Man. In the Mangaverse Peter Parker is the last member of the Spider Clan of ninjas and has been taught martial arts by his sensei, Uncle Ben. After Ben's murder by Venom, an underling of the Kingpin, Peter starts to train in secret so he will be strong enough to exact his revenge. In this version of Spider-Man, Aunt May is Peter's mother's sister instead of Uncle Ben being his father's brother. The Mangaverse Spider-Man was brought back for his own mini-series Spider-Man: Legend of the Spider-Clan (again written by original creator Kaare Andrews) in which he encounters Black Cat, as well as the \"Venom symbiote\". This \"symbiote\" does not become Venom and has mystical origins being the result of a curse this time and connections to an 'evil' clan of ninja who are affiliated with Spiders, who act as a counterpart to Spider-Man's own ninja clan. Norman Osborn, better known as the Green Goblin, also appears in the series as an antagonist. Following the first mini-series a story featuring this version of the character appeared in Spider-Man Family. This story picks up after the events of the series with Peter, Aunt May, and Mary Jane visiting the grave of Uncle Ben. The three are then attacked by a group called The Elementals and May is killed in the battle while Mary Jane is wounded and left unconscious. The Elementals then leave Peter alive and broken with no explanation as to why they attacked him other than \"our task was to seek you out, Spider. To help you shed your skin. To set you on your path.\" Whilst mourning the loss of Aunt May a secret Map reveals itself to Peter it leads to the Land of The Spider-Clan and he decides to follow it in hopes of getting answers. Upon finding them Peter learns of Venom's survival from the end of the previous series where he had thought to",
"title": "Spider-Man (Marvel Mangaverse)"
},
{
"docid": "35458273",
"text": "Spider-Men is a five-issue, 2012 superhero comic book miniseries published by Marvel Comics, featuring Peter Parker, the original Spider-Man, and Miles Morales, the second and current Ultimate Marvel version of Spider-Man, who appear together in a crossover storyline that involves the two alternate universes from which they each originate. The series is written by Brian Michael Bendis and illustrated by Sara Pichelli. It marks the first time that characters from the original Marvel Universe and the Ultimate Universe have crossed over since the latter debuted in 2000. Plot While out web-swinging, Spider-Man sees a brilliant purple light from a distant warehouse, and investigates it to find Mysterio ranting about how he missed out on one chance to kill Spider-Man already. Although Spider-Man quickly defeats him, when examining Mysterio's equipment, he is shot at by Mysterio, causing him to fall through the rift created by the equipment. When he regains consciousness, he discovers that it is daylight. After interrupting a mugging, Peter is confused when the would-be victim informs him that, while he is grateful for the rescue, it might be disrespectful to be seen wearing Peter Parker's suit after his death. Swinging away to think about what he has just heard, Spider-Man runs into another Spider-Man on a rooftop. Angered at Spider-Man ruining his plans again, Mysterio activates a robotic avatar and sends it after Peter. Back in the new universe, Peter fights with the other Spider-Man, but his superior experience and training is outmaneuvered by Miles' new powers, culminating in Peter being knocked out by Miles using his venom sting. Waking up in a cell, Peter meets this world's Nick Fury and explains his theory that he is from another universe, which Fury accepts as nobody would come up with something that ridiculous as a lie. Fury sends Peter away with Miles to explain this world's history to him. Just as Peter asks Miles if his counterpart is dead in this world, they are attacked by Mysterio's avatar. Both Spider-Men face off against Mysterio's Avatar. Due to Miles' lack of experience, he is easily thrown back into Peter, and they both end up in the East River. Mysterio deploys weapons that create the illusion of a mob of Spider-Man's enemies from both realities attacking them. Peter figures out the trick and demands Mysterio return him to his home universe. Mysterio decides to instead strand Peter in a world where he is believed to be dead. The avatar self-destructs, rendering Miles unconscious; when he wakes, the Ultimates and Nick Fury are on the scene. While his version of Tony Stark works on deciphering Mysterio's dimension technology, Miles asks where Peter went. Fury surmises that he went off to find out the truth about his alternate self. Peter goes to the location where his apartment in his home universe is supposed to be. Peter finds it to be converted into a store, and after stopping a robbery, he questions the cashier. He is shocked to find out that the Peter Parker",
"title": "Spider-Men"
},
{
"docid": "9713411",
"text": "\"Spider-Man\" is the name of multiple comic book superheroes from the Marvel Comics Multiverse. The original and most well known is Peter Parker created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko originating from the Earth-616 universe. Within the mainstream Marvel Universe there have been characters that have taken the mantle such as Ben Reilly, Mac Gargan, Otto Octavius, and Kurt Wagner. Outside of the mainstream universe, there are different incarnations of Spider-Man in alternate universes. Popular examples include characters such as the Ultimate version of Peter Parker and his successor, Miles Morales, an alternate future version named Miguel O'Hara, a daughter of Peter Parker named Mayday Parker in the MC2 universe, a different take on Peter Parker in the Great Depression era, a universe where Peter's supporting character, Gwen Stacy, becomes Spider-Woman instead of Parker, along with talking animal parodies like Spider-Ham. Originally, these characters were depicted as separate from each other, but they have crossed over together in storylines like \"Spider-Verse\", \"Web Warriors\", and Spider-Geddon, in teams such as Spider-Army and Web-Warriors, where the many different versions of Spider-themed characters are the major protagonists of the storyline. Some of these characters appeared in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse and its sequel. Some of these characters were temporarily merged in the same universe in the 2015 comic book series Secret Wars as a part of the Spider-Man family. There have been different version characters in other media that have crossed over in comics as well. Prime Earth (Earth-616) Peter Parker, the Spider-Man of Earth-616, is the original variation of the character and appears in nearly every single piece of other media surrounding Spider-Man. Other universes Other related characters exist in alternative versions of the Marvel Universe called the Multiverse. These characters originally appeared in their own continuity but later on crossed over with the mainstream Spider-Man family. In 2015 all the alternate comic book universes were destroyed and only a few characters joined with Earth-616 characters in its own universe including various Spider-Men. DC crossovers (Earth-7642) In some intercompany crossovers with DC Comics, Spider-Man has worked alongside Superman twice, once to defeat Doctor Octopus and Lex Luthor and the other to stop Doctor Doom from providing the Parasite with long-term access to the powers of both the Hulk and Wonder Woman. He also worked alongside Batman to defeat Carnage and the Joker, the two later collaborating to defeat the Kingpin and Ra's al Ghul, with Fisk eventually aiding the heroes in the end. Earth X (Earth-9997) In the series Earth X and its sequels, in which its universe's Earth is designated as Earth-9997, Peter Parker's identity as Spider-Man is revealed and he is no longer a superhero. In time, he becomes overweight and resembles his late uncle as he ages. After the death of his wife, his daughter bonds to the Venom symbiote and fights crime, much to his dismay. During the course of the series, he becomes a police officer. Three other related characters appear. In the same universe, an African",
"title": "Alternative versions of Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "31351439",
"text": "Spider-Man: Edge of Time is a 2011 action-adventure video game based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, developed by Beenox and published by Activision for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and Nintendo 3DS. A Nintendo DS version was also developed by Other Ocean Interactive and features several alterations. The game was directed by Gérard Lehiany and Ramiro Belanger and is a standalone sequel to 2010's Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions. The story, written by Peter David alongside Belanger and Lehiany, follows Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099 as they combat a new threat across space and time and attempt to save both of their timelines while also trying to prevent Parker's death from coming to fruition. Josh Keaton and Christopher Daniel Barnes, who voiced Ultimate Spider-Man and Spider-Man Noir, respectively, in Shattered Dimensions, returned to voice the two Spider-Men. Gameplay in Edge of Time is similar to that of its predecessor, with players alternating between Peter and Miguel, who control similarly, but have different abilities. The game also includes a \"cause-and-effect\" system in which one Spider-Man's actions will affect the other and vice versa. Edge of Time, the second game to be developed by Beenox after becoming the lead developer of all Spider-Man titles published under Activision, was released on October 4, 2011 in North America, on October 14, 2011 in Europe, and on October 26, 2011 in Australia. It received generally mixed reviews from critics, who praised its writing and voice acting, but criticized the repetitive nature of its gameplay and downgrades from Shattered Dimensions. The game, along with most other titles published by Activision that had used the Marvel license, was de-listed and removed from all digital storefronts on January 1, 2014. Gameplay Spider-Man: Edge of Time is a linear third-person action-adventure video game where the player assumes the two versions of Spider-Man, spanning across the traditional Marvel Comics universe and the futuristic 2099 universe; the game automatically switches between the two Spider-Men throughout the story. Gameplay is similar to that of its predecessor Shattered Dimensions: players can web swing, web zip, crawl walls, and use 'spider-sense' to identify enemies or objects of interest. The Spider-Man 2099 free falling sections from Shattered Dimensions also return, as does the upgrade system; XP is earned from completing various challenges with each Spider-Man, and can be used to purchase new fighting moves, increase stats, or unlock alternate costumes. Both Spider-Men have a new exclusive ability: the original Spider-Man (Peter Parker) has a \"hyper-sense\" mode, allowing him to move quickly, pulverize enemies one at a time or run through elaborate laser defence systems without getting hurt; Spider-Man 2099 (Miguel O'Hara), meanwhile, can create a fake simulation of himself to divert an enemy, to either attack without them noticing or to move to another area unharmed while their attack destroys something in front of him, such as a highly secure lock. Plot In the year 2099, Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099 (Christopher Daniel Barnes) investigates Alchemax scientist Walker Sloan (Val",
"title": "Spider-Man: Edge of Time"
},
{
"docid": "28608287",
"text": "The animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man features an extensive cast of characters originally created by Stan Lee, Steve Ditko and other comic book creators. Greg Weisman and Victor Cook and the rest of the crew redesigned these classic characters in the series to be more modern but still be very truly faithful to its characters in the comics. Most of these characters are based on the characters in the original mainstream universe but there have been characters that have been introduced from the Ultimate Marvel universe such as Kenny \"King\" Kong and characters from Sam Raimi's film series such as Bernard Houseman as well. The majority of the villains that have debuted in the show have started out as supporting characters before becoming villains. The character's portrayals in the shows have mainly gained positive reviews from TV critics. Overview Role in The Spectacular Spider-Man The main protagonist of the series is Peter Parker, a young teenager who attends midtown high school and is an extremely bright honors student. Peter is also secretly a superhero called Spider-Man. In school, his two best friends are Gwen Stacy and Harry Osborn. Peter is constantly being bullied and taunted by his shallow, more popular peers—particularly football star Flash Thompson (due to the fact that Peter is a shy science nerd who has a scholastic interest toward science) —and, as Spider-Man, engenders the editorial wrath of newspaper publisher J. Jonah Jameson. Ironically enough, much to Peter's dismay, Flash Thompson is also one of Spider-Man's biggest fans. Also at school, Peter's feelings wrestle between Gwen Stacy and Liz Allan. Peter Parker soon finds himself getting a job at the Daily Bugle as a freelance photographer working with characters such as J. Jonah Jameson, Robbie Robertson, Betty Brant, Ned Lee and Frederick Foswell. Parker as Spider-Man fights a lot of villains in the series as the majority of his rogues gallery in the comics are introduced in this series. Season one introduces supervillains such as Vulture, Electro, Lizard, Shocker, Sandman, Rhino, Green Goblin, Doctor Octopus and Venom. It also introduces crime lords such as Hammerhead and Tombstone who are partly responsible for the supervillains. Season two expanded on the villains already introduced (excluding the Lizard) and also introduces the supervillains Mysterio, Kraven the Hunter, and Molten Man. It also introduced another crime lord called Silvermane. The role of the antagonists in the series shifts and changes as the series progresses. Creation and concept As story editor, Greg Weisman approached the character by going and buying the first seven volumes of The Essential Spider-Man and reread them. The creator Greg Weisman originally grew up on Stan Lee and John Romita Sr., the comic book writers who created the characters and he later went back and read the original Stan Lee and Steve Ditko stories. He then re-read them and took copious notes and tried to get the voice of those early stories, put his own spin on some of the origins and the costume designs and wanted",
"title": "List of The Spectacular Spider-Man characters"
},
{
"docid": "15011570",
"text": "The Living Brain is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 and has made few subsequent appearances since. A foe of the superhero Spider-Man, the original Living Brain was created by the fictional International Computing Machines Corporation and billed as the most intelligent computer and robot in existence, capable of solving virtually any question asked. In more recent times, the Superior Spider-Man reprogrammed it to serve as a laboratory assistant at Parker Industries, with it remaining in that role after Peter Parker returned. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (Jan. 1964). The second Living Brain appears in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #6. Fictional character history Original Living Brain The Living Brain, soon after its creation, is brought to Midtown High School by its creator Dr. Petty as a part of a demonstration of its renowned ability to solve any problem. The students agreed to ask the machine what is Spider-Man's secret identity, and a nervous Peter Parker, the volunteer for the demonstration, fed it all of the given known information from the students concerning the wall-crawler, relievingly finding the answer to be in a mathematical code for Peter to decode overnight (because of this, it is unknown if the Living Brain correctly deduced Spider-Man's true identity). During the course of the Living Brain's demonstration, the two workmen hired to transport it overhear how the Living Brain has the ability to answer anything and they decide to steal it to use this ability for gambling purposes. Caught in the middle of their stealing it by Dr. Petty, one of the workmen quickly knocks him out, but by doing so bumps the other one into the Living Brain's control panel on its chest, causing the Living Brain to malfunction. Going on a rampage through Midtown High, the Living Brain is confronted by Spider-Man, who eventually shuts it down. At the end of the day as Peter is walking back home, he plans on telling everyone the next day he'd lost the code during the confusion. The Living Brain reappears several years later, now discredited and broken-down. Dr. Petty plans to donate it to Midtown High School's science lab. The Living Brain ends up being stolen by Dr. Petty's son Steve Petty who modifies the robot, giving it a gold and red color scheme, clawed hands and the ability to fly. Remotely controlling the Living Brain to attack a bully who had been tormenting him, Steve is eventually defeated by Spider-Man (who had been on a visit to Midtown High as Peter Parker) and the Living Brain is shut down once more. The Living Brain, restored to its pre-upgrade appearance, was then acquired by a group of criminals, who used it to commit robberies. The robot and its controllers were apprehended",
"title": "Living Brain"
},
{
"docid": "823737",
"text": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \"Torment\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \"Clone Saga\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter",
"title": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "2306292",
"text": "The Spectacular Spider-Man is a comic book and magazine series starring Spider-Man and published by Marvel Comics. Following the success of Spider-Man's original series, The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel felt the character could support more than one title. This led the company in 1968 to launch a short-lived magazine, the first to bear the Spectacular name. In 1972, Marvel more successfully launched a second Spider-Man ongoing series, Marvel Team-Up, in which he was paired with other Marvel heroes. A third monthly ongoing series, Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, debuted in 1976. Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, Each issue was written by Paul Jenkins (except #23–26, by Samm Barnes). The book's primary pencillers were Humberto Ramos and Mark Buckingham. The comic included the storyline Spider-Man: Disassembled in which Spider-Man met a new enemy called the Queen who wanted him as her mate. Her kiss caused him to slowly mutate into a giant spider who metamorphosed into human form with enhanced strength and agility, along with organic webbing and a psychic link with insects and arachnids. This comic also included the sequel to \"Sins Past\", \"Sins Remembered\", in which Peter went to Paris to meet Sarah Stacy and resolved the issues between them. Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures was a title published by Panini Comics in the United Kingdom from November 1995 to September 2005, although the Adventures portion of the title was often dropped from the cover page. It featured a mix of reprinted American material, as well as originally produced British material, including a guest appearance from Captain Britain. Spectacular was aimed at a younger audience than Panini's other Spider-Man reprint title Astonishing Spider-Man, and was loosely based on the continuity of the 1990s animated series. Volume 3 (2017–18) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man (vol. 3) was published from June 2017 to December 2018. After the first six issues, the series reverted to legacy numbering with issue #297 as part of the line-wide Marvel Legacy relaunch. The series' original creative team had Chip Zdarsky as writer, with Adam Kubert providing the artwork. Notable recurring characters included Teresa Durand, J. Jonah Jameson, Johnny Storm, and original character Rebecca London. Various issues, as well as the one Annual, were illustrated by guest artists; Kubert's final issue as artist was #307, excluding covers. Zdarsky left the series with issue #310. The series ended with issue #313, the final three issues being a tie-in to the Spider-Geddon crossover event written by Sean Ryan. The Spectacular Spider-Men The Spectacular Spider-Men is a currently ongoing series that was published beginning March 2024. The series is written by Greg Weisman (who also created The Spectacular Spider-Man television series) with Ramos returning for art. The Spectacular Spider-Men stars both versions of Spider-Man (Peter Parker and Miles Morales) and focuses on the relationship between the two Spider-Men. The series' supporting cast featured characters who previously appeared in the television series and Weisman's Starbrand & Nightmask comic series, including Kenny",
"title": "The Spectacular Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "73992061",
"text": "\"End of the Spider-Verse\" is a 2022–2023 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics. It features multiple alternative versions of Spider-Man that had appeared in various media, where they team up with Morlun to fight Shathra, the Spider-Wasp goddess. The event included appearances and cameos by a wide array of characters from over 50 years of Spider-Man comics and spinoffs. The event is the conclusion of the Spider-Verse events, and the sequel to Spider-Verse and Spider-Geddon. However, the event received mixed reviews from critics with critics criticizing the treatment of Peter Parker, story, and the underwhelming conclusion. Publication history In May 2022, Marvel announced that Dan Slott would return to helm \"what Slott and Marvel are billing as the final Spider-Verse story: End of the Spider-Verse\". This started in August 2022 with a five-issue anthology miniseries, Edge of Spider-Verse, which was then followed by the core storyline beginning in October 2022 with the launch of the monthly Spider-Man ongoing by Slott and Mark Bagley. The anthology focused on multiversal variants of Spider-Man such as Anya Corazon / Araña, Spider-Woman / Gwen Stacy, and new spider-heroes such as Night-Spider (a variant of Felicia Hardy), Hunter-Spider (a variant of Sergei Kravenoff), and Spider-Laird. Following the success of both Edge of Spider-Verse and Spider-Man, Marvel announced a follow-up anthology, entitled Edge of Spider-Verse: Bleeding Edge, which would focus on other Spider-heroes in the aftermath of End of the Spider-Verse, like Spider-Rex, Spinstress, and Spider-Boy (Bailey Briggs). Plot Lead-up Main plot Peter Parker has been working with Norman Osborn at Oscorp ever since Norman Osborn was purified of his sins in \"Sins Rising\". Shathra, the evil Spider-Wasp Goddess, has taken control of the Web of Life and Destiny on Loomworld and sends her Spider wasps to Earth 616. While trying to stop a robber, Morlun appears out of nowhere. Spider-Man tries to fight Morlun, but Morlun easily defeats him, with Miles Morales, Jessica Drew, and Silk arriving to help Spider-Man. During the commotion, Spider-Man Noir arrives to seemingly help the heroes, but he then stabs Jessica Drew with a magic dagger which causes her to disappear from existence due to her connection to the Web of Life is severed. Morlun saves Spider-Man from Spider-Man Noir, telling him that he is on his side before a mutated Spider-Gwen, Spider-Punk, and Mayday Parker attack the heroes. Shathra has been taking control of recent Spider-totems by mutating them, and she has been using Nestling (a mutated version of Anna-May Parker), Spider-Ham, and Spider-Man 2099) to kidnap other spider-totems. Spider-Man Noir and the rest of the mutated totems start attacking the 616 Spiders when Anya Corazon arrives with Zarina Zahari (an alternate version of Spider-UK) to take them to the new Spider-Sanctuary on Earth-616 Beta. Zarina Zahari explains Earth 616 Beta was a \"rough draft\" of Earth 616 and it can be used to hide from Shathra due to it not being part of the Great Web. Spider-Man meets up with Night-Spider (an alternate version of Felicia Hardy",
"title": "End of the Spider-Verse"
},
{
"docid": "43855894",
"text": "Anna Maria Marconi is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She was initially depicted as a love interest of Spider-Man, notably during the time when his body was taken over by Doctor Octopus's mind. She has since been depicted as a close friend to Peter Parker after he regains his mind. Publication history Anna Maria Marconi first appeared in The Superior Spider-Man #5 (May 2013) and was created by Dan Slott and Giuseppe Camuncoli. Marconi was created in part from Slott's desire to introduce a character that could cause some friction in Peter's personal life. He found this difficult to pull off as he could not find a reason why a character like Betty Brant or Aunt May could be bigoted or racist. Rather than having any one of them have such a fierce trait, he had May's opinion of Peter dating Anna Maria be that of concern: He also found it relieving that Peter's mind was taken over by Otto Octavius as he felt that the character was more open-minded than Peter: Fictional character biography Anna Maria Marconi is a young woman with dwarfism who attends Empire State University. At the time when his mind was in Peter Parker's body, Doctor Octopus visits her to become his tutor for his physics class so he can earn his doctorate. The two share great admiration for each other and the next day, \"Otto\" pulls a rather brutal prank on a group of bullies that were taunting her for her size. The two set up a date together that ends with \"Peter\" saving Anna Maria from dry ice and kissing her. However, she too falls under the same worry umbrella as many of Peter's friends and family due to his frequent absences. Later, Anna Maria accepts \"Otto's\" offer to join Parker Industries and afterwards, successfully helps him earn his doctorate. Anna Maria eventually meets Aunt May who despite her friendliness, causes some concern when she asks about her height. She later confides in \"Peter\" that she feels that their evening together was her fault because she had hurt the relationship between him and May. During the events of Goblin Nation, Anna Maria was kidnapped by the Menace who had deduced that \"Peter\" was really Otto. Norman Osborn as the newly christened Goblin King held her hostage to lure his Superior Spider-Man form out. However, Otto had given up his mind and let Peter take back control of Spider-Man and he successfully rescued Anna Maria. She reveals to Peter that she had deduced that he was Spider-Man and that \"he\" planned on proposing to her, but is shocked to learn that Otto Octavius was the one she was in love with. After baking him cookies (baking helps her think), she leaves to clear her head. She soon meets back up with Peter at Parker Industries to help him with some of Otto's work and continues to help Peter on a platonic basis. Anna Maria still continues to",
"title": "Anna Maria Marconi"
},
{
"docid": "22018101",
"text": "\"Spidey Meets the President!\" is a backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man #583, written by Zeb Wells, with art by Todd Nauck and Frank D'Armata. The cover of the issue shows Barack Obama giving a thumbs-up to Spider-Man. The comic book was published the week before Obama's inauguration in January 2009. Plot The story begins with Peter Parker standing among other reporters on the presidential inauguration of Barack Obama, photographing this historic moment. Suddenly a limo pulls up and reveals another Obama. The Secret Service does not know what to do, so Peter, who quickly dons his Spider-Man costume, asks both questions that only the real Barack Obama would be able to answer. When he asks what his nickname was during his college days, the actual Barack says his true name, and the fake one is confused and angry, causing him to reveal his true form, which turns out to be the super-villain known as the Chameleon. This gives Spider-Man the opportunity to capture the Chameleon and the Secret Service arrests him. Obama tells Spider-Man that he is a fan of the hero and thanks him. Afterward, as Obama swears his oath as President, Spider-Man is shown sitting at the top of the Washington Monument, where he thinks Biden notices him. Prologue This story was prepended in The Amazing Spider-Man Presidents Day Special digital comic. The additional pages depict the minutes before the original story took place, with Obama getting ready for the inauguration. The Chameleon, disguised as Obama's tailor, locks him inside and takes his place, driving to the inauguration in the presidential limousine. However, the real Obama escapes and is driven to the ceremony in a second limousine by his soon-to-be Vice President Joseph Biden. Meanwhile, outside the capital, Peter Parker is running late to the inauguration ceremony and has forgotten his press credentials. So, he enters the area stealthily by using his spider-like abilities to climb over a high wall. However, he is spotted by Senator John McCain and a few Secret Service agents. The senator recognizes as him as the photographer from The Daily Bugle and even provides him with a spare press credential. Parker then joins the press corps and the prequel story connects to the main story. Reception Typical sales for The Amazing Spider-Man are about 70,000 copies per issue. Issue #583 sold over 350,000 copies and went to five printings. It was the highest-selling regular series book of the 2000s. Collected edition References Cultural depictions of Barack Obama 2009 comics debuts Individual stories from issues of anthology comics",
"title": "Spidey Meets the President!"
}
] | [
"Mary Jane Watson"
] |
train_16418 | which component of the continental margin has the greatest economic and political significance | [
{
"docid": "40950142",
"text": "The Chukchi Plateau or Chukchi Cap is a large subsea formation extending north from the Alaskan margin into the Arctic Ocean. The ridge is normally covered by ice year-round, and reaches an approximate bathymetric prominence of 3,400 m with its highest point at 246 m below sea level. As a subsea ridge extending from the continental shelf of the United States north of Alaska, the Chukchi Plateau is an important feature in maritime law of the Arctic Ocean and has been the subject of significant geographic research. The ridge has been extensively mapped by the USCGC Healy, and by the Canadian icebreaker CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent (with the Healy) in 2011 and RV Marcus Langseth, a National Science Foundation vessel operated by the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. Geology The cap is normally ice-covered, year-round. The cap lies roughly about 800 kilometres north of the Point Barrow, Alaska. The area is notable because it is believed to be rich in natural resources (especially oil, natural gas and manganese). The geologic history of Arctic Ocean basins is a major source of debate among marine geophysicists. The difficulties associated with collecting marine geologic and geophysical data in this remote region has added to the debate on the tectonic history of the Arctic Ocean and the formation of its bathymetric features. The Chukchi Borderland, which comprises the subsea region north of the Alaskan coast as well as the bathymetric highs of the Chukchi Plateau and the adjacent Northwind Ridge, is a continental fragment that is thought to have drifted from the Canadian continental margin. The geomorphology of the region is defined by north–south trending normal faulting –tectonic activity typical of continental rifting. Although there is no consensus as to the pre-rift location of the Chukchi Borderland, its tectonic migration could be attributed to an inferred spreading center indicated by a linear gravity low in the Canada Basin . Sediments transported from the Mackenzie River Delta would have buried the spreading center. The Chukchi Plateau, which could have been connected to Canada in the vicinity of Ellesmere Island, would have rifted along the spreading center to its current location. A competing hypothesis suggests that the Chukchi Plateau may have once been attached to the Siberian shelf. The Chukchi Plateau also shows substantial evidence of pockmarks, which indicates subsurface hydrocarbon activity. Law of the sea implications Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, party states may submit claims to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend its continental shelf beyond the 200-mile buffer that comprises a state's exclusive economic zone. This requires that the proposed extension be a natural prolongation of the state's continental shelf, which can be concluded through bathymetric mapping and analysis. If a state can prove that a subsea formation is a natural prolongation of its continental shelf, it must consequently locate the foot of the slope, the physical boundary between the natural prolongation and the abyssal plain of the ocean basin. The",
"title": "Chukchi Plateau"
},
{
"docid": "447445",
"text": "The Niger Delta Basin, also referred to as the Niger Delta province, is an extensional rift basin located in the Niger Delta and the Gulf of Guinea on the passive continental margin near the western coast of Nigeria with suspected or proven access to Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe. This basin is very complex, and it carries high economic value as it contains a very productive petroleum system. The Niger delta basin is one of the largest subaerial basins in Africa. It has a subaerial area of about 75,000 km2, a total area of 300,000 km2, and a sediment fill of 500,000 km3. The sediment fill has a depth between 9–12 km. It is composed of several different geologic formations that indicate how this basin could have formed, as well as the regional and large scale tectonics of the area. The Niger Delta Basin is an extensional basin surrounded by many other basins in the area that all formed from similar processes. The Niger Delta Basin lies in the south westernmost part of a larger tectonic structure, the Benue Trough. The other side of the basin is bounded by the Cameroon Volcanic Line and the transform passive continental margin. Basin formation The Niger Delta Basin was formed by a failed rift junction during the separation of the South American plate and the African plate, as the South Atlantic began to open. Rifting in this basin started in the late Jurassic and ended in the mid Cretaceous. As rifting continued, several faults formed many of them thrust faults. Also at this time syn-rift sands and then shales were deposited in the late Cretaceous. This indicates that the shoreline regressed during this time. Concurrently, the basin had been undergoing extension resulting in high angle normal faults and fault block rotation. At the beginning of the Paleocene there was a significant shoreline transgression. During the Paleocene, the Akata Formation was deposited, followed by the Agbada Formation during the Eocene. This loading caused the underlying shale Akata Formation to be squeezed into shale diapirs. Then in the Oligocene the Benin formation was deposited, which is still being deposited today. The overall basin is divided into a few different zones due to its tectonic structure. There is an extensional zone, which lies on the continental shelf, caused by the thickened crust. Moving basinward is a transition zone, and a contraction zone, which lies in the deep sea part of the basin. Lithology The sediment fill in the Niger Delta basin is characterized by three major depobelts. These three cycles show that the basin experienced an overall regression throughout time as the sediments go from deep sea mud sized grains to fluvial denser sand sized grains. The lithologies of the area experience changes due to several factors. The sediment provenance from the onshore highlands which feed into the delta control the mineralogy of the grains. Additionally, the impact of sea level on sediment deposition is well known; relative sea level will control the",
"title": "Niger Delta Basin (geology)"
},
{
"docid": "4361469",
"text": "A passive margin is the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not an active plate margin. A passive margin forms by sedimentation above an ancient rift, now marked by transitional lithosphere. Continental rifting forms new ocean basins. Eventually the continental rift forms a mid-ocean ridge and the locus of extension moves away from the continent-ocean boundary. The transition between the continental and oceanic lithosphere that was originally formed by rifting is known as a passive margin. Global distribution Passive margins are found at every ocean and continent boundary that is not marked by a strike-slip fault or a subduction zone. Passive margins define the region around the Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and western Indian Ocean, and define the entire coasts of Africa, Australia, Greenland, and the Indian Subcontinent. They are also found on the east coast of North America and South America, in Western Europe and most of Antarctica. Northeast Asia also contains some passive margins. Key components Active vs. passive margins The distinction between active and passive margins refers to whether a crustal boundary between oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere is a plate boundary. Active margins are found on the edge of a continent where subduction occurs. These are often marked by uplift and volcanic mountain belts on the continental plate. Less often there is a strike-slip fault, as defines the southern coastline of West Africa. Most of the eastern Indian Ocean and nearly all of the Pacific Ocean margin are examples of active margins. While a weld between oceanic and continental lithosphere is called a passive margin, it is not an inactive margin. Active subsidence, sedimentation, growth faulting, pore fluid formation and migration are all active processes on passive margins. Passive margins are only passive in that they are not active plate boundaries. Morphology Passive margins consist of both onshore coastal plain and offshore continental shelf-slope-rise triads. Coastal plains are often dominated by fluvial processes, while the continental shelf is dominated by deltaic and longshore current processes. The great rivers (Amazon, Orinoco, Congo, Nile, Ganges, Yellow, Yangtze, and Mackenzie rivers) drain across passive margins. Extensive estuaries are common on mature passive margins. Although there are many kinds of passive margins, the morphologies of most passive margins are remarkably similar. Typically they consist of a continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. The morphological expression of these features are largely defined by the underlying transitional crust and the sedimentation above it. Passive margins defined by a large fluvial sediment budget and those dominated by coral and other biogenous processes generally have a similar morphology. In addition, the shelf break seems to mark the maximum Neogene lowstand, defined by the glacial maxima. The outer continental shelf and slope may be cut by great submarine canyons, which mark the offshore continuation of rivers. At high latitudes and during glaciations, the nearshore morphology of passive margins may reflect glacial processes, such as the fjords of Greenland and Norway. Cross-section The main features of passive margins lie underneath the",
"title": "Passive margin"
},
{
"docid": "50808",
"text": "The Andaman Sea (historically also known as the Burma Sea) is a marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean bounded by the coastlines of Myanmar and Thailand along the Gulf of Martaban and the west side of the Malay Peninsula, and separated from the Bay of Bengal to its west by the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands. Its southern end is at Breueh Island just north of Sumatra, with the Strait of Malacca further southeast. Traditionally, the sea has been used for fishery and transportation of goods between the coastal countries and its coral reefs and islands are popular tourist destinations. The fishery and tourist infrastructure was severely damaged by the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Geography Location The Andaman Sea, which extends over 92°E to 100°E and 4°N to 20°N, occupies a very significant position in the Indian Ocean, yet remained unexplored for a long period. To the south of Myanmar, west of Thailand, and north of Indonesia, this sea is separated from the Bay of Bengal by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and an associated chain of sea mounts along the Indo-Burmese plate boundary. The Strait of Malacca (between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra) forms the southern exitway of the basin, which is wide and deep. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the \"Andaman or Burma Sea\" as follows: On the Southwest. A line running from \"Oedjong Raja\" [\"Ujung Raja\" or \"Point Raja\"] () in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea. On the Northwest. The Eastern limit of the Bay of Bengal [A line running from Cape Negrais (16°03'N) in Burma [Myanmar] through the larger islands of the Andaman group, in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the Eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E]. On the Southeast. A line joining Lem Voalan (7°47'N) in Siam [Thailand], and Pedropunt (5°40'N) in Sumatra. Oedjong means \"cape\" and Lem means \"point in the Dutch language on maps of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia). Lem Voalan [Phromthep Cape] is the southern extremity of Goh Puket (Phuket Island). Exclusive economic zone Exclusive economic zones in Andaman Sea: Geology The northern and eastern side of the basin is shallow, as the continental shelf off the coast of Myanmar and Thailand extends over (marked by isobath). About 45 percent of the basin area is shallower (less than depth), which is the direct consequence of the presence of the wider shelf. The continental slope which follows the eastern shelf is quite steep between 9°N and 14°N. Here, the perspective view of the submarine topography sectioned along 95°E exposes the abrupt rise in depth of sea by about within a short horizontal distance of",
"title": "Andaman Sea"
},
{
"docid": "354917",
"text": "The silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), also known by numerous names such as blackspot shark, gray whaler shark, olive shark, ridgeback shark, sickle shark, sickle-shaped shark and sickle silk shark, is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, named for the smooth texture of its skin. It is one of the most abundant sharks in the pelagic zone, and can be found around the world in tropical waters. Highly mobile and migratory, this shark is most often found over the edge of the continental shelf down to . The silky shark has a slender, streamlined body and typically grows to a length of . It can be distinguished from other large requiem sharks by its relatively small first dorsal fin with a curving rear margin, its tiny second dorsal fin with a long free rear tip, and its long, sickle-shaped pectoral fins. It is a deep, metallic bronze-gray above and white below. With prey often scarce in its oceanic environment, the silky shark is a swift, inquisitive, and persistent hunter. It feeds mainly on bony fishes and cephalopods, and has been known to drive them into compacted schools before launching open-mouthed, slashing attacks. This species often trails schools of tuna, a favored prey. Its sense of hearing is extremely acute, allowing it to localize the low-frequency noises generated by other feeding animals, and, by extension, sources of food. The silky shark is viviparous, meaning that the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection to their mother. Significant geographical variation is seen in its life history details. Reproduction occurs year-round except in the Gulf of Mexico, where it follows a seasonal cycle. Females give birth to litters of up to 16 pups annually or biennially. The newborn sharks spend their first months in relatively sheltered reef nurseries on the outer continental shelf, growing substantially before moving into the open ocean. The large size and cutting teeth of the silky shark make it potentially dangerous, and it has behaved aggressively towards divers. However, attacks are rare, as few humans enter its oceanic habitat. Silky sharks are valued for their fins, and to a lesser extent their meat, hide, liver oil, and jaws. Because of their abundance, they form a major component of commercial and artisanal shark fisheries in many countries. Furthermore, their association with tuna results in many sharks being taken as bycatch in tuna fisheries. Although slow-reproducing like most other sharks, the wide distribution and large population size of the silky shark was once thought to buffer the species against these fishing pressures. However, data now suggest that silky shark numbers are declining around the world, which prompted the IUCN to reassess its conservation status to Vulnerable in 2017. Taxonomy A scientific description of the silky shark was first published by the German biologists Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle under the name Carcharias (Prionodon) falciformis, in their 1839 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Subsequent authors have assigned this species to the genus Carcharhinus. Because Müller and Henle's type specimen was",
"title": "Silky shark"
},
{
"docid": "4656474",
"text": "The brown catshark (Apristurus brunneus) is commonly found in the Pacific Ocean, ranging from the northern Pacific waters off the coast of British Columbia and south to the Baja California peninsula in Mexico. They may live as far south as Ecuador and Peru. Brown catsharks are deep-water sharks that live on the outer continental shelf and the upper slope. They have been known to live at depths ranging from 30 to 650 m and live on the bottom, usually in muddy or sandy areas. The brown catshark, when originally described, was called Catulus brunneus. Description Brown catsharks have long, slender bodies with broad, bell-shaped snouts. They are dark brown with light-colored markings on the posterior margins of their fins. Their bodies are soft and flabby, with a weak skin that can easily be harmed. Brown catsharks' two dorsal fins are the same size and do not have spines. The first dorsal fin originates to the front of the pelvic fin and the second dorsal fin is located in front of the anal fin's insertion. They typically reach a maximum size of 68 cm in total length, but they average between 30 and 60 cm. Behavior Very little is known about the behavior of brown catsharks; they are believed to be solitary, nocturnal creatures. They are thought to be migratory, but most of the year near the edge of the continental shelf. Communication specific to brown catsharks is unknown. However, as with most other sharks, including other members of the family Scyliorhinidae, they are believed to have a well-developed sense of smell, and are electroreceptive, which allows them to detect electricity emitted by other animals, and may also allow them to detect magnetic fields, which aides in navigation. Food habits and predation Brown catsharks feed on many bottom-dwelling species, including small shrimp, euphausiids, squid, and small fish. It is unknown whether brown catsharks are important predators within their ecosystem. Reproduction Reproduction in brown catsharks is oviparous, with a single egg at a time per oviduct. Egg cases are usually about 5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. The egg cases are transparent and have long tendrils that are probably used to attach them to hard structures. The incubation period is possibly a year. In Canadian waters, females carry egg cases from February to August; however, the carrying time for warmer waters is unknown. Conservation status and economic impact Brown catsharks are not listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List or the CITES list. They are not known to be a vulnerable or threatened species. They are, however, listed on the IUCN list as needing to be reclassified. The only known negative impact that brown catsharks have on humans is the frequent bycatch of deep-water fishing trawlers, which while not economically significant, can cause damage to nets, as well as time lost in removing the bycatch from the viable catch. References Sources Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark",
"title": "Brown catshark"
},
{
"docid": "16853719",
"text": "Abyssal channels (also, deep-sea channels, underwater channels) are channels in Earth's sea floor. They are formed by fast-flowing floods of turbid water caused by avalanches near the channel's head, with the sediment carried by the water causing a build-up of the surrounding abyssal plains. Submarine channels and the turbidite systems which form them are responsible for the accumulation of most sandstone deposits found on continental slopes and have proven to be one of the most common types of hydrocarbon reservoirs found in these regions. Submarine channels and their flanking levees are commonly referred to as channel levee systems. They are significant geomorphological features that may run for thousands of kilometres across the ocean floor. Often, they coalesce and overlap to form channel levee complexes which are the building blocks of many major submarine fans. This makes them one of several geological processes responsible for the transport of coarse-grained sediment into deep water, as well as being a chief conduit for the transfer of carbon from the continental shelf to the deeper parts of the continental margins. They do, however, remain one of the least understood sedimentary processes. The effect of Earth's rotation causes more sediment to build up on one side of the channel than on the other. What constitutes a channel is not straight forward. Different terms are used on a per study basis, all of which have similar but not quite interchangeable definitions. There have been efforts to produce an up-to-date, holistic view, but even since then there has been a significant number of papers which take concepts even further. There are numerous terms that are used to describe the features contained in this study, including geo-body, channel complex, channel storey, channel complex set, and confined channel complex system. These cover single channels, a single channel and associated sediments or multiple channels grouped. Flood (2001) defines a channel-levee system as a single channel with a levee at each side. These levees are formed by the overspilling and flow stripping of turbidity currents. These are most likely to occur during sea level lowstands. A collection of these channels and levees along with overbank sediments form a channel-levee complex. They can be V or U in shape, have the presence or lack of depositional margins, highly sinuous or straight. Architecture and nomenclature Ian Kane advocates the use of the terms internal levee and external levee to avoid confusion in the literature concerning the use of \"inner\" and \"outer\" levees. To help encourage this unification of phrases into a clearer architectural hierarchy, this study will use Kane's nomenclature. External levees are a dominantly depositional body forming a constructional wedge of sediment that thins perpendicularly away from a channel-belt. The external levee forms during the evolution of a genetically related channel-belt (or slope valley, channel fairway) by flows that partially spill out of their confinement. External levees can confine adjacent channel belts to form levee-confined systems. External levees may be much less sinuous than the levees of an individual channel-levee system as",
"title": "Abyssal channel"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "47763",
"text": "Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues. It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century. Environmental economics \"undertakes theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world. ... Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming.\" Environmental economics is distinguished from ecological economics in that ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with its focus upon preserving natural capital. One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought, with ecological economists emphasizing \"strong\" sustainability and rejecting the proposition that human-made (\"physical\") capital can substitute for natural capital. History The modern field of environmental economics has been traced to the 1960s with significant contribution from Post-Keynesian economist Paul Davidson, who had just completed a management position with the Continental Oil Company. Topics and concepts Market failure Central to environmental economics is the concept of market failure. Market failure means that markets fail to allocate resources efficiently. As stated by Hanley, Shogren, and White (2007): \"A market failure occurs when the market does not allocate scarce resources to generate the greatest social welfare. A wedge exists between what a private person does given market prices and what society might want him or her to do to protect the environment. Such a wedge implies wastefulness or economic inefficiency; resources can be reallocated to make at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.\" This results in a inefficient market that needs to be corrected through avenues such as government intervention. Common forms of market failure include externalities, non-excludability and non-rivalry. Externality An externality exists when a person makes a choice that affects other people in a way that is not accounted for in the market price. An externality can be positive or negative but is usually associated with negative externalities in environmental economics. For instance, water seepage in residential buildings occurring in upper floors affect the lower floors. Another example concerns how the sale of Amazon timber disregards the amount of carbon dioxide released in the cutting. Or a firm emitting pollution will typically not take into account the costs that its pollution imposes on others. As a result, pollution may occur in excess of the 'socially efficient' level, which is the level that would exist if the market was required to account for the pollution. A classic definition influenced by Kenneth Arrow and James Meade is provided by Heller and Starrett (1976), who define an externality as \"a situation in which the private economy lacks sufficient incentives to create a potential market in some good and the nonexistence of this market results in losses of Pareto efficiency\". In economic terminology, externalities are examples of market failures, in which the unfettered market does not lead to an efficient outcome. Common goods",
"title": "Environmental economics"
},
{
"docid": "6186809",
"text": "Western alienation, in the context of Canadian politics, refers to the notion that the Western provinces—British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba—have been marginalized within Confederation, particularly compared to Ontario and Quebec, Canada's two largest provinces. Expressions of western alienation frequently allege that those provinces are politically over-represented and receive out-sized economic benefits at the expense of western Canadians. Western alienation has a long history within Canada, dating back to the nineteenth century. It has led to the establishment of many Western regional political parties at both the provincial and federal levels and from both the right and left sides of the political spectrum, although since the 1980s western alienation has been more closely associated with conservative politics. While such movements have tended to express a desire for a larger place for the west within Confederation, western alienation has at times resulted in calls for western separatism and independence. Given this long history, western alienation has had a profound impact on the development of Canadian politics. According to a 2019 analysis by Global News, Western alienation is considered especially potent in Alberta and Saskatchewan politics. However, alienation sentiments vary over time and place. For instance, a 2010 study published by the Canada West Foundation found that such sentiments had decreased across the region in the first decade of the twenty-first century. More recently, a 2019 Ipsos poll found historically high levels of support for secession from Canada in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. Historical roots Upon Confederation in 1867, the new Dominion of Canada consisted only of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. However, what was then known as the Northwest—much of it officially Rupert's Land and owned by the Hudson's Bay Company—was already a significant factor in Canadian plans. Among the country's founders, George Brown was particularly insistent that the Northwest was the key to Canadian prosperity, offering resources, plentiful land for agricultural settlement, and the potential for a captive market for easterners. In 1870, Canada purchased Rupert's Land from the HBC and created the Northwest Territories. The National Policy The first Canadian Prime Minister, John A. Macdonald, designed the National Policy to integrate the Northwest into Canada and to develop it economically. Its key planks were the building of a trans-continental railroad that would connect the east to British Columbia, help to populate the west, and easily ship goods; a steady influx of immigration to populate the Prairies with homesteaders; and tariffs to protect Canadian products. This latter policy was an immediate issue in the Northwest, as it effectively forced western farmers to purchase more expensive equipment from eastern Canada rather than the United States, and it impacted prices for farm products—the Northwest Territories therefore favoured free trade. This began a long battle between farmers in the west and Ottawa, which led to the establishment of farmers' organizations to help control grain shipping and marketing, and to agitate politically. Eventually, western farmers entered the political sphere directly, forming United Farmers parties and the Progressive Party, both of which helped",
"title": "Western alienation"
},
{
"docid": "79675",
"text": "Ecotourism is a form of tourism marketed as \"responsible\" travel (using what proponents say is sustainable transport) to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people. The stated purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and human rights. Since the 1980s, ecotourism has been considered an important endeavor by environmentalists, who have said they want future generations to experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention. Ecotourism may focus on educating travelers on local environments and natural surroundings with an eye to ecological conservation. Some include in the definition of ecotourism the effort to produce economic opportunities that make the conservation of natural resources financially possible. Generally, ecotourism deals with interaction with biotic components of the natural environments. Ecotourism focuses on what advocates define as socially responsible travel, personal growth, and environmental sustainability. Ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Ecotourism is intended to offer tourists an insight into the impact of human beings on the environment and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural habitats. Ecotourism aims at minimal environmental impact on the areas visited. Besides fostering respect towards the natural environment, ecotourism endeavors to create socio-economic benefits for the area's communities. Responsible ecotourism programs include those that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation, and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities. For these reasons, ecotourism often appeals to advocates of environmental and social responsibility. Many consider the term \"ecotourism\", like \"sustainable tourism\" (which is a related concept but broader), an oxymoron. Like most long-distance travel, ecotourism often depends on air transportation, which contributes to climate change. Additionally, \"the overall effect of sustainable tourism is negative where like ecotourism philanthropic aspirations mask hard-nosed immediate self-interest.\" Risks and benefits Ecotourism is a sub-component of the field of sustainable tourism. Ecotourism must serve to maximize ecological benefits while contributing to the economic, social, and cultural wellbeing of communities living close to ecotourism venues. Even while ecotourism is often presented as a responsible form of tourism, it nonetheless carries several risks. Potential ecological, economic, and sociocultural benefits associated with ecotourism are described below. Ecological risk Ecotourism activities, or merely the presence of travelers in a particular region or location, may negatively impact the ecological integrity of protected areas. Risks to local communities Local communities may be negatively impacted by ecotourism. For example, as is the case with other forms of tourism, ecotourism may result in friction between tourists and local community members, and may potentially increase the cost of rent, rates, and property values, thereby marginalizing local community members. Health risks Ecotourism carries known health risks for",
"title": "Ecotourism"
},
{
"docid": "22554017",
"text": "Emmanuel Saez (born November 26, 1972) is a French, naturalized American economist who is Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley. His work, done with Thomas Piketty and Gabriel Zucman, includes tracking the incomes of the poor, middle class and rich around the world. Their work shows that top earners in the United States have taken an increasingly larger share of overall income over the last three decades, with almost as much inequality as before the Great Depression. He recommends much higher marginal tax rates, of up to 70% or 90%. He received the John Bates Clark Medal in 2009, a MacArthur \"Genius\" Fellowship in 2010, and an honorary degree from Harvard University in 2019. Research Emmanuel Saez graduated from the École Normale Supérieure in 1996 where he studied mathematics and economics. He then received his Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1999. Saez has written extensively on the theory of optimal taxation and transfer, addressing topics such as wealth and income inequality, capital income taxation, and retirement. In addition to his theoretical work, he has authored a number of empirical papers, many of them applying the results from his theoretical work to US household data. His focus on the top 0.1% of the income and wealth distribution has led to his political theories about the \"great compression\" and the \"great divergence\" and led to significant research on the consensus about the ideal wealth distribution. Saez's research on wealth and income inequality has largely focused on households at the top of the wealth and income distributions, which make up a significant portion of the US tax base. Conservative critics, such as James Pethokoukis of the American Enterprise Institute, say that Saez and Piketty measure \"market income,\" the total income before tax excluding income from government. Saez describes it as gross income reported on tax returns before any deductions. This excludes unemployment insurance, welfare payments, food stamps, Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security and employer-provided health insurance. Saez says that these are the best data available, as measured consistently since 1913. Critics say that they exaggerate inequality. In 2011, Saez and Peter Diamond argued in public media a widely discussed paper that the proper marginal tax rate for North Atlantic societies and especially the United States to impose is 73% (substantially higher than the current 42.5% top US marginal tax rate). Together with Raj Chetty and others he researched social mobility in the US. They found substantial geographic differences across the country that were correlated with five factors: segregation, income inequality, local school quality, social capital, and family structure. Awards John Bates Clark Medal He was the recipient of the 2009 John Bates Clark Medal, awarded to \"that American economist under the age of forty who is judged to have made the most significant contribution to economic thought and knowledge.\" Saez's research contributions have been mainly in the field of Public Economics. The 2009 John Bates Clark citation reads: \"[Saez's] work attacks policy questions from both",
"title": "Emmanuel Saez"
},
{
"docid": "15628625",
"text": "As defined by the Austrian School of economics the marginal use of a good or service is the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase, or the specific use of the good or service that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. The usefulness of the marginal use thus corresponds to the marginal utility of the good or service. On the assumption that an agent is economically rational, each increase would be put to the specific, feasible, previously unrealized use of greatest priority, and each decrease would result in abandonment of the use of lowest priority amongst the uses to which the good or service had been put. And, in the absence of a complementarity across uses, the “law” of diminishing marginal utility will obtain. The Austrian School of economics explicitly arrives at its conception of marginal utility as the utility of the marginal use, and “Grenznutzen” (the Austrian School term from which “marginal utility” was originally derived in translation) literally means border-use; other schools usually do not make an explicit connection. See also Marginalism References Marginal concepts Consumer theory Utility Austrian School",
"title": "Marginal use"
},
{
"docid": "16471424",
"text": "This article discusses the domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration from 1981 to 1989. Reagan's policies stressed conservative economic values, starting with his implementation of supply-side economic policies, dubbed as \"Reaganomics\" by both supporters and detracters. His policies also included the largest tax cut in American history as well as increased defense spending as part of his Soviet strategy. However, he significantly raised (non-income) taxes four times due to economic conditions and reforms, but the tax reforms instituted during presidency brought top marginal rates to their lowest levels since 1931, such that by 1988, the top US marginal tax rate was 28%. Notable events included his firing of nearly 12,000 striking air traffic control workers and appointing the first woman to the Supreme Court bench, Sandra Day O'Connor. He believed in federalism and free markets, passed policies to encourage development of private business, and routinely criticized and defunded the public sector. Despite his support for limited government, he greatly accelerated the nation's War on Drugs. \"Reaganomics\" and the economy Policies Based on supply-side economics, President Reagan implemented his economic policies in 1981. The four pillars of the policies were to: Reduce marginal tax rates on income from labor and capital. Reduce regulation. Tighten the money supply to reduce inflation. Reduce the growth of government spending. By reducing or eliminating decades-long social programs, while at the same time lowering taxes and marginal tax rates, the President's approach to handling the economy marked a significant departure from that of many of his predecessor's Keynesian policies. Milton Friedman, the monetarist economist who was an intellectual architect of free-market policies, was a primary influence on Reagan. When Reagan took office, the country faced the highest rate of inflation since 1947 (average annual rate of 13.5% in 1980), and interest rates as high as 13% (the Fed funds rate in December 1980). These were considered the nation's principal economic problems and were all considered components of \"stagflation\". Reagan sought to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board tax cuts. The expansionary fiscal policies soon became known as \"Reaganomics\", and were considered by some to be the most serious attempt to change the course of U.S. economic policy of any administration since the New Deal. His radical tax reforms, in combination with a curb on domestic social spending, harsh restraints applied by the Federal Reserve Board under Paul Volcker on the nation's money supply, and heavy government borrowing required to finance the budget and trade deficits, as well as military expenditures, produced significant economic expansion and reduced inflation. Inflation was reduced by more than ten percentage points, reaching a low of 1.9% annual average inflation in 1986. One of the Reagan administration's strategies to reduce government spending was privatization of government functions, paying contractors to do work that government agencies had formerly done. Economic record President Reagan's tenure marked a time of expanded economic prosperity for many Americans. The misery index sank to 9.72 from a high of 19.33, the greatest improvement record for a President",
"title": "Domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration"
},
{
"docid": "33737008",
"text": "The Antarctic Peninsula, roughly south of South America, is the northernmost portion of the continent of Antarctica. Like the associated Andes, the Antarctic Peninsula is an excellent example of ocean-continent collision resulting in subduction. The peninsula has experienced continuous subduction for over 200 million years, but changes in continental configurations during the amalgamation and breakup of continents have changed the orientation of the peninsula itself, as well as the underlying volcanic rocks associated with the subduction zone. Tectonic evolution and geology of the Antarctic Peninsula The geology of the Antarctic Peninsula occurred in three stages: Pre-subduction stage of marginal basin deposition, later separated by the Gondwanian orogeny during the Permian-Late Triassic The middle subduction phase, characterized by the formation of the Antarctic Peninsula (inner) and South Shetland Islands (outer) magmatic arcs, during the middle Jurassic-Miocene. The late subduction phase, when the opening of the Bransfield Rift and back-arc basins occur. This is followed by contemporaneous terrestrial and submarine volcanic activity, from the Oligocene-present day. Pre-subduction history As Gondwana broke apart, the Antarctic Peninsula started to take on its modern shape. Roughly 220 million years ago, the continents of Antarctica, South America, and Africa rifted apart. This rifting created low relief basins which allowed for the transport of sediments and subsequent deposition of sedimentary rocks. These rocks, the oldest on the peninsula, belong to the Trinity Peninsula Group (TPG), which are mostly composed of siliciclastic turbidite deposits, ~1200–3000 m thick, deposited in a marginal marine basin. Unfortunately their age is poorly constrained, but they are most likely from the upper Permian and Triassic. The clastic component of these sediments was derived from the weathering, erosion, and subsequent transportation of metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary material from Gondwana, then to the northeast. Gondwanian orogeny During this time the Trinity Peninsula Group sediments were folded and slightly metamorphosed, particularly at the peninsula's northernmost point. Retroarc thrusting also occurred at this time. Both events were most likely caused by the incipient subduction of the south-east Pacific Plate under the Gondwana supercontinent. As a result, marginal basin clastics from the Pacific plate's oceanic basement were obducted onto the continental margin of Gondwana, composed of older crystalline basement. Middle subduction phase Inner magmatic arc The inner magmatic arc, despite being older than the outer magmatic arc, has higher topographic relief. It forms the mainland of the Antarctic Peninsula. The creation of the inner magmatic arc is characterized by terrestrial clastic deposition and the early stages of acidic volcanism and plutonism. The Mesozoic clastic sequence (Number 2-Figure 2) consists of the Mount Flora Formation (MFF), which is a 270 m thick package of plant-bearing coarse sedimentary breccias and conglomerates, with a limited amount of interbedded sandstones and shales. The clastic beds overlay the TPG sediments, and are separated by angular unconformities. Overlying the MFF clastic sequence are the acidic volcanics of the Kenny Glacier Formation (KGF). This volcanic sequence is a 215 m thick group of rhyolite-dacite lavas, ignimbrites, tuffs, and agglomerates. The acidic dikes and sills which",
"title": "Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula"
},
{
"docid": "42695730",
"text": "The Review of Black Political Economy is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1970 publishing research on the economic status of African-Americans, the African diaspora, and other non-white marginalized populations. It is affiliated with the National Economic Association and is published by SAGE Publishing. Individual memberships can be acquired through membership in the National Economic Association or through direct subscription. (Individual articles can be obtained for a fee.). The journal focuses on research that can inform policies to reduce racial, gender, and ethnic economic inequality. The journal is also a member of the Committee on Public Ethics (COPE). The founding editor-in-chief was Robert S. Browne. The current editors-in-chief are Rhonda Vonshay Sharpe and Gregory Price. Kristen Broady is associate editor. History Background and founding Robert S. Browne decided to create The Review of Black Political Economy in order to create \"an hospitable arena in which black people could explore ideas as to how they might bring about effective and substantial improvement in their collective economic position.\" It became a platform for people to publish articles and commentaries on the conditions of black people in the United States from an economic and sociological standpoint. Initially the Review was a product of the Black Economic Research Center (BERC) which Robert Browne founded and ran until 1976. After that, ownership was transferred to the National Economic Association. Browne chose the term \"Political Economy\" rather than economics for the title because he felt that \"in America at least, for people to effect any significant alteration in their economic position, they will first be obliged to develop a sound political strategy.\" The initial aim of The Review was to provide a mixture of scholarly and non-scholarly articles which would appeal to a wide range of readers - but Robert S. Browne admitted that this was an ambitious undertaking. Early issues of the journal included a mix of articles by scholars and practitioners. Graduate students were encouraged to submit their research for publication. The first issue of The Review included seven articles: \"Outputs of Minority Entrepreneurship Programs\" (Glenn Dixon); \"Toward an Overall Assessment of Our Alternatives\" (Robert S. Browne); \"The Myth and Irrationality of Black Capitalism\" (James Boggs); \"The Black Manifesto\" (James Forman and Others); \"What Do You People Want?\" (Richard F. America); \"The Basic Economics of the Urban and Racial Crisis\" (Daniel R. Fusfeld); and \"Brimmer and Black Capitalism: An Analysis (Charles Tate). There were also four book reviews in the first issue : \"Black Capitalism: Strategy for Business in the Ghetto by Theodore L. Cross\" (Thaddeus Spratlen, reviewer); \"Race and Poverty: The Economics of Discrimination\" edited by John F. Kain (Charles Z. Wilson, reviewer); \"The Tenement Landlord by George Sternlieb\" (Robert S. Browne, reviewer); and \"Poverty and Discrimination by Lester C. Thurlow\" (John Handy, reviewer). Publishing agents and editors The journal has had three publishing agents over its 50 years. Transactions Books at Rutgers University was the initial agent. Springer was the second publisher. The current publisher is Sage Publications. The Review has",
"title": "The Review of Black Political Economy"
},
{
"docid": "48373223",
"text": "Gender empowerment is the empowerment of people of any gender. While conventionally, the aspect of it is mentioned for empowerment of women, the concept stresses the distinction between biological sex and gender as a role, also referring to other marginalized genders in a particular political or social context. Gender empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in regard to development and economics. Entire nations, businesses, communities, and groups can benefit from the implementation of programs and policies that adopt the notion of women empowerment. Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human rights and development. The Human Development and Capabilities Approach, The Millennium Development Goals, and other credible approaches/goals point to empowerment and participation as a necessary step if a country is to overcome the obstacles associated with poverty and development. Measuring Gender empowerment can be measured through the Gender Empowerment Measure, or the GEM. The GEM shows women's participation in a given nation, both politically and economically. Gem is calculated by tracking \"the share of seats in parliament held by women; of female legislators, senior officials and managers; and of female profession and technical workers; and the gender disparity in earned income, reflecting economic independence.\" It then ranks countries given this information. Other measures that take into account the importance of female participation and equality include: the Gender Parity Index and the Gender Development Index (GDI). See also Anti-gender movement Diversity, equity, and inclusion Diversity (politics) Diversity training Gender and politics Gender diversity Gender equality Gender essentialism Respect Suicide in LGBT youth Sociology of gender Women's empowerment References Gender equality Human rights concepts Law and economics Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures Law by issue Egalitarianism Empowerment Gender and society Feminism and society Control (social and political) Social privilege",
"title": "Gender empowerment"
},
{
"docid": "59336303",
"text": "A crystal mush is magma that contains a significant amount of crystals (up to 50% of the volume) suspended in the liquid phase (melt). As the crystal fraction makes up less than half of the volume, there is no rigid large-scale three-dimensional network as in solids. As such, their rheological behavior mirrors that of absolute liquids. Within a single crystal mush, there is grading to a higher solid fraction towards the margins of the pluton, while the liquid fraction increases towards the uppermost portions, forming a liquid lens at the top. Furthermore, depending on depth of placement crystal mushes are likely to contain a larger portion of crystals at greater depth in the crust than at shallower depth, as melting occurs from the adiabatic decompression of the magma as it rises, this is particularly the case for mid-ocean ridges. Seismic investigation offers strong evidence for the existence of crystal mushes rather than fully liquid magmatic bodies. Crystal mushes can have a wide range of mineral and chemical compositions, from mafic (SiO2-poor, MgO-rich) to felsic (SiO2-rich, MgO-poor). Formation Crystal mushes form at various depths in the Earth's crust. They result from fractional crystallization of a fluid. Fractional crystallization is a physical and chemical process that generates a liquid and a solid phase from a specific initial chemical solution. Depending on the initial chemical composition of the liquid, the melt is going to generate different minerals. The initial fluid can form crystals (solid phase) by cooling down and by adding a certain water's concentration. In subduction zones, more specific in magmatic arcs, it is possible to transport water into the Earth's mantle, as the denser oceanic plate subducts under the other – continental or younger oceanic – plate. Water is a key factor for this geochemical process and has a significant impact on the geotherm of the subducting plate. It causes partial melting of the crust, which will then generate a chamber of liquid phase that will later be crystallized and generate minerals. The source of water stays in minerals that contain H2O in their chemical compositions. Another key factor is the concentration of silica in the magma, which leads to the differentiation of magma. At the end of the crystallization is possible to crystallize quartz, but only when the melt contains a high concentration of SiO2, which is the main component of the mineral. The rapid increase in the crystal content over a short temperature interval generates ideal rheological conditions for melt extraction. The buoyant, lighter magmas extracted from the crystal mush can ascend through the crust and form plutonic complexes. Extraction The crystal mush model presents a view of plutons as crystal graveyards. This implies that the crystals are separated from the silicate liquid where they were crystallised. This model contrasts with the view of intrusive magma bodies as failed eruptions. Upon cooling, a crystal mush may experience different Igneous differentiation processes, such as crystal fractionation, mixing, melting. To create an accumulation of crystals, there has to be a mechanism",
"title": "Crystal mush"
},
{
"docid": "52999526",
"text": "Patagonia comprises the southernmost region of South America, portions of which lie on either side of the Argentina-Chile border. It has traditionally been described as the region south of the Rio, Colorado, although the physiographic border has more recently been moved southward to the Huincul fault. The region's geologic border to the north is composed of the Rio de la Plata craton and several accreted terranes comprising the La Pampa province. The underlying basement rocks of the Patagonian region can be subdivided into two large massifs: the North Patagonian Massif and the Deseado Massif. These massifs are surrounded by sedimentary basins formed in the Mesozoic that underwent subsequent deformation during the Andean orogeny. Patagonia is known for its vast earthquakes and the damage they cause. The rocks comprising Patagonia occurred along the southwestern margin of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana. During a period of continental rifting in the Cambrian period, a portion of Patagonia was separated from Gondwana, and the resulting passive margin that formed was a site of extensive sedimentation throughout the early-middle Paleozoic era. During the Devonian period, a transition to convergence resulted in the eventual collision of the Patagonian landmass in the late Paleozoic, with contact first occurring in the mid-Carboniferous. Several theories exist for the origin of the Patagonian landmass, though there are two that have greater consensus. The first of these theories cites an allochthonous origin of the Patagonian landmass from Gondwana during the Paleozoic, while the other argues that Northern Patagonia is an autochthonous component and that only the southern portion is allochthonous. The collision of Patagonia was succeeded by the rifting and eventual breakup of Gondwana during the early Mesozoic, a process which invoked large-scale rotation of the Patagonian landmass. Further extension through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods formed the Rocas Verdes back-arc basin, while a transition to a compressional tectonic regime in the Cenozoic concurrent with the Andean orogeny resulted in formation of the foreland Magallanes basin. Precambrian-Early Paleozoic setting Patagonia contain two ancient regions: the North Patagonian Massif and Deseado Massif. The lithospheric mantle beneath Deseado Massif formed 1000–2100 million years ago in the Paleo and Mesoproterozoic, evidencing that its lithosphere has a much older history than the ages of crustal rocks exposed at present would suggest (~600 million years). Deseado Massif has formed a single crustal block with the Falklands Islands since these times. Like today the Deseado Massif and the Falklands Islands lied next to each other in the Neoproterozoic supercontinent of Rodinia. The lithosphere of the North Patagonian Massif formed about the same. Prior to the collision of Patagonia, the nucleus of modern-day South America was contained within a portion of the southwest margin of Gondwana. This margin consisted of the ancient Rio de la Plata craton and a number of accreted terranes, whose boundaries have been discovered using paleomagnetic studies. The Rio de la Plata Craton is believed to have been a component of southwest Gondwana since the end of the Proterozoic, likely forming a single body",
"title": "Tectonic evolution of Patagonia"
},
{
"docid": "3576493",
"text": "The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny was a significant arc accretion event in the Permian and Triassic periods affecting approximately 2,500 km of the Australian continental margin. The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny occurred in two main phases: The first being Permian accretion of passive-marginal Devonian- and Carboniferous-age sediments, occurring in the Hunter region, as well as the mid-west region of what is now New South Wales, followed by rifting, back-arc volcanism. The later Permian to Triassic event consisted of arc accretion and metamorphism related to ongoing subduction. The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny is today represented by a geological structure known as the New England Fold Belt, a tectonic accretion of metamorphic terranes and mid-crustal granitoid intrusions, flanked by Permian to Triassic sedimentary basins which were formed distally to the now-eroded orogenic mountain belt. While the Great Dividing Range north of Sydney is a prominent landform, it is more the result of Cenozoic volcanism and crustal uplift since the Jurassic, which broadly affects the same area as the Hunter-Bowen Orogeny did. Gravity, magnetics and bathymetry indicate that several slivers of crust formerly from the Hunter-Bowen orogen are now spread out across the Indo-Australian Plate east of the Australian continental landmass, forming some isolated submerged ocean plateaux and islands, notably Lord Howe Rise which includes Lord Howe Island. Lord Howe Rise has a total area of about 1,500,000 square km. Prior tectonics The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny produced a ~3,000 km long structural foredeep above a Late Carboniferous and Palaeozoic margin, adjacent to the weakly consolidated Australian continental crust which at this time was part of Gondwana. The orogen developed to the east of the Palaeozoic Lachlan Orogen and the Proterozoic terranes of the Mount Isa Inlier. Before the orogeny the rocks of the coastal area were formed. During the Late Carboniferous there was a continental margin defined by a subduction zone off the coast. The oceanic plate that was being subducted hosted a series of magmatic arcs; now represented by the Connors Arch, Auburn Arch, Combarrago Volcanics and the Bathurst Batholith. A forearc basin is preserved in the Tamworth Belt and Yarrol Belt. Subduction resulted in blueschist metamorphism of the subducted slab. At 309 Ma an oceanic ridge encountered the subduction boundary at two points, near what is now Tin Can Bay and Coffs Harbour. These encounters interrupted subduction at those locations and resulted in the formation of triple junctions, which began moving apart north and south along the trench, eventually being replaced by a dextral transform fault. The northernmost triple junction, a ridge-trench-fault junction, moved up the Queensland coast at 28 mm per year, reaching Townsville about 290 Ma. As it moved, the magmatism inland reduced drastically due to interruption of subduction. The other triple junction, a fault-trench-fault junction, moved south from Brisbane at about 12 mm per year. The triple junctions in the New England region stopped subduction very quickly because the mid ocean ridge was almost parallel to the trench. The merging of the subduction zone and the ridge converted the trench to a transform fault, ceasing",
"title": "Hunter-Bowen orogeny"
},
{
"docid": "49440346",
"text": "Hakskeenpan or Hakskeen Pan is a mud and salt pan in the Kalahari Desert, in Southern Africa. It is located in the Dawid Kruiper Local Municipality region in the Northern Cape, South Africa, at above sea level. The pan covers an area of approximately Formation, geology and climate Long-Term Landscape Evolution The present day Kalahari landscape—essentially an inland sand sea sitting within an uplifted sedimentary basin—is the result of a variety of interacting tectonic and geomorphological processes that have operated over considerable timescales. The initial development of the Kalahari was closely linked to the evolution of the African landmass following the break-up of the supercontinent Gondwanaland during the Mesozoic. The gradual separation of Africa from present-day Australia, Antarctica, India and South America was associated with progressive heating and rifting of the crust, which led to the uplift of the southern African continental margin in the mid- to Late Cretaceous. The development of this uplifted margin had significant implications for regional fluvial systems; the end product was a dual drainage pattern consisting primarily of short rivers draining directly into the sea off the Great Escarpment and longer rivers draining inland and never reaching the sea. Pan Environments Pans are small, closed basins or depressions that contain seasonally flooded lakes and are characteristic of arid to semi-arid regions of low relief. They are also of considerable importance as point water sources for both humans and wildlife. Pans occur throughout the Kalahari, as far north as Zambia, but are a particularly significant component of the landscape in regions with (i) an annual rainfall of less than 500 mm and (ii) underlying rock or sediment that is susceptible to erosion by the wind. The southern Kalahari meets both of these criteria. Two areas containing concentrations of pans occur within the southern Kalahari: (i) a broad zone extending from Upington, across the lower Molopo and northwards into Namibia and (ii) a smaller area between Vryburg in North West Province and Tsabong in Botswana. Within these zones, pans occur as isolated landscape features but also within depressions in the floors of dry valleys and palaeodrainage lines, and in the corridors between linear dunes. The majority lack any surface inflow, although some may have short, poorly developed channels that supply run-off during major rainfall events. Hakskeen Pan is one of the largest isolated pans in the South African Kalahari, the other notable one being Koppieskraal Pan immediately south-west of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Climate The climate in the Southern Kalahari ecoregion is semi-arid. Temperatures fluctuate greatly, on both a seasonal and a daily basis, with mean maximum and minimum temperatures of 35.7 °C and 19.5 °C in January and 22.2 °C and 1.2 °C in July. Rainfall is unreliable and irregular, falling primarily during short-duration, high intensity thunderstorms between November and April. Before the rainy season begins, strong northwesterly winds blow between September and November, producing dust storms. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 223mm. Humidity is low and evaporation high, the latter resulting in the characteristically large",
"title": "Hakskeenpan"
},
{
"docid": "4533443",
"text": "The Urolophidae are a family of rays in the order Myliobatiformes, commonly known as stingarees or round stingrays. This family formerly included the genera Urobatis and Urotrygon of the Americas, which are presently recognized as forming their own family Urotrygonidae. Stingarees are found in the Indo-Pacific region, with the greatest diversity off Australia. They are sluggish, bottom-dwelling fish that have been recorded from shallow waters close to shore to deep waters over the upper continental slope. Measuring between long, these rays have oval to diamond-shaped pectoral fin discs and relatively short tails that terminate in leaf-shaped caudal fins, and may also have small dorsal fins and lateral skin folds. Most are smooth-skinned, and some have ornate dorsal color patterns. Stingarees feed on or near the sea floor, consuming small invertebrates and occasionally bony fishes. They are aplacental viviparous, meaning their embryos emerge from eggs inside the uterus, and are sustained to term first by yolk and later by maternally produced histotroph (\"uterine milk\"). As far is known, the gestation period lasts around a year and litter sizes tend to be small. Stingarees have one or two relatively large, venomous stinging spines on their tail for defense, with which they can inflict a painful wound on humans. Generally, stingarees have no economic value. Some species form a substantial component of the bycatch of commercial trawl fisheries. Taxonomy and phylogeny The German biologists Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle created the genus Urolophus in 1837; in their subsequent 1838–41 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen, the pair created the genus Trygonoptera and also made the first reference to the urolophids as a group. The family has traditionally also included the genera Urobatis and Urotrygon of the Americas; John McEachran, Katherine Dunn, and Tsutomu Miyake moved them to their own family, Urotrygonidae, in 1996. Recent phylogenetic analyses have confirmed the urolophids and related taxa belong to the order Myliobatiformes; they were once placed in the order Rajiformes with the guitarfishes and skates. Based on morphological characters, John McEachran and Neil Aschliman determined in a 2004 study that the urolophids formed a clade with the giant stingaree (Plesiobatis daviesi), and that the two were basal to a clade containing all other myliobatiform families except Platyrhinidae, Hexatrygonidae, and Zanobatidae. They proposed including Plesiobatis in the family Urolophidae, and classifying the family within the superfamily Urolophoidea within Myliobatiformes. Distribution and habitat The center of biodiversity for stingarees is Australia, where all 6 Trygonoptera and 15 of the 22 Urolophus species are endemic. A number of species are also found in the Coral Sea, a few in the Malay Archipelago, and one (the sepia stingray, U. aurantiacus) in the northwestern Pacific. Stingarees are bottom-dwelling rays that can be found from very shallow, inshore habitats such as estuaries and bays, to a depth of well offshore on the upper continental shelf. Some are extremely common; one study in the coastal waters of southwestern Australia found that the four most abundant stingaree species constituted over 17% of the biomass of benthic fishes.",
"title": "Urolophidae"
},
{
"docid": "47720206",
"text": "Monument of Gratitude to France () in Belgrade's Veliki Kalemegdan Park was formally unveiled on 11 November 1930, the 12th anniversary day of the end of the First World War, in the presence of King Alexander and Queen Maria, the royal government, the delegation of the French government, Serbian war veterans, distinguished citizens, associations, schools, and a large crowd of people. It was noted as one of the first \"public monuments on one national territory, where the perception of another (nation) is shown in positive light\". It was declared a cultural monument in 1965, and a cultural monument of great significance in 1983. History Origin In the decisive days of the war after the epic battles of the Serbian Army, its perilous withdrawal across Albania and the almost inconceivable feat of breaching the enemy lines on the Salonika front, a military alliance and friendship between two countries had been forged. After the war, Serbian intellectuals gathered around the Association of French Schools Alumni and the Society of Friends of France initiated erection, in Belgrade or Paris, of a monument to France, as a token of gratitude for her military and educational aid during and after the war, and of the friendship built in the days of greatest trials. After the war, the Kingdom of Serbia ceased existing as such, becoming part of a newly created complex state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Yugoslavia, and Belgrade, as its capital, saw a period of reconstruction and embellishment. On 17 December 1921 Belgrade City Council made the decision to erect a gratitude and honor memorial to the French soldiers who had lost their lives defending Belgrade in 1915. The French Schools Alumni and the Society of Friends of France started the official initiative in May 1924. In the summer of 1924 the Committee for Erecting a Monument chaired by Niko Miljanić, a physician, one of the founders of the Belgrade University School of Medicine, was set up. The Committee succeeded in raising considerable funds within a short span of time. Location selection Large amounts of money were raised because the original plan was for the monument to be built in Paris. The permission was asked from the Parisian Municipal Council, which granted the erection of the monument thanks to the mediation of , French ambassador to Belgrade. After the war, the Kingdom of Serbia ceased existing as such, becoming part of a newly created complex state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Yugoslavia. However, French diplomacy preferred the monument to be built in the newly formed state, expecting that Yugoslavia will become a major exponent of French politics in this part of Europe. Dard was then ordered to convince the Serbian side to build the monument in Belgrade, and was successful. Historically, it was a \"time when French influences became the domineering component of cultural, economic and political life in the capital of the newly formed Yugoslav state\". In 1928, the City Council of Belgrade allocated a parcel",
"title": "Monument of Gratitude to France"
},
{
"docid": "2061965",
"text": "Economic integration is the unification of economic policies between different states, through the partial or full abolition of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on trade. The trade-stimulation effects intended by means of economic integration are part of the contemporary economic Theory of the Second Best: where, in theory, the best option is free trade, with free competition and no trade barriers whatsoever. Free trade is treated as an idealistic option, and although realized within certain developed states, economic integration has been thought of as the \"second best\" option for global trade where barriers to full free trade exist. Economic integration is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers with the goal of increasing the level of welfare, while leading to an increase of economic productivity of the states. Objective There are economic as well as political reasons why nations pursue economic integration. The economic rationale for the increase of trade between member states of economic unions rests on the supposed productivity gains from integration. This is one of the reasons for the development of economic integration on a global scale, a phenomenon now realized in continental economic blocs such as ASEAN, NAFTA, USAN, the European Union, AfCFTA, and the Eurasian Economic Union; and proposed for intercontinental economic blocks, such as the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia and the Transatlantic Free Trade Area. Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a person or a country to produce a particular good or service at a lower marginal and opportunity cost over another. Comparative advantage was first described by David Ricardo who explained it in his 1817 book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in an example involving England and Portugal. In Portugal, it is possible to produce both wine and cloth with less labour than it would take to produce the same quantities in England. However, the relative costs of producing those two goods are different in the two countries. In England, it is very hard to produce wine and only moderately difficult to produce cloth. Both are easy to produce in Portugal. Therefore, while it is cheaper to produce cloth in Portugal than England, it is cheaper still for Portugal to produce excess wine, and trade that for English cloth. Conversely, England benefits from this trade because its cost for producing cloth has not changed but it can now get wine at a lower price, closer to the cost of cloth. The conclusion drawn is that each country can gain by specializing in the good where it has comparative advantage, and trading that good for the other. Economies of scale refers to the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to expansion. There are factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as the scale of output is increased. Economies of scale is a long run concept and refers to reductions in unit cost as the size of a facility and the usage levels of other inputs increase. Economies of scale",
"title": "Economic integration"
},
{
"docid": "44071480",
"text": "Salt surface structures are extensions of salt tectonics that form at the Earth's surface when either diapirs or salt sheets pierce through the overlying strata. They can occur in any location where there are salt deposits, namely in cratonic basins, synrift basins, passive margins and collisional margins. These are environments where mass quantities of water collect and then evaporate; leaving behind salt and other evaporites to form sedimentary beds. When there is a difference in pressure, such as additional sediment in a particular area, the salt beds – due to the unique ability of salt to behave as a fluid under pressure – form into new structures. Sometimes, these new bodies form subhorizontal or moderately dipping structures over a younger stratigraphic unit, which are called allochthonous salt bodies or salt surface structures. Salt Tectonic environments Four key environments can facilitate salt deposition. These places allow salt-bearing water to collect and evaporate, leaving behind bedded deposits of solidified salt crystals. Below are short descriptions of these environments and a few examples. Convergent boundaries – Areas where two plates collide; if there is water trapped between the two, there is the possibility of evaporation and deposition. The Mediterranean Sea, particularly during the Messinian salinity crisis, is a prime example. Rifted boundaries/passive margins – Also known as divergent boundaries, these areas begin as rift basins, where extension is pulling apart the crust. If this rifting allows water to flood the resulting valley, salt deposition can occur. Examples include the Campos Basin, Brazil, Kwanza Basin, West Africa, and the Gulf of Mexico. Cratonic basins – Within continental boundaries, salt deposition can occur anywhere that bodies of water can collect. Even away from ocean sources, water is capable of dissolving and carrying ions that can later precipitate as salts, and when the water evaporates, the salts are left behind. Examples of these basins are the South Oman Salt Basin and the Michigan Basin. In the past, there was a great shallow sea covering most of the Great Plains region of the United States; when this sea dried up, it created the Strataca deposit now mined in Kansas, among others. Characteristics Salt has two key characteristics that make it unique in a tectonic setting, and important economically. The first is that salt (and other evaporites) deform plastically over geologic time, and thus behaves as a fluid rather than a rigid structure. This allows structures with salt components to deform more easily and have a slightly different appearance. Take, for example the Appalachians, which contain some salt deposits, and the Rocky Mountains, which is an accretionary terrain with little to no salt. This also allows for the creation of structural traps for oil and gas, as well as metals which makes them sought after targets in industry. The second, which is the fact that evaporites are often less dense, or more buoyant, than the surrounding rock, which aids in its mobility and creates a Rayleigh Taylor instability. This means that the less dense substance will find a",
"title": "Salt surface structures"
},
{
"docid": "50571845",
"text": "From mid-2014 onward, Brazil experienced a severe economic crisis. The country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) fell by 3.5% in 2015 and 3.3% in 2016, after which a small economic recovery began. That recovery continued until 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began to impact the economy again. The economic crisis occurred alongside a political crisis that resulted in the impeachment of president Dilma Rousseff. These events combined caused mass popular dissatisfaction with the political system. The cause of the crisis was the aforementioned political crisis, as well as the 2014 commodity price shock, which negatively affected Brazil's exports and reduced the entrance of foreign capital into the economy. However, the most important cause was internal, which is associated with economic measures that didn't achieve the expected results. Adopted in 2011, these measures are known as the (\"new economic matrix\", in a free translation). During the economic crisis, high unemployment rates were reported throughout the country, and there was widespread uncertainty regarding Brazil's economic future following a series of political scandals. In the first quarter of 2017, Brazil's GDP rose by 1%. This was the first GDP increase to occur in eight consecutive quarters. Finance Minister Henrique Meirelles announced that Brazil had \"emerged from the greatest crisis of the century\". However, the rise in GDP marked only the end of a technical recession, not the end of the crisis. The recession was the second most severe in the country's history, and was followed by the slowest recovery. Context Economic Brazil's economy is largely dependent on the export of commodities, particularly iron ore, petroleum and soy. From the late 1990s till 2012, prices for these export commodities rose significantly (partly because of increasing demand from China), resulting in about two decades of economic growth. As a result of the Great Recession, Brazil's GDP dropped sharply and unemployment rose. During Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's left-wing presidency from 2003 to 2010, the government redistributed wealth through welfare programs and raised the minimum wage in order to increase consumption. In response to critics of Lula's socialist economic stance, his successor, Dilma Rousseff (president during the crisis), introduced macroeconomic tax exemptions and subsidies. These policies are widely acknowledged as a major factor in the 2014–16 economic crisis. Political The economic crisis was followed and intensified by a political crisis. In 2014, a series of corruption scandals uncovered by Operation Car Wash engulfed many influential politicians. In the presidential election of the same year, President Dilma Rousseff was re-elected to a second term, defeating the PSDB candidate Aécio Neves by a narrow margin. The result was not recognized by a section of the opposition and provoked popular discontent. Due to the disputed legitimacy of the election, the Operation Car Wash investigation, and the economic crisis; dissatisfaction with the government became widespread. By 2015, Rousseff's approval rating had plummeted to 8% according to a Datafolha survey. Causes Errors in macroeconomic policy According to Gustavo Franco, President of the Central Bank during the FHC government, the main cause of",
"title": "2014 Brazilian economic crisis"
},
{
"docid": "34572546",
"text": "The Great Divergence is a term given to a period, starting in the late 1970s, during which income differences increased in the US and, to a lesser extent, in other countries. The term originated with the Nobel laureate, Princeton economist and The New York Times columnist Paul Krugman, and is a reference to the \"Great Compression\", an earlier era in the 1930s and the 1940s when incomes became more equal in the US and elsewhere. A 2017 report by the Congressional Budget Office on the distribution of income in the US from 1979 to 2007 found that after federal taxes and income transfers, the top earning 1% of households gained about 275% and that the bottom 20% grew by only 41%. As of 2006, the US had one of the highest levels of income inequality, as measured through the Gini index, among similar developed or First World countries. Scholars and others differ as the causes and significance of the divergence, which helped ignite the Occupy movement in 2011. While education and increased demand for skilled labour is often cited as a cause of increased inequality, especially among conservatives, many social scientists point to conservative politics, neoliberal economic and social policies and public policy as an important cause of inequality; others believe its causes are not well understood. Inequality has been described both as irrelevant in the face of economic opportunity (or social mobility) in America and as a cause of the decline in that opportunity. Others consider that the exodus of manufacturing jobs from industrialized countries since the 1990s has been another defining factor. For instance, the journalist James Surowiecki pointed out in a 2013 article for The New Yorker how in 50 years \"big business\" had changed from high-paying manufacturers to low-paying retailers In 1960, the country's biggest employer, General Motors, was also its most profitable company and one of its best-paying. It had high profit margins and real pricing power, even as it was paying its workers union wages. And it was not alone: firms like Ford, Standard Oil, and Bethlehem Steel employed huge numbers of well-paid workers while earning big profits. Today, the country's biggest employers are retailers and fast-food chains, almost all of which have built their businesses on low pay—they've striven to keep wages down and unions out—and low prices. While these retailers and fast-food chains are profitable, their profit margins are not large, which limits their ability to follow the lead of successful companies in high-growth industries that pay relatively generous salaries, such as Apple Inc.The combined profits of all the major retailers, restaurant chains, and supermarkets in the Fortune 500 are smaller than the profits of Apple alone. Yet Apple employs just 76,000 people, while the retailers, supermarkets, and restaurant chains employ 5.6 million. The International Labour Organization's 2013 \"World of Work Report\", predicted that the potential for social unrest in the European Union is the highest in the world. See also Economic history of the United States Economic inequality Economic stagnation The",
"title": "Great Divergence (inequality)"
},
{
"docid": "64524859",
"text": "Sustainable Development Goal 10 (Goal 10 or SDG 10) is about reduced inequality and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The full title is: \"Reduce inequality within and among countries\". The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2019. Progress towards targets will be measured by indicators. The first seven targets are outcome targets: Reduce income inequalities; promote universal social, economic and political inclusion; ensure equal opportunities and end discrimination; adopt fiscal and social policies that promotes equality; improved regulation of global financial markets and institutions; enhanced representation for developing countries in financial institutions; responsible and well-managed migration policies. The other three targets are means of implementation targets: Special and differential treatment for developing countries; encourage development assistance and investment in least developed countries; reduce transaction costs for migrant remittances. Target 10.1 is to \"sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average\". This goal, known as \"shared prosperity\", is complementing SDG 1, the eradication of extreme poverty, and it is relevant for all countries in the world. There has been a growth in income for poorer people in 2012–2017. Nevertheless, it is common in many countries that \"the bottom 40 per cent of the population receive less than 25 per cent of the overall income\". A UN report from 2020 pointed out that \"women are more likely to be victims of discrimination than men\". And the situation is even worse for women with disabilities. Background Inequality exist in various forms, such as economic, sex, disability, race, social inequality, and different forms of discrimination. Measuring inequality in its individual forms is a crucial component in order to reduce inequality within and among countries. The Gini coefficient is the most frequently used measurement of socioeconomic inequality as it can significantly show the income and wealth distribution within and among countries. Issues associated with health, pollution, and environmental justices are often inseparable with inequality. Sometimes these issues also associated with indigenous and aboriginal communities, ethnic minorities and communities of low socio-economic status (SES). Studies of environmental justice shows these communities are irregularly likely to live in environments with higher risk of exposure to pollution and toxic contamination, which possess long-term health and environmental threats. Globalization is also accompanied with migration, displacement and dispossession, and this often increased vulnerability of marginalized communities and groups, which negatively shaped their prospects for globalization and emancipation and widened inequality at the meantime. There are also association between inequality and mental and physical health in various forms, such as status anxiety/competition, social capital, social embeddedness and cohesion. Targets, indicators and progress The UN has defined 10 targets and 11 indicators for SDG 10. Targets specify the goals and Indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these Targets are achieved. SDG 10 covers issues including reducing income inequalities (10.1), promoting universal social, economic and political inclusion (10.2), ensure equal opportunities and end",
"title": "Sustainable Development Goal 10"
},
{
"docid": "56809806",
"text": "Ornithoteuthis antillarum, the Atlantic bird squid, is a species of flying squid from the family Ommastrephidae which is found in the warmer waters of the Atlantic Ocean. This species is an important component of the diet of many species of fish and of cetaceans. It is taken as a bycatch in fisheries but has the potential to be commercially important if appropriate fishing methods can be developed. Description Ornithoteuthis antillarum has a thin, elongated and muscular mantle which ends in a long, thinly-pointed tail. Its fins are also elongated and are arrow shaped, with sharp tips, concave rear margins and convex forward margins. The largest individual recorded had a mantle length of 300 mm and was from the more northerly extremity of the species' distribution. The length of the fins is more than half that of the mantle. Within the mantle cavity there are three visceral photophores, an oval, anal photophore, a posterior intestinal photophore and an elongated posterior visceral photophore which forms a strip. It has a broad head which is at least as wide as the mantle and there is an elongated photophore patch on the ventral surface of both eyes. The tentacular clubs have a sucker-bearing region which is approximately half of the length of the tentacles with large suckers on the manus with 18-20 widely separated sharp, round and curved teeth on the margin while the suckers on the dactylus are larger in the ventral series and smallest in the dorsal series. The sucker teeth are sexually dimorphic on all of the arms with the females having about 8 plate-like teeth in the proximal margin with the teeth becoming more numerous and pointed in the mid-arm while the males have large plate like teeth on the lateral margins of the mid-arm suckers. The fourth right arm is hectocotylised and has small distal suckers with the skin taking the form of a honeycomb on middle of the arm's ventral surface, this consists of 4 or 5 longitudinal lines of depressions each with 20 to 25 pores. Distribution Ornithoteuthis antillarum is found in the tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern and western Atlantic, being found between 20°N and 25°S in the eastern Atlantic and from 40°N to 40°S in the western Atlantic. The type specimen was taken near Basse Terre, Guadeloupe. Habitat and biology Ornithoteuthis antillarum is a pelagic, oceanic species which is thought to be commonest near continental slopes. It is at its most abundant at depths between 100m and 600 m. The paralarvae and adults are relatively common in the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida and in the Gulf Stream, extending south into the Caribbean Sea and to the waters over the continental slope off Brazil. It does not seem to be a schooling speciesbut sampling suggests that it is common from the middle of the water column to very near the bottom, although it has never been reported to sit on the bottom. In the Caribbean this species has been recorded at",
"title": "Ornithoteuthis antillarum"
},
{
"docid": "2311521",
"text": "The geology of Shropshire is very diverse with a large number of periods being represented at outcrop. The bedrock consists principally of sedimentary rocks of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic age, surrounding restricted areas of Precambrian metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. The county hosts in its Quaternary deposits and landforms, a significant record of recent glaciation. The exploitation of the Coal Measures and other Carboniferous age strata in the Ironbridge area made it one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution. There is also a large amount of mineral wealth in the county, including lead and baryte. Quarrying is still active, with limestone for cement manufacture and concrete aggregate, sandstone, greywacke and dolerite for road aggregate, and sand and gravel for aggregate and drainage filters. Groundwater is an equally important economic resource. The Church Stretton Fault is a major structural feature forming a part of the Welsh Borderland Fault System which runs northeast from Wales, entering the county near Clun, and extending beyond the town of Newport to the southeast margin of the Cheshire Basin. The fault itself passes almost through Church Stretton, immediately east of the Long Mynd, and also passes close to The Wrekin. Another, extensive fault exists in Shropshire, the Pontesford-Linley Fault, situated near the village of Pontesbury, south west of the county town of Shrewsbury. The oldest rocks in Shropshire are of Precambrian age and are to be found at Rushton, a mile west of The Wrekin, as schists and gneisses. East of Shrewsbury, on Haughmond Hill, the sedimentary rocks are of somewhat younger Precambrian age, and are being actively quarried for use on roads. The Wrekin is a prominent hill near the town of Telford. The sedimentary rock types are varied around the area, but lava and volcanic ash (tuff) from various volcanic eruptions form this famous landmark. However, The Wrekin itself is not a volcano, and never was. The primary igneous rock on the Wrekin is rhyolite; this has a pinkish colour and is usually banded as it is a slow cooling viscous extrusive rock. Intrusions of igneous rock have been quarried in the past at nearby Ercall Quarry. Here, the main type of igneous rock that can be found is granophyre. At Ercall Quarry is the contact (boundary) between Precambrian rocks and the younger fossiliferous (Cambrian) sedimentary rocks. Much of North Shropshire is a plain which is a basin of Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone. This basin continues north into Cheshire. Faulting has occurred within the sandstones, because of basin extension during and after the infilling of the basin. Escarpments form small prominent hills within the plain. The basin is bounded on the east by the Hodnet Fault, which runs roughly from Shrewsbury to Market Drayton. East of this fault the sandstone is thinner. In the north west of the county near Oswestry are outcrops of Carboniferous Limestone and the Coal Measures. The Shropshire Hills AONB. were formed on a continental shelf, but buckled up into hills at the time of a continental collision: the",
"title": "Geology of Shropshire"
},
{
"docid": "6878402",
"text": "Lionel Robbins' Essay (1932, 1935, 2nd ed., 158 pp.) sought to define more precisely economics as a science and to derive substantive implications. Analysis is relative to \"accepted solutions of particular problems\" based on best modern practice as referenced, especially including the works of Philip Wicksteed, Ludwig von Mises, and other Continental European economists. Robbins disclaims originality but expresses hope to have given expository force on a very few points to some principles \"not always clearly stated\" (1935, pp. xiv-xvi) Major propositions Robbins develops and defends several propositions about the relation of scarcity to economics and of economic theory to science, including the following. \"Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.\" (1935, p. 15) \"Economics is not about certain kinds of behaviour,\" but \"a certain aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity.\" (pp. 16–17) \"Economics is entirely neutral between ends; ... in so far as any end is dependent on scarce means, it is germane to the preoccupations of the economist.\" (p. 24) \"[W]ealth is not wealth because of its substantial properties. It is wealth because it is scarce.\" (p. 47) \"The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility ..., whether true or false, can never be verified by observation or introspection.\" ... [Nor does it] \"justify the inference that transferences from rich to poor would increase total satisfaction... Interesting as a development of an ethical postulate, [such an effect] does not at all follow from the positive assumptions of pure theory.\" (pp. 137, 141) Economics as science is about \"ascertainable facts\" of the positive as distinct from normative (ethical) judgments on economic policy. (p. 148). The definition of economics above has been described as \"central to the arguments presented\" that followed in the Essay and as redefining economics in marginalist terms and thereby \"destroy[ing] the view classical economists had of their science.\" Robbins argued that, at a certain stage in the development of the subject, an insufficiently restrictive and unifying definition multiplies activities of economists away from filling in explanatory gaps of the theory and solving problems posed by the subject (pp. 3–4). The Essay has been described as different from earlier writings on economic methodology in generating a range of tightly argued, radical implications from a simple definition, for example in admitting an aspect of behaviour (rather than a list of behaviours) but not limiting the subject-matter of economics, provided that the influence of scarcity impinges on these (pp. 16–17). The broad behavioural definition is credited for its consistency with the expanding boundaries of economics decades later. In this Robbins both narrows the definition of economics, thereby demonstrating the usefulness of deduction, and opens up the subject-matter of economics. Influence Robbins's Essay is one of the most-cited works on the methodology and philosophy of economics for the period 1932–1960. Arguments therein have been widely accepted on the demarcation of economics as science from discussion of recommendations on economic policy. In that period, economists",
"title": "An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science"
},
{
"docid": "49092818",
"text": "Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics is a 2007 book by philosopher and politician Roberto Mangabeira Unger. In the book, Unger criticizes the doctrine holding that maximization of free trade should be the commanding goal of the worldwide trading regime, contending that this doctrine is misguided. Instead, Unger argues, the goal of an open worldwide trading regime should be reconciled with measures that foster national and regional diversity, deviation, heresy, and experiment in production, markets and economies. Unger further explores how the tradition of marginalism has rendered the discipline of economics incapable of offering deep insight into the problems of trade and of the global division of labor. Reception Francisco Rodríguez wrote a detailed and laudatory review of Free Trade Reimagined for the Journal of Economic Literature. Noting that Unger \"deliberately eschews\" the language of economics, Rodriguez describes Unger's project in Free Trade Reimagined as follows: Unger's critique is directed at the practical case for free trade that is premised on the theory of comparative advantage. His central contention is that the model of comparative advantage is too partial, incomplete, and empirically inaccurate to permit the drawing out of the general broad policy implications which are commonly attributed to it. Unger's interest is not in theoretical debates in economics, but rather in the broader process of formulation of trade policy and the design of the institutions of the world trading system. Rodriguez identifies and examines the three basic points that make up Unger's central argument: That trade theory is fundamentally incomplete. That international competition and political institutions can have significant effect on technological progress. That the political economy case for free trade is flawed. Rodriguez notes that \"this is not the first time that someone has come up with a reasonable case for trade protection—indeed ... the literature is filled with this type of argument.\" But, Rodriguez notes, Unger is less skeptical of state intervention in markets because, unlike many economists, Unger does not view a state's vulnerability to \"rent-seeking behaviors\" as given, but sees this vulnerability as variable depending on the power of various groups in a society, the nature of bureaucracy, and the openness of the political process. Rodriguez states that \"[w]hile many of the basic ideas proposed by Unger make sense, some of the implications that he draws from them appear problematic.\" But Rodriguez's final assessment of Free Trade Reimagined is a positive one: Unger's book is valuable because it puts together a set of ideas—some of them well-known, others new—into a coherent proposal for a different approach to free trade than the one that today finds overwhelming acceptance in policy circles and among academic economists. The fact that some of these ideas had been developed by economists shows that there is not as much distance as could appear between what Unger is claiming and what our profession has found. What is novel is the way in which Unger puts together these distinct observations into a well-thought out case that",
"title": "Free Trade Reimagined"
},
{
"docid": "45150808",
"text": "James Alfred Field (May 26, 1880 – July 16, 1927) was an American economist and Professor of Political Economy at the University of Chicago, known as one of the proponents of institutional economics and as demographer, who contributed to the theory of population and its history. Life and work Born in Milton, Massachusetts, Field obtained his MS in economics at Harvard University in 1903, and continued to do post-graduate work at Harvard and at the University of Berlin. Field started his academic career in 1903 as assistant in economics at Harvard University, and became Austin teaching fellow in economics for a year, and instructor in 1906 to 1908. From 1906 to 1908 he was also instructor in economics at Radcliffe College. In 1908 he started at the University of Chicago as instructor in economics, and was promoted assistant professor in 1910, associate professor in 1913, and full professor in 1918 until his death in 1927. In the year 1923-24 he was also dean of the College of Arts and Literature. Field was also known as founding president of the Illinois Birth Control League, and associate editor of the Journal of Political Economy, and during World War I was special investigator for the Council of National Defense in its division of statistics. He was elected fellow of the American Statistical Association. Work Field came into prominence in the years from 1913 to 1919, when he was involved with professor of Economics Leon C. Marshall and the economic historian Chester W. Wright in \"attempts to move economics instruction away from the 'rigorous drill in orthodox theory' or the 'straight-jacket of conventional theory' to a method of instruction emphasizing the development of economic institutions, inquiry into current problems and issues, and fostering of creativity and originality (field 1917). To this end, they produced a book of readings to supplement the usual texts (Marshall, Wright, and Field 1913).\" Essays on population, and other papers, 1931 In a 1931 review of \"Essays on population, and other papers...\" in The Eugenics Review Norman E. Himes (1899-1949), wrote: THIS volume, by one of the greatest demographers America has produced, is a notable contribution to population thought and its history. An original, meticulously accurate scholar, Field has, unfortunately, been little known to European, and especially to Continental scholars. It is a great service, therefore, that one of his students should collect his more important scattered papers and notes, and edit them so ably. The solidity of the volume is matched by a felicity of literary presentation rarely found among economic writers; a combination especially refreshing in this day in America when, with growing numbers in our colleges, almost every underpaid professor becomes the hack author of a dull, poorly-written text-book.The range of topics is wide. Part I contains twelve essays on eugenics, birth control, and Malthusianism, the treatment being essentially historical and critical. Part II collects three papers on economics and statistics, while Part III is a catalogue of the author's library on population. Since the Dictionary of",
"title": "James A. Field"
},
{
"docid": "4244346",
"text": "The permanent income hypothesis (PIH) is a model in the field of economics to explain the formation of consumption patterns. It suggests consumption patterns are formed from future expectations and consumption smoothing. The theory was developed by Milton Friedman and published in his A Theory of Consumption Function, published in 1957 and subsequently formalized by Robert Hall in a rational expectations model. Originally applied to consumption and income, the process of future expectations is thought to influence other phenomena. In its simplest form, the hypothesis states changes in permanent income (human capital, property, assets), rather than changes in temporary income (unexpected income), are what drive changes in consumption. The formation of consumption patterns opposite to predictions was an outstanding problem faced by the Keynesian orthodoxy. Friedman's predictions of consumption smoothing, where people spread out transitory changes in income over time, departed from the traditional Keynesian emphasis on a higher marginal propensity to consume out of current income. Income consists of a permanent (anticipated and planned) component and a transitory (unexpected and surprising) component. In the permanent income hypothesis model, the key determinant of consumption is an individual's lifetime income, not their current income. Unlike permanent income, transitory incomes are volatile. Background and history Until A Theory of Consumption Function, the Keynesian absolute income hypothesis and interpretation of the consumption function were the most advanced and sophisticated. In its post-war synthesis, the Keynesian perspective was responsible for pioneering many innovations in recession management, economic history, and macroeconomics. Like the neoclassical school that preceded it, early inconsistencies had their roots in socio-political events contrary to the predictions put forward. The introduction of the absolute income hypothesis is often attributed to John Maynard Keynes, a British economist, who wrote several books which are now the basis for Keynesian economics. The hypothesis put forward by Keynes was accepted and placed into the post–war synthesis. However, inconsistencies were not resolved swiftly, and economists were unable to explain the consistency of the savings rate in the face of rising real incomes (Fig. 1). Before the neoclassical synthesis was established, Keynes and his hypothesis challenged the orthodoxy of neoclassical economics. As a result of the Great Depression, Keynes rapidly became among the leaders of economic thought. His MPC and MPS spending multipliers developed into the absolute income hypothesis (), and were influential to the government responses to the ensuing depression. Origins The American economist Milton Friedman developed the permanent income hypothesis in his 1957 book A Theory of the Consumption Function. In his book, Friedman posits a theory that explained how and why future expectations change consumption. Friedman's 1957 book A Theory of the Consumption Function created the basis for consumption smoothing. He argued the consumption model, in which outcomes are stochastic, where consumers face risks and uncertainty to their labor incomes, complicates interpretations of indifference curves, and causes consumers to spread out or 'smooth' their spending based on their permanent income, which represents their anticipated income over their lifetimes. Friedman explains this by how, for example,",
"title": "Permanent income hypothesis"
},
{
"docid": "5331",
"text": "The people of Chad speak more than 100 languages and divide themselves into many ethnic groups. However, language and ethnicity are not the same. Moreover, neither element can be tied to a particular physical type. Although the possession of a common language shows that its speakers have lived together and have a common history, peoples also change languages. This is particularly so in Chad, where the openness of the terrain, marginal rainfall, frequent drought and famine, and low population densities have encouraged physical and linguistic mobility. Slave raids among non-Muslim peoples, internal slave trade, and exports of captives northward from the ninth to the twentieth centuries also have resulted in language changes. Anthropologists view ethnicity as being more than genetics. Like language, ethnicity implies a shared heritage, partly economic, where people of the same ethnic group may share a livelihood, and partly social, taking the form of shared ways of doing things and organizing relations among individuals and groups. Ethnicity also involves a cultural component made up of shared values and a common worldview. Like language, ethnicity is not immutable. Shared ways of doing things change over time and alter a group's perception of its own identity. Not only do the social aspects of ethnic identity change but the biological composition (or gene pool) also may change over time. Although most ethnic groups emphasize intermarriage, people are often proscribed from seeking partners among close relatives—a prohibition that promotes biological variation. In all groups, the departure of some individuals or groups and the integration of others also changes the biological component. The Chadian government has avoided official recognition of ethnicity. With the exception of a few surveys conducted shortly after independence, little data were available on this important aspect of Chadian society. Nonetheless, ethnic identity was a significant component of life in Chad. The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from Eastern, Central, Western, and Northern Africa. Chad's languages fall into ten major groups, each of which belongs to either the Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic, or Niger–Congo language family. These represent three of the four major language families in Africa; only the Khoisan languages of southern Africa are not represented. The presence of such different languages suggests that the Lake Chad Basin may have been an important point of dispersal in ancient times. Population According to the total population was in , compared to only 2 429 000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 45.4%, 51.7% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.9% was 65 years or the country is projected to have a population of 34 millions peoples in 2050 and 61 millions peoples in 2100 . Vital statistics Registration of vital events is in Chad not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022 Fertility and births Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Fertility data as of 2014-2015 (DHS Program): Religions The separation",
"title": "Demographics of Chad"
},
{
"docid": "220366",
"text": "Methodenstreit (German for \"method dispute\"), in intellectual history beyond German-language discourse, was an economics controversy commenced in the 1880s and persisting for more than a decade, between that field's Austrian School and the (German) Historical School. The debate concerned the place of general theory in social science and the use of history in explaining the dynamics of human action. It also touched on policy and political issues, including the roles of the individual and state. Nevertheless, methodological concerns were uppermost and some early members of the Austrian School also defended a form of welfare state, as prominently advocated by the Historical School. When the debate opened, Carl Menger developed the Austrian School's standpoint, and Gustav von Schmoller defended the approach of the Historical School. (In German-speaking countries, the original of this Germanism is not specific to the one controversy—which is likely to be specified as Methodenstreit der Nationalökonomie, i.e. \"Methodenstreit of national economics\".) History Background The Historical School contended that economists could develop new and better social laws from the collection and study of statistics and historical materials, and distrusted theories not derived from historical experience. Thus, the German Historical School focused on specific dynamic institutions as the largest variable in changes in political economy. The Historical School were themselves reacting against materialist determinism, the idea that human action could, and would (once science advanced enough), be explained as physical and chemical reactions. The Austrian School, beginning with the work of Carl Menger in the 1860s, argued against this (in Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre, English title: Principles of Economics), that economics was the work of philosophical logic and could only ever be about developing rules from first principles — seeing human motives and social interaction as far too complex to be amenable to statistical analysis — and purporting to deduce universally valid precepts from human actions. Menger and the German Historical School The first move was when Carl Menger attacked Schmoller and the German Historical School, in his 1883 book Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences, with Special Reference to Political Economics (Untersuchungen über die Methode der Socialwissenschaften, und der politischen Ökonomie insbesondere). Menger thought the best method of studying economics was through reason and finding general theories which applied to broad areas. Menger, as did the other Austrians, concentrated upon the subjective, atomistic nature of economics. He emphasized the subjective factors. He said the grounds for economics were built upon self-interest, evaluation on the margin, and incomplete knowledge. He said aggregative, collective ideas could not have adequate foundation unless they rested upon individual components. The direct attack on the German Historical School lead Schmoller to respond quickly with an unfavourable and quite hostile review of Menger's book. Menger accepted the challenge and replied in a passionate pamphlet, written in the form of letters to a friend, in which he (according to Hayek) \"ruthlessly demolished Schmoller's position\". The encounter between the masters was soon imitated by their disciples. A degree of hostility not often equaled in scientific controversy developed.",
"title": "Methodenstreit"
},
{
"docid": "4607613",
"text": "An oceanic or submarine plateau is a large, relatively flat elevation that is higher than the surrounding relief with one or more relatively steep sides. There are 184 oceanic plateaus in the world, covering an area of or about 5.11% of the oceans. The South Pacific region around Australia and New Zealand contains the greatest number of oceanic plateaus (see map). Oceanic plateaus produced by large igneous provinces are often associated with hotspots, mantle plumes, and volcanic islands — such as Iceland, Hawaii, Cape Verde, and Kerguelen. The three largest plateaus, the Caribbean, Ontong Java, and Mid-Pacific Mountains, are located on thermal swells. Other oceanic plateaus, however, are made of rifted continental crust, for example the Falkland Plateau, Lord Howe Rise, and parts of Kerguelen, Seychelles, and Arctic ridges. Plateaus formed by large igneous provinces were formed by the equivalent of continental flood basalts such as the Deccan Traps in India and the Snake River Plain in the United States. In contrast to continental flood basalts, most igneous oceanic plateaus erupt through young and thin () mafic or ultra-mafic crust and are therefore uncontaminated by felsic crust and representative for their mantle sources. These plateaus often rise above the surrounding ocean floor and are more buoyant than oceanic crust. They therefore tend to withstand subduction, more-so when thick and when reaching subduction zones shortly after their formations. As a consequence, they tend to \"dock\" to continental margins and be preserved as accreted terranes. Such terranes are often better preserved than the exposed parts of continental flood basalts and are therefore a better record of large-scale volcanic eruptions throughout Earth's history. This \"docking\" also means that oceanic plateaus are important contributors to the growth of continental crust. Their formations often had a dramatic impact on global climate, such as the most recent plateaus formed, the three, large, Cretaceous oceanic plateaus in the Pacific and Indian Ocean: Ontong Java, Kerguelen, and Caribbean. Role in crust–mantle recycling Geologists believe that igneous oceanic plateaus may well represent a stage in the development of continental crust as they are generally less dense than oceanic crust while still being denser than normal continental crust. Density differences in crustal material largely arise from different ratios of various elements, especially silicon. Continental crust has the highest amount of silicon (such rock is called felsic). Oceanic crust has a smaller amount of silicon (mafic rock). Igneous oceanic plateaus have a ratio intermediate between continental and oceanic crust, although they are more mafic than felsic. However, when a plate carrying oceanic crust subducts under a plate carrying an igneous oceanic plateau, the volcanism which erupts on the plateau as the oceanic crust heats up on its descent into the mantle erupts material which is more felsic than the material which makes up the plateau. This represents a step toward creating crust which is increasingly continental in character, being less dense and more buoyant. If an igneous oceanic plateau is subducted underneath another one, or under existing continental crust, the eruptions",
"title": "Oceanic plateau"
},
{
"docid": "18816165",
"text": "The geology of British Columbia is a function of its location on the leading edge of the North American continent. The mountainous physiography and the diversity of the different types and ages of rock hint at the complex geology, which is still undergoing revision despite a century of exploration and mapping. The province's most prominent geological features are its mountain ranges, including the North American Cordillera which stretches from Southern Mexico to Alaska. Terrane theory Terrane theory was first proposed by Jim Monger of the Geological Survey of Canada and Charlie Rouse in 1971 as an explanation for a set of fusulinid fossils that were found in central British Columbia. Rather than suggest that facies changes or seaways were behind this (which were common explanations at the time), the two geologists proposed that the fossils in question had been part of an assemblage of rocks that had migrated across the Pacific Ocean to their present location. This theory was then developed by Porter Irwin and Davy Jones of the US Geological Survey to its common definition of \"fault-bounded regional geologic entities, each characterized by a different geologic history than its neighbours.\". Terranes are most commonly associated with different tectonic elements such as island arcs, volcanic plateaus, subduction zones, continental margins, mid-oceanic ridges, and continental fragments. These terranes are gradually joined together by elements such as overlap formations and stitching plutons and are then accreted to the continent. In some cases, a terrane can contain multiple tectonic elements. The Cache Creek Terrane is composed of a massive carbonate component, an oceanic floor component, and a subduction mélange component. Architecture and composition There are five morphogeological belts that define the geology of British Columbia from east to west: the Foreland, Omineca, Intermontane, Coast, and Insular Belt. Each has a unique geology, including different metamorphic, physiographic, metallogenic, and tectonic histories. The Foreland Belt is composed of weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks which are 1.4 billion to 33 million years old, and the belt represents a rift sequence followed by a passive margin that was turned into a retro arc fold and thrust belt with synorogenic sedimentation. The region is very rugged except in the northeast of the province where the earth flattens out to an expansive plain. The Omineca Belt is composed of highly metamorphosed, pericratonic (near craton) terranes and fragments of North America that are 2 billion to 180 million years old. Terranes in the belt include the Slide Mountain Terrane, the Yukon–Tanana Terrane, and the Cassiar Terrane. This belt goes from low hills to high mountains across its length, with the majority of the region being extremely rugged. The Intermontane Belt is a flatter, more rounded region composed of three terranes, Stikinia, Quesnellia, and the Cache Creek Terrane. The belt has a lower metamorphic grade than the Omineca Belt and ranges from 400 million to 10,000 years old. Volcanic activity has been recorded as occurring in the past 10,000 years, including at Nazko Cone and in the Satah Mountain volcanic field. The",
"title": "Geology of British Columbia"
},
{
"docid": "69098319",
"text": "Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy is an article by Friedrich Engels, first published in German in 1843 for the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher. The article has significance in relation to Marx critique of political economy, Engels like Marx, goes on to compare economists with theologians by referring to Adam Smith as the economic Luther. Very short summary For Engels, \"[...] everything in economics stands on its head. In addition the materialistic anthropology of Marx's early works, the formulation of historical materialism became predominant contributions to writings regarding the critique of political economy. Within Marxism this is considered one of the most important subjects which has led to a great deal of academic discussion and pursuit within and outside academic circles. Summary of the entire article Engels begin the article by claiming that \"Political economy came into being as a natural result of the expansion of trade, and with its appearance elementary, unscientific huckstering was replaced by a developed system of licensed fraud, an entire science of enrichment.\". Engels then goes on to critique and tell the history of the making of the mercantile system as a system to gain competitive advantage. Mercantilism claimed that there was a need to always make sure that one had to export more than import. This led to that \"The art of the economists [...] consisted in ensuring that [...] exports should show a favourable balance over imports; and for the sake of this ridiculous illusion thousands of men have been slaughtered!\" After this Engels pointed out that while the eighteenth century revolutionized economics, it only did so partly. This movement didn't get rid of the Christian contempt for and humiliation of Man, but rather postited nature as the Absolute which confronted Man. Thereafter he declared that politicians havn't examined the premises of the state, and that it didn't occur to economics to question the very validity of private property. The new economy was hence obliged to disavow its own premises and recourse to hypocrisy. The premises of the economy begot the modern slavery and factory system. Engels viewed Smiths new system as a necessary advance, but also claimed that \"The nearer the economists come to the present time, the further they depart from honesty.\" Engels then goes on to critique the concept of \"national wealth\", as well as \"national economy\"(Nationalökonomie, today \"economics\").Engels further explains how the immediate consequence of private property is trade - which due to the fact that every actor in this activity must aim to dupe the other, legalised fraud. The mercantile system is viewed by Engels as an expression of the mutual hostility, which were the logical consequence of trade. It was not until the extorted trade treaties, commercial wars, and isolation of the nations offended to greatly that Smiths humanity, which was rooted in the expansion of mutual trade. However this was merely friendly endeavors for the sake of the profit margin, a principle immanent in the very nature of trade. This hypocritical way of misusing morality for immoral",
"title": "Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy"
},
{
"docid": "59412024",
"text": "The African country of Ethiopia has made massive strides towards alleviating poverty since 2000 when it was assessed that their poverty rate was one of the greatest among all other countries. The country has made great strides in different areas of the Millennium Development Goals including eradicating various diseases and decreasing the rate of child mortality. Despite these improvements, poverty is still extremely high within the country. One of the leading factors in driving down poverty was the expansion of the agricultural sector. Poor farmers have been able to set higher food prices to increase their sales and revenue, but this expansion has come at a cost to the poorest citizens of the country, as they could not afford the higher priced food. One of the biggest challenges to alleviating this issue is changing the structure of Ethiopia's economy from an agricultural-based economy to a more industry-based economy. The current strategy for addressing poverty in Ethiopia is by building on existing government systems and development programs that are already in place within the country. Marginality Due to the lack of progress in reducing the rate of poverty in Ethiopia, a map of marginality was created for the region to survey the state of poverty. In Marginality as a Root Cause of Poverty: Identifying Marginality Hotspots in Ethiopia, Gatzweiler defines marginality as \"an involuntary position and condition of an individual or group at the margins of social, political, economic, ecological, and biophysical systems, that prevent them from access to resources, assets, services, restraining freedom of choice, preventing the development of capabilities, and eventually causing extreme poverty\". Marginality does not operate as a means to analyze the causes of poverty, rather it serves as a main cause of poverty itself and calls for a deeper analysis of the position of individuals within their society. Marginality directly deals with social webs and systems and how individuals have a sociological effects on the essential functions of everyday society. There are hotspots of marginality in the South-West and North regions of the country. Some strong indications of high marginality among poor agro-ecological conditions and ethnically homogeneous areas. The agro-ecological zones with the highest levels of marginality were found among the Kolla and Bertha zones, both of which have extremely arid temperatures. The study also found that areas of high marginality had one ethnicity that made \"up more than 95% of the population\". The study estimates that almost 6 million people live in marginal hotspot areas. 1984 famine in Ethiopia The famine in Ethiopia in 1984 served as the beginning of a country-wide famine that lasted for at least 20 years after the crisis itself. According to the study Hunger and Poverty in Ethiopia: local perceptions of famine and famine response, \"In 2003, up to 15 million people were considered food insecure.\" 2002 served as a key year where food security was extremely low, and that food production since the initial famine was on a continual decline throughout various political regimes. The strategy was to improve",
"title": "Poverty in Ethiopia"
},
{
"docid": "4139295",
"text": "Sedimentary exhalative deposits (SEDEX or SedEx deposits) are zinc-lead deposits originally interpreted to have been formed by discharge of metal-bearing basinal fluids onto the seafloor resulting in the precipitation of mainly stratiform ore, often with thin laminations of sulfide minerals. SEDEX deposits are hosted largely by clastic rocks deposited in intracontinental rifts or failed rift basins and passive continental margins. Since these ore deposits frequently form massive sulfide lenses, they are also named sediment-hosted massive sulfide (SHMS) deposits, as opposed to volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits. The sedimentary appearance of the thin laminations led to early interpretations that the deposits formed exclusively or mainly by exhalative processes onto the seafloor, hence the term SEDEX. However, recent study of numerous deposits indicates that shallow subsurface replacement is also an important process, in several deposits the predominant one, with only local if any exhalations onto the seafloor. For this reason, some authors prefer the term clastic-dominated zinc-lead deposits. As used today, therefore, the term SEDEX is not to be taken to mean that hydrothermal fluids actually vented into the overlying water column, although this may have occurred in some cases. Main ore minerals in SEDEX deposits are fine-grained sphalerite and galena, chalcopyrite is significant in some deposits; silver-bearing sulfosalts are frequent minor constituents; pyrite is always present and can be a minor component or the dominant sulfide, as it is the case in massive sulfide bodies; barite content is common to absent, locally economic. SEDEX deposits are typified, among others, by Red Dog, McArthur River, Mount Isa, Rammelsberg, Sullivan. SEDEX deposits are the most important source of lead and zinc, and a major contributor of silver and copper. Genetic model Fluid and metal sources The source of metals and mineralizing solutions for SEDEX deposits is deep formational saline waters and brines that leach metals from clastic sedimentary rocks and the underlying basement. The fluids derived their salinity from the evaporation of seawater and may have been mixed with meteoric water and pore water squeezed out of the sediments. Metals such as lead, copper and zinc are found in a trace amount in clastic and magmatic rocks. Saline waters may reach temperatures higher than 200°C in deeper parts of the basin. Hydrothermal fluid compositions are estimated to have a salinity of up to 23% NaCl eq. Hot, moderately acidic, saline waters, are able to carry significant amounts of lead, zinc, silver and other metals. Deposition The mineralizing fluids are conducted upwards along permeable feeders, in particular basin-bounding faults. Feeders which host the hydrothermal flow can show evidence of this flow due to development of hydrothermal breccias, quartz and carbonate veining and pervasive ankerite-siderite-chlorite-sericite alteration. The feeders themselves do not need to be mineralized Near the seafloor, beneath or onto it, the ascending metal-bearing fluids eventually cool down and may mix with cold slightly alkaline, less saline seawater triggering precipitation of metal sulfides. If mixing takes place subseafloor, extensive replacement develops. If the discharge is onto the seafloor, stratiform deposits of chemical precipitates may",
"title": "Sedimentary exhalative deposits"
},
{
"docid": "29208825",
"text": "The Greek civil wars of 1823–1825 occurred alongside the Greek War of Independence. The conflict had both political and regional dimensions, as it pitted the Roumeliotes, who lived in mainland Greece, and shipowners from the Islands, primarily Hydra island, against the Peloponnesians or Moreotes. It divided the nation, and seriously weakened the military preparedness of the Greek forces in the face of the oncoming Egyptian intervention in the conflict. Background By the end of March 1821, Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottoman Empire and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had already captured Kalamata and Tripolitsa. After the fall of Kalamata, the Messenian Senate, the first of the Greeks' local governing councils, held its inaugural session. At almost the same time, the Achean Directorate was summoned in Patras. With the initiative of the Messenian Senate, a Peloponnesian assembly convened, and elected on May 26 a Senate. Assemblies convened also in Central Greece (November 1821) under the leadership of two Phanariots: Alexandros Mavrokordatos in the western part, and Theodoros Negris in the eastern part. These assemblies adopted two local statutes, the Charter of Western Continental Greece and the Legal Order of Eastern Continental Greece. The statutes provided for the creation of two local administrative organs in Central Greece, an Areopagus in the east, and a Senate in the west. The three local statutes were recognized by the First National Assembly, but were later dissolved by the Second National Assembly. The First National Assembly was formed at Epidaurus in late December 1821, consisted almost exclusively of Peloponnesian notables. The Assembly composed the first Greek Constitution and appointed the members of an executive and a legislative body that were to govern the liberated territories. Mavrokordatos saved the office of president of the executive for himself, while Ypsilantis, who had called for the Assembly, was elected president of the legislative body, a place of no significance. Military leaders and representative of Filiki Eteria were marginalized, but gradually Kolokotronis' political influence grew, and he soon managed to control, along with the captains he influenced, the Peloponnesian Senate, which was not dissolved by the National Assembly. The Senate actually governed Peloponnese, while the central government was too weak to exercise its power. Seeing the impasse and the growing power of the Peloponnesian captains, Mavrokordatos and the Hydriots proposed the dissolution of the Senate and its incorporation into the National Assembly. Mavromichalis accepted the proposal, but the military leaders rejected it. After the rejection of the proposal, the central administration tried to marginalize Kolokotronis. In November 1822, the central administration promulgated the law for the election of representative for the new National Assembly, but Kolokotronis defied the law, and declared that Peloponnese will organize its own assembly for the elections of the new members of the Senate. First civil war The provisional government decided that the National Assembly would take place in Nafplio (taken meanwhile in the end of December 1822), and asked Kolokotronis to return the fort to the government. Kolokotronis refused,",
"title": "Greek civil wars of 1823–1825"
},
{
"docid": "74119545",
"text": "The Francophone economy includes 54 member countries of the OIF, with a total population of more than 1.2 billion people, whose official language or one of the official languages or languages of education is French. The French-speaking world is often associated with the use of the French language and one of the many French-speaking cultures, but it also has significant economic potential, which remains largely under-exploited, particularly by multinationals, private French-speaking groups and academic researchers, who still publish and communicate with the outside world mainly in English. This French-speaking world represents a significant economic potential due to the size of its market and the diversity of its member economies. According to an OIF report (2022), the French-speaking economic area accounts for 25% of world GDP, 28% of world trade and 23% of the world's energy and mining resources. The countries of the French-speaking world also include several emerging countries, notably in West and Central Africa, which are experiencing rapid economic growth. Other areas where French is historically or officially spoken include so called \"developed countries\" like parts of the United States (particularly Louisiana, New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine), Eastern Canada, Western Europe and parts of Oceania. In addition, member economies of the Francophonie often share similar characteristics, such as colonial history, trade links and common legal practices (for example the Napoleonic Code), which can facilitate trade and investment between these countries. The OIF also provides a political and institutional framework for economic cooperation, for example through the creation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA – also officially in French : Zone de libre-échange continentale africaine – ZLECAf) – a free trade agreement between 54 African countries, including many OIF members – or the Eurozone, the European Union, the Comprehensive and Deep Free Trade Agreement and the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, all of which overlap with a number of OIF members and share French as a working and official language. Definition To properly define the Francophone economy, a number of factors need to be considered: the official language of the country, region or area involved in a trade transaction; the language in which goods and services are exchanged (contracts, bank transactions, amicable markets, barter, etc.); the official language of the \"customer\" country, region or economic zone. Belonging to a common linguistic area tends to encourage privileged trade between countries belonging to this area. Empirical studies, not limited to the French-speaking world, have shown that sharing a common language has a positive impact on the development of trade flows, but this is also true for investment flows and migratory flows. Cultural proximity, which is fostered by sharing a common language, has a positive influence on trust between economic players, and mutual trust between two countries has a positive impact on their bilateral trade flows. History The historical contours and beginnings of economic relations between French-speaking countries can be traced back to the first official use of French as a language of state and trade (Val d'Aoste, France, Savoie) in",
"title": "Francophone economy"
},
{
"docid": "185944",
"text": "Anglocentrism is the perceived cultural, economical, historical, political and social bias, ethnocentrism or dominance in favor of Anglo-Saxon or Anglophone perspectives, often to the marginalization of other cultures in various aspects of global affairs. Historically, the phenomenon stems from the British Empire's extensive influence and the global spread of the English language that often manifests encompassing various aspects of life, including literature, media, politics, and cultural norms on a global scale. Critics argue that anglocentrism can contribute to a limited worldview and hinder global inclusivity by overshadowing the rich diversity of global cultures and histories, and highlight the acknowledgement of the contributions of various societies beyond the Anglosphere. Proponents may assert its role in shaping major global institutions and fostering common linguistic and legal frameworks. The term is subject to ongoing discourse and analysis in discussions surrounding cultural diversity, globalization, and international relations. Anglocentrism often manifests in the prioritization of occidentalist perspectives in international discourse, media, and diplomacy. It is important to note that while this phenomenon is commonly associated with cultural imperialism, it can also be unintentional. Historic context The historical roots of Anglocentrism can be traced back to the widespread influence of the British Empire during the 19th and 20th centuries which spanned several centuries, controlled vast swathes across the globe, and had a profound impact on global culture and power dynamics. At its zenith, the English language became a dominant force, contributing to the propagation of anglocentric cultural norms and values.This historic legacy continues to reinforcing the perception of its superiority today. Cultural and linguistic imperialism Anglocentrism is often evident in the global linguistic landscape, i.e media, movies, music; in international business, communication, diplomacy; and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics where English language serves as the global lingua franca. This linguistic imperialism can impact the representation of diverse cultures and languages, potentially marginalizing non-anglophone perspectives, and contributing to a global communication imbalance where non-native English speakers may face challenges in having their voices heard, and accessing resources and opportunities. Hollywood, for example, has played a pivotal role in shaping global popular culture, sometimes overshadowing local cultural expressions.The global dissemination of anglophone movies and TV shows contributes to the perception of English culture as normative.This phenomenon has raised debates about cultural imperialism and the preservation of diverse cultural identities. Neocolonialism Anglocentrism also extends into the political and economic realms, where anglophone countries often hold significant influence in intergovernmental organizations like United Nations and financial institutions like International Monetary Fund and World Bank. This influence has implications for global policies, trade agreements, and the distribution of resources, prompting discussions about fairness and representation. Criticism and challenges Critics argue that Anglocentrism may perpetuate to cultural homogenization, stifling linguistic and cultural diversity through educational systems that prioritize anglocentric literature and history, leading to a distorted worldview that hinders mutual understanding among diverse societies. Additionally, some contend that it perpetuates an anglocentric worldview, limiting the understanding of alternative cultural paradigms. It may lead to the permanent indigenous linguicide and the marginalization of",
"title": "Anglocentrism"
},
{
"docid": "27282",
"text": "Politics in Senegal takes place within the framework of a presidential democratic republic. The President of Senegal is the head of state and government. Executive power in Senegal is concentrated in the president's hands. While legislative power is technically vested in both the government and the parliament, the parliament rarely introduces legislation or votes down legislation proposed by the government. Similarly, although the Judiciary is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislature, the executive branch seems to exert undue control over the judiciary. Senegal is one of the few African states that has never experienced a coup d'état or exceptionally harsh authoritarianism. Léopold Senghor, the first president after independence, resigned in 1981, handing over the office of president to his Prime Minister, Abdou Diouf. The present president, Macky Sall, was elected in competitive democratic elections in March 2012. President Sall was re-elected in 2019. Senegal has a reputation for transparency in government operations. The level of economic corruption that has damaged the development of the economies in other parts of the world is very low. Today Senegal has a democratic political culture, being part of one of the most successful democratic transitions in Africa. Introduction Political system The President is elected by universal adult suffrage to a 5-year term (before: to a 7-year term). The unicameral National Assembly has 150 members, who are elected separately from the President. The Socialist Party dominated the National Assembly until April 2001, when in free and fair legislative elections, President Wade's coalition won a majority (90 of 150 seats). The Cour Suprême (Highest Appeals Court, equivalent to the U.S. Supreme Court) and the Constitutional Council, the justices of which are named by the President, are the nation's highest tribunals. Senegal is divided into 11 administrative regions, each headed by a governor appointed by and responsible to the President. The law on decentralization, which came into effect in January 1998, distributed significant central government authority to regional assemblies. Political culture Senegal's principal political party was for 40 years the Socialist Party (PS). Its domination of political life came to an end in March 2000, when Abdoulaye Wade, the leader of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) and leader of the opposition for more than 25 years, won the presidency. Under the terms of a 2016 amendment to the 2001 constitution, future presidents will serve for 5 years and be limited to two terms. Sall was the last President to be elected to a 7-year term. President Wade advanced a liberal agenda for Senegal, including privatizations and other market-opening measures. He had a strong interest in raising Senegal's regional and international profile. The country, nevertheless, has limited means with which to implement ambitious ideas. The liberalization of the economy is proceeding, but at a slow pace. Senegal continues to play a significant role in regional and international organizations. President Wade has made excellent relations with the United States a high priority. There are presently some 72 political parties, most of which are marginal and little more",
"title": "Politics of Senegal"
},
{
"docid": "6255",
"text": "Carl Menger von Wolfensgrün (; ; 28 February 1840 – 26 February 1921) was an Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of economics. Menger contributed to the development of the theories of marginalism and marginal utility, which rejected cost-of-production theory of value, such as developed by the classical economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo. As a departure from such, he would go on to call his resultant perspective, the subjective theory of value. Biography Family and education Carl Menger von Wolfensgrün was born in the city of Neu-Sandez in Galicia, Austrian Empire, which is now Nowy Sącz in Poland. He was the son of a wealthy family of minor nobility; his father, Anton Menger, was a lawyer. His mother, Caroline Gerżabek, was the daughter of a wealthy Bohemian merchant. He had two brothers, Anton and Max, both prominent as lawyers. His son, Karl Menger, was a mathematician who taught for many years at Illinois Institute of Technology. After attending gymnasium he studied law at the Universities of Prague and Vienna and later received a doctorate in jurisprudence from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. In the 1860s Menger left school and enjoyed a stint as a journalist reporting and analyzing market news, first at the Lemberger Zeitung in Lemberg, Austrian Galicia (now Lviv, Ukraine) and later at the in Vienna. Career During the course of his newspaper work, he noticed a discrepancy between what the classical economics he was taught in school said about price determination and what real world market participants believed. In 1867 Menger began a study of political economy which culminated in 1871 with the publication of his Principles of Economics (), thus becoming the father of the Austrian School of economic thought. It was in this work that he challenged classical cost-based theories of value with his theory of marginality – that price is determined at the margin. In 1872 Menger was enrolled into the law faculty at the University of Vienna and spent the next several years teaching finance and political economy both in seminars and lectures to a growing number of students. In 1873, he received the university's chair of economic theory at the very young age of 33. In 1876 Menger began tutoring Archduke Rudolf von Habsburg, the Crown Prince of Austria in political economy and statistics. For two years, Menger accompanied the prince during his travels, first through continental Europe and then later through the British Isles. He is also thought to have assisted the crown prince in the composition of a pamphlet, published anonymously in 1878, which was highly critical of the higher Austrian aristocracy. His association with the prince would last until Rudolf's suicide in 1889. In 1878 Rudolf's father, Emperor Franz Joseph, appointed Menger to the chair of political economy at Vienna. The title of Hofrat was conferred on him, and he was appointed to the Austrian in 1900. Dispute with the historical school Ensconced in his professorship, he set about refining and defending the",
"title": "Carl Menger"
},
{
"docid": "12151",
"text": "Guam is a two-party presidential representative democracy, in which the Governor is the head of government. Guam is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States, with policy relations between Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs. Guam is also listed on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. Background The economic situation in Guam is currently dependent on the significant U.S. military presence there. Its status as a tourist destination for Japanese, Singaporeans and South Koreans also contributes to Guam's economy. It has also emerged as a destination for economic migrants from the Philippines working at lower-wage jobs in the hospitality industry. Debate over political status Maintenance of the status quo vis-à-vis the current political relationship between the territory and the United States is controversial. There is a significant movement in favor of the Territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a political status similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. Competing movements exist, which advocate political independence from the United States, statehood, or a combination with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory (not necessarily commonwealth). Therese M. Terlaje, Speaker of the Legislature of Guam, indicated support in 2018 for holding a plebiscite to allow Guamians to vote for their favored political status. These proposals, however, are not seen as favorable by the U.S. federal government, which argues Guam does not have the financial stability or self-sufficiency to warrant such status. They cite Guam's increasing reliance on Federal spending as evidence, and question how commonwealth status or statehood would benefit the United States as a whole. A portion of the people on Guam favors a modified version of the current Territorial status, involving greater autonomy from the federal government (similar to the autonomy of individual States). Perceived indifference by the U.S. Congress regarding a change-of-status petition submitted by Guam has led many to feel that the territory is being deprived of the benefits of a more equitable union with the United States. Past referenda on political status January 1982 status referendum In January 1982, a referendum on Guam's status was held, with a 49.49% plurality of voters favoring commonwealth status, with 25.65% favoring statehood, the second most popular option. 10.19% said they supported the status quo, while 5.40% supported U.S. incorporated territory status. 3.9% of voters favored a free association agreement with the U.S., while independence was the least popular option, garnering 3.82% support. September 1982 status referendum A second referendum with the two most popular options in the original vote (commonwealth status and statehood) was held in September 1982. By a 72.82% to 27.18% margin, Guamanians voted in favor of commonwealth status over statehood. However, Guam has not received commonwealth status, and remains an unincorporated territory. Future referenda In 2000, the Guam Legislature authorized the creation of a non-binding vote to allow native inhabitants of Guam to cast their votes in favor of statehood, a free association agreement, or outright independence from the United States. In 2017,",
"title": "Politics of Guam"
},
{
"docid": "35513678",
"text": "Corruption in Albania is a very serious problem. According to Global Corruption Barometer 2013, 66% of respondents indicated that level of corruption has increased in Albania. Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index scores 180 countries according to the perceived corruption of the public sector and then ranks those countries by their score. In 2023, Albania scored 37 on a scale from 0 (\"highly corrupt\") to 100 (\"very clean\"). When ranked by score, Albania ranked 98th among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison with worldwide scores, the average score was 43, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180). For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Eastern European and Central Asian countries was 53, the average score was 35 and the lowest score was 18. Corruption is still considered one of the most problematic factors for establishing business in Albania. Even though anti-corruption legal framework of Albania is moderate, its enforcement is weak and corruption conviction rates are still very low. Corruption and Human Development in Albania After 1990, Albania has passed from a centralized economy to a liberal one. Liberalization has brought both mainly negative effects to the politics, economy and other social aspect. There are two main components that measure a country's progress toward success. Firstly, the economic growth is the most used and discussed indicator of the progress. During the last two decades the economists have been more interested in the economic development, consisting of the aggregate of health, education level and income rather than economic growth. Secondly, the corruption level is found to be a significant component of progress. Different researches have founded out a negative relationship between corruption level and countries’ progress. Empirical research of Hysa (2011) reveals that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between corruption indexes and human development. Empirical evidence of the study, comparing Albania with the EU member countries, suggests that more corrupted countries tend to have lower levels of human development. In the Albanian case, the relationship between corruption and human development is found to be much stronger than in the EU countries. See also Corruption in Kosovo International Anti-Corruption Academy Group of States Against Corruption International Anti-Corruption Day ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems United Nations Convention against Corruption OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Transparency International Notes References Politics of Albania Albania Albania",
"title": "Corruption in Albania"
},
{
"docid": "13671081",
"text": "In economics, the marginal product of capital (MPK) is the additional production that a firm experiences when it adds an extra unit of input. It is a feature of the production function, alongside the labour input. Definition The marginal product of capital (MPK) is the additional output resulting, ceteris paribus (\"all things being equal\"), from the use of an additional unit of physical capital, such as machines or buildings used by businesses. The marginal product of capital (MPK) is the amount of extra output the firm gets from an extra unit of capital, holding the amount of labor constant: Thus, the marginal product of capital is the difference between the amount of output produced with K + 1 units of capital and that produced with only K units of capital. Determining marginal product of capital is essential when a firm is debating on whether or not to invest on the additional unit of capital. The decision of increasing the production is only beneficial if the MPK is higher than the cost of capital of each additional unit. Otherwise, if the cost of capital is higher, the firm will be losing profit when adding extra units of physical capital. This concept equals the reciprocal of the incremental capital-output ratio. Mathematically, it is the partial derivative of the production function with respect to capital. If production output , then Diminishing marginal returns One of the key assumptions in economics is diminishing returns, that is the marginal product of capital is positive but decreasing in the level of capital stock, or mathematically Graphically, this evidence can be observed by the curve shown on the graphic, which represents the effect of capital, K, on the output, Y. If the quantity of labor input, L, is hold fixed, the slope of the curve at any point resemble the marginal product of capital. In a low quantity of capital, such as point A, the slope is steeper than in point B, due to diminishing returns of capital. By other words, the additional unit of capital has diminishing productivity, once the increase on production becomes less and less significant, as K rises. Example Consider a furniture firm, in which labour input, that is, the number of employees is given as fixed, and capital input is translated in the number of machines of one of its factories. If the firm has no machines, it would produce zero furnitures. If there is one machine in the factory, sixteen furnitures would be produced. When there are two machines, twenty eight furnitures are built. However, as the number of machines available increase, the change in the output turns out to be less significant compared to the previous number. That fact can be observed in the marginal product which begins to decrease: diminishing marginal returns. This is justified by the fact that there is not enough employees to work with the extra machines, so the value that these additional units bring to the company, in terms of output generated, starts to decrease.",
"title": "Marginal product of capital"
},
{
"docid": "26104444",
"text": "A water tariff (often called water rate in the United States and Canada) is a price assigned to water supplied by a public utility through a piped network to its customers. The term is also often applied to wastewater tariffs. Water and wastewater tariffs are not charged for water itself, but to recover the costs of water treatment, water storage, transporting it to customers, collecting and treating wastewater, as well as billing and collection. Prices paid for water itself are different from water tariffs. They exist in a few countries and are called water abstraction charges or fees. Abstraction charges are not covered in this article, but in the article on water pricing). Water tariffs vary widely in their structure and level between countries, cities and sometimes between user categories (residential, commercial, industrial or public buildings). The mechanisms to adjust tariffs also vary widely. Most water utilities in the world are publicly owned, but some are privately owned or managed (see water privatization). Utilities are network industries and natural monopolies. Economic theory predicts that unregulated private utilities set the price of their product at a level that allows to extract a monopoly profit. However, in reality tariffs charged by utilities are regulated. They can be set below costs, at the level of cost recovery without a return on capital, or at the level of cost recovery including a predetermined rate of return on capital. In many developing countries tariffs are set below the level of cost recovery, even without considering a rate of return on capital [ref]. This often leads to a lack of maintenance and requires significant subsidies for both investment and operation. In developed countries water and, to a lesser degree, wastewater tariffs, are typically set close to or at the level of cost recovery, sometimes including an allowance for profit[ref]. Criteria for tariff setting Water tariffs are set based on a number of formal criteria defined by law, as well as informal criteria. Formal criteria typically include: financial criteria (cost recovery), economic criteria (efficiency pricing based on marginal cost) and sometimes environmental criteria (incentives for water conservation). Social and political considerations often are also important in setting tariffs. Tariff structure and levels are influenced in some cases by the desire to avoid an overly high burden for poor users. Political considerations in water pricing often lead to a delay in the approval of tariff increases in the run-up to elections. Another criterion for tariff setting is that water tariffs should be easy to understand for consumers. This is not always the case for the more complex types of tariffs, such as increasing-block tariffs and tariffs that differentiate between different categories of users. Tariff structures There are numerous different tariff structures. Their prevalence differs between countries, as shown by international tariff surveys. Types of tariff structures Water and wastewater tariffs include at least one of the following components: a volumetric tariff, where water metering is applied, and a flat rate, where no water metering is applied. Many utilities",
"title": "Water tariff"
},
{
"docid": "1959630",
"text": "The Anglo-Saxon model (so called because it is practiced in Anglosphere countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Ireland) is a regulated market-based economic model that emerged in the 1970s based on the Chicago school of economics, spearheaded in the 1980s in the United States by the economics of then President Ronald Reagan (dubbed Reaganomics), and reinforced in the United Kingdom by then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (dubbed Thatcherism). However, its origins are said to date to the 18th century in the United Kingdom and the ideas of the classical economist Adam Smith. Characteristics of this model include low levels of regulation and taxation, with the public sector providing minimal services. It also means strong private property rights, contract enforcement, and overall ease of doing business as well as low barriers to free trade. Disagreements over meaning Proponents of the term \"Anglo-Saxon economy\" argue that the economies of these countries currently are so closely related in their liberal and free market orientation that they can be regarded as sharing a specific macroeconomic model. However, those who disagree with the use of the term claim that the economies of these countries differ as much from each other as they do from the so-called \"welfare capitalist\" economies of northern and continental Europe. The Anglo-Saxon model of capitalism is usually contrasted with the Continental model of capitalism, known as Rhine capitalism, the social market economy or the German model, but it is also contrasted with Northern-European models of capitalism found in the Nordic countries, called the Nordic model. The major difference between these economies from Anglo-Saxon economies is the scope of collective bargaining rights and corporatist policies. Differences between Anglo-Saxon economies are illustrated by taxation and the welfare state. The United Kingdom has a significantly higher level of taxation than the United States. Moreover, the United Kingdom spends far more than the United States on the welfare state as a percentage of GDP and also spends more than Spain, Portugal, or the Netherlands. This spending figure is still considerably lower than that of France or Germany. In northern continental Europe, most countries use mixed economy models, called Rhine capitalism (a current term used especially for the macroeconomics of Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands), or its close relative the Nordic model (which refers to the macroeconomics of Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland). The debate amongst economists as to which economic model is better, circles around perspectives involving poverty, job insecurity, social services and inequality. Generally speaking, advocates of Anglo-Saxon model argue that more liberalized economies produce greater overall prosperity while defenders of continental models counter that they produce lesser inequality and lesser poverty at the lowest margins. The rise of China has brought into focus the relevance of an alternate economic model which has helped propel the economy of China for thirty years since its opening up in 1978. The socialist market economy or a system based on what is called \"socialism with Chinese characteristics\".",
"title": "Anglo-Saxon model"
}
] | [
"the continental shelf"
] |
train_51168 | when does new season of jersey shore start | [
{
"docid": "25282459",
"text": "Jersey Shore is an American reality television series that ran on MTV from December 3, 2009, to December 20, 2012. The series follows the lives of eight housemates at a vacation home in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, on the Jersey Shore in seasons one, three, five, and six; South Beach, Florida, in season two; and Florence, Italy, in season four. The show debuted amid controversy regarding its use of the terms \"Guido/Guidette\", its portrayal of Italian-Americans, and allegations of perpetuating stereotypes. It also was criticized by locals who observed that the cast members were not residents of the area. (Most were from New York, and at least two of them were not Italian). The show became a pop culture phenomenon with classes and conferences at universities about the show and journalists listing it as one of the most notable shows of the time. The Shore franchise spawned several international adaptations in other countries. Four of the Jersey Shore cast members received spin-off shows on MTV, with the most successful being Snooki & Jwoww. Most of the cast went on to appear in other reality programs or receive their own shows on various networks. On August 20, 2017, a one-off television special called Reunion Road Trip: Return to the Jersey Shore aired on the E! network. On November 27, 2017, MTV announced that the cast (with the exception of Giancola) would be reuniting in Miami, Florida, for a new reunion series titled Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. The series premiered globally on April 5, 2018. A spin-off series, All Star Shore, was released on June 29, 2022. It features Jersey Shore and other reality stars from around the world as they live together in a villa to compete for $150,000. Overview Cast Timeline Production history VH1 producer Anthony Beltempo proposed the idea of a show focusing on the \"guido\" lifestyle for TV, in the form of a male competition series. Executive producer SallyAnn Salsano, who previously worked on A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila, devised a new concept, inspired by her own summers in a Jersey summer shore house, and retained casting director Doron Ofir to find the cast. MTV Networks President Van Toffler felt that the series \"loud, young, bold\" style was better suited to MTV's sensibilities than VH1, and MTV programming executive Tony DiSanto felt that \"[After The Hills], it was time to go for a more authentic approach, like a documentary.\" Van Toffler described the casting process by saying they looked for \"candor, honesty, boldness and a very combustible, chaotic mess. You could honestly say none of these people were traditionally beautiful.\" The series follows the lives of eight housemates spending their summer in a summer share in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, known as The Jersey Shore House, as well as other locations in other seasons. Residences include a confessional room for cast members to self-record their thoughts on daily house drama. Season 1 followed cast members Angelina Pivarnick, Jennifer Farley, Michael Sorrentino, Nicole Polizzi, Paul DelVecchio, Ronald",
"title": "Jersey Shore (TV series)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "12846378",
"text": "Down the Shore is an American sitcom television series created by Alan Kirschenbaum, which aired on Fox from June 21, 1992, to May 27, 1993. Synopsis The series revolves around three childhood friends, Aldo, Zack, and Eddie. In hopes of meeting women at the Jersey Shore over the summer, they decided to get a beach house in Belmar, New Jersey. To cover expenses, they share the beach house with three female co-workers, Donna, Miranda, and Arden. At the start of the second season, Miranda was written out of the series by having a job that was too demanding, and the new female occupant of the beach house was a woman named Sammy, whom Aldo once had a fling with. Although the show was largely comedic in nature, it did have one notable episode where Aldo, a noted Lothario, had been briefly hospitalized and was awaiting the result of an AIDS test. This made all the renters of the beach home, while supportive of Aldo awaiting the results, mull over the fact that casual sex can come with an expensive price. The show ran for 29 episodes over two seasons. The first episode aired Sunday at 9:30 pm and the rest of the first season aired at 10:00 pm. The second season aired Sunday at 10:30 pm for the first two episodes and Thursday at 9:30 pm for the remaining episodes. Cast Louis Mandylor as Aldo Carbone Cathryn de Prume as Donna Shipko Anna Gunn as Arden Tom McGowan as Eddie Cheever Lew Schneider as Zack Singer Nancy Sorel as Sammy (15 episodes, 1992–1993) Pamela Adlon as Miranda Halpern (13 episodes, 1992) Episodes Season 1 (1992) Season 2 (1992–93) External links 1990s American sitcoms 1992 American television series debuts 1993 American television series endings American English-language television shows Television shows set in New Jersey Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Television series by HBO Independent Productions Fox Broadcasting Company sitcoms",
"title": "Down the Shore"
},
{
"docid": "2519811",
"text": "Taffy is a type of candy invented in the United States, made by stretching and/or pulling a sticky mass of a soft candy base, made of boiled sugar, butter, vegetable oil, flavorings, and colorings, until it becomes aerated (tiny air bubbles produced), resulting in a light, fluffy and chewy candy. When this process is complete, the taffy is rolled, cut into small pieces and wrapped in wax paper to keep it soft. It is usually pastel-colored and fruit-flavored, but other flavors are common as well, including molasses and the \"classic\" (unflavored) taffy. Definition and etymology The word taffy, referring to the boiled candy, is first known to have appeared in the United States circa 1817. The word is also used metaphorically to refer to insincere flattery. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first written record of the word toffee in the forms tuffy, toughy to 1825 and identifies it as a southern British dialectal variant of taffy (first recorded use in 1817), whose modern spelling is first recorded from 1843. Taffy pull A taffy pull is a social event around the pulling of taffy that was popular in the 1840s through at least 1870s. The host would prepare the taffy recipe by melting molasses and sorghum or sugar with a mixture of water. Participants would coat their hands with butter and working with a partner pull the hot mixture apart, and then fold it back together and repeat. This process would add air to the candy, resulting in a soft chewable texture. United States Salt water taffy Salt water taffy is a variety of soft taffy originally produced and marketed in the Atlantic City, New Jersey area of the Jersey Shore starting in the 1880s. Its late 19th century appellation most likely originated in New Jersey. Salt water taffy is still sold widely on the boardwalks in Atlantic City (including shops in existence since the 19th century), nearby Ocean City, elsewhere at the Jersey Shore, and other beaches throughout the US like Cape Cod. It is also popular in Atlantic Canada and Salt Lake City, Utah. Modern commercial taffy is made primarily from corn syrup, glycerin and butter. The pulling process, which makes the candy lighter and chewier, consists of stretching out the mixture, folding it over, and stretching it again. Although it is called \"salt water\" taffy, it does not include any seawater; it does contain both salt and water in its manufacture. However, in the dialect of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the term taffy without \"salt water\" refers to a lollipop. The original invention of the candy has several different stories circulating, likely all apocryphal. One relates to an assistant who substituted fresh water with seawater—either through laziness or accident. Another cites a storm which caused seawater to wash over the candy, which was consequently (and successfully) marketed with the appropriate name. Joseph Fralinger popularized the candy by boxing it and selling it in Atlantic City. Fralinger's first major competition came from candy maker Enoch James, who refined the recipe,",
"title": "Taffy (candy)"
},
{
"docid": "23271255",
"text": "Silent Library is an American television game show which aired on MTV from June 15, 2009 to May 13, 2011. The series is based on one of the segments in the popular Japanese variety show Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!! The series was renewed for a 20-episode second season, which premiered on January 11, 2010 and featured celebrities such as the cast of Jersey Shore, All Time Low, Jim Jones, We The Kings, Ron Jeremy, Naked Cowboy, Asher Roth, This or the Apocalypse, Forever the Sickest Kids, Jessie James, Aubrey O'Day and Justin Bieber competing as contestants and appearing in humiliating punishment challenges. The series' third season premiered on June 28, 2010. The bands Patent Pending, All Time Low, Stereo Skyline, Hey Monday, Anarbor, NeverShoutNever, Honor Society, New Boyz and Iyaz have appeared as contestants, as did members of the New York Giants NFL team and the cast of the MTV original series The Hard Times of R.J. Berger. The fourth season premiered on March 28, 2011. The cast of Jersey Shore, The Ready Set, Judah Friedlander, Jimmy Fallon & The Roots, players from the New York Giants, 3OH!3 and Superstars from the WWE all competed as contestants. MTV canceled the show on November 9, 2011. Play The set is constructed to resemble a typical public library. A team of six players sits at a study table, three on each side, with host Zero Kazama sitting nearby at the circulation desk next to the entrance. Six cards are placed facedown on the table, and each player picks one and flips it over. Typically, five of the cards are green and marked \"Safe\"; the sixth, which is yellow and marked with a black skull and crossbones, means that its holder must endure a bizarre \"punishment\" challenge. In some cases during the second season, five of the six cards show the skull and crossbones, leaving only one player safe. While the challenge is in progress, an on-screen gauge indicates the amount of noise made by the team. If the noise level goes into the gauge's red zone at any time, the team automatically loses the challenge. Only afterward does Kazama inform the team of their success or failure in this respect, as they are unaware of the gauge's readings. The team will also lose if they fail to achieve the objective of the challenge. The game is played in four rounds, with three challenges in each of the first three rounds and one in the fourth. Successful challenges in rounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 earn $300, $400, $800 and $1,000 for the team, respectively (for the team's chosen charity in a celebrity episode). All winnings are split equally among the six players, and Kazama pays them off as they exit the library at the end of the show. A disclaimer during the end credits states that the team may have played additional challenges that were not aired, and thus may have won more money than the total shown at",
"title": "Silent Library (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "750609",
"text": "North Shore is an American prime-time soap opera that aired on Fox on Mondays at 8 p.m. EST (7 p.m. CST) for seven months in 2004 and 2005. It centered on the staff and guests of the fictional Grand Waimea Hotel and Resort (actually the real-life Turtle Bay Resort located near Kahuku, O'ahu) on Oahu's North Shore in Hawaii. From Fox's website: Intrigue abounds at the Grand Waimea Hotel, an exclusive Hawaiian escape for the wealthy, powerful and beautiful. Hawaiian native Jason Matthews runs the hotel and makes sure every guest gets everything they need. But when former flame Nicole Booth arrives as the hotel's new Director of Guest Relations, Jason's world is turned upside down. But Grand Waimea owner, Vincent Colville, is staying on top of him to make sure his past with Nicole won't affect their work life. North Shore premiered on June 14, 2004, with a 13-episode commitment from Fox. The show was canceled in January 2005 after a 21-episode, single-season run. The show ended on a cliffhanger, and the final episode of the series has only had a single airing, not being shown in most territories (including America). Plot The central character is Jason Matthews, General Manager of the Grand Waimea. In the first episode, Nicole Booth is hired as the new Director of Guest Relations. She is the daughter of a ruthless billionaire, and an old flame of Jason's who broke his heart years before. At the end of the first episode, Nicole reveals to Jason that she broke up with him because her father wanted her to date someone more successful, and he threatened to have Jason fired from the hotel he was working at the time. The chances for rekindled romance are then dashed when Nicole reveals she has become engaged since they broke up. Later in the series, Nicole told Jason that she returned to Hawaii to seek him out before getting married, because she wanted to know if there was still a chance for their relationship. Cast and characters Main Kristoffer Polaha as Jason Matthews, the General Manager of the Grand Waimea, who shares a past with Nicole. Brooke Burns as Nicole Booth, the new Director of Guest Relations, and Jason's former flame who broke his heart years before. Corey Sevier as Gabriel McKay, a lifeguard (he seems to alternate between guarding the pool and the beach); in episode three it was mentioned that he is planning to \"turn pro\" as a surfer. He does end up turning pro, with varying degrees of success. Nikki DeLoach as MJ Bevans, a waitress at the hotel bar; she is trying to start her own island clothing line. She starts the show in a relationship with Chris, but they end up breaking up. However, they get back together by the end of the show/season. Jason Momoa as Frankie Seau, the hotel bartender. He ends the season involved with Tessa. Jay Kenneth Johnson as Chris Remsen, MJ's nascent boyfriend and proprietor of an extreme sports",
"title": "North Shore (2004 TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "44689313",
"text": "Greg Pleasants-Tate (born 12 May 1991) is a New Zealand rugby union player who has played as a hooker for Bay of Plenty, North Harbour, Auckland, Canterbury and Southland in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup and the Blues and Highlanders in the international Super Rugby competition. Early career Born in Whanganui, a city on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island, Pleasants-Tate moved north during his schooling and was educated at Takapuna Grammar School on the North Shore of Auckland where he played first XV rugby while also turning out for at age-group level. Senior career Despite coming through the youth ranks at North Harbour, Pleasants-Tate made his senior ITM Cup debut with the Steamers during the 2011 season. He played 2 seasons of rugby in Rotorua and notched up 11 appearances before switching back to Harbour in 2013 where he played all 10 games in a dismal campaign for the men from Auckland's North Shore in which they would finish bottom of the Championship table. 2014 was not a great season for North Harbour, finishing 5th on the Championship log, however Pleasants-Tate put in some strong performances in the number 1 jersey, starting all 10 games during the regular season and scoring 2 tries. That would prove to be his final season in North Shore City and he made the short move to join ITM Cup Premiership side for the 2015 ITM Cup. He played 10 times as a hooker for Auckland in his first year with them as they reached the Premiership final before losing out 25–23 to . 2016 did not prove to be as strong a year for either party, with ending up 5th in the Premiership table, outside of the playoff places and injury holding Pleasants-Tate back in the latter part of the season and restricting him to just 6 appearances during which time he managed to score 3 tries. Super Rugby Four seasons of solid performances at domestic level saw him finally earn a crack at Super Rugby when the Auckland-based named him in their wider training group for the 2015 Super Rugby season. Able to cover both number 1 and 2 jerseys, but having played the previous domestic season as a hooker for Auckland, Pleasants-Tate had to vie with Matt Moulds to provide back up to All Blacks; Keven Mealamu and James Parsons and subsequently only made 1 substitute appearance against the during what would be his only season with the Blues. Now focusing almost exclusively on playing hooker, Pleasants-Tate found himself surplus to requirements with the Blues and moved south to Dunedin ahead of the 2016 Super Rugby season to take a place as a member of the wider training group, providing cover for Liam Coltman and Ash Dixon, the franchise's 2 established hookers. The Highlanders were defending Super Rugby champions in 2016, but were unable to hold on to their crown, losing out to the in Johannesburg in the competition's semi-finals. However, Pleasants-Tate, had a productive year and made",
"title": "Greg Pleasants-Tate"
},
{
"docid": "58369428",
"text": "Anthony Paul Firkser (born February 19, 1995) is an American football tight end who is a free agent. He played college football at Harvard and signed with the New York Jets as an undrafted free agent in 2017. He has played in the NFL for the Tennessee Titans, Atlanta Falcons, and Detroit Lions. Early years Firkser was born in Englishtown, New Jersey to Alex and Donna Firkser. He is Jewish and he and his family belonged to Temple Shaari Emeth in Manalapan, where he celebrated his bar mitzvah. Firkser was a multi-sport athlete at Manalapan High School. In basketball, Firkser played point guard, scoring 21.3 points with 7.6 assists per game. He finished his career second in school history with 1,362 points. In his senior year, the Shore Basketball Coaches named Firkser the Shore Conference Co-Player of the Year. He was also named the Shore Conference ‘A’ North Division Offensive Player of the Year and made the all-state team. He competed at the 2013 Maccabiah Games in Israel as a guard for the 18-and-under gold medal-winning Team USA basketball team. On the team, he played alongside Spencer Weisz. Firkser did not begin playing football until his sophomore year in high school. During Firkser's three-year high school career, the Manalapan football team went 30–6 and won three consecutive ‘A’ North Division titles. During one stretch, Manalapan had an 18-game winning streak within the division. After a semifinal visit in the state playoffs his sophomore year, Firkser and his teammates played for the NJSIAA Central Jersey title in his junior and senior years. While at Manalapan, Firkser set career school records in receptions (110), receiving yards (2,118) and touchdown receptions (19). After his senior year, he was named All-Shore Offensive Player of the Year as a senior wide receiver. Firkser also was a two-time All-Shore first-team selection. College career Firkser was recruited by Harvard University and four other universities. Citing the university's academic program and the school's willingness to let him play both basketball and football, Firkser committed to play for coach Tim Murphy at Harvard on October 17, 2012. Firkser saw his first collegiate action in 2014 as a sophomore. He appeared in 10 games for Harvard and made 32 catches for 485 yards. His four touchdown receptions tied for first on the team and he ranked second on the team in both catches and yards. After the season, Firkser was named to the All-Ivy League second-team. Firkser started nine games and caught 22 passes for 372 yards and three touchdowns in 2015 as a junior. For the second consecutive season, he was named to the All-Ivy League second-team. As a senior in 2016, Firkser started all 10 games for Harvard and made 45 receptions for 702 yards and seven touchdowns. He was named to the All-Ivy League first-team. At the end of his collegiate career, Firkser ranked 12th all-time in school history in receptions, ninth all-time in receiving yards, and sixth all-time in touchdown receptions. He graduated from Harvard in",
"title": "Anthony Firkser"
},
{
"docid": "74048831",
"text": "The second series of Rio Shore, a Brazilian television programme based in Rio de Janeiro was confirmed on 15 February 2021. It was filmed in January and February 2022 in Joá. The first sneak peek of the season was released on April 28, 2022. This is the first series to include fourth new cast members, including Aoxi, Cayo Rodrigues, Maryane Valim and William Guimarães. The show began on June 9, 2021. Patrick was kicked out of the season during the third episode after he physically assaulted another cast member. Kevin Jolsan and Juliana Casaes returned to the show after leaving it in the previous season. Brazilian television personality Rico Melquiades was featured as the head of the season. He also has other supporting cast members, including Gabriella Boto and Stephanie Nader. Cast Aoxi Vitória Araújo Jéssica Barros Juliana \"Mississippi\" Casaes (Episodes 5–12) Matheus \"Novinho\" Crivella Guilherme Evaristo Cristal Felix Natallia Formaggeri William Guimarães Kevin Jolsan (Episodes 8–12) Cayo Rodrigues Patrick Salles (Episodes 1–3) Ricardo \"Rick\" Salusse Maryane Valim Duration of cast = Cast member is featured in this episode. = Cast member arrives in the house. = Cast member returns to the house. = Cast member leaves the series. = Cast member is removed from the series. = Cast member returns to the series. = Cast member does not feature in this episode. = \"Cast member\" is not a cast member in this episode. Episodes References 2022 Brazilian television seasons Jersey Shore (TV series) Paramount+ original programming Television shows filmed in Brazil Television shows set in Brazil Portuguese-language television shows",
"title": "Rio Shore series 2"
},
{
"docid": "54046015",
"text": "Super Shore is a reality television series broadcast on MTV Spain and MTV Latin America, which follows the daily lives of nine young people who intend to spend the summer living together in different parts of southern Europe, starting on the Greek island of Mykonos and later in the Spanish city of Madrid. It is an adaptation of the American program Jersey Shore featuring participants from Gandía Shore and Acapulco Shore, the Spanish and Mexican versions of that series, along with Brazilian Igor Freitas of reality Are You the One? Brasil and the Italian Elettra Lamborghini, granddaughter of Ferruccio Lamborghini. History Two years after the end of Gandía Shore and several weeks after announcing the return of Alaska and Mario to MTV, the channel and producer Magnolia TV confirmed the return of the format to Spain with a second season, arising from an alliance between MTV South Europe and MTV Latin America. In this case, the recordings would be transferred to the island of Ibiza, changing the name of the program to Ibiza Shore. In the new program there would be a group that would combine several participants from Gandía Shore and Acapulco Shore, Spanish and Mexican versions of the Jersey Shore format of US origin. In this way, a new program would return for the start of the 2015/2016 television season. Following the opposition by public institutions, such as the federation of SMEs and businessmen in Ibiza MTV announced its resignation to record the announced program Ibiza Shore in the locality of the Balearic Islands. The chain argued in a statement that \"Due to a series Of circumstances that we can not control, the next program of the Shore franchise will not be recorded in Ibiza\". After the events, finally MTV and the producer Magnolia TV decided that the program would be filmed at various points of the Mediterranean coast and that its would be titled Super Shore. Seasons Season 1 (2016) The recording of Super Shore began at the end of August 2015 and details were known as the house in which the components in Madrid would be hosted and all the information about the participants. It was also known that the date for its premiere would be scheduled for February 2, 2016. In this edition of the franchise, the shores would work in a recognized gym of Madrid and later like servers rollers of a service of fast food to be able to pay certain expenses of the house. The show premiered simultaneously on February 2, 2016 on the MTV Latin America, MTV Spain and MTV France networks as originally planned. In Latin America, through the MTV Latin America streaming platform called MTV Play, all episodes of Super Shore were broadcast two days before their television premiere (from the second episode), for free and at no extra cost. Season 2 (2016) June 16, 2016 announced the renewal of the program for a second season, due to the good results obtained with the first season. This was announced",
"title": "Super Shore"
},
{
"docid": "19762841",
"text": "Below are the rosters of the minor league affiliates of the Philadelphia Phillies: Players Samuel Aldegheri Samuel Aldegheri (born September 19, 2001) is an Italian professional baseball pitcher in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. Aldegheri played for the Parma Clima of the Italian Baseball League in 2019 and 2020. In July 2019, he signed with the Philadelphia Phillies as an international free agent. He made his professional debut in 2021 with Florida Complex League Phillies before being promoted to the Clearwater Threshers. Aldegheri played 2022 with the Florida Complex League Phillies, 2023 with Clearwater and Jersey Shore BlueClaws and started 2024 with Jersey Shore. Andrew Baker Andrew Fleming Baker (born March 24, 2000) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. Baker began his college baseball career at Chipola College. As a freshman, he made 26 appearances and finished the season with a 2–1 record with seven saves and a 5.04 ERA. Baker was also selected in the 16th round of the 2019 Major League Baseball Draft by the Los Angeles Dodgers, but opted not to sign and instead transferred to Auburn. As a sophomore at Auburn he had 9.53 earned run average in 5.2 innings pitched over six relief appearances before the season was cut short due to the coronavirus pandemic. After the school year, Baker transferred back to Chipola College. He made 15 starts and went 7–2 with a 3.45 ERA and 92 strikeouts in innings pitched. Baker was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 11th round of the 2021 Major League Baseball Draft. After signing, he was assigned to the Rookie-level Florida Complex League Phillies, where he made two appearances before being promoted to the Low-A Clearwater Threshers. Baker began the 2022 season with the High-A Jersey Shore BlueClaws before being promoted to the Reading Fightin Phils of the Double-A Eastern League. Auburn Tigers bio Carlos De La Cruz Carlos De La Cruz (born October 6, 1999) is an American professional baseball outfielder in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. De La Cruz was originally discovered by the Phillies scouting department in 2017 at the age of 17 playing for an amateur travel team in New York. He would sign with the Phillies on August 23, 2017 for a bonus of $50,000 as an undrafted free agent before participating in the Florida Instructional League later in the year. De La Cruz made his professional debut in 2018 with the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League Phillies East of the Gulf Coast League. He finished the season with a .284 average and six home runs in 43 games. De La Cruz was promoted to the Lakewood BlueClaws of the Class A South Atlantic League for the 2019 season. He finished the season with a .220 average and seven home runs in 117 games. De La Cruz did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the Minor League Baseball season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. De La Cruz shuttled between the FCL Phillies, Jersey Shore",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies minor league players"
},
{
"docid": "25980303",
"text": "Ronald J. Ortiz-Magro Jr. (born December 4, 1985) is an American television personality, best known as one of the eight main cast members of the MTV reality series Jersey Shore. Early life Ortiz-Magro was born in the Bronx in New York City. He is of Puerto Rican and Italian descent. Career Ortiz-Magro worked in real estate for his father before becoming part of MTV's reality show Jersey Shore in August 2009. The show premiered on December 4, 2009, and ran for six seasons before ending in 2012. Ortiz-Magro made an appearance at TNA Wrestling's Impact Wrestling on October 26, 2011, in Macon, Georgia. The first episode, which aired November 3 of that year, saw Ortiz-Magro and Eric Young get beaten down by Robbie E and Rob Terry, which built to a tag team match the following week, where Ortiz-Magro pinned Robbie E for the win. Ortiz-Magro and his Jersey Shore co-stars appeared in the 2012 film The Three Stooges. He has also appeared in Xenadrine ads. In 2017, Ortiz-Magro appeared in the second season of the E! reality series Famously Single. In 2018, he became part of the main cast in the MTV reality television series Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. On May 13, 2021, Ortiz-Magro announced that he was stepping back from the show to focus on his mental health. On April 11, 2018, he appeared in the seventh episode of the third season of Hollywood Medium with Tyler Henry. Ortiz-Magro also participated in Celebrity Fear Factor in 2018. Personal life Ortiz-Magro was in an on-off relationship with his Jersey Shore co-star Sammi Giancola from 2009 to 2016. The couple split up in May 2016. On December 26, 2017, he announced that he and his girlfriend, Jen Harley, were expecting a baby girl. Their daughter, Ariana Sky Magro, was born in April 2018. In late April 2018, it was reported Ortiz-Magro and Harley had ended their relationship. In January 2019, he entered a month-long rehabilitation program for alcohol and depression. In June 2018 and May 2019, Harley, who has made a career as realtor and also appeared on Jersey Shore when she was romantically involved with Ortiz-Magro, would be arrested following physical altercations she had with Ortiz-Magro when he visited her in Las Vegas. In February 2019, Ortiz-Magro and Harley had developed what Us Weekly characterized as an \"on-off\" relationship. However, it was later revealed that Ortiz-Magro had filed a police report alleging Harley had given him physical injuries after domestically assaulting him in January 2019, a few days after a reported altercation at a New Year's Eve Party. On October 4, 2019, Ortiz-Magro was arrested in Los Angeles and charged with felony domestic violence after a physical altercation with Harley. In November 2020, it was revealed that Ortiz-Magro had started a new relationship with Saffire Matos, whom he met in February. On April 22, 2021, Ortiz-Magro was arrested in Los Angeles, on new felony domestic violence charges. At the time of this arrest, Ortiz-Magro was on probation due to",
"title": "Ronnie Ortiz-Magro"
},
{
"docid": "2385402",
"text": "The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey, United States. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the National Hockey League's (NHL) Eastern Conference. The Devils franchise has been a part of the NHL since 1974, when the team entered the league as the Kansas City Scouts. Two years later, they moved to Denver, Colorado, and became the Colorado Rockies. The team stayed there until 1982, when they moved to New Jersey. 474 players have played on the team; 15 players have had multiple stints. The Devils have won the Stanley Cup three times with a total of 54 different players. Five players (Martin Brodeur, Sergei Brylin, Ken Daneyko, Scott Niedermayer and Scott Stevens) have been a part of all three Cup wins, and eleven more have won two. Of the 282 players, Ken Daneyko has played the most games with the team, playing all 1283 games of his NHL career in New Jersey. On the other end of the spectrum, nine players have played just one regular season game on the team; Steve Brule's only appearance with New Jersey came in the 2000 Stanley Cup Playoffs. The Devils have had eleven captains; Jamie Langenbrunner held the captaincy since December 5, 2007, until he was traded in the middle of the 2010–11 season. He was replaced by Zach Parise at the start of the following season. Nico Hischier is the current captain. The Devils have retired five jersey numbers; #3 for career Devil Ken Daneyko, #4 for longtime captain Scott Stevens, #27 for Scott Niedermayer, #30 for Martin Brodeur, and #26 for the franchise's all-time leading scorer Patrik Elias. Eleven Devils are enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame: Viacheslav Fetisov, Peter Stastny, Scott Stevens, Igor Larionov, Doug Gilmour, Scott Niedermayer, Brendan Shanahan, Joe Nieuwendyk, Phil Housley, Dave Andreychuk and Martin Brodeur. Patrik Elias surpassed former teammate and head coach John MacLean on March 17, 2009 with his 702nd point to become the Devils' all-time leading scorer. He also passed MacLean's goal scoring record on December 17, 2011. Martin Brodeur holds nearly every team record for goaltenders, having been the team's starting goaltender since the 1994–95 NHL season. In addition to his team records, he is the winningest goaltender in NHL history, notching his 552nd win on March 17, 2009, to pass his childhood idol Patrick Roy. This list does not include data from the Kansas City Scouts and the Colorado Rockies. The seasons column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. All the players that were part of a Stanley Cup winning roster have a blue background on their row. Key Appeared in an Devils game during the 2023–24 NHL season or is still part of the organization. Stanley Cup winner, retired jersey or elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame Statistics are complete to the end of the 2023–24 NHL season. Goaltenders Skaters",
"title": "List of New Jersey Devils players"
},
{
"docid": "5048234",
"text": "The syringe tide was an environmental disaster during 1987–88 in Connecticut, New Jersey and New York where significant amounts of medical waste, including hypodermic syringes, and raw garbage washed up onto beaches on the Jersey Shore, in New York City, and on Long Island. This forced the closing of beaches on the Atlantic coast. Officials scrambled to identify the source of the material as some local economies struggled with diminished tourism. Reaction Reports of medical waste and sewage spills drove away hundreds of thousands of vacationers, costing the $7.7-billion-a-year tourism industry on the Jersey Shore more than $1 billion in lost revenue that summer, tourism officials say. Later the losses were tallied between 15 and 40% of typical tourism revenue. It was a source of even greater turmoil due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s. Sources and reaction Officials finally traced the source of the waste to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island. After much deliberation, New York City was required to pay $1 million for past pollution damages as well as pay for the cleanup. No reparations were paid to the business owners on the Jersey Shore for revenues lost during the months of inactivity. In response to syringe tides of 1987 and 1988, the participants in the New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program (HEP) implemented the Short-term Floatables Action Plan. The successful plan has been implemented since 1989 and is supposed to curtail floatable debris wash-ups by intercepting debris slicks within the Harbor. With this plan, the extent of beach closures declined from over in 1988 to fewer than in 1989, and closures have remained at a low level in later years. The Short-term Floatables Action Plan has four key elements: Surveillance: Environmental organizations conduct regular air and sea patrols of the Harbor to look for and report slicks of floatable debris. Regular Cleanups: The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) use cleanup vessels to collect floatable debris in the Harbor and focuses its activities on conditions when slicks are most likely to occur. Non-routine Cleanups: USACE also attempts to capture additional debris slicks in the Harbor when they are detected and reported. Communications Network: United States Environmental Protection Agency coordinates a reporting network as well as cleanup activities among all the program participants. Popular culture The Syringe Tide is referenced in Billy Joel's 1989 hit single \"We Didn't Start the Fire\" by the line \"Hypodermics on the shore.\" In The Simpsons episode \"The Old Man and the 'C' Student\", when punishing the students Principal Skinner sends Milhouse to the beach to \"pick up all this medical waste that's washed up on the shore.\" Milhouse accidentally pricks himself on a syringe, and Skinner replies \"Well, just keep working. You'll prick yourself with the antidote sooner or later.\" The 1988 Skinny Puppy song \"Hospital Waste\" was written about the incident. The 1989 film Weekend at Bernie's references the Syringe Tide incident when Richard suggests to Larry that they \"go to Jones Beach and float around in the",
"title": "Syringe tide"
},
{
"docid": "33798781",
"text": "The Jersey Shore Historic District is a national historic district located in Jersey Shore, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. The district encompasses 286 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential area of Jersey Shore. Most were built during the period 1830 to 1860, and are representative of Victorian, Greek Revival, and Federal style architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. History The Borough of Jersey Shore had its beginnings in pre-Revolutionary War days, according to newspaper accounts of the town's history. Dean R. Wagner, who prepared the form which helped secure the Jersey Shore Historic District's placement on the National Register of Historic Places, the present day Borough of Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania confirmed in 1975 that the town is located on lands which were part of initial land grants made to 17th and 18th-century settlers along the western branch of the Susquehanna River, roughly 15 miles south of what is, today, the city of Williamsport in Lycoming County. Those land grants, from north to south, were: Forrest Situate, Richmond Situate, Richland Situate, and Forge Hammer. A portion of Forrest Situate was then subsequently purchased by Jeremiah and Reuben Manning who, sometime around the year 1800, had left the shore of New Jersey where they were residing to relocate to Pennsylvania. After purchasing their land, they then laid out a town north of what is, today, Allegheny Street, and initially named their new town Waynesburg. That year, there were just four houses inside the town's boundaries, but the town was ripe for expansion because there were multiple businesses located outside of town, including lumber and flour mills. Twelve years later, William B. Smith purchased land south of what is now Allegheny Street, and laid out a new section of town there in 1813. Initially reachable by wagon and stagecoach, the town became even more accessible when it became a stop on the West Branch Canal in 1834. Further growth was impeded during the mid-1800s, however, when planners chose to build the incoming railroad on the other side of the river, rather than closer to or through the town. The name of the town was officially changed to Jersey Shore in 1826. This historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Notable architecture Notable buildings include: Abraham Lawshe House (), which was the home of the owner of Jersey Shore's largest tannery Gallagher-Webb House () Mark Slonaker House (), which was the home of one of the men who collaborated on the construction of a pig iron furnace on the Upper Pine Bottom Run in 1814 Stone-Nice House () Bailey-Allen House () Sanderson-Sebring House () Samuel Humes Building (1852), which was named in honor of a member of the board of directors of both the Jersey Shore National Bank and the Lewisburg Turnpike and Bridge Company Moran-Trump House (1855) West Branch Dormitory Building (1856) McHenry-Cline House (). References Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Federal",
"title": "Jersey Shore Historic District"
},
{
"docid": "27689397",
"text": "Jersey Shore is an American reality television series that ran on MTV from December 3, 2009, to December 20, 2012, in the United States. The series follows the lives of eight housemates: Jenni Farley, Michael \"The Situation\" Sorrentino, Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi, Paul \"Pauly D\" DelVecchio, Ronnie Ortiz-Magro, Sammi Giancola, Vinny Guadagnino, Deena Nicole Cortese (seasons 3–6), and Angelina Pivarnick (seasons 1–2). The first season had five special episodes, with some airing after select episodes. Several after-hours specials have aired on MTV following select episodes along with various specials. The end of each season has been accompanied by a reunion show. Also a number of after-show internet specials titled \"Jersey Shore: Hook-Up\" hosted by Kenny Santucci have been released on MTV.com after select episodes. Additionally, there have been a number of internet specials exclusively on MTV.com. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (2009–10) For the first quarter of 2010, season 1 of Jersey Shore was the highest-rated original cable series among 12- to 34-year-olds, with a season-high 2.6 rating for the finale. The season also ranked #1 for its time period versus all cable competition among 12- to 34-year-olds. The season finale was MTV's highest-rated original series telecast in almost two years. Overall, the season averaged 2.7 million viewers. The season featured five special episodes, including a half-hour show titled Jersey Shore: After Hours hosted by Julissa Bermudez which aired occasionally after select episodes featuring cast members discussing the week's episode. Episodes 1.01 and 1.02 premiered back-to-back. Episodes 1.07 and 1.08 aired back-to-back. Season 2 (2010) On January 29, 2010, MTV announced that a second season of the series consisting of 13 episodes had been ordered and would air in Summer 2010. MTV announced that the second season would follow all of the first-season cast as they \"escape the cold northeast and find themselves in a new destination\". The second season was shot in the South Beach neighborhood of Miami Beach, Florida, from early March to late May 2010. The second season began on July 29, 2010. For Season 2, the After Hours specials were expanded to one hour and received Top 15 Weekly Cable ratings. Like season 1, this season featured special episodes titled Jersey Shore: Hook-Up. Like Season 1's episodes, these are hosted by Kenny Santucci from the Real World/Road Rules Challenge: Fresh Meat and shown on MTV.com. Aired on a Sunday night at 7 p.m. ET before the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards. MTV did not re-air the episode on TV or online after the initial showing until its usual time-slot the following Thursday September 16, 2010. Upon re-airing, the episode received 3.75 million viewers. Season 3 (2011) Season 3 was shot back in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, over the summer; filming began on July 25, 2010, and ended on September 4, 2010. On July 20, 2010, MTV announced that the entire cast will return for the third season, with the exception of Angelina Pivarnick. Angelina was replaced by Deena Nicole Cortese, a longtime friend of Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi",
"title": "List of Jersey Shore episodes"
},
{
"docid": "10213170",
"text": "Asbury Park High School is a comprehensive, community public high school serving students in seventh through twelfth grades. It is in a landmark building in Asbury Park, in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, that was constructed during the New Deal as a model high school campus. It is part of the Asbury Park Public Schools, an Abbott District serving children in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The current school building opened to students in September 1926. As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 607 students and 50.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1. There were 278 students (45.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and none eligible for reduced-cost lunch. As part of a reconfiguration of district schools announced in July 2019, students in grades 7 and 8 began attending classes in the high school in September 2020. Students from Deal attend the high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship. Students from Belmar attend either Asbury Park High School or Manasquan High School. History Constructed at a cost of $1 million (equivalent to $ million in ), the school building opened in September 1926 for 800 students, though the auditorium had not yet been completed when the building opened for the year. Students from Ocean Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey had been sent to Asbury Park and by 1962 accounted for a majority of students in am increasingly overcrowded high school. Ocean Township voters approved a referendum to cover the cost of construction of Ocean Township High School, which opened in September 1965 for students through 11th grade, with 12th graders completing their education in Asbury Park. Students from Allenhurst and Interlaken had attended the district's schools as part of sending/receiving relationships that have since been terminated. Interlaken received permission of the Commissioner New Jersey Department of Education in July 2014 to terminate its sending agreement with Asbury Park, which was replaced with a new relationship with the West Long Branch Public Schools for grades K-8 and with Shore Regional High School for grades 9-12. In July 2017, the DoE's Acting Commissioner approved a plan by Allenhurst to end its sending relationship with Asbury Park and join Interlaken in sending to West Long Branch and Shore Regional. The nearly 40 public school students from Allenhurst would start transitioning to the new sending districts as the relationship with Asbury Park is severed. Awards, recognition and rankings The school was the 313th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's \"Top Public High Schools\", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 177th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 280th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 281st in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 296th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across",
"title": "Asbury Park High School"
},
{
"docid": "70944256",
"text": "All Star Shore is an American reality competition television series that premiered on June 29, 2022. It is a successor to Jersey Shore that features television stars from around the world as they live together in a villa and compete in party-style challenges for $150,000. Production The series was announced on February 15, 2022, when Paramount+ announced their new slate of shows. The first season was shot in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic between November and December 2021, the cast had to undergo a quarantine period before filming began. On August 24, 2023, it was announced that the series would move to MTV for its second season, which premiered on September 21, 2023, and featured Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi as the narrator. Filming for the second season took place in late February and early March of the same year in Cartagena, Colombia. Contestants Season 1 Season 2 Format At the start of each season, cast members compete in a challenge which generally randomly determines the initial teams. Teams begins with a certain amount of \"Paradise points\" and attempt to earn more points during the season. The format is as follows: Paradise Game: Teams compete in a \"Paradise game\" where the last-place team is automatically sent to the Exile game. The winning team earns a \"Paradise reward\" and the ability to select a second team to compete in the Exile game against the last-place team. Additionally, the first, second and third-place teams from the game receive 30, 20 and 10 Paradise points respectively. For the second season, this was changed to 300, 200, and 100 points respectively. Exile Game: The last-place team from the Paradise game compete in the Exile game against the team selected by the winners of the Paradise game. The losing pair lose all their points and must spend the night at an Exile location. After the final Paradise game, the two teams with the most Paradise points automatically advanced to the Final Shore-Down. The remaining teams had to compete in a final Exile game to determine the third team to compete in the Final Shore-Down. Twists Partner Swap: At the episode 7 nominations in season 1, after the \"Keg Stand\" Paradise game but before the \"What a Load of Crap\" Exile game, cast members switched teams. Half of each teammate's former score at the time were combined to determine newly-formed team's Paradise point totals. In season 2 episode 6, three teams switch partners. Three-Way Exile Game: In season 2 episode 5, the winners of the \"Next Round's on Me\" Paradise game nominate two teams instead of one for a three-way exile game. Paradise Rewards and Exiles: For the first nine episodes, the winners of Paradise games are rewarded with a special \"Paradise reward\" experience and selects a second team to join them. Meanwhile, the team that loses the Exile game are exiled from the villa and must spend the night at an Exile location. Gameplay Paradise games Season 1 Party Pong: Played tournament-style over four rounds. One team",
"title": "All Star Shore"
},
{
"docid": "27717106",
"text": "The Jersey Shore Wildcats were a Tier III Junior \"A\" ice hockey team from Wall Township, New Jersey. They were a members of the International Junior Hockey League, Northern States Hockey League, North American 3 Eastern Hockey League, and the North American 3 Hockey League. The organization continued to operate teams at the youth level. History The team was founded in 2009 as the Trenton Habs and joined the International Junior Hockey League (IJHL) for the 2008–09 season as an associate member, playing a season of exhibition games against IJHL teams as well as participating in league showcase and national championship tournament. The team joined the IJHL as a full member for the 2010–11 season in the IJHL's Jr. Super Elite League. The Habs finished the 2009–10 season winning the IJHL Super Elite National Championship. In the summer of 2012, the IJHL folded causing the Habs and many former teams of the IJHL Super Elite Division to form the Northern States Hockey League (NSHL) under the AAU. In May 2013, it was announced that the organization joined forces with the Wichita Falls Wildcats of the North American Hockey League to give players more opportunities and exposure and renamed the team the Jersey Shore Wildcats. In 2014, the NSHL left AAU sanctioning with the intention of joining USA Hockey. The Tier II North American Hockey League (NAHL) then took over operations during the 2014–15 season and changed the name of the league to the North American 3 Eastern Hockey League (NA3EHL). Prior to the 2016–17 season, the Wildcats became part of the North American 3 Hockey League (NA3HL) when it absorbed the NA3EHL. In 2017, their NAHL affiliate, the Wichita Falls Wildcats, folded during the offseason. The Jersey Shore Wildcats continued into the 2017–18 NA3HL season, but games were cancelled in mid-November 2017. By December, the team was removed from the league due to apparently owing the league compensation even though the team was in second place in their division at the time. Season-by-season records United Hockey Union Nationals AAU Sanctioned Junior A National Championship In 2013 & 2014, the MWJHL, NSHL, & WSHL advanced two teams each. References External links Official Team Website Official Team Arena Sports in Trenton, New Jersey Defunct ice hockey teams in New Jersey Ice hockey clubs established in 2013 Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 2017 2013 establishments in New Jersey 2017 disestablishments in New Jersey",
"title": "Jersey Shore Wildcats"
},
{
"docid": "15650103",
"text": "Cats on a Smooth Surface is an American rock group, that starting in 1978 and throughout the 1980s was the house band at The Stone Pony in Asbury Park, New Jersey In the years 1981 and 1982, the band's lineup consisted of Bobby Bandiera on lead guitar and vocals, Harry Filkin on rhythm guitar and vocals, Peter Schulle on keyboards and vocals, John Micco on bass guitar and vocals, Pete Gagen on drums, and Ray Plante on saxophone. Other band members through the years have included Glen Burtnick, Vincent Danielle, and Mike Bovenzi, Steff \"Stiff Reed\" Munter, Rich Ruggiero and Joel Krausse. The band is still in existence and performs regularly in New Jersey. In 1971, prior to founding \"Cats\", Harry Filkin and Bobby Bandiera were the key players in the Jersey shore band called Holme in Belmar NJ. Harry still plays as current member of Holme and with \"Harry and Billy\". Bobby Bandiera is now a 5-year member of the internationally famous Bon Jovi band as a vocalist and guitarist. He was also lead guitar with Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes and still makes occasional appearances with them. Starting in the spring of 1982 Bruce Springsteen often performed with the band, particularly on Sunday nights when he would appear unannounced at the Stone Pony and jump up on stage with them. He often claimed to the press that they were his favorite band to jam with Recently Rachel Copeland has also begun to sing with the band. Discography Albums Cats on a Smooth Surface (1992) Live 1982 With Bruce Springsteen: The Legendary Radio Broadcast (2018) Singles \"Mean Streets\" / \"No Right Time (To Say Goodbye)\" (1988) \"Midnight Romeo\" / \"What Do All the People Know\" (1992) References External links MySpace page Rock music groups from New Jersey Jersey Shore musical groups",
"title": "Cats on a Smooth Surface"
},
{
"docid": "36725313",
"text": "Snooki & Jwoww is an American reality television series on MTV starring Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi and Jennifer \"JWoww\" Farley, a spinoff of Jersey Shore. The first season featured Polizzi and Farley living together in a former firehouse in Jersey City, New Jersey. A second season was confirmed on August 3, 2012. The format expanded to one hour, and was filmed in Manchester, New Jersey. It premiered January 8, 2013. MTV confirmed a third season on April 25, 2013. On October 8, 2014, MTV confirmed season 4 would be the final season of the series, which premiered on Wednesday, November 5 at 10/9c. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (2012) Season 2 (2013) Season 3 (2013–14) Season 4 (2014–15) References External links Jersey Shore (TV series) Lists of American reality television series episodes",
"title": "List of Snooki & Jwoww episodes"
},
{
"docid": "70244383",
"text": "Germany Shore (previously titled as Reality Shore) is a German and a Swiss reality television series on the premium sector OnePlus and Joyn and on the television channel 3+ and MTV Germany. It was first broadcast on November 17, 2021, and is the German and Swiss offshoot of the American show Jersey Shore. Production The programme follows the daily lives of 9 housemates, as they live together for a number of weeks. The house was located in Crete in Greece. The second season premiered on December 14, 2022 in Switzerland on OnePlus, and on December 15 of that year in Germany on Paramount+. On February 10, 2023, the start of production of a third season was announced, which was filmed in June of the same year in Greece. The third season premiered on November 14, 2023, with two episodes per week. The list of cast members was revealed weeks before the premiere. Series Cast Bellydah (season 1–2, 3–present) Jessy Jessica Fiorini (season 1, 2–present) Walentina Doronina (season 1, 3–present) Hatidza \"Haiti\" Suarez (season 2, 3–present) Jonathan \"Jona\" Steining (season 2–present) Julius Tkatschenko (season 2–present) Abi (season 3–present) Marvin Opana (season 3–present) Max Eggerstedt (season 3–present) Michael Schüler (season 3–present) Tommy Pedroni (season 3–present) Paulina Ljubas (season 3–present) Nunu (season 3–present) Meggie (season 3–present) Paola (season 3–present) Einfach Tobi (season 3–present) Previous: Emanuel R. Brunner (season 1, 2) Mia Madisson (season 1, 2) Yasin Mohamed (season 1–2) Anthony (season 1) Danilo Cristilli (season 1) Gina Alisia De Rossa (season 1) Nara (season 1) Nic (season 1) Niko (season 1) Silvio (season 1) Antonia (season 2) Dana Feist (season 2) Dino Strukar (season 2) Elia Berthoud (season 2) Fabio de Pasquale (season 2) Germain Wolf (season 2) Emilija Mihailova (season 2) Peter Kujan (season 2) Venance Gwladys Amvame (season 2) Ramona Jst (season 3) Bobby Chambertz (season 3) Selina Felicitas (season 3) Special Guests: Calvin Kleinen (season 1) Melody Haase (season 1) Elena Miras (season 1) Marina (season 2) Nathan Henry (season 3) Duration of cast = Cast member is featured in this episode. = Cast member arrives in the house. = Cast member returns to the series. = Cast member voluntarily leaves the house. = Cast member returns to the house. = Cast member leaves the series. = Cast member is removed from the series. = Cast member does not feature in this episode. = Cast member features in this episode despite not being an official cast member at the time. = Cast member is not officially a cast member in this episode. Episodes Series overview Series 1 (2021) Series 2 (2022) Series 3 (2023–24) References 2020s German television series 2021 German television series debuts 2021 German television seasons 2022 German television seasons German-language television shows German reality television series German television series based on American television series Television shows filmed in Greece",
"title": "Germany Shore"
},
{
"docid": "37610035",
"text": "Gandía Shore is a Spanish reality television series broadcast on MTV. It premiered on 14 October 2012 and is the Spanish adaptation of American show Jersey Shore. It follows the same format as the American and British (Geordie Shore) versions. The show follows the lives of eight participants who live in the Valencian town of Gandia. It premiered 14 October 2012, and broke MTV Spain's all-time ratings record, with 948,000 viewers and a market share of 4.8%, figures that more than double the Jersey Shore premieres on the Spanish channel. Cast MTV gave the list of participants with their descriptions days before the official releases of the program. Abraham García is from Campo Real, Madrid and he's 21 years old. He is the most polite person out of his housemates, loves practising extreme sports like motocross, and he takes care of his body and haircut, even though he says he's not obsessed with it. He loves meeting new people and dating lasses too. He considers that sex is something fundamental in life. He's the preppiest of the house, causing a difference between his housemates and him. He defines himself as a \"NINI\", which means \"neither nor\" in English: \"He neither studies nor works\". Also, he is known as the \"authentic tanga boy\". Alberto Clavel is 22 years old and he's from San Antonio de Benagéber, Valencia. His nickname is \"Clavelito\", which in English means \"little carnation\". He's the most calm and one of the few honest people in the group. Also, he is the only one that has no problems with anyone in the house. He loves powerful cars, new technology, and partying. He does not consider himself to have the most fit body in the house. Ultimately, he's the good boy of the house. Arantxa Fernández is from Villarejo de Salvanés, Madrid. She's 21 years old and she's usually described as an impulsive, crazy, and spontaneous girl. She loves partying and she defines herself \"The Queen of the Platforms\" and \"a choni with lots of glamour\". She's constantly laughing and having a good time, as she's the funniest gal. She's also a very lazy person. In the first episodes, she intends to have something with Abraham. Cristina Core Serrano is from Vic, Barcelona and she's 20 years old. Her nickname, \"Core\", comes from her favourite musical genre \"hardcore\". She's impulsive and spontaneous, and her passion is dancing. For relaxing, she practices Muai Thai and dancing, as well as going to the gym. She's very sensitive and cries when attacked. Her body and her appearance are the most important things to her. She considers herself a \"Daddy's girl\". She has more than one strong discussion with Ylenia during the program, making them eternal enemies. She has a boyfriend when she enters the house, but she breaks up with him and has a brief fling with Abraham. A few months after the end of the filming, Core had a plastic surgery to her nose, lips and breasts (This can be seen",
"title": "Gandía Shore"
},
{
"docid": "68425454",
"text": "Thomas Matthew Judge (born May 28, 1999) is an American soccer player who plays as a defender. Career Youth Judge played high school soccer at the Christian Brothers Academy, where he was named Shore Sports Network Shore Conference A-North First Team in 2015, and SCANJ Private All-State First Team, Shore Conference First Team in 2016. College & Amateur In 2017, Judge attended James Madison University to play college soccer. In four seasons with the Dukes, including a truncated 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Judge made 63 appearances, scored three goals and tallied four assists. Accolades earned by Judge during his college career includes All-CAA Second Team and CAA All-Rookie Team as a freshman, Third Team All-CAA as a sophomore, First Team All-Atlantic Region and First Team All-CAA as a junior, and was a MAC Hermann Trophy Semifinalist, United Soccer Coaches First Team All-American, United Soccer Coaches All-Atlantic Region First Team, All-CAA First Team, and All-VaSID Second Team in his senior year. He also helped the Dukes win three consecutive CAA titles and make three straight NCAA Tournament berths, which included a run to the national quarterfinals in 2018. During 2019, Judge also appeared with USL League Two side Cedar Stars Rush, making six appearances for the club. Professional On January 21, 2021, Judge was drafted 36th overall in the 2021 MLS SuperDraft by Nashville SC. Judge officially signed with Nashville on June 17, 2021. On July 6, 2021, Judge was loaned to USL Championship side Pittsburgh Riverhounds for the remainder of the season. Judge made his professional debut on August 7, 2021, starting against Charleston Battery in a 3–2 victory. Following the 2021 season Judge's contract option was declined by Nashville and he became a free agent. References External links James Madison Dukes bio 1999 births Living people All-American college men's soccer players American men's soccer players Men's association football defenders Christian Brothers Academy (New Jersey) alumni James Madison Dukes men's soccer players Nashville SC draft picks Nashville SC players People from Freehold Township, New Jersey Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC players Soccer players from Monmouth County, New Jersey USL Championship players USL League Two players",
"title": "Tom Judge"
},
{
"docid": "6354083",
"text": "This page provides a partial list of television shows set in the State of New Jersey. Live format Brick City Comic Book Men Jersey Shore Jerseylicious Miss America Pageant (1954–2005), held in Atlantic City starting in 1921, first televised in 1954, moved to Las Vegas in 2006 MTV's Shore Thing (2002), live programming originated from the Seaside Heights Boardwalk and beach MTV's Summer Share (1998), live programming originated from the Seaside Heights Boardwalk and beach The Real Housewives of New Jersey The Richard Bey Show (1987–1996), also known as People are Talking and 9 Broadcast Plaza; originated from Secaucus Comedy, drama, and reality 12 Monkeys (20152018), largely set in Raritan, New Jersey Akkara Kazhchakal, popular Malayalam sitcom series The Apprentice (2004–2015), frequent tasks at Trump Organization properties in New Jersey Aqua Teen Hunger Force (series run: 2000–2015; years set in New Jersey: 2000-2010), near the southern Jersey Shore Batman (animated series), set in Gotham City, a fictional city of New Jersey Boardwalk Empire (2010–2014), drama set in Atlantic City during the Prohibition Era Cake Boss (2009–2020), reality show set at Carlo's Bake Shop in Hoboken Charles in Charge (1984–1990), near the fictional Copeland College in New Brunswick Down the Shore (1992–1993), Belmar, New Jersey on the Jersey Shore Glam Fairy follows Jerseylicious star Alexa Prisco and her team of hair and makeup artists, also known as her \"fairies\" at the Glam Factory in Hoboken, New Jersey House (2004–2012), fictional Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (presumably in Plainsboro) Hudson Street (1995-1996), short-lived sitcom starring Tony Danza and Lori Loughlin, took place at a fictional newspaper in Hoboken Jersey Couture (2010–2012), features Diane & Co., a dress shop in Freehold, NJ Jersey Shore follows the lives of eight soon-to-be roommates living and working together for the summer in Seaside Heights, New Jersey Jerseylicious (2010), reality show set at the Gatsby Salon in Green Brook Jonas (2009–2010), starring The Jonas Brothers, who originate in New Jersey Makin' It (1979), set in Passaic, New Jersey Megas XLR (2004–2005), set in Jersey City Method & Red (2004), unspecified New Jersey suburb (presumably near New York City) Nikita (2010–2013), set in and around New Jersey and the primary fictional setting of the show is set in underground New Jersey Point Pleasant (2005), Supernatural drama set in Point Pleasant Ramy (2019–2022), set in New Jersey The Sopranos (1999–2007), various parts of Essex County and other counties in New Jersey (with occasional scenes in Manhattan) Stand by Your Man (1992), set in \"Franklin Heights\" That's Life (2000–2002), fictitious \"Bellefield\" (ostensibly Belleville or Bloomfield) WandaVision (2021), set in the fictitious town of Westview, New Jersey Yellowjackets (2021present) Game shows Trump Card (1990–1991), filmed at Trump Castle (Now The Golden Nugget) in Atlantic City News CNBC – most of its in-studio programming originates from Fort Lee MSNBC – most of its in-studio programming originates from Secaucus New Jersey Network – most of its in-studio programming originates from Trenton or Newark News 12 New Jersey – central studio-office complex in Edison; with remote",
"title": "List of television shows set in New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "25980319",
"text": "Samantha Giancola (born March 14, 1987) also known as Sammi Sweetheart, is an American television personality. She is best known as one of the eight main cast members in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore. Early life Raised in Hazlet, New Jersey, Giancola is of Italian and Greek descent. She attended Raritan High School, where she played softball, ran track, and was a four-year varsity soccer letter winner. Giancola won art contests when she was younger. She went on to major in sociology at William Paterson University, where she also played as a midfielder on their Division III women's soccer team. Career Jersey Shore Giancola debuted on the MTV reality show Jersey Shore in August 2009. She has since appeared with her cast mates on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, The Wendy Williams Show, and Live with Regis and Kelly. Giancola and her Jersey Shore co-stars appeared in the 2012 film The Three Stooges. She later appeared on some episodes of Snooki & Jwoww and participated in the 2017 E! special Reunion Road Trip: Return to the Jersey Shore. In 2018, Giancola announced she would not return for the Jersey Shore reboot, Jersey Shore: Family Vacation, to avoid \"potentially toxic situations\" and to focus on her \"businesses and relationship.\" In 2023, Giancola announced she would return to Jersey Shore after an 11-year hiatus. Other ventures In 2011, Giancola endorsed a fragrance called Dangerous, available for both men and women. She later endorsed another fragrance, Dangerous Desires. In 2013, Giancola launched her online clothing and accessories line, Sweetheart Styles. In 2015, Giancola became a co-host on the podcast called Just Sayin, where she joins relationship expert Siggy Flicker and TV host Clare Galterio to discuss their respective personal lives and celebrity rumors. The podcast is made in New York City through the Loud Speakers Network. The podcast ran for 104 episodes from August 2015 to November 2017. Personal life Sammi began a volatile on-off relationship with castmate Ronnie Ortiz-Magro during Jersey Shores original run from 2009 to 2012. Their relationship lasted for several years, before the two broke up for good in 2016. A year later, in 2017, Giancola started dating YouTuber and entrepreneur Christian Biscardi. The pair got engaged on March 5, 2019. Initially planning to wed in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic upended their plans. In the early summer of 2021, fans noticed that Biscardi and Giancola unfollowed each other on Instagram, driving rumors and speculation of a break up. Giancola officially confirmed their separation in July 2021 via TikTok. The following summer, on August 1, 2022, Giancola began dating bartender Justin May. She first introduced him on social media in November as they celebrated Thanksgiving together. \"Happy Thanksgiving,\" she captioned the image, which was shared on Twitter, and marked her first anniversary in an Instagram post with several photos of the couple's adventures over the year.The pair got engaged on March 16, 2024, with the couple revealing their engagement in an Instagram post on",
"title": "Sammi Giancola"
},
{
"docid": "76083030",
"text": "Italia Shore is an Italian reality television series that aired on MTV Italia and Paramount+. It premiered on March 4, 2024. it is the Italian branch of the American show Jersey Shore. The show follows the daily lives of ten housemates who live together for several weeks in Fregene, Lazio. Production In February 2022, Paramount Global announced a new line of unscripted series and renewals for MTV Entertainment Studios that included seven new versions of the Shore franchise. In September 2023, the Paramount Plus service was launched for the first time in Italy. At the same time, the programming and production of Italian series was carried out, including Italia Shore, which was announced for the first time on September 15 of that year. On February 12, 2024, MTV revealed the show's premiere date and cast members. Its premiere is scheduled for March 4, 2024 on Paramount+ and March 10 on MTV. Cast A special episode broadcast a month before the show's official launch on February 12, 2024, titled \"Meet The Cast\", provided the list of contestants. Previously Jasmin Salvati had been part of the fourth season of Ex on the Beach Italy. Duration of cast = Cast member is featured in this episode. = Cast member arrives in the house. = Cast member voluntarily leaves the house. = Cast member is removed from the house. = Cast member leaves and returns to the house in the same episode. = Cast member returns to the house. = Cast member features in this episode, but outside of the house. = Cast member does not feature in this episode. = Cast member voluntarily leaves the series. = Cast member returns to the series. = Cast member is removed from the series. = Cast member features in this episode despite not being an official cast member at the time. = Cast member is not officially a cast member in this episode. Episodes References 2020s Italian television series 2024 Italian television series debuts 2024 Italian television seasons Italian-language television shows Italian reality television series Italian television series based on American television series",
"title": "Italia Shore"
},
{
"docid": "442163",
"text": "The Jersey Shore, commonly referred to locally as simply the Shore, is the coastal region of the U.S. state of New Jersey. Geographically, the term encompasses about of oceanfront bordering the Atlantic Ocean, from Perth Amboy in the north to Cape May Point in the south. The region includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May counties, which are in the central and southern parts of the state. Located in the center of the Northeast Megalopolis, the northern half of the shore region is part of the New York metropolitan area, while the southern half of the shore region is part of the Philadelphia metropolitan area, also known as the Delaware Valley. The Jersey Shore hosts the highest concentration of oceanside boardwalks in the United States. Famous for its wide beaches, many boardwalks that include arcades, amusement parks, and water parks, the Jersey Shore is a popular vacation spot for residents of North Jersey, New York, Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Certain shore communities are also popular with visitors of the Canadian province of Quebec. Due to New Jersey's peninsular geography, both sunrise and sunset are visible over water from different points on the Jersey Shore. In 2012, Hurricane Sandy devastated much of the northern part of the Jersey Shore, spawning the demolition and rebuilding of entire neighborhoods, with reinvention on a physically and financially elevated, and economically upscale level; this process of gentrification escalated property values and transformed communities on the Jersey Shore into a second home for the New York financial community, akin to the more established Gold Coast and Hamptons on Long Island. Notable shore towns The Jersey Shore is lined with over 40 different towns and communities, each with a different character, flavor, and vibe. Many towns cater extensively to summer tourists, while others are increasingly or completely full-year residential communities. The towns listed below are ordered geographically from north to south. Middlesex County The Amboys Perth Amboy, along with neighboring South Amboy across the Raritan River, make up The Amboys. Perth Amboy was a resort town in the 19th century and early 20th century, located on the northern edge of the Raritan Bayshore. Since the early 1990s Perth Amboy has seen redevelopment. Small businesses have started to open up, helped by the city's designation as an urban enterprise zone. The waterfront has also seen a rebirth, with new parks, a new promenade and an expansion of the marina complementing the old Victorian homes along the bay. Local attractions include the Perth Amboy Ferry Slip and Kearny Cottage. The Raritan Yacht Club, it is one of the oldest yacht clubs in the United States. As of 2023, hundreds of millions of dollars were being invested in the redevelopment of Perth Amboy's waterfront area, in part related to its strategically-located industrial area. On October 30, 2023, NY Waterway launched a new ferry service in South Amboy, which connects to Lower and Midtown Manhattan. Both towns are served by the North Jersey Coast Line. Laurence Harbor (Old Bridge)",
"title": "Jersey Shore"
},
{
"docid": "74434054",
"text": "There are numerous film festivals in New Jersey. The municipalities of Asbury Park, Atlantic City, Newark, Princeton, Red Bank, and Teaneck each host a number of festivals throughout the year, as does Rutgers University in New Brunswick. A APin3 Film Challenge (Asbury Park) (timed filmmaking challenge) Asbury Park Music + Film Festival (established 2015) (Asbury Park) Atlantic City Cinefest / Downbeach Film Festival (established 2008) (Atlantic City) B B.E. (Black Excellence) Film Festival and Film Showcase (established 2021) (held during the larger Black Excellence Festival at The Showboat, Atlantic City) BFC Short Film Festival (established 2021) (Barrymore Film Center, Fort Lee) Bergen International Film Fest of New Jersey (established 2018) (Bergenfield) Bread and Roses Film Festival (established 2023) (ShowRoom Cinema, Asbury Park) (women's film festival) Brightside Film Festival (established 2014) (Jersey City) C Cherry Hill Jewish Film Festival (Cherry Hill) Colombian Film Festival (established 2013 in Manhattan) (Ritz Theater, Elizabeth touring location 2023) The Count Basie Center \"BREAKTHROUGH\" Film Festival (established ~2014) (Basie Center Cinemas, Red Bank) (young filmmakers) Cranford Film Festival (established 2021) (Cranford Theater, Cranford) (short film) E EB Indie Film Festival (established 2021) (East Brunswick) F FilmOneFest (established 2008) (outdoors at the Atlantic Highlands Marina, Atlantic Highlands) (short film) G Garden State Film Festival (established 1982) (Asbury Park and Cranford) Golden Door Film Festival (established 2011) (Jersey City) H Hang Onto Your Shorts Film Festival (established ~2012) (short film) (Asbury Park) Hoboken International Film Festival (established in 2006 in Hoboken, it relocated to Teaneck for a few seasons, and then to Orange County, New York in 2013.) I Indie Street Film Festival (established ~2015) (Two River Theater and others, Red Bank) Irish-American Comedy + Film Fleadh (established 2023) (Basie Center Cinemas, Red Bank) J Jersey City Horror Film Festival (established ~2015) (Jersey City) Jersey Devil Film Festival (established ~2017) (Asbury Park) (folklore/cryptids/paranormal/horror) Jersey Shore Film Festival (established 2006) (Deal, Long Branch, Asbury Park, Red Bank) Jewish Film Festival of Central New Jersey (The Cranford Theater, Cranford) K Krampus Film Festival (established ~2011) (Asbury Park) (horror/folklore/paranormal with a Yuletide focus) L Lambertville Halloween Film Festival (established 2022) (Lambertville) Lighthouse Film Festival (established 2009) (Long Beach Island) M Montclair Film Festival (established 2012) (The Clairidge, Montclair) N Nassau Film Festival (established 2015) (Princeton Garden Theatre, Princeton) Newark Black Film Festival (established 1974) (Newark Museum of Art) Newark International Film Festival (established 2016) (held at North to Shore Festival, Newark) Newark LGBTQ Film Festival (established 2023) (Newark) Newark Short Film Festival (established ~2015) (New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark) New Jersey Film Festival (established 1982) (Rutgers University–New Brunswick) New Jersey Horror Con and Film Festival (Atlantic City and Edison). New Jersey Independent Film Festival (established 2021) (Cranford Theater, Cranford) New Jersey Indian and International Film Festival (established 2018) (Regal Hadley Theater, South Plainfield; Oak Tree Road, Edison) New Jersey Jewish Film Festival (established 2000) (West Orange) New Jersey Young Filmmakers Festival (Thomas Edison National Historical Park, West Orange) New Lens Film Festival (Rutgers Filmmaking Center, Mason Gross School of the",
"title": "List of film festivals in New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "74049053",
"text": "The third series of Rio Shore, a Brazilian television programme based in Rio de Janeiro was begun on June 15, 2023, on MTV. It was filmed in February 2023. The cast was revealed in May 2023, half of the cast from the previous season not returning to the show. Six new cast members are introduced for the first time, including Beatriz Valença, Helena Steigne, Leonardo Carvalho, Matheus Miranda and Thiago Hippólito. This was the last season to feature Maryane Valim after leaving the show. Brazilian television personality was featured as the head of the season. Jessica Barros returns to the show after leaving at the end of the previous season. Cast Jessica Barros (Episodes 8–12) Leonardo Carvalho Juliana \"Mississippi\" Casaes Matheus \"Novinho\" Crivella Guilherme Evaristo Cristal Felix William Guimarães Thiago \"Thippo\" Hippólito Daniele Japa Matheus Miranda Ricardo \"Rick\" Salusse Helena Steigne Beatriz \"Triz\" Valença Maryane Valim (Episodes 1–5) Duration of cast = Cast member is featured in this episode. = Cast member arrives in the house. = Cast member returns to the house. = Cast member leaves the series. = Cast member returns to the series. = Cast member does not feature in this episode. = \"Cast member\" is not a cast member in this episode. Episodes References 2023 Brazilian television seasons Jersey Shore (TV series) Paramount+ original programming Television shows filmed in Brazil Television shows set in Brazil Portuguese-language television shows",
"title": "Rio Shore series 3"
},
{
"docid": "34909431",
"text": "Snooki & Jwoww is an American reality television series on MTV starring Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi and Jennifer \"JWoww\" Farley. It is the second of three spin-offs of Jersey Shore, on which both Polizzi and Farley previously gained fame as cast members. The series ran from June 21, 2012 until February 4, 2015 spanning four seasons. Cast Main Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi Jennifer \"Jwoww\" Farley Recurring Jionni LaValle — Nicole's husband. He and Snooki became engaged before the first season aired. He and Snooki married on November 29, 2014. Roger Mathews — Jenni's now ex-husband. He and JWoww became engaged in the ninth episode of the second season (\"Taking the Plunge\"). He and JWoww married on October 18, 2015. Episodes Production The series was first announced by MTV on April 7, 2011, as one of two spinoffs of Jersey Shore, on which both Polizzi and Farley previously gained fame as cast members, with the other spinoff focusing on their castmate, Paul \"Pauly D\" DelVecchio. The first season, which consists of 12 episodes, focuses on Polizzi and Farley living together after the conclusion the fifth season of Jersey Shore, and is described by the two stars as a modern-day Laverne & Shirley. SallyAnn Salsano of 495 Productions, who also produced Jersey Shore, is the executive producer of the series. MTV's tentative title for the series was reported by NJ.com on February 26, 2012 as Snooki and JWoww vs. the World. The production initially sought to film in Hoboken, New Jersey, but were denied a permit. An invitation to the crew to film in Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania was later rescinded by Central Pennsylvania Film Office following a public outcry. Eventually a former firehouse at 38 Mercer Street at Grove Street in Jersey City, New Jersey was chosen as the filming location. The property was guarded at all times by at least four Jersey City police officers, who also followed the cast and crew when leaving the home, conditions to which producers were required to agree in order to be granted a shooting permit. The conditions also indicated that the police would take action, including on the cast, if any state or city laws were broken, and that producers would reimburse the city for any increase in police presence or similar costs that might have occurred due to events related to the production. Prior to filming, several businesses in the area, including the bars Skinner's Loft, Barcade and LITM, denied filming permits to MTV, which The Jersey Journal reported was due to their need to make their regular customers a priority. In addition, a \"No Snooki\" sign was posted in the window of a liquor store around the corner from the firehouse, whose general manager stated that either of the two women would be turned away if they attempted to patronize that establishment. The Beechwood Cafe and Market, across the street from the firehouse, also indicated they would not let the two in their restaurant. Tia's Place, a trendy clothing store on Grove Street, also",
"title": "Snooki & Jwoww"
},
{
"docid": "2924597",
"text": "Ice Hockey is currently played by approximately 161 high school varsity teams in NJ. Teams are divided into conferences: the Gordon Conference, Big North Conference, New Jersey Ice Hockey League, Morris County Secondary School Ice Hockey League, Union County Ice Hockey League, Skylands Conference, Greater Middlesex Conference, Colonial Valley Conference, Shore Conference, Independents, and Prep Schools. Most of these leagues are divided into divisions. A State Championship Tournament is organized at the end of the season by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Divisions Hockey is one of the few sports in the state with \"rolling divisions\". The divisions can change every year depending on the performance of the teams and new teams formed. The divisions are arranged by geography and skill level. Typically, the last place team in a higher division will be moved into the lower division, with the first place team of the lower division moving into the higher division. Gordon Conference American Division National Division Big North Conference Patriot Division Freedom Division Stripes Division Stars Division New Jersey Interscholastic Ice Hockey League McInnis Division Kelly Division McMullen Division Morris County Secondary School Ice Hockey League Mennen Division Halvorsen Division Haas Division Charette Division Skyland Conference (no divisions) Greater Middlesex Conference (no divisions) Colonial Valley Conference Colonial Division Valley Division Shore Conference Shore A North Shore A Central Shore A South Shore B North Independents (no divisions) Independence League (prep) (no divisions) source. State Tournament The NJSIAA crowns state champions in four categories; Private, Public A, Public B and Public C. Through 1994, public and private schools played in one state tournament; however, private schools dominated the tournament due to their ability to recruit the best players in the state without geographical limitation. Beginning in 1995, the NJSIAA held separate private and public tournaments, crowning a private and public champion, with these champions playing each other for the overall state championship. In 2005, the NJSIAA eliminated the overall state championship game because a public school had won only once, in 1997. Similarly, in 2008, the Public Tournament was divided into A and B categories based on school enrollment as the smaller schools generally were unable to compete with the larger schools. The public tournament was divided once again in 2018 to include Public C. In the 2021–2022 season the Public C tournament would pivot again to comprise the growing number of cooperative teams in the state. The initial Public C season would have forty-three co-op and tri-op teams competing for the state crown. To qualify for the State Tournament, teams must have played a minimum of 10 games and compiled a record of .500 or better record by a date set by the NJSIAA, usually around February 15. Teams within four games of .500 may petition for an at-large selection to the Tournament. The NJSIAA may select a maximum of 3 public and 2 private teams for an at-large berth. All members of the Gordon Conference earn automatic entry to the Private Tournament. In recent years,",
"title": "High school ice hockey in New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "15851677",
"text": "Sea Breeze is an unincorporated community located within Fairfield Township in Cumberland County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is located on the shores of the Delaware Bay. History In 1887, steamboat travel between Philadelphia and Sea Breeze began. After two aspiring businessmen from Gloucester restored an old Civil War boat (named the John A. Warner), a regular service was run throughout the summer to Sea Breeze's amusement pier. Later that year, The Warner House opened at Sea Breeze. The Warner house was a 40-room hotel, complete with a bar, and offered bathing as well as numerous recreational activities to visitors. Annual clambakes and boat races were also held. The Warner House burned down in 1890. By the early 20th century, Jesse Smith built Sea Breeze's second hotel, The Seabreeze Hotel. During this time a man named Harry Griffith would rent rowboats on the bay, and is alleged to have provided alcohol during Prohibition. The new hotel suffered a similar fate as the Warner House and was destroyed by a fire in the 1940s. Following the repeal of Prohibition, Griffith obtained a liquor license and opened the Sea Breeze tavern. Although it started out in a nearby barge, it later expanded to three rooms. By the 1940s, Griffith's daughter Mae had added food to the tavern. Although Harry Griffith died in the 1960s, the tavern was run by his family up until 1985, when it was destroyed by Hurricane Gloria. The hamlet is home to a small community of seasonal homes and does not have many year round residents. There is one road in Sea Breeze, Beach Avenue and it is unpaved. There are no marinas or businesses, but Sea Breeze is still used by salt water fisherman and bird watchers. In November 2008, six of the 19 homeowners in Sea Breeze asked the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection to buy their properties. A recently constructed seawall had been badly damaged by the waves, leaving the properties at great risk. On May 17, 2010, NJN News reported the remaining homeowners have agreed to sell their property to the state. In August 2010, two of the homes burned down. In July 2011 another home burned down. In early January 2012, the state and EPA tore down the houses. References External links Fairfield Township Fairfield Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey Unincorporated communities in Cumberland County, New Jersey Unincorporated communities in New Jersey",
"title": "Sea Breeze, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "4150921",
"text": "A beach tag (also beach badge, beach pass, or beach token) is an admission pass that must be purchased to access a beach. It is commonly associated with the Jersey Shore in the U.S. state of New Jersey, where many communities restrict summer beach access to residents and visitors who pay a fee for a daily, weekly, or seasonal pass. Beaches with a beach-tag program use the proceeds to offset the maintenance and staffing costs associated with running a beach, such as funding lifeguards, restrooms, and trash removal. History Beach tags for New Jersey beaches can be traced back to 1937 when some towns in the northern portion of the Jersey Shore such as Seaside Heights had brass beach badges marked by gender. Surf City on Long Beach Island started requiring beach tags in 1967. Stone Harbor became the first municipality in the southern portion of the Jersey Shore to require beach tags in 1971, and Sea Isle City followed suit in 1972. In Ocean City, beach tags were implemented in 1976, although discussions for beach fees in the city date back to the 1930s. Long Beach Township on Long Beach Island approved beach tags on November 5, 1976. In 2021, the Cape May County municipalities of Wildwood, North Wildwood, Wildwood Crest, and Upper Township - four of the five municipalities in New Jersey which do not have beach tags - were considering implementing them. Pricing Daily, weekly, and seasonal tags can usually be purchased at participating beaches, and each municipality sets its own rates and policies. Beaches typically do not charge for children under the age of 12 and may offer discounts to seniors. In certain municipalities, discounts are given for seasonal passes purchased before a specific date (e.g., May 15 in Seaside Heights, New Jersey). The beach tag offered by one municipality may not grant access to beaches in other municipalities. For example, Long Beach Island, which is about twenty miles long, comprises six municipalities, each with its own beach tags, and beach-goers cannot purchase a tag in one Long Beach Island municipality and use it in another. Criticism The goals of beach tags, or tokens, are to either restrict the beach to only community members, or to generate user fees for lifeguards and maintenance (e.g., trash removal). On the Jersey Shore, beach tags are controversial because the public trust doctrine generally gives the public the right to access the intertidal zone, and guests may feel that a beach with beach tags should offer a superior service to free beaches. Additionally, detractors debate whether beach tags are actually to restrict beach use to people who are paying visitors of hotels, beach house rentals, and local residents. Proponents of beach tags suggest that they improve the cleanliness and safety of the beaches, making the tag fees akin to user fees that prevent freeloading. In addition, proponents note that the beaches which require beach tags are those located in smaller municipalities, which because of beach tags are permitted to offer",
"title": "Beach tag"
},
{
"docid": "27683785",
"text": "Jersey Shore is a reality television series that aired on MTV. It follows eight housemates while they live, work and party at the Jersey Shore. The show made its debut amid large amounts of controversy regarding the use of the words \"guido/guidette\", portrayals of Italian-American stereotypes as well as perpetuating stereotypes of New Jerseyans, especially because the cast members are not residents from the area. It premiered in December 2009 and ran through 2012. The controversies in the series were due in large part to the manner in which MTV marketed the show, as it liberally used the word guido to describe the cast members. The word guido is generally regarded as an ethnic slur when referring to Italians and Italian Americans. One promotion stated that the show was to follow, \"eight of the hottest, tannest, craziest Guidos\", while yet another advertisement stated, \"[the show] exposes one of the tri-state area's most misunderstood species ... the GUIDO. Yes, they really do exist! Our Guidos and Guidettes will move into the ultimate big beach house rental and indulge in everything the Seaside Heights, New Jersey scene has to offer\". Background Prior to the series debut, UNICO National, the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF), the Order Sons of Italy in America, the Italian watchdog website ItalianAware.com, and other Italian American organizations requested that MTV cancel the show. In a letter to the network, UNICO called the show a \"...direct, deliberate and disgraceful attack on Italian Americans...\" UNICO National President Andre DiMino said in a statement \"MTV has festooned the 'bordello-like' house set with Italian flags and red, white and green maps of New Jersey while every other cutaway shot is of Italian signs and symbols. They are blatantly as well as subliminally bashing Italian-Americans with every technique possible...\" MTV responded to the controversy by issuing a press release which stated in part, \"the Italian-American cast takes pride in their ethnicity. We understand that this show is not intended for every audience and depicts just one aspect of youth culture.\" Since the calls for the show's removal, several sponsors have requested that their ads not be aired during the show. These sponsors include Dell, Domino's, and American Family Insurance. Subsequent seasons have encountered the continuous denouncement of the program by Italian American and other community-based organizations. The announcement of season 4 of the program being filmed on location in Italy was once again met with a swift reaction from the National Italian American Foundation, the National Organization of Italian American Women, UNICO National and other community-based groups. Beachcomber Bar & Grill incident In August 2009, female cast member Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi was punched in the face after a confrontation with a man who had allegedly stolen her drink at the Beachcomber Bar & Grill in Seaside Heights. The assailant, Brad Ferro, a physical education teacher from Deer Park, New York, was arrested on simple assault and disorderly conduct charges. A promo of the clip aired after the show's December 3, 2009, premiere and",
"title": "Reactions to Jersey Shore"
},
{
"docid": "25980324",
"text": "Vincent J. Guadagnino ( , ; born November 11, 1987) is an American reality television personality, best known for being a cast member on MTV's Jersey Shore. Early life and education Guadagnino was raised in the Staten Island borough of New York City, and comes from a traditional Italian-American family. His mother was born in Sicily, Italy, and immigrated to the United States at age 13. His family's farm is visited during an episode in Jersey Shores fourth season. He graduated from Susan E. Wagner High School, the same high school that his Jersey Shore costar Angelina Pivarnick attended. He later studied at SUNY New Paltz before transferring to the College of Staten Island, graduating with a degree in political science. Prior to being cast on Jersey Shore, Guadagnino planned to attend law school. Career Guadagnino was a member of the starting cast MTV's Jersey Shore and appeared in all six seasons from 2009 to 2012. After Jersey Shore, Guadagnino began taking acting classes. He guest-starred on MTV's scripted comedy series The Hard Times of RJ Berger as RJ's cousin. In the November 8, 2011, episode of 90210, he played a small role that he reprised in the episode \"O Holly Night\". He also appeared in the Syfy original movie Jersey Shore Shark Attack. MTV also produced Guadagnino's talk show, The Show with Vinny, which debuted in May 2013. The show featured celebrities at Guadagnino's home talking and having dinner with him and his family. He and his mother would later star in Vinny & Ma Eat America on The Cooking Channel. In 2018, he reunited with most of his original Jersey Shore castmates for a reboot of the series titled Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. The first and second seasons aired in 2018, and a third season began in 2019. Starting in April 2019, Guadagnino has been starring alongside Pauly D in a Double Shot at Love on MTV. On April 26, 2019, he started a month long residency performing as guest host in Chippendales at the Rio Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. In 2021, he competed on The Masked Singer spin-off The Masked Dancer as \"Hammerhead\" and was eliminated in the 6th spot during Battle of the Super Six. Dancing with the Stars Guadagnino was announced as a contestant on season 31 of Dancing with the Stars, which premiered in September 2022. He partnered with Koko Iwasaki. Placed: 7th; (average: TBA) Philanthropy In 2011, Guadagnino launched a clothing brand called IHAV (for \"I Have a Vision\") with the message Fuck Bullies. Proceeds are donated to the charity Do Something for grants for anti-bullying projects and programs. He also supports the animal rescue organization Much Love, for whom he recently participated in a charity auction. Guadagnino is also a supporter of gay rights. He has been a presenter at the GLAAD Awards and participated in the NOH8 Campaign. Guadagnino also co-authored a book with Samantha Rose entitled Control The Crazy: My Plan To Stop Stressing, Avoid Drama, and Maintain",
"title": "Vinny Guadagnino"
},
{
"docid": "21114217",
"text": "John Amabile (April 16, 1939 – April 22, 2012) was a professional American football scout for the New York Giants, high school football coach, and college football quarterback. Playing career Amabile played quarterback for the Boston College Eagles from 1958 to 1960. He finished his career completing 163 of 329 passes (49.8%) for 2321 yards, 17 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions. He won the 1960 Thomas F. Scanlan Memorial Trophy, an award given to the senior football player outstanding in scholarship, leadership, and athletic ability. He played for the Jersey Giants of the Atlantic Coast Football League in 1964. Coaching career Amabile launched his career at Lincoln High School in 1967. He coached at Belleville High School and then From there he moved to Middletown High School, where he coached from 1970 to 1974. From 1977 to 1984, he coached Wall High School. He led the Crimson Knights to consecutive 11–0 seasons and NJSIAA Central Jersey Group III championships in 1982 and 1983. His teams won four straight Shore Conference divisional titles from 1981 to 1984. Amabile coached at Neptune High School from 1985 to 2000. From 1993 to 1999, the Scarlet Fliers had a 33-game home winning streak. From 1994 to 1998, Neptune won five straight Shore Conference divisional titles, going unbeaten in 1995 and 1997. From 2003 to 2008, Amabile coached St. John Vianney. In his six seasons with the Lancers, Amabile had a 22–38 record, with only one winning season and playoff appearance. In 2009, he coached Allentown High School. Amabile compiled an overall record of 252-172-11. Only Warren Wolf, Lou Vircillo and Vic Kubu are believed to have more wins in the Shore Conference. In 2011, Amabile was the offensive coordinator at Long Branch High School. Scouting Amabile scouted for the New York Giants from 2002 to 2011. Death Amabile died on April 22, 2012, at the age of 73 at Jersey Shore University Medical Center. He was a resident of Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey, having lived there since 1968. References 1939 births 2012 deaths American football quarterbacks Boston College Eagles football players High school football coaches in New Jersey Players of American football from Jersey City, New Jersey People from Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey",
"title": "John Amabile (American football)"
},
{
"docid": "1487041",
"text": "The Jersey Shore BlueClaws (formerly Lakewood BlueClaws) are a Minor League Baseball team of the South Atlantic League and the High-A affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies. They are located in Lakewood, New Jersey, and are named for their location on the Jersey Shore and blue crabs native to the area. The BlueClaws play their home games at ShoreTown Ballpark. History Following the 2000 season, the Cape Fear Crocs of the Class A South Atlantic League relocated to Lakewood, New Jersey, and became the Lakewood BlueClaws. The BlueClaws became an affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies, who moved their Class A affiliation from the Piedmont Boll Weevils in Kannapolis, North Carolina, to Lakewood beginning with the 2001 season. The team was owned by the New-Jersey-born Joe Plumeri and Joe Finley, also owners of the Trenton Thunder. Since their arrival in New Jersey, the BlueClaws have been a success at the gate. In each of their first five seasons, they averaged over 6,500 people per game. The team led the South Atlantic League in either average or total attendance every year through 2016, and became the fastest team in league history to reach the two and three million fan attendance mark. On August 26, 2002, the BlueClaws set a South Atlantic League record when 13,003 people attended a 3–0 win over the Hickory Crawdads. This box office success comes in the absence of great success on the field. In their first five seasons, the BlueClaws failed to qualify for the playoffs. Their overall record topped the .500 mark for the first time in 2004. On September 1, 2004, Ryan Howard became the first former BlueClaw to play in Major League Baseball, playing first base for the Phillies in a 7–2 loss to the Atlanta Braves at Citizens Bank Park. He played for the BlueClaws in the 2002 season. In 2005, he was named the National League Rookie of the Year, and in 2006 he was named the National League Most Valuable Player. In May 2007, while on the 15-day disabled list, Howard played two rehab games with the BlueClaws after suffering a hamstring injury. Each game drew over 8,000 fans and helped push the BlueClaws to a new team attendance record for the month of May. In addition to Howard, several former BlueClaws played for the 2008 World Champion Philadelphia Phillies. World Series MVP Cole Hamels was with Lakewood in 2003, and starting catcher Carlos Ruiz was a member of the original Lakewood BlueClaws' roster in 2001. The BlueClaws were sold to Shore Town Baseball in July 2017. The new ownership group includes Minor League Baseball veteran and former Mandalay Baseball Properties CEO Art Matin, as well as local investors Bob Tamashunas and Bill Luby. The team rebranded as the Jersey Shore BlueClaws after the 2020 season. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the BlueClaws were organized into the High-A East. In 2022, the High-A East became known as the South Atlantic League, the name historically",
"title": "Jersey Shore BlueClaws"
},
{
"docid": "71258651",
"text": "The 2022 Jersey Shore 150 was an NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour race that was held on July 9, 2022. It was contested over 150 laps on the oval. It was the 8th race of the 2022 NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour season. Jimmy Blewett, driving for owner Tommy Baldwin, got his first win of the season. Report Entry list (R) denotes rookie driver. (i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points. Practice Qualifying Qualifying results Race Laps: 150 Race statistics Lead changes: 4 Cautions/Laps: 4 for 26 laps Time of race: 0:43:12 Average speed: 68.75 mph References 2022 NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour 2022 in sports in New Jersey Jersey Shore 150 Wall Township, New Jersey",
"title": "2022 Jersey Shore 150"
},
{
"docid": "1146502",
"text": "The Jersey Skiff is a boat that was once popular for sport fishing in the United States. They were introduced by fishermen on the Jersey Shore, and were originally designed to be launched from the beach through the surf, so they could tend their fishing nets offshore. They first appeared around the end of the 19th century. There were two distinct versions, along the Northern Jersey Shore, The Sea Bright, and the Southern Shore, Jersey Skiff. In the early 20th century Jersey Skiffs were employed by early coast guardsmen and lifeguards. The boats had evolved into wreckage and salvage work as well as fishing uses. The primary difference between the two boats is the addition of a board on the side of the Jersey Skiff for slightly greater freeboard. Also the hull is slightly narrower for better rowing. And the transom of Jersey Skiff is more of a wine glass shape which integrates into the skeg, whereas The Sea Bright transom does not. The skeg can be added as an additional board. The design characteristics of the boat, are a stem that is slightly raked, less than a Dory and more than a Whitehall Rowboat. The stern was in a heart or wine glass shape with a rake toward the center of the boat. This allows the boat to be retrieved through the surf bow first. Although it is reported that in rougher conditions the boat is beached stern first. The boats are of fairly shallow draft and have a narrow flat bottom which is useful for sitting on the beach. Although the sides are generally rounded, without a keel but with a small skeg for tracking. The boats were generally outfitted with a sprit or lug sailing rig and a small jib. The mast was generally unstayed. Early fisherman used an oar to steer with rather than bring a separate rudder. Modern sailing versions come with a separate rudder. But an oarlock can be mounted on the transom for use with an oar as a steering device. Prohibition The boat during prohibition was modified into a speedboat but there are still some builders making traditional boats in fiberglass. With the start of Prohibition Captain William McCoy began to bring rum from Bimini and the Bahamas into south Florida through Government Cut. The Coast Guard soon caught up with him, so they began to bring the illegal goods to just outside the U.S. territorial waters and let smaller boats and other captains such as Habana Joe take the risk of bringing it into shore. By far the biggest Rum Row was in the New York/Philadelphia area off the New Jersey coast, where as many as 60 ships were seen at one time. One of the most notable New Jersey rum runners was Habana Joe, who could be seen at night running into remote areas in Raritan Bay with his flat-bottom skiff for running up on the beach, making his delivery, and speeding away. See also Go-fast boat References Dinghies",
"title": "Jersey Skiff"
},
{
"docid": "25980266",
"text": "Angelina Marie Pivarnick (born June 26, 1986) is an American reality television personality who is best known for starring in the first two seasons of the MTV reality show Jersey Shore and its spin-off, Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. Pivarnick also appeared on the VH1 show Couples Therapy in 2012. Early life Pivarnick was born and raised in Staten Island, New York. She has two sisters. She graduated from Susan E. Wagner High School with her Jersey Shore costar, Vinny Guadagnino. Career Before she joined the cast of Jersey Shore, Pivarnick worked as a waitress. Jersey Shore premiered on December 4, 2009. After refusing to work her shift at the T-shirt shop, she was evicted from the shore house in the third episode of season one. She then was on Jersey Shore season two in Miami Beach, Florida and Pivarnick again departed the house during season two after violent confrontations with fellow cast-members Michael Sorrentino and Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi. She did not return for season three. Pivarnick made guest appearances during the fifth and sixth seasons. In 2010, Pivarnick released the song \"I'm Hot\". She and her boyfriend appeared in Season 1 of the VH1 reality show Couples Therapy, which premiered March 25, 2012. In March 2011, Pivarnick appeared on the professional wrestling promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, competing in a six-person tag team match. In 2011, Pivarnick briefly appeared in the music video for rap group Dacav5's song \"Dirty Style.\" She also appeared as a contestant on the reality dating series Excused. She made it to the final round and was chosen by Sergio to try dating each other. She later released a new song, \"Gotta Go Out\", under the name Miss AP in August 2011, featuring Tony Hanson \"Fenix\". The song charted at No. 37 on the Billboard Dance/Club Play Songs list in the United States. In September 2012, she engaged in a debate with recording artist Adam Barta on the topic of gay marriage, which she said she opposed. She later reversed her position after Jersey Shore co-star JWoww criticized her on Twitter, and issued a public apology via TMZ. In December, Pivarnick announced a single release called \"Serendipity\" with Barta, in the hopes of making amends with the LGBT community. In 2018, Pivarnick and fiancé Chris Larangeira appeared on the show How Far Is Tattoo Far? From 2019–2021, Pivarnick made guest appearances on Double Shot at Love. Pivarnick returned to the Jersey Shore franchise by joining the sequel series, Jersey Shore: Family Vacation in 2018 as a recurring guest. She later became a full-time cast member in 2019. Personal life On January 12, 2018, Pivarnick became engaged to Chris Larangeira after a year of dating. They married on November 20, 2019. In February 2022, Larangeira filed for divorce after two years of marriage citing irreconcilable differences. On an April 2023 episode of Jersey Shore: Family Vacation, it was announced that she is engaged to model Vinny Tortorella. Pivarnick is a registered emergency medical technician and worked for",
"title": "Angelina Pivarnick"
},
{
"docid": "63061168",
"text": "Harry Edward Flaherty (born December 15, 1961) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He also was a member of the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at the College of the Holy Cross. Early years Flaherty attended Red Bank Catholic High School, where he played football, baseball and track. He accepted a football scholarship from the College of the Holy Cross. He also played baseball. He was a four-year starter at middle linebacker and finished as the school's all-time leader with 447 tackles. As a senior in 1983, he set a school record with 152 tackles in a season, while also contributing to the team winning the Lambert Cup Championship and advancing to the NCAA Division I-AA playoffs for the first time in school history. In 1995, he was inducted into the Holy Cross Athletic Hall of Fame. In 1997, he was inducted into the Jersey Shore Sports Hall of Fame. In 2015, he was inducted into the Crusader Football Legends Ring of Honor. Professional career Philadelphia Eagles Flaherty was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles after the 1984 NFL Draft on June 18. He was released before the start of the season on August 14. Tampa Bay Bandits (USFL) In 1985, he signed as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League. He started in some of the games at inside linebacker. He was not re-signed after the season. Baltimore Stars (USFL) In 1986, he was signed as a free agent by the Baltimore Stars, but the league folded and never had a chance to play with the team. Dallas Cowboys After the NFLPA strike was declared on the third week of the 1987 season, those contests were canceled (reducing the 16 game season to 15) and the NFL decided that the games would be played with replacement players. In September, he was signed to be a part of the Dallas Cowboys replacement team that was given the mock name \"Rhinestone Cowboys\" by the media. He was the backup at left outside linebacker behind Dale Jones. He was released after the strike ended on October 20. Personal life In 1988, he married Janine Garrett, sister of former Dallas Cowboys' head coach Jason Garrett. His son Harry Flaherty Jr. tried out at tight end in the NFL, during the 2011 and 2012 preseasons. Since 1995, he has served as New Jersey's director of the ministry Fellowship of Christian Athletes. He also coached tight ends and linebackers at Red Bank Catholic High School. References 1961 births Living people People from Red Bank, New Jersey Players of American football from Monmouth County, New Jersey American football linebackers Holy Cross Crusaders football players Holy Cross Crusaders baseball players Tampa Bay Bandits players Dallas Cowboys players National Football League replacement players Red Bank Catholic High School alumni High school football coaches in New Jersey Garett family",
"title": "Harry Flaherty (linebacker)"
},
{
"docid": "50786544",
"text": "Mary DeChambres is an American film and television editor, and two-time Emmy Award nominee and Emmy Award winner. She sits on the board of directors for the Motion Picture Editors Guild. Early life and education DeChambres grew up on a farm in Alexandria Township, New Jersey and attended Delaware Valley Regional High School where she cultivated her creativity at the school’s art program. She went on to study at Sam Houston State University, studying Education and Fine Arts, and while there also attended the radio, TV and Film studies programs. She also started her own local radio show. She went on to teach at the Aldine Independent School District in Houston. On a summer hiatus, she attended a film editing course at the University of Southern California which led her to an internship at a music-video company . eventually leading to her first job at Bunim/Murray Productions working on shows like The Real World and Jersey Shore. Career DeChambres' work has been broadcast across several networks – ABC, CNBC and MTV. She is known for her work with Oprah Winfrey, Heidi Klum, The Kardashians, Charlize Theron, Bethenny Frankel, The Osbournes's, Sean \"P. Diddy\" Combes, 50 Cent, Ryan O' Neal, Tatum O'Neal, Three6Mafia, Tim Gunn, Lala Anthony, Denise Richards, Marcus Lemionis and Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson. She has worked on shows including MTV's The Real World: Las Vegas and ABC's Making the Band, and Jersey Shore, CNBC's The Profit as well as the Season 5 Finale of Project Runway for which she won her first Primetime Emmy, and \"Project Runway All-Stars\" (Something Wicked This Way Comes) for which she earned her second Emmy nomination. References Filmography Wake Up Call (2014) External links American film editors American women film editors Year of birth missing (living people) Living people People from Alexandria Township, New Jersey Primetime Emmy Award winners Sam Houston State University alumni University of Southern California alumni",
"title": "Mary DeChambres"
},
{
"docid": "40874533",
"text": "Jersey Strong is the second single off country music band After The Reign second album Almost Famous. The song was written by John Strevens songwriter lead guitar and background vocals for the band October 2012. After The Reign released the single December 2012 as a digital music download then later as a CD single in the Spring of 2013. Content Jersey Strong starts off by describing the devastation that many faced after Hurricane Sandy. The song continues to talk about the recovery and rebuilding that many states face after the storm, mostly focusing on New Jersey and the Jersey Shore. The over all theme is resilience, hope, and strength. The song was written by Strevens in the wake of the storm. Critical reception Jersey Strong was named Stronger Than The Storm Summer Sound-Off song of New Jersey Through this they did a media tour promoting the song and the Stronger Than The Storm efforts to rebuild the Jersey Shore. It has received airplay in the New York City, Philadelphia, Nashville, and New Jersey radio markets. New Jersey 101.5 wrote \"The song has the distinct possibility of becoming an anthem for the Jersey Shore going forward.\" In an article for CBS Local in New York City a boardwalk construction worker was quoted \"'Jersey Strong' captures the Jersey Shore’s struggle after Sandy. It’s a great song. It doesn’t matter what type of band they are.” he said. “They hit it on the nose.” References 2012 singles Hurricane Sandy Jersey Shore New Jersey culture 2012 songs",
"title": "Jersey Strong (song)"
},
{
"docid": "22688471",
"text": "The New Jersey Marathon and Half Marathon is a set of races that take place in and around Long Branch, NJ. It started in 1997 as a revival of the Jersey Shore Marathon, which was held from 1972 to 1985. The name was changed to the New Jersey Shore Marathon in 1999, and changed again to the New Jersey Marathon in 2001. Then-governor James McGreevey declared it the official state marathon in 2005. In its present form, the weekend of racing includes a marathon, a half-marathon, a half-marathon relay, a 5K, and several short children's races. History The original Jersey Shore Marathon was held from 1972 to 1985 every November, which was too close to the New York City Marathon, and the marathon dissolved in 1985 due to lack of participation and sponsorship. In 1995, the idea of staging a world class marathon was promoted and a feasibility study showed great interest within the racing community. By 1997, the dreams of a world class marathon returning to the Jersey Shore became a reality and the first New Jersey Marathon was held on April 27, 1997. Over 1,000 runners registered for the race and over 800 of them finished. In 2005, race officials were told by the governing body of Sea Bright, NJ that they could no longer use Ocean Ave., a critical section of the course, in the town for the race. Sea Bright officials cited safety concerns as the reason for the banning of all sporting events on the road. The race moved south to Long Branch, and the finish of the course has been there since 2006. The Long Branch half-marathon was also added in 2006. In 2010, hundreds of runners were incapacitated by heat stroke and dehydration during the marathon, with several people going into cardiac arrest and organ failure. The 2020 in-person edition of the race was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with all registrants given the option of running the race virtually, transferring their entry to 2021, or obtaining store credit of equivalent value. The 2021 marathon was also cancelled due to COVID-19, as Long Branch refused permission for a large gathering to be hosted in the town due to concerns over Delta variant. Course The New Jersey Marathon starts within the parking area of Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport, New Jersey. It winds its way through the residential areas of Oceanport and Monmouth Beach before turning south into Long Branch. It then continues south through the beach communities of Deal, Allenhurst, Loch Arbour, Asbury Park and Ocean Grove, mostly within a block or two of the beach itself. The final 1.7 miles is run on the Long Branch boardwalk. The course has no significant hills and is virtually flat, outside of some gentle rolling stretches early on and several bridge crossings. It is USATF-certified, which allows runners to use the full marathon course to qualify for the following year’s Boston Marathon. Winners Key: Notes References Marathons in the United States Recurring sporting events",
"title": "New Jersey Marathon"
},
{
"docid": "3082604",
"text": "Lakewood High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school serving students in ninth through twelfth grades in Lakewood Township, Ocean County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Lakewood School District. As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,423 students and 83.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 17.0:1. There were 1,136 students (79.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 80 (5.6% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch. History Students from Manchester Township had attended Lakewood High School as part of a sending/receiving relationship, though by June 1964 overcrowding led the Lakewood School District to try to end the agreement under which 150 students from Manchester Township attended the Lakewood school. The students left in September 1976 when Manchester Township High School opened. Awards, recognition and rankings The school was the 324th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's \"Top Public High Schools\", using a new ranking methodology. The school had also been ranked 324th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 316th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 288th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. Athletics The Lakewood High School Piners compete in Division B South of the Shore Conference, an athletic conference comprising public and private high schools in Monmouth and Ocean counties along the Jersey Shore. The league operates under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 916 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group IV South for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 893 to 1,296 students. The school competes in the C-Central Division of the Shore Conference, in football, tennis, bowling, cheerleading, softball, baseball, wrestling, basketball, volleyball, track, cross country, and field hockey, with the most success over previous years coming in boys' basketball, boys soccer, and girls' and boys' track. The boys' basketball team won the Group III state championships in 1967 (defeating West New York Memorial High School in the tournament final) and in 1975 (vs. East Orange High School). The team won the Group III title in 1967 with a 74–51 win against Weehawken in the championship game played at Atlantic City Convention Hall, becoming the first Ocean County program to win a state title. The 1975 team finished the season with a record of 28–1 after winning the Group III title in front of 4,000 spectators at Brookdale Community College with a 71–70 championship game victory on two last-second free throws",
"title": "Lakewood High School (New Jersey)"
},
{
"docid": "37126619",
"text": "Bryn Desmond Hall (born 3 February 1992) is a New Zealand rugby union player who currently plays as a halfback for in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup and the in the international Super Rugby competition. Early career Born and raised in Auckland, he was educated at St Peter's College where he played first XV rugby, captaining them in his senior year in 2010. After graduation, he went on to play club rugby for Northcote in North Harbour's club rugby competition. Senior career Hall broke into the North Harbour team during the 2012 ITM Cup while aged just 20. He played 9 times for the men from Auckland's North Shore and scored 35 points which included 3 tries as they finished bottom the Championship log with just 1 win in 10 games. 2013 saw him establish himself as the province's first choice halfback, playing in all 10 of their games during the season as they once again finished in last place. 2014 saw some improvement from Harbour as they finished 5th out of 7 teams in the ITM Cup Championship and Hall continued to be first pick in the number 9 jersey, playing 9 times. He was named as team captain and was an ever present in 2015 as Harbour once again finished in 5th place, just outside the promotion play-off places. The arrival of veteran halfback, Chris Smylie for the 2016 season provided Hall will some stiff competition for a starting place for the first time in several years, however, he rose to the challenge, playing in all 12 of Harbour's matches, starting 8 times as they earned promotion to the Mitre 10 Cup Premiership for 2017 with an upset victory away to in the Championship final. Super Rugby Strong performances in an under-performing North Harbour side in 2012 brought him to the attention of local Super Rugby franchise, the who named him in their squad for the 2013 Super Rugby season. He made his Super Rugby debut in Round 2 of the season, coming on as a 63rd minute replacement in the 34–15 win over the Crusaders at Eden Park, however that would turn out to be his only appearance for the year as a broken jaw and glandular fever ensured that he found himself third in the pecking order for the halfback jersey behind All Black Piri Weepu and 's Jamison Gibson-Park. In 2014, he earned a lot more game time and had nailed down the starting halfback spot for the Blues by the end of the season, dislodging the far more experienced Weepu. However, all the momentum he'd built up through 2014 was lost when a broken foot picked up playing club rugby forced him to miss the entire 2015 campaign, but, fully fit in 2016, new head-coach Tana Umaga made him the franchise's first choice number 9 once more and he went on to play in all 15 of their matches during a slightly disappointing season which ended with them in 11th place in the",
"title": "Bryn Hall (rugby union)"
},
{
"docid": "47364766",
"text": "David Levine (born July 3, 1993) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He has driven in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, NASCAR K&N Pro Series East and ARCA Racing Series. Early career and education Levine became interested in racing as a 10-year-old when he and his father went to an indoor carting track. Levine attended grade school through the 8th grade at Lake Forest Country Day School, a coeducational, independent preK-8 school located in Lake Forest, Illinois. He is a 2011 graduate of Lake Forest Academy, a prestigious college preparatory boarding school located on the North Shore in Lake Forest, Illinois. After Lake Forest Academy, Levine earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in Communications Studies from Furman University in Greenville, SC in May 2015. Levine initially learned his road racing driving skills at the Skip Barber Racing School. NASCAR Camping World Truck Series 2015 It was announced in October 2015 that Levine would attempt to make his NASCAR Camping World Truck Series racing debut in the season-ending Ford EcoBoost 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway on November 20, driving for Lira Motorsports. Levine finished the race in the 17th position. 2016 On February 15, it was announced that Levine joined MAKE Motorsports to race at the season opener at Daytona. He was one of 11 drivers who failed to qualify for the field. K&N Pro Series East Levine drove in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East races at New Jersey Motorsports Park in 2017 and 2018. ARCA Racing Series 2012 Levine's ARCA Racing Series debut was at Chicagoland Speedway on July 21, 2012. In a car sponsored by the Richard Petty Driving Experience, Levine started 13th and finished 12th. 2013 Levine competed in three ARCA Racing Series races in 2013. At Road America on June 22 he started 10th and finished 9th. At Chicagoland Speedway on July 21 he started 22nd and finished 14th. At New Jersey Motorsports Park on July 28 he started 13th and finished 10th. 2015 It was announced in December 2014 that Levine would race full-time in the ARCA Racing Series for Lira Motorsports. He raced the team's number 59 car in 2015. Through the first 17 races of 2015, David had started in the top ten four times, and finished in the top ten nine times. His best finish was 6th place at both Fairgrounds Speedway Nashville on April 11 and Pocono Raceway on August 1. His primary sponsors with Lira Motorsports are Momo, TraqGear, Ford Performance and Roush Performance. In the final three races of 2015, Levine finished 15th at Salem Speedway, 3rd at Kentucky Speedway and 8th at Kansas Speedway. His third place at Kentucky Speedway is his career best ARCA Series finish to date. Levine finished 2015 with a total of 11 top ten finishes. 2016 Levine competed in 1 ARCA Racing Series Event in 2016, the Twilight 150 presented by Unique Pretzels at the New Jersey Motorsports Park. Driving for the Mason Mitchell Motorsports team in the No. 98 car",
"title": "David Levine (racing driver)"
},
{
"docid": "9612448",
"text": "Real Shore FC was an American soccer team, founded in 2006. The team was a member of the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), and played in the Eastern Conference. The team folded after the 2007 season. The team played its home games in the stadium at Brookdale Community College in Lincroft, New Jersey, in the Jersey Shore area of the state of New Jersey. The team was affiliated with the long-established WPSL team of the same name. External links Real Shore Website Defunct soccer clubs in New Jersey Monmouth County, New Jersey 2006 establishments in New Jersey 2007 disestablishments in New Jersey Association football clubs established in 2006 Association football clubs disestablished in 2007",
"title": "Real Shore F.C."
},
{
"docid": "32919112",
"text": "The seventh season of the American comedy television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, premiered on FX on September 15, 2011. The season contains 13 episodes, and concluded airing on December 15, 2011. Season synopsis Frank falls in love with a prostitute named Roxy which sets the rest of the gang off to try and transform her into a presentable woman. Meanwhile, Dennis attempts to help Mac get healthy after gaining nearly fifty pounds. The gang decides to take a road trip to the Jersey Shore so Dennis and Dee can relive their favorite childhood memories. The vacation turns nightmarish for the siblings, while Frank, Mac, and Charlie have magical experiences. Frank accidentally finds himself in charge of a child beauty pageant and tries to squash all suspicions that he is a pedophile while the rest of the gang pick contestants to mentor. When Dee comes into money from her surrogate pregnancy, she is forced to fake a baby funeral to avoid paying taxes to the IRS. The boys in the gang attempt to start a more democratic way of running Paddy's Pub, which ultimately results in more shouting. Frank's long lost brother shows up at Paddy's, revealing secrets about Frank's former life as a club owner, drug addict, and about Frank's former lover. The gang runs into trouble when they try to prepare for a giant storm, and Dennis meets a woman he can't seduce. On a slow news day the gang plays a board game they invented (ripped off from other games) called \"Chardee MacDennis\". The gang tries to track down an annoying shusher on Facebook and end up bickering about the use of the Internet for Paddy's business. While robbing a house, the gang gets caught in a precarious situation when the homeowners return. Mac confesses to a priest how he gained his weight, and why the blame falls on his friends. The gang rush to the movie theater to see the world's greatest action movie, but must avoid traffic caused by President Obama's trip to Philly. The gang attend their high school reunion and are humiliated by the \"cool kids\" and other former enemies. They then take revenge on their enemies in the form of a dance routine. Cast Main cast Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds Rob McElhenney as Mac Kaitlin Olson as Deandra \"Dee\" Reynolds Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds Recurring cast Mary Elizabeth Ellis as The Waitress David Hornsby as Cricket Guest stars Episodes Reception The seventh season received positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 100% with an average score of 8.5 out of 10 based on 13 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Rob McElhenney's Mac gets slovenly, but It's Always Sunny shows no signs of resting on its laurels with a seventh season that charts a hilariously disastrous course from the Jersey Shore to the Gang's high school reunion.\" Home media References External links 2011 American television seasons It's Always Sunny in",
"title": "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia season 7"
},
{
"docid": "2391486",
"text": "Jersey Shore Boca are an American soccer club based in Ocean County, New Jersey. In 2003, the club joined the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. After just one season, the team left the league due to financial reasons. They continue to play in the USASA. They played their home games in the stadium at Ocean County College in the city of Toms River, New Jersey. The team’s colors were white, blue and yellow. In 2012, Jersey Shore Boca became the first amateur club from New Jersey to qualify for the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup in the modern pro-soccer era. Year-by-year Coaches David Vaudreuil (2003) John Rerup (2011) Mike McCullion (2012) Stadia Stadium at Ocean County College, Toms River, New Jersey 2003 External links Jersey Shore Boca Ocean County, New Jersey Soccer clubs in New Jersey Defunct Premier Development League teams 2003 establishments in New Jersey",
"title": "Jersey Shore Boca"
}
] | [
"April 5 , 2018"
] |
train_16832 | where does most of earths freshwater come from | [
{
"docid": "70383921",
"text": "Oceanic freshwater fluxes are defined as the transport of non saline water between the oceans and the other components of the Earth's system (the lands, the atmosphere and the cryosphere). These fluxes have an impact on the local ocean properties (on sea surface salinity, temperature and elevation), as well as on the large scale circulation patterns (such as the thermohaline circulation). Introduction Freshwater fluxes in general describe how freshwater is transported between and stored in the earth's systems: oceans, land, the atmosphere and the cryosphere. While the total amount of water on Earth has remained virtually constant over human timescales, the relative distribution of that total mass between the four reservoirs has been influenced by past climate states, such as glacial cycles. Since the oceans account for 71% of the Earth's surface area, 86% of evaporation (E) and 78% of precipitation (P) occur over the ocean, the oceanic freshwater fluxes represent a large part of the world's freshwater fluxes. There are five major freshwater fluxes into and out of the ocean, namely: Precipitation Evaporation Riverine discharge Ice freezing or melting (Sea ice freezing or melting, ice shelf melting, iceberg melting) Groundwater discharge whereby the 1., 3. and 5. are all inputs, adding freshwater to the ocean, while 2. is an output, i.e. a negative freshwater flux and 4. can be either a freshwater loss (freezing) or gain (melting). The quantity and the spatial distribution of those fluxes determine the ocean salinity (the salt concentration of the ocean water). A positive freshwater flux leads to mixing of water with low to zero salinity with the salty ocean water, resulting in a decrease of the water salinity. This is for example the case in regions, where precipitation is greater than evaporation. On the contrary, if evaporation gets greater than precipitation, the ocean salinity increases, since only water (H2O) evaporates, but not the ions (e.g. Na+, Cl+) which make up salt. Estimates of the annual mean freshwater fluxes into the ocean are for precipitation (88% of total freshwater input), for riverine discharge from land (9%), for ice discharge from land (<1%) and and for saline and fresh groundwater discharge respectively (<1%). The annual mean freshwater fluxes out of the ocean via evaporation is estimated to be . The salinity, along with temperature and pressure, determines the density of the water. Higher salinity and cooler water results in a higher water density (see also spiciness of ocean water). Since differences in water density drive large-scale ocean circulation, freshwater fluxes are most important for ocean circulation patterns like the Thermohaline Circulation (THC). Freshwater fluxes into the ocean Evaporation and precipitation There are large spatial and temporal variations in precipitation and evaporation patterns. The dominant reason for precipitation is adiabatic cooling when moist air rises, whose water vapor then becomes supersaturated above a certain altitude and condenses out. Areas of large precipitation are therefore areas of convection, which is most prominent in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a band of latitudes around the equator. Evaporation describes",
"title": "Oceanic freshwater flux"
},
{
"docid": "18842395",
"text": "A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually a freshwater stream, flowing on the Earth's land surface or inside caves towards another waterbody at a lower elevation, such as an ocean, sea, bay, lake, wetland, or another river. In some cases, a river flows into the ground or becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Small rivers can be referred to by names such as creek, brook, and rivulet. There are no official definitions for these various generic terms for a watercourse as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities, a stream is customarily referred to by one of these names as determined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are \"run\" in some parts of the United States, \"burn\" in Scotland and Northeast England, and \"beck\" in Northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always; in English the language is vague compared to some langauges like French, where a fleuve flows into the sea and a rivière is a tributary of another rivière or fleuve. Rivers are an important part of the water cycle. Water from a drainage basin generally collects into a river through surface runoff from precipitation, meltwater released from natural ice and snowpacks, and other underground sources such as groundwater recharge and springs. Rivers are often considered major features within a landscape; however, they actually only cover around 0.1% of the land on Earth. Rivers are also an important natural terraformer, as the erosive action of running water carves out rills, gullies, and valleys in the surface as well as transferring silt and dissolved minerals downstream, forming river deltas and islands where the flow slows down. As a waterbody, rivers also serve crucial ecological functions by providing and feeding freshwater habitats for aquatic and semiaquatic fauna and flora, especially for migratory fish species, as well as enabling terrestrial ecosystems to thrive in the riparian zones. Rivers are significant to humankind since many human settlements and civilizations are built around sizeable rivers and streams. Most of the major cities of the world are situated on the banks of rivers, as they are (or were) depended upon as a vital source of drinking water, for food supply via fishing and agricultural irrigation, for shipping, as natural borders and/or defensive terrains, as a source of hydropower to drive machinery or generate electricity, for bathing, and as a means of disposing of waste. In the pre-industrial era, larger rivers were a major obstacle to the movement of people, goods, and armies across regions. Towns often developed at the few locations suitable for fording, building bridges, or supporting ports; many major cities, such as London, are located at the narrowest and most reliable sites at which a river could be crossed via bridges or ferries. In Earth science disciplines, potamology is the scientific study of rivers, while limnology is the study of inland waters in general.",
"title": "River"
},
{
"docid": "5904679",
"text": "Snow hydrology is a scientific study in the field of hydrology which focuses on the composition, dispersion, and movement of snow and ice. Studies of snow hydrology predate the Anno Domini era, although major breakthroughs were not made until the mid eighteenth century. Snowfall, accumulation and melt are important hydrological processes in watersheds at high altitudes or latitudes. In many western states in United States, snow melt accounts for a large percentage of the spring runoff that serves as water supply to reservoirs, urban populations and agricultural activities. A large portion of snow hydrology groups are pursuing new methods for incorporating snow hydrology into distributed models over complex terrain through theoretical developments, model development and testing with field and remote sensing data sets. Snow hydrology is quite complex and involves both mass and energy balance calculations over a time-varying snow pack which is influenced by spatial location in the watershed, interaction with vegetation and redistribution by winds. Some researchers seek to accurately capture snow dynamics at a point and over a domain as the spatial pattern of snow cover area is readily observable from remote sensing. Overview Snow and ice accounts for around 75% of Earth's entire freshwater volume but lacks the capability of reliable applications. In comparison, the water supplied from rivers and freshwater lakes carries a consistent annual source of water. These natural bodies of water are formed through springs, rainfall and mountainous snow runoff. According to estimates, snow represents about 5% of the precipitation that reaches Earth's surface. Due to the large amount of water held within these sources, snow hydrology has been a growing study in the field of river tides and seasonal flow rates. Despite common belief, snow fall is not the main cause for the destruction of organic matter in cold climates. The most damaging aspect is cold temperature winds that exist above the snow pack surface. Studies have shown the insulating properties of snow defend the plants and small animals in the environment from these frigid winds. “The snow itself is the habitat for various micro-organisms like snow worms and algae.” Without consistent annual snowfall, many plants would be destroyed due to frost damage. Both ice worms (Mesenchytraeus Solifugus) and green algae are unique organisms that can live in glacial and snowy habitats. History Though most of the knowledge in the field of snow hydrology has been discovered in the last two centuries, there is evidence that some understanding existed as early as 500-428BC in the Greek states. Ancient Some of the earliest evidence that supports an ancient technical understanding of snow movement was produced by the Greeks. Anaxagoras, an ancient Greek notes: \"the water in the Nile comes from the snow in Ethiopia, which freezes in the winter and melts in the summer\". The upper class Greeks in these city states were shown to have basic understanding of the cooling properties that snow exhibited. Upper class citizens would have hay lined pits dug beneath their homes and bring snow down from the",
"title": "Snow hydrology"
},
{
"docid": "10799349",
"text": "Geographic information systems (GISs) have become a useful and important tool in the field of hydrology to study and manage Earth's water resources. Climate change and greater demands on water resources require a more knowledgeable disposition of arguably one of our most vital resources. Because water in its occurrence varies spatially and temporally throughout the hydrologic cycle, its study using GIS is especially practical. Whereas previous GIS systems were mostly static in their geospatial representation of hydrologic features, GIS platforms are becoming increasingly dynamic, narrowing the gap between historical data and current hydrologic reality. The elementary water cycle has inputs equal to outputs plus or minus change in storage. Hydrologists make use of this hydrologic budget when they study a watershed. The inputs in a hydrologic budget include precipitation, surface flow, and groundwater flow. Outputs consist of evapotranspiration, infiltration, surface runoff, and surface/groundwater flows. All of these quantities can be measured or estimated based on environmental data and their characteristics can be graphically displayed and studies using GIS. GIS in surface water In the field of hydrological modeling, analysis generally begins with the sampling and measurement of existing hydrologic areas. In this stage of research, the scale and accuracy of measurements are key issues. Data may either be collected in the field or through online research. The United States Geological Survey ((USGS)) is a publicly available source of remotely sensed hydrological data. Historical and real-time streamflow data are also available via the internet from sources such as the National Weather Service (NWS) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A benefit of using GIS softwares for hydrological modeling is that digital visualizations of data can be linked to real-time data. GIS revolutionized curation, manipulation, and input for complex computational hydrologic models For surface water modeling, digital elevation model are often layered with hydrographic data in order to determine the boundaries of a watershed. Understanding these boundaries is integral to understanding where precipitation runoff will flow. For example, in the event of snowmelt, the amount of snowfall can be input into GIS to predict the amount of water that will travel downstream. This information has applications in local government asset management, agriculture and environmental science. Another useful application for GIS regards flood risk assessment. Using digital elevation models combined with peak discharge data can predict which areas of a floodplain will be submerged depending on the amount of rainfall. In a study of the Illinois River watershed, Rabie (2014) found that a decently accurate flood risk map could be generated using only DEMs and stream gauge data. Analysis based on these two parameters alone does not account for manmade developments including levees or drainage systems, and therefore should not be considered a comprehensive result. GIS in groundwater The use of GIS to analyze groundwater falls into the field of hydrogeology. Since 98% of available freshwater on Earth is groundwater, the need to effectively model and manage these resources is apparent. As the demand for groundwater continues to increase with the",
"title": "GIS and hydrology"
},
{
"docid": "25700280",
"text": "SAC-D (, meaning Satellite for Scientific Applications-D), also known as Aquarius after its primary instrument, is an Argentine Earth science satellite built by INVAP and operated by CONAE. SAC-D was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 10 June 2011, with a planned mission life of five years. Due to a power system failure, the mission was ended on 8 June 2015. Description SAC-D was an international collaboration between the space agencies of Argentina and the United States, CONAE and NASA, with participation from Brazil (INPE), Canada (CSA), France (CNES) and Italy (ASI). It carried five Earth observation instruments (NASA, CONAE, CSA, ASI), two space science instruments (CNES), a data collection instrument (CONAE), and a technology demonstration system (CONAE). The spacecraft's main instrument, Aquarius, was built by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Goddard Space Flight Center. It collected data from 25 August 2011 to 7 June 2015, exceeding its intended three year primary mission. Aquarius' mission was to demonstrate that accurate measurements of salinity could be made from space, and was the first spaceborne instrument to use both passive radiometers and active radar in the L band. By measuring ocean salinity, scientists are better able to understand the Earth's water cycle and ocean circulation. Project scientists later derived a method of pulling soil moisture data from Aquarius' radiometer. Launch NASA launched SAC-D from Vandenberg Air Force Base's Space Launch Complex 2W aboard a Delta II 7320-10C on 10 June 2011 at 14:20:13 UTC. The launch was delayed from May 2010 because development of the spacecraft was taking longer than expected. Accomplishments The Aquarius instrument's surface salinity measurements contributed to a better understanding of ocean dynamics and advancing climate and ocean models, both from season to season and year to year. The models still are improving El Niño prediction. Aquarius global salinity maps show how freshwater plumes coming from the mouth of large rivers and the precipitation and evaporation over the oceans affect the salinity structure of the ocean. “The Aquarius sensor collected three years and nine months of valuable data. It was truly a pioneering effort to determine how accurately we could measure ocean salinity from space and for the first time study large and small-scale interactions of the global water cycle.” Aquarius principal investigator Gary Lagerloef of Earth & Space Research, Seattle. Aquarius provided information into the natural exchange of freshwater between the ocean, atmosphere and sea ice, which influences ocean circulation, weather and climate. Data from Aquarius showed how extreme floods affect the seas and how low-salinity river plumes affect hurricane intensity. Aquarius data was important to the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS), a year-long international field study of the oceanographic processes that sustain the maximum surface salinities in the central subtropical North Atlantic, and influence global ocean circulation. The Aquarius instrument successfully achieved its science objectives and completed its primary three-year mission in November 2014. Failure of spacecraft On 7 June 2015 at 12:53:17 UTC, telemetry indicated a failure of the spacecraft's Remote",
"title": "SAC-D"
},
{
"docid": "62557527",
"text": "Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include non-salty mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs. Fresh water may encompass frozen and meltwater in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, snowfields and icebergs, natural precipitations such as rainfall, snowfall, hail/sleet and graupel, and surface runoffs that form inland bodies of water such as wetlands, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, as well as groundwater contained in aquifers, subterranean rivers and lakes. Fresh water is the water resource that is of the most and immediate use to humans. Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms. Many organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of vascular plants and most insects, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds need fresh water to survive. Fresh water is not always potable water, that is, water safe to drink by humans. Much of the earth's fresh water (on the surface and groundwater) is to a substantial degree unsuitable for human consumption without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion. Fresh water makes up less than 3% of the world's water resources, and just 1% of that is readily available. Just 3% of it is extracted for human consumption. Agriculture uses roughly two thirds of all fresh water extracted from the environment. Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water is replenished through the process of the natural water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns inland as precipitation. Locally, however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability (or water scarcity) from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments. Water pollution also reduces the availability of fresh water. Where available water resources are scarce, humans have developed technologies like desalination and wastewater recycling to stretch the available supply further. However, given the high cost (both capital and running costs) and - especially for desalination - energy requirements, those remain mostly niche applications. A non-sustainable alternative is using so-called \"fossil water\" from underground aquifers. As some of those aquifers formed hundreds of thousands or even millions of years ago when local climates were wetter (e.g. from one of the Green Sahara periods) and are not appreciably replenished under current climatic conditions - at least compared to drawdown, these aquifers form essentially non-renewable resources comparable to peat or lignite, which are also continuously formed in the current era but orders of magnitude slower than they are mined. Definitions Numerical definition Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts. Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1,000 ppm or 3,000",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"docid": "3223425",
"text": "A catchwater device is a large-scale man-made device for catching surface runoff from hills and the sky from precipitation by channeling it to reservoirs for commercial and domestic use later. Freshwater is a scarce natural resource due to pollution, droughts, and overpopulation. Catchwater is a sustainable mechanism to increase freshwater in areas facing droughts or polluted waterways. A catchwater drain decreases the velocity of storm-water runoff to reduce and prevent erosion and other environmental problems. Types Catchwater drains Catchwater drains may take the form of concrete canals, such as in Hong Kong, where there are many. Alternatively, they may take the form of a large concrete sheet, smothering a hill, and preventing rainfall from entering the rock strata, with a smaller channeling system for transport of the water to the storage tank - this latter system is in operation in Gibraltar. In Hong Kong there are approximately 120 km of concrete channels, used as gutters built along hillsides in order to direct freshwater runoff into reservoirs for local water consumption. These catchwaters can overflow, causing dangerous hazards, erosive streams and blockages. Earthship drains An earthship drain is water that is collected from impervious surfaces that are channeled into cisterns. A cistern is a well located underground. The water within these underground wells is heated by the sun. The water that is stored is used in domestic ways for washing dishes and bathing. Once water is used it is cycled and filtered in a module to be reused again. Rain barrels Rainwater tanks, also known as rain barrels in North America, are used to collect runoff coming from precipitation to prevent contamination from entering waterways. The only use of water from rain barrels is used for commercial use such as gardening and agriculture. Rain barrels are large containers that are connected to buildings through a gutter system which catches runoff from roofs. Many households use rain barrels as a substitute for a to reduce the amount of water they waste for recreational activities. Rain gardens A Rain garden is another man-made device created by digging a hole in an area and planting a garden with a variety of vegetation. The vegetation helps catch storm-water runoff, then filters the water to reduce the pollutants before the water reenters the hydrology cycle. Rain gardens are used to decrease the speed of water by capturing the water, so it does not become surface runoff through infiltrating the soil. Gallery Advantages and disadvantages Sustainability Some drains are able to self-maintain through geomorphological equilibrium. Catchwater drains are predominantly used for agriculture. Agriculture uses the water to in catchwater drains for irrigation and the use for controlling flooding or other functions to direct large amounts of water away from crops during wet seasons. Catchwater drains also allow communities to wore down the water tables when they need to an allow the retentive of the water table to be restore after times of heavy use. Environmental safety Catchwater drains need a lot of landscaping and management. Rain gardens",
"title": "Catchwater"
},
{
"docid": "12712738",
"text": "Syncaris pasadenae is an extinct species of freshwater shrimp in the family Atyidae. It lived in the drainage basin of the Los Angeles River, near Pasadena, San Gabriel and Warm Creek, and was originally described from material collected near where the Rose Bowl now stands. A reference to \"freshwater shrimps\" in a tributary of the Santa Ana River from 1927 may also refer to S. pasadenae. At the time it was described, in 1897, it was noted as \"common\" in the streams where it was found. Its habitat was destroyed by channelization of streams and none of the streams where this species was once found remain in a natural state. It has not been seen alive since 1933, despite extensive searching, and is the only recent species of shrimp known to have gone extinct. Due to its extinction prior to detailed study, little is known of the natural history of this species. However, based on collected specimens, it seems likely that this species had a winter breeding season, as does its closest relative, Syncaris pacifica. Breeding in the winter is likely an adaptation to the annual precipitation cycle of the area, which results in the freshwater streams where this species occurred nearly drying up in the summer, making summer a disadvantageous time for reproduction. References Atyidae Freshwater crustaceans of North America Extinct animals of the United States Endemic fauna of California Extinct invertebrates since 1500 Species made extinct by human activities Extinct crustaceans Crustaceans described in 1897 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot",
"title": "Syncaris pasadenae"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "907207",
"text": "A salmon run is an annual fish migration event where many salmonid species, which are typically hatched in fresh water and live most of the adult life downstream in the ocean, swim back against the stream to the upper reaches of rivers to spawn on the gravel beds of small creeks. After spawning, all species of Pacific salmon and most Atlantic salmon die, and the salmon life cycle starts over again with the new generation of hatchlings. Salmon are anadromous, spending their juvenile life in rivers or lakes, and then migrating out to sea where they spend adult lives and gain most of their body mass. When they reach sexual maturity, the adults return to the upstream rivers to reproduce. Usually they return with uncanny precision to the natal river where they were born, and even to the very spawning ground of their birth. It is thought that, when they are in the ocean, they use magnetoreception to locate the general position of their natal river, and once close to the river, that they use their sense of smell to home in on the river entrance and even their natal spawning ground. Trout, which are sister species of salmon, also perform similar migrations, although they mostly move potamodromously between creeks and large freshwater lakes, except for some coastal/estuary subspecies such as steelhead and sea trout that migrate seasonally between salty/brackish and fresh water just like salmon do. There are also landlocked populations of some salmon species that have adapted to spend their entire life in freshwater like trout. In Northwest America, salmons are keystone species, which means the ecological impact they have on other wildlife is greater than would be expected in relation to their biomass. Most salmon species migrate during the autumn (September through November), which coincides with the pre-winter activities of many hibernating animals. The annual salmon run can be a major feeding event for predators such as grizzly bears and bald eagles, as well as an important window period for sport fishermen. The post-spawning death of salmon also has important ecological consequences, because the significant nutrients in their carcasses, rich in nitrogen, sulfur, carbon and phosphorus, are transferred from the ocean and released to inland aquatic ecosystems, terrestrial animals (such as bears) and the wetlands and riparian woodlands adjacent to the rivers. This has knock-on effects not only for the next generation of salmon, but to every wildlife species living in the riparian zones the salmon reach. The nutrients can also be washed downstream into estuaries where they accumulate and provide significant support for invertebrates and estuarine-breeding waterbirds. Background Most salmon are anadromous, a term which comes from the Greek anadromos, meaning \"running upward\". Anadromous fish grow up mostly in the saltwater in oceans. When they have matured they migrate or \"run up\" freshwater rivers to spawn in what is called the salmon run. Anadromous salmon are Northern Hemisphere fish that spend their ocean phase in either the Atlantic Ocean or the Pacific Ocean. They do not",
"title": "Salmon run"
},
{
"docid": "59870547",
"text": "African illegal fishing is the unlawful activity of obtaining fish and other aquatic species for various purposes in African waters. Fishing outside local, national, and international regulations causes the disturbance of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the countries of Africa. People living in local African communities may fish illegally in order to improve their income and lifestyle. On a larger scale, illegal fishing in Africa takes place when vessels from foreign countries are stationed on African waters without any legal documentation that allows fishing. Illegal fishing in Africa is one of the main causes of overfishing, and increases the spread of diseases. In Africa, the Chinese commercial fishing fleet is responsible for more illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) fishing than that of any other nation. Environmental and human health impacts Illegal fishing in African waters is causing the fast decline of marine and freshwater species that maintain stable marine and terrestrial ecosystems. By reducing the diversity of species in these marine ecosystems, the natural food chain is distorted. When a key species is over-fished, other species’ populations start to increase significantly. When a species loses its natural predator, it becomes easier for the species to survive and reproduce. Oftentimes the overpopulation of specific species, aquatic or terrestrial, can have negative effects on the ecosystem, including humans’ health. Spread of disease Some species of freshwater snails from the family Planorbidae are the main source of food for many species of fish being over-fished illegally. These snails are the intermediate hosts of a variety of disease-causing parasites that are transmitted to humans. For example, Schistosomiasis is one of the diseases caused by a parasite carried by freshwater snails which mainly affects children. This disease does not allow the normal development in children. Schistosomiasis affects the growth in children and the ability to develop their intellectual skills. Schistosomiasis is the second most common neglected tropical disease caused by a parasite in sub-Saharan Africa and is part of the deaths of about 534,000 persons every year. With a larger population of Planorbidae freshwater snails, the probability of humans, especially children, having contact with the snails is much higher. Thus, humans are more vulnerable of getting infected with this disease and many others serious diseases. Overfishing disturbs the balance of the ecosystems where the lack of laws and/or implementation a laws is having consequences on communities that depend on these ecosystems. Economy The economy of African countries has declined as the result of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing affects small businesses that benefit from tourism since these small businesses cannot obtain the sufficient amounts of fish necessary to supply sport-fishing tourists’ demands. The decline in the economy is causing a large population of African people to emigrate to European countries in order to find a job that allows them to meet their daily necessities. According to Moenieba Isaacs and Emma Witbooi, illegal fishing produces between 828 million and 1.6 billion US dollars from fishing illegally in the Eastern Central Atlantic every year. Most of the",
"title": "Illegal fishing in Africa"
},
{
"docid": "12420585",
"text": "Aquarium lighting describes any type of artificial lighting that is used to illuminate an aquarium. Some types of aquaria such as reef aquariums and planted aquariums require specialized high intensity lighting to support photosynthetic life within the tank. Freshwater Freshwater aquarium lighting is commonly provided by screw-in incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes and LED lamps. Incandescent lighting is becoming less popular because it uses much more energy and produces more heat than the other lighting types. Compact fluorescent lighting with a compatible screw-in base is frequently used as a direct replacement for incandescent bulbs. Freshwater planted aquariums require more specialized light sources. High-intensity compact fluorescent bulbs, high output fluorescent bulbs or metal halide lamps are often used over such aquariums to encourage plant growth. In addition to providing a much stronger light source, these light sources also offer a better spectrum for plant and algae growth than standard lighting. However, this metal halide lighting often uses more electricity and can produce excessive heat. Other newer sources for planted aquariums that use less electricity and produce less heat include the T2, T5, SHO, and LED. The LED aquarium light fixtures generally are the most efficient, although the T2, T5, and in particular the SHO, have their positive planted aquarium applications as well. Brackish Brackish aquarium lighting is similar to freshwater and planted tank lighting, depending on the species included. Brackish aquariums may also include infrared or UVB bulbs (or both types) for basking animals such as turtles. Marine Fish only In fish-only marine aquariums, lighting is intended only for illumination. Lighting is chosen primarily with aesthetic considerations for optimal viewing of the fish. The lighting is generally of much lower intensity than is used in reef aquariums to limit algae growth. Reef The lighting used for reef aquariums is the highest intensity of all aquarium types. Typical light sources types include LED, fluorescent, metal halide, and sometimes plasma lamps. Simple lighting setups use a single lamp or multiple lamps of a single type. More advanced setups can include several lamp types and can also include lamps of different colours. Lamp colour plays an important role in reef aquarium lighting for both aesthetic preference and to optimally sustain the photosynthetic life within the aquarium. Many corals require a deep blue or actinic spectrum of light to thrive. T5 High Output fluorescent bulbs which are thinner than traditional T8 bulbs and provide a much brighter, more powerful light are commonly used as are the older VHO (Very High Output) fluorescent tubes and compact fluorescent lighting. Another light source in reef aquariums is metal halide lighting. These high output lights closely recreate the shimmering effect of bright tropical sun over a patch of coral reef. Metal halide bulbs come in a variety of spectra from 5000k on up to 20,000k and allow for a variety of light-hungry corals to survive under them. Many aquarists will use metal halide bulbs in conjunction with either power compact fluorescents or T5 fluorescents since halide lighting does not have",
"title": "Aquarium lighting"
},
{
"docid": "59314",
"text": "Lake Chad (, Kanuri: Sádǝ, ) is an endorheic freshwater lake located at the junction of four countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon in western and central Africa respectively, with a catchment area of . It is an important wetland ecosystem in West-Central Africa. The lakeside is rich in reeds and swamps, and the plain along the lake is fertile, making it an important irrigated agricultural area. The lake is rich in aquatic resources and is one of the important freshwater fish producing areas in Africa. Lake Chad is divided into deeper southern parts and shallower northern parts. The water source of the lake mainly comes from rivers such as the Chari River that enter the lake. The water level varies greatly seasonally, and the area of the lake also changes dramatically. During the African humid period, the area of Lake Chad reached . Due to the increasingly arid climate, the lake surface gradually shrank. In the 19th century, Lake Chad still had an area of . However, due to climate change and human water diversion, Lake Chad has been greatly reduced since the mid-1970s, and its area has fluctuated between . Prehistory and history The Chad Basin was formed by the depression of the African Shield. The floor of the basin is made of Precambrian bedrock covered by more than of sedimentary deposits. For most of the Quaternary, the basin had abundant water sources. Towards the end of this period the climate became drier. Around 20,000-40,000 years ago, eolianite sand dunes began to form in the north of the basin. The area of Lake Chad experienced four heydays between 39,000 BC and 300 BC, leaving thick diatomaceous earth and lacustrine deposits in the strata. This has been called Mega-Chad. The maximum depth of Mega-Chad exceeds and covers an area of approximately , flowed into the Benue River through the Mayo Kébbi, and finally flows into the Atlantic Ocean through the Niger River. The vast waters formed during the African humid period provided conditions for the emergence of lakeside fishermen's settlements, and the Nilo-Saharan ethnic group also migrated to Lake Chad during this period. Agriculture also emerged in the Sahel region at this time. By 1800 BC, a pottery culture known as Gajiganna had emerged, initially as pastoralists, but, starting around 1500 BC, living in settled hamlets at the side of the lake. The archaeological discovery revealed wild grasses, mostly of the tribe Paniceae, and wild rice together with the earliest domesticated Pearl millet in the Lake Chad region, dating to 1200-1000 cal BC. One of the oldest domesticated Pearl millet in West Africa was found in the Chad Basin, charred together with wild grasses, and their era can be traced back to 800-1000 cal BC. Permanent villages were established to the south of the lake by 500 BC, and major archaeological discoveries include the Sao civilization. According to the records of Claudius Ptolemy in the mid-2nd century AD, the Romans of the 1st century AD had already come into",
"title": "Lake Chad"
},
{
"docid": "69290398",
"text": "Scott Allen Schaefer (born 1958) is an American ichthyologist working at the American Museum of Natural History as the dean of science for collections, exhibitions, and the public understanding of science; he serves as the curator-in-charge, in the department of ichthyology, within the division of vertebrate zoology. In addition, he is the director of the Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and a professor, Richard Gilder Graduate School. He is an adjunct senior research scientist, with The Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability (EICES), The Earth Institute Adjunct Research Scientist, with the department of ichthyology, Columbia Climate School. Education Schaefer attended Ohio State University, where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1980. He attended University of South Carolina, where he received his master's in science in 1982. He received his Ph. D. from the University of Chicago, in 1986 Career Schaefer studies the systematics, biogeography, and evolutionary morphology of tropical freshwater fishes of Africa and South America. His research seeks to resolve problems in taxonomy, classification, and evolution in those fish groups that dominate the ecology of riverine systems, such as catfishes and characiforms. Fieldwork involves discovery of undescribed fish diversity in poorly known regions, such as the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers of South America. Current projects include systematics and biogeography of Andean freshwater fishes and taxonomic revision of the family Astroblepidae, a group of catfishes that live at high elevations in the Andes of South America. He is also engaged in phylogenetic studies of the trichomycterid catfishes and revisions of African alestid characiform fishes. Recent fieldwork in Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela has surveyed the diversity of Andean fishes up to 4,500 m (14,760 ft.) elevation and resulted in the addition to the Museum of several new and important collections. Legacy The fish Rhinolekos schaeferi Martins & Langeani, 2011 was named after him. Panaque schaeferi Lujan, Hidalgo & Stewart, 2010 as was this fish. Selected publications Schaefer, S. A., 2012. Ethiopian airpower: from inception to victory in the Ogaden War, University of Florida Schaefer, S.A., Chakrabarty, P., Geneva, A., and Sabaj Pérez, M.H. 2011. Nucleotide sequence data confirm diagnosis and local endemism of variable morphospecies of Andean astroblepid catfishes (Siluriformes: Astroblepidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 162:90-102. Schaefer, S.A. 2011. The Andes: Riding the tectonic uplift, Chapter 16, p. 259-278. In: Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes, J.S. Albert and R.E. Reis (eds.), University of California Press, Berkeley. Schaefer, S.A. and J. Arroyave. 2010. Rivers as islands: determinants of the distribution of Andean astroblepid catfishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 77:2373-2390. Aquino, A.E., and S.A. Schaefer. 2010. Systematics of the genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 336, 110 pp. Schaefer, S.A. 2010. [review of] Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships: A Comprehensive Review, by Terry Grande (senior volume editor), Francisco José Poyato-Ariza and Rui Diogo (volume co-editors), Enfield (New Hampshire): Science Publishers, x+587 p.; ill.; index, 2010. Quart. Rev. Biol. 85:516-517. Schaefer, S.A., and L. Fernández. 2009. Redescription of the Pez Graso,",
"title": "Scott Allen Schaefer"
},
{
"docid": "1064680",
"text": "Cyanotoxins are toxins produced by cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae). Cyanobacteria are found almost everywhere, but particularly in lakes and in the ocean where, under high concentration of phosphorus conditions, they reproduce exponentially to form blooms. Blooming cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins in such concentrations that they can poison and even kill animals and humans. Cyanotoxins can also accumulate in other animals such as fish and shellfish, and cause poisonings such as shellfish poisoning. Some of the most powerful natural poisons known are cyanotoxins. They include potent neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, and endotoxins. Despite the similarity in name, they are unrelated to cyanides. Exposure to cyanobacteria can result in gastro-intestinal and hayfever symptoms or pruritic skin rashes. Exposure to the cyanobacteria neurotoxin BMAA may be an environmental cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. There is also an interest in the military potential of biological neurotoxins such as cyanotoxins, which \"have gained increasing significance as potential candidates for weaponization.\" The first published report that blue-green algae or cyanobacteria could have lethal effects appeared in Nature in 1878. George Francis described the algal bloom he observed in the estuary of the Murray River in Australia, as \"a thick scum like green oil paint, some two to six inches thick.\" Wildlife which drank the water died rapidly and terribly. Most reported incidents of poisoning by microalgal toxins have occurred in freshwater environments, and they are becoming more common and widespread. For example, thousands of ducks and geese died drinking contaminated water in the midwestern United States. In 2010, for the first time, marine mammals were reported to have died from ingesting cyanotoxins. Background Cyanobacteria are ecologically one of the most prolific groups of phototrophic prokaryotes in both marine and freshwater habitats. Both the beneficial and detrimental aspects of cyanobacteria are of considerable significance. They are important primary producers as well as an immense source of several secondary products, including an array of toxic compounds known as cyanotoxins. Abundant growth of cyanobacteria in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal ecosystems due to increased anthropogenic eutrophication and global climate change has created serious concern toward harmful bloom formation and surface water contamination. Cyanobacteria are considered the most primitive groups of photosynthetic prokaryotes and possibly appeared on the Earth about 3.5 billion years ago. They are ubiquitous in nature and thrive in a variety of ecological niches ranging from desert to hot springs and ice-cold water. Most cyanobacteria are an immense source of several secondary natural products with applications in the food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and energy sectors. Moreover, some species of cyanobacteria grow vigorously and form a dominant microflora in terms of their biomass and productivity in specific ecosystems. Bloom formations due to excessive growth of certain cyanobacteria followed by the production of toxic compounds have been reported in many eutrophic to hypertrophic lakes, ponds, and rivers throughout the world. A range of toxic secondary compounds, called cyanotoxins, have been reported from cyanobacteria inhabiting freshwater and marine ecosystems. These",
"title": "Cyanotoxin"
},
{
"docid": "26609958",
"text": "The management of Jamaica's freshwater resources is primarily the domain and responsibility of the National Water Commission (NWC). The duties of providing service and water infrastructure maintenance for rural communities across Jamaica are shared with the Parish Councils. Where possible efficiencies have been identified, the NWC has outsourced various operations to the private sector. Water supplies are adequate to meet the demands of all sectors; however, the supplies are not located close to where most of the population lives. This has created inconsistent delivery of water to the citizens and has fostered new efforts at improving the water delivery systems of Jamaica. Other challenges include the lack of clear communication and effective coordination between the relevant water management institutions, however efforts are being made here as well to correct this deficiency. Physical water resources in Jamaica consist of ample groundwater captured in both limestone and alluvial aquifers and many important rivers that provide a good source of water for the agriculture communities of the rural highlands and coastal lowlands. Groundwater provides about 85% of the country's water needs. The NWC satisfies about 78% of the total demand for water, whereby approximately 95% of the urban population has access to water while only about 75% of the rural populations have obtained access. Important to the recent history of Jamaica freshwater water legislation is the Water Resources Act of 1995 that created a National Water Plan. This water plan set out to develop, protect, and better manage the water resources of Jamaica so that a growing unmet demand for water could be addressed and successfully resolved. Water management challenges There is concern that over-exploitation, industrial effluents and sewage wastes are affecting aquifers and surface waters at an alarming rate. As much as 10% of the groundwater resource has been either abandoned or use is restricted due to saline intrusion or pollution. Fifty percent of the unused water resources in the Liguanea Basin serving the Kingston and St. Andrew area are contaminated with nitrates. While water coverage is good at around 95%, reliability of supply to urban households and industrial users is often erratic. Sufficient water exists in the island to meet all water demands, but the water resources are not necessarily located close to the major centers of water use. The infrastructure to move water to the areas where it is needed is inadequate in some parts of the country. The root of Jamaica's problems in the urban water sector are complex. Difficulty in securing the proper financial resources is problematic as the National Water Commission (NWC) has incurred losses. The NWC comes close to covering its operating costs, but does not generate any surplus, therefore finances for investment are not available. To help deal with the cash shortfalls, the NWC relies on the Government to finance new infrastructure. Competing demands on the Government's budget mean that this source has not been adequate to provide for the water infrastructure needs of the country. In spite of numerous interventions by the Government to",
"title": "Water resources management in Jamaica"
},
{
"docid": "13297696",
"text": "Turtles are frequently depicted in popular culture as easygoing, patient, and wise creatures. Due to their long lifespan, slow movement, sturdiness, and wrinkled appearance, they are an emblem of longevity and stability in many cultures around the world. Turtles are regularly incorporated into human culture, with painters, photographers, poets, songwriters, and sculptors using them as subjects. They have an important role in mythologies around the world, and are often implicated in creation myths regarding the origin of the Earth. Sea turtles are a charismatic megafauna and are used as symbols of the marine environment and environmentalism. As a result of its role as a slow, peaceful creature in culture, the turtle can be misconceived as a sedentary animal; however, many types of turtle, especially sea turtles, frequently migrate over large distances in oceans. In mythology, legends, and folklore The turtle has a prominent position as a symbol of important concepts in religion, mythology, and folklore from around the world, including steadfastness and tranquility. A tortoise's longevity is suggested by its long lifespan and its shell, which to some symbolizes protection from any foe. In the cosmological myths of several cultures a World Turtle carries the world upon its back or supports the heavens. The myth of a World Tortoise, along with that of a world-bearing elephant, was discussed comparatively by Edward Burnett Tylor (1878:341). Around the world the tortoise and/or turtle can be seen as a symbol of wisdom and knowledge, and is able to defend itself on its own. It can be regarded as personifying water, the moon, the Earth, time, immortality, and fertility. Turtles were presented in rock art. The psychoanalyst Carl Gustav Jung interpreted the turtle as the primordial chaos, the alchemical massa confusa, noting that the Hindi Trimurti has a turtle at the bottom, from which everything else grows through transformation. Africa In tales told by a number of African ethnic groups, the tortoise is the cleverest animal. Ijapa or Alabahun the tortoise is a trickster, accomplishing heroic deeds or getting into trouble, in a cycle of tales told by the Yoruba of Nigeria and Benin. As \"Mbe Nwa Aniga\" (\"Tortoise son of Aniga\") in the folklore of the Igbo people of Nigeria, he is depicted as a slow but smart manipulator able to figure a way out of every dicey situation. Ancient Egypt The turtle Shetyw (also Shetw, Sheta, or Shtyw) was common in Ancient Egyptian Art (especially Predynastic and Old Kingdom art). Turtle fossils are the most common reptiles found in the Fayoum, including Gigantochersina ammon, a tortoise as large as those living on the Galapagos Islands today. Predynastic slate palettes represent freshwater (soft carapace, Trionyx triunguis) turtles, as does the hieroglyph for \"turtle\", in which the animal is always represented from above. Zoomorphic palettes were commonly made in the shapes of turtles. A stone vase in the form of a turtle was found in Naqada. The earliest representations of the Nile turtle are from pre-dynastic times; they had magical significance and were meant",
"title": "Cultural depictions of turtles"
},
{
"docid": "27476306",
"text": "Science City, Kolkata is a science centre and science park in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is currently the largest science centre in the Indian subcontinent, containing a science museum, science park, and auditoriums. The centre was inaugurated in two parts, with the ‘Convention Centre Complex’ being the first on December 21, 1996, followed by the rest on July 1, 1997, by the then-prime-minister Inder Kumar Gujral. On January 10, 2010, the then-prime-minister of India, Manmohan Singh, would attempt to get the second phase of Science City completed. Galleries Dynamotion Hall The Dynamotion Hall offers various hands-on and interactive exhibits on wide various scientific topics with exhibits such as: Illusions. A permanent exhibition on illusions, with interactive exhibits, to see how motion and placement affect visual perception. Powers of Ten. Exhibits illustrate the size of the universe from the smallest to the biggest scales of the known universe by powers of ten. Fresh Water Aquarium. A variety of freshwater fishes in 26 tanks. Live Butterfly Enclave. A colony of live butterflies hatched on site and a screening of a film Rang Bahari Prajapati on the life cycle of the butterfly. Science On a Sphere. A spherical projection system created by NOAA providing shows of 30 minutes duration for around 70 people at a time. Earth Exploration Hall Inaugurated on December 6, 2008 by Ambika Soni, the then Union Minister for Culture, the Earth Exploration Hall is a permanent exhibition on Earth, housed in a two storied hemispherical building that displays the details of the southern hemisphere in the ground floor and northern hemisphere in the first floor. Slicing a huge earth globe at the centre of the hall into 12 segments vertically in each hemisphere, important features of each segment such as physical geography, lands and people, flora and fauna, and other dynamic natural phenomenon on earth are highlighted around the central globe with the modern display technologies, attractive visuals, interactive multimedia, video walls, panoramic videos, tilting tables, computer kiosks, and 3-D effects theatre. Space Odyssey A Space Theatre equipped with a Helios Star Ball planetarium supported by 150 special effect projectors and an Astrovision 10/70 large format film projection system housed in a 23-meter diameter tilted dome having unidirectional seating arrangements for 360 person immersive shows on space sciences. 3-D Vision Theater. A show based a on stereo back projection system where visitors experience 3D via Polaroid spectacles. Mirror Magic. 35 exhibits exploring the reflection of light. Time Machine. A 30-seater motion simulator provides virtual experiences of space flight or journeys into unknown worlds sitting in a capsule maneuvered by a hydraulic motion control system. Maritime Centre The Maritime Centre depicts the maritime history of India, including artifacts, dioramas, and interactive exhibits on shipping and navigation systems. Science Park In a tropical country like India, the outdoors is sunny and more inviting than the indoors for most of the year. In a Science Park, people come closer to plants, animals, and other objects in their natural surroundings and also",
"title": "Science City, Kolkata"
},
{
"docid": "45369827",
"text": "Hypseleotris compressa, the empire gudgeon, is a species of Gobiiform fish in the family Eleotridae endemic to Australia and south-central New Guinea. Taxonomy Gerard Krefft described the empire gudgeon in 1864 as Eleotris compressus, having been discovered by one James F. Wilcox. Description H. compressa has an elongated body which can be up to long. The males are larger than the females. The fish does not have a lateral line, but does have ctenoid scales. Its color varies, but the fish generally has a yellowish-tan to golden-brown head, although it can occasionally be a dark brown. Its abdomen is usually a whitish-red color. During the off-breeding seasons, males can be identified by prominent, variously colored bands on their anal and dorsal fins. The caudal fin is a \"dusky\" colour, and the pectoral and pelvic fins have no colour. During the breeding season, the male's colors brighten significantly, turning a red-orange colour, and they sometimes appear to glow. The male fish uses his colors to attract a mate. The species can quickly change color as needed. Distribution and habitat The H. compressa population is mostly concentrated in the northern and eastern portions of Australia and south-central New Guinea. It has also been found in the Torres Strait, around Muralag and Horn Island. The fish is most commonly found in freshwater flowing rivers or streams, but is also found in still water and can withstand sea water level salinity. It is usually found in the lower reaches of rivers, but can also live upstream. It swims amongst aquatic plants and branches, and sometimes hides among rocks, using them as \"caves\". Behaviour The fish is omnivorous, primarily taking small crustaceans and insects but will also consume algae and aquatic plants. Spawning usually occurs in fresh water during warm weather; the breeding season generally spans from spring to autumn. After spawning with the male, the female fish lays rows of about 3,000 adhesive-coated eggs, each of which are about .32 mm long. The eggs stick to various surfaces, such as plants, logs, rocks, or sand. The male then fertilizes them with \"sperm lines\". The male guards the eggs until the young fish hatch, which usually takes 10–14 hours. After hatching, the young fish go downstream to estuaries, where their development takes place. Once grown, the fish return to fresh water. This spawning strategy, coupled with the very small size of the newborn fry, has hindered efforts at propagating this species for aquariums, though it has been accomplished by accident in shrimp aquaculture ponds. A controlled study comparing six native fish species with the introduced (and invasive) eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) on consuming larvae of the common banded mosquito (Culex annulirostris) in Brisbane found that the empire gudgeon was as efficient at eating mosquito larvae as the eastern mosquitofish and is a good candidate for mosquito control. References compressa Freshwater fish of Australia Freshwater fish of New Guinea Fish described in 1864 Taxa named by Gerard Krefft",
"title": "Hypseleotris compressa"
},
{
"docid": "26980505",
"text": "Australia is the driest habitable continent on Earth and its installed desalination capacity has been increasing. Until a few decades ago, Australia met its demands for water by drawing freshwater from dams and water catchments. As a result of the water supply crisis during the severe 1997–2009 drought, state governments began building desalination plants that purify seawater using reverse osmosis technology. Approximately one percent of the world's drinkable water originates from desalination plants. The first modern large-scale desalination plant was the Perth Seawater Desalination Plant, completed in November 2006 and over 30 plants are currently operating across the country. Many plants are utilizing nearby wind or wave farms to use renewable energy and reduce operating costs, and solar powered desalination units are used for remote communities. Background Until a few decades ago, Australia met its demands for water by drawing freshwater from dams and water catchments. However, during 2000-2010 a significant lack of rainfall drained water reservoirs. The most affected cities were the capitals, where there is high uncertainty in water supply and demand. In 2007, Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, experienced a dramatic drop of its main dam Warragamba, where water levels dropped to 33% of normal. Australia's first desalination plant was constructed in 1903 to treat saline groundwater in the gold fields of Western Australia at Kalgoorlie. Several desalination plants were built in Australia between 1960 and 1980, especially following the revolution in membrane technology that made reverse osmosis economically viable, but vapor-compression desalination and multi-stage flash distillation plants were also built. By 2002, however, only two reverse osmosis desalination plants were still operating, one on Kangaroo Island and the other on Rottnest Island. Seawater reverse osmosis is the only type of desalination technology currently used for large-scale desalination plants in Australia, the most important of these plants being located in Perth and Sydney. Methods Compared to existing sources, desalination is considered to be expensive, but research is underway to develop more effective desalination technology. Despite its drawbacks, it is considered a possible solution to the country's water shortages. Australia is the driest inhabitable continent on earth and its installed desalination capacity is around 1% of the total world's desalination capacity. The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry has considered several desalination technologies processes in Australia: Reverse osmosis Electrodialysis Multi-stage flash distillation Multiple-effect distillation Vapor-compression desalination Solar humidification Membrane Distillation ROSI A solar powered desalination unit designed for remote communities has been tested in the Northern Territory. The reverse osmosis solar installation (ROSI) uses membrane filtration to provide a reliable and clean drinking water stream from sources such as brackish groundwater. Solar energy overcomes the usually high-energy operating costs as well as greenhouse emissions of conventional reverse osmosis systems. A photovoltaic solar array tracks the Sun and powers the pumps needed to process the water, using the plentiful sunlight available in remote regions of Australia not served by the power grid. Desalination plants In Australia many desalination plants are utilizing wind farms to produce enough",
"title": "Seawater desalination in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "3336",
"text": "Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. The word comes from the Middle Dutch root brak. Certain human activities can produce brackish water, in particular civil engineering projects such as dikes and the flooding of coastal marshland to produce brackish water pools for freshwater prawn farming. Brackish water is also the primary waste product of the salinity gradient power process. Because brackish water is hostile to the growth of most terrestrial plant species, without appropriate management it is damaging to the environment (see article on shrimp farms). Technically, brackish water contains between 0.5 and 30 grams of salt per litre—more often expressed as 0.5 to 30 parts per thousand (‰), which is a specific gravity of between 1.0004 and 1.0226. Thus, brackish covers a range of salinity regimes and is not considered a precisely defined condition. It is characteristic of many brackish surface waters that their salinity can vary considerably over space or time. Water with a salt concentration greater than 30‰ is considered saline. See the salinity table from the Wikipedia salinity article. Brackish water habitats Estuaries Brackish water condition commonly occurs when fresh water meets seawater. In fact, the most extensive brackish water habitats worldwide are estuaries, where a river meets the sea. The River Thames flowing through London is a classic river estuary. The town of Teddington a few miles west of London marks the boundary between the tidal and non-tidal parts of the Thames, although it is still considered a freshwater river about as far east as Battersea insofar as the average salinity is very low and the fish fauna consists predominantly of freshwater species such as roach, dace, carp, perch, and pike. The Thames Estuary becomes brackish between Battersea and Gravesend, and the diversity of freshwater fish species present is smaller, primarily roach and dace; euryhaline marine species such as flounder, European seabass, mullet, and smelt become much more common. Further east, the salinity increases and the freshwater fish species are completely replaced by euryhaline marine ones, until the river reaches Gravesend, at which point conditions become fully marine and the fish fauna resembles that of the adjacent North Sea and includes both euryhaline and stenohaline marine species. A similar pattern of replacement can be observed with the aquatic plants and invertebrates living in the river. This type of ecological succession from freshwater to marine ecosystem is typical of river estuaries. River estuaries form important staging points during the migration of anadromous and catadromous fish species, such as salmon, shad and eels, giving them time to form social groups and to adjust to the changes in salinity. Salmon are anadromous, meaning they live in the sea but ascend rivers to spawn; eels are catadromous, living in rivers and streams, but returning to the sea",
"title": "Brackish water"
},
{
"docid": "1953972",
"text": "The water net (genus Hydrodictyon) is a taxon of freshwater green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. Hydrodictyon does well in clean, eutrophic water, and has become a nuisance in New Zealand, where it has been recently introduced. The name water net comes from the mesh structure of their colonies, which can extend several decimeters. Hydrodictyon consists of colonies of cylindrical cells that are joined end-to-end to form a net-like structure. The cells usually form pentagonal or hexagonal subgroups. Cells contain a parietal chloroplast with many small pyrenoids. Reproduction Algae in the genus can reproduce asexually or sexually. Asexual reproduction takes place by biflagellated (having two flagella) zoospores formed by the thousands inside a cell. However, the zoospores hardly move, as they are packed very densely. The zoospores form a cell wall, become cylindrical in shape, and arrange themselves in a hexagonal pattern, much like the mature tissue. The mother cell disintegrates, releasing the microscopic daughter net. During sexual reproduction, which takes place by iso-gametes (gametes of the same size) even smaller than the zoospores, the iso-gametes escape through a hole in the cell wall of the mother cell. Two gametes fuse, forming a zygote, which then develops a thick cell wall and becomes angular in shape. After a rest period, 2-5 zoospores, which are bigger than the ones formed by asexual reproduction, are produced. The zoospores then enlarge into polygonal cells. The cytoplasm of the cells then divide into new zoospores which lose their flagella and form a new net by lying against each other. References Hydrodictyon on the Protist Information Server Water Net Microscopic view Entry in the Global Compendium of Weeds Sphaeropleales Freshwater algae",
"title": "Water net"
},
{
"docid": "49720",
"text": "Robert Hooke (; 18 July 16353 March 1703) was an English polymath who was active as a physicist (\"natural philosopher\"), astronomer, geologist, meteorologist and architect. He is credited as one of the first scientists to investigate living things at microscopic scale in 1665, using a compound microscope that he designed. Hooke was an impoverished scientific inquirer in young adulthood who went on to became one of the most important scientists of his time. After the Great Fire of London in 1666, Hooke (as a surveyor and architect) attained wealth and esteem by performing more than half of the property line surveys and assisting with the city's rapid reconstruction. Often vilified by writers in the centuries after his death, his reputation was restored at the end of the twentieth century and he has been called \"England's Leonardo [da Vinci]\". Hooke was a Fellow of the Royal Society and from 1662, he was its first Curator of Experiments. From 1665 to 1703, he was also Professor of Geometry at Gresham College. Hooke began his scientific career as an assistant to the physical scientist Robert Boyle. Hooke built the vacuum pumps that were used in Boyle's experiments on gas law and also conducted experiments. In 1664, Hooke identified the rotations of Mars and Jupiter. Hooke's 1665 book Micrographia, in which he coined the term cell, encouraged microscopic investigations. Investigating optics specifically light refraction Hooke inferred a wave theory of light. His is the first-recorded hypothesis of the cause of the expansion of matter by heat, of air's composition by small particles in constant motion that thus generate its pressure, and of heat as energy. In physics, Hooke inferred that gravity obeys an inverse square law and arguably was the first to hypothesise such a relation in planetary motion, a principle Isaac Newton furthered and formalised in Newton's law of universal gravitation. Priority over this insight contributed to the rivalry between Hooke and Newton. In geology and palaeontology, Hooke originated the theory of a terraqueous globe, thus disputing the Biblical view of the Earth's age; he also hypothesised the extinction of species, and argued hills and mountains had become elevated by geological processes. By identifying fossils of extinct species, Hooke presaged the theory of biological evolution. Life and works Early life Much of what is known of Hooke's early life comes from an autobiography he commenced in 1696 but never completed; Richard Waller FRS mentions it in his introduction to The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke, M.D. S.R.S., which was printed in 1705. The work of Waller, along with John Ward's Lives of the Gresham Professors, and John Aubrey's Brief Lives form the major near-contemporaneous biographical accounts of his life. Hooke was born in 1635 in Freshwater, Isle of Wight, to Cecily Gyles and the Anglican priest John Hooke, who was the curate of All Saints' Church, Freshwater. Robert was the youngest, by seven years, of four siblings (two boys and two girls); he was frail and not expected to live. Although his father",
"title": "Robert Hooke"
},
{
"docid": "2919859",
"text": "Magnetospirillum is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic genus of magnetotactic bacteria, first isolated from pond water by the microbiologist R. P. Blakemore in 1975. They have a spiral (helical) shape and are propelled by a polar flagellum at each end of their cells. The three main species identified are M. magnetotacticum strain MS-1, M. griphiswaldense strain MSR-1, and M. magneticum strain AMB-1. Habitat The first discovered magnetotactic bacteria came from various environments including seawater, lakes, ponds, silt and soils in 1975 – including Magnetospirillum. The typical habitat of Magnetospirillum species consists of shallow fresh water and sediments, characterized by low concentrations of oxygen for growth (microaerophilic) where they live in the upper portion of the sediment (oxic/anoxic interface) and prefer an oxygen gradient of around 1–3%. Magnetotaxis Probably the most peculiar characteristic of Magnetospirillum species is their capacity to orient themselves according to Earth's magnetic field, magnetotaxis. However, they are also impacted by artificial magnetic fields. This is achieved through the presence of special organelles called magnetosomes in the bacterium's cytoplasm. Because the magnetosomes in Magnetospirillum are arranged in chains, the bacteria are able to move with magnetic fields to find a favorable growth environment. However, species also resort to aerotaxis, to remain in favorable O2 concentration conditions. When the bacteria ingest iron, proteins inside their cells interact with it to produce tiny crystals of the mineral magnetite, the most magnetic mineral on Earth. Purification of magnetosomes is accomplished by use of a magnetic separation column after disruption of the cell membrane. If a detergent is used on purified magnetosomes, they tend to agglomerate rather than staying in chain form. Due to the high quality of the single-domain magnetic crystals, a commercial interest has developed in the bacteria. The crystals are thought to have the potential to produce magnetic tapes and magnetic target drugs. Species Magnetospirillum bellicus Magnetospirillum caucaseum Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum—isolated from microaerobic zones of freshwater sediments. Differing from other chemoheterotrophs; the bacterium produces higher amounts of chelator in response to high iron concentrations. Magnetospirillum marisnigri Magnetospirillum moscoviense Magnetospirillum magneticum Magnetospirillum sp. MSM (7 strains) - collected from an Iowan freshwater pond. Magnetospirillum sp. MGT-1 Potential Applications Due to the presence of magnetotaxis and magnetosomes within Magnetospirillum, some species have been studied in how they may be beneficial for use in a wide range of different fields such as those with medicinal and engineering practices. One example is the recent research about how their magnetic properties could potentially introduce a new way of treating wastewater contaminated with heavy metals or be used for tumor hyperthermia due to their coupling abilities. However, it is a challenge to begin to test and apply their unique abilities because of the difficulty with growing large amounts of Magnetospirillum cells and magnetosomes – this could be due to most species being microaerophilic and having specific O2 concentration requirements. References Rhodospirillales Magnetoreception Bacteria genera",
"title": "Magnetospirillum"
},
{
"docid": "56865",
"text": "Lake Baikal ( ; ; ) is a large rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Republic of Buryatia to the southeast. At —slightly larger than Belgium—Lake Baikal is the world's seventh-largest lake by surface area, as well as the second largest lake in Eurasia after the Caspian Sea. However, because it is also the deepest lake, with a maximum depth of , Lake Baikal is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume, containing of water or 22–23% of the world's fresh surface water, more than all of the North American Great Lakes combined. It is also the world's oldest lake at 25–30 million years, and among the clearest. Lake Baikal is home to thousands of species of plants and animals, many of them endemic to the region. It is also home to Buryat tribes, who raise goats, camels, cattle, sheep, and horses on the eastern side of the lake, where the mean temperature varies from a winter minimum of to a summer maximum of . The region to the east of Lake Baikal is referred to as Transbaikalia or as the Transbaikal, and the loosely defined region around the lake itself is sometimes known as Baikalia. UNESCO declared Baikal a World Heritage Site in 1996. Geography and hydrography Lake Baikal is in a rift valley, created by the Baikal Rift Zone, where the Earth's crust is slowly pulling apart. At long and wide, Lake Baikal has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in Asia, at , and is the deepest lake in the world at . The surface of the lake is above sea level, while the bottom of the lake is below sea level, and below this lies some of sediment, placing the rift floor some below the surface, the deepest continental rift on Earth. In geological terms, the rift is young and active – it widens about 4 mm (0.16 in) per year. The fault zone is also seismically active; hot springs occur in the area and notable earthquakes happen every few years. The lake is divided into three basins: North, Central, and South, with depths about , , and , respectively. Fault-controlled accommodation zones rising to depths about separate the basins. The North and Central basins are separated by Academician Ridge, while the area around the Selenga Delta and the Buguldeika Saddle separates the Central and South basins. The lake drains into the Angara, a tributary of the Yenisey. Landforms include Cape Ryty on Baikal's northwest coast. Baikal's age is estimated at 25–30 million years, making it the most ancient lake in geological history. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, as its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. Russian, U.S., and Japanese cooperative studies of deep-drilling core sediments in the 1990s provide a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 6.7 million years. Longer and deeper sediment cores are expected in the near",
"title": "Lake Baikal"
},
{
"docid": "27659966",
"text": "The Agua Dulce or Agua Fresca (Freshwater) were a Timucua people of northeastern Florida. They lived in the St. Johns River watershed north of Lake George, and spoke a dialect of the Timucua language also known as Agua Dulce. In the 1560s, Agua Dulce villages were organized into the chiefdom of Utina, one of the region's most powerful and prominent forces in the early days of European colonization in Florida. Utina had dealings with the French colony of Fort Caroline, and later allied with the Spanish of St. Augustine, who established several missions in its territory. However, the chiefdom declined significantly in the last decades of the 16th century, and the confederacy fragmented into at least three chiefdoms. The main body of the tribe withdrew south along the St. Johns River, and were known as the Agua Dulce to the Spanish. This chiefdom was largely abandoned by 1680. Additionally, a group of Christianized Agua Dulce migrated east towards St. Augustine, and became known as the Tocoy, but this small chiefdom disappeared by 1616. The Acuera, who spoke a different dialect but appear to have been part of the Utina confederacy in the days of French settlement, also broke away and established their own chiefdom. The Acuera proved more sustainable than the Agua Dulce and Tocoy chiefdoms, but had collapsed by 1680. Name Agua Dulce or Agua Fresca (both meaning \"Freshwater\") was a Spanish term for Timucua living along the freshwater lower St. Johns River, as opposed to the Mocama or \"Salt Water\" who lived along the coast. The Utina chiefdom of the late 16th century is so called after its paramount chief at the time of contact with the Europeans, Olata Ouae Utina; other spellings of the name include \"Outina\". The name \"Utina\" does not appear to be a designation specific to this group; uti-na means \"my land\" in Timucuan. The Saturiwa, another Timucua chiefdom who were enemies of the Utina, called them \"Thimogona\" or \"Tymangoua\", which is possibly the origin of the name \"Timucua\". The French followed the Saturiwa in this use, but later, the Spanish used the word \"Timucua\" for a much wider area of northern Florida, which they incorporated into their mission system as the Timucua Province. In the 17th century the Spanish thus came to know the principal tribe in the Timucua Province, who lived to the north of the former Utina chiefdom, as the Timucua. At this time, the descendants of Chief Utina's people were known instead as the Agua Dulce. In the 20th century, after the name \"Timucua\" had come to be applied to all speakers of the Timucua language, scholars began using \"Utina\" as a generic term for the group the Spanish had known as the Timucua. However, this has caused confusion between the 16th-century Utina chiefdom and the \"Timucua proper\", who were never known as Utina by their contemporaries. Scholars Jerald Milanich and Ken Johnson have suggested classing the two groups as eastern Utina and Northern Utina, respectively. According to scholar John",
"title": "Agua Dulce people"
},
{
"docid": "238288",
"text": "Aquatic means relating to water; living in or near water or taking place in water; does not include groundwater, as \"aquatic\" implies an environment where plants and animals live. Aquatic(s) may also refer to: Aquatic animal, either vertebrate or invertebrate, which lives in water for most or all of its life Aquatic ecosystem, environmental system located in a body of water Aquatic plants, also called hydrophytic plants or hydrophytes, are plants that have adapted to living in or on aquatic environments Aquatic (album), 1994 album by the Australian experimental jazz trio, The Necks Aquatics, another name for water sports See also Aquatics (disambiguation) Freshwater ecosystem, an earth aquatic ecosystems Limnology, the study of inland waters Marine biology, the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water Oceanography, the study of marine environments sv:Vatten#Vattnets biologiska roll",
"title": "Aquatic"
},
{
"docid": "14346508",
"text": "Glossogobius giuris, the tank goby, is a species of goby native to fresh, marine and brackish waters from the Red Sea and East Africa through South Asia and the Indian Ocean to China, Australia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. This species can also be found in the aquarium trade. It is also known as the bar-eyed goby, flat-headed goby and the Gangetic tank goby. Description The head is depressed with a protruding lower jaw while the body takes on a compressed appearance towards to caudal fin. Normally brown or light brown with various darker brown spots and flecks along the sides. Ranges in size from 40 to 50 cm maximum (16-20 inches). Habitat This subtropical species is most often associated with estuarine habitats, although it is also found in marine water and can be found many kilometers inland in freshwater streams, up to inland in Malawi. This species is a benthopelagic and amphidromous goby which is found in clear to turbid streams with rock, gravel, or sandy substrates. Reproduction Lays eggs amongst submerged vegetation, where the eggs are guarded by both the male and the female. They will spawn in freshwater, the eggs being taken to the sea by the current, although it can complete its whole life cycle in freshwater. In South Africa it breeds in the summer while in northern Australia breeding takes place in the dry season. Feeding A carnivorous fish, it will eat any small fish and invertebrates it comes across. Cannibalism has been recorded. According to the index of abundance the preferred food items in guts were recorded as; fish (44.75%), semi digested food (22.46%), insect (12%), debris & detritus (6.78%), crustacean (5.93%), fish scale (4.76%), fish egg (1.53%), zooplankton (0.83%), plant (0.63%) and mollusk (0.33%) by volume. The ratio of total length (TL) and total gut length (TGL) was 1:0.252. Gut length was about less than half of the total length of the fish, which also indicated the carnivorous nature of feeding habit of the fish. Human Interaction Unusually for a goby this species is commercially exploited, possibly due to its large size, and sold fresh or frozen. It also appears in the aquarium trade. References tank goby Freshwater fish of South Africa Freshwater fish of Australia Freshwater fish of South Asia Fish of Bangladesh Freshwater fish of India Freshwater fish of China tank goby",
"title": "Tank goby"
},
{
"docid": "6312088",
"text": "The radiant or apparent radiant of a meteor shower is the celestial point in the sky from which (from the point of view of a terrestrial observer) the paths of meteors appear to originate. The Perseids, for example, are meteors which appear to come from a point within the constellation of Perseus. Meteor paths appear at random locations in the sky, but the apparent paths of two or more meteors from the same shower will diverge from the radiant. The radiant is the vanishing point of the meteor paths, which are parallel lines in three-dimensional space, as seen from the perspective of the observer, who views a two-dimensional projection against the sky. The geometric effect is identical to crepuscular rays, where parallel sunbeams appear to diverge. A meteor that does not point back to the known radiant for a given shower is known as a sporadic and is not considered part of that shower. Shower meteors may appear a short time before the radiant has risen in the observer's eastern sky. The radiant in such cases is above the horizon at the meteor's altitude. During the active period of most showers, the radiant moves nearly one degree eastwards, parallel to the ecliptic, against the stellar background each day. This is called the radiant's diurnal drift, and is to a large degree due to the Earth's own orbital motion around the Sun, which also proceeds at nearly one degree a day. As the radiant is determined by the superposition of the motions of Earth and meteoroid, the changing orbital direction of the Earth towards the east causes the radiant to move to the east as well. Cause Meteor showers are mostly caused by the trails of dust and debris left in the wake of a comet. This dust continues to move along the comet's wake, and when the Earth moves through such debris, a meteor shower results. Because all of the debris is moving in roughly the same direction, the meteors which strike the atmosphere all \"point\" back to the direction of the comet's path. As an exception, the Geminids are a shower caused by the object 3200 Phaethon, which is thought to be a Palladian asteroid. Observation The radiant is an important factor in observation. If the radiant point is at or below the horizon, then few if any meteors will be observed. This is because the atmosphere shields the Earth from most of the debris, and only those meteors which happen to be travelling exactly (or very near) tangential to the Earth's surface will be viewable. References Meteor showers",
"title": "Radiant (meteor shower)"
},
{
"docid": "2024699",
"text": "A subglacial lake is a lake that is found under a glacier, typically beneath an ice cap or ice sheet. Subglacial lakes form at the boundary between ice and the underlying bedrock, where pressure decreases the pressure melting point of ice. Over time, the overlying ice gradually melts at a rate of a few millimeters per year. Meltwater flows from regions of high to low hydraulic pressure under the ice and pools, creating a body of liquid water that can be isolated from the external environment for millions of years. Since the first discoveries of subglacial lakes under the Antarctic Ice Sheet, more than 400 subglacial lakes have been discovered in Antarctica, beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet, and under Iceland's Vatnajökull ice cap. Subglacial lakes contain a substantial proportion of Earth's liquid freshwater, with the volume of Antarctic subglacial lakes alone estimated to be about 10,000 km3, or about 15% of all liquid freshwater on Earth. As ecosystems isolated from Earth's atmosphere, subglacial lakes are influenced by interactions between ice, water, sediments, and organisms. They contain active biological communities of extremophilic microbes that are adapted to cold, low-nutrient conditions and facilitate biogeochemical cycles independent of energy inputs from the sun. Subglacial lakes and their inhabitants are of particular interest in the field of astrobiology and the search for extraterrestrial life. Physical characteristics The water in subglacial lakes remains liquid since geothermal heating balances the heat loss at the ice surface. The pressure from the overlying glacier causes the melting point of water to be below 0 °C. The ceiling of the subglacial lake will be at the level where the pressure melting point of water intersects with the temperature gradient. In Lake Vostok, the largest Antarctic subglacial lake, the ice over the lake is thus much thicker than the ice sheet around it. Hypersaline subglacial lakes remain liquid due to their salt content. Not all lakes with permanent ice cover can be called subglacial, as some are covered by regular lake ice. Some examples of perennially ice-covered lakes include Lake Bonney and Lake Hoare in Antarctica's McMurdo Dry Valleys as well as Lake Hodgson, a former subglacial lake. Hydrostatic seals The water in a subglacial lake can have a floating level much above the level of the ground threshold. In fact, theoretically a subglacial lake can even exist on the top of a hill, provided that the ice over it is thin enough to form the required hydrostatic seal. The floating level can be thought of as the water level in a hole drilled through the ice into the lake. It is equivalent to the level at which a piece of ice over it would float if it were a normal ice shelf. The ceiling can therefore be conceived as an ice shelf that is grounded along its entire perimeter, which explains why it has been called a captured ice shelf. As it moves over the lake, it enters the lake at the floating line, and it leaves the lake",
"title": "Subglacial lake"
},
{
"docid": "5402646",
"text": "Palaeocastor ('ancient beaver') is an extinct genus of beavers that lived in the North American Badlands during the late Oligocene period to early Miocene. Palaeocastor was much smaller than modern beavers. There are several species including Palaeocastor fossor, Palaeocastor magnus, Palaeocastor wahlerti, and Palaeocastor peninsulatus. The animals first became known on grounds of their fossilized burrows, the \"Devil's corkscrews\". Habitat Some members of this genus made corkscrew-shaped burrows and tunnels. Like many early castorids, Palaeocastor was predominantly a burrowing animal instead of an aquatic animal. Fossil evidence suggests they may have lived in family groups like modern beavers and employed a K reproductive strategy instead of the normal r-strategy of most rodents. Based on size and habitat, Palaeocastor fossor has been compared to a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). \"Devil's corkscrews\" The discovery of Palaeocastor sprang from the discovery of \"devil's corkscrews\" in the plains of Sioux County, Nebraska, as a tree-sized, screw-like underground formation. Its basic form is an elongated spiral of hardened earth material that inserts into the soil as deep as . These puzzling structures first came to notice through Dr. E. H. Barbour of the University of Nebraska around Harrison, Nebraska, in 1891 and 1892. Then he described it as giant freshwater sponges. This identification was influenced by the surroundings where the \"screws\" were situated; the deposits in which they occur were laid down in immense freshwater lakes in the Miocene Epoch, 20 million years ago. Also for a while, people tended to believe the spiral forms are a curious type of extinct vegetation, although many remained skeptical, as well. In 1892, Dr. Barbour proposed that the devil's corkscrews were the burrows of large rodents, and Latinized the name to the ichnofossil name Daimonhelix, Daimonelix, or Daemonelix (all these spellings are found) and classified them by shape and size. This does seem to contradict an essay by Barbour in 'The American Naturalist Vol. XXIX June 1895'. Here Dr. Barbour attempts to refute a theory put forward by Dr. Theodor Fuchs, in which Fuchs states exactly that the Daemonelix was just the result of the burrowing of a Miocene Gopher. In this essay Barbour seems to be holding to the theory that the Daemonelix was the result of calcified plant forms. One argument put forward by Barbour was that the form of the corkscrew was too perfect to have been constructed by a 'reasoning creature', and must instead have been the result of plant construction (or some other lower life form). Barbour also states in this essay that the discovery of a fossilized beaver was not proof of the origin of Daemonelix, as there has also been found the bones of 'a mammal as large as a mouse'... In \"The Curves of Life\" (Constable 1914) Theodore Andrea Cook writes that \"Other hypotheses have been put forward to explain these odd formations (ie the Daemonelix), one of the most likely being that two plants are involved, one of which coiled tightly round the other....it is clear that our",
"title": "Palaeocastor"
},
{
"docid": "4118832",
"text": "The Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion of Bangladesh and India. The ecoregion covers an area of , comprising most of Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar and Tripura, and extending into adjacent states of Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and a tiny part of Assam, as well as adjacent western Myanmar. Geography The Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests extends across the alluvial plain of the lower Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, which form the world's largest river delta. The ecoregion is currently one of the most densely populated regions on earth, and the forests have largely been replaced with intensive agriculture. The ecoregion is bounded on the east and northeast by montane tropical rain forests; the Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests covers the Chin Hills and Chittagong Hills to the east, extending into Myanmar and other states of Northeast India, while the Meghalaya subtropical forests covers the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya and southern Assam, and almost defines the Bangladesh border with Northeast India. To the north, the ecoregion extends to the base of the Himalayas, where it is bounded by the Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands. The upper portion of the Brahmaputra valley in Assam is home to the humid lowland Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests. To the northwest, the forests are bounded by the Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests. The dry Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests lie on the Chota Nagpur Plateau to the southwest. The Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests and Sundarbans mangroves ecoregions lie in the swampy, semi-brackish and brackish southern reaches of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta bordering the Bay of Bengal. The ecoregion is home to several large cities, including Kolkata, Dhaka, Patna, and Chittagong. Climate The climate of the ecoregion is tropical and humid. Most of the annual rainfall comes during the southwest monsoon from June to September. Flora The natural vegetation is mostly semi-evergreen forest. The upper canopy is predominantly of deciduous trees, with a lower storey of evergreen trees. Characteristic trees in disturbed forests are Bombax ceiba together with Albizia procera, Duabanga sonneratioides, and Sterculia villosa. As forests mature sal (Shorea robusta) becomes predominant, but most of the remaining forests do not mature to climax stage because of human disturbance. Where annual fires occur frequently during the dry season, fire-hardy trees and shrubs Zizyphus mauritiana, Madhuca latifolia, Aegle marmelos, Butea monosperma, Terminalia tomentosa, and Ochna pumila are common. Riparian forests are typically an Acacia-Dalbergia association, with Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Albizia procera, Bombax ceiba, and Sterculia villosa. Fauna The ecoregion is home to 126 native mammal species. They include threatened species like the tiger (Panthera tigris), Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), gaur (Bos gaurus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), chousingha (Tetracerus quadricornis), smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), and great Indian civet (Viverra zibetha). The ecoregion is home to 380 species of birds species, including the Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus), Pallas's fish-eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), swamp francolin (Francolinus gularis), Indian grey hornbill (Ocyceros birostris), and Oriental pied hornbill",
"title": "Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests"
},
{
"docid": "69310",
"text": "The Sea of Galilee (, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא, גִּנֵּיסַר, ), also called Lake Tiberias or Kinneret, is a freshwater lake in Israel. It is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second-lowest lake in the world (after the Dead Sea, a salt lake), at levels between below sea level. It is approximately in circumference, about long, and wide. Its area is at its fullest, and its maximum depth is approximately . The lake is fed partly by underground springs, but its main source is the Jordan River, which flows through it from north to south and exits the lake at the Degania Dam. Geography The Sea of Galilee is situated in northeast Israel, between the Golan Heights and the Galilee region, in the Jordan Rift Valley, formed by the separation of the African and Arabian plates. Consequently, the area is subject to earthquakes, and in the past, volcanic activity. This is evident from the abundant basalt and other igneous rocks that define the geology of Galilee. Names The lake has been called by different names throughout its history, usually depending on the dominant settlement on its shores. With the changing fate of the towns, the lake's name also changed. The modern Hebrew name Kineret comes from the Hebrew Bible, where it appears as the \"sea of Kineret\" in and , and spelled כנרות \"Kinerot\" in Hebrew in . This name was also found in the scripts of Ugarit, in the Aqhat Epic. As the name of a city, Kinneret was listed among the \"fenced cities\" in . A persistent, though likely erroneous, popular etymology presumes that the name Kinneret may originate from the Hebrew word kinnor (\"harp\" or \"lyre\"), because of the shape of the lake. The scholarly consensus, however, is that the origin of the name is derived from the important Bronze and Iron Age city of Kinneret, excavated at Tell el-'Oreimeh. The city of Kinneret may have been named after the body of water rather than vice versa, and there is no evidence for the origin of the town's name. All Old and New Testament writers use the term \"sea\" (Hebrew יָם yam, Greek θάλασσα), with the exception of Luke, who calls it \"the Lake of Gennesaret\" (), from the Greek λίμνη Γεννησαρέτ (limnē Gennēsaret), the \"Grecized form of Chinnereth\" according to Easton (1897). For a different etymology, see Galilee. The Babylonian Talmud as well as Flavius Josephus mention the sea by the name \"Sea of Ginosar\" after the small fertile plain of Ginosar that lies on its western side. Ginosar is yet another name derived from \"Kinneret\". The word Galilee comes from the Hebrew Haggalil (הַגָלִיל), which literally means \"The District\", a compressed form of Gelil Haggoyim \"The District of Nations\" (Isaiah 8:23). Toward the end of the first century CE, the Sea of Galilee became widely known as the Sea of Tiberias after the city of Tiberias founded on its western shore in honour of the second Roman emperor, Tiberius. In the New Testament, the",
"title": "Sea of Galilee"
},
{
"docid": "24479046",
"text": "In astronomy, planetary mass is a measure of the mass of a planet-like astronomical object. Within the Solar System, planets are usually measured in the astronomical system of units, where the unit of mass is the solar mass (), the mass of the Sun. In the study of extrasolar planets, the unit of measure is typically the mass of Jupiter () for large gas giant planets, and the mass of Earth () for smaller rocky terrestrial planets. The mass of a planet within the Solar System is an adjusted parameter in the preparation of ephemerides. There are three variations of how planetary mass can be calculated: If the planet has natural satellites, its mass can be calculated using Newton's law of universal gravitation to derive a generalization of Kepler's third law that includes the mass of the planet and its moon. This permitted an early measurement of Jupiter's mass, as measured in units of the solar mass. The mass of a planet can be inferred from its effect on the orbits of other planets. In 1931-1948 flawed applications of this method led to incorrect calculations of the mass of Pluto. Data from influence collected from the orbits of space probes can be used. Examples include Voyager probes to the outer planets and the MESSENGER spacecraft to Mercury. Also, numerous other methods can give reasonable approximations. For instance, Varuna, a potential dwarf planet, rotates very quickly upon its axis, as does the dwarf planet Haumea. Haumea has to have a very high density in order not to be ripped apart by centrifugal forces. Through some calculations, one can place a limit on the object's density. Thus, if the object's size is known, a limit on the mass can be determined. See the links in the aforementioned articles for more details on this. Choice of units The choice of solar mass, , as the basic unit for planetary mass comes directly from the calculations used to determine planetary mass. In the most precise case, that of the Earth itself, the mass is known in terms of solar masses to twelve significant figures: the same mass, in terms of kilograms or other Earth-based units, is only known to five significant figures, which is less than a millionth as precise. The difference comes from the way in which planetary masses are calculated. It is impossible to \"weigh\" a planet, and much less the Sun, against the sort of mass standards which are used in the laboratory. On the other hand, the orbits of the planets give a great range of observational data as to the relative positions of each body, and these positions can be compared to their relative masses using Newton's law of universal gravitation (with small corrections for General Relativity where necessary). To convert these relative masses to Earth-based units such as the kilogram, it is necessary to know the value of the Newtonian constant of gravitation, G. This constant is remarkably difficult to measure in practice, and its value is only",
"title": "Planetary mass"
},
{
"docid": "62083421",
"text": "Bradley Cardinale is an American ecologist, conservation biologist, academic and researcher. He is Head of the Department of Ecosystem Science and Management and Penn State University. Cardinale's work has focused on the conservation and restoration of biodiversity in natural systems, as well as the ecological design of human engineered systems that benefit from biodiversity. He uses mathematical models, lab- and field-based experiments, observational studies of natural ecosystems, and meta-analyses of existing data to examine how human activities impact Earth's biological diversity, and to protect and manage species, their ecosystems, and the services they provide to society. He has written over 120 scientific papers, as well as a textbook on conservation biology. Cardinale is an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Ecological Society of America. In 2014, Cardinale was named by Thomson Reuters as one of The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds. Early life and education Cardinale was born in Phoenix, Arizona in 1969. He studied at Arizona State University where, in 1993, he received a B.S. in Biology. After receiving his bachelor's degree, Cardinale went on to receive an M.S. in Fisheries and Wildlife in 1996 from Michigan State University where he helped develop methods for restoring coastal wetlands in the Great Lakes. He then went on to complete a Ph.D. in Biology from University of Maryland in 2002 where he led projects focused on the restoration of biodiversity and ecosystem processes in degraded streams in the Appalachian Mountains. Following his Ph.D., Cardinale completed a postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Zoology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Career In 2005, Cardinale joined the Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology at the University of California, Santa Barbara as an Assistant Professor, becoming Associate Professor in 2010. In 2011, he left the University of California, Santa Barbara to join the University of Michigan, where he became Full Professor in 2015. He served as coordinator of the Conservation Ecology Program at the University of Michigan from 2012 to 2014. He left University of Michigan in 2021 to join Penn State University as Head of the Department of Ecosystem Science and Management. In 2013, he was elected by the U.S. National Academy of Science as one of three U.S. representatives on the inaugural Science Committee of the United Nations initiative Future Earth. Future Earth was a reorganization of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) that merged five discipline-based global change programs into a single, multidisciplinary research program. Between 2009 and 2013, Cardinale helped form the U.S. National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), assisting with selection of the core aquatic sites, and serving on the Pacific-Southwest Domain Science Committee. He was also co-PI with Walter Dodds and Margaret A. Palmer on the proposal that established the Stream Observational and Experimental Network (STREON) – a coordinated set of national climate change experiments that were ultimately eliminated from NEON as part of budget cuts and descoping. Cardinale received the Hynes Award for New Investigators from the Society for Freshwater Science",
"title": "Bradley Cardinale"
},
{
"docid": "1465854",
"text": "The Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) is an endangered subspecies of the white-tailed deer that lives only in the Florida Keys. It is the smallest extant North American deer species. Description This deer can be recognized by its characteristic size, smaller than all other white-tailed deer. Adult males (known as bucks) usually weigh and stand about tall at the shoulder. Adult females (does) usually weigh between and have an average height of at the shoulders. The deer is a reddish-brown to grey-brown in color. Antlers are grown by males and shed between February and March and regrown by June. When the antlers are growing, they have a white velvet coating. The subspecies otherwise generally resembles other white-tailed deer in appearance. Behavior Key deer easily swim between islands. Living close to humans, they have little of the natural fear of humans shown by most of their larger mainland relatives (an example of island tameness). The deer are often found in residents' yards and along roadsides where plants and flowers grow. This often results in car-to-deer collisions, as the deer are more active (and harder to avoid) at night. Seeing them at dusk and dawn is not unusual. Breeding Breeding occurs all year, but peaks in October and December. Territorial activity is limited to defending a receptive doe from other bucks. Longevity records are 9 years for males and 7 years for females. Adult females form loose matriarchal groups with one or two generations of offspring, while bucks feed and bed together only outside the breeding season. Distribution and habitat The range of the Key deer originally encompassed all of the lower Florida Keys (where standing water pools exist), but is now limited to a stretch of the Florida Keys from about Sugarloaf Key to Bahia Honda Key. Key deer use all islands during the wet season when drinking water is more generally available, retreating to islands with a perennial supply of fresh water in dry months. By August 2019, most individuals were living on only one of the Florida Key islands, Big Pine Key. Key deer inhabit nearly all habitats within their range, including pine rocklands, hardwood hammocks, mangroves, and freshwater wetlands. Diet The species feeds on over 150 types of plants, but mangroves (red, white, and black), silver palm fruit and thatch palm berries make up the most important parts of their diets. Pine rockland habitat is important, as well, because it is often the only reliable source of fresh drinking water (Key deer can tolerate drinking only mildly brackish water). Habitat destruction due to human encroachment causes many deer to feed on non-native ornamental plants, which may only increase the likelihood of human conflict. History The Key deer is a subspecies of white-tailed deer which migrated to the Florida Keys from the mainland over a land bridge during the Wisconsin glaciation. The earliest known written reference to Key deer comes from the writings of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spanish sailor shipwrecked in the Florida Keys and captured by",
"title": "Key deer"
},
{
"docid": "39552901",
"text": "Ripley's Aquarium of Canada is a public aquarium in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The aquarium is one of three aquariums owned-and-operated by Ripley Entertainment. It is located in downtown Toronto, just southeast of the CN Tower. The aquarium has 5.7 million litres (1.25 million gallons) of marine and freshwater habitats from across the world. The exhibits hold more than 20,000 exotic sea and freshwater specimens from more than 450 species. History A Ripley's Aquarium was originally planned in 2004 to be built in Niagara Falls, Ontario, next to what is now Great Wolf Lodge around 2007, but plans fell through and Ripley's eventually relocated to Toronto. Construction began on the attraction in August 2011 with a final cost approaching . The aquarium opened to the public in October 2013. The project was a partnership with three levels of government. The federal government's Canada Lands Company contributed to the project to develop the \"John Street Corridor\" linking Front Street with the aquarium, the CN Tower and the Rogers Centre. The Government of Ontario contributed to the project, and the City of Toronto government provided property-tax incentives amounting to between and over the first twelve years of the aquarium. Ripley's Aquarium has been the target of animal liberation groups such as TARA (Toronto Aquarium Resistance) and MAD (Marineland Animal Defence), which claim animal captivity is synonymous with animal abuse. They regularly conduct protests and demonstrations at the facility. Prominent animal conservationist Bob Timmons has also publicly spoken out against Ripley Aquarium's capture of endangered tiger sharks. Building The building features a multi-faceted shell clad in large aluminum panels, with the roof of the main entrance that \"gives the illusion of the earth's crust peeling away to reveal a window into the aquatic world.\" There are also coloured surfaces that juxtapose reflective aluminum soffits. The building was designed with special shielding so that sharks would not be disturbed by its electrical systems. Access The building is located on Bremner Boulevard, to the east of the Rogers Centre, just south of the CN Tower and across the street from the Roundhouse Railway Museum. The aquarium is accessible from the Union subway station using the SkyWalk pedestrian pathway. The building does not have parking of its own. Parking is available in several underground parking garages nearby and surface parking lots. The nearest highway access is the Gardiner Expressway by exiting at York Street. Exhibits The aquarium holds 5.7 million liters (1.5 million gallons) of water and shows marine and freshwater habitats from around the world. The aquarium is organized into ten galleries: Canadian Waters, Rainbow Reef, Dangerous Lagoon, Discovery Centre, The Gallery, Ray Bay, Swarm: Nature by Numbers, Planet Jellies, Life Support Systems and the Shoreline Gallery. It is home to more than 20,000 animals. The Canadian Waters exhibit features animals from all the bodies of water surrounding the country. The gallery has 17 habitats. Some animals featured in this exhibit include: alewife, largemouth bass, American lobster, wolf eel, lump fish, giant Pacific octopus, china rockfish",
"title": "Ripley's Aquarium of Canada"
},
{
"docid": "3290448",
"text": "Rally Cry is a science fiction novel by American writer William Forstchen, first published in 1990. It is the first book in Forstchen's Lost Regiment series. Its plot follows the Union Army's 35th Maine Volunteer Infantry and 44th New York Light Artillery as they board a transport ship, the Ogunquit, in City Point, Virginia, on January 2, 1865. Their mission is to take place in the amphibious assault of Fort Fisher, the Confederate fort defending Wilmington, North Carolina. Caught in a strong storm soon after entering the Atlantic Ocean, they are fighting for their lives southwest of Bermuda (in or near the Bermuda Triangle) when a blinding light appears, swells, and envelops the ship while rendering the men aboard unconscious. They awake to find themselves transported to a different world. They quickly find friends and enemies in this new world where past civilizations from Earth were transported including feudal Russians, ancient Romans and Carthaginians, Zulus and others. The planet has many animals, some from the Ice Age megafauna of the Earth and others from totally alien worlds. In addition—as the soldiers of the 35th Maine rapidly discover—humans are not the dominant form of life on this planet, which is called Valennia. Rather, humans are the enemies and sometime cattle of nine-foot-tall alien nomads. Valennia, additionally, is smaller than the Earth. There are fewer and smaller freshwater oceans, gravity is lighter, and most of the land masses are contiguous. Rally Cry is divided into two books. The first book describes the 35th Maine's initial voyage and passage into Valennia via a \"tunnel of light\". In book two, Keane and his men prepare for the coming of the Tugars, the northernmost group of Horde aliens. Plot summary Book One The 35th Maine sets up a camp inside the land of Rus, outside a boyar's city, Suzdal. They are thrown into an intricate network of political feuds where the boyar, Ivor, struggles against the church for power. Both sides wish to exploit Keane and his men. The men of the 35th befriend peasants and the ideas of liberty, democracy, and freedom spread. Most of the 35th are ardent supporters of Lincoln and many abolitionists among them wish to change the order of the feudal society. The men learn of the human-eating enemies called Tugars, seeing them depicted in a church. Keane allows for a vote to either stay and fight with Rus or to leave and try and mass strength elsewhere while avoiding the horde. The church's prelate, Rasnar, convinces Ivor to attack Keane and steal the guns on the night of the vote. The peasants revolt and are led particularly by one man, Kalencka (Kal), who befriends the Maine men and becomes an interpreter for Ivor. On the night Ivor masses his armies to crush Keane, Kal starts the rebellion. As the peasants are crushed, Keane calls off the vote instead letting the men place their votes by choosing whether or not to march to the aid of the peasants. Keane manages",
"title": "Rally Cry (novel)"
},
{
"docid": "15537603",
"text": "This article attempts to place key plant innovations in a geological context. It concerns itself only with novel adaptations and events that had a major ecological significance, not those that are of solely anthropological interest. The timeline displays a graphical representation of the adaptations; the text attempts to explain the nature and robustness of the evidence. Plant evolution is an aspect of the study of biological evolution, predominantly involving evolution of plants suited to live on land, greening of various land masses by the filling of their niches with land plants, and diversification of groups of land plants. Earliest plants In the strictest sense, the name plant refers to those land plants that form the clade Embryophyta, comprising the bryophytes and vascular plants. However, the clade Viridiplantae or green plants includes some other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes, including green algae. It is widely believed that land plants evolved from a group of charophytes, most likely simple single-celled terrestrial algae similar to extant Klebsormidiophyceae. Chloroplasts in plants evolved from an endosymbiotic relationship between a cyanobacterium, a photosynthesising prokaryote and a non-photosynthetic eukaryotic organism, producing a lineage of photosynthesizing eukaryotic organisms in marine and freshwater environments. These earliest photosynthesizing single-celled autotrophs evolved into multicellular organisms such as the Charophyta, a group of freshwater green algae. Fossil evidence of plants begins around 3000 Ma with indirect evidence of oxygen-producing photosynthesis in the geological record, in the form of chemical and isotopic signatures in rocks and fossil evidence of colonies of cyanobacteria, photosynthesizing prokaryotic organisms. Cyanobacteria use water as a reducing agent, producing atmospheric oxygen as a byproduct, and they thereby profoundly changed the early reducing atmosphere of the earth to one in which modern aerobic organisms eventually evolved. This oxygen liberated by cyanobacteria then oxidized dissolved iron in the oceans, the iron precipitated out of the sea water, and fell to the ocean floor to form sedimentary layers of oxidized iron called Banded Iron Formations (BIFs). These BIFs are part of the geological record of evidence for the evolutionary history of plants by identifying when photosynthesis originated. This also provides deep time constraints upon when enough oxygen could have been available in the atmosphere to produce the ultraviolet blocking stratospheric ozone layer. The oxygen concentration in the ancient atmosphere subsequently rose, acting as a poison for anaerobic organisms, and resulting in a highly oxidizing atmosphere, and opening up niches on land for occupation by aerobic organisms. Fossil evidence for cyanobacteria also comes from the presence of stromatolites in the fossil record deep into the Precambrian. Stromatolites are layered structures formed by the trapping, binding, and cementation of sedimentary grains by microbial biofilms, such as those produced by cyanobacteria. The direct evidence for cyanobacteria is less certain than the evidence for their presence as primary producers of atmospheric oxygen. Modern stromatolites containing cyanobacteria can be found on the west coast of Australia and other areas in saline lagoons and in freshwater. Paleozoic flora Cambrian flora Early plants were small, unicellular or filamentous, with simple",
"title": "Timeline of plant evolution"
},
{
"docid": "3102207",
"text": "The freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, is a fish endemic to North and Central America. It is the only species in the genus Aplodinotus, and is a member of the family Sciaenidae. It is the only North American member of the group that inhabits freshwater for its entire life. Its generic name, Aplodinotus, comes from Greek meaning \"single back\", and the specific epithet, grunniens, comes from a Latin word meaning \"grunting\". It is given to it because of the grunting noise that mature males make. This noise comes from a special set of muscles within the body cavity that vibrate against the swim bladder. The purpose of the grunting is unknown, but due to it being present in only mature males and during the spawning season, it is assumed to be linked to spawning. The freshwater drum is also called Russell fish, shepherd's pie, gray bass, Gasper goo, Gaspergou, gou, grunt, grunter, grinder, gobble, and croaker. It is commonly known as sheephead and sunfish in parts of Canada, and the United States. Description The drum typically weighs . The world record was caught on Nickajack Lake in Tennessee, and weighed in at . The freshwater drum is gray or silvery in turbid waters and more bronze or brown colored in clearer waters. It is a deep bodied fish with a divided dorsal fin consisting of 10 spines and 29–32 rays. Geographic distribution Freshwater drum are the only North American member of their family to exclusively inhabit freshwater (freshwater family members in genera Pachypops, Pachyurus, Petilipinnis and Plagioscion are from South America, while Boesemania is Asian). Their great distribution range goes as far north as the Hudson Bay, and reaches as far south as Guatemala. Their longitudinal distribution goes as far east as the eastern Appalachians and stretches as far west into Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Freshwater drum are considered to be one of the most wide-ranging species in North America. Ecology The freshwater drum prefers clear water, but it is tolerant of turbid and murky water. They prefer the bottom to be clean sand and gravel substrates. The diet of the freshwater drum is generally benthic and composed of macroinvertebrates (mainly aquatic insect larvae and bivalve mussels), as well as small fish in certain ecosystems. Freshwater drum show distinct seasonal differences in their diet. In April and May, the drum feeds on dipterans. During these months, dipterans make up about 50 percent of the freshwater drum's diet. In August through November, they tend to eat fish (which are primarily young-of-the-year Gizzard shad). The percentage of fish in their diet at this time ranges from 52 to 94 percent. Other items in the drum's diet are mollusks and crayfish. The freshwater drum competes with several organisms. During its early stages in Lake Erie, it has been shown to compete with yellow perch, the trout-perch, and the emerald shiner. During its adult lifetime, it competes with yellow perch and silver chub in deep water, and competes with black bass in the shoal areas.",
"title": "Freshwater drum"
},
{
"docid": "6262231",
"text": "Most water in Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total. The vast bulk of the water on Earth is saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land. In all, water from oceans and marginal seas, saline groundwater and water from saline closed lakes amount to over 97% of the water on Earth, though no closed lake stores a globally significant amount of water. Saline groundwater is seldom considered except when evaluating water quality in arid regions. The remainder of Earth's water constitutes the planet's resource. Typically, fresh water is defined as water with a salinity of less than 1% that of the oceans – i.e. below around 0.35‰. Water with a salinity between this level and 1‰ is typically referred to as because it is marginal for many uses by humans and animals. The ratio of salt water to fresh water on Earth is around 50:1. The planet's fresh water is also very unevenly distributed. Although in warm periods such as the Mesozoic and Paleogene when there were no glaciers anywhere on the planet all fresh water was found in rivers and streams, today most fresh water exists in the form of ice, snow, groundwater and soil moisture, with only 0.3% in liquid form on the surface. Of the liquid surface fresh water, 87% is contained in lakes, 11% in swamps, and only 2% in rivers. Small quantities of water also exist in the atmosphere and in living beings. Although the total volume of groundwater is known to be much greater than that of river runoff, a large proportion of this groundwater is saline and should therefore be classified with the saline water above. There is also a lot of fossil groundwater in arid regions that have never been renewed for thousands of years; this must not be seen as renewable water. Distribution of saline and fresh water The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km3 (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being freshwater. Of the freshwater, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. Because the oceans that cover roughly 70.8% of the area of Earth reflect blue light, Earth appears blue from space, and is often referred to as the blue planet and the Pale Blue Dot. Liquid freshwater like lakes and rivers cover about 1% of Earth's surface and altogether with Earth's ice cover, Earth's surface is 75% water by area. Lakes Collectively, Earth's lakes hold 199,000 km3 of water. Most lakes are in the high northern latitudes, far from human population centers. The North American Great Lakes, which contain 21% of the world's fresh water by volume, are an exception. The Great Lakes Basin is home to 33 million people. The Canadian cities of",
"title": "Water distribution on Earth"
},
{
"docid": "197049",
"text": "The Global 200 is the list of ecoregions identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the global conservation organization, as priorities for conservation. According to WWF, an ecoregion is defined as a \"relatively large unit of land or water containing a characteristic set of natural communities that share a large majority of their species dynamics, and environmental conditions\". For example, based on their levels of endemism, Madagascar gets multiple listings, ancient Lake Baikal gets one, and the North American Great Lakes get none. The WWF assigns a conservation status to each ecoregion in the Global 200: critical or endangered; vulnerable; and relatively stable or intact. Over half of the ecoregions in the Global 200 are rated endangered. Background The WWF has identified 867 terrestrial ecoregions across the Earth's land surface, as well as freshwater and marine ecoregions. The goal of this classification system is to ensure that the full range of ecosystems will be represented in regional conservation and development strategies. Of these ecoregions, the WWF selected the Global 200 as the ecoregions most crucial to the conservation of global biodiversity. The Global 200 list actually contains 238 ecoregions, made up of 142 terrestrial, 53 freshwater, and 43 marine ecoregions. Conservationists interested in preserving biodiversity have generally focused on the preservation of tropical moist broadleaf forests (commonly known as tropical rainforests) because it is estimated that they harbor one half of Earth's species. On the other hand, the WWF determined that a more comprehensive strategy for conserving global biodiversity should also consider the other half of species, as well as the ecosystems that support them. Several habitats, such as Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome, were determined to be more threatened than tropical rain forests, and therefore require concerted conservation action. WWF maintains that \"although conservation action typically takes place at the country level, patterns of biodiversity and ecological processes (e.g., migration) do not conform to political boundaries\", which is why ecoregion-based conservation strategies are deemed essential. Classification Historically, zoologists and botanists have developed various classification systems that take into account the world's plant and animal communities. Two of the worldwide classification systems most commonly used today were summarized by Miklos Udvardy in 1975. The Earth's land surface can be divided into eight biogeographic realms (formerly called kingdoms, and which the BBC calls ecozones) that represent the major terrestrial communities of animals and plants, and are a synthesis of previous systems of floristic provinces and faunal regions. The biome system classifies the world into ecosystem types (i.e. forests, grasslands, etc.) based on climate and vegetation. Each biogeographical realm contains multiple biomes, and biomes occur across several biogeographical realms. A system of biogeographical provinces was developed to identify specific geographic areas in each biogeographical realm that were of a consistent biome type, and shared distinct plant and animal communities. The WWF system represents a further refinement of the system of biomes (which the WWF calls \"major habitat types\"), biogeographical realms, and biogeographical provinces (the WWF scheme divides most biogeographical",
"title": "Global 200"
},
{
"docid": "17261435",
"text": "The Cau del Cargol Shells of the World Museum is a museum containing a large private collection of shells; it is situated in Vilassar de Dalt (Catalonia, Spain). The collection includes over 16,000 worldwide species of mollusc shells, from marine, terrestrial and freshwater habitats. The museum was created in the year 1950, when its founder Jaume Bot i Arenas (1904-1983), started to exhibit his own collection to the public. Later he expanded his collection by acquiring other people's collections. He was able to reunite the collections of several different naturalists; material that had been collected from 1850 to 1983. The Cau del Cargol museum houses one of the biggest shell collections that is open to the public. About one thousand shell specimens are displayed in a room which has been recently renovated. The museum is often visited by classes from regional schools that are studying natural history and zoology. The museum is open to visitors on the first Sunday of every month, from 11 am to 2 pm, and at other times by special request. Contents Shells that can be seen in Cau del Cargol are terrestrial mollusca, marine and freshwater or brackish. Just as in nature, most of the collection are marine species. Shells exhibits are grouped with biogeographic criteria. Thus, grouped into 16 zoogeogràfical marine regions defined in the 19th century by SP Woodward, geologist and professor of natural history in his studies of Malacology. These regions based on zoogeography are characterized by the presence of certain species that unit them and at the same time, put them apart from those from other areas. The criterion of geographical grouping of units exposed favors contemplation of the exhibition as a journey around the world through the shells. In the same room where shells are exposed, there are eight permanent panels that invite to the reflection on the world of form and color in nature. The panels explain that the world of form and color does not exist nor can be understood without the scope of invisible energy fields. They also invite us to think on the way we perceive the world and the relationship between power and scope of consciousness. Topics The museum covers the following topics: Shapes and colors, where shapes and colors are introduced to a language of nature. Unity in diversity, diversity in explaining the workings of the Earth with references to James Lovelock's Gaia Hypothesis. From the infinitely small to the infinitely present, which explains the changes in the vision of biology and life arising from discoveries of quantum mechanics and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Energy fields and morphic fields, which explains morphogenetic fields described by English biologist Rupert Sheldrake. Relationships and proportions in the world of form, which entered the study and meaning of proportions and the golden section in nature and in man, and Leonardo da Vinci some thoughts on the subject. Water and spiral, which explains the relationship between water and the expansion of the spiral of life. Natural History and",
"title": "Cau del Cargol"
},
{
"docid": "13131260",
"text": "Dictyochloropsis is a genus of unicellular green alga of the phylum Chlorophyta. This genus consists of free-living algae which have a reticulate (net-like) chloroplast that varies slightly in morphology between species, and that when mature always lacks a pyrenoid. Dictyochloropsis is asexual and reproduces using autospores. Previously, many species of the morphologically similar genus Symbiochloris were incorrectly classified to this taxon. These species were recently reclassified on the basis of molecular DNA analyses. Dictyochloropsis is found in terrestrial environments all over the world, but can live and grow in freshwater environments as well. Recently, there has been promising research towards growing Dictyocloropsis in culture for the production of biofuels. Etymology The name of Dictyochloropsis comes from the Greek language, and references the similar algal genus Dictyochloris. The suffix “-opsis” comes from “ὄψις” or “opsis”, roughly translating to “appearance,” “sight” or “view”. Therefore, “Dictyochloropsis” when translated from its Greek roots means “Dictyochloris-like”. In turn, the prefix “dictyo” is derived from the Greek word “δίκτυο” or “díktyo” meaning “network”, which is in reference to the net-like chloroplast present in this genus and Dictyochloropsis. The medial “-chloro-” is from “χλωρός” or “chloros” meaning “the colour green” because of the green pigment, chlorophyll, which colours the algae. History of knowledge Dictyochloropsis was first identified as a genus in 1966 by Lothar Geitler, who defined it as a unicellular green algae with a complex chloroplast that reproduces using autospores. Geitler’s observations were not complete, he was unsure if he had correctly defined the new genus, and he requested supplementary observations from other scientists to attempt at further defining the taxon. In the early 1980s, Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess used Geitler’s definition to classify several species of lichenized green algae under the same taxon. However, some of these algae reproduce with zoospores or aplanospores, which does not agree with Geitler’s observations. In 2014, Francesco Dal Grande used microsatellite markers to discover that Dictyochloropsis as previously defined was polyphyletic, forming two distinct clades. The first clade is composed exclusively of free-living algae which reproduce using autospores. The second clade included lichenized as well as free-living algae that reproduce using zoospores or aplanospores. Organisms in both clades have similar morphologies and life cycles, and this is why they were initially classified in this polyphyletic genus. In 2016, Pavel Skaloud et al. moved the Dictyochloropsis lichenized species to the genus Symbiochloris based on data from phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA gene. As a result Dictyochloropsis was redefined to its current monophyletic meaning. Habitat and ecology Dictyochloropsis is an ecologically important algae most commonly found living as an epiphyte or in soil. Although species in the phylum Chlorophyta mainly live in freshwater habitats, Dictyochloropsis is usually found in terrestrial environments. This algae does not feed, it uses photosynthesis to create its energy, and thus it only lives in habitats with access to light. Species have been found and cultured from places all over the world, including the Czech Republic, Malaysia, Austria, Germany, Japan, Pakistan, Ukraine and Indonesia. Habitats which Dictyochloropsis has",
"title": "Dictyochloropsis"
},
{
"docid": "15909409",
"text": "Peak water is a concept that underlines the growing constraints on the availability, quality, and use of freshwater resources. Peak water was defined in 2010 by Peter Gleick and Meena Palaniappan. They distinguish between peak renewable, peak non-renewable, and peak ecological water to demonstrate the fact that although there is a vast amount of water on the planet, sustainably managed water is becoming scarce. Lester R. Brown, president of the Earth Policy Institute, wrote in 2013 that although there was extensive literature on peak oil, it was peak water that is \"the real threat to our future\". An assessment was published in August 2011 in the Stockholm International Water Institute's journal. Much of the world's water in underground aquifers and in lakes can be depleted and thus resembles a finite resource. The phrase peak water sparks debates similar to those about peak oil. In 2010, New York Times chose \"peak water\" as one of its 33 \"Words of the Year\". There are concerns about impending peak water in several areas around the world: Peak ecological water, where ecological and environmental constraints are overwhelming the economic benefits provided by water use Peak non-renewable water, where groundwater aquifers are being overpumped (or contaminated) faster than nature recharges them (this example is most like the peak oil debate) Peak renewable water, where entire renewable flows are being consumed for human use If present trends continue, 1.8 billion people will be living with absolute water scarcity by 2025, and two-thirds of the world could be subject to water stress. Ultimately, peak water is not about running out of freshwater, but about reaching physical, economic, and environmental limits on meeting human demands for water and the subsequent decline of water availability and use. Comparison with peak oil The Hubbert curve has become popular in the scientific community for predicting the depletion of various natural resources. M. King Hubbert created this measurement device in 1956 for a variety of finite resources such as coal, oil, natural gas and uranium. Hubbert's curve was not applied to resources such as water originally, since water is a renewable resource. Some forms of water, however, such as fossil water, exhibit similar characteristics to oil, and overpumping (faster than the rate of natural recharge of groundwater) can theoretically result in a Hubbert-type peak. A modified Hubbert curve applies to any resource that can be harvested faster than it can be replaced. Like peak oil, peak water is inevitable given the rate of extraction of certain water systems. A current argument is that growing populations and demands for water will inevitably lead to non-renewable use of water resources. Water supply Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world's supply of clean, fresh water is under increasing demand for human activities. The world has an estimated 1.34 billion cubic kilometers of water, but 96.5% of it is salty. Almost 70% of fresh water can be found in the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland. Less than 1% of this water on Earth",
"title": "Peak water"
},
{
"docid": "4236528",
"text": "Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the fraction of organic carbon operationally defined as that which can pass through a filter with a pore size typically between 0.22 and 0.7 micrometers. The fraction remaining on the filter is called particulate organic carbon (POC). Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with DOC. While DOC refers specifically to the mass of carbon in the dissolved organic material, DOM refers to the total mass of the dissolved organic matter. So DOM also includes the mass of other elements present in the organic material, such as nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. DOC is a component of DOM and there is typically about twice as much DOM as DOC. Many statements that can be made about DOC apply equally to DOM, and vice versa. DOC is abundant in marine and freshwater systems and is one of the greatest cycled reservoirs of organic matter on Earth, accounting for the same amount of carbon as in the atmosphere and up to 20% of all organic carbon. In general, organic carbon compounds are the result of decomposition processes from dead organic matter including plants and animals. DOC can originate from within or outside any given body of water. DOC originating from within the body of water is known as autochthonous DOC and typically comes from aquatic plants or algae, while DOC originating outside the body of water is known as allochthonous DOC and typically comes from soils or terrestrial plants. When water originates from land areas with a high proportion of organic soils, these components can drain into rivers and lakes as DOC. The marine DOC pool is important for the functioning of marine ecosystems because they are at the interface between the chemical and the biological worlds. DOC fuels marine food webs, and is a major component of the Earth's carbon cycling. Overview DOC is a basic nutrient, supporting growth of microorganisms and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle through the microbial loop. In some organisms (stages) that do not feed in the traditional sense, dissolved matter may be the only external food source. Moreover, DOC is an indicator of organic loadings in streams, as well as supporting terrestrial processing (e.g., within soil, forests, and wetlands) of organic matter. Dissolved organic carbon has a high proportion of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in first order streams compared to higher order streams. In the absence of extensive wetlands, bogs, or swamps, baseflow concentrations of DOC in undisturbed watersheds generally range from approximately 1 to 20 mg/L carbon. Carbon concentrations considerably vary across ecosystems. For example, the Everglades may be near the top of the range and the middle of oceans may be near the bottom. Occasionally, high concentrations of organic carbon indicate anthropogenic influences, but most DOC originates naturally. The BDOC fraction consists of organic molecules that heterotrophic bacteria can use as a source of energy and carbon. Some subset of DOC constitutes the precursors of disinfection byproducts for drinking water.",
"title": "Dissolved organic carbon"
},
{
"docid": "762047",
"text": "Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, springs, bogs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation. There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems: Lentic (slow moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes), lotic (faster moving water, for example streams and rivers) and wetlands (areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time). Freshwater ecosystems contain 41% of the world's known fish species. Freshwater ecosystems have undergone substantial transformations over time, which has impacted various characteristics of the ecosystems. Original attempts to understand and monitor freshwater ecosystems were spurred on by threats to human health (for example cholera outbreaks due to sewage contamination). Early monitoring focused on chemical indicators, then bacteria, and finally algae, fungi and protozoa. A new type of monitoring involves quantifying differing groups of organisms (macroinvertebrates, macrophytes and fish) and measuring the stream conditions associated with them. Threats to freshwater biodiversity include overexploitation, water pollution, flow modification, destruction or degradation of habitat, and invasion by exotic species. Climate change is putting further pressure on these ecosystems because water temperatures have already increased by about 1 °C, and there have been significant declines in ice coverage which have caused subsequent ecosystem stresses. Types There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems: Lentic (slow moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes), lotic (faster moving water, for example streams and rivers) and wetlands (areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time). Limnology (and its branch freshwater biology) is a study about freshwater ecosystems. Lentic ecosystems Lotic ecosystems Wetlands Threats Biodiversity Five broad threats to freshwater biodiversity include overexploitation, water pollution, flow modification, destruction or degradation of habitat, and invasion by exotic species. Recent extinction trends can be attributed largely to sedimentation, stream fragmentation, chemical and organic pollutants, dams, and invasive species. Common chemical stresses on freshwater ecosystem health include acidification, eutrophication and copper and pesticide contamination. Freshwater biodiversity faces many threats. The World Wide Fund for Nature's Living Planet Index noted an 83% decline in the populations of freshwater vertebrates between 1970 and 2014. These declines continue to outpace contemporaneous declines in marine or terrestrial systems. The causes of these declines are related to: A rapidly changing climate Online wildlife trade and invasive species Infectious disease Toxic algae blooms Hydropower damming and fragmenting of half the world's rivers Emerging contaminants, such as hormones Engineered nanomaterials Microplastic pollution Light and noise interference Saltier coastal freshwaters due to sea level rise Calcium concentrations falling below the needs of some freshwater organisms The additive—and possibly synergistic—effects of these threats Invasive species Invasive plants and animals are a major issue to freshwater ecosystems, in many cases outcompeting native species and altering water conditions. Introduced species are especially devastating to ecosystems that are home to endangered species. An example of this",
"title": "Freshwater ecosystem"
},
{
"docid": "1148043",
"text": "The cuisine of New Zealand is largely driven by local ingredients and seasonal variations. As an island nation with a primarily agricultural economy, New Zealand yields produce from land and sea. Similar to the cuisine of Australia, the cuisine of New Zealand is a diverse British-based cuisine, with Mediterranean and Pacific Rim influences as the country has become more cosmopolitan. Historical influences came from British cuisine and Māori culture. Since the 1970s, new cuisines such as New American cuisine, Southeast Asian, East Asian, and South Asian have become popular. Māori cuisine The Māori-language term refers to traditional Māori cuisine. When the Māori arrived in New Zealand from tropical Polynesia, they brought a number of food plants, including , taro, purple yam, and , most of which grew well only in the north of the North Island. Kūmara could be grown as far south as the northern South Island, and became a staple food as it could be stored over the winter. Native New Zealand plants such as fernroot became a more important part of the diet, along with insects such as the huhu grub. Earthworms, called , are a part of the traditional Māori diet as well. Problems with horticulture were made up for by an abundance of bird and marine life. The large, flightless moa was soon hunted to extinction for food and tools as well. Rāhui, or resource restrictions, included forbidding the hunting of certain species in particular places or at certain times of year to allow populations to be maintained. Seafood consumed included or freshwater crayfish, or abalone, and or bluff oysters. Similar to other Polynesian people, Māori cooked food in earth ovens, known in New Zealand as hāngī, although the word is also used. Stones are heated by fire and food packed in leaves placed on top. These packs are then covered with foliage, cloth, or wet sacks, and then a layer of earth. Other cooking methods included roasting, boiling or steaming using geothermal heated water, and cooking over an open fire. Some foods were preserved using smoke, air-drying, fermentation, or layers of fat—particularly muttonbirds. Māori were one of the few people to have no form of alcoholic beverage. Food and religion In traditional Māori religion food was noa, or non-sacred. This meant care had to be taken to prevent it from coming into contact with tapu places or objects. If it did, the tapu of the place or object, and often the people associated with it, would be at risk. High chiefs, and people engaged in tapu work such as tattooing, were tapu and were restricted in how they could deal with food, with the most tapu needing to be fed by others. One story tells of a war party which had to be postponed as no non-tapu people were available to load the food supplies into the party's waka. European influences When Europeans (Pākehā) first arrived in New Zealand from the late eighteenth century, they brought their own foods with them. Some of these,",
"title": "New Zealand cuisine"
},
{
"docid": "15654406",
"text": "Lake Untersee ( \"Lower Lake\") is the largest surface freshwater lake in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica. It is situated to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. The lake is approximately long and wide, with a surface area of , and a maximum depth of . The lake is permanently covered with ice and is partly bounded by glacier ice. Lake Untersee is an unusual lake, with pH between 9.8 and 12.1, dissolved oxygen at 150 per cent supersaturation, and very low primary production in the water column. Despite the high oxygen supersaturation in most of the lake, there is a small sub-basin at the southern end that is anoxic, and its sediments may have a higher methane concentration than those of any other known lake on Earth. Much of the primary production is in microbial communities that grow on the floor of the lake as stromatolites. The water temperature varies between and and the ice cover on the lake is thick. The ice cover may have persisted for over 100,000 years, and some scientists studying climate change fear significant environmental changes associated with global warming in the coming decades. In the past, the water chemistry of the lake has been compared to Clorox. However, the chemical activity of bleach is due to Cl− in addition to a pH that is higher than that measures in Lake Untersee, and Lake Untersee does not have high chlorine or chlorite concentrations. Geography Lake Untersee lies in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica, which is roughly on the same longitude as Huab, in the Skeleton Coast National Park on the northern coast of Namibia. It is situated 90 kilometres (56 mi) to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. Aurkjosen Cirque lies at the east side of the lake. The lake is approximately long and wide and has a surface area of ( is also reported). Its maximum depth is . It is permanently covered with ice, which has an average thickness of in summer. The lake is dammed by the Anuchin Glacier, and meltwater from the Anuchin Glacier is the main source of water. The lake has no outlet. Water is lost through sublimation and ablation of the ice cover. The lake is categorized as an ultra-oligotrophic lake. Lake Ober-See, a smaller ( glacial lake, is located a few kilometres to the northeast and is similar in most respects. History Isotope studies have established that the lake has long had a permanent ice cover. Further, studies carried out during the austral summer confirm the lake's homogeneous characteristics, with thermal convection as the reason given for its hydro-geochemical and isotropical nature. It is replenished perennially by a process of underwater melting of the adjacent glacier ice. It is also stated that the lake existed during the Holocene period when it emerged from a melt-water pond. Studies of Lake Untersee have revealed that there are several large boulders",
"title": "Lake Untersee"
},
{
"docid": "14290695",
"text": "Magnetofossils are the fossil remains of magnetic particles produced by magnetotactic bacteria (magnetobacteria) and preserved in the geologic record. The oldest definitive magnetofossils formed of the mineral magnetite come from the Cretaceous chalk beds of southern England, while magnetofossil reports, not considered to be robust, extend on Earth to the 1.9-billion-year-old Gunflint Chert; they may include the four-billion-year-old Martian meteorite ALH84001. Magnetotactic organisms are prokaryotic, with only one example of giant-magnetofossils, likely produced by eukaryotic organisms, having been reported. Magnetotactic bacteria, the source of the magnetofossils, are magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) producing bacteria found in both freshwater and marine environments. These magnetite bearing magnetotatic bacteria are found in the oxic-anoxic transition zone where conditions are such that oxygen levels are less than those found in the atmosphere (microaerophilic). Compared to the magnetite producing magnetotactic bacteria and subsequent magnetofossils, little is known about the environments in which greigite magnetofossils are created and the magnetic properties of the preserved greigite particles. Existence of magnetotactic bacteria was first suggested in the 1960s, when Salvatore Bellini of the University of Pavia discovered bacteria in a bog that appeared to align themselves with the magnetic field lines of the Earth. Following this discovery researchers began to think of the effect of magnetotactic bacteria on the fossil record and magnetization of sedimentary layers. Most of the research concentrated on marine environments, although it has been suggested that these magnetofossils can be found in terrestrial sediments (derived from terrestrial sources). These magnetofossils can be found throughout the sedimentary record, and therefore are influenced by deposition rate. Episodes of high sedimentation, not correlating with an increase in magnetobacterial and thus magnetofossil production, can decrease magnetofossil concentrations vastly, although this is not always the case. An increase in sedimentation normally coincides with an increase of land erosion, and therefore an increase in iron abundance and nutrient supply. Magnetization Within the magnetotactic bacteria, magnetite and greigite crystals are biosynthesized (biomineralized) within organelles called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes form chains within the bacterial cell and in doing so, provide the organism with a permanent magnetic dipole. The organism uses it for geomagnetic navigation, to align itself with the Earth's geomagnetic field (magnetotaxis) and to reach the optimal position along vertical chemical gradients. When an organism dies the magnetosomes become trapped in sediments. Under the right conditions, primarily if the redox conditions are correct, the magnetite can then be fossilized and therefore stored in the sedimentary record. The fossilization of the magnetite (magnetofossils) within sediments contributes largely to the natural remanent magnetization of the sediment layers. The natural remanent magnetization is the permanent magnetism remaining in a rock or sediment after it has formed. Paleoindicators Magnetotactic bacteria use iron to create magnetite in magnetosomes. As a result of this process, increased iron levels correlate with increased production of magnetotactic bacteria. Increases in iron levels have been long associated with hyperthermal (period of warming, usually between 4-8 degrees Celsius) periods in the Earth's history. These hyperthermal events, such as the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum",
"title": "Magnetofossil"
},
{
"docid": "497007",
"text": "A rift valley is a linear shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges produced by the action of a geologic rift. Rifts are formed as a result of the pulling apart of the lithosphere due to extensional tectonics. The linear depression may subsequently be further deepened by the forces of erosion. More generally the valley is likely to be filled with sedimentary deposits derived from the rift flanks and the surrounding areas. In many cases rift lakes are formed. One of the best known examples of this process is the East African Rift. On Earth, rifts can occur at all elevations, from the sea floor to plateaus and mountain ranges in continental crust or in oceanic crust. They are often associated with a number of adjoining subsidiary or co-extensive valleys, which are typically considered part of the principal rift valley geologically. Earth's rift valleys The most extensive rift valley is located along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge system and is the result of sea floor spreading. Examples of this type of rift include the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise. Many existing continental rift valleys are the result of a failed arm (aulacogen) of a triple junction, although there are two, the East African Rift and the Baikal Rift Zone, which are currently active, as well as a third which may be, the West Antarctic Rift System. In these instances, not only the crust but entire tectonic plates are in the process of breaking apart forming new plates. If they continue, continental rifts will eventually become oceanic rifts. Other rift valleys are the result of bends or discontinuities in horizontally-moving (strike-slip) faults. When these bends or discontinuities are in the same direction as the relative motions along the fault, extension occurs. For example, for a right lateral-moving fault, a bend to the right will result in stretching and consequent subsidence in the area of the irregularity. In the view of many geologists today, the Dead Sea lies in a rift which results from a leftward discontinuity in the left lateral-moving Dead Sea Transform fault. Where a fault breaks into two strands, or two faults run close to each other, crustal extension may also occur between them, as a result of differences in their motions. Both types of fault-caused extension commonly occur on a small scale, producing such features as sag ponds or landslides. Rift valley lakes Many of the world's largest lakes are located in rift valleys. Lake Baikal in Siberia, a World Heritage Site, lies in an active rift valley. Baikal is both the deepest lake in the world and, with 20% of all of the liquid freshwater on earth, has the greatest volume. Lake Tanganyika, second by both measures, is in the Albertine Rift, the westernmost arm of the active East African Rift. Lake Superior in North America, the largest freshwater lake by area, lies in the ancient and dormant Midcontinent Rift. The largest subglacial lake, Lake Vostok, may also lie in an ancient rift",
"title": "Rift valley"
}
] | [
"precipitation"
] |
train_26267 | what are the six stones in the avengers | [
{
"docid": "55511155",
"text": "The Vision is a fictional character portrayed by Paul Bettany in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Vision is a vibranium-based male android (or \"Synthezoid\") created by Ultron to serve as his body. However, the body is stolen by the Avengers and brought to sentience by Tony Stark and Bruce Banner, who upload the core software of Stark's AI, J.A.R.V.I.S. (voiced by Bettany), into the body constructed by Ultron, with energy provided by Thor. Vision subsequently joins the Avengers, kills Ultron, and later develops a romantic relationship with his teammate, Wanda Maximoff. Most of Vision's powers including flight, matter phasing, and energy-based beam attacks, stem from the Mind Stone in his forehead, which also keeps him alive. Vision is killed by Thanos when he removes the Mind Stone to complete the Infinity Gauntlet in order to initiate the Blip. Years later, Vision's body is reactivated via Wanda's magic, albeit initially without his memories and with a different appearance. Additionally, Wanda recreates Vision when she magically forms a false reality in the town of Westview, New Jersey, but this version vanishes when she returns to reality. Vision has appeared in three films. He has a lead role in the television series WandaVision (2021), and alternate versions from within the MCU multiverse appear in the animated series What If...? (2021). Fictional character biography Creation and joining the Avengers In 2015, J.A.R.V.I.S. is apparently destroyed by Ultron, but it is later revealed that he actually distributed his consciousness throughout the Internet, allowing his security protocols to delay Ultron's attempt to access Earth's nuclear weapon launch codes long enough for Tony Stark to work out what had happened. The Avengers capture a synthetic vibranium body created by Ultron for himself, powered by the Mind Stone, and bring it to Avengers Tower, where Stark and Bruce Banner upload J.A.R.V.I.S. as the core software for the body. After a brief fight with other Avengers, who disagree with this effort, Thor uses Mjolnir's lightning to power its completion, creating the Vision. Thor explains that the gem in his forehead is one of the six Infinity Stones, the most powerful objects in existence. Having gained consciousness, Vision sides with Stark, Banner, Thor, Steve Rogers, Clint Barton, Pietro Maximoff, and Wanda Maximoff against Ultron as he wishes to protect life. He lifts and hands Thor Mjolnir, which has been enchanted so that only \"worthy\" individuals can lift it, convincing the Avengers that he can be trusted. In Sokovia, Vision fights scores of Ultron's sentries, rescues Wanda from the collapsing city, and destroys Ultron himself. Sometime after, Vision arrives at the Avengers Compound and joins the Avengers alongside Wanda, Sam Wilson, and James Rhodes, led by Rogers and Natasha Romanoff. Sokovia Accords and the Avengers Civil War In 2016, Vision phases into Wanda's bedroom and tells her and Rogers that Stark and Secretary of State Thaddeus Ross have arrived at the Compound. He learns about the Sokovia Accords and",
"title": "Vision (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "60616450",
"text": "Thanos is a fictional character portrayed primarily by Josh Brolin in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics supervillain of the same name. He is depicted as an alien warlord from the doomed planet Titan with a universe-spanning agenda to wipe out half of all life to stabilize overpopulation and prevent what he views as life's inevitable extinction. To do this, he sets out to obtain the six Infinity Stones, cosmic gems with the power to achieve his goal. With the help of his adopted children, Thanos fights against the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, and their allies, in the Infinity War, succeeds in assembling the Stones, and disintegrates half of all life in the universe in an event that is known as the Blip. After escaping to the Garden and destroying the Stones, he is eventually killed by Thor. Five years later, an alternate version of Thanos from 2014 time travels to 2023 to battle the Avengers once again, but is killed by Tony Stark. Thanos is a key figure in the 23 films that make up the MCU's Infinity Saga, having appeared in five of its films, most notably Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019). Several versions of Thanos from alternate realities in the MCU multiverse also appear in Endgame, the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021–present), and the Phase Four film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Thanos' appearance changed drastically over the course of his appearances as advances in CGI and motion capture technology allowed for better capture of Brolin's facial features. A new facial capture application called Masquerade was created for Infinity War and Endgame using machine learning. The character has been well received by critics and fans alike, with Brolin winning multiple awards for his performance. Thanos is often credited as one of the MCU's best villains, as well as one of the greatest film villains of all time. After his appearance in Infinity War, he became a key figure in popular culture and memes, making appearances in a variety of other media. Fictional character biography Thanos' story in the MCU takes place in the Earth-616 universe. The fictional biography below includes events that happened to Thanos from more than one Earth-616 timeline, as well as events that happened to him from multiple other universes. Early life Thanos was born approximately 1,000 years ago on the planet Titan to A'Lars, along with his brother Eros. Thanos deems the growth of Titan's population to be unsustainable, so he proposes to arbitrarily kill half of Titan's population. However, his people reject the idea and Thanos is subsequently ostracized. Over time, Thanos' prediction comes to pass, with him and Eros being the only surviving members. Balancing the universe Thanos, driven by his belief that the universe must be balanced by eliminating half of its population, embarks on conquests involving the killing of half of the planets' populations, becoming feared and powerful while taking control of various armies.",
"title": "Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "44240443",
"text": "Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Anthony and Joe Russo and written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, the film features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Benedict Cumberbatch, Don Cheadle, Tom Holland, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Anthony Mackie, Sebastian Stan, Danai Gurira, Letitia Wright, Dave Bautista, Zoe Saldaña, Josh Brolin, and Chris Pratt. In the film, the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to stop Thanos from collecting the six powerful Infinity Stones as part of his quest to kill half of all life in the universe. The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 1. The Russo brothers came on board to direct in April 2015, and a month later Markus and McFeely signed on to write the script for the film, which draws inspiration from Jim Starlin's 1991 comic book The Infinity Gauntlet and Jonathan Hickman's 2013 comic book Infinity. In 2016, Marvel shortened the title to Avengers: Infinity War. Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, with a large cast consisting mostly of actors reprising their roles from previous MCU films, including Brolin as Thanos. The production lasted until July 2017, shooting back-to-back with a direct sequel, Avengers: Endgame (2019). Additional filming took place in Scotland, the Downtown Atlanta area, and New York City. With an estimated budget of $325–400 million, the film is one of the most expensive films ever made. Avengers: Infinity War premiered at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on April 23, 2018, and was released in the United States on April 27, as part of Phase Three of the MCU. The film received praise for Brolin's performance and Russo brothers' direction, as well as the visual effects, action sequences, dark tone, emotional weight and musical score. It was a major box-office success, being the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2billion worldwide, breaking numerous box office records, and becoming the highest-grossing film of 2018 and the fourth-highest-grossing film at the time of its release both worldwide and in the United States and Canada. It received a nomination for Best Visual Effects at the 91st Academy Awards, among numerous other accolades. The sequel, Avengers: Endgame, was released in April 2019. Plot Having acquired the Power Stone–one of six Infinity Stones–from the planet Xandar, Thanos and his lieutenants—Ebony Maw, Cull Obsidian, Proxima Midnight, and Corvus Glaive—intercept the spaceship carrying the survivors of Asgard's destruction. After subduing Thor, Thanos extracts the Space Stone from the Tesseract, overpowers the Hulk, and kills Loki. Thanos also kills Heimdall after he sends Hulk to Earth using the Bifröst.",
"title": "Avengers: Infinity War"
},
{
"docid": "35513705",
"text": "The Norn Stones are fictional powerful magical items appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Stones are depicted as being from Asgard, and are featured in the Marvel Universe. Fictional history Karnilla once sent Loki some magic from the Norn stones. Some time later, Morgan le Fay used the power of the Norn Stones and the Twilight Sword to restructure reality. During the Dark Reign storyline, Loki wanted to use the Hood as an instrument in Norman Osborn's collapse, and takes the Hood and Madame Masque to Cuba and presents the Norn Stones to him, which gives the Hood a new power source. The Hood later reveals the Norn Stones to his Crime Syndicate and empowers them with the ability to find and kill the New Avengers. As Donyell Taylor and Tigra attack the Hood, he uses the Norn Stones to empower some of the cadets on his side. During the Siege of Asgard, Tyr is seriously wounded by the Hood using the Norn stones. As the Void tore apart the New Avengers, Young Avengers and Secret Warriors, Loki began to repent, realizing that what had happened to Asgard was not what he wanted. He begged his father Odin to return to him the Norn Stones, which were taken away from the Hood and given to Loki. This deprived the Hood of all power, and Loki used this power, and the power the Hood had given to his gang, to revive the mortal and immortal heroes struck down by the Void and empower them to defeat the Sentry (fully possessed by the Void). Other versions Ultimate Marvel The Ultimate Marvel version of Norn Stones are extensions of Odin's power. Loki decides to betray Asgard and steals the Norn Stones, killing Balder when he tries to interfere before fleeing Asgard. During World War II, Baron Zemo approaches Heinrich Himmler and asks for an army to invade Asgard. While Himmler is skeptical at first, Zemo shows him that he possesses the mythical Norn Stones. Himmler immediately approves Zemo's plan. Zemo then uses the stones to summon the Frost Giants, and the combined German and Frost Giant forces attack Asgard. Zemo then reveals himself to be Loki, finally making his move on his former home. The Asgardians are taken by surprise and slaughtered, leaving only Odin and Thor left. In anger, Odin pushes Loki into the World Tree, where he is locked in the Room With No Doors. In the modern era, in Germany, an old German veteran from World War II follows instructions given to him by Loki and uses the Norn Stones to free him from the Room With No Doors, for which Loki shows how he is thankful by killing him. In other media Television The Norn Stones appear in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes. In the episode \"This Hostage Earth\", the Masters of Evil steal them from Karnilla so they can use them to fuse Earth with Asgard. In \"The Fall of Asgard\", the Avengers destroy",
"title": "Norn Stones"
},
{
"docid": "68829163",
"text": "\"What If... Ultron Won?\" is the eighth episode of the American animated television series What If...?, based on the Marvel Comics series of the same name. It explores what would happen if the events of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) occurred differently, with Ultron using the Infinity Stones to kill virtually all life in the universe after successfully transferring his consciousness into Vision's body. It also serves to set up the first season's finale, as Ultron finds a way to traverse to other universes (established in the previous episodes), threatening the balance of the multiverse. The episode was written by story editor Matthew Chauncey and directed by Bryan Andrews. Jeffrey Wright narrates the series as the Watcher, with this episode also starring the voices of Jeremy Renner, Lake Bell, Toby Jones, Ross Marquand (Ultron), Josh Keaton, Mick Wingert, Alexandra Daniels, and Benedict Cumberbatch. The series began development by September 2018, with Andrews joining soon after, and many actors expected to reprise their roles from the MCU films. Animation for the episode was provided by Flying Bark Productions, Squeeze, and Stellar Creative Lab, with Stephan Franck serving as head of animation. \"What If... Ultron Won?\" was released on Disney+ on September 29, 2021. Critics praised the episode for its visuals, action, high-stakes storyline, and the vocal performances of Wright, Renner and Bell, but criticized certain aspects of the story. Plot Tony Stark creates the \"Ultron\" global defense program to keep the Earth safe and establish world peace. However, Ultron goes rogue and concludes that Earth requires evolution, leading him to create and transfer his programming into an organic body made from Vibranium. He then proceeds to kill Stark and most of the Avengers before launching nuclear missiles around the Earth, eradicating most of humanity. Shortly after, Thanos arrives, seeking the Mind Stone to complete the Infinity Gauntlet, but Ultron bisects him and takes the Infinity Stones for himself, becoming aware of the more expansive universe. Using the Stones' power, Ultron builds an army of Ultron Sentries and a teleporting spaceship before destroying several planets and killing most of the universe's remaining life. With his mission complete, Ultron is left without a purpose until he hears the Watcher's narration and becomes aware of the multiverse's existence. Meanwhile, surviving Avengers Natasha Romanoff and Clint Barton fight to survive Ultron's forces. However, Barton is losing his will to live. Arriving in Moscow, they search KGB files in the hopes of defeating Ultron, finding one for Arnim Zola, a Hydra scientist whose consciousness was uploaded into a computer after his death. Romanoff and Barton travel to a Siberian Hydra laboratory and coerce Zola into helping them, intending to upload him into Ultron's programming to delete Ultron. They lure in a group of Ultron Sentries and upload Zola's consciousness into one. However, Zola cannot upload himself into Ultron as he has left their universe. Barton sacrifices himself so that Romanoff and Zola can escape. Upon locating the Watcher, Ultron fights",
"title": "What If... Ultron Won?"
},
{
"docid": "67063898",
"text": "Drax the Destroyer, often referred to simply as Drax, is a fictional character portrayed by Dave Bautista in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Drax is depicted as an imposing yet dimwitted warrior who seeks vengeance against the man who killed his family, Ronan the Accuser. Drax joins the Guardians of the Galaxy in their battle against Ronan. He participates in the conflict against Thanos, falling victim to the Blip before being resurrected by the Avengers. Drax and the Guardians depart for space and come into conflict with the High Evolutionary before Drax retires to watch over the children of the newly established colony on Knowhere. , the character has appeared in six films and The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022) as well as the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021) as alternate versions, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023) was Bautista's final appearance as the character. Fictional character biography Origin Prior to 2014, Drax's homeworld was invaded by forces of Thanos under the command of Ronan the Accuser. The invaders killed Drax's family, setting him off on a path of revenge, resulting in him being captured and sent to a space prison called the Kyln. Guardian of the Galaxy and facing Ego In 2014, the other Guardians first encounter Drax in prison, where he has immediate hostility towards Gamora due to her connection with Ronan and Thanos. Drax attacks Gamora, but Peter Quill convinces him to spare her in return for her ability to draw Ronan to her, so that Drax can exact revenge. Drax helps the Guardians escape from prison, accompanying them to Knowhere, where he argues with Rocket and then drunkenly sends a signal out to challenge Ronan to fight. Ronan arrives, easily defeats Drax, and leaves with the Power Stone. Drax regrets his actions and joins the Guardians in defending Xandar from Ronan's attack. After Ronan's ship crashes, Drax and Rocket destroy Ronan's axe holding the Power Stone, and join Quill and Gamora in controlling the stone long enough to destroy Ronan. After the Nova Corps praise the Guardians for their actions, Gamora genuinely assures Drax that his family was avenged. He accepts her advice, although he acknowledges that Ronan was merely a pawn of Thanos, whom he now seeks revenge on. Drax and the Guardians are later hired by the Sovereign to fight off an alien attacking their valuable batteries, in exchange for retrieving Gamora's sister Nebula. After they leave, they are chased by the Sovereign fleet, as Rocket had stolen their batteries, of which Drax was aware. After crash-landing on a planet, they meet Quill's father, Ego. Drax decides to accompany Quill and Gamora to Ego's planet, while Rocket, Groot, and Nebula stay behind. On Ego's planet, they meet his assistant Mantis, with whom Drax develops a friendship though he finds her hideous. When the Guardians find out about Ego's true self, Drax joins them in",
"title": "Drax (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "57137274",
"text": "Clinton Francis Barton is a fictional character portrayed by Jeremy Renner in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise—based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name—more commonly known by his alias, Hawkeye. Barton is depicted as an expert marksman, archer and hand-to-hand combatant, with his preferred weapon being a recurve bow. Barton, an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D., is sent to kill Natasha Romanoff but decides to recruit and befriend her instead. Barton becomes a founding member of the Avengers after being recruited by Steve Rogers, participating in the Battle of New York, the HYDRA uprising, and the conflict against Ultron. Barton sides with Rogers during the Avengers internal conflict over the Sokovia Accords; he is placed on house arrest as a result. After Barton's family is decimated during the Blip, he becomes a vigilante and violently dismantles organized crime across the world as Ronin. He rejoins the Avengers during their mission to undo Thanos' actions using time travel; Barton attains the Soul Stone after Romanoff sacrifices herself to obtain it. Barton and his allies successfully restore the trillions of lives lost to Thanos, and he participates in the final and subsequently victorious battle against him. After reuniting with his restored family, his time as Ronin causes continued conflicts with various elements of organized crime and he takes in a protégé named Kate Bishop. Barton's first appearance was a brief cameo in Thor (2011), but he became a central figure of the MCU, appearing in six films as of 2023 and has the lead role in the miniseries Hawkeye (2021). Alternate versions of Barton from within the multiverse also appear in the animated series What If...? (2021), with Renner reprising the role. Fictional character biography Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Barton, working as a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent, is sent to kill Natasha Romanoff, but instead recruits her, with the pair becoming close friends and they serve on various missions together, including one in Budapest in which Romanoff attempts to kill General Dreykov. At some point, Barton marries Laura Barton. Nick Fury then assists him in setting up a safehouse for his family on a farm in rural Iowa. In 2010, Barton is sent on a mission in New Mexico, where he arms himself with a compound bow, preparing to kill Thor to keep him from retrieving Mjolnir, but chooses not to after watching Thor fail to lift the hammer. Battle of New York In 2012, Barton is working at a remote S.H.I.E.L.D. research facility with Fury when Loki arrives and uses his scepter to put Barton under mind control and steal the Tesseract. They travel to Stuttgart, where Barton steals iridium needed to stabilize the Tesseract's power while Loki causes a distraction. Loki allows himself to be captured and taken to the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier, which Barton attacks with other mind controlled agents. Aboard the Helicarrier, Barton fights Romanoff, who knocks him out, breaking Loki's control. Romanoff helps him recover. Barton is recruited by Steve Rogers and becomes a founding member of the Avengers",
"title": "Clint Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "68044232",
"text": "Wong is a fictional character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and portrayed by Benedict Wong. In the franchise, Wong is depicted as Dr. Stephen Strange's friend and fellow sorcerer, being a member of the Masters of the Mystic Arts. He is also granted the position of Sorcerer Supreme, succeeding the Ancient One. , Wong has appeared in six films, as well as in the Disney+ television series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022). Alternate versions of Wong also appear in the animated series What If...? (2021). Fictional character biography Mentor to Strange and resurrection Prior to 2016, Wong becomes Kamar-Taj's librarian after the previous one was beheaded by Kaecilius. In 2016, he meets Dr. Stephen Strange while on the latter's journey to fix his hands, listening to the songs of Beyoncé after hearing Strange mention her. A few months later in 2017, he is killed while defending the Hong Kong Sanctum, but is revived by Strange using the Time Stone. After defeating Kaecilius and Dormammu, Strange takes residence in the New York Sanctum and continues his studies with Wong. Infinity War and becoming Sorcerer Supreme In 2018, Wong and Strange witness Bruce Banner crash-land into the Sanctum and learn about the coming threat. Wong then informs Banner and Tony Stark about the history of the Infinity Stones. Shortly, Ebony Maw and Cull Obsidian arrive in the city and battle Wong, Strange, and Stark, with Wong defeating Obsidian by sending him through a portal. With Strange kidnapped by Maw, Wong stays behind to guard the Sanctum. Wong later survives the Blip and becomes the next Sorcerer Supreme by default. In 2023, Wong is called in by a restored Strange to get the other sorcerers, the restored Avengers, Guardians of the Galaxy, the Ravagers, and the armies of Wakanda and Asgard to defeat an alternate Thanos' army at the destroyed Avengers Compound. Shortly after, Wong attends Stark's funeral. Fighting Abomination and meeting Shang-Chi In 2024, in order to train as Sorcerer Supreme, Wong facilitates Emil Blonsky's prison escape and battles him in an underground fight club while in his Abomination form by creating a portal through which Blonsky punches himself. Wong offers asylum at Kamar-Taj, but Blonsky decides to return to prison. Later, Wong appears before Shang-Chi and Katy in a San Francisco restaurant and has them accompany him to Kamar-Taj, where he calls Banner and Carol Danvers via holographic projection. They learn that the Ten Rings are sending out a beacon to a location unknown. Afterward, Wong joins Shang-Chi and Katy to sing karaoke at a nightclub. Vacation to Kamar-Taj Later that year, Wong encounters Peter Parker, who came to the Sanctum to consult with Strange about making the world forget Quentin Beck's public revelation of his identity as Spider-Man. Strange proposes a memory spell, which Wong cautions to be dangerous, but does not stop Strange as Wong concedes that Parker had suffered a lot. Wong leaves for Kamar-Taj,",
"title": "Wong (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "68656550",
"text": "\"What If... Zombies?!\" is the fifth episode of the first season of the American animated television series What If...?, based on the Marvel Comics series of the same name. It explores what would happen if the events of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018) occurred differently, with members of the Avengers becoming zombies and initiating a worldwide zombie apocalypse, while a group of survivors search for a cure. The episode was written by story editor Matthew Chauncey and directed by Bryan Andrews. Jeffrey Wright narrates the series as the Watcher, with this episode also starring the voices of Mark Ruffalo, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Sebastian Stan, Evangeline Lilly, Paul Rudd, Jon Favreau, Danai Gurira, Emily VanCamp, David Dastmalchian, Hudson Thames, and Tom Vaughan-Lawlor. The series began development by September 2018, with Andrews joining soon after, and many actors expected to reprise their roles from the MCU films. Animation for the episode was provided by Squeeze, with Stephan Franck serving as head of animation. The episode drew inspiration from the Marvel Zombies comic series. \"What If... Zombies?!\" was released on Disney+ on September 8, 2021. The episode received mixed reviews from critics, with differing views on its tone, writing and story logic, and voice acting. A four-episode animated series based on the reality of the episode, Marvel Zombies, is in development, scheduled to debut on Disney+ in 2024. Plot Hank Pym enters the Quantum Realm to retrieve his long-lost wife Janet van Dyne, but she has been infected with a quantum virus that has turned her into a zombie. She infects Pym before both return to his lab, attacking Scott Lang while their daughter, Hope van Dyne, escapes. Within 24 hours, the virus spreads across the Northwestern United States. The Avengers respond, but are infected themselves and turn the virus into a worldwide zombie apocalypse. Two weeks later, Bruce Banner is sent to Earth to warn humanity of Thanos' threat. Thanos' lieutenants Ebony Maw and Cull Obsidian arrive, only to be turned into zombies by a zombified Tony Stark, Stephen Strange, and Wong. Hope and the Cloak of Levitation kill the zombies, saving Banner. Another survivor, Peter Parker, brings Banner to meet the rest of their group—Bucky Barnes, Okoye, Sharon Carter, Kurt, and Happy Hogan. The group travels to Camp Lehigh in New Jersey, where they believe a cure for the virus is being developed, but are attacked by a zombified Steve Rogers, Clint Barton, and Sam Wilson, who infect Carter, Hogan, and Hope before the group kill the zombies in turn. Before she succumbs to her infection, Hope sacrifices herself to bring the others to the camp, where they meet Vision, whose Mind Stone can reverse the virus's effects, exemplified by Lang's cured head being kept alive in a jar. However, the group also learns that Vision has been keeping a zombified Wanda Maximoff captive due to her resisting the Mind Stone and has been feeding other survivors to her,",
"title": "What If... Zombies?!"
},
{
"docid": "67229673",
"text": "The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on superhero films and other series starring various titular superheroes independently produced by Marvel Studios and based on characters that appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The shared universe, much like the original Marvel Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters. Due to the galaxy-spanning nature of the franchise, multiple species have been introduced. Main species Asgardians The Asgardians (based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name), or the Æsir, introduced in Thor, are the inhabitants of Asgard, on whom the gods of Norse mythology are based in MCU mythology. In the first film they are shown as a race of superhuman extraterrestrials who look similar to humans but possess a highly advanced form of technology resembling magic and sorcery, upon which their entire civilization is built. However, later films contradict this, with Thor: Love and Thunder establishing that Thor and Zeus are actual gods in the fictional universe. The film's post-credit scene also confirms the existence of Valhalla in the MCU. The Asgardians are shown suffering major losses, first during Hela's attempt to harness Asgard's power in Thor: Ragnarok, and later by Thanos on his quest to retrieve the Tesseract, as revealed in Avengers: Infinity War. A group of survivors escapes to Earth, and builds a settlement under the rule of King Valkyrie. They appear in the films Thor, The Avengers, Thor: The Dark World, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Doctor Strange, Thor: Ragnarok, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers: Endgame and Thor: Love and Thunder; as well as the ABC series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., the Disney+ series Loki and the animated series What If...?. Celestials Celestials (based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name) are an ancient race of entities introduced in Guardians of the Galaxy and later expanded upon on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Eternals as beings with vast matter and energy manipulation abilities. In Guardians of the Galaxy, they are introduced as being present in the universe long before the galactic communities and even the Asgardians. Their origin and nature are not elaborated upon. Whatever is known about them is known only by a few characters, such as Taneleer Tivan, who reveals that the Celestials utilized the Infinity Stones as a means of power against lesser life forms. The severed head of a deceased Celestial, which was converted into Knowhere, appears in this film, Avengers: Infinity War, The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special, and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. Eson the Searcher is shown in a flashback sequence as a former owner of the Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy. He uses its power to level the surface of an entire planet. In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Ego the Living Planet, Star-Lord's biological father, is a Celestial who controls a humanoid avatar to travel the universe. His planetary form is a",
"title": "Species of the Marvel Cinematic Universe"
},
{
"docid": "71238113",
"text": "Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Anthony and Joe Russo and written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, the film features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Benedict Cumberbatch, Don Cheadle, Tom Holland, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Anthony Mackie, Sebastian Stan, Danai Gurira, Letitia Wright, Dave Bautista, Zoe Saldaña, Josh Brolin, and Chris Pratt. In the film, the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to prevent Thanos from collecting the six all-powerful Infinity Stones as part of his quest to kill half of all life in the universe. Avengers: Infinity War premiered in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on April 23, 2018, and was released in the United States on April 27, as part of Phase Three of the MCU. Produced on a budget of $325–400 million, it was the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2billion worldwide, breaking numerous box office records, and becoming the highest-grossing film of 2018 and the fourth-highest-grossing film of all time both worldwide and in the United States and Canada. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews. Avengers: Infinity War garnered awards and nominations in various categories with particular recognition for its acting (mainly that of Brolin) and visual effects. It received a nomination for Best Visual Effects at the 91st Academy Awards. The film received a nomination for Outstanding Achievement for Character Animation in a Live Action Production at the 46th Annie Awards. At the 72nd British Academy Film Awards, Avengers: Infinity War was nominated for Best Special Visual Effects. It received two nominations at the 24th Critics' Choice Awards. Composer Alan Silvestri received a nomination for Best Instrumental Composition at the Grammy Awards' 61st ceremony. The film won one of two nominations at the 45th Saturn Awards. Accolades References External links Avengers (comics) lists Avengers (film series) Marvel Cinematic Universe lists of accolades by film Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three",
"title": "List of accolades received by Avengers: Infinity War"
},
{
"docid": "33332004",
"text": "Avengers Assemble is an American animated television series based on the fictional Marvel Comics superhero team known as the Avengers. Designed to capitalize on the success of the 2012 film The Avengers, the series premiered on Disney XD on May 26, 2013, as the successor to The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes. It previously aired alongside Ultimate Spider-Man and Guardians of the Galaxy as a part of the Marvel Universe block. Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, Duncan Rouleau and Steven T. Seagle, known collectively as Man of Action, developed the series and were executive producers on seasons 1 and 2. Plot Premise Falcon is the newest member of the Avengers. Falcon is the main eyes and ears of the viewer as he fights evil and saves the world with his teammates. The Avengers team consist of Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Hulk, Black Widow, and Hawkeye. Season 1 When Red Skull is dying due to his imperfect Super Soldier Serum, he allies with MODOK who upgrades HYDRA's tech from A.I.M. to kidnap Captain America and has him transfer his mind to Captain America's body. After his defeat by a reassembled team of Avengers, Red Skull takes Iron Man's armor for its life support system. Red Skull attacks them at their mansion. Red Skull is once again defeated. The Avengers Mansion is destroyed during the fight. Red Skull plans to take away everything the Avengers hold dear from their lives to their country by trying to have them hated by the people for failing to save the day. To even the playing field, Red Skull brings together his team of power giants called the Cabal. Red Skull's invitational transmissions are shown to have been received by Attuma, Doctor Doom, and Dracula. Attuma and Dracula accept the invitation while Doctor Doom declined. The Avengers and S.H.I.E.L.D. intercept the transmission, and decide to remain together to battle the Cabal. To stay close to each other after Avengers Mansion blew up, they set up their base in Avengers Tower. The Cabal later on adds Justin Hammer's robot creation Super-Adaptoid and Hyperion, an alien psychopath believing himself to be a superhero, to their team. With the threat of the Cabal, the Avengers fight them at every end as well as other threats that come to Earth. Season 2 The Avengers encounter Red Skull's master, Thanos, who is on the hunt for the Infinity Stones to power his Infinity Gauntlet after Red Skull stole the Power Stone from him. After the Avengers collect all five infinity stones and manage to defeat Thanos, the gems are drained of their power by Ultron who threatens to exterminate the human race after possessing Arsenal's body. After the Avengers ultimately defeat Ultron, Ant-Man becomes a new member of the team. Around the end of season two, Thanos manages to escape from a galactic prison that was meant to contain him with aid of the Black Order. Thanos then makes one final attempt to defeat the Avengers. With help from the people of",
"title": "Avengers Assemble (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "56289553",
"text": "Thor Odinson is a fictional character portrayed by Chris Hemsworth in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and the Norse mythological god of thunder. In the MCU, he is depicted as one of the most powerful Asgardians, an ancient alien civilization with long ties to Earth, who humans consider to be gods. Thor wields a powerful hammer called Mjolnir, and is initially depicted as the arrogant heir to the throne of Asgard whose brash behaviors causes turmoil among the Nine Realms under Asgard's protection. This brings him into conflict with his villainous adopted brother, Loki, the god of mischief. Thor commits himself to the protection of Earth, and becomes a founding member of the Avengers. He eventually becomes the King of Asgard after Odin's death, but the entire realm is destroyed during the battle with his sister Hela. Thor then comes into conflict with Thanos, who slaughters half of the Asgardians and uses the Infinity Stones to erase half of the life in the universe before Thor himself kills Thanos. Thor later joins his fellow Avengers in obtaining the Stones from the past using time travel and they successfully undo Thanos' actions. When an alternate version of Thanos enters their timeline, Thor and the Avengers manage to defeat him. Thor then passes the crown of New Asgard to Valkyrie and joins the Guardians of the Galaxy for a brief time. Thor comes into conflict with Gorr the God Butcher and the Olympian god Zeus, while reconnecting with his terminally ill ex-girlfriend, the now Mjolnir-wielding Jane Foster. After Foster succumbs to her cancer to assist in Gorr's defeat, Thor adopts the latter's daughter, Love. Thor is a central figure of the MCU, having appeared in nine films as of 2023. Thor's characterization and early films received mixed reception, however his storyline following Thor: Ragnarok (2017) was received much more favorably, with that film often being credited as revitalizing the character and his arc. Alternate versions of Thor appear in the animated series What If...? (2021), with Hemsworth reprising the role. One version in particular, which depicts an alternate Thor raised without Loki who is recruited into the Guardians of the Multiverse by the Watcher in the battle against an alternate version of Ultron. Fictional character biography Early life Thor was born approximately 1500 years ago to Odin, the King of Asgard, and Frigga. He was raised on Asgard as the crown prince, alongside his brother, Loki. Banishment to Earth In 2011, Thor prepares to ascend to the throne, but Frost Giants attempt to retrieve the Casket of Ancient Winters, an artifact seized by Odin in a war centuries before. Against Odin's order, Thor travels to Jotunheim to confront Frost Giant leader Laufey, accompanied by Loki, childhood friend Sif, and the Warriors Three: Voltstagg, Fandral, and Hogun. A battle ensues until Odin intervenes, destroying the fragile truce between the two races. For Thor's arrogance, Odin strips his son of his godly",
"title": "Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "2549114",
"text": "\"Avenger 2.0\" is the 9th episode from the seventh season of military science fiction adventure television show Stargate SG-1 and is the 141st overall. It was first broadcast on August 8, 2003, on the Sci-Fi Channel. The episode was written by duo Joseph Mallozzi and Paul Mullie, and was directed by Martin Wood. In this episode, Dr. Jay Felger (Patrick McKenna), a scientist at Stargate Command, is struggling to produce anything of merit and his future with the program is called into question by General George Hammond (Don S. Davis). In a desperate attempt to keep his job, Felger presents Major Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) with a computer program he calls Avenger, which he believes they will be able to use in order to permanently disable any Stargate of their choosing. The episode is a sequel to the season six episode \"The Other Guys\" which was written by Damian Kindler and directed by Wood. Written as season seven's comedy episode, it focuses predominantly on Amanda Tapping's character Samantha Carter, along with Patrick McKenna, who reprises his role as Dr. Jay Felger. They are joined by Jocelyne Loewen who portrays Chloe Angstrom. Plot Dr. Jay Felger (Patrick McKenna) and his assistant, Chloe (Jocelyne Loewen) are working in their lab at Stargate Command, when Jack O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson) and Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) arrive to see a demonstration of weapon Felger's been working on. When Felger activates the weapon, it causes power around the base to fail. Afterwards General George Hammond (Don S. Davis), who is unimpressed by Felger's work over the previous six months, questions his future at Stargate Command. A desperate Felger tells Hammond he's working on something big, but Hammond is skeptical and gives him just 24 hours to present something of merit. Back in their lab, Felger tells Chloe what's transpired and decides that he'll pitch an invention he calls Avenger, despite Chloe's warnings that it isn't finished. The next day he presents his idea to Carter; a computer program that they can use to disable any Stargate. Recognising the idea's potential, Carter sells it to Hammond, who agrees to allow Felger to develop it with Carter. Their program, Avenger, is soon ready to be tested, with a Gate on a planet controlled by the Goa'uld system lord Ba'al selected as the target. After they deploy the program, O'Neill and Teal'c (Christopher Judge), who are off world, fail to check in with Stargate Command at the scheduled time. Stargate Command dials the gate of the planet O'Neill and Teal'c are on and they make contact with the pair who explain to Hammond and Carter that they are unable to dial the Stargate on their world and are therefore stuck, with O'Neill assuming that it's been caused by Felger's program. This is soon confirmed by their allies in the Tok'ra, who inform them that the entire network is being affected and that Stargate Command's Gate is the only one seemingly still working. Carter deduces from the reports that",
"title": "Avenger 2.0"
},
{
"docid": "33010035",
"text": "Shinobi Ninja is an American rock and hip hop band from Brooklyn, New York. Origins Prior to joining the band, Baby G (Edara Johnson) was a professional dancer for Rihanna, P Diddy, Daddy Yankee, Jason Derulo and others. Meanwhile, Axis, Mike, and Dave were in a band called Wax Machine, which broke up in early 2008. Shinobi Ninja formed shortly afterward. Several members of the band met at a rehearsal and recording studio called Progressive Music in the Film Center Building in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan. Duke Sims (born March 19), Jonny, and Mike worked at the studio, and Baby G took vocal classes there. In 2010, their original bass player Jonny left the band, and Alien Lex replaced him. Of the six members of the band only Duke Sims and Alien Lex are originally from Brooklyn, both being born and raised in Bensonhurst. Lead singer Baby G is from Lawrence, Massachusetts. The twins Mike and Dave are from Piermont, New York. Axis Powers is originally from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Jarobi White of A Tribe Called Quest is the official unofficial 7th member and has performed with the band numerous times forming Jarobi Ninja. Career On January 28, 2010, the band released Shinobi Ninja Attacks!, a Nintendo-style video game album for iPhone, iPod, and iPad. They are the first independent band to release an app based on their likeness and music. On October 6, 2010, lead singer Baby G was the featured coach on MTV Made, Season 11 episode 11. \"Stop\" was included in the third episode (\"El Diablo\") of the American television drama series The Killing, which aired on April 10, 2011 on AMC. \"Rock Hood\" was featured in the video games NBA 2K12 (5 million copies Sold) and Tap Tap Revenge 3. Their song \"Amped to 12\" was written specifically for the 2014 film A Haunted House 2. In 2017 Spike Lee used their song \"Genuine\" in his new Netflix Series She's Gotta Have It. Corey Taylor of Slipknot and Stone Sour played \"What If Times\" on Ep. 42 & \"Saw Red\" on Ep. 63 of his Beats 1 Apple Music Show A Series Of Bleeps in 2017. They have been featured in Spin, The Source, Rolling Stone, Billboard and Time . The band released their debut album, Rock Hood in April 2011. They followed this with the double album Escape from New York / Return From... in June 2014. In March 2017 they released their third album, Bless Up. Their Logo Sticker which is a fluorescent pink and blue has been seen in 60 Minutes, Avengers: Infinity War, Uncut Gems, Catfight, Hip-Hop Evolution Season 2, Generation Iron 2, and has been a staple in the fabric of New York City since their inception. To date the band has released 50 music videos and 2 visual albums (Escape From New York and Bless Up). Members Edara aka Baby G – vocals Terminator Dave – drums Doobie Duke Sims – vocals, guitar Alien Lex – bass guitar",
"title": "Shinobi Ninja"
},
{
"docid": "62459395",
"text": "Margaret \"Peggy\" Carter, also known as Agent Carter, is a fictional character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise portrayed by Hayley Atwell, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Carter is depicted as a British MI6 agent and member of the Strategic Scientific Reserve who became the love interest of Steve Rogers during World War II. Following the war, she goes on to become one of the founders of S.H.I.E.L.D., eventually serving as the Director. Atwell has received critical praise for her depiction of the character. , the character has appeared in five films, as well as the short film Agent Carter (2013), the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and her own television series Agent Carter (2015–2016). Alternate versions of the character, including Captain Carter, appear in the animated series What If...? (2021–present) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). What If...? Carter receives the Super Soldier Serum instead of Rogers, and is later recruited by the Watcher to join the Guardians of the Multiverse in the battle against an alternate version of Ultron. Multiverse of Madness Captain Carter, also a supersoldier, is a member of the Illuminati from a reality called Earth-838. Concept and creation Peggy Carter debuted in a single panel (at the time the character was unnamed) as a wartime love interest of Captain America in Tales of Suspense #75 (March 1966), and then being named in #77 (May 1966). She was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby. Hayley Atwell was cast in the role of Peggy Carter for Captain America: The First Avenger in April 2010. Atwell expressed interest in reprising the role for Agent Carter in October 2013; ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee confirmed her involvement in the project in January 2014. Regarding her preparation for the role, Atwell said, \"I'm training at the moment six days a week to make her a bit more military and make it convincing that I could kick butt.\" On taking up the role of Carter, Atwell said \"the main reason I did Captain America was because I wanted to get out of my own head and stop taking my work so seriously\". Captain America: The First Avenger screenwriter Christopher Markus said the film \"takes place in the 40s, there weren't too many women in areas of authority at that point, and we wanted her to essentially be the most capable person on the screen at that time\". Appearances Hayley Atwell portrays Peggy Carter in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Agent Carter (2013), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Ant-Man (2015), Avengers: Endgame Atwell appears in images in Captain America: Civil War (2016). Atwell also appears in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.s episodes \"Shadows\" (2014) and \"The Things We Bury\" (2014), and in the television series Agent Carter (2015–2016). Gabriella Graves portrays a young Carter in the Agent Carter episode \"Smoke & Mirrors\". Atwell",
"title": "Peggy Carter (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "705861",
"text": "The Grandmaster (En Dwi Gast) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in The Avengers #69. The Grandmaster is one of the ageless Elders of the Universe and has mastered most civilizations' games of skill and chance. Different media appearances depict him as the Collector's brother. Jeff Goldblum portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and in a cameo during the closing credits of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017). Additionally, Goldblum voices alternate universe versions in the animated series What If...? (2021). Publication history The Grandmaster first appeared in The Avengers #69 (Oct. 1969). The character was created by Roy Thomas and Sal Buscema. Fictional character biography Although his exact origin is unknown, he is one of the oldest living beings in the universe, coming from one of the first intelligent races to evolve after the Big Bang. He once possessed the Mind Gem, one of the six Infinity Gems, but he lost it to Thanos. He is a cosmic game player whose preferred game is pitting two opposing teams against each other. He has used the Squadron Sinister, Daredevil, the Defenders, the East and West Coast Avengers, Malibu Comics's Ultraforce, and DC Comics' Justice League of America. In his first appearance, the Grandmaster played a game against Kang the Conqueror for the power to resurrect Ravonna or destroy Kang's planet, using the Avengers and Squadron Sinister as pawns. However, Kang's efforts failed due to the intervention of the Black Knight meaning that the Avengers did not technically win their fight, causing Kang to sacrifice the power to resurrect Ravonna for the power to kill the Avengers, with this attempt failing again when the Grandmaster's gift literally gave Kang the power to kill only the Avengers rather than the currently-unaffiliated Black Knight. He next used the Defenders as pawns in a game against the Prime Mover. The Grandmaster later challenged Death to a game of strategy, with the power to resurrect his fellow Elder the Collector as prize. A large collection of Earth heroes were used as pawns by both sides of the game; the Grandmaster promised that, if he won, he would never again use Earth's heroes as his pawns. The Grandmaster won, only to learn the resurrection power could only be used if someone else died in the resurrectee's place. Nonetheless, the Grandmaster felt the game would be incomplete unless the power was used, noting \"Never, in a thousand games on a thousand worlds, have I quit the table ere the game was through!\" Death suggested he use the heroes' lives instead, but, unwilling to break his promise to never again manipulate them, he instead sacrificed his own life to resurrect the Collector. The Grandmaster returned from beyond his grave to plague the East and West Coast Avengers during one of their annual games of baseball, reasoning that, since he was dead, he was free from his vow to leave Earth's",
"title": "Grandmaster (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "57256096",
"text": "Avengers: Infinity War (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score for the Marvel Studios film Avengers: Infinity War by Alan Silvestri. Hollywood Records released the soundtrack album digitally on April 27, 2018, and in physical formats on May 18, 2018. Background In June 2016, Alan Silvestri, who composed the score for The Avengers, was revealed to be returning to score both Infinity War and its sequel. Although Silvestri reprised the main theme he introduced in the first Avengers film, he stated there were discussions to try and incorporate each character's individual established motif in his score, \"but everyone was pretty much in agreement that it would be more of a distraction to even attempt it.\" Silvestri started to record his score in January 2018 and concluded in late March. Silvestri felt working on the film \"was a really different experience than anything I'd done before, especially in regard to the approach and balancing quick shifts in tone.\" He noted that \"Thanos didn't just get his own musical theme, he got his own sensibility\", while the Children of Thanos were linked musically to Thanos. Silvestri avoided giving each of the Infinity Stones a theme, as he had done in Captain America: The First Avenger with the Tesseract, saying, \"The music for the Infinity Stones is actually built around Thanos' reaction. Every time he got one, that moment was always significant and often times emotional.\" Silvestri's score is entirely orchestral. Silvestri also used Ludwig Göransson's theme from Black Panther in the film, which was something Göransson had been hoping would happen given he was not involved in the Infinity War score. The film also includes \"The Rubberband Man\" by The Spinners when the Guardians of the Galaxy first appear, which was chosen by Infinity War executive producer and director of the Guardians of the Galaxy films James Gunn. Gunn revealed that \"Draw the Line\" by Aerosmith, \"Train in Vain\" by The Clash, and \"Caught in a Dream\" by Alice Cooper were also considered for that moment. \"New York Groove\" by Ace Frehley was also used in another scene with the Guardians that was ultimately cut from the theatrical release. Hollywood Records and Marvel Music released the soundtrack album digitally on April 27, 2018, with a release in physical formats following on May 18. Two versions were released, a regular and deluxe edition, with the deluxe edition featuring some extended and additional tracks to the regular edition. Track listing All music composed by Alan Silvestri. All music composed by Alan Silvestri. Charts Accolades References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three soundtracks Avengers (film series) Alan Silvestri soundtracks",
"title": "Avengers: Infinity War (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "18781899",
"text": "Thep Sarm Rudoo (; ) is a 2005 Thai lakorn boran (Classic Play) based on Thai folklore which has been remade several times. This Thai television soap opera is one of the most popular in Thailand at 2005 with many famous actors and actress as the beautiful couple for Thai lakorn boran's fan. The plot is about a child of a king who can turn into 3 incarnations by changing season like turning to man for rainy season, turn to woman for cold season and turn to giant for dry season. Summary Three angels avatared to be the children of a king who ruled a big empire. The king has two queens but with the different personalities. The evil queen is named Ta Sa-nee. The good queen is Manee-nate (Thai: มณีเนตร). Manee-nate gave birth to a boy after having six years of pregnancy. Unfortunately, the child was born with a large body as six-year-old kid and the most terrible is that he has two long fangs. (Phra Rahoo, Thai:พระราหู) The king thinks his wife had an affair with an ogre when Ta Sa-nee confessed that she saw Manee-nate hugging and kissing the statue of an ogre. The king abandoned Manee-nate and Phra Rahoo in the forest. Manee-nate and Phra Rahoo were parted for some times. However, the mother and son met again by the hermit's recusement and the mother found out that her son turned into a different person, a beautiful girl called Chinda Mekhala (Thai: จินดาเมขลา) when winter comes and the girl turned into a handsome boy, called Phra Pirun (Thai: พระพิรุณ) when the rainy season comes, and when summer comes, Phra Rahoo will appear again. The mother and children were protected by two creatures, Monkey-faced human and a stone giant. Despite their happiness, they still faced several dangerous creatures that all became their enemies. Meanwhile, Manee-nate returned to the empire and explained everything about the children's power to the king. The king banished Ta Sa-nee and her family from their kingdom after realizing that she had lied to him. During the journey Ta Sa-nee met a magical buffalo-man, CoTun, that fell in love with her and dragged her home with him. Years later, they have a son, Sum See, together. Ta Sa-nee wanted Sum See to avenge her and make CoTun train him. When she complained about their home in the cave, CoTun transformed their cave into a castle to please her and named her his queen. He conjured them servants and soldiers. He sent men out to search for her father and old servants and brought him to live with them. Ta Sa-nee was embarrassed by her husband's true nature and told him to not reveal what he really was. As the children grew up, they turns into the handsome and beautiful men and woman. Feeling restless, Pirun leaves the kingdom to travel with his demon companion, Yunk. He met a tree nymph/spirit, Latana, and fell in love with her. They spend some nights in her tree",
"title": "Thep Sarm Rudoo"
},
{
"docid": "56289572",
"text": "Bruce Banner is a fictional character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise originally portrayed by Edward Norton and subsequently by Mark Ruffalo—based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name—known commonly by his alter ego, the Hulk. Banner is depicted as a genius physicist who after a failed experiment to replicate a super soldier program using gamma radiation, transforms into a large, muscular creature with green skin whenever his heart rate goes above 200 beats per minute or when facing mortal danger. As the Hulk, he possesses superhuman abilities, including increased strength and durability. Over time, Banner demonstrates an increasing ability to control the transformation, and he becomes a founding member of the Avengers. Following the conflict with Ultron, Banner is unintentionally transported to Sakaar, where he remains the Hulk for a number of years until eventually returning to earth during the conflict against Thanos. In the years following the Blip, Banner learns to retain the Hulk form with his mind still intact, and he is instrumental in the Avengers' mission using time travel to obtain the Infinity Stones from the past to undo Thanos' actions. Banner himself restores trillions of lives across the universe, using the Stones in a specially made gauntlet. Banner then participates in the final and victorious battle against Thanos. After his cousin Jennifer Walters is accidentally imbued with his blood, Banner trains her to handle her newfound \"She-Hulk\" transformation, before departing again to Sakaar. He returns months later with his son, Skaar. Banner is a central MCU character, having appeared in nine MCU films as of 2023. The character was introduced in the titular film The Incredible Hulk (2008), portrayed in that film by Edward Norton before being recast to Mark Ruffalo. The character has been generally well-received by critics and audiences alike, but his inconsistent characterization has received some criticism. Ruffalo voices several alternate versions of Banner in the animated series What If...?. Fictional character biography Origin Bruce Banner is a renowned scientist, physicist, and medical doctor with seven Ph.D.s. While working at Culver University, Virginia, Banner meets with General Thaddeus Ross, the father of his colleague and girlfriend Betty, regarding an experiment that Ross claims is meant to make humans immune to gamma radiation, a field in which Banner is an expert. The experiment — part of the World War II-era supersoldier program that Ross hopes to recreate — fails, and the exposure to the gamma radiation causes Banner to transform into the Hulk for the first time. The Hulk goes on a rampage, destroying the lab, killing three people and injuring several others. Banner subsequently becomes a fugitive from the U.S. military and Ross in particular, who wants to weaponize the Hulk process. Fugitive Five years later in 2010, Banner works at a soda bottling factory in Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro while searching for a cure for his condition, collaborating on the internet with a colleague he knows only as \"Mr. Blue\", and to whom he is \"Mr. Green\".",
"title": "Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "5625631",
"text": "Khonshu is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Moon Knight #1 (Nov. 1980), created by Doug Moench and Bill Sienkiewicz, and is based on the Egyptian lunar god Khonsu. He is a member of the Heliopolitan pantheon and the patron of the superhero Moon Knight. Khonshu appears in the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) miniseries Moon Knight, performed by Karim El-Hakim and voiced by F. Murray Abraham. Fictional character biography While Khonshu possessed Moon Knight during the hero's time with the West Coast Avengers, Khonshu was often shown as a largely benevolent god who wanted to assist the team. He was at times shown to be conflicted as to whether he should reveal his powers and what was worthy of it. He was able to effortlessly resist being controlled by the mutant The Voice. However, he is shown to become more and more of an antagonistic role to Moon Knight starting in the 2006 series, where he would later become the main antagonist of the 2016 Moon Knight series, and the age of Khonshu storyline in Jason Aaron's run. Moon Knight volume #4 initially treats Khonshu in a rather different way, portraying him as a harsh and unforgiving god of vengeance who is strengthened by the fear that his avatar inspires. Accordingly, he is quite prepared to manipulate Marc Spector's allies and enemies in order to revive Moon Knight's career, and is highly critical of Spector. As with many Moon Knight stories, the line between reality and hallucination is sometimes intentionally blurred, but aspects of the art and story do strongly suggest that Khonshu's actions are entirely real. Khonshu also appears as a statue, but primarily converses with Moon Knight in the mutilated form of the Bushman, a villain who was killed when Spector carved off his face. Khonshu calls this his 'greatest work.' Moon Knight eventually breaks the influence of Khonshu, seeing the god as a scale in line with a cockroach. Chons, better known as Khonshu, was said to be the son of Atum (known to the Egyptian gods as Ammon Ra) and of Amaunet, air goddess of the Ogdoad pantheon. Another account stated that Khonshu was the adopted son of Amon Ra. He was the brother of Montu, and possibly Bes and Ptah, and was brother or half-brother to Bast and Sekhmet. According to Knull, Khonshu was actually an \"elder shadow, dressed in local legend\". Around the year 1,000,000 BC, Khonshu was offended by not having been offered membership of the Stone Age Avengers and chose a mortal avatar - the first known Moon Knight - to enforce his will on Earth and antagonize the Avengers on his behalf, eventually leading to the establishment of the Cult of Khonshu and a succession of Moon Knights. Khonshu and Ra have been warring against each other for millennia, having been reborn again and again through earthly avatars, with Khonshu beating Ra in every instance. It was later revealed",
"title": "Khonshu (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "30943195",
"text": "Barney Barton is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Roy Thomas and Gene Colan, the character first appeared in The Avengers #64 (May 1969). Barney Barton is the older brother and a recurring antagonist of superhero Clint Barton / Hawkeye. Publication history Barney Barton debuted in The Avengers #64 (May 1969), created by writer Roy Thomas and artist Gene Colan. He later appeared in the 1983 Hawkeye series, by Mark Gruenwald. He appeared in the 1987 Solo Avengers series, by Tom DeFalco. He appeared in the 2003 Hawkeye series, by Fabian Nicieza. He appeared in the 2009 Dark Avengers series, by Brian Michael Bendis. He later appeared under the codename Trickshot in the 2011 Hawkeye: Blindspot series, by Jim McCann. He appeared in the 2010 The Avengers series, by Brian Michael Bendis. Fictional character history Barney Barton was born in Waverly, Iowa. He lost both his parents at a young age when his father, an abusive alcoholic, lost control of his car and collided with a tree. Barney and his younger brother Clint Barton were sent to an orphanage. They stayed there for six years before running away to join the Carson Carnival of Travelling Wonder as roustabouts. The Swordsman, a member of the carnival with a popular swordplay act, selected Clint to be his new assistant. Feeling overlooked, Barney became jealous and bitter. Later, when Clint was severely injured at the hands of the Swordsman for discovering his embezzlement scheme, Barney condemned his brother for not remaining loyal to his mentor. Barney, having had enough of the carnival, decided to enlist in the army. He suggested that Clint should join him and make a fresh start. Clint declined his offer. Barney told his brother that the offer still stood, and he would wait for him if he changed his mind. The next morning, Barney stood at the bus depot, waiting and hoping his brother would change his mind. When Clint did not show up, a sorrowful Barney got on the bus and left his old life behind. As the bus was departing, Clint arrived, having changed his mind. However, he was too late. Barney later became an FBI agent. His first assignment was to work undercover as a bodyguard for a criminal called Marko. Unbeknownst to him, Clint and his new mentor Trick Shot attempted to rob the criminal's mansion. Barney was shot with an arrow by Clint. When Clint learned what he had done, he refused to leave his brother's side and turned against Trickshot. Trickshot wounded Clint with an arrow and left. His next undercover assignment was to pose as a racketeer. He was approached by Egghead, who offered Barney a place on his villainous space-station in exchange for funds. When Barney declined the offer, Egghead (actually a robot sent by the real Egghead) attacked him. With his bodyguards slain, Barney went to the Avengers (whose ranks included his brother using the identity of Goliath) to help stop the supervillain.",
"title": "Barney Barton"
},
{
"docid": "39476718",
"text": "Avengers Assemble is an animated television series based on the comic book super hero team known as the Avengers. It premiered on Disney XD on May 26, 2013. On June 1, 2015, the series was renewed for a third season titled Avengers: Ultron Revolution, which premiered on Disney XD on March 13, 2016. It was renewed for a fourth season which is entitled Avengers: Secret Wars, and then a fifth and final season entitled Avengers: Black Panther's Quest. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (2013–14) The first season focuses on the Avengers reuniting after some time to defeat Red Skull and his newly formed team The Cabal, which consists of the Avengers' most powerful enemies, along with the help of new teenage S.H.I.E.L.D. recruit Sam Wilson (alias Falcon). Season 2 (2014–15) On July 26, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season; The first half of the second season deals with the team facing Thanos, as he competes with them to obtain the Infinity Stones, followed by a five-episode arc detailing the return of Ultron, who plans to exterminate the human race. The rest of the season details the debut of the Squadron Supreme and their confrontation with the Avengers. The last two episodes detail the escape of Thanos by the Black Order and their attack on Earth. Season 3: Ultron Revolution (2016–17) Ultron returns after his apparent demise and seeks revenge on the Avengers. The Avengers must defeat him as well as new threats like Baron Zemo's Masters of Evil and Kang the Conqueror. Vision, Black Panther, Captain Marvel, and Ms. Marvel make appearances in this season. The storyline features an adaptation of the Civil War comics storyline. Season three premiered on Disney XD on March 13, 2016. Season 4: Secret Wars (2017–18) This season deals with the Avengers being scattered across time and space by a new incarnation of the Cabal as Black Panther assembles another incarnation of the Avengers to find them in time to save the universe. Season 5: Black Panther's Quest (2018–19) On July 22, 2017, Avengers Assemble was renewed for a fifth and final season titled Avengers: Black Panther's Quest centering around Black Panther, and featuring a new type of animation. However, unlike the previous seasons which shared continuity with Ultimate Spider-Man and Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., this one shares continuity with the 2017 Spider-Man animated series and Guardians of the Galaxy. Shorts (2017) The shorts take place between Seasons 3 and 4. References Lists of Marvel Comics animated series episodes Lists of American children's animated television series episodes Avengers (comics) lists Avengers (comics) television series",
"title": "List of Avengers Assemble episodes"
},
{
"docid": "2703114",
"text": "Grey Gargoyle (Paul Pierre Duval) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history The Grey Gargoyle first appeared in Journey into Mystery #107 (Aug. 1964) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Fictional character biography Paul Pierre Duval is a French chemist who courtesy of a chemical accident gains the ability to turn anything to stone by touching it. Turning his entire body to stone, Duval dons a mask and cape and becomes a criminal with the alias the Grey Gargoyle. Duval, however, becomes bored and decides to try to achieve immortality by confronting the Thunder God Thor and stealing his mystic hammer, Mjolnir. Thor is turned to stone in their first battle, but turns back to Don Blake when he falls over and strikes the floor with his hammer. As Blake he defeats the Gargoyle by luring him into the Hudson River in New York City, using a projection of Thor, leaving the villain buried at the bottom. The Grey Gargoyle eventually reappears after being hauled up from the river, whereupon he turns to stone two people examining him. Thinking Don Blake, who has just had the power of Thor removed from him, can help him find Thor, the Grey Gargoyle goes after him. He pursues them through the streets, becoming angry at their escaping him and finally deciding to eliminate Blake. However he is delayed by an Asgardian blinding him with an arrow that gives off light, after which the Asgardian restores the Thunder God's power. The Grey Gargoyle is incapacitated by Thor once again as he uses his hammer to trap the Grey Gargoyle by tapping a lamppost as a power source and sending a bolt which fuses the Gargoyles limbs. Odin then fully restores Thor's power. The Grey Gargoyle appears in the title Tales of Suspense, attempting to steal an experimental device for use against Thor, but is stopped by his fellow Avenger Iron Man. The character continues to play the role of industrial saboteur in the title Captain America, attempting to steal an experimental chemical called Element X before being stopped by Captain America; the Falcon and Nick Fury. An appearance in the title Marvel Team-Up against Captain America and fellow hero Spider-Man ends with the Gargoyle being trapped in a rocket and launched into deep space. The character reappears in the title Thor, and is revealed to have been rescued by the crew of the alien spaceship the Bird of Prey and nominated their captain. After a battle with Thor the character is lost in space once again. The Grey Gargoyle eventually returns to Earth in a meteorite in the title Avengers, and battles briefly before being defeated and imprisoned. The character reappears in the title as part of Baron Helmut Zemo's incarnation of the Masters of Evil. In an encounter with the Avenger the Black Knight, the Gargoyle grasps the hero's enchanted sword and is reverted to human form, his power temporarily neutralized. In the",
"title": "Grey Gargoyle"
},
{
"docid": "9457724",
"text": "The Teen Brigade is either of two distinct fictional teams appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Both teams were recruited by Rick Jones from young amateur radio enthusiasts in order to obtain and divulge strategic information about safety hazards, usually involving the Hulk. These teams were attempting to aid the Hulk in using his super strength for good. They knew he, the Hulk, just desired to help citizens, and did not intend to harm them. The first group was founded in The Incredible Hulk #6 (March 1963). Today, many adolescents are unaware of the Teen Brigade teams. Unless they have access to original comic books, the only Hulk character they may be aware of is in more modern shows or movies. Overview The rationale for creating such teams was that with their help Rick Jones could reach the Hulk (and occasionally other people or events of interest) faster, possibly in time to help him avoid fights or other incidents that could bring the Hulk trouble. The first Teen Brigade was formed by Rick in The Incredible Hulk #6 (March 1963), and they helped build a weapon for the Hulk to defeat the Metal Master. The group played a role in the origin of the Avengers in The Avengers #1, because it was the tampering of a radio transmission the Brigade intended to send to the Fantastic Four that brought the original Avengers (Thor, Iron Man, Wasp and Ant-Man) together to fight the Hulk. The Avengers and the Fantastic Four were a part of keeping Hulk in check, as well as the Teen Brigade. In The Avengers #2 (November 1963), they called Giant-Man (Hank Pym) to help defeat a Space Phantom. They contacted the Avengers to notify them about the whereabouts of the rampaging Hulk in The Avengers #3 (January 1964). In The Avengers #4 (March 1964), the team helped Rick and Captain America track down a villain who turned the Avengers into stone. Captain America showed off his acrobatics abilities to the Teen Brigade in The Avengers #5 (May 1964). They later freed the Avengers when they had been imprisoned inside Kang's ship by pretending they wanted to join Kang, then dropping an energy cylinder to distract the time-traveller. The second Teen Brigade was assembled at a time when the Hulk was under the Corruptor's control. In an eerie parallel to the Avengers' origin, the Corruptor's own equipment interfered with a transmission meant for the Avengers and instead reached a handful of south western superheroes, giving birth to the superteam known as the Rangers. The Corrupter controlled the minds of others by producing sweat glands that held power inside. It would be as if a manipulative person convinced someone to do something without external things being in question. The Teen Brigade was mentioned as an inspiration by Captain America when he decided to create an online network in stories published in the early 1990s. A third version of the Teen Brigade appear in the 2011 series Vengeance",
"title": "Teen Brigade"
},
{
"docid": "34331213",
"text": "Avengers vs. X-Men (AvX or AvsX) is a 2012 crossover event that was featured in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The event, consisting of an eponymous limited series and numerous tie-in books, involves the return of the Phoenix Force and the subsequent war between the Avengers and the X-Men. The 12-issue twice-monthly series was first published in April 2012, and features a storyline by Jason Aaron, Brian Michael Bendis, Ed Brubaker, Jonathan Hickman and Matt Fraction, with a rotating team of artists including John Romita Jr., Olivier Coipel and Adam Kubert. The event was preceded by the four-issue limited series Avengers: X-Sanction by Jeph Loeb and Ed McGuinness and Avengers vs. X-Men #0. Avengers vs. X-Men also ties into the limited series AVX: VS, described as \"the fight book\" which expands upon many of the one-on-one battles featured in the main series, the digital series; Avengers vs. X-Men: Infinite, and into a number of ongoing series including Avengers, Avengers Academy, New Avengers, Secret Avengers, Uncanny X-Men, Wolverine and the X-Men and X-Men: Legacy. The event was succeeded by the limited series AvX: Consequences. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, Avengers vs. X-Men was a commercial success that topped the comic-book sales charts for several months, from April to October 2012. The repercussions of the storyline resulted in the new status quo of the Marvel Universe presented in the company's Marvel NOW! relaunch initiative. Publication history In December 2011, Marvel Comics announced the launch of Avengers vs. X-Men, a 12-issue twice-monthly series featuring writers Brian Michael Bendis, Jason Aaron, Ed Brubaker, Jonathan Hickman and Matt Fraction, debuting in April 2012. The series focuses on the return of the Phoenix Force, the cosmic entity of death and rebirth, as it looks for its new host, believed to be the teenage mutant Hope Summers, who will possess all of its power. Cyclops and the other X-Men want to protect her and prepare her as if she's to be the mutant savior, while Captain America and the Avengers want her handed over to them so they can figure out what to do with her and keep the world safe from a potentially deadly fate. Brubaker described the series as \"...one of those legendary ideas: What if the Avengers fought the X-Men?\". Marvel's editor-in-chief Axel Alonso said \"You've got two populations whose motivations are simple and understandable and defensible. That's part of the beauty of this. You're seeing a story that evolves out of 'What would you do?'\" The idea of an Avengers vs. X-Men crossover is not entirely new; in fact prior to Avengers vs. X-Men both the Avengers and the X-Men had already met, clashed, and teamed up with each other, starting with Uncanny X-Men #9 in 1964 and followed by Avengers Annual #10 in 1980, X-Men vs. the Avengers in 1987, Avengers/X-Men: Bloodties in 1992, Onslaught in 1996, and House of M in 2005. Some of the X-Men have also joined the Avengers, most notably Beast and Wolverine, while Quicksilver and",
"title": "Avengers vs. X-Men"
},
{
"docid": "50583936",
"text": "Paul Warren (born 28 October 1974) is a British actor. He is best known for playing characters wearing heavy prosthetic makeup and/or creature suits, most notably in Star Wars and the Marvel Cinematic Universe, in films such as Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Andor (TV series) (2022), Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Thor: The Dark World (2013) Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and The Marvels (2023). Paul also had creature acting roles in Clash of the Titans (2010), World War Z (2013), Ghost Stories (2017), Willow (TV series) (2022) and Unwelcome (2023) Personal life Paul was born in Hillingdon, West London, United Kingdom. Career He began his film career in 2006 as a body double for Daniel Radcliffe on the film Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007): \"I spent much of my time 20ft up in the air on the hydraulic broomstick system and doing other physically demanding activities during the shoot, whilst building a good rapport with the cast/crew and a reputation as a versatile performer\". Later that same year, he was recommended to the legendary Stan Winston Studio as a good choice to portray an emaciated version of the title character (played by Mike Vogel) in The Deaths of Ian Stone. Crediting Winston and his team, he said, \"This door opening into the world of acting under silicone and foam latex, is what ultimately led to a film career playing characters in heavy prosthetics and creature suits\". His first creature performing role was in 2009, where he played a tortured soul who pulls the boat across the river styx in the remake of Clash of the Titans. In 2010, Paul was used as a visual effect double for skinny Steve Rogers in Captain America: The First Avenger. He was the original template for Skinny Steve in the pre-production VFX head replacement tests and was on set for the recruitment scene as a visual reference. Body double duties for the rest of production (which total about 5% according to director Joe Johnston) were performed by stage actor Leander Deeny. On getting the role of Varmik, one of the Hassk triplet's in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, he says, \"It felt very surreal. I wasn’t told what it was that I was being asked to go in for; only that the production was putting together a team of core creature performers for a film at Pinewood Studios. I had been recommended to them by creature designer and makeup artist Martin Rezard, who I had worked with previously on Guardians of the Galaxy and Thor: The Dark World.\" Varmik is of particular interest to Star Wars fans due to his origin: \"The character is based on 2 classic pieces of Ralph McQuarrie's Star Wars production art from 1975. The cantina showdown and early Chewbacca designs. The former is a particular favorite of J. J. Abrams' that he wanted to bring to life on screen.\" In Star Wars: The Last Jedi,",
"title": "Paul Warren (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "60597741",
"text": "Avengers: Endgame (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score for the Marvel Studios film Avengers: Endgame composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri. Hollywood Records released the soundtrack album digitally on April 26, 2019, with the physical formats being released on May 24, 2019. Background In June 2016, Alan Silvestri, who composed the score for The Avengers, was revealed to be returning to score both Infinity War and Endgame. Discussing the tone of the film, Silvestri said that the Russos wanted it to be \"operatic\" for both films, with Endgame needing an \"aggressive musical approach\". He stated that he found the film's pace to be \"invigorating, after having thunderous percussion and powerful brass propelling the massive battle sequences\". Silvestri reprises his themes from the previous Avengers (2012) films and Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), as well as several other MCU themes, including Christophe Beck's Ant-Man theme, Michael Giacchino's Doctor Strange (2016) theme, and Pinar Toprak's Captain Marvel (2019) theme. Silvestri also reassured fans that Thanos's theme from Infinity War was present in the film. The score was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London with the London Symphony Orchestra consisting of about 95 musicians with Silvestri and orchestrator Mark Graham conducting the sessions. Scoring concluded in late March 2019. Several classic rock songs are featured in the film, with four of them featured on the soundtrack. The film also includes \"Come and Get Your Love\" by Redbone and \"It's Been a Long, Long Time\" by Jule Styne and Sammy Cahn, with these songs previously included in the soundtracks for Guardians of the Galaxy and Captain America: The Winter Soldier, respectively. Other songs not included on the film's soundtrack release include Richard Sherman's \"Make Way for Tomorrow Today\", as arranged by Silvestri, \"Doom and Gloom\" by the Rolling Stones, \"Hey Lawdy Mama\" by Steppenwolf, \"Supersonic Rocket Ship\" by the Kinks, and \"Dear Mr. Fantasy\" by Traffic. A music video for the track \"Portals\", used for the \"Avengers assemble\" scene where Doctor Strange and his fellow Masters of the Mystic Arts gather reinforcements to help the Avengers in the final showdown with Thanos, was released on June 13. Track listing All music composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri. Charts Accolades References 2019 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three soundtracks Avengers (film series) Alan Silvestri soundtracks",
"title": "Avengers: Endgame (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "1510811",
"text": "Graviton (Franklin Hall) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Jim Shooter and artist Sal Buscema, he first appeared in The Avengers #158, dated April 1977. Over the years, he has mainly opposed the Avengers in their various incarnations. Originally a gravity researcher, Franklin Hall gains the ability to control gravity. Corrupted by this power, he becomes a supervillain using the name \"Graviton\". He is confronted and defeated by the Avengers as he tried to destroy the facility where he did his original research. In subsequent appearances Graviton seems to struggle with control of his powers and often loses because of this. More than one storyline has depicted Graviton's apparent death, only for him to return subsequently through various means. He later becomes part of Advanced Idea Mechanics' High Council as \"Minister of Science\". Graviton has appeared in Marvel television series, such as The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. Additionally, Franklin Hall, appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Ian Hart, while the Graviton identity is filled by Glenn Talbot, portrayed by Adrian Pasdar. Publication history Graviton first appears in The Avengers #158 (April 1977) and was created by Jim Shooter and Sal Buscema. Fictional character biography Franklin Hall is a Canadian physicist involved in an experiment in a private research facility in the Canadian Rockies. A mistake in Hall's calculations causes graviton particles to be merged with his own molecules, and Hall later discovers that he can mentally control gravity. Hall at first tries to hide his newfound ability, but becomes tempted by the potential power, and donning a costume adopts the alias \"Graviton\". When Graviton takes over the research facility and forbids all communications with the outside world, a fellow scientist sends a distress signal to the superhero team the Avengers. A furious Graviton then lifts the facility several thousands of feet into the sky and threatens to kill the scientist. The Avengers then arrive and attack but are all defeated when trapped in a gravity field. Graviton then proceeds to bring the facility to New York, and demands the U.N. to hand over world power or he will destroy the world's cities. At Avengers Mansion a returning Black Panther learns of their plight and joins with the thunder god Thor, having also been on leave from the team, and the two head to the facility. As Thor battles Graviton with Iron Man's help, the Panther frees the captive Avengers, but Graviton defeats them again until he is tricked into thinking a fellow scientist he cares for has committed suicide. Graviton then panics and causes the entire facility to collapse on him, forming a giant stone sphere that is dropped into a river by the Avengers. Graviton later reappears, although is suffering from amnesia and is flickering in and out of existence. Somehow guided to the female scientist he has feelings for, Graviton attempts to abduct her but is stopped",
"title": "Graviton (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "365192",
"text": "Matthew Richard Stone (born May 26, 1971) is an American actor, animator, writer, producer, and musician. He is best known for co-creating South Park (since 1997) and The Book of Mormon (2011) with his creative partner Trey Parker. Intrigued by a career in entertainment at a young age, he studied film and mathematics at the University of Colorado Boulder, where he met Parker. During their attendance, the two worked on various short films and starred in the feature-length musical Cannibal! The Musical (1993). Stone and Parker moved to Los Angeles and wrote their second film, Orgazmo (1997). Before its premiere, South Park aired on Comedy Central in August 1997 and was met with widespread praise. Following its success, the two directed a film based on the series, South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999), which was met with positive critical reception. Outside of South Park, Stone has written, produced, and starred in the satirical action film Team America: World Police (2004), as well as the Broadway musical The Book of Mormon (2011), which, after long-tenured delays and years of development, was met with positive reviews. Stone is the recipient of numerous accolades, including five Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on South Park, as well as three Tony Awards and one Grammy Award for The Book of Mormon. Early life Stone was born in Houston, Texas, to economics professor Gerald Whitney Stone and Sheila Lois (Belasco). He is of Irish-American heritage from his father's side and Jewish heritage from his mother's side. The South Park characters Gerald and Sheila Broflovski were named after them. Stone and his younger sister Rachel were raised in Littleton, Colorado, a suburb of Denver, where they attended Heritage High School. He attended the University of Colorado Boulder. His father was worried he would \"become a musician and a bum\", so he insisted that his son major in something \"practical\". They compromised on Matt's majoring in both mathematics and film. Stone graduated with a double-major Bachelor of Arts degree in 1993. Career Career beginnings Cannibal! The Musical (1992–1994) In 1992, Stone, Parker and Ian Hardin founded a production company named the Avenging Conscience. The company was named after the D. W. Griffith film by the same title (which was actively disliked by the group.) Parker employed the cutout paper technique on Avenging Conscience's first production, Jesus vs. Frosty (1992), an animated short pitting the religious figure against Frosty the Snowman. The quartet created a three-minute trailer for a fictional film titled Alferd Packer: The Musical. The idea was based on an obsession Parker had with Alferd Packer, a real nineteenth-century prospector accused of cannibalism. During this time, Parker had become engaged to long-time girlfriend Liane Adamo, but their relationship fell apart shortly before production on the trailer began. \"Horribly depressed\", Parker funneled his frustrations with her into the project, naming Packer's \"beloved but disloyal\" horse after her. The trailer became something of a sensation among students at the school, leading Virgil Grillo, the chairman and founder",
"title": "Matt Stone"
},
{
"docid": "5534804",
"text": "The Eye of Agamotto () is a fictional, mystical item appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The item appears in publications that feature Doctor Strange. The Eye of Agamotto and Agamotto in his caterpillar form also appeared in the Gold Key Dark Shadows comic book, Collinwood Possessed!. The Eye of Agamotto is the name commonly given to the amulet Strange wears on his chest, though the Eye actually resides within the amulet and is released from time to time. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, it first appeared in \"The Origin of Dr. Strange\", an eight-page story in Strange Tales #115 (December 1963). In designing the Eye, Ditko drew inspiration from the real world charm The All Seeing Eye of the Buddha, known among Buddhists as The Amulet of Snail Martyrs, a Nepali symbol meant to protect its wearer against evil. The Eye of Agamotto appears in several forms of Marvel-related media, such as the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with its first appearance in Doctor Strange, in which it contains the Time Stone, one of the fictional universe's Infinity Stones. Fictional history Agamotto, a powerful mystic being and one of Doctor Strange's three Vishanti, is said to have used the Eye during his time as Sorcerer Supreme of the Earth dimension. The Eye's origins are currently unknown, but there are theories of how it came into existence. Some believe that it was discovered by Agamotto among the seas and stars, where it had drifted for ages. Others claim that it was created by Agamotto himself, which makes sense when the Eye's powers are compared to those of \"the All-Seeing.\" It is said that the Eye of Agamotto draws on Agamotto's own mystical ability to span distances and dispel disguises and illusions. Agamotto is also presumably aware of every time the Eye is used and may even record those events for later viewing. Rintrah, a disciple of Doctor Strange, is able to call on many of the effects of the eye by using the 'Amulet Of Agamotto'. In the New Avengers Annual #2 (2008), though Strange has at first retained both the Eye and the Cloak, the Hood, on Dormammu's commands, has targeted Strange to eliminate him and seize the Eye of Agamotto. Strange, having evoked Zom's power tells him that he is not ready to use it because of his tainted soul and demonic connection. Strange shows it to the New Avengers, describing the Eye as \"one of the most powerful mystic conduits on this physical plane.\" Strange and the New Avengers now battle against the forces of the Dark Dimension as Strange searches the planet for new potential candidates. The Eye is presented to the new Sorcerer Supreme, Brother Voodoo, in New Avengers #53, who bears it as he fights against Dormammu. Strange had lost the eye because of his own corrupted connection to Zom. Later, Doctor Doom arrives to challenge Brother Voodoo's 'claim' to the Eye. Doom claims the object must belong to",
"title": "Eye of Agamotto"
},
{
"docid": "5646014",
"text": "The Legion of the Unliving are six groups of fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history The original five versions first appear in Avengers #131 (Jan. 1975); Avengers Annual #16 (Dec. 1987); Avengers West Coast #61 (Aug. 1990); Avengers #353 (Sep. 1992) and Avengers vol. 3, #10 (Nov. 1998) respectively. The groups were created by Steve Englehart and Sal Buscema; Tom DeFalco and various artists; Roy Thomas and Daniel Bulanadi; Len Kaminski and Chris Eliopoulos and Kurt Busiek and George Pérez. A new version of the Legion was created by Jason Aaron in Avengers vol. 8, #12 (Jan. 2019). Fictional character biography Legion of the Unliving I The original Legion appears during the Celestial Madonna storyline in the titles Avengers and Giant-Size Avengers, having been summoned from time by the villain Kang the Conqueror (at the suggestion of his future self Immortus) to kill the superhero team. As the name implies, the members of the Legion were all characters established as being deceased in Marvel continuity, being pulled from time a moment before their deaths. Although partially successful in their mission (the original Human Torch kills Iron Man and the Vision is wounded), the Legion frees itself from Kang's control and aid the Avengers. Kang flees when confronted by the Thunder God Thor, with Immortus reviving Iron Man and healing the Vision and returning the Legion back to their respective eras. Only the Human Torch android is allowed to remain as it is revealed that the character is in fact the Vision, years before being modified by the robot Ultron. Legion of the Unliving II The second version of the Legion is featured in an Avengers annual, in which the Elder of the Universe the Grandmaster, usurps the power of the entity Death. Intending to destroy the universe—via six bombs—and recreate it with his fellow Elders, the Grandmaster decides to eliminate opponents the Avengers (including the West Coast Avengers) by having fellow Elder the Collector take the heroes (and ally the Silver Surfer) to the Realm of Death to battle the Legion of the Unliving. A battle to the death follows, and when Thor observes fellow Asgardian the Executioner act dishonourably he realizes the Legion are in fact only copies of the original beings, minus their personalities. Almost all the Avengers are killed stopping the Legion and defusing the bombs, with only Captain America and Hawkeye surviving. The Grandmaster then proposes another competition and adds the fallen heroes to the Legion, until tricked by Hawkeye in a game of chance. Losing the game disorients the Grandmaster and Death is released, with the entity banishing all the Elders from its realm, restoring all heroes to life and then returning them to Earth. Legion of the Unliving III The third version of the Legion appears in the title Avengers West Coast, and is created by reoccurring Avengers foe Immortus. Seeking to use the Scarlet Witch as a nexus point from which to control all of time,",
"title": "Legion of the Unliving"
},
{
"docid": "38289484",
"text": "\"Age of Ultron\" (abbreviated AU) is a 2013 comic book fictional crossover storyline published by Marvel Comics that involved the conquest of the Earth by the sentient robot tyrant Ultron. The storyline consisted of an eponymous, 10-issue core miniseries, and a number of tie-in books. The storyline was published between March and June 2013 and featured a storyline by Brian Michael Bendis. Artist Bryan Hitch provided the art for issues one through five, and Brandon Peterson for issues six through nine. Other artists who contributed to the series include Carlos Pacheco and Joe Quesada, the latter of whom drew part of the final issue. Marvel stated that all art for the series was completed before it was solicited, ensuring deadlines were met and that there were no more than thirteen tie-ins to the four-month event. This story takes place on two different Earths: the alternate Earth where Ultron annihilated humanity is referred to as Earth-61112, and the alternate reality where Morgan le Fay took over half the world is referred to as Earth-26111. A sequel, Cataclysm, was released later in 2013. The story arc's title served as an inspiration for the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), although the film does not directly adapt the events of the storyline. A free adaptation of the storyline's events later appeared in the MCU animated series What If...? (2021). Publication history In 2011, Avengers Vol. 4 No. 12.1 featured a storyline where the Intelligencia find a crash-landed Spaceknight and try to power it back up. During a fight with the Avengers while they try to rescue Spider-Woman, the Spaceknight is powered up, revealing that it was Ultron in disguise. Ultron escapes, setting up the events of Age of Ultron. In mid-November, 2012, Marvel Comics released a cryptic teaser written \"Age of Ultron\" in binary code. Three days later the event was officially announced, although by this point it had been over a year since the event had been originally announced. The first of ten issues written by Brian Michael Bendis was released in March 2013 and ran through June of the same year. Neil Gaiman's Angela character was introduced into the Marvel Universe in the last issue of the Age of Ultron miniseries, although the issue was shipped in a polybag to prevent other details of the story's ending from being publicized too early. An Age of Ultron #10 A.I. one-shot by writer Mark Waid and artist Andre Lima Araujo will delve into the repercussions of the storyline for Hank Pym. Following the conclusion of Age of Ultron, a new ongoing series titled Avengers A.I. by writer Sam Humphries and Andre Lima Araujo will launch in July. Plot Main story New York is in ruins. Ultron has returned and taken over the world, with Ultron Sentinels guarding the streets and looking for fugitives. After rescuing Spider-Man from the Owl and Hammerhead, Hawkeye takes him to an underground area beneath Central Park, where a small handful of other heroes have",
"title": "Age of Ultron"
},
{
"docid": "66910752",
"text": "\"Previously On\" is the eighth episode of the American television miniseries WandaVision, based on Marvel Comics featuring the characters Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch and Vision. It follows Maximoff and Agatha Harkness as they explore Maximoff's past to see what led her to create an idyllic suburban life in the town of Westview, New Jersey. The episode is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. It was written by Laura Donney and directed by Matt Shakman. Paul Bettany and Elizabeth Olsen reprise their respective roles as Vision and Wanda Maximoff from the film series, with Debra Jo Rupp and Kathryn Hahn (Harkness) also starring. Development began by October 2018, and Shakman joined in August 2019. The episode explores Maximoff's history of grief to explain the events of earlier episodes, and also retcons the source of her abilities from the films. The episode is the first time in the MCU that Maximoff is referred to by her comic book alias \"Scarlet Witch\". Filming took place in the Atlanta metropolitan area in Atlanta, Georgia, including at Pinewood Atlanta Studios, and in Los Angeles. Visual effects were required for sequences such as the backstory of Harkness, the disassembled body of Vision, and Maximoff's creation of the series' sitcom reality and new version of Vision. \"Previously On\" was released on the streaming service Disney+ on February 26, 2021. Critics highlighted the performances of Hahn, Olsen, and Bettany, particularly a scene between Olsen and Bettany discussing grief, as well as the backstory and the reveal of the \"Scarlet Witch\" title. It received several accolades, including two Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Plot In Salem, 1693, Agatha Harkness is put on trial by a coven of witches led by her mother Evanora for practicing dark magic. As they attempt to kill Harkness, she absorbs their magic and drains the life from them. In the present day, Harkness interrogates Wanda Maximoff, demanding to know how she is controlling Westview. Harkness forces Maximoff to relive key moments in her life, including when she and her brother Pietro were trapped in the rubble next to an unexploded bomb the day their parents died. In this memory, Harkness deduces that Maximoff was born a witch who engaged in basic hex magic as a child as seen when Maximoff inadvertently uses a simple probability hex to prevent the bomb from going off. In the next memory, Maximoff watches as she is experimented on by Hydra using the Mind Stone. When she approached the stone it reacted to her presence, showing her a vision of an apparition inside the Mind Stone. Harkness suggests that the stone augmented Maximoff's latent magical abilities, which otherwise would have gone undiscovered. Maximoff then relives a fond memory of Vision when they lived at the Avengers Compound, discussing grief and bonding over sitcoms. After Vision's death, Maximoff visited S.W.O.R.D. to recover his body. Director Tyler Hayward showed her the disassembled remains but refused to hand Vision over. Maximoff drove to",
"title": "Previously On"
},
{
"docid": "23120129",
"text": "Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers is a four-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics from July to October 2009. It was followed up by the four-issue limited series Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers Unleashed from May to August 2010. Both series were written by Chris Eliopoulos with art by Ig Guara. Plot Fantastic Four member Mister Fantastic visits Attilan, city of the Inhumans, seeking the six Infinity Gems (each an artifact of great power). Lockjaw, an oversized dog and pet of the Inhuman Royal Family, finds the Mind Gem, which increases the animal's intelligence. Using telepathy to read Mr. Fantastic's mind, Lockjaw decides to find the remaining Gems. The pet encounters and recruits a number of other animal companions to heroes, including the cat Hairball, the diminutive dragon Lockheed, the falcon Redwing, the frog Throg and the puppy Ms. Lion (actually a character from the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends). Courtesy of Lockjaw's ability to teleport, the group visit the prehistoric Savage Land and acquire the Time Gem and the aid of the sabretooth tiger Zabu, and the Tyrannosaurus rex Devil Dinosaur. The Space Gem is found in the past, and after an underwater encounter and being swallowed by the whale-like Giganto, the group collect the Soul Gem and the Reality Gem. The animal team converge on the final Gem, the Power Gem, which is in the possession of the President of the United States' dog, Bo. The Titan Thanos, a previous owner of all six Gems when united as the Infinity Gauntlet, intervenes and kills Ms. Lion. The other animals are angered by this act and use the Gems to strand Thanos in an alternate dimension and subsequently revive their comrade. Retrieving the final Gem, the group decides to separate, but not before Throg advises that they now share a psychic link and will reunite if needed. Ms. Lion (resurrected by Hairball via the Soul Gem) dubs the group the Pet Avengers. The series concludes with Lockjaw presenting the Gems to a surprised Mr. Fantastic. Reception The first series received mixed reviews, with IGN rating the first issue a 6.5 out of 10. The first issue sold out and went to second printing. The story of the team continued in a second series, Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers: Unleashed (May – August 2010), followed by a third limited series Avengers vs. the Pet Avengers (December 2010 – March 2011) and a guest appearance in the Power Pack all-ages miniseries title Thor and the Warriors Four (April 2010). They also appeared with Rocket Raccoon and Cosmo of the Guardians of the Galaxy in Guardians Team-Up #5 (June 2015). Collected editions The stories have been collected into two trade paperback volumes: Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers (collects Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers #1-4, the Tails of the Pet Avengers digital comic, and the Marvel Pets Handbook), 176 pages, May 2010, (hardcover, November 2009, ) Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers Unleashed (collects Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers Unleashed",
"title": "Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers"
},
{
"docid": "988786",
"text": "The Marvel Comics anthology series What If? tells alternate reality stories outside the mainstream Marvel Universe continuity, which the company sets on what it calls Earth-616. A number of these stories have been set on alternate Earths in the Marvel Comics Multiverse (i.e., multiple universes) for which Marvel has given official numerical designations. Volume 1 (1977–1984) What if Spider-Man had joined the Fantastic Four? (based on The Amazing Spider-Man #1) Reprinted in The Best of What If? Followed by What If? #21. Alternate sequels appeared in What If? vol. 2, #35, and Paradise X: Heralds. This world was designated Earth-772 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four. Spider-Man did eventually join the team as a member of the \"New Fantastic Four\" and, more recently, as a member of the Future Foundation. What if the Hulk had the brain of Bruce Banner? (based on The Incredible Hulk #1) This world was designated Earth-774 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four. What if the Avengers had never been? (based on The Avengers #3) What if the Invaders stayed together after World War II? (considered part of Earth-616, the mainstream Marvel continuity) What if Captain America had not vanished during World War II? (based on Avengers #4) What if the Fantastic Four had different super-powers? (based on The Fantastic Four #1) This version of the team reappeared in What If? (vol. 2) #39. This world was designated Earth-7712 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four. What if someone else besides Spider-Man had been bitten by the radioactive spider? (based on Amazing Fantasy #15) Three different stories look at what would have happened if either Peter's class bully Flash Thompson, his would-have-been temporary girlfriend Betty Brant, or publisher J. Jonah Jameson's astronaut son John, had been bitten by the radioactive spider instead. With the exception of Betty Brant (who quits her moniker like Peter did in \"Spider-Man No More\"), the protagonist dies in each story. A darker version of the Flash story is redone as What If? (vol. 2) #76. What if the world knew Daredevil was blind? (based on Daredevil #2) This issue also contained the first humor-based What If? in the series asking, \"What if the spider had been bitten by a radioactive human?\" What if the Avengers fought evil in the 1950s? Designated Earth-9904 in All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: A-Z Update #2 (2007). A version of this timeline was revisited in Avengers Forever, and yet another version made a cameo in Paradise X: Heralds. The Agents of Atlas, a superhero team from the 1950s, was based on this concept. What if Jane Foster had found the hammer of Thor? (based on Journey into Mystery #83) Jane Foster would eventually become the new Thor in Thor (vol. 4) #1. What if the original Marvel Bullpen had become the Fantastic Four? (based on The Fantastic Four #1) This world made a brief tongue-in-cheek appearance in Paradise X: Heralds. It was designated Earth-1228 in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Alternate Universes 2005. What if Rick",
"title": "List of What If issues"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "26150005",
"text": "Blue Screen is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the fifth in his Sunny Randall series. Plot summary Sunny Randall is approached by Buddy Bollen to provide protection for his number one client, Erin Flint, star of the Woman Warrior movie series and future star of Bollen's major league baseball team.. Bollen's fears prove well founded when Erin's assistant, Misty, is murdered. Because of Misty's striking resemblance to her, Erin is convinced the killer was after her. Sunny meets Paradise Police Chief Jesse Stone at the scene of the crime; however Buddy and Erin lack confidence in the Paradise police, and ask Sunny to solve the crime. Sunny talks to a sports writer who is convinced that Erin Flint's addition to Bollen's baseball team is a publicity stunt and that Erin will be able to compete with the male players in the major league. He proves to be right later when Erin faces a major league pitcher and cannot hit one ball. Sunny discovers that Erin Flint is actually Ethel Boverini, and that she is still married to pimp Gerard Basgall. Sunny and an LAPD detective go to question Basgall, who admits to still being married to Erin and still loving her. Erin admits that she was one of Basgall's prostitutes, as well as his wife. She and Misty Tyler, who is really her sister Edith, began working for Basgall after their mother died. Further investigation reveals that Buddy Bollen was looking for financing for his first Woman Warrior movie and found it in Boston mobster Moon Monaghan. L.A. film financier Arlo Delany had brokered the deal and provided Erin and Misty's sexual services for both Bollen and Monaghan. Bollen decides to star Erin in his Woman Warrior movie. The movie turns out to be a big hit; however Buddy has Arlo cook the books to make it look like it made no money in order to stiff Moon Monaghan. Moon has Arlo killed as a warning to Buddy of what will happen if he doesn't get his money back. Misty gets scared and threatens to go to the police. Basgall gets into an argument with her and, during the struggle, accidentally breaks Misty's neck and kills her. Chief Stone and Sunny confront Erin and Gerard about this. Gerard claims that he killed Misty, while Erin claims that she killed her. Touched by the fact that the two try to protect the each other by taking the blame, Chief Stone decides they have suffered enough and lets them go on the condition that they promise not to avenge her. A subplot involves Sunny's budding relationship with Jesse Stone. References External links Page on the book on Parker's official website 2006 American novels Novels by Robert B. Parker Hollywood novels Berkley Books books",
"title": "Blue Screen (novel)"
},
{
"docid": "4596172",
"text": "Noh-Varr is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Grant Morrison and artist J.G. Jones, the character first appeared in Marvel Boy #1 (August 2000). He later appeared in the Civil War: Young Avengers/Runaways and the New Avengers: Illuminati limited series. After his appearance in Secret Invasion, he joined the Dark Avengers. He was a member of the main Avengers team. He was a part of the Young Avengers, West Coast Avengers, and Guardians of the Galaxy. The character has also been known as Marvel Boy, Captain Marvel, and Protector at various points in his history. Noh-Varr has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes, being labeled as a queer sex symbol. Publication history Marvel Boy was a six-issue limited series published from August 2000 to March 2001, as part of the experimental Marvel Knights line. The series was written by Grant Morrison, illustrated by J.G. Jones (with Sean Parsons) and colored by Matt Milla of Avalon Studios. In a 2000 interview, Morrison described their stylistic intentions for the book: Following his own mini, he was featured in Civil War: Young Avengers/Runaways and the New Avengers: Illuminati. He took a big part in the finale of the Secret Invasion, which leads into his new role as Captain Marvel in the Dark Avengers title. The writer Brian Michael Bendis has said \"what he represents is Norman can put an alien on the team, whose [sic] one of the Anti-Skrulls. It's like, 'You hate Skrulls? Well this guy kills Skrulls for a living! He came to our planet to kill Skrulls!'.\" He appeared as a regular character in the Dark Avengers series from issue #1-6. In the Dark Avengers Annual, Noh-Varr changed his codename to the Protector. As Protector, he appeared as a regular character in the 2010-2013 Avengers series, from issue #2 (August 2010) through his dismissal from the team in issue #27 (August 2012) during the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline. Noh-Varr appeared as Marvel Boy in the 2013 Young Avengers series by Kieron Gillen and Jamie McKelvie where he begins to date Kate Bishop and reveals that, like the majority of the team, he is \"not completely straight\". Marvel Boy starred alongside the Inhumans in 2017's Royals written by Al Ewing and drawn by Jonboy Meyers. In 2019, he returned in the third volume of the West Coast Avengers, he met the team while he was masquerading as Graviton, who was a member of the Masters of Evil, he would aid the team and eventually join them in the last story-arc. It was written by Kelly Thompson It was during this run that it was confirmed Noh-Varr is bisexual, since he started dating Kate Bishop's former boyfriend and teammate, Fuse. In 2020, Marvel Boy was featured as a member of a new Guardians of the Galaxy team alongside Star-Lord, Rocket Raccoon, Moondragon, Phyla-Vell, Hercules and Nova. Fictional character biography Noh-Varr serves as an ensign aboard the 18th Kree",
"title": "Noh-Varr"
},
{
"docid": "38224570",
"text": "Marvel's The Avengers (also known as Marvel Avengers Assemble in the UK and Ireland), or simply The Avengers, is a 2012 American superhero film, scripted and directed by Joss Whedon, based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name. The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Tom Hiddleston, Clark Gregg, Cobie Smulders, Stellan Skarsgård and Samuel L. Jackson. In The Avengers, Nick Fury (Jackson), director of the peacekeeping organization S.H.I.E.L.D., recruits Iron Man (Downey), Captain America (Evans), the Hulk (Ruffalo), and Thor (Hemsworth) to form a team that must stop Thor's adoptive brother Loki (Hiddleston) from subjugating Earth. The Avengers, produced on a budget of $220 million, was released theatrically in the United States on May 4, 2012, and grossed a worldwide total of over $1.5 billion. The film has garnered numerous awards and nominations with most nominations recognizing the film itself, the performances of the cast (particularly those of Downey, Johansson and Hemsworth) and the film's visual effects. The Avengers was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and a BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects. The film was also nominated for three Critics' Choice Movie Awards, five Empire Awards, six Kids' Choice Awards, six MTV Movie Awards (winning three), thirteen People's Choice Awards (winning three), six Saturn Awards (winning four), eleven Teen Choice Awards (winning two), and six VES Awards (winning two). Accolades Notes References External links Avengers (comics) lists Avengers (film series) Marvel Cinematic Universe lists of accolades by film Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One",
"title": "List of accolades received by The Avengers (2012 film)"
},
{
"docid": "38017661",
"text": "In 2013, there were 32 new This American Life episodes. Act 1: Is That a Compass, a Map, a Toothbrush, and a Bottle of Purell in Your Pocket, or Are You Just Happy to See Me? Act 2: Some Like It Dot Act 1: Dead Ringer Act 2: In Country, in City Act 1: Petticoats in a Twist Act 2: Maul in the Family Act 1: Best Laid Plans Act 2: 21 Chump Street Act 3: Cold Stone Dreamery Act 4: My Girlfriend's Boyfriend Act 1: Rules to Live By Act 2: A Tiny Office on the Second Floor Act 3: Game Day Act 1: The Eyewitness Act 2: Your Name Written on Me Act 3: Get Your Own Gun Act 4: Devonte, Part Two Act 5: Reverse Turnaround Backflip Act 1: Grandmas Act 2: In God We Trust Act 3: Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? Act 4: Act Four Act 5: What Are the Chances? Act 1: Act One Act 2: Act Two Act 1: I Know I Am But What Are You? Act 2: A Tribe Called Rest Act 3: I Am Curious Yellow Act 1: Act One Act 2: Act Two Act 1: Photo Op Act 2: A Picture Is Worth a Thousand... Dollars Act 1: The Slowest Distance Between Two Points Act 2: Car Pool Act 3: Let's See How Fast This Baby Will Go Act 1: The CO2 in CO Act 2: The Right Man for the Job Act 3: Find an Enemy Act 1: 2011 Act 2: 2013 Act 1: Act One Act 2: Act Two Act 3: Act Three Act 4: Act Four Act 5: Act Five Act 6: Act Six Act 7: Act Seven Act 1: Breaking the Ice Act 2: The Gun Thing You're Not Supposed to Do Act 3: Out of the Woods Act 1: Reluctant Sailor Act 2: Emails from a Dead Man A special retrospective episode featuring the producers' favorite segments from the previous 499 episodes. Act 1: #107, \"Trail of Tears\" #220, \"Testosterone\" #296, \"After the Flood\" #232, \"The Real Story\" #266, \"I'm From the Private Sector and I'm Here to Help\" #334, \"Duty Calls\" #314, \"It's Never Over\" Act 2: #27, \"The Cruelty of Children\" #188, \"Kid Logic\" #94, \"How To\" #241, \"20 Acts in 60 Minutes\" Act 1: Weeds of Discontent Act 2: The Real Housewife of Ciudad Juarez Act 3: Movin On Up Act 1: Act One Act 2: Act Two Act 1: Money for Nothing and Your Cows for Free Act 2: Nipped in the Bud Act 1: The Old College Try Act 2: My Ames Is True Act 1: Act 1 Act 2: Act 2 Act 1: You Can't Handle The Truth Act 2: Tiger, Tiger, Burning Bright Act 3: The Blonde Avenger Act 1: Kim Possible Act 2: You Don't Say Act 1: Invisible Man Vs. Hawkman Act 2: Wonder Woman Act 3: The Green Team Of Boy Millionaires, Beppo The Amazing Supermonkey From Planet Krypton, And The Man From",
"title": "List of 2013 This American Life episodes"
},
{
"docid": "26284851",
"text": "Книга Мастеров () is a Russian fantasy film produced by the CIS division of the Disney company and directed by Vadim Sokolovsky. It was released in Russia on October 29, 2009. The story is based on Russian fairy tales, such as \"The Stone Flower\" and other stories from The Malachite Casket collection. It is Disney's first film made in Russia, and their only standalone film. Plot A beautiful and kind girl, daughter of Baba Yaga, finds a magical stone Alatyr (mythology) while walking in a field. It transforms her heart into a stone and puts her under a strange curse. She is to be the evil Countess of Stones and live in a stone tower. If the greatest gem-cutter in the world brings the stone of Alatyr to life, though, she'll become the ruler of the world. The Stone Countess, now cruel and selfish, is fascinated with the idea. She starts searching for the best gem-cutters and forces them to work with Alatyr, so the magical stone would become a living thing. Neither of the gem-cutters succeeds, so she kills them. While being imprisoned in her tower, they work on a large book about the secrets of gem-cutting. Each of them edits the book, so it's later named \"the Book of Masters\". Meanwhile, the Countess creates a talking magic mirror, whom she treats like a soulless thing. She also makes a large army of stone soldiers - the Ardars. She often sends them to terrorize common people and to capture some of them to feed Baba Yaga, who's mostly a cannibal. The plot develops, picturing a young orphan Ivan, who lives in an ordinary village but dreams of becoming the world's best gem-cutter. His father had actually been kidnapped by the Stone Countess, and Ivan also secretly plans to avenge it. One day, he makes a sculpture of his landlord's daughter Clava, showing her fatness and ugliness in a grotesque way. The landlord, who adores his daughter, orders Ivan to be punished severely. The execution doesn't even start before the village faces another attack of the Ardars, who capture Ivan and Clava and bring them to Baba Yaga. Baba Yaga goes to feed the Ardars, and Ivan and Clava are unexpectedly freed by a lovely young girl, who calls herself Katia, the Stone Countess's daughter. Clava takes the chance to run away from Baba Yaga's house, but Ivan is caught by Baba Yaga. She attempts to make a soup of him but is distracted again by Iangul, the Ardars' commander, who comes again to see Katia. Baba Yaga disapproves of it, so she goes to send him away. Katia hides Ivan and, when Iangul leaves and Baba Yaga goes to sleep, she shows Ivan a passageway to the stone tower. One can enter it through a well if the Stone Countess allows. Ivan tells Katia of his dream to become a professional gem-cutter and avenge his father's death. So Katia gives him the Book of Masters to study but warns",
"title": "The Book of Masters"
},
{
"docid": "25854346",
"text": "The Egyptian hieroglyph ndj (nḏ) (Gardiner Aa27, U+13429 𓐩) has the shape of a cross. It presumably depicts some type of tool such as a mill. It is often written alongside the nu \"pot\" hieroglyph (W24). It is used as an ideogram or determinative in the context of \"grains\", \"grinding stone\", \"grind\", \"to rub out\". Budge's dictionary to the Book of the Dead has the following uses for the hieroglyph: 1—(nos 1,2,4)-\"to protect, guard, avenge\", and \"protector, advocate, avenger\" 2—(no. 3)-\"homage to thee\", (a form of salutation to gods) 3—(nos. 5,6,7)-\"discuss a matter with someone\", \"to converse\", \"to take counsel\"; (uses the 'man-seated hieroglyph' for 'concepts', or 'speech', no. A2) A2 Budge's two-volume dictionary has entries for \"rub out\" and \"grind\", both connected to Coptic language words. Of the thirty-three entries, six refer to these two definitions. Entry 24 refers to the Coptic word (n-o-u-t)-(nout), and 29 to (n-o-e-i-t)-(); dictionary entry 24 has seven spellings using determinatives for \"grinding\", the \"block-of-stone\" hieroglyph), no. 39, N39, or the \"man grinding\" hieroglyph, no. 34 (actually unlisted, a man grinding upon a stone-block-mortar), A36 Entry 29, (six spellings, and Coptic word ()), uses the small circle for grain, no. N33B, N33B, or the plural of grains, N33B-N33B-N33B; also another grain production hieroglyph, nos. U9, U10, U9-(or)-U10 See also Gardiner's Sign List#Aa. Unclassified Gardiner's Sign List#U. Agriculture, Crafts, and Professions List of Egyptian hieroglyphs References Budge, 1978, (1920). An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, E.A.Wallace Budge, (Dover Publications), c 1978, (c 1920), Dover edition, c 1978; cliv-(154) and 1314 pp. (In two volumes) (softcover, ) Budge, 1991. A Hieroglyphic Dictionary to the Book of the Dead, E.A.Wallace Budge, Dover edition, 1991; Original: c 1911 as: A Hieroglyphic Vocabulary to the Theban Recension of the Book of the Dead with an Index to All the English Equivalents of the Egyptian Words, (Kegan Paul, etc. Ltd, London, publisher). Dover: (softcover, ) Budge. The Rosetta Stone, E.A.Wallace Budge, (Dover Publications), c 1929, Dover edition(unabridged), 1989. (softcover, ) Collier, Mark and Manley, Bill, How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs, c 1998, University of California Press, 179 pp, (with a word Glossary, p 151-61: Title Egyptian-English vocabulary; also an \"Answer Key\", 'Key to the exercises', p 162-73) {hardcover, } Schumann-Antelme, and Rossini, 1998. Illustrated Hieroglyphics Handbook, Ruth Schumann-Antelme, and Stéphane Rossini. c 1998, English trans. 2002, Sterling Publishing Co. (Index, Summary lists (tables), selected uniliterals, biliterals, and triliterals.) (softcover, ) Egyptian hieroglyphs: unclassified",
"title": "Cross-ndj (hieroglyph)"
},
{
"docid": "61513780",
"text": "Team Thor is a series of American direct-to-video mockumentary short films produced by Marvel Studios, featuring characters from the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Initially released from 2016 to 2018, they were included as special features in the MCU films' Blu-ray and digital distribution releases and are the sixth through eighth Marvel One-Shot short films. The series consists of Team Thor, Team Thor: Part 2, and Team Darryl, all written and directed by Taika Waititi. Chris Hemsworth reprises his role as Thor in the first two films, in which he moves in with a new roommate, Darryl Jacobson (Daley Pearson), during the events of Captain America: Civil War (2016). Mark Ruffalo also appears in the first film as Bruce Banner, while Jeff Goldblum appears in the third as the Grandmaster, whom Darryl lives with after moving to Los Angeles. Filming for Team Thor occurred one month before the start of filming on Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and was done to introduce MCU fans to the irreverent tone of Ragnarok. The shorts were praised for their humor and Hemsworth's performance. They were made available on Disney+ in January 2022, at which point Marvel classified them as One-Shots. Development Team Thor was filmed one month before Thor: Ragnarok (2017) began filming in July 2016. It is a mockumentary, similar to director Taika Waititi's film What We Do in the Shadows (2014). Before Team Thor was released, many fans were unsure of Waititi's new tonal approach for Ragnarok. Waititi felt Team Thor \"helped us a lot\" by giving fans the opportunity to see \"just how irreverent we were gonna be, and just how different we were making Thor, and [Bruce] Banner as well\". In September 2016, Waititi said Darryl Jacobson would probably be seen again, adding that there may be \"other little pieces of [Team Thor] that may just be a small part of a bigger thing\". In October 2017, Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige stated that he saw the shorts as a \"doable\" version of their previous Marvel One-Shots shorts series, and felt that they \"in some parts helped redefine Thor into what he's become in Ragnarok in a fun way.\" As well, Jeff Goldblum, who portrays the Grandmaster in Thor: Ragnarok, stated he had shot footage with Waititi for another short, which became Team Darryl. The three shorts were made available on Disney+ in January 2022, at which point Marvel classified them as One-Shots. Films Team Thor (2016) After saving Earth with the Avengers, Thor takes a short break in Australia where he lives with a local office worker, Darryl Jacobson. As he does this, he is interviewed by a film crew and talks about his daily life in Australia. Thor is seen visiting a kindergarten classroom, attempting to send emails with Darryl's help to Tony Stark and Steve Rogers concerning their conflict, and revealing his investigative board concerning the connections between the Infinity Stones, the Avengers, Nick Fury, and Thanos. Later, Thor meets Bruce Banner at a café regarding not being contacted",
"title": "Team Thor"
},
{
"docid": "701741",
"text": "Thanos is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer-artist Jim Starlin, the character first appeared in The Invincible Iron Man #55 (cover date February 1973). An Eternal–Deviant warlord from the moon Titan, Thanos is regarded as one of the most powerful beings in the Marvel Universe. He has clashed with many heroes including the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the Eternals, and the X-Men. In creating Thanos, Starlin drew inspiration from Jack Kirby's New Gods series for DC Comics, particularly the character of Darkseid. Thanos is usually portrayed as a villain, although many stories depict him as believing his actions to be justified. Perhaps the character's best-known storyline is The Infinity Gauntlet (1991), the culmination of several story arcs that see him gather the six Infinity Gems and use them to kill half of the universe's population, including many of its heroes, to woo Mistress Death, the living embodiment of death in the Marvel Universe. Although these events were later undone, the storyline has remained one of the most popular published by Marvel. Debuting in the Bronze Age of comic books, the character has appeared in almost five decades of Marvel publications, as well as many media adaptations, including animated television series and video games. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the character was first played by Damion Poitier in the film The Avengers (2012) and then by Josh Brolin in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and the first season of the animated series What If...? (2021). Creation Writer-artist Jim Starlin conceived of Thanos of Titan during college psychology classes. As Starlin described: Starlin has admitted the character's look was influenced by Jack Kirby's Darkseid: Publication history Thanos debuted in The Invincible Iron Man #55 (February 1973), featuring a story by Jim Starlin that was co-scripted by Mike Friedrich. The storyline from that issue continued through Captain Marvel #25–33 (bi-monthly: March 1973 – Jan. 1974), Marvel Feature #12 (Nov. 1973), Daredevil #107 (Jan. 1974), and Avengers #125 (July 1974). He returned in an extended storyline that spanned Strange Tales #178–181 (Feb.–Aug. 1975), Warlock #9-11 (Oct. 1975 – Jan. 1976), Marvel Team Up #55 (March 1977), and the 1977 Annuals for Avengers and Marvel Two-in-One (Thanos does not actually appear until the end of Warlock #9). He was also featured in a short backup story in Logan's Run #6 (June 1977) and had a small role in the Death of Captain Marvel graphic novel (April 1982). The character was revived in Silver Surfer vol. 3, #34 (Feb. 1990) and guest-starred until issue #59 (November 1991), while simultaneously appearing in The Thanos Quest #1–2 (Sept.–Oct. 1990) and The Infinity Gauntlet #1–6 (July–Dec. 1991). After an appearance in Spider-Man #17 (Dec. 1991), Thanos had a recurring role in Warlock and the Infinity Watch #1–42 (Feb. 1992 – Aug. 1995). This was followed by crossover appearances in Infinity War #1–6 (June –",
"title": "Thanos"
},
{
"docid": "34695699",
"text": "Strike Back: Vengeance, as it is known in the United Kingdom, is a ten-part British-American action television serial and is the third installment of Strike Back. The main cast for the series includes Philip Winchester, Sullivan Stapleton, Rhona Mitra, Michelle Lukes, Rhashan Stone, Liam Garrigan, Charles Dance, Shane Taylor and Vincent Regan. In the series, Section 20 are on the hunt for four nuclear triggers, which are in the hands of billionaire and philanthropist Conrad Knox (Dance), across continental Africa. In the meantime, Michael Stonebridge (Winchester) wants to avenge his wife's murder, and Damian Scott (Stapleton) contends with a past acquaintance. Vengeance was commissioned by Sky1 and Cinemax (the second year since Cinemax was brought on board to co-produce the show) in October 2011. The series began filming in January 2012 and took place across South Africa. It premiered in the United States on 17 August 2012, and later in the United Kingdom on 2 September. Viewership averaged 310,000 for Cinemax and 770,000 for Sky1. Critical reactions of Strike Back: Vengeance were generally positive. Vengeance was released on DVD in Region 2 on 5 November 2012 and in Region 1 on 6 August 2013. Episodes Cast and characters Philip Winchester returns as Sergeant Michael Stonebridge. At the conclusion of the second series, his wife became pregnant, and he was contemplating leaving the service to raise his child, the third series would follow the aftermath of his decision. Winchester states that in the beginning of the series, something happens to Stonebridge, and as a result the character becomes darker, which carries throughout the series. Sullivan Stapleton also returns as Stonebridge's partner, former Delta Force operator Damian Scott. Stapleton was originally contracted to appear in the show for two years after joining Strike Back. Rhashan Stone also returns as Major Oliver Sinclair, and Michelle Lukes as Sergeant Julia Richmond. Richmond becomes more involved in the field in Vengeance. Liam Garrigan plays Section 20 officer Sergeant Liam Baxter. In January 2012 it was announced that Rhona Mitra was cast as Captain (promoted to major) Rachel Dalton, replacing Colonel Eleanor Grant (Amanda Mealing) as head of Section 20 following her death at the conclusion of Project Dawn. Mitra described the character's role as the leader of Section 20 as \"she's not mum, she's not auntie, she's like sister, and it's like a sister coming to tell the brothers what to do,\" as well as being like \"a lioness who's been dropped in amongst silverbacks.\" Mitra found the experience to be \"intellectually, physically and creatively\" stimulating. Charles Dance plays Conrad Knox, the series' primary antagonist. Knox is using his organisation, to clean the streets of Africa by taking away its weapons, as a front to arm his own militia. Vincent Regan plays mercenary Karl Matlock, Knox's \"task man,\" and Natalie Becker plays sniper and Matlock's partner Jessica Kohl. The South African television and radio personality had to learn how to put together, fire, and reload six different firearms. Stephanie Vogt recurs as Christy Bryant, a",
"title": "Strike Back: Vengeance"
},
{
"docid": "23801387",
"text": "Ultimate Comics: Avengers is a comic book published by Marvel Comics that began in August 2009 as part of the relaunch of the Ultimate Universe under the \"Ultimate Comics\" imprint. It is a direct follow up to the events of \"Ultimatum.\" The series was written by Mark Millar, creator of The Ultimates and Ultimate X-Men, and co-creator of Ultimate Fantastic Four. Background Format The series takes place in the Ultimate Universe and features a wide range of characters. The comic was drawn by a new artist roughly every six issues, with Carlos Pacheco, Leinil Francis Yu, and Steve Dillon pencilling the first, second, and third story arcs, respectively. The series then crossed over with Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man as part of the Death of Spider-Man storyline, where it was drawn by Yu and Stephen Segovia. Prior to the beginning of the series, writer Mark Millar explained that he planned to use character ideas that went unused in the first two Ultimates series, saying, \"I always liked the idea of doing like five years worth of Ultimates stories, and to me that's 60 issues, but it became 26 issues ... but I had those overhanging ideas. I love the idea of Tony having a teetotaling older brother who despised him and always wore white suits instead of Tony's dark suits ... I like the idea of going a bit deeper into the characters. You meet Bruce Banner's teachers and Nick Fury's ex-wife. Just seeing what was going on in the background really.\" Cast During the first arc, the Avengers consisted of War Machine, Nick Fury, Hawkeye, Gregory Stark, Red Wasp, Nerd Hulk, the Spider, and Black Widow II. At the end of the arc, Red Wasp left the team. In the second arc, The Punisher and Tyrone Cash \"join\" the team. At the end of the arc, The Punisher left the team. In the third arc, Blade and Perun join the team. At the end of the arc, Perun and Nerd Hulk die. In the fourth arc, The Punisher rejoins the team while Black Widow II leaves the team to join the New Ultimates. Gregory Stark, the Spider and Tyrone Cash betray the team to take control of S.H.I.E.L.D. At the end of the arc, Tyrone Cash, the Spider and Gregory Stark die, and Black Widow II is appointed as the new leader of the Avengers. Storyline The Next Generation Three weeks after the events of \"Ultimatum,\" Hawkeye reports that Captain America has \"gone rogue.\" A flashback to the previous day shows that the two had been fighting a group of A.I.M. terrorists, who had just raided the Baxter Building of powerful technology. After defeating a majority of the terrorists, Captain America encounters the Red Skull, who reveals that he is Captain America's son. Hawkeye jumps to Captain's rescue as the A.I.M terrorists escape with a stolen Cosmic Cube. Later, Hawkeye tries to convince his partner that the Red Skull was lying, but Captain America violently abandons the team, attacking S.H.I.E.L.D. agents",
"title": "Ultimate Comics: Avengers"
},
{
"docid": "57888684",
"text": "Hope van Dyne (née Pym) is a fictional character portrayed primarily by Evangeline Lilly in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film franchise, loosely based on the Marvel Comics character Hope Pym. Portrayed as the daughter of Hank Pym and Janet van Dyne, she was a senior board member of her father's company, Pym Technologies, and later inherits the superhero identity of Wasp from her mother, using a suit containing shrinking technology to shrink to the size of an insect and also fly with insect-themed wings. Her appearances in the MCU have received media attention, with praise often given to her authentic, relatable portrayal as superheroine. After rekindling her relationship with her father, Van Dyne works with him to bring back her mother who was previously trapped in the Quantum Realm and defeat various supervillains including Yellowjacket and Ghost. After doing so, Van Dyne and her parents fall victim to the Blip. When the three are restored to life, Van Dyne joins the Avengers in a battle against an alternate version of Thanos. Afterwards, she buys back her father's company heading the Pym van Dyne Foundation and continues her relationship with Scott Lang becoming a step-mother to his daughter, Cassie Lang. She is later trapped in the Quantum Realm alongside her family and works with them to defeat Kang the Conqueror. She first appeared in the 2015 film Ant-Man and later in Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023). Madeleine McGraw portrays a younger version of Van Dyne. Alternate versions of Van Dyne appear in the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021–present), also voiced by Lilly and McGraw. Van Dyne is noted for being the first superheroine to be a titular character in a MCU film, preceding Captain Marvel, Black Widow, and Black Panther and inspiring the creation of comic superheroine Nadia van Dyne. Concept, casting, and creation Joss Whedon, the writer and director of The Avengers, originally intended to have the Wasp appear in the film due to potential scheduling conflicts preventing Scarlett Johansson from appearing in the film as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow. Whedon wanted Zooey Deschanel to play the role of Wasp. In 2013, actresses Jessica Chastain, Emma Stone, Rashida Jones and Bryce Dallas Howard were in talks to play the female lead in the then-upcoming Ant-Man film. In February 2014, Evangeline Lilly was rumored to be cast in the role while Edgar Wright was still slated to direct. When Wright left the film later in the year and was replaced by Peyton Reed, Lilly was reluctant to take the role until she read the revised script and got a chance to meet with Reed. After reading the revised script, she felt that the film was also \"pulled\" more into the MCU than Wright's version adding that while Wright's version was \"incredible\" and would have been great to film and watch, \"it would not have fit in the Marvel Universe. It would have stuck out like a sore thumb,",
"title": "Hope van Dyne"
},
{
"docid": "59284340",
"text": "Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order is a 2019 action role-playing video game developed by Koei Tecmo's Team Ninja and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. It is the third installment in the Marvel: Ultimate Alliance series, following 2006's Marvel: Ultimate Alliance and 2009's Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, and the first Ultimate Alliance game produced without the involvement of previous publisher Activision, whose license to publish Marvel games expired in 2016. The game follows a new team of superheroes as they come together to save the universe from Thanos and the eponymous Black Order, who have launched a campaign to find the six Infinity Stones. Upon release, Ultimate Alliance 3 received mixed reviews from critics, who generally found the gameplay and storyline fun but were disappointed that the game did not improve much upon its predecessors. The game had sold over 1.6 million copies by December 2022. Gameplay Like the previous two entries, gameplay is reminiscent of a top-down dungeon crawler with an emphasis on cooperative play. Up to four players can play the game cooperatively locally either on the same screen with a single docked Nintendo Switch system or undocked with up to four systems, or online with friends or random player lobbies. Players choose four characters from various Marvel teams to traverse linear stages, fight enemies, and defeat bosses. Certain passive buffs are acquired with particular character combinations. Each character's controls are fundamentally identical; each has a jump, light attack, heavy attack, dodge, block, and four special abilities. Special abilities can be synced with the other three members for a synergy boost, with an especially powerful attack unleashed if all four party members sync up simultaneously. The combat system itself, as evident by the characters' normal attacks and their damage properties, as well as lack of universal normal grab is similar to Koei Tecmo's Warriors series. Additional characters are unlocked by story progression or optional Infinity Rift challenges. Character progression is handled in a similar manner to traditional role-playing games, with party members leveling up by defeating enemies and bosses. In addition to stat increases, passive buffs can be attached to characters (excluding an alternate playable version of Thanos) by equipping ISO-8 crystals. A sprawling skill tree is also present, which allows characters to gain permanent stat increases by acquiring and spending in-game currency. Synopsis The plot of Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order is an original story written specifically for the game and disregards the stories and continuity of the first two games in the series. While it takes inspiration with recently released Marvel projects such as Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame, both of which were inspired by the 1991 storyline The Infinity Gauntlet, the story was written to reflect its wider cast of characters and to stand apart from the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the comics, and other popularized versions. Additionally the game takes inspiration from various Marvel Comics storylines such as the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy series, Spider-Verse, New Avengers, the",
"title": "Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order"
},
{
"docid": "156573",
"text": "USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77) is the tenth and final supercarrier of the United States Navy. She is named for the 41st President of the United States and former Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush, who was a naval aviator during World War II. The vessel's callsign is Avenger, after the TBM Avenger aircraft flown by then-Lieutenant George H. W. Bush in World War II. Construction began in 2003 at Northrop Grumman, in Newport News, Virginia and was completed in 2009 at a cost of $6.2 billion. Her home port is Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. Naming George H. W. Bush became one of the U.S. Navy's youngest pilots when he received his Naval Aviator wings and naval commission on 9 June 1943, three days before turning 19. He flew torpedo bombers off on active duty from August 1943 to September 1945 during World War II. On 2 September 1944, during a mission over the Pacific, Japanese anti-aircraft fire hit his plane. The Navy submarine rescued him. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and three Air Medals for courageous service in the Pacific Theater. USS George H.W. Bush is the second United States aircraft carrier to be named after a naval aviator ( was the first) and the second, following , to be named after a then living former president (Ronald Reagan was christened in 2001 while Reagan was still alive). Ship's seal Each element of the seal is significant for its relevance to the ship's namesake, naval aviation, naval service, and the nation. There are six prominent features of the seal, beginning with the 41 white stars, symbolizing the ship's namesake (the 41st president). The rays of light that appear on the seal's horizon represent Bush's concept of a \"thousand points of light\", wherein he urged Americans to find meaning and reward by serving a purpose higher than themselves. The graphic depiction of the aircraft carrier reflects the carrier, as both a symbol and instrument of American strength as a force for freedom. Above the carrier are the overhead profiles of a TBM Avenger torpedo bomber (representing Bush's days as a Navy pilot), an F/A-18 Hornet strike fighter, and an F-35C Lightning II, superimposed one upon the other in reverse chronological order of the individual aircraft's service entry date, and in diminishing scale so each outline is contained within that of the newer aircraft. Fouled anchors and shields, centered on naval aviators wings, honor the ship's namesake's aviation history. Finally, the motto \"Freedom at Work\" is adapted from Bush's inaugural speech, during which he said, \"We know what works: Freedom works. We know what’s right: Freedom is right.\" Description George H.W. Bush measures and displaces over 100,000 tons, making her one of the world's largest warships (though she is slightly shorter than ). Her top speed exceeds 30 knots; powered with two nuclear reactors, she can operate for more than 20 years without refueling. Several features differentiate CVN-77 from other ships in the Nimitz class. Hull New",
"title": "USS George H.W. Bush"
},
{
"docid": "16613521",
"text": "Goel (Hebrew: גואל, lit. \"redeemer\"), in the Hebrew Bible and the rabbinical tradition, is a person who, as the nearest relative of someone, is charged with the duty of restoring that person's rights and avenging wrongs done to him or her. One duty of the goel was to redeem (purchase back) a relative who had been sold into slavery. Another was to avenge the death of a relative who had been wrongly killed; one carrying out this vengeance was known as the goel hadam, commonly translated to English as \"avenger of blood.\" The term goel is also used in reference to other forms of redemption. In the Book of Isaiah, God is called the redeemer of Israel, as God redeems his people from captivity; the context shows that the redemption also involves moving on to something greater. Duties of the goel The obligations of the goel include the duty to redeem the relative from slavery, if the latter had been obliged to sell himself into slavery (); to repurchase the property of a relative who had had to sell it because of poverty; to avenge the blood of his relative; to marry his brother's widow in order to have a son for his brother, in the case that the brother had no son to pass on his name (); and to receive the restitution if the injured relative had died (). regulates the duties of the goel hadam. The congregation must judge the case before it puts a murderer in the hands of a goel. More than one witness is needed for conviction. In case of accidental manslaughter, the slayer can save his life by fleeing to a \"city of refuge\" and staying there until the death of the high priest. Ransom is not accepted for murder. Revenge cannot be taken on the offender's children or parents (). gives the order in which the nearest relative is considered the goel in the case of redeeming a slave: brother, uncle, male cousin and then other relatives. The same order was probably observed in the other cases, except in marrying a sister-in-law. The blood-avenger in rabbinic tradition Jewish tradition has also attributed the blood avenger role in modern times to a prosecuting attorney, who pleads on behalf of the victim the case against the criminal. Thus, he is responsible for bringing the offender to court, finding evidence against him, presenting the case to the court, and collecting damages from the offender. It is also his task to argue against any attempts to pardon the sinner. It is presumed that the court would be the party who would avenge the wrongful death via the imposition of the death penalty, though Deuteronomy 13:9 suggests that the witness to an offense and afterward the whole of the people would carry out the penalty of death by stoning. See also Next of kin Redeemer (Christianity) References External links Donald A. Leggett: The Levirate and Goel Institutions in the Old Testament With Special Attention to the Book",
"title": "Goel (Judaism)"
}
] | [
"Reality",
"Power",
"Space",
"Mind",
"Soul",
"Time"
] |
train_9696 | who plays peter from the book of henry | [
{
"docid": "46323517",
"text": "The Book of Henry is a 2017 American drama thriller film directed by Colin Trevorrow and written by Gregg Hurwitz. The film stars Naomi Watts, Jaeden Martell (then known as Jaeden Lieberher), Jacob Tremblay, Sarah Silverman, Lee Pace, Maddie Ziegler, and Dean Norris. The story concerns a plan hatched by a young genius, dying of cancer, to save the girl next door from abuse. The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 14, 2017. It was released in theaters by Focus Features on June 16, 2017, was unsuccessful at the box office, and received generally negative reviews from critics, who cited the screenplay's jarring plot twists and tonal shifts, and Trevorrow's direction, although the cast and the film's ambition received some praise. Plot In a small suburban town in the Hudson Valley, 11-year-old genius Henry Carpenter and his younger brother Peter are being raised by their single mother Susan, a waitress who is working on writing children's books. Henry has used his intellect to invest successfully in the stock market, building up a very substantial nest egg for his family. He also protects Peter from a school bully and builds Rube Goldberg machines in their treehouse. Henry and Susan are both fond of their next-door neighbor, Henry's classmate Christina Sickleman, who has recently become glum. Henry believes that he sees Christina being abused by her stepfather Glenn, the local police commissioner. He reports the abuse to social services and the school principal, Janice Wilder, but Glenn has connections throughout the local government, and Wilder is reluctant to challenge the commissioner without \"conclusive evidence\". Henry is unable to get the authorities to launch a serious investigation that would protect Christina. Henry tells his mother that when someone is in trouble, those who can help must take action. He develops a detailed plan to rescue Christina that he details in a notebook. After a violent seizure, he is taken to the hospital, where he is diagnosed with a brain tumor and undergoes surgery. Anticipating his death, he tells Peter to give Susan the notebook. Days later, Henry dies. Susan is distraught at Henry's death and has difficulty functioning, but when Peter gives her the notebook, she focuses on Henry's plan. She tries unsuccessfully to interest a nearby social-services agency in opening an investigation. One night, from the boys' bedroom window, she sees Glenn in Christina's room and decides to carry out the plan. The notebook and an accompanying cassette tape describe Henry's step-by-step plan to kill Glenn with a sniper rifle while covering Susan's tracks so that tracing the murder back to her will be impossible. Her alibi is to be provided by executing the murder while Christina and Peter are performing at the school talent show. Susan slips away from the show, putting the plan into motion. As she is about to pull the trigger, she realizes that Henry's plan, though ingenious, is the construct of a child, and she must act as an adult. She immediately confronts",
"title": "The Book of Henry"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "47441818",
"text": "{{Infobox writer |name = Christine Chaundler |image = |caption = |pseudonym = Peter Martin |birth_name = Christine Chaundler |birth_date = |birth_place = Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, England |death_date = |death_place = Fittleworth, Sussex |occupation = Writer |language = English |nationality = |alma_mater = |period = 1912–1949 |genre = Children's literature |subject = |movement = |notableworks = {{plain list| Lancelot: The Adventures of King Arthur's Most Celebrated Knight The Right St. John's The Chivalrous Fifth Bunty of the Blackbirds The Madcap of the School\" }} |spouse = |partner = |children = |relatives = |awards = |signature = |website = }} Christine Chaundler (5 September 1887 – 15 December 1972) was a prolific English children's author, who also wrote stories for boys as Peter Martin. Some of her hundreds of short stories were broadcast by the BBC. Life Born in Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, the daughter of a solicitor, Henry Chaundler, and Constance Julia Chaundler (née Thompson), she was educated at Queen Anne's School, Caversham, until the age of sixteen, and then at St Winifred's School, Llanfairfechan. Apart from a brief period in the Land Army during the First World War, Chaundler worked in editorial jobs as she built her writing career. By 1920, her earnings had allowed her to build a house on the Sussex Downs, where she lived until her death in 1972. She never married. Career 1n 1910, Chaundler adapted Sleeping Beauty as a children's play that was performed at the Biggleswade Town Hall. In 1912, she received 10s 6d, her first earnings, for a prize poem published in Girls' Realm, Chaundler's first earnings as a writer came in 1912, when she won 10s 6d in a Prize Poem competition run by Girls' Realm. From then on she made a growing income from writing girls' and boys' stories and books. She was a sub-editor for Little Folks from 1914 to 1917, before serving briefly in the Land Army. After the war, she edited juvenile books for James Nisbet and Company until 1922. During the 1930s, she reviewed children's books for The Quiver. She continued to write and became a prolific author of children's novels, for boys under her pseudonym \"Peter Martin\" and for girls under her own name. A census of young girls conducted by the Western Mail in 1927 ranked Chaundler sixth among popular authors. Although she was bested by Dickens, Shakespeare, and Kipling, she was listed above Alcott and Stevenson. She wrote hundreds of short stories for magazines and children's annuals, some of which were broadcast over the BBC's Children's Hour.E.g. However, the market for these types of children's books had changed by the late 1940s and Chaundler turned to reviewing books, reading books for publishers, and marketing her short stories to the BBC. BibliographyLancelot: The Adventures of King Arthur's Most Celebrated Knight illustrated by Thomas Mackenzie and Eleanor Fortescue Brickdale (1995)Every Man's Book of Superstitions (1970)Everyman's Book of Ancient Customs (1968)A Year Book of Saints (1958)A Year Book of Legends (1954)Winkie Wee and the Silver Sixpences (1947)The Thirteenth Orphan (1947)The",
"title": "Christine Chaundler"
},
{
"docid": "10442982",
"text": "Henry Herringman (1628–1704) was a prominent London bookseller and publisher in the second half of the 17th century. He is especially noted for his publications in English Renaissance drama and English Restoration drama; he was the first publisher of the works of John Dryden. He conducted his business under the sign of the Blue Anchor in the lower walk of the New Exchange. Herringman had established himself as an independent bookseller and publisher by 1655. He issued the first edition of Thomas Middleton's Hengist, King of Kent in 1661. Herringman had a reputation as a rare stationer who actually profited from the Great Fire of London (1666), in which most of his compatriots lost their stocks of printed books. He was a member of the syndicates of stationers who issued the major collections of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries in the second half of the century, including the Shakespeare Fourth Folio (1685), the third Ben Jonson folio (1692), and the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio (1679). Herringman also published the collected plays of Thomas Killigrew (1664); the collected works of Sir William Davenant (1673); the Dryden/Davenant adaptation of The Tempest (1670); and plays by Thomas Shadwell, William Wycherley, George Etherege, and Sir Robert Howard, among others. Dryden appears to have had a close professional relationship with Herringman early in his career, when he served as a sort of general editorial assistant in Herringman's business, perhaps to the point of taking his board and lodging with Herringman. In this capacity as a supervisor and reviser of texts, Dryden may have worked on Shakespearean plays for Herringman. In addition to dramas, Herringman published a large body of nondramatic literature, including (partnered with John Martyn) the 1678 edition of Samuel Butler's Hudibras, which contained the poem's third and final part. Herringman published works by Abraham Cowley, Katherine Philips, John Donne, Francis Bacon, Roger Boyle, and Robert Boyle. He also produced a wide variety of general-interest works, as well as law books. Herringman became master of the Stationers Company in 1685. After selling his retail business in 1684, Herringman became, in effect, the first wholesale book publisher in England; his imprint exists on 532 publications from his era. Notes References Holland, Peter (ed.), King Lear and Its Afterlife (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Miller, C. William, \"Henry Herringman, Restoration Bookseller-Publisher.\" Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 1948; p. 292. Publishers (people) from London English booksellers 1628 births 1704 deaths",
"title": "Henry Herringman"
},
{
"docid": "177248",
"text": "Horrid Henry is a children's book series by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. It has been adapted for television, film and theatre. Horrid Henry is set in the United Kingdom in 1994. Books The first Horrid Henry book was written and published in 1994 by Orion Books. Up until 2015, 24 official Horrid Henry titles were published in the series with a special one-off 25th Anniversary book, published in 2019. The series has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide. The books are a slice-of-life series featuring the titular Henry, a wildly misbehaved boy who will typically be faced with a problem and then will often retaliate in interesting ways that involve trickery, rule-breaking and elaborate practical jokes. Henry has a younger brother, Perfect Peter, who is the exact opposite. Almost every character is known by an alliterative nickname (Rude Ralph, Moody Margaret, Brainy Brian, etc.) with a few exceptions e.g. Mum, Dad and Miss Battle-Axe. The Horrid Henry stories are read on audiobook by the actress Miranda Richardson and published by Orion Audio. Each title in the main series consists of four short stories with black and white illustrations. The titles The Early Readers series, aimed at younger readers, each consist of a single story with colour illustrations. Each story in that series, except Don't be Horrid Henry!, was originally published in a main series title. Don't be Horrid Henry! is an original story about Henry as a toddler. Eleven fact books, written from Henry's point of view, have also been published along with eight joke books, eleven colour books and at least twelve activity books as well as a series of annuals. Horrid Henry is published in 25 languages around the world. In April 2009, the US Sourcebooks' Jabberwocky imprint released four Horrid Henry paperbacks nationwide, which included Horrid Henry, Horrid Henry's Stinkbomb, Horrid Henry and the Mega-Mean Time Machine\" and Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy. Sourcebooks has released additional Horrid Henry titles including activity pages, event kits and a teacher's guide. Main series Extra Book Horrid Henry's Bedtime (2005) Early Readers Fact books Joke books Horrid Henry's Joke Book Horrid Henry's Jolly Joke Book Horrid Henry's Mighty Joke Book Horrid Henry's versus Moody Margaret Horrid Henry's Hilariously Horrid Joke Book Horrid Henry's Purple Hand Gang Joke Book Horrid Henry's All Time Favourite Joke Book Horrid Henry's Jumbo Joke Book Colour books Horrid Henry's Big Bad Book Horrid Henry's Wicked Ways Horrid Henry's Evil Enemies Horrid Henry Rules the World Horrid Henry's House of Horrors Horrid Henry's Dreadful Deeds Horrid Henry Shows Who's Boss Horrid Henry's A-Z of Everything Horrid Horrid Henry's Fearsome Four Horrid Henry's Royal Riot Horrid Henry's Tricky Tricks Activity books Horrid Henry's Brainbusters Horrid Henry's Headscratchers Horrid Henry's Mindbenders Horrid Henry's Colouring Book Horrid Henry's Puzzle Book Horrid Henry's Sticker Book Horrid Henry Runs Riot Horrid Henry's Annual Horrid Henry's Classroom Chaos Horrid Henry's Holiday Havoc Horrid Henry's Wicked Wordsearches Horrid Henry's Mad Mazes Horrid Henry's Crazy Crosswords Television adaptation Film",
"title": "Horrid Henry"
},
{
"docid": "14952561",
"text": "The Sun Also Rises is a 1957 American drama film adaptation of the 1926 Ernest Hemingway novel of the same name directed by Henry King. The screenplay was written by Peter Viertel and it starred Tyrone Power, Ava Gardner, Mel Ferrer, and Errol Flynn. Much of it was filmed on location in France and Spain as well as Mexico in Cinemascope and color by Deluxe. A highlight of the film is the famous \"running of the bulls\" in Pamplona, Spain and two bullfights. Plot A group of disillusioned American expatriate writers live a dissolute, hedonistic lifestyle in France and Spain in the 1920s. Cast Tyrone Power as Jake Barnes Ava Gardner as Lady Brett Ashley Mel Ferrer as Robert Cohn Errol Flynn as Mike Campbell Eddie Albert as Bill Gorton Gregory Ratoff as Count Mippipopolous Juliette Gréco as Georgette Aubin Marcel Dalio as Zizi Henry Daniell as Army doctor Bob Cunningham as Harris Danik Patisson as Marie Robert Evans as Pedro Romero Production notes Development Film rights to the novel were sold in the late 1920s for a reported $10,000. These rights were transferred to Hemingway's first wife, Hadley Richardson, by the author at the time of their divorce, so he never personally benefited from the sale. Originally the film was going to be made at RKO, possibly starring Ann Harding. In 1940 agent-producer Charles Feldman bought the rights from Harding's one-time husband, actor Harry Bannister, for a reported $35,000. In 1948, it was announced Howard Hawks had bought the film rights. He subsequently sold part of his interest to Feldman, but the project did not go beyond the development stage. In 1955, Hawks and Feldman sold the rights of the novel to Darryl F. Zanuck at 20th Century Fox, who still hoped to use Hawks as director. This plan was part of a deal whereby Feldman sold his interest in a number of projects to Fox – the others included Heaven Knows, Mr Allison, The Wayward Bus and Oh Men! Oh Women!. Of this deal, the rights to The Sun Also Rises were estimated at $125,000. Zanuck hired Peter Viertel to write the script. Viertel later reflected: The long lapse of time since the book was published will not cause it to lose its value. The story is ageless. It should renew its impact for our modern generation. It is fascinating in its impressions of Europe after World War I, because so many of these impressions are duplicated again today. Casting Zanuck wanted the lead played by Gregory Peck, who had appeared in several Hemingway adaptations, including the popular The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Jennifer Jones signed to play Lady Brett. The movie became the first to be produced for Zanuck's own independent production company following his departure from Fox (but Fox would distribute). Cinematographer Charles Clarke started filming bullfighting sequences in Pamplona in June 1956. Henry King signed to direct and Walter Reisch to produce. Jennifer Jones had to pull out from the film because of her commitment to",
"title": "The Sun Also Rises (1957 film)"
},
{
"docid": "19858793",
"text": "The Snow Leopard is a 1978 book by Peter Matthiessen. It is an account of his two-month search for the snow leopard with naturalist George Schaller in the Dolpo region on the Tibetan Plateau in the Himalaya. Content The book recounts the journey of Matthiessen and Schaller in 1973 to Shey Gompa in the inner Dolpo region of Nepal. Schaller's original objective was to compare the mating habits of the Himalayan blue sheep (the bharal) with those of the common sheep of the USA, while for Matthiessen the trip was more of a spiritual exploration. Another aim was to spot the snow leopard, a predator on the bharal and a creature that was seldom seen (it had been glimpsed only twice by Westerners in the previous twenty five years). A third part of the plan was to visit the Crystal Monastery and its Buddhist lama. The travel aspect of the work is in the tradition of writing by Sir Richard Burton, Sir Henry Morton Stanley, and Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton. The nature writing aspect brings echoes of the work of Alexander von Humboldt or Charles Darwin. It also involves a meditation upon inner peace, however, as well as external exploration, in a way that is reminiscent of Basho, Wordsworth or Thoreau. For example, towards the end of the book Matthiessen sits on some rocks and observes \"These hard rocks instruct my bones in what my brain could never grasp in the Heart Sutra, that 'form is emptiness and emptiness is form'—the Void, the emptiness of blue-black space, contained in everything.\" Matthiessen frequently digresses to remember his wife Deborah Love who had died of cancer prior to the adventure. The book is, therefore, also a meditation upon death, suffering, loss, memory and healing. The memories of Deborah operate with a number of other recursive stylistic traits that play against the linear, outward progress of the journey logged through maps and dates. Questions of absence and presence play in tandem with the wider question of gaining peace through an acceptance of how the world is rather than desiring phenomena to arise that do not exist. Awards and acclaim The Snow Leopard won the 1979 National Book Award in the category Contemporary Thought and the 1980 National Book Award for Nonfiction (paperback). It has garnered more critical acclaim since then. It has been included in several lists of best travel books including World Hum's ten most celebrated books, Washington Post Book World's Travel Books That Will Take You Far, and National Geographic Traveler's Around the World in 80+ Books. References External links Review published in the NY Times on November 26, 1978 Review by Amanda Fox in Salon's Wanderlust The Snow Leopard - A Pictorial Companion Book documenting PM's trip to Upper Dolpo in pictures American travel books National Book Award for Nonfiction winning works 1978 non-fiction books Books about the Himalayas Viking Press books Non-fiction books about cats Nepalese non-fiction books Snow leopards in popular culture",
"title": "The Snow Leopard"
},
{
"docid": "41612828",
"text": "Next is a short film created by Aardman Animations. Its full title is \"Next: The Infinite Variety Show\". Plot William Shakespeare auditions for an undetermined role in front of a bored Peter Hall with references to his play in under five minutes. Plays Present \"Henry V\" \"Julius Caesar\" \"Antony and Cleopatra\" \"Coriolanus\" \"Henry VIII\" \"Romeo & Juliet\" \"Henry IV\" \"Richard II\" \"Henry VI\" \"Richard III\" \"Troilus & Cressida\" \"A Midsummer Night’s Dream\" \"Hamlet\" \"Othello\" \"Titus Andronicus\" \"Timon of Athens\" \"The Tempest\" \"As You Like It\" \"Macbeth\" \"Alls Well Ends Well\" \"The Taming Of The Shrew\" \"Much Ado About Nothing\" \"The Merry Wives Of Windsor\" \"The Merchant Of Venice\" \"King John\" \"Pericles, Prince Of Tyre\" \"King Lear\" \"Love’s Labour’s Lost\" \"Twelfth Night\" \"Two Gentlemen Of Verona\" \"A Winter’s Tale\" \"Measure For Measure\" \"Cymbeline\" (\"The Two Noble Kinsmen\" is Missing) Cast Barry Purves - Will, a poor player (animation) Roger Rees - Peter, a Producer (voice) Production The film was commissioned by Channel 4 as part of a 5-part series of Aardman animations called \"Lip Synch\": Creature Comforts (1989), Going Equipped (1990), Ident (1990), Next (1990) and War Story (1989). Peter was voiced by Roger Rees and is reading one of Hall's books. The halo indicates that he represents Saint Peter, and that Shakespeare is auditioning to get into Heaven. The film references all of 37 Shakespeare plays. A clip of this short was shown in the 2003 documentary Animated Century. Critical reception On imdb, Next received a rating of 7.3/10 from 188 users. References External links Next on IMDB Excerpt on Vimeo Next on YouTube 1990 animated short films Films based on works by William Shakespeare 1990 films British animated short films 1990s English-language films 1990s British films Aardman Animations short films",
"title": "Next (1990 film)"
},
{
"docid": "15622473",
"text": "Henry IV of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times. Literature Almost two hundred years after his death, Henry became the subject of two plays by William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2, as well as featuring prominently in Richard II. As the Earl of Derby, Henry is a character in Gordon Daviot's 1932 play Richard of Bordeaux. Henry appears in a historical novel by Henry Newbolt, The New June (1909). Ellis Peters's novel A Bloody Field by Shrewsbury (1972, US title The Bloody Field) revolves around the relationship between Henry, Prince Hal and Hotspur. Also in 1972, Martha Rofheart wrote a novel featuring Henry IV, Fortune Made His Sword (UK title Cry God For Harry). Henry is a supporting character in Georgette Heyer's 1975 historical novel My Lord John, which details the early life of his son, John of Lancaster. Anya Seton included Henry in her 1954 novel Katherine which depicted the relationship between Henry's father John of Gaunt and his eventual step-mother Katherine Swynford. Henry is a main character in Sara Douglass's The Crucible Trilogy, a work of historical fiction. Henry is the king in Howard Pyle's fictional Men of Iron. The protagonist's father's loyalty to Richard II is the reason that the family is in hiding for most of the book. Film Henry has been portrayed on screen by: Ian Keith in The Black Shield of Falworth (1954), with Tony Curtis John Gielgud in Chimes at Midnight (1965), a merger of several Shakespeare plays Carl Wharton in Henry IV - Part 2 (2012), a film by The Co-operative British Youth Film Academy. Ben Mendelsohn in The King (2019), a film by Netflix Television Henry has been portrayed a number of times on television, mainly in versions of Shakespeare's plays. In this context he has been played by: Clement McCallin in a BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1950) Kent Smith in an American version of Richard II (1954) Tom Fleming in the BBC series An Age of Kings (1960), which contained all the history plays from Richard II to Richard III Erik Hell in Henrik IV (1964), a Swedish version of Henry IV Hartmut Reck in König Richard II (1968), a West German version of Richard II Timothy West in another BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1970) Sándor Lukács in II. Richárd (1976), a Hungarian version of Richard II Jon Finch in the BBC Shakespeare version of King Richard the Second (1978) and both parts of Henry IV (1979) Michael Cronin in the BBC series The Wars of the Roses (1989), which included all of Shakespeare's history plays performed by the English Shakespeare Company Nikolai Lavrov in Richard Vtoroi (1992), a Russian version of Richard II Ronald Pickup in a BBC film, Henry IV (1995), a version of Henry IV, Part 1 Richard Bremmer in a British TV film, Richard II (1997) Veit Schubert in another German version of Richard II (2001)",
"title": "Cultural depictions of Henry IV of England"
},
{
"docid": "62864913",
"text": "Robert Muller (1 September 1925 – 27 May 1998) was a German-born British journalist and screenwriter, who mainly worked in television. Since his father was Jewish, he emigrated to Britain in 1938 as a thirteen-year-old refugee from Nazi Germany. Selected works Film Woman of Straw (1964) The Beauty Jungle (1964) I'm an Elephant, Madame (1969) The Roaring Fifties (1983) Television London Playhouse: \"Jane Clegg\" (dir. Peter Cotes, 1956) Armchair Theatre: \"The Night Conspirators\" (Philip Saville, 1962) Armchair Theatre: \"Afternoon of a Nymph\" (1962) Armchair Theatre: \"Thank You and Goodnight\" (1962) Armchair Theatre: \"The Paradise Suite\" (1963) Playdate: \"The Night Conspirators\" (1963) Armchair Theatre: \"Pleasure Is Where She Finds It\" (Charles Jarrott, 1964) Story Parade: \"The World That Summer\" (Peter Sasdy, 1965) Armchair Mystery Theatre: \"Man and Mirror\" (Patrick Dromgoole, 1965) Armchair Theatre: \"A Cold Peace\" (Don Leaver, 1965) Mystery and Imagination: \"The Body Snatcher\" (Toby Robertson, 1966) ( and , 1966, TV miniseries) — based on a non-fiction book by The Wednesday Play: \"The Executioner\" (Michael Hayes, 1966) Die Unberatenen (Peter Zadek, 1966) — based on a novel by Out of the Unknown: \"The Prophet\" (Naomi Capon, 1967) — based on \"Reason\" by Isaac Asimov Armchair Theatre: \"Easier in the Dark\" (Don Leaver, 1967) Armchair Theatre: \"A World of Time\" (Don Leaver, 1967) Theatre 625: \"Henry IV\" (Michael Hayes, 1967) — based on Luigi Pirandello's Henry IV Haunted: \"After the Funeral\" (Don Leaver, 1967) The Wednesday Play: \"Death of a Private\" (James Ferman, 1967) — loosely based on Woyzeck Man in a Suitcase: \"The Bridge\" (Pat Jackson, 1967) Armchair Theatre: \"You and Me\" (Kim Mills, 1968) Nana (John Davies, 1968, TV miniseries) Mystery and Imagination: \"Frankenstein\" (Voytek, 1968) Out of the Unknown: \"Beach Head\" (James Cellan Jones, 1969) — based on a story by Clifford D. Simak Out of the Unknown: \"The Naked Sun\" (Rudolph Cartier, 1969) Mystery and Imagination: \"The Suicide Club\" (Mike Vardy, 1970) Take Three Girls (1971, TV series, 4 episodes) Bel Ami (John Davies, 1971, TV miniseries) — based on Guy de Maupassant's Bel-Ami Die Sonne angreifen (Peter Lilienthal, 1971) — based on a novel by Witold Gombrowicz Public Eye: \"Shades of White\" (Piers Haggard, 1971) Man of Straw (Herbert Wise, 1972, TV miniseries) — based on Der Untertan by Heinrich Mann Van der Valk und das Mädchen (Peter Zadek, 1972) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling The Song of Songs (Peter Wood, 1973, TV miniseries) (Wolfgang Petersen, 1973) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling Colditz: \"Chameleon\" (Philip Dudley, 1974) Fall of Eagles: \"Indian Summer of an Emperor\" (Donald McWhinnie, 1974) Omnibus: \"The Need for Nightmare\" (Harley Cokeliss, 1974) Churchill's People: \"The Lost Island\" (Philip Saville, 1975) — based on A History of the English-Speaking Peoples A Legacy (Derek Martinus, 1975, TV miniseries) Private Affairs: \"A Dream of Living\" (Philip Saville, 1975) Van der Valk und die Toten (, 1975) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling Ten from the Twenties: \"Motherlove\" (Mark Cullingham, 1975) — based on a story by",
"title": "Robert Muller (screenwriter)"
},
{
"docid": "21602990",
"text": "\"The Juice Is Loose\" is the ninth episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 15, 2009. In the episode, Peter cashes in an old raffle ticket from 1989 and wins a golf outing with O. J. Simpson. When he befriends Simpson and brings him home to meet the family, the residents of Quahog are not as welcoming of Peter's new friend and try to force him out of town. The episode was written by Andrew Goldberg and directed by Cyndi Tang. According to Nielsen ratings, the episode was viewed in 7.21 million homes in its original airing. The episode received mixed reviews, with most criticism being directed towards the episode's use of a three-minute-long live-action segment of Conway Twitty. Series regular Mike Henry provided the voice of O. J. Simpson, Cathy Cahlin Ryan guest-starred as Fred Goldman's wife in a cutaway, and Jeff Bergman guest-starred as a parody of Homer Simpson. Plot According to an opening title card, this is one of several recently discovered \"lost episodes\" found in the Griffin family basement; it takes place in March 2007, prior to O. J. Simpson's September 2007 arrest for armed robbery. Lois goes to her book club and asks Peter to babysit Stewie. Instead, he invites Cleveland, Quagmire, and Joe and they all play Truth or Dare, which results in a make out session between Cleveland and Joe. After a fiasco involving Stewie attempting to fix their satellite TV, and getting stuck on the roof, due to Peter's lack of supervision, Brian tries to tell Peter but he does not listen and instead reads a magazine featuring Nick Jonas. After Peter starts a pillow fight that turns violent, Lois comes in after Cleveland accidentally punches her in the nose, angry at Peter for not watching Stewie, who has gotten stuck on the roof. Peter attempts to fix the satellite himself, at which point he comes across a raffle ticket from 1989 that he had forgotten to cash in, winning him a chance to play golf with a celebrity of his choice. Ultimately, he chooses O. J. Simpson. Unaware at first of Simpson's accusation for the murders of his wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman, he grows fearful after Joe convinces him to walk around town with the song \"Dust in the Wind\" while thinking about the murders. Ultimately deciding to cash in the ticket, his friends suggest he spy on Simpson during the golf game and try to get him to confess to the murders. Hooking Peter to a wire, his cover is blown when the device shorts out. Simpson laments having lost a chance of escaping the accusation. Feeling guilty, Peter decides that Simpson is actually innocent, and decides to befriend him. Peter brings Simpson home with him to meet the family, who are initially less tolerant of Simpson than Peter (except Stewie). Brian tries to tell Peter that he",
"title": "The Juice Is Loose"
},
{
"docid": "10332190",
"text": "Cue for Treason (1940) is a children's historical novel written by Geoffrey Trease, and is his best-known work. The novel is set in Elizabethan England at the end of the 16th century. Two young runaways become boy actors, at first on the road and later in London, where they are befriended by William Shakespeare. They become aware of a plot against Queen Elizabeth's life and attempt to prevent it. Plot summary Peter Brownrigg, a 14-year-old boy who lives in Cumberland in the north of England, is involved in a night crime against the theft of his village's farmland by Sir Philip Morton. He leaves his village to escape prosecution for throwing a rock at Sir Philip Morton. He first goes to Penrith, but unexpectedly encounters Sir Philip at a performance of Richard III by a touring playing company. He hides from him in a prop coffin (supposed to contain the body of King Henry VI) which is later carried onto the company's cart. The players discover Peter hiding and the kindly Desmonds, who run the playing company, take him on as a boy actor. Another boy, Kit Kirkstone, also joins the company. Kit proves excellent at playing female roles while Peter acts as an understudy. After Peter's jealousy leads to a fight, he discovers Kit's secret. Kit is actually a girl in disguise, really called Katharine Russell, who is running away to avoid a forced marriage to Sir Philip, who is only interested in her inheritance. The company breaks up and the Desmonds promise to take Peter and Kit to a London theatre company. During their trip to London Mr. Desmond breaks his leg in a river accident and Kit almost reveals her true identity to a crowd of observers after swimming down the river to rescue Mr. Desmond, but Peter distracts everyone and saves her. Because of the results of Mr. Desmond's accident Peter and Kit carry on their journey alone. When they arrive in London they audition for Richard Burbage of the Lord Chamberlain's Men at The Theatre in Shoreditch, a neighborhood beyond the northern boundary of the City of London and outside of the jurisdiction of its civil authorities – and consequently an area notorious for licentious behaviour and gaming houses. After being initially turned away by Burbage, they are accepted as apprentices by the playwright William Shakespeare, who recognises Kit's acting ability and Peter's gift of mimicry. They perform in various plays and see Sir Philip in the audience during Romeo and Juliet. Peter's copy of Shakespeare's new play Henry V is stolen by the \"Yellow Gentleman\", and Kit and Peter worry that he plans to profit from the unpublished play. While stealing back the script, Peter overhears a discussion between the thief and another man, sounding very treasonous. He also notices an odd poem written on the script. They realise that some of the poem must be part of a code but have no idea how to decipher it. Peter and Kit take the poem",
"title": "Cue for Treason"
},
{
"docid": "68354853",
"text": "William Henry Ellis is an English actor, voice artist and podcaster known for Great Expectations, Dragon Quest Swords, Queen of the Desert, Parade's End, The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler and EastEnders Early life and education Ellis is a British actor the son of Chris and Becky Ellis. He has two siblings, Adam Ellis and Laura Martin. Ellis trained at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). Career Theatre After graduating from LAMDA in 2005, Ellis starred in British-Asian writer Shan Khan's play Prayer Room at Birmingham Repertory Theatre directed by Angus Jackson. Ellis played 'Griffin', the self-righteous Christian group leader and Charles Spencer in The Daily Telegraph wrote 'William Ellis memorably nails the condescending certainty of charismatic Christianity'. Ellis then went on to play Benvolio in the Nuffield Theatre production of Romeo and Juliet that toured Barbados as part of Holder's Season in 2006. In 2007 he worked with the director Peter Gill at The Royal National Theatre on his production of The Voysey Inheritance. After a UK Tour playing Simon Bliss in Peter Hall's production of Hay Fever in 2008, he returned to work with Peter Gill again, as Algernon Moncreiff for his production of The Importance of Being Earnest. The play was performed at Vaudeville Theatre in London's West End. The play received a positive reception and Ellis's performance was described by The Hollywood Reporter as '...having flair'. Following The Importance of Being Earnest he has appeared as Sam Leadbitter in Theatre Royal, Bath's production of This Happy Breed and also played Prince Charming in Lyric Theatre's Cinderella. In 2015 Ellis starred alongside Olivia Poulet, playing 'Uncle Peck' in Paula Vogel's play How I Learned to Drive at Southwark Playhouse. Ellis's performance as the predatory uncle was described positively by The Evening Standard reviewer Henry Hitchings: 'William Ellis captures the discreet, almost courtly manner in which Peck wields his needy brand of destructiveness'. In 2019, Ellis starred in Frederick Knott's Dial M for Murder, playing the murdering ex-tennis player Tony Wendice at the New Vic Theatre. The play received positive reviews. Film and television Ellis began acting on screen in 2006 with small parts and in 2009 he portrayed Wiktor in The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler. In 2012 he took on the part of Compeyson in Mike Newell's Great Expectations and in 2015, he played The Earl of Chester in Queen of the Desert, directed by Werner Herzog. Further significant credits have included, Parade's End, Father Brown, 24: Live Another Day and The Crown. In 2023 he joined the cast of the BBC soap opera EastEnders, playing Theo Hawthorne, the former teacher of Freddie Slater (Bobby Brazier). A part that Ellis was nominated for \"Best Villain\" at the Inside Soap Awards 2023. Voice over Ellis has voiced a number of British commercials and was the voice of Toyota for their 2012 Paris Motor Show event: Stories of Better. In 2020 he narrated two self-help books for the life-coach and author Vernon Sankey, The Stairway to",
"title": "William Ellis (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "25254582",
"text": "The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway is an account of the 1967–1968 season on and off-Broadway by American novelist and screenwriter William Goldman. It originally was published in 1969 and is considered one of the better books ever written on American theater. In The New York Times, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt called the book “Very nearly perfect...It is a loose-limbed, gossipy, insider, savvy, nuts-and-bolts report on the annual search for the winning numbers that is now big-time American commercial theatre.” Goldman reports in the book that he spent over 18 months of reporting on the book, seeing every show on Broadway, many of them more than once, as well as preview productions in the principal try-out towns like Boston, New Haven, and Washington, D.C. The book is presented roughly in chronological order throughout the season. It analyzes the Broadway audience and the economics of Broadway theatre at the time as well as the shows given during the season, and it profiles or interviews the significant theatrical personalities of the day. Plays The plays and musicals described include: A Day in the Death of Joe Egg by Peter Nichols starring Albert Finney and Zena Walker directed by Michael Blakemore A Minor Adjustment After the Rain by John Griffith Bowen Avanti! by Samuel Taylor Before You Go The Boys in the Band by Mart Crowley Brief Lives, starring Roy Dotrice By George starring Max Adrian about the letters of George Bernard Shaw Carry Me Back to Morningside Heights by Robert Alan Aurthur, directed by Sidney Poitier Daphne in Cottage D, starring Sandy Dennis and William Daniels Darling of the Day, starring Vincent Price Dr. Cook's Garden by Ira Levin, starring Burl Ives and Keir Dullea, originally directed by George C. Scott Eddie Fisher and Buddy Hackett at the Palace Everything in the Garden by Edward Albee George M! starring Joel Grey, directed by Joe Layton Golden Rainbow, starring Eydie Gormé and Steve Lawrence Hair Halfway Up the Tree by Peter Ustinov Happiness Is Just a Little Thing Called a Rolls Royce Henry, Sweet Henry by Bob Merrill and Nunnally Johnson with Don Ameche, directed by George Roy Hill Here's Where I Belong by Terrence McNally and others How Now, Dow Jones, directed by George Abbott, music by Elmer Bernstein How to Be a Jewish Mother I Never Sang for My Father by Robert Anderson with Lillian Gish I'm Solomon Johnny No-Trump by Mary Mercier Judy Garland \"At Home at the Palace\" with Judy Garland Keep It In the Family by Bill Naughton Leda Had a Little Swan with Michael J. Pollard Leonard Sillman's New Faces of 1968, produced by Leonard Sillman Loot by Joe Orton Mata Hari, directed by Vincente Minnelli, produced by David Merrick Mike Downstairs More Stately Mansions by Eugene O'Neill, starring Ingrid Bergman and Colleen Dewhurst, directed by Jose Quintero Plaza Suite by Neil Simon, starring George C. Scott and Maureen Stapleton, directed by Mike Nichols Portrait of a Queen Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard Soldiers by",
"title": "The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway"
},
{
"docid": "47894242",
"text": "\"Entirely Beloved\" is the second episode of the BBC Two series Wolf Hall. It was first broadcast on 28 January 2015. Plot summary In December 1529, following Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's departure as Lord Chancellor, Thomas Cromwell gains favour from King Henry VIII and is sworn into the king's Privy Council. Cast Critical reception \"Entirely Beloved\" received positive reviews. The Daily Telegraph again gave the episode 5/5; Reviewer Jasper Reeves also praised Straughan's dialogue and Peter Kosminsky's directing, writing, \"It's like watching a chess grandmaster go around a room playing 20 challengers at once. The spectacle is dizzying, and the acting magnificent.\" Neela Debnath, writing for The Independent, compared the intrigue and scheming in Wolf Hall to that of Game of Thrones, writing, \"Game of Thrones fans tuning in to watch Wolf Hall might notice similarities between the politicking in King's Landing and Henry VIII's court – and they wouldn't be wrong.\" Debnath praised the lead actor, writing, \"Rylance continues to mesmerize as the man of questionable birth rising to become the king's right-hand man. His calm, collected and measured performance really has the audience rooting for him.\" In his review for The Guardian, John Sutherland praised writer Peter Straughan, who wrote the teleplay based on Hilary Mantel's original book: \"Straughan ... has been commendably faithful to Mantel while infusing new televisual life into the narrative. References External links \"Entirely Beloved\" at the BBC Wolf Hall (miniseries) episodes 2015 British television episodes Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Fiction set in 1529",
"title": "Entirely Beloved"
},
{
"docid": "249596",
"text": "Henry Eric Beissel (born 12 April 1929 Cologne) is a writer and editor who has published 24 volumes of poetry, six books of plays, a non-fiction book on Canada, two anthologies of plays intended for use in high schools, and numerous essays and pieces of short fiction. Biography Henry Beissel was born in Cologne, Germany, and survived the second World war as a youth. He came to Canada in 1951. He first came to national attention with the controversial literary/political journal Edge (Edmonton 1963 – Montreal 1969). Beissel's internationally successful Inuk and the Sun (\"a mythic masterpiece\", Sherrill Grace) premiered at the Stratford Festival of Canada in 1973. This was followed by a U.S. premiere in 1977 at The Other Theatre in Chicago's Bernard Horwich Jewish Community Center with a musical score by Douglas L. Lieberman. The Other Theatre also commissioned Under Coyote's Eye and performed it at the Field Museum of Natural History. Beissel's work has been translated into many languages. Beissel had a long teaching career in English literature, and later in creative writing, which started as a teaching fellow at the University of Toronto. He taught at the University of Munich (1960–62), the University of Alberta (1962–64) and Concordia University (Montreal) (1966–96), from which he retired as distinguished emeritus professor of English. He lives with his wife, Arlette Francière, in Ottawa. Awards Beissel has received several awards. The first was the Norma Epstein Award for Creative Writing in 1958 at University of Toronto, and the last was the Walter-Bauer Literaturpreis, Merseburg (Germany), 1994. Selected bibliography New Wings for Icarus. Toronto: Coach House, 1966. A Different Sun (poems by Walter Bauer translated from the German). Ottawa: Oberon, 1976. Inuk and the Sun. Toronto: Gage, 1980. Under Coyote's Eye. Dunvegan, Ontario: Quadrant, 1980. Improvisations for Mr. X & the Noose. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant, 1989. Kanada. Romantik und Wirklichkeit (with photographs by Janis Kraulis). Innsbruck: Pinguin Verlag, 1981. Cantos North. Moonbeam, Ontario: Penumbra, 1982. Season of Blood. Toronto: Mosaic, 1984. A Thistle In His Mouth (poems by Peter Huchel translated from the German). Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant Books, 1987. The Noose & Improvisations for Mister X. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant, 1989. Dying I was Born. Waterloo, Ontario: Penumbra, 1992. Stones to Harvest. Gooderich, Ontario: Moonstone, 1993. Across the Sun's Warp. Ottawa: BuschekBooks, 2003. Plays The Curve, University of Alberta, 1963 A Trumpet For Nap, Little Angel Theatre, London, England. 1970 Are You Afraid of Thieves?, Universite du Quebec, 1973, La Troupe Brin'si Inook And The Sun, The Stratford Festival, Canada, 1973 For Crying Out Loud, Char-Lan Theatre Workshop, Williamstown, Ontario. 1975 Goya, Montreal Theatre Lab, 1976 Under Coyote's Eye, Other Theatre, Chicago, 1978 The Emigrants, Saidye Bronfman Centre, Montreal. 1981 Hedda Gabler, Saidye Bronfman Centre, Montreal. 1982 (translation) The Noose, University of Winnipeg, 1985The Glass Mountain'', University of Winnipeg, Manitoba. 1990 References External links Settlement and Survival: Henry Beissel's 'Cantos North' Henry Beissel's website Peace Networking with Professor Beissel by Koozma J. Tarasoff, Spirit-Wrestlers Blog, 17 March 2018. 1929 births 20th-century Canadian",
"title": "Henry Beissel"
},
{
"docid": "8600471",
"text": "That Eye, the Sky is a 1986 novel by Australian author Tim Winton. It follows the young protagonist Morton 'Ort' Flack, as he struggles to cope with life in a small country town after his father is paralyzed in a serious car accident. After his father's accident, Ort is forced to step up and become the 'Man' of an increasingly complicated household. The situation becomes all the more convoluted with the introduction of the mysterious Henry Warburton, a dubious figure who says he has come to help. The story explores the theme of coming of age, and the complicated role religion plays in rural Australian life. Reviews The Publishers Weekly said of the book, \"The wrenching story... proves love like Ort's can prevail against hell itself\" The Los Angeles Times writes that, \"The great strength of the novel is in the way the grotesque contrasts and parallels in human life are spread out, examined and accepted.\" Film adaptations The film adaptation was directed by John Ruane and released in 1994. Ruane later said: I think the mistake I made with That Eye, the Sky is not to have more humour in it, because the book had a lot of humour. But, unfortunately, with the novel being written in the first person, a lot of the humour comes from the little boy interpreting the events and the situations he finds himself in and that he observes. So we are party to his sense of humour via his inner thoughts. When you pull that away, you have to come up with an orthodox third person approach. I really wish we had come up with more humour. The film was made by the company of Fred Schepisi who later claimed the film was bad: Because the director didn't know what he was doing or what side he was on. You've got to take a side. He went on an exploration. An exploration is all right but you've got to do it from a point of view. Actor Peter Coyote stated: That Eye, the Sky was masterfully made into a really lovely film by the director, but the producer abandoned them during the final edit, which resulted in a studio hack taking it over, cutting 40 minutes out and making it completely impenetrable. They blamed the director. Cast Peter Coyote as Henry Warburton Jamie Croft as Morton 'Ort' Flack Lisa Harrow as Alice Flack Amanda Douge as Tegwyn Flack Mark Fairall as Sam Flack Alethea McGrath as Grammar Flack Paul Sonkkila as Mr Cherry Louise Siversen as Mrs Cherry Jim Daly as Lawrence Wingham Play The book was adapted by Richard Roxburgh and Justin Monjo into the play That Eye, The Sky (by Justin Monjo, Richard Roxburgh, and Tim Winton) produced by Burning House Theatre Company, at Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia (6 January – 6 February 1994) and Playhouse Theatre, Melbourne (13 – 15 October 1994). There was a later production at the New Theatre, 15 March to 16 April 2016. A review of the",
"title": "That Eye, the Sky"
},
{
"docid": "73896470",
"text": "Mary Singleton Copley Pelham (c. 1710 – April 29, 1789) was an Irish-American colonial settler. Her son was the artist John Singleton Copley. She operated a tobacco retail and wholesale business and taught education, art, and manners classes. By 1751, she had been widowed twice. Her sons, John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham were accomplished artists. She was step-mother to her second husband, Peter Pelham's five children. Early life Mary Singleton was born c. 1710 and was the daughter of Jane (Bruffel) Singleton and John Singleton. She had two siblings and lived in Quinville Abbey in County Clare, Ireland. Her Singleton ancestors came to Ireland in 1661 from Lancashire, England. Marriages and children Mary Singleton married Richard Copley in Ireland in about 1735, according to family tradition. Richard's father was likely Charles Copley, who was a sheriff of Limerick, an alderman, and one of the landed gentry. Their son, John Singleton Copley, was born on July 3, 1738. Within a year of their marriage or about the time of John's birth, the family immigrated to Boston of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Richard established a tobacco shop on Long Wharf. Richard died before May 6, 1748, when an inventory was taken of his estate. Mary and Peter Pelham were married at the Trinity Church in Boston on May 22, 1748, becoming Mary Singleton Copley Pelham, also known as Mary Pelham. Peter Pelham was a schoolmaster and an artist. He painted portraits and was a mezzotint engraver. They had a son together, Henry, born February 14, 1749, in Boston. Peter brought a daughter and four sons from his previous wives into the marriage. John had access to Peter Pelham's collection of prints, books, engraving equipment, and painting supplies as he grew up. He was also an apprentice to his step-father. Peter died in December 1751. Henry studied art under his half-brother John, with whom he was close. Henry then worked in John's studio making portraits and, about 1772, began painting miniature portraits. Pelham supported and nurtured her son's interest in art and was the matriarch of \"one of America's earliest art families\". John wrote after her death that he benefited from her support. Richard Klayment said that he \"wrote glowingly of her kindness, vitality, and importance to his artistic development.\" By 1753, John created a \"unique mezzotint\" and paintings. He painted portraits of Boston society. John married Susanna Clark, and they started their family. He traveled to Europe and studied in Italy from 1774 to 1775. In 1775, Susanna left Boston at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. She took three of her children, Elizabeth, John, and Mary, with her to London. Mary Pelham took in her infant grandchild, who died on January 19, 1776, of consumption. The child was age one and a few days. Her son Henry, a loyalist, joined the Copleys in London, leaving Boston in August 1776. Because of his loyalty to the King, Henry's business dropped off, and he",
"title": "Mary Singleton Copley Pelham"
},
{
"docid": "13017891",
"text": "Stephen (James) Bennett (known as Stephen Bennett) is an English musician, writer and film maker born in Skelmersdale, Lancashire. He plays various keyboards, drums and the guitar. He first came to public attention in the band LaHost in the 1980s as part of the New wave of progressive rock who had headlined at the Marquee Club in London. Since the Lahost split, Bennett has pursued music careers with his own band The Fire Thieves, and worked with Tim Bowness and the band Henry Fool. He also sang and played keyboards on two of The Opium Cartel albums. He plays keyboards in No-Man with Steven Wilson and Tim Bowness. His 2014 collaboration with Tim Bowness, Abandoned Dancehall Dreams reached number 18 in the UK Rock Chart. A co-composed track from the album, Smiler at 50, was nominated for a Prog magazine award in 2014. Another collaboration with Tim Bowness, Stupid things that mean the world reached number 10 in the UK Rock Chart. Bennett co-composed the majority of the songs on Tim Bowness' 2017 album, Lost in the Ghost light as well as playing keyboards, guitar, editing, recording and preparing material for mixing by Steven Wilson. The album and its companion EP , Songs from the Ghost Light both charted in the UK in 2017. Lost In The Ghost Light reached No.5 in the official UK Rock chart, No.8 in the official UK progressive chart and won \"Album Cover of the Year\" at the 2017 Progressive Music Awards. In 2018, Bennett played on the new album by Twelfth Night's Clive Mitten, The Age of Insanity and is singer/guitarist/keyboard player and composer (with Ketil Vestrum Einarsen) in the band Galasphere 347. Their eponymous debut was released on Karisma records in July 2018. Bennett has also collaborated with Lady Sara Rönneke, David Torn, Hugh Hopper and David Picking. He has made music videos for Tim Bowness and Peter Chilvers and No-Man and has completed one narrative short film, The Perfect Number. He has written about Apple's Logic Pro Digital Audio Workstation software for Sound on Sound, amongst others, as well as several books on music technology for PC-Publishing. He writes for Audiomedia, Tape-op, Pro sound news and Electronic sound magazines. Select discography LaHost 'Erotic Antiques (UGUM MSI 1992) The Fire Thieves 'Slow dancing in the big city''' (Chaos 1991) The Fire Thieves 'Sweet (Chaos 1993) The Fire Thieves 'Clarity (Chaos 1997) SplatterCell (David Torn) Remiksis Ah' (CellDivide 200) henry fool 'henry fool'(K-Scope 2001) henry fool Pills in the Afternoon' (Piotr Kosinski compilation 2002) No-Man Together We're Stranger (Snapper 2003) – Director of the video of 'Things I want to tell you' included on the 5:1 re-release, 2007 Rhinoceros Tiny Ghosts (Burning Shed 2003) Tim Bowness My Hotel Year(One Little Indian 2004) No-Man Schoolyard Ghosts (K-Scope 2008) The Fire Thieves Back to Stereo (Chaos 2009) No-Man Love and Endings (K-Scope 2011) Henry Fool Men Singing(K-Scope 2014) The Opium Cartel Night Blooms (Termo Records 2009) The Opium Cartel Ardor (Termo Records 2014) Tim Bowness Abandoned",
"title": "Stephen James Bennett"
},
{
"docid": "9222319",
"text": "Something of Value is a 1957 American drama film directed by Richard Brooks and starring Rock Hudson, Dana Wynter, and Sidney Poitier. The film was reissued under the title Africa Ablaze. The film, based on the book of the same name by Robert Ruark, portrays the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya. It shows the colonial and native African conflict caused by colonialism and differing views on how life should be lived. It stars Rock Hudson as the colonial and Sidney Poitier as the native Kenyan. The two men grew up together but have drifted apart at maturity. Plot In British-ruled Kenya in 1945, members of the Kikuyu tribe work peacefully for considerate white settler Henry McKenzie, abiding by colonial laws, as well as their own religious beliefs, which forbid any violence against the settlers. Both in their early twenties, Henry's son Peter and black worker Kimani are close friends, having been raised together as brothers since the death of Henry's wife. One day, when Kimani asks to use a rifle during a lion hunt, Peter's brother-in-law, Jeff Newton, slaps the black man and reminds him that he cannot have the gun nor can he continue his friendship with Peter. A humiliated Kimani disappears from the camp, but, after being injured when his foot is caught in a trap, is rescued by Peter, who carries him home on his back. Kimani suggests that they must assume the roles of master and serf, but Peter refuses to change their relationship. Back at the black settlement, Kimani's father Karanja orders the murder of one of the tribe's newborns, which was born feet first, a condition the tribe believes to be a curse. After Karanja is arrested and sentenced to jail, Henry argues with the Crown consul that if the whites continue to take away the tribal elders' authority, the tribe children will begin to disrespect their own way of life and, he warns, disrespect the colonial Christian God. When Henry, Peter and Kimani visit the elderly man in jail, Karanja gives Henry his sacred stone. Karanja then encourages Kimani to assume his position as headman at the farm, but Kimani refuses to spend his life working as a white man's slave. One night, moved by moral outrage at the injustices against his father, Kimani attends a secret meeting of the Mau Mau, a group of black men planning an insurrection. He is asked by leader Njogu to prove his fidelity by stealing rifles. After one of the Mau Mau kills a black houseboy during the robbery, Kimani, troubled by their methods of achieving freedom, threatens to leave. Njogu tells Kimani he must remain with them because the police will now connect him to the crime. Years later, in 1952, Peter, who now leads safaris to supplement the farm's dwindling income, welcomes Holly Keith, his betrothed, home after her years of studying abroad. As Kenya becomes increasingly tension-filled, Henry and other white settlers question the workers' wives about the sudden disappearance of many of",
"title": "Something of Value"
},
{
"docid": "41448342",
"text": "The 12th-century ruler Empress Matilda has been depicted in various cultural media. Theatre, film and television Matilda is a character in Henry I of England, a play by Beth Flintoff, which was first performed in November 2016 at St James's Church, Reading. The drama follows the story of the three sons of William the Conqueror and ends with the early reign of her father Henry, including the time when Matilda became Empress by marrying Henry V of Germany. The narrative continues in Flintoff's play Matilda the Empress, first performed in 2017 at the same venue with Dani McCallum taking the lead part. It depicts Matilda's later life and The Anarchy period after Henry I's death when she and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. In the concluding part of Flintoff's trilogy, Henry II, which was first performed in October 2018 at Reading's Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin, Matilda is depicted attending the dedication of Reading Abbey over the Easter weekend of 1164. Matilda is also a character in Jean Anouilh's play Becket. In the 1964 film adaptation, she was portrayed by Martita Hunt. Alison Pill portrayed Matilda in the 2010 TV miniseries The Pillars of the Earth, an adaptation of Follett's novel. She was played by Brenda Bruce in the 1978 BBC TV series The Devil's Crown, which dramatised the reigns of her son and grandsons. Historical fiction Novels dealing with the civil war between Matilda and Stephen include: A Legend of Reading Abbey (1845) by Charles Macfarlane. The Fool by H. C. Bailey (1927), deals with Matilda's relationship with her son, Henry II. The Empress (1932) by Carola Oman Cecelia Holland, The Earl (1971) Graham Shelby, The Villains of the Piece (1972) (published in the US as The Oath and the Sword) E. L. Konigsburg, A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver (1973) Jean Plaidy, The Passionate Enemies, the third book of her Norman Trilogy (1976) The Brother Cadfael series by Ellis Peters (beginning in 1977 with A Morbid Taste for Bones) and the TV series made from them starring Sir Derek Jacobi. In these books Empress Matilda is referred to by her vernacular name, Empress Maud. Roberta Gellis, The Sword and the Swan (1977). Ken Follett, The Pillars of the Earth (1989) Ellen Jones, The Fatal Crown (1991) Sharon Penman, When Christ and His Saints Slept tells the story of the events before, during and after the civil war (1995) Haley Elizabeth Garwood, The Forgotten Queen (1997) Elizabeth Chadwick, Lady of the English (2012) Amy Mantravadi, The Girl Empress (2017), part of a series of novels telling Matilda's life story Gemma Lawrence, The Heirs of Anarchy (2020-2022), four book series See also Cultural depictions of Henry I of England Cultural depictions of Henry II of England Cultural depictions of Adelaide of Italy Cultural depictions of Theophanu Cultural depictions of Gisela of Swabia References Cultural depictions of Holy Roman Empresses Salian dynasty",
"title": "Cultural depictions of Empress Matilda"
},
{
"docid": "6271672",
"text": "Philip van Wilder (Weldre, Welder, Wylder, Wyllender, de Vuildre, Wild, Wildroe; c. 1500 – February 24, 1554) was a Dutch lutenist and composer, active in England. Life and career Early years Like Peter van Wilder, who also worked in the Tudor court and was presumably related to him, Philip was probably born in Millam, near Wormhout, or in the nearby village of Wylder (\"Wilder\" in Dutch). His father may have been Mathis (Matthew) van Wilder, a lutenist from the court of Philip the Fair of Castile who also worked at the Tudor court from 1506 to 1517. It can be speculated that Peter and Philip were his two sons, and that he used his influence to secure court employment for them in England. It is not known when Philip arrived in England, but since Peter dated his residence in England from 1515, it is possible that the two travelled together. A note in Italian in the Jacobean scorebook anthology GB-Lbl Egerton 3665 describes Philip as \"Master Philip of Flanders, musician to King Henry VIII, who lived in England around the year 1520\". He was certainly in London by 1522, living in the parish of St Olave's Hart Street (close to the Tower of London) and having £60 \"in goodes\" and £48 \"in fees\". The court account books for the year 1525-26 describe him as \"mynstrell\"; he was later designated \"lewter\". Van Wilder steadily advanced his position at the Tudor court. By 1529 he was a member of the Privy chamber, the select group of musicians who played to the king in private. He was also active as a merchant, being given a licence to import Toulouse woad and Gascon wine, and in purchasing instruments for the court. He taught the lute to Princess (later Queen) Mary, who rewarded him with a gift on the occasion of his marriage to a woman named Frances in 1537. Later he also taught Prince Edward (later Edward VI), who wrote a letter to his father in 1546 thanking him for \"sending me your servant Philip, as excellent in music as he is noble ... that I might become more excellent in striking the lute\". Later years In 1539 Van Wilder became a denizen, which allowed him to own land. This enabled him to profit from the dissolution of the monasteries and engage in a number of lucrative property deals with the Crown. At various times he was granted leaseholds on former monastic properties in London, as well as in Middlemarsh (in the parish of Minterne Magna) and Littlebredy in Dorset, previously owned by Cerne Abbey. By 1540 he was a Gentleman of the Privy chamber, a prestigious position that enabled him to accept financial inducements to raise legal issues and private grievances with the King. At the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547 Van Wilder was Keeper of the Instruments and effectively head of the Court instrumental musical establishment, a post later known as Master of the King's Music. Van Wilder continued to",
"title": "Philip van Wilder"
},
{
"docid": "84104",
"text": "Becket or The Honour of God (), often shortened to Becket, is a 1959 stage play written in French by Jean Anouilh. It is a depiction of the conflict between Thomas Becket and King Henry II of England leading to Becket's assassination in 1170. It contains many historical inaccuracies, which the author acknowledged. Background Anouilh's interpretation of the historical story, though often ironic, is more straightforward than T. S. Eliot's 1935 play on the same subject, Murder in the Cathedral, which was intended primarily as a religious treatment. However, there are one or two similarities in the interpretation. In the introduction to the play, Anouilh explained that he based it on a chapter of an old book he had bought because its green binding looked good on his shelves. He and his wife read the 30 pages about Thomas Becket, and she urged him to write a play about Thomas. He did so, finishing the first part in only 15 days. It was not until he showed the finished play to a friend that he found out the old book he had based it on was historically incorrect in certain important aspects. Having built his play on Becket being Saxon (when he was actually a Norman whose family was from near Caen and was called Becquet, Bequet or Becket in Old Norman), Anouilh could not recast the play to accord with historical facts, so he decided to let it stand. Aspects of the content that can safely be considered true are the conflicts between England and France, church and state, and the outline biography of Becket. Synopsis The play is a re-enactment of the conflicts between King Henry II and Thomas Becket as the latter (Henry's best friend) ascends to power, becoming the king's enemy. Becket begins as a clever, but hedonistic, companion; as a result of being created Archbishop of Canterbury, he is transformed into an ascetic who does his best to preserve the rights of the church against the king's power. Ultimately, Becket is slaughtered by several of the king's nobles; and lastly we find the king thrust into penance for the episcopicide. Stage productions The play was first performed in the original French at the Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty in Paris on 8 October 1959 and in an English translation on Broadway in 1960. The original Parisian production was directed by Roland Piétri, and starred Bruno Cremer as Thomas Becket and Daniel Ivernel as King Henry II. Broadway The first Broadway production premiered on 5 October 1960 at the St. James Theatre. It was produced by David Merrick and directed by Peter Glenville, and starred Laurence Olivier as Thomas Becket and Anthony Quinn as King Henry II. The production was nominated for five Tony Awards and won four, including Best Play. The play later transferred to the Royale Theatre and then to the Hudson Theatre. It was wrongly believed that during the run Quinn and Olivier switched roles, with Quinn playing Becket to Olivier's King. In fact, Quinn",
"title": "Becket"
},
{
"docid": "1640791",
"text": "The Guinness Book of Records lists 410 feature-length film and TV versions of William Shakespeares plays, making Shakespeare the most filmed author ever in any language. , the Internet Movie Database lists Shakespeare as having writing credit on 1,800 films, including those under production but not yet released. The earliest known production is King John from 1899. Comedies All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing The Taming of the Shrew Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Histories Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Henry VIII King John Richard II Richard III Romances Pericles Cymbeline The Winter's Tale The Tempest Other Shakespeare as a character Acting Shakespeare Television series NOTE: \"ShakespeaRe-Told\", \"The Animated Shakespeare\" and \"BBC Television Shakespeare\" series have been covered above, under the respective play performed in each episode. Playing Shakespeare (TV, UK, 1979–1984) began as two consecutive episodes of the UK arts series The South Bank Show, and developed into a nine-part series of its own. It features director John Barton, then a leading light of the Royal Shakespeare Company, putting a host of actors through their paces. Many of those actors are now household names, including Judi Dench, Michael Pennington, Patrick Stewart, Ben Kingsley, David Suchet and Ian McKellen. The episodes were: The South Bank Show: \"Speaking Shakespearean Verse\" The South Bank Show: \"Preparing to Perform Shakespeare\" 1. \"The Two Traditions\" 2. \"Using the Verse\" 3. \"Language and Character\" 4. \"Set Speeches and Soliloquies\" 5. \"Irony and Ambiguity\" 6. \"Passion and Coolness\" 7. \"Rehearsing the Text\" 8. \"Exploring a Character\" 9. \"Poetry and Hidden Poetry\" Three further episodes were filmed but never edited or screened. They were to be called \"Using the Prose\", \"Using the Sonnets\" and \"Contemporary Shakespeare\". Their text can be read in the book \"Playing Shakespeare\" by John Barton. The Shakespeare Sessions (USA 2003): An American spin-off from Playing Shakespeare (above) in which John Barton directs notable American actors in Shakespeare scenes. Conjuring Shakespeare (TV, UK, 199?): A series of half-hour documentaries hosted by Fiona Shaw, each episode dealing with scenes from a particular play. In Search of Shakespeare (TV, UK, 2003): A BBC documentary series of four 1-hour episodes, chronicling the life of William Shakespeare, written and presented by Michael Wood. Slings & Arrows (TV, Canada, 2003–2006): A Canadian comedy drama set in the New Burbage Shakespeare Festival, a fictional Shakespearean festival in a small town in Canada comparable to the real-life Stratford Shakespeare Festival. With its entire run written by Susan Coyne, Bob Martin and Mark McKinney, directed by Peter Wellington, and starring Paul Gross, Martha Burns and Stephen Ouimette, it aired in",
"title": "List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations"
},
{
"docid": "47222872",
"text": "St Mary and St Peter's Church is an active Anglican parish church in the village of Barham near Ipswich. It contains a Henry Moore statue of Madonna and the Child originally held at St Peter, Claydon. It is in the deanery of Bosmere, part of the archdeaconry of Ipswich, and the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. History A church is recorded as being within the village of Barham in the Domesday Book. Architectural features in the tower of long-and-short work (or quoins), which is typical of Anglo-Saxon architecture, suggests the church dates from Saxon times. It was known as St Mary from at least 1538, when the parishioners included the inhabitants of Barham Green. In 1975, the parish extended to include the village of Claydon, and when St Peter's Church in Claydon was officially made redundant, St Mary was retitled as St Mary and St Peter. Monuments The best-known monument in the church is that of the Henry Moore statue of Madonna and Child originally held at St Peter's Church, Claydon. Crafted as a war memorial in commemoration for those in the village who died in the Second World War it was moved to St Mary after the closure of St Peter. Other monuments and brasswork have been part of the church but were removed or destroyed over the course of its history. In the chancel of the church were monuments to Jon Southwell, grandfather to Thomas Bedingfield as well as a tomb used for the burial of an unnamed inhabitant of the local estate of Shrubland Hall. Current status St Mary and St Peter's Church was listed at Grade I on 9 December 1955. Communion services, using the Book of Common Worship are offered on every Sunday morning at 8am except on the fifth Sunday of a month. On the first Sunday of each month a shorter communion service based on the Book of Common Worship is held at 10am, on the second and fourth Sundays a full communion service is held at 10am. On the third Sunday of each month at 10am a community worship service is held. This service is aimed at a wider age range of the congregation including families with children, adults and those with little or no experience of the Church. The services are often run by community groups or local charitable organisations otherwise unaffiliated with the Church itself. Where a 5th Sunday falls within a month a family communion service is held at one of the three parishes served by the same parish grouping. One in three of these is held at St Mary and St Peter; the others being held at St Mary's Church, Great Blakenham or St Peter's Church, Henley. Notable clergy William Kirby 1782–1850 Entomologist See also Grade I listed buildings in Suffolk References Church of England church buildings in Suffolk Grade I listed churches in Suffolk",
"title": "St Mary and St Peter's Church, Barham"
},
{
"docid": "8516003",
"text": "Darling of the Day is a musical with a book by Nunnally Johnson, lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, and music by Jule Styne. It is based on Arnold Bennett's novel Buried Alive and his play The Great Adventure. Patricia Routledge won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance in the 1968 Broadway production. Synopsis In 1905 London, Priam Farll is an artist, brilliant, unconventional and shy, although he can be violently outspoken. He once offended Queen Victoria and was exiled to the South Pacific (shades of Gauguin), but Edward VII has succeeded to the throne, and Farll has been recalled to London to receive a knighthood. Appalled by \"society's\" expectations of its \"darling of the day\" (a common Victorian/Edwardian term meaning something like \"fashionable celebrity\") Farll seizes the chance to \"get out of the world alive\" when his faithful butler Henry Leek suddenly dies, and their identities are confused by an official. Instead of correcting the error, Farll quietly assumes the identity of the deceased, and Leek's corpse is officially buried in Westminster Abbey as the famous artist. He soon finds himself married to Alice Challice, a bright, well-to-do widow who had been corresponding with the real Henry Leek – and settles down to a happy \"upper working class\" existence. Farll continues to paint, and when his wife runs into financial difficulties he sells a few paintings. Complications naturally ensue, and his \"cover\" becomes increasingly flimsy. Just as it looks as if he will be compelled to resume his real identity, a piece of truly Gilbertian nonsense brings all to a satisfactory conclusion, and he is allowed to stay plain Henry Leek after all. Original cast and characters Song list Act I Mad For Art - Chorus He's A Genius - Oxford, Priam, Henry To Get Out Of This World Alive - Priam It's Enough To Make A Lady Fall In Love - Alice, Alf, Bert, Chorus A Gentleman's Gentleman - Company Double Soliloquy - Priam & Alice Let's See What Happens - Alice & Priam Panache - Oxford & Lady Vale I've Got A Rainbow Working For Me - Priam & Chorus Money, Money, Money - Alf, Bert, Sydney That Something Extra Special - Alice Act II What Makes a Marriage Merry - Company He's A Genius (Reprise) - Oxford & Chorus Not On Your Nellie - Chorus Sunset Tree - Priam & Alice Butler In The Abbey - Priam & Chorus Not On Your Nellie (Reprise) - Company An original cast recording was released by RCA Victor. Production history There had been discussions since 1964 to turn the novel Buried Alive into a musical. The book was first written by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall, with Peter Wood to direct and Geraldine Page to star, from lyrics by E.Y. Harburg and music by Jules Styne (who had suggested Harburg). However then S. N. Behrman wrote a new book, and Albert Marre was hired to direct. Fred Saidy also worked on the book Eventually",
"title": "Darling of the Day"
},
{
"docid": "32593748",
"text": "Bill Russell (born 1949) is an American librettist and lyricist. Among his stage musicals are Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens and Side Show, which was nominated for the Tony Award as Best Musical. Career Russell's first musical to be produced is Fortune, which ran Off-Broadway at the Actors' Plahouse from April 27, 1980 to November 23, 1980. Ronald Melrose wrote the music, with Russell writing the book and lyrics. The musical director and arranger was Janet Hood; they have gone on to write several musicals together. The musical concerned four performers who were headed to be stars. According to The New York Times reviewer, John Corry, it \"marked the maturity of the gay musical\", and he commended the \"literate\" lyrics. Russell wrote the book and lyrics for the song cycle Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens, with music by Janet Hood, which originally ran Off-Off-Broadway in 1990 and in the West End in 1993. It played a benefit concert in 2001. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Pageant with Frank Kelly; the music is by Albert Evans, and conception by Robert Longbottom. The musical, which has an all-male cast that plays beauty queens premiered Off-Broadway at the Blue Angel in 1991, and subsequently ran Off-Broadway at New World Stages in 2013, as well as engagements in London (2000) and Australia. He wrote the concert adaptation of the musical Call Me Madam for the New York City Center Encores! staged concert series, which was presented in February 1995 and starred Tyne Daly. Russell write the book and lyrics for the musical Side Show (music by Henry Krieger), which ran on Broadway in 1997. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Up in The Air, with music by Henry Krieger, conceived and directed by Amon Miyamoto. It premiered at the Kennedy Center in February 2008. The musical is suggested by a Japanese story, about Boonah, the tree-climbing frog. He wrote the lyrics and book with Jeffrey Hatcher for the musical Lucky Duck, with music by Henry Krieger. It premiered Off-Broadway at the New Victory Theater in March 2012. The musical starts where the fairy tale \"The Ugly Duckling\" ends, \"showing what happens once one becomes beautiful.\" It premiered at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California, in 2000, then called Everything's Ducky. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical The Last Smoker in America, with music by Peter Melnick. The musical opened Off-Broadway in August 2012. Russell and Janet Hood have teamed again to write the musical Unexpected Joy, which received private readings in March 2012. The musical is the story of four women and was directed by Sheryl Kaller. Honors and awards Russell received a 1998 Tony nomination for Side Show for Best Book and shared a nomination with composer Henry Krieger for Best Score. The show was nominated as Best Musical. Everything's Ducky received the Will Glickman Award for Best New Play (in the San Francisco Bay Area) in 2001 and Garland Awards",
"title": "Bill Russell (lyricist)"
},
{
"docid": "20940966",
"text": "Allahakbarries was an amateur cricket team founded by author J. M. Barrie, and was active from 1890 to 1913. The team's name was a portmanteau of Barrie's name and the mistaken belief that 'Allah akbar' meant 'Heaven help us' in Arabic (rather than its true meaning: 'God is great'). Notable figures to have featured for the side included Rudyard Kipling, H. G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, P. G. Wodehouse, G. K. Chesterton, Jerome K. Jerome, A. A. Milne, E. W. Hornung, Henry Justice Ford, A. E. W. Mason, Walter Raleigh, E. V. Lucas, Maurice Hewlett, Owen Seaman, Bernard Partridge, Augustine Birrell, Paul Du Chaillu, Henry Herbert La Thangue, George Cecil Ives, and George Llewelyn Davies, as well as the son of Alfred Tennyson. Barrie wrote a 40-page book on his team, Allahakbarries C.C., which was published privately in 1890 and in a revised version in 1899. It was reprinted in 1950 with a foreword by Donald Bradman. These rare books are now highly sought by collectors. Barrie's enthusiasm for the game eclipsed his talent for it; asked to describe his bowling, he replied that after delivering the ball he would go and sit on the turf at mid-off and wait for it to reach the other end which \"it sometimes did\". The team played for the love of the game, rather than the results it achieved, and Barrie was generous in his praise for his teammates and opposition alike. He praised one teammate's performance by observing that \"You scored a good single in the first innings but were not so successful in the second\" while he lauded the opposition's effort by pointing out how \"You ran up a fine total of 14, and very nearly won\". He instructed Bernard Partridge, an illustrator from Punch magazine who was afflicted with a lazy eye, to \"Keep your eye on square leg\" while bowling, and told square leg, \"when Partridge is bowling, keep your eye on him.\" He forbade his team to practise on an opponent's ground before a match because \"this can only give them confidence\". The book notes that his most calamitous performance was being clean-bowled by the American actress Mary Anderson in the 1897 Test match against the village of Broadway, in the Cotswolds. Peter Pan's First XI: The Extraordinary Story of J. M. Barrie's Cricket Team, written by Kevin Telfer, was published in 2011. References External links Peter Pan at play BBC News, 7 May 2010: 'How Peter Pan's author invented celebrity cricket' Club cricket teams in England 1890 establishments in England 1913 disestablishments in England",
"title": "Allahakbarries"
},
{
"docid": "68354664",
"text": "The twentieth season of Family Guy aired on Fox from September 26, 2021, to May 22, 2022. the twentieth season aired as a part of the show's 20th anniversary. The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family, consisting of father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie, and the family dog Brian, who reside in their hometown of Quahog. During this season, the Griffin men spend a day with Stewie's rival Doug (LASIK Instinct), Peter has a secret meal affair with Bonnie (Cootie & The Blowhard), the Griffins must cover the death of a pizza delivery man and deliver pizzas to the rest of Quahog (The Lois Quagmire), Lois and Carter attend the funeral of Lois' old babysitter (Peterschmidt Manor), Meg becomes a getaway driver and dates a robber (Hard Boiled Meg), Stewie helps Chris put on a school play for Romeo + Juliet (The Jersey Bore), and Peter and Chris go on a road trip to Canada to prove the existence of Chris' girlfriend (Girlfriend, Eh?). This season also featured a cameo from Mike Judge, who reprised his role as Hank Hill from the American television series King of the Hill, who previously cameoed in Season 18 as Beavis and Butt-Head. Season twenty premiered the run of the nineteenth production season, which is executive produced by Seth MacFarlane, Alec Sulkin, Richard Appel, Steve Callaghan, Danny Smith, Kara Vallow, Mark Hentemann, Tom Devanney, and Patrick Meighan. Sulkin and Appel returned as the series' showrunners. The season premiered on ITV2 (UK) Monday 8 August 2022. Production On September 23, 2020, Fox announced that Family Guy had been renewed for a twentieth and twenty-first season, ensuring that the series would last another two years. This season also marks the first full season of the series in which Cleveland Brown is voiced by Arif Zahir, following Mike Henry's departure from the role. Henry continues to voice Herbert and other characters. Before the premiere, Henry sent a video on Twitter saying that he was \"handing the torch\" onto Zahir and said a farewell message in Cleveland's voice. Starting with \"Rock Hard\", long-time recurring actor Patrick Warburton was promoted to the main cast. 20th anniversary Fox celebrated the twentieth season with a special digital panel, with a promotional trailer unveiled during the San Diego Comic-Con 2021 Virtual Convention, teasing clips from the season. In commemoration, FXX set a near full series marathon of all 19 seasons of the show, running from December 25, 2021, to January 2, 2022. A promotional PSA short made to promote COVID-19 vaccines was released on September 21, 2021. MacFarlane himself remarked on the show's milestone. In addition, sweepstakes were held by TBS where entrees had a chance to win T-shirts, Mugs and Blankets. as well as a re-release of the book, \"Family Guy: An Illustrated History\". Release The season premiered on September 26, 2021, airing on Sundays as part of Fox's Animation Domination programming block, along with The Simpsons, Bob's Burgers, Duncanville and The Great North. In Canada, the",
"title": "Family Guy season 20"
},
{
"docid": "10141286",
"text": "Hondo & Fabian is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Peter McCarty. It was released by Henry Holt & Co. in 2002 for ages 2-5. The book follows a day in the life of a dog, Hondo, and a cat, Fabian. Hondo goes on an adventure to the beach and Fabian stays at home with the baby. The story is told through minimal and simple present-tense text and complemented with warm and soft illustrations drawn in pencil and watercolor. Hondo & Fabian was very well received and was recognized with multiple awards including a Caldecott Honor. A sequel, Fabian Escapes, was released in 2007. Plot The characters included in this book are Hondo the dog, Fabian the cat, a little girl referred to as “the baby,” and Fred - Hondo’s friend who is also a dog. The book begins with Hondo and Fabian asleep at home, Fabian on the windowsill and Hondo on the floor. The pets are awakened and the reader is informed that Hondo will have an adventure and Fabian will stay home. Hondo heads to the beach in a 1940s-style car with his head out the window and his ears flapping in the wind. At the beach, he meets Fred and they run around in the sand and jump in the waves together. Meanwhile, Fabian is at home “playing” with the baby, depicted by an illustration of a small girl standing up and holding the cat. Fabian then escapes the grasp of the baby and moves to the bathroom to pull apart a roll of toilet paper. At the beach, Hondo gets hungry and wishes that he could take fish from a bucket that a fisherman has just caught. At home, Fabian is also hungry and wishes he could eat a turkey sandwich sitting on the counter. Hondo then returns from the beach in time for dinner and the two pets eat their food side by side. Fabian returns to the windowsill and Hondo returns to the floor where they fall asleep for the night. The book concludes with an illustration of the little girl in bed and text that reads “Good night, baby!”. Illustrations Hondo & Fabian is known for its unique illustrations drawn in pencil and watercolor. The illustrations show the world of Hondo and Fabian with soft and fuzzy edges, blending light and colors seamlessly and smoothly. Peter McCarty draws Hondo in shades of brown, cream, and white and Fabian in white with gray and dark gray stripes on the top of his back and head. The book consists of warm, sepia-toned pages, with each illustration having its own page with minimal text on the blank page next to it. Reception Hondo & Fabian received many positive reviews and won a Caldecott Honor, which is given to the runners-up for the Caldecott medal awarded by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). The book was one of three recipients of the Caldecott Honor in 2003. The book received positive reviews from",
"title": "Hondo & Fabian"
},
{
"docid": "33436039",
"text": "Lulu Hunt Peters (1873–1930) was an American medical doctor and writer who wrote a featured newspaper column entitled Diet and Health, which she followed up with a best-selling book, Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories. She was the first person to widely popularize the concept of counting calories as a method of weight loss. It was also the first weight-loss book to become a bestseller. Early life and education Lulu E. Hunt was one of three children born to Thomas and Alice Hunt of Milford, Maine. She attended the Maine State Normal School in Castine before moving to California. She married Louis H. Peters in Los Angeles in 1899, and in 1909 graduated as a Doctor of Medicine from the University of California. Career For a number of years, Dr. Hunt wrote a featured newspaper column entitled Diet and Health for the Central Press Association, which supplied content for about 400 newspapers nationwide. In 1918, she published the diet book Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories, named after and based on her column and with illustrations by her nephew, Dawson Hunt Perkins (1907-1976), son of Henry Addison Perkins, Jr. and Anna Lydia Hunt). It presented the concept of calorie reduction as the best form of weight loss/watching weight to American women, who were wanting to conform to the new-found body image \"thin is in\". Along with presenting a solution for American women, Peters suggested that weight control was an active form of patriotism in the context of World War I. She suggested that dieting meant having complete self-control and recommended that women organize Watch Your Weight Anti-Kaiser Classes to obtain it. Peters followed her own advice/health regimens and credited them, along with her regular attendance at women's suffragist rallies, for her health and self-sufficiency. Shortly after her book was published, Peters traveled to Bosnia, where she served with the Red Cross. When she returned to the United States, she was pleasantly surprised to learn that she was a best-selling author. She published a later edition describing her life after the book. Beginning in 1922, Peters became a radio lecturer, giving a series of talks about diet and health over station WJZ, then in Newark NJ. She continued to give radio health talks for the next several years. In addition, she also was a popular public speaker, giving motivational talks all over the United States, including at facilities that specialized in weight loss. And she made informational pamphlets available to the readers of her syndicated columns; those who sent for these pamphlets received Peters's strategies for how to successfully lose weight. In 1930, while on a trip by steamship to a medical conference in London, she became ill with neuralgia, and her condition worsened during the trip. She died of pneumonia in late June, 1930. She was survived by her former husband Louis H. Peters. Her book remains in circulation and is still quoted today. Diet and Health: With Key to the Calories Having grown up a",
"title": "Lulu Hunt Peters"
},
{
"docid": "13301746",
"text": "Peter Short (died 1603) was an English printer based in London in the later Elizabethan era. He printed several first editions and early texts of Shakespeare's works. Career Short became a \"freeman\" (full member) of the Stationers Company on 1 March 1589, and operated his own business from that year until his death; he was partnered with Richard Yardley until 1593. His shop was at the sign of the star on Bread Street Hill. About a third of his titles involved translations from Latin or contemporary European languages. Short began publishing music in 1597; he issued Thomas Morley's A Plaine and Easy Introduction and both Canzonets, Dowland's First Book of Songs, Holborne's Cittharn School, and Hunnis's Seven Sobs. Short used type which was passed on and used by his successors (Humphrey Lownes, James Young). In an era when the functions of publisher and printer were often largely (though not entirely) separate, Short was primarily a printer and only secondarily a publisher; he printed just over 170 works in his career, and the publishers of about 100 are known. Short likely published a good portion of the others himself. Works Apart from Shakespeare's works, Short's most important printing tasks were: the famous 1600 first edition of William Gilbert's De Magnete; the 1601 edition of the Annals of John Stow; and the completion of the fifth edition (1597) of the Acts and Monuments, or Book of Martyrs of John Foxe. He also printed the first edition (1600) of Marlowe's translation of Lucan's Pharsalia for Thomas Thorpe. In music publishing, Short was responsible for printing John Dowland's First Booke of Songes or Ayres, the most successful music anthologyy of the era, as well as Thomas Morley's important theoretical treatise A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Musicke, both printed in 1597 Regarding Shakespeare, Short printed: The first quarto of Henry VI, Part 3 (1595), for publisher Thomas Millington. This was the \"bad quarto,\" the early alternative text of Shakespeare's play known as The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York. The first quarto of Henry IV, Part 1 (1598), for Andrew Wise. The second edition of The Rape of Lucrece (1598), for John Harrison. This was the first edition of that poem in octavo rather than quarto format (O1). The fifth edition of Venus and Adonis (1599), for William Leake; the third octavo edition (O3). For Cuthbert Burby, Short printed Palladis Tamia (1598) by Francis Meres, a book that contains an important early reference to Shakespeare and a list of his plays performed up to 1598. Short printed a few non-Shakespearean play texts as well: For Burby, Short printed Q1 and Q2 of The Taming of a Shrew (1594, 1596), the early alternative version of Shakespeare's The Shrew. For William Ponsonby, he printed the closet drama Antony (1595), translated from the French of Robert Garnier by the Countess of Pembroke. For Simon Waterson, he printed the third, 1598 edition of Samuel Daniel's Cleopatra. And for William Holme, Short printed one of the three editions",
"title": "Peter Short (printer)"
},
{
"docid": "2201413",
"text": "Peter Blegvad (born August 14, 1951) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, writer, and cartoonist. He was a founding member of German/English avant-pop band Slapp Happy, which later merged briefly with Henry Cow, and has released many solo and collaborative albums. He is the son of Lenore and Erik Blegvad, who were respectively, a children's book author and illustrator. Biography Early years Peter Blegvad's life began in America – he was born in New York City and originally raised in Connecticut. When he was 14, the Blegvad family moved to England in 1965, unhappy with the social climate of America following the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the threat posed by the Vietnam draft to Peter and his younger brother Kristoffer. Blegvad was educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth, a boarding school where he met his musical collaborator Anthony Moore. Moore and Blegvad played in various bands during their schooldays, alongside fellow musicians such as Neil Murray (then a drummer, later a well-known hard rock bass guitarist). Slapp Happy and Henry Cow In 1972, Blegvad followed the itinerant Moore to Hamburg, Germany, where the two formed the avant-pop trio Slapp Happy with Dagmar Krause. Slapp Happy recorded two albums for Polydor Germany with krautrock group Faust as their backing band. Polydor released the first, Sort Of in 1972, but rejected the second, Casablanca Moon. Blegvad had got to known Faust due to playing with them at their base in Wümme, and would subsequently go on tour with them in the UK, playing guitar as a live band member. This in turn put him in contact with Faust's tourmates, the avant-rock group Henry Cow, with whom he was \"soon making all sorts of plans\". The rejection of Casablanca Moon prompted Slapp Happy to relocate to London where they signed up with Virgin Records and re-recorded Casablanca Moon, released in 1974 by Virgin as Slapp Happy. (The original Casablanca Moon was later released by Recommended Records as Acnalbasac Noom in 1980.) In 1974, Slapp Happy merged briefly with Henry Cow, recording two albums in 1975, Desperate Straights and In Praise of Learning. Shortly after recording In Praise of Learning, first Moore and then Blegvad left Henry Cow due to incompatibilities with the other musicians in the group. Blegvad has confessed that the technical demands of Henry Cow's music were beyond him (\"It was discovered – not to my surprise – that I actually couldn't play Henry Cow music. The chords and the time signatures were too complicated. And... just generally, Anthony and I felt kinda lost...\") but it was also clear that there were crucial differences in artistic approach. Blegvad would later reveal (in an interview for the Hearsay fanzine) that \"the piece that got me kicked out was \"Living in the Heart of the Beast\". I was assigned the task for the collective to come up with suitable verbals, and I wrote two verses about a woman throwing raisins at a pile of bones. Tim Hodgkinson just said, I'm sorry, this",
"title": "Peter Blegvad"
},
{
"docid": "3477069",
"text": "Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-and-Rock 'N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood is a book by Peter Biskind, published by Simon & Schuster in 1998. Easy Riders, Raging Bulls is about the 1960s and 1970s Hollywood, a period of American film known for the production of such films such as The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, The French Connection, Chinatown, Taxi Driver, Jaws, Star Wars, The Exorcist, and The Last Picture Show. The title is taken from films which bookend the era: Easy Rider (1969) and Raging Bull (1980). The book follows Hollywood on the brink of the Vietnam War, when a group of young Hollywood film directors known as the \"movie brats\" are making their names. It begins in the 1960s and ends in the 1980s. The book was the basis of a 2003 documentary film of the same name directed by Kenneth Bowser and narrated by actor William H. Macy. It was screened out of competition at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 100% based on reviews from 8 critics. Profiles and interviews Profiled in the book Robert Altman Hal Ashby Luke Askew Gerald Ayres Warren Beatty Peter Bogdanovich Francis Ford Coppola Brian De Palma Robert Evans Peter Fonda William Friedkin Buck Henry Dennis Hopper Amy Irving George Lucas Marcia Lucas John Milius Jack Nicholson Polly Platt Bob Rafelson Bert Schneider Leonard Schrader Paul Schrader Martin Scorsese Cybill Shepherd Don Simpson Steven Spielberg Robert Towne Interviewed in the film Dede Allen Peter Bart Tony Bill Karen Black Peter Bogdanovich Ellen Burstyn Roger Corman Micky Dolenz Richard Dreyfuss Peter Fonda Carl Gottlieb Jerome Hellman Monte Hellman Dennis Hopper Willard Huyck Stanley Jaffe Henry Jaglom Gloria Katz Margot Kidder Laszlo Kovacs Kris Kristofferson Mardik Martin Mike Medavoy Sylvia Miles John Milius Charles Mulvehill David Newman Arthur Penn Michael Phillips David Picker Polly Platt Albert S. Ruddy Jennifer Salt Andrew Sarris Paul Schrader Cybill Shepherd Jonathan Taplin Joan Tewkesbury Fred Weintraub Gordon Willis Rudy Wurlitzer Vilmos Zsigmond Controversy and criticism Several of the film-makers profiled in the book have criticized Biskind. Robert Altman denounced both the book and Biskind's methods, saying \"It was hate mail. We were all lured into talking to this guy because people thought he was a straight guy but he was filling a commission from the publisher for a hatchet job. He's the worst kind of human being I know.\" Francis Ford Coppola was similarly critical, alleging that Biskind interviewed only people with negative opinions of him. Critic Roger Ebert noted that Steven Spielberg said of Easy Riders, Raging Bulls that: \"Every single word in that book about me is either erroneous or a lie.\" Ebert himself notes that: \"Biskind has a way of massaging his stories to suit his agenda.\" When asked about Biskind's portrayal of him as \"a womanizer, a tyrant and a bully,\" William Friedkin said: \"I've actually never read the book, but I've talked to some of my friends who are portrayed in it, and we",
"title": "Easy Riders, Raging Bulls"
},
{
"docid": "22349277",
"text": "Brighty of the Grand Canyon is a 1953 children's novel by Marguerite Henry and a 1966 film of the same name based on the novel. They present a fictionalized account of a real-life burro named \"Brighty\", who lived in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River from about 1892 to 1922.<ref>{{cite book|title=Brighty: Of the Grand Canyon|isbn=0689714858|last1=Henry|first1=Marguerite|year=1953|publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref> Book and film Henry penned her novel after she read an article about Brighty in Sunset Magazine''. It won the 1956 William Allen White Children's Book Award. Thomas McKee, the former manager of Wiley's Camp on the North Rim of the Canyon, read Henry's novel and wrote to express his interest in the book. McKee told Henry that his son, Bob, was Brighty's closest companion. He sent Henry a photograph of young Bob McKee sitting on Brighty's back. Bob became the composite character Homer Hobbs, played in the film by Dandy Curran. The other film characters include Old Timer, a prospector played by Dick Foran, and Uncle Jim Owen, a man of the Old West played by Joseph Cotten. Pat Conway appears as Jake Irons, who murders Old Timer for his copper ore. Uncle Jim then proceeds to help bring Irons to justice. Theodore Roosevelt was played by Karl Swenson. Parts of the film were shot at the Colorado River in Utah and the Grand Canyon in Arizona. Brighty's monument Brighty is honored with a bronze statue in the lobby of Grand Canyon Lodge, a National Historic Landmark, located near Arizona State Route 67 approximately 43 miles south of the junction with U.S. Route 89 alternate route. The sculpture is by artist Peter Jepsen. See also Platero References 1953 children's books 1953 American novels American children's novels Novels by Marguerite Henry Novels set in Arizona Children's novels about horses American novels adapted into films Films based on American novels 1967 films 1967 Western (genre) films Films set in Flagstaff, Arizona Fictional donkeys Films shot in Utah Films shot in Arizona Works about the Grand Canyon 1960s English-language films Children's books about horses Children's books about donkeys Children's books set in Arizona",
"title": "Brighty of the Grand Canyon"
},
{
"docid": "36637188",
"text": "Horrid Henry is the first book of the Horrid Henry series. It was published in 1994 and written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. The book is a collection of short stories about the same characters, along the lines of the Just William books. Plot Horrid Henry's Perfect Day Horrid Henry is a young boy who loves doing unimaginable horrible things. He throws food, he snatches things, he pushes, shoves and pinches. He has a younger brother called Perfect Peter, an extremely perfect boy who does uncountable good deeds. Peter always says \"Please\" and \"Thank You\", he loves vegetables and refuses cake and he never ever picks his nose. One day, Horrid Henry wonders what would happen if he were perfect?! So − the next day, Henry doesn't wake Peter up by splashing water on his head as usual, and Peter and his parents wake up late. Due to this, Henry and Peter are late for a class. Back at home, Henry doesn't bully Peter, instead, he reads a book about super-mice. At dinner time, Henry helps lay the table and ignores Peter's whining that he always lays the table. When the family eat spaghetti and meatballs, Henry does not kick Peter or slurp his food or leave behind his vegetables. Peter wants Henry to become horrid again and tries many ways to get Henry to hit him but Henry is resilient. When Henry's Mum gives Henry some fudge cake and a kiss for being so good, Peter can't stand it any longer and flings his plate at Henry but hits Mum. Mum screams at Peter to go to his room and when Henry laughs, she sends him to his room too. The story ends with Henry being surprised that being perfect was so much fun. Horrid Henry's Dance Class Henry and Peter have to go to the school's dance class taught by Miss Impatience Tutu, a very impatient woman who claims she is patient that Henry hates. The class has to play a concert and everyone is practicing for it. Impatience Tutu makes Henry sit behind a false bush for being horrid at her class so he won't embarrass everyone at the concert. When its time for the concert, Henry decides to make his part bigger and by doing so, makes Impatience Tutu stop the concert this story then ends with Henry being happy to finally go for karate. Horrid Henry & Moody Margaret Horrid Henry has an archenemy, and that is Moody Margaret. Margaret lives next door to Henry, is in Henry's class and owns all the things that Henry's goody-goody parents don't let him have. This is the only reason that Henry plays with Margaret. The two of them are playing pirates and squabbling over who is going to be Captain Hook and Peter is begging to not be the prisoner. When Margaret reluctantly hands over her Captain Hook role to Henry and takes his role as Mr. Smee and Henry orders her and Peter",
"title": "Horrid Henry (book)"
},
{
"docid": "4405364",
"text": "Roy McKie (usually spelled McKié; October 8, 1921 – January 8, 2015) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books, most notably under the Beginner Books imprint. He illustrated many books penned by Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss) under the pen name Theo. LeSieg (\"Geisel\" spelled backwards). Books illustrated by McKie (books he wrote himself are marked with *) include: The Big Orange Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 2015 (with Dr. Seuss, Scott Nash and Michael Frith) (his final work after his death) The Big Purple Book of Beginner Books by Helen Palmer, P.D. and Peter Eastman and Michael Frith - 2012 (with P.D. and Peter Eastman) Skiing by Henry Beard – 2002 Sailing by Henry Beard – 2001 – dictionary of funny sailing terms Computing by Henry Beard – 1999 The Big Green Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 1997 (with Quentin Blake, B. Tobey, George Booth, Michael J. Smollin and James Stevenson) A Big Ball of String by Marion Holland – 1993 (35th anniversary edition) A Dictionary of Silly Words About Growing Up by Henry Beard — 1988 Golfing by Henry Beard – 1987 dictionary of funny golfing terms Cooking by Henry Beard – 1985 dictionary of funny cooking terms Noah's Ark - 1984 Fishing by Henry Beard – 1983 dictionary of funny fishing terms Ship's Log by Henry Beard – 1983 dictionary of funny nautical terms Gardening, A Gardeners Dictionary By Henry Beard – 1982 – dictionary of funny gardening terms. The Tooth Book by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1981 (the 2000 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) The Joke Book* – 1979 The Hair Book by Graham Tether – 1979 (in 2019, the 40th anniversary edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Andrew Joyner) Dog* – 1978 The Riddle Book* – 1978 Roy McKie's Zodiac Book* – 1977 Would You Rather Be a Bullfrog? by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1975 The Many Mice of Mr. Brice by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) - 1973 (the 1989 edition replaces this title with new ones called The Pop-Up Mice of Mr. Brice, and later in early 2015 and early 2021, the 2015 and 2021 editions replace the pop-up book with new board books) In a People House by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1972 I Can Write a book by ME, Myself with a little help from Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1971 The Nose Book by Al Perkins – 1970 (the 2002 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) My Book About Me by ME, Myself with some little help from my friend Dr. Seuss – 1969 The Eye Book by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1968 (the 1999 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) Bennett Cerf's Book of Animal Riddles by Bennett Cerf – 1964 Summer by Alice Low – 1963 (2001 recolor edition without",
"title": "Roy McKie"
},
{
"docid": "29731255",
"text": "The Wars of the Roses was a 1963 theatrical adaptation of William Shakespeare's first historical tetralogy (1 Henry VI, 2 Henry VI, 3 Henry VI and Richard III), which deals with the conflict between the House of Lancaster and the House of York over the throne of England, a conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. The plays were adapted by John Barton, and directed by Barton and Peter Hall at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. The production starred David Warner as Henry VI, Peggy Ashcroft as Margaret of Anjou, Donald Sinden as the Duke of York, Paul Hardwick as the Duke of Gloucester, Janet Suzman as Joan la Pucelle, Brewster Mason as the Earl of Warwick, Roy Dotrice as Edward IV, Susan Engel as Queen Elizabeth and Ian Holm as Richard III. The plays were heavily politicised, with Barton and Hall allowing numerous contemporaneous events of the early 1960s to inform their adaptation. The production was a huge critical and commercial success, and is generally regarded as revitalizing the reputation of the Henry VI plays in the modern theatre. Many critics feel The Wars of the Roses set a standard for future productions of the tetralogy which has yet to be surpassed. In 1965, the BBC adapted the plays for television. The broadcast was so successful that they were shown again, in a differently edited form, in 1966. In 1970, BBC Books published the play scripts along with extensive behind-the-scenes information written by Barton and Hall, and other members of the Royal Shakespeare Company who worked on the production. Theatrical Rewriting The most significant initial alteration to the original text was to conflate the four plays into a trilogy. This was not unprecedented, as adaptations from the seventeenth century onwards had employed truncation when staging the sequence, especially the Henry VI trilogy. In 1681, John Crowne adapted 2 Henry VI and 3 Henry VI into a two-part play called Henry the Sixth, The First Part and The Misery of Civil War. Henry the Sixth comprised Acts 1–3 of 2 Henry VI, with material added by Crowne himself, focusing mainly on the death of Gloucester, whilst Misery adapted the last two acts of 2 Henry VI and a shortened version of 3 Henry VI. In 1699, Colley Cibber's The Tragical History of King Richard the Third used scenes from 3 Henry VI as a form of prologue to rest of the play, establishing a tradition still in use in filmic adaptations of Richard III (see, for example, James Keane and André Calmettes's 1912 version, Laurence Olivier's 1955 version or Richard Loncraine's 1995 version). In 1723, Theophilus Cibber's King Henry VI: A Tragedy used Act 5 of 2 Henry VI and Acts 1 and 2 of 3 Henry VI. In 1817, J.H. Merivale's Richard Duke of York; or the Contention of York and Lancaster used material from all three Henry VI plays, but removed everything not directly related to York. Robert Atkins adapted all three plays into a single piece for",
"title": "The Wars of the Roses (adaptation)"
},
{
"docid": "2771206",
"text": "Peter Marshall (May 27, 1902 – January 26, 1949) was a Scottish-American preacher, pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C., and was appointed as Chaplain of the United States Senate. He is remembered popularly from the success of A Man Called Peter (1951), a biography written by his widow, Catherine Marshall, and the book's 1955 film adaptation, which was nominated for an Academy Award for its cinematography. Early life and education Born in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, Scotland, a poverty-stricken coal-mining community, where he was reared by his mother and stepfather. From 1916-1921 he studied electrical engineering at Coatbridge Technical School. He enrolled in evening classes to study for the ministry, while working in the mines by day, but his progress was slow. In 1927, a cousin offered to pay Peter's way to the U.S., where he could receive proper ministerial training. He graduated from Columbia Theological Seminary in 1931. Ministry He was called as the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, a small, rural church in Covington, Georgia. After a brief pastorate, Marshall accepted a call to Atlanta's Westminster Presbyterian Church in 1933. Marriage and family In Atlanta, Marshall met his future wife, Catherine Wood, then a student at Agnes Scott College. They married on November 4, 1936, and had one son, Peter John Marshall (January 21, 1940 – September 8, 2010), who followed his father into the Presbyterian clergy and ran a national ministry, Peter Marshall Ministries, from Orleans, Massachusetts. He wrote many books on the Christian faith in the United States. Later career In 1937, Marshall became pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C. In 1946 he was appointed as US Senate Chaplain, serving from January 4, 1947, until his sudden death of a heart attack just over two years later, at age 46. Marshall is buried at Fort Lincoln Cemetery (Section C, Lot 344, Site 1) in Brentwood, Maryland. Legacy Dr. Peter Marshall School (Anaheim, California). Catherine Marshall wrote a biography of her husband, A Man Called Peter (1951), which was a popular success. It was adapted as a a film of the same title, released in 1955, which was nominated for the Oscar for Best Cinematography. Directed by Henry Koster, it featured Richard Todd as Peter Marshall, and Jean Peters as Catherine Marshall. Todd studied tape recordings of several Marshall sermons from 1947 to 1948; some of these historic recordings were later released to the public by Caedmon Records. The biography was also adapted as a stage play by the same name, produced in 1955. Archival collections The Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, has an undated carbon copy transcript of Catherine Marshall’s biography, A Man Called Peter. The undated transcript includes penciled annotations. The Society also holds a collection of Marshall’s sermons from his years as a pastor at Westminster Presbyterian Church and New York Avenue Presbyterian Church. The McCain Library at Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia holds a large collection of papers donated by the",
"title": "Peter Marshall (Presbyterian minister)"
},
{
"docid": "19192667",
"text": "\"Love, Blactually\" is the first episode in the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on September 28, 2008. The episode features anthropomorphic dog Brian as he meets a fellow atheist named Carolyn (Kat Foster) at a book store, and the two begin dating. Heeding advice from Stewie (also voiced by MacFarlane), Brian decides not to have sex with her. Carolyn is led to believe that Brian does not want a substantive relationship, so she begins to date Cleveland (Mike Henry). The episode was originally slated to air during season six on March 2, 2008, but was replaced with \"Play It Again, Brian\" for unknown reasons. The episode was written by Henry, and directed by Cyndi Tang. It received generally positive reviews from critics for its storyline. According to Nielsen ratings, it was watched by 9.2 million viewers in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Foster, along with several recurring voice actors from the series. \"Love, Blactually\" was released on DVD along with eight other episodes from the season on June 16, 2009. Plot After going to the bookstore to buy The God Delusion, Brian meets an atheist named Carolyn, who happens to be looking for the same book. Brian becomes interested in Carolyn, and the two begin to date. When she invites him to her house, Stewie tells Brian that his relationships fail because he has sex with his girlfriends immediately when they meet. Brian realizes that Stewie is right and decides to take things slow. However, after three weeks, he finds out that Carolyn has begun to date Cleveland, since she assumed Brian just wanted to be friends. A heartbroken Brian tries to deal with his loss, but keeps running into Cleveland and Carolyn having sex in various locations. Feeling bad for his botched advice that cost Brian a relationship with Carolyn, Stewie suggests that he can convince Cleveland's ex-wife, Loretta, to reconcile with him. The two visit Loretta in her own home and learn that she feels guilty for cheating on him with Quagmire, and believes she can never go back to Cleveland. Later, Cleveland visits Brian to clear the air with him but reveals that he plans to elope with Carolyn in Hawaii, which makes their friendship tense. Just as Cleveland leaves, Loretta arrives and apologizes to him for her affair with Quagmire; she begs him to allow her to get their family back together and promises she will never betray him again. Cleveland seeks advice from Peter and Lois, who attempt to dissuade Cleveland from going back to Loretta, but Brian, seeing his only chance at getting back with Carolyn, says Cleveland should \"forgive and forget\", and lies about Loretta's good qualities, which Peter immediately sees through and points out that she cannot be trusted. When Cleveland decides to wait until the next day to consider his thoughts, Peter recruits Quagmire to have sex with Loretta again so Cleveland can",
"title": "Love, Blactually"
},
{
"docid": "36807094",
"text": "Horrid Henry: Tricking the Tooth Fairy, published from 2000 to 2019 as Horrid Henry Tricks The Tooth Fairy, is the third book of the Horrid Henry series. It was first published in 1996 as Horrid Henry and the Tooth Fairy and was written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. Plot Horrid Henry Tricks The Tooth Fairy Everyone in Horrid Henry's class had lost at least one tooth - that is except Henry himself. Just today, his younger brother, Perfect Peter had lost a tooth. So, Henry decides to eat as many sweets as he can from his sweet jar, although it is two days before \"Sweet Day\" when he is allowed to eat sweets. Henry's \"hard work\" comes to a waste when none of his teeth feel wobbly and worse, his mouth, gums and stomach hurt. Then, he gets a \"brilliant\" idea. He decides to trick the tooth fairy. So on that night, Henry silently creeps into Peter's room and steals the tooth Peter placed under his pillow but bumps into his mother and manages to escape. The next morning, Henry doesn't find a coin from the tooth fairy but Peter finds a pound coin from the fairy. Henry asks his mother how the tooth fairy knows whose pillow to put money and she says that she looks at the gap between the child's teeth. Henry realizes his mistake and places a piece of black paper over his mouth. At night, when he sleeps, he ties his finger to a fake vampire tooth (a substitute for the real one) to make sure that when the tooth fairy comes and takes his tooth, he gets woken up. The next morning, Henry receives a fake 50p coin and a letter from the tooth fairy, mocking him for his trick. Henry's mother calls him down and scolds him for eating all the sweets and tells him to eat apples instead. Henry takes an apple and bites on it. To his horror, the bite had made him lose a tooth and he had swallowed it! Horrid Henry's Wedding Horrid Henry's cousin, Prissy Polly, is marrying Pimply Paul. Henry has been chosen to be a pageboy, along with Perfect Peter, his brother. First, Henry's family has trouble with Henry's pageboy clothes as they are too \"tight\". Second, they have trouble with Henry going to the wedding and they drag him into the car to go. Worse still, they are caught in the middle of a thunderstorm. They arrive at the wedding later than everybody. While the priest says all the holy blessings and promises, Henry pretends he is a famous chef who is tossing pancakes, only that he is tossing the wedding rings. When the rings (which Henry lost) are needed, Henry gives them a toy pirate ring. Afterwards, when everyone takes photos, Henry jumps in at the last moment and makes horrible faces. A while later, during the reception, while everyone is eating their lunch, Henry secretly eats the wedding cake but",
"title": "Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy"
},
{
"docid": "1271555",
"text": "Peter Parnell (; born 1953) is an American Broadway and Off-Broadway playwright, television writer, and children's book author. Parnell is also Vice-President of the Dramatists Guild of America, the professional association of playwrights, composers, lyricists, and librettists. Personal life Parnell is gay and is married to the psychiatrist Justin Richardson. They live in Manhattan with their daughter. Plays The Hunchback of Notre Dame - Disney Theatricals - music by Alan Menken, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz On a Clear Day You Can See Forever - St. James Theater, Broadway - 2011 - starring Harry Connick Jr., Jessie Mueller, and David Turner Trumpery - Atlantic Theatre Company - 2007 Trumpery received its European and British premiere in Oxford, UK during June 2014. QED - Lincoln Center Theater - starring Alan Alda - 2001 The Cider House Rules, Part One, adapted from John Irving's novel - Atlantic Theatre Company, Mark Taper Forum, Seattle Rep The Cider House Rules, Part Two, Mark Taper Forum, Seattle Rep Flaubert's Latest - Playwrights Horizons - 1992 Hyde in Hollywood - Playwrights Horizons - 1989 An Imaginary Life - Playwrights Horizons - 1993 Rise and Rise of Daniel Rocket - starring Thomas Hulce - Playwrights Horizons Romance Language - Playwrights Horizons - 1985 Scooter Thomas Makes It to the Top of the World - National Playwrights Conference at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center, 1977; Alley Theater, Boston, 1981 Sorrows of Stephen - The Public Theater - 1979 Television The West Wing, Season One - Executive Story Editor - 1999–2000 The West Wing, Season Two - Co-Producer - 2000–2001 The Guardian, Season One - Producer - 2001–2002 Inconceivable, Season One - Producer - 2005 Six Degrees, Season One - Consulting Producer - 2006–2007 BrainDead - Producer - 2017 Children's literature And Tango Makes Three with Justin Richardson. The book tells the true story of two male penguins living in the Central Park Zoo who pair-bonded and together hatched a chick named Tango. The book has received numerous awards and was the single most challenged or banned book in the United States in the years 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010. It remains one of the ten most banned books in several countries. Christian, the Hugging Lion, a children's book about the true story of Christian the lion. Grants and awards NEA, Guggenheim, Ingram Merrill and Lecomte de Nouy foundations; the Fund for New American Plays, Kennedy Center, American Theatre Critics' Association and Ovation awards for Best Play (for The Cider House Rules). For [\"And Tango Makes Three\"]: American Library Association Notable Children's Book - 2006 ASPCA's Henry Bergh Award - 2005 Gustavus Myer Outstanding Book Award- 2006 Nick Jr. Family Magazine Best Book of the Year - 2006 Bank Street Best Book of the Year - 2006 Cooperative Children's Book Council Choice, and CBC/NCSS Notable Social Studies Trade Book - 2006 Lambda Literary Award finalist - 2006 Sheffield Children's Book Award - shortlisted - 2008 Further reading Interview in You Can’t Say That! Writers for Young People Talk About Censorship,",
"title": "Peter Parnell"
},
{
"docid": "19585510",
"text": "Sayre's law states, in a formulation quoted by Charles Philip Issawi: \"In any dispute the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the issues at stake.\" By way of corollary, it adds: \"That is why academic politics are so bitter.\" Sayre's law is named after Wallace Stanley Sayre (1905–1972), U.S. political scientist and professor at Columbia University. History On 20 December 1973, the Wall Street Journal quoted Sayre as: \"Academic politics is the most vicious and bitter form of politics, because the stakes are so low.\" Political scientist Herbert Kaufman, a colleague and coauthor of Sayre, has attested to Fred R. Shapiro, editor of The Yale Book of Quotations, that Sayre usually stated his claim as \"The politics of the university are so intense because the stakes are so low\", and that Sayre originated the quip by the early 1950s. Many other claimants attach to the thought behind Sayre's law. According to Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson frequently complained about the personalized nature of academic politics, asserting that the \"intensity\" of academic squabbles was a function of the \"triviality\" of the issue at hand. Harvard political scientist Richard Neustadt (Sayre's former colleague at Columbia University) was quoted to a similar effect: \"Academic politics is much more vicious than real politics. We think it's because the stakes are so small.\" In his 1979 book Peter's People and Their Marvelous Ideas, Laurence J. Peter stated \"Peter's Theory of Entrepreneurial Aggressiveness in Higher Education\" as: \"Competition in academia is so vicious because the stakes are so small.\" Another proverbial form is: \"Academic politics are so vicious precisely because the stakes are so small.\" This observation is routinely attributed to Henry Kissinger who in a 1997 speech at the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University, said: \"I formulated the rule that the intensity of academic politics and the bitterness of it is in inverse proportion to the importance of the subject they're discussing. And I promise you at Harvard, they are passionately intense and the subjects are extremely unimportant.\" Variations on the same thought have also been attributed to scientist-author C. P. Snow, professor-politician Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and politician Jesse Unruh, among others. See also Notes References Charles Philip Issawi, Issawi's Laws of Social Motion, Hawthorn Books, 1973. p. 178. Ralph Keyes, The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When, Macmillan, 2006, p. 1. Laurence J. Peter, Peter's People and Their Marvelous Ideas, William Morrow & Co., 1979. Nigel Rees, Brewer's Famous Quotations: 5000 Quotations and the Stories Behind Them, Sterling Publishing Company, 2006, p. 394. Wallace S. Sayre and Herbert Kaufman, Governing New York City: Politics in the Metropolis, Russell Sage Foundation, 1960. Fred R. Shapiro, editor, foreword by Joseph Epstein, The Yale Book of Quotations, Yale University Press, 2006, p. 670. External links Historic examples of the adage. Edward B. Fiske, \"Education; Lessons\", The New York Times, 18 October 1989 Speech by Henry Kissinger, Fourteenth Annual Ashbrook Memorial Dinner, September 11, 1997 Adages Political terminology 1973",
"title": "Sayre's law"
},
{
"docid": "13455876",
"text": "Andrew Wise (fl. 1589 – 1603), or Wyse or Wythes, was a London publisher of the Elizabethan era who issued first editions of five Shakespearean plays. \"No other London stationer invested in Shakespeare as assiduously as Wise did, at least while Shakespeare was still alive.\" Andrew Wise was the son of a Yorkshire yeoman; as \"Wythes,\" he served an eight-year apprenticeship under Henry Smith and Thomas Bradshaw starting in 1581, and became a \"freeman\" (a full member) of the Stationers Company on 26 May 1589. He ran his own business in London from about 1593 to 1603; his shop was at the sign of the Angel in St. Paul's Churchyard. Wise published editions of the following five Shakespearean plays: He entered Richard II into the Stationers' Register on 20 August 1597, and published the first quarto of the play before the end of the year. The second and third quartos both followed in 1598. All three volumes were printed by Valentine Simmes. Richard III was entered into the Stationers' Register on 20 October 1597; the first quarto appeared later that year. Wise published the second quarto of R3 in 1598, and the third in 1602. Valentine Simmes printed signatures A-G of the first quarto, with H-M coming from Peter Short's print shop. The other two books were printed by Thomas Creede. Henry IV, Part 1 was registered on 25 February 1598 (new style), and published later that year, printed by Valentine Simmes and Peter Short. Q2 followed in 1599, with printing by Simon Stafford. Henry IV, Part 2 was registered on 23 August 1600; the sole quarto edition of the era was published that same year. In this case, Wise worked in partnership with colleague William Aspley; the printing was done once again by Valentine Simmes. Much Ado About Nothing was also registered on 23 August 1600, and published that year by Wise and Aspley, with printing by Simmes. In one view, \"Andrew Wise...struck gold three times in a row in 1597–8 by picking what would become the three best-selling Shakespearean quartos as the first three plays of his brief career.\" In addition to Shakespeare's plays, Wise published a range of other contemporary works, including Thomas Nashe's Christ's Tears Over Jerusalem (1593), and Thomas Campion's Observations in the Art of English Poesy (1602). As was typical of publishers of his era, he published religious and homiletic works, like The Pathway to Perfection and The Mean of Mourning (both 1596) by Thomas Playfair – though he appears to have operated a rather small-scale business, in comparison with other stationers of his generation. On 25 June 1603, Andrew Wise transferred his copyrights to R2, R3, and 1H4 to fellow stationer Matthew Law, who issued subsequent quartos of all three plays. Thereafter Wise \"is not heard of again.\" References Publishers (people) from London 16th-century English businesspeople",
"title": "Andrew Wise"
},
{
"docid": "8932417",
"text": "David Henry Wilson (born 1937, in London) is an English writer. As an author he is best known for his children's stories such as the Jeremy James series. Wilson has also had a number of plays produced in the United Kingdom, both for children and adults. He is also the author of The Coachman Rat (1989), a satirical novel based on the Cinderella story. Biography Wilson was educated at Dulwich College and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He has lived in France, Ghana, Germany and Switzerland, and for many years was a lecturer at the universities of Bristol and Konstanz (where he founded and ran the university theatre). Wilson has had many books published in the United Kingdom. A number of these have also been translated into other languages. He also translates many works from French and German, ranging from children's books by Kirsten Boie to travel guides by Peter Sager, art history by Werner Hofmann, and literary theory by Wolfgang Iser. He is also a prolific playwright, writing both short and full-length works. A common theme appears to be sequels to works by Shakespeare. Personal life Wilson is widowed and has three grown-up children; he now lives in Taunton, Somerset. He is a fan of cricket and classical music and also enjoys rugby. His youngest child, J.J. Amaworo Wilson is an American-based author whose magical realist novel Damnificados is an award winner. Selected works for children The Jeremy James series, comprising: Elephants Don’t Sit on Cars (1978) Never Say Moo to a Bull, formerly Getting Rich With Jeremy James (1979) How the Lion Lost his Lunch, formerly Beside the Sea with Jeremy James (1980) Can a Spider Learn to Fly?, formerly How to Stop a Train with One Finger (1983) Do Goldfish Play the Violin? (1985) Please Keep Off the Dinosaur (1993) Do Gerbils Go to Heaven? (1996) Never Steal Wheels from a Dog (2001) These have been combined by Macmillan Children's Books into three volumes: Triple Trouble with Jeremy James Causing Chaos with Jeremy James Making Mischief with Jeremy James The Fastest Gun Alive The Superdog series - Superdog, Superdog the Hero, Superdog in Trouble Gander of the Yard, Gideon Gander Solves the World's Greatest Mysteries The Coachman Rat, a novel (Carroll & Graf, 1989) The Castle of Inside Out (Alma Books, 1997) Selected plays We’re Looking for Mary Pickford. Two ancient children rebel against their mother. Jones v Jones. The disintegration of a marriage. Who Cares? A farcical tragedy, in which two pensioners prepare to donate their meagre savings to charity People in Cages. Are You Normal, Mr Norman? & other short plays, including the title play, in which Mr Norman visits a demon dentist The Death Artist. Gas and Candles The Make-Up Artist (1973), one-act play employing extensive quotation from Shakespeare. Selected Shakespearian themed plays Shylock's Revenge, a full-length sequel to The Merchant of Venice (Shakespearian–sized cast, first produced at University of Hamburg). Iago, The Villain of Venice, a full-length sequel to Othello (another large cast). Excellent Beauty",
"title": "David Henry Wilson"
},
{
"docid": "4707829",
"text": "{{Infobox musical |name= Shenandoah |subtitle= |image= Shenandoah (musical).jpg |caption= Original Cast Recording |music= Gary Geld |lyrics= Peter Udell |book= Peter Udell Philip Rose James Lee Barrett |basis= 1965 film Shenandoah |productions= 1974 Goodspeed Opera House 1975 Broadway 1977 First National Tour 1989 Broadway revival |awards= Tony Award for Best Book in a Musical Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical (John Cullum) }}Shenandoah is a 1974 musical with music by Gary Geld, lyrics by Peter Udell, and book by Udell, Philip Rose, and James Lee Barrett. It is based on Barrett's original screenplay for the 1965 film Shenandoah. Synopsis Charlie Anderson, a widower, lives with his large family in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, during the American Civil War. Anderson does not wish to be involved with the war because he doesn't consider it \"his\" war, but he is forced to take action when his youngest son Robert is taken prisoner by Union soldiers. In the course of searching for Robert, Charlie, his daughter Jenny, and some of his sons rescue Sam (Jenny's newlywed Confederate soldier husband) from a Yankee POW train. After enduring the tragedy of losing his eldest son Jacob (to a sniper) and his second eldest son James and James' wife Anne (to deserters), Charlie and the rest of the family return home, defeated. In his despair, Charlie is reminded to return to church, where he, at long last, is reunited with Robert once more. Original cast and characters Musical numbers Act I Raise the Flag of Dixie (Prologue) - Ensemble I've Heard it All Before - Charlie Pass the Cross to Me - Ensemble Why Am I Me? - The Boy and Gabriel Next to Lovin' (I Like Fightin') - Jacob, James, Nathan, John and Henry Over the Hill - Jenny The Pickers are Coming - Charlie Next to Lovin' (I Like Fightin') (Reprise) - Jacob, James, Nathan, John, Henry and Jenny Meditation - Charlie We Make a Beautiful Pair - Anne and Jenny Violets and Silverbells - Jenny, Sam and Ensemble It's a Boy! - Charlie, Jacob, James, Nathan, John and Henry Act II Entr'acte - Orchestra Freedom - Anne and Gabriel Violets and Silverbells (reprise) - James and Anne Papa's Gonna Make it Alright - Charlie The Only Home I Know - Corporal and Ensemble The Only Home I Know (Reprise) - Corporal Papa's Gonna Make it Alright (Reprise) - Jenny Meditation II - Charlie Pass the Cross to Me (Finale) - Ensemble Freedom (curtain call) - Ensemble Productions The play was first performed at the Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut, during 1974. It then moved to the Colonial Theater in Boston for a pre-Broadway run from November 25, 1974 - December 14, 1974. It then transferred to the Alvin Theatre on Broadway beginning on January 7, 1975. where it played for a total of 1,050 performances, ending August 7, 1977. The production was directed by Philip Rose, with scenery by Chuck Murawski, lighting by Thomas R. Skelton, costumes by Pearl",
"title": "Shenandoah (musical)"
},
{
"docid": "52831667",
"text": "The Blanket of the Dark is a 1931 historical novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. The novel is set in the early part of the reign of Henry VIII, and explores the possible consequences had the Tudors been overthrown by a rightful descendant of Edward III. Plot The action of the novel takes place in the country west of Oxford during the 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising against Henry VIII. Peter Pentecost, a young monastic scholar, is informed by shadowy figures who are plotting to depose the king that he is the legitimate son of the deceased Duke of Buckingham and that, as the last of the Bohun line, he has a claim to the English throne. Although his true identity must for now remain secret, Peter finds himself being prepared for his intended kingly role and being tutored in the noble pursuits of swordsmanship and archery. He meets a noblewoman, Sabine Beauforest. To hide from the king’s men, Peter takes to the greenwood where he is aided by Solomon Darking and his vagabond comrades. They introduce him to the lore of the countryside, and reveal the existence of a self-contained outlaw society, invisible to the agents of the state, with its own system of communication and intelligence gathering. He discovers that \"under the blanket of the dark all men are alike and all are nameless\". As the novel progresses, Peter has increasing doubts about the venture he is being asked to undertake, and the motives of those behind it: \"They claimed to stand for the elder England and its rights, and the old Church, but at their heart they stood only for themselves.\" After an encounter with the king himself, Peter asks himself whether there \"might not there be a world of light under the blanket of the dark?\", and he decides that he does not wish to pursue a life of power. He disappears from official sight back into the greenwood with Sabine. Title The title is a phrase from William Shakespeare's Macbeth, where Lady Macbeth, preparing herself to murder King Duncan, says \"Come, thick night, / And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, / That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, / Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, / To cry, Hold, hold!\" Critical reception David Daniell in The Interpreter's House (1975) quotes Kipling who professed to be \"rested and delighted\" by the book and who called it a tour de force. Rose Macaulay said that the book was \"so enchanting and beautiful that I often read it for my pleasure\". Daniell himself notes that while the tone is relaxed, the control is tight, and \"it is as if Buchan is drawing together all his skills under the influence of his response to the land and its people\". Writing for the John Buchan Society website in 2001, Kenneth Hillier called The Blanket of the Dark “a thoroughly enjoyable book, because it not only expresses the deep love",
"title": "The Blanket of the Dark"
},
{
"docid": "30827966",
"text": "Horrid Henry: The Movie is a 2011 British 3D children's comedy film directed by Nick Moore and produced by Allan Niblo, Rupert Preston, Mike Watts and Lucinda Whiteley, who wrote it. In the film, Henry and the Purple Hand Gang fight to prevent the closure of their school by an evil private school headmaster. It is based on the fictional character Horrid Henry from the children's book series of the same name by Francesca Simon. The film itself takes place before Series 3 of the TV series. Horrid Henry: The Movie stars Theo Stevenson, Richard E. Grant, Parminder Nagra, Kimberley Walsh, Mathew Horne, Siobhan Hayes, Dick and Dom, Noel Fielding, Jo Brand and Anjelica Huston. It was the first British film for children to be shot in 3D, and was officially released in cinemas on 29 July 2011 in 2D, RealD 3D, and 3D formats by Vertigo Films in the United Kingdom. Phase 4 Films and Entertainment One released the film in theatres in the United States and Canada on 22 December 2012. The film received generally negative reviews from critics and audiences, who criticized its humor, use of 3D, acting, and low quality, but was positively received from fans of the books and the TV series. It grossed $10.1 million worldwide. Horrid Henry: The Movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 28 November 2011 in the United Kingdom. Horrid Henry: The Movie has sold over 750,000 DVD copies in the UK. Plot After failing to complete his homework yet again, Horrid Henry has his friend Brainy Brian forge a note from his mother claiming that his cat ate it. His teacher, Miss Battle-Axe, sees through Henry's scheme as the word \"homework\" is spelled correctly, something Henry is incapable of doing. While Henry is in detention, his friends join him to rehearse for a school talent contest; they are interrupted by Mrs Oddbod, the Headmistress, and a pair of school inspectors. Meanwhile, Vic Van Wrinkle, Headmaster of the expensive all-boys private academy, Brick House School, influences the school inspectors to close down Ashton Primary, the school Henry attends, hoping to make a fortune from the resulting influx of students. The inspectors encourage Henry's pranks, leading to Miss Battle-Axe and Miss Lovely being fired for failing to enforce discipline. Mrs Oddbod also bans Henry's band, the Zero Zombies, from entering the talent contest. With Ashton Primary on the brink of closing, Henry's Great Aunt Greta offers to pay for Henry to attend an all-girls private academy (thinking Henry is a girl) and his younger brother, Perfect Peter, to attend Brick House. Miss Lovely applies for a job at Brick House and spies on Van Wrinkle; she is captured, but passes notes about Van Wrinkle's plan to Peter. Meanwhile, Henry and Margaret (who has also been transferred to Henry's new school) are attacked by the students there and escape. Henry and the Zero Zombies compete in the talent contest, hoping that their win will make them famous enough that Ashton Primary",
"title": "Horrid Henry: The Movie"
},
{
"docid": "30665558",
"text": "King Henry I of England has been portrayed in various cultural media. Theatre Henry I of England, a play by Beth Flintoff, was first performed in November 2016 at St James's Church, Reading. The drama follows the story of the three sons of William the Conqueror and ends with the early reign of Henry I. The narrative continues in Flintoff's second play Matilda the Empress which depicts the king's later life and The Anarchy period after his death when his daughter Matilda and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. Fictional portrayals Henry I has been depicted in historical novels and short stories. They include: Pado, the Priest (1899) by Sabine Baring-Gould revolves around Henry's conflict with the Welsh. A Saxon Maid (1901) by Eliza Frances Pollard. Reportedly \"a good short story of the Norman devastations\", taking place in the reigns of William II and Henry I. The latter being a prominent character. \"Old Men at Pevensey\" by Rudyard Kipling, a short story included in the collection Puck of Pook's Hill (1906). Features both Henry I and Robert Curthose. \"The Tree of Justice\" by Rudyard Kipling, a short story included in the collection Rewards and Fairies (1910). Features both Henry I and Rahere. The King’s Minstrel (1925) by Ivy May Bolton. The title character is Rahere, depicted as \"part jester, part priest, and more wizard than either\". The King of the title is Henry I who is \"prominently introduced\". Henry appears in two novels by George Shipway, The Paladin (1972) and The Wolf Time (1973). In these books, Henry is depicted as organizing the death of King William II. Henry appears briefly in the short story \"A Light on the Road to Woodstock\" (1988) by Ellis Peters, one of her Brother Cadfael stories. \"A Light on the Road to Woodstock\" is collected in A Rare Benedictine: The Advent of Brother Cadfael. The Pillars of the Earth, a 1989 novel by Ken Follett, set during the Anarchy period. In the miniseries based on the book King Henry was portrayed by Clive Wood. References Sources Henry I Henry I of England",
"title": "Cultural depictions of Henry I of England"
},
{
"docid": "1870925",
"text": "Cooleemee (), also known as the Cooleemee Plantation House, is a house located between Mocksville and Lexington, North Carolina, at the terminus of SR 1812 (Peter Hairston Rd.) on the Yadkin River in Davie County, North Carolina. It is a U.S. National Historic Landmark, designated in 1978 for its architecture. History The house's floor plan in the shape of a Greek cross, with four equal wings extending from an octagonal core, is based on a published design by William H. Ranlett, The Architect (New York) 1847, Vol. I, Plate 32, published again in Godey's Lady's Book, January 1850; the Godey's Lady's Book engravings were framed and kept in the house. The house is an \"Anglo-Grecian Villa\", built in the shape of a Greek cross between 1853 and 1855 by Peter and Columbia Stuart Hairston. The builder Peter Wilson Hairston a white Superior Court judge in North Carolina, who had inherited Cooleemee from his grandfather, was a central figure in Henry Wiencek's telling of the family's story. The house is built from approximately 300,000 bricks made on site. Cooleemee Plantation was founded by Colonel Jesse A. Pearson who took part in the capture of approximately 600 tribal Creek Indians during the War of 1812. The Indians known as \"Kulimi\", a tribe of the Creek nation, were from the village of \"Cooleeme\" near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers. The Creek word means \"the place where the white oaks grow\". Upon his return in 1814, he named his existing plantation \"Cooleemee Hill\". In 1817, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and four-time state legislator, Peter Hairston, purchased the Cooleemee Hill Plantation for $8 per acre – $20,000 total. In addition to the plantation house, in 1860 there were twenty-three slave dwellings at Cooleemee. The principal crop at Cooleemee was tobacco. In 1997, the Hairston family, who still owned the house, donated a conservation easement to The LandTrust for Central North Carolina, which helped preserve the house and property against development. At that time, the plantation included of farmland (down from at its peak), surrounded by a two-mile (3 km) stretch of the Yadkin River supporting more than 200 species of bird. Cooleemee Plantation was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978. Family In 1999, Henry Wiencek published The Hairstons: An American Family In Black And White, which told the story of the Hairston family, which continues to own Cooleemee, and of the plantation and its history over the past 150 years. This family, with black and white branches due to slavery, have continued to hold reunions at Cooleemee that honor their family's history and roots in the region. Wiencek, in the course of his preparation for this book, witnessed what he considered to be extraordinary interactions between members of the Hairston Family. In the course of his research, Wiencek learned that the Hairstons were not only the largest slaveholding family in the South, but also slave traders. Peter Wilson Hairston, the latest Hairston to own the property at the",
"title": "Cooleemee"
},
{
"docid": "75717217",
"text": "The Laughing Woman is a 1934 British stage play by Gordon Daviot, a nom de plume for Elisabeth MacKintosh (1896-1955) who also wrote under the name Josephine Tey. It was based on the relationship between Henri Gaudier and Sophie Brzeska. The play debuted in London in 1934 at the New Theatre. It had a short run on Broadway in 1936. Premise According to a synopsis in The Spectator, the \"play... presents a cross-section of the relations between Rene Latour and Ingrid Rydrnan. He is young, French, and a sculptor; she is older, Swedish, and a philosopher with a book to write. They come from Paris to London and live there as brother and sister in great poverty. Their incessant quarrels cannot blind — or deafen — them to the fact that they are necessary to each other. They cling together stormily. The outbreak of the War finds Rene on the threshold of fame. He returns incontinently to the France which rejected him, to die (as the Epilogue tells us) on active service and with the rank of sergeant.\" Australian radio adaptation The play was adapted for Australian radio in 1939 by Max Afford, starring Peter Finch and Neva Carr Glynn. Finch's performance was a milestone in his career. A critic for Wireless Weekly stated: Peter Finch is a great actor.... For the first time in my listening life, I was actually sorry when the play came to an end... As Rene Latour, Peter Finch is inspired. And Neva Carr-Glynn as Ingrid is not far behind... in the hands of the players it came to life — one of the most human, the most extraordinary, the most ruthless, the most delicate love stories that radio has been able to present. The play was performed again on Australian radio in 1941 with Neva Carr Glynn and Paul O'Loughlin in the leads. Wireless Weekly said \"It contains some of the most effective backyard squabbles I have heard in radio drama\" but felt the accents were \"not so good in parts. Perhaps Neva Carr-Glyn, who played Ingrid opposite Peter Finch in the first version, was a little bored with doing it again. Perhaps Paul O'Loughlin, who played the artist Latour, was a little self-conscious.\" It was performed again in 1946, with Finch and Thelma Scott. Reviewing the 1946 production, the Sun said \"Many actors make a hash of foreign characterisations. Not so Peter Finch. His Rene Latour in 2GB's \"Laughing Woman\" was a gem, matched only by Thelma Scott's sensitive performance as Ingrid Rydman. Both artists breathed life into an otherwise average play.\" Finch's performance earned him the Macquarie Award for Best Starring Male Actor of the year. There was another version in 1953. References External links 1939 Radio Adaptation at AustLit 1934 plays British plays 1939 Australian radio dramas 1941 Australian radio dramas 1953 Australian radio dramas 1946 Australian radio dramas Radio plays by Max Afford",
"title": "The Laughing Woman (play)"
}
] | [
"Jacob Tremblay"
] |
train_18467 | who plays spider man in the amazing spider man | [
{
"docid": "41357270",
"text": "The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for",
"title": "List of Spider-Man film cast members"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "21465518",
"text": "\"Character Assassination\" is a four-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Marc Guggenheim with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #584-#588. An interlude, \"The Spartacus Gambit\" was featured in Amazing Spider-Man Extra #1 (June 2008) and later re-released for free online via Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited alongside the release of The Amazing Spider-Man #587 in February 2009. Plot summary The race for mayor is hot with Bill Hollister close in the polls to Randall Crowne. The Spider-Tracer murders continue with Shocker and Boomerang walking in on another corpse. Spider-Man is chased by police and is shot in the right arm. Spider-Man hallucinates a fight with Menace in which he unmasks to reveal the face of Harry Osborn. On top of the Statue of Liberty Harry proposes to Lily who is not sure what to say. Meanwhile, Carlie's lab reverse engineers the Spider-Tracers to track the source. Carlie arrives in Vin and Peter's apartment finding a bag of Spider-Tracers under Vin's bed. Horrified, she demands an explanation from Vin and his partner Cop hints that the entire NYPD is involved with the murders. Spider-Man attempts to stop Menace from attacking the Hollister Campaign supporters but Menace defeats the wounded Spider-Man leaving him to be captured by the police. Menace retreats to Harry Osborn's apartment \"unmasking\" to reveal the face of Lily Hollister. Harry walks in and looks in horror. Lily explains that she discovered notes about the Goblin Serum and hideout through concerns that Harry returned to drugs. A new type of Goblin Serum made contact with Lily's skin mutating her into Menace. She states that she attacked the Hollister campaign to make others sympathize with Bill Hollister and help him become elected. Lily also says that she accepts Harry's marriage proposal and leaves Harry who is flabbergasted by this turn of events. On election day Harry picks up a vial of the Goblin Serum and picks up a Goblin Gun behind the original Glider. Spider-Man is arrested by the police for the spider tracer murders and held at Ryker's Island. Matt Murdock arrives as his attorney and files motions to prevent the NYPD or the courts from unmasking him. At the preliminary hearings Iron Fist appears dressed as Spider-Man to create doubt that the Peter is the only Spider-Man or the killer. Black Cat and Murdock smuggle Peter a web-shooter. Carlie confronts Vin and he and his partner reveal that many NYPD cops from their precinct are planting the tracers on dead bodies to frame Spider-Man in a smear campaign to turn public opinion against him. He states that they are tired of him getting away with vigilante justice. Carlie claims to want in but then turns them into their captain Sergeant Palone, who unknown to her is the leader of the conspiracy. He later has Vin arrested as the sole suspect as Vin's precinct killed Bookie, who solved the murders first. While trapped in Rykers, Spider-Man learns that Vin",
"title": "Character Assassination"
},
{
"docid": "32703921",
"text": "Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It features the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna \"Ana\" Soria) to the Marvel Universe and laid the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, style, and plot. Plot Infested \"Infested\" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the \"Spider-Island\" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31. Spider-Island The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him \"The Way of the Spider\", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen. Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jackal is behind the disturbance, as he has collected several prominent crime figures with spider-powers and given them Spider-Man outfits. The Avengers attempt to defend the city against spider-powered hooligans. Although Shang-Chi is able to confirm Spider-Man's identity to the other heroes, he is nevertheless ordered to stay out of the fight due to the inability to distinguish him from the other Spider-Men. However, inspired by a conversation with Mary Jane, Peter is able to rally various other New Yorkers to help him stop the villainous Spider-Men by posing as another random spider-powered citizen. As Anti-Venom works on curing various Spider-People of their powers, Madame Web reflects on the need for both Agent Venom and Anti-Venom to fix the Spider-Island problem. Meanwhile, Carlie and Peter attempt to investigate the Jackal's lab, reasoning that he is the most likely candidate to have caused this event, unaware that they are being watched. Jackal is seen working on the Spider-King by filling with tiny spider embryos. Horizon Labs works with Reed Richards to find a cure for the spider-powered people while the Avengers and",
"title": "Spider-Island"
},
{
"docid": "313540",
"text": "The Chameleon (Dmitri Smerdyakov; Russian: Дмитрий Смердяков) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963). The Chameleon is the first ever antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He is a master of disguises who is known for his ability to impersonate virtually anybody. The character is also the half-brother of Kraven the Hunter. This relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. He has also been a member of the Sinister Six and the Sinister Twelve at various points in his history. Since his original introduction, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), portrayed by Numan Acar. Fred Hechinger is set to appear as the character in the upcoming Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Kraven the Hunter (2024). Publication history 1960s Dmitri Smerdyakov debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. The Chameleon is therefore the first member of Spider-Man's rogues' gallery based on issue publication date and excluding the burglar who murdered Ben Parker. He appeared in the 1959 Tales to Astonish series. He appeared in the 1959 Tales of Suspense series. He appeared in the 1985 Web of Spider-Man series. 2000s Dmitri Smerdyakov appeared in the 2014 Original Sin: Secret Avengers Infinite Comic series. He later appeared in the 2015 Spider-Man and the X-Men series. He appeared in the 2018 Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2021 Giant-Size Amazing Spider-Man: Chameleon Conspiracy one-shot. Fictional character biography Dmitri Smerdyakov was born in Soviet Russia. In his youth, he became a servant and half-brother to Sergei Kravinoff, and later a minor associate of Gustav Fiers. Although Dmitri and Sergei were friends, Sergei was often abusive to Smerdyakov, leading to a combination of admiration and resentment towards Kravinoff. Eventually, Smerdyakov emigrated to the United States of America. As he had made a talent for himself during his youth by impressing his brother by impersonating friends and neighbors, he assumed an even more impressive disguise: the identity of Chameleon. During his first known criminal outing, he impersonated Spider-Man, though he was soon exposed and arrested. Shortly afterward, Sergei (now known as \"Kraven the Hunter\") came to America, and the Chameleon set his old associate's sights on Spider-Man. Both men became long-time enemies of Spider-Man, part of his primary rogues gallery. The Chameleon inspired Kraven to begin hunting Spider-Man, inviting Kraven to dispose of the hero. With Kraven, the Chameleon battled Iron Man, and then confronted the Hulk. At one point, the Chameleon disguised himself as Hank Pym, and robbed Pym's laboratory for documents to combat Virus Nine. While delivering",
"title": "Chameleon (character)"
},
{
"docid": "58734846",
"text": "Spider-Girl is the code name of several fictional characters in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The most prominent version and first to receive an ongoing series is Mayday Parker from the MC2 universe, the second version is Anya Corazon, and the third version is Gwen Warren, the latter two both from the Earth-616 universe. Several alternate reality incarnations of the character have additionally received notoriety, including the Ultimate Spider-Girl, Ashley Barton, Betty Brant, April, Penelope and Petra Parker, and Charlotte Morales. Publication history The first portrayed Spider-Girl, Mayday Parker, first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint with The Amazing Spider-Girl and Spectacular Spider-Girl. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature \"Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man\", written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through #8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8, followed by one last Spider-Girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End, in which fellow Spider-Girl April Parker is killed. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity. The new series featured a new character, Anya Corazon, whose adventures occurred on Earth 616. The series was canceled after only eight issues. No official reason was given for the cancellation. This character returned for a Spider-Island limited series. A second Earth-616 Spider-Girl was introduced in Avenging Spider-Man #16 (January 2013), before returning a decade later in X-Men Unlimited Infinity Comic #69 (January 2023) under the name \"Gwen Warren\", assuming the mantle of Spider-Girl as a member of the X-Men. Spider-Girls Mayday Parker The daughter of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 universe. April Parker Prior to calling herself \"Mayhem\", Mayday's clone April goes by Spider-Girl, the two sharing the mantle. Anya Corazon A Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña (Spider), and occasionally goes by Spider-Girl. Gwen Warren The mutant clone of Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Ana Soria created by the Jackal using technology stolen from Mister Sinister, the newborn Spider-Girl battles The Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Spider-Man's body) and the X-Men in the form of a 30 ft. human-spider hybrid, resembling a giant garden spider with human eyes able to shoot eye-beams, before being returned to a normal size with sentience, to the physical size of a twelve-year-old humanoid girl. Later, she enrolls in and drops out of the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning under the name \"Gwen Warren\" according to a statement by Tom Brevoort",
"title": "Spider-Girl"
},
{
"docid": "34693053",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an open world video game based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man and the 2012 film of the same name. It was developed by Beenox and published by Activision. It was released on June 26 in North America and on June 29, 2012 in Europe for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Android, iOS, and Microsoft Windows. A version for the Wii U was released in March 2013 in North America and Europe known as The Amazing Spider-Man: Ultimate Edition in both regions. A PlayStation Vita version was released in November 2013. A sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, was released in April 2014, itself based on the film. The game was directed by Gerard Lehiany and written by Seamus Kevin Fahey, Benjamin Schirtz and Gérard Lehiany. Its story serves as an alternate epilogue to The Amazing Spider-Man film, which is continued in the game's sequel. Months after the events of the film, a number of cross-species experiments created by Oscorp using Curt Connors' research escape into Manhattan and infect its population with a deadly virus, forcing Spider-Man to join forces with Gwen Stacy and Connors to find a cure. Meanwhile, the new Oscorp CEO, Alistair Smythe, attempts to develop his own cure so that he will be credited as the city's savior, and to eliminate Spider-Man and Connors for interfering with his plans. The Nintendo 3DS and Wii versions of the game include the script and plot of the other versions of the game, but feature a much different, more linear gameplay that does not have an open world environment, and instead features the player selecting a level from the map in Spider-Man's apartment, before playing a mostly linear level. It was natively designed for the 3DS and later ported to the Wii. Upon its release, the game received mixed to positive reviews from critics, with praise to the gameplay, controls, combat, dark tone, intensity and soundtrack, although it received criticism for its mode of difficulty, story, visuals, repetitive side missions and lack of innovation. Gameplay PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows versions The Amazing Spider-Man is a third-person video game, set in an open world based on Manhattan. Players take on the role of Spider-Man and complete missions—linear scenarios with set objectives—to progress through the story. The missions are structured in a linear manner, but the player is free to explore the game's map in between missions and engage in various side activities. Players have access to all of Spider-Man's superhuman abilities, including web swinging and wall crawling. The game introduces a bullet time mechanic called Web-Rush, where players slow down time by holding a button and can select between different locations that Spider-Man will automatically move towards once the player releases the button. This gameplay mechanic can be used to target enemies, whom Spider-Man will attack automatically, or objects that Spider-Man will throw at enemies, incapacitating them for a few seconds and allowing Spider-Man to web them",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "24786216",
"text": "The comic book character Spider-Man has had much media attention due to his popularity as a superhero, as have his villains. Here is a list of his primary villains that have undergone media attention such as in films, televisions, and video games as well as some villains who debuted in the TV series. Film This is a list of Spider-Man enemies that have been in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy, Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films, the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), and Sony's Spider-Man Universe. The movies in the original trilogy also introduces Dylan Baker as Dr. Curt Connors, the man who in the comics becomes the Lizard, but this transformation never took place during Raimi's tenure as director. Mendel Stromm was portrayed by actor Ron Perkins in Spider-Man, although he did not become a villain while Spider-Man 2 features Daniel Gillies as John Jameson, whose transformation into the Man-Wolf is not depicted in the film. Additionally, the Kingpin was featured prominently in the Mark Steven Johnson film Daredevil, where he was portrayed by Michael Clarke Duncan. In The Amazing Spider-Man, the Lizard is the villain. Irrfan Khan also portrays the antagonistic Dr. Ratha in that film. In The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Felicity Jones plays Felicia Hardy, the alter ego of Black Cat but her version of Black Cat was never shown. In Spider-Man: Homecoming, Michael Mando appears as Mac Gargan, but did not become Scorpion. In Spider-Man: Far From Home, Jake Gyllenhaal portrays Mysterio, who was originally to be played by Bruce Campbell in Raimi's canceled fourth film. Additionally, although the character has not appeared in an MCU film yet, Vincent D'Onofrio portrays the Kingpin in Marvel Television's Netflix series Daredevil and the Disney+ series Hawkeye, Echo, and Daredevil: Born Again. Live-action films Animated films Television A number of Spider-Man villains have made appearances in Spider-Man television series or other Marvel Comics related shows mostly in animation. Also, in Wolverine and the X-Men, there was a character that closely resembles Shadrac. Here is a listing in alphabetical order. Sinister Six A few of Spider-Man villains in other media have joined the group Sinister Six (or Insidious Six in Spider-Man: The Animated Series and Sinister Seven or Superior Sinister Six in Ultimate Spider-Man) to take down Spider-Man just like in the comics. Here is a list of villains who have joined. The numbers beside the supervillain with the parentheses in between them stand for their first meeting and second meeting and so on. There has never been a proper depiction of the original Sinister Six (Doctor Octopus, Mysterio, Vulture, Sandman, Kraven and Electro), but in most franchises, all of the members appear, mainly without joining. Made-for-TV villains These villains do not appear in the comics. They were created for various cartoon series. Among them are: Spider-Man (1967) Baron von Rantenraven (voiced by Tom Harvey) - A German pilot who commanded Sky Harbor, which he used to invade New York with World War I biplanes. He uses paralyzing devices. Blackwell the",
"title": "List of Spider-Man enemies in other media"
},
{
"docid": "503156",
"text": "Spider-Girl (May \"Mayday\" Parker) is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She has been referred to as both Spider-Girl and Spider-Woman. The character appears in the MC2 universe. The character was created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz as the teenage daughter of Peter Parker (Spider-Man) and Mary Jane Watson, and first appeared in What If #105 (February 1998). She later acquired her own ongoing comic book, Spider-Girl, written by DeFalco and drawn by Frenz and Pat Olliffe, which was the longest-running superhero book with a lead female character ever published by Marvel before being relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, and later The Spectacular Spider-Girl. Two incarnations of Mayday Parker, an infant and an adult, appear in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Publication history Spider-Girl first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint. Although each of these titles were slated to be 12-issue limited series, Spider-Girls initial sales justified their continuation as ongoing titles. After initial interest, Spider-Girl drew low sales. The book's active fan base convinced Marvel to revoke several cancellation announcements. Reprints of the series in digest size trade paperbacks sold well. Marvel Associate Editor Nick Lowe revealed in a Nov. 2005 interview that \"Spider-Girl, for the first time, is completely safe from cancellation.\" Despite Lowe's statement, Marvel announced that No. 100 would be the title's final issue. The book was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, with issue #0 appearing in Oct. 2006. On October 11, 2008, Tom DeFalco announced that The Amazing Spider-Girl would be canceled with issue #30, though he revealed that, due to the company's love for the character, she could possibly be given a sixteen-page back-up strip in The Amazing Spider-Man Family. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. On March 18, 2009, Marvel announced that Spider-Girl would continue publication as The Spectacular Spider-Girl, a web-comic released through Marvel's Digital Comics Unlimited. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. The Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through No. 8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8. The new The Spectacular Spider-Girl stories were then contained in Web of Spider-Man. This lasted for seven issues before being moved to its own four-issue limited series, Spectacular Spider-Girl, which tied up most of the series plot threads. This was followed by one last Spider girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity.",
"title": "Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker)"
},
{
"docid": "871334",
"text": "The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Amazing Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. The list is updated as of March 19, 2024. Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) This comic book plot is written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Steve Ditko. Features the first appearances of Spider-Man, Aunt May, Uncle Ben, Flash Thompson, and Liz Allan. High school student Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider, thus gaining the proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a spider, along with a precognitive \"spider-sense\" and later creating a web-shooting device. Peter becomes Spider-Man, an instant TV sensation, but coming out of a TV studio one day, Peter does not stop an escaping burglar, claiming it is not his problem. A few days later, he comes home to find his Uncle Ben has been shot and goes to track down the murderer, only to find that it was the same burglar that he had let escape a few days earlier. Peter blames himself for his uncle's death and realizes that with great power there must also come great responsibility. This issue was released on June 5, 1962, and was published in August 1962. The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100 (January 1963 – July 1971) The Amazing Spider-Man #101–200 (August 1971 – November 1979) The Amazing Spider-Man #201–300 (December 1979 – March 1988) The Amazing Spider-Man #301–400 (April 1988 – February 1995) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–499 (March 1995 - September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–441 (March 1995 – September 1998) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #1–58 (November 1998 – September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #500–545 (October 2003 – December 2007) The Amazing Spider-Man #546–647 \"Brand New Day\" (January 2008 – November 2010) Note: Brand New Day is a soft reboot stemming out of the events of One More Day. Three issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month during this time. See Free Comic Book Day (2007): Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man #648–700 (November 2010 – December 2012) Note: During the \"Big Time\" storyline, two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month at the increased length of 30 pages each (compared to the traditional 22 pages). The Amazing Spider-Man #701–801 (January 2013 – June 2018) Superior Spider-Man (vol. 1) #1–33 (January 2013 – April 2014) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1–20 (April 2014 – August 2015) — Marvel NOW! Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows (vol. 1) #1–5 (June 2015 – September 2015) Note: Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is a Secret Wars tie-in miniseries set in an alternate universe where One More Day never happened. The miniseries is counted as part of the legacy numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1–32 (October 2015 – September 2017) — All-New, All-Different Marvel The Amazing Spider-Man #789–801 (October 2017 – June 2018) — Marvel Legacy The Amazing Spider-Man #802–894 (July 2018 – March 2022) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #1–74 (July 2018 – September 2021) — Fresh Start Note: See Free Comic Book Day (2018): Amazing Spider-Man.",
"title": "List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues"
},
{
"docid": "7820841",
"text": "Venom is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is a sentient alien symbiote with an amorphous, liquid-like form, who survives by bonding with a host, usually human. This dual-life form receives enhanced powers and usually refers to itself as \"Venom\". The symbiote was originally introduced as a living alien costume in The Amazing Spider-Man #252 (May 1984), with a full first appearance as Venom in The Amazing Spider-Man #300 (May 1988). The Venom symbiote's first human host was Spider-Man himself, who eventually discovered its true nefarious nature and separated himself from the creature in The Amazing Spider-Man #258 (November 1984)—with a brief rejoining five months later in Web of Spider-Man #1. The symbiote went on to merge with other hosts, beginning with Eddie Brock, its second and best-known host, with whom it first became Venom. Venom has endured as one of Spider-Man's most prominent villains, and was initially regarded as one of his three archenemies, alongside the Green Goblin and Doctor Octopus. Since his debut however, Venom has evolved into an antiheroic figure, slowly distancing himself from his initial goal to ruin Spider-Man's life to try and do good instead, even putting aside his differences with and helping Spider-Man at times. After Brock, numerous other hosts for Venom followed; some of the most notable are the villain Mac Gargan, who was the main incarnation of Venom from 2005 to 2009, and Flash Thompson, who became the superhero Agent Venom from 2011 to 2016, before Venom returned to Brock in 2017. Venom's most recent and current host is Brock's biological son, Dylan. Venom is also depicted as having spawned several children—Scream, Lasher, Phage, Agony, Riot, Mania, Sleeper, and most notably, Carnage, who becomes Venom's archenemy after being bound to serial killer Cletus Kasady. A fan-favorite character and well-known figure in popular culture, Venom (primarily the Eddie Brock incarnation) is the most recognizable Spider-Man antagonist not first introduced during the original Lee/Ditko run. He has been featured in various media adaptations of Spider-Man over the years, including feature films, television series and video games. The character was portrayed by Tobey Maguire and Topher Grace in Spider-Man 3 (2007), with Tom Hardy primarily portraying the character in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe films Venom (2018) and Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021), as well as an uncredited post-credit scene appearance in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). The Eddie Brock incarnation of Venom is among Spider-Man's most famous rogues, and is regarded by many as a dark reflection of the hero. Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: \"What started out as a replacement costume for Spider-Man turned into one of the Marvel web-slinger's greatest nightmares\". Venom was rated 33rd on Empire's 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters, and ranked 22nd on IGN's 100 Greatest Comic Villains of All Time. Conception and creation The original idea of a new costume for Spider-Man that would later become the character Venom was conceived",
"title": "Venom (character)"
},
{
"docid": "65818012",
"text": "Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen",
"title": "Sins Rising"
},
{
"docid": "25700184",
"text": "This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \"Power Booster\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \"Spider-Friends\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \"costume\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \"Vengeance Of Loki\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \"Windchill Factor Zero\". In \"Mission: Save The Guardstar\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \"fire and ice don't really mix\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \"Opposites Attack!\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in",
"title": "List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters"
},
{
"docid": "38162451",
"text": "\"Dying Wish\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \"Ends of the Earth\" and finished in \"Dying Wish\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \"Dying Wish\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \"Origin of the Species\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \"Ends of the Earth\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \"Ends of the Earth\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \"Peter Parker\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \"Spider-Man\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped",
"title": "Dying Wish"
},
{
"docid": "26775444",
"text": "Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a 2010 action-adventure video game based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, developed by Beenox and published by Activision. Players control four different versions of Spider-Man, each originating from a different universe in the Marvel Comics multiverse. Previous Spider-Man voice actors Neil Patrick Harris, Christopher Daniel Barnes, Dan Gilvezan, and Josh Keaton each voice one of the four Spider-Men. The Nintendo DS version of the game was developed by Griptonite Games and features only three Spider-Man variants. The game revolves around an artifact known as the Tablet of Order and Chaos. When it is shattered into pieces during a fight between the Amazing Spider-Man and Mysterio, it causes problems with multiple realities across the Marvel Multiverse. Madame Web recruits the Amazing Spider-Man and three alternate versions of the hero—Spider-Man Noir, Spider-Man 2099, and Ultimate Spider-Man—to restore balance by retrieving the tablet fragments from villains within their respective dimensions. Gameplay alternates between the four Spider-Men, who control similarly but present a different gameplay style and/or abilities. For example, the Spider-Man Noir levels encourage a stealth approach, while the Ultimate Spider-Man levels place emphasis on large scale combat encounters. Shattered Dimensions is the first Spider-Man game developed by Beenox after being given the license by Activision, replacing previous developer Treyarch. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the concept of bringing four Marvel universes together, and lauded the voice acting, combat, presentation, humor, and score. However, criticism was aimed at the game's simplistic story, choice of villains, and the overall design of the cutscenes as well as its technical difficulties. A sequel, Spider-Man: Edge of Time, was released in October 2011, featuring only the Amazing Spider-Man and Spider-Man 2099. Both the game and its sequel were de-listed from the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live marketplaces in 2014 following the expiration of Activision's existing licensing deal with Marvel. Shattered Dimensions was re-released via Steam on October 24, 2015, but was later removed on April 1, 2017. One of the writers of the game, Mark Hoffmeier, also worked on the well-received Spider-Man: The Animated Series on Fox Kids before working on the game. Some of the concepts from the TV show influenced the game, including the use of multiple versions of Spider-Man (as seen on the show) and the concept of the Tablet of Order and Chaos. Another writer for Shattered Dimensions, Dan Slott, later worked on the 2014 comic book storyline, \"Spider-Verse\", which was influenced by the game and, in turn, inspired the animated Spider-Verse film franchise. Gameplay Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a level-based third-person action-adventure video game, where the player assumes the role of four different versions of Spider-Man, spanning across the Amazing, Noir, 2099, and Ultimate universes. Gameplay revolves around each Spider-Man's unique superhuman abilities; players are able to web swing, web zip, crawl walls, and use the 'spider-sense' to identify enemies or objects of interest. The combat of the game offers a large variety of fighting moves, and each Spider-Man has his own fighting",
"title": "Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions"
},
{
"docid": "2041364",
"text": "Numerous video games featuring the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man have been officially released. To date, Spider-Man has appeared on over fifteen gaming platforms, including apps on mobile phones. Overview 1980s The Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962). By the late 1970s, Spider-Man had become a successful franchise. At this time the fictional character had already featured in the animated series Spider-Man, a segment on the children's television series The Electric Company (called Spidey Super Stories), and the live action prime time series The Amazing Spider-Man. As a result of the success, Marvel Comics licensed the character into a stream of electronic games. Spider-Man was quickly growing in popularity because of his simplistic Spider-Style costume, he was also the favorite character of Stan Lee and soon he was one of the most loved Marvel fictional characters. Atari 2600 (1982) In 1982, Parker Brothers published a game for the Atari 2600 (and its clone system, the Sears Video Arcade) titled Spider-Man. The action game involves climbing a skyscraper, capturing criminals and defusing bombs set by the Green Goblin. It supports two players. The game is similar to the 1980 arcade video game Crazy Climber. It is a variation on its gameplay format, with added web shooting and swinging abilities. Questprobe (1984) In 1984, Scott Adams released the second in the Questprobe series of text adventure games. The second in the series was titled Questprobe: Spider-Man, and involved Spider-Man hunting for a series of gems at the behest of a mysterious character named the \"Chief Examiner\". The game was ported to the Commodore 64, Commodore 16, Atari 8-bit family, ZX Spectrum, IBM PC, Amstrad CPC, and the Apple II. This was a first-person-perspective graphical adventure game, with commands entered textually. The Amazing Spider-Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom's Revenge! & The Revenge of Shinobi (1989) In 1989, The Amazing Spider-Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom's Revenge! was released for PC DOS, Amiga, Atari ST, Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64. The game was written by Paragon Software Corporation, and published by Medallist (a subsidiary of MicroProse). The story of the game is told in a series of comic panels, with the game play similar to that of Street Fighter: The player, as either Captain America or Spider-Man, battles villains one-on-one until facing Doctor Doom. In December 1989, The Revenge of Shinobi was released on the Mega Drive/Genesis. The game's boss battles feature comic book characters including Spider-Man and Batman, as well as famous movie characters, including Terminator and Godzilla, and even Rambo as normal-stage enemy. Initially, Spider-Man was included without consent from Marvel, but another version was released, this time with the copyright message shown in the beginning of the game, giving credit to Marvel, and editing the looks of Batman, Rambo and Godzilla, so avoiding a possible lawsuit; a Sega CD version was released, being derived from the altered version. 1990s In the",
"title": "List of video games featuring Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "1321810",
"text": "The Jackal is an alias used by several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually depicted as enemies of the superhero Spider-Man. The original and best known incarnation, Miles Warren, was originally introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965) as a professor at the fictional Empire State University. Later storylines established him as also being a scientist researching genetics and biochemistry, and revealed an unhealthy romantic obsession he had for Gwen Stacy. Warren was driven mad with grief and jealousy so he created his Jackal alter-ego to seek revenge on Spider-Man, whom he blamed for Gwen's tragic death. To this end, he trained himself in martial arts, and created a green suit and gauntlets with claw-like razors. Although the Jackal initially didn't possess any superpowers, he later gained enhanced strength, speed and agility by mixing his genes with those of a jackal. The Jackal was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), but his human identity was not revealed until The Amazing Spider-Man #148 (September 1975). Originally one of Spider-Man's less popular rogues, the character rose to prominence after being one of the first in the Marvel Universe to master cloning technology, and creating various clones of Spider-Man, like the Scarlet Spiders Ben Reilly and Kaine Parker, as well as of other characters, including himself and the chimera Spider-Girl. His experiments went on to play a major role in several popular Spider-Man storylines, such as the \"Clone Saga\" (1994–1996), \"Spider-Island\" (2011), and \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" (2016–2017), the latter storyline of which established Ben Reilly as the second Jackal. In 2014, IGN ranked the Jackal as Spider-Man's 17th greatest enemy. The character has been featured in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, including animated series and video games. Publication history The character first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), and was created by writer Gerry Conway and artist Ross Andru. In The Amazing Spider-Man #148 (September 1975), the Jackal's identity was revealed to be Professor Miles Warren who first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. Prior to his Jackal reintroduction, his appearances were essentially limited to the occasional cameo in which he acts as simple background to Spider-Man's civilian life as a college student. When named at all in these early appearances, he is called only \"Professor Warren\". A \"Mister Warren\" had previously appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (January 1964) but he is a high school science teacher rather than a college professor, and is physically very distinct from Miles Warren. Despite this, Conway has said it was always his interpretation that \"Mister Warren\", \"Professor Warren\", and Professor Miles Warren/Jackal were the same character. The character was featured in the controversial 1990s \"Clone Saga\" story arc, the 2011 storyline \"Spider-Island\", and the 2016-2017 storyline \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\". Fictional character biography Miles Warren Miles Warren was a professor of biology at ESU/Empire State University, where",
"title": "Jackal (Marvel Comics character)"
},
{
"docid": "1167591",
"text": "Aña \"Anya\" Sofia Corazón is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, writer Fiona Avery, and artist Mark Brooks, the character made her first appearance in Amazing Fantasy #1 (August 2004). She is the Latina daughter of a Puerto Rican father and a Mexican mother. Anya Corazón was known as the first Araña and then as the third Spider-Girl. Anya Corazon / Spider-Girl made her cinematic debut in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), and is played by Isabela Merced in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Anya Corazon was created by Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, writer Fiona Avery, and artist Mark Brooks, and is based on ideas J. Michael Straczynski used in his run on The Amazing Spider-Man. Araña was the star of the resurrected Amazing Fantasy comic book in 2004. After her storyline ended in Amazing Fantasy #6, she appeared in her own twelve issue series Araña: The Heart of the Spider, starting in March 2005 as part of Marvel Next. The character next appeared in the Ms. Marvel title as a recruit for service as a licensed superhero under the Superhuman Registration Act. She next appears teaming up with Nomad to fight the secret empire in a backup story in Captain America #602-605. Chronologically, her next appearance was during the \"Grim Hunt\" storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man; however, her appearance in the new Young Allies series was published first. As the new Spider-Girl, she starred in a monthly Spider-Girl comic that debuted on November 17, 2010 as a tie-in to the \"Big Time\" storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man. With the change of moniker to Spider-Girl, she's the second published character to adopt the \"Spider-Girl\" alter-ego, but she actually comes prior to the first character in the chronology of the Marvel Universe. It was announced concurrently with the announcement of the series' cancellation that Anya would be receiving a new mini-series as part of the Spider-Island crossover. The first issue of the mini-series was released one month after the final issue of the cancelled series, and one month after the mini-series ended Anya appeared in one issue of Avengers Academy. Anya was one of the main characters in Marvel's Spider-Verse event, which led to a spinoff miniseries in Secret Wars, which she was also included in. She was one of the stars in the team comic Web Warriors as a part of All-New, All-Different Marvel. Fictional character biography Origin On her first day at Milton Summers High School in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, Anya is friends with classmate Lynn Sakura. She is later caught in a skirmish between two mystical clans, the Spider Society and the Sisterhood of the Wasp, and is mortally wounded. To save her life, the mage Miguel Legar from the Spider Society performs a ritual on her by giving her a spider-shaped tattoo that endows her with spider-like powers, and recruits her to be a Hunter for the Spider",
"title": "Anya Corazon"
},
{
"docid": "15635388",
"text": "\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far",
"title": "Spider-Man: Brand New Day"
},
{
"docid": "9601342",
"text": "Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \"Mayday\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \"The Final Chapter\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man Family"
},
{
"docid": "823737",
"text": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \"Torment\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \"Clone Saga\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter",
"title": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "3887477",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is a side scrolling platform action video game released for the Nintendo Game Boy in 1990, published by LJN and developed by Rare based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. Gameplay Spider-Man has three extra lives and three continues. The intermission scenes between each level feature Spider-Man trading catchy barbs with a supervillain on a cell phone or walkie-talkie to find out where he should go next. Spider-Man can jump a normal and a double height. When he double-jumps, he can swing on a web. This can only be done for a short time until the web-meter runs out. Spider-Man's primary standing attack is a punch to the jaw. While crouching, Spider-Man can do a low, side kick. While jumping in the air, Spider-Man can do a side kick. While standing still, Spider-Man can shoot a glob of webbing from his wrists. This slightly depletes his web-meter. In the two vertical levels, Spider-Man climbs up the side of a building, and will \"buzz\" with his spider sense, indicating that the player should move Spider-Man out of the way of possible falling objects. Web vials are used to restore Spider-Man's web-meter, since his webbing is in limited supply. They are dropped by henchmen throughout the levels. Hamburgers restore some of Spider-Man's health meter. Storyline Spider-Man's most dangerous supervillains have discovered his secret identity, Peter Parker, and kidnapped his wife, Mary Jane. The action game takes the player through various city locations, battling an assortment of minor thugs, animals, and a supervillain (Mysterio, Hobgoblin, Scorpion, Rhino, Dr. Octopus, Venom) at the end of each level who, through intermission scenes, will taunt Spider-Man as to the whereabouts of his wife. Sequels The Amazing Spider-Man 2 The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (released as Spider-Man 2 in North America) was developed by Bits Studios and published by Acclaim Entertainment and released in 1992. The game is different from the original game, in that along with its action-adventure theme, Spider-Man also has to collect various objects located in each level in order to solve puzzles. The game's story follows a collection of supervillains (the Hobgoblin, Lizard, Graviton, Carnage, and Mysterio) who have framed Spider-Man for a bank robbery. He must survive several side scrolling levels, battling various thugs and supervillains in order to clear his name. The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers (release as Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers in North America) was developed by Bits Studios and published by Acclaim Entertainment and released in 1993. The game is based loosely on the comic book storyline of the same name, with Spider-Man being attacked by an assortment of high-tech robot Spider-Slayers. The player controls Spider-Man through various levels, fighting enemies and supervillains while solving various types of puzzles. The game features various enemies such as Electro, Scorpion, and ultimately the game's main antagonist Alistair Smythe. References External links 1990 video games Game Boy games Game Boy-only games LJN games Nintendo games Side-scrolling video",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game)"
},
{
"docid": "46508909",
"text": "The superhero Spider-Man has appeared in many American comic books published by Marvel Comics since he first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962). The character has since been featured in various storylines, forming longer story arcs. These particular arcs have been given special names and have gone through various reprints over the years. During the 1960s and 1970s, these story arcs normally only lasted three issues or less (sometimes only one, such as the classic story \"Spider-Man No More!\") and would appear in Spider-Man's main comic book title The Amazing Spider-Man. \"The Death of Jean DeWolff\" was the first popular story arc outside The Amazing Spider-Man, as it appeared in the third monthly ongoing series of The Spectacular Spider-Man. Description Starting in the 1980s, more Spider-Man comic book titles became popular, with Spider-Man storylines being connected to different comics. Story arcs become longer than in previous decades, such as \"Kraven's Last Hunt\", \"Maximum Carnage\", and the \"Clone Saga\". Spider-Man story arcs could be found in titles such as The Amazing Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, Web of Spider-Man, Spider-Man Unlimited, and Peter Parker: Spider-Man. During the 21st century, the more popular Spider-Man story arcs would mostly be found in The Amazing Spider-Man, with some arcs taking as long as a year to complete. Comics such as \"Secret Wars\", \"Spider-Island\" and \"Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy\" are crossover comic books and sometimes move away from Spider-Man titles and involve other comic books. Known storylines See also List of Spider-Man titles References External links Spider-Man Story arcs, on Marvel Wikia Spider-Man storylines Spider-Man lists Lists of comic book story arcs",
"title": "List of Spider-Man storylines"
},
{
"docid": "31952364",
"text": "\"Big Time\" is a series of comic book storylines in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics from 2010 to 2011. It follows the 102 consecutive issues of the \"Brand New Day\" publishing scheme and is the first shift in publishing for The Amazing Spider-Man since \"Brand New Day\" began. The frequency of publication dropped from three issues monthly to two issues, but the length of the comic book expanded from 22 to 30 pages. This extra length is sometimes used for back-up stories and sometimes for a longer main story. Concurrently with the story going in The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel also started the new series Spider-Girl vol. 2, Osborn, and Carnage, which are considered part of \"Big Time.\" All nine issues of \"Big Time\" have sold out at Diamond Comic Distributors and have a second printing with a variant cover. Plot summary \"Kill to be You\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #648 through #651 Peter starts a new job at Horizon Labs after a recommendation from Marla Jameson to the head of the lab gets him the job. Phil Urich takes over the Hobgoblin identity after killing Daniel Kingsley. Spider-Man is unable to stop the theft because of the Hobgoblin's Lunatic Laugh. Peter uses his new job at Horizon Labs to create a suit that uses harmonics to prevent the Lunatic Laugh from affecting him. Spider-Man and the Black Cat infiltrate the building of the Kingpin to get the experimental metal back. In the back-up stories in The Amazing Spider-Man #649 through #651 Alistair Alphonso Smythe breaks Mac Gargan out of prison and gives him a new Scorpion costume. These events directly lead into the \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\" story that follows. \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #652 through #654, titled the \"Revenge of the Spider-Slayer,\" Alistair Smythe has created an army of Spider-Slayers by giving cybernetic implants to people with a grudge against J. Jonah Jameson. All of the Spider-Slayers, and Mac Gargan as the Scorpion, have a power similar to Spider-Man's spider-sense that makes them harder to hit and for Smythe to telepathically communicate with all of them. Smythe targets Jameson's family and friends so Jameson can feel the same pain Smythe felt when he lost his father. The New Avengers help Spider-Man fight the multiple threats, but Spider-Man is forced to build a bomb that will destroy the spider-sense of the Spider-Slayers so they can be defeated. Mac Gargan prevents Spider-Man from fleeing after he plants the bomb, so he is forced to set it off while he is still within its radius and he loses his spider-sense as well. After his army of Spider-Slayers is stopped Smythe tries to kill Jameson himself, but Marla Jameson jumps in the way to save the life of her husband. \"No One Dies\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #655 and #656, titled \"No One Dies,\" a funeral is held for Marla Jameson. Peter has a nightmare where he sees everyone who has ever died in his life (including",
"title": "Spider-Man: Big Time"
},
{
"docid": "37629473",
"text": "The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \"Dying Wish\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \"Superior Spider-Man\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \"Go Down Swinging\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \"Spider-Geddon\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \"Spider-Geddon\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team",
"title": "The Superior Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "69027326",
"text": "Venom is a fictional character primarily voiced by Tom Hardy appearing in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Introduced in Venom (2018), Venom is depicted as a symbiote who binds with human investigative journalist Eddie Brock after landing on Earth, with the duo subsequently becoming a vigilante jointly known by Venom's name, and later as the Lethal Protector, facing Venom's former team leader, Riot, and later Venom's son, Carnage, in combat. They are the second incarnation of the character in film, after Topher Grace and Tobey Maguire's respective portrayals of Eddie Brock / Venom and a symbiote-enveloped Spider-Man in Spider-Man 3 (2007). , the character has appeared in three films: Venom, Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021), and an uncredited cameo appearance in the web series Chen's Market and the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (both 2021). Hardy will reprise his role in Venom: The Last Dance. While Hardy's portrayal of the character in Venom was met with a mixed critical reception, the chemistry between Eddie Brock and Venom received praise. Concept and creation The idea of giving Spider-Man a new costume was conceived by Randy Schueler, a Marvel Comics reader from Norridge, Illinois. In 1982, Schueler was sent a letter by editor-in-chief Jim Shooter, who acknowledged interest in his idea, with Shooter coming up with the idea of a black-and-white costume. \"The Alien Costume\" first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #252 (May 1984), before fully appearing as Venom in the 300th issue. Venom's subsequent host, Eddie Brock, was created for the 300th issue of The Amazing Spider-Man in May 1988 due to cultural sensibilities of David Michelinie's suggestion of a villain consisting of the alien symbiote grafted into the body of a human female that forced him to conceive a male character by editor Jim Salicrup. Brock was later retconned to have a first appearance as a hand in Web of Spider-Man #18 (September 1986), but officially debuting in The Amazing Spider-Man #300, by Michelinie and Todd McFarlane, alongside Venom, initially presented as his alter-ego rather than as a separate living being. Post-Spider-Man 3 By July 2008, Sony Pictures was actively developing a spin-off film based on Venom alongside direct sequels to Spider-Man 3 (2007), hoping the character could \"add longevity\" to the franchise in a similar fashion to Wolverine in 20th Century Fox's X-Men films. Industry insiders suggested Topher Grace, who portrayed Brock in Spider-Man 3, should return for the spin-off because \"the likeable actor could be a sympathetic evildoer\", in response, McFarlane suggested that a Venom film could not do well with a villain as the central character. In December 2013, Sony revealed plans to use The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) to establish their own expanded universe based on the Marvel properties they had the film rights to, including Venom. Since the film underperformed, in February 2015, Sony and Marvel Studios announced a partnership that would see Marvel Studios produce the next",
"title": "Venom (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)"
},
{
"docid": "42659935",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2 is a 2014 American film and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 may also refer to: The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (1992 video game), a 1992 video game The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack), the soundtrack for the 2014 film, composed by Hans Zimmer The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014 video game), a 2014 game based on the 2014 film See also The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "20822005",
"text": "\"New Ways to Die\" is a 2008, six-issue Spider-Man story arc written by Dan Slott with art by John Romita, Jr. and published by Marvel Comics. The arc first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #568-#573. Plot summary The Thunderbolts led by Norman Osborn/Green Goblin come to New York City to hunt down the fugitive Spider-Man, who has been framed for a series of murders. Meanwhile, at the F.E.A.S.T. shelter run by Martin Li (Mister Negative), the cancer-ridden Eddie Brock is miraculously healed. When the Thunderbolts track Spider-Man to the F.E.A.S.T. shelter, Brock reacts to the Venom Symbiote (currently bonded to Mac Gargan), transforming into Anti-Venom (a hero with the ability to heal others and purify diseases). Now able to destroy every kind of sickness, he attacks Venom and cures him which destroys most of his symbiote. Spider-Man and Anti-Venom team up to take down the Thunderbolts. Anti-Venom fights Venom in a new, improved scorpion armor from Norman Osborn. \"Venorpion\" hits Anti-Venom with his stinger and injects a super-poisonous toxin into him that dissolves his suit. After a battle which results in a building collapsing, Songbird tells Spider-Man to lie low for the next few days. Osborn then holds a press conference, saying that Spider-Man has died in the collapse. At the end of the book, Eddie's suit later reforms. Collected editions Reception Amazing Spider-Man #568 sold 82,540 copies, the 7th best selling comics of August 2008. Amazing Spider-Man #573 sold 93,346 copies or 8th for October 2008. IGN gave the first issue of the arc an 8.0 out of 10 and the last issue 6.4. See also Spider-Man: Brand New Day Kraven's First Hunt References External links Spider-Man: New Ways to Die at Marvel.com Interview with Dan Slott about Amazing Spider-Man:New Ways to Die 2008 comics debuts Green Goblin",
"title": "New Ways to Die"
},
{
"docid": "1704633",
"text": "The Astonishing Spider-Man was a comic book series published fortnightly in the United Kingdom by Panini Comics as part of Marvel UK's 'Collectors Edition' line. It reprinted selected Spider-Man stories and material from the American comic books. Format The current format is 76 pages, with three stories being printed every issue. Whilst it usually prints more modern story lines, ‘classic' tales are also used as back-up strips. The inside front cover of the comic contains a message from the editor as well as a ‘Story So Far’ section to allow lapsed readers to catch up. At the back of the comic is a letter’s page (Web-Mail) whereby readers can write in and give their views and opinions on the stories. The letters page also previously included short comic strips entitled ‘Mini-Marvels’, initially reprints of Chris Giarrusso's & Lew Stringer’s work. A subscription is also available. Publication history With Panini Comics having obtained the licence to reprint Marvel comics internationally, Astonishing Spider-Man began publication in November 1995. 150 issues were published in the first volume before the title was re-launched in 2007 to mark its change from a four-weekly publishing schedule to a two-weekly one. Volume 2 ran for two years before it was re-launched again in December 2009 to mark the start of the \"Brand New Day\" storyline. Volume 4 launched in October 2013 as the Superior Spider-Man run of stories began in the title. Volume 7 is ongoing. Printed material Volume 5 (2014–2016) \"Spider-Verse\" \"Secret Wars\" Volume 6 (2016–2018) Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 4 Spider-Man/Deadpool Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows Vol. 2 Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man: Family Business Original Graphic Novel Spider-Man Vol. 2 (Miles Morales) Spider-Gwen Vol. 2 Prowler Vol. 2 Clone Conspiracy Vol. 1/Omega Free Comic Book Day 2017 Captain America Civil War II: Amazing Spider-Man Spidey Vol. 1 Spider-Man & The X-Men Vol. 1 Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 1 #148 - #152 was also published. Volume 7 (2018–2020) Issue 1: 100-PAGE-SPECIAL! Amazing Spider-Man #789 Venom Vol. 3 #1 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #13 - #15 Release: 10 May 2018 Issue 2: Amazing Spider-Man #790 Venom Vol. 3 #2 - #3 Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #15 Release: 24 May 2018 Issue 3: Amazing Spider-Man #791 Venom Vol. 3 #4 - #6 Release: 7 June 2018 Issue 4: Spider-Men II #1 Venom Vol. 3 #6 Venom #150 - #151 Release: 21 June 2018 Issue 5: Spider-Men II #2 Venom #152 - #153, #150 Release: 5 July 2018 Issue 6: Spider-Men II #3 Venom #153 - #154, #150 Release: 19 July 2018 See also The Amazing Spider-Man List of Spider-Man titles Spider-Man Panini Comics References External links Panini’s Astonishing Spider-Man mini site Panini Comic’s home page Grand Comics Database Spider-Man titles 1995 comics debuts Marvel UK titles",
"title": "Astonishing Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "417310",
"text": "Harold Theopolis \"Harry\" Osborn is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965). Harry is the best friend of Peter Parker (Spider-Man's alter ego) and Flash Thompson, one of the ex-boyfriends of Mary Jane Watson, the son of Norman Osborn, the husband of Liz Allan and the father of Normie and Stanley Osborn. He is the second character to assume the Green Goblin alias while one of his clones was amongst the many users of the Iron Patriot armor as the superhero American Son. An artificial intelligence (A.I.) copy of Harry (which he created while the Green Goblin) is also the creator of the clones Gabriel and Sarah, who are both later revealed to be operating as his demonic revenant Kindred under the Harry A.I.'s command. The character has appeared in many adaptations of Spider-Man outside of the comic books, including various cartoons and video games. James Franco portrayed the character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and Dane DeHaan portrays the character in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Publication history Harry Osborn first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. In The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973), Harry's father, Norman, is killed off, and a subplot leading to Harry inheriting his father's identity as the Green Goblin is introduced. This subplot culminates in The Amazing Spider-Man #136 (September 1974). Writer Gerry Conway said that the idea of Harry Osborn becoming the Green Goblin stemmed in part from a desire to deal with the consequences of the psychedelic drugs Harry began using in The Amazing Spider-Man #96 (May 1971). Conway said that he had had experience with such drugs himself, and that \"with psychedelic drugs, hallucinogens, if they've been misused, there is a potential for additional hallucinogenic experiences that are completely beyond your control or volition. I could imagine Harry getting hit by something like that, in the fragile emotional state following the death of his father, and losing touch with reality, as a result. Besides, I never had any intention of getting rid of the Green Goblin as a concept forever, so it all came together\". Harry dies in The Spectacular Spider-Man #200 (May 1993). Artist Sal Buscema said that drawing the final two pages of this issue was a deeply emotional experience for him due to how long he had drawn the character, and felt it was appropriate that writer J. M. DeMatteis chose not to add any dialogue to those pages. Several years later, the Spider-Man writers made plans to reveal that the mysterious villain Gaunt was Harry Osborn, who was still alive and had orchestrated the entire \"Clone Saga\", but an editorial edict prevented this from coming to fruition. However, Harry was eventually revived in The Amazing Spider-Man #545 (December 2007). He received an",
"title": "Harry Osborn"
},
{
"docid": "2065504",
"text": "Spider-Man is a Marvel Comics superhero. Spider-Man or Spiderman may also refer to: Marvel Entertainment Characters List of incarnations of Spider-Man Alternative versions of Spider-Man Comics Spider-Man, also known as Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic series Film Spider-Man (1969 film), an unauthorized fan film by Donald F. Glut Spider-Man (1977 film), a theatrically released pilot for the 1970s US live-action series The Amazing Spider-Man Spider-Man (1978 film), a Japanese film connected to the Japanese live-action series Spider-Man (2002 film series), a live-action film trilogy by Sam Raimi, starring Tobey Maguire (2002-2007) Spider-Man (2002 film), the first film in the series Television Spider-Man (1967 TV series), an American-Canadian animated series that aired 1967–1970 Spider-Man (Japanese TV series), a Japanese live-action tokusatsu series that aired 1978–1979 Spider-Man (1981 TV series), an American animated series that aired 1981–1982 Spider-Man (1994 TV series), also known as Spider-Man: The Animated Series, an American animated series that aired from 1994–1998 Spider-Man, also known as Spider-Man: The New Animated Series, an American-Canadian CGI-animated series that aired in 2003 Spider-Man (2017 TV series), an American animated series that aired from 2017-2020 Video games Spider-Man (1982 video game), a game for the Atari 2600 Spider-Man: The Video Game, a 1991 arcade title from Sega Spider-Man (1995 video game), a title from Acclaim Spider-Man (2000 video game), a title released by Activision Spider-Man (2002 video game), an Activision title based on the 2002 film Spider-Man (Insomniac Games series), 2018–present, a series of video games published by Sony Interactive Entertainment Spider-Man (2018 video game), also known as Marvel's Spider-Man, the first game in the series Spider-Man: Miles Morales Spider-Man 2 (2023 video game) Music Spider-Man (soundtrack), the soundtrack album for the 2002 film \"Spider-Man\" (theme song), theme song for the 1967 series Spider Man (album), a 1965 album by jazz vibraphonist Freddie McCoy Manga The Spider-Man, a mythical being in the \"Turnabout Gallows\" arc of the first volume of the Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney manga series by Kodansha Comics. Novel The Spider Man, a novel by Filipino author F. Sionil José People Spider-Man (nickname), a list of people See also Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man 3 (disambiguation) Spidey (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man, the main Spider-Man comic book published since 1963 The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Ultimate Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "Spider-Man (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "17038885",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series about Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The Amazing Spider-Man may also refer to: Comics The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) Film Spider-Man (1977 film) starring Nicholas Hammond, also known as The Amazing Spider-Man on home media The Amazing Spider-Man (film), a reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise The Amazing Spider-Man (soundtrack), a film-score album from the 2012 film, composed by James Horner Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), the title character of the film series Television The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series) starring Nicholas Hammond, which evolved out of the 1977 film Games The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball) See also The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "3366502",
"text": "Morlun () is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by J. Michael Straczynski and John Romita Jr., the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #30 (June 2001). Morlun is a central foe of all the themed versions of Spider-Man, being one of their most powerful and dangerous adversaries. He is an entity from Earth-001 that hunts all the Spider-Totems by traveling to the many multiverses of Marvel Comics. He is best known as the temporary killer of the Earth-616 Spider-Man in the storyline \"Spider-Man: The Other\", and is also the main antagonist of the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline in which he and his estranged family, the Inheritors, attempt to kill all the versions of Spider-Man, as prophesied by him. Publication history Morlun first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #30 (June 2001), created by writer J. Michael Straczynski and penciler John Romita Jr. The collection of these comic books is called The Amazing Spider-Man Coming Home. Fictional character biography First encounter with Spider-Man When Spider-Man met a similarly powered man named Ezekiel Sims, Ezekiel explained to him that Spider-Man's powers were not an accident, and that the spider that had bitten him did so voluntarily to pass its abilities onto Peter before it died. This made Spider-Man a \"totem\", a bridge between man and beast, with the properties of both. Ezekiel then warned Spider-Man that as a totem, he was in danger from those who would seek to destroy such beings. One of those, who showed up soon after, was Morlun. Little is known about exactly what Morlun is and where he comes from. According to Ezekiel, as long as totemistic forces have walked the earth, there have also been those who have fed on them. While Morlun and his brothers (it is not known how many there are in existence, but Morlun is not the only one) can subsist on the life forces of normal humans and non-totemistic superhumans for a time, they always crave a pure host and Peter fits the bill perfectly. After Peter's meeting with Ezekiel, Morlun and his hapless minion Dex subtly began tormenting Peter from the shadows, stalking him and wreaking havoc with his spider-sense. Morlun finally revealed himself when Spider-Man was investigating a fire at the wharfs, punching him with what Spider-Man claimed was the hardest punch he had ever felt. Morlun then told Spider-Man that he would eventually kill him, and now that they had made physical contact, he could find Spider-Man wherever he went. Though Spider-Man fought back, Morlun continually regained the upper hand. Peter tried to flee, but Morlun was able to find him easily and resume the fight. Spider-Man finally got away after Morlun burned down the building they were fighting in, but Ezekiel told him it was no use. Morlun would find him once again, and kill him. Morlun continually attacked Spider-Man over the next few days, endangering the lives of innocent citizens if Peter tried to flee. With Ezekiel's",
"title": "Morlun"
},
{
"docid": "144167",
"text": "Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,",
"title": "Aunt May"
},
{
"docid": "718997",
"text": "The Sinister Six are a group of supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, mainly those featuring Spider-Man. The members are drawn from the character's list of enemies, with the original members forming the team in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (October 1964). Led by Doctor Octopus (introduced in issue #3), the team in its premiere followed swiftly the very early appearances of many of the most enduring members of Spider-Man's rogue's gallery: Vulture (issue #2), Sandman (issue #4), Electro (issue #9), Mysterio (issue #13), and Kraven the Hunter (issue #15). While Doctor Octopus has generally remained its leader, the Sinister Six has had multiple variations of composition. The team has been adapted into various forms of media, mainly in animated series and video games. A film based on the team is in development as part of Sony's Spider-Man Universe. Publication history The Sinister Six first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (January 1964). Fictional team biography Original Sinister Six After suffering two defeats from Spider-Man, Doctor Octopus is separated from his tentacle pack. After his tentacle pack breaks free and helps Doctor Octopus get out of prison, he contacts every known supervillain who had crossed paths with Spider-Man. Only Electro, Kraven the Hunter, the original Mysterio, the Sandman, and the original Vulture respond. As none of the members are willing to relinquish the honor of killing Spider-Man themselves, they decide to challenge Spider-Man individually with the order in which they face him determined by a random drawing. The Sinister Six kidnap Aunt May and Daily Bugle secretary Betty Brant, holding them hostage in order to force Spider-Man to confront them. Spider-Man defeats the Sinister Six members one-by-one, mocking their decision to battle him individually instead of as a team in front of Doctor Octopus, the last one to be defeated. \"The Return of the Sinister Six\" In The Amazing Spider-Man #334–339, Doctor Octopus recruits Electro, Sandman, Mysterio, and Vulture, along with the demonic Hobgoblin (since Kraven the Hunter had recently died), as part of his plan to take over the world. However, this was a trick, part of a larger plan by which Doc Ock alone would be the master of the world, by releasing a chemical into the atmosphere that would cause pain in anyone who attempted to use cocaine; he would then sell his cure for the chemical to the rich and powerful. Sandman, who at this point in his career had reformed and was blackmailed into joining, aids Spider-Man in defeating the Sinister Six, and ultimately stopping Doc Ock's plans to conquer the world. Because Octopus' chemical is eating away the ozone layer, Spider-Man has no choice but to release the cure into the atmosphere. \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" In Spider-Man #18-23, Electro, Mysterio, Vulture, and Hobgoblin reunite in a bid to take revenge on Doctor Octopus. To trick Sandman into joining them, they hit his foster family with a bomb, leading him to believe Doctor Octopus attacked them as punishment",
"title": "Sinister Six"
},
{
"docid": "8685753",
"text": "Montana (Jackson W. Brice) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is depicted as the leader of the Enforcers, a team of assassins usually employed by other villains such as the Big Man, the Green Goblin, and the Kingpin, which often places them in conflict with the superheroes Spider-Man and Daredevil. Montana has been adapted from the comics into numerous forms of media, most notably adopting the Shocker persona in both The Spectacular Spider-Man animated series (voiced by Jeff Bennett) and the 2017 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (portrayed by Logan Marshall-Green). Publication history Montana first appeared alongside the other Enforcers in The Amazing Spider-Man #10 (March 1964), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The character subsequently appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964), #19 (December 1964), The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (1964), Marvel Team-Up #39-40 (November–December 1975), The Spectacular Spider-Man #19-20 (June–July 1978), Dazzler #7-8 (October–September 1981), Marvel Team-Up #138 (February 1984), Tales of the Marvels: Inner Demons #1 (1996), Civil War: War Crimes #1 (February 2007), Daredevil #99-100 (September–October 2007), #102 (January 2008), and The Amazing Spider-Man #562-563 (August 2008). Montana appeared as part of the \"Enforcers\" entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #4. Fictional character biography Jackson Brice was born in Bozeman, Montana. Along with Fancy Dan (Daniel Brito) and Ox (Raymond Bloch), he was a founding member of the Enforcers. He has great proficiency with the lariat. Montana, Fancy Dan and Ox make their first appearance under the employ of the Big Man (Frederick Foswell). During this time, they have their first run-in with their longtime nemesis Spider-Man. During their first fight against the web-slinger, Montana's lasso skills initially prove successful but Spider-Man defeats the trio. Over the next couple of years, Montana and the team would be employed by Lightmaster in one of his many schemes, again bringing them into conflict with Spider-Man, with similar results. They would then lend their services to Tech-Master in his revenge plot against Harry S. Osgood, only to be defeated by Dazzler. Montana and the team would also go up against She-Hulk at one point. Following the 2006 \"Civil War\" storyline, Montana, Ox (Ronald Bloch) and Fancy Dan reunite to work for Mister Fear, which pits them directly against Daredevil. After Mister Fear's arrest, the Enforcers are taken in by the Hood's organization. Following the events of the 2008 \"Spider-Man: Brand New Day\" storyline, the Enforcers are patrons at the Bar With No Name. They take bets with a person calling himself \"The Bookie\", over whether Spider-Man will show up to battle \"Basher\", an unknown villain who claimed to have fought Spider-Man. Spider-Man shows up, but is revealed to be Screwball in disguise when the real web-head shows up. The Enforcers decide to get revenge on The Bookie, capturing him. The Bookie's father calls Spider-Man for assistance, and he agrees to help. Spider-Man defeats Fancy Dan and Montana. In the story arc \"Kill",
"title": "Montana (character)"
},
{
"docid": "3151317",
"text": "{{Infobox comic book title | image = MASM1.JPG | caption = Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #1 (May 2005). Art by Randy Green. | schedule = Monthly | format = Ongoing | publisher = Marvel Comics | date = May 2005 – May 2010 (Vol. 1)June 2010 – May 2012 (Vol. 2) | issues = 61 (Vol. 1)24 (Vol. 2) | main_char_team = Spider-ManSophia \"Chat\" Sanduval | writers = …AgeDaniel Quantz (1–6)Todd DeZago (7–11, 15, 17–18)Mike Raicht (12–14, 16, 19–20)…Adventures Vol. 1Kitty Fross (1)Erica David (2–3)Jeff Parker (4)Sean McKeever (5–12)Zeb Wells (13–16)Peter David (17–20, 29–32)Fred Van Lente (21–24, 33–36)Chris Kipiniak (25–28, 38)Marc Sumerak (37, 39–44, 46)Todd DeZago (45)Paul Tobin (53–61)…Adventures Vol. 2Paul Tobin (1–24) | artists = …AgeDerec Aucoin (12–14)Shane Davis (15)Gus Vasquez (16)Logan Lubera (17–18)Valentine DeLandro (19–20)…Adventures Vol. 1Cory Hamscher (22–24)Patrick Scherberger (25–28)Jonboy Meyers (44)Zach Howard (45) | pencillers = …AgeMark Brooks (1–6)Jonboy Meyers (7–11)…Adventures Vol. 1Patrick Scherberger (1–8, 13–16)Mike Norton (9–12, 17–20)Michael O'Hare (21)Pop Mhan (29–32)Cory Hamscher (33–36)Ale Garza (37)David Nakayama (38, 40)Ryan Stegman (39, 41)Vicenc Villagrasa (42)Carlos Verreira (43) | inkers = Cory Hamscher (21) | colorists = Guru eFX (21) | creators = Daniel QuantzMark Brooks }}Marvel Adventures Spider-Man (preceded by Marvel Age Spider-Man) is a Marvel Comics comic book series intended for all ages, especially children, that ran for 61 issues from May 2005 through May 2010. The Marvel Age Spider-Man stories were based on early issues that Stan Lee wrote in the 1960s. The first few issues of Marvel Adventures Spider-Man carried on this tradition before switching to original, single-issue stories, as part of the company's Marvel Adventures imprint, with Paul Tobin beginning an ongoing storyline from Issue #53 onward, introducing Sophia \"Chat\" Sanduval as the primary love interest of the Marvel Adventures Spider-Man, the series set in its own alternate continuity of Earth-20051. In June 2010, the series was relaunched as Spider-Man: Marvel Adventures, written in its totality by Tobin, running for a further 24 issues until May 2012, for a total of 85 issues across both volumes. Tobin's run of the series has received a universally positive critical reception. Marvel Age Spider-Man \"Duel to the Death with the Vulture\" / \"The Uncanny Threat of the Terrible Tinkerer\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #2) \"Spider-Man vs. Doctor Octopus\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #3) \"Nothing Can Stop the Sandman!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #4) \"Marked for Destruction by Doctor Doom!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #5) \"Face-to-Face with the Lizard!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #6) \"The Return of the Vulture\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #7) \"The Terrible Threat of the Living Brain!\" / \"Spider-Man Tackles the Torch!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #8) \"The Man Called Electro!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #9) \"The Enforcers!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #10) \"The Return of Doctor Octopus!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #11) \"Unmasked by Doctor Octopus!\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #12) \"The Menace of Mysterio\" (re-telling of The Amazing Spider-Man #13) \"The Grotesque Adventure of the Green Goblin!\" (re-telling of The",
"title": "Marvel Adventures Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "931",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an ongoing American superhero comic book series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man as its title character and main protagonist. Being in the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it was the character's first title, launching seven months after his introduction in the final issue of Amazing Fantasy. The series began publication with a March 1963 cover date and has been published nearly continuously to date over six volumes with only one significant interruption. Issues of the title currently feature an issue number within its sixth volume, as well as a \"legacy\" number reflecting the issue's overall number across all Amazing Spider-Man volumes. The title reached 900 issues in 2022. The series began as a bimonthly periodical before being increased to monthly after four issues. It was the character's sole monthly headlining title until Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man launched in 1978. After 441 issues, The Amazing Spider-Man was restarted in 1999 as issue No. 1 of Volume 2. It ran for 58 issues before reverting to the title's overall issue number with #500 in 2003. The series ran essentially continuously over the first two volumes from 1963 until its landmark 700th issue at the end of 2012 when it was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Marvel's comic lines. The title was occasionally published biweekly during the first two volumes, and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010. After the relaunch of Action Comics and Detective Comics, The Amazing Spider-Man briefly became the highest-numbered active American comic book. The Amazing Spider-Man returned with volume 3 in April 2014 following the conclusion of The Superior Spider-Man story arc after 31 issues. In late 2015, the series was relaunched with a fourth volume following the 2015 Secret Wars event. After 45 years , the volume was once again relaunched as part of Marvel Legacy, returning to the overall \"legacy\" numbering with issue No. 789 in late 2017. Less than a year later, the series was relaunched again with a fifth volume as part of Marvel's Fresh Start. For the first time, although the issue numbers were again restarted from #1, the issues also bore the overall \"legacy\" issue number. A sixth volume commenced in April 2022 to celebrate Spider-Man's 60th anniversary. Since the second volume, the title has had various release schedules, including monthly and bi-weekly, among others. Publication history Writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko created the character of Spider-Man, and the pair produced 38 issues from March 1963 to July 1966. Ditko left after the 38th issue, while Lee remained as writer until issue 100. Since then, many writers and artists have taken over the monthly comic through the years, chronicling the adventures of Marvel's most identifiable hero. The Amazing Spider-Man has been the character's flagship series for his first fifty years in publication, and was the only monthly series to star Spider-Man until Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, in 1976, although 1972",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "2327605",
"text": "Spider-Man: Chapter One is an American comic book miniseries starring Spider-Man published by Marvel Comics for 13 issues (#1–12, with a #0 issue (April 1999) added between issues #6 (April 1999) and 7 (May 1999) from December 1998 to October 1999. The entire miniseries was written and illustrated by John Byrne. This storyline is designated as being set in the universe of \"Earth-98121\" and is not part of the mainstream Marvel Universe of Earth-616. Issues involved Spider-Man: Chapter One #1–6, 0 and 7–12 (December 1998–October 1999) was a modern-day adaptation of many, but not all, of these particular issues that chronicled the early days of Spider-Man's superhero career: Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) and, years later {real time), #16–18 (December 1995–March 1996); The Amazing Spider-Man #1–15 (March, May, July and September–December 1963 and January–August 1964); The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (1964); The Amazing Spider-Man #16–20 (September–December 1964 and January 1965). Reception The miniseries was a modest success. Some comic book fans objected to Byrne's perceived tampering with the classic Spider-Man stories produced by his creators Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and complained that the original 1960s stories did not require any updating at all. The editorial intention of the miniseries, however, was to be a re-telling of the character's early stories that was designed to attract new readers. Byrne would soon be drawing the relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man title with writer Howard Mackie. Spider-Man: Chapter One, though not a sales record-breaker (possibly because it was sold only through the comic book direct market, which limited its exposure to potential new readers), finished out its run as planned, even adding a #0 issue (April 1999) between issues #6 (April 1999) and 7 (May 1999). On that basis, Byrne was later asked to do a second miniseries to be called Spider-Man: Chapter Two, but turned down the offer. Since Byrne left the Spider-Man titles, his successors have shied away from making any references to the miniseries, and according to Official Index to the Marvel Universe #1–14 (January 2009–February 2010), it is now Marvel's stance that the original stories have regained their canonical status. Spider-Man: Chapter One also brought controversy over the former ongoing series Untold Tales of Spider-Man (#1–25 (September 1995–October 1997); also including two Annuals (Annual '96 and Annual '97), a #–1 issue (July 1997) that occurred between issues #22 (June 1997) and 23 (August 1997), a one-shot issue called Untold Tales of Spider-Man: Strange Encounter (February 1999) and stories in Amazing Fantasy #16–18 (December 1995–March 1996 (which preceded the series)) and The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #37 (2010 (which ended it))), where all the stories presented therein were brand-new stories also set in the early days of Spider-Man's superhero career, but taking place in-between the original stories by Lee and Ditko. The non-canonical Spider-Man: Chapter One ignores the canonical continuity of Untold Tales of Spider-Man entirely. Similar versions Spider-Man's early adventures would be retold, again with a modern twist, in Ultimate Spider-Man, an ongoing series that Marvel launched in October",
"title": "Spider-Man: Chapter One"
},
{
"docid": "13305157",
"text": "\"One More Day\" (OMD) is a four-part 2007 comic book crossover storyline, connecting the three main Spider-Man series published by Marvel Comics at the time. Written by J. Michael Straczynski and Joe Quesada, with art by Quesada, the story arc concludes the fallout of Spider-Man's actions during the 2007 Civil War crossover. \"One More Day\" starts in The Amazing Spider-Man #544, continues in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #24 and The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2) #41, and concludes in The Amazing Spider-Man #545. After Aunt May had been shot by a stray bullet from a goon of the Kingpin meant for Spider-Man, Spider-Man seeks help to save her life. He encounters the demon Mephisto, who offers to save her life if Spider-Man gives him his marriage. Spider-Man and his wife, Mary Jane Watson, agree, and this part of their history is erased so that, effectively, they have never been married. The storyline set the stage for a restructuring of the Spider-Man titles, resulting in the cancellation of Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, with The Amazing Spider-Man revamped as a thrice-monthly publication. The events of \"One More Day\" regarding Peter Parker and Mary Jane's marriage was met with highly negative criticism, although the artwork received praise. Elements of the storyline were adapted in the feature film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada felt dissolving the Peter Parker and Mary Jane marriage and returning Spider-Man to his roots was necessary to preserve the longevity of the character for the next 20 or 30 years. Quesada said he and other previous editors-in-chief had long been seeking an opportunity to begin a new methodology in which to tell Spider-Man stories, but had not found a reasonable way to do so. Quesada said \"It's very easy to un-marry a character, or fix something like that: you just do a huge universal retcon, and say a few events in history didn't happen. But that's really not the way we do it here at Marvel.\" Quesada found an opportunity to address this in the events of the 2007 Civil War mini-series, which resulted in the unmasking of Spider-Man's identity to the public. Quesada knew J. Michael Straczynski was planning to end his run as a Marvel writer, so he personally approached Straczynski to propose \"One More Day\" as his final project. The ideas for \"One More Day\" began to develop almost two years before its release, at one of Marvel's creative summits for creators and editors. Quesada, Straczynski, Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, Jeph Loeb, Tom Brevoort and Axel Alonso developed the concept between them, and Ed Brubaker and Dan Slott added more at the next summit. \"One More Day\" was announced as the concluding storyline of Straczynski's run on Amazing Spider-Man in early 2007, and Quesada was named as the artist for the storyline. Although Quesada had become more selective in choosing projects to do as an artist since becoming editor-in-chief, he felt",
"title": "Spider-Man: One More Day"
},
{
"docid": "313522",
"text": "The Vulture is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as recurring enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collection of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, typically using special suits which allow them to fly at vast speeds. The first incarnation of the character, Isidoro Scarlotti, is an Italian scientist and an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second and most prominent incarnation of the character, Adrian Toomes, is an inventive but maniacal genius who designed his suit and turned to a life of crime, becoming an enemy of Spider-Man and a founding member of the Sinister Six, with later characters to assume the mantle including Blackie Drago, a former cellmate of Toomes, and Clifton Shallot and Jimmy Natale, human/bird hybrids of independent origins. Toomes is later revealed to be the grandfather of the superhero Starling. Since his conception, the character has been adapted from into various other forms of Spider-Man media, including television series and video games. In live-action, the character was played by Michael Keaton in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Morbius (2022). Publication history The first Vulture, Italian scientist Isidoro Scarlotti, first appeared in Young Men #26 (December 1953), created by Joe Gill and Carl Burgos and depicted as an enemy of the original Human Torch and Toro. The second Vulture, Adrian Toomes, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. According to Ditko, Lee wanted the villain to be heavy-set and based on actor Sydney Greenstreet. Ditko designed him to be leaner and more gaunt, feeling he should be swift and fast and also because \"The bulkier anything is, the more panel space it has to take up, thereby shrinking panel space for other characters and story panel elements.\" Since Toomes originally assumed the Vulture alias as an enemy of Spider-Man, several other character have taken on the mantle from him. The third incarnation, Blackie Drago, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #48 (May 1967), and was created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr. Lee created the new version because he thought that Spider-Man looked like a bully fighting a wizened old man. However, the readers wrote in that they did not like the new Vulture, and Lee relented and brought the original back. The fourth incarnation, Clifton Shallot, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #127, and was created by Ross Andru, Gerry Conway, and John Romita Sr. A fifth incarnation, Jimmy Natale, first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #593 as part of the story arc \"Spider-Man 24/7\"; created by Mark Waid and Mike McKone, he is a recurring enemy of both Spider-Man and the Punisher. Fictional character biography Isidoro Scarlotti Isidoro Scarlotti was born in Italy, attaining a doctorate in atomic science and rising to become the czar of the International League of Criminals,",
"title": "Vulture (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "52167966",
"text": "Since the characters inception in the 1960s Spider-Man has appeared in multiple forms of media, including several novels, short stories, comic strips, graphic novels, light novels and children's books. Comics The main form of literature which in Spider-man has appeared in is comic books. Serialized There have been over 200 separate Spider-Man comic book series, both ongoing series and limited series ranging from two to 500 issues. Singles There have been several published graphic novels with the character in the main role, including The Amazing Spider-Man: Hooky from 1986, The Amazing Spider-Man: Parallel Lives from 1989, The Amazing Spider-Man: Spirits of the Earth from 1990, Spider-Man: Fear Itself from 1992, Spider-Man: Season One from 2012 and Amazing Spider-Man: Family Business from 2014. There have also been many Spider-Man one-shots, specials and annuals. Strips There have been two Spider-Man comic strips, The Amazing Spider-Man and Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man. Prose Short stories In 1994 Marvel published The Ultimate Spider-Man, a short story collection edited by Stan Lee. It features a short story named \"An Evening in the Bronx with Venom\" by Keith R.A. DeCandido, among others. The Untold Tales of Spider-Man from 1997 is another short story collection, it was inspired by the Untold Tales of Spider-Man comic book series from 1995 to 1997, which was also written by Kurt Busiek. This book was also edited by Stan Lee. Single works There have been more than 20 Spider-Man novels, ranging from original works to adaptions of unused comic scripts to novelizations of his films. The character has also appeared in several other novels not about him specifically, such as novelizations of well-known comic book events like \"Civil War\". Series There are six major book series with the character of Spider-Man as the main focus. The \"Duane trilogy\" is a trilogy of Spider-Man books by Diane Duane, Spider-Man Super Thriller is a young adult novel series by several writers, the Doom's Day trilogy is a series of books by several authors, X-Men and Spider-Man: Time's Arrow is another trilogy by Tom DeFalco with a co-writer on each book and the latest Spider-Man book series is the Sinister Six trilogy, which was written by Adam-Troy Castro. Children's books Storybooks Several Spider-Man children's books have been published, from early readers to light novels. Coloring and activity books Spider-Man has been the subject of several coloring and activity books, from many companies such as Giddy-Up!, Kappa, Parragon/Scholastic, Peter Haddock, Alligator, Bendon, Funtastic, Golden Books, HarperCollins, Hunter Leisure, Meredith, Modern Publishing and Tri-Coastal. Poetry See also Bibliography of works on Spider-Man List of novels based on comics Wonder Woman in literature References External links Spider-Man books, on SpiderFan.org Marvel Press novels, on SpiderFan.org Marvel 1970s novels, on SpiderFan.org Spider-Man novels from Byron Preiss, on SpiderFan.org Ultimate Spider-Man novels, Mary Jane, on SpiderFan.org Spider-Man Books (Movie novelizations), on SpiderFan.org Book of the Month Club, on SpiderFan.org Spider-Man Coloring & Activity Books, on SpiderFan.org",
"title": "Spider-Man in literature"
},
{
"docid": "6146135",
"text": "Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and",
"title": "List of Spider-Man enemies"
},
{
"docid": "2441785",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire is a side-scrolling action-adventure video game developed by BlueSky Software and Zono, and published by Sega exclusively for the 32X add-on in North America in March 1996. Based on the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, it is inspired by the long-running comic book mythology and adaptations in other media. In the main storyline, the terrorist organization Hydra and the New Enforcers orchestrate a plot to shroud New York City under an electrical plasma grid, trapping its citizens. Spider-Man must confront each of the New Enforcers members, foil Hydra's plans, and save the city with the aid of Daredevil. Headed by co-producers Jerry Huber and Jerry Markota, Spider-Man: Web of Fire was created by most of the same team that previously worked on several projects at BlueSky Software such as Vectorman and its sequel. It was the last game released for the 32X platform in North America after Sega discontinued support for the add-on, who produced a limited run of copies in total as a result. It served as the final Marvel Comics-licensed release by Sega until 2008's Iron Man. Gameplay The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire is a side-scrolling action-adventure game where the players control Spider-Man through six stages as he goes up against the terrorist organization Hydra, who has taken all of New York City and its citizens as hostage by setting up generators that caused a giant electrical grid to appear over the location, and their hired hands the New Enforcers. The New Enforcers are each guarding the generators to make sure Hydra's plans go uninterrupted. The plot of is explained through newspaper-styled cutscenes. At the end of the stages, Spider-Man must confront each member of the New Enforcers while destroying each generator in order to progress further. The bosses are Dragon Man, Eel, Thermite, Blitz and Super-Adaptoid. Vanisher also appears although he is not a boss. On the main menu, the player has access to the options menu where various settings can be changed such as controls and difficulty level. Spider-Man can jump, punch, kick, duck, crawl, climb certain walls, shoot webs to swing on and collect web fluid to shoot web projectiles against enemies, among other actions. Spider-Man can also get assistance from fellow superhero Daredevil by rescuing him in the first stage and collecting \"DD\" tokens scattered through the stages. Other items can also be picked up such as health packs to restore energy. Spider-Man has three lives at the beginning of the game and extra lives can be acquired along the way but once all lives are lost, the game is over, though the player has the choice to continue playing after dying. Development and release The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire was created by most of the same team that worked on previous projects at BlueSky Software such as Vectorman and its sequel. Its development was helmed by co-producers Jerry Huber and Jerry Markota, with Brian Belfield and Keith Freiheit acting as lead programmers. California-based developer Zono",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man: Web of Fire"
},
{
"docid": "8171200",
"text": "The Looter is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character primarily appears in comic books featuring Spider-Man. The character first appeared in 1966. Publication history The character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #36 (May 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The character subsequently appears in Marvel Team-Up #33-34 (May–June 1975), Defenders #63-64 (September–October 1978), Spectacular Spider-Man #41 (April 1980), Web of Spider-Man #39 (June 1988), The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #26 (1992), The Amazing Scarlet Spider #1 (November 1995), The Spectacular Scarlet Spider #1 (November 1995), Web of Scarlet Spider #2 (December 1995), The Sensational Spider-Man #8 (September 1996), Untold Tales of Spider-Man (October 1997), The Sensational Spider-Man #27 (May 1998), Marvel Knights: Spider-Man #6 (November 2004), Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #5 (April 2006), Spider-Man Family #7 (April 2008), The Amazing Spider-Man #645 (December 2010), The Superior Foes of Spider-Man #11 (2013) and The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 3, #9 (2015). The Looter received an entry in the All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z #6 (2006) #6. Fictional character biography Norton G. Fester was always a poor scientist, and was considered a crackpot by his colleagues. One day, however, he found an unusual meteor that crashed into the Earth. Excited by his discovery, Fester searched for funding into a project, but investors went for more commercial ventures. Fester decided to continue without funding, and while chiseling the meteor, he struck a pocket of gas. Immersed in the strange compound, he discovered that he now had super-strength and agility thanks to the meteor's powers. Fester decided to devote his time and new powers to crime from then on. Calling himself the Looter, he struck banks and offices everywhere, gaining his current name. However, after attempting to steal another meteor to continually supply himself with his powers, he was defeated by Spider-Man after a battle in a hot-air balloon. Since then, the Looter has had no success whatsoever, even after a name change to the Meteor Man. He would come into conflict with Nighthawk after stealing a meteor from Kyle Richmond's home after he purchased it from the museum. Meteor Man would face Nighthawk and Spider-Man but would escape. Valkyrie from the Defenders helps Spider-Man apprehend Meteor Man. Fester tried to escape on his balloon but Valkyrie throws her sword into the balloon, causing it to pop. Meteor Man crashed into the ground and is hospitalized for a few months. He would reappear at the Empire State University campus to find components from a microwave energy exhibit to increase his powers. This would lead into another conflict with Spider-Man and Giant-Man. Fester created a transmitter that transmuted the energy in his meteors into microwaves which is then transmitted into his nervous system. However, his transmitter was channeling too much power and the feedback caused it to explode and Fester was presumed dead. Fester survived the explosion, but his mind was further addled by his experiences and he became a homeless alcoholic.",
"title": "Looter (character)"
},
{
"docid": "42676398",
"text": "Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film which forms part of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy. Spider-Man 2 may also refer to: Spider-Man 2: Enter: Electro, a 2001 video game, sequel to Spider-Man (2000) Spider-Man 2: The Sinister Six, a 2001 video game for Game Boy Color, sequel to Spider-Man (2000) for Game Boy Color Spider-Man 2 (2004 video game), the video game based on the 2004 film Spider-Man 2 (soundtrack), the soundtrack of the 2004 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2, a 2014 American superhero film, sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) Spider-Man: Far From Home, a 2019 American superhero film, sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) Spider-Man 2 (2023 video game), a 2023 video game, sequel to Spider-Man (2018) See also Spider-Man (disambiguation) Spider-Man 3 (disambiguation) The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man",
"title": "Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "802037",
"text": "The Spider-Slayers are a series of fictional robots appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Spencer Smythe, they were designed specifically to hunt down, capture, or kill Spider-Man. A new generation of Spider-Slayers was later created by Spencer's son, Alistair. The Spider-Slayers have been featured in a number of Spider-Man adaptations outside of comics, including animated series and video games. Publication history The Spider-Slayers first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #25 (June 1965) and were created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Fictional character biography See List of Spider-Slayers for a full breakdown of all versions of the Spider-Slayer. The first series of robots were originally designed and built by Prof. Spencer Smythe with the financial backing of J. Jonah Jameson, who piloted them for the pleasure of personally hunting the superhero he hated for capture and public unmasking. However, Spider-Man always managed to defeat each robot in turn. Smythe's continual efforts to perfect his machines backfired on him, leading to himself being fatally contaminated by radiation poisoning from the building materials of his creations. Blaming both Jameson and Spider-Man for this, he attempted, as a final act, to murder them both, but died just before Spider-Man thwarted the attempt. At one point, Jameson commissioned another scientist, Dr. Marla Madison, to create a new and improved Spider-Slayer. While that attempt failed, he eventually fell in love with her and married her. In The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #19 (1985), Smythe's son, Alistair, emerged as the new builder of the Spider-Slayers. He swore revenge on Spider-Man, repeatedly attacking the superhero with his own series of Slayers. Smythe later mutated into a humanoid Spider-Slayer, but remains a minor foe. The original Spider-Slayer was seen among the robots and machines in the Reanimator's collection. Wolverine later destroyed the Spider-Slayer when the Reanimator attempted to use it against him. It was later used by J. Jonah Jameson to attack the She-Hulk after she had married his son John, but it was destroyed again. In The Amazing Spider-Man #603, Jameson (now Mayor of New York) has some old Spider-Slayers sent to him from storage to better equip his \"Anti-Spider Squad\" to take down Spider-Man. The Spider-Slayer technology is combined with that of the Mandroid suits. However, the \"Spider-Slayer Squad\" wearing the suits quit their jobs after Spider-Man saves them and New York from a dirty bomb. Despite not being technically related to the Smythes' and Madison's creations, when Spider-Man refits all the Octobots confiscated from Doctor Octopus and kept in the New York Police Precinct to carry an antidote able to reverse the mutations turning all the New York population into Man-Spiders, he humorously renames them his own Spider-Slayers. When the Goblin King and his Goblin Underground group cause havoc in Manhattan, Mayor J. Jonah Jameson unveils the Goblin-Slayers which he plans to use against the Goblin-related threats. Mary Jane Watson voices her concern that the Goblin-Slayers used to be former Spider-Slayers. Mayor J. Jonah Jameson orders Chief Pratchett to send one",
"title": "Spider-Slayer"
},
{
"docid": "14154213",
"text": "Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles",
"title": "Spider-Man: With Great Power"
},
{
"docid": "2839562",
"text": "\"The Other\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \"acts\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes",
"title": "Spider-Man: The Other"
},
{
"docid": "53599140",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" was released with the tagline \"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \"unjust\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 129"
},
{
"docid": "2578538",
"text": "The Tinkerer (Phineas Mason) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an adversary of the superhero Spider-Man and the father of Rick Mason. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (May 1963). The Tinkerer is generally depicted as a genius in engineering who is able to create gadgets and other devices from nothing more than spare parts left over from ordinary household appliances. While in his initial appearances he sought to personally eliminate Spider-Man, more recent storylines depict him under the employ of other supervillains, whom he supplies with his gadgets for their personal vendettas against Spider-Man or other heroes. Since his introduction in comics, the character has been adapted into several other forms of media, such as animated television series and video games. The Tinkerer made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Chernus. Additionally, a female version of Phineas Mason named Phin Mason appears in Spider-Man: Miles Morales, voiced by Jasmin Savoy Brown. Publication history The Tinkerer is a character that was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and made his initial appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #2 (April 1963), opposing Spider-Man as a villain. It would, however, be several years before he would return, and made his second appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #160 (September 1976), once again opposing Spider-Man in a losing effort. The Tinkerer would be mentioned in The Amazing Spider-Man #182 (July 1978). This was his first mention in the publication as a supporting side character to the other villains. Fictional character biography Criminal career Phineas Mason is a brilliant inventor and technician who designs advanced weaponry for criminals and sometimes undertakes crimes of his own. As \"the Terrible Tinkerer\", he runs an underground fix-it shop disguised as a radio repair shop. On at least one occasion, a potential customer gained the inventor's attention by presenting a transistor radio and telling Mason that \"I've got a radio that just can't carry a tune\". The Tinkerer's original scheme involved the employment of a team of petty has-been stuntmen and thugs. They specialized in placing bugs into radios and blackmailing state officials and politicians. The Tinkerer tried to present himself as an alien to confuse his pursuers by leaving behind a mask that looked like his face when he escaped from Spider-Man in a hovercraft shaped like a flying saucer. The Tinkerer's next encounter with Spider-Man resulted in deploying the Toy, a hi-tech robot that serves as an assistant and lackey. The Toy also helped the Tinkerer escape from his hideout when raided by the police. The Tinkerer is known to have created the suit for Mysterio, a man that once worked as one of his alien-suited servants. Much later, he was hired by the Kingpin to rebuild the Spider-Mobile to destroy Spider-Man. The Tinkerer redesigned Rocket Racer's rocket-powered skateboard, designed the",
"title": "Tinkerer (Marvel Comics)"
}
] | [
"Andrew Garfield"
] |
train_18457 | who plays peter parker in the amazing spider-man | [
{
"docid": "362269",
"text": "Peter Parker is the secret identity of the character Spider-Man. Peter Parker may also refer to: Fictional characters Other versions of the main Spider-Man character; see Alternative versions of Spider-Man Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series), a character portrayed by Tobey Maguire in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man series Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), a character portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man film series Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a character portrayed by Tom Holland in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Peter Parker (Insomniac Games character), a character in the Marvel's Spider-Man games by Insomniac Games Peter Parker, the grandson of Peter's Pocket Grandpa, a character in The Dandy People Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet (1721–1811), British Admiral and Member of Parliament, friend and patron of Admiral Nelson Sir Peter Parker, 2nd Baronet (1785–1814), English naval officer Peter Parker (physician) (1804–1888), first Protestant medical missionary to China Peter Parker (British businessman) (1924–2002), chairman of the British Railways Board, 1976–1983 Peter Parker (author) (born 1954), British biographer and journalist Peter Parker (umpire) (born 1959), Australian cricket umpire Pete Parker (1895–1991), Canadian radio announcer Other uses Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic book series Peter Parker House See also Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "Peter Parker (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "41357270",
"text": "The following is a list of cast members who portrayed or voiced characters appearing in the Spider-Man films produced primarily by Columbia Pictures and later co-produced by Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Animation. The list is sorted by film and character, as some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors. Nicholas Hammond is the first live-action portrayal of the character, starring in The Amazing Spider-Man television series and its made-for-television films Spider-Man (1977), Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978), and Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981). Tobey Maguire portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man in a trilogy of films produced by Columbia Pictures consisting of Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007). A new iteration of the character was portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Tom Holland portrays another iteration of the character set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), headlining a trilogy co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios consisting of Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), the latter of which he is joined by Maguire and Garfield in supporting roles. Holland also appeared as the character in the MCU films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), and had an uncredited cameo appearance in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). Another iteration of the character is introduced in the SSU film Madame Web (2024). Shameik Moore stars in the Sony Pictures Animation film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) voicing Miles Morales / Spider-Man, with Hailee Steinfeld and Jake Johnson also featured as Gwen Stacy / Spider-Woman and Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man, respectively. All three actors reprise their roles in the sequels Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse (2024). Several other cast members who recur in the film series and/or within the franchises include Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Rosemary Harris, Cliff Robertson, Alfred Molina, Thomas Haden Church, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Sally Field, Jamie Foxx, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Jacob Batalon, Tony Revolori, Marisa Tomei, Brian Tyree Henry, Lauren Vélez, Mahershala Ali, Oscar Isaac and Kimiko Glenn Early films Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films (2012–2014) (2016–present) (2018–present) Animated Spider-Verse film series (2018–present) Notes See also Spider-Man in other media References External links Early films Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (1977) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man Strikes Back at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge at IMDb Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy Full cast and crew for Spider-Man (2002) at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Full cast and crew for Spider-Man 3 at IMDb Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man at IMDb Full cast and crew for The Amazing Spider-Man 2 at IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Full cast and crew for Spider-Man: Homecoming at IMDb Full cast and crew for",
"title": "List of Spider-Man film cast members"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "15011570",
"text": "The Living Brain is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 and has made few subsequent appearances since. A foe of the superhero Spider-Man, the original Living Brain was created by the fictional International Computing Machines Corporation and billed as the most intelligent computer and robot in existence, capable of solving virtually any question asked. In more recent times, the Superior Spider-Man reprogrammed it to serve as a laboratory assistant at Parker Industries, with it remaining in that role after Peter Parker returned. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the original Living Brain's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #8 (Jan. 1964). The second Living Brain appears in Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 5 #6. Fictional character history Original Living Brain The Living Brain, soon after its creation, is brought to Midtown High School by its creator Dr. Petty as a part of a demonstration of its renowned ability to solve any problem. The students agreed to ask the machine what is Spider-Man's secret identity, and a nervous Peter Parker, the volunteer for the demonstration, fed it all of the given known information from the students concerning the wall-crawler, relievingly finding the answer to be in a mathematical code for Peter to decode overnight (because of this, it is unknown if the Living Brain correctly deduced Spider-Man's true identity). During the course of the Living Brain's demonstration, the two workmen hired to transport it overhear how the Living Brain has the ability to answer anything and they decide to steal it to use this ability for gambling purposes. Caught in the middle of their stealing it by Dr. Petty, one of the workmen quickly knocks him out, but by doing so bumps the other one into the Living Brain's control panel on its chest, causing the Living Brain to malfunction. Going on a rampage through Midtown High, the Living Brain is confronted by Spider-Man, who eventually shuts it down. At the end of the day as Peter is walking back home, he plans on telling everyone the next day he'd lost the code during the confusion. The Living Brain reappears several years later, now discredited and broken-down. Dr. Petty plans to donate it to Midtown High School's science lab. The Living Brain ends up being stolen by Dr. Petty's son Steve Petty who modifies the robot, giving it a gold and red color scheme, clawed hands and the ability to fly. Remotely controlling the Living Brain to attack a bully who had been tormenting him, Steve is eventually defeated by Spider-Man (who had been on a visit to Midtown High as Peter Parker) and the Living Brain is shut down once more. The Living Brain, restored to its pre-upgrade appearance, was then acquired by a group of criminals, who used it to commit robberies. The robot and its controllers were apprehended",
"title": "Living Brain"
},
{
"docid": "17038885",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series about Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The Amazing Spider-Man may also refer to: Comics The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) Film Spider-Man (1977 film) starring Nicholas Hammond, also known as The Amazing Spider-Man on home media The Amazing Spider-Man (film), a reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise The Amazing Spider-Man (soundtrack), a film-score album from the 2012 film, composed by James Horner Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), the title character of the film series Television The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series) starring Nicholas Hammond, which evolved out of the 1977 film Games The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (handheld video game) The Amazing Spider-Man (pinball) See also The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (disambiguation) Spider-Man (disambiguation)",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "2444780",
"text": "Humberto Ramos (born 27 November 1970) is a Mexican comic book penciller, best known for his work on American comic books such as Impulse, Runaways, The Spectacular Spider-Man, The Amazing Spider-Man and his creator-owned series Crimson. Career Humberto Ramos began his career in 1989 at Kaboom Cómics. He was later hired by DC Comics as the regular penciller for their Flash spin-off Impulse, which launched in March 1995. Written by Mark Waid, the superhero/teen comedy series focused on young speedster Bart Allen, the grandson of the second Flash, Barry Allen, and his struggles with growing up in an alienated Alabama suburb. In 1998, Ramos co-founded the imprint Cliffhanger with comic book artists Joe Madureira and J. Scott Campbell. They created the imprint, housed by Jim Lee's Image Comics division Wildstorm, to publish their creator-owned comic books outside the mainstream superhero genre. Both Campbell and Madureira had already built large fanbases with their previous work on Gen13 and Uncanny X-Men respectively, and were two of the most popular comic book artists at the time. Ramos, on the other hand, was not as popular and his inclusion on the imprint was perceived as second choice, after fan-favorite Michael Turner declined because he was still under contract at Top Cow. Ramos' first Cliffhanger title Crimson ran for 24 issues and two one-shots, with poor success. It was followed by the fantasy/mystery series Out There, months later. Ramos also began illustrating the covers of Peter Parker: Spider-Man with issue #30 and—beginning with May 2002's Peter Parker: Spider-Man #44—additionally did the interior artwork on the four-issue story arc \"A Death in the Family\" (later collected as Spider-Man: Return of the Goblin; ), written by Paul Jenkins. After his Cliffhanger contract expired, and Out There concluded after 18 issues in early 2003, Ramos left the imprint, apparently not on the best terms, and launched a new Spider-Man title, The Spectacular Spider-Man. The book reunited Ramos with Peter Parker: Spider-Man writer Paul Jenkins and earned him a 2005 Harvey Award nomination as Best Cover Artist. While Ramos worked on Spectacular Spider-Man, another book created by him (although illustrated by Francisco Herrera), the six-issue miniseries Kamikaze, which had originally been planned for 2001, was published by WildStorm under the Cliffhanger imprint. In 2005, Ramos' creator-owned six-issue miniseries Revelations began publication by Dark Horse Comics. Following Revelations, Ramos returned to Marvel Comics, joining writer Marc Guggenheim as the new creative team on Wolverine, beginning with issue #42 in March 2006. The same month also saw the release of the first volume of the space opera Kookaburra K, a series of three 46-page comic albums Ramos illustrated for French comic publisher Soleil Productions, written by French comic book creator Crisse. Ramos worked with writer Terry Moore on Runaways from 2008 to 2009, and became one of the regular artists on The Amazing Spider-Man in 2010. In April 2014, Ramos and writer Dan Slott launch Amazing Spider-Man as part of Marvel NOW!. The first issue of this new version of The",
"title": "Humberto Ramos"
},
{
"docid": "25700184",
"text": "This is a list of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters. Spider-Friends Peter Parker (Spider-Man), Bobby Drake (Iceman), and Angelica Jones (Firestar) are all college students at Empire State University. After working together to defeat the Beetle and recovering the \"Power Booster\" he stole from Tony Stark (a.k.a. Iron Man, who rewards them with the advanced computer systems seen in several episodes and the opening titles) the trio decide to team-up permanently as the \"Spider-Friends\". They live together in Peter's Aunt May's home with her and a pet dog, Ms. Lion, a Lhasa Apso, who often acts as comic relief. The show also featured Spider-Man's customary sense of humour and had a running gag of Iceman and Firestar (who can use their powers to get in to \"costume\" as shown in the opening titles) waiting for Peter to change in to the Spider-Man Suit. Together, the superheroes battle various supervillains. Peter Parker/Spider-Man Actor Dan Gilvezan gave voice to this incarnation of the wall-crawler. This series also featured a number of Marvel guest stars, and shared many of its character designs with the solo Spider-Man show produced just before it. Bobby Drake/Iceman In the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Iceman is voiced by Frank Welker. In a few episodes, he appears with his and Firestar's former teammates, the X-Men. In the episode \"Vengeance Of Loki\", he's revealed to be a government agent; his codename is \"Windchill Factor Zero\". In \"Mission: Save The Guardstar\" his younger half-sister, Aurora Dante (Lightwave), was introduced. One entire episode was devoted to Iceman's origin story. Throughout the series, Iceman has a romantic infatuation with Firestar. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Iceman is a Pisces. Angelica Jones/Firestar Firestar was originally created for the animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. The creators had originally wanted to use the Human Torch, but the rights to the character were tied up. Kathy Garver provided her voice. In the series, Firestar (whose pre-production names included Heatwave, Starblaze, and Firefly) is identified as being a former member of the X-Men, along with Iceman, with whom she occasionally appears to have a playful flirtation and sometimes dates. At times she dates Peter Parker (Spider-Man) as well, resulting in a relaxed love triangle of sorts (though Iceman states that, despite his feelings for Firestar, \"fire and ice don't really mix\"). Firestar also has a one-episode romance with Sunfire. The animated series and the one-shot Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends comic book (which adapted an episode for print) are not considered part of standard Marvel Universe continuity. However, a recent one-shot comic, Spider-Man Family: Amazing Friends (August 2006), features an in-continuity story, \"Opposites Attack!\", in which the three superheroes work as a short-lived team. This story takes place shortly after up-and-coming hero Firestar becomes a founding member of the New Warriors. In \"Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow\" it is revealed that Firestar is a Sagittarius. Supporting characters Black Knight The medieval Black Knight appeared in",
"title": "List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends characters"
},
{
"docid": "504988",
"text": "Benjamin \"Ben\" Reilly (), also known as the Scarlet Spider, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Grown in a lab by Miles Warren/Jackal, he is a clone of Peter Parker/Spider-Man tasked with fighting him but instead becoming an ally, later even regarded as a \"brother\". Created by writer Gerry Conway, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 (October 1975) and is seemingly killed in the same issue. The character returned and featured prominently in the 1994–96 \"Clone Saga\" storyline, adopting the \"Scarlet Spider\" alias with a costume similar to Spider-Man's consisting of a red spandex bodysuit and mask complemented by a blue sleeveless hoodie sweatshirt adorned with a large spider symbol on both sides, along with a utility belt and bulkier web-shooters. This Scarlet Spider costume was designed by artist Tom Lyle. When Peter Parker temporarily left the Spider-Man role, Ben became the new Spider-Man while wearing a new costume variation designed by artist Mark Bagley. However, Reilly dies at the hands of Norman Osborn/Green Goblin, sacrificing himself to save Parker who then resumes the Spider-Man role. In 2017's Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy story, the character is revealed to be alive, his mind forcibly transferred to new clone bodies by the Jackal repeatedly before his resurrection was successful. Driven mad by the experience of being reborn and dying repeatedly, he became the new Jackal and started his own criminal enterprise. After being defeated by Spider-Man and others, Reilly reclaims his Scarlet Spider identity in the series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider. Reimagined as an antihero, he first hopes to escape his past then embarks on a spiritual quest to redeem himself. This arc is completed in \"Spider-Geddon\" (2018), during which he sacrifices himself to protect others when his life force is absorbed by an enemy who inadvertently absorbs his many death traumas as well. Ben is then resurrected in a new clone body, his mind and soul healed and restored. During the events of the 2021–2022 storyline \"Beyond\", Ben temporarily became Spider-Man again, only for him to have his memories purged from him and becoming a new villain called Chasm. Due to his many resurrections in different clone bodies, the 2017–2018 comic series Ben Reilly: The Scarlet Spider states he has died and returned more than anyone else in the Marvel Universe, leading to him becoming favored by Lady Death. The character made his cinematic debut in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse voiced by Andy Samberg. Publication history Ben Reilly was first featured as Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man #149 as a nameless clone of Peter Parker who seemingly dies alongside his creator the Jackal, who had also created a clone of Parker's lost love Gwen Stacy. The events of the issue were later revisited in several comics such as What If #30. Asked why he created the character, writer Gerry Conway explained: Though Conway had no intention of using the character beyond this initial story in",
"title": "Ben Reilly"
},
{
"docid": "144167",
"text": "Maybelle \"May\" Parker-Jameson (née Reilly), commonly known as Aunt May, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Making her first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, playing an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books. May is the widow of Ben Parker and the paternal aunt by marriage of Peter Parker, who leads a secret life as Spider-Man. She is nurturing and supportive of Peter as a mother figure, although throughout most of Spider-Man's history, she has not known of his secret life and considered Spider-Man frightening. In modern renditions, May has been known to support the hero and in rare cases is aware that he is her nephew or at least suspecting his identity as Peter. Later in life, she marries J. Jonah \"Jay\" Jameson Sr., the estranged father of Peter's boss and Spider-Man's harshest critic J. Jonah Jameson, making him her step-son and by extension Peter's step-cousin (and self-declared step-brother); much to Jameson's discomfort. Since May's conception, the character has appeared in several media adaptations of Spider-Man, often playing a supporting role. May was portrayed by Rosemary Harris in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Sally Field in Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology and Marisa Tomei in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. In the Spider-Verse franchise, the character was voiced by Lily Tomlin in Into the Spider-Verse and Elizabeth Perkins in Across the Spider-Verse. Fictional character biography May Parker (née Reilly) was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 5. After the death of her brother-in-law and his wife, May and her husband Ben Parker took in their only nephew, Peter, and raised him at their home at 20 Ingram Street, Forest Hills, Queens. She remained an important influence in Peter's life even during college as she was the only family he had left. Her continued belief that Peter was still the fragile boy he had been before he gained his powers could be frustrating at times. In the early years of his superhero career, Peter feared for May's well-being and the fatal shock that he believed would end her life if she ever learned about his dual identity as Spider-Man. Consequently, Peter often felt anguish over dealing with major crises while his aunt needed nearly constant care. This conflict took on an unusual turn when May became sweethearts with his enemy, Otto Octavius (also known as Doctor Octopus), and Peter struggled to deal with his enemy's schemes while not hurting his aunt. During a period of convalescence at a nursing home, May met wheelchair user Nathan Lubensky. Gradually, May and Nathan fell in love with each other. She invited Nathan into her Forest Hills home after converting it into a boarding house, and the couple were briefly engaged. However, May's heart was broken when Nathan suffered a fatal heart attack while protecting her from being taken hostage by Adrian Toomes,",
"title": "Aunt May"
},
{
"docid": "27330977",
"text": "\"One Moment in Time\" is a 2010 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics starring Spider-Man. Written by Joe Quesada and illustrated by Paolo Rivera, it was originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #638–641, and immediately follows \"The Gauntlet\" storyline. It is notable for revealing what changes the villain Mephisto made to save the life of Peter Parker/Spider-Man's aunt, May Parker, and dissolve the wedding of Parker and Mary Jane Watson at the end of the 2007 \"One More Day\" storyline. The name of the storyline forms the acronym O.M.I.T., which Quesada explained was an intentional reference to how Parker and Watson's wedding was removed from continuity. Storytelling In The Amazing Spider-Man #638, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from the end of \"One More Day\" or Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21. The flashbacks use actual pages from the original comics, and are mixed in with new pages that illustrate how events were changed by the villainous demon Mephisto. In Amazing Spider-Man #639, the story is told as a mixture of flashbacks and current events. The flashbacks are from \"Civil War\" and Amazing Spider-Man #539-543. These flashbacks are only panels from the original comics and not full pages. In Amazing Spider-Man #640, the story is told as the altered events of \"Back in Black\" and \"One More Day\", as well as other events contemporaneous with those storylines. Plot Mary Jane Watson whispers to Mephisto that Peter will not trade his marriage for Aunt May's life unless Mary Jane tells him to accept the agreement, and that Mephisto will leave Peter alone forever when the deal is done. Mephisto agrees to these terms. At present time MJ shows up at Peter's door. They talk about how they have been acting towards each other lately and both agree they want to be friends with each other. Then they reminisce about what happened on what was supposed to be their wedding day. Spider-Man stops Electro and his gang. One of the gang members, Eddie, makes note of the arresting officer's name. Then Mephisto, as a red pigeon, swoops down and unlocks the door of the police car Eddie is in, allowing him to escape while the officers are occupied with cuffing Electro. Spider-Man is out patrolling that night and hears the gunshots of Eddie shooting at the arresting officer and his wife. While saving the policeman and his wife, Spider-Man gets hit in the head with a cinder block. He chases after Eddie and tackles him off the side of a building. Though Spider-Man foils the murder, during his struggle, he and Eddie fall from a building to the ground, with Spider-Man absorbing most of the impact. Eddie escapes, declining to kill Spider-Man because he saved Eddie's life. On the wedding morning, Mary Jane shows up but Peter does not as he is lying unconscious in an alleyway. After Peter misses his wedding he tries to explain what happened to Mary Jane, but she knows",
"title": "One Moment in Time (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "58112860",
"text": "Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is two series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. The series revolves around Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson having remained married and raising a daughter named Anna-May \"Annie\" Parker, with Mary Jane and Annie further becoming the superheroes Spinneret and Spiderling. The original series was a 2015 comic book limited series that tied into that year's Secret Wars event. Following the event's end, the popularity of the series led to a sequel ongoing series set in the alternate reality of Earth-18119, which was published from 2016 to 2018. Mary Jane and Annie from this series make cameo appearances in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. Publication history The first volume takes place during the \"Secret Wars\" storyline and was published as a limited series in 2015. Dan Slott and Adam Kubert's story occurs in a Battleworld which was a \"drastically reimagined incarnation of New York City\". A second volume, now as an ongoing series part of the 2016 \"Marvel NOW!\" relaunch, details the further tales of Spider-Man and his family after their reality was restored. Originally, Gerry Conway was the lead writer of the volume; Ryan Stegman joined as both co-writer and artist with issue #8. With issue #13, \"the series new creative team of writer Jody Houser and artist Nick Roche kicked off their run by jumping eight years into the Parker family's future\". The second volume is followed by the three issue limited series Spider-Girls which was part of the 2018 comics event Spider-Geddon. CBR highlighted that while events of the \"One More Day\" storyline still \"haven't been totally undone in the Marvel comic continuum\", as a result of Renew Your Vows, both MJ and Peter of Earth 616 share \"small fragments of memories of their life and decided to begin again, with a fresh new start\". Plot Volume one: Secret Wars During the \"Secret Wars\" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. Spider-Man brutally defeats Venom. As the superheroes are being defeated by Regent, Mary Jane Watson uses a fire truck's siren to help Spider-Man force Venom into a burning building and brings the structure down on Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe. In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent won't detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. Peter takes pictures of Demolition Man protesting the Regent's rule when he is defeated by Boomerang, Rhino, and",
"title": "Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows"
},
{
"docid": "37629473",
"text": "The Superior Spider-Man is the name of three separate superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, following Otto Octavius as he becomes Spider-Man. The first volume, that ran between January 2013 and September 2014, was written by Dan Slott, with artwork by Ryan Stegman, Humberto Ramos, and Giuseppe Camuncoli, continuing from the events of the 2012 storyline \"Dying Wish\", in which Peter Parker is killed off and replaced with his nemesis Otto Octavius, who swapped consciousnesses with Parker and left him to die in his decaying body to ensure his own survival. However, Octavius becomes inspired by Parker's dying wish to have a new Spider-Man protect New York City, and decides to take on the mantle himself, becoming the self-proclaimed \"Superior Spider-Man\". The series is a continuation of the long running series The Amazing Spider-Man, which concluded with The Amazing Spider-Man #700. The Superior Spider-Man also crosses over into other Spider-Man titles such as Avenging Spider-Man and its superseding title Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, in addition to other Marvel titles. The series ended with issue #31, which determined the fate of Parker's mind, and was followed up by a relaunch of The Amazing Spider-Man series, with the new volume depicting Parker regaining his body and the Spider-Man mantle. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. The series returned for two additional issues (#32 and #33) that fill a gap left by an earlier storyline, as well as lead into the \"Spider-Verse\" storyline. They were released in August 2014. In 2018, a one-shot titled The Superior Octopus was released, serving as a continuation of the history of Otto Octavius after the events of \"Go Down Swinging\", and also serves as a tie-in to the \"Spider-Geddon\" storyline. The same year, a second volume of The Superior Spider-Man debuted as part of the \"Spider-Geddon\" with 12 new issues, written by Christos Gage and drawn by Mike Hawthorne. In 2023, the manga series Spider-Man: Octopus Girl was launched, serving as a direct sequel and narrative continuation to the first two volumes, while a stand-alone third volume written by Slott and drawn by Mark Bagley would launch in November 2023. The first volume was adapted into the second season of Marvel's Spider-Man, with the character voiced by Robbie Daymond (Superior Spider-Man's body) and Scott Menville (Otto Octavius' inner thought monologues), with Otto Octavius as the Superior Spider-Man also appearing in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) as a member of Spider-Man 2099's Spider-Society. Publication history Marvel Comics first teased The Superior Spider-Man in September 2012 by releasing an image of the word Superior without the creative team. A short time before the NYCC 2012 Marvel released a new Superior teaser, this time with the creative team",
"title": "The Superior Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "2839562",
"text": "\"The Other\" is a comic book crossover story arc published by Marvel Comics from October 2005 to January 2006. It was the first Spider-Man crossover since 2001, and was published in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1–4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19–22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525–528. Publication history The storyline was divided into four months, or \"acts\", and each month's issues had a different cover tint. The story is in 12 parts. The first act has red tinted covers, the second has blue tinted covers, the third has gray-black covers, and the final act has orange-yellow tinted covers. The acts are divided as follows: Act One, written by Peter David, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #19 and The Amazing Spider-Man #525. Act Two, written by Reginald Hudlin, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #2, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #20 and The Amazing Spider-Man #526. Act Three, written by J. Michael Straczynski, is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #3, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #21 and The Amazing Spider-Man #527. Act Four/Finale is told in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #4, Marvel Knights Spider-Man #22 and The Amazing Spider-Man #528; all three titles were written by their regular writers. The books continued to be illustrated by their regular artists throughout the crossover: Mike Wieringo in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man. Pat Lee in Marvel Knights Spider-Man. Mike Deodato, Jr. in The Amazing Spider-Man. Plot synopsis The first five chapters loosely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief. Act One Peter Parker (aka Spider-Man) has recently been having black outs, dizzy spells, and enigmatic dreams, which includes Morlun, Kraven the Hunter, frogs, Uncle Ben, and spidery imagery. In confronting a new villain calling himself Tracer who is robbing a bank, Spider-Man suffers a bullet wound to the shoulder. Tracer escapes, while Peter goes to see Dr. Castillo, a doctor recommended to him by Captain America, who treats Peter's wound and takes a blood test. Dr. Castillo later informs Peter that he is dying, which Peter relates to his wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker. Later, May Parker, who wakes up from a strange dream and, after being yelled at by an emotional Peter, goes to the kitchen and finds Tracer. Tracer tells her that he is a reserve Avenger who is there to watch over her. During their conversation, he tells May that he is a machine god; in the same way that humans created gods, machines created him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man is fighting Tracer's robot followers in the city when his powers start to fail. Morlun confronts him and tells Peter that he would rather watch Peter deteriorate than fight him. Spider-Man returns home and, finding Tracer, attacks him. However, Tracer assesses his health and refuses to fight him in his current state. Peter becomes enraged at Tracer's nonchalant attitude about his plans to kill Aunt May, and strangles Tracer to death. His skin melts away to reveal a machine body. After this, Peter tells Aunt May what is wrong with him. Act Two Peter goes",
"title": "Spider-Man: The Other"
},
{
"docid": "75438924",
"text": "\"Gang War\" is a 2023 storyline published by Marvel Comics. It was created by Zeb Wells and John Romita Jr. The story involves Spider-Man and the local superheroes working to deal with a gang war between the different families after Tombstone was shot and the crime families plan to take over the criminal underworld. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #39, Deadly Hands of Kung Fu: Gang War #1, and Luke Cage: Gang War #2 were dedicated in memory of Keith Giffen who died from a stroke on October 9, 2023. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #40, Luke Cage: Gang War #3, Miles Morales: Spider-Man Vol. 2 #14, and Spider-Woman Vol. 8 #2 saluted the retirement of Alison Gill. The event overall received mixed reviews, with criticism directed towards the artwork, tie-ins, pacing, character arcs, and the lack of focus on Spider-Man. Publication history Gang War will detail the different crime families going to war after Tombstone was shot by Shotgun during the wedding of Janice Lincoln and Randy Robertson. With the crime families blaming each other for calling the hit and planning to take over the criminal underworld, Spider-Man works to keep the gang war from getting worse with help from the local superheroes while also dealing with the anti-vigilante laws that will cause all the sides to come into conflict with the NYPD. Plot Lead-up On the day when Tombstone's daughter Janice Lincoln was going to marry Robbie Robertson's son Randy Robertson, it is attended by Peter Parker, Aunt May, Martha Robertson, and the crime lords Hammerhead, Mister Negative, Crime Master, Diamondback, Madame Masque, Black Mariah, and Owl. Just then, Shotgun crashes the wedding on his motorcycle and uses special bullets to wound Tombstone. Peter Parker slips away to become Spider-Man and pursues Shotgun. He follows Shotgun through the forest until he loses him. As Tombstone is loaded into an ambulance, the crime lords blame each other for the attack. Madame Masque leaves in her limousine as Hammerhead sets off an explosive in it. As Spider-Man and Rek-Rap deal with Re-Po (who was made from Peter Parker's debt collector by Madelyne Pryor) in his mission to get Rek-Rap and the other demons back to Limbo, Hammerhead talks with his branch of the Maggia as one of them mentions about what happened to Madam Masque. Just then, they are visited by Count Nefaria who will take the blame on what happened with his daughter Madame Masque. While touching Hammerhead's head, Count Nefaria states that the crime lords will bow to the Maggia once again. As Hammerhead watches the news about Randy Robertson talking about Fisk's law, Hammerhead gets a call from his minion Jake about how they found Lady Yulan's grunts and how he speculated that Lady Yulan's grunts are either vampires or hate holy water. As Hammerhead orders Jake to take Father O'Neil home, he also tells them to lose the masks they got from the Inner Demons as they have a big day tomorrow. The next day, Hammerhead meets with",
"title": "Gang War (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "32703921",
"text": "Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It features the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna \"Ana\" Soria) to the Marvel Universe and laid the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, style, and plot. Plot Infested \"Infested\" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the \"Spider-Island\" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31. Spider-Island The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him \"The Way of the Spider\", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen. Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jackal is behind the disturbance, as he has collected several prominent crime figures with spider-powers and given them Spider-Man outfits. The Avengers attempt to defend the city against spider-powered hooligans. Although Shang-Chi is able to confirm Spider-Man's identity to the other heroes, he is nevertheless ordered to stay out of the fight due to the inability to distinguish him from the other Spider-Men. However, inspired by a conversation with Mary Jane, Peter is able to rally various other New Yorkers to help him stop the villainous Spider-Men by posing as another random spider-powered citizen. As Anti-Venom works on curing various Spider-People of their powers, Madame Web reflects on the need for both Agent Venom and Anti-Venom to fix the Spider-Island problem. Meanwhile, Carlie and Peter attempt to investigate the Jackal's lab, reasoning that he is the most likely candidate to have caused this event, unaware that they are being watched. Jackal is seen working on the Spider-King by filling with tiny spider embryos. Horizon Labs works with Reed Richards to find a cure for the spider-powered people while the Avengers and",
"title": "Spider-Island"
},
{
"docid": "663197",
"text": "Nicholas Hammond (born 15 May 1950) is an American and Australian actor and writer who is best known for his roles as Friedrich von Trapp in the film The Sound of Music and as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the 1970s television series The Amazing Spider-Man. He also appeared in the theatrical films as Spider-Man and its two sequels outside of North America. Early life Hammond was born on May 15, 1950, in Washington, D.C., the son of Colonel Thomas West Hammond, Jr. by his wife Eileen Hammond (née Bennett). Hammond's father was American of English descent and an officer in the U.S. Army, and his mother was English and had played a role in Much Too Shy in 1942. Hammond has one elder brother, David (b. 1946). Hammond's parents had met and married in London during World War II when his father had been posted in the United Kingdom. After the war, the couple moved to the U.S. permanently, and because the Colonel had an army job, the family moved numerous times to various army stations across the country during Hammond's childhood. Nicholas Hammond graduated from the Landon School in Bethesda, Maryland, before attending and graduating from Princeton University. Col. Hammond died in 1970. Career Hammond was 11 years old when he made his acting debut as Robin Rhodes in the Broadway play The Complaisant Lover in 1961, playing alongside Michael Redgrave and Googie Withers. At the same time, he began to shoot for the 1963 film Lord of the Flies, which marked his film debut. After this, Hammond played what was to be his most notable screen role: Friedrich von Trapp (the elder of the two boys) in the 1965 hit The Sound of Music. Hammond's next acting role came in 1970, when he appeared in Conduct Unbecoming, his first role as an adult. In 1972 Hammond appeared as Peter Linder in Skyjacked. In 1973 he made a guest appearance on The Brady Bunch in season 4, episode #090, \"The Subject Was Noses\", as the high school hunk, Doug Simpson, who loses interest in Marcia after her tragic football accident. That year Hammond also appeared in The Waltons episode \"The Townie\", as Theodore Claypool Jr. After making the transition from juvenile to young leading man, Hammond spent several seasons in daytime soaps, such as General Hospital. He also appeared on many television shows of the 1970s including Hawaii Five-O. In the late 1970s Hammond re-joined fellow The Sound of Music alumnus Heather Menzies (who played Louisa von Trapp) for one episode of the TV adaptation of Logan's Run. He also contributed to The Sound of Music Family Scrapbook. Spider-Man From 1977 to 1979, Hammond played the role for which he is perhaps best known, as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the television series The Amazing Spider-Man. Hammond described his approach to the character: \"I liked the idea of taking a fantasy hero and making him believable as a person. I made it clear going into it that I wasn't interested in doing",
"title": "Nicholas Hammond"
},
{
"docid": "503156",
"text": "Spider-Girl (May \"Mayday\" Parker) is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She has been referred to as both Spider-Girl and Spider-Woman. The character appears in the MC2 universe. The character was created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz as the teenage daughter of Peter Parker (Spider-Man) and Mary Jane Watson, and first appeared in What If #105 (February 1998). She later acquired her own ongoing comic book, Spider-Girl, written by DeFalco and drawn by Frenz and Pat Olliffe, which was the longest-running superhero book with a lead female character ever published by Marvel before being relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, and later The Spectacular Spider-Girl. Two incarnations of Mayday Parker, an infant and an adult, appear in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse. Publication history Spider-Girl first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint. Although each of these titles were slated to be 12-issue limited series, Spider-Girls initial sales justified their continuation as ongoing titles. After initial interest, Spider-Girl drew low sales. The book's active fan base convinced Marvel to revoke several cancellation announcements. Reprints of the series in digest size trade paperbacks sold well. Marvel Associate Editor Nick Lowe revealed in a Nov. 2005 interview that \"Spider-Girl, for the first time, is completely safe from cancellation.\" Despite Lowe's statement, Marvel announced that No. 100 would be the title's final issue. The book was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl, with issue #0 appearing in Oct. 2006. On October 11, 2008, Tom DeFalco announced that The Amazing Spider-Girl would be canceled with issue #30, though he revealed that, due to the company's love for the character, she could possibly be given a sixteen-page back-up strip in The Amazing Spider-Man Family. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. On March 18, 2009, Marvel announced that Spider-Girl would continue publication as The Spectacular Spider-Girl, a web-comic released through Marvel's Digital Comics Unlimited. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. The Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through No. 8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8. The new The Spectacular Spider-Girl stories were then contained in Web of Spider-Man. This lasted for seven issues before being moved to its own four-issue limited series, Spectacular Spider-Girl, which tied up most of the series plot threads. This was followed by one last Spider girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity.",
"title": "Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker)"
},
{
"docid": "53738449",
"text": "Since the characters inception in the 1960s, Spider-Man has appeared in several forms of media, including novels and book series. Original solo novels The Amazing Spider-Man: Mayhem in Manhattan (1978) No. 1 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Len Wein and Marv Wolfman. Doctor Octopus is blackmailing the top eight CEO's of various U.S. oil companies in order to get a stranglehold on U.S. oil. He also tries to convince those same CEO's that he has rendered their oil radioactive and thereby useless. For one year, they must secretly agree to buy oil from Doctor Octopus instead and, at the end of that time, they can go back to business as usual. The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign (1979) No. 8 of the Marvel Pocket Novels. Written by Paul Kupperberg. The plot concerns a TV anchorman whose daughter has been kidnapped by the Kingpin, who has forced the popular media frontsman to stand as Mayor. The Kingpin has taken millions of dollars from the other ganglords in order to cut them into his plan, which is to push his candidate into becoming Mayor. Peter Parker manages to convince J. Jonah Jameson into running for Mayor also. Secondly, Parker gets sent to cover a mayoral rally and thirdly, Silvermane's plan to secretly undermine the Kingpin's authority has him using a fake Spider-Man to threaten the Kingpin's candidate, and to lead the real Spider-Man into conflict with the Kingpin. While this is all happening, Jameson has hired a private investigator named Cindy Sayers to pretend to be his niece in order to find out how Peter Parker can get so many pictures of Spider-Man. The Hulk and Spider-Man: Murdermoon (1979) No. 11 of the Marvel Pocket Novels and a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man: Crime Campaign, also written by Paul Kupperberg. The book begins with the Hulk fighting the U.S. military in a desert, but then cuts to Spider-Man intervening in a raid on a company doing research for NASA. The wall-crawler does not quite save the day but, returning to the Bugle, he immediately gets dropped into a story to cover the latest StarLab spy-in-the-sky satellite, which is due to drop back out of the sky. That story takes Parker out to a U.S. aircraft carrier. But when the satellite vanishes from the radar, trouble arises. Meanwhile, Bruce Banner is reading a newspaper advertisement offering a potential treatment for his condition. He follows up on the ad, but finds himself kidnapped by the villain and, as the Hulk, gets brainwashed into fighting Spider-Man. Spider-Man: Carnage in New York (1995) Written by David Michelinie and Dean Wesley Smith. A man named Catrall is on the run from the FBI because he has a serum that will drive anyone who comes into contact with it into a killer rage. He created the serum as a byproduct of studies designed to eliminate violent behavior. Meanwhile, an experiment is being run to try to kill the Carnage symbiote without killing Casady, its host. Catrall shows",
"title": "Spider-Man in novels"
},
{
"docid": "9601342",
"text": "Spider-Man Family (later retitled The Amazing Spider-Man Family) is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. Publication history It began as a series of one-shots written and penciled by various writers and artists before becoming a bi-monthly ongoing series with the first issue cover-dated February 2007. Its initial writer was Sean McKeever. Each issue of Spider-Man Family contained brand new stories featuring Spider-Man and his supporting cast, reprints of classic Spider-Man tales, and an English translation of the original Japanese manga, Spider-Man J. In June 2008, Spider-Man Family was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Man Family, and became a showcase title for many of the divergent timelines that were present at this point in the franchise. In addition to strips set in the Brand New Day timeline, a strip exploring the early days of Peter Parker's life as Spider-Man was also included. Another feature, Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man, written by Tom DeFalco, took place within Marvel's MC2 continuity. In November 2008, Joe Quesada confirmed on his blog that cult favourite Spider-Girl would be moving to Amazing Spider-Man Family in April 2009. On July 13, 2009, Marvel announced a new monthly anthology title, Web of Spider-Man, to replace The Amazing Spider-Man Family. Unlike The Amazing Spider-Man Family, it featured only new stories, with backup stories initially starring Spider-Girl, then switching to Jackpot. Contents Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man is a short comic strip series published in the pages of The Amazing Spider-Man Family, in August 2008. It was written by Tom DeFalco, and illustrated by Ron Frenz and several other artists. The series took place in the MC2 universe, and bridges the gap between the final issues of DeFalco's run on The Amazing Spider-Man and his future canon in Spider-Girl, taking place shortly after the renegade clone Kaine rescued an infant \"Mayday\" Parker from the clutches of Norman Osborn's agents and returned her safely to her parents Peter and Mary Jane. Peter continues his career as Spider-Man and begins to cope with the additional headaches of raising an infant daughter with his wife. According to DeFalco, the events of \"The Final Chapter\" take place two years after this series. Mayday is six months old when the series begins, and is two when Peter loses his leg in a final battle with the Green Goblin, ending his career as Spider-Man. The strip was originally intended to run in the closing issue of the Spider-Man Family volume, but was held back to launch within the rebranded title. A podcast interview with DeFalco in November 2008 confirmed that, due to Spider-Girl becoming an integral part of Amazing Spider-Man Family, Mr and Mrs. Spider-Man would become a casualty and be concluded. Only four storylines were written. The strips were later collected in a trade paperback of The Spectacular Spider-Girl. See also Superman Family Batman Family Super-Team Family References External links Spider-Man titles Spider-Man in manga",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man Family"
},
{
"docid": "315920",
"text": "MacDonald \"Mac\" Gargan is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964). Mac Gargan is a recurring antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He debuted as a private investigator hired by J. Jonah Jameson to learn how Peter Parker took pictures of Spider-Man. In the following issue, Jameson decided to turn Gargan into a deadly adversary for Spider-Man through a barely-tested procedure, which left Gargan with an irremovable scorpion-themed armor and the predatory instincts of the arachnid. Driven insane by his mutation, Gargan instead turned to a life of crime as the Scorpion, and went on to menace both Spider-Man and Jameson, whom he held responsible for his transformation. Since then, having finally removed the armor, Gargan has also served as the third host of the Venom symbiote, and a member of the Dark Avengers as Spider-Man, but eventually returned to his Scorpion alias as it kept him alive due to the strain both the neural-armors and symbiote put on his body. Since his original introduction during the Silver Age of Comic Books, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games, and merchandise. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), portrayed by Michael Mando. Publication history 1960s Mac Gargan debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #19 (December 1964), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He later appeared under the codename of Scorpion in The Amazing Spider-Man #20 (January 1965). He appeared as an antagonist in the 1977 Ms. Marvel series. 2000s Mac Gargan appeared as the third Venom in Marvel Knights: Spider-Man #10 (January 12, 2005). He later appeared as the third Spider-Man in Dark Avengers #1 (January 21, 2009). He appeared as a regular character in the series from issue #1 through issue #16 (May 12, 2010). He appeared in the 2009 Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man series, his first solo comic book series, by writer Brian Reed and artist Chris Bachalo. According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #1 was the 45th best selling comic book in June 2009. Dark Reign: Sinister Spider-Man #2 was the 68th best selling comic book in July 2009. 2010s Mac Gargan reappeared under the codename Scorpion in the \"Big Time\" story arc from the 2010 The Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2019 Absolute Carnage series. 2020s Mac Gargan appeared in the 2020 Ravencroft series. He appeared in the 2022 Miles Morales: Spider-Man series. Fictional character biography Scorpion Mac Gargan was a private investigator initially hired by J. Jonah Jameson to find out how Peter Parker is able to obtain incredible pictures of Spider-Man. Gargan's efforts set off Peter's spider-sense and the teen easily evades the detective. Jameson then decides to hire Gargan as the subject of a barely-tested process that would endow him with the",
"title": "Mac Gargan"
},
{
"docid": "48338115",
"text": "\"Spider-Man\" is the name of several superheroes in the Marvel Universe. The first titular and main protagonist is Peter Parker, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Other characters have adopted the alias over the years in the Earth 616 universe such as Ben Reilly and Otto Octavius. There also consists of alternate universe versions of the web-slinger such as May \"Mayday\" Parker and Miguel O'Hara. Characters named Spider-Man Peter Parker Peter Parker, the Amazing Spider-Man, is the mainstream and original Earth-616 incarnation of the character and appears in almost every piece of Spider-Man related media. All other \"spider-men\" are derived from him. Ben Reilly Ben Reilly is a clone of Peter Parker, who also briefly fought crime as the Scarlet Spider. He also took over as Spider-Man (with a new costume) when Peter retired to settle down with a new family. This lasted until the original Green Goblin returned and murdered him. Spider-X Spider-X (Brian Kornfield), created by Mort Todd, first appeared in Midnight Sons Unlimited #3 (Oct. 1993). As Spider-X was seen by many wearing Spider-Man's costume, he is initially believed to be Spider-Man himself, mutated by the Darkhold, Until his own mother learned the truth and explained this to the titular group. Kornfield grew up off Broadway in New York City raised by his mother, with his father having been killed at an unknown time period. He had a very active imagination and idolized all superheroes, even writing letters to as many as he could. His mother was brutally assaulted and mugged on New York's streets. Brian was obsessed with being a superhero so he could find and take down the muggers. Brian was met by the Dwarf (an agent of the Elder God Chthon) offering him the power to be like his idol Spider-Man via a page of the Darkhold. Brian accepted the offer and was transformed into Spider-X. His obsessive desire for vengeance was twisted even further by the Darkhold's black magic and Brian saw himself as the ultimate arbitrator of justice, willing to mete out punishment that no one else would. Spider-X first brutally slew his mother's mugger. He then captured and planned to slay some other criminals, which brought him into conflict with the Ghost Rider and John Blaze when the two crashed into Spider-X's web that had been spun across the entire street. The conflict ended inconclusively when Spider-X fled from the Ghost Rider's Penance Stare; his eight eyes may have somehow diluted the Stare's force, allowing him to break hold. The occult investigators/warriors the Nightstalkers came to New York and investigated a previous letter from Kornfield, which claimed there is an occult basis to the rise in New York City's crime. Spider-X attacked the three of them when his mother was questioned. His struggles escalated, bringing in some of the Darkhold Redeemers summoned by the energy released by the use of a Darkhold page, as well as Morbius the Living Vampire and even Spider-Man himself. Still seeking to punish criminals, Spider-X",
"title": "List of incarnations of Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "18936506",
"text": "\"Green Goblin Reborn!\" is a 1971 Marvel Comics story arc which features Spider-Man fighting against his arch enemy Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin. This arc was published in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971) and was plotted and written by Stan Lee, with art by penciler Gil Kane and inker John Romita Sr. It is recognized as the first mainstream comic publication which portrayed and condemned drug abuse since the formation of the Comics Code Authority, and in time led to the revision of the Code's rigidity. Plot outline Issue #96 begins with Peter Parker, who is low on funds, moving in with Harry Osborn and accepting a job with Harry's father, Norman. Parker knows Norman Osborn is secretly Spider-Man's arch enemy, the Green Goblin; however, Osborn currently has amnesia and doesn't remember Parker's double identity as Spider-Man. Soon, Spider-Man sees a man dancing on a rooftop and claiming he can fly. When the man falls, Spider-Man saves him. Realizing the man is high on drugs, he says \"I would rather face a hundred super-villains than throw my life away on hard drugs, because it is a battle you cannot win!\" At the end of issue #96, Norman Osborn regains his memory and turns into the Green Goblin again. In issue #97, the Green Goblin attacks Spider-Man, then disappears mysteriously. At home, Parker is shocked to find that Harry is popping pills because Harry's love interest Mary Jane Watson was affectionate toward Parker. Later, while Spider-Man is hunting the Green Goblin, Harry buys more drugs and suffers a drug overdose. Parker finds him in time to rush him to the hospital. In issue #98, Spider-Man lures the Green Goblin to Harry's hospital room. When he sees his sick son, Norman Osborn faints, and the Green Goblin is vanquished. At the end of issue #98, Peter and his estranged girlfriend Gwen Stacy rekindle their relationship. Historical significance This was the first story arc in mainstream comics that portrayed and condemned the abuse of drugs. This effectively led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. Acknowledging that young readers (the primary audience for Amazing Spider-Man) do not like being lectured to, Lee wrote the story to focus on the entertainment value, with the anti-drug message inserted as subtly as possible. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised. Weeks later, DC Comics published a two-issue story in the",
"title": "Green Goblin Reborn!"
},
{
"docid": "1103984",
"text": "Elizabeth \"Liz\" Allan, also known as Elizabeth Allan-Osborn and commonly misspelled as \"Liz Allen\", is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. In the character's earliest appearances, she was a popular girl at the high school Peter Parker attends. She has been a regular supporting character in the various Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Venom series in an on-and-off basis, and has ties to the Green Goblin and Molten Man. She is married to Harry Osborn, the mother of their son Normie Osborn, and the CEO of Alchemax. Liz Allan would later become Misery upon being bonded to the Symbiote that is a hybrid of the Anti-Venom and Carnage Symbiotes. Sally Livingstone portrays Liz Allan in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (2002), while Laura Harrier portrayed Liz Allan in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Publication history Liz Allan is named in The Amazing Spider-Man #4 (September 1963), the same issue in which Betty Brant first appears. However, an unnamed blonde female high school student in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) appears to be Liz Allan, and The Marvel Encyclopedia lists this as her official first appearance. She was a supporting character in the series until Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), which bids farewell to Liz as both she and Spider-Man graduate from high school. Nearly a decade later, Liz Allan was brought back in a story arc in Amazing Spider-Man #132-133 (May–June 1974), in which it is revealed that she is the Molten Man's stepsister. Writer Gerry Conway recalled, \"I liked doing callbacks to the run I was most influenced by, the original Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era, so bringing Liz back was something I'd wanted to do for a long time. And it gave me a reason to go back and look through the issues she was in, which brought me to the Molten Man's first appearance.\" Fictional character biography Liz Allan was a high school student that attended Midtown High School together, and a minor love interest of Peter Parker and Flash Thompson. Peter likes Liz, but she is Flash's girlfriend and considers Peter something of a loser, even taking part in the general ridicule that Peter endures on a daily basis. Her earliest appearances depict her as flighty and rather thoughtless - not outright cruel, but lacking the empathy necessary to perceive Peter's nature. However, after she hears an ailing Peter had donned a Spider-Man costume to save Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus, she develops a crush on him. By this time, however, Peter's interest has waned considerably, as he notes that Liz never showed any real interest in him until he began dating Betty Brant, and assumes that Liz's feelings are little more than a schoolgirl crush. Betty and Liz clash several times over Peter, as Betty mistakenly thinks that Peter reciprocates Liz's interest in him. In Amazing Spider-Man #28 (September 1965), Peter and Liz graduate",
"title": "Liz Allan"
},
{
"docid": "871334",
"text": "The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Amazing Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. The list is updated as of March 19, 2024. Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) This comic book plot is written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Steve Ditko. Features the first appearances of Spider-Man, Aunt May, Uncle Ben, Flash Thompson, and Liz Allan. High school student Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider, thus gaining the proportionate strength, speed, and agility of a spider, along with a precognitive \"spider-sense\" and later creating a web-shooting device. Peter becomes Spider-Man, an instant TV sensation, but coming out of a TV studio one day, Peter does not stop an escaping burglar, claiming it is not his problem. A few days later, he comes home to find his Uncle Ben has been shot and goes to track down the murderer, only to find that it was the same burglar that he had let escape a few days earlier. Peter blames himself for his uncle's death and realizes that with great power there must also come great responsibility. This issue was released on June 5, 1962, and was published in August 1962. The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100 (January 1963 – July 1971) The Amazing Spider-Man #101–200 (August 1971 – November 1979) The Amazing Spider-Man #201–300 (December 1979 – March 1988) The Amazing Spider-Man #301–400 (April 1988 – February 1995) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–499 (March 1995 - September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #401–441 (March 1995 – September 1998) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #1–58 (November 1998 – September 2003) The Amazing Spider-Man #500–545 (October 2003 – December 2007) The Amazing Spider-Man #546–647 \"Brand New Day\" (January 2008 – November 2010) Note: Brand New Day is a soft reboot stemming out of the events of One More Day. Three issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month during this time. See Free Comic Book Day (2007): Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man #648–700 (November 2010 – December 2012) Note: During the \"Big Time\" storyline, two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man were published each month at the increased length of 30 pages each (compared to the traditional 22 pages). The Amazing Spider-Man #701–801 (January 2013 – June 2018) Superior Spider-Man (vol. 1) #1–33 (January 2013 – April 2014) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 3) #1–20 (April 2014 – August 2015) — Marvel NOW! Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows (vol. 1) #1–5 (June 2015 – September 2015) Note: Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is a Secret Wars tie-in miniseries set in an alternate universe where One More Day never happened. The miniseries is counted as part of the legacy numbering for The Amazing Spider-Man. The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1–32 (October 2015 – September 2017) — All-New, All-Different Marvel The Amazing Spider-Man #789–801 (October 2017 – June 2018) — Marvel Legacy The Amazing Spider-Man #802–894 (July 2018 – March 2022) The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #1–74 (July 2018 – September 2021) — Fresh Start Note: See Free Comic Book Day (2018): Amazing Spider-Man.",
"title": "List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues"
},
{
"docid": "931",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man is an ongoing American superhero comic book series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man as its title character and main protagonist. Being in the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it was the character's first title, launching seven months after his introduction in the final issue of Amazing Fantasy. The series began publication with a March 1963 cover date and has been published nearly continuously to date over six volumes with only one significant interruption. Issues of the title currently feature an issue number within its sixth volume, as well as a \"legacy\" number reflecting the issue's overall number across all Amazing Spider-Man volumes. The title reached 900 issues in 2022. The series began as a bimonthly periodical before being increased to monthly after four issues. It was the character's sole monthly headlining title until Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man launched in 1978. After 441 issues, The Amazing Spider-Man was restarted in 1999 as issue No. 1 of Volume 2. It ran for 58 issues before reverting to the title's overall issue number with #500 in 2003. The series ran essentially continuously over the first two volumes from 1963 until its landmark 700th issue at the end of 2012 when it was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Marvel's comic lines. The title was occasionally published biweekly during the first two volumes, and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010. After the relaunch of Action Comics and Detective Comics, The Amazing Spider-Man briefly became the highest-numbered active American comic book. The Amazing Spider-Man returned with volume 3 in April 2014 following the conclusion of The Superior Spider-Man story arc after 31 issues. In late 2015, the series was relaunched with a fourth volume following the 2015 Secret Wars event. After 45 years , the volume was once again relaunched as part of Marvel Legacy, returning to the overall \"legacy\" numbering with issue No. 789 in late 2017. Less than a year later, the series was relaunched again with a fifth volume as part of Marvel's Fresh Start. For the first time, although the issue numbers were again restarted from #1, the issues also bore the overall \"legacy\" issue number. A sixth volume commenced in April 2022 to celebrate Spider-Man's 60th anniversary. Since the second volume, the title has had various release schedules, including monthly and bi-weekly, among others. Publication history Writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Steve Ditko created the character of Spider-Man, and the pair produced 38 issues from March 1963 to July 1966. Ditko left after the 38th issue, while Lee remained as writer until issue 100. Since then, many writers and artists have taken over the monthly comic through the years, chronicling the adventures of Marvel's most identifiable hero. The Amazing Spider-Man has been the character's flagship series for his first fifty years in publication, and was the only monthly series to star Spider-Man until Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, in 1976, although 1972",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "13305157",
"text": "\"One More Day\" (OMD) is a four-part 2007 comic book crossover storyline, connecting the three main Spider-Man series published by Marvel Comics at the time. Written by J. Michael Straczynski and Joe Quesada, with art by Quesada, the story arc concludes the fallout of Spider-Man's actions during the 2007 Civil War crossover. \"One More Day\" starts in The Amazing Spider-Man #544, continues in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #24 and The Sensational Spider-Man (vol. 2) #41, and concludes in The Amazing Spider-Man #545. After Aunt May had been shot by a stray bullet from a goon of the Kingpin meant for Spider-Man, Spider-Man seeks help to save her life. He encounters the demon Mephisto, who offers to save her life if Spider-Man gives him his marriage. Spider-Man and his wife, Mary Jane Watson, agree, and this part of their history is erased so that, effectively, they have never been married. The storyline set the stage for a restructuring of the Spider-Man titles, resulting in the cancellation of Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, with The Amazing Spider-Man revamped as a thrice-monthly publication. The events of \"One More Day\" regarding Peter Parker and Mary Jane's marriage was met with highly negative criticism, although the artwork received praise. Elements of the storyline were adapted in the feature film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada felt dissolving the Peter Parker and Mary Jane marriage and returning Spider-Man to his roots was necessary to preserve the longevity of the character for the next 20 or 30 years. Quesada said he and other previous editors-in-chief had long been seeking an opportunity to begin a new methodology in which to tell Spider-Man stories, but had not found a reasonable way to do so. Quesada said \"It's very easy to un-marry a character, or fix something like that: you just do a huge universal retcon, and say a few events in history didn't happen. But that's really not the way we do it here at Marvel.\" Quesada found an opportunity to address this in the events of the 2007 Civil War mini-series, which resulted in the unmasking of Spider-Man's identity to the public. Quesada knew J. Michael Straczynski was planning to end his run as a Marvel writer, so he personally approached Straczynski to propose \"One More Day\" as his final project. The ideas for \"One More Day\" began to develop almost two years before its release, at one of Marvel's creative summits for creators and editors. Quesada, Straczynski, Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, Jeph Loeb, Tom Brevoort and Axel Alonso developed the concept between them, and Ed Brubaker and Dan Slott added more at the next summit. \"One More Day\" was announced as the concluding storyline of Straczynski's run on Amazing Spider-Man in early 2007, and Quesada was named as the artist for the storyline. Although Quesada had become more selective in choosing projects to do as an artist since becoming editor-in-chief, he felt",
"title": "Spider-Man: One More Day"
},
{
"docid": "2291862",
"text": "\"The Death of Jean DeWolff\" is a four-part story arc featuring the popular Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It comprises the comics Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #107–110 (October 1985 – January 1986). The story was written by Peter David, penciled by Rich Buckler, and inked by Brett Breeding, Josef Rubinstein, Kyle Baker and Pat Redding. It was the second professional comic book writing assignment for David and the beginning of his \"break\" into comic book writing. In this arc, Peter Parker (Spider-Man) hunts down the killer of police captain Jean DeWolff, one of his closest friends. Publication history On the first page of \"Part 4: All My Sins Remembered\", when Spider-Man remembers his teenage past with Betty Brant, the flashback panels are reprints of panels from earlier issues of Amazing Spider-Man; e.g. the third panel is from Amazing Spider-Man #41. Plot summary After capturing a trio of muggers assaulting Ernie Popchik (an elderly tenant of his Aunt May's), Spider-Man learns that his close friend NYPD Captain Jean DeWolff has been killed in her sleep. Spider-Man confronts the police officer in charge of the investigation, Sergeant Stan Carter. Carter tells him Jean was killed by a close-range double-barreled shotgun blast, and that her badge is missing. Meanwhile, attorney Matt Murdock (the civilian identity of Daredevil) is assigned to represent Popchik's muggers at their arraignment; he succeeds in getting them released without bail, and through his super-senses also finds out Spider-Man's secret identity as Peter Parker when the latter attends the trial in May's and Popchik's company. However, he is disgusted by his clients' rowdy behavior, and speaks with the judge presiding over the case — his friend and mentor, Horace Rosenthal — about his misgivings with doing pro bono publico work. During their talk he senses an armed and masked intruder in Rosenthal's chamber. After Rosenthal leaves, the intruder introduces himself as the Sin-Eater and tries to shoot Murdock. Hearing the commotion, Rosenthal returns and is shot by the Sin-Eater. The Sin-Eater then escapes through the window. On the streets outside, Spider-Man responds to the panic aroused by the Sin-Eater's appearance. He opens fire on Spider-Man, who leaps above the scattergun blasts. The bullets hit a crowd of bystanders. During their fight, Spider-Man spots a gavel and a badge on the Sin-Eater's belt, and realizes he must be the one who killed Jean DeWolff. However, when he sees Aunt May lying senseless on the ground, he allows the Sin-Eater to escape so that he can help her. Spider-Man successfully petitions Carter for unofficial approval to search DeWolff's apartment. Carter also reveals the folklore behind the term sin-eater, and mentions that he is a former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. Spider-Man is unable to find any clues in DeWolff's apartment, but discovers a collection of news clippings indicating that she was romantically interested in him. While at Rosenthal's funeral, Murdock recognizes Sin-Eater's heartbeat among those attending DeWollf's funeral nearby, but there are too many mourners for him to pick out which one is the Sin-Eater.",
"title": "The Death of Jean DeWolff"
},
{
"docid": "31655527",
"text": "\"The Gathering of Five\" and \"The Final Chapter\" are interconnected in 1998 story lines published by Marvel Comics. Both story lines are crossovers between the various Spider-Man titles published at the time (The Amazing Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, and The Sensational Spider-Man). It marked the cancellation of both The Spectacular Spider-Man and The Sensational Spider-Man, while also \"re-branding\" The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man by renumbering the issues to start again with a new \"Issue One\" (as mandated by Editor-in-Chief Bob Harras). The story line proved controversial with fans, as it resurrected Peter Parker's elderly Aunt May, who had been killed off at the height of the \"Clone Saga\" three years earlier in The Amazing Spider-Man #400. Tom DeFalco, who had left months earlier with his Spider-Man: Identity Crisis story line, originally had intended for Peter and Mary Jane's daughter, May Parker, to be returned to them by Kaine. (This story thread was used later as the branching point for the MC2) Mackie and Byrne insisted they have the older May revived, so she could fit into the new relaunch. Plot summary The Gathering of Five After surviving an attempt on his life by supervillain Nitro, Norman Osborn makes a phone call to someone, telling them it was time for \"the gathering of five\". Acquisitions Norman Osborn and Gregory Herd have a meeting with Hamilton Cromwell, a Neomancer of the Technomancers, to try to persuade him to join The Gathering of Five and bring his piece to the ceremony. Cromwell wants no part of the ceremony and warns Osborn and Herd they should not perform the ceremony either. Herd returns later in his Override costume to steal Cromwell's piece. Spider-Man sees him entering the building and tries to prevent him from stealing the piece, but he escapes with the piece. Herd convinces Osborn to allow him to take Cromwell's place in the ceremony, instead of paying, for stealing the piece so he may try to heal his wife. The Scriers mention a fight with Kaine but are still able to deliver a \"package\" to Osborn. Alison Mongrain is found by Joe Robertson in Paris. A Hot Time in the Old Town Spider-Man fights the Molten Man as he walks a straight line of destruction through the city in a trance-like state to try to kill Alison Mongrain, who has returned to New York City with Joe Robertson. Osborn convinces Morris Maxwell to bring his piece and join The Gathering of Five. Maxwell reveals that all participants in the ceremony must come willingly, to receive one of the possible five gifts and curses: power, knowledge, immortality, madness, and death. Web of Despair Madame Web asks Spider-Man to retrieve an artifact for her, and he does it without knowing what it is. She then takes it to Osborn as she volunteers to participate in The Gathering of Five because she will die soon if she does not gain immortality from the ceremony. Norman Osborn's monologues about his time",
"title": "The Gathering of Five and The Final Chapter"
},
{
"docid": "53599140",
"text": "The Amazing Spider-Man #129, with its subtitle being \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" is a 19-page-long single issue of the American comic book The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics in 1974. The issue is well known for being the first appearance of the character called the Punisher, who at that point in time was portrayed as an antagonist of Spider-Man but would later become one of Marvel's most popular and successful characters. The issue is also the first appearance of the Jackal, a supervillain who would go on to become one of Spider-Man's main adversaries and an integral part of the infamous mid-'90s Spider-Man storyline the Clone Saga. The issue is considered a milestone comic by Marvel fans and is very sought after among comic book collectors. It was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by artist Ross Andru with a cover by Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. which has been homaged, copied, and parodied multiple times. Publication history In English the issue named \"The Punisher Strikes Twice!\" was released with the tagline \"He's Different! He's Deadly! He's -- The Punisher! The Most Lethal Hired Assassin Ever! His Assignment: Kill Spider-Man! And Behind the Most Murderous Plot of All Times, There Lurks... The Jackal!\". In other countries the comic was first published in 1974 in Canada; in June 1974 in Brazil; September 24, 1974 in Mexico; 1975 in the Netherlands; January 14, 1976 in Italy; 1978 in Colombia; August 1978 in Greece; February 1979 in Germany; November 29, 1979 in Sweden; December 4, 1979 in Norway; December 1980 in Spain; June 3 1993 in Denmark; November 2006 in France. It was also published in Yugoslavia and Britain at some points. Story A new costumed character called the Jackal has appeared and hired a vigilante, the Punisher, to kill Spider-Man. Spider-Man, meanwhile, is web-slinging through the city contemplating the recent death of his girlfriend Gwen Stacy; he stops to take some pictures of a robbery and stop it along the way. He takes the photos to the Daily Bugle as Peter Parker, where J. Jonah Jameson has a fit that Parker has not been able to get any photos of the Punisher, and that all the competition is snapping up photos of him in action. Peter leaves and changes back to Spider-Man, and soon finds himself attacked by the Punisher, who thinks that Spider-Man is a regular crook just like everyone else he kills. The vigilante does not have much of an upper hand against Spider-Man, and the Jackal (who was hiding near the battle) decides to attack him. When his claws rake the back of Spider-Man's head, the Punisher calls the Jackal on his \"unjust\" methods of killing Spider-Man. Spider-Man manages to get away when he stumbles off the edge of the building they are fighting on, gains control, and swings away. When the Jackal and Punisher depart, Spider-Man returns to the scene, collecting the Punisher's weapon that was left behind and seeing that it was made by a",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man 129"
},
{
"docid": "65818012",
"text": "Sins Rising is a 2020 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, starring the character Spider-Man and written by Nick Spencer. The storyline received generally positive reviews for its action, plot, dialogue and art. The storyline lasts from Amazing Spider-Man Vol 5 Issue 45–49, and Amazing Spider-Man: Sins of Norman Osborn #1. Synopsis Prelude A demon name Kindred revives Sin-Eater from the dead, vowing vengeance on Peter Parker. Meanwhile, Mary Jane Watson leaves Spider-Man to star in a movie for a while. Main plot Peter Parker is getting visions of a centipede going into his arm and has troubled dreams. While watching a play by himself and eating alone, his spider sense tells him that a car is driving frantically in the streets. The man says he can't slow down because someone is chasing him, and Spider-Man sees Sin-Eater aiming a gun at the car wheels. Sin-eater fires the shot, which causes the car to flip over and Spider-Man barely saves civilians. Spider-Man takes the driver to a safe house where he learns that the driver is a former criminal named Overdrive. Spider-Man tries fighting against Sin-Eater but Sin-Eater distracts Spider-Man and shoots a bullet that passes through Spider-Man and hits Overdrive, wounding him severely. Sin-Eater disappears in smoke, and Spider-Man takes Overdrive to his ex-girlfriend Carly Cooper, where Overdrive suddenly comes back to life. A few days later, Spider-Man is fighting against the Lethal Legion (consisting of Count Nefaria, Grey Gargoyle, Living Laser, and Whirlwind) during a public event when Sin-Eater arrives and shoots the Lethal Legion while absorbing their power. Sin-Eater turns Spider-Man into stone temporarily and shoots the rest of the Lethal Legion. Unexpectedly, the crowd cheers which shocks Spider-Man. Sin-Eater tells Spider-Man saying his methods for dealing with criminals does not work anymore before freeing him. One of Peter Parker's ex-colleagues, Norah Winters, interviews Director Norman Osborn who is rehabilitated (for unknown reasons) and in charge of the Ravencroft Prison about the rehabilitated Weather Gang. Spider-Man asks Carlie Cooper why is Overdrive alive and in life support, and Carly explains that a group of corrupt police officer came and nearly beat him to death. Norah Hunter gets ambushed by Sin-Eater in her own car and shoots Sin-Eater. Sin-Eater heals his wounds (thanks to Kindred) and gives Norah a tape of him explaining his ideology and how he will cleanse everyone's sins and give them power. Spider-Man sneaks into Sin-Eater's headquarters at Union Square and fights against Sin-Eater, but is overwhelmed by his combined power. Sin-Eater explains that he will cleanse Norman Osborn sins before unleashing his minions on Spider-Man. Miles Morales saves Spider-Man while New York is in chaos. Sin-Eater's minions storm Ravencroft prison. Miles Morales tries persuading Spider-Man to let Norman Osborn be cleansed, stating that his Green Goblin killed his version of Peter Parker, but Spider-Man ignores Miles and goes to Ravencroft. He fights off minions while remembering how Norman Osborn got the Carnage symbiote to terrorize him in the past year, killed Gwen",
"title": "Sins Rising"
},
{
"docid": "3359643",
"text": "Debra Whitman is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #196 (September 1979), she served as a brief love interest for Peter Parker in the Spectacular Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man comic titles in the late 1970s and early 1980s. She is also one of the first characters to determine that Peter was Spider-Man, although she was later convinced she was delusional. The character has appeared in Spider-Man media adaptations, most notably in Spider-Man: The Animated Series. Fictional character biography Debra Whitman was a secretary in the biophysics department of Empire State University. While there, she met Peter and they started dating. However, things kept coming up in his secret life as Spider-Man and he kept giving her excuses to get out of the date. Because of Peter's rejections, she started to date Biff Rifkin for emotional support, but her infatuation with Peter did nothing but grow. Debra also suffered from a mental instability that led her to idealize people and invert values. With Peter it grew further into her hallucinating that he was Spider-Man. When she told her psychiatrist, Dr. Baily Kuklin, about her hallucinations, he asked Peter to wear the Spider-Man suit to give her a shocking confrontation with reality to get her out of the hallucination. Peter refused, and indicated Biff Rifkin as a more reliable source of information. However, Biff already knew Debra when she was married to Mark Whitman. One day he asked her about her black eye and she gave evasive answers. That night he went to their house and saw Mark beating her. He rescued her and took her to the hospital, but she insisted Mark was a kind and gentle husband, locked in denial. Peter then wore the suit and told her he was Spider-Man. The shock made her come to her senses and decided to leave New York to get a divorce. During the superhero \"Civil War\", Peter reveals his identity as Spider-Man to the world. Thereafter, Debra is seen on the phone speaking to her co-writer about her new book, entitled \"TWO FACED: How Spider-Man Ruined My Life\". She seems discouraged about the title and tone of the book, but is committed to a book signing later in the day. Enraged, she then hurls items around the room to get out her anger before the signing. At the book signing, Spider-Man and the newly released Vulture are both seen planning to crash. After Spider-Man defeats the Vulture, Debra reveals to Betty Brant the editors had forced her to exaggerate the mental damage that Peter had \"done\" to her in order to make for a better book. Debra's mother had been sick and the medical bills were far more than she could pay for, so when the Daily Bugle dug up all of Peter Parker's past relationships to get dirt on him, she jumped on the chance to write the book. Betty talked Debra into telling the truth to the Daily",
"title": "Debra Whitman"
},
{
"docid": "2660132",
"text": "The Human Fly is the name of three fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. One is a supervillain that was an occasional antagonist of Spider-Man, and the other two were superheroes, one of which was the title of a short-lived series in the late 1950s reprinting some of Fox's Blue Beetle strips from the 1940s. It was published by Super Comics. Publication history The Human Fly first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #10 (January 1976), and was created by Len Wein, Bill Mantlo, and Gil Kane. The character subsequently appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #192–193 (May–June 1979), Spider-Woman #30 (September 1980), Moon Knight #35 (January 1984), Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #86 (January 1984), and The Amazing Spider-Man #276 (May 1986), in which he was killed by the Scourge of the Underworld. The story of the Fly in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #86 was drawn by Fred Hembeck, who (in his personal caricature form) had a guest appearance in that particular issue. The Fly received an entry in the original The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #4, and The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Spider-Man #1 (2005). The superhero version of Human Fly starred in Marvel Comics' The Human Fly #1–19 (September 1977 – March 1979). Fictional character biography Richard Deacon Richard Deacon, born in Newark, New Jersey, was a small-time criminal who was shot by the police and left for dead after an unsuccessful kidnapping attempt which was foiled by Spider-Man. Stumbling into the laboratory of Dr. Harlan Stillwell (whose brother Farley Stillwell created the Scorpion for J. Jonah Jameson), Deacon coerces the scientist into saving his life. Overhearing an offer Jameson made with Stillwell to fund the creation of a new superhero, Deacon insists he be the subject of the experiment. Stillwell imprints the genetic coding of a housefly onto Deacon, empowering him and healing him of his bullet wounds. Deacon then kills Harlan Stillwell after he served his purpose and uses his newfound powers to further his criminal ambitions. He first uses Jameson as bait to get revenge on Spider-Man. Due to his inexperience, the Fly is no match for him and is defeated. Some time later, Human Fly begins to display fly-like tendencies like eating garbage. He also develops physical mutations, including facet eyes. Human Fly attacks Spider-Man after Spencer Smythe handcuffed him—along with Jameson—to a bomb. Human Fly hurls the two from a rooftop and leaves them for dead. Once freed from the shackle, Spider-Man tries to stop Human Fly from stealing an art exhibit, but the villain knocks him down and escapes. Soon afterwards, the police catch the Fly using S.H.I.E.L.D. equipment. Traveling to Los Angeles, the Fly seeks out Dr. Karl Malus, who confirms that his powers are fading and he will soon be powerless. Malus recommends that he get a new set of powers using a blood transfusion from another superbeing, which would most conveniently be the locally operating Spider-Woman. With his powers",
"title": "Human Fly (character)"
},
{
"docid": "19054808",
"text": "Bluebird (Sally Avril), sometimes rendered Blue Bird, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is usually depicted as a supporting character in the Spider-Man series. In other media, Sally Avril has appeared in the animated series The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Grey DeLisle; in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), portrayed by Kelsey Asbille; and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), played by Isabella Amara. Publication history Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Sally Avril first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (1962). Sally was a minor member of Flash Thompson's entourage, appearing in only one issue during the Silver Age. Her \"Bluebird\" career was created by Busiek (scripts) and Olliffe (pencils) in 1996. Fictional character biography Sally Avril was a fellow student of Peter Parker's at Midtown High who turned him down for a date, preferring Flash Thompson. Thirty years later, writing for Untold Tales of Spider-Man, Kurt Busiek resurrected the one-note brunette from obscurity and gave her a background. She was an ambitious, thrill-loving girl who took blue ribbons in gymnastics. With fellow popular kid Jason Ionello, she attempted to cash in on a Daily Bugle contest offering a thousand dollars to a reader who brought in pictures of Spider-Man. Although their mission was a bust, Sally loved the thrill and became very smitten with the web-slinger when he touched her cheek just before leaving her and Jason with a warning to give it up. Sally and Jason tailed Spidey again, who was (unwillingly) working for Electro. The flash from Sally's camera roused Spidey from his hypnotic state, and a well-placed kick by the athletic young Sally took Electro by surprise long enough for Spidey to readjust his mask — which Electro had been preparing to remove — and defeat him. Spider-Man posed for a shot with an ecstatic Sally and Jason that the Bugle ran. Suffused with glee, Sally tried to get a permanent gig on the Bugle, but was told the photographer's job was filled — by Peter Parker. Peter admitted this but asked her not to tell their fellow Midtowners. Sally donned an eccentric blue-and-white costume and decided, with her aerobic skills, to become a superheroine. She asked Peter to take some Bugle pics of her doing some stunts, but Peter refused. Angered, she threatened to blackmail him by revealing that he took Spider-Man pictures, but he undercut her by telling them himself. Bluebird's zeal but lack of experience caused trouble for Spider-Man during fights with Scarlet Beetle and Electro. Her \"ether egg\" weapons would detonate prematurely or have little effect, once even allowing the villain to escape. Considering her more trouble than she was worth, Spider-Man allowed the Black Knight's men to hurt her quite badly in order to dissuade her from interfering in his fights again, although he later felt remorseful. Bruised but undaunted, Sally and Jason headed to an area where",
"title": "Bluebird (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "5051787",
"text": "\"The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man\" is a Spider-Man story written by Roger Stern, originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #248 in 1984. In the story, a young fan of Spider-Man meets his hero. This comic was selected as one of the \"Top 10 Spider-Man stories of all time\" by Wizard and is regarded as among the most-loved Spider-Man stories. Plot Young Timothy \"Tim\" Harrison lies in his bed. Portions from a column by Daily Bugle writer Jacob Conover say Tim is the greatest Spider-Man fan in the world and has collected every article available on him, including a whole album of The Daily Bugle retractions. Tim has also collected mementos such as kinescopes of Spider-Man's early television appearances and bullets from a crime foiled by Spider-Man. Suddenly, Spider-Man comes into Tim's room. In the following hours, the two trade anecdotes about Spider-Man's long career. The hero is surprised and touched by how much the boy adores him. When Spider-Man is about to leave, Tim asks him who he really is. After some hesitation, Spider-Man takes off his mask, identifies himself as Peter Parker, and retells the fateful night when his negligence let Uncle Ben die, causing him to fight crime. The story does not change Tim's admiration of his hero. A tearful Peter Parker embraces Tim (who refers to him as \"Pete\") and departs. An exterior view reveals Tim is staying in a cancer clinic. The last of the newspaper captions states that the boy's only wish is to meet his hero in person. Conover ends his report by stating his hope that \"Spider-Man takes the time to visit a very brave young man named Tim Harrison, and I hope he does it soon. You see, Tim Harrison has leukemia, and the doctors only give him a few more weeks to live\". Background The lead story of Amazing #248 is Spider-Man's fight against Thunderball, but Stern's backup story is remembered much better than the main tale. According to Stern: Tim Harrison's death is mentioned in Danny Fingeroth and Ron Garney's \"A Spider-Man Carol\", in which Spider-Man meets Tim's brother Joey. The story was published in the 1991 Marvel Holiday Special. Collected editions The story has been reprinted several times and collected in various trade paperbacks including The Very Best of Spider-Man (December 1994, ). References External links Comics by Roger Stern Single issue storylines of comic book series 1984 works",
"title": "The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "8896262",
"text": "The Green Goblin's Last Stand is a 1992 superhero fan film by Dan Poole, based on the comic book story \"The Night Gwen Stacy Died\", published by Marvel Comics in The Amazing Spider-Man #121–122. Poole is the director, producer, creative editor, screenwriter, and star of the film. The film and its attendant documentary received showings and accolades at several small film festivals. Plot Peter Parker, as his alias Spider-Man, is following a stolen vehicle. He stops the car and traps the two criminals. Afterwards, he meets his girlfriend Gwen Stacy. Peter's spider-sense detects Norman Osborn traveling in a taxi, and he learns from Gwen that Norman survived an explosion at his chemical plant. Norman returns to his home, in an amnestic state, in an attempt to find his son, Harry. In his room, he finds a newspaper detailing the explosion of Norman's plant, caused by a battle between Spider-Man and The Green Goblin. Peter visits Norman, who becomes enraged and tells him to leave. Peter believes he is unwell, and tells Gwen that Norman was obviously mentally altered after the accident. Norman sees Parker's name on the newspaper and hallucinates that Spider-Man is chasing him into the streets of New York. Three thugs harass and attack him, leaving him unconscious. The next day, Norman wakes up in his former 'warehouse'. He finds the goblin equipment, and vows revenge on Spider-Man. Peter goes back to Norman's apartment and finds the newspaper, realizing that he has once again become the Green Goblin. He bumps into Harry Osborn, who believes his father is still in the hospital. Harry discovers that the card with the doctor's number and address is missing from his desk, but that the card had Peter's address and number on it as well. Gwen goes to look for Peter at his \"Darkroom\", but Norman kidnaps her and takes her to the rooftops. Peter finds she is missing, and is challenged by Norman to come rescue her. Peter trips Norman with his web, but after he regains consciousness, he pushes Gwen off the roof. Peter quickly spins a web to catch Gwen, breaking her neck in the process. Enraged, Peter nearly kills Norman, but he escapes by throwing a pumpkin bomb. Norman is tracked down by Peter to the warehouse ruins. Peter makes Norman's glider malfunction and defeats him. After asking him why he killed Gwen, Norman is apathetic, and describes her as a \"pawn\". Peter almost beats Norman to death again, but cannot bring himself to do so. Norman activates his glider to kill Peter, but his spider sense activates and he quickly jumps out of the way, leaving the glider to impale Norman, killing him. At the cemetery, Peter apologizes to Gwen at her grave, stating that Norman's death only made the pain worse. He admits hesitance in being Spider-Man, but reminds himself of his promise to Uncle Ben's death that he would continue being Spider-Man. Cast Dan Poole as Peter Parker / Spider-Man Jimi Kinstle as Norman Osborn",
"title": "The Green Goblin's Last Stand"
},
{
"docid": "38162451",
"text": "\"Dying Wish\" is a 2012 comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics. The story began with a prologue in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and ended in The Amazing Spider-Man #700, the final issue of that series, ending over fifty years of Marvel's publication of The Amazing Spider-Man. The series was replaced with The Superior Spider-Man, which premiered in January 2013. The story concluded a storyline started in The Amazing Spider-Man #600, which revealed that the Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus is terminally ill from his years of crime and fighting superheroes. Aware of his impending death, Doctor Octopus sets in motion a plan that began with the March 2012 story \"Ends of the Earth\" and finished in \"Dying Wish\", where the villain successfully swapped consciousnesses with Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker, thrusting the hero into his decaying body. The story was controversial, concluding with the death of Parker in Octopus' body, and Octopus surviving as the rechristened Superior Spider-Man. \"Dying Wish\" encompassed some of the best-selling comics of 2012, with issue #700 listed as the 4th best selling comic of the year. Publication history Images containing the major story reveals of The Amazing Spider-Man #698 and #700 were leaked before their commercial release. The controversial ending of The Amazing Spider-Man #700 was leaked on December 14, 2012, twelve days before the issue's December 26 release date and four days before retailers were to receive the issue. Slott responded to the leak by asking readers to wait for the full comic and experience the ending in context. When writing #698, Slott struggled with writing the dialogue for Doctor Octopus in Peter Parker's body, wanting to convey a subtle difference \"weird enough that you kind of go, 'Man, they're not getting Peter's voice right this issue'\", without giving away the reveal that the two had switched bodies. Synopsis Lead-up In The Amazing Spider-Man #600 (July 2009), Doctor Octopus is revealed to be dying from the injuries he has sustained from a career of fighting superheroes, particularly Spider-Man. This sets in motion a series of plans first aimed at saving his life (in the 2010 storyline \"Origin of the Species\") and later at wiping out over seven billion people so that he will be remembered for his infamy (in the 2012 storyline \"Ends of the Earth\"). Octopus is foiled in his attempts and following \"Ends of the Earth\", he is incarcerated in the Raft and left waiting death in a life-support machine. Main plot Starting in The Amazing Spider-Man #698 (November 2012), Doctor Octopus remains incarcerated in the Raft. Roused from an inactive state, he struggles to utter the words \"Peter Parker\". Elsewhere, Spider-Man is shown working through his day, while his inner monologue details him living up to his full potential as a scientist and a man, including romantically reuniting with Mary Jane Watson. Responding to Ock's calls for Spider-Man's alter ego, he goes to the ailing villain's bedside. \"Spider-Man\" reveals that at an unspecified point, the pair swapped",
"title": "Dying Wish"
},
{
"docid": "39645332",
"text": "Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge is a 1981 American superhero film that had a theatrical release abroad, a composite of the 1979 two-parter episode \"The Chinese Web\" of the contemporary television series The Amazing Spider-Man, released on 9 May 1981. It was directed by Don McDougall, written by Lionel E. Siegel and stars Nicholas Hammond as the titular character, Rosalind Chao, Robert F. Simon, Benson Fong, and Ellen Bry. It is the sequel to Spider-Man (1977) and Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978). It was the final Spider-Man film that was released theatrically outside of North America, until Columbia Pictures acquired the rights in 1999 from its license, due to licensing and financial issues with Cannon Films, Carolco Pictures and New Cannon, and finally released Spider-Man in 2002. Plot Min Lo Chan, the Chinese Minister of Industrial Development, who happens to be an old college friend of J. Jonah Jameson, flees China and comes to the United States to locate three men who during the war approached him and offered him money for secrets about Mao Zedong, which he refused at the time. He stays with his niece Emily Chan, who lives in New York City. However, it appears the incident is now being investigated and he needs to find one of them quickly in order to verify his innocence. He asks Mr. Jameson to help him find them, but he wants it done quietly because it seems that there are elements who want him convicted, so Jameson asks Peter Parker to find the three ex-Marines on his behalf, but also to talk to them discreetly. Meanwhile, back in Hong Kong, Zeider who is a wealthy industrialist, is among the ones being considered to build a power plant for the Chinese Government worth one billion dollars. However, he knows that Min Lo Chan is considering another company but if he's convicted his successor will award the contract to him. As a result, he sends Clyde Evans to make sure he doesn't return to China alive. As Spider-Man, Peter saves Min's life several times. However, in one of the murder attempts Min suffers a minor heart attack and has to remain under medical observation. To trick Evans, the Daily Bugle publishes the news stating that Min has died in hospital. Peter manages to contact the last of the Marines needed to clear Min's name, Professor Dent, who agrees to help as he also wants to clear his name. Along with Peter and Min's niece Emily, Dent flies to Hong Kong to testify, but Zeider has him kidnapped to ensure his silence. During an incident while chasing the kidnappers, Emily discovers that Peter Parker is Spider-Man. Finally, with Emily's help, Spider-Man traces Dent in Zeider's secret office at the top of a building. After defeating all of the henchmen, he captures Zeider and frees Dent. Peter Parker proceeds to return to the United States as Emily decides to stay in China and promises Peter not to reveal his secret identity. Cast Nicholas Hammond as Spider-Man",
"title": "Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge"
},
{
"docid": "4250586",
"text": "The Iron Spider is a fictional powered exoskeleton used by several characters in Marvel Comics. Publication history The Iron Spider armor first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #529 and was designed by Joe Quesada, based on a sketch by Chris Bachalo. Peter Parker wore this gold and red suit as Spider-Man's official costume until writer J. Michael Straczynski chose to revert to the older costume. It was used symbolically to show the character's divided loyalties during the 2006–2007 \"Civil War\" storyline. Known wearers Peter Parker After being revived from a battle with Morlun, Tony Stark created the Iron Spider Armor as a gift to Peter Parker, in order to get the young hero's support for the Superhero Registration Act. But during several fights, Parker slowly became disturbed over the battles with several unregistered heroes, and discovered that Stark was using the suit to monitor him, along with several devices in play to incapacitate him if necessary. But during a trip to 42, a prison that illegally held super-powered individuals within the Negative Zone without trial or counsel, Parker became completely disgusted with Stark's actions, and turned his back from the Registation's side of the war, and forgone the costume after \"reformed\" criminals Jester and Jack O' Lantern attacked his aunt and wife in an attempt to capture him, and after a serious confrontation with Stark, leading the tech genius to repossess it. Scarlet Spiders The Iron Spider armor costume has been duplicated and used by MVP's three genetic clones in the Initiative who identify themselves as Red Team and also labeled the Scarlet Spiders. It is unknown as to what new powers the team possesses, but they have been shown to use some of the built-in powers such as the cloaking device, communications, and waldoes which the original costume possessed. One change is that there are now four waldoes, as opposed to three. These suits have the original's morphing ability, as well as web-shooters, and wall-crawling capability. Mary Jane Watson Mary Jane Watson later donned the Iron Spider armor in order to help Spider-Man and Iron Man fight Regent. She uses her experience in Iron Man's suit and her brief spider powers that she had back in the Spider-Island storyline to operate the armor. Aaron Davis Aaron Davis purchases a recolored and modified Iron Spider armor which he uses to form his incarnation of the Sinister Six. Amadeus Cho Amadeus Cho wears a version of the suit in the comic book The Totally Awesome Hulk. Powers and abilities Supported by a system similar to that of Tony Stark's classic Iron Man design, The Iron Spider armor features many gadgets, including three mechanical spider-arms, or \"waldoes\", that can be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. Stark describes them as too delicate to use in combat, yet Spider-Man shortly afterward uses them to smash through the sensors in Titanium Man's helmet. Later on during the \"Civil War\" arc, he uses them (reluctantly) during",
"title": "Iron Spider"
},
{
"docid": "2306292",
"text": "The Spectacular Spider-Man is a comic book and magazine series starring Spider-Man and published by Marvel Comics. Following the success of Spider-Man's original series, The Amazing Spider-Man, Marvel felt the character could support more than one title. This led the company in 1968 to launch a short-lived magazine, the first to bear the Spectacular name. In 1972, Marvel more successfully launched a second Spider-Man ongoing series, Marvel Team-Up, in which he was paired with other Marvel heroes. A third monthly ongoing series, Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, debuted in 1976. Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, Each issue was written by Paul Jenkins (except #23–26, by Samm Barnes). The book's primary pencillers were Humberto Ramos and Mark Buckingham. The comic included the storyline Spider-Man: Disassembled in which Spider-Man met a new enemy called the Queen who wanted him as her mate. Her kiss caused him to slowly mutate into a giant spider who metamorphosed into human form with enhanced strength and agility, along with organic webbing and a psychic link with insects and arachnids. This comic also included the sequel to \"Sins Past\", \"Sins Remembered\", in which Peter went to Paris to meet Sarah Stacy and resolved the issues between them. Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures was a title published by Panini Comics in the United Kingdom from November 1995 to September 2005, although the Adventures portion of the title was often dropped from the cover page. It featured a mix of reprinted American material, as well as originally produced British material, including a guest appearance from Captain Britain. Spectacular was aimed at a younger audience than Panini's other Spider-Man reprint title Astonishing Spider-Man, and was loosely based on the continuity of the 1990s animated series. Volume 3 (2017–18) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man (vol. 3) was published from June 2017 to December 2018. After the first six issues, the series reverted to legacy numbering with issue #297 as part of the line-wide Marvel Legacy relaunch. The series' original creative team had Chip Zdarsky as writer, with Adam Kubert providing the artwork. Notable recurring characters included Teresa Durand, J. Jonah Jameson, Johnny Storm, and original character Rebecca London. Various issues, as well as the one Annual, were illustrated by guest artists; Kubert's final issue as artist was #307, excluding covers. Zdarsky left the series with issue #310. The series ended with issue #313, the final three issues being a tie-in to the Spider-Geddon crossover event written by Sean Ryan. The Spectacular Spider-Men The Spectacular Spider-Men is a currently ongoing series that was published beginning March 2024. The series is written by Greg Weisman (who also created The Spectacular Spider-Man television series) with Ramos returning for art. The Spectacular Spider-Men stars both versions of Spider-Man (Peter Parker and Miles Morales) and focuses on the relationship between the two Spider-Men. The series' supporting cast featured characters who previously appeared in the television series and Weisman's Starbrand & Nightmask comic series, including Kenny",
"title": "The Spectacular Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "15635388",
"text": "\"Brand New Day\" is a comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2008. It chronicles the start of Spider-Man's adventures in the aftermath of the status quo-altering \"One More Day\" storyline, and continues afterwards into \"Spider-Man: Big Time\". Although the banner only runs across the front covers of #546-564 and the Spider-Man: Swing Shift (Director's Cut) one-shot (itself a reprint, with new material, of the Free Comic Book Day 2007: Spider-Man one-shot), \"Brand New Day\" is also used to refer to the entire 102-issue run of stories featured in Amazing Spider-Man #546-647 and accompanying tie-in series, one-shots, and annuals. During this time, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, upping its frequency of publication to three issues monthly and cancelling the other then-current Spider-Man titles The Sensational Spider-Man and Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, and inaugurated the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs. This marks the first time since December 1976 (when Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 was published) that only one regularly published title featured Spider-Man in its title. Plot The new status quo Following the events of \"One More Day\", Spider-Man's marriage to Mary Jane Watson has been erased, resulting in adjustments to his own history. Spider-Man's secret identity has also been forgotten by everyone, including people who knew his identity before his public unmasking. Harry Osborn is again alive; he has been living in Europe for several years. Aunt May is alive and well and volunteers in a homeless shelter. Peter has his original mechanical webshooters. Although \"some people\" vaguely recall that Spider-Man unmasked himself during the events of Civil War, they do not remember whose face was under the mask, and even if this is brought to their attention, they soon cease to worry about it. Brand New Day Spider-Man has not been seen for one hundred days due to the implementation of the Superhuman Registration Act. In the meantime, Peter Parker has been residing at Aunt May's house as he searches for an affordable apartment. Feeling concerned, Peter decides to visit the Daily Bugle and is shocked to learn about the publication's severe financial troubles. Unfortunately, the stress takes a toll on J. Jonah Jameson, who suffers a heart attack. In light of the Bugles financial difficulties, Robbie Robertson asks Peter to do what he can to get Spider-Man pictures that he believes would boost circulation, which convinces Peter to return to the web-slinging. Robbie is finally getting on top of things as Dexter Bennett, a celebrity businessman, arrives to inform him that he's bought all of Jameson's Bugle shares and is now running operations. After encountering supervillain Menace, Peter is concerned that Harry might have returned to his goblin-glider ways, but Harry's girlfriend, Lily Hollister, provides an alibi. Mary Jane Watson, Bobby Carr, and Jackpot It is established that Mary Jane and Peter were in a long-term relationship, but things ended badly, and their relationship is now frosty at best. As far",
"title": "Spider-Man: Brand New Day"
},
{
"docid": "1368744",
"text": "The \"Clone Saga\" is an extended comic-book storyline published by Marvel Comics, revolving around the superhero Spider-Man and clones of him, as well as of other characters. The second and best-known story arc of this name ran from October 1994 to December 1996, and quickly became one of the most controversial Spider-Man stories ever told. Although it was intended to wrap up in less than a year, the comics sold very well and the writers were encouraged to prolong the saga as long as possible. This led to some changes to the storyline that ultimately proved unpopular. Despite the controversy, the 1990s Clone Saga remains one of the most popular Spider-Man story arcs of all time. Although many people were involved in its creation, the Clone Saga is most closely associated with Terry Kavanagh, who proposed the idea; Howard Mackie, who worked on the majority of the smaller crossovers involved in the overall story arc; and Gerry Conway, who devised the original story. Executive editors on the storyline included Tom DeFalco, Bob Budiansky, and Bob Harras. Story arcs There were two \"Clone Sagas\": the original storyline in the 1970s and the second saga which consumed all the regular Spider-Man series, several limited series and one-shot issues between 1994 and 1997. Between the two, there were also two smaller storylines that dealt with elements from the original saga. The original Clone Saga In mid-1973, writer Gerry Conway made the decision to kill off the girlfriend of Peter Parker, Gwen Stacy, in The Amazing Spider-Man #121 because the editorial team felt that Gwen had become stale as a character and they wanted to instill an additional element of tragedy into Peter Parker's life. In the follow-up arcs, Conway introduced a new villain called the Jackal and let Gwen Stacy seemingly return from the dead. The Jackal was the villain identity of Gwen and Peter's biology professor Miles Warren, who could not cope with the death of Gwen, with whom he had a secret infatuation. As an expert on cloning, he creates clones of both Gwen and Peter, discovering Peter is Spider-Man as a result. The Jackal blames Spider-Man for Gwen's death and wants to kill him. The Jackal kidnaps Spider-Man and forces him to fight his clone. Both men believe they are the real Peter Parker. The two Spider-Men soon decide to work together, but one is seemingly killed by the same bomb that kills the Jackal. The surviving Spider-Man determines he is the original because he is in love with Mary Jane Watson, which did not happen until after Professor Warren created the clone. Spider-Man drops the body of the clone into an incinerator. Gwen Stacy's clone disappears to find a new life for herself. The Amazing Spider-Man #149, the climactic installment of the original Clone Saga, leaves it ambiguous whether it is the original Spider-Man or his clone who perishes in the bomb explosion. Conway said this ambiguity was unintentional, as at the time he took it as a given",
"title": "Clone Saga"
},
{
"docid": "5857436",
"text": "Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are the parents of Peter Parker, the superhero known as Spider-Man. Richard and Mary Parker have been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portrayed the characters in the films The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Emma Roberts portrays Mary Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe film Madame Web (2024). Publication history Richard and Mary Parker were created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. For many years before The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #5 (November 1968), there had been no explanation of why Peter Parker was being raised by his aunt and uncle, with his parents only appearing in flashbacks and photographs. That issue finally answered the question: Richard and Mary Parker were murdered by Albert Malik, who was one of Johann Schmidt's successors to the persona of Red Skull. In The Amazing Spider-Man #365 (August 1992), Spider-Man's 30th anniversary, they reappeared. Two years later, however, in #388 (April 1994), they were revealed to be Life Model Decoys created by the Chameleon and were destroyed. In the novel Mary Jane, it is said they died in a plane accident while going to Switzerland to turn in some important discovery that Richard made. Peter tries to figure out what the discovery was but fails, as he cannot figure out the things Richard has written on his board. In July 1997, Untold Tales of Spider-Man #-1, part of Marvel Comics' \"Flashback Month\" event, written by Roger Stern and drawn by John Romita, Sr., the characters' origins are expanded. Since then, they have rarely been mentioned. Fictional character biographies Captain Richard Parker, a decorated soldier of the United States Army Special Forces and younger brother of Ben Parker, was recruited by Nick Fury, the future director of S.H.I.E.L.D., to the C.I.A. Mary Fitzpatrick was the daughter of O.S.S. agent \"Wild Will\" Fitzpatrick. She attended the best schools and eventually followed in her father's footsteps, becoming a C.I.A. translator and data analyst. Richard and Mary met on the job, fell in love, and married. Originally they eloped, later having a more elaborate service, fooling many. Mary became a field agent like Richard, giving them both an easy cover as a married couple. They were assigned to investigate Baroness Adelicia Von Krupp, who had captured an agent of a \"friendly power\" (who turned out to be Logan, aka Wolverine, then a Canadian operative called \"Agent Ten\" and who would eventually become an ally of their son Peter who would grow up to become Spider-Man). They rescued Logan from the Baroness and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. After that mission, they discovered Mary was pregnant; Logan was actually the first person to congratulate the Parkers, commenting later that he never saw an agent as tough as Richard Parker go that white that fast. Their son, Peter, was often left in the care of Ben and his wife May",
"title": "Richard and Mary Parker"
},
{
"docid": "14154213",
"text": "Spider-Man: With Great Power is a five-issue comic book limited series from Marvel Comics written by David Lapham and illustrated by Tony Harris, which premiered on January 9, 2008. The series examines Spider-Man's formative days, focusing on the period between the accident that gave Peter Parker superhuman powers and the murder of his Uncle Ben. The series was published under Marvel's Marvel Knights imprint in order to avoid any links to current continuity. Production Editor Warren Simons explained that the idea came to David Lapham years previously when flipping through Amazing Fantasy #15 (the comic book in which Spider-Man first appeared), and noted the various newspaper headlines \"Spider-Man Wins Showbiz Award\", \"Spider-Man Plays to Packed House\", and \"Who Is Spider-Man?\". Tony Harris explained that With Great Power takes place in between the two panels in which Amazing Fantasy writer Stan Lee's narration mentions the coming weeks and months that passed, during which Spider-Man used his superhuman abilities to become a celebrity. Lapham explained that the series would examine how a teenager would deal with gaining superhuman powers, becoming a national celebrity, and upholding his responsibilities as a high school student. The inciting incident of the story would be Peter being bitten by the radioactive spider, and being approached by fight promoter Monty Caabash after successfully fighting wrestler Crusher Hogan. Other characters and themes will include mobsters involved with Spider-Man's professional wrestling career, a Mrs. Robinson figure in Peter's life, giant monsters, and childhood love. Perennial Spider-Man supporting cast members such as Flash Thompson, Liz Allan and J. Jonah Jameson will also be present. Harris also stated that his rendition of the series would retain as much of the source material's designs as possible, including the \"nerdy\" wardrobe and glasses worn by Parker 45 years previously, but that he would give him an updated hairstyle. Harris stated that he expanded upon the design of the machine that irradiated the spider that would bite Peter Parker, though it would be familiar to those who read Amazing Fantasy #15, and that he would depict a mix of automobiles in background scenes from various eras that would obscure the time period in which the story takes place. Critical reception The book holds a critics' rating of 5.6 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up, based on seven reviews. References 2008 comics debuts Spider-Man titles",
"title": "Spider-Man: With Great Power"
},
{
"docid": "6146135",
"text": "Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he received his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations. As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), villains with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger. Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, Sandman and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul. The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time. Debuting in Spider-Man titles The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles. The Amazing Spider-Man debuts Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and",
"title": "List of Spider-Man enemies"
},
{
"docid": "313540",
"text": "The Chameleon (Dmitri Smerdyakov; Russian: Дмитрий Смердяков) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963). The Chameleon is the first ever antagonist of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. He is a master of disguises who is known for his ability to impersonate virtually anybody. The character is also the half-brother of Kraven the Hunter. This relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. He has also been a member of the Sinister Six and the Sinister Twelve at various points in his history. Since his original introduction, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including feature films, television series, video games. The character made his live-action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), portrayed by Numan Acar. Fred Hechinger is set to appear as the character in the upcoming Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Kraven the Hunter (2024). Publication history 1960s Dmitri Smerdyakov debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. The Chameleon is therefore the first member of Spider-Man's rogues' gallery based on issue publication date and excluding the burglar who murdered Ben Parker. He appeared in the 1959 Tales to Astonish series. He appeared in the 1959 Tales of Suspense series. He appeared in the 1985 Web of Spider-Man series. 2000s Dmitri Smerdyakov appeared in the 2014 Original Sin: Secret Avengers Infinite Comic series. He later appeared in the 2015 Spider-Man and the X-Men series. He appeared in the 2018 Amazing Spider-Man series. He appeared in the 2021 Giant-Size Amazing Spider-Man: Chameleon Conspiracy one-shot. Fictional character biography Dmitri Smerdyakov was born in Soviet Russia. In his youth, he became a servant and half-brother to Sergei Kravinoff, and later a minor associate of Gustav Fiers. Although Dmitri and Sergei were friends, Sergei was often abusive to Smerdyakov, leading to a combination of admiration and resentment towards Kravinoff. Eventually, Smerdyakov emigrated to the United States of America. As he had made a talent for himself during his youth by impressing his brother by impersonating friends and neighbors, he assumed an even more impressive disguise: the identity of Chameleon. During his first known criminal outing, he impersonated Spider-Man, though he was soon exposed and arrested. Shortly afterward, Sergei (now known as \"Kraven the Hunter\") came to America, and the Chameleon set his old associate's sights on Spider-Man. Both men became long-time enemies of Spider-Man, part of his primary rogues gallery. The Chameleon inspired Kraven to begin hunting Spider-Man, inviting Kraven to dispose of the hero. With Kraven, the Chameleon battled Iron Man, and then confronted the Hulk. At one point, the Chameleon disguised himself as Hank Pym, and robbed Pym's laboratory for documents to combat Virus Nine. While delivering",
"title": "Chameleon (character)"
},
{
"docid": "144436",
"text": "Benjamin Franklin \"Ben\" Parker, usually referred to as Uncle Ben, was a supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually in association with the superhero Spider-Man (Peter Parker). He was the husband of May Parker and the paternal uncle and father figure of Peter Parker. After appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962), Uncle Ben made his first full appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He was modeled and named after American founding father Benjamin Franklin. The character has been an essential part of Spider-Man's history. His death at the hands of a petty criminal, whom Spider-Man previously had the chance to apprehend, but chose not to, has been depicted in most versions of the hero's origin story, as the main factor that inspired Peter to become Spider-Man. Uncle Ben's quote, \"With great power there must also come great responsibility\" (often paraphrased as \"With great power comes great responsibility\"), has become Spider-Man's \"moral guide\" and iconic life motto. The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including films, animated series, and video games. He was portrayed by Cliff Robertson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and by Martin Sheen in the film The Amazing Spider-Man (2012). In December 2021, Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) screenwriters Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers confirmed that Uncle Ben's comic book role as Peter's \"moral guide\" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)—who tells him his life motto before being killed as a result of his actions—had instead been adapted to his aunt May Parker, portrayed by Marisa Tomei in five films from 2016 to 2021. Adam Scott portrays a younger Ben Parker in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024). Publication history After first appearing in Strange Tales #97 (January 1962)—caring for his niece (a mermaid named Linda Brown) with his wife May—Uncle Ben returned in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962)—caring for his nephew (Peter Parker / Spider-Man) with May—and was killed in the same issue. Although his history as a supporting character was very brief, Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider-Man's life, often appearing in flashbacks. Notability of death The murder of Uncle Ben is possibly the most notable in comic book history. He is also one of the few comic book deaths that has never been reversed in official continuity. He was a member of the \"Big Three\", alongside Jason Todd (an associate of Batman) and Bucky (an associate of Captain America) whose notable deaths, along with Ben's, gave rise to the phrase: \"No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky, Jason Todd, and Uncle Ben\". Later, the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment, \"No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben\". The violent killing of Uncle Ben, done by a common street criminal, also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne, the parents of",
"title": "Uncle Ben"
},
{
"docid": "58734846",
"text": "Spider-Girl is the code name of several fictional characters in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The most prominent version and first to receive an ongoing series is Mayday Parker from the MC2 universe, the second version is Anya Corazon, and the third version is Gwen Warren, the latter two both from the Earth-616 universe. Several alternate reality incarnations of the character have additionally received notoriety, including the Ultimate Spider-Girl, Ashley Barton, Betty Brant, April, Penelope and Petra Parker, and Charlotte Morales. Publication history The first portrayed Spider-Girl, Mayday Parker, first appeared in a one-shot story in the ongoing series What If. Following positive fan response to the concept, Spider-Girl and two other series (A-Next and J2) set in the same alternate future universe were launched under the MC2 imprint with The Amazing Spider-Girl and Spectacular Spider-Girl. On November 8, 2008, Marvel EIC Joe Quesada confirmed that Spider-Girl would become a feature in the monthly anthology magazine Amazing Spider-Man Family. The series would replace the feature \"Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man\", written by DeFalco, which served as a prequel series to the Spider-Girl universe. The title would continue to be simultaneously published in paper form within Amazing Spider-Man Family. Amazing Spider-Man Family #5 (published April 2009) through #8 (July 2009) contained these Spider-Girl stories until the title's cancellation with issue #8, followed by one last Spider-Girl tale, Spider-Girl: The End, in which fellow Spider-Girl April Parker is killed. In November 2010, a new Spider-Girl series was launched that was unconnected to the MC2 universe. The MC2 Spider-Girl title was cancelled, having surpassed publisher expectations for longevity. The new series featured a new character, Anya Corazon, whose adventures occurred on Earth 616. The series was canceled after only eight issues. No official reason was given for the cancellation. This character returned for a Spider-Island limited series. A second Earth-616 Spider-Girl was introduced in Avenging Spider-Man #16 (January 2013), before returning a decade later in X-Men Unlimited Infinity Comic #69 (January 2023) under the name \"Gwen Warren\", assuming the mantle of Spider-Girl as a member of the X-Men. Spider-Girls Mayday Parker The daughter of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson from the MC2 universe. April Parker Prior to calling herself \"Mayhem\", Mayday's clone April goes by Spider-Girl, the two sharing the mantle. Anya Corazon A Latina superhero who originally called herself Araña (Spider), and occasionally goes by Spider-Girl. Gwen Warren The mutant clone of Scott Summers, Gwen Stacy, and Ana Soria created by the Jackal using technology stolen from Mister Sinister, the newborn Spider-Girl battles The Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Spider-Man's body) and the X-Men in the form of a 30 ft. human-spider hybrid, resembling a giant garden spider with human eyes able to shoot eye-beams, before being returned to a normal size with sentience, to the physical size of a twelve-year-old humanoid girl. Later, she enrolls in and drops out of the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning under the name \"Gwen Warren\" according to a statement by Tom Brevoort",
"title": "Spider-Girl"
},
{
"docid": "68718864",
"text": "The following is a complete list of all volumes of The Spectacular Spider-Man, with notes for each issue. Spectacular Spider-Man Magazine (1968) The Spectacular Spider-Man was initially a two-issue magazine published by Marvel in 1968, as an experiment in entering the black-and-white comic-magazine market successfully pioneered by Warren Publishing and others. It sold for 35 cents when standard comic books cost 12 cents and Annuals and Giants 25 cents. It represented the first Spider-Man spin-off publication aside from the original series' summer Annuals, begun in 1964. The first issue (cover-dated July 1968) featured a painted, color cover by men's adventure-magazine artist Harry Rosenbaum, in acrylic paint on illustration board, over layouts by The Amazing Spider-Man artist John Romita Sr. The 52-page black-and-white Spider-Man story, \"Lo, This Monster!\", was by writer Stan Lee, penciler Romita Sr. and inker Jim Mooney. A 10-page origin story, \"In The Beginning!\", was by Lee, penciler Larry Lieber and inker Bill Everett. The feature story was reprinted in color, with some small alterations and bridging material by Gerry Conway, in The Amazing Spider-Man #116–118 (Jan.–March 1973) as \"Suddenly...the Smasher!\", \"The Deadly Designs of the Disruptor!\", and \"Countdown to Chaos!\" (with additional inking by Tony Mortellaro on the latter two). These versions were themselves reprinted in Marvel Tales #95–97 (Sept.-Oct. 1978). The second and final issue (Nov. 1968) also sported a painted cover and the interior was in color as well. Lee, Romita and Mooney again collaborated on its single story, \"The Goblin Lives!\", featuring the Green Goblin. A next-issue box at the end promoted the planned contents of the unrealized issue #3, \"The Mystery of the TV Terror\". A version of the Goblin story, trimmed by 18 pages, was reprinted in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #9 (1973), and portions of the \"TV Terror\" costume were reused for the costume of the Prowler. Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–100 (October 1976 – January 1985) Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #100–133 (February 1985 – October 1987) The Spectacular Spider-Man #134–200 (November 1987 – March 1993) The Spectacular Spider-Man #201–263 (April 1993 – September 1998) The Spectacular Spider-Man #264-290 (July 2003 – April 2005) The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 2 #1–27 (July 2003 – April 2005) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #291–313 (June 2017 – December 2018) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 3 #1–6 (June 2017 – November 2017) Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man #297–313 (November 2017 – December 2018) The Spectacular Spider-Man Annuals 1 – [Mantlo/Buckler] \"And Men Shall Call Him... Octopus!\" – September 1979 2 – [Macchio/Mooney] \"Vengeance Is Mine... Sayeth the Word!\" – May 1980 3 – [Kraft/Sherman/Weiss] \"Dark Side of the Moon\" – July 1981 4 – [DeNatale/Mantlo] \"Memory Lane!\" – July 1984 5 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace\" – July 1985 6 – [David/Beachum] \"Ace II\" – July 1986 7 – [Owsley/Kupperberg] \"The Honeymoon\" – August 1987 8 – [Conway/Gruenwald] \"Return to Sender\" – July 1988 9 – [Conway/Herdling] \"The Serpent in the Shadow\" – May 1989 10 – [Conway/Lee] \"Into the Microverse\" – June 1990",
"title": "List of The Spectacular Spider-Man issues"
},
{
"docid": "2555765",
"text": "Carrion is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an enemy of Spider-Man. Publication history The Miles Warren clone version of Carrion first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #25 and was created by Bill Mantlo, Jim Mooney, and Frank Springer. Carrion emerged as part of a storyline that was a sequel to the original Clone Saga and as a result he has one of the most complicated histories of any Spider-Man villain. According to Tony Isabella, in Mantlo's original plans for this story, Carrion would have been revealed as the Peter Parker clone. That the real Spider-Man had also dumped the then-deceased Green Goblin's gear in the same furnace explained the Goblin-esque look of Carrion. However, Marv Wolfman, then writer of The Amazing Spider-Man book, had some second thoughts about it. He decided he didn't want a second Spider-Man running around so Bill was asked to change the planned revelation of his extended story, even though the first chapter had already been published. The character's history has been retconned several times as successive writers changed the status of the various clones, the plans and motivations of Professor Miles Warren and other aspects from the stories. Often these changes took place in stories which did not directly involve Carrion, resulting in further stories trying to tie up gaps. No fewer than three separate incarnations have been encountered. William Allen first appeared in Spider-Man: Dead Man's Hand #1 (April 1997), created by Roger Stern and Dan Lawlis. McBride was created by Sal Buscema and Gerry Conway in The Spectacular Spider-Man #149 (April 1989). Fictional character biography Miles Warren clone The original Carrion first appeared seeking to destroy Spider-Man, somehow knowing that his secret identity was Peter Parker. He unsuccessfully approached the Maggia with a plan to kill Spider-Man. He attacked Peter Parker, blaming him for the death of Gwen Stacy. Carrion sought to destroy Parker/Spider-Man several times before capturing Spider-Man and revealing to him that he was a decayed clone of Professor Miles Warren, also known as the Jackal. Warren had created the clone and left it in a capsule to mature to full development; however Warren had then (seemingly) died and the clone was left developing in the capsule with artificially accelerated age. Something went wrong and the clone's body became like a living corpse. As Warren's clone, Carrion blamed Spider-Man for the deaths of both Warren and Gwen Stacy and sought to bring him to justice with the help of a malleable student named Randy Vale. Carrion captured Peter Parker and prepared to kill him with a giant \"Spider-Amoeba\" created by cloning cells from Parker. However, Parker freed himself and became Spider-Man. In the subsequent fight a fire consumed the laboratory whilst the amoeba latched onto Carrion. The Spider-Amoeba suffocated Carrion, smothering him to death, and then unable to escape it perished in the fire. Malcolm McBride Many years later, Spider-Man learned from the High Evolutionary that Warren had not",
"title": "Carrion (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "22018101",
"text": "\"Spidey Meets the President!\" is a backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man #583, written by Zeb Wells, with art by Todd Nauck and Frank D'Armata. The cover of the issue shows Barack Obama giving a thumbs-up to Spider-Man. The comic book was published the week before Obama's inauguration in January 2009. Plot The story begins with Peter Parker standing among other reporters on the presidential inauguration of Barack Obama, photographing this historic moment. Suddenly a limo pulls up and reveals another Obama. The Secret Service does not know what to do, so Peter, who quickly dons his Spider-Man costume, asks both questions that only the real Barack Obama would be able to answer. When he asks what his nickname was during his college days, the actual Barack says his true name, and the fake one is confused and angry, causing him to reveal his true form, which turns out to be the super-villain known as the Chameleon. This gives Spider-Man the opportunity to capture the Chameleon and the Secret Service arrests him. Obama tells Spider-Man that he is a fan of the hero and thanks him. Afterward, as Obama swears his oath as President, Spider-Man is shown sitting at the top of the Washington Monument, where he thinks Biden notices him. Prologue This story was prepended in The Amazing Spider-Man Presidents Day Special digital comic. The additional pages depict the minutes before the original story took place, with Obama getting ready for the inauguration. The Chameleon, disguised as Obama's tailor, locks him inside and takes his place, driving to the inauguration in the presidential limousine. However, the real Obama escapes and is driven to the ceremony in a second limousine by his soon-to-be Vice President Joseph Biden. Meanwhile, outside the capital, Peter Parker is running late to the inauguration ceremony and has forgotten his press credentials. So, he enters the area stealthily by using his spider-like abilities to climb over a high wall. However, he is spotted by Senator John McCain and a few Secret Service agents. The senator recognizes as him as the photographer from The Daily Bugle and even provides him with a spare press credential. Parker then joins the press corps and the prequel story connects to the main story. Reception Typical sales for The Amazing Spider-Man are about 70,000 copies per issue. Issue #583 sold over 350,000 copies and went to five printings. It was the highest-selling regular series book of the 2000s. Collected edition References Cultural depictions of Barack Obama 2009 comics debuts Individual stories from issues of anthology comics",
"title": "Spidey Meets the President!"
},
{
"docid": "823737",
"text": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man (alternatively known as Peter Parker: The Spectacular Spider-Man or simply Spider-Man) is the name of three comic book series published by Marvel Comics, both of which feature the character Spider-Man. Volume 1 (1990–98) Peter Parker: Spider-Man (originally titled simply Spider-Man), was a monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that ran for 98 issues from 1990 to 1998. The series was retitled Spider-Man with issue #75, but only on the covers; the series was still under its original Spider-Man title in the comic's legal indicia, printed on the title page, from #75–98; the comic book would not officially be titled Peter Parker: Spider-Man until the (vol. 2) series relaunch. The series originally was conceived as a showcase for Todd McFarlane. McFarlane, who until then had only been known as an artist, was hugely popular at the time and the series was created by editor Jim Salicrup so that McFarlane could pencil, ink, and write a Spider-Man title of his own, starting with the \"Torment\" storyline. The series was a massive sales success, with over 2.5 million copies printed. McFarlane stayed on the title until issue #16 (November 1991) in which the story was printed in a landscape format. He created the character Spawn and help found Image Comics in 1992. He was succeeded on the title by Erik Larsen, who had succeeded McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man two years earlier, and would later join him in the founding of Image. Larsen wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" (#18–23). Writer Don McGregor and artist Marshall Rogers crafted a two-part story in issues #27–28 dealing with gun violence. After that came a quick procession of different contributors, including writers Tom DeFalco, Ann Nocenti, David Michelinie, J. M. DeMatteis, and Terry Kavanagh, and pencillers Ron Frenz, Klaus Janson, and Jae Lee. The rotating creative team was solidified with Spider-Man #44 (March 1994) when writer Howard Mackie and penciller Tom Lyle took over the title; Lyle lasted until issue #61, and Mackie for over six years. The series played a key role throughout the \"Clone Saga\", becoming one of two Spider-Man titles that shifted focus to the new Ben Reilly Scarlet Spider character (the other being Web of Spider-Man) with issue #51 (November 1994). The series' run was interrupted by that saga in issues #63 and 64 (Nov.–Dec. 1995), when the title was renumbered to #1 and renamed Scarlet Spider. Spider-Man resumed with #65 (Jan. 1996), with Ben Reily replacing Peter Parker as Spider-Man. Intended as a permanent change, Reilly's status as the new Spider-Man was cut short when Bob Harras was named new Editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in February 1996, and ordered the reinstatement of the character's Peter Parker identity. Spider-Man was the title which depicted this and in #75 (December 1996), by Mackie and John Romita Jr., Ben Reilly was killed by the resurrected original Green Goblin – who had seemingly died in The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) – and Peter",
"title": "Peter Parker: Spider-Man"
}
] | [
"Andrew Garfield"
] |
train_9554 | when did the united states adopt the gregorian calendar | [
{
"docid": "599966",
"text": "The New Calendarists are Eastern Orthodox churches that adopted the Revised Julian calendar. Background In the history of Christianity, divisions on which calendar to use were initiated after 1582, when the Roman Catholic Church transitioned from the ancient Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar. Eventually, by the 18th century, the Gregorian Calendar was officially adopted even in Protestant countries as the civil calendar, but still faced some opposition from smaller groups. In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Gregorian calendar was officially introduced in 1752. Around the same time, debates between those wanting to adopt the Gregorian Calendar and traditionalists wanting to keep the Julian calendar were also going on within several Eastern Catholic Churches. Those debates were focused mainly on ritual questions and ended in various compromises. The need for preservation of ritual differences, including various questions related to liturgical calendar, was consequently acknowledged by Rome. New Calendarists In 1923, the Revised Julian calendar was devised. Since then, several Eastern Orthodox Churches have introduced partial changes into their liturgical calendars. Those changes were based on the application of the Revised Julian calendar for the liturgical celebration of immovable feasts (including Christmas), thus reducing the use of the old Julian calendar to liturgical celebration of moveable feasts (feasts of the Easter cycle). Thus, the Revised calendar use was introduced. It has been adopted by: the Ecumenical Patriarchate (March 1924) the Church of Greece (March 1924) the Church of Cyprus; (March 1924) the Romanian Orthodox Church (later in 1924) the Patriarchate of Alexandria (in 1928) the Patriarchate of Antioch (in 1928) the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (in 1968) the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (in 2023) The Orthodox Church in America (except for Alaska) and the Albanian Orthodox Church also use the revised calendar. It was not adopted by the Eastern Orthodox Churches of: Jerusalem, Georgia, Russia, Sinai, and the monasteries on the Mount Athos. The Polish Orthodox Church has wavered between the two calendars; today it officially follows the old calendar. In Eastern Orthodoxy, issues related to calendar reform did not produce break of communion or schisms between the mainstream churches, but they did cause disputes and internal schisms within some churches. The result of those conflicts was the emergence of the Old Calendarist movement, and consequent creation of separate churches, thus breaking the communion with those mother churches that accepted the calendar reform. See also Adoption of the Gregorian calendar French revolutionary calendar Revised Julian calendar Old Calendarists References Sources Calendars History of Eastern Christianity History of Eastern Orthodoxy Liturgical calendars Old Calendarism Julian calendar",
"title": "New Calendarists"
},
{
"docid": "33151859",
"text": "This is the calendar for Old Style 1752, a leap year which began on 1 January, and dropped 3–13 September to transition to the Gregorian calendar. Previously, the Old Style calendar in England (and related regions) had begun on 25 March and ended with the following March, on 24 March. Because the Gregorian calendar did not have leap day in 1700, the original 10-day difference in calendars had expanded to an 11-day difference, and to compensate, 2 September was followed by 14 September, as skipping 11 days beyond 3 September. Year 1753, in England (and related regions) followed the full Gregorian calendar. Note, below, the shortened length of September. |- |- |- With the omission of 3–13 September, then 14 September 1752 became the first day to match the New Style date of the Gregorian calendar, as adopted c.1582 by some Catholic territories. Scotland followed this same plan, in converting to Gregorian dates in 1752, along with England, Wales, Ireland, the American colonies, and related regions. Other nations, such as Russia and Sweden, continued to use the Julian calendar, in 1752. Although the Swedish calendar had tried a gradual transition, beginning in 1700, to drop 11 leap days during 40 years, Sweden returned to the Julian calendar and finally adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1753. Other nations did not change to the Gregorian system until more than 150 years later. There were many different transition plans used by various other nations (see: Gregorian calendar#Adoption). See also Old Style 1751 - first Old Style year to end on 31 December in England and related regions References Julian calendar",
"title": "Old Style 1752"
},
{
"docid": "23397214",
"text": "The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian calendar backward to the dates preceding its official introduction in 1582. In nations that adopted the Gregorian calendar after its official and first introduction, dates occurring in the interim period of 15 October 1582 (the first date of use of Gregorian calendrical dates, being dated 5 October 1582 in the preceding Julian calendar) to the date on which the pertinent nation adopted the Gregorian calendar and abandoned the Julian calendar are sometimes 'Gregorianized' also. For example, the birthday of U.S. President George Washington was originally dated 11 February 1731 (Old Style) because Great Britain, of which he was born a subject, used (until September 1752) the Julian calendar and dated the beginning of English years as 25 March. After Great Britain switched to the Gregorian calendar, Washington's birthday was dated 22 February 1732 proleptically, according to the Gregorian calendar applied backward. This remains the modern dating of his birthday. Usage ISO 8601:2004 (clause 3.2.1 The Gregorian calendar) explicitly requires use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all dates before the introduction of 15 October 1582, if the partners to an exchange of information agree. Most scholars of Maya civilization also use it, especially when converting Long Count dates (1st century BC – 10th century AD). The best practice for citation of historically contemporary documents is to cite the date as expressed in the original text and to notate any contextual implications and conclusions regarding the calendar used and equivalents in other calendars. This practice permits others to re-evaluate the original evidence. For these calendars one can distinguish two systems of numbering years BC. Bede and later historians did not enumerate any year as zero (nulla in Latin; see Year zero); therefore the year preceding AD 1 is 1 BC. In this system the year 1 BC is a leap year (likewise in the proleptic Julian calendar). Mathematically, it is more convenient to include a year 0 and represent earlier years as negative numbers for the specific purpose of facilitating the calculation of the number of years between a negative (BC) year and a positive (AD) year. This is the convention in astronomical year numbering and the international standard date system, ISO 8601. In these systems, the year 0 is a leap year. Although the nominal Julian calendar began in 45 BC, leap years between 45 BC and 1 BC were irregular (see Leap year error). Thus the Julian calendar with quadrennial leap years was only used from the end of AD 4 until 1582 or later (contingent on the specific nation in question). The proleptic Gregorian calendar is sometimes used in computer software to simplify identifying pre-Gregorian dates, e. g. in PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, PHP, CIM, Delphi and Python. Difference between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates Before the official and first introduction of the Gregorian calendar, the differences between Julian and proleptic Gregorian calendar dates are as follows: The table below assumes a Julian leap day of 29 February,",
"title": "Proleptic Gregorian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "476654",
"text": "Little Christmas (), also known as Old Christmas, Green Christmas, or Twelfth Night, is one of the traditional names among Irish Christians and Amish Christians for 6 January, which is also known more widely as the Feast of the Epiphany, celebrated after the conclusion of the twelve days of Christmastide. It is the traditional end of the Christmas season and until 2013 was the last day of the Christmas holidays for both primary and secondary schools in Ireland. Origins Owing to differences in liturgical calendars, as early as the fourth century, the churches of the eastern Roman Empire were celebrating Christmas on 6 January, while those of the western Roman Empire were celebrating it on 25 December. In October 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar as a correction of the Julian calendar, because the latter has too many leap years that cause it to drift out of alignment with the solar year. This has liturgical significance since calculation of the date of Easter assumes that spring Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on 21 March. To correct the accumulated error, he ordained the date be advanced by ten days. Most Roman Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately and Protestant countries followed suit over the following 200 years. In particular, the British Empire (including the American colonies) did so from 1752 with the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, by which time the divergence had grown to eleven days. This meant that Christmas Day on 25 December ('New Style') was eleven days earlier than it would have been but for the Act, making \"Old Christmas\" [25 December ('Old Style')] happen on 5 January (NS). In February 1800, the Julian calendar had another leap year but the Gregorian did not, moving Old Christmas to 6 January (NS), which coincided with the Feast of the Epiphany. For this reason, in some parts of the world, the Feast of the Epiphany, which is traditionally observed on 6 January, is sometimes referred to as Old Christmas or Old Christmas Day. (Although 1900 was also not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar (and thus the Julian 25 December has since that year coincided with 7January in the Gregorian calendar) the custom of celebrating Little Christmas on 6January did not change.) Observance by country Europe In the Scottish Highlands the term Little Christmas () is applied to New Year's Day, also known as , or , while Epiphany is known as , the feast-day of the Kings. The Transalpine Redemptorists who live on Papa Stronsay in Scotland, celebrate 'Little Christmas' on the twenty-fifth day of every month, except for December, when the twenty-fifth day is celebrated as Christmas Day. The custom of blessing homes on Epiphany developed because the feast commemorates the time that the three kings visited the home of the Holy Family. In the late 19th Century, the day was also known as Little Christmas in some parts of England, such as Lancashire. In the Isle of Man, New Year's Day on",
"title": "Little Christmas"
},
{
"docid": "39579023",
"text": "Events from the year 1599 in the Kingdom of Scotland. Incumbents Monarch – James VI Events 17 April – the title Marquess of Huntly is created in the Peerage of Scotland in favour of George Gordon, 6th Earl of Huntly. 29 November – Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow granted its charter by King James VI. 17 December – King James VI, via an act of his Privy Council, decided that Scotland should come into line with other “well governit commonwealths” and adopts 1 January as New Years Day. Prior to this 25 March was New Years Day. Thus the year 1599 commenced on 25 March 1599 and ended on 31 December 1599 - it was only 9 months long. The next date, in Scotland, was 1 January 1600. This left Scotland at odds with England, whereby the New year continued be dated from 25 March. As a consequence 1 January 1600 in Scotland was 1 January 1599 in England. It is sometimes, mistakenly, said that Scotland adopted the Gregorian Calendar at this time. Whilst starting the New Year on 1 January was one component of Gregorian reforms, Scotland did not adopt the two more fundamental changes in relation to (1) the computation for leap years and (2) the realignment of the calendar with the solar year, which necessitated the omission of ten days from the existing calendar. Scotland, along with England and Wales, adopted the Gregorian Calendar in 1752 under the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 by which time the omission of eleven days from the older calendar was required. 28 December – issue at Holyroodhouse by William Schaw, Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland and General Warden of the master stonemasons, of the Second Schaw Statutes, significant in the history of freemasonry, particularly in relation to Lodge Mother Kilwinning. The earliest records of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) date from this year. Births Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin (died 1663) John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure (died 1634) Thomas Weir, soldier and Covenanter (executed for witchcraft 1670) Deaths Jean Hepburn, Lady Darnley, Mistress of Caithness, Lady Morham See also Timeline of Scottish history References",
"title": "1599 in Scotland"
},
{
"docid": "219425",
"text": "The Swedish calendar () or Swedish style () was a calendar in use in Sweden and its possessions from 1 March 1700 until 30 February 1712 (see below). It was one day ahead of the Julian calendar and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Easter was calculated astronomically, with a minor exception, from 1740 to 1844. Solar calendar In November 1699, the Government of Sweden decided that, rather than adopt the Gregorian calendar outright, it would gradually approach it over a 40-year period. The plan was to skip all leap days in the period 1700 to 1740. Every fourth year, the gap between the Swedish calendar and the Gregorian would reduce by one day, until they finally lined up in 1740. In the meantime, this calendar would not be in line with either of the major alternative calendars and the differences would change every four years. In accordance with the plan, 29 February was omitted in 1700, but the Great Northern War stopped any further omissions from being made in the following years. In January 1711, King Charles XII declared that Sweden would abandon the calendar, which was not in use by any other nation, in favour of a return to the older Julian calendar. An extra day was added to February in the leap year of 1712, thus giving the month a unique 30-day (30 February) and the year a 367-day length. In 1753, one year later than England and its colonies, Sweden introduced the Gregorian calendar. The leap of 11 days was accomplished in one step, with 17 February being followed by 1 March. Easter Easter was to be calculated according to the Easter rules of the Julian calendar from 1700 until 1739, but from 1700 to 1711, Easter Sunday was dated in the anomalous Swedish calendar, described above. In 1740, Sweden finally adopted the \"improved calendar\" already adopted by the Protestant states of Germany in 1700 (which they used until 1775). Its improvement was to calculate the full moon and vernal equinox of Easter according to astronomical tables, specifically Kepler's Rudolphine Tables at the meridian of Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory (destroyed long before) on the former Danish island of Hven near the southern tip of Sweden. In addition to the usual medieval rule that Easter was the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox, the astronomical Easter Sunday was to be delayed by one week if this calculation would have placed it on the same day as the first day of Jewish Passover week, Nisan 15. It conflicts with the Julian Easter, which could not occur on the 14th day of the moon (Nisan 14), but was permitted on Nisan 15 to 21 although those dates were calculated via Christian, not Jewish, tables (see Computus). The resulting astronomical Easter dates in the Julian calendar used in Sweden from 1740 to 1752 occurred on the same Sunday as the Julian Easter every three years but were earlier than the earliest canonical limit for Easter",
"title": "Swedish calendar"
},
{
"docid": "15512766",
"text": "Dual dating is the practice, in historical materials, of indicating a date with what appear to be duplicate or excessive digits: these may be separated by a hyphen or a slash, or placed one above the other. The need for dual dating arose from the transition from an older calendar to a newer one. Another method used is to give the date of an event according to one calendar, followed in parentheses by the date of the same event in the other calendar, appending an indicator to each to specify which reference calendar applies. As an example, in the date \"10/21February 1750/51\" a style seen in the records of Great Britain and its possessions the notation arises from the prospective or previous adoption of the Gregorian calendar and a concurrent calendar reform. (The dual day number is due to the eleven days difference (at the time) between the Julian calendar date and the Gregorian one; the dual year is due to a change of start of year, from 25March to 1January.) European countries and their colonies: Old Style and New Style dates England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the American colonies Long before the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar, the date of the start of the year caused difficulties. Until 1752, England, Wales, Ireland and the American colonies started the legal year on 25March, whereas Scotland (since 1600), as well as common usage, started the year on 1January. This meant that a date such as 29January, while being toward the end of a legal year, would also be near the beginning of the following \"common\" (and Scottish) year. It was to show this duality that the system of displaying two year numbers first came into use examples may be seen on memorial tablets and in parish registers. Dating based on the year beginning on 25March became known as \"Annunciation Style\" dates, while dates of the year commencing on 1January were described as \"Circumcision Style\" dates, because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, commemorating the eighth day of Jesus Christ's life after his birth, counted from its observation on Christmas Day (25December). In 1752, England and its possessions changed the start of the year to 1January, and also adopted the Gregorian calendar (on 2September). Thereafter, the terms \"Old Style\" (OS) and \"New Style\" (NS) were more commonly added to dates when it proved necessary or expedient to identify which calendar was being used for the given date. Often, both were given for example: 20January 1708(OS) (1709(NS)). There may be some confusion as to which calendar alteration OS or NS refers to: the change of the start of the year, or the transition of one style of calendar to another. Historically, OS referred only to the start of the year change, to 1January from 25March, and some historians still believe this is the best practice. However, OS and NS may refer to both alterations of the calendar: constructions like may be seen. Rest of Europe During the period",
"title": "Dual dating"
},
{
"docid": "27529",
"text": "September is the ninth month of the year in both the Gregorian calendar and the less commonly used Julian calendar. In the modern Gregorian calendar, its length is 30 days. September in the Northern Hemisphere and March in the Southern Hemisphere are seasonally equivalent. In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological autumn is on 1 September. In the Southern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological spring is on 1 September. September marks the beginning of the ecclesiastical year in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is the start of the academic year in many countries of the northern hemisphere, in which children go back to school after the summer break, sometimes on the first day of the month. September (from Latin septem, \"seven\") was originally the seventh of ten months in the oldest known Roman calendar, the calendar of Romulus , with March (Latin Martius) the first month of the year until perhaps as late as 451 BC. After the calendar reform that added January and February to the beginning of the year, September became the ninth month but retained its name. It had 29 days until the Julian reform, which added a day. Events Ancient Roman observances for September include Ludi Romani, originally celebrated from September 12 to September 14, later extended to September 5 to September 19. In the 1st century BC, an extra day was added in honor of the deified Julius Caesar on 4 September. Epulum Jovis was held on September 13. Ludi Triumphales was held from September 18–22. The Septimontium was celebrated in September, and on December 11 on later calendars. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. September was called \"harvest month\" in Charlemagne's calendar. September corresponds partly to the Fructidor and partly to the Vendémiaire of the first French republic. September is called Herbstmonat, harvest month, in Switzerland. The Anglo-Saxons called the month Gerstmonath, barley month, that crop being then usually harvested. In 1752, the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar. In the British Empire that year, September 2 was immediately followed by September 14. On Usenet, it is said that September 1993 (Eternal September) never ended. In the United States, September is one of the most common birth months (third most popular after August and July, which both have 31 days), as all but one Top 10 most common birthdays are in September, based on the National Center for Health Statistics statistics on births between 1994 and 2014. The most common birthday is September 9 (#1), least common is September 1 (#250). Astronomy and astrology The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC). September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. Symbols September's birthstone is",
"title": "September"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "730958",
"text": "In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a or aj) is a unit of measurement of time defined as exactly 365.25 days of SI seconds each. The length of the Julian year is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar that was used in Western societies until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar, and from which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because astronomical Julian years are measuring duration rather than designating dates, this Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year. Usage The Julian year is not a unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI), but it is recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as a non-SI unit for use in astronomy. Before 1984, both the Julian year and the mean tropical year were used by astronomers. In 1898, Simon Newcomb used both in his Tables of the Sun in the form of the Julian century (36 525 days) and the \"solar century\" ( days), a rounded form of 100 mean tropical years of each according to Newcomb. However, the mean tropical year is not suitable as a unit of measurement because it varies from year to year by a small amount, days according to Newcomb. In contrast, the Julian year is defined in terms of the SI unit one second, so is as accurate as that unit and is constant. It approximates both the sidereal year and the tropical year to about ±0.008 days. The Julian year is the basis of the definition of the light-year as a unit of measurement of distance. Epochs In astronomy, an epoch specifies a precise moment in time. The positions of celestial objects and events, as measured from Earth, change over time, so when measuring or predicting celestial positions, the epoch to which they pertain must be specified. A new standard epoch is chosen about every 50 years. The standard epoch in use today is Julian epoch J2000.0. It is exactly 12:00 TT (close to but not exactly Greenwich mean noon) on in the Gregorian (not Julian) calendar. Julian within its name indicates that other Julian epochs can be a number of Julian years of 365.25 days each before or after J2000.0. For example, the future epoch J2100.0 will be exactly 36,525 days (one Julian century) from J2000.0 at 12:00 TT on (the dates will still agree because the Gregorian century 2000–2100 will have the same number of days as a Julian century). Because Julian years are not exactly the same length as years on the Gregorian calendar, astronomical epochs will diverge noticeably from the Gregorian calendar in a few hundred years. For example, in the next 1000 years, seven days will be dropped from the Gregorian calendar but not from 1000 Julian years, so J3000.0 will be . Julian calendar distinguished The Julian year, being a uniform measure of duration, should not be confused with the",
"title": "Julian year (astronomy)"
},
{
"docid": "25886202",
"text": "The tables below list equivalent dates in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Conventions Within these tables, January 1 is always the first day of the year. The Gregorian calendar did not exist before October 15, 1582. Gregorian dates before that are proleptic, that is, using the Gregorian rules to reckon backward from October 15, 1582. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Augustus corrected errors in the observance of leap years by omitting leap days until AD 8. Julian calendar dates before March AD 4 are proleptic, and do not necessarily match the dates actually observed in the Roman Empire. Conversion table This table is taken from the book by the Nautical almanac offices of the United Kingdom and United States originally published in 1961. Using the tables Dates near leap days that are observed in the Julian calendar but not in the Gregorian are listed in the table. Dates near the adoption date in some countries are also listed. For dates not listed, see below. The usual rules of algebraic addition and subtraction apply; adding a negative number is the same as subtracting the absolute value, and subtracting a negative number is the same as adding the absolute value. If conversion takes you past a February 29 that exists only in the Julian calendar, then February 29 is counted in the difference. Years affected are those which divide by 100 without remainder but do not divide by 400 without remainder (e.g., 1900 and 2100 but not 2000). No guidance is provided about conversion of dates before March 5, -500, or after February 29, 2100 (both being Julian dates). For unlisted dates, find the date in the table closest to, but earlier than, the date to be converted. Be sure to use the correct column. If converting from Julian to Gregorian, add the number from the \"Difference\" column. If converting from Gregorian to Julian, subtract. See also Revised Julian calendar References External links Calendars",
"title": "Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars"
},
{
"docid": "63966709",
"text": "A computus clock is a clock equipped with a mechanism that automatically calculates and displays, or helps determine, the date of Easter (and other dependent dates of moveable Church feasts). A computus watch carries out the same function. Background The movement of a computus clock provides and/or calculates astronomical and calendar information according to the tradition that Easter Sunday is the first Sunday after the first full moon (Paschal or ecclesiastical full moon) on or after the spring equinox (21 March), and Easter Sunday should not occur on the same day as the Jewish calendar date Nisan 15th, the first day of Passover week. In early Christianity, the Easter date was calculated each year and announced by the Pope. The later need for Christian clergy living in different territories to be able to calculate the Easter date for themselves forced attempts to establish clear rules for the Easter date calculation and finally the algorithms for this. The determination of the Easter date requires calculating astronomical and calendar cycles – the annual motion of the Sun round the celestial sphere, the evolution of the phases of the Moon, the cycle of the days of the week, particularities of calendars and some agreements like the date of the so-called ecclesiastical equinox., designated as March 21, irrespective of the actual astronomical observation by the Church of Alexandria in the beginning of the 4th Century. Specific astronomical data which may be incorrect, misinterpreted or location dependent, were eliminated from the Easter date calculation by the invention of special paschal functions – “letters” and “numbers”. They include the “golden number” (which gives the dates of all the new moons for the year in a 19-year Metonic cycle), the solar cycle (the 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar and 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar with respect to the week), the epact (the age of the Moon in days on a certain date), the dominical letter (used to determine the day of the week for particular dates) and the indiction (the number of a given year in a fifteen-year period). The computations after the Gregorian reform of 1582 should also take into account additional corrections necessary due to particularities of the Gregorian calendar, notably the solar equation (taking into account some non-leap century years) and the lunar equation (for correction of the Metonic cycle) The term “computus” as the description of the Easter date computation was proposed in 725 by the English Benedictine monk Bede in his treatise “De temporum ratione” (“The Reckoning of Time”). Alexandrian computus, based on rules established by the Church of Alexandria, was universally used from the beginning of the 8th century until the Gregorian calendar reform of 1582. The Roman Catholic Church has used the Gregorian calendar, and accordingly Gregorian computus, to calculate the dates of Easter since 1583. The Gregorian computus was later adopted by most Protestant churches – between 1753 and 1845 – while most Eastern Churches, including the majority of Eastern Orthodox Churches and Non-Chalcedonian Churches continued to",
"title": "Computus clock"
},
{
"docid": "214479",
"text": "As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as . Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon (a mathematical approximation of the first astronomical full moon, on or after 21 March itself a fixed approximation of the March equinox). Determining this date in advance requires a correlation between the lunar months and the solar year, while also accounting for the month, date, and weekday of the Julian or Gregorian calendar. The complexity of the algorithm arises because of the desire to associate the date of Easter with the date of the Jewish feast of Passover which, Christians believe, is when Jesus was crucified. It was originally feasible for the entire Christian Church to receive the date of Easter each year through an annual announcement by the pope. By the early third century, however, communications in the Roman Empire had deteriorated to the point that the church put great value in a system that would allow the clergy to determine the date for themselves, independently yet consistently. Additionally, the church wished to eliminate dependencies on the Hebrew calendar, by deriving the date for Easter directly from the March equinox. In The Reckoning of Time (725), Bede uses as a general term for any sort of calculation, although he refers to the Easter cycles of Theophilus as a \"Paschal .\" By the end of the 8th century, came to refer specifically to the calculation of time. The calculations produce different results depending on whether the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar is used. For this reason, the Catholic Church and Protestant churches (which follow the Gregorian calendar) celebrate Easter on a different date from that of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy (which follow the Julian calendar). It was the drift of 21 March from the observed equinox that led to the Gregorian reform of the calendar, to bring them back into line. Background Easter commemorates the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe to have occurred on the third day (inclusive) after the beginning of Passover. In the Hebrew lunisolar calendar, Passover begins at twilight on the 14th day of Nisan. Nisan is the first month of spring in the northern hemisphere, with the 14th corresponding to a full moon. By the 2nd century, many Christians had chosen to observe Easter only on a Sunday. The Hebrew calendar does not have a simple relationship with the Christian calendars: it resynchronizes with the solar year by intercalating a leap month every two or three years, before the lunar new year on 1 Nisan. Later Jews adopted the Metonic cycle to predict future intercalations. A possible consequence of this intercalation is that 14 Nisan could occur before the equinox, which some third-century Christians considered unacceptable (this cannot happen in the fixed calendar in use today). Consequently, it was decided to separate the dating of Easter from the Hebrew calendar, by identifying the first full moon following the March equinox. By the",
"title": "Date of Easter"
},
{
"docid": "3278310",
"text": "The Nanakshahi (, pronunciation: [naːnakʃaːɦiː]) calendar is a tropical solar calendar used in Sikhism. It is based on the \"Barah Maha\" (Twelve Months), a composition composed by the Sikh gurus reflecting the changes in nature conveyed in the twelve-month cycle of the year. The year begins with the month of Chet, with 1 Chet corresponding to 14 March. The reference epoch of the Nanakshahi calendar is the birth of Guru Nanak Dev, corresponding to the year 1469 CE. Etymology The Nanakshahi Calendar is named after the founder of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak Dev Ji. History Sikhs have traditionally recognised two eras and luni-solar calendars: the Nanakshahi and Khalsa. Traditionally, both these calendars closely followed the Bikrami calendar with the Nanakshahi year beginning on Katak Pooranmashi (full moon) and the Khalsa year commencing with Vaisakhi. The methods for calculating the beginning of the Khalsa era were based on the Bikrami calendar. The year length was also the same as the Bikrami solar year. According to Steel (2000), (since the calendar was based on the Bikrami), the calendar has twelve lunar months that are determined by the lunar phase, but thirteen months in leap years which occur every 2–3 years in the Bikrami calendar to sync the lunar calendar with its solar counterpart. Kay (2011) abbreviates the Khalsa Era as KE. References to the Nanakshahi Era have been made in historic documents. Banda Singh Bahadur adopted the Nanakshahi calendar in 1710 CE after his victory in Sirhind (12 May 1710 CE) according to which the year 1710 CE became Nanakshahi 241. However, Singh (2008) states the date of the victory as 14 May 1710 CE. According to Dilgeer (1997), Banda \"continued adopting the months and the days of the months according to the Bikrami calendar\". Banda Singh Bahadur also minted new coins also called Nanakshahi. Herrli (1993) states that \"Banda is supposed to have dated his coins according to his new calendar. Although Banda may have proclaimed this era, it cannot be traced in contemporary documents and does not seem to have been actually used for dating\". According to The Panjab Past and Present (1993), it is Gian Singh who \"is the first to use Nanak Shahi Samvats along with those of Bikrami Samvats\" in the Twarikh Guru Khalsa. According to Singha (1996), Gian Singh was a Punjabi author born in 1822. Gian Singh wrote the Twarikh Guru Khalsa in 1891. The revised Nanakshahi calendar was designed by Pal Singh Purewal to replace the Bikrami calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Nanak Dev in 1469 and the Nanakshahi year commences on 1 Chet. New Year's Day falls annually on what is 14 March in the Gregorian Western calendar. The start of each month is fixed. According to Kapel (2006), the solar accuracy of the Nanakshahi calendar is linked to the Gregorian civil calendar. This is because the Nanaskhahi calendar uses the tropical year instead of using the sidereal year which is used in",
"title": "Nanakshahi calendar"
},
{
"docid": "38642",
"text": "As of March 1 (O.S. February 19), where the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 (O.S. February 17), 1800. In Sweden, the year started in the Julian calendar and remained so until February 28. Then, by skipping the leap day, the Swedish calendar was introduced, letting February 28 be followed by March 1, giving the entire year the same pattern as a common year starting on Monday. This calendar, being ten days behind the Gregorian and one day ahead of the Julian, lasts until 1712. Events January–March January 1 – Protestant nations in Western Europe, except England, start using the Gregorian calendar. Catholic nations have been using the Gregorian calendar since its introduction in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. January 1 (Julian) (January 11, Gregorian) – The Tsardom of Russia begins numbering its calendar from the birth of Christ (Anno Domini), instead of since the Creation (Anno Mundi). January 26 – At approximately 9 p.m., the Cascadia earthquake occurs in the Pacific Northwest, with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptures about of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and causes a tsunami, that strikes the coast of Japan approximately 10 hours later. February 3 – The 'Lesser Great Fire' destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland. February 12 – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the \"Swedish Meteor\". February 27 – The island of New Britain is discovered by William Dampier, in the western Pacific. March 1 (Gregorian) – Protestant Germany and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar. March 1 (Swedish), March 11 (Gregorian), February 29 (Julian) – The Swedish calendar is adopted. March (early) – William Congreve's comedy The Way of the World is first performed in London. March 3 – Shivaji II accedes to the throne of the Maratha Empire as the 4th Chhatrapati after his father Rajaram I's death. March 24 – The Treaty of London is signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic. April–June April 15 – The coronation of King Frederick IV of Denmark takes place at Frederiksborg Castle in Copenhagen. April 18 – Hungarian freedom activist Ferenc Rákóczi is arrested by Austrian authorities and charged with sedition. Imprisoned near Vienna and facing a death sentence, he escapes and later leads the overthrow of the Habsburg control of Hungary. April 21 – In India, the siege of the fortress of Sajjangad (located in the Maharashtra state) is begun by an army led by Fateullahakhan. The",
"title": "1700"
},
{
"docid": "33835",
"text": "The World Calendar is a proposed reform of the Gregorian calendar created by Elisabeth Achelis of Brooklyn, New York in 1930. Features The World Calendar is a 12-month, perennial calendar with equal quarters. Each quarter begins on a Sunday and ends on a Saturday. The quarters are equal: each has exactly 91 days, 13 weeks, or 3 months. The three months in each quarter have 31, 30, and 30 days respectively. Each quarter begins with the 31-day months of January, April, July, or October. The World Calendar also has the following two additional days to maintain the same new year days as the Gregorian calendar. Worldsday The last day of the year following Saturday 30 December. This additional day is dated \"W\" and named Worldsday, a year-end world holiday. It is followed by Sunday, 1 January in the new year. Leapyear Day This day is similarly added at the end of the second quarter in leap years. It is also dated \"W\" and named Leapyear Day. It is followed by Sunday, 1 July within the same year. The World Calendar treats Worldsday and Leapyear Day as a 24-hour waiting period before resuming the calendar again. These off-calendar days, also known as \"intercalary days\", are not assigned weekday designations. They are intended to be treated as holidays. Because any three-month sequence repeats with the same arrangement of days, the World Calendar can be expressed concisely: Background and history The World Calendar has its roots in the proposed calendar of the Abbot Marco Mastrofini, a proposal to reform the Gregorian calendar year so that it would always begin on Sunday, 1 January, and would contain equal quarters of 91 days each. The 365th day of the solar cycle would be a year-end, \"intercalary\" and optionally holiday. In leap years, a second \"intercalary day\" follows Saturday, 30 June. Around 1887 French astronomer Gaston Armelin proposed a calendar based on this idea and roughly identical to the World Calendar. Elisabeth Achelis founded The World Calendar Association (TWCA) in 1930 with the goal of worldwide adoption of the World Calendar. It functioned for most of the next twenty-five years as The World Calendar Association, Inc. Throughout the 1930s, support for the concept grew in the League of Nations, the precursor of the United Nations. Achelis started the Journal of Calendar Reform in 1931, publishing it for twenty-five years, and wrote five books on the calendar concept. Following World War II, Achelis solicited worldwide support for the World Calendar. As the movement gained international appeal with legislation introduced in the United States Congress, awaiting international decisions, Achelis accepted advice that the United Nations was the proper body to act on calendar reform. At the United Nations in 1955, the United States significantly delayed universal adoption by withholding support \"unless such a reform were favoured by a substantial majority of the citizens of the United States acting through their representatives in the Congress of the United States.\" Also, Achelis wrote in 1955 (JCR Vol. 25, page 169),",
"title": "World Calendar"
},
{
"docid": "23698",
"text": "The International Fixed Calendar (also known as the IFC, Cotsworth plan, the Cotsworth calendar and the Eastman plan) is a proposed calendar reform designed by Moses B. Cotsworth, first presented in 1902. The International Fixed Calendar divides the year into 13 months of 28 days each. A type of perennial calendar, every date is fixed to the same weekday every year. Though it was never officially adopted at the country level, the entrepreneur George Eastman instituted its use at the Eastman Kodak Company in 1928, where it was used until 1989. While it is sometimes described as the 13-month calendar or the equal-month calendar, various alternative calendar designs share these features. Rules The calendar year has 13 months with 28 days each, divided into exactly 4 weeks (13 × 28 = 364). An extra day added as a holiday at the end of the year (after December 28, i.e. equal to December 31 Gregorian), sometimes called \"Year Day\", does not belong to any week and brings the total to 365 days. Each year coincides with the corresponding Gregorian year, so January 1 in the Cotsworth calendar always falls on Gregorian January 1. Twelve months are named and ordered the same as those of the Gregorian calendar, except that the extra month is inserted between June and July, and called Sol. Situated in mid-summer (from the point of view of its Northern Hemisphere authors) and including the mid-year solstice, the name of the new month was chosen in homage to the sun. Leap years in the International Fixed Calendar contain 366 days, and its occurrence follows the Gregorian rule. There is a leap year in every year whose number is divisible by 4, but not if the year number is divisible by 100, unless it is also divisible by 400. So although the year 2000 was a leap year, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 were common years. The International Fixed Calendar inserts the extra day in leap years as June 29 - between Saturday June 28 and Sunday Sol 1. Each month begins on a Sunday, and ends on a Saturday; consequently, every year begins on Sunday. Neither Year Day nor Leap Day are considered to be part of any week; they are preceded by a Saturday and are followed by a Sunday, making a long weekend. As a result, a particular day usually has a different day of the week in the IFC than in all traditional calendars that contain a seven-day week. The IFC is, however, almost compatible with the World Calendar in this regard, because it also starts Sunday and has the extra day at the end of the year and the leap day in the middle, except IFC leaps on Gregorian June 17 and TWC leaps two weeks later on July 1. Since this break of the ancient week cycle has been a major concern raised against its adoption, various leap week calendars have been proposed as a solution. * The two special dates have been",
"title": "International Fixed Calendar"
},
{
"docid": "9746888",
"text": "The Romanian calendar is the Gregorian, adopted in 1919. However, the traditional Romanian calendar has its own names for the months. In modern Romania and Moldova, the Gregorian calendar is exclusively used for business and government transactions and predominates in popular use as well. Nevertheless, the traditional names of the months do appear in some contexts, for instance on ecclesiastical calendars produced by the Romanian Orthodox Church. History Romania adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1 April 1919, which became 14 April 1919. In 2019, the National Bank of Romania released a commemorative coin of 10 silver lei to celebrate the centenary of Romania's adoption of the calendar. Traditional month names All the traditional names of the months are of Latin origin, which indicates that their use predates the Slavic contact around the 8th century. Six months have their names derived from characteristics of the months. Five are derived from the Latin names now used in the Gregorian calendar (and earlier in the Julian calendar). However, each of these has a folk etymology and an additional meaning. The last month, December, derives its name from that of Saint Andrew. See also Gregorian calendar Slavic calendar Lithuanian calendar French Republican calendar References Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române, Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică \"Iorgu Iordan\", Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 1998 Culture of Romania Culture of Moldova Months",
"title": "Romanian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "206356",
"text": "The Baháʼí calendar used in the Baháʼí Faith is a solar calendar consisting of nineteen months and four or five intercalary days, with new year at the moment of Northern spring equinox. Each month is named after a virtue (e.g., Perfection, Mercy), as are the days of the week. The first year is dated from 1844 CE, the year in which the Báb began teaching. Years on the calendar are annotated with the date notation of BE (Baháʼí Era). The Baháʼí year BE {{#ifexpr: <79 |will start|started}} on March . History The Baháʼí calendar started from the original Badíʿ calendar, created by the Báb in the Kitabu'l-Asmáʼ and the Persian Bayán (5:3) in the 1840s. An early version of the calendar began to be implemented during his time. It used a scheme of nineteen months of nineteen days, with the product of 361 days, plus intercalary days to make the calendar a solar calendar. The first day of the early implementation of the calendar year was Nowruz, while the intercalary days were assigned differently than the later Baháʼí implementation. The calendar contains many symbolic meanings and allusions including connections to prophecies of the Báb about the next Manifestation of God termed He whom God shall make manifest. Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, who claimed to be the one prophesied by the Báb, confirmed and adopted this calendar. Around 1870, he instructed Nabíl-i-Aʻzam, the author of The Dawn-Breakers, to write an overview of the Badíʿ calendar. In the Kitáb-i-Aqdas (1873) Baháʼu'lláh made Naw-Rúz the first day of the year, and also clarified the position of the Intercalary days to immediately precede the last month. Baháʼu'lláh set Naw-Rúz to the day on which the sun passes into the constellation Aries. Baháʼís interpret this formula as a specification of the vernal equinox, though where that should be determined was not defined. The calendar was first implemented in the West in 1907. The Baháʼí scriptures left some issues regarding the implementation of the Badíʿ calendar to be resolved by the Universal House of Justice before the calendar can be observed uniformly worldwide. On 10 July 2014 the Universal House of Justice announced provisions that will enable the common implementation of the Badíʿ calendar worldwide, beginning at sunset 20 March 2015, coinciding with the completion of the ninth cycle of the calendar (see below). Before that time, the Baháʼí calendar was synchronized to the Gregorian calendar by starting the year at sunset on March 20, regardless of when the vernal equinox technically occurs, meaning that the extra day of a leap year occurred simultaneously in both calendars. The intercalary days always stretched from 26 February to 1 March, automatically including the Gregorian leap day so that there were four intercalary days in a regular year, and five in a Gregorian leap year. The Universal House of Justice selected Tehran, the birthplace of Baháʼu'lláh, as the location at which the time and date of the vernal equinox is to be determined according to astronomical",
"title": "Baháʼí calendar"
},
{
"docid": "31693642",
"text": "Jan Latosz or Jan Latoszyński (1539–1608) was a Polish scholar, astronomer, astrologist and physician. A professor at the Cracow Academy, he is best known for his staunch criticism of the papal calendar reform, for which he was deposed of his post. He fled to Ostróg, where he became the personal physician to Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski and a professor at the Ostrog Academy. Biography Born in or around 1539, Latosz entered the Cracow Academy some time in mid-16th century. Initially he had trouble achieving the degree of magister, the fact which some authors attribute to his personal animosities. Eventually however he became the member of the academy and rose to prominence, eventually owning a large tenement house at Szewska Street, half of the profit from which he spent for charity. As an astronomer, Latosz was a follower of Copernicus. He published numerous works mostly based on Copernican theory, most of which either did not survive to our time or are known only from single copies held in Jagiellonian University's library. Among them were a treatise Poprawa kalenarza (now lost, possibly written in Latin), as well as Kometa (Comet, published in 1596) and . Most of those were already considered lost by 1814. Latosz was also an astrologist, trying to use Copernican theory to predict future (including the end of the world) in a book titled Prognosticon. Calendar reform Latosz was one of the people tasked with commenting Pope Gregory XIII's Gregorian calendar reform when it was proposed to all major European universities in 1581. While most of the academy approved of the reform plan, Latosz presented a different solution through his old acquaintance Alberto Cardinal Bolognetti, former Papal nuncio to Poland in the times of king Stephen Bathory. His design was declared incompatible with the rulings of ecumenical councils and instead the pope adopted a different solution to the leap year problem. This sparked a series of events as Latosz believed his solution was much more complete and astronomically correct than the solution adopted by all Catholic states of Europe. At the same time Protestant states criticised the calendar reform, mostly because it was proposed by papacy rather than the Holy Roman Emperor or any other lay authority. Because of that Latosz was associated with Protestants in a country ruled by ultra-Catholic monarch Sigismund III Vasa. In addition to that, the calendar question in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth became strongly linked to the struggle between Catholic, Uniate and Orthodox magnates, the latter arguing against the reform for reasons of tradition. Latosz argued in numerous pamphlets and books that the Catholic church in its new calendar missed a couple of minutes every year, which made the new calendar worse instead of improving it. Fearing reprisals against the academy, under insistence of the bishop of Cracow Bernard Maciejowski, the rector deposed Latosz of his post. Later life Latosz moved to Ostrog, where he became the personal physician to Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, one of the most influential people in eastern Poland of the",
"title": "Jan Latosz"
},
{
"docid": "22862916",
"text": "The Juche calendar, named after the Juche ideology, is the system of year-numbering used in North Korea. It begins with the birth of Kim Il Sung, the founder of North Korea. His birth year, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, is \"Juche 1\" in the Juche calendar. The calendar was adopted in 1997, three years after the death of Kim Il Sung. History The calendar borrows elements from two historical calendars used in Korea, the traditional system of Korean era names and the Gregorian calendar in which years are tied to the traditional birth of Jesus. In contrast to these two, the Juche calendar begins with the birth of the founder of the Democratic People's Republic, Kim Il Sung. The decree on the Juche calendar was adopted on 8 July 1997, on the third anniversary of the death of Kim Il Sung. The same decree also designated the birth anniversary of Kim Il Sung as the Day of the Sun. The birth year of Kim Il Sung, 1912 in the Gregorian calendar, became \"Juche 1\" in the Juche calendar. The calendar began to be implemented on 9 September 1997, the Day of the Foundation of the Republic. On that date, newspapers, news agencies, radio stations, public transport, and birth certificates began to use Juche years. Usage The year 1912 is \"Juche 1\" in the Juche calendar. There are no \"before Juche\" years; years before 1912 are given numbers based on the Gregorian calendar only. Ranges of years that begin before 1912 and end after it are also given in Christian calendar numbers only. Any other years after 1912 will be given in either Juche years only, or in Juche years and the corresponding year in the Christian calendar in parentheses. In material pertaining to relations with foreign countries, \"the Juche Era and the Christian Era may be used on the principles of independence, equality and reciprocity.\" The Juche calendar is a popular souvenir among tourists visiting North Korea. Examples See also Public holidays in North Korea The year numbers of the Republic of China calendar, currently used in Taiwan, match those of the Juche calendar. The years in Japan's Taishō era (30 July 1912 to 25 December 1926) coincided with those of the Juche calendar. References External links Example of \"Juche 103 (2014)\" from Pyongyang University of Science and Technology 1997 introductions Culture of North Korea Calendars Modified Gregorian calendars 1997 establishments in North Korea",
"title": "Juche calendar"
},
{
"docid": "20839575",
"text": "A century leap year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar that is evenly divisible by 400. Like all leap years, it has an extra day in February for a total of 366 days instead of 365. In the obsolete Julian calendar, all years that were divisible by 4, including end-of-century years, were considered leap years. The Julian rule, however, adds too many leap days (about 3 extra leap days in 400 years), which resulted in the calendar drifting gradually with respect to the astronomical seasons. To remedy this, Pope Gregory XIII introduced in 1582 a slightly modified version of the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar, where century years are leap years only if they are divisible by 400. This eliminates 3 of the 4 end-of-century years in a 400-year period. For example, the years 1600, 2000, 2400, and 2800 are century leap years since those numbers are evenly divisible by 400, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900, and 3000 are common years despite being evenly divisible by 4. This scheme brings the average length of the calendar year significantly closer to the astronomical length of the year, nearly eliminating the drift of the calendar against the seasons. The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582, but was adopted by various countries at different times over several centuries. Dates prior to 1582 are generally recorded using the Julian calendar, and different countries have different conventions about how to record dates between 1582 and their adoption of the Gregorian calendar. Consequently, for example, the year 1700 was a leap year in the British and Russian empires but not in most of the rest of Europe; 1800 and 1900 were still leap years in the Russian empire but not generally elsewhere. Notes References External links An Introduction to Calendars courtesy of the United States Naval Observatory Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars History of Gregorian Calendar Units of time Calendars Gregorian calendar Leap years in the Gregorian calendar sv:Sekelskottår",
"title": "Century leap year"
},
{
"docid": "201400",
"text": "The Hindu calendar, also called Panchanga (), is one of various lunisolar calendars that are traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with further regional variations for social and Hindu religious purposes. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping based on sidereal year for solar cycle and adjustment of lunar cycles in every three years, but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start. Of the various regional calendars, the most studied and known Hindu calendars are the Shalivahana Shaka (Based on the King Shalivahana, also the Indian national calendar) found in the Deccan region of Southern India and the Vikram Samvat (Bikrami) found in Nepal and the North and Central regions of India – both of which emphasize the lunar cycle. Their new year starts in spring. In regions such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala, the solar cycle is emphasized and this is called the Tamil calendar (though Tamil Calendar uses month names like in Hindu Calendar) and Malayalam calendar and these have origins in the second half of the 1st millennium CE. A Hindu calendar is sometimes referred to as Panchangam (पञ्चाङ्गम्), which is also known as Panjika in Eastern India. The ancient Hindu calendar conceptual design is also found in the Hebrew calendar, the Chinese calendar, and the Babylonian calendar, but different from the Gregorian calendar. Unlike the Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to the month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles (354 lunar days) and approximately 365 solar days, the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month, but inserts an extra full month, once every 32–33 months, to ensure that the festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season. The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since Vedic times, and remain in use by the Hindus all over the world, particularly to set Hindu festival dates. Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Vedic calendar, later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system. The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. Similarly, the ancient Jain traditions have followed the same lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals, texts and inscriptions. However, the Buddhist and Jain timekeeping systems have attempted to use the Buddha and the Mahavira's lifetimes as their reference points. The Hindu calendar is also important to the practice of Hindu astrology and zodiac system. It is also employed for observing the auspicious days of deities and occasions of fasting, such as Ekadashi. Origins The Vedic culture developed a sophisticated time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals, and timekeeping as well as the nature of solar and Moon movements are mentioned in Vedic texts. For example, Kaushitaki Brahmana chapter 19.3",
"title": "Hindu calendar"
},
{
"docid": "11323667",
"text": "The Arabic names of the months of the Gregorian calendar are usually phonetic Arabic pronunciations of the corresponding month names used in European languages. An exception is the Syriac calendar used in Iraq and the Levant, whose month names are inherited via Classical Arabic from the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars and correspond to roughly the same time of year. Though the lunar Hijri calendar and solar Hijri calendar are prominent in the Mideast, the Gregorian calendar is and has been used in nearly all the countries of the Arab world, in many places long before European occupation. All Arab states use the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. The names of the Gregorian months as used in Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen are widely regarded as standard across the Arab world, although their Classical Arabic names are often used alongside them. In other Arab countries, some modification or actual changes in naming or pronunciation of months are observed. Iraq and the Levant These names are used primarily in Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, as well as by Arab citizens of Israel. Classical Arabic inherited the names from the Babylonian and Hebrew calendars, which are lunisolar. Although the Arabic names are cognate, they do not refer to the lunar months, as when the names are used in their original Babylonian or Hebrew context (indeed, the names of the Gregorian months in Hebrew are based on the German names of the Gregorian months, rather than the months of the Babylonian and Hebrew Calendars.) Nine of these names were used in the Ottoman Turkish calendar, of which five remain in use in the modern Turkish calendar. Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Eastern Arabia The names of the Gregorian months in Egypt, Sudan and Eastern Arabia are based on the old Latin names. Libya (1969–2011) The names of months used in the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) were derived from various sources, and were assembled after Muammar Gaddafi's seizure of power in 1969 and abolished in 2011 after the 17 February Revolution. The decision of changing calendar names was adopted in June 1986. The Libyan calendar, which followed the same sequence of renamed Gregorian months, counted the years from the death of Muhammad. This reckoning was therefore ten years behind the Solar Hijri calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan. Algeria and Tunisia The names of the Gregorian months in Algeria and Tunisia are based on the French names of the months, reflecting France's long colonisation of these countries (1830–1962 in Algeria; 1881–1956 in Tunisia). Morocco As Morocco was long part of the Roman Empire, the long-standing agricultural Berber calendar of the country preserves the Julian calendar and (in modified form) the names of its months. There are regional variations of the Berber calendar, since some communities did not recognise the Julian 29 February in century years where the Gregorian calendar had no equivalent date. When Morocco adopted the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes, the names of the months were taken from this local",
"title": "Arabic names of Gregorian months"
},
{
"docid": "3070171",
"text": "On 10 August 2002, the government of Turkmenistan adopted a law to rename all the months and most of the days of the week. The names were chosen according to Turkmen national symbols, as described in the Ruhnama, a book written by Saparmurat Niyazov, Turkmenistan's first and only president for life. According to Arto Halonen's documentary film The Shadow of the Holy Book, Turkish businessman Ahmet Çalık came up with the idea to rename the months, as he was trying to befriend Niyazov to expand his business in the country. After the law was passed the new names were used in all Turkmen state-owned media. Publications in languages other than Turkmen often use the new names too, especially those that were targeted at Russian-speaking citizens of Turkmenistan, with the old name sometimes written in brackets. The old month names were still used in popular speech, however. Four years after the change, Niyazov died in 2006. On 23 April 2008 it was reported that the cabinet of ministers of Turkmenistan discussed restoring the old names of the months and days of week. The old names were restored in July 2008. The original Roman calendar month names were borrowed from Russian. The adopted Turkmen month names were as follows: The original names of the days of the week come from Persian. The adopted names were as follows: See also Gregorian calendar References External links The months of the Gregorian (Christian) calendar in various languages The days of the week in various languages Бердымухамедов велел вернуть старый календарь, Аркадий Дубнов, gundogar.org, 2008-04-25 Culture of Turkmenistan Languages of Turkmenistan Specific calendars Saparmurat Niyazov Names of units of time Renaming of Turkmen months and days of week Months Days of the week",
"title": "2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week"
},
{
"docid": "180861",
"text": "The Soviet calendar was a modified Gregorian calendar that was used in Soviet Russia between 1918 and 1940. Several variations were used during that time. The Gregorian calendar, under the name \"Western European calendar\", was implemented in Soviet Russia in February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of . As many as nine national holidays (paid days of rest) were implemented in the following decade, but four were eliminated or merged on , leaving only five national holidays: 22January, 1–2May, and 7–8November until 1951, when 22January reverted to a normal day. During the summer of 1929, five-day continuous work weeks were implemented in factories, government offices, and commercial enterprises, but not collective farms. One of the five days was randomly assigned to each worker as their day of rest, without regard to the rest days assigned to their family members or friends. These five-day work weeks continued throughout the Gregorian year, interrupted only by the five national holidays. While the five-day week was used for scheduling work, the Gregorian calendar and its seven-day week were used for all other purposes. During the summer of 1931, six-day interrupted work weeks were implemented for most workers, with a common day of rest for all workers interrupting their work weeks. Five six-day work weeks were assigned to each Gregorian month, more or less, with the five national holidays converting normal work days into days of rest. On five- and six-day work weeks were abandoned in favor of seven-day work weeks. History Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar was implemented in Russia on by dropping the Julian dates of pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree signed (Julian) by Vladimir Lenin. The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date until All surviving examples of physical calendars from show the irregular month lengths of the Gregorian calendar (such as those displayed here). Most calendars displayed all the days of a Gregorian year as a grid with seven rows or columns for the traditional seven-day week with Sunday (Воскресенье; \"Resurrection\") first. The 1931 pocket calendar displayed here is a rare example that excluded the five national holidays, enabling the remaining 360 days of the Gregorian year to be displayed as a grid with five rows labeled for each day of the five-day week. Even it had the full Gregorian calendar on the other side. Work weeks During the second half of May 1929, Yuri Larin (Юрий Ларин, 1882–1932) proposed a continuous production week (nepreryvnaya rabochaya nedelya = nepreryvka) to the Fifth Congress of Soviets of the Union, but so little attention was paid to his suggestion that the president of the Congress did not even mention it in his final speech. By the beginning of , Larin had won the approval of Joseph Stalin, prompting all newspapers to praise the idea. The change was advantageous to the anti-religious movement, as Sundays and religious holidays became working days. On the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR directed its efficiency experts to",
"title": "Soviet calendar"
},
{
"docid": "15290",
"text": "Intercalation or embolism in timekeeping is the insertion of a leap day, week, or month into some calendar years to make the calendar follow the seasons or moon phases. Lunisolar calendars may require intercalations of days or months. Solar calendars The solar or tropical year does not have a whole number of days (it is about 365.24 days), but a calendar year must have a whole number of days. The most common way to reconcile the two is to vary the number of days in the calendar year. In solar calendars, this is done by adding an extra day (\"leap day\" or \"intercalary day\") to a common year of 365 days, about once every four years, creating a leap year that has 366 days (Julian, Gregorian and Indian national calendars). The Decree of Canopus, issued by the pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes of Ancient Egypt in 239 BCE, decreed a solar leap day system; an Egyptian leap year was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus instituted a reformed Alexandrian calendar. In the Julian calendar, as well as in the Gregorian calendar, which improved upon it, intercalation is done by adding an extra day to February in each leap year. In the Julian calendar this was done every four years. In the Gregorian, years divisible by 100 but not 400 were exempted in order to improve accuracy. Thus, 2000 was a leap year; 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not. Epagomenal days are days within a solar calendar that are outside any regular month. Usually five epagomenal days are included within every year (Egyptian, Coptic, Ethiopian, Mayan Haab' and French Republican Calendars), but a sixth epagomenal day is intercalated every four years in some (Coptic, Ethiopian and French Republican calendars). The Solar Hijri calendar, used in Iran, is based on solar calculations and is similar to the Gregorian calendar in its structure, and hence the intercalation, with the exception that its epoch the Hijrah. The Bahá'í calendar includes enough epagomenal days (usually 4 or 5) before the last month (, ʿalāʾ) to ensure that the following year starts on the March equinox. These are known as the Ayyám-i-Há. Lunisolar calendars The solar year does not have a whole number of lunar months (it is about 365/29.5 = 12.37 lunations), so a lunisolar calendar must have a variable number of months per year. Regular years have 12 months, but embolismic years insert a 13th \"intercalary\" or \"leap\" month or \"embolismic\" month every second or third year. Whether to insert an intercalary month in a given year may be determined using regular cycles such as the 19-year Metonic cycle (Hebrew calendar and in the determination of Easter) or using calculations of lunar phases (Hindu lunisolar and Chinese calendars). The Buddhist calendar adds both an intercalary day and month on a usually regular cycle. Lunar calendars In principle, lunar calendars do not employ intercalation because they do not seek to synchronise with the seasons, and the motion of the moon is astronomically",
"title": "Intercalation (timekeeping)"
},
{
"docid": "5203039",
"text": "The Armenian calendar is the calendar traditionally used in Armenia, primarily during the medieval ages. The Armenian calendar is based on an invariant year length of 365 days. Because a solar year is about 365.25 days and not 365 days, the correspondence between the Armenian calendar and both the solar year and the Julian calendar slowly drifted over time, shifting across a year of the Julian calendar once in 1,461 calendar years (see Sothic cycle). Thus, the Armenian year 1461 (Gregorian & Julian 2011) completed the first Sothic cycle, and the Armenian Calendar was one year off. In A.D. 352, tables compiled by Andreas of Byzantium were introduced in Armenia to determine the religious holidays. When those tables exhausted on 11 July 552 (Julian Calendar), the Armenian calendar was introduced. Year 1 of the Armenian calendar began on 11 July 552 of the Julian calendar. The calendar was adopted at the Second Council of Dvin. Armenian year 1462 (the first year of the second cycle) began on 11 July 2012 of the Julian calendar (24 July 2012 of the Gregorian calendar). An analytical expression of the Armenian date includes the ancient names of days of the week, Christian names of the days of the week, days of the month, Date/Month/Year number after 552 A.D., and the religious feasts. The Armenian calendar is divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus an additional (epagomenal) five days, called aweleacʿ (\"superfluous\"). Years in the Armenian era are usually given in Armenian numerals (written in Armenian letters) preceded by the abbreviation , for (, meaning \"in the year\"). For example, , which means \"the year 1455.\" Another prefix is , standing for ( \"in the Armenian year\"). Months The Armenian month names show influence of the Zoroastrian calendar and Kartvelian influence in two cases (2nd and 3rd months). There are different systems for transliterating the names; the forms below are transliterated according to the Hübschmann-Meillet-Benveniste system: Days of the month The Armenian calendar gives the days of the month names instead of numbering them – something also found in the Avestan calendars. Zoroastrian influence is evident in five names: Holidays Per Armenian law, 12 days are declared as non-working days. Non-working days include: See also Public holidays in Armenia Armenian numerals Calendar of saints (Armenian Apostolic Church) Tabarian calendar Georgian calendar Iranian calendar Zoroastrian calendar :hy:Հայկյան տոմար References External links The Haik calendar (Origin of the Armenian calendar). Armenian/Gregorian date converter Literature V. Bănăţeanu, \"Le calendrier arménien et les anciens noms des mois\", in: Studia et Acta Orientalia 10, 1980, pp. 33–46 Edouard Dulaurier, Recherches sur la chronologie arménienne technique et historique (1859), 2001 reprint . Jost Gippert, Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems in The Annual of The Society for The Study of Caucasia\", 1, 1989, 3-12.Jost Gippert: Old Armenian and Caucasian Calendar Systems [I]: Frame Louis H. Gray, On Certain Persian and Armenian Month-Names as Influenced by the Avesta Calendar, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1907) P'. Ingoroq'va, \"Jvel-kartuli c'armartuli",
"title": "Armenian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "68723848",
"text": "A century common year is a common year in the Gregorian calendar that is divisible by 100 but not by 400. Like all common years, these years do not get an extra day in February, meaning they have 365 days instead of 366. These years are the only common years that are divisible by 4. In the obsolete Julian Calendar, all years that were divisible by 4 were leap years, meaning no century years could be common years. However, this rule adds too many leap days, resulting in the calendar drifting with respect to the seasons, which is the same thing that would happen if there were no leap years at all. So, in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced a slightly modified version of the Julian Calendar, the Gregorian Calendar, where century years would not be leap years if they are not divisible by 400. Therefore, 1700 is the first century year in the Gregorian Calendar being a common year. The years 1800 and 1900 were also century common years, and so will 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900, and 3000. The Gregorian Calendar repeats itself every 400 years, so century common years start on a Friday if the remainder obtained when dividing the year by 400 is 100 (dominical letter C), Wednesday if the remainder is 200 (dominical letter E), and Monday if the remainder is 300 (dominical letter G). This means that century leap years always begin on a Saturday (dominical letter BA). References External links An Introduction to Calendars courtesy of the United States Naval Observatory Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars History of Gregorian Calendar Units of time Calendars Gregorian calendar",
"title": "Century common year"
},
{
"docid": "17781547",
"text": "The Rumi calendar (, , lit. \"Roman calendar\"), a specific calendar based on the Julian calendar, was officially used by the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat (1839) and by its successor, the Republic of Turkey until 1926. It was adopted for civic matters and is a solar based calendar, assigning a date to each solar day. History In the Islamic state of the Ottoman Empire, the religious Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) was in use. In this calendar, months coincide with lunar phases. Because a \"lunar year\" (the combined duration of twelve lunar phases) is shorter than the solar year, the seasons cycle through the lunar months as the solar years pass. \"As a result,\" says the Astronomical Almanac, \"the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through the seasons over a period of about 33 [solar] years\". 1677 Introduction of the Fiscal calendar In 1677, Head Treasurer (, ) Hasan Pasha under Sultan Mehmed IV proposed the correction of financial records by dropping one year (an escape year) every 33 years, resulting from the difference between the lunar Islamic calendar and the solar Julian calendar. In 1740 (1152 AH) during the reign of Sultan Mahmud I, March was adopted as the first month of the fiscal year for the payment of taxes and dealings with government officials instead of Muharram following Treasurer Atıf Efendi's proposal. Proposed by Treasurer Moralı Osman Efendi during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid I, the range of the fiscal calendar applications was extended in 1794 to state expenditures and payments in order to prevent surplus cost arising from the time difference between the Islamic and Julian calendar. 1840 Adoption of the Julian Calendar The Julian calendar, used from 1677 AD on for fiscal matters only, was adopted on March 13, 1840 AD (March 1, 1256 AH), in the frame of Tanzimat reforms shortly after the accession to the throne of Sultan Abdülmecid I, as the official calendar for all civic matters and named \"Rumi calendar\" (literally Roman calendar). The counting of years began with the year 622 AD, when Muhammad and his followers emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the same event marking the start of the Islamic calendar. The months and days of the Julian calendar were used, the year starting in March. However, in 1256 AH the difference between the Hijri and the Gregorian calendars amounted to 584 years. With the change from lunar calendar to solar calendar, the difference between the Rumi calendar and the Julian or Gregorian calendar remained a constant 584 years. 1917 Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Since the Julian to Gregorian calendar changeover was finally being adopted in neighboring countries, the Rumi calendar was realigned to the Gregorian calendar in February 1917, leaving the difference of 584 years unchanged, however. Thus, after February 15, 1332 AH (February 1917 AD), the next day instead of being February 16 suddenly became March 1, 1333 AH (March 1, 1917 AD). The year 1333 AH (1917 AD) was made into a year with only",
"title": "Rumi calendar"
},
{
"docid": "70430237",
"text": "The Council of Constantinople of 1923 was a meeting of representatives of several local Eastern Orthodox Churches held in Constantinople from 10 May to 8 June 1923, convened at the initiative of Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius Metaxakis. In spite of being called by some as the \"Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople of 1923\", or otherwise referred to as \"pan-Orthodox\" or as an \"ecumenical council\", the council is not recognized as an ecumenical council: \"Calling the 1923 Council 'ecumenical' cannot be accepted, since representatives of the Alexandrian, Antiochian, Jerusalem and most of the other Local Churches did not participate in its work.\" The primary topic of the Council of 1923 was calendar reform. The Roman Catholic Church and almost all of Western Europe completed their switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, the current international standard, during the 16th century. Russia, and the rest of the Orthodox world, however, remained on the old calendar until this council. At this council, the Greek Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, and many other branches of the Eastern Orthodox Church adopted the new calendar, which they called \"the new Julian calendar\", which corresponds with the Gregorian calendar until 2800. This council is extremely controversial within Eastern Orthodoxy—it led to many schisms in many autocephalous churches of different Old Calendarist groups. Even academic sources note the controversy of this council. The acts and decisions of this council were first translated into English only in 2006, by the Rev. Dr. Patrick Viscuso. Sources References Constantinople 1923 1923 1923 in Turkey 20th-century Eastern Orthodoxy",
"title": "Council of Constantinople (1923)"
},
{
"docid": "599965",
"text": "Old Calendarists (Greek: palaioimerologitai or palaioimerologites), also known as Old Feasters (palaioeortologitai), Genuine Orthodox Christians or True Orthodox Christians (GOC; ), are traditionalist groups of Eastern Orthodox Christians who separated from mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches because some of the latter adopted the revised Julian calendar while Old Calendarists remained committed to the Julian calendar. Old Calendarists are not in communion with any mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches. \"Old Calendarists\" is another name for the True Orthodox movement in Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Cyprus. Terminology Mainstream Eastern Orthodox Christians which use the old (Julian) calendar are not what is designated by the expression \"Old Calendarist\", because they remain in communion with the Eastern Orthodox churches that use the new calendar (the Revised Julian calendar). Old Calendarists have severed communion with the mainstream Eastern Orthodox which follow the old calendar, because the latter maintained communion with Eastern Orthodox churches which had adopted the revised calendar. Thus, to be \"Old Calendarist\" is not the same thing as only following the old calendar. The Russian Orthodox Church, for instance, is not Old Calendarist, but follows the old (Julian) calendar. History Background Until 1924, the Eastern Orthodox Church universally used the Julian calendar, whereas the Roman Catholic Church, under Pope Gregory XIII, conducted a calendar reform resulting in the Gregorian calendar in 1582. The difference between the two calendars is 13 days between 1900 and 2100. 1923 Congress In May 1923, the Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople, called by Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, adopted the Revised Julian calendar. This new calendar was different to the Julian calendar, and would not diverge from the Gregorian calendar for a further 800 years. The Revised Julian calendar replaced the tabular date of Easter of the Julian calendar with an astronomical date of Easter. The astronomical Easter was unpopular and hardly used at all, and for the purpose of calculating the date of Easter the Julian calendar was restored. Not all Eastern Orthodox churches were represented at the congress or adopted its decisions, and the Russian Orthodox Church and some other Eastern Orthodox churches have continued to use the Julian calendar liturgically to this day. Birth Greece In 1924, the Church of Greece adopted the Revised Julian calendar, also called 'New calendar'. \"At first, resistance to the New Calendar was muted\". The Old Calendarists in Greece were at first a small number of laymen, priests and monks, whose number grew over the years. Before they were joined by bishops, the Old Calendarist movement in Greece was only composed of priests and laypeople, of which \"several hundreds monks from Athos\". In 1935, three bishops of the Church of Greece joined the movement and consecrated four new bishops for the movement. Of those three bishops, Metropolitan of Florina became the leader of the Greek Old Calendarist movement. Of the three bishops who had joined, Chrysostom of Zakynthos soon left the movement after the consecration and went back to the Church of Greece. Of the four bishops consecrated, two joined the Church of",
"title": "Old Calendarists"
},
{
"docid": "34869",
"text": "In the British Empire, it was the only year with 355 days, as September 3–13 were skipped when the Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar. Events January–March January 1 – The British Empire (except Scotland, which had changed New Year's Day to January 1 in 1600) adopts today as the first day of the year as part of adoption of the Gregorian calendar, which is completed in September: today is the first day of the New Year under the terms of last year's Calendar Act of the British Parliament. February 10 – Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the United States, and the first to offer medical treatment to the mentally ill, admits its first patients at a temporary location in Philadelphia. February 23 – Messier 83 (M83), the \"Southern Pinwheel Galaxy\" and the first to be cataloged outside the \"Local Group\" of galaxies nearest to Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way, is discovered by French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille. Lacaille, who observes M83 during a research voyage in the Southern Hemisphere, is the first to identify the body as a nebulous object rather than a star. M83, 15 million light-years away, is the most distant object to be identified up to that time. February 27 – The Virginia Assembly passes a law making maiming a felony, in response to the practice of gouging. February 29 – Alaungpaya, a village chief in Upper Burma, founds the Konbaung Dynasty; by the time of his death 8 years later, he will have unified the whole country. March 14 – Shō Kei, the ruler of Okinawa Island and the Ryukyu Kingdom, dies at the age of 41 after a reign that began when he was 13 years old. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old son, Shō Boku, who reigns for 42 years. March 18 – The electors of the Republic of Venice (which includes not only a large part of northern Italy around the city of Venice, but portions of Eastern Europe along the Adriatic Sea) elect Francesco Loredan as their new executive, the Doge. Loredan's election comes 11 days after the death of the previous Doge, Pietro Grimani, but is not announced until after Easter Sunday. March 23 The Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper, is published. Ava, capital of the Kingdom of Burma, is sacked by Hanthawaddy Kingdom, led by King Binnya Dala. April–June April 6 – Spanish Governor Tomás Vélez Cachupín of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, a province that now comprises most of the American state of New Mexico, begins the first peace negotiations with the indigenous Comanche tribe after inviting tribal representatives to his home in Taos. As a sign of good faith, he unconditionally releases the four Comanche prisoners of war held at Taos. One of the released Comanches reports to his father, Chief Guanacante, about the hospitality extended to him during his imprisonment, and more meetings take place in July and in the autumn. April 12 The Kingdom of Afghanistan, under the rule of Ahmad Shah Durrani, recaptures",
"title": "1752"
},
{
"docid": "21445",
"text": "November is the eleventh and penultimate month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 30 days. November was the ninth month of the calendar of Romulus . November retained its name (from the Latin novem meaning \"nine\") when January and February were added to the Roman calendar. November is a month of late spring in the Southern Hemisphere and late autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. Therefore, November in the Southern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent of May in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. In Ancient Rome, Ludi Plebeii was held from November 4–17, Epulum Jovis was held on November 13 and Brumalia celebrations began on November 24. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. November was referred to as Blōtmōnaþ by the Anglo-Saxons. Brumaire and Frimaire were the months on which November fell in the French Republican calendar. Astronomy November meteor showers include the Andromedids, which occurs from September 25 to December 6 and generally peak around November 9–14, the Leonids, which occurs from November 15–20, the Alpha Monocerotids, which occurs from November 15–25 with the peak on November 21–22, the Northern Taurids, which occurs from October 20 to December 10, and the Southern Taurids, which occurs from September 10 – November 20, and the Phoenicids; which occur from November 29 to December 9 with the peak occurring on December 5–6. The Orionids, which occurs in late October, sometimes lasts into November. Astrology The Western zodiac signs for November are Scorpio (October 23 – November 21) and Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21). Symbols November's birthstone is the topaz (particularly, yellow) which symbolizes friendship and the citrine. Its birth flower is the chrysanthemum. Observances This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance. Non-Gregorian (All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.) List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar List of observances set by the Chinese calendar List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar List of observances set by the Islamic calendar List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar Month-long In Catholic tradition, November is the Month for prayer for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. A November List or November Dead List is sometimes maintained for this purpose. Academic Writing Month Annual Family Reunion Planning Month Lung Cancer Awareness Month Movember National Novel Writing Month No Nut November Trans History Month Pancreatic Cancer Awareness Month (Global) Pulmonary Hypertension Awareness Month Stomach Cancer Awareness Month Dinovember United States Native American Heritage Month COPD Awareness Month Epilepsy Awareness Month Military Family Month National Adoption Month National Alzheimer's Disease Awareness Month National Blog Posting Month National Critical Infrastructure Protection Month National Entrepreneurship Month National Family Caregivers Month National Bone Marrow Donor Awareness Month National Diabetes Month National Homeless Youth Month National Hospice Month National Impaired Driving Prevention Month National Pomegranate Month Prematurity Awareness Month Movable Mitzvah Day International:",
"title": "November"
},
{
"docid": "2764696",
"text": "For exact dates in the Gregorian calendar see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050. Public holidays in Israel are national holidays officially recognized by the Knesset, Israel's parliament. The State of Israel has adopted most traditional religious Jewish holidays as part of its national calendar, while also having established new modern holiday observances since its founding in 1948. Additionally, Christians, Muslims, and Druze have the right to Holiday leave on the holidays of their own religions. Of the religious and modern holidays below, some are bank holidays / national holidays requiring all schools, government institutions, financial sector, and most retailers in Jewish Israeli society to be closed, while other holidays are marked as days of note or memorial remembrances with no breaks in public or private sector activities. As is the case with all religious Jewish holidays, most public holidays in Israel generally begin and end at sundown, and follow the Hebrew calendar. Because of this, most holidays in Israel fall on a different Gregorian calendar date each year, which syncs every 19 years with the Hebrew calendar. Shabbat, the weekly Sabbath day of rest, in Israel begins every Friday evening just before sundown, ending Saturday evening just after sundown. Most of the Israeli workforce, including schools, banks, public transportation, government offices, and retailers within Jewish Israeli society are shut down during these approximately 25 hours, with some non-Jewish retailers and most non-kosher restaurants still open. Table Jewish, Christian, Druze, and Secular holidays Jewish holidays are defined by the Hebrew calendar. Christian holidays are defined by the Gregorian calendar for Catholics and the Julian calendar for Orthodox. Druze holidays are also defined by the Gregorian calendar, with the sole exception of Eid al-Adha which is also celebrated by Muslims (and therefore defined by the Lunar Hijri calendar). Secular observances which are common to all religions are defined by the Hebrew calendar if they are of a uniquely national nature (such as Yom Ha-Atzmaut), and by the Gregorian calendar if they are of a global or international nature (such as Victory in Europe Day). Because the Hebrew calendar no longer relies on observation but is now governed by precise mathematical rules, it is possible to provide the Gregorian calendar date on which a Hebrew calendar date will fall, and vice-versa. Islamic holidays See also Jewish holidays Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 with Gregorian calendar dates References External links National holidays in Israel (2013) Public Holidays, Israel, World Travel Guide Culture of Israel Israel Society of Israel Holidays",
"title": "Public holidays in Israel"
},
{
"docid": "3659585",
"text": "The Old New Year, or the Orthodox New Year, is an informal traditional holiday, celebrated as the start of the New Year by the Julian calendar. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Old New Year falls on January 14 in the Gregorian calendar. This traditional dating of the New Year is sometimes commonly called \"Orthodox\" because it harks back to a time when governments in Russia and Eastern Europe used the Julian calendar, which is still used by some jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church's liturgical year actually begins in September. By country North Macedonia The holiday in North Macedonia is known as Old New Year () or as Vasilica (), \"St. Basil\". Late on January 13, people gather outside their houses, in the center of their neighborhoods where they start a huge bonfire and drink and eat together. Traditional Macedonian music is sung. For those who stay at home, it is the tradition to eat home-made pita with a coin inside. Whoever finds the coin in their part is said to have luck during the year. Macedonians around the world also celebrate the holiday, especially in Australia, Canada, and the United States where Macedonian Orthodox Church has adherents. Russia Although the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic officially adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, the Russian Orthodox Church continued to use the Julian calendar. The New Year became a holiday that is celebrated by both calendars. As in most countries which use the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day in Russia is a public holiday celebrated on January 1. On that day, joyous entertainment, fireworks, elaborate and often large meals and other festivities are common. The holiday is interesting as it combines secular traditions of bringing in the New Year with the Christian Orthodox Christmastide customs, such as Rozhdestvo. The New Year by the Julian calendar is still informally observed, and the tradition of celebrating the coming of the New Year twice is widely enjoyed: January 1 (New New Year) and January 14 (Old New Year). Usually not as festive as the New New Year, for many this is a nostalgic family holiday ending the New Year holiday cycle (which includes Eastern Orthodox Christmas on January 7) with traditional large meals, singing and celebratory drinking. Scotland In Scotland the Old New Year has traditionally been held on 12 January. In the first half of the 20th century, large segments of the Scottish Gaelic community still observed the feast and today, it is still marked in South Uist and Eriskay as Oidhche Challaig and as Oidhche Challainn in Glenfinnan. Also in Scotland, the coastal town of Burghead in Morayshire celebrates the eve of the Old New Year with \"The Burning o' the Clavie\". Old New Year is the 12th of January in this district as well. Serbia The Old New Year in Serbia and among Serbs is commonly called the Serbian New Year (), and sometimes the Orthodox New Year () and rarely Julian New Year ().",
"title": "Old New Year"
},
{
"docid": "34868",
"text": "1582 (MDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. This year saw the beginning of the Gregorian calendar switch, when the papal bull Inter gravissimas introduced the Gregorian calendar, adopted by Spain, Portugal, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and most of present-day Italy from the start. In these countries, the year continued as normal through Thursday, October 4; the next day became Friday, October 15, like a common year starting on Friday. France followed two months later, letting Sunday, December 9 be followed by Monday, December 20. Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years, and the complete conversion to the Gregorian calendar was not entirely done until 1923. Events January–March January 2 – University of Würzburg is refounded. January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. February 10 – François, Duke of Anjou, arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed by William the Silent. February 24 – Pope Gregory XIII proclaims the Gregorian Calendar, to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the 6th century and is 10 days off schedule. March 9 – Scryer Edward Kelley arrives at John Dee's house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops the Enochian language. March – The New Testament of the Douai Bible, the translation into English by Father Gregory Martin from Latin of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578. April–June April 2 – 1582 Ancuancu earthquake: Ancuancu (in modern-day La Paz Department, Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak. On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake. April 3 – Battle of Temmokuzan: Unable to reverse the collapse of Takeda clan, Takeda Katsuyori and his household commit suicide. April 14 – King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes the University of Edinburgh. April 16 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina. April 17 – Siege of Takamatsu: In Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi departs from the Himeji Castle in the modern-day Hyōgo Prefecture and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to the Bitchū Province in the modern-day Okayama Prefecture. Along the way, he stops at the Kameyama Castle where he makes a rendezvous with the Ukita clan and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle. May 17 –",
"title": "1582"
},
{
"docid": "26253",
"text": "The Revised Julian calendar, or less formally the new calendar and also known as the Milanković calendar, is a calendar proposed in 1923 by the Serbian scientist Milutin Milanković as a more accurate alternative to both Julian and Gregorian calendars. At the time, the Julian calendar was still in use by all of the Eastern Orthodox Churches and affiliated nations, while the Catholic and Protestant nations were using the Gregorian calendar. Thus, Milanković's aim was to discontinue the divergence between the naming of dates in Eastern and Western churches and nations. It was intended to replace the Julian calendar in Eastern Orthodox Churches and nations. From 1 March 1600 through 28 February 2800, the Revised Julian calendar aligns its dates with the Gregorian calendar, which had been proclaimed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. The Revised Julian calendar has been adopted for ecclesiastical use by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania, the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Cypriot Orthodox Church, the Church of Greece, the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, the Orthodox Church in America, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the Orthodox Church in Japan, and the Eastern Catholic Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. It has not been adopted by the Russian Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Macedonian Orthodox Church, the Georgian Orthodox Church, the Polish Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. It has not been adopted by any nation as an official calendar. Instead, all of the Eastern Orthodox nations have adopted the Gregorian calendar as the official state calendar. The Revised Julian calendar has the same months and month lengths as the Julian and Gregorian calendar, but, in the Revised Julian version, years evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years, except that years with remainders of 200 or 600 when divided by 900 remain leap years, e.g. 2000 and 2400 as in the Gregorian calendar. Implementation Comparison of Revised Julian and Gregoriancalendar century years. (In the original Juliancalendar, every century year is a leap year.) A committee composed of members of the Greek government and Greek Orthodox Church was set up to look into the question of calendar reform. It reported in January 1923. In the end, for civil purposes, the Gregorian calendar was adopted; the changeover went into effect on 16 February/1 March. After the promulgation of the royal decree, the Ecumenical Patriarch, Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople, issued an encyclical on 3 February recommending the calendar's adoption by Orthodox churches. The matter came up for discussion at the Council of Constantinople (1923), which deliberated in May and June. Subsequently, it was adopted by several of the autocephalous Orthodox churches. The synod was chaired by Meletius IV and representatives were present from the churches of Cyprus, Greece, Romania and Serbia. There were no representatives of the other members of the original Orthodox Pentarchy (the Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and",
"title": "Revised Julian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "34594",
"text": "The ceasefire that effectively ended the First World War took place on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of this year. Also in this year, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 50–100 million people worldwide. In Russia, this year runs with only 352 days. As the result of Julian to Gregorian calendar switch, 13 days needed to be skipped. Wednesday, January 31 (Julian Calendar) was immediately followed by Thursday, February 14 (Gregorian Calendar). Events World War I will be abbreviated as “WWI” January January – 1918 flu pandemic: The \"Spanish flu\" (influenza) is first observed in Haskell County, Kansas. January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Soviet Russia, Sweden, Germany and France. January 9 – Battle of Bear Valley: U.S. troops engage Yaqui Native American warriors in a minor skirmish in Arizona, and one of the last battles of the American Indian Wars between the United States and Native Americans. January 15 The keel of is laid in Britain, the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be laid down. The Red Army (The Workers and Peasants Red Army) is formed in the Russian SFSR and Soviet Union. January 18 – The Historic Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans of Austrian and Hungarian Soldiers is held at the Konzerthaus, Vienna. January 19 – The Russian Constituent Assembly proclaims the Russian Democratic Federative Republic but is dissolved by the Bolshevik government on the same day. January 25 – The Ukrainian People's Republic declares independence from Bolshevik Russia. January 27 – The Finnish Civil War begins with the Battle of Kämärä. January 28 – Porvenir massacre: Texas Rangers, U.S. Cavalry soldiers and local ranchers kill 15 unarmed Mexican villagers, both men and boys. February February 1 – Cattaro Mutiny: Austrian sailors in the Gulf of Cattaro (Kotor), led by two Czech Socialists, mutiny. February 3 – Battle of Oulu February 5 – The is torpedoed off the Irish coast; it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk. February 6 – Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom: Representation of the People Act gives most women over 30 the vote. February 10 – Deposed Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II dies in Istanbul. February 13 – A magnitude (Mw) 7.2 earthquake shakes the Chinese city of Shantou leaving 1,000 dead and causing a moderate tsunami. February 14 – Russia switches from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar; the date skips from January 31 to February 14. February 16 – The Council of Lithuania adopts the Act of Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania's independence from Germany, Russia or any other state. February 18 – Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes in Balochistan by British authorities begin. February 19 – WWI: The Capture of Jericho by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the British occupation of the Jordan Valley. February 19–25 – WWI: The Imperial Russian Navy evacuates Tallinn through thick ice, over the Gulf of Finland. February",
"title": "1918"
},
{
"docid": "25776973",
"text": "The list of traditional Turkish units of measurement, a.k.a. Ottoman units of measurement, is given below. History The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), the predecessor of modern Turkey was one of the 17 signatories of the Metre Convention in 1875. For 58 years both the international and the traditional units were in use, but after the proclamation of the Turkish Republic, the traditional units became obsolete. In 1931 by Act No. 1782, international units became compulsory and the traditional units were banned from use starting 1 January 1933. List of units Length Area Volume Weight Volumetric flow Time The traditional calendar of the Ottoman Empire was, like in most Muslim countries, the Islamic calendar. Its era begins from the Hijra in 622 CE and each year is calculated using the 12 Arabian lunar months, approximately eleven days shorter than a Gregorian solar year. In 1839, however, a second calendar was put in use for official matters. The new calendar, which was called the Rumi also began by 622, but with an annual duration equal to a solar year after 1840. In modern Turkey, the Gregorian calendar was adopted as the legal calendar, beginning by the end of 1925. But the Islamic calendar is still used when discussing dates in an Islamic context. See also Measurement Notes References Systems of units Obsolete units of measurement Turkey-related lists Economy of the Ottoman Empire Economic history of Turkey Ottoman Empire-related lists Human-based units of measurement Science and technology in Turkey Units of measurement by country",
"title": "Ottoman units of measurement"
},
{
"docid": "39124",
"text": "Aloysius Lilius ( 1510 – 1576), also variously referred to as Luigi Lilio or Luigi Giglio, was an Italian physician, astronomer, philosopher and chronologist, and also the \"primary author\" who provided the proposal that (after modifications) became the basis of the Gregorian Calendar reform of 1582. The crater Lilius on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 2346 Lilio. In computer science, the Lilian date is the number of days since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582. Life and work Not much is known about the early life of Lilius/Lilio/Giglio. It is known that he came from the comune of Cirò in the province of Crotone, in the Calabria region of Italy. He studied medicine and astronomy in Naples, after which he served Count Carafa. He settled in Verona and died in 1576. Although he was still alive at the time when his proposal was presented at Rome, it does not seem that he made the presentation; it was handled by his brother Antonio, also a physician and astronomer. He is primarily known as the inventor of the Gregorian Calendar: he wrote the proposal on which (after modifications) the calendar reform was based. Lilio's brother Antonio presented the manuscript to Pope Gregory XIII; it was passed to the calendar reform commission in 1575. The commission issued a printed summary entitled (Compendium of a New Plan for the Restitution of the Calendar), printed in 1577 and circulated within the Roman Catholic world in early 1578 as a consultation document. Lilio's manuscript itself is not known to have survived; the printed Compendium is the nearest known source for the details it contained. The processes of consultation and deliberation meant that the reform to the calendar did not occur until 1582, six years after the death of Luigi Lilio in 1576. The reform had by then received some modifications in points of detail by the reform commission, in which one of the leading members was Christopher Clavius, who afterwards wrote defences and an explanation of the reformed calendar, including an emphatic acknowledgement of Lilio's work, especially for his provision of a useful reform for the lunar cycle: \"We owe much gratitude and praise to Luigi Giglio who contrived such an ingenious Cycle of Epacts which, inserted in the calendar, always shows the new moon and so can be easily adapted to any length of the year, if only at the right moments the due adjustment is applied.\" The papal bull () was issued on 24 February 1582 (year 1581 in Florentine Easter-based reckoning), ordering Catholic clergy to adopt the new calendar, and exhorting all Catholic sovereigns to do the same. The year 2010 was the 500th year since the Lilius' birth; several activities were organized by Italian astronomers in order to recognize the great work performed by him. In particular, in Torretta di Crucoli (Crotone, Italy), a new astronomical group was created and dedicated to Luigi Lilio. Notes References . . . External links Circolo Astrofili",
"title": "Aloysius Lilius"
},
{
"docid": "410750",
"text": "This is a list of calendars. Included are historical calendars as well as proposed ones. Historical calendars are often grouped into larger categories by cultural sphere or historical period; thus O'Neil (1976) distinguishes the groupings Egyptian calendars (Ancient Egypt), Babylonian calendars (Ancient Mesopotamia), Indian calendars (Hindu and Buddhist traditions of the Indian subcontinent), Chinese calendars and Mesoamerican calendars. These are not specific calendars but series of historical calendars undergoing reforms or regional diversification. In Classical Antiquity, the Hellenic calendars inspired the Roman calendar, including the solar Julian calendar introduced in 45 BC. Many modern calendar proposals, including the Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582 AD, contains modifications from that of the Julian calendar. List of calendars In the list below, specific calendars are given, listed by calendar type (solar, lunisolar or lunar), time of introduction (if known), and the context of use and cultural or historical grouping (if applicable). Where appropriate, the regional or historical group (Jewish calendar, Hijri calendar, Sikh, Mayan, Aztecan, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Iranian, Hindu, Buddhist, Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican, Hellenic, Julian or Gregorian-derived) is noted. Calendars fall into four types: lunisolar, solar, lunar and seasonal. Most pre-modern calendars are lunisolar. The seasonal calendars rely on changes in the environment (e.g., \"wet season\", \"dry season\") rather than lunar or solar observations. The Islamic and some Buddhist calendars are lunar, while most modern calendars are solar, based on either the Julian or the Gregorian calendars. Some calendars listed are identical to the Gregorian calendar except for substituting regional month names or using a different calendar epoch. For example, the Thai solar calendar (introduced 1888) is the Gregorian calendar using a different epoch (543 BC) and different names for the Gregorian months (Thai names based on the signs of the zodiac). Variant month names Regional or historical names for lunations or Julian/Gregorian months Non-standard weeks Calendaring and timekeeping standards Coordinated Universal Time, adopted 1960 and since 1972 including a system of observation-based leap seconds. ISO 8601, standard based on the Gregorian calendar, Coordinated Universal Time and ISO week date, a leap week calendar system used with the Gregorian calendar Fiscal year varies with different countries. Used in accounting only. 360-day calendar used for accounting 365-day calendar used for accounting Unix time, number of seconds elapsed since 1 January 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC). Julian day, number of days elapsed since 1 January 4713 BC, 12:00:00 (UTC). Heliocentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the Sun. Barycentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the barycentre of the Solar System. Lilian date, number of days elapsed since the beginning of the Gregorian Calendar on 15 October 1582. Rata Die, number of days elapsed since 1 January 1 AD 1 in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. Non-Earth or fictional Darian calendar (proposed for Mars, not used in planetary science) Discworld calendar (fictional) Middle-earth calendars (fictional) Stardates (from Star Trek, fictional) See also History of calendars Epoch Horology Perpetual calendar Liturgical year Calendar of",
"title": "List of calendars"
},
{
"docid": "13950019",
"text": "The civil calendar is the calendar, or possibly one of several calendars, used within a country for civil, official, or administrative purposes. The civil calendar is almost always used for general purposes by people and private organizations. The most widespread civil calendar and de facto international standard is the Gregorian calendar. Although that calendar was first declared by Pope Gregory XIII to be used in Catholic countries in 1582, it has since been adopted, as a matter of convenience, by many secular and non-Christian countries although some countries use other calendars. Civil calendars worldwide 168 of the world's countries use the Gregorian calendar as their sole civil calendar as of 2021. Most non-Christian countries have adopted it as a result of colonization, with some cases of voluntary adoption. Four countries have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Afghanistan and Iran (which use the Solar Hijri calendar), Ethiopia (the Ethiopian calendar), and Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat). Four countries use a modified version of the Gregorian calendar (with eras different from Anno Domini): Japan (Japanese calendar), North Korea (North Korean Calendar), Taiwan (Minguo calendar), and Thailand (Thai solar calendar). In the former two countries, the Anno Domini era is also in use. South Korea previously used the Korean calendar from 1945 to 1961. Eighteen countries use another calendar alongside the Gregorian calendar: Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen (Lunar Hijri calendar), Bangladesh (Bengali calendar), Egypt (Lunar Hijri calendar and Coptic calendar), India (Indian national calendar), Israel (Hebrew calendar), Myanmar (Burmese calendar). See also List of calendars Chinese calendar Persian calendar References Calendars",
"title": "Civil calendar"
},
{
"docid": "44100110",
"text": "The adoption of the Gregorian Calendar was an event in the early modern history of most cultures and societies, marking a change from their traditional (or \"old style\") dating system to the modern (or \"new style\") dating system the Gregorian calendar that is widely used around the world today. Some states adopted the new calendar from 1582, some did not do so before the early twentieth century, and others did so at various dates between. A few still have not, but except for these, the Gregorian calendar is now the world's civil calendar universally, although in many places an old style calendar remains used in religious or traditional contexts. During and for some time after the change between systems, it has been common to use the terms \"Old Style\" and \"New Style\" when giving dates, to indicate which calendar was used to reckon them. The Gregorian calendar was decreed in 1582 by the papal bull by Pope Gregory XIII, to correct an error in the Julian calendar that was causing erroneous calculation of the date of Easter. The Julian calendar had been based upon a year lasting 365.25 days, but this was slightly too long; in reality, it is about 365.2422 days, and so over the centuries, the calendar had drifted increasingly out of alignment with the Earth's orbit. According to Gregory's scientific advisers, the calendar had acquired ten excess leap days since the First Council of Nicaea (which established the rule for dating Easter in AD 325). Consequently, he ruled, ten days must be skipped to restore the : Catholic countries did this in 1582. Countries which did not change until the 18th century had by then observed an additional leap year (1700), necessitating the dropping of eleven days. Some countries did not change until the 19th or 20th century, necessitating one or two further days to be omitted from the calendar. Although Gregory's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church, the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States. The changes he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar, over which he had no formal authority. They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect. The bull became the canon law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by Protestant churches, Eastern Orthodox Churches, and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter (and related events in the Liturgical calendar) were celebrated by different Christian churches diverged. Adoption in Catholic countries Catholic states such as France, the Italian principalities, Poland–Lithuania, Spain (along with her European and overseas possessions), Portugal, and the Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire were first to change to the Gregorian calendar. Thursday, 4 October 1582, was followed by Friday, 15 October 1582, with ten days skipped. Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time",
"title": "Adoption of the Gregorian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "341532",
"text": "The traditional Korean calendar or Dangun calendar () is a lunisolar calendar. Dates are calculated from Korea's meridian (135th meridian east in modern time for South Korea), and observances and festivals are based in Korean culture. Koreans mostly use the Gregorian calendar, which was officially adopted in 1896. However, traditional holidays and age-reckoning for older generations are still based on the old calendar. The biggest festivals in Korea today, which are also national holidays, are Seollal, the first day of the traditional calendar, and Chuseok, the harvest moon festival. Other important festivals include Daeboreum also referred to as Boreumdal (the first full moon), Dano (spring festival) and Samjinnal (spring-opening festival). Other minor festivals include Yudu (summer festival), and Chilseok (monsoon festival). History Similar to most traditional calendars of other East Asian countries, the Korean Calendar is derived from the Chinese calendar. The traditional calendar designated its years via Korean era names from 270 to 963, then Chinese era names with Korean era names at a few times until 1894. In 1894 and 1895, the lunar calendar was used with years numbered from the foundation of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392. The Gregorian calendar was adopted on 1 January 1896, with the Korean era name Geon-yang (). From 1945 until 1961 in South Korea, Gregorian calendar years were counted from the foundation of Gojoseon in 2333 BC (regarded as year one), the date of the legendary founding of Korea by Dangun, hence these Dangi () years were 4278 to 4294. This numbering was informally used with the Korean lunar calendar before 1945 but has only been occasionally used since 1961, and mostly in North Korea prior to 1997. Although not being an official calendar, in South Korea, the traditional Korean calendar is still maintained by the government. The current version is based on East Asia's Shixian calendar (), which was in turn revised by Jesuit scholars. In North Korea, the Juche calendar has been used since 1997 to number its years, based on the birth of the state's founder Kim Il Sung. Features The Chinese zodiac of 12 Earthly Branches (animals), which were used for counting hours and years; Ten Heavenly Stems, which were combined with the 12 Earthly Branches to form a sixty-year cycle; Twenty-four solar terms () in the year, spaced roughly 15 days apart; Lunar months including leap months added every two or three years. Weekdays Note that traditional Korean calendar has no concept of weekdays: the following are names of weekdays in the modern (Western) calendar. Months In modern Korean language, the months of both the traditional lunisolar and Western calendars are named by prefixing Sino-Korean numerals to , the Sino-Korean word for \"month\". Traditionally, when speaking of individuals' birth months, the months of the lunisolar calendar were named by prefixing the native Korean name of the animal associated with each Earthly Branch in the Chinese zodiac to , the native Korean word for \"month\". Additionally, the first, eleventh, and twelfth months have other Korean names which",
"title": "Korean calendar"
},
{
"docid": "10310004",
"text": "The Republic of China calendar, often shortened to the ROC calendar or the Minguo calendar, is a calendar used in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu. The calendar uses 1912, the year of the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC) in Nanjing, as the first year. The ROC calendar follows the tradition of using the sovereign's era name and year of reign, as did previous Chinese dynasties. Months and days are numbered according to the Gregorian calendar. The ROC calendar has been in wide use in the ROC since 1912, including in early official documents. The ROC calendar is the official calendar used in Taiwan since 1945, and also adopted by Overseas Chinese and Taiwanese communities. Chorographies and historical research published in mainland China covering the period between 1912 and 1949 also use the ROC calendar. Calendar details The Gregorian calendar was adopted by the nascent Republic of China effective 1 January 1912 for official business, but the general populace continued to use the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar. The status of the Gregorian calendar was unclear between 1916 and 1921 while China was controlled by several competing warlords each supported by foreign colonial powers. From about 1921 until 1928 warlords continued to fight over northern China, but the Kuomintang-led Nationalist government controlled southern China and used the Gregorian calendar. After the Kuomintang reconstituted the Republic of China on 10 October 1928, the Gregorian calendar was officially adopted, effective 1 January 1929. The People's Republic of China has continued to use the Gregorian calendar since 1949. Despite the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, the numbering of the years was still an issue. The Chinese monarchical tradition was to use the monarch's era name and year of reign. One alternative to this approach was to use the reign of the semi-legendary Yellow Emperor in the third millennium BC to number the years. In the early 20th century, some Chinese republicans began to advocate such a system of continuously numbered years, so that year markings would be independent of the monarch's era name. (This was part of their attempt to de-legitimize the Qing dynasty.) When Sun Yat-sen became the provisional president of the Republic of China, he sent telegrams to leaders of all provinces and announced the 13th day of 11th month of the 4609th year of the Yellow Emperor's reign (corresponding to 1 January 1912) to be the first year of the Republic of China. The original intention of the Minguo calendar was to follow the monarchical practice of naming the years according to the number of years the monarch had reigned, which was a universally recognizable event in China. Following the establishment of the Republic, hence the lack of a monarch, it was then decided to use the year of the establishment of the current regime. This reduced the issue of frequent change in the calendar, as no Chinese emperor ruled more than 61 years in Chinese history – the longest being the Kangxi Emperor, who ruled from 1662 to 1722",
"title": "Republic of China calendar"
},
{
"docid": "87473",
"text": "The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and also used by the farming populace in Egypt. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter (which contained only 365 days each year, year after year, so that the seasons shifted about one day every four years), a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of adding an extra day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the reform was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus imposed the Decree upon Egypt as its official calendar (although initially, namely between 25 BC and AD 5, it was unsynchronised with the original implementation of the Julian calendar which was erroneously intercalating leap days every third year due to a misinterpretation of the leap year rule so as to apply inclusive counting). To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic or Alexandrian calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian calendar but have different numbers and names. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Coptic calendar does not skip leap years three times every 400 years, and therefore it stays synchronised with the Julian calendar over a four-year leap year cycle. Coptic year The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and one at the end of the year of five days (six days in leap years). The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year. The year starts on the Feast of Neyrouz, the first day of the month of Thout, the first month of the Egyptian year. For 1900 to 2099 it coincides with the Gregorian Calendar's 11 September, or 12 September before a leap year, but for any year, it coincides with the Julian Calendar's 29 August, or 30 August before a leap year. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year Diocletian became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for Anno Martyrum or \"in the Year of the Martyrs\"). The first day of year I of the",
"title": "Coptic calendar"
},
{
"docid": "51600548",
"text": "This is a list of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country. For explanation, see the article about the Gregorian calendar. Except where stated otherwise, the transition was a move by the civil authorities from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. In religious sources it could be that the Julian calendar was used for a longer period of time, in particular by Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches. The historic area does not necessarily match the present-day area or country. The column \"Present country\" only provides a logic search entry. With a few exceptions, the former colonies of European powers are not shown separately. There are only four countries which have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Ethiopia (Ethiopian calendar), Nepal (Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat), Iran and Afghanistan (Solar Hijri calendar). Thailand has adopted the Gregorian calendar for days and months, but uses its own era for years: the Buddhist era. The partially recognized Republic of China (Taiwan) also uses its own era, the Minguo era. List Legend See also cal (command) Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Old Style and New Style dates References Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar",
"title": "List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country"
},
{
"docid": "15651",
"text": "The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers). The Julian calendar was proposed in 46 BC by (and takes its name from) Julius Caesar, as a reform of the earlier Roman calendar, which was largely a lunisolar one. It took effect on , by his edict. Caesar's calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years, until 1582 when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar. The Julian calendar has two types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. That is more than the actual solar year value of approximately 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar gains one day every 129 years. In other words, the Julian calendar gains 3.1 days every 400 years. Gregory's calendar reform modified the Julian rule, to reduce the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year: the Gregorian calendar gains just 0.1 day over 400 years. For any given event during the years from 1901 through 2099, its date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date (for instance Julian 1 January falls on Gregorian 14 January). Most Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately; Protestant countries did so slowly in the course of the following two centuries or so; most Orthodox countries retain the Julian calendar for religious purposes but adopted the Gregorian as their civil calendar in the early part of the twentieth century. Table of months History Motivation The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. This intercalary month was formed by inserting 22 or 23 days after the first 23 days of February; the last five days of February, which counted down toward the start of March, became the last five days of Intercalaris. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, forming an intercalary year of 377 or 378 days. Some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia (23 February). If managed correctly this system could have allowed the Roman year to stay roughly aligned to a tropical year. However, since the pontifices were often politicians, and because a Roman magistrate's term of office",
"title": "Julian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "21637",
"text": "The New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day, preceded by New Year's Eve). This was also the first day of the year in the original Julian calendar and the Roman calendar (after 153 BC). Other cultures observe their traditional or religious New Year's Day according to their own customs, typically (though not invariably) because they use a lunar calendar or a lunisolar calendar. Chinese New Year, the Islamic New Year, Tamil New Year (Puthandu), and the Jewish New Year are among well-known examples. India, Nepal, and other countries also celebrate New Year on dates according to their own calendars that are movable in the Gregorian calendar. During the Middle Ages in Western Europe, while the Julian calendar was still in use, authorities moved New Year's Day, depending upon locale, to one of several other days, including March 1, March 25, Easter, September 1, and December 25. Since then, many national civil calendars in the Western World and beyond have changed to using one fixed date for New Year's Day, January 1most doing so when they adopted the Gregorian calendar. By type Based on the used calendar new years are often categorized between lunar or lunisolar new years or solar new years. By month or season January January 1: The first day of the civil year in the Gregorian calendar used by most countries. Contrary to common belief in the west, the civil New Year of January 1 is not an Orthodox Christian religious holiday. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar makes no provision for the observance of a New Year. January 1 is itself a religious holiday, but that is because it is the feast of the circumcision of Christ (seven days after His birth), and a commemoration of saints. While the liturgical calendar begins September 1, there is also no particular religious observance attached to the start of the new cycle. Orthodox nations may, however, make civil celebrations for the New Year. Those who adhere to the revised Julian calendar (which synchronizes dates with the Gregorian calendar), including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, and Turkey, observe both the religious and civil holidays on January 1. In other nations and locations where Orthodox churches still adhere to the Julian calendar, including Georgia, Israel, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Ukraine, the civil new year is observed on January 1 of the civil calendar, while those same religious feasts occur on January 14 Gregorian (which is January 1 Julian), in accord with the liturgical calendar. The Japanese New Year (正月, Shōgatsu) is currently celebrated on January 1, with the holiday usually being observed until the January 3, while other sources say that Shōgatsu lasts until January 6. In 1873, five years after the Meiji Restoration, Japan",
"title": "New Year"
},
{
"docid": "10936",
"text": "February 29 is a leap day (or \"leap year day\")—an intercalary date added periodically to create leap years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the 60th day of a leap year in both Julian and Gregorian calendars, and 306 days remain until the end of the leap year. It is the last day of February in leap years, with the exception of 1712 in Sweden. It is also the last day of meteorological winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the last day of meteorological summer in the Southern Hemisphere in leap years. In the Gregorian calendar, the standard civil calendar used in most of the world, February 29 is added in each year that is an integer multiple of four, unless it is evenly divisible by 100 but not by 400. For example, 1900 was not a leap year, but 2000 was. The Julian calendar—since 1923 a liturgical calendar—has a February 29 every fourth year without exception. Consequently, February 29 in the Julian calendar, since 1900, falls 13 days later than February 29 in the Gregorian, until the year 2100. The convention of using February 29 was not widely accepted before the 15th century; from Julian's edict until the 16th century (formally), February 24 was doubled instead. Events Pre-1600 888 – Odo, count of Paris, is crowned king of West Francia (France) by Archbishop Walter of Sens at Compiègne. 1504 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Jamaican natives to provide him with supplies. 1601–1900 1644 – Abel Tasman's second Pacific voyage begins as he leaves Batavia in command of three ships. 1704 – In Queen Anne's War, French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony, killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive. 1712 – February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden, in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar. 1720 – Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband, who becomes King Frederick I on March 24. 1768 – Polish nobles form the Bar Confederation. 1796 – The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force, facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations. 1892 – St. Petersburg, Florida is incorporated. 1901–present 1908 – James Madison University is founded at Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States as The State Normal and Industrial School for Women by the Virginia General Assembly. 1912 – The Piedra Movediza (Moving Stone) of Tandil falls and breaks. 1916 – Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom. 1916 – In South Carolina, the minimum working age for factory, mill and mine workers is raised from 12 to 14 years old. 1920 – The Czechoslovak National Assembly adopts the Constitution. 1936 – The February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends. 1940 – For her performance as Mammy in Gone with the Wind, Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award. 1940",
"title": "February 29"
}
] | [
"1752"
] |
train_33856 | 20th century boy lyrics robin hood or rock n roll | [
{
"docid": "538712",
"text": "The 1992 MTV Movie Awards was hosted by Dennis Miller. Performers En Vogue — \"My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)\" Ugly Kid Joe — \"Everything About You\" Arrested Development — \"Tennessee\" Vince Neil — \"You're Invited (But Your Friend Can't Come)\" Awards Below are the list of nominations. Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold. Best Movie Terminator 2: Judgment Day Backdraft Boyz n the Hood JFK Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Best Male Performance Arnold Schwarzenegger – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Val Kilmer – The Doors Robin Williams - The Fisher King Best Female Performance Linda Hamilton – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Geena Davis – Thelma and Louise Rebecca De Mornay – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Julia Roberts – Dying Young Most Desirable Male Keanu Reeves – Point Break Kevin Costner – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Christian Slater – Kuffs Patrick Swayze – Point Break Jean-Claude Van Damme – Double Impact Most Desirable Female Linda Hamilton – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Christina Applegate – Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead Kim Basinger – Final Analysis Tia Carrere – Wayne's World Julia Roberts – Dying Young Breakthrough Performance Edward Furlong – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Anna Chlumsky – My Girl Campbell Scott – Dying Young Ice-T – New Jack City Kimberly Williams – Father of the Bride Best On-Screen Duo Dana Carvey and Mike Myers – Wayne's World Damon Wayans and Bruce Willis – The Last Boy Scout Anna Chlumsky and Macaulay Culkin – My Girl Kevin Costner and Morgan Freeman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Geena Davis and Susan Sarandon – Thelma and Louise Best Villain Rebecca De Mornay – The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Robert Patrick – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Alan Rickman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Wesley Snipes – New Jack City Best Comedic Performance Billy Crystal – City Slickers Dana Carvey – Wayne's World Steve Martin – Father of the Bride Bill Murray – What About Bob? Mike Myers – Wayne's World Best Song from a Movie Bryan Adams — \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" (from Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves) MC Hammer — \"Addams Groove\" (from The Addams Family) Color Me Badd — \"I Wanna Sex You Up\" (from New Jack City) Eric Clapton — \"Tears in Heaven\" (from Rush) Guns N' Roses — \"You Could Be Mine\" (from Terminator 2: Judgment Day) Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky and Macaulay Culkin – My Girl Anjelica Huston and Raúl Juliá – The Addams Family Annette Bening and Warren Beatty – Bugsy Juliette Lewis and Robert De Niro – Cape Fear Priscilla Presley and Leslie Nielsen – The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear Best Action Sequence L.A. Freeway Scene – Terminator 2: Judgment Day Burning Building/Escape Through Old Tunnel – Backdraft Roof Scene – The",
"title": "1992 MTV Movie Awards"
},
{
"docid": "2345381",
"text": "Xonox, a division of K-tel Software, was an American third-party manufacturer of cartridges for the Atari 2600, ColecoVision, Commodore 64, and VIC-20 in the early 1980s. Xonox was one of many small video game companies to fold during the Video Game Crash of 1983. History Xonox, based in Minnesota, started developing Atari cartridges during the height of the 2600's popularity. Xonox capitalized on the novelty and perceived value of \"double-ender\" cartridges. These could be inserted into the console on one of the two ends, each end offering a different game. Different double-ender configurations could package the same game with different counterparts. Xonox was not the first company to try this; Playaround did it earlier with their adult-themed titles. Xonox eventually abandoned this idea and began releasing single versions of some of the titles previously offered as double-enders as well as a few new titles. Games released Atari 2600 Standard cartridges Artillery Duel Chuck Norris Superkicks Ghost Manor Motocross Racer Robin Hood Sir Lancelot Spike's Peak Tomarc The Barbarian Double-enders Artillery Duel/Chuck Norris Superkicks Artillery Duel/Ghost Manor Artillery Duel/Spike's Peak Chuck Norris Superkicks/Ghost Manor Chuck Norris Superkicks/Spike's Peak Ghost Manor/Spike's Peak Robin Hood/Sir Lancelot Motocross Racer/Tomarc the Barbarian ColecoVision Standard cartridges Artillery Duel Chuck Norris Superkicks It's Only Rock n' Roll Motocross Racer Robin Hood Sir Lancelot Slurpy Tomarc the Barbarian Word Feud Double-enders Artillery Duel/Chuck Norris Superkicks Motocross Racer/Tomarc the Barbarian Robin Hood/Sir Lancelot Commodore Vic-20 Artillery Duel Chuck Norris Superkicks Ghost Manor Motocross Racer Robin Hood Sir Lancelot Spike's Peak Tomarc the Barbarian References Companies based in Minnesota Defunct video game companies of the United States Atari 2600",
"title": "Xonox"
},
{
"docid": "22749489",
"text": "Robin Hood is a comic opera by Reginald De Koven (music), Harry B. Smith (lyrics) and Clement Scott (lyrics of \"Oh Promise Me\"). The story is based on the Robin Hood legend, during the reign of King Richard I (1189-1199 AD). The opera was composed in Chicago, Illinois during the winter of 1888-1889. The opera was first performed at the Chicago Opera House on 9 June 1890. It was produced by the Boston Ideal Opera Company, also known as the Bostonians. The opera opened in New York at the Standard Theatre on September 22, 1891 and was produced in London at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 1891 with a new title, Maid Marian. It was revived at the Knickerbocker Theater on Broadway on April 30, 1900. Other Broadway revivals were in 1902 at the Academy of Music, in 1912 at New Amsterdam Theatre with Walter Hyde in the title role, in 1918 at the Park Theatre, in 1929 at the Casino Theatre and Jolson's 59th Street Theatre, in 1932 at Erlanger's Theatre, and in 1944 at the Adelphi Theatre. In 2004 Ohio Light Opera produced the opera based on a new critical edition of the opera that it commissioned from Quade Winter, based on the composer's original manuscripts in the Library of Congress. A complete CD recording was issued by Albany Records. Synopsis The opera is set in the late 12th century during the reign of King Richard I. Act 1 In the market square in Nottingham, England, villagers are celebrating the first day of May. Friar Tuck tells how he sells clothing and other goods (\"As an Honest Auctioneer\"). Annabel and the milkmaids are happy with their lives (\"Milkmaids' Song\"), but Allan-a-Dale notes that milkmaids are overworked. Robin Hood and his archers arrive and tout their ideal life in the woods (\"Come the Bowmen in Lincoln Green\"); they are welcomed to an archery contest. Robin notices Annabel, and Allan-A-Dale quickly questions his motives, as Allan loves Annabel. Annabel, Allan, Robin and the outlaw Little John consider the fickle nature of love. Maid Marian enters in disguise as a page boy to see Sir Guy of Gisborne, the ward of the Sheriff of Nottingham (\"I Came as a Cavalier\"). The Sheriff has arranged a marriage between Guy and Marian. Marian reveals herself to Robin and the reasons for her disguise, and the two fall in love (\"Come Dream So Bright\"). The Sheriff appears and boasts of his plans (\"I am the Sheriff of Nottingham\"). Sir Guy and the Sheriff plot how Guy will ask Marian to marry him (When a Peer Makes Love to a Damsel Fair). Robin and the bowmen return, pleased about the prizes they won in the archery contest. Because Robin is to receive his inheritance today, they go to the Sheriff's residence, knock on the door, and demand that the Sheriff declare Robin Hood's title of Earl, with its title to his land,and cash. The Sheriff refuses all demands and produces forged documents stating that",
"title": "Robin Hood (De Koven opera)"
},
{
"docid": "1809865",
"text": "Adam Stemple is a Celtic-influenced American folk rock musician, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He is also the author of several fantasy short stories and novels, including two series of novels co-written with his mother, writer Jane Yolen. Stemple also wrote a Push-Fold chart for poker with poker player Chris Wallace. Music Stemple played guitar and sang as a member of the folk rock \"rock-and-reel\" band Cats Laughing from 1988 to 1996. The band also included notable fantasy/science fiction authors Steven Brust and Emma Bull. For twelve years, he was lead singer/guitarist for the band Boiled in Lead. Stemple first appeared on Boiled in Lead's 1994 album Antler Dance. He co-wrote nine songs with science fiction and fantasy author Steven Brust on the 1995 album Songs from The Gypsy, released as an enhanced CD. The CD has the distinction of including the full text of the novel The Gypsy, which Brust co-authored with Megan Lindholm and upon which the songs were based. Stemple also produced and performed on Steven Brust's solo album A Rose for Iconoclastes. Stemple currently is with the Tim Malloys, an Irish band. Like Cats Laughing and Boiled in Lead, Stemple's current group shares musical roots that incorporate Celtic and rock styles. In April 2015, Stemple reunited with Cats Laughing in a concert at the Minicon science fiction convention. A live CD and DVD of the concert was released in late 2015. Fiction Stemple's first novel, for Tor Books, was Singer of Souls. A sequel, Steward of Song, was published in 2008. With his mother, Jane Yolen, Stemple has also co-authored two series of books — the Rock 'n Roll Fairy Tale series, and more recently, The Seelie Wars. The Rock 'n Roll Fairy Tale series began with Pay the Piper, published in 2005 by Tor. Pay the Piper was the winner of the 2006 Locus Award for Best Young Adult Book. Stemple's short stories include a series of historical whodunnits set in feudal Japan, featuring a samurai master and apprentice as a sleuthing duo, for the historical fiction magazine Paradox. Among Stemple's other published short stories, \"A Piece of Flesh\" was chosen as one of ten short stories included in The Year's Best SF and Fantasy for Teens (2005). Stemple was among the members of a group of writers known as the Pre-Joycean Fellowship, which included his bandmates Emma Bull and Steven Brust. Discography with Cats Laughing: Bootleg Issue (1988) Another Way to Travel (1990) A Long Time Gone (2015) with Boiled in Lead: Antler Dance (1994) Songs from The Gypsy (1995) Alloy (1998, compilation) Bibliography Novels Selected short fiction \"Robin Hood v1.5.3,\" in \"The Three Truths\" (Paradox, Issue 6, Winter 2004-2005) \"Troubles\" (with Jane Yolen), in \"Kitsune\" (Paradox, Issue 9, Summer 2006) \"The Tsar's Dragons,\" in \"Little Red\" (with Jane Yolen), in References External links American fantasy writers American rock singers American rock guitarists American male guitarists Living people American male novelists 21st-century American novelists Writers from Minneapolis Guitarists from Minnesota 21st-century American male writers Novelists",
"title": "Adam Stemple"
},
{
"docid": "12673973",
"text": "Bows Against the Barons is a 1934 children's novel by the British author Geoffrey Trease, based on the legend of Robin Hood. It tells the story of an adolescent boy who joins an outlaw band and takes part in a great rebellion against the feudal elite. Trease's first novel, Bows Against the Barons marks the start of his prolific career as a historical novelist. It is notable for reinterpreting the Robin Hood legend and revitalizing the conventions of children's historical fiction in 20th-century Britain. Plot introduction Set in medieval England, Bows Against the Barons relates the adventures of a peasant boy who becomes an outlaw and joins the Robin Hood's band. Together, they take up arms against the masters of England and fight for the rights of the common people. The protagonist's former master tries to suppress them, but at great cost. The title refers to the longbow, the primary weapon of the outlaws. Plot summary Bows Against the Barons takes place during the final months of Robin Hood's life, beginning in early June, and ending in the following year about February. It is largely told from the viewpoint of Dickon, a 16-year-old peasant boy from the village of Oxton. Chapters 1–9 The novel opens by depicting Dickon's hardships as a serf on a baronial manor. He is whipped by his bailiff for missing work and harassed by the village priest for not paying tithe. Despite his youth, Dickon has to be his family's breadwinner because his father, Dick, has been conscripted as an archer for the Crusades. His troubles are compounded when the King's deer from nearby Sherwood Forest ravage his gardens. Moved by anger, Dickon kills one of the deer with an arrow. He then flees into the forest to avoid the penalties of poaching. Eventually, he meets Alan-a-Dale, who leads him to Robin Hood's band. Proving adept at archery, Dickon is welcomed into their company. Disguised as a weaver's apprentice, Dickon becomes Robin's messenger to all of Nottingham's rebels. Led by a bridle-smith, Dickon and the populace assemble in the market-place to protest about working conditions and to demand the release of imprisoned workers. The Sheriff of Nottingham attempts to disperse them, but Robin and his outlaws arrive and overwhelm the Sheriff. In the resulting riot, the imprisoned workers are freed. However, mounted soldiers from Nottingham Castle arrive to quash the revolt. Pursued by a horseman, Dickon escapes through secret passages and reaches the safety of Sherwood Forest, but he is captured by royal foresters and escorted north to be tried for poaching. However, Alan manages to make contact with Dickon, having disguised himself as a blind minstrel and his messages as doggerel. On Alan's instructions, Dickon attempts to delay the foresters' journey. His plans almost go awry when he meets his former master, Sir Rolf D'Eyncourt, who has returned from the Crusades and now attempts to reclaim Dickon. Fortunately, the head forester refuses to hand him over, insisting on the priority of royal justice. As his",
"title": "Bows against the Barons"
},
{
"docid": "6423420",
"text": "Robyn and Gandeleyn is an English ballad. The poem is in Sloane Manuscript 2593, a document of lyrics and carols which dates from around 1450. It was first printed by Joseph Ritson in his 1790 collection Ancient Songs. It was later republished in the second half of the 19th century in an anthology of traditional English and Scottish ballads by Francis James Child known as the Child Ballads, where it is Child Ballad 115. Child also divided the continuous text into seventeen stanzas. The ballad has attracted interest from scholars of Robin Hood due to the similarity of Robyn's name and the involvement of both precise archery and a dangerous forest as motifs. Despite this similarity, Child and other scholars generally believe that the ballad is not directly connected to Robin Hood's legend. If it really is a reference to Robin Hood, it would be one of the earliest attested stories, along with Robin Hood and the Monk. Plot Robyn kills a deer, but is then shot and killed by an arrow. His servant Gandeleyn looks about for the killer and finds Wrennok of Donne, a young archer (described as a \"little boy\"). They exchange words, and Gandeleyn says they shall shoot at a mark of each other's hearts. Wrennok fires first but his shot misses. Gandeleyn fires second and cleaves his heart in two, killing Wrennok. The ballad concludes with Gandeleyn declaring Wrennok cannot boast of killing both Robyn and his servant. Analysis In general, most scholars believe the Robyn in this ballad to be unrelated to the more famous Robin Hood. There appear to be more differences than similarities between Robyn and Gandeleyn and Robin and Little John. Despite the belief it is unlikely to be directly related, the ballad is often included in collections of Robin Hood literature due to being a relevant example of folklore of perceptions of the medieval greenwood as a place of sudden violence and duels over affairs of honor. Child's division into stanzas is generally thought to work well enough. The work largely has a rhyme scheme of ABCB, also known as a ballad stanza, although there are several six-line stanzas that integrate awkwardly. The work may have been recited rather than sung, and thus is closer to a poem than a song. Transcription errors, such as a presumably accidental repetition of two lines, leads to suspicion that the Sloane manuscript 2593 was copied hastily and potentially inaccurately, but any differences with an older, lost version can only be speculated on. Other opinions have been offered as well, often suggesting that the Robyn described may have been a poacher and thus the ballad was about poaching. A thin possibility holds out a connection to The Tale of Gamelyn, a story found in some manuscripts that included The Canterbury Tales, but there is nothing to connect Gamelyn and Gandeleyn aside from their similar names. The author Robert Graves offered the eccentric view that the ballad was really about birds, and described the New",
"title": "Robyn and Gandeleyn"
},
{
"docid": "1068472",
"text": "Elaine \"Lal\" Waterson (15 February 1943 – 4 September 1998) was an English folk singer and songwriter. She sang with, among others, The Watersons, The Waterdaughters and Blue Murder. She was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire. In 1998, she died suddenly in Robin Hood's Bay, of cancer diagnosed only ten days before. \"Lal Waterson's voice was stark but captivating, her songs lyrically ambitious and melodically powerful.\" Lal Waterson was the sister of Norma Waterson and Mike Waterson, the aunt of Eliza Carthy and the sister-in-law of Martin Carthy. She was married to George Knight and had two children, Oliver Knight and Maria Gilhooley, with both of whom she recorded albums. Biography Lal, Norma, and Mike Waterson were orphans and brought up by their grandmother who was of part gypsy descent. Always very close, they began singing together, with cousin John Harrison, in the 1950s, with Lal 'singing unexpected harmonies.' Having opened their own folk club in a pub in the fishing port of Hull where they grew up, by the mid 1960s they had developed their own unaccompanied style singing harmony style re-workings of traditional English songs. In 1968 they stopped touring and became geographically separate for the first time – Norma went to Montserrat, and Lal to Leeds where her husband George lived, while Mike stayed in Hull. Both Mike and Lal were writing songs and when Lal returned to Hull they began working together. When Martin Carthy heard Lal's songs, he found them extraordinary. At this time Carthy was in the folk-rock band Steeleye Span and he told the bass player Ashley Hutchings about Lal and Mike's songs and together they arranged to have them recorded, not unaccompanied, but with a backing band that included Carthy, Hutchings and Richard Thompson. Bright Phoebus was released in 1972 and \"caused a quiet sensation\". Her songs sometimes echoed traditional material but also involved a variety of other influences – 'some veered towards jazz and ragtime, others like Winifer Odd had a quirky charm worthy of The Beatles, but with bleak lyrics added. Another favourite Fine Horseman, made use of unexpected chords and structures.' Lyrics were as important to her as the music. The writer she admired most was the 19th century French poet Arthur Rimbaud. In 1976 all three Waterson siblings moved to Kirk Moor on the edge of the North York Moors and re-formed the group, with Martin Carthy taking over for John Harrison. In the 1980s Lal and George, and Norma and Martin, moved to Robin Hood's Bay, where the sea and landscape of the area often became the inspiration for Lal's songs. She left The Watersons in 1990 for health reasons, staying at Robin Hood's Bay, still writing and painting, and recorded her songs at home with her son Oliver Knight, who was a producer, guitarist, and songwriter. When Once in a Blue Moon was released however, she refused to sing the songs live – perhaps the result of a bad experience while singing with the",
"title": "Lal Waterson"
},
{
"docid": "65275862",
"text": "SherWoodstock: The Real Legend of Rockin' Robin Hood is a satirical theatre production originally performed at the Lyric Theatre in Brisbane on 12-25 January 1990. 18,000 people attended the production which raised $100,000 for the Queensland Spastic Welfare League. The executive producer and music director was David Pyle and the director was Sean Mee. The production featured more than 200 performers on stage and a 20-piece rock band. SherWoodstock was \"described as a cross between The Secret Policeman's Ball, a Live Aid concert and Black Adder. History SherWoodstock was the fourth of six plays produced by ToadShow Pty Ltd between 1985 and 1996. All productions blended two well-known stories and interspersed the story with popular songs while satirising local politics and providing social comment. SherWoodstock took elements from the legend of Robin Hood and the 1969 Woodstock music festival while drawing attention to environmental issues. ToadShow had produced three smaller-scale musicals prior to SherWoodstock – The Paisley Pirates of Penzance (1985), Conway Christ Redneck Superstar (1985) and Hound of Music (1986). SherWoodstock was followed by Phantoad of the Opera (1991) and Glamalot (1996). Theatre critic John Harris said, \"The musicals are unique to Brisbane, conceived and written by a combination of talents undoubtedly unlike any to be found anywhere else in the world. They employ music with a rock beat, satire with a light touch, and casts of dozens, scores, or hundreds, depending upon the venue.\" The production of SherWoodstock was underwritten by Jarden Morgan, one of the original backers of the film Crocodile Dundee. It relied on sponsorship of more than 100 organisations. Executive producer David Pyle said, \"The project relies on enthusiasm and goodwill from all involved. What we are basically doing is putting on a $3.5 million show for about a tenth of that price…\" Synopsis ACT 1 Robin Hood returns from the crusades to learn that Sherwood Forest is threatened by a proposed real-estate development. At the castle Sir Guy of Brisbourne and his backer Prince John are pitching the Sherwood Cove real-estate development to his filthy rich friends. Robin crashes the event to announce he will dedicate his life to saving the forest. Here he meets Maid Marian, Prince John's public relations consultant. Robin returns to the forest where he forms a band of hippie supporters. Sir Guy, the Sheriff and Maid Marian go to Sherwood Forest to confront Robin. Sir Guy and the Sheriff are driven off by the hippies but Marian stays behind to go for a walk in the forest with Robin. Sir Guy is concerned the Sherwood Cove project is losing public support. To restore public support and neutralise Robin, Sir Guy decides to put on a rock concert called SherWoodstock. The rich and poor alike attend the rock concert where Robin takes the stage and implores everyone to unite to save the planet. ACT 2 Robin Hood has been captured at SherWoodstock and placed in shackles in the Dungeon Room cabaret where the rich are entertained by cabaret singer Will",
"title": "SherWoodstock"
},
{
"docid": "6551914",
"text": "Robin Hood's Stride (also known as Mock Beggar's Mansion) is a rock formation on the Limestone Way in Derbyshire close to the village of Elton. The nearest town is Bakewell, to the north. The popular tourist spot can be accessed via the Limestone Way just off the B5056 between Haddon Hall and Winster, or from the unclassified road from Alport to Elton using either the Limestone Way, a concessionary footpath or Access Land. Both options have limited parking at the side of the road. It consists of gritstone boulders deeply seamed by water flows. Limited short climbing is possible; nearby Cratcliffe Tor provides more serious routes. The two \"pinnacles\" are Weasel pinnacle (eastern end; Diff) and Inaccessible pinnacle (west; V Diff). An ancient road, possibly prehistoric or Roman, the Derbyshire Portway (also known as Old Manchester Lane and The Chariot Way) passed close to the outcrop. Nearby is Nine Stones Close, a four-stone circle, and, at Cratcliffe Tor, a rock shelter known as the Hermit's Cave, containing a crucifix carving dated stylistically to the 13th or 14th century. The name Robin Hood's stride comes from the 14th-century legend that Robin Hood jumped between the chimneys of the rock formation. Robin Hood's Stride features in an episode of The Return of Sherlock Holmes and the film The Princess Bride (1987). References External links snapthepeaks cressbrook.co.uk Mountains and hills of the Peak District Rock formations of England",
"title": "Robin Hood's Stride"
},
{
"docid": "72830861",
"text": "The following is a list of unproduced John McTiernan projects in roughly chronological order. During his long career, American film director John McTiernan has worked on a number of projects which never progressed beyond the pre-production stage under his direction. Some of these projects fell in development hell, were officially canceled, were in development limbo or would see life under a different production team. 1980s The Quest of St. James Elk In 1981, McTiernan wrote the original screenplay for a planned film called The Quest of St. James Elk, which was to have been produced by Elliott Kastner through Winkast Film Productions, based at Pinewood Studios. However, the film was pulled from production just before the start. McTiernan's concept art and storyboards from the unproduced film were later salvaged and auctioned. Cortes In 1988, McTiernan was approached to direct Cortes, a historical epic about Hernán Cortés from a Nicholas Kazan screenplay and with Edward R. Pressman producing, but Kazan and Pressman could not get the film funded. Sgt. Rock Shortly after they did Predator together, McTiernan, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and writer Shane Black were all set to team on a big-budget film adaptation of the DC Comics character Sgt. Rock. According to McTiernan in the book The Last Action Heroes by Nick de Semlyan, the project was heavily developed in 1988 and 1989 only to be demolished by actor John Cleese, who would have starred opposite Schwarzenegger. As McTiernan explained, everyone was so attached to the idea of Cleese co-starring with Schwarzenegger that when Cleese declined, the project fell apart. \"As far as he was concerned, we were just a couple thug American action-movie makers,\" McTiernan said. \"If he'd seen Die Hard, I think he probably would have signed up. But he judged us on our reputation.\" McTiernan would go on to make The Hunt for Red October instead. The Adventures of Robin Hood As early as 1989, McTiernan had been attached to direct 20th Century Fox's The Adventures of Robin Hood, titled after the 1938 film, which was planned to be made after he finished Road Show. At the same time, two other competing Robin Hood projects were in development at Morgan Creek Entertainment and Tri-Star Pictures. All three intended to portray how Robin Hood became an outlaw hiding out in the Sherwood Forest in Nottinghamshire. The central character of McTiernan's version was named Sir Robert Hode, a young Saxon noble more interested in wine and women, until the threat of a lashing by the Norman authorities sends him racing to the woods. The script was written by Mark Allen Smith. Fox hoped that Mel Gibson would agree to star in the film, though he turned it down over concerns of doing several \"period pieces\" in a row. In 1990, a race between the three projects ensued, with Tri-Star announcing a September 3 start date and Fox planning for an October 22 start. Plans, however, began to fall apart by late July when Kevin Costner signed on to star in",
"title": "John McTiernan's unrealized projects"
},
{
"docid": "218796",
"text": "Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange (; born 11 November 1948) is a South African record producer, mainly known for his work in rock music as well as his previous marriage to Canadian singer Shania Twain, with whom he co-wrote and produced various songs. Her 1997 album Come On Over, which he produced, is the best-selling country music album, the best-selling studio album by a female act, the best-selling album of the 1990s, and the 9th best-selling album in the United States. He has also produced songs for, or otherwise worked with, artists such as , Def Leppard, The Michael Stanley Band, The Boomtown Rats, Foreigner, Michael Bolton, The Cars, Bryan Adams, Huey Lewis and the News, Billy Ocean, Celine Dion, Britney Spears, The Corrs, Maroon 5, Lady Gaga, Now United, Nickelback, and Muse. Early life Robert John Lange was born in Mufulira, Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia), and raised in Durban, South Africa. His German mother came from a prosperous family, and his South African father was a mining engineer. Nicknamed \"Mutt\" at an early age, Lange grew up a fan of country music, in particular the singer Slim Whitman. While studying at Belfast High School in what is now Mpumalanga province, he started a band in which he played rhythm guitar and sang harmonies. Career After his national service (1966–1967), Lange formed the band Sound Reason in 1969, together with James Borthwick, a South African TV, stage and film actor. In 1971, he started the group Hocus, recording one album and releasing five singles. In 1978, Lange wrote and produced Ipswich Town's FA Cup Final single \"Ipswich Get That Goal\", his connection with the club due to their South Africa-born player Colin Viljoen. The song is derived from a previous recording, \"Give That Thang to Me\" by Paul Jones (1977), with some parts rearranged and new lyrics. Beginning production work in 1976, his first major hits came in October 1978 with the UK No. 1 single \"Rat Trap\" for The Boomtown Rats, followed in July 1979 with AC/DC's hard rock album Highway to Hell (No. 8 UK, No. 17 US). He produced a total of five albums for UK band City Boy from 1976 to 1979. He produced two more albums with AC/DC, including Back in Black (1980) which is, , the second-best-selling album of all time. He also worked with rock group Foreigner on 4, and with Def Leppard on their hit albums, High 'n' Dry, Pyromania, Hysteria and Adrenalize, co-writing most of the songs. After Hysteria, Lange bowed out of working with Def Leppard. In 1999, he returned to working with them in a more limited role, co-writing three tracks for their album Euphoria, which spawned the single \"Promises\", a Number 1 hit on the mainstream rock charts. In 1991, he produced Bryan Adams's Waking Up the Neighbours, including co-writing \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" for the Kevin Costner film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves which – with 16 consecutive weeks at the top from 7",
"title": "Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange"
},
{
"docid": "5673686",
"text": "The Noble Fisherman, also known as Robin Hood's Preferment and Robin Hood's Fishing, is a 17th-century ballad of Robin Hood. Unusually, it depicts Robin Hood as a hero of the sea, rather than his usual portrayal as someone who operated in the greenwood forest. It seems to have been quite popular for the first two centuries of its existence, although it eventually lost prominence and was less used in adaptations of Robin Hood from the 19th and 20th centuries. It was later published by Francis James Child in the 1880s as Child Ballad #148 in his influential collection of popular ballads. Robin Hood's Bay in the Borough of Scarborough may have been an inspiration for the writer of the ballad. Plot Robin Hood decides to go to sea and try his hand at being a fisherman. He poses as a poor fisherman and calls himself Simon Over-The-Lee. In Scarborough, North Yorkshire, he meets a widow with an inn by the sea and her own boat. She hires him and hopes that he will live up to his namesake (Simon Peter, a fisherman). The ship's Master initially is unimpressed with the new hire. The crew laughs at him as an obvious \"lubber\" whose seamanship is at novice level. \"Simon\" spies a French warship, presumably either pirates or privateers. While the Master initially despairs at the prospect of being taken into French captivity, Simon insists he be allowed to defend the ship with his bow. Simon shoots the French pirates using his archery skills. Instead of the French boarding the fishing boat, the fishermen board the French ship, where everyone is already dead from Simon's arrows. They find a treasure hoard of twelve thousand pounds aboard the French warship. Initially, Simon says he will take half for his \"dame\" (the widow who hired him, as she is called a dame earlier) and offers to share the other half of the treasure with the others on the boat. The Master refuses and insists that the treasure is all Robin's. Robin vows to use it to build a habitation for the oppressed where they can live in peace. Analysis A ballad titled \"The Noble Fisherman, or, Robin Hoods great Prize\" is listed in the Stationers' Register as from June 1631, and was presumably this ballad. The oldest surviving copy is also probably from the 1630s, now kept in the Bodleian Library collection. Many late 17th-century broadside copies exist and the ballad was commonly included in the garlands (collections) of Robin Hood ballads of the 17th and 18th centuries, suggesting the work's popularity. The ballad's writing style suggests it was written by a professional ballad writer inventing a tale that combined England's famous hero with the then popular genre of stories involving a victory over a hated foreign enemy in the French, making it unlikely the tale originated from an older medieval popular tradition, and certainly not an actual historical incident. The ballad is also unusual in placing Robin Hood in Scarborough, which also probably",
"title": "The Noble Fisherman"
},
{
"docid": "39047069",
"text": "Dominique Mattei (born in 1981 in Marseille, France) better known by the stage name Dumè is a French singer, composer and actor. Biography As an adolescent, he studied composing, singing and playing guitar at the Marseilles conservatory. He opened for concerts by Pascal Obispo and signed as a composer for Atletico music. He wrote songs for Johnny Hallyday, Faudel, Natasha Saint-Pier, Louisy Joseph amongst others and partnered with Lionel Florence writing for others. In November 2009, Dominique Mattei announced that he was taking the name Dumè and was preparing his first album through financing from My Major Company. In 2012, Dumè was also featured in Génération Goldman tribute project to Jean-Jaques Goldman singing Il suffira d'un signe alongside Merwan Rim, Amaury Vassili and Baptiste Giabiconi. In 2013, he is taking part in the French musical adaptation of Robin hood titled Robin des Bois playing the role of Vaisey, the Sheriff of Nottingham. He also performs in the play Notting Hill Nottingham as a solo and Devenir quelqu'un with M. Pokora (in the role of Robin Hood). His first album solo is edited in 2014 : La moitié du chemin. Discography Singles 2010 : Je ne sais rien faire 2012 : La moitié du chemin, duet with Judith 2014 : Maman m'avait dit Album 2014 : La moitié du chemin Appearances 2012 : Il suffira d'un signe (Merwan Rim, Amaury Vassili, Baptiste Giabiconi and Dumè in Génération Goldman) Musical Theatre 2013 : Robin des Bois, Vaisey, the Sheriff of Nottingham Notting Hill Nottingham (Dumè in Robin des Bois) Devenir quelqu'un (Dumè & M. Pokora in Robin des Bois) Y renoncer un jour (Dumè in \"Robin des Bois\") References French composers French male composers 1981 births Living people Male actors from Marseille 21st-century French singers 21st-century French male singers",
"title": "Dumè"
},
{
"docid": "9880436",
"text": "Tomasz Sylwester Beksiński (26 November 1958 – 24 December 1999) was a popular Polish radio presenter, music journalist and movie translator. He was the son of painter Zdzisław Beksiński. Early life Beksiński was born in Sanok, Poland. From the age of 12 he was interested in music, especially rock music (progressive rock, gothic rock) and horror films. In one of his essays he wrote about how scared he was while watching his first horror movie (The Reptile) in 1970. He admitted it was the first and the last time he felt that way watching a horror film. For a year he studied English literature at the University of Silesia campus in Sosnowiec. He studied English philology in Katowice. Career Music journalist In the late '70s he became a music journalist and was one of the most charismatic Polish radio presenters. It was not a coincidence he chose such a career; he was known to be a music lover, who had an impressive collection of LP records. He debuted on air in Marek Niedźwiecki's programme in 1982. At the beginning he worked together with Polskie Radio and presented programmes Romantycy muzyki rockowej, and Wieczór płytowy. He also wrote feature articles and reviews for Tylko Rock and Magazyn muzyczny magazines. From 1998 he wrote a column Opowieści z Krypty in Tylko Rock magazine, where his features were published. He also wrote for Machina magazine. Translations Tomasz Beksiński was also an English-Polish translator. He translated most of the James Bond and Harry Callahan films and Monty Python's Flying Circus comedy sketches and many other films e.g. Wild at Heart, Silence of the Lambs, Apocalypse Now, Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, Birdy, Die Hard, Don't Look Now, Frankenstein, Beyond the Poseidon Adventure, The Swarm, Someone's watching me!, Lethal Weapon, 1941, Pet Sematary, Reservoir Dogs, Lost Highway,Untouchables, Carrie, Dawn Of The Dead, Pumpkinhead, Hellraiser, The Reptile, Casablanca, Escape From New York, Once Upon a Time in America, Godfather 3, The Fury, The Doors, Casualties of War. He also translated some lyrics of Marillion, Iron Maiden, King Crimson, Pink Floyd, The Doors, Joy Division and The Sisters of Mercy. Plane accident On 2 November 1988 he survived a plane accident in Rzeszów, in which one person was killed and several others severely injured. He never traveled by plane again. Death On 24 December 1999 Tomasz died by suicide. Shortly before his death he wrote a feature about modern culture, in which he unambiguously forewarned about his intention. He had a history of suicide ideation and attempts. References Polish radio journalists 1958 births 1999 suicides 20th-century Polish journalists People from Sanok Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents 1999 deaths Drug-related suicides in Poland",
"title": "Tomasz Beksiński"
},
{
"docid": "1028445",
"text": "The Percy Folio is a folio book of English ballads used by Thomas Percy to compile his Reliques of Ancient Poetry. Although the manuscript itself was compiled in the 17th century, some of its material goes back well into the 12th century. It was the most important of the source documents used by Francis James Child for his 1883 collection The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. The manuscript Those who owned the manuscript before Percy did not treat it well; its owners had probably regarded its Middle English and border dialect as incomprehensible and worthless. When Percy first came across the manuscript, in the house of its former owner Sir Humphrey Pitt of Shifnal, pages were being used by his housemaids to start fires. Percy had the manuscript bound, and the bookbinder inflicted additional damage in trimming the edges of the sheets, losing first or last lines on many pages. Percy did not treat the manuscript particularly well himself; he wrote notes and comments in it and tore out some pages after binding. The original folio is in the British Library, known as Additional MS. 27879. In its present form the manuscript consists of some 520 paper pages, containing 195 individual items. The works were transcribed in the middle decades of the 17th century. The handwriting in the manuscript appears to be the same throughout and bears some similarity with that of Thomas Blount but it cannot be determined for certain if he originally collected the work. The loose leaves that comprise the manuscript are now individually mounted and covered with gauze. Contents In addition to the ballads culled and compiled by Percy and Child, the folio contains an alliterative poem in Middle English entitled Death and Liffe and Scottish Feilde, which is a poem on the Battle of Flodden. The manuscript contains ballads, for the most part, but also metrical romances such as Sir Degaré and The Squire of Low Degree. There are several Arthurian texts, including King Arthur and King Cornwall, Sir Lancelott of Dulake, The Marriage of Sir Gawain, Merline, The Carle of Carlisle, The Greene Knight, The Boy and the Mantle and The Turke and Gowin. The last three narratives are entirely unknown outside the Percy Folio. The manuscript also preserves eight Robin Hood ballads: \"Robin Hood's Death,\" \"Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne,\" \"Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar,\" \"Robin Hood and the Butcher,\" \"The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield,\" \"Little John a Begging,\" \"Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires,\" and \"Robin Hood and Queen Katherine.\" Reception and significance Percy published several pieces from the manuscript, many of which were \"repaired\" or frankly rewritten, especially in his Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, but did not allow fellow historians access to the original manuscript during his lifetime. Percy's book was the constant companion of Gottfried August Bürger, a childhood hero of Novalis, one of the chief influences of George MacDonald, whom C.S. Lewis considered his master. And thus the manuscript, through Percy's book had a direct line of",
"title": "Percy Folio"
},
{
"docid": "46443001",
"text": "A sentimental ballad is an emotional style of music that often deals with romantic and intimate relationships, and to a lesser extent, loneliness, death, war, drug abuse, politics and religion, usually in a poignant but solemn manner. Ballads are generally melodic enough to get the listener's attention. Sentimental ballads are found in most music genres, such as pop, R&B, soul, country, folk, rock and electronic music. Usually slow in tempo, ballads tend to have a lush musical arrangement which emphasizes the song's melody and harmonies. Characteristically, ballads use acoustic instruments such as guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. Many modern mainstream ballads tend to feature synthesizers, drum machines and even, to some extent, a dance rhythm. Sentimental ballads had their origins in the early Tin Pan Alley music industry of the later 19th century. Initially known as \"tear-jerkers\" or \"drawing-room ballads\", they were generally sentimental, narrative, strophic songs published separately or as part of an opera, descendants perhaps of broadside ballads. As new genres of music began to emerge in the early 20th century, their popularity faded, but the association with sentimentality led to the term ballad being used for a slow love song from the 1950s onwards. History Early history Sentimental ballads have their roots from medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally \"danced songs\". Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia and North Africa. As a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger. The earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is \"Judas\" in a 13th-century manuscript. A reference in William Langland's Piers Plowman indicates that ballads about Robin Hood were being sung from at least the late 14th century and the oldest detailed material is Wynkyn de Worde's collection of Robin Hood ballads printed about 1495. 18th century – early 20th century Ballads at this time were originally composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines. These refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance. In the 18th century, ballad operas developed as a form of English stage entertainment, partly in opposition to the Italian domination of the London operatic scene. In America a distinction is drawn between ballads that are versions of European, particularly British and Irish songs, and 'Native American ballads', developed without reference to earlier songs. A further development was the evolution of the blues ballad, which mixed the genre with Afro-American music. In the late 19th century, Danish folklorist Svend Grundtvig and Harvard professor Francis James Child attempted to record and classify all the known ballads and variants in their chosen regions. Since Child died before writing a commentary on his work it is uncertain exactly how and why he differentiated the 305 ballads printed that would be",
"title": "Sentimental ballad"
},
{
"docid": "53384444",
"text": "George Maguire (born 17 January 1985) is an English actor and musician, known for originating the role of Dave Davies in the musical Sunny Afternoon. Career Maguire made his first appearance on stage, aged 9, in a small role in a pantomime production of Robin Hood and the Babes in the Wood at Guildford Civic Hall. When he was 10, he attended an open audition that landed him his West End debut in Oliver! at the Palladium. While still appearing in Oliver! he began to attend Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts. During his time there he saw the first London production of Rent which proved a great inspiration for him. \"It was raw, rocky and real and I remember thinking 'that's the kind of stuff I want to do'.\" In 2011, Maguire appeared as Richard Loeb in Thrill Me, first at the Tristan Bates Theatre in London and then at the Charing Cross Theatre. This was followed by his first of two stints as 1970s glam rock star Marc Bolan in 20th Century Boy which premiered at the New Wolsey Theatre in Ipswich in September 2011. A planned tour of Hair with Maguire taking the lead role of Berger was cancelled with the exception of a two-week engagement at Deutsches Theater in Munich. A few months later, in July 2012, there was a one-off charity performance of this production at the Piccadilly Theatre in London in aid of Help for Heroes which featured Oliver Tobias, who portrayed Berger at the first London production of Hair in 1968. In September of the same year, George returned to 20th Century Boy, this time performing at Belgrade Theatre in Coventry. Early 2013 saw Maguire appear in a production called Lift, where he played a Busker, looking for cash and for the woman that always walks past him smiling every morning. Maguire said about the production: \"I have always been passionate about new writing and love the chance to originate a role.\" Maguire then played Dave Davies in the Kinks musical, Sunny Afternoon, on which he commented: \"It's quite rare and special to be able to see a piece through from the beginning.\" The show opened at the Hampstead Theatre in April 2014 and after a sold-out run of 6 weeks, transferred to the West End's Harold Pinter Theatre where it ran for two years. Maguire left the show in early October 2015. In April 2015, George Maguire won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actor in Sunny Afternoon, the musical simultaneously picking up three further awards, including Best New Musical. In 2017, Maguire appeared as a guest character in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders as Felix Moore. Then in April 2020, he appeared in an episode of the BBC daytime soap opera Doctors as Greg Taylor-Smith. More recently, as well as continuing his acting Career, he has been teaching at Stageworks College in St Neots. Stage Filmography References External links 1985 births Living people English male musical theatre actors English",
"title": "George Maguire (actor, born 1985)"
},
{
"docid": "7419124",
"text": "Kwan Wai Pang (; born 20 March 1945 in Guilin, Guangxi), known professionally as Teddy Robin (), is a Hong Kong English pop singer-songwriter, actor, and director and producer. He began his music career in mid 1960s when Hong Kong English pop was at its peak. He formed a rock and roll band with his friends called Teddy Robin and the Playboys while Teddy was the vocal and guitarist. The band was the first Chinese-led rock band in Hong Kong. The band became a massive hit in Hong Kong. From the 70s, Teddy started to get involved in the movie industry. in 1979, he was the producer of his first movie 《Cops and Robbers 點指兵兵》. He then played a pivotal role at the Pearl City Production Company and Cinema City Company Limited. Despite his heavy involvement in movie productions, he was still passionate about music and continued his involvement in record productions and film song creation during the time. He has produced over 20 movies and directed 5 and 1/3 films throughout his career. He won various awards across film and music festivals, such as the CASH Hall of Fame Award from the Composers and Authors Society of Hong Kong, The Best Original Film Song and the Best Supporting Actor from the Hong Kong Film Award, The Best Actor from Hong Kong Film Critics Society and The Best Actor from International Chinese Film Festival. He is also one of the five founders of Hong Kong Film Directors' Guild and the Honorary Director of Hong Kong Performing Artistes Guild. Early life Teddy Robin was born in Guilin, Guangxi, alongside five brothers and sisters. He came to Hong Kong with his father in 1949, settling in Wan Chai. As a rebellious child, Teddy was average at school. He always hung out at street court with his gangs. He called himself \"Teddy Robin\" because he admired the heroic image of Robin Hood. At the early age of 11, Teddy started his career as a child broadcaster at Rediffusion (ATV). Teddy developed his enthusiasm for rock and roll music when he first heard the sound of an electric guitar. Then he started to explore and learn to play electric guitar . He then formed a rock band called \"Teddy Robin and the Playboys\" with his friends and his two younger brothers. Apart from music, Teddy Robin is also a skilled painter and sketcher. He designed the cover for his singles, including \"I Can’t Be Hurt Any More\", \"Not All Lies\", \"Breakthrough\", \"365 Days\" and \"Memories\". Music career After graduating from high school, Teddy Robin worked as a Trainee Producer at Rediffusion English TV Station . He formed rock band \"Teddy Robin and the Playboys\" with Norman Chang, Fedrick Chan and his two younger brothers in 1966. In the 1960s, the band was signed by Diamond Records and released its first album. In 1966, \"Teddy Robin and the Playboys\" was the home band of Rediffusion TV's most popular music program \"Soundbite 66\". In 1968, Mr",
"title": "Teddy Robin"
},
{
"docid": "11124733",
"text": "Tim Pollard (born 23 February 1964) is an English actor and entertainer who has been appearing and performing as Robin Hood in and around his home town of Nottingham, England for over 30 years. He lives and works in the legendary city as well as representing it nationally and internationally in his position as Nottingham's Official Robin Hood. Early years Before his career as an actor, Pollard worked in the roleplaying and wargaming industry for many years as well as being a freelance graphic designer and illustrator. During this time, he became involved in Viking battle re-enactment and the first live-roleplaying company established in the UK, Treasure Trap (at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire), as well as performing with a number of local rock bands. He also studied medieval Japanese and 19th century South African history at SOAS, the prestigious School of Oriental and African Studies in London. Robin Hood As Nottingham's Official Robin Hood, Tim Pollard has represented the County and City of Nottingham nationally and internationally since 1996 – for example appearing in Chicago, Houston, Toronto and several times in New York City and Hameln, Germany (home of the famous Pied Piper with whom he keeps contact through their brotherhood Legion of Legends. He also performs regularly at Nottingham Castle's annual Robin Hood pageant and at medieval banquets, charity events and other shows throughout the Midlands. Television Tim Pollard has also choreographed fight scenes or played roles in Blue Peter, The Oxford Road Show, Blind Date, The Big Breakfast, Moll Flanders and Common As Muck. He appears regularly on local TV news and has also appeared as Robin Hood on TV shows such as Australia's Channel 9 'Getaway' travel show, 'Castles, Secrets and Legends' for the US Travel Channel and the BBC's 'Antiques Roadtrip'. In his role as Official Robin Hood of Nottinghamshire, he has appeared as an expert in local history on the Travel Channel television show \"Expedition Unknown\" Season 2 episode 'The Real Robin Hood'. Film Tim Pollard has appeared as the narrator character 'Lord Victor Fleming' in the horror films Dracula's Orgy of the Damned and Werewolf Massacre at Hell's Gate. Fleming is an expert in occult lore and a collector of tales of eldritch curiosity. DVD/Music In 1985 he was a featured part of the stage show performing with psychedelic prog-rock band Hawkwind on their Chronicle of the Black Sword tour, and can be seen on the live concert DVD The Chronicle of the Black Sword. Gaming and role-playing Pollard has also worked full and part-time in the gaming business since 1978. He was also employed in design at Games Workshop and Citadel Miniatures as a writer, editor, artist and art manager. He edited and produced the initial Flintloque line of table-top Napoleonic fantasy games for Alternative Armies, as well as co-writing the entry for Shaka Zulu in Steve Jackson Games GURPS Who's Who. He also contributed research on antique coins to the PC first-person action game The Operative: No One Lives Forever. References External",
"title": "Tim Pollard"
},
{
"docid": "16959056",
"text": "Ivanhoe is a 1982 British-American made-for-television historical romance film. An adaptation of Sir Walter Scott's 1819 novel of the same name, it stars Anthony Andrews in the title role. The film was directed by Douglas Camfield, with a screenplay written by John Gay. It depicts the noble knight Ivanhoe returning home from the Third Crusade and becoming involved in a power struggle for the throne of England. Brian de Bois-Guilbert is treated more ambiguously than in most versions of the story. He develops some genuine affection for Rebecca of York towards the end, and although he could easily have won the fight against the wounded and weakened Wilfred of Ivanhoe, Brian de Bois-Guilbert lowers his sword and allows himself to be killed, thus saving Rebecca's life. Plot summary Upon returning from the Crusades, Ivanhoe, Robin Hood and the Saxons work to restore King Richard to the throne with opposition from Prince John, his Norman knights, and the Knights Templar. Cast Anthony Andrews – Sir Wilfred of Ivanhoe, Cedric's son. Sam Neill – Sir Brian de Bois-Guilbert Michael Hordern – Lord Cedric of Rotherwood James Mason – Isaac of York, Jewish money-lender. Olivia Hussey – Rebecca of York, Isaac's daughter. Lysette Anthony – Lady Rowena, Cedric's ward. Julian Glover – King Richard I Plantagenet, the Black Knight. Ronald Pickup – Prince John Plantagenet, Richard's brother and usurper. John Rhys-Davies – Sir Reginald Front-de-Boeuf Stuart Wilson – Sir Maurice de Bracy George Innes – Wamba (son of Witless), Cedric's jester. David Robb – Robert of Locksley, Robin Hood. Tony Haygarth – Friar Tuck. Michael Gothard – Sir Athelstane of Coningsburgh Philip Locke – Lucas de Beaumanoir, Grand Master of the Knights Templar. Timothy Morand – Prince John's Attendant Kevin Stoney – Fitzurse, Prince John's advisor. Dean Harris – Phillippe John Hallam – Herald Kenneth Gilbert – Marshall Debbie Farrington – Alicia Stewart Bevan – Edward, member of the Order of the Knights Templar. Geoffrey Beevers – Beaslin (as Geoffrey Veevers) John Forgeham – Front-de-Boeuf's Lieutenant Chloe Franks – Attendant Robert Russell – Leader Derek Lyons – Squire Production The film was part of a slate of films from Columbia Pictures Television then under Herman Rush. Anthony Andrews' casting was announced in September 1981. \"It's impossible to make Ivanhoe without being a bit tongue in cheek,\" said Andrews. Michael Hordern said, \"You could change our costumes from 12th Century to 20th Century and have us running about in automobiles instead of on horseback, and you could do the same story in terms of prejudice is still very strong. Human nature doesn't seem to have changed very much since Cedric's time.\" It was filmed at Pinewood Studios and the historic Bamburgh Castle and Alnwick Castle in Northumberland. \"The problem with Ivanhoe is that he is whiter than white, cleaner than clean\", said Andrews. \"He's a straight-cut hero with no rough edge. Each time he opens his mouth, he says something incredibly just. The problem was to turn him into a human being.\" Julian Glover",
"title": "Ivanhoe (1982 film)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "60333329",
"text": "Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives is the debut studio album from the American rock band Rock N Roll Hi Fives. Content The ten-track album was released on red 12\"-vinyl and digital download with Little Dickman Records, on 29 June 2018. It was recorded between 2016 and 2017, engineered by Mike Moebius and mastered by Joe Lambert. Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives contains four new songs, with the remainder appearing on previous Rock N Roll Hi Fives' albums. They wrote the song \"Hold On\" in a 70s glam rock style, and Eilee Centeno recalls upon receiving the music, she was in \"a rut with words and dad jokingly said I should start writing songs about relationships since that's what all of the hits were about. I've never been in a relationship before and I usually write the lyrics to our songs on my own but for this song dad and I wrote the lyrics together so we had both angles being portrayed in the song.\" The album draws comparison to the music of Kim Deal, Corin Tucker, and the Runaways. The music video for \"Same Mistakes\" was released on September 18, 2018, and features live footage from their 2018 tour of Japan, with filming by Tsuyoshi Hashimoto. It also contains \"various and sundry clips,\" and photographs. The record release party for Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives was at Mercury Lounge in New York on June 24, 2018, with Lost Boy?. Reception Rich Quinlan of Jersey Beat says Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives is \"fun and incredibly infectious, the Rock N Roll Hi-Fives inject a sense of purity into their playing that is desperately missed by most bands today. There is no pretense or tricks; this is rock 'n' roll for people who love rock 'n' roll.\" Bob Makin in Institute for Nonprofit News calls the song \"Battles\" the \"standout,\" describing it as \"a grungy grabber that's a cross between the Ramones and the Runaways with a pinch of L7 and Hole. I love the way Eilee simultaneously counters and complements the rough edges of this song with the distorted, sci-fi-sounding effects of the theremin.\" Magnet calls the song \"C'est la Vie\" a \"hell of a good song.\" A review of the song \"Hold On\" by Impose describe it as \"a hooky, riff-chugging ripper straight out of the best anthemic works 60s glam has to offer with The RocknRoll Hi-Fives' unique flair and swagger shining throughout.\" The Fire Note says \"Eilee's vocals are strong [on \"Hold On\" and] have a snap to them like Joan Jett,\" and the music is reminiscent \"of 90's punk group Red Aunts or more currently Southern California's the Side Eyes.\" Tracklisting Personnel Eilee Centeno – vocals and theremin Evren Centeno – drums Gloree Centeno – bass Joe Centeno – guitars and backing vocals References Citations Bibliography External links 2018 albums Little Dickman Records albums Rock-and-roll albums Rock N Roll Hi Fives albums",
"title": "Re-introducing the RocknRoll Hi-Fives"
},
{
"docid": "7250407",
"text": "\"Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?\" is a song by American punk rock band Ramones', released by Sire Records as the second single and opening track from the band's fifth studio album End of the Century (1980). It was released on May 16, 1980. Produced by Phil Spector, the song and album marked a change in the Ramones' sound, in an attempt to achieve commercial success. Based on many rock and pop songs the band grew up listening to, the song featured more complex instrumentation and production than past songs by the band, employing the use of piano, trumpet, horn, saxophone and synthesizer, along with the standard guitar, drums and bass. The song criticized the state of mainstream rock music at that time and took a roots rock approach. The album's title End of the Century came from a couplet found in the lyrics of the song: \"It's the end, the end of the seventies/It's the end, the end of the century.\" This verse also provided the title of the 2003 documentary about the group, End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones. The opening riff of the song appears in the trailers of DreamWorks Animation's Shrek The Third, which was released in 2007. The song also appears in the film's soundtrack. Lyrical content The Ramones sought to return rock music to its most basic roots, abandoning movements such as late 1960s psychedelic rock and early 1970s prog rock music. The song states the Ramones' philosophy in lines such as \"We need change, we need it fast/Before rock's just part of the past/'Cause lately it all sounds the same to me\". Many of the band's influences are mentioned in the song, including Murray the K, John Lennon, Jerry Lee Lewis, T. Rex, The Barbarians (whose drummer, Victor \"Moulty\" Moulton, is mentioned by his nickname) and Alan Freed, as well as musical variety TV and radio shows such as Hullabaloo, Shindig!, Upbeat and The Ed Sullivan Show. Furthermore, a clip of Buddy Holly and the Crickets performing on The Ed Sullivan Show can be seen in the music video. While the song celebrates the Ramones' teenage rock and roll memories, it also reflects and criticizes the trend of playing nostalgic songs on radio, rather than focusing on new music. Reception Record World called it a \"thunderous paean to radio as it should be.\" Track listing U.S. 7\" Single \"Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?\" (Ramones) - 3:50 \"Let's Go\" (Ramones) - 3:02 References External links Rock ‘N' Roll Radio at Discogs (list of releases) The song’s lyrics at Genius Songs about rock music Songs about nostalgia Songs about radio 1980 singles Ramones songs Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Song recordings with Wall of Sound arrangements Songs written by Joey Ramone Songs written by Johnny Ramone Songs written by Dee Dee Ramone Kiss (band) songs 1980 songs Sire Records singles",
"title": "Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?"
},
{
"docid": "8306261",
"text": "Eric Carlson (born May 22, 1958, in Seattle, Washington) is a founding member and lead guitarist of American heavy metal band The Mentors. Under the stage name Sickie Wifebeater, Carlson started The Mentors in Seattle in 1976 with bass guitarist Steve Broy (Dr. Heathen Scum) and singer/drummer Eldon Hoke (El Duce) who attended Roosevelt High School together. Style Wifebeater's playing style when soloing (with hand above and over the fretboard) is one of the things that gave the Mentors' guitars a unique sound. His signature sound is fluid with alternating bottom-heavy crunch with fast-noted metal runs. When performing, Wifebeater wears a black executioner’s hood, according to a Guitar World \"Behind the Mask: A Brief History of Guitarists with an Identity Crisis\", Guitar World, September 5, 2008</ref> Equipment Guitars Wifebeater plays or has played the following guitars A 1964 red Gibson SG with one P-90 pickup and one DiMarzio super distortion Humbucker A 1965 red Gibson SG stock P-90 pickups Early 1980s silver Boogiebodies Stratocaster A 1970s black Ventura Les Paul Copy (used in early 1980s) Amplifiers Sickie Wifebeater uses a 1978 or 1979 Marshall MKII 100 Watt Lead with checkerboard speaker cabinets. Originally, he used the fullstack as pictured on the Get Up and Die album cover but in later years he mainly ran it as a halfstack. Discography With The Mentors Get Up and Die (1981 Mystic Records) Live at the Whiskey/Cathey de Grande (1981 Mystic Records) You Axed for It! (1985 Metal Blade/Death Records) Up the Dose (1986 Metal Blade/Death Records) Sex Drugs and Rock 'n' Roll (1989 Ever Rat Records) Rock Bible (1990 Mentor Records) To The Max (1991 Mentor Records) Over The Top (2005 Mentor Records) Ducefixion (2009 Mentor Records) Illuminaughty (2017 Mentor Records) With other groups Jesters of Destiny - Fun at the Funeral 1986 Mentorhawk - Motel 7 1999 Northwest Breeders - Northwest Breeders EP 2001 Videography Get Up and Die (1983) Mentors Fuck Movie (1987) A Piece Of Sinema (1990) The Wretched World of The Mentors (1990) Mentors Tour De Max '91 (1991) El Duce, The Man. The Myth. The Video. (1993) Mentors - El Duce Vita DVD (2007) Sources Church Of El Duce Men In The Hood: Mentors Site References External links Sickie Wifebeater at MySpace The Mentors Official Website Church of El Duce Mentors @ the Metal Archives Living people 1958 births American heavy metal guitarists American punk rock guitarists Mentors (band) members Musicians from Seattle Guitarists from Washington (state) American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists",
"title": "Eric Carlson (musician)"
},
{
"docid": "34829642",
"text": "Charlie Souza is an American bass player, vocalist, musician, writer and producer. He is best known for playing bass in Mudcrutch. He is married to Barbara Benischek Souza. Career Souza toured with The New Rascals, featuring Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Dino Danelli and Gene Cornish of The Rascals, with Bill Pascali (formerly with the Vanilla Fudge 2001) from 2006 to 2011. In 2008, the group performed on a live video recording, New Rascals Reloaded with Eddie Brigati, and on a digital audio recording titled New Rascals LEGENDS covering songs of the Young Rascals (also known simply as the Rascals), such as Groovin' and Good Lovin'. He also toured, collaborated and recorded with musicians including Tom Petty; Gregg Allman; Bill Champlin of Chicago; Michel Colombier; Mike Pinera, Malcolm Jones and Joe Lala of Blues Image; The New Cactus Band Cactus (American band); White Witch (band); Gale Force with producer Wayne Henderson (musician) of The Jazz Crusaders; Native American actor Floyd Red Crow Westerman; Santana keyboardist Leon Patillo; The Darrell Mansfield Christian Band; comedian Fred Willard, and The Tropics (band), a '60s pop group from Tampa, Florida, winning first place at the International Battle of the Bands in Chicago in 1966, which led to a Columbia Records recording played on Dick Clark's American Bandstand. Souza's music has been released on Columbia, Atlantic, Polydor, Fantasy and Laurie Records. Fortress on Atlantic Records was an '80s melodic metal group with a release on Wounded Bird Records in 2008, Fortress \"Hands in the Till\". Souza recorded his solo albums Live Your Dream and 9 Ball in the Corner Pocket, together with former Robin Trower drummer Bill Lordan, and Tropics guitarist Eric Turner of Fortress. These two CDs were recorded in Anaheim and Hollywood, California. Souza's song Carry Me Back to St. Petersburg off the Livin' in Paradise CD, recorded by his band The New Tropics in Tampa Bay area studios, was voted the winner of the official city song contest. Bibliography Live Your Dream A Music Autobiography. Janson Media Group, 2011. Tales of The Tropics, Tom Petty's Mudcrutch, New Rascals, Gregg Allman, Cactus, many Rock 'n' Roll friends! A story of real musical roots! The Life and times of Charlie Souza http://charliesouza.com \"Florida's Famous and Forgotten\" by Kurt \"King of the Oldies\" Curtis. Softcover, (2) Book Set 1024 pages. The Tropics chapter, pages 828 – 842. \"Tampa Bay Music Roots\" Charlie Souza, Author ( 100 years of Music History in the Tampa Bay Area) Arcadia Publishing, The History Press References External links Interview with Charlie Souza at Alt Guitar Bass For Bass Players Only: Interview Music Dish: Interview RockUnited (Archived Reviews): Charlie SOUZA: \"Live Your Dream\" + \"9 Ball in the Corner Pocket\" 6 / 7, Review by Endre \"Bandi\" Hübner, 15 February 2004 Psychedelic Central: New Rascals review https://web.archive.org/web/20120322211323/http://www.worldsoundproductions.com/artists/charlie_souza/web_pages/charlie_home.html 1948 births Living people Musicians from Tampa, Florida Writers from Tampa, Florida Mudcrutch members Guitarists from Florida American male bass guitarists 20th-century American bass guitarists 20th-century American male musicians",
"title": "Charlie Souza"
},
{
"docid": "13255766",
"text": "Death 'n' roll (portmanteau of death metal and rock 'n' roll) is the subgenre of death metal music that incorporates hard rock-inspired elements to the overall sound. The achieved effect is that of death metal's trademark combination of growled vocals and highly distorted detuned guitar riffing with elements reminiscent of 1970s hard rock and heavy metal. Notable examples include Entombed, Gorefest, Carcass, Kaptain Sun, Six Feet Under, Pungent Stench and the Fernando Colunga Ultimate Experience. History While the \"death 'n' roll\" tag was first associated with Entombed, Daniel Ekeroth associates the style with a previous group called Furbowl. After Entombed's release, Wolverine Blues, the band became associated with what the music press dubbed as \"death 'n' roll\", a label which has followed Entombed's career ever since. Another noteworthy death 'n' roll release is Soul Survivor, Gorefest's 1996 effort. This album showed more than a passing nod to classic rock. Proof of that influence was the club tour organized by the band that same year, where Gorefest played songs by AC/DC, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple. Gorefest broke up after their last 1990s album, Chapter 13, which continued the trend started in Soul Survivor (Gorefest reformed seven years later). Two of its members currently play in Live & Dangerous, a Thin Lizzy tribute band from the Netherlands. Confronted with the \"death 'n' roll\" label in interviews, the death metal acts it usually is attached to react with skepticism. Entombed's LG Petrov made the following statement, regarding this issue: \"We see it as Entombed music, if people see that as death 'n' roll so be it. We just laugh, death 'n' roll, why not? When we write songs, we aren't thinking it has to be a particular style.\" When questioned about their mixture of death metal and rock and roll, Gorefest's Frank Harthoorn replied: \"Strange, everyone has always mentioned this death n' roll thing. To me it's just metal, plain and simple. I don't believe our influences are different from other bands.\" Further reading Ekeroth, Daniel (2008). Swedish Death Metal. Chapter 9: \"The Dead Live On ...\" Bazillion Points Books. Entombed (1993). Wolverine Blues. [CD]. Nottingham, UK: Earache Records Ltd. Remastered & Limited Edition, 1999. Entombed (1997). Entombed. [CD]. New York, NY: Earache Records (U.S.). References 20th-century music genres 1990s in music Death metal Heavy metal genres",
"title": "Death 'n' roll"
},
{
"docid": "2288639",
"text": "Cheap Trick is the debut studio album by the American rock band Cheap Trick, released in 1977. It was released under Epic Records and produced by Jack Douglas, a frequent collaborator of the band. The album did not reach the Billboard 200 chart but did \"bubble under\" at number 207 for one week in April 1977. Overview Most of the songs have a more raw sound akin to hard rock bands of the period compared to the group's later more polished power pop style, and the song lyrics deal with more extreme subject matter than later albums. For instance, \"The Ballad of TV Violence (I'm Not the Only Boy)\" is about serial killer Richard Speck, \"Daddy Should Have Stayed in High School\" is about an ephebophile, and \"Oh, Candy\" is about a photographer friend of the band, Marshall Mintz, who committed suicide. Critical reception The album was generally well-received by critics with favorable comparisons to the Beatles and the Who, with critics likening Robin Zander's vocals to John Lennon's. Charles M. Young, writing for Rolling Stone, said the album had a \"heavy emphasis on basics with a strain of demented violence\" and that the lyrics \"run the gamut of lust, confusion and misogyny, growing out of rejection and antiauthoritarian sentiments about school—all with an element of wit.\" Ira Robbins of Trouser Press noted the album's \"wall-of-guitar sound\" and said the band was \"sarcastic, smart, nasty, powerful, tight, casual, and destined for something great.\" Juliana Hatfield, speaking to Melody Maker in 1993, praised Cheap Trick as \"the quintessential rock record\" and one that \"entertains all the way through\". Track listing All songs written by Rick Nielsen except where noted. Note: The original vinyl record had \"Side A\" printed on the label on one side and \"Side 1\" printed on the other, a humorous touch reflecting the band's conviction that they didn't have any \"B material\". The placement of the track listing on the jacket seemed to indicate \"Hot Love\" was the first track on the album. When the album was released on CD in the mid-1980s, it followed the same sequence. However, when the album was re-issued in 1998, the band's preferred sequence was used, placing \"Side 1\" before \"Side A\" and included five bonus tracks: Personnel Cheap Trick Robin Zander – lead vocals, rhythm guitar Rick Nielsen – lead guitar, mandocello, vocals Tom Petersson – bass guitar, vocals Bun E. Carlos – drums Technical Jack Douglas – producer Jay Messina – engineer Sam Ginsberg – assistant engineer Paula Scher – cover design Jim Houghton – photography Charts 2017 reissue Cover versions In the documentary End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones, Johnny Ramone stated that the guitar riff in \"The KKK Took My Baby Away\" was inspired by the riff in \"He's a Whore\". Big Black released a cover of \"He's a Whore\" as a single with a picture sleeve in the style of Cheap Trick's album cover. The back of the sleeve was a similar take on",
"title": "Cheap Trick (1977 album)"
},
{
"docid": "733654",
"text": "Superfast is a studio album by the rock band Dynamite Hack, released in 2000. The album peaked at No. 84 on the Billboard 200. Production The album was produced by David Eaton. A remixed version of the \"Boyz-N-The-Hood\" cover appears on the album, after Dr. Dre asked the band to remove certain words. Critical reception The Austin Chronicle called the album \"supersheeny corporate punk.\" The Los Angeles Times wrote: \"Call ‘em Blink-91—a cut-rate, half-price take on Blink-182’s melodic power-punk, minus the puerile wit and deceptively smart commentary (in other words, the character).\" Texas Monthly deemed the album \"the smartest power pop to break out of Texas in years.\" Style Weekly wrote that \"bubble-gum punk, pseudo-rap, and watered-down 'alternative' rock are all present.\" The Morning Call considered it \"slightly above-average pop-punk that plays with dynamics more than usual, though not enough to transcend the overdone and tired genre.\" The Village Voice chose the band's cover of \"Boyz-N-The-Hood\" as the 46th worst song of the 2000s. Track listing All songs written by Dynamite Hack, except where noted. 1. \"Switcheroo\" 3:12 2. \"Anyway\" 2:33 3. \"Alvin\" 2:41 4. \"Dear Kate,\" 2:51 5. \"G-Force\" 3:00 6. \"Wussypuff\" 3:02 7. \"Blue Sky\" 3:46 8. \"Slice Of Heaven\" 2:42 9. \"Granola\" 2:04 10. \"Boyz-N-The-Hood\" 3:04 (Lyrics: Andre Young, Eric Wright, O'Shea Jackson; Music: Dynamite Hack) 11. \"Pick Up Lines\" 3:12 12. \"Marie...\" 2:44 13. \"Just Another Day, Baby\" 0:25 14. \"Laughter\" 2:16 15. \"Anyway (Mellow Version)\" 4:00 \"Boyz-N-The-Hood\" is a cover, originally performed by N.W.A. Personnel Dynamite Hack Mark Morris - Guitar, Piano, Vocals Mike Vlahakis: Guitars Chad Robinson: Bass, Vocals Chase Texas: Drums, Percussion Additional Personnel Willy Paisano: Keyboards on \"Blue Sky\" William Snell: Slide Guitar on \"Marie...\" Emily Kate: Additional Vocal on \"Anyway (Piano Version)\" Christophe \"Robitussin\": Drums on \"Blue Sky\" and \"Slice of Heaven\" Jon Dishongh: Additional keyboards and electronic beats/sequencing Production Arranged by Dynamite Hack and David Eaton Produced and recorded by David Eaton, with recording assistance (at Fire Station) by Bobby Arnold Tracks 1-9 and 11-15 mixed at Quad Studios and Pedernales Studios by Chris Shaw (assistance at Quad Studios by Gabriel Martinez); track 10 mixed by David Eaton Mastered by Howie Weinberg All songs published by Choosy Mothers Music/Pie Mikey Pie Music/Wussypuff Music/Happysmallchild Music, except track ten (lyrics published by Ruthless Attack Music; music published by Choosy Mothers Music/Pie Mikey Pie Music/Wussypuff Music/Happysmallchild Music) Singles \"Boyz-N-The Hood\", released in March/April 2000 as the first single. References 2000 debut albums Dynamite Hack albums",
"title": "Superfast (album)"
},
{
"docid": "653926",
"text": "October is the second studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 12 October 1981 by Island Records, and was produced by Steve Lillywhite. The album was lyrically inspired by the memberships of Bono, the Edge, and Larry Mullen Jr. in a Christian group called the Shalom Fellowship, and consequently it contains spiritual and religious themes. Their involvement with Shalom Fellowship led them to question the relationship between the Christian faith and the \"rock and roll\" lifestyle, and threatened to break up the band. After completing the third leg of the Boy Tour in February 1981, U2 began to write new material for October, entering the recording studio in July 1981. Just as they did for their 1980 debut, Boy, the band recorded at Windmill Lane Studios with Lillywhite producing. The recording sessions were complicated by Bono's loss of a briefcase containing in-progress lyrics for the new songs, forcing a hurried, improvisational approach to completing the album on time. October was preceded by the lead single \"Fire\" in July 1981, while its second single, \"Gloria\", coincided with its release. The album received mixed reviews and limited radio play. In 2008, a remastered edition of October was released. Recording In February 1981 during their Boy Tour, U2 began to write new material. (\"Fire\" had already been recorded at Compass Point Studios in the Bahamas while U2 took a break from the Boy Tour.) They wrote part of October during an extended sound check at First Avenue in Minneapolis. In March, on an otherwise successful American leg of the tour, the briefcase of lead vocalist Bono containing in-progress lyrics and musical ideas was lost backstage during a performance at a nightclub in Portland, Oregon. The band had limited time to write new music on tour and in July began a two-month recording session at Windmill Lane Studios largely unprepared, forcing Bono to quickly improvise lyrics. Steve Lillywhite, reprising his role as producer from U2's debut album, Boy, called the sessions \"completely chaotic and mad\". Bono said of the recording process of October, \"I remember the pressure it was made under, I remember writing lyrics on the microphone, and at £50 an hour, that's quite a pressure. Lillywhite was pacing up and down the studio... he coped really well. And the ironic thing about October is that there's a sort of peace about the album, even though it was recorded under that pressure. A lot of people found October hard to accept at first, I mean, I used the word 'rejoice' precisely because I knew people have a mental block against it. It's a powerful word, it's lovely to say. It's implying more than 'get up and dance, baby.' I think October goes into areas that most rock 'n' roll bands ignore. When I listen to the album, something like 'Tomorrow,' it actually moves me.\" The briefcase was eventually recovered in October 2004, and Bono greeted its return as \"an act of grace\". Whereas Lillywhite recorded Larry Mullen Jr.'s drums",
"title": "October (U2 album)"
},
{
"docid": "936811",
"text": "Mark Edward Kozelek is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer and occasional actor. He is known as the vocalist and primary recording artist of the indie folk act Sun Kil Moon and founding member of the indie rock band Red House Painters, with whom he recorded six studio albums from 1988 until 2001. In 1996, Kozelek recorded the band's fifth studio album, Songs for a Blue Guitar, mostly alone. The release of the band's final studio album, Old Ramon (2001), was delayed for three years. In the interim, Kozelek recorded both an album and an EP of AC/DC cover songs. Reconvening with Koutsos and Vessel, the trio continued performing under the new name of Sun Kil Moon, releasing their debut album, Ghosts of the Great Highway, in 2003. Inspired by classical guitar music, Kozelek recorded Sun Kil Moon's fourth studio album, Admiral Fell Promises (2010), as a solo act and continued to record mostly alone on its follow-up, Among the Leaves (2012), and later Perils from the Sea and Mark Kozelek & Desertshore, both released in 2013. In 2014, Sun Kil Moon's sixth studio album, Benji, was released to widespread critical acclaim and increased exposure with its follow-up, Universal Themes, featuring lengthy compositions and stream-of-consciousness lyrics. In 2016, Kozelek released a collaborative studio album with Jesu, titled Jesu/Sun Kil Moon. Across his work in Sun Kil Moon, Red House Painters, and his own solo material, Kozelek has released thirty-one studio albums, with his most recent being All the Best, Isaac Hayes (2020). A number of commentators have described him as one of the greatest songwriters of his generation. Career Kozelek was born and raised in Massillon, Ohio. In his teenage years, he led a band named God Forbid. Upon relocating to Atlanta, Georgia, he met drummer Anthony Koutsos. After the pair moved once again to San Francisco, California, Red House Painters formed with the addition of guitarist Gorden Mack and bassist Jerry Vessel. From 1992 to 1996, Red House Painters released a series of acclaimed albums, showcasing Kozelek's intense, highly autobiographical songs. However, Kozelek's parting with the record label 4AD, followed by a major label merger which left Red House Painters' 1998 album Old Ramon on the shelf, proved highly frustrating and stifled the group's momentum. In 2000, he released the solo EP Rock 'n' Roll Singer, which featured three original songs as well as covers of John Denver's \"Around and Around\" and three AC/DC songs (\"Rock 'n' Roll Singer,\" \"Bad Boy Boogie,\" and \"You Ain't Got a Hold on Me\"). Two of the AC/DC cover versions on Rock 'n' Roll Singer were radical re-arrangements of the originals which removed the Bon Scott-penned lyrics from their hard rock context and placed them into gentle, acoustic \"folk ballad\" settings. Kozelek expanded on this idea in 2001, releasing a full-length album composed solely of AC/DC covers titled What's Next to the Moon. Sun Kil Moon debuted with Ghosts of the Great Highway in 2003, and also features former RHP members Jerry",
"title": "Mark Kozelek"
},
{
"docid": "19557471",
"text": "\"Ego\" is a 1978 song performed by English musician Elton John, written by John and Bernie Taupin. It was released in early 1978 as a standalone single, and did not appear on the album released in the same year, A Single Man. John played this song live from 1978 up until 1980. The single reached #34 in both the UK and the US. The song was not available on CD until the 1990 release of To Be Continued box set. Later, in remastered form, it was added to the reissue of A Single Man along with four B-sides from the era. Background The song was originally written during the sessions for his 1976 album Blue Moves, but was left out. Elton said of the song by the time of its release: \"Ego was just something I had lying around, and I wanted to release it for a long time. Unfortunately, the time wasn't right. It's been disappointing. I really had hoped it would do well because I really liked it. I wrote the song jointly with Bernie Taupin, and we never thought of it as an autobiography until it came out. It's about the silliness of rock 'n' roll stars, and the video film was supposed to show just how stupid rock 'n' roll can be. It's the grotesque side of rock 'n' roll. And it's turned out to be one of the most sincere songs we've ever written.\" It starts with a rollicking piano accompanied by a train whistle, making it sound like there's a train rolling down a track. The song then goes into a steady 4/4 beat, then breaks down and goes to the chorus. Later in the song it transforms into an uptempo waltz and then reverts to 4/4. It features synthesizers, and even carnival-esque organs, unusual for its time. Reception Cash Box said that the \"piano licks resemble Keystone Cop silent film score\" and praised the vocals and guitar playing. Record World called it \"one of [John's] most complex songs,\" with \"ironic lyrics and unusual chord progressions to make a powerful point.\" Music video A music video was made, directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, features John Emberton who played Elton John as a small boy in the video acting out a scene from Romeo & Juliet. John Emberton's sister Penny played a member of the audience. Charts Personnel Elton John – piano, vocals, synthesizers, organ Tim Renwick – guitars Clive Franks – bass guitar Steve Holley – drums Ray Cooper – tambourine, vibraphone, train whistle Paul Buckmaster – orchestral arrangements References 1978 singles Elton John songs Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Songs with music by Elton John 1978 songs The Rocket Record Company singles MCA Records singles",
"title": "Ego (Elton John song)"
},
{
"docid": "49003675",
"text": "Phil Kenzie is a British multi-saxophone player and rock and roll musician. He has been voted by fans as \"one of the greatest rock 'n' roll sax players of all time.\" Born in Liverpool, Kenzie's first band was The Pressmen. The band sometimes shared billing with The Beatles. Kenzie has either toured or recorded with The Beatles, Eagles, Graham Nash, Carly Simon, David Crosby, Black Sabbath, Jackson Browne, Stevie Nicks, Alan Parsons, Al Stewart, David Essex, Leo Sayer, Wishbone Ash, Manfred Mann Chapter Three, Annie Lennox, The Pointer Sisters, The Coasters, The Temptations, Rod Stewart, David Bowie, Eric Carmen, America, Vince Gill, and Debbie Gibson, among others. The Beatles used Kenzie on their album Let It Be, and he also played the blistering sax solo for Eagles' track \"The Long Run\" from the Eagles Live album. Kenzie's sax is featured on the Al Stewart hit record \"Year of the Cat\", creating the dénouement for the instrumental break, as well as on Stewart's \"Time Passages\" and \"Song on the Radio\". As a session player, Kenzie worked on Roger Daltrey's albums Ride a Rock Horse and One Of The Boys, and Paul McCartney's Band on the Run. He also worked on both the live show and the movie version of The Rocky Horror Picture Show. He also played on the sessions for Poco's album Legend, in particular on their song \"Heart of the Night\". The arrangement to work with Poco was thanks to the band having hired Steve Chapman and Charlie Harrison (two previous Al Stewart musicians). Chapman later left Poco and became Stewart's manager. In all, Kenzie has played on nineteen albums that have been certified gold or platinum. In January 2015, Kenzie released a new CD and kicked off his S.O.S.S. (Save Our Sax Solo) tour on the 15th at Jazziz Nightlife in Boca Raton, Florida. Notes 20th-century British musicians British male saxophonists British session musicians Musicians from Liverpool Living people 20th-century saxophonists 21st-century saxophonists 20th-century British male musicians 21st-century British male musicians Year of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Phil Kenzie"
},
{
"docid": "63727678",
"text": "\"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\" is a song by British progressive rock band Jethro Tull. Written by frontman Ian Anderson, it was released on their 1976 album of the same name. Written about an aging biker, the song title was inspired by a flight Anderson had taken in the United States. \"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\" was released as its album's only single in March 1976, though it did not see success on the charts. The song has since become a fan favorite and has seen positive reception from critics. Background The title for the song came to Ian Anderson on a turbulent plane ride. He recalled: Anderson then used the title lyric to create a story about Ray Lomas, an aging biker. He recalled, \"It seemed more fun to write a song about an old biker who refuses to change with the times and clings to his lifestyle, to his culture. And along with the clothing, the fashions, the music and the things that are part of it; in other words, he's a bit of a luddite and doesn't take well to change.\" Because of the song's release during the ascent of punk rock, some critics have proposed that the song is autobiographical. Anderson responded to this, \"I'm not [writing autobiographically]. The character is in the third person in the lyrics of the song, so it's quite clearly descriptive.\" In another interview, Anderson reflected, Steeleye Span vocalist Maddy Prior makes a guest appearance on the song. Release In addition to its release on the Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die! album, \"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\" was released as the album's sole single in March 1976. The single featured \"Rainbow Blues\" on the B-side. Despite the lack of commercial success, the song has since become a fan favorite and has garnered airplay on rock radio stations. Ian Anderson reflected on this, \"It wasn't an instant, out-of-the-box favorite of our audiences, but it seems to have caught on over the years.\" \"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\" has since been featured on multiple compilation albums, including Repeat – The Best of Jethro Tull – Vol II, Original Masters, The Best of Jethro Tull – The Anniversary Collection, The Very Best Of, and 50 for 50. Live versions of the song appeared on Jethro Tull live albums Bursting Out, Live at Hammersmith '84, and A Little Light Music. \"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\" also features on the 1981 concert video release Slipstream. The song was one of four on Slipstream for which the band filmed a new music video. Reception and legacy In an otherwise critical review of its parent album, \"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die\" was praised by Rolling Stone critic David McGee as \"a textbook example of the use of dynamics and nuance in a rock",
"title": "Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die (song)"
},
{
"docid": "4724313",
"text": "\"Boyz-n-the-Hood\" is the debut single by Eazy-E, then leader of a new rap group, N.W.A. Released in March 1987, the single was a local hit, reissued, by year's end on the unauthorized compilation album N.W.A. and the Posse. Background Eric Wright, who founded Ruthless Records in 1986, had tasked the Ruthless songcrafting team — record producer Dr. Dre, aided by DJ Yella and Arabian Prince, and ghostwriter Ice Cube — to draft the song in line with Wright's vision. But when the song was rejected by the New York-based rap group it had first been pitched to, Wright decided to rap it himself, under the name \"Eazy-E\". In 1988, having gained rapper MC Ren, N.W.A released its official debut album, Straight Outta Compton. While N.W.A's Straight Outta Compton album spurred the Los Angeles area's hip hop to drop electro and rapidly go hardcore, the rappers still called it \"reality rap\", whereas news media would soon call it \"gangsta rap\". Meanwhile, also in 1988, a \"Boyz-n-the-Hood\" remix arrived on an N.W.A companion album cheekier, Eazy's debut album Eazy-Duz-It. After N.W.A's disbanding in 1991, Eazy's EP titled It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa, released in 1993, brings another remix, \"Boyz N tha Hood (G-Mix)\". In 1991, film director John Singleton borrowed this song's title for his film Boyz n the Hood. The song was released in August 2015, the film Straight Outta Compton had renewed interest in N.W.A when, on September 5, \"Boyz-n-the-Hood\" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100. That week, at #50, it was the chart's third-highest debut, behind the 1988 title track \"Straight Outta Compton\" (the other song being \"Hit the Quan\"), originally too incendiary for wide radio play. Production In 1986, in Compton, a city in Los Angeles county, Eric Wright, a local drug dealer, founded Ruthless Records via industry knowledge and connections of music manager Jerry Heller and via musical talent and recording facilities brought by Dr. Dre and Arabian Prince, two DJs, record producers, and recording artists successful locally. The team drew Ice Cube, member of the local rap trio C.I.A., to ghostwrite lyrics. In early 1987, Wright invited the recently NYC-signed rap group “H.B.O”, or Home Boys Only, to the Audio Achievements recording studio in nearby city, Torrance, to record the Ruthless songcrafting team's song \"Boyz-n-the-Hood\". With a rough instrumental draft already recorded by Dr. Dre, assisted by DJ Yella and Arabian Prince, H.B.O., appraising the lyrics still on paper, rejected the song and walked out. Left sitting in the studio without Ice Cube present to start with, Dre and Yella encouraged Wright to rap the song himself. To get each line rapped in timing with its bar, they recorded line by line across two days, recalls DJ Yella. Still, the first-time rapper, dubbed Eazy-E, brought a distinctive voice and persona. As released, the single musically samples rap group Whodini's song \"I'm a Ho\". And it vocally samples rap group the Beastie Boys' song \"Hold It, Now Hit It\" as well as two soul classics, Jean",
"title": "Boyz-n-the-Hood"
},
{
"docid": "1999859",
"text": "Keri Kelli (born Kenneth Fear Jr.) is an American guitarist who has played with artists and groups including Alice Cooper, Slash, Jani Lane, Vince Neil and John Waite. In March 2013 he formed Project Rock together with James Kottak from the Scorpions. Project Rock consisted of Keri Kelli, James Kottak, Tim 'Ripper' Owens, Rudy Sarzo & Teddy Zig-Zag. Kelli is currently in the band Night Ranger. Biography Kelli was born in Huntington Beach, California on September 7, 1971. He has founded several bands, including Saints of the Underground, Adler's Appetite (formerly Suki Jones), New World Idols, Rubber (formerly Blow), Big Bang Babies, and Empire (1987). He has played with other bands including Slash's Snakepit, Skid Row, Vince Neil Band, Ratt, Warrant, L.A. Guns, Pretty Boy Floyd, Dad's Porno Mag, The Newlydeads, Bulletboys, Love/Hate, Tuff, Tal Bachman, Angel City Outlaws (formerly Phucket), Alice Cooper, Liberty N' Justice and Night Ranger. In July 2009, Keri opened Aces & Ales, an American craft beer bar and restaurant in Las Vegas, Nevada. In June 2013, he opened a second restaurant. Discography Empire Show Ya – (1987) – single / vinyl – cassette tape single Big Bang Babies Big Bang Babies – (1992) Black Market – (1994) 3 Chords & the Truth – (1999) Hollywood Hairspray Vol.1 – (2002) – \"Let's Go\" The Glam That Stole Christmas Vol.1 – (2002) – \"Winter Wonderland\" Rubber Rubber – (1996) – Cassette Tape (4 tracks) Safe Sex, Designer Drugs, and the Death of Rock N Roll – (1996) – Cassette Tape (5 tracks) The Newlydeads Re-Bound – (1998) – 2 tracks from forthcoming album \"Black & Shiny\" Black & Shiny – (unreleased) Dead End – (2001) – some songs from \"Black & Shiny\" Dream from a Dirt Nap – (2006) – best of. some songs from \"Black & Shiny\" Pretty Boy Floyd The Pink and the Black – (1998) – incl. \"Saturday Night\"(early version) A Tale of Sex, Designer Drugs, and the Death of Rock N Roll – (1998) Porn Stars – (1999) The World's Greatest Heavy Metal Anthems – (2000) – \"Lether Boyz With Electric Toyz\" Porn Stars (Japanese Edition) – (2000) – incl. 2 bonus tracks No Brakes -BIG M.F. Compilation- – (2000) – \"Shout It Out Loud\" The Ultimate – (2004) Dirty Glam – (2004) – re-issue of \"Porn Stars\" with some bonus demo tracks Vault II – (2003) Take It Down – (2007) (unreleased) – feat. Aerial Stiles. written by Keri Kelli / Steve Summers. Dad's Porno Mag Dad's Porno Mag – (2000) U.S. Crush U.S. Crush – (2000) – co-wrote \"Bleed\" & \"Collision Course\", Guitar on \"Bleed\" Slash's Snakepit Ain't Life Grand – (2000) – appeared on booklet only. Keri joined after recording session was finished. Goliath The Gate – (2000) – guitar solo on \"Demons\" Shameless Backstreet Anthems – (1999) – wrote lyrics for \"Talk to Me\", but wrong credit printed in original booklet. Backstreet Anthems (Japanese Edition) – (1999) – wrote lyrics for \"Talk to Me\" (credit is fixed) Talk to",
"title": "Keri Kelli"
},
{
"docid": "64550455",
"text": "Randy the Band is an album by Swedish punk rock band Randy, released in October 2005 by Ny Våg Records and Epitaph Records/Burning Heart Records. As of July 2020, it is Randy's latest album. The album produced one single, \"Razorblade,\" for which the band recorded a music video. Critical reception In their review of the album, AllMusic called Randy \"one of [Sweden]'s most highly touted punk bands\" and positively likened the band to Green Day in saying that both groups are \"ferociously energetic.\" The review also complimented Randy for \"maintaining a knife-edge balance between youthful energy and tightly played rock & roll.\" While AllMusic did not give the album a formal rating or distinguish any tracks as highlights or standouts, the review itself individually praised the tracks \"Punk Rock High,\" \"Rich Boy,\" \"Teenage Tiger,\" \"I Raise My Fist,\" and \"Losing My Mind.\" PunkNews reviewer William David gave the album 8 out of 10 stars, remarking in their review, \"Anyone who has followed the career of this band knows they have consistently delivered hit album after hit album, and [this album] is no exception.\" He complimented the band's style of \"catchy-as-can-be rock n' roll\" and noted that the band had \"honed in on their melodic side this time around,\" differing from previous heavier and less melodic albums like Welfare Problems. David also compared the band's style in the album to The Clash, also complimenting the band for their guitar work, attention to melody, and socialist lyrical themes. David distinguished \"Razorblade,\" \"Evil,\" \"The Pretender,\" and \"Going Out With the Dead\" as standout tracks. Like AllMusic, Peter Gaston of Spin did not reward Randy the Band with a formal rating; however, in his review of the album, he praises the band's music for being \"taut and loaded with punchy, fist-pumping choruses.\" He favorably compares the second track on the album, \"Razorblade,\" to Social Distortion; he also favorably compares \"Better than Art\" to Andrew W.K. Like AllMusic and Spin, Sam Sutherland with Exclaim! did not award Randy the Band with a formal rating. However, he complimented the evolution in sound evident in the album, as well as the band's influence from predecessors in the punk rock and rock n' roll scenes: \"While the band aren't the type to boldly explore any new sonic territory, they still manage to spice up such tracks as 'Going Out with the Dead' with the full-on cheese factor of dueling guitar solos. 'Teenage Tiger' pays homage to Little Richard with its nonsensical lyrical styling, and 'Losing My Mind' calls up the filthy guitar solos of Greg Ginn and Dez Cadena.\" Sutherland compliments lead vocalist Stefan Granberg's performance on the album in particular. He notes that the politics in Randy the Band are more subdued than those in previous albums but still calls the album \"a solid release from a generally consistent band.\" Track listing Information Recorded at Decibel Studios Recorded by Estudiomac Mixed at Sjöbjörn Studio Mastered at Cutting Room Studios Mixed and engineered by Pelle Gunnerfeldt All tracks",
"title": "Randy the Band"
},
{
"docid": "32511516",
"text": "\"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\" is the debut single of American industrial singer-songwriter Porcelain Black, featuring American rapper Lil Wayne. This song was to serve as the lead single from the singer's debut studio album, Mannequin Factory, which has now been cancelled. Produced by Moroccan-Swedish producer RedOne, who had originally discovered Black, \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\" is influenced by the genre of rock, lyrically stating how the listener should be proud of who they are. The song was released digitally in the United States on March 29, 2011, and managed to chart at number forty-four on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. A music video for \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\", shot and directed by Sanaa Hamri, was released on March 27, 2011. The music video pays homage to Porcelain Black's high school experiences, where she was constantly teased by \"snobby rich kids\", but never gave in to the pressure of her peers around her. The video serves as a form of revenge for Porcelain Black against high school tormentors. \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\" garnered mixed reviews from critics, most of whom were shocked by Porcelain Black's image and sounds but favored her apparent perception of herself as the \"offspring\" of fellow musicians Britney Spears and Marilyn Manson and their individual styles. Porcelain Black performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman, marking her debut televised appearance. The song was featured in an episode of Beavis and Butthead and in the 2013 film The Smurfs 2. Background and release \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\" was written by Porcelain Black, Lil Wayne, RedOne, Bilal Hajji, with RedOne providing the song's production. In the song's writing credits, Porcelain Black and Lil Wayne are credited under their real names, Alaina Beaton and Dwayne Carter Jr. respectively. After being introduced to Lil Wayne's manager, Derrick \"EI\" Lawrence, by producer RedOne, Porcelain Black stated that she met Lil Wayne in New York City when he heard \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\", where he expressed an interest in adding his vocals to the song. The single cover for \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\" was revealed on March 21, 2011, alongside a snippet of the song. \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\" was released digitally through the United States iTunes Store on March 29, 2011. Following the release of Porcelain Black's second single, \"Naughty Naughty,\" Dutch DJ, remixer and house music producer R3hab produced a remix of \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like,\" making it available for free download through SoundCloud on January 24, 2012. R3hab went on to compliment Porcelain Black's original song, stating, \"The original vibe is crazy, and I am a big fan of Lil Wayne. This track makes you wanna rage like the lyrics say! I see [the remix] as a rollercoaster ride. Breaks slow it down. Then there is a climb, and",
"title": "This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like"
},
{
"docid": "42675180",
"text": "\"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\" is the lead single and fourth track from The Kinks' 1978 album Misfits. Written by Ray Davies, the song was inspired by the band's then-tumultuous state at the time, with two members leaving the band during the recording of Misfits. Released as the first single from the album, the track was the band's most successful single in years, reaching number 30. Background During the recording of the Misfits album, bassist Andy Pyle and pianist John Gosling quit the band, with drummer Mick Avory also considering leaving. Following this change, Ray and Dave Davies got together and spent time with each other, a meeting that resulted in the writing of Ray's \"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\" and Dave's \"Trust Your Heart.\" Ray Davies has since said, A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy' a very personal song about Dave and I.\" He has also claimed that \"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\" inspired by both a Peter Frampton concert he attended and the death of rock 'n' roll legend Elvis Presley in 1977. He said, \"It's a Method acting songwriting job. I use personal things to get something else out of me... Elvis Presley died last week and it all just added up.\" Dave stated of the song, \"It challenged the fact that the music business was in any way glamourous. He asked if we should carry on amongst the bullshit.\" Lyrics The lyrics of \"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy\" describe a man named Dan who is a huge fan of The Kinks. He engulfs himself in their music whenever he feels unhappy, \"living in a rock 'n' roll fantasy\". The song also details when Ray Davies and his brother Dave were thinking of breaking up The Kinks. This is evident in lyrics such as \"break up the band, start a new life be a new man.\" Release and reception The track was the first from Misfits to be released as a single. It was backed with \"Artificial Light\" in Britain, and \"Live Life\" on the U.S. version. It peaked at number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 in America, the band's best charting American single since 1970's \"Lola.\" It also charted at number 30 in Canada. The track is generally cited by critics as one of the highlights from Misfits. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called the track one of the two \"touchstones\" of the album and named it as a highlight from the album. Ken Emerson of Rolling Stone called the song \"ruthless\", and went on to say, Cash Box said it has \"an excellent melodic line, strong guitar work\" and fine lead vocals.\" Record World said \"The production is sensational and Davies' vocals perfectly suit the somewhat jaded message in the lyrics.\" The song has since appeared on the compilation album Come Dancing with The Kinks. References 1978 songs The Kinks songs Songs written by Ray Davies Arista Records singles 1978 singles",
"title": "A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy"
},
{
"docid": "3832719",
"text": "Warren Smith (February 7, 1932 – January 30, 1980) was an American rockabilly and country music singer and guitarist. Biography Smith was born in Humphreys County, Mississippi, to Ioda and Willie Warren Smith, who divorced when he was young. He was raised by his maternal grandparents in Louise, Mississippi, where they had a small farm and dry goods store. Smith took up the guitar to while away his evenings while in the United States Air Force stationed in San Antonio, Texas. By the time of his discharge from the service, he had decided to make a career of music. He moved to West Memphis, Arkansas, and auditioned, successfully, to play the Cotton Club, a local nightclub. The steel guitarist Stan Kesler, who was playing there with the Snearly Ranch Boys, immediately spotted Smith's potential and took him to Sun Records to audition for Sam Phillips, with the Snearly Ranch Boys providing backup. Phillips liked what he heard and decided that \"Rock 'n' Roll Ruby\", a song credited to Johnny Cash, would be Smith's first record. (Smith later claimed that the song was actually written by George Jones and sold to Cash for $40.) Smith recorded it on February 5, 1956. Phillips, playing it safe in case rock and roll did not maintain its popularity, released it with a country crooner, aptly named \"I'd Rather Be Safe Than Sorry\", on the flip side. By May 26, \"Rock 'n' Roll Ruby\" had reached number 1 on the local pop chart; this record, his first for Sun, went on to outsell the first Sun releases by Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins. In August 1956, Smith went back to the Sun Records studio to record his second release, \"Ubangi Stomp\", an infectious rocker with crude lyrics and vocals suggesting an African chief with the syntax of a movie Indian. For the B-side, he recorded the classic ballad \"Black Jack David\", a song that originated in early 18th-century Britain and survived in various forms in the mountains of the American South; it may be the oldest song ever recorded by a rock-and-roll performer. Although a resounding artistic success, this record did not sell as well as Smith's debut. In 1957, Smith recorded \"So Long, I'm Gone\", a song written by Roy Orbison. It became his biggest hit for Sun, peaking at number 74 on the Billboard national chart. But Sun had no cash to promote it, as Sam Phillips put every dollar Sun had behind Jerry Lee Lewis's \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On\". Smith continued to make rockabilly records for Sun, including a cover version of Slim Harpo's \"Got Love If You Want It\" (recorded in October 1957), but these records did not do well commercially. Toward the end of 1958, seeing his future in country music, he cut a final record for Sun, a cover version of Don Gibson's \"Sweet Sweet Girl\". In spite of a review in Billboard calling it \"ultra commercial\", this record also did not sell well. Like other",
"title": "Warren Smith (singer)"
},
{
"docid": "36112812",
"text": "\"Prostitute\" is the fourteenth and final track from Chinese Democracy, Guns N' Roses' sixth studio album, released in 2008. The song is written by Axl Rose and Paul Tobias with additional work by Robin Finck. Background & style The song was first mentioned in a July 1999 issue of Spin Magazine, saying \"Rose is laboring over a song with the working title 'Prostitute', according to Youth, but past successes weigh heavily on him.\" The song had originally only been played four times, one time in Osaka, another in Tokyo, during Guns N' Roses' 2009–2011 World Tour and in 2014 at two shows in Las Vegas. It was occasionally performed in 2017 during Not In This Lifetime… Tour as well. This track is available as a downloadable song for the Rock Band series. The lyrics feature Rose singing \"Ask yourself / Why I would choose / To prostitute myself / To live with fortune and shame.” The song was described by Loudwire as \"blending classical orchestrations and electro-beats with blistering guitar solos and some of [Rose's] highest pitched shrieking.\" Reception Consequence of Sound reacted positively to the song, stating \"Some might roll their eyes or laugh, but this glossy driver is a great song. It’s heavy, but not too heavy. There’s the piano, a thumbing percussion, and Rose, who sounds exceptional in the album’s final moments. Think Bruce Hornsby on distortion, if that’s even possible. It’s a fitting closer, given the album’s thematic elements, and strong enough to leave listeners, both old and new, wanting more.\" Pitchfork complimented the song's melodies, but criticized the simplistic drumming. Rolling Stone stated \"At the end of the album, on the bluntly titled 'Prostitute,' Rose veers from an almost conversational tenor, over a ticking-bomb shuffle, to five-guitar barrage, orchestral lightning and righteous howl.\" Ultimate Classic Rock included the song on its 2014 list of \"Five Songs On Chinese Democracy You Need To Hear Again\", stating \"this alternately ruminative and explosive track ends the album in an extremely thrilling manner\". In 2016, Spin ranked the song 68th out of 70 on its ranking of every Guns N' Roses song, stating \"The Chinese Democracy closer, and for at least its first minute, probably the only GN’R song that would ever make sense as One Tree Hill montage music\". Loudwire ranked the song 73rd out of 87, stating \"Musically, the song is an interesting fusion, too, blending classical orchestrations and electro-beats with blistering guitar solos and some of the singer’s highest pitched shrieking.\" Actor Nicolas Cage declared he is a fan of the band and described \"Prostitute\" as an \"incredible\" song. Personnel Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. Guns N' Roses Axl Rose – lead vocals, piano, arrangement Buckethead – lead guitar, rhythm guitar Ron \"Bumblefoot\" Thal – lead guitar, rhythm guitar Robin Finck – rhythm guitar Paul Tobias – rhythm guitar Richard Fortus – rhythm guitar Tommy Stinson – bass Brain – drums Dizzy Reed – keyboards, synthesizers Chris Pitman – sub bass, synthesizers Additional",
"title": "Prostitute (song)"
},
{
"docid": "13181321",
"text": "Scott Simon (born December 9, 1948, in Kansas City, Missouri), also known as Screamin' Scott Simon, is an American pianist, who had been Sha Na Na's piano-player, from April 1970 until the band's disbandment on December 5, 2022. Early life and education Simon was born in Missouri. He graduated from Southwest High School in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1966, and graduated from Columbia University with a B.A. in 1970. Sha Na Na Simon joined Sha Na Na in April 1970, under the name Screamin' Scott Simon. He has written numerous songs that have been recorded by the band and others over the years. Sha Na Na, who are known for covering 1950s Rock and Roll and doo-wop, appeared as a 1950s version of themselves in the 1978 film version of Grease. In the film, he and Louis St. Louis collaborated on the song \"Sandy\", performed by John Travolta. Scott Simon continued to tour with Sha Na Na, Along with founding members Jocko Marcellino, until December 5 2022, when it was announced that Sha Na Na would no longer be touring. During his time in Sha Na Na, he played on every album, with the exception of their first album, which was released in 1969. Discography Sha Na Na (1971) The Night Is Still Young (1972) The Golden Age of Rock ’n’ Roll (1973) From the Streets of New York (live) (1973) Hot Sox (1974) Sha Na Now (1975) Rock 'n Roll Graffiti – Live in Japan (1975) Rockin' in the 1980s (1980) Silly Songs (1981) 34th & Vine (1990) Live in Concert (1996) Rock 'n Roll Dance Party (1996) Then He Kissed Me (1999) Live in Japan (2000) Rockin' Christmas (2002) One More Saturday Night (2006) References 1948 births Living people American rock pianists American male pianists Sha Na Na members 20th-century American pianists 21st-century American pianists 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male musicians Columbia College (New York) alumni",
"title": "Screamin' Scott Simon"
},
{
"docid": "1233441",
"text": "Russian rock music originated in the Soviet Union in the 1960s based on the influence of Western rock music and bard songs, and was developed by both amateur bands and official VIA. The \"golden age\" of Russian rock was during the 1980s (especially the era of perestroika), when the Soviet underground rock bands became able to release their records officially. During this period, \"rock clubs\" were created, such groups as \"Kino\", \"Alisa\", \"DDT\", \"Bravo\", \"Nautilus Pompilius\", \"Aria\",\"Chaif\", \"Grazhdanskaya Oborona\" appeared and gained popularity, and already known groups, such as \"Mashina Vremeni\" and \"Aquarium\", began to publish albums officially. Russian rock's characteristic feature was the emphasis on the lyrics. Due to its lyrical emphasis, it became a symbol of the youth of the Perestroika era. Russian rock of the 20th century is often considered a united cultural movement that has some common musical, aesthetic and ideological features. In the 21st century, almost all genres of rock music exist in Russia, which is why \"Russian rock\" has become a more vague concept. The majority of the Russian bands perform in the Russian language. According to various polls, the most popular Russian rock bands include Kino, Aquarium, Aria, Alisa, DDT and Agatha Christie. History The early 1960s: Local bard music and first western influences By the mid-1960s, beat groups had formed in Moscow and Leningrad, at first performing cover versions of foreign hits on home-made equipment. Among these groups were \"Sokol\", \"Scythians\", \"Buffoons\" and \"Slavs\" (Alexander Gradsky's groups), and \"Forest Brothers\". In 1965, the band Sokol released the first rock song in Russian, \"Gde tot krai?\" (). The beat quartet \"Integral\" performed jazz music and compositions in the style of The Shadows and The Swinging Blue Jeans, and also composed their own twists and rock 'n' rolls. With the spread of Beatlemania, almost every school had its own rock band. The movement was partly influenced by the ideology of the Western hippies. At the same time, Russian rock was partly influenced by bard music, a style referred to as avtorskaya pesnya (), mostly played on unaccompanied acoustic guitar. It was characterized by a strong emphasis on lyrics that sometimes carried a subversive meaning, as well as a lively and informal approach to the theme - romance, everyday life, military songs, patriotic songs, satire, irony etc. The most famous performers of the bard song were Alexander Galich, Vladimir Vysotsky, Bulat Okudzhava. Meanwhile, Western music was either being smuggled across the border or released by Melodiya as part of what was essentially state-run media piracy, with The Beatles taking a firm place in Soviet popular culture, and artists such as The Rolling Stones and Deep Purple completing a somewhat distorted picture of Western music. The late 1960s and 1970s: Formation of the movement In the late 1960s, the most advanced Russian rockers began experimenting with folk sound. The beat music movement developed in the provinces. The first Russian rock and roll magazine \"Beat-Echo\" was released in 1965 (as samizdat). On December 18, 1966, the first",
"title": "Rock music in Russia"
},
{
"docid": "7078315",
"text": "\"20th Century Boy\" is a song by T. Rex, written by Marc Bolan, released as a stand-alone single on 2 March 1973. It entered in the UK Singles Chart at number 3, on 10 March 1973 and peaked three weeks in a row at that position. It stayed a total of nine weeks in the UK Chart. \"20th Century Boy\" was not featured on the album Tanx, released at the same time in early March. It was later added as a bonus track in the reissues of Tanx from year 1985 and on all the versions released since. The song returned to the UK Top 20 in 1991, peaking at No. 13, after being used in a TV commercial for Levi's starring Brad Pitt. The song was also used in the opening of the 2016 film The Purge: Election Year, and is the namesake of the manga series 20th Century Boys by Naoki Urasawa. Recording \"20th Century Boy\" \"20th Century Boy\" was recorded on 3 December 1972 in Toshiba Recording Studios in Tokyo, Japan at a session that ran between 3:00p.m. and 1:30a.m. Backing vocals, hand claps, acoustic guitar and saxophones were recorded in England when T. Rex returned to the country after their tour. The single version of the track fades out at three minutes and 39 seconds; however, the multi-track master reveals that the song ended in nearly a full three minutes' worth of jamming. A rough mix of the full-length version can be found on the Bump 'n' Grind compilation. According to Marc Bolan, the lyrics are based on quotes taken from notable celebrities such as Muhammad Ali. This can be seen through the inclusion of the line \"sting like a bee\", which is taken from one of Ali's 1969 speeches. \"Free Angel\" \"Free Angel\" was recorded during the first session for the Tanx album, between 1 and 4 August 1972. The single was mixed for release at Air Studios on 16 December 1972. Track listing \"20th Century Boy\" \"Free Angel\" Charts Certifications Covers and renditions Girlschool version In 1983, British rock band Girlschool recorded the song for their fourth studio album, Play Dirty, and it was released by Bronze Records as the album's lead single in October 1983. Girlschool's version was produced by Jim Lea and Noddy Holder of Slade. Chalk Circle version Canadian rock band Chalk Circle covered \"20th Century Boy\" in 1987. Def Leppard version English hard rock band Def Leppard covered the song on their 2006 album, Yeah!, which features cover versions of 1970s rock hits. It was released as the third and final single from the album, on 21 August 2006. The band used the song extensively as promotion for including two TV appearances and a regular rotation in the setlist of their 2006 Yeah! Tour. Def Leppard performed \"20th Century Boy\" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on 23 May 2006 two days before performing the song with Queen's Brian May on VH1 Rock Honors broadcast on 31 May. References",
"title": "20th Century Boy"
},
{
"docid": "14426361",
"text": "The Parlor Mob is an American rock band from New Jersey. History Formation and Capitol Records The original members of the band formed in 2004, as What About Frank?. They independently released an album in 2005, entitled \"What about Frank?\". The band won the title Best Live Band at the Asbury Park Music Awards twice, and performed at the 2005 Van's Warped Tour, the Bamboozle festival and the CMJ Music Marathon. This attracted the attention of Capitol Records. In 2006, they changed their name to The Parlor Mob, named after a notorious Hell's Kitchen gang active at the turn of the 20th century. A 2006 editorial in The New York Times notes \"when you're not even halfway through your 20s, jump-starting a back-to-basics rock revolution seems a tall order,\" adding \"judging by the rock 'n' roll charisma radiated by the band members at their live shows–long hair tossing, instrument abusing, generally reckless affairs[;] they are up to the task.\" They recorded a four-song EP for Capitol, but the band was dropped in the wake of a corporate merger between Capitol and Virgin Records. They chose to give away the EP for free, eventually attracting the attention of Roadrunner Records, with whom the band signed a record deal in 2007. And You Were a Crow Producer Jacquire King, who had previously contacted the band while they were recording for Capitol, contacted Roadrunner to express his interest in producing the band's new record. King describes The Parlor Mob as \"very much a live rock 'n' roll band,\" adding \"in my eyes they are an important band, and I do feel they can be the same for the public... I think they are an important link to what is the essence of rock 'n' roll and what is to become a modern expression of it.\" On 28 September 2007, the band began recording at Echo Mountain Recording Studio. And You Were a Crow was completed on Halloween of 2007, and released digitally on 11 April 2008, and on compact disc on 6 May 2008. The band was featured on the iTunes Store's section of best new rock artists in 2008. The lead single \"Can't Keep No Good Boy Down\" was featured in the sixth season of the television show, Entourage. As additional promotion for the record, the Parlor Mob was featured in a performance setting on Knight Rider, in October 2008. The song \"Hard Times\" reached No. 35 on the Billboard rock charts. It was featured in the video games NASCAR 09 and WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, and the television shows Friday Night Lights and Trauma. Aaron Miller of CityNews described their 2009 performances at Bovine Sex Club as \"face-melting, Fender-shredding rock out that went a long way in clearing up why some have dubbed this a 'must-see' live band[;] nobody who watches them perform live will fail to be entertained. The Aquarian Weekly also expressed \"basically now is the time to go see them and say later on, \"Yeah, you know,",
"title": "The Parlor Mob"
},
{
"docid": "4770078",
"text": "Marcus Terrell Paulk (born October 12, 1986) is an American actor, singer, rapper and dancer best known for his role as Myles Mitchell in the UPN sitcom Moesha, which aired from 1996 through 2001. Being a proponent of good causes and a frequent participant in fund raisers, Paulk was the 1997 national spokesperson for the \"Kids Are Paramount\" campaign, which seeks to empower children with courage and confidence to overcome obstacles. He also appeared with Bow Wow in the 2005 film Roll Bounce, Another Cinderella Story as Dustin, and with Antonio Banderas in the 2006 film Take the Lead. Paulk is currently working on a studio album. Further details for this project are TBA. Paulk has also made appearances in Season 4 of The Bad Girls Club. In 2012, Marcus starred in the George Lucas film Red Tails. Paulk also starred in the 2015 feature film Sister Code with Amber Rose. Television and film appearances Probaphope short (2018) Bart NBA short (2018) Fantasy Short Player SisterCode (2015) Lil Danger Black-ish (2015) Scootie Red Tails (2012) David \"Deke\" Watkins Mr. Box Office (2012) Jimmy, 1 episode David E. Talbert's Suddenly Single (2012) Sylvester Stone, Jr. The Rig (2010) Andrew The Bad Girls Club (2009) Himself, 3 episodes The Adventures of Umbweki (2009) Nosha Another Cinderella Story (2008) Dustin/The Funk Extreme Movie (2008) Wyatt High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008) Cameo: Boy at Troy's Party (uncredited) Taking Five (2007) Lincoln Take the Lead (2006) Eddie Roll Bounce (2005) Boo Going to the Mat (2004) one of the boys playing baseball at beginning Fillmore! (2003) Sonny Lombard, 1 episode Family Affair (2003) Josh, 1 episode Cedric the Entertainer Presents (2003) Darrin, 1 episode The Hughleys (2002) Little V., 1 episode The Proud Family (2001-2004) Myron Lewinski, 4 episodes The Nightmare Room (2001) Ryan, 1 episode The Parkers (1999) Myles Mitchell, 1 episode City Guys (1999) Stevie, 1 episode 3rd Rock From The Sun (1998) Jimmy, 1 episode Safety Patrol (1998) Walt Whitman Nothing to Lose (1997) Joey Davidson One Night Stand (1997) Young Charlie Carlyle Moesha (1996–2001) Myles Mitchell, 127 episodes The Crew (1995) Boy at Christmas Party, 1 episode The Parent 'Hood (1995) Phil, 1 episode Me and the Boys (1994-1995) Ryan, 2 episodes Martin (1994) season 3, episode 8, \"Momma's Baby, Martin's Maybe\" Marvin, 1 episode The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1994) Boy on dad's back (uncredited) The Sinbad Show (1994) 1 episode Thea (1994) Cedric, 1 episode Grace Under Fire (1993) Food Group: Bread, 1 episode Commercials 2012 Honda Civic'''s Clearance Event (2012) as Tim Taylor, the Wingman Sprite (2004) State Farm Auto Insurance (2003) Yoplait Go-Gurt'' (2000) References External links 1986 births Place of birth missing (living people) Living people African-American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American people",
"title": "Marcus T. Paulk"
},
{
"docid": "25086375",
"text": "Joseph Johnson (born March 31, 1975), known by his stage name N.O. Joe, is an American musician, hip hop record producer and songwriter. N.O. Joe was a pioneer of the Southern Hip Hop sound during the 1990s. He operates a production company named Gumbo Funk, which is also a name given to his melange of musical styles History Johnson was born and raised in New Orleans While in high school in New Orleans, he began providing beats to local performers in Jackson Square. He was later encouraged to move to New York, where he began an affiliation with Universal Music Group as a producer. Then known as Joe Kool, Johnson collaborated with Devante Swing, and the production group Da Bassment with that he contributed to Jodeci's first album, Forever My Lady. Johnson went on to work with Brian McKnight, R&B artist Joe and D'Angelo before moving into the rap genre. Southern hip-hop contributions N.O. Joe contributed to the following albums (All album contributions not listed): Scarface, The Diary Scarface, The Untouchable Scarface, The Last of a Dying Breed Geto Boys, The Resurrection UGK, Ridin' Dirty UGK, Underground Kingz and individual songs from various UGK albums: \"Hi Life\", \"Murder\", \"Diamonds and Wood\" Odd Squad, Fadanuf Fa Erybody!! Artist roster N.O. Joe has also contributed as producer to various labels such as Universal Music Group (1990–2003), and Rap-A-Lot as an independent production entity. N.O. Joe has worked on several platinum songs and albums, including a number 1 single \"Pushin Weight\", to Ice Cube's album War & Peace Vol. 1, LL Cool J's Grammy-nominated The DEFinition and has worked with: AZ In 1995, AZ's album Do or Die peaked on the Billboard as the No. 1 R&B/Hip-Hop Album with chart topping hits such as the title track, produced by N.O. Joe, \"Doe or Die\" which reached the top twenties on the Billboard chart. Bahamadia \"I Confess\" and \"Biggest Part of Me\" Brian Mcknight In 1992, N.O. Joe teamed up with Brian McKnight to produce \"Goodbye My Love\" which was his first album release. The entire album went platinum and the single produced by N.O. Joe peaked on the Billboard chart in the Top 50. Big Mike D'Angelo In 1995, N.O. Joe worked with D'Angelo on the UK-released version of \"Cruisin\". De La Soul Devin the Dude Ice Cube Ganksta N-I-P Geto Boys Jay-Z Joe Lil Wayne LL Cool J The Luniz Master P Rick Ross Scarface T.I. UGK Travis Scott 2 Chainz Spuf don Albums featuring N.O. Joe Soundtracks N.O. Joe's music has also been featured on the following soundtracks: Jason's Lyric, Friday Office Space Tales from the Hood Johnson Family Vacation Original Gangstas References External links List of production credits African-American drummers African-American guitarists African-American record producers African-American songwriters American hip hop record producers American keyboardists Living people Musicians from New Orleans Southern hip hop musicians Songwriters from Louisiana Guitarists from Louisiana 20th-century American drummers American male drummers American male bass guitarists 21st-century American drummers 21st-century American bass guitarists 20th-century American male",
"title": "N.O. Joe"
},
{
"docid": "41145959",
"text": "John Michael Cooley (born September 14, 1966) is an American songwriter, singer, and guitarist from Tuscumbia, Alabama, near Muscle Shoals. He is a member of the band Drive-By Truckers. Background Cooley received his first guitar at age 8, spending time with a local bluegrass musician to pick up the instrument. In 1985, he formed the punk-influenced band Adam's House Cat with Patterson Hood. The band was chosen as a top ten Best Unsigned Band by a Musician contest in the late 1980s. After the end of Adam's House Cat, Cooley and Hood performed as a duo under the name \"Virgil Kane.\" While living in Auburn, Alabama they started a new band, \"Horsepussy,\" before splitting for a few years. It was during this split that Hood moved to Athens, Georgia and began forming what would become Drive-By Truckers with the intent of luring Cooley back into the fold. With the Drive-by Truckers Hood and Cooley formed Drive-By Truckers in 1996. Cooley contributed one song to their debut record Gangstabilly and three songs to the follow-up, Pizza Deliverance. Cooley wrote five songs for the breakout double album Southern Rock Opera, which received a four star rating from Rolling Stone Magazine. Cooley added four songs to the Truckers' next two records Decoration Day and The Dirty South, including his signature song \"Carl Perkins' Cadillac\". He wrote two songs for the follow-up A Blessing and a Curse and seven for Brighter Than Creation's Dark. He has written three songs for each of the Truckers' records Go-Go Boots and The Big To Do and six songs for their 2014 release English Oceans. Solo career In 2013, Cooley released his first solo effort The Fool on Every Corner, a live album recorded at Atlanta's The EARL. On June 15, 2014, Cooley, Patterson Hood, and Jason Isbell performed at a benefit concert in Florence, Alabama's Shoals Theater. The live acoustic concert was released as an album, Mike Cooley Patterson Hood and Jason Isbell Live at the Shoals Theater on November 6, 2020. Cooley and Hood occasionally perform as an acoustic duo under the moniker Dimmer Twins. On May 22, 2021, he performed at a benefit concert in Brookwood, Alabama in support of striking workers during the 2021 Warrior Met Coal strike. Cooley lives in Hoover, Alabama with his wife and children. Drive-By Truckers contributions Discography Live Albums The Fool on Every Corner (2013) Sources External links Facebook Page Live Recording Archive American rock guitarists American male guitarists American rock singers American rock songwriters American male singer-songwriters People from Tuscumbia, Alabama Living people 1966 births Drive-By Truckers members Guitarists from Alabama 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American male musicians Singer-songwriters from Alabama",
"title": "Mike Cooley (musician)"
},
{
"docid": "35054019",
"text": "\"Back 'n Blue\" is a song by the American rock band Cheap Trick, which was released in 1990 as the opening track on their eleventh studio album Busted. It was written by Taylor Rhodes, Robert A. Johnson, Rick Nielsen and Robin Zander, and produced by Richie Zito. Although not released as a single, \"Back 'n Blue\" gained enough airplay to reach No. 32 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. Critical reception In a review of Busted, Ivan Brunet of the Nanaimo Daily News described the song as \"a rockin[g] number that's got that Keith Richards open-tune five-string sound down cold\". Chuck Dean of Rolling Stone considered it to be a \"typical get-ready-for-the-weekend-and-love-me-dammit prototype\". Barbara Jaeger of The Record noted, \"Outright rockers such as 'Back 'n Blue' and a cover of 'Rock 'n' Roll Tonight' are sizzlers.\" George Smith of The Morning Call commented, \"Numbers like 'Back 'n Blue', the title track and 'I Can't Understand It' blow fuses better than anything on Lap of Luxury.\" In a 2010 retrospective of Busted, Michael Fortes of Popdose wrote, \"'Back 'n Blue' [has] some moderately cool rock guitar riffage, some well placed na-na-na's and a tough Robin Zander vocal. The title of the song continued CT's tradition of having fun with words, but the song itself didn't reflect that fun. It plodded, and probably would have been better off in the hands of Bon Jovi.\" Personnel Cheap Trick Robin Zander - lead vocals, rhythm guitar Rick Nielsen - lead guitar, backing vocals Tom Petersson - bass, backing vocals Bun E. Carlos - drums, percussion Production Richie Zito - producer Mike Shipley - mixing George Marino - mastering Charts References 1990 songs 1990 singles Cheap Trick songs Songs written by Robin Zander Songs written by Rick Nielsen Songs written by Taylor Rhodes Song recordings produced by Richie Zito Epic Records singles",
"title": "Back 'n Blue"
},
{
"docid": "15265121",
"text": "Daniel Abineri (born 8 August 1958) is an English songwriter, actor, director, narrator and playwright known for writing the book, music and lyrics for the controversial rock musical Bad Boy Johnny and the Prophets of Doom. The 1994 London production made national news when it caused grave offence to the Roman Catholic Church and was closed down after just nine performances. Career Abineri's father was actor John Abineri and his mother was actress Hilary Bamford. From 1974 to 1998, Abineri worked as an actor, starting his career in repertory theatre in England. He starred as Father Neil opposite Arthur Lowe in the 1970s TV comedy Bless Me, Father, which led to a leading role opposite Tatum O'Neal in International Velvet. In 1979, at the age of 21, he was cast as Frank-n-Furter in the first British tour of The Rocky Horror Show, a role he played subsequently in the West End and over three thousand times on several tours of Australia and New Zealand, which he also directed. He played the villainous Jake Sanders in the 1980s Australian TV series Return to Eden. He is also credited with giving Russell Crowe his first professional acting role in a production of The Rocky Horror Show in New Zealand in 1986, and he subsequently cast Crowe as the lead in Bad Boy Johnny and The Prophets of Doom in 1989. Other work as an actor includes roles in Noises Off, Secret Army, The Bill, King Cinder, alongside Rik Mayall in Bring Me the Head of Mavis Davis Arnold Beckoff in the Australian production of Torch Song Trilogy and Ben Elton's Popcorn in London's West End. Abineri has produced and directed several television documentaries, including One Hit Wonders for the BBC in 1997, Walk on the Wild Side for Granada TV, and Murder and Celebrity for UKTV and A Conversation With James Lovelock for Network Films. He is married to the TV executive Claudia Rosencrantz, with whom he has one daughter, singer songwriter Lola Aviva. He has three children from a previous marriage: Jennifer, Kate and Joe. On 20 September 2013, Abineri released a new country/folk-rock album of his songs titled Honey For Sale. References External links Official site 1958 births Living people English male stage actors English male television actors English male dramatists and playwrights English male songwriters English television directors 20th-century English male actors 20th-century British dramatists and playwrights 21st-century English male actors 21st-century British dramatists and playwrights 20th-century male writers 21st-century male writers",
"title": "Daniel Abineri"
},
{
"docid": "16992170",
"text": "Carl Sven-Göran Ljunggren (28 January 1949, Arlöv – 18 January 1985), known by his stage name Kal P. Dal, was a rock musician from Arlöv in Scania (in Sweden). His most famous hit was the song \"Blåa Sko'\" (\"Blue Shoes\" in the Scanian dialect). Other hits were \"Jonnie\", \"Bara Rock 'N' Roll\" (a Scanian version of \"It's Only Rock 'n' Roll), \"Raka rör\" and \"Om ja' va' en slashas/Jag vill leva fri\" (a version of \"If I Were a Carpenter\"). His debut album \"Till Mossan!\" (\"To Mom!\") peaked at number 7 on the Swedish album charts where it stayed for 14 weeks. Career He played at concerts at Akademiska Föreningen (The Academic Society) in Lund. It was there he met fellow Scanian and musician Peps Persson who convinced Sonet Records to release his music. His debut album \"Till Mossan!\" (\"To Mom!\", 1977) peaked at number 7 on the Swedish album charts where it stayed for 14 weeks. Later albums also charted, but didn't reach the same success. He also had a small part in the film Barnförbjudet (1979) Death and legacy He died on January 18, 1985, from a cerebral haemorrhage. After his death he got one of the local Pågatåg trains named after him. All of the Pågatåg trains are named after famous people from Scania. In 2005 he also got a street in his home town Arlöv named after him. It was originally suggested that he would get a statue instead, and there is a Facebook group with thousands of members dedicated to making the statue a reality. Pascal, a rock band from Gotland, Sweden, made a cover of the song \"Jonnie\". The well-known Swedish indie rock band Bob Hund have cited Kal P. Dal as an inspiration. Covers (with new Swedish lyrics) \"17 år\" (The Beatles' \"I Saw Her Standing There\") \"Bara rock 'n' roll\" (The Rolling Stones' \"It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (But I Like It)\") \"Brunt socker\" (The Rolling Stones' \"Brown Sugar\") \"Du bara bankar\" (Little Richard's \"Keep A-Knockin'\") \"Houndans kvinna II\" (The Rolling Stones' \"Honky Tonk Women\") \"Ja' kan li en regnig kväll\" (Eddie Rabbitt's \"I Love a Rainy Night\") \"Jenny Jenny\" (Eddie Cochran's \"Jeanie, Jeanie, Jeanie\") \"John Silver\" (Chuck Berry's \"Johnny B. Goode\") \"Jonnie\" (10cc's \"Johnny, Don't Do It\") \"Kaddilack\" (Vince Taylor's \"Brand New Cadillac\") \"Karolin\" (Status Quo's \"Caroline\") \"Knabbar på himelens dörr\" (Bob Dylan's \"Knockin' on Heaven's Door\") \"Kungens knall\" (Bachman-Turner Overdrive's \"You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet\") \"Om ja' va' en slashas / Jag vill leva fri\" (Tim Hardin's \"If I Were a Carpenter\") \"Rock påg\" (Thin Lizzy's \"The Rocker\") \"Rosalie, Rosalie\" (Bob Seger's \"Rosalie\") \"Skit i maj\" (Rory Gallagher's \"Shadow Play\") \"Starta mej\" (The Rolling Stones' \"Start Me Up\") \"Tutti-Frutti\" (Little Richard's \"Tutti-Frutti\") \"Ålrajt / Rocka maj\" (Free's \"All Right Now\") Notes External links http://www.kalpdal.se Kal P Dal – lika populära i dag som på 70-talet, article in Skånska Dagbladet focusing on a new book released about the artist 1949 births 1985 deaths People from Burlöv Municipality 20th-century Swedish male musicians",
"title": "Kal P. Dal"
},
{
"docid": "1561855",
"text": "Robert James Byrd (July 1, 1930 – July 27, 1990), known by the stage name Bobby Day, was an American singer, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, and songwriter. He is best known for his hit record \"Rockin' Robin\", written by Leon René under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. Day also wrote the top-10 Billboard hits \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" (1957, Thurston Harris) and \"Over and Over\" (1965, the Dave Clark Five). Biography Born in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, Day moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 15. His first recording was \"Young Girl\" in 1949 in the R&B group the Hollywood Flames, released in 1950 on the Selective Label. He went several years with minor musical success limited to the West Coast. He recorded under numerous other names: The Jets, The Voices, The Sounds, The Crescendos, and as the original \"Bob\" in the duo Bob & Earl with singer Earl Nelson. As a member of the Flames, he used the stage name Bobby Day. His penned song, \"Buzz Buzz Buzz\" was that outfit's first and biggest success. In 1957, Day formed his own band called the Satellites, following which he recorded three songs that are seen today as rock and roll classics. Day's best known songwriting efforts were \"Over and Over\", later made popular by the Dave Clark Five in 1965, and \"Little Bitty Pretty One\", popularized by Thurston Harris in 1957, Frankie Lymon in 1960, Clyde McPhatter in 1962, and the Jackson Five in 1972. However, Day is most remembered for his 1958 solo recording of the Hot 100 No. 2 hit, \"Rockin' Robin\", written by Leon Rene under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold record. \"Rockin' Robin\" was covered by Bob Luman at Town Hall Party on October 28, 1958, the Hollies in 1964, Gene Vincent in 1969, Michael Jackson in 1972, Lolly in 1999, and by McFly in 2006. In 2012–2013, his uncharted recording, \"Beep-Beep-Beep\", was the musical soundtrack for a Kia Sorento television commercial shown nationwide in the US. Day died of prostate cancer on 27 July 1990, at the age of 60, and is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Discography Albums Rockin' with Robin (1959) The Best of Bobby Day (1984) The Original Rockin' Robin (1987) The Great Bobby Day (1994) Rockin' Robin (1994) The Best of Bobby Day (2001) The Very Best Of (2016) Robins, Bluebirds, Buzzards & Orioles - The Bobby Day Story (2021) Singles Television appearances The Dick Clark Show (two episodes) (1958) American Bandstand (four episodes) (1958) The Cinnamon Cinder Show (1963) The Midnight Special (1973) References External links 1930 births 1990 deaths African-American male songwriters American rhythm and blues singers American rock singers American soul singers Songwriters from Texas Jamie Records artists RCA Victor artists Class Records artists Rock and roll musicians Sue Records artists Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City 20th-century African-American male singers 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American",
"title": "Bobby Day"
}
] | [
"Robin Hood"
] |
train_43236 | who said methinks he doth protest too much | [
{
"docid": "25006465",
"text": "\"The lady doth protest too much, methinks\" is a line from the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare. It is spoken by Queen Gertrude in response to the insincere overacting of a character in the play within a play created by Prince Hamlet to elicit evidence of his uncle's guilt in the murder of his father, the King of Denmark. The phrase is used in everyday speech to indicate doubt of someone's sincerity, especially regarding the truth of a strong denial. In Hamlet The line is in iambic pentameter. It is found in Act III, Scene II of Hamlet, where it is spoken by Hamlet's mother Queen Gertrude. Hamlet believes that his father the king was murdered by his uncle Claudius, who then married Gertrude. Hamlet stages the play Murder of Gonzago which follows a similar sequence of events, to test whether viewing it will trigger a guilty conscience in Claudius. Hamlet, Gertrude, Claudius, and others watch the play-within-the-play, as the Player Queen declares in flowery language that she will never remarry if her husband dies. Hamlet then turns to his mother and asks her, \"Madam, how like you this play?\" She replies, \"The lady doth protest too much, methinks\", meaning that the Player Queen's protestations of love and fidelity are too excessive to be believed. The quotation comes from the Second Quarto edition of the play. Later versions contain the simpler line, \"The lady protests too much, methinks\". Everyday usage The line is commonly used to imply that someone who denies something very strongly is hiding the truth of it; however, in the play, \"protest\" has the older meaning of \"insist (that something is true), vow\" – affirming her fidelity – rather than denying infidelity. The line's allusion to Gertrude's (lack of) fidelity to her husband has become a cliché of sexually fickle womanhood. It is a shorthand expression conveying doubt in any person's truthfulness, even when the subject is male. It is sometimes altered to \"the laddie doth protest too much\". The phrase is often shortened to too much\". A common misquotation places methinks first: \"Methinks the lady doth protest too much.\" See also Reaction formation References Hamlet Shakespearean phrases English-language idioms",
"title": "The lady doth protest too much, methinks"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "26823837",
"text": "Psalm 54 is the 54th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: \"Save me, O God, by thy name, and judge me by thy strength\". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 53. In Latin, it is known as \"Deus in nomine tuo salvum me fac\", Attributed to David, it was written for one who finds oneself betrayed by a friend. The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant liturgies. Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version The following is the full English text of the Psalm from the King James Bible. (To the chief Musician on Neginoth, Maschil, A Psalm of David, when the Ziphims came and said to Saul, Doth not David hide himself with us?) Save me, O God, by thy name, and judge me by thy strength. Hear my prayer, O God; give ear to the words of my mouth. For strangers are risen up against me, and oppressors seek after my soul: they have not set God before them. Selah. Behold, God is mine helper: the Lord is with them that uphold my soul. He shall reward evil unto mine enemies: cut them off in thy truth. I will freely sacrifice unto thee: I will praise thy name, O LORD; for it is good. For he hath delivered me out of all trouble: and mine eye hath seen his desire upon mine enemies. Verse numbering Verses 1 and 2 in the Hebrew Bible correspond to the designation in English translations: To the chief Musician on Neginoth, Maschil, A Psalm of David, when the Ziphims came and said to Saul, Doth not David hide himself with us? (KJV) Verses 1–7 in English versions correspond to verses 3–9 in the Hebrew text. The Ziphims lived in the wilderness of Ziph, a district to the south-east of Hebron in the Judean mountains. Commentary The historical setting of this short Psalm is given in its title, almost a direct quotation from (a similar style of historical setting as with Psalm 52). It is considered one of the psalms containing prayers against false accusations, linked with an ordeal, the taking of an oath, or an appeal to the 'higher court', as indicated in the following points: The phrase 'vindicate me' (verse 1) A royal perspective of opponents as 'strangers' (verse 3; the New Revised Standard Version amends to 'the insolent'), 'the ruthless' (verse 3), and 'enemies' (verse 5) A prayer before battle appealing to God as personal savior with a covenant 'faithfulness' (verse 5). It can also be described as a lament, prayer, or complaint of an individual. Verses 1-3 pray for help and answer. Following an appeal (verses 1–2), the psalmist describes the danger facing him (verse",
"title": "Psalm 54"
},
{
"docid": "50662962",
"text": "Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest (released in the United Kingdom as Too Many Mornings) is the debut album by American singer-songwriter Bobby Jameson, credited under the name Chris Lucey. It was released on Surrey Records in 1965. Recorded on a limited budget, the album did not receive much attention at the time of its release; however, over time it has become treasured for its resemblance to the arrangements found in Love's album Forever Changes. Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest has since been reissued and made more accessible to collectors. Background The album was originally a project between Surrey Records, and singer-songwriter Chris Ducey. Ten songs were recorded for the album; however, the record label ran into contractual complications when it was discovered Ducey had commitments to ABC Records. Without a deal to release Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest, record producers Randy Wood and Betty Chiapetta had intent to find a new musician to record another set of original material. They discovered Bobby Jameson, a folkie who recorded the Mick Jagger-Keith Richards composition \"All I Want Is My Baby\" during a venture to England, in 1965. Because the record sleeves had already been printed for Chris Ducey's album, Wood and Chiapetta required Jameson to write new songs using the same song titles as Ducey's recordings, and had the sleeves overprinted so that the word Ducey would appear as Lucey. While discussing the events leading to the album, Jameson recalled he \"was twenty years old, flat broke, and unrepresented by counsel or management\". Wood used this to his advantage: Jameson would receive no royalties for any sales and was credited as Chris Lucey without any mutual understanding. Style With producer Marshall Leib—previously an associate of Phil Spector—Jameson explored intricate arrangements and somewhat bleak lyricism, which is commonly compared to the sophisticated orchestration found in the psychedelic rock band Love's Forever Changes (1967). Like the group's frontman Arthur Lee, Jameson could transform a simple lyric into a wistful turn-of-phrase. Legacy Released in 1965, the album was issued as Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest in the United States, and as Too Many Mornings in Europe. Its cover photo showed Rolling Stones member Brian Jones, according to Jameson \"because a lot of people just plain liked the photo, particularly the people in Europe who were involved in the Surrey deal.\" Although the album did not receive much attention at the time of its release, it is now one of the most prized pieces of the era. Analyzing Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest, critic Dean McFarlane wrote that it is the \"culminating collaged arrangements and schizophrenia that gives this record its wayward charm\". According to critic Dave Furgess, \"All in all this is a very satisfying and well performed disc which has Chris Lucey wearing his influences proudly on his sleeve. But don't get me wrong he is far from being a copycat, he really has a unique sound that's all his own. In fact I'm knocked out by what a versatile singer and writer he",
"title": "Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest"
},
{
"docid": "39403247",
"text": "My Hero is an American television sitcom that aired on NBC on Saturday nights from November 8, 1952, to June 20, 1953, under the sponsorship of Dunhill cigarettes. It was also shown in Melbourne, Australia, on ABV-2 during 1956/1957. The programme was the second import to be shown by ITV (ATV London) on 24 September 1955. The series appears to have entered the public domain, with several episodes viewable on the Internet Archive. Most of these episodes are syndication copies which run about 24 minutes; The original broadcasts had featured a somewhat elaborate opening sequence involving well-dressed people entering a theater, including a sponsor I.D. (as can be seen on the episode The Big Crush), and this elaborate opening sequence was replaced with a very short (for the 1950s) opening sequence for syndicated repeats, resulting in a shorter running time. Premise Robert Beanblossom was a real estate salesman who worked for Willis Thackery at the Thackery Realty Company. Cast Bob Cummings....Robert Beanblossom John Litel .....Willis Thackery Julie Bishop.....Julie Marshall Production Mort Greene was hired to produce the show. He later alleged that Cummings tried to force Greene off the show and bring in his partner, Don Sharpe. Ed Boloin later joined as producer. Cummings helped write and direct some episodes. Over the series' run, the comedy was toned down. Scenes showing smoke blowing out of Cummings' ears during a kiss were eventually dropped after adult viewers claimed the show was tending too much to slapstick. \"I'm not sure whether it was a good idea\", said Cummings. \"The kids loved it and we've had hundreds of letters of protest. And the kids often decide what the set is tuned to, at least until they go to bed.\" The timeslot later shifted from 8-8.30pm. Cummings reacted angrily to charges the show mistreated animals. Cummings later complained that the lead character was too silly and too much of the writing was bad and illogical. The show was executive produced and part owned by Don Sharpe, who was also connected with I Love Lucy and Terry and the Pirates. When My Hero was released to bad reviews, Sharpe admitted it needed fixing. \"It's tricky to come up with something every week that's tricky and believable\", he said. \"We hope that eventually the personality of Cummings will become so dominant to the viewer that the plots won't look bad.\" Lawsuit Mort Greene was a producer and writer on the show. Greene later alleged that he was stripped of \"all authority\" on the show by Cummings and his wife, yet Cummings held him responsible for the \"derisive commentary\" the show received from reviewers. Greene said this hurt his reputation and sued the Cummingses for $119,500. A sheriff tried to serve papers on Cummings concerning the lawsuit at the studio gate for RKO-Pathe in Culver City. He alleged that while he put the papers through the window Cummings drove his car, dragging the sheriff down the street. \"I thought at the time he was an autograph seeker\",",
"title": "My Hero (American TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "5448664",
"text": "Matthew 11:7 is the seventh verse in the eleventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Content In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort, this verse is: Τούτων δὲ πορευομένων, ἤρξατο ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγειν τοῖς ὄχλοις περὶ Ἰωάννου, Τί ἐξήλθετε εἰς τὴν ἔρημον θεάσασθαι; Κάλαμον ὑπὸ ἀνέμου σαλευόμενον; In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: And as they departed, Jesus began to say unto the multitudes concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken with the wind? The New International Version translates the passage as: As John's disciples were leaving, Jesus began to speak to the crowd about John: \"What did you go out into the desert to see? A reed swayed by the wind? Analysis Lapide notes that the Greek word, σαλευόμενον (shaking) can be used for waves of the sea or corn waving. So in effect telling people not to suppose that John had changed his opinion concerning Christ, at one point thinking Him to be the Messiah and then doubting. MacEvilly notes that a reed is changeable, like a light person pushed around, and that it bears no fruit. Commentary from the Church Fathers Chrysostom: \"Sufficient had been now done for John’s disciples; they returned certified concerning Christ by the wonderful works which they had seen. But it behoved that the multitude also should be corrected, which had conceived many things amiss from the question of John’s disciples, not knowing the purpose of John in sending them. They might say, He who bare such witness to Christ, is now of another mind, and doubts whether this be He. Doth he this because he hath jealousy against Jesus? Has the prison taken away his courage? Or spake he before but empty and untrue words?\" Hilary of Poitiers: \"Therefore that this might not lead them to think of John as though he were offended concerning Christ, it continues, When they had gone away, Jesus began to speak to the multitudes concerning John.\" Chrysostom: \"As they departed, that He should not seem to speak flattery of the man; and in correcting the error of the multitude, He does not openly expose, their secret suspicions, but by framing his words against what was in their hearts, He shows that He knows hidden things. But He said not as to the Jews, Why think ye evil in your hearts? though indeed it was evil that they had thought; yet it proceeded not from wickedness, but from ignorance; therefore He spake not to them harshly, but answered for John, showing that he had not fallen from his former opinion. This He teaches them, not by His word only, but by their own witness, the witness of their own actions, as well as their own words. What went ye out into the wilderness to see? As much as to say, Why did ye leave the towns and go out into the wilderness? So great multitudes would not have gone with such",
"title": "Matthew 11:7"
},
{
"docid": "39138906",
"text": "Sir Amyas Pollard, 3rd Baronet (1616–1701) was an English gentleman of Devon and a baronet. Little is known of his life except that he was a staunch royalist during the Civil War, as evidenced by the inscribed verse on his ledger stone at Abbots Bickington: Who durst the King & royall cause still own, In times when doing it was so dangerous known. He was the last in the male line of the ancient Pollard family of Bishop's Nympton. He inherited the baronetcy from his elder brother Sir Hugh Pollard, 2nd Baronet (1603–1666) who left the Pollard estates much reduced and encumbered with debts. He was forced soon after his inheritance to sell the manor of Bishop's Nympton and moved to Abbots Bickington, a smaller family manor, and made his seat at Court Barton, immediately to the south of the small parish church. Origins Pollard was the fourth son of Sir Lewis Pollard, 1st Baronet (d.1641) of King's Nympton, Devonshire, by his wife Margaret Berkeley, daughter of Sir Henry Berkeley, Knight, of Bruton, Somerset. Illegitimate progeny Pollard never married but left an illegitimate son by unknown mistress, Thomas Pollard (1681–1710), of Abbots Bickington, who inherited his father's name and estate but not his baronetcy. He married on 25 June 1702 at Sutcombe to Sarah Prideaux, a daughter of Jonathan Prideaux of Theuborough but the marriage was without progeny. A prominent mural monument erected by his wife exists in the church of Abbots Bickington to the memory of Thomas Pollard. Monument to son A newly re-painted mural monument exists to Thomas Pollard (1681–1710), in Abbots Bickington Church, Devon. On a rectangular panel with arched top between two Corinthian columns and below a broken classical pediment is the following inscription: Here under lyes ye body of Tho: Pollard ye son of Sr. Ames Pollard Bart. who departed this life Decem(be)r ye 9th 1710 ye 29th year of his age. He had to wife Sarah ye daughter of Jonathan Prideaux of Thu(borough) Esqr. who by ye order of her dear deceas'd husband hath set up this monument in remembrance of him & doth desire to be laid here her selfe when it doth please God to take her hence. Above on either side is an angel holding an escutcheon, on the dexter one of which has recently been re-painted the escallop arms of Pollard. On top between the two angels was formerly a shield showing the quarterings as sculpted in relief on the ledger stone of his father before the altar in the same church. Below the base in the centre is the head and shoulders of a winged putto on a garland of flowers with a skull on each side beneath the columns. Death and burial Pollard died in 1701 and was buried before the altar in the very small parish church of Abbots Bickington, where survives his ledger stone inscribed with verse and decorated with heraldry. Ledger stone The ledger stone of Sir Amyas Pollard (1616–1701), 3rd Baronet, survives before the",
"title": "Sir Amyas Pollard, 3rd Baronet"
},
{
"docid": "26800335",
"text": "Psalm 10 is the tenth psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: \"Why standest thou afar off, O LORD? why hidest thou thyself in times of trouble?\" In the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate, it is not an individual psalm but the second part of psalm 9, \"Ut quid Domine recessisti\". These two consecutive psalms have the form of a single acrostic Hebrew poem. Compared to Psalm 9, Psalm 10 is focused more on the individual than the collective human condition. The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version Why standest thou afar off, O LORD? why hidest thou thyself in times of trouble? The wicked in his pride doth persecute the poor: let them be taken in the devices that they have imagined. For the wicked boasteth of his heart's desire, and blesseth the covetous, whom the LORD abhorreth. The wicked, through the pride of his countenance, will not seek after God: God is not in all his thoughts. His ways are always grievous; thy judgments are far above out of his sight: as for all his enemies, he puffeth at them. He hath said in his heart, I shall not be moved: for I shall never be in adversity. His mouth is full of cursing and deceit and fraud: under his tongue is mischief and vanity. He sitteth in the lurking places of the villages: in the secret places doth he murder the innocent: his eyes are privily set against the poor. He lieth in wait secretly as a lion in his den: he lieth in wait to catch the poor: he doth catch the poor, when he draweth him into his net. He croucheth, and humbleth himself, that the poor may fall by his strong ones. He hath said in his heart, God hath forgotten: he hideth his face; he will never see it. Arise, O LORD; O God, lift up thine hand: forget not the humble. Wherefore doth the wicked contemn God? he hath said in his heart, Thou wilt not require it. Thou hast seen it; for thou beholdest mischief and spite, to requite it with thy hand: the poor committeth himself unto thee; thou art the helper of the fatherless. Break thou the arm of the wicked and the evil man: seek out his wickedness till thou find none. The LORD is King for ever and ever: the heathen are perished out of his land. LORD, thou hast heard the desire of the humble: thou wilt prepare their heart, thou wilt cause thine ear to hear: To judge the fatherless and the oppressed, that the man of the earth may no more oppress. Context Psalm 8 reflects on man's special place in creation. In contrast, both psalms",
"title": "Psalm 10"
},
{
"docid": "31240580",
"text": "People of Ya-Sin or Ashab al-Qarya () is the phrase used by Muslims to refer to an ancient community that is mentioned in the 36th surah of the Quran as the People of the City or the Companions of the City. The location and people of this city has been the subject of much scholarly debate in Islam. In the Quran According to the Quran, God sent two prophets to this particular community. When the people of the city refused to hear their words, God sent a third prophet to strengthen them. The prophets told the people: \"Truly we have been sent on a mission to you\". The community mocked the message of the prophets and said “You are only humans like us, and the Most Compassionate has not revealed anything. You are simply lying!” The prophets, in reply, rebuked the community, saying: \"Our Lord doth know that we have been sent on a mission to you: \"And our duty is only to proclaim the clear Message.\" The Quran goes onto say that the prophets were threatened with stoning and torture, but they refused to give in and continued to warn the people to end their sinful ways. Then, from the farthest part of the city, there came running a man who exhorted the people to believe the message and told them: \"O my people! Obey the messengers: \"Obey those who ask no reward of you (for themselves), and who have themselves received Guidance. The following verses, which describe the man's entrance in to \"the garden\" (Jannah), which refers to Heaven, has been interpreted by some scholars to mean that the believing man was martyred for his faith. Accounts in exegesis Classical commentators on the Quran popularly identified the \"People of the City\" with the city of Antioch. Those scholars who identified the city with Antioch, however, were divided over the date of the event. One group believed that this event took place after Jesus and explained that the Quran's use of the word \"Messenger\" in this context refers not to three prophets but to three of Jesus's disciples who were sent to Antioch to proclaim the message. The name of this martyr is not explicitly mentioned anywhere in Qur'an or Hadith, though he is known as The Believer of YaSin. Ibn Kathir in his Tafsir (Commentary) on Quran 36 references a narration that identifies the three disciples sent were Sham'un (Simon Peter), Yuhanna (John) and the name of the third was Bulus (Paul). Other commentators who believe that the city does refer to Antioch explained that this is the narrative of a far older incident, and that the three \"messengers\" mentioned were indeed prophets, namely Saduq, Masduq and Shalum. Abdullah Yusuf Ali did link the narrative of the story with the preaching of Paul and Barnabas as described in Acts of the Apostles. As with Antioch, the city of Jerusalem is also not directly mentioned by name in the Qur'an. See also Acts 13:4–5 Acts 14:1–5, 8–13 References Ancient",
"title": "People of Ya-Sin"
},
{
"docid": "38607911",
"text": "Sir Henry Lynch, 3rd Baronet (died 1691) was an Irish landowner, barrister and judge. He was one of the Roman Catholic judges appointed by James II & VII of England, Scotland and Ireland in his effort to transform the religious character of the Irish administration. As a judge, Lynch was described in unflattering terms both by his contemporaries and by later historians. Unlike some of his judicial colleagues, he was accused of gross bias against Protestants, which may be why he was one of the few Irish judges who fled abroad after the downfall of James's cause following the Battle of the Boyne. He died in exile in France. Background He was a member of one of the oldest and most distinguished families in the city of Galway: his father was Sir Robuck Lynch, 2nd Baronet, who was Mayor of Galway in 1638-9. His mother was Ellen, daughter of Sir Peter French. He succeeded to the title in 1667. He entered the Middle Temple in 1664 and the King's Inn in 1674. Judge From 1687 onwards a determined effort was made by the English Crown to replace the Protestants on the Irish Bench with Catholics. Lynch, who had already been appointed Recorder of Galway, was chosen as a Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland). All of James II's Catholic judges were the object of violent attacks on the grounds that they were lacking in integrity and learning, that they were entirely subject to the will of the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, and that they were \"wretchedly poor and indigent\". The last charge was certainly not true of Lynch, but Ball notes that when he was appointed a High Court judge he had just twelve years experience at the Irish Bar (although Recorder in Ireland was a full-time role). James' new judges were barely in office when he was decisively defeated by William III. In the confusion of the years 1688-90 the status of the Irish High Court judges was uncertain, but most continued to act in their judicial capacity, including Lynch, who went on assize in Leinster, and was said to be working with William, who was in any case too preoccupied with other matters to give much attention to reform of the judiciary. Exile and death William III did in due course remove James' judges from office, but it seems to have been understood that no other harm would come to them: despite much hostile propaganda, few of them were guilty of any obvious abuse of office, and some of them were men of substance and good reputation. On the face of it therefore it is hard to understand why Lynch fled the country, to die in Brest in 1691. Ball believed the explanation was the discovery of a letter in which Lynch reportedly admitted that in any criminal trial where he had the power to impose the death penalty he would always drive for the execution of a Protestant, defendant, whether",
"title": "Sir Henry Lynch, 3rd Baronet"
},
{
"docid": "46553811",
"text": "Cycle for Declamation is a song cycle for tenor solo composed in 1954 by Priaulx Rainier (190386). Description The work was commissioned by the tenor Peter Pears. It consists of settings of texts by John Donne (15721631), adapted from three of the Meditations in his Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. A typical performance takes 9 minutes. The titles of the songs are: \"Wee Cannot Bid the Fruits\" (from Meditation XIX) \"In the Wombe of the Earth\" (from Meditation XVIII) \"Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris\" (from Meditation XVII) Peter Pears has said: \"Whereas the medievals for the most part dispensed with any harmonic implications, here the composer has suggested a strong harmonic skeleton behind the solo voice, to fine effect: in the last section the use of different registers of the voice vividly underlines Donne's wonderful text. The song texts The texts use 17th century spelling. Modernised, they read: 1. \"Wee Cannot Bid the Fruits\" We cannot bid the fruits come in May, nor the leaves to stick on in December. There are of them that will give, that will do justice, that will pardon, but they have their own seasons for all these, and he that knows not them, shall starve before that gift come. Reward is the season of one man, and importunity of another; fear is the season of one man, and favour of another; friendship the season of one man, and natural affection of another; and he that knows not their seasons, nor cannot stay them, must lose the fruits. 2. \"In the Wombe of the Earth\" In the womb of the earth, we diminish, and when she is delivered of us, our grave opened for another, we are not transplanted, but transported, our dust blown away with profane dust, with every wind. 3. \"Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris\" Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris. The bell doth toll for him that thinks it doth. Morieris. Who casts not up his eye to the sun when it rises? but who takes off his eye from a comet when that breaks out? Who bends not his ear to any bell, which upon any occasion rings? Morieris. But who can remove it from that bell which is passing a piece of himself out of the world? Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris. No man is an island, entire of itself; no man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. If a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as well as if a manor of thy friends or of thine own were. Morieris. Any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind. Morieris. And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. Nunc, lento, sonitu dicunt, morieris. References Footnotes Song cycles by Priaulx Rainier Classical song cycles in English 1954 compositions Musical settings of poems by John Donne",
"title": "Cycle for Declamation"
},
{
"docid": "8715435",
"text": "The gates of horn and ivory are a literary image used to distinguish true dreams (corresponding to factual occurrences) from false. The phrase originated in the Greek language, in which the word for \"horn\" is similar to that for \"fulfill\" and the word for \"ivory\" is similar to that for \"deceive\". On the basis of that play on words, true dreams are spoken of as coming through the gates of horn, false dreams as coming through those of ivory. The Odyssey The earliest appearance of the image is in the Odyssey, book 19, lines 560–569. There Penelope, who has had a dream that seems to signify that her husband Odysseus is about to return, expresses by a play on words her conviction that the dream is false. She says: Stranger, dreams verily are baffling and unclear of meaning, and in no wise do they find fulfillment in all things for men. For two are the gates of shadowy dreams, and one is fashioned of horn and one of ivory. Those dreams that pass through the gate of sawn ivory deceive men, bringing words that find no fulfillment. But those that come forth through the gate of polished horn bring true issues to pass, when any mortal sees them. But in my case it was not from thence, methinks, that my strange dream came. Arthur T. Murray, translator of the original Loeb Classical Library edition of the Odyssey, commented: The play upon the words κέρας, \"horn\", and κραίνω, \"fulfill\", and upon ἐλέφας, \"ivory\", and ἐλεφαίρομαι, \"deceive\", cannot be preserved in English. Echoes in later Greek literature Homer greatly influenced Greek literature as a whole. Plato refers to the two gates in his dialogue Charmides: Socrates: \"Listen then,\" I said, \"to my dream, to see whether it comes through horn or through ivory.\" A reference to the Odyssean image also appears in the late (c. AD 400) epic poet Nonnus: As Morrheus slept, the vision of a dream cajoled him, beguiling his mind after flitting through the gates of ivory. The Aeneid Virgil borrowed the image of the two gates in lines 893–898 of Book 6 of his Aeneid, describing that of horn as the passageway for true shadows and that of ivory as that through which the Manes in the underworld send false dreams up to the living. Through the latter gate Virgil makes his hero Aeneas, accompanied by the Cumaean Sibyl, return from his visit to the underworld, where he has met, among others, his dead father Anchises: Two gates the silent house of Sleep adorn; Of polish'd ivory this, that of transparent horn: True visions thro' transparent horn arise; Thro' polish'd ivory pass deluding lies. Of various things discoursing as he pass'd, Anchises hither bends his steps at last. Then, thro' the gate of iv'ry, he dismiss'd His valiant offspring and divining guest. Why Virgil has Aeneas return through the ivory gate (whence pass deluding lies) and not through that of horn is uncertain. One theory is that it",
"title": "Gates of horn and ivory"
},
{
"docid": "690592",
"text": "A bounty is a payment or reward of money to locate, capture or kill an outlaw or a wanted person. Two modern examples of bounties are the ones placed for the capture of Saddam Hussein and his sons by the United States government and Microsoft's bounty for computer virus creators. Those who make a living by pursuing bounties are known as bounty hunters. Bounties have also been granted for other actions, such as exports under mercantilism. Examples Historical examples Written promises of reward for the capture of or information regarding criminals go back to at least the first-century Roman Empire. Graffiti from Pompeii, a Roman city destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 79 AD, contained this message: A copper pot went missing from my shop. Anyone who returns it to me will be given 65 bronze coins (sestertii). Twenty more will be given for information leading to the capture of the thief. A bounty system was used in the American Civil War as an incentive to increase enlistments. Unscrupulous bounty jumpers would receive a bounty, then desert. Another bounty system was used in New South Wales to increase the number of immigrants from 1832. Bounties were sometimes paid as rewards for killing Native Americans. In 1862, a farmer received a bounty for shooting Taoyateduta (Little Crow). In 1856, Governor Isaac Stevens put a bounty on the head of Indians from eastern Washington, for ordinary Indians and for a chief. A western Washington Indian, Patkanim, chief of the Snohomish, obligingly provided a great many heads, until the territorial auditor put a stop to the practice due to the dubious origins of the deceased. In Australia in 1824, a bounty of of land was offered for capturing alive the Wiradjuri warrior Windradyne, the leader of the Aboriginal resistance movement in the Bathurst Wars. A week after the bounty was offered, the word \"alive\" was dropped from the reward notices, but he was neither captured nor betrayed by his people. Bounties have been offered on animals deemed undesirable by particular governments or corporations. In Tasmania, the thylacine was relentlessly hunted to extinction based on such schemes. Gray wolves, too, were extirpated from much of the present United States by bounty hunters. An example of the legal sanction granted can be found in a Massachusetts Bay Colony law dated May 7, 1662: \"This Court doth Order, as an encouragement to persons to destroy Woolves, That henceforth every person killing any Woolf, shall be allowed out of the Treasury of that County where such woolf was slain, Twenty shillings, and by the Town Ten shillings, and by the County Treasurer Ten shillings: which the Constable of each Town (on the sight of the ears of such Woolves being cut off) shall pay out of the next County rate, which the Treasurer shall allow.\" 17th-century examples Since after the Stuart Restoration, criminality was increasing, the dissatisfaction with the penal system led to the implementation of the rewards. £10 were promised to anyone who gave information about",
"title": "Bounty (reward)"
},
{
"docid": "2810091",
"text": "Samuel Guy Endore (July 4, 1901 – February 12, 1970), born Samuel Goldstein and also known as Harry Relis, was an American novelist and screenwriter. During his career he produced a wide array of novels, screenplays, and pamphlets, both published and unpublished. A cult favorite of fans of horror, he is best known for his novel The Werewolf of Paris (1933), which occupies a significant position in werewolf literature, much in the same way that Dracula (1897) does for vampire literature. Endore is also known for his left-wing novel of the Haitian Revolution, Babouk: The Story of A Slave. He was nominated for a screenwriting Oscar for The Story of G.I. Joe (1945), and his novel Methinks the Lady . . . (1946) was the basis for Ben Hecht's screenplay for Whirlpool (1949). Early life and education Endore was born Samuel Goldstein in Brooklyn, New York, to Isidor and Malka Halpern Goldstein. His father was a coal miner, inventor, and investor from Pittsburgh who often had difficulty making ends meet. His mother died by suicide when he was four, possibly due to the family's unstable and often insufficient livelihood. Isidor changed their name in an attempt to move beyond the events of the past, and he placed the children in a Methodist orphanage. During this time, Isidor sold an invention and dreamt that his dead wife willed the children to have a European education, so he sent them to Vienna with the newfound windfall. The children lived in Vienna for five years under the care of a Catholic governess, but when Isidor disappeared and their funds ran short, they returned to Pittsburgh and lived together. While there Endore attended the Carnegie Technical Institute but would earn his B.A. (1923) and M.A. (1925), both in European languages, at Columbia University. According to his own account, he scraped together the money to attend, even renting out his bed to a wealthier student while he slept on the floor. He unsuccessfully pursued a PhD Writer Endore's first novel was The Man From Limbo (1930), about an impoverished college graduate obsessed with acquiring wealth; it was influenced by Robert Louis Stevenson. His most famous work was The Werewolf of Paris (1933), a violent horror story set during the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune and inspired by the work of Hanns Heinz Ewers, whom Endore had translated. The Werewolf of Paris is described by Stableford as \"entitled to be considered the werewolf novel\". Endore also wrote what Stableford describes \"a few notable horror stories\", including \"The Day of the Dragon\" (1934), in which a scientific experiment returns dragons to the contemporary world and \"Lazarus Returns\"(1935), an ironic tale involving the Biblical character. Another important Endore tale was \"Men of Iron\" (1940). After his work as a screenwriter, Endore published several other Freudian-tinged mysteries (Methinks the Lady..., Detour at Night) and also returned to his love of French history for biographical novels on Voltaire (Voltaire! Voltaire! [1961]), the Marquis de Sade (Satan's Saint [1965]) and",
"title": "Guy Endore"
},
{
"docid": "38547077",
"text": "Sir Henry Belasyse KB (c. 1639 – August 1667) was an English army officer and Member of the Parliament of England. He was killed in a duel after a trivial quarrel with a friend, a tragedy which gave rise to much public comment. Biography He was the only surviving son of John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse and his first wife Jane Boteler, daughter of Sir Robert Boteler. Belasyse was captain of foot in the garrison of Hull in 1660–1662 and from 1665 to his death, as well as holding a lieutenant's commission for a few months during 1666 in the Duke of Buckingham's Regiment of Horse. He was made a Knight of the Bath in 1661. In November 1666 was elected to Parliament for Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire. Nine months later he was killed in a duel following a drunken quarrel with a close friend, the dramatist Thomas Porter. Samuel Pepys described the episode at length in his Diary, and commented that it was the silliest and most trivial quarrel imaginable: \"the world doth talk of them as a couple of fools\". Family He married Susan, daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Armine, 2nd Baronet, and Anne Crane: they had one son, Henry. Unlike her husband, Susan was a Protestant. She was described as a lady of great life and vivacity, but very little beauty. Susan was created Baroness Belasyse of Osgodby for life in 1674, and their son Henry succeeded his grandfather as second and last Baron Belasyse of Worlaby in 1689. Susan remarried James Fortrey and died in 1713, having outlived her only son by many years. In her last years, she was much troubled by lawsuits. After the death of his first wife Anne Hyde. in 1671, the future James II was privately pledged to marry Susan, but his brother Charles II forbade the marriage and Susan was bullied into surrendering the written proofs of the engagement, although it is said that she managed to retain copies of the relevant papers. Notes References 1630s births 1667 deaths Knights of the Bath Heirs apparent who never acceded English MPs 1661–1679 Members of the Parliament of England for Great Grimsby",
"title": "Henry Belasyse (died 1667)"
},
{
"docid": "1290035",
"text": "James Boswell's London Journal is a published version of the daily journal he kept between the years 1762 and 1763 while in London. Along with many more of his private papers, it was found in the 1920s at Malahide Castle in Ireland, and was first published in 1950, in an edition by Frederick A. Pottle. In it, Boswell, then a young Scotsman of 22, visits London for his second time. One of the most notable events in the journal is Boswell's meeting on 16 May, 1763 Samuel Johnson, the famous writer, moralist, and lexicographer with whom Boswell would form a close relationship, eventually writing the biography The Life of Samuel Johnson. The journal relates with much detail and candour his frequent and casual use of prostitutes. One of the more notorious events related is Boswell's meeting his mistress Louisa, whom he believes has given him gonorrhea: BOSWELL. Pray, Madam, in what state of health have you been in for some time? LOUISA. Sir, you amaze me. BOSWELL. I have but too strong, too plain reason to doubt of your regard. I have for some days observed the symptoms of disease, but was unwilling to believe you so very ungenerous. But now, Madam, I am thoroughly convinced. LOUISA. Sir, you have terrified me. I protest I know nothing of the matter. BOSWELL. Madam, I have had no connection with any woman but you these two months. I was with my surgeon this morning, who declared I had got a strong infection, and that she from whom I had it could not be ignorant of it. Madam, such a thing in this case is worse than from a woman of the town, as from her you may expect it. You have used me very ill. I did not deserve it. You know you said where there was no confidence, there was no breach of trust. But surely I placed some confidence in you. I am sorry that I was mistaken. LOUISA. Sir, I will confess to you that about three years ago I was very bad. But for these fifteen months I have been quite well. I appeal to GOD Almighty that I am speaking true; and for these six months I have had to do with no man but yourself. BOSWELL. But by G-D, Madam, I have been with none but you, and here am I very bad. LOUISA. Well, Sir, by the same solemn oath I protest that I was ignorant of it. BOSWELL. Madam, I wish much to believe you. But I own I cannot upon this occasion believe a miracle. LOUISA. Sir, I cannot say more to you. But you will leave me in the greatest misery. I shall lose your esteem. I shall be hurt in the opinion of everybody, and in my circumstances. BOSWELL (to himself). What the devil does the confounded jilt mean by being hurt in her circumstances? This is the grossest cunning. But I won't take notice of that at all. — Madam,",
"title": "London Journal"
},
{
"docid": "2029276",
"text": "\"Ariel's song\" is a verse passage in Scene ii of Act I of William Shakespeare's The Tempest. It consists of two stanzas to be delivered by the spirit Ariel, in the hearing of Ferdinand. In performance it is sometimes sung and sometimes spoken. There is an extant musical setting of the second stanza by Shakespeare's contemporary Robert Johnson, which may have been used in the original production around 1611. It is the origin of the phrase \"full fathom five\", after which there are many cultural references, and is an early written record of the phrase sea change. Through its use of rhyme, rhythm, assonance, and alliteration, the poem sounds like a spell. \"Full fathom five\" \"Full fathom five\" is the beginning of the second stanza of \"Ariel's song\", better known than the first stanza, and often presented alone. It implicitly addresses Ferdinand who, with his father, has just gone through a shipwreck in which the father supposedly drowned. Selected cultural references Parts or all of it have been set to music by Henry Purcell (alternatively attributed to John Weldon, The Tempest), Igor Stravinsky (Three Songs from William Shakespeare), Arthur Sullivan (The Tempest), Ralph Vaughan Williams (Three Shakespeare Songs), Pete Seeger (Two from Shakespeare), John Zorn, Marianne Faithfull, Laurie Anderson, and Caroline Shaw. On the gravestone of Percy Bysshe Shelley in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome the lines “Nothing of him that doth fade, / But doth suffer a sea-change / Into something rich and strange.” are engraved. His open boat, on which he sailed the day he drowned, was called ‘Ariel’. Rich and Strange, a 1931 film by Alfred Hitchcock In The Waste Land, TS Eliot references \"Those are pearls that were his eyes\" on multiple occasions. In Cibola Burn, a novel by James S. A. Corey, a character references the line \"Of his bones are coral made\". Jackson Pollock painting titled “Full Fathom Five” … critic Ellen Johnson said of this piece “[It] is especially rich… Several foreign objects are embedded in its oil and aluminum paint; but the thumb tacks, pennies, cigarettes, paint tube tops, matches, etc., are only discovered with very close scrutiny. Lost in the life of the painting, they ‘suffer a sea-change into something rich and strange.’” From: “Jackson Pollock and Nature,” in Studio International 185:956 (June 1973), 260. See also List of titles of works based on Shakespearean phrases Sea change (idiom) References The Tempest",
"title": "Ariel's Song"
},
{
"docid": "51033834",
"text": "Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein were varied. Some strongly supported the execution, particularly those personally affected by Saddam's actions as leader. Some of these victims wished to see him brought to trial for his other actions, alleged to have resulted in a much greater number of deaths than those for which he was convicted. Some believed the execution would boost morale in Iraq, while others feared it would incite further violence. Many in the international community supported Saddam being brought to justice but objected in particular to the use of capital punishment. Saddam's supporters condemned the action as unjust. \"The world will know that Saddam Hussein lived honestly, died honestly, and maintained his principles. He did not lie when he declared his trial null\", said Hussein's lawyers in a statement. A spokeswoman for Saddam's daughters reported, \"They felt very proud as they saw their father facing his executioners so bravely.\" In Amman, the capital of Jordan, Saddam's eldest daughter, Raghad, joined protests against her father's execution. Protesters expressed sentiment that Saddam was a martyr and that he was the only Arab leader who said no to the United States. According to reports from an official, people were dancing and sung Shi'a chants around Saddam's body after the execution took place. Two days after the execution, the Iraqi government launched an inquiry into the taunting and the way the execution was filmed. George W. Bush, president of the United States at the time, stated that Saddam's death would not end the violence in Iraq. In Tikrit, Iraq, where Saddam was buried, police barred entrances to and departures from the city for four days as a safety precaution. Iraqi reaction Politicians In a statement, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said, \"Justice, in the name of the people, has carried out the death sentence against the criminal Saddam, who faced his fate like all tyrants, frightened and terrified during a hard day which he did not expect.\" He also stated, \"Your generous and pure land has got rid—and for ever—of the filth of the dictator and a black page of Iraq's history has been turned and the tyrant has died.\" He also said that Saddam does not represent any group or sect of the Iraqi people. \"[Iraqis] have been waiting for justice to be executed, and I think that Iraqis have received the news that they've been waiting for, for too many years\", said Iraqi Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani. \"The execution of Saddam Hussein is a big crime. Saddam Hussein was a prisoner of war and was arrested by the U.S. forces, and not by the Iraqi government. It is a crime with which they wanted to cover up many things\", Sunni politician, Khalaf al-Ulayyan said. \"I don't think it will make much difference because the situation has deteriorated to such an extent that very drastic measures have to be taken to confront the militias and restore law and order\", said Adnan Pachachi. \"Of course, he has some supporters in Iraq—some of",
"title": "Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein"
},
{
"docid": "3010426",
"text": "The Fortune Teller is a painting by Italian Baroque artist Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. It exists in two versions, both by Caravaggio, the first from c. 1594 (now in the Musei Capitolini in Rome), the second from c. 1595 (which is in the Louvre museum, Paris). The dates in both cases are disputed. Subject matter The painting shows a foppishly-dressed boy (in the second version the model is believed to be Caravaggio's companion, the Sicilian painter Mario Minniti), having his palm read by a Romani girl. The boy looks pleased as he gazes into her face, and she returns his gaze. Close inspection of the painting reveals what the young man has failed to notice: the girl is removing his ring as she gently strokes his hand. Fortune teller's deceit used as metaphor for Caravaggio's seductive illusionism Caravaggio's painting, of which two versions exist, shows a well-groomed, vain young man having his palm read by a Romani woman. The wily Romani woman is guilty of deceit, however: her seductive smile is false, and because the young man has been charmed off his feet by her beauty, he does not notice that she has meanwhile slipped the ring from his finger. In 1603 the poet Gaspare Murtola dedicated a madrigal to Caravaggio's Fortune Teller, in which he compares the deceit of the sensuous Romani woman with the illusionistic manner of Caravaggio, therefore implying that the viewer, like the young man, is the victim of duplicity. The madrigal is addressed to Caravaggio himself: `Non so qual sia più maga / O la donna, che fingi, / O tu che la dipingi. / Di rapir quella è vaga / Coi dolci incanti suoi / Il core e ’l sangue a noi. Tu dipinta, che appare / Fai, che viva si veda. Fai, che viva, e spirante altri / la creda.' (I don't know who is the greater sorcerer / The woman you portray / Or you who paint her. Through sweetest incantation / She doth desire to steal / Our very heart and blood. Thou wouldst in thy portrayal / Her living, breathing image / For others reproduce, That they too may believe it.) Style Caravaggio's biographer Giovanni Pietro Bellori relates that the artist picked the Romani girl out from passers-by on the street in order to demonstrate that he had no need to copy the works of the masters from antiquity: \"When he was shown the most famous statues of Phidias and Glykon in order that he might use them as models, his only answer was to point towards a crowd of people saying that nature had given him an abundance of masters.\" This passage is often used to demonstrate that the classically trained Mannerist artists of Caravaggio's day disapproved of Caravaggio's insistence on painting from life instead of from copies and drawings made from older masterpieces. However, Bellori ends by saying, \"and in these two half-figures [Caravaggio] translated reality so purely that it came to confirm what he said.\" The story",
"title": "The Fortune Teller (Caravaggio)"
},
{
"docid": "15624936",
"text": "Egemen Bağış () (born 23 April 1970) is a former Turkish politician of, former member of the Turkish parliament, and the former minister for EU Affairs and chief negotiator of Turkey in accession talks with the European Union. Currently, he serves as ambassador of Turkey to the Czech Republic. Early life Bağış was born in Bingöl, Turkey, in 1970 into a family which originated from Siirt. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Human Resources Management as well as a Master of Public Administration, both from the Baruch College of City University of New York. Official responsibilities Turkish ambassador to the Czech Republic (Since November 2019) Member of the Turkish Parliament, representing Istanbul Chairman, Turkey-USA Inter Parliamentary Friendship Caucus of the Turkish Parliament Advisory Board Chairman, Istanbul 2010 European Capital of Culture Initiative. Honorary board member of the Siirt Solidarity Foundation. As a top adviser to the Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Bağış played a key role in the Justice and Development Party's (AKP) policies. Federation of Turkish American Associations Bağış formerly served as the president of the Federation of Turkish American Associations, the New York-based umbrella organization of Turkish-Americans that sponsored his green card petition in the United States. He has also served as a member of the advisory board on Turkish Citizens Abroad, a government body. He was the manager of the Antik Bar at the Jolly Madison Hotel serving the Turkish American community. He also founded the Turkish Link, a New York-based translation agency specialized in the Turkish and English languages. Controversies Protests of 2013 During the 2013 protests in Turkey, Bağış attracted criticism for his comments that \"Everyone who enters Taksim Square will be treated like a terrorist.\" In an officially published statement, and despite claims and evidence presented by organizations such as Amnesty International, Bağış claimed that \"There is no state violence in Turkey\". In the same statement, he claimed that \"Turkey has the most reformist and strongest government in Europe and the most charismatic and strongest leader in the world. Should anyone have a problem with this, then I am truly sorry. Only for those who feel overwhelmed is the leadership of Prime Minister Erdoğan a problem.\" Germany's Foreign Ministry summoned the Turkish ambassador to protest after Bağış accused German Chancellor Angela Merkel of \"picking on\" Turkey for domestic political gain before German elections, after Merkel criticized the crackdown as \"much too strong\". The accusation came after Germany blocked a decision to move forward the membership negotiations after the crackdown. Bağış said that if Merkel is looking for \"internal political material\" ahead of Germany's September elections, \"this should not be Turkey\". He also pointed to the election defeat last year of then-French President Nicolas Sarkozy, a fellow opponent of Turkish EU membership. \"Masturbation\" remark In January 2013 Bağış compared the campaign to recognize the Assyrian genocide and Armenian genocide in Sweden to \"masturbation\" . He later apologised for his remark. Corruption scandal As part of claims that Bağış, along with 3 other ministers,",
"title": "Egemen Bağış"
},
{
"docid": "26849894",
"text": "Cecily Bodenham (before 1511-after 1543) was the last abbess of Wilton Abbey. Her tenure as abbess was from 1534 to 25 March 1539, when she surrendered the abbey to the commissioners of King Henry VIII of England during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. She received a generous pension and a property at Fovant, where she retired with about ten of the nuns from Wilton. Religious career Cecily was born on an unknown date, the daughter of Roger Bodenham of Rotherwas, Herefordshire and Joane Bromwich. She became a nun at Kingston St Michael in Wiltshire; eventually becoming the Prioress. In 1511, she was kidnapped by a curate of Castle Coombe, who also robbed the priory. However, she was later released and returned to Kingston St Michael. In 1534, she was nominated by the Court to the vacant post of abbess of Wilton Abbey, replacing Isabel Jordayne. Cecily was known to both King Henry and Queen Anne Boleyn; and she paid the sum of £100 to Thomas Cromwell to secure her election as abbess. As abbess of Wilton, Cecily held an entire barony from the king, which was a privilege shared by three other English nunneries: Shaftesbury, Barking and St. Mary, Winchester. During her tenure, she leased Fuggleston Manor, held by Wilton Abbey, to a relative, Henry Bodenham. She was compliant with the King's policies during the Dissolution of the Monasteries; and when Wilton Abbey suffered the same fate as the other religious houses, she willingly surrendered the abbey to the King's commissioners on 25 March 1539. At the time she claimed to be \"without father, brother, or assured friend\". A nun at the abbey wrote in her diary complaining of Cecily Bodenham's ready acquiescence to King Henry's Acts with this passage: \"Methinks the Abbess hath a faint heart and doth yield up our possessions to the spoiler with a not unwilling haste...Master Richard Neville, the Sub-Seneschal, informeth me that His Majesty's commissioners do purpose to reward her with a fair house at Foffaunt and a goodly stipend withal.\" Cecily was amply awarded with a generous pension of £100 and a property at Fovant in Wiltshire, with an orchard, gardens, three acres of meadow and one load of wood per annum from Fovant Woods. About ten of the nuns from Wilton went to live with her at the Manor Home Farm. She paid for the construction of the south aisle of St. George's Church. Cecily Bodenham died sometime after 1543, when her will was made. Portrait According to author Elizabeth Dorsey Hatle in her Portrait of a Young Woman, published by Ricardian Register in 2003, the subject of the portrait at the Minneapolis Institute of Art is Cecily Bodenham. Notes References House of Benedictine Nuns- Abbey of Wilton, British History Online, retrieved 6 April 2010 English Roman Catholic abbesses 16th-century deaths 16th-century English nuns 16th-century Christian nuns 16th-century English landowners 16th-century English women landowners Year of birth uncertain",
"title": "Cecily Bodenham"
},
{
"docid": "400736",
"text": "Bert is Evil is the name of a parody website, founded by Dino Ignacio on March 30, 1997, which featured Bert, a character on the American children's television program Sesame Street. In 1998, Dino Ignacio, Wout J Reinders and Jasper Hulshoff Pol accepted the Webby Award and the People's Voice Award for Best Weird Website at the Palace of Fine Arts auditorium in San Francisco. The website featured manipulated images of the character consorting with notoriously nefarious figures, such as Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein, Kim Jong-il, Robert Mugabe, and Osama bin Laden, as well as being present at events, such as the JFK assassination, and Oklahoma City bombing, humorously offered as \"proof\" that Bert was no mere innocent children's television character. The \"Evil Bert\" phenomenon was picked up by other humorists, who created their own images, linking Bert to current and historical atrocities. In the summer of 1998, due to the website's immense cult popularity, it became too expensive for Ignacio to continue running. Instead of shutting the site down, he offered to allow anyone who was willing to mirror his original website the opportunity to host it. As a result, dozens of mirrors appeared, increasing the website's popularity and visibility. Osama Bin Laden image The first mirror, maintained by Dennis Pozniak, continued in the same vein by adding new \"evidence\" of Bert's evilness (such as Bert's connection to the Ramsey Family and serial killer Jack the Ripper). At the end of 1998, Pozniak posted a contribution, submitted by humorist J Roen, digitally manipulated to depict the then relatively unknown international terrorist, Osama bin Laden, posing with Bert. In October 2001, an undoctored Reuters news photograph was published showing a pro Osama bin Laden protest rally in Bangladesh. One protester is seen holding a large collage style poster of bin Laden with a small image of Bert over his right shoulderthe same image posted to the Bert mirror in 1998which prompted much confusion and joking among Western audiences. Being unaware of Sesame Street, Dhaka printer Mostafa Kamal had copied the collage from the World Wide Web, leaving the image of Bert in his collage. After this photo was released on the news wires, the owners of Sesame Street, Sesame Workshop, raised the possibility of pursuing legal action against Ignacio. In response, he took down the \"Bert is Evil\" section of his website due to Sesame Workshop's DMCA takedown notice, also stating that he did not want to undermine the character in the eyes of children who watched Sesame Street. \"I am doing this because I feel this has gotten too close to reality\", he said. Since the original Bert/Osama picture had been posted to Dennis Pozniak's mirror, he too was bombarded by the international media seeking interviews. As a result of all the attention, Pozniak also closed his mirror. See also Humor on the internet Photograph manipulation List of Internet phenomena References Further reading BBC article with pictures Snopes article about bin Laden and Bert appearance CNN article San Francisco",
"title": "Bert is Evil"
},
{
"docid": "55521935",
"text": "\"\" (\"The mouth of fools doth God confess\") is a Lutheran hymn of 1524, with words written by Martin Luther in 1523, paraphrasing Psalm 14. It was published as one of eight songs in 1524 in the first Lutheran hymnal, the Achtliederbuch. It was also published later that year in the Erfurt Enchiridion. It has appeared in many hymnals, both in German and in translation. The text inspired vocal and organ music by composers such as Johann Pachelbel. History and text At the end of 1523, Luther paraphrased Psalm 14 (Psalm 13 in Vulgata numbering), in Latin , attempting to make the psalms accessible to Protestant church services in German. As he did with \"\", Luther expanded the content of the psalm to show the precise situation of the early Reformation as a time of conflict. Luther wrote six stanzas of seven lines each. The hymn was one of the eight hymns in the first Lutheran hymnal, published 1524 in Nuremberg under the title (Some Christian songs), also called Achtliederbuch, which contained four songs by Luther, three by Speratus, and one by Justus Jonas. Later that same year it appeared in Erfurt in Eyn Enchiridion, and in Wittenberg in Johann Walter's choral hymnal in a five-part setting. Melody and settings In the Achtliederbuch, \"\", by Paul Speratus, was indicated as the singing tune for \"\". The hymn appeared with its own melody in the Walter hymnal: that melody, Zahn No. 4436, remained associated with it. The hymn was set by composers for instruments and for voices. Johann Pachelbel composed three chorale preludes for organ as part of before 1693. Johann Sebastian Bach set the hymn in a four-part setting, BWV 308, but without text. The text was added in the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. Translation The hymn was translated to English as \"The mouth of fools doth God confess\" and appeared in R. Massie's M. Luther's Spiritual Songs in 1854. It was copied to other hymnals. Other, less common translations were published in the 19th century. See also List of hymns by Martin Luther References External links Es spricht der unweisen Mund wohl at Hymnary.org The mouth of fools doth God confess at Hymnary.org 16th-century hymns in German Lutheran hymns based on Psalms Hymn tunes Hymns by Martin Luther 1520s works",
"title": "Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl"
},
{
"docid": "26823590",
"text": "Psalm 41 is the 41st psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: \"Blessed is he that considereth the poor\". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint version of the Bible, and generally in its Latin translations, this psalm is Psalm 40. In the Vulgate, it begins \"Beatus qui intellegit super egenum et pauperem\". The final psalm in Book One of the collection, it is attributed to King David. The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies and has often been set to music, including a metred German version set by Heinrich Schütz and Handel's Foundling Hospital Anthem. Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version Blessed is he that considereth the poor: the will deliver him in time of trouble. The will preserve him, and keep him alive; and he shall be blessed upon the earth: and thou wilt not deliver him unto the will of his enemies. The will strengthen him upon the bed of languishing: thou wilt make all his bed in his sickness. I said, , be merciful unto me: heal my soul; for I have sinned against thee. Mine enemies speak evil of me, When shall he die, and his name perish? And if he come to see me, he speaketh vanity: his heart gathereth iniquity to itself; when he goeth abroad, he telleth it. All that hate me whisper together against me: against me do they devise my hurt. An evil disease, say they, cleaveth fast unto him: and now that he lieth he shall rise up no more. Yea, mine own familiar friend, in whom I trusted, which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me. But thou, O , be merciful unto me, and raise me up, that I may requite them. By this I know that thou favourest me, because mine enemy doth not triumph over me. And as for me, thou upholdest me in mine integrity, and settest me before thy face for ever. Blessed be the God of Israel from everlasting, and to everlasting. Amen, and Amen. The last verse represents a liturgical conclusion to the first segment of the Book of Psalms. Alexander Kirkpatrick also suggests that this psalm \"ends the first book of the Psalter ... with a hope, destined to be illuminated with a new light by the revelation of the Gospel\". Uses Judaism Verse 4 is found in the repetition of the Amidah during Rosh Hashanah. Psalm 41 is one of the ten Psalms of the Tikkun HaKlali of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov. New Testament Psalm 41 is quoted in the New Testament Verse 9 is quoted in John 13:18 Verse 13 is quoted in Luke Judas Iscariot is seen as the man who \"lifts his heel\" against his friend",
"title": "Psalm 41"
},
{
"docid": "25091660",
"text": "The first Birmingham Library was founded between 1635 and 1642 in Birmingham, England by the puritan minister Francis Roberts. A letter to the Viscount Conway, surviving in the state papers of Charles I and dated 7 August 1637, possibly refers to a catalogue of the library: I have spoken with Mr. Bellers for the catalogue of books he promise to send your Lordship and he tells me he did send for one but there is none drawne as yett, for that Mr. Burges (who oweth them) is little time where is bookes are and that Mr. Roberts, who was a curate to his father and one upon whose assistance and iudgemt in the drawing of a Catalogue Mr. Burgiss doth much rely, is now resideing nere Burmingeham, that is much infected with the sickenes and therefore doth not stir from thence but Mr. Bellers is very confident that the first catalogue that is delivered shall be to yr L'rp. A building was erected for the library between 1655 and 1656, and the accounts of the High Bailiff of Birmingham for 1655 include 3 pounds, 2 shillings and 6 pence paid to \"Thomas Bridgens towards buildinge ye library\", with £126 2s 9d following in 1656 \"For buildinge the library, repayreing the Schoole and schoole-masters' houses\". The library's puritan tradition continued in 1656 when Thomas Hall left the finest examples from his book collection to \"the library at Birmingham\"; the rest, \"being ordinary books and not fit for so publick a library\" were left to the clergymen and schoolmasters of Moseley, King's Norton and Wythall. Although the library was one of the first public libraries in England, its puritan origins meant that its collection was dispersed after the Restoration of 1660. References Bibliography Buildings and structures completed in 1656 Library buildings completed in the 17th century Libraries in Birmingham, West Midlands History of Birmingham, West Midlands 17th century in Birmingham, West Midlands",
"title": "Birmingham Library (17th century)"
},
{
"docid": "1527865",
"text": "Polyptoton is the stylistic scheme in which words derived from the same root are repeated (such as \"strong\" and \"strength\"). A related stylistic device is antanaclasis, in which the same word is repeated, but each time with a different sense. Another related term is figura etymologica. Other definition In inflected languages polyptoton is the same word being repeated but appearing each time in a different case. (for example, \"Iuppiter\", \"Iovis\", \"Iovi\", \"Iovem\", \"Iove\" [in Latin being the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative forms of \"Iuppiter\" (the god Jupiter), respectively]). Genesis The form is relatively common in Latin Christian poetry and prose in a construction called the superlative genitive, in phrases such as sanctum sanctorum (\"holy of holies\"), and found its way into languages such as Old English, which naturally preferred the prevalent alliteration that is part and parcel of polyptoton—in fact, polyptoton is \"much more prevalent in Old English verse than in Latin verse.\" The specific superlative genitive in Old English, however, occurs only in Latinate Christian poems, not in secular poetry. Historical instances and usages It is also used in public speaking, and several examples can be found in Churchill's speeches. G. K. Chesterton frequently employed this device to create paradox: In combination with verbal active and passive voices, it points out the idea of a latent reciprocity: An alternative way to use the device is to develop polyptoton over the course of an entire novel, which is done in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Shelley combines polyptoton with periphrastic naming, which is the technique of referring to someone using several indirect names. The creature in Frankenstein is referred to by many terms, such as \"fiend\", \"devil\", \"being\", and \"ogre\". However, the first term that Shelley uses in reference to the creature is \"wretch\". Throughout the novel, various forms of this are used, such as \"wretchedly\" and \"wretchedness\", which may be seen as polyptoton. According to Duyfhuizen, the gradual development of polyptoton in Frankenstein is significant because it symbolizes the intricacies of one's own identity. Examples \"Who shall watch the watchmen themselves?\" (Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?) — Juvenal \"Thou art of blood, joy not to make things bleed.\" — Sir Philip Sidney \"With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder.\" — William Shakespeare, Richard II II,i,37 \"The Greeks are strong, and skillful to their strength / Fierce to their skill, and to their fierceness valiant\" — William Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida I, i, 7-8 \"Love is not love / Which alters when it alteration finds / Or bends with the remover to remove.\" — William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116 \"The greatest weakness of all weaknesses is to fear too much to appear weak.\" — Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet \"Do not listen to the reasoners; there has been too much reasoning in France, and reasoning has banished reason.\" — Joseph de Maistre, Considerations on France, criticizing the Cult of Reason during the French Revolution \"People complain of the despotism of princes; they ought to complain of the despotism of man. We are all born",
"title": "Polyptoton"
},
{
"docid": "16261468",
"text": "Euphrasia (also, Eupraxia) (380 – March 13, 410) was a Constantinopolitan nun who was venerated after her death as a saint for her piety and example of charity. Life Euphrasia was the only daughter of Antigonus—a nobleman of the court of Emperor Theodosius I, to whom he was related—and of Euphrasia, his wife. When Antigonus died, his widow and young daughter withdrew together to Egypt, near a monastery of one hundred and thirty nuns. This was less than a century since Anthony the Great had established his first monastery, but monasticism in that time had spread with incredible speed. At the age of seven, Euphrasia begged to take vows and become a nun at the monastery. When her mother presented the child to the abbess, Euphrasia took up an image of Christ and kissed it, saying, \"By vow I consecrate myself to Christ.\" Her mother replied, \"Lord Jesus Christ, receive this child under your special protection. You alone doth she love and seek: to you doth she recommend herself.\" Soon after, Euphrasia's mother became ill and died. Hearing of her mother's death, the Emperor Theodosius I sent for Euphrasia, whom he had promised in marriage to a young senator. She responded with a letter to the Emperor declining the offer to marry; instead, she requested that her estate be sold and divided among the poor, and that her slaves be manumitted. The emperor did as she requested shortly before his death in 395. Another version of her biography states that Euphrasia was raised in the court of Theodosius, and that her mother joined the monastery; Euphrasia joined her as a child. The same version says that it was Theodosius' successor, Arcadius, that commanded her to marry the senator, but she was likewise permitted to remain a nun and give away her property. Euphrasia was known for her humility, meekness, and charity; her abbess often advised her to perform manual labor when she was burdened with temptations. As a part of these labors, she often carried heavy stones from one place to another—once she did so for thirty days at one time. Euphrasia died in the year 410 at the age of thirty. Veneration Euphrasia was said to perform miracles before and after her death. For example, she is said to have healed a deaf, dumb and crippled child, and she delivered a woman from possession by the devil. Moreover, before she died, the abbess of Euphrasia's monastery reported having had a vision of Euphrasia transported to God's throne, surrounded by angels. After her death, she was venerated as a saint. In Western Christianity, her feast day is July 24, according to the Roman Martyrology reformed after the Second Vatican Council; in the Eastern churches, her veneration is celebrated on July 25. References External links EWTN Library: St. Euphrasia, Virgin Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Euphrasia'' Lives of the Saints, March 13: Saint Euphrasia St. Euphrasia Hagiography 380 births 410 deaths 5th-century Christian saints Saints from Constantinople",
"title": "Euphrasia of Constantinople"
},
{
"docid": "2054244",
"text": "Johnno is a semi-autobiographical novel written by Australian author David Malouf and was first published in 1975. It was Malouf's first novel. In 2004 it was selected by the Brisbane City Council as the joint-winner of the annual One Book One Brisbane competition to find the book that best represents Brisbane. Johnno shared the honours with another, more recent, debut novel, The Girl Most Likely by Rebecca Sparrow. It is one of the best known \"Brisbane\" novels ever written. The book has been adapted for the stage. It premiered at Brisbane's La Boite Theatre in 2006 and then transferred to the Derby Playhouse. Plot summary and major themes Johnno is written in the first person past tense and the narrator is only ever known by the nickname \"Dante\". Johnno is heavily autobiographical. The novel is centred upon the friendship between Dante and a schoolmate known as \"Johnno\" in their adolescence and early adulthood in the 1940s and 1950s in Brisbane. The subtropical Brisbane environment and various elements of upper-class Australian culture in the twentieth century recur throughout the book. There are many references to Brisbane's verdant gardens and parklands and other aspects of its urban geography such as its now-defunct tramways and the Brisbane River. The novel takes the form of an extended reminiscence and begins with the narrator finding a photograph of Johnno among his recently deceased father's belongings. The story then begins in Dante's childhood and education at Brisbane Grammar School and then follows the development of the friendship between the staid, conventional Dante and the unruly, eccentric and frequently intoxicated Johnno through school, university and a period of Bohemian-style living in Europe. The novel ends with Johnno presumed to have committed suicide (though the reader does not know for sure) and his funeral in suburban Brisbane. Johnno engages in shoplifting and goes to brothels, which contrasts with his friend Dante's middle class conservatism. Though both major characters reference gay experiences Malouf explicitly denies that Johnno is a gay novel. Readers of a later and more knowing time have taken this to be a gay novel in disguise. It is not. If I had meant to write a gay novel I would have done so. If there was more to tell about these characters I would have told it. Johnno's occasional experience that way is frankly admitted, so is Dante's relationship with his \"boy from Sarina\", but they do not see themselves as being defined by these involvements and they are not. Epilogue In an epilogue written over two decades after Johnno was first published, David Malouf makes clear that Johnno's character is based on a real schoolfriend of his, John Milliner, who died in 1962. Notes Dedication: \"for Carlo Olivieri.\" Epigraph: \"I have great comfort from this fellow. Methinks he hath no drowning mark upon him; his complexion is perfect gallows. Stand fast, good Fate, to his hanging! Make the rope of his destiny our cable, for our own doth little advantage. If he be not born",
"title": "Johnno"
},
{
"docid": "31913022",
"text": "Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb (; October 24, 1997 – May 25, 2011) was a 13-year-old Syrian boy who died while in the custody of the Syrian government in Daraa. On April 29, 2011, he was detained during a protest. On May 25, 2011, his body was delivered to his family, having been badly bruised, along with burn marks, three gunshot wounds, and severed genitals. Hamza's family distributed photos and video of his body to journalists and activists. Shocked by what was depicted, thousands of people showed their support for Hamza online and in street protests. Background Hamza lived with his parents in the village of al-Jeezah in Daraa Governorate. He enjoyed watching his homing pigeons fly above his house since drought had left him unable to enjoy swimming. He had a reputation for being generous. \"He would often ask his parents for money to give to the poor. I remember once he wanted to give someone 100 Syrian pounds ($2), and his family said it was too much. But Hamza said, 'I have a bed and food while that guy has nothing.' And so he persuaded his parents to give the poor man the 100,\" his cousin told Al Jazeera. Torture Al-Jazeera reported that he was not interested in politics, according to an unnamed cousin, but on April 29, 2011, he joined his family in a rally to break the siege of the city of Daraa. \"Everybody seemed to be going to the protest, so he went along as well,\" said his cousin. Hamza walked with friends and family 12 km along the road from al-Jeezah north-west to Saida. Firing began almost as the protesters reached Saida. Hamza's cousin reported: \"People were killed and wounded, some were arrested. It was chaotic we didn't know at that point what had happened to Hamza. He just disappeared.\" One source says that Hamza had been among 51 protesters detained by Air Force Intelligence, which detainees allegedly described as having a reputation for brutal torture. Mutilation A video of his body filmed several days after his death showed numerous injuries, including broken bones, gunshot wounds, burn marks, and mutilated genitals. The Globe and Mail summarized: \"His jaw and both kneecaps had been smashed. His flesh was covered with cigarette burns. His penis had been cut off. Other injuries appeared to be consistent with the use of electroshock devices and being whipped with a cable.\" Following the broadcast, by Al Jazeera, of a video showing Hamza's body there was widespread outrage, both online and amongst the protesters in Syria. In response to Al Jazeera's story, the chief of Syria regime's medical examiners association denied that Hamza was tortured. Backlash and impact Hamza's name became a rallying cry for protesters. A Facebook page honouring him had more than 105,000 followers by May 2011. Following the pattern of demonstrators calling Fridays a \"day of rage\", Saturdays in Syria were called the \"day of Hamza\". On May 31, 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton marked his death as",
"title": "Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb"
},
{
"docid": "66045728",
"text": "The 2012 United States Shadow Senator election in the District of Columbia took place on November 6, 2012, to elect a shadow member to the United States Senate to represent the District of Columbia. The member was only recognized by the District of Columbia and not officially sworn or seated by the United States Senate. Incumbent Michael D. Brown was re-elected to a second term. Primary elections Party primaries took place on April 3, 2012. Democrat Mike Brown, the incumbent shadow senator, won his party's primary by defeating challenger Pete Ross, and D.C. Statehood Green candidate David Schwartzman won his party's primary with a write-in campaign. Republican candidate Nelson Rimensnyder was unopposed in his party's primary. Democratic primary Candidates Michael D. Brown, incumbent Shadow Senator Pete Ross, furniture businessman and candidate for Shadow Senator in 2002 Campaign Ross' campaign was largely self-funded. He gave over $200,000 of his own money to his campaign. This was a stark contrast to incumbent Senator Brown, who loaned his campaign only $1,200 with the rest of his much smaller budget composed of small donations from city residents. Brown derisively referred to Ross' warchest as \"[a] felons riches\" In December 2011, four months prior to the primary election, Ross was one of four people arrested for blocking traffic on Constitution Avenue during a demonstration for statehood. On March 13, 2012, just a month before the primary, Ross went to court for sentencing and appeared before Judge Elizabeth Wingo. During his hearing, Ross requested to be given jail time instead of the probation usually given to people facing similar charges. Faced with an unusual situation, Wingo postponed judgement for two days. Before the second hearing on March 15, Wingo was called by Brown, who warned the judge that Ross was using his time in court and request for jail time as a political statement. Wingo informed Brown that his call was inappropriate and proceeded to hand the case off to another judge. On the 15th, Ross appeared before Judge Fredrick J. Sullivan. A government prosecutor present said he opposed giving jail time yet Ross continued to ask for jail time. Sullivan attempted to dissuade Ross from going to jail and at one point said “It’s not a pleasant place over there,” Ross was unswayed and was ultimately sentenced to one day in jail and a $50 fine. Ross spent six hours in jail and was released at 10:00 pm. Though arrests of pro-statehood protesters are common in DC, Ross is the only person known to be jailed for protesting in favor of statehood. During the campaign, several major revelations of financial wrongdoing came out. It emerged that in 2007, Pete Ross had failed to remit $203,000 in payroll taxes which led to an IRS investigation. Ross hid assets from the IRS and eventually pleaded guilty to a felony tax evasion charge. As a result he spent 90 days in a halfway house. On this issue, Senator Brown said \"I’m all about redemption, too, but a guy",
"title": "2012 United States Shadow Senator election in the District of Columbia"
},
{
"docid": "69611284",
"text": "Auncienty is a term used to describe a system of precedence, for instance through years and continuance in the Houses of the Inns of Court, or among the ranks or degrees of the Officers of Arms. In many ways equivalent to Eldership, deriving from the Norman French noun \"ancien\" (meaning an Elder) preserved in the French concept of , it has a meaning of ceremonial seniority. This is slightly distinct from the obsolete usage of the word simply to mean \"Antiquity\". Inns of Court Sir William Dugdale, in his Origines Juridiciales, mentioned this as follows:\"...in the graund Vacation time, out of the Four Houses of Court, come two and two to every House of Chancery; and there according to their years and continuance of the House that they be of, which they call auncienty, they doe argue and reason to some doubtfull matter, that is proposed, so that the most youngest doth begyn, and the next to him in continuance doth follow; and at last he that readeth to that House of Chancery doth declare his opinion in the matter that is called into question.\" Of the governance of the Inner Temple, Dugdale remarks:\"...it was ordered that if any then, or thenceforth of this Society, should be called to the Bench, at that time being, or that thereafter should be a Knight, that notwithstanding such his dignity of Knighthood, he should take place at the Bench Table according to his auncienty in the House, and no otherwise.\" Further (concerning the Middle Temple): \"The Benchers of this Society are divided into two several ranks or Classes, viz. the upper Classis consisting of the Auncienty, and the lower of the Puisnes.\" Similarly, as a mark of elder status, the Black Books of Lincoln's Inn refer to the \"Double Readers or Auncient Benchers\" (as opposed to the Middle Benchers or the Puisne Benchers); \"from hencefourth if any chamber within this House shall fall voide, the auncientest Bencher shall make choice of it\"; and the governance of Furnival's Inn and of Thavie's Inn is described (for each) as being under \"the Principal and Auncients.\" At Gray's Inn, the progress towards admission to the \"grand company of Ancients\", their prerogatives and responsibilities, are described in the published editions of their archives. Officers of Arms In the Orders given by Thomas Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, to the Officers of Arms in 1568, terms of precedency are set out for arrangements for heraldic funerals. In Section 8 (Burials appropriate to Garter Principal King of Arms): \"... And it is further ordered that hee the said Garter shall take to serve with him at the funerals of the aforesaid Noble and honourable personages, first Clarenceux and then Norroy Kings of Armes, and soe successively one after another the Heraulds and Pursuivants of Arms in order according to their auncienty and degree in Office and soe to beginne againe\"; and in Section 9 (Burials appropriate to Clarenceux King of Arms and Norroy King of Arms): \"... And the",
"title": "Auncienty"
},
{
"docid": "43862377",
"text": "\"Contemplations\" is a 17th-century poem by English colonist Anne Bradstreet. The poem's meaning is debated, with some scholars arguing that it is a Puritan religious poem while others argue that it is a Romantic poem. The Poem 1 Sometime now past in the Autumnal Tide, When Phoebus wanted but one hour to bed, The trees all richly clad, yet void of pride, Were gilded o’re by his rich golden head. Their leaves and fruits seem’d painted but was true Of green, of red, of yellow, mixed hew, Rapt were my senses at this delectable view. 2 I wist not what to wish, yet sure thought I, If so much excellence abide below, How excellent is he that dwells on high? Whose power and beauty by his works we know. Sure he is goodness, wisdom, glory, light, That hath this under world so richly dight. More Heaven than Earth was here, no winter and no night. 3 Then on a stately Oak I cast mine Eye, Whose ruffling top the Clouds seem’d to aspire; How long since thou wast in thine Infancy? Thy strength and stature, more thy years admire, Hath hundred winters past since thou wast born? Or thousand since thou brakest thy shell of horn, If so, all these as nought, Eternity doth scorn. 4 Then higher on the glistering Sun I gaz’d, Whose beams was shaded by the leafy Tree. The more I look’d, the more I grew amaz’d And softly said, what glory’s like to thee? Soul of this world, this Universe’s Eye, No wonder some made thee a Deity: Had I not better known (alas) the same had I. 5 Thou as a Bridegroom from thy Chamber rushes And as a strong man joys to run a race. The morn doth usher thee with smiles and blushes. The Earth reflects her glances in thy face. Birds, insects, Animals with Vegative, Thy heat from death and dullness doth revive: And in the darksome womb of fruitful nature dive. 6 Thy swift Annual and diurnal Course, Thy daily straight and yearly oblique path, Thy pleasing fervour, and thy scorching force, All mortals here the feeling knowledge hath. Thy presence makes it day, thy absence night, Quaternal seasons caused by thy might: Hail Creature, full of sweetness, beauty, and delight. 7 Art thou so full of glory that no Eye Hath strength thy shining Rays once to behold? And is thy splendid Throne erect so high? As, to approach it, can no earthly mould. How full of glory then must thy Creator be? Who gave this bright light luster unto thee: Admir’d, ador’d for ever be that Majesty. 8 Silent alone where none or saw, or heard, In pathless paths I lead my wand’ring feet. My humble Eyes to lofty Skies I rear’d To sing some Song my mazed Muse thought meet. My great Creator I would magnifie, That nature had thus decked liberally: But Ah and Ah again, my imbecility! 9 I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,",
"title": "Contemplations (poem)"
},
{
"docid": "25422350",
"text": "How Doth the Simple Spelling Bee is a short story by Owen Wister that was published in book form in 1907. It is a satire about spelling reform efforts of the time, which also humorously and in a good-natured manner pokes fun at academia in general, and the folly of typical professors' endeavors. Plot The story's protagonist is Chickle University professor Masticator B. Fellow, and is about his efforts to enlist the story narrator's support for spelling reform. Fellow advocates spelling all English words in a simpler, phonetic manner in order to make spelling easier for children and foreigners. Debates quickly ensue regarding whose pronunciation should be considered standard for phonetic spelling. The story then changes focus to a couple who are attending the convention for spelling reform. This couple is much more interested in their blossoming romance than they are spelling reform. The narrator finds the woman of this couple attractive, attempts to woo her, and a love triangle ensues, forming some basis of suspense for the plot. The book ends with neither Fellow's attempts at spelling reform nor the narrator's attempts to win a woman's esteem proving the least bit successful. Background In August 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt ordered that all federal publications use revised spellings of 300 words based on the work of the Simplified Spelling Board. Wister's story lampooned the change with his story, implying that these spelling changes went too far. References External links Entire book, How Doth the Simple Spelling Bee, (1907) complete with illustrations at Google Books 1907 American novels Novels by Owen Wister",
"title": "How Doth the Simple Spelling Bee"
},
{
"docid": "30995776",
"text": "Mohammad Reza Naqdi (also spelled \"Naghdi\"; ) is an Iranian military officer who is a senior officer in the IRGC. Background According to the biography published by the semi-official Fars News Agency, Naqdi was born in March 1961 in a middle-class religious family in Shapour neighbourhood of Tehran. Aging 16, he enrolled in University of Guilan in 1977 and co-founded its Anjoman-e Eslami. He helped founding Jihad of Construction in June 1979, before joining the Revolutionary Guards Intelligence Unit. The Majalla claims that Naqdi is an Iraqi national with Iranian and Persian origins, son of Ali Akbar Thamahniy Shams, who was expelled in 1980 among convoys of Moaveds and was placed in the city of Naqadeh with his family. He was allegedly affiliated with the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq. Career Earlier in his career Naqdi served as the Iranian Police Force's Counter-Intelligence Chief and is also reported to have been involved in \"crackdowns\" during the 1997-2005 administration of Khatami including the 1999 student protests. Amnesty International reported that in March 1999 Iranian authorities announced that General Naqdi, chief of police intelligence at the time, to be tried in May by a military court along with 10 of his subordinates. \"The charges against them are believed to include 'unlawful arrest' and 'using torture to elicit confessions'.\" He was found not guilty. Naqdi was appointed by Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei as commander of the Basij in October 2009, replacing Hossein Taeb. He has been described as possessing \"conservative credentials\" and his appointment was said (by Mohsen Sazegara) to have \"shattered the hopes and plans of those who thought they could ease\" the unrest and protest following the reelection of President Ahmadinejad. 2009 protests On 14 February 2011 Naqdi was quoted by the semi-official Fars news agency as saying he believed the February protests in Iran had been started by \"western spies\" and that \"western intelligence agencies are searching for a mentally challenged person who can set himself on fire in Tehran to trigger developments like those in Egypt and Tunisia.\" Naqdi was also quoted as saying the basij were \"ready to sacrifice their lives\" to defend the Islamic regime, and likened the opposition to the \"party of Satan.\" Two weeks later on 23 February 2011, the US Treasury Department imposed sanctions on General Naqdi, \"for being responsible for or complicit in serious human rights abuses in Iran\", adding him to the Office of Foreign Assets Control blacklist. The action subjects him \"to visa sanctions\" and \"seeks to block any assets\" he may have under U.S. jurisdiction, and \"bans U.S. citizens from financial transactions with them\". Views In an interview which aired on Al Manar TV on 28 May 2012 (as translated by MEMRI), Naqdi dismissed the possibility of an Israeli attack on Iran, stated that \"Israel is much too small to carry out [an attack]. The [Israeli] statements serve only to amuse the terrified tyrants, who say: \"We are here\". If Israel commits even the slightest mistake or the slightest act",
"title": "Mohammad Reza Naqdi"
},
{
"docid": "65856596",
"text": "John Lewis: Good Trouble is a 2020 American documentary film directed by Dawn Porter about the life of civil rights activist and United States congressman John Lewis. The film was produced by CNN Films, AGC Studios and TIME Studios. It premiered in Tulsa, Oklahoma on June 19, 2020, and was released by Magnolia Pictures and Participant in the United States on July 3, 2020. Release John Lewis: Good Trouble premiered at the Circle Cinema theater in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on June 19, 2020. The date and place were chosen to commemorate Juneteenth, the celebration of the emancipation of slaves in the United States, and to protest against a Donald Trump presidential re-election campaign rally planned in Tulsa for the same day; the rally was rescheduled for the following day after widespread criticism. The film was originally scheduled to premiere in April 2020 at the Tribeca Film Festival, before the festival was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Magnolia Pictures and Participant released the film in the United States in select theaters and on video on demand services on July 3, 2020. Reception Critical response On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, \"It's far more conventional than the life it honors, but John Lewis: Good Trouble remains a worthy tribute to an inspiring activist and public servant.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 70 out of 100 based on 19 critic reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Ben Kenisberg, writing for The New York Times, said that \"John Lewis surely requires no introduction\", but the film \"provides a solid one anyway, striking a good balance between revisiting Lewis’s most famous work as an activist and chronicling his life today\". He concluded: \"Although the film uses a conventional format, it makes an urgent argument: that a new wave of voter suppression has threatened the rights that Lewis labored to secure.\" Brian Lowry, writing for CNN, described the film as a \"fitting if slightly disjointed tribute\", and said that the film is \"somehow both timely and timeless in honoring a man who has spent his entire adult life in the public arena\", but added that it \"hopscotches around a bit too much, jumping back and forth in time -- a byproduct, perhaps, of the volume of ground there is to cover\". He concluded: \"Lewis -- who is battling pancreatic cancer -- was not much more than a kid when he marched alongside Martin Luther King Jr., and has seemingly lived three lives since then. That's why despite the documentary's uneven aspects, his legacy is ample motivation for any student of history to see \"Good Trouble\" as a good investment.\" Vikram Murthi, writing for The A.V. Club, was more critical in his review of the film, giving it a grade of C. He wrote: \"That everyone, from voters to fellow politicians, loves John Lewis may be the only salient takeaway from",
"title": "John Lewis: Good Trouble"
},
{
"docid": "20070057",
"text": "John Levett (also spelt Levit or Leavett) was a 17th-century English naturalist who was the author of a ground-breaking early study of the habits of bees, with close observation of their behaviour and suggestions on how to manage their hives, published in London in 1634. The Ordering of Bees: Or, The True History of Managing Them was one of the first agricultural textbooks, with a preface in rhyme by the author Samuel Purchas. It is among the earliest examples of what later became a flood of literature treating the English love of gardening and horticulture. Johns Levett's biography is unclear, but he is identified as a gentleman and had advanced education. He is thought to have been a clergyman, and possibly the nephew of English explorer Capt. Christopher Levett, one of the earliest explorers of New England. His book is dedicated to a member of the Suffolk gentry, and perhaps Levett was serving there. His book was considered groundbreaking because it combined close observation of bees with field experience in managing beehives. Levett explored the debate over bee gender, and over their means of reproducing. Levett's work quickly became the favoured book on the subject. Robert Child, the foremost agriculture writer of his day, said of Levett: \"Hee is the best that ever write of this subject.\" At least part of Levett's appeal, aside from his careful study of his subjects, was his somewhat sly sense of humour. The drones, Levett warned, were \"necessary and helpfull [sic] to the Bees, so long as they exceed not a due proportion (much like to Our lawyers), but let their number grow to(o) great (as it often doth) and they will indeed devoure the substance of the Bees (as the Lawyers of the Commonwealth) and bring it to destruction.\" In his discourse on bees, Levett drew many parallels to human society. The Master Bee, Levett wrote, had regal authority, \"correcting the lazie, sloathfull, and disobedient, and giving honour and incouragement to those which are painfull, laborious and diligent.\" The Master Bees, Levett wrote, \"are absolute in their authorities and commands,\" and were essential, Levett believed, in the organising the hierarchy of and ensuring the ultimate success of the hive. The preface to Levett's book was written by \"S. Purcas\" in rhyme, who was undoubtedly English author and travel writer Samuel Purchas. \"Thy selfe, thy self enough, enough thy Booke, Thy book commands, and I, my Levett, leave it, Here in small Bees, God's greatnesse first I looke, And thee thy selfe though dead to live yet.\" Nor were the results of apian labours limited to simple honey. Bee products, Levett told his readers, could be used in domestic hygiene, physick and surgery. Levett was not troubled by the thought that the bee was placed on earth to serve man. In the sort of thinking that stamped the age of exploration and colonisation, Levett consigned the bee to his role as supporting player. \"Hath not God given all creatures unto us for our benefit,",
"title": "John Levett (author)"
},
{
"docid": "2898394",
"text": "Anita Doth (born 28 December 1971) is a Dutch singer and songwriter best known as the former singer of the duo 2 Unlimited, along with rapper Ray Slijngaard. Personal life Anita Daniëlle Dels was born in Amsterdam to a Surinamese father, Rolf Dels, and a Dutch mother, Lydia. In 1991 she finished her education and landed her first job in an administrative position at a police station. She has one son. On 11 January 2010, it was announced that Doth was being treated for breast cancer, undergoing chemotherapy. Doth continued to perform with Ray as much as possible under her treatment regimen. In 2011, Doth was declared breast-cancer-free. On 8 November 2013, Doth announced via Twitter that 2 Unlimited would soon be taking a break until April 2014 as she was pregnant. The new arrival was expected in February 2014. Music career 2 Unlimited (1991–1996) 2 Unlimited is a Eurodance project founded in 1991 by two Belgian producers Jean-Paul DeCoster and Phil Wilde and fronted by Dutch rapper Ray Slijngaard and Anita Doth. In the early 1990s, Slijngaard had been asked to write rap lyrics for a tune written by de Coster and Wilde. He also wrote a chorus to be sung by a female vocalist, for which he asked Doth to sing the lyrics. The demo was presented to de Coster and Wilde, leading to Doth joining 2 Unlimited, and \"Get Ready for This\" was produced as their first single. Doth sang the choruses for the majority of their songs; however there were some B sides, and one successful single, \"Nothing Like the Rain\", where she sang close to all the lyrics. The band became an instant success in Europe and throughout the world. Their hits included \"Maximum Overdrive\", \"No Limit\", \"Tribal Dance\", \"The Real Thing\", \"Twilight Zone\" and \"Workaholic\". After sixteen music videos, forty-five songs, and four albums, the group split up in 1996. After 2 Unlimited (1996–2009) After 2 Unlimited broke up in 1996, Doth became a presenter on Dutch music television station TMF (The Music Factory), hosting Welcome to the Pleasure Zone, a show featuring both music videos and live performances. She also worked as a DJ on Dutch radio station Radio 538. Later that year, she sang a duet with popular Dutch singer René Froger titled \"That's When I'll Stop Loving You\". In 2000, she released her solo album, Reality. Among the singles taken from the album were \"Universe\", \"Lifting up My Life\", and \"This Is Reality\". Doth worked with producers Todd Terry and Steve Mac, among others. In 2002, Doth formed Divas of Dance with Linda Estelle (formerly of T-Spoon) and Desiree \"Des'Ray\" Manders (formerly of 2 Brothers on the 4th Floor). They performed a variety of disco and dance classics, including the biggest hits from each of their respective bands. In 2006, Divas of Dance released a single entitled \"Falling into the Groove\". During the later 2000s, Doth toured the UK as part of the 90s Reloaded Adult Weekenders at Butlin's. Billed as",
"title": "Anita Doth"
},
{
"docid": "4745365",
"text": "Hits Unlimited is the fourth album from Dutch/Belgian band 2 Unlimited and the last to feature Ray Slijngaard and Anita Doth. It was a greatest hits package featuring 16 songs: 13 previous singles and 3 new ones. The album, released by PWL, was certified gold in the Netherlands. Ray Slijngaard's raps on the verses were not cut on any of the songs on the UK release of this album. Critical reception Music Week wrote, \"A storming 16-track collection of pop/rave classics cataloguing the incredible impact Dutch duo Anita and Ray have had since 1991. The inclusion of European versions, with added rap will be a bonus for fans.\" Stephen Dalton from NME said, \"These songs are about clean, controlled fun and strict discipline — 'Jump for Joy', 'Workaholic', 'Let the Beat Control Your Body' — booted along by stormtrooper hardcore beats designed to encourage Eurokids to work hard and use leisure time constructively. [...] This is the sound of robotic consumerism triumphing over everything else — forever. And pretty damn catchy it is, too.\" He concluded, \"Buy this album now and be happy forever.\" Track listing \"Do What's Good for Me\" – 3:49 \"No Limit\" – 3:30 (from No Limits) \"Get Ready for This\" – 3:42 (from Get Ready!) \"Twilight Zone\" – 4:10 (from Get Ready!) \"No One\" – 3:26 (from Real Things) \"Jump for Joy\" – 3:42 \"Tribal Dance\" – 3:40 (from No Limits) \"The Magic Friend\" – 3:44 (from Get Ready!) \"Workaholic\" – 3:33 (from Get Ready!) \"Let the Beat Control Your Body\" – 3:38 (from No Limits) \"Nothing Like the Rain\" – 3:59 (from Real Things) \"Spread Your Love\" – 4:43 \"The Real Thing\" – 3:39 (from Real Things) \"Here I Go\" – 3:16 (from Real Things) \"Maximum Overdrive\" – 3:41 (from No Limits) \"Faces\" – 3:32 (from No Limits) Charts Certifications References 2 Unlimited albums 1995 greatest hits albums Pete Waterman Entertainment albums",
"title": "Hits Unlimited"
},
{
"docid": "32717693",
"text": "Thomas Francis Darcy (December 19, 1932 – December 6, 2000) was an American political cartoonist. While working at Newsday, he won the 1970 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning. Thomas was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City and served in the U.S. Navy from 1951 to 1953. He attended the Terry Art Institute in Florida from 1953 to 1954 and graduated from the Cartoonists and Illustrators School (now the School of Visual Arts) in New York in 1956, where he studied under Jack Markow and Burne Hogarth. He started at Newsday in 1956 in the advertising department and became a cartoonist for the paper the following year. He left for the Phoenix Gazette in 1959, but he was too liberal for that newspaper, so the next year he headed back east to become an art director for the advertising agency Lenhart & Altschuler. He returned to editorial cartooning with brief stints at the Houston Post (1965-1966) and the Philadelphia Bulletin (1966-1968). Publisher Bill Moyers brought Darcy back to Newsday, where he would remain until his retirement 1997. Moyers gave him the \"latitude\" he needed to work. According to the New York Times, he \"was the first in a new wave of editorial cartoonists, who abandoned stylized cartooning and went straight for the jugular.\" He said that his work was \"not for the amusement of the comfortable\" and that \"If it's big and struts through the door, hit it hard.\" In the World Encyclopedia of Cartoons, Rick Marschall compared Darcy to Herblock and Paul Conrad, noting his bold lines and his use of \"facial expressions and emotions to advantage in depicting his characters.\" His Pulitzer submissions primarily concerned the Vietnam War and inner-city problems. He drew a cartoon featuring an L-shaped coffin over which a general exclaims \"Good news, we've turned the corner in Vietnam!\" In other cartoons, Darcy featured President Richard Nixon grabbing the White House columns as if they were jail bars, captioned \"Prisoner of War,\" and another featuring two robed street prophets about to collide, carrying signs reading \"Doomsday Is Coming!\" and \"The Mideast Is Here!\" In addition to the Pulitzer, Darcy also won the Thomas Nast Award from the Overseas Press Club in 1970 and 1972 and a National Headliner Award. In 1977, Darcy left editorial cartooning and created a weekly page of social commentary and reporting called \"Tom Darcy on Long Island\". He said \"After Nixon, Vietnam and civil rights, what's left to attack? I had too much of the sixties and seventies.\" In 1986, he was one of nine Pulitzer winners and over fifty cartoonists to participate in a collective protest, publishing cartoons against war-oriented toys during the Christmas shopping season. References External links 1970 Pulitzer Prizes 1932 births 2000 deaths American editorial cartoonists Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning winners Newsday people United States Navy sailors",
"title": "Thomas F. Darcy"
},
{
"docid": "57842297",
"text": "\"Some Girls\" is a song by British singer and songwriter Belouis Some, released in 1988 as the third and final single from his second studio album Belouis Some. It was written by Belouis Some and Carlos Alomar, and produced by Gary Langan and Guy Fletcher (associate producer). \"Some Girls\" reached No. 76 in the UK and remained in the charts for four weeks. A music video, filmed in Milan, was produced to promote the video. Critical reception On its release, Colin Irwin of Number One gave the song two out of five stars, and stated, \"Poor ol' Belouis never did quite crack it, did he? Somehow he always seemed to be trying just that little bit too hard. This time around? Not with this slightly irritating whiney effort, methinks.\" Tim Nicholson of Record Mirror wrote, \"I've never been able to get up much enthusiasm for Mr Some, but when I saw the title of his new single my heart started beating a little faster. Could it possibly be an inspired cover of Racey's classic Seventies hit? But then I played it. Not only is it not the song in question, but it probably doesn't even remember Racey it's so 'modern'.\" Music & Media wrote, \"Since the excellent 'Imagination' Belouis has been struggling to come up with something of the same calibre. This time he comes closer than previously with a bittersweet number that could do much to restore his flagging reputation.\" John Lee of the Huddersfield Daily Examiner commented, \"The man seemingly destined never to make it big is at it again with a pleasing piece of delicately-crafted airplay material. Will this be the one?\" In a review of Belouis Some, Scott Benarde of The Palm Beach Post described the song as a \"somber ballad\". Track listing 7\" single \"Some Girls\" - 3:52 \"Imagination\" - 4:00 12\" single \"Some Girls\" (Extended Version) - 6:15 \"Imagination\" (Can U Dig This Mix!) - 6:30 \"Some Girls\" (Dub Mix) - 4:07 12\" single \"Some Girls\" (Classical Version) - 4:43 \"Imagination\" (Can U Dig This Mix!) - 6:30 \"Some Girls\" (Extended Version) - 6:15 12\" single (promo release) \"Some Girls\" (Remix) - 6:15 \"Imagination\" (Can U Dig This Mix!) - 6:30 CD single \"Some Girls\" (Radio Version) - 3:54 \"Imagination\" (Can U Dig This Mix!) - 4:50 \"Some Girls\" (Extended Version) - 6:19 \"Some Girls\" (Classical Version) - 4:43 Personnel Belouis Some - vocals on \"Some Girls\" Carlos Alomar - guitar on \"Some Girls\" Lenny Pickett - saxophone on \"Some Girls\" Guy Fletcher - keyboards on \"Some Girls\" Production Gary Langan - producer and arrangement on \"Some Girls\" Guy Fletcher - associate producer on \"Some Girls\" Bruce Forest, Frank Heller - additional production and mixing on \"Some Girls\" Peter Schwartz - additional keyboards on \"Some Girls\" Steve Thompson, Michael Barbiero - producers of \"Imagination\" Jamie Broomfield, Kevin O'Reordan and Phil Harding for PWL - mixing on \"Imagination\" Other Accident - sleeve design Kevin Cummins - photography Charts References 1987 songs 1988 singles Belouis Some",
"title": "Some Girls (Belouis Some song)"
},
{
"docid": "26823945",
"text": "Psalm 80 is the 80th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: \"Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel, thou that leadest Joseph like a flock\". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 79. In Latin, it is known as \"Qui regis Israel intende\". It is one of the 12 Psalms of Asaph. The New American Bible (Revised Edition) calls it \"a prayer for Jerusalem\". The Jerusalem Bible describes it as \"a prayer for the restoration of Israel\". The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. It has been set to music, by composers including John Bennet and Heinrich Schütz, and notably Albert Roussel who composed an extended setting in English for tenor, choir and orchestra, completed in 1928. Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version The following is the English text of the Psalm from the King James Bible. To the chief Musician upon ShoshannimEduth, A Psalm of Asaph. Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel, thou that leadest Joseph like a flock; thou that dwellest between the cherubims, shine forth. Before Ephraim and Benjamin and Manasseh stir up thy strength, and come and save us. Turn us again, O God, and cause thy face to shine; and we shall be saved. O LORD God of hosts, how long wilt thou be angry against the prayer of thy people? Thou feedest them with the bread of tears; and givest them tears to drink in great measure. Thou makest us a strife unto our neighbours: and our enemies laugh among themselves. Turn us again, O God of hosts, and cause thy face to shine; and we shall be saved. Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt: thou hast cast out the heathen, and planted it. Thou preparedst room before it, and didst cause it to take deep root, and it filled the land. The hills were covered with the shadow of it, and the boughs thereof were like the goodly cedars. She sent out her boughs unto the sea, and her branches unto the river. Why hast thou then broken down her hedges, so that all they which pass by the way do pluck her? The boar out of the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of the field doth devour it. Return, we beseech thee, O God of hosts: look down from heaven, and behold, and visit this vine; And the vineyard which thy right hand hath planted, and the branch that thou madest strong for thyself. It is burned with fire, it is cut down: they perish at the rebuke of thy countenance. Let thy hand be upon the man of thy right hand, upon the son of man whom thou madest strong",
"title": "Psalm 80"
},
{
"docid": "26297513",
"text": "Colonel Henry Darnall (1645 – 17 June 1711) was a planter, military officer and politician in colonial Maryland. Darnall served as the Proprietary Agent in the colony for Lord Baltimore; he also briefly served as Deputy Governor of Maryland. During the Protestant Revolution of 1689, his proprietarial army was defeated by the Protestant army of John Coode, and he was stripped of his numerous colonial offices as a result. Darnall died in 1711, leaving the bulk of his substantial estates to his son, Henry Darnall II. Early life Henry Darnall was born in England in 1645, the son of Philip Darnall, a London barrister, and Mary Breton, daughter of Sir Henry Breton. Darnall was the first of his family to emigrate to America, and arrived in Maryland by c.1680, when he was granted a tract of 236 acres in what was then Calvert County. In Maryland he became a substantial landholder and slaveholder, and married Eleanor Hatton Brooke (1642–1725), the widow of Thomas Brooke, Sr., who had died in 1676. Career Public offices Darnall was strongly allied to the proprietarial interest of Charles Calvert, who had married Darnall's cousin Mary. This alliance brought Darnall wealth and power, as he rapidly acquired both land and political office from his cousin's accommodating husband. Darnall's colonial appointments included: Chancellor of Maryland from 1683 to 1689; His Lordship's Agent & Receiver General from 1684 to 1711; Rent Roll Keeper, 1689 to 1699; Deputy Governor; and Colonel of the Militia. In 1703, Calvert granted Darnall of land in Prince George's County. Darnall named the estate His Lordship's Kindness in recognition of Calvert's readiness to hand out large swathes of Maryland to his relatives. Protestant Revolution of 1689 Darnall would not enjoy his political offices for long. In 1689, the ruling Calvert family would lose control of the province, and Darnall would forfeit all his official positions. Maryland Puritans, by now a substantial majority in the colony, revolted against the proprietary government, in part because of the apparent preferment of Catholics to official positions of power. The Glorious Revolution of the previous year had put a Protestant King and Queen on the throne of England, but the sovereignty of the new monarchs had not yet been acknowledged in Maryland. Rumours spread that Roman Catholics and local Indians were engaged in a conspiracy to murder Protestants. Darnall was alleged to be one of the leaders of the plot: \"Here being some discourse that was talked by the Indians Therefore it was ordered by the Commission of Stafford Court That Mr Burr Harris of this County should come to the house of John West to Examine them and the Indians doth declare that the great men of Maryland hath hired the Seneca Indians to kill the protestants nameing Coll Darnall Coll Pye, and Mr Boarman and further did sweare God Dam Mr Boarman for he is all one the Senecas And further doth declare that Mr Boarman did tell the Indians that the English would first of all",
"title": "Henry Darnall"
},
{
"docid": "17566522",
"text": "\"The Self Banished\" is a poem written by Edmund Waller in about 1645. It was set to music by the baroque composer John Blow in 1700. It is also one of the first songs written by the English composer Edward Elgar. Composed in 1875, specifically for \"soprano or tenor\", it was unpublished until recently. Lyrics Blow set stanzas 1 and 2. Elgar added a stanza beginning with his own spelling of \"Absence\". THE SELF-BANISHED It is not that I love you less Than when before your feet I lay: But to prevent the sad increase Of hopeless love, I keep away. In vain! (alas!) for ev'ry thing Which I have known belong to you, Your form does to my fancy bring, And makes my old wounds bleed anew. Who in the Spring from the new Sun Already has a fever got, Too late begins those shafts to shun, Which Phoebus through his veins has shot. Too late he would the pain assuage, And to shadows thick he doth retire; About with him he bears the rage, And in his tainted blood the fire. [ is vain for ev'ry thing That I have known belong to you, Your form does to my fancy bring, And makes my old wounds bleed anew.]* But vow'd I have, and never must Your banish'd servant trouble you; For if I break, you may distrust The vow I made to love you, too. Recordings Elgar: Complete Songs for Voice & Piano Amanda Roocroft (soprano), Reinild Mees (piano) References External links Songs by Edward Elgar 1875 songs 1645 poems",
"title": "The Self Banished"
},
{
"docid": "79580",
"text": "Cilix (; Ancient Greek: Κίλιξ Kílix) was, according to Greek mythology, a Phoenician prince as the son of King Agenor and Telephassa or Argiope. Etymology In her book Who's Who in Classical Mythology, author Adrian Room writes an entry on Cilix describing the nature of the name's etymology. Room writes that \"we can perhaps see in his name a blend of ceras, 'horn' and helix, 'twisted', or even a link with cyllos, 'crooked'\". This is referring to the horns of Zeus in the form of a white bull, who carried off Cilix's sister Europa to the coast of Crete. Cilicia's etymology is broken up into two parts according to the two parts of its terrain. Cilicia Trachea is \"rugged Cilicia\", in Greek Κιλικία Τραχεῖα; it is also the Assyrian Hilakku, classical \"Cilicia\". Cilicia Pedias is \"flat Cilicia\", in Ancient Greek: Κιλικία Πεδιάς, and in Assyrian Quwê. Family Cilix was the brother of Cadmus, Phoenix and Europa. He was the father of Thebe, wife of Corybas, the son of Iasion and Cybele. While some sources claim that Thasus is related to Cilix, as a brother or nephew, Thasus' genealogy is not fully agreed upon. Hawthorne's tale specifically calls Thasus a \"playfellow\", and mentions no blood relation to Agenor. There is little information about this, and the only widely agreed on information is that Thasus founded the town of Thasos. Mythology When Europa was carried off by Zeus, Agenor sent his three sons out to find her, telling them not to return until they find her. The search was unsuccessful. Cilix eventually settled down in Asia Minor. The land was called Cilicia after him. Cilix's son, Thasus (who might have also been a son of Poseidon), who accompanied his uncle Cadmus in his journey. Thasus was said to become king of island Thasos. Tanglewood Tales Author Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel Tanglewood Tales features Cilix in the story \"Dragon's Teeth\". The story is a re-telling of Europa's disappearance and her family's search for her, aimed towards a younger audience. After the party leaves Phoenix, Cilix seemed to be more tormented by it than the rest of them. He tells the party that \"methinks we are like people in a dream\"; he states that they had been looking for the missing Europa for so long that not only can he not remember what she looks or sounds like, but questions whether or not she existed in the first place. Cilix states that he has \"resolved to take up my abode here\", and entreats Thasus, Cadmus, and Telephassa to join him. They refuse, but help him build a habitation. Other settlers joined him and built their own living spaces, and this land turned into Cilicia. Cilix's small abode turned into a marble palace; after the inhabitants found out he was a king's son, they decided to make him king of the land. He appeared on the balcony every noontide, \"in a long purple robe, and with a jeweled crown upon his head\". One of his first",
"title": "Cilix"
},
{
"docid": "62738850",
"text": "Yonit Naaman (; born March 13, 1975) is an Israeli poet, essayist, editor, and literary and cultural researcher. Early life and education Naaman was born in Yehud to parents Dahlia and Ohaliav Naaman. She completed her bachelor's degree in literature at Tel Aviv University, and her Master of Arts degree in religious studies at University of Cambridge. Currently (as of 2020) Naaman is a doctoral candidate researching Hebrew Literature at Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Career Naaman is co-editor of the criticism and commentary website \"Haoketz\", and literary editor for the \"Maktoob\" series published by Hargol Publishing and underwritten by the Van Leer Institute. She lectures poetry at Sapir Academic College, leads dialog workshops for Arabs and Jews, and is a board member of the non-profit organization \"Zazim – Community Action\", which promotes citizen activism. Her poems, essays, criticism and articles have appeared in many of Israel's leading journals and publications, including Helicon, Iton 77, Theory and Criticism, and Granta. Naaman's first book of poems, Pining for the Tree Tops, was published in 2015. In an interview, Naaman revealed that the book was almost named \"Excess Baggage\", and that it expresses, among other themes \"one of the tensions present in my life, and certainly in my writing: the fear of being too much. Having too much pigment, carrying too much weight, being too much woman, too much outside accepted norms. It's a surplus that just breaks out without me even trying. I am in essence already in excess of what I was allotted.\" The collection was positively received by critics. Effi Ziv, in Haaretz, wrote that \"Yonit Na'aman's rich and deep language expresses allegiance to both Hebrew's roots and its treetops. And what it expresses constructs an assertive and political identity as well as anti-racist protest poetry\". Revital Madar notes that in her work, Naaman demands representation for each of her various identities as a Yemenite, woman – of color, feminist... And that \"Naaman marks the mutual difficulty in adaptation between her and the time in which she lives. At the same time, it seeks to define those who bloom late; Better late than never.\" Her second collection of poems, If a Heart Falls (Im Lev Nofel; \"אם לב נופל\"), came out in 2018. This collection explores the personal, which is yet political, such as Naaman's struggles with fertility treatments. An entire chapter is dedicated to the topic \"Man's Wife\", including her secret occasional longing for the normative nuclear family she might have chosen had she not \"fallen into feminist captivity\", as she puts it. Naaman said of this, \"There are longings that today I no longer have the ability to indulge. Because I am, how can I put this gently, a leftist, the world in all its glory seems spoiled for me. I can no longer celebrate Independence Day, I cannot watch children playing school sports dressed in blue and white. I also do not fantasize about dancing on the Temple Mount or participating in the Jerusalem Day",
"title": "Yonit Naaman"
},
{
"docid": "37403907",
"text": "Ahmed Ismael Hassan al-Samadi, also known as Ahmed Ismail Hassan and incorrectly identified as Ahmed Ismail Abdulsamad, (1990 – 31 March 2012) was a Bahraini citizen journalist and videographer who died after covering anti-government protests of the Formula One Gand Prix in Salmabad, Bahrain, where he was shot in the thigh and later died from the gunshot wound. While he was the first person involved in protests shot to death in over year, he was the third Bahraini journalist killed since the beginning of protests in 2011 and one of 82 journalists killed worldwide in 2012. Personal Ahmed Ismael Hassan al-Samadi was 22 years old and he lived in Salmabad, Bahrain, which is known as a Shia village, where he was the fifth child in a family of nine. Hassan was a fan of auto racing and he had decorated his bedroom at home with pictures of race cars. He also supported the Bahraini opposition. Career Hassan's paid job was in corporate hospitality at the Bahrain Grand Prix, but he had been active as a citizen videographer documenting and uploading on YouTube video of protests since the protests began and as early as 4 March 2011. Before his death, he had joined the Bahrain Centre for Human Rights. His hometown of Salmabad was also known as a restricted area and so his videography there was risky. He was the third journalist in Bahrain killed since the start of the protests a year earlier. Death Ahmed Ismael Hassan died on 31 March 2012 after he was shot in the right thigh while videotaping security fire tear gas at protesters south of Manama, Bahrain’s capital. He had been documenting nightly protests with his video camera. This one was in his hometown Salmabad where protesters chanted \"Down with Hamad\"—or the King of Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. Uniformed security advanced toward peaceful protesters between 11:30 p.m and midnight. At that time, Hassan was shot in the upper right thigh. Witnesses claimed shots were fired by unidentified men who were possibly militia from about away and who were in a dark Toyota Land Cruiser without license places, who were with security but not uniformed, who fired shots. After Hassan was shot, onlookers tried to help him, but he fainted from losing so much blood. They took him to a nearby house to receive first aid but the wound had hit a main blood vessel as it entered and passed through his upper leg. An hour later, Hassan arrived at the International Hospital and then was later taken to the Salmaniya Hospital, by then it was too late as he had experienced significant loss of blood, and he died at 4:30 a.m. Before he was killed, Hassan had been arrested and he was known to have been threatened by security. Friends suggested he was targeted because he told them that a member of security forces has said they were going to report him for his citizen journalism. The government denied any role and later",
"title": "Ahmed Ismail Hassan"
},
{
"docid": "14343817",
"text": "Naked Ambition: An R Rated Look at an X Rated Industry is a 2009 American documentary film written by Charles Holland and directed by Michael Grecco based upon the Grecco's third portrait photography book by the same name. In both the documentary and his book, Grecco sets out to capture the energy and spirit of the AVN Awards and convention where American pornography is displayed, celebrated, and honored. Film A documentary based on the shooting for the book and directed by Michael Grecco premiered in April 2009. The film was a production by Lantern Lane Entertainment in association with KHG Documentary. Partial cast Michael Grecco Tera Patrick Evan Seinfeld Heather Veitch Jesse Jane Paul Fishbein Sunny Lane Joanna Angel Nautica Thorn Rob Rotten Luc Wylder Alexandra Silk Janine Lindemulder Julia Ann Peter North Randy West Steve Hirsch Brittney Skye Greg Fitzsimmons Evan Stone Stormy Daniels Ron Jeremy Mary Carey Paul Thomas Jenna Jameson Larry Flynt Cytherea Book Containing over 200 photographs of actors, filmmakers and personalities in the world of adult entertainment, it is published by Rock Out Books (). Grecco photographed his subjects during the 2006 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo in Las Vegas, the convention which surrounds the annual AVN Awards. The book's forewords, written by rock musician Dave Navarro and Hustler magazine editor Larry Flynt, discuss modern culture's acceptance of pornography into the mainstream, which allows an overtly sexual work like this to be considered a coffee table book. Included among the portrait subjects are Larry Flynt, Jenna Jameson, Ron Jeremy, Chi Chi LaRue, Tera Patrick, Alexandra Silk, Katsuni, Dana DeArmond, Sunny Lane, Kurt Lockwood, and Michelle Aston. Uncommon in pornography-related works, the photographs do not seem to have been altered with any significant image editing or photo manipulation, thus avoiding the layer of fantasy usually applied to actors in this field. The book was edited by former RIP magazine editor Lonn Friend and former FHM editor Rob Hill. Reception Variety wrote \"In contrast with Grecco’s evocative photos, his film is scattered and platitudinous, skimming the surface of his subjects and betraying his high-art aspirations with a shallow E! aesthetic. Reliable interest in the subject matter should land the film, which opens theatrically May 1, a home on an adventurous cabler, though such a contentious substratum of American culture deserves more thoughtful treatment.\" The Hollywood Reporter wrote that \"Grecco's book is filled with stunning portraits and nicely captures his subjects' personalities\", but it was felt the film was too tame and seemed more an extended infomercial for the book. DVD Verdict made note that Grecco appears to \"play the pornography-as-free-speech card,\" in his depicting pornography as \"just regular folks who express themselves through public fornication.\" The reviewer wrote \"the fact that Grecco glosses over the negatives of a business rife with them makes his documentary disingenuous—and worse, boring.\" It was concluded \"in the end, Naked Ambition is as dreary and pedestrian as its punny title. Consenting adults or not, Grecco's subjects are fringe players who doth protest way",
"title": "Naked Ambition: An R Rated Look at an X Rated Industry"
},
{
"docid": "66936767",
"text": "John 1:26 is the twenty-sixth verse in the first chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Content In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort, this verse is: Ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰωάννης λέγων, Ἐγὼ βαπτίζω ἐν ὕδατι· μέσος δὲ ὑμῶν ἕστηκεν ὃν ὑμεῖς οὐκ οἴδατε. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: John answered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there standeth one among you, whom ye know not; The New International Version translates the passage as: \"I baptize with water,\" John replied, \"but among you stands one you do not know\". Analysis Lapide comments on John's words, \"there standeth one, etc.\" stating that it is as if John said, \"Christ is living in the midst of you, and yet you do not know Him. That is, you see him as a mere man and do not perceive that he is the Messiah.\" Commentary from the Church Fathers Gregory the Great: \"A saint, even when perversely questioned, is never diverted from the pursuit of goodness. Thus John to the words of envy opposes the words of life: John answered them, saying, I indeed baptize with water.\" Origen: \"For how would the question, Why then baptizest thou, be replied to in any other way, than by setting forth the carnal nature of his own baptism?\" Gregory the Great: \"John baptizeth not with the Spirit, but with water; not being able to remit sins, he washes the bodies of the baptized with water, but not their souls with pardon. Why then doth he baptize, when he doth not remit sins by baptism? To maintain his character of forerunner. As his birth preceded our Lord’s, so doth his baptism precede our Lord’s baptism. And he who was the forerunner of Christ in His preaching, is forerunner also in His baptism, which was the imitation of that Sacrament. And withal he announces the mystery of our redemption, saying that He, the Redeemer, is standing in the midst of men, and they know it not: There standeth one among you, whom ye know not: for our Lord, when He appeared in the flesh, was visible in body, but in majesty invisible.\" Chrysostom: \"One among you. It was fitting that Christ should mix with the people, and be one of the many, showing every where His humility. Whom ye know not; i. e. not, in the most absolute and certain sense; not, who He is, and whence Ho is.\" Augustine: \"In His low estate He was not seen; and therefore the candle was lighted.\" Theophylact of Ohrid: \"Or it was, that our Lord was in the midst of the Pharisees; and they not knowing Him. For they thought that they knew the Scriptures, and therefore, inasmuch as our Lord was pointed out there, He was in the midst of them, i. e. in their hearts. But they knew Him not, inasmuch as they understood not the Scriptures. Or take another interpretation. He was in the",
"title": "John 1:26"
},
{
"docid": "5449570",
"text": "Matthew 9:14 is a verse in the ninth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Content In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort this verse is: Τότε προσέρχονται αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάννου, λέγοντες, Διὰ τί ἡμεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύομεν πολλά, οἱ δὲ μαθηταί σου οὐ νηστεύουσι; In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: Then came to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast oft, but thy disciples fast not? The New International Version translates the passage as: Then John's disciples came and asked him, \"How is it that we and the Pharisees fast, but your disciples do not fast?\" Analysis Here it appears that the Scribes and Pharisees induce John's disciples to bring a charge against Christ and his disciples from the common fasting they both practiced. The parallel verse in Luke 5:33 seems to indicate that although the disciples and Christ kept the normal Jewish fasts they did not go beyond to anything stricter. According to MacEvilly they appear to be saying, \"why do you profess yourself to be a master of perfection and yet we fast more than you.\" Lapide postulates that perhaps the disciples of John said these things out of zeal for their master, and envy of Christ, preferring John to Him. Commentary from the Church Fathers Glossa Ordinaria: \" When He had replied to them respecting eating and converse with sinners, they next assault Him on the matter of food; Then came to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast often, but thy disciples fast not?\" Jerome: \" O boastful enquiry and ostentation of fasting much to be blamed, nor can John’s disciples be excused for their taking part with the Pharisees who they knew had been condemned by John, and for bringing a false accusation against Him whom they knew their master had preached.\" Chrysostom: \" What they say comes to this, Be it that you do this as Physician of souls, but why do your disciples neglect fasting and approach such tables? And to augment the weight of their charge by comparison, they put themselves first, and then the Pharisees. They fasted as they learnt out of the Law, as the Pharisee spoke, I fast twice in the week; (Luke 18:12.) the others learnt it of John.\" Rabanus Maurus: \" For John drank neither wine, nor strong drink, increasing his merit by abstinence, because he had no power over nature. But the Lord who has power to forgive sins, why should He shun sinners that eat, since He has power to make them more righteous than those that eat not? Yet doth Christ fast, that you should not avoid the command; but He eats with sinners that you may know His grace and power.\" Augustine: \" Though Matthew mentions only the disciples of John as having made this enquiry, the words of Mark rather seem to imply that some other persons spoke of",
"title": "Matthew 9:14"
},
{
"docid": "55750413",
"text": "On 3 August 2017, Netiwit Chotiphatphaisal and seven Chulalongkorn University students and council members walked out of an initiation ceremony for first year students to pay respect to former kings Chulalongkorn and Vajiravudh in the courtyard of the university. A furious professor suddenly put one vice student council president, Supaluk Bumroongkij, in a chokehold. The incident was filmed and distributed causing a national controversy. After an investigation, Chulalongkorn University deducted behavioral points from all eight students involved and banned them from participating in university events. The decision was controversial, however, and criticized by the university's alumni with a global petition created by the Thai Academic Network for Civil Rights (TANCR). Background of the initiation ceremony Since 1990, Chulalongkorn University hosted an annual event in which new students pledge their allegiance to King Chulalongkorn, who founded the university, by prostrating. The act of prostration was abolished by Chulalongkorn himself. The incident Chulalongkorn University set the pledging event to occur on 3 August 2017. However, before the ceremony could end, Netiwit and seven people from his group abruptly left the ceremony after bowing in respect. A professor from the Faculty of Science, Ruangwit Bunjongrat, put the last member of the group to leave in a chokehold while shouting “Where is the animal, Nene?” (Animal being a curse word in Thai and Nene referring to Netiwit). Afterwards, images of the professor assaulting the student and of the eight students walking out of the ceremony became widespread causing much criticism of about the appropriateness of both actions. The offending professor later said he did what he did out of goodwill for his students and that he was so distressed by the incident that he had to be admitted a hospital. The protesting group of students argued that they were acting upon the decree of King Chulalongkorn and that they have already spoken to the university about providing a space for people with dissenting opinions. Chulalongkorn University rejected this reasoning and saw the protest as too political. They also said they had already arranged a separate space for those with dissenting opinions and saw that the students' actions were inappropriate. Result The university set up an investigating committee and summoned Netiwit, along with other offending students, to be interviewed on the 25th and 30th of August. Pomthong Malakul Na Ayudhaya, vice president of Chulalongkorn University, ordered the deduction of 25 points from the students behavioral scores which bars them from applying for jobs and participating in certain activities within the university for the duration of their studies. Netiwit argued that the university did not give them justice, the investigation period was far too short, and that the professor who assaulted one of the students was not under investigation. Some days after this decision, the university gave an official statement claiming that the incident is an \"internal issue\" and has nothing to do with politics. Professor Ruangwit Bunjongrat and Chulalongkorn University have both said they were regretful that the incident occurred, but also said that they",
"title": "2017 Chulalongkorn University incident"
},
{
"docid": "19720840",
"text": "During the World Bank Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics in Oslo, Norway in 2002 large globalization-critical protests were held. A coalition of many organizations organized an alternative conference and a demonstration with more than 10 000 participants, thus making it the largest mass mobilisation in Norway in recent history. Before the protests, there was much concern about violence and riots, but the actual protest was almost entirely peaceful with a few minor incidents. The conference The World Bank has held its Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics (ABCDE) since 1988. The June 24–26, 2002 conference focused on poverty and on implementing the commitments made of the Monterrey Consensus from March the same year. The conference was held in the hills above Oslo, in a hotel at Holmenkollen. It was originally planned to be held in Stockholm, Sweden, but was moved to Oslo so as not to interfere with the 2002 Swedish general election. Purpose and organization of the protests The protests were organized by Oslo 2002, an umbrella organization for about 50 participating organizations including labor unions, political parties, environmental organizations, church organizations and ATTAC from Norway, Sweden and Denmark. While each participant had its own reasons, here were the Oslo 2002 network mottos: \"Our world is not for sale--stop the World Bank’s undemocratic market policies!\" \"Cancel Third World debt--release the choke hold!!\" \"Free trade pollutes!\" \"Yes to women and women’s rights--no to the World Bank!\" \"Stop the World Bank’s attack on labor rights!\" The network claimed that the World Bank is an undemocratic institution used by rich nations to control poor countries. Einar Braathen and Reidun Heiene of ATTAC Norway and the Oslo 2002 network also criticized the bank for believing too much in market-based solutions. Prelude In the weeks leading up to the conference and protests there was much concern about possible violence. The protests during the EU summit in Gothenburg 2001 were marred with vandalism and violent clashes between police and masked protesters. The previous year's World Bank conference in Barcelona had to be cancelled and held online instead. Many protesters were expected from other countries, especially neighboring Sweden and Denmark, but also some other parts of Europe. Extra border patrols were put in place between Sweden and Norway, a border that is normally uncontrolled. There were lists of at least 500 persons who would not be allowed to enter the country. An 18-year-old Swedish man was arrested in Oslo and later deported to Sweden. Another nine were apprehended at the Svinesund border crossing, but later released. A bus with 27 Danish citizens was stopped and their passports were copied by the police. Representatives for the protest organizers said the police should not arrest people who had committed no crime using anti-terrorist laws because it would label all protesters as criminals. Some downtown merchants were afraid of vandalism. Vehicles were not allowed to stop in downtown Oslo for five days, buses and trains were stopped during the march and garbage cans were removed from the",
"title": "2002 World Bank Oslo protests"
}
] | [
"Hamlet"
] |
train_28153 | who does the voice for the girl in bolt | [
{
"docid": "19731992",
"text": "Bolt is a video game developed by Avalanche Software and published by Disney Interactive Studios for Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2008 film of the same name. Mark Walton, Sean Donnelan, and Malcolm McDowell reprise their roles as Rhino, Penny's TV father, and Dr. Calico respectively. Miley Cyrus, who voiced Penny, is replaced by Ashleigh Prather. Synopsis Setting In the game, the player follows and controls the super dog Bolt and Penny on various missions taking place in the fictional TV show universe from the movie. The levels are shared between Bolt and Penny. By using Bolt's superpowers, the player can fight hordes of enemies. New powers, such as Superbark and Laser Eyes, will be unlocked during the game. While Bolt has superpowers, Penny has only her maneuverability by using her Wheelbar and is incentivized to take down enemies in a stealthy way. The game focuses on Bolt's fake TV life, not the actual movie storyline. Penny's father has been kidnapped by the evil Dr. Calico, and Penny and Bolt must travel through 5 countries to rescue him. All of this is actually on TV, and Rhino is watching a DVD pack of all the 25 Bolt episodes, possibly at the rural home at the end of the movie with Bolt's family (Penny, Mittens, Bolt himself, and Penny's mother). On the Nintendo DS version, players can play a mini-game called Rhino's Mission, where they go through mazes and avoid obstacles, like cannons. Despite that the end of the Bolt film shows a new storyline, it can be implied that these episodes featured in the game are mostly the episodes in the first season, despite the movie starting with the chase sequence. Plot Penny's father has been captured by Calico and his organization in an attempt to construct a powerful weapon of untold power. Penny and Bolt travel to Italy in an effort to find out more, but they get nowhere other than learning of Calico's location in Belize. Calico finally manages to capture Penny once she and Bolt find his temple base in the Yucatán jungle. To prove to Penny's father that she is alive and being held hostage, Calico gives Penny a cell phone with her father on the other line. Calico then attempts to flee the crumbling temple with his new captive but decides to leave her there with Bolt to die, saying, \"As long as the professor believes she's alive, he will do what is asked and finish the weapon. Too bad we can't all have nine lives\". However, Penny and Bolt survive and discover Calico's new base in the Russian Arctic with a large rocket in the center. But upon entering, Penny notices micro-focusing mirrors and realizes that it is her father's satellite instead of a warhead. All too late as Calico seals the entrance and, to Bolt's horror, launches it with Penny inside screaming for help. Bolt then jumps onto the rocket and",
"title": "Bolt (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "24466292",
"text": "\"I Thought I Lost You\" is a song performed by American singers and actors Miley Cyrus and John Travolta. It was released as a promotional single in 2008. The song was written by Cyrus alongside producer Jeffrey Steele. It was included in the 2008 Disney animated film Bolt, in which Cyrus and Travolta provide the voices of main characters Penny and Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was made after filmmakers requested Cyrus to write a song for the film. The song reflects the film's story of a dog being separated from his owner and trying to find his way back to her. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was nominated for Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, losing both to Bruce Springsteen's \"The Wrestler\" from The Wrestler (2008). The song's accompanying promotional clip has Cyrus and Travolta performing the song in a recording studio and features clips from Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was promoted by live performances by Cyrus. Background Cyrus became involved with Bolt once she was cast as Penny, Bolt's owner. Filmmakers asked Cyrus to write a song for herself and John Travolta, who stars as Bolt. She co-wrote the song with the aid of Jeffrey Steele, who also produced the track, in a short period of time as they had a due date. The film's settings vary in cities throughout the United States, which Cyrus thought she could capture in the song. \"Not just make it something that sounds from Hollywood and really produced, but we could add a little country twang to it,\" she said. Cyrus said the writing process was easy. Before the song's completion, Travolta agreed to sing it, believing \"Well, it will be a cute song, whatever it is.\" After listening to the song, he was surprised at Cyrus' songwriting abilities. \"She's really gifted at writing, and she really wanted to write something good for me as the character Bolt, so she went out of her way with her writing partner to come up with something good, and I really think they pulled it off\", Travolta told MTV News. John Lasseter, executive producer of Bolt, decided to make \"I Thought I Lost You\" the theme for Bolt, since it lyrically summarized the film's plot. He said, \"[The song] sums up the theme of this film. You know, a dog and its owner and they both were separated, but they love each other so much — there's such an emotional payoff when these characters get reunited, and I think that's what this song's about.\" Lasseter thought that solely the song worked, but it worked better for the film. \"I Thought I Lost You\" is one of two songs on the Bolt soundtrack and was released to Radio Disney to promote Bolt and its accompanying soundtrack. Composition \"I Thought I Lost You\" is a pop rock song and lasts three minutes and thirty-six seconds. Its instrumentation includes electric guitar and piano. The song",
"title": "I Thought I Lost You"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "5747303",
"text": "Mission: Magic! is an American Saturday morning animated series starring rock star Rick Springfield and is a spin-off of The Brady Kids, produced by Filmation. 16 episodes aired on ABC from September 8 to December 22, 1973. It was also broadcast in Springfield's native Australia, where Springfield was then a bigger celebrity. The show involved Miss Tickle, a magical teacher who could transport her students to fantasy realms through her magic blackboard. Characters and format Even though Springfield still spoke with a pronounced Australian accent in the mid-1970s, he provided his own voice for his animated doppelgänger. On the show, Springfield always wore white pants and a white sweater which sported on the front an encircled lowercase \"r\" with a lightning bolt in the background; this design was taken from the back cover of his 1973 album Comic Book Heroes. Springfield was joined by a cast of characters: Miss Tickle, a bubbly teacher and six students: Kim, an Asian girl, who is the leader of “The Adventurers Club” Vinnie, who spoke with a thick New York accent and often confused elaborate words Carol, a blonde girl who had a crush on Springfield Socks, a quirky Jughead-like character who wore a light blue hat Franklin, a black athlete Harvey, a short, stocky and bespectacled nerd They were involved in a weekly after-school group called “The Adventurers Club”. In the first episode, the club was visited in class by the school principal Mr. Samuels, who knew nothing of Miss Tickle's magical abilities. Almost every episode began by Rick communicating with the Club via an enchanted gramophone telling them where he was and either inviting them to come along, or transmitting a distress message of some form. Miss Tickle would aim her magic ring at Tut Tut, a ceramic cat on her desk who would come to life after Miss Tickle recited the incantation: \"O Tut Tut, cat of ancient lore, \"'Tis time to draw the magic door.\" After drawing a magic door on the blackboard, Miss Tickle, Tut Tut and the students would fly through the door and meet up with Springfield and his familiar, an owl named Ptolemy. In their travels to otherworldly lands and times, they would solve mysteries, fix problems, or help people in need. At the middle or end of each show, Springfield performed a song, its lyrics often tying into the message of that week's story. An album with most of the songs from the series was released in 1974, followed by a CD version in 2004. Ironically, Springfield himself eschewed this series years later in 2014, claiming that it \"scarred me for life.\" Cast Lola Fisher as Miss Tickle Howard Morris as Socks, Vinnie, Mr. Samuels Erika Scheimer as Kim, Carol Lane Scheimer as Harvey, Franklin Rick Springfield as himself Episodes NOTE: All the main songs appearing in the series were written and performed by Rick Springfield. Each song runs about 90 seconds, edited or faded from the versions later released on the 1974 soundtrack album.",
"title": "Mission: Magic!"
},
{
"docid": "27818012",
"text": "The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas is an independent animated short film and a parody of How the Grinch Stole Christmas! written and directed by John Wardlaw and animated by Andy Angrand. The film features the final performance of actor Jonathan Harris and co-stars Tress MacNeille. The film also features an original score by Gary Stockdale and music by director John Wardlaw's band, Anti-m. Jonathan Harris Written in 1997, the script was presented to Jonathan Harris in 1998 though it was not until 2000 that his voice work was actually recorded. Harris died on November 3, 2002, long before the film was completed making it his last film. In 2006 an additional scene was added to the film and Jonathan Harris' former Lost In Space co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright and Marta Kristen added their voices to the film. The film was dedicated in his memory. Production and release Completed in 2009 the film made its first appearance at the non-theatrical 2009 Los Angeles Reel Film Festival where it was honored with three awards. In 2010 it made its theatrical world premier in the home town of film-maker John Wardlaw at the 25th Annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival (SBIFF). Between December 2009 and December 2011, the film played in 30 film festivals, winning 13 awards. Its final theatrical appearance was at L’hybride in Lille France. Considering the film features a cast from the TV series Lost In Space it was interesting that two of the films praises came from writers from the original series of Star Trek. \"It had a great animation style, clever and slightly naughty story (well put together) and was totally enjoyable!\" claimed D. C. Fontana \"I laughed my nuts off,\" stated David Gerrold. In 2011 The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas was released on DVD as part of a collection of short films and music videos by Wardlaw. The DVD bonus features include early animations and audio outtakes. The film was licensed to ShortsHD and ShortsTV in 2014. Awards See also List of Christmas films References External links Official website American independent films American animated short films 2009 animated short films 2000s Christmas films 2009 films 2000s American animated films American Christmas films 2000s English-language films English-language Christmas films",
"title": "The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas"
},
{
"docid": "1685637",
"text": "Eat-Man (stylized as EAT-MAN) is a Japanese manga series created by Akihito Yoshitomi in 1996 which was serialized by MediaWorks monthly in 19 volumes until 2003 in Dengeki Comic Gao! magazine. In 1997, Studio Deen adapted the manga into a 12-episode anime television series which was broadcast in Japan from January 9 to March 27, 1997 on TV Tokyo. A sequel, Eat-Man '98, was also animated by Studio Deen and ran from October 8 to December 23, 1998. Both anime series are licensed in North America by Discotek Media and the manga series was licensed by Viz Communications before it was dropped. A second manga called Eat-Man The Main Dish started serialization in Monthly Shonen Sirius in May 2014. Story Eat-Man is a series of short, episodic stories about an \"explorer\" (a type of mercenary) named Bolt Crank who has the ability to eat virtually anything and then, at will, reproduce from his body the objects he's consumed. Eat-Mans world is a mix of high-tech futurist cyberpunk and fairy tale. The episodes take place in various worlds and in undefined times. Characters Bolt Crank (voiced by Masashi Ebara), is the best \"explorer\" in the world. In the manga, \"Explorers\" are a kind of mercenary. Although mercenaries in the manga do any job, even assassinations, the explorers were employees with principles. Bolt has a bizarre power, the ability to eat anything inorganic and then later recreate it (even fixing the item ingested) from any part of his body. The item usually comes out from his arms and hands, but sometimes can be created in other body areas, like his head, chest, or legs. In the manga, it was implied that inside Bolt's body was actually a void of space. Objects that he's consumed float around in a seemingly endless space, much like the inside of Doraemon's fourth-dimensional pocket. A man of few words, Bolt doesn't show his feelings and always keeps a cool head. However, his cynical personality and his \"always get the job done\" attitude can make him seem like a very cold and dark character but, in the end, he always finds a way to do the right thing. He never appears to look back on the past or regret it in any way. Although Bolt's past remained a mystery in all the series, some stories gave clues about his past, including some characters that appeared in various episodes. The end of the manga series revealed a lot about who and what Bolt is, but his exact identity still remains a mystery. Here are some hints in the series: Bolt never ages, but the end of the manga series revealed that he is biologically immortal (he does not age but can be hurt and/or killed). There is a character identical to Bolt called Leon. His creations include an gynoid (Stella) with human feelings who loved him (an antagonist of Bolt in various episodes, trying to transform all living things into machines) and a weird robot capable of assimilating any",
"title": "Eat-Man"
},
{
"docid": "21882958",
"text": ", also known by the short title , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Azure Konno, about a girl working as a voice actress for an eroge development company. It was serialized in Wani Books' monthly Comic Gum magazine from 2008 to 2013. A two-episode anime adaptation was produced by Studio Gokumi and released in 2010 and 2011. A sequel manga series titled Koe de Oshigoto!! began serialization in Futabasha's Monthly Action magazine in May 2020. Plot Koe de Oshigoto! is a story about Kanna Aoyagi, a sixteen-year-old girl who was asked to become a voice actress for eroge by her older sister on Kanna's sixteenth birthday. Kanna does not want to become a voice actress at first, but after she thinks about all of the things her sister did for her when she was growing up, and knowing that she owes her, she finally agrees. However, Kanna is still very nervous about being a voice actress for such games. As the story progresses, she becomes more and more comfortable with the requirements of the job. She is helped along by both her coworkers and a classmate who also does work on eroge in his spare time. Characters (OVA), Miku Nishino (Drama CD) A first year student of Takashima Minami High School. On her 16th birthday, Kanna was asked by her sister, Yayoi, to come to her workplace after school. Once she arrived, Kanna found out that it's an eroge company and was asked to be a voice actress for a game they are developing. She is good with sports and a person great of imagination and concentration to the point where she can have an orgasm with only her imagination. Kanna's work job is kept secret under the pseudonym Aoi Kanna. (OVA), Hyosei (Drama CD) Kanna's 28-year-old elder sister and a \"EROGEMEKA\" for the eroge company, Blue March. Yayoi cares greatly and always buys presents for Kanna on her birthday. She speaks very bluntly and is not at all embarrassed by her work on eroge. (OVA), Kizuna Aihara (Drama CD) A college student and professional eroge voice actress. Kanna looks up to her as a voice acting role model, and Fumika seem to be the only one who sympathizes with Kanna's embarrassment as a voice actress for eroge. Although she is a professional as an eroge voice actress, Fumika has no experience in real life. (OVA), Wasshoi Taro (Drama CD) The scenario writer for the eroge company, Blue March. He is an older acquaintance of Yayoi and Kanna. He started as someone who loved to read, but after reading some eroge scripts, he began writing them himself. Kanna really respects Nagatoshi and treats him as an older brother. Kanna's twintailed best friend. She talks in a soft spoken tone. Kanna's other friend from school. She has wavy blonde hair. Kanna's male classmate and her main love interest. He is the son of the president of the game company. Media Manga The manga series Koe de Oshigoto!",
"title": "Koe de Oshigoto!"
},
{
"docid": "1563682",
"text": "Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965). Black Bolt is the ruler of Attilan, and a member of the Inhumans, a reclusive race of genetically altered superhumans. Black Bolt's signature power is his voice, as his electron-harnessing ability is linked to the speech center of his brain. Speaking triggers a massive disturbance in the form of a highly destructive shockwave capable of leveling a city. Due to the extreme danger posed by this power, the character has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in his sleep, and he usually remains completely silent and speaks through sign language or via a spokesperson. Black Bolt has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes. Since his original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, different versions of Black Bolt were portrayed by Anson Mount in the Marvel Television series Inhumans (2017) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Publication history Black Bolt debuted in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He re-joined the Illuminati as part of the 2012 Marvel NOW! rebranding initiative. He appeared in the 2017 Black Bolt series, his first solo comic book series, by Saladin Ahmed and Christian James Ward. He appeared in the 2021 Darkhold: Black Bolt #1 one-shot. Fictional character biography 1960s Black Bolt's first appearance established the character as being a member of the Inhuman ruling class. The title Thor featured a back-up feature called \"Tales of the Inhumans\", which recounts the character's origin story. The son of King Agon and Queen Rynda, Black Bolt is exposed to the mutagenic Terrigen Mist while still an embryo, and eventually demonstrates the ability to manipulate electrons. To protect the Inhuman community from his devastating voice, Black Bolt is placed inside a sound-proof chamber and is tutored in the use of his powers. Reentering Inhuman society as a young man—having vowed never to speak—the character is attacked by his younger brother Maximus, who attempts, unsuccessfully, to goad him into speaking. Black Bolt proved popular, and decides to leave Attilan to explore the outside world. The character reappears in a story focusing on his cousin Medusa, drives off the Hulk after the monster defeats the entire Inhuman Royal Family (Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Triton, and Crystal), and with the Fantastic Four, battles his brother Maximus and his own group of rogue Inhumans. 1970s After being forced to intercede in the budding romance between his cousin Crystal and the Fantastic Four's Johnny Storm, Black Bolt and the Inhumans feature in the title Amazing Adventures, and battle villains such as the Mandarin and Magneto. A story in The Avengers, told in flashback, reveals how Black Bolt came",
"title": "Black Bolt"
},
{
"docid": "3528982",
"text": "Life Stinks is a 1991 American comedy film co-written, produced, directed by and starring Mel Brooks. It is one of the few Mel Brooks comedies that is not a parody, nor at any time does the film break the fourth wall. It co-stars Lesley Ann Warren, Howard Morris and Jeffrey Tambor. The original music score was composed by John Morris. The film was both a critical and a box-office flop. Plot Goddard Bolt is the callous CEO of Bolt Enterprises. Bolt shows little regard for other people's needs, or for the environment. He has his eye on the slum of Los Angeles, with the intent of tearing it down. Bolt makes a bet with his biggest rival, Vance Crasswell, who also has an interest in the property. Crasswell challenges Bolt to survive on the streets as if he were homeless for 30 days. Should Bolt lose, Crasswell owns the property, but should Bolt win, Crasswell will sell it for practically nothing. There are three conditions: Bolt will be completely penniless; he must wear an electronic anklet that will activate if he leaves the boundaries, forfeiting the bet if he exceeds 30 seconds out of bounds; and at no time can he reveal to any of the slum area residents that he is Goddard Bolt. To add to the look, Bolt has his mustache shaved off, then Crasswell confiscates his toupee and rips his jacket chest pocket. Bolt is taken to the slums, thrown out of the limo and begins the bet. Unbeknown to Bolt, Crasswell schemes to make Goddard's stay on the streets as bad as possible. Bolt, homeless, hungry and filthy, is befriended by skid-row inhabitants like Sailor and Fumes and given the nickname \"Pepto\" after falling asleep in a crate with a Pepto-Bismol logo on its side, having used the crate to urinate on mere moments before Sailor arrives. During the bet, he meets and eventually becomes attracted to Molly, a homeless woman who used to be a dancer on Broadway. During a scuffle with two muggers (including a chase through a Chinese kitchen/restaurant), Bolt is pushed out of bounds, which activates his anklet. To prevent the \"30-second forfeiture\", Bolt rushes back in, which impresses Molly with his supposed bravery, as it looks like he is tackling the muggers. The muggers are eventually defeated via a pot of boiling stock being poured over them from a height, forcing them to retreat their assault on Bolt. Bolt learns a series of important life lessons during his 'adventure', namely that life is not about accomplishments or material success, but rather the integrity of the human spirit. However, Bolt is unaware that the unscrupulous Crasswell has no intention of honoring their bet. When Crasswell realizes that Bolt is honoring the bet fair and square, Crasswell bribes Bolt's lawyers into fabricating the story that Bolt had lost his mind and has his property seized. Bolt finds this out first hand as, upon completing the bet, he forces his way into a party",
"title": "Life Stinks"
},
{
"docid": "14444747",
"text": "Mendel Palace is a 1989 puzzle video game developed by Game Freak. It was published in Japan by Namco and in North America by Hudson Soft. Mendel Palace is the debut game of Satoshi Tajiri and his company Game Freak. This success inspired him to create the Pokémon series. Plot The player's character must save his girlfriend, who was kidnapped by a young girl. The backstory differs slightly between the Japanese and American versions, although the in-game presentation is the same regardless. In the American version, the player's character is named Bon-Bon and the girl he must rescue is named Candy, who is trapped in her own dream. In the Japanese version, the main character is named Carton and the girl he must rescue is merely his own girlfriend, Jenny, who has been kidnapped by Carton's younger sister Quinty (the titular character in the Japanese version), who is jealous of the attention that Jenny gets. Gameplay The game can be played by a single player, or by two players cooperatively. The players' characters are a blue- and a green-colored boy in a vest and cap. Each level consists of a single room composed of a 5 by 7 grid of floor tiles surrounded by a boundary wall. At the beginning of each level a number of enemy dolls appear and start to wander around, attempting to collide with the player. The characters have the ability to \"flip\" the floor tile they are standing on or adjacent to in order to propel enemy dolls away, as well as revealing new floor tiles underneath. Enemies can be destroyed by flipping them into a wall or impassable block. The player(s) must destroy every doll to complete the level and move to the next one. It is also possible to win certain levels by making a \"stalemate\" in which all the tiles are unflippable like the bolted metal tiles or the graffiti tiles from the Artist dolls. Each doll does a simple action that varies from each world. They vary from the basic walking motion to swimming and even aggressive tile flippers who have the same abilities to flip random tiles as the player. The level select screen shows each palace along with the enemy dolls that occupy it. Enemy dolls can be destroyed by flipping them into a wall or block, or by slamming into them from a Spinner tile. Touching an enemy causes the player to instantly lose a life. Each world has ten levels which is accompanied by a boss and a scene showing the player's girlfriend being whisked off to another part of the realm. Stars and lives for each player are tracked separately on the screen. Some rooms are in darkness where players must anticipate useful tiles and enemies well in advance. If one player loses all of his lives, then the other player must continue to play until he also loses all of his lives. There are a variety of patterns on the floor tiles that can be",
"title": "Mendel Palace"
},
{
"docid": "25673409",
"text": "is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yuto and published by Square Enix. The series follows Anzu, a kindergarten girl who is in love with her teacher and tries to win his affection but always fails. It has been adapted into an anime television series animated by Gainax and broadcast in Japan from January to March 2010. Plot Anzu goes to a kindergarten with her friends, the shy Koume and the eccentric Hiiragi. Together they try to attract attention from their caretaker Tsuchida Naozumi. However, he is clearly more interested in the pretty Yamamoto Nanako, a fellow kindergarten teacher who supervises the class next door. Though Anzu tries to convince Tsuchida to marry her when she grows up, Tsuchida is trying to have a date with Yamamoto; or if not, get engaged with her. Characters Teachers Voiced by: Satoshi Hino Tsuchida-sensei is the only male teacher at Hanamaru Kindergarten, who started teaching in the school immediately after he graduated. At first, he is seen as unreliable, but as time passes, he gets the hang of being a teacher. He is a game otaku and plays games until late at night, often resulting in him being late for work at the kindergarten where he teaches the students of the first-year Sakura Class. Anzu develops a crush on him, but, understandably, he does not reciprocate although he does like her as he does all of his students. Anzu's mother, Sakura, called him Tsuchi when they were children (she still does), and so Anzu does as well. It is revealed in episode 7 of the anime, that he had a crush on Sakura when they were in high school. Tsuchida now has a crush on his colleague, Nanako Yamamoto. He is nicknamed \"breast man\" because of his habit of looking at girl model magazines and often staring at Yamamoto-Sensei's chest. In the end, the children at the kindergarten help him muster the courage to confess and he begins a relationship with Yamamoto-Sensei. Voiced by: Erino Hazuki Yamamoto-sensei is one of the female teachers at Hanamaru Kindergarten. Even though Tsuchida likes her, she does not understand that men would fall for her. She teaches the students of first-year Peach Class. She appears to be good at sewing, as she mended Tsuchida's apron and Koume's stuffed panda-cat doll's ear. Despite her obliviousness towards romance involving her, she is aware of the fact that Hanamaru-sensei has a crush on her sister, Mayumi. Eventually, she begins to develop feelings towards Tsuchida and starts to express a greater interest in romance. Voiced by: Kaoru Mizuhara Kusano-sensei is one of the female teachers at Hanamaru Kindergarten. She likes sports and muscular men. She enjoys watching what Tsuchida does to get Yamamoto's attention. She teaches the students of second-year Sunflower Class. She was Koume's coach and helped her to train for the school sports day's footrace. Voiced by: Naomi Wakabayashi Kawashiro-sensei is one of the female teachers at Hanamaru Kindergarten who appears slightly geeky. She teaches the students",
"title": "Hanamaru Kindergarten"
},
{
"docid": "68978573",
"text": "Supercrooks is a four-issue comic book limited series by writer Mark Millar and artist Leinil Francis Yu. The series was published by the Icon Comics imprint of Marvel Comics from March–August 2012. Plot Johnny Bolt is a supervillain who tries to make money by committing robberies with other masked criminals. Each of these crimes fail due to the intervention of random superheroes. In Bolt's latest robbery, he is stopped by the Gladiator and is sentenced to five years in prison. After serving his sentence, Bolt returns to his ex-girlfriend and ex-supervillain Kasey, who now works as a waitress. Despite having psychic powers, she wants to lead a normal life and doesn't want Bolt back romantically. During their reunion, an elderly supervillain friend of theirs named Carmine informs them that he has been forced to raise $100 million for a Las Vegas casino because he was caught cheating with a man who has the power of foresight. To help his friend out, Bolt comes up with a new plan to make money, involving a heist outside the superhero-filled United States. His research shows that Spain does not have superheroes and has a suitable target: the greatest supervillain of all time, the Bastard, who possesses great telekinetic abilities and has amassed a billion-dollar fortune. Bolt manages to convince many of his fellow supervillains, some of whom are not even active anymore, to join his team of Supercrooks against the Bastard. The group consists of Carmine, Kasey, the Phantom (an ex-burglar), TK McCabe (an ex-supervillain with telekinetic powers), Roddy and Sammy Diesel (two semi-indestructible wrestlers who fight clandestine matches), and Forecast (an ex-supervillain who is able to change the weather). After they all arrive in Tenerife, Bolt manages to surprise the team by introducing one more member, the Gladiator, who has been blackmailed into joining. With the help of each team member, Bolt manages to break into the safe under the villa of the Bastard, making off with $800 million dollars, or $100 million per Supercrook. To keep the Bastard at bay, Kasey uses her psychic powers to create the illusion of him being in his residence when in reality he is in another place. To avoid retaliation by the Bastard, the Supercrooks carry out the robbery wearing the costumes of the supervillains to whom Carmine owed money, who are then tracked down and killed by the criminal boss, furious for the wrong he suffered. Release The first issue of Supercrooks reached #51 of US comic book sales in March 2012, selling approximately 34,673 copies through Diamond Comic Distributors. World-wide sales of the first issue and additional copies sold after the first month reached up to 59,600 sales. To promote sales of the series' book, Millar held a contest for bookstores. Under the contest rules, the store that purchased the most copies of Supercrooks #1 would have Mark Millar personally visit for a book signing. The National Book Store in Manila, Philippines, won the contest. Millar held the signing for the store in",
"title": "Supercrooks"
},
{
"docid": "1431911",
"text": "What About Mimi? is a Canadian animated children’s television series. The show was produced by Junior-EM.TV (Germany), Decode Entertainment and Studio B Productions (then DHX Media, now WildBrain). The show was first premiered on Teletoon (now Cartoon Network Canada) on October 4, 2000 with the final episode's airing on August 14, 2002, leading up to three seasons and 39 episodes overall. Plot The show that focuses on Mimi Mortin, a clever, redheaded girl in the sixth grade who lives in the Canadian town of Starfish Bay with two friends, Elaine and Russell and her family, but rivaled with Sincerity. Characters Miriam \"Mimi\" Mortin (voiced by Chiara Zanni) - A young, freckle-faced girl in the sixth grade. She is 11 years old and has a clever, optimistic within a powerful imagination. She is always willing to help and solve any problem that she may encounter all the time, adding with creative plans and ideas. Although her plans may not always work out the way she expects them, Mimi receives a lot of help from her best friends (Elaine and Russell), her family, so even her rivals (Sincerity), and finds a way to solve any problem. She has a pet cat named Wimbledon. Elaine Pituskin (voiced by Kori Cook) - Mimi's best friend. A girl of Inuit heritage who is an animal and nature lover, owning all of pets. She can be temperamental and argue with Mimi at times, but she always looks up to Mimi as her best friend, in turn, Mimi respects her a lot. Russell Van Eden (voiced by Rhys Huber in Seasons 1-2 and Noel Callahan in Season 3) - Mimi's other best friend and male sidekick. A boy who has the same age of Mimi and Elaine, who is a sports lover, although he is a little clumsy. He has skills with his video camera and aspires to be a film director. He is shown to have a crush on Sincerity early in the show, but his interest on her later fades away. Sincerity Travers (voiced by Carly McKillip) - A snobbish preppy girl with dyed pink hair who, sometimes, does not get along with Mimi. She and Mimi used to be friends in kindergarten, but as they got older, their interests diverged, and they started growing apart. She is Mimi's rival in school, and although she does not get along with her, she admits that her ideas are very good and helps with some of her schemes. Even if she does not get along with Mimi, she has a resentful respect for her, showing that deep inside, Sincerity still considers her a true friend. She has a father named Lance. Brock Wickersham (voiced by Tony Sampson) - A bully who enjoys pulling pranks on all of characters, especially on Herbert Finkle. Budrick \"Buddy\" Wickersham (voiced by Andrew Francis) - Brock's younger brother who is also a bully. It is also revealed that he is a genius, but he does not want people to find out about",
"title": "What About Mimi?"
},
{
"docid": "20213458",
"text": "Mark Daniel Walton (born October 24, 1968) is an American storyboard artist and voice actor who has worked for Walt Disney Animation Studios, DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Warner Animation Group, and other companies. He currently works for Illumination, as of 2023. Walton also voiced Rhino the hamster in the 2008 animated film Bolt. Early life Walton was born on October 24, 1968, in Salt Lake City, Utah, the oldest of seven children. Although he is not a professional actor, Walton said in an interview, \"I liked acting in high school and college. I enjoyed it. I think at some point I decided that if I was really going to be a professional actor that it would take at least everything that I would have emotionally or physically and I knew that I really wanted to pursue art.\" He graduated from Utah State University in 1998 with a degree in illustration. Career Mark Walton started at Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida as a story and animation intern in 1995. After performing as a show artist for The Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical Discovery Adventure North American Mall Tour in 1996, he transferred to Walt Disney Feature Animation in Burbank, CA. (now known as Walt Disney Animation Studios) in 1997 to work on his first feature, Tarzan as a storyboard artist. While at Disney, from the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, he did storyboards for The Emperor's New Groove, The Little Matchstick Girl, Home on the Range, Chicken Little, Meet the Robinsons, Tangled, and Gnomeo and Juliet, as well as storyboarding and developing the unproduced films Wild Life, My Peoples, and Rapunzel Unbraided (an early version of Tangled), Joe Jump, and King of the Elves. Also, while at Disney, he provided the voices for Barry & Bob the Longhorns in Home on the Range (2004), Goosey Loosey for the computer-animated film Chicken Little and its video game (2005), and for Rhino the hamster in Bolt (2008) for which he was nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production, and the short film spin-off Super Rhino. He also storyboarded a short CGI film \"The Zit\" for Mike Blum's Pipsqueak Films, shown on the TV series Independent Lens. After leaving Disney in 2009, Walton storyboarded on films for DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Marza Animation Planet, Original Force 3D, Ken Duncan Studio, Mass Animation, On Animation, Kool Produktion AS, Rovio Animation, and Warner Animation Group. He has also taught storyboarding at California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts), Academy of Art, SUU, and CGMA. Numerous positive reviews came from film critics regarding Walton's performance as Rhino in Bolt. CNN noted “Walton's Rhino steals every scene he's in.”, while Enewsi stated \"Walton has perfect comedic timing as Rhino\". Another reviewer noted “The hamster alone is enough to make this movie worth seeing”, with other positive reviews featured in the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, where Walton contemplated Rhino's popularity as, \"he imagines he's actually something bigger",
"title": "Mark Walton (story artist)"
},
{
"docid": "18630604",
"text": "Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated is a 1940 book by James Thurber. Thurber updates some old fables and creates some new ones of his own. Notably there is 'The Bear Who Could Take It Or Leave It Alone' about a bear who lapses into alcoholism before sobering up and going too far that way. (He used to say 'See what the bears in the back room will have.') Also an updated version of 'Little Red Riding Hood' which ends with the immortal lines, \"even in a nightcap a wolf does not look any more like your grandmother than the Metro-Goldwyn lion looks like Calvin Coolidge. So the little girl took an automatic out of her basket and shot the wolf dead. \" All the fables have one-line morals. The moral of 'Little Red Riding Hood' is \"Young girls are not so easy to fool these days.\" Another fable concerns a non-materialist chipmunk who likes to arrange nuts in pretty patterns rather than just piling up as many as he can. He is constantly nagged by his chipmunk wife for this. All fables had previously appeared in The New Yorker. Contents Fables Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated contains 28 fables written and illustrated by Thurber. Illustrated Poems Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated contains nine poems written by diverse authors and illustrated by Thurber (the dates given are those of The New Yorker issue): Excelsior, written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, March 11, 1939 The Sands o' Dee, written by Charles Kingsley Lochinvar, written by Sir Walter Scott, April 8, 1939 Locksley Hall, written by Alfred Tennyson \"Oh When I Was ...\", written by A. E. Housman Curfew Must Not Ring To-Night, written by Rose Hartwick Thorpe, June 17, 1939 Barbara Frietchie, written by John Greenleaf Whittier, September 16, 1939 The Glove and the Lions, written by Leigh Hunt Ben Bolt, written by Thomas Dunn English 1940 anthologies 1940 poetry books 1940 short story collections Fables Works by James Thurber",
"title": "Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated"
},
{
"docid": "62923208",
"text": "Josephine Amy Cashman is an Aboriginal Australian lawyer and entrepreneur, of Warrimay heritage. Cashman was an inaugural member of the Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council in 2013, appointed by Tony Abbott. Career Cashman is a lawyer and businesswoman, and was an inaugural member of Prime Minister Tony Abbott's Indigenous Advisory Council in 2017. She addressed a UN Human Rights Council session focussing on violence against Indigenous girls and women. Cashman's book, Lani's Story, was launched by the former Prime Minister, Tony Abbott, in 2013, after Cashman sent a copy to his office following her publisher being unable to fund a book launch. Cashman was the chair of a public benevolent institution named Big River Impact Foundation. It aimed to establish a learning centre focused on building confidence with improving literacy, writing and public speaking skills. By doing so, it hoped to improve the confidence of Aboriginal women, encourage positive lifestyle choices, generate business opportunities, and improve employment outcomes for women and their communities. On 8 November 2019, Cashman was appointed by the Minister for Indigenous Australians, Ken Wyatt, to the Senior Advisory Group responsible for planning an \"Indigenous voice to government\". In late 2019, Cashman challenged author Bruce Pascoe on his Aboriginal identity claims. She said that he had benefited financially from falsely claiming to be Aboriginal, and requested that Peter Dutton (Australian Minister for Home Affairs) investigate the matter. On 24 December 2019, Dutton referred the issue to the Australian Federal Police, who determined no offence had been identified. On 28 January 2020, Wyatt removed Cashman from the Senior Advisory Group after she was found to have provided a letter to conservative commentator Andrew Bolt, alleged to be from Yolngu elder Terry Yumbulul, supporting Cashman and denouncing Bruce Pascoe and his book Dark Emu. Bolt published it on his Herald Sun blog on 26 January 2020. The next day, Yumbulul released a statement saying that he had neither authored the letter nor given permission for it to be published in his name. Cashman said she helped Yumbulul write the letter at his request, and he had multiple communications with her about its content. Cashman has called for a formal register to assess people's Aboriginality. Wyatt rejected the idea of a national register and said the government should play no role in determining a person's Aboriginal identity. In 2019, Cashman was an ambassador for the Australian Indigenous Education Foundation. In April 2022, Cashman was named as the Pauline Hanson's One Nation candidate for the New South Wales Division of Lyne at the 2022 Australian federal election. Cashman did not win the seat. Cashman has been accused of spreading misinformation about COVID-19 Vaccine testing. Family Cashman has an older sister, two brothers, a step-brother and step-sister, and a son. She belongs to the Warrimay, has extended family links to Aranda peoples, and has connections with Marika and Yunupingu people in Eastern Arnhem Land, and with the south coast of New South Wales and eastern Victoria. References Indigenous Australian people Living people",
"title": "Josephine Cashman"
},
{
"docid": "54252950",
"text": "Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen (born 1964) is a Danish film and television producer, and since 1992 founder and CEO of Arena Film (DK). From 2003–2016 he served as Film Commissioner of Copenhagen and was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of the Copenhagen Film Fund. Bolt Jørgensen is developing and producing international TV-series with a strong Scandinavian spine, as well as feature films. As a film commissioner, Bolt Jørgensen was involved in Tom Hooper's The Danish Girl, Wallander, starring Kenneth Branagh and Sommerdahl Murders. Career Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen graduated from the National Film School of Denmark as a Creative Producer in 1991 and established his own production company 'Arena Film' in 1992, from where he produced film with director Lars Hesselholdt a.o. He later created the company 'Angel Arena' together with IT entrepreneur Mogens Glad, aimed at developing, producing and distributing major Scandinavian films and TV series, such as Falkehjerte (1999) starring Fanny Bernth, Misery Harbour (1999) starring Nikolaj Coster-Waldau and Leïla (2001) by director Gabriel Axel. In 2003, Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen was serving the organization Copenhagen Capacity as the head of the Film Commission in Copenhagen, aimed at attracting foreign film and television series to the Greater Copenhagen area. While being Film Commissioner, Bolt Jørgensen was involved in the movie The Danish Girl (2015), and the television series Wallander (2008–2016) starring Kenneth Branagh and Midsomer Murders (1997–present), which shot their 100th episode in Copenhagen. Additionally, during his time as Film Commissioner, Bolt Jørgensen was a part of the establishment of the Copenhagen Film Fund. In 2016, Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen re-established his production company Arena Film ApS situated in the Greater Copenhagen area, focusing on bringing Scandinavian stories to a global market. Filmography References External links Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen on Internet Movie Database Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen interview with Variety 1964 births Living people Danish film producers Danish television producers",
"title": "Ulrik Bolt Jørgensen"
},
{
"docid": "23874076",
"text": "The most popular sports in Jamaica are mostly imported from Britain. The most popular sports are athletics, cricket and association football; other popular sports include basketball, Tennis and netball (usually for women). Out of all the top five sports, Mixed martial arts, rugby league and rugby union are also considered growing sports in Jamaica. Athletics In Jamaica involvement in athletics begins at a very young age and most high schools maintain rigorous athletics programs with their top athletes competing in national competitions (most notably the VMBS Girls and Boys Athletics Championships) and international meets (most notably the Penn Relays). In Jamaica it is not uncommon for young athletes to attain press coverage and national fame long before they arrive on the international athletics stage. Jamaica is one of the leading countries in sprinting with the current world record holder for 100m and 200m, Usain Bolt and the former 100m world record holder, Asafa Powell, both originating from the island, as does Yohan Blake, silver medalist at the 2012 London Olympics in the 100m and 200m. Also, a team of four Jamaicans, Bolt included (Powell being absent in Daegu 2011 due to injury), won the gold and broke the World Record in the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2011 IAAF World Athletics Championships, their new personal best is 37.04, from 37.10 in 2008. They broke the record for a third time at the 2012 London Olympics in a time of 36.84, is the only country to run sub-37 seconds. In addition, the country has a very strong high school athletics program throughout the schools which sees top high schools compete each year in the Inter-Secondary Schools Boys' and Girls' Championships. The 2010 winners of the event were Wolmer's Boys' School and Holmwood Technical High School (girls). The ability of Jamaicans to dominate the sprint is only further enhanced and highlighted by the supremacy of Usain Bolt, who earned his Olympic 'Triple-Double' (retaining his 100m and 200m titles from the 2008 Beijing Olympics at the 2012 London Olympics and 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics). Cricket Cricket is one of the most popular sports in Jamaica. The Jamaica national cricket team has won ten Regional Four Day Competitions and seven WICB Cups. Jamaicans also play for the West Indies cricket team, which won the 1975 and 1979 Cricket World Cup, as well as the T20 International Cricket Council World Cup in 2012 and 2016. Jamaica has produced some of the world's most famous cricketers, including George Headley, Courtney Walsh, Chris Gayle and Michael Holding. Sabina Park is the only Test venue in the island, but the Greenfield Stadium is also used for cricket. Netball Netball is a popular sport among Jamaican women, and is the country's most popular women's sport. The Jamaica national netball team, known as the Sunshine Girls, have participated in the Netball World Championships every year since their inception in 1963, finishing third in 1991, 2003 and 2007, and in the Commonwealth Games, earning the bronze medal in 2002, 2014",
"title": "Sport in Jamaica"
},
{
"docid": "26802159",
"text": "Jama Williamson (born March 12, 1974) is an American actress. She was active in New York City theater throughout the early 2000s, during which she appeared in such shows as Avery Crozier's Eat the Runt, Hunt Holman's Spanish Girl, A. R. Gurney's Sylvia and Simon Mendes da Costa's Losing Louis. She also appeared in Debbie Does Dallas: The Musical, an off-Broadway musical adaptation of the pornographic film Debbie Does Dallas, and she is featured in the show's original cast recording soundtrack. Williamson, who was born in Evansville, Indiana, has appeared in such shows as Law & Order, Numb3rs and Chappelle's Show, and her voice was featured in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. In 2005, Williamson was cast as the wife of James Van Der Beek in the CBS sitcom pilot Three, which was ultimately not picked up. Since 2009, she has made regular guest appearances on the NBC comedy series Parks and Recreation as Wendy Haverford, the ex-wife of regular character Tom Haverford, played by Aziz Ansari. She also starred as Principal Mullins on the Nickelodeon series School of Rock. Career Theater Williamson was active in New York City theater throughout the early 2000s, during which time she was represented by the Paradigm Talent Agency. In 2000, she appeared in Eat the Runt, a comedy by Avery Crozier about a job applicant's series of bizarre interviews at an art museum. During this production, by Mefisto Theater Company at Altered Stages, the actors had to be prepared to play every role in the play and, before each show, the audience drew tickets which determined what actors play which characters. The New York Times reviewer Lawrence Van Gelder said the gimmick was novel, but in the end, \"the cast has probably had more sustained fun than the audience\". In the summer of 2001, Williamson again appeared in Eat the Runt at The American Place Theatre, this time without the constant role switching. She played a second applicant trying to get the museum job, who claims the protagonist is actually her scorned love interest who is only pretending to seek the job in order to hurt her chances. In the summer of 2002, she appeared in an Off Broadway production of Hunt Holman's Spanish Girl at the Second Stage Theatre. The show was about a college student who had a summer fling relationship with a 15-year-old girl, then tries to end it. Williamson played Jolene, the strong-willed college girlfriend of the protagonist, who does not know about his affair. New York Daily News writer Robert Dominguez praised her \"strong performance\". Marjorie Gunner of New York Voice called Williamson a scene-stealer, and said she played the role \"like the center of gravity\". Williamson appeared in Debbie Does Dallas: The Musical, the Off Broadway stage musical adaption of the 1978 pornographic film Debbie Does Dallas, which was shown at the Jane Street Theater starting October 2002. She played Roberta, one of Debbie's attractive young friends who perform sexual services for money.",
"title": "Jama Williamson"
},
{
"docid": "54161839",
"text": "The Mimic is a 2017 (Hangeul: 장산범, tr. Jangsanbeom) South Korean horror film written and directed by Huh Jung, and starring Yum Jung-ah and Park Hyuk-kwon. It was released on August 17, 2017. Plot Hee-yeon, Min-ho, and their little daughter Joon-hee move to Mt. Jang with Joon-hee's grandmother, who is senile, hoping it will improve her condition and so Hee-yeon and Min-ho can heal after their young son went missing five years ago. The grandmother hears her dead sister's voice calling her from the woods. Two children come in search of their dog, the one killed in the car accident from the beginning. The kids hear their dog barking and follow the sound to the brick wall. The girl is pulled through the hole in the wall by an unseen force but escapes. The kids run to Hee-yeon and Min-ho for help. Hee-yeon encounters a little girl in the woods but is drawn away by the kids and her husband, who enters the hole and finds a bolted door. When he opens it, a mutilated woman falls through, dead. They report it to the police. That night, the mysterious girl appears at their door and Hee-yeon takes her in. The girl calls her \"Mom\", mimics Joon-hee's voice, and says her name is also Joon-hee. Hee-yeon discovers signs of abuse on the girl's body. Min-ho is unsettled by the girl and Hee-yeon's refusal to get over their son and move on. The police track down the man from the beginning, who now hears voices and has eye problems. He is killed by the entity. The detective discovers that Mt. Jang has many missing persons cases, all of whom reported hearing voices of dead loved ones before disappearing. He also finds an old photo from the 1980s, revealing a man with the same little girl Hee-yeon has taken in. The grandmother covers the house's mirrors in tape, as that is how the entity comes through. She succumbs to her sister's voice and follows it to the cave behind the brick wall. Min-ho goes to search for her and disappears as well. Hee-yeon goes to their neighbor, a blind woman, for help. The woman explains that long ago, there was a shaman in these parts who had a little daughter, the same girl who came to Hee-yeon. The shaman, a social outcast, willingly served a malevolent spirit residing in Mount Jangsan called the Jangsan Tiger to gain power. The shaman would abuse his daughter and slowly became possessed by the entity. He sacrificed his own daughter to appease the tiger's spirit. Now cursed, both he and his daughter imitate voices to lure in victims and sacrifice them. The woman warns Hee-yeon not to trust the little girl, and that those who give in lose their eyesight. Jangsanbum attacks Joon-hee; Jangsanbum's daughter saves her. Hee-yeon shuts Joon-hee in her room, warning her not to trust any voices and to call the detective if she does not return. Hee-yeon then asks Jangsanbum's daughter to guide",
"title": "The Mimic (2017 film)"
},
{
"docid": "52281037",
"text": "Marvel's Inhumans, or simply Inhumans, is an American television series created by Scott Buck for ABC based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's other television series. It was produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television in association with Devilina Productions, and was co-financed by IMAX Entertainment in a deal that gave the series a theatrical premiere. Buck served as showrunner on the series. The series is centered on Black Bolt, portrayed by Anson Mount, and other members of the Inhuman Royal Family. Serinda Swan, Ken Leung, Eme Ikwuakor, Isabelle Cornish, Ellen Woglom, and Iwan Rheon also star. Marvel Studios announced an Inhumans film in 2014 as part of their Phase Three slate of films, with the species first introduced to the MCU in the series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The film was removed from Marvel Studios' slate in April 2016, and the Inhumans series was announced that November, to be partly filmed using IMAX cameras. Buck joined the series in October, and Mount was cast in February 2017. Filming took place from March to June 2017, at the former Naval Air Station Barbers Point airfield in Kalaeloa, Hawaii and various locations on the island of Oahu. Inhumans debuted on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, the first live-action television series to do so. The theatrical run lasted two weeks, before the series premiered on ABC on September 29 and ran for eight episodes, concluding on November 10. The series was met with unfavorable reviews and low television ratings, and was canceled by ABC in May 2018. Mount reprised his role as an alternate version of Black Bolt in Marvel Studios' MCU film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Premise After a military coup, the Inhuman Royal Family escape to Hawaii, where they must save themselves and the world. Cast and characters Main Anson Mount as Black Bolt:The Head of the Inhuman Royal Family and King of Attilan, whose voice can cause destruction with the slightest whisper. Showrunner Scott Buck called Black Bolt enigmatic and fascinating because \"a lot of times, we don't know what he's thinking\", and noted the difficulty of writing a character who \"does not speak, but yet he is our hero and the center of the show\". Buck specifically ruled out the series using voice over, with Black Bolt instead communicating via sign language. Premiere director Roel Reiné told Mount to just use 15 or 16 signs, but Mount decided to create his own sign system. He explained that since the character is not from Earth, he would not know Earth-based systems such as American Sign Language (ASL). Mount borrowed the underlying rules of ASL but then \"double-check[ed] my signs against ASL to make sure there is no overlap\", and also studied orchestra conductors. Mount created a document for his language with over 50 pages, and felt that if he could develop the language over several seasons, it could become",
"title": "Inhumans (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "18521773",
"text": "Bolting, when referring to equids, generally refers to two equine behaviors, both undesirable: Running away without control. Eating food at a dangerously fast rate. However, there are other meanings as well. For example, in Australia a bolter is a racehorse that wins at long betting odds. Runaways Most often, bolting refers to a \"runaway\" - horses that gallop off with a handler at high speed, whether being ridden under saddle or driving in harness. There are many causes, most linked to fright that triggers the fight-or-flight response of the horse. In these circumstances, the horse is often running in a panic and may not notice where it is going, creating danger for both horse and rider. Less often, bolting is a deliberate disobedience by a horse that wishes to rid itself of a handler or avoid an unpleasant situation. In both cases, bolting horses are usually stopped by being turned in some type of circle by pulling on one rein to turn the head to the side, as directly pulling on both reins has little impact. Bolting is also sometimes seen in horse racing when the horse chooses to ignore its jockey and run as it wishes, often in a manner that makes it difficult for the rider to maneuver the horse or rate its speed. Bolting race horses often head toward the outer rail of the track and even lose racing speed in an attempt to evade the rider's commands. Horses may also bolt if greatly frightened when loose in a pen or pasture. In a confined area, this may result in an animal running into or jumping a fence. The phrase \"take the bit in his/her teeth\" is a colloquial reference to bolting. However, in reality, a bolting horse usually does not take the bit in its teeth, as the bit rests on the gums in an interdental space where there are no teeth. What a horse actually does is to raise its head and tighten its jaw in a manner that allows it to ignore bit pressure. While a horse can move the bit to its molars and chew on it, this is not generally how a horse evades the bit when bolting. Feeding habits The term \"bolting\" may also refer to a horse that eats its feed too quickly, particularly grain or other concentrated feed. This is undesirable as it can, in some cases, lead to choking or colic. Proper equine nutrition may reduce bolting of feed. Methods to prevent bolting feed involve adding objects such as hay cubes, chopped straw (\"chaff\") or medium-sized rocks to a feed container to slow the horse's eating. See also Riding aids Stable vices External links Runaway horses often left path of destruction - Pantagraph (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper) Horse health Horse behavior",
"title": "Bolting (equine)"
},
{
"docid": "1563469",
"text": ", better known as , is a Japanese actor, voice actor and narrator from Kanagawa Prefecture. He is affiliated with Aoni Production. He had roles in the Initial D series (as Jōshima Toshiya \"God Hand\"), Naruto (as Might Guy), Eat-Man (as Bolt Crank), the Shakugan no Shana series (as Alastor the Flame of Heavens), Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! (as Doctor Tsuchiya), Buso Renkin (as Captain Bravo), The Transformers (as Ratchet) and Final Fantasy XIII (as Sazh Katzroy). He is also the official dub-over artist of Tom Hanks, Bill Murray, Wesley Snipes, Bruce Campbell and Robin Williams. He was also the first dubbing voice actor of Andy García and Alec Baldwin in their early days. Much of his roles are occupied by Koichi Yamadera in different editions of the films. Background Ebara graduated from Tōkyōtoritsu Chitosegaoka Senior High School. He initially did not aspire to be an actor, but he chose to attend the Toho Performing Arts Academy to learn the trade because he admired the work of Charlie Chaplin as a student. After previously working with Gekidan Subaru, he affiliated himself with 81 Produce, but he is now affiliated with Aoni Production. Filmography Television animation 1987 Transformers: The Headmasters (Spike Witwicky, Scattershot/Computron, Pounce) 1990 Robin Hood no Daibōken (Baron Alwyn) 1991 Soreike! Anpanman (Unadonman, Pineappleman, Princess Dorian, Crayonman) 1992 O~i! Ryoma (Yamauchi Yōdō) The Laughing Salesman (Kenzō Warii (episode 93), Shokudō no Oyaji (December 26, 1992 special)) 1993 Nintama Rantarō (Young Ryūōmaru, Heishirō Kusai) 1994 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R (Chiral) Yu Yu Hakusho (Yomi) 1996 Baketsu de Gohan (Zubrofsky) Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! (Doctor Tsuchiya) Raideen the Superior (Kraken) 1997 Eat-Man (Bolt Crank) 1998 Eat-Man '98 (Bolt Crank) 1999 Cowboy Bebop (Andy Von de Oniyate) Master Keaton (Robert Fenders) Pocket Monsters (Jangō) 2000 Love Hina (Kōji Maehara) Platinumhugen Ordian (Baltoro) Shūkan Storyland (Leader, narration) 2001 PaRappa Rappa (Boxy Boy) Shaman King (Dōen) The SoulTaker (Richard Vincent) 2002 Tottoko Hamtaro (Lion-sensei) 2003 Astro Boy: Mighty Atom (Archer) Gad Guard (Jack Bruno) Gunslinger Girl (Hilshire) Mugen Senki Potorisu (Black-clothed man) Naruto (Might Guy) 2004 Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple (George Challenger) Fullmetal Alchemist (Hohenheim Elric) Kaiketsu Zorori (Gaon, Husky) 2005 Majime ni Fumajime: Kaiketsu Zorori (Gaon, Husky) Shakugan no Shana (Alastor) Shinshaku Sengoku Eiyūdensetsu Sanada Ten Braves The Animation (Kuroda Nagamasa) Xenosaga: The Animation (Ziggurat 8) 2006 Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z (Mojo Jojo) Ergo Proxy (MCQ) 2007 El Cazador de la Bruja (Shop Manager) Naruto: Shippuden (Might Guy, Might Duy) Nodame Cantabile (Sebastiano Viella) Shakugan no Shana Second (Alastor) 2008 Michiko to Hatchin (Old Gentleman) Negibōzu no Satarō (Aona no Shakimi) 2011 Shakugan no Shana Final (Alastor) 2012 Sword Art Online (Godfree) 2013 Magi: The Kingdom of Magic (Shambal Ramal) Space Battleship Yamato 2199 (Osamu Yamanami) 2014 Future Card Buddyfight (Hitotaba Neginoyama/Captain Answer, Vlad Dracula) Tokyo ESP (Shin Kakuno) Nisekoi (Adlet Wogner Kirisaki) 2016 One Piece (Raizō) 2017 Space Battleship Yamato 2202: Warriors of Love (Osamu Yamanami) Vatican Miracle Examiner (Archbishop Saul) 2018 Pop Team Epic (Popuko",
"title": "Masashi Ebara"
},
{
"docid": "73065",
"text": "Bolt or bolts may refer to: Implements and technology Etymology: \"to strike\", see for example Thunderbolt Bolt (fastener), a threaded shaft, used to clamp two components together Bolt (climbing), an anchor point used in rock climbing Bolt (firearms), a mechanism used in firearms Crossbow bolt, ammunition used in a crossbow Arts, entertainment, and media Bolt (1994 film), a drama starring Richard Grieco Bolt (2008 film), a Disney animated film Bolt (Disney character), the main character of the film Bolt (video game), based on the film Bolt (DC Comics), a fictional supervillain from DC Comics Bolt (1986), a book by Dick Francis B.O.L.T, a Japanese girl group The Bolt (Fragonard), a painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard The Bolt (Shostakovich), a three-act ballet by Dmitri Shostakovich The Bolts, an American independent rock band Businesses and organizations Bolt (company), an Estonian transportation network company Bolt Creative, an American video game developer Bolt Mobility, an American electric scooter company co-founded by Usain Bolt Bolt Financial, an American fintech company founded by Ryan Breslow Computing Bolt (network protocol), a network protocol used in database applications Bolt (web browser), a web browser for mobile phones Bolt (website), a social networking and video website active from 1996 to 2007 Places Bolt, West Virginia, United States, an unincorporated census-designated place Bolt, Wisconsin, United States, an unincorporated community Bolt Head, a National Trust headland in Devon, England, United Kingdom La Bolt, South Dakota, United States, a town Mount Bolt, Victoria Land, Antarctica Sports Bolt Arena, a football stadium in Helsinki, Finland Anaheim Bolts, a Professional Arena Soccer League team Boston Bolts (1988–1990), a short-lived American Soccer League team Boston Bolts (USL), a semi-professional soccer team Los Angeles Chargers (secondary nickname), a National Football League team Meralco Bolts, a Philippine Basketball Association team Tampa Bay Lightning (secondary nickname), a National Hockey League team Vehicles Chevrolet Bolt EV, a 2016–present American subcompact electric hatchback Chevrolet Bolt EUV, a 2021–present American subcompact electric SUV Tata Bolt, a 2014–2019 Indian subcompact hatchback Yamaha Bolt, a 2013–present American-Japanese cruiser motorcycle Other uses Bolt (cloth), a unit of measurement Bolt (surname) See also Bolting (disambiguation) Lightning bolt (disambiguation) Thunderbolt (disambiguation) Screw, a type of fastener, in some ways similar to a bolt",
"title": "Bolt"
},
{
"docid": "15543267",
"text": "{{Infobox animanga/Header | name = Voiceful | image = Voiceful vol1 full.jpg | caption = English Voiceful manga cover. | genre = Yuri}}Voiceful is a Japanese yuri manga by Nawoko. The first chapter was serialized in the manga magazine Yuri Shimai under the title Voice, and the next three chapters were serialized in Comic Yuri Hime under the title Voiceful. The bound volume, released in Japan on May 18, 2006, was also published under the new title. Two shorts stories are included in the collected volume; \"Someone Special\", which originally appeared in the second issue of Yuri Shimai, and \"Opening\", which originally appeared in the first issue of Yuri Shimai. Seven Seas Entertainment has licensed Voiceful'' for release in North America, and the English version was released in January 2008. Plot Kanae is an introverted high school girl who does not like to leave her home and as a result does not have any friends. Her only solace comes from listening to the music of Hina, a singer who releases her music through the Internet and has never performed live. One day, they pass each other on the street, and Kanae recognizes Hina and says, \"I wish you all the happiness in the world!\" Those words affect Hina deeply, and the two of them become very close over the course of the story. Characters Kanae She is a shy high school girl who spends most of her time alone. She lives with her mother, although the two of them do not seem to have a close relationship. She finds inspiration in Hina's music and thinks of Hina as her \"goddess.\" Hina She is an independent singer who never performs live. After she meets Kanae, she sets up an e-mail address and a blog so that she can have more contact with her fans. Her older sister died sometime before the story began, so her only family left is her alcoholic father, whom she has not lived with since her sister's death. Hiru She is Hina's manager and a guitar-player. She first met Hina on a rainy day when the latter had run away from home after her sister's death and was resting on the bench where Hiru usually played. Hiru took Hina to her house, and encouraged by Hiru's own interest in music, Hina soon decided to start singing. Further reading References External links Seven Seas Entertainment's Voiceful page 2004 manga Ichijinsha manga Music in anime and manga Seven Seas Entertainment titles Yuri (genre) anime and manga",
"title": "Voiceful"
},
{
"docid": "24852180",
"text": "Joshua Ryan Bolt (born 2 May 1994) is an English actor. He starred in the 2009 film The Be All and End All, a role which saw him shortlisted for the best newcomer at the 2009 British Independent Film Awards. Early life Joshua Ryan Bolt was born in Liverpool on 2 May 1994, and grew up in the Liverpool suburb of Hunt's Cross. Career Bolt began acting at the age of 12 when he was cast in a theatre production of Much Ado About Nothing. In 2009, he played Pete Shotton in the BAFTA nominated film Nowhere Boy. He went on to appear in the ninth series of Shameless, playing the pot smoking psychopath Frasier Kane. He is featured in the music video for punk band The Luka State's single, \"Kick in The Teeth\". In summer 2011, it was announced that Bolt had won the lead role of Henry in ITV1's Just Henry, which aired over the Christmas period of that same year. Upon completing Just Henry, he joined the second series of Accused. In January 2012, he began work on the six-part BBC series Last Tango in Halifax (2012), playing Raphael \"Raff\" Greenwood. He guest starred in the last two episodes of seventh season of the detective series Lewis. In July 2012, IMDb named him as one of their rising British teenage stars. Bolt played Brian Harris, a central character, in the two-part BBC Three drama The Crash which centres on a car crash inspired by real life events. He portrayed Daniel in the third series of Scott & Bailey. In February 2013, he began work on The Heart of Nowhere, a film directed by Charlie Fink to coincide with Noah and the Whale's final album; he played Floyd, the bassist of the group. At the 2013 BAFTA television awards, Last Tango in Halifax won best drama and filming began in June 2013 of its second series. Bolt reprised his role as Raff. He returned for the third series in 2014 and the fourth in 2016. In March 2015, producers of the hit sitcom Benidorm announced that Bolt had been cast as part of a brand new family for Series 8, which aired in January 2016. Bolt played Rob Dawson, the family's son, who befriends regular characters Tyger Dyke and Joey Ellis. Bolt lent his voice to the Doctor Who audio series from Big Finish. The episode, entitled \"Dethras\", featured Bolt alongside the fourth incarnation of the title character and was released in 2017. He appeared alongside in the second series of Grantchester playing an undercover agent and Marxist. He played a young soldier named Thomas Macquillan in the ITV drama Harry Price Ghost Hunter, ITV's adaptation of Neil Spring's debut novel, The Ghost Hunters. The film aired on ITV on 27 December 2015. Bolt starred as Reburrus, a young boy hungry for revenge following the slaughter of his family, in Barbarians Rising, an eight-part drama for the History Channel airing in the U.S. and the UK. It charted",
"title": "Josh Bolt"
},
{
"docid": "57850900",
"text": "Death of the Inhumans is a 2018 American comic book story arc published by Marvel Comics. Publication history \"Death of the Inhumans\" was announced on March 28, 2018, as a project by Donny Cates and Ariel Olivetti scheduled to be released starting in July 2018 as a five-issue miniseries. Premise The premise deals with the Kree plotting to get the Inhumans to join them by using a Super-Inhuman they created to kill some of them to serve as a warning to those who don't take up their offer. Plot The Kree have initiated a murdering campaign in order to force Black Bolt to join the Kree Empire. This ultimatum causes the deaths of 1,038 Inhumans with the words \"Join or Die\" carved into their bodies, which forced Black Bolt to call together the four Queens of the Universal Inhuman tribes to respond to this threat. However, the meeting goes far from as planned, as an Inhuman executioner named Vox, a Super-Inhuman created by the Kree, begins his bloody rampage across the place. When Black Bolt, Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Crystal, Triton, and Lockjaw reach the meeting place, they discover the bodies of Oola Udonta, Aladi Ko Eke, Onomi Whitemane, and Goddess Ovoe, with the same three words written in their blood on a banner hanging about their corpses. They eventually realize that the victims had fallen into a trap as one of the dead Inhumans was wired with an explosive. While most of Black Bolt's group made it out alive thanks to Lockjaw, Triton was not so lucky and was killed in the explosion. Black Bolt then sent Lockjaw to New Arctilan to retrieve his brother Maximus. Unbeknownst to them, Vox and his men had already arrived on New Arctilan and began murdering every Inhuman they come across, old or new like Flagman, Glass Girl, Naja, and Sterilon. Armed with all of the Inhumans’ abilities and no humanity, Vox easily cuts his prey down with his powers or his literal energy scythe. Even Maximus can’t defeat Vox as he quickly loses an arm for even making the attempt. Soon after, Lockjaw arrives and helps Maximus with his attempt to stop Vox on their own but things don't go so well as Vox fires an enormous blast, ripping a hole in both of them. The Royal Family eventually reaches the now burned Kingdom of New Arctilan and mourn the death of its citizens. Karnak, who can see the flaw in all things, is then sent to the Kree Commander to relay a message from Black Bolt, learning in the process that the Kree intend to rebuild Hala and enslave the Inhumans as their intended soldiers and slaves. The Kree Commander explains how they dispatched Ronan the Accuser as leader of the Kree after Hala was placed in ruin by Mister Knife and have begun to forge a new life. When asked to kneel, Karnak doesn’t. Instead, he does his best to fend off Vox only for the Super-Inhuman is able to subdue",
"title": "Death of the Inhumans"
},
{
"docid": "1211825",
"text": "Eugene Morrison Stoner (November 22, 1922 – April 24, 1997) was an American machinist and firearms designer who is most associated with the development of the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle that was redesigned and modified by Colt's Patent Firearm Company for the United States military as the M16 rifle. Early life Stoner was born in Gosport, Indiana, on November 22, 1922. He moved to Long Beach, California where he graduated from Long Beach Polytechnical High School. In 1939, after the Depression, there was not enough money for him to attend college, so he went to work as a machinist for Vega Aircraft Company, the forerunner of what became Lockheed Airplane Company (now the Lockheed Martin Corporation). During World War II, he enlisted for Aviation Ordnance in the U.S. Marine Corps and served in the South Pacific and northern China. In the Corps, he had his first experience of working with heavy-caliber automatic weapons as an armourer. The work experience and combat training served him throughout his weapons designing career. Engineer In late 1945 Stoner began working in the machine shop for Whittaker, an aircraft equipment company, and ultimately became a Design Engineer. In 1954 he came to work as chief engineer for ArmaLite, a division of Fairchild Engine & Airplane Corporation. While at ArmaLite, he designed a series of prototype small arms, including the AR-3, AR-9, AR-11, and AR-12, none of which saw significant production. Their only real success during this period was the AR-5 survival rifle, which was adopted by the United States Air Force. The Stoner bolt and carrier piston system is a widely known gas system designed by Eugene Stoner. The gas operated bolt and carrier system was filed in 1956 and subsequently patented by ArmaLite for use in the AR-10. The original AR-10 action (later developed into the ArmaLite AR-15, M16 rifle and M4 carbine). It is commonly called a direct impingement system, but it does not utilize a conventional direct impingement system. In , the designer states: ″This invention is a true expanding gas system instead of the conventional impinging gas system.″ Gas is routed from a port in the barrel through a gas tube, directly to a chamber inside the bolt carrier. The bolt within the bolt carrier is fitted with piston rings to contain the gas. In effect, the bolt and carrier act as a gas piston and cylinder. The subtleties involved in ArmaLite's patent on the gas system significantly diverge from classical direct impingement; upon firing, the pressurized propellant gasses exit the barrel via the gas port and travel the length of the gas tube, but instead of simply applying the inertia necessary to cycle the weapon directly to the bolt carrier, the gas is funneled inside the bolt carrier wherein the increase in pressure results in the bolt itself acting as a piston, forcing the bolt carrier away from the barrel face. The Stoner bolt and carrier piston system is ammunition specific, since it does not have an adjustable gas port or",
"title": "Eugene Stoner"
},
{
"docid": "31193548",
"text": "Bolt is a fictional character that appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated film Bolt (2008). He is depicted as a White Shepherd with superpowers such as a \"super bark\" and the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes. When he found himself lost, Bolt discovered that he was an actor in a television show, and must take it upon himself to get back home, learning how to be a normal dog in the process. Bolt's journey and personal evolution as a character are core to the film's main themes. Created by Chris Williams and Byron Howard, Bolt is introduced as a dog who is unknowingly the star of his own TV show. His ignorance is crucial as the cast and crew go to extreme lengths to make Bolt think he is actually a super dog in order to make the performance more authentic. The character is voiced by John Travolta. Much of the inspiration for Bolt was provided by John Lasseter, who also oversaw his visual development with chief character designer Joe Moshier. Aside from the film, the character also appears in the direct-to-video short film Super Rhino, the two video games Bolt and Disney Infinity, and the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom trade card role-playing game. In addition, photos of Bolt appear in Wreck-It Ralph (2012) and Big Hero 6 (2014). Bolt's character, alongside Travolta's vocal performance, has received mostly positive critical acclaim from film critics and became a breakout character, leading to strong sales of merchandise and toys following the film's release. Development Characterization and design The character known as Bolt was originally conceptualized as a bipedal Jack Russell Terrier named Henry, designed by Chris Sanders. In this script, Henry would be aware of the fact that he is an actor. Henry, as well as Sander's idea for the movie, was eventually scrapped when John Lasseter and some colleagues from Pixar reviewed the project. The character was subsequently redesigned after a White Spitz Breed, although changes were done to the muzzle, ears, and overall body structure to give the character a more distinctive and expressive appearance. Some aspects of his design, such as his distinctive ears, were inspired by American White Shepherds in order to emphasize his expressiveness. To make Bolt's movement seem more realistic and in line with that of real canines, the animation department studied the body language and locomotion of real white shepherds and utilized virtual bone-structure in the CGI models. Personality-wise, the new Bolt would be more naïve and insecure, conveying more pathos than Henry. At the same time, the art department worked to give Bolt a whimsical nature with a pose that excels confidence, thus allowing the character to have a contrasting personality and body language which reflects that. Voice work John Travolta was chosen to do the voice work for Bolt, after Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Tom Cruise turned down the role. Despite a history of turning down voice-over offers for animated characters, Travolta agreed to provide the voice for",
"title": "Bolt (Disney character)"
},
{
"docid": "3476301",
"text": "Tutenstein is an American animated television series, produced by Porchlight Entertainment for Discovery Kids based on the comics by Jay Stephens. The series was first premiered on Discovery Kids' Saturday morning block on NBC on November 1, 2003. It ended on October 11, 2008. The series features young mummy Tutankhensetamun (based on real-life Tutankhamun and usually called \"Tutenstein\" as in the title) who is awakened about 3,000 years after his accidental death and now must face the fact that his kingdom is gone. The name is a portmanteau of Tutankhamun and Frankenstein. Beginning in August 2020, Yippee TV, the current owners of the series, made the series officially available for streaming on YouTube. In October 2022, it was announced that a reboot is currently in the works. It will have a completely new look. Plot Tutankhensetamun was an impulsive but kindhearted young Egyptian Pharaoh who lived a luxurious but short life. He died because back in Ancient Egypt he saved a friend of his from being smashed by rocks from a collapsing temple, so he himself was crushed to death. He carries the mighty Sceptre of Was, and the circumstances of his death are unknown at first. In the 21st century, 12-year-old middle school student Cleo Carter accidentally witnesses his awakening after a bolt of lightning hits the mummified body of Tut that is on display at the local museum. She with her anthropomorphic pet cat Luxor must now help Tut to find his way around in the modern world. During the whole series, Set, god of disorder and violence, attempts to destroy Tut and gain possession of the Sceptre to become the ruler of all. Characters Main Tut Ankh En Set Amun (\"Tutenstein\") (voiced by Jeannie Elias in the first two seasons and early season 3 and Donna Cherry in the last four episodes) is a very impulsive but kind-hearted mummified 10-year-old mummy that lives in the museum. His nickname, Tutenstein, is a play on words on Frankenstein. He is often visited by Cleo and Luxor. Cleo Carter (voiced by Crystal Scales in the first two seasons and early season 3 and Leah Lynette in the last four episodes) is a 12-year-old African-American girl who wants to become an Egyptologist. After chasing her cat, Luxor, she accidentally brought Tut back to life. Her father is a well experienced Egyptologist/Archeologist. Luxor (voiced by Daran Norris in the first two seasons and David Lodge in season 3) is Cleo's pet cat and was possibly named after the Luxor Temple. When Tut was brought back to life, he was compelled to be ever loyal to his new \"master\" and has gained the ability to talk. Supporting Walter Jacobs (voiced by Joey Simmrin) is the easily frightened, friendly yet dimwitted, young security guard at the museum. Professor Horace Behdety (voiced by Lex Lang) is a haughty professor and the cranky director of the museum. Throughout the series, he's shown to be self-centered and fiercely proud of the Egyptian display at the museum, and",
"title": "Tutenstein"
},
{
"docid": "39154767",
"text": "Bolts and Blip is an animated television series that aired on Teletoon from 2010 to 2011. The show has also aired on 3net at 10:30 am on Sundays, and The CW's Saturday morning block, Vortexx, from July 13, 2013 at 8:30 a.m. Plot The series is a comic action adventure set on the Moon in 2080. It follows two central city misfits, Bolts and Blip, who accidentally find themselves as members of the Lunar League's last placed team the Thunderbolts. With the help of their rag-tag band of teammates, the two friends discover what they are made of in this intergalactic sports circuit. Characters Main cast Blip (Voiced by Matt Murray) - One of the two main titular protagonists. Blip is a bumbling Civi-Bot who attempts to keep within societal norms, but is not very successful. He is best friend and roommate to the wacky Bolts, and often must drag his impulsive friend out of trouble. He is the more mature, level-headed of the duo. He along with Bolts were accidentally drafted into the Lunar League's bottom team, The Thunderbolts. He has a huge crush on Saedee, who spends most of the series ignoring his displays of affection, while occasionally letting slip possible mutual feelings, before revealing in the season finale she too loves Blip. Late in the series he is revealed to be Dr. Tommy's Secret Bot, and has latent powers, which he calls his \"Super Mode\"; in this state he is taller, stronger, faster, and can fly. He has a pet mouse like robot named Squeaker, who prior to undergoing training was very violent and attacked everyone, But nowadays he only attacks Bolts. Bolts/Blood's Bot/Darth Boltor (Voiced by Terry McGurrin) - The other titular protagonist. Bolts is immature, impulsive and has a talent for getting himself into trouble; including one time where he put himself under huge debt to a Robot Mafia Leader Vinnie Two-Chimes, after losing a bet in a (fixed) sock fight match. But he does occasionally show he has some common sense as seen in Little Squeaker when he thinks it's a bad idea to show Squeaker around to the Thunderbolts after Squeaker viciously attacked both him and Saedee's housewarming present. He also shows some signs of intelligence and ingenuity as also seen in little Squeaker when he modified an illegal weapon to bring up to legal standards only to have his talented creation shot down by Gridiron telling the sport was a croquet sport match and not a battle. He's the team's jokester and often drives Coach Gridiron insane. He once entered a secret (and illegal) wrestling tournament under the name Bolto de Fuego (a play on Bola de Fuego), and has continued using the name Boltor as his screen name. Like Blip he has latent powers, where his eyes will turn red and he gains monstrous strength. He is eventually revealed to be \"Blood's Bot\", the ultimate creation of Dr. Blood. Saedee (Voiced by Melissa Altro) - The gorgeous heroine Saedee, who is",
"title": "Bolts and Blip"
},
{
"docid": "1947768",
"text": "Wild Gift is the second studio album by American rock band X, released on May 6, 1981, by Slash Records. It was very well received critically, and was voted the year's second best album in The Village Voices Pazz & Jop poll. Wild Gift was later ranked at number 334 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Wild Gift showcases the band's unique punk rock style, which infuses roots rock, country, blues, R&B, and rockabilly. In 1988, Slash issued Los Angeles and Wild Gift jointly on a single compact disc. Wild Gift was remastered and reissued in 2001 by Rhino Records, with seven bonus tracks. The track \"White Girl\" was sampled by the Red Hot Chili Peppers on their 1989 album Mother's Milk, in the song \"Good Time Boys\". The Chili Peppers song's lyrics mentioned X's John Doe specifically, \"whose voice is made of gold\". Critical reception Trouser Press wrote that \"Zoom's ingeniously simple guitar transcends its influences, and the Doe/Exene harmonies attain a knifelike sharpness.\" In The Village Voices Pazz & Jop critics' poll for 1981, Wild Gift was ranked at number two, behind Sandinista! by the Clash. In Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990), critic Robert Christgau lauded Wild Gift, writing: Christgau later ranked Wild Gift third on his \"Personal Best\" list for the 1980s, the highest placing of any rock album. Wild Gift was ranked at number 334 on Rolling Stones list of \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". Track listing All tracks written by John Doe and Exene Cervenka. Side one \"The Once Over Twice\" – 2:31 \"We're Desperate\" – 2:00 \"Adult Books\" – 3:19 \"Universal Corner\" – 4:33 \"I'm Coming Over\" – 1:14 \"It's Who You Know\" – 2:17 Side two \"In This House That I Call Home\" – 3:34 \"Some Other Time\" – 2:17 \"White Girl\" – 3:27 \"Beyond and Back\" – 2:49 \"Back 2 the Base\" – 1:33 \"When Our Love Passed Out on the Couch\" – 1:57 \"Year 1\" – 1:18 Bonus tracks (2001 reissue) \"Beyond and Back\" (Live) – 2:48 \"Blue Spark\" (Demo) – 2:04 \"We're Desperate\" (Single version) – 2:01 \"Back 2 the Base\" (Live) – 1:40 \"Heater\" (Rehearsal) (Doe) – 2:32 \"White Girl\" (Single Mix) – 3:29 \"The Once Over Twice\" (Unissued Single Mix) – 2:35 Bonus tracks (2019 Remaster) (Digital Release) \"Beyond and Back\" (Live) – 2:48 \"We're Desperate\" [Explicit] (Live) – 2:31 \"Year 1\" (Live) – 1:26 Personnel X John Doe – bass, vocals Exene – vocals Billy Zoom – guitar D.J. Bonebrake – drums Charts References External links Wild Gift (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed) 1981 albums X (American band) albums Slash Records albums Albums produced by Ray Manzarek",
"title": "Wild Gift"
},
{
"docid": "47814429",
"text": "Supergiant is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña, Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013). The character has made several appearances in other media such as animated television and video games. Publication history Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013) and was created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña. Fictional character biography The character Supergiant is a member of Thanos' supervillain team Black Order. While searching for Thanos' son Thane during the Infinity storyline, Supergiant and Corvus Glaive laid siege to the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning and defeated the X-Men. They left after realizing that Thane was not there. In the comic, When the Black Order seized Wakanda, Supergiant was left in control of Black Bolt who she would mentally order to activate the Illuminati's hidden bombs in Wakanda Necropolis. When the Illuminati arrived to save Black Bolt, Supergiant used Black Bolt's ability to defeat the heroes. Upon activating the bomb, Supergiant was faced by Maximus who had the trigger. Maximus triggered the bomb, but also used Lockjaw to transport Supergiant along with the bomb to a distant uninhabited planet where she perished in the explosion. During the \"No Surrender\" arc, Supergiant came back as a psychic projection, along with the rest of the Black Order, thanks to the Challenger who had set them up against Grandmaster's Lethal Legion. During the battle in Antarctica, the Black Order retreat after Corvus Glaive is killed. Supergiant stays to take control of Thor, but is dissipated by Lethal Legion member Ferene the Other. Powers and abilities Supergiant, in the series, has telepathic abilities, which allow her to mind-control anyone and feed on their intellect. At some point, she was transformed into a psionic entity. Out of her transformation, Supergiant gained the power to phase through living beings and obstacles. She also became immune to physical damage. Reception Accolades In 2022, Screen Rant included Supergiant in their \"10 Best Cosmic Villains Not Yet In The MCU\" list. In 2022, CBR.com ranked Supergiant 3rd in their \"MCU: Every Member Of Thanos’ Black Order, Ranked By Power\" list. In other media Television Supergiant appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Hynden Walch. Supergiant appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced again by Hynden Walch. This version lacks psychic powers, but can grow to a gigantic size and previously dated Star-Lord prior to the series' events. In the episode \"Undercover Angle\", Supergiant is imprisoned by the Nova Corps until the Guardians of the Galaxy accidentally free her while infiltrating the organization, though Gamora is able to subdue her. In the episode \"Come and Gut Your Love\", Supergiant works with another ex-girlfriend of Star-Lord's, Lucy, to attack him after discovering he is J'son's son. Video games Supergiant appears as a mini-boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Supergiant appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Marvel Future Fight. Supergiant appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 as part of the Infinity",
"title": "Supergiant (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "69824979",
"text": "Action Pack is an animated preschool television series developed by Shea Fontana for Netflix. Created by William Harper, the series premiered on January 4, 2022. A second season was released on June 6, 2022. A special, titled The Action Pack Saves Christmas, was released on November 28, 2022. Premise The series follows the Action Pack, a quartet of superheroes-in-training taught by their teacher Mr. Ernesto and his robotic dog Plunky. Voice cast Main Sydney Thomas as Treena, a girl who uses powers controlling plant life, fitting in with her love of nature. Her color is green, and her badge has a flower shape. She serves as the Action Pack's de facto leader. She uses the \"Petal Power Shield\" and the \"Awesomer Blossomer\" baton gadget, which lets her sprout vines for swinging or grabbing and uses a dandelion-like balloon to float. Her powers are upgraded in the final episode of season 2, where she obtains the power to create vine cages, do a \"Petal Copter\", and speak to plants. Even as a civilian, she is an excellent gardener and can instantly make plants grow. Oscar Reyez as Watts, a boy who uses powers controlling electricity. His color is blue, and his badge has a pair of lightning bolts. Watts is the most energetic and impatient of the team, and can morph his legs into lightning bolts for super speed and flight and throw lightning bolts or ball lightning. Julieta Cortes as Wren Reyes, a girl who can use animal abilities. Her color is yellow, and her badge has a cat's paw print. Wren is the most empathetic team member, and she often uses the powers of a butterfly's flight, a polar bear's strength, a fox's smell, an alligator's protection, a mouse's small size, and a cheetah's speed. She loves animals and claims she can communicate with them. Nevin Kar as Clay Patel, a boy who uses powers controlling plasma and forcefields. His color is red, and his badge has a sun shape. A pacifist, Clay is the most reserved member of the team, and his body is composed of a form of plasma that allows him to shapeshift and stretch or deform his body. He can also see through things with his \"plasma vision\" and create \"invinci-balls\" that protect against anything. Giancarlo Sabogal as Mr. Ernesto Action, the adult mentor of the Action Pack and great nephew of Great Uncle Action, who is the founder of the Action Academy. He is the patient and kind instructor at the Action Academy and the Action Pack's mentor. Although he doesn't have any super special powers of his own, Mr. Ernesto is empathetic toward the evil villains and provides the Action Pack with all the support and wisdom they need in order to save the day. He is accompanied by a robotic dog named Plunky, who acts as his trusty companion and teaching assistant who keeps the Action Pack company and alerts them with any important information that they need to know. Recurring Hartley",
"title": "Action Pack (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "17093263",
"text": "The following is a list of known fictional characters who are Inhumans, a race of superhumans appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Known Inhumans Inhuman Royal Family The Inhuman Royal Family are the ruling class of the Inhumans. Among the members of the Inhuman Royal Family are: Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) – King of the Inhumans and husband to Medusa. He has a destructive hypersonic voice capable of defeating other super-powered beings. He has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in sleep. A fork-like antenna on Black Bolt's forehead allows more controlled use of his voice and psychically connects him to Lockjaw. Medusa (Medusalith Amaquelin Boltagon) – Wife of Black Bolt and Queen of the Inhumans. She is also a former member of the Fantastic Four and the Frightful Four, as well as the mother of Ahura and older sister of Crystal. Her prehensile hair possesses super-strength. Crystal (Crystallia Amaquelin Maximoff) – Medusa's sister, ex-wife of Quicksilver and mother of Luna. She is a former member of the Fantastic Four, as well as a former member of the Avengers. She can manipulate Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Gorgon (Gorgon Petragon) – Cousin of Medusa. He has bull-like legs in place of his actual legs capable of creating shockwaves equal in magnitude to an earthquake. Karnak the Shatterer (Karnak Mander-Azur) – Cousin of Black Bolt. He is also a priest and philosopher and chose not to expose himself to the Terrigen Mists (a substance that grants the Inhumans their powers upon contact). Despite this, he does have the ability to sense an opponent's weak points and is a superb martial artist. Triton (Triton Mander-Azur) – Karnak's fish-like brother who can breathe underwater and survive the pressures of the deep sea. Maximus Boltagon – Also known as Maximus the Mad, he is the brother of Black Bolt and attempts to overthrow him numerous times. Maximus has the ability of mind-control. The Unspoken – Cousin of Black Bolt. He was once the King of the Inhumans until the rest of the Royal Family rose up against his power-hungry ways. Black Bolt defeated and banished him, decreeing that his actions would be removed from the history books and his name never be uttered again causing him to be referred to as \"The Unspoken\". The Terrigen Mists gave him the power of \"Terrigenesis,\" the ability to alter his body into any form he wished. Ahura Boltagon – Son of Medusa and Black Bolt. He has psychic abilities. Luna Maximoff - Daughter of Quicksilver and Crystal. Born human, but later mutated by the Terrigen Crystal by her father. Lockjaw – A large bulldog who was granted the power of teleportation after exposure to the Terrigen Mists. This was due to the Inhumans' experiment on canines. Inhuman Royal Guards The Inhuman Royal Guards are a group of Inhumans that are responsible for protecting the Inhuman Royal Family. Among its members are: Chynae – A hydrokinetic Inhuman with pointy",
"title": "List of Inhumans"
},
{
"docid": "4907930",
"text": "\"Allen\" is the second episode of the first season of the television series Prison Break, which was first broadcast on television on August 29, 2005. The episode is the second to air alongside the Pilot episode as part of the two-part start of the series. \"Allen\" was written by series creator Paul Scheuring and directed by Michael Watkins. Robert Knepper makes his first appearance as Theodore \"T-Bag\" Bagwell, but was not yet billed as a regular character until the following episode, \"Cell Test\". Also, Marshall Allman, despite credited, does not appear as L. J. Burrows. The episode's title refers to the hex key that Michael makes from a screw, the key being named \"Allen Schweitzer 11121147\". Also in this episode, Veronica Donovan continues her investigation as to who is actually responsible to framing Lincoln Burrows on Michael's request, while at the same time, Michael deals with the impending race riot in Fox River, which could hinder his escape plans. Plot Michael Scofield and Fernando Sucre (Amaury Nolasco) face a lockdown in order for the guards to search cells for contraband, when they're about to throw away a knife, they were stopped by Bellick (Wade Williams), who sends Sucre to SHU. Warden Pope (Stacy Keach) calls off the search for Michael's cell, but Bellick feels determined to, and sneaks into his cell when the prisoners are away, and finds the name \"Allen Schweitzer\". Bellick runs the name on the database, only to find no one matching it. Meanwhile, Sucre urges Stolte to let him call Maricruz (Camille Guaty), but is refused. Veronica (Robin Tunney) investigates who is framing Lincoln Burrows. She finds a tape, where she sees Lincoln shoot Terrence Steadman dead. Lincoln claims that he is being framed, stating the man was already dead and Lincoln never pulled the trigger. She attempts to talk to Crab Simmons (Tab Baker), who didn't testify in his case, only to find out that he was killed of an apparent drug overdose. She is contacted by Leticia Barris (Adina Porter), Crab's girlfriend, but as they meet, she is spooked as Kellerman (Paul Adelstein) and Hale (Danny McCarthy) are watching. Back in Fox River, Michael attempts to get to a bolt from a bleacher belonging to T-Bag (Robert Knepper), but is stopped. He doesn't want Scofield on the bleacher unless he will join in the racist battle between the whites and blacks, but he declines. On his second attempt, T-Bag's gang take the bolt off him, so eventually, he decides to join in to get at the bolt. However, C-Note (Rockmond Dunbar) sees this, and when he confronts Scofield regarding the PUGNAc, he refuses to give the pills. Soon, everyone comes out of their cell for count, when the riot starts. Michael decides to get the bolt back from T-Bag's cellmate (Brian Hamman), and does so after a struggle. C-Note sees this and a black inmate stabs the cellmate several times; the wounded man dies in Michael's arms. T-Bag believes Michael killed the cellmate, and",
"title": "Allen (Prison Break)"
},
{
"docid": "17696163",
"text": "Milly, Molly is a series of New Zealand children's books by Gill Pittar. It is about the adventures of two little girls from different ethnic backgrounds, and the books promote the acceptance of diversity and the learning of life skills. There is an animated television series based on the books. Background The books were inspired by a double-ended doll created in 1995 by Gill Pittar to promote tolerance and communication. Following the success of the dolls, she began writing books about the characters with the first book published in 2000. Milly, Molly books have since been translated into 40 languages. Characters Milly Mandara (voiced by Madeleine Flood) is a young girl who is best friends with Molly Horren. Molly Horren (voiced by Savannah Lind) is a young girl who is best friends with Milly Mandara. Tom Baxter (voiced by Jeff Bernard) is a classmate who plays in the school soccer team and he is best friends with Jack Kurawzami. Alfred (Alf) Swilgregsian is a new boy from a different country (most likely Germany, Austria or Switzerland). Humphrey Carmichael did not get along with him at first, but they become best friends after Alf comforted him by teaching him a lesson about individuality. Sophie Da Lize is a girl who loves chocolate and is best friends with Elizabeth Smith. Elizabeth Smith is a girl who has very neat writing and is best friends with Sophie Da Lize. Megan (Meg) Costello is a girl who likes apples and is meticulous. Harry Grainger is a boy who has two pet mice called Brian and Brioni. Brian and Brioni had a litter of nine baby mice in \"Harry's Mouse\". Humphrey Carmichael is a boy who often teases Milly and Molly. He likes robots, dinosaurs and outer space. He has a doberman called \"Zoltan\" who he speaks in \"Martian\" too. George Goodrige is a boy who likes oranges and has a pet skunk named Stinky. Joe Foreson Jr is a boy who has a pet hermit crab. Chloe Ventura is a snobby girl who has a pet horse named Prince. Ellie Zelig is a blind girl who befriends Milly and Molly. She only appeared in one episode. Bobby-Benjamin Brown (B.B Brown) is a boy who appeared in only one episode. Milly Anderson and Molly Kannetté changed his thieving way. Heidi Hillbilly (Heidi Untidy) is a girl who is always untidy. She only appeared in one episode. The girls (Milly and Molly) cleaned her room with her and Heidi Untidy is very cool with a bright imagination. Family- Thomas Anderson (Milly's father): he does not really like Marmalade as much as Milly does. Catherine Anderson (Milly's mother): She tries to reconcile Marmalade and Milly's father. Chris Kannetté (Molly's father): He loves yoga. Lindsay Kannetté (Molly's mother): She does not like mice. TV adaptation Milly, Molly, a Singapore-New Zealand co-produced animated TV series based on the books, was produced in 2008. An agreement for a second season was made in early 2009. The two young actors, Savannah",
"title": "Milly, Molly"
},
{
"docid": "44498470",
"text": "The Doozers is an animated television series that is a spin-off to Fraggle Rock. The series is co-produced by the Halifax studio of DHX Media and The Jim Henson Company, and was developed in association with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The series originally premiered in Australia on Nick Jr. on October 7, 2013. The series began its US run as a Hulu exclusive on April 25, 2014. Turner's Cartoonito and Boomerang also aired it within European countries and Africa, as well as Cartoon Network Asia. On September 12, 2017, it was renewed for a second season. It premiered on May 25, 2018. Premise In the self-sustainable community of Doozer Creek located just beyond the view of humans, the show focuses on the Doozer Pod Squad (consisting of Daisy Wheel, Flex, Spike, and Mollybolt). Characters Main Spike Doozer (voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk) is the member of the Pod Squad who pushes the other Pod Squad members into action. He is the son of Chief Doozer and the older brother of Daisy Wheel Doozer. He has a brown nose and brown hair and wears a blue hat, socks and wristbands. Molly Bolt Doozer (voiced by Jenna Warren) is a Pod Squad member who enjoys organizing events. She can also make lists, maps, and graphs. She has a purple nose and purple hair and wears a pink hat, socks and shirt. Flex Doozer (voiced by Trek Buccino in season 1 and Tyler Barish in season 2) lives on his grandparents farm and uses his room as his workshop. Flex pilots the Pod Squad's vehicles. He has a yellow nose and yellow hair and wears an orange hat, socks and wristbands. Daisy Wheel Doozer (voiced by Millie Davis) is the youngest and smallest of the Doozer Pod Squad. She is the younger sister of Spike Doozer and the daughter of Chief Doozer. She has a blue nose and blue hair and wears a purple hat, socks and shirt. Chief's family Chief Doozer (voiced by Heather Bambrick) is the Chief of Doozer Creek who is the mother of Spike Doozer and Daisy Wheel Doozer. Architect's family Chief Architect Doozer is the wife of Baker and mother of Molly. Baker Timberbolt Doozer (voiced by David Berni) is the father of Molly Bolt Doozer and the husband of Chief Architect Doozer. He runs the bakery shop in Doozer Creek. Peg Bolt Doozer (voiced by Lisa Norton) Others Doozer Doodad (voiced by David Berni) – Manager of the Doozer Creek supply depot, where the Pod Squad gets the supplies for their projects. Pinball Gimbal (voiced by Lisa Norton) Professor Gimbal wears glasses and has a purplish-white color in his nose and hair, wearing a light blue helmet. He manages the Doozarium, where the Pod Squad meet. He issues challenges, and makes suggestions, for various projects for the Pod Squad to complete. Baxter was advertised for the series but has not appeared yet. He had a brown nose and brown hair. Voice cast David Berni – Baker Timberbolt Doozer",
"title": "The Doozers"
},
{
"docid": "26478218",
"text": "Heroman (stylized as HEROMAN) is a Japanese manga and anime series created by Marvel's Stan Lee and Bones. The manga was published in Square Enix's magazine Monthly Shōnen Gangan from August 2009 to October 2011, with its chapters collected in five tankōbon volumes. The 26-episode anime television series was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April to September 2010. Stan Lee came up with the series' basic plot, referring to the series and character as \"a new hero for the 21st century\". Synopsis Orphaned American boy Joey lives with his grandmother, working at a restaurant in the West Coast city of , while going to school. Upon hearing of a new toy robot called the Heybo, Joey believes that getting one will make his life better, turning him into a hero to protect his friends and family. However, he cannot afford to buy it on his meager salary. His luck changes when he picks up a broken down Heybo abandoned by a school bully. He tries to fix it, naming it Heroman, but does not have any luck in getting it to work. However, when it gets struck by a bolt of strange lightning, it transforms into a giant robot, just in time to save his friend Lina from impending danger. Now, Joey and Heroman are Earth's only defense against the evil insectoid aliens, unknowingly summoned to Earth by Joey's science teacher. There are some differences in story between the anime and manga series. Characters Main characters Joey is an orphaned boy living with his grandmother, working at a restaurant to make ends meet. His life changes when he fixes the Heybo that he names Heroman. He is able to issue commands to Heroman via a controller that forms a gauntlet around his left hand. This controller also gives Joey his own powers, such as super speed and the ability to create force fields. At the battle in the end of the series, Joey's left hand merges further with the gauntlet and gains even more power, transforming into an energy-like being with a massive left arm. This carries the risk of permanently corrupting him until he is reminded of his bond with Heroman. The name \"Joey Jones\" was selected by Minami at the behest of Stan Lee to choose an alliterative name, much like various other Marvel protagonists such as Peter Parker. His name appears to be a nod to Rick Jones. Komatsu was chosen to voice Joey because of her girlish voice and the difficulty in finding a young man that had the voice the production team wanted. Originally a broken down toy robot called Heybo, Heroman is brought to life by a strange bolt of lightning and turns into a giant robot (in the anime, this lightning is caused by the Skrugg fleet heading towards Earth). He uses his powerful fists and electrical powers to protect Earth from the Skrugg and other threats. Although unable to speak, he is able to sense Joey's feelings and use his powers accordingly.",
"title": "Heroman"
},
{
"docid": "24064775",
"text": "Berlino, an anthropomorphic bear, was the mascot of the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and 2018 European Athletics Championships held in Berlin, Germany, noted for his hyperactivity and celebrations with various athletes during the Championships. Overview Up until now, Berlino appears to be mute. However, this condition does not seem to prevent him from giving interviews to the media. Berlino has been referred to as the \"star\" of the 2009 Championships and been noted by athletes, such as Usain Bolt by wearing a T-shirt with \"ICH BIN EIN BERLINO\" (\"I am a Berlino\", referring to John F. Kennedy's famous West Berlin speech) written on it during warm up for the 200 meter final. The iconic image of the games is the famous photograph of Berlino and Usain Bolt down on one knee, twinned in mutual respect, sharing a mimed lightning-bolt pose to celebrate victory and a new world record. In an interview, published after the World Championships in Berlin, Usain Bolt said: \"Berlino and I have become friends. We exchanged telephone numbers.\" While celebrating winning the gold in 400 meter hurdles, Melaine Walker took a piggy-back off Berlino, who promptly ran into a stack of hurdles. The diverse videos of this have been watched over 400,000 times (26.08.2009) and have been called \"a YouTube classic.\" He was also involved in some controversy during the men's 10,000m final in which he ran part of the race down the back straight with the athletes cheering them on. This annoyed some traditionalists and it was rumoured that the IAAF told him to reel in the enthusiasm after this act. Smaller versions of Berlino - Berlino teddies as well as Berlino key rings, both produced in China - were offered via Internet and in Berlin Tourist shops during the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in August 2009. After being delivered in the beginning of August 2009, the Berlino teddies at first sold slow. Due to the increasing popularity of the mascot during the games, Berlino soon became a bestseller and - before the end of the games - was out of stock. Berlino later made a guest appearance at the UKA Aviva British Grand Prix, in Gateshead, on 31 August 2009, alongside the British mascot, Spike. Tournament officials refused to publicly disclose who played the part of Berlino. However, the Guardian Observer reported that it was 33-year-old Berlin actor Oliver Seiffert. In 2018 Berlino reappeared as the official mascot at the Berlin Olympic Stadium for the 24th European Athletics Championships being hosted in the city. Notable incidents Racing Usain Bolt around the track after his new 200 metres world record. Lockeres Jogging mit Usain Bolt. - Fotostrecken - Mediacenter - Tagesspiegel Striking the lightning-bolt victory pose with Usain, both on one knee with one raised arm. 19 Clubs auf einem Ticket - Zeitung Heute - Tagesspiegel Presenting his undershirt with words: \"Ich bin ein Bolt\" after Usain Bolt presented his own T-shirt with \"Ich bin ein Berlino\" written on it. Bolt ist ein Berlino",
"title": "Berlino"
},
{
"docid": "2915913",
"text": "The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) was a pioneering computer network protocol for transporting human speech over packetized communications networks. It was an early example of Voice over Internet Protocol technology. History NVP was first defined and implemented in 1974, with definition led by the “Speech” project at ISI, the USC Information Sciences Institute following initial work begun in 1973. ISI leadership was by Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI), University of Southern California, with funding from ARPA's Network Secure Communications (NSC) program. The project's stated goals were \"to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of secure, high-quality, low-bandwidth, real-time, full-duplex (two-way) digital voice communications over packet-switched computer communications networks...[and to] supply digitized speech which can be secured by existing encryption devices. The major goal of this research is to demonstrate a digital high-quality, low-bandwidth, secure voice handling capability as part of the general military requirement for worldwide secure voice communication.\" NVP’s first demonstration was in August 1974 between the groups at ISI and MIT Lincoln Laboratory. That was history’s first “phone call” using a computer network. It was partly enabled by users of vocoders custom-built by BB&N, Bolt Beranek, and Newman. Work as a whole involved many other researchers nationally. Necessary subnet (IMP-to-IMP) changes for real-time packet forwarding were discussed at ISI in March 1974, chaired by Bob Kahn, DARPA’s program director for the speech project. At the end of the meeting, he summarized actions and directed BB&N to make the required subnet updates. NVP was used to send speech between distributed sites on the ARPANET using several different voice-encoding techniques, including linear predictive coding (LPC) and continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD). Cooperating researchers included Steve Casner, Randy Cole, and Paul Raveling (ISI); Jim Forgie (Lincoln Laboratory); Mike McCammon (Culler-Harrison); John Markel (Speech Communications Research Laboratory); John Makhoul (Bolt, Beranek and Newman), and Rod McGuire and Philip Rubin (Haskins Laboratories). NVP was used by experimental Voice Funnel equipment (circa February 1981), based on BBN Butterfly computers, as part of ongoing ARPA research into packetized audio. ARPA staff and contractors used the Voice Funnel, and related video facilities, to do three-way and four-way video conferencing among a handful of US East and West Coast sites. Credit also is due to Dave Retz and his group at the UC Santa Barbara Speech Communication Laboratory. ISI used his operating system, ELF, for the early development of speech networking, including extension to speech conferencing. Protocol The protocol consisted of two distinct parts: control protocols and a data transport protocol. Control protocols included relatively rudimentary telephony features such as indicating who wants to talk to whom; ring tones; negotiation of voice encoding; and call termination. Data messages contained encoded speech. For each encoding scheme (vocoder) a frame was defined as a packet containing the negotiated transmission interval of a number of digitized voice samples. NVP was transported over the Internet Stream Protocol (ST) and a later version called Stream Protocol, version 2 (ST-II), both connection-oriented versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) and which",
"title": "Network Voice Protocol"
},
{
"docid": "15358527",
"text": "Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures is an animated television series intended for young children. The show aired from January 12, 2008 to September 27, 2008 on PBS Kids. Plot The show follows a five-year-old girl named Betsy as she starts out her school years. The series premiere shows Betsy facing the uncertainty of her first day of school and the adjustments she must make as she meets her new teacher and classmates, encounters unfamiliar rules and routines, and finds herself in an entirely new environment. Subsequent episodes show Betsy's excitement and sense of adventure as she adapts to the new experiences of kindergarten. Characters Betsy (voiced by Daveigh Chase) is a 5-year-old girl who is the title/main character of the show. Billy (voiced by Nancy Cartwright) is Betsy's best friend who enjoys playing in the dirt. Scott (voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) is a smart boy with glasses who is very interested in science. Molly (voiced by Vicki Lewis) is an elitist girl. Sarah (voiced by Cree Summer) is a girl who loves sports. Kenji (also voiced by Nancy Cartwright) is an intelligent boy who enjoys dancing. Maria (also voiced by Cree Summer) is a quiet girl who loves art. Newton (also voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) is a new student whose first appearance is in \"Newton the New Kid\". Mrs. O'Connor (voiced by Sally Struthers) is kindergarten teacher. Bus Driver Bob (voiced by Fred Willard) is a loyal bus driver. Mr. Richard Warner (voiced by Tom Bosley) is a principal at Lakeshore Elementary School. Kevin (also voiced by Nancy Cartwright) is Betsy's baby brother. Betsy's mother (voiced by Bess Armstrong) is a homemaker who takes care of her daughter Betsy and her baby son Kevin. She is a stay-at-home mother and does not seem to have any outside job as of yet if ever at all. Betsy's father (also voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) is an airplane pilot who speaks to Betsy in \"airplane-talk.\" He appears to be the family's sole breadwinner. Farmer Thomas Warner (also voiced by Tom Bosley), is Richard Warner's brother and the owner of Warner Farms. Gracie is Betsy's family's dog. Kitty is Betsy's family's cat. Sydney is a pet salamander that belongs to Mrs. O'Connor's kindergarten class. Episodes References External links Internet Movie Data Base Toonarific Cartoons Common Sense Media TV Guide 2008 American television series debuts 2008 American television series endings 2000s American animated television series 2000s American children's television series 2000s preschool education television series American children's animated adventure television series American preschool education television series Animated preschool education television series Animated television series about children Elementary school television series American English-language television shows PBS Kids shows PBS animated television series",
"title": "Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures"
},
{
"docid": "52835796",
"text": "We're Lalaloopsy is an animated children's television series co-produced by MGA Entertainment, Splash Entertainment, and Netflix. The series is based on the Lalaloopsy dolls from MGA Entertainment, and is a revival of the children’s animated television series Lalaloopsy on Nickelodeon. It debuted on Netflix on January 10, 2017. Premise This Netflix Original series is a revival of Lalaloopsy, a Nick Jr. series that first aired in 2013. Although they both share the basic premise of rag dolls having adventures in Lalaloopsy Land, the exact details of each series vastly differ. 48 unique Lalaloopsies appeared in the original series. In contrast, We're Lalaloopsy only features 10 characters, a significant downgrade from 48. The Netflix series also offers a more continuity based structure as opposed to the previous series's more episodic structure. We're Lalaloopsy mainly focuses on Storm E. Sky (who previously appeared in Lalaloopsy Girls: Welcome to L.A.L.A Prep School) gradually becoming accepted in Town Square, a section of Lalaloopsy Land. Another difference from the original series is that We're Lalaloopsy has a different art style which is more shaded and emphasizes the dolls' facial features. Unlike Lalaloopsy, the Lalaloopsies are now voiced by adults. Characters Main Jewel Sparkles (voiced by Kazumi Evans) is a girly princess who loves tiaras and makeup. Her pet is a pink cat named Cat. Storm E. Sky (voiced by Mariee Devereux) is a punky guitarist with stage fright and thus doesn't like to sing in front of an audience. She is the newest resident of Lalaloopsy Land. She has a rivalry with Jewel, though they later become friends near the end of the series. Her pet is a purple cat with a black lightning bolt tail named Cool Cat. Crumbs Sugar Cookie (voiced by Jocelyne Loewen) is a baker. Her pet is a white mouse with a pink tail named Mouse. Dot Starlight (voiced by Maryke Hendrikse) is a smart stargazer and inventor. Her pet is a red bird with blue wings named Bird. Spot Splatter Splash (voiced by Sabrina Pitre) is an artist with a laid-back personality. Her pet is a red-and-white striped zebra named Zebra. Rosy Bumps 'N' Bruises (voiced by Diana Kaarina) is a nurse. Her pet is a brown bear named Bear wrapped in bandages with a heart-shaped medical patch over one eye. Recurring Ace Fender Bender (voiced by Matt Hill) is a handyman. His pet is a brown monkey wearing a red bow named Monkey. Ace’s design is significantly different from his previous incarnation. Berry Jars 'N' Jam (voiced by Maryke Hendrikse) is a farmer and cook who is Sunny's younger twin sister. Her pet is a white cow with pink spots and a yellow bow on the tail named Cow. Sunny Side Up (voiced by Maryke Hendrikse) is a farmer and animal lover who is Berry's older twin sister. Her pet is a yellow chick wearing a pink bow on top of the feathery head and pink wings named Chick. Forest Evergreen (voiced by Samuel Vincent) is a lumberjack",
"title": "We're Lalaloopsy"
},
{
"docid": "48414215",
"text": "Khaled El Sayed () is a Lebanese actor and voice actor. Filmography Film Television Plays Waylon Le Omma. - Sergeant 2013 I Reached the 99. 2008 Dubbing roles 1001 Nights Alfred J. Kwak Alice in Wonderland (1951 film) - Walrus (Classical Arabic version) Arabian Nights: Sinbad's Adventures Astroganger - Ganger Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero - Dr. Gregory Belson Bolt (2008 film) - Dr. Calico (Classical Arabic version) The Bush Baby Chōdenji Robo Combattler V Courage the Cowardly Dog The Cramp Twins Dexter's Laboratory (Image Production House version) Dot and Keeto The Great Mouse Detective - Major Dr. David Q. Dawson (Classical Arabic version) Haikara-san ga Tōru Hello! Sandybell Huckleberry Finn Monogatari Igano Kabamaru - Shirakawa, Saizō Igano Mokhtarnameh - Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr Manga Aesop Monogatari Manga Hajimete Monogatari Manga Sarutobi Sasuke Les Misérables (1992) Monsters, Inc. - Henry J. Waternoose III (Classical Arabic version) The Men of Angelos The Mysterious Cities of Gold The New Adventures of Gigantor Ohayō! Spank Planes - Chug Planes: Fire & Rescue - Chug Plawres Sanshiro The Powerpuff Girls - Mojo Jojo (Image Production House version) The Powerpuff Girls (2016 TV series) - Mojo Jojo Prophet Joseph - Amenhotep III Ratatouille - Auguste Gusteau (Classical Arabic version) Rated A for Awesome - Max Awesome Robin Hood (1973 film) - Friar Tuck (Classical Arabic version) Saint Mary Salad Juyushi Tomatoman Thumbelina: A Magical Story Time Travel Tondekeman Tokimeki Tonight - Mori Eto (Ranze's father) Tom and Jerry Tales - Spike Treasure Planet - Mr. Arrow (Classical Arabic version) Up (2009 film) - Gamma (Classical Arabic version) Xiaolin Showdown - Dojo Kanojo Cho Thomas & Friends References External links Lebanese male actors Lebanese male voice actors Living people Lebanese male film actors Lebanese male television actors 20th-century Lebanese male actors 21st-century Lebanese male actors 1948 births",
"title": "Khaled El Sayed"
},
{
"docid": "57621908",
"text": "is a Japanese television series starring Haruka Fukuhara, Aoi Yoshikura, Mariya Nagao, Yurika Nakamura, and Jun Amaki. The series focuses on the lives of five aspiring voice actresses who live together in a dorm, and follows their goal of becoming established in the voice acting industry. It premiered on TV Asahi on April 8, 2018. The series ran for ten episodes, with the last episode premiering on June 10, 2018. The series is a spin-off of the Pretty Cure multimedia franchise, but does not directly feature its story or universe. Plot The series follows Makoto Kikuchi, the daughter of a grocery shop owner who has no experience in voice acting or acting. Her life changes when she is scouted to be a voice actress, which leads her to live in a dorm with four other newcomers: Ryōko Ochiai, a former child actress, Ren Inaba, a fan of the PreCure franchise, Asami Kuriyama, who Makoto later considers to be her rival, and Konatsu Morimoto, who originally hails from Kansai. The series depicts their journey of becoming voice actors, showing their voice acting lessons and other events in their lives. Characters Portrayed by: Haruka Fukuhara She is the daughter of a grocery shop owner. She knew nothing about voice acting until she was scouted. Portrayed by: Yurika Nakamura A young girl who is later considered by Makoto to be her rival. Portrayed by: Mariya Nagao An otaku who has deep admiration for the PreCure franchise. Portrayed by: Jun Amaki A girl originally from the Kansai region who tends to speak in the Kansai dialect. She serves as the group's moodmaker. Portrayed by: Aoi Yoshikura She is a former child actress who decided to pivot to voice acting. She is the eldest among five children and takes care of her four siblings. A popular voice actress who notices Makoto's talent during an acting test. She serves as a mentor for the group. Production and release The series was produced as part of the franchise's 15th anniversary. Produced by Asahi Broadcasting Corporation and Fine Entertainment, the series is directed by Natsuki Seta, Toshiki Sōma, and Kyōhei Tamazawa, and is written by Kōta Fukuhara and Shinya Hokimoto. The series premiered on TV Asahi on April 8, 2018 and will run for 10 episodes. Voice actors Haruka Tomatsu, Daisuke Namikawa, Noriko Hidaka, and Mitsuo Iwata appear as themselves in the series. Footage of Tomatsu performing at a concert the song \"Q&A Recital\", used as the opening theme to the anime series My Little Monster, is used in the series' seventh episode. The series' ending theme is \"It's Show Time!\" by Tomatsu and Haruka Fukuhara. References External links Official website Asahi Broadcasting Corporation original programming TV Asahi television dramas 2018 Japanese television series debuts 2018 Japanese television series endings Pretty Cure",
"title": "Koe Girl!"
},
{
"docid": "40732647",
"text": "This is a list of the major and minor characters featured in and/or created specifically for the Cartoon Network animated series, Teen Titans Go!. Teen Titans Robin Voiced by: Scott Menville (reprising) Robin is the leader and the only Titan who does not possess any superpowers. He primarily relies on his arsenal of weapons and tools during combat. His weapons of preference are his Birdarangs, grapple guns and multi-purpose metallic bo staff. He is also incredibly agile, and is a studious scientist, detective and martial artist. Robin is disciplined and serious. Robin's role as leader is modestly parodied throughout the series. He prefers to take the lead role at all times. Robin is also at times emotionally unstable, arrogant and self-centered. However, despite his flaws he usually learns from his mistakes and tries to make amends. His original comic book likeness is also featured briefly in \"Books\", and he is seen in his original comics outfit in a flashback in \"Baby Hands\". It transpires that Robin also eventually grows up to become Nightwing in \"Staring at the Future\", a point which is reinforced in \"Sandwich Thief\". Starfire Voiced by: Hynden Walch (reprising) An orange-skinned, green-eyed alien princess, Starfire (real name Koriand'r) is formidable for her superhuman strength, faster-than-light flight, and ability to emit bright green energy bolts from either her hands or her eyes. Starfire is a generally happy and naive person and is relentlessly kind and polite to everyone, even to her occasional foes in battle. She expresses interests in self-maintenance to upkeep her appearance in the new series. Starfire is slightly modified from her previous likeness, with design changes to her boots, hair, and flight trail. Her original comic book likeness is also featured briefly in \"Books\", and she is seen in a less sexualized version of her original comics outfit in a flashback in \"Baby Hands\". It would also be revealed that Starfire would become the queen of her home world Tamaran in \"Staring At The Future\". Raven Voiced by: Tara Strong (reprising) Raven is a mystical half-demon with a range of superpowers based upon her skills with magic. Her appearance slightly changed in the Go! series to have paler skin and shorter hair. Raven is of a very apathetic and acerbic nature, almost seemingly devoid of emotion, and often interacts with her teammates through means of sarcasm and occasional bouts of demonic anger. Despite some parts of her personality staying similar, others were modified for the Go! series. She is shown to have feelings for her teammate Beast Boy but often hides it from everyone. Robin categorized Raven's role in the group as \"the sarcastic older sister\" in \"Uncle Jokes\". She is seen in her original comics outfit in a flashback in \"Baby Hands\". Beast Boy Voiced by: Greg Cipes (reprising) Beast Boy has a purple-and-black Doom Patrol uniform, pointed ears, and green skin. He is shown to have feelings for both Raven and Terra, he often goes to Terra if he tried to get Raven",
"title": "List of Teen Titans Go! characters"
},
{
"docid": "6190944",
"text": "Mamba is a 1930 American pre-Code film, released by Tiffany Pictures. It was shot entirely in Technicolor and stars Jean Hersholt, Eleanor Boardman, Ralph Forbes, Josef Swickard, Claude Fleming, William Stanton and William von Brincken. It was based on a story by Ferdinand Schumann-Heink and John Reinhardt and was advertised as the First Drama In Natural Color as all previous color features in sound had featured musical numbers. Plot The film takes place in Neu Posen, German East Africa sometime before the First World War. \"Mamba\" is the name given to a South African snake. The reptile of this adventure is Auguste Bolte (played by Jean Hersholt), who is constantly reminding those with whom he has a chance to converse that he can buy anything. He neglects his appearance and does not even bother to shave or brush his hair. The German officers hold themselves aloof from him and the only individual he has an opportunity to talk to at length is his valet-secretary, a Cockney, who feeds his master with flattery. One afternoon Bolte recalls that he has received a letter asking for 200,000 marks from Count von Linden. The Count is in Germany and in a footnote it is written that Bolte might marry von Linden's daughter, Helen. The white people of the post have as little to do with Bolte as possible and the British officers across the frontier also spurn him. It occurs to Bolte that a beautiful wife would perhaps help to make life more agreeable for him. He thinks also that the officers would then overlook some of his failings and be quite impressed. He therefore allies himself to Germany. Helen (played by Eleanor Boardman), like most daughters who marry wealthy villains in melodramas, does so to save her father from ruin. There is a flash of the wedding and soon Helen and her ignoble husband are seen aboard the steamship bound for East Africa. On the same vessel is Karl von Reiden, the officer who is to take charge of the Neu Posen post. He is not averse to a little flirtation with a beautiful woman and therefore when Helen goes out on deck to avoid Bolte, Karl succeeds in meeting her. These scenes are fairly well filmed and the color effects are capital. Karl, played by Ralph Forbes, is a handsome fellow. So soon as he knows that Bolte is Helen's husband he realizes that the marriage is not to her liking. Later these passengers are on the river boat, and when that craft reaches Neu Posen. Bolte stands on the aft deck hoping to make all the German officers envious of his attractive bride. He later gives a feast and takes good care to make a show of his wealth, even to having a procession of natives carrying the viands. A visit from a native woman interrupts the proceedings, and in a subsequent passage Bolte, enraged with his wife, is about to flog her with a whip when Karl comes to",
"title": "Mamba (film)"
},
{
"docid": "54039640",
"text": "Kenzel Doe (born June 6, 1992) is a former American football wide receiver and return specialist, most recently for the Nebraska Danger of the Indoor Football League (IFL). He played college football for Wisconsin and has played in both the National Football League, and the Canadian Football League, as well as playing for two other minor league football teams. High school career Doe was born and raised in Reidsville, North Carolina. He attended Reidsville High School, who went undefeated during Doe's time playing there. College career Coming into college, Doe was rated as a 3 star recruit. Doe attended Wisconsin from 2010 to 2014, and majored in sociology. After red-shirting, Doe played in 48 games from 2011 to 2014, excelling on special teams. Doe returned 49 punts for 481 yards and one touchdown, as well as 58 kickoff returns for 1,388 yards and a touchdown, which was scored during the 2014 Capital One Bowl. Doe also caught 42 passes for 379 yards and a touchdown, plus rushing for 143 yards on 19 carries. Doe earned several letters during his time in college. Professional career Pittsburgh Steelers Despite being undrafted during the 2015 NFL Draft, Doe participated in rookie mini-camps with the New England Patriots and Houston Texans, but remained unsigned until August, when Doe was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers. Doe participated in four preseason games, including the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, but was cut prior to the final week of preseason play. Doe participated exclusively on special teams, and returned 2 kickoffs for 43 yards, and 8 punts for 26 yards, with 1 fumble, which Doe recovered. Brooklyn Bolts After being cut by the Steelers, Doe played for the Brooklyn Bolts in the startup Fall Experimental Football League during their brief 2015 season, which was their final season before folding in early 2016. Led by quarterback Josh Freeman, and alongside fellow future CFL players John Harris, Ricky Collins, and LaDarius Perkins, Doe recorded 2 catches for 28 yards during the two games played that season, including one game which took place during storms influenced by Hurricane Joaquin. Doe also served as a returner during his time with the Bolts. Edmonton Eskimos Following his stints with the Steelers and the FXFL in 2015, Doe began receiving calls by Canadian Football teams in January 2016, and signed with the Edmonton Eskimos on his birthday, June 6. During the 2 game CFL preseason, Doe recorded two catches for 23 yards, 6 punt returns for 27 yards, and two kickoff returns for 42 yards. Doe made the active roster for the Eskimos, but was demoted to the practice roster after the first game. Doe was called back up in week 4 to become the starting returner for Edmonton, taking over for the struggling Joe McKnight. Doe ended up being demoted again during week 16, in favor of Troy Stoudermire. Stoudermire went on to have higher return averages, but fumbled several times over only a few touches over four games, something Doe",
"title": "Kenzel Doe"
},
{
"docid": "2554673",
"text": "The Terrific Whatzit (real name Merton McSnurtle, also known as McSnurtle the Turtle) is a fictional superhero turtle appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. DC's first talking animal superhero, the Terrific Whatzit first appeared in Funny Stuff #1 (Summer 1944) and was created by writer-artist Martin Naydel. Natasha Lyonne voices the character in the animated film DC League of Super-Pets (2022). Fictional character biography McSnurtle is a turtle and shopkeeper who lives in the town of Zooville and is famed for both his honesty and his laziness. He is granted superpowers by two powerful, otherworldly entities (the nice Prince Highness and nasty Prince Lowness) who want to see how a completely honest person would handle being granted superpowers. When in action as the Terrific Whatzit, McSnurtle removes his shell and dons a costume almost identical to that of the Golden Age Flash save that the lightning bolt emblem is replaced by a \"TW\" in a yellow circle. The name \"Terrific Whatzit\" stems from the fact that without his shell, it is hard to tell what kind of animal McSnurtle is. McSnurtle's last Golden Age appearance as the Terrific Whatzit was in Funny Stuff #17 (January 1947), although he continued to appear from time to time as McSnurtle the shopkeeper in other features. His superheroic identity would not appear again until Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew! #9 in November 1982, in which he is seen helping the Allies during \"the Second Weird War\". The series reveals in an earlier story that the Terrific Whatzit is the uncle of Zoo Crew team member Fastback. Powers and abilities As the Terrific Whatzit, McSnurtle possessed super-speed powers similar to those of the Golden Age Flash. These powers, while primarily based on superspeed, also include some superstrength (enough to bend a tank's main gun barrel) and the ability to fly. McSnurtle also gains a ghost-like \"automatic conscience\" who won't relent until he goes into action against the threat of the story. Other versions An ordinary turtle wearing the classic Terrific Whatzit costume is seen in DC Super Friends #14 (June 2009), as the adopted pet of the Flash. A redesigned version of the Terrific Whatzit appeared in the DC Super-Pets children's book Salamander Smackdown, as a superpowered pet of the present-day Flash. Unlike the previous versions, this version of the Terrific Whatzit wears a costume similar to the modern Flash's. In other media McSnurtle the Turtle appears in The Flash in two different forms. The first version appears in the episode \"Revenge of the Rogues\" as the childhood stuffed animal of Iris West. The second appears in the episode \"Borrowing Problems from the Future\" as a regular turtle that Harrison \"HR\" Wells gives to Barry Allen as a housewarming gift. The Terrific Whatzit appears in the DC Super Hero Girls episode \"All Pets Are Off\". Merton the Turtle / Terrific Whatzit appears in DC League of Super-Pets, voiced by Natasha Lyonne. This version is a non-anthropomorphic female turtle who acquires",
"title": "Terrific Whatzit"
},
{
"docid": "54221354",
"text": "I Am Bolt is a 2016 British biographical documentary sports film co-directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner and produced by Leo Pearlman. It is based on the life of Jamaican sprinter and three times Olympic gold medalist and World Record holder for 100m, 200m, 4×100m relay, Usain Bolt, the fastest man in recorded human history. The film describes Bolt's journey in winning nine gold medals and the incidents surrounding the Olympic titles. The film was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom and then worldwide. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Cast Usain Bolt himself Pelé himself Neymar himself Serena Williams herself Asafa Powell himself Sebastian himself Ziggy Marley himself Nas with voice Glen Mills himself Ricky Simms himself Chronixx himself Yohan Blake himself Maurice Greene himself Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt – his parents themselves Dwayne Jarrett – Bolt's school coach himself Nugent Walker – Bolt's manager himself Dwayne Barnett himself Reception Critical response I Am Bolt received positive reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 242 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \" Bolt's golden era may be too recent and the sponsors too dominant for any real warts to be included, but his charm and sheer physical wonder make this a compelling watch regardless.\" Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter reacted positively, saying: \"Athletic achievements don’t get much more unbeatable than the records held by Jamaican runner Usain Bolt, who’s won nine consecutive Olympic gold medals and even more World Championship awards. Considered the fastest sprinter who’s ever logged track time, Bolt is a hero to millions and admired on a level comparable to global sports legends like Muhammad Ali and Pele.\" Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it 2/5, stating \"Fans of Usain Bolt will find much to relish in this gushing homage to the nine-time Olympic gold medallist, which chases its idol from his 2015 slump, via scenes of downtime in Jamaica to the podium in Rio. References External links Sports films based on actual events Running films Biographical films about sportspeople Documentary films about sportspeople 2010s biographical films 2016 films Pelé Cultural depictions of track and field athletes Cultural depictions of Jamaican people 2010s English-language films",
"title": "I Am Bolt"
},
{
"docid": "4129487",
"text": "Richard Epcar is an American voice actor, voice director, and writer who has voiced over 1,200 characters in animation, video games and anime. Some of his major roles include Raiden in the Mortal Kombat franchise, The Joker in several projects (including Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, Injustice: Gods Among Us, Injustice 2 and Mortal Kombat 11), Yhwach and Zangetsu in Bleach, Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo in Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo, Etemon and Myotismon in Digimon, Batou in Ghost in the Shell, Xehanort/Ansem in Kingdom Hearts, Joseph Joestar in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders and JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond is Unbreakable, Black Ghost/Skull in Cyborg 009, Akuma in Street Fighter V (replacing Dave Mallow), Daisuke Jigen in Lupin the Third and Andrall in Gormiti Nature Unleashed. He and fellow voice actress Ellyn Stern own and operate Epcar Entertainment, a voice-over production service company based in Los Angeles. Filmography Anime Other Animation Film Video games Live action Adventures in Voice Acting – Himself Big Bad Beetleborgs – Karato (as Richard George) Beetleborgs Metallix – Lightningborg (as Richard George) ER – Many Voices Gilmore Girls – Many Voices Glory Daze – Announcer Hercules – Many Voices JAG – Many Voices Masked Rider – Beetletron, Masked Rider Z-Cross/Masked Rider V-3 (as Richard George) Mighty Med- Mr. Terror (Voice only) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers – Shellshock, Mutitus, Babe Ruthless, Cyclops, Samurai Fan Man, Goatan (Lion voice), Primator (Zedd's Monster Mash), Invenusable Flytrap (Rangers Back in Time and The Wedding), Rhinoblaster (Football Season, The Wedding and Master Vile and the Metallic Armor), Miss Chief (2nd voice), Brick Bully (all uncredited roles) Power Rangers: Zeo – Bucket of Bolts, Defoliator, Autochthon, Protectron (all uncredited) Power Rangers: Turbo – Blazinator (uncredited) Power Rangers: In Space – Vacsacker (uncredited) Power Rangers: Wild Force – Bowling Org Xena – Many Voices VR Troopers – Col. Icebot, Slashbot, Dice Swordbot (2nd voice), Slice Swordbot (3rd voice), Frogbot, Cannonbot, Dark Heart, Chrome Dome, Graybot (with Zelton as him) (as Richard George) References External links Living people 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American casting directors American male film actors American male television actors American male television writers American male video game actors American male voice actors American television writers American voice directors Male actors from Los Angeles Screenwriters from Arizona Screenwriters from California University of Arizona alumni Writers from Los Angeles Year of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Richard Epcar"
}
] | [
"Miley Cyrus",
"Chloë Grace Moretz"
] |
train_18760 | when was hit me with your rhythm stick released | [
{
"docid": "5558802",
"text": "\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" is a song by Ian Dury and the Blockheads, first released as a single on Stiff Records in the UK on 23 November 1978 and credited to \"Ian & the Blockheads\". Written by Dury and the Blockheads' multi-instrumentalist Chaz Jankel, it is the group's most successful single, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart in January 1979 as well as reaching the top three in Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, and it was also a top 20 hit in several European countries. \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" was named the 12th best single of 1978 by the writers of British music magazine NME, and best single of 1979 in the annual 'Pazz & Jop' poll organised by music critic Robert Christgau in The Village Voice. It was also named the 3rd best post-punk 7\" ever made by Fact magazine. By September 2017, it had sold over 1.29 million copies in the UK, making it the 114th biggest selling single of all time in the UK. Composition Co-writer Chaz Jankel has repeated a story both in Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll: The Life of Ian Dury and Ian Dury & The Blockheads: Song by Song that the song was written in Rolvenden, Kent during a jamming session between him and Dury. Jankel relates that the music was inspired by a funky piano part near the end of \"Wake Up and Make Love with Me\", the opening track on Dury's 1977 debut album New Boots and Panties!! Dury mentioned a number of origins for his lyrics, including claiming that he had written them up to three years earlier and it had just taken him all that time to realise their quality. Blockheads guitarist John Turnbull gives a different account, claiming the lyrics were written while on tour in America six months prior to the song's recording and that he was still adjusting in-studio. Whilst researching his book Ian Dury: The Definitive Biography, Will Birch discovered that Dury wrote the lyrics for \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" as early as 1976. Ian's typed manuscript, which differs only slightly from the later recorded version and with hand written notes about arrangement and instrumentation ('drums and fuzz bass doing Roy Buchanan volume trick' after first chorus, for example), was posted to a friend in September of that year. The 'lunatic' line reads 'one two three fourithmatic'. 'O'er the hills and far away' was originally 'down to Hammersmith Broadway'. The manuscript, complete with handwritten annotations, was reproduced in Hallo Sausages, the book of Dury's lyrics compiled by his daughter Jemima. According to Jemima it appeared that the origins of the song could be traced as far back as 1974. The song is noted for a complex 16-notes-to-the-bar bassline played by Norman Watt-Roy, and the saxophone solo in the instrumental break in which Davey Payne plays two saxophones. Recording The song was recorded in The Workhouse Studio on the Old Kent Road, London, the same place",
"title": "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "24814383",
"text": "\"Let's Stick Together\" is a blues-based rhythm and blues song written by Wilbert Harrison. In 1962, Fury Records released it as a single. Harrison further developed the song and in 1969, Sue Records issued it as a two-part single titled \"Let's Work Together\". Although Harrison's original song did not appear in the record charts, his reworked version entered the U.S. Top 40. Several artists subsequently recorded the songs; \"Let's Work Together\" by Canned Heat (1970) and \"Let's Stick Together\" by Bryan Ferry (1976) were both chart successes. Original songs \"Let's Stick Together\" is a mid-tempo twelve-bar blues-style R&B song. According to music writer Richard Clayton, \"Harrison probably intended 'Let’s Stick Together' as his follow-up single [to 'Kansas City'], but a contract dispute prevented him from releasing it while his star was in the ascendant\". In 1959, \"Kansas City\", written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, was a number one hit for Harrison on both the Billboard R&B and Hot 100 singles chart. In 1962, Harrison recorded \"Let's Stick Together\" for Fury Records, one of several labels operated by record producer Bobby Robinson, that had issued \"Kansas City\". Fury pressed the single with two different A-side and B-sides: \"Kansas City Twist\" (Fury 1059) and \"My Heart Is Yours\" (Fury 1063). It had been three years since Harrison's last chart appearance and the singles failed to reach the charts. In 1969, Harrison reworked the song with the title \"Let's Work Together\". The two songs use the same melody line and structure, but the lyrics differ: \"Let's Stick Together\" \"Let's Work Together\" Instrumentally, the 1962 recording is an ensemble piece, while the one in 1969 is a solo performance, with Harrison (credited as the \"Wilbert Harrison One Man Band\") providing the vocal, harmonica, guitar, and percussion. Sue Records released \"Let's Work Together\" as a two-part single that reached number 32 on Billboard's Hot 100 in 1970, however, it did not appear on the magazine's R&B chart. In Canada the song reached number 26 on the RPM charts. Canned Heat version Shortly after the release of Wilbert Harrison's \"Let's Work Together\", Los Angeles blues-rock band Canned Heat recorded their version of the song. Unlike their previous singles (\"On the Road Again\", \"Going Up the Country\", and \"Time Was\") that featured vocals and harmonica by Alan Wilson, for \"Let's Work Together\" Bob Hite provided the vocals, with Wilson adding the slide-guitar parts. The song was prepared for release as a single in December 1969, but was cancelled due to the popularity of Harrison's single. In the UK, where Harrison's single failed to generate interest, Canned Heat's version was released in January 1970. There it became their biggest hit, reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart during a stay of fifteen weeks. In the US, Canned Heat's \"Let's Work Together\" was first released on August 3, 1970, on their album, Future Blues. An American single followed on August 25, 1970, and reached number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100. In Canada, the song reached number",
"title": "Let's Stick Together (song)"
},
{
"docid": "19506035",
"text": "\"It Hurts Me Too\" is a blues standard that is \"one of the most interpreted blues [songs]\". First recorded in 1940 by Tampa Red, the song is a mid-tempo eight-bar blues that features slide guitar. It borrows from earlier blues songs and has been recorded by many artists. Origins \"It Hurts Me Too\" is based on \"Things 'Bout Comin' My Way\", the latter recorded by Tampa Red in February 1931. The melody lines are nearly identical and instrumentally they are similar, although the latter has an extra bar in the turnaround, giving it nine bars. \"Sam Hill from Louisville\", one of several pseudonyms of Walter Vinson (or Vincson), recorded \"Things 'Bout Coming My Way\" in 1931 shortly before Tampa Red. Vinson's version is based on his 1930 recording with the Mississippi Sheiks, \"Sitting on Top of the World\". Both songs share several elements with \"You Got to Reap What You Sow\", recorded by Tampa Red in 1929 and by Leroy Carr and Scrapper Blackwell in 1928. The melody lines, played on slide guitar by Tampa Red and sung by Carr, are similar to those in the later songs. Carr and Blackwell's song has elements of their own earlier 1928 song \"How Long, How Long Blues\". \"How Long, How Long Blues\" has been described as one of the first blues standards and the inspiration for many blues songs of the era. In March 1949, Tampa Red recorded a variation of \"It Hurts Me Too\", titled \"When Things Go Wrong with You\". It was recast in the style of a Chicago blues, with electric guitar and a more up to date backing arrangement. The song was a hit and reached number nine on Billboard's Rhythm & Blues Records chart in 1949. (The original \"It Hurts Me Too\" was released before Billboard or a similar reliable service began tracking such releases, so it is difficult to gauge which version was more popular, although the former's title won out over the latter's). Although the song retained the refrain \"When things go wrong, so wrong with you, it hurts me too\", Tampa Red varied the rest of the lyrics somewhat. This would become the pattern for future versions, in which succeeding artists would interpret the song with some of their own lyrics. Elmore James renditions Several versions of \"It Hurts Me Too\" were recorded in the 1940s and 1950s, including those by Stick McGhee and Big Bill Broonzy. When Elmore James recorded it in 1957, he (or Chief's owner, Mel London, who is credited on the release) supplied some of the lyrics that are most familiar today: James' 1957 Chief version did not appear in the charts, but after he recorded the song again in late 1962 or early 1963 for the Fire/Fury/Enjoy group of labels, it became a hit. The song used the same lyrics as his earlier version, but featured more prominent slide guitar work. When it was released in 1965, two years after James' death, \"It Hurts Me Too\" spent eight weeks",
"title": "It Hurts Me Too"
},
{
"docid": "4404061",
"text": "Laurie Latham (born 1955) is a British rock producer who worked with Glenn Tilbrook, Paul Young and others. He has produced albums by Ian Dury & the Blockheads, Echo & the Bunnymen, Squeeze, The Stranglers, The Christians and Slapp Happy. Career Latham worked as an engineer during the 1970s on albums by Monty Python and Manfred Mann's Earth Band. He was the producer and engineer for Ian Dury's New Boots and Panties!! and produced the singles \"What a Waste\" and \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", which went to number one in the UK in 1979. External links SJP Dodgy Music Production Laurie Latham page References 1955 births Living people British record producers",
"title": "Laurie Latham"
},
{
"docid": "16940672",
"text": "Henry Lee \"Shot\" Williams (May 21, 1938 – November 25, 2011) was an American blues singer. He got the nickname \"Shot\" from his mother at a young age, owing to his fondness for wearing suits and dressing up as a \"big shot.\" Biography Williams grew up in the country close to his cousin and fellow blues man, Little Smokey Smothers. \"Shot\" moved to Detroit in 1954 and to Chicago in 1958. He joined Smothers there and began singing with Smokey's band in 1960 and a few years later joined Magic Sam's band as a vocalist. In 1962, Williams recorded his first singles for Chicago's Foxy label, \"Hello Baby\" and \"I'm Trying\". He recorded a series of singles for other labels, including King/Federal, Palos, Gamma, Shama and Tchula. His 1964 recording \"Welcome to the Club\" was a hit in Chicago, and was later covered by Little Milton for Checker Records in 1965. Another regional hit, \"I Like Your Style\", came out in 1969 and was covered by Junior Parker. Several more singles followed including the popular \"Drop Your Laundry Baby\". His first album under his own name, Country Disco, was released on the Roots label in 1977. In the 1980s, Williams released a slew of singles on labels including Tchula, 4-Way, True & Dis-Muke. He released an album on cassette with many of these cuts called I Like Your Style. In 1994, the Japanese label Vivid Sound released an album called, A Shot of Rhythm and Blues, containing tracks Williams recorded in Memphis apparently for (but not released by) Quinton Claunch's SoulTrax imprint. The Black Magic label decided to give Lee a \"Shot\" behind his own band. The result, Cold Shot was released in 1995 and was voted the Best Blues Album of 1995 (New Recording - Soul/Blues) by Living Blues readers' poll. His debut for Ecko Records, Hot Shot, brought Williams home to the \"Southern Soul Blues\" world with the hit \"I'll Take The Risk\". In 2000, Williams scored another hit with She Made A Freak Out Of Me, followed by Somebody's After My Freak. Williams left the label again and recorded one disc for Charles Wilson's label called Let The Good Times Roll before returning to Ecko for four more albums. In 2008, Williams signed with CDS Records. His first CD for the label was released in 2008 and produced the hits \"It's Friday (Time To Get Paid)\" and \"Wrong Bed\". Two more albums were released by CDS Records, I'm The Man For The Job and The First Rule of Cheating (2010). Death Williams died on November 25, 2011, aged 73, from undisclosed causes. Discography Country Disco (Roots/TK 1977) A Shot Of Rhythm & Blues (Vivid Sound/Soul Trax 1994) Cold Shot (Black Magic 1995) Hot Shot (Ecko 1996) You Turn Me On (Diamond Lady 1999) She Made A Freak Out Of Me (Ecko 2000) Somebody's After My Freak (Ecko 2001) Let The Good Times Roll (Wilson 2002) Before The Honeymoon (Hot Spot 2002) Chicago Blues & Deep Soul Legend",
"title": "Lee \"Shot\" Williams"
},
{
"docid": "31868356",
"text": "\"Listen to Me\" is a 1968 single by the Hollies, written by Tony Hazzard. It was the last Hollies single of Graham Nash's original tenure in the group. The song reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1968 and received praise from critics. Background and recording \"Listen to Me\" has been characterised as gentler than previous Hollies releases, with the Evening Standard describing the song as \"a change of style a la Rubber Soul Beatles.\" Tony Hazzard wrote the song after conceiving the lyric \"your ears are deaf, your mouth is dumb, your eyes are blind\". The songwriter was present at its recording session at EMI Studios; there, he pitched a further composition to the Hollies which Graham Nash liked, but the rest of the band chose not to record after Nash's departure. Consequently, \"Listen to Me\" was Hazzard's only composition to be recorded by the Hollies. The recording session for \"Listen to Me\" was Nash's last with the Hollies until he rejoined the band in 1982, with Nash later commenting \"in my head, I had already left the Hollies\". The band promoted the single with an appearance on the 26 September edition of Top of the Pops. According to drummer Bobby Elliott, they were invited to appear on the programme again as the song climbed up the chart but had to decline as Nash was in the USA and could not return in time. Tony Hazzard recorded a studio version of the song for his 1969 album Tony Hazzard Sings Tony Hazzard. Hazzard's 2022 album Demonstration features a remixed version of his original demo of the song with a newly recorded guitar part by the Hollies' Tony Hicks. Reception \"Listen to Me\" received a warm critical reception. John Wells of NME considered the song \"a much more mature and sophisticated sound\" for the band, adding \"this won't please their \"Midas\" fans as out goes that mind-shattering sound to be replaced by a gentle, more melodic treatment.\" Penny Valentine of Disc and Music Echo praised the Hollies' \"instant commerciality\", deeming the song \"very competent, very good and a very big hit\", while Peter Jones of Record Mirror described it as \"fast-tempoed and unusually phrased and clearly a tremendous hit.\" Chris Welch of Melody Maker considered \"Listen to Me\" an example of \"mysterious currents of influence [coursing] their way through the group scene\" that shares \"similar sounds and rhythms\" to \"The Weight\", then recently-released as a single by both the Band and Spooky Tooth, and \"Sour Milk Sea\", a contemporaneous single recorded by Jackie Lomax. He summarised the sound as \"the sort of nostalgic rock affecting many old-established groups... ...a heavy beat tinged with melancholy, which will appeal greatly to melancholy rockers around the 26 age group.\" Billboard described the single as a \"strong outing\" and an \"infectious rhythm entry.\" Charts References 1968 songs The Hollies songs Parlophone singles Songs written by Tony Hazzard",
"title": "Listen to Me (Hollies song)"
},
{
"docid": "1343254",
"text": "Charles Jeremy \"Chaz\" Jankel (born 16 April 1952) is an English musician and songwriter. In a music career spanning more than 40 years, he came to prominence in the late 1970s as the guitarist and keyboardist of the rock band Ian Dury and the Blockheads. With Dury, Jankel co-wrote some of the band's best-known songs including \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" and \"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\". In addition to his work with the Blockheads, Jankel has had a solo career which has resulted in nine studio albums. He has a long list of credits as both a performer and as songwriter. Early life Charles Jeremy Jankel was born on 16 April 1952 in Stanmore, Middlesex. Inspired by skiffle singer Lonnie Donegan, he started to learn how to play the Spanish guitar at age 7, and then went on to study the piano. He attended the boarding school Mill Hill School and became a fan of the American rock, funk and soul band Sly and the Family Stone during his time there. Jankel's fondness for this style was later responsible for much of the funk influence on the Blockheads' music and also influenced Jankel's solo career. As a student at the art college Saint Martin's School of Art he played with a folk rock band called Byzantium from 1972 to 1973. Career In 1973, Jankel contributed a track titled \"Let's Go\" to Long John Baldry's studio album Good to Be Alive. He then joined the folk rock band Jonathan Kelly's Outside and worked on their only studio album ...Waiting on You, released in early 1974. Jankel first started working with Ian Dury as part of the pub rock band Kilburn and the High Roads in the early part of the 1970s. He went on to work with Dury on albums such as 1977's New Boots and Panties!! and the Blockheads' albums including the 1979 release Do It Yourself before leaving the band. He wrote funk songs such as \"Hit Me with your Rhythm Stick\", and \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\". In 1981, Jankel joined Dury again, without the Blockheads, for his second solo studio album Lord Upminster, which spawned the US Top 40 dance hit \"Spasticus Autisticus\", which he co-wrote. After leaving the Blockheads, Jankel pursued a solo career and issued four studio albums for A&M, including his 1980 self-titled debut and 1981's Chasanova, which was also released under the title Questionnaire. This album featured major lyrical contributions from Ian Dury, and musical contributions from two of the Blockheads, bassist Norman Watt-Roy, and drummer Charlie Charles and also contained the US dance hit \"Glad to Know You\", which was one of the tracks with lyrics written by Dury, plus the MTV music video of its title track. In 1981, Quincy Jones had a UK chart hit with a cover version of Jankel's \"Ai No Corrida\", which reached No. 14 in April of that year. The song was also covered",
"title": "Chaz Jankel"
},
{
"docid": "1629941",
"text": "Pazz & Jop was an annual poll of top musical releases, compiled by American newspaper The Village Voice and created by music critic Robert Christgau. It published lists of the year's top releases for 1971 and, after Christgau's two-year absence from the Voice, each year from 1974 onward. The polls are tabulated from the submitted year-end top 10 lists of hundreds of music critics. It was named in acknowledgement of the defunct magazine Jazz & Pop, and adopted the ratings system used in that publication's annual critics poll. History The Pazz & Jop was introduced by The Village Voice in 1971 as an album-only poll; it was expanded to include votes for singles in 1979. Throughout the years, other minor lists had been elicited from poll respondents for releases such as extended plays, music videos, album re-issues, and compilation albums—all of which were discontinued after only a few years. The Pazz & Jop albums poll uses a points system to formulate list rankings. Participating critics assigned a number value, ranging from 5 to 30, to each of the albums on their top 10 list, with all 10 albums totaling 100 points. The singles lists, however, are always unweighted. The Pazz & Jop was created by Village Voice critic Robert Christgau. The idea behind its name (a spoonerism of Jazz & Pop) was that, since the words \"pazz\" and \"jop\" do not exist, participating critics would judge a musical work on its own merits rather than be distracted by categories and genres. In 1971, English rock band the Who topped the first Pazz & Jop albums poll with Who's Next. The following year, Christgau left The Village Voice for Newsday, and the poll was not conducted again until 1974, when Christgau returned to the Voice and the poll \"became an institution\", according to fellow Voice critic Chris Molanphy. English singer Ian Dury and his band the Blockheads topped the first singles poll with \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (1979). Bob Dylan and Kanye West topped the albums poll the most number of times, with four number-one albums each. West, in addition, won the singles poll of 2005. Christgau oversaw the Pazz & Jop poll for more than thirty years; he also wrote an accompanying essay that discussed the poll's contents. Writing in 2002, author Bernard Gendron cited the lack of overlap between the 1999 poll results and that year's best-selling albums on Billboards US charts—whereby only five of Pazz & Jop's top 40 appeared in the Billboard list—as indicative of a continued division between the avant-garde aesthetic of cultural accreditation and commercial considerations. Although Pazz & Jop established itself as a critics' poll with a clear identity, it has attracted criticism, particularly for its methodology. Addressing the participants in 2001, Mike Doughty of the New York Press complained: \"In the guise of a love of music, you've taken the most beautiful nebulous form of human expression, squeezed it through an asinine points-scoring system specially cooked up for this pointless perennial,",
"title": "Pazz & Jop"
},
{
"docid": "43173328",
"text": "\"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" is a song written by Memphis-based songwriter Earl Randle, and first recorded in 1972 by soul singer Ann Peebles. The song was also a hit in 1984 for English singer Paul Young. Ann Peebles version Produced by Willie Mitchell and with performances by the Hi Rhythm Section, Ann Peebles' recording was made at the Royal Studios on South Lauderdale Avenue in Memphis. It was issued as a single on the Hi label in January 1973. It reached no.31 on the US R&B chart, and \"bubbled under\" the Hot 100, reaching no.111. The track was also included on her 1974 album I Can't Stand the Rain. Writer Craig Werner said:Like the most powerful gospel soul from the early sixties, \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" serves notice on a cheating lover (white America? the brothers in the Black Panther movement?) that the free ride has come to an end. It's a restatement of the revolutionary gospel anthem \"Samson and Delilah,\" and the message, on every level, is the same: \"If I had my way, I would tear this building down.\" Later versions The song was later recorded by Graham Parker and the Rumour on their 1977 album Stick to Me. A cover version by Paul Young reached no. 9 on the UK singles chart in 1984, and no.13 on the Billboard Hot 100 when re-released the following year. It was included on Young's album The Secret of Association (1985). Samples The Ann Peebles' version of \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" was sampled in the track \"The Plan\" by Wu-Tang Clan affiliated group Sunz of Man on their album The Last Shall Be First (1998). Charts Ann Peebles Paul Young References 1972 songs 1973 singles 1984 singles Paul Young songs Graham Parker songs Song recordings produced by Willie Mitchell (musician) Hi Records singles Columbia Records singles",
"title": "I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down"
},
{
"docid": "31334458",
"text": "Formed in 1977 to promote Ian Durys' album New Boots and Panties!! on the first Stiff Records tour of the UK, Chaz Jankel, Norman Watt-Roy, Charlie Charles, John Turnbull and Mick Gallagher became known as 'The Blockheads' (a reference to a song on Dury's album). As 'Ian Dury & The Blockheads' they went back out on tour, this time without Jankel, and in 1978 released \"What a Waste\"/\"Wake Up and Make Love with Me\" a single that reached number five in the UK charts. They were then joined by saxophonist Davey Payne and toured the US supporting Lou Reed across North America, ending with their own dates in California (with backline roadie Pete Rush). In late 1978 Jankel returned to the fold and composed \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" with Dury. The band recorded it in The Workhouse Studios, Old Kent Road, London and in 1979 had a number one hit record with it in the UK. Ian Dury & The Blockheads went on to record the Do It Yourself (1979) album, toured Europe and the UK recording in Rome \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\", which was released as a single in late 1979 reaching number three in the UK charts. In 1980 Jankel, once again, left the band to pursue solo projects in California and former Dr. Feelgood guitarist Wilko Johnson joined Dury, Watt-Roy, Turnbull, Charles, Gallagher and Payne to record and release a third album for Stiff Records called Laughter (1980) and released \"I Want to be Straight\" and \"Supermans Big Sister\" as singles. They toured throughout 1981 in the UK and Europe, sometimes augmented by Don Cherry on trumpet, ending the year with a tour of Australia. In 1982 Ian Dury & The Blockheads disbanded and were not to play together again until 1987, when they went out to Japan in June to play three shows in four days, disbanding again until 1990, when the death of Charles in September of that year re-united them to play two Benefit gigs at The Forum, Camden Town, in aid of Charles' family. Jankel returned from America and Steven Monti picked up the drumsticks. The band, now augmented by Merlin Rhys-Jones on guitar and Will Parnell on percussion, recorded a live album Warts & Audience at the Brixton Academy in December 1990. Jankel returned to California and the band toured Spain in January 1991. Once again the band stopped working until August 1994 when, with the return to England of Jankel, the band were invited to play the Madstock Festival in Finsbury Park in August, which led to a series of hit-and-run gigs in Europe, Ireland, the UK and Japan throughout the rest of 1994 and 1995. In March 1996 Dury was diagnosed with cancer and, after recovering from an operation, was determined to write another album. Studio albums Live albums Compilation albums Videos Singles See also Ian Dury discography References External links Official Blockheads Website Discographies of British artists Rock music group discographies New wave discographies",
"title": "The Blockheads discography"
},
{
"docid": "59410453",
"text": "Michael Pailthorpe (born 1935), better known as Keith Kelly, is an English pop singer, guitarist and songwriter. An original member of The John Barry Seven, Kelly had two solo hits on the UK Singles Chart in 1960. Kelly was a competent musician, capable of playing both the guitar and chromatic harmonica. Donned in his spectacles, he also bore a passing resemblance to Buddy Holly. Life and career He was born in Selby, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. In the mid-1950s, Kelly spent three years serving in the Royal Air Force. After leaving military service, in 1957 he became an original member, vocalist, and rhythm guitarist of The John Barry Seven. He left Barry's group in early 1959, and sang at The 2i's Coffee Bar in Soho, London, where he was noticed by the watching record producer George Martin. Martin signed Kelly to Parlophone and his first single release, \"Tease Me (Must You Always)\" reached number 27 on the UK Singles Chart in May 1960. Kelly wrote his own hit on a London Underground train travelling towards his flat in Shepherd's Bush, London. His fledgling career was dealt a blow when a car accident delayed the release of his follow-up single. \"Listen Little Girl\" (written by Claus Ogerman and Vee Bond) was released in July 1960, but only reached number 47 in the same chart, and the momentum was lost. It was to prove to be his last chart entry. When Matt Monro recorded \"Portrait of My Love\", he did so in the afternoon after Kelly had the morning session recording in the same studio. Kelly's \"With You\" b/w \"You'll Break My Heart\", was issued by Parlophone in November 1960. Kelly composed the A-side while the flip was written by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman. His public profile was at its height in 1960; he performed \"I'll Take Romance\" (written by Ben Oakland, Oscar Hammerstein II) on BBC Radio's Saturday Club, appeared in episode 1.71 of Juke Box Jury as a mystery guest, plus he undertook a nationwide tour, which included dates at the Town Hall in Bridgwater, Somerset, in Grantham, plus at the Liverpool Empire Theatre, the Theatre Royal, Nottingham, the Birmingham Hippodrome, and the New Theatre, Cardiff. In November 1960, Parlophone issued Saturday Club, a compilation album which included Kelly's recordings of \"I'll Take Romance\" and \"To Be With You\". In June 1961, Parlophone released Kelly's single \"Cold White and Beautiful\" b/w \"When You First Fall in Love\". On 23 April 1962, Kelly performed at the California Ballroom, Dunstable. He momentarily re-appeared in July 1965, with the single, \"Laurie (Strange Things Happen)\" b/w \"Save Your Love For Me\" on CBS. Kelly later joined the Hull based band, the Keith Herd Rhythm Group. The 2011 compilation album, 1960 British Hit Parade, Vol. 1: January To June, had two Kelly songs, including \"Tease Me (Must You Always)\". UK chart singles discography Source: Notes References External links Image Discogs.com entry YouTube 1935 births Living people English pop singers English male guitarists Rhythm",
"title": "Keith Kelly (singer)"
},
{
"docid": "4277811",
"text": "The Concert for Kampuchea (subtitled \"Rock for Kampuchea\") is a musical film from the best of the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea. The film was directed by Keith McMillan and was 4 nights of concerts in Hammersmith Odeon to raise money for Cambodia. The event was organized by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim (who was then Secretary-General of the U.N.), and it involved well-established artists such as McCartney, The Who and Queen as well as younger punk and new wave acts like The Clash and The Pretenders. The film finishes with the presentation of Wings' Rockestra (more of 25 musicians playing together). Filmed in 1979, Concert for Kampuchea did not receive American theatrical distribution until it was picked up by Miramax in 1988. The concert was also recorded and released as a double LP, 8-track cartridge tape and cassette tape in 1979. It has yet to be released in digital format (CD). Track listing Opening commentary Performed by Queen: \"Now I'm Here\" \"'39\" Performed by Matumbi: \"Guide Us Jah (In Your Own Way)\" Performed by The Clash: \"Armagideon Time\" Performed by The Pretenders: \"The Wait\" Performed by Wings: \"Got To Get You Into My Life\" \"Getting Closer\" \"Every Night\" \"Arrow Through Me\" \"Coming Up\" Performed by The Specials: \"Monkey Man\" Performed by Elvis Costello & The Attractions: \"The Imposter\" Performed by Rockpile \"Crawling From The Wreckage\" \"Little Sister\" (with Robert Plant) Performed by Ian Dury & The Blockheads: \"Sweet Gene Vincent\" \"Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick\" Performed by The Who: \"Sister Disco\" \"Behind Blue Eyes\" \"See Me, Feel Me\" Performed by Billy Connolly: \"Introduction to the Rockestra\" Performed by Rockestra: \"Lucille\" \"Let It Be\" \"Rockestra Theme\" See also Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, the concerts and set lists. Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, the album and the EP about the concerts. References External links The Concert for Kampuchea at Allmovie. 1980 films The Clash Documentary films about rock music and musicians Albums recorded at the Hammersmith Apollo 1980s English-language films 1980s British films British musical documentary films",
"title": "Concert for Kampuchea"
},
{
"docid": "2248144",
"text": "Barbara and the Uniques was a 1960s and 1970s R&B girl group. History The group began when the Du-ettes, a group from Chicago featuring Barbara Livsey and her cousin, Mary Hayes, was liquidated in 1965. Barbara got together with her sister Gwen Livsey and a friend, Doris Lindsey, and released the soul ballad \"There It Goes Again\" (written by Eugene Record of The Chi-Lites) as Barbara and the Uniques in 1970. The song was very successful at the local level, causing Arden Records to distribute it nationally. The song became an R&B hit, reaching #16 on the R&B charts. It was a minor US Billboard Hot 100 hit, where it reached #91. The group followed up with two singles on the Arden label in 1971: \"You're Gonna Make Me Cheat on You\" / \"I'll Never Let You Go\" and \"You Make Me Feel So Young Again\" / \"Take Me As I Am\". In 1972, the group moved to Abbot Records and released \"He's Gone\", which also featured \"Take Me As I Am\" as the B-side. Gwen and Doris quit the group and were replaced with male session singers. Now dubbed Barbara Blake and the Uniques on 20th Century Records, in 1974, they released \"Prized Possession\" / \"It's Not That Easy\" and \"Teach Me\" / \"Everlasting Thrill\". Both releases failed to make an impact, but still the group's eponymous LP was released in 1975. A 1975 single, \"Need Your Love So Bad\" / \"Let Me Down Easy\", also was not a chart hit. The band broke up when their contract with 20th Century Records expired. The Du-Ettes' regional hit song “Every Beat Of My Heart” has been featured in a Whole Foods market television commercial. References American rhythm and blues musical groups American girl groups 20th Century Fox Records artists",
"title": "Barbara and the Uniques"
},
{
"docid": "13338397",
"text": "Geoffrey Turton (born 11 March 1944, Birmingham, England), who also recorded under the name Jefferson, is a British singer. His musical career began as the falsettist lead singer and rhythm guitarist of The Rockin' Berries in 1961, which had a number of hits in the UK and Europe. The group was best known for its covers, and Turton did much of the searching and decision work as to what was to be sung. When the group broke up in 1968 Turton started a solo career, releasing a single \"Don't You Believe It\" on Piccadilly Records. It flopped, and Piccadilly head John Schroeder suggested that Turton change his name to Jefferson. At that time, Turton recorded the original version of \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" (unreleased). The single \"Montage\" failed to chart, but its follow-up \"The Colour of My Love\" was a hit in the UK (peaking at No. 22 in the UK Singles Chart) and the United States (reaching No. 68 on the Billboard Hot 100), and an LP was issued following its success. A third single, \"Baby Take Me in Your Arms\", was not a hit in the UK but cracked the Top 30 in the U.S. (No. 23) and Canada (No. 15), justifying the release of a North American album. At the time of this single's success, Turton was hurt in a car crash, and so he did not make any live appearances. After a six-month hospital stay, Turton recorded a second which was never released by his label Pye Records, and his career stalled in the UK. He began touring the U.S., where he was still able to get gigs based on the success of \"Baby Take Me in Your Arms\". He then secured a recording contract with Polygram Records, released another album and the single \"I Love You This Much\" (later covered by Mouth & MacNeal on the album Pocket Full of Hits). He resumed under his given name when The Rockin' Berries reunited in the late 1970s, and toured with them (as well as doing solo shows in the UK) into the 1990s. In 2001, Castle Records released The Colour of My Love -- The Pye Anthology, a CD composed of his 1969 album The Colour of My Love plus much of his previously unreleased Pye material. See also List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States References Notes Sources Joel Whitburn, The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits. 7th edn, 2000 1944 births Living people English male singers English pop guitarists English male guitarists English pop singers English rock singers Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands",
"title": "Geoff Turton"
},
{
"docid": "9529366",
"text": "\"Down with the Clique\" is a song recorded by American singer Aaliyah for her debut studio album Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (1994). It was written and produced by R. Kelly. The song was released as the fourth single from Age Ain't Nothing but a Number exclusively in the United Kingdom on May 1, 1995, by Blackground Records and Jive Records. \"Down with the Clique\" was met with mixed reviews from music critics, who praised Aaliyah's vocal delivery on the song but dismissed its lyrical content. A moderate commercial success, the song peaked at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Aaliyah's fourth consecutive top-40 single in the United Kingdom. Recording and production While recording \"Down with the Clique\", Aaliyah developed an interest in producing, and she watched and helped R. Kelly develop the song. She said: \"When we were recording 'Down With the Clique', I watched how Robert [Kelly] laid the drums and everything. He taught me to play the piano a bit, and I'm also trying to learn the mixing board, though it looks complicated. The studio is my first love.\" Music and lyrics \"Down with the Clique\" is a hip hop song in which Aaliyah displays a \"silky cooing\" with her vocals. In his biography Aaliyah (2021) author Tim Footman said the song was \"macho hip-hop posturing over a cheesy, pseudo–Caribbean rhythm track\". In February 1995, British producers Mafia & Fluxy produced a reggae remix of the song. Lyrically, the song sees her committing to a \"junior-gangsta persona\" with lines such as \"Well now I guess it's time for me to wreck shop\". Footman analyzed the lyrics explaining that, \"Kelly's egomania really goes to town here, as Aaliyah entreats, 'all the dolls in the house' to recognize how cool her mentor/songwriter/producer truly is\". YardBarker said the lyrics were about \"finding out which friends are true blue\", and that Aaliyah was \"adamant about finding out who's really down to support her\". Critical reception Kenneth Partridge from Billboard gave \"Down with the Clique\" a mixed review, saying Aaliyah sounded unnatural singing lines such as \"I guess it's time for me to wreck shop\" and that the song was too much like an R. Kelly song, but described Aaliyah's performance as \"adorable\". James Masterton wrote in his weekly UK chart commentary,\"Why do Americans pronounce it to rhyme with 'stick'? Its 'cleek' as everyone here knows it which perhaps unfairly makes for rather grating listening as Aaliyah croons her way through her fourth UK hit.\" Bianca Gracie from Fuse felt that Aaliyah was embodying an \"effortless swagger that guys twice her age could only dream of having\", also praising Aaliyah's \"mellow\" and \"deep\" vocal performance. Nakita Rathod from HotNewHipHop mentioned that despite the controversy surrounding Aaliyah's debut album, she was still able to be a young, free teenager with songs like \"Down with the Clique\". MTV.com felt that \"Down With The Clique\" was one of the album's highlights, along with \"At Your Best (You Are Love),\" \"Young Nation,\" and",
"title": "Down with the Clique"
},
{
"docid": "23705271",
"text": "Make Yr Life is the fourth album by the American lesbian queercore band the Butchies, released in 2004. It was the band's final album. Production The album was produced by Greg Griffith; the band worked for two and half years on the songs, and spent 10 days recording them. The Butchies set out to make a poppier album. The band had been playing \"17\" in concert for years, and recorded the song after it had become a fan favorite. Critical reception The Washington Post thought that \"such thumping new songs as 'Trouble' and 'She's So Lovely' demonstrate that the band has lost none of its swagger, but overall this disc is the band's poppiest outing.\" The Advocate declared that \"Kaia Wilson, Melissa York, and Alison Martlew are undisputed masters of the two- to three-minute power-punk anthem.\" The Orlando Sentinel concluded that \"even when the lyrics lean toward melodrama, Wilson's slashing guitar combines with the rumbling rhythms of bassist Alison Martlew and drummer Melissa York to make words inconsequential.\" The Chicago Reader wrote that \"though York’s stick work is still hard and nimble, Make Yr Life feels a bit less punk than the Butchies’ first three records, as if they were dialing it back to show off their songwriting–which is chewier than ever.\" The Morning Call determined that \"where some may have turned to a cover of The Outfield's 'Your Love' for its nostalgic value, The Butchies make it their own, providing the album with a sexually heated closing track that is deliriously dramatic.\" AllMusic wrote that \"the band's quiet, drastic reworking of the Outfield's 1985 pop hit 'Your Love' just may be the cover version of the year.\" Track listing All songs composed by the Butchies, except as noted. \"Send Me You\" \"Trouble\" \"Make Yr Life\" \"Second Guess\" \"She's So Lovely\" \"Everything + Everywhere\" \"17\" \"Lydia\" \"Tell the Others\" \"Your Love\" (John Spinks) References 2004 albums The Butchies albums Queercore albums Yep Roc Records albums",
"title": "Make Yr Life"
},
{
"docid": "14139090",
"text": "The Blockheads are an English rock band formed in London in 1977. Originally fronted by lead singer Ian Dury as Ian Dury and the Blockheads or Ian and the Blockheads, the band has continued to perform since Dury's death in 2000. members included Chaz Jankel (guitar and keyboards), Nathan King (bass), Mick Gallagher (keyboards and piano), John Turnbull (vocals and guitar), John Roberts (drums), and Mike Bennett (lead vocals). There is a rolling line-up of saxophonists that includes Gilad Atzmon, Terry Edwards, Dave Lewis, and from time to time, the original sax player, Davey Payne. Between 2000 and 2022, the band's lead vocalist and main lyricist was Derek Hussey. The band are best known for their hit singles, recorded with Dury, \"What a Waste\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", \"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\", and \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\". History Formation and early years In 1974, Radio Caroline's Ronan O'Rahilly set up the pop group The Loving Awareness Band, comprising John Turnbull (guitar) and Mick Gallagher (keyboards), both formerly of 1960s psychedelic rock band Skip Bifferty, with the session musicians Norman Watt-Roy (bass) and Charley Charles (born Hugh Glenn Mortimer Charles, Guyana 1945) (drums). In 1976, The Loving Awareness Band released their only album, Loving Awareness (ML001), on O'Rahilly's label More Love Records. The album has appeared on CD more than once, although these reissues have been sourced from a mint vinyl pressing rather than from the original master tapes. The Loving Awareness Band broke up in 1977 and Watt-Roy and Charles joined a new band being formed by Ian Dury, who had begun writing songs with pianist and guitarist Chaz Jankel (the brother of noted music video, TV, commercial and film director Annabel Jankel). With Jankel fashioning Dury's lyrics into number of songs, the two began recording with Charles, Watt-Roy, Gallagher, Turnbull and former Kilburn and the High Roads saxophonist Davey Payne. An album was recorded, but was of no interest to major record labels. Next door to Dury's manager's office, however, was the newly formed Stiff Records, a perfect home for Dury's maverick style. The band was invited by Stiff to join the \"Live Stiffs Tour\", and the band Ian Dury and the Blockheads was born, with the name ostensibly taken from the song of the same name which portrayed a drunken Essex stereotype: The tour, which also featured Elvis Costello and the Attractions, Nick Lowe, Wreckless Eric and Larry Wallis, was a great success, and Stiff launched a concerted Ian Dury marketing campaign. Commercial success Under the management of Andrew King and Peter Jenner (the original managers of Pink Floyd) Ian Dury and the Blockheads quickly gained a reputation as one of the top live new wave music acts. Their first single, \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", marked Dury's Stiff debut and although it was banned by the BBC it was named Single of the Week by NME on its release. It was soon followed by the album New Boots",
"title": "The Blockheads"
},
{
"docid": "44398558",
"text": "Disobedient is the fifth full-length studio album by American melodic hardcore band Stick to Your Guns, released on February 10, 2015. It is the band's first album to be produced by John Feldmann (The Used, Escape the Fate, Beartooth). This is the band's last release on Sumerian Records. On October 21, 2014, the band released the first single off the album, \"Nobody\", with the music video premiering on Alternative Press. The album was included at number 16 on Rock Sounds top 50 releases of 2015 list. Though not ashamed of the album, vocalist Jesse Barnett has expressed that in hindsight, the album did not necessarily take the direction they wanted it to. Track listing Personnel Stick to Your Guns Jesse Barnett – lead vocals, additional guitars, piano, lyrics Josh James – lead guitar, backing vocals Chris Rawson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals Andrew Rose – bass, backing vocals George Schmitz – drums Guest musicians Toby Morse (of H2O) – vocals on \"RMA (Revolutionary Mental Attitude)\" Scott Vogel (of Terror) – vocals on \"I Choose Nothing\" Walter Delgado (of Rotting Out) – vocals on \"Nothing You Can Do to Me\" References Citations Sources 2015 albums Albums produced by John Feldmann Stick to Your Guns (band) albums Sumerian Records albums",
"title": "Disobedient (album)"
},
{
"docid": "3846631",
"text": "Barbara Ann Lewis (born February 9, 1943) is an American singer and songwriter whose smooth style influenced rhythm and blues. Career Lewis was born in Salem, Michigan, United States. She was writing and recording by her teens with record producer Ollie McLaughlin, a black DJ at Ann Arbor radio station WHRV, now WAAM. Lewis's first single release, the uptempo \"My Heart Went Do Dat Da\" in 1962, did not chart nationally, but was a local hit in the Detroit, Michigan area. She wrote all of the songs on her debut LP, including the hit \"Hello Stranger\" which reached No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and featured extensive use of the Hammond organ. Lewis had moderate follow-up hits with \"Straighten Up Your Heart\" (#43) and her original \"Puppy Love\" (#38) before Bert Berns produced her million-seller \"Baby I'm Yours\" (U.S. #11), written by Van McCoy. Berns also produced the followup \"Make Me Your Baby\" (U.S. #11) which had originally been recorded by the Pixies Three, and Lewis's final Top 40 hit \"Make Me Belong to You\" (#28 in 1966), written by Chip Taylor and Billy Vera. At the end of the decade, she released a grittier-sounding album on Stax Records. Over the next decade, a number of other artists had success with Lewis' songs. Her own composition \"Hello Stranger\"—which had been remade in 1966 by the Capitols—was a regional hit in 1973 as remade by Fire & Rain and in 1977 Yvonne Elliman's version reached the US Top 20 and the UK Singles Chart Top 30: Elliman's version also topped the US Easy Listening chart for four weeks. In 1985 Carrie Lucas's remake of \"Hello Stranger\" was a Top 20 R&B hit and in 2004 Queen Latifah remade \"Hello Stranger\" for her The Dana Owens Album. Lewis had dropped out of public view for years after her career slowed in the 1960s. It was only after Elliman's hit in 1977 that she was tracked down by Casey Kasem for his AT40 show on June 4 of that year. According to Kasem, nobody knew where she had ended up, including her agent, who did not even know where to send her checks for the Elliman cover. According to Kasem, she was hoping to be rediscovered in Michigan when he found her. Health issues forced Lewis to retire from singing in 2017. \"Baby I'm Yours\" charted in versions by country singer Jody Miller and Debby Boone (the B-side of her single \"God Knows\"). In Canada, Suzanne Stevens had a hit in 1975 with a disco version of \"Make Me Your Baby\". Cover versions of her songs continue into the new millennium, with the Arctic Monkeys including a version of \"Baby I'm Yours\" as a B-side to their 2006 single \"Leave Before the Lights Come On\". In 1995, Lewis's \"Baby I'm Yours\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film The Bridges of Madison County, and in 2016 \"Hello Stranger\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film Moonlight. In 2019,",
"title": "Barbara Lewis"
},
{
"docid": "21020467",
"text": "Greatest Hits is a compilation album by singer Jason Donovan. The album featured all the hit singles by Donovan while he was produced by Stock Aitken Waterman. The collection was released in late 2006 to coincide with the singer's appearance on the TV reality show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. EMI, the record label, had licensed the songs from PWL Records, but missed lesser hits Donovan had on other labels, such as \"Mission of Love\" and \"All Around the World\", although did include the No.1 single \"Any Dream Will Do\" (all originally released through Polydor). As it is, the album contains ten UK top ten hits - four of them No.1s. The album itself charted at a low No.80, although was almost identical to the Greatest Hits collection released in 1991 as well as a budget-priced compilation available since 1999. Donovan also undertook a UK tour to promote the album (entitled The Greatest Hits Tour). Track listing \"Too Many Broken Hearts\" \"Every Day (I Love You More)\" \"Especially for You\" (Duet with Kylie Minogue) \"Sealed With a Kiss\" \"Any Dream Will Do\" \"When You Come Back to Me\" \"Nothing Can Divide Us\" \"Rhythm of the Rain\" \"Hang On to Your Love\" \"Happy Together\" \"I'm Doing Fine\" \"Another Night\" \"RSVP\" References 2006 compilation albums Jason Donovan albums",
"title": "Greatest Hits (2006 Jason Donovan album)"
},
{
"docid": "2014673",
"text": "\"I Don't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore\" is a popular song, written by Bennie Benjamin and George David Weiss and published in 1949. The song was popularized that year by Gordon Jenkins and His Orchestra (vocals by The Stardusters) and by Perry Como. Commercial performance Gordon Jenkins The recording by Gordon Jenkins was released by Decca Records as catalog number 24576 and first reached the Billboard charts on March 25, 1949 and lasted 21 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 6. Perry Como The recording by Perry Como was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog numbers 20-3347 (78 rpm) and 47-2892 (45 rpm). It was the flip side of \"Forever and Ever.\" It first reached the Billboard charts on May 6, 1949 and lasted 15 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 11. Charlie Rich The song received renewed popularity in 1974, when country singer Charlie Rich released a cover version he had recorded during the mid-1960s. Rich's version came about during his stint at RCA's rhythm and blues subsidiary, Groove Records, and association with producer Chet Atkins, one of the architects of the Nashville Sound. Like many of Atkins-produced songs of the era, \"I Don't See Me ...\" featured choral backing and strings, a style prominent on other Rich recordings of the time. Allmusic reviewer Stephen Cook said that Rich's musical style \"landed somewhere between the raw sound of his Sun hits ... and the pop crossover tone of his Epic smashes.\" Rich's rendition reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in June 1974. It was his fifth No. 1 song overall and his third number one in the first six months of 1974 alone. The song also crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100 survey, peaking at No. 47, and to the Easy Listening chart, where it peaked at No. 9. Although recorded in the mid-1960s, \"I Don't See Me ...\" was never released as a single. Then, in 1973, Rich had million-selling hits with \"Behind Closed Doors\" and \"The Most Beautiful Girl,\" and it was not long before several of his older recordings made during his tenures at RCA, Mercury and Sun records — \"I Don't See Me ...\" included — were released as singles to country radio. Charts Other cover versions Other recordings were made by Helen Forrest (on January 24, 1949, released by MGM Records as catalog number 10373), Buddy Clark (on January 4, 1949, released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38408), Kitty Kallen (as the B side of \"Kiss Me Sweet,\" 1949, released by Mercury Records as catalog number 5265), and in the United Kingdom by Vera Lynn and Sam Browne (on February 5, 1949, released by British Decca Records as catalog number F 9127). The song hit No. 1 in the British sheet music charts (no record charts were published until 1952). The song was featured on the Fun Lovin' Criminals track \"There Was a Time\" from their 2001 album \"Loco\". References 1949 songs Songs written",
"title": "I Don't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore"
},
{
"docid": "12153992",
"text": "Straight from the Desk is a live album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads recorded on 23 December 1978 at the Ilford Odeon, Ilford, East London. There is little information available about the album, other than what can be heard on the record. During the performance of \"Billericay Dickie\" the audience break the venue's floor, presumably in excitement causing Dury to warn the audience to mind the hole as an introduction to \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" and mention it repeatedly later in the set. Dury forgets the words totally on \"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards\" forcing the Blockheads to carry on playing while he remembers them and gets back in time. Also featured at the concert was a 'Blockheads light' that was presumably a piece of on-stage equipment that falls over and fails to work at the same time Ian Dury breaks his microphone. This can be heard at the start of \"My Old Man\". Although the set features \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", lasting over 12 minutes, the song is played mostly as a long instrumental featuring band introductions and their respective solos with only the song's first verse and an end repetition of the title. \"Clevor Trever\" features a lengthy instrumental break, including a saxophone solo by Davey Payne and also an ad-lib name checking West Ham United F.C. and Gants Hill, Ilford, Romford, Barking and Dagenham, Dagenham is also name-checked in the performance \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\". These are all areas near the venue. The album was the first time a recording of \"I Made Mary Cry\" was released. A song written during Dury's time with Ian Dury & the Kilburns, the latter-day incarnation of his influential pub rock band Kilburn and the High Roads with Rod Melvin (who also co-wrote his first hit single \"What a Waste\") and a song that Ian Dury continued with the Blockheads as late as 1979. This version, like other live versions with the Blockheads, features a much happier ending than the studio version with the song's protagonist, a criminal, being released rather than dying on the floor of his cell. Also included is a version of Kilburn & The Highroads song \"Upminster Kid\", like \"You're More Than Fair\" Dury sings it in his own regional dialect rather than the accent used on the studio recordings. Track listing All tracks composed by Ian Dury and Chaz Jankel, except where indicated. \"Wake Up and Make Love With Me\" – 4:33 \"I'm Partial To Your Abracadabra\" – 3:00 \"Upminster Kid\" (Dury, Russell Hardy) – 4:08 \"Clevor Trever\" – 7:41 \"This Is What We Find\" (Dury, Mickey Gallagher) – 4:52 \"You're More Than Fair\" (Dury, Hardy) – 2:46 \"Blackmail Man\" (Dury, Steve Nugent) – 2:42 \"Billericay Dickie\" (Dury, Nugent) – 3:16 \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" – 4:55 \"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards\" (Dury, Hardy) – 3:48 \"Plaistow Patricia\" (Dury, Nugent) – 6:10 \"I Made Mary Cry\" (Dury, Rod Melvin) – 4:03 \"What",
"title": "Straight from the Desk"
},
{
"docid": "6874593",
"text": "\"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\" is a song performed by Irish singer-songwriter Sinéad O'Connor. The song was released in April 1988 by Chrysalis as the fourth single from her debut album, The Lion and the Cobra (1987) and was later remixed to include rapper MC Lyte. O'Connor co-wrote it with Mike Clowes, John Reynolds, Rob Dean and Spike Holifield. And she also co-produced it with Kevin Mooney. Remix In 1988, O'Connor released two remixed versions of \"I Want Your (Hands On Me)\" featuring rapper MC Lyte, \"a grittier 'Street' mix and a 'Dance' mix both mixed by Audio Two\". Curious why O'Connor had requested she be featured on the song, MC Lyte asked, “Why do you want me?” MC Lyte indicated O'Connor was intrigued by one of MC Lyte's lyrics (\"Shut the fuck up\"), especially that a \"young person [was] using this language to get her point across and she wanted [MC Lyte] to say the words exactly like that on the remix.\" Okayplayer noted, \"At face value, MC Lyte and Sinéad O’Connor are a pretty unorthodox pairing, though really they were kindred spirits. [...] Individually, their music is diametrically opposed in sound. [...] However, when the two joined forces [...], it was like night and day met in an eclipse. A moment that changed the course for women in hip-hop simply by giving them another avenue to explore.\" Critical reception Upon the release, Ben Thompson from NME wrote, \"'Rocking It Live Non-stop', or something like that, it's Sinead O'Connor and MC Lyte. The thinking woman's Kate Bush is in danger of becoming the thinking man's Kate Bush if she doesn't watch it. The follow-up to the devilishly catchy 'Mandinka' is a strange throbbing sort of a song which dares to rhyme 'Please Me' with 'Tease Me'. You gave a little wink I guess you knew, apparently. This one will take a bit of getting used to.\" In 2021, Pitchfork said \"I Want Your (Hands On Me)\" is O'Connor's \"rare song that feels modeled after hits of the era, an early attempt at blending her blunt-force, hip-hop influence with gentler melodic gifts.\" Following O'Connor's death in July 2023, multiple news sources recognized \"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\" among other songs in her repertoire. The Guardian, Los Angeles Times, Spin, and Billboard included it on their lists of O'Connor's best songs. The Guardian'''s Annie Zaleski said the song \"was revolutionary in its own way. Musically, it was a sensual funk seduction with a liquid bass groove and percolating hip-hop beats; the aural equivalent of O’Connor’s forthright lyrics, which are frank on sexual desire, and her unapologetic come-hither vocals.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine, writing for Los Angeles Times, wrote, \"O’Connor’s music burns so brightly in its intensity that the playfulness of 'I Want Your (Hands on Me)' remains startling. Setting the song to a bright, bustling drum loop, O’Connor sings over a hip-hop beat, her longing serving as a tantalizing contrast to the colorful rhythms.\" They continued, noting, \"O’Connor never attempted",
"title": "I Want Your (Hands on Me)"
},
{
"docid": "10731463",
"text": "A Portrait of Patsy Cline is a 1964 compilation album containing lesser-known recordings by American country music singer Patsy Cline. It was released on June 15, 1964, on Decca Records, and would later be reissued twice by Decca's successor, MCA Records. Background A Portrait contained Patsy Cline's less-familiar recordings, including country and pop standards. The album's highlights includes her cover versions of \"Faded Love\" and \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\". A Portrait of Patsy Cline would be one of a string of posthumous released Decca and later MCA records would release. It was released a little over a year after Cline was killed in a plane crash. The album spawned three singles that were released to country radio between 1963 and 1964: \"Faded Love,\" (which was a Top ten hit), \"When You Need a Laugh\" and \"Your Kinda Love\". In 1973, the album was reissued by MCA Records (Decca's successor), then digitally remastered and reissued on CD/LP/Cassette in 1988. It was also released in the UK by Brunswick Records in 1964, as well as Australia and New Zealand by Festival Records the same year. The album was one of two Patsy Cline albums released by Decca Records in 1964. The other was That's How a Heartache Begins, released shortly after. Track listing Side one \"Faded Love\" (Bob Wills, John Wills) - 3:43 \"I'll Sail My Ship Alone\" (Henry Bernard, Morry Burns, Lois Mann, Henry Thurston) - 2:20 \"When You Need a Laugh\" (Hank Cochran) - 2:45 \"Crazy Arms\" (Ralph Mooney, Chuck Seals) - 2:23 \"Always (Irving Berlin) - 2:40 \"When I Get Thru with You\" (Harlan Howard) - 2:34 Side two \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\" (Bill Monroe) - 2:02 \"Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)\" (Jimmie Hodges) - 2:49 \"Who Can I Count On\" (Sammy Masters) - 2:14 \"You Took Him Off My Hands\" (Howard, Skeets McDonald, Wynn Stewart) - 2:58 \"Your Kinda Love\" (Roy Drusky) - 2:29 \"Does Your Heart Beat for Me\" (Arnold Johnson, Russ Morgan, Mitchell Parish) - 2:37 Personnel Harold Bradley - electric guitar Owen Bradley - producer Patsy Cline - vocals Floyd Cramer - piano, organ Ray Edenton - rhythm guitar Buddy Harman - drums Hoyt Hawkins - backing vocals Randy Hughes - rhythm guitar Joe Jenkins - bass Grady Martin - electric guitar Neal Matthews - backing vocals Bob Moore - bass Wayne Moss - electric bass Bill Pursell - vibraphone Hargus \"Pig\" Robbins - piano Gordon Stoker - backing vocals Ray C. Walker - backing vocals Rita Faye Wilson - autoharp Chart positions Singles - Billboard (North America) References 1964 albums Patsy Cline albums Albums produced by Owen Bradley Albums published posthumously Decca Records albums MCA Records albums",
"title": "A Portrait of Patsy Cline"
},
{
"docid": "1562492",
"text": "Wilbert Huntington Harrison (January 5, 1929 – October 26, 1994) was an American rhythm and blues singer, pianist, guitarist and harmonica player. Biography Harrison was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He had a Billboard #1 record in 1959 with the song \"Kansas City\". The song was written in 1952 and was one of the first credited collaborations by the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Harrison recorded \"Kansas City\" for the Harlem-based entrepreneur Bobby Robinson, who released it on his Fury record label. At the height of the song's success, Robinson was sued by Savoy Records who informed them that the release of the record in March 1959 violated a contract Harrison had with that label that was to expire in August 1959. The litigation, which lasted until September 1959, abruptly prevented Robinson from issuing follow-ups to \"Kansas City\" while Harrison was a star. Meanwhile, Harrison continued to perform and record but it would be another ten years before he again cracked the Billboard Top 40 when he released the self-penned \"Let's Work Together (Part 1)\" that went to #32 in early 1970 on the Billboard Hot 100. The 1970 hit version was released as a single on Sue Records (Sue 11) and was backed with \"Let's Work Together (Part 2)\". The song also was released in a 5 minute 19 second version on the Sue Records album SSLP-8801 Let's Work Together. The song was originally released by Harrison in 1962 with different lyrics as \"Let's Stick Together\" on Fury 1059 and Fury 1063. \"Let's Work Together\" was later a hit for Canned Heat, and, again as \"Let's Stick Together\", for Bryan Ferry. It was also recorded by country rock band the Kentucky Headhunters for the soundtrack to the movie Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man. In 1970, Harrison had some success with \"My Heart Is Yours\", and he toured for many years with a band known as 'Wilbert Harrison and the Roamers', and as a solo act. A follow-up album was released that year, Anything You Want. Reviewing it in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \"Let's Work Together was an anachronistic, even primitive r&b album based on the fluke hit of the same name, which makes this the follow-up. Side one consists entirely of roll and rock songs you'd swear you've heard before—'Your Three Letters,' eh, and what's this 'Let's Stick Together,' and why not bring out 'Kansas City' again? Very unprepossessing, very charming. In fact, if the second side weren't all standards and uncharming filler—only 'Sentimental Journey' is even funny—I wouldn't be recommending this to r&b diehards only.\" Harrison died of a stroke in 1994, in a Spencer, North Carolina, nursing home at the age of 65. In 2001, his recording of \"Kansas City\" was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and has also been named as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500",
"title": "Wilbert Harrison"
},
{
"docid": "65200934",
"text": "\"Open Your Mind\" is a song by Italian electronic music group U.S.U.R.A., released as the debut single and title track from the group's only album, Open Your Mind (1993). Released in 1993 through Italian Style in Italy and through Deconstruction Records across the rest of Europe and Australia, it samples the song \"New Gold Dream (81–82–83–84)\" by Scottish band Simple Minds. Following a period of underground popularity, \"Open Your Mind\" became a mainstream hit in early 1993, reaching the top five in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland and the top 10 in Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. A 1997 remix by DJ Quicksilver failed to replicate the success of the original. Critical reception Larry Flick of Billboard magazine called the track a \"fast'n'furious romp, overflowing with stately strings, shoulder-shaking percussion, and more than a few imaginative vocal samples\", citing the song's melody as the most productive component. In a later review, Flick doubted the song's commercial potential because of the lack of additional remixes, but he went on the write that \"Open Your Mind\" was \"strong enough to merit a recurrent spin or two\". On the 1997 release, he described it as a \"disco-splashed twirler that is light on lyrics (think \"open your mind\" over and over and over) but heavy on rubbery rhythms and keyboard loops that permanently stick to the brain upon impact.\" He added, \"Not likely to be a long-lasting entry but certainly a memorable one.\" In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton wrote, \"Just to show that nothing is ever what it seems, even at a time when hardcore dance is losing its chart edge, a rave track can come from nowhere into the 10.\" A reviewer from Music & Media magazine described the song as having a \"pace worth keeping up\" and characterised it as a \"stomper\". Chris Finan from Music Weeks RM Dance Update gave the 1997 remix four out of five, adding, \"More cosmetic covering of the original without too much playing around has resulted in a definite commercial club-friendly track with the all-important crossover potential.\" Joe Muggs of Fact listed the track in his 2014 list of \"35 stunners from back when progressive house wasn't terrible\", calling it \"Crass but brilliant – as is the none-more-nineties video\". Music video A music video was produced to promote the single. It features images of Joe McCarthy, Benito Mussolini, Richard Nixon, Ian Paisley, Ronald Reagan, Josef Stalin, Margaret Thatcher and Mary Whitehouse. Track listings \"Open Your Mind\" Australian CD and maxi-CD single \"Open Your Mind\" (Restricted Mix edit) – 3:40 \"Open Your Mind\" (classic mix) – 5:16 \"Open Your Mind\" (Fishpop Mix) – 5:14 \"Open Your Mind\" (Tatata Mix) – 5:18 \"Open Your Mind '97\" European maxi-CD \"Open Your Mind '97\" (DJ Quicksilver radio edit) – 3:02 \"Open Your Mind '97\" (original radio cut) – 3:01 \"Open Your Mind '97\" (DJ Quicksilver Remix) – 6:07 \"Open Your Mind '97\" (De Donatis Remix) – 7:45 Australian maxi-CD' \"Open Your Mind '97\"",
"title": "Open Your Mind (song)"
},
{
"docid": "43658119",
"text": "\"Bang Bang\" is a song performed by BA Robertson. Co-written by Robertson with Terry Britten and produced by Britten, it was released as the second single from his third album Initial Success in 1979. Lyrically, \"Bang Bang\" is a humorous commentary on the pitfalls of love. It uses the examples of famous couples such as Romeo and Juliet, Samson and Delilah, Horatio Nelson and Emma, Lady Hamilton and Mark Antony and Cleopatra. There is also a reference to John Fruin, who was head of WEA Records at the time. The song features the Glaswegian Robertson affecting an Estuary English accent. Many have considered this an impersonation of Ian Dury, whose \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" had topped the UK Singles Chart in January 1979. Robertson has also spoken of comparisons to Squeeze, whose 1979 hit single \"Cool for Cats\" features a lead vocal performance from cockney-accented Squeeze lyricist Chris Difford. Robertson says the vocal was in fact an impression of session bass player Herbie Flowers. \"Bang Bang\" was Robertson's second single with Asylum Records after the flop 'Goosebumps', and Robertson's future with the label would have been in doubt had it failed. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1979 songs 1979 singles BA Robertson songs Songs written by Terry Britten Songs written by BA Robertson Asylum Records singles",
"title": "Bang Bang (BA Robertson song)"
},
{
"docid": "515801",
"text": "Jerry Butler Jr. (born December 8, 1939) is an American soul singer-songwriter, producer, musician, and retired politician. He was the original lead singer of the R&B vocal group the Impressions, inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991. After leaving the group in 1960, Butler achieved over 55 Billboard Pop and R&B Chart hits as a solo artist including \"He Will Break Your Heart\", \"Let It Be Me\" and \"Only the Strong Survive\". He was inducted into the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2015. He served as a Commissioner for Cook County, Illinois, from 1985 to 2018. As a member of this 17-member county board, he chaired the Health and Hospitals Committee and served as Vice Chair of the Construction Committee. Biography Early life Butler was born in Sunflower, Mississippi, United States, in 1939. When Butler was three years old, the family moved to Chicago, Illinois, and he grew up in the Cabrini–Green housing projects. The mid-1950s had a profound effect on Butler's life. He performed in a church choir with Curtis Mayfield. As a teenager, Butler sang in a gospel quartet called Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers, along with Mayfield. Mayfield, a guitar player, became the lone instrumentalist for the six-member Roosters group, which later became The Impressions. Inspired by Sam Cooke and the Soul Stirrers, the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, and the Pilgrim Travelers, getting into the music industry seemed inevitable. Butler's younger brother, Billy Butler, also had a career in the music industry, including playing guitar with Jerry's band, until his death in 2015. Early recordings Butler co-wrote the song \"For Your Precious Love\" (which is ranked No. 327 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time) and wanted to record a disc. Looking for recording studios, the Impressions (the original members of which were Butler, Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash - who left early on, and later returned - and brothers Arthur and Richard Brooks), auditioned for Chess Records and Vee-Jay Records. The group eventually signed with Vee-Jay, where they released \"For Your Precious Love\" in 1958. It became The Impressions' first hit and gold record. Solo career Butler was dubbed the \"Iceman\" by WDAS Philadelphia disc jockey, Georgie Woods, while performing in a Philadelphia theater. He released the single \"He Will Break Your Heart\" in 1960, and the song peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard pop chart. Butler co-wrote, with Otis Redding, the latter's hit song \"I've Been Loving You Too Long\" in 1965. Butler's solo career had a string of hits, including the Top 10 successes \"He Will Break Your Heart\", \"Find Another Girl\", \"I'm A-Telling You\" (all written by fellow Impression Curtis Mayfield and featuring Mayfield as harmony vocal), the million selling \"Only the Strong Survive\", \"Moon River\", \"Need To Belong\" (recorded with the Impressions after he went solo), \"Make It Easy on Yourself\", \"Let It Be Me\" (with Betty Everett), \"Brand New Me\", \"Ain't Understanding Mellow\" (with Brenda",
"title": "Jerry Butler"
},
{
"docid": "2027052",
"text": "Samboy (Snackfood) is a brand of crinkled potato chips released in Australia. It is owned by Snack Brands Australia. The most popular flavours are Chicken, Original, Salt & Vinegar, Atomic Tomato and BBQ. History Samboy Chips were originally produced and distributed by Norm and Ed Meyer in the 1950s. In the 1960s Samboy chips were not crinkle cut and only came in barbecue flavour. In the 1980s, the \"Original\" (ready salted) flavour was called \"Samboy Gold\". The brand is best remembered by its 1980s advertising campaign that stated “Samboy: The flavour really hits you”. One ad featured a man on a bicycle delivering chips to various people. He would hit the front brake at the last moment, performing an 'endo' as he came to an abrupt stop. He'd then present the pink bag of \"Salt and Vinegar Samboy\" chips, before immediately cycling off hastily, pulling a 'mono' as he left. The confused customer would then be drenched in a huge amount of salt and vinegar falling from the sky. Subsequent deliveries would see recipients hit by falling giant chickens and flattened by a solid brick BBQ, representing the different flavours available. An advertising campaign during the 1990s included the slogan \"Hit me with a Samboy chip\", with the television commercial featuring a variety of Australian celebrities furthering the slogan to \"hit me slowly, hit me quick, hit me, hit me, hit me\", imitating the song Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick by Ian Dury & The Blockheads. In 2003-2004 Arnotts discontinued the 'Atomic Tomato' flavour. In late 2008 the brand was reintroduced after being acquired by Snack Brands Australia due to demand from groups on the social networking site Facebook. Original, BBQ, Chicken, Salt & Vinegar as well as Atomic Tomato were the flavours re-released. References External links Samboy Snack Brands Australia brands Australian brands Brand name potato chips and crisps",
"title": "Samboy"
},
{
"docid": "51966880",
"text": "\"My Pledge of Love\" is a song written and performed by singer-songwriter Joe Stafford, Jr. of the American rhythm-and-blues band Joe Jeffrey Group. It was released in April 1969, as the group's first single, and was produced by Jerry Meyers and Alan Klein. It appeared on the group's only album My Pledge of Love, which was released in 1974. Background and composition The 2-minute-43-second song is in the key of C major with a tempo of 75 beats per minute. The song, presumably sung to Stafford's significant other, is about how he \"felt so fine\" thinking about her one morning, how badly he needs and loves her, and how the song acts as his \"pledge of love\". In the bridge of the song, Stafford repeats the words \"Baby I need your loving, got to have all your loving,\" which intentional or not, is an interpolation of the chorus from the Four Tops' 1964 hit \"Baby I Need Your Loving\". On the B-side is a song titled \"Margie\". Reception and commercial performance Billboard called the record a \"driving rhythm ballad by a potent group, given an exceptional vocal workout,\" while Record World wrote of it, \"Teens will be feeling fine when they hear this pick-me-up rock. Joe and [the] gang are infectious,\" referencing the song's lyrics. Cashbox described it as \"pretty kind-of-an-oldie, with an easygoing beat and fine vocal showing that gives the newcomer act a solid piece of hit material.\" The song was initially sent to radio stations in Vancouver, (CKLG) and Cleveland, Ohio, before it took off nationally in May and June, entering the Bubbling Under Hot 100 at number 26 for the week of May 31, 1970, and the Billboard Hot 100 at number 84 for the week ending June 7, 1970, going on to peak at number 14, and spending a total of 12 weeks on the chart. It also charted in several other countries, including Canada, Australia, Brazil, the Netherlands, and the Philippines. It was the group's highest charting hit, and only hit to reach the Hot 100, and as far as known, any of the five other charts, with the exception of their cover of White Plains' \"My Baby Loves Lovin'\". However, they did reach the Bubbling Under chart with a few future releases, following the success of \"My Pledge of Love.\" Cover versions Tirso Cruz III on his debut studio album, 1969 James Darren on his album Mammy Blue, 1971 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Notes 1969 singles 1969 songs Scepter Records singles Wand Records singles",
"title": "My Pledge of Love"
},
{
"docid": "74000701",
"text": "\"Call Your Mom\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Noah Kahan, included on the expanded edition of his studio album Stick Season (2022), subtitled We'll All Be Here Forever, released on June 9, 2023. A duet version of the track, with American singer-songwriter Lizzy McAlpine, was released through Mercury Records and Republic Records on September 15, 2023, as the second single from Stick Season (Forever), another edition of the record. Background Before the announcement of the duet version, Noah Kahan invited Lizzy McAlpine to join him in performing the track live in Los Angeles, at this 2023–2024 concert tour, in which the song was included. Explaining that it is a \"tough one\" to take on during his shows, the singer stated: \"For those asking about 'Call Your Mom' live just know that it is difficult for me to perform that one live every night. I'm hoping I learn to perform it with more composure but for now it’s very much a work in progress\". Months after the release of the duet of \"Dial Drunk\" with Post Malone, Kahan teased a joint song via social media in September 2023, with a video snippet and a caption that said: \"The most special voice on a song that means a whole lot to me\". The remix was announced on September 12, along with its release date. Critical reception Described as a \"hard-hitting\" song, its \"grim and melancholy lyrics\" were praised, as well as McAlpine's feature. Charts References 2023 songs 2023 singles Noah Kahan songs Lizzy McAlpine songs Song recordings produced by Gabe Simon Song recordings produced by Noah Kahan Songs written by Noah Kahan Mercury Records singles Republic Records singles",
"title": "Call Your Mom"
},
{
"docid": "33554686",
"text": "Independence is an album by Scottish singer Lulu, released in 1993. It was Lulu's first release of new material since 1982. History The title track was a hit in Europe, reaching No. 11 on the UK Singles Chart, and peaked at No. 3 on the US dance charts. It is described by reviewer Jose F. Promis as \"...housey and anthem-like...(and) stands as one of the better dance-pop songs of the decade.\" The album only briefly charted in the UK Albums Chart, peaking at No. 67. Rolling Stone gave the album three stars, describing it as \"a classy, good-hearted effort.\" Spin magazine recommended the album, describing Lulu as having assumed \"the mantle of soul survivor, achieving (Lisa) Stansfield status on the title track.\" Jose F. Promis, in reviewing the album for AllMusic, stated that \"This isn't a bad album, by any means; it just could have been better.\" Three of the tracks are covers—\"How 'Bout Us\" was a 1981 international hit for US R&B band Champaign, \"I'm Back for More\" was originally recorded by Marlena Shaw and a 1980 duet version recorded by Al Johnson and Jean Carne, and \"Rhythm of Romance\" was previously recorded by Sheena Easton and Glen Goldsmith. \"Let Me Wake Up in Your Arms\" was produced by Lulu's ex-husband Maurice Gibb with his brother Barry Gibb. \"Restless Moods\" was later recorded by its co-writer Ruby Turner. Track listing \"Independence\" (Winston Sela, Leon Ware) 4:16 \"There Has Got to Be a Way\" (Sami McKinney, Kenny Moore, Allee Willis) 4:22 \"Restless Moods\" (Wayne Brown, Ruby Turner) 4:27 \"I'm Back for More\" featuring Bobby Womack (Ken Stover) 5:06 \"How 'Bout Us\" (Dana Walden; Producer; Nick Martinelli 4:52 \"Until I Get Over You\" (Simon Climie, Rob Fisher, Dennis Morgan) 3:28 \"Let Me Wake Up in Your Arms\" (Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Robin Gibb) 4:30 \"You Left Me Lonely\" (Errol Henry) 4:42 \"Rhythm of Romance\" (Kerry Chater, Michael Jay) 4:17 \"I'm Walking Away\" (Steve DuBerry, Lulu) 4:55 \"A Place to Fall\" (Chuck Jones) 3:29 \"Let Me Wake Up in Your Arms (Romantic Reprise)\" remix by Frankie Knuckles Production and personnel Tracks 3, 4, 8, 10 and 11 produced by Errol Henry. Tracks 3, 8, 10 and 11 recorded and mixed by Chris Madden. Track 4 recorded and mixed by Chris Madden and Barry Rudolph. Graham Harvey: Keyboards; Errol Henry: Keyboards, Electric Bass, Drum Programming; Patrick Clahar (saxophone), Kevin Robinson (trumpet and flugelhorn), Fayyaz Virgi; Andrew Smith: Guitars on track 11; Winston Blissott: Bass on track 11 Track 1 produced by Cary Bayle, Eliot Kennedy and Mike Ward for Five Boys Productions, with additional production by Brothers in Rhythm. Recorded and mixed by Paul Wright and Brothers in Rhythm. Steve Anderson: Keyboards; Cary Baylis: Guitars; Steve Beighton: Saxophone \"Independence\" produced by Cary Baylis, Eliot Kennedy, Mike Ward \"There Has Got to Be a Way\" produced by Ian Green, mixed by Essentials \"How 'Bout Us\" produced by Nick Martinelli \"Until I Get Over You\" produced by Ian Green \"Let Me Wake Up in Your",
"title": "Independence (Lulu album)"
},
{
"docid": "7739552",
"text": "Concerts for the People of Kampuchea was a series of concerts featuring Wings, Queen, The Clash, The Pretenders, The Who, Elvis Costello, and many more artists which took place at the Hammersmith Odeon in London during December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia. The event was organised by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim, and it involved artists such as McCartney and The Who as well as punk acts like The Clash and the Pretenders. The last of the concerts was the last concert of Wings. An album and EP were released in 1981, and the best of the concerts were released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea. Rockestra was a McCartney-led supergroup of at least 30 English rockers. The back cover of the LP states the Rockestra performers include: John Bonham, Billy Bremner, Gary Brooker, Howie Casey, Tony Dorsey, Dave Edmunds, Steve Holley, James Honeyman-Scott, Steve Howard, Kenney Jones, John Paul Jones, Laurence Juber, Denny Laine, Ronnie Lane, Linda McCartney, Paul McCartney, Robert Plant, Thadeus Richard, Bruce Thomas, Pete Townshend Concerts 26 December Queen 27 December Ian Dury and the Blockheads (with guest Mick Jones on \"Sweet Gene Vincent\") Matumbi The Clash 28 December The Pretenders The Specials The Who 29 December Elvis Costello & The Attractions Rockpile (with guest Robert Plant on \"Little Sister\") Wings Rockestra Selected set lists Queen Jailhouse Rock We Will Rock You (fast version) Let Me Entertain You Somebody to Love If You Can't Beat Them Mustapha Death on Two Legs Killer Queen I'm in Love with My Car Get Down, Make Love You're My Best Friend Save Me Now I'm Here Don't Stop Me Now Spread Your Wings Love of My Life '39 Keep Yourself Alive Drums solo Guitar solo with parts of Silent Night Brighton Rock reprise Crazy Little Thing Called Love Bohemian Rhapsody Tie Your Mother Down Sheer Heart Attack We Will Rock You We Are the Champions God Save the Queen (tape) Ian Dury & The Blockheads Clevor Trevor Inbetweenies Don't Ask Me Reasons To Be Cheerful Sink My Boats Waiting For Your Taxi This Is What We Find Mischief What A Waste Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick Sweet Gene Vincent The Clash Clash City Rockers Brand New Cadillac Safe European Home Jimmy Jazz Clampdown The Guns of Brixton Train in Vain Wrong ‘Em Boyo Koka Kola (White Man) In Hammersmith Palais Stay Free Bankrobber Janie Jones Complete Control Armagideon Time London Calling The Specials (Dawning Of a) New Era Do The Dog Monkey Man Concrete Jungle Too Hot Doesn't Make It Alright Too Much Too Young Guns Of Navarone Little Bitch A Message To You Rudy Nite Club Gangsters Longshot Kick The Bucket Skinhead Moonstomp Madness The Who Substitute I Can't Explain Baba O'Riley The Punk and the Godfather My Wife Sister Disco Behind Blue Eyes Music Must Change Drowned Who Are You 5.15 Pinball Wizard See Me Feel Me Long Live Rock My Generation I'm a Man Hoochie Coochie Man Sparks I Can See",
"title": "Concerts for the People of Kampuchea"
},
{
"docid": "5022195",
"text": "Michael William Gallagher (born 29 October 1945) is an English Hammond organ player best known as a member of Ian Dury and the Blockheads and for his contributions to albums by the Clash. He has also written music for films such as Extremes (1971) and After Midnight (1990), and the Broadway play Serious Money (1987). Early band work Mick Gallagher started his musical career in Newcastle with The Unknowns in the early 1960s. He played with the Animals during 1965, replacing their founding member Alan Price. He moved on to form The Chosen Few, where he played alongside Alan Hull, who later formed Lindisfarne. Other associations include Skip Bifferty, Peter Frampton's Camel and Cochise. In 1977 Gallagher was playing in a band called Loving Awareness, including John Turnbull, Charley Charles and Norman Watt-Roy. Charles and Watt-Roy worked as session musicians with Ian Dury, and when the group went on tour, Gallagher and Turnbull were invited along. This band became the Blockheads. Ian Dury and the Blockheads Under the management of Andrew King and Peter Jenner, the original managers of Pink Floyd, Ian Dury and the Blockheads quickly gained a reputation as one of the top live acts of new wave music. The Blockheads' sound drew from its members' diverse musical influences, which included jazz, rock and roll, funk, reggae and Dury's love of music hall. Gallagher's Hammond sound was a major contribution to the band. The single \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", released 26 August 1977, marked Blockheads' Stiff debut. Although it was banned by the BBC, it was named Single of the Week by NME on its release. The single issue was soon followed at the end of September by the album New Boots and Panties!!, which, although it did not include the single, achieved platinum status. In October 1977 Gallagher and the band started performing as Ian Dury & the Blockheads, when the band signed on for the Stiff \"Live Stiffs Tour\" alongside Elvis Costello & the Attractions, Nick Lowe, Wreckless Eric and Larry Wallis. The tour was a success, and Stiff launched a concerted Ian Dury marketing campaign, resulting in the Top Ten hit \"What a Waste\", and the hit single \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", which reached No. 1 in the UK at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies. Again, \"Hit Me\" was not included on the original release of the subsequent album Do It Yourself. Both the single and its accompanying music video featured Davey Payne playing two saxophones simultaneously during his solo, in evident homage to jazz saxophonist Rahsaan Roland Kirk, whose \"trademark\" technique this was. With their hit singles, the band built up a dedicated following in the UK and other countries, and their next single \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\" made number three in the UK. The band's second album, Do It Yourself, was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based",
"title": "Mick Gallagher"
},
{
"docid": "19664672",
"text": "Stay in Love (full title: Stay in Love: A Romantic Fantasy Set to Music) is the fourth studio album by American singer Minnie Riperton, released under Epic Records. The album features the hits \"Young Willing and Able\" and the Stevie Wonder collaboration \"Stick Together\". Unlike her previous works, the soft soul elements here tend to fade, replaced by a more upbeat disco sound which was the musical trend at the time. \"Stick Together\" peaked at no. 23 on Billboard's Hot Dance Play, an alternate version known as \"Stick Together (Part One)\" reached no. 57 on the U.S. Hot Black Singles chart. Stay in Love was Riperton's first disco effort and the only of her releases predominantly in the genre. It was also her last album for Epic Records; she subsequently signed to Capitol Records (which she recorded two albums during her lifetime). Moreover, this was Ripperton's first album since her debut, Come to My Garden, that didn't feature her husband Richard Rudolph as a producer or co-producer, although Rudolph still co-wrote the songs. In his place as producer was Motown veteran Freddie Perren in his only collaboration with Riperton. Critical reception The Bay State Banner wrote that Riperton's \"ethereal voice is perfect for the romantic mood.\" Track listing All tracks written by Minnie Riperton and Richard Rudolph, unless otherwise noted. Personnel Minnie Riperton - vocals, backing vocals Don Peake - string and horn arrangements Odell Brown - string arrangements on \"Can You Feel What I'm Saying?\" and \"Stay in Love\" Wade Marcus - string and horn arrangements on \"Gettin' Ready for Your Love\" and \"Wouldn't Matter Where You Are\" Sonny Burke, John Barnes - keyboards Dick Rudolph, Tommy Tedesco - acoustic guitar Bob \"Boogie\" Bowles, Marlo Henderson - guitar Scott Edwards, Wilton Felder, Chuck Rainey - bass James Gadson - drums Paulinho da Costa, Bob Zimmitti, Joe Clayton - percussion Plas Johnson - flute on \"Gettin' Ready for Your Love\" Billy Ford, Carolyn Dennis, Carolyn Majors Caston, Jim Gilstrap, John Lehman - backing vocals Pam Grier, Vicki Alley, Minnie Riperton, The Pastells - finger snaps on \"Stick Together\" Technical Larry Miles - recording and remixing engineer Freddie Perren - rhythm arrangements, production Irving Azoff - director Kosh - design David Alexander - photography Kevin Gray - mastering Production credits taken from album liner notes. Charts Singles References 1977 albums Epic Records albums Minnie Riperton albums Albums arranged by Wade Marcus Albums produced by Freddie Perren Albums recorded at United Western Recorders Albums recorded at Total Experience Recording Studios Disco albums by American artists",
"title": "Stay in Love"
},
{
"docid": "26134446",
"text": "Titus Lee Turner (May 1, 1933 – September 13, 1984) was an American R&B and East Coast blues singer and songwriter. His best-remembered recordings are \"We Told You Not to Marry\" and \"Sound-Off\". He also wrote \"Leave My Kitten Alone\", \"Sticks and Stones\" and \"Tell Me Why\". Biography Turner was born in Atlanta, Georgia. His debut single, \"Where Are You\", was released in 1950 by Aladdin Records, credited to Mr. T and his Band. Another single, \"Stop Trying to Make a Fool of Me\", was released by Regal Records in 1951. A year later he recorded eight tracks for Okeh Records, including \"Got So Much Trouble\". He then recorded for Wing, an imprint of Mercury Records, but he was not commercially successful until 1955, when Little Willie John recorded Turner's \"All Around the World\". Another version, retitled \"Grits Ain't Groceries\", was by Little Milton. Turner and John then co-wrote \"Leave My Kitten Alone\", cover versions of which were recorded by Johnny Preston, the Beatles, and Elvis Costello. In 1959, King Records issued Turner's first hit single, \"The Return of Stagolee\", an answer song to Lloyd Price's \"Stagger Lee\". He repeated the trick with his next release, \"We Told You Not to Marry\", an answer to Price's \"I'm Gonna Get Married\". In 1960, Ray Charles recorded Turner's song \"Sticks and Stones\", many cover versions of which have been issued over the years. By 1961 Turner had his biggest solo success with \"Sound-Off\", which came from the only album he ever released. The track was described by Joel Whitburn in Top Pop Singles 1955–2002 as a \"popular US Army marching drill chant\", which had been a number 3 hit for Vaughn Monroe in 1951. Later singles failed to find a market, and Turner recorded for many labels throughout the 1960s without further tangible success. These included \"Eye to Eye\" (Okeh, 1966). His final release was a song he wrote, \"His Funeral, My Trial\", in 1969. Turner died in Atlanta in 1984. Notable songwriting credits \"All Around the World\", also known as \"Grits Ain't Groceries\" (Turner) \"Big John\" (Turner) \"Get on the Right Track Baby\" (Turner) \"Hey Doll Baby\" (Traditional, Turner) \"Hold Your Loving\" (Bernice Snelson, Turner) \"If It's Good\" (Julia Lee, Turner) - Julia Lee and her Boyfriends \"Leave My Kitten Alone\" (Little Willie John, James McDougal, Turner) \"Little Girl Lost\" (Luther Dixon, Lou Harrison, Turner) \"Living in Misery\" (Turner) \"Lotus Blossom\" (Julia Lee, Turner) - Julia Lee and her Boyfriends \"People Sure Act Funny\" (Bobby Robinson, Turner) \"Soulville\" (Henry Glover, Morris Levy, Dinah Washington, Turner) \"Sticks and Stones\" (Turner) \"Stop the Pain\" (Turner) \"Tell It Like It Is\" (Turner) - Little Willie John \"Tell Me Why\" (Turner) - Marie Knight (1956), Gale Storm (1956), The Crew-Cuts (1956), Elvis Presley (1966) Discography Albums Sound Off (1961), Jamie Compilation albums Soulville: Golden Classics (1990), Collectables Records Sound Off: The Jamie Masters (1994), Bear Family Titans of R&B (1998), Red Lightnin' (UK) 1949–1954 (2005), Classics R&B Chart singles \"Return of Stagolee\" (King 5186) (April",
"title": "Titus Turner"
},
{
"docid": "2789559",
"text": "Where Did Our Love Go is the second studio album by Motown singing group the Supremes, released in 1964. The album includes several of the group's singles and B-sides from 1963 and 1964. Included are the group's first Billboard Pop Singles number-one hits, \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Baby Love\", and \"Come See About Me\", as well as their first Top 40 hit, \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\", and the singles \"A Breathtaking Guy\" and \"Run, Run, Run\". With the release of this album, The Supremes became the first act in Billboard magazine history to have three number-one hits from the same album. It was the album that introduced \"The Motown Sound\" to the masses. It was also, at the time, the highest-ranking album by an all-female group. It remained in the number two position for four consecutive weeks in January 1965, but was Number One on Billboards' Rhythm and Blues Charts for the first week of January 1965. It was shut out of the top spot by the Beatles' blockbuster Beatles '65 album. Where Did Our Love Go remained on the Billboard album chart for an unprecedented 89 weeks. Hip-O Select released a limited run fortieth anniversary deluxe edition of the album in 2004, which included both the mono and stereo versions of the album, as well as several outtakes, non-album tracks and a recorded live show from the Twenty Grand club in Detroit, Michigan. It sold out immediately. They filmed performances of four of the singles from the album including \"Run, Run, Run\", \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\", \"Where Did Our Love Go\" and \"Baby Love\" for the concert film, The T.A.M.I. Show released on December 29, 1964. It was equivalent to Motown 25 or Live Aid as a pivotal music concert event. When it hit theaters nationwide, it undoubtedly raised and extended the visibility of the Where Did Our Love Go album. Track listing All tracks written by Holland–Dozier–Holland except as noted. Side one \"Where Did Our Love Go\" - 2:33 \"Run, Run, Run\" - 2:16 \"Baby Love\" - 2:39 \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\" - 3:05 \"Come See About Me\" - 2:44 \"Long Gone Lover\" (Smokey Robinson) - 2:27 Side two \"I'm Giving You Your Freedom\" - 2:40 \"A Breathtaking Guy\" (Robinson) - 2:25 \"He Means the World to Me\" (Norman Whitfield) - 2:00 \"Standing at the Crossroads of Love\" - 2:27 \"Your Kiss of Fire\" (Robert Gordy, Harvey Fuqua) - 2:48 \"Ask Any Girl\" - 3:00 2004 Expanded CD bonus tracklist \"This Is It\" (Faye Hale) **** \"I'm The Exception To The Rule\" (Whitfield) ** \"Everyday I'll Love You More Than Yesterday\" (Robinson, Claudette Rogers Robinson) * \"Beginning To The Ending\" (George Fowler) ***** \"Mr. Blues\" (Robinson) * \"Come On Boy\" (Berry Gordy, Jr.) *** \"Bye Baby\" (Gordy) *** \"My Imagination\" (Richard Parker, Faye Hale) **** \"I Idolize You\" (Robinson) * \"You're Gonna Come To Me\" (Gordy) (Version 4 - Credited as Version \"3\") \"Honey Babe\"",
"title": "Where Did Our Love Go (album)"
},
{
"docid": "28282263",
"text": "The Ultimate Collection is a greatest hits album by Bryan Ferry and Roxy Music, released on 7 November 1988 by E'G Records. Unlike the 1986 compilation album Street Life, which was predominantly Roxy Music material, The Ultimate Collection focuses more on Ferry's solo career. It includes the previously unreleased track \"He'll Have to Go\", a leftover from the 1977 sessions for the album The Bride Stripped Bare, which was also released as a single in 1989, and the track \"Help Me\" which had been released as a single in the US in 1986 but was unreleased in the UK until this album. The album peaked at number six on the UK Albums Chart and has been certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Track listing All songs written by Bryan Ferry, except where noted. Bryan Ferry: \"Let's Stick Together ('88 remix)\" (Wilbert Harrison) – 2:55 (original version from Let's Stick Together, 1976) Bryan Ferry: \"The 'In' Crowd\" (Billy Page) – 4:34 (from Another Time, Another Place, 1974) Roxy Music: \"Dance Away\" – 3:45 (from Manifesto, 1979) Roxy Music: \"Angel Eyes\" (Bryan Ferry, Andy Mackay) (edit) – 3:06 (from Manifesto, 1979) Bryan Ferry: \"He'll Have to Go\" (Joe & Audrey Allison) – 4:03 (previously unreleased, recorded 1977) Bryan Ferry: \"Tokyo Joe\" – 3:54 (from In Your Mind, 1977) Roxy Music: \"All I Want Is You\" – 2:51 (from Country Life, 1974) Roxy Music: \"Jealous Guy\" (John Lennon) – 6:12 (single release, 1981) Bryan Ferry: \"The Price of Love\" (Don & Phil Everly) – 3:24 (from Let's Stick Together, 1976) Bryan Ferry: \"Don't Stop the Dance\" (Bryan Ferry, Rhett Davies) – 4:20 (from Boys and Girls, 1985) Roxy Music: \"Love Is the Drug\" (Bryan Ferry, Andy Mackay) – 4:04 (from Siren, 1975) Bryan Ferry: \"This Is Tomorrow\" – 3:35 (from In Your Mind, 1977) Bryan Ferry: \"Slave to Love\" – 4:27 (from Boys and Girls, 1985) Bryan Ferry: \"Help Me\" – 4:37 (US-only single release, 1986) Roxy Music: \"Avalon\" – 4:14 (from Avalon, 1982) Roxy Music: \"More than This\" – 4:30 (Bonus track on the M6 interaction 1994 re-release, from Avalon, 1982) Note: Some versions of the CD contain alternate ordering of the tracks, with \"Dance Away\" appearing as track 15 instead of track 3. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 1988 greatest hits albums Bryan Ferry albums E.G. Records compilation albums Roxy Music compilation albums",
"title": "The Ultimate Collection (Bryan Ferry and Roxy Music album)"
},
{
"docid": "8051991",
"text": "Do It Yourself is a 1979 album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads. It was the first album to be credited to Ian Dury & the Blockheads rather than Ian Dury alone, although Dury had used the full band name for the \"What a Waste\" 7\" single of 1978. The album was released in the wake of the chart-topping hit single \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", and reached number two in the charts, behind ABBA's Voulez-Vous. Do It Yourself sold around 200,000 copies, and was Dury's second Platinum album (after its predecessor New Boots and Panties!!). Background and recording Like New Boots and Panties!! before it, much of Do It Yourself was written at Dury's home, no longer a flat near the Oval cricket ground, but now a rented home in Rolvenden, Kent. Even though he declined point blank his management's attempts to get him to dust off and re-record old Kilburn & the High Roads songs like \"England's Glory\" Dury did resurrect one old song, \"Sink My Boats\", the very first song he and Chaz Jankel wrote together. In fact, a number of other songs pre-date the rehearsal and songwriting sessions for Do It Yourself; the instrumentals for \"Quiet\", \"This Is What We Find\" and \"Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy\" were all arranged by Blockheads members while they were still in their band Loving Awareness. The recording session at Dury's house that also produced \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" was used to demo some of the new songs. These demos, later released on Edsel Records' 2-CD re-issue of the album, were for \"This Is What We Find\", \"Inbetweenies\", \"Quiet\" and \"Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy\", along with the first version of \"Duff 'Em Up and Do 'Em Over (Boogie Woogie)\", a song that would remain unreleased but would eventually become the song \"Oh Mr. Peanut\" on the next album, Laughter. Do It Yourself was recorded in the Workhouse Studios on the Old Kent Road, the same place where New Boots and Panties!! had been recorded two years earlier, under the production of Jankel and Latham, though Latham's credit was as 'recording engineer'. In keeping with Dury's policy of not including singles on albums, \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" was omitted, and no singles were released from the album either (his next British single would be \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\"). Most retrospective interviews with band and management bemoan this. and nearly all suggest the opening track \"Inbetweenies\" as the ideal choice of single; \"Inbetweenies\" was released in Europe, backed with \"Dance of the Screamers\". The lack of singles on the album did not greatly affect its chart performance. Packaging Do It Yourself was released on 18 May 1979 with an unusually large publicity drive; in addition to widespread print advertising in the music press, Stiff Records released the album with at least 34 known alternative sleeves, each one featuring a different Crown Wallpaper design. Each sleeve has the Crown catalogue number for the particular wallpaper",
"title": "Do It Yourself (Ian Dury & the Blockheads album)"
},
{
"docid": "42082373",
"text": "Architect is the fourth studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Wallis Bird. The album was released in Ireland on 11 April 2014 alongside Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The album was released in the United Kingdom on 14 April 2014. The first promotional single from the album is \"Hardly Hardly\", and those who pre-ordered the album on iTunes prior to its Irish release received \"I Can Be Your Man\" for free. Singles The first commercial single from the album is \"Hardly Hardly\", released across Europe on 28 March 2014 and on iTunes on 4 April 2014. The single received its first play on Irish radio on 11 February 2014. The single comes in two formats; an album version and a radio version. The Hardly Hardly EP was released on 4 April 2014 featuring remixes by Vinnie and Rebscher, LaRochelleBand and Sebastien Leger. Formats There were a number of versions of the album upon release. The original version of the album features 10 tracks. The box set version of the album features two CDs with a total of 20 tracks, along with stickers and playing cards and a third version was made available on iTunes featuring the two albums as one download. Track listing \"Hardly Hardly\" \"I Can Be Your Man\" \"Daze\" \"Holding a Light\" \"The Cards\" \"Girls\" \"Communion\" \"Gloria\" \"Hammering\" \"River of Paper\" Box set and download version disc 2 \"Little Plastic Castle\" (song by Ani DiFranco) \"Peaches\" (song by The Stranglers) \"Black and Gold\" (song by Sam Sparro) \"Becoming a Jackal\" (song by Villagers) \"Pearl's a Singer\" (song by Elkie Brooks) \"Jóga\" (song by Björk) \"Teardrop\" (song by Massive Attack) \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (song by Ian Dury) \"In My Life\" (song by The Beatles) \"Caledonia\" (song by Dolores Keane) Tour A European tour commenced on 25 April 2014 beginning in Dublin before moving onto other European cities such as Cork, Galway, Vienna, Berlin, London, Zurich, Milan and Haarlem. Charts References 2014 albums Wallis Bird albums",
"title": "Architect (album)"
},
{
"docid": "3995596",
"text": "Concerts for the People of Kampuchea is a double album credited to Various Artists and released in March 1981. It contains live performances by Wings, the Who, Queen, Elvis Costello, Pretenders, the Clash, the Specials and other artists from the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, held at London's Hammersmith Odeon in December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia. The event was organised by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim. History The album starts with four songs from the Who (culled from a 3-hour set list) and finishes with three songs from Wings and three from the all-star line-up called Rockestra. A selection of the best performances from the concerts was compiled and released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea. Rockestra was a Paul McCartney-led supergroup of at least thirty English rockers. The credited list appears at the bottom of the back cover of the LP. The name was first given to an assemblage of famous rock stars that were brought together by McCartney for the final Wings album, 1979's Back to the Egg. The supergroup – which consisted of Wings, John Paul Jones and John Bonham of Led Zeppelin, David Gilmour from Pink Floyd, Ronnie Lane of the Faces, Kenney Jones and Pete Townshend of the Who, and Hank Marvin of the Shadows – recorded two McCartney compositions, the instrumental \"Rockestra Theme\" and \"So Glad to See You Here\". Then, McCartney and Kurt Waldheim re-assembled Rockestra for a series of benefit concerts for the people of Cambodia (also known as Kampuchea), suffering from the reign of Pol Pot. This time, Rockestra consisted of, among others, Wings, John Paul Jones, Bonham, Robert Plant, Rockpile, James Honeyman-Scott and Townshend. Hank Marvin was not available and Gilmour for tax reasons had to decline, as he was with the rest of Pink Floyd in Los Angeles, California, where they were in the midst of rehearsing for an upcoming concert tour for the just released Pink Floyd album The Wall. Despite the all-star lineup and charting within the Top 40, it remains one of McCartney's few projects to never receive a remaster or a CD release. Album track listing \"Baba O'Riley\" (Pete Townshend) – 5:12 \"Sister Disco\" (Townshend) – 5:16 \"Behind Blue Eyes\" (Townshend) – 3:46 \"See Me, Feel Me\" (Townshend) – 5:49 Tracks 1–4 performed by the Who \"The Wait\" (Chrissie Hynde, Pete Farndon) – 3:28 \"Precious\" (Hynde) – 3:23 \"Tattooed Love Boys\" (Hynde) – 3:18 Tracks 5–7 performed by Pretenders \"The Imposter\" (Elvis Costello) – 2:10 Performed by Elvis Costello & the Attractions \"Crawling from the Wreckage\" (Graham Parker) – 3:02 Performed by Rockpile \"Little Sister\" (Doc Pomus, Mort Shuman) – 3:33 Performed by Rockpile with Robert Plant \"Now I'm Here\" (Brian May) – 6:49 Performed by Queen \"Armagideon Time\" (Bennett) – 4:15 Performed by the Clash \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (Ian Dury, Chaz Jankel) – 4:30 Performed by Ian Dury & the Blockheads \"Monkey Man\" (Toots Hibbert) – 2:26 Performed by the Specials \"Got to Get",
"title": "Concerts for the People of Kampuchea (album)"
},
{
"docid": "27149345",
"text": "Keep Your Eye on Me is a pop/R&B/dance album by Herb Alpert, released in 1987. It contains two hit singles, \"Diamonds\" and \"Making Love in the Rain\" (both featuring lead and background vocals by Janet Jackson and Lisa Keith). These Billboard Top 40 hits, along with the title track and \"Pillow\" (featuring co-lead vocals by Alpert and singer/wife Lani Hall) were written and produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis. The remainder of the album consists of tracks produced by Herb Alpert and various producers. The record was constructed with Side 1 (Tracks 1-5) featuring uptempo songs, while Side 2 (Tracks 6-10) featured down tempo songs and ballads. All trumpet solos were played by Herb Alpert. The album was released on CD by A&M Records in 1987, along with extended CD singles of the title track and \"Diamonds\". It was re-released on September 12, 2013 in a download-only version available exclusively through Alpert's official website, HerbAlpertPresents.com. Track listing \"Keep Your Eye on Me\" (Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis)- 5:13 \"Hot Shot\" (Albert Hammond) - 3:56 \"Diamonds\" (Jam, Lewis) - 4:53 \"Traffic Jam\" (Les Pierce) - 3:16 \"Cat Man Do\" (Roy Bittan, Herb Alpert) - 5:26 \"Pillow\" (Jam, Lewis) - 4:32 \"Our Song\" (Alpert, Sal Macaluso) - 3:55 \"Making Love in the Rain\" (Jam, Lewis) - 5:56 \"Rocket to the Moon\" (John Barnes, Alpert) - 3:52 \"Stranger on the Shore\" (Mr. Acker Bilk, R. Mellin) - 2:54 Personnel Herb Alpert – all trumpets (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9), horn arrangements (1, 3, 8), arrangements (2, 4, 5, 9, 10), trumpet (4, 8, 10), flugelhorn (4), lead vocals (6), vocal arrangements (6), muted trumpet (8), celeste (10) Jimmy Jam – keyboard and drum programming (1, 3, 6, 8), percussion (1, 3, 6, 8); horn, rhythm and vocal arrangements (1, 3, 6, 8) David Eiland – keyboard programming (1), sampling (1) Laythan Armor – keyboards (2), bass programming (2), drums (2), arrangements (2), synth voices and bass programming (7), electronic percussion (7) John Barnes – organ sound (2), DX7 tuba (5), keyboards (7, 9), drum programming (9), arrangements (9, 10), Fairlight voices (10), DX7 harmonica (10) Les Pierce – keyboard programming (4), drums (4), arrangements (4) Roy Bittan – keyboards (5), arrangements (5) Salvatore Macaluso – synth voices (7), synth bass (7) Michael Landau – guitars (2, 4, 5, 10), guitar solo (9), arrangements (10) Paul Jackson, Jr. – rhythm guitar (9) Terry Lewis – vocals (1); horn, rhythm and vocal arrangements (1, 3, 6, 8), bass (3), percussion (3, 6), backing vocals (3, 6, 8) Neil Stubenhaus – bass (5, 9) Chuck Domanico – acoustic bass (7) Jeff Porcaro – drums (5, 9) Steve Schaeffer – drums (10), percussion (10) Paulinho da Costa – percussion (2, 5, 9) Albert Hammond – arrangements (2) Michael Stokes – arrangements (2) Lisa Keith – vocals (1), vocal arrangements (1, 3, 8), lead vocals (3, 8), backing vocals (3, 6, 8) Janet Jackson – lead and backing vocals (3, 8) James \"Popeye\" Greer – party vocals",
"title": "Keep Your Eye on Me"
},
{
"docid": "43137489",
"text": "The Night We Called It a Day is the debut studio album by underground hip hop supergroup Deepspace5, released on January 8, 2002, through Uprok Records. It was recorded in Dallas, Texas. Recording The Night We Called It a Day was recorded in one week in Dallas, Texas, in the apartment of group member Playdough. It was produced by Beat Rabbi, DJ Dust, Freddie Bruno, and Playdough, with Playdough producing under a different moniker, Harry Krum. During the recording sessions, the group met future member Sivion. Lyrics and musical style The album features an underground, anti-commercial style. Jayson Young of RapReviews.com called the album \"strictly ground-roots, MC/DJ, hard-core hip-hop\". Young also found Listener's vocal style similar to Son Doobie, and noted that \"Stick This In Your Ear\" includes a flute sample. Jon Corbin, writing for cMusicWeb.com, noted that on \"World Go Round\", Beat Rabbi brings a progressive jazz feel through the use of drum patterns and bass lines. Jesus Freak Hideout's Chanile Campbell described the album as east coast \"smooth and a little jazzy\". RapReviews.com and Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms also described the album as very chill and laid back, with Gunnell commenting that \"If there is such a thing as easy listening hip hop, then this is definitely it!\" Thomas Quinlan of Exclaim! described the lyrical content of the album as mostly \"high concept songs\", but with some testimonials and praises to God. Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms and Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic both noted that the album's lyrics are intellectual and often humorous. Several reviewers noted the unusual verse by Listener on \"Stick This In Your Ear\", where he reads off a paragraph exactly as written – including punctuation. Jason Young wrote that Listener \"literally says every period, comma, and semi-colon found in his verse.\" Also highlighted by reviewers was the skit \"Close Caption\", where Listener translates a sign language rap by \"MC Fong\". Critical reception Critics responded quite favorably to the album. AllMusic rated the album three out of five stars, and found the album's seven-minute-plus long title track to be the standout track. Jon Corbin of cMusicWeb.com wrote \"Locked in Playdough's apartment, these boys got their creative juices flowing and whipped up something sweet, an album that reclaims hip-hop for the emcee.\" Corbin considered all of the songs well-crafted and developed, with the exceptions of \"Murder Creek\" and \"Take the Rhythm\", tracks which Corbin said will have the listener hitting the skip button. These tracks aside, he summarized: The production is very strong, especially considering that the album was created in a week. In all in all, this is a very good disc, filled with a wide range of topics to get your brain working and your head nodding. Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms rated the album eight out of ten squares and stated that when he first heard Deepspace5, he dismissed the group as \"just another depressing Christian rap group\", but that this release proved him wrong. Exclaim!'s Thomas Quinlan opined that \"Deepspace 5",
"title": "The Night We Called It a Day (album)"
},
{
"docid": "3445921",
"text": "New Boots and Panties!! is the debut studio album by Ian Dury, released in the UK on Stiff Records on 30 September 1977. The record covers a diverse range of musical styles which reflect Dury's influences and background in pub rock, taking in funk, disco, British music hall and early rock and roll, courtesy of Dury's musical hero Gene Vincent. Consisting mostly of love songs and character stories based on the working-class people of the East End and Essex Estuary areas where he grew up, the songs are frequently ribald and profane, but also contain humour and affection for his characters. Widely considered to be the best album of Ian Dury's career, it is also his biggest selling, having been certified platinum status in the UK for 300,000 sales. Sales of the album during the first few months after its release were modest, and the album's only single, \"Sweet Gene Vincent\", failed to chart. Subsequently, three stand-alone singles, \"What a Waste\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" and \"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\", all reached the top ten of the UK Singles Chart, and their success kept the album in the spotlight and ensured consistent sales over the next two years. New Boots and Panties!! was among the UK's top 30 best selling albums of both 1978 and 1979, and eventually peaked at number five in the UK Albums Chart in February 1979, 17 months after its release, after \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\"'s chart-topping success. The album's title derives from Dury's habit of buying clothes second hand and refers to the only items of clothing he insisted on buying new. According to Ian Dury & the Blockheads: Song By Song, the name was chosen by Dury from a list of twenty potential titles drawn up by compere Kosmo Vinyl. New Boots and Panties!! has been reissued several times, including a three-disc edition for its 30th anniversary and a five-disc box set for its 40th anniversary. Background Much of the album was written by Dury, nearly a year before its release, at Oval Mansions (the top floor flat at 40, Oval Mansions, Kennington, London, which he shared with Denise Roudette, and which he nicknamed 'Catshit Mansions') and was the fruit of Dury's successful writing partnership with Chas Jankel. Some of the tracks that could be considered to be the most 'English' were co-written with American Steve Nugent. Dury and Jankel recorded demo tapes of many of the songs in April 1977, joined in the session by Nugent, at Alvic Studios, Wimbledon (run by two musicians, Al James and Vic Sweeney). Jankel played the bass, guitar and piano parts, while Dury sang and played drums. These recordings have since been included as part of Edsel's current re-issue of the album. The studio engineer at Alvic told Dury about a rhythm section who were acting as session musicians to earn extra money; bassist Norman Watt-Roy and drummer Hugh \"Charley\" Charles. As well as playing on New Boots and Panties!! the",
"title": "New Boots and Panties!!"
},
{
"docid": "21101533",
"text": "The Ultimate Collection is the eighth album released on Motown Records by the group DeBarge. The album is the second compilation of their greatest hits. In addition to the group numbers, it also includes solo singles from El DeBarge and Bunny DeBarge. It also includes a track from Chico DeBarge, who was never part of the family group. Also Motown was able to get the rights to the song \"Dance All Night\" from their Striped Horse Records album Bad Boys for this collection. The album also contains a Dance remix of the group's popular single, \"Rhythm of the Night\", while also featuring a more percussive, club mix radio edited version of the group's ballad \"The Heart Is Not So Smart\", the latter being remixed by John Morales and Sergio Munzibai. Track listing \"Rhythm of the Night\" (Dance Mix) \"Time Will Reveal\" \"I Like It\" \"You Wear It Well\" \"Who's Holding Donna Now\" \"Stop! Don't Tease Me\" \"Love Me in a Special Way\" \"A Dream\" \"Talk to Me\" (Chico DeBarge) \"All This Love\" \"Love Always\" (El DeBarge) \"Who's Johnny\" (El DeBarge) \"The Heart Is Not So Smart\" (Club Mix / Radio Edit) \"Save the Best for Me (Best of Your Lovin')\" (Bunny DeBarge) \"Dance All Night\" \"Stay with Me\" Alternate versions In 2008, the album was re-released with different artwork entitled The Definitive Collection. DeBarge albums 1997 greatest hits albums Motown compilation albums",
"title": "Ultimate Collection (DeBarge album)"
},
{
"docid": "36373549",
"text": "Now That's What I Call a No.1 is a triple-disc compilation album that was released in the United Kingdom on 9 July 2012. It includes 60 number ones from the past 60 years and was released in celebration of the 60th anniversary of the Official Charts. Track listing CD 1 Adele, \"Someone like You\" George Michael, \"Careless Whisper\" Robbie Williams, \"She's the One\" Take That, \"Patience\" Wet Wet Wet, \"Love Is All Around\" Celine Dion, \"My Heart Will Go On\" Boyzone, \"No Matter What\" Gnarls Barkley, \"Crazy\" All Saints, \"Never Ever\" Hear'say, \"Pure and Simple\" Britney Spears, \"...Baby One More Time\" Spice Girls, \"Wannabe\" Steps, \"Tragedy\" Blondie, \"Heart of Glass\" ABBA, \"Dancing Queen\" Gloria Gaynor, \"I Will Survive\" Black Box, \"Ride On Time\" Pet Shop Boys, \"West End Girls\" The Human League, \"Don't You Want Me\" Tony Christie, \"(Is This the Way To) Amarillo\" CD 2 Rihanna featuring Jay-Z, \"Umbrella\" Gotye featuring Kimbra, \"Somebody That I Used to Know\" Bruno Mars, \"Just the Way You Are\" Katy Perry featuring Snoop Dogg, \"California Gurls\" Olly Murs, \"Dance with Me Tonight\" David Guetta featuring Sia, \"Titanium\" DJ Fresh featuring Rita Ora, \"Hot Right Now\" Cheryl Cole, \"Fight for This Love\" Jessie J, \"Domino\" Lady Gaga, \"Poker Face\" Tinie Tempah featuring Labrinth, \"Pass Out\" Shaggy featuring Ricardo \"RikRok\" Ducent, \"It Wasn't Me\" Coolio featuring L.V., \"Gangsta's Paradise\" The Fugees, \"Killing Me Softly\" The Black Eyed Peas, \"I Gotta Feeling\" Kylie Minogue, \"Can't Get You Out of My Head\" R. Kelly, \"I Believe I Can Fly\" Oasis, \"Don't Look Back in Anger\" The Verve, \"The Drugs Don't Work\" Coldplay, \"Paradise\" CD 3 Billy Joel, \"Uptown Girl\" The Beach Boys, \"Good Vibrations\" Elvis Presley, \"Jailhouse Rock\" David Bowie, \"Let's Dance\" Marvin Gaye, \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" Rod Stewart, \"Maggie May\" 10cc, \"I'm Not in Love\" The Righteous Brothers, \"Unchained Melody\" Culture Club, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" Soft Cell, \"Tainted Love\" Dexys Midnight Runners, \"Come On Eileen\" The Jam, \"Going Underground\" Ian Dury and the Blockheads, \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" Adam & The Ants, \"Stand and Deliver\" Sinéad O'Connor, \"Nothing Compares 2 U\" Kate Bush, \"Wuthering Heights\" The Animals, \"The House of the Rising Sun\" Procol Harum, \"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" Simon & Garfunkel, \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" Louis Armstrong, \"What a Wonderful World\" Charts Release history References 2012 compilation albums Number 1 Sony Music compilation albums EMI Records compilation albums Universal Music Group compilation albums Warner Music Group compilation albums",
"title": "Now That's What I Call a No.1"
},
{
"docid": "6976040",
"text": "The Secret Value of Daydreaming is the second studio album by English singer-songwriter Julian Lennon, released in 1986. Background and recording After going on tour the previous year to promote his previous album, Valotte, Lennon took a break to write material for The Secret Value of Daydreaming. Recording took place in the Bahamas, at Compass Point Studios, with mixing at the Hit Factory in New York City. Release The Secret Value of Daydreaming was released on 24 March 1986 on Charisma in the UK, and a day later on the 25th on Atlantic in the US. The album peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200 chart upon its release. It was certified gold for sales of over 500,000 copies in the US by the RIAA on 22 May 1986. \"Stick Around\" reached number 1 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, and number 32 on the Hot 100 chart. The album was reissued, along with Mr. Jordan and Help Yourself, on 8 September 2009 by Noble Rot Records. Track listing All songs written by Julian Lennon, except where noted. Side one \"Stick Around\" – 3:39 \"You Get What You Want\" – 4:04 \"Let Me Tell You\" – 4:16 \"I've Seen Your Face\" – 3:27 \"Coward Till the End?\" – 6:11 (Julian Lennon, Justin Clayton) Side two \"This Is My Day\" – 3:51 \"You Don't Have to Tell Me\" – 4:55 \"Every Day\" – 3:51 (Lennon, Clayton, Carlton Morales) \"Always Think Twice\" – 3:56 \"Want Your Body\" – 3:25 Music videos \"Stick Around\" - features appearances by Jami Gertz, Michael J. Fox, Joe Piscopo and Martin Kove. \"This Is My Day\" - The second single and video to promote the album. The mix of the song is unique to the video, as the version that appears on the album is different. The video mix is available on Lennon's compilation Behind the Music. The single itself failed to chart. \"Want Your Body\" - The final video and single for the album; also failed to chart. Personnel Musicians Julian Lennon – lead vocals, backing vocals, acoustic piano, keyboards, bass, drum programming Chuck Kentis – keyboards Billy Joel – acoustic piano (2) David Brown – guitars Justin Clayton – guitars John McCurry – guitars Carmine Rojas – bass Alan Childs – drums Jimmy Bralower – percussion Frank Elmo – horns Rory Dodd – backing vocals Fiona Flanagan – backing vocals Peter Hewlett – backing vocals Karen Kamon – backing vocals Eric Taylor – backing vocals Production Phil Ramone – producer Joseph D'Ambrosio – production coordinator Bradshaw Leigh – engineer Sean Burrows – associate engineer Peter Hefter – associate engineer Barry Diament – CD mastering and remastering at Atlantic Studios (New York, NY). Ted Jensen – LP mastering at Sterling Sound (New York, NY). Timothy White – cover photography Bob Defrin – art direction Julian Lennon – design concept Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 1986 albums Julian Lennon albums Albums produced by Phil Ramone Atlantic Records albums Charisma Records albums",
"title": "The Secret Value of Daydreaming"
},
{
"docid": "1056264",
"text": "Corona is an Italian Eurodance project. Initially as a group formed by Brazilian-born singer and model Olga Maria de Souza and producer Francesco \"Checco\" Bontempi (a.k.a. Lee Marrow), they found commercial success with the worldwide hits \"The Rhythm of the Night\" (1993) and \"Baby Baby\" (1995). After the second album, Bontempi left the group and was replaced by Francesco Conte and Paolo Dughero. History Beginning of the band's career: 1993–1996 Corona's first single, \"The Rhythm of the Night\", was released in Italy in November 1993 on Roberto Zanetti's DWA record label and became an instant hit. It featured the voice of the Italian singer Giovanna Bersola, better known by her stage name Jenny B. It stayed at number 1 on the Italian music chart for eight consecutive weeks, but was not released elsewhere until the following year. A remixed version of the song became a number 2 hit in the United Kingdom in September 1994. Like several early 1990s Eurodance/Hi-NRG songs that eventually became American hits, \"The Rhythm of the Night\" did not become popular in the United States until well after its success had peaked in Europe. However, by spring 1995, the song was all over American radio and clubs, eventually reaching #11 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was later released as a track in the 1995 studio album The Rhythm of the Night. Lead vocals for the remaining songs in the album were by the Welsh singer Sandy Chambers who also sang on the group's second album, Walking On Music. Corona followed up with the 1995 singles \"Baby Baby\" and \"Try Me Out\", with similar success. The single \"I Don't Wanna Be a Star\" was a moderate hit. A fifth single, \"Do You Want Me\", became a regional hit in discotheques in the Eastern U.S. The Rhythm of the Night album sold modestly, peaking at #2 on the US Top Heatseekers chart and at #154 on the Billboard 200. 1996–2004 In 1996, after the demise of Discomagic Records, DWA Records reorganized its staff due to internal conflicts. As a result, the production of Corona was moved from DWA Records to Bontempi's own label (World Of Music, which was also a sublabel of Discomagic). The third album, And Me U, was released in 2001 by Brazil's Abril Music, under the name Corona X. This time the vocals were by new vocalists, the sisters Bernadette \"Brandy\" Jones and Bambi Jones' (who died of cancer in 2010). Again, de Souza was just the face but still not the voice, as many people thought. Although Bontempi co-wrote some of the material in the album, he did not participate in the production and left the band. In 2004, as a tribute to de Souza's native Brazil, Corona sang \"A cor dos teus olhos\" (\"The Colour of Your Eyes\") which was distributed by 5000. De Souza described the song like an imprint of her childhood memory. It was an immediate hit. The same year \"Garota Brasileira\", a song with spicy samba sounds, became",
"title": "Corona (band)"
},
{
"docid": "25171667",
"text": "\"Make Me Your Baby\" is a song written by Helen Miller and Roger Atkins. The most successful recording was a hit for Barbara Lewis in 1965. Background The demo for \"Make Me Your Baby\" was cut by journeyman session singer Jean Thomas on 22 January 1965 at the behest of Atlantic Records president Jerry Wexler, who wanted to offer the song to Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles, then a Cameo-Parkway act Wexler was hoping to woo over to Atlantic. Patti Labelle and the Bluebelles did eventually sign to Atlantic, but only after protracted negotiations (their debut label session being on October 7, 1965), which meant \"Make Me Your Baby\" was still unrecorded in the summer of 1965 when the success of \"Baby I'm Yours\" alerted Wexler to the suitability of \"Make Me Your Baby\" as a vehicle for the singer of \"Baby I'm Yours,\" Barbara Lewis. \"Make Me Your Baby\" was recorded by Lewis in a July 1, 1965, session at Atlantic Records Recording Studios (NYC) in which Lewis also recorded the B-side \"Love to Be Loved\" and a third track, \"I'm So Afraid.\" 1 Like \"Baby I'm Yours,\" \"Make Me Your Baby\" was produced by Ollie McLaughlin and Bert Berns, being described as \"An Ollie McLaughlin production directed by Bert Berns.\" The arranger and conductor for the session was Artie Butler, with featured personnel on the session being Patti Brown (piano), Vinnie Bell, Al Gorgoni, Trade Martin (guitar), Bob Bushnell (electric bass), Gary Chester (drums), Ted Sommer, Alvin Rogers (chimes, tambourine). Prior to the release of the Barbara Lewis version, the song had been recorded by the Pixies Three, whose version had successfully been pitched to Cameo Parkway. However, before the relevant contract had been finalized, the Barbara Lewis single had begun to break, causing Cameo Parkway to opt out. The Pixies Three consequently disbanded. Chart performance \"Make Me Your Baby\" was released as a single in September 1965 and that November matched the No.11 peak of her preceding hit, \"Baby I'm Yours\", as well as reaching No.9 on the Top Rhythm & Blues Singles chart. Other cover versions Barbara Lewis' \"Make Me Your Baby\" had an unsuccessful September 1965 release in the UK, where a local cover was cut by producer Shel Talmy with vocalist Liz Shelley. Released 10 September 1965 on Brunswick, this version also failed to chart, but, despite the advance of Lewis' version on the US charts, Shelley's single was given an American release by Decca Records. Bobby Vinton remade the song as \"I'll Make You My Baby\". Billy Sherrill produced the track which, as the lead single for the Ev'ry Day of My Life, reached No.30 on the Easy Listening chart in Billboard in April 1971, just missing the Billboard Hot 100 by peaking at No.101 on the Bubbling Under chart. \"Make Me Your Baby\" was covered in late 1975 in a disco style by Canadian singer Suzanne Stevens. Her version reached No.23 on Canada's RPM singles chart in December, 1975. Lewis' version had",
"title": "Make Me Your Baby"
},
{
"docid": "1817554",
"text": "Robert Owens (born August 17, 1961) is an American songwriter, record producer, DJ and singer, best known for his work with the Chicago house group Fingers Inc. in the mid-1980s. As a solo artist, he has placed several songs on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, two of which hit number-one: \"I'll Be Your Friend\" (1992), and \"Mine to Give\" (2000, a collaboration with Photek). Biography Though electronica has typically been a producer's medium (and the few vocalists who succeed are usually women), Robert Owens became one of the people associated with the late-1980s golden era of Chicago house. Born in Ohio, United States, Robert Owens grew up singing in church, but years later, he was working as a DJ in 1985, when he met Chicago producer Larry Heard. The pair formed Fingers Inc., along with Ron Wilson, and they released a few singles (\"You're Mine\"/\"It's Over\") plus the 1988 album, Another Side. The group disbanded quickly, as Heard's burgeoning solo-production career (as Mr. Fingers) took priority. Owens had already released recordings on his own - \"Bring Down the Walls\" and \"I'm Strong\" made for Alleviated (with production from Heard), and he signed a solo contract with 4th & B'way Records. His 1990 album Rhythms in Me lost visibility soon after within the quickly disintegrating Chicago house scene. (One of his best-known features of the late 1980s, \"Tears\", appeared with the names of Frankie Knuckles and producer Satoshi Tomiie.) By 1996, he had returned to dance music with \"Ordinary People\": a two-part EP recording for Musical Directions. He joined up with Tomiie (again) and Cevin Fisher in 1999, to make a track from Tomiie's Full Lick LP. One year later, in 2000, Owens appeared on the Photek hit \"Mine to Give\". In 2003, he joined with drum and bass act London Elektricity to provide the vocals for their album Billion Dollar Gravy. He collaborated with Coldcut on their album Sound Mirrors, on the track \"Walk a Mile in My Shoes\" in 2006. He collaborated with Rob Pearson on single \"Escape from the Madness\" which was released on Plastic City in 2007. In 2011, he collaborated with the Brookes Brothers on their single \"Beautiful\", which was released on the Breakbeat Kaos label. Later on in the same year he collaborated with Dutch drum and bass producer Icicle, and featured on the tracks \"Step Forward\" and \"Redemption\", which appeared on Icicle's debut album Under the Ice released in April 2011 on Shogun Audio. In 2012, he featured on Mosca's song \"Accidentally\" from the Eva Mendes EP and on Orgue Electronique's album Strange Paradise with the song \"Our House\". In 2013, he released the single \"Trusting Me\" taken from the vocal collaboration album Features by Kris Menace. The video of the single was premiered by MTV Iggy in the US. Discography Albums Rhythms in Me (1990) The Journey (1996) Night-Time Stories (2008) Art (2010) See also List of number-one dance hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the US",
"title": "Robert Owens (musician)"
}
] | [
"23 November 1978"
] |
train_43829 | when does torchwood spin off from doctor who | [
{
"docid": "4877243",
"text": "The Torchwood Institute, or simply Torchwood, is a fictional secret organisation from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its spin-off series Torchwood. It was established in 1879 by Queen Victoria after the events of \"Tooth and Claw\". Its prime directive is to defend Earth against supernatural and extraterrestrial threats. It is later revealed in \"Army of Ghosts\" that the Torchwood Institute has begun to use their findings to restore the British Empire to its former glory. To those ends, the organisation started to acquire and reverse engineer alien technology. Within Torchwood, an unofficial slogan evolved: \"If it's alien, it's ours\". According to one base director, Yvonne Hartman, its nationalist attitude includes refusing to use metric units. While described as \"beyond the UN\", the Torchwood Institute is seen to cooperate with UNIT to some extent. There appears to have been some rapport with the Prime Minister, although it is noted by Harriet Jones in \"The Christmas Invasion\" that she is not meant to know the existence of Torchwood. Those who have come into contact with Torchwood primarily believe it to be a special forces team. Torchwood maintains this illusion by using false witnesses, or by sectioning any journalists who threaten to expose the truth, and via the use of memory-altering drugs. Following a major incident which led to the destruction of Torchwood One, Jack Harkness rebuilds Torchwood to become less confrontational and more secretive in honour of the Doctor. Creation The name \"Torchwood\" is an anagram of \"Doctor Who\", with which tapes of series 1 of the revived Doctor Who TV series were labelled to prevent the footage from being leaked. While writing Doctor Who series 2, head writer and executive producer Russell T Davies established the word \"Torchwood\"—which was the name of an institute previously mentioned in the episode \"Bad Wolf\" (2005)—in his script for the 2005 Christmas Special \"The Christmas Invasion\", both as a motif of the series similar to the \"Bad Wolf\" motif in series 1, and as a lead-in to the Torchwood spin-off series Davies was planning for BBC Three. Torchwood was conceived by Davies as a ruthless but professional organisation helmed by a \"soulless\" woman based on someone Davies had met. He originally based the Torchwood seen in the Doctor Who series 2 episodes \"Army of Ghosts\" and \"Doomsday\" (both aired 2006) over a rift in Cardiff introduced in \"The Unquiet Dead\" (2005), but while developing the Torchwood spin-off series over the summer of 2005, he relocated the Torchwood seen in \"Army of Ghosts\" and \"Doomsday\" to London, while maintaining the existence of a Cardiff branch for the Torchwood series he was preparing. Fictional history 1879–2006 The institute was founded by Queen Victoria in 1879, following the events of the Doctor Who episode \"Tooth and Claw\". While staying at Torchwood House, the Scottish estate of Sir Robert MacLeish, the Queen (Pauline Collins) was attacked by a werewolf, in reality an alien intelligence that planned to infect her with its consciousness by biting her.",
"title": "Torchwood Institute"
},
{
"docid": "804250",
"text": "Doctor Who spin-offs refers to material created outside of, but related to, the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. Both during the main run of the series from 1963 to 1989 and after its cancellation, numerous novels, comic strips, comic books and other material were generated based on the characters and situations introduced in the show. These spin-offs continued to be produced even without a television series to support them and helped keep the show alive in the minds of its fans and the public until the programme was revived in 2005. This entry mainly concentrates on \"official\" spin-offs, that is to say, material sanctioned by the British Broadcasting Corporation, which produces the series, as well as material sanctioned by the copyright holders of characters from the series. One aspect of Doctor Who spin-offs which makes them different from many spin-offs from other science fiction franchises is that many of the television writers and stars have been directly involved in the production of spin-offs. For example, it has become common for a former television actor to reprise their character for an audio play. The BBC holds no position on Doctor Who canon. Although the spin-offs generally do not intentionally contradict the television series, the various spin-off series do occasionally contradict each other. Television Official spin-off productions The first spin-off attempt that actually reached the production stage appeared in 1981, when a 50-minute pilot episode for a series to be called K-9 and Company was aired. It focused on the adventures of former Doctor Who companions Sarah Jane Smith and K-9, a robot dog. The pilot, subtitled \"A Girl's Best Friend\", despite receiving high ratings of 8.4 million, was not commissioned for a development into a series, though Sarah Jane and K-9 would later reappear together on the main Doctor Who series and her adventures would be continued in audio form by Big Finish Productions in the 2000s. Since the return of Doctor Who in 2005, the show was accompanied by a documentary series, Doctor Who Confidential, broadcast on BBC Three. Episodes were also edited to a 15-minute run time and rebroadcast with the title Doctor Who Confidential: Cut Down; these edited versions were included on the Doctor Who DVD releases. In 2011, Confidential was among several shows cancelled by BBC Three to free up space for new programming. Following the success of the first series of the revived Doctor Who, a new spin-off titled Torchwood became the first to be commissioned as a full television series. In contrast to its parent show, Torchwood was initially conceived by creator Russell T Davies as an \"adult\" programme to be broadcast post-watershed. It is set in modern-day Cardiff and revolves around a team investigating alien activities and crime. The series features John Barrowman, playing former Ninth Doctor companion Jack Harkness, police officer Gwen Cooper, computer expert Toshiko Sato, medic Owen Harper and \"support man\", Ianto Jones. The first episode aired 22 October 2006 and received a record BBC Three (and all",
"title": "Doctor Who spin-offs"
},
{
"docid": "5825263",
"text": "Martha Jones is a fictional character played by Freema Agyeman in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its spin-off series, Torchwood. The show's first female black companion, she is a companion of the Tenth Doctor in Doctor Who, after Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) but before Donna Noble (Catherine Tate). According to the character's creator Russell T Davies in his non-fiction book Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale, Martha was developed from the beginning with the intention of appearing for the whole of the 2007 series, and to later make guest appearances in subsequent series and crossover appearances in the show's two spin-offs; Martha subsequently made guest appearances in Torchwood series two and in Doctor Who series four in 2008 and special episode \"The End of Time\" in 2010. Martha was also intended to make guest appearances in the 2009 series of Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures, but could not due to the actress's other work commitments. Within the series' narrative, Martha begins as a medical student who becomes the Doctor's time travelling companion after an incident at the hospital where she works. After well over a year (from the perspective of the Doctor and herself) travelling with the Doctor, Martha parts from the Doctor's company as she recognises how unhealthy their relationship has become. After returning to life on Earth, becoming engaged and finishing her medical degree, Martha finds a newfound level of independence when she is recruited into the paranormal military organisations UNIT, and briefly Torchwood. Having faced the end of the world single-handedly during her time with the Doctor, Martha is recognised for her skills both in the field and in medicine. Appearances Television Freema Agyeman's first appearance in Doctor Who was in the second series (2006) episode, \"Army of Ghosts\", where she played Adeola Oshodi, Martha's cousin. Martha Jones is introduced in the third series (2007) of Doctor Who, first appearing in the episode \"Smith and Jones\". When the hospital she works at is teleported to the Moon, medical student Martha helps save the day alongside an alien time traveller known only as the Doctor (David Tennant). To thank her for her help, the Doctor invites her to join him for a supposed single trip in his time machine the TARDIS, but later accepts her as his full-time \"companion\", admitting that she was \"never just a passenger\", and he even gives her the key to the TARDIS in the episode, \"42\". Martha becomes frustrated because the Doctor is oblivious to her feelings for him, and she expresses concern that she is simply a rebound after the Doctor's painful loss of his previous companion, Rose Tyler (Billie Piper). When the amnesiac Doctor falls in love in the two-part story \"Human Nature\" and \"The Family of Blood\", a pained Martha laments \"You had to go and fall in love with a human... and it wasn't me\". In the series finale, \"The Sound of Drums\" and \"Last of the Time Lords\", in which the Doctor's nemesis",
"title": "Martha Jones"
},
{
"docid": "32158612",
"text": "This is an inclusive list of science fiction television programs whose names begin with the letter D. D Live-action Dans une galaxie près de chez vous a.k.a. In a galaxy near you (1998–2001, Canada) Dark (2017-2020, Germany) Daredevil (2015–2018) Dark Angel (2000–2002) Dark Matter (2015–2017, Canada) Dark Realm (2001, anthology) Dark Season (1991, UK) Dark Side of the Sun, The (1983, UK) Dark Skies (1996–1997) Darkroom (1981–1982, anthology) Day After, The (1983, film) Day After Tomorrow, The a.k.a. Into Infinity (1975, UK, special) Day Break (2006–2008) Day of the Triffids, The (franchise): Day of the Triffids, The (1981, UK, miniseries) Day of the Triffids, The (2009, UK, miniseries) Dead at 21 (1994) Dead Man's Gun (1997–1999, anthology) (elements of science fiction in some episodes) Dead Zone, The (2002–2007) Deadly Earnest a.k.a. Deadly Earnest's Awful Movies (1966–1972, Australia) Deadly Games (1995–1997) Debris (2021) Defiance (2013–2015) Defying Gravity (2009) Denkou Choujin Gridman (1993–1994, Japan) Dennō Coil (2007) Dennou Keisatsu Cybercop (1988–1989, Japan) Dick Spanner, P.I. (1986–1987, UK, stop-motion animation) Dimension 404 (2017, anthology) Dimensions of Fear (1963, UK) IMDb Dinosapien (2007, UK/Canada) Dinotopia (franchise): Dinotopia (2002, miniseries) Dinotopia (2002–2003) Disneyland a.k.a. Wonderful World of Disney, The (1954–2008, anthology) (elements of science fiction in some episodes) Do Over (2002) Doctor Who (franchise): Doctor Who (1963–1989, 1996, 2005–present, UK) K-9 and Company (1981, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, pilot) A Fix with Sontarans (1985, UK, segment) Dimensions in Time (1993, UK, special, crossover) P.R.O.B.E. (1994–1996, UK, Doctor Who spin-offs, films): Zero Imperative, The (1994, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, film) Devil of Winterborne, The (1995, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, film) Unnatural Selection (1996, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, film) Ghosts of Winterborne (1996, UK, Doctor Who spin-off, film) Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death a.k.a. The Curse of Fatal Death (1999, UK, special) Doctor Who: Children in Need a.k.a. Born Again (2005, UK, special) Attack of the Graske (2005, UK, interactive mini-episode) Torchwood (2006–2011, UK, Doctor Who spin-off): Torchwood: Children of Earth (2009, miniseries, third season) Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011, fourth season) Totally Doctor Who (2006–2007, UK) Sarah Jane Adventures, The (2007–2011, UK, Doctor Who spin-off) Time Crash (2007, UK, mini-episode) Music of the Spheres (2009, UK, mini-episode) Doctor Who: Tonight's the Night (2009, UK, special) K-9 (2009–2010, UK/Australia, Doctor Who spin-off) Class (2016, UK, Doctor Who spin-off) Dollhouse (2009–2010) Doom Runners (1997, Australia, film) Doomwatch (1970–1972, UK) Dune: Prophecy (2024) Animated D.Gray-man (2006–2008, Japan, animated) Dallas & Robo (2018, animated) Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future (2001, UK, animated) Dan Vs. (2011–2013, animated) (elements of science fiction in some episodes) Danball Senki (franchise): Danball Senki a.k.a. Cardboard Chronicles (2011–2012, Japan, animated) Danball Senki W (Dabaru) a.k.a. Cardboard Chronicles W (Double) (2012–2013, Japan, animated) Danball Senki Wars (2013, Japan, animated) Dancouga – Super Beast Machine God (1985, Japan, animated) Darkstalkers (1995, animated) Epguides IMDb (elements of science fiction) Darkwing Duck (1991–1992, animated) (elements of science fiction in some episodes) DC Nation Shorts (2012, shorts, animated) Defenders of the Earth (1986–1987, animated) Delilah and Julius (2005–2008,",
"title": "List of science fiction television programs, D"
},
{
"docid": "1681535",
"text": "There have been many official and unofficial Doctor Who and related spin-offs released on audio, as LPs, audiocassettes, audio CDs and MP3 CDs. Recordings here are listed by their original release date. Television soundtracks In 1966, an abridged recording of episode 6 of The Chase was released with narration on a 7-inch record. In 1979, the BBC released an abridged version of Genesis of the Daleks. In 1992 a brief series began releasing audio versions of missing stories from the archives, with link narration provided by one of the actors who played the Doctor. The soundtracks that were known to exist at the time were not the optimal audio quality and the range only released a few stories. A second series of \"Lost Episode\" soundtrack releases began in 1999. This series differed from earlier releases by having \"linking\" narration (to describe action and other sequences that were originally visual) read by an actor or actress who had played a companion in the original serial, rather than one of the actors who played the Doctor (except The Macra Terror, which used the original narration by Colin Baker). Another difference is that all the later releases were remastered for release by Mark Ayres from tapes recorded \"off-air\" at the original time of broadcast, or, when necessary, due to quality and possibly availability, from surviving films. From 1999 to 2004, these recordings were released under the \"BBC Radio Collection\" banner, and, starting in 2004, they have been released under the \"BBC Audio\" banner, with different outer packaging. The series was officially completed in 2006 with the release of The Reign of Terror; however, a rerelease of the soundtrack for The Tomb of the Cybermen was produced and was followed by new audio productions of available serials. All have been released by the BBC unless otherwise noted. This list is in order by release date. Audio drama Doctor Who There have been several original audio dramas produced for Doctor Who, produced for radio and internet broadcast or commercial release. Spin-offs Torchwood Torchwood has had seven Afternoon Plays, most bridging the gap between Series 2 and Children of Earth. Kaldor City A series of audio dramas set in Kaldor City on the unnamed planet featured in the Doctor Who serial The Robots of Death. Faction Paradox Audio dramas featuring the Faction Paradox, a time travelling cult/rebel group/organised crime syndicate originally appearing in the Eighth Doctor Adventures line of Doctor Who novels. Dionus's War Faction Paradox series begun in June 2021. Hellscape Faction Paradox series begun in January 2022. The Minister of Chance A series of audio dramas and novels featuring The Minister of Chance from Death Comes to Time. Erimem Audio dramas adapted from Thebes Publishing's line of Erimem novels featuring the Fifth Doctor companion from Big Finish Productions line of Doctor Who audio plays. BBV audio BBV has produced many Doctor Who audio spin-offs, official and unofficial. This list only covers the licensed spin-offs in which Doctor Who characters or races have been licensed",
"title": "List of Doctor Who audio releases"
},
{
"docid": "4902353",
"text": "is a fictional character from the television series Doctor Who and its spin-off Torchwood, played by Naoko Mori. After a one-off appearance in the Doctor Who episode \"Aliens of London\" (2005), Toshiko is re-introduced as a series regular in the Torchwood premiere episode \"Everything Changes\" (2006). The character appears in every episode of the show's first two series as well as Expanded Universe material including Torchwood novels, audiobooks and comic strips. Within the series narrative, Toshiko is the Cardiff branch of Torchwood's \"technical expert\", described as \"quiet but highly intelligent\", and a \"computer genius\". Aside from lead character Jack Harkness, she is the regular character with the longest history with the Torchwood Institute, having been recruited three years prior to the series. Her characterisation explores the differences between her nature and that of her colleagues and her difficulty in romantic relationships. A general backstory relating to her pre-Torchwood life and long-standing crush on colleague Owen Harper is hinted at across the first series, and explored more thoroughly in the second series. Mori departed the cast in the series two finale, \"Exit Wounds\" (2008). Appearances Television Sato first appears in the Doctor Who episode \"Aliens of London\", credited as 'Doctor Sato', when she is called in to examine a supposed alien corpse at Albion Hospital. Toshiko is reintroduced in the Torchwood 2006 premiere episode \"Everything Changes\" as the technology expert of the Torchwood Institute's Cardiff branch. In \"Greeks Bearing Gifts\", Toshiko enters into a sexual relationship with a woman named Mary (Daniela Denby-Ashe), from whom Toshiko receives a telepathy-granting necklace. Toshiko's experiences with telepathy distress her. She expresses despair and hopelessness, noting that across space, all cultures are essentially similar, leading to utter disappointment with existence. In the penultimate episode of the series, \"Captain Jack Harkness\", she and Captain Jack (John Barrowman) are sent to the year 1941 by the villainous Bilis Manger (Murray Melvin), where being Japanese, Tosh is the victim of bigotry. With their resident genius stranded, Ianto (Gareth David-Lloyd) and Owen are unable to open the Cardiff spacetime Rift and save her until Toshiko leaves them the necessary equations, which she is forced to write in her own blood. In the first series finale, a vision of Toshiko's mother is used to convince her to mutiny against Jack. In the second series (2008) episode \"To the Last Man\", Tosh has a relationship with a soldier from 1918 (Anthony Lewis), who had to be frozen and re-awoken every year until the time was right for him to return to 1918 and heal the Rift. In episode \"Reset\", Owen agrees to go on a date with her, but dies at the end of the episode after being shot in the heart. When Owen is briefly revived by team leader Jack Harkness using a resurrection glove, Tosh says her goodbye to him by confessing that she has always loved him. Owen flatlines, only to revive again permanently, existing in a state resembling undeath. In the episode \"Fragments\", the audience comes to",
"title": "Toshiko Sato"
},
{
"docid": "12284132",
"text": "Joseph Lidster is an English playwright and screenwriter, best known for his work on the Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. Biography He started his career writing Doctor Who audio plays for Big Finish Productions in 2002. Numerous further audio plays and prose short stories followed for Big Finish, for their Doctor Who line, spin-offs and other series (Sapphire & Steel and The Tomorrow People). In 2005, he started working for the BBC, writing tie-in material for the new Doctor Who television series. He made his television writing debut in 2008 on the second series of Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood and subsequently wrote three two-part stories for The Sarah Jane Adventures and two two-part stories for Wizards vs Aliens. Lidster wrote for the 2014 CBBC sitcom Millie Inbetween. Lidster writes the content for the tie-in websites relating to the fictional world of the television series, Sherlock. The websites were designed as \"a way of expanding the story\". In 2017 he was the writer of #SherlockLive, an online game which played out on Twitter. The event won the People's Voice Award at the 2017 Webby Awards. Alongside co-producer James Goss, he has produced Big Finish Productions' dramatic reading range of Dark Shadows audio dramas since 2011. In 2011, he script-edited the short film Cleaning Up written by Simon Guerrier and starring Mark Gatiss and Louise Jameson. In 2012, he won the 'Audience Award for Favourite Playwright' for his first play Nice Sally in The Off Cut Festival. His short film, Wasted, reached the finals of the Balham Film Festival and was selected to be screened as part of the London Short Film Festival. In July 2022, it was announced that he would be returning to the world of The Sarah Jane Adventures as a contributor to a series of audio dramas focussing on the character of Rani Chandra. Credits Television Torchwood \"A Day in the Death\" (2008) The Sarah Jane Adventures \"The Mark of the Berserker\" (2 parts, 2008) \"The Mad Woman in the Attic\" (2 parts, 2009) \"The Nightmare Man\" (2 parts, 2010) Wizards vs Aliens \"Rebel Magic\" (2 parts, 2012) \"The Cave of Menla-Gto\" (2 parts, 2013) Millie Inbetween \"Mobile Wars\" (2014) \"Access All Areas\" (2014) \"Mum v Mum\" (2016) Eve \"The Eve of Destruction (2016) Prisoner Zero \"Schism (2016) \"Traitor (2016) Hetty Feather \"Dreams'\" (2016) \"The Last Sunday\" (2017) \"Prisons\" (2018) \"The Parchment\" (2019) The Demon Headmaster \"Be Your True Self\" (2019) The Dumping Ground \"Friend Zone\" (2022) Film Walking with Dinosaurs Radio The Afternoon Play \"Torchwood: Lost Souls\" (2008) Audio dramas Doctor Who The Rapture (2002) Master (2003) Terror Firma (2005) The Reaping (2006) The Gathering (2006) 100 (2007) Short Trips: A Full Life (2016) Sapphire & Steel Daisy Chain (2005) The Mystery of the Missing Hour (2007) UNIT The Longest Night (2005) Bernice Summerfield The Crystal of Cantus (2006) The Final Amendment (2007) The Tomorrow People Aftermath (2006) Dark Shadows London's Burning (2010) The Crimson Pearl (2011 – with James Goss) The",
"title": "Joseph Lidster"
},
{
"docid": "7268149",
"text": "Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme created by Russell T Davies. A spin-off from the 2005 revival of long-running science fiction programme Doctor Who, Torchwood aired four series between 2006 and 2011. The show shifted its broadcast channel each series to reflect its growing audience, moving from BBC Three to BBC Two to BBC One, and acquiring US financing in its fourth series when it became a co-production of BBC One and Starz. In contrast to Doctor Who, whose target audience includes both adults and children, Torchwood is aimed at an older audience. Over its run, the show explored a number of themes; prominent among these were existentialism, homosexual and bisexual relationships, and explorations of human corruptibility. Series overview Episodes Series 1 (2006–07) Series 1 focuses on Gwen Cooper, her introduction to Torchwood, and meeting Jack Harkness; as well as introducing the characters of Owen Harper, Ianto Jones, Susie Costello, and Toshiko Sato (who was previously introduced in the first series of the newly revived Doctor Who). There is also a loose plot arc centring around the rift; Owen's love of Diane, a woman lost in time; and Owen and Gwen's affair, as well as her relationship to her boyfriend Rhys. Series 2 (2008) Series 2 focuses on the disappearance of Jack and his subsequent return, as well as his past; and also introduces the mysterious yet dangerous character named John Hart. Episodes 6-12 were all shown on BBC Three a week before their BBC Two broadcast. Series 3: Children of Earth (2009) Series 3 centres around the 456, a mysterious alien race who make contact to Earth via the world’s children, and presents how the world’s governments react to solve the problem. It also focuses on Jack and Ianto’s relationship, as well as Gwen and Rhys. Series 4: Miracle Day (2011) Series 4 centres on an event called Miracle Day, where everyone in the world stops dying and subsequently becomes immortal. It also focuses on Jack’s past, his immortality, as well as Gwen and Rhys’s relationship. It also introduces new characters such as Rex Matheson, Esther Drummond, and Oswald Danes. Ratings Notes See also List of Doctor Who episodes (1963–1989) List of Doctor Who episodes (2005–present) K-9 and Company List of The Sarah Jane Adventures serials List of K-9 episodes List of Class episodes Torchwood Declassified References External links Official Website at BBC Official Website at Starz Episodes Torchwood Torchwood",
"title": "List of Torchwood episodes"
},
{
"docid": "1031406",
"text": "Gary Russell (born 18 September 1963) is a British freelance writer, producer and former child actor. As a writer, he is best known for his work in connection with the television series Doctor Who and its spin-offs in other media. As an actor, he is best known for playing Dick Kirrin in the British 1978 television series The Famous Five. Biography Russell was born in Maidenhead, Berkshire. His on-screen acting career included leading roles in the BBC's adaptation of E. Nesbit's novel The Phoenix and the Carpet as Cyril, ITV's adaptations of Enid Blyton's Famous Five novels (as Dick) and the BBC's Look & Read schools series, playing Lord Edward Dark in Dark Towers. He also spent seasons performing with Prospect Theatre Company and the Royal National Theatre. He has written guide books, under the pseudonym Warren Martyn, to Frasier and The Simpsons for Virgin Publishing. He was editor of Doctor Who Magazine between 1992 and 1995. He was the producer for the Doctor Who licensed audio drama tie-ins at Big Finish Productions from its inception in 1998 until July 2006, when he stepped down to work for BBC Wales as a Script Editor on Doctor Who The Sarah Jane Adventures and Torchwood. He has written a number of Doctor Who spin-off novels and in 2000 co-wrote with executive producer Philip Segal the book Doctor Who: Regeneration (HarperCollins, ), the making-of book of the 1996 Doctor Who television movie, as well as the TV movie's novelisation in 1996. He wrote a series of The Art of The Lord of the Rings, one per film, plus a fourth featuring material that could not be fitted into the individual volumes, and contributed to Gollum: How We Made Movie Magic with Andy Serkis. He also wrote the behind-the-scenes book on the making of the Matthew Warchus directed 2007 stage musical version of The Lord of the Rings. His behind-the-scenes book Doctor Who: The Inside Story was published in October 2006, coinciding with his joining the Doctor Who production team. His most recent reference work was also for Doctor Who; published in 2007 by BBC Books, The Doctor Who Encyclopedia is a guide to the current Doctor Who series (2005–present), which has been regularly updated (most recently in 2012) and published both in hardback and via an app. He also wrote a similar encyclopedia for Torchwood and The Torchwood Archive, a semi-fictional guide to the show. He also co-produced and directed the animated mini series The Infinite Quest and Dreamland, which tied in with the current television series of Doctor Who as well as a series of award-winning animated online games also based on the show. In 2011, having left BBC Wales, he briefly returned to Big Finish to produce the Bernice Summerfield and Gallifrey audios, before moving to Australia and becoming the Executive Producer at animation company Planet 55 Studios. There he has overseen the development and production of a new children's sci-fi cartoon Prisoner Zero for ABC Television. He returned to the",
"title": "Gary Russell"
},
{
"docid": "15964372",
"text": "David Llewellyn (born 1978), is a Welsh novelist and script writer. He grew up in Pontypool and graduated from Dartington College of Arts in 2000. His first novel, Eleven, was published by Seren Press in 2006. His second, Trace Memory, a spin-off from the BBC drama series Torchwood, was published in March 2008. Everything Is Sinister was published by Seren in May 2008, Ibrahim & Reenie in 2013 and A Simple Scale in 2018. A Simple Scale was shortlisted for the 2019 Polari Prize. He has written two novels for the Doctor Who New Series Adventures: The Taking of Chelsea 426, featuring the Tenth Doctor, and Night of the Humans, featuring the Eleventh Doctor and Amy Pond. In addition to writing novels, Llewellyn has written a number of audio plays for Big Finish Productions. His essays and reviews have appeared in The Times Literary Supplement Literary Review Wales Arts Review and Nation.Cymru. Llewellyn lives in Cardiff. Novels 2006 - Eleven. Bridgend: Seren. 2008 - Torchwood: Trace Memory BBC Books. 2008 - Everything is Sinister. Seren. 2009 - The Taking of Chelsea 426 BBC Books. 2010 - Night of the Humans BBC Books 2013 - Ibrahim & Reenie Seren. 2018 - A Simple Scale Seren. Short stories 2008 - Mrs Acres (in the Torchwood Yearbook) Titan Books 2008 - The Book Of Jahi (in Torchwood Magazine) 2009 - I May Be Some Time (in Torchwood Magazine) 2009 - The Baby Farmers in Torchwood: Consequences BBC Books. 2011 - Folding Kits (in the anthology Boys & Girls, edited by Paul Burston) 2015 - The Mercy Seats (in The Scientific Secrets of Doctor Who, edited by Simon Guerrier and Marek Kukula) 2022 - ’Without Steve’ in the anthology ‘Queer Square Mile’, published by Parthian Books Audio Plays 2012 - Paradise Frost (Bernice Summerfield) - in the series Road Trip 2012 - The Last Stop (Dark Shadows) 2012 - This World Our Hell (The Confessions of Dorian Gray) 2013 - Arbitration (Gallifrey) 2013 - The Brimstone Kid (Bernice Summerfield) - in the series Missing Persons 2013 - Murder on 81st Street (The Confessions of Dorian Gray) 2013 - The Picture of Dorian Gray (adapted from the novel by Oscar Wilde) 2015 - The Conspiracy (Torchwood) 2016 - Uncanny Valley (Torchwood) 2016 - Zone 10 (Torchwood) 2017 - Visiting Hours (Torchwood) 2018 - Cicero (Cicero) 2018 - The Crowmarsh Experiment (Doctor Who) 2018 - The Serpent in a Silver Mask (Doctor Who) 2018 - The Death of Captain Jack (Torchwood) 2019 - The Green Life (Torchwood) 2019 - Tartarus (Doctor Who) 2020 - The Sins of Captain John (Torchwood) 2021 - The Gates of Hell (Doctor Who) 2021 - Cicero: The Crossroads (Cicero) 2022 - (series)|Torchwood]]'');Cadoc Point References 1978 births Living people People from Pontypool People educated at Abersychan Comprehensive School Writers of Doctor Who novels Welsh writers British science fiction writers 21st-century English male writers Welsh male novelists Welsh dramatists and playwrights Alumni of Dartington College of Arts",
"title": "David Llewellyn (author)"
},
{
"docid": "2929346",
"text": "Peter J. Hammond (born c. 1930s; sometimes credited as P. J. Hammond) is a British television writer and novelist. Career Hammond's television career began in the 1960s, when he began by working on BBC police dramas such as Dixon of Dock Green and Z-Cars, on the latter of which he served as script editor for a year from 1969 to 1970. In 1970 he also wrote for the fantasy series Ace of Wands, and later in the decade contributed to the soap opera Emmerdale Farm. He also continued to write for crime and police dramas, penning episodes of The Sweeney. He also created the offbeat 1984 sitcom Lame Ducks. In the 1980s and 1990s, Hammond wrote for popular ITV police/detective shows The Gentle Touch, The Bill and Wycliffe, as well as for Doctor Finlay, the new production of the 1960s BBC series Dr. Finlay's Casebook. He returned to the science fiction genre by writing an episode of the 1998 Sky One series Space Island One, although his episode was ultimately one of those that went untransmitted until 2002. Work in the 2000s included many episodes of the popular murder mystery series Midsomer Murders. Sapphire & Steel P.J. Hammond is best known for the creation of the science-fiction fantasy series Sapphire & Steel, produced by ATV and screened on the ITV network in the UK from 1979 to 1982. Hammond, who had conceived the series after spending an evening in a supposedly haunted house, wrote five of the six serials that made up the programme, as well as a novelisation of the first serial. Doctor Who and spin-offs In 1986, Hammond was approached to write for Doctor Who, during the troubled production of Season 23's The Trial of a Time Lord. His story, titled Paradise Five, was liked by then-script editor Eric Saward, but rejected by producer John Nathan-Turner while the script was still being worked on. The script was later revived in 2009–2010 by Big Finish Productions for a full cast audio drama, Paradise 5, with the final script written by both Hammond and new material by Andy Lane, starring the Sixth Doctor (Colin Baker) and his companion Peri Brown (Nicola Bryant). Paradise 5 was one of eight stories made as part of the first \"Lost Stories\" season featuring several commissioned, but never filmed, scripts. In October 2005, it was announced by the BBC Press Office that Hammond would be one of the writers of the new science fiction crime series Torchwood, a spin-off from the popular BBC One show Doctor Who. His episode, \"Small Worlds\", was shown on 12 November 2006, directly opposite one of his Midsomer Murders scripts, \"Dance with the Dead\", on ITV1. He also wrote the episode \"From Out of the Rain\" for the second series of Torchwood, shown on BBC Three on 12 March 2008. Novel In 2018 Hammond released his first novel, Downtimers. Writing credits References External links Sapphire & Steel-based interview at Anorakzone.com fansite. Torchwood press release at bbc.co.uk, with Hammond announced as",
"title": "Peter J. Hammond"
},
{
"docid": "2923126",
"text": "Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme created by Russell T Davies. A spin-off of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, it aired from 2006 to 2011. The show shifted its broadcast channel each series to reflect its growing audience, moving from BBC Three to BBC Two to BBC One, and acquiring American financing in its fourth series when it became a co-production of BBC One and Starz. Torchwood is aimed at adults and older teenagers, in contrast to Doctor Whos target audience of both adults and children. As well as science fiction, the show explores a number of themes, including existentialism, LGBTQ+ sexuality, and human corruptibility. Torchwood follows the exploits of a small team of alien-hunters who make up the Cardiff-based, fictional Torchwood Institute, which deals mainly with incidents involving extraterrestrials. Its central character is Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), an immortal con-man from the distant future; Jack originally appeared in the 2005 series of Doctor Who. The initial main cast of the series consisted of Gareth David-Lloyd, Burn Gorman, Naoko Mori, and Eve Myles. Their characters are specialists for the Torchwood team, often tracking down aliens and defending the planet from alien and human threats. In its first two series, the show uses a time rift in Cardiff as its primary plot generator, accounting for the unusual preponderance of alien beings in Cardiff. In the third and fourth series, Torchwood operate as fugitives. Gorman and Mori's characters were written out of the story at the end of the second series. Recurring actor Kai Owen was promoted to the main cast in series three, in which David-Lloyd was written out. Subsequently, American actors Mekhi Phifer, Alexa Havins and Bill Pullman joined the cast of the show for its fourth series. The first series premiered on BBC Three and on BBC HD in 2006 to mixed reviews, but viewing figures broke records for the digital channel. It returned in 2008 where it aired first on BBC Two, receiving a higher budget; its uneven tone, a criticism of the first series, was largely smoothed out, and the show attracted higher ratings and better reviews. The third series' episodes worked with a higher budget, and it was transferred to the network's flagship channel, BBC One, as a five-episode serial titled Torchwood: Children of Earth. Although Children of Earth was broadcast over a period of five consecutive summer weeknights, the show received high ratings in the United Kingdom and overseas. A fourth series, co-produced by BBC Wales, BBC Worldwide and US premium entertainment network Starz aired in 2011 under the title Torchwood: Miracle Day. Set both in Wales and the United States, Miracle Day fared less well with critics than Children of Earth, although it was applauded by some for its ambition. In October 2012, Davies announced that for personal reasons the show would enter indefinite hiatus. All four televised series have been broadcast in Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Europe and North America. Owing to the early popularity of Torchwood, various tie-in",
"title": "Torchwood"
},
{
"docid": "7572270",
"text": "Ianto Jones is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who, played by Welsh actor Gareth David-Lloyd. A regular within the show, Ianto appears in every episode of the programme's first three series excluding the finale of series 3, as well as two crossover episodes of Torchwoods parent show, Doctor Who. Additionally, Ianto appears in Expanded Universe material such as the Torchwood novels and audiobooks, comic books and radio plays. Within the narrative of the series, Ianto begins as general support officer for Torchwood Three, a team of alien hunters stationed in Cardiff, and develops into an active field agent. Initially the regular character with the least screen time, Ianto's role expanded in response to growing cult appeal. Reserved and efficient, Ianto was often used by writers to add humorous asides to the episodes' scripts. The character becomes the main romantic interest of Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), who is the lead male of the series. Established to have had heterosexual relationships prior to the series, Ianto's story forms a part of the show's ongoing exploration of human sexuality. Expanded Universe material develops on Ianto's sexual orientation and the nature of the relationship with Jack, describing Ianto as bisexual and his feelings for Jack as genuine love. Additionally, writers have used these other media to explore Ianto's characterisation; for example, some stories elaborate on Ianto's backstory, or provide insight into his feelings. Beginning as a casual relationship, with little on-screen definition given, Ianto and Jack's relationship deepened over the first three seasons of the programme. The character's creator Russell T Davies chose to kill off Ianto in the third television series. Professional critics by and large gave the story extremely positive reviews. A number of fans, however, were upset by the death of the character, particularly with regards to the romantic storyline's abrupt ending. Artistically, Davies felt that the relationship's unexplored potential maximised the viewer's sense of grief. Subsequent to the departure, fans set up websites in the character's honour, petitioning the writers to resurrect him in future episodes of the series, raising money for charity. Torchwood writers and actors have expressed an unwillingness to reduce the weight of the death scene by bringing the character back, though David-Lloyd penned a Torchwood comic book wherein an alternative universe Ianto survives. Depictions Television The character of Ianto Jones is introduced in the first episode of Torchwood, in 2006. Introduced as a mild-mannered and quiet administrator working for Torchwood Three, the first episode to focus on him was \"Cyberwoman\", which dealt with both his backstory and motivations. In the episode, Ianto is revealed as a former employee of Torchwood One in London (first seen in parent series Doctor Who), whose girlfriend Lisa (Caroline Chikezie) has been partially converted into a Cyberman, a cyborg species seen repeatedly in Doctor Who. Ianto has been keeping her alive, concealed in the basement of the Hub, but she eventually breaks loose and kills two civilians. Ianto is",
"title": "Ianto Jones"
},
{
"docid": "20553888",
"text": "Andy Davidson is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, portrayed by Tom Price, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who. Andy, an officer with the South Wales Police, is a supporting character who first appears in Torchwoods premiere episode \"Everything Changes\" and recurs regularly from thereon. Though initially only credited as 'PC Andy', the character's surname 'Davidson' was given in novels and online media and eventually confirmed by dialogue in Children of Earth, \"Day Three\" (2009). Like Gwen's partner, Rhys (Kai Owen), Andy is used by the production team as an everyman character who grounds the series in a recognisable real-world setting. The character had originally been slated to be killed off in the first series, though the production team had a change of heart, believing him to work well as a supporting character. Both cast and crew, as well as professional reviewers have spoken of the character's role in providing comic relief and an outsider's perspective on the Torchwood Institute. Within the series' narrative, Andy is introduced as a constable for the South Wales Police in Cardiff, as the beat partner of leading female character Gwen. Whilst Andy's role in the first series is peripheral, he has a larger role in the second series where he assists Gwen more directly in her ongoing cases. Whilst jealous of Gwen's exciting life with Torchwood, he remains loyal to her, choosing her side rather than follow government procedure in Children of Earth. By the time of the fourth series, Miracle Day (2011), set two years after the previous serial, Andy has been promoted to the rank of sergeant and acts as a UK-based ally to the now-transatlantic Torchwood team. External commentary on the series has referred to him as a \"fan favourite\". Appearances Television Andy first appears in the series première \"Everything Changes\" (2006) and is present when his police partner Gwen Cooper sustains a head injury, causing him to remain sceptical when she begins tracking Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) and Torchwood. After Gwen joins Torchwood, she meets Davidson again outside a nightclub where a man has been killed by a \"sex monster\"-possessed woman. Like Gwen's boyfriend Rhys (Kai Owen), Andy initially believes that she has been promoted to \"special ops\". He later appears to begrudgingly assist Gwen in series one finale \"End of Days\" (2007), and the second series opener \"Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang\" (2008). In \"Adrift\", Davidson calls Gwen to investigate sudden disappearances in Cardiff, and admonishes her for her hardened perspective. During the episode he reveals his affection for her and resentment toward Rhys, which Gwen learns is his excuse for not attending her wedding. During \"Exit Wounds\", Andy helps Gwen in coordinating the police force's response to the bombs planted by Gray (Lachlan Nieober) and Captain John Hart (James Marsters), subsequently working alongside Rhys to keep the attacking alien Weevils out of the police station. In Children of Earth (2009), he is present after the Torchwood Hub is blown up. He is ordered",
"title": "Andy Davidson (Torchwood)"
},
{
"docid": "15620280",
"text": "Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme created by Russell T Davies. A spin-off of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, it aired from 2006 to 2011. Numerous novels and audio books based on the series have been released. Novels Original audiobooks See also List of Torchwood episodes List of Torchwood comics Torchwood (audio drama series) List of television series made into books References Novels and audio books",
"title": "List of Torchwood novels and audio books"
},
{
"docid": "23666127",
"text": "Rhys Alun Williams, portrayed by Kai Owen, is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who. The character is introduced in the premiere episode as the co-habiting boyfriend of the principal character Gwen Cooper. Initially a recurring character, Rhys' role is increased after the second series; actor Kai Owen is given star billing from the show's third series — a five-part serial subtitled Torchwood: Children of Earth — onwards. The character has gone on to appear in expanded universe material such as the Torchwood novels and audiobooks, comic books and radio plays. Throughout the first series (2006), Rhys is initially unaware of Gwen's vocation as a Torchwood agent, believing her to work in generic special forces. Gwen's relationship with Rhys languishes while she is unable to communicate fully with him, but in the early part of series two (2008) he discovers the truth, and from then on in their relationship is revitalised; the two enter a marriage based on honesty later in the series. In the third series (2009) Rhys becomes directly involved in assisting the Torchwood team in lieu of a fourth team member. In the show's fourth series — a 2011 BBC/Starz co-production — Rhys again finds himself having to assist Torchwood, though he would rather live a domestic life with Gwen and their daughter Anwen. The original intention of the writers had been to kill off Rhys at the end of the first series, but series creator Russell T Davies found it necessary to keep the show grounded through Rhys as Gwen evolved as a character. Producer Richard Stokes stated that \"without him, it simply becomes a sci-fi show about sci-fi people, running around and hunting aliens.\" Following from the first series the production team decided to make Rhys less of a \"sap\" whilst continuing to use him as a contrast to Torchwood's activities and its charismatic leader Jack Harkness. Whilst early response to the character was mixed — the character was parodied as \"Barry Backstory\" — subsequent reviews praised the character's larger role in later episodes. Appearances Television Rhys is introduced in the first episode of the series (2006) as the unspectacular boyfriend of police constable Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles). When Gwen takes a new job with the Torchwood Institute's Cardiff branch as an alien hunter, she is forced to keep it a secret. Over the course of the first series Rhys shows increasing irritation with Gwen's evasiveness and long hours, and her ease and readiness to lie to him. Unknown to Rhys, Gwen establishes a sexual relationship with Owen Harper (Burn Gorman) to help herself deal with her secret double-life. She confesses the affair after it ends in \"Combat\" but drugs Rhys with an amnesia pill so he will not remember her confession. Rhys is murdered by Bilis Manger (Murray Melvin) in \"End of Days\", but this event is erased from history after the Torchwood team reset time by opening the space-time rift located in Cardiff.",
"title": "Rhys Williams (Torchwood)"
},
{
"docid": "7512535",
"text": "Gareth David Lloyd (born 28 March 1981), known professionally as Gareth David-Lloyd, is a Welsh actor and writer best known for his role as Ianto Jones in the British science fiction series Torchwood. Early life He was born in Bettws, Newport. David-Lloyd's first acting role was as a robot in a junior school play. As a teenager, he joined the Gwent Young People's Theatre in Abergavenny and The Dolman Youth Theatre in Newport. While there, he appeared in several plays, including Macbeth, The Threepenny Opera and Henry V, in which he played the title role. Gareth studied Performing Arts at Crosskeys College in South Wales. When former Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock saw the young David-Lloyd performing at Monmouth Castle, he sent him £250 to use towards his acting career. Career Music David-Lloyd fronts the progressive metal band Blue Gillespie, previously known as A Breath of Blue Fire. The band participated in Sex, Wales, and Anarchy on 20 April 2008, and Orgee on 3 May 2008, at the University of Wales Institute Cardiff. Their first EP, Cave Country, was released in December 2008 which was followed by Cave Country Part 2 which was released in August 2009. Their debut album, Synesthesia, was released in May 2010. Their second album Seven Rages of Man was released in May 2012. Acting While studying at Coleg Gwent, Crosskeys, David-Lloyd appeared in various local stage productions at the Dolman Theatre in Newport and the Sherman Theatre in Cardiff. David-Lloyd went on to train at the National Youth Theatre, before moving to Reading to pursue his acting career with The Rep College. David-Lloyd's parts have included Sebastian in Twelfth Night on stage. In the 2004 comedy/drama Mine All Mine, written by Torchwood creator Russell T Davies, he played a character named Ianto Jones. In 2005, David-Lloyd began a part-time degree in philosophy and psychological studies with the Open University. Torchwood David-Lloyd returned to Wales for the filming of his first regular television role in 2006 for Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood, in which he played Ianto Jones, a member of the fictional Torchwood Institute. David-Lloyd appeared in three of four series of Torchwood and even made an appearance in the Doctor Who series 4 finale episodes \"The Stolen Earth\" and \"Journey's End\". David-Lloyd has also recorded a Torchwood audio book, The Sin Eaters, and appeared in the Torchwood audio dramas Lost Souls, Asylum, Golden Age, The Dead Line, The Lost Files, and The House of the Dead. David-Lloyd has recorded a number of M.R. James ghost stories titled Tales of the Supernatural. Since 2015, he has reprised the role of Ianto Jones in several Torchwood audio plays for Big Finish Productions and has also written some of the scripts for those releases. After Torchwood In 2009 he appeared in the short comedy film A Very British Cover-up, while also appearing as a police detective in Internet crime thriller, Girl Number Nine, also starring Tracy Ann Oberman, premiering online on 30 October 2009. In 2010 David-Lloyd starred",
"title": "Gareth David-Lloyd"
},
{
"docid": "38577918",
"text": "Maxine Evans is a Welsh actress who has worked extensively in television and theatre roles. She is best known for playing Rhian in the Sky1 TV comedy drama series Stella. and is also well known for appearing in one episode of the spin-off series of Doctor Who called Torchwood as her role of Helen Sherman in the episode \"Countrycide\" with actor Owen Teale. Maxine also played the character of Mrs Busby in the BBC drama Call The Midwife Evans's career as a director started on stage at the Glasgow Tron Theatre in 1996. A play by Sharman Macdonald was underway, when the director was unable to continue Maxine was drafted from actor to actor/director to get the show to the opening night. Two years later Maxine directed her first Short Film, in which she was nominated for Best Director at the Cork Film Festival. A year later she started directing for television on the drama Nuts and Bolts. She had started as script writer and head story-liner on the show the year before when it won a Royal Television Society Award. She continued to storyline, write and direct over the shows next three series. During her last year on Nuts and Bolts, Evans was asked to take over as the series editor on Crossroads. Eight months later she moved into the story office of Coronation Street. She has also directed a musical feature film Rain: An Original Musical. She worked on the YouTube comedy soap Storyline as director/producer. In theatre, her Olivier-nominated production of The Revlon Girl first enjoyed sell out runs at the Edinburgh Festival and London, winning Best New Play at the Off West End Awards before being nominated for Outstanding Achievement at the 2018 Olivier Awards. Early life and training Maxine Evans was born 9 November 1966 in Wales and grew up in the village of Seven Sisters . Maxine was a member of the West Glamorgan Youth Theatre and the National Youth Theatre of Wales. Where she acted alongside Ruth Jones. Maxine went on to study at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama where one of her classmates was a future 007 Daniel Craig . Career In 2006 Evans had a role in the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood, appearing in the episode \"Countrycide\" as Helen Sherman, a cannibal who lived in the Brecon Beacons with her husband Evan Sherman, portrayed by Owen Teale, who worked alongside Evan and other villagers to get those passing by ready for harvest. In the Sky1 TV Series Stella, she plays the part of Rhian, who pushes a dog around in a pram and hasn't had a shower for some time. She was at school with Stella and already has seven grandchildren, despite being only 42. She also appeared as a semi regular character Mrs Busby in the BBC drama Call The Midwife. She has also worked extensively behind the camera too. First writing, directing and as the head story-liner on the Royal Television Society Awards winning welsh drama Nuts",
"title": "Maxine Evans"
},
{
"docid": "10310058",
"text": "Ben Foster (born 1977) is a BAFTA award-winning British composer, best known for his work on the BBC series Torchwood and as orchestrator for Murray Gold on Doctor Who and for Marc Streitenfeld on Prometheus and The Grey. He is also known for his work as the conductor for Peter Gabriel's Scratch my Back world tour and albums, and for the BBC Proms Doctor Who events. Career Foster studied Composition and Conducting at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, graduating in 2000. He was awarded the Lutosławski composition prize. He is a graduate of the National Film and Television School, where he studied with Francis Shaw and Peter Howell (the latter having composed for the BBC series Doctor Who, with which Foster would later become associated). Doctor Who and Torchwood Since November 2005, Foster has worked as orchestrator and conductor for composer Murray Gold on Doctor Who. He also conducted the BBC National Orchestra of Wales in Doctor Who: A Celebration, which was held at the Wales Millennium Centre on 19 November 2006 in aid of Children in Need. The concert was followed by the release of the first Doctor Who Soundtrack CD which includes music from series 1 and 2 of the programme. This was released on 11 December 2006 on Silva Screen Records. On 5 November 2007, Silva Screen Records released The Soundtrack from Series 3. On 17 November 2008, The Soundtrack from Series 4, followed 10 days later by the broadcast of the first Doctor Who Prom. Foster arranged the music and conducted the BBC Philharmonic at this event, which was part of The Proms. On 24 and 25 July 2010, Foster again arranged and conducted Murray Gold's scores from Seasons 4+5 in the Doctor Who Proms, an event followed by the release of The Doctor Who 2008–2010 specials soundtrack on 4 October, and the Series 5 soundtrack on 8 November. March 2011 saw the release of the soundtrack for the 2010 Christmas special, A Christmas Carol, and on 19 December of that year, the soundtrack for Series 6 was released. Foster arranged and conducted Gold's music from Series 6 and 7, as well as some music from the classic (1963–89) years by Tristram Cary, Martin Slavin, Malcolm Clarke, Dudley Simpson, Paddy Kingsland, Peter Howell and Mark Ayres, for the third Doctor Who prom, performed at the Royal Albert Hall in August 2013, which was followed by the soundtrack releases for the seventh series and the 2011 and 2012 Christmas specials, on 9 September and 21 October respectively. He also acted as Musical Director and Arranger for Doctor Who Live – which toured the UK in October – November 2010, conducting his 16-piece band. Foster also composed music for the first three series of the BBC drama (and Doctor Who spin-off) Torchwood. His work on the show has earned him three nominations in the Best Music category at the 2006, 2007 and 2009 BAFTA Cymru Awards. Silva Screen Records released a soundtrack album composed of his",
"title": "Ben Foster (composer)"
},
{
"docid": "4902349",
"text": "Dr Owen James Harper is a fictional character played by Burn Gorman, and a regular in the BBC television series Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who. The character last appeared onscreen in the Series 2 finale, \"Exit Wounds\". Within the series' narrative, Owen is the medical officer and a field agent for Torchwood Three, a team of alien-hunters based in Cardiff. In his private life, Owen is a narcissistic womanizer with a long history of sexual partners, including colleagues Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles) and Suzie Costello (Indira Varma), but remained indifferent to the affections of colleague Toshiko Sato (Naoko Mori). The show's second series would see Owen experience death, only to be resurrected and forced to adjust to the uncertainty of his undead existence, before ultimately being destroyed in his final appearance. Appearances Television Owen is introduced in the first episode of Torchwood in 2006, as the sarcastic and womanising medical officer for Torchwood Three; the first episode sees him recreationally use alien technology to get a woman and her boyfriend to sleep with him. Owen's first centric episode comes in \"Ghost Machine\", when an alien device makes him experience the rape and murder of a girl in 1963, which drives him to seek revenge for her. The next episode sees him kiss teammate Gwen (Eve Myles) in the midst of a Cyberman attack on the Hub, and as the series continues they continue a destructive affair which Gwen conceals from boyfriend Rhys Williams (Kai Owen). Owen remains oblivious to the devotion of teammate Toshiko (Naoko Mori), but experiences real love with a time-lost 1953 pilot Diane (Louise Delamere) and is distraught when she disappears in an attempt to return to her time, and despondent over this, Owen ends the affair with Gwen. Owen investigates a men's 'fight club' which uses alien Weevils, and Owen attempts to allow one to almost devour him; in the episode's dénouement, however, Torchwood's captive Weevil mysteriously cowers in fear from Owen. When Captain Jack (John Barrowman) and Toshiko are lost to the past, Owen as second-in-command takes control and fights with Ianto (Gareth David-Lloyd) over whether to open the Rift and 'rescue them'; Owen truly intends to rescue Diane, and is successful in opening the Rift and saving his teammates, but with consequences, for which Jack fires him. In the series finale, the opened Rift causes global chaos. An apparition of Diane sent by Bilis Manger (Murray Melvin) convinces Owen to lead a mutiny against Jack to open the Rift yet again; Owen goes so far as to shoot Jack twice in the head. Having unwittingly released the demon Abaddon, who is eventually defeated by a resurrected Jack, Owen is shocked to discover that Jack offers Owen his forgiveness. The second series begins with Gwen now acting as the team's leader following Jack's mysterious disappearance, and the team now work more closely on field missions in an effort to compensate for this shortfall. Toshiko finds the courage to ask Owen on",
"title": "Owen Harper"
},
{
"docid": "229468",
"text": "The Cybermen are a fictional race of cyborgs principally portrayed in the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. The Cybermen are a species of space-faring cyborgs who often forcefully and painfully convert human beings (or other similar species) into more Cybermen in order to populate their ranks while also removing their emotions and personalities. They were conceived by writer Kit Pedler (who was also the unofficial scientific advisor to the series) and story editor Gerry Davis, and first appeared in the 1966 Doctor Who serial The Tenth Planet. The Cybermen have seen many redesigns and costume changes over Doctor Whos long run, as well as a number of varying origin stories. In their first appearance, The Tenth Planet (1966), they are humans from Earth's nearly identical \"twin planet\" of Mondas who upgraded themselves into cyborgs in a bid for self-preservation. Forty years later, the two-part story, \"Rise of the Cybermen\" and \"The Age of Steel\" (2006), depicted Cybermen invented again in a parallel universe London as a business corporation's attempt at upgrading humanity. Doctor Who audio dramas, novels, and comic books have also elaborated on existing origin stories or presented alternatives. The 2017 episode, \"The Doctor Falls\", explains the different origins as parallel evolution, due to the inevitability of humans and human-like species upgrading themselves through technology; this perspective resolves continuity differences in the Cybermen's history. A mainstay of Doctor Who since the 1960s, the Cybermen have also appeared in related programs and spin-off media, including novels, audiobooks, comic books, and video games. Cybermen stories were produced in officially licensed Doctor Who products between 1989 and 2005, when the TV show was off the air, with writers either filling historical gaps or depicting new encounters between them and the Doctor. The species also appeared in the Doctor Who TV spin-off, Torchwood, appearing in the fourth episode, \"Cyberwoman\" (2006). Creation The name \"Cyberman\" comes from cybernetics, a term used in Norbert Wiener's book Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems, particularly self-regulating control systems, in the animal world and in mechanical networks. By 1960, doctors were researching surgical or mechanical augmentation of humans and animals to operate machinery in space, leading to the portmanteau \"cyborg\", for \"cybernetic organism\". In the 1960s, \"spare-part\" surgery began with the development of gigantic heart-lung machines. Public discussion included the possibility of wiring amputees' nerve endings directly into machines. In 1963, Kit Pedler discussed with his wife (who was also a doctor) what would happen if a person had so many prostheses that they could no longer distinguish themselves between man and machine. He got the opportunity to develop this idea when, in 1966, after an appearance on the BBC science programmes Tomorrow's World and Horizon, the BBC hired him to consult on the Doctor Who serial The War Machines (1966). That eventually led to him writing, with Gerry Davis, The Tenth Planet (1966) for Doctor",
"title": "Cyberman"
},
{
"docid": "1850548",
"text": "\"The Empty Child\" is the ninth episode of the first series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who, which was first broadcast on BBC One on 21 May 2005. It was directed by James Hawes, and was the first official episode written by Steven Moffat, who previously wrote the Comic Relief mini-episode \"The Curse of Fatal Death\" in 1999. He would later become the showrunner and main writer of Doctor Who from the fifth to tenth series. \"The Empty Child\" is the first of a two-part story, which continued and concluded with \"The Doctor Dances\", on 28 May. In the episode, the alien time traveller the Ninth Doctor (Christopher Eccleston) and his travelling companion Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) arrive in 1941 during the London Blitz, where they find that the city has been terrorised by a strange child in a gas mask repeatedly asking for his mother. The episode marks the first appearance of John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, who would become a recurring character in Doctor Who and the lead character of the spin-off series Torchwood. \"The Empty Child\" was watched by 7.11 million viewers in the UK. The two-part story has been cited by critics amongst the best of the show, and it won the 2006 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form. Plot The Ninth Doctor and Rose follow a time-travelling metal cylinder to London in 1941, during the Blitz. The Doctor tries to track the cylinder, while Rose discovers a young boy wearing a gas mask on a nearby roof. Rose climbs on a nearby rope, but she realises too late that the rope is the tethering cable of a barrage balloon, and is carried off the ground. Captain Jack Harkness, a former time agent from the future posing as a Royal Air Force officer, rescues Rose with his camouflaged spaceship before Rose falls from the balloon. Jack mistakes Rose for a potential customer of an object that he is willing to sell. Rose plays along, but insists she needs to discuss the matter with her partner before buying. Meanwhile, the Doctor returns to the TARDIS to find its phone ringing; despite caution from Nancy, a young woman nearby, not to answer it, he does, only to hear the voice of a child asking \"Are you my mummy?\" He follows Nancy to a house left empty from the recent air raid sirens, where Nancy and some orphaned children eat a meal abandoned by the homeowners. The Doctor tries to learn more from Nancy, but the boy in the gas mask knocks at the door. Nancy orders the children to leave by the back entrance, and warns the Doctor not to touch the boy. The Doctor opens the door anyway, but the child is gone. The Doctor catches up to Nancy and convinces her to give him more information. Nancy reveals that she knew the cylinder fell near a nearby hospital, and its appearance is tied to the boy. The Doctor arrives at",
"title": "The Empty Child"
},
{
"docid": "12643006",
"text": "Alice Troughton is a British film and television director known for her work on Merlin, Doctor Who and its spin-offs Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. In 2023, she made her feature film debut with The Lesson. Career Troughton studied drama at the University of Kent, where in her second year she directed Hamlet. She realised she wanted to be a television director when she was 32 years old, having worked as a fringe-theatre director, writer, personal driver at ICM and BBC Films and care worker. In 2002, she enrolled in the Doctors directing course. The same year in India, Troughton filmed her first short film called Refuge, based on the diary of a young Tibetan woman. It was later followed by another short film, Doris the Builder, starring Tom Ellis and based on a true story from her hometown, Aylesbury, about a builder who took a load of breast-enhancing hormones for a dare. From 2006 to 2010, Troughton directed episodes of each of Torchwood, The Sarah Jane Adventures, and Doctor Who. She was only the second person (after Colin Teague) to direct episodes of all three shows, which are set in a shared universe. Despite their shared surname and common association with Doctor Who, Troughton is not related to actor Patrick Troughton, who played the Second Doctor in the 1960s. Her directing in the franchise received overwhelmingly positive reviews, particularly for the Doctor Who episode \"Midnight\". Since then, she has gone on to become a leading director, working on acclaimed award-winning British shows such as BBC Three's In the Flesh and Channel 4's Cucumber and Baghdad Central. For her work on Cucumber, she was nominated for Best Director: Fiction at the 2015 Royal Television Society Craft & Design Awards. In the US, she worked on The CW's superhero series The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow and Netflix's science fiction series Lost in Space. For Doctor Who, she cast Colin Morgan in his second television role as the conflicted teenager Jethro Cane, which contributed to him being cast in Merlin, where Troughton became one of the regular directors from the second series onwards. The two later collaborated on the BBC supernatural horror drama The Living and the Dead. Her debut feature film The Lesson, starring Richard E. Grant, Julie Delpy and Daryl McCormack, premiered at the 2023 Tribeca Festival. Filmography Film Television References External links An Interview with Alice Troughton on the Merlin Locations website British television directors British women television directors Living people Place of birth missing (living people) Year of birth missing (living people) Alumni of the University of Kent",
"title": "Alice Troughton"
},
{
"docid": "7685845",
"text": "Kai Owen (born 4 September 1975) is a Welsh actor of stage and screen, known to Welsh audiences for his numerous roles on Welsh language television and to worldwide audiences for his portrayal of Rhys Williams in Torchwood and Pete Buchanan in Hollyoaks. Background and personal life Owen was born in the town of Llanrwst in the Conwy Valley in North Wales, where his family still lives. His father Mark is a GMB union official and his mother Yvonne is a cleaner at the British Legion Club. He was educated at Watling Street Primary School, Llanrwst and Ysgol Dyffryn Conwy. He attended Mountview Theatre School, London for three years, graduating in 1998. Owen lived with his actor fiancée Sarah Wilson in East Finchley, London and in 2010 moved with son Bobby to Warwickshire. He ran the 2009 London Marathon for the children's cancer charity CLIC Sargent, and also ran the Virgin London Marathon on 25 April 2010. He is a patron of Llandudno Youth Musical Theatre. Television career He became first known as Kev, a gay roofer in Tipyn O Stad, shown on Welsh-language channel S4C. He was a regular in several series (52 episodes) of this popular gritty Welsh television programme; he also appeared in S4C's Treflan as character Bob Lewis. In 2009 he guested as Harri in the second series of Y Pris and as violent loan shark Craig Turner in Pobol Y Cwm (one episode, broadcast 11 September 2009; he appeared in a similar guest role in the show in August and in October 2012). Owen's first appearance on English-language UK television came in 2001, when he appeared as Buster Edwards in the episode Dog Dago Afternoon of series Fun at the Funeral Parlour. In 2003 he guested in an episode of BBC One television series Casualty (episode 392, Stuck in the Middle With You, 19 April 2003, as Danny). In 2005 he played the character of Dave 'Shiner' Owen in all six episodes of the series Rocket Man, a BBC One television series about a man trying to launch his dead wife's ashes into space. 2006 saw Owen cast as recurring character Rhys Williams in Torchwood, a spin-off from the science fiction television series Doctor Who, a role for which he has become most renowned. He was elevated to star billing for the third series, broadcast on BBC One in summer 2009, reflecting his growing role in the series. He reprised his role in the fourth series of Torchwood - Torchwood: Miracle Day, broadcast during summer 2011. Owen appeared in an episode of Celebrity Ready Steady Cook with Torchwood co-star Tom Price (Andy) (recorded 26 August 2009, broadcast 8 January 2010). In 2011, Owen appeared in the first episode of the third series of Being Human as Bob, leader of a dogging pack. He appears in the 14th episode of the seventh series of long running BBC school drama Waterloo Road as former rugby pro Ken Watling. He appeared in an episode of the 2012 Kay",
"title": "Kai Owen"
},
{
"docid": "5005722",
"text": "James Goss (born 1974) is an English writer and producer, known both for his work in cult TV spin-off media, including tie-in novels and audio stories for Doctor Who and Torchwood, and for his fictional works beyond established universes. Doctor Who Online content In 2000, Goss was made a BBC senior content producer and put in charge of the BBC's official Doctor Who website. Originally the site was part of the BBC's Cult TV website. Goss slowly expanded the content to include Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Farscape, The Simpsons, 24 and Doctor Who. He was subsequently voted Number 19 in TV Cream's 2004 poll of Top 50 Media Movers and Shakers. With the return of Doctor Who, the Cult site was slowly wound down in order to concentrate solely on the show. Goss moved to BBC Wales to oversee the production of the new show's web site, expanding the contents to include cast and crew interviews, games and spin-off sites based on the broadcast episodes. His aim was to construct a whole world beyond the show that viewers could get further involved in, notably employing graphic designer Lee Binding for front pages and site design, and writer Joseph Lidster for the spin-off sites' fictional content. Sequence, a UK based creative and experience design agency, were also responsible for all of the Doctor Who series extended-fiction games, experiences and many of the associated websites. Goss also produced the video clip \"krill-loop\" for a tie-in website. Television, radio and DVD Having produced previous Doctor Who web only animations (such as Scream of the Shalka) and Shada, in 2005 Goss produced the animations of two missing episodes of The Invasion. The animation, developed by Cosgrove Hall, was originally intended as web-only content but was later added to the DVD release and went on to be voted best DVD special feature in the 2006 Doctor Who Magazine awards. In 2006, Goss developed and produced The Infinite Quest, a Doctor Who animation shown on BBC One and CBBC in 2007. He was also producer of the special features for the DVD release. He has since produced DVD extra features for further 2 Entertain Doctor Who releases, including The Chase, The Keys of Marinus, The Masque of Mandragora, and The Trial Of A Time Lord. In 2006, he appeared in an episode of Doctor Who Confidential. In 2013 Scream of the Shalka was released on DVD with extras which include James Goss presenting a documentary on how the series came to be made and appearing in a documentary about the BBC cult website. He also produced a series of 5 (short) documentaries called Doctor Forever which appeared across Doctor Who DVD Special Edition releases in 2013. He was also involved in producing a series of documentaries for the 50th Anniversary of Doctor Who which in 2013 were first shown on BBC America and subsequently on Watch in the UK. Books In 2007, he contributed to the Doctor Who short-story collection Short Trips: Snapshots. His first book,",
"title": "James Goss (producer)"
},
{
"docid": "10621582",
"text": "Colin Teague is a British film and television director. Born in 1970, he grew up in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire and studied at Redroofs Theatre School and the London International Film School. He is most associated with Doctor Who, being the first person to have directed for the main series and both of its spin-offs, Torchwood and the pilot episode of The Sarah Jane Adventures. In 2009 and 2011, Teague was BAFTA Award-nominated for Being Human. In 2011, he directed Frankenstein's Wedding, broadcast live from Leeds on BBC3, and Shirley, a biopic on the singer Shirley Bassey which won a Cymru Bafta for Best Single Drama. In 2012, he directed The Town, a three-part drama for ITV. In 2013, he directed The White Queen for BBC/Starz, which was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards. Selected filmography The Last Drop (2005) Holby City (2003–2006) Torchwood \"Ghost Machine\" (2006) \"Greeks Bearing Gifts\" (2006) \"Sleeper\" (2008) \"Meat\" (2008) The Sarah Jane Adventures \"Invasion of the Bane\" (2007) Doctor Who \"The Sound of Drums\" (2007) \"Last of the Time Lords\" (2007) \"The Fires of Pompeii\" (2008) Being Human Series 1, Episode 5 (2009) Series 1, Episode 6 (2009) Series 2, Episode 1 (2010) Series 2, Episode 2 (2010) Shirley (2011) Sinbad \"Kuji\" (2012) \"Eye of the Tiger\" (2012) \"For Whom the Egg Shatters\" (2012) The Town (three-part TV drama, 2012) The White Queen BBC/Starz TV series (2013) Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse (2015) Spotless Not a Place, a Circumstance (2015) Someone's Son, Somebody's Daughter (2015) Da Vinci's Demons Alis Volat Propriis (2015) La Confessione Della Macchina (2015) Jekyll & Hyde The Harbinger (2015) Mr Hyde (2015) The Cutter (2015) Beowulf: Return to the Shieldlands Episode #1.6 (2016) Episode #1.7 (2016) Hooten & the Lady The Amazon (2016) Rome (2016) James Patterson's Murder Is Forever Murder Interrupted (2018) Mother of All Murders (2018) ‘’Rashash (2021) Session 1 References External links Interviews about directing Torchwood British television directors Living people People educated at Redroofs Theatre School People from High Wycombe 1970 births",
"title": "Colin Teague"
},
{
"docid": "12841911",
"text": "Sarah Pinborough is an English author and screenwriter who has written YA and adult thriller, fantasy and cross-genre novels. She has had more than 20 novels published by several companies and in several countries. They have also been translated into a number of languages. Bibliography Novels Leisure Books Her work has been published within the horror books section of Leisure Books. The Hidden (2004, Leisure Books) — amnesia is the start of a new life with hidden horrors The Reckoning (2005, Leisure Books) — horrors from teenage years come back to a group of adult friends Breeding Ground (2006, Leisure Books) — end-of-the world novel where most of the population is wiped out by giant spiders born of human women The Taken (2007, Leisure Books) — ghostly revenge novel Tower Hill (2008, Leisure Books) — about a small town in America in supernatural peril of Biblical proportions Feeding Ground (2009, Leisure Books) — sequel to Breeding Ground; Pinborough's original proposal for this sequel would have been called The Brethren but this was rejected by the publisher as being too much like science fiction for their list. The book as written is intended to be like a \"creature feature\" movie. Torchwood Torchwood is a spin-off series from the BBC series Doctor Who. These are TV tie-in novels and short stories in that shared world. Into the Silence (Torchwood) (2009, Random House) The story Kaleidoscope in Consequences (Torchwood) (2009, Random House) Torchwood: Long Time Dead (2011, Random House) Pinborough has also written short stories for the Torchwood Magazine. These are: Happy New Year Issue 20 Mend Me Issue 23 The Dog-Faced Gods series Published as the Forgotten Gods Trilogy in the US by Ace Books. \"The 'Dog Faced Gods' series is set in an alternative world. The Britain of this world isn't a dystopia but it is merely a little crappier and harsher than ours.\" Jim Steel A Matter of Blood (2010, Gollancz Books) (2013 Ace Books) The Shadow of the Soul (2011, Gollancz Books) (2013 Ace Books) The Chosen Seed (2012, Gollancz Books) (2013 Ace Books) The Fairy Tale Series Subversive retellings of fairy stories published by Gollancz Books. Poison (April 2013 Gollancz Books) — a Snow White story Charm (July 2013 Gollancz Books) — a Cinderella story Beauty (October 2013 Gollancz Books) — a Sleeping Beauty story Other novels The Language of Dying (2009, PS Publishing) (2013, Jo Fletcher Books) — a dysfunctional family is revealed around the father's death-bed Mayhem (2013, Jo Fletcher Books) — a supernatural murder mystery set in Victorian London and based around the events of the Thames Torso Murders. Murder (2013, Jo Fletcher Books) — a sequel to Mayhem The Death House (2015, Gollancz) — bleak lives of children with a 'Defective gene' 13 Minutes (2016, Flatiron Books) — 'young adult' thriller following a girl being rescued from an icy river Behind Her Eyes (2017, HarperCollins) — an idyllic life suddenly changes and who can be trusted? Cross Her Heart (2018, William Morrow & Co)",
"title": "Sarah Pinborough"
},
{
"docid": "7424489",
"text": "\"Everything Changes\" is the first episode of the British science fiction television programme Torchwood, which was first broadcast on the digital channel BBC Three on 22 October 2006. The story was written by show creator and executive producer Russell T Davies as an introduction to the show's mythos. The episode re-introduces Captain Jack Harkness, who had proved popular in the first series of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, as the leader of Torchwood, a team of alien hunters. The story is told from the perspective of Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles), who comes across the Torchwood team through her job as a police officer with the South Wales Police, who are investigating a series of strange deaths in Cardiff. Through Gwen's discovery of Torchwood, the audience are introduced to team members Owen Harper (Burn Gorman), Toshiko Sato (Naoko Mori) and Ianto Jones (Gareth David-Lloyd). Suzie Costello, as played by Indira Varma, had also been billed as a series regular prior to transmission, though in a twist the character was revealed as the murderer and killed off at the end of the episode, with Gwen replacing her as a member of the Torchwood team. Upon broadcast the episode earned BBC Three its highest ever viewing figures. Critical reaction to the episode was mixed, with reviewers making both positive and negative comparisons to Torchwoods parent show Doctor Who. Plot During a murder investigation in Cardiff, police officer Gwen Cooper spies on a group of five people called Torchwood, led by Captain Jack Harkness, exiting an SUV. One member, Suzie, uses a metal gauntlet to temporarily bring the victim to life and talk to him. Gwen flees when Jack notices her. The next day, Gwen runs into Jack again at a hospital and, following him, finds a sealed-off area where Jack catches a Weevil. As she escapes, Gwen follows the Torchwood SUV to Roald Dahl Plass, where she loses sight of them. Discovering a local pizza store makes regular deliveries to Torchwood, Gwen disguises herself as a pizza delivery girl. Monitoring her actions, Torchwood willingly let her into their underground hub. Jack shows Gwen around the hub, including the captured Weevil from the hospital. They then leave the hub via a pavement slab lift, which takes them to Roald Dahl Plass in front of the Millennium Centre; the slab makes anyone standing on it unnoticed to passersby. Over drinks, Jack explains that Torchwood is one of several branches, including Torchwood One which was destroyed at Canary Wharf. They catch \"tons\" of aliens and scavenge alien technology that are washed up through a rift in space and time that runs through Cardiff, while preventing others from obtaining them. Jack places an amnesia pill in Gwen's drink, leaving her with no memory of the meeting. The next day at work, Gwen is shown a drawing of the murder weapon, which triggers a series of memories. These solidify when she spots a Millennium Centre programme with the word \"Remember\" in her own handwriting at home. Outside",
"title": "Everything Changes (Torchwood)"
},
{
"docid": "359013",
"text": "Big Finish Productions is a British company that produces books and audio plays (released straight to compact disc and for download in MP3 and m4b format) based, primarily, on science fiction properties. These include Doctor Who, the characters Judge Dredd and Strontium Dog from 2000 AD, Blake's 7, Dark Shadows, Dracula, Terrahawks, Sapphire & Steel, Sherlock Holmes, Stargate, The Avengers, The Prisoner, Timeslip, and Torchwood. History Founded in 1996, Big Finish in late 1998 began releasing audio plays adapted from the New Adventures, a series of novels from Virgin Books which had originally been licensed Doctor Who stories, but by then had become officially independent from the show and were based around the character of Bernice \"Benny\" Summerfield. In 1999, Big Finish obtained a non-exclusive licence to produce official Doctor Who plays, beginning with the multi-Doctor story The Sirens of Time. Doctor Who and spin-offs have remained the main part of the company's output ever since, although they have since diversified. Many of those initially involved in Big Finish had worked on the Audio Visuals fan series of unlicensed Doctor Who audio plays. The name of the company was taken from the episode \"The Big Finish\" of the 1989-1993 ITV series Press Gang. On 25 July 2019, Big Finish made a statement about equality and diversity in response to requests from fans wishing the company to make a statement on the views expressed by a few individuals they have worked with. The company stated that it is committed to ensuring that those working for the company are protected from discrimination due to age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage, pregnancy or maternity leave, race, religion, sex and sexual orientation. Organisation Until July 2006, Gary Russell served as producer of the Doctor Who audios. When Russell left the company, Jason Haigh-Ellery and Nicholas Briggs took joint responsibility as Co-Executive Producers. Briggs now bears creative responsibility for Big Finish's Doctor Who range, along with script editor Alan Barnes. David Richardson holds the title of senior producer across all ranges, organising the schedules across the company's output, as well as having creative producer responsibility for The Companion Chronicles, Lost Stories, and the spin-off Jago & Litefoot. The Chairman and co-executive producer of the company is Jason Haigh-Ellery. Big Finish Day Big Finish Day is a fan convention featuring guest appearances by Big Finish actors. On 11 June 2011, Tenth Planet Events hosted the first Big Finish Day in Barking. On 11 February 2012, a second one was held. As of September 2015, there have been seven Big Finish Days, with more planned. Downloads In February 2008, Big Finish launched a new download service through their website, which would provide audio plays in MP3 format, free of any DRM. They currently provide the large majority of their catalogue in MP3 and M4B format, with very few outstanding exceptions. In late April 2008, Big Finish released a download subscription service that mirrors its physical CD service. In addition, those who purchase Big Finish productions on CD through",
"title": "Big Finish Productions"
},
{
"docid": "27576193",
"text": "Doctor Who Online (or DWO by its users) has, since 1996, been a UK-based news, information, and forum site dedicated to the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. A regular feature on the website is the Doctor Who: DWO Whocast Podcast, started in April 2006. Site history The site was founded as Doctor Who: The REGENERATIVE website in 1996, as a site for fans to find out news and guides for the show while it was off the air. The website was created by science fiction fan Sebastian J. Brook. When it launched, there was no current series of Doctor Who and the show was not shown in a regular cycle. The website detailed when previous episodes were scheduled to repeat on television. In 2000, the website changed its name to Doctor Who Online in response to former Doctor Tom Baker, who suggested the name would suit the website better. Many of the features the website originally had, such as the News section, still remain. Features The original website had regular features, including: news, episode guides, magazine releases (often featuring Doctor Who Magazine) and convention information. The site has its own Minecraft server, containing a survival section, a minigames section where players can participate in Doctor Who-themed games and challenges, and a creative section where players can construct Doctor Who-inspired builds and replicas. Dr. Who News The news section of the Doctor Who Online website has regular news features and contributors who help to document Doctor Who broadcast and merchandise announcements. The section also includes news from spin-off shows Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. In November 2010, a Doctor Who Online News teamed up with Blendtec for a Doctor Who: Will it Blend? Doctor Who Special, in which DWO editor Brook and Tom Dickson, a Blendtec C.E.O, attempt to blend an Ironside Dalek action figure. The video has proven popular on YouTube with over 200,000 views so far. DWO Whocast The Whocast (officially titled Doctor Who Podcast: DWO WhoCast) is a weekly podcast featured by the site. The Whocast was started in April 2006 by Paul A.T. Wilson, during the original run of Series 2 of Doctor Who, and in conjunction with a Doctor Who meeting group based in London. In September 2006, The Whocast teamed up with DWO, with a significant format change and the addition of a co-host. With the format change, the podcast attracted more listeners and experienced a dramatic growth in listenership. The podcast usually features interviews with people involved with the new and the old series of Doctor Who and Big Finish Productions. Interviews with members of the cast and crew from the classic and the new series of Doctor Who are common; the team are regularly joined by actors who have played the Doctor, such as Colin Baker and Peter Davison. They have had members of the effects team such as Neill Gorton and Mat Irvine as well as other members of acting and production staff. Community The original forum went live",
"title": "Doctor Who Online"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "34937395",
"text": "Jilly Kitzinger is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who, portrayed by American actress Lauren Ambrose. The character was promoted as one of five new main characters to join Torchwood in its fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011), as part of a new co-production between Torchwoods British network, BBC One, and its American financiers on US premium television network Starz. Ambrose appears in seven of the ten episodes, and is credited as a \"special guest star\" throughout. Whilst reaction to the serial was mixed, Ambrose' portrayal was often singled out by critics for particular praise and in 2012 she received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress on Television. Miracle Day depicts the effects of an event which halts the process of death worldwide. Jilly Kitzinger is a public relations expert who sees this phenomenon, labelled \"Miracle Day\" by the media, as an opportunity she can use to further her career. Early in the series she becomes a representative for the paedophile-murderer Oswald Danes (Bill Pullman) which gains both parties publicity; however Kitzinger has little personal sympathy with her client and abandons him when she no longer needs him. Towards the end of the series she affiliates herself with 'the Families', the main villains behind the supernatural event of 'Miracle Day' and her own personal view of the world becomes apparent. Though those she works for are defeated in the series finale, it is revealed that Jilly has survived, leaving the character's future uncertain. The character is used by the production team to provide commentary on mass-media; she is ostensibly first and foremost concerned with profiting from global events. Jilly is also used as a foil to the contemptible Oswald Danes; during the series each uses the other for their own ends. Whilst she was promoted as having a \"heart of stone\" and described by critics as a \"bad-girl\" and \"amoral\", Ambrose stated that the character also had positive characteristics. Series writer Jane Espenson felt the character to be partly defined by her \"ego\" and \"self-delusion\". Appearances Jilly first appears in the second episode of Miracle Day where she offers the controversial Oswald Danes (Bill Pullman), a recently released convicted child murderer and paedophile, representation. Danes agrees to be represented by her after being assaulted by vigilante police officers; with him assured as a client Jilly sets out to sell his celebrity status in addition to the public image of drug company Phicorp and \"Miracle Day\" itself. Kitzinger also approaches the respected Washington DC surgeon Vera Juarez (Arlene Tur), but she allies herself with Torchwood—a group of renegades composed of two former alien-hunters and two former CIA agents—and distracts Jilly from an infiltration by Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles). In spite of her professional remit Jilly expresses disgust at Oswald in \"Escape to L.A.\" when his public persona is eclipsed by Ellis Hartley Monroe (Mare Winningham), stating that she cannot look at his hands after the crime he has committed.",
"title": "Jilly Kitzinger"
},
{
"docid": "52725790",
"text": "\"The Conspiracy\" is the first play in the main series of Torchwood audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions. It was written by David Llewellyn and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. It was released 15 September 2015 and stars John Barrowman reprising his role of Captain Jack Harkness and made available to purchase on CD and as a download. Plot George Wilson is a man who claims that the world is really under alien control and those who knew the truth have long since been silenced. Unfortunately for George no-one believes him. Captain Jack Harkness of Torchwood Three, however, knows George is right. The committee are here... Writing In May 2015, Big Finish announced that they had been granted permission to produce audiobooks based on Torchwood as part of a licensing agreement between themselves and BBC Worldwide, allowing them to use characters and concepts from the revived series of Doctor Who (2005–present) and its spin-offs in future productions. The company was formerly only permitted to use concepts from the series' original 1963–89 run and its self-titled 1996 TV film. The new Torchwood plays also received the blessing of Torchwood creator Russell T. Davies, who had been working with Gardner and former Big Finish producer Gary Russell to bring the show to the company since 2013. References External links 2015 audio plays 2015 radio dramas Radio plays based on Torchwood",
"title": "The Conspiracy (Torchwood)"
},
{
"docid": "7614057",
"text": "This is a list of extraterrestrial, supernatural, otherworldly and futuristic items featured in the BBC science-fiction drama Torchwood and its spin-off media. 0-9 3-D glasses Originally used by the Tenth Doctor in \"Doomsday\" to detect particles from the void between universes, Jack Harkness now owns a pair which he keeps on his desk (\"Small Worlds\"). A Alien knife See Life knife Alien pendant A communication device used by the inhabitants of Mary's home planet of Arcateen 5. It allows the wearer to hear thoughts and feelings of others; it can backfire if the ones the wearer is listening to have terrible secrets. The only known pendant on Earth was destroyed by Toshiko Sato in \"Greeks Bearing Gifts\". As Tosh pointed out, the only truthful thing Mary said about the pendant is that it can be too much for the wearer to handle. Amnesia pill Amnesia pills to cause someone to forget recent memories. The amnesia can be cured if the person's memories are triggered by one specific image (and if they are intelligent enough). Jack used this on Gwen Cooper after she first learned about the Torchwood Hub. It contains a special compound known as B67 or Retcon (in reference to retroactive continuity). The website reveals the pills were developed by Torchwood One under Yvonne Hartman, as well as several details about its effectiveness. 2 oz of B67 is only sufficient to cause mild confusion in young children (6–7), with 4 oz being able to cause memory loss in older persons (61–64), and 8 oz is sufficient to cause memory loss in people in their late 20s although in one instance, caused a stress-induced heart attack in a 64-year-old man. Gwen Cooper feeds Rhys retcon whilst confessing her affair with Owen, so that he will not remember. It is revealed in \"End of Days\" that those dismissed from Torchwood are \"Retconned\" within 24 hours. Other suggested names for the compound included Goldfish and Scooter. Jack appears to have a supply of, or made, his own Retcon during the events of Season Four - \"Miracle Day\". He drugged Esther with it, only for it to prove pointless in the following episode where she is forced to join Torchwood, and someone from the Three Families that was spying on Gwen to see if she had any contact with Jack. The Amok The Amok is a multi-dimensional coin-shaped item which appears to be a recreational game for an alien race. As humans only operate within a four-dimensional world, the incomprehensible dimensions of the Amok cause surrounding humans to go mad with desire to take their turn playing. When in possession of the Amok, humans talk unintelligibly about things being \"big big big\" and witness blue lights behind their eyelids. The madness is so acute that humans can kill each other or themselves in an attempt to take their turn. When the Torchwood team encounter the Amok in the novel Border Princes by Dan Abnett, they are also affected by it, but eventually manage",
"title": "List of Torchwood items"
},
{
"docid": "7756668",
"text": "Tom Price (born 12 July 1980) is a British actor, voice-over artist, radio presenter and stand-up comedian originally from Monmouth, Wales. He is most noted for portraying Andy Davidson in Torchwood. Acting Price's comedy career began in 1998 when he co-starred in a revue at Monmouth School, These Charming Men. He continued acting as a student at the University of Warwick, where he studied English literature. After graduating, he turned down a place at drama school and moved to London. His first TV appearance was playing a waiter in an episode of Absolute Power. He is known to television audiences for being one of the stars of the Five comedy sketch show Swinging. He has also appeared in a recurring role as police officer Andy Davidson in a number of episodes of Torchwood, a spin-off from the long running science fiction series Doctor Who. In 2008 he starred in the BBC Three sketch show The Wrong Door and filmed the role of Darrin Stephens in a pilot UK remake of Bewitched, which never got aired. Other TV appearances include Doctors (2009) and Secret Diary of a Call Girl (2010). Price also featured in Renault TV's program The Key. In 2011 Price reprised the role of Andy Davidson in Torchwood: Miracle Day, airing on BBC One and US premium television network Starz. In addition to his TV performances Price has appeared in the films The Boat that Rocked and Hereafter. In 2011 he appeared in an 8-part comedy reality series called World Series of Dating on BBC3 with Rob Riggle. He was most recently a regular alongside Ruth Jones in Stella and appeared in recent series of Count Arthur Strong and Episodes. Comedy Price often performs as a stand-up comedian across the UK and internationally. He took his debut stand-up show, Say When, to the Edinburgh Festival in 2011, and a reviewer described his comedic style as \"easygoing, good-natured autobiographical\". He returned to Edinburgh in 2014 with his show \"Not as Nice as He Looks\", which was described by one reviewer as \"refreshing, innovative and frighteningly funny\". In Autumn 2014, Tom supported Stephen Merchant on his European Tour. Radio Price appeared as Gordon, a young drunken doctor, in the BBC Radio 4 comedy show Rigor Mortis for three series, alongside Peter Davison, Geoffrey Whitehead, Matilda Ziegler and, for series one, Tracy-Ann Oberman. His radio credits also include the Torchwood Radio Play Asylum, in which he reprised his role as Andy. He hosts the BBC Radio Wales comedy news show \"The Leak with Tom Price\", which began in September 2014. Prior to that, he regularly hosted the topical comedy radio show What's the Story? on the same station. In October 2016 Tom became the weekend afternoon host on Magic Radio. From September 2017, Tom became the weekend breakfast show host on Magic Radio taking over from Harriet Scott until 7th October 2023. From 9th October 2023, Tom can now be heard presenting the 4 till 7 show with Kat Shoob, the show",
"title": "Tom Price (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "23456862",
"text": "\"Asylum\" is an original BBC Radio 4 audio play written by Anita Sullivan and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. This episode aired on 1 July 2009 on BBC Radio 4. It stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones, Tom Price as PC Andy Davidson, and Erin Richards as Freda. Plot Andy Davidson comes across a girl in a river as he patrols. As he helps her, the girl screams at him before running off, leaving Andy confused. He comes across the girl again as he attends to a dispute between her and a shopkeeper who claims she shoplifted. The shopkeeper accuses the girl of holding a gun, but when it's revealed to Andy, he notes that it looks more like a radar gun. When the girl is unresponsive, Andy takes her to the police station. At the Hub, Jack Harkness practices knife throwing while Gwen Cooper has troubles operating the Rift database. While Jack teases Gwen's annoyance at both the database and himself to Ianto Jones, Gwen receives a phone call from Andy regarding the girl. Jack, Andy and Gwen watch the girl and a police woman talk. The girl is still unresponsive, but via interior monologue, the girl recalls memories of being bullied at school and being called a 'Ghostie'. Jack states that she will go with Torchwood as she and the gun are connected, though Andy protests that she is his case. As Gwen talks to her, the girl remembers her mother crying. She becomes disorientated as she tells Gwen her name is Freda, and speaks with a Welsh accent. Gwen proceeds to take blood tests while Jack and Ianto return to the Hub with the gun. In the SUV, Jack toys with it and they realise the gun has the power to immobilise security systems and in particular, the traffic. Using a motorbike, Jack and Ianto speed away to the Hub while the city remains gridlocked. Gwen and Andy take Freda to a safe house while Jack and Ianto run the appropriate tests. Gwen tells Andy that Freda is now Torchwood's responsibility and they're keeping Freda safe. While Gwen attends to a burn on her arm, Freda recalls a house fire as well as a Cardiff address and the name of a woman. She asks to go to the address as it may help jog her memory, and Gwen and Andy argue about the decision. While Freda bathes, Gwen receives a phone call from the Hub stating that Freda came through the Rift and has the potential to control what comes through. Gwen tells Jack about the address and contact, and Jack warns her to stay focused. At the safe house, Andy pesters Gwen about mentions of the Rift until Freda interrupts them. Gwen decides to give Freda a haircut and clothes to help her blend in while Andy remains in a state of disbelief",
"title": "Asylum (Torchwood)"
},
{
"docid": "33107456",
"text": "Oswald Danes is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who and is portrayed by American actor Bill Pullman. The character was promoted as one of five new main characters to join Torchwood in its fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011), as part of a new co-production between Torchwoods British network, BBC One, and its American financiers on US premium television network Starz. Pullman appears in eight of the ten episodes, and is credited as a series regular. Whilst reaction to the serial and Pullman's character was mixed, Pullman's portrayal was praised by critics and in 2012 he received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor on Television. Danes is a former schoolteacher who molested several of the little girls he taught, and eventually killed one of them. He was sentenced to death, but on the day of his execution - the so-called Miracle Day, when death ceases worldwide - Danes survives his own lethal injection. His survival draws global attention, and he subsequently is released from prison on a legal technicality. After being offered both exposure and protection by public relations expert Jilly Kitzinger (Lauren Ambrose), he becomes her client, which helps him gain more publicity. Following a series of events he ends up aiding Torchwood, a team composed of two former alien-hunters and two former CIA agents, on their mission to restore death to the world. Danes is killed off in the final episode of the series; when death is restored he takes one of the Torchwood team's enemies out in a murder–suicide. Critics commented upon the character's resemblance both to horror film killers such as Freddy Krueger and Hannibal Lecter, as well as to American Evangelists and to the biblical Jesus Christ. The series also follows Danes' rise and fall in the public eye and the precariousness of fame. Though critics questioned the wisdom of having a pedophile as a character, the show's creative team was adamant that they had deliberately made him unlikable. In killing the character off, the creative team did not wish to suggest that the character had been redeemed for his earlier crimes, and made sure that this was emphasised even in his final act of self-sacrifice. Pullman has expressed interest in reprising the role in a future Torchwood series. Appearances The first scene of Miracle Day depicts Oswald Danes surviving execution by lethal injection due to death spontaneously ceasing. His lawyers successfully advance a force majeure argument; as a result, the Governor of Kentucky is forced to release Danes on parole. Danes accepts an offer of representation from public relations guru Jilly Kitzinger (Lauren Ambrose) after his fame leads to him being assaulted in public, leading to him becoming a spokesman for Phicorp, a drug company hoping to capitalise on the absence of death. During Torchwood's investigations into PhiCorp, Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) confronts Danes, who brags about killing his student, calling it \"the best moment of my life\". Tensions arise between",
"title": "Oswald Danes"
},
{
"docid": "25196971",
"text": "Paul Marc Davis (born 16 April 1974) is a British actor who has appeared on Doctor Who (the episode \"Utopia\") and three of its spin-off series: Torchwood (\"Exit Wounds\"), The Sarah Jane Adventures (as recurring villain \"The Trickster\"), and Class (as recurring villain Corakinus). This makes him the only actor to appear in all four of the Doctor Who series. He was also an executive producer on Sports Day 3D. Life and career Davis was born in London. He studied Fine Art and was a professional Sculptor for 12 years. He is best known for his design of the Gramophone International Classical Music Award, an award regarded as the highest accolade for Classical Music and has Luciano Pavarotti among its recipients. Paul was awarded The Association of British Artists Award for Sculpture in 1996 and was shortlisted for The National association of British Sculptors award in 1998. In 2001, after a chance meeting, he was offered the lead in a Channel Four film about the life of Casanova. In the same year he played the ghost of the Cavalier in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. Over the next few years Davis played leads in many independent films and in 2007 was cast in Doctor Who, The Sarah Jane Adventures and Torchwood. Other roles include playing alongside Colin Farrell in Woody Allen's Cassandra's Dream. Filmography Film Television References External links 1974 births English male film actors English male television actors Living people",
"title": "Paul Marc Davis"
},
{
"docid": "30367876",
"text": "Esther Drummond, portrayed by Alexa Havins, is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who. Havins is one of several American actors to join Torchwood in its fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day, which was co-produced by Torchwoods original British network BBC One and the American television network Starz. The character appears in every episode of the fourth series in addition to a prequel novel, The Men Who Sold the World. Within the series narrative, Esther is a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) watch analyst who becomes aware of the defunct British Torchwood Institute on \"Miracle Day\", when it is discovered that no one can die. Alongside her CIA colleague Rex Matheson she joins forces with the last two remaining Torchwood agents to investigate the phenomenon. Esther's standing as a desk-bound computer and technology expert puts her in contrast with the tougher and more action-orientated characters in the series. By the Miracle Day finale, Esther has become a more competent field agent, but is murdered by the group's enemies in an attempt to stop them progressing with their mission. Havins was influenced in her decision to accept the part by her husband's appreciation of the series. Like Rex, Esther is used by executive producer Russell T Davies as a means of introducing new American audiences to the established mythos of Torchwood. Havins stated the character to have an unrequited love for Rex, but explained that he does not appear to notice. Response to the character varied; some critics praised her characterisation and portrayal whilst others felt her to display incompetency and to not have been taken to by the audience. The nature of her exit from the show was generally praised, though some reviewers felt it lacked the desired emotional impact. Appearances Television Esther Drummond, a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) watch analyst, makes her first appearance in Torchwood: Miracle Days premiere episode \"The New World\" in which she informs colleague Rex Matheson (Mekhi Phifer) about a mysterious message containing the single word \"Torchwood\". A distracted Rex is then fatally injured, leading Esther to blame herself for his accident. After finding out the process of death has been ceased in a global event termed \"Miracle Day\", Esther begins tracking down information on Torchwood, supposing a link between the organisation and the start of \"Miracle Day\". Amid her research, she encounters former head of Torchwood, Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), who helps her escape the destructive blast of a suicide bomber. Harkness explains the history of the Torchwood Institute, but wipes Esther's memory so she will not remember their encounter. Esther's memory is later triggered when a hard copy of the Torchwood file lands on her desk. Esther's investigation into Torchwood compromises her position within the CIA and she — like Rex — is set up by the agency. Forced into fugitive status, she finds herself working as part of Torchwood alongside Rex and the Torchwood Institute's last surviving members, Captain Jack and Gwen Cooper",
"title": "Esther Drummond"
},
{
"docid": "23465077",
"text": "\"Golden Age\" is an original radio play written by James Goss and is a spin-off from the British science-fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. This episode aired on 2 July 2009 on BBC Radio 4. It stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones and Jasmine Hyde as The Duchess. Plot The story begins with the team in Delhi, India, with Ianto watching packages being delivered to find anything suspicious. He finds out that the packages are addressed to Captain Jack Harkness. An energy field is being spread across Delhi, and while Gwen and Ianto try to remove the crowds from the city, the energy spike hits and everybody disappears except the Torchwood team. Jack seems to think that the people were marked before the spike hit, and suddenly Jack remembers a building that he had shut down 80 years ago that shouldn't exist. The building is Torchwood India. There, Jack, Gwen and Ianto meet a secretary, Mr. Daz, who remembers Jack and find that the members of the Royal Connaught Club are still alive and have not aged a day. The Duchess, Eleanor, Duchess of Melrose, arrives with a shotgun and starts to shoot Jack, although Jack manages to convince her to stop shooting by explaining the situation. Torchwood India was founded by Queen Victoria to gather all alien artefacts in India, but on 28 February 1924 Captain Jack Harkness had everything shipped to Britain from Delhi. The team split up to search the club, and while George Gissing takes Gwen and Ianto through the basement, he mentions that he knows that there used to be heaps of artefacts in Torchwood India. When Gwen claims that thousands of people just vanished before her eyes, Gissing does not believe her. Jack continues to talk to The Duchess, and she claims that the radiation from the residual energy of the alien artefacts has kept the three of them young and alive. The Duchess, having had a fling in the past with Captain Jack, continues to toy with Jack and wishes to know why Torchwood India was shut. Jack replies that the Empire was coming to an end and would have to have been shut down in India, but if he could do it again he would have chosen differently and kept the branch open. Mr Gissing and Mr Daz take Gwen and Ianto hostage when they become too close to the artefacts, while The Duchess explains that she still had one artefact left – a time store which has kept 24 February 1924 every day until present day as they refused to embrace the changes happening in India and the closing of Torchwood. The power needed to sustain an entire club for 80 years is enormous, but the Duchess claims that it is now powered by people of India to keep the time store going, as India has a surplus of commoners according to Gissing. The Duchess has",
"title": "Golden Age (Torchwood)"
},
{
"docid": "18211187",
"text": "\"Lost Souls\" is an original BBC Radio 4 audio play written by Joseph Lidster and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. It aired on 10 September 2008 in the Afternoon Play slot as part of Radio 4's Big Bang Day which celebrated the switching on of CERN's Large Hadron Collider that same day. Andrew Marr introduced the audio play live from CERN. An mp3 version of the audio play was freely available until 18 September, when the play was released on CD and as a purchasable download. Plot Torchwood Three are chasing a Weevil through Cardiff Bay. Dr. Martha Jones phones Captain Jack Harkness, requesting help. Jack immediately agrees to meet Martha when she says people are disappearing from the CERN facility in Switzerland, where she's working. Martha suggests they go undercover, and Torchwood set off for Geneva. Gwen Cooper says there aren't any records of the disappearances, but instead on the Large Hadron Collider, or LHC. Jack explains to her and Ianto Jones that CERN seeks the 'Higgs Particle', the fundamental particle of existence. CERN had found a way of examining the building blocks of matter itself; and built the world's largest particle collider which runs from Switzerland to France, in a 27 km round tunnel. Jack excitedly states that the plan is to collide protons moving at the speed of light together, to produce what would effectively be like the \"Big Bang\". Jack guesses the people may have discovered something unusual and were forcibly removed. He explains that the particle collision is thought to expose parallel dimensions, create black holes or turn the world inside out. After noticing Gwen and Ianto's expressions, Jack assures them that it would all be fine since it's theoretical. Meeting in Geneva, Martha and the others discuss how they're coping since Toshiko Sato and Dr. Owen Harper's funeral. Gwen replies they're okay, and Martha says she's been spending her time working in Switzerland. She informs Torchwood about her missing friend, Julia Swales. Working as a CERN doctor, Julia realised people were falling ill with undiagnosable symptoms. The patients were sent to a hospital in France because of this, but upon contacting the hospital, Julia was informed the 11 patients never arrived. Julia told Martha, but UNIT couldn't find anything wrong. Martha called Torchwood when Julia disappeared, knowing she'd need their help. Martha and the team head to the facility, where a reception for the LHC is being held. Martha introduces Ianto as the Welsh Ambassador and Gwen as his wife to the guard, Jack being their assistant. Arriving in what Martha calls an 'underground city' – where the research takes place – the team view the housing of ATLAS, the largest particle detector (Gwen and Ianto describe it as a jet engine the size of the London Eye), and are met by Professor Katrina Johnson. Being informed that the collider countdown has started, Martha introduces her UNIT boss, Dr Oliver Harrington, who",
"title": "Lost Souls (Torchwood)"
},
{
"docid": "31740184",
"text": "Ghost Train is a BBC Audiobooks original audiobook written by James Goss and based on the British science fiction television, Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood. The story is set after the second series of the show and was released in March 2011. Kai Owen narrates the story, which is largely set from the perspective of Rhys Williams External links Audiobooks based on Torchwood Works by James Goss 2011 audio plays",
"title": "Ghost Train (Torchwood)"
},
{
"docid": "54239944",
"text": "The Torchwood Archive is a Big Finish Productions audio drama celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the British science fiction television series Torchwood, a spin-off of the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The story was written by James Goss and stars the majority of the original television cast including John Barrowman, Eve Myles and Gareth David-Lloyd as Captain Jack Harkness, Gwen Cooper and Ianto Jones, respectively. It was released 21 October 2016 and made available to purchase on CD and as a download. Plot Far in the future, in the middle of a vast war; Jeremaiah Bash Henderson pays a visit to a desolate asteroid. Upon the asteroid a forgotten outpost inside which is an archive. Within the secrets of an age old Earth institute dating back to the 19th century, an institute known only as: Torchwood. Jeremiah's goal: to learn something very important. However, first he must get past the ghosts of long since dead Torchwood operatives and the tales they have to tell. Continuity Alex Hopkins was first introduced in the TV series' episode 'Fragments' from series two, with Julian Lewis Jones reprising his role as Hopkins. The Little Girl was introduced in the TV series episode 'Dead Man Walking' and reappeared in 'Fragments'. Kerry Gooderson takes over the role from Skye Bennett. Madeline mentions the death of George Wilson from the first Big Finish Torchwood play, \"The Conspiracy\". Tracy-Ann Oberman reprises her role as Yvonne Hartman, the director of Torchwood One. She first appeared in the Doctor Who episodes \"Army of Ghosts\" and \"Doomsday\", as well as the previous Big Finish audio play \"One Rule\". Toshiko mentions a way in which the world's fields could be manipulated in order to prevent death. This was seen occurring in the fourth season of the TV series, Miracle Day. The Torchwood Archive was previously mentioned in the Doctor Who episode \"The Satan Pit\". Characters who featured worked on behalf of the archive. Paul Clayton portrays Mr. Colchester. Mr Colchester would later appear as a full-fledged member of the Torchwood team in Aliens Among Us, a 12 part Big Finish drama promoted as the fifth season following the events of Miracle Day. Production The play was recorded over the span of many months. The cast recorded their dialogue whilst subsequently recording other Torchwood scripts for Big Finish Productions. References External links 2016 audio plays 2016 radio dramas Radio plays based on Torchwood",
"title": "The Torchwood Archive"
},
{
"docid": "48000897",
"text": "Class is a British science fiction drama programme and a spin-off of the long-running programme Doctor Who. It was created and written by Patrick Ness, who also produced alongside Doctor Who showrunner and lead writer Steven Moffat, and Brian Minchin, who acted as producer on Doctor Who and two of its previous spin-offs, Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. The series of eight episodes was released on BBC Three between 22 October and 3 December 2016. The story focuses on five of the students and staff at Coal Hill Academy, a longtime recurrent location of Doctor Who, who are tasked by the Doctor to deal with alien threats while trying to deal with their personal lives. The series received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise for its darker tone, writing, themes, characters, and acting. However, the series scored poor viewership figures for its broadcast on BBC One. In September 2017, BBC Three confirmed that the series was cancelled. In 2018 Big Finish Productions produced a series of six Class audio adventures, telling the further adventures of the students at Coal Hill Academy. Six more audio adventures were announced for release starting in April 2020, with two of the main characters being recast. Premise The programme is set in Coal Hill Academy, a fictional school that has been featured in Doctor Who since the 1963 serial, An Unearthly Child, and focuses on six of its students and staff members. The sixth formers of Coal Hill Academy all have their own secrets and desires. They have to deal with the stresses of everyday life, including friends, parents, school work, sex, and sorrow, but also the horrors that come from time travel. The Doctor and his time-travelling have made the walls of space and time stretch thin, and monsters are planning to break through and wreak havoc upon the Earth. Cast Main Greg Austin as Charlie Smith, an alien posing as a human student. He is the prince of the Rhodians, and the last of his species; after being rescued by the Doctor when his race is slaughtered by another species called the Shadow Kin, he changes his body to a human's and poses as an average 17-year-old student from Sheffield. Fady Elsayed as Ram Singh, a tough, antisocial student and gifted football player. After losing his right leg in the first episode, he is given a prosthetic one by the Doctor. Sophie Hopkins as April MacLean, an ordinary, unremarkable student whose life is forever changed when she encounters the king of the Shadow Kin, Corakinus. Vivian Oparah as Tanya Adeola, a child prodigy of Nigerian origin who moved up three years at Coal Hill School due to her \"outstanding examination results\" and \"truly extraordinary academic capability\". Katherine Kelly as Miss Andrea Quill, real name Andra'ath, the physics teacher at Coal Hill Academy. Like Charlie, she is secretly an alien and the last of her species, the Quill, long-time war enemies of the Rhodians (who live on a different continent of the",
"title": "Class (2016 TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "16261773",
"text": "Julian Bleach (born 29 December 1963) is an English actor, singer and playwright, who is known as co-creator and \"MC\" of Shockheaded Peter, a musical entertainment based on the works of Heinrich Hoffmann, which won the 2002 Olivier Award for Best Entertainment. He is also known for playing Davros in the 2005 revival of Doctor Who (in 2008, 2015, and 2023). Early life Bleach was born in Bournemouth. He was educated at Summerbee School and studied drama at Bournemouth and Poole College. After that he trained at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Career Bleach's other theatre work includes playing Ariel to Patrick Stewart's Prospero in the RSC's 2007 production of The Tempest, directed by Rupert Goold, and Mr. Sowerberry (to Louise Gold's Mrs. Sowerberry) and Dr. Grimwig in the 2009 Theatre Royal Drury Lane production of the musical Oliver!. On television, he has starred as \"The Monster\" in the 2007 ITV adaptation of Frankenstein. He played the Grand Master from the second series of children's drama M.I.High and guest-starred as the villainous \"Ghostmaker\" in Peter J. Hammond's \"From Out of the Rain\" in the second series of Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood. Bleach was later cast by the parent series as Davros, enemy of The Doctor and creator of the Daleks, in \"The Stolen Earth\" and \"Journey's End\", the two-part season finale of the 2008 series, and live at the Doctor Who Prom, before returning to the role in the 2015 series opener, \"The Magician's Apprentice\", and its conclusion, \"The Witch's Familiar\". In 2010, it was announced that he would star as the eponymous character in The Nightmare Man, the opening story of Series 4 of The Sarah Jane Adventures. This makes him one of only two actors (the other being Paul Marc Davis) to appear in not only Doctor Who, but two of its spin-offs, Torchwood and The Sarah-Jane Adventures. In 2011, he appeared as Niccolò Machiavelli in the Showtime series The Borgias. In 2016 Bleach appeared as Barkilphedro in the critically acclaimed new musical The Grinning Man at Bristol Old Vic which transferred in late 2017 to Trafalgar Studios. In the same year he also appeared in Rory Mullarkey's new play Saint George and the Dragon at the Royal National Theatre. Filmography Film Television Video games Theatre References External links 1963 births Living people Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male musical theatre actors English male Shakespearean actors English dramatists and playwrights English male dramatists and playwrights Male actors from Bournemouth Royal Shakespeare Company members",
"title": "Julian Bleach"
},
{
"docid": "30351976",
"text": "Dr Vera Juarez is a fictional character in the BBC television programme Torchwood, a spin-off from the long-running series Doctor Who, portrayed by Cuban American actress Arlene Tur. The character was promoted as one of five new main characters to join Torchwood in its fourth series, Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011), as part of a new co-production between Torchwoods British network, BBC One, and its American financiers on US premium television network Starz. Tur appears in the first five of the overall ten episodes, and is credited as a 'special guest star'. The narrative of Miracle Day depicts the effects of an event which halts the process of death worldwide meaning the gravely-wounded continue to remain alive. As an attending surgeon, Vera is amongst the first to realise the significance of events and the associated repercussions. Her morals and professionalism pit her at odds with the increasingly inept medical system and shifting government legislation. After establishing a sexual relationship with Rex Matheson she allies herself with his Torchwood team. However, her first undercover investigation for the group is her last; she is burned alive after dissenting against one of the middle-men in charge of a government run concentration camp. In early episodes, the character provides a reference point for viewers in regards to the effects of people who should be dead not dying. To prepare for the role, Tur spent time in a hospital emergency department and shadowed a professional medical doctor. Some critics felt that the character's hands on role enabled the audience to relate more to the crisis; others maintained that she wasn't given enough time to develop. Response to the character's violent death was mixed; some praised the increasingly dark shift whilst others felt it was too evocative of the Holocaust for a TV drama. The writers intent in scripting her demise had been to remind audiences that intense human cruelty is possible in human society. Appearances Vera first appears in \"The New World\" when she is called upon to treat Rex Matheson (Mekhi Phifer), who has been impaled through the chest by a metal pole. Vera conveys news that Rex has survived to his colleague Esther (Alexa Havins) along with the news that no one has died in the past 24 hours, which she corroborates with accounts from other hospitals. In \"Rendition\" Vera realises that the hospitals cannot cope and suggests overriding the orthodox triage system so that in the wake of \"Miracle Day\" those with less severe illnesses are treated first. She later joins a series of medical panels; she engages the help of one to provide Rex with instructions to concoct emergency EDTA which when used as a chelating agent saves the life of a poisoned and now mortal Jack (John Barrowman). \"Dead of Night\" marks the beginning of a sexual relationship between Rex and Vera; he later enlists her to aid Torchwood's infiltration of a Phicorp conference. Unlike onlookers, she is disgusted by the battle for popularity between Oswald Danes and a rival spokesperson",
"title": "Vera Juarez"
},
{
"docid": "54295404",
"text": "\"Fall to Earth\" is the second play in the main series of Torchwood audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions. It was written by James Goss and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. It was released 19 October 2015 and stars Gareth David-Lloyd reprising his role of Ianto Jones for the first time since the 2011 BBC audio drama series, Torchwood: The Lost Files. It was made available to purchase on CD and as a download. Plot High in the sky, Ianto Jones finds himself marooned on the maiden voyage of the first commercial space flight, the SkyPuncher but it's falling from the sky. Separated from his team at Torchwood Three, his only means of contact now is a young call centre operative called Zeynep... Continuity It is mentioned that Torchwood is investigating The Committee and that Captain Jack Harkness has gone missing, the arc begun in the previous Torchwood audio \"The Conspiracy\". Ianto recalls that Jack and Gwen killed his girlfriend Lisa Hallett after she was \"horribly wounded in the line of duty\". A reference to the first series television episode \"Cyberwoman\". References External links 2015 audio plays 2015 radio dramas Radio plays based on Torchwood",
"title": "Fall to Earth"
},
{
"docid": "13488209",
"text": "Lachele J. Carl is an American actress based in England. She is best known for her minor appearances as Trinity Wells in Doctor Who, and its spin-offs The Sarah Jane Adventures, and Torchwood: Children of Earth. Early life Carl was born in Pittsburgh. She enjoyed performing from a young age, but became especially interested in her senior year of high school. She graduated from Point Park College in 1982. During her studies, Carl trained in classical theatre at the Pittsburgh Playhouse. She moved to England in 1985, wanting to do Shakespeare, and joined a theatre company called TNT. Career Carl played news anchor Trinity Wells, a recurring character in the first four series of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, appearing in the episodes \"Aliens of London\"/\"World War Three\", \"The Christmas Invasion\", \"The Sound of Drums\", \"The Poison Sky\", \"Turn Left\", \"The Stolen Earth\" and \"The End of Time\". Wells also appeared in the Doctor Who spin-offs The Sarah Jane Adventures (in the stories Revenge of the Slitheen and Secrets of the Stars) and Torchwood, during its five-part serial Children of Earth, making her the first character to appear in all three programmes. To this date, Carl is one of just four actors to have appeared in all three shows, the others being Anthony Daebeck (who plays a French newsreader), Julian Bleach and Paul Marc Davis. In 2023, Carl reprised her role in \"The Giggle\", as part of Doctor Who's 2023 specials. Carl also narrated the behind-the-scenes special Doctor Who: The Companions for BBC America, released as part of the seventh series DVD box set. Carl has also appeared in Grange Hill, Batman and Alien Autopsy. She plays one of the voices in The Notekins and was the first voice of Muck and Molly in the American English dub of the children's TV series Bob the Builder. Carl played a minor role as the US Ambassador in the British TV show Ambassadors. Personal life Carl lives in Crouch End, North London with her husband, composer Alejandro Viñao. They have a son. Filmography References External links Living people Actresses from Pittsburgh 21st-century African-American actresses 21st-century American actresses American Shakespearean actresses American television actresses American film actresses American voice actresses American emigrants to England American expatriates in the United Kingdom American expatriate actresses American expatriates in England Actors from the London Borough of Haringey Point Park University alumni Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) People from Crouch End",
"title": "Lachele Carl"
},
{
"docid": "12240126",
"text": "Hidden is a BBC Audio original audiobook written by Steven Savile and based on the British science fiction television, Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood. It was released on 4 February 2008. The story is set during the first series of the show. Plot introduction A secret is buried in the heart of the Welsh countryside and a series of violent deaths that seem to point the finger of blame at Captain Jack Harkness. Can the team solve the riddle in time to prove Jack's innocence? Featuring Jack Harkness Gwen Cooper Owen Harper Toshiko Sato Ianto Jones References Audiobooks based on Torchwood",
"title": "Hidden (Torchwood)"
},
{
"docid": "14736670",
"text": "In The Shadows is a BBC Audiobooks original audiobook written by Joseph Lidster and based on the British science fiction television, Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood. The story is set during and after the second series of the show and was released in March 2009. Plot introduction A man has died of old age in his 30s. This, among other strange events, has led Torchwood to conclude that someone is sending victims to another dimension, one in which they are punished by the thing which they fear the most. Who is the mysterious taxi driver preying on his passengers? Audiobooks based on Torchwood",
"title": "In the Shadows (Torchwood)"
},
{
"docid": "2364660",
"text": "(born 29 November 1971) is a Japanese actress based in the United Kingdom. She is known for her roles as Toshiko Sato in Doctor Who and Torchwood, Yasuko Namba in Everest, Sarah in Absolutely Fabulous and Nicola in Spice World. Early life Naoko Mori was born on 29 November 1971 in Nagoya, Japan, to a Ryukyuan mother and a Japanese American father. When Mori was four years old, she moved to New Jersey due to her father's work. She returned to Japan when she was ten and moved to London two years later. When her parents were posted back to Japan, Mori was given the choice of either moving back to Japan with her parents or remaining in London on her own. She chose to stay in London, partly because she wanted to finish her GCSEs and gain some qualifications. She attended the Royal Russell School. Mori's father opened a bank account for her, handed her a cheque book and told her to find a flat or a bed sit for herself to live in. Mori said that being on her own at such a young age helped her to be a very independent person, although it was still a scary world to be faced so young. Acting career While studying for her A-levels, she auditioned and joined London's West End production of the Vietnam War musical Miss Saigon. She later went on to play Kim and became the first Japanese national to play a lead role in the West End. From 1993 to 1994, Mori had a regular role on the hospital drama Casualty as the hospital receptionist Mie Nishikawa. Film roles followed, including appearances in the 1997 musical comedy film Spice World and Topsy-Turvy (1999). Mori also appeared in the television programmes Thief Takers (1997), Judge John Deed (2001), Spooks (2002), Mile High (2003) and Powers (2004). In 1995, she had a small role as a Japanese computer hacker in the film Hackers. Mori had a major role in the 2005 BBC docu-drama Hiroshima, which contained dramatic re-enactments of the 1945 atomic bombings. Mori also provided the voice acting for the villainess Mai Hem for the game Perfect Dark Zero. In 2005, Mori had a small role as Dr. Sato in the Doctor Who episode \"Aliens of London\". Producer Russell T Davies took note of her performance and decided to bring the character back as a regular in the first two series of the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood. Mori's Torchwood character, Toshiko Sato, was killed in \"Exit Wounds\", the final episode of Torchwood second series, but has not ruled out the possibility of returning to the show at a later date. Since her exit from the show, Mori has reprised the character in multiple Torchwood audio dramas by Big Finish Productions, some of them with her as a lead with a guest cast, but some with her as part of the team with the rest of the main cast. She returned to the West End on 20 November",
"title": "Naoko Mori"
}
] | [
"2006"
] |
train_9947 | when is mamma mia going to be released | [
{
"docid": "54535911",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\"One of Us\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\"Waterloo\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\"Why Did It",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "17105979",
"text": "Mazz Murray (born 26 November 1974) is an English stage and TV actress, voice artist and singer with a three octave range. As an actress she is known for her theatre roles, including portrayals of Patsy Cline, Dusty Springfield and Vivian Ellis in tribute shows. Career She portrayed the Killer Queen in the West End production of the musical We Will Rock You. She is the longest-running cast member to be involved in the show, having been in the original ensemble when the musical opened in May 2002. She took over the principal role of Killer Queen from Sharon D. Clarke in April 2004. In 2010, she formed a girl group, Woman, with her sister Gina, Anna-Jane Casey and Emma Kershaw, debuting their single \"I’m a Woman\". In 2015, she joined the cast of the London production of Mamma Mia! as Tanya, a role which was subsequently taken over by Kate Graham when Murray departed in 2017. It was announced that she would join the cast of Chicago from 2 July 2018 until 11 August 2018, playing the role of Matron Mama Morton. In 2019, it was announced that Murray would be returning to the West End production of Mamma Mia! in the role of Donna Sheridan. Personal life Murray was born in London, and is the daughter of songwriter Mitch Murray and actress Grazina Frame. She trained at Redroofs Theatre School, Maidenhead and Sylvia Young Theatre School, London. On 18 June 2009 she married Oren Harush (born 27 July 1980), an Israeli. Brian May played a special version of \"Love of My Life\", with some new words with Mazz at their wedding. The couple live in Bushey, Hertfordshire, England. Murray is a supporter of Manchester United F.C. Theatre credits We Will Rock You – Killer Queen Fame – Mabel Rent – Maureen Pippin – Berthe Boogie Nights – Debs Only the Lonely – Patsy Cline A Girl Called Dusty – Dusty Springfield Sweet Charity Fiddler on the Roof Chicago – Matron Mama Morton Mamma Mia! – Tanya and Donna Sheridan Sunset Boulevard – Norma Desmond Television Blessed – Shop Assistant (1 episode: \"Who Wrote the Book of Love?\") Footballers' Wives – Jenny Taylor EastEnders – Miranda (2 episodes) Fimbles – Yodelling Echo The Quest – Lizzie References External links Profile - CastAway Voice Actors & Actresses Brian May's Soapbox About Mazz's Wedding 1973 births English musical theatre actresses Living people Actresses from London",
"title": "Mazz Murray"
},
{
"docid": "20312130",
"text": "Amén is the tenth studio album by Spanish duo Azúcar Moreno, released on Sony International in 2000. Amén, entirely recorded in Miami, was coproduced by Estéfano, with whom the duo had collaborated on the 1994 album El Amor, and Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez who had produced their two preceding albums Esclava de tu piel and Olé and also the track “Muévete salvaje” on their 1997 greatest hits compilation Mucho Azúcar - Grandes Éxitos. Six of the album's thirteen titles, “Amén”, “Abracadabra”, “Mamma mia”, “Tururú”, “40 kilos de besos”, “Amigo mío” and “Viva la vida”, were written or co-written by Spanish singer and composer Miguel Gallardo, who previously had penned hits like “Hazme el amor”, “Desnúdate, desnúdame”, “A galope”, “Solo se vive una vez”, “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” and “Esclava de tu piel” for the Salazar sisters. The lead single from the album was “Mamma mia” —not to be confused with the ABBA song with the same title— followed by the title track “Amén”, “Ay amor”, “Dale que dale” and the ballad “Piel de seda”, the latter written by prolific Spanish composer José Luis Perales. The track “San José” was co-produced by Spanish remix team Pumpin’ Dolls, who previously had remixed worldwide hits like Cher’s “Strong Enough”, TLC’s “Unpretty” and Carlos Santana’s “María María”. The track “Abracadabra”, the third single from the album, was along with “Juramento” featured in Spanish movie Gitano, starring famous flamenco dancer Joaquín Cortés. “Mamma Mia”, “Amén” and “Abracadabra” were all released in a wide variety of extended dance mixes, mixed by among others Pedro del Moral, David Ferrero and Pablo Flores. Amén continued the Salazar sisters’ series of successful albums, selling some 300.000 copies in Spain alone and achieving triple platinum status. Amén was the first Azúcar Moreno album to be accompanied by a DVD release, entitled Amén Tour. The documentary captures the Salazar sisters touring Spain, Portugal, The Azores, Bulgaria, South America and it also features behind the scenes footage from the making of the videos “Mamma mia”, “Amén”, “Abracadabra” and “Hoy tengo ganas de ti” from their previous album Esclava de tu piel, the latter filmed in New York. Track listing “Amén” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:36 “Abracadabra” (Gallardo) – 3:50 “Mamma mia” (Fano) – 4:17 “El amor se echa de menos” (Fano) – 4:48 “Tururú” (Caba, Gallardo) – 3:44 “Piel de seda” (Perales) – 4:33 “Juramento” (Rilo) – 3:33 “Dale que dale” (Alonso, Castro, Flores, Salazar) – 3:59 “Ay amor” (Donato, Fano) – 4:28 “40 kilos de besos” (Caba, Gallardo) – 4:14 “San José” (Gypsy Dance version) (Arana, Belmonte) – 3:51 “Amigo mío” (Gallardo) – 3:14 “Viva la vida” (Gallardo) – 3:47 Personnel Azúcar Moreno – vocals Production Ricardo “Eddy” Martínez – record producer Estéfano – producer Pumpin’ Dolls – co-producers \"San José\" (Gypsy Dance Version) Certifications and sales Sources and external links [ Allmusic discography] Discogs.com discography Rateyourmusic.com discography Specific 2000 albums Azúcar Moreno albums",
"title": "Amén"
},
{
"docid": "8377793",
"text": "Number Ones is a compilation album of recordings by Swedish pop group ABBA, released by Polar Music in 2006. Whereas ABBA Gold pulls together 19 of the group's biggest hits and most familiar songs, Number Ones is a variation on this concept, collecting 18 tracks that were #1 hits in many of the countries where ABBA were successful. In the end, only three tracks from ABBA Gold do not make the cut: \"Does Your Mother Know\", \"Lay All Your Love on Me\", and \"Thank You for the Music\". In the UK, the track list includes the full length version of \"Summer Night City\" (originally released on the Thank You for the Music box set) and an additional track \"Ring Ring\", which, oddly enough, was never a big hit in that territory. A limited edition, also released in the UK, includes a bonus disc with 12 tracks from ABBA's #1 albums. In Taiwan, a hidden track follows \"I Have a Dream\". This hidden track, titled \"ABBA Remix\" and running for 3:31, is a medley of the choruses of the 18 songs on the CD. Track listing International track listing \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Super Trouper\" \"SOS\" \"Summer Night City\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Chiquitita\" \"One of Us\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"Fernando\" \"Waterloo\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"I Have a Dream\" UK track listing \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" \"Mamma Mia\" \"Dancing Queen\" \"Super Trouper\" \"SOS\" \"Summer Night City (Extended version)\" \"Money, Money, Money\" \"The Winner Takes It All\" \"Chiquitita\" \"One of Us\" \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" \"Voulez-Vous\" \"Fernando\" \"Waterloo\" \"Ring Ring\" \"The Name of the Game\" \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" \"Take a Chance on Me\" \"I Have a Dream\" Limited Edition Bonus Disc: Classic Tracks from Number Ones albums \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" \"Hole in Your Soul\" \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" \"Me and I\" \"The King Has Lost His Crown\" \"Rock Me\" \"Tiger\" \"I Wonder (Departure)\" \"Another Town, Another Train\" \"Our Last Summer\" \"Kisses of Fire\" \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" Personnel Agnetha Fältskog - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Anni-Frid Lyngstad - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals Björn Ulvaeus - lead vocals , co-lead vocals acoustic guitar, backing vocals Benny Andersson – synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2006 greatest hits albums ABBA compilation albums Compilation albums of number-one songs Polar Music compilation albums Albums produced by Björn Ulvaeus Albums produced by Benny Andersson Albums recorded at Polar Studios",
"title": "Number Ones (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "71791370",
"text": "Amanda Seyfried is an American actress who has received numerous accolades throughout her career. Seyfried came to prominence following her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), for which she received an MTV Movie & TV Award. She then appeared in the romantic comedy films Dear John and Letters to Juliet (both 2010), earning various nominations at the Teen Choice Awards, and the black comedy horror Jennifer's Body (2009), which won her a second MTV Movie & TV Award. She starred in the ABBA-inspired musicals Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), for which she was nominated for two People's Choice Awards, and the period musical Les Misérables (2012), which earned her a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Seyfried received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020), earning nominations in the Best Supporting Actress category at the Academy Awards, AACTA International Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and Golden Globe Awards. This acclaim continued for her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the drama miniseries The Dropout (2022), for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film. Awards and nominations Notes References External links Seyfried, Amanda",
"title": "List of awards and nominations received by Amanda Seyfried"
},
{
"docid": "10708687",
"text": "The 56th Annual Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall on June 2, 2002 and broadcast by CBS. \"The First Ten\" awards ceremony was telecast on PBS television. The event was co-hosted by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. With her win as a producer of Thoroughly Modern Millie, Whoopi Goldberg became the 10th person to become an EGOT winner. The ceremony The show opened with a tribute to Richard Rodgers, featuring a medley of his songs performed by Marvin Hamlisch, Harry Connick Jr., Michele Lee, Mos Def, Lea Salonga, Peter Gallagher, John Raitt, Bernadette Peters, Gregory Hines, and the company of Oklahoma! A Broadway/New York song medley was performed by Bernadette Peters and Gregory Hines. Presentations from nominated musicals: Into the Woods: \"Children Will Listen\", \"Ever After\" and \"Into the Woods\" - Vanessa Williams, John McMartin, Company Mamma Mia!: \"I Have a Dream\", \"Money, Money, Money\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Chiquitita\" and \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Pitre, Judy Kaye, Karen Mason, Tina Maddigan, Company Thoroughly Modern Millie: \"Forget About the Boy\"/\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" - Sutton Foster, Anne L. Nathan, Casey Nicholaw, Noah Racey, Company Sweet Smell of Success: \"Dirt\" - John Lithgow, Company Urinetown: \"Run, Freedom, Run\" - Hunter Foster, Spencer Kayden, Jeff McCarthy, Company Oklahoma!: \"The Farmer and the Cowman\" - Company The First Ten awards were presented prior to the full ceremony and broadcast on PBS. The awards presented were: Best Direction of a Play, Direction of a Musical, Book of a Musical, Original Score, Choreography, Costume Design, Lighting Design and Scenic Design. There were also interviews and \"rehearsal and performance clips from the nominated shows.\" The broadcast won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program; the director was Glenn Weiss. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 2001–02 season before May 2, 2002 are eligible. Original plays An Almost Holy Picture Fortune’s Fool 45 Seconds from Broadway The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? The Graduate If you ever leave me...I'm going with you! Metamorphoses The Mystery of Charles Dickens QED The Smell of the Kill Topdog/Underdog Original musicals By Jeeves Mamma Mia! One Mo' Time Sweet Smell of Success Thoroughly Modern Millie Thou Shalt Not Urinetown Play revivals A Christmas Carol The Crucible The Dance of Death The Elephant Man Hedda Gabler Major Barbara The Man Who Had All the Luck Morning's at Seven Noises Off Private Lives A Thousand Clowns The Women Musical revivals Into the Woods Oklahoma! Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Source: TheaterMania Regional Theatre Tony Award Williamstown Theatre Festival Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Robert Whitehead Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre Julie Harris Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: 11 nominations: Thoroughly Modern Millie 10 nominations: Into the Woods and Urinetown 9 nominations: Morning's at Seven 7 nominations: Oklahoma! and Sweet Smell of Success 6 nominations: The Crucible and Private Lives 5 nominations: Mamma Mia! 3 nominations: Fortune's Fool and",
"title": "56th Tony Awards"
},
{
"docid": "17019742",
"text": "Gary Michael Goetzman (born November 6, 1952) is an American film and television producer and actor, and co-founder of the production company Playtone with actor Tom Hanks. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Goetzman began his career as a child actor. He had starred in the film Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball, appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, and eventually started a waterbed company and pinball arcade. Goetzman at one time delivered a waterbed to Jon Peters's home. His exploits as a performer and a salesman inspired his friend Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza. In 1984, he produced the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense with director Jonathan Demme. That initiated a successful run as a music supervisor, on such films as Something Wild, Colors, Modern Girls and Married to the Mob, among many others. In 1991, producer Goetzman and director Demme again collaborated to make The Silence of the Lambs, which garnered the top five Academy Awards including Best Picture. In 1993, Goetzman was executive producer of Demme's Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks, beginning a working relationship with Hanks. Goetzman co-produced Hanks's 1996 directorial debut, That Thing You Do! The two then co-founded Playtone in 1998. Since then, Goetzman has produced hit films including My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Polar Express, Charlie Wilson's War and Mamma Mia! Goetzman has also received several Emmy Awards for HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, The Pacific, John Adams, Game Change and Olive Kitteridge. Aside from producing films, Goetzman has been known to play small parts in movies he is connected to. He has also enjoyed a successful parallel career as a music composer and producer, working with such artists as Smokey Robinson, Natalie Cole, Jane Child, Thelma Houston, and The Staples Singers. He currently sits on the National board of directors for the Producers Guild of America. Goetzman is executive producer (with Tom Hanks and Mark Herzog) of the CNN exclusive documentary miniseries The Sixties (2014), The Seventies (2015), The Eighties (2016), and The Nineties (2017). Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Producer Modern Girls (1986) Miami Blues (1990) Amos & Andrew (1993) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) That Thing You Do! (1996) Beloved (1998) My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) The Polar Express (2004) The Ant Bully (2006) Starter for 10 (2006) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) The Great Buck Howard (2008) Mamma Mia! (2008) City of Ember (2008) Where the Wild Things Are (2009) Larry Crowne (2011) Parkland (2013) Ricki and the Flash (2015) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) A Hologram for the King (2016) The Circle (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Greyhound (2020) News of the World (2020) A Man Called Otto (2022) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 (2023) Executive producer The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Philadelphia (1993) Evan Almighty (2007) My Life in Ruins (2009) Ithaca (2015) As an actor Music department Soundtrack Production manager Thanks Television As an actor",
"title": "Gary Goetzman"
},
{
"docid": "43934954",
"text": "\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" has been called a \"Fats Domino flavoured\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \"Why Did It Have To Be Me\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \"Happy Hawaii\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \"Happy Hawaii\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \"for the guys\" and praises it as an example of the \"professional songwriting\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs",
"title": "Why Did It Have to Be Me?"
},
{
"docid": "38660223",
"text": "\"Guilty Pleasures\" is the seventeenth episode of the fourth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the eighty-third episode overall. Written by Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz, it aired on Fox in the United States on March 21, 2013. Kelley Mitchell, Jennifer Greenberg, Melissa Buell, Tym Shutchai Buacharern, Paula Jane Hamilton and Darla Albright were nominated at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series for this episode. Plot Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) take over the glee club while Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) is out sick, and have New Directions perform their musical guilty pleasures in order to strengthen the bond between its members. Blaine and Sam perform \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" as a demonstration, and Sam later performs \"Copacabana\", followed by Blaine, who performs \"Against All Odds\". Sam notices that Blaine directs the song at him, and Blaine admits he had a crush on him. Sam reveals that he's known for a while and respects Blaine's feelings as they reaffirm their friendship. Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) and Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell) perform \"Wannabe\", and Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) notes how Kitty became closer to New Directions. The girls later confront Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist) over performing a Chris Brown song, and although he claims that they should differentiate an artist's personal life from their work, he agrees to change the song and performs \"My Prerogative\". In New York, Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) returns to the loft, and Brody Weston (Dean Geyer) moves out after his fight with Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith). Santana reveals to Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) that Brody was a gigolo, and Rachel later confronts him at NYADA, where they decide that their relationship has definitely come to an end. Rachel thanks Santana for not giving up on trying to make her see the truth. Santana and Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) later comfort Rachel, and they sing \"Mamma Mia\" together, simultaneously with New Directions, who perform it to celebrate the success of the assignment. Production The episode was written by Glee executive producers Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner and directed by Eric Stoltz. Shooting continued as late as February 25, 2013. Recurring characters in this episode include glee club members Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell), Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist), Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin) and Ryder Lynn (Blake Jenner), and NYADA junior Brody Weston (Dean Geyer). Seven songs from the episode are being released as singles: Barry Manilow's \"Copacabana\" performed by Overstreet, Radiohead's \"Creep\" performed by Michele and Geyer, Bobby Brown's \"My Prerogative\" performed by Artist, Phil Collins's \"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)\" sung by Criss, Wham!'s \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" performed by Criss and Overstreet, Spice Girls' \"Wannabe\" performed by Newell, Benoist, Tobin, Ushkowitz and Morris, and ABBA's \"Mamma Mia\" performed by Michele, Rivera, Colfer and",
"title": "Guilty Pleasures (Glee)"
},
{
"docid": "72791698",
"text": "Park Ji-yeon (, born May 14, 1988) is a South Korean actress. Park debuted in musical Mamma Mia! in 2010. Park has appeared in supporting roles in various dramas but is better known for her work as a musical actress. Park's television debut was on tvN's Oh My Ghost (2015). After that, she played Kang Eun-ju in KBS2's Mad Dog (2017) and Oh Jung-soo in KBS1's Andante (2017). After that, she acted as Yoon Hoon (Kim Hye-eun) in tvN historical drama series Mr. Sunshine (2018), nurse Lee So-jung in JTBC's Life (2018), and role of Cho-hong in SBS Haechi (2019). Her most known works in small screen are Bloody Heart (2022) that earned her best supporting actress award in 2022 KBS Drama Awards. Early years Park Ji-yeon developed an interest in music from an early age. While attending science major in Youngsaeng High School, Park formed a high-school rock band and sung as a vocalist. Park initially wanted to applied to the Department of Practical Music. While searching the internet to find related information, Park found musical clips for the first time. Since then Park also became interested in acting and decided to enroll in an acting academy near her house in Suwon. Park enrolled to the acting department of Seoul Institute of the Arts. However, due to her love of music, Park was not really set on becoming an actress yet. Career In 2010, at the recommendation of a senior, Park went to the audition of Korean production of musical Mamma Mia! When Park appeared in the audition with application letter with no experience written, she made the staff nervous. However Park made everyone surprised when she sang the audition song. Park passed the audition for the role of Sophie, her debut stage was a performance held at the Gyeonggi Icheon Art Hall. Since then, Park has been active as a main character in musical works, from Go Mi-nam (Go Mi-nyeo) in the creative musical You're Beautiful to Éponine in Les Miserables and Molly in Ghost. In 2013, she swept the rookie awards two musical awards, the Korean Musical Awards and The Musical Awards for her role Eponine in Les Miserables. Park was called a rising star in the musical world. Park's television debut was on tvN's Oh My Ghost (2015). After that, she played Kang Eun-ju in KBS2's Mad Dog (2017) and Oh Jung-soo in KBS2's Andante (2017). After eight years as musical actress, Park made her theatrical debut in the National Theater of Korea production of Shakespeare's Richard III, for which she received favorable reviews. Production started in February 2018 and ended in early-March of that year. After that, she acted as Yoon Hoon (Kim Hye-eun) in tvN historical drama series Mr. Sunshine (2018) and followed by the role of nurse Lee So-jung in JTBC's Life (2018). In winter of 2018, Park was back to musical. She was selected for the role helper-bot Claire in 2018 revival of musical Maybe Happy Ending. Directed by Kim Dong-yeon, it",
"title": "Park Ji-yeon (actress)"
},
{
"docid": "25989073",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia\" is the 21st episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 57th overall episode of the series. It was written by co-executive producer Ron Weiner and directed by series producer Don Scardino. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 7, 2009. Guest stars in this episode include Alan Alda, Steve Buscemi, Stuart Margolin, Keith Olbermann, Clayton Dean Smith, and Michael Benjamin Washington. In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) begins to search for his biological father with help from Liz Lemon (Tina Fey). Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his supposedly illegitimate son (Washington) to the cast and crew of the fictitious show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS), but some question his intentions. At the same time, Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) and Liz fight for attention when Jenna gets public recognition for a comedic sketch Liz wrote. \"Mamma Mia\" has received generally positive reception from television critics. According to the Nielsen Media Research, the episode was watched by 6.2 million households during its original broadcast. Ron Weiner and Alan Alda received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, respectively, both for this episode. Plot Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) decides not to search for his biological father, after it was revealed in the previous episode that the man he believed was his father was not. Liz Lemon (Tina Fey), however, convinces him to find out who his real father is, so Jack contacts Lenny Wosniak (Steve Buscemi)—a private investigator—to search for his biological father. Lenny gives him an envelope containing the names of three individuals who could be his father. Jack tells Liz about the envelope, and she suggests they Mamma Mia! this and bring the three men to New York under false pretenses, to which Jack agrees. Jack meets the men, George Park, Fred O'Dwyer (Stuart Margolin), and Professor Milton Greene (Alan Alda). At meeting the three men, Jack comes to the realization that Milton is his father, as George Park is Korean and Fred O'Dwyer lost his genitals in a grenade explosion during World War II. He tells Milton that he is his son, after Milton admitted to sleeping with his mother, Colleen Donaghy (Elaine Stritch), around the time Jack was conceived. Milton is happy to have him as his son, and reveals to Jack that he is in need of a kidney transplant. Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) introduces his illegitimate son, Donald (Michael Benjamin Washington), to the TGS with Tracy Jordan staff. Liz and Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit) suspect that Donald is embezzling from Tracy as they do not believe that Donald is twenty-one years old, which Donald claims to be. Cerie Xerox (Katrina Bowden), Liz's assistant, obtains Donald's birth certificate and gives it to Liz and Pete; the two learn that Donald is forty years of age, thus confirming their suspicions about him. Liz tells Tracy about this,",
"title": "Mamma Mia (30 Rock)"
},
{
"docid": "11143164",
"text": "\"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \"Rio de Janeiro\". Eventually, the track was renamed \"When I Kissed the Teacher\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \"schoolgirl imagery\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \"bouncy\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \"Waterloo\". It says the song \"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \"When I Kissed the Teacher\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is listed alongside \"Dancing Queen\" as an example of the group's \"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\" The Los Angeles Times said \"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \"expected of ABBA\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" with the Van Halen song \"Hot for Teacher\" and the Jethro Tull song \"Teacher\" as examples of \"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.",
"title": "When I Kissed the Teacher"
},
{
"docid": "56937311",
"text": "The UK Albums Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling albums of the week in the United Kingdom. Since 2004 the chart has been based on the sales of both physical albums and digital downloads. Since 2015, the album chart has been based on both sales and streaming. This list shows albums that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart during 2018, as well as albums which peaked in 2017 and 2019 but were in the top 10 in 2018. The entry date is when the album appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced). One-hundred and fifty-five albums were in the top ten this year. Thirteen albums from 2017 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while 50 Years – Don't Stop by Fleetwood Mac and Unchained Melodies by Roy Orbison with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra were both released in 2018 but did not reach their peak until 2019. Christmas by Michael Bublé was originally released in 2011, launched a new chart run in 2017, reaching a peak on its latest run in 2018 and again in 2019. Dua Lipa by Dua Lipa was the only album from 2017 to reach its peak in 2018. Twelve artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2018. Anne-Marie, Calum Scott, First Aid Kit, The Greatest Showman Cast and XXXTentacion are among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 album in 2018. Ed Sheeran's Divide returned to the top of the chart for the opening two weeks of the year, totalling twenty weeks at number-one since it was released in March 2017. The first new number-one album of the year was The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by The Greatest Showman cast. Overall, nineteen different albums peaked at number-one in 2018, with nineteen unique artists hitting that position. Background Multiple entries One-hundred and fifty-five albums charted in the top 10 in 2018, with one-hundred and thirty-nine albums reaching their peak this year (including the re-entries Appetite for Destruction, Christmas, ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits, Mamma Mia! The Movie Soundtrack, Wanted on Voyage, The White Album, X, which charted in previous years but reached peaks on their latest chart run). Twelve artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 2018. Chart debuts Thirty-four artists achieved their first top 10 album in 2018 as a lead artist. The Mamma Mia! film cast had one other entry in their breakthrough year. The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo album, or featured appearances on compilations or other artists recordings. Notes Camila Cabello's self-titled album Camila, was her first solo effort and her first top 10 album away from the group Fifth",
"title": "List of UK top-ten albums in 2018"
},
{
"docid": "9191968",
"text": "\"Thank ABBA for the Music\" is a medley of songs originally released by pop group ABBA, performed by Steps, Tina Cousins, Cleopatra, B*Witched and Billie. The medley consists of \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Thank You for the Music\". It was originally performed during the 1999 Brit Awards, which occurred on 16 February, and its release coincided with the debut of the ABBA musical Mamma Mia!. The medley peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in April 1999 and reached the top 10 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and Sweden. Track listings Personnel Tina Cousins – lead and backing vocals Billie Piper – lead and backing vocals Cleopatra Cleo Higgins – lead vocals Yonah Higgins – backing vocals Zainam Higgins – backing vocals B*Witched Lindsay Armaou – backing vocals Edele Lynch – lead vocals Keavy Lynch – backing vocals Sinead O'Carroll – backing vocals Steps Lee Latchford-Evans – lead and backing vocals Claire Richards – lead and backing vocals Lisa Scott-Lee – lead and backing vocals Faye Tozer – lead and backing vocals Ian \"H\" Watkins – lead and backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References External links Songs about musicians 1999 singles B*Witched songs Billie Piper songs Epic Records singles Music medleys Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson Steps (group) songs Tina Cousins songs",
"title": "Thank ABBA for the Music"
},
{
"docid": "35568430",
"text": "Carrie Manolakos (pronounced \"men-uh-LAH-kiss\"; born February 16, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and musical theatre actress. As an actress, she is perhaps best known for her stage work, on Broadway in Mamma Mia! as Sophie Sheridan, and in the original 2nd national tour cast of Wicked as the Elphaba standby. She became an internet sensation after her cover of the Radiohead song \"Creep\" went viral after it was picked up by Gawker Media, under the title \"Eargasm\". The cover was performed at her album release party at Le Poisson Rouge in Greenwich Village. Early life and education Manolakos grew up in Syracuse, New York and attended Manlius Pebble Hill School. At age 10, she began participating in the community theater at Syracuse Stage. Manolakos attended the Tisch School of the Arts at NYU. Career 2008–2011: Mamma Mia!, Wicked, and other stage work Manolakos performed in the ensemble of the Mamma Mia! tour for six months before being promoted to the role of Sophie. Shortly after that, she was invited to join the Broadway company, replacing Carey Anderson. She gave her first performance on June 4, 2008. It was announced on February 9, 2009, that Manolakos would be joining the second national tour of Wicked as the standby for Elphaba. On June 25, 2010, Manolakos performed at the Yale Institute for Music Theatre Workshops as Athena in The Daughters, a musical which follows the three daughters of Zeus as they embark on separate and intersecting journeys of self-discovery. Manolakos performed in a concert celebrating Alanis Morissette on September 1, 2010. On November 1, 2010, Manolakos joined Peter Lerman for his debut concert at the Laurie Beechman Theatre, featuring tunes from his original songbook. It was announced on December 3, 2010, that Manolakos would be involved in a concert featuring the music from the musical Jawbreaker. The concert took place on December 12, 2010. Manolakos took part in a concert at Joe's Pub on March 27, 2011, celebrating the release of Joey Contreras debut album, Love Me, Love Me Not. Manolakos appeared as Night Terrors in at the La Jolla Playhouse production of Sleeping Beauty Wakes from July 19 through August 21, 2011. On September 7, 2011, it was announced that Manolakos would be starring as Katie in the rock musical Chix 6 at the Queens Theatre from September 27 to October 30, 2011. 2012–2014: Echo, viral video, and Hit List Manolakos starred as Marianne Reilly in the first run of Seth Rudetsky's Disaster! at Triad Theatre, now renamed Stage 72, on January 22 through March 25, 2012. On February 27, 2012, Manolakos took part in Broadway Remembers Whitney Houston at Joe's Pub, a tribute concert for the late singer. Manolakos performed at Broadway Rhythm and Booze alongside Uzo Aduba on March 26, 2012. Manolakos released her debut album, Echo, on April 2, 2012, produced by Dominick Amendum and Justin Goldner. The album debuted in the top 100 of the iTunes pop charts. On April 23, 2012, Manolakos became an internet sensation",
"title": "Carrie Manolakos"
},
{
"docid": "44001649",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia\" is a song by Swedish singer and songwriter Darin featuring vocals by rapper Prophet of 7Lions. It was released on April 14, 2014 in the Nordic countries in occasion of his 10-year anniversary as an artist. It's Darin's first single with Warner Music Sweden. The song was originally written for Darin's sixth studio album Exit, but it didn't make the final cut. Background and release On March 14, 2014 Darin announced via his Instagram account the release of a new single called Mamma Mia, along with a competition which consisted of sharing a picture on the social network in order to win an exclusive ticket for the premiere of the music video of the song which would take place in a secret venue in Stockholm two days before the single release. A trailer of the music video was also posted on Darin's official YouTube channel the same day. Winners were contacted by Darin himself on April 2 and the event took place in a cinema in Stockholm called Rigoletto on April 12. A seven track EP called Mamma Mia - Remixes was released on June 18, 2014. Music video The music video of the single was released on 21 April on Darin's YouTube channel. It was directed by Alex Herron and filmed in Palmdale, California. As stated by the director himself, \"the video feels as if it's a love story in the beginning but then it starts to escalate and she's a Mamma Mia, she's the ultimate crazy woman. They rob a bank, she strips for him. It's pretty dirty, it's pretty good\". The production of the video costed 500,000 Swedish crowns. Charts Release history References 2014 songs 2014 singles Darin (singer) songs Songs written by Darin (singer) Warner Music Group singles",
"title": "Mamma Mia (Darin song)"
},
{
"docid": "70096150",
"text": "Croatia Songs is a record chart in Croatia for songs, compiled by Billboard since February 2022. The chart is updated every Tuesday on Billboards website. The chart was announced on 14 February 2022 as part of Billboards Hits of the World chart collection. The first number-one song on the chart was \"Behute\" by Senidah on the issue dated 19 February 2022. The longest charting number-one song is currently \"Mamma mia\" by Grše. The current number-one song on the chart is \"Fantazija\" by Grše featuring Miach. Methodology The chart tracks songs' performance from Friday to Thursday. Chart rankings are based on a weighted formula incorporating official-only streams on both subscription and ad-supported tiers of leading audio and video music services, plus download sales from top music retailers within the territory. All data are provided by MRC Data. List of number-one songs Reception All the songs that appeared on the first issue of the chart were released by the former Yugoslav non-Croatian musicians, apart from \"Trebaš li me\" by Eni Jurišić and Matija Cvek, \"Debili\" by 30zona and Kuku$ Klan, \"Ti i ja\" by Jelena Rozga (in collaboration with Serbian singer Saša Matić), and \"Highlife\" by Grše, alongside \"Heat Waves\" by Glass Animals and \"Black Summer\" by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Hrvoje Marjanović of Index.hr criticized the Croatian media for trying to censor mainstream music from other former Yugoslav republics due to its alleged lack of quality, and praised the chart for showcasing what people of Croatia actually listen to. He further praised the death of genre boundaries, claiming that, \"on the same IG story of the same person, probably in the same day, you will come across songs by Arctic Monkeys, Drake and Senidah\", as well as the death of the \"cajka problem\". However, in the meantime, multiple other Croatian artists appeared on the chart, such as Hiljson Mandela who debuted with three songs in 2022, Baks, Let 3, and the most frequent Billboard dweller, Grše, whose song \"Sip\" is one of the longest charting songs on the chart, surpassing the majority of his former Yugoslav non-Croatian colleagues. Grše would go on to become the first Croatian artist to top the chart, doing so with his single \"Mamma Mia\" in the week of 29 May 2023, and stay at the number one spot for 17 weeks, becoming the longest charting number-one song since the release of the list. Croatian music journalists generally reacted positively to the introduction of such a music chart but criticized the local music industry managers for trying to cover up the popularity of trap music. Tena Šarčević of Jutarnji list explained how the lack of Croatian artists might shock some people, but that the Balkan trap genre has dominated the on-demand streaming for quite some time. She further noted how there's a big difference between the Croatian airplay-based HR Top 40 chart, and the Billboard chart. Ravno Do Dnas Zoran Stajčić commented how the newly introduced Billboard chart is \"real\" and how it gives real insight into",
"title": "Croatia Songs"
},
{
"docid": "56231193",
"text": "The UK Singles Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling singles of the week in the United Kingdom. Before 2004, the chart was only based on the sales of physical singles. This list shows singles that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart during 1976, as well as singles which peaked in 1975 and 1977 but were in the top 10 in 1976. The entry date is when the single appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced). One-hundred and thirty singles were in the top ten in 1976. Ten singles from 1975 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while \"Portsmouth\" by Mike Oldfield, \"Living Next Door to Alice\" by Smokie and \"Dr. Love\" by Tina Charles were all released in 1976 but did not reach their peak until 1977. Twenty-four artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1976. Billy Ocean, Dolly Parton, John Miles, Mike Oldfield and The Real Thing were among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 single in 1976. The 1975 Christmas number-one, \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" by Queen, remained at number-one for the first four weeks of 1976. The first new number-one single of the year was \"Mamma Mia\" by ABBA. Overall, sixteen different singles peaked at number-one in 1976, with ABBA (3) having the most singles hit that position. Background Multiple entries One-hundred and thirty singles charted in the top 10 in 1976, with one-hundred and seventeen singles reaching their peak this year. Twenty-four artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1976. ABBA and The Stylistics shared the record for most top 10 hits in 1976 with four hit singles each. \"Mamma Mia\", \"Fernando\" and \"Dancing Queen\" all reached number-one, while \"Money, Money, Money\" peaked at number three in December. The Wurzels was one of a number of artists with two top-ten entries, including the number-one single \"The Combine Harvester\". 10cc, Bryan Ferry, Elton John, Mike Oldfield and Wings were among the other artists who had multiple top 10 entries in 1976. Chart debuts Fifty artists achieved their first top 10 single in 1976, either as a lead or featured artist. Gallagher and Lyle, The Manhattans, Mike Oldfield, The Real Thing, Sailor and The Wurzels all had another entry in their breakthrough year. The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo single. Notes Dr. Hook had previously charted under the name Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show but their name was shortened in 1975. Ray Parker Jr. wrote \"You See the Trouble with Me\" and appeared alongside Barry White on the US single release, however he is not credited by the Official Charts Company for the UK release. His",
"title": "List of UK top-ten singles in 1976"
},
{
"docid": "42763109",
"text": "Carl Magnus Palm (born 1965) is a Swedish author and historian, writing in Swedish and English, best known for his work on the Swedish pop group ABBA. ABBA Carl Magnus Palm’s first book on ABBA was ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions, a diary-format chronicle of ABBA’s recorded work, published in 1994. Parallel with that book project he was involved in the compilation of the CD box set Thank You For The Music, also released in 1994. Palm is the author of the biography Bright Lights Dark Shadows – The Real Story Of ABBA published in 2001 and referred to as \"definitive\" and \"the first authoritative biography\" of ABBA, although some reviewers found it \"dense and at times hardgoing\". Palm published his first full-scale Swedish-language biography, ABBA – The Story, in 2008. The book met with mixed reviews: some felt that the book didn't live up to expectations and that \"the ultimate ABBA bible has yet to be written\", while others opined that \"if you're going to read something about [ABBA], this is the one to get\". Palm is a frequent contributor of research and liner notes to official ABBA-related CDs and DVDs, as well as the co-producer of three television documentaries about ABBA. Palm has also contributed to ABBA The Museum in Stockholm, and to the website ABBA The Official Site. In 2015, Palm started a crowdfunding project to self-publish a revised, updated and expanded edition of his first ABBA book ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions. The campaign was successful and ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions (revised and expanded edition) was published in March 2017. Other work Carl Magnus Palm’s first book was Monica Zetterlund – En diskografi (1992), a discography about the Swedish jazz singer, co-written with Thomas Winberg. He has also written a book about The Beatles, entitled Beatles Beatles (1996), and in 2010 he co-wrote Tunna skivor av mig, the memoirs of Swedish singer Siw Malmkvist. Bibliography Monica Zetterlund - en diskografi (with Thomas Winberg), 1992. ABBA - The Complete Recording Sessions, 1994. ABBA - människorna och musiken (”ABBA - The People And The Music”), 1996. Beatles - Beatles, 1996. Från ABBA till Mamma Mia! (with Anders Hanser), 1999. Published in English as From ABBA To Mamma Mia!, 2000. Bright Lights Dark Shadows - The Real Story Of ABBA, 2001. Cadillac Madness - den otroliga berättelsen om The Hep Stars (”Cadillac Madness - The Incredible Story Of The Hep Stars”, with Dan-Eric Landén), 2004. Benny’s Road To ABBA, 2004. ABBA - The Complete Guide To Their Music, 2005. ABBA - The Story: berättelsen om supergruppen (”ABBA - The Story: The Story About The Super Group”), 2008. Tunna skivor av mig (”Thin Slices Of Me”, with Siw Malmkvist), 2010. ABBA – The Backstage Stories (with Ingmarie Halling), 2014. Published as ABBA – The Treasures in English-speaking countries. ABBA - The Complete Recording Sessions (revised and expanded edition), 2017. ABBA At 50, 2022. ABBA on Record, 2024. References External links 1965 births Living people Swedish male",
"title": "Carl Magnus Palm"
},
{
"docid": "798902",
"text": "A-Teens are a Swedish pop music group from Stockholm. The group was formed by Niklas Berg in 1998 as an ABBA tribute group called ABBA-Teens, which was later renamed A-Teens. The band members were Marie Serneholt, Amit Paul, Dhani Lennevald, and Sara Lumholdt. The group is best known for the singles \"Mamma Mia\" (1999) and \"Upside Down\" (2000), both of which were hits worldwide. The group was particularly successful in their home country where they amassed ten top 10 hit singles on the Swedish charts. After six years together, the group disbanded following the release of their Greatest Hits album in May 2004. History 1998–2000: The ABBA Generation In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \"Mamma Mia\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \"Mamma Mia\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. In August 1999, the group released their debut album The ABBA Generation, consisting entirely of ABBA covers reinterpreted with a modern pop and electronic sound. The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. The album sold more than 2 million copies worldwide and was certified Gold or Platinum in over 22 countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \"Super Trouper\" peaked at number two and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \"Happy New Year\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \"Dancing Queen\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. The group made several appearances on Disney and Nickelodeon. In September 2000, the A-Teens won a Viva Music Award for Best International Newcomer. 2001: Teen Spirit On 26 February 2001, the group released their second studio album Teen Spirit, which consists entirely of original tracks. It debuted at number two in the Swedish Charts. The album peaked at number thirteen on the European Albums Chart. In the United States, the album peaked at number fifty and was certified gold. The album was preceded by the single \"Upside Down\" in October 2000; this was their first single that was not an ABBA cover song. It peaked at number two in Sweden and was certified 2× Platinum. The song reached the top ten in several countries.",
"title": "A-Teens"
},
{
"docid": "18529345",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording is the original cast album for the ABBA-inspired stage musical of the same name. The album was released in 1999 and it reached No.56 in the UK album chart, with 2 weeks on the chart. Re-interest in this 1999 Original London Cast album caused it to reach #12 in the UK Album Chart, having charted at #16 a week earlier. It features performances by the original London cast of the musical including Lisa Stokke, Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae. The album was produced by the two male members of ABBA, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The album featured a number of ABBA's best known songs, including the title track, \"Dancing Queen\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" and \"Thank You for the Music\". Track listing Original release \"Overture / Prologue\" - Lisa Stokke—2:56 \"Honey, Honey\" - Lisa Stokke, Eliza Lumley, and Melissa Gibson—2:02 \"Money, Money, Money\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, Neal Wright, and Company—3:01 \"Mamma Mia\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Company-3:21 \"Thank You for the Music\" - Lisa Stokke, Hilton McRae, Paul Clarkson, and Nicolas Colicos-3:03 \"Chiquitita\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—2:27 \"Dancing Queen\" - Louise Plowright, Jenny Galloway, and Siobhán McCarthy—3:44 \"Lay All Your Love on Me\" - Andrew Langtree, Lisa Stokke, and Company—3:34 \"Super Trouper\" - Siobhán McCarthy, Jenny Galloway, Louise Plowright, and Female Company—3:56 \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" - Female Company—3:34 \"The Name of the Game\" - Lisa Stokke and Nicolas Colicos—3:22 \"Voulez-Vous\" - Company—3:29 \"Entr'acte\" - Musical cast—2:17 \"Under Attack\" - Lisa Stokke and Company—3:11 \"One of Us\" - Siobhán McCarthy—2:20 \"SOS\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Hilton McRae—2:44 \"Does Your Mother Know\" - Louise Plowright, Neal Wright, and Company—3:21 \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" - Hilton McRae—2:42 \"Our Last Summer\" - Paul Clarkson and Siobhán McCarthy—2:42 \"Slipping Through My Fingers\" - Siobhán McCarthy and Lisa Stokke—3:36 \"The Winner Takes It All\" - Siobhán McCarthy—4:08 \"Take a Chance on Me\" - Jenny Galloway and Nicolas Colicos—3:33 \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" - Hilton McRae, Siobhán McCarthy, and Company—2:29 \"I Have a Dream\" - Lisa Stokke—2:58 5th anniversary edition The album was re-released in 2004, five years after its initial release to commemorate the musical's 5th anniversary. The new edition contained the original 24 tracks as well as three bonus tracks: the encore versions of \"Dancing Queen\", \"Mamma Mia\", and \"Waterloo\". Another 5th anniversary release, which debuted in 2006, commemorates the Broadway production, which debuted in 2001. Also included is a deluxe souvenir booklet complete with lyrics and glimpses of Donna Sheridan in international productions, and a bonus DVD that basically gives a behind-the-scenes look at the musical as well as glimpses of international productions of the musical. An additional bonus feature includes clips of the West End cast singing \"Money, Money, Money\" and \"Dancing Queen\", as well as fond memories from original Broadway cast members Joe Machota and Tina Maddigan, who play the roles of Sky and Sophie,",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Original Cast Recording"
},
{
"docid": "28897305",
"text": "Vintage () is a Russian pop group formed in 2006 by the singer Anna Pletnyova and musician Alexey Romanov. They have released 5 albums and sixteen radio singles, six of which headed the Russian radio-charts. The group is a laureate and nominee of a number of musical awards, including MTV Russia Music Awards, Muz-TV Award, Golden Gramophone Award, RU.TV Award and others. Since 2008 Vintage is a steady laureate of Song of the Year award. In 2011 and 2012 it was named the best group of the year at ZD Awards based on a poll organised by Moskovskij Komsomolets. History 2006 - 2007 Career Beginnings and first album Vintage was formed by ex-soloist of \"High School\" Anna Pletneva and former soloist of group \"A-Mega\" Alexei Romanov in mid 2006. Originally, they were going to name the band \"Chelsea\" but later changed it to \"Vintage\". 2007: the first album In late August, the group filmed the video for the song \"Good-bye\". On November 22 they released their first album, called \"Криминальная любовь\" (\"Criminal Love\"). 2008 On April 19 the video for new song of \"Bad Girl\" was released, a duet with actor Elena Korikova. In October, there was a change in the group; Mia exits the band and Svetlana Ivanova replaced her. 2009 In February, the group went on tour, visiting cities such as Moscow, Ulyanovsk, Riga, Minsk, Samara and Kaliningrad. On March 15 they released a new video for the song \"Eva\". This song was dedicated to singer Eva Polna. On 31 August 2009, they released their fourth single from their forthcoming album \"Lunatic Girls\". In October they released their second album \"SEX\". The record debuted at number 12 in the Russian album chart. 2010–2011 While Vintage played live on Love Radio on April 16, they introduced a new single titled \"(\" (\"Mikki\"), which is dedicated to Michael Jackson. The band shot two versions of the video clip for the song; a Russian version and English translation. On September 11, Европа плюс (Europe Plus), Русское радио (Russkoe radio), Love-радио (Love-radio) and Свежее радио (Svezhee radio) released Vintage's latest song, \"Роман\" (\"Roman\"). The followup single \"Derevya\", (\"Trees\") was released in late 2011, followed by their third studio album \"Anechka\" (\"Anny\"). Band members Current Anna Pletnyova (2006-2016 + 2018–present; ) Alexey Romanov (2006-2017 + 2018–present; ) Former Mia (2006–2008; ) Svetlana Ivanova (2008–2011; ) Yevgenia Polikarpova (2016-2017;) Anna Kornilova (2016-2017;) Anastasia Kreskina (2016-2017;) Anastasia Kazaku (2016-2017;) Discography Studio albums «Криминальная любовь/Kriminaĺnaja lübov'» \"Criminal Love\" (CD; Velvet Music; 2007 ) «SEX» (CD; Velvet Music; 2009 ) «Анечка/Anečka» \"Anny\" (CD; Velvet Music; 2011) «Very Dance» (CD; Velvet Music; 2013) «Decamerone» (CD; Velvet Music; 2014) Навсегда/Forever (2020) Singles «Mamma Mia» (radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2006) «10 поцелуев/10 pocelujev (новогодняя версия)» \"10 Kisses (Christmas Version)\" (radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2006) «Мама Мия (Radio Edit)» \"Mama Mia (Radio Edit)\" (radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2007) «Целься/Ceĺsä» \"Aim\" (radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2007) «Всего хорошего/Vsego horošego» \"All the best\" (CD, radio airplay; Velvet Music; 2007) «Плохая девочка/Plohaja devočka» \"Bad",
"title": "Vintage (band)"
},
{
"docid": "40705751",
"text": "\"I Wonder (Departure)\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \"The Name of the Game\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \"I wonder ... it scares me\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \"maximum emotional leverage\", making it \"the most intimate personal portrait\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \"translate beautifully to the stage\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "I Wonder (Departure)"
},
{
"docid": "4265347",
"text": "Hairspray is a 2007 musical romantic comedy film based on the 2002 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was based on John Waters's 1988 comedy film of the same name. Produced by Ingenious Media and Zadan/Meron Productions, and adapted from both Waters's 1988 script and Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell's book for the stage musical by screenwriter Leslie Dixon, the film was directed and choreographed by Adam Shankman and has an ensemble cast including John Travolta, Michelle Pfeiffer, Christopher Walken, Amanda Bynes, James Marsden, Queen Latifah, Brittany Snow, Zac Efron, Elijah Kelley, Allison Janney, and Nikki Blonsky in her feature film debut. Set in 1962 Baltimore, Maryland, the film follows the \"pleasantly plump\" teenager Tracy Turnblad (Blonsky) as she pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television dance show and rallies against racial segregation. The film began development in 2004, and Dixon reworked Meehan and O'Donnell's first draft of the screenplay to tone down the musical's campiness. In 2005, Shankman agreed to direct the film. Composer/lyricist Marc Shaiman and lyricist Scott Wittman reworked their songs from the Broadway musical for the film's soundtrack, and also wrote four new songs for the film. Principal photography commenced in September 2006 with a budget of $75 million, and ended in December of that year; filming took place on locations in Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and on sound-stages at Toronto's Showline Studios. Recording sessions for the film's songs and soundtrack took place in San Diego, California in the United States. Hairspray premiered on July 10, 2007, at the Mann Village Theater and was released on July 20, 2007, in the United Kingdom and the United States. The film was critically and financially successful, breaking the record for the highest-grossing opening weekend for a movie musical, which the film held until July 2008 when it was surpassed by Mamma Mia! and later High School Musical 3: Senior Year in October. Hairspray went on to become the tenth highest-grossing musical film in US cinema history, behind the film adaptations of Grease, Chicago, and Mamma Mia!, and stands as one of the most critically and commercially successful musical films of the 2000s. Available in a variety of formats, Hairsprays Region 1 home video release took place on November 20, 2007. USA Network purchased the broadcast rights to Hairspray and was scheduled to debut the film on cable television in February 2010, but in the end it did not broadcast that month. Instead the film was pushed back and premiered on USA on July 24, 2010, with sister channel Bravo also showing it multiple times, and in February 2011 aired on ABC for over-the-air broadcasts. Since its release, it has been cited as one of the best musical films of the 21st century and of all time. Plot In May 1962, 16-year-old overweight high school student Tracy Turnblad lives in Baltimore along with her shy best friend Penny Pingleton. Both frequently watch The Corny Collins Show, a local teen dance television show broadcast",
"title": "Hairspray (2007 film)"
},
{
"docid": "7491727",
"text": "Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.",
"title": "Dominic Cooper"
},
{
"docid": "57088167",
"text": "Mamma Mia! is the fourth extended play from South Korean boy band SF9. It was released on February 26, 2018, by FNC Entertainment. The album consists of six tracks, including the title track, \"Mamma Mia\". Commercial performance The EP sold 11,060+ copies in South Korea. It peaked at number 3 on the Korean Gaon Chart. Track listing References 2018 EPs SF9 (band) EPs FNC Entertainment EPs Kakao M EPs",
"title": "Mamma Mia! (EP)"
},
{
"docid": "170409",
"text": "Colin Andrew Firth (born 10 September 1960) is an English actor and producer. He was identified in the mid-1980s with the \"Brit Pack\" of rising young British actors, undertaking a challenging series of roles, including leading roles in A Month in the Country (1987), Tumbledown (1988) and Valmont (1989). His portrayal of Mr. Darcy in the 1995 television adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice led to widespread attention, and to roles in more prominent films such as The English Patient (1996), Shakespeare in Love (1998), The Importance of Being Earnest (2002), Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003), and Love Actually (2003), co-starring as Mark Darcy in the romantic comedy films Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), and Bridget Jones's Baby (2016), and Harry Bright in the musical comedy films Mamma Mia! (2008) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again! (2018). In 2009, Firth received international acclaim for his performance in Tom Ford's A Single Man, for which he won a BAFTA Award and the Volpi Cup for Best Actor and received his first Academy Award nomination. In 2010, his portrayal of King George VI in Tom Hooper's The King's Speech won him the Academy Award for Best Actor. He subsequently appeared as MI6 agent Bill Haydon in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), and as secret agent Harry Hart / Agent Galahad in Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014) and its sequel Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017). He has since appeared in the musical fantasy film Mary Poppins Returns (2018), the war film 1917 (2019), and the romance film Supernova (2020). He is also known for his performances in television, including BBC's Conspiracy (2001) and HBO's The Staircase (2022), receiving Primetime Emmy Award nominations for each. In 2012, he founded the production company Raindog Films, where he served as a producer for Eye in the Sky (2015) and Loving (2016). His films have grossed more than $3 billion from 42 releases worldwide. Firth has campaigned for the rights of Indigenous people and is a member of Survival International. He has also campaigned on issues of asylum seekers, refugees' rights and the environment. He commissioned and co-authored a scientific paper on a study of the differences in brain structure between people of differing political orientations. He is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, two British Academy Film Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 2011, Firth was appointed a CBE by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for his services to drama. That same year, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and appeared in Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world. Early life Firth was born in the village of Grayshott, Hampshire, to parents who were academics and teachers. His mother, Shirley Jean (née Rolles), was a comparative religion lecturer at King Alfred's College (now the University of Winchester); and his father, David Norman Lewis Firth, was a history lecturer at King Alfred's",
"title": "Colin Firth"
},
{
"docid": "42872635",
"text": "Suzie Mathers is a Scottish-Australian actress and theatre performer best known for her role as Glinda the Good Witch in the Australian, Asian tour, and London productions of Wicked as well Sophie in the 10th Anniversary Australian tour of Mamma Mia! the Musical. Spouse: Laura Francis (7/3/2019) Biography Born in Aberdeen, Scotland and raised in Perth, Western Australia, Suzie received a Bachelor of Arts (Music Theatre) from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) in 2007. In the few short years since graduating, Suzie has fast made her mark in the Australian and International music theatre industry. Career Her career in musical theater started with a spot in an amateur production of Jesus Christ Superstar. In 2007, she graduated with a degree in music theater from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. While in college, she performed in various productions such as \"The Good Fight\" and \"Annie Get Your Gun.\" Originally an offstage vocal swing for the 2008 Melbourne production, Mathers was cast in Wicked straight out of drama school, and remained with the company as an ensemble member until the beginning of the Sydney season in 2009. Suzie left to play the leading role of Sophie in the 10th Anniversary Australian tour of Mamma Mia!, which toured nationally in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth & Brisbane. After the national tour of Mamma Mia! Suzie returned to the cast of Wicked for the first Australian tour performing in Brisbane, Adelaide & Perth, in the role of the Midwife, and was also the understudy for Glinda. Suzie officially took over the role of lead Glinda from Lucy Durack in 2015, performing in Singapore, South Korea, New Zealand and Manila to much critical acclaim. A highlight was performing to the shows composer Stephen Schwartz, twice. She has co-starred alongside various Australian theatre performers including Jemma Rix, Maggie Kirkpatrick, David Harris, Anne Wood and Gretel Scarlett as well as New Zealand actor Jay Laga'aia. Suzie stepped down from the role of Glinda when it returned to Australia at the end of Wicked's Manila run on 9 March 2014. Though Suzie did briefly reprise the role in Melbourne while Lucy Durack took leave due to injury in May 2014. Mathers then again reprised the role of Glinda for the Brisbane and Perth seasons of Wicked, taking over once again from Lucy Durack, who left at the end of the Sydney season due to her pregnancy. During the Brisbane season Suzie reached her 500th performance as Glinda, and is expected have performed the role over 580 times when the show closes in Perth mid 2015. Mathers made her West End debut reprising the role of Glinda this time in the London production of Wicked at the Apollo Victoria Theatre. She performed the role at the 10th anniversary performance on 27 September 2016. Rachel Tucker and Willemijn Verkaik performed as Elphaba alongside her. She left the production on 22 July 2017. Stage credits Other performances Suzie's other appearances include An Afternoon with Stephen Sondheim at Her",
"title": "Suzie Mathers"
},
{
"docid": "52199703",
"text": "Gazosa are an Italian teen band, best known for the song \"www.mipiacitu\". Career The band formed in 1998 as Eta Beta and then Zeta Beta, and originally consisted of Jessica Morlacchi (b. 1987, vocalist and bass guitar), Vincenzo Siani (b. 1986, drums), and the brothers Federico Paciotti (b. 1987, guitar) and Valentina Paciotti (b. 1985, keyboards). Put under contract by Caterina Caselli, they made their official debut in 1999, with the Abba's cover \"Mamma Mia\". Their self-titled debut album was released in 2000 and it mixed new songs and covers. In 2001 the band entered the 51st edition of the Sanremo Music Festival and won the newcomers' competition with the song \"Stai con me (Forever)\". In the summer they got a large commercial success with \"www.mipiacitu\", which became theme song of a series of Omnitel commercials and peaked at the fourth place on the Italian hit parade. In 2002 the group returned to the Sanremo Festival, this time competing in the Big Artists section, and placed tenth with the song \"Ogni giorno di più\". After releasing a cover version of \"Nessuno mi può giudicare\", the group disbanded in 2003, with Jessica Morlacchi and Federico Paciotti starting their solo career. In 2009 the musical project was restarted; active only in live events, it has a different line-up except for the drummer Vincenzo Siani. Discography Albums 2000 - Gazosa 2001 - www.mipiacitu 2002 - Inseparabili Singles 1999 - \"Mamma Mia\" 2001 - \"Stai con me (Forever)\" 2001 - \"www.mipiacitu\" 2002 - \"Ogni giorno di più\" 2003 - \"Nessuno mi può giudicare\" (ft. Tormento) References External links Italian pop music groups Living people Musical groups established in 1998 Sanremo Music Festival winners of the newcomers section Year of birth missing (living people)",
"title": "Gazosa"
},
{
"docid": "75128298",
"text": "Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream was a British television talent competition that began airing on 22 October 2023 on ITV. The show documented the search for two new, unknown musical theatre performers to play the roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!. The series was presented by Zoe Ball, and features Samantha Barks, Alan Carr, Amber Riley and Jessie Ware as judges. The series was won by Stevie Doc and Tobias Turley to play Sophie and Sky respectively. Format The series documented the search to find two unknown musical theatre stars to play the central roles of Sophie Sheridan and Sky Ramand in the 2024 West End production of the musical Mamma Mia!, based on the film of the same name for the musical's 25th anniversary. The format was similar to that of the BBC competitions How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, Any Dream Will Do, I'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow which aired on BBC One in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 respectively. ITV later aired a similar programme in 2012, Superstar. The series featured fourteen contestants, seven men and seven women, who took part in masterclasses, challenges and workshops focused on singing, dancing and acting which led to a finale set which took place in a West End theatre where a public vote decided the winners. Production In September 2022, it was reported that ITV were planning to revive the musical theatre talent search format with a new series based on Mamma Mia. In December 2022, ITV confirmed the commissioning of Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream. The series was produced by Thames, the production company behind the reality television formats Britain's Got Talent and I Can See Your Voice. The series is filmed in Corfu, Greece and is presented by Zoe Ball. The judges included Samantha Barks, who was a finalist on I'd Do Anything in 2008, comedian Alan Carr, Glee actress Amber Riley and singer Jessie Ware. Contestants The fourteen contestants competing for the roles of Sophie and Sky were announced on the day of the show's broadcast. Sophie Sky Weekly summary Results summary Colour key Week 1 (22 October) For the show's the first episode, the fourteen contestants were placed in either duos or trios and performed a song by ABBA. Group performances: \"Mamma Mia\" \"I Have a Dream\" Week 2 (29 October) In the show's second episode, the Sophies had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Dancing Queen\" Week 3 (5 November) In the show's third episode, the Skys had to demonstrate their acting skills by recreating a scene from the film, before having to perform solo for the first time. Group performance: \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" Week 4 (12 November) For the show's the fourth episode, the Sophies and Skys were paired up and had to recreate a scene",
"title": "Mamma Mia! I Have a Dream"
},
{
"docid": "3735183",
"text": "Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an",
"title": "Catherine Johnson (playwright)"
},
{
"docid": "65136975",
"text": "\"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" is a song recorded and released as a single by Romanian singer Elena Gheorghe, featuring rapper Glance. This marks their second collaboration, the first one being the native number one single \"Ecou\" (2013). \"Mamma Mia\" was initially released for digital download and streaming in the United States on 5 August 2014 under Robbins Entertainment, and worldwide the following year in July under Cat Music. An English language track, it was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă. Music critics gave the song mostly positive reviews, complimenting its catchy instrumentals, but doubted the role of the featured artist by calling it \"not convincing\". An accompanying music video for \"Mamma Mia\", directed by Dan Petcan and Bogdan Filip, premiered on the Cat Music YouTube channel on 21 May 2014 and was supported by a giveaway. The clip depicted Elena at wedding playing the role of the bride, and Italian male as the groomsman. Commercially, the song was modernly successful, peaking at number 33 on the singer's native Romanian Airplay 100. The song was also sent to radio stations across Italy, Poland and Spain, where it had managed to enter several charts. Background and composition In February 2014, Elena went on local radio station Kiss FM for an interview, where she would announce an international single coming up. At the time of the interview, Laurențiu Duță was producing the song in Los Angeles. \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\" was written by Clint Tommy and Laurenţiu Duţă, while the production was being handled by Duţă himself. It was initially sent to radio stations across Italy in July, before being released on streaming devices in the United States by Robbins Entertainment the following month. +Mas Music distributed the song's release on 23 January 2015, while Cat Music handled its worldwide release on 13 July. \"Mamma Mia\" marks Elena and Glance's second collaboration, the first one being \"Ecou\" (2013), which achieved huge chart success in the singer's native country. An English language love song, \"Mamma Mia\" was described as a catchy dance-pop tune. Lyrically, the song is about Elena questing whether she should date a romantic Italian man, knowing well that she will be played on by him. Some lyrics of the song are: \"I just can't getting off my mind he's so amazing / My heart says Yes, my mind says No / Just let him go, go, go.\" Reception and Promotion Upon its release, \"Mamma Mia\" was met positively by music critics. Jonathan Currinn gave the song five stars, calling it a \"lost treasure that we'll forever love\". He went on to compliment the music video, which he called \"completely epic\" and \"full-on amazingness in every way\". He called out the clip's director Dan Petcan for his \"terrific job at directing [it]\", and Elena for her acting skills which were described as \"brilliant\". Zuletzt Aktualisiert from HitFire described the song as a \"catchy dance pop track\". He found the song rather amusing, and",
"title": "Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)"
},
{
"docid": "58104687",
"text": "Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \"Dancing Queen\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \"Fernando\" and \"Super Trouper\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\" —Cher Cher also said that \"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \"SOS\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song",
"title": "Dancing Queen (album)"
},
{
"docid": "42318865",
"text": "Tina Earnshaw is an Oscar- and BAFTA-nominated British make-up designer and the founder of Tina Earnshaw Cosmetics. She has designed the make up looks on some of the world's most successful films, including Titanic, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award, alongside Greg Cannom and Simon Thompson. Born in London, she began her career at the BBC working as a professional makeup artist. Initially working on commercials and for brands such as L'Oréal, Dior, and Chanel, she became known for the flawless beauty looks she created and for her methods of research that informed her designs. In 1995, she began a lasting partnership with Merchant Ivory and relocated to Paris to work on her first feature film. By 1997, she was on the set of James Cameron's Titanic, for which she received her first Oscar nomination. Since then she has designed the makeup looks for films such as Shakespeare in Love, The Italian Job, The Talented Mr. Ripley, Spider-Man 2 and 3, Prometheus, The Martian, Exodus: Gods and Kings, Mamma Mia 2 and Ridley Scott's All the Money in the World’. Her designs have seen her create iconic looks on the world's most recognizable faces, including Penélope Cruz, Gwyneth Paltrow, Cate Blanchett, Charlize Theron, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, and Jude Law. She has also served as a creative ambassador for Max Factor international. She is married to Robin Earnshaw and they have two children: Damon and Polly. Selected filmography 2018 Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2017 All the Money in the World (make-up and hair designer) (completed) 2016/II The Promise (makeup department head) 2015 The Martian (make up and hair designer) 2014 Exodus: Gods and Kings (makeup designer) 2014 Before I Go to Sleep (makeup department head) 2014 Turks & Caicos (TV Movie) (makeup department head) 2013 The Counsellor (makeup designer) 2012/I Prometheus (makeup designer) 2011 Page Eight (TV Movie) (makeup designer) 2011 Your Highness (makeup designer) 2008 Marley & Me (makeup artist: Owen Wilson) 2008 Mamma Mia! (makeup designer) 2008/ The Deal (makeup artist: Ms. Ryan) 2007 Spider-Man 3 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2005 Dark Water (makeup artist: Ms. Connelly) 2004 Spider-Man 2 (makeup artist: Mr. Maguire) 2003 The Italian Job (chief makeup artist) 2001 Domestic Disturbance (key makeup artist - as Tina M. Earnshaw) 2001 Conspiracy (TV Movie) (makeup supervisor) 2001 The Mists of Avalon (TV Mini-Series) (makeup artist - 2 episodes) - Episode #1.2 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) - Episode #1.1 (2001) ... (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 2000 Bounce (makeup artist: Gwyneth Paltrow) 2000 Duets (key makeup artist) 1999 The Talented Mr. Ripley (supervising makeup artist) 1998 Shakespeare in Love (makeup designer: Gwyneth Paltrow) 1998 Ever After: A Cinderella Story (key makeup artist) / (makeup artist: Ms. Huston) 1998 Sliding Doors (key makeup designer) 1997 Titanic (key makeup artist) 1997 The Designated Mourner (chief makeup artist) 1996 Surviving Picasso (chief makeup artist) 1996 Emma (chief makeup designer) 1995 Othello (chief makeup artist) 1995 Feast of July (key",
"title": "Tina Earnshaw"
},
{
"docid": "15642908",
"text": "\"My Love, My Life\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \"My Love, My Life\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \"Monsieur, Monsieur\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \"My Love, My Life\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson",
"title": "My Love, My Life"
},
{
"docid": "2556660",
"text": "Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \"my mom\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \"Mamma Mia\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \"Mamma Mia\" (Darin song), 2014 \"Mama Mia\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \"Mamma Mia\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \"Mama Mia\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \"Mammamia\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \"Mamma Mia\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \"Mamma Mia\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \"Mamma Mia\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon",
"title": "Mamma Mia"
},
{
"docid": "55594395",
"text": "Oh Na-ra () is a South Korean actress. She began her career by joining the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and made her debut in the musical \"Simcheong\" the following year. She went on to star in various productions such as Bari, Annie Quang, All That Jazz, Broadway 42nd Streets, Empress Myeongseong, Love in the Rain, and Mamma Mia. Since 2004, she started play the main lead in the creative musicals I Love You. Followed by Finding Kim Jong-wook, Singles and Jomjom. Throughout her career, as musical actress, has received several accolades, including the Best New Actress Award at the 2006 Daegu International Musical Festival, the Best Actress Award at the 12th Korea Musical Awards in 2006, the Female Popularity Award at the 1st The Musical Awards in 2007, and the Popular Star Award at the 13th Korea Musical Awards in 2007. In addition to her work in musicals, Oh made her television debut with a minor role in SBS TV's SBS TV . She has since appeared in various dramas, including Pretty Mom, Pretty Woman, Queen of Reversals, Miss Ahjumma, Yong-pal, Hyde Jekyll, Me, Flowers of the Prison, Man to Man, The Lady in Dignity. Her supporting roles performances in dramas such as My Mister, Sky Castle, Racket Boys, and Alchemy of Souls earned her wider recognition. Early Life and education Oh Na-ra born on October 26, 1974 in Seoul as oldest of two sibling. Oh graduated from . Oh chose ballet as her major because she wanted to perform on stage. She graduated from the Department of Dance at Kyung Hee University. Afterwards, she pursued a master's degree in musical theater at Dankook University's Graduate School of Culture and Arts. Career Oh became interested in musicals after watching one on TV during college and wondered if they were real. She approached Nam Gyeong-eup, a musical actor, and expressed her desire to be part of musicals. Oh helped out at the performance hall of the musical \"Love in the Rain,\" doing tasks like cleaning and selling tickets. She also tried to make the actors happy. She joined the Seoul Performing Arts Company in 1996 and debuted with her musical “Simcheong” the following year. Afterwards, she appeared in 'Bari', 'Annie Quang', 'All That Jazz', 'Broadway 42nd Street', 'Empress Myeongseong', 'Love in the Rain', and 'Mamma Mia'. In 2001, Oh joined the Japanese theater company \"Four Seasons\" despite being a newcomer in the musical world. Oh was first Korean actor to be selected as a member. She auditioned and landed a role in the production \"Contact.\" Although she couldn't speak Japanese, it was a dance-only production, so there were no major issues. However, she couldn't go on stage due to visa extension problems caused by the office staff's intentional actions. After eight months, Oh (female) returned to Japan and was given the opportunity to appear in \"Mamma Mia.\" Despite initially being cast as the main character, her Japanese skills weren't perfect, so she returned after two years as an ensemble",
"title": "Oh Na-ra"
},
{
"docid": "68620154",
"text": "Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \"Just a Notion\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \"Little Things\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \"ABBAtar\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \"Just a Notion\", was",
"title": "Voyage (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "57917036",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack"
},
{
"docid": "5432353",
"text": "\"Upside Down\" (titled \"Bouncing off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" outside Europe) is a song by Swedish pop music group A-Teens, released as first single from their second album, Teen Spirit (2001). A DVD single of the song was released in the United States in February 2001 to coincide with both the single's release and Teen Spirits release, and contains the music videos for both the title track and Mamma Mia from The ABBA Generation. Production and release After the intense promotion in the United States in August 2000, the band went back to the studio to start working on their second album. The song was first announced at the Viva Music Awards in September 2000. The song was the first time the band released an original song instead of a cover, and the song was produced by the hit makers Grizzly and Tysper. Commercial reception The single reached platinum on its 3rd week of release in their homeland, and by early 2001, \"Upside Down\" had peaked at number two and sold over 120,000 copies in Sweden, earning a 2× platinum certification. The song became the band's biggest hit in the United Kingdom, selling 3,711 copies on its first day and peaking at number 10 by the end of the week. The song received 8/10 Stars on UK Yahoo Music Reviews. \"Upside Down\" had a name change in the United States and Canada to \"Bouncing Off The Ceiling (Upside Down)\". The song reached number 93 on the US Billboard Hot 100 while the physical single reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales Chart. Music video Directed by Patrick Kiely, the video was filmed in Universal Studios in Los Angeles from United States on 13–15 October 2000. It shows the band in an alternative world where everything is \"upside down,\" and tells the story of one student who is in love with another student so much that they can't focus on their school studies; thus turning their lives \"upside down.\" The dancing routine was choreographed by Wade Robson. The video reached number-one on several countdowns around the world. It was 2001's 25th most played video of MTV Mexico. Track listings Swedish and European CD single \"Upside Down\" (radio version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (sing-along version) – 3:14 European maxi-CD single \"Upside Down\" – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (Grizzly/Tysper radio remix) – 3:50 \"Upside Down\" (Grizzly/Tysper extended remix) – 4:46 \"Upside Down\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 UK CD single \"Upside Down\" (radio version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (Almighty 7-inch edit) – 4:18 \"Upside Down\" (JS16 Remix) – 6:34 \"Upside Down\" (karaoke version) – 3:14 \"Upside Down\" (CD-ROM video) UK cassette single \"Upside Down\" – 3:14 \"Mamma Mia\" (radio version) – 3:14 US CD single \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" – 3:14 \"Super Trouper\" – 3:50 \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling (Upside Down)\" (video) US DVD single \"Bouncing Off the Ceiling\" (video) \"Mamma Mia\" (video) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Release history References External links 2000 singles 2000 songs",
"title": "Upside Down (A-Teens song)"
},
{
"docid": "30864425",
"text": "Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released in Scandinavia on 17 November 1975 and in other parts of the world in 1976, notably the UK on 10 April, and on 18 September in the US and Canada. The 1976 version of the album included the band's most recent single \"Fernando\". The album was released in response to similar ABBA compilation albums being issued at the time by record labels in other countries who had licensed ABBA's music for release in their own territories, and the threat of import sales of those compilations impacting upon ABBA's home market. This meant that the success of Greatest Hits was largely confined to Scandinavia and the UK, although the size of the latter market and the scale of its success there has ensured that Greatest Hits is one of ABBA's best-selling albums worldwide. The album was the best-selling album of 1976 in the UK, and the country's second-best selling album of the decade. Background ABBA had won the Eurovision Song Contest in April 1974 with the song \"Waterloo\", which went on to be a major hit across Europe and in Australia and New Zealand. However, the immediate follow-up singles did not meet with the same success, and it wasn't until over a year later that \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\", \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became worldwide hits and reignited interest in the band. To capitalise on this resurgence of interest, several labels around the world released their own licensed compilations of ABBA's singles up to and including \"Mamma Mia\" – these included a similarly-titled Greatest Hits by France's Disques Vogue, and The Best of ABBA, released by West Germany's division of Polydor Records and by RCA Victor in Australia and New Zealand. To counteract the possibility of import sales from these records in Scandinavia, ABBA's record label Polar Music rush-released their own version of Greatest Hits. Release The tracks were taken from ABBA's first three studio albums, Ring Ring, Waterloo and ABBA, and with the exception of \"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)\" had all been released as singles somewhere in the world. Despite the title of the compilation, only half of the tracks had actually charted as hit singles in major territories. \"Waterloo\", \"SOS\", \"Mamma Mia\" and (later) \"Fernando\" were top 10 hits in the UK and several other countries, though only the first of these was a top 10 hit in the US. Other hits in multiple territories included \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" (a top 10 hit in several countries, a number one in Australia, and a top 20 hit in the US, though barely cracking the top 40 in the UK), \"Honey, Honey\" (a top 20 hit in several countries and a top 30 hit in the US), \"Hasta Mañana\" (a top 10 hit in South Africa and New Zealand and a top 20 hit in Australia), and \"So Long\"",
"title": "Greatest Hits (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "656355",
"text": "ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"SOS\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Mamma Mia\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \"Tropical Loveland\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \"Intermezzo No. 1\" (early working title: \"Mama\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \"Man in the Middle\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \"The ABBA Remasters\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \"Deluxe Edition\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \"Baby\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \"Rock Me\". \"Baby\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Crazy World\" \"Crazy World\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \"Money, Money, Money\" single in November 1976. \"Crazy World\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\" Recording began on 6 May 1975",
"title": "ABBA (album)"
},
{
"docid": "1195313",
"text": "The ABBA Generation is the debut studio album by Swedish pop group A-Teens. It was released on 25 August 1999 by Stockholm Records. The album is composed of cover versions of well-known ABBA songs. The album spawned four singles, \"Mamma Mia\", \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\", \"Super Trouper\", and \"Dancing Queen\". The album reached number one in Sweden and Argentina. In the United States, the album peaked at seventy-one on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and was certified Gold. Background In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit came together to form the ABBA-Teens and began recording their debut album which would consist entirely of covers of ABBA songs. Their first single, \"Mamma Mia\", was first released in April 1999 in their native Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. Following this release, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. \"Mamma Mia\" was released internationally following their name change and topped the charts in over ten countries. Further singles from the album were hits in Sweden: \"Super Trouper\" peaked at number two and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) peaked at number ten; both songs charted moderately worldwide. \"Happy New Year\" was released as a standalone single in Sweden at the end of 1999 and peaked at number four. In March 2000, the group released the single \"Dancing Queen\". The single reached ninety-five on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold. Coinciding with this release, the band embarked on a promotional tour of the United States and was an opening act for the Britney Spears tour later that summer. Critical reception Despite its commercial success around the world, the album received generally negative reviews from music critics. Alex Henderson of AllMusic said that the group's \"versions of ABBA gems like \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Dancing Queen\", and \"Voulez-Vous\" aren't brilliant, but they're enjoyable—and they show just how well the songs have held up over time.\" He concluded his review by saying, “All things considered, The ABBA Generation is a pleasing, if unremarkable, testament to the durability of ABBA's songs.\" In an average review for The A.V. Club, Steven Thompson wrote, \"Pop music doesn't get more marginal than a collection of overdriven dance-pop covers, but The ABBA Generation succeeds on its own modest terms.\" David Hiltbrand of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+, saying that the group \"look and sound better than their supergroup heroes; even the music is spruced up, thanks to a cast of savvy Swedish producers.\" Writing for Rolling Stone, Arion Berger gave the album one and a half out of five stars, saying that \"all the keyboard doodling and note-for-note diligence in Scandinavia wouldn't help these poseurs bring the pure-pop greatness of the real ABBA to life.\" Track listing All tracks written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, except as noted. Personnel Adapted from the album liner notes. Musicians Anneli Axon Anders Barrén Tee",
"title": "The ABBA Generation"
},
{
"docid": "25011865",
"text": "Hugh William Skinner (born 6 January 1985) is a British actor. He is best known for starring in sitcoms W1A (2014–2017) and The Windsors (2016–present), and his appearances in musical films Les Misérables (2012) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early life Skinner grew up in London and Tunbridge Wells, and attended Eastbourne College from 1998 to 2003. He lived in Perth, Australia, for a year at age four. He graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2006. Career Early work (2007–2015) Skinner's first professional acting role was in the English Touring Theatre's 2007 production of French Without Tears. In addition to his work on stage, he played supporting roles in the BBC series Tess of the D'Urbervilles as Felix Clare in 2008, and Any Human Heart as Lionel in 2010. He also played the role of Joly, one of the student revolutionaries, in the 2012 film of Les Misérables. In the autumn of 2013, Skinner played the role of Luis Carruthers, a closeted gay man who is in love with the show's protagonist, Patrick Bateman, in the world premiere of American Psycho at the Almeida Theatre. He also appeared on the London cast album, which was released in 2016. While performing in American Psycho, he began filming the first series of the comedy W1A, playing the role of Will Humphries, an inept yet endearing intern at the BBC. The first series was released in 2014, with subsequent series airing on BBC2 in 2015 and 2017. Skinner played the role of Dr. Barnaby Ford in the BBC series Our Zoo. He also appeared at the Theatre Royal, Bath as Camille in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Thérèse Raquin, and as Yepikhodov in Simon Stephens' new translation of The Cherry Orchard at the Young Vic. He returned to the Young Vic in the summer of 2015 to play dual roles in Nick Gill's adaptation of The Trial. In the autumn of 2015, it was announced that he had been cast as Unwin Trevaunance, an aspiring Member of Parliament, in the second series of the BBC production of Poldark, which aired in 2016. Breakthrough (2016–present) Skinner starred in The Windsors, a spoof of the British royal family, as Prince William which aired on Channel 4 in 2016. The same year, he had a role in Fleabag, a BBC3 and Amazon production, where he played the protagonist's hapless boyfriend Harry. The following year, he played Sir George Howard in the first series of Harlots, an 18th-century costume drama that premiered on ITV Encore and Hulu in March. Also in 2017, he played a supporting role in Hampstead opposite Diane Keaton and Brendan Gleeson, and appeared in Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Skinner co-starred in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the 2018 sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, in which he played Young Harry, a version of the character originated by Colin Firth in the first film. In 2018 he also starred in the eighth and final",
"title": "Hugh Skinner"
},
{
"docid": "45592129",
"text": "Miss Mamma Mia () is a 2015 South Korean television series starring Kang Byul, Han Go-eun, Shim Hyung-tak and Seo Do-young. It aired on KBS Drama on Wednesdays to Thursdays at 23:00 for 12 episodes beginning January 28, 2015. Plot Seo Young-joo was abandoned by her parents as a child and betrayed by the man she loved. Despite all that, she stays positive as she raises her five-year-old daughter on her own while working part-time jobs. Cast Kang Byul as Seo Young-joo Han Go-eun as Oh Joo-ri Shim Hyung-tak as Na Woo-jin/Kevin Edwards Seo Do-young as Yoo Myung-han Jang Young-nam as Lee Mi-ryun Kim Ha-eun as Kang Bong-sook Jang Eun-poong as Joo Ki-chan Ahn Seung-hoon as President Ahn Park Soo-young as Shim Seok-bong Shin Yi as Seo Ha-roo's biological mother Gil Hae-yeon as Ma Hae-yeon Kim Ha-yoo as Seo Ha-ru Bae Kang-yoo as Lee Jong-min References External links Miss Mamma Mia official KBSN website Korean Broadcasting System television dramas 2015 South Korean television series debuts Korean-language television shows 2015 South Korean television series endings",
"title": "Miss Mamma Mia"
},
{
"docid": "40748214",
"text": "\"Hey, Hey Helen\" is a song by ABBA, featured on their 1975 self-titled album. It was used as the B-side to Mamma Mia in Australia and Fernando in the UK. Composition The song is in the Glam rock genre. Analysis George Starostin Reviews says the song has \"perfectly tolerable lyrics about a family breakup\" from an anti-feminist perspective. PopDose says \"'Helen' took an adult look at divorce and single motherhood in a time when the divorce rate was up and the traditional family unit was taking a beating. At first, the lyrics seem a bit judgmental, until you get to that last bit in the chorus where the girls assure the newly single mother that she can, in fact, make it alone\". Covers Lush covered the song for an abandoned anti-poll tax compilation, the cover version was released on their 1990 album Gala. Critical reception The Trouser Press record guide described the song as \"obscure\". OneWeekOneBand said \"The best bit of this - OK maybe apart from the riff - is where the lyrics go “Can you make it alone?” and the backing vox reply “Yes you can” and to prove it the song goes into a FUNK BREAKDOWN, the only one in ABBA's catalogue.\" George Starostin Reviews says the song is \"quite memorable\", and adds it is \"what all those 'heavy metal tunes' off Waterloo would have sounded like\" if they had been given more of the 'ABBA' sound. It adds \"the heavy guitar riffs on that one don't bother me in the least, as they never try to sound dreary or 'mock-ominous': they just emphasize the power of the tune, which is, in my opinion, a highly underrated ABBA classic, with all those riffs, a catchy, rhythmic synth solo, a groovy drum pattern\". PopDose describes the song as \"one of the earliest glimmers that ABBA were more than just your standard bubblegum pop group\". It wondered why the song wasn't featured in the Mamma Mia musical considering its subject matter, and theorises that it was because the song wasn't popular enough. It notes, however, that the group mimed it for quite a few TV appearances at the time, citing “Don Kirshner’s Rock Concert” in 1975. References 1975 songs ABBA songs Songs with feminist themes Songs about divorce",
"title": "Hey, Hey Helen"
},
{
"docid": "59057076",
"text": "Mamma Mia is a Ghanaian film directed by and starring Bob Smith Jnr in 1995. Set in Verona as well as Accra, it was one of the earlier films to focus on the lives of Ghanaians living in Europe. The film was the first of three films in a series sharing that name the others being Double Trouble (Mamma Mia Part 2) (1998) and Black is Black (Mamma Mia 3) (2000). Cast Bob Smith Jnr References English-language Ghanaian films 1990s English-language films",
"title": "Mamma Mia (1995 film)"
},
{
"docid": "34081868",
"text": "Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \"the greatest showbiz impresario\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \"The Winner Takes It All\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\") and \"highly savvy writer\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to",
"title": "Judy Craymer"
},
{
"docid": "41988044",
"text": "Alan MacDonald (c. 1956 – 30 August 2017) was a British production designer. He was best known for his work on The Queen (2006), which earned him nominations for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film and Best Technical Achievement at the British Independent Film Awards, and for the Rajasthan-set The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) which earned him a nomination for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film. In 2013, he designed the sets for the Academy Award-nominated film Philomena. He had also been a production designer for a number of advertisements for global firms including Coca-Cola, Levi's, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, and was the theatrical designer for Kylie Minogue's 2002 \"KylieFever2002\" tour. Filmography Absurd (1989) (short) Tunnel of Love (1991) (short) Man to Man (1992) Remembrance of Things Fast: True Stories Visual Lies (1994; Art Director) Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998) Rogue Trader (1998) Nora (2000) The Jacket (2005) Kinky Boots (2005) The Queen (2006) The Edge of Love (2008) Chéri (2009) Tamara Drewe (2010) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) Philomena (2013) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2 (2015) The Program (2015) Sing Street (2016) Victoria & Abdul (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Personal life and death He suffered from bipolar disorder. MacDonald died by suicide at his Covent Garden home on 31 August 2017, after spending two weeks as an in-patient at the private Nightingale Hospital at a cost of £20,000. His last two film credits, Victoria & Abdul (2017) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), were dedicated to his memory. References External links 1950s births 2017 deaths British film designers Date of birth missing Suicides in Greater London People with bipolar disorder",
"title": "Alan MacDonald (production designer)"
},
{
"docid": "56818610",
"text": "This article lists feature-length British films and full-length documentaries that have had their premieres in 2018 and were at least partly produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom. It does not feature short films, medium-length films, made-for-TV films, pornographic films, filmed theater, VR films and interactive films like Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. It also does not include films screened in previous years that had official release dates in 2018. British co-productions like Bohemian Rhapsody, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again garnered positive reviews and collectively grossed more than $1.5 billion in the Box Office worldwide. Small independent films like The Wife, Three Identical Strangers and At Eternity's Gate performed well in the Specialty Box Office, screening in a limited number of theaters. 2018 was expected to be the best year for British box office since 1971 with Avengers: Infinity War, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Incredibles 2, Black Panther, Bohemian Rhapsody, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Peter Rabbit and The Greatest Showman breaking £40 million at the British box office. Also included is an overview of five awards ceremonies which are major events in British film: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards. Film premieres January – March April – June July – September October – December Other premieres Culturally British Films The following list comprises films not produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom but is strongly associated with British culture. The films in this list should fulfill at least 3 of the following criteria: The film is adapted from a British source material. The story is at least partially set in the United Kingdom. The film was at least partially shot in the United Kingdom. Many of the film's cast and crew members are British. British winners Listed here are the British winners and nominees at the four most prestigious film award ceremonies in the English-speaking world: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards, that were held during 2018, celebrating the best films of 2017. The British nominations were led by Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Dunkirk, and Darkest Hour, with Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri winning awards in the major categories and Dunkirk going on to win large numbers of technical awards, whilst Gary Oldman won multiple best leading actor awards for his portrayal of Sir Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. British films did, however, notably lose out to The Shape of Water from USA. Academy Awards The 90th Academy Awards honoring the best films of 2017 were held on March 4, 2018. British winners: Darkest Hour (Best Actor, Best Makeup and Hairstyling) Dunkirk (Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, Best Film Editing) The Silent Child (Best Live Action Short Film) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor) Alex Gibson (Best Sound Editing) – Dunkirk Chris Overton (Best Live Action Short Film) – The Silent Child David",
"title": "List of British films of 2018"
}
] | [
"July 20 , 2018"
] |
train_5191 | who played peter in the book of henry | [
{
"docid": "46323517",
"text": "The Book of Henry is a 2017 American drama thriller film directed by Colin Trevorrow and written by Gregg Hurwitz. The film stars Naomi Watts, Jaeden Martell (then known as Jaeden Lieberher), Jacob Tremblay, Sarah Silverman, Lee Pace, Maddie Ziegler, and Dean Norris. The story concerns a plan hatched by a young genius, dying of cancer, to save the girl next door from abuse. The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 14, 2017. It was released in theaters by Focus Features on June 16, 2017, was unsuccessful at the box office, and received generally negative reviews from critics, who cited the screenplay's jarring plot twists and tonal shifts, and Trevorrow's direction, although the cast and the film's ambition received some praise. Plot In a small suburban town in the Hudson Valley, 11-year-old genius Henry Carpenter and his younger brother Peter are being raised by their single mother Susan, a waitress who is working on writing children's books. Henry has used his intellect to invest successfully in the stock market, building up a very substantial nest egg for his family. He also protects Peter from a school bully and builds Rube Goldberg machines in their treehouse. Henry and Susan are both fond of their next-door neighbor, Henry's classmate Christina Sickleman, who has recently become glum. Henry believes that he sees Christina being abused by her stepfather Glenn, the local police commissioner. He reports the abuse to social services and the school principal, Janice Wilder, but Glenn has connections throughout the local government, and Wilder is reluctant to challenge the commissioner without \"conclusive evidence\". Henry is unable to get the authorities to launch a serious investigation that would protect Christina. Henry tells his mother that when someone is in trouble, those who can help must take action. He develops a detailed plan to rescue Christina that he details in a notebook. After a violent seizure, he is taken to the hospital, where he is diagnosed with a brain tumor and undergoes surgery. Anticipating his death, he tells Peter to give Susan the notebook. Days later, Henry dies. Susan is distraught at Henry's death and has difficulty functioning, but when Peter gives her the notebook, she focuses on Henry's plan. She tries unsuccessfully to interest a nearby social-services agency in opening an investigation. One night, from the boys' bedroom window, she sees Glenn in Christina's room and decides to carry out the plan. The notebook and an accompanying cassette tape describe Henry's step-by-step plan to kill Glenn with a sniper rifle while covering Susan's tracks so that tracing the murder back to her will be impossible. Her alibi is to be provided by executing the murder while Christina and Peter are performing at the school talent show. Susan slips away from the show, putting the plan into motion. As she is about to pull the trigger, she realizes that Henry's plan, though ingenious, is the construct of a child, and she must act as an adult. She immediately confronts",
"title": "The Book of Henry"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "10442982",
"text": "Henry Herringman (1628–1704) was a prominent London bookseller and publisher in the second half of the 17th century. He is especially noted for his publications in English Renaissance drama and English Restoration drama; he was the first publisher of the works of John Dryden. He conducted his business under the sign of the Blue Anchor in the lower walk of the New Exchange. Herringman had established himself as an independent bookseller and publisher by 1655. He issued the first edition of Thomas Middleton's Hengist, King of Kent in 1661. Herringman had a reputation as a rare stationer who actually profited from the Great Fire of London (1666), in which most of his compatriots lost their stocks of printed books. He was a member of the syndicates of stationers who issued the major collections of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries in the second half of the century, including the Shakespeare Fourth Folio (1685), the third Ben Jonson folio (1692), and the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio (1679). Herringman also published the collected plays of Thomas Killigrew (1664); the collected works of Sir William Davenant (1673); the Dryden/Davenant adaptation of The Tempest (1670); and plays by Thomas Shadwell, William Wycherley, George Etherege, and Sir Robert Howard, among others. Dryden appears to have had a close professional relationship with Herringman early in his career, when he served as a sort of general editorial assistant in Herringman's business, perhaps to the point of taking his board and lodging with Herringman. In this capacity as a supervisor and reviser of texts, Dryden may have worked on Shakespearean plays for Herringman. In addition to dramas, Herringman published a large body of nondramatic literature, including (partnered with John Martyn) the 1678 edition of Samuel Butler's Hudibras, which contained the poem's third and final part. Herringman published works by Abraham Cowley, Katherine Philips, John Donne, Francis Bacon, Roger Boyle, and Robert Boyle. He also produced a wide variety of general-interest works, as well as law books. Herringman became master of the Stationers Company in 1685. After selling his retail business in 1684, Herringman became, in effect, the first wholesale book publisher in England; his imprint exists on 532 publications from his era. Notes References Holland, Peter (ed.), King Lear and Its Afterlife (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Miller, C. William, \"Henry Herringman, Restoration Bookseller-Publisher.\" Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 1948; p. 292. Publishers (people) from London English booksellers 1628 births 1704 deaths",
"title": "Henry Herringman"
},
{
"docid": "47894242",
"text": "\"Entirely Beloved\" is the second episode of the BBC Two series Wolf Hall. It was first broadcast on 28 January 2015. Plot summary In December 1529, following Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's departure as Lord Chancellor, Thomas Cromwell gains favour from King Henry VIII and is sworn into the king's Privy Council. Cast Critical reception \"Entirely Beloved\" received positive reviews. The Daily Telegraph again gave the episode 5/5; Reviewer Jasper Reeves also praised Straughan's dialogue and Peter Kosminsky's directing, writing, \"It's like watching a chess grandmaster go around a room playing 20 challengers at once. The spectacle is dizzying, and the acting magnificent.\" Neela Debnath, writing for The Independent, compared the intrigue and scheming in Wolf Hall to that of Game of Thrones, writing, \"Game of Thrones fans tuning in to watch Wolf Hall might notice similarities between the politicking in King's Landing and Henry VIII's court – and they wouldn't be wrong.\" Debnath praised the lead actor, writing, \"Rylance continues to mesmerize as the man of questionable birth rising to become the king's right-hand man. His calm, collected and measured performance really has the audience rooting for him.\" In his review for The Guardian, John Sutherland praised writer Peter Straughan, who wrote the teleplay based on Hilary Mantel's original book: \"Straughan ... has been commendably faithful to Mantel while infusing new televisual life into the narrative. References External links \"Entirely Beloved\" at the BBC Wolf Hall (miniseries) episodes 2015 British television episodes Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Fiction set in 1529",
"title": "Entirely Beloved"
},
{
"docid": "1870925",
"text": "Cooleemee (), also known as the Cooleemee Plantation House, is a house located between Mocksville and Lexington, North Carolina, at the terminus of SR 1812 (Peter Hairston Rd.) on the Yadkin River in Davie County, North Carolina. It is a U.S. National Historic Landmark, designated in 1978 for its architecture. History The house's floor plan in the shape of a Greek cross, with four equal wings extending from an octagonal core, is based on a published design by William H. Ranlett, The Architect (New York) 1847, Vol. I, Plate 32, published again in Godey's Lady's Book, January 1850; the Godey's Lady's Book engravings were framed and kept in the house. The house is an \"Anglo-Grecian Villa\", built in the shape of a Greek cross between 1853 and 1855 by Peter and Columbia Stuart Hairston. The builder Peter Wilson Hairston a white Superior Court judge in North Carolina, who had inherited Cooleemee from his grandfather, was a central figure in Henry Wiencek's telling of the family's story. The house is built from approximately 300,000 bricks made on site. Cooleemee Plantation was founded by Colonel Jesse A. Pearson who took part in the capture of approximately 600 tribal Creek Indians during the War of 1812. The Indians known as \"Kulimi\", a tribe of the Creek nation, were from the village of \"Cooleeme\" near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers. The Creek word means \"the place where the white oaks grow\". Upon his return in 1814, he named his existing plantation \"Cooleemee Hill\". In 1817, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and four-time state legislator, Peter Hairston, purchased the Cooleemee Hill Plantation for $8 per acre – $20,000 total. In addition to the plantation house, in 1860 there were twenty-three slave dwellings at Cooleemee. The principal crop at Cooleemee was tobacco. In 1997, the Hairston family, who still owned the house, donated a conservation easement to The LandTrust for Central North Carolina, which helped preserve the house and property against development. At that time, the plantation included of farmland (down from at its peak), surrounded by a two-mile (3 km) stretch of the Yadkin River supporting more than 200 species of bird. Cooleemee Plantation was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978. Family In 1999, Henry Wiencek published The Hairstons: An American Family In Black And White, which told the story of the Hairston family, which continues to own Cooleemee, and of the plantation and its history over the past 150 years. This family, with black and white branches due to slavery, have continued to hold reunions at Cooleemee that honor their family's history and roots in the region. Wiencek, in the course of his preparation for this book, witnessed what he considered to be extraordinary interactions between members of the Hairston Family. In the course of his research, Wiencek learned that the Hairstons were not only the largest slaveholding family in the South, but also slave traders. Peter Wilson Hairston, the latest Hairston to own the property at the",
"title": "Cooleemee"
},
{
"docid": "14952561",
"text": "The Sun Also Rises is a 1957 American drama film adaptation of the 1926 Ernest Hemingway novel of the same name directed by Henry King. The screenplay was written by Peter Viertel and it starred Tyrone Power, Ava Gardner, Mel Ferrer, and Errol Flynn. Much of it was filmed on location in France and Spain as well as Mexico in Cinemascope and color by Deluxe. A highlight of the film is the famous \"running of the bulls\" in Pamplona, Spain and two bullfights. Plot A group of disillusioned American expatriate writers live a dissolute, hedonistic lifestyle in France and Spain in the 1920s. Cast Tyrone Power as Jake Barnes Ava Gardner as Lady Brett Ashley Mel Ferrer as Robert Cohn Errol Flynn as Mike Campbell Eddie Albert as Bill Gorton Gregory Ratoff as Count Mippipopolous Juliette Gréco as Georgette Aubin Marcel Dalio as Zizi Henry Daniell as Army doctor Bob Cunningham as Harris Danik Patisson as Marie Robert Evans as Pedro Romero Production notes Development Film rights to the novel were sold in the late 1920s for a reported $10,000. These rights were transferred to Hemingway's first wife, Hadley Richardson, by the author at the time of their divorce, so he never personally benefited from the sale. Originally the film was going to be made at RKO, possibly starring Ann Harding. In 1940 agent-producer Charles Feldman bought the rights from Harding's one-time husband, actor Harry Bannister, for a reported $35,000. In 1948, it was announced Howard Hawks had bought the film rights. He subsequently sold part of his interest to Feldman, but the project did not go beyond the development stage. In 1955, Hawks and Feldman sold the rights of the novel to Darryl F. Zanuck at 20th Century Fox, who still hoped to use Hawks as director. This plan was part of a deal whereby Feldman sold his interest in a number of projects to Fox – the others included Heaven Knows, Mr Allison, The Wayward Bus and Oh Men! Oh Women!. Of this deal, the rights to The Sun Also Rises were estimated at $125,000. Zanuck hired Peter Viertel to write the script. Viertel later reflected: The long lapse of time since the book was published will not cause it to lose its value. The story is ageless. It should renew its impact for our modern generation. It is fascinating in its impressions of Europe after World War I, because so many of these impressions are duplicated again today. Casting Zanuck wanted the lead played by Gregory Peck, who had appeared in several Hemingway adaptations, including the popular The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Jennifer Jones signed to play Lady Brett. The movie became the first to be produced for Zanuck's own independent production company following his departure from Fox (but Fox would distribute). Cinematographer Charles Clarke started filming bullfighting sequences in Pamplona in June 1956. Henry King signed to direct and Walter Reisch to produce. Jennifer Jones had to pull out from the film because of her commitment to",
"title": "The Sun Also Rises (1957 film)"
},
{
"docid": "1271555",
"text": "Peter Parnell (; born 1953) is an American Broadway and Off-Broadway playwright, television writer, and children's book author. Parnell is also Vice-President of the Dramatists Guild of America, the professional association of playwrights, composers, lyricists, and librettists. Personal life Parnell is gay and is married to the psychiatrist Justin Richardson. They live in Manhattan with their daughter. Plays The Hunchback of Notre Dame - Disney Theatricals - music by Alan Menken, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz On a Clear Day You Can See Forever - St. James Theater, Broadway - 2011 - starring Harry Connick Jr., Jessie Mueller, and David Turner Trumpery - Atlantic Theatre Company - 2007 Trumpery received its European and British premiere in Oxford, UK during June 2014. QED - Lincoln Center Theater - starring Alan Alda - 2001 The Cider House Rules, Part One, adapted from John Irving's novel - Atlantic Theatre Company, Mark Taper Forum, Seattle Rep The Cider House Rules, Part Two, Mark Taper Forum, Seattle Rep Flaubert's Latest - Playwrights Horizons - 1992 Hyde in Hollywood - Playwrights Horizons - 1989 An Imaginary Life - Playwrights Horizons - 1993 Rise and Rise of Daniel Rocket - starring Thomas Hulce - Playwrights Horizons Romance Language - Playwrights Horizons - 1985 Scooter Thomas Makes It to the Top of the World - National Playwrights Conference at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center, 1977; Alley Theater, Boston, 1981 Sorrows of Stephen - The Public Theater - 1979 Television The West Wing, Season One - Executive Story Editor - 1999–2000 The West Wing, Season Two - Co-Producer - 2000–2001 The Guardian, Season One - Producer - 2001–2002 Inconceivable, Season One - Producer - 2005 Six Degrees, Season One - Consulting Producer - 2006–2007 BrainDead - Producer - 2017 Children's literature And Tango Makes Three with Justin Richardson. The book tells the true story of two male penguins living in the Central Park Zoo who pair-bonded and together hatched a chick named Tango. The book has received numerous awards and was the single most challenged or banned book in the United States in the years 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010. It remains one of the ten most banned books in several countries. Christian, the Hugging Lion, a children's book about the true story of Christian the lion. Grants and awards NEA, Guggenheim, Ingram Merrill and Lecomte de Nouy foundations; the Fund for New American Plays, Kennedy Center, American Theatre Critics' Association and Ovation awards for Best Play (for The Cider House Rules). For [\"And Tango Makes Three\"]: American Library Association Notable Children's Book - 2006 ASPCA's Henry Bergh Award - 2005 Gustavus Myer Outstanding Book Award- 2006 Nick Jr. Family Magazine Best Book of the Year - 2006 Bank Street Best Book of the Year - 2006 Cooperative Children's Book Council Choice, and CBC/NCSS Notable Social Studies Trade Book - 2006 Lambda Literary Award finalist - 2006 Sheffield Children's Book Award - shortlisted - 2008 Further reading Interview in You Can’t Say That! Writers for Young People Talk About Censorship,",
"title": "Peter Parnell"
},
{
"docid": "19585510",
"text": "Sayre's law states, in a formulation quoted by Charles Philip Issawi: \"In any dispute the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the issues at stake.\" By way of corollary, it adds: \"That is why academic politics are so bitter.\" Sayre's law is named after Wallace Stanley Sayre (1905–1972), U.S. political scientist and professor at Columbia University. History On 20 December 1973, the Wall Street Journal quoted Sayre as: \"Academic politics is the most vicious and bitter form of politics, because the stakes are so low.\" Political scientist Herbert Kaufman, a colleague and coauthor of Sayre, has attested to Fred R. Shapiro, editor of The Yale Book of Quotations, that Sayre usually stated his claim as \"The politics of the university are so intense because the stakes are so low\", and that Sayre originated the quip by the early 1950s. Many other claimants attach to the thought behind Sayre's law. According to Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson frequently complained about the personalized nature of academic politics, asserting that the \"intensity\" of academic squabbles was a function of the \"triviality\" of the issue at hand. Harvard political scientist Richard Neustadt (Sayre's former colleague at Columbia University) was quoted to a similar effect: \"Academic politics is much more vicious than real politics. We think it's because the stakes are so small.\" In his 1979 book Peter's People and Their Marvelous Ideas, Laurence J. Peter stated \"Peter's Theory of Entrepreneurial Aggressiveness in Higher Education\" as: \"Competition in academia is so vicious because the stakes are so small.\" Another proverbial form is: \"Academic politics are so vicious precisely because the stakes are so small.\" This observation is routinely attributed to Henry Kissinger who in a 1997 speech at the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University, said: \"I formulated the rule that the intensity of academic politics and the bitterness of it is in inverse proportion to the importance of the subject they're discussing. And I promise you at Harvard, they are passionately intense and the subjects are extremely unimportant.\" Variations on the same thought have also been attributed to scientist-author C. P. Snow, professor-politician Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and politician Jesse Unruh, among others. See also Notes References Charles Philip Issawi, Issawi's Laws of Social Motion, Hawthorn Books, 1973. p. 178. Ralph Keyes, The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When, Macmillan, 2006, p. 1. Laurence J. Peter, Peter's People and Their Marvelous Ideas, William Morrow & Co., 1979. Nigel Rees, Brewer's Famous Quotations: 5000 Quotations and the Stories Behind Them, Sterling Publishing Company, 2006, p. 394. Wallace S. Sayre and Herbert Kaufman, Governing New York City: Politics in the Metropolis, Russell Sage Foundation, 1960. Fred R. Shapiro, editor, foreword by Joseph Epstein, The Yale Book of Quotations, Yale University Press, 2006, p. 670. External links Historic examples of the adage. Edward B. Fiske, \"Education; Lessons\", The New York Times, 18 October 1989 Speech by Henry Kissinger, Fourteenth Annual Ashbrook Memorial Dinner, September 11, 1997 Adages Political terminology 1973",
"title": "Sayre's law"
},
{
"docid": "52831667",
"text": "The Blanket of the Dark is a 1931 historical novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. The novel is set in the early part of the reign of Henry VIII, and explores the possible consequences had the Tudors been overthrown by a rightful descendant of Edward III. Plot The action of the novel takes place in the country west of Oxford during the 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising against Henry VIII. Peter Pentecost, a young monastic scholar, is informed by shadowy figures who are plotting to depose the king that he is the legitimate son of the deceased Duke of Buckingham and that, as the last of the Bohun line, he has a claim to the English throne. Although his true identity must for now remain secret, Peter finds himself being prepared for his intended kingly role and being tutored in the noble pursuits of swordsmanship and archery. He meets a noblewoman, Sabine Beauforest. To hide from the king’s men, Peter takes to the greenwood where he is aided by Solomon Darking and his vagabond comrades. They introduce him to the lore of the countryside, and reveal the existence of a self-contained outlaw society, invisible to the agents of the state, with its own system of communication and intelligence gathering. He discovers that \"under the blanket of the dark all men are alike and all are nameless\". As the novel progresses, Peter has increasing doubts about the venture he is being asked to undertake, and the motives of those behind it: \"They claimed to stand for the elder England and its rights, and the old Church, but at their heart they stood only for themselves.\" After an encounter with the king himself, Peter asks himself whether there \"might not there be a world of light under the blanket of the dark?\", and he decides that he does not wish to pursue a life of power. He disappears from official sight back into the greenwood with Sabine. Title The title is a phrase from William Shakespeare's Macbeth, where Lady Macbeth, preparing herself to murder King Duncan, says \"Come, thick night, / And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, / That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, / Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, / To cry, Hold, hold!\" Critical reception David Daniell in The Interpreter's House (1975) quotes Kipling who professed to be \"rested and delighted\" by the book and who called it a tour de force. Rose Macaulay said that the book was \"so enchanting and beautiful that I often read it for my pleasure\". Daniell himself notes that while the tone is relaxed, the control is tight, and \"it is as if Buchan is drawing together all his skills under the influence of his response to the land and its people\". Writing for the John Buchan Society website in 2001, Kenneth Hillier called The Blanket of the Dark “a thoroughly enjoyable book, because it not only expresses the deep love",
"title": "The Blanket of the Dark"
},
{
"docid": "20940966",
"text": "Allahakbarries was an amateur cricket team founded by author J. M. Barrie, and was active from 1890 to 1913. The team's name was a portmanteau of Barrie's name and the mistaken belief that 'Allah akbar' meant 'Heaven help us' in Arabic (rather than its true meaning: 'God is great'). Notable figures to have featured for the side included Rudyard Kipling, H. G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, P. G. Wodehouse, G. K. Chesterton, Jerome K. Jerome, A. A. Milne, E. W. Hornung, Henry Justice Ford, A. E. W. Mason, Walter Raleigh, E. V. Lucas, Maurice Hewlett, Owen Seaman, Bernard Partridge, Augustine Birrell, Paul Du Chaillu, Henry Herbert La Thangue, George Cecil Ives, and George Llewelyn Davies, as well as the son of Alfred Tennyson. Barrie wrote a 40-page book on his team, Allahakbarries C.C., which was published privately in 1890 and in a revised version in 1899. It was reprinted in 1950 with a foreword by Donald Bradman. These rare books are now highly sought by collectors. Barrie's enthusiasm for the game eclipsed his talent for it; asked to describe his bowling, he replied that after delivering the ball he would go and sit on the turf at mid-off and wait for it to reach the other end which \"it sometimes did\". The team played for the love of the game, rather than the results it achieved, and Barrie was generous in his praise for his teammates and opposition alike. He praised one teammate's performance by observing that \"You scored a good single in the first innings but were not so successful in the second\" while he lauded the opposition's effort by pointing out how \"You ran up a fine total of 14, and very nearly won\". He instructed Bernard Partridge, an illustrator from Punch magazine who was afflicted with a lazy eye, to \"Keep your eye on square leg\" while bowling, and told square leg, \"when Partridge is bowling, keep your eye on him.\" He forbade his team to practise on an opponent's ground before a match because \"this can only give them confidence\". The book notes that his most calamitous performance was being clean-bowled by the American actress Mary Anderson in the 1897 Test match against the village of Broadway, in the Cotswolds. Peter Pan's First XI: The Extraordinary Story of J. M. Barrie's Cricket Team, written by Kevin Telfer, was published in 2011. References External links Peter Pan at play BBC News, 7 May 2010: 'How Peter Pan's author invented celebrity cricket' Club cricket teams in England 1890 establishments in England 1913 disestablishments in England",
"title": "Allahakbarries"
},
{
"docid": "30665558",
"text": "King Henry I of England has been portrayed in various cultural media. Theatre Henry I of England, a play by Beth Flintoff, was first performed in November 2016 at St James's Church, Reading. The drama follows the story of the three sons of William the Conqueror and ends with the early reign of Henry I. The narrative continues in Flintoff's second play Matilda the Empress which depicts the king's later life and The Anarchy period after his death when his daughter Matilda and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. Fictional portrayals Henry I has been depicted in historical novels and short stories. They include: Pado, the Priest (1899) by Sabine Baring-Gould revolves around Henry's conflict with the Welsh. A Saxon Maid (1901) by Eliza Frances Pollard. Reportedly \"a good short story of the Norman devastations\", taking place in the reigns of William II and Henry I. The latter being a prominent character. \"Old Men at Pevensey\" by Rudyard Kipling, a short story included in the collection Puck of Pook's Hill (1906). Features both Henry I and Robert Curthose. \"The Tree of Justice\" by Rudyard Kipling, a short story included in the collection Rewards and Fairies (1910). Features both Henry I and Rahere. The King’s Minstrel (1925) by Ivy May Bolton. The title character is Rahere, depicted as \"part jester, part priest, and more wizard than either\". The King of the title is Henry I who is \"prominently introduced\". Henry appears in two novels by George Shipway, The Paladin (1972) and The Wolf Time (1973). In these books, Henry is depicted as organizing the death of King William II. Henry appears briefly in the short story \"A Light on the Road to Woodstock\" (1988) by Ellis Peters, one of her Brother Cadfael stories. \"A Light on the Road to Woodstock\" is collected in A Rare Benedictine: The Advent of Brother Cadfael. The Pillars of the Earth, a 1989 novel by Ken Follett, set during the Anarchy period. In the miniseries based on the book King Henry was portrayed by Clive Wood. References Sources Henry I Henry I of England",
"title": "Cultural depictions of Henry I of England"
},
{
"docid": "3477069",
"text": "Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-and-Rock 'N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood is a book by Peter Biskind, published by Simon & Schuster in 1998. Easy Riders, Raging Bulls is about the 1960s and 1970s Hollywood, a period of American film known for the production of such films such as The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, The French Connection, Chinatown, Taxi Driver, Jaws, Star Wars, The Exorcist, and The Last Picture Show. The title is taken from films which bookend the era: Easy Rider (1969) and Raging Bull (1980). The book follows Hollywood on the brink of the Vietnam War, when a group of young Hollywood film directors known as the \"movie brats\" are making their names. It begins in the 1960s and ends in the 1980s. The book was the basis of a 2003 documentary film of the same name directed by Kenneth Bowser and narrated by actor William H. Macy. It was screened out of competition at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 100% based on reviews from 8 critics. Profiles and interviews Profiled in the book Robert Altman Hal Ashby Luke Askew Gerald Ayres Warren Beatty Peter Bogdanovich Francis Ford Coppola Brian De Palma Robert Evans Peter Fonda William Friedkin Buck Henry Dennis Hopper Amy Irving George Lucas Marcia Lucas John Milius Jack Nicholson Polly Platt Bob Rafelson Bert Schneider Leonard Schrader Paul Schrader Martin Scorsese Cybill Shepherd Don Simpson Steven Spielberg Robert Towne Interviewed in the film Dede Allen Peter Bart Tony Bill Karen Black Peter Bogdanovich Ellen Burstyn Roger Corman Micky Dolenz Richard Dreyfuss Peter Fonda Carl Gottlieb Jerome Hellman Monte Hellman Dennis Hopper Willard Huyck Stanley Jaffe Henry Jaglom Gloria Katz Margot Kidder Laszlo Kovacs Kris Kristofferson Mardik Martin Mike Medavoy Sylvia Miles John Milius Charles Mulvehill David Newman Arthur Penn Michael Phillips David Picker Polly Platt Albert S. Ruddy Jennifer Salt Andrew Sarris Paul Schrader Cybill Shepherd Jonathan Taplin Joan Tewkesbury Fred Weintraub Gordon Willis Rudy Wurlitzer Vilmos Zsigmond Controversy and criticism Several of the film-makers profiled in the book have criticized Biskind. Robert Altman denounced both the book and Biskind's methods, saying \"It was hate mail. We were all lured into talking to this guy because people thought he was a straight guy but he was filling a commission from the publisher for a hatchet job. He's the worst kind of human being I know.\" Francis Ford Coppola was similarly critical, alleging that Biskind interviewed only people with negative opinions of him. Critic Roger Ebert noted that Steven Spielberg said of Easy Riders, Raging Bulls that: \"Every single word in that book about me is either erroneous or a lie.\" Ebert himself notes that: \"Biskind has a way of massaging his stories to suit his agenda.\" When asked about Biskind's portrayal of him as \"a womanizer, a tyrant and a bully,\" William Friedkin said: \"I've actually never read the book, but I've talked to some of my friends who are portrayed in it, and we",
"title": "Easy Riders, Raging Bulls"
},
{
"docid": "19192667",
"text": "\"Love, Blactually\" is the first episode in the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on September 28, 2008. The episode features anthropomorphic dog Brian as he meets a fellow atheist named Carolyn (Kat Foster) at a book store, and the two begin dating. Heeding advice from Stewie (also voiced by MacFarlane), Brian decides not to have sex with her. Carolyn is led to believe that Brian does not want a substantive relationship, so she begins to date Cleveland (Mike Henry). The episode was originally slated to air during season six on March 2, 2008, but was replaced with \"Play It Again, Brian\" for unknown reasons. The episode was written by Henry, and directed by Cyndi Tang. It received generally positive reviews from critics for its storyline. According to Nielsen ratings, it was watched by 9.2 million viewers in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Foster, along with several recurring voice actors from the series. \"Love, Blactually\" was released on DVD along with eight other episodes from the season on June 16, 2009. Plot After going to the bookstore to buy The God Delusion, Brian meets an atheist named Carolyn, who happens to be looking for the same book. Brian becomes interested in Carolyn, and the two begin to date. When she invites him to her house, Stewie tells Brian that his relationships fail because he has sex with his girlfriends immediately when they meet. Brian realizes that Stewie is right and decides to take things slow. However, after three weeks, he finds out that Carolyn has begun to date Cleveland, since she assumed Brian just wanted to be friends. A heartbroken Brian tries to deal with his loss, but keeps running into Cleveland and Carolyn having sex in various locations. Feeling bad for his botched advice that cost Brian a relationship with Carolyn, Stewie suggests that he can convince Cleveland's ex-wife, Loretta, to reconcile with him. The two visit Loretta in her own home and learn that she feels guilty for cheating on him with Quagmire, and believes she can never go back to Cleveland. Later, Cleveland visits Brian to clear the air with him but reveals that he plans to elope with Carolyn in Hawaii, which makes their friendship tense. Just as Cleveland leaves, Loretta arrives and apologizes to him for her affair with Quagmire; she begs him to allow her to get their family back together and promises she will never betray him again. Cleveland seeks advice from Peter and Lois, who attempt to dissuade Cleveland from going back to Loretta, but Brian, seeing his only chance at getting back with Carolyn, says Cleveland should \"forgive and forget\", and lies about Loretta's good qualities, which Peter immediately sees through and points out that she cannot be trusted. When Cleveland decides to wait until the next day to consider his thoughts, Peter recruits Quagmire to have sex with Loretta again so Cleveland can",
"title": "Love, Blactually"
},
{
"docid": "30827966",
"text": "Horrid Henry: The Movie is a 2011 British 3D children's comedy film directed by Nick Moore and produced by Allan Niblo, Rupert Preston, Mike Watts and Lucinda Whiteley, who wrote it. In the film, Henry and the Purple Hand Gang fight to prevent the closure of their school by an evil private school headmaster. It is based on the fictional character Horrid Henry from the children's book series of the same name by Francesca Simon. The film itself takes place before Series 3 of the TV series. Horrid Henry: The Movie stars Theo Stevenson, Richard E. Grant, Parminder Nagra, Kimberley Walsh, Mathew Horne, Siobhan Hayes, Dick and Dom, Noel Fielding, Jo Brand and Anjelica Huston. It was the first British film for children to be shot in 3D, and was officially released in cinemas on 29 July 2011 in 2D, RealD 3D, and 3D formats by Vertigo Films in the United Kingdom. Phase 4 Films and Entertainment One released the film in theatres in the United States and Canada on 22 December 2012. The film received generally negative reviews from critics and audiences, who criticized its humor, use of 3D, acting, and low quality, but was positively received from fans of the books and the TV series. It grossed $10.1 million worldwide. Horrid Henry: The Movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 28 November 2011 in the United Kingdom. Horrid Henry: The Movie has sold over 750,000 DVD copies in the UK. Plot After failing to complete his homework yet again, Horrid Henry has his friend Brainy Brian forge a note from his mother claiming that his cat ate it. His teacher, Miss Battle-Axe, sees through Henry's scheme as the word \"homework\" is spelled correctly, something Henry is incapable of doing. While Henry is in detention, his friends join him to rehearse for a school talent contest; they are interrupted by Mrs Oddbod, the Headmistress, and a pair of school inspectors. Meanwhile, Vic Van Wrinkle, Headmaster of the expensive all-boys private academy, Brick House School, influences the school inspectors to close down Ashton Primary, the school Henry attends, hoping to make a fortune from the resulting influx of students. The inspectors encourage Henry's pranks, leading to Miss Battle-Axe and Miss Lovely being fired for failing to enforce discipline. Mrs Oddbod also bans Henry's band, the Zero Zombies, from entering the talent contest. With Ashton Primary on the brink of closing, Henry's Great Aunt Greta offers to pay for Henry to attend an all-girls private academy (thinking Henry is a girl) and his younger brother, Perfect Peter, to attend Brick House. Miss Lovely applies for a job at Brick House and spies on Van Wrinkle; she is captured, but passes notes about Van Wrinkle's plan to Peter. Meanwhile, Henry and Margaret (who has also been transferred to Henry's new school) are attacked by the students there and escape. Henry and the Zero Zombies compete in the talent contest, hoping that their win will make them famous enough that Ashton Primary",
"title": "Horrid Henry: The Movie"
},
{
"docid": "2201413",
"text": "Peter Blegvad (born August 14, 1951) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, writer, and cartoonist. He was a founding member of German/English avant-pop band Slapp Happy, which later merged briefly with Henry Cow, and has released many solo and collaborative albums. He is the son of Lenore and Erik Blegvad, who were respectively, a children's book author and illustrator. Biography Early years Peter Blegvad's life began in America – he was born in New York City and originally raised in Connecticut. When he was 14, the Blegvad family moved to England in 1965, unhappy with the social climate of America following the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the threat posed by the Vietnam draft to Peter and his younger brother Kristoffer. Blegvad was educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth, a boarding school where he met his musical collaborator Anthony Moore. Moore and Blegvad played in various bands during their schooldays, alongside fellow musicians such as Neil Murray (then a drummer, later a well-known hard rock bass guitarist). Slapp Happy and Henry Cow In 1972, Blegvad followed the itinerant Moore to Hamburg, Germany, where the two formed the avant-pop trio Slapp Happy with Dagmar Krause. Slapp Happy recorded two albums for Polydor Germany with krautrock group Faust as their backing band. Polydor released the first, Sort Of in 1972, but rejected the second, Casablanca Moon. Blegvad had got to known Faust due to playing with them at their base in Wümme, and would subsequently go on tour with them in the UK, playing guitar as a live band member. This in turn put him in contact with Faust's tourmates, the avant-rock group Henry Cow, with whom he was \"soon making all sorts of plans\". The rejection of Casablanca Moon prompted Slapp Happy to relocate to London where they signed up with Virgin Records and re-recorded Casablanca Moon, released in 1974 by Virgin as Slapp Happy. (The original Casablanca Moon was later released by Recommended Records as Acnalbasac Noom in 1980.) In 1974, Slapp Happy merged briefly with Henry Cow, recording two albums in 1975, Desperate Straights and In Praise of Learning. Shortly after recording In Praise of Learning, first Moore and then Blegvad left Henry Cow due to incompatibilities with the other musicians in the group. Blegvad has confessed that the technical demands of Henry Cow's music were beyond him (\"It was discovered – not to my surprise – that I actually couldn't play Henry Cow music. The chords and the time signatures were too complicated. And... just generally, Anthony and I felt kinda lost...\") but it was also clear that there were crucial differences in artistic approach. Blegvad would later reveal (in an interview for the Hearsay fanzine) that \"the piece that got me kicked out was \"Living in the Heart of the Beast\". I was assigned the task for the collective to come up with suitable verbals, and I wrote two verses about a woman throwing raisins at a pile of bones. Tim Hodgkinson just said, I'm sorry, this",
"title": "Peter Blegvad"
},
{
"docid": "33436039",
"text": "Lulu Hunt Peters (1873–1930) was an American medical doctor and writer who wrote a featured newspaper column entitled Diet and Health, which she followed up with a best-selling book, Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories. She was the first person to widely popularize the concept of counting calories as a method of weight loss. It was also the first weight-loss book to become a bestseller. Early life and education Lulu E. Hunt was one of three children born to Thomas and Alice Hunt of Milford, Maine. She attended the Maine State Normal School in Castine before moving to California. She married Louis H. Peters in Los Angeles in 1899, and in 1909 graduated as a Doctor of Medicine from the University of California. Career For a number of years, Dr. Hunt wrote a featured newspaper column entitled Diet and Health for the Central Press Association, which supplied content for about 400 newspapers nationwide. In 1918, she published the diet book Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories, named after and based on her column and with illustrations by her nephew, Dawson Hunt Perkins (1907-1976), son of Henry Addison Perkins, Jr. and Anna Lydia Hunt). It presented the concept of calorie reduction as the best form of weight loss/watching weight to American women, who were wanting to conform to the new-found body image \"thin is in\". Along with presenting a solution for American women, Peters suggested that weight control was an active form of patriotism in the context of World War I. She suggested that dieting meant having complete self-control and recommended that women organize Watch Your Weight Anti-Kaiser Classes to obtain it. Peters followed her own advice/health regimens and credited them, along with her regular attendance at women's suffragist rallies, for her health and self-sufficiency. Shortly after her book was published, Peters traveled to Bosnia, where she served with the Red Cross. When she returned to the United States, she was pleasantly surprised to learn that she was a best-selling author. She published a later edition describing her life after the book. Beginning in 1922, Peters became a radio lecturer, giving a series of talks about diet and health over station WJZ, then in Newark NJ. She continued to give radio health talks for the next several years. In addition, she also was a popular public speaker, giving motivational talks all over the United States, including at facilities that specialized in weight loss. And she made informational pamphlets available to the readers of her syndicated columns; those who sent for these pamphlets received Peters's strategies for how to successfully lose weight. In 1930, while on a trip by steamship to a medical conference in London, she became ill with neuralgia, and her condition worsened during the trip. She died of pneumonia in late June, 1930. She was survived by her former husband Louis H. Peters. Her book remains in circulation and is still quoted today. Diet and Health: With Key to the Calories Having grown up a",
"title": "Lulu Hunt Peters"
},
{
"docid": "4707829",
"text": "{{Infobox musical |name= Shenandoah |subtitle= |image= Shenandoah (musical).jpg |caption= Original Cast Recording |music= Gary Geld |lyrics= Peter Udell |book= Peter Udell Philip Rose James Lee Barrett |basis= 1965 film Shenandoah |productions= 1974 Goodspeed Opera House 1975 Broadway 1977 First National Tour 1989 Broadway revival |awards= Tony Award for Best Book in a Musical Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical (John Cullum) }}Shenandoah is a 1974 musical with music by Gary Geld, lyrics by Peter Udell, and book by Udell, Philip Rose, and James Lee Barrett. It is based on Barrett's original screenplay for the 1965 film Shenandoah. Synopsis Charlie Anderson, a widower, lives with his large family in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, during the American Civil War. Anderson does not wish to be involved with the war because he doesn't consider it \"his\" war, but he is forced to take action when his youngest son Robert is taken prisoner by Union soldiers. In the course of searching for Robert, Charlie, his daughter Jenny, and some of his sons rescue Sam (Jenny's newlywed Confederate soldier husband) from a Yankee POW train. After enduring the tragedy of losing his eldest son Jacob (to a sniper) and his second eldest son James and James' wife Anne (to deserters), Charlie and the rest of the family return home, defeated. In his despair, Charlie is reminded to return to church, where he, at long last, is reunited with Robert once more. Original cast and characters Musical numbers Act I Raise the Flag of Dixie (Prologue) - Ensemble I've Heard it All Before - Charlie Pass the Cross to Me - Ensemble Why Am I Me? - The Boy and Gabriel Next to Lovin' (I Like Fightin') - Jacob, James, Nathan, John and Henry Over the Hill - Jenny The Pickers are Coming - Charlie Next to Lovin' (I Like Fightin') (Reprise) - Jacob, James, Nathan, John, Henry and Jenny Meditation - Charlie We Make a Beautiful Pair - Anne and Jenny Violets and Silverbells - Jenny, Sam and Ensemble It's a Boy! - Charlie, Jacob, James, Nathan, John and Henry Act II Entr'acte - Orchestra Freedom - Anne and Gabriel Violets and Silverbells (reprise) - James and Anne Papa's Gonna Make it Alright - Charlie The Only Home I Know - Corporal and Ensemble The Only Home I Know (Reprise) - Corporal Papa's Gonna Make it Alright (Reprise) - Jenny Meditation II - Charlie Pass the Cross to Me (Finale) - Ensemble Freedom (curtain call) - Ensemble Productions The play was first performed at the Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut, during 1974. It then moved to the Colonial Theater in Boston for a pre-Broadway run from November 25, 1974 - December 14, 1974. It then transferred to the Alvin Theatre on Broadway beginning on January 7, 1975. where it played for a total of 1,050 performances, ending August 7, 1977. The production was directed by Philip Rose, with scenery by Chuck Murawski, lighting by Thomas R. Skelton, costumes by Pearl",
"title": "Shenandoah (musical)"
},
{
"docid": "177248",
"text": "Horrid Henry is a children's book series by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. It has been adapted for television, film and theatre. Horrid Henry is set in the United Kingdom in 1994. Books The first Horrid Henry book was written and published in 1994 by Orion Books. Up until 2015, 24 official Horrid Henry titles were published in the series with a special one-off 25th Anniversary book, published in 2019. The series has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide. The books are a slice-of-life series featuring the titular Henry, a wildly misbehaved boy who will typically be faced with a problem and then will often retaliate in interesting ways that involve trickery, rule-breaking and elaborate practical jokes. Henry has a younger brother, Perfect Peter, who is the exact opposite. Almost every character is known by an alliterative nickname (Rude Ralph, Moody Margaret, Brainy Brian, etc.) with a few exceptions e.g. Mum, Dad and Miss Battle-Axe. The Horrid Henry stories are read on audiobook by the actress Miranda Richardson and published by Orion Audio. Each title in the main series consists of four short stories with black and white illustrations. The titles The Early Readers series, aimed at younger readers, each consist of a single story with colour illustrations. Each story in that series, except Don't be Horrid Henry!, was originally published in a main series title. Don't be Horrid Henry! is an original story about Henry as a toddler. Eleven fact books, written from Henry's point of view, have also been published along with eight joke books, eleven colour books and at least twelve activity books as well as a series of annuals. Horrid Henry is published in 25 languages around the world. In April 2009, the US Sourcebooks' Jabberwocky imprint released four Horrid Henry paperbacks nationwide, which included Horrid Henry, Horrid Henry's Stinkbomb, Horrid Henry and the Mega-Mean Time Machine\" and Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy. Sourcebooks has released additional Horrid Henry titles including activity pages, event kits and a teacher's guide. Main series Extra Book Horrid Henry's Bedtime (2005) Early Readers Fact books Joke books Horrid Henry's Joke Book Horrid Henry's Jolly Joke Book Horrid Henry's Mighty Joke Book Horrid Henry's versus Moody Margaret Horrid Henry's Hilariously Horrid Joke Book Horrid Henry's Purple Hand Gang Joke Book Horrid Henry's All Time Favourite Joke Book Horrid Henry's Jumbo Joke Book Colour books Horrid Henry's Big Bad Book Horrid Henry's Wicked Ways Horrid Henry's Evil Enemies Horrid Henry Rules the World Horrid Henry's House of Horrors Horrid Henry's Dreadful Deeds Horrid Henry Shows Who's Boss Horrid Henry's A-Z of Everything Horrid Horrid Henry's Fearsome Four Horrid Henry's Royal Riot Horrid Henry's Tricky Tricks Activity books Horrid Henry's Brainbusters Horrid Henry's Headscratchers Horrid Henry's Mindbenders Horrid Henry's Colouring Book Horrid Henry's Puzzle Book Horrid Henry's Sticker Book Horrid Henry Runs Riot Horrid Henry's Annual Horrid Henry's Classroom Chaos Horrid Henry's Holiday Havoc Horrid Henry's Wicked Wordsearches Horrid Henry's Mad Mazes Horrid Henry's Crazy Crosswords Television adaptation Film",
"title": "Horrid Henry"
},
{
"docid": "75717217",
"text": "The Laughing Woman is a 1934 British stage play by Gordon Daviot, a nom de plume for Elisabeth MacKintosh (1896-1955) who also wrote under the name Josephine Tey. It was based on the relationship between Henri Gaudier and Sophie Brzeska. The play debuted in London in 1934 at the New Theatre. It had a short run on Broadway in 1936. Premise According to a synopsis in The Spectator, the \"play... presents a cross-section of the relations between Rene Latour and Ingrid Rydrnan. He is young, French, and a sculptor; she is older, Swedish, and a philosopher with a book to write. They come from Paris to London and live there as brother and sister in great poverty. Their incessant quarrels cannot blind — or deafen — them to the fact that they are necessary to each other. They cling together stormily. The outbreak of the War finds Rene on the threshold of fame. He returns incontinently to the France which rejected him, to die (as the Epilogue tells us) on active service and with the rank of sergeant.\" Australian radio adaptation The play was adapted for Australian radio in 1939 by Max Afford, starring Peter Finch and Neva Carr Glynn. Finch's performance was a milestone in his career. A critic for Wireless Weekly stated: Peter Finch is a great actor.... For the first time in my listening life, I was actually sorry when the play came to an end... As Rene Latour, Peter Finch is inspired. And Neva Carr-Glynn as Ingrid is not far behind... in the hands of the players it came to life — one of the most human, the most extraordinary, the most ruthless, the most delicate love stories that radio has been able to present. The play was performed again on Australian radio in 1941 with Neva Carr Glynn and Paul O'Loughlin in the leads. Wireless Weekly said \"It contains some of the most effective backyard squabbles I have heard in radio drama\" but felt the accents were \"not so good in parts. Perhaps Neva Carr-Glyn, who played Ingrid opposite Peter Finch in the first version, was a little bored with doing it again. Perhaps Paul O'Loughlin, who played the artist Latour, was a little self-conscious.\" It was performed again in 1946, with Finch and Thelma Scott. Reviewing the 1946 production, the Sun said \"Many actors make a hash of foreign characterisations. Not so Peter Finch. His Rene Latour in 2GB's \"Laughing Woman\" was a gem, matched only by Thelma Scott's sensitive performance as Ingrid Rydman. Both artists breathed life into an otherwise average play.\" Finch's performance earned him the Macquarie Award for Best Starring Male Actor of the year. There was another version in 1953. References External links 1939 Radio Adaptation at AustLit 1934 plays British plays 1939 Australian radio dramas 1941 Australian radio dramas 1953 Australian radio dramas 1946 Australian radio dramas Radio plays by Max Afford",
"title": "The Laughing Woman (play)"
},
{
"docid": "13455876",
"text": "Andrew Wise (fl. 1589 – 1603), or Wyse or Wythes, was a London publisher of the Elizabethan era who issued first editions of five Shakespearean plays. \"No other London stationer invested in Shakespeare as assiduously as Wise did, at least while Shakespeare was still alive.\" Andrew Wise was the son of a Yorkshire yeoman; as \"Wythes,\" he served an eight-year apprenticeship under Henry Smith and Thomas Bradshaw starting in 1581, and became a \"freeman\" (a full member) of the Stationers Company on 26 May 1589. He ran his own business in London from about 1593 to 1603; his shop was at the sign of the Angel in St. Paul's Churchyard. Wise published editions of the following five Shakespearean plays: He entered Richard II into the Stationers' Register on 20 August 1597, and published the first quarto of the play before the end of the year. The second and third quartos both followed in 1598. All three volumes were printed by Valentine Simmes. Richard III was entered into the Stationers' Register on 20 October 1597; the first quarto appeared later that year. Wise published the second quarto of R3 in 1598, and the third in 1602. Valentine Simmes printed signatures A-G of the first quarto, with H-M coming from Peter Short's print shop. The other two books were printed by Thomas Creede. Henry IV, Part 1 was registered on 25 February 1598 (new style), and published later that year, printed by Valentine Simmes and Peter Short. Q2 followed in 1599, with printing by Simon Stafford. Henry IV, Part 2 was registered on 23 August 1600; the sole quarto edition of the era was published that same year. In this case, Wise worked in partnership with colleague William Aspley; the printing was done once again by Valentine Simmes. Much Ado About Nothing was also registered on 23 August 1600, and published that year by Wise and Aspley, with printing by Simmes. In one view, \"Andrew Wise...struck gold three times in a row in 1597–8 by picking what would become the three best-selling Shakespearean quartos as the first three plays of his brief career.\" In addition to Shakespeare's plays, Wise published a range of other contemporary works, including Thomas Nashe's Christ's Tears Over Jerusalem (1593), and Thomas Campion's Observations in the Art of English Poesy (1602). As was typical of publishers of his era, he published religious and homiletic works, like The Pathway to Perfection and The Mean of Mourning (both 1596) by Thomas Playfair – though he appears to have operated a rather small-scale business, in comparison with other stationers of his generation. On 25 June 1603, Andrew Wise transferred his copyrights to R2, R3, and 1H4 to fellow stationer Matthew Law, who issued subsequent quartos of all three plays. Thereafter Wise \"is not heard of again.\" References Publishers (people) from London 16th-century English businesspeople",
"title": "Andrew Wise"
},
{
"docid": "8932417",
"text": "David Henry Wilson (born 1937, in London) is an English writer. As an author he is best known for his children's stories such as the Jeremy James series. Wilson has also had a number of plays produced in the United Kingdom, both for children and adults. He is also the author of The Coachman Rat (1989), a satirical novel based on the Cinderella story. Biography Wilson was educated at Dulwich College and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He has lived in France, Ghana, Germany and Switzerland, and for many years was a lecturer at the universities of Bristol and Konstanz (where he founded and ran the university theatre). Wilson has had many books published in the United Kingdom. A number of these have also been translated into other languages. He also translates many works from French and German, ranging from children's books by Kirsten Boie to travel guides by Peter Sager, art history by Werner Hofmann, and literary theory by Wolfgang Iser. He is also a prolific playwright, writing both short and full-length works. A common theme appears to be sequels to works by Shakespeare. Personal life Wilson is widowed and has three grown-up children; he now lives in Taunton, Somerset. He is a fan of cricket and classical music and also enjoys rugby. His youngest child, J.J. Amaworo Wilson is an American-based author whose magical realist novel Damnificados is an award winner. Selected works for children The Jeremy James series, comprising: Elephants Don’t Sit on Cars (1978) Never Say Moo to a Bull, formerly Getting Rich With Jeremy James (1979) How the Lion Lost his Lunch, formerly Beside the Sea with Jeremy James (1980) Can a Spider Learn to Fly?, formerly How to Stop a Train with One Finger (1983) Do Goldfish Play the Violin? (1985) Please Keep Off the Dinosaur (1993) Do Gerbils Go to Heaven? (1996) Never Steal Wheels from a Dog (2001) These have been combined by Macmillan Children's Books into three volumes: Triple Trouble with Jeremy James Causing Chaos with Jeremy James Making Mischief with Jeremy James The Fastest Gun Alive The Superdog series - Superdog, Superdog the Hero, Superdog in Trouble Gander of the Yard, Gideon Gander Solves the World's Greatest Mysteries The Coachman Rat, a novel (Carroll & Graf, 1989) The Castle of Inside Out (Alma Books, 1997) Selected plays We’re Looking for Mary Pickford. Two ancient children rebel against their mother. Jones v Jones. The disintegration of a marriage. Who Cares? A farcical tragedy, in which two pensioners prepare to donate their meagre savings to charity People in Cages. Are You Normal, Mr Norman? & other short plays, including the title play, in which Mr Norman visits a demon dentist The Death Artist. Gas and Candles The Make-Up Artist (1973), one-act play employing extensive quotation from Shakespeare. Selected Shakespearian themed plays Shylock's Revenge, a full-length sequel to The Merchant of Venice (Shakespearian–sized cast, first produced at University of Hamburg). Iago, The Villain of Venice, a full-length sequel to Othello (another large cast). Excellent Beauty",
"title": "David Henry Wilson"
},
{
"docid": "1640791",
"text": "The Guinness Book of Records lists 410 feature-length film and TV versions of William Shakespeares plays, making Shakespeare the most filmed author ever in any language. , the Internet Movie Database lists Shakespeare as having writing credit on 1,800 films, including those under production but not yet released. The earliest known production is King John from 1899. Comedies All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing The Taming of the Shrew Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Histories Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Henry VIII King John Richard II Richard III Romances Pericles Cymbeline The Winter's Tale The Tempest Other Shakespeare as a character Acting Shakespeare Television series NOTE: \"ShakespeaRe-Told\", \"The Animated Shakespeare\" and \"BBC Television Shakespeare\" series have been covered above, under the respective play performed in each episode. Playing Shakespeare (TV, UK, 1979–1984) began as two consecutive episodes of the UK arts series The South Bank Show, and developed into a nine-part series of its own. It features director John Barton, then a leading light of the Royal Shakespeare Company, putting a host of actors through their paces. Many of those actors are now household names, including Judi Dench, Michael Pennington, Patrick Stewart, Ben Kingsley, David Suchet and Ian McKellen. The episodes were: The South Bank Show: \"Speaking Shakespearean Verse\" The South Bank Show: \"Preparing to Perform Shakespeare\" 1. \"The Two Traditions\" 2. \"Using the Verse\" 3. \"Language and Character\" 4. \"Set Speeches and Soliloquies\" 5. \"Irony and Ambiguity\" 6. \"Passion and Coolness\" 7. \"Rehearsing the Text\" 8. \"Exploring a Character\" 9. \"Poetry and Hidden Poetry\" Three further episodes were filmed but never edited or screened. They were to be called \"Using the Prose\", \"Using the Sonnets\" and \"Contemporary Shakespeare\". Their text can be read in the book \"Playing Shakespeare\" by John Barton. The Shakespeare Sessions (USA 2003): An American spin-off from Playing Shakespeare (above) in which John Barton directs notable American actors in Shakespeare scenes. Conjuring Shakespeare (TV, UK, 199?): A series of half-hour documentaries hosted by Fiona Shaw, each episode dealing with scenes from a particular play. In Search of Shakespeare (TV, UK, 2003): A BBC documentary series of four 1-hour episodes, chronicling the life of William Shakespeare, written and presented by Michael Wood. Slings & Arrows (TV, Canada, 2003–2006): A Canadian comedy drama set in the New Burbage Shakespeare Festival, a fictional Shakespearean festival in a small town in Canada comparable to the real-life Stratford Shakespeare Festival. With its entire run written by Susan Coyne, Bob Martin and Mark McKinney, directed by Peter Wellington, and starring Paul Gross, Martha Burns and Stephen Ouimette, it aired in",
"title": "List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations"
},
{
"docid": "7650705",
"text": "Frank Muller (May 5, 1951 – June 4, 2008) was a stage and television actor, but was most famous as an audiobook narrator. Early life Muller was born in the Netherlands, the eldest of five children. His family immigrated to the United States when he was five. Career Muller was a classically trained actor who began his career working on stage and doing commercials. He spent many years on the New York stage, where he became a company member of the Riverside Shakespeare Company, for which he played the title role in King Henry V, Edmund the Bastard in The History of King Lear, and the title role in Cyrano de Bergerac, as well as performing with the Roundabout Theater Company and the New York Shakespeare Festival among others. He also played supporting roles on television in shows like Law & Order, Life Goes On, Harry and the Hendersons, and All My Children. It is as an audiobook narrator, however, that he was most famous. In 1979, Henry Trentman founded Recorded Books and hired Muller as its first narrator to record its first book, The Sea Wolf by Jack London. The company began by publishing audiobook recordings of public domain works such as Call of the Wild and A Tale of Two Cities but later expanded into copyrighted works as audiobooks began to grow in popularity. Muller soon became the narrator of choice for such authors as Stephen King, John le Carré, John Grisham, Elmore Leonard and many others. Muller won the 2002 and 2003 Audie Award for Best Male Narrator for his readings of Clive Barker's Coldheart Canyon and Elmore Leonard's Tishomingo Blues, respectively. Motorcycle accident On November 5, 2001, Muller was about to leave on a week-long motorcycle trip with a close relative when his wife Erika surprised him with the news that she was expecting their second child. After celebrating, Muller left on the trip. Two hours into the trip, he lost control of his motorcycle on the freeway when he accidentally clipped a construction barrel and was sent skidding into a median barrier at about . Muller was thrown from the bike landing on his head on the concrete. He sustained multiple fractures, lacerations, and abrasions, and was taken to Antelope Valley Hospital Medical Center in Lancaster, California, and went into cardiac arrest three times. He also suffered severe head trauma, which was subsequently diagnosed as diffuse axonal injury. Muller remained hospitalized for six and a half years and died on June 4, 2008, at Duke University Hospital in Durham, North Carolina. In 2002, Stephen King, who had also experienced a life-threatening auto accident, organized a benefit for Muller with Pat Conroy, John Grisham, and Peter Straub. King went on to help found The Wavedancer Foundation, an organization dedicated to helping \"mid-list writers, audio readers, and freelancers in the book and publishing industry.\" Personal life Muller was married to Erika Muller and had two children. In 2003, the Mullers moved to a house outside Raleigh, North",
"title": "Frank Muller"
},
{
"docid": "13301746",
"text": "Peter Short (died 1603) was an English printer based in London in the later Elizabethan era. He printed several first editions and early texts of Shakespeare's works. Career Short became a \"freeman\" (full member) of the Stationers Company on 1 March 1589, and operated his own business from that year until his death; he was partnered with Richard Yardley until 1593. His shop was at the sign of the star on Bread Street Hill. About a third of his titles involved translations from Latin or contemporary European languages. Short began publishing music in 1597; he issued Thomas Morley's A Plaine and Easy Introduction and both Canzonets, Dowland's First Book of Songs, Holborne's Cittharn School, and Hunnis's Seven Sobs. Short used type which was passed on and used by his successors (Humphrey Lownes, James Young). In an era when the functions of publisher and printer were often largely (though not entirely) separate, Short was primarily a printer and only secondarily a publisher; he printed just over 170 works in his career, and the publishers of about 100 are known. Short likely published a good portion of the others himself. Works Apart from Shakespeare's works, Short's most important printing tasks were: the famous 1600 first edition of William Gilbert's De Magnete; the 1601 edition of the Annals of John Stow; and the completion of the fifth edition (1597) of the Acts and Monuments, or Book of Martyrs of John Foxe. He also printed the first edition (1600) of Marlowe's translation of Lucan's Pharsalia for Thomas Thorpe. In music publishing, Short was responsible for printing John Dowland's First Booke of Songes or Ayres, the most successful music anthologyy of the era, as well as Thomas Morley's important theoretical treatise A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Musicke, both printed in 1597 Regarding Shakespeare, Short printed: The first quarto of Henry VI, Part 3 (1595), for publisher Thomas Millington. This was the \"bad quarto,\" the early alternative text of Shakespeare's play known as The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York. The first quarto of Henry IV, Part 1 (1598), for Andrew Wise. The second edition of The Rape of Lucrece (1598), for John Harrison. This was the first edition of that poem in octavo rather than quarto format (O1). The fifth edition of Venus and Adonis (1599), for William Leake; the third octavo edition (O3). For Cuthbert Burby, Short printed Palladis Tamia (1598) by Francis Meres, a book that contains an important early reference to Shakespeare and a list of his plays performed up to 1598. Short printed a few non-Shakespearean play texts as well: For Burby, Short printed Q1 and Q2 of The Taming of a Shrew (1594, 1596), the early alternative version of Shakespeare's The Shrew. For William Ponsonby, he printed the closet drama Antony (1595), translated from the French of Robert Garnier by the Countess of Pembroke. For Simon Waterson, he printed the third, 1598 edition of Samuel Daniel's Cleopatra. And for William Holme, Short printed one of the three editions",
"title": "Peter Short (printer)"
},
{
"docid": "249596",
"text": "Henry Eric Beissel (born 12 April 1929 Cologne) is a writer and editor who has published 24 volumes of poetry, six books of plays, a non-fiction book on Canada, two anthologies of plays intended for use in high schools, and numerous essays and pieces of short fiction. Biography Henry Beissel was born in Cologne, Germany, and survived the second World war as a youth. He came to Canada in 1951. He first came to national attention with the controversial literary/political journal Edge (Edmonton 1963 – Montreal 1969). Beissel's internationally successful Inuk and the Sun (\"a mythic masterpiece\", Sherrill Grace) premiered at the Stratford Festival of Canada in 1973. This was followed by a U.S. premiere in 1977 at The Other Theatre in Chicago's Bernard Horwich Jewish Community Center with a musical score by Douglas L. Lieberman. The Other Theatre also commissioned Under Coyote's Eye and performed it at the Field Museum of Natural History. Beissel's work has been translated into many languages. Beissel had a long teaching career in English literature, and later in creative writing, which started as a teaching fellow at the University of Toronto. He taught at the University of Munich (1960–62), the University of Alberta (1962–64) and Concordia University (Montreal) (1966–96), from which he retired as distinguished emeritus professor of English. He lives with his wife, Arlette Francière, in Ottawa. Awards Beissel has received several awards. The first was the Norma Epstein Award for Creative Writing in 1958 at University of Toronto, and the last was the Walter-Bauer Literaturpreis, Merseburg (Germany), 1994. Selected bibliography New Wings for Icarus. Toronto: Coach House, 1966. A Different Sun (poems by Walter Bauer translated from the German). Ottawa: Oberon, 1976. Inuk and the Sun. Toronto: Gage, 1980. Under Coyote's Eye. Dunvegan, Ontario: Quadrant, 1980. Improvisations for Mr. X & the Noose. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant, 1989. Kanada. Romantik und Wirklichkeit (with photographs by Janis Kraulis). Innsbruck: Pinguin Verlag, 1981. Cantos North. Moonbeam, Ontario: Penumbra, 1982. Season of Blood. Toronto: Mosaic, 1984. A Thistle In His Mouth (poems by Peter Huchel translated from the German). Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant Books, 1987. The Noose & Improvisations for Mister X. Dunvegan, Ontario: Cormorant, 1989. Dying I was Born. Waterloo, Ontario: Penumbra, 1992. Stones to Harvest. Gooderich, Ontario: Moonstone, 1993. Across the Sun's Warp. Ottawa: BuschekBooks, 2003. Plays The Curve, University of Alberta, 1963 A Trumpet For Nap, Little Angel Theatre, London, England. 1970 Are You Afraid of Thieves?, Universite du Quebec, 1973, La Troupe Brin'si Inook And The Sun, The Stratford Festival, Canada, 1973 For Crying Out Loud, Char-Lan Theatre Workshop, Williamstown, Ontario. 1975 Goya, Montreal Theatre Lab, 1976 Under Coyote's Eye, Other Theatre, Chicago, 1978 The Emigrants, Saidye Bronfman Centre, Montreal. 1981 Hedda Gabler, Saidye Bronfman Centre, Montreal. 1982 (translation) The Noose, University of Winnipeg, 1985The Glass Mountain'', University of Winnipeg, Manitoba. 1990 References External links Settlement and Survival: Henry Beissel's 'Cantos North' Henry Beissel's website Peace Networking with Professor Beissel by Koozma J. Tarasoff, Spirit-Wrestlers Blog, 17 March 2018. 1929 births 20th-century Canadian",
"title": "Henry Beissel"
},
{
"docid": "15622473",
"text": "Henry IV of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times. Literature Almost two hundred years after his death, Henry became the subject of two plays by William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2, as well as featuring prominently in Richard II. As the Earl of Derby, Henry is a character in Gordon Daviot's 1932 play Richard of Bordeaux. Henry appears in a historical novel by Henry Newbolt, The New June (1909). Ellis Peters's novel A Bloody Field by Shrewsbury (1972, US title The Bloody Field) revolves around the relationship between Henry, Prince Hal and Hotspur. Also in 1972, Martha Rofheart wrote a novel featuring Henry IV, Fortune Made His Sword (UK title Cry God For Harry). Henry is a supporting character in Georgette Heyer's 1975 historical novel My Lord John, which details the early life of his son, John of Lancaster. Anya Seton included Henry in her 1954 novel Katherine which depicted the relationship between Henry's father John of Gaunt and his eventual step-mother Katherine Swynford. Henry is a main character in Sara Douglass's The Crucible Trilogy, a work of historical fiction. Henry is the king in Howard Pyle's fictional Men of Iron. The protagonist's father's loyalty to Richard II is the reason that the family is in hiding for most of the book. Film Henry has been portrayed on screen by: Ian Keith in The Black Shield of Falworth (1954), with Tony Curtis John Gielgud in Chimes at Midnight (1965), a merger of several Shakespeare plays Carl Wharton in Henry IV - Part 2 (2012), a film by The Co-operative British Youth Film Academy. Ben Mendelsohn in The King (2019), a film by Netflix Television Henry has been portrayed a number of times on television, mainly in versions of Shakespeare's plays. In this context he has been played by: Clement McCallin in a BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1950) Kent Smith in an American version of Richard II (1954) Tom Fleming in the BBC series An Age of Kings (1960), which contained all the history plays from Richard II to Richard III Erik Hell in Henrik IV (1964), a Swedish version of Henry IV Hartmut Reck in König Richard II (1968), a West German version of Richard II Timothy West in another BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1970) Sándor Lukács in II. Richárd (1976), a Hungarian version of Richard II Jon Finch in the BBC Shakespeare version of King Richard the Second (1978) and both parts of Henry IV (1979) Michael Cronin in the BBC series The Wars of the Roses (1989), which included all of Shakespeare's history plays performed by the English Shakespeare Company Nikolai Lavrov in Richard Vtoroi (1992), a Russian version of Richard II Ronald Pickup in a BBC film, Henry IV (1995), a version of Henry IV, Part 1 Richard Bremmer in a British TV film, Richard II (1997) Veit Schubert in another German version of Richard II (2001)",
"title": "Cultural depictions of Henry IV of England"
},
{
"docid": "41612828",
"text": "Next is a short film created by Aardman Animations. Its full title is \"Next: The Infinite Variety Show\". Plot William Shakespeare auditions for an undetermined role in front of a bored Peter Hall with references to his play in under five minutes. Plays Present \"Henry V\" \"Julius Caesar\" \"Antony and Cleopatra\" \"Coriolanus\" \"Henry VIII\" \"Romeo & Juliet\" \"Henry IV\" \"Richard II\" \"Henry VI\" \"Richard III\" \"Troilus & Cressida\" \"A Midsummer Night’s Dream\" \"Hamlet\" \"Othello\" \"Titus Andronicus\" \"Timon of Athens\" \"The Tempest\" \"As You Like It\" \"Macbeth\" \"Alls Well Ends Well\" \"The Taming Of The Shrew\" \"Much Ado About Nothing\" \"The Merry Wives Of Windsor\" \"The Merchant Of Venice\" \"King John\" \"Pericles, Prince Of Tyre\" \"King Lear\" \"Love’s Labour’s Lost\" \"Twelfth Night\" \"Two Gentlemen Of Verona\" \"A Winter’s Tale\" \"Measure For Measure\" \"Cymbeline\" (\"The Two Noble Kinsmen\" is Missing) Cast Barry Purves - Will, a poor player (animation) Roger Rees - Peter, a Producer (voice) Production The film was commissioned by Channel 4 as part of a 5-part series of Aardman animations called \"Lip Synch\": Creature Comforts (1989), Going Equipped (1990), Ident (1990), Next (1990) and War Story (1989). Peter was voiced by Roger Rees and is reading one of Hall's books. The halo indicates that he represents Saint Peter, and that Shakespeare is auditioning to get into Heaven. The film references all of 37 Shakespeare plays. A clip of this short was shown in the 2003 documentary Animated Century. Critical reception On imdb, Next received a rating of 7.3/10 from 188 users. References External links Next on IMDB Excerpt on Vimeo Next on YouTube 1990 animated short films Films based on works by William Shakespeare 1990 films British animated short films 1990s English-language films 1990s British films Aardman Animations short films",
"title": "Next (1990 film)"
},
{
"docid": "36807094",
"text": "Horrid Henry: Tricking the Tooth Fairy, published from 2000 to 2019 as Horrid Henry Tricks The Tooth Fairy, is the third book of the Horrid Henry series. It was first published in 1996 as Horrid Henry and the Tooth Fairy and was written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. Plot Horrid Henry Tricks The Tooth Fairy Everyone in Horrid Henry's class had lost at least one tooth - that is except Henry himself. Just today, his younger brother, Perfect Peter had lost a tooth. So, Henry decides to eat as many sweets as he can from his sweet jar, although it is two days before \"Sweet Day\" when he is allowed to eat sweets. Henry's \"hard work\" comes to a waste when none of his teeth feel wobbly and worse, his mouth, gums and stomach hurt. Then, he gets a \"brilliant\" idea. He decides to trick the tooth fairy. So on that night, Henry silently creeps into Peter's room and steals the tooth Peter placed under his pillow but bumps into his mother and manages to escape. The next morning, Henry doesn't find a coin from the tooth fairy but Peter finds a pound coin from the fairy. Henry asks his mother how the tooth fairy knows whose pillow to put money and she says that she looks at the gap between the child's teeth. Henry realizes his mistake and places a piece of black paper over his mouth. At night, when he sleeps, he ties his finger to a fake vampire tooth (a substitute for the real one) to make sure that when the tooth fairy comes and takes his tooth, he gets woken up. The next morning, Henry receives a fake 50p coin and a letter from the tooth fairy, mocking him for his trick. Henry's mother calls him down and scolds him for eating all the sweets and tells him to eat apples instead. Henry takes an apple and bites on it. To his horror, the bite had made him lose a tooth and he had swallowed it! Horrid Henry's Wedding Horrid Henry's cousin, Prissy Polly, is marrying Pimply Paul. Henry has been chosen to be a pageboy, along with Perfect Peter, his brother. First, Henry's family has trouble with Henry's pageboy clothes as they are too \"tight\". Second, they have trouble with Henry going to the wedding and they drag him into the car to go. Worse still, they are caught in the middle of a thunderstorm. They arrive at the wedding later than everybody. While the priest says all the holy blessings and promises, Henry pretends he is a famous chef who is tossing pancakes, only that he is tossing the wedding rings. When the rings (which Henry lost) are needed, Henry gives them a toy pirate ring. Afterwards, when everyone takes photos, Henry jumps in at the last moment and makes horrible faces. A while later, during the reception, while everyone is eating their lunch, Henry secretly eats the wedding cake but",
"title": "Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy"
},
{
"docid": "36637188",
"text": "Horrid Henry is the first book of the Horrid Henry series. It was published in 1994 and written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross. The book is a collection of short stories about the same characters, along the lines of the Just William books. Plot Horrid Henry's Perfect Day Horrid Henry is a young boy who loves doing unimaginable horrible things. He throws food, he snatches things, he pushes, shoves and pinches. He has a younger brother called Perfect Peter, an extremely perfect boy who does uncountable good deeds. Peter always says \"Please\" and \"Thank You\", he loves vegetables and refuses cake and he never ever picks his nose. One day, Horrid Henry wonders what would happen if he were perfect?! So − the next day, Henry doesn't wake Peter up by splashing water on his head as usual, and Peter and his parents wake up late. Due to this, Henry and Peter are late for a class. Back at home, Henry doesn't bully Peter, instead, he reads a book about super-mice. At dinner time, Henry helps lay the table and ignores Peter's whining that he always lays the table. When the family eat spaghetti and meatballs, Henry does not kick Peter or slurp his food or leave behind his vegetables. Peter wants Henry to become horrid again and tries many ways to get Henry to hit him but Henry is resilient. When Henry's Mum gives Henry some fudge cake and a kiss for being so good, Peter can't stand it any longer and flings his plate at Henry but hits Mum. Mum screams at Peter to go to his room and when Henry laughs, she sends him to his room too. The story ends with Henry being surprised that being perfect was so much fun. Horrid Henry's Dance Class Henry and Peter have to go to the school's dance class taught by Miss Impatience Tutu, a very impatient woman who claims she is patient that Henry hates. The class has to play a concert and everyone is practicing for it. Impatience Tutu makes Henry sit behind a false bush for being horrid at her class so he won't embarrass everyone at the concert. When its time for the concert, Henry decides to make his part bigger and by doing so, makes Impatience Tutu stop the concert this story then ends with Henry being happy to finally go for karate. Horrid Henry & Moody Margaret Horrid Henry has an archenemy, and that is Moody Margaret. Margaret lives next door to Henry, is in Henry's class and owns all the things that Henry's goody-goody parents don't let him have. This is the only reason that Henry plays with Margaret. The two of them are playing pirates and squabbling over who is going to be Captain Hook and Peter is begging to not be the prisoner. When Margaret reluctantly hands over her Captain Hook role to Henry and takes his role as Mr. Smee and Henry orders her and Peter",
"title": "Horrid Henry (book)"
},
{
"docid": "62864913",
"text": "Robert Muller (1 September 1925 – 27 May 1998) was a German-born British journalist and screenwriter, who mainly worked in television. Since his father was Jewish, he emigrated to Britain in 1938 as a thirteen-year-old refugee from Nazi Germany. Selected works Film Woman of Straw (1964) The Beauty Jungle (1964) I'm an Elephant, Madame (1969) The Roaring Fifties (1983) Television London Playhouse: \"Jane Clegg\" (dir. Peter Cotes, 1956) Armchair Theatre: \"The Night Conspirators\" (Philip Saville, 1962) Armchair Theatre: \"Afternoon of a Nymph\" (1962) Armchair Theatre: \"Thank You and Goodnight\" (1962) Armchair Theatre: \"The Paradise Suite\" (1963) Playdate: \"The Night Conspirators\" (1963) Armchair Theatre: \"Pleasure Is Where She Finds It\" (Charles Jarrott, 1964) Story Parade: \"The World That Summer\" (Peter Sasdy, 1965) Armchair Mystery Theatre: \"Man and Mirror\" (Patrick Dromgoole, 1965) Armchair Theatre: \"A Cold Peace\" (Don Leaver, 1965) Mystery and Imagination: \"The Body Snatcher\" (Toby Robertson, 1966) ( and , 1966, TV miniseries) — based on a non-fiction book by The Wednesday Play: \"The Executioner\" (Michael Hayes, 1966) Die Unberatenen (Peter Zadek, 1966) — based on a novel by Out of the Unknown: \"The Prophet\" (Naomi Capon, 1967) — based on \"Reason\" by Isaac Asimov Armchair Theatre: \"Easier in the Dark\" (Don Leaver, 1967) Armchair Theatre: \"A World of Time\" (Don Leaver, 1967) Theatre 625: \"Henry IV\" (Michael Hayes, 1967) — based on Luigi Pirandello's Henry IV Haunted: \"After the Funeral\" (Don Leaver, 1967) The Wednesday Play: \"Death of a Private\" (James Ferman, 1967) — loosely based on Woyzeck Man in a Suitcase: \"The Bridge\" (Pat Jackson, 1967) Armchair Theatre: \"You and Me\" (Kim Mills, 1968) Nana (John Davies, 1968, TV miniseries) Mystery and Imagination: \"Frankenstein\" (Voytek, 1968) Out of the Unknown: \"Beach Head\" (James Cellan Jones, 1969) — based on a story by Clifford D. Simak Out of the Unknown: \"The Naked Sun\" (Rudolph Cartier, 1969) Mystery and Imagination: \"The Suicide Club\" (Mike Vardy, 1970) Take Three Girls (1971, TV series, 4 episodes) Bel Ami (John Davies, 1971, TV miniseries) — based on Guy de Maupassant's Bel-Ami Die Sonne angreifen (Peter Lilienthal, 1971) — based on a novel by Witold Gombrowicz Public Eye: \"Shades of White\" (Piers Haggard, 1971) Man of Straw (Herbert Wise, 1972, TV miniseries) — based on Der Untertan by Heinrich Mann Van der Valk und das Mädchen (Peter Zadek, 1972) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling The Song of Songs (Peter Wood, 1973, TV miniseries) (Wolfgang Petersen, 1973) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling Colditz: \"Chameleon\" (Philip Dudley, 1974) Fall of Eagles: \"Indian Summer of an Emperor\" (Donald McWhinnie, 1974) Omnibus: \"The Need for Nightmare\" (Harley Cokeliss, 1974) Churchill's People: \"The Lost Island\" (Philip Saville, 1975) — based on A History of the English-Speaking Peoples A Legacy (Derek Martinus, 1975, TV miniseries) Private Affairs: \"A Dream of Living\" (Philip Saville, 1975) Van der Valk und die Toten (, 1975) — based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling Ten from the Twenties: \"Motherlove\" (Mark Cullingham, 1975) — based on a story by",
"title": "Robert Muller (screenwriter)"
},
{
"docid": "68354853",
"text": "William Henry Ellis is an English actor, voice artist and podcaster known for Great Expectations, Dragon Quest Swords, Queen of the Desert, Parade's End, The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler and EastEnders Early life and education Ellis is a British actor the son of Chris and Becky Ellis. He has two siblings, Adam Ellis and Laura Martin. Ellis trained at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). Career Theatre After graduating from LAMDA in 2005, Ellis starred in British-Asian writer Shan Khan's play Prayer Room at Birmingham Repertory Theatre directed by Angus Jackson. Ellis played 'Griffin', the self-righteous Christian group leader and Charles Spencer in The Daily Telegraph wrote 'William Ellis memorably nails the condescending certainty of charismatic Christianity'. Ellis then went on to play Benvolio in the Nuffield Theatre production of Romeo and Juliet that toured Barbados as part of Holder's Season in 2006. In 2007 he worked with the director Peter Gill at The Royal National Theatre on his production of The Voysey Inheritance. After a UK Tour playing Simon Bliss in Peter Hall's production of Hay Fever in 2008, he returned to work with Peter Gill again, as Algernon Moncreiff for his production of The Importance of Being Earnest. The play was performed at Vaudeville Theatre in London's West End. The play received a positive reception and Ellis's performance was described by The Hollywood Reporter as '...having flair'. Following The Importance of Being Earnest he has appeared as Sam Leadbitter in Theatre Royal, Bath's production of This Happy Breed and also played Prince Charming in Lyric Theatre's Cinderella. In 2015 Ellis starred alongside Olivia Poulet, playing 'Uncle Peck' in Paula Vogel's play How I Learned to Drive at Southwark Playhouse. Ellis's performance as the predatory uncle was described positively by The Evening Standard reviewer Henry Hitchings: 'William Ellis captures the discreet, almost courtly manner in which Peck wields his needy brand of destructiveness'. In 2019, Ellis starred in Frederick Knott's Dial M for Murder, playing the murdering ex-tennis player Tony Wendice at the New Vic Theatre. The play received positive reviews. Film and television Ellis began acting on screen in 2006 with small parts and in 2009 he portrayed Wiktor in The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler. In 2012 he took on the part of Compeyson in Mike Newell's Great Expectations and in 2015, he played The Earl of Chester in Queen of the Desert, directed by Werner Herzog. Further significant credits have included, Parade's End, Father Brown, 24: Live Another Day and The Crown. In 2023 he joined the cast of the BBC soap opera EastEnders, playing Theo Hawthorne, the former teacher of Freddie Slater (Bobby Brazier). A part that Ellis was nominated for \"Best Villain\" at the Inside Soap Awards 2023. Voice over Ellis has voiced a number of British commercials and was the voice of Toyota for their 2012 Paris Motor Show event: Stories of Better. In 2020 he narrated two self-help books for the life-coach and author Vernon Sankey, The Stairway to",
"title": "William Ellis (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "41448342",
"text": "The 12th-century ruler Empress Matilda has been depicted in various cultural media. Theatre, film and television Matilda is a character in Henry I of England, a play by Beth Flintoff, which was first performed in November 2016 at St James's Church, Reading. The drama follows the story of the three sons of William the Conqueror and ends with the early reign of her father Henry, including the time when Matilda became Empress by marrying Henry V of Germany. The narrative continues in Flintoff's play Matilda the Empress, first performed in 2017 at the same venue with Dani McCallum taking the lead part. It depicts Matilda's later life and The Anarchy period after Henry I's death when she and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. In the concluding part of Flintoff's trilogy, Henry II, which was first performed in October 2018 at Reading's Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin, Matilda is depicted attending the dedication of Reading Abbey over the Easter weekend of 1164. Matilda is also a character in Jean Anouilh's play Becket. In the 1964 film adaptation, she was portrayed by Martita Hunt. Alison Pill portrayed Matilda in the 2010 TV miniseries The Pillars of the Earth, an adaptation of Follett's novel. She was played by Brenda Bruce in the 1978 BBC TV series The Devil's Crown, which dramatised the reigns of her son and grandsons. Historical fiction Novels dealing with the civil war between Matilda and Stephen include: A Legend of Reading Abbey (1845) by Charles Macfarlane. The Fool by H. C. Bailey (1927), deals with Matilda's relationship with her son, Henry II. The Empress (1932) by Carola Oman Cecelia Holland, The Earl (1971) Graham Shelby, The Villains of the Piece (1972) (published in the US as The Oath and the Sword) E. L. Konigsburg, A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver (1973) Jean Plaidy, The Passionate Enemies, the third book of her Norman Trilogy (1976) The Brother Cadfael series by Ellis Peters (beginning in 1977 with A Morbid Taste for Bones) and the TV series made from them starring Sir Derek Jacobi. In these books Empress Matilda is referred to by her vernacular name, Empress Maud. Roberta Gellis, The Sword and the Swan (1977). Ken Follett, The Pillars of the Earth (1989) Ellen Jones, The Fatal Crown (1991) Sharon Penman, When Christ and His Saints Slept tells the story of the events before, during and after the civil war (1995) Haley Elizabeth Garwood, The Forgotten Queen (1997) Elizabeth Chadwick, Lady of the English (2012) Amy Mantravadi, The Girl Empress (2017), part of a series of novels telling Matilda's life story Gemma Lawrence, The Heirs of Anarchy (2020-2022), four book series See also Cultural depictions of Henry I of England Cultural depictions of Henry II of England Cultural depictions of Adelaide of Italy Cultural depictions of Theophanu Cultural depictions of Gisela of Swabia References Cultural depictions of Holy Roman Empresses Salian dynasty",
"title": "Cultural depictions of Empress Matilda"
},
{
"docid": "19858793",
"text": "The Snow Leopard is a 1978 book by Peter Matthiessen. It is an account of his two-month search for the snow leopard with naturalist George Schaller in the Dolpo region on the Tibetan Plateau in the Himalaya. Content The book recounts the journey of Matthiessen and Schaller in 1973 to Shey Gompa in the inner Dolpo region of Nepal. Schaller's original objective was to compare the mating habits of the Himalayan blue sheep (the bharal) with those of the common sheep of the USA, while for Matthiessen the trip was more of a spiritual exploration. Another aim was to spot the snow leopard, a predator on the bharal and a creature that was seldom seen (it had been glimpsed only twice by Westerners in the previous twenty five years). A third part of the plan was to visit the Crystal Monastery and its Buddhist lama. The travel aspect of the work is in the tradition of writing by Sir Richard Burton, Sir Henry Morton Stanley, and Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton. The nature writing aspect brings echoes of the work of Alexander von Humboldt or Charles Darwin. It also involves a meditation upon inner peace, however, as well as external exploration, in a way that is reminiscent of Basho, Wordsworth or Thoreau. For example, towards the end of the book Matthiessen sits on some rocks and observes \"These hard rocks instruct my bones in what my brain could never grasp in the Heart Sutra, that 'form is emptiness and emptiness is form'—the Void, the emptiness of blue-black space, contained in everything.\" Matthiessen frequently digresses to remember his wife Deborah Love who had died of cancer prior to the adventure. The book is, therefore, also a meditation upon death, suffering, loss, memory and healing. The memories of Deborah operate with a number of other recursive stylistic traits that play against the linear, outward progress of the journey logged through maps and dates. Questions of absence and presence play in tandem with the wider question of gaining peace through an acceptance of how the world is rather than desiring phenomena to arise that do not exist. Awards and acclaim The Snow Leopard won the 1979 National Book Award in the category Contemporary Thought and the 1980 National Book Award for Nonfiction (paperback). It has garnered more critical acclaim since then. It has been included in several lists of best travel books including World Hum's ten most celebrated books, Washington Post Book World's Travel Books That Will Take You Far, and National Geographic Traveler's Around the World in 80+ Books. References External links Review published in the NY Times on November 26, 1978 Review by Amanda Fox in Salon's Wanderlust The Snow Leopard - A Pictorial Companion Book documenting PM's trip to Upper Dolpo in pictures American travel books National Book Award for Nonfiction winning works 1978 non-fiction books Books about the Himalayas Viking Press books Non-fiction books about cats Nepalese non-fiction books Snow leopards in popular culture",
"title": "The Snow Leopard"
},
{
"docid": "4405364",
"text": "Roy McKie (usually spelled McKié; October 8, 1921 – January 8, 2015) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books, most notably under the Beginner Books imprint. He illustrated many books penned by Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss) under the pen name Theo. LeSieg (\"Geisel\" spelled backwards). Books illustrated by McKie (books he wrote himself are marked with *) include: The Big Orange Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 2015 (with Dr. Seuss, Scott Nash and Michael Frith) (his final work after his death) The Big Purple Book of Beginner Books by Helen Palmer, P.D. and Peter Eastman and Michael Frith - 2012 (with P.D. and Peter Eastman) Skiing by Henry Beard – 2002 Sailing by Henry Beard – 2001 – dictionary of funny sailing terms Computing by Henry Beard – 1999 The Big Green Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 1997 (with Quentin Blake, B. Tobey, George Booth, Michael J. Smollin and James Stevenson) A Big Ball of String by Marion Holland – 1993 (35th anniversary edition) A Dictionary of Silly Words About Growing Up by Henry Beard — 1988 Golfing by Henry Beard – 1987 dictionary of funny golfing terms Cooking by Henry Beard – 1985 dictionary of funny cooking terms Noah's Ark - 1984 Fishing by Henry Beard – 1983 dictionary of funny fishing terms Ship's Log by Henry Beard – 1983 dictionary of funny nautical terms Gardening, A Gardeners Dictionary By Henry Beard – 1982 – dictionary of funny gardening terms. The Tooth Book by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1981 (the 2000 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) The Joke Book* – 1979 The Hair Book by Graham Tether – 1979 (in 2019, the 40th anniversary edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Andrew Joyner) Dog* – 1978 The Riddle Book* – 1978 Roy McKie's Zodiac Book* – 1977 Would You Rather Be a Bullfrog? by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1975 The Many Mice of Mr. Brice by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) - 1973 (the 1989 edition replaces this title with new ones called The Pop-Up Mice of Mr. Brice, and later in early 2015 and early 2021, the 2015 and 2021 editions replace the pop-up book with new board books) In a People House by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1972 I Can Write a book by ME, Myself with a little help from Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1971 The Nose Book by Al Perkins – 1970 (the 2002 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) My Book About Me by ME, Myself with some little help from my friend Dr. Seuss – 1969 The Eye Book by Dr. Seuss (writing as Theo. LeSieg) – 1968 (the 1999 edition replaces McKie's illustrations with new ones by Joe Mathieu) Bennett Cerf's Book of Animal Riddles by Bennett Cerf – 1964 Summer by Alice Low – 1963 (2001 recolor edition without",
"title": "Roy McKie"
},
{
"docid": "9222319",
"text": "Something of Value is a 1957 American drama film directed by Richard Brooks and starring Rock Hudson, Dana Wynter, and Sidney Poitier. The film was reissued under the title Africa Ablaze. The film, based on the book of the same name by Robert Ruark, portrays the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya. It shows the colonial and native African conflict caused by colonialism and differing views on how life should be lived. It stars Rock Hudson as the colonial and Sidney Poitier as the native Kenyan. The two men grew up together but have drifted apart at maturity. Plot In British-ruled Kenya in 1945, members of the Kikuyu tribe work peacefully for considerate white settler Henry McKenzie, abiding by colonial laws, as well as their own religious beliefs, which forbid any violence against the settlers. Both in their early twenties, Henry's son Peter and black worker Kimani are close friends, having been raised together as brothers since the death of Henry's wife. One day, when Kimani asks to use a rifle during a lion hunt, Peter's brother-in-law, Jeff Newton, slaps the black man and reminds him that he cannot have the gun nor can he continue his friendship with Peter. A humiliated Kimani disappears from the camp, but, after being injured when his foot is caught in a trap, is rescued by Peter, who carries him home on his back. Kimani suggests that they must assume the roles of master and serf, but Peter refuses to change their relationship. Back at the black settlement, Kimani's father Karanja orders the murder of one of the tribe's newborns, which was born feet first, a condition the tribe believes to be a curse. After Karanja is arrested and sentenced to jail, Henry argues with the Crown consul that if the whites continue to take away the tribal elders' authority, the tribe children will begin to disrespect their own way of life and, he warns, disrespect the colonial Christian God. When Henry, Peter and Kimani visit the elderly man in jail, Karanja gives Henry his sacred stone. Karanja then encourages Kimani to assume his position as headman at the farm, but Kimani refuses to spend his life working as a white man's slave. One night, moved by moral outrage at the injustices against his father, Kimani attends a secret meeting of the Mau Mau, a group of black men planning an insurrection. He is asked by leader Njogu to prove his fidelity by stealing rifles. After one of the Mau Mau kills a black houseboy during the robbery, Kimani, troubled by their methods of achieving freedom, threatens to leave. Njogu tells Kimani he must remain with them because the police will now connect him to the crime. Years later, in 1952, Peter, who now leads safaris to supplement the farm's dwindling income, welcomes Holly Keith, his betrothed, home after her years of studying abroad. As Kenya becomes increasingly tension-filled, Henry and other white settlers question the workers' wives about the sudden disappearance of many of",
"title": "Something of Value"
},
{
"docid": "47222872",
"text": "St Mary and St Peter's Church is an active Anglican parish church in the village of Barham near Ipswich. It contains a Henry Moore statue of Madonna and the Child originally held at St Peter, Claydon. It is in the deanery of Bosmere, part of the archdeaconry of Ipswich, and the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. History A church is recorded as being within the village of Barham in the Domesday Book. Architectural features in the tower of long-and-short work (or quoins), which is typical of Anglo-Saxon architecture, suggests the church dates from Saxon times. It was known as St Mary from at least 1538, when the parishioners included the inhabitants of Barham Green. In 1975, the parish extended to include the village of Claydon, and when St Peter's Church in Claydon was officially made redundant, St Mary was retitled as St Mary and St Peter. Monuments The best-known monument in the church is that of the Henry Moore statue of Madonna and Child originally held at St Peter's Church, Claydon. Crafted as a war memorial in commemoration for those in the village who died in the Second World War it was moved to St Mary after the closure of St Peter. Other monuments and brasswork have been part of the church but were removed or destroyed over the course of its history. In the chancel of the church were monuments to Jon Southwell, grandfather to Thomas Bedingfield as well as a tomb used for the burial of an unnamed inhabitant of the local estate of Shrubland Hall. Current status St Mary and St Peter's Church was listed at Grade I on 9 December 1955. Communion services, using the Book of Common Worship are offered on every Sunday morning at 8am except on the fifth Sunday of a month. On the first Sunday of each month a shorter communion service based on the Book of Common Worship is held at 10am, on the second and fourth Sundays a full communion service is held at 10am. On the third Sunday of each month at 10am a community worship service is held. This service is aimed at a wider age range of the congregation including families with children, adults and those with little or no experience of the Church. The services are often run by community groups or local charitable organisations otherwise unaffiliated with the Church itself. Where a 5th Sunday falls within a month a family communion service is held at one of the three parishes served by the same parish grouping. One in three of these is held at St Mary and St Peter; the others being held at St Mary's Church, Great Blakenham or St Peter's Church, Henley. Notable clergy William Kirby 1782–1850 Entomologist See also Grade I listed buildings in Suffolk References Church of England church buildings in Suffolk Grade I listed churches in Suffolk",
"title": "St Mary and St Peter's Church, Barham"
},
{
"docid": "6271672",
"text": "Philip van Wilder (Weldre, Welder, Wylder, Wyllender, de Vuildre, Wild, Wildroe; c. 1500 – February 24, 1554) was a Dutch lutenist and composer, active in England. Life and career Early years Like Peter van Wilder, who also worked in the Tudor court and was presumably related to him, Philip was probably born in Millam, near Wormhout, or in the nearby village of Wylder (\"Wilder\" in Dutch). His father may have been Mathis (Matthew) van Wilder, a lutenist from the court of Philip the Fair of Castile who also worked at the Tudor court from 1506 to 1517. It can be speculated that Peter and Philip were his two sons, and that he used his influence to secure court employment for them in England. It is not known when Philip arrived in England, but since Peter dated his residence in England from 1515, it is possible that the two travelled together. A note in Italian in the Jacobean scorebook anthology GB-Lbl Egerton 3665 describes Philip as \"Master Philip of Flanders, musician to King Henry VIII, who lived in England around the year 1520\". He was certainly in London by 1522, living in the parish of St Olave's Hart Street (close to the Tower of London) and having £60 \"in goodes\" and £48 \"in fees\". The court account books for the year 1525-26 describe him as \"mynstrell\"; he was later designated \"lewter\". Van Wilder steadily advanced his position at the Tudor court. By 1529 he was a member of the Privy chamber, the select group of musicians who played to the king in private. He was also active as a merchant, being given a licence to import Toulouse woad and Gascon wine, and in purchasing instruments for the court. He taught the lute to Princess (later Queen) Mary, who rewarded him with a gift on the occasion of his marriage to a woman named Frances in 1537. Later he also taught Prince Edward (later Edward VI), who wrote a letter to his father in 1546 thanking him for \"sending me your servant Philip, as excellent in music as he is noble ... that I might become more excellent in striking the lute\". Later years In 1539 Van Wilder became a denizen, which allowed him to own land. This enabled him to profit from the dissolution of the monasteries and engage in a number of lucrative property deals with the Crown. At various times he was granted leaseholds on former monastic properties in London, as well as in Middlemarsh (in the parish of Minterne Magna) and Littlebredy in Dorset, previously owned by Cerne Abbey. By 1540 he was a Gentleman of the Privy chamber, a prestigious position that enabled him to accept financial inducements to raise legal issues and private grievances with the King. At the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547 Van Wilder was Keeper of the Instruments and effectively head of the Court instrumental musical establishment, a post later known as Master of the King's Music. Van Wilder continued to",
"title": "Philip van Wilder"
},
{
"docid": "68354664",
"text": "The twentieth season of Family Guy aired on Fox from September 26, 2021, to May 22, 2022. the twentieth season aired as a part of the show's 20th anniversary. The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family, consisting of father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie, and the family dog Brian, who reside in their hometown of Quahog. During this season, the Griffin men spend a day with Stewie's rival Doug (LASIK Instinct), Peter has a secret meal affair with Bonnie (Cootie & The Blowhard), the Griffins must cover the death of a pizza delivery man and deliver pizzas to the rest of Quahog (The Lois Quagmire), Lois and Carter attend the funeral of Lois' old babysitter (Peterschmidt Manor), Meg becomes a getaway driver and dates a robber (Hard Boiled Meg), Stewie helps Chris put on a school play for Romeo + Juliet (The Jersey Bore), and Peter and Chris go on a road trip to Canada to prove the existence of Chris' girlfriend (Girlfriend, Eh?). This season also featured a cameo from Mike Judge, who reprised his role as Hank Hill from the American television series King of the Hill, who previously cameoed in Season 18 as Beavis and Butt-Head. Season twenty premiered the run of the nineteenth production season, which is executive produced by Seth MacFarlane, Alec Sulkin, Richard Appel, Steve Callaghan, Danny Smith, Kara Vallow, Mark Hentemann, Tom Devanney, and Patrick Meighan. Sulkin and Appel returned as the series' showrunners. The season premiered on ITV2 (UK) Monday 8 August 2022. Production On September 23, 2020, Fox announced that Family Guy had been renewed for a twentieth and twenty-first season, ensuring that the series would last another two years. This season also marks the first full season of the series in which Cleveland Brown is voiced by Arif Zahir, following Mike Henry's departure from the role. Henry continues to voice Herbert and other characters. Before the premiere, Henry sent a video on Twitter saying that he was \"handing the torch\" onto Zahir and said a farewell message in Cleveland's voice. Starting with \"Rock Hard\", long-time recurring actor Patrick Warburton was promoted to the main cast. 20th anniversary Fox celebrated the twentieth season with a special digital panel, with a promotional trailer unveiled during the San Diego Comic-Con 2021 Virtual Convention, teasing clips from the season. In commemoration, FXX set a near full series marathon of all 19 seasons of the show, running from December 25, 2021, to January 2, 2022. A promotional PSA short made to promote COVID-19 vaccines was released on September 21, 2021. MacFarlane himself remarked on the show's milestone. In addition, sweepstakes were held by TBS where entrees had a chance to win T-shirts, Mugs and Blankets. as well as a re-release of the book, \"Family Guy: An Illustrated History\". Release The season premiered on September 26, 2021, airing on Sundays as part of Fox's Animation Domination programming block, along with The Simpsons, Bob's Burgers, Duncanville and The Great North. In Canada, the",
"title": "Family Guy season 20"
},
{
"docid": "8600471",
"text": "That Eye, the Sky is a 1986 novel by Australian author Tim Winton. It follows the young protagonist Morton 'Ort' Flack, as he struggles to cope with life in a small country town after his father is paralyzed in a serious car accident. After his father's accident, Ort is forced to step up and become the 'Man' of an increasingly complicated household. The situation becomes all the more convoluted with the introduction of the mysterious Henry Warburton, a dubious figure who says he has come to help. The story explores the theme of coming of age, and the complicated role religion plays in rural Australian life. Reviews The Publishers Weekly said of the book, \"The wrenching story... proves love like Ort's can prevail against hell itself\" The Los Angeles Times writes that, \"The great strength of the novel is in the way the grotesque contrasts and parallels in human life are spread out, examined and accepted.\" Film adaptations The film adaptation was directed by John Ruane and released in 1994. Ruane later said: I think the mistake I made with That Eye, the Sky is not to have more humour in it, because the book had a lot of humour. But, unfortunately, with the novel being written in the first person, a lot of the humour comes from the little boy interpreting the events and the situations he finds himself in and that he observes. So we are party to his sense of humour via his inner thoughts. When you pull that away, you have to come up with an orthodox third person approach. I really wish we had come up with more humour. The film was made by the company of Fred Schepisi who later claimed the film was bad: Because the director didn't know what he was doing or what side he was on. You've got to take a side. He went on an exploration. An exploration is all right but you've got to do it from a point of view. Actor Peter Coyote stated: That Eye, the Sky was masterfully made into a really lovely film by the director, but the producer abandoned them during the final edit, which resulted in a studio hack taking it over, cutting 40 minutes out and making it completely impenetrable. They blamed the director. Cast Peter Coyote as Henry Warburton Jamie Croft as Morton 'Ort' Flack Lisa Harrow as Alice Flack Amanda Douge as Tegwyn Flack Mark Fairall as Sam Flack Alethea McGrath as Grammar Flack Paul Sonkkila as Mr Cherry Louise Siversen as Mrs Cherry Jim Daly as Lawrence Wingham Play The book was adapted by Richard Roxburgh and Justin Monjo into the play That Eye, The Sky (by Justin Monjo, Richard Roxburgh, and Tim Winton) produced by Burning House Theatre Company, at Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia (6 January – 6 February 1994) and Playhouse Theatre, Melbourne (13 – 15 October 1994). There was a later production at the New Theatre, 15 March to 16 April 2016. A review of the",
"title": "That Eye, the Sky"
},
{
"docid": "22349277",
"text": "Brighty of the Grand Canyon is a 1953 children's novel by Marguerite Henry and a 1966 film of the same name based on the novel. They present a fictionalized account of a real-life burro named \"Brighty\", who lived in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River from about 1892 to 1922.<ref>{{cite book|title=Brighty: Of the Grand Canyon|isbn=0689714858|last1=Henry|first1=Marguerite|year=1953|publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref> Book and film Henry penned her novel after she read an article about Brighty in Sunset Magazine''. It won the 1956 William Allen White Children's Book Award. Thomas McKee, the former manager of Wiley's Camp on the North Rim of the Canyon, read Henry's novel and wrote to express his interest in the book. McKee told Henry that his son, Bob, was Brighty's closest companion. He sent Henry a photograph of young Bob McKee sitting on Brighty's back. Bob became the composite character Homer Hobbs, played in the film by Dandy Curran. The other film characters include Old Timer, a prospector played by Dick Foran, and Uncle Jim Owen, a man of the Old West played by Joseph Cotten. Pat Conway appears as Jake Irons, who murders Old Timer for his copper ore. Uncle Jim then proceeds to help bring Irons to justice. Theodore Roosevelt was played by Karl Swenson. Parts of the film were shot at the Colorado River in Utah and the Grand Canyon in Arizona. Brighty's monument Brighty is honored with a bronze statue in the lobby of Grand Canyon Lodge, a National Historic Landmark, located near Arizona State Route 67 approximately 43 miles south of the junction with U.S. Route 89 alternate route. The sculpture is by artist Peter Jepsen. See also Platero References 1953 children's books 1953 American novels American children's novels Novels by Marguerite Henry Novels set in Arizona Children's novels about horses American novels adapted into films Films based on American novels 1967 films 1967 Western (genre) films Films set in Flagstaff, Arizona Fictional donkeys Films shot in Utah Films shot in Arizona Works about the Grand Canyon 1960s English-language films Children's books about horses Children's books about donkeys Children's books set in Arizona",
"title": "Brighty of the Grand Canyon"
},
{
"docid": "84104",
"text": "Becket or The Honour of God (), often shortened to Becket, is a 1959 stage play written in French by Jean Anouilh. It is a depiction of the conflict between Thomas Becket and King Henry II of England leading to Becket's assassination in 1170. It contains many historical inaccuracies, which the author acknowledged. Background Anouilh's interpretation of the historical story, though often ironic, is more straightforward than T. S. Eliot's 1935 play on the same subject, Murder in the Cathedral, which was intended primarily as a religious treatment. However, there are one or two similarities in the interpretation. In the introduction to the play, Anouilh explained that he based it on a chapter of an old book he had bought because its green binding looked good on his shelves. He and his wife read the 30 pages about Thomas Becket, and she urged him to write a play about Thomas. He did so, finishing the first part in only 15 days. It was not until he showed the finished play to a friend that he found out the old book he had based it on was historically incorrect in certain important aspects. Having built his play on Becket being Saxon (when he was actually a Norman whose family was from near Caen and was called Becquet, Bequet or Becket in Old Norman), Anouilh could not recast the play to accord with historical facts, so he decided to let it stand. Aspects of the content that can safely be considered true are the conflicts between England and France, church and state, and the outline biography of Becket. Synopsis The play is a re-enactment of the conflicts between King Henry II and Thomas Becket as the latter (Henry's best friend) ascends to power, becoming the king's enemy. Becket begins as a clever, but hedonistic, companion; as a result of being created Archbishop of Canterbury, he is transformed into an ascetic who does his best to preserve the rights of the church against the king's power. Ultimately, Becket is slaughtered by several of the king's nobles; and lastly we find the king thrust into penance for the episcopicide. Stage productions The play was first performed in the original French at the Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty in Paris on 8 October 1959 and in an English translation on Broadway in 1960. The original Parisian production was directed by Roland Piétri, and starred Bruno Cremer as Thomas Becket and Daniel Ivernel as King Henry II. Broadway The first Broadway production premiered on 5 October 1960 at the St. James Theatre. It was produced by David Merrick and directed by Peter Glenville, and starred Laurence Olivier as Thomas Becket and Anthony Quinn as King Henry II. The production was nominated for five Tony Awards and won four, including Best Play. The play later transferred to the Royale Theatre and then to the Hudson Theatre. It was wrongly believed that during the run Quinn and Olivier switched roles, with Quinn playing Becket to Olivier's King. In fact, Quinn",
"title": "Becket"
},
{
"docid": "47441818",
"text": "{{Infobox writer |name = Christine Chaundler |image = |caption = |pseudonym = Peter Martin |birth_name = Christine Chaundler |birth_date = |birth_place = Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, England |death_date = |death_place = Fittleworth, Sussex |occupation = Writer |language = English |nationality = |alma_mater = |period = 1912–1949 |genre = Children's literature |subject = |movement = |notableworks = {{plain list| Lancelot: The Adventures of King Arthur's Most Celebrated Knight The Right St. John's The Chivalrous Fifth Bunty of the Blackbirds The Madcap of the School\" }} |spouse = |partner = |children = |relatives = |awards = |signature = |website = }} Christine Chaundler (5 September 1887 – 15 December 1972) was a prolific English children's author, who also wrote stories for boys as Peter Martin. Some of her hundreds of short stories were broadcast by the BBC. Life Born in Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, the daughter of a solicitor, Henry Chaundler, and Constance Julia Chaundler (née Thompson), she was educated at Queen Anne's School, Caversham, until the age of sixteen, and then at St Winifred's School, Llanfairfechan. Apart from a brief period in the Land Army during the First World War, Chaundler worked in editorial jobs as she built her writing career. By 1920, her earnings had allowed her to build a house on the Sussex Downs, where she lived until her death in 1972. She never married. Career 1n 1910, Chaundler adapted Sleeping Beauty as a children's play that was performed at the Biggleswade Town Hall. In 1912, she received 10s 6d, her first earnings, for a prize poem published in Girls' Realm, Chaundler's first earnings as a writer came in 1912, when she won 10s 6d in a Prize Poem competition run by Girls' Realm. From then on she made a growing income from writing girls' and boys' stories and books. She was a sub-editor for Little Folks from 1914 to 1917, before serving briefly in the Land Army. After the war, she edited juvenile books for James Nisbet and Company until 1922. During the 1930s, she reviewed children's books for The Quiver. She continued to write and became a prolific author of children's novels, for boys under her pseudonym \"Peter Martin\" and for girls under her own name. A census of young girls conducted by the Western Mail in 1927 ranked Chaundler sixth among popular authors. Although she was bested by Dickens, Shakespeare, and Kipling, she was listed above Alcott and Stevenson. She wrote hundreds of short stories for magazines and children's annuals, some of which were broadcast over the BBC's Children's Hour.E.g. However, the market for these types of children's books had changed by the late 1940s and Chaundler turned to reviewing books, reading books for publishers, and marketing her short stories to the BBC. BibliographyLancelot: The Adventures of King Arthur's Most Celebrated Knight illustrated by Thomas Mackenzie and Eleanor Fortescue Brickdale (1995)Every Man's Book of Superstitions (1970)Everyman's Book of Ancient Customs (1968)A Year Book of Saints (1958)A Year Book of Legends (1954)Winkie Wee and the Silver Sixpences (1947)The Thirteenth Orphan (1947)The",
"title": "Christine Chaundler"
},
{
"docid": "29731255",
"text": "The Wars of the Roses was a 1963 theatrical adaptation of William Shakespeare's first historical tetralogy (1 Henry VI, 2 Henry VI, 3 Henry VI and Richard III), which deals with the conflict between the House of Lancaster and the House of York over the throne of England, a conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. The plays were adapted by John Barton, and directed by Barton and Peter Hall at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. The production starred David Warner as Henry VI, Peggy Ashcroft as Margaret of Anjou, Donald Sinden as the Duke of York, Paul Hardwick as the Duke of Gloucester, Janet Suzman as Joan la Pucelle, Brewster Mason as the Earl of Warwick, Roy Dotrice as Edward IV, Susan Engel as Queen Elizabeth and Ian Holm as Richard III. The plays were heavily politicised, with Barton and Hall allowing numerous contemporaneous events of the early 1960s to inform their adaptation. The production was a huge critical and commercial success, and is generally regarded as revitalizing the reputation of the Henry VI plays in the modern theatre. Many critics feel The Wars of the Roses set a standard for future productions of the tetralogy which has yet to be surpassed. In 1965, the BBC adapted the plays for television. The broadcast was so successful that they were shown again, in a differently edited form, in 1966. In 1970, BBC Books published the play scripts along with extensive behind-the-scenes information written by Barton and Hall, and other members of the Royal Shakespeare Company who worked on the production. Theatrical Rewriting The most significant initial alteration to the original text was to conflate the four plays into a trilogy. This was not unprecedented, as adaptations from the seventeenth century onwards had employed truncation when staging the sequence, especially the Henry VI trilogy. In 1681, John Crowne adapted 2 Henry VI and 3 Henry VI into a two-part play called Henry the Sixth, The First Part and The Misery of Civil War. Henry the Sixth comprised Acts 1–3 of 2 Henry VI, with material added by Crowne himself, focusing mainly on the death of Gloucester, whilst Misery adapted the last two acts of 2 Henry VI and a shortened version of 3 Henry VI. In 1699, Colley Cibber's The Tragical History of King Richard the Third used scenes from 3 Henry VI as a form of prologue to rest of the play, establishing a tradition still in use in filmic adaptations of Richard III (see, for example, James Keane and André Calmettes's 1912 version, Laurence Olivier's 1955 version or Richard Loncraine's 1995 version). In 1723, Theophilus Cibber's King Henry VI: A Tragedy used Act 5 of 2 Henry VI and Acts 1 and 2 of 3 Henry VI. In 1817, J.H. Merivale's Richard Duke of York; or the Contention of York and Lancaster used material from all three Henry VI plays, but removed everything not directly related to York. Robert Atkins adapted all three plays into a single piece for",
"title": "The Wars of the Roses (adaptation)"
},
{
"docid": "8516003",
"text": "Darling of the Day is a musical with a book by Nunnally Johnson, lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, and music by Jule Styne. It is based on Arnold Bennett's novel Buried Alive and his play The Great Adventure. Patricia Routledge won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance in the 1968 Broadway production. Synopsis In 1905 London, Priam Farll is an artist, brilliant, unconventional and shy, although he can be violently outspoken. He once offended Queen Victoria and was exiled to the South Pacific (shades of Gauguin), but Edward VII has succeeded to the throne, and Farll has been recalled to London to receive a knighthood. Appalled by \"society's\" expectations of its \"darling of the day\" (a common Victorian/Edwardian term meaning something like \"fashionable celebrity\") Farll seizes the chance to \"get out of the world alive\" when his faithful butler Henry Leek suddenly dies, and their identities are confused by an official. Instead of correcting the error, Farll quietly assumes the identity of the deceased, and Leek's corpse is officially buried in Westminster Abbey as the famous artist. He soon finds himself married to Alice Challice, a bright, well-to-do widow who had been corresponding with the real Henry Leek – and settles down to a happy \"upper working class\" existence. Farll continues to paint, and when his wife runs into financial difficulties he sells a few paintings. Complications naturally ensue, and his \"cover\" becomes increasingly flimsy. Just as it looks as if he will be compelled to resume his real identity, a piece of truly Gilbertian nonsense brings all to a satisfactory conclusion, and he is allowed to stay plain Henry Leek after all. Original cast and characters Song list Act I Mad For Art - Chorus He's A Genius - Oxford, Priam, Henry To Get Out Of This World Alive - Priam It's Enough To Make A Lady Fall In Love - Alice, Alf, Bert, Chorus A Gentleman's Gentleman - Company Double Soliloquy - Priam & Alice Let's See What Happens - Alice & Priam Panache - Oxford & Lady Vale I've Got A Rainbow Working For Me - Priam & Chorus Money, Money, Money - Alf, Bert, Sydney That Something Extra Special - Alice Act II What Makes a Marriage Merry - Company He's A Genius (Reprise) - Oxford & Chorus Not On Your Nellie - Chorus Sunset Tree - Priam & Alice Butler In The Abbey - Priam & Chorus Not On Your Nellie (Reprise) - Company An original cast recording was released by RCA Victor. Production history There had been discussions since 1964 to turn the novel Buried Alive into a musical. The book was first written by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall, with Peter Wood to direct and Geraldine Page to star, from lyrics by E.Y. Harburg and music by Jules Styne (who had suggested Harburg). However then S. N. Behrman wrote a new book, and Albert Marre was hired to direct. Fred Saidy also worked on the book Eventually",
"title": "Darling of the Day"
},
{
"docid": "25254582",
"text": "The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway is an account of the 1967–1968 season on and off-Broadway by American novelist and screenwriter William Goldman. It originally was published in 1969 and is considered one of the better books ever written on American theater. In The New York Times, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt called the book “Very nearly perfect...It is a loose-limbed, gossipy, insider, savvy, nuts-and-bolts report on the annual search for the winning numbers that is now big-time American commercial theatre.” Goldman reports in the book that he spent over 18 months of reporting on the book, seeing every show on Broadway, many of them more than once, as well as preview productions in the principal try-out towns like Boston, New Haven, and Washington, D.C. The book is presented roughly in chronological order throughout the season. It analyzes the Broadway audience and the economics of Broadway theatre at the time as well as the shows given during the season, and it profiles or interviews the significant theatrical personalities of the day. Plays The plays and musicals described include: A Day in the Death of Joe Egg by Peter Nichols starring Albert Finney and Zena Walker directed by Michael Blakemore A Minor Adjustment After the Rain by John Griffith Bowen Avanti! by Samuel Taylor Before You Go The Boys in the Band by Mart Crowley Brief Lives, starring Roy Dotrice By George starring Max Adrian about the letters of George Bernard Shaw Carry Me Back to Morningside Heights by Robert Alan Aurthur, directed by Sidney Poitier Daphne in Cottage D, starring Sandy Dennis and William Daniels Darling of the Day, starring Vincent Price Dr. Cook's Garden by Ira Levin, starring Burl Ives and Keir Dullea, originally directed by George C. Scott Eddie Fisher and Buddy Hackett at the Palace Everything in the Garden by Edward Albee George M! starring Joel Grey, directed by Joe Layton Golden Rainbow, starring Eydie Gormé and Steve Lawrence Hair Halfway Up the Tree by Peter Ustinov Happiness Is Just a Little Thing Called a Rolls Royce Henry, Sweet Henry by Bob Merrill and Nunnally Johnson with Don Ameche, directed by George Roy Hill Here's Where I Belong by Terrence McNally and others How Now, Dow Jones, directed by George Abbott, music by Elmer Bernstein How to Be a Jewish Mother I Never Sang for My Father by Robert Anderson with Lillian Gish I'm Solomon Johnny No-Trump by Mary Mercier Judy Garland \"At Home at the Palace\" with Judy Garland Keep It In the Family by Bill Naughton Leda Had a Little Swan with Michael J. Pollard Leonard Sillman's New Faces of 1968, produced by Leonard Sillman Loot by Joe Orton Mata Hari, directed by Vincente Minnelli, produced by David Merrick Mike Downstairs More Stately Mansions by Eugene O'Neill, starring Ingrid Bergman and Colleen Dewhurst, directed by Jose Quintero Plaza Suite by Neil Simon, starring George C. Scott and Maureen Stapleton, directed by Mike Nichols Portrait of a Queen Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard Soldiers by",
"title": "The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway"
},
{
"docid": "32593748",
"text": "Bill Russell (born 1949) is an American librettist and lyricist. Among his stage musicals are Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens and Side Show, which was nominated for the Tony Award as Best Musical. Career Russell's first musical to be produced is Fortune, which ran Off-Broadway at the Actors' Plahouse from April 27, 1980 to November 23, 1980. Ronald Melrose wrote the music, with Russell writing the book and lyrics. The musical director and arranger was Janet Hood; they have gone on to write several musicals together. The musical concerned four performers who were headed to be stars. According to The New York Times reviewer, John Corry, it \"marked the maturity of the gay musical\", and he commended the \"literate\" lyrics. Russell wrote the book and lyrics for the song cycle Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens, with music by Janet Hood, which originally ran Off-Off-Broadway in 1990 and in the West End in 1993. It played a benefit concert in 2001. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Pageant with Frank Kelly; the music is by Albert Evans, and conception by Robert Longbottom. The musical, which has an all-male cast that plays beauty queens premiered Off-Broadway at the Blue Angel in 1991, and subsequently ran Off-Broadway at New World Stages in 2013, as well as engagements in London (2000) and Australia. He wrote the concert adaptation of the musical Call Me Madam for the New York City Center Encores! staged concert series, which was presented in February 1995 and starred Tyne Daly. Russell write the book and lyrics for the musical Side Show (music by Henry Krieger), which ran on Broadway in 1997. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical Up in The Air, with music by Henry Krieger, conceived and directed by Amon Miyamoto. It premiered at the Kennedy Center in February 2008. The musical is suggested by a Japanese story, about Boonah, the tree-climbing frog. He wrote the lyrics and book with Jeffrey Hatcher for the musical Lucky Duck, with music by Henry Krieger. It premiered Off-Broadway at the New Victory Theater in March 2012. The musical starts where the fairy tale \"The Ugly Duckling\" ends, \"showing what happens once one becomes beautiful.\" It premiered at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California, in 2000, then called Everything's Ducky. He wrote the book and lyrics for the musical The Last Smoker in America, with music by Peter Melnick. The musical opened Off-Broadway in August 2012. Russell and Janet Hood have teamed again to write the musical Unexpected Joy, which received private readings in March 2012. The musical is the story of four women and was directed by Sheryl Kaller. Honors and awards Russell received a 1998 Tony nomination for Side Show for Best Book and shared a nomination with composer Henry Krieger for Best Score. The show was nominated as Best Musical. Everything's Ducky received the Will Glickman Award for Best New Play (in the San Francisco Bay Area) in 2001 and Garland Awards",
"title": "Bill Russell (lyricist)"
},
{
"docid": "10141286",
"text": "Hondo & Fabian is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Peter McCarty. It was released by Henry Holt & Co. in 2002 for ages 2-5. The book follows a day in the life of a dog, Hondo, and a cat, Fabian. Hondo goes on an adventure to the beach and Fabian stays at home with the baby. The story is told through minimal and simple present-tense text and complemented with warm and soft illustrations drawn in pencil and watercolor. Hondo & Fabian was very well received and was recognized with multiple awards including a Caldecott Honor. A sequel, Fabian Escapes, was released in 2007. Plot The characters included in this book are Hondo the dog, Fabian the cat, a little girl referred to as “the baby,” and Fred - Hondo’s friend who is also a dog. The book begins with Hondo and Fabian asleep at home, Fabian on the windowsill and Hondo on the floor. The pets are awakened and the reader is informed that Hondo will have an adventure and Fabian will stay home. Hondo heads to the beach in a 1940s-style car with his head out the window and his ears flapping in the wind. At the beach, he meets Fred and they run around in the sand and jump in the waves together. Meanwhile, Fabian is at home “playing” with the baby, depicted by an illustration of a small girl standing up and holding the cat. Fabian then escapes the grasp of the baby and moves to the bathroom to pull apart a roll of toilet paper. At the beach, Hondo gets hungry and wishes that he could take fish from a bucket that a fisherman has just caught. At home, Fabian is also hungry and wishes he could eat a turkey sandwich sitting on the counter. Hondo then returns from the beach in time for dinner and the two pets eat their food side by side. Fabian returns to the windowsill and Hondo returns to the floor where they fall asleep for the night. The book concludes with an illustration of the little girl in bed and text that reads “Good night, baby!”. Illustrations Hondo & Fabian is known for its unique illustrations drawn in pencil and watercolor. The illustrations show the world of Hondo and Fabian with soft and fuzzy edges, blending light and colors seamlessly and smoothly. Peter McCarty draws Hondo in shades of brown, cream, and white and Fabian in white with gray and dark gray stripes on the top of his back and head. The book consists of warm, sepia-toned pages, with each illustration having its own page with minimal text on the blank page next to it. Reception Hondo & Fabian received many positive reviews and won a Caldecott Honor, which is given to the runners-up for the Caldecott medal awarded by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). The book was one of three recipients of the Caldecott Honor in 2003. The book received positive reviews from",
"title": "Hondo & Fabian"
},
{
"docid": "21602990",
"text": "\"The Juice Is Loose\" is the ninth episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 15, 2009. In the episode, Peter cashes in an old raffle ticket from 1989 and wins a golf outing with O. J. Simpson. When he befriends Simpson and brings him home to meet the family, the residents of Quahog are not as welcoming of Peter's new friend and try to force him out of town. The episode was written by Andrew Goldberg and directed by Cyndi Tang. According to Nielsen ratings, the episode was viewed in 7.21 million homes in its original airing. The episode received mixed reviews, with most criticism being directed towards the episode's use of a three-minute-long live-action segment of Conway Twitty. Series regular Mike Henry provided the voice of O. J. Simpson, Cathy Cahlin Ryan guest-starred as Fred Goldman's wife in a cutaway, and Jeff Bergman guest-starred as a parody of Homer Simpson. Plot According to an opening title card, this is one of several recently discovered \"lost episodes\" found in the Griffin family basement; it takes place in March 2007, prior to O. J. Simpson's September 2007 arrest for armed robbery. Lois goes to her book club and asks Peter to babysit Stewie. Instead, he invites Cleveland, Quagmire, and Joe and they all play Truth or Dare, which results in a make out session between Cleveland and Joe. After a fiasco involving Stewie attempting to fix their satellite TV, and getting stuck on the roof, due to Peter's lack of supervision, Brian tries to tell Peter but he does not listen and instead reads a magazine featuring Nick Jonas. After Peter starts a pillow fight that turns violent, Lois comes in after Cleveland accidentally punches her in the nose, angry at Peter for not watching Stewie, who has gotten stuck on the roof. Peter attempts to fix the satellite himself, at which point he comes across a raffle ticket from 1989 that he had forgotten to cash in, winning him a chance to play golf with a celebrity of his choice. Ultimately, he chooses O. J. Simpson. Unaware at first of Simpson's accusation for the murders of his wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman, he grows fearful after Joe convinces him to walk around town with the song \"Dust in the Wind\" while thinking about the murders. Ultimately deciding to cash in the ticket, his friends suggest he spy on Simpson during the golf game and try to get him to confess to the murders. Hooking Peter to a wire, his cover is blown when the device shorts out. Simpson laments having lost a chance of escaping the accusation. Feeling guilty, Peter decides that Simpson is actually innocent, and decides to befriend him. Peter brings Simpson home with him to meet the family, who are initially less tolerant of Simpson than Peter (except Stewie). Brian tries to tell Peter that he",
"title": "The Juice Is Loose"
},
{
"docid": "2771206",
"text": "Peter Marshall (May 27, 1902 – January 26, 1949) was a Scottish-American preacher, pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C., and was appointed as Chaplain of the United States Senate. He is remembered popularly from the success of A Man Called Peter (1951), a biography written by his widow, Catherine Marshall, and the book's 1955 film adaptation, which was nominated for an Academy Award for its cinematography. Early life and education Born in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, Scotland, a poverty-stricken coal-mining community, where he was reared by his mother and stepfather. From 1916-1921 he studied electrical engineering at Coatbridge Technical School. He enrolled in evening classes to study for the ministry, while working in the mines by day, but his progress was slow. In 1927, a cousin offered to pay Peter's way to the U.S., where he could receive proper ministerial training. He graduated from Columbia Theological Seminary in 1931. Ministry He was called as the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, a small, rural church in Covington, Georgia. After a brief pastorate, Marshall accepted a call to Atlanta's Westminster Presbyterian Church in 1933. Marriage and family In Atlanta, Marshall met his future wife, Catherine Wood, then a student at Agnes Scott College. They married on November 4, 1936, and had one son, Peter John Marshall (January 21, 1940 – September 8, 2010), who followed his father into the Presbyterian clergy and ran a national ministry, Peter Marshall Ministries, from Orleans, Massachusetts. He wrote many books on the Christian faith in the United States. Later career In 1937, Marshall became pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C. In 1946 he was appointed as US Senate Chaplain, serving from January 4, 1947, until his sudden death of a heart attack just over two years later, at age 46. Marshall is buried at Fort Lincoln Cemetery (Section C, Lot 344, Site 1) in Brentwood, Maryland. Legacy Dr. Peter Marshall School (Anaheim, California). Catherine Marshall wrote a biography of her husband, A Man Called Peter (1951), which was a popular success. It was adapted as a a film of the same title, released in 1955, which was nominated for the Oscar for Best Cinematography. Directed by Henry Koster, it featured Richard Todd as Peter Marshall, and Jean Peters as Catherine Marshall. Todd studied tape recordings of several Marshall sermons from 1947 to 1948; some of these historic recordings were later released to the public by Caedmon Records. The biography was also adapted as a stage play by the same name, produced in 1955. Archival collections The Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, has an undated carbon copy transcript of Catherine Marshall’s biography, A Man Called Peter. The undated transcript includes penciled annotations. The Society also holds a collection of Marshall’s sermons from his years as a pastor at Westminster Presbyterian Church and New York Avenue Presbyterian Church. The McCain Library at Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia holds a large collection of papers donated by the",
"title": "Peter Marshall (Presbyterian minister)"
},
{
"docid": "10332190",
"text": "Cue for Treason (1940) is a children's historical novel written by Geoffrey Trease, and is his best-known work. The novel is set in Elizabethan England at the end of the 16th century. Two young runaways become boy actors, at first on the road and later in London, where they are befriended by William Shakespeare. They become aware of a plot against Queen Elizabeth's life and attempt to prevent it. Plot summary Peter Brownrigg, a 14-year-old boy who lives in Cumberland in the north of England, is involved in a night crime against the theft of his village's farmland by Sir Philip Morton. He leaves his village to escape prosecution for throwing a rock at Sir Philip Morton. He first goes to Penrith, but unexpectedly encounters Sir Philip at a performance of Richard III by a touring playing company. He hides from him in a prop coffin (supposed to contain the body of King Henry VI) which is later carried onto the company's cart. The players discover Peter hiding and the kindly Desmonds, who run the playing company, take him on as a boy actor. Another boy, Kit Kirkstone, also joins the company. Kit proves excellent at playing female roles while Peter acts as an understudy. After Peter's jealousy leads to a fight, he discovers Kit's secret. Kit is actually a girl in disguise, really called Katharine Russell, who is running away to avoid a forced marriage to Sir Philip, who is only interested in her inheritance. The company breaks up and the Desmonds promise to take Peter and Kit to a London theatre company. During their trip to London Mr. Desmond breaks his leg in a river accident and Kit almost reveals her true identity to a crowd of observers after swimming down the river to rescue Mr. Desmond, but Peter distracts everyone and saves her. Because of the results of Mr. Desmond's accident Peter and Kit carry on their journey alone. When they arrive in London they audition for Richard Burbage of the Lord Chamberlain's Men at The Theatre in Shoreditch, a neighborhood beyond the northern boundary of the City of London and outside of the jurisdiction of its civil authorities – and consequently an area notorious for licentious behaviour and gaming houses. After being initially turned away by Burbage, they are accepted as apprentices by the playwright William Shakespeare, who recognises Kit's acting ability and Peter's gift of mimicry. They perform in various plays and see Sir Philip in the audience during Romeo and Juliet. Peter's copy of Shakespeare's new play Henry V is stolen by the \"Yellow Gentleman\", and Kit and Peter worry that he plans to profit from the unpublished play. While stealing back the script, Peter overhears a discussion between the thief and another man, sounding very treasonous. He also notices an odd poem written on the script. They realise that some of the poem must be part of a code but have no idea how to decipher it. Peter and Kit take the poem",
"title": "Cue for Treason"
},
{
"docid": "73896470",
"text": "Mary Singleton Copley Pelham (c. 1710 – April 29, 1789) was an Irish-American colonial settler. Her son was the artist John Singleton Copley. She operated a tobacco retail and wholesale business and taught education, art, and manners classes. By 1751, she had been widowed twice. Her sons, John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham were accomplished artists. She was step-mother to her second husband, Peter Pelham's five children. Early life Mary Singleton was born c. 1710 and was the daughter of Jane (Bruffel) Singleton and John Singleton. She had two siblings and lived in Quinville Abbey in County Clare, Ireland. Her Singleton ancestors came to Ireland in 1661 from Lancashire, England. Marriages and children Mary Singleton married Richard Copley in Ireland in about 1735, according to family tradition. Richard's father was likely Charles Copley, who was a sheriff of Limerick, an alderman, and one of the landed gentry. Their son, John Singleton Copley, was born on July 3, 1738. Within a year of their marriage or about the time of John's birth, the family immigrated to Boston of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Richard established a tobacco shop on Long Wharf. Richard died before May 6, 1748, when an inventory was taken of his estate. Mary and Peter Pelham were married at the Trinity Church in Boston on May 22, 1748, becoming Mary Singleton Copley Pelham, also known as Mary Pelham. Peter Pelham was a schoolmaster and an artist. He painted portraits and was a mezzotint engraver. They had a son together, Henry, born February 14, 1749, in Boston. Peter brought a daughter and four sons from his previous wives into the marriage. John had access to Peter Pelham's collection of prints, books, engraving equipment, and painting supplies as he grew up. He was also an apprentice to his step-father. Peter died in December 1751. Henry studied art under his half-brother John, with whom he was close. Henry then worked in John's studio making portraits and, about 1772, began painting miniature portraits. Pelham supported and nurtured her son's interest in art and was the matriarch of \"one of America's earliest art families\". John wrote after her death that he benefited from her support. Richard Klayment said that he \"wrote glowingly of her kindness, vitality, and importance to his artistic development.\" By 1753, John created a \"unique mezzotint\" and paintings. He painted portraits of Boston society. John married Susanna Clark, and they started their family. He traveled to Europe and studied in Italy from 1774 to 1775. In 1775, Susanna left Boston at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. She took three of her children, Elizabeth, John, and Mary, with her to London. Mary Pelham took in her infant grandchild, who died on January 19, 1776, of consumption. The child was age one and a few days. Her son Henry, a loyalist, joined the Copleys in London, leaving Boston in August 1776. Because of his loyalty to the King, Henry's business dropped off, and he",
"title": "Mary Singleton Copley Pelham"
}
] | [
"Jacob Tremblay"
] |
train_5184 | who sings hit me with your rhythm stick | [
{
"docid": "12153992",
"text": "Straight from the Desk is a live album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads recorded on 23 December 1978 at the Ilford Odeon, Ilford, East London. There is little information available about the album, other than what can be heard on the record. During the performance of \"Billericay Dickie\" the audience break the venue's floor, presumably in excitement causing Dury to warn the audience to mind the hole as an introduction to \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" and mention it repeatedly later in the set. Dury forgets the words totally on \"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards\" forcing the Blockheads to carry on playing while he remembers them and gets back in time. Also featured at the concert was a 'Blockheads light' that was presumably a piece of on-stage equipment that falls over and fails to work at the same time Ian Dury breaks his microphone. This can be heard at the start of \"My Old Man\". Although the set features \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", lasting over 12 minutes, the song is played mostly as a long instrumental featuring band introductions and their respective solos with only the song's first verse and an end repetition of the title. \"Clevor Trever\" features a lengthy instrumental break, including a saxophone solo by Davey Payne and also an ad-lib name checking West Ham United F.C. and Gants Hill, Ilford, Romford, Barking and Dagenham, Dagenham is also name-checked in the performance \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\". These are all areas near the venue. The album was the first time a recording of \"I Made Mary Cry\" was released. A song written during Dury's time with Ian Dury & the Kilburns, the latter-day incarnation of his influential pub rock band Kilburn and the High Roads with Rod Melvin (who also co-wrote his first hit single \"What a Waste\") and a song that Ian Dury continued with the Blockheads as late as 1979. This version, like other live versions with the Blockheads, features a much happier ending than the studio version with the song's protagonist, a criminal, being released rather than dying on the floor of his cell. Also included is a version of Kilburn & The Highroads song \"Upminster Kid\", like \"You're More Than Fair\" Dury sings it in his own regional dialect rather than the accent used on the studio recordings. Track listing All tracks composed by Ian Dury and Chaz Jankel, except where indicated. \"Wake Up and Make Love With Me\" – 4:33 \"I'm Partial To Your Abracadabra\" – 3:00 \"Upminster Kid\" (Dury, Russell Hardy) – 4:08 \"Clevor Trever\" – 7:41 \"This Is What We Find\" (Dury, Mickey Gallagher) – 4:52 \"You're More Than Fair\" (Dury, Hardy) – 2:46 \"Blackmail Man\" (Dury, Steve Nugent) – 2:42 \"Billericay Dickie\" (Dury, Nugent) – 3:16 \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" – 4:55 \"There Ain't Half Been Some Clever Bastards\" (Dury, Hardy) – 3:48 \"Plaistow Patricia\" (Dury, Nugent) – 6:10 \"I Made Mary Cry\" (Dury, Rod Melvin) – 4:03 \"What",
"title": "Straight from the Desk"
},
{
"docid": "5558802",
"text": "\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" is a song by Ian Dury and the Blockheads, first released as a single on Stiff Records in the UK on 23 November 1978 and credited to \"Ian & the Blockheads\". Written by Dury and the Blockheads' multi-instrumentalist Chaz Jankel, it is the group's most successful single, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart in January 1979 as well as reaching the top three in Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, and it was also a top 20 hit in several European countries. \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" was named the 12th best single of 1978 by the writers of British music magazine NME, and best single of 1979 in the annual 'Pazz & Jop' poll organised by music critic Robert Christgau in The Village Voice. It was also named the 3rd best post-punk 7\" ever made by Fact magazine. By September 2017, it had sold over 1.29 million copies in the UK, making it the 114th biggest selling single of all time in the UK. Composition Co-writer Chaz Jankel has repeated a story both in Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll: The Life of Ian Dury and Ian Dury & The Blockheads: Song by Song that the song was written in Rolvenden, Kent during a jamming session between him and Dury. Jankel relates that the music was inspired by a funky piano part near the end of \"Wake Up and Make Love with Me\", the opening track on Dury's 1977 debut album New Boots and Panties!! Dury mentioned a number of origins for his lyrics, including claiming that he had written them up to three years earlier and it had just taken him all that time to realise their quality. Blockheads guitarist John Turnbull gives a different account, claiming the lyrics were written while on tour in America six months prior to the song's recording and that he was still adjusting in-studio. Whilst researching his book Ian Dury: The Definitive Biography, Will Birch discovered that Dury wrote the lyrics for \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" as early as 1976. Ian's typed manuscript, which differs only slightly from the later recorded version and with hand written notes about arrangement and instrumentation ('drums and fuzz bass doing Roy Buchanan volume trick' after first chorus, for example), was posted to a friend in September of that year. The 'lunatic' line reads 'one two three fourithmatic'. 'O'er the hills and far away' was originally 'down to Hammersmith Broadway'. The manuscript, complete with handwritten annotations, was reproduced in Hallo Sausages, the book of Dury's lyrics compiled by his daughter Jemima. According to Jemima it appeared that the origins of the song could be traced as far back as 1974. The song is noted for a complex 16-notes-to-the-bar bassline played by Norman Watt-Roy, and the saxophone solo in the instrumental break in which Davey Payne plays two saxophones. Recording The song was recorded in The Workhouse Studio on the Old Kent Road, London, the same place",
"title": "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick"
},
{
"docid": "8051991",
"text": "Do It Yourself is a 1979 album by Ian Dury & the Blockheads. It was the first album to be credited to Ian Dury & the Blockheads rather than Ian Dury alone, although Dury had used the full band name for the \"What a Waste\" 7\" single of 1978. The album was released in the wake of the chart-topping hit single \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", and reached number two in the charts, behind ABBA's Voulez-Vous. Do It Yourself sold around 200,000 copies, and was Dury's second Platinum album (after its predecessor New Boots and Panties!!). Background and recording Like New Boots and Panties!! before it, much of Do It Yourself was written at Dury's home, no longer a flat near the Oval cricket ground, but now a rented home in Rolvenden, Kent. Even though he declined point blank his management's attempts to get him to dust off and re-record old Kilburn & the High Roads songs like \"England's Glory\" Dury did resurrect one old song, \"Sink My Boats\", the very first song he and Chaz Jankel wrote together. In fact, a number of other songs pre-date the rehearsal and songwriting sessions for Do It Yourself; the instrumentals for \"Quiet\", \"This Is What We Find\" and \"Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy\" were all arranged by Blockheads members while they were still in their band Loving Awareness. The recording session at Dury's house that also produced \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" was used to demo some of the new songs. These demos, later released on Edsel Records' 2-CD re-issue of the album, were for \"This Is What We Find\", \"Inbetweenies\", \"Quiet\" and \"Uneasy Sunny Day Hotsy Totsy\", along with the first version of \"Duff 'Em Up and Do 'Em Over (Boogie Woogie)\", a song that would remain unreleased but would eventually become the song \"Oh Mr. Peanut\" on the next album, Laughter. Do It Yourself was recorded in the Workhouse Studios on the Old Kent Road, the same place where New Boots and Panties!! had been recorded two years earlier, under the production of Jankel and Latham, though Latham's credit was as 'recording engineer'. In keeping with Dury's policy of not including singles on albums, \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" was omitted, and no singles were released from the album either (his next British single would be \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\"). Most retrospective interviews with band and management bemoan this. and nearly all suggest the opening track \"Inbetweenies\" as the ideal choice of single; \"Inbetweenies\" was released in Europe, backed with \"Dance of the Screamers\". The lack of singles on the album did not greatly affect its chart performance. Packaging Do It Yourself was released on 18 May 1979 with an unusually large publicity drive; in addition to widespread print advertising in the music press, Stiff Records released the album with at least 34 known alternative sleeves, each one featuring a different Crown Wallpaper design. Each sleeve has the Crown catalogue number for the particular wallpaper",
"title": "Do It Yourself (Ian Dury & the Blockheads album)"
},
{
"docid": "3445921",
"text": "New Boots and Panties!! is the debut studio album by Ian Dury, released in the UK on Stiff Records on 30 September 1977. The record covers a diverse range of musical styles which reflect Dury's influences and background in pub rock, taking in funk, disco, British music hall and early rock and roll, courtesy of Dury's musical hero Gene Vincent. Consisting mostly of love songs and character stories based on the working-class people of the East End and Essex Estuary areas where he grew up, the songs are frequently ribald and profane, but also contain humour and affection for his characters. Widely considered to be the best album of Ian Dury's career, it is also his biggest selling, having been certified platinum status in the UK for 300,000 sales. Sales of the album during the first few months after its release were modest, and the album's only single, \"Sweet Gene Vincent\", failed to chart. Subsequently, three stand-alone singles, \"What a Waste\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" and \"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\", all reached the top ten of the UK Singles Chart, and their success kept the album in the spotlight and ensured consistent sales over the next two years. New Boots and Panties!! was among the UK's top 30 best selling albums of both 1978 and 1979, and eventually peaked at number five in the UK Albums Chart in February 1979, 17 months after its release, after \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\"'s chart-topping success. The album's title derives from Dury's habit of buying clothes second hand and refers to the only items of clothing he insisted on buying new. According to Ian Dury & the Blockheads: Song By Song, the name was chosen by Dury from a list of twenty potential titles drawn up by compere Kosmo Vinyl. New Boots and Panties!! has been reissued several times, including a three-disc edition for its 30th anniversary and a five-disc box set for its 40th anniversary. Background Much of the album was written by Dury, nearly a year before its release, at Oval Mansions (the top floor flat at 40, Oval Mansions, Kennington, London, which he shared with Denise Roudette, and which he nicknamed 'Catshit Mansions') and was the fruit of Dury's successful writing partnership with Chas Jankel. Some of the tracks that could be considered to be the most 'English' were co-written with American Steve Nugent. Dury and Jankel recorded demo tapes of many of the songs in April 1977, joined in the session by Nugent, at Alvic Studios, Wimbledon (run by two musicians, Al James and Vic Sweeney). Jankel played the bass, guitar and piano parts, while Dury sang and played drums. These recordings have since been included as part of Edsel's current re-issue of the album. The studio engineer at Alvic told Dury about a rhythm section who were acting as session musicians to earn extra money; bassist Norman Watt-Roy and drummer Hugh \"Charley\" Charles. As well as playing on New Boots and Panties!! the",
"title": "New Boots and Panties!!"
},
{
"docid": "1343254",
"text": "Charles Jeremy \"Chaz\" Jankel (born 16 April 1952) is an English musician and songwriter. In a music career spanning more than 40 years, he came to prominence in the late 1970s as the guitarist and keyboardist of the rock band Ian Dury and the Blockheads. With Dury, Jankel co-wrote some of the band's best-known songs including \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" and \"Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3\". In addition to his work with the Blockheads, Jankel has had a solo career which has resulted in nine studio albums. He has a long list of credits as both a performer and as songwriter. Early life Charles Jeremy Jankel was born on 16 April 1952 in Stanmore, Middlesex. Inspired by skiffle singer Lonnie Donegan, he started to learn how to play the Spanish guitar at age 7, and then went on to study the piano. He attended the boarding school Mill Hill School and became a fan of the American rock, funk and soul band Sly and the Family Stone during his time there. Jankel's fondness for this style was later responsible for much of the funk influence on the Blockheads' music and also influenced Jankel's solo career. As a student at the art college Saint Martin's School of Art he played with a folk rock band called Byzantium from 1972 to 1973. Career In 1973, Jankel contributed a track titled \"Let's Go\" to Long John Baldry's studio album Good to Be Alive. He then joined the folk rock band Jonathan Kelly's Outside and worked on their only studio album ...Waiting on You, released in early 1974. Jankel first started working with Ian Dury as part of the pub rock band Kilburn and the High Roads in the early part of the 1970s. He went on to work with Dury on albums such as 1977's New Boots and Panties!! and the Blockheads' albums including the 1979 release Do It Yourself before leaving the band. He wrote funk songs such as \"Hit Me with your Rhythm Stick\", and \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\". In 1981, Jankel joined Dury again, without the Blockheads, for his second solo studio album Lord Upminster, which spawned the US Top 40 dance hit \"Spasticus Autisticus\", which he co-wrote. After leaving the Blockheads, Jankel pursued a solo career and issued four studio albums for A&M, including his 1980 self-titled debut and 1981's Chasanova, which was also released under the title Questionnaire. This album featured major lyrical contributions from Ian Dury, and musical contributions from two of the Blockheads, bassist Norman Watt-Roy, and drummer Charlie Charles and also contained the US dance hit \"Glad to Know You\", which was one of the tracks with lyrics written by Dury, plus the MTV music video of its title track. In 1981, Quincy Jones had a UK chart hit with a cover version of Jankel's \"Ai No Corrida\", which reached No. 14 in April of that year. The song was also covered",
"title": "Chaz Jankel"
},
{
"docid": "2027052",
"text": "Samboy (Snackfood) is a brand of crinkled potato chips released in Australia. It is owned by Snack Brands Australia. The most popular flavours are Chicken, Original, Salt & Vinegar, Atomic Tomato and BBQ. History Samboy Chips were originally produced and distributed by Norm and Ed Meyer in the 1950s. In the 1960s Samboy chips were not crinkle cut and only came in barbecue flavour. In the 1980s, the \"Original\" (ready salted) flavour was called \"Samboy Gold\". The brand is best remembered by its 1980s advertising campaign that stated “Samboy: The flavour really hits you”. One ad featured a man on a bicycle delivering chips to various people. He would hit the front brake at the last moment, performing an 'endo' as he came to an abrupt stop. He'd then present the pink bag of \"Salt and Vinegar Samboy\" chips, before immediately cycling off hastily, pulling a 'mono' as he left. The confused customer would then be drenched in a huge amount of salt and vinegar falling from the sky. Subsequent deliveries would see recipients hit by falling giant chickens and flattened by a solid brick BBQ, representing the different flavours available. An advertising campaign during the 1990s included the slogan \"Hit me with a Samboy chip\", with the television commercial featuring a variety of Australian celebrities furthering the slogan to \"hit me slowly, hit me quick, hit me, hit me, hit me\", imitating the song Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick by Ian Dury & The Blockheads. In 2003-2004 Arnotts discontinued the 'Atomic Tomato' flavour. In late 2008 the brand was reintroduced after being acquired by Snack Brands Australia due to demand from groups on the social networking site Facebook. Original, BBQ, Chicken, Salt & Vinegar as well as Atomic Tomato were the flavours re-released. References External links Samboy Snack Brands Australia brands Australian brands Brand name potato chips and crisps",
"title": "Samboy"
},
{
"docid": "4277811",
"text": "The Concert for Kampuchea (subtitled \"Rock for Kampuchea\") is a musical film from the best of the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea. The film was directed by Keith McMillan and was 4 nights of concerts in Hammersmith Odeon to raise money for Cambodia. The event was organized by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim (who was then Secretary-General of the U.N.), and it involved well-established artists such as McCartney, The Who and Queen as well as younger punk and new wave acts like The Clash and The Pretenders. The film finishes with the presentation of Wings' Rockestra (more of 25 musicians playing together). Filmed in 1979, Concert for Kampuchea did not receive American theatrical distribution until it was picked up by Miramax in 1988. The concert was also recorded and released as a double LP, 8-track cartridge tape and cassette tape in 1979. It has yet to be released in digital format (CD). Track listing Opening commentary Performed by Queen: \"Now I'm Here\" \"'39\" Performed by Matumbi: \"Guide Us Jah (In Your Own Way)\" Performed by The Clash: \"Armagideon Time\" Performed by The Pretenders: \"The Wait\" Performed by Wings: \"Got To Get You Into My Life\" \"Getting Closer\" \"Every Night\" \"Arrow Through Me\" \"Coming Up\" Performed by The Specials: \"Monkey Man\" Performed by Elvis Costello & The Attractions: \"The Imposter\" Performed by Rockpile \"Crawling From The Wreckage\" \"Little Sister\" (with Robert Plant) Performed by Ian Dury & The Blockheads: \"Sweet Gene Vincent\" \"Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick\" Performed by The Who: \"Sister Disco\" \"Behind Blue Eyes\" \"See Me, Feel Me\" Performed by Billy Connolly: \"Introduction to the Rockestra\" Performed by Rockestra: \"Lucille\" \"Let It Be\" \"Rockestra Theme\" See also Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, the concerts and set lists. Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, the album and the EP about the concerts. References External links The Concert for Kampuchea at Allmovie. 1980 films The Clash Documentary films about rock music and musicians Albums recorded at the Hammersmith Apollo 1980s English-language films 1980s British films British musical documentary films",
"title": "Concert for Kampuchea"
},
{
"docid": "7739552",
"text": "Concerts for the People of Kampuchea was a series of concerts featuring Wings, Queen, The Clash, The Pretenders, The Who, Elvis Costello, and many more artists which took place at the Hammersmith Odeon in London during December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia. The event was organised by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim, and it involved artists such as McCartney and The Who as well as punk acts like The Clash and the Pretenders. The last of the concerts was the last concert of Wings. An album and EP were released in 1981, and the best of the concerts were released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea. Rockestra was a McCartney-led supergroup of at least 30 English rockers. The back cover of the LP states the Rockestra performers include: John Bonham, Billy Bremner, Gary Brooker, Howie Casey, Tony Dorsey, Dave Edmunds, Steve Holley, James Honeyman-Scott, Steve Howard, Kenney Jones, John Paul Jones, Laurence Juber, Denny Laine, Ronnie Lane, Linda McCartney, Paul McCartney, Robert Plant, Thadeus Richard, Bruce Thomas, Pete Townshend Concerts 26 December Queen 27 December Ian Dury and the Blockheads (with guest Mick Jones on \"Sweet Gene Vincent\") Matumbi The Clash 28 December The Pretenders The Specials The Who 29 December Elvis Costello & The Attractions Rockpile (with guest Robert Plant on \"Little Sister\") Wings Rockestra Selected set lists Queen Jailhouse Rock We Will Rock You (fast version) Let Me Entertain You Somebody to Love If You Can't Beat Them Mustapha Death on Two Legs Killer Queen I'm in Love with My Car Get Down, Make Love You're My Best Friend Save Me Now I'm Here Don't Stop Me Now Spread Your Wings Love of My Life '39 Keep Yourself Alive Drums solo Guitar solo with parts of Silent Night Brighton Rock reprise Crazy Little Thing Called Love Bohemian Rhapsody Tie Your Mother Down Sheer Heart Attack We Will Rock You We Are the Champions God Save the Queen (tape) Ian Dury & The Blockheads Clevor Trevor Inbetweenies Don't Ask Me Reasons To Be Cheerful Sink My Boats Waiting For Your Taxi This Is What We Find Mischief What A Waste Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick Sweet Gene Vincent The Clash Clash City Rockers Brand New Cadillac Safe European Home Jimmy Jazz Clampdown The Guns of Brixton Train in Vain Wrong ‘Em Boyo Koka Kola (White Man) In Hammersmith Palais Stay Free Bankrobber Janie Jones Complete Control Armagideon Time London Calling The Specials (Dawning Of a) New Era Do The Dog Monkey Man Concrete Jungle Too Hot Doesn't Make It Alright Too Much Too Young Guns Of Navarone Little Bitch A Message To You Rudy Nite Club Gangsters Longshot Kick The Bucket Skinhead Moonstomp Madness The Who Substitute I Can't Explain Baba O'Riley The Punk and the Godfather My Wife Sister Disco Behind Blue Eyes Music Must Change Drowned Who Are You 5.15 Pinball Wizard See Me Feel Me Long Live Rock My Generation I'm a Man Hoochie Coochie Man Sparks I Can See",
"title": "Concerts for the People of Kampuchea"
},
{
"docid": "4404061",
"text": "Laurie Latham (born 1955) is a British rock producer who worked with Glenn Tilbrook, Paul Young and others. He has produced albums by Ian Dury & the Blockheads, Echo & the Bunnymen, Squeeze, The Stranglers, The Christians and Slapp Happy. Career Latham worked as an engineer during the 1970s on albums by Monty Python and Manfred Mann's Earth Band. He was the producer and engineer for Ian Dury's New Boots and Panties!! and produced the singles \"What a Waste\" and \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", which went to number one in the UK in 1979. External links SJP Dodgy Music Production Laurie Latham page References 1955 births Living people British record producers",
"title": "Laurie Latham"
},
{
"docid": "43658119",
"text": "\"Bang Bang\" is a song performed by BA Robertson. Co-written by Robertson with Terry Britten and produced by Britten, it was released as the second single from his third album Initial Success in 1979. Lyrically, \"Bang Bang\" is a humorous commentary on the pitfalls of love. It uses the examples of famous couples such as Romeo and Juliet, Samson and Delilah, Horatio Nelson and Emma, Lady Hamilton and Mark Antony and Cleopatra. There is also a reference to John Fruin, who was head of WEA Records at the time. The song features the Glaswegian Robertson affecting an Estuary English accent. Many have considered this an impersonation of Ian Dury, whose \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" had topped the UK Singles Chart in January 1979. Robertson has also spoken of comparisons to Squeeze, whose 1979 hit single \"Cool for Cats\" features a lead vocal performance from cockney-accented Squeeze lyricist Chris Difford. Robertson says the vocal was in fact an impression of session bass player Herbie Flowers. \"Bang Bang\" was Robertson's second single with Asylum Records after the flop 'Goosebumps', and Robertson's future with the label would have been in doubt had it failed. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1979 songs 1979 singles BA Robertson songs Songs written by Terry Britten Songs written by BA Robertson Asylum Records singles",
"title": "Bang Bang (BA Robertson song)"
},
{
"docid": "42082373",
"text": "Architect is the fourth studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Wallis Bird. The album was released in Ireland on 11 April 2014 alongside Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The album was released in the United Kingdom on 14 April 2014. The first promotional single from the album is \"Hardly Hardly\", and those who pre-ordered the album on iTunes prior to its Irish release received \"I Can Be Your Man\" for free. Singles The first commercial single from the album is \"Hardly Hardly\", released across Europe on 28 March 2014 and on iTunes on 4 April 2014. The single received its first play on Irish radio on 11 February 2014. The single comes in two formats; an album version and a radio version. The Hardly Hardly EP was released on 4 April 2014 featuring remixes by Vinnie and Rebscher, LaRochelleBand and Sebastien Leger. Formats There were a number of versions of the album upon release. The original version of the album features 10 tracks. The box set version of the album features two CDs with a total of 20 tracks, along with stickers and playing cards and a third version was made available on iTunes featuring the two albums as one download. Track listing \"Hardly Hardly\" \"I Can Be Your Man\" \"Daze\" \"Holding a Light\" \"The Cards\" \"Girls\" \"Communion\" \"Gloria\" \"Hammering\" \"River of Paper\" Box set and download version disc 2 \"Little Plastic Castle\" (song by Ani DiFranco) \"Peaches\" (song by The Stranglers) \"Black and Gold\" (song by Sam Sparro) \"Becoming a Jackal\" (song by Villagers) \"Pearl's a Singer\" (song by Elkie Brooks) \"Jóga\" (song by Björk) \"Teardrop\" (song by Massive Attack) \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (song by Ian Dury) \"In My Life\" (song by The Beatles) \"Caledonia\" (song by Dolores Keane) Tour A European tour commenced on 25 April 2014 beginning in Dublin before moving onto other European cities such as Cork, Galway, Vienna, Berlin, London, Zurich, Milan and Haarlem. Charts References 2014 albums Wallis Bird albums",
"title": "Architect (album)"
},
{
"docid": "5022195",
"text": "Michael William Gallagher (born 29 October 1945) is an English Hammond organ player best known as a member of Ian Dury and the Blockheads and for his contributions to albums by the Clash. He has also written music for films such as Extremes (1971) and After Midnight (1990), and the Broadway play Serious Money (1987). Early band work Mick Gallagher started his musical career in Newcastle with The Unknowns in the early 1960s. He played with the Animals during 1965, replacing their founding member Alan Price. He moved on to form The Chosen Few, where he played alongside Alan Hull, who later formed Lindisfarne. Other associations include Skip Bifferty, Peter Frampton's Camel and Cochise. In 1977 Gallagher was playing in a band called Loving Awareness, including John Turnbull, Charley Charles and Norman Watt-Roy. Charles and Watt-Roy worked as session musicians with Ian Dury, and when the group went on tour, Gallagher and Turnbull were invited along. This band became the Blockheads. Ian Dury and the Blockheads Under the management of Andrew King and Peter Jenner, the original managers of Pink Floyd, Ian Dury and the Blockheads quickly gained a reputation as one of the top live acts of new wave music. The Blockheads' sound drew from its members' diverse musical influences, which included jazz, rock and roll, funk, reggae and Dury's love of music hall. Gallagher's Hammond sound was a major contribution to the band. The single \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\", released 26 August 1977, marked Blockheads' Stiff debut. Although it was banned by the BBC, it was named Single of the Week by NME on its release. The single issue was soon followed at the end of September by the album New Boots and Panties!!, which, although it did not include the single, achieved platinum status. In October 1977 Gallagher and the band started performing as Ian Dury & the Blockheads, when the band signed on for the Stiff \"Live Stiffs Tour\" alongside Elvis Costello & the Attractions, Nick Lowe, Wreckless Eric and Larry Wallis. The tour was a success, and Stiff launched a concerted Ian Dury marketing campaign, resulting in the Top Ten hit \"What a Waste\", and the hit single \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\", which reached No. 1 in the UK at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies. Again, \"Hit Me\" was not included on the original release of the subsequent album Do It Yourself. Both the single and its accompanying music video featured Davey Payne playing two saxophones simultaneously during his solo, in evident homage to jazz saxophonist Rahsaan Roland Kirk, whose \"trademark\" technique this was. With their hit singles, the band built up a dedicated following in the UK and other countries, and their next single \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\" made number three in the UK. The band's second album, Do It Yourself, was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based",
"title": "Mick Gallagher"
},
{
"docid": "3995596",
"text": "Concerts for the People of Kampuchea is a double album credited to Various Artists and released in March 1981. It contains live performances by Wings, the Who, Queen, Elvis Costello, Pretenders, the Clash, the Specials and other artists from the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, held at London's Hammersmith Odeon in December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia. The event was organised by Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim. History The album starts with four songs from the Who (culled from a 3-hour set list) and finishes with three songs from Wings and three from the all-star line-up called Rockestra. A selection of the best performances from the concerts was compiled and released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea. Rockestra was a Paul McCartney-led supergroup of at least thirty English rockers. The credited list appears at the bottom of the back cover of the LP. The name was first given to an assemblage of famous rock stars that were brought together by McCartney for the final Wings album, 1979's Back to the Egg. The supergroup – which consisted of Wings, John Paul Jones and John Bonham of Led Zeppelin, David Gilmour from Pink Floyd, Ronnie Lane of the Faces, Kenney Jones and Pete Townshend of the Who, and Hank Marvin of the Shadows – recorded two McCartney compositions, the instrumental \"Rockestra Theme\" and \"So Glad to See You Here\". Then, McCartney and Kurt Waldheim re-assembled Rockestra for a series of benefit concerts for the people of Cambodia (also known as Kampuchea), suffering from the reign of Pol Pot. This time, Rockestra consisted of, among others, Wings, John Paul Jones, Bonham, Robert Plant, Rockpile, James Honeyman-Scott and Townshend. Hank Marvin was not available and Gilmour for tax reasons had to decline, as he was with the rest of Pink Floyd in Los Angeles, California, where they were in the midst of rehearsing for an upcoming concert tour for the just released Pink Floyd album The Wall. Despite the all-star lineup and charting within the Top 40, it remains one of McCartney's few projects to never receive a remaster or a CD release. Album track listing \"Baba O'Riley\" (Pete Townshend) – 5:12 \"Sister Disco\" (Townshend) – 5:16 \"Behind Blue Eyes\" (Townshend) – 3:46 \"See Me, Feel Me\" (Townshend) – 5:49 Tracks 1–4 performed by the Who \"The Wait\" (Chrissie Hynde, Pete Farndon) – 3:28 \"Precious\" (Hynde) – 3:23 \"Tattooed Love Boys\" (Hynde) – 3:18 Tracks 5–7 performed by Pretenders \"The Imposter\" (Elvis Costello) – 2:10 Performed by Elvis Costello & the Attractions \"Crawling from the Wreckage\" (Graham Parker) – 3:02 Performed by Rockpile \"Little Sister\" (Doc Pomus, Mort Shuman) – 3:33 Performed by Rockpile with Robert Plant \"Now I'm Here\" (Brian May) – 6:49 Performed by Queen \"Armagideon Time\" (Bennett) – 4:15 Performed by the Clash \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (Ian Dury, Chaz Jankel) – 4:30 Performed by Ian Dury & the Blockheads \"Monkey Man\" (Toots Hibbert) – 2:26 Performed by the Specials \"Got to Get",
"title": "Concerts for the People of Kampuchea (album)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "26670527",
"text": "Why Can't We Live Together is the debut album by Timmy Thomas released in 1972. It was historically the first record to fully replace drummers with a drum machine. The album reached number ten in 1973 on the US R&B albums chart on the strength of the million-seller single, \"Why Can't We Live Together\". Background \"Why Can't We Live Together\" and \"Funky Me\" were recorded Miami in August 1972, with the rest of the album recorded in November. Using the Glades Records studio, Thomas is the sole performer on the recordings; on the title track for instance, which took fifteen minutes to record, he played the organ parts with one hand and percussion on the organ with the other (using pre-programmed rhythms), using his feet to play bass on the organ pedals. Composition Why Can't We Live Together is a sparse album of \"soulful minimalism\". The rhythm is dominant throughout the record. The album features topical themes, similar to its single. Although Thomas wrote most of the album, it also features two cover versions. Regarding his version of \"The Coldest Days of My Life\" by the Chi-Lites, Thomas said the original track gave him \"a deep feeling of having experienced what they were singing about — the cold, cold feeling of being alone simply got through to me and I wanted to sing that song so badly.\" His decision to record \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\" was for similar reasons, though he said \"I experienced the feeling when it was included in the movie, Play Misty For Me.\" The title track and \"Rainbow Power\" both discuss what Thomas described as race relations \"getting out of hand,\" wishing to come up with songs \"which would make people think again.\" Release and promotion In an interview with the NME in March 1973, Thomas mentioned that \"Rain Power\" would \"probably\" be the second single. Critical reception In a contemporary review of Why Can't We Live Together, a writer for the Acton Gazette described Thomas as \"the new soul super-star\" and hailed the \"unforgettable\", hypnotic hit single, but felt that the album becomes monotonous and samey due to Thomas' \"obsessive use of his magic organ, with its built-in rhythm section,\" feeling it exposed the musician's \"limited talents.\" They nonetheless wrote that \"if the idea of hearing a string of different versions of 'Why Can't We Live Together' appeals to you, then you'll probably love it.\" Keith Hunt of the Thanet Times agreed that the \"metronome-like backing, taping away track after track, gets monotonous,\" finding the organ playing to resemble \"the sound you would expect to hear at a holiday camp.\" However, praise was given to Thomas' talents and the album's \"flashes of brilliance.\" Russell Gersten of Rolling Stone was more harsh, describing the album as \"a piece of junk\" and commenting: \"Thirty minutes of listening to a hack organist and a metronome playing basically the same song in eight variations is one of the most abrasive experiences I've undergone in months.\"",
"title": "Why Can't We Live Together (album)"
},
{
"docid": "6252587",
"text": "Silver Throat: Bill Cosby Sings (1967) is the sixth album by Bill Cosby. Background This was Cosby's first album that was recorded in the studio, as well as his first album that showcased his singing, backed by the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band. Although marketed as a musical comedy album, it consisted mostly of straightforward rhythm and blues performances, including several Jimmy Reed songs, a cover version of Ray Charles' \"I Got a Woman\" with slightly comedic lyrics, \"Mojo Workout\", which was a sequel to the Muddy Waters classic \"I Got My Mojo Workin'\", and \"Little Ole Man\" which combined a comedic monologue with Stevie Wonder's \"Uptight (Everything's Alright)\". (Note that \"Uptight\" co-author Henry Cosby is no relation to Bill Cosby.) Also included is an original song credited to Bill Cosby, \"Don'cha Know\". \"Little Ole Man\" became a major hit upon release as a single, reaching #4 on the U.S. Hot 100 chart. Track listing Side one \"Bright Lights, Big City\" (Reed) – 2:41 \"Big Boss Man\" (Dixon, Smith) – 2:45 \"Hush Hush\" (Reed) – 1:54 \"Baby, What You Want Me to Do\" (Reed) – 2:43 \"Tell Me You Love Me\" (Reed, Smith) – 3:07 \"Aw Shucks, Hush Your Mouth\" (Reed) – 1:36 Side two \"Little Ole Man (Uptight, Everything's Alright)\" (Henry Cosby, Sylvia Moy, Wonder) – 4:10 \"Mojo Workout\" (Bright) – 2:53 \"I Got a Woman\" (Charles) – 3:22 \"Don'cha Know\" (Bill Cosby) – 2:45 \"Place in the Sun\" (Miller, Wells) – 2:35 References 1967 albums Bill Cosby albums Warner Records albums",
"title": "Silver Throat: Bill Cosby Sings"
},
{
"docid": "9529366",
"text": "\"Down with the Clique\" is a song recorded by American singer Aaliyah for her debut studio album Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (1994). It was written and produced by R. Kelly. The song was released as the fourth single from Age Ain't Nothing but a Number exclusively in the United Kingdom on May 1, 1995, by Blackground Records and Jive Records. \"Down with the Clique\" was met with mixed reviews from music critics, who praised Aaliyah's vocal delivery on the song but dismissed its lyrical content. A moderate commercial success, the song peaked at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Aaliyah's fourth consecutive top-40 single in the United Kingdom. Recording and production While recording \"Down with the Clique\", Aaliyah developed an interest in producing, and she watched and helped R. Kelly develop the song. She said: \"When we were recording 'Down With the Clique', I watched how Robert [Kelly] laid the drums and everything. He taught me to play the piano a bit, and I'm also trying to learn the mixing board, though it looks complicated. The studio is my first love.\" Music and lyrics \"Down with the Clique\" is a hip hop song in which Aaliyah displays a \"silky cooing\" with her vocals. In his biography Aaliyah (2021) author Tim Footman said the song was \"macho hip-hop posturing over a cheesy, pseudo–Caribbean rhythm track\". In February 1995, British producers Mafia & Fluxy produced a reggae remix of the song. Lyrically, the song sees her committing to a \"junior-gangsta persona\" with lines such as \"Well now I guess it's time for me to wreck shop\". Footman analyzed the lyrics explaining that, \"Kelly's egomania really goes to town here, as Aaliyah entreats, 'all the dolls in the house' to recognize how cool her mentor/songwriter/producer truly is\". YardBarker said the lyrics were about \"finding out which friends are true blue\", and that Aaliyah was \"adamant about finding out who's really down to support her\". Critical reception Kenneth Partridge from Billboard gave \"Down with the Clique\" a mixed review, saying Aaliyah sounded unnatural singing lines such as \"I guess it's time for me to wreck shop\" and that the song was too much like an R. Kelly song, but described Aaliyah's performance as \"adorable\". James Masterton wrote in his weekly UK chart commentary,\"Why do Americans pronounce it to rhyme with 'stick'? Its 'cleek' as everyone here knows it which perhaps unfairly makes for rather grating listening as Aaliyah croons her way through her fourth UK hit.\" Bianca Gracie from Fuse felt that Aaliyah was embodying an \"effortless swagger that guys twice her age could only dream of having\", also praising Aaliyah's \"mellow\" and \"deep\" vocal performance. Nakita Rathod from HotNewHipHop mentioned that despite the controversy surrounding Aaliyah's debut album, she was still able to be a young, free teenager with songs like \"Down with the Clique\". MTV.com felt that \"Down With The Clique\" was one of the album's highlights, along with \"At Your Best (You Are Love),\" \"Young Nation,\" and",
"title": "Down with the Clique"
},
{
"docid": "1595043",
"text": "Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band is an American soul and funk band. Formed in the early 1960s, they had the most visibility from 1967 to 1973 when the band had 9 singles reach Billboard's pop and/or rhythm and blues charts, such as \"Do Your Thing\", \"Till You Get Enough\", and \"Love Land\". They are best known for their biggest hit on Warner Bros. Records, 1970's \"Express Yourself\", a song that has been sampled by rap group N.W.A and others. History Charles Wright and the Wright Sounds Charles Wright was born on April 6, 1940, in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He moved to Los Angeles in the early 1950s, playing guitar and singing in several doo-wop groups including the Turks, the Twilighters, the Shields and the Gallahads. He also briefly worked in A&R for Del-Fi Records and was responsible for the 1961 hit record \"Those Oldies but Goodies (Remind Me of You)\" by Little Caesar & the Romans. In 1962, he formed his own band Charles Wright & the Wright Sounds, which included future Watts Band member John Raynford, along with Daryl Dragon, later known as the \"Captain\" of Captain & Tennille. Over the course of the next six years, Wright added more musicians to his group and these were the players who would eventually become known as the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, at least by 1968. Several of those members, including drummer James Gadson, bassist Melvin Dunlap, trombonist/arranger Ray Jackson, and both guitarists Al McKay and Benorce Blackmon, played on several Dyke and the Blazers charting singles, including \"We Got More Soul\" (1969) and \"Let a Woman Be a Woman, Let a Man Be a Man\" (1969). The Wright Sounds played in several venues across Los Angeles, but their best known stint was three years (ending in 1968) at Hollywood's Haunted House nightclub. Originally located at Hollywood and Vine, the Haunted House was a popular club in the 1960s and appears in several popular culture artifacts, most notably the 1969 go-go dancing B-movie, Girl in Gold Boots. First Watts 103rd Band The name, Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band was originally coined by Los Angeles record producer, and Keymen Records owner, Fred Smith in 1967. However, between 1967 and 1968, the Watts 103rd name applied to three, arguably four different personnel configurations, before settling into the final band, who played on every Watts 103rd album from 1968 onwards. Smith produced a theme song for KGFJ radio personality, DJ Magnificent Montague. The song became so popular that Smith released it as a single in 1967 and created the name, Watts 103rd St. Rhythm Band for the studio group who had recorded it. Purportedly, the players on the single included Wright, James Carmichael, Leon Haywood, and Bobby Womack. There is some confusion because, after \"Spreadin' Honey\" became a success, Montague re-released the single on the MoSoul label (a Keyman subsidiary), and credited to a different group altogether, the Soul Runners. It has been long assumed that the Soul Runners were",
"title": "Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band"
},
{
"docid": "6874593",
"text": "\"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\" is a song performed by Irish singer-songwriter Sinéad O'Connor. The song was released in April 1988 by Chrysalis as the fourth single from her debut album, The Lion and the Cobra (1987) and was later remixed to include rapper MC Lyte. O'Connor co-wrote it with Mike Clowes, John Reynolds, Rob Dean and Spike Holifield. And she also co-produced it with Kevin Mooney. Remix In 1988, O'Connor released two remixed versions of \"I Want Your (Hands On Me)\" featuring rapper MC Lyte, \"a grittier 'Street' mix and a 'Dance' mix both mixed by Audio Two\". Curious why O'Connor had requested she be featured on the song, MC Lyte asked, “Why do you want me?” MC Lyte indicated O'Connor was intrigued by one of MC Lyte's lyrics (\"Shut the fuck up\"), especially that a \"young person [was] using this language to get her point across and she wanted [MC Lyte] to say the words exactly like that on the remix.\" Okayplayer noted, \"At face value, MC Lyte and Sinéad O’Connor are a pretty unorthodox pairing, though really they were kindred spirits. [...] Individually, their music is diametrically opposed in sound. [...] However, when the two joined forces [...], it was like night and day met in an eclipse. A moment that changed the course for women in hip-hop simply by giving them another avenue to explore.\" Critical reception Upon the release, Ben Thompson from NME wrote, \"'Rocking It Live Non-stop', or something like that, it's Sinead O'Connor and MC Lyte. The thinking woman's Kate Bush is in danger of becoming the thinking man's Kate Bush if she doesn't watch it. The follow-up to the devilishly catchy 'Mandinka' is a strange throbbing sort of a song which dares to rhyme 'Please Me' with 'Tease Me'. You gave a little wink I guess you knew, apparently. This one will take a bit of getting used to.\" In 2021, Pitchfork said \"I Want Your (Hands On Me)\" is O'Connor's \"rare song that feels modeled after hits of the era, an early attempt at blending her blunt-force, hip-hop influence with gentler melodic gifts.\" Following O'Connor's death in July 2023, multiple news sources recognized \"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\" among other songs in her repertoire. The Guardian, Los Angeles Times, Spin, and Billboard included it on their lists of O'Connor's best songs. The Guardian'''s Annie Zaleski said the song \"was revolutionary in its own way. Musically, it was a sensual funk seduction with a liquid bass groove and percolating hip-hop beats; the aural equivalent of O’Connor’s forthright lyrics, which are frank on sexual desire, and her unapologetic come-hither vocals.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine, writing for Los Angeles Times, wrote, \"O’Connor’s music burns so brightly in its intensity that the playfulness of 'I Want Your (Hands on Me)' remains startling. Setting the song to a bright, bustling drum loop, O’Connor sings over a hip-hop beat, her longing serving as a tantalizing contrast to the colorful rhythms.\" They continued, noting, \"O’Connor never attempted",
"title": "I Want Your (Hands on Me)"
},
{
"docid": "2068482",
"text": "James Nelson (April 7, 1919 – July 29, 2007), known as Jimmy \"T99\" Nelson, was an American jump blues and rhythm and blues shouter and songwriter. With a recording career that spanned over 50 years, Jimmy \"T99\" Nelson became a distinguished elder statesman of American music. His best known recordings are \"T-99 Blues\" and \"Meet Me With Your Black Dress On\". Nelson notably worked with Duke Robillard and Otis Grand. Career Nelson got his start singing in church. In 1941, he saw a performance by Big Joe Turner while he was visiting Oakland, California, and realized he wanted to sing the blues. Turner taught Nelson about singing, performance and the music business. Nelson, in turn, absorbed the shouting style of his mentor. From 1951 through 1961, Jimmy Nelson and the Peter Rabbit Trio released eight singles with the Bihari Brothers' Modern/RPM label. The biggest of these was \"T-99 Blues\" (which referred to the old Texas Highway #99), which debuted in June 1951. It stayed on the US Billboard R&B chart for twenty-one weeks and reached number 1. In 1952, Nelson had another RPM hit with \"Meet Me With Your Black Dress On\". Nelson began touring, performing with bands led by Joe Liggins and Roy Milton, and playing venues including the Apollo and Howard theaters. He cut singles for a number of labels including Kent, Music City, Paradise and All Boy, and Chess (including for them the 1955 \"Free and Easy Mind\"). From 1955 to 1975, Nelson took a job working construction, though he continued to write songs and sit in with bands. In the 1980s, Nelson came to the wider attention of blues fans when Ace issued ten of his sides on an album. Sweet Sugar Daddy a compilation album from the Japanese P-Vine Records, which mainly consisted of unreleased studio recordings from the 1960s and 1970s, was also released in 1988. Nelson resumed touring and in 1999, released a comeback album Rockin' and Shoutin' the Blues from the Bullseye Blues & Jazz label. This album was nominated in two categories of the W.C. Handy Awards the following year. Two more newly recorded albums followed on his own Nettie Marie label prior to his death, both featuring an all-star back-up band including Duke Robillard. In 2004, Ace released Cry Hard Luck, featuring re-issues of Nelson's Kent and RPM recordings from 1951-1961. Personal life In 1955, Nelson married Nettie (who has since died) and adopted Houston, Texas as his hometown. Nelson died of cancer at a nursing home in Houston on July 29, 2007. Discography Singles 1951: \"T-99 Blues\" (with the Peter Rabbit Trio) 1952: \"Meet Me With Your Black Dress On\" (RPM Records) 1963: \"Tell Me Who\" (Paradise 1002, Chess 1877) Albums 1987: Watch That Action (Ace, CHD228) 1999: Rockin' and Shoutin' the Blues (Bullseye Blues & Jazz, 793985) (feat. Doug James, Rich Lataille and Clarence Hollimon) 2002: Take Your Pick (Nettie Marie) 2005: The Legend (Nettie Marie) Compilation albums 1981: Jimmy \"Mr. T99\" Nelson (Ace) 1988: Sweet Sugar Daddy",
"title": "Jimmy Nelson (singer)"
},
{
"docid": "31868356",
"text": "\"Listen to Me\" is a 1968 single by the Hollies, written by Tony Hazzard. It was the last Hollies single of Graham Nash's original tenure in the group. The song reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1968 and received praise from critics. Background and recording \"Listen to Me\" has been characterised as gentler than previous Hollies releases, with the Evening Standard describing the song as \"a change of style a la Rubber Soul Beatles.\" Tony Hazzard wrote the song after conceiving the lyric \"your ears are deaf, your mouth is dumb, your eyes are blind\". The songwriter was present at its recording session at EMI Studios; there, he pitched a further composition to the Hollies which Graham Nash liked, but the rest of the band chose not to record after Nash's departure. Consequently, \"Listen to Me\" was Hazzard's only composition to be recorded by the Hollies. The recording session for \"Listen to Me\" was Nash's last with the Hollies until he rejoined the band in 1982, with Nash later commenting \"in my head, I had already left the Hollies\". The band promoted the single with an appearance on the 26 September edition of Top of the Pops. According to drummer Bobby Elliott, they were invited to appear on the programme again as the song climbed up the chart but had to decline as Nash was in the USA and could not return in time. Tony Hazzard recorded a studio version of the song for his 1969 album Tony Hazzard Sings Tony Hazzard. Hazzard's 2022 album Demonstration features a remixed version of his original demo of the song with a newly recorded guitar part by the Hollies' Tony Hicks. Reception \"Listen to Me\" received a warm critical reception. John Wells of NME considered the song \"a much more mature and sophisticated sound\" for the band, adding \"this won't please their \"Midas\" fans as out goes that mind-shattering sound to be replaced by a gentle, more melodic treatment.\" Penny Valentine of Disc and Music Echo praised the Hollies' \"instant commerciality\", deeming the song \"very competent, very good and a very big hit\", while Peter Jones of Record Mirror described it as \"fast-tempoed and unusually phrased and clearly a tremendous hit.\" Chris Welch of Melody Maker considered \"Listen to Me\" an example of \"mysterious currents of influence [coursing] their way through the group scene\" that shares \"similar sounds and rhythms\" to \"The Weight\", then recently-released as a single by both the Band and Spooky Tooth, and \"Sour Milk Sea\", a contemporaneous single recorded by Jackie Lomax. He summarised the sound as \"the sort of nostalgic rock affecting many old-established groups... ...a heavy beat tinged with melancholy, which will appeal greatly to melancholy rockers around the 26 age group.\" Billboard described the single as a \"strong outing\" and an \"infectious rhythm entry.\" Charts References 1968 songs The Hollies songs Parlophone singles Songs written by Tony Hazzard",
"title": "Listen to Me (Hollies song)"
},
{
"docid": "11992464",
"text": "\"The Best Thing for You (Would Be Me)\" is a popular song written by Irving Berlin and published in 1950. It was featured in the 1950 Broadway musical play, Call Me Madam, in which it was introduced by Ethel Merman in a scene with Paul Lukas. The 1953 film version also featured the song when it was sung by Ethel Merman and George Sanders. Recorded versions Bing Crosby - recorded September 21, 1950 and included in the album Bing Crosby Sings the Song Hits from... (1951) Perry Como - a single release (1950) Doris Day - a single release (1950) Margaret Whiting - a single release for Capitol Records (1950) Alberto Semprini, on piano with rhythm accompaniment, recorded it in London on January 25, 1952, as the second song of the medley \"Part 2. Hit Medley of Foxtrots from 'Call Me Madam'\" along with \"You're Just in Love\" and \"It's a Lovely Day Today\". The medley was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10231. Barbara Lea - A Woman In Love (1955) June Christy - included in her album Fair and Warmer! (1957). Eddie Fisher - included in his album As Long As There's Music (1958). Nat King Cole - Tell Me All About Yourself (1958) Art Farmer - Art (1960) Bud Powell - Bouncing with Bud (1962),The Complete Bud Powell on Verve (1994) Della Reese - Della Reese at Basin Street East (1964) Chet Baker -The Best Thing For You (1977), though not released until 1989. Rosemary Clooney - included in her album Rosemary Clooney Sings the Music of Irving Berlin (1984). Gary Thomas - Till We Have Faces, JMT (1992) Moe Koffman - Devil's Brew (1996) Stan Getz - The Complete Roost Recordings (1997) Bill Charlap - All Through the Night (1998) Diana Krall - When I Look in Your Eyes (1999) References Songs written by Irving Berlin Songs from musicals 1950 songs",
"title": "The Best Thing for You (Would Be Me)"
},
{
"docid": "5630923",
"text": "Lenny Zakatek (born Lenny du Platel, 29 July 1947) is a British singer and musician. Born in Karachi just prior to it becoming a part of Pakistan, he has lived in London since the age of thirteen. Zakatek is best known for his work with the British bands Gonzalez and The Alan Parsons Project. Early years In 1964, Zakatek formed a rock band called The Trailblazers, as lead singer and rhythm guitarist. On their first tour of US military bases in Europe, they became familiar with the Motown sound. The Trailblazers returned to the UK with a new soul influence and were renamed Funky Fever. They toured the UK and Europe for several years and also played nightclubs in London, including Gulliver's, Whisky a Go Go, The Marquee, Ronnie Scott's, The Scotch of St. James and The Revolution. Funky Fever also backed Inez and Charlie Foxx and The Drifters on their European tours. Lynsey de Paul and Dudley Moore took an interest in Zakatek's voice, look and stage presence in the early 1970s. De Paul got him signed to Bell Records, dubbed him \"Zakatek\" and wrote two singles \"I Gotcha Now\" backed with \"So Good To You\" (later recorded by de Paul as the B-side on her hit single \"Won't Somebody Dance With Me\") and singles \"Get Your Gun\" backed with \"Gotta Runaway\". A German version of \"Get Your Gun\" entitled \"Roter Mann\", with German lyrics by Gunther Gabriel, was recorded by Zakatek and released in 1974 and appeared on a compilation CD released in 2000 De Paul introduced him to the UK through an article in the Daily Mirror entitled \"Sugar Girl's Heap Big Find\". The musicians who were featured on Zakatek's solo work were already known as some of the members of 10cc. Success Between 1974 and 1981, Zakatek was the lead singer with Gonzalez. They recorded successful albums, including Our Only Weapon Is Our Music, and Shipwrecked. The worldwide disco hit, \"Haven't Stopped Dancing Yet\" came from this collaboration. In 1977, Zakatek became a studio vocalist for The Alan Parsons Project, singing on their albums over a ten-year period. He was featured on twelve songs from eight Alan Parsons Project albums, including the hits \"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You\", \"Games People Play\", \"You Don't Believe,\" and \"Damned If I Do\". The allaboutjazz.com reviewer Todd S. Jenkins wrote that: \"Lenny Zakatek's singing on [\"I Wouldn't Want To Be Like You\" and \"Games People Play\"] is prototypical of soulful prog-rock ... detached from the electronic melange.\" Solo work 1979 saw the release of Zakatek's first solo album Lenny Zakatek, which was produced by Alan Parsons for A&M Records. Single releases included \"Brandy\", \"Say I Love You\" and \"Where Is The Love\". In 1986, Zakatek formed a band called The Immortals, with John Deacon on bass guitar, and Robert Ahwai on lead guitar. Their single \"No Turning Back\" was included on the soundtrack to the film Biggles. In 1986, he guested on the track \"Angel\", written by Bob",
"title": "Lenny Zakatek"
},
{
"docid": "11450144",
"text": "\"Who Do You Love?\" is a song written by American rock and roll pioneer Bo Diddley. Recorded in 1956, it is one of his most popular and enduring works. The song represents one of Bo Diddley's strongest lyrical efforts and uses a combination of hoodoo-type imagery and boasting. It is an upbeat rocker, but the original did not use the signature Bo Diddley beat rhythm. \"Who Do You Love?\" was part of Bo Diddley's repertoire throughout his career, but none of his various recordings reached the record charts. The song has been interpreted and recorded by numerous musicians in different styles, often adding a Bo Diddley beat. Popular renditions include those by Ronnie Hawkins and George Thorogood, with charting singles by the Woolies, Tom Rush, Quicksilver Messenger Service, and Juicy Lucy. Guitarists' contributions to the various renditions of the song have been noted by music critics and writers. Beginning with blues guitarist Jody Williams' prominent fills and solo on Bo Diddley's original recording, the guitar work by Robbie Robertson (Hawkins), John Cipollina (Quicksilver), Glenn Ross Campbell (Juicy Lucy), and Thorogood on later adaptations has been also acknowledged. Background and lyrics Bo Diddley wrote \"Who Do You Love\" in 1956. The idea came to him in Kansas City where he heard a group of children trying to out-brag one another using a particular rhythm. \"It was like an African chant, and I wanted words that would suit it\", Bo Diddley recalled. Inspired by Muddy Waters' 1954 hit \"I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man\", he wanted to outdo songwriter Willie Dixon's lyrical swagger: He also sings about a skull, a tombstone, a graveyard, and a scream in the night to convey a sense of foreboding. The use of the homonym \"who do\" is an allusion to \"hoodoo\", a Louisiana/Mississippi folk magic belief that events can be influenced by its use. However, Bo Diddley uses imagery more common to the American Southwest, combined with exaggerated bravado. He explained that the first line, \"I got forty-seven miles of barbed wire\", came to him quickly, \"but I couldn't get a rhyme for it. I thought of car tires and mule trains, and I couldn't get anything to fit. Then one day I said 'use a cobra snake,' and my drummer, Clifton James, added 'for a necktie'\". These are directed at a female he is trying to woo – \"who do you love, me or him\". The lyrics confirm the effect: \"Arlene took me by my hand, she said 'oo-ee daddy I understand', who do you love?\". Composition and recording Musically, \"Who Do You Love?\" is an uptempo song centered on one chord with guitar flourishes that complement the vocals. It has a strong rhythm, but unlike later interpretations, it does not use the typical Bo Diddley beat. Instead, the song uses a \"modified cut shuffle beat\" or 2/4 time, giving it an almost rockabilly feel, similar to Chuck Berry's \"Maybellene\". \"Who Do You Love?\" was recorded in Chicago on March 24, 1956, one year after recording",
"title": "Who Do You Love? (Bo Diddley song)"
},
{
"docid": "44398558",
"text": "Disobedient is the fifth full-length studio album by American melodic hardcore band Stick to Your Guns, released on February 10, 2015. It is the band's first album to be produced by John Feldmann (The Used, Escape the Fate, Beartooth). This is the band's last release on Sumerian Records. On October 21, 2014, the band released the first single off the album, \"Nobody\", with the music video premiering on Alternative Press. The album was included at number 16 on Rock Sounds top 50 releases of 2015 list. Though not ashamed of the album, vocalist Jesse Barnett has expressed that in hindsight, the album did not necessarily take the direction they wanted it to. Track listing Personnel Stick to Your Guns Jesse Barnett – lead vocals, additional guitars, piano, lyrics Josh James – lead guitar, backing vocals Chris Rawson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals Andrew Rose – bass, backing vocals George Schmitz – drums Guest musicians Toby Morse (of H2O) – vocals on \"RMA (Revolutionary Mental Attitude)\" Scott Vogel (of Terror) – vocals on \"I Choose Nothing\" Walter Delgado (of Rotting Out) – vocals on \"Nothing You Can Do to Me\" References Citations Sources 2015 albums Albums produced by John Feldmann Stick to Your Guns (band) albums Sumerian Records albums",
"title": "Disobedient (album)"
},
{
"docid": "16940672",
"text": "Henry Lee \"Shot\" Williams (May 21, 1938 – November 25, 2011) was an American blues singer. He got the nickname \"Shot\" from his mother at a young age, owing to his fondness for wearing suits and dressing up as a \"big shot.\" Biography Williams grew up in the country close to his cousin and fellow blues man, Little Smokey Smothers. \"Shot\" moved to Detroit in 1954 and to Chicago in 1958. He joined Smothers there and began singing with Smokey's band in 1960 and a few years later joined Magic Sam's band as a vocalist. In 1962, Williams recorded his first singles for Chicago's Foxy label, \"Hello Baby\" and \"I'm Trying\". He recorded a series of singles for other labels, including King/Federal, Palos, Gamma, Shama and Tchula. His 1964 recording \"Welcome to the Club\" was a hit in Chicago, and was later covered by Little Milton for Checker Records in 1965. Another regional hit, \"I Like Your Style\", came out in 1969 and was covered by Junior Parker. Several more singles followed including the popular \"Drop Your Laundry Baby\". His first album under his own name, Country Disco, was released on the Roots label in 1977. In the 1980s, Williams released a slew of singles on labels including Tchula, 4-Way, True & Dis-Muke. He released an album on cassette with many of these cuts called I Like Your Style. In 1994, the Japanese label Vivid Sound released an album called, A Shot of Rhythm and Blues, containing tracks Williams recorded in Memphis apparently for (but not released by) Quinton Claunch's SoulTrax imprint. The Black Magic label decided to give Lee a \"Shot\" behind his own band. The result, Cold Shot was released in 1995 and was voted the Best Blues Album of 1995 (New Recording - Soul/Blues) by Living Blues readers' poll. His debut for Ecko Records, Hot Shot, brought Williams home to the \"Southern Soul Blues\" world with the hit \"I'll Take The Risk\". In 2000, Williams scored another hit with She Made A Freak Out Of Me, followed by Somebody's After My Freak. Williams left the label again and recorded one disc for Charles Wilson's label called Let The Good Times Roll before returning to Ecko for four more albums. In 2008, Williams signed with CDS Records. His first CD for the label was released in 2008 and produced the hits \"It's Friday (Time To Get Paid)\" and \"Wrong Bed\". Two more albums were released by CDS Records, I'm The Man For The Job and The First Rule of Cheating (2010). Death Williams died on November 25, 2011, aged 73, from undisclosed causes. Discography Country Disco (Roots/TK 1977) A Shot Of Rhythm & Blues (Vivid Sound/Soul Trax 1994) Cold Shot (Black Magic 1995) Hot Shot (Ecko 1996) You Turn Me On (Diamond Lady 1999) She Made A Freak Out Of Me (Ecko 2000) Somebody's After My Freak (Ecko 2001) Let The Good Times Roll (Wilson 2002) Before The Honeymoon (Hot Spot 2002) Chicago Blues & Deep Soul Legend",
"title": "Lee \"Shot\" Williams"
},
{
"docid": "1562492",
"text": "Wilbert Huntington Harrison (January 5, 1929 – October 26, 1994) was an American rhythm and blues singer, pianist, guitarist and harmonica player. Biography Harrison was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He had a Billboard #1 record in 1959 with the song \"Kansas City\". The song was written in 1952 and was one of the first credited collaborations by the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Harrison recorded \"Kansas City\" for the Harlem-based entrepreneur Bobby Robinson, who released it on his Fury record label. At the height of the song's success, Robinson was sued by Savoy Records who informed them that the release of the record in March 1959 violated a contract Harrison had with that label that was to expire in August 1959. The litigation, which lasted until September 1959, abruptly prevented Robinson from issuing follow-ups to \"Kansas City\" while Harrison was a star. Meanwhile, Harrison continued to perform and record but it would be another ten years before he again cracked the Billboard Top 40 when he released the self-penned \"Let's Work Together (Part 1)\" that went to #32 in early 1970 on the Billboard Hot 100. The 1970 hit version was released as a single on Sue Records (Sue 11) and was backed with \"Let's Work Together (Part 2)\". The song also was released in a 5 minute 19 second version on the Sue Records album SSLP-8801 Let's Work Together. The song was originally released by Harrison in 1962 with different lyrics as \"Let's Stick Together\" on Fury 1059 and Fury 1063. \"Let's Work Together\" was later a hit for Canned Heat, and, again as \"Let's Stick Together\", for Bryan Ferry. It was also recorded by country rock band the Kentucky Headhunters for the soundtrack to the movie Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man. In 1970, Harrison had some success with \"My Heart Is Yours\", and he toured for many years with a band known as 'Wilbert Harrison and the Roamers', and as a solo act. A follow-up album was released that year, Anything You Want. Reviewing it in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \"Let's Work Together was an anachronistic, even primitive r&b album based on the fluke hit of the same name, which makes this the follow-up. Side one consists entirely of roll and rock songs you'd swear you've heard before—'Your Three Letters,' eh, and what's this 'Let's Stick Together,' and why not bring out 'Kansas City' again? Very unprepossessing, very charming. In fact, if the second side weren't all standards and uncharming filler—only 'Sentimental Journey' is even funny—I wouldn't be recommending this to r&b diehards only.\" Harrison died of a stroke in 1994, in a Spencer, North Carolina, nursing home at the age of 65. In 2001, his recording of \"Kansas City\" was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and has also been named as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500",
"title": "Wilbert Harrison"
},
{
"docid": "19936569",
"text": "Hollands Glorie: Luv' is a budget-priced compilation album by Dutch girl group Luv' released by CNR Records in 2002. It features hit singles scored in the charts between 1979 and 1981: \"Ooh, Yes I Do\", \"Ann-Maria\", \"One More Little Kissie\", \"My Number One\" and \"Tingalingaling\". These songs originate from their studio albums True Luv' (1979) and Forever Yours (1980). They are part of the CNR back catalogue and are licensed from Hans van Hemert productions, except the \"Megamix '93\" renamed \"Hit-medley (Megamix)\". Track listing All tracks written by Hans van Hemert and Piet Souer under the pseudonym 'Janschen & Janschens', except where noted. \"My Number One\" – 3:11 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"One More Little Kissie\" – 3:46 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"Tingalingaling\" – 2:31 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"Ann-Maria (Piet Souer) – 4:41 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Rhythm 'n' Shoes (Hans van Hemert) – 3:07 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Ooh, Yes I Do\" (van Hemert) – 2:58 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Never Wanted to Be...\" – 4:34 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"Cloud Nr. 9\" (van Hemert) – 3:25 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Boys Goodnight\" (Souer) – 2:40 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Flash\" (van Hemert) – 3:51 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"I Win It\" – 3:05 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"Some Call It Happiness\" – 3:09 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"Wine, Women and Sing\" (van Hemert) – 3:45 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Getaway\" (Souer) – 3:03 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Stop Me\" (Souer) – 3:09 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Let There Be Love\" – 2:39 Taken from the album True Luv' (1979) \"Billy the Kid\" – 3:16 Taken from the album Forever Yours (1980) \"Hit-medley (Megamix)\" – 2:49 Radio version. (\"U.O.me (Waldolala)\"/\"Trojan Horse\"/\"You're the Greatest Lover\"/\"Ooh, Yes I Do\") Personnel José Hoebee – vocals Patty Brard – vocals Marga Scheide – vocals Ria Thielsch – vocals Production Hans van Hemert – producer, songwriter Piet Souer – arranger/conductor, songwriter References External links Detailed Luv' discography at Rate Your Music Detailed Luv' discography at Discogs Luv' albums 2002 greatest hits albums",
"title": "Hollands Glorie: Luv'"
},
{
"docid": "1817554",
"text": "Robert Owens (born August 17, 1961) is an American songwriter, record producer, DJ and singer, best known for his work with the Chicago house group Fingers Inc. in the mid-1980s. As a solo artist, he has placed several songs on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, two of which hit number-one: \"I'll Be Your Friend\" (1992), and \"Mine to Give\" (2000, a collaboration with Photek). Biography Though electronica has typically been a producer's medium (and the few vocalists who succeed are usually women), Robert Owens became one of the people associated with the late-1980s golden era of Chicago house. Born in Ohio, United States, Robert Owens grew up singing in church, but years later, he was working as a DJ in 1985, when he met Chicago producer Larry Heard. The pair formed Fingers Inc., along with Ron Wilson, and they released a few singles (\"You're Mine\"/\"It's Over\") plus the 1988 album, Another Side. The group disbanded quickly, as Heard's burgeoning solo-production career (as Mr. Fingers) took priority. Owens had already released recordings on his own - \"Bring Down the Walls\" and \"I'm Strong\" made for Alleviated (with production from Heard), and he signed a solo contract with 4th & B'way Records. His 1990 album Rhythms in Me lost visibility soon after within the quickly disintegrating Chicago house scene. (One of his best-known features of the late 1980s, \"Tears\", appeared with the names of Frankie Knuckles and producer Satoshi Tomiie.) By 1996, he had returned to dance music with \"Ordinary People\": a two-part EP recording for Musical Directions. He joined up with Tomiie (again) and Cevin Fisher in 1999, to make a track from Tomiie's Full Lick LP. One year later, in 2000, Owens appeared on the Photek hit \"Mine to Give\". In 2003, he joined with drum and bass act London Elektricity to provide the vocals for their album Billion Dollar Gravy. He collaborated with Coldcut on their album Sound Mirrors, on the track \"Walk a Mile in My Shoes\" in 2006. He collaborated with Rob Pearson on single \"Escape from the Madness\" which was released on Plastic City in 2007. In 2011, he collaborated with the Brookes Brothers on their single \"Beautiful\", which was released on the Breakbeat Kaos label. Later on in the same year he collaborated with Dutch drum and bass producer Icicle, and featured on the tracks \"Step Forward\" and \"Redemption\", which appeared on Icicle's debut album Under the Ice released in April 2011 on Shogun Audio. In 2012, he featured on Mosca's song \"Accidentally\" from the Eva Mendes EP and on Orgue Electronique's album Strange Paradise with the song \"Our House\". In 2013, he released the single \"Trusting Me\" taken from the vocal collaboration album Features by Kris Menace. The video of the single was premiered by MTV Iggy in the US. Discography Albums Rhythms in Me (1990) The Journey (1996) Night-Time Stories (2008) Art (2010) See also List of number-one dance hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the US",
"title": "Robert Owens (musician)"
},
{
"docid": "43173328",
"text": "\"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" is a song written by Memphis-based songwriter Earl Randle, and first recorded in 1972 by soul singer Ann Peebles. The song was also a hit in 1984 for English singer Paul Young. Ann Peebles version Produced by Willie Mitchell and with performances by the Hi Rhythm Section, Ann Peebles' recording was made at the Royal Studios on South Lauderdale Avenue in Memphis. It was issued as a single on the Hi label in January 1973. It reached no.31 on the US R&B chart, and \"bubbled under\" the Hot 100, reaching no.111. The track was also included on her 1974 album I Can't Stand the Rain. Writer Craig Werner said:Like the most powerful gospel soul from the early sixties, \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" serves notice on a cheating lover (white America? the brothers in the Black Panther movement?) that the free ride has come to an end. It's a restatement of the revolutionary gospel anthem \"Samson and Delilah,\" and the message, on every level, is the same: \"If I had my way, I would tear this building down.\" Later versions The song was later recorded by Graham Parker and the Rumour on their 1977 album Stick to Me. A cover version by Paul Young reached no. 9 on the UK singles chart in 1984, and no.13 on the Billboard Hot 100 when re-released the following year. It was included on Young's album The Secret of Association (1985). Samples The Ann Peebles' version of \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" was sampled in the track \"The Plan\" by Wu-Tang Clan affiliated group Sunz of Man on their album The Last Shall Be First (1998). Charts Ann Peebles Paul Young References 1972 songs 1973 singles 1984 singles Paul Young songs Graham Parker songs Song recordings produced by Willie Mitchell (musician) Hi Records singles Columbia Records singles",
"title": "I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down"
},
{
"docid": "3844601",
"text": "\"Love Is All Around\" is a song recorded by English rock band the Troggs. Released as a single in October 1967, it was a top-ten hit in both the UK and US. \"Love Is All Around\" has been covered by numerous artists, including R.E.M., with whom the Troggs subsequently recorded their 1992 comeback album Athens Andover. R.E.M.'s cover was a B-side on their 1991 \"Radio Song\" single, and they also played it during their first appearance at MTV's Unplugged series that same year. Wet Wet Wet's cover, for the soundtrack to the 1994 film Four Weddings and a Funeral, was an international hit and spent 15 consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. Writing and original recording Reg Presley, lead singer of the Troggs, wrote \"Love Is All Around\" in about ten minutes, inspired by a TV broadcast of the Salvation Army band Joystrings performing an evangelical song titled \"Love That's All Around\". The Troggs recorded Presley's song at Pye Studios for the record label Page One owned by their manager Larry Page, who also produced the recording. The single was released in the UK in October 1967. The Troggs had intended to sever ties with Page and his record label earlier that year; however, after the success of the single they decided to stay, though changed managers. The single was released in the rest of Europe and North America on Fontana Records. The B-side, \"When Will the Rain Come\" was written by drummer Ronnie Bond. On the UK Record Retailer chart (since recognised as the official chart for this period), \"Love Is All Around\" spent a total of 14 weeks on the chart, reaching its peak at number 5 in the fourth week of November 1967. Whilst, in the US, although it was released there in November 1967, the song did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 until February 1968. It spent a total of 16 weeks on the chart, reaching its peak at number 7 in the third week of May. \"Love Is All Around\" also performed well in Europe, becoming a top-twenty hit in several countries, though it failed to recapture the success of the Troggs' early singles such as \"Wild Thing\" and \"With a Girl Like You\". However, the song performed best in Southern Africa, where it topped the charts in South Africa and Rhodesia. Critical reception Reviewing for New Musical Express, Derek Johnson wrote that \"Love Is All Around\" is \"set to a fairly slow rhythm, with an appealing scoring of guitars, violins and cellos – plus a melody that takes a little time to register, but once you've got it in your mind, it sticks there! Reg sings warmly and sincerely – departing from that rather stilted style which has characterised many of the group's discs\". Peter Jones for Record Mirror described it as \"optimistic and cheery and full of sentiment. Like the way the string section is insinuating itself as it builds. Rather a serene slice of Troggs\". For Disc",
"title": "Love Is All Around"
},
{
"docid": "43137489",
"text": "The Night We Called It a Day is the debut studio album by underground hip hop supergroup Deepspace5, released on January 8, 2002, through Uprok Records. It was recorded in Dallas, Texas. Recording The Night We Called It a Day was recorded in one week in Dallas, Texas, in the apartment of group member Playdough. It was produced by Beat Rabbi, DJ Dust, Freddie Bruno, and Playdough, with Playdough producing under a different moniker, Harry Krum. During the recording sessions, the group met future member Sivion. Lyrics and musical style The album features an underground, anti-commercial style. Jayson Young of RapReviews.com called the album \"strictly ground-roots, MC/DJ, hard-core hip-hop\". Young also found Listener's vocal style similar to Son Doobie, and noted that \"Stick This In Your Ear\" includes a flute sample. Jon Corbin, writing for cMusicWeb.com, noted that on \"World Go Round\", Beat Rabbi brings a progressive jazz feel through the use of drum patterns and bass lines. Jesus Freak Hideout's Chanile Campbell described the album as east coast \"smooth and a little jazzy\". RapReviews.com and Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms also described the album as very chill and laid back, with Gunnell commenting that \"If there is such a thing as easy listening hip hop, then this is definitely it!\" Thomas Quinlan of Exclaim! described the lyrical content of the album as mostly \"high concept songs\", but with some testimonials and praises to God. Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms and Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic both noted that the album's lyrics are intellectual and often humorous. Several reviewers noted the unusual verse by Listener on \"Stick This In Your Ear\", where he reads off a paragraph exactly as written – including punctuation. Jason Young wrote that Listener \"literally says every period, comma, and semi-colon found in his verse.\" Also highlighted by reviewers was the skit \"Close Caption\", where Listener translates a sign language rap by \"MC Fong\". Critical reception Critics responded quite favorably to the album. AllMusic rated the album three out of five stars, and found the album's seven-minute-plus long title track to be the standout track. Jon Corbin of cMusicWeb.com wrote \"Locked in Playdough's apartment, these boys got their creative juices flowing and whipped up something sweet, an album that reclaims hip-hop for the emcee.\" Corbin considered all of the songs well-crafted and developed, with the exceptions of \"Murder Creek\" and \"Take the Rhythm\", tracks which Corbin said will have the listener hitting the skip button. These tracks aside, he summarized: The production is very strong, especially considering that the album was created in a week. In all in all, this is a very good disc, filled with a wide range of topics to get your brain working and your head nodding. Sam Gunnell of Cross Rhythms rated the album eight out of ten squares and stated that when he first heard Deepspace5, he dismissed the group as \"just another depressing Christian rap group\", but that this release proved him wrong. Exclaim!'s Thomas Quinlan opined that \"Deepspace 5",
"title": "The Night We Called It a Day (album)"
},
{
"docid": "3846631",
"text": "Barbara Ann Lewis (born February 9, 1943) is an American singer and songwriter whose smooth style influenced rhythm and blues. Career Lewis was born in Salem, Michigan, United States. She was writing and recording by her teens with record producer Ollie McLaughlin, a black DJ at Ann Arbor radio station WHRV, now WAAM. Lewis's first single release, the uptempo \"My Heart Went Do Dat Da\" in 1962, did not chart nationally, but was a local hit in the Detroit, Michigan area. She wrote all of the songs on her debut LP, including the hit \"Hello Stranger\" which reached No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and featured extensive use of the Hammond organ. Lewis had moderate follow-up hits with \"Straighten Up Your Heart\" (#43) and her original \"Puppy Love\" (#38) before Bert Berns produced her million-seller \"Baby I'm Yours\" (U.S. #11), written by Van McCoy. Berns also produced the followup \"Make Me Your Baby\" (U.S. #11) which had originally been recorded by the Pixies Three, and Lewis's final Top 40 hit \"Make Me Belong to You\" (#28 in 1966), written by Chip Taylor and Billy Vera. At the end of the decade, she released a grittier-sounding album on Stax Records. Over the next decade, a number of other artists had success with Lewis' songs. Her own composition \"Hello Stranger\"—which had been remade in 1966 by the Capitols—was a regional hit in 1973 as remade by Fire & Rain and in 1977 Yvonne Elliman's version reached the US Top 20 and the UK Singles Chart Top 30: Elliman's version also topped the US Easy Listening chart for four weeks. In 1985 Carrie Lucas's remake of \"Hello Stranger\" was a Top 20 R&B hit and in 2004 Queen Latifah remade \"Hello Stranger\" for her The Dana Owens Album. Lewis had dropped out of public view for years after her career slowed in the 1960s. It was only after Elliman's hit in 1977 that she was tracked down by Casey Kasem for his AT40 show on June 4 of that year. According to Kasem, nobody knew where she had ended up, including her agent, who did not even know where to send her checks for the Elliman cover. According to Kasem, she was hoping to be rediscovered in Michigan when he found her. Health issues forced Lewis to retire from singing in 2017. \"Baby I'm Yours\" charted in versions by country singer Jody Miller and Debby Boone (the B-side of her single \"God Knows\"). In Canada, Suzanne Stevens had a hit in 1975 with a disco version of \"Make Me Your Baby\". Cover versions of her songs continue into the new millennium, with the Arctic Monkeys including a version of \"Baby I'm Yours\" as a B-side to their 2006 single \"Leave Before the Lights Come On\". In 1995, Lewis's \"Baby I'm Yours\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film The Bridges of Madison County, and in 2016 \"Hello Stranger\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film Moonlight. In 2019,",
"title": "Barbara Lewis"
},
{
"docid": "10530897",
"text": "\"Neutron Dance\" is a song written by Allee Willis and Danny Sembello which was introduced by the Pointer Sisters on their 1983 album Break Out. The song became a Top Ten hit in 1985, its success augmented by being prominently featured on the soundtrack of the motion picture Beverly Hills Cop. Background According to Allee Willis, \"Neutron Dance\" was written in hopes of being placed on the soundtrack of the film Streets of Fire: \"We were told that there was a scene on a bus that was leaving town after there had been this nuclear holocaust, and that a '50s doo-wop black group was going to be at the back of the bus that the lead couple was escaping on ... Danny Sembello and I just met that day ... I was very disinterested in songwriting at that point, and I'm writing with this kid who's never had a record before, and I just wanted to get him in and out\". \"He was a phenomenal keyboard player, and I just said: 'Play the most common sounding old fashioned '50s black music bass line that you can think of.' And he just started doing the [rhythm for \"Neutron Dance\"]. And I'm someone who could write a melody to a spoon falling on the table. So I literally sang that melody down. First time down, he just kind of followed and went to the right places. And then I said, Let's just write this quick lyric ... we're taking a half an hour on the lyric, and this thing's gonna get done.\" Willis adds that the lyric theme of \"Neutron Dance\" was due to \"all this stuff going on in my life: I don't want to take it anymore, I'll just stay here locked behind the door. Just no time to stop and get away, because I work so hard to make it every day. Really a lyric about all these things falling apart in your life, and you know what, just get it together and change your life.\" According to Willis while working on the lyrics with Sembello she looked through a window and saw someone attempting to break into her car: while running outside to scare off the thief Willis called out to Sembello: \"Someone stole my brand new Chevrolet\", and the line was included in the song. Released at the height of the Cold War, \"Neutron Dance\" was misinterpreted by the Russian Government as a song about nuclear war. The Pointer Sisters version / Beverly Hills Cop \"Neutron Dance\" featuring Ruth Pointer on lead vocal was introduced on the Pointer Sisters' October 1983 album release Break Out; Ruth Pointer would recall: \"When I first heard 'Neutron Dance' I didn't want to sing it. I liked [its] rhythm and vigorous arrangement but to me the word 'neutron' had a violent connotation on account of the neutron bomb then so much in the news.\" Ruth Pointer recalls suggesting to Allee Willis that the song's lyric be modified: \"she told me to",
"title": "Neutron Dance"
},
{
"docid": "30242710",
"text": "The Mauds were an influential band in the 1960s, 1970s Chicago jazz rock, blue-eyed soul, blues rock, garage rock scene that included The Buckinghams, Chicago, Shadows of Knight, and The Ides of March. The Mauds was founded in 1964 by Bill Durling, rhythm guitar. Bill knew Jimy Rogers from 1964 and convinced him to start singing lead for Bill's band. Jimy and Bill then asked Billy Winter, bass, Robert “Fuzzy” Fuscaldo, lead guitar and Craig Baumgard, drums to join and the Mauds were born. These musicians built the Mauds unmistakable Chicago Blue-Eyed Soul Sound c.1965 to 1967. The name Mauds was a play on the 1960s British slang expression \"mod\", which meant modern. Bill Durling went off to college in Storm Lake, Iowa and was replaced by Timmy Coniglio on rhythm guitar and brass. Then, Craig Baumgard was replaced by Phil Weinberg on drums, and later, Denny Horan replaced Weinberg, and Bill Winter was replaced by Bill Sunter. History – band formation and early years It was Shadows frontman/vocalist Jimy Sohns who first discovered and championed The Mauds in 1966. Sohns helped them find gigs and was instrumental in their signing with Dunwich Records distributed by Mercury Records, where in 1967 they gained fame with their debut single, a cover of the Sam & Dave hit \"Hold On\" penned by David Porter and Isaac Hayes. The song was recorded at the original Chess Studios in Chicago, home to blues giants Willie Dixon, Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry. The Rolling Stones had recorded their second album there in 1964. The single charted locally at No. 15 on WCFL and No. 11 on WLS radio. The single might have gone higher, but a censorship controversy erupted when WLS got complaints about the lyrics, “Reach out to me for satisfaction; on my knees for quick reaction.” A cleaned-up version was recorded for WLS but the songs momentum was slowed. The Mauds recorded \"HA HA HA\" in 1967. Full album of material was recorded called “Hold On” that yielded several other blue-eyed soul songs, including “When Something is Wrong with my Baby,”“He Will Break Your Heart,” and “Knock On Wood”. The Mauds version of “Mercy, Mercy, Mercy” an instrumental jazz hit by Cannonball Adderley, written by Joe Zawinul had soulful lyrics written by Curtis Mayfield (though credited to Vincent & Gail Fisher Levy) especially for them. Mayfield was so happy with the way they did his “You Must Believe Me,” complete with Impressions-styled harmonies, that he promised to write several songs just for them. Jimy Rogers often lamented that unfortunately, their version was recorded around the same time (1967) as the Buckinghams more famous version, which had different lyrics and ended up being a No. 5 national hit. Two originals were included, “C’mon and Move” by Rogers and Fuscaldo, and “You Made Me Feel So Bad” by Horan and Fuscaldo. \"I rehearsed the first line-up of The Mauds when Jimy was still in high school and hand-picked them to replace us (the",
"title": "The Mauds"
},
{
"docid": "19920892",
"text": "\"Papa Can You Hear Me?\" is a song by British hip hop trio, N-Dubz. The song is dedicated to the group's former manager Byron Contostavlos, who died shortly before the band were signed to new label All Around the World. The song later became their second top 40 hit in the UK. Critical reception David Balls, writing for Digital Spy, wrote the following review: \"N-Dubz seem proud to be a band who sell as many ringtones as they do actual tracks. 'Remember that boy driving you mad every morning on the No.42? He's listening to our music,' they proclaim on their MySpace page. Whether that's a good thing probably depends on your age, but anyone would find it tough to fathom the appeal of their latest pop-garage single. Though it feels a bit harsh to knock 'Papa Can You Hear Me', which is dedicated to the band's late relative and former manager Byron Contostavlos, N-Dubz push any goodwill to the limit here. The mix of uber-serious rapping and abrasive beats is fundamentally awkward, while their lyrics are as crass as they are heartfelt. By showing their softer side, the Camden collective are probably hoping to win some new fans, but they should probably stick to making hip-hop bangers in the futureside.\" Music video The music video was premiered by the All Around the World label on their website on 13 October 2008. It includes Dappy holding onto a door knob after falling through singing in the air, Fazer running away and Tulisa floating in mid-air. Track listing Digital Download \"Papa Can You Hear Me?\" (Album Version) - 4:02 \"Papa Can You Hear Me?\" (Single Version) - 4:07 \"Papa Can You Hear Me?\" (The Studio Allstars V Festival Tribute To N-Dubz) - 4:09 \"Papa Can You Hear Me?\" (Live From BBC Radio Live Lounge) - 4:33 CD Single \"Papa Can You Hear Me?\" (Album Version) - 4:02 Charts On 23 November 2008, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at #30 on downloads alone. It became their second biggest hit peaking at #19, and at number #17 in the download chart. Following the single's success, it started falling down the Top 40, before climbing to #33 again, and finally falling to #47, where it stayed for 2 weeks. The song also peaked at #3 on the official R&B chart. References N-Dubz songs 2008 singles Songs written by Tulisa (singer) Songs written by Richard Rawson Songs written by Dappy 2008 songs All Around the World Productions singles Songs inspired by deaths Commemoration songs",
"title": "Papa Can You Hear Me?"
},
{
"docid": "6644197",
"text": "Bettye Swann (born Betty Jean Champion; October 24, 1944), also known as Betty Barton, is an American soul singer. She is best known for her 1967 hit song \"Make Me Yours\". Career Swann was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on October 24, 1944, as one of 14 children. She grew up in Arcadia, Louisiana, and moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1963. Although some sources state that Swann was in a vocal group known as The Fawns who recorded for Capital Records in 1964, she refuted this, saying that she sang with a trio in Arcadia by that name. In 1964, Swann started a solo singing career, changing her name to Bettye Swann at the prompting of local DJ Al Scott, who became her manager. After a minor hit with the self-penned \"Don’t Wait Too Long\", her big breakthrough came with \"Make Me Yours\", which topped the Billboard R&B chart in July 1967 and made No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 1968, she split with Scott, moved to Georgia, won a new contract with Capitol Records, and had another hit in 1969 with her cover of the Jeannie Seely hit \"Don't Touch Me\" (No. 14 R&B, No. 38 Hot 100). In 1972, Swann transferred to Atlantic Records and had a pair of minor hits with \"Victim of a Foolish Heart\" (later covered by Joss Stone) and Merle Haggard's \"Today I Started Loving You Again\". After leaving Money Records she lived for a short time in Athens, Georgia. She continued to record until the mid-1970s, but with little commercial success. Her last public performance was in 1980, the year her husband and manager, George Barton, died. Swann later changed her name to Betty Barton, began working as a teacher in the Las Vegas area, and became a Jehovah's Witness. She retired and, according to a 2005 interview, suffered from a degenerative spinal condition. In 2015, multiple elements from Swann's 1974 recording \"Kiss My Love Goodbye\" were sampled in the Galantis single \"Peanut Butter Jelly\". In 2019, Swann's \"Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye\" enjoyed a resurgence of interest when it was used as the closing song in the finale of the second series of The End of the F***ing World. In 2021, the Vermont-based rapper Subtex [Zeke Kreitzer] sampled the beginning lines of Swann's 1968 song, \"(My Heart Is) Closed for the Season\" in his track, \"Love Art Pain\". Discography Albums 1967: Make Me Yours (Money) 1969: The Soul View Now (Capitol) - R&B #48 1969: Don't You Ever Get Tired of Hurting Me (Capitol) 1990: Sweet Dreams (Capitol) 2001: The Money Recordings (Kent) 2004: Bettye Swann (Astralwerks/Honest Jon's) 2014: The Complete Atlantic Recordings (Rhino) 2015: The Very Best of Bettye Swann (Kent) Singles References External links 1944 births Living people Musicians from Shreveport, Louisiana African-American women singer-songwriters American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters Apex Records artists Atlantic Records artists Capitol Records artists Singer-songwriters from Louisiana People from Arcadia, Louisiana 21st-century African-American women singers 21st-century American women singers 20th-century African-American women",
"title": "Bettye Swann"
},
{
"docid": "17263228",
"text": "\"Please Return Your Love to Me\" is a 1968 hit single by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label. Produced by Norman Whitfield, who co-wrote the song with Barrett Strong and Barbara Neely, it is the last single to feature David Ruffin in the lineup (he is featured in the background). With Eddie Kendricks singing lead (his first as a solo lead vocalist since 1966's \"Get Ready\"), it peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 Pop charts in the Top 30 at number 26, and number 4 on the Billboard R&B Singles charts. Billboard described the single as a \"strong easy beat ballad loaded with sales appeal.\" Cash Box said that it is \"in a slow vein that carries new shades of power in the group’s familiar style\" and is \"backed by the solid Motown rhythm section.\" The B-side, \"How Can I Forget\", is led by Paul Williams and was allegedly one of the earliest songs recorded by the group after Ruffin's departure. Though \"How Can I Forget\" was also covered by Marvin Gaye, the Temptations' original did not appear on any album or compilation until 1994's Emperors of Soul box set. Personnel Lead vocals by Eddie Kendricks Background vocals by Melvin Franklin, Paul Williams, David Ruffin, and Otis Williams Written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong Produced by Norman Whitfield Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Notes 1968 singles The Temptations songs Songs written by Barrett Strong Songs written by Norman Whitfield Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield Gordy Records singles 1968 songs",
"title": "Please Return Your Love to Me"
},
{
"docid": "47385957",
"text": "Live in London is the first live album by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy that was released in 1978 by Capitol Records and, as with her previous release, did not reach Billboard magazine's Top LP's & Tapes chart. On June 25, 2002, the album was released for the first time on compact disc. Background Reddy had announced in the summer of 1977 that Kim Fowley, producer of her recent album release Ear Candy, would produce an upcoming live album for the singer: it was anticipated that the album would be a recording of Reddy's 8 November 1977 concert at Radio City Music Hall. However, Reddy herself—collaborating with John Palladino—would produce her live album, which was recorded at her three-night plus one matinée gig at the London Palladium in May 1978. Repertoire Eight of Reddy's US Top 40 hits were performed at the Palladium in a penultimate twelve minute medley which also featured the Top 40 shortfall \"Crazy Love\" and two songs featured on albums by Reddy: \"I Believe in Music\" and \"The Last Blues Song\". In 1978 only one of Reddy's singles had reached the UK singles chart - which until May 1978 was a Top 50 ranking - , \"Angie Baby\" having reached #5 UK in 1975, and that song was performed in its entirety at the Palladium: throughout her performing career Reddy would habitually not truncate \"Angie Baby\" in concert due to its being a story song. (Two of Reddy's singles: \"I am Woman\" and \"Leave Me Alone (Ruby Red Dress)\", had almost reached the UK Top 50 but were performed at the Palladium on in the medley.) Also performed in full at the Palladium: \"You're My World\", Reddy's most recent US Top 40 hit (proving to be her last) which was a remake of a 1964 UK #1 hit (by Cilla Black); the Leon Russell composition \"Bluebird\", a 1975 US Top 30 shortfall for Reddy which the singer would apparently always enjoy performing live; and \"I Can't Hear You No More\" a lesser 1976 US hit for Reddy, which at the Palladium served as a frame for Reddy introducing her band members to the audience. Featuring four additional songs from the singer's past albums: \"This Masquerade\", \"The West Wind Circus\", \"I'll Be Your Audience\" (which served as the concert finale) and \"Hold Me in Your Dreams Tonight\" (on which Reddy played piano) and also \"Candle on the Water\" from the 1977 movie Pete's Dragon, Reddy's Palladium set-list also introduced five songs from her upcoming album release We'll Sing in the Sunshine: the title track, the disco track \"Ready or Not\" issued as UK single the month of the Palladium concert (May 1978), \"Mama\", \"Poor Little Fool\", and \"Rhythm Rhapsody\" - the last-named, which served as the concert's opening number, would in fact be cut from Reddy's We'll Sing in the Sunshine album. Live in London would include two songs never featured on an original studio album release by Reddy: besides \"Rhythm Rhapsody\", Reddy's Palladium set-list featured her",
"title": "Live in London (Helen Reddy album)"
},
{
"docid": "23705271",
"text": "Make Yr Life is the fourth album by the American lesbian queercore band the Butchies, released in 2004. It was the band's final album. Production The album was produced by Greg Griffith; the band worked for two and half years on the songs, and spent 10 days recording them. The Butchies set out to make a poppier album. The band had been playing \"17\" in concert for years, and recorded the song after it had become a fan favorite. Critical reception The Washington Post thought that \"such thumping new songs as 'Trouble' and 'She's So Lovely' demonstrate that the band has lost none of its swagger, but overall this disc is the band's poppiest outing.\" The Advocate declared that \"Kaia Wilson, Melissa York, and Alison Martlew are undisputed masters of the two- to three-minute power-punk anthem.\" The Orlando Sentinel concluded that \"even when the lyrics lean toward melodrama, Wilson's slashing guitar combines with the rumbling rhythms of bassist Alison Martlew and drummer Melissa York to make words inconsequential.\" The Chicago Reader wrote that \"though York’s stick work is still hard and nimble, Make Yr Life feels a bit less punk than the Butchies’ first three records, as if they were dialing it back to show off their songwriting–which is chewier than ever.\" The Morning Call determined that \"where some may have turned to a cover of The Outfield's 'Your Love' for its nostalgic value, The Butchies make it their own, providing the album with a sexually heated closing track that is deliriously dramatic.\" AllMusic wrote that \"the band's quiet, drastic reworking of the Outfield's 1985 pop hit 'Your Love' just may be the cover version of the year.\" Track listing All songs composed by the Butchies, except as noted. \"Send Me You\" \"Trouble\" \"Make Yr Life\" \"Second Guess\" \"She's So Lovely\" \"Everything + Everywhere\" \"17\" \"Lydia\" \"Tell the Others\" \"Your Love\" (John Spinks) References 2004 albums The Butchies albums Queercore albums Yep Roc Records albums",
"title": "Make Yr Life"
},
{
"docid": "25881596",
"text": "\"Mind Your Own Business\" is a 1949 song written and originally performed by Hank Williams. Recording \"Mind Your Own Business\" was recorded on March 2, 1949, at Castle Studio in Nashville. During the same session, Williams also recorded \"You're Gonna Change (Or I'm Gonna Leave)\", \"My Son Calls Another Man Daddy\", and \"Honky Tonk Blues\". He is backed by Dale Potter (fiddle), Don Davis (steel guitar), Zeke Turner (lead guitar), Clyde Baum (mandolin), Jack Shook (rhythm guitar), and probably Ernie Newton (bass). Content In the song, the narrator admonishes a local busybody for snooping and gossiping. While the delivery is light and breezy, the song's lyrics were likely inspired by the singer's own tempestuous relationship with wife Audrey Williams and the buzz it created. The opening lines seem to reference this: \"If the wife and I are fussin', brother that's our right/'Cause me and that sweet woman's got a license to fight...\" His delivery is measured, laconic, and dry. The day before, Hank had cut several duets with his wife Audrey, who by all accounts had limited singing talent. Introducing it in October 1949, he told his radio audience that it was a \"little prophecy in song\", and indeed it would prove to be. The song is similar in tone and structure to Williams' first Billboard hit \"Move It on Over\", with the singer couching his moral indignation in humor, allowing the subject matter to resonate with the public. \"Mind Your Own Business\" went to No. 6 on the C&W Best Seller list where it stayed for two weeks. Hank Williams Jr. version In late 1986, Hank Williams Jr. recorded the song along with Reba McEntire, Tom Petty, Reverend Ike, and Willie Nelson. This version was the most successful, going to No. 1 on the country chart for two weeks. Other versions In 1964, Jimmy Dean hit the country charts with his version of the song. His version spent six weeks on the charts and peaked at No. 35. Ernest Tubb included it on his 1968 LP Ernest Tubb Sings Hank Williams. In 1971, Steve Goodman recorded it on his debut album. In 1975, Henry McCullough recorded the song, and used it as the title track of his solo album on Dark Horse Records. Moe Bandy recorded it for his 1975 LP Here I Am Drunk Again. Charley Pride recorded it for his 1980 album There's a Little Bit of Hank in Me. Moe Bandy recorded the song for his 1983 tribute Sings the Songs of Hank Williams. Taj Mahal recorded the song for his 1997 album Señor Blues. References Sources 1949 songs 1949 singles 1964 singles 1986 singles Songs written by Hank Williams Hank Williams songs Jimmy Dean songs Moe Bandy songs Charley Pride songs Hank Williams Jr. songs Warner Records singles Curb Records singles Song recordings produced by Fred Rose (songwriter) Vocal collaborations",
"title": "Mind Your Own Business (song)"
},
{
"docid": "3390336",
"text": "Bettye LaVette (born Betty Jo Haskins, January 29, 1946) is an American soul singer who made her first record at sixteen, but achieved only intermittent fame until 2005, when her album I've Got My Own Hell to Raise was released to widespread critical acclaim, and was named on many critics' \"Best of 2005\" lists. Her next album, The Scene of the Crime, debuted at number one on Billboard's Top Blues Albums chart and was nominated for Best Contemporary Blues Album at the 2008 Grammy Awards. She received the Legacy of Americana Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2023 Americana Music Honors & Awards. LaVette's eclectic musical style combines elements of soul, blues, rock and roll, funk, gospel, and country music. In 2020, she was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. Life and career LaVette was born in Muskegon, Michigan, and raised in Detroit. Unlike many of her contemporaries, she did not begin singing in the church, but in her parents' living room, singing R&B and country and western music. She was raised as a Catholic. She was signed by Johnnie Mae Matthews, a local record producer. In 1962, aged sixteen, she recorded a single, \"My Man – He's a Lovin' Man\", with Matthews: the disc was credited to Betty LaVett, the surname being \"borrowed\" from Sherma Lavette Anderson, the singer's friend who had introduced her to Matthews. Picked up by Atlantic Records, LaVette's disc became a major R&B hit over the fall and winter of 1963–64 – eventually reaching the R&B Top Ten – resulting in LaVette touring with such Atlantic Records R&B hitmakers as Clyde McPhatter, Ben E. King, Barbara Lynn, and rising star Otis Redding. After two overlooked single releases in respectively 1963 and 1964, LaVette in 1965 returned to the R&B charts with \"Let Me Down Easy\" on Calla Records, her first release to be credited to Betty LaVette: the spelling of the singer's first name as Bettye would date from her 1977 Bubbling Brown Sugar gig. Though only a peripheral success with an R&B chart peak of No. 48, \"Let Me Down Easy\" afforded LaVette sufficient cachet to briefly tour with The James Brown Revue. After recording several singles for local Detroit labels, LaVette signed to the Silver Fox label in 1969. She cut a handful of tracks, including two Top 40 R&B hits: \"He Made A Woman Out Of Me\" and \"Do Your Duty\". The Memphis studio musicians on these recordings have since become known as The Dixie Flyers. In 1972, she signed once again with Atlantic/Atco. She was sent to Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Alabama to record what was to be her first album. Titled Child of the Seventies, it was produced by Brad Shapiro and featured the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, now known as The Swampers, but Atco chose not to issue the album. The mid-1970s saw a brief stint and two 45s with Epic, and in 1978 LaVette released the disco smash on West End Records \"Doin' The Best That I",
"title": "Bettye LaVette"
},
{
"docid": "2416747",
"text": "Elvis Now is the 16th studio album by American singer Elvis Presley, released in February 1972. The album entered Billboard on February 12, and reached No. 43. The only single from the album, \"Until It's Time for You to Go\" / \"We Can Make the Morning\" reached number 9 on the Easy Listening chart in the US in March 1972 and number 5 on the UK Singles Chart in April 1972. The album was certified Gold on March 27, 1992, by the RIAA. \"Sylvia\" became a hit for Presley in Brazil in the 1970s. Content Despite the \"now\" in the title, the tracks on this album were recorded anywhere from one to three years before its release. The Beatles' \"Hey Jude\" was a leftover from the sessions at the American Studio in Memphis in early 1969. \"Sylvia\" and \"I Was Born About Ten Thousand Years Ago\" were recorded during the Nashville sessions of June 1970 (the latter had been released in fragmentary form on the Elvis Country album). The rest of the songs were from more recent sessions held at RCA Studio B in Nashville in March, May, and June 1971. Unlike Presley's other albums of that period (Elvis Country, He Touched Me and Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas, each dedicated to a particular genre) Elvis Now encompasses a variety of genres, including country, gospel, soul and pop. Reissues In 2010, an extended version of the album was released as part of the FTD collector series. It consists of the original 1972 album and a number of bonus tracks, originating from the 1971 Nashville sessions: two non-album singles from 1971 (\"I'm Leavin'\" and \"It's Only Love\"), a B-side from the upcoming \"An American Trilogy\" single (\"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\") as well as plenty of outtakes, including \"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right\" informal jam, lasting more than nine minutes (its shortened version having been included on the 1973 Elvis album). Track listing Original release 2010 reissue (FTD) Personnel Sourced from Keith Flynn. Elvis Presley - lead vocals; acoustic rhythm guitar on \"Hey Jude\" (uncertain), “Sylvia” (uncertain) and “I Was Born About Ten Thousand Years Ago” James Burton - lead guitar Norbert Putnam - bass Chip Young - rhythm guitar Charlie Hodge - acoustic rhythm guitar David Briggs - piano Jerry Carrigan - drums, percussion on \"Fools Rush In (Where Angels Fear to Tread\", \"We Can Make the Morning\" and \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\" Charlie McCoy - harmonica on \"I Was Born About Ten Thousand Years Ago\" and \"Early Morning Rain\"; organ, percussion, or harmonica on \"Sylvia\" and \"Miracle of the Rosary\"; organ on \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\" and \"Until It's Time For You To Go\" Kenneth Buttrey - drums on \"Until It's Time For You To Go\", \"Fools Rush In (Where Angels Fear to Tread)\", \"We Can Make the Morning\" and \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\" Reggie Young - lead",
"title": "Elvis Now"
},
{
"docid": "1174867",
"text": "Ann Lee Peebles (born April 27, 1947) is an American retired singer and songwriter who gained popularity for her Memphis soul albums of the 1970s while signed to Hi Records. Her most successful singles include \"I Can't Stand the Rain\", which she wrote with her husband Don Bryant and radio broadcaster Bernie Miller, and \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\". In 2014, she was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame. Biography She was born in Kinloch, Missouri, the seventh child of eleven. As a child she began singing in the choir of her father's church and with the family's group, the Peebles Choir, who regularly opened shows for gospel stars including Mahalia Jackson and the Soul Stirrers featuring Sam Cooke. She was also influenced by R&B performers, including Muddy Waters, Mary Wells and Aretha Franklin. She began performing in clubs in St. Louis, and in the mid-1960s joined a revue led by bandleader Oliver Sain. While visiting Memphis in 1968, she sang in a club with trumpeter Gene \"Bowlegs\" Miller, a popular local bandleader known for helping other musicians, such as the members of the Hi Rhythm Section who played on Peebles' recordings, get their start in the Memphis music industry. Miller introduced her to Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell, who quickly offered her a recording contract. Her first record, \"Walk Away\", written by Sain, reached the R&B chart in 1969, as did the follow-up, \"Give Me Some Credit\", and she released an album, This Is Ann Peebles. All her early records on Hi were produced by Mitchell, and featured the signature sound of the Hi Rhythm Section and Memphis Horns. In 1970, her single \"Part Time Love\" - a version of Little Johnny Taylor's 1963 hit - reached no. 7 on the R&B chart, and no.45 on the pop chart, and she began working with the Hi label's songwriter Don Bryant, with whom she began a relationship and married in 1974. The first songs he wrote for her were \"99 Pounds\" and \"Good things come in small packages/ You'll have to agree to that\" in 1971. She continued to have R&B hits in the early 1970s, including \"I Pity the Fool,\" \"Slipped, Tripped and Fell in Love,\" \"Breaking Up Somebody's Home\" (a Hot 100 hit in 1973 for Albert King and later recorded by Bette Midler), \"Somebody's on Your Case,\" and \"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down\" (later a hit for Paul Young). She was also the only female singer on Hi to release a string of albums, including Straight from the Heart and I Can't Stand the Rain, which contained many tracks that she co-wrote with Bryant. The title track of the latter album, written by Peebles and Bryant with DJ Bernard Miller, was her biggest commercial success, reaching no. 6 on the R&B chart and no. 38 on the pop chart in 1973. Although she continued to have hit R&B singles and to release albums on Hi, none matched the success of \"I Can't Stand",
"title": "Ann Peebles"
},
{
"docid": "211626",
"text": "Johnnie Harrison Taylor (May 5, 1934 – May 31, 2000) was an American recording artist and songwriter who performed a wide variety of genres, from blues, rhythm and blues, soul, and gospel to pop, doo-wop, and disco. He was initially successful at Stax Records with the number-one R&B hits \"Who's Making Love\" (1968), \"Jody's Got Your Girl and Gone\" (1971) and \"I Believe in You (You Believe in Me)\" (1973), and reached number one on the US pop charts with \"Disco Lady\" in 1976. In 2022, Taylor was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. Biography Early years Johnnie Taylor was born in Crawfordsville, Arkansas, United States. He grew up in West Memphis, Arkansas, performing in gospel groups as a youngster. As an adult, he had one release, \"Somewhere to Lay My Head\", on Chicago's Vee Jay Records label in the 1950s, as part of the gospel group The Highway Q.C.'s, which included a young Sam Cooke. Taylor's singing then was strikingly close to that of Cooke, and he was hired to take Cooke's place in the latter's gospel group, the Soul Stirrers, in 1957. A few years later, after Cooke had established his independent SAR Records, Taylor signed on as one of the label's first acts and recorded \"Rome Wasn't Built In A Day\" in 1962. However, SAR Records quickly became defunct after Cooke's death in 1964. In 1966, Taylor moved to Stax Records in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was dubbed \"The Philosopher of Soul\". He recorded with the label's house band, which included Booker T. & the M.G.'s. His hits included \"I Had a Dream\", \"I've Got to Love Somebody's Baby\" (both written by the team of Isaac Hayes and David Porter) and most notably \"Who's Making Love\", which reached No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 1 on the R&B chart in 1968. \"Who's Making Love\" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In 1970, Taylor married Gerlean Rockett and they remained married until his death in 2000. His children from that marriage are Jon Harrison Taylor, and Tasha Taylor, both musicians. During his tenure at Stax, he became an R&B star, with over a dozen chart successes, such as \"Jody's Got Your Girl and Gone\", which reached No. 23 on the Hot 100 chart, \"Cheaper to Keep Her\" (Mack Rice) and record producer Don Davis's penned \"I Believe in You (You Believe in Me)\", which reached No. 11 on the Hot 100 chart. \"I Believe in You (You Believe in Me)\" also sold in excess of one million copies, and was awarded gold disc status by the R.I.A.A. in October 1973. Taylor, along with Isaac Hayes and The Staple Singers, was one of the label's flagship artists, who were credited for keeping the company afloat in the late 1960s and early 1970s after the death of its biggest star, Otis Redding, in an aviation accident. He appeared in the documentary film, Wattstax, which was released in 1973. Columbia Records",
"title": "Johnnie Taylor"
},
{
"docid": "34057190",
"text": "We Sing UK Hits is a 2011 karaoke game part of the We Sing series of games, developed by French studio Le Cortex. The game features 100% United Kingdom artists. Gameplay The gameplay is similar to the SingStar set of video games. Players are required to sing along with music in order to score points, matching pitch and rhythm. The game has anti cheat technology whereby tapping or humming will register on the screen but no points will be awarded. We Sing UK Hits also contains the addition of 'Star Notes' that allow the player to score even more points by matching the pitch and rhythm of certain hard to score parts of songs. 40 full licensed songs with music videos where available Solo Mode Multiplayer modes - Group Battle, We Sing, Versus, Pass the Mic, First to X, Expert, Blind, Marathon. Real Karaoke mode Jukebox mode Singing Lessons Award System Customisable backgrounds Four Microphones Integrates with a USB hub Due to hardware limitations with the Wii only having two USB ports, a USB hub is shipped with certain retail versions to add more USB ports. The game uses the standard logitech USB microphone for the Wii. Track List Adele - Chasing Pavements Amy Winehouse - Rehab The Animals - The House of the Rising Sun Bananarama - Venus The Beautiful South - A Little Time Blur - Girls & Boys Bucks Fizz - Making Your Mind Up Coldplay - Speed of Sound David Bowie - Let's Dance Dido - White Flag Dusty Springfield - Son Of A Preacher Man East 17 - Stay Another Day Eliza Doolittle - Pack Up Elton John - Candle In The Wind Example - Kickstarts Florence + the Machine - You've Got The Love Gabrielle - Dreams Happy Mondays - Step On James Blunt - You're Beautiful Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne - Down Jessie J - Do It Like A Dude Kim Wilde - Kids in America Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love Lulu & The Luvvers - Shout Madness - It Must Be Love McFly - 5 Colours In Her Hair Plan B - She Said Pulp - Common People Queen - Don't Stop Me Now Queen & David Bowie - Under Pressure Radiohead - Creep Rick Astley - Never Gonna Give You Up The Saturdays - Missing You Spice Girls - Who Do You Think You Are Sugababes - Push The Button Texas - I Don't Want A Lover Tinchy Stryder Ft. N-Dubz - Number 1 The Ting Tings - That's Not My Name Tinie Tempah - Pass Out Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go Peripherals Due to hardware limitations with the Wii only having two USB ports, a USB hub is shipped with certain retail sku's to add more USB ports. The game uses the standard Logitech USB microphone for the Wii. See also We Sing We Sing Encore We Sing Robbie Williams SingStar Karaoke Revolution Lips References External links We Sing Website 2011 video games Karaoke video games",
"title": "We Sing UK Hits"
},
{
"docid": "2114441",
"text": "Denise Lisa Maria Pearson (born 13 June 1968), sometimes credited as Deniece Pearson, is an English singer-songwriter. She was the lead vocalist with the British pop/R&B group Five Star, which comprised herself and her four siblings. The group was created and managed by their father, Buster Pearson, in 1983. The group officially disbanded in 2001, though partial reunions have occurred since. Career with Five Star As well as being lead singer, Pearson was also the most prolific composer of the group. Five Star tracks written by her include \"Stay Out of My Life\" (1986) (Five Star's only self-composed top-ten single), \"Hard Race\" (1987), \"There's a Brand New World\" (1988) and \"What About Me Baby\" (1990); ballads such as \"Live Giving Love\" (1987), \"Let Me Be Yours\" (1988), \"Feel Much Better\" (1990), \"Funktafied\" (2001), \"Don't Let Me Be the Lonely One\" (2001) and \"Tell Me What You Want\" (2001); and the uptempo \"I'm Still Waiting\" (1990), \"Tienes Mi Amour\" (1990), \"Going With the Moment\" (1994) and \"Show Me\" (1994). In 1986, Five Star received a Grammy Award nomination in the \"Best Rhythm and Blues Instrumental Performance\" category for Pearson's composition, \"First Avenue\", which was the B-Side of Five Star's first hit single \"All Fall Down\". After Five Star Projects outside of Five Star included a 1997 recording of \"This Pain\", a duet with former Bros singer Matt Goss. Pearson was featured singing backing vocals for Tamia in 2001 for the song \"Stranger in My House\" (as heard on the WB series For Your Love). In 2005, Pearson and singer-songwriter Ryan Tedder of the group OneRepublic wrote several songs together including \"Over You\" sung by Denise herself, and \"Strike\" which was performed by US teen sensation Nikki Flores. They also worked together on a new version of Five Star's 1986 hit single \"System Addict\". In 2007, Pearson announced she was working on solo material. In May 2008, she recorded a promotional video for one of her tracks, alongside brother Stedman, and a team of trained backing singers and dancers, Denise played several dates as Five Star to celebrate the group's 25th anniversary. In 2009, Pearson made her West End Theatre debut in the show Thriller – Live, a musical based on the music of Michael Jackson. In 2009, City Life magazine described her as \"uncannily pitch perfect as a female answer to MJ [Michael Jackson]\". In September 2011, Pearson appeared as one of the lead singers in the new West End show Respect La Diva which ran at the Garrick Theatre for a limited run. In March 2012, Denise appeared on BBC talent show, The Voice UK, as a contestant. She joined the team of Tom Jones after singing Fighter by Christina Aguilera. She was, however, credited as Deniece Pearson. During the second round of the contest, her rival Ruth Brown was picked by coach Tom Jones over her for the live finals. In December 2012, Pearson appeared in her first pantomime, starring as the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella at the Milton",
"title": "Denise Pearson"
},
{
"docid": "28143364",
"text": "Neil Sedaka Sings Little Devil and His Other Hits is a solo album by Neil Sedaka released in 1961 immediately after the cover versions of earlier hits in Circulate. Track listing All tracks composed by Neil Sedaka and Howard Greenfield; except where indicated \"Little Devil\" \"Oh! Carol\" \"You Mean Everything to Me\" \"Run Samson Run\" \"The Girl For Me\" (Sylvester Bradford, Annebelle Thompson) \"Stairway to Heaven\" \"Calendar Girl\" \"I Must Be Dreaming\" \"Going Home to Mary Lou\" \"The Diary\" \"What Am I Gonna Do\" \"One Way Ticket\" (Hank Hunter, Jack Keller) Singles All of the songs on this album were released on 45 rpm singles. Seven of the twelve songs on this album hit the charts as follows: \"Little Devil\" (US #11, UK #9) \"Oh! Carol\" (US #9, UK #3) \"You Mean Everything to Me\" (US #17, UK #45) \"Run Samson Run\" (US #28) \"Stairway to Heaven\" (US #9, UK #8) \"Calendar Girl\" (#4, UK #8) \"The Diary\" (US #14) (already found on the Rock with Sedaka album) \"You Mean Everything to Me\" and \"Run Samson Run\" were released together on a 45 rpm record; with both songs charting, the record gave Sedaka a rare double A-side. The other five songs had also seen 45 rpm single releases as follows: \"The Girl For Me\" was a non-charting A-side from 1959. \"I Must Be Dreaming\" was the B-side of \"Little Devil\" in 1961. \"Going Home To Mary Lou\" was a non-charting single from 1959. \"What Am I Gonna Do\" was the B-side of \"Going Home To Mary Lou\" in 1959. \"One Way Ticket (to the Blues)\" was the B-side of \"Oh, Carol!\" in 1959. Re-releases 1993 The album was re-released in 1993 with the same 12 original tracks in addition to 8 bonus tracks: 13) \"Stupid Cupid\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) 14) \"You Got to Learn Your Rhythm and Blues\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) 15) \"Sweet Little You\" (Mann, Kolber) (US #59) 16) \"King of Clowns\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) (US #45 UK #23) 17) \"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) (US #1, UK #7) 18) \"Next Door To An Angel\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) (US #5, UK #29) 19) \"The Dreamer\" (Grossman) (#47) 20) \"Let's Go Steady Again\" (Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield) (US #26, UK #42) 2010 The 12 tracks from the original 1961 release were reissued again in late 2010, combined with the tracks from the 1978 album The Many Sides Of Neil Sedaka. 2017 In April 2017, the UK-based Hallmark Records reissued this album on CD according to the original 1961 track listing. 1961 albums Neil Sedaka albums RCA Records albums",
"title": "Neil Sedaka Sings Little Devil and His Other Hits"
},
{
"docid": "6688922",
"text": "Ruby Johnson (April 19, 1936 – July 4, 1999) was an American soul singer, best known for her recordings on the Volt label in the late 1960s. Life and career She was born in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, and was raised in the Jewish faith. She sang, with her eight brothers and sisters, in the Temple Beth-El choir. After completing high school, she moved to Virginia Beach where she worked as a waitress and began singing rhythm and blues with local bands, before spending two years with Samuel Latham and the Rhythm Makers. She then moved to Washington, D.C. in the late 1950s, and joined Ambrose and the Showstoppers, the house band at the Spa nightclub. Local entrepreneur Never Duncan Jnr. became her manager, and placed her with record producer Dicky Williams. Her first single, \"Calling All Boys\", was issued in 1960 on the V-Tone label, before Duncan established his own recording company, NEBS. She released a succession of singles on NEBS, including \"Here I Go Again\", \"Worried Mind\", and \"Nobody Cares\", some of which became local hits. When her local supporter, disc jockey Al Bell, began working for Stax Records in Memphis in 1965, he won her a contract with the label. There, she recorded a handful of classic soul records with the writing and production team of Isaac Hayes and David Porter, and backing musicians including Steve Cropper, \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson. These were issued on the Stax subsidiary label, Volt. They included \"I'll Run Your Hurt Away\", which reached No. 31 on the Billboard R&B chart in 1966, and \"If I Ever Needed Love\", both tracks which became staples of subsequent soul compilations, such as those by Dave Godin. Despite the quality of her records, they met with little success, and after a few more years singing in clubs, she gave up her singing career in 1974. She worked in government posts, and eventually became the director of Foster Grandparents, a federal programme helping handicapped children relate to older generations. She also returned to worship and sing at the Temple Beth-El near her home in Lanham, Maryland. A compilation CD, including many previously unissued tracks, was issued in 1993. She died in 1999, aged 63. Discography Singles 1961 \"Callin' All Boys\" / \"Pleadin' Heart\" – V-TONE 222 1963 \"I Received Your Message\" / \"Stop Wasting Your Tears\" – Pledge 108 1964 \"Worried Mind\" / \"I'm Hooked\" – NEBS 502 1964 \"What Goes Up Must Come Down\" / \"I Want A Real Man\" – NEBS 503 1965 \"Let Me Apologise\" / \"Don't Start Nothing\" – NEBS 101 1965 \"Here I Go Again\" / \"Jerk Shout\" – NEBS 501 1966 \"I'll Run Your Hurt Away\" / \"Weak Spot\" – Volt 133 1966 \"Come To Me My Darling\" / \"When My Love Comes Down\" – Volt 140 1967 \"Reach Out and Touch Me\" / \"Come Back To Me\" – NEBS 508 1967 \"If I Ever Needed Love (I Sure Do Need It Now)\" / \"Keep On Keeping On\" –",
"title": "Ruby Johnson"
},
{
"docid": "8977744",
"text": "High School Musical: Sing It! is a video game for the Wii and PlayStation 2 based on the High School Musical franchise. The game features the songs from the first High School Musical and its 2007 sequel, High School Musical 2. It also features a selection of songs from Disney Channel artists and a \"Story mode\" where the players can follow the story of the first movie through Kelsi's perspective. The characters of Troy, Gabriella, Chad, Taylor, Ryan, and Sharpay are available to the player, alongside an option to create their own character. The visuals of the game are animated and based on motion capture. It's the first game in the Disney Sing It series and was followed by the self-titled game. Songs Start of Something New Get'cha Head in the Game What I've Been Looking For (Sharpay and Ryan version) What I've Been Looking For (Troy and Gabriella version) Stick to the Status Quo When There Was Me and You Bop to the Top Breaking Free We're All in This Together I Can't Take My Eyes Off of You What Time Is It? Fabulous Work This Out You Are the Music in Me I Don't Dance You Are the Music in Me (Sharpay Version) Gotta Go My Own Way Bet On It Everyday ** All for One Humuhumunukunukuapua'a All Good Now * Beautiful Soul * Cheetah Sisters * Counting on You * I Will Be Around * Jump to the Rhythm * No One* On The Ride* Push It to the Limit * Bonus Song. This song was not in any of the High School Musical movies. Original movie soundtrack recording of this song. Stages Auditorium Cafeteria Corridors Golf Course Gym New Year's Eve Lodge Rooftop Garden School Grounds Science Class Summer Resort Swimming Pool Trophy Room Reception Reviews for the game are mostly mixed, as GameRankings gave it a score of 55.75% for the PlayStation 2 version and 59.67% for the Wii version, while Metacritic gave it a score of 56 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version and 64 out of 100 for the Wii version. The PlayStation 2 version of Sing It! received a \"Platinum\" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. See also Disney Sing It Disney Sing It! – High School Musical 3: Senior Year Disney Sing It: Pop Hits Disney Sing It: Party Hits Disney Sing It: Family Hits References External links Official site 1 Official site 2 GameSpot page Information on the game PlayStation 2 games Wii games 2007 video games Sing It! Karaoke video games Behaviour Interactive games Video games developed in Canada",
"title": "High School Musical: Sing It!"
},
{
"docid": "8300664",
"text": "\"Working in the Coal Mine\" is a song with music and lyrics by the American musician and record producer Allen Toussaint. It was an international hit for Lee Dorsey in 1966, and has been recorded by other musicians including Devo in 1981. Lee Dorsey original version After Toussaint returned to New Orleans from the U.S. Army, in which he served from 1963 to 1965, he formed a production company, Sansu (also known as \"Tou-Sea Productions\"), with partner Marshall Sehorn. He produced a number of singles performed by Lee Dorsey in 1965 and 1966, including \"Ride Your Pony\" and \"Working in the Coal Mine\". Written, arranged and produced by Toussaint, the song concerns the suffering of a man who rises before 5 o'clock each morning in order to work in a coal mine, five days a week, where the conditions are very harsh and dangerous, but which offers the only prospect of paid employment. The singer repeatedly asks the Lord, \"How long can this go on?\" and complains that when the weekend arrives, he's too exhausted to have any fun. In the instrumental section, as in the song's fade, he says: \"Lord, I'm so tired / How long can this go on?\" The song features the sound of a pickaxe clinking, as if the musicians were working in a mine. Says producer Allen Toussaint \"There wasn’t as much percussion as you might think on there. It was a certain drummer and we had my brother hit the mic' stand with a drum stick for the pick sound. Those were the two percussion instruments.\" The recording took place at Cosimo Matassa's Governor Nichols Street studio in the French Quarter of New Orleans. Musicians included guitarist Roy Montrell, drummer Albert \"June\" Gardner, and bassist Walter Payton. It was a hit for Lee Dorsey, released on Amy Records (catalogue number 958), and entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on July 23, 1966, eventually peaking at #8, while reaching #5 on the Billboard R&B chart. It also reached #8 on the UK Singles Chart. Toussaint said that neither he nor Dorsey had ever been down a coal mine: \"We didn’t know anything about a coal mine\". He said of Dorsey: \"He was very good to work with. Very inspiring because he had such a happiness about him. He loved what he was doing when he was singing. He was a body and fender man when he wasn’t singing and even at his peak, when he would come off the road at the end of a successful tour, he would go and get into his grease clothes, his dirty work gear and go and work on cars. Straightening out fenders and painting bodywork. But really it was his finest hour when he was singing. He was a very good person for me to work with and he totally trusted me every step of the way.\" Over time, Dorsey's version of \"Working in the Coal Mine\" has been featured in many movies and television programs, including Where",
"title": "Working in the Coal Mine"
}
] | [
"Ian Dury",
"the Blockheads"
] |
train_5118 | what was the first month of the roman calendar | [
{
"docid": "311223",
"text": "Sextilis () or mensis Sextilis was the Latin name for what was originally the sixth month in the Roman calendar, when March (Martius, \"Mars' month\") was the first of ten months in the year. After the calendar reform that produced a twelve-month year, Sextilis became the eighth month, but retained its name. It was renamed Augustus (August) in 8 BC in honor of the first Roman emperor, Augustus. Sextilis followed Quinctilis, which was renamed Julius (July) after Julius Caesar, and preceded September (from septem, \"seven\"), which was originally the seventh month. The month Augustus Julius (July) was renamed from Quintilis (\"fifth\" month) in honor of Julius Caesar, who had adopted his grand-nephew Octavian, the future Augustus, and made him his heir. It has sometimes been thought that the month has 31 days because Augustus wanted as many days in his month as in his predecessor's, but Sextilis in fact had 31 days since the reform during Caesar's dictatorship that created the Julian calendar. The decree of the Senate (senatus consultum) renaming Sextilis reads in part: Whereas the emperor Augustus Caesar, in the month of Sextilis, was first admitted to the consulate, and thrice entered the city in triumph, and in the same month the legions, from the Janiculum, placed themselves under his auspices, and in the same month Egypt was brought under the authority of the Roman people, and in the same month an end was put to the civil wars; and whereas for these reasons the said month is, and has been, most fortunate to this empire, it is hereby decreed by the senate that the said month shall be called Augustus. Iconography of the month The Calendar of Filocalus illustrated the month of August with a seasonal representation of summer's heat. A peacock fan overhangs a nude male who drinks from a large bowl, with his cast-off garment in the top right corner. The amphora beside him is sealed with a flower and in one extant copy is inscribed ZLS, probably a mistaken transcription for the Greek exhortation zeses, \"to your health\". Three mature gourds or melons are another seasonal motif. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of August was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of August was the pridie Kalendas Septembris, \"day before the Kalends of September\". Roman counting was inclusive; 9 August was ante diem V Idūs Sextīlis (ante diem V Idūs Augustas), \"the 5th day before the Ides of August,\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Sext. (a.d. V Id. Aug.), or with the a.d. omitted altogether. The Julian calendar reform added two days to Sextilis; thus on the pre-reform calendar, 23 August was VIII Kal. Sept., \"the 8th day",
"title": "Sextilis"
},
{
"docid": "40384929",
"text": "September (from Latin septem, \"seven\") or mensis September was originally the seventh of ten months on the ancient Roman calendar that began with March (mensis Martius, \"Mars' month\"). It had 29 days. After the reforms that resulted in a 12-month year, September became the ninth month, but retained its name. September followed what was originally Sextilis, the \"sixth\" month, renamed Augustus in honor of the first Roman emperor, and preceded October, the \"eighth\" month that like September retained its numerical name contrary to its position on the calendar. A day was added to September in the mid-40s BC as part of the Julian calendar reform. September has none of the archaic festivals that are marked in large letters for other months on extant Roman fasti. Instead, about half the month is devoted to the Ludi Romani, \"Roman Games\", which developed as votive games for Jupiter Optimus Maximus (\"Jupiter Best and Greatest\"). The Ludi Romani are the oldest games instituted by the Romans, dating from 509 BC. On the Ides of September (the 13th), Jupiter was honored with a public banquet, the Epulum Jovis. A nail-driving ritual in the temple marked the passing of the political year during the Republican era, and in the earliest period, the consuls took office on the Ides of September. The month was often represented in art by the grape harvest. September was the birth month of no fewer than four major Roman emperors, including Augustus. The emperor Commodus renamed the month after either himself or Hercules—an innovation that was repealed after his murder in 192. In the Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, the year began with September on some calendars, and was the beginning of the imperial tax year. In the agricultural year For the month of September, ancient farmers' almanacs (menologia rustica) take note of the autumnal equinox on September 24, and the equal number of daylight and nocturnal hours. They note that the month began with the sun in the astrological sign of Virgo, and was under the guardianship (tutela) of Volcanus (the god Vulcan). On an unspecified date an Epulum Minervae (Banquet of Minerva) is to be held, probably as part of the general epulum on the Ides. The farmer is instructed to coat wine vessels with pitch, pick apples, and loosen the compacted soil around trees. In his agricultural treatise, Varro assigns farmers additional tasks in the period from the rising of Sirius to the equinox. Straw must be cut, haystacks pitched, arable land ploughed, fodder gathered, and well-watered meadows mown a second time. Columella specifies that sloping ground should be ploughed between the Kalends (1st) and the Ides (13th). Equinox and medical theory The Aëtius parapegma is an almanac that appears as a chapter in the 6th-century Tetrabiblos of Aëtius of Amida. It treats the rising and setting of constellations, weather forecasting, and medical advice as closely intertwined, and notes of the equinox (placed on September 25) thatThere is the greatest disturbance in the air for three days previous.",
"title": "September (Roman month)"
},
{
"docid": "26252564",
"text": "The nundinae (, ), sometimes anglicized to nundines, were the market days of the ancient Roman calendar, forming a kind of weekend including, for a certain period, rest from work for the ruling class (patricians). The nundinal cycle, market week, or 8-day week ( or ) was the cycle of days preceding and including each nundinae. These were marked on fasti using from A to H. The earliest form of the Roman calendar is sometimes said to have included exactly 38 such cycles, running for 304 days from March to December before an unorganized expanse of about 50 winter days. The lengths of the Republican and Julian calendars, however, were not evenly divisible by 8; under these systems, the nundinae fell on a different letter each year. These letters formed the basis of the later Christian dominical letters. Name The name () was apparently formed from an early form of (\"ninth\") and (\"day\"), a root related to and ultimately the Proto-Indo-European root reconstructed as *dyew- (\"to shine\"). It is now glossed as an adjective modifying an understood (\"festival; holiday\"), but not all Romans considered it to be one: a writer named Titius listed the nundinae as a \"customary occasion\" () and the Roman pontiffs themselves told the augur Messala that they did not consider the nones or nundinae to be religious occasions. Like and the names of most other recurring days of the Roman calendar, always appeared as a plural in classical Latin, even in references to a single day. The English form \"nundine\", following French , similarly appeared only as a plural at first, although it is now used in the singular number for individual days. In Roman inscriptions, the word was abbreviated . The form for the span between the nundinae seems to have been standard in early Latin, but only appears in compounds (, , &c.) and phrases () in the classical period. The name of the 8-day cycle is based upon the Latin word for \"nine\" because the Romans tended to count dates inclusively. Each nundinae was thought to follow the next after a 9-day interval because the first day was included in the count. History The Etruscans also celebrated an 8-day week which may have been the basis of the Roman system. They supposedly used each day for royal audiences and councils with their various kings. According to Macrobius, the people of the Roman countryside were first obliged to gather in the city on the nones of each month, about a week after the new moon, to hear from the king or his equivalent what the holy days would be and what they were to do over the course of the coming month. The regular nundinae were credited by Roman legend variously to Romulus when he ruled jointly with Titus Tatius and first established Rome's religious observances, to Servius Tullius when he aimed to improve commerce in the town, or to the plebeians when they began to gather after the expulsion of Tarquin to offer",
"title": "Nundinae"
},
{
"docid": "15642",
"text": "January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer). In the Southern hemisphere, January is the seasonal equivalent of July in the Northern hemisphere and vice versa. Ancient Roman observances during this month include Cervula and Juvenalia, celebrated January 1, as well as one of three Agonalia, celebrated January 9, and Carmentalia, celebrated January 11. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. History January (in Latin, Ianuarius) is named after Janus, the god of beginnings and transitions in Roman mythology. Traditionally, the original Roman calendar consisted of 10 months totaling 304 days, winter being considered a month-less period. Around 713 BC, the semi-mythical successor of Romulus, King Numa Pompilius, is supposed to have added the months of January and February, so that the calendar covered a standard lunar year (354 days). Although March was originally the first month in the old Roman calendar, January became the first month of the calendar year either under Numa or under the Decemvirs about 450 BC (Roman writers differ). In contrast, each specific calendar year was identified by the names of the two consuls, who entered office on March 15 until 153 BC, at which point they started entering office on January 1. Various Christian feast dates were used for the New Year in Europe during the Middle Ages, including March 25 (Feast of the Annunciation) and December 25. However, medieval calendars were still displayed in the Roman fashion with twelve columns from January to December. Beginning in the 16th century, European countries began officially making January 1 the start of the New Year once again—sometimes called Circumcision Style because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, being the seventh day after December 25. Historical names for January include its original Roman designation, Ianuarius, the Saxon term Wulf-monath (meaning \"wolf month\") and Charlemagne's designation Wintarmanoth (\"winter / cold month\"). In Slovene, it is traditionally called prosinec; the name, associated with millet bread and the act of asking for something, was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript. According to Theodor Mommsen, 1 January became the first day of the year in 600 AUC of the Roman calendar (153 BC), due to disasters in the Lusitanian War. A Lusitanian chief called Punicus invaded the Roman territory, defeated two Roman governors, and killed their troops. The Romans resolved to send a consul to Hispania, and in order to accelerate the dispatch of aid, \"they even made the new consuls enter into office two months and a half before the legal time\" (March 15). Symbols January's birthstone is the garnet, which represents",
"title": "January"
},
{
"docid": "25792",
"text": "The Roman calendar was the calendar used by the Roman Kingdom and Roman Republic. Although the term is primarily used for Rome's pre-Julian calendars, it is often used inclusively of the Julian calendar established by the reforms of the Dictator Julius Caesar and Emperor Augustus in the late 1st century BC. According to most Roman accounts, their original calendar was established by their legendary first king Romulus. It consisted of ten months, beginning in spring with March and leaving winter as an unassigned span of days before the next year. These months each had 30 or 31 days and ran for 38 nundinal cycles, each forming a kind of eight-day weeknine days counted inclusively in the Roman mannerand ending with religious rituals and a public market. This fixed calendar bore traces of its origin as an observational lunar one. In particular, the most important days of each monthits kalends, nones, and idesseem to have derived from the new moon, the first-quarter moon, and the full moon respectively. To a late date, the College of Pontiffs formally proclaimed each of these days on the Capitoline Hill and Roman dating counted down inclusively towards the next such day in any month. (For example, the year-end festival of Terminalia on 23February was called , the 6th day before the March kalends.) Romulus's successor Numa Pompilius was then usually credited with a revised calendar that divided winter between the two months of January and February, shortened most other months accordingly, and brought everything into rough alignment with the solar year by some system of intercalation. This is a typical element of lunisolar calendars and was necessary to keep the Roman religious festivals and other activities in their proper seasons. Modern historians dispute various points of this account. It is possible the original calendar was agriculturally based, observational of the seasons and stars rather the moon, with ten months of varying length filling the entire year. If this ever existed, it would have changed to the lunisolar system later credited to Numa during the kingdom or early Republic under the influence of the Etruscans and of Pythagorean Southern Italian Greeks. After the establishment of the Republic, years began to be dated by consulships but the calendar and its rituals were otherwise very conservatively maintained until the Late Republic. Even when the nundinal cycles had completely departed from correlation with the moon's phases, a pontiff was obliged to meet the sacred king, to claim that he had observed the new moon, and to offer a sacrifice to Juno to solemnize each kalends. It is clear that, for a variety of reasons, the intercalation necessary for the system's accuracy was not always observed. Astronomical events recorded in Livy show the civil calendar had varied from the solar year by an entire season in and was still two months off in . By the or before, control of intercalation was given to the pontifex maximus butas these were often active political leaders like Caesarpolitical considerations continued to interfere",
"title": "Roman calendar"
},
{
"docid": "2485601",
"text": "The Equirria (also as Ecurria, from equicurria, \"horse races\") were two ancient Roman festivals of chariot racing, or perhaps horseback racing, held in honor of the god Mars, one 27 February and the other 14 March. Site The Equirria took place in the Campus Martius outside the sacred boundary of Rome (pomerium). The exact course is debated: perhaps near the Altar of Mars in the campus; or on the Tarentum, the site of the ludi tarentini, which became the Saecular Games; or the Trigarium. When the Tiber flooded, the Equirria were transferred to the Campus Martialis on the Caelian Hill, a field without permanent structures. On the calendar The Equirria were said to have been founded by Romulus, the son of Mars. Both appear on the oldest Roman calendars inscribed on stone. The Equirria are part of what Michael Lipka calls \"temporal focalization\" in the Roman conception of deity. The festivals of Mars—the 27 February Equirria, a feria on the Kalends of March (a day sacred also to his mother Juno), Agonalia 17 March, Tubilustrium 23 March, the ritual of the October Horse 15 October, and Armilustrium 19 October—cluster at his namesake month (Latin Martius), except for festivals of Mars in October to close the military campaigning season. In the earliest form of the calendar, the year began with March, and thus the 27 February Equirria originally preceded New Year's Day, and was the last festival for Mars of the year. The 14 March Equirria occurs the day before the Ides, when the Roman people celebrated the feast of Anna Perenna, whose name expresses her role as a goddess of the year (Latin annus; cf. English \"perennial\"). The March Equirria and the Regifugium (\"King's Flight\") are the only such festivals to fall on an even-numbered date. Despite scholarly efforts, no explanation for this displacement has found wide acceptance. Georg Wissowa thought the March Equirria had originally occurred on the Ides, and was moved up a day because of conflicts among religious events concentrated around this ritually fraught time; an alternate view is that it was placed \"at some convenient day\" between the Nones and the Ides. At any rate, the horse races framed the ritual turn of the year, and the difficulties of the placement of the two Equirria arise from changes made to the calendar, when January became the first month. Significance Originally, the Equirria may have featured races on horseback, like the archaic festivals of the Consualia and Taurian Games, rather than chariot races. The gods of the underworld (di inferi) were characteristically propitiated by horse racing in the Campus Martius with \"old and obscure\" festivals such as the Consualia, at sites including the Tarentum and the Trigarium. Hendrik Wagenvoort speculated that the archaic Mars \"had been imagined as the god of death and the underworld in the shape of a horse.\" William Warde Fowler understood the Equirria as \"lustrations of the horse\" for the army. They occur during what most scholars see as a general \"war festival\"",
"title": "Equirria"
},
{
"docid": "753307",
"text": "The calends or kalends () is the first day of every month in the Roman calendar. The English word \"calendar\" is derived from this word. Use The Romans called the first day of every month the calends, signifying the start of a new lunar phase. On this day, the pontiffs would announce the number of days until the next month at the Curia Calabra; in addition, debtors had to pay off their debts on this day. These debts were inscribed in the kalendaria, effectively an accounting book. Modern calendars count the number of days after the first of each month; by contrast, the Roman calendar counted the number of days until certain upcoming dates (such as the calends, the nones or the ides). The day before the calends was called pridie kalendas, but the day before that was counted as the \"third day\", as Romans used inclusive counting. To calculate the day of the calends of the upcoming month, counting the number of days remaining in the current month is necessary, then adding two to that number. For example, April 22 is the 10th day before the calends of May (ante diem decimum Kalendas Maius), because eight days are left in April and both end dates are included in the total. Computation The following lines of poetry aid calculations relating to the day of the month from the calends: This means that the first day is called the calends; six days after the calends is the nones of May, October, July and March, while the nones comes only four days later for the other months; the ides comes eight days after the nones. Expressions The calends was a feature of the Roman calendar, but it was not included in the Greek calendar. Consequently, to postpone something ad Kalendas Graecas (\"until the Greek calends\") was a colloquial expression for postponing something forever. This phrase survived for many centuries in Greek () and in the Romance languages (; ; ; ; ; etc.). The Latin term is traditionally written with initial K: this is a relic of traditional Latin orthography, which wrote K (instead of C or Q) before the vowel A. Later, most Latin words adopted C, instead. It is sometimes claimed that the kalends was frequently used in formal or high-register contexts, and that that is why it retained its traditional spelling, but there seems to be no source for this. References Further reading T.P. Wiseman, \"The Kalends of April,\" in Idem, Unwritten Rome. Exeter, University of Exeter Press, 2008. Roman calendar cs:Římská datace#Kalendy",
"title": "Calends"
},
{
"docid": "3839355",
"text": ", , or January, fully (\"month of Janus\") and abbreviated , was the first month of the ancient Roman calendar, from which the Julian and Gregorian month of January derived. It was followed by Februarius (\"February\"). In the calendars of the Roman Republic, Ianuarius had 29 days. Two days were added when the calendar was reformed under Julius Caesar in 45 BCE. In the oldest Roman calendar, which the Romans believed to have been instituted by their legendary founder Romulus, the first month was Martius (\"month of Mars\", March), and the calendar year had only ten months. Ianuarius and Februarius were supposed to have been added by Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, originally at the end of the year. It is unclear when the Romans reset the course of the year so that January and February came first. Ianuarius is conventionally thought to have taken its name from Janus, the dual-faced god of beginnings, openings, passages, gates and doorways, but according to ancient Roman farmers' almanacs Juno was the tutelary deity of the month. In the agricultural year Many Roman festivals and religious observances reflect the Romans' agrarian way of life in their early history. Agricultural calendars (menologia rustica) show that for farmers, January continued the relatively slack time they experienced in December. For January, these almanacs advised farmers to expect 9¾ hours of daylight and 14¼ hours of darkness, and to sharpen stakes, cut willows and reeds, and offer sacrifice to the Dei Penates, tutelary deities. The agricultural writer Columella says that farmers who were religiosiores, more scrupulous than others, would refrain from working the land until January 13, except that on January 1 they should make an auspicious gesture (auspiciandi causa) of beginning work on everything they wanted to get done that year. Varro, in his agricultural treatise, divides the agricultural year into eight phases. The phase from the winter solstice to February 7, when Favonius the west wind was thought to start blowing favorably, was not for hard work, but odd jobs and tidying. Civic life In the Roman Republic, consuls entered office at the beginning of the year; from 153 BC onward, on January 1. Auspices were taken, and if favorable the two consuls went home and put on their toga praetexta, with the purple stripe signifying their status. A procession of senators and equestrians accompanied them from their home to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill. The people dressed festively and watched the parade. At the temple, each consul sacrificed a white bull to Jupiter in fulfillment of the vow made by the previous year's consuls to ask for the wellbeing (salus) of the commonwealth (vota pro salute rei publicae). New vows were then made. The senior of the two consuls next convened the senate. Among other business, he announced the date of the Feriae Latinae (\"Latin Festival\"), a moveable feast to be held in April and one of the oldest festivals of the religious calendar. Within five days,",
"title": "Ianuarius"
},
{
"docid": "19344",
"text": "March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 21 marks the astronomical beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where September is the seasonal equivalent of the Northern Hemisphere's March. History The name of March comes from Martius, the first month of the earliest Roman calendar. It was named after Mars, the Roman god of war, and an ancestor of the Roman people through his sons Romulus and Remus. His month Martius was the beginning of the season for warfare, and the festivals held in his honor during the month were mirrored by others in October, when the season for these activities came to a close. Martius remained the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps as late as 153 BC, and several religious observances in the first half of the month were originally new year's celebrations. Even in late antiquity, Roman mosaics picturing the months sometimes still placed March first. March 1 began the numbered year in Russia until the end of the 15th century. Great Britain and its colonies continued to use March 25 until 1752, when they finally adopted the Gregorian calendar (the fiscal year in the UK continues to begin on 6 April, initially identical to 25 March in the former Julian calendar). Many other cultures, for example in Iran, or Ethiopia, still celebrate the beginning of the New Year in March. March is the first month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Europe, Asia and part of Africa) and the first month of fall or autumn in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, part of Africa, and Oceania). Ancient Roman observances celebrated in March include Agonium Martiale, celebrated on March 1, March 14, and March 17, Matronalia, celebrated on March 1, Junonalia, celebrated on March 7, Equirria, celebrated on March 14, Mamuralia, celebrated on either March 14 or March 15, Hilaria on March 15 and then through March 22–28, Argei, celebrated on March 16–17, Liberalia and Bacchanalia, celebrated March 17, Quinquatria, celebrated March 19–23, and Tubilustrium, celebrated March 23. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Other names In Finnish, the month is called maaliskuu, which is believed to originate from maallinen kuu. The latter means earthy month and may refer to the first appearance of \"earth\" from under the winter's snow. In Ukrainian, the month is called березень/berezenʹ, meaning birch tree, and březen in Czech. Historical names for March include the Saxon Lentmonat, named after the March equinox and gradual lengthening of days, and the eventual namesake of Lent. Saxons also called March Rhed-monat or Hreth-monath (deriving from their goddess Rhedam/Hreth), and Angles called it Hyld-monath. In Slovene, the traditional name is sušec, meaning the month when the earth becomes dry enough so that it",
"title": "March"
},
{
"docid": "161971",
"text": "In the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day is the first day of the calendar year, 1 January. Most solar calendars (like the Gregorian and Julian) begin the year regularly at or near the northern winter solstice, while cultures and religions that observe a lunisolar or lunar calendar celebrate their Lunar New Year at less fixed points relative to the solar year. In pre-Christian Rome under the Julian calendar, the day was dedicated to Janus, god of gateways and beginnings, for whom January is also named. From Roman times until the middle of the 18th century, the new year was celebrated at various stages and in various parts of Christian Europe on 25 December, on 1 March, on 25 March and on the movable feast of Easter. In the present day, with most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as their civil calendar, 1 January according to Gregorian calendar is among the most celebrated of public holidays in the world, often observed with fireworks at the stroke of midnight following New Year's Eve as the new year starts in each time zone. Other global New Year's Day traditions include making New Year's resolutions and calling one's friends and family. History The ancient Babylonian calendar was lunisolar, and around the year 2000BC began observing a spring festival and the new year during the month of Nisan, around the time of the March equinox. The early Roman calendar designated 1 March as the first day of the year. The calendar had just 10 months, beginning with March. That the new year once began with the month of March is still reflected in some of the names of the months. September through to December, the ninth through to the twelfth months of the Gregorian calendar, were originally positioned as the seventh through to the tenth months. (Septem is Latin for \"seven\"; octo, \"eight\"; novem, \"nine\"; and decem, \"ten\") Roman mythology usually credits their second king Numa with the establishment of the two new months of Ianuarius and Februarius. These were first placed at the end of the year, but at some point came to be considered the first two months instead. The January kalend ( Ianuariae), the start of the month of January, came to be celebrated as the new year at some point after it became the day for the inaugurating new consuls in 153BC as a result of the rebellion in Hispania which began the second Celtiberian War. Romans had long dated their years by these consulships, rather than sequentially, and making the kalends of January start the new year aligned this dating. Still, private and religious celebrations around the March new year continued for some time and there is no consensus on the question of the timing for 1 January's new status. Once it became the new year, however, it became a time for family gatherings and celebrations. A series of disasters, notably including the failed rebellion of M. Aemilius Lepidus in 78BC, established a superstition against allowing Rome's market days",
"title": "New Year's Day"
},
{
"docid": "45300210",
"text": "The Fasti Antiates Maiores is a painted wall-calendar from the late Roman Republic, the oldest archaeologically attested local Roman calendar and the only such calendar known from before the Julian calendar reforms. It was created between 84 and 55 BC and discovered in 1915 at Anzio (ancient Antium) in a crypt next to the coast. It is now located in the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme in Rome, part of the Museo Nazionale Romano. Background Anzio lies about 58 km south of Rome in the region of modern Lazio. In the 6th century BC, at the latest, the Latins inhabited the region of Latium, including Antium, this town until being taken by the Volsci, remaining independent of Rome until 338 BC. The Romans first took control of the region in the Latin War after the Battle of Trifanum and incorporated it into the Roman republic. Description The Fasti Antiates maiores consist of two fragments of the thirteen month calendar and the List of Roman consuls. The 1.16 m high and 2.5 m wide calendar contains the leap month Mensis Intercalaris in addition to the twelve months. The list of consuls was the same height as the calendar, but 1.36 m wide. The names of the consuls span the period from 164 BC to 84 BC. According to the restoration of the lacunae at both ends, the list originally extended from 173 BC to 67 BC. Contents The calendar takes the form of a table with thirteen columns, each of which is a month labelled with an abbreviation of its name. Still legible are the following: IAN for Ianuarius (January), FEB for Februarius (February), APR for Aprilis (April), IVN for Iunius (June), and SEP for September. Each column consists of several rows containing the days as well as a supplementary row indicating the total number of days in the month. Still visible are XXIIX (28) for February, XXIX (29) for April, June and partly for August, XXXI (31) (partial) for May and October. Each day is marked with a letter from A to H, indicating the position of the day in the Roman nundinal cycle, with occasional further letters appended to note the ceremonial category of the day: The first day of each month is marked by the letter K, short for Kalendae. The fifth day of January, February, April, June, August, September, November, and December is marked with the letters NON, short for Nonae, whereas NON is placed in the seventh day for the months of March, May, July, and October. The eighth day after the Nones of each month is labelled EIDVS (Ides). Some days are marked with the letters F, N or C. F is short for fastus dies (\"allowed days\", when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law), N for nefastus dies (banned days, when it was not), and C for comitialis dies (assembly days, when political assemblies were permitted). The calendar also lists the foundation dates (dies natales) of the temples in",
"title": "Fasti Antiates Maiores"
},
{
"docid": "15651",
"text": "The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers). The Julian calendar was proposed in 46 BC by (and takes its name from) Julius Caesar, as a reform of the earlier Roman calendar, which was largely a lunisolar one. It took effect on , by his edict. Caesar's calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years, until 1582 when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar. The Julian calendar has two types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. That is more than the actual solar year value of approximately 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar gains one day every 129 years. In other words, the Julian calendar gains 3.1 days every 400 years. Gregory's calendar reform modified the Julian rule, to reduce the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year: the Gregorian calendar gains just 0.1 day over 400 years. For any given event during the years from 1901 through 2099, its date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date (for instance Julian 1 January falls on Gregorian 14 January). Most Catholic countries adopted the new calendar immediately; Protestant countries did so slowly in the course of the following two centuries or so; most Orthodox countries retain the Julian calendar for religious purposes but adopted the Gregorian as their civil calendar in the early part of the twentieth century. Table of months History Motivation The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. This intercalary month was formed by inserting 22 or 23 days after the first 23 days of February; the last five days of February, which counted down toward the start of March, became the last five days of Intercalaris. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, forming an intercalary year of 377 or 378 days. Some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia (23 February). If managed correctly this system could have allowed the Roman year to stay roughly aligned to a tropical year. However, since the pontifices were often politicians, and because a Roman magistrate's term of office",
"title": "Julian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "39560972",
"text": "On the ancient Roman calendar, mensis Iunius or Iunius, also Junius (June), was the fourth month, following Maius (May). In the oldest calendar attributed by the Romans to Romulus, Iunius was the fourth month in a ten-month year that began with March (Martius, \"Mars' month\"). The month following June was thus called Quinctilis or Quintilis, the \"fifth\" month. Iunius had 29 days until a day was added during the Julian reform of the calendar in the mid-40s BC. The month that followed Iunius was renamed Iulius (July) in honour of Julius Caesar. Name of the month In his poem on the Roman calendar, Ovid has three goddesses present three different derivations of the name Iunius. Juno asserts that the month is named for her. Juventas (\"Youth\") pairs Iunius with Maius: the former, she says, comes from junior, \"a younger person\", in contrast to maiores or the \"elders\" for whom May was named. Juno's own name may derive from the same root meaning \"young\", and these two possibilities may be reconcilable. Ovid has Concordia claim that Iunius comes from iungo, iunctus, \"join\", in honor of her uniting the Romans and the Sabines. Elsewhere, an even less likely derivation relates the month name to Marcus Iunius Brutus, a member of the gens Iunia who made the first sacrifice to Dea Carna on the Kalends (June 1). Iconography Month illustrations that draw on the Calendar of Filocalus (354 AD) show a nude male holding a torch that may be an allegory of the summer solstice. Solstitium is noted on June 24 of the calendar. The torch may be a reference to dies lampadarum, \"day of torches\", variously interpreted as the sun's rays or as the torch of Ceres, the grain goddess who carried a torch while searching for her abducted daughter Proserpina. The solstice marked the beginning of the harvest, which is represented by the basket of fruit and a sickle. The plant may be a bean, since June 1 was the \"Bean Kalends\". Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of June was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. Roman counting was inclusive; June 9 was ante diem V Idūs Iunias, \"the 5th day before the Ides of June,\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Iun. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether). The last day of June was the pridie Kalendas Quinctilis (pridie Kalendas Iulias after July was renamed), \"day before the Kalends of July\". The modern equivalent of this date was June 29 on the pre-Julian calendar, but June 30 on the Julian, because June was one of the months to which a day was added in realigning with astronomical time. June 23 was thus VIII Kal. Quinct., \"the 8th day",
"title": "Iunius (month)"
},
{
"docid": "1068915",
"text": "Februarius, fully Mensis Februarius (\"month of Februa\"), was the shortest month of the Roman calendar from which the Julian and Gregorian month of February derived. It was eventually placed second in order, preceded by Ianuarius (\"month of Janus\", January) and followed by Martius (\"month of Mars\", March). In the oldest Roman calendar, which the Romans believed to have been instituted by their legendary founder Romulus, March was the first month, and the calendar year had only ten months in all. Ianuarius and Februarius were supposed to have been added by Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, originally at the end of the year. It is unclear when the Romans reset the course of the year so that January and February came first. Februarius was the only month in the pre-Julian calendar to have an even number of days, numbering 28. This was mathematically necessary to permit the year itself to have an odd number of days. Ancient sources derived Februarius from februum, a thing used for ritual purification. Most of the observances in this month concerned the dead or closure, reflecting the month's original position at the end of the year. The Parentalia was a nine-day festival honoring the ancestors and propitiating the dead, while the Terminalia was a set of rituals pertaining to boundary stones that was probably also felt to reinforce the boundary of the year. In the agricultural year Many Roman festivals and religious observances reflect the Romans' agrarian way of life in their early history. In his treatise on farming, Varro divides the agricultural year into eight phases, with Spring beginning officially on February 7, when Favonius the west wind was thought to start blowing favorably and it was time to ready the fields. The grain fields were to be weeded, vineyards tended, and old reeds burned. Some kinds of trees were pruned, and attention was given to olive and fruit trees. The agricultural writer Columella says that meadows and grain fields are \"purged\" (purguntur), probably both in the practical sense of clearing away old debris and by means of ritual. The duties of February thus suggest the close bond between agriculture and religion in Roman culture. According to the farmers' almanacs, the tutelary deity of the month was Neptune. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of February was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of February was the pridie Kalendas Martias, \"day before the Kalends of March\". Roman counting was inclusive; February 9 was ante diem V Idūs Februarias, \"the 5th day before the Ides (13th) of February,\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Feb. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); February 23 was VI Kal. Mart., \"the 6th day",
"title": "Februarius"
},
{
"docid": "2982683",
"text": "Bissext, or bissextus () is the leap day which is added to the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar every fourth year to compensate for the roughly six-hour difference in length between the common 365-day year and the actual length of the solar year. (The Gregorian calendar omits this leap day in years evenly divisible by 100, unless they are divisible by 400.) In the Julian calendar, 24 February i.e. the 6th day before the calends (1st) of March, counting backwards inclusively in the Roman style (1/3, 28/2, 27/2, 26/2, 25/2, 24/2) was doubled in a leap year. Consequently the , or sixth before the calends, the or \"second sixth,\" was also 24 February. In modern usage, with the exception of some ecclesiastical calendars, this intercalary day is added for convenience at the end of the month of February, as 29 February, and years in which February has 29 days are called \"bissextile years\" or leap years. Replacement (by 29 February) of the awkward practice of having two days with the same date appears to have evolved by custom and practice. In the course of the fifteenth century, \"29 February\" appears increasingly often in legal documents although the records of the proceedings of the House of Commons of England continued to use the old system until the middle of the sixteenth century. It was not until passage of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 that 29 February was formally recognised in British law. Bissextile The term is first defined in English law, in the statute (Concerning [the] leap year and leap day, 40 Hen. 3, 1256), which defines the bissextile day as consisting of two actual days. (This was to clarify what should happen when \"an essoin was given for a month\" but the month was February in a leap year. Section II of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 (24 Geo. 2. c. 23) uses the word \"bissextile\" as a term for leap years. Notes References Further reading Julian calendar",
"title": "Bissextus"
},
{
"docid": "27529",
"text": "September is the ninth month of the year in both the Gregorian calendar and the less commonly used Julian calendar. In the modern Gregorian calendar, its length is 30 days. September in the Northern Hemisphere and March in the Southern Hemisphere are seasonally equivalent. In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological autumn is on 1 September. In the Southern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological spring is on 1 September. September marks the beginning of the ecclesiastical year in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is the start of the academic year in many countries of the northern hemisphere, in which children go back to school after the summer break, sometimes on the first day of the month. September (from Latin septem, \"seven\") was originally the seventh of ten months in the oldest known Roman calendar, the calendar of Romulus , with March (Latin Martius) the first month of the year until perhaps as late as 451 BC. After the calendar reform that added January and February to the beginning of the year, September became the ninth month but retained its name. It had 29 days until the Julian reform, which added a day. Events Ancient Roman observances for September include Ludi Romani, originally celebrated from September 12 to September 14, later extended to September 5 to September 19. In the 1st century BC, an extra day was added in honor of the deified Julius Caesar on 4 September. Epulum Jovis was held on September 13. Ludi Triumphales was held from September 18–22. The Septimontium was celebrated in September, and on December 11 on later calendars. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. September was called \"harvest month\" in Charlemagne's calendar. September corresponds partly to the Fructidor and partly to the Vendémiaire of the first French republic. September is called Herbstmonat, harvest month, in Switzerland. The Anglo-Saxons called the month Gerstmonath, barley month, that crop being then usually harvested. In 1752, the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar. In the British Empire that year, September 2 was immediately followed by September 14. On Usenet, it is said that September 1993 (Eternal September) never ended. In the United States, September is one of the most common birth months (third most popular after August and July, which both have 31 days), as all but one Top 10 most common birthdays are in September, based on the National Center for Health Statistics statistics on births between 1994 and 2014. The most common birthday is September 9 (#1), least common is September 1 (#250). Astronomy and astrology The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC). September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. Symbols September's birthstone is",
"title": "September"
},
{
"docid": "12532320",
"text": "Maius or mensis Maius (May) was the third month of the ancient Roman calendar, following Aprilis (April) and preceding Iunius (June). On the oldest Roman calendar that had begun with March, it was the third of ten months in the year. May had 31 days. The Romans considered May an infelicitous month. Although it began with one of the most notoriously licentious holidays of the Roman calendar, the Games of Flora (Ludi Florae), the middle of the month was devoted to propitiating the lemures, the restless shades of the dead. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. Thus the last day of May was the pridie Kalendas Iunias, \"day before the Kalends of June\". Roman counting was inclusive; May 9 was ante diem VII Idūs Maias, \"the 7th day before the Ides (15th) of May,\" usually abbreviated a.d. VII Id. Mai. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); May 23 was X Kal. Iun., \"the 10th day before the Kalends of June.\" On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In May, these were: F for dies fasti, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law; C, for dies comitalis, a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies (comitia), elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings; N for dies nefasti, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited; NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked feriae, public holidays; QRCF (perhaps for quando rex comitiavit fas<ref>On the basis of the Fasti Viae Lanza, which gives Q. Rex C. F.</ref>), a day when it was religiously permissible for the rex (probably the priest known as the rex sacrorum) to call for an assembly. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \"market week\" (these are omitted in the table below). On a dies religiosus, individuals were not to undertake any new activity, nor do anything other than tend to the most basic necessities. A dies natalis was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the \"birthday\" of a deity. During the Imperial period, the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. After the mid-1st century AD, a number of dates are added to calendars for spectacles and games (ludi) held in honor of various deities in the venue called a \"circus\"",
"title": "Maius"
},
{
"docid": "35314",
"text": "Year 431 (CDXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Antiochus (or, less frequently, year 1184 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 431 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), fights a campaign in Rhaetia (Switzerland) and Noricum (Austria). He is attested in the city of Vindelicia (modern Augsburg), reestablishing Roman rule on the Danube frontier. Aetius pushes the Salian Franks back across the River Somme. King Chlodio signs a peace treaty and becomes a foederatus of the Western Roman Empire. Africa Hippo Regius becomes the capital of the Vandal Kingdom. After 14 months of hunger and disease, the Vandals ravage the city. Emperor Theodosius II sends an imperial fleet with an army under command of Aspar, and lands at Carthage. Aspar is routed by the Vandals and Flavius Marcian, future Byzantine emperor, is captured during the fighting. He negotiates a peace with King Genseric and maintains imperial authority in Carthage. Central America March 10 – K'uk' B'alam I, the first known ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, comes to power and reigns until his death four years later in 435. Possible date of the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of the Ilopango caldera in central El Salvador. By topic Arts and Sciences Greek Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus begins studying at the Academy in Athens. Religion June – First Council of Ephesus: Nestorianism is rejected, the Nicene creed is declared to be complete. Nestorius is deposed from his see. October 1 – Maximianus is enthroned as Patriarch of Constantinople. Pope Celestine I dispatches Palladius to serve as bishop to the Irish. Births Anastasius I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date) Odoacer, first \"barbarian\" king of Italy (d. 493) Deaths June 22 – Paulinus of Nola, Christian bishop and poet (b. 354) Qifu Mumo, prince of the Chinese Xianbei state Western Qin References",
"title": "431"
},
{
"docid": "38793397",
"text": "In ancient Roman religion, the Mamuralia or Sacrum Mamurio (\"Rite for Mamurius\") was a festival held on March 14 or 15, named only in sources from late antiquity. According to Joannes Lydus, an old man wearing animal skins was beaten ritually with sticks. The name is connected to Mamurius Veturius, who according to tradition was the craftsman who made the ritual shields (ancilia) that hung in the temple of Mars. Because the Roman calendar originally began in March, the Sacrum Mamurio is usually regarded as a ritual marking the transition from the old year to the new. It shares some characteristics with scapegoat or pharmakos ritual. The craft of Mamurius According to legend, Mamurius was commissioned by Numa, second king of Rome, to make eleven shields identical to the sacred ancile that fell from the heavens as a pledge of Rome's destiny to rule the world. The ancile was one of the sacred guarantors of the Roman state (pignora imperii), and the replicas were intended to conceal the identity of the original and so prevent its theft; it was thus a kind of \"public secret.\" The shields were under the care of Mars' priests the Salii, who used them in their rituals. As payment, Mamurius requested that his name be preserved and remembered in the song sung by the Salii, the Carmen Saliare, as they executed movements with the shields and performed their armed dance. Fragments of this archaic hymn survive, including the invocation of Mamurius. Several sources mention the invocation of the hymn and the story of the smith, but only Lydus describes the ritual as the beating of an old man. Mamurius was also supposed to have made a bronze replacement for a maple statue of Vertumnus, brought to Rome in the time of Romulus. He may have been Oscan and thought to have been buried in his homeland, since at the end of a poem about Vertumnus, Propertius has the god express a wish that the Oscan earth should not wear away Mamurius's skilled hands. Veturius is considered either an Etruscan or Oscan family name. \"Mamurius Veturius\" became the nickname of Marcus Aurelius Marius Augustus, a former smith or metalworker who was briefly Roman emperor in 269. Calendar and name The divine shield is supposed to have fallen from the sky on March 1, the first day of the month Martius, named after the god Mars. In the earliest Roman calendar, which the Romans believed to have been instituted by Romulus, the ten-month year began with Mars' month, and the god himself was thus associated with the agricultural year and the cycle of life and death. The number of ancilia corresponds to the twelve months in the reformed calendar attributed to Numa, and scholars often interpret the Mamuralia as originally a New Year festival, with various explanations as to how it was moved from the beginning of the month to the midpoint. The Mamuralia is named as such only in calendars and sources dating from the 4th",
"title": "Mamuralia"
},
{
"docid": "311221",
"text": "In the ancient Roman calendar, Quintilis or Quinctilis was the month following Junius (June) and preceding Sextilis (August). Quintilis is Latin for \"fifth\": it was the fifth month (quintilis mensis) in the earliest calendar attributed to Romulus, which began with Martius (\"Mars' month,\" March) and had 10 months. After the calendar reform that produced a 12-month year, Quintilis became the seventh month, but retained its name. In 45 BC, Julius Caesar instituted a new calendar (the Julian calendar) that corrected astronomical discrepancies in the old. After his death in 44 BC, the month of Quintilis, his birth month, was renamed Julius in his honor, hence July. Quintilis was under the guardianship (tutela) of the Romans' supreme deity Jupiter, with sacrifices made particularly to Neptune and Apollo. Agricultural festivals directed at the harvest gradually lost their importance, and the month became dominated in urban Imperial Rome by the Ludi Apollinares, games (ludi) in honor of Apollo. Ten days of games were celebrated in honor of Julius Caesar at the end of the month. Dates Like the modern month of July, this was one of the \"long\" months that had 31 days. The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (Nonae, 5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (Idūs, 13th or 15th), and the Kalends (Kalendae, 1st) of the following month. Thus, the last day of Quintilis was the pridie Kalendas Sextilis, \"day before the Kalends of Sextilis\" (August). Roman counting was inclusive; July 5 was ante diem III Nonas Quintilis, \"the 3rd day before the Nones (7th) of Quintilis,\" usually abbreviated a.d. III Non. Quint. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); July 23 was X. Kal. Sext., \"the 10th day before the Kalends of Sextilis.\" Each day was marked with a letter such as F for dies fasti, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law; C, for dies comitalis, a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies (comitia), elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings; N for dies nefasti, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited; or NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked feriae, public holidays. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \"market week\" A dies natalis was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the \"birthday\" of a deity. On a dies religiosus, individuals were not to undertake any new activity, nor do anything other than tend to the most basic necessities. During the Imperial period, some of the traditional festivals localized at Rome became less important, and the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. On the calendar of military religious observances known as the Feriale",
"title": "Quintilis"
},
{
"docid": "17781547",
"text": "The Rumi calendar (, , lit. \"Roman calendar\"), a specific calendar based on the Julian calendar, was officially used by the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat (1839) and by its successor, the Republic of Turkey until 1926. It was adopted for civic matters and is a solar based calendar, assigning a date to each solar day. History In the Islamic state of the Ottoman Empire, the religious Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) was in use. In this calendar, months coincide with lunar phases. Because a \"lunar year\" (the combined duration of twelve lunar phases) is shorter than the solar year, the seasons cycle through the lunar months as the solar years pass. \"As a result,\" says the Astronomical Almanac, \"the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through the seasons over a period of about 33 [solar] years\". 1677 Introduction of the Fiscal calendar In 1677, Head Treasurer (, ) Hasan Pasha under Sultan Mehmed IV proposed the correction of financial records by dropping one year (an escape year) every 33 years, resulting from the difference between the lunar Islamic calendar and the solar Julian calendar. In 1740 (1152 AH) during the reign of Sultan Mahmud I, March was adopted as the first month of the fiscal year for the payment of taxes and dealings with government officials instead of Muharram following Treasurer Atıf Efendi's proposal. Proposed by Treasurer Moralı Osman Efendi during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid I, the range of the fiscal calendar applications was extended in 1794 to state expenditures and payments in order to prevent surplus cost arising from the time difference between the Islamic and Julian calendar. 1840 Adoption of the Julian Calendar The Julian calendar, used from 1677 AD on for fiscal matters only, was adopted on March 13, 1840 AD (March 1, 1256 AH), in the frame of Tanzimat reforms shortly after the accession to the throne of Sultan Abdülmecid I, as the official calendar for all civic matters and named \"Rumi calendar\" (literally Roman calendar). The counting of years began with the year 622 AD, when Muhammad and his followers emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the same event marking the start of the Islamic calendar. The months and days of the Julian calendar were used, the year starting in March. However, in 1256 AH the difference between the Hijri and the Gregorian calendars amounted to 584 years. With the change from lunar calendar to solar calendar, the difference between the Rumi calendar and the Julian or Gregorian calendar remained a constant 584 years. 1917 Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Since the Julian to Gregorian calendar changeover was finally being adopted in neighboring countries, the Rumi calendar was realigned to the Gregorian calendar in February 1917, leaving the difference of 584 years unchanged, however. Thus, after February 15, 1332 AH (February 1917 AD), the next day instead of being February 16 suddenly became March 1, 1333 AH (March 1, 1917 AD). The year 1333 AH (1917 AD) was made into a year with only",
"title": "Rumi calendar"
},
{
"docid": "40440232",
"text": "October (from Latin octo, \"eight\") or mensis October was the eighth of ten months on the oldest Roman calendar. It had 31 days. October followed September (from septem, \"seven\") and preceded November (novem, \"nine\"). After the calendar reform that resulted in a 12-month year, October became the tenth month, but retained its numerical name, as did the other months from September to December. Some of the observances in October marked the close of the season for military campaigning and farming, which commenced in March (Martius, \"Mars' month\"). October was under the guardianship (tutela) of Mars. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of October was the 7th, and the Ides was the 15th. The last day of October was the pridie Kalendas Novembris, \"day before the Kalends of November\". Roman counting was inclusive; October 9 was ante diem VII Idūs Octobris, \"the 7th day before the Ides of October,\" usually abbreviated a.d. VII Id. Oct. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); October 23 was X Kal. Nov., \"the 10th day before the Kalends of November.\" On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In March, these were: F for dies fasti, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law; C, for dies comitalis, a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies (comitia), elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings; N for dies nefasti, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited; NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked feriae, public holidays; EN for endotercissus, an archaic form of intercissus, \"cut in half,\" meaning days that were nefasti in the morning, when sacrifices were being prepared, and in the evening, while sacrifices were being offered, but were fasti in the middle of the day. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \"market week\" (these are omitted in the table below). A dies natalis was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the \"birthday\" of a deity. During the Imperial period, some of the traditional festivals localized at Rome became less important, and the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. On the calendar of military religious observances known as the Feriale Duranum, sacrifices pertaining to Imperial cult outnumber the older festivals, but among the military the importance of Mars was maintained and perhaps",
"title": "October (Roman month)"
},
{
"docid": "62708833",
"text": "The Bostran era (also called the era of Bostra, the Arabian era or provincial era) was a calendar era (year numbering) with an epoch (start date) corresponding to 22March 106AD. It was the official era of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea, introduced to replace dating by regnal years after the Roman annexation of the Nabataean Kingdom. It is named after the city of Bostra, which became the headquarters of the Sixth Legion stationed in the province. Dates and names The start date of the Bostran era was once a matter of dispute, in part because the Chronicon Paschale explicitly puts it the year of the consuls Candidus and Quadratus, that is, 105. Manuscript discoveries from the Cave of Letters put the issue to rest: the era of Bostra began in 106. The Bostran calendar was lunisolar. It had twelve months of 30 days with five epagomenal days at the end of the year. The month names came from the ancient Macedonian calendar, although Nabataean equivalents were also used. A leap year came once every four years in the Bostran calendar starting from the second year. Thus years 2, 6, 10 etc. were leap years with a sixth epagomenal day. The first day of the first month, Xanthikos, corresponded to 22 March in the Julian calendar, approximately the vernal equinox. The Bostran calendar—as the calendar of Arabia or of the Arabs—is one of sixteen that appear in the Florence, Leiden and Vatican hemerologia. The Bostran calendar was used in texts of the Nabataean and Palestinian Jewish varieties of Aramaic, in Greek and in Arabic. Inscriptions from Arabia Petraea which do not specify the era but simply provide a year number are usually in the era of Bostra. In documents, this era is usually indicated by the phrase \"[year] of the province\" (e.g., Aramaic lhprkyʾ). Sometimes the province is specified by the name \"Arabia\" or \"Bostra\" (e.g. Greek , , or , ; Aramaic lhprk bṣrʾ). Such indications, however, are rare for inscriptions, where usually only a year number appears. The occasional use of the name \"Bostra\" for dating should not, however, be taken to indicate that it was the capital of the province; Petra was in fact more prominent in the early years. The dating formula and the use of the Bostran era have no special connection to the city beyond the fact that as the seat of the main Roman military base, it was symbolic of the incorporation of Nabataea as a province. The Chronicon Paschale makes clear that the new dating system was common to the whole province. There are only three inscriptions that use the name of the city of Bostra to clarify the year and they are dated to AD265/6, 397/8 and 538/9. There are also two inscriptions from AD576/7 and 581/2 in the same calendar that specify the year as being that of Elusa. Zbigniew Fiema suggests that the Crisis of the Third Century, which ultimately resulted in the division of the province of Arabia,",
"title": "Bostran era"
},
{
"docid": "15786",
"text": "July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., being the month of his birth. Before then it was called Quintilis, being the fifth month of the calendar that started with March. It is on average the warmest month in most of the Northern Hemisphere, where it is the second month of summer, and the coldest month in much of the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the second month of winter. The second half of the year commences in July. In the Southern Hemisphere, July is the seasonal equivalent of January in the Northern hemisphere. \"Dog days\" are considered to begin in early July in the Northern Hemisphere, when the hot sultry weather of summer usually starts. Spring lambs born in late winter or early spring are usually sold before 1 July. Symbols July's birthstone is the ruby, which symbolizes contentment. Its birth flowers are the larkspur and the water lily. The zodiac signs are Cancer (until July 22) and Leo (July 23 onward). Observances This list does not necessarily imply either official status nor general observance. Season of Emancipation 14 April to 23 August (Barbados) Honor America Days: 14 June to 4 July (United States) Month-long In Catholic tradition, July is the Month of the Most Precious Blood of Jesus. National Hot Dog Month (United States) National Ice Cream Month (United States) Disability Pride Month (United States) Non-Gregorian (All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown before the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.) List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar List of observances set by the Chinese calendar List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar List of observances set by the Islamic calendar List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar Movable Phi Ta Khon (Dan Sai, Loei province, Isan, Thailand) – Dates are selected by village mediums and can take place anywhere between March and July. Matariki (Māori New Year) – Different iwi celebrate according to their own tradition and the New Zealand Government calculates the public holiday each year according to advice from the Matariki Advisory Committee. Dates can fall from late June to late July. Ra o te Ui Ariki (Cook Islands) July 6 Collector Car Appreciation Day (United States) Senior Citizen's Day (Kiribati) Shark Week (United States) Earth Overshoot Day See also Movable Western Christian observances See also Movable Eastern Christian observances First Friday Fishermen's Holiday (Marshall Islands) First Saturday Día del Amigo (Peru) International Co-operative Day International Free Hugs Day First Saturday and Sunday Navy Days (Netherlands) First Sunday Navy Day (Ukraine) Youth Day (Singapore) Sunday closest to 2 July Alexanderson Day (Sweden) First full week in July NAIDOC Week (Australia) First Monday CARICOM Day (Guyana) Heroes' Day (Zambia) Mother's Day (South Sudan) National Day (Cayman Islands) 5 July or following Monday if",
"title": "July"
},
{
"docid": "473884",
"text": "The Irish calendar is the Gregorian calendar as it is in use in Ireland, but also incorporating Irish cultural festivals and views of the division of the seasons, presumably inherited from earlier Celtic calendar traditions. For example, the pre-Christian Celtic year began on 1 November, although in common with the rest of the Western world, the year now begins on 1 January. Winter (\"Geimhreadh\") - November, December, January (Samhain, Nollaig, Eanáir) Spring (\"Earrach\") - February, March, April (Imbolc, then Feabhra, Márta, Aibreán) Summer (\"Samhradh\") - May, June, July (Bealtaine, Meitheamh, Iúil) Autumn (\"Fómhar\" Harvest) - August, September, October (Lúnasa, Meán Fómhair, Deireadh Fómhair) The traditional Irish Calendar uses Astronomical Timing, however Meteorological Timing is also used by organisations such as the Met Éireann. Both are in use in the Republic of Ireland, however generally the Astronomical Calendar is the most commonly used. In English-language Julian calendars and its derivatives, the months are based on names from Classical mythology, such as the name \"February\" which derives from the Roman purification rite, Februa. In the Irish calendar, the names of the months in the Irish language refer to Celtic religion and mythology, and generally predate the arrival of Christianity. The words for May (Bealtaine), August (Lúnasa) and November (Samhain), are the names of Gaelic religious festivals. In addition, the names for September (Meán Fómhair) and October (Deireadh Fómhair) translate directly as \"middle of harvest\" and \"end of harvest\". Christianity has also left its mark on the Irish months: the name for December (Nollaig) derives from Latin natalicia (birthday), referring to the birth of Christ. Historical texts suggest that, during Ireland's Gaelic era, the day began and ended at sunset. Through contact with the Romans, the seven-day week was borrowed by continental Celts, and then spread to the people of Ireland. In Irish, four days of the week have names derived from Latin, while the other three relate to the fasting done by early Gaelic Christians. Dé Luain - from Latin dies Lunae Dé Máirt - from Latin dies Martis Dé Céadaoin - referring to Gaelic fasting: from céad (first) aoin (fast) i.e. the first fast of the week Déardaoin - the day between the fasts Dé hAoine - the day of the fast Dé Sathairn - from Latin dies Saturni Dé Domhnaigh - from Latin dies Dominicus (an alternative Latin name for Sunday, dies Solis being more common) See also Calendar of saints Celtic calendar Coligny calendar Gregorian calendar Liturgical year The Old Cows Days/The Days of the Brindled Cow References Specific calendars Calendar Calendar Calendar Calendar Culture of the Isle of Man Calendar",
"title": "Irish calendar"
},
{
"docid": "55525",
"text": "The liturgical year, also called the church year, Christian year or kalendar, consists of the cycle of liturgical days and seasons that determines when feast days, including celebrations of saints, are to be observed, and which portions of scripture are to be read. Distinct liturgical colours may be used in connection with different seasons of the liturgical year. The dates of the festivals vary somewhat among the different churches, although the sequence and logic is largely the same. Liturgical cycle The liturgical cycle divides the year into a series of seasons, each with their own mood, theological emphases, and modes of prayer, which can be signified by different ways of decorating churches, colours of paraments and vestments for clergy, scriptural readings, themes for preaching and even different traditions and practices often observed personally or in the home. In churches that follow the liturgical year, the scripture passages for each Sunday (and even each day of the year in some traditions) are specified in a lectionary. After the Protestant Reformation, Anglicans and Lutherans continued to follow the lectionary of the Roman Rite. Following a decision of the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic Church revised that lectionary in 1969, adopting a three-year cycle of readings for Sundays and a two-year cycle for weekdays. Adaptations of the revised Roman Rite lectionary were adopted by Protestants, leading to the publication in 1994 of the Revised Common Lectionary for Sundays and major feasts, which is now used by many Protestant denominations, including also Methodists, United, some Reformed, etc. This has led to a greater awareness of the traditional Christian year among Protestants, especially among mainline denominations. Biblical calendars Scholars are not in agreement about whether the calendars used by the Jews before the Babylonian exile were solar (based on the return of the same relative position between the Sun and the Earth), lunisolar (based on months that corresponded to the cycle of the moon, with periodic additional months to bring the calendar back into agreement with the solar cycle) like the present-day Jewish calendar of Hillel II, or lunar, such as the Hijri calendar. The first month of the Hebrew year was called (Aviv), evidently adopted by Moses from Ipip as the eleventh month of the non-lunar Egyptian calendar, meaning the month of green ears of grain. Having to occur at the appropriate time in the spring, it thus was originally part of a tropical calendar. At about the time of the Babylonian exile, when using the Babylonian civil calendar, the Jews adopted the term (Nisan) as the name for the month, based on the Babylonian name Nisanu. Thomas J Talley says that the adoption of the Babylonian term occurred even before the exile. In the earlier calendar, most of the months were simply called by a number (such as \"the fifth month\"). The Babylonian-derived names of the month that are used by Jews are: Nisan (March–April) Iyar (April–May) Sivan (May–June) Tammuz (June–July) Av (July–August) Elul (August–September) Tishrei (September–October) Marcheshvan (October–November) Kislev (November–December) Tevet (December–January)",
"title": "Liturgical year"
},
{
"docid": "19345",
"text": "May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. May is a month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, May in the Southern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent of November in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. Late May typically marks the start of the summer vacation season in the United States (Memorial Day) and Canada (Victoria Day) that ends on Labour Day, the first Monday of September. May (in Latin, Maius) was named for the Greek goddess Maia, who was identified with the Roman era goddess of fertility, Bona Dea, whose festival was held in May. Conversely, the Roman poet Ovid provides a second etymology, in which he says that the month of May is named for the maiores, Latin for \"elders,\" and that the following month (June) is named for the iuniores, or \"young people\" (Fasti VI.88). Eta Aquariids meteor shower appears in May. It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with peak activity on or around May 6. The Arietids shower from May 22 – July 2, and peaks on June 7. The Virginids also shower at various dates in May. Ancient Roman observances Under the calendar of ancient Rome, the festival of Bona Dea fell on May 1, Argei fell on May 14 or May 15, Agonalia fell on May 21, and Ambarvalia on May 29. Floralia was held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar, and lasted until May 3. Lemuria fell on 9,11, and 13 May under the Julian calendar. The College of Aesculapius and Hygia celebrated two festivals of Rosalia, one on May 11 and one on May 22. Rosalia was also celebrated at Pergamon on May 24–26. A military Rosalia festival, Rosaliae signorum, also occurred on May 31. Ludi Fabarici was celebrated May 29 – June 1. Mercury would receive a sacrifice on the Ides of May (May 15). Tubilustrium took place on May 23 as well as in March. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Symbols May's birthstone is the emerald which is emblematic of love and success. Birth flowers are the Lily of the Valley and Crataegus monogyna. Both are native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia, Europe, and in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the United States, but have been naturalized throughout the temperate climatic world. The \"Mayflower\" Epigaea repens is a North American harbinger of May, and the floral emblem of both Nova Scotia and Massachusetts. Its native range extends from Newfoundland south to Florida, west to Kentucky in the southern range, and to Northwest Territories in the north. The zodiac signs are Taurus (until May 20) and Gemini (May 21 onward). Observances Month-long Working class history month Better Hearing and Speech Month In Catholic tradition, May is the Month of the Blessed Virgin Mary. See May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary",
"title": "May"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "80622",
"text": "The Telesterion (\"Initiation Hall\" from Gr. τελείω, \"to complete, to fulfill, to consecrate, to initiate\") was a great hall and sanctuary in Eleusis, one of the primary centers of the Eleusinian Mysteries. The hall had a fifty-five yard square roof that could cover three-thousand people, but no one revealed what happened during these events beyond there being \"something done, something said, and something shown\". This building was built in the 7th century BCE and was an important site until it was destroyed in the 4th century CE. Devoted to Demeter and Persephone, these initiation ceremonies were the most sacred and ancient of all the religious rites celebrated in Greece. History It is disputed when the site of the Telesterion is believed to have been originally built, there is evidence to suggest that the temple was created in the 7th century BCE, historians know however that it was created at least by the time of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter (650–550 BCE). The Telesterion had ten different building phases that took place over the course of its creation. It was destroyed by the Persians after the Battle of Thermopylae, when the Athenians withdrew to Salamis in 480 BCE and all of Boeotia and Attica fell to the Persian army, who captured and burnt Athens. After the defeat of the Persians, the Telesterion was intended to be reconstructed by Kimon, but it was instead rebuilt some time later due to Pericles' influence. At some point in the 5th century BCE, Iktinos, the great architect of the Parthenon, built the Telesterion big enough to hold thousands of people. In about 318 BCE, Philon added a portico with twelve Doric columns. The Telesterion continued to see use throughout the Roman period. In 170 CE, during the rule of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, an ancient tribe called the Costoboci launched an invasion of Roman territory south of the Danube, entering Thracia and ravaging the provinces of Macedonia and Achaea (Greece). The Costoboci reached as far south as Eleusis, where they destroyed the Telesterion. The emperor responded by dispatching general Vehilius Gratus Iulianus to Greece with emergency reinforcements, who eventually defeated the Costoboci. Marcus Aurelius then had the Telesterion rebuilt bigger than it had been before. Then only a few hundred years later in 396 CE, the forces of Alaric the Visigoth invaded the Eastern Roman Empire and ravaged Attica, destroying the Telesterion, which was never to be rebuilt. Religious use The Athenians used several calendars, each for different purposes. The festival of Eleusinia was celebrated each year in Eleusis and Athens for nine days from the 15th to the 23rd of the month of Boedromion (in September or October of the Gregorian calendar); because the festival calendar had 12 lunar months, the celebrations were not strictly calibrated to a year of 365 days. During the festival, Athens was crowded with visitors. At the climax of the ceremonies at Eleusis, the initiates entered the Telesterion where they were shown the sacred relics of Demeter and the",
"title": "Telesterion"
},
{
"docid": "7352465",
"text": "The Fasti ( , \"the Calendar\"), sometimes translated as The Book of Days or On the Roman Calendar, is a six-book Latin poem written by the Roman poet Ovid and published in AD 8. Ovid is believed to have left the Fasti incomplete when he was exiled to Tomis by the emperor Augustus in 8 AD. Written in elegiac couplets and drawing on conventions of Greek and Latin didactic poetry, the Fasti is structured as a series of eye-witness reports and interviews by the first-person vates (\"poet-prophet\" or \"bard\") with Roman deities, who explain the origins of Roman holidays and associated customs—often with multiple aetiologies. The poem is a significant, and in some cases unique, source of fact in studies of religion in ancient Rome; and the influential anthropologist and ritualist J.G. Frazer translated and annotated the work for the Loeb Classical Library series. Each book covers one month, January through June, of the Roman calendar, and was written several years after Julius Caesar replaced the old system of Roman time-keeping with what would come to be known as the Julian calendar. The popularity and reputation of the Fasti has fluctuated more than that of any of Ovid's other works. The poem was widely read in the 15th–18th centuries, and influenced a number of mythological paintings in the tradition of Western art. However, as scholar Carole E. Newlands has observed, throughout the 20th century \"anthropologists and students of Roman religion … found it full of errors, an inadequate and unreliable source for Roman cultic practice and belief. Literary critics have generally regarded the Fasti as an artistic failure.\" In the late 1980s, however, the poem enjoyed a revival of scholarly interest and a subsequent reappraisal; it is now regarded as one of Ovid's major works, and has been published in several new English translations. Ovid was exiled from Rome for his subversive treatment of Augustus, yet the Fasti continues this treatment—which has led to the emergence of an argument in academia for treating the Fasti as a politically weighted work. Composition Only the six books which concern the first six months of the year are extant. It may be that Ovid never finished it, that the remaining half is simply lost, or that only six books were intended. Ovid apparently worked on the poem while he was in exile at Tomis. The Tristia, a collection of elegiac letters on the poet's exile, mentions the Fasti, and that its completion had been interrupted by his banishment from Rome. Ovid also mentions that he had written the entire work, and finished revising six books. However, no ancient source quotes even a fragment from the supposedly six missing books. The Fasti is dedicated to Germanicus, a high-ranking member of the emperor Augustus's family. These circumstances have led some to speculate that the poem was written on religious, patriotic, and antiquarian themes in order to improve Ovid's standing with the rulers of Rome and secure his release from exile. Poetic models The earliest classical",
"title": "Fasti (poem)"
},
{
"docid": "38364000",
"text": "Ancient Roman fasti were calendars (fasti) that recorded religious observances and officially commemorated events. They were typically displayed in the form of an inscription at a prominent public location such as a major temple; several of these fasti survive, but in states of varying fragmentation. Some calendars are preserved as papyri or manuscripts. One of the original purposes of Roman calendars was to mark the religious and legal status of each day, by means of letters such as C, F, and NP. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. A feriale is a listing only of dates for religious or official observances, not a day-by-day accounting of time. The words fasti and feriale are not always distinct in usage, and both fasti and ferialia are listed below. Extant fasti include those known by the following names: Fasti Allifani (CIL IX 2320) Fasti Amiternini, dating to the reign of Tiberius, were found at Amiternum (now San Vittorino) in Sabine territory. Fasti Antiates Maiores (84–55 BC), from the colonia of Antium, is the earliest Roman calendar to survive; its large size (1.16m by 2.5 m) allowed the presentation of complex condensed information. Fasti Antiates Ministrorum Domus Augustae, also from Antium, includes a list of ministri from the imperial household as well as a calendar. Feriale Cumanum (4–14 AD), from Cumae, was produced during the reign of Augustus and marks several occasions of relevance to the establishment of Imperial cult. These include a supplication for Jupiter Sempiternus to commemorate the assumption of the fasces by Augustus, sacrifices on the birthday of Augustus, and the date on which he assumed the toga virilis. It is one of only two ancient sources that record the first consulship of Augustus (disputed as August 19 or September 22), the other being the senatus consultum that renamed the month of Sextilis Augustus (August). The goddess Vesta is prominent in this feriale. Feriale Duranum, a calendar of religious observances for a military unit stationed in Dura-Europos, Roman Syria in the 3rd century AD. Fasti Esquilini Fasti Guidizzolenses, a small stone calendar (55 by 30 cm) probably produced for private use, found in Augusta Brixia (present-day Brescia), a civic colony (colonia civica). It is arranged month-by-month in columns, with the Kalends, Nones and Ides marked. These columns contain no letters marking the nundinal cycle or the status of days under religious law, nor holidays. Information on festivals is given in a small feriale (festival calendar) on the right side of the main calendar. Fasti Maffeiani, both one of the smallest examples (90 by 70 cm) and one of the most complete. Its date is uncertain; Mario Torelli places it as 8 AD or later. Fasti Ostienses, fragmentary marble slabs from Ostia Antica. In addition to religious observances, they record events from 49 BC to 175 AD, listing the consuls for each year, events of significance to the Empire",
"title": "List of ancient Roman fasti"
},
{
"docid": "936098",
"text": "The Celtic calendar is a compilation of pre-Christian Celtic systems of timekeeping, including the Gaulish Coligny calendar, used by Celtic countries to define the beginning and length of the day, the week, the month, the seasons, quarter days, and festivals. Continental Celtic calendar The Gaulish Coligny calendar is the oldest known Celtic solar-lunar ritual calendar. It was discovered in Coligny, France, and is now on display in the Palais des Arts Gallo-Roman museum, Lyon. It dates from the end of the second century CE, when the Roman Empire imposed the use of the Julian Calendar in Roman Gaul. The calendar was originally a single huge plate, but it survives only in fragments. It is inscribed in Gaulish with Latin characters and uses Roman numerals. The Coligny Calendar reconciles the cycles of the moon and sun. The Coligny calendar considers the phases of the moon to be important, and each month always begins with the same moon phase. The calendar uses a mathematical arrangement to keep a normal 12 month calendar in sync with the moon and keeps the whole system in sync by adding an intercalary month every years. The Coligny calendar registers a five-year cycle of 62 lunar months, divided into a \"bright\" and a \"dark\" fortnight (or half a moon cycle) each. The internal notations show that the months began with the first quarter moon, and a 13th intercalary month was added every two and a half years to align the lunations with the solar year. The astronomical format of the calendar year that the Coligny calendar represents may well be far older, as calendars are usually even more conservative than rites and cults. The date of its inception is unknown, but correspondences of Insular Celtic and Continental Celtic calendars suggest that some early form may date to the earlier Iron Age. The Coligny calendar achieves a complex synchronisation of the solar and lunar months. Whether it does this for philosophical or practical reasons, it points to a considerable degree of sophistication. Medieval Irish and Welsh calendars Among the Insular Celts, the year was divided into a light half and a dark half. As the day was seen as beginning at sunset, so the year was seen as beginning with the arrival of the darkness, at Calan Gaeaf / Samhain (around 1 November in the modern calendar). The light half of the year started at Calan Haf/Bealtaine (around 1 May, modern calendar). This observance of festivals beginning the evening before the festival day is still seen in the celebrations and folkloric practices among the Gaels, such as the traditions of Oíche Shamhna (Samhain Eve) among the Irish and Oidhche Shamhna among the Scots. Julius Caesar said in his Gallic Wars: \"[the Gaulish Celts] keep birthdays and the beginnings of months and years in such an order that the day follows the night.\" Longer periods were reckoned in nights, as in the surviving English term fortnight meaning two weeks, and the obsolete se'nnight meaning one week. The Laws of",
"title": "Celtic calendar"
},
{
"docid": "295888",
"text": "The history of calendars covers practices with ancient roots as people created and used various methods to keep track of days and larger divisions of time. Calendars commonly serve both cultural and practical purposes and are often connected to astronomy and agriculture. Archeologists have reconstructed methods of timekeeping that go back to prehistoric times at least as old as the Neolithic. The natural units for timekeeping used by most historical societies are the day, the solar year and the lunation. Calendars are explicit schemes used for timekeeping. The first historically attested and formulized calendars date to the Bronze Age, dependent on the development of writing in the ancient Near East. In 2000 AD, Victoria, Australia, a Wurdi Youang stone arrangement could date back more than 11,000 years. In 2013, archaeologists unearthed ancient evidence of a 10,000-year-old calendar system in Warren Field, Aberdeenshire. This calendar is the next earliest, or \"the first Scottish calendar\". The Sumerian calendar was the next earliest, followed by the Egyptian, Assyrian and Elamite calendars. The Vikram Samvat has been used by Hindus and Sikhs. One of several regional Hindu calendars in use on the Indian subcontinent, it is based on twelve synodic lunar months and 365 solar days. The lunar year begins with the new moon of the month of Chaitra. This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted (optional) holiday in India. A number of ancient and medieval inscriptions used the Vikram Samvat. Although it was purportedly named after the legendary king Vikramaditya Samvatsara (‘Samvat’ in short), ‘Samvat’ is a Sanskrit term for ‘year’. Emperor Vikramaditya of Ujjain started Vikram Samvat in 57 BC and it is believed that this calendar follows his victory over the Saka in 56 B.C. A larger number of calendar systems of the ancient East appear in the Iron Age archaeological record, based on the Assyrian and Babylonian calendars. This includes the calendar of the Persian Empire, which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar as well as the Hebrew calendar. Calendars in antiquity were usually lunisolar, depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years. This was mostly based on observation, but there may have been early attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically, as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd-century Coligny calendar. Nevertheless, the Roman calendar contained very ancient remnants of a pre-Etruscan 10-month solar year. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. The Julian calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon but simply followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This created a dissociation of the calendar month from the lunation. Sub-Saharan African calendars can vary in days and weeks depending on the kingdom or tribe that created it. In the 11th century in Persia, a calendar reform led by Khayyam was announced in 1079, when the length of the year was measured as 365.24219858156 days. Given that the length of the year is changing in",
"title": "History of calendars"
},
{
"docid": "3796445",
"text": "The Ancient Macedonian calendar is a lunisolar calendar that was in use in ancient Macedon in the It consisted of 12 synodic lunar months (i.e. 354 days per year), which needed intercalary months to stay in step with the seasons. By the time the calendar was being used across the Hellenistic world, seven total embolimoi (intercalary months) were being added in each 19 year Metonic cycle. The names of the ancient Macedonian Calendar remained in use in Syria even into the Christian era. Names The names of the Macedonian months, just like most of the names of Greek months, are derived from feasts and related celebrations in honor of the Greek gods. Most of them combine a Macedonian dialectal form with a clear Greek etymology (e.g Δῐός from Zeus; Περίτιος from Heracles Peritas (“Guardian”) ; Ξανδικός/Ξανθικός from Xanthos, “the blond” (probably a reference to Heracles); Άρτεμίσιος from Artemis etc.) with the possible exception of one, which is attested in other Greek calendars as well. Description The Macedonian calendar was in essence the Babylonian calendar with the substitution of Macedonian names for the Babylonian ones, and as such it paralleled the Hebrew calendar which is also lunisolar, and was used during the Parthian Empire too. An example of inscriptions from Decapolis, Jordan, bearing the Solar Macedonian calendar, starts from the month Audynaeus. The solar type was merged later with the Julian calendar. In Roman Macedonia, both calendars were used. The Roman one is attested in inscriptions with the name Kalandôn gen. calendae and the Macedonian Hellenikei dat. Hellenic. Finally an inscription from Kassandreia of about bearing a month Athenaion suggests that some cities may have used their own months even after the Macedonian expansion. ‡ Months marked with a double-dagger and including the word \"Embolimos\" were used only occasionally, for intercalation, as noted in the remarks Year numbering Years were usually counted from the re-conquest of Seleucus I Nicator of Babylon, which became \"year 1\". This is equivalent to 312 BCE / 311 BCE in the Anno Domini year count of the modern Gregorian calendar. This practice spread outside the Seleucid Empire and found use in Antigonid Macedonia, Ptolemaic Egypt, and other major Hellenistic states descended from Alexander's conquests as well. Years can be abbreviated SE, S.E., or occasionally AG (Anno Graecorum). See also Ancient Greek calendars Attic calendar References Calendar Obsolete calendars Calendar Lunisolar calendars",
"title": "Ancient Macedonian calendar"
},
{
"docid": "2075350",
"text": "The Coligny calendar is a bronze plaque with an inscribed calendar, made in Roman Gaul in the 2nd century CE. It lays out a five-year cycle of a lunisolar calendar, each year with twelve lunar months. An intercalary month is inserted before each 2.5 years. The lunar phase is tracked with exceptional precision, adjusted when necessary by a variable month, and the calendar uses the 19-year Metonic cycle to keep track of the solar year. It is the most important evidence for the reconstruction of an ancient Celtic calendar. It was found in 1897 in France, in Coligny, Ain (, near Lyon), along with broken pieces of a bronze statue of a life-size naked male holding a spear, likely Roman Mars or Romano-Celtic Lugus. It was engraved on a bronze tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that was originally wide by tall. It is written in Latin inscriptional capitals and numerals, but terms are in the Gaulish language. Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying statue, the bronze plaque probably dates to the end of the second century, although the copying errors indicate the calendar itself is much older. It is now held at the Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon-Fourvière. Eight small fragments of a similar calendar were found at the double-shrine of Villards-d'Héria. It does not have the holes of a peg calendar that the Coligny calendar does, but otherwise has the same notations. It is now held in the Musée d'Archéologie du Jura at Lons-le-Saunier. List of months The names of the twelve lunar year months are reconstructed as , , , , , , , , , , , and . The names occur in the form SAMONI (gen.), DUMANNI, RIVRI etc. in the internal notations of the calendar. The name of the first intercalary month is unknown being on a lost fragment, the second is reconstructed as[ S]antaran[...], [R]antaran[...], [B]antaran[...], or Antaran[...]. refers to summer (Gaulish ,< *sṃHo-3) while refers to winter (Gaulish ). These two months divide the calendar into summer and winter seasons of six months, each season led off by a festival of several days marked with IVOS. This indicates an early version of the same traditional seasons as seen in later Celtic contexts: “For two divisions were formerly on the year, viz., summer from Beltaine (the first of May), and winter from Samuin to Beltaine”. It is not possible to align the Coligny lunar months accurately with modern solar months, but allowing for variation across the years it is likely that the month of MID SAMONIOS began around May–June. The lunar month The Coligny calendar as reconstructed consisted of 16 columns and 4 rows, with two intercalary months given half a column each, resulting in a table of the 62 months of the five-year cycle. The 5 years of the calendar plaque is part of a Metonic cycle of 19 years, although it could also be extended to a 30-year cycle. The full length of the calendar is still being debated. Each",
"title": "Coligny calendar"
},
{
"docid": "31404112",
"text": "Polemius Silvius (fl. 5th century) was the author of an annotated Julian calendar that attempted to integrate the traditional Roman festival cycle with the new Christian holy days. His calendar, also referred to as a laterculus or fasti, dates to around 448–449. He was active in southeastern Gaul. Background Polemius was among the Christian cultural elite working within the imperial bureaucracy in Gaul under Valentinian III. He was a friend of Hilarius of Arles. The Gallic Chronicle of 452, year 438, knows of one Sylvius, whom some historians conjecture to be Polemius. Polemius was assigned to Eucherius, bishop of Lyon (ancient Lugdunum), and produced the calendar for him. Because fixed Christian feasts were still few in number, Polemius faced the challenge of fulfilling the conventions of a traditional Roman calendar with named holidays while \"disinfecting\" it of the Imperial Roman and other festivals now regarded as \"pagan.\" Although the Calendar of Filocalus in 354 had recorded the traditional religious holidays freely, by the time of Polemius the Christian state had begun to legislate against other religions and to divorce Rome's religious heritage from the culture and civic life of the Empire. Polemius, who had probably consulted the Calendar of Filocalus, filled gaps with meteorological and seasonal markers, and the \"Egyptian days,\" days considered unpropitious for new undertakings and for certain medical practices. Bede was among those who drew information from it. In Polemius's calendar, the word ludi, \"games\" in classical Latin, means more specifically theatrical performances, while circenses is used for chariot races. His work provides significant examples of Gallo-Romance vocabulary, regional variations of the Latin language, and local survivals of Gaulish words. The calendar The format used by Polemius for the most part followed the conventions of Roman calendars, with days arranged in parallel columns under the name of the month, and each day noted on a separate line. Column 1 numbers the days of the month. Column 2 identifies any special days, not only traditional Roman and Christian holidays, but also the birthdays of emperors, and days when consuls and praetors took office. Column 3 gives weather conditions; Columella's 1st-century treatise on agriculture may have influenced the inclusion of references to weather. Polemius also provided information from his own research, such as the birthdays of Cicero, Vergil, and a Faustina who was the divinized wife (diva) of an Antonine emperor. Because the Roman calendar had traditionally served a didactic purpose, the laterculus of Polemius provided several other lists and tables under the month-by-month chronographic presentation: emperors and usurpers; the Roman provinces; animal names, spread out over two months; a table for calculating the date of Easter and the phases of the moon (not extant); buildings and topographical features of Rome; fabulae poeticae (\"poets' tales\"); a breviary of Roman history; \"a register of animal voices\"; weights and measures; meters of poetry (not extant); a survey of philosophical sects (not extant). Lost portions are known only from the introductory synopsis. For each month, the calendar also presents the equivalent Hebrew,",
"title": "Polemius Silvius"
},
{
"docid": "40463385",
"text": "November (from Latin novem, \"nine\") or mensis November was originally the ninth of ten months on the Roman calendar, following October (octo, \"eight\") and preceding December (decem, \"ten\"). It had 29 days. In the reform that resulted in a 12-month year, November became the eleventh month, but retained its name, as did the other months from September through December. A day was added to November during the Julian calendar reform in the mid-40s BC. The outstanding event during November was the Plebeian Games from the 4th through the 17th. The month had few other festivals. It was under the guardianship (tutela) of Diana. In the agricultural year The ancient farmers' almanacs (menologia rustica) instruct farmers to sow wheat and barley, and to attend to scribatio, trenching around trees. Iconography of the month When the months are represented by agricultural activities, a man with a four-prong drag hoe (rastrum quadridens) can sometimes appear as November. In the Imperial period, the deity who often represents November in Roman art is Isis. The festival of Isis, which began October 28, continued through November 3. The Isia is first recorded on the menologia rustica, which date to the reign of either Caligula (36–39 AD) or Claudius (41–54). Both emperors favored the cult of Isis. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the first day through the last. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of November was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of November was the pridie Kalendas Decembrīs, \"day before the Kalends of December\". Roman counting was inclusive; November 9 was ante diem V Idūs Novembrīs, \"the 5th day before the Ides of November,\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Nov. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); November 23 was IX Kal. Dec., \"the 9th day before the Kalends of December,\" on the Julian calendar, or VIII Kal. Dec. on the pre-Julian calendar. On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In November, these were: F for dies fasti, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law; C, for dies comitalis, a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies (comitia), elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings; N for dies nefasti, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited; NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked feriae, public holidays. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \"market week\" (these are omitted in the table below). The letter",
"title": "November (Roman month)"
},
{
"docid": "312726",
"text": "Festivals in ancient Rome were a very important part in Roman religious life during both the Republican and Imperial eras, and one of the primary features of the Roman calendar. Feriae (\"holidays\" in the sense of \"holy days\"; singular also feriae or dies ferialis) were either public (publicae) or private (privatae). State holidays were celebrated by the Roman people and received public funding. Games (ludi), such as the Ludi Apollinares, were not technically feriae, but the days on which they were celebrated were dies festi, holidays in the modern sense of days off work. Although feriae were paid for by the state, ludi were often funded by wealthy individuals. Feriae privatae were holidays celebrated in honor of private individuals or by families. This article deals only with public holidays, including rites celebrated by the state priests of Rome at temples, as well as celebrations by neighborhoods, families, and friends held simultaneously throughout Rome. Feriae publicae were of three kinds: Stativae were annual holidays that held a fixed or stable date on the calendar. Conceptivae were annual holidays that were moveable feasts (like Easter on the Christian calendar, or Thanksgiving in North America); the date was announced by the magistrates or priests who were responsible for them. Imperativae were holidays held \"on demand\" (from the verb impero, imperare, \"to order, command\") when special celebrations or expiations were called for. One of the most important sources for Roman holidays is Ovid's Fasti, an incomplete poem that describes and provides origins for festivals from January to June at the time of Augustus. Keeping the feriae Varro defined feriae as \"days instituted for the sake of the gods.\" Religious rites were performed on the feriae, and public business was suspended. Even slaves were supposed to be given some form of rest. Cicero says specifically that people who were free should not engage in lawsuits and quarrels, and slaves should get a break from their labours. Agricultural writers recognized that some jobs on a farm might still need to be performed, and specified what these were. Some agricultural tasks not otherwise permitted could be carried out if an expiation were made in advance (piaculum), usually the sacrifice of a puppy. Within the city of Rome, the flamens and the priest known as the Rex sacrorum were not allowed even to see work done. On a practical level, those who \"inadvertently\" worked could pay a fine or offer up a piaculum, usually a pig. Work considered vital either to the gods or preserving human life was excusable, according to some experts on religious law. Although Romans were required not to work, they were not required to take any religious action unless they were priests or had family rites (sacra gentilicia) to maintain. List of festivals by month Following is a month-by-month list of Roman festivals and games that had a fixed place on the calendar. For some, the date on which they were first established is recorded. A deity's festival often marked the anniversary (dies natalis,",
"title": "Roman festivals"
},
{
"docid": "40332277",
"text": "In the Roman Empire, the Lychnapsia was a festival of lamps on August 12, widely regarded by scholars as having been held in honor of Isis. It was thus one of several official Roman holidays and observances that publicly linked the cult of Isis with Imperial cult. It is thought to be a Roman adaptation of Egyptian religious ceremonies celebrating the birthday of Isis. By the 4th century, Isiac cult was thoroughly integrated into traditional Roman religious practice, but evidence that Isis was honored by the Lychnapsia is indirect, and lychnapsia is a general word in Greek for festive lamp-lighting. In the 5th century, lychnapsia could be synonymous with lychnikon (lamp-lighting at vespers) as a Christian liturgical office. On the calendar Numerous lamp festivals were celebrated in Egypt. The most important of these began during the five epagomenal days at the end of the year, following Mesore (Coptic Mesori), the twelfth and last month of the Egyptian calendar that corresponded roughly to the Roman month of Augustus. The Egyptian calendar divided a year of 360 days into 12 equal months of 30 days each, with the year-end insertion of five days sometimes called \"lamp days\" to synch with the solar year. The birthday of Isis was celebrated on the fourth epagomenal day. The 12th of August on the Julian calendar corresponds to the 19th of Mesore on the Alexandrian calendar. On or around the 18th of Mesore, the Egyptians held a Nile festival named variously as Wafa El-Nil, Jabr El-Khalig, or Fath El-Khalig (\"The Marriage of the Nile\" in European scholarship), a nocturnally illuminated celebration when a clay statue called the Bride of the Nile (Arousat El-Nil) was deposited in the river. The Calendar of Philocalus (354 AD) places the Roman Lychnapsia pridie Idus Augustas, the day before the Ides of August, a month when the Ides fell on the 13th. It began to be celebrated after the mid-1st century AD. Mommsen conjectured that it was introduced around 36–39 AD along with the longer Roman Isiac festival held October 28 through November 3. During this period, the fourth epagomenal day would have coincided with August 12 on the Roman calendar. According to this theory, the Lychnapsia would have been a Roman celebration of the dies natalis (\"birthday\") of Isis. The birthday of Horus also was celebrated with a lamp festival, according to a decree that marked the Battle of Raphia in 217 BC. A major festival of lights occurred for the rites of Osiris on the 22nd day of the month of Khoiak (December), when 365 lamps were lit. Cultural context Greek awareness of Egyptian lamp-lighting festivals is recorded as early as Herodotus (5th century BC), who mentions the Festival of Lanterns at Sais held for Neith. Illumination by torches or lamps had a long tradition in Greek and Roman religion, under names such as lampadeia and phosphoreia in Greek. Torches were particularly associated with the Eleusinian Mysteries and the cult of Demeter (Roman Ceres), with whose functions Isis was",
"title": "Lychnapsia"
},
{
"docid": "6498425",
"text": "A menologium (, pl. menologia), also known by other names, is any collection of information arranged according to the days of a month, usually a set of such collections for all the months of the year. In particular, it is used for ancient Roman farmers' almanacs (); for the untitled Old English poem on the Julian calendar that appears in a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; for the liturgical books (also known as the menaia) used by the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches following the Byzantine Rite that list the propers for fixed dates, typically in twelve volumes covering a month each and largely concerned with saints; for hagiographies (also known as synaxaria) and liturgical calendars written as part of this tradition; and for equivalents of these works among Roman Catholic religious orders for organized but private commemoration of their notable members. Name Menologium is the Latin form of Greek menologion (, menológion), which is also used in English, particularly in the context of Eastern Orthodoxy. The plural of both the Latin and Greek forms of the name is . The Greek term derived from mḗn (, \"month\") + -o- () + lógos (, \"writing, recording\") + -ion (), together meaning a monthly record or account. Although properly referring to the thing recorded, menology is sometimes used as a synonym to mean the menologium itself. More rarely, menologe is as well, borrowed from French . Historical Roman almanacs The ancient Roman farming menologia () were given their name by Theodor Mommsen in the first volume of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, date from the imperial period, and seem to derive from a single source, now lost. They provide the average lengths of day and night for each month at the latitude of Rome, astrological notes, the month's tutelary deity and temples in Rome by their day of dedication, agricultural tasks within the month, and other information but they omit most of the important agricultural festivals and, based on the listed harvest dates, were originally intended for a location rather north of Rome. Old English poem The Menologium, also known as the Old English Metrical Calendar, is an untitled late 10th-century Old English poem covering the Anglo-Saxon liturgical year within the context of the Anglo-Saxon Church's Julian calendar. Hart tentatively identifies its author as Byrhtferth, a Benedictine monk at Ramsey Abbey in Cambridgeshire, England. The Menologium serves as an prologue to a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, introducing the year. There are similar but distinct equivalents in documents from the Celtic Church and in other Anglo-Saxon texts, generally known as kalendars. It has been printed in 18 separate editions beginning with George Hickes in 1703. Hickes entitled the poem \"A Calendar or Poetical Menologium\" (), picked up by Samuel Fox and the probable origin of its usual name. Most editions to date have added various emendations of the preserved text and several include misspellings and other errors, including in one instance changing summer to winter. Eastern Orthodoxy Menaia Menaia, also",
"title": "Menologium"
},
{
"docid": "5377",
"text": "A calendar is a system of organizing days. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months and years. A date is the designation of a single and specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a physical record (often paper) of such a system. A calendar can also mean a list of planned events, such as a court calendar, or a partly or fully chronological list of documents, such as a calendar of wills. Periods in a calendar (such as years and months) are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon. The most common type of pre-modern calendar was the lunisolar calendar, a lunar calendar that occasionally adds one intercalary month to remain synchronized with the solar year over the long term. Etymology The term calendar is taken from , the term for the first day of the month in the Roman calendar, related to the verb 'to call out', referring to the \"calling\" of the new moon when it was first seen. Latin meant 'account book, register' (as accounts were settled and debts were collected on the calends of each month). The Latin term was adopted in Old French as and from there in Middle English as by the 13th century (the spelling calendar is early modern). History The course of the Sun and the Moon are the most salient regularly recurring natural events useful for timekeeping, and in pre-modern societies around the world lunation and the year were most commonly used as time units. Nevertheless, the Roman calendar contained remnants of a very ancient pre-Etruscan 10-month solar year. The first recorded physical calendars, dependent on the development of writing in the Ancient Near East, are the Bronze Age Egyptian and Sumerian calendars. During the Vedic period India developed a sophisticated timekeeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals. According to Yukio Ohashi, the Vedanga calendar in ancient India was based on astronomical studies during the Vedic Period and was not derived from other cultures. A large number of calendar systems in the Ancient Near East were based on the Babylonian calendar dating from the Iron Age, among them the calendar system of the Persian Empire, which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar and the Hebrew calendar. A great number of Hellenic calendars were developed in Classical Greece, and during the Hellenistic period they gave rise to the ancient Roman calendar and to various Hindu calendars. Calendars in antiquity were lunisolar, depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years. This was mostly based on observation, but there may have been early attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically, as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd-century Coligny calendar. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. His \"Julian\" calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon, but followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This created",
"title": "Calendar"
},
{
"docid": "60698",
"text": "Year 396 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Tribunate of Saccus, Capitolinus, Esquilinus, Augurinus, Capitolinus and Priscus (or, less frequently, year 358 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 396 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Persian Empire The Persians assemble a joint Phoenician, Cilician, and Cypriot fleet, under the command of the experienced Athenian admiral, Conon, and seize Rhodes. Carthage The Carthaginians are forced to abandon their siege of Syracuse (begun in 398 BC) due to a plague, but destroy Messina. Dionysius' first war with Carthage ends with a notable victory for Dionysius, who confines his enemy's power to an area of northwest Sicily. On his return home, the Carthaginian general, Himilco, commits suicide. Greece Agesilaus II, the King of Sparta, campaigns successfully in Asia Minor against the Persian satraps Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes and inflicts a major defeat on Tissaphernes at Sardis. Agesilaus agrees to a three months' truce with the Persians under Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria. Negotiations conducted during that time prove fruitless, and on its termination, Agesilaus raids Phrygia, where he easily captures an immense amount of booty, since Tissaphernes has concentrated his troops in Caria. Roman Republic Marcus Furius Camillus is made dictator by the Romans. Camillus finally destroys the Etruscan city of Veii in southern Etruria as the town falls to Roman forces after what is said to be a 10 year siege. The capture of Veii and its surrounding territories marks the first major expansion of Rome which doubles its territory after this victory. By topic Literature Plato publishes his Apologia, which is a defence of his mentor Socrates. (Approximate date.) Sports Kyniska becomes the first woman to win an event at the Olympic Games when the horse-drawn chariot she sponsors crosses the finish line first, even though the prohibition on women competing forces her to hire a man to drive it. Births Xenocrates, Greek philosopher and scholarch (or rector) of the Academy (d. 314 BC) Deaths Himilco, Carthaginian general. References",
"title": "396 BC"
},
{
"docid": "40999045",
"text": "December (from Latin decem, \"ten\") or mensis December was originally the tenth month of the Roman calendar, following November (novem, \"nine\") and preceding Ianuarius. It had 29 days. When the calendar was reformed to create a 12-month year starting in Ianuarius, December became the twelfth month, but retained its name, as did the other numbered months from Quintilis (July) to December. Its length was increased to 31 days under the Julian calendar reform. Dates The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the first day through the last. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of December was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of December was the pridie Kalendas Ianuarias, \"day before the Januarian Kalends\". Roman counting was inclusive; December 9 was ante diem V Idūs Decembrīs, \"the 5th day before the Ides of December,\" usually abbreviated a.d. V Id. Dec. (or with the a.d. omitted altogether); December 24 was IX Kal. Ian., \"the 9th day before the Kalends of Ianuarius,\" on the Julian calendar (VII Kal. Ian. on the pre-Julian calendar, when December had only 29 days). On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of A B C D E F G H, to mark the \"market week\". See also December, for the modern calendar month. References Months of the Roman calendar Roman calendar",
"title": "December (Roman month)"
},
{
"docid": "87473",
"text": "The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and also used by the farming populace in Egypt. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter (which contained only 365 days each year, year after year, so that the seasons shifted about one day every four years), a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of adding an extra day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the reform was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus imposed the Decree upon Egypt as its official calendar (although initially, namely between 25 BC and AD 5, it was unsynchronised with the original implementation of the Julian calendar which was erroneously intercalating leap days every third year due to a misinterpretation of the leap year rule so as to apply inclusive counting). To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic or Alexandrian calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian calendar but have different numbers and names. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Coptic calendar does not skip leap years three times every 400 years, and therefore it stays synchronised with the Julian calendar over a four-year leap year cycle. Coptic year The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and one at the end of the year of five days (six days in leap years). The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year. The year starts on the Feast of Neyrouz, the first day of the month of Thout, the first month of the Egyptian year. For 1900 to 2099 it coincides with the Gregorian Calendar's 11 September, or 12 September before a leap year, but for any year, it coincides with the Julian Calendar's 29 August, or 30 August before a leap year. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year Diocletian became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for Anno Martyrum or \"in the Year of the Martyrs\"). The first day of year I of the",
"title": "Coptic calendar"
},
{
"docid": "15785",
"text": "June—abbreviated Jun or Jun.—is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. June is 30 days long, and comes after May and before July. June marks the start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and contains the summer solstice, the day with the most daylight hours. In the Southern Hemisphere, June is the start of winter and contains the winter solstice, the day with the fewest hours of daylight out of the year. The Atlantic hurricane season—when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. The East Asian rainy season is also generally considered to commence during this month. Multiple meteor showers occur annually in June, including the Arietids, which are among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year, and last between 22 May and 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June. Numerous observances take place in June. Midsummer, the celebration of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, commences in several countries. In Catholicism, this month is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and known as the Month of the Sacred Heart. The most well-known month-long observance in the United States in June is Pride Month, which is the celebration of LGBT individuals and the advancement of their civil liberties. Overview June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. Containing 30 days, June succeeds May and precedes July. It is one of four months to contain 30 days, alongside April, September and November; herein June lies between April, the fourth month of the year, and September—the ninth month of the year. June is abbreviated as Jun, and may be spelled with or without a concluding period (full stop). Etymologically, June is ultimately derived from the Latin month of Iunius, named after the ancient Roman goddess Juno (Latin: ). The name June entered English in the 13th century via the Anglo-Norman join, junye and junie. It was also written in Middle English as Iun and Juin, while the spelling variant Iune was in use until the 17th century. History June originates from the month of Iunius (also called mensis Iunius) in the original Roman calendar used during the Roman Republic. The origin of this calendar is obscure. Iunius, originally the fourth month, had 29 days alongside Aprilis (\"April\"), Sextilis (later renamed Augustus \"August\"), September, November and December. It is unclear when the Romans reset the course of the year so that Ianuarius (\"January\") and Februarius (\"February\") came first—thus moving Iunius to the sixth month of the year—but later Roman scholars generally dated this to 153 BC. In ancient Rome, the period from mid-May through mid-June may have been considered inauspicious for marriages. The Roman poet Ovid claimed to have consulted the flaminica Dialis, the high priestess of the god Jupiter, about",
"title": "June"
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. Its length is 30 days. April is commonly associated with the season of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to October in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. History The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis but the derivation of this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire, \"to open\", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to \"open\", which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of άνοιξη (ánixi) (opening) for spring. Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, her Veneralia being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite (Aphros), or from the Etruscan name Apru. Jacob Grimm suggests the name of a hypothetical god or hero, Aper or Aprus. April was the second month of the earliest Roman calendar, before Ianuarius and Februarius were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. It became the fourth month of the calendar year (the year when twelve months are displayed in order) during the time of the decemvirs about 450 BC, when it was 29 days long. The 30th day was added back during the reform of the calendar undertaken by Julius Caesar in the mid-40s BC, which produced the Julian calendar. The Anglo-Saxons called April ēastre-monaþ. The Venerable Bede says in The Reckoning of Time that this month ēastre is the root of the word Easter. He further states that the month was named after a goddess Eostre whose feast was in that month. It is also attested by Einhard in his work Vita Karoli Magni. St George's day is the twenty-third of the month; and St Mark's Eve, with its superstition that the ghosts of those who are doomed to die within the year will be seen to pass into the church, falls on the twenty-fourth. In China the symbolic ploughing of the earth by the emperor and princes of the blood took place in their third month, which frequently corresponds to April. In Finnish April is huhtikuu, meaning slash-and-burn moon, when gymnosperms for beat and burn clearing of farmland were felled. In Slovene, the most established traditional name is mali traven, meaning the month when plants start growing. It was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript. The month Aprilis originally had 30 days; Numa Pompilius made it 29 days long; finally, Julius Caesar's calendar reform made it 30 days long again, which was not changed in the calendar revision of Augustus Caesar in 8 BC. In Ancient Rome, the festival of Cerealia was held for seven days from mid-to-late April, but exact dates are uncertain. Feriae Latinae was also held in April, with the date varying.",
"title": "April"
},
{
"docid": "10969152",
"text": "The Berber calendar () is the agricultural calendar traditionally used by Berbers (Amazigh, plural Imazighen). The calendar is utilized to regulate the seasonal agricultural works. The Islamic calendar, a lunar calendar, is not suited for agriculture because it does not relate to seasonal cycles. In other parts of the Islamic world, either Iranian solar calendars, the Coptic calendar, the Rumi calendar, or other calendars based on the Julian calendar were used before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. The current Berber calendar is a legacy of the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis and the Roman province of Africa, as it is a surviving form of the Julian calendar. The latter calendar was used in Europe before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, with month names derived from Latin. Berber populations previously used various indigenous calendars, such as that of the indigenous Guanches of the Canary Islands. However, relatively little is known of these ancient calendrical systems. Differences between calendars The agricultural Berber calendar still in use is almost certainly derived from the Julian calendar, introduced in the Roman province of Africa at the time of Roman domination. The names of the months of this calendar are derived from the corresponding Latin names and traces of the Roman calendar denominations of Kalends, Nones and Ides exist: El Qabisi, an Islamic jurisconsult by Kairawan who lived in the 11th century, condemned the custom of celebrating \"pagans'\" festivals and cited, among traditional habits of North Africa, that of observing the Qalandas (\"Kalends\") of January (1 January, i.e. the Julian New Year's Day). The length of the year and of the individual months is the same as in the Julian calendar: three years of 365 days followed by a leap year of 366, without exceptions, and 30- and 31-day months, except for the second one that has 28 days. The only slight discrepancy lies in that the extra day in leap years is not usually added at the end of February, but at the end of the year. This means that the beginning of the year (the first day of yennayer) corresponds to the 14th day of January in the Gregorian calendar, which coincides with the offset accumulated during the centuries between astronomical dates and the Julian calendar. Months There are standard forms for the names of the Amazigh (Berber) calendar. The table below also provides the forms used in Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia . In addition, some of the month names in Maltese are of Berber origin, specifically January (jannar), February (frar), May (mejju), and August (awwissu), with the others deriving from Italian. Berber and Italian month names are different enough that it is possible to easily determine the source language of each Maltese month name. Seasons and Festivals In addition to the subdivision by months, within the traditional agricultural calendar there are other partitions, by \"seasons\" or by \"strong periods\", characterized by particular festivals and celebrations. Not all the four seasons have retained a Berber denomination: the words for spring and",
"title": "Berber calendar"
},
{
"docid": "20354",
"text": "A month is a unit of time, used with calendars, that is approximately as long as a natural orbital period of the Moon; the words month and Moon are cognates. The traditional concept of months arose with the cycle of Moon phases; such lunar months (\"lunations\") are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 days, making for roughly 12.37 such months in one Earth year. From excavated tally sticks, researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the Moon's phases as early as the Paleolithic age. Synodic months, based on the Moon's orbital period with respect to the Earth–Sun line, are still the basis of many calendars today and are used to divide the year. Calendars that developed from the Roman calendar system, such as the internationally used Gregorian calendar, divide the year into 12 months, each of which lasts between 28 and 31 days. The names of the months were Anglicized from various Latin names and events important to Rome, except for the months 9–12, which are named after the Latin numerals 7–10 (septem, octo, novem, and decem) because they were originally the seventh through tenth months in the Roman calendar. In the modern Gregorian calendar, the only month with a variable number of days is the second month, February, which has 29 days during a leap year and 28 days otherwise. Types of months in astronomy The following types of months are mainly of significance in astronomy. Most of them (but not the distinction between sidereal and tropical months) were first recognized in Babylonian lunar astronomy. The sidereal month is defined as the Moon's orbital period in a non-rotating frame of reference (which on average is equal to its rotation period in the same frame). It is about 27.32166 days (27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 11.6 seconds). It is closely equal to the time it takes the Moon to twice pass a \"fixed\" star (different stars give different results because all have a very small proper motion and are not really fixed in position). A synodic month is the most familiar lunar cycle, defined as the time interval between two consecutive occurrences of a particular phase (such as new moon or full moon) as seen by an observer on Earth. The mean length of the synodic month is 29.53059 days (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 2.8 seconds). Due to the eccentricity of the lunar orbit around Earth (and to a lesser degree, the Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun), the length of a synodic month can vary by up to seven hours. The tropical month is the average time for the Moon to pass twice through the same equinox point of the sky. It is 27.32158 days, very slightly shorter than the sidereal month (27.32166) days, because of precession of the equinoxes. An anomalistic month is the average time the Moon takes to go from perigee to perigee—the point in the Moon's orbit when it is closest to Earth. An anomalistic month is about 27.55455",
"title": "Month"
},
{
"docid": "14021",
"text": "Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy. It was not completely separated in Europe (see astrology and astronomy) during the Copernican Revolution starting in 1543. In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication. Early history Early cultures identified celestial objects with gods and spirits. They related these objects (and their movements) to phenomena such as rain, drought, seasons, and tides. It is generally believed that the first astronomers were priests, and that they understood celestial objects and events to be manifestations of the divine, hence early astronomy's connection to what is now called astrology. A 32,500-year-old carved ivory mammoth tusk could contain the oldest known star chart (resembling the constellation Orion). It has also been suggested that drawings on the wall of the Lascaux caves in France dating from 33,000 to 10,000 years ago could be a graphical representation of the Pleiades, the Summer Triangle, and the Northern Crown. Ancient structures with possibly astronomical alignments (such as Stonehenge) probably fulfilled astronomical, religious, and social functions. Calendars of the world have often been set by observations of the Sun and Moon (marking the day, month and year), and were important to agricultural societies, in which the harvest depended on planting at the correct time of year, and for which the nearly full moon was the only lighting for night-time travel into city markets. The common modern calendar is based on the Roman calendar. Although originally a lunar calendar, it broke the traditional link of the month to the phases of the Moon and divided the year into twelve almost-equal months, that mostly alternated between thirty and thirty-one days. Julius Caesar instigated calendar reform in 46 BCE and introduced what is now called the Julian calendar, based upon the 365 day year length originally proposed by the 4th century BCE Greek astronomer Callippus. Prehistoric Europe Since 1990 our understanding of prehistoric Europeans has been radically changed by discoveries of ancient astronomical artifacts throughout Europe. The artifacts demonstrate that Neolithic and Bronze Age Europeans had a sophisticated knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. Among the discoveries are: Paleolithic archaeologist Alexander Marshack put forward a theory in 1972 that bone sticks from locations like Africa and Europe from possibly as long ago as 35,000 BCE could be marked in ways that tracked the Moon's phases, an interpretation that has met with criticism. The Warren Field calendar in the Dee River valley of Scotland's Aberdeenshire. First excavated in 2004 but only in 2013 revealed as a find of huge significance, it is to date the oldest known calendar, created around 8000 BC and predating all other calendars by some 5,000 years. The calendar takes the form of an early Mesolithic monument containing a series of 12 pits which appear to help the observer track lunar months",
"title": "History of astronomy"
},
{
"docid": "1068912",
"text": "Mercedonius (Latin for \"Work Month\"), also known as Mercedinus, Interkalaris or Intercalaris (), was the intercalary month of the Roman calendar. The resulting leap year was either 377 or 378 days long. It theoretically occurred every two (or occasionally three) years, but was sometimes avoided or employed by the Roman pontiffs for political reasons regardless of the state of the solar year. Mercedonius was eliminated by Julius Caesar when he introduced the Julian calendar in 45 BC. History This month, instituted according to Roman tradition by Numa Pompilius, was supposed to be inserted every two or three years to align the conventional 355-day Roman year with the solar year. The decision of whether to insert the intercalary month was made by the pontifex maximus, supposedly based on observations to ensure the best possible correspondence with the seasons. However, the pontifex maximus would normally be an active politician, and the decision would often be manipulated to allow friends to stay in office longer or force enemies out early. Such unpredictable intercalation meant that dates following the month of Februarius could not be known in advance, and further to this, Roman citizens living outside Rome would often not know the current date. The exact mechanism is not clearly specified in ancient sources. Some scholars hold that in intercalary years February's length was fixed at 23 days and it was followed by a variable-length mensis intercalaris with 27 or 28 days. This view is followed in generalist surveys of calendrical history. However, following a discussion of intercalation by Michels (1967) some specialist studies of the pre-Julian calendar published since 1967 claim that in intercalary years Februarius was set at either 23 or 24 days, which was followed by an intercalary month of 27 days. Whichever interpretation is correct, the days a.d. VI Kal. Mart. to Prid. Kal. Mart., normally referring to the end of February, were in intercalary years the concluding days of the mensis intercalaris. The month was eliminated by Julius Caesar with his revised calendar in 46 BC. See also Roman Calendar and Julian calendar § Motivation Adar Undecimber Notes References External links Roman Dates Months Months of the Roman calendar",
"title": "Mercedonius"
},
{
"docid": "1190200",
"text": "The early Germanic calendars were the regional calendars used among the early Germanic peoples before they adopted the Julian calendar in the Early Middle Ages. The calendars were an element of early Germanic culture. The Germanic peoples had names for the months that varied by region and dialect, but they were later replaced with local adaptations of the Julian month names. Records of Old English and Old High German month names date to the 8th and 9th centuries, respectively. Old Norse month names are attested from the 13th century. As with most pre-modern calendars, the reckoning used in early Germanic culture was likely lunisolar. As an example, the Runic calendar developed in medieval Sweden was lunisolar, fixing the beginning of the year at the first full moon after winter solstice. Months The Germanic calendars were lunisolar, the months corresponding to lunations. Tacitus writes in his Germania (Chapter 11) that the Germanic peoples observed the lunar months. The lunisolar calendar is reflected in the Proto-Germanic term \"month\" (Old English , Old Saxon , Old Norse , and Old High German , Gothic ), being a derivation of the word for \"moon\", — which shares its ancestry with the Greek mene \"moon\", men \"month\", and Latin mensis \"month\". Days and weeks Tacitus gives some indication of how the Germanic peoples of the first century reckoned the days. In contrast to Roman usage, they considered the day to begin at sunset, a system that in the Middle Ages came to be known as the \"Florentine reckoning\". The same system is also recorded for the Gauls in Caesar's Gallic Wars. \"They assemble, except in the case of a sudden emergency, on certain fixed days, either at new or at full moon; for this they consider the most auspicious season for the transaction of business. Instead of reckoning by days as we do, they reckon by nights, and in this manner fix both their ordinary and their legal appointments. Night they regard as bringing on day.\" The concept of the week, on the other hand, was adopted from the Romans, from about the first century, the various Germanic languages having adopted the Greco-Roman system of naming of the days of the week after the classical planets, inserting loan translations for the names of the planets, substituting the names of Germanic gods in a process known as . Calendar terms The year was divided into a summer half and a winter half, as attested in Old English and medieval Scandinavian sources. In Scandinavia this continued after Christianization; in Norway and Sweden the first day of summer is marked by the (14 April) and the first day of winter by the Calixtus Day (14 October). The month names do not coincide, so it is not possible to postulate names of a Common Germanic stage, except possibly the names of a spring month and a winter month, and . The names of the seasons are Common Germanic, , , , and for \"spring\" in north Germanic, but in",
"title": "Early Germanic calendars"
}
] | [
"March"
] |
train_5137 | who sings love on the line by hillsong | [
{
"docid": "47866144",
"text": "Open Heaven / River Wild (stylised as OPEN HEAVEN / River Wild) is the 24th live album of Hillsong Worship, which consists of several worship pastors from Australian church Hillsong Church. The album was recorded during the 2015 Hillsong Conference at the Sydney SuperDome (currently named the Qudos Bank Arena) from 29 June until 3 July 2015 and was released on 16 October 2015, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group; this marks the first time the church's annual worship album was recorded entirely during the conference, as opposed to the annual July releases that coincide with the event. Michael Guy Chislett oversaw production of the album, while Hillsong senior pastor Brian Houston and his son, worship leader Joel Houston, served as executive producers. Open Heaven / River Wild features several prominent vocalists of Hillsong, including Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston and Marty Sampson, as well as the Hillsong United band and the Hillsong Young & Free group. Following the Easter release of \"O Praise the Name (Anástasis)\", the album's lead single, \"One Thing\", was released on 18 September 2015. Background In March 2015, \"O Praise the Name (Anástasis)\" was released as a free download on Hillsong's website, and served as a single for Easter. David Ware served as vocalist for \"O Praise the Name\", while prominent worship leader Marty Sampson co-wrote the song. Sampson played the song for Hillsong global creative director Cass Langton, who was \"overwhelmed\" by the song, saying, \"The lyrics… they captivated me. The thoughts in the song opened my eyes again to the Gospel story, and I felt the emotions of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ all over again — I could hardly wait to hear our church worship to this song.\" On 14 June 2015, Langton announced through a blog post that the recording of the next annual live worship album will be at the 2015 Hillsong Conference at the Allphones Arena in Sydney, Australia, marking the first time the album would be recorded entirely during the conference, as opposed to the typical July releases that coincide with the event. On 17 August 2015, Hillsong released a teaser video on various social media accounts; the title of the album as well as the cover art and the 16 October release date were announced the next day. On 3 September 2015 Hillsong released the trailer to YouTube along with the track-listing for the new album. Recording The live worship album and DVD were recorded during the span of the 2015 Hillsong Conference in Sydney, Australia from 29 June to 3 July. Worship leaders from several Hillsong Church locations, such as Aryel Murphy from Hillsong Los Angeles, Chris Davenport from Hillsong New York, Tarryn Stokes from Hillsong Melbourne and Reuben Morgan from Hillsong London, were included in the recording. Promotion Singles \"One Thing\" was released on 18 September 2015 via iTunes as a pre-order single. \"O Praise the Name (Anastásis)\" was released on 2 October 2015 via iTunes as a pre-order single.",
"title": "Open Heaven / River Wild"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "1515361",
"text": "God Is in the House is the fifth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. It is also the first Hillsong Album where Darlene Zschech was Worship Pastor. The album was recorded live at the Hills Entertainment Centre. The album reached No. 40 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Christian Albums Chart. Track listing \"God Is in the House\" (Russell Fragar & Darlene Zschech) \"Joy in the Holy Ghost\" (Fragar) \"Steppin' Out\" (Steve McPherson) \"My Heart Sings Praises\" (Fragar) \"And That My Soul Knows Very Well\" (Zschech & Fragar) \"Jesus, What a Beautiful Name\" (Tanya Riches) \"Let the Peace of God Reign\" (Zschech) \"I Give You My Heart\" (Reuben Morgan) \"Walking in the Light\" (Zschech) \"Your People Sing Praises\" (Fragar) \"I Believe the Promise\" (Fragar) \"Thank You, Lord\" (Dennis Jernigan) \"Lord of the Heavens\" (Lucy Fisher) \"I Will Run to You\" (Zschech) \"God Is in the House\" (reprise) Band Darlene Zschech - worship leader Erica Crocker - vocals Rob Eastwood - vocals Lucy Fisher - vocals Donia Gandjou - vocals Craig Gower - keyboards, vocals Scott Haslem - vocals Steve McPherson - vocals, electric guitar Lisa Young - vocals Russell Fragar - music director, piano David Moyse - electric guitar Ian Fisher - bass guitar Rick Peteriet - drums Chris Milne - percussion David Schenk - additional percussion Paul Thompson - additional percussion Raymond Floro - additional percussion Karen Packer - tenor saxophone Cathy Coluccio - alto saxophone Megan Howard - alto saxophone Renee Boland - alto saxophone Cathy Coluccio - soprano saxophone Mark Gregory - trumpet Peter King - trumpet Ruth Grant - Hillsong choir conductor Julia Beaumont - Hillsong Kidz choir conductor Amour Mah - Hillsong Kidz choir conductor References 1996 live albums 1996 video albums Live video albums Hillsong Music live albums Hillsong Music video albums",
"title": "God Is in the House (Hillsong Church album)"
},
{
"docid": "2620298",
"text": "Joel Timothy Houston (born 19 September 1979) is an Australian musician, songwriter, pastor, and leader in the Sydney-based band Hillsong United, a worship band of Hillsong Church. He was co-pastor at Hillsong NYC between 2010 and 2017. He is the head of the Christian worship band Hillsong United, for which he sings, plays guitar, and writes songs. In 2008, he became the creative director at Hillsong Church. He is the oldest son of the church's Founding Pastors Brian and Bobbie Houston and grandson of Frank Houston. He has two siblings. Houston was also the bass player for the band Able, which was composed of Marty Sampson, Michael Guy Chislett and Luke Munns, which won the Channel V Leg Up competition in 2001. Biography Early life Joel is the oldest child of the former Hillsong Church's founding pastors Brian and Bobbie Houston and grandson of pastor Frank Houston. Joel has two siblings, Ben Houston (lead pastor of Hillsong Los Angeles) and Laura Toggs (pastor of the Hillsong youth ministry in Australia and also member of Hillsong Young & Free). Houston wanted to play the piano at the age of seven. However he found an inclination to play bass and this led him to play the bass guitar for a number of Hillsong Worship albums instead. Hillsong United and Hillsong Houston's debut with the Hillsong United as a vocalist was in 2002, however he had been playing bass guitar with the band for several years prior to this, and contributing various songs, including the title track from the group's debut full-length live album, Everyday. As part of Hillsong United music team, Joel Houston has helped lead worship conferences in North America, South America, Africa, Europe and Asia. He has also contributed to the main Hillsong album recordings as well, which are led by worship pastor Reuben Morgan. Many of the songs he has written or co-written are sung in churches worldwide and have been translated into 32 languages. His music has been featured on Hillsong albums that have quickly risen on both the Australian and American Christian music charts. In March 2007, Hillsong United's eighth album All of the Above debuted at No. 6 on the ARIA charts. Joel Houston has been the creative director of Hillsong since 2008. Joel was co-pastor of Hillsong NYC with Carl Lentz until Lentz's employment was terminated by Brian Houston for unnamed \"moral failings\". Personal life Joel married Brazilian model Esther Lima in 2012, and they had a son in 2013. External links Christianity Today interview SongDiscovery.com interviews Joel Houston , Fresh 103.2 Interview BBC Heart-throb rock gods united in song The Bulletin interview and photo gallery References Hillsong musicians Christian music songwriters Living people Australian people of Tongan descent Australian people of New Zealand descent Australian male songwriters Australian Christian Churches people Australian performers of Christian music 1979 births Musicians from Sydney",
"title": "Joel Houston"
},
{
"docid": "3949731",
"text": "If I Had One Chance To Tell You Something is the eighth studio album from Rebecca St. James. The album includes the hit singles \"Alive\" and \"You Are Loved\". Writing and development St. James co-wrote 11 out of the 12 tracks on the album, with the songs \"God Help Me\" and \"You Are Loved\" being written solely by her. St. James wrote \"God Help Me\" on her 27th birthday and says of the song, \"I love singing this song because to me it’s an essential thought of the Christian life... 'God help me... I’m not enough!'\" The album's first single, \"Alive\", is about how God can refresh people. The title song \"You Are Loved\" was inspired by an old family friend. St. James says, \"This is a song for the prodigals—which is all of us. God is the father that has His arms open wide waiting for us. He wants us to run towards Him and He will run toward us. It’s a song of hope and a message my generation needs to hear. ‘No matter where you've been and what you've done... you are loved.' From this song came the album title—and really the key theme of the project.\" \"Shadowlands\" was inspired by the writings of C.S. Lewis, while \"Love Being Loved By You\" is described by St. James as a worship song. \"I Need You\" was written for St. James's best friend Karleen. \"Beautiful Stranger\" is described by the singer as her \"Compassion International song\". Co-written and co-sung by TobyMac, \"Thank You\" is a simple message of thanks to God. The song \"Take All of Me\" was originally written by Hillsong United artist Marty Sampson and was chosen by St. James because of its worshipful tone. St. James says of \"Forgive Me\", \"This song reminds me of the everlasting beauty of God’s grace.\" The song \"I Can Trust You\" was written as a reminder to trust God. St. James says of the final track, \"Lest I Forget\", \"It’s somewhat of a sobering song but a song of gratefulness that simply treasures what Jesus has done for us.\" If I Had One Chance To Tell You Something is described as \"commercial alternative rock\". It is much edgier and rock-based than St. James' prior album, Worship God. The songs are based in guitars, bass lines, and string arrangements. St. James also dabbles in hip-hop on the track \"Thank You\". The album was produced by Tedd T. and Matt Bronleewe, and producer Shaun Shankel. Track listing Personnel Adapted from liner notes and AllMusic Rebecca St. James – lead and backing vocals Tedd T – programming (1, 3, 8, 9, 12), guitars (1, 8, 9), bass (1, 8) Ainslie Grosser – programming (1, 4) Jeremy Bose – programming (2, 4, 5), string arrangements (2, 4, 5) Carl Marsh – programming (3, 9) Shaun Shankel – programming (6, 7, 11), string arrangements (6, 10) Cary Barlowe – guitars (1, 6) Paul Moak – guitars (1, 3, 8, 9, 12) Rob Hawkins – guitars",
"title": "If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something"
},
{
"docid": "10037168",
"text": "Michael Guy Chislett (born 6 April 1982) is an Australian musician and producer. He is the lead guitarist and founding member of the Christian worship band Hillsong United and was the lead guitarist of the rock band the Academy Is... Career Hillsong United Chislett has played guitar on all Hillsong United albums excluding Look to You (2005) and Aftermath: Live in Miami (2012). These albums include 2019's People and 2015's Empires, for which he was also the album's producer. In the United States, People sold 107,000 equivalent album units in its opening week, debuting at No. 2 on the mainstream Billboard 200 chart (dated 2 May). Being their third top ten appearance on Billboard 200, the album is the highest ranking appearance for Hillsong United on the chart, beating out the No. 5 debuts by 2015's Empires and 2013's Zion, while breaking their best sales week record, formerly held by Empires. People registered at No. 1 on Billboard's Christian albums chart, and won the Dove Award for 2019 Worship Album of year. In 2013, Chislett came back to Hillsong United full-time to produce the 2013 album Zion. He then became current full-time touring member and producer for Hillsong United. The Academy Is... (2007–2011) Chislett was the lead guitarist of Chicago rock band the Academy Is..., replacing Tom Conrad in late 2006. He played and co-wrote music for the albums Santi and Fast Times at Barrington High. Butch Walker Prior to joining the Academy Is..., Chislett played in Butch Walker's band. He toured with Walker in 2005 and 2006. He appeared on the studio album The Rise and Fall of Butch Walker and the Let's-Go-Out-Tonites and the live DVD Live at Budokan. Other projects Chislett wrote music and played guitar in the band 1969, whose line-up is completed by Butch Walker and drummer Darren Dodd (The Let's-Go-Out-Tonites, Electric South). The band's debut album, Maya, was released on 1 April 2008. Chislett also played guitar in Pistol Youth with Brad Carter from Steriogram. Pistol Youth's Smiling can backfire EP was released digitally in early 2008. Chislett played guitar for Brooke Fraser's Flags tour and is featured on her music video \"Coachella\". Chislett has his own production company, Skipton Productions, Inc., which was established in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2008. Personal life Chislett was born on 6 April 1982 in Skipton, Victoria, a small country town in Australia. Most of his family later moved to Sydney, where he attended Cherrybrook Technology High School. He dropped out in Year 10 to spend more time on music. In 2003, he moved to London with Newcastle band Paperadio. A few months later he moved to Los Angeles. He is married to Naomi and they have two children, Elliott (born 2014) and Ruby (born 2016). Music gear Gretsch guitars (Gretsch White Falcon, Black Penguin, Silverjet) Fender guitars (Jazzmaster, Stratocaster, Jaguar, Telecaster) Divided by 13 RSA-31 amp Milkman Sound 85w pedal steel amp Z.Vex Effects, Cusack Music, JHS Pedals Discography As a producer Hillsong United – All of the",
"title": "Michael Guy Chislett"
},
{
"docid": "1515138",
"text": "The Power of Your Love is the first live contemporary worship album released by Hillsong Music — the first album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music released by the label. Production The majority of the songs for the album were written and composed by Geoff Bullock, the then Worship Pastor of Hillsong Church. It was recorded live by Bullock, Darlene Zschech, and the Hillsong team. The cover was designed by a local design firm in Sydney. The font used for the title is Century Gothic (a standard font on Microsoft Windows). The front cover is a panograph taken by Christian photographer; Ken Duncan. His panographs are seen on three other Hillsong album covers. There are no photographs of the actual live service in the original CD sleeve design. The updated version shows \"what's new from Hillsong Music Australia\". Reception In June 1993, Tony Cummings of Cross Rhythms rated the album as 7 out of 10 and described the group as willing to \"take on the full hard rocking armoury of AOR to shout praises to God\". He summarised the album with \"What they lack in subtlety they make up for in exuberance ... Recommended to radical worshippers\". In 2000, the album was certified gold by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 35,000 units. Track listing \"The Time Has Come\" (Geoff Bullock) \"We Will Rise\" (Bullock) \"You Placed Your Love\" (Bullock) \"Your Love\" (Bullock) \"Blessed Be\" (Bullock) \"You Are My Rock\" (Bullock) \"Hear Me Calling\" (Bullock) \"Refresh My Heart\" (Bullock) \"The Power of Your Love\" (Bullock) \"Lord We Come\" (Bullock) \"I Will Worship You\" (Bullock) \"You Are My God\" (Bullock & Gail Dunshea) \"Holy Spirit Rise\" (Bullock) \"Glory\" (Bullock) \"Latter Rain\" (Bullock) \"The Great Southland\" (Bullock) Credits Geoff Bullock - worship pastor, piano, vocals Russell Fragar - keyboards, music director Darlene Zschech - vocals, vocal producer David Evans - vocals David Moyse - guitar Allan Chard - guitar Andy James - bass Adam Simek - drums Stuart Fell - percussion Jeff Todd - engineer, mixer Andrew McPherson - assistant engineer William Bowden - mastering Cameron Wade - production manager Nick Asha - front of house Manager Chris Googe - foldback engineer Brian Houston - executive producer Michael Murphy - executive producer References 1992 live albums Contemporary worship music albums Hillsong Music live albums",
"title": "The Power of Your Love"
},
{
"docid": "1548983",
"text": "Hillsong Music is Christian music produced by Hillsong Church in Sydney, Australia as well as offshoot churches, Hillsong London, and Hillsong Kiev. Hillsong albums are released and distributed by Hillsong Music. The main groups are Hillsong Worship, Hillsong United, Hillsong Young & Free, and Hillsong Kids. History Hillsong Church's popularity in Christian praise and worship music stems from the inauguration of the Hillsong Conference in 1986 and the first publication of choruses written by Hills CLC members, especially Darlene Zschech. It is in this context that Hillsong Music was founded in 1991. Their first live worship CD The Power of Your Love was released in 1992. Since then, live praise and worship albums have been produced each year. Other music series include the Worship series, United, Youth Alive, Hillsong Kids and Instrumental series. They have also released two Christmas albums and several compilation albums. \"What a Beautiful Name\" won the 2018 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song. Popularity Some Hillsong songs have distinct gospel influences. Hillsong Music titles regularly feature in the top 25 of most songs sung in all reporting countries recorded through the CCLI website. Christian Copyright Licensing International allows churches to use any listed music through a flat fee based on congregational size rather than buying access to individual songs, making recent music more affordable to churches all over the world. People Just Like Us was the first Christian album to achieve gold status in Australia as well as the first to go Platinum. To date, all Hillsong live worship albums have achieved Gold status in Australia. In 1996, Hillsong Music reached international prominence with the release of Shout to the Lord produced by Integrity Music. This was Integrity Music's first live worship album featuring a female worship leader – Darlene Zschech. The 2004 Hillsong live worship album For All You've Done, debuted at No. 1 on the Australian Record Industry Association album charts. There was some controversy about this outcome as almost all of the albums were sold at Hillsong's annual conference held in early July. The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) has defended the outcome noting that the album sold more copies than any other record on sale in Australia that week. As of December 2011, Hillsong has sold more than 12 million records across the globe, following its first release in 1991 and a quarter of all contemporary songs heard in Australian churches in 2011 were written by Hillsong. Albums Early albums were released solely on cassette and CD. Video recordings of the live albums have also been made for VHS since the second album in 1993, and additionally for DVD since 2000, with increasing additional content such as documentaries and extra songs. The Hillsong United series CDs have included an additional free part-length DVD since 2004. Several music books have also been published. Including all the series (LIVE, UNITED, Kids, Kids Junior, Chapel, Young & Free, Español, Youth Term, Youth Alive, Worship, Compilation, Instrumental, Christmas, Preview, KIEV, LONDON) and other special",
"title": "Hillsong Music (label)"
},
{
"docid": "44361614",
"text": "Best Friend is the second live praise and worship album by Hillsong United. The album was released on 10 November 2000. Track listing \"My Best Friend\" (Joel Houston and Marty Sampson) \"Stronger Than\" (Paul Ewing) \"Saving Grace\" (Michelle Fragar) \"Forever\" (Sampson) \"God of All Creation\" (Mark Stevens and Paul Iannuzzelli) \"I Live for You\" (Raymond Badham) \"Jesus Generation\" (Reuben Morgan) \"I Will Sing\" (Rebeca Mesiti) \"Jesus, Lover of My Soul\" (Steve McPherson, David Grul and John Ezzy) \"The Reason I Live\" (Sampson) References Hillsong United albums 2000 live albums",
"title": "Best Friend (Hillsong United album)"
},
{
"docid": "2272951",
"text": "Hills Praise is a compilation praise and worship album of Christian Contemporary music by the Hillsong Church. Album details All songs on this CD album are taken directly from previous Hillsong Music Australia and Integrity Music Inc. albums. Reception In June 1998 Dave Derbyshire of Cross Rhythms rated the album as 8 out of 10 and described the group as \"a talented praise band of guitars, drums and the like and a choir complete with red robes\". He summarised the album with \"If you want some upbeat songs to let rip in praise to God, then slap this album into your CD player and dance around the living room\". In April 1998 CCM Magazine rated it as 8 out of 10 and noted that \"Happy, joyful, full of life and energy, were just a few of the phrases that sprang to mind during the first couple of songs\". Track listing \"Your People Sing Praises\" (Russell Fragar; from God Is in the House) \"People Just Like Us\" (Fragar; from People Just Like Us) \"He's Real\" (Fragar; from Shout to the Lord) \"Father of Lights\" (Fragar; from People Just Like Us) \"Praise His Holy Name\" (Darlene Zschech; from Friends in High Places) \"I Can't Wait\" (Fragar; from Friends in High Places) \"My Heart Sings Praises\" (Fragar; from God Is in the House) \"God Is in the House\" (Fragar & Zschech; from God Is in the House) \"Can't Stop Talking\" (Fragar; from All Things Are Possible) \"Shelter House\" (Steve McPherson; from All Things Are Possible) \"Your Love Keeps Following Me\" (Fragar; from People Just Like Us) \"Longin' for Your Touch\" (Paul Iannuzzelli & Tim Uluirewa; from People Just Like Us) \"He Shall be Called\" (Fragar; from Friends in High Places) \"Joy in the Holy Ghost\" (Fragar; from God Is in the House) References 1997 compilation albums Hillsong Music compilation albums",
"title": "Hills Praise"
},
{
"docid": "33716036",
"text": "Crazy Noise is the seventh live praise and worship album of contemporary Christian music for children by the Hillsong Church. Reception AllMusic's Jon O'Brien reviewed Crazy Noise and noted that it was \"the first to be targeted specifically toward a preschool audience\". A staff editor at Amazon described the album as an \"energetic collection of kid-friendly praise songs, guaranteed to get your young ones on their feet and singing along!\", which was aimed \"especially for preschoolers and early school age children\". It was nominated for Children's Music Album of the Year at the 44th Annual GMA Dove Awards in 2013. Track listing \"Great Day\" (Beci Wakerley, David Wakerley) \"Free As a Bee\" (Beci Wakerley, David Wakerley) \"Crazy Noise\" (Dan Lee-Archer, David Wakerley) \"Let Your Light Shine\" (Andy Wallis) \"Tiny Little Voice\" (Beci Wakerley, David Wakerley) \"Song of Love\" (Paul Stokes) \"Be Strong\" (Nathan Eshman, Sophie Eshman, David Wakerley) \"I'm So Glad\" (Julia A'Bell, David Wakerley) \"Be Still\" (Beci Wakerley, David Wakerley) \"Children of the Bible\" (Dan Lee-Archer, David Wakerley) \"The Greatest Commandment\" (Nathan Eshman, Sophie Eshman) \"Life with Jesus\" (Nathan Eshman, Sophie Eshman, David Wakerley) Production Luke Munns – producer David Wakerley – producer Jim Monk – recording engineer Josh Nickel – recording engineer Peter Wallis – recording engineer Ben Whincop – recording engineer Josh Telford – recording engineer References 2011 live albums Hillsong Music live albums",
"title": "Crazy Noise (Hillsong album)"
},
{
"docid": "43097935",
"text": "Amazing Love may refer to: Music Albums Amazing Love (Hillsong album), a 2002 album from Hillsong Church Amazing Love (Graham Kendrick album), a 1990 Christian live album Amazing Love, a 1973 album by Charley Pride Amazing Love, a 2005 album by Chris Jasper Songs \"Amazing Love\" (song), a 1973 song by Charley Pride \"Amazing Love\", a 2002 song by Hillsong from Amazing Love \"Amazing Love\", a 1990 song by Graham Kendrick from Amazing Love \"Amazing Love\", a 2004 song by Michelle Williams from Do You Know \"Amazing Love\", by Phil Perry \"Amazing Love\", a 1959 song by Joe Williams \"You Are My King (Amazing Love)\", a 2001 song by Phillips, Craig and Dean; also recorded by Newsboys Other uses Amazing Love: The Story of Hosea, a Christian film from Five & Two Pictures",
"title": "Amazing Love"
},
{
"docid": "12528799",
"text": "Tanya Levin (born 25 August 1971) is an Australian social worker and writer. A former Hillsong Church member, she has described herself as a feminist and an atheist since at least 2010. Levin has published two books. People In Glass Houses (2007), is an exposé of the Hillsong Church, in which Levin was raised. It was short-listed for the 2007 Walkley Non-fiction Book Award. Crimwife (2012), is about her relationship with a criminal. She is also the host of the 2021 podcast Leaving Hillsong, which interviews people who have left the Hillsong Church, and also Reading Hillsong, also released in 2021. Arrest On 1 July 2015, Levin was arrested for trespass during an interview, after failing to \"move on\" from Hillsong Conference in Sydney Olympic Park at the direction of police. The arrest came amid increased media scrutiny of the conference, after organisers misled the media about the involvement of Mark Driscoll. According to Levin, she was convicted but on appeal \"the findings were upheld, but the convictions were dismissed.\" Bibliography People in Glass Houses: An Insider's Story of a Life in and out of Hillsong (2007) Crimwife: An Insider's Account of Love behind Bars (2012) References 1971 births Australian women writers Australian writers Australian atheists Australian former Christians Former Protestants Living people Hillsong Church South African emigrants to Australia",
"title": "Tanya Levin"
},
{
"docid": "1075939",
"text": "Geoffrey William \"Geoff\" Bullock (born 6 November 1955) is an Australian singer-songwriter and pianist. He helped pioneer the Hills Christian Life Centre, which later became Hillsong Church. He was appointed as the church's worship pastor and was also the convenor of their annual conferences from 1987 to 1995, before leaving Hillsong in late 1995. Bullock has recorded over 20 albums and written two books, Hands of Grace (1998) and The power of your love... Jesus the unexpected God (2000). Early life and career Geoffrey William Bullock was born on 6 November 1955 in Sydney. His father is Peter and his mother is Beth; and he grew up with a younger sister, Jane. Bullock was raised as a Presbyterian and attended Knox Grammar School from 1964 to 1972. He completed tertiary studies at North Sydney TAFE in 1976 for a Television Operator's Certificate II. From 1975 to 1984 he worked as a cameraman at ABC Television in Gore Hill, including work on The Marcia Hines Show, Farnham and Byrne (see John Farnham, Debra Byrne), Mastermind, Parkinson, The Norman Gunston Show and Play School as well as news and current affairs programs. During the early 1970s he played in \"garage band after garage band\" and by mid-decade was in a rock group, Arnhem, which toured the east coast of Australia. In November 1978, at the age of 23, Bullock became a committed Christian. He said that \"it was in that real charismatic, pentecostal awakening that was happening... I grew up with a bunch of teenagers and they started getting saved into what has become the Hillsong Church and eventually I went along and that was it.\" He was on the team, led by Brian Houston, that pioneered the Hills Christian Life Centre (later part of Hillsong Church) in August 1983. Aside from Bullock and Houston the initial pastors were Pat Mesiti, Mike Murphy, Donna Quinn and Michael Smith. Bullock was appointed the worship pastor for Hillsong Church in Sydney and was the convenor of their annual conferences from 1987 to 1995. Tanya Levin described him in her book People in Glass Houses: An insider's story of a life in and out of Hillsong (2007) writing that \"[he] was our Piano Man. Short and stock, with blue eyes that pierced you like laser beams.\" Bullock was a pastor at the Hillsong Conference in July 1995. He left Hillsong Church in October that year. In August 2004 he told David Adams and Lloyd Harkness of Sight magazine, \"I burnt out, I suppose. At the time I was so convinced that God was asking me to leave and (now) I’m just not so sure... I just knew I had to go and I think, in a way, it was escaping a damaging spirituality that I'd allowed to happen. I don't want to blame those guys for it – it was my problem. Now I have become a very different person and so you can see that there was a divergence of style and theology and",
"title": "Geoff Bullock"
},
{
"docid": "1858391",
"text": "UP: Unified Praise is a live praise and worship album of Praise & worship by the Australian Hillsong Church and English band Delirious?. The album reached No. 24 on the Top Christian Albums Chart. Making of the album UP: Unified Praise was recorded live at the Sydney SuperDome by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong Team with special guests Delirious? at the Hillsong Conference 2003, at which there were over 20,000 people. Track listing Note: The album was released as an audio-only release and as a concert video. The lengths listed are from the CD version. \"King Of Majesty\" was 04:16 on the DVD. • 01. — \"Everyday\" (Joel Houston) — 05:21 • 02. — \"Free\" (Marty Sampson) — 04:08 • 03. — \"I Give You My Heart\" (Reuben Morgan) — 08:09 • 04. — \"More Than Life\" (Morgan) — 09:09 • 05. — \"Worthy Is The Lamb\" (Darlene Zschech) — 06:18 • 06. — \"I Could Sing Of Your Love Forever\"/\"God's Romance\" (Martin Smith) — 08:14 • 07. — \"King Of Majesty\" (Sampson) — 04:11 • 08. — \"Did You Feel The Mountains Tremble\" (Smith) — 09:57 • 09. — \"My Glorious\" (Smith, Stu Garrard) — 07:08 • 10. — \"Rain Down\" (Smith, Garrard) — 06:24 • 11. — \"Majesty (Here I Am)\" (Garrard, Smith) – 06:10 • 12. — \"What A Friend I've Found\" (Smith) — 05:27 • 13. — \"History Maker\" (Smith) — 10:07 Featured musicians Marcus Beaumont – electric guitar Michael Guy Chislett – electric guitar Mitch Farmer – drums Ian Fisher – bass guitar Rolf Wam Fjell – drums Brandon Gillies – drums Nigel Hendroff – electric guitar Luke Holmes – electric guitar Luke Munns – drums Albert Sampson – electric guitar Nathan Taylor – electric guitar Matt Tennikoff – bass guitar References Delirious? albums 2004 live albums 2004 video albums Live video albums 2004 collaborative albums Hillsong Music live albums Hillsong Music video albums",
"title": "UP: Unified Praise"
},
{
"docid": "56468998",
"text": "There Is More (stylised in capital letters) is the 26th live album by Australian worship group Hillsong Worship. The album was released on 6 April 2018, by Hillsong Music and Capitol Christian Music Group. Production was handled by Brooke Ligertwood and Michael Guy Chislett. Recorded during the 2017 Hillsong Worship & Creative Conference at Hillsong Church in Sydney, Australia, the album has seventeen songs (four of them being acoustic covers) including \"Who You Say I Am\", \"Remembrance\", \"New Wine\", \"Touch of Heaven\" and two live renditions of previously released songs: Hillsong United's hit single \"So Will I (100 Billion X)\" from Wonder and \"Seasons\" from Hillsong Worship's The Peace Project (2017). It was nominated for Top Christian Album at the 2019 Billboard Music Awards. Background In early January 2018, Hillsong Worship announced that they would be joining Hillsong Church senior pastor Brian Houston on a tour in the United States dubbed There Is More starting on 5 April, stopping in thirteen cities whilst promoting Houston's book titled There Is More which was slated for a 20 March release. On 3 February 2018, Hillsong Worship announced that they would release a live worship album, also carrying the same name, on 6 April, commencing the digital pre-order period. On 2 March 2018, \"Who You Say I Am\" and a live rendition of Hillsong United's \"So Will I (100 Billion X)\" availed as promotional singles during the digital pre-order. The album was released on 6 April, wherein the pre-order period ended. The premise of There Is More is in the story of Jacob wrestling with God through the night, found in Genesis 32, producer and featured worship leader Brooke Ligertwood explains: \"On the other side of Jacob's divine encounter was a new name, a new blessing, a new identity and a new way of walking (literally). Will we be a worshipping people who are not content to sleep through the night (spiritually speaking) and wake in the morning unchanged? Like Jacob, will we enter into the wrestle with God, dare to know Him more intimately and be changed in the process? This is the premise for Hillsong Worship's 26th live praise and worship album. The title, \"THERE IS MORE\", truly is a statement-of-belief more than a record title.\" — Brooke Ligertwood Ligertwood went on to say that \"There is more at stake than we dare realize – souls, communities, families, nations on the other side of our wrestle through the night seasons. Our personal freedom is for corporate revival. There is more of God, and more to God and His love than we can possible conceive of.\" Artwork The album cover of There Is More has artwork that with designs akin to those found in heraldry. There are thirteen symbols on the album cover, according to the Hillsong Worship Zendesk page, and their meanings are as follows: The lion and the man: This denotes Jacob wrestling with God. In Genesis 32, Jacob wrestles with God through the night, and at dawn, his hip",
"title": "There Is More"
},
{
"docid": "1562365",
"text": "Amazing Love is the fifth album in the Worship series of praise & worship albums by Hillsong Church, which was released in April 2002. The album reached No. 25 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Christian Albums Chart. Track listing Personnel Raymond Badham – arrangement Damian Bassett – backing vocals Julie Bassett – backing vocals Erica Crocker – backing vocals Mark Cullen – arrangement Tulele Faletolu – lead vocals Mitch Farmer – drums Michelle Fragar – lead vocals Giovanni Galanti – programming Craig Gower – piano and keyboards, programming Scott Haslem – backing vocals Nigel Hendroff – guitars, arrangement David Holmes – guitars Gary Honor – saxophone Bobbie Houston – executive producer Brian Houston – executive producer Peter King – piano and keyboards, programming Steve McPherson – lead vocals, backing vocals, arrangement, choral and vocal arrangement, co-producer Reuben Morgan – lead vocals, co-producer David Moyse – guitars, arrangement, programming Marty Sampson – lead vocals Peter Wallis – bass guitar Holly Watson – lead vocals Miriam Webster – lead vocals Darlene Zschech – lead vocals, backing vocals, arrangement, choral and vocal arrangement, producer \"Amazing Love\", Hillsong CD, Album cover slip References Hillsong Music albums 2002 albums",
"title": "Amazing Love (Hillsong album)"
},
{
"docid": "39028787",
"text": "Glorious Ruins is the 22nd live worship album by Hillsong Church. It was recorded live in London, England, and Sydney, Australia by the Hillsong Worship team from around the world including Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston, Ben Fielding, Hillsong United, and international teams from London, Stockholm, and Cape Town. The album includes 12 songs including \"Man of Sorrows\", \"Glorious Ruins\", \"Christ Is Enough\", \"Anchor\", and \"You Crown the Year\". It was released on 28 June 2013 in Australia and New Zealand and on 2 July 2013 internationally. The album reached No. 3 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Background On 27 and 28 October 2012, Hillsong Live recorded the first part at the Hillsong Convention Centre in Sydney with a worship night called \"This Is for Everyone\". The second part of the album was recorded by Hillsong London at London's Dominion Theatre on 17 February 2013. \"Man of Sorrows\", the first single from the album, was released as a free download just before Easter. Hillsong Live announced the new album by releasing its cover artwork 3 April 2013. A trailer for the album and the live video for \"Man of Sorrows\" was released on 4 June 2013. The album was officially released on 2 July 2013. Vision and inspiration \"Let the ruins come to life | In the beauty of Your Name | Rising up from the ashes | God forever You reign\" This chorus of the title track, Glorious Ruins, was an underlying theme through the life of Hillsong Church in the lead up to the Hillsong Live praise & worship album recording, Glorious Ruins. It’s a vivid image which captures the imagination and stirs the soul. Brian Houston, Senior Pastor of Hillsong Church explains, “Ruins can speak of crushing defeat or perhaps of something abandoned, but the good news today is that the ruins come to life. …Through Jesus Christ what we look at is ruins that become glorious...\" Whether it be through times of personal devotion or in your church, we pray that the lyrics contained in this album stir your faith & love in Jesus Christ. Track listing Personnel Worship leaders Juliet Adekambi Jay Cook Matt Crocker Jonathan 'JD' Douglass Ben Fielding Annie Garratt Jad Gillies Joel Houston Reuben Morgan Laura Toganivalu David Ware Vocals Nina Mityuk Sam Evans Cassey Zschech Dan Barrett Ashley John Baptiste Jill Marie Cooper Jenny Deacon Katie Dodson Hannah Hobbs Jorim Kelly Ingrid Kennedy Brad Kohring Ana Loback Collena Masuku Nait Masuku Sheila Mpofu Alexander Pappas Dean Ussher Esther Volstad Kevin Curiel Marcus Temu Music directors Chris Davenport Gio Galanti Autumn Hardman Nigel Hendroff Electric guitars Ben Fielding Chris Davenport Nigel Hendroff Joel Hingston David Kennedy Timon Klein Dave Marinelli Isaac Soon Dylan Thomas Jad Gillies Acoustic guitars Tyler Braland Matt Crocker Ben Fielding Joel Houston Kevin Curiel Reuben Morgan Herny Seely Brian 'BJ' Phodham Keys David Andrew Moses Byun Adam Dodson Gio Galanti Dave George Autumn Hardman Peter James Matt Hann Thiago Pereira Ryan Taubert Ben Tennikoff Bass Ike Graham Matt Hann",
"title": "Glorious Ruins"
},
{
"docid": "22963034",
"text": "Faith + Hope + Love is the eighteenth album in the live praise and worship series of Christian Contemporary music by Hillsong Church. It was recorded live on 1 March 2009 at Hillsong Convention Centre, on 8 March 2009 at Hilsong City Campus and on 29 March 2009 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre on . The recording team was composed by the Hillsong Live Worship team led by Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech and Joel Houston. One of the most acclaimed songs on the album is \"It's Your Love\" sung by Darlene Zschech. Album information Joel Houston stated, \"Beyond the sound, the rhythm, the art... beyond the strings, the keys, the melodies... beyond the stage, the set, the lights... are the people. Ordinary men, women & children, from all walks of life, in all sorts of circumstances and each one with a unique story to tell. This is the Church... and this is Hillsong's 18th live praise and worship album 'faith+hope+love'. Everyone together playing their part and lending their voice to the collective story, our story. The prayer is that 'Faith+Hope+Love' will breathe the light, love and freedom of Christ into your life, and continue to give expression to what God is doing in and through people all over the Earth.\" The songs \"You Hold Me Now\" and \"No Reason to Hide\" are also featured on the later Hillsong United album Across the Earth: Tear Down the Walls, released May 2009. This is the first Hillsong Live album that does not feature worship leader Marty Sampson since \"Touching Heaven Changing Earth\" in 1998. It is also the first Hillsong Live album not to take its name from one of its songs. This album was released in Spain 28 July 2009. The majority of the songs were written by Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston, Matt Crocker, and Marty Sampson. Brooke Fraser, Jad Gillies, Mia Fieldes, Jonathon Douglass, Jill McCloghry, Sam Knock, Robert Fergusson, Leeland Mooring, Jack Mooring, and Darlene Zschech contributed songs also. Track listing (CD) Track listing (DVD) No Reason To Hide (Joel Houston) God One and Only (Jonathon Douglass) It's Your Love (Darlene Zschech) I Will Exalt You (Brooke Fraser) Yahweh (Dave Ware & Darlene Zschech) The First and The Last (Joel Houston) For Your Name (Jad Gillies) Glow (Dave Ware) The Wonder of Your Love (Darlene Zschech) His Glory Appears (Brooke Fraser) We The Redeemed (Jill McCloghry) We Will See Him (Reuben Morgan) You Hold Me Now (Jad Gillies) Charts Awards The album was nominated for a Dove Award for Long Form Music Video of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards. Personnel Darlene Zschech – senior worship leader, senior lead vocal, songwriter Reuben Morgan – worship pastor, worship leader, acoustic guitar, lead vocal Joel Houston – creative director, worship leader, acoustic guitar, vocal Brooke Fraser – worship leader, acoustic guitar Jad Gillies – worship leader, vocal, electric guitar, acoustic guitar on \"You Hold Me Now\" Jonathon Douglass (JD) - worship leader, vocal Dave Ware - worship leader, vocals",
"title": "Faith + Hope + Love"
},
{
"docid": "68899533",
"text": "These Same Skies is the 27th live album by Australian worship group Hillsong Worship. The album was released on 5 November 2021 by Hillsong Music and Capitol CMG. The album features appearances by Benjamin Hastings, Mi-kaisha Rose, Reuben Morgan, Brooke Ligertwood, Aodhan King, and Saye Pratt. Production was handled by Brooke Ligertwood and Michael Guy Chislett. These Same Skies was preceded by the release of \"Hope of the Ages\" as the lead single from the album, with \"Never Walk Alone\" and \"That's The Power\" being released as promotional singles. These Same Skies debuted at number fifteen on Billboard's Top Christian Albums Chart in the United States, as well as the Official Charts' Official Christian & Gospel Albums Chart in the United Kingdom. Background On 8 October 2021, Hillsong Worship announced These Same Skies as their forthcoming album slated for release on 5 November 2021, being availed for digital pre-order. These Same Skies was recorded in Orange County, California, marking the first Hillsong Worship project to be recorded entirely in the United States. Chris Davenport of Hillsong Worship shared the meaning behind the album's title, saying: Release and promotion Singles Hillsong Worship released a studio-recorded version of \"Hope of the Ages\" alongside Reuben Morgan and Cody Carnes on 20 August 2021. Promotional singles Hillsong Worship released \"Never Walk Alone\" featuring Mi-kaisha Rose as the first promotional single from the album on 8 October 2021. Hillsong Worship released \"That's The Power\" featuring Benjamin Hastings as the second promotional single from the album on 22 October 2021. Critical reception Joshua Andre in his 365 Days of Inspiring Media review gave a positive review of the album, saying: \"These Same Skies is an album that needs to be listened to despite everything that happened to Hillsong the church.\" Christian Ellis of The Christian Beat concluded in his review that \"Hillsong Worship’s These Same Skies reminds us that under the skies we live under, He’s still doing what only what He can do – making something good out of us.\" JubileeCast's Timothy Yap gave a favourable review of the album, saying: \"Hillsong Worship is such a mainstay in contemporary worship music that you can always count on them delivering church-friendly songs. This one's no exception. It's full of songs ready to serve the church in the honor of our Lord Jesus Christ.\" Reviewing for NewReleaseToday, Kevin Davis opined that \"These Same Skies is loaded with several stirring new worship songs that really set me in the proper mindset to praise God for loving me so much that He gave His life away for all that was lost. I really enjoy the exciting musical vibe of this album, and the melodies are catchy, and the lyrics are prayerful.\" Accolades Commercial performance In the United States, These Same Skies debuted at number fifteen on the Top Christian Albums Chart In the United Kingdom, These Same Skies debuted on the OCC's Official Christian & Gospel Albums Chart at number fifteen. Track listing Personnel Vocals Brooke Ligertwood – lead",
"title": "These Same Skies"
},
{
"docid": "1545062",
"text": "Extravagant Worship: The Songs of Reuben Morgan is a compilation praise and worship album of contemporary worship music by the Hillsong Church. Cross Rhythms reviewer John Baugh wonder \"why this collection needs to be released apart from 'If you liked ... then you will like ... '\", but concluded that apart from that minor complaint, \"the album itself is of course great if somewhat unsurprising\". Album details All tracks on this double-CD album have been written (or co-written) by Hillsong worship leader, Reuben Morgan. All tracks are taken directly from previous Hillsong Music Australia and Integrity Music Inc. albums. The album includes Morgan's hit song \"I Give You My Heart.\" Track listing All songs, words and music by Reuben Morgan, except where noted. Disc one \"Hear Our Praises\" (from Shout to the Lord 2000) – 5:37 \"One Day\" (from For This Cause) – 4:06 \"Your Love Is Beautiful\" (Morgan, Steve McPherson & Nigel Hendroff; from You Are My World) – 4:25 \"Eagle's Wings\" (from Shout to the Lord 2000) – 4:36 \"My Heart Will Trust\" (from Shout to the Lord 2000) – 5:00 \"You Are Near\" (from For This Cause) – 6:11 \"You Said\" (from By Your Side) – 4:35 \"Heaven\" (from Everyday) – 4:49 \"In Your Hands\" (from All Things Are Possible) – 6:12 \"Jesus' Generation\" (from Best Friend) – 5:11 \"Touching Heaven Changing Earth\" (from Touching Heaven Changing Earth) – 3:55 Disc two \"My Redeemer Lives\" (from By Your Side) – 4:01 \"This Is How We Overcome\" (from By Your Side) – 3:32 \"Faith\" (from For This Cause) – 3:50 \"You Are Holy\" (from Touching Heaven Changing Earth) – 5:32 \"Your Love\" (from All Things Are Possible) – 5:38 \"Your Unfailing Love\" (from By Your Side) – 6:29 \"I Belong to You\" (from Simply Worship 2) – 5:05 \"Glory to God\" (from Christmas) – 5:18 \"On the Lord's Day\" (from Everyday) – 5:42 \"I Give You My Heart\" (from God Is in the House) – 7:51 \"What the Lord Has Done in Me\" (from By Your Side) – 5:04 See also World Through Your Eyes: solo albums by Morgan. References 2002 compilation albums Hillsong Music compilation albums",
"title": "Extravagant Worship: The Songs of Reuben Morgan"
},
{
"docid": "53012857",
"text": "This Is Living EP is the first EP from Hillsong Young & Free. Capitol CMG and Sparrow Records alongside Hillsong Music Australia released the EP on 13 January 2015. Critical reception Signifying in a three and a half star review for 365 Days Of Inspiring Media, Jonathan Andre citing that the EP is \"one deserving to be listened to\" and that it is \"A must for anyone who loves EDM and worship,\". David Jeffries of AllMusic, affixing a three and a half star rating to the EP, says that the first three songs \"aim for the club with drum machine beats and bright synthesizer lines fueling the music,\" describes the acoustic version of \"This Is Living\" as settling \"into afternoon material\" and calls \"Sinking Deep\" an \"empowering ballad\". David Hitchcock, allotting the EP a four and a half star rating at Band Hangout, says, \"All in all, the songs chosen make for a great and interesting EP\" and that \"Y&F has definitely pushed the boundaries of what has been considered \"worship\" music. Most of their \"payoff\" moments musically are instrumental breaks. Their melodies and lyrics push the limits of \"congregational\".\" Giving the EP a nine out of ten rating on Geeks Under Grace, David Austin Black describes the EP as being \"bright and God-centered, rejoicing in the freedom that life in Christ gives us and pausing to voice quiet, impassioned cries of the heart.\" Indicating in a four star review at Louder Than The Music, Jono Davies lists \"This Is Living\" and \"Energy\" as the standout tracks and states: \"This isn't just an EP for young people, this is a fresh musical movement for anybody to get involved with. Musical styles and sounds are not ageist. Yet this EP has a youthful, even playfulness to it, but deep down right in the middle of the big dance sound is a heart to live for God. A joyful living for God and for me that's what I got most out of this EP.\" Caitlin Lassiter of NewReleaseToday bestowed the EP a four and a half star rating, noting that \"After only minutes of listening to the music they've poured their heart into, it's clear that they're passionate about Christ and making His name known through worship. This Is Living is a perfect representation of that passion, exuding praise and joy from every single lyric.\" Jeremy Armstrong of Worship Leader rated the EP four stars, stating that Hillsong Young & Free \"describes themselves as “young people who are passionate about bringing the message of Jesus, and the spirit of freedom that comes only from knowing him.” Their music certainly matches that description! Youthful, high energy, and fun. Perfectly suited for youth and young-adult settings.\" Track listing Charts References 2015 debut EPs Sparrow Records albums",
"title": "This Is Living EP"
},
{
"docid": "26866318",
"text": "A Beautiful Exchange is the nineteenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship by Hillsong Church. It was recorded at the Sydney Entertainment Centre and Hillsong Church in Australia by Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech, Joel Houston and the Hillsong Worship Team. The album was released in the United States on 29 June 2010 in partnership with EMI. These worship songs explore themes including sacrifice and redemption (\"Beautiful Exchange\"), love (\"Our God Is Love\") and hope (\"Forever Reign\"), which is also the first radio single. Hillsong Live albums are led by worship leaders including Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston, Ben Fielding and Darlene Zschech. Other key songs include: \"Open My Eyes\" (sung by Reuben Morgan), \"The One Who Saves\" (sung by Ben Fielding) and \"Greatness Of Our God\" (sung by Darlene Zschech). Many of the songs were written by Reuben Morgan with other authors such as Jason Ingram, Stu Garrard, Ben Fielding and Darlene Zschech. On 9 July 2010 the album debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard Christian Albums Chart and at No. 40 on the US Billboard 200 chart. During the initial week on the charts it remained in the top 3. And this was also the last official album to feature Brooke Fraser as a worship leader until her return to Hillsong Worship six years later (with the release of the band's 2016 live album \"Let There Be Light\") Track listing (CD) Track listing (DVD/Blu-Ray) \"You\" \"Open My Eyes\" \"Forever Reign\" \"The One Who Saves\" \"Like Incense / Sometimes by Step\" \"The Greatness of Our God\" \"The Father's Heart\" \"Our God Is Love\" \"Love Like Fire\" \"Believe\" \"Thank You\" \"Beautiful Exchange\" Bonus features \"Documentary: A Beautiful Exchange – Behind the Screens\" Hillsong London \"The Answer\" (Reuben Morgan and Braden Lang) Worship leader: Peter Wilson \"God Our Salvation\" (Jay Cook and Dave Tymoszuk) Worship leader: Jay Cook \"For All You Are / You Are Good\" (David Kennedy / Dave George) Worship leader: Ingrid Boe-Kennedy, Jay Cook / Juliet Adekambi \"All Things New\" (Dave George and Tim Steer) Worship leader: Dave George \"Glorious One / To Bring You Glory\" (Reuben Morgan and Jay Cook / Dave Tymoszuk) Worship leader: Jay Cook Reception Ryan Barbee of Jesus Freak Hideout said the highlight of the album is Brooke Fraser's \"Like Incense/Sometimes By Step\" and called it \"one of the most intimate tracks Hillsong has put out to date\". He also wrote: A Beautiful Exchange has some very powerful moments and some weak ones. However, we as listeners are outsiders looking in. You might not find everything you're looking for in [it] but you'll definitely find a heart of worship.\" Kim Jones of About.com called the album \"beautiful, warm and intimate\" and concluded, \"A Beautiful Exchange will suck you in and deliver you to the feet of your Savior - and your day will be all the better for it.\" Awards The album was nominated for two Dove Awards: Praise & Worship Album of the Year and Long Form",
"title": "A Beautiful Exchange"
},
{
"docid": "33358750",
"text": "\"I Have Decided to Follow Jesus\" is a Christian hymn that originated in Assam, present-day Meghalaya, India. According to P. Job, the lyrics are based on the last words of Nokseng, a Garo man, a tribe from Meghalaya which then was in Assam, who converted to Christianity in the middle of the 19th century through the efforts of an American Baptist missionary. He is said to have recited verses from the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of John as he and his family were killed. The formation of the martyr's words into a hymn has been attributed to the Indian missionary Sadhu Sundar Singh. An alternative tradition attributes the hymn to pastor Simon K Marak from Jorhat, Assam. The melody of the song is an Indian Folk tune, which was titled \"Assam\" after the region where the text originated. An American hymn editor, William Jensen Reynolds, composed an arrangement which was included in the 1959 Assembly Songbook. His version became a regular feature of Billy Graham's evangelistic meetings in America and elsewhere, spreading its popularity. Due to the lyrics' explicit focus on the believer's own commitment, the hymn is cited as a prime example of decision theology, emphasizing the human response rather than the action of God in giving faith. This has led to its exclusion from some hymnals. A Lutheran writer noted, \"It definitely has a different meaning when we sing it than it did for the person who composed it.\" Cultural references The 2006 film Though None Go with Me uses a line from the song as its title. Four lines of the hymn are used as a bridge in the worship song \"Christ is enough\" (from the album \"Glorious Ruins\" by Hillsong Church). References Indian songs Songs about Jesus Indian Christian hymns Persecution of Christians",
"title": "I Have Decided to Follow Jesus"
},
{
"docid": "1569871",
"text": "Christmas is the first Christmas worship album of Christian Contemporary music composed of Christmas songs by the Hillsong Church. It was released, in Australia, for Christmas in 2001 and appeared in international markets by September 2001. Album details The songs on Christmas are renditions of popular Christmas carols and several of Hillsong Music's own songs led by Darlene Zschech & the Hillsong Team. This album has three more tracks than the earlier version of this album entitled Jesus, Christmas Worship Down Under, Hark the Herald Angels Sing, Away in a Manger and The First Noel. Reception In September 2001 Mike Rimmer of Cross Rhythms rated the album as 8 out of 10 and described it as \"their releases are always top quality ... with just less than 50% traditional carols. All the classics are here\". BREATHEcast's Timothy Yap reviewed the disc in November 2013 after it was issued as part of a two-disc compilation, It's Christmas, and found the earlier material on Christmas to be superior as it has a \"more cohesive feel as Darlene Zschech is featured on most of the tracks here\" than the material on Celebrating Christmas (2005). In November 2001 CCM Magazine rated it as 7 out of 10 and felt \"they come up with some wonderful new praise and worship songs, and breath new life into older ones\". Track listing \"Silent Night\" (traditional; arranged by Russell Fragar) \"Hark the Herald Angels Sing\" (traditional; arranged by Peter King) \"Saviour of the World\" (Katia Bowley) \"Jesus, What a Beautiful Name\" (Tanya Riches) \"The Reason Why\" (Russell Fragar) \"Away in a Manger\" (traditional; arranged by Russell Fragar) \"Perfect Love\" (Darlene Zschech & Russell Fragar) \"O Holy Night\" (traditional; arranged by Reuben Morgan & Peter King) \"Rejoice\" (Donia Makedonez) \"Star of Bethlehem\" (instrumental; David Moyse) \"The First Noel\" (traditional; arranged by Peter King) \"O Come, All Ye Faithful\"/\"Jesus You Are All I Live For\" (traditional; arranged by Russell Fragar & Simeon Webster) \"Hallelujah\" (Darlene Zschech) \"Glory to God\" (Reuben Morgan) References 2001 albums 2001 Christmas albums Hillsong Music albums Christmas albums by Australian artists",
"title": "Christmas (Hillsong album)"
},
{
"docid": "15160494",
"text": "The I Heart Revolution: With Hearts as One is the ninth album by Hillsong United and the first of the three-part \"I Heart Revolution\" project. With Hearts as One was recorded around the world across the span of two years, and contains thirty songs. The album was released in Australia on 8 March 2008, and internationally on various later dates. It peaked at No. 8 on the ARIA Albums Chart. The album was initially released in both physical and digital formats, along with a USB release. A companion DVD was also released in September 2008. The second part, The I Heart Revolution: We're All in This Together, is a feature film documentary which was released in cinemas beginning November 2009. Background In 2006, Hillsong United's key songwriter and creative director Joel Houston proposed a three-part series of releases under the banner of \"The I Heart Revolution\", stating it's not about loving revolution, but simply about the revolution of the use of the term \"I heart...\". The first of these was initially to be the eighth album (and first studio album) by Hillsong United. That album was simply released with the title All of the Above. The second of these to be part of the series was to be an extended play release compiled of performances by Hillsong United's under 21-year-old members. This ended up being released without the I Heart Revolution title also, only under the title In a Valley by the Sea. Finally, having recorded every performance by themselves for the prior two years, Hillsong United decided to release a compilation album comprising the best performances of the best of the whole era of Hillsong United, while including two new songs, \"You'll Come\", written and performed by Brooke Fraser, and \"Love Enough\", written by Braden Lang and Scott Ligertwood and performed by Jonathon Douglass, who had previously sung the song for the Under 21 EP, but not for a \"full\" Hillsong United album. Both of these new songs were performed in Sydney, while all other songs included were from throughout the world. As the album was recorded throughout the world, the cover art also features notable landmarks from throughout the world, including O Cristo Redentor (Christ the Redeemer), which appears two times on the cover, including at the centre of the heart. Others featured include the Empire State Building, the Eiffel Tower, the Colosseum, Big Ben, the Statue of Liberty and various pictures of people from throughout the world. Release Formats As with most albums, it was released as a CD and also on digital music retailers, but was also released on a one gigabyte USB flash drive, enveloped in a black rubber wristband. This USB version included all of the songs in MP3 format, the lyrical overhead master sheets, a PDF copy of the liner sleeve, and the two versions of the album cover. The live DVD version, with documentary elements and overlays from cities, worship events and moments around the world, was released in September 2008. The",
"title": "The I Heart Revolution: With Hearts as One"
},
{
"docid": "16755452",
"text": "This Is Our God is the seventeenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. It was recorded live at the Acer Arena on 9 March 2008 by Reuben Morgan, Joel Houston, Darlene Zschech, and the Hillsong Live Worship team with a crowd of over 10,000 worshippers. The album opened at No. 2 on the ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart in Australia. Album information This Is Our God is the first Hillsong album since 1996 on which Darlene Zschech has not appeared as worship pastor, since Reuben Morgan officially became the new worship pastor of Hillsong in 2008. It also features a greater variety of singers, as the church's most traditional worship leaders are not as heavily featured. This is the third album released under their new name 'Hillsong Live'. Even though Hillsong has been using the 'Live' logo on their albums since 2006's Mighty To Save as well as listing these albums under 'Hillsong Live' on their website for some time, This Is Our God is the first album to be officially released with 'Hillsong Live' listed as the artist name on the spine of the CD and DVD. The majority of the songs were written by Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech, Joel Houston, Michael Guglielmucci, Matt Crocker, Brooke Fraser, and Ben Fielding. \"Healer\" On 21 August 2008, the album attracted controversy when a worship leader from Planetshakers Church and former member of the band Planetshakers, Michael Guglielmucci, admitted that in 2006 he had fabricated a story that he was suffering from cancer when he composed and then performed song \"Healer\", that appeared on the album. Guglielmucci later said that the story had been fabricated to hide a 16-year addiction to pornography. Representatives of churches with which Guglielmucci had affiliations told the press they were totally unaware of this situation. In an email sent to Hillsong members, the church's general manager, George Aghajanian, said the news was even a shock to Guglielmucci's own family and that the suspended pastor was seeking professional help. He was suspended from the church and actions taken to return the money obtained fraudulently. The track \"Healer\" has since then been removed from the track listing in future releases of the album. Track listing CD DVD \"Bible Reading & Prayer\" (Isaiah 42:8-13) (Joel Houston) \"Your Name High\" (Joel Houston) \"Run\" (Joel Houston) \"Across the Earth\" (Matt Crocker) \"Bible Reading\" (Philippians 2:6-11) \"This Is Our God\" (Jill McCloghry and Reuben Morgan) \"He Is Lord\" (Annie Garratt and Marcus Temu) \"High and Lifted Up\" (Darlene Zschech) \"Stronger\" (Jad Gillies) \"Bible Reading\" (Isaiah 53:1-5) (Mike Guglielmucci) \"Healer\" (Mike Guglielmucci) [**Removed from current releases**] \"You are Here (The Same Power) (Joel Houston) [**Removed from current releases**] \"Bible Reading\" (Isaiah 60:1-5, 18-22) \"You Deserve\" (Sam Knock) \"Alive in You\" [Author : Mike Guglielmucci & Scott Ligertwood] (Jonathon Douglass & Sam Knock) \"Bible Reading\" (Psalm 66) (Jill McCloghry) \"Desert Song\" (Brooke Fraser and Jill McCloghry) \"Sing to the Lord\" (Marty Sampson) \"Where We Belong\" (Joel",
"title": "This Is Our God"
},
{
"docid": "54084386",
"text": "Wonder is the fifth studio album from Australian contemporary worship music band Hillsong United, a worship band from Hillsong Church. The album was released on 9 June 2017, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. \"Wonder\" was released as the lead single for the album in May 2017, while \"So Will I (100 Billion X)\" and \"Not Today\" were released in 2018. Background The band had several recording sessions for Wonder at The Record Plant in Los Angeles. Lead vocalist Joel Houston felt that the album's title and themes reflected returning wonder to both faith and worship, saying, \"This is the challenge, and this is what worship— if worship can be summed up as an expression of art and music and story— is ultimately designed to do. To elevate the conversation, re-awaken the soul to something other, and lift our eyes to the wonder of a superlative truth.\" \"Splinters and Stones\" was described as having \"striking vocal modification and pulsing bass samplings\" while containing personal lyrics. Promotion Wonder was announced as a surprise album in May 2017, alongside its cover art, release date and track listing. Hillsong United also toured Israel to promote Empires, where they debuted \"Wonder\" alongside several new songs. \"Wonder\" and \"Splinters and Stones\" were released as instant-grat singles for those who pre-ordered the album, and the two songs were also available for streaming. \"Wonder\" was released to radio airplay as the album's first single on the same day. The official lyric video for \"Wonder\" was released on 18 May, while the lyric video for \"Splinters and Stones\" was uploaded two days later. Hillsong United also performed an acoustic version of \"Wonder\" for music website Worship Together. \"Shadow Step\" was released as the album's third promotional single on 26 May 2017, with its lyric video released on the same day. \"Shape of Your Heart\" was released as the album's fourth promotional single on 2 June. \"Wonder\" was debuted live during the band's concert in Caeserea, Israel, which was filmed in a live video and released on 24 May 2017. Hillsong United promoted the album during the 2017 Justice Conference on 9 June, and had \"launch nights\" for the album at the Beacon Theatre in New York City on 18 June 2017, and the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee on 23 June. The band was also announced as part of the line-up of the 2017 Outcry Festival at Toyota Stadium in Frisco, Texas. On 5 January 2018, \"So Will I (100 Billion X)\" was released as the album's second single. Track listing Accolades In 2018, it was announced that \"So Will I (100 Billion X)\" song won a GMA Dove Award in the category of Worship Recorded Song of the Year. The song also nominated Song of the Year. Wonder album was nominated Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year, while Hillsong United band was nominated Artist of the Year. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 2017 albums Hillsong United albums Sparrow Records albums",
"title": "Wonder (Hillsong United album)"
},
{
"docid": "50974683",
"text": "Of Dirt and Grace: Live from the Land is the thirteenth live album from Australian contemporary worship music band Hillsong United, a worship band from Hillsong Church. The album was released on 15 July 2016, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. Touted as a \"visual album\", the record features new arrangements of their fourth studio album, Empires (2015), which were performed live and filmed around various locations in Israel. The album was also released in DVD on 29 July 2016. \"Prince of Peace\" was released as the album's lead single in July 2016. Background Hillsong United previously took inspiration from the Sermon on the Mount and the Beatitudes for their fourth studio album, Empires (2015). The group wanted to film live performances of the song around places in Israel where the aforementioned events took place, as well as other Biblically historical locations. The album features new arrangements of the songs from Empires, as well as two tracks from Zion (2013), \"Scandal of Grace\" and \"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\", and the Hillsong Worship song \"I Surrender\" from Cornerstone (2012). While Empires featured \"EDM pulses\" throughout the album, Of Dirt and Grace features the tracks \"decelerated into slow and pensive ballads.\" Of Dirt and Grace: Live from the Land differs from previous Hillsong United albums, due to the visual concept, the abundance of ballads, as well as the prominence of vocalist Taya Smith, who sings in half the album. Several members of the band wrote blog posts on Hillsong's website narrating their experiences while recording and filming the album. Promotion On 21 June 2016, Hillsong United performed \"Say the Word\" on The Morning Show. On 1 July 2016, the live performance of \"Prince of Peace\" was released as an instant-grat single for those who pre-ordered the album, while its music video was released in Hillsong United's official website. The music video of the live performance of \"Say the Word\" was released on 14 July 2016. Reception Giving Of Dirt and Grace four out of five stars, Lucas Munachen of Jesus Freak Hideout opined that the \"slow build\" of most of the songs \"creates an ethereal atmosphere that sets its sight above\", and called the usage of the filmed performances \"an original concept that enhances the beauty of these songs even further.\" Timothy Yap of Hallels praised the visual album concept, stating, \"While many worship albums serve to engage the ears, Of Dirt and Grace makes Jesus palatable through all our five senses. Ryan Loche of The Church Collective felt the new versions of the songs from Empires \"[give] great ways to bring some of the synth-heavy songs from the past album to a more acoustic [worship] team.\" Phil Schneider of ChurchMag called the album \"a beautiful album, a passionate and creative performance,\" adding, \"As a live album, it’s sonically perfect. As a concept album, it’s intellectually inspiring. As a worship album, it’s both spiritually uplifting and challenging.\" Awards and accolades On 9 August 2017, it was announced",
"title": "Of Dirt and Grace: Live from the Land"
},
{
"docid": "51103345",
"text": "Let There Be Light (stylised as let there be light.) is the 25th live album of Hillsong Worship, which consists of several worship pastors from Australian church Hillsong Church. The album was recorded during the 2016 Hillsong Conference at the Qudos Bank Arena from 4 July until 7 July 2016 and was released on 14 October 2016, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. Their music captures the heart and sound of Hillsong Church globally and represents the coming together of the Hillsong worship team from around the world; including Reuben Morgan, Marty Sampson, Joel Houston, Brooke Ligertwood, Ben Fielding, Taya Smith, Dave Ware, Annie Garratt and many more. Background In March 2016, \"Grace to Grace\" was released and served as a single for Easter. In July worship leader Ben Fielding said, \"We've been intentional about writing songs that will translate across the Church globally.\" From many of the Hillsong global campuses such as Sydney, London, New York and Los Angeles, songs were written, re-written and collaborated on in the lead up to the album recording. \"The collaborations have been more through relationship this year, and it has felt less segmented. We've been writing in the studio and there would be people from three different campuses in three different countries there. Each would be representing their own congregation's unique sound, but working together to create something that will translate for all campuses.\" The title of the album is a reference to Genesis 1:3. Theme Rich Langton, who oversees the pastoral care of the creative team in Australia, said, \"Jesus is the light of the world and we carry that too.\" Awards and accolades On 9 August 2017, it was announced that Let There Be Light would be nominated for a GMA Dove Award in the Worship Album of the Year and the Long Form Video of the Year categories at the 48th Annual GMA Dove Awards. In addition to the album's nomination, the song \"What a Beautiful Name\" was nominated for a GMA Dove Award in the Song of the Year and Worship Song of the Year categories. On 17 October 2017, \"What a Beautiful Name\" won both GMA Dove Awards for Song of the Year and the Worship Song of the Year at a ceremony held at the Allen Arena in Nashville, Tennessee, with composers Brooke Ligertwood and Ben Fielding receiving the awards. Track listing Notes \"Behold (Then Sings My Soul)\" is inspired by “How Great Thou Art”, courtesy of The Stuart Hine Trust. \"I Will Boast in Christ\" contains additional lyrics from \"Nothing but the Blood\", traditional. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Personnel Credits adapted from Zendesk and AllMusic. Vocals Annie Garratt — lead vocals Ben Fielding — lead vocals Benjamin Hastings — lead vocals Brooke Ligertwood — lead vocals David Ware — lead vocals Jad Gillies — lead vocals Joel Houston — lead vocals Jonathon “JD” Douglass — lead vocals Matt Crocker — lead vocals Marty Sampson — lead vocals Reuben Morgan —",
"title": "Let There Be Light (album)"
},
{
"docid": "64424153",
"text": "\"King of Kings\" is a contemporary worship song by Hillsong Worship and is the lead single from their twenty-eighth album, Awake. Released on 12 July 2019, it was written by Brooke Ligertwood, Scott Ligertwood, and Jason Ingram and produced by Michael Guy Chislett and Brooke Ligertwood. Background Speaking with Worship Together, Scott Ligertwood shared that \"King of Kings\" was written when they met in Nashville, Tennessee. Ingram wrote the melody and Brooke Ligertwood wrote the lyrics, which focus on the gospel and the birth of the early church. About the song, Brooke Ligertwood said:The Gospel is a now reality that requires a now response. It should never be treated or viewed as a relic - no matter how reverently one might err in that direction. With origins before time and echoes beyond it, it stands at the intersection of eternity and our every-day present and beckons, urges, demands us to look. Look at the Christ, the Son of God - bloodied for your sin and the sin of all humanity - repent and believe and take your place in the story of all stories - the story of the King of Kings.The song was inspired by Biblical passages found in Revelation 19:16 and Philippians 2:9-11, capturing the sovereignty and exaltation of Jesus from humility to victory. Composition \"King of Kings\" is composed in the key of D major. The song has a tempo of 68 BPM, with a time signature of 4/4. Music videos The lyric video for \"King of Kings\" was published the same day the song was released (12 July), and the live music video, recorded during the 2019 Hillsong Conference, premiered on 5 August; both videos were published on YouTube. On 27 February 2020, the Spanish lyric video for the song was released, titled \"Rey De Reyes\". On 3 August 2020, a video showing Brooke Ligertwood singing the song at Passion 2020 was published. Awards and nominations Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2019 singles Hillsong Worship songs 2019 songs Songs written by Jason Ingram Songs written by Brooke Fraser",
"title": "King of Kings (Hillsong song)"
},
{
"docid": "2274407",
"text": "Martin W \"Marty\" Sampson (born 31 May 1979) is an Australian singer-songwriter, musician and former worship leader at the Hillsong Church in Sydney. From the late 1990s until 2019 he featured on the United Live albums and was one of the original Hillsong United band's worship leaders. Sampson's main instrument is the guitar although he also plays the piano, flute and drums. Aside from work for Youth Alive and Hillsong United, Sampson has issued solo albums. Biography Sampson was born on 31 May 1979 and became a member of the Hillsong Church in Sydney. From the late 1990s he has featured on the Youth Alive albums and was one of the original Hillsong United band's worship leaders. His last album with Hillsong United was the 2011's Aftermath. He often lead worship at the church and had contributed for Hillsong albums. Since his departure from Hillsong United, he has worked on his songwriting. Sampson helped with the worship at Northern Beaches, a Hillsong extension service. In November 2006 he married Michelle and the couple have a son. In 2007, Sampson released a solo EP, Let Love Rule, via his official website. In April 2008, Sampson co-wrote \"We Give You Praise\" with band members of the United Kingdom Christian rockers Delirious?. In 2010, he recorded an album in the United States under the band name, The Red Bikes. It was recorded with James Rudder as producer, Luke Munns on drums, Michael Guy Chislett on guitar and Paul Malbury on bass guitar. The album has not yet been released. In June 2011, Sampson released another solo EP, Objects, as Martin Sampson. It is an acoustic guitar folk album in the vein of Bob Dylan. The tracks were recorded at the same time as The Red Bikes project. On 10 August 2019, he publicly stated that he was \"losing his faith\". Sampson initially clarified that he had not \"renounced\" his faith but was \"struggling with many parts of the [Christian] belief system\", then subsequently on 23 August 2019 stated that he is no longer identified as a Christian. Instrumentation According to AllMusic, Sampson is credited with being a composer, lyricist, vocalist, producer, worship leader, guitarist (acoustic, electric) and arranger. Discography Songwriter Songs written or co-written by Sampson include Hillsong Worship albums By Your Side (1999) \"By Your Side\" For This Cause (2000) \"Carry Me\" You Are My World (2001) \"God Is Great\" \"You Are My World\" \"Forever\" \"My Best Friend\" with Joel Houston Blessed (2002) \"Now That You're Near\" \"Son of God\" with Lincoln Brewster \"King of Majesty\" Hope (2003) \"Song of Freedom\" \"Better Than Life\" \"To the Ends of the Earth\" with Houston \"Can't Stop Praising\" with Tulele Faletolu \"Free\" \"Angels\" For All You've Done (2004) \"Hallelujah\" with Jonas Myrin \"Home\" \"Take All of Me\" God He Reigns (2005) \"God He Reigns\" \"All I Need Is You\" \"There Is Nothing Like\" with Myrin \"What the World Will Never Take\" with Matt Crocker & Scott Ligertwood \"Tell the World\" with Jonathon Douglass & Houston",
"title": "Marty Sampson"
},
{
"docid": "39723537",
"text": "\"I Give You My Heart\" (sometimes called \"Lord, I Give You My Heart\" or \"This is My Desire\") is a 1995 song by Reuben Morgan, who wrote both the music and the lyrics. The lyrics are about giving God the entirety of oneself. The song is widely used in congregational singing, particularly within evangelicalism. \"I Give You My Heart\" is a devotional song, part of the contemporary worship music genre, and also a slow ballad. In the liner notes of God is in the House, Morgan said of this song: \"The heart of GOD is for us to be completely sold out to HIM. Our thoughts, passions and dreams (everything that makes us who we are) only have true life as they become HIS to shape and to mould. As we give our heart and our soul to GOD we then walk in the endless riches that are found in intimacy with HIM.\" Among Christian songs, \"I Give You My Heart\" is one of the most frequently recorded. The song appeared on Hillsong Music Australia's compilation album Ultimate Worship. Briana Scott released a cover version of the song on her debut album While I'm Here in 2005. Morgan also recorded his own interpretation of I Give You My Heart on his first solo album, World Through Your Eyes. References 1995 songs 1990s ballads Hillsong Worship songs Contemporary worship music Australian songs Songs written by Reuben Morgan",
"title": "I Give You My Heart (Hillsong song)"
},
{
"docid": "29363332",
"text": "Aftermath (stylized as 'aftər,maθ), formerly known as This Means Love, is the second studio album by Australian Contemporary Christian band Hillsong United. Production for the album began in March 2010 at Studios 301 in Sydney, Australia. It was announced on 10 November 2010, that coinciding with the Aftermath album release in February, Hillsong United would tour the United States and Canada in February and March 2011. Aftermath debuted at number one on the US Billboard Christian Albums chart and at number 17 on the US Billboard 200 chart. In the United States, it ranked as the 17th best-selling Christian Album of 2011. The first single of the band, \"Search My Heart\", was released from the album on 21 January 2011 and appeared on the Billboard Christian Songs chart. Background In March 2010 it was revealed that Hillsong United was in the studio working on the first part of their latest album. United's Aftermath was originally stated to be a two part project, with a studio release in September 2010 and another in 2011, but would later be conjoined into one album. On 25 May 2010 it was confirmed that stage two of the album was done after three weeks in the studio. The album title was announced via Hillsong United frontman Joel Houston's Twitter account on 27 October 2010. During a broadcast of Hillsong Backstage at Hillsong Conference 2010, it was uncovered that the album would debut in February 2011. There was a photo shoot lasting 3 days in over 10 different locations for the album artwork and photo collection on their website. The album leaked on 15 January 2011, exactly one month before the album's planned release date, when it was unintentionally made available for purchase on the US iTunes Store. Talking about how the album was created, Joel Houston said: \"We took a whole year off really doing something. And we had a bit of a soul search and talked to each other and said, 'if we're gonna do this, as in United, and keep moving with it, what's it going to look like? And how prepared are we? ...Maybe to just ride on the coattails of what we've been doing for the last ten years or so or do we want to really take this thing forward?' And I think we collectively decided, 'you know what? Let's throw ourselves into it like it's the first time we've ever done anything'.\" The album marks Marty Sampson's return, who sings the title track \"Aftermath\". Concerning the title, Houston said: \"Normally 'aftermath' has a negative, even traumatic, connotation. At the same time, when I look at the Crucifixion as an event, it paints an extraordinarily negative and horrific picture. But the aftermath of the Cross is hope for all mankind. It's grace, freedom, peace, life and everything that is good about God. I absolutely love that picture.\" Track listing Reception Critical response Allmusic's Jared Johnson gave the album four out of five stars, saying: \" Aftermath shows that Hillsong continue",
"title": "Aftermath (Hillsong United album)"
},
{
"docid": "29472792",
"text": "God Is Able is the twentieth album in the live contemporary worship series by Hillsong Church. It was recorded at the Sydney Entertainment Centre in Australia by Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong Worship Team on 7 November 2010. The songwriters include Reuben Morgan, Ben Fielding and Dylan Thomas, Darlene Zschech, Joel Houston, Harrison Wood, Jill McCloghry, Sam Knock, Joel Davies, Jason Ingram and Chris Tomlin. God Is Able debuted at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart. It was nominated at the 43rd GMA Dove Awards for Inspirational Album of the Year. The DVD was recognized at the 2012 ARIA No.1 Chart Awards for spending one week at number one on the Australian chart. Track listing (* = Tracks only on deluxe album) DVD/Blu-Ray \"Rise\" \"The Difference\" \"With Us\" \"Unending Love\" \"Alive In Us\" \"Narrow Road\" \"My Heart Is Overwhelmed\" \"Cry Of The Broken\" \"Awakening\" \"God In Everything\" (Ben Fielding & Reuben Morgan) Worship leader: Matt Crocker \"You Are More\" \"The Lost Are Found\" \"God Is Able\" \"Go\" \"Yours Forever\" Bonus features Acoustic bonus songs \"God Is Able\" \"The Lost Are Found\" \"My Heart Is Overwhelmed\" Songwriter interviews \"Rise\" - Joel Houston \"With Us\" - Reuben Morgan \"The Lost Are Found\" - Ben Fielding \"God Is Able\" - Reuben Morgan and Ben Fielding \"The Difference\" - Ben Fielding \"Alive in Us\" - Reuben Morgan \"Cry of the Broken\" - Darlene Zschech \"Awakening\" - Reuben Morgan Acoustic worktapes \"Rise\" \"With Us\" \"Unending Love\" \"The Lost Are Found\" \"God Is Able\"' \"The Difference\" \"Alive in Us\" \"You Are More\" \"Narrow Road\" \"My Heart Is Overwhelmed\" \"Cry of the Broken\" Personnel Darlene Zschech – senior worship leader, senior lead vocal, songwriter Reuben Morgan – worship pastor, senior worship leader, songwriter, acoustic guitar Joel Houston – worship leader, backing vocal, songwriter, creative director, acoustic guitar, electric guitar Ben Fielding – worship leader, backing vocal, songwriter, electric guitar Jad Gillies – worship leader, backing vocal, acoustic guitar Annie Garratt – worship leader, backing vocal Jonathan Douglass (JD) – worship leader, backing vocal Dave Ware – worship leader, backing vocal Jill McCloghry – worship leader, songwriter Matt Crocker – worship leader (DVD only) Chantel Norman – worship leader Sam Knock – frontline singer Eric Liljero – frontline singer, keyboard Sheila Mpofu – frontline singer Dean Ussher - frontline singer Peter Wilson - frontline singer, acoustic guitar Esther Volstad - frontline singer Charts and certifications Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Extended play God Is Able was also issued as a five-track digital EP by Hillsong Music on 26 March 2012, after the album. The EP is available on all digital formats, in all digital stores, and contains four songs and one talk by Hillsong Church's Brian Houston. The songs are studio versions for \"God Is Able\" and \"With Us\" with different effects and mixes. The Amazon version includes the live videos for \"With Us\" and \"God Is Able\" Louder Than the Music rated the album four out of five stars, writing that \"This EP is",
"title": "God Is Able (Hillsong album)"
},
{
"docid": "29404853",
"text": "Yahweh(GOD) is the first installment in the Hillsong Chapel praise and worship series by Hillsong Church, which was released in Australia on 26 October 2010 by Hillsong Music Australia in partnership with EMI. It was recorded live in the church's Sydney chapel in March 2010. The album peaked in the Top 100 on the ARIA Albums Chart. A companion DVD was also filmed and released at the same time. History and recording Hillsong Chapel is an intimate and devotional collection of Hillsong songs, both recent and beloved, from Hillsong Worship and Hillsong United. Recorded live in the church's chapel in March 2010, Yahweh, contains 13 organic and contemplative versions of top Christian Copyright Licensing International (CCLI) songs such as \"Hosanna\", \"From the Inside Out\" and the No. 1 CCLI song sung by an estimated 40 million people every week in church services around the world, \"Mighty to Save\". Although having never recorded an \"unplugged\" version of their songs, Reuben Morgan, Jill McCloghry, Ben Fielding, Joel Houston, Jad Gillies, Annie Garratt and other Hillsong team members crafted the brand new arrangements in response to churches around the world asking for acoustic versions of their popular anthems. The album was released in Australia on 26 October 2010 in partnership with EMI. Formats A companion, full-length DVD featuring all the songs on the CD was also released and was filmed as 300 worshippers filled the Hillsong Chapel in Sydney, Australia. Track listing Critical reception Bryan Ward, EMI CMG Label Group Director, said Hillsong Chapel's, Yahweh, was perfect for smaller gatherings and personal devotions and would help resource churches wanting more intimate worship expressions of songs from Hillsong Live and Hillsong United. He said: \"Churches love the music from Hillsong Church, but are not always able to reproduce it in their local worship settings. The music from Hillsong Chapel provides another option for these churches to share these inspiring songs of praise.\" Yahweh has received positive reviews from a number of music critics. AllMusic: \"Yahweh represents the very best of what the modern worship community has to offer...A visionary and influential contribution to the modern worship canon that will be remembered for years to come.\" Gmclife.com: \"The new series takes worship back to a simpler time when it wasn’t a movement or a genre but simply a way of praising our God...The new arrangements make for a more organic record, perfect as the background piece to someone’s personal devotions or for smaller congregations who didn’t find the originals a perfect fit.\" Soul-Audio.com calls the recording, \"incredibly peaceful and wonderful.\" References 2010 live albums 2010 video albums Live video albums Hillsong Music live albums Hillsong Music video albums",
"title": "Yahweh (album)"
},
{
"docid": "57576862",
"text": "III (Three) is the second studio album from Hillsong Young & Free released on 29 June 2018. Four singles were released from the album, \"Love Won't Let Me Down\" on 4 August 2017 \"P E A C E\" on 22 February 2018 \"Let Go\" on 18 May 2018, and \"Just Jesus\" on 8 June 2018. Hillsong Young and Free released a live recording of the album from Hillsong Conference 2018, III (Live at Hillsong Conference); an acoustic version of the album on 5 April 2019, III (Studio Sessions); and a remixed version of the album on 5 September 2019, III (Reimagined). Background \"Love Won't Let Me Down\" was released as the first single on 4 August 2017. The Love Won't Let Me Down EP was released on 16 February 2018 while \"P E A C E\" was released as a single on 22 February 2018 with the background story uploaded to the band's YouTube channel on 27 February 2018 followed by a studio performance of the song on 17 March 2018 and a \"message and meaning of P E A C E\" on 21 March 2018. On 18 May 2018 they released \"Let Go\" as their third single. They released \"Just Jesus\" as their fourth single on 8 June 2018. Executive producer and featured worship leader Laura Toggs stated that the goal of the project was to have \"a collection of personal songs, written and sung from profound devotions and life wrestles over the last three years\" where, as a group they were \"discovering greater depths and devoting ourselves completely to our faith in Jesus.\" Producer and featured worship leader-songwriter Aodhan King added that it was an attempt to reflect their members' growth in faith. Track listing Live recording On 2 November 2018, a live recording of the album was released. The album was recorded at Hillsong Conference, Sydney on 12 July 2018. A film recording of all 16 songs was released at the same time on YouTube, Apple Music and Hillsong Channel Now. Track listing Studio Sessions On 5 April 2019, an acoustic recording of nine songs from the III album was released via Hillsong Music Australia and Capitol CMG. Track listing Reimagined On 5 September 2019, a reimagined version of eleven songs from the III album was released via Hillsong Music Australia and Capitol CMG. Track listing Charts Studio album Live album Accolades The video for \"Love Won't Let Me Down\", from III, was nominated for a 2018 GMA Dove Award in the Short Form Video of the Year category. References 2018 albums Hillsong Young & Free albums",
"title": "III (Hillsong Young & Free album)"
},
{
"docid": "46538756",
"text": "Empires is the fourth studio album from Australian contemporary worship music band Hillsong United, a worship band from Hillsong Church. The album was released on 26 May 2015, under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. Michael Guy Chislett served as the album's producer, with vocalist Joel Houston serving as creative director and co-producer. \"Touch the Sky\" was released as the album's lead single in March 2015. The album won the Worship Album of the Year at the 47th Dove Awards. Background The cover of Empires was launched into space on 12 March 2015. To further promote the album, the group performed single \"Touch the Sky\" on the Today Show on 2 April 2015. The album is United's fourth studio album, and was released on 26 May 2015 by Hillsong Music and Sparrow Records. It was released in CD, digital download, and vinyl formats. Singles The lead single from the album was \"Touch the Sky\", which was released to digital retailers on 24 March 2015, and to Christian radio on 11 April 2015. \"Say the Word\" was released as the second single from the album on 1 February 2016. Promotional singles \"Prince of Peace\" was released to digital retailers on 21 April 2015 as a promotional single followed by \"Heart Like Heaven\", released to the iTunes Store and as a lyric video on Hillsong United's YouTube channel on 18 May 2015. Critical reception Giving the album three and a half stars at CCM Magazine, Caroline Lusk says, \"Empires is a stunning display of universally relevant themes\". Brian Mansfield, rating the album two and a half stars out of four for USA Today, states, \"Empires focuses on submission and service.\" Rating the album four stars from New Release Tuesday, Marcus Hathcock describes feeling \"awkward\", after he finished listening to the album. Awarding the album five stars from FDRMX, Jessica Morris writes, \"Hillsong UNITED have done an extraordinary job in putting together and delivering an album that is both authentic and of the highest quality.\" Ryan Barbee, giving the album four and a half stars for Jesus Freak Hideout, says, \"Empires, might continue to walk the love/hate line for some people\". Rating the album three and a half stars at Jesus Freak Hideout, Mark Rice writes, \"Empires all the way through almost relegates it to the status of a lullaby album\", as compared to their previous offering. Scott Fryberer, awarding the album four stars from Jesus Freak Hideout, states, \"United doesn't necessarily win points for the most creative lyricism, but they're leagues above where they used to be\". Indicating in a four and a half star review from Worship Leader, Jeremy Armstrong writes, \"paradoxes of faith and God's greatness resound throughout.\" Awarding the album five stars at Louder Than the Music, Jono Davies says it's simply, \"Superb.\" Abby Baracskai, rating the album a 4.0 out of five for Christian Music Review, states, \"the album was interesting to listen to musically because of all the minute details compiled together to create",
"title": "Empires (Hillsong United album)"
},
{
"docid": "49650533",
"text": "Youth Revival is the second live album from Hillsong Young & Free. It was recorded live at Hillsong City Campus in Waterloo, Sydney on November 13, 2015. Sparrow Records alongside Hillsong Music Australia released the album on 26 February 2016. On 2 November 2016, along with their campaign \"An Act of Real Love\", the official music video of \"Real Love\" was released. It received a nomination for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards. Critical reception Matt Conner, allotting the album a three star rating from CCM Magazine, says, \"Youth Revival is...a spirited live recording that captures the blips and bloops, pulses and praises of an impassioned worship gathering.\" Awarding the album five stars at Worship Leader, Jeremy Armstrong states, \"This is a rare release that accomplishes exactly what it sets out to do: make a powerful impact with songs that clearly portray the truth of Christ in a musical and cultural language that resonates with the youth today.\" Mikayla Shriver, rating the album three and a half stars from New Release Today, writes, \"Hillsong Young & Free's Youth Revival packages worship into modern, youth-friendly music, matching the popular style of today's music in its own unique way.\" Giving the album three and a half stars for Today's Christian Entertainment, Laura Chambers describes, \"Youth Revival finally brings a Biblical perspective to the pop culture table, cleverly combining the style of the day with a relevant message of love and gratitude, the latter something that is sorely lacking in our relentless push to have the next thing.\" Chris Major, allocating the album five stars by The Christian Beat, says, \"Youth Revival is a must listen for any fan of contemporary Christian music. Its ambition, its thankful atmosphere, and its joy are unmatched. The melodies and sounds are masterful and beautifully complement the massive wave of ecstatic praise. The unbounded and unrelenting energy surging through every track makes the urge to celebrate along difficult to resist.\" Indicating in a four and a half star review at CM Addict, Michael Tackett writes, \"With this sophomore release, Hillsong Young & Free is an example of modern Christian music done right.\" Track listing Youth Revival Acoustic On 24 February 2017, an acoustic recording of the Youth Revival album was released via Hillsong Music Australia. Track listing Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 2016 live albums Hillsong Young & Free albums Sparrow Records albums",
"title": "Youth Revival"
},
{
"docid": "6294334",
"text": "Hillsong Church has produced hundreds of Christian songs on albums since 1992 on more than fifty albums, mostly under their own label, Hillsong Music. This is a list of Hillsong's notable worship leaders and musicians who have written, sung, and/or played instruments on one or more albums. Current worship leaders Taya Smith Smith has been at Hillsong since the late 2000s to early 2010s. She started on Hillsong's youth band Hillsong Young & Free then she went on to sing on some Hillsong United albums and some Hillsong Worship albums. As of September 2023 Taya is no longer a member of Hillsong church... Reuben Morgan Morgan serves as Hillsong's worship pastor, replacing Darlene Zschech in 2008. Originally, alongside Marty Sampson, he was asked by Zschech to start a youth worship band for the church which is now known as Hillsong United. He has written the majority of Hillsong's newer songs and is also the Worship Pastor at Hillsong London. Joel Houston Houston is one of the worship leaders at Hillsong. He is the eldest son of former Hillsong's Global Senior Pastors Brian & Bobbie Houston, and has been writing songs for Hillsong for many years. Originally he was a guitar player for Hillsong United and soon became United's Worship Leader after Reuben Morgan & Marty Sampson joined the main Hillsong Band. Joel currently serves as Hillsong's Creative Director and was the Co-Lead Pastor of Hillsong New York City when it opened in October 2010. Brooke Fraser Ligertwood Brooke in recent years has been a part of the Hillsong team after moving to Australia from New Zealand. She is also a famous New Zealand singer/songwriter, performing under her maiden name as Brooke Fraser. She has sung on both Hillsong Live albums alongside Darlene Zschech and as a part of Hillsong United with Joel Houston. Her song \"What A Beautiful Name\" won the Grammy award 2018 for \"Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song\". Marty Sampson Sampson was one of Hillsong's key musicians and songwriters. Alongside Reuben Morgan, he originally led Hillsong's youth band Hillsong United, and then led worship in the main Hillsong Band alongside Darlene Zschech and Morgan. He has led worship at two of Hillsong New York City's Focus Nights alongside the Hillsong team as well as sung and written new songs on Hillsong United's album Aftermath including singing on the title track. He helped lead worship at one of the many Hillsong extension services. As of 2019, he no longer publicly identifies as a Christian. Aodhan King Aodhan King is a key songwriter and worship leader of Hillsong's Y&F. He has also made numerous contributions to both Hillsong United and Hillsong Worship. Previous worship leaders Darlene Zschech Darlene Zschech is arguably the most well-known of Hillsong's musicians. She is the former worship pastor (1995–2007) and the longest-serving member of Hillsong's worship team. She and her husband, Mark, became the new senior pastors of Hope Unlimited Church on the Central Coast of New South Wales. She continues, however, to be part",
"title": "List of Hillsong worship leaders"
},
{
"docid": "2194318",
"text": "Reuben Timothy Morgan (born 9 August 1975) is an Australian worship pastor at Hillsong Church and one of several worship leaders and songwriters in Hillsong Worship group. Prior to this he was a worship pastor at Hillsong Church in Sydney, Australia. He has written songs such as \"Eagles Wings\", \"Hear Our Praises\", \"I Give You My Heart\", \"My Redeemer Lives\" and \"Mighty to Save\", which won the Worship Song of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards. In 2005 his first solo worship album, World Through Your Eyes, debuted at No. 3 in the Australian Christian Charts. Biography In 2005, Morgan signed with Rocketown Records. The company released his debut album in the United States, but four of the original songs were removed in favour of cover versions of Hillsong songs written by Morgan. In addition, the remaining songs were remixed and the resulting songs had a heavier feel when compared to the softer pop-rock originals. Morgan has toured extensively around the United States, Canada and Europe. A 2007 European tour featured events in Scotland, England, Germany and Sweden. Everyone, contains Morgan's interpretation of his music and was mostly written in the previous 18 months, recorded in a big sounding, studio worship without the congregational elements found in the Hillsong Live albums. Everyone largely featured covers of previously released Hillsong songs written by Morgan and was released in Australia on 2 October 2006. Morgan officially became Hillsong's new worship pastor in 2008, succeeding Darlene Zschech, however, Zschech continued to be a worship leader of the Hillsong Worship Team until 2012. On 29 June 2010, Hillsong Live released A Beautiful Exchange, an album featuring songs by Morgan. Morgan led Hillsong's 2010 tour of the United States, which kicked off on 21 July and included events in Dallas, Detroit and Los Angeles. Hillsong Morgan's first songwriting contribution to Hillsong's live praise and worship albums was the song \"I Give You My Heart\", which was featured on the Hillsong live album God is in the House. Morgan himself, however, appeared but did not actually perform on the album, but was featured in the choir; the lead vocals for this performance were sung by Steve McPherson. Morgan subsequently recorded his own version of \"I Give You My Heart\" for his first solo album, World Through Your Eyes. Morgan made his first official performing appearance on Hillsong's next live album, All Things are Possible, playing acoustic guitar and contributing three original compositions to this album. One of these songs, \"Shadow of Your Wings\", was an outtake on the live audio recording, although it did appear on the video recording. Reuben performed co-lead vocals on the live recording of \"Shadow Of Your Wings\" together with Darlene Zschech, although he was not credited as a vocalist for this album. His two other songwriting contributions to All Things are Possible were \"In Your Hands\" (this song was also featured in a \"House of Cards\" episode), which was sung by Rob Eastwood and Donia Makedonez; and \"Your Love\",",
"title": "Reuben Morgan"
},
{
"docid": "1518177",
"text": "You Are My World is the tenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. The album reached the ARIA Albums Chart Top 100. Making of the album You Are My World was recorded live at the Sydney Entertainment Centre by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team, with over 300 singers and musicians. This was the first live praise and worship album Hillsong Church recorded in the Sydney Entertainment Centre. Over 9,000 people from the newly merged Hillsong Church congregation in both the Hills and City came together to record the album. Track listing (CD) \"Your Love Is Beautiful\" (Reuben Morgan, Raymond Badham, Steve McPherson, Nigel Hendroff) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 4:38 \"God Is Great\" (Marty Sampson) - worship leader: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 4:56 \"All of My Days\" (Mark Stevens) - worship leader: Mark Stevens - 5:02 \"Emmanuel\" (Badham) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 6:48 \"You Stand Alone\" (Stevens, McPherson) - worship leaders: Steve McPherson, Mark Stevens - 4:48 \"Irresistible\" (Darlene Zschech) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 6:05 \"You Are My World\" (Sampson) - worship leader: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 6:31 \"Everything That Has Breath\" (Morgan) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 4:22 \"God So Loved\" (Morgan) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 5:54 \"To You\" (Zschech) - worship leader: Darlene Zschech - 7:00 \"Worthy Is the Lamb\" (Zschech) - worship leader: Miriam Webster - 7:16 \"Forever\" (Sampson) - worship leader: Mark Stevens - 4:45 \"My Best Friend\" (Joel Houston, Sampson) - worship leader: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 5:19 Track listing (DVD) The DVD has a slightly different track order and also contains three bonus songs, \"Glorious\" (found on the CD compilation album Extravagant Worship: The Songs of Darlene Zschech), and reprises of \"You Are My World\" and \"God Is Great\". The outro consists of a piano accompaniment version of \"God Is Great\". \"Everything That Has Breath\" \"God Is Great\" \"All of My Days\" \"Emmanuel\" \"You Stand Alone\" \"Irresistible\" \"You Are My World\" \"Your Love Is Beautiful\" \"Glorious\" (Darlene Zschech) \"God So Loved\" \"To You\" \"Worthy Is the Lamb\" \"Forever\" \"My Best Friend\" \"You Are My World\" (reprise) \"God Is Great\" (reprise) Credits Darlene Zschech – worship pastor, producer, senior worship leader, senior lead vocal, vocal producer Reuben Morgan – acoustic guitar, vocals, producer, worship leader, vocal producer Steve McPherson – vocals, vocal producer Marty Sampson – acoustic guitar, vocals Miriam Webster – vocals Paul Andrew – vocals Tulele Faletolu – vocals Donia Makedonez – vocals Julie Bassett – vocals Erica Crocker – vocals Holly Dawson – vocals Lucy Fisher – vocals Michelle Fragar – vocals Peter Hart – vocals Mark Stevens – vocals Scott Haslem – vocals Ned Davies – vocals Woody Pierson – vocals Karen Horn – vocals Tanya Riches – vocals Ruth Athanasio – choir conductor Russell Fragar – piano, music director, producer Peter King – piano, keyboards, Hammond organ, programming, post Craig Gower – keyboard Kevin Lee –",
"title": "You Are My World"
},
{
"docid": "43317002",
"text": "Hillsong: Let Hope Rise is a 2016 American Christian documentary film on Hillsong United directed by Michael John Warren. The film was released on 16 September 2016, by Pure Flix Entertainment after several delays. Synopsis The film chronicles the unlikely rise to prominence of the Australia-based Christian band Hillsong United. Their music is so popular it is estimated that on any given Sunday, more than 50 million churchgoers around the world are singing their songs. The film follows an event that took place on 23 October 2014 at the Forum arena in Los Angeles with 17,000 people attending, and moments preceding the concert with the creation of new songs featured on Empires (2015). Soundtrack Hillsong: Let Hope Rise - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released as the film's soundtrack on 12 August 2016 under Hillsong Music, Sparrow Records and Capitol Christian Music Group. The soundtrack features songs from Hillsong United, as well as Hillsong's Worship and Young & Free divisions. Track listing Charts Release Directed by Michael John Warren, the film was originally supposed be released by Warner Bros. during the 2015 Easter weekend. In March 2015, Relativity Media obtained the distribution rights and the film shifted to a 29 May release. In April, Relativity moved the film to 30 September 2015. However, after Relativity Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, the film was moved to an unknown release date. The film was later picked up by Pure Flix Entertainment and the film was released on 16 September 2016. Reception Box office The film made $1.4 million from 816 theaters in its opening weekend, which was considered low, with Deadline Hollywood saying \"we've seen [documentaries] make this much money on half the number of screens\". Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 60%, based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 6.04/10. On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on six critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an overall positive score of 90%. Nick Olszyk of Catholic World Report gave it his highest rating of five reels, saying it \"renewed [my] courage to face my trails.\" He also said their performance of Oceans was \"as good as anything by Bach, Handel, or the great anonymous monastics of the Middle Ages.\" References External links 2016 films American documentary films 2016 documentary films Documentary films about singers Biographical films about musicians Films about Christianity Christian media Pure Flix Entertainment films 2010s English-language films 2010s American films",
"title": "Hillsong: Let Hope Rise"
},
{
"docid": "44156982",
"text": "Hillsong Worship (formerly Hillsong Live) is a praise and worship collective from Sydney, Australia. They started making music in 1983 at Hillsong Church. Fifteen of their songs have appeared on the Billboard magazine charts in the US, with \"What a Beautiful Name\" (2016) representing their greatest success, reaching platinum in the US. The band has some notable members, including Darlene Zschech, Marty Sampson, Brooke Fraser, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. Background The group was formed in 1983 out of Sydney, Australia, where they were located at Hillsong Church, while now they are spread across the globe. Their members have gone on to individually successful careers, the likes of Darlene Zschech, Marty Sampson, Brooke Fraser, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. The group was called Hillsong Live until June 2014, when they took the name Hillsong Worship. History Hillsong Worship released its first album, Spirit and Truth, in 1988. In 1996, Shout to the Lord was their first album in partnership with Integrity Music as part of the Hosanna! Music series. All of the group's albums since 2004 have been charted in Australia and two albums, For All You've Done and Open Heaven / River Wild, have reached number one on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart. The group has also seen twelve albums chart on the Billboard magazine charts, where there have been placements on the Christian Albums and the Heatseekers Albums charts (those were For All You've Done, God He Reigns, and Mighty to Save). Their albums Saviour King, This Is Our God, Faith + Hope + Love, A Beautiful Exchange, God Is Able, Cornerstone, Glorious Ruins, No Other Name, and Open Heaven / River Wild have charted on the Billboard 200 and Christian Albums charts. In 2018, Hillsong Worship won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song with \"What a Beautiful Name\". Their albums have been recorded by the labels Hillsong Music, Sony Music, Integrity Music, Epic Records, Columbia Records, and Sparrow Records. Michael Guglielmucci cancer scandal It was reported in 2008 that Michael Guglielmucci, pastor of the church and former bass player in the Planetshakers band, had fraudulently claimed he was dying of cancer. He wrote \"Healer\", a song of encouragement for believers who were suffering from cancer, for the album Saviour of the World, which was released in June (2007). Guglielmucci performed the song regularly over a two-year period, often with an oxygen tube attached to his nose, and during this time received money from supporters who believed his illness was real. Guglielmucci later explained his actions as being a result of a long-term pornography addiction. The track had also been added to the Hillsong album This Is Our God (2008), but later removed from the album. Representatives of churches with which Guglielmucci had affiliations told the press they were totally unaware of this situation. In an email sent to Hillsong members, the church's general manager, George Aghajanian, said the news was even a shock to Guglielmucci's own family and that the suspended pastor was seeking",
"title": "Hillsong Worship"
},
{
"docid": "36609376",
"text": "\"Forever Reign\" is a contemporary worship music song released originally by the collected One Sonic Society and the Australian band Hillsong, from their albums One and A Beautiful Exchange respectively. The song also has been covered by several artists including Kristian Stanfill and the Newsboys. The song is also available in several other languages than English. In all versions, the song keeps a pensive worship style, but One Sonic Society's version is distinctive to the band's individual style. Their version reached No. 17 on Billboards Hot Christian Songs chart, and No. 25 on the related Christian Adult Contemporary chart. Release The song was written by Reuben Morgan (from Hillsong) and Jason Ingram (from One Sonic Society) and was released first by the Ingram's band, in the EP One, days after, was released in two versions in the Hillsong LIVE album, A Beautiful Exchange, LIVE version and radio version. The live version by Hillsong LIVE, released in A Beautiful Exchange is performed by the Australian worship leader Jad Gillies, with a worship (pop/rock) style, begins with a soft piano and drums, (played by Peter James and Brandon Gillies respectively) lasting 5:44 in the album (6:10 in DVD), captures all the live spirit and inspiration during all the song, the crowd can be heard worshipping and singing the entire song, and the DVD, includes a longer ending, also sung by the crowd. This version was recorded at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. The album, also includes a radio version which was released as Single in the same year. The version by One Sonic Society sung by the American producer, singer, songwriter Jason Ingram, who co-wrote the song with the Hillsong LIVE leader Reuben Morgan, has a different style, beginning with drums, played by Paul Mabury. Video versions Hillsong LIVE: A Beautiful Exchange Passion Conferences – Kristian Stanfill: Passion: Here for You One Sonic Society: Live At The Tracking Room References 2010 singles Hillsong Worship songs Songs written by Jason Ingram 2010 songs Songs written by Reuben Morgan",
"title": "Forever Reign (song)"
},
{
"docid": "2918964",
"text": "Ultimate Worship is a compilation praise and worship album of contemporary worship music by the Hillsong Church. The album appeared on the Billboard Top Heatseekers and reached No. 19 on the Top Christian Albums Chart. Album details This album is a compilation of songs from previous Hillsong Music albums, including the live praise and worship albums, Hillsong United series, Hillsong London album Shout God's Fame and Shout to the Lord from Darlene Zschech's solo album, Kiss of Heaven. Several of the songs have been edited to make the tracks shorter than the original in order to fit them on the disc. Track listing \"One Way\" (Jonathon Douglass & Joel Houston; from For All You've Done) \"My Redeemer Lives\" (Reuben Morgan; from By Your Side) \"Glory\" (Morgan; from Hope) \"Made Me Glad\" (Miriam Webster; from Blessed) \"The Potter’s Hand\" (Darlene Zschech; from Touching Heaven Changing Earth) \"Shout Your Fame\" (Jonas Myrin, Natasha Bedingfield, Gio Galanti & Paul Nevison; from Shout God's Fame) \"Better Than Life\" (Marty Sampson; from Hope) \"Here I Am to Worship\" (Tim Hughes; from Hope) \"All for Love\" (Mia Fieldes; from Look to You) \"I Give You My Heart\" (Holly Dawson; from UP: Unified Praise) \"Everyday\" (Houston; from UP: Unified Praise) \"Now That You’re Near\" (Sampson; from To the Ends of the Earth) \"Still\" (Morgan; from Hope) \"All the Heavens\" (Morgan; from Blessed) \"Highest\" (Morgan; from Hope) \"Worthy Is the Lamb\" (Zschech; from UP: Unified Praise) \"Shout to the Lord\" (Zschech; from Kiss of Heaven) References 2005 compilation albums Hillsong Music compilation albums",
"title": "Ultimate Worship"
},
{
"docid": "1518101",
"text": "By Your Side is the eighth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. It was recorded live at the Hills Christian Life Centre building (now known as the Hillsong Church Hub auditorium) by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team. The album reached No. 21 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Christian Albums Chart. Album design By Your Side cover artwork features the title using the font Trajan Pro. The title uses different versions and weights of the font. This album cover shows images of Darlene Zschech and is also the first to show Reuben Morgan on the cover (he appears five times more on For This Cause, Blessed, Hope, For All You've Done, Mighty to Save, and A Beautiful Exchange as well as the back cover of Saviour King). The majority of the songs were written by Reuben Morgan & Darlene Zschech Marty Sampson, Russell Fragar, Raymond Badham, Miriam Webster, Luke Munns & Aran Puddle contributed to songs also. This is the first official Hillsong Live Album to feature songs contributed from Hillsong United. \"My Redeemer Lives\" and \"Your Unfailling Love\" were also on the Hillsong United album \"One\". Track listing \"My Redeemer Lives\" (Reuben Morgan) — 04:09 worship leader: Darlene Zschech b. Reuben Morgan \"Great In Power\" (Russell Fragar) — 03:25 worship leader: Darlene Zschech \"I Feel Like I'm Falling\" (Raymond Badham) — 05:29 worship leaders: Mark Stevens & Darlene Zschech \"Your Unfailing Love\" (Reuben Morgan) — 06:28 worship leader: Darlene Zschech b. Reuben Morgan \"Dwelling Places\" (Miriam Webster) — 05:06 worship leaders: Darlene Zschech And Miriam Webster \"What The Lord Has Done In Me\" (Reuben Morgan) — 05:00 worship leader: Miriam Webster \"Sing Of Your Great Love\" (Darlene Zschech) — 08:26 worship leader: Darlene Zschech b. Steve McPherson \"By Your Side\" (Marty Sampson) — 04:48 worship leader: Marty Sampson \"In Freedom\" (Aran Puddle) — 03:27 worship leaders: Darlene Zschech And Marty Sampson \"You Said\" (Reuben Morgan) — 04:34 worship leader: Darlene Zschech \"Stay\" (Luke Munns) — 08:28 worship leader: Darlene Zschech \"Eagle's Wings\" (Reuben Morgan) — 06:30 worship leader: Mark Stevens & Darlene Zschech \"Free To Dance\" (Darlene Zschech) — 04:16 worship leaders: Lisa Young & Darlene Zschech \"This Is How We Overcome\" (Reuben Morgan) — 03:49 worship leader: Darlene Zschech b. = lead backing vocal References 1999 live albums Hillsong Music live albums",
"title": "By Your Side (Hillsong album)"
},
{
"docid": "1827046",
"text": "God He Reigns is the fourteenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. A single-disc version of this album was released in North America and South America by Integrity Media. The album reached No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Recording God He Reigns was recorded live at the Sydney Entertainment Centre on 27 February 2005 by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team with a congregation of 10,500. God He Reigns was released at the annual Hillsong Conference in July. Writing and composition The majority of songs were written by Marty Sampson, Darlene Zschech, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. Raymond Badham, Ned Davies, Mia Fieldes and Miriam Webster also contributed to writing songs. Songs were written in the 12 months prior to the album recording, some songs were first recorded on the Hillsong United album Look to You. Commercial performance God He Reigns reached No. 2 on the Australian album charts and the DVD hit No. 1. Initially, there was doubt as to the commercial success of the album as the release coincided with the release of new albums by Guy Sebastian and Paulini, but in that week more copies of God He Reigns were sold than every other CD in Australia combined (including pop charts, alternative, rock, et cetera). Track listing, double CD Disc 1 \"Let Creation Sing\" (Reuben Morgan) \"Salvation Is Here\" (Joel Houston) \"His Love\" (Raymond Badham) \"Emmanuel\" (Reuben Morgan) \"Saviour\" (Darlene Zschech) \"Wonderful God\" (Ned Davies) \"God He Reigns\"/\"All I Need Is You\" (chorus) (Marty Sampson) \"Yours Is the Kingdom\" (Joel Houston) \"Welcome in This Place\" (Miriam Webster) Disc 2 \"Let Us Adore\" (Reuben Morgan) \"All for Love\" (Mia Fieldes) \"Know You More\" (Darlene Zschech) \"There Is Nothing Like\" (Marty Sampson and Jonas Myrin) \"What the World Will Never Take\" (Matt Crocker, Scott Ligertwood and Marty Sampson) \"Tell the World\" (Jonathan Douglass, Joel Houston and Marty Sampson) Track listing, single CD \"Let Creation Sing\" (Reuben Morgan) \"Salvation Is Here\" (Joel Houston) \"His Love\" (Raymond Badham) \"Emmanuel\" (Morgan) \"Saviour\" (Darlene Zschech) \"Wonderful God\" (Ned Davies) \"God He Reigns\"/\"All I Need Is You\" (chorus) (Marty Sampson) \"Yours Is the Kingdom\" (Houston) \"Welcome in This Place\" (Miriam Webster) \"Let Us Adore\" (Morgan) \"All for Love\" (Mia Fieldes)(Men of Hillsong) \"Know You More\" (Zschech) \"There Is Nothing Like\" (Sampson, Jonas Myrin) Personnel Darlene Zschech – producer, vocals, songwriter Joel Houston – assistant producer, acoustic guitar, songwriter Julia A'Bell – vocals Vera Kasevich – vocals Paul Andrew – vocals Julie Bassett – vocals, vocal production Gilbert Clark – vocals Holly Dawson – vocals Jonathan Douglass – vocals Deb Ezzy – vocals Faletolu Faletolu – vocals Tulele Faletolu – vocals Lucy Fisher – vocals Michelle Grigg – vocals Peter Hart – vocals Scott Haslem – vocals, vocal production Karen Horn – vocals Steve McPherson – vocals, vocal production Nathan Phillips – vocals Aran Puddle – vocals, production Barry Southgate – vocals Katrina Tadman – vocals Marcus Temu – vocals Dee Uluirewa – vocals, vocal",
"title": "God He Reigns"
},
{
"docid": "822072",
"text": "For All You've Done is the thirteenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. The live album was released on 4 July 2004 on Hillsong label, which peaked at No. 1 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It had been recorded in February of that year at the Sydney Entertainment Centre with production by Darlene Zschech, Raymond Badham, Joel Houston and Reuben Morgan. Recording For All You've Done was recorded live at the Sydney Entertainment Centre on 29 February 2004 by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team. Commercial performance However, its previous two albums debuted in the top five due to the strong following of Hillsong and its previous 12 albums have achieved gold status. It is the first Christian Contemporary music album to reach the top of the Australian charts. There was some controversy about the No. 1 debut as almost all of the albums were sold at the annual Hillsong Conference from 5 to 9 July. However, the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) has defended the outcome on the grounds that For All You've Done was the best selling album in Australia that week. Pop singer and former Australian Idol contestant Paulini Curuenavuli was also at the conference promoting her No. 2 single, \"Angel Eyes\", from her forthcoming album, One Determined Heart. Track listing CD Disc 1 \"For All You've Done\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leaders: Darlene Zschech & Reuben Morgan - 5:26 \"One Way\" (Jonathon Douglass & Joel Houston) Worship Leaders: Jonathon Douglass & Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 3:43 \"Evermore\" (Joel Houston) - Worship Leaders: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 5:02 \"With All I Am\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leaders: Darlene Zschech & Reuben Morgan - 7:23 \"Sing (Your Love)\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leader: Reuben Morgan, b. Darlene Zschech - 6:22 \"Hallelujah\" (Marty Sampson & Jonas Myrin) - Worship Leaders: Jonas Myrin b. Darlene Zschech - 9:05 \"You Are Worthy\" (Darlene Zschech) Worship Leader: Darlene Zschech - 6:15 \"Home\" (Marty Sampson) - Worship Leader: Marty Sampson - 4:58 Disc 2 \"Forever and a Day\" (Raymond Badham) - Worship Leader: Darlene Zschech, b. Marty Sampson - 4:55 \"Jesus the Same\" (Raymond Badham) - Worship Leader: Steve McPherson - 5:30 \"I Will Love\" (Miriam Webster) - Worship Leader: Miriam Webster - 4:41 \"Take All of Me\" (Marty Sampson) - Worship Leader: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech - 8:15 \"More Than Life\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leaders: Tulele Faletolu & Darlene Zschech - 8:52 \"Glorify Your Name\" (Darlene Zschech & David Holmes) - Worship Leader: Darlene Zschech - 7:02 \"To You Alone\" (Reuben Morgan) - Worship Leaders: Holly Dawson & Darlene Zschech - 7:39 DVD \"Intro\"/\"For All You've Done\" \"One Way\" \"Evermore\" \"With All I Am\" \"Sing (Your Love)\" \"Hallelujah\" \"You Are Worthy\" \"Home\" \"Forever and a Day\" \"Jesus the Same\" \"I Will Love\" \"Take All of Me\" \"More Than Life\" \"Glorify Your Name\" \"To You Alone/Credits\" \"Resources\" b. indicates Lead Backing Vocal Personnel Adapted from AllMusic. Taijiro Adachi",
"title": "For All You've Done"
},
{
"docid": "33944631",
"text": "Live in Miami is the eleventh live album/DVD by contemporary Christian worship band Hillsong United, released on 14 February 2012 through their own label. The album was recorded at the American Airlines Arena on 6 August 2011 as part of their tour promoting their second studio album, Aftermath (2011). Their first live album since Across the Earth (2009), Live in Miami contains eight songs from Aftermath, two songs from first studio album All of the Above, and several songs from previous live albums. Unlike previous live recordings, the album does not contain new songs. The album peaked in the Top 50 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Background Having led worship in churches, stadiums and open fields around the world, United's Live in Miami is the first live album from the band since 2009 and features 22 tracks, all captured during the band's sold-out worship night in Miami. In 2011, best-selling modern worship band Hillsong United brought a new and fresh approach to tours, visuals, songs and multimedia to the U.S. for the widely successful \"Aftermath Tour\". The tour logged sold out worship nights in venues across the country - from New York to Los Angeles (where the band became the first Christian band to sell out Staples Center) and back east to Miami where the CD and DVD were recorded. Track listing Track listing (DVD/Blu-Ray) \"Go\" \"Break Free\" \"You\" \"Search My Heart\" \"Mighty To Save\" \"Hosanna\" \"All I Need Is You\" \"Bones\" \"Nova\" \"Aftermath\" \"Freedom Is Here/Shout Unto God\" \"Like An Avalanche\" \"Rhythms of Grace\" \"Oh You Bring\" \"The Stand\" \"From The Inside Out\" \"A Song To Sing...\" \"With Everything\" \"Your Name High\" \"Take It All\" \"Yours Forever\" \"Take Heart\" Bonus Features \"In The Aftermath\" Other songs played The song \"Rise\" found in the God Is Able album was played during the concert. Nevertheless, it was not included in the album. Personnel Vocalists Joel Houston, Matt Crocker, Jad Gillies, Jonathon Douglass, Hayley Law, Jill McCloghry, Dylan Thomas Electric guitars Timon Klein, Dylan Thomas, Jad Gillies, Joel Houston Acoustic guitars Jad Gillies, Joel Houston, Dylan Thomas Bass Adam Crosariol Drums Simon Kobler Keys Peter James Additional drums and percussion Matt Crocker, Jonathon Douglass (Tambourine), Joel Houston (on \"Go\"), Dylan Thomas (on \"From the Inside Out\") Synthesizers Jonathon Douglass, Joel Houston, Jill McCloghry, Dylan Thomas. iPad synthesizer Matt Crocker (on \"Bones\" and the DVD's introduction video) Charts Singles chart Chart procession and succession References Hillsong United albums Live video albums 2012 live albums 2012 video albums es:Live in Miami (álbum de Hillsong United)",
"title": "Hillsong United: Live in Miami"
},
{
"docid": "2783625",
"text": "Miriam Webster is an Australian Pentecostal worship leader and contemporary singer/songwriter. She is most well known for her classical worship songs with Hillsong Music Australia. Miriam won A.C.E State Student music award as a teenager for singing at the convention in Queensland, Australia. While staying in Sydney in 1996 she joined her friend who attended Hills Christian Life Centre which is known today as Hillsong Church to go to a Friday night youth service. Miriam was asked to sing this night as they were looking for an item so she sang a song she had penned years before called 'Fall upon your knees'. She joined the worship team months later and from there she has led worship in services, rallies, connect groups and conferences. She has toured Australia, New Zealand, Asia and the United States, and recently released her solo album Made Me Glad. She served with the Hillsong Church in Sydney from 1996 to 2007 and was featured on numerous Hillsong Music praise-and-worship albums since 1997. Among her notable congregational songs are \"Dwelling Places\", \"Made Me Glad\", \"Welcome In This Place\" and \"You Are Faithful\". Webster also led worship with Steve Mcpherson and Darlene Zschech at the 25th Hillsong Conference Classic Medlies. List of songs by Webster It is He Most Holy Do what you say Til I see your face Fall upon your knees Angel of the Lord Dwelling Places You are faithful Made me glad Exceeding Joy What the Lord has done in me I will love The only name (co-write with Darlene Zschech) All you are (co-write with Jonas Myrin) Dedication Jesus won it all Welcome in this place Mercies Loving Kindness Praise Him Draw Near Marvelous Greater Never Alone Who will stand Glory to Jesus Loving Kindness Draw Near Love overflows Rescued me References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Australian women singers Australian gospel singers Australian Pentecostals Hillsong musicians",
"title": "Miriam Webster"
}
] | [
"Aryel Murphy"
] |
train_47506 | what was the last year hummer h2 was made | [
{
"docid": "14395",
"text": "Hummer (stylized in all caps) is a brand of pickups and SUVs first marketed in 1992 when AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee. Although discontinued in 2010, Hummer returned as a model under GMC in 2020. In 1998, General Motors (GM) purchased the brand name from AM General and marketed three vehicles: the original Hummer H1, based on the military Humvee, as well as the new H2 and H3 models that were based on smaller, civilian-market GM platforms. By 2008, Hummer's viability in the economic downturn was questioned. Rather than being transferred to the Motors Liquidation Company as part of the GM bankruptcy in 2009, the brand was retained by GM, to investigate its sale. No final deal was made, and in 2010, Hummer dealerships began shutting down. The nameplate returned to the marketplace for the 2022 model year, not as a separate make brand but as electric pickup truck and SUV models sold under the GMC brand as the \"GMC Hummer EV\". The pre-production versions of the EV began November 2021 after a $2.2 billion investment to build a variety of all-electric vehicles in GM's Detroit-Hamtramck assembly plant. History Origin AM General had planned to sell a civilian version of its Humvee as far back as the late 1980s. Having the same structure and most mechanical components, the civilian Hummers were finished in automotive gloss paint, adding passenger car enhancements such as air conditioning, sound insulation, upgraded upholstery, stereo systems, wood trim, and convenience packages. The civilian model began in part because of the persistence of Arnold Schwarzenegger, who saw an Army convoy while filming Kindergarten Cop in Oregon and began to campaign and lobby for a civilian version to be available on the market. In 1992, AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee vehicle to the public under the brand name \"Hummer\". The first two Hummer H1s to be sold were purchased by Schwarzenegger. GM purchase In December 1999, AM General sold the brand name to General Motors but continued to manufacture the vehicles. GM was responsible for the marketing and distribution of all civilian Hummers produced by AM General. Shortly thereafter, GM introduced two of its own design models, the H2 and H3, and renamed the original vehicle H1. AM General continued to build the H1 until it was discontinued in 2006 and was contracted by GM to produce the H2. The H3 was built in Shreveport, LA, alongside the Chevrolet Colorado and GMC Canyon pickups, with which it shared the GMT-355 platform (modified and designated GMT-345). Hummer dealership buildings featured an oversized half Quonset Hut style roof, themed to the Hummer brand's military origins. By 2006, the Hummer began to be exported and sold through importers and distributors in 33 countries. On October 10, 2006, GM began producing the Hummer H3 at its Port Elizabeth plant in South Africa for international markets. The Hummers built there at first were only left-hand drive, but right-hand drive versions were",
"title": "Hummer"
},
{
"docid": "895075",
"text": "The Hummer H2 is an full-size off-road sport utility vehicle (SUV) that was marketed by Hummer and built in the AM General facility under contract from General Motors from 2002 until 2009. It is based on a modified GMT820 GM three-quarter-ton pickup truck in the front and a half-ton 1500 frame in the rear. A four-door pickup truck version with a midgate that opens the vehicle's interior to the external cargo bed was introduced for the 2005 model year as the H2 SUT (sport utility truck). Background In 2001 and 2002, GM allowed journalists to examine early versions of the Hummer H2, which were still under development at the time. The H2 was built by AM General under contract with General Motors at AM General Commercial Assembly Plant in Mishawaka, Indiana. Features Standard Standard features include air conditioning with tri-zone climate controls, tilt leather-wrapped steering wheel with radio controls, cruise control, leather upholstery, heated front and rear seats, 8-way power front seats, dual memory system, BOSE premium sound system, single-CD/cassette player and later in 2004, a 6-disc CD changer, then in 2008, a single CD-player with MP3 capability, an auxiliary input jack and DVD player, outside-temperature indicator, compass, rear radio controls, independent front torsion bar suspension, rear 5-link coil spring suspension specially created for the H2, oversized tires with wheels scripted \"HUMMER\" on, universal garage door opener and remote engine start (2008–2009). Optional Options for the H2 include adjustable rear suspension (which is included within the Adventure Package), a wide power sunroof, rearview camera, DVD entertainment system, navigation system, ladder, custom grilles, side step bars, Air compressor with road assistance kit, and 20\" chrome wheels (slightly different from stock wheels). 2008 updates For 2008, the Hummer H2 and H2 SUT received an update. While largely unchanged on the exterior, the H2 and H2 SUT interiors were redesigned. This included a new instrument cluster with improved gauges and Driver Information Center (DIC) based on the higher-trim GMT900 trucks/SUVs, a new leather-wrapped steering wheel, three new radios with a Bose premium audio system and auxiliary audio inputs (including a new touchscreen GPS navigation radio with DVD audio and video playback while the transmission is in the park position, and XM Nav-Traffic capabilities), a new rear seat DVD entertainment system, Bluetooth hands-free calling capabilities, enhanced voice activation, new OnStar hardware with buttons moved from the rearview mirror to the overhead console, a lower dashboard-mounted radio, new dual-zone climate controls, new rear seat audio system controls, a new dash-mounted control knob for the 4X4 system to replace the old pushbutton controls, brushed aluminum interior trim panels, new interior color options, available remote engine start, and a center dashboard-mounted analog clock. Also for 2008, a new 6.2 L V8 gasoline engine replaced the previous 6.0 L, with a new 6L80-E six-speed automatic transmission, replacing the 4L65-E four-speed automatic. Hummer launched a special 2009 Black Chrome Limited Edition featuring a new paint color, Sedona Metallic. All Black Chrome editions also had Sedona interior, black chrome accents",
"title": "Hummer H2"
},
{
"docid": "12249136",
"text": "Unique Whips is an American reality television show that aired on the now-defunct Speed network from 2005 to 2008. It premiered on February 8, 2005, The show follows the work of Unique Autosports, based in Long Island, New York, as they customize celebrity automobiles. It was created and Produced by Steve Hillebrand and Corey Damsker of Hollywood East. The customization generally consists of car stereo, wheels, custom paint and interior work. Celebrities whose cars were featured on the show include P. Diddy, DJ Pauly D, Jeff Gordon, Tony Stewart, Pam Anderson, Patti LaBelle, 50 Cent, LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Marcus Camby, Fat Joe, and Tom Wolfe. Spinoffs and related works Unique Autosports: Miami ran on the Spike network for one season. On 2 February 2016, a sequel television series featuring Unique Autosports, Unique Rides, premiered on Discovery's Velocity (now Motor Trend) channel. The first episode featured Castro modifying a Cadillac Escalade for Jason Derulo. The series ran for 3 seasons. Celebrity rides P. Diddy - 2 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited B-Real – 2007 Nissan Pathfinder, 2007 Nissan Armada Pharrell Williams - 1998 Nissan Maxima, 1993 Toyota Supra, 1994 BMW 3 Series 1988 Hyundai Excel Sedan LeBron James - 2003 Hummer H2, Ferrari F430 Orlando Brown - 1996 Chevrolet Impala SS, 2007 Ford F-650 50 Cent - 2007 Lamborghini Murcielago Roadster, 2006 Rolls-Royce Phantom, 2005 Chrysler 300C, 2008 Pontiac G8 Chi-Ali - 2004 Nissan Altima, 2009 Chevrolet Impala, 1995 Ford Mustang Coupe, 2003 Hummer H2, 2000 Toyota Camry, 1997 Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition Lloyd Banks - 1972 Chevrolet Impala, 2006 Bentley Continental, Bulletproof SUV, 2003 Hummer H2 KRS-One - Chevrolet Monte Carlo Stock Car Jadakiss - 2004 Range Rover, 2005 Chevrolet Corvette, 2004 Mercedes-Benz S-Class, 2005 Cadillac XLR, GMC Yukon Denali, 2003 Cadillac Escalade, 1997 Chevrolet Tahoe Fat Joe - 2005 Bentley Continental Dewayne Robertson - Dodge Charger SRT8, Land Rover Range Rover, Cadillac Escalade, Hummer H2 Al Harrington - 2007 Cadillac Escalade, Bentley Continental GT Busta Rhymes - Rolls-Royce Phantom, 1997 Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition, Lamborghini Diablo, 1988 Chevrolet Caprice Queen Latifah - Lamborghini Murcielago, 1984 Cadillac Hearse, 1973 Chevrolet Impala Convertible Mike McGlone - 2006 Chevrolet Impala, 1995 Cadillac Fleetwood Carmelo Anthony - Lincoln Continental Timbaland - 2002 Porsche Cayenne Charles Barkley - Ferrari 458 Spider, Jaguar XJ220, Hummer H1, Aston Martin Vanquish, Lamborghini Gallardo Tony Yayo - 2003 Hummer H2, Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class Young Buck - 2003 BMW 760li The Game - 2003 Cadillac Escalade Jerricho Cotchery - Bentley Continental Flying Spur Gary Sheffield - Cadillac Escalade Marcus Camby - Hummer H2, Corvette Marcus Banks - Land Rover Range Rover, BMW 745i Byron Leftwich - 1967 Lincoln Continental Convertible Jason Giambi - Cadillac Escalade Nelly - Bentley Continental GT Ruben Sierra - Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition truck GZA - Dodge Magnum Patti LaBelle - Mercedes Benz CLS 55 Barry Gardner - Mercedes Benz CLS 55 Wyclef Jean - 1994 BMW 5-Series, 1988 Chevrolet Caprice Sedan, 1992 Honda Civic Sedan Jennifer Capriati - 2005 Range Rover Robinson Cano",
"title": "Unique Whips"
},
{
"docid": "4531530",
"text": "Hummer is a sub-brand and then-division of General Motors. Hummer may also refer to: Vehicles Humvee, a military vehicle Hummer H1, a civilian version of the Humvee Hummer H2, other vehicle of the Hummer brand Hummer H3, other vehicle of the Hummer brand Harley-Davidson Hummer, a motorcycle E-2 Hawkeye, an aircraft Music The Hummer, a 2006 album by Devin Townsend \"Hummer\" (Foals song), a 2007 single Hummer, another name for the Corrugaphone A song by Smashing Pumpkins on the album Siamese Dream Other meanings Hummer (surname) Hummingbird, a bird Hummer (cocktail), a boozy milkshake made with vodka Hummer (1997 video game), a 1990s Sega arcade video game Hummer (2009 video game), a 2009 Sega arcade game A person or thing that hums A slang term for fellatio See also Hammer (disambiguation)",
"title": "Hummer (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "1633865",
"text": "The Hummer H3 is an off-road vehicle that was produced from 2005 to 2010 by General Motors. The smallest model of the Hummer lineup, it was offered as a 5-door SUV or a 4-door pickup truck known as the H3T. Unlike the larger H1 and H2 models, the H3 was not developed by AM General. It was introduced for the 2006 model year, based on a modified GMT355 that underpinned the Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon compact pickup trucks that were also built at GM's Shreveport Operations in Shreveport, Louisiana and the Port Elizabeth plant in South Africa. While mechanically related to the Colorado and Canyon, GM claims they share only 10% of their components, with the chassis modified and reinforced for heavy off-road duties. Powertrains The H3 was launched with a 3.5 liter straight-5 cylinder L52 engine that produced and of torque and was mated to a standard five-speed Aisin AR5 manual transmission or an optional Hydra-Matic 4L60-E four-speed automatic transmission. In 2007 this engine was replaced by the 3.7 liter LLR that produced and of torque, figures that were revised in 2009 to and . Under revised EPA testing standards when equipped with either transmission this straight-5 engine achieved in the city and on the highway with a combined average of . Available solely with the 4L60-E automatic transmission, a 5.3 liter LH8 V8 engine producing and of torque was added in 2008 for the Alpha model. The V8 version had lower fuel economy, estimated at in the city, on the highway, with a combined average of . In 2007, a H3X edition was added. It included the luxury package, 18-inch chrome wheels with unique center caps, chrome trim, chrome tube steps, a body-colored grille and a hard tire cover. The H3X also came with exclusive colors of Sonoma Red Metallic or Desert Orange Metallic. Capabilities The H3 featured a two-speed, electronically controlled full-time four-wheel drive system that made it for both on-road and off-road driving. An electronic locking rear differential was optional, with a locking front differential also becoming an option on later models. Like the Hummer H2, the H3 can ford of water (tested in depths up to ) at a speed of and of water at a speed of . Standard ground clearance with the 31-inch tires was while the approach, departure, and breakover angles were 37.4°, 34.7°, and 22.1° respectively, allowing the H3 to scale a vertical wall and negotiate grades of 60% and side slopes of 40%. Front and rear recovery hooks were standard, with an optional trailer hitch and wiring harness. The H3 features a traction control that can use the brakes independently to stop wheelspin and improve traction while adjusting to road conditions. It is also equipped with Stabilitrak stability control and ABS with variable brake force distribution assist. The optional Adventure or Off Road package included 33-inch tires, off-road shocks, differential lockers and 4:1 low range gearing. These upgrades increased ground clearance, suspension articulation, approach and departure angles, and increased the H3's",
"title": "Hummer H3"
},
{
"docid": "1507664",
"text": "GMT (General Motors Truck) is a nomenclature used by General Motors to designate multiple vehicle platforms. In use since the early 1980s, the GMT nomenclature is used for light trucks, full-size SUVs, and vans, along with several medium-duty trucks. With only a few exceptions, nearly all GMT vehicles use body-on-frame construction, along with rear-wheel drive (or all-wheel drive) powertrain configurations. Primary applications Primary applications of the platform – those that are equivalent in basic RWD/frame structure to each other – existed from 1981 to 1989, and again since 2018. Light trucks and SUVs Pickups and SUVs have been the main vehicles underpinned by GMT platforms, being involved for the entirety of the platform's existence. Fullsize GMT400 – Chevrolet C/K and variants, 1988 – 2002 GMT800 – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 1999 – 2007 GMT900 – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2007 – 2014 GMTK2XX – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2014 – 2019 GMTT1XX – Chevrolet Silverado and variants, 2019–present Midsize GMT325 – Chevrolet S-10 and truck rebadgings, 1982 – 2012 GMT330 – Chevrolet S-10 Blazer and SUV rebadgings, 1983 – 2012 GMT355 – First-gen. Chevrolet Colorado and truck rebadgings, 2004 – 2012 GMT360 – Chevrolet TrailBlazer and rebadgings, 2002 – 2009 GMT700, later GMT31XX – Second-gen. Chevrolet Colorado, 2012–present GMT700, later GMT31XX – Second-gen. Chevrolet TrailBlazer SUV, 2012–present Hummer In contrast to the Hummer H1–designed and assembled by AM General, the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3 were developed by GM, receiving their own platform designations. Designated the GMT825, the H2 was derived from the GMT820 (Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon), with its own midsection frame design and a rear frame shared with the 2500-series GMT800 pickup trucks. The H3 SUV was designated the GMT345, a close variant of the GMT355 (Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon). The 2009-2010 H3T pickup truck was designated as the GMT745, adopting a nomenclature closer in line with the GMT700 used by the later second-generation Colorado/Canyon. Vans The 1996 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana replaced the previous G-series Van/Vandura, adopting the GMT600 designation. As part of a model update and revision for 2003, GM changed the Express/Savana to GMT610, which remains in use, the model line competes with the Ford Transit, and Ford E-Series (dependent on configuration), Mercedes-Benz/Freightliner Sprinter, Dodge Ram Wagon, and the Ram ProMaster (cargo van only). Medium trucks For 1990, the Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC TopKick medium-duty trucks adopted the GMT530 designation (sharing the cab of the GMT400 trucks). For 2003, the line was redesigned, becoming the GMT560 platform (sharing a version of the GMT610 cab). After the 2009 model year, General Motors ended medium-duty truck production. Since 2018, a medium-duty version of the GMTK2XX has been produced in a joint venture with Navistar International. Other applications While the aforementioned platforms are the ones model commonly referred to as GMT platforms, there have been other instances of the name being applied which are not for RWD and/or body-on-frame vehicles. MPVs For 1990, GM unveiled its first minivans, all of which were underpinned by the first generation of the U platform. This platform",
"title": "General Motors GMT platform"
},
{
"docid": "177390",
"text": "AM General is an American heavy vehicle and contract automotive manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana. It is best known for the civilian Hummer and the military Humvee that are assembled in Mishawaka, Indiana. For a relatively brief period, 1974–1979, the company also manufactured transit buses, making more than 5,400 of them. Corporate history AM General traces its roots to the Standard Wheel Company of Terre Haute, Indiana, which expanded in 1903 to include the Overland Automotive Division. In 1908, John North Willys purchased the Overland company, then based in Indianapolis, Indiana, and renamed it Willys-Overland Motors. In the 1940s, as Willys, it collaborated with Ford to develop a vehicle to US Army specifications. It then mass-produced that vehicle as \"America's first four-wheel-drive, one-fourth-ton, tactical utility truck\"—the Jeep of World War II fame. In 1953, Kaiser Motors purchased Willys-Overland, changing its name first to Kaiser-Willys Motor Company, and in 1963, to Kaiser-Jeep Corporation. In 1970, it was purchased by American Motors Corporation (AMC). In July 2020, KPS Capital Partners acquired the company. Defense and Government Products Division In 1964, Kaiser-Jeep purchased the Studebaker facilities on Chippewa Avenue in South Bend, Indiana, which included Studebaker's \"General Products Division\", along with its substantial defense contracts. At the time, Kaiser had been awarded a US$87 million Army truck contract, and under government pressure, agreed to perform the work at the South Bend plant it had recently acquired from Studebaker. American Motors American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased the Jeep Corporation from Kaiser in 1970 when Kaiser decided to leave the auto business. In 1971, AMC made the General Products Division of Jeep (producing military trucks as well as contract and non-commercial vehicles) a wholly owned subsidiary and renamed it AM General Corporation. American Motors ceased to function as an independent automaker in 1982 when a controlling interest was purchased by Renault. US government regulations at that time forbade ownership of defense contractors by foreign governments—and Renault was partially owned by the French government. LTV Corporation In 1983, LTV Corporation bought AM General and established it as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1984, its headquarters moved from the American Motors AMTEK Building in Detroit, Michigan, to Livonia, Michigan, and two years later to South Bend, Indiana, where primary manufacturing operations were located. Renco Group In 1992, AM General was sold to Renco Group, which in 2002 converted it to a limited liability company. Hummer brand In 1984 AM General built a separate factory at 13200 McKinley Hwy in Mishawaka for HMMWV production. In 1992 AM General began marketing the HMMWV to the civilian market under the Hummer brand. In 1999, GM acquired the rights to the brand and continued production of the original civilian Hummer as the H1 until June 2006. The Hummer H2 went on the market in 2002, and was produced until January 2009. It was designed and marketed by GM, but manufactured by AM General at the Mishawaka plant. AM General did not build the H3 model. GM was sued early in",
"title": "AM General"
},
{
"docid": "1693069",
"text": "H2, H02, or H-2 may refer to: Arts and media Armenia 2 (H2), a private television company broadcasting in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh H2 (A&E Networks), the rebranded name of the former channel History International H2 (American TV channel), the American version of the channel H2 (manga), a baseball manga by Mitsuru Adachi Halo 2, a video game for the Xbox, created and developed by Bungie Halloween II (2009 film), initially abbreviated to H2 Hollywood Squares, referred to as H2 informally during the 2002–2004 seasons Computing , level 2 heading markup for HTML Web pages, see HTML element#heading H2 (database), an open-source Java SQL database-management system DSC-H2, a 2006 Sony Cyber-shot H series camera HTTP/2, major revision of HTTP, often abbreviated in discussions as h2, and identifying itself to other servers as h2 in TLS negotiation or h2c in the HTTP Upgrade header LGA 1155 CPU socket, also known as Socket H2 Roads and transportation Interstate H-2, a highway in Hawaii, located on the island of Oahu London Buses route H2 Science and mathematics Biology and medicine ATC code H02 Corticosteroids for systemic use, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System British NVC community H2, a heath community in the British National Vegetation Classification system Histamine H2 receptor Prostaglandin H2 H-2, the Major histocompatibility complex of the mouse (equivalent of the Human Leukocyte Antigens) or , wide- or narrow-sense heritability Chemistry H2, the chemical formula for hydrogen gas (dihydrogen) Deuterium (Hydrogen-2, H-2, 2H), the isotope of hydrogen with one proton, one neutron, and one electron Other uses in science and mathematics H II region, a region of interstellar atomic hydrogen that is ionized , one of the three laryngeals in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language The Hardy space H2 Vehicles Air and space H-II, a family of Japanese liquid-fueled rockets H-IIA H-IIB H-II Transfer Vehicle, a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency uncrewed spacecraft H-2 MUPSOW, a precision-guided glide bomb manufactured by Pakistan Landgraf H-2, an American single-seat twin-rotor helicopter produced in 1944 Standard H-2, a U.S. Army reconnaissance plane produced in 1916 Automobiles Haval H2, a Chinese subcompact SUV Hummer H2, an American full-size SUV Motorcycles Kawasaki H2 Mach IV, 1970s two-stroke motorcycle Kawasaki Ninja H2, 2010s supercharged motorcycle Rail LB&SCR H2 class, a British LB&SCR locomotive GNR Class H2, a class of British steam locomotives LNER Class H2, a class of British steam locomotives H02 locomotive (Germany), a high-pressure steam locomotive made in 1930 Saxon XII H2, a German steam locomotive produced in 1922 PRR H2, a model within the American PRR locomotive classification H2, designation for METRORail Siemens S70 light rail vehicles Sea HMAS Success (H02), a Royal Australian Navy Admiralty S-class destroyer completed in 1918 HMS Exmouth (H02), a British Royal Navy E-class destroyer commissioned in 1934 HMS H2, a British Royal Navy H class submarine commissioned in 1915 USS H-2 (SS-29), a U.S. Navy H-class submarine commissioned in 1913 Other uses H-2 Air Base, a military air base in Iraq H2 (classification), a para-cycling classification H-2A Visa,",
"title": "H2"
},
{
"docid": "23291693",
"text": "\"Riverside\" is a house song released by Dutch DJ Sidney Samson. The \"Riverside, motherfucker!\" proclamation is the voice of Tupac Shakur sampled from the film Juice (playtime 1:10:25). The song is often censored during prime time, to avoid causing offence. A vocal mix has been made featuring Wizard Sleeve, released in the UK on 4 January 2010. The song name has been changed to \"Riverside (Let's Go!)\". Many British radio stations, including BBC Radio 1, added \"Riverside\" to their playlists, and as such the single received a high amount of radio play throughout December 2009 and January 2010, in preparation for the single's release. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 2 on 10 January 2010. In January 2018, Samson collaborated with Tujamo to release a new version of the song titled \"Riverside (Reloaded)\". Later in the same year, Samson also partnered with Oliver Heldens to release another remake titled \"Riverside 2099\". Music video Released May 2009, the music video features two children who have been hired by 'The Godfather' to collect a package of lollipops from two women. After delivering the goods two lollipops short, 'The Godfather' chases the younger child through the streets, as one of the children sticks 'Riverside' stickers onto various items and eventually slaps a sticker on Sidney himself. The video ends with 'The Godfather' being hit by a Hummer H2. It was filmed on location in Arnhem, the Netherlands. This is visible as there is a fire hose marked 'brandslang' during the indoor chase scene, the cars have Dutch license plates and the clip shows a Dutch Police officer. Finally, at some point in the video clip, the chase takes place on the platform of train station Arnhem Presikhaaf. An additional music video has been made for the Wizard Sleeve version, which was directed by James Copeman. It features on screen painting of people and models walking with paintbrushes. Wizard Sleeve and Sidney Samson are seen holding pictures and then the camera goes into that picture to reveal the model walking with Sidney Samson rapping in a painting behind her. It later has scenes with him and another model rapping. Track listing \"Riverside\" (Explicit Edit) – 3:24 \"Riverside\" (Afrojack Remix) – 5:31 \"Riverside\" (Warren Clarke Remix) – 6:54 \"Riverside (Let's Go!)\" (Dirty Extended Vocal Mix) – 5:09 \"Riverside (Let's Go!)\" (Breakage Remix) – 4:11 Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts Original version Remix featuring Wizard Sleeve Certifications Release history References 2009 songs 2009 singles 2010 singles Data Records singles Number-one singles in Scotland",
"title": "Riverside (song)"
},
{
"docid": "38164675",
"text": "Ian MacDonald Hummer (born August 23, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for Osaka Evessa of the Japanese B.League. He has previously played professionally in countries such as Turkey, Russia, France (Monaco), Germany and Finland. He is from Vienna, Virginia and played college basketball for the Princeton Tigers. He was the 2009 The Washington Post Boys basketball Player of the Year for Gonzaga College High School as a senior in high school and the 2013 Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year as a senior in college for Princeton. At Princeton, he is the second leading scorer (behind Bill Bradley) and fifth leading rebounder in program history. He led the team to three postseason tournaments and the 2010–11 Ivy League Championship. He holds the Ivy League record for most single-season and career Player of the Week Awards. He earned Associated Press 2013 All-American honorable mention recognition. Both his father, Ed, and uncle, John, are distinguished former Princeton Tigers men's basketball players. His 2008 Gonzaga team won the District of Columbia championships throughout his junior year. Background Hummer played for Gonzaga College High School of the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference (WCAC). He joined the starting lineup for the final two months of his sophomore season. Hummer was a second team 2007–08 All-Metro DC selection by The Washington Post as Gonzaga finished as the top-ranked school in the Metro area during his junior year. The team's point guard was sophomore Tyler Thornton. Hummer scored 16 points and added 14 rebounds in the 2008 city championship game victory against Theodore Roosevelt High School. He was a 2008–09 All-Metro DC selection and Boys basketball Player of the Year by The Washington Post. Hummer scored a career-high 32 points and added 15 rebounds against DeMatha Catholic High School on January 21, 2009. His performance earned him recognition by ESPN RISE as its ESPN RISE National Boys Basketball Player of the Week. The team's success over #15-ranked Dematha propelled it from 43 to 13 in the national rankings. However, Gonzaga lost the 2009 WCAC championship by a 62–61 margin on a last second shot to DeMatha despite 18 points and 10 rebounds by Hummer. Hummer was selected to play in the 2009 Capital Classic. Hummer was a back to the basket player who generally defended opposing high school centers. He had an underdeveloped face-up game yet he was undersized to play that style of game in power conferences. Power conference schools questioned how much potential he had in a league where his low post skills would likely be defended by larger, stronger and/or more athletic players who relegated him to perimeter play. When Princeton head coach Sydney Johnson recruited him, the only competition was mid-major schools and Hummer was not interested in any of them. During his campus visit with his father at his brother Alex's (Princeton Class of 2011) dorm room, he decided at midnight to go hang out at Dan Mavraides room across campus, signalling to his father that he was pretty",
"title": "Ian Hummer"
},
{
"docid": "9927380",
"text": "Rod Hall (born — died June 14, 2019) was an American professional off-road racer. He was inducted in the Off-road Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2005. He has spent his entire adult life around four-wheel-drive vehicles. He competed in fifty straight Baja 1000 races and had class wins in 25 of them. At his death, he had the most desert off-road race wins. Racing career His racing career began in the 1960s, when organized off-road competition was just beginning. Traveling from his Hemet, California, home to races in the Rocky Mountains and desert Southwest, Hall quickly earned a reputation for going faster than other competitors – and surviving races with less vehicle damage. He won the 1964 Afton Canyon Jeep Junket near Riverside, California, in what may have been one of the first organized off-road races in the United States. As the popularity of organized off-road racing mushroomed in the late-1960s, so did Hall's success behind the wheel. In 1967 he won the inaugural NORRA Mexican 1000 Rally (the race now known as the SCORE International Baja 1000). He won the overall Baja 1000 race in 1969. As of 2016, Hall was the only racer to have competed in every Baja 1000 in a four-wheeled vehicle. He raced in the first fifty Baja 1000 races with his final start in 2017 when he was nearly 80 years old. Hall remains the only driver to win Baja overall in a four-wheel-drive vehicle. He has accumulated over 160 major event wins and more than a dozen SCORE/HDRA & Best in the Desert (BitD) championship titles. His string of 35 consecutive race wins in the early 1980s remains the longest unbroken string of race victories in off-road racing history. Hummer Hall switched to Hummer in 1993. In addition to being the owner of Team HUMMER, Hall is partner with Mike Winkel in Reno's Rod Hall/Winkel HUMMER. His franchise was the first stand-alone Hummer dealership in the country. Hall regularly conducted BF Goodrich tire seminars, HUMMER Happenings for dealerships and corporate excursions in HUMMER vehicles. Hall is the driver of the new Hummer H3 SUV race truck, which debuted in the 2005 BitD “Vegas to Reno” competition and helped Hall earn his record 18th Baja 1000 victory in November 2005. Hall retired the Hummer race team from full race series action in 2009, but continues to field a Hummer entry at the Baja 1000. Hall captured his record-breaking 19th, 20th and 21st Baja 1000 class wins in his H3 in 2007, 2009 & 2012. Hall switched to helping to train drivers though his Rod Hall DRIVE program. The Rod Hall DRIVE off-road driving school was located at the Wild West Motorsports Park in Reno, Nevada. Driving style On a SCORE video, Hall described his driving style, \"I was never a fast guy, and I was never the first guy to the first checkpoint. But I did learn that you don’t go any slower than you have to in the rough stuff, maybe you can",
"title": "Rod Hall (racer)"
},
{
"docid": "21835208",
"text": "Zombieland is a 2009 American post-apocalyptic zombie comedy film directed by Ruben Fleischer (in his theatrical debut) and written by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick. It stars Woody Harrelson, Jesse Eisenberg, Emma Stone, Abigail Breslin, and Bill Murray. In the film, Tallahassee (Harrelson), Columbus (Eisenberg), Wichita (Stone), and Little Rock (Breslin) make their way on an extended crosscountry road trip to find a sanctuary free from zombies. Development for Zombieland began in 2005, when Reese and Wernick originally wrote the film as a spec script for a television pilot. Fleischer helped develop the teleplay into a screenplay for a self-contained feature. Tony Gardner was hired as the film's special effects makeup designer, which primarily features physical prosthetics to create the look of the zombies. Principal photography for the film began in February 2009 and lasted until that March, with filming locations including Hollywood, Atlanta, and in and around Georgia. Some of the film's scenes contained improvisation by the actors. Zombieland premiered at Fantastic Fest in Austin on September 25, 2009, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 2, by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film received positive critical reception, with praise for its screenplay, dialogue, comedy, and cast performances (especially Murray's). It grossed $102 million worldwide, becoming the then-highest grossing zombie film in the U.S. until the release of World War Z (2013), and $54 million in home sales. A sequel, Zombieland: Double Tap, was released in October 2019. Plot Two months since a strain of mad cow disease mutated to become infectious to humans and turn them into zombies, survivors of the epidemic are advised to use their city of origin as nicknames when meeting other survivors, so as to not get too attached to them and protect themselves. Columbus, a former college student with a unique set of zombie survival rules, travels from Austin, Texas, towards Columbus, Ohio, to search for his parents. On the way, he meets Tallahassee, who somewhat reluctantly agrees to give Columbus a ride towards Ohio. On the way, he mentions to Columbus that he misses his puppy, Buck, who was killed by zombies. The pair meet con artist sisters Wichita and Little Rock, who trick Tallahassee and Columbus and steal their weapons and Escalade after Little Rock feigns being bitten by a zombie. The two men find a yellow Hummer H2 loaded with weapons and continue on before running into another trap set by the girls, who take them hostage. Tallahassee steals his gun back and has a stand-off with Wichita, until Columbus intervenes saying that they have bigger problems to worry about, resulting in an uneasy truce between them. The sisters reveal they are going to the Pacific Playland amusement park in Los Angeles, an area supposedly free of zombies. After learning his hometown has been destroyed, and his parents likely killed, Columbus and Tallahassee decide to accompany them to the amusement park. When the group reach Hollywood, Tallahassee directs them to Bill Murray's house. Tallahassee and Wichita meet Murray,",
"title": "Zombieland"
},
{
"docid": "26689927",
"text": "John Hummer (born May 4, 1948) is an American venture capitalist and retired professional basketball player who was an original member of the Buffalo Braves after starring for the Princeton Tigers men's basketball team. He also led his high school to the 1966 Virginia State 1A championship and helped Princeton earn a 1967–68 co-Ivy League Championship as well as a 1968–69 outright Ivy League Championship. Over the course of his basketball career, he was coached by four National Basketball Hall of Fame members. In college, Hummer was a three-time All-Ivy League selection (first-team: 1969 and 1970, second team: 1968). He played for two Ivy League champion teams and served as team captain as a senior. He was a part of the first of head coach Pete Carril's thirteen Ivy League champions (1968), eleven NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament teams (1969) and three undefeated conference champions (1969). Although Hummer set no statistical records, his name continues to be ranked high in the Princeton record book by many statistical measures. He played six seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Braves, Chicago Bulls and Seattle SuperSonics. He was the 15th overall selection in the 1970 NBA draft and the first draft choice in the history of the Braves franchise. As a Braves draft choice, he was a somewhat controversial pick in a draft year with two All-American local products available. During his NBA career, he played for Hall of Famers Dolph Schayes, Bill Russell and Jack Ramsay. After his professional basketball career ended, he went to Stanford University to get an MBA in 1980. In 1989, Ann Winblad and he founded Hummer Winblad Venture Partners, a venture capital firm focusing on software companies. Amateur career Hummer attended Washington-Lee High School in Arlington, Virginia. Following in the footsteps of his brother Ed Hummer, he led W-L to the 1966 Virginia 1A state title as a high school senior. Ed had led the team to the 1962 and 1963 titles. His nephew (Ed's son Ian) was a freshman on the 2009–10 Princeton team. In Hummer's sophomore season at Princeton, the team was co-champion of the Ivy League with a 20–6 (12–3 Ivy) record. Despite the fact that Princeton had three of the five first-team All-Ivy team members, plus second-team member Hummer, they lost the one-game league playoff to the Jim McMillian-led 1968 Columbia Lions. That year the team rose to as high as 8th in the AP Poll. This was the first of thirteen Ivy League championships for head coach Pete Carril. The following season, the team accumulated a 19–7 (14–0) record and participated in the 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. They lost to St. John's in the tournament, but Hummer was joined by Geoff Petrie on the first-team All-Ivy squad. This was the first of eleven NCAA tournament appearance for Carril. It was also the first of three 14–0 conference champions for Carril. As a senior, Hummer was first-team All-Ivy, but the Tigers placed third in the conference",
"title": "John Hummer"
},
{
"docid": "45565179",
"text": "The Robert Award for Best Visual Effects () is one of the merit awards presented by the Danish Film Academy at the annual Robert Awards ceremony. The award has been handed out since 1984, although numerous years in the 1980s and 1990s saw no honorees. Between 1984 and 2013 the award was given as the Robert Award for Best Special Effects (Robert Prisen for årets special effects), and since 2014 as the Robert Award for Best Visual Effects (Robert Prisen for årets visuelle effekter). Honorees 1980s 1984: Eg Norre – 1985: – The Element of Crime 1986: Peter Høimark and – 1987: Stig Sparre-Ulrich and Niels Arnt Torp – Barndommens gade 1988: Not awarded 1989: Not awarded 1990s 1990: Not awarded 1991: Not awarded 1992: Hummer Højmark, Morten Jacobsen and Kaj Grönberg – Europa 1993: Not awarded 1994: Not awarded 1995: Not awarded 1996: Not awarded 1997: Not awarded 1998: Not awarded 1999: Hans Peter Ludvigsen – 2000s 2000: Hummer Højmark – I Kina spiser de hunde 2001: Thomas Borch Nielsen – 2002: Hummer Højmark, Steen Lyders, and Kris Kolodziejski – 2003: Jonas Wagner, Morten Lynge, Niels Valentin Dal and Hummer Højmark – Klatretøsen 2004: Peter Hjorth – It's All About Love 2005: Daniel Silwerfeldt and Thomas Borch Nielsen – 2006: Peter Hjort, Hummer Højmark, and Lars K. Andersen – Adam's Apples 2007: Thomas Dyg – Tempelriddernes skat 2008: Hummer Højmark and Jeppe Nygaard Christensen – Island of Lost Souls 2009: Hummer Højmark, Jonas Drehn, and Thomas Busk – Flammen og Citronen 2010s 2010: Peter Hjorth and Ota Bares – Antichrist 2011: Morten Jacobsen and Thomas Foldberg – R 2012: Hummer Højmark and Peter Hjort – Melancholia 2013: Jeppe Nygaard Christensen, Esben Syberg, and Rikke Hovgaard Jørgensen – En kongelig affære 2014: Hummer Højmark, Rikke Gjerløv Hansen, Thomas Øhlenschlæger, and Jeppe Nygaard Christensen – 2015: Peter Hjorth – Nymphomaniac Director's Cut References External links 1984 establishments in Denmark Awards established in 1984 Film awards for Best Visual Effects Visual Effects",
"title": "Robert Award for Best Visual Effects"
},
{
"docid": "23447417",
"text": "Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots is an action-adventure video game based on the 2009 live action film Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. It is the Nintendo DS port of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, but follows a different storyline and focuses exclusively on the Autobots. It was developed by Vicarious Visions alongside Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons, which follows the Decepticons; the two games share some basic similarities, but overall feature different characters, missions and locations. Both games were published by Activision in June 2009, and received mixed reviews. Gameplay As with Transformers: The Game, the DS version of Revenge of the Fallen splits the Autobot and Decepticon campaigns into two different games. The two games feature 25 missions in total, and the ability to battle friends via the handheld's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Similar to Transformers Autobots, players must customize their own Transformer, known as \"Create-A-Bot\", who can be furthered customized during the game using parts found in missions. The difference between this game and its predecessors is that while scanning a vehicle to choose an alternate form, players are limited to \"light\" vehicles, which are fast but weak, \"medium\" vehicles, which are fast and strong, and \"heavy\" vehicles, which are strong but slow, and the protoform can't scan another vehicle once one has been already chosen. Another addition is that multiple weapons, armor and upgrades can be found throughout the game. Synopsis Characters Similar to the first set of Transformers games for the DS, the player gets to create their own character which they play as throughout the campaign. Many of the main Transformers from the movie appear throughout the story to aid the player, and several are available to play as in challenges. Create-A-Bot: The player character, who is depicted as a Transformer having just recently arrived on Earth and joined the Autobots, seeking to impress his superiors. Optimus Prime (voiced by Peter Cullen): The heroic, wise, and inspiring leader of the Autobots, who transforms into a Peterbilt 379 semi-truck. He is playable in the tutorial and challenge missions. Jetfire (voiced by Clive Revill): An old Transformer and former Decepticon, who defected to the Autobots. He can transform into a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Though unplayable, he is featured in a few missions in the game. Bumblebee (voiced by Mark Ryan): An Autobot recon officer and scout, who transforms into a fifth-generation Chevrolet Camaro. He is only playable in challenge missions. Ratchet (voiced by Robert Foxworth): The Autobots' medical officer, who transforms into a Search and Rescue Hummer H2. Though unplayable, he makes several appearances throughout the game, and gives the player useful hints. Ironhide (voiced by Jess Harnell): The Autobots' weapon specialist, who transforms into a GMC Topkick pickup truck. Though unplayable, he is featured in several story and challenge missions. Sideswipe: An Autobot soldier and a relatively recent addition to the team. He transforms into a Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Concept, and is only playable in challenge missions. Breakaway: An Aerialbot who can transform into a",
"title": "Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "18913191",
"text": "Craig B. Hummer (born May 20, 1965) is an American sportscaster. He is best known for his coverage of the Tour de France, Olympic Games, and Professional Bull Riders (PBR) events. Hummer is a former competitive ocean swimmer and lifeguard. Hummer won 39 national championship titles, including 7 years as International Ironman. Early life and education Hummer was born in Akron, Ohio on May 20, 1965. He was a swimmer at Thomas Worthington High School, where he swam All-American times in three events. Hummer received an academic scholarship to attend Kenyon College, and earned 17 All-American titles in the school's NCAA Division III program. He went on to become a surf racer. Career Swimming After graduation, Hummer applied to be a Los Angeles County lifeguard. In 1987, he won his first national title at a lifeguard competition in Hawaii. In 1988, Hummer made the US team that traveled to the World Championships in Australia. In 1989, Hummer was the U.S. Ocean Ironman Champion for the first time. He has been the U.S. Ocean Ironman Champion seven times. starting in 1989. In 1990, he participated in a single race for the Uncle Toby's Super Series, which was held in Hawaii, and was invited to compete in the series in Australia. In 1990 he won the three-day United States Lifesaving Association (USLA). That year, he went to Australia to participate in Uncle Toby's Super Series where top ranked lifeguards travel the continent competing. Hummer was the first American invited to participate in this event. He competed annually in Australia for four years, and was voted Most Improved in 1993. In his last year participating in Uncle Toby's Super Series, he took 9th place. He won the USLA championship again in 1991, and in 1992, he won 7 events at the U.S. Lifesaving Association National Championships, and 8 events in 1993. Hummer won six consecutive series title in the Bud Light Ocean Festival Series. Hummer finished second in the Outrigger's Waikiki King's Race, part of Outrigger Hotel's Hawaiian OceanFest, in 1991. He won the competition the next four consecutive years. He also won the U.S. Surf Lifesaving Championship six times. Hummer was emcee of the National Lifeguard Championships in 1996. In 1997, Hummer hosted the Wakiki King's race and was a commentator on the Fox Sports' Association of Volleyball Professionals series. He also commentated the Oceanman World Tour. He has appeared on Family Feud with the Los Angeles County Lifeguards. Hummer has also done ads for Gatorade, Carl's Jr, Ford, and Dr. Pepper. Hummer has also appeared on Baywatch, Late Show with David Letterman, The Golden Girls. and NBC's Today Show. Broadcasting Hummer has commentated on over 40 different sports. Hummer first pursued a broadcasting career in 1996. He briefly worked for TVG Network, a horse racing network. Hummer became part of the Universal Sports Network when it was still the World Championship Sports Network. In 2003, he worked on the series Global Extremes for OLN. The Global Extremes finale followed a group",
"title": "Craig Hummer"
},
{
"docid": "26728952",
"text": "The 1968–69 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team represented the Princeton University in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1968–69 NCAA University Division men's basketball season. The head coach was Pete Carril and the team captain was Christopher Thomforde. The team played its home games in the Dillon Gymnasium on the university campus before the January 25, 1969, opening of Jadwin Gymnasium on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey. The team was the champion of the Ivy League, which earned them an invitation to the 25-team 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. The team was Princeton's first undefeated Ivy League champion, and earned Carril his first of eleven NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament invitations. The team helped Princeton end the decade with a 72.6 winning percentage (188–71), which was the tenth best in the nation. During the regular season, the team played a few of the teams that would eventually participate in the 25-team NCAA tournament: they opened their season against the and later played two of the eventual final four participants (the UCLA Bruins and North Carolina Tar Heels) in the ECAC Holiday Classic at Madison Square Garden in New York City in late December 1968. The team posted a 19–7 overall record and a 14–0 conference record. The team entered the tournament riding an eleven-game winning streak and having won fifteen of their last sixteen games, but they lost their March 8, 1969 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament East Regional first-round game against the St. John's Redmen 72–63 at Reynolds Coliseum in Raleigh, North Carolina. Both John Hummer and Geoff Petrie were selected to the All-Ivy League first team. Petrie, who led the conference in scoring with a 23.9 average in conference games, was also an All-East selection. Thomforde was selected in the 1969 NBA draft by the New York Knicks with the 96th overall selection in the 7th round. Hummer led the conference in field goal percentage with 55.4%. Petrie and Hummer would become the only Tiger teammates to both be drafted in the first round of the NBA draft (in the same draft no less) when they were selected eighth and fifteenth overall in the 1970 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers and the Buffalo Braves. The two were part of a trio of 1970 NBA first-round draftees from the Ivy League that included number thirteen selection Jim McMillian of Columbia. Hummer was the first NBA draft pick by the expansion Buffalo Braves. Petrie would share the 1971 NBA Rookie of the Year Award with Dave Cowens. Brian Taylor was selected in the 1972 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 23rd overall selection in the second round while Reggie Bird was selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the 55th overall selection in the fourth round. Schedule and results The team posted a 19–7 (14–0 Ivy League) record. |- !colspan=9 style=| Regular season |- !colspan=9 style=| NCAA tournament NCAA tournament The team lost in the first round of the 1969 NCAA Division",
"title": "1968–69 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "977047",
"text": "H2S was the first airborne, ground scanning radar system. It was developed for the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command during World War II to identify targets on the ground for night and all-weather bombing. This allowed attacks outside the range of the various radio navigation aids like Gee or Oboe, which were limited to about of range from various base stations. It was also widely used as a general navigation system, allowing landmarks to be identified at long range. In March 1941, experiments with an early airborne interception radar based on the 9.1 cm wavelength, (3 GHz) cavity magnetron revealed that different objects have very different radar signatures; water, open land and built-up areas of cities and towns all produced distinct returns. In January 1942, a new team was set up to combine the magnetron with a new scanning antenna and plan-position indicator display. The prototype's first use in April confirmed that a map of the area below the aircraft could be produced using radar. The first systems went into service in early 1943 as the H2S Mk. I and H2S Mk. II, as well as ASV Mark III. On its second operational mission on 2/3 February 1943, an H2S was captured almost intact by German forces, and a second unit a week later. Combined with intelligence gathered from the surviving crew, they learned it was a mapping system and were able to determine its method of operation. When they pieced one together from parts and saw the display of Berlin, near panic broke out in the Luftwaffe. This led to the introduction of the FuG 350 Naxos radar detector in late 1943, which enabled Luftwaffe night fighters to home on the transmissions of H2S. The British learned of Naxos and a great debate ensued over the use of H2S. Later calculations showed that losses after the introduction of Naxos were actually less than before it, and use continued. After it was found the resolution of the early sets was too low to be useful over large cities like Berlin, in 1943 work started on a version operating in the X band at 3 cm (10 GHz), the H2S Mk. III. Almost simultaneously, its American equivalent was introduced as the H2X in October of that year. A wide variety of slightly different Mk. III's were produced before the Mk. IIIG was selected as the late-war standard. Development continued through the late-war Mk. IV to the 1950s era Mk. IX that equipped the V bomber fleet and the English Electric Canberra. In the V-force, Mk. IXA was tied into both the bombsight and navigation system to provide a complete long-range Navigation and Bombing System (NBS). In this form, H2S was last used operationally during the Falklands War in 1982 on the Avro Vulcan. Some H2S Mk. IX units remained in service on the Handley Page Victor aircraft until 1993, providing fifty years of service. Etymology of \"H2S\" The radar was originally called \"BN\" (Blind Navigation), but it quickly became \"H2S\". The",
"title": "H2S (radar)"
},
{
"docid": "61481901",
"text": "Harunur Rashid (born 1 January 1962) is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the incumbent Jatiya Sangsad member from the Chapai Nawabganj-3 constituency since January 2019. Career Rashid was elected to Jatiya Sangsad from Chapai Nawabganj-3 in the June 1996 Bangladeshi general election as a candidate of Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He had received 77,929 votes while his nearest rival, Latifur Rahman of Awami League, had received 47,048 votes. Rashid was re-elected to the same position in the 2001 Bangladeshi general election. He had received 85,489 votes while the same rival, Latifur Rahman of Awami League, had received 60,460 votes. Rashid contested the 2008 Bangladeshi general election from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as the Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate but lost to Abdul Odud of Awami League. He received 76,178 votes while the winner received 112,753 votes. Latifur Rahman of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami also campaigned against him. In November 2011, Rashid participated in a human chain protesting erosion at the Chapainawabganj Press Club. Rashid boycotted the 2014 election as per decision of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Abdul Odud of Awami League was elected to parliament uncontested from Chapai Nawabganj-3. Rashid was elected to parliament from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate on 30 December 2018. He had received 133,661 votes while Abdul Odul of Awami League and his nearest rival received 85,938 votes. He took the oath of office 90 days after the mandated time following instructions of Tarique Rahman. The four Bangladesh Nationalist Party members of parliament initially refused to join parliament as they had deemed the election unfair. Rashid in parliament asked the speaker to create a committee to investigate the large number of cases filed against Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians. Charges and convictions Assistant director Monayem Hossain of the Anti-Corruption Commission filed a case against Rashid for tax fraud in March 2007 with Tejgaon police station and then pressed charge in July. Rashid had imported a Hummer H2 on 25 April 2005 without paying tax as per his privilege as a member of parliament but later sold the to Ishtiak Sadek, violating the rules of the duty free facility, who sold it to Enayetur Rahman Bappi. The car, imported under duty free privilege, cannot be sold under less than years of being purchased. Rapid Action Battalion-2, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Akbar Hossain, had spotted the Hummer in Panthapath and asked the men to come to their camp where they were detained. In October 2019, Judge Shaikh Nazmul Alam of the Dhaka court sentenced Rashid to five years’ imprisonment for dodging taxes while importing a luxurious car in 2007 and fined him five million taka. It also sent his co-accused former managing director of NTV and Channel 9, Enayetur Rahman Bappi, to two years imprisonment. His other co-accused proprietor of Sky Autos, Ishtiak Sadek, sentenced to jail for three years. A week later, the High Court granted him six months’ bail in the case. Justices Obaidul Hassan and AKM Zahirul Huq asked the government to explain why Rashid's parliamentary membership",
"title": "Harunur Rashid (Chapai Nawabganj politician)"
},
{
"docid": "12746521",
"text": "CNW Marketing Research, Inc. (CNWMR), known primarily as an automotive marketing research company, was a private company founded in 1984. It operated separate research offices covering the automotive, computer, electronics, housing, and personal investment industries, as well as a research office covering political issues. CNW was a reclusive firm and has been the subject of some controversy (see below), with subscribers in nine countries including government agencies, Wall Street brokerage houses and financial institutions. Major clients included Gannett Newspapers, Time Inc., Meredith Publishing (Better Homes et al.) as well as a long list of corporate clients. The CNW stands for Coastal Northwest, a consumer magazine founded by Stephanie Yanez Spinella and husband Art Spinella, which was published for only one test issue. Beginning as Coastal Northwest Publishing Company in 1983, according to Art Spinella, it became CNW Marketing/Research in 1984. The slash was dropped with the advent of the internet, making its name CNW Marketing Research, Inc. As of February 2015, after the death of co-founder Art Spinella, the company has closed its doors, according to a statement from Stephanie Yanez Spinella on the main CNW site. CNWMR performed research into consumer motivations and decisions in automotive purchases, and reports a variety of data related to market forecasting. The company's website states that its research and data publications are provided to more than 10,000 subscribers in print and on-line formats, with annual subscription prices list as beginning at $400. It publishes a monthly Retail Automotive Summary periodical, Home and Shelter Update newsletters, Purchase Path studies, sales forecasting and other industry analyses. Current leasing and other trends are tracked regularly through data gleaned from insurance companies, providing a unique data view used by the automotive industry, industry analysts and government agencies. Key personnel Art Spinella was named automotive division president or company president in 2001, 2002, or 2003, according to various accounts, after serving as vice president and general manager since 1992. Often misattributed as the president in articles from 1992 through 2000, he was described as an auto leasing newsletter editor and director of automotive research at the company prior to 1992. Stephanie Yanez is currently listed as the CEO, previously identified as president of CNWMR in 1995, until as recently as 2003. Offices The company's website lists only a Bandon, Oregon P.O. Box as an address, and its \"call centers, data center, and field offices are off limits\" to clients and other visitors. Controversy CNWMR's publication \"From Dust to Dust\" states that for the 2005 model year a Hummer H2 or H3 (but not the H1) is more efficient in terms of cost per lifetime mile than a Prius. While a Prius is one-third the weight of a Hummer and gets between four and six times better fuel economy, CNWMR argued the Hummer vehicles are built using less costly technology and are driven more over their lifetime. CNWMR calculates most expenses occur during construction and disposal, not during operation. Additionally, their efficiencies are based on Priuses lasting fifteen years",
"title": "CNW Marketing Research"
},
{
"docid": "15623467",
"text": "Armando Carpio Sanchez (June 15, 1952 – April 27, 2010) was a Filipino politician. He is a former two-term mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas and one-term governor of the Province of Batangas. During his term as governor, he was also the treasurer of the League of Provinces of the Philippines. Political career Mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas During the 1998 elections, he ran for mayor of Santo Tomas, Batangas, which he subsequently won. Batangas Governorship After two terms as mayor of Sto. Tomas, he decided to run as Batangas Governor. He ran as the Liberal Party official candidate during the 2004 elections. His opponents included former Justice Secretary Hernando Perez, former Board Member Dennis Hernandez and former Nasugbu Mayor Rosario Apacible. One of his projects during his term was the beautification of Batangas Capitol Grounds. He facilitated the relocation of national government agencies and squatters who occupied a portion of the Capitol Grounds. During his governorship, allegations of corruption surfaced. On May 30, 2005, Batangas ombudsman and graft investigator Guillermo Gamo was gunned down in Batangas City on his way to the capitol. At the time, Gamo was investigating what he described as multimillion-peso anomalous deals and projects at the capitol. On April 13, 2015, Melinda “Mei” Magsino, a journalist of the Philippine Daily Inquirer until 2005 who covered corruption and illegal gambling (\"jueteng\") issues in Batangas, was also shot dead. Records from the National Union of Journalists in the Philippines (NUJP) showed that Magsino reported “threats” to her life sometime in 2005, during which she exposed alleged corruption and illegal gambling activities of late Batangas Governor Armando Sanchez. Assassination attempt He survived an assassination attempt on June 1, 2006, when he was able to get out of his Hummer H2 that exploded while boarding it inside the Batangas Capitol Grounds. His driver and bodyguard were killed during the explosion. 2007 Elections During the 2007 elections, he opted to run for re-election as governor. He was the official candidate of Kampi, a pro-administration party. He faced Lipa City Mayor Vilma Santos-Recto who was the official candidate of Lakas CMD, another pro-administration party. Since two pro-administration candidates were battling it out for the governorship of Batangas, administration officials opted to declare the Province of Batangas a \"free-zone\". Santos-Recto is the wife of then Senator Ralph Recto who was running for re-election as part of the pro-administration Team Unity. Since Sanchez was a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, governors threatened to junk the candidacy of Recto as senator. Sanchez lost to Santos-Recto by more than 100,000 votes. 2010 Elections and death Sanchez, once again ran for the gubernatorial position with Edwin Ermita, who was the defeated running mate of Santos-Recto in 2007, as his running mate. Sanchez was rushed to the Mary Mediatrix Medical Center in Lipa City on April 26, 2010, after collapsing during a campaign and was placed inside an intensive care unit. Sanchez suffered a stroke due to fatigue, decreased sugar levels and severe hypertension,",
"title": "Armando Sanchez"
},
{
"docid": "51885439",
"text": "Mohammad Akbar Hossain is a retired lieutenant general in the Bangladesh Army and former commandant of National Defence College. Career Hossain is the former general officer commanding of 9th Infantry Division and commander of Savar area. He previously served as Director General of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. He also served as Director of Counter Intelligence Bureau of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. He previously Commanded a Artillery Brigade and a Air Defence Artillery Brigade. He was an artillery officer who was commissioned in the 13th BMA long course on 20 December 1985 from Bangladesh Military Academy. Under him a new monogram of DGFI was designed. On October 2005, Akbar was posted to 2nd Rapid Action Battalion as commanding officer. On February 2007 the battalion surveillance team had spotted a Hummer in Panthapath and asked the owners to come to their camp where they were detained. Assistant director Monayem Hossain of the Anti-Corruption Commission filed a case against Harunur Rashid for tax fraud in March 2007 with Tejgaon police station and then pressed charge in July. Harunur Rashid had imported a Hummer H2 on 25 April 2005 without paying tax as per his privilege as a member of parliament but later sold the to Ishtiak Sadek, violating the rules of the duty free facility, who sold it to Enayetur Rahman Bappi. A vehicle imported duty free using such a privilege may not be resold within three years of its importation. Hossain became the 1st Colonel Commandant of the Remount Veterinary and Farm Corps in December 2020. References Living people Bangladeshi military personnel Bangladesh Army generals Bangladeshi generals Directors General of the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence 1965 births",
"title": "Mohammad Akbar Hossain"
},
{
"docid": "847342",
"text": "Sut is a demon in Islam. SUT may refer to: H2 SUT, a model of Hummer H2 Shaanxi University of Technology, China Sharif University of Technology, Iran Shenyang University of Technology, China Society for Underwater Technology Solar updraft tower, a solar power plant Sport Utility Truck Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand System under test in software testing IATA airport code for Sumbawanga Airport London Underground station code for Sudbury Town tube station, England Sutherland, historic county in Scotland, Chapman code TV Shizuoka, a Japanese commercial broadcaster",
"title": "SUT"
},
{
"docid": "1307965",
"text": "Need for Speed: Underground 2 is a 2004 racing video game developed by EA Black Box and published by Electronic Arts. It is the eighth installment in the Need for Speed series and the direct sequel to Need for Speed: Underground. It was developed for Microsoft Windows, GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions were developed by Pocketeers, and a PlayStation Portable version, titled Need for Speed: Underground Rivals, was developed by Team Fusion. Another version for mobile phones was also developed. Like its predecessor, it was also commercially successful, selling around 11 million copies worldwide and breaking sales records in the United Kingdom. The game entails tuning cars for street races, resuming the Need for Speed: Underground storyline. Need for Speed: Underground 2 provides several new features, such as broader customization, new methods of selecting races, set in a city known as Bayview. The game stars Brooke Burke as the voice of Rachel Teller, who guides the player throughout the game. The game's storyline is presented in a comic book strip. The Nintendo DS port introduces a new feature in which the player can design custom decals to adorn any vehicle in the game. Plot The story takes place after the initial events of Underground, shortly after the player beats Eddie and his street racing gang The Eastsiders in Olympic City, along with Melissa. Revered as the best street racer in Olympic City, the player wins a race while driving a blue Nissan Skyline GT-R and promptly receives a call from an unidentified individual with an \"invitation\" to join his team, followed by a threat explicitly disclaiming that he is not \"taking no for an answer\". Angered, the player immediately hangs up the call and drives to a celebratory party; while talking to Samantha on the phone, they are blinded and ambushed by a Hummer H2 from a dark alley, which rams and wrecks their Skyline. A man with a scythe tattoo on his hand calls to confirm that he \"took care of a problem\". Six months later, the player boards a plane to Bayview with a good luck note from Samantha, referring to her friend Rachel Teller, as well as being given a car key bearing the name 'Rachel'. The player arrives in Bayview and is contacted by Rachel, who has left them her Nissan 350Z at the airport car lot, asking to meet at a car dealership; the player can ignore these instructions and race in three events and outruns before Rachel calls demanding her car back, after which no more races will spawn. At the dealership, he buys his first car using the money provided by their insurance company over the totaled Nissan Skyline, and begins to race again. Rachel becomes the key contact within Bayview. She explains the layout of Bayview street racing scene, introducing the sponsorship mechanics, the Underground Racing League (URL) and actively aids the player afterwards by giving them tips on driving, secret shops, important events and",
"title": "Need for Speed: Underground 2"
},
{
"docid": "48753513",
"text": "A doppelgänger brand image is a parody logo or narrative intended to highlight ethical issues regarding the product advertised. They are commonly associated with the brand's lack of authenticity, and most are created as a form of individual protest, either posted digitally on social media, or displayed as physical graffiti. A 2012 study concluded that doppelgänger brand images were able to negatively affect sales, because they created a perception of mistrust in the minds of the customers. A 2006 study concluded that, Doppelgänger has an impact on emotional brand image of a brand. In a 2006 paper, Craig J. Thompson, Aric Rindfleisch and Zeynep Arsel suggest that doppelgänger brand images are a sign that \"an emotional-branding story is beginning to lose its cultural resonance\", and can be useful as a warning symptom. Examples The \"Joe Chemo\" campaign, an internet campaign created by an organization called Adbusters, criticized the product message of Camel cigarettes, and emphasized the harmful effects of smoking, by depicting the company's camel mascot as \"a camel who wishes he'd never smoked cigarettes\". In this doppelganger image the confident, cool and popular Joe Camel is replaced by this sick, depressed and lonely Joe Chemo. Shortly after this doppelganger campaign began, Joe Camel was withdrawn from the market. McDonald's is often criticized because of its harmful effects on human health. To illustrate its negative effect, the McDonald's logo was redesigned as \"McDiabetes\". For this DBI, there is a long running hashtag on Twitter. In 2015, a designer reinterpreted the Pepsi logo to represent a corpulent man. The intention was to emphasize the direct relation between consumption of sweetened soft drinks and obesity. After General Motors launched the Hummer H2 in the mid-2000s, a creative viral Internet campaign called \"FUH2\" began. This campaign concentrated not only on the brand itself, but also on its owners who were portrayed as savages who cared about style more than the environment. During Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, comedian John Oliver satirised Trump's \"Make America Great Again\" slogan with the parody \"Make Donald Drumpf Again\", referring to Trump's alleged ancestral surname. Nike's logo and slogan (\"Just do it\") appear in several images either altered or adjusted, often highlighting the company's use of sweat shop labor. Following the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, several satirical logos reflecting a negative image were born out of a contest sponsored by Greenpeace. The South Butt was an attempt to commercialize a parody of The North Face's brand. The Indian Premier League major cricket sporting event was severely criticized as Indian Puppet League, after revelations came out in 2015 regarding the match fixing and mis-governance issues associated with it. This negative portrayal of brand affected the events popularity and the credibility of associated players. The Board of Control for Cricket in India was also severely affected. Walmart has several anti-branding doppelganger initiatives aimed against it. A spoof of the Apple logo that shows a worm coming out of the bitten apple and the words",
"title": "Doppelgänger brand image"
},
{
"docid": "11258440",
"text": "Hummer Winblad Venture Partners (HWVP) is an American software and web focused venture capital firm based in San Francisco, California. Its founders include John Hummer and Ann Winblad. The firm was an early investor in Napster, the first popular file sharing service, and in several internet firms that failed during the dot-com bubble. History First decade (1989–1999) Ann Winblad started Hummer Winblad Venture Partners with former professional basketball player John Hummer after selling her company Open Systems and serving as a consultant to Microsoft, Apple Computer, and IBM. The company originally focused on raising money from pension funds and investing in software companies. In 1999 Bill Gates invested in the company's venture fund. In her book The Kingmakers, reporter Karen Southwick wrote that Hummer Winblad Venture Partners \"may not be among the super tier of VC firms, but it certainly gets just about as much publicity.\" Napster and the dot-com bubble (2000–2014) In 2000 Hummer Winblad led a US$15 million round of funding for Napster while the internet company was being sued by the Recording Industry Association of America. The Economist noted that this investment was unusual for a company that previously had been \"notably more risk-averse than most Silicon Valley rivals towards Internet investments.\" In 2001 several of the company's investments ended in company bankruptcies or closures, including Pets.com, Homes.com, eHow, and Rival Networks. In 2006 Hummer Winblad Venture Partners settled a lawsuit brought by EMI Group and Universal Music Group after Napster's bankruptcy. Rebranding as HWVP (2015–) In 2015 Hummer Winblad Venture Partners rebranded as HWVP. The next year, for the first time, it raised a fund without Ann Winblad or John Hummer listed among the general partners. , its investments include Ace Metrix and NuoDB. References External links Financial services companies established in 1989 Venture capital firms of the United States Companies based in San Francisco American companies established in 1989 1989 establishments in California",
"title": "Hummer Winblad Venture Partners"
},
{
"docid": "43793484",
"text": "The Kawasaki Ninja H2 is a supercharged four-stroke supersport-class motorcycle in the Ninja sports bike series manufactured by Kawasaki, featuring a variable-speed centrifugal supercharger. Its namesake is the 750 cc Kawasaki H2 Mach IV, an inline triple that was introduced by Kawasaki in 1972 to \"disrupt what it saw as a sleeping motorcycle market\". Its Ninja H2R track-only variant is the fastest and most powerful production motorcycle on the market, producing a maximum of and with ram-air. The H2R has 50% more power than the fastest street-legal motorcycles, while the street-legal Ninja H2 has a lower power output of – with ram-air. Design Kawasaki selected the literbike platform for its top-of-the-line Ninja H2 model, rather than continuing with the higher-displacement Ninja ZX-14 hyperbike. Cycle World's Kevin Cameron explained that the literbike class is \"the center of the high-performance market\", attracting the best development in racing, with the best chassis and suspension design, so it made sense for Kawasaki to create a machine that could leverage this. The H2 is the first production motorcycle with a supercharger, although turbochargers were available on some models in the early 1980s. Specifications in the infobox are from Kawasaki unless noted. Production The street-legal Ninja H2 has mirrors in place of the track-only H2R's winglets, and plastic body panels in place of the H2R's carbon-fiber panels but there is the H2 carbon version that has them in carbon. The street-legal H2 is said to make , probably with reduced supercharger boost compared to the H2R. The H2 and H2R share the supercharger (with a lower boost level on the H2) and many other components, with the exception of the head gasket, cam profile and timing with ECU mapping, exhaust system, and clutch (the H2R's clutch has two additional plates). For 2017, Kawasaki made a limited-edition model with 120 units produced globally: the individually-numbered Kawasaki Ninja H2 Carbon with special paint and carbon-fiber upper cowl. For 2017, the standard Ninja H2 was also updated. For 2018, Kawasaki made a new sport touring version of the H2, the , with a claimed wet weight of . Features that are options on the base model H2 SX come standard on the Kawasaki H2 SX SE, which has a claimed wet weight of . It has revised throttle bodies, camshafts, crankshaft, pistons, cylinder and cylinder head as well as a new exhaust system aimed at increasing mid range torque. The intake system and supercharger impeller were also redesigned. A new larger fuel tank, rear trellis subframe and panniers increase the bike's weight by . For 2019, the H2 received an update with 15% more power from updates to the intake, spark plugs, ECU, and air filter, among other components. Also added was a new LED lighting scheme and a special top coat of paint that is claimed to be self-healing and able to smooth over small scratches in warmer conditions. Also new were lighter and smaller Brembo Stylema calipers, a new TFT dash, and smartphone connectivity that provides information",
"title": "Kawasaki Ninja H2"
},
{
"docid": "2674653",
"text": "\"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\" is a song by American rapper Khia, released in April 2002 as the lead single from her debut studio album, Thug Misses. Owing to its sexually explicit lyrics, an edited version of the song was released to mainstream radio. The song reached number 42 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It also reached number four in the United Kingdom two years later and number 12 in Australia. Lyrically, “My Neck, My Back (Lick It)” is about a woman searching for and pursuing a man at a club, demanding that he perform sexual acts on her, including licking her clitoris and anus, and encouraging other women to do the same. Background and meaning The lyrics contain detailed, explicit descriptions of both cunnilingus and anilingus, so a heavily edited version was used for radio broadcasting and the official music video. Khia later stated in a 2002 interview for MTV News concerning the song's big success: \"I guess the world is just nasty and freaky like that […] It's not even my favorite song, and I was kind of surprised that's the song that everybody jumped on. … That song is just nothing compared to my other music. It's like, 'That's what the world is about today,' so hey, it works for me.\" In 2018, NPR ranked the song as #184 for their The 200 Greatest Songs By 21st Century Women list, saying: \"'My Neck, My Back' is the most enduring erotic pleasure procedural of this era, and rightfully so. Underscoring the dirty in Dirty South, Khia raps simple demands as to where she wants to be licked (short version: 'all over'), with explicit suggestions towards technique that span two dedicated verses. It's a delightfully nasty club classic where a woman's pleasure is presented as a debt owed her.\" Recording and composition \"My Neck, My Back (Lick It)\" is a dirty rap song, and India Mae Alby of Keakie.com described it as a \"low beat Club song\". The song is noted for its chorus, in which Khia raps \"My neck, my back, lick my pussy and my crack\". The song was written by Khia herself and Edward Meriwether. During a studio session, Khia recorded \"My Neck, My Back\" at Grooveland Studios in Clearwater, Florida. Music video Background The music video was directed by Diane Martel, and was released during the spring of 2002. In the United Kingdom, a different video was used, which did not feature Khia, instead depicting a group of bikini-clad models washing a Hummer H2 in a seductive manner while lip-synching the words to the song. Synopsis The music video begins with Khia dancing in a half-bikini dress at a party in front of various people full of arcade games. It later shows scenes of Khia at a pool receiving a massage by a dreadheaded man. Khia is also seen dancing at a barbecue. There are also scenes showing Khia in a house wearing a polka-dot shirt and heels surrounded by men. Khia can",
"title": "My Neck, My Back (Lick It)"
},
{
"docid": "64339286",
"text": "The Crosstown Line, designated Routes H2 and H4, is a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Brookland–CUA station and Tenleytown–AU station of the Red Line of the Washington Metro. The line operates every 24 minutes between 7AM and 9PM, and 20 - 40 minutes after 9PM at a combined frequency of 12 minutes during the day and, 20 minutes during the late nights. Trips roughly take 48 minutes to complete. Background Routes H2 and H4 operate as part of the Crosstown Line between Brookland–CUA station and Tenleytown–AU station. Routes H2 and H4 serve the hospital complex along 1st Street. The line splits after serving Columbia Heights station. Route H2 mainly operates along Adams Mill Road, Connecticut Avenue, Van Ness Street, and Veazey Street. While Route H4 mainly operates along Mount Pleasant Street, Park Road, Porter Street, and Wisconsin Avenue. Both routes connect Brookland and Tenleytown stations by bus without having to take the Red Line. Routes H2 and H4 currently operate out of Bladensburg division with some select weekday trips operating out of Western division. H2 stops H4 stops History Routes H2 and H4 originally operated under streetcars by the Capital Traction Company. The line was then made into buses in the 1920s. Routes H2 and H4 operated between Fort Lincoln and Westmoreland Circle connecting Tenleytown, Forest Hills, Cleveland Park, Mount Pleasant, Columbia Heights, Rock Creek Park, Brookland along Yuma Street, Massachusetts Avenue, Wisconsin Avenue, Porter Street NW (H4), Van Ness/Veazey Street NW (H2), Connecticut Avenue (H2), Columbia Road NW, Irving Street NW, Michigan Avenue NW/NE, Franklin Street NE, and 14th Street NE. It mostly provides service in outer DC without having to enter Downtown. The line was later acquired by DC Transit in 1956 and later diverted to serve the Washington Hospital Complexes along 1st Street. It later became a Metrobus route in 1973. On February 19, 1978, after Brookland–CUA station opened, routes H2 and H4 were diverted off Monroe Street to serve the new station. This gives residents access to the Red Line on its route. No route changes were made during its route. On August 25, 1984, routes H2 and H4 were rerouted off Tenley Circle to serve Tenleytown–AU station in the middle of its route when it opened. No route changes were made on the route. On September 18, 1999, after Columbia Heights station opened a series of changes were made to the H2 and H4. Routes H2 was shorten to terminate at Van Ness–UDC station and route H4 was shorten to terminate at Tenleytown–AU station. Service to Westmoreland Circle and along Yuma Street was replaced by a new route N8 which will operate between Van Ness and Wesley Heights. This was due to resident complaint along Yuma Street and Tenleytown over H2 and H4 buses making loud noises along Yuma street causing noise pollution and damage to homes. The new N8 solves the noise complaint problem by using smaller and quieter 30 ft buses. Routes H2 and H4 were",
"title": "Crosstown Line (Washington, D.C.)"
},
{
"docid": "10565411",
"text": "Foals (stylised in all caps) are a British rock band formed in Oxford in 2005. The band's current line-up consists of Greek-born lead vocalist and guitarist Yannis Philippakis, drummer and percussionist Jack Bevan, rhythm guitarist Jimmy Smith and bassist Walter Gervers. They are currently signed to Warner Records, and have released seven studio albums to date: Antidotes (2008), Total Life Forever (2010), Holy Fire (2013), What Went Down (2015), and Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 & 2 (2019) and their most recent, Life Is Yours (2022). They have also released one video album, six extended plays and thirty-five singles. The band have toured internationally for over a decade, and have featured at many festivals including Glastonbury, Coachella, and Roskilde. They have won a number of awards, including best live act at the 2013 Q Awards while producers Alan Moulder and Flood were awarded 'UK Producer of the Year' for their work on the album Holy Fire. The band's studio albums Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 and 2 were released March and October 2019, respectively, with the latter becoming the group's first album to top the UK Album Chart. History 2005–2006: Formation The lead singer of the band Youthmovies, Andrew Mears, originally formed the band Foals. He was present on the band's debut 7\" single, \"Try This on Your Piano/Look at My Furrows of Worry\", but left shortly afterwards to concentrate on Youthmovies's debut album, Good Nature. Jack Bevan, Lina Simon and Yannis Philippakis were originally in cult math rock band the Edmund Fitzgerald. The group disbanded, claiming that things had become \"too serious\" and that they wanted to have more \"fun making their music\". Walter Gervers and Jimmy Smith were part of a small Oxford band called Face Meets Grill. They met at and formed the band from members of Abingdon School, the same school that Radiohead attended. They played gigs in and around Oxford, and recorded an EP in Hull. After playing Truck Festival in 2004 they separated to follow different paths and careers. Guitarist Jimmy Smith is the only one of the band members to have completed his degree, at Hull University, each of the other band members quit their respective universities when the band signed to Transgressive Records. 2007–2008: Antidotes In early 2007, the band released the limited edition 7\" singles \"Hummer\" and \"Mathletics\", both produced by Gareth Parton. \"Hummer\" later featured on the Channel Four teen drama Skins. Philippakis described this period as 'the music was almost a premeditated mix of blending techno and minimalism [and] we'd set ourselves these rules, like 'only staccato rhythms', and 'guitars must be played really high'. In the summer of 2007, Foals began working on their debut album in New York. It was produced by Dave Sitek of TV on the Radio. However, the band decided to mix the album themselves, stating that Sitek made the first master copy of the album sound like \"it was recorded in the Grand Canyon\". Philippakis",
"title": "Foals (band)"
},
{
"docid": "59749306",
"text": "H2 (or History2) is a brand name owned by A&E Networks (a joint venture between the Hearst Communications and the Walt Disney Television division of The Walt Disney Company), used for a sister television channel of History. The brand was debuted in September 2011 when History International in the United States was relaunched as H2. The brand was expanded outside the U.S. since then. H2 in the United States was relaunched on February 29, 2016 as Viceland, but the H2 brand is still used for sister channels to History in other markets. A&E Networks began rebranding the remaining versions of H2 as History2, starting with Latin American version on January 1, 2019. On November 6, 2018, concerning Disney's proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox, the European Commission required Disney to sell A&E's television operations in Europe, which include the versions of H2 in the area. North America The H2 brand was introduced in the United States, when History International was re-branded as such on September 26, 2011, with its programming was refocused to feature documentary content from its sister network History, prior to that network's shift towards more reality programming. The American channel was subsequently replaced by Viceland on February 29, 2016. Canada On August 27, 2012, Shaw Media, relaunched the male-focused Category A digital channel, The Cave as a domestic Canadian version of H2. Latin America In 2014, a Latin American version of H2 was launched under the ownership of A+E Networks Latin America (a joint venture between A+E Networks and Ole Communications) and distributed by Ole Distribution. On January 1, 2019, H2 was re-branded as History2. Europe Croatia: The Croatian version of H2 was launched on 1 February 2018 on Hrvatski Telekom's MaxTV. Poland: The Polish version of H2 was launched on 28 October 2014. On 6 February 2019, the channel was rebranded as History2. Serbia: On 12 April 2015, the Serbian version of H2 was launched to Orion TV customers. It was also made available to MTS TV customers in May of that year. United Kingdom and Ireland: On 4 May 2013, the local version of Military History was re-branded as H2. It launched on TalkTalk on August 28, 2014, and a few months later on BT TV. An HD version launched on Virgin Media on 1 December 2015, and later on BT TV in October 2016. On February 6, 2019, this version was re-branded again as History2. On May 27, 2020, to coincide with the launches of Sky Documentaries and Sky Nature, History and History2 rebranded to Sky History and Sky History2, respectively, in the UK and Ireland. MENA In the Middle East and North Africa, the regional version of H2 is available on OSN since 1 February 2016. Asia In Southeast Asia, A+E Networks launched a regional version of H2 on 14 June 2013. After 9 years of broadcasting, H2 Asia ceased broadcasting on 1 October 2022. See also List of programs broadcast by History (TV channel) References A&E Networks Television channels in North Macedonia",
"title": "H2 (A&E Networks)"
},
{
"docid": "4680235",
"text": "Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE) is an American automotive engineering company specializing in high-performance automobile modifications, specifically engines and induction systems. Now headquartered in Brighton, Michigan the company was founded by and named for NHRA driver John Lingenfelter in Decatur, IN. Over the decades since its founding, LPE has been creating high-performance versions of many GM vehicles, such as the F-Bodies (Camaro, Firebird), B Bodies (Impala SS, Caprice, Roadmaster, Fleetwood), Corvette, CTS-V, GTO, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Escalade, Denali, SSR, Hummer H2, and Sierra. Furthermore, it has also created performance enhancement packages for the Dodge Viper and Plymouth Prowler. In January 1998, MotorTrend tested a Chevrolet Tahoe modified and tuned by Lingenfelter, powered by a 396 (6.5L) cubic inch Chevrolet V8 and achieved a 5.1-second 0-60 time as well as a 0.9g lateral acceleration figure. The SUV completed the quarter mile in 13.8 seconds at 96 mph. These numbers matched the performance figures of a base model C4 Corvette and GMC Syclones/Typhoons of that era. Motor Trend also tested an LPE-built Impala SS that had the same performance numbers as the last generation M5 (0-60 4.7 sec) due to its bored and stroked LT-1 (displacement rose to 383 in3 and horsepower rose to 425). Another LPE vehicle was featured in the June 1996 issue of Car and Driver: A special C4 Corvette with a 427.6 in3 engine that attained a top speed of 212 mph (ca. 341 km/h) . LPE's 2001 Corvette 427 twin-turbo with 800 rear-wheel horsepower accomplished a 0-60 mph acceleration in 1.97 seconds. Another LPE vehicle that the company developed and marketed to customers which has been one of their most powerful vehicles offered to date was a 2006 twin-turbo Corvette Z06 with 1,109 rear wheel horsepower. In 2014, they expanded operations. The current owner of Lingenfelter Performance Engineering is Ken Lingenfelter. References External links Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Automotive companies of the United States Companies based in Indiana",
"title": "Lingenfelter Performance Engineering"
},
{
"docid": "1303680",
"text": "Wayne Kent Cherry (born 1937) is an American car designer educated at Art Center College of Design and employed by General Motors from 1962 through 2004, retiring as Vice President of Design. Cherry worked for General Motors in the United States from 1962 until 1965, when he moved to the United Kingdom to take a position with General Motors' Vauxhall Motors subsidiary, becoming Design Director at Vauxhall in 1975. In 1983 General Motors consolidated all European passenger car design under Cherry and made him Design Director at General Motors' Adam Opel AG subsidiary. Cherry returned to the United States in 1991 and in 1992 became General Motors Vice President of Design. Cherry retired from General Motors in 2004. Cherry was one of twenty-five nominees for the 1999 Car Designer of the Century. Education In the 1950s, Cherry read an article about the Art Center College of Design and wrote to the college, asking how to become a car designer. The college replied, telling Cherry to submit a portfolio. Cherry submitted a portfolio that included sketches of cars and engines, and was accepted to the college. Cherry graduated with a bachelor's degree in industrial and transportation design in early 1962. Career Cherry joined General Motors in 1962 after graduating from the Art Center College of Design, initially working at General Motors in the US as an Associate Creative Designer. Cherry was a member of the team that designed the original Chevrolet Camaro/Pontiac Firebird and the team that designed the 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado. In 1965, Cherry transferred to General Motors' United Kingdom-based Vauxhall Motors subsidiary. His first project was in 1965 under Assistant Director of Design Leo Pruneau working on the Vauxhall XVR concept car. became Assistant Design Director at Vauxhall in 1970. In that same year, the Vauxhall SRV concept car was shown. Under Cherry, General Motors released the redesigned 1973 Vauxhall Firenza with its aerodynamic \"droopsnoot\". Cherry became the Design Director for Vauxhall in 1975. In 1983, General Motors consolidated the design activities of its Vauxhall and Opel subsidiaries. As part of the consolidation plan, Cherry became Design Director at General Motors' Rüsselsheim, Germany-based Adam Opel AG subsidiary and became responsible for overall design of passenger cars in Europe. During his time at Opel, Cherry supervised the design of the Astra, Corsa, Calibra, Tigra, among many others. Cherry returned to the United States in 1991 to direct the design studios of General Motors' Chevrolet and Geo divisions. In 1992 Cherry became Vice President of Design for General Motors worldwide, one of seven to have held the position, including Harley Earl, Bill Mitchell, Irv Rybicki, Chuck Jordan, Ed Welburn and Michael Simcoe. While Cherry Vice President of Design, he oversaw the designs of the Pontiac Solstice, Cadillac Sixteen concept car, Hummer H2, Chevrolet SSR and many other vehicles, including the Cadillac CTS introduced in 2002. Cherry retired from General Motors on January 1, 2004. Automobiles Designed As Design Director at Vauxhall & Opel: 1975-1981 Vauxhall Cavalier Mark I (front end only)",
"title": "Wayne Cherry"
},
{
"docid": "9036354",
"text": "The Hummer HX is a two-door off-road concept compact SUV that was revealed at the 2008 North American International Auto Show by General Motors. Design The objective of the HX concept car project was to potentially market a Hummer branded vehicle in the smaller-sized and lower priced SUV market segments. Development of the vehicle, dubbed H4, began in 2004 and the new model was to be Jeep Wrangler sized. The 2008 HX show car was smaller than both the H2 and H3. It featured a V6 engine mated to a six-speed automatic transmission. The HX shared with other Hummers a body-on-frame design, with front and rear independent suspensions, four-wheel-disc brakes, and full-time four-wheel drive. The HX was shown with a slant-back configuration, wearing a desert-inspired matte olive paint scheme, and featured removable doors with exposed hinge pins and removable composite fender flares that are attached with quarter-turn quick-release fasteners. The exterior's matte olive color was also applied to the interior's largely sheet metal-covered panels. The floor was a rubberized material. The HX seats four, with a pair of bucket-type seats in the second row. The rear seats are removable to allow cargo room. The console included a compartment for phones and MP3 players with no conventional radio, only integrated speakers and a connector for digital players or similar devices. Three designers, recent graduates of College for Creative Studies who were new to General Motors, Robert Jablonski; Kang Min-young, a South Korea native; and David Rojas, a native of Peru, participated in the development of the Hummer HX. Production Through MEV The Hummer HX never reached production through GM; however, MEV (My Electric Vehicle) won exclusive rights to the Hummer HX brand. MEV produce the Hummer HX as a small electric vehicle with similar proportions to the original HX concept although significantly smaller and is intended as a resort vehicle/golf cart. It utilizes a 72v drive system, powering an AC brushless motor, giving a range of 60+ miles and top speed of 19mph. MEV also produce the Hummer HXT, which is a soft-top version of their HX. References Hummer vehicles General Motors concept cars",
"title": "Hummer HX"
},
{
"docid": "2826629",
"text": "\"We Be Burnin'\" is the first single from Jamaican musician Sean Paul's third studio album, The Trinity (2005). It achieved success worldwide, becoming a top-10 hit on at least 10 national music charts, including those of Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Background and release \"We Be Burnin'\" was released as the first single from The Trinity on 22 August 2005 in the US and on 12 September 2005 in the UK. In the US, the single peaked inside the Billboard Hot 100 at number six, and in the UK, the single peaking at number two. The single became his biggest solo hit in the UK, beating the number-three peak of \"Like Glue\" in 2003 and spending just under five months inside the UK top 75. It was the biggest hit from the album in the UK; however, it was \"Temperature\" that was the biggest hit from the album in the US. The original version, sometimes denoted by the title being followed by \"Legalize It\", features prominent themes of marijuana use, referencing \"trees\", \"weed\" and \"herb\" several times and smoking it for \"meditation\". Another radio-friendly version was released with the title being followed by \"Recognize It\", which changed all drug-related lyrics to ones concerning women. Although the lyrics are different, Tami Chynn's single \"Hyperventilating\" as well as Capleton's \"Or Wah\" from the album Reign of Fire utilize the same riddim as Sean Paul's \"We Be Burnin'\", since both use the riddim \"Stepz\". Music video The video was shot in Southern California deserts by Jessy Terrero, showing dancers accompanying Paul, and two girls in an overheated Hummer H2. Sean Paul is seen dancing with three other girls in front of highly modified trucks. Track listings US 12-inch single A1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It club version) – 3:28 A2. \"We Be Burnin'\" (instrumental) – 3:52 B1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It radio version) – 3:36 B2. \"We Be Burnin'\" (instrumental) – 3:53 UK CD1 and European CD single \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It) UK CD2 \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) \"Bounce It Right There\" \"We Be Burnin\" (video) Ringtone UK 12-inch single A1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) A2. \"We Be Burnin'\" (instrumental) B1. \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It) B2. \"Bounce It Right There\" Australian CD single \"We Be Burnin'\" (Recognize It) \"Bounce It Right There\" \"We Be Burnin'\" (Legalize It) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications !scope=\"col\" colspan=\"3\"| Ringtone |- Release history References Sean Paul songs 2005 singles 2005 songs Atlantic Records singles Music videos directed by Jessy Terrero Songs about cannabis Songs written by Sean Paul Songs written by Steven \"Lenky\" Marsden VP Records singles",
"title": "We Be Burnin'"
},
{
"docid": "6865153",
"text": "Racing Gears Advance is a combat racing game for the Game Boy Advance system released in 2004 and includes licensed vehicles from GM, Dodge, Mitsubishi and Lotus Cars. The soundtrack is notable for having been composed by Neil Voss, known for his prior work on Tetrisphere and The New Tetris. All circuit cups (there are five total) take the name of letters from the Greek alphabet (Alpha, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Omega), with each cup having five tracks (25 tracks total). Characters such as Spacewave, Jack Speed, Throttle, etc., drive the following cars: Cadillac Cien Chevrolet Corvette Chevrolet SSR Dodge Viper Dodge M80 Dodge Super 8 Hemi Hummer H2 Lotus Esprit Lotus Exige Lotus Elise Lotus 340R Mitsubishi RPM 7000 Due to its success, a sequel was announced for Nintendo DS under the working title Racing Gears DS, but was later cancelled. Reception Racing Gears Advance received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the game holds a score of 83/100 based on 17 reviews. Alex Navarro of GameSpot gave the game 8.5/10 while praising its controls, vehicle upgrades, and multiplayer. Craig Harris of IGN was similarly positive towards the game, giving it 8.9/10 and praising almost everything about the game except for its inability to save records for the player's best lap and race times. References 2004 video games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy Advance-only games Racing video games Video games developed in Canada Video games scored by Neil Voss Multiplayer and single-player video games",
"title": "Racing Gears Advance"
},
{
"docid": "66474715",
"text": "is a former Japanese YouTuber and rapper. He was part of the hip hop group Kaiware Hummer, releasing music under the stage name Bema. In January 2021, Watanabe allegedly solicited nude photos from an underage fan, which subsequently caused his agency UUUM to drop him as an act and YouTube to permanently ban his channel. Career When Watanabe was in middle school, he posted on Niconico under the username . Watanabe began uploading to YouTube in 2011. Watanabe released his debut solo album, Shinryakuteki Sukima, on November 26, 2016. In addition, Watanabe co-authored an autobiography about Kaiware Hummer with fellow members Naru and Imiga titled Kaiware Hummer Monogatari, with the first book released on July 20, 2017 and the second book released on August 31, 2017. Watanabe made an appearance on YouTuber 's second album Season 2, in which he was a featured artist on the song \"Kokomo.\" In 2018, Watanabe left Genesis One and signed with UUUM as his network. By June 2019, he had over 2.7 million subscribers on his main channel. After getting arrested on suspicion of battery in the same month, his activities were cancelled for the remainder of the year, including an appearance with Kaiware Hummer at A-nation 2019, while he remained at his agency to do clerical work. On February 7, 2020, UUUM announced that Watanabe would resume activities on February 14, 2020 on a new channel, which was named \"Mahoto.\" On January 22, 2021, UUUM announced that Watanabe had been dismissed from the agency after confirming he solicited nude photos from an underage girl. On January 28, 2021, YouTube suspended his channel for community violations. Following the events, on March 2, 2021, Watanabe issued an apology on Twitter and also announced he was retiring from YouTube. Since his retirement from YouTube, Watanabe started editing videos for Gardman, a YouTube channel with 2 million subscribers, earning him a million yen a month. Personal life On January 21, 2021, Watanabe announced that he was marrying actress and former Keyakizaka46 member Yui Imaizumi and that they were expecting a child. The child, a daughter was born in June 2021. Following Watanabe's 2021 arrest, Imaizumi announced in July 2021 that she would not be registering their marriage and that she would be raising the child herself with support from her family. Legal troubles On June 2, 2019, Watanabe was arrested on suspicion of battery. He had reportedly beat a female acquaintance and stomped on her face during an argument while he was intoxicated. On June 19, 2019, he issued an apology and also claimed he reconciled with the victim. On July 18, 2019, UUUM later stated that Watanabe's activities would be suspended, including Kaiware Hummer's appearance at A-nation 2019. Instead, he would be doing clerical work within the agency until December 31, 2019, though there were no immediate plans of him returning in January 2020. During this period, he was also prohibited from drinking. On January 21, 2021, the same day where Watanabe announced his marriage to",
"title": "Mahoto Watanabe"
},
{
"docid": "44529226",
"text": "A nitrogen fixation package is a piece of research equipment for studying nitrogen fixation in plants. One product of this kind, the Q-Box NF1LP made by Qubit Systems, operates by measuring the hydrogen (H2) given off in the nitrogen-fixing chemical reaction enabled by nitrogenase enzymes. Principle of operation Nitrogen is produced by bacteria, which have an endo-symbiotic relationship with the legume host. In this relationship, the plant shares its carbohydrates with the bacteria so that the bacteria can thrive, and the plant benefits by having excess nitrogen made available. The bacteria's creation of nitrogen also creates hydrogen, which is what the unit measures to determine the nitrogen produced. Measurement of H2 evolution as a means of determining nitrogenase activity is an alternative technique to acetylene reduction assay, and allows real-time monitoring of changes in nitrogenase activity. Product description Q-Box NF1LP is an experimental package using an open-flow gas exchange system for measurement of nitrogen fixation in H2-producing legume symbioses. A flow-through H2 sensor (Q-S121) measures the production rate of H2 from N2-fixing tissues, allowing in vivo measurement of nitrogenase activity in real time. Measurements of nitrogenase activity on up to three plants is possible, i.e. a four-channel system including a reference sample. Operation Nitrogen fixation packages must be used in a laboratory-type environment. This can be a temporary laboratory set up in the field, as long as it is under stable, uncontaminated conditions. The product must be supplied with many potted samples of the plants and of the neighbouring soil, taken from separate areas on the farm or field under study. The tests rely on the availability of the Herbaspirillum bacteria in the soil. This bacterium is found at the root of most legumes, which is where they produce nitrogen. To test soil properly, it must be free of added nitrogen fertilizers, which have harmful effects on the Herbaspirillum bacteria needed for fixation. Applications Different aspects of nitrogen fixation can be examined with these products, such as effects of temperature on the fixation process, the regulation of the process by oxygen, and the inhibition of nitrogen fixation by an over-abundance of fertilizers. References External links Microbiology equipment Nitrogen cycle",
"title": "Nitrogen fixation package"
},
{
"docid": "28540730",
"text": "The Kawasaki H2 Mach IV is a 750 cc 3-cylinder two-stroke production motorcycle manufactured by Kawasaki. The H2 was a Kawasaki triple sold from September 1971 through 1975. A standard, factory produced H2 was able to travel a quarter mile from a standing start in 12.0 seconds. It handled better than the Mach III that preceded it. By the standards of its time, its handling was sufficient to make it the production bike to beat on the race track. Nonetheless, its tendency to pull wheelies and a less than solid feel through high speed corners led to adjustments to the design as it evolved. More than any other model, it created Kawasaki's reputation for building what motorcycle journalist Alastair Walker called, \"scarily fast, good-looking, no holds barred motorcycles\", and led to a further decline in the market place of the British motorcycle industry. History In September 1971 the H2 was a direct result of the success of the 500 cc Kawasaki H1 Mach III introduced in 1969. The H2 engine was a 3-cylinder two-stroke with an engine displacement of which produced at 6,800 rpm, a power-to-weight ratio of to every of weight. This made it the fastest accelerating motorcycle in production. This was an entirely new engine and not a bored-out 500. Unlike the H1 500, the 750 had much more low engine speed torque, with a strong burst of power starting at 3,500 rpm to the 7,500 rpm red line. The 1972 H2 came with a single front disc brake, a second disc brake was an optional Kawasaki part, an all-new capacitor discharge ignition system unique to the H2, a chain oiler, and two steering dampers; one friction and one hydraulic. In 1973, there were minor mechanical changes made to the carburetor jets, oil injection pump and cylinder port timing in an effort by the factory to get more MPG from the H2A. Because of these changes the most powerful H2 was the 1972 model. In 1974 the H2B engine was modified for more civilized performance at the expense of raw power. The race tail was slimmed down from the previous year. An oil-based steering damper and check valve were added. The power was reduced to at 6,800 rpm. The oil injection system was substantially changed with two separate sets of injection lines, unlike the earlier models with one set of lines. Oil was injected into the carburetors on a separate line. The oil injection to the bottom end bearings (both main and rod big ends) was retained as a single branched line. A longer swingarm improved stability. The final model had a weight of . The H2B and H2C had the steering damper repositioned to the left. In 1972, the H2, as well as the 350 cc S2 Mach II, had a race tail that held the taillight, and had a small storage space. See also List of fastest production motorcycles List of motorcycles by type of engine Notes References Weekblad Motor 1971 pages 1515 and 1516, 1760-1762",
"title": "Kawasaki H2 Mach IV"
},
{
"docid": "44411529",
"text": "The H2 Hinde Tree is a heritage-listed tree of the species Macadamia integrifolia at Colliston, 926 Gilston Road, Gilston, City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008. History The H2 Hinde tree is located on Colliston, a former farm in the Gold Coast hinterland about nine kilometres southwest of Nerang in the Gilston district. It is the parent of a variety (see note below) of the species Macadamia integrifolia and was probably planted in the 1920s. It was registered by the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock in 1960 as a scion wood (see note below) and in the two decades after that time, a significant number of commercial orchards in the State propagated trees using material from this tagged parent tree, it being one of only two Australian-developed varieties to have then achieved such a status. The macadamia nut industry is the largest based on an indigenous Australian food crop and since the mid-1990s this country has become the world's largest exporter of the nuts. Note. The horticultural use of the term \"variety\" refers to selected clones usually propagated by grafting. A parent tree is a genetically unique plant that is selected for specific traits, in the case of macadamias these include: strong tree growth, low incidence of pests and diseases, low incidence of stick-tights and premature germination of nuts, reduced years to bearing, high kernel quality and desirable market requirements. Note. The term \"scion wood\" refers to the part of a tree that is grafted onto the roots or stem of another, known as the rootstock. This grafted branch or bud transmits the flowering or fruiting characteristics of the variety from which it is taken. With macadamia trees grafting is the only method, reliable and speedy enough by commercial standards, of growing a plant that will exhibit the sought after nut bearing characteristics, as they do not always grow true-to-type when propagated from seeds or seedlings. Colliston was selected by Michael James Hinde in 1879 when land along the upper reaches of the Nerang River was being opened to closer settlement. In 1882 he married Alice Batten, the daughter of a Crown Land Ranger living at Pimpama. According to family lore, it was while he was walking to visit her before they married that he came across some native macadamia nut seedlings, uprooted them and re-planted them on Colliston. Otherwise he practiced small-scale farming and eked out a difficult living for himself and what was to become a large family of eight children, his enterprise emulating the nature of many other farms in the Albert Shire. He was resourceful in his efforts to cultivate new crops and test their worthiness as saleable products. Some of his crop choices reflected those made by many other farmers in the area, including maize and arrowroot in the early years, and turning to oranges in the early twentieth century. Like many others he established a small dairy. In lean times he harvested",
"title": "H2 Hinde Tree"
},
{
"docid": "71836226",
"text": "Hummer Team (Chinese: 悍馬小組) was a Taiwanese developer of bootleg video games which was founded in 1992 and closed down in 2010 History Hummer Team was founded in Taipei, Taiwan in 1992 and was dedicated to the development and publishing of unauthorized ports of video games for the Nintendo Famicom. The first video game published by Hummer Team was Jing Ke Xin Zhuan (1992), a role-playing video game. Upon the releases of Kart Fighter (1993) and Somari (1994), the company began to gain attention. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Hummer Team experienced economic troubles because it had difficulty developing for the fifth generation of video game consoles. Nintendo had stopped producing Famicom cartridges by 2003, making it impossible for the Hummer Team to continue working on the platform. Despite Hummer's economic problems, the team continued to release video games for Plug and Play Consoles until 2006. Recognition (1992–2006) Hummer Team's first game, Jing Ke Xin Zhuan, was released in 1992. The company was known in Argentina under the pseudonym Yoko Soft after having released Street Fighter: The World Warrior in 1993. Some of Hummer Team's better known games include Street Fighter II: The World Warrior, an unlicensed port of Street Fighter II, Kart Fighter, a Street Fighter clone infamously using characters from the Super Mario Bros. series, and Somari, a port of the original Sonic the Hedgehog game to the Famicom, featuring Mario instead of Sonic. Somari in particular gained a bit of notoriety, having been made fun of by many content creators and video game journalists for its poor physics, modified object placement and replacement of Sonic as the main character. Games References Video game development companies Video gaming in Taiwan Unauthorized video games",
"title": "Hummer Team"
},
{
"docid": "4517307",
"text": "\"Long Term Parking\" is the 64th episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the 12th of the show's fifth season. Written by Terence Winter and directed by Tim Van Patten, it originally aired on May 23, 2004. Starring James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi * Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano Jr. * Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano Jr. Jamie-Lynn DiScala as Meadow Soprano * Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano Baccalieri * Vincent Curatola as Johnny Sack John Ventimiglia as Artie Bucco and Steve Buscemi as Tony Blundetto * = credit only Guest starring Synopsis Little Carmine recoils from the escalating violence of the New York mob war, and Johnny becomes the new boss of the Lupertazzi family. In a sit-down with Tony, both Johnny and Phil make threats against his blood relations. Johnny says he wants Tony B \"on a fucking spit\". In hiding, Tony B calls Tony to apologize. Tony tells him not to come back and says he will look after his sons. He further admits why he was not at the hijack where Tony B was arrested decades earlier, saying that he has always felt guilty; \"Now we're even.\" Ending the call, they tell each other to take care. Tony then has the call traced and learns that Tony B is in upstate New York, near their uncle's now-empty house. Tony and Johnny meet alone. Tony says he knows where Tony B is and what has to be done. Johnny refuses to let Tony handle it himself and states that Tony B will be at Phil's mercy. Tony subsequently refuses to give up Tony B's location and the meeting ends in antagonism. Tony punishes Christopher for bungling a cigarette smuggling operation. Back home, Chris rants about Tony's treatment and what he sees as his favoritism towards Tony B. Adriana, under intense stress, is diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. When FBI surveillance catches Adriana behaving oddly with a bag of garbage behind her nightclub, she is brought in. She admits that she was cleaning up after a murder in her office: drug dealer Matush Giamona killed a customer who claimed he had been ripped off. Threatened with imprisonment for covering up the murder, Adriana is told she has to wear a wire. She refuses but persuades the FBI that Chris is ready to turn. They let her go, with a deadline for bringing him in. When Adriana tells Chris she has been talking to the FBI, he reacts violently and begins to strangle her before he breaks down crying. They eventually agree to flee and start a new life. Getting gas for his Hummer H2 the next morning, Chris pensively observes a poor family in front of the gas station, their meager possessions strapped to the roof of a run-down car. Adriana soon receives",
"title": "Long Term Parking"
},
{
"docid": "65047940",
"text": "The Hummer is an ice cream cocktail originally created in Detroit, Michigan, at Bayview Yacht Club by Jerome Adams. It was the first \"boozy milkshake\" of the late 1960s. It is made with light rum and Kahlua and vanilla ice cream. Two legendary bartenders have been credited with creating the drink. According to The Detroit Free Press Jerome Adams created the drink at the Bayview Yacht Club in 1967, but in a 1982 article The Free Press said it was invented at the London Chop House by Farouk Elhaje. The original recipe has evolved over the years, with new versions replacing the vanilla ice cream with peppermint, butter pecan or using fresh cream instead of ice cream. The drink is made strong with nearly 4 ounces of alcohol in a 7.5 ounce glass. The consistency is so thick, made with two scoops of vanilla ice cream, that a straw would stand up straight in the glass. Despite the high alcohol content of the drink, it doesn't taste strongly of alcohol. The price of a pitcher for 10 or 12 was around $90 in 2014. The Hummer has not seen as much of a resurgence as other classic cocktails like the Last Word because ice cream is considered a difficult ingredient to work with. References Cocktails with vodka Cocktails with rum Cocktails with coffee liqueur Cocktails with ice cream Creamy cocktails Sweet cocktails Vanilla ice cream",
"title": "Hummer (cocktail)"
},
{
"docid": "2668825",
"text": "John Earl Lingenfelter (October 6, 1945 in East Freedom, Pennsylvania – December 25, 2003 in Decatur, Indiana) was an NHRA driver, engineer and tuner. Over his career, Lingenfelter won 13 career national event events in Competition Eliminator and was the first driver in the class to break the six-second quarter-mile barrier. He finished second in the Pro Stock Truck standings in 1998, which was the first year of competition for the now defunct class. His Cavalier had an E.T. of 7.08 seconds. In October 1988, Lingenfelter also drove the Callaway Sledgehammer to attain the closed-course speed record for a street driven car at 254.76 mph; a record that stood for 25 years. He was the founder of Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE for short) in Decatur, Indiana. LPE is a shop specializing in the modification of GM vehicles such as the F-Bodies (Camaro, Firebird), B Bodies (Impala SS, Caprice, Roadmaster, Fleetwood), Corvette, CTS-V, GTO, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Escalade, Denali, SSR, Hummer H2, and Sierra. The shop also worked with tuning packages for the Dodge Viper and Plymouth Prowler. In the press, his tuned vehicles were reported to have as much civility as the stock vehicles upon which they were based in everyday driving. However, these vehicles were brutally fast. Motor Trend tested a Tahoe tuned by Lingenfelter and achieved a 5.1 second 0-60 time as well as a 0.95g lateral acceleration figure. These numbers match the performance figures of the C4 Corvette and GMC Syclones/Typhoons of that era. This Tahoe had its 350in3 V8 bored and stroked to 396in3, making 500 hp and still retaining its 4WD drivetrain. Motor Trend also tested a Lingenfelter built Impala SS that had the same performance numbers as the last generation M5 (0-60 4.7 sec) due to its bored and stroked LT-1 (Displacement rose to 383in3 and horsepower rose to 440). Another vehicle built by Lingenfelter was also featured in the June 1996 issue of Car and Driver when they built a special C4 Corvette with a 427in3 engine that attained a top speed of 212 mph. Currently, the most powerful vehicle they have in their stable is a 2006 twin-turbo Corvette Z06 with 1,109 rear wheel horsepower worth $288,540. Lingenfelter built the engine for \"Big Red\", a 1969 Camaro that has achieved speeds in excess of 220 mph. He was critically injured during an NHRA Summit Sports Compact drag racing event at Pomona, California on October 27, 2002. He died Thursday December 25, 2003 at Adams County Memorial Hospital in Decatur, Indiana at age 58. See also John Lingenfelter Memorial Trophy References External links Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Dragster drivers 1945 births 2003 deaths",
"title": "John Lingenfelter"
},
{
"docid": "26082385",
"text": "The GM Instrument Cluster Settlement was a 2008 class action settlement awarded to owners of certain General Motors vehicles with allegedly defective speedometers. The settlement allows the owner or lessee to get their instrument cluster replaced under the terms of a special coverage adjustment to their factory standard warranty. Background As early as 2005, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration had received complaints concerning erratic speedometer and gauge readings from numerous makes and models of GM vehicles. No deaths or injuries were ever attributed to the erratic gauges, but owners of the vehicles felt the problem was a safety concern. In 2007, Kevin Zwicker filed suit against General Motors in U.S. District Court in Seattle seeking three types of compensation: Replacement of all speedometers on the affected models Reimbursement for anyone who already paid to have a defective speedometer replaced Reimbursement for anyone who paid speeding tickets and whose auto insurance rates rose due to a defective speedometer John Hall filed a nearly identical suit in U.S. District Court in Oregon after paying the out of warranty repair cost to replace the instrument cluster in his 2003 GMC Envoy SLE. Both Zwicker and Hall were represented by Beth Terrell, an attorney with the Seattle law firm of Tousley Brain Stephens. The case was assigned to U.S. District Judge John Coughenour, who decided to certify the lawsuit as a class-action. Terms If the vehicle is within 7 years or 70,000 miles (110,000 km) of the date it was first placed in service, GM must replace the instrument panel (parts and labor) for free. If the vehicle is within 7 years and between 70,001 miles (110,001 km) and 80,000 miles (130,000 km) of the date it was first placed in service, GM must replace the instrument panel (parts) for free. Any labor costs will be the responsibility of the vehicle owner. Owners who paid for repairs to the speedometer before the class action settlement are eligible for reimbursement under the following terms: If the speedometer failed and the vehicle is within 7 years had less than 70,000 miles on it, upon proper proof of claim GM will reimburse the cost of repairs (parts and labor) up to the limit of what a GM dealership would have charged. If the speedometer failed and the vehicle is within 7 years and had more than 70,000 miles but less than 80,000 miles on it, upon proper proof of claim GM will reimburse the cost of the part only (no labor). Vehicles covered (made 2000 to 2007) Cadillac Deville Cadillac Escalade ESV Cadillac Escalade EXT Chevrolet Avalanche Chevrolet Impala Chevrolet Silverado Chevrolet Suburban Chevrolet Tahoe GMC Sierra GMC Envoy Hummer H2 See also Automobile products liability List of class-action lawsuits References Class action lawsuits General Motors litigation Speed sensors",
"title": "GM Instrument Cluster Settlement"
},
{
"docid": "1113423",
"text": "The RT 125 was a German two-stroke motorcycle made by DKW in Zschopau in the 1930s, IFA and MZ in the 1950s and early 1960s, and DKW in Ingolstadt in the 1950s and 1960s. \"RT\" stands for , . In the 1930s DKW pioneered the Schnürle two-stroke loop scavenging process to dispense with the use of a deflector piston and improve efficiency of the combustion chamber. DKW also developed a highly efficient arrangement of transfer ports. These two features were included in the RT 125 to great commercial advantage. Competitor companies such as Adler and TWN copied the adoption of flat-topped pistons and strove to develop equally efficient transfer port arrangements without infringing DKW's patent. Copies and variants Copies of the RT 125 were built by at least eight different entities in at least six countries. War reparations After World War II the Soviet Union took plans, tooling and even several dozen personnel as war reparations to MMZ in Moscow (later transferred to MMVZ and SMZ) and to a factory in Kovrov, and produced copies of the RT 125 as the M1A Moskva and K-125 respectively. WFM of Poland made a modified version of the RT 125 (under SHL 125 and Sokół 125 brands), developed into 125/175 cc family motorcycles, produced until 1985. RT 125 plans were also taken to the United Kingdom where they became the basis of the BSA Bantam, and to the USA where they formed the basis of the Harley-Davidson \"Hummer\" (Hummer is really just a few specific years, but generally people call the Harley lightweights Hummers). Postwar German production: DKW and MZ After the Second World War, DKW's factories in Zschopau were in the Soviet occupation zone. As such, they were under the control of the Soviet Union until they were handed over to the government of East Germany. The factory continued production of the RT 125 under the MZ (Motorradwerk Zschopau) brand into the 1950s. Meanwhile, DKW had reorganized itself in Ingolstadt, where it began production of the RT 125W (for \"West\") in 1949. Variants of the RT 125W, usually with larger engines, were in production throughout the 1950s. Yamaha YA-1 In the 1950s, after reestablishing themselves as manufacturers of musical instruments, Nippon Gakki decided to use the manufacturing equipment left over from wartime production to make motorcycles. Since the copyright on the RT 125 had been voided by the Allies, the company reverse engineered it as the basis for their first motorcycle. Nippon Gakki formed the Yamaha Motor Company in 1955 to build their copy of the RT 125 as the Yamaha YA-1, which was in production from 1955 to 1958. The YA-1 inherited design characteristics of RT 125 and, due to its thin body and chestnut brown tank, was affectionately nicknamed the . References RT 125 Motorcycles introduced in the 1930s Two-stroke motorcycles",
"title": "DKW RT 125"
},
{
"docid": "60856076",
"text": "H2 Motorsports was an American professional stock car racing team owned by Matt Hurley. The team operated part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, fielding the No. 28 Toyota Supra for Shane Lee. The team shutdown before the start of the 2020 season due to financial troubles and because of the pending investigation against Hurley. The assets of H2 Motorsports were purchased by Sam Hunt Racing for the 2020 season. Founder Founder Matt Hurley was born April 5, 1996. Hurley graduated from Cypress Lake High School in Fort Myers, Florida, and claims to have worked at least 40 hours per week since he was 14 years old. Hurley once described himself as an \"...investor, entrepreneur, and political hack...\" Hurley founded H2 Motorsports and based it in Mooresville, North Carolina. H2's primary sponsor was Circuit City. An entrepreneur, Hurley has started additional businesses such as H2 Innovation Center, and Youngbloods, Inc., a private holding company which later changed its name to the H2 Organization. Hurley co-founded Torchlight Productions, a website design and development firm at the age of 15. Controversy & legal actions In 2017, Hurley leased a commercial building in Fort Myers, Florida for Southwest Florida Innovation Center, at a building named The Atrium, with plans to renovate the 132,000sf building with 42,000sf set aside for startup companies and the remainder of which were sublet spaces to other tenants. The estimate for the purchase and renovation was $20 Million. He was later sued for not paying rent, and the tenants in the building were evicted, including one business that was a United States Contract Postal Unit. Hurley blamed a number of the tenant complaints and issues on the fact the building purchase had not been yet completed, and on hurricane Irma. He is currently under investigation by the State of Florida's Office of Financial regulation, and was arrested for contempt of court in 2020. Xfinity Series The team announced on May 23, 2019, that they would attempt twenty races with Lee in the No. 28 Toyota Supra, beginning at Iowa in June with Circuit City as the sponsor for all races. In late summer 2019, it was revealed that Lee was signed for all of 2020, and that depending on sponsorship, the team could expand to two cars for 2020. Due to concerns that their cars would not be ready in time for the three road course races in August with being a new team, H2 decided to skip those races (at Watkins Glen, Mid-Ohio, and Road America) and better prepare for the upcoming oval races. Before the race at Darlington in September, they released Lee due to what they deemed a lack of performance, who the team released on August 28, 2019, after less than 3 months with the team and despite the fact that he finished in the top 21 in all but one of his races, and had great runs at both Daytona (before crashing in \"the big one\") and Iowa, where he finished in the top 10.",
"title": "H2 Motorsports"
},
{
"docid": "1616308",
"text": "Ratatat is the debut album from the Brooklyn-based electronic duo of the same name. It was recorded between July 2001 and May 2003 in bassist Evan Mast's Crown Heights, Brooklyn apartment and mixed in June 2003 before its release on April 20, 2004. The album is essentially instrumental, although it has occasional voice excerpts (referred to in the liner notes as \"spoken interludes\") by local MC and rapper Young Churf. The track \"Spanish Armada\" contains a French horn played by Michal Emanovsky. Other tracks of note are \"Germany to Germany\", later released as a single; and \"Cherry\", a homage to Ratatat's original name. The most well known song on the album is \"Seventeen Years\". It was featured in a television advertisement titled \"Accessorize\" for the Hummer H2 in 2004, in the British television show Soccer AM as the original background music for The Crossbar Challenge segment, and in Level One Productions's ski movie Shanghai Six. It was also played during Rob's party in the 2008 monster movie Cloverfield as well as Keith Hufnagel's part in the DVS skateboard video Skate More. The song \"Bustelo\" was used in several Jaguar commercials in mid-2006. Track listing \"Seventeen Years\" – 4:26 \"El Pico\" – 4:41 \"Crips\" – 3:47 \"Desert Eagle\" – 4:25 \"Everest\" – 4:10 \"Bustelo\" – 2:27 \"Breaking Away\" – 4:19 \"Lapland\" – 4:56 \"Germany to Germany\" – 3:38 \"Spanish Armada\" – 2:58 \"Cherry\" – 5:58 References External links Official Ratatat Website Official Cherry video 2004 debut albums Ratatat albums XL Recordings albums Albums produced by E*vax",
"title": "Ratatat (album)"
},
{
"docid": "62984822",
"text": "The GMC Hummer EV (badged as HEV) is a line of battery electric heavy-duty vehicles produced by General Motors since 2021, and sold under the GMC marque. The Hummer EV is offered in two variants: a pickup truck and a sport utility vehicle (SUV), unveiled in October 2020 and April 2021 respectively. Weighing roughly , the Hummer EV is among the heaviest consumer automobiles currently sold in the United States. Its size, mass, and acceleration have led to concerns about the danger it poses to other road users in the event of collisions, as well as its efficiency and environmental impact. Overview The Hummer EV is assembled in Detroit and has batteries produced by LG Chem in South Korea, with plans to later start producing batteries in the U.S. It is intended that SUV models produced from 2024 onward will be able to charge other electric vehicles using an onboard 19.2 kWh charger. The electric motors' torque profile makes it suited for towing trailers. It includes various technologies, such as cameras that allow the driver to see underneath it and four-wheel steering. The SUV variant is rated to tow up to and seats five passengers with of cargo space behind the rear seats and with the back seats folded down. The pickup truck variant has a longer wheelbase than the SUV. The pickup variant has a high loadbed with a payload capacity of as well as a front trunk. The front trunk on both models is also intended to store the four removable roof panels when needed. It has eighteen cameras installed, as well as front-and-rear pedestrian alerts designed to aid drivers' situational awareness. These accompany numerous other driver-assistance features such as automatic braking and blind-spot warnings. It weighs , with the battery weighing almost . With a gross vehicle weight rating of , it is classified as a class 3 medium-duty truck in the United States. Origins The GMC Hummer EV originates from the discontinued Hummer brand that was founded by AM General, the manufacturer of the original HUMVEE light military vehicle that was later adapted to civilian spec and sold to the public as the Hummer H1. In 1999, General Motors purchased the rights to the Hummer name and began marketing it as a full-fledged brand with a lineup that eventually included the Hummer H2 and Hummer H3. The Hummer brand was discontinued in 2010 following the General Motors bankruptcy. Trims Edition 1 Edition 1 started production in 2022 as a limited edition and the sole model available for the first year. It was available for pre-order by the end of the launch event on October 20, 2020. All Edition 1 units are white with a black roof and feature bronze-colored wheels. The interior is a two-tone black-and-gray with bronze accents and Edition 1 badges. The Edition 1 will also feature Easter eggs themed after the Apollo 11 moon landing. Edition 1 has three electric motors with , of range, and is fitted with the Extreme Off-Road package,",
"title": "GMC Hummer EV"
},
{
"docid": "33496063",
"text": "Netzwelt (own writing: netzwelt) is a technology-related news website run by Netzwelt GmbH. The two founders, Dirk and Sascha Hottes, founded Netzwelt in early 1999 in Darmstadt. The site, which bills itself as \"Guter Rat auf einen Klick\" (Good advice at a click), features consumer electronics and software, as well as user-generated content in a popular forum. With up to 4,8 million visitors and 18 million page impressions, Netzwelt is one of the top five IT websites in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. History The two brothers Sascha and Dirk Hottes have turned their passion into a profession. At the ages of just 20, they created the H² Web GbR in 1999, in Darmstadt. The IT-specialist Dirk Hottes and business economist Sascha Hottes initially created the news portal MP3 World, which dealt primarily with audio software issues. A little later, they gave up their professions, they held as a tax consultant and free advisor to IT companies. In 2003 the H2 media factory GmbH was founded. Also headquartered in Darmstadt, it took over the operations of H2 Web GbR. In 2008 the company moved to Hamburg, hoping for closer contact with potential investors. In the same year, the H2 media factory GmbH was awarded the regional prize in the competition Hamburger Gründer Champion award (Founders Champion award), organized by the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW). In August 2011 the H2 media factory GmbH was renamed in netzwelt GmbH. Some SEO blogs have speculated that the unusual success of netzwelt.de was achieved in part with the support of search engine optimization, since after a sharp rise in the reach within the quarter followed by equally dramatic crashes, which may be explained with a punishment by Google. On a not entirely serious question from medienhandbuch.de in 2008 if they had bribed Google, Sascha Hottes responds: „Of course, our sales is geared primarily towards search engine optimization and online marketing. This is our home, this is our business. We do not need anyone to bribe. To bribe Google is anyway not so easy.“ Content The range of topics discussed by Netzwelt extends from the introduction of new software to reports about Computer hardware companies, apps, social networks, monitors, smartphones, notebooks, tablets or cameras. In some articles instructions are given with valuable tips for the simple operation of programs. Reviews for computer games are also offered. Altogether, there are nine categories: computers, software, audio, video, photo, mobile, internet, business and gaming. Free programs are discussed and made available for download. In an integrated forum on the page, it is possible to discuss all the issues related to IT and technology, or to get advice when problems arise. Furthermore, a dedicated YouTube channel exists under the name of netzwelt tv, on which the editors give valuable tips, for example how to use smartphones, give reports on what's new to see at fairs or offer interviews with key players of the Internet scene. Project Akuma The young entrepreneurs’ talent was proven with the founding of the audio download",
"title": "Netzwelt"
}
] | [
"2009"
] |
train_23604 | when did the us add the 49th state | [
{
"docid": "45365476",
"text": "The National Movement for the Establishment of the 49th State was an intellectual movement popular among African-American separatists during the 1930s. The movement sought to create a state for African Americans in the American South. The movement was led by Oscar Brown, Sr., a leading civil rights activist from Chicago, Illinois. The movement did not succeed in creating a new state. Alaska became the 49th U.S. state in 1959. Leadership The principal advocate for the movement was Oscar Brown, Sr., father of Oscar Brown, Jr. who was a popular entertainer. Brown lived a varied life in Chicago, Illinois. Brown was the son of a former slave, born in 1895 and grew up in Edwards, Mississippi. During World War I, he served as a lieutenant in France, returning to graduate from Howard University with a degree in law. He then began his work as an activist by starting a student branch of the NAACP. He moved to Chicago and used his law degree to start a law firm called Brown, Brown, Cyrus, and Green, before shifting his interests to real estate. It was during this time that he focused his energy on starting the Movement to Establish a 49th State. He led a group of fellow separatists in Chicago. He wanted descendants of slaves like himself to have a place where they could build their own economy without the detriments of being an ex-slave in the white-dominated world. After the movement failed, he continued his involvement in activism as the president of the Chicago branch of the NAACP and the Chicago Negro Chamber of Commerce. He died in 1990 at the age of 94. Purpose The main purpose of the National Movement for the Establishment of the 49th state was to create a separate state for African American people. The beginning of the movement saw Oscar Brown seeking the establishment of a state in the union territories. The state was to be populated and governed by African American people. The primary goal of statehood was to ensure that the benefits of the New Deal were fairly allocated to African American citizens. The organization gradually declined due to the lack of support, and the other outside federal forces prohibiting the creation of the 49th State. Later, Alaska would become the 49th state. History The National Movement for the Establishment of the 49th state took place in the 1930s. During this time in the United States, Southern segregation and Northern economic deprivation were prevalent in the United States. The movement was originally based in Chicago, Illinois. Later there were several smaller campaigns held by African American groups all over the country. In 1931, campaigns were held in Chicago, and the states of Virginia, California, New York, Ohio, and Florida. Process \"In order to prepare the Negro for the responsibilities of the proper functioning of the new state, and to better equip those who would live elsewhere to survive, there shall be created in the Negro a new state of mind, of hope and",
"title": "National Movement for the Establishment of a 49th State"
},
{
"docid": "19343510",
"text": "The 832nd Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Tactical Air Command, (TAC) assigned to Twelfth Air Force at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, where it was inactivated on 1 October 1991. The division was first activated at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico in October 1957 to command the two North American F-100 Super Sabre wings stationed there and to provide support for them through its 832nd Air Base Group. It deployed all its operational squadrons to Florida during the Cuban Missile Crisis, along with the headquarters of one of its subordinate wings. In 1964, the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing was activated at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico and assigned to the division. Although initially equipped with Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks reclaimed from the Air National Guard, the 366th re-equipped with the McDonnell F-4 Phantom II, with which it moved to Vietnam in 1966. During the Pueblo Crisis, the division was assigned a wing of the Colorado Air National Guard, whose squadrons also served in Vietnam. Between 1968 and 1970, the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing was assigned to the 832nd. The 49th Wing moved to the United States from Germany, but was \"dual based\", committed to deploy to Germany to support the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as needed. The 832nd once again deployed forces to Southeast Asia in 1972, when the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvarks of its 474th Tactical Fighter Wing deployed to Thailand. The division was inactivated in 1975 and its subordinate units assigned directly to Twelfth Air Force. In 1980, the division was again activated to replace Tactical Training, Luke, whose mission and personnel it absorbed. It continued to train fighter crews from the United States Air Force and allied countries until it was inactivated in 1991 when TAC implemented the Objective Wing organization, which called for all organizations on an installation to be assigned to a single wing. Although the division did not directly participate in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, it deployed support forces and combat elements to the combat theater. History Fighter operations at Cannon Air Force Base The 832nd Air Division was activated at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico and assigned to Eighteenth Air Force in October 1957, when the 474th Fighter-Bomber Wing was activated as Tactical Air Command (TAC)'s second fighter-bomber wing there. The 474th joined the 312th Fighter-Bomber Wing, which had been at Cannon since 1954. The two wings, which flew the North American F-100 Super Sabre, became the air division's initial tactical components, while the 832nd Air Base Group was assigned to the division to manage support activities at George. The 312th Wing headquarters provided the cadre for the division and its former commander, Colonel William W. Momyer, became the division's first commander. Three months after its activation, the division was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force, which moved without personnel or equipment from Germany to replace Eighteenth Air Force. From late in 1958 through the end of 1959, the 1st",
"title": "832nd Air Division"
},
{
"docid": "24739862",
"text": "Vatry Air Base was a United States Air Force base in France. After its closure, it was redeveloped into Chalons-Vatry Airport, primarily used for international air cargo transport. History Vatry Airport's origins begin in 1950 when, with the Cold War, NATO faced several problems when attempting to solve the air power survival equation. Planning for first strike survival in both conventional and nuclear wars had to be considered. The primary operating bases for NATO air forces were built on small parcels of land with very limited dispersal space. It was decided to build dispersal bases away from the primary bases to be used in the event of an emergency. Vatry was selected to be one of these \"NATO Dispersed Operating Bases\". No flying unit was ever permanently assigned to Vatry and it was used for dispersal training only. However, it did require the same level of equipment as a standard air base. NATO security personnel were required to control base access, guard equipment, munitions and supplies stored on the facility, as well as prevent vandalism. Construction began in 1953, and Vatry Air Base was designed for 50 fighters with three large hangars constructed. In 1956 construction was completed and Det #2, 48th Air Base Group from Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base was designated as the host unit. Aircraft from the United States Air Force 21st, 48th, 49th and 388th Fighter-Bomber Wings deployed to Vatry, usually one fighter squadron at a time. In 1959 Vatry Air Base was phased down and all munitions, equipment and supplies were sent to Chaumont Air Base's Base Supply and the host detachment was inactivated. The facility was transferred to the United States Army as a training facility in 1960. With the French withdrawal from the integrated NATO military structure in 1967, the American forces left Vatry Air Base and it was closed. For many years, Vatry Air Base was under the control of the French Air Force and used for a training facility. About 2000 it was sold to civil interests and today is being used as an international heavy cargo airport. References Installations of the United States Air Force in France French Air and Space Force bases Airports established in 1956 Military installations established in 1956 Military installations closed in the 2000s",
"title": "Vatry Air Base"
},
{
"docid": "41428138",
"text": "Legal education in Alaska refers to the history of efforts to educate Alaskans in the laws of the state, including the education of those representing themselves before the courts, paralegals and the continuing legal education of Alaskan lawyers after their admission to the Alaska Bar Association. Since becoming the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959 Alaska has not had a public, American Bar Association-accredited law school. A 1975 study by former Alaska Attorney General (1970–1973) John E. Havelock concluded that the state did not require a law school. Without a state law school, Alaska did not receive a 2001 distribution of the complete legal papers of Abraham Lincoln and the Alaska Law Review has been published outside Alaska. As of 2015, Alaska was the only state without a law school, but Seattle University School of Law has opened a satellite campus at Alaska Pacific University, where law students from any ABA accredited school can study Alaska-specific courses during summers or for part or all of their third (and final) year of law school. Also, although it still requires students to leave the state, as of 2021, University of Alaska Anchorage undergraduates can qualify for direct admission to Case Western Reserve University School of Law and Willamette University College of Law on an accelerated schedule. History 1970s–2000s The District (previously Department) of Alaska became an organized incorporated territory of the United States on August 24, 1912, and was admitted to the union as the 49th state on January 3, 1959. In 1971 the Los Angeles-based UCLA School of Law began publishing the Alaska Law Review, a semiannual publication devoted to legal issues pertinent to Alaskans. Funded by the Alaska Bar Association, the Alaska Law Review is provided to every Alaskan attorney in return for their ABA dues. In 1975 former Alaska Attorney General (1970–1973) John E. Havelock published \"Legal Education for a Frontier Society: A Survey of Alaskan Needs and Opportunities in Education, Research and the Delivery of Legal Services\", the first comprehensive study on meeting the need for legal services in Alaska. Published on behalf of the University of Alaska Regents and the Alaska Legislative Council, it found that there were barely enough qualified Alaskans to support a law school. A 2013 summary of the 1975 study noted: In 1983, Duke University School of Law took over the publication of the Alaska Law Review from UCLA. The following year, residents of Kenai founded the unaccredited Alaska Common Law School. The school offered a two-year program enabling students to represent themselves before Alaskan courts, with graduates receiving pre-law certificates. In June 1989, the University of Alaska Anchorage established a paralegal certificate program. In 1994 the University of Alaska Anchorage and Alaska Academy of Trial Lawyers sponsored a weekly Community Law School course at Central Junior High School in Anchorage, with local attorneys teaching property, personal injury, employment and criminal law and providing legal information about insurance contracts. In 1998, the accredited William S. Boyd School of Law",
"title": "Legal education in Alaska"
},
{
"docid": "31738821",
"text": "Brock Barracks is a British Army barracks in the town of Reading in the English county of Berkshire. Located on Oxford Road in the district of West Reading. The majority of the buildings and structures within Brock Barracks are Grade II listed. History The barracks, which were named after Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, were built in the Fortress Gothic Revival Style and completed in 1881. Their creation took place as part of the Cardwell Reforms which encouraged the localisation of British military forces. The barracks became the depot for the 49th (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot and the 66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot. Following the Childers Reforms, the 49th and 66th regiments amalgamated to form the Royal Berkshire Regiment with its depot in the barracks later that year. During the Second World War the 401st Glider Infantry Regiment of 101st Airborne of the United States Army were based at the barracks in preparation for the Normandy landings. The barracks ceased to be the home of the Royal Berkshire Regiment when that regiment merged with the Wiltshire Regiment to form the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment at Albany Barracks on the Isle of Wight in 1959. The Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment retained their administrative headquarters at Brock Barracks until they moved to Cathedral Close in Salisbury in 1982. The barracks continued in use as a Territorial Army base with D Company (Berkshire), Wessex Volunteers using the base from 1967: this unit evolved as D Company, the Wessex Regiment in 1972, the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Company, the Royal Rifle Volunteers in 1999 and HQ Company, 7th Battalion The Rifles in 2007. The Keep On 12 May 1980 the Secretary of State for Defence sold the Keep, the Gatehouse and the original Gateway to Brock Barracks to Reading Borough Council. Since then Brock Keep has provided artists studios and exhibition space, and is currently occupied by OpenHand OpenSpace. References External links 7 RIFLES – British Army Website Installations of the British Army Barracks in England Grade II listed buildings in Reading Government buildings completed in 1881 Residential buildings completed in 1881 The Rifles 1881 establishments in England",
"title": "Brock Barracks"
},
{
"docid": "18317576",
"text": "Alaska Native cultures are rich and diverse, and their art forms are representations of their history, skills, tradition, adaptation, and nearly twenty thousand years of continuous life in some of the most remote places on earth. These art forms are largely unseen and unknown outside the state of Alaska, due to distance from the art markets of the world. History Historically, \"art\" as a decorative concept did not traditionally exist among these indigenous people. Objects were utilitarian, although decorated in ways that conveyed images of spiritual or physical activity. It was not until Europeans and Asians first made contact with the indigenous people of coastal Alaska in the 17th century that such non-utilitarian art objects began to be traded in exchange for metal implements, cloth, and foodstuffs such as tea, flour, or sugar. Many objects traded were valued for their functionality: clothing woven of grass, harpoon tips carved from the ivory tusk of the walrus; rainproof outerwear sewn from membranes in the intestines of seals; and animal skins valued for their warmth and durability. Gradually, these items were refined to be more decorative, as a way to increase their value in trade. For example, a walrus tusk might be etched with many hunting scenes depicting life of the coastal people; later, this technique would come to be known as \"scrimshaw\" when brought back to New England on whaling ships. Elaborate patterns in beadwork were designed as the beads themselves arrived through trade; regalia of all types used for ceremonial purposes – masks, woven clothing, hats, dance fans – all became souvenirs for the whalers and explorers of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Even the towering totem poles from Southeastern Alaska found their way back to the East Coast of the United States, where they formed the basis of many museum collections. While the art forms were and still are as different as the cultures of the Native people who made them – Athabaskan Indians of the vast Interior, Inupiaq of the Northwestern Arctic coasts; Yupik and St. Lawrence Island Yupik of the Bering Sea coast; Aleuts and Alutiiq people from the Aleutian islands; and the Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian Indians often known as Northwest Coastal tribes – they commonly evoke references to living in harmony with nature and all its many creatures. No part of an animal hunted, fished or trapped could be wasted, for example, so one might see boots or \"mukluks\" made of bearded seal skin for soles, salmon skin for the outer layer, and straps of caribou or deerskin, perhaps even dyed with berries. As Native people lived off the land and the sea, their relationships to a particular place could always be seen in their objects in both physical and metaphorical terms. As traditions evolved through more \"westernization\" with Russian America in the 17th century and Territorial Alaska beginning in 1867 and finally the creation of Alaska as our 49th State in 1959, so did their art forms. All are continually evolving, blurring the distinction",
"title": "Alaska Native art"
},
{
"docid": "54528846",
"text": "The 115th Field Artillery Brigade, known as “Cowboy Thunder” is an artillery formation of the United States Army, raised by the Wyoming Army National Guard. It is headquartered in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Its history stretches back to the 1800s when Wyoming was a U.S. territory. The first muster formation was in 1888 as 1st Regiment Infantry. It was redesignated as the 115th Field Artillery Brigade September 1, 1978. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 197th Armored Cavalry Group, and the 115th and 117th Tank Battalions were consolidated 1 March 1951 to form the 115th Armored Cavalry, with headquarters at Cheyenne. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 115th Armored Cavalry, converted and redesignated 16 January 1953 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Field Artillery Group (remainder of regiment—hereafter separate lineages). Redesignated 1 August 1959 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Artillery Group. Consolidated 18 December 1967 with Company C, 102d Engineer Battalion (organized and Federally recognized 25 September 1956 at Cheyenne), and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Artillery Group. Redesignated 1 May 1972 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Field Artillery Group. Redesignated 1 September 1978 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 115th Field Artillery Brigade. In 1959, the 300th Armored Field Artillery Battalion was consolidated with two other armored field artillery battalions into the 49th Field Artillery under the Combat Arms Regimental System. In 1996, the 49th was reorganized and redesignated as the 300th Field Artillery. In the mid 1980s, the brigade consisted of the 1st Battalion, 49th Field Artillery Regiment, and the 3rd Battalion, 49th Field Artillery. The regiment had a long history, dating back to units formed in the Wyoming Territory. On 1 September 1996, both battalions were reorganized into a single towed artillery battalion, the 2-300 FA. The new battalion remained headquartered in Sheridan. Current Structure 115th Field Artillery Brigade, in Cheyenne, Wyoming Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, in Cheyenne, Wyoming 2nd Battalion, 300th Field Artillery Regiment (M142 HIMARS), in Casper, Wyoming 960th Brigade Support Battalion, in Sheridan, Wyoming 148th Signal Company, in Laramie, Wyoming Battery E (Target Acquisition), 151st Field Artillery Regiment, in Anoka, Minnesota (Minnesota Army National Guard) Three additional field artillery battalions of the brigade are under administrative control of other formations: 84th Troop Command, in Cambridge, Minnesota (Minnesota Army National Guard) 1st Battalion, 151st Field Artillery Regiment (M777A2), in Montevideo, Minnesota 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Wisconsin Army National Guard) 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery Regiment (M142 HIMARS), in Milwaukee, Wisconsin 196th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota (South Dakota Army National Guard) 1st Battalion, 147th Field Artillery Regiment (M270A1 MLRS), in Watertown, South Dakota References Field artillery brigades of the United States Army Military units and formations established in 1953",
"title": "115th Field Artillery Brigade"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "9470391",
"text": "The Alberta Township System (ATS) is a land surveying system used in the Canadian province of Alberta and other parts of western Canada. History and background In principle there is a mathematical basis for the Alberta Township System (ATS) variant of the Dominion Land Survey (DLS) system as implemented in Canada. The implementation in western Canada reflects a number of slightly different approaches, as well as a large number of errors. Long before the Dominion Land Surveyor (DLS) first came into official existence in 1872, licensed surveyors known as provincial land surveyors had been functioning in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec (then called Canada West and Canada East) under an Act of 1849. Establishing a system of examination for new aspirants to the title of \"Dominion Land Surveyor\" was officially adopted in 1874. In 1910 The Alberta Surveyors Act prescribed the system and the methods whereby land surveys were to be carried out under the general purview of a provincial director of surveys whose responsibility it was to see that all survey work was performed in accordance with the provisions of that Act. The system is also used by provincial governments when selling exploration rights, and oil and gas wells are referenced by their location as defined within the Alberta Township System. How it works Below is a brief description of how to lay out the DLS grid for Alberta. Lay off ticks from the 49th parallel of latitude to the 60th parallel. This gives 127 township lines. The 49th parallel of latitude is the first base line of the ATS system. On it lay off ticks westwards starting at the 110th line of longitude (4th DLS meridian). Start over at the 114th and 118th lines of longitude (5th and 6th DLS meridians). Extend these ticks due north (following a line of constant longitude) to the first correction line. This gets you your first set of range lines. Starting at the 49th parallel (first base line) go directly north. This gets you to the second base line. At the latitude corresponding to this distance from the 49th parallel lay off 6-mile-6-chain ticks westwards from 110th meridian as you did at the 1st base line. The circumference of the earth has decreased as you went northwards, so there will be fewer full ticks than there were one base line south. Extend 12 miles 6 chains north and 12 miles 6 chains south from these ticks. This gets you your next set of range lines. You will note there is an offset between the range lines extending north from the lower base line and those extending south from the current ones. This offset occurs along what is called a correction line. Repeat the base line process every 24 miles 12 chains northwards (to the 32nd). All this will result in a mesh of cells nominally six miles (plus 3 or 6 chains for road allowances) on a side. Each such cell is called a township (not to be confused with the",
"title": "Alberta Township System"
},
{
"docid": "74133",
"text": "An adding machine is a class of mechanical calculator, usually specialized for bookkeeping calculations. In the United States, the earliest adding machines were usually built to read in dollars and cents. Adding machines were ubiquitous office equipment until they were phased out in favor of calculators in the 1970s and by personal computers beginning in about 1985. The older adding machines were rarely seen in American office settings by the year 2000. Blaise Pascal and Wilhelm Schickard were the two original inventors of the mechanical calculator in 1642. For Pascal, this was an adding machine that could perform additions and subtractions directly and multiplication and divisions by repetitions, while Schickard's machine, invented several decades earlier, was less functionally efficient but was supported by a mechanised form of multiplication tables. These two were followed by a series of inventors and inventions leading to those of Thomas de Colmar, who launched the mechanical calculator industry in 1851 when he released his simplified arithmometer (it took him thirty years to refine his machine, patented in 1820, into a simpler and more reliable form). However, they did not gain widespread use until Dorr E. Felt started manufacturing his comptometer (1887) and Burroughs started the commercialization of differently conceived adding machines (1892). Operation To add a new list of numbers and arrive at a total, the user was first required to \"ZERO\" the machine. Then, to add sets of numbers, the user was required to press numbered keys on a keyboard, which would remain depressed (rather than immediately rebound like the keys of a computer keyboard or typewriter or the buttons of a typical modern machine). The user would then pull the crank, which caused the numbers to be shown on the rotary wheels, and the keys to be released (i.e. to pop back up) in preparation for the next input. To add, for example, the amounts of 30.72 and 4.49 (which, in adding machine terms, on a decimal adding machine is 3,072 plus 449 \"decimal units\"), the following process took place: Press the key in the column fourth from the right (multiples of one thousand), the key in the column second from right (multiples of ten) and the key in the rightmost column (multiples of 1). Pull the crank. The rotary wheels now showed 3072. Press the key in the third column from the right, the key in the second column from right, and the key in the rightmost column. Pull the crank. The rotary wheels now show a running 'total' of 3521 which, when interpreted using the decimal currency colour-coding of the key columns, equates to 35.21. Keyboards typically did not have or need (zero) keys; one simply did not press any key in the column containing a zero. Trailing zeros (those to the right of a number), were there by default because when a machine was zeroed, all numbers visible on the rotary wheels were reset to zero. Subtraction was impossible, except by adding the complement of a number (for instance, subtract",
"title": "Adding machine"
},
{
"docid": "21937030",
"text": "The 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron is an active United States Air Force unit. Its current assignment is with the 53d Wing, based at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. The 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron is an Air Combat Command (ACC) unit tasked to support and conduct operational testing for the B-52. The Squadron is responsible for the conduct of the entirety of B-52 operational test programs. Additionally, the squadron also conducts the Nuclear Weapon System Evaluation Program of the Air Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM). To accomplish its mission, the squadron employs two assigned operational aircraft for operational test via Air Force Global Strike Command. History World War I 49th Aero Squadron Formed at Kelly Field No. 1, San Antonio, Texas on 6 August 1917. During its initial indoctrination training at Kelly Field, many squadron members were reassigned to other squadrons, however on 25 August, personnel from the 68th Aero Squadron were assigned to the 49th. After about a month of basic training as soldiers, the squadron was moved to the newly opened Kelly Field No. 2 where they began training with Curtiss JN-4 Jennys as a school squadron. Deployed to England in late November 1917, spent six months training with the Royal Flying Corps, then an additional month of training at the Third Aviation Instruction Center at Issoudun Aerodrome, France for combat training. Equipped with new Spad XIIIs, the 49th began flying operations with the First Army and was credited with participation in the Lorraine, St Mihiel, and the Meuse-Argonne campaigns. During its time in combat, the 49th Aero Squadron downed 25 enemy aircraft, losing six pilots killed, wounded, or missing. 166th Aero Squadron The squadron was organized at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas on 18 December 1917. After several days, the squadron was moved to Wilbur Wright Field, Dayton Ohio where it received its first training in the handling of Curtiss JN-4 and Standard J-1 aircraft. Moved to England in March 1919, spent several months with the Royal Flying Corps being trained. Transferred to the American Expeditionary Forces in France during August 1918. Assigned to the 1st Day Bombardment Group, First Army. Equipped with De Havilland DH-4 and became a Day Bombardment squadron. In combat during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, 18 October-11 November 1918. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, was assigned to the US Third Army, became part of the occupation forces in the German Rhineland, November 1918 – April 1919. Returned to the United States, most squadron personnel demobilized in New York. Inter-War period Remained as part of the Air Service, moved to Ellington Field, Texas in July 1919 and was reformed with new personnel. Participated in demonstrations of effectiveness of aerial bombardment on warships, June–September 1921; mercy mission in relief of marooned inhabitants of islands in the frozen Chesapeake, 9–11 February 1936. Began its association with testing when it received the first of the five Boeing YB-9, first all-metal monoplane bomber aircraft designed for the United States Army Air Corps, on 14 September 1932. The new",
"title": "49th Test and Evaluation Squadron"
},
{
"docid": "172753",
"text": "Christmas crackers are festive table decorations that make a snapping sound when pulled open, and typically contain a small gift, paper hat and a joke. They are part of Christmas celebrations in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Commonwealth countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. A cracker consists of a segmented cardboard tube wrapped in a brightly decorated twist of paper with a prize in the centre, making it resemble an oversized sweet-wrapper. The cracker is pulled apart by two people, each holding an outer chamber, causing the cracker to split unevenly and leaving one person holding the central chamber and prize. The split is accompanied by a mild bang or snapping sound produced by the effect of friction on a shock-sensitive, chemically impregnated card strip (similar to that used in a cap gun). One chemical used for the friction strip is silver fulminate. Tradition Crackers are traditionally pulled during Christmas dinner or at Christmas parties. One version of the cracker ritual holds that the person who ends up with the larger end of cracker earns the right to keep the contents of the cardboard tube. Sometimes, each participant retains ownership of their own cracker and keeps its contents regardless of the outcome. Christmas crackers traditionally contain a colourful crown-shaped hat made of tissue paper, a small toy, a plastic model, or a trinket, and a small strip of paper with a motto, a joke, a riddle, or a piece of trivia. The paper hats, with the appearance of crowns, are usually worn at Christmas dinner. The tradition of wearing festive hats is believed to date back to Roman times and the Saturnalia celebrations, which also involved decorative headgear. Christmas crackers are also associated with Knut's parties, held in Sweden at the end of the Christmas season. Author and historian John Julius Norwich (Viscount Norwich) was known for sending his family and friends a Christmas Cracker each year which was a kind of expanded Christmas card of anecdotes, trivia and witticisms collected from history and literature. Initially he printed them privately to give to friends but also sold via some London bookstores. His 49th and final cracker was published posthumously in the year of his death. History The Oxford English Dictionary records the pulling of crackers from 1847. Tom Smith Tradition tells of how Tom Smith (1823–1869) of London invented crackers in 1847. He created the crackers as a development of his bon-bon sweets, which he sold in a twist of paper (the origins of the traditional sweet-wrapper). As sales of bon-bons slumped, Smith began to come up with new promotional ideas. His first tactic was to insert love messages into the wrappers of the sweets (similar to fortune cookies). Smith was inspired to add a \"crackle\" element after hearing the crackle of a log he had just put on a fire. The size of the paper wrapper had to be increased to incorporate the banger mechanism, and the sweet itself was eventually dropped, to be replaced",
"title": "Christmas cracker"
},
{
"docid": "2728846",
"text": "The 49th Quartermaster Group (Petroleum and Water) was a United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) combat service support unit stationed at Fort Gregg-Adams (formerly Fort Lee), Virginia. The group motto was \"Fueling the Force.\" Reactivated in 1993, the 49th held an inactivation ceremony at Fort Lee on 14 September 2012. Its subordinate 530th Support Battalion and 108th Quartermaster Company were reassigned to a brigade headquarters to await their own inactivation in September 2013. According to an article in the post newspaper, \"The 54th and 111th, the Army's only active duty mortuary affairs units, are not likely to be inactivated but may be transferred. If any of the units remain at Fort Lee, they may be realigned under battalions either at Fort Eustis, home of the 7th Sustainment Brigade, or Fort Bragg, N.C., home of the XVIII Airborne Corps, the 49th's current higher headquarters.\" Subordinate units 49th Quartermaster Group, Fort Gregg-Adams 240th Quartermaster Battalion (Pipeline) (inactivated 24 June 2011) 530th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (inactivation ceremony held on 31 May 2013) Headquarters and Headquarters Company 54th Quartermaster Company (Mortuary Affairs) 109th Quartermaster Company (POL) 111th Quartermaster Company (Mortuary Affairs) 64th Transportation Company 612th Movement Control Team History Constituted 1 May 1936 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Regiment (Truck-Army) (Colored) and allotted to the Fifth Corps area. Redesignated 29 September 1939 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Regiment (Truck-Corps) (Colored). Redesignated 8 January 1940 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Regiment (Truck) (Colored). Redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Truck Regiment (Colored) and activated 1 April 1942 at the Port of San Francisco. Reorganized and redesignated 14 December 1943 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 49th Quartermaster Group (Colored). Inactivated 15 November 1947 at Leghorn, Italy. Redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 49th Quartermaster Group and activated 1 June 1993 at Fort Lee, Virginia. CAMPAIGN PARTICIPATION CREDIT World War II Naples-Foggia Rome-Arno Po Valley North Apennines Iraq War DECORATIONS Meritorious Unit Commendation, Streamer embroidered ITALY (HHD 49th QM Gp cited for period 1 October 1944 – 1 January 1945; GO 228 Hq, PBS 25 August 1945) Meritorious Unit Commendation for exceptional meritorious service as the Theater Bulk Petroleum and Water Group in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq, 10 January 2003 to 25 September 2003 Shoulder Sleeve Insignia Description: On a buff rectangle with rounded corners in width and in height overall with a black border, a black vertical stripe charged with a light blue flash superimposed by a black annulet counterchanged. Symbolism: Buff and light blue are the colors traditionally used by the Quartermaster Corps. Black denotes solidity and refers to petroleum; the light blue flash represents speed and quick response. The vertical stripe symbolizes the flow of fuel and water, while the annulet, suggesting a wheel (as on the Quartermaster insignia of branch), highlights the constant movement of supplies and materiel. Background: The shoulder sleeve insignia (unit patch) was approved on 22 June 1998. Distinctive unit insignia Description: A",
"title": "49th Quartermaster Group"
},
{
"docid": "336468",
"text": "The 49th Armored Division —nicknamed the \"Lone Star\"— was an armored division of the Texas Army National Guard during the Cold War. Active from 1947, the division formed part of the Texas Army National Guard together with the 36th Infantry Division. It was called up for active duty between 1961 and 1962 during the Berlin Crisis. In 1968 both Texas divisions were inactivated and used to form separate units. The 49th Armored was reformed in 1973 as the sole Texas division. When reflagged as the 36th Infantry Division in 2004, it was the last armored division remaining in the United States Army National Guard. History After the end of World War II, the United States National Guard was reorganized and expanded from its prewar size. Initial War Department unit allocations submitted to states for review in early February 1946 gave the 49th Armored Division to Texas and New Mexico, with the latter receiving one combat command headquarters and its subordinate units as well as field artillery and engineer battalions. As the governor of New Mexico desired to continue his state's prewar antiaircraft units, the 49th Armored Division was made all-Texas and New Mexico received the 111th Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade. The division, whose units were accepted by the Texas adjutant general on 2 July 1946, included two combat commands and a reserve command with the 145th, 146th, and 147th Tank Battalions and the 145th, 146th, and 147th Armored Infantry Battalions. The division artillery included the 105 mm howitzer-equipped 645th, 646th, and 647th Armored Field Artillery Battalions. Division troops included the 49th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and the 386th Armored Engineer Battalion as well as other support units. It and the New Jersey 50th Armored Division were the only armored divisions in the National Guard at the time. A number of the original divisional units received federal recognition from the National Guard Bureau on 27 February 1947, a date used thereafter as the formation's \"birthday\", including the division headquarters at Camp Mabry in Austin. In 1947, all four battalions of the 144th Infantry Regiment were placed into the Division as mechanized infantry units. The division headquarters location changed to Fort Worth on 4 August 1949 and to Dallas on 31 August 1950. Beginning in the northern and northeastern areas of the State, there were 111 units in 56 Texas cities by 1952. In September 1961, an executive order alerted the division for mobilization at Dallas due to the 1961 Berlin Crisis. The 49th Armored and the Wisconsin 32nd Infantry Division were mobilized in order to replace active divisions scheduled to be deployed from the strategic reserve. On 15 October the division entered federal service and soon afterwards concentrated at Fort Hood. It subsequently deployed to Fort Polk, Louisiana, where it remained for ten months. In May 1962, the division staged the large-scale Exercise Iron Dragoon, still remembered among National Guard armor exercises. Also while at Fort Polk the division's missile unit became the first Army National Guard unit to fire the Honest",
"title": "49th Armored Division (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "8169761",
"text": "The 49th Military Police Brigade is California's only Army National Guard military police brigade and is headquartered in Fairfield, California. The 49th's primary role in California is to provide defense support to civilian authorities (DSCA) in the northern region of the state. As part of its federal mission, the 49th Military Police Brigade stands ready to deploy and respond to support missions around the world. The brigade is the part of the Homeland Response Force (HRF). History The 49th was officially reorganized in May 2005 and was immediately deployed forward in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). During its OIF tour, the 49th was tasked with the training of fledgling Iraqi Police force and maintained command and control over 3-thousand Soldiers in three military police battalions. Operation Iraqi Freedom (2005–07) The 49th MP Brigade reorganized on 16 January 2005, specifically to mobilize and deploy in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The brigade mobilized at Fort Hood, TX in May 2005. They conducted four months of post mobilization training and deployed to Iraq, through Kuwait in October 2005. The unit formally took over the mission from the 42nd Military Police Brigade, Fort Lewis, WA, on 2 November 2005. The mission of the brigade was to provide military police support to Multi-National Forces-Iraq, as well as support to the Iraqi Police. As part of its support to the Iraqi police, the brigade formed Police Transition Teams which worked closely with local police in 14 of Iraq's 18 provinces. In addition to its mission to train the Iraqi police, they also provided security for Iraq's Tier 1 government officials, including the President and Prime Minister of Iraq. They also provided security for the US Embassy in Baghdad and personal security for the US Ambassador, Deputy US Ambassador, and the UN Ambassador and Deputy. While theater level detention operations where the responsibility of the 43rd Military Police Brigade, the brigades 709th Military Police Battalion did assist the 101st Airborne Division in running their brigade and division internment facilities until that mission was withdrawn. The brigade also conducted law and order missions for Victory Base Complex, COB Speicher, LSA Anaconda, and Talil Air Base. This mission enabled commanders to provide a safe and secure environment for their soldiers to live. The brigade was relieved of its mission in March 2007. While deployed the brigade commanded military police units from the Regular Army stationed in CONUS, Europe, and Korea, National Guard from eight states and the District of Columbia, one US Army Reserve region, and the United States Air Force. They consisted of three MP battalions, 23 companies, and five detachments. Organization It is composed of the following units: 49th MP Brigade, Headquarters & Headquarters Company – Fairfield 143rd Military Police Battalion – Lancaster Headquarters & Headquarters Company – Lancaster 40th MP Company – Los Alamitos 140th Chemical Company – Gardena 330th MP Company – Ontario 670th MP Company – National City 185th Military Police Battalion – Pittsburg Headquarters & Headquarters Company – Pittsburg 149th Chemical",
"title": "49th Military Police Brigade (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "128668",
"text": "Pembina () is a city in Pembina County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 512 at the 2020 census. Pembina is located south of the Canada–US border. Interstate 29 passes on the western side of Pembina, leading north to the Canada–US border at Emerson, Manitoba and south to the cities of Grand Forks and Fargo. The Pembina–Emerson Border Crossing is the busiest between Surrey–Blaine, and Windsor–Detroit, and the fifth busiest along the Canada-United States border. It is one of three 24-hour ports of entry in North Dakota, the others being Portal and Dunseith. The Noyes–Emerson East Border Crossing, located to the east on the Minnesota side of the Red River, also processed cross-border traffic until its closure in 2006. The area of Pembina was long inhabited by various indigenous peoples. At the time of 16th century French exploration and fur trading, historical Native American tribes included the Lakota (Sioux, as the French called them), the Chippewa (Ojibwe), and the Assiniboine. The British/Canadian Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established a fur-trading post on the site of present-day Pembina in 1797, and it is the oldest European-American community in the Dakotas. The first permanent HBC-sponsored settlement in Pembina started in 1812. Prior to the Treaty of 1818, Pembina was in Rupert's Land, the HBC's trading territory. The treaty transferred the Red River Valley south of the 49th parallel to the United States, but until 1823, both the United States and the British authorities believed Pembina was north of the 49th and therefore still in Rupert's Land. That year United States Army Major Stephen H. Long's survey of the 49th parallel revealed Pembina's location to be just south of the Rupert's Land–United States border. Pembina was officially founded in 1843. In 1851, the US established its first post office in present-day North Dakota in Pembina. Pembina was the most populous place in North Dakota according to the 1860 census. Pembina served as county seat from 1867 to 1911, being designated as a town in 1885. Namesake The name Pembina derives from an Ojibwe word for Viburnum edule, a bushy plant with bright red berries which grows in the area. Nineteenth-century journal-writers and observers translated the word as \"summer berry\" or \"high cranberry\". History The Pembina area was historically at the borders of the territories of the Lakota, the Chippewa, and the Assiniboine, American Indian tribes, who competed for hegemony. Their conflict increased beginning with the French introduction of firearms in the late 17th century as part of their goods traded for furs. The first known European] visitors to the Pembina region were the French La Vérendrye family in the early 18th century. Pembina's recorded history of European encounter extended for more than 200 years. Started by the French as a fur trading post for commerce with Native Americans, it was also tied to trade for plains bison. European trappers who hunted in the Red River of the North area frequently married Native women and often lived with local tribes at least part of",
"title": "Pembina, North Dakota"
},
{
"docid": "5122583",
"text": "General John Vincent (1764–1848) was the British commanding officer of the Niagara Peninsula in Upper Canada when the United States attacked in the spring of 1813. He was defeated at the Battle of Fort George but was able to rebound and establish the new lines at Burlington Heights. He directed the campaign during the summer and fall that eventually forced the Americans to abandon the Niagara area in December 1813, thanks in large part due to his victory over the Americans at the Battle of Stoney Creek. Due to illness he was replaced by General Phineas Riall, though of the several officers of the 49th Regiment who reached high command during the War of 1812, Vincent was the longest-serving of them. British and Canadian accounts of the War give the impression of a modest, well-liked and generous officer, who gave whatever help he could to other commanders. From 1814, he had held the sinecure post of Lieutenant-Governor of Dumbarton Castle. Early life He was born in Ireland, the son of John Vincent (1734–1779) of Mardyke, County Limerick, Sheriff of Limerick, by his first wife, Catherine (d.1768), daughter and co-heiress of John Love (d.1750), of Castle Saffron (later renamed Creagh Castle), near Doneraile, County Cork, great grandson of Sir Philip Perceval. Vincent entered the army as an Ensign in 1781. He transferred as a Lieutenant into the 49th Foot in 1783, becoming a Captain in 1786. He saw service with the regiment in the West Indies and was present at the taking of Haiti. After being promoted to Major in 1795, he was ordered back to England for his health, but the vessel on which he sailed was captured by a French frigate and he was detained a prisoner in France for one year. He took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in 1799 (was promoted to Lt.-Colonel in 1800), and was present at the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker. Two years later, the 49th were posted to Upper Canada, and Vincent was accompanied there by his nephew, William Vincent (who had married Frances Blood of Castle Fergus, County Clare, descended from the noted bravo and desperado Colonel Thomas Blood), who had joined the 49th in 1800. Vincent performed various garrison duties at York (Toronto), Fort George (Niagara-on-the-Lake) and Kingston, Ontario for the next ten years or so. War of 1812 On the outbreak of war, Vincent led a detachment of the 49th from Lower Canada to Kingston, Ontario, and was commander of this post during the winter of 1812 to 1813, being promoted to brigadier general. His forces fought off one half-hearted attack by ships under the American Commodore Isaac Chauncey, and over the winter he successfully bluffed the American Commander-in-Chief, General Henry Dearborn, into thinking his forces were much larger than they actually were and deterred any attack. Vincent was subsequently transferred to the Niagara frontier. On 27 May 1813, his positions were attacked in the Battle of Fort George. Although his British",
"title": "John Vincent (British Army officer)"
},
{
"docid": "350903",
"text": "The Sunset District is a neighborhood located in the southwest quadrant of San Francisco, California, United States. Location The Sunset District is the largest neighborhood within the city and county of San Francisco. Golden Gate Park forms the neighborhood's northern border, and the Pacific Ocean (or, more specifically, the long, flat strand of beach known as Ocean Beach) forms its western border. A section of the Sunset District towards its southeastern end is known as the Parkside neighborhood. Prior to the residential and commercial development of the Sunset District, much of the area was covered by sand dunes and was originally referred to by 19th century San Franciscans as the \"Outside Lands.\" The Sunset District and the neighboring Richmond District (on the north side of Golden Gate Park) are often collectively known as The Avenues, because the majority of both neighborhoods are spanned by numbered north-south avenues. When the city was originally laid out, the avenues were numbered from 1st to 49th, and the east-west streets were lettered A to X. In 1909, to reduce confusion for mail carriers, the east-west streets and 1st Avenue and 49th Avenue were renamed. The east-west streets were named in ascending alphabetical order in a southward direction after prominent 19th-century American politicians, military leaders, or explorers; 19th-century Mexican landowners; and Spanish conquistadors. 1st Avenue was renamed Arguello Boulevard, and 49th Avenue was renamed La Playa Street (Spanish for \"the beach\"). Today, the first numbered avenue is 2nd Avenue, starting one block west of Arguello Boulevard, and the last is 48th Avenue near Ocean Beach. The avenue numbers increase incrementally, with one exception: what would be 13th Avenue is known as Funston Avenue, named after Frederick Funston, a U.S. Army general known for his exploits during the Spanish–American War and Philippine–American War, and for directing the U.S. Army response to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The east-west streets in the Sunset appear mostly in alphabetical order. These streets are: Lincoln Way (bordering the south side of Golden Gate Park), Hugo (from Arguello to 7th Avenue only), Irving, Judah, Kirkham, Lawton, Moraga, Noriega, Ortega, Pacheco, Quintara, Rivera, Santiago, Taraval, Ulloa, Vicente, Wawona, Yorba, and Sloat Boulevard. \"X\" was originally proposed to be Xavier, but was changed to Yorba due to a pronunciation controversy. History The origin of the \"Sunset\" name is not entirely clear. One claim indicates that Aurelius Buckingham, a developer who owned property in the area, coined the term in 1886. Another claim comes from the California Midwinter Exposition, held in Golden Gate Park in 1894 and also known as \"The Sunset City.\" Before construction of the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1917, the Sunset was a vast, sparsely inhabited area of large sand dunes and coastal scrub land known as the \"Outside Lands.\" Development was initiated in the 1870s and 1880s with construction of Golden Gate Park, but it did not reach a full scale until after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, when small lots of tract homes and row homes now characteristic of",
"title": "Sunset District, San Francisco"
},
{
"docid": "16897621",
"text": "The 146th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army, part of the Territorial Force (Territorial Army from 1920) with the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. The brigade saw active service during both the First and the Second World Wars, and during the early part of the Cold War. The brigade was active from 1908 until 1967 when it was finally disbanded. The brigade was reformed in 1983, though with a much smaller and insignificant role before finally disbanding again in 1993. History Formation The brigade was raised in 1908 upon the creation of the Territorial Force, formed by the amalgamation of the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry, as the 1st West Riding Brigade, composed of four Volunteer battalions of the Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment), including two of the Leeds Rifles. The brigade was assigned to the West Riding Division. First World War On the outbreak of the First World War in early August 1914, the division was immediately mobilised and most men volunteered for overseas service. In mid-May 1915 the brigade and division would become the 146th (1/1st West Riding) Brigade and 49th (West Riding) Division respectively. The battalions adopted the '1/' prefix (1/5th West Yorks) to differentiate them from their 2nd Line duplicates, which were forming up as 185th (2/1st West Riding) Brigade, of the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. The 2nd Line units were raised from those men who did not originally volunteer for overseas service, although many of them did end up seeing active service. The brigade served on the Western Front from July 1915 to the end of the war in November 1918. Two men from the brigade were awarded the Victoria Cross: Corporal Samuel Meekosha of the 1/6th Battalion and Corporal (later Captain) George Sanders of the 1/7th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion. First World War order of battle 1/5th Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) 1/6th Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) 1/7th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) 1/8th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) (until January 1918) 146th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 27 January 1916, moved to 49th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps 1 March 1918) 146th Trench Mortar Battery (formed 12 June 1916) Interwar Both the brigade and division were disbanded shortly the war when the Territorial Force was itself disbanded. However it was reformed in the 1920s as the Territorial Army and the brigade was reformed with all four battalions of the West Yorkshire Regiment and continued to serve with the 49th Division, now as the 147th (1st West Riding) Infantry Brigade. In the late 1930s, however, many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army were converted to anti-aircraft and searchlight units and so, in 1936, the 8th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, West Yorks was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into the 66th (Leeds Rifles, The West Yorkshire Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery and was transferred to 31st (North Midland) Anti-Aircraft",
"title": "146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)"
},
{
"docid": "24709592",
"text": "The northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods was a critical landmark for the boundary between United States territory and the British possessions to the north. This point, on the shore of the Lake of the Woods, was referred to in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and in later treaties including the Treaty of 1818. The point lies at the corner of the Northwest Angle in the U.S. state of Minnesota, and is thus the northernmost point of the contiguous United States. After Canadian Confederation, the point became the basis for the border between the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario. The \"northwesternmost point\" of the lake had not yet been identified when it was referenced in treaties defining the border between the US and Britain; it was simply an easily described abstraction based on a large landmark. The best maps at the time of the original negotiation depicted the lake as a simple oval. However, although the southern portion of the lake is easily mapped, to the north it becomes a complex tangle of bays, peninsulas, and islands, with many adjacent bodies of water separated or connected by narrow isthmuses or straits. An 1822 survey crew declared the referenced point impossible to determine. In 1824, British explorer David Thompson was hired to identify it. Thompson mapped the lake and found four possibilities, but did not conclusively declare one location. In 1825, Johann Ludwig Tiarks, a German astronomer in British service, surveyed the lake. Tiarks identified two possibilities for the northwesternmost point on the lake, based on Thompson's maps: the Angle Inlet and Rat Portage. To determine which point was the most northwestern, he drew a line from each point in the southwest–northeast direction. If the line intersected the lake at any point, it was not the most northwestern point, as shown in the example diagram here. Tiarks determined that the only such line that did not intersect the lake was at the edge of a pond on the Angle Inlet. (A 1940 academic study documents this point as being in the immediate vicinity of (NAD83).) Under the 1783 treaty, the international border would have run due west from this point to the Mississippi River. As this was determined to be geographically impossible (the Mississippi begins further south), under the 1818 treaty the international border instead ran from the point determined by Tiarks, to the 49th parallel. (It was not known at the time whether that was to the north or – in fact – the south.) From there it ran due west to the Rocky Mountains (and later, the Pacific coast). Tiarks's point, however, created problems, because the 1818 treaty called for the border to run directly north–south from it. South of that point, the channel of the Northwest Angle Inlet meandered east and west, crossing the border five times, thereby creating two small enclaves of water areas totaling two and a half acres that belonged to the United States but were surrounded by Canadian waters. A",
"title": "Northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods"
},
{
"docid": "15747045",
"text": "Samuel Fallows (December 13, 1835September 5, 1922) was an English American immigrant, minister, lecturer, and author. He was the 9th Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin and served as Presiding Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church for 30 years between 1877 and 1922. During the American Civil War he served as a chaplain and later as an officer in the Union Army, receiving an honorary brevet to Brigadier General after the war. Early life Fallows was born in Pendleton, Greater Manchester, in England, and emigrated to the Wisconsin Territory as a child in 1848. His family settled at Marshall (then called \"Bird's Ruins\") in eastern Dane County, and established a farm. He worked as a farm hand to pay for school, becoming a Methodist minister in 1858 and graduating from the University of Wisconsin (now University of Wisconsin–Madison) in 1859. He was elected Vice-President and principal of Galesburg University and served there for two years, then became minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Civil War service 32nd Wisconsin Volunteers Fallows was ministering to the Oshkosh church at the time of the outbreak of the American Civil War and did not volunteer in the first year of the war. In 1862, however, he resigned his ministry and enlisted for service in the Union Army, becoming chaplain of the 32nd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment under Colonel James Henry Howe. He served for a year with the regiment which mostly performed guard duty during that time to protect supplies and logistics along the Mississippi River in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. He resigned due to poor health on June 29, 1863. 40th Wisconsin Volunteers He returned to his ministry in Wisconsin, this time at Appleton, Wisconsin, and was also elected professor of natural science at Lawrence University, in Appleton. As his health recovered, so to did his fervor to fight for the Union, and, in early 1864, he helped to raise a number of volunteers for the 40th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment—called the \"Normal Regiment\" due to the large number of teachers and students in the unit—and was selected as the regiment's lieutenant colonel. The regiment was assigned mostly to the defense of Memphis, Tennessee, and was engaged in the defense of Memphis during the raid known as the Second Battle of Memphis, carried out by Confederate cavalry under General Nathan Bedford Forrest on August 21, 1864. 49th Wisconsin Volunteers In January 1865, Lt. Colonel Fallows was promoted to colonel and appointed to the organization of a new regiment in Madison, Wisconsin, which became the 49th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. The 49th Wisconsin mustered into service on March 8, 1865, and proceeded to St. Louis and then to Rolla, Missouri, where they engaged in guard duty through the end of the war. Colonel Fallows mustered out November 1, 1865. Brevet to brigadier general On January 13, 1866, U.S. President Andrew Johnson nominated Colonel Fallows for a brevet to brigadier general of volunteers in recognition for his service. The United States",
"title": "Samuel Fallows"
},
{
"docid": "156352",
"text": "The Hatch Act of 1887 (ch. 314, , enacted 1887-03-02, et seq.) gave federal funds, initially $15,000 each, to state land-grant colleges in order to create a series of agricultural experiment stations, as well as pass along new information, especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth. The bill was named for Congressman William Hatch, who chaired the House Committee of Agriculture at the time the bill was introduced. State agricultural stations created under this act were usually connected with those land-grant state colleges and universities founded under the Morrill Act of 1862, with few exceptions. Many stations founded under the Hatch Act later became the foundations for state cooperative extension services under the Smith–Lever Act of 1914. Congress amended the act in 1955 to add a formula that uses rural and farm population factors to allocate the annual appropriation for agricultural experiment stations among the states. Under the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107–171, Sec. 7212), states will continue to be required to provide at least 100% matching funds (traditionally, most states have provided more). On average, Hatch Act formula funds constitute 10% of total funding for each experiment station. (7 U.S.C. 361a et seq.). See also Adams Act of 1906 Purnell Act of 1925 Bankhead–Jones Act of 1935 George W. Atherton External links Hatch Act of 1887 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection United States federal agriculture legislation United States federal public land legislation 1887 in American law 49th United States Congress",
"title": "Hatch Act of 1887"
},
{
"docid": "2939322",
"text": "The United States Australian Football League (USAFL) is the governing body for Australian rules football in the United States. It was conceived in 1996 and organized in 1997. It is based in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. As of 2011, there were over 1,000 registered USAFL players. There are 48 member clubs, of which 47 have men's teams (all except North Star Blue Ox) and 25 have women's teams. Most of the football clubs in the United States have a traditional 18-a-side team for representative purposes and multiple 9-a-side teams running in a local league. Each year the USAFL holds a National club championship, a tournament open to all clubs across the nation, the largest of its type in the world for the sport. In addition to the Nationals, the USAFL holds major regional tournaments including the Central, East and West regional tournaments. The USAFL selects the national men's (USA Revolution) and women's (USA Freedom) teams for competitions such as the Australian Football International Cup and the 49th Parallel Cup. History The first match between two local US clubs was played in 1996 between Cincinnati and Louisville. In the first year the Mid American Australian Football League was formed. Many of the local players had found out about the game in the 1980s on television via the then-nascent ESPN cable network. Although the local game grew, ESPN no longer broadcast AFL matches, and in response the lobby group, Australian Football Association of North America was formed. In 1997, the first club national championships were held in Cincinnati. Nashville hosted the first Australian Grand Final Festival in the same year. The United States Australian Football League (USAFL) was formed in 1997 to govern the code in the country. The involvement of many well-known Australians has helped boost the relations between the USAFL and AFL. In the early days, Paul Roos was a key figure. Robert DiPierdomenico, Leigh Matthews and Michael Voss are official USAFL ambassadors. National teams USAFL is responsible for the co-ordination of the National Teams, the USA Revolution men's team and the USA Freedom women's team. The team plays in international tournaments and exhibition matches against other countries. National team players are selected from the best US-born players from the club teams across the country. With close proximity to Canada, the Revolution & Freedom participate in the annual 49th Parallel Cup against Canada each year except for years of the Australian Football International Cup. The Revolution competed in the 2002 Australian Football International Cup, finishing 5th out of 11 countries and in the 2005 Australian Football International Cup finishing 3rd out of 10 countries. They competed in the 2008 Australian Football International Cup where the Revolution finished 7th out of 16 countries. At the 2011 Australian Football International Cup, the Revolution finished 4th in an increased field of 18 countries. The Revolution finished 8th at the 2014 Australian Football International Cup, again with 18 countries participating. Domestic tournaments and competitions USAFL National Championships USAFL East vs West 49th Parallel Cup USAFL",
"title": "United States Australian Football League"
},
{
"docid": "1097066",
"text": "is a joint Japan-US naval air base located in the cities of Yamato and Ayase in Kanagawa, Japan. It is the largest United States Navy (USN) air base in the Pacific Ocean and once housed the squadrons of Carrier Air Wing Five (CVW-5), which deploys with the American aircraft carrier . During 2017 and 2018 the fixed-wing aircraft of CVW-5 relocated to Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni in western Japan. CVW-5 shares the base with the Headquarters Fleet Air Force and Fleet Air Wing 4 of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). NAF Atsugi is also home to Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 51 (HSM-51), which provides detachments of MH-60R helicopters to forward deployed U.S. Navy guided missile cruisers, guided missile destroyers and frigates homeported at the nearby Yokosuka Naval Base. Service members stationed at Atsugi also work in conjunction with the former Kamiseya Naval Radio Receiving Facility. Despite its name, the base is east northeast from the city of Atsugi, and is not adjacent to the city. History The Imperial Japanese Navy constructed the base in 1938 to house the 302nd Kokutai, one of the Navy's most formidable fighter squadrons during World War II. Aircraft based at Atsugi shot down more than 300 American bombers during the firebombings of 1945. After Japan's surrender, many of Atsugi's pilots refused to follow Emperor Hirohito's order to lay down their arms, and took to the skies to drop leaflets on Tokyo and Yokohama urging locals to resist the Americans. Eventually, these pilots gave up and left Atsugi. General Douglas MacArthur arrived at Atsugi on 30 August to accept Japan's surrender. Shortly afterwards, elements of the USAAF 3d Bombardment Group moved in about 8 September, being replaced by the USAAF 49th Fighter Group on 15 September which handled the initial cleanup of the heavily damaged airfield along with the 1539th Army Air Forces Base Unit to provide station facilities. Minimal flight operations were restored by October which allowed the P-61 Black Widow-equipped 418th Night Fighter Squadron to operate from the airfield to provide air defense over the area, along with the P-38 Lightnings of the 49th FG. The 49th moved to Chitose Airfield on Hokkaido in mid February 1946, the 418th NFS to Okinawa in June, and on 31 December 1946 the 1539th AAFBU moved to Haneda Airfield. During the occupation, the base housed the overflow from nearby Camp Zama; it was not refurbished to handle military air traffic until the Korean War. The Seabees (Navy construction battalions) came to the base in 1950 and prepared it for re-opening that December as Naval Air Station Atsugi. NAF Atsugi was a major naval air base during both the Korean War and Vietnam War, serving fighters, bombers, and transport aircraft. One of the aircraft based at Atsugi at least since 1957 was the U-2 spy plane. The plane made local Japanese headlines when it ran low on fuel and made an emergency landing at a glider-club landing strip. This same plane was piloted by Gary Powers,",
"title": "Naval Air Facility Atsugi"
},
{
"docid": "800142",
"text": "49th parallel may refer to: 49th parallel north, a circle of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere 49th parallel south, a circle of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere 49th Parallel (film), a 1941 Canadian and British film Canada–United States border, sometimes referred to as the \"49th parallel\" due to much of it following the 49th parallel north",
"title": "49th parallel"
},
{
"docid": "42003225",
"text": "Shed No Tears () is a 2013 Swedish film directed by Måns Mårlind and Björn Stein and starring Adam Lundgren and Jonathan Andersson. The plot is based on the lyrics and music by Swedish artist Håkan Hellström, and the script is written by Cilla Jackert. The film premiered on 19 July 2013 and was well received by critics. It won the Guldbagge Award for Best Sound Editing at the 49th Guldbagge Awards. The main role is played by Adam Lundgren, while Tomas von Brömssen, Gunilla Nyroos and Josefin Neldén appear in supporting roles. Even Håkan Hellström himself appears in a minor role. The film's title is based on Hellström's debut single \"Känn ingen sorg för mig Göteborg\" from the album of the same name. The film received extensive good reviews, and 27,766 Swedes saw it at the cinema on the opening weekend, which took it up to Biotoppens second place. The following week it had dropped down to sixth place, and at the end of the year was the year's fifth highest grossing Swedish film. Plot Pål (Adam Lundgren)'s biggest dream is to get involved with music. His childhood friends Lena (Josefin Neldén) and Johnny (Jonathan Andersson) knows this, and his grandfather Rolle (Tomas von Brömssen), although he most of all would see that Pål gained an orderly job. When Eva (Disa Östrand) turns up as a summer night and captures Påls attention, she discovers that she shares his dream. The problem is that the only thing standing between Pål and the dream is his own obsessions that once after another leads him to derail just when most are at stake. Cast Adam Lundgren as Pål Disa Östrand as Eva Josefin Neldén as Lena Jonathan Andersson as Johnny Tomas von Brömssen as Rolle, Pål's grandfather Marie Richardson as Lisbeth Lindén Reine Brynolfsson as Bosse Gunilla Nyroos as Hopp Daniel Larsson as Isse Eric Ericson as Priest Kim Lantz as Denis Hanna Hedin Hillberg as Samba Dancer Gregers Dohn as Pusher Darko Savor as Thug Lucas Miklin as Hooligan Freddie Wadling as A-lagare Ebbot Lundberg as A-lagare Håkan Hellström as a Street musician Critical response The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from Swedish critics. Aftonbladet called it \"Beats the most ever seen in the Swedish film\", and gave it a rating of 5 out of 5. The rival newspaper, Expressen called it \"Hellström knew what he was doing\", and gave it a rating of 4 out of 5. The film site Moviezine, called it a \"Musical treat\", and gave it a rating of 4 out of 5. Awards and nominations 49th Guldbagge Awards For the 49th Guldbagge Awards, Shed No Tears was nominated for nine awards, some of which it won in the categories Best Editing and Best Sound Editing: MovieZine Awards 2013 MovieZine did a poll at the end of 2013, in which readers got to vote for winners in various categories with substance Movie Year 2013, which Shed No Tears won in the category Best Swedish film, with 49%",
"title": "Shed No Tears (2013 film)"
},
{
"docid": "5970554",
"text": "The Bayside Bridge is a girder bridge in Pinellas County which crosses over the northwesternmost end of Tampa Bay, connecting Clearwater, Florida and Largo, Florida. Construction began in the early 1990s and was completed in the summer of 1993, officially opening for traffic on June 2 of that year. Originally conceived in the 1970s as the 49th Street Bridge, a toll-levied part of the Pinellas Parkway, the current six-lane twin-span bridge provides direct, unmitigated access from eastern Clearwater to St. Petersburg/Clearwater International Airport by connecting McMullen Booth Road to 49th Street North and also serves as a bypass for heavily congested US 19. The speed limit is 55 mph (or about 88 km/h) until McMullen Booth. Due to cambering differences, cars experience bouncing when traveling in the northbound lanes. This occurs for the first (southern) half of the northbound span. It features a SPUI interchange at State Road 60 and a diamond interchange on the south end of the bridge. Along with the bridge, a $12 million interchange was built at the intersection of 49th Street and Roosevelt Boulevard. The bridge was completed before McMullen Booth Road was widened, dumping up to 36,000 cars a day onto the two-lane road. On streets such as Marlo Road, drivers could wait as long as 15 minutes before being able to make a left turn. In 1991, Pinellas County administrator Fred Marquis argued that the cost of the bridge could be funded by a 10-year extension of gasoline taxes. The plan went through as the \"Penny for Pinellas\" tax. This eliminated the need for a planned $2.5 million, 16-lane toll booth that would have been built on sensitive marshlands at the south end of the bridge. The cost of construction of the bridge is estimated at $71 million. The plan is for the Bayside Bridge to connect to nearby Interstate 275 via the Gateway Expressway that started construction in August 2017. References External links County Road 296 Connection Project at Tampa Bay Interstates site Bridges completed in 1993 Bridges in Pinellas County, Florida Buildings and structures in Clearwater, Florida Buildings and structures in Largo, Florida Road bridges in Florida Bridges over Tampa Bay 1993 establishments in Florida Cantilever bridges in the United States",
"title": "Bayside Bridge (Pinellas County, Florida)"
},
{
"docid": "17353035",
"text": "The 49th Primetime Emmy Awards were held at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California, in 1997. They were presented in two ceremonies hosted by Bryant Gumbel, one on Saturday, September 13 and another on Sunday, September 14. The September 14th ceremony was televised on CBS. Frasier became the first series to win Outstanding Comedy Series four consecutive years, it joined Hill Street Blues which won Outstanding Drama Series four straight years a decade earlier. For the first time since 1979, James Burrows did not receive a Directing nomination, ending his run at 17 consecutive years. Beginning the following year, Burrows would begin a new streak that lasted another six years. In the drama field perennial nominee Law & Order won for its seventh season, the first time a show had won for this specific season. In winning Law & Order became the first drama series that did not have serialized story arcs since Hill Street Blues perfected the formula. Law & Order remains the only non-serialized winner since 1981. For the first time, not only did the Fox Network win the Lead Actress, Drama award, with Gillian Anderson, for The X-Files, but hers was also the network's first win in any of the Major Acting categories. (Laurence Fishburne and Peter Boyle won for Fox in only guest performances. The latter of which was for The X-Files just the year before.) This ceremony marked the end of a 20-year residency for the Primetime Emmy Awards at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium dating back to the 29th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1977 ceremony. This is the most recent year in which the Big Four Networks (ABC, CBS, FOX, and NBC) took home the top 14 Emmys (Comedy and Drama Series, Actor, Actress, Supporting Actor, Supporting Actress in Comedy and Drama, and Directing and Writing for Comedy and Drama). The Larry Sanders Show had 16 nominations and zero wins, tying the record with Northern Exposure in 1993 and becoming the first (and only to date) comedy series to set the record. These records would later be broken by Mad Men in 2012 with 17 nominations and without a single win and The Handmaid's Tale in 2021 with 21 nominations and without a single win. Winners and nominees Programs Acting Lead performances Supporting performances Directing Writing Most major nominations Most major awards Notes References External links Emmys.com list of 1997 Nominees & Winners 049 Primetime Emmy Awards 1997 in California Events in Pasadena, California September 1997 events in the United States 20th century in Pasadena, California",
"title": "49th Primetime Emmy Awards"
},
{
"docid": "6725778",
"text": "James Wickes Taylor (1819–1893) was born in Starkey, New York, and, after his formal education, studied law under his father. He was admitted to the bar in Ohio in 1843 and in 1846 established the Cincinnati Morning Signal newspaper while taking an active role in politics. He enjoyed a varied and successful career on a number of fronts in business and government. He functioned as a special agent with the US Treasury Department from 1859 to 1869. His experience there led to his appointment as United States Consul in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, in 1870, a position he held until his death. Taylor spent the majority of his career advocating for the United States, through negotiation, military force or trade, to take the interior plains north of the 49th parallel, particularly the lands west of the Red River settlements along the Saskatchewan Valley. Having dedicated so much of his life to this cause, he was nicknamed James Wickes \"Saskatchewan\" Taylor. Career James Wickes Taylor spent his career trying to help the United States of America gain the northwestern plains of Rupert's Land. Taylor believed that the land surrounding the Saskatchewan Valley and the Red River of the North was ideal for agricultural land that could, theoretically, support 6-8 million people. In 1866, Taylor spoke to the United States House of Representatives about the land north of the 49th parallel. Following Taylor's speech, Congress introduced a bill that favoured Taylor's views and encouraged the idea that America should be making an attempt at the northern plains. Unfortunately for Taylor, in a common theme that would haunt him throughout his career, American citizens did not respond with the same enthusiasm that Taylor had regarding the land to the north. In 1867, a Minnesota Republican named Alexander Ramsey sent Taylor north to the Red River Colony, which is located in present-day Manitoba, as a special agent. Ramsey, like Taylor, saw the prospects of the land around the Saskatchewan Valley. Since Canada was still developing its federal power and the Saskatchewan Valley still belonged in Rupert's Land, Ramsey saw this as the perfect chance for the United States to sneak into a politically unstable country and gain the prairies. Taylor spent two years with his ear to the ground reporting back to Ramsey about the political situation in Red River. By 1869, Hamilton Fish, the Secretary of State to President Ulysses S. Grant, sent Taylor to Fort Garry, present-day Winnipeg, \"to investigate and report full details of the revolt as well as all aspects of the territory and its inhabitants.\" During Taylor's time in Fort Garry, he predicted that the United States could purchase the land from Canada for as little as $25,000. Following the uprising of Louis Riel, in March of 1870 Prime Minister John A. Macdonald agreed to meet with a few delegates from Riel's Red River Settlement. At the end, the negotiations were finalized and Manitoba was created. Taylor followed the Red River delegates all the way to Ottawa and stayed in",
"title": "James Wickes Taylor"
},
{
"docid": "7560789",
"text": "The Hunterspoint Avenue station is a station on the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road within the City Terminal Zone. It is located at 49th Avenue (formerly Hunters Point Avenue) between 21st Street and Skillman Avenue in the Hunters Point and Long Island City neighborhoods of Queens, New York City. This ground-level station has an island platform between two tracks and is currently not wheelchair accessible from the entrance above the station. The station is served only during weekday rush hours in the peak direction (to Hunterspoint Avenue from Long Island in the morning, from Hunterspoint Avenue to Long Island in the evening). Trains serving here usually run on the Oyster Bay, Montauk, or Port Jefferson Branches. Some westbound trains continue to and terminate at Long Island City, and some eastbound trains originate in Long Island City. All service is provided by diesel trains that cannot use the East River Tunnels or 63rd Street Tunnel, but the tracks are electrified. History Hunterspoint Avenue station opened in August 1860, three years before the New York and Flushing Railroad built their own Hunter's Point station. LIRR's Hunterspoint Avenue was renovated in April 1878. According to a New York Times article from May 1914, the third station was scheduled to open on July 1, 1914. Instead, the reopening date was delayed until October 18, 1914. In June 1947, only two weekday trains were scheduled east from Hunterspoint Ave, one to Jamaica and one to Queens Village. Trains destined beyond electrified territory could leave Penn Station behind DD1 electric locomotives and change engines at Jamaica; thirteen weekday trains did so. That service ended in 1951, leading to Hunterspoint Avenue's present role. On November 22, 1948, a -long extension of the platform went into service. In the 2010s, it was announced that the station would receive renovations and become compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as part of the 2015-2019 MTA Capital Program. However, this was pushed back in an amendment from August 2017 until the MTA's 2020-2024 Capital Program. Station layout The station has one 10-car long high-level island platform between the two Main Line tracks, with stairways on both sides of 49th Avenue. Gallery References External links Hunterspoint Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View Platform from Google Maps Street View Wooden Station Sign and covered entrance from the bridge in 1958; by W.J. Edwards (TrainsAreFun) Long Island Rail Road stations in New York City Railway stations in the United States opened in 1860 Railway stations in Queens, New York Long Island City 1860 establishments in New York (state)",
"title": "Hunterspoint Avenue station (LIRR)"
},
{
"docid": "67533813",
"text": "219 East 49th Street, also known as the Morris B. Sanders Studio & Apartment, is a building in the East Midtown and Turtle Bay neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City, along the northern sidewalk of 49th Street between Second Avenue and Third Avenue. The house, designed by Arkansas architect Morris B. Sanders Jr. and constructed in 1935, replaced a 19th-century brownstone townhouse. It contained Sanders's studio, as well as a residence for him and his wife Barbara Castleton Davis. The five-and-a-half-story building contains a facade of dark blue bricks as well as glass block windows. The glass blocks were installed to provide insulation and privacy while also allowing illumination. The house was designed with two residential units: Sanders's seven-room apartment on the fourth, fifth, and partial sixth floors, as well as a six-room unit on the second and third floors that was rented to others. The ground story, with a white marble facade and a slightly angled entrance doorway, was used for Sanders's studios. Upon completion, 219 East 49th Street was largely praised for its design. Davis bought the previous structure in mid-1934 and originally intended to remodel it. Ultimately, the old brownstone was removed and replaced with the current building, which was completed in December 1935. Sanders lived in the house until his death in 1948, and it was sold the year afterward. Since 1980, the house has been owned by Donald Wise. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as an official landmark in 2008. Site The Morris B. Sanders Studio & Apartment is at 219 East 49th Street in the East Midtown and Turtle Bay neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City. It is along the northern sidewalk of 49th Street between Second Avenue and Third Avenue. The building has a frontage of along 49th Street. The land lot has an area of and a depth of . Nearby buildings and places include Amster Yard immediately adjacent to the north; Turtle Bay Gardens to the east; and Lescaze House to the south. The site occupied by the Sanders Studio was previously occupied by a two-story (plus basement) house completed in 1869. It was one of numerous masonry houses with brick or brownstone facades to be developed in Turtle Bay starting in the 1860s. These buildings usually occupied land lots that were at most wide and had classically inspired design features such as cornices and porticos. In the early 20th century, some of these houses were renovated with new interiors or exteriors. By then, a large portion of Turtle Bay's population was involved in the arts or architecture, and structures such as the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design and the residential Turtle Bay Gardens and Beaux-Arts Apartments were constructed for this community. William Lescaze's renovation of an existing brownstone on 48th Street, and its subsequent conversion into the Lescaze House, inspired similar renovations to other structures in the neighborhood, including four townhouses on 49th Street in the 1930s and 1940s. Architecture 219 East 49th Street",
"title": "219 East 49th Street"
},
{
"docid": "238699",
"text": "The Northwest Angle, known simply as the Angle by locals, and coextensive with Angle Township, is a pene-exclave of northern Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota. Except for surveying errors, it is the only place in the contiguous United States north of the 49th parallel, which forms the border between the U.S. and Canada from the Northwest Angle westward to the Strait of Georgia (between the U.S. state of Washington and the province of British Columbia). The land area of the Angle is separated from the rest of Minnesota by Lake of the Woods, but shares a land border with Canada. It is one of six non-island locations in the 48 contiguous states that are practical exclaves of the U.S. It is the northernmost township in Minnesota and contains the northernmost point in the contiguous 48 states. The unincorporated community of Angle Inlet is in the Northwest Angle. Seventy percent of the land of the Angle is held in trust by the Red Lake Indian Reservation (Ojibwa). Although the Angle is listed as one of several distinct regions of Minnesota, its total population was 119 at the 2010 census. The area is mostly water and the land is mostly forest. Origin Angle Township was designated as territory of the United States because negotiators of the initial Canada–U.S. border misunderstood the geography of the area. Benjamin Franklin and British representatives relied on the Mitchell Map of colonial American geographer John Mitchell, which did not indicate the source of the Mississippi River—thought to lie some distance to the northwest—or the true shape of Lake of the Woods, which was instead shown as roughly oval. The 1783 Treaty of Paris thus stated that the boundary between U.S. territory and the British possessions to the north would run \"...through the Lake of the Woods to the northwesternmost point thereof, and from thence on a due west course to the river Mississippi...\" But the source of the Mississippi River, Lake Itasca (then unknown to European explorers), lies almost due south of Lake of the Woods, rather than north and west of it. Additionally, the irregular actual shape of the lake made the identification of its northwest corner difficult. By the time of the Jay Treaty of 1794, there was concern that the Mississippi did not go far enough north, and so as part of that treaty it was decided that a joint survey of the river would be conducted, and if it did not extend far enough north that new, \"amicable negotiations\" would be undertaken to set the boundary in accordance with the intent of the Treaty of Paris. In 1797, it was confirmed when David Thompson, an explorer, located the most northerly source of the Mississippi a few miles north of Bemidji, which is south of Lake of the Woods. When the Treaty of Ghent was signed in 1814, it again tried to settle the boundary, this time by creating a commission that would settle on the northwestern point of the Lake of the",
"title": "Northwest Angle"
},
{
"docid": "68532155",
"text": "The 2021–22 Lake Superior State Lakers men's ice hockey season was the 56th season of play for the program, the 49th at the Division I level and the 42nd season in the CCHA conference. The Lakers represented Lake Superior State University and were coached by Damon Whitten, in his 8th season. Season Lake Superior State joined with six other members of the WCHA to restart the CCHA for the 2021–22 season. The Lakers were hoping to build upon their first NCAA tournament appearance in 25 years with a strong performance. Unfortunately, they lost three critical games in the first two weeks. While they went undefeated in their succeeding seven games, the strength of their opponents kept them out of the polls. A bad stretch in November also cost Lake State and put the Lakers on the wrong side of .500. The defense looked like it had recovered during a weekend split with top-ranked Minnesota State but then the offense flagged the following week against lowly Ferris State. The team went up and down in their play for several months but began to show a bit more consistency towards the end of the season. However, despite the improvement, Lake Superior was too far down the PairWise rankings to make the tournament without a conference championship. Lake Superior began postseason play at home against Northern Michigan and laid an egg in the first game. The Lakers allowed the first five goals of the game and were only able to score with less than 5 minutes to play. They were much better in the rematch, winning 3–2 to tie the series and force a deciding rubber match. After surrendering the first goal, the Lakers reeled off three in a row to build a 3–1 lead early in the second period. Northern Michigan replied with a deluge of goals, scoring four times in the span of 8 minutes to take a commanding lead. Lake State was unable to add to their total for most of the third and were forced to pull Ethan Langenegger in desperation. The ploy worked once but the Wildcats managed to stop a tying goal from being scored and the Lakers' season was over. Departures Recruiting Roster As of August 20, 2021. Standings Schedule and results |- !colspan=12 style=\";\" | Regular Season |- !colspan=12 style=\";\" | |- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#e0e0e0\" |colspan=12|Lake Superior State Lost Series 1–2 Scoring statistics Goaltending statistics Rankings Note: USCHO did not release a poll in week 24. Awards and honors References 2021-22 2021–22 CCHA season 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey by team 2021 in sports in Michigan 2022 in sports in Michigan",
"title": "2021–22 Lake Superior State Lakers men's ice hockey season"
},
{
"docid": "50010563",
"text": "The 49th State Hawaii Record Company is a defunct Hawaiian record label specializing in traditional Hawaiian music. Established in 1948 by George K. Ching, the label was purchased by Cord International in the early 1990s. History The 49th State Hawaii Record Company was founded in Honolulu, Hawaii by record store owner George K. Ching in 1948. The label was named in anticipation of Hawaii's eventual attainment of statehood, though Alaska gained statehood eight months before Hawaii, making Hawaii the 50th state. Ching founded the label to answer the growing demand for traditional Hawaiian music in his record store, with the first 49th State recordings released as 78 rpm records made using an acetate record cutting machine in a makeshift studio in Ching's own home. Later, production moved to initial recording on tape before later being pressed in vinyl. To guarantee authenticity in recorded performances, Ching collaborated with Hawaiian composer and musician Johnny Almeida, known as the \"Dean of Hawaiian Music\". Almeida served as the label's music director. 49th State served as a successor to Bell Records Honolulu, which released Hawaiian music between 1944 and 1950. By 1950, the headquarters for the label had moved from Ching's home to 1121 Bethel St, Honolulu. The company, which has been described as \"the first, top, most significant, authentic label of Hawaii\", was defunct by 1958. Purchase by Cord International Cord International purchased the rights to The 49th State Hawaii record company and has restored and re-mastered many of the LPs released between 1948 and 1958. According to the May 18, 2015 obituary of Michael Cord: \"In the 1980s, he noticed that many of the important old-time Hawaiian record labels had gone out of business and their releases were out of print. In 1991, [Cord] began leasing the rights to those old recordings and digitally restoring them for reissue. Among the Hawaii record labels Cord brought back to life were Bell, 49th State Hawaii, Mele, Trim, Tradewinds, and Gold Coin.\" Another obituary for Michael Cord stated that the 49th State Hawaii Records label was among Cord's first acquisitions. The purchase was made in order to restore, remaster, and re-release the recordings, which by that point were out of print and in poor quality. Cord was quoted in the obituary, stating: \"There was lots of noise-hisses and pops- and we wanted the listening experience to be just like it was when these recordings were brand new- only better.\" Recordings 45 rpm 78 rpm 33 1/3 rpm References External links The Legacy of the 49th State Hawaii Record label accessed March 31, 2016 Discogs: 49th State Hawaii Record Co. accessed March 31, 2016 49th State Hawaii Classic Recordings! accessed March 31, 2016 Hawaiian music Collection, University of Hawaii at Manoa Library accessed March 31, 2016 Pop record labels American record labels",
"title": "49th State Hawaii record company"
},
{
"docid": "22480490",
"text": "The 49th Troop Carrier Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 313th Troop Carrier Group at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts, where it was inactivated on 22 September 1945. The squadron was first activated as the 49th Transport Squadron in June 1942. As the 49th Troop Carrier Squadron, it flew Douglas C-47 Skytrains in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations during World War II, earning Distinguished Unit Citations for carrying reinforcements to Sicily despite fire from ground and naval forces in July 1943, and for participation in Operation Overlord in June 1944. It converted to Curtiss C-46 Commandos, with which it took part in Operation Varsity. After V-E Day, the squadron returned to the United States, where it was inactivated. History The squadron as activated at Daniel Field, Georgia in June 1942 as the 49th Transport Squadron, when the 313th Transport Group expanded from a headquarters and a single squadron, the 29th Troop Carrier Squadron, to a four squadron group. The squadron trained under Air Transport Command with Douglas C-47 Skytrains. A few weeks after the squadron's activation, the Army Air Forces gave the \"transport\" designation to its strategic airlift units, and the squadron became the 49th Troop Carrier Squadron under I Troop Carrier Command. The 49th trained in the southeastern United States until April 1943, when it deployed to North Africa. Mediterranean operations The squadron began flying combat missions from Oujda Airfield in French Morocco. It performed troop carrier and transport airlift of supplies to ground forces advancing through Algeria into Tunisia as part Twelfth Air Force. It also evacuated wounded from the battle area. Although the 49th did not take part in the first airdrop of Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily, two days later, 11 July 1943, the squadron was part of a formation of troop carrier units of the 52d Troop Carrier Wing bringing reinforcements, planning to drop paratroops near Gela. Planes of the 313th Group led the stream of troop carriers. However, attacks in the Gela area by enemy aircraft had sunk two ships and forced other ships in the invasion force to disperse. The heaviest enemy attack came at 2150 hours. Fifty minutes later, the first 313th Group aircraft approached the drop zone. The 49th was able to successfully make its drop on Farello Airfield. Mistaking the troop carriers for another enemy attack, ships of the assault force and antiaircraft units ashore began a heavy fire on squadron's C-47s as they departed. Of the 144 planes of the 52d Wing that participated in the mission, 23 were shot down and an additional 37 were heavily damaged. For its completion of this mission the squadron earned its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC). European operations In February 1944, the squadron moved to RAF Folkingham, England, where it became part of IX Troop Carrier Command and began training for the assault on the continent of Europe. On D-Day the squadron dropped paratroopers near Picauville, Normandy and dropped reinforcements the following",
"title": "49th Troop Carrier Squadron"
},
{
"docid": "32540328",
"text": "The 49th Infantry Regiment was a regular infantry regiment in the United States Army. History World War I The regiment was constituted 15 May 1917 in the Regular Army as the 49th Infantry. It was organized 1 June 1917 at Syracuse, New York, from personnel of the 23rd Infantry. It moved to France in July 1918 and was attached to the 83rd Division 12 August 1918. The 83rd Division had been reorganized as the 2nd Depot Division; the 49th Infantry apparently also provided replacement personnel for front-line units. It returned to the US January 1919 and was inactivated on 18 November 1921 at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, with personnel and equipment transferred to the 3rd Infantry. The regiment was disbanded on 31 July 1922. World War II The 49th Infantry Regiment was reconstituted in the Regular Army as the 49th Armored Infantry on 18 July 1941 and assigned to the 8th Armored Division. It was activated 1 April 1942 at Fort Knox, Kentucky. The regiment was broken up on 20 September 1943, and its elements were reorganized and redesignated as elements of the 8th Armored Division as follows: 49th Armored Infantry, less the 1st and 2nd Battalions, as the 49th Armored Infantry Battalion. 1st Battalion, 49th Armored Infantry as the 58th Armored Infantry Battalion. 2nd Battalion, 49th Armored Infantry as the 7th Armored Infantry Battalion. Campaign streamers World War I without Inscription Coat of arms The field is blue for Infantry. The tower is taken from the stone tower at Fort Snelling, the station of the regiment. The key is from the arms of Le Mans, France and commemorates the service of the regiment in the vicinity of that city in 1918. References External links http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lh.html lineage 049 Military units and formations established in 1917 Military units and formations disestablished in 1943",
"title": "49th Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "67473989",
"text": "Justin Zanik (born October 2, 1974) is the general manager of the Utah Jazz. Zanik has been a certified NBAPA since 2003. Early life and career Zanik grew up in Missouri, and attended Northwestern University to earn a B.A. degree in economics from 1993-98. While in college, Zanik was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity and initially a major in music opera before pivoting to economics. Zanik met player agent Mark Bartelstein, founder of Priority Sports and Entertainment, while volunteering as a coach of a sixth-grade basketball team. Zanik's first job after college was Priority Sports and Entertainment (1998-2002) as VP of basketball operations where he managed European contract negotiations in the Chicago office. While working for Priority Sports, he met his wife, Gina, who also worked with the company. Zanik then served as a sports agent for basketball clients at ASM Sports (2003-13), assistant general manager of the Utah Jazz (2013-16), assistant general manager of the Milwaukee Bucks (2016-17) under GM John Hammond, and assistant general manager (again) for the Utah Jazz (2017-19) which had remained vacant during the span of Zanik’s absence. Utah Jazz In his first year back with the Utah Jazz, Zanik worked alongside GM Dennis Lindsey and assistant GM David Morway to add key players such as Royce O'Neale and Georges Niang. In the summer of 2019, Zanik was involved in the signing of Bojan Bogdanović and trading for Mike Conley. Zanik told Bogdanovic, “Your toughness, your ability to space the floor, contribute to the group…all the little things that you did in Indiana last year, especially after being able to carry the team the last three or four months really made an impression on us.” On May 10, 2019, Justin Zanik was named new GM for the Utah Jazz, taking over the vacancy left by Dennis Lindsey who was promoted to EVP of basketball operations. Zanik helps facilitate contract negotiations, manage salary caps and oversee scouting of prospects, as well as other responsibilities. Zanik brought in chef Anthony Zamora, one of three registered dietitians working for an NBA team, to the Zions Bank Basketball Campus training facility giving personalized meal plans upon request. Family and medical issues Shortly before the Jazz opened their 2023–24 training camp, Zanik's wife Gina urged him to schedule a physical, noticing that he felt more tired than usual. He had not had an examination in eight years. He scheduled his physical with the Jazz's team doctor for September 28, and on his 49th birthday on October 1, the doctor told him he was in kidney failure, with only 14% of his normal kidney function remaining. Zanik was diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease (PKD), a condition that runs in his family; his father received a kidney transplant as a result of the disease in 2003. After a wide search for a living donor, the husband of Gina's childhood best friend proved to be a match, and Zanik's transplant surgery is set for April 2, 2024. He and Gina",
"title": "Justin Zanik"
},
{
"docid": "50972944",
"text": "The 49th Anniversary of Lucha Libre in Estado de México was celebrated by a major professional wrestling show produced and scripted by the Mexican lucha libre promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; sometimes referred to as Grupo Internacional Revolución in Mexico) and took place on December 4, 2011 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico (Estado de México). The event commemorated the sport of lucha libre becoming allowed in the State of Mexico, with the first lucha libre show held in the state taking place in December 1962. Over the years IWRG has on occasion celebrated the anniversary, although not consistently holding an anniversary show every year. The main event was a special best two-out-of-three-falls eight-man tag team match between a team that represented wrestlers who used to work for the Universal Wrestling Association (UWA) and a team of wrestlers that all used to work for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) at one point. Team \"UWA\" (Canek, El Brazo, Head Hunter A and Negro Navarro) defeated Team \"CMLL\" (Lizmark Jr., Rayman, Rayo de Jalisco Jr. and El Texano Jr.) two falls to one. The show featured four additional matches. Production Background The history of lucha libre, or professional wrestling in Mexico goes all the way back to the early 1900s where individual promoters would hold shows on a local basis in various Mexican states. In 1933 Salvador Lutteroth created Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL; Spanish for \"Mexican Wrestling Enterprise\") and in subsequent years took EMLL to a national level. In the 1930s and 1940s various Mexican states (as well as Mexico City, which is a federal district and not part of any state) began to create lucha libre commissions, often as an extension of the existing boxing commissions, responsible for overview of lucha libre in each state, licensing wrestlers and ensuring the rules were being enforced. In the State of Mexico lucha libre was not officially sanctioned until late 1962, with the first lucha libre show in the state held in December 1962. The Mexican wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; sometimes referred to as Grupo Internacional Revolución in Spanish) has on occasion held a major show in December to commemorate the \"birth\" of Lucha Libre in its home state. It is unclear exactly when IWRG started to mark the Anniversary; records confirm that they held a show to commemorate the event starting in 2010 commemorating the 48th Anniversary of Lucha Libre in Estado de Mexico, possibly prior to that. The 2011 show was for the 49th anniversary and was held on December 4, 2011 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico where IWRG holds almost all of its major shows. Storylines The event featured five professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the \"bad guys\") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the \"good guy\" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated",
"title": "49th Anniversary of Lucha Libre in Estado de México"
},
{
"docid": "60338331",
"text": "The 49th Coast Artillery Regiment was a Coast Artillery Corps regiment in the Regular Army. It was mobilized in World War I, with the searchlight battery mobilized in World War II. World War I The 49th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps) (CAC) was organized in July 1918 at Camp Eustis, Virginia, commanded by Colonel Le Vert Coleman. The regiment was one of a number of US Army coast artillery units organized to operate heavy field artillery and railway artillery on the Western Front. It moved to Brest, France, via the Newport News port of embarkation in October 1918 on the French transport SS Lutetia, accompanied by the 38th Artillery Brigade (CAC) headquarters. Upon arrival, the regiment moved from Brest to Operations & Training Center No. 4 at Angers, France. The regiment was slated to be armed with 24 British-designed, American-made 8-inch M1917 howitzers, but did not commence training, see action, or receive guns before the war ended. It returned to the US on the troop transport USS Panaman, arriving at Camp Merritt, New Jersey, in March 1919, and demobilized that month at Camp Grant, Illinois. An American Legion memorial with a retrospective on Captain Samuel H. Bradbury, Jr., an officer of the regiment who died of influenza in transit to France, mentions that he was an uncle of science fiction author Ray Bradbury, though Samuel died before Ray was born. Captain Bradbury is interred at the Oise-Aisne American Cemetery near Fère-en-Tardenois, France. The memorial was probably placed by the American Legion Homer Dahringer Post 281 in Waukegan, Illinois, birthplace of both Bradburys. World War II During World War II, the regiment was re-constituted on 28 April 1942 as an inactive regiment in the Army of the United States. Battery G (searchlight) activated 1 May 1942 at Fort MacArthur, California, in the Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles. No other components were activated. One source states the unit served in the northern Solomon Islands campaign but has no specific locations or dates. The 49th moved to Camp Barkeley, Texas, on 28 April 1944 and inactivated there on 8 May 1944. Campaign streamers World War II Northern Solomons See also United States Army Coast Artillery Corps References Bibliography Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950, Coast Defense Journal, vol. 23, issue 2 (Regular Army regiments) Coast artillery regiments of the United States Army Military units and formations established in 1918 Military units and formations disestablished in 1919 Military units and formations established in 1942 1942 establishments in the United States Military units and formations disestablished in 1944 1918 establishments in Virginia",
"title": "49th Coast Artillery (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "3364879",
"text": "The Second Battle of Canton () was fought between British and Chinese forces in Canton (Guangzhou), Guangdong province, China, in May 1841 during the First Opium War. Background Canton was the only port in China open to foreign countries, mostly European, for trade under the Canton System. In the early stages of this commerce the demand in foreign countries for commodities including tea, silk and porcelain greatly outweighed Chinese needs for foreign products, and thus a significant trade imbalance developed. This unequal situation ended in the late 18th century when opium was shipped into China from plantations in India owned by the British East India Company. The number of people using the drug in China grew rapidly, to the point that the trade imbalance shifted in the foreign countries' favor. In 1839 matters came to a head when Chinese official Lin Zexu tried to end the opium trade altogether by destroying a large amount of opium in Canton, thereby triggering the First Opium War. In response to Zexu's actions, in January 1841 the Royal Navy bombarded Chinese positions near Canton and landed troops ashore in several locations. Local officials surrendered and signed peace treaties with the British. When they brought these peace treaties to Beijing they were punished for their failures. The Qing dynasty government refused to acknowledge the treaties, nor did they acknowledge any Chinese territory had been lost. Instead, they sent in more troops to drive back the British. Battle On May21 Chinese forces attempted a night ambush on British positions in the hills to the north of Canton but were repelled. By 2:00am on the 24th a contingent of naval and land units under Maj. Gen. Hugh Gough assembled, ready to attack the city. The right column, towed by the steamer Atlanta, comprised around 330 men of the 26th Cameronian, Madras Artillery and an officer of the Engineers. They were to attack and hold the factories with support from the men-of-war anchored on the Canton River. The left column towed by Nemesis consisted of more than 700 troops drawn from regiments that included the 49th Foot, 27th Madras Infantry and Bengal Volunteers along with 380 Royal Marines. The right column reached its objective by 5:00pm under Maj. Pratt of the 26th Cameronians, who held his men ready for defensive or offensive action. The large number of troop-carrying vessels under tow by Nemesis slowed her progress and she did not reach the bank next to the village of Tsing-Hae, some five miles up river, until dusk. Gough landed with the 49th Foot and carried out reconnaissance while other troops unloaded artillery from the ships. In his official report he later noted, \"The heights to the north of Canton were crowned by four strong forts and the city walls, which run over the southern extremity of these heights, appeared to be about three miles and a half distant.\" At 3:00 and already under bombardment from the two Western forts, British troops set up a rocket battery, two 5 mortars,",
"title": "Battle of Canton (May 1841)"
},
{
"docid": "74271404",
"text": "MacArthur Playground, officially named General Douglas MacArthur Memorial Park, is a public park in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, New York, United States. The park is located on the east end of the block bounded by First Avenue, General Douglas MacArthur Plaza, and East 48th and 49th streets, immediately to the north of the Headquarters of the United Nations. The park and plaza, the latter of which is a north–south street that runs for a single block between the playground and the FDR Drive, were named after Douglas MacArthur in October 1964. The park was donated to the city by Alcoa Plaza Associates, the developer of the adjacent mixed-use building at 860-870 United Nations Plaza. History Redevelopment of site In the late 1950s, Joseph I. Lubin planned to construct two apartment buildings on the block bounded by First Avenue, the FDR Drive, and East 48th and 49th streets. At that time, most of the block—including the current site of MacArthur Playground—was occupied by a parking lot. To improve vehicular access to the planned development, Lubin proposed constructing a bridge from the top of the retaining wall at the south end of Beekman Place across East 49th Street to an elevated plaza located between the apartment buildings. The proposed bridge was met by strong opposition from local residents, who did not want more traffic drawn to Beekman Place, a narrow two-block-long street. The New York City Planning Commission also did not support the proposal because the bridge would only serve a private interest. The application for the bridge was withdrawn by Lubin in February 1958. Lubin later sold the property to Webb & Knapp, which announced plans to develop the site with a mixed-use building that would provide office space designed for United Nations delegations along with residential units on the top floors, with the first choices for apartments going to diplomats. As part of the plans for the building, the developer would give the city a third of an acre at the end of the block for park uses. The new plans for the site also met opposition from local residents, who questioned the scale of the proposed 37-story tower and that a requested change to the zoning would only benefit the developer. In 1961, the plans for the building were revised from a single tower to shorter twin towers to appease residents living near Beekman Place. Local residents and neighborhood associations still expressed concerns over the amount of traffic that the project would generate and requested that the City Planning Commission instead rezone the block from commercial to residential so that the existing apartment building at the southeast corner of First Avenue and East 49th Street could remain and the rest of the block could be redeveloped as a park with an underground parking garage. However, construction of the new buildings began in June 1963. The development was sponsored by the Alcoa Plaza Associates, a joint venture that included the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) as a partner.",
"title": "MacArthur Playground"
},
{
"docid": "13653210",
"text": "Under the U.S. tax code, businesses expenditures can be deducted from the total taxable income when filing income taxes if a taxpayer can show the funds were used for business-related activities, not personal or capital expenses (i.e., long-term, tangible assets, such as property). Capital expenditures either create cost basis or add to a preexisting cost basis and cannot be deducted in the year the taxpayer pays or incurs the expenditure. In terms of its accounting treatment, an expense is recorded immediately and impacts directly the income statement of the company, reducing its net profit. In contrast, a capital expenditure is capitalized, recorded as an asset and depreciated over time. Four ways costs can be capital expenditures The Internal Revenue Code, Treasury Regulations (including new regulations proposed in 2006), and case law set forth a series of guidelines that help to distinguish expenses from capital expenditures, although in reality distinguishing between these two types of costs can be extremely difficult. In general, four types of costs related to tangible property must be capitalized: 1. Costs that produce a benefit that will last substantially beyond the end of the taxable year. 2. New assets that have a useful life substantially beyond one year. For example, in Commissioner v. Idaho Power Co., the taxpayer used its own equipment to construct and improve various facilities that it owned. The taxpayer sought to have the depreciation of the construction equipment treated as a deduction. The Court held that because the equipment was used to invest in a capital asset – the new and improved facilities – the costs had to be treated as capital expenditures. 3. Improvements that prolong the life of the property, restore property to a “like-new” condition, or add value to the property. For example, in Fedex Corp. v. United States, the taxpayer performed repairs upon jet engines by removing them from the airplane and then having parts replaced. The taxpayer argued that these expenses were deductible, but the IRS stated that the costs should be capitalized. The court held that the inspection and replacement costs could be deducted because the improvements did not add to the value and did not prolong the life of the airplanes as a whole. In Midland Empire Packing Co. v. Commissioner, the taxpayer added a concrete lining to its basement floor to prevent oil from seeping into where the taxpayer stored meat. The taxpayer argued that the costs of installation were deductible and the tax court agreed. The costs of installation only permitted the taxpayer to continue the plant’s operation. The expenses did not add to the value of the business or permit the taxpayer to make new uses of the basement. 4. Adaptations that permit the property to be used for a new or different purpose. In contrast to Midland Empire Packing Co., in Mt. Morris Drive-In Theatre Co. v. Commissioner, under threat of litigation, the taxpayer was forced to create a new drainage system to prevent run-off rainwater from flooding his neighbor's farm. The",
"title": "Expenses versus capital expenditures"
},
{
"docid": "25060195",
"text": "Andrew C. Russo (born October 22, 1975) is an American pianist. Russo was born in Syracuse, New York, and studied music in New York City and Europe. He started a nonprofit youth educational foundation in New York at the age of 25 and recorded albums in the 2000s. In 2005, Russo became director of music at Le Moyne College, where he works as an artist in residence. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for the 49th New York State Senate district in the 2010 state election. Early life and career Russo was born to a father of the same name who played baseball as a catcher for the Philadelphia Phillies. He is a native of Syracuse, New York, and graduated from Fayetteville-Manlius High School in 1993. Russo received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the Juilliard School in New York City and did post-graduate study in France and Germany. He participated in the Gina Bachauer International Piano Competition in 1998, returned to New York at the age of 25, and created Music Journeys Inc., a nonprofit youth educational foundation. Russo played in the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition in 2001, and released Voice of the Whale, an album of songs by composer George Crumb, for the British label Black Box Records in 2002. Subsequent albums for Black Box, Corigliano: Violin Sonata; Etude Fantasy; Fantasia on an Ostinato; Chiaroscuro (2006), Aaron Jay Kernis: 100 Greatest Dance Hits (2007), Paul Schoenfield: Four Parables; Four Souvenirs; Café Music (2007), and Mix Tape (2008) received positive reviews by Allmusic. Russo's 2007 album Dirty Little Secret for Endeavour Classics was favorably reviewed by Allmusic and The New York Times. Politics In November 2009, Russo announced his candidacy for the 49th New York State Senate district as a Republican in the 2010 state election. He had become a registered Republican on June 24, 2009 and was previously registered as a Democrat from 1995 to 2006, when he changed his registration to independent. The 49th Senate district is represented since 2005 by Democrat David Valesky. Russo named as his goals the implementation of term limits, the reduction of taxes, a spending freeze, and the removal of discretionary spending by individual senators. Russo attacked Valesky over his support for same-sex marriage and for \"broken promises\", \"painful tax hikes\", and \"failed leadership\". In December 2009, The Post-Standard reported that Russo had rarely voted since registering in 2001. Russo maintained he had voted in 2006 and 2008, and had failed to vote more often because he had lived outside of the country. Michael Long, chairman of the Conservative Party of New York State, stated on March 3, 2010, that Russo would be the Conservative Party candidate over of his Republican contender, East Syracuse mayor Danny Liedka. In May 2010, the Senate Republican Campaign Committee endorsed Russo over Liedka for the primary election. Russo won the primary election on September 14 and became the Republican and Conservative candidate. Russo sought to run on the Taxpayers Party of New York ballot line",
"title": "Andrew Russo"
},
{
"docid": "716209",
"text": "The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves, also known as the London Convention, Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, is an international treaty signed in 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom. This treaty resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations. The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district New Caledonia. The two nations agreed to a boundary line involving the 49th parallel north, in part because a straight-line boundary would be easier to survey than the pre-existing boundaries based on watersheds. The treaty marked both the United Kingdom's last permanent major loss of territory in what is now the Continental United States and the United States' first permanent significant cession of North American territory to a foreign power, the second being the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842. The British ceded all of Rupert's Land south of the 49th parallel and east of the Continental Divide, including all of the Red River Colony south of that latitude, while the United States ceded the northernmost edge of the Missouri Territory north of the 49th parallel. Provisions The treaty name is variously cited as \"Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves\", \"Convention of Commerce (Fisheries, Boundary and the Restoration of Slaves)\", and \"Convention of Commerce between His Majesty and the United States of America\". Article I secured fishing rights along Newfoundland and Labrador for the US. Article II set the boundary between British North America and the United States along \"a line drawn from the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods, [due south, then] along the 49th parallel of north latitude...\" to the \"Stony Mountains\" (now known as the Rocky Mountains). Britain ceded all territory south of the 49th parallel, including portions of the Red River Colony and Rupert's Land (comprising parts of the present states of Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota). The United States ceded the portion of the Louisiana Purchase lying north of the 49th parallel (the northernmost portion of the Mississippi River watershed, including those parts of the Milk River, Poplar River, and Big Muddy Creek watersheds in modern-day Alberta and Saskatchewan). The article settled a boundary dispute caused by ignorance of actual geography in the boundary agreed to in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolutionary War. The earlier treaty had placed the boundary between the United States and British North America along a line extending westward from the Lake of the Woods to the Mississippi River. The parties did not realize that the river did not extend that far north and so such a line would never meet the river. In fixing the problem, the 1818 treaty created a pene-enclave of the United States, the Northwest Angle, the small section of the present state of Minnesota",
"title": "Treaty of 1818"
},
{
"docid": "22269858",
"text": "The 141st Infantry Regiment (\"1st Texas Infantry\") is an infantry regiment in the United States Army. The lineage of the 141st includes units tracing origins to the Texas Revolution, such as Company A, First Texas, 1836, and other infantry companies of the First Texas formed in the 1870s and 1880s. History World War II On 24 October 1944, the 1st Battalion, 141st Infantry Regiment of the 36th Division was given the assignment to clear a ridge deep in the Vosges but was then cut off by the Germans. Flanking units had received an order to withdraw, but that order failed to reach the 1st Battalion. The other two battalions of the 141st were unable to break through. The 100th Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team, composed primarily of Japanese-Americans, was ordered to relieve the Lost Battalion. More men were lost in the 442nd during the rescue operation than there were to save in the 1st Battalion of the 141st. Postwar years In 1973 the 49th Armored Division was reactivated, with the first and third battalions of the 141st Infantry (mechanized) assigned to the 1st Brigade. The 2/141 was mechanized and assigned to the 3d Brigade of the 49th Armored Division. By 1979, all three battalions of the 141st were assigned to the 1st Brigade, 49th Armored Division. In 1984, the 1/141 and 2/141 continued to be assigned to the 49th Armored, and 3d/141st was assigned to Texas National Guard Troop Command. In 1995, 2/141 was demobilized and the 3/141 was assigned to the 36th Brigade of the 49th Armored Division. As part of the 2004 reorganization of the 49th Armored Division into the 36th Infantry Division the 141st Infantry is now part of the latter division as part of the 72nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Lineage Constituted 18 February 1823 in the Mexican National Militia as the Texas Regiment Organized 22 June 1824 as the Austin Colony Battalion of Militia with headquarters at San Felipe de Austin to consist of the following companies: 1st Company, Captain Andrew Robinson 2d Company, Captain Horatio Chriesman 3d Company, Captain Randal Jones 4th Company, Captain Jesse Burnam 5th Company, Captain Amos Rawls. Reorganized and redesignated 23 June 1828 as the Austin Battalion, Coahuila y Texas Militia Reorganized and redesignated 5 October 1832 as the 2d Battalion, Militia of the Municipality Regiment Reorganized and redesignated 6 December 1836 as the Harrisburg County Regiment. (Republic of Texas annexed to the United States 29 December 1845) Harrisburg County Regiment reorganized 21 April 1846 and assigned to the 2d Brigade, 3d Division, Texas Militia Mustered into Federal service 4–7 July 1846 at Galveston, Texas as Companies C and E, 1st Texas Foot Riflemen; mustered out of Federal service 24 August 1846 in Mexico Reorganized and redesignated 14 February 1860 as the 16th (Harris) Brigade, Texas State Troops The following companies of the 16th Brigade reorganized and mustered into state service February 1861-June 1862: San Jacinto Guards Confederate Guards Bayland Guards Confederate Greys Palmer Guards Bayou City Guards Turner Rifles",
"title": "141st Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "23456530",
"text": "49th Regiment or 49th Infantry Regiment may refer to: 49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment, a unit of the Polish Army 49th (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot, a unit of the British Army 49th Royal Tank Regiment, a unit of the British Army 49th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, a unit of the Canadian Army The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, a unit of the Canadian Army 49th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), a unit of the US Army 49th Infantry Regiment (United States), a unit of the US Army 49th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry, a unit of the East India Company's Bengal Army American Civil War regiments Union (Northern) Army 49th Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Mounted Infantry 49th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment 49th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment 49th Indiana Infantry Regiment 49th New York Volunteer Infantry 49th Ohio Infantry 49th Pennsylvania Infantry Confederate (Southern) Army 49th North Carolina Infantry 49th Virginia Infantry See also 49th Division (disambiguation) 49th Brigade (disambiguation) 49th Squadron (disambiguation)",
"title": "49th Regiment"
},
{
"docid": "3090720",
"text": "49th Street station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Philadelphia. It is located at 1104 South 49th Street in the Kingsessing section of Southwest Philadelphia, and serves the Media/Wawa Line. In 2013, this station saw 62 boardings and 52 alightings on an average weekday. The station is a sheltered shed that sits on one platform; the other platform has a ramp to the Chester Avenue bridge. The station is handicapped-accessible. Chester Avenue carries the SEPTA Route 13 trolley, which is part of the Subway-Surface Trolley system. The trolleys use an alternate track embedded in 49th Street when the tunnels are closed. 49th Street station is also served by SEPTA bus route 64 which serves 50th and Parkside Avenue going north and Pier 70 Shopping Plaza going south. The Media/Wawa line was originally the main line of the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad, laid in 1852-53. There has been a station at this location since at least 1886, when the line was owned by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. Station layout 49th Street has two low-level side platforms. References External links Chester Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View SEPTA Regional Rail stations Stations on the West Chester Line Railway stations in Philadelphia Former Pennsylvania Railroad stations Railway stations in the United States opened in 1886 Kingsessing, Philadelphia",
"title": "49th Street station (SEPTA Regional Rail)"
},
{
"docid": "19681733",
"text": "The Charles Scribner's Sons Building, also known as 597 Fifth Avenue, is a commercial structure in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, on Fifth Avenue between 48th and 49th Streets. Designed by Ernest Flagg in a Beaux Arts style, it was built from 1912 to 1913 for the Scribner's Bookstore. The Fifth Avenue facade contains a glass-and-iron storefront on its lowest two stories with black and gold decoration. On the third through ninth stories, the facade is subdivided into five limestone bays, while at the tenth story is a mansard roof. Among the facade's details are vertical piers with four medallions containing busts of printers: Benjamin Franklin, William Caxton, Johann Gutenberg, and Aldus Manutius. The interior of the first two stories contains a retail space that initially served as a location of the Scribner's Bookstore. The upper stories contain offices, including some space that was initially used by the Scribner's publishing company. The Charles Scribner's Sons Building was constructed to supersede a previous bookstore at 155 Fifth Avenue. The building was owned by Scribner's until 1984, when it was sold to the Cohen family, which subsequently sold it to the Benetton Group. After the bookstore in the lowest two stories closed in 1989, the building has housed numerous retail shops. A&A Investment Co. bought 597 Fifth Avenue in 2006 and it was sold to Thor Equities in 2011. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 597 Fifth Avenue as an official landmark in 1982 and designated the ground-floor interior as a landmark in 1989. Site The Charles Scribner's Sons Building is at 597 Fifth Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, on the eastern side of the avenue between 49th Street to the north and 48th Street to the south. The land lot covers with a frontage of on Fifth Avenue and a depth of . Nearby buildings include 600 Fifth Avenue to the west, 608 Fifth Avenue to the northwest and Tower 49 to the east. Architecture 597 Fifth Avenue was designed by Ernest Flagg in the Beaux Arts style for the company Charles Scribner's Sons. The building is ten stories tall and is of non-load-bearing construction. It is similar in appearance to the predecessor Scribner's bookstore at 155 Fifth Avenue, which Flagg also designed; both structures have symmetrical limestone facades divided horizontally into multiple sections. Flagg said of 597 Fifth Avenue's design, \"I think the building is the best thing I ever did.\" The structure was erected by steel contractor George A. Just Co. and masonry contractor John T. Brady & Co., with additional materials from painter William F. Eastberg & Co., wiring contractor Peet & Powers, and plastering contractor H. W. Miller. Facade The facade is largely subdivided into five vertical bays, except at the two lowest stories, which contain a tripartite storefront. The storefront has glazed glass windows, dark ironwork, and brass-colored trim. The center section of the storefront corresponds to three bays in the upper stories. It has a",
"title": "Charles Scribner's Sons Building"
},
{
"docid": "74615583",
"text": "The Ianca Air Base, or the 49th Air Base, was a Romanian Air Force base located in the town of Ianca in the Brăila County. It was active from 1941 to 2001 and was the first unit equipped with jet fighters in Romania. From July 2022, the airfield is owned by the . History The airfield at Ianca was first established in 1941 when a squadron was deployed there to carry out missions in support of the military actions in Bessarabia. After the war, on 28 March 1951, the 3rd Fighter Aviation Division with the 11th, 12th, and 14th Regiments was created at the airfield. At the same time, Soviet equipment was brought to the base, and command and observation points, hangars airplanes, and barracks, as well as a concrete runway were built. During the same month, the unit was equipped with Yak-23 and Yak-17 jets which were brought in and assembled by Soviet technicians and were tested by Soviet pilots. Later, Romanian pilots began also training, and in less than two weeks, the first pilots performed 6 flights on twin-seat airplanes with Soviet instructors. The first flight on a single seat Yak-23 was done by Major Aurel Răican on 26 June 1951. In July 1953, the 206th Fighter Aviation Regiment initially formed at Deveselu was transferred to Ianca, where it was equipped with the MiG-17PF. It remained at the base until 1958, when it was moved to the Borcea aerodrome. In 1965, the 49th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment was moved from the Alexeni airfield to Ianca. After 1989 The last MiG-15s of the air base were retired in 1990. During the 1990s, the 49th Air Base also retired its IAR 93 aircraft and transferred a number of IAR 99s to 67th Air Base from Craiova. After the transfer, the base received several L-39ZA trainers from Boboc. These airplanes were returned by 1998, and the base remained operating only IAR 99s. Eventually, the base was disbanded, with the IARs being sent to Craiova, and the airfield was used for storage. In 2009, the airfield was taken from the Ministry of Defence by the County Council with plans to build a civilian airport. These plans never materialized, and on 27 July 2022, the administration of the airfield was given to the Romanian Aeroclub. The current plans are to establish a territorial aeroclub at Ianca. First interception mission On the night of 28 October 1952, an unidentified aircraft was detected by radar entering Romanian airspace, and moving towards Brașov. From Ianca, the aircraft continued to be tracked as it passed Bucharest, and headed to Giurgiu towards Bulgaria. Intrigued that the Soviet air units stationed at Otopeni did not react, the leadership from Ianca decided to prepare a Yak-23 to be scrambled to intercept, with Major Dumitru Balaur, commander of the 172nd Jet Fighter Regiment, being chosen for the mission. After reaching Sofia, the target turned left towards Varna, then back towards Romanian airspace. Once it reached Constanța, Major Balaur took off to intercept",
"title": "Ianca Air Base"
},
{
"docid": "12171286",
"text": "Oregon's Territorial Legislature was a bicameral legislative body created by the United States Congress in 1848 as the legislative branch of the government of the Oregon Territory. The upper chamber Council and lower chamber House of Representatives first met in July 1849; they served as the region's legislative body until Oregon became a state in February 1859, when they were replaced by the bicameral Oregon State Legislature. Ten annual sessions were held, with most starting in December and ending in February. During the sessions the capital of the territory was moved from Oregon City to Salem, then briefly to Corvallis, and back to Salem. Legislation included the creation of new counties, the renaming of old counties, and the authorization to hold the Oregon Constitutional Convention, among other acts. Membership in the Council remained at nine throughout the history of the body, while the House of Representatives membership increased from 17 to as high as 30 due to increases in population. Background The Provisional Government of Oregon was the region's governing body from 1843 until 1849, at the end of the region's joint settlement by Great Britain and the United States. The Provisional Government's legislative body was the unicameral Provisional Legislature of Oregon. In 1846 the United States and Great Britain settled the Oregon Question with the Oregon Treaty. The treaty created a boundary between British North America and the United States west of the Rocky Mountains at the 49th parallel. Two years later on August 14, 1848 the Organic Act was signed into law by President James K. Polk creating the Oregon Territory out of the lands south of the 49th parallel, north of the 42nd parallel (northern boundary of California) and west of the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean. The structural framework for the government came from the Northwest Ordinance, passed in 1787, which created the Northwest Territory. The Territorial Legislature then worked within the legal framework of the Organic Laws of Oregon. These laws were the de facto constitution of the Provisional Government. These laws were determined to be valid by Territorial Governor Joseph Lane when he arrived in the territory in 1849 and effectuated the beginning of United States control and government in Oregon Country. Structure The legislature had two chambers: the larger, lower House of Representatives, and the upper chamber Council. The Council consisted of nine members, apportioned among the territory's counties. The House had about twice as many members, also apportioned by counties. As the population increased and counties added, the number of legislators in the House was expanded. Sessions Though the Oregon Territory was created in August 1848, the territorial government did not arrive and assume power until Joseph Lane arrived on March 2, 1849. The first session of the Legislature convened on July 16, 1849 in Oregon City. Thereafter, regular sessions were held during the winter months of December, January, and February, with special sessions in May 1850 and July 1852. 1849 The first session met from July 16 to September 29 in",
"title": "Oregon Territorial Legislature"
},
{
"docid": "39842063",
"text": "The 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team is a brigade combat team unit of the Texas Army National Guard, part of the 36th Infantry Division. Early history At the start of World War I the War Department organized two National Guard Cavalry brigades as part of the Army's wartime expansion, and assigned them to relieve Regular Army Cavalry brigades patrolling the Mexico–United States border after the Pancho Villa Expedition. The unit allocated to Texas was fielded as 1st Texas Cavalry Brigade, and commanded by Brigadier General Jacob F. Wolters (namesake of Fort Wolters). The War Department planned to mobilize the brigade for overseas service, but the war ended before training was complete, and soldiers were demobilized in late 1918 and early 1919. The brigade was reorganized as 1st Cavalry Brigade on 23 August 1919, and General Wolters remained in command. The task organization for the brigade also included the 111th Cavalry Regiment in New Mexico. Post-World War I In 1921 the 1st Cavalry Brigade was renamed the 56th Cavalry Brigade and assigned to the 23rd Cavalry Division as part of the Army's post-World War I reorganization of the National Guard. Soldiers of the 56th Cavalry were called out several times to quell civil disturbances, including: the Longview Race Riot of 1919; the Galveston Longshoreman's Strike of 1920; the Mexia and Borger Oil Field Booms of 1922 and 1929; the booms in the East Texas oil fields in 1931 and 1932; and the response following a hurricane in 1932. Wolters commanded troops on state active duty so often that he published a manual on use of the National Guard in reestablishing law and order following riots and natural disasters. In 1929 the 111th Cavalry Regiment was made a separate organization, and the newly organized 124th Cavalry Regiment was added to the 56th Cavalry Brigade, making it a completely Texas National Guard organization. World War II In 1940 the 56th Cavalry Brigade headquarters was federalized for World War II. The 56th was the last cavalry brigade in the United States to have horses, and in 1944 the headquarters was reorganized as the 56th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized). The new unit was demobilized in November, 1945, following the end of World War II. The brigade headquarters and re-organized reconnaissance troop did not deploy overseas or see combat, but the 112th and 124th Cavalry, the regiments previously assigned to the 56th Cavalry Brigade, did serve overseas. Post-World War II The post-World War II reorganization of the National Guard included the creation of several armored divisions, among them the 49th Armored Division in Texas. The 56th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop was reorganized as Headquarters, and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A, 49th Armored Division and stationed in Fort Worth. In October, 1961 the unit was federalized for during the Berlin crisis and trained at Fort Polk and other locations before being demobilized. The headquarters of Combat Command A was reorganized in 1963 and the new unit was designated Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Brigade, 49th Armored Division. In",
"title": "56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)"
}
] | [
"1959"
] |
train_57051 | who wrote because by the dave clark five | [
{
"docid": "73216294",
"text": "The Dave Clark Five Play Good Old Rock & Roll (subtitled \"18 Golden Oldies\") is the album by the Dave Clark Five released in 1971, after the band's breakup. It was released by EMI/Starline label and sometimes is classified as a compilation, as most of the tracks were first released on two EPs (in 1969 and 1970). Dave Clark included the album in the band's core collection and remastered and re-released it on Spotify in 2019. Overview This is the band's only album composed entirely of cover versions of well-known American rock and roll songs. The core of the album consists of two popular hit medleys, the top ten hit \"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\" (peaked on the UK chart at No. 7, 1969) and its sequel \"More Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\" (reached No. 34, 1970). Keith Altham called the first part of the album \"a party piece for the hit parade\" in his article in Record Mirror magazine. Singer Mike Smith in the same interview with Altham said, \"Originally the record Good Old Rock and Roll was a Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys hit in America but Dave recognised the potential and when it died a death here we decided to resurrect it.\" The singles had overdubbed applause to simulate a live recording, but the LP version omitted this effect. The album also includes full versions of songs such as \"Raining In My Heart\", \"Lucille\", \"Reelin' and Rockin'\", \"One Night\" and \"Memphis, Tennessee\". All songs were sung by Mike Smith. Release The Good Old Rock & Roll album was initially released by Starline (a label associated with EMI), with a modified gold record on the cover, but with no picture of the band members (on the back of the cover was featured an artistic caricature of Dave Clark). In 1972, a second version of the LP was released on the Music For Pleasure label (an EMI label designed for budget-priced LPs), which already had a photo of the band and a sleeve note by Roger St. Pierre. Pierre wrote that the group added \"something of their own brillant individuality\" to the songs. Although the album was available in countries on almost every continent (e.g., the UK, Germany, France, Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Africa), it was not released in the United States. This was probably because of the failure of the single \"More Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\" (due to the band's decision, the single \"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\" was not released for the US market). Reception In his AllMusic retrospective review of the release, Richie Unterberger wrote, \"Mike Smith does sing everything with commendable commitment, but otherwise these are routine late-'60s hard rock interpretations that don't have much similarity to the mid-'60s Dave Clark Five sound.\" Singer and songwriter John E Vistic called the album one of his favorites and said, \"Every tune on it is epic rock and roll gold.\" Track listing References The Dave Clark Five albums 1971 albums Covers albums",
"title": "The Dave Clark Five Play Good Old Rock & Roll"
},
{
"docid": "73865239",
"text": "Dave Clark & Friends is a British album from 1972. It is partly an album by the Dave Clark Five, and partly a solo project by singer Mike Smith and producer Dave Clark. It contains the Dave Clark Five's 1969 UK Top 50 hit \"Put a Little Love in Your Heart\". Overview The album was created to fulfill a contract between Dave Clark and EMI Records after the Dave Clark Five had already broken up. The LP therefore contains five tracks originally released under the band's name (\"Southern Man\", \"Bring It On Home To Me\", \"Paradise\", \"Won't You Be My Lady\", \"Put A Little Love In Your Heart\"). The others were recorded as a studio project with Eric Ford (bass guitar) and Blue Mink band members guitarist Alan Parker and backing vocalist Madeline Bell. All the songs were sung by Mike Smith, who also composed half of the album. Dave Clark is listed as a co-writer of the songs, but it is generally believed that he was only involved in the production side. Although Mike Smith has dodged questions about whether Clark was involved as a writer, he confirmed in 2003 that he was not. The second part of the record contains cover versions of some successful songs such as \"Southern Man\" by Neil Young, \"Bring It On Home To Me\" by Sam Cooke, \"Draggin' the Line\" by Tommy James, \"Signs\" by Five Man Electrical Band and \"(If Paradise Is) Half as Nice\" (under the title \"Paradise\") by Amen Corner. The album was released in the UK, Germany, Japan and New Zealand. The previously released single \"Put A Little Love In Your Heart\" (originally by Jackie DeShannon) reached No. 31 in the UK chart. Along with the UK album \"5 By 5\", this is the only album Dave Clark hasn't released in a remastered collection on Spotify in 2019. Reception In his AllMusic retrospective review of the release, Richie Unterberger wrote, \"There are too many run-of-the-mill covers in the circa 1970 mainstream rock style (...) Some of the other material sounds a little like the harder edge of early-'70s AM radio pop, though not attached to memorable songs.\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – lead guitar Rick Huxley – bass guitar Denis Payton – tenor saxophone, rhythm guitar Additional musician Madeline Bell – backing vocals Alan Parker – guitar Eric Ford – bass guitar References The Dave Clark Five albums 1970 albums",
"title": "Dave Clark & Friends"
},
{
"docid": "73625301",
"text": "5 by 5 is the tenth American album by the British band The Dave Clark Five. It was released on 20 February 1967 and contained the Top 50 hit \"Nineteen Days\". The LP reached the Billboard Top 200 and the Cashbox Top 100. The album was only released in the US; the similarly named British album (subtitled \"14 Titles by Dave Clark Five\") did not contain any of the same songs. Overview The album continued the tendency of previous albums to offer a greater variety of musical styles. Genre-wise, it stood between rock and roll (\"Nineteen Days\"), rhythm and blues (\"Something I've Always Wanted\", \"You Don't Want My Loving\", \"Small Talk\"), country (\"Picture Of You\") and good-time music in the vein of The Lovin' Spoonful (\"Sitting Here Baby\"). All songs were composed by the band members, produced by Dave Clark and the album was released in both mono (LN 24236) and stereo (BN 26236). The artwork featured the band members in a black and white photograph remotely reminiscent of the With the Beatles album. 5 by 5 was unavailable for many years before it was remastered and re-released by Dave Clark in 2019 on Spotify. The band also recorded an instrumental song of the same title (\"Five by Five\"), which was used as the finale of the TV special \"Hold On! It's The Dave Clark Five\" in 1968. But the recording was not released until the If Somebody Loves You album. Reception The album reached position 119 in the Billboard magazine chart, but did better in the competing Cashbox chart, reaching number 66. Cashbox magazine wrote, \"The Dave Clark Five serves up a batch of rock efforts. Among the outstanding tracks are Something I've Always Wanted, You Don’t Want My Loving, and Pick Up Your Phone. The always popular quintet should find themselves with yet another hit on their hands with this album, as they perform with distinction once again.\" In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger wrote, \"LP found the quintet playing pretty much in the same style they had been using since their first hit, even though trends were passing them by left and right by this point...\" and praised the track \"You Don't Want My Loving\" as the best song of the album. Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – electric guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley – bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton – tenor saxophone, backing vocals References The Dave Clark Five albums 1967 albums Epic Records albums",
"title": "5 by 5 (Dave Clark Five album)"
},
{
"docid": "73270535",
"text": "Satisfied with You is the ninth album released in the US by the British band the Dave Clark Five. It was released on 15 August 1966 and contained three hit songs, \"Look Before You Leap\", \"Please Tell Me Why\" and \"Satisfied with You\". The LP hit the Billboard Top 200 and the Cashbox Top 100. Overview The album contained ten songs and continued the tendency of its predecessor \"Try Too Hard\" to offer a wider collage of styles. It included songs in the rock and roll (\"Good Lovin'\"), country (\"Satisfied with You\") and waltz (\"Please Tell Me Why\") styles, as well as expressive ballads (\"Go On\"). But in fact, it didn't stray from the tried-and-true successful style of the Dave Clark Five and had none of the progressive tendencies of the emerging psychedelic music or anti-war messages. Dave Clark said, \"To me our music was to have fun with, to enjoy – not any message. That’s always been my feeling: it makes you feel good.\" All the songs were composed by members of the band, with the exception of a cover version of the Young Rascals' hit \"Good Lovin'\". Saxophonist Denis Payton wrote four songs, guitarist Lenny Davidson wrote three songs, and singer and organist Mike Smith wrote two. Dave Clark was credited as co-writer on all of the band's songs, although it is often stated that his contribution is more on the production level. Release and reception The album was released on 15 August 1966 by Epic Records only in the United States. It was released in both mono (LN 24212) and stereo (BN 26212) versions. All recordings were produced by Dave Clark himself. The LP reached number 127 on Billboard and number 85 on Cashbox. The singles sold even better. The UK A-side \"Look Before You Leap\" reached number 50 in the UK chart and 101 in Billboard. Better received was the US A-side \"Please Tell Me Why\" (b/w \"Look Before You Leap\"), which became a Top 5 hit in Canada and number 28 in the US. On June 12, 1966, the group presented both songs on the famous Ed Sullivan television show. The title ballad \"Satisfied with You\" scored 32 in Canada and 50 in the US. The album was not reissued for a long time until 2019 when Dave Clark released a remastered version on Spotify. Cashbox magazine wrote, \"The Dave Clark Five should add to their impressive LP record with this swinging set titled after the group’s latest chart item Satisfied With You. The Britishers have added a host of top tracks to the click for a disk that should spur fans to their local retailers. Among the goodies are I Still Need You, Good Lovin’ and Do You Still Love Me.\" AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger praised the band members' still strong songwriting inventiveness, but added that the album still only benefited from the previous certainty of success of the British Invasion type of songs. Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark -",
"title": "Satisfied with You"
},
{
"docid": "73068210",
"text": "Try Too Hard is the eighth American album by the English rock band the Dave Clark Five. It was released on 31 May 1966 on the Epic label. It followed the Top 20 hit of the same name. The album reached No. 77 on the Billboard 200 album chart and No. 25 in Cashbox. Background At a time when rival groups such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys were increasingly experimenting with sound in the recording studio, the Dave Clark Five also offered a sonically modern album. It tried to combine rock songs with edgy guitar (\"I Really Love You\", \"It Don't Feel Good\") with sophisticated melodies in different genre styles (\"Looking In\", \"Ever Since You've Been Away\", \"Today\"). Artwork The album cover art shows the band in a Jaguar E-Type owned by Dave Clark. He also appeared with the same car in the Catch Us If You Can movie and the band posing in the car on the cover of the UK soundtrack album from that film. Release and reception The album was released on 31 May 1966 in mono and stereo versions. The electronically re-channeled stereo version makes the whole album sound more psychedelic. But Dave Clark was not happy with the label when he found out since it was originally recorded in true stereo. Try Too Hard album was less successful than its predecessors, being the band's first album not to make the Top 50 Billboard LP Charts, but still hit No. 77. The album has not been released in the UK. In Canada, it was retitled \"At the Scene\" and included a hit single of the same name. Billboard magazine wrote in the official review, \"With the group's recent singles hit featured as the title tune, the album will sell well in the teen market. There are only 10 cuts in the package, but they're all solid, teen-aimed rockers. I Know and I Never Will are outstanding.\" Cashbox magazine wrote, \"Self-penned (that is group penned) tunes, that become big hits, is the forte of the Dave Clark Five and this set typifies that phenomenon. With the lead track being the group’s most recent smash and the other eleven being in that same bag that has long pleased the quintet’s innumerable devotees, this set should be a top-notch sales item.\" In his AllMusic retrospective review of the release, Bruce Eder wrote, \"DC5 would allow their music to evolve. From the crisp piano chords and lean, restrained guitar and sax sound, as well as the upbeat tone of Try Too Hard there was change in the air from the opening seconds of this LP.\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - electric guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - tenor saxophone, backing vocals References The Dave Clark Five albums 1966 albums Epic Records albums",
"title": "Try Too Hard"
},
{
"docid": "71791162",
"text": "\"Callow-la-vita\" is a song by British band Raymond Froggatt released as their debut single in April 1968. It was not successful in the UK, but became very successful in the Netherlands. It became more successful after being covered by the Dave Clark Five as \"The Red Balloon\". In an interview in 1972, Raymond Froggatt said that the song \"becoming such a massive hit was one of the worst things that ever happened\", as \"people still haven't forgotten about it. Now when we play colleges the kids still think we'll be doing that kind of stuff\". By 1972, the song had been recorded by sixteen different artists and sold over three million worldwide sales. Charts The Dave Clark Five version The Dave Clark Five's version was released in September 1968 and became a top-ten hit in several territories, including the UK. It was included on the UK album 5 by 5, but was not included on any US album. Background and release Dave Clark first heard \"Callow-la-vita\" on the radio and several weeks later contacted the publishers asking if they expected anything to become of the song, to which they said no. He then said that he wanted to cover the song so long as he could change the title, some of the lyrics and have a different arrangement. The publishers agreed and the Dave Clark Five recorded the song as \"The Red Balloon\". Recorded at Lansdowne Studios, the band were joined by trumpet session musicians, and the brass and saxophone arrangements were done by Les Reed. The lead vocals were by Dave Clark, which was the only Dave Clark Five single to do so. They were intended to be by usual lead singer Mike Smith, but \"he couldn’t get to grips with it\". The song also includes a verse in French, which had to be written down phonetically as Clark didn't speak the language and he later said \"I didn’t know what the hell I was singing about until Top Of The Pops put a translation on screen\". After the single's release, Polydor then re-released Raymond Froggatt's original version with the title \"The Red Balloon\". Reception Reviewing the Dave Clark Five version and the reissue of Raymond Froggatt's version for New Musical Express, Derek Johnson wrote that \"it's an extremely catchy tune, with a lyrical, flowing quality and the Froggatt team treats it with a delicacy and piquancy ideally suited to the subject matter\". Whereas, Johnson wrote that \"Dave Clark's version is entirely different. He has reverted to his big-bash, drum-thumping style of \"Glad All Over\"\", and that it is \"easily the more commercial of the two and the more likely to achieve Chart status\". Personnel Dave Clark – lead vocals, drums Mike Smith – organ, backing vocals Lenny Davidson – guitar, backing vocals Rick Huxley – bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton – sousaphone Stan Roderick – trumpet Bert Ezard – trumpet Eddie Blair – trumpet Charts Other cover versions In November 1968, French singer Marie Laforêt released a",
"title": "Callow-la-vita"
},
{
"docid": "45682636",
"text": "Coast to Coast is the fourth US studio album by the English rock band the Dave Clark Five. It is notable for containing two hit singles \"Any Way You Want It\" and \"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\". Other songs from this album were used in the Dave Clark Five film Having a Wild Weekend such as \"I Can't Stand It\" and \"When\". In Canada, it was released as Across Canada with the Dave Clark Five on Capitol Records. Reception In his retrospective review for Allmusic, critic Bruce Eder wrote, \"Coast To Coast opens strong and it gets better, blooming into an amazingly diverse yet consistently powerful record made up entirely of group originals... Had there been an actual rock press in 1964, or if the Dave Clark Five been taken more seriously sooner, Coast To Coast would probably be regarded today as something close to an essential British Invasion record...\" Cash Box said of the single \"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\" that it has \"an interesting cool quality and a good dance rhythm\" and it \"can't miss.\" Track listing Side one \"Any Way You Want It\" (Ron Ryan) – 2:26 \"Give Me Love\" (Also titled as \"I Can't Stop Loving You\") (Dave Clark, Denny Payton) – 1:55 \"I Can't Stand It\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 1:31 \"I'm Left Without You\" (Also titled as \"What Is There To Say\") (Dave Clark, Denny Payton) – 1:45 \"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 1:39 \"Crying Over You\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 2:04 Side two \"Say You Want Me\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 1:42 \"When\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 2:23 \"Don't You Know\" (Dave Clark, Denny Payton) – 1:33 \"To Me\" (Dave Clark, Denny Payton) – 1:39 \"It's Not True\" (Dave Clark, Mike Smith) – 1:59 Personnel Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - guitars, backing and harmony vocals Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - saxophone, backing vocals References The Dave Clark Five albums 1965 albums Epic Records albums",
"title": "Coast to Coast (Dave Clark Five album)"
},
{
"docid": "32004370",
"text": "\"Because\" is a song recorded by English rock band The Dave Clark Five from their third studio album American Tour (1964). The song was produced by Adrian Clark, the song was originally the B-side to \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" in the UK. \"Because\" was released as a single in the United States and reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It also charted at number three in both Canada and New Zealand. Julian Lennon released a version of the song which peaked at number 40 on the UK Singles Chart in 1985. Background and release \"Because\" was written with the intention of being the Dave Clark Five's fifth US single, but the band's label, Epic Records, was initially resistant, believing the ballad strayed too far from the hit-making formula that had proven successful with the band's previous upbeat singles. In May 1964, the song was released in the UK as the B-side to \"Can't You See That She's Mine\". Clark insisted that \"Because\" be released as an A-side in the US, and Epic eventually agreed. The single entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number sixty in August, and peaked six weeks later at number three. \"Because\" became the band's fifth US single to sell more than one million copies. In Canada, the song reached number three on RPM magazine's singles chart. Critical reception In a review for the single, Billboard described \"Because\" as a \"warmly romantic ballad ... that should keep [The Dave Clark Five] on the chart.\" Cash Box described it as \"a most attractive shuffle rock-a-cha-cha beat newcomer...that the artists wax in ear-arresting manner.\" Richie Unterberger of AllMusic said the song \"was on about the same melodic level as all but the best of the early Beatles' compositions\". He felt the song showed a more subtle side of the band, contrasting it with the \"stomping hits that were their main diet.\" Unterberger also complimented the track's harmony vocals, and noted the \"beautiful, unusual, and irresistible chord changes\" as well as the \"tender, romantic lyrics\". Other versions The Supremes recorded a version of \"Because\" on the group's A Bit of Liverpool (1964), a tribute album dedicated to music of the British Invasion. Julian Lennon recorded the song for the soundtrack to Dave Clark's musical Time (1986). Released as a single in 1985, Lennon's version reached number 40 on the UK Singles Chart, and number eight on the Belgium Singles Chart. Track listing 7\" Single (US, Canada) Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts References External links 1964 singles The Dave Clark Five songs The Supremes songs Julian Lennon songs Columbia Graphophone Company singles Capitol Records singles Epic Records singles 1964 songs Songs written by Dave Clark (musician)",
"title": "Because (Dave Clark Five song)"
},
{
"docid": "73886960",
"text": "5 By 5 (1964–69) is a British album by The Dave Clark Five, released in November 1968. The subtitle of the album was \"14 Titles by Dave Clark Five\". It contains the band's two big hit singles \"The Red Balloon\" and the ballad \"No One Can Break a Heart Like You\". Alongside this, it also included two American hit singles, cover of the Majors soul song \"Just a Little Bit Now\" and \"Please Stay\" originally recorded by American band The Drifters. Overview Although the Dave Clark Five released twelve albums in the United States, this was only their fourth UK album. It had the same title as their tenth US album, yet did not contain any of the same songs. The artwork was a copy of another US LP \"Everybody Knows\" and comes in a textured jacket. The years \"1964–69\" in the album title gave the impression that it was a compilation album, but this was not true. The LP was released on the fifth anniversary of the Dave Clark Five's professionalization, and that's what the timestamp referred to (the record was not released in 1969, but at the end of 1968). Still, the collection symbolically contained two older songs. \"When I Am Alone\" originally released under the shorter title \"When I'm Alone\" on the US album \"Having A Wild Weekend\" (1965) and \"I Still Need You\" from the US album \"Satisfied with You\" (1966). The song \"Just a Little Bit Now\" was recorded in late 1967 and first appeared on the US album \"Everybody Knows\" in January 1968 (under the shortened title \"A Little Bit Now\"). The album was produced by Dave Clark himself. The writing was mostly the work of Mike Smith, Lenny Davidson and Denis Payton. Although Dave Clark was also listed as a co-writer, his creative contribution was only as producer. The album was divided into a faster rockier first side (labeled \"Go!!\" on the cover) and a slower second side (labeled \"Slow!!\"). The song \"No One Can Break a Heart Like You\" was sung by guitarist Lenny Davidson instead of the band's lead singer Mike Smith. The UK top 10 hit \"The Red Balloon\" is a rare case of drummer Dave Clark singing solo (partly in French). This is the only band's album (from the core series) that Dave Clark has not released in a remastered collection on Spotify in 2019. Reception \"5 By 5\" was well received by critics, but although the record followed several hit singles and the Dave Clark Five simultaneously released a new hit \"Live in the Sky\", the LP did not enter the UK charts (which were only published as Top 20 at the time). Melody Maker magazine wrote in the official review, \"Well-produced and highly commercial album which will sell.\" And highlighted the quality of singer Mike Smith. Allen Evans from New Musical Express wrote, \"All the tracks have that organ-drums-guitar crisp sound and the vocals, by various members but mostly Mike Smith on solos. ... A happy piece",
"title": "5 By 5 (1964–69)"
},
{
"docid": "23778293",
"text": "\"Bits and Pieces\" is a song by British beat group The Dave Clark Five. The single hit number 2 in the UK and number 4 in the US, as well as being a success in other countries. It was number 2 or 4 in Australia, number 1 in Canada and Ireland, and number 4 in the Netherlands. In Germany, it reached number 20. Lead vocals are sung by Mike Smith, who also co-wrote the song. The song is in antiphonal style, with Mike Smith singing a solo line and the whole group responding. The drums have a very prominent part in the accompaniment. Additionally, some of the song's unique percussion was supplied by builder’s scaffold boards, which two of the band members (reportedly quite intoxicated) stamped on, not always perfectly in time to the music. Robert Christgau, writing in 1969, called the song \"a wonderfully serviceable rock throwaway, raucous and meaningless, perfect for shouting into the night.\" Cash Box described it as \"a hard-hitting rocker that the boys pound out in a steady, heavy beat style.\" The song's distinct stomp-like pattern has been sampled by numerous musicians. The Dave Clark Five performed \"Bits and Pieces\" in an appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show. References 1964 songs 1964 singles Songs written by Mike Smith (Dave Clark Five) Songs written by Dave Clark (musician) The Dave Clark Five songs RPM Top Singles number-one singles Irish Singles Chart number-one singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles Epic Records singles Capitol Records singles",
"title": "Bits and Pieces (song)"
},
{
"docid": "73437491",
"text": "Everybody Knows is the twelfth US album by the British band the Dave Clark Five. Released in January 1968 on Epic Records, it contained four hit singles, a rock cover version of the old Bing Crosby hit \"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby\", the band's guitarist Lenny Davidson's song \"Red and Blue\", cover of the Majors soul song \"A Little Bit Now\", and the UK chartbuster \"Everybody Knows\". It is the band's last American album and the first not to enter the Billboard Top 200 chart. Overview The album combined modern musical trends of soul and rock and roll (\"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby\", \"Concentration Baby\", \"A Little Bit Now\"), powerful ballads (\"Everybody Knows\", \"I'll Do the Best I Can\", \"At the Place\") with a slight influence of psychedelic music (\"Lost in His Dreams\"). LP was produced by Dave Clark himself. Most of the songs were composed by the band members. The album's biggest UK hit \"Everybody Knows\" (written by Barry Mason and Les Reed) was sung by guitarist Lenny Davidson instead of the band's lead singer Mike Smith. LP was released in both mono (LN 24354) and stereo (BN 26354) versions. The artwork featured sepia-toned photographs of the band members, but the author was not credited (they used the same cover for their later UK album 5 By 5). Reception Everybody Knows was the first Dave Clark Five album not to enter the US charts, and the band therefore focused on the UK market, where three more albums followed. The reason for the failure in America may have been the group's declining popularity, noticeable in the success of their singles in the US (the UK smash hit \"Everybody Knows\" remained at No. 43 on Billboard), but also the delayed release, which missed the 1967 Christmas market and wasn't offered until January 1968 (the LP was released in the UK in December 1967). Billboard magazine wrote in the official review, \"There's something old and something new – and they both register. The new is Everybody Knows, with the soft sound not commonly associated with DCF. And in their traditional kick is You Must Have Been A Beautiful Baby. It all adds up to a solid effort, both old and new.\" Cashbox magazine wrote, \"Presently on the charts with the title tune of this LP, the Dave Clark Five should have no difficulty making the charts with the album itself. Rock foot-stompers and ballads make up the bill of fare. One of the grooviest tracks is a swinging, hard-driving updating of You Must Have Been A Beautiful Baby...\" In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger wrote about the songs, \"Some of them saw the group competently, if not excitingly, adapt to trends in late-'60s production with an increased brassiness, as they do on the soul-pop tunes A Little Bit Now and Inside and Out.\" And he concluded the review with the opinion, \"It adds up to an album that has some appeal for serious Dave Clark Five",
"title": "Everybody Knows (Dave Clark Five album)"
},
{
"docid": "73387752",
"text": "You Got What It Takes is the eleventh US album by the British band the Dave Clark Five, released on 26 June 1967 by Epic Records. The album contained four successful songs, a cover of Marv Johnson's soul hit \"You Got What It Takes\", the hit single \"I've Got to Have a Reason\" written by the band's guitarist Lenny Davidson and the bubblegum \"Tabatha Twitchit\" written for the band by Les Reed and Barry Mason. The album also features the band's earlier UK top 30 hit \"Thinking of You Baby\". The LP reached the Billboard and Cashbox charts. Overview The album was released at a time when the music world was experimenting with new genres, mainly in the realm of psychedelia. The Dave Clark Five ignored these trends and offered a collection of songs in the traditional vein of their style. They even included three years old 1964 UK hit \"Thinking Of You Baby\", which had not yet been released in the US. They also included a remake of the older Fats Domino's rock and roll hit \"Blueberry Hill\". Still, the LP's cover art had a psychedelic feel, with the band members captured in the artistic concept of a broken mirror. The name of the author of the collage was not mentioned on the cover, the photographs were taken by Bruce Fleming. The following year, the band used identical artwork for their UK album Everybody Knows. Release and reception The album was produced by Dave Clark. Most of the songs were written by members of the band. The horn section consisted of Stan Roderick, Bert Ezzard, and Eddie Blair. Most likely, studio drummer Bobby Graham was also involved in the recording. You Got What It Takes was released in both mono (BN 26312) and stereo (LN 24312) versions. The album reached position 149 in the Billboard magazine chart, but did better in the competing Cashbox chart, reaching number 77. The album was also released in New Zealand and in Canada (with different artwork). It was not released in the UK. Billboard magazine wrote, \"This consistent chart group has another sure-fire chart item in this rockin' disc.\" And alongside the hit singles, it highlighted the songs \"Blueberry Hill\" and \"Let Me Be\". Cashbox magazine wrote, \"The sweet sound of success permeates the disk, and the set should soon gain a foothold on the charts.\" In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger wrote, \"It did mark an improvement over their previous album, Five by Five, and was less formulaic, if hardly bold or startling.\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – electric guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley – bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton – tenor saxophone, backing vocals Additional musician Stan Roderick, Bert Ezzard, Eddie Blair – horn section Bobby Graham – drums (session drummer, not stated on the record sleeve) References The Dave Clark Five albums 1967 albums Epic Records albums",
"title": "You Got What It Takes (album)"
},
{
"docid": "23778694",
"text": "A Session with The Dave Clark Five is the UK debut album by the English pop rock band the Dave Clark Five and was released in the United Kingdom in April 1964 on EMI's Columbia Records (see 1964 in music). The album consists of the single \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" along with covers of \"Rumble\" by Link Wray & His Ray Men, \"On Broadway\" by the Drifters, and the Walt Disney song \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\". It peaked at number 3 on the UK Albums Chart. Reception Writing for Beat Instrumental, Dave Gell believes that it is a good representation of Dave Clark and Mike Smith's songwriting talent. He additionally praises the band's musical abilities, particularly noting that Smith is \"well-represented\" on the organ. He also states that the LP's \"overall effect is of a group thoroughly in love with what they're doing\" In a retrospective review published on AllMusic, music critic Bruce Eder wrote \"As the group's first venture in making an LP, it's not as strong as their later efforts, though it does show off their range around the sound that would make them international stars. The lack of the presence of a hit single, however, leaves it weaker than most of the group's American-released LPs.\" Track listing Charts Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals, co-producer Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - lead guitar, backing vocals Rick Huxley - bass, backing vocals Denis Payton - saxes, backing vocals Additional personnel Adrian Kerridge - co-producer Les Reed - musical direction on \"Theme Without a Name\" Bruce Fleming - photography See also The Dave Clark Five discography References 1964 debut albums The Dave Clark Five albums EMI Columbia Records albums",
"title": "A Session with The Dave Clark Five"
},
{
"docid": "73485037",
"text": "If Somebody Loves You is the fifth British album by the Dave Clark Five. It was released by EMI (Columbia) in 1970. The album contained four of the group's popular songs, the minor US hit \"Red and Blue\" (Billboard No. 89), and the successful UK singles \"Live in the Sky\" (No. 39), \"Here Comes Summer\" (No. 44), as well as the UK top 10 hit cover version of Chet Powers' \"Everybody Get Together\" (No. 8). A single featuring Mike Smith's ballad \"Julia\" had no success in the UK or the US, but reached No. 2 in Malaysia in August 1970. The album is the first to be released after the band's official breakup and was not available in the US. Overview It is not entirely clear whether all the current band members play on all the recordings. The Dave Clark Five broke up in August 1970 (five months before the release of the album) and an official statement said that, \"the band has ceased to operate as a regular recording unit. But Clark and organist Mike Smith who recently renewed their Columbia recording contract, will continue to record and release material under the group's name.\" It is therefore possible that some of the recordings were made by Dave Clark, Mike Smith and studio musicians. But the truth is that ten of the fourteen songs had already been released on various records before the band broke up (between November 1965 and July 1970). All of the songs were produced by Dave Clark himself and most were written by keyboardist and vocalist Mike Smith or guitarist Lenny Davidson. Guest vocalists included Madeline Bell with a chorus of students from the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama (\"Everybody Get Together\") and Doris Troy (\"If Somebody Loves You\"). Although the band usually avoided political, religious or racial themes in their songs, they made a few exceptions here (\"It Ain't What You Do\", \"How Do You Get To Heaven\", \"Worried Times\"). The song \"I'm On My Own\" was sung by guitarist Lenny Davidson instead of the band's lead singer Mike Smith (and they both shared lead vocals on \"Here Commes Summer\"). Reception Disc and Music Echo magazine wrote in the official review, \"It's probably the best (album) the group has ever done. (...) Title track is excellent and should be released as a single. A splendid album which also features some excellent vocals from Madeline Bell.” The truth is that the song \"If Somebody Loves You\" was released as a single in the United States in 1969, but was not a chart success. Dave Clark remastered the album and re-released it on Spotify in 2019. Record World called the title track \"a big commercial grabber with lots of appeal.\" Track listing First releases of individual songs Although the album was not presented as a compilation, most of the songs had previously been released on UK or US LPs and singles. Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith -",
"title": "If Somebody Loves You"
},
{
"docid": "73560896",
"text": "I Like It Like That is the seventh American album by the British band the Dave Clark Five. It was released on 15 November 1965 and was the follow-up to the successful top-ten single of the same name. The LP reached the Billboard and Cashbox charts. Overview The album combined rock songs (\"I Need Love\", \"I Like It Like That\") with catchy rhythmic ballads (\"That's How Long Our Love Will Last\", \"I'll Be Your My Love\") and mid-tempo rockers (\"She's A Loving Girl\", \"You Know You're Lying\"). The LP was produced by Dave Clark and all the songs were written by members of the band (with the exception of the hit \"I Like It Like That\" written by Chris Kenner and Allen Toussaint). Although no one from the band has officially confirmed it, it is widely believed that studio drummer Bobby Graham took part in the recording sessions. The song \"I'm On My Own\" was sung by guitarist Lenny Davidson instead of the band's lead singer Mike Smith. The photo on the album cover art came from the same photo session as a similar image on the cover of their first American album Glad All Over. The sleeve note was written by Myles Eiten, Pop Record Editor of Ingenue magazine. The album was not released in the UK. Canada was the only other country where it was available under the different title \"Over And Over\" and contained a hit single of the same name. \"I Like It Like That\" LP was unavailable for many years before it was remastered and re-released by Dave Clark in 2019 on Spotify. Reception The album was a success for the band and reached No. 32 on the Billboard album chart and No. 41 on Cashbox. Billboard magazine wrote, \"The group offers a program of pulsating rockers mixed with sensitive, tender ballads which insure this hot package of being their seventh hit LP in a row. That's How Long Our Love Will Last is a prime example of the fine ballad performance of the group.\" In a retrospective review published on AllMusic, music critic Bruce Eder wrote, \"The group's sixth American album shows them in somewhat uneven form, delivering the searing I Need Love, with its roaring punk defiance - worthy of Eric Burdon - in addition to the roaring title track, as good a British take on New Orleans-style R&B as there was on the charts in those days.\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – electric guitars, backing vocals (lead on \"I Am On My Own\") Rick Huxley – bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton – tenor saxophone, backing vocals Additional musician Bobby Graham – drums (session drummer, not stated on the record sleeve) References The Dave Clark Five albums 1965 albums Epic Records albums",
"title": "I Like It Like That (Dave Clark Five album)"
},
{
"docid": "7242817",
"text": "Michael George Smith (6 December 1943 – 28 February 2008) was an English singer, songwriter and music producer. In the 1960s, Smith was the lead vocalist and keyboard player for the Dave Clark Five. The band was a leading unit in the British Invasion of the United States, and were the Beatles' main British rivals before the emergence of the Rolling Stones. Biography Smith was born in Edmonton, Middlesex (now part of north London), only child of George William Henry Smith, a bus conductor, later interior decorator, and Maudie (née Willis). His parents found he had a natural ability as a pianist that surfaced as early as age five. Smith started lessons in classical piano, and at age 13 passed the entrance exams at Trinity Music College in London. Career Smith first met Dave Clark when they were both members on the same football team for the St. George Boys Club. By his mid-teens, Smith had developed a strong vocal delivery, while idolising Little Richard, among other American rock & roll stars. At age 17, while working for a finance company, Smith was invited by Clark to join his band, which was busy rebuilding itself around the core of Clark and rhythm guitarist (later bassist) Rick Huxley, after having recently lost its lead singer. Dave Clark Five With Smith on vocals, piano or organ (and occasionally playing guitar in later years), the new Dave Clark Five was completed with the additions of saxophonist Denis (Denny) Payton and lead guitarist Lenny Davidson, who was auditioned on Smith's recommendation. Smith made his recording debut, at age 18, with the single \"I Knew It All the Time\" b/w (flip side) \"That's What I Said\" produced by Pye Records in June 1962 and credited to the unknown band The Dave Clark Five featuring Mike Smith. Performed in a style midway between early British beat and the bolder 1960s sounds that were developing, it was a powerful record to be issued while the Beatles were still developing their first recording deal. Due to his role as lead singer, Smith was considered the other star of the band, less visible by name than drummer/founder Clark but still at the centre of the group's sound as lead singer and keyboard player. Smith's singing showed the strong influence of Elvis Presley during the period of \"The Girl of My Best Friend\", \"(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame\", and \"Little Sister\". Due to his lead singing, Mike was very popular around the world on DC5 concert tours, especially in the Philippines. The rock band was so much welcomed at their performance at Smart Araneta Coliseum on 23–26 April 1965. Filipinos loved his rendition of hits Because and Hurting Inside. Smith's rich and raspy baritone voice and keyboards were clearly evident in the band's sound over seven years: during their two major years of success in 1964–1965 and continuing five years after the British Invasion died down in America, until the group disbanded in 1970. Clark & Smith Smith continued",
"title": "Mike Smith (Dave Clark Five)"
},
{
"docid": "24655435",
"text": "The Dave Clark Five is a US-only compilation double-album by The Dave Clark Five. The double-LP was released in 1971 three years after the group's last US studio album entitled Everybody Knows. It features 20 studio tracks in true stereo. As all but the group's last three commercial US albums were issued in re-channeled stereo, fifteen tracks make their U.S. true stereo debut in this two-disc package, the exceptions being \"Good Love Is Hard To Find\", \"Sitting Here Baby\", \"Inside and Out\", \"Concentration Baby\" and \"Bernedette\". \"Glad All Over\", \"Can't You See That She's Mine\", \"Try Too Hard\", \"Because\" and \"Come Home\" had made their first true stereo appearances on the 1970 EMI Regal Starline LP The Best Of The Dave Clark Five. Side note: The true stereo mix of \"Try Too Hard\" suffers from speed problems near the end of the song. This occurs on every available true stereo release of the recording. Track listing All tracks written by Dave Clark & Mike Smith except as noted Side one \"Glad All Over\" - 2:43 \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" - 2:22 \"I Need Love\" - 3:39 \"Good Love Is Hard To Find\" - 2:09 \"Try Too Hard\" - 2:10 Side two \"Because\" - 2:23 (Dave Clark) \"'Til The Right One Comes Along\" - 2:15 \"Whenever You're Around\" - 2:59 \"Remember, It's Me\" - 2:23 \"When I'm Alone\" - 2:35 Side three \"Having a Wild Weekend\" - 1:52 \"Sitting Here Baby\" - 2:59 \"Concentration Baby\" - 2:34 \"Please Tell Me Why\" - 1:35 \"Inside and Out\" - 2:51 Side four \"Come Home\" - 2:51 \"I'll Be Yours My Love\" - 2:43 \"Forever and a Day\" - 2:13 \"Bernedette\" - 2:19 \"Hurting Inside\" - 2:41 References 1971 compilation albums The Dave Clark Five albums Epic Records compilation albums",
"title": "The Dave Clark Five (album)"
},
{
"docid": "45679646",
"text": "Glad All Over is the American debut studio album of the English rock band the Dave Clark Five. Epic Records released the album on 17 March 1964 in the United States to capitalize on the success of the album's title track, and despite the caption saying \"Featuring Bits and Pieces\", the single did not become a hit until two months later. The album contains some of their hit songs like \"Glad All Over\", \"Bits and Pieces\" and \"Do You Love Me\". In Canada, it was released as Bits and Pieces on Capitol Records. Reception In his AllMusic retrospective review of the release, Richie Unterberger wrote, \"The Dave Clark Five's first album might seem a bit on the meager side outside of the context of the first flush of the British Invasion. At the time, though, it was a pretty exuberant slab o' vinyl that rocked pretty hard for the most part, paced by the three Top 10 singles 'Glad All Over,' 'Do You Love Me,' and 'Bits and Pieces.' And it does have a few decent, though not great, original songs that don't show up on greatest hits compilations: the solid pop/rocker 'I Know You,' the raucous 'Twist and Shout' rip-off 'No Time to Lose,' and the surprisingly savage instrumental 'Chaquita,' an inversion of 'Tequila' with its snaky, growling guitar riffs and dirty sax. There's also some pure filler, like the jazzy instrumental 'Time' and the infantile 'Doo Dah.' It certainly ranks among their best non-greatest-hits albums, which isn't as high a recommendation as it sounds, since the group's LPs weren't that good overall.\" Track listing Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – drums, backing vocals Mike Smith – organ, piano, lead vocals Lenny Davidson – guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley – bass guitar, harmonica, backing vocals Denis Payton – saxophone, backing vocals Bobby Graham - drums References The Dave Clark Five albums 1964 debut albums EMI Columbia Records albums Epic Records albums",
"title": "Glad All Over (Dave Clark Five album)"
},
{
"docid": "73318989",
"text": "Having a Wild Weekend is the sixth American album by the British band the Dave Clark Five. It was presented as the soundtrack to the film of the same name, released in the UK as Catch Us If You Can. The album reached the Top 20 on the Billboard and contains the worldwide hit single \"Catch Us If You Can\". Overview The film Having a Wild Weekend was the directorial debut of John Boorman and combined social drama with light-hearted fun in the vein of the Beatles' A Hard Day's Night. Although the album (as well as the UK version) was presented as the soundtrack to the film, only the four songs that actually appeared in the film are included here (\"Having a Wild Weekend\", \"Catch Us If You Can\", \"Sweet Memories\" and \"On The Move\"). The other songs from the film were already released on the band's previous albums. Release The album was produced by Dave Clark and all songs were written by the band members. It was released on 28 June 1965 on the Epic Records label in both mono (LN 24162) and electronic stereo versions (BN 26162). With different artwork but the same title, it was also released in Canada. The sleeve note was written by Myles Eiten of Ingenue magazine. The album cover art featured the band in a scene from the film with actress Barbara Ferris. On the back of the cover was the band captured in costumes of famous people (again from the movie scene). Dave Clark as Groucho Marx, Mike Smith as Jean Harlow, Rick Huxley as Stan Laurel, Denis Payton as Sabu (only Lenny Davidson is dressed as an anonymous \"bathing belle\"). The album was a huge success upon release, returning the group to the Billboard Top 20 (No. 15) and Cashbox (No. 11). The album's pilot single was the song \"Catch Us If You Can\", which became a worldwide hit. Reception Billboard magazine wrote in the official review, \"The rocker New Kind of Love and the swinging Catch Us If You Can have the earmarks of singles hits. Sweet Memories is a beautiful ballad performed instrumentally. A fast chart climber.\" Track listing Songs in the film The British soundtrack was called \"Catch Us If You Can\", but contained mostly different songs than the American album. Here is the actual list of songs used in the film and the albums on which the songs were released. Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - electric guitars, backing vocals Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - tenor saxophone, backing vocals Additional musician Bobby Graham - drums (session drummer, not stated on the record sleeve) References The Dave Clark Five albums 1965 albums Epic Records albums",
"title": "Having a Wild Weekend (Dave Clark Five album)"
},
{
"docid": "4607239",
"text": "Catch Us If You Can (U.S. title: Having a Wild Weekend in the U.S.; also known as The Dave Clark Five Runs Wild) is the 1965 feature-film debut of director John Boorman. It was designed as a vehicle for pop band the Dave Clark Five, whose popularity at the time rivalled that of the Beatles, and it is named after their hit song \"Catch Us If You Can\". Plot The five are living together in a London flat. They make breakfast then drive to Smithfield Market, passing multiple advertising posters featuring a girl and the slogan \"Meat for Go\". During the filming of a TV commercial for a \"Meat for Go\" campaign set in London's Smithfield Market, stuntman Steve, disillusioned by the inanity of his job, absconds in an E-type Jaguar (260 EYW, one of the props) with a young actress/model, Dinah. After a visit to Oasis Swimming Pools, an open-air swimming pool in central London, and a scene in and around the Great Conservatory on the grounds of Syon House, they make their way across a wintry southern England toward Burgh Island, off the coast of Devon. Dinah is contemplating buying the island, presumably to escape the pressures of her celebrity as the \"Butcher Girl\" in the TV meat advertising campaign. This act of rebellion is cynically exploited by the advertising executive behind the campaign, Leon Zissell, who dispatches two of his henchmen to pursue the fleeing couple. On their journey, Steve and Dinah first encounter a group of beatniks squatting in MOD-owned buildings on Salisbury Plain (some of this sequence was shot in the evacuated village of Imber), and then, an eccentric, upper-class, middle-aged married couple in the opulent surroundings of the Royal Crescent in Bath, Somerset. Steve also plans to visit his boyhood hero, Louie, whose youth club in London's East End he attended, and who has since relocated to Devon. Having fled the police and Zissell's henchmen after a fancy-dress party in the Roman Baths at Bath, Steve and Dinah (with the rest of Steve's gang and the police in pursuit) make their way toward Devon. Louie recognises Dinah instantly because of her TV celebrity, but fails to recognise Steve and misremembers his name, even after being introduced. Dinah's island also proves to be disappointing; at low tide, it is reachable from the mainland, and Zissell, who is besotted with Dinah, has already arrived. Themes Although they perform the off-screen soundtrack music, the Dave Clark Five (unlike the Beatles in their films) do not portray themselves but appear to be a team of freelance stuntmen/extras led by the saturnine Steve (Dave Clark). Clark had worked as a stuntman on several films, which appears to have provided him with a level of cinematic experience and camera sense rare for a pop artist of the time. The other four members of the band perform under their real first names, but have comparably minor parts. The film is less of a conventional pop vehicle than one dealing with the",
"title": "Catch Us If You Can (film)"
},
{
"docid": "9443402",
"text": "\"It's My Life\" is a song written by New York City songwriters Roger Atkins and Carl D'Errico. The song was originally performed by English R&B band The Animals, who released it as a single in October 1965 (see 1965 in music). The song became a hit in several countries and has since been recorded by multiple artists. Animals original D'Errico, who wrote the music, and Atkins, who wrote the lyrics, were professional songwriters associated with the greater Brill Building scene in New York City. By 1965 they were working for Screen Gems Music but had only found minor success at best. \"It's My Life\" was written specifically for The Animals because their producer Mickie Most was soliciting material for the group's next recording sessions. (Other Animals hits to come out of this Brill Building call were \"We Gotta Get Out of This Place\" and \"Don't Bring Me Down.\") \"It's My Life\" has become D'Errico and Atkins' best-known work. The Animals' recording is propelled by a bass guitar riff from Chas Chandler, soon joined by an electric twelve-string guitar riff from Hilton Valentine. In the view of musicologist Walter Everett, the doubled line gives the song its strength. The organ part by Dave Rowberry (Alan Price's replacement) gives the track the sound that distinguishes the Animals from other \"British Invasion\" groups, its darker timbre differing from Mike Smith of the Dave Clark Five, for example. Music writer Dave Marsh has compared the dual part to a rock version of pointillism. James E. Perrone feels the low-pitched, gruff vocal of lead singer Eric Burdon matches lyrics that rhetorically convey Burdon's working class origins in Tyneside, North East England: The song then builds to a musical climax in the chorus, with Burdon complemented by response vocals from Chandler and Rowberry: Songwriter Roger Atkins has said that the lyrics he wrote contained the line \"Sure I'll do wrong, hurt you some time...\", but that Burdon recorded the wrong words: \"Show me I'm wrong, hurt me sometime...\". Atkins said that Burdon's words \"never made any sense to me. Everyone who's recorded it sings the wrong chorus, and sometimes even the wrong lyrics in the verses, too.\" There are two versions of the Animals' recording due to a slight variation of playback speed. The track found on The Best Of The Animals 1987 CD compilation, clocking in at 3:13, is pitched a half-step lower than the one included on the Retrospective CD from 2004, which is trimmed down to 3:08 due to its faster speed. Other than that slight speed/pitch variation and an additional 3 seconds or so of fade-out music on the faster version, the two tracks are exactly the same. \"It's My Life\" was visually premiered on the US television show Hullabaloo in autumn 1965, where the group sang live vocals against canned music on a den-type set that featured attractive young women sticking their heads through holes in the wall, where normally animal heads would be mounted. In Marsh's view, \"It's My Life\"",
"title": "It's My Life (The Animals song)"
},
{
"docid": "24654934",
"text": "The History of The Dave Clark Five is a compilation album by The Dave Clark Five, released in 1993. Released at the same time as its UK counterpart Glad All Over Again, it features a different track listing. It spent a week on the Billboard charts in August 1993 at #127. All of the DC5's Top 40 hits are featured (with the exception of \"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby\") as well as classic album tracks, non-LP tracks and UK-only releases. Track listing CD one \"Glad All Over\" \"Bits and Pieces\" \"Do You Love Me\" \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" \"Because\" \"Don't Let Me Down\" \"Any Way You Want It\" \"Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)\" \"Anytime You Want Love\" \"Thinking of You Baby\" \"Whenever You're Around\" \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" \"Crying Over You\" \"Don't Be Taken In\" \"When\" \"Reelin' and Rockin'\" \"Come Home\" \"Mighty Good Loving\" \"Hurting Inside\" \"Having a Wild Weekend\" \"Till the Right One Comes Along\" (Edited with instrumental break removed) \"Catch Us If You Can\" \"I'll Be Yours (My Love)\" \"I Am on My Own\" \"I Need Love CD two \"Try Too Hard\" \"All Night Long\" \"Look Before You Leap\" \"Please Tell Me Why\" \"Somebody Find a New Love\" (Edited with bass intro removed) \"Satisfied with You\" \"At the Scene\" \"I Miss You\" \"Do You Still Love Me\" \"Nineteen Days\" \"I've Got to Have a Reason\" \"I Like It Like That\" \"Over and Over\" \"You Got What It Takes\" \"Doctor Rhythm\" \"Small Talk\" \"Concentration Baby\" (Single version) \"Everybody Knows\" \"Inside and Out\" \"At the Place\" \"Best Day's Work\" \"Maze of Love\" \"Here Comes Summer\" \"Live in the Sky\" \"Everybody Get Together\" Personnel Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals (except as indicated below) Lenny Davidson - guitars, backing vocals, lead vocals on \"I Am on My Own\" and \"Everybody Knows\" (1967 version) Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - saxophone, harmonica, lead vocals on \"I Miss You\" 1993 compilation albums The Dave Clark Five albums Hollywood Records compilation albums",
"title": "The History of The Dave Clark Five"
},
{
"docid": "1844949",
"text": "David or Dave Clark may refer to: Music Dave Clark (Canadian musician), former member of Rheostatics Dave Clark (musician) (born 1939), English drummer who formed and led the Dave Clark Five Dave Clark (promoter) (1909–1995), African-American record promoter and songwriter Politics David Clark, Baron Clark of Windermere (born 1939), British politician Dave Clark (Canadian politician), Progressive Conservative Canadian politician David C. Clark (1926–2015), American politician from the state of Florida David Clark (Utah politician) (born 1953), Republican State Representative for Utah's 74th District David Worth Clark (1902–1955), Democratic U.S. Representative and Senator representing Idaho David Clark (New Zealand politician) (born 1973), Labour MP for Dunedin North since 2011 David Clark (Georgia politician) (born 1986), Republican State Representative for Georgia's 98th District Sports Dave Clark (baseball) (born 1962), baseball player David Clark (cricketer) (1919–2013), English cricketer David Clark (footballer, born 1878), Irish footballer Dave Clark (pole vaulter) (1936–2018), American Olympic athlete David Clark (racing driver) (born 1978), Australian race car driver David Clark (rower) (born 1959), Olympic silver medal winner David Clark (rugby union) (born 1940), former Australian rugby union footballer and current coach Dave Clark (sprinter), Scottish athlete at the 1990 Commonwealth Games Dave Clark (television presenter), presenter on Sky Sports David K. Clark (born 1953), British-born jockey Others Dave Clark, the Midnight comic book superhero David Clark (1816 ship), a convict ship David Clark, 2008 winner of BBC's Mastermind quiz show David Clark (cartoonist), American illustrator David Aaron Clark (1960–2009), pornographic actor and director David B. Clark, American Latter Day Saint leader David D. Clark (born 1944), American Internet pioneer David Delano Clark (1924–1997), American physicist David L. Clark (1864–1939), Pittsburgh businessman and inventor of the Clark bar David Leigh Clark, American paleontologist David Clark (psychiatrist) (1920–2010), British psychiatrist who pioneered therapeutic communities in mental hospitals David M. Clark (born 1954), British psychologist David Worth Clark (1902–1955), educator, media executive and President of Palm Beach Atlantic University See also David Clark Company, a manufacturer of headphones used in professional applications The Dave Clark Five, a musical group David Clarke (disambiguation) Clark, David",
"title": "David Clark"
},
{
"docid": "1730794",
"text": "\"Southern Man\" is a song by Canadian-American singer-songwriter Neil Young, from his album After the Gold Rush, released in 1970. An extended live version can be heard on the Crosby Stills Nash & Young album 4 Way Street. Description The lyrics of \"Southern Man\" describe the racism towards blacks in the American South. In the song, Young tells the story of a white man (symbolically the entire white South) and how he mistreated his slaves. Young pleadingly asks when the South will make amends for the fortunes built through slavery when he sings: I saw cotton and I saw black, tall white mansions and little shacks. Southern Man, when will you pay them back? The song also mentions the practice of cross burning referencing the Ku Klux Klan. Young was very sensitive about the song's message of anti-racism and anti-violence. During his 1973 tour, he canceled a show in Oakland, California because a fan was beaten and removed from the stage by a guard while the song was played. Response Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd wrote their song \"Sweet Home Alabama\" in response to \"Southern Man\" and \"Alabama\" from Young's 1972 album Harvest. Young has said that he is a fan of both \"Sweet Home Alabama\" and Ronnie Van Zant, the lead vocalist for Lynyrd Skynyrd. \"They play like they mean it,\" Young said in 1976. \"I'm proud to have my name in a song like theirs.\" Young has also been known to play \"Sweet Home Alabama\" in concert occasionally. To demonstrate this camaraderie, Van Zant frequently wore a Neil Young Tonight's the Night T-shirt while performing \"Sweet Home Alabama\". Crazy Horse bassist Billy Talbot can often be seen reciprocating by wearing a Jack Daniel's-styled Lynyrd Skynyrd T-shirt (including at the Live Rust concert). In his book Waging Heavy Peace: A Hippie Dream, Young stated that Lynyrd Skynyrd wrote \"Sweet Home Alabama\" not in response to \"Southern Man\", but rather to Young's song \"Alabama\". Young noted that Lynyrd Skynyrd's implied criticism was deserved because Young's lyrics on \"Alabama\" were condescending and accusatory. Other versions Merry Clayton's version of the song appeared on her self-titled 1971 album. She later performed backing vocals on \"Sweet Home Alabama\", after some personal conflict. Sylvester and the Hot Band released a funk version of the song as their debut single, from their 1973 self-titled debut album. David Allan Coe covered the song on his 1985 album Unchained. The Dave Clark Five's version was released in 1971 as a single. It also appeared on their Dave Clark & Friends album. Morse Portnoy George included this song in a medley with \"The Needle and the Damage Done\" and \"Cinnamon Girl\" on their album Cover 2 Cover''. References Neil Young songs 1970 songs Songs about racism and xenophobia Southern United States in fiction Songs written by Neil Young Song recordings produced by David Briggs (record producer) Songs about the American South",
"title": "Southern Man (song)"
},
{
"docid": "68271384",
"text": "\"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\", also known as \"The Dave Clark Play Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\", is a medley by British band the Dave Clark Five, released as a single in November 1969. It was a top-ten hit in the UK, peaking at number 7 on the Singles Chart in January 1970. Medley The A-side comprises seven songs: \"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\", originally by Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys; \"Sweet Little Sixteen\", originally by Chuck Berry; \"Long Tall Sally\", originally by Little Richard; \"Chantilly Lace\", originally by the Big Bopper; \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On\", best known for the version by Jerry Lee Lewis; \"Blue Suede Shoes\", originally by Carl Perkins; and \"Lucille\", originally by Little Richard. The B-side comprises two songs, \"Reelin' and Rockin'\" and \"Memphis Tennessee\", both originally by Chuck Berry. The single had audience screams dubbed in and the album version of the A-side was over half the time shorter. In the US, a single was also released as \"Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\". However, this single is equivalent to the follow-up medley \"More Good Old Rock 'n' Roll\". Reception Reviewing for New Musical Express, Derek Johnson wrote that the single is not the \"official follow-up to \"Put a Little Love in Your Heart\" – but a special 'bonus' release\". He described it as a \"great Christmas party disc for the young-at-heart\", but that it \"would have been better without the dubbed-in audience screams\". Personnel Dave Clark – drums Mike Smith – vocals, piano, organ Lenny Davidson – guitar Rick Huxley – guitar, harmonica Denis Payton – saxophone Charts References 1969 songs 1969 singles The Dave Clark Five songs Columbia Graphophone Company singles",
"title": "Good Old Rock 'n' Roll"
},
{
"docid": "4857461",
"text": "\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" is a song composed by Allie Wrubel with lyrics by Ray Gilbert for the Disney 1946 live action and animated movie Song of the South, sung by James Baskett. For \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\", the film won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and was the second Disney song to win this award, after \"When You Wish upon a Star\" from Pinocchio (1940). In 2004, it finished at number 47 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs, a survey of top tunes in American cinema. Disney historian Jim Korkis said the word \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" was reportedly invented by Walt Disney, who was fond of nonsense words such as \"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\" from Cinderella (1950) and \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\" from Mary Poppins (1964). Ken Emerson, author of the book Doo-dah!: Stephen Foster And The Rise Of American Popular Culture, believes that the song is influenced by the chorus of the pre-Civil War folk song \"Zip Coon\", a \"Turkey in the Straw\" variation: \"O Zip a duden duden duden zip a duden day\". Since 2020, Disney has disassociated itself from the song due to the longstanding controversy over racial connotations associated with Song of the South, with the song largely being removed from music loops in the company's theme parks. Notable versions The Walt Disney Company never released a single from the soundtrack. Johnny Mercer & The Pied Pipers had a no. 8 hit with their rendition of the song in December 1946. The flip side of the record was \"Everybody Has a Laughing Place\", from the same movie and by the same composers. As a result, Mercer had to correct listeners who mistakenly assumed that he wrote it. The Modernaires with Paula Kelly - this reached the No. 11 spot in the Billboard charts in 1946. Sammy Kaye & His Orchestra - this also reached the No. 11 spot in the Billboard charts in 1946. The King's Men did a cover of the song during the \"Johnson's Wax 60th Anniversary\" episode of Fibber McGee and Molly. The Dave Clark Five recorded a version, released in 1964 on the albums The Dave Clark Five Return! and A Session with the Dave Clark Five. Louis Armstrong included it on Disney Songs the Satchmo Way (1966). The Jackson 5 recorded their version on Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 (1969). Greg & Steve recorded their version on Playing Favorites (1991). Paula Abdul performed an uplifting rendition of the song as the opening number for the Disney Channel television special For Our Children: The Concert, which aired on February 16, 1993. Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans version Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans, a Phil Spector-produced American rhythm and blues trio from Los Angeles, recorded \"Zip-a-Dee Doo-Dah\" using the Wrecking Crew in late 1962. According to the Beatles' George Harrison: \"When Phil Spector was making 'Zip-A-Dee Doo-Dah', the engineer who's set up the track overloaded the microphone on the guitar player and it became very distorted. Phil Spector said, 'Leave it like that, it's great.' Some years later everyone started",
"title": "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"
},
{
"docid": "244622",
"text": "Clark is an English language surname with historical links to England, Scotland, and Ireland, ultimately derived from the Latin clericus meaning \"scribe\", \"secretary\" or a scholar within a religious order, referring to someone who was educated. Clark evolved from \"clerk\". First records of the name are found in 12th-century England. The name has many variants. Clark is the twenty-seventh most common surname in the United Kingdom, including placing fourteenth in Scotland. Clark is also an occasional given name, as in the case of Clark Gable. According to the 1990 United States Census, Clark was the twenty-first most frequently encountered surname, accounting for 0.23% of the population. Disambiguation pages Anne Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Brian Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Cameron Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Charles Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Chris Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Clive Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Colin Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Douglas Clark (disambiguation), multiple people David Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Dick Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Edward Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Eugene Clark (disambiguation), multiple people George Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Gregory Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jack Clark (disambiguation), multiple people James Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jason Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jeff Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jim Clark (disambiguation), multiple people John Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Jonathan Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Joseph Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Kate Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Ken Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Kenneth Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Lee Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Mary Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Paul Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Robert Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Ryan Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Sally Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Samuel Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Simon Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Terry Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Thomas Clark (disambiguation), multiple people William Clark (disambiguation), multiple people Arts and literature Alton Dorian Clark (born 1984), better known as American hip-hop musician Dorian Andy Clark (musician), British musician Ann Clarke (born 1944), Canadian artist Annie Erin Clark, better known under her stage name St. Vincent (musician) (born 1982), American singer, songwriter, and musician Appleton P. Clark Jr. (1865–1955), American architect Blake Clark (born 1946), American actor and stand-up comedian Bob Clark (Benjamin \"Bob\" Clark) (1941–2007), an American director Buddy Clark (1911–1949), American singer Catherine Clark (born 1976), Canadian television host Clark (musician) (born 1979), British musician, who is also known as Chris Clark Christian Clark (born 1978), Australian actor Claudine Clark (born 1941), American R&B singer and performer of the 1962 hit record \"Party Lights\" Cora Mildred Maris Clark (1885–1967), New Zealand hockey player and nurse Dave Clark (musician) (born 1939), English drummer of The Dave Clark Five Dorothy Park Clark (1899–1983), American novelist who wrote under the pen name Clark McMeekin Dodie Clark (born 1995), English musician, YouTuber, and author Donté Clark, American poet, actor Ernest Clark (1912–1994), British actor Florence Anderson Clark (1835–1918), American author, newspaper editor, librarian, university dean Guy Clark (1941–2016), American musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer Harriet E. Clark (1850–1945), American teacher and author Helen Taggart Clark (1849–1918), American journalist, poet Hilda Margery Clarke",
"title": "Clark"
},
{
"docid": "9990837",
"text": "Dave Clark is a former television presenter from Ilkley, West Yorkshire, England who worked for British television station Sky Sports from 1998 until 2020, where he was the anchorman for boxing and darts coverage. Career Clark was a presenter on Capital Gold radio's football, Olympics and Wimbledon tennis coverage from 1990. He also presented a nightly football phone-in \"Capital Gold Sportstime\" and \"The Dave Clark Show\". He left Capital in 1998 to join Sky Sports News upon its launch. Alongside his presentation on the rolling sports news channel, Sky Sports News, Clark also spent a year hosting the football phone-in You're On Sky Sports. Dave has fronted snooker and pool coverage as well as Soccer Saturday and Soccer AM. Clark began presenting Sky's boxing coverage on a shared basis with Paul Dempsey, until Dempsey left for Setanta Sports. He's been the frontman for several big fights for the likes of David Haye, Amir Khan and Ricky Hatton. Clark replaced Jeff Stelling as darts presenter and covers all of the PDC's major televised tournaments, as well as the Premier League. On 12 July 2020, Dave announced his retirement from Sky Sports live commentating. Fight with Parkinson's Clark was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2011 and has been public about his fight with the disease. His father also suffered from the disease and severe depression connected to the disease. During the 2018 PDC World Darts Championship, in a tweet Ladbrokes Coral uploaded a photo of him and wrote: \"Dave Clark looks like he's caught the whiff of something nasty & wants to murder the person who's caused it ... #LoveTheDarts.\" Clark responded with a screen grab of Ladbrokes' post alongside the message: \"That'll be the chronic degenerative neurological condition that will eventually rob me of the ability to walk, talk and smile @Ladbrokes #parkinsons\".Alan Shearer along with others expressed support for Clark tweeting \"Wow! Two people tweeting. One is a gentleman, who inspires us all. The other a little prat on a keyboard hoping for a cheap laugh. I know who I stand with. You're an inspiration Dave. F**k them. Keep doing yourself and everyone else proud. #parkinsons #hero\". Ladbrokes later deleted the tweet and apologised to Clark. Clark is a Leeds United fan. References External links Dave Clark profile Sky Sports web site. Sky Sports presenters and reporters People from Ilkley Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Boxing commentators Olympic Games broadcasters Tennis commentators Darts people Television personalities from West Yorkshire Professional Darts Corporation Hall of Fame People with Parkinson's disease",
"title": "Dave Clark (television presenter)"
},
{
"docid": "3704856",
"text": "\"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye\" is a 1969 song written and recorded by Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo and Dale Frashuer, attributed to a then-fictitious band Steam. It was released under the Mercury subsidiary label Fontana and became a number-one pop single on the Billboard Hot 100 in late 1969, and remained on the charts in early 1970. Original recording Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo and Dale Frashuer wrote a blues shuffle version of the song in the early 1960s when they were members of a doo-wop group from Bridgeport, Connecticut, called the Glenwoods, the Citations, and the Chateaus, of which Leka was the piano player. The group disbanded when Leka talked Frashuer into going into New York City with him to write and possibly produce. In 1969, DeCarlo (using the professional name Garrett Scott) recorded four songs at Mercury Records in New York with Leka as producer. The singles impressed the company's executives, who wanted to issue all of them as A-side singles. In need of a B-side, Leka and DeCarlo resurrected an old song from their days as the Glenwoods, \"Kiss Him Goodbye\", with their old bandmate, Frashuer. With DeCarlo as lead vocalist, they recorded the song in one recording session. Instead of using a full band, Leka played keyboards and had engineer Warren Dewey splice together a drum track from one of DeCarlo's four singles and a conga drum solo by Ange DiGeronimo recorded in Leka's Bridgeport, Connecticut, studio for an entirely different session. \"I said we should put a chorus to it (to make it longer)\", Leka told Fred Bronson in The Billboard Book of Number One Hits. \"I started writing while I was sitting at the piano going 'na, na, na, na, na, na, na, na'... Everything was 'na na' when you didn't have a lyric.\" Gary added \"hey hey\". \"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye\" reached number one in the United States for two weeks, on December 6 and 13, 1969; it was Billboards final multi-week number 1 hit of the 1960s and also peaked at number twenty on the soul chart. In Canada, the song reached number six. By the beginning of the 21st century, sales of \"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye\" had exceeded 6.5 million records, attaining multi-platinum record status. Dave Clark Five version In October of 1973, The Dave Clark Five released the song as a single, credited to Dave Clark & Friends. It did not chart in the US, but was a minor success in the UK, Germany and New Zealand. Bananarama version In February 1983, UK girl group Bananarama released the song as a single from their album Deep Sea Skiving. This version became a top ten hit in the United Kingdom (number 5), but only a minor hit in the US (Billboard number 101) later that year. This was the fifth single released from their first album in 1983. It peaked at number five in the UK singles chart, and number 38 in Australia on",
"title": "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye"
},
{
"docid": "5063452",
"text": "\"Rumble\" is an instrumental by American group Link Wray & His Wray Men. Released in the United States on March 31, 1958, as a single (with \"The Swag\" as a B-side), \"Rumble\" utilized the techniques of distortion and tremolo, then largely unexplored in rock and roll. In 2018, the song was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in a new category for singles. In 2008, it was inducted to National Recording Registry by Library of Congress. History At a live gig in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in early 1958, while attempting to work up a backing for The Diamonds' \"The Stroll\", Link Wray & His Ray Men came up with the instrumental \"Rumble\", which they originally called \"Oddball\". It was an instant hit with the audience, which demanded four repeats that night. The host of the sock hop, disc jockey Milt Grant, paid for the song to be recorded and released as a single; in turn, Grant would receive songwriting credit. Eventually the instrumental came to the attention of record producer Archie Bleyer of Cadence Records, who hated it, particularly after Wray poked a pencil through the speaker cone of his amplifier to make the recording sound more like the live version. But Bleyer's stepdaughter loved it, so he released it despite his misgivings. Phil Everly heard it and suggested the title \"Rumble\", as it had a rough sound and said it sounded like a street fight. It was banned in several US radio markets, because the term 'rumble' was a slang term for a gang fight, and it was feared that the piece's harsh sound glorified juvenile delinquency. The record is the only instrumental single ever banned from radio in the United States. Chart performance \"Rumble\" was a hit in the United States, where it climbed to number 16 on the pop charts and number 11 on the R&B chart in the summer of 1958. In Canada the song also reached number 16. Covers and later versions The Dave Clark Five covered it in 1964 on their first album, A Session with The Dave Clark Five; it also appeared on The Dave Clark Five Return!, their second American album. Another recording of the instrumental was released by Wray in 1968 as \"Rumble '68\", and again in 1969 as \"Rumble-69\" (Mr. G Records, G-820). In 2014 jazz guitarist Bill Frisell released a cover of \"Rumble\" on his album Guitar in the Space Age! Influence Bob Dylan once referred to \"Rumble\" as \"the best instrumental ever\", and the piece has remained widely used in various entertainment media. It has been used in movies, documentaries, television shows and elsewhere, including Top Gear, The Warriors (in the deleted opening scene), Pulp Fiction, Screaming Yellow Theater with host Svengoolie, Independence Day, SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One, Blow, the pilot episode of the HBO series The Sopranos, StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty, Riding Giants, Roadracers, and Wild Zero. In the 2008 documentary, It Might Get Loud, featuring guitarists Jimmy Page, The Edge, and",
"title": "Rumble (instrumental)"
},
{
"docid": "56559670",
"text": "Weekend in London is the fifth studio album by the English rock band the Dave Clark Five. It contains the single \"Come Home\" and covers of \"Blue Suede Shoes\" by Carl Perkins and \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" by Thurston Harris. The album also features \"Hurting Inside\" and Till the Right One Comes Along\", both of which later appeared on The Dave Clark Five (1971) compilation album. In Canada, it was released as Encores on Capitol Records. Reception In his retrospective review for AllMusic, Greg Adams said the band's own songs on Weekend in London \"vacillate between the pretty Beatlesque pop of 'Your Turn to Cry' and moody rockers similar to early Zombies\" and that as the band released three albums around that time, \"Weekend in London sounds like they were being stretched a little too thin.\" Track listing All tracks written by Dave Clark and Mike Smith, except were noted. Side one \"Come Home\" – 2:49 \"We'll Be Running\" (Dave Clark, Denis Payton) – 1:32 \"Blue Suede Shoes\" (Carl Perkins) – 1:44 \"Hurting Inside\" – 2:37 \"I'll Never Know\" (Dave Clark, Denis Payton) – 1:45 Til the Right One Comes Along\" – 2:11 Side two \"I'm Thinking\" (Dave Clark, Denis Payton) – 1:29 \"Your Turn to Cry\" – 3:12 \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" (Robert James Byrd) – 1:30 \"Remember it's Me\" – 2:19 \"Mighty Good Loving\" (Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 2:40 Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark - drums, backing vocals Mike Smith - keyboards, lead vocals Lenny Davidson - guitars, backing vocals and harmony vocals Rick Huxley - bass guitar, backing vocals Denis Payton - saxophone, harmonica, backing vocals Technical Jay Thompson - cover photography Charts References The Dave Clark Five albums 1965 albums Epic Records albums",
"title": "Weekend in London"
},
{
"docid": "18083698",
"text": "Get Yourself a College Girl, also released as The Swingin' Set, is a 1964 Metrocolor film comedy in the style of a beach party movie. The plot involves a college student who tries to balance her time writing songs and dealing with her publisher who tries to pursue her. It was directed by Sidney Miller and written by Robert E. Kent, and filmed at Sun Valley, Idaho, United States. Plot Terry Taylor (Mary Ann Mobley) is a senior at conservative Wyndham College for Women (fictitious), and under an assumed name, a successful pop songwriter. After her publisher Gary Underwood (Chad Everett) unknowingly exposes her career, Wyndham's board of trustees—including the college founder's grandson, California State Senator Hubert Morrison (Willard Waterman)—condemns Terry for indecent behavior. To distract herself from a possible expulsion, Terry, her friends Sue Ann Mobley (Chris Noel) and Lynne (Nancy Sinatra), and their physical-education instructor Marge Endicott (Joan O'Brien) travel to Sun Valley, Idaho, for a Christmas-break ski vacation. There, they meet Gary and his artist friend Armand (Fabrizio Mioni); Senator Morrison, who wants to solicit the youth vote; and Lynne's husband. The Dave Clark Five, The Animals, and other musical acts perform in the background as Gary and Armand romance Terry and Sue Ann, respectively, while Lynne and her husband spend the entire vacation in their room. Senator Morrison courts Marge and shows that he is a talented dancer, but an embarrassing newspaper photograph threatens his re-election. The others demonstrate his support among the young by holding a successful telephone poll with musical performances. Cast Mary Ann Mobley as Teresa 'Terry' Taylor Joan O'Brien as teacher Miss Marge Endicott Nancy Sinatra as Lynne Chris Noel as Sue Ann Mobley Chad Everett as Gary Underwood Willard Waterman as Senator Hubert Morrison Fabrizio Mioni as Armand James Millhollin as Gordon Paul Todd as Ray Donnie Brooks as Donnie Hortense Petra as Donna, the Photographer Dorothy Neumann as Miss Martha Stone, Dean of Wyndham College Marti Barris as Secretary Mario Costello as Bellboy Percy Helton as Senator's chauffeur The Standells as Themselves The Dave Clark Five as Themselves Stan Getz as himself Astrud Gilberto as herself Roberta Linn as herself The Bellboys as Themselves The Animals as Themselves The Rhythm Masters as Themselves The Jimmy Smith Trio as Themselves Gary Burton as himself Production The film was known as Watusi A Go-Go, The Swingin' Set and The Go Go Set. Music Sidney Miller and Fred Karger wrote two songs for the film, “The Swingin’ Set,” performed offscreen by Donnie Brooks at the film’s opening, and “Get Yourself a College Girl,” performed in the film by Mary Ann Mobley. Stan Getz with the Stan Getz Quartet back Astrud Gilberto as she performs “The Girl from Ipanema.” The Rhythm Masters perform “Beat Street Rag.” Jimmy Smith with The Jimmy Smith Trio perform “Comin' Home Johnny” and the instrumental \"The Sermon.\" Freddie Bell & Roberta Linn with the Bellboys perform “Talkin' About Love.” The Standells perform “Bony Maronie” and “The Swim.” The Dave",
"title": "Get Yourself a College Girl"
},
{
"docid": "15681349",
"text": "\"Can't You See That She's Mine\" is the fourth single released in the United States by the Dave Clark Five. The song was written by Dave Clark and Mike Smith, and was the Dave Clark Five's fourth Gold Record. The B-side \"No Time To Lose\" was taken from the previous Dave Clark Five album \"Glad All Over\". Background The middle four bars start with the lyric \"People talk and try to break us up. Well we know they don't understand\", which is a direct lift from the 1960 Ray Charles song \"Sticks And Stones\". Cash Box described it as a \"sizzling rocker...that should move up the charts in jet -speed fashion..\" Chart performance \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" reached No.4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of 18 July 1964. In the UK, the single rose to No.10 in June 1964. In Canada, the song reached No.5 on the CHUM Charts and No.3 on the RPM charts. References 1964 singles The Dave Clark Five songs 1964 songs Epic Records singles Songs written by Mike Smith (Dave Clark Five)",
"title": "Can't You See That She's Mine"
},
{
"docid": "5155119",
"text": "Leslie David Reed (24 July 1935 – 15 April 2019) was an English songwriter, arranger, musician and light-orchestra leader. His major songwriting partners were Gordon Mills, Barry Mason, and Geoff Stephens, although he wrote songs with many others such as Roger Greenaway, Roger Cook, Peter Callander, and Johnny Worth. Reed co-wrote around sixty charting songs, and is best known for \"It's Not Unusual\", \"Delilah\", \"The Last Waltz\" and \"Marching On Together\". His songs gained a number of gold discs and Ivor Novello Awards. Allmusic noted that \"In the mid-1960s, it was unusual for a British singles chart not to list a Les Reed song\". He won the British Academy Gold Badge of Merit in 1982. Early life Reed was born in Woking, Surrey, and grew up there. He was an accomplished musician by the age of 14, playing the piano, accordion and vibraphone. He studied at the London College of Music before joining the Willis Reed Group, with whom he toured for four years. Having been called up for National Service, he played piano and clarinet in the Royal East Kent Military Band. In 1959, he joined The John Barry Seven as their pianist. Songwriting career In the mid-1960s, Reed began a successful songwriting partnership with Geoff Stephens which yielded such hits as \"Tell Me When\", a hit for The Applejacks; \"Here It Comes Again\" for The Fortunes; \"Leave A Little Love\" for Lulu; and \"There's a Kind of Hush\", a 1967 success for Herman's Hermits. During 1964, Reed penned \"It's Not Unusual\" with ex-Viscounts member and Tom Jones' manager Gordon Mills, which was Jones' debut recording and gave him a UK number 1. Reed also arranged the song and played the piano for the recording. Around this time, Reed struck up a songwriting partnership with Barry Mason. They wrote a song for Kathy Kirby, \"I'll Try Not To Cry\", as Britain's entry in 1965 for the Eurovision Song Contest held in Naples. The song was beaten by \"I Belong\". The songwriters had a 1967 hit in \"Everybody Knows\" by The Dave Clark Five—who also recorded a Reed–Mason follow-up—and another success in 1968 with \"Delilah\", again a Top 10 hit for Tom Jones. \"Delilah\" was originally written for P. J. Proby, and later covered by The Sensational Alex Harvey Band in 1975. Reed and Mason also wrote \"The Last Waltz\", which became a million selling UK number one for Engelbert Humperdinck in September 1967. Mason and Reed wrote \"Who's Doctor Who?\", a novelty song recorded by Doctor Who star Frazer Hines in 1967, but it failed to chart. In 1968, the duo scored another UK number 1 hit with Des O'Connor's recording of \"I Pretend\". That same year, \"I've Got My Eyes on You\", written by Reed and Jackie Rae, was recorded by Petula Clark, Ray Conniff, P. J. Proby and The Vogues. Following Petula Clark's original version, Connie Francis recorded \"Kiss Me Goodbye\" on her album Connie Francis Sings the Songs of Les Reed, which featured Reed as producer",
"title": "Les Reed (songwriter)"
},
{
"docid": "1055144",
"text": "\"Hang On Sloopy\" (originally \"My Girl Sloopy\") is a 1964 song written by Wes Farrell and Bert Berns. Rhythm and blues vocal group the Vibrations were the first to record the tune in 1964. Atlantic Records released it as a single, which reached No. 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song is associated with Ohio State University and is Ohio's official rock song. The song became standard fare for garage bands and, in 1965, it became one of the first songs recorded by the Yardbirds with guitarist Jeff Beck. A version by the rock group the McCoys was the most successful, when it reached number one in the singles chart. Recordings by additional artists also reached the charts, including versions in Spanish and Portuguese. By one account, the inspiration for the song was Dorothy Sloop, a jazz singer from Steubenville, Ohio, and a student at Ohio University. McCoys version In early 1965, the Strangeloves, a New York City rock band, wanted to make the song the follow-up to their hit single \"I Want Candy\" and began performing it in concert. However, the Dave Clark Five, with whom they were touring, told the Strangeloves that they were going to record their own version when they returned to England, copying the Strangeloves' arrangement. The Strangeloves realized that the Dave Clark Five's cut would likely be a hit, but they were not yet ready to release a new single because they were still enjoying the success of \"I Want Candy\" from a few months earlier. The answer presented itself when a young rock group named Rick and the Raiders opened (and provided backing) for the Strangeloves in July in Dayton, Ohio. The Strangeloves, three writer-producers from Brooklyn, New York City, recruited Rick and the Raiders to record the song under their name. Their 16-year-old leader, Rick Zehringer, was flown to Bell Sound Studios in New York to record his lead vocal over the Strangeloves' already-recorded backing tracks. It was decided to change the name of Rick's group to the McCoys to avoid confusion with another popular band at the time, Paul Revere & the Raiders, and Rick began using the stage name Rick Derringer. The single was issued on Bang Records and entered the chart on August 14, 1965. It reached the top position on October 2. Contrary to the Strangeloves' expectations, the Dave Clark Five version was never even released. Originally written and recorded with three verses, the retitled \"Hang On Sloopy\" was edited down to two verses for the single and resulting Hang On Sloopy album. Record World said that \"Teens will hang on to this new Bang slice, since the rhythmic song about a hard luck girl is riveting.\" The unedited three-verse version, at 3 minutes, 50 seconds, first appeared on the 1970 Bang various artists compilation Bang & Shout Super Hits (BLPS-220), then again on the 1991 Rhino Records various artists compilation Grandson of Frat Rock! Vol. 3 and the 1995 Legacy Recordings compilation Hang On Sloopy:",
"title": "Hang On Sloopy"
},
{
"docid": "8713880",
"text": "\"Over and Over\" is a song written by Robert James Byrd and recorded by him using the stage name Bobby Day. Day's version entered the Billboard Hot 100 in 1958, the same week a version of the same song by Thurston Harris entered the chart. Day's version reached #41, and was the B-side to \"Rockin' Robin\". Thurston Harris' version peaked at #96. In the song, the singer describes going to a party with misgivings of having a good time, until he sees a pretty girl. The singer attempts to ask her out, but she is waiting for her date to arrive. He vows to try \"over and over\". Dave Clark Five version In 1965, the most successful version was recorded by the Dave Clark Five, one of the early British Invasion bands of the mid-1960s. This version was sung by lead singer and keyboardist Mike Smith. It followed the group's signature sound of thumping, drum beats accompanied by a wailing saxophone. It omits the final verse of the song. In the US, \"Over and Over\" was the group's 12th Top 40 hit and was their only #1 hit. It was also the last #1 hit of 1965. Despite its success in the United States and the popularity of the group on both sides of the Atlantic, the single only reached number 45 in the band's native United Kingdom. The DC5 also had only one UK number 1, Glad All Over, whilst this was their only US chart-topper. The Dave Clark Five omitted Bobby Day's last verse to the song, while the line \"everybody went stag\" as originally written by Bobby Byrd (Day's real name) was sung as “everybody there was there” on the DC5 version. Cash Box described it as a \"lively, hard-driving rendition\" with \"a danceable, pulsating beat.\" Record World said that \"The Dave Clark Five go to the top over and over, and 'Over and Over' will be no exception.\" Covers In 1981, Mike Love of The Beach Boys covered the song on his solo album Looking Back With Love. Love recorded it again on his 2019 album 12 Sides of Summer. References 1958 songs 1958 singles 1965 singles Bobby Day songs The Dave Clark Five songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Cashbox number-one singles RPM Top Singles number-one singles Songs written by Bobby Day",
"title": "Over and Over (Bobby Day song)"
},
{
"docid": "2557839",
"text": "Bobby Graham (born Robert Francis Neate, 11 March 1940 – 14 September 2009) was an English session drummer, composer, arranger and record producer. Shel Talmy, who produced the Kinks, David Bowie and the Who, described Graham as \"the greatest drummer the UK has ever produced.\" In 1962 Graham was offered the drummers position in The Beatles when Pete Best was fired, with Ringo Starr eventually accepting the position. Biography Born at North Middlesex Hospital, Edmonton, North London, England, Graham became a member of the Outlaws and worked with Joe Meek. He left to join work with Joe Brown in 1961. Graham was a part of the British elite session team (comparable to the American \"Wrecking Crew\") made up of artists such as Big Jim Sullivan, Vic Flick and Jimmy Page. Graham played on 13 number one singles, including those by the Dave Clark Five, Engelbert Humperdinck, Peter and Gordon, Jackie Trent, the Kinks, Tom Jones and Dusty Springfield, and appeared on a total of 40 UK top five hits (10 number two hits; 4 number 3 hits; 6 number 4 hits; 7 number five hits; 107 top 50 hits - 1155 days in the charts). In a discography that counts approximately 15,000 titles, he played on hits by John Barry, Shirley Bassey, Joe Cocker, Billy Fury, Herman's Hermits, Benny Hill, Rod Stewart, Dave Berry, Joe Brown and the Bruvvers, Chubby Checker, Petula Clark, Brenda Lee, Lulu, Brian Poole & the Tremeloes, the Pretty Things, PJ Proby, Van Morrison, Them, the Walker Brothers, and Marianne Faithfull. Graham also toured the UK as drummer in his own jazz band. Death On 14 September 2009, Bobby Graham died at the Isabel Hospice in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England after battling stomach cancer for five months. He was 69. Recording credits Graham played on over 15,000 titles, including: \"You Really Got Me\", \"All Day And All Of The Night\" and \"Tired of Waiting For You\" by The Kinks \"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\" by Rod Stewart \"Downtown\" and \"I Know A Place\" by Petula Clark \"Green Green Grass of Home\" by Tom Jones \"Gloria\" and \"Baby Please Don't Go\" by Them (ft. Van Morrison) \"I Only Want to Be with You\" by Dusty Springfield \"I Believe\" by The Bachelors \"Is It True\" by Brenda Lee. Produced by Mickie Most in 1964. \"Glad All Over\" and \"Bits and Pieces\" by The Dave Clark Five Literature Patrick Harrington: The Session Man (Broom House Publishing Ltd., 12 Nov 2004) - References External links Official website 1940 births 2009 deaths Deaths from stomach cancer in England English rock drummers English jazz drummers English male drummers People from Edmonton, London English session musicians The Outlaws (band) members British male jazz musicians 20th-century British male musicians",
"title": "Bobby Graham (musician)"
},
{
"docid": "23779679",
"text": "\"Any Way You Want It\" is a single by The Dave Clark Five, from the United States album, Coast to Coast (1964). \"Any Way You Want It\" was written by Dave Clark. It hit number No. 25 in the UK Singles Chart, and No. 14 in the United States. It is notable for its use of echo and reverb made by an Echoplex. \"Any Way You Want It\" was performed on many US variety shows, such as The Ed Sullivan Show and Shindig!. As the song used many production techniques, it had to be lip synched on television performances. Cash Box described it as \"a 'pull-out-all-the-stops' powerhouse that the group pounds out in sales-dynamite fashion.\" Chart performance Cover versions The song was recorded by Kiss on the studio side of their second live album, Alive II (1977). Ramones recorded a studio version, which appears as a bonus track on their album Greatest Hits Live (1996). The song features C.J. Ramone as Joey Ramone's duet partner. It was the last song ever performed by the Ramones. Ramones, featuring Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam as a guest vocalist, performed the song at their last show on August 6, 1996, at The Palace in Los Angeles. This version can be found on the band's last live album We're Outta Here! (1997). Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers include their version of the song on their career-spanning box set, The Live Anthology (2009), appearing on disc three out of four. A-Soma has recorded a version adding words and music of his own to render an alternative interpretation of this song with its ambiguous title (2020). Kiss personnel Paul Stanley – all guitars and bass, lead and backing vocals Peter Criss – drums References 1964 singles Kiss (band) songs The Dave Clark Five songs 1964 songs Songs written by Dave Clark (musician) Columbia Graphophone Company singles",
"title": "Any Way You Want It (Dave Clark Five song)"
},
{
"docid": "22091752",
"text": "\"You Got What It Takes\" is a 1959 single by Marv Johnson. In the US it reached number 2 on the Black Singles chart, and number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 early in 1960. In the UK Singles Chart it reached a high of number 7. The original recording of \"You Got What It Takes\" was by Bobby Parker on Vee-Jay 279 in 1958. Parker claims to have written the song, and his name is on the 1958 recording, but later versions credit Berry Gordy, Gwen Gordy, Billy Davis, and sometimes Marv Johnson. Parker told the Forgotten Hits newsletter in 2008: I wrote 'You've Got What It Takes,' that was MY song. Even had the Paul Hucklebuck Williams band playing on it behind me... And then Berry Gordy just stole it out from under me, just put his name on it. And what could I do? I was just trying to make a living, playing guitar and singing, how was I going to go on and fight Berry Gordy, big as he was, and Motown Records? There wasn't really nothing I could do about it - it was just too big and I didn't have any way to fight them... Other notable recordings A contemporary cover version by Johnny Kidd and the Pirates entered the UK charts the same week in 1960 as Marv Johnson's version and reached number 25. A 1967 cover of the song by the Dave Clark Five reached number 7 in the United States and number 28 in the UK. A rock and roll cover by Showaddywaddy reached number 2 in the UK in 1977. References External links List of cover versions of \"You Got What It Takes\" at SecondHandSongs.com 1959 songs 1959 singles 1960 singles 1967 singles 1977 singles Marv Johnson songs Johnny Kidd & the Pirates songs The Dave Clark Five songs Showaddywaddy songs Songs written by Berry Gordy Songs written by Billy Davis (songwriter) Songs written by Gwen Gordy Fuqua Song recordings produced by Berry Gordy United Artists Records singles",
"title": "You Got What It Takes"
},
{
"docid": "1561855",
"text": "Robert James Byrd (July 1, 1930 – July 27, 1990), known by the stage name Bobby Day, was an American singer, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, and songwriter. He is best known for his hit record \"Rockin' Robin\", written by Leon René under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. Day also wrote the top-10 Billboard hits \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" (1957, Thurston Harris) and \"Over and Over\" (1965, the Dave Clark Five). Biography Born in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, Day moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 15. His first recording was \"Young Girl\" in 1949 in the R&B group the Hollywood Flames, released in 1950 on the Selective Label. He went several years with minor musical success limited to the West Coast. He recorded under numerous other names: The Jets, The Voices, The Sounds, The Crescendos, and as the original \"Bob\" in the duo Bob & Earl with singer Earl Nelson. As a member of the Flames, he used the stage name Bobby Day. His penned song, \"Buzz Buzz Buzz\" was that outfit's first and biggest success. In 1957, Day formed his own band called the Satellites, following which he recorded three songs that are seen today as rock and roll classics. Day's best known songwriting efforts were \"Over and Over\", later made popular by the Dave Clark Five in 1965, and \"Little Bitty Pretty One\", popularized by Thurston Harris in 1957, Frankie Lymon in 1960, Clyde McPhatter in 1962, and the Jackson Five in 1972. However, Day is most remembered for his 1958 solo recording of the Hot 100 No. 2 hit, \"Rockin' Robin\", written by Leon Rene under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold record. \"Rockin' Robin\" was covered by Bob Luman at Town Hall Party on October 28, 1958, the Hollies in 1964, Gene Vincent in 1969, Michael Jackson in 1972, Lolly in 1999, and by McFly in 2006. In 2012–2013, his uncharted recording, \"Beep-Beep-Beep\", was the musical soundtrack for a Kia Sorento television commercial shown nationwide in the US. Day died of prostate cancer on 27 July 1990, at the age of 60, and is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Discography Albums Rockin' with Robin (1959) The Best of Bobby Day (1984) The Original Rockin' Robin (1987) The Great Bobby Day (1994) Rockin' Robin (1994) The Best of Bobby Day (2001) The Very Best Of (2016) Robins, Bluebirds, Buzzards & Orioles - The Bobby Day Story (2021) Singles Television appearances The Dick Clark Show (two episodes) (1958) American Bandstand (four episodes) (1958) The Cinnamon Cinder Show (1963) The Midnight Special (1973) References External links 1930 births 1990 deaths African-American male songwriters American rhythm and blues singers American rock singers American soul singers Songwriters from Texas Jamie Records artists RCA Victor artists Class Records artists Rock and roll musicians Sue Records artists Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City 20th-century African-American male singers 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American",
"title": "Bobby Day"
},
{
"docid": "5604924",
"text": "\"Do You Love Me\" is a rhythm and blues song recorded by the Contours in 1962. Written and produced by Motown Records owner Berry Gordy Jr., it appeared twice on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, reaching numbers three in 1962 and eleven in 1988. As with many American R&B songs of the 1960s, \"Do You Love Me\" was recorded by several British Invasion groups. A 1963 version by Brian Poole and the Tremeloes reached number one on the UK Singles Chart. It also became a hit for the Dave Clark Five, reaching number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1964. Background and recording Berry Gordy wrote \"Do You Love Me\" and earmarked it for the Temptations, who had no top-40 hits to their name yet. However, when Gordy was looking for the group to record it, he could not find them; they had gone to church to see gospel groups the Dixie Hummingbirds, the Harmonizing Four and the Swan Silvertones. Instead, the Contours, who had turned up to the studio to record their song \"It Must Be Love\", were asked by Gordy to try singing \"Do You Love Me\". After several attempts, they sang it exactly how Gordy wanted, and it was then recorded the following day. Contours singer Joe Billingslea stated in an interview in 2009 that \"The Temptations could never have sung that song because it wasn't suited to them but Berry had motivated us to sing it the way he wanted it\". The Contours, who were in danger of being dropped from the label after their first two singles, \"Whole Lotta' Woman\" and \"The Stretch\", failed to chart, immediately accepted. Instrumental backing was provided by Joe Hunter on piano, James Jamerson on bass, and Benny Benjamin on drums (later known as the Funk Brothers). Gordy said that \"getting the concept for the song was easy. I remembered the days when I could never get the girls I liked because I couldn't dance\". As such, the song references the 1960s dance moves the Mashed Potato and the Twist. The song includes a spoken recitation in the intro: Release and reception \"Do You Love Me\" became a successful dance record, built around lead singer Billy Gordon's screaming vocals. Selling over a million copies, \"Do You Love Me\" peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks starting on October 20, 1962, and reached the top position on the Billboard R&B Singles chart. The song was included on the 1962 album Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance). In 1987 the Contours' recording was included in the film Dirty Dancing. Re-issued as a single from the More Dirty Dancing soundtrack album, \"Do You Love Me\" became a hit for the second time, peaking at #11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1988. The Contours, by then composed of Joe Billingslea and three new members, joined Ronnie Spector and Bill Medley, among others, on a \"Dirty Dancing Tour\" resulting from the success of the",
"title": "Do You Love Me"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "17613109",
"text": "The Very Thought of You is a 1944 romantic drama film directed by Delmer Daves and starring Dennis Morgan, Eleanor Parker and Dane Clark. The screenplay focuses on a couple who knew each other when he was in college. They meet by chance, fall in love and marry while he is on a short Thanksgiving leave before starting special training. Except for the opening scene on Attu, the on-screen action stays on the homefront, showing how the years of war affect their lives and the lives of their friends, her troubled family, and others. Plot After three years at war, two of them in the Aleutian campaign and in “cold storage” on the island of Attu, Army Sergeants Dave (Dennis Morgan) and his buddy \"Fixit\" (Dane Clark) are sent back to the States. They spend a Thanksgiving pass in Pasadena and visit Dave's alma mater, Caltech, before being transferred elsewhere in the Pacific Theater. They meet two young women who work in a parachute factory. Cora (Faye Emerson) quickly catches Fixit's eye, while Janet (Eleanor Parker) remembers Dave from school days. Upon realizing that Dave has no family nearby, Janet invites him home for Thanksgiving dinner. Her family does not treat him kindly. Janet's mother does not approve of getting involved with a military man who's away all the time. One reason for that is Janet's sister Molly (Andrea King), who is married to a sailor but seeing other men behind his back. Janet's brother, classified 4-F, is rude to Dave as well. Only her father and younger sister Ellie makes their dinner guest feel welcome. Ellie notices the attraction between Janet and Dave and secretly arranges a date on Thanksgiving morning between Dave and Janet. After a day at Mount Wilson runs long and causes them to be late getting Janet back home, but the couple can't bear to part, so Janet and Dave proceed to Cora's apartment and fall asleep. It is 3 a.m. when he takes her home, where Janet's mother slaps her. Dave must report for duty in San Diego, but is in love and marries Janet, enjoying a brief honeymoon. Molly disapproves and intercepts Dave's letters to Janet. Janet decides to move out and live in Cora's apartment. She and Dave (with Fixit's help) have a quick rendezvous in San Diego, sleeping on a beach, because all the hotels and trailer parks are full. Shortly after this, Janet learns she's pregnant, which leads to more acrimony between her and Molly. When news comes that Dave and Fixit have been wounded in the war, everyone in Janet's family finally relents. Molly even begs husband Fred (William Prince) for forgiveness and they reconcile. It takes months more, but Dave finally returns to rejoin his wife and meet their new baby boy. Cast Dennis Morgan as Sergeant David Stewart Eleanor Parker as Janet Wheeler Dane Clark as Sergeant \"Fixit\" Gilman Faye Emerson as Cora Colton Beulah Bondi as Harriet Wheeler Henry Travers as Pop Wheeler William Prince as",
"title": "The Very Thought of You (film)"
},
{
"docid": "43258933",
"text": "David Gregory Brainard (born February 9, 1975) is a Grammy nominated American record producer best known for his work in country music in the entertainment industry. Early life Dave Brainard was born in Seoul Korea and raised in Omaha, Nebraska, the second of four children born to Greg Brainard, a retired Air Force Master Sergeant, and South Korean immigrant, So Un Jo. He graduated from Papillion-La Vista High School in 1993 and went on to attend University of Nebraska Omaha for 1 year. Afterwards Brainard served 5 years in the United States Air Force Band stationed at Offutt AFB in Omaha, NE, before moving to Nashville, Tennessee in 1999. Early career In 2001 Dave Brainard began his publishing career writing songs for Balmur Corus Music. Afterwards Brainard wrote for Bigger Picture Music Group formerly Big Picture Music Group. In that time Brainard wrote songs for Neal McCoy, Sammy Kershaw, Kelly Coffee, Ricochet, Tebey Ottoh, and Brooks & Dunn. During this time Brainard went on radio tours, playing on the road with artists such as Rebecca Lynn Howard, Anthony Smith, Marcel, David Nail, and Jessica Andrews. Brainard began recording Music Row demos for other contemporary songwriters, such as Chris Tompkins, Dierks Bentley, Craig Monday, Chris Wallin, Anthony Smith and produced Jamey Johnson's self-released debut album \"They Call Me Country\". Dave Brainard is a self-taught music producer known for his multi-instrumental ability and creativity. deciBel Productions In 2006 Dave Brainard founded deciBel Productions LLC. Brainard founded Mix Dream Studios with engineer Brian Kolb at that time and the two businesses partner to perform artist development services. Designed as a studio and executive office, Mix Dream Studios has produced and collaborated with much of the Nashville creative community. Jerrod Niemann In 2008, friend musician Jerrod Niemann sought production services from Dave Brainard to produce record \"Judge Jerrod & the Hung Jury\". The album was signed by Joe Galante to Arista Nashville as a completed work and went on to debut at No. 1 on the country albums chart. Niemann experienced No. 1 single success with \"Lover Lover\", which went on to sell Platinum in digital single sales. “Judge Jerrod & the Hung Jury” went on to yield another top 5, Gold selling “What Do You Want”, and a top 20 in “Drinkin’ Song”. Brandy Clark In 2011 Dave Brainard and deciBel Nashville produced highly acclaimed album “Twelve Stories” with Brandy Clark. \"Twelve Stories\" would go on to receive a Metacritic score of ‘universal praise’ and national critics (Rolling Stone, SPIN Magazine, NY Magazine) have recognized “Twelve Stories” as “one of the Best Country Albums released in 2013.” In 2014, Brandy Clark was announced as an opener for Eric Church's \"Outsiders World Tour\". Brandy Clark was also nominated as New Artist of the Year by the Country Music Association in 2014. Ray Scott American country singer-songwriter Ray Scott had independent success on Sirius XM's The Highway with his Dave Brainard produced hit \"Those Jeans\"(2012). Brainard and Ray Scott collaborated on the production and promotion",
"title": "Dave Brainard"
},
{
"docid": "4159388",
"text": "David or Dave Clarke may refer to: Entertainment David Clarke (actor) (1908–2004), American actor Dave Clarke (musician) (born 1948), American singer, guitarist, and keyboard player Dave Clarke (DJ) (born 1968), English techno DJ David Clarke, a character in the TV series Revenge Politics David Clarke (Australian politician) (born 1947), member of New South Wales Legislative Council David Clarke (sheriff) (born 1956), former sheriff of Milwaukee County David A. Clarke (1943–1997), founding member of the Washington, D.C. city council Sports Football Dave Clarke (English footballer) (born 1949), English football goalkeeper Dave Clarke (Scottish footballer) (born 1950), Scottish football player and manager Dave Clarke (Canadian football) (born 1950), Canadian football player David Clarke Sr. (born 1952), Australian rules footballer David Clarke (footballer, born 1964), English footballer David Clarke (Paralympic footballer) (born 1970), English five-a-side footballer David Clarke (Australian footballer, born 1980) (born 1980), Australian rules footballer David Clarke (Gaelic footballer) (born 1983), Gaelic footballer Other sports David Clarke (English cricketer) (born 1967), English cricketer David Clarke (Australian cricketer) (born 1970), Australian cricketer Dave Clarke (hurler) (born 1971), Irish hurler David Clarke (ice hockey) (born 1981), English ice hockey player Dave Clarke (rugby league), rugby league footballer for Wales in 2004 Dave Clarke (runner) (born 1958), British distance runner Academia David Clarke (journalist) (born 1967), English lecturer and writer on UFO sightings since 2008 David Clarke (professor), Deputy Vice-Chancellor of Bristol University David L. Clarke (1937–1976), English archaeologist David R. Clarke, material scientist and physics professor David J. Clarke (born 1954), professor of modern and contemporary art at the University of Hong Kong Religion David Clarke (minister) (born 1946), Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland 2006 David Clarke (priest) (1923–?), Anglican priest Business David S. Clarke (1942–2011), Australian chief executive and winemaker See also David Clark (disambiguation)",
"title": "David Clarke"
},
{
"docid": "1788137",
"text": "Colosseum are an English jazz rock band, mixing blues, rock and jazz-based improvisation. Colin Larkin wrote that \"the commercial acceptance of jazz rock in the UK\" was mainly due to the band. Between 1975 and 1978 a separate band Colosseum II existed playing progressive rock. History Original tenure; 1968–1971 Colosseum, one of the first bands to fuse jazz, rock and blues, were formed in early 1968 by drummer Jon Hiseman with tenor sax player Dick Heckstall-Smith, who had previously worked together in the New Jazz Orchestra and in The Graham Bond Organisation, where Hiseman had replaced Ginger Baker in 1966. They met up again early in 1968 when they both played in John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, during which time they played on the Bare Wires album. Childhood friend Dave Greenslade was quickly recruited on organ, as was bass player Tony Reeves who had also known both Hiseman and Greenslade since being teenage musicians in South East London. The band's line-up was completed, after lengthy auditions, by Jim Roche on guitar and James Litherland (guitar and vocals), although Roche only recorded one track before departing. Their first album, Those Who Are About to Die Salute You, which opened with the Bond composition \"Walkin' in the Park\", was released by the Philips' Fontana label in early 1969. In March the same year they were invited to take part in Supershow, a two-day filmed jam session, along with Modern Jazz Quartet, Led Zeppelin, Jack Bruce, Roland Kirk Quartet, Eric Clapton, Stephen Stills, and Juicy Lucy. Colosseum's second album, later in 1969, was Valentyne Suite, notable as the first release on Philip's newly launched Vertigo label, established to sign and develop artists that did not fit the main Philips' brand, and the first label to sign heavy metal pioneers Black Sabbath. For the third album, The Grass Is Greener, released only in the United States in 1970, Dave \"Clem\" Clempson replaced James Litherland. Louis Cennamo then briefly replaced Tony Reeves on bass, but was replaced in turn by Mark Clarke within a month. Then Hiseman recruited vocalist Chris Farlowe to enable Clempson to concentrate on guitar. This lineup had already partly recorded the 1970 album Daughter of Time. In March 1971, the band recorded concerts at the Big Apple Club in Brighton and at Manchester University. Hiseman was impressed with the atmosphere at the Manchester show, and the band returned five days later for a free concert that was also recorded. The recordings were released as a live double album Colosseum Live in 1971. In October 1971 the original band broke up. Interim, 1971–1994 After the band split, Jon Hiseman formed Tempest with bassist Mark Clarke; Dave Greenslade formed Greenslade together with Tony Reeves. Chris Farlowe joined Atomic Rooster; and Dick Heckstall-Smith embarked on a solo career. Clem Clempson joined the hit group Humble Pie. Hiseman formed another group called Colosseum II in 1975, with a stronger orientation towards jazz-fusion rock, which featured guitarist Gary Moore and Don Airey on keyboards. They released three albums",
"title": "Colosseum (band)"
},
{
"docid": "34784260",
"text": "Kevin Clarke's A Young Man's World is a 2000 American gay pornographic film written and directed by Kevin Clarke and starring Joe Landon and Ashton Ryan. It was produced and cinematographed by Barry Knight and Russell Moore of Delta Productions and distributed by Paladin Video. The film's duration is two hours; its date of production is July 22, 2000, and it was shot on high-definition video. Synopsis Five middle-aged menRon Aron, Kevin Clarke, Barry Knight, Russell Moore, and Derrick Stanton; all of whom have non-sexual rolescelebrate Barry Knight's 50th birthday in a spectacular home. They reflect on what they did when they were about 18 and fantasize scenes of young men together. Scenes One: Court Logan and Trent Sebastian; Ron Aron, fantasizing Two: Adam Bristol and Justin Roxx; non-sexual roles, fantasizing Three: Jonathan Prescott, Antonio Madiera, and Zach Rhodes; Russell Moore, fantasizing Four: Aston Ryan and Jace Hughes; Kevin Clarke and Barry Knight, fantasizing Five: Joe Landon, Dave Parker, and Adam Bristol; Kevin Clarke, fantasizing Cast In order of cast appearance: Ashton Ryan Court Logan Zach Rhodes Dave Parker Jace Hughes Justin Roxx Antonio Madiera Jonathan Prescott Trent Sebastian Adam Bristol Non-sexual Ron Aron Kevin Clarke Barry Knight Russell Moore Derrick Stanton Production Kevin Clarke wrote and directed the film. Barry Knight and Russell Moore of Delta Productions produced and cinematographed the film in high-definition video. Reception Giacomo Tramontagna from The Guide magazine awarded the film two stars, and said it was \"the juxtaposition of five middle-aged guests with five young guys in swimsuits\" and a \"problematic tribute to the joys of youth\". Tramontgana found the fictional middle-aged male characters demeaning to real-life middle-aged men, and considered this film suitable for either \"narcissistic airhead brats who hate older men or youth-obsessed older men who hate themselves\". He found the setup of the sex scenes \"inconsistent and sometimes disorienting\", but he picked scenes between Ashton Ryan and Jace Hughes as \"the best of five erotic sequences\", which he said were \"sincere, spontaneous, lively, [and] passionate\". A reviewer from the Ambush Mag website praised the actors' performances, the music score and sex scenes, and wrote, \"you're just gonna love the entire movie\". Bo Champion from ManNet.com praised the sex scenes as mandatory to the video and wrote, \"while the plot is interesting, the execution is at times too cute and sometimes confusing and, in the end, a bit disconcerting to some of us who are graciously considered Baby Boomers\". A reviewer from FriskyFans.org awarded the film four out of five stars and wrote, \"A Young Man's World fulfills anyone's desire to see the finest of the finest young men\". Awards and nominations Adam Bristol, Joe Landon, and Dave Parker (Winner) 2001 GayVN Awards — Best Threesome (Winner) 2001 Gay Erotic Video Awards — Best Three-way (Nominated) 2001 Grabby Awards — Best Threeway Sex Scene References Further reading Retrieved at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. External links Cast Dave Parker at the Gay Erotic Video Index 2000 films 2000 LGBT-related films 2000s pornographic",
"title": "A Young Man's World"
},
{
"docid": "1156100",
"text": "Someone Like You is a musical with a book by Robin Midgley and Fay Weldon, lyrics by Dee Shipman, and music by Petula Clark. Based on a concept developed by Clark and Ferdie Pacheco over a period of several years, it is set in West Virginia immediately after the end of the Civil War. Originally entitled Amen, it was conceived as a dark view of the difficulties Southerners faced dealing with carpetbaggers during the Reconstruction period, and also dealt with the problems of morphine-addicted Confederate soldiers returning home. It lost many of its serious overtones as the project evolved; Clark and Shipman's original book was revised substantially by Weldon (who also contributed the new title), and the plot became convoluted, often bordering on the ridiculous. Shipman later stated, \"For all the faults there were in the original book . . . it was better than the hybrid we ended up with because it had passion.\" The story centers on Abigail Kane, who journeys to America from her native England with her son Andy in search of her preacher husband, who allegedly had gone to the States to participate in the skirmish between North and South. She comes to the aid of the Major, a doctor struggling to care for a multitude of injured soldiers without the benefit of medical supplies, and soon discovers her missing husband is involved in shady dealings not usually associated with a man of the cloth. Drawn together out of both necessity and desire, Abigail and the Major forsake their marital vows and become involved in a passionate romance. Directed by Midgley, the musical premiered on 25 October 1989 at the Cambridge Arts Theatre in Cambridge, and in his review in the Cambridge Evening News, Alan Kersey wrote, \"Petula Clark proved last night at the world premiere of Someone Like You that she can still work wonders both on stage and in the tough real world of show business.\" The production toured the UK through 9 December. On 22 March 1990, Someone Like You opened at the Strand Theatre in London's West End. In addition to Clark, it starred Dave Willetts (The Phantom of the Opera) as the Major, Clive Carter as Kane (roles in which Clark had hoped Andy Williams and Sting would be cast) and Lewis Rae as Andy. Reviews were mixed, although most critics praised Clark's performance and her contribution to the score. Due to financial difficulties faced by producer Harold Fielding, all his assets were seized, and the show closed without warning after the 25 April performance. Although an original cast album was never released at the time, Clark's recordings of several of the tunes were issued on various CDs throughout the ensuing years. A studio recording of the score was released by Sepia Records in May 2007. With arrangements by the show's original musical director and arranger, Kenny Clayton, it features vocals by Debi Doss, Andrew Derbyshire, and Lewis Rae, who appeared in the original production as young Andy. Clayton is",
"title": "Someone like You (musical)"
},
{
"docid": "6914546",
"text": "The Last Theorem is a 2008 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl. It was first published in the United Kingdom by HarperVoyager in July 2008, and in the United States by Del Rey Books in August 2008. The book is about a young Sri Lankan mathematician who finds a short proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, while an alien invasion of Earth is in progress. The novel began as Clarke's, but when ill health and a psychological (or possibly neurological) form of writer's block prevented him from making progress, he handed over his notes and the incomplete manuscript to Pohl, who, in close consultation with Clarke, completed the novel. Clarke reviewed the final manuscript in early March 2008, just days before he died. In general The Last Theorem was not well received by critics. Entertainment Weekly in their review of the novel said that \"uneven pacing and tone mar an intriguing cautionary tale.\" The Los Angeles Times wondered how stable the manuscript was when it was published, adding that it does nothing to \"burnish the legacy of either of its authors.\" The San Francisco Chronicle, however, described the novel as a \"fitting valedictory for Clarke, ... and a reminder of Pohl's great relevance to a genre he has championed for more than 70 years.\" Background Science fiction Grand Masters Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl collaborated for the first time on The Last Theorem. The novel initially was Clarke's, and he began working on it in early 2004. But in 2006, at the age of 88, ill health brought on by complications from post-polio syndrome, and writer's block, impeded his progress, and he asked Pohl for help. Pohl explained: \"Arthur said to me that he woke up one morning and didn't know how to write any of the books he had contracted. The stories had just gone out of his head.\" Clarke gave Pohl a 40–50 page manuscript plus roughly 50 pages of notes, and over the next two years, Pohl wrote the book. Pohl said that \"Everything in the novel is something he either suggested or wrote or I discussed with him.\" Some of Clarke's notes were so obscure that even Clarke himself could not understand them. Pohl, only two years younger than Clarke, had health problems of his own: he could no longer type and wrote the book out in longhand, leaving it up to his wife to translate his \"indecipherable scribbles\". Clarke reviewed and approved the final manuscript of The Last Theorem in early March 2008, just days before he died. Pohl died five years later in September 2013. Some of the concepts that appear in The Last Theorem originally appeared in Clarke's earlier works. The space elevator that is built in Sri Lanka originally featured in The Fountains of Paradise (1979) where it was also built in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). Because the elevator will work only on or near the equator, Clarke \"moved\" Ceylon south to the equator in The Fountains of",
"title": "The Last Theorem"
},
{
"docid": "2906611",
"text": "Blue in Heaven were an Irish rock quartet from Churchtown, Dublin, Ireland, active from 1982 to 1989 and led by singer Shane O'Neill. They reformed in 1990 as The Blue Angels. O'Neill later went on to form Supernaut with Dave Long from Into Paradise. Blue in Heaven released a few singles on U2's Mother Records before being signed to Island Records in 1985, when they released their first album, All The Gods Men, which was produced by Martin Hannett. Their follow-up, Explicit Material (1986), saw them team up with Island Records chief Chris Blackwell and Eric Thorngren. Their popularity grew thanks to touring with The Chameleons, Echo & the Bunnymen, and The Damned, alongside achieving a minor hit with \"I Just Wanna\". Kieran Kennedy joined and they played concerts for two years. They released an EP on the Solid label, Rock 'n' Roll R.I.P., which was a chronological compilation of their work: a 1983 track (\"On and On\") produced by The Edge, four from 1987 and a live cover of The Stooges's song \"Loose.\" Kennedy left to start the Black Velvet Band. Members Original recording members Drums - Dave Clarke (later played drums for The Black Velvet Band, Warren Zevon, and currently, for Hothouse Flowers) Bass - Declan Jones Guitar, keyboards, vocals - Shane O'Neill Guitar, keyboards - Eamonn Tynan Supernaut In 1997, O'Neill played mostly rhythm electric and acoustic guitar and bass, and sang and wrote words and music with Dave Long, from Into Paradise. Clarke played drums and percussion. Paul McQuillan, who later played and wrote with Hope Sandoval and The Warm Inventions, played electric guitar and ray gun and released a self-titled album on Dirt Records. Today, O'Neill runs a recording studio in Dublin. Additional musicians Blue Angels Guitar - Quentin Cowper; he moved to County Clare where he now plays largely traditional Irish music on fiddle and banjo with 'The Fiddle Case' and Ceili Bandits. Discography Blue in Heaven Albums All the Gods' Men (1985) Explicit Material (1986) EPs Rock 'n' Roll R.I.P. (1988) Compilation albums Live for Ireland (1986) -- \"Tell Me\" (recorded live during their performance for Self Aid) Singles \"The Lights Go Out\" (1983) \"Julie Cries\" (1984) \"Across My Heart\" (1984) \"I Just Wanna\" (1986) \"Track 01\" (1988) Blue Angels Albums Coming Out Of Nowhere (1993) EPs Get It Back (1991) All The Way (1992) When It's Gone (1993) \"Blow\" Compilation albums HMV Unplugged: The Acoustic Sessions'' (1993) - \"Candy\" Singles \"Candy\" (1991) \"Loose\" (1992) \"Blow\" (1994) References External links Blue in Heaven in the Irish Music Database Trouser Press Blue in Heaven profile Supernaut review Explicit Material cover Blue in Heaven publicity pic Blue in Heaven thread on \"I Love Music\" Blue Angels in the Irish Music Database New York Times articles Blue in Heaven - Irish Punk & New Wave Discography Blue Angels - Irish Punk & New Wave Discography https://isolations.blogspot.com/2019/02/our-interview-with-dave-clarke-about.html Irish new wave musical groups Musical groups established in 1982 Musical groups from Dublin (city) 1982 establishments in Ireland",
"title": "Blue in Heaven"
},
{
"docid": "23293927",
"text": "The 1968 Deutschland Trophäe, also known as the Martini Gold Cup, was a motor race, run to Formula Two rules, held on 7 April 1968 at the Hockenheimring, Germany. The race was run over two heats of 20 laps of the circuit, and was the first round of the 1968 European Formula Two season. During the first heat, British driver and double Formula One World Champion Jim Clark suffered a fatal accident. Clark had also been asked to race at Brands Hatch by Ford, who wanted him to drive their new sports car, but Clark had already agreed to race for his Team Lotus boss, Colin Chapman at Hockenheim. Heat one It had rained before the first heat, rendering visibility very poor. Max Mosley, later President of the FIA, was driving his Brabham in the race. He described the difficult racing conditions: \"The first corner was thick spray. I was thinking, 'this isn't a good idea'. All you could do was steer by looking at the tops of the trees, because you couldn't see where the track went.\" The first incident was when Walter Habegger crashed his Lotus 41 into an earth bank on lap four. On lap five, on a gentle curve just after the first corner, Clark was running eighth when he spun off the track into the dense trees lining the circuit, and he died almost instantly. A flag marshal's eye-witness report stated that the car had lost grip at the rear and Clark had tried to correct the slides a number of times before hitting the trees. Amid the many conflicting rumours concerning why the car left the track, Clark's mechanic, Dave Sims, blamed a right rear tyre deflation for the accident, and the official accident investigation report concurred, concluding that the most likely explanation was that the right rear tyre had explosively deflated after picking up a slow puncture. Colin Chapman, who was not present at Hockenheim that day, suggested that Clark may have picked up debris from an accident during the previous day's practice session, in which Habegger had also crashed. However, Lotus had been experiencing problems with the Lotus 48 cars due to the cold, wet weather at Hockenheim. Sims said afterwards, \"The problem was, it was freezing. It was so cold it was affecting the fuel metering units. The drive belts were breaking.\" Williams driver Derek Bell suspected the engine misfiring problems that had plagued Clark's car all weekend. Sims had confirmed to Bell that the engine issues had not been resolved before the race, and Bell later said, \"I could see it: he goes through that curve, the engine cuts out, the thing gets itself sideways as a result, the engine suddenly cuts back in when he's out of shape... who knows?\" Lola driver Chris Irwin was following around 250 yards behind Clark when the accident happened. \"Suddenly Jim's car broke out,\" he said. \"It looked like something mechanical.\" Jean-Pierre Beltoise narrowly won the heat from team-mate Henri Pescarolo with Chris",
"title": "1968 Deutschland Trophäe"
}
] | [
"Dave Clark"
] |
train_23624 | who sponsored the first state-wide alaska native gathering | [
{
"docid": "58957120",
"text": "Emil Reynold Notti (born March 11, 1933) is an American engineer, indigenous activist, businessman, government employee, and political candidate of Koyukon Athabaskan heritage. Early life and education Born in Koyukuk, Alaska, Notti earned a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical and electrical engineering from the now-defunct Northrop University in Inglewood, California. He holds honorary doctorate degrees from both Alaska Pacific University and the University of Alaska Anchorage. Notti served in the United States Navy during the Korean War. Career Notti aided in developing the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 18, 1971, constituting at the time the largest land claims settlement in United States history. ANCSA was intended to resolve long-standing issues surrounding aboriginal land claims in Alaska and could, perhaps, be considered an ending of more than a century of endeavor by the Native people of the state to secure their land, as well as to stimulate economic development throughout Alaska. Notti was the first President of the Alaska Federation of Natives and Doyon's third President, a regional corporation that owns . Notti worked for Autonetics, a division of North American Aviation, on the LGM-30 Minuteman during the Cold War. Later, he served under several Alaska Governors as Deputy Commissioner of Health and Social Services, Commissioner of Community and Regional Affairs and Commissioner of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. Notti served under Bill Sheffield, and Sarah Palin. Notti served on numerous boards, including the National Bank of Alaska (acquired by Wells Fargo), the Alaska Railroad, a two time Board of Trustees for APFC (the United States' largest Sovereign Wealth Fund with $75 billion under management), and Cook Inlet Regional, Inc. Notti was the Democratic nominee for the 1973 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election, losing narrowly to Don Young. AFN and ANCSA In 1966, Notti called for a Statewide meeting inviting numerous leaders around Alaska to gather and create the first meeting of a committee. The meeting was held October 18, 1966—on the 99th anniversary of the transfer of Alaska from Russia. Notti presided over the three-day conference as it discussed matters of land recommendations, claims committees, and political challenges the act would have getting through Congress.The growing presence and political importance of Natives were evidenced when association leaders were elected to the legislature. Members of the association gathered and were able to gain seven of the sixty seats in the legislature. When the group met a second time early in 1967, it emerged with a new name, The Alaska Federation of Natives, and a new full-time President, Notti. Before ANCSA, the Native population had gone through numerous hardships over the last century from European expansion. In the mid-1700s Alaska's population (according to James Mooney) was home to an estimated 74,000 Eskimos, Indians, and Aleuts. After the purchase of Alaska by the United States in 1867, Alaska remained classified as a territory. \"Thus, without further ceremony,\" wrote historian Bancroft, \"this vast area of land, belonging by right to neither, was",
"title": "Emil Notti"
},
{
"docid": "3035",
"text": "The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 18, 1971, constituting at the time the largest land claims settlement in United States history. ANCSA was intended to resolve long-standing issues surrounding aboriginal land claims in Alaska, as well as to stimulate economic development throughout Alaska. The settlement established Alaska Native claims to the land by transferring titles to twelve Alaska Native regional corporations and over 200 local village corporations. A thirteenth regional corporation was later created for Alaska Natives who no longer resided in Alaska. The act is codified as 43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq. Background Alaskan statehood When Alaska became a state in 1959, section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act provided that any existing Alaska Native land claims would be unaffected by statehood and held in status quo. Yet while section 4 of the act preserved Native land claims until later settlement, section 6 allowed for the state government to claim lands deemed vacant. Section 6 granted the state of Alaska the right to select lands then in the hands of the federal government, with the exception of Native territory. As a result, nearly from the public domain would eventually be transferred to the state. The state government also attempted to acquire lands under section 6 of the Statehood Act that were subject to Native claims under section 4, and that were currently occupied and used by Alaska Natives. The federal Bureau of Land Management began to process the Alaska government's selections without taking into account the Native claims and without informing the affected Native groups. It was against this backdrop that the original language for a land claims settlement was developed. A 9.2-magnitude earthquake struck the state in 1964. Recovery efforts drew the attention of the federal government. The Federal Field Committee for Development Planning in Alaska decided that Natives should receive $100 million and 10% of revenue as a royalty. Nothing was done with this proposal, however, and a freeze on land transfers remained in effect. Founding of the Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN) In 1966, Emil Notti called for a statewide meeting inviting numerous leaders around Alaska to gather and create the first meeting of a committee. The historic meeting was held October 18, 1966 - on the 99th anniversary of the transfer of Alaska from Russia. Notti presided over the three-day conference as it discussed matters of land recommendations, claims committees, and political challenges the act would have in getting through congress. Many respected politicians and businessmen attended the meeting and delegates were astonished at the attention which they received from well-known political figures of the state. The growing presence and political importance of Natives was evidenced when members were able to gain election to seven of the sixty seats in the legislature. When the group met a second time early in 1967, it emerged with a new name, The Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN), and a new full-time President, Emil Notti. AFN went on",
"title": "Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act"
},
{
"docid": "15996805",
"text": "Morris \"Morrie\" Thompson (September 11, 1939 – January 31, 2000) was an Alaska Native leader, American businessman and political appointee working on matters related to Alaska Natives. Thompson was best known as the official in charge of the Bureau of Indian Affairs for the U.S. state of Alaska during the 1970s, and later as head of Doyon, Limited, the Alaska Native Regional Corporation for Interior Alaska. Following his retirement from Doyon, while returning to Alaska from vacationing in Mexico, Thompson died, along with his wife and one of his three daughters, in the crash of Alaska Airlines Flight 261. Early life and career Thompson was born on September 11, 1939, in Tanana, Alaska, the son of Warren H. Thompson, a Caucasian originally from Indiana, and his wife Alice (née Grant), a Koyukon Athabaskan. Thompson graduated from Mt. Edgecumbe High School in Sitka and attended the University of Alaska Fairbanks as a civil engineering major. \"Morrie\" married Thelma Mayo of Rampart on October 5, 1963 in Tanana, then obtained a job at RCA's Gilmore Creek Satellite Tracking Station near Fairbanks in 1964 after attending an RCA electrical technician school in Los Angeles, California. In 1966, Thompson met Walter Hickel, an Anchorage businessman who was running for governor at the time; Morris volunteered to work on Hickel's campaign in Fairbanks and the Interior. As a result, Thompson became Governor Hickel's deputy director of the Rural Development Agency. The next year as executive director of Hickel's North Commission, Thompson began working on a network of transportation routes to open rural Alaska to development. When President Nixon named Hickel to serve as Secretary of the Interior in 1969, Thompson went to Washington, D.C., as special assistant for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In 1970, young Thompson became the Bureau of Indian Affairs Area Director in Juneau. In both Interior jobs, Thompson was deeply involved in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act adopted in December 1971. Thompson served as the youngest Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs at 34 years of age. In 1981, Thompson went to work for Doyon, Limited, his ANCSA Regional Corporation. Originally hired as a Vice-President, he became Doyon's President and Chief Officer in 1985, when Doyon Ltd. had an operating loss of $28 million. When he retired in 2000, Doyon was generating $70.9 million in annual revenues, had 900 employees and 14,000 shareholders. Morris Thompson was widely recognized in Alaska as a Native American leader. Death At 60 years of age, a resident of Fairbanks, Thompson retired as the President of Doyon. To celebrate his retirement, he went on vacation with his wife Thelma and his daughter Sheryl to Mexico. He died with his wife and daughter in the crash of Alaska Airlines Flight 261 on January 31, 2000, while flying back to the United States. Thompson's body was buried in Tanana. Advance fee fraud (419, Nigerian scam) con men used Thompson's name in various scams unrelated to Thompson. The Alaska Federation of Natives altered one of its web",
"title": "Morris Thompson"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "404279",
"text": "George Thornton Emmons (June 6, 1852 – June 11, 1945) was an ethnographic photographer and a U.S. Navy Lieutenant. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland. His father was George Foster Emmons. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1874. In 1881, he attained the Master rank, (1883) Lieutenant J.G. and (1887) Lieutenant. In 1882, Emmons was stationed on the Pinta in Alaska, remaining there through the 1880s and 1890s. The Navy was largely responsible for stability in the region in those times. Emmons married Kittie Baker in 1886. Through his duties, Emmons got in contact with, and interested in, the Alaska Native cultures of the region: particularly the Tlingit and Tahltan. He began to record information and collect artifacts as he visited them on his leaves. He was dedicated to learning about native traditions, such Chilkat weaving, bear hunting, feuds, and the potlatch (a large ceremonial feast). With his understanding of beliefs and values, and his ethnographer's devotion, he also recorded Tlingit vocabulary. He was assigned to the World's Columbian Exposition to accompany the Alaskan exhibit from 1891–1893. Emmons retired in 1899 and took on special projects for the federal government. He was sent to Alaska in 1901 to locate border stone markers between Canada and the USA. He gave advice about Alaskan game and forests and salmon fishery in 1902. In 1904, he gathered information about white settlers and Alaska Natives and asked President Theodore Roosevelt to investigate the conditions of Alaska Natives and starvation among the Copper River Indians. He received Roosevelt's support, and presented a report to the Congress in 1905. His interest in Alaska Natives brought him into close contact with the American Museum of Natural History, which purchased his first two collections of Alaska Native artifacts in the 1890s. Emmons had an exchange of items with the Museum for the next three decades. (In 1902, the Field Museum of Natural History purchased a large and varied collection of more than 1,900 Tlingit objects.) F. W. Putnam, curator of the American Natural History Museum, asked for his help on a report in 1896 and repeated the request to the Navy the following year. So Emmons was officially detached from active service and ordered to write the Ethnological Report on the Native Tribes of Southeast Alaska, elaborated from the museum collections. He became a regular contributor to The American Museum Journal (forerunner of Natural History journal) and other scholarly periodicals. At the recommendation of Franz Boas, with whom he corresponded regularly and at the request of the president of the American Museum of Natural History, Morris K. Jesup, he began to organize his notes and prepare a manuscript on the Tlingit. When he died in Victoria, British Columbia in 1945, the encyclopedic work was still unfinished. The project was taken over by Frederica de Laguna in 1955 and finally published 1991 with the title The Tlingit Indians. It includes topics such as census data, names of clans and houses, species of plants and their uses, native",
"title": "George T. Emmons"
},
{
"docid": "45374166",
"text": "The Alaska Immigration Justice Project (AIJP) is a non-profit agency that provides low-cost immigration legal assistance to immigrants and refugees in all immigration applications including citizenship, permanent resident status, work permits, asylum, family-based petitions and immigration petitions for immigrant victims of domestic violence, sexual assault and human trafficking. History The Alaska Immigration Justice Project (AIJP) is the only agency in Alaska dedicated to protecting the human rights of immigrants and refugees. Founded in 2005, AIJP staff provides statewide comprehensive immigration legal services. Collectively, AIJP Board and staff have more than 25 years of legal experience serving Alaska's immigrants and refugees. AIJP staff provides services statewide, traveling to many communities throughout Alaska including, Unalaska, Sitka, Ketchikan, Kodiak, Juneau, Fairbanks, Kenai and Homer. AIJP's legal service priorities include representing immigrant crime victims and people fleeing persecution and torture in their home countries. In addition to providing quality direct legal services, AIJP staff members serve as a critical resource for state and federal public agencies on issues involving immigrants and refugees. Health care providers, social service providers, state officials, criminal defense attorneys, prosecutors and judges are just a few of the professionals in our state who rely on the expertise of the AIJP staff. In 2007, AIJP opened the first statewide Language Interpreter Center (LIC). The LIC partners the public and private sector to offer statewide training for interpreters as well as provide referral services for all businesses and agencies in need of interpreter services. The LIC works with foreign language interpreters as well as Alaska Native interpreters. Mission AIJP's mission is to promote and protect the human rights of immigrants and refugees throughout Alaska by providing critical services to this underserved population, including immigration legal services, language interpretative services, training and educational programs. The organization is affiliated with Pro Bono Net, a US nonprofit organization based in New York City and San Francisco. The organization works in close partnership with nonprofit legal aid organizations across the United States and Canada, to increase access to justice for the millions of poor people who face legal problems every year without help from a lawyer. It does this by (i) supporting the innovative and effective use of technology by the nonprofit legal sector, (ii) increasing participation by volunteers, and (iii) facilitating collaborations among nonprofit legal organizations and advocates working on similar issues or in the same region. Founded in 1998 with a grant from the Open Society Institute, Pro Bono Net has developed a broad base of support from foundations, law firms, corporate sponsors and nonprofit partners alike, to build web platforms that offer powerful and sophisticated online tools to pro bono and legal aid advocates, and to provide critical legal information and assistance directly to the public. Its model has been adopted in 30 states and regions, reaching approximately two-thirds of the poverty population and lawyers in the United States. The organization is also affiliated with CitizenshipWorks, which provides easy-to-use online tools to help low and moderate-income individuals to answer important questions about their",
"title": "Alaska Immigration Justice Project"
},
{
"docid": "2534014",
"text": "The history of Alaska dates back to the Upper Paleolithic period (around 14,000 BC), when foraging groups crossed the Bering land bridge into what is now western Alaska. At the time of European contact by the Russian explorers, the area was populated by Alaska Native groups. The name \"Alaska\" derives from the Aleut word Alaxsxaq (also spelled Alyeska), meaning \"mainland\" (literally, \"the object toward which the action of the sea is directed\"). The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. In the 1890s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was granted territorial status in 1912 by the United States of America. In 1942, two of the outer Aleutian Islands—Attu and Kiska—were occupied by the Japanese during World War II and their recovery for the U.S. became a matter of national pride. The construction of military bases contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities. Alaska was granted U.S. statehood on January 3, 1959. In 1964, the massive \"Good Friday earthquake\" killed 131 people and leveled several villages. The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to an oil boom. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in Prince William Sound, spilling between of crude oil over of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Prehistory of Alaska Paleolithic families moved into northwestern North America before 10,000 BC across the Bering land bridge in Alaska (see Settlement of the Americas). Alaska became populated by the Inuit and a variety of Native American groups. Today, early Alaskans are divided into several main groups: the Southeastern Coastal Indians (the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian), the Athabascans, the Aleut, and the two groups of Eskimos, the Inupiat and the Yup'ik. The coastal migrants from Asia were probably the first wave of humans to cross the Bering land bridge in western Alaska, and many of them initially settled in the interior of what is now Canada. The Tlingit were the most numerous of this group, claiming most of the coastal Panhandle by the time of European contact and are the northernmost of the group of advanced cultures of the Pacific Northwest Coast renowned for its complex art and political systems and the ceremonial and legal system known as the potlatch. The southern portion of Prince of Wales Island was settled by the Haidas fleeing persecution by other Haidas from the Queen Charlotte Islands (which are now named Haida Gwaii and part of British Columbia). The Aleuts settled the islands of the Aleutian chain approximately 10,000 years ago. Cultural and subsistence practices varied widely among native groups, who were spread across vast geographical distances. 18th century Early Russian settlement Russian expeditions of exploration reached Alaska by the early 18th century, and colonial traders (especially fur-traders) followed. On some islands and parts of the Alaskan peninsula, groups",
"title": "History of Alaska"
},
{
"docid": "75992094",
"text": "Margaret Keenan Harrais (1872–1964) was an American educator, suffragist, temperance reformer, and government official. During her 48 years in Alaska, while a territory and after statehood, she devoted herself to community and public service. In Fairbanks, she was the first woman superintendent of schools. For 18 years, she was a member of the territorial board of education. She served as President of the Alaska Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) while living in McCarthy, and was also chair for Alaska of the Women's National Committee for Law Enforcement. In widowhood, she served as a United States Commissioner at Valdez, and after Alaska became a state, Harrais became a deputy magistrate. Early life and education Sarah Margaret Keenan was born at Batesville, Ohio, September 23, 1872, of Scotch-Irish ancestry. Her parents were Thomas Keenan (1833–1888) and Martha Maria (Reed) Keenan (1835–1896). Margaret's siblings were Emma, Emmett, Ella, James, Martha, and Thomas. She came from a temperance family, and was trained from childhood in temperance work by her father. She was educated at Northern Indiana Normal School, Valparaiso, Indiana, and at Valparaiso University (B.S., 1906). Career Idaho Harrais began teaching in the rural schools of Ohio at the age of sixteen, after which she acted as principal of public schools in various parts of Idaho (1897–1911). While teaching in Idaho, she served as vice-president of the WCTU of South Idaho. Alaska Harrais petitioned for suffrage in the Alaska Territory in 1913. The following year, at the age of 42, she removed to Alaska, becoming principal of schools at Skagway, serving in that position for two years, before moving to Fairbanks where she was city superintendent of schools for another two years. Her students included U.S. Senator E. L. Bartlett and Governor of Alaska, William A. Egan. She lost two positions as superintendent of schools because of her temperance activities in wet communities. In 1916, Harrais was also one of the women who directed the territory-wide campaign for Prohibition, and one of two women who organized and \"put across\" the plebiscite of that year which made Alaska dry. At the same time, she was elected vice-president at large of the Alaska Territorial WCTU, and later went to California still holding that position. During the period of 1916 to 1919, Harrais, known at the time as \"Margaret Kennan, spinster\", served as school superintendent in Fairbanks. During World War I, she directed the war bond drive in which each of the 200 children enrolled in school purchased a war bond. Parents were asked not to help their children purchase the bonds. Harrais set up an employment office at school and assisted the children in finding spare time jobs. She edited the unusual \"Women's Edition\" of the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner on Thanksgiving eve, 1917, which enlisted the services of 55 women. The newspaper sparked to success a benefit which raised nearly in less than one month to sponsor six beds in the American Ambulance Hospital near Paris. Only one bed, at , had been anticipated for all",
"title": "Margaret Keenan Harrais"
},
{
"docid": "525001",
"text": "Alaska Natives (also known as Alaskan Indians, Alaskan Natives, Native Alaskans, Indigenous Alaskans, Aboriginal Alaskans or First Alaskans) are the Indigenous peoples of Alaska and include Alaskan Creoles, Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures. They are often defined by their language groups. Many Alaska Natives are enrolled in federally recognized Alaska Native tribal entities, who in turn belong to 13 Alaska Native Regional Corporations, who administer land and financial claims. Ancestors of Native Alaskans or Alaska Natives migrated into the area thousands of years ago, in at least two different waves. Some are descendants of the third wave of migration, in which people settled across the northern part of North America. They never migrated to southern areas. For this reason, genetic studies show they are not closely related to native peoples in South America. Alaska Natives came from Asia. Anthropologists have stated that their journey from Asia to Alaska was made possible through the Bering land bridge or by traveling through the sea. Throughout the Arctic and the circumpolar north, the ancestors of Alaska Natives established varying indigenous, complex cultures that have succeeded each other over time. They developed sophisticated ways to deal with the challenging climate and environment. Historical groups have been defined by their languages, which belong to several major language families. Today, Alaska Natives or Native Alaskans constitute more than 20% of the population of Alaska. List of peoples Below is a full list of the different Alaska Native or Native Alaskan peoples, who are largely defined by their historical languages (within each culture are different tribes): Ancient Beringian Alaskan Athabaskans Ahtna Deg Hit'an Dena'ina Eskimo Eyak Gwich'in Haida Hän Holikachuk Koyukon Lower Tanana Tanacross Upper Tanana Upper Kuskokwim (Kolchan) Tlingit Tsimshian Iñupiat, an Inuit group Yupik Siberian Yupik Yup'ik Cup'ik Nunivak Cup'ig Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq Chugach Sugpiaq Koniag Alutiiq Aleut (Unangan) Demographics The Alaska Natives Commission estimated there were about 86,000 Alaska Natives living in Alaska in 1990, with another 17,000 who lived outside Alaska. A 2013 study by the Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development documented more than 120,000 Alaska Native people in Alaska. While the majority of Native Alaskans live in small villages or remote regional hubs such as Nome, Dillingham, and Bethel, the percentage who live in urban areas has been increasing. In 2010, 44% lived in urban areas, compared to 38% in the 2000 census. As of 2018, natives constitute 15.4% of the overall Alaskan population. History The modern history of Alaska Natives begins with the first contact between Alaskan First Nations and Russians sailing from Siberia in the eighteenth century. British and American traders, coming mostly from eastern settlements in North America, generally did not reach the area until the nineteenth century. In some cases, Christian missionaries were not active in Alaska until the twentieth century. Russian colonial period Vitus Bering spotted Alaska during an expedition. Native Alaskans first came into contact with Russians in the 18th century. Time of contact with",
"title": "Alaska Natives"
},
{
"docid": "8807313",
"text": "The Auke are an Alaskan Native people, whose autonym Aakʼw Ḵwáan means \"Small Lake People.\" They are a subgroup of the Tlingit. The Auke lived along the northwestern coast of North America, in the area that is now the Alexander Archipelago and adjoining mainland of the Alaska Panhandle around Juneau. The Auke had a village on Auke Bay just east of Point Louisa, about 13 miles northwest of Juneau. There were seasonal festivals associated with the harvest of herring at spawning season. In 1880, after Joe Juneau and Richard Harris were led to gold in the Silver Bow Basin, U.S. naval officers encouraged the Auke to move from the area to avoid conflict with miners and prospectors. The census of Alaska at the time listed the Auke population as 640, of whom 300 were on Admiralty Island, 50 on Douglas Island, and 290 on Stephens Passage, the latter presumably including those at the Point Louisa village. The Auke people continued to return to what they called Indian Point, for the annual harvest of herring at spawning time. They have considered this a sacred place, both because of their traditional gathering for subsistence and their historic village and its burying ground. These local peoples have resisted European-American development of Indian Point, which is located past the Juneau Ferry Terminal and before the Auke Recreation Area operated by the U.S. Forest Service. Federal agencies including the National Park Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) had proposals to build on the site. The Tlingit consider it sacred territory, both because of the burying ground and its place in their traditions of gathering sustenance. The city and state supported recognition of the 78-acre site, which in August 2016 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. \"It is the first traditional cultural property in Southeast Alaska to be placed on the register.\" Clans and houses The Auke were originally formed around clans, based on kinship systems. These were traditionally divided into houses. Extended family groups used to live together in large longhouses. Divisions and houses of the Raven Moiety or Clan Lʼeeneidí (Gift Blanket People) G̱aatáa Hít (Trap House) Téelʼ Hít (Dog Salmon House) Yax̱te Hít (Big Dipper House) Lʼuknax̱.ádi (Coho Salmon People) Lʼook Hít (Coho Salmon House) G̱aanax̱.ádi (People of G̱aanax̱) G̱aanax̱aa Hít (G̱aanax̱ Group House) Yéil Hít (Raven House) Divisions and houses of the Wolf/Eagle Clan Wooshkeetaan G̱unakadeit Hít (Sea Monster House) Hít Tlein (Big House) Noow Hít (Fort House) Tóosʼ Hít (Shark House) Xeitl Hít (Thunder/Thunderbird House) Xóots Hít (Brown Bear House) References Alaska Native ethnic groups Tlingit Native Americans in Alaska",
"title": "Auke"
},
{
"docid": "61333779",
"text": "The Alaska Native Industries Cooperative Association (ANICA) is a retailers' cooperative operating in rural Alaska, serving Alaskan native villages. As of the Association's 2018 biennial report, ANICA had 40 member stores. Background In 1934, the 73rd United States Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act. Among other goals, the Act was intended to help Native Americans achieve a greater measure of self-governance and economic self-sufficiency than was possible under previous legislation. Included in the act was a provision for the creation of a revolving credit fund for the advancement of Native business ventures. However, an oversight in the legislation prevented Native Americans in Alaska from taking full advantage of the new law. In 1936, the Alaska Native Reorganization Act was passed, extending the Indian Reorganization Act to cover Alaskan Natives. The extreme difficulties associated with supplying remote villages in Alaska, as well as supply issues caused by World War II caused federal officials in the Bureau of Indian Affairs to conclude that a new organization was required to ensure those villages would remain well-supplied. In addition to improving economic conditions, the organization transferred responsibility for the supply programs to the Alaskan natives. Foundation and early operations Louis Peters and Albert Huber led the government's efforts to create such an organization. Ultimately, the villages of White Mountain, Shaktoolik, Stebbins, Eli, and Unalakleet adopted bylaws and articles of association in 1947, formally creating the ANICA. The Association's Board of Directors had one representative from each member village. Additionally, non-member villages could make deposits with ANICA and receive services. In order to take advantage of economies of scale, a decision was made to postpone commencing operations until at least 25 villages stores had joined the co-op. This feat was achieved in 1948. By the end 1958, 37 villages stores were members of the co-op, and another 7 had made deposits with ANICA. ANICA made use of the revolving credit fund provided by the Indian Reorganization and Alaska Native Reorganization acts. In addition to supplying remote village stores, ANICA attempted to stimulate exports in native craft goods and furs. The Association bought native art and craft goods on consignment and transferred them to the Alaska Native Arts and Crafts Clearing House, another BIA sponsored organization, for re-sale. In another instance of encouraging exports, ANICA purchased whale and seal oil from natives in Point Hope, and shipped oil to Seattle for sale to soap makers. Ultimately, such exports were discontinued. A program of mining coal in the Point Hope region for re-sale to other Alaskan villages was also considered, but never implemented. ANCIA has published two periodicals. The first, ANICA Flash, was published from (probably) 1949 to 1954. In addition to carrying news about the various member stores and villages, ANICA Flash also had some economic news, and prices for various goods. ANICA News Highlights was published later, starting in March 1969 and running to December 1974. In addition to carrying news from the villages, the ANICA News Highlights also carried other news of interest to",
"title": "Alaska Native Industries Cooperative Association"
},
{
"docid": "1620422",
"text": "Emmitt Peters Sr. (October 1, 1940 – April 2, 2020) the \"Yukon Fox\", was an Alaskan American hunter, fisher, trapper, and dog musher. The last rookie to win the 1,049 mile Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race (in 1975), he and his lead dogs Nugget and Digger shattered the previous speed record by almost six days. Peters was an Athabaskan Alaska Native who was born in Ruby, deep in the Alaska Interior. He became a hunter, fisher, and trapper, and grew up around sled dogs. Mushing was the primary means of transportation in the rural parts of the state, far from the road system that spans southern Alaska, but the advent of the snowmobile (known as snowmachines in Alaska) in the 1960s almost drove mushing into extinction. Iditarod Peters entered the Iditarod as a rookie in 1975, and won the race with a time of 14 days, 14 hours, 43 minutes, and 45 seconds. The two previous races in 1973 and 1974 were slower and more measured, and both were won in just over 20 days. The 1975 race was a close one, and he placed in the top 10 in the next five races. According to Peters, he earned the \"Yukon Fox\" nickname, \"because I'd sneak away from all my competitors and have five or six teams chasing me\" (Rozell, 2003). Even with a weak team of sled dogs, he regularly placed high in the standings. The race changed as corporate sponsors began to fund top competitors, who ran large kennels and bred faster dogs. Peters gradually fell behind, and until he broke his knee in a training accident in 1986 and stopped racing. He returned briefly in 1990 and 1991, but only placed 41st in the first year, and scratched in the second. Peters raced his final Iditarod in 2000, and finished in 12 days, 2 hours, and 42 minutes, which was his fastest time ever. He earned the Most Inspirational Musher Award, which is given based on a vote by the other finishers. Afterwards he said, \"that's it. No one is going to talk me into anything else\" (Pemberton, 2000). Peters served as a volunteer checker at Ruby, which is an official checkpoint of the Iditarod on even-numbered years. Alaska Native mushers Peters had to sell his dogs to cover his debts after the races in the 1990s, and was only able to race his final race because two friends donated USD $10,000 each, and he leased a team from Rick Swenson. While Alaska Natives won the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Iditarods, and accounted for roughly a third of all the racers, by the 1980s the costs had become prohibitive and the native presence almost vanished from the race. Expenses faced by modern teams include lightweight gear including thousands of booties and quick-change runners, special high-energy dog foods, veterinary care, and breeding costs. According to Athabaskan musher Ken Chase, \"the big expenses [for rural Alaskans] are the freight and having to buy dog food\". (Hutchinson) Most modern teams",
"title": "Emmitt Peters"
},
{
"docid": "44289967",
"text": "Yup'ik doll (Yup'ik yugaq sg yugak dual yugat pl or yuguaq, irniaruaq, irnianguaq, inuguaq; also, yunguaq in Unaliq-Pastuliq dialect, sugaq, sugaruaq, suguaq in Bristol Bay dialect, cugaq, cugaruaq in Hooper Bay-Chevak dialect, cuucunguar in Nunivak dialect) is a traditional Eskimo style doll and figurine form made in the southwestern Alaska by Yup'ik people. Also known as Cup'ik doll for the Chevak Cup'ik dialect speaking Eskimos of Chevak and Cup'ig doll for the Nunivak Cup'ig dialect speaking Eskimos of Nunivak Island. Typically, Yup'ik dolls are dressed in traditional Eskimo style Yup'ik clothing (as irniaruam atkua \"doll parka\"), intended to protect the wearer from cold weather, and are often made from traditional materials obtained through food gathering. Play dolls from the Yup'ik area were made of wood, bone, or walrus ivory and measured from one to twelve inches in height or more. Male and female dolls were often distinguished anatomically and can be told apart by the addition of ivory labrets for males and chin tattooing for females. The information about play dolls within Alaska Native cultures is sporadic. As is so often the case in early museum collections, it is difficult to distinguish dolls made for play from those made for ritual. There were always five dolls making up a family: a father, a mother, a son, a daughter, and a baby. Some human figurines were used by shamans. Eskimo doll Both Yup'ik, Siberian Yupik, and Iñupiaq dolls are also known as Eskimo doll in Alaska. It is possible to distinguish Yup'ik human figurines from Iñupiaq examples on the basis of facial features. Yup'ik figurines have a distinct brow line, shaped like two crescents joined at the center by the nose, whereas Iñupiaq figurines lack this brow line and have more pronounced noses and tiny eyes that look as through they had been poked in by the tip of a pencil or pen. The mouth of Yup'ik figurines mirror the crescent shape of the brows, whereas the Inupiaq dolls have small, straight mouths. Overall, the features of the Iñupiaq examples are crudely carved. Characteristics Most had round wooden, walrus ivory or bone heads, ovoid-shaped eyes, and mouths, short necks, solid torsos, and arms that formed but not separated from the body. The faces of female dolls were frequently chin tattooed. Other decorations, including hairdressings, nose piercing earrings, was represented by hair and beads placed in the correct positions. Some even had bracelets and bead necklaces. The male dolls had labrets made from beads or bead pieces. A relatively limited number of women in southwestern Alaska make coiled grass dolls, a spinoff of the coiled grass basketry practiced widely throughout the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Some non-traditional dolls seems as the influence of missionaries. Missionaries well understood that miniature human representations were powerful symbols, and influencing a native culture required reducing its central protectors to the realm of child’s play. Uses Some human figurines were used by shamans. Along the lower Yukon River, Yup'ik Eskimo and Athabaskan shamans hung human figurines made of driftwood",
"title": "Yupʼik doll"
},
{
"docid": "52906412",
"text": "David S. Wilson (born ca. 1981) is an American politician from Alaska. A Republican, Wilson has represented Wasilla in the Alaska Senate since 2017. He formerly served as a city councilman in Wasilla. Wilson was elected to the Senate at the age of 35. He narrowly defeated Representative Lynn Gattis in the Republican primary to succeed longtime Senator Charlie Huggins, who was retiring, in August 2016. He was endorsed in his campaign by the conservative Republican Assembly but did not run with the backing of the Alaska Republican Party. He was previously an unaffiliated voter, registering with the Republican Party less than a year before his primary victory. Upon being sworn in on January 17, 2017, Wilson became the first African-American elected to the Senate from Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna Valley, Wilson is the eighth African-American to serve in the Alaska Legislature. Of those eight, he is the third Republican, the second senator, the first Republican senator and the first to represent an area of Alaska outside of Anchorage or Fairbanks. Legislative Accomplishments Senator Wilson has sponsored successful legislation every year he has been in office to date. This legislation includes: SB 46 (2017): \"An Act establishing October 25 of each year as African American Soldiers' Contribution to Building the Alaska Highway Day.\" SB 134 (2018): \"An Act relating to medical assistance reimbursement for the services of licensed professional counselors; and providing for an effective date.\" SB 55 (2019): \"An Act relating to judges of the court of appeals; and providing for an effective date.\" SB 25 (2019): \"An Act extending the termination date of the Board of Dental Examiners; and providing for an effective date.\" SB 43 (2019): \"An Act extending the termination date of the Board of Barbers and Hairdressers; extending the termination date of the Big Game Commercial Services Board; relating to a person's eligibility to hold a registered guide-outfitter license, master guide-outfitter license, class-A assistant guide license, assistant guide license, or transporter license; and providing for an effective date.\" SB 134 (2020): \"An Act relating to medical assistance reimbursement for the services of licensed professional counselors; and providing for an effective date.\" SB 24 (2021): \"An Act relating to holding corporate meetings by remote communication; allowing voting by remote communication at corporate meetings; making shareholder lists available electronically; relating to for-profit and nonprofit corporations; relating to business and industrial development corporations; relating to Native corporations; relating to the Alaska Banking Code; and providing for an effective date.\" SB 70 (2021): \"An Act relating to opioid overdose drugs; and providing for an effective date.\" Controversies On May 2, 2017, Wilson allegedly slapped Nathaniel Herz of the Alaska Dispatch News during an encounter in the Alaska State Capitol in Juneau. The event was recorded by Herz's smartphone as the reporter was questioning Wilson on his reaction to a recent article about a bill proposed by Wilson. Herz filed a police report that day. On December 12, 2017, The Alaska Office of Special Prosecutions declined to pursue charges against Wasilla Republican",
"title": "David S. Wilson"
},
{
"docid": "41189887",
"text": "Tobeluk vs. Lind was a landmark case in Alaskan Native education. The 27 teenage plaintiffs brought suit against the State of Alaska, claiming that Native American boarding schools were discriminatory and unjust. The case is widely known as the \"Molly Hootch Case\" after the first plaintiff named. At the time of the case, Alaskan Native parents were forced to send their children away for schooling because of a lack of quality local educational facilities in their towns. Boarding schools had historically been used as a tactic of assimilating Native students into white culture. Alaskan Native children were sent far from their parents for their secondary education, often heading to the contiguous 48 states and boarding with local non-Native families. They were thus immersed in a situation that was both geographically (Oregon, Oklahoma, etc.) and culturally removed from their place of origin. The plaintiffs alleged that this situation led to mistreatment of the Native students and a high dropout rate among them (65% within two years, in one documented case), signs of educational inequality. In October 1976, the signing of the Tobeluk Consent Decree committed the government to building local high schools in Alaska, which they have since done with positive results on retention rates. The state by means of the consent decree agreed to create a secondary school in any village with at least fifteen high school-aged children. References External links Alaska Natives and United States law Alaska state case law Public education in Alaska Native American boarding schools 1976 in Alaska 1976 in education 1976 in United States case law United States Native American case law United States education case law",
"title": "Tobeluk v. Lind"
},
{
"docid": "67652210",
"text": "Brenda Tiggausina Itta (born November 13, 1943) is an Iñupiaq activist and former legislator in Alaska's House of Representatives. Early life and education Itta was born in Barrow (now Utqiaġvik), Alaska on November 13, 1943 to parents Noah and Mollie Ungarook Itta, and was the second child of eleven born to them. Growing up, Itta was raised in the traditions of Iñupiat culture, speaking only Iñupiaq until she went off to school. Itta attended a school run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and went on to graduate from Mount Edgecumbe High School in 1961. After High School, she attended Haskell Indian Junior College and graduated in 1965. During her school-age years, she experienced first-hand the discrimination that Native Americans have faced in American society. She once recounted, \"In school, I was sent to a corner if I ever spoke a word of Eskimo.\" Career and activism In 1966, at age 22, she moved to Washington, D.C. to work as a receptionist to Senator Ernest Gruening, where she quickly became known as \"that Eskimo girl.\" While in Washington, she served as a lobbyist for her region. In 1971, Itta returned to Alaska to do community relations work for the Atlantic Richfield Company. During this time, Itta worked with many Iñupiaq leaders and became heavily involved with land claim settlements and Native affairs in Alaska, spurred on by the interactions she had with people while serving as Senator Gruening's aide. Before she was elected to the state legislature, Itta was the City Manager of Barrow, Alaska. When considering a run at the State Legislature, Itta was elected unanimously by Native leaders and received their endorsement. Itta first ran for the Legislature in 1972, but lost the election. From 1974 to 1976 she served as the first Alaska Native woman elected to the House of Representatives , where she served on the House Finance Committee and chaired the subcommittee on Health and Social Services. She co-sponsored the bill that created the Alaska Permanent Fund, which annually provides financial dividends to residents of the state of Alaska. Itta declined to run for subsequent term, \"because [she] needed more inner confidence to better serve [her] people.\" Itta was part of a group of young Native American activists who emerged as leaders in the Native rights movement. She, along with other Native rights activists such as Frances Degnan and Rosita Worl, sought to improve the standard of living for Native peoples through educational and professional opportunities. Itta, while supportive of the women's liberation movement, was skeptical of their methods, calling them \"divisive.\" Itta has held many positions throughout her career. She served as a Coordinator for the Post Secondary Education Program in the North Slope Borough School District. She also served as secretary for the Alaska State Democratic Central Committee, as a member of the executive board of the Alaska Native Foundation, and as a member of the Bush Justice Monitoring Committee, as well as held membership in the Alaska Legal Services. Itta has continued",
"title": "Brenda Itta"
},
{
"docid": "3702852",
"text": "The Alaska Native Heritage Center is an educational and cultural institution for all Alaskans, located in Anchorage, Alaska. The center opened in 1999. The Alaska Native Heritage Center shares the heritage of Alaska's 11 major cultural groups. These 11 groups are the Athabaskan people, Eyak people, Tlingit people, Haida people, Tsimshian people, Unangax people (Aleut), Alutiiq people, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Siberian Yupik, and Inupiaq. The Heritage Center, located ten miles from downtown Anchorage, is situated on 26 wooded acres. The Gathering Place provides visitors an opportunity to experience demonstrations of Alaska Native dancing, Native Games, and traditional storytelling. The Hall of Cultures provides rotating exhibits, craft activities for the family, and craft and artwork created by Alaska Native artists. The theatre features rotating films, including a documentary produced by the Heritage Center, titled \"Stories Given, Stories Shared.\" Outside, visitors can tour the village sites, consisting of six life-sized Native dwellings surrounding Lake Tiulana. The six dwellings represent the unique ways of living practiced by the Athabascan, Inupiaq/St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Yup’ik/Cup’ik, Aleut, Alutiiq, and the Eyak, Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian peoples. Youth interns lead many tours of the village sites, which also include artifacts for use in daily life. The Alaska Native Heritage Center is the only statewide organization which represents all Alaska Native cultures. The nonprofit is operated by Alaska Natives and is one of the few tribally unaffiliated arts organizations that is run by Indigenous people. See also Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center References External links 1999 establishments in Alaska Museums established in 1999 Museums in Anchorage, Alaska Native American museums in Alaska Tourist attractions in Anchorage, Alaska",
"title": "Alaska Native Heritage Center"
},
{
"docid": "926770",
"text": "Annette Island or Taak'w Aan (Tlingit) is an island in the Gravina Islands of the Alexander Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean on the southeastern coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is at . It is about long and about wide. The land area is . Annette Island is located west across the Revillagigedo Channel from the Alaska mainland and south of Revillagigedo Island. The Island was named in 1879 by William Healey Dall, an American naturalist and explorer in Alaska, in honor of his wife Annette Whitney Dall. The meaning of the Tlingit name for the island is Winter Town. Since the late 19th century, it has been the base of the Annette Island Reserve of the Metlakatla Alaska Native Community, composed mostly of Tsimshian people. This is the only Indian reservation in Alaska as Metlakatla voted to opt out of giving up their lands under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of the 1970s. In 2016 they elected Audrey Hudson as their first Tribal Chairwoman. Community and demographics The largest settlement on the island is Metlakatla. The federally recognized Metlakatla Indian Community was founded by an unordained Anglican missionary William Duncan and Tsimshian followers who moved with him from their community of Metlakatla in British Columbia after he developed new doctrine and schismatized from his church. Since the late 19th century, the entire island has been an Indian reserve, a status enacted by Congress when the Tlingit agreed to let the Tsimshian use this territory. Government The Tsimshian set up their government under the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), writing a constitution for electoral government. They have a twelve-person Council. \"The mayor, secretary, and treasurer are elected by the general voting membership of the community. Each of these is elected for a two-year term. Council seats are staggered, resulting in the election of six Council seats each year and three executives every second year.\" Since the late 1970s, this has been the only remaining reservation in Alaska, as the Metlakatla opted out of giving up their lands for payment under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. In 2016 its Tribal Chairwoman is Audrey Hudson, the first woman to be elected to this role. She also serves as mayor, city manager, and police commissioner of the Metlakatla Indian Community. The island's population was 1,447 at the 2000 census. The island population is composed mainly of Tsimshian people. It is a cultural crossroads for Tlingit and Haida Natives as well. Infrastructure A network of unimproved roads and trails on the island were developed during years of logging. More than 50 years after the United States made a treaty with the Metlakatla Community that promised a cross-island road in exchange for their allowing construction and operation of an airfield on the island, it made good on its word. A joint armed forces task force constructed a 15-mile road across the island, completed from 1997 to 2007, which connected Metlakatla on the ocean side to the side facing Ketchikan, where a ferry",
"title": "Annette Island"
},
{
"docid": "50237963",
"text": "The Russian Empire's role in the American Revolutionary War was part of a global conflict of colonial supremacy between the Thirteen Colonies and the Kingdom of Great Britain. Prior to the onset of the war, the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great had already begun exploration along North America's west coast; and, the year following the war's conclusion, Russia established its first colony in Alaska. Although the Russian Empire did not directly send troops or supplies to the colonies or British Empire during the war, it responded to the Declaration of Independence, played a role in international diplomacy, and contributed to the lasting legacy of the American Revolution abroad. Russia in North America prior to the war As other European states expanded westward across the Atlantic Ocean, the Russian Empire went eastward and conquered the vast wilderness of Siberia. Although it initially went east with the hope of increasing its fur trade, the Russian imperial court in St. Petersburg hoped that its eastern expansion would also prove its cultural, political, and scientific belonging to Europe. The Eurasian empire looked to North America after reaching the Pacific Ocean in 1639 and occupying the Kamchatka Peninsula in the 1680s. From 1729 to 1741, the Russian court-sponsored the Danish explorer Vitus Bering and his Russian counterpart Aleksei Chirikov to begin the Russian search for North America. In their initial 1729 expedition, the pair missed the Alaskan coast due to thick fog. When they set off again in 1741, Chirikov reached the shore of the Alaskan panhandle only to have his search party ambushed and killed by the native Tlingits. After the dreadful event, Chirikov hurriedly sailed back to Kamchatka. Bering, on the other hand, had worse luck. He made it ashore to central Alaska, and then sailed back to Kamchatka along the barren Aleutians, only to endure a hard winter on one of the islands, losing many men. However, when Bering and his remaining crew returned to Petropavlovsk, they brought with them over nine hundred sea otter pelts. The valuable furs with which survivors of Bering's expedition returned sparked greater interest in the fur trade. Russian Promyshlenniki, or fur traders, began to set off to Alaska in droves with hopes of striking it rich. The drive to obtain furs led the promyshlenniki to conflict with the native Aleuts who raided the settlements, causing the traders to respond with threats, and forced commerce. The traders also inadvertently caused environmental harm - many animals were hunted to near extinction. The tribes attacked their imperial overlords again in 1764, but their rising was met by fierce retribution and defeat at Russian hands in 1766. Prior to the onset of the American Revolutionary War, the Russian expansion into North America boosted the empire's economy and prestige, but caused much detriment to the local wildlife of Alaska, and brought about the desolation of the Aleut through disease and warfare. Russia and the Declaration of Independence News of the Declaration of Independence's penning and signing finally reached Imperial Russia",
"title": "Russia and the American Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "105561",
"text": "Diomede (, ) is a village and the only habitable area of Little Diomede Island in the Nome Census Area of the Unorganized Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. All the buildings are on the west coast of Little Diomede, which is the smaller of the two Diomede Islands located in the middle of the Bering Strait between the United States and the Russian Far East. Diomede is the only settlement on Little Diomede Island. The population is 82 people, down from 115 at the 2010 census and 146 in 2000. Its native name means \"the other one\" or \"the one over there\". It is also imprecisely spelled Inalik. History The current location of the city is believed by some archaeologists to have been inhabited for at least 3,000 years. It was originally a spring hunting campsite and the early explorers from the west found the Iñupiat (Inuit) at Diomede had an advanced culture, including elaborate whale hunting ceremonies. Trade occurred with both continents. 1648–1867 The first European to reach the Diomede Islands was Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, in 1648; the next was Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service Vitus Bering, who re-discovered the islands on August 16, 1728, and named the islands after martyr St. Diomede, who was celebrated in the Russian Orthodox Church on that date. The United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867, including Little Diomede. A new boundary was drawn between the two Diomede Islands, and the Big Diomede was left to Russia. 1880s–1920s According to naturalist John Muir, who visited the Diomede Islands in the 1880s, natives were eager to trade away everything they had. The village was perched on the steep rocky slope of the mountain, which has sheer drops into deep water. Huts were mostly built of stone with skin roofs. During the Nome gold rush at the turn of the 20th century, Diomede villagers traveled to Nome along with the gold seekers, even though Nome was not a native village. People from Diomede arrived in umiaks and stayed in Nome for the summer, trading and gathering items before they returned to their isolated village. 1940s According to Arthur Ahkinga, who lived on Little Diomede island at the turn of the 1940s, the Iñupiat on the island made their living by hunting and carving ivory that they traded or sold. They caught fish such as bullheads, tomcods and bluecods. Whaling was still a major practice. During the winter, they used fur parkas and skin mukluks made out of hunted animals to protect themselves from the cold and wind. Recreational activities included skating, snowshoeing, handball, soccer and Inuit dancing. After dark, people spent the rest of the evening telling jokes and stories. In summer time, they traveled with skin boats equipped with outboard motors to Siberia or Wales, Alaska. Winter travel was limited to neighboring Big Diomede due to weather conditions. Between July and October, half of the population went to Nome to sell their carvings and skins and trade for",
"title": "Diomede, Alaska"
},
{
"docid": "31580890",
"text": "Shamanism among Alaska Natives was particularly important as it served to construct their special connection to their land, and a kinship with the animals with whom they share that land. Before the introduction of western culture and the religions that are now practiced in Alaska, there was a common spiritual connection made with the people to the land they occupied. The most common name for this connection is shamanism. Shamanism differs in every culture where it is practiced, in Alaska it is centered in the animals that are common in the area. Through the use of many myths, stories, and ceremonies these animals are personified and their spirits made tangible and in turn are deeply woven within the Native Alaska people today. It was through the shaman that the spirit world was connected to the natural world. A shaman in Alaska Native culture was a mediator, healer and the spirit worlds’ mouthpiece. Although shamanism is no longer popularly practiced, it was and continues to be the heart of the Native Alaskan people. Aleuts The religion of the former Aleuts was an offshoot of the prevailing shamanistic beliefs common to the northern Inuit (formerly Eskimo) and to the tribes of northeastern Asia. They believed in the existence of a creator of everything visible and invisible, but did not connect him with the guidance of the world, and paid him no special worship. As rulers of their entire environment, they acknowledged two spirits, or kinds of spirits, who determined the fate of man in every respect. The earliest Aleuts worshiped light, the celestial bodies, and even the elements. They also believed that there were three worlds, to which they ascribed being and action. The first world, highest world, has no night or evening, and many people live there. The second, or middle world, is the earth. The third is subterranean and called lowest world. The aboriginal Aleuts had no temples or idols, but there were holy or forbidden localities known as . Here they made offerings to invisible spirits. Such holy places were found in every village, being usually a mound, or some prominent place or a crag, which women and young men were strictly prohibited from visiting, and especially from gathering the grasses for their basketry, or taking away stones. If any young person, either from audacity or curiosity, violated this restriction, such infraction was sure to be followed by terrible \"wild\" disease, speedy death, or at least insanity. Old men could visit these spots at certain times, but only for the purpose of making offerings. Among the past-tie Aleuts were both shamans and shamanism. They were considered to be the intermediaries between the visible and invisible worlds, between men and spirits, and the Aleuts believed they were acquainted with demonology and could foretell the future and aid sufferers. And though they were not professional obstetricians, yet as magicians their services were in request in cases of difficult childbirth. Shamans were the aboriginal specialists in dealing with the supernatural. They cured",
"title": "Shamanism among Alaska Natives"
},
{
"docid": "68479012",
"text": "Jules Winslow Wright (August 21, 1933 – January 11, 2022) was an American businessman and politician from Alaska. Early life and private sector Jules Wright was born in Nenana, Alaska, on August 21, 1933, the sixth of seven sons born to Episcopal missionaries Arthur and Myrtle Wright. The siblings became known as the \"Alaskan Wright Brothers\", an homage to Orville and Wilbur Wright. He grew up in Nenana and attended the local schools. Around the time he entered his teens, his father died, leaving the family business, Wright Truck and Tractor, to his wife and three youngest sons. Jules Wright finished his education in Fairbanks, graduating from Fairbanks High School. He remained in Fairbanks as a trucker for two years before serving in the United States Army. During his military service, Wright was stationed in Fairbanks. After leaving the army, Wright ran a construction business with his brothers, then started another company, Tundra Contracting, in 1966. Subsequently, he was involved in the mining industry for a decade, then built and operated the Manley Hot Springs resort for eight years. By 1993, Wright was an employment rights officer for the Tanana Chiefs Conference. Political career Wright became involved with the Fairbanks Native Association around 1963, and served as its president before his election to the Alaska House of Representatives. As the leader of the association, Wright helped develop and present a proposal regarding dormitories for Alaskan Native children to the Alaska Legislature's Health, Welfare and Education Committee in February 1966, which led to his decision to mount a campaign of his own later that year. His 1966 run for public office was described as a \"strong person-to-person\" campaign. During his single term as a state representative, Wright was affiliated with the Republican Party and also served on the first convocation of a statewide land claims task force. Wright did not seek reelection to the state house during the 1968 election cycle. During his tenure, Wright voted against a bill regarding mergers of cities and boroughs that ultimately passed the state house in March 1967. That same month, a bill regarding registration of voters passed the Alaska Senate. Prior to the lower house's vote on the legislation, Wright declared his opposition to it. In April, the state house defeated the voter registration bill, with Wright voting against its passage. In February 1968, Wright criticized a bill that would define alcoholism as a disease, and protect alcoholics from criminal charges, fearing that its implementation would lead more people to become alcoholics. Later that month, Wright expressed opposition to a bill sponsored by Don Young to establish a statewide grain incentive program. In 1976, Wright ran for the Alaska Senate as an independent. His campaign was significantly financed by his brother Lawrence Wright, also of Tundra Contracting. The unsuccessful campaign was subject to a fine of $60 for turning its financial report in late. In 1984, Wright contested an open primary as a Republican candidate from Manley Hot Springs, Alaska, losing his bid to",
"title": "Jules Wright (politician)"
},
{
"docid": "2878142",
"text": "The Alaska Zoo is a zoo in Anchorage, Alaska, located on of the Anchorage Hillside. It is a popular attraction in Alaska, with nearly 200,000 visitors per year. The zoo is currently home to more than 100 birds and mammals representing some 50 species. The zoo has the widest variety of animals native to the state of Alaska as well as some exotics such as Amur tigers, Bactrian camels, and yaks. In addition to viewing, the zoo specializes in education, research, wildlife conservation, and animal rehabilitation; many of the animals currently in the zoo were found orphaned or injured. History In 1966, Anchorage grocer Jack Snyder won a contest offering a prize of \"$3,000 or a baby elephant\". He chose the elephant, a female Asian elephant named Annabelle. Annabelle was initially kept at the Diamond H Horse Ranch, located in the Hillside area of Anchorage and owned by Sammye Seawell, which had the only heated stalls available. With Annabelle's increasing popularity, Seawell formed a non-profit corporation to build a place \"where the public could visit animals and learn about them.\" It was incorporated on March 28, 1968, as the Alaska Children's Zoo, which opened in 1969 with Annabelle and other donated animals. The zoo was located on land adjacent to Seawell's ranch. The zoo's name was changed to Alaska Zoo in June 1980. In 1983, a female African elephant named Maggie arrived at the Alaska Zoo as a companion for Annabelle. The zoo attracted some attention, even outside Alaska, in 1994 when Binky, then one of the zoo's polar bears, injured several visitors who entered his enclosure, famously pacing with an Australian woman's shoe dangling from his mouth (the current polar bear exhibit is human-proof). In 1997, Annabelle died, leaving her companion, Maggie alone. In 2004, in spite of mounting criticism, Alaska Zoo officials decided to keep Maggie in Alaska for at least three more years, rather than sending her to an elephant sanctuary in a warmer climate, where she could also socialize with other elephants. As of June 6, 2007, she was moved to the PAWS sanctuary in California. Notable animals Annabelle (1964–1997), an Asian elephant Annabelle, an Asian elephant, was born in India in 1964. In 1966, in a Chiffon Tissue contest sponsored by Crown Zellerbach, she was offered as an alternative prize between \"$3,000 or a baby elephant\". The prize-winner, Anchorage grocer Jack Snyder, chose the elephant. Annabelle was initially kept at the Diamond H Horse Ranch, located in the Hillside area of Anchorage and owned by Sammye Seawell, which had the only heated stalls available. Annabelle was one of the first animals when the zoo was founded as the Alaska Children's Zoo in 1969, along with several orphaned and injured animals in need of homes, including a black bear, seal, Arctic fox, and petting zoo goats. Annabelle died of complications of a foot infection on December 15, 1997. Binky (1975–1995), a polar bear Maggie (1983–2021), an African elephant Maggie, an African elephant, came to the Alaska",
"title": "Alaska Zoo"
},
{
"docid": "1023208",
"text": "Afognak (; also Agw'aneq in Alutiiq was an Alutiiq village on the island of Afognak in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska, United States. It was located on Afognak Bay on the southwest coast of the island, three miles north of Kodiak Island. The site is now within the CDP of Aleneva. History Prehistory For more than 7,500 years, the Alutiiq people lived in hundreds of settlements in the Kodiak Archipelago. Like most other early native Alaskan peoples, the people of Afognak fished and hunted sea mammals from kayaks covered in seal skin. Men and women performed different tasks for the village. The people of Afognak traded services and goods with other settlements in Southeast Alaska and the Aleutian chain. The Russian settlement period The Russian American Company arrived on the island in 1784. The Russians invited and took several men from the village to hunt sea otters for sale in Europe. However, many people died as a result of mistreatment, and the smallpox epidemic of 1837–1840 killed many others in the archipelago. The Alutiiq began to change their lifestyle and governance. The name \"Afognak\" was derived from Afognak Island and was first reported in 1839 by Russian Sub-Lt. Mikhail Murashev. The natives and Russians on the island continued to fish, hunt, and gather food. Despite tensions between the two groups, many Russians and natives married and started families, and many natives learned Russian and converted to Russian Orthodoxy. The Alutiiq tradition was not abandoned, however, and was just added to. Many Russian workers who had married into the native community settled into the Russian American Company retirement communities upon their retirement. Eventually, the community of Russian Town, located next to Aleut Town, grew into the Afognak village, and the two merged. The American period The U.S. bought the occupation rights in 1867. Schools that only taught in English were established in regions where no one spoke the language, but by 1900, much of the younger community was trilingual, speaking Alutiiq, Russian, and English. In the late 1800s, the U.S. fishing business began to flourish. The business opened many canneries in Kodiak, Alaska, and fishermen from Scandinavia traveled to Alaska. The business in the area raised tension with the Alutiiq, who wanted to keep their fishing lifestyle. A post office was maintained intermittently from 1888 to 1964. Afognak was covered by one meter (3 ft) of ash when Mount Katmai erupted in 1912. The 1964 Good Friday earthquake generated a tsunami which destroyed the village. With help from the Lions Club and the federal government, a new community was constructed on the northeast coast of Kodiak Island, called Port Lions in honor of the Lions Club who helped relocate the village. The former residents of Afognak moved permanently in December 1964, though 11 residents were still residing there as late as 1980. Demographics Afognak first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village of 339 residents with a \"Creole\" (mixed Russian and native) majority of 195 and 144 Inuit minority.",
"title": "Afognak, Alaska"
},
{
"docid": "31578984",
"text": "The practice of dental care in rural Alaska is overseen by the American Dental Association and other organizations under the jurisdiction of dentistry in the United States, with major differences from dentistry in the contiguous states. The oral health situation among the Alaskan Native population is among the most severe globally, with notably high rates of oral disease. Children in this population aged 2 to 5 years have almost five times the amount of tooth decay as children of the same age elsewhere in the United States, and adults have 2.5 times the amount of tooth decay as adults elsewhere. Other factors impacting the population's dental health include the difficulty of obtaining fresh food in remote locations, lack of fluoridated running water, and reduced access to education on the importance of dental health. The United States federal government and the Alaska Native Corporations have funded multiple programs in the state to target healthcare discrepancies arising from various factors: distance, affecting accessibility and practitioner retention; environmental or general racism; fear; and lack of access to affordable, quality housing and food. The cost of transportation worsens many of these factors; in 2011, an estimated 85,000 Alaska Natives lived in rural villages accessible only by boat or bush plane. Due to low retention of qualified dentists from external regions, dental therapy programs have taken root in the state to create career opportunities and increase healthcare access. These programs have served as models for other states to create similar programs. History Early healthcare acts The Snyder Act of 1921 was the first Act of Congress to appropriate funds for the health of the Indian population. Next came the Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 1976, signed on October 1 by President Gerald R. Ford. This Act recognized the need for better health care among the Indian population, as their general health registered far below that of the general population of the United States The Improvement Act also appropriated funds for the facilities used for Indian and Alaska Native health care as most of these facilities were far below the quality obtained by non-Indian health care facilities. After the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, Alaska Native Tribes and Regional Native corporations contracted with federal agencies to fund health programs and to allow these entities to deliver health, medical, and educational services to the American Indian and Alaska Native People. In 1997, the United States government required Alaska Native groups to combine their healthcare efforts, creating the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium to manage the distribution of Indian Health Services money and allow the Alaskan Native community to self-govern their own funds. Dental Health Aide Therapists Program Modeled after a program in New Zealand, the Dental Health Aide Therapists (DHAT) Program began in 2006 and created a system for rural healthcare that multiple states would later follow. Early sponsors included: The W.K. Kellogg Foundation (who then funded similar programs in Kansas, New Mexico, Ohio, Vermont and Washington), various Alaska Native regional health organizations",
"title": "Dentistry in rural Alaska"
},
{
"docid": "60339652",
"text": "Tina Marie Woods is an American psychologist and Alaska Native community advocate. Early life and education Woods is the daughter of late Maria Shaishnikoff and late Juan Duenas Leon-Guerrero. Woods is half Aleut, originally from St. Paul, Alaska and half Chamorro from the Island of Guam. Woods dropped out of high school in the 10th grade, but went on to graduate from Bartlett High School in Anchorage, Alaska in 1993. In 1999 she graduated from University of Alaska Anchorage with her Bachelors in Psychology primarily focusing on Alaska Native people and Alaska Native youth In 2005 she completed Executive Leadership training through Indian Health Services. In 2007 Woods began her training for her Ph.D. and completed it in 2013, in Clinical Community Psychology with Rural Indigenous Emphasis. Career Woods is a licensed clinical psychologist in the state of Alaska. She has served as wellness program director and administrator for the Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association for over fifteen years, serving the Aleut people of the Aleutians and Pribilof Islands. She is involved in the Alaska Juvenile Justice Advisory Committee, appointed by the Governor in 2002. She served as an alternate member of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration tribal advisory committee on behalf of Alaska. With training from Tlingit teachers, Harold and Phil Gatensby of Carcross, Canada she was able to conduct peacemaking or healing circles. She then was invited in 2007 to use these healing circles at Camp Coho, a day camp sponsored by Alaska Native Tribal Health Counsel for Alaska Native children who have lost a loved one to cancer. Also in 2007 she served as the Alaska Natives into Psychology Coordinator on the University of Alaska Anchorage campus, promoting Native students to study psychology and other behavioral health programs. She serves on the Data Safety Monitoring for HEALTHH Study (Healing and Empowering Alaskan Lives Toward Healthy Hearts Project). Serving also on the University of Alaska Anchorage Psychology Department Community Advisory Board, the Alaska Public Health Association, Alaska Psychological Association, and the American Psychological Association. Woods is a committee member of the Criminal Justice Commission workshop on Behavioral Health, and for the Alaska Opioid Policy Task Force. She was co-chair for the writing of 1115 Behavioral Health Waiver Demonstration Project, which allows patients more access to behavioral health treatment. She has served the Alaskan Tribal Health System for over fifteen years and currently serves as the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortiums Senior Director of Community Health Services. Personal life Woods is married to Daniel Woods, an Athabascan from Rampart, Alaska. They share a daughter, Jasmine Nicole Woods. Woods resides currently in Anchorage, Alaska where she presides as the Senior Director of Community Health Services for Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium. See also List of Alaska Native inventors and scientists References Living people Alaska Native inventors and scientists People from Anchorage, Alaska University of Alaska Anchorage alumni Year of birth missing (living people) American women psychologists 21st-century American women Native American women scientists 21st-century Native American women 21st-century",
"title": "Tina Marie Woods"
},
{
"docid": "105669",
"text": "Chenega (; Alutiiq: ) is a census-designated place (CDP) on Evans Island in the Chugach Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. Located in Prince William Sound, the CDP consists of the Chugach Alutiiq village of Chenega Bay, which was established only after the Good Friday earthquake destroyed the original community on Chenega Island to the north. As of the 2020 census, the population of the CDP was 59, largely Alaska Natives; as of 2021, the population of Chenega is estimated at 49. Chenega Bay is in the Chugach School District and has one school, Chenega Bay Community School, serving approximately 16 students from preschool through high school. History Original Chenega The original village of Chenega, located on Chenega Island, was inhabited by the Chenega tribe, a subgroup of the Chugach Alutiiq. The name Chenega derives from \"Beneath the Mountain\". The village was a fishing village that was settled before Russian arrival in the area. A post office operated there from 1946 until the destruction of the town in 1964. Destruction of Chenega The original village of Chenega was destroyed in 1964 by a tsunami from the Good Friday earthquake, which killed 26 residents, a third of the 68 people who lived there at the time, and leveled all the buildings in the town except for the school and a singular house. Immediately following the tsunami, survivors were taken to Cordova, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs later permanently resettled them at Tatitlek. Construction of Chenega Bay After the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was passed, former residents of Chenega formed the Chenega Corporation, which acquired the right to select 76,093 acres of land near the site of the old Chenega Village Township. In 1977, following research into the landscape and the needs of villagers, a new town location was chosen at Crab Bay on Evans Island. Following the acquisition of funding for infrastructure, the new village, named Chenega Bay, was first occupied in 1984. Former and current Chenega residents gathered each Good Friday to remember the dead of Chenega. On the 25th Good Friday after the earthquake, in 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, causing an oil spill that again devastated Chenega and other places around the area economically. Geography Chenega is located at (60.066327, -148.010991). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (1.17%) is water. The village location is isolated, only accessible by boat or by plane. Demographics Old Chenega (1880–1964) The original Chenega, then located on the south end of Chenega Island at , first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated Sugpiaq village (all 80 residents were Sugpiaq/Alutiiq). It reported on the 1890 census as \"Ingamatsha.\" 71 of the residents were Native Alaskans and 2 were \"Creole\" (mixed Russian/Caucasian and Native Alaskan). It returned in 1900 as Chenega. It did not appear on the 1910 & 1920 censuses. It appeared",
"title": "Chenega, Alaska"
},
{
"docid": "74194069",
"text": "The Algaaciq Native Village (St. Mary's) is a federally recognized Alaska Native village in St. Mary's in southwest Alaska. They are Yup'ik people with a population of about 500. Algaaciq is part of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region, and their ANCSA Alaska Native Regional Corporation is the Calista Corporation. Government Algaaciq elects a president and tribal council. Their current president is Flora Pauken. They maintain their own tribal court. Location The village is located where the Andreafsky and Yukon Rivers meet. Demographics In 2010, an individual per capita income was $15,688. A medium household earned $38,000. About 25.7 percent of the adults in village were unemployed. Subsistence hunting and gathering is still economically vital to the community. See also List of Alaska Native tribal entities Yup'ik cuisine Yup'ik languages External links Algaaciq Native Village References Native American tribes in Alaska Yupik tribes",
"title": "Algaaciq Native Village"
},
{
"docid": "9905246",
"text": "Joan Arend Kickbush (March 23, 1926 – June 16, 2006) was a popular Alaskan artist. Her paintings and illustrations featured Alaska Native children, Yupik villagers and Arctic wildlife. She painted in watercolor and oil. Personal life Joan developed an interest in drawing as a small girl. Joan Arend married Roland Gene Kickbush, who was nicknamed \"Kick\". In 1953 Kickbush and her husband Roland moved to Anchorage, Alaska where they both worked as a teachers and Kickbush painted. They built their first home in 1960 in Anchorage. By 1978 Kickbush and her husband left Alaska to live in the Lower 48 states. They lived in Bend, Oregon; California and Carefree, Arizona. She died on June 16, 2006. Roland died in California on June 25, 2009. In 1965 it was reported that the couple had no children, and there were no children mentioned in Roland's obituary. Career Before moving to Anchorage in 1953, she was a commercial artist in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Hawaii. Once she settled in Anchorage, however, there was little opportunity for a commercial artist. She was a kindergarten teacher when she took an Alaskan teacher's tour to Kotzebue and Nome in 1955. From that time, she embarked on what became a career painting Alaska Native (Inupiat–Yupik) children. Her paintings of the \"wide-eyed\" children were popular, and journalist Phyllis Eilleen Lancaster stated that: \"Her style is realistic, with the charm and appeal of Hummel figurines.\" At an exhibit in 1963 at the Alaska Art Gallery, 40 of her watercolors and oils of native children were shown. It was her first Interior Alaska art showing. Shed exhibited her work at the House of Wood, a local gallery in Fairbanks. The couple purchased a plane that Roland piloted so that they could travel to remote villages in Alaska. She made paintings in her studio of scenes she had sketched during their visits, and he matted and framed her works. The Siberian Yupik village of Savoonga on St. Lawrence Island was her favorite subject. At a United Nations tea in Anchorage in or before 1965, Hubert Humphrey's wife, Muriel Buck Humphrey, was given one of Kickbush's works. The Alaska Crippled Children's Association gave a painting to the head chaplain and it hung in his Washington D.C. office. The University of Wisconsin had her works in a permanent collection. An exhibition of her watercolor and oils was held at the Alaska Art Gallery in Fairbanks from November 18 to December 2, 1966. The Frye Art Museum in Seattle held an exhibition of Kickbush's works in November, 1977. It featured her paintings of Alaska Native children. At that time she and her husband were living in Bend, Oregon, and she made paintings from sketches she had previously made during visits to Alaskan villages. Her trademark technique was to \"transfer the sketches to pressed board and after applying oils, uses a palette knife technique to produce a jewel-like finish;\" Her oils obtained a matte finish through the use of artists' wax. During her career as a",
"title": "Joan Arend Kickbush"
},
{
"docid": "20818844",
"text": "The Chugach School District is a school district headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska. It operates three brick-and-mortar schools in Prince William Sound, Alaska; a homeschool program that serves students across the state; and a short-term residential school out of Anchorage. The three brick-and-mortar schools of Chenega Bay, Tatitlek, and Whittier encompass an area across South Central Alaska. Schools Chenega Bay Chenega Bay Community School is located in the Southwest region of Prince William Sound, on Evan's Island. It is part of the Alaska Native Village of Chenega Bay. This school is the smallest in the Chugach School District, with 15 students enrolled for the 2020–2021 school year. Tatitlek Tatitlek Community School is located in the Northeast region of Prince William Sound, in the 90-person community of the Alaska Native Village of Tatitlek. This school has about 19 students enrolled for the 2020–2021 school year. Whittier Whittier Community School is located in Northwestern Prince William Sound, in the 280-person community of Whittier. This is the largest of Chugach's brick-and-mortar schools, with about 55 students enrolled for the 2020–2021 school year. FOCUS Homeschool Chugach's homeschool program, FOCUS Homeschool, has main offices in Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Valdez that serve families across the state. The majority of Chugach's students are part of the homeschool program. There were approximately 608 students enrolled in FOCUS Homeschool for the 2020–2021 school year. Voyage to Excellence The Voyage to Excellence (VTE) Program is a residential school that provides students with opportunities to apply what they have learned in school to real life situations. There are phases of varying lengths, from 6 days to a month, that have specific focuses. During these phases, students gain skills and training in various life skills, personal development, social development, service training, urban/city life familiarization, leadership, and career development. The mission of VTE is to provide youth with the skills and knowledge necessary to make a successful transition from school to life, which they accomplish through over 70 partnerships with schools and businesses. History The Chugach School District underwent major changes starting in 1994. They went from the bottom quartile in Alaska to, just five years after rebuilding their education system, the top quartile. This began with two years of input-gathering from communities and businesses. Performance-based education Chugach is recognized as being one of the longest-running, public performance-based school districts. This model is described as a \"reversal\" of the traditional education equation. Instead of time being the constant and learning being the variable, as in the traditional system, learning is the constant and time is the variable. Awards In 2001, the Chugach School District became the first educational institution to earn the prestigious Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award offered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). In 2008, Chugach School District won the Alaska Performance Excellence (APEX) award of quality. In 2021, Chugach School District's Fairbanks based agricultural education program, Silent Springs FFA, was recognized as 3-Star premier chapter as well as a top 10 National finalist by the National FFA Organization.",
"title": "Chugach School District"
},
{
"docid": "5224093",
"text": "The Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) is a nonprofit organization that documents Filipino American history. History Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) was founded on 26 November 1982 in Seattle, Washington, by Dorothy Laigo Cordova and her husband Fred Cordova. The organization states that its mission is “to promote understanding, education, enlightenment, appreciation, and enrichment through the identification, gathering, preservation, and dissemination of the history and culture of Filipino Americans in the United States” with the goal of preserving and documenting Filipino American history. FANHS was first chartered in Washington on 7 January 1985. The national office and archives are housed in Seattle. The first board of trustees was elected with 27 members from 12 states on 1 November 1986. In the same year, Fred Cordova created the National Pinoy Archives. Dorothy Cordova served as executive director. Past projects include the video Filipino Americans Discovering Their Past for the Future, the pictorial essay Filipinos: Forgotten Asian Americans; and various regional publications and photo exhibits. FANHS also contributed significantly to the Smithsonian traveling exhibit Singgalot: The Ties That Bind, which documents the history of Filipino Americans in the US. Filipino American History Month Under the leadership of Fred Cordova, FANHS established Filipino American History Month (FAHM) in 1992. Since then, FAHM has been recognized by several states including New York, California, Hawaii, Minnesota, and Arkansas. In 2009, the U.S. Senate and Congress proclaimed October as Filipino-American History Month. In 2015 and 2016, President Obama officially recognized FAHM in October with a celebration in the White House. Biennial National Conferences Since 1987, FANHS has sponsored national conferences (later ratified as a biennial event) where people gather to share and present research, network with other Filipino Americans, and honor those who have produced innovative work in the field of historical research and analysis. Past conference host cities include: Seattle (1988), New Orleans (1990), Sacramento (1992), Chicago (1994), San Francisco (1996), and New York City (1998). The 2000 conference was hosted by the Hampton Roads Chapter of FANHS in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The theme was \"Forever Pinay/Pinoy: Legacies of the Filipino American Experience\". The 2002 conference was hosted at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, California. Keynote speakers included Vicki Manalo Draves, the first Filipina/Asian-American Olympian and gold medalist. The 2004 conference was hosted in St. Louis, Missouri. The 2006 conference was hosted by the Filipino American Historical Society of Hawaii in Honolulu, Hawaii. It included a centennial celebration as it was in 1906 when the first wave of sakadas (farm workers) landed in Hawaii. The 2008 conference was hosted by the Alaska Chapter of the organization, in Anchorage, Alaska. The theme was \"Lure of the Salmon Song\" referring to the tens of thousands of Filipino Alaskeros who worked in the Alaskan canneries since 1915. The 2010 conference was held in Seattle, Washington, with the theme, \"A Quest for Emergence: A Retrospective.\" The 2012 conference was held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, with the theme \"Resilience: A Filipino Legacy in a Global Community.\" The",
"title": "Filipino American National Historical Society"
},
{
"docid": "44417421",
"text": "The Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center (YPCC), also known as Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center and Museum, formerly known as the Yup'ik Museum, Library, and Multipurpose Cultural Center (or Facility), is a non-profit cultural center of the Yup'ik (and sometimes Alaskan Athabaskan of the region) culture centrally located in Bethel, Alaska near the University of Alaska Fairbanks' Kuskokwim Campus and city offices. The center is a unique facility that combines a museum, a library, and multi-purpose cultural activity center including performing arts space, for cultural gatherings, feasts, celebrations, meetings and classes. and that celebrates the Yup'ik culture and serves as a regional cultural center for Southwest Alaska. The name of Yupiit Piciryarait means \"Yup'iks' customs\" in Yup'ik language and derived from piciryaraq meaning \"manner; custom; habit; tradition; way of life\" Construction of this cultural facility was completed in 1995, funded through a State appropriation of federal funds. Total cost for construction was $6.15 million. The center was jointly sponsored by the Association of Village Council Presidents (AVCP) and the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) and at the present the center operated by the UAF's Kuskokwim Campus, AVCP and City of Bethel. The building houses three community resources: the Consortium Library, the Yup'ik Museum, and the Multi-purpose room or auditorium. The mission of the center is promote, preserve and develop the traditions of the Yup'ik through traditional and non-traditional art forms of the Alaska Native art, including arts and crafts, performance arts, education, and Yup'ik language. The center also supports local artists and entrepreneurs. Architecture The Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center was built in 1994‐95 to be a community and regional asset. The architectural design of the facility celebrates the Yup'ik culture and designed by Livingston Slone Architects of Anchorage. In keeping with the preservation and conservation of the Yup'ik culture, Yup'ik themes such as the double circle motif or circle-and-dot design (ellanguaq sg ellanguat pl in Yup'ik) like Yup'ik masks that represent the cosmos and earth, are incorporated into architectural elements throughout the building, such as the ceiling patterns and light fixtures. The performing arts space includes a platform for dancing that is located under a raised ceiling designed to refer to the Yup'ik qasgiq (traditional large semisubterranean men's community house), the museum provides exhibit space for Alaska Native arts and crafts and support spaces and storage areas are environmentally controlled to assure proper storage of artifacts and artwork. Management The entire facility is owned and managed by the UAF's Kuskokwim Campus, which oversees facility operations and maintenance and provides building security. The university is also in charge of renting out the facility's conference space. The multi-purpose room managed by UAF's Kuskokwim Campus. The Yup'ik Museum and gift shop operated by the Association of Village Council Presidents, Inc. (AVCP). The Consortium Library operated by the City of Bethel and the UAF. The UAF presently has a three-year grant from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development to increase the sustainability of this facility. The university is applying for a three-year continuation",
"title": "Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center"
},
{
"docid": "13472280",
"text": "Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall, or Sitka Camp No. 1, is significant for being the original chapter of the Alaska Native Brotherhood, an Alaska-wide Native organization. It is located on the waterfront in Sitka, Alaska, on Katlian Street. The two-story building, built in 1914, is of wood-frame construction, and is about wide and long. Most of its length extends out over water, supported on pilings. The roof is trimmed at front and back by plain bargeboard with seven unadorned corbel-like supports in the form of triangular struts. Architectural evidence suggests that the building has been altered and enlarged; adding the front quarter of the building and raising the roof to a full two stories probably occurred sometime after its original construction. The interior of the building is mainly taken up by a large two-story auditorium, with the stage at the rear (over the water). A narrow gallery, accessed by stairs within the auditorium space, wraps around its rear and side walls. The front of the building has a lobby area on the first floor, and office space for the Brotherhood on the second floor. The Alaska Native Brotherhood was founded in Sitka by Tlingit natives in 1912 as a vehicle to fight discrimination against them in restaurants and movie theaters. The organization, which now has a much broader membership across Alaska's many native groups, has been successful in bringing about significant changes for its members, including securing United States citizenship for Alaska natives and passage of the Alaska Historic Preservation Act. The hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Alaska National Register of Historic Places listings in Sitka City and Borough, Alaska References External links Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall, Sitka at Alaska Regional Office, National Park Service. Buildings and structures completed in 1914 Buildings and structures in Sitka, Alaska Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska National Historic Landmarks in Alaska Native American history of Alaska 1914 establishments in Alaska Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Sitka, Alaska",
"title": "Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall"
},
{
"docid": "1681798",
"text": "The Anchorage Daily News is a daily newspaper published by the Binkley Co., and based in Anchorage, Alaska. It is the most widely read newspaper and news website (adn.com) in the state of Alaska. The newspaper is headquartered in Anchorage, with bureaus in Wasilla and Juneau. History Early history The Anchorage Daily News was born as the weekly Anchorage News, publishing its first issue January 13, 1946. The paper's founder and first publisher was Norman C. Brown. The early president of the paper's parent company was Harry J. Hill, who was also assistant treasurer of The Lathrop Company. This established the theory that Cap Lathrop was really behind the publication, but didn't wish to have his name formally associated with it, unlike his other newspapers such as the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Brown did share Lathrop's views on the statehood issue. Brown became a leader in the short-lived mid-1950s movement to turn Alaska into a commonwealth rather than a state. The newspaper became an afternoon daily in May 1948, although it wouldn't publish a Sunday newspaper until June 13, 1965. By then, the Anchorage Daily News had become a morning newspaper, making that switch on April 13, 1964. By the 1970s, the gradual downturn in the newspaper industry was taking its toll on the ADN. Lawrence Fanning had purchased the paper in 1968, but suffered a heart attack at his desk and died in 1971. His widow, Katherine Woodruff \"Kay\" Fanning, took over. Kay Fanning had previously been married into the Marshall Field family (she was the mother of Ted Field). This was of no help to her, as the paper plunged further into debt as the decade wore on. In 1974, Fanning entered into a joint operating agreement with the Anchorage Times. Times publisher Robert Atwood cancelled the agreement 4 years later. By this point, the paper's news-gathering and editorial operations were operating out of a small two-story storefront building at the corner of West Seventh Avenue and I Street. Purchase by the McClatchy Company The McClatchy Company purchased the Daily News in 1979, when it bought a controlling interest from Kay Fanning, who had been editor and publisher since Larry Fanning's death in 1971. Kay Fanning continued as the head of the paper until mid-1983. While retaining some financial interest in the paper, she went on to become the editor of The Christian Science Monitor. The Daily News was the first of two newspapers that the then-122-year-old, California-based, McClatchy Company bought outside the state; the Kennewick, Washington, Tri-City Herald was the next. McClatchy would later grow to become a national newspaper company, including the purchase of the Knight-Ridder chain in 2006. Purchase by the Alaska Dispatch In April, 2014, it was announced that the Alaska Dispatch web publication would be buying the Anchorage Daily News for US$34 million. The deal closed in May, 2014. On Sunday, July 20, 2014, the parent-company of the ADN, the Alaska Dispatch, renamed the paper the Alaska Dispatch News. 2017 bankruptcy Adn.com announced on",
"title": "Anchorage Daily News"
},
{
"docid": "956533",
"text": "The Dalton Trail is a trail that runs between Pyramid Harbor, west of Haines, Alaska in the United States, and Fort Selkirk, in the Yukon Territory of Canada, using the Chilkat Pass. It is 396 km (246 mi) long. Originally, the Chilkat group of Tlingit controlled the trail, which they used for trade with the Athabascan people of the interior. They called the trail \"grease trail\" after the eulachon oil (extracted from the tiny candlefish) that was the most important item of trade on the Chilkoot side. Each Tlingit chief had an exclusive Athabascan trading partner. Tlingits took eulachon oil and returned with furs, hides and copper nuggets gathered by the Athabascans. Trading parties often lasted a month or more and often consisted of as many as 100 men, each of whom would carry a 45 kg (100 pound) load. Upon the arrival of Europeans, the Chilkat acted as middlemen between the traders and Athabascans and became quite wealthy. The Chilkat trade monopoly was broken in 1890 when E. J. Glave, John (Jack) Dalton and several others were hired by Leslie's Illustrated Magazine of New York to explore the interior of Alaska. While exploring the Grease Trail, they saw the possibility of a trade route there. Dalton and Glave returned in the spring of 1891 to try taking pack horses on the trail. Glave died a few years later, but Dalton remained in the area. He developed a series of trading posts and, in 1899, began charging a toll to use the Grease Trail, which prospectors called Dalton's Trail and later the Dalton Trail. During the Klondike Gold Rush many prospectors walked the trail to Fort Selkirk, where log rafts would float men, horses and cattle to Dawson City. In 1900, the White Pass and Yukon Route Railway was completed to neighboring Skagway. This ended much of the traffic on the Dalton Trail. The west portion of the present-day Haines Highway follows much the same route as the Dalton Trail. The Dalton Trail was named after John „Jack“ Dalton (June 25, 1856 in Bruce County/Ontario – December 16, 1944 in San Francisco), the father of James W. Dalton, the famous prospector of Alaska's North Slope. References External links Atlin District First Nations history Geography of Yukon Grease trails Geography of Haines Borough, Alaska Hiking trails in Alaska Klondike Gold Rush Native American trails in the United States Tlingit Gold rush trails and roads Historic trails and roads in Alaska Historic American Buildings Survey in Alaska Native American history of Alaska",
"title": "Dalton Trail"
},
{
"docid": "38339991",
"text": "Jonathan S. Kreiss-Tomkins (born February 7, 1989) is an American politician who was a member of the Alaska House of Representatives from 2013 to 2023. A Democrat, he represented the state's 35th district, which encompasses many Southeast island communities including Hoonah, Sitka, Kake, Klawock, Craig, Angoon, and Petersburg. Alaska House of Representatives Committees For the 30th Legislature, Kreiss-Tomkins was a member of the following committees: House State Affairs (Chair) House Community & Regional Affairs House Fisheries House Judiciary Legislation House Bill 216, sponsored by Kreiss-Tomkins, was signed into law on October 23, 2014, making each of the twenty Native languages in Alaska an official language of the state. The act, which was passed by large bipartisan majorities in both chambers, adds Inupiaq, Siberian Yupik, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unangax, Dena'ina, Deg Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwich'in, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian languages as official languages of the state. Political campaigns 2012 election Due to the 2010 census redistricting, Bill Thomas, a state representative since 2004, was redrawn into a slightly altered district. Kreiss-Tomkins's hometown of Sitka fell into the 34th district and no other candidates from the Democratic party filed to run in the primary, so he decided to run for the seat. Kreiss-Tomkins dropped out of Yale University after three years to run. The race was very close, and Kreiss-Tomkins won with 50.12% of the vote. After a recount that decreased his margin of victory from 34 votes to 32, the vote was finalized on December 3, 2012, almost a month after election day. 2014 election In the 2014 midterm elections, Kreiss-Tomkins was reelected with 60% of the vote (3393 votes to 2288). His opponent was Petersburg Republican Steven Samuelson, who had lost twice before to Peggy Wilson of Wrangell in primaries. Kreiss-Tomkins was elected in a slightly altered district (renumbered as House District 35) that now included Petersburg and the northern end of Prince of Wales Island, but no longer covered Haines and Metlakatla. Media coverage After Kreiss-Tomkins's victory in 2012, The Nation wrote an article about him titled \"Alaska's Lesson for the Left\" and he later featured in Politico’s \"How to Turn a Red State Purple\". Following the 2014 legislative session, during which Kreiss-Tomkins sponsored a successful bill that made Alaska's Native languages official, The Washington Post named him one of its \"40 Under 40\" of American politicians. Personal life As a freshman at Sitka High School in 2003, Kreiss-Tomkins attracted national attention as a major online organizer for the Howard Dean presidential campaign. He is a long distance runner, winning the Alpine Adventure Race in 2009 and placing second in the Coyote Two Moon ultramarathon in 2010. He is also a mountaineer and in 2009 he climbed the highest volcano in the world, Argentina’s Ojos del Salado, to conclusively measure its height against a neighboring peak in Chile. Kreiss-Tomkins founded Outer Coast College and Alaska Fellows Program. In 2020, he co-founded Covid Act Now. References External links Alaska Democrats",
"title": "Jonathan Kreiss-Tomkins"
},
{
"docid": "10605127",
"text": "The Yupʼik or Yupiaq (sg & pl) and Yupiit or Yupiat (pl), also Central Alaskan Yupʼik, Central Yupʼik, Alaskan Yupʼik (own name Yupʼik sg Yupiik dual Yupiit pl; Russian: Юпики центральной Аляски), are an Indigenous people of western and southwestern Alaska ranging from southern Norton Sound southwards along the coast of the Bering Sea on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (including living on Nelson and Nunivak Islands) and along the northern coast of Bristol Bay as far east as Nushagak Bay and the northern Alaska Peninsula at Naknek River and Egegik Bay. They are also known as Cupʼik by the Chevak Cupʼik dialect-speaking people of Chevak and Cupʼig for the Nunivak Cupʼig dialect-speaking people of Nunivak Island. The Yupiit are the most numerous of the various Alaska Native groups and speak the Central Alaskan Yupʼik language, a member of the Eskimo–Aleut family of languages. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the Yupiit population in the United States numbered over 34,000 people, of whom over 22,000 lived in Alaska. The vast majority of these live in the seventy or so communities in the traditional Yupʼik territory of western and southwestern Alaska. About 10,000 speak the language. The Yupʼik had the greatest number of people who identified with one tribal grouping and no other race (29,000). In that census, nearly half of American Indians and Alaska Natives identified as being of mixed race. Yupʼik, Cupʼik, and Cupʼig speakers can converse without difficulty, and the regional population is often described using the larger term of Yupʼik. They are one of the four Yupik peoples of Alaska and Siberia, closely related to the Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq (Pacific Yupik) of south-central Alaska, the Siberian Yupik of St. Lawrence Island and Russian Far East, and the Naukan of Russian Far East. The Yupʼik combine a contemporary and a traditional subsistence lifestyle in a blend unique to the Southwest Alaska. Today, the Yupʼik generally work and live in western style but still hunt and fish in traditional subsistence ways and gather traditional foods. Most Yupʼik people still speak the native language and bilingual education has been in force since the 1970s. The neighbours of the Yupʼik are the Iñupiaq to the north, Aleutized Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq to the south, and Alaskan Athabaskans, such as Yupikized Holikachuk and Deg Hitʼan, non-Yupikized Koyukon and Denaʼina, to the east. Naming Originally, the singular form was used in the northern area (Norton Sound, Yukon, some Nelson Island) while the form was used in the southern area (Kuskokwim, Canineq [around Kwigillingok, Kipnuk, Kongiganak, and Chefornak], Bristol Bay). Certain places (Chevak, Nunivak, Egegik) have other forms: , , and . The form is now used as a common term (though not replacing and ). comes from the Yupʼik word , meaning 'person', plus the postbase (or ), meaning 'real' or 'genuine'; thus, literally means 'real person'. The ethnographic literature sometimes refers to the Yupʼik people or their language as Yuk or Yuit. In the Hooper Bay-Chevak and Nunivak dialects of Yupʼik, both the language and",
"title": "Yup'ik"
},
{
"docid": "61403883",
"text": "Kerlungner (born about 1877), also written as Ker-Lung-Ner, was an Alaska Native woman who toured the United States as part of Miner W. Bruce's \"Eskimo Troupe\" in the 1890s. Early life Kerlungner is variously described in contemporary sources as belonging to the Kinugumiut or Kumu-Gu-Mut cultural group, based near Port Clarence, Alaska. Touring, 1893-1896 Kerlungner was photographed with other members of her community in 1894, by American ethnographer William Dinwiddie. She was among the Alaska Native people who toured American cities with entrepreneur Miner Wait Bruce's \"Eskimo Troupe\" from 1893 to 1896. The tour was a publicity effort supporting Bruce's business plan, importing and breeding Siberian reindeer in Alaska. Bruce had no particular authority or expertise to travel with the group, or to arrange their appearances at various exhibitions, schools, and other gatherings. They were presented in exploitative ways, and their health and safety were jeopardized more than once. (During these same years, Miner W. Bruce assembled a large collection of Alaska Native artifacts, hundreds of which he sold to the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago in 1894 and in 1896.) The troupe of three men, four women, and three children appeared at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta in 1895, and were welcomed at the White House by president Grover Cleveland. Kerlungner was billed as an \"Alaskan Princess\", the young beauty of the group. \"The 'princess' is really quite a pretty girl, with rosy cheeks and superlatively white teeth,\" commented one report in 1894. She displayed her traditional clothing and cookery, danced, and participated in chants and drumming for curious audiences. Her \"small and shapely\" hands and feet were also measured and admired. Kerlungner married her fellow performer, Iser-Kyner, without legal papers or family involvement, and possibly only for publicity, at a ceremony on the midway during the Cotton States and International Exposition in 1894. On their trip home in 1896, Kerlungner was struck in the head by the ship's rigging and hurt, but recovered by the time the schooner landed at Unalaska. Her mother died in 1897, as noted in a government report from the nearby reindeer station. In 1915, the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of Ethnology exhibited photographs of Kerlungner at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. References Alaska Native people Women in Alaska 1870s births Year of birth uncertain Year of death missing",
"title": "Kerlungner"
},
{
"docid": "42204775",
"text": "The Alaskan Athabascans, Alaskan Athapascans or Dena () are Alaska Native peoples of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. They are the original inhabitants of the interior of Alaska. Formerly they identified as a people by the word Tinneh (nowadays Dena; cf. Dene for Canadian Athabaskans). Taken from their own language, it means simply \"men\" or \"people\". Subgroups In Alaska, where they are the oldest, there are eleven groups identified by the languages they speak. These are: Dena’ina or Tanaina (Ht’ana) Ahtna or Copper River Athabascan (Hwt’aene) Deg Hit’an or Ingalik (Hitʼan) Holikachuk (Hitʼan) Koyukon (Hut’aane) Upper Kuskokwim or Kolchan (Hwt’ana) Tanana or Lower Tanana (Kokht’ana) Tanacross or Tanana Crossing (Koxt’een) Upper Tanana (Kohtʼiin) Gwich'in or Kutchin (Gwich’in) Hän (Hwëch’in). Life and culture The Alaskan Athabascan culture is an inland creek and river fishing (also coastal fishing by only Dena'ina of Cook Inlet) and hunter-gatherer culture. The Alaskan Athabascans have a matrilineal system in which children belong to the mother's clan, with the exception of the Yupikized Athabaskans (Holikachuk and Deg Hit'an). The Athabascan people hold potlatches which have religious, social and economic significance. Dogs were their only domesticated animal, but were and are an integral element in their culture for the Athabascan population in North America. History Athabascans are descended from Asian hunter-gatherers, likely originally native to Mongolia, who crossed the Bering Strait and settled in North America. Notable Alaskan Athabascans George Attla (1933–2015) was a champion sprint dog musher. Emil Notti, an American engineer, indigenous activist and democratic politician. Key in the development of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Quinn Christopherson is an American singer-songwriter. He won the 2019 Tiny Desk Contest with his entry \"Erase Me,\" a song describing his experience with male privilege and erasure as a transgender man. John Sackett (1944–2021) served in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1967 to 1971 and in the Alaska Senate from 1973 to 1987. Michael J. Stickman, First Chief of the Nulato Tribal Council. Siobhan Wescott, physician and public health advocate; she has served as Director of the American Indian Health Program and is a Professor of American Indian Health at the University of Nebraska. Poldine Carlo Kathleen Carlo-Kendall Peter Kalifornsky Mary TallMountain See also Tanana Chiefs Conference (all Alaskan Athabaskans' [excl. Ahtna and Dena'ina] a territorial-level organization) Doyon, Limited Alaska Native Language Center Alaska Federation of Natives Indian ice cream (Alaska) Athabascan fiddle References",
"title": "Alaskan Athabaskans"
},
{
"docid": "5969683",
"text": "KNOM (780 AM) and KNOM-FM (96.1 FM) are non-commercial Catholic radio stations in Nome, Alaska. The station owners and licensees are KNOM Radio Mission, Inc., a 501(c)3 nonprofit entity with seven board members. The FM signal has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1,000 watts and covers the city of Nome and adjacent communities. KNOM AM 780 is considered a Class A station. By day, it transmits with 25,000 watts and can be heard as far north as Barter Island and as far south as the Alaska Peninsula, with regular coverage of approximately . With a good radio, it can be heard into the Russian Far East. At night, power is reduced to 14,000 watts. In addition to its local news, weather, public affairs and religious programming, KNOM broadcasts a wide range of music in various formats. It also broadcasts some nationally syndicated programming, such as the Christian 20 The Countdown Magazine and the secular American Top 40: The 70s. The station's newsroom is staffed by one full-time news director and several volunteer reporters. An Associated Press member station since 1971, the station dropped its AP affiliation in 2014. In April 2015, the station was awarded \"Best Daily News Program, Radio\" in Alaska by the Alaska Press Club. History KNOM is the oldest Catholic radio station in the United States, and has been broadcasting in western Alaska for over five decades. The idea for the station came from James Poole, S.J. While serving at the Jesuit mission in the village of St. Mary's in 1959, Poole created a makeshift \"radio station\" by wiring 30 homes with speakers linked to the public address system. He was reassigned to Nome in 1966, with fundraising for the station beginning in December of that year. In 1970, Tom Busch, a young broadcast engineer, moved to Nome, becoming the chief engineer and eventually the station's general manager. After several years of work, Busch and a large team of volunteers gathered the money for the equipment, filled out paperwork with the Federal Communications Commission, built the station, and assembled its original broadcasting equipment. KNOM first went on the air on July 15, 1971. Busch was the general manager of KNOM for more than 30 years. Poole left KNOM and Alaska in 1988 when he was reassigned to work in Tacoma, Washington. (Although not involved with the mission at that point, his name was used to thank donors. into the late 1990s.) In 2004 the first of what would become dozens of allegations began to emerge of Poole's sexual abuse of Alaska Native women during his time in rural Alaska from the 1960s through the 1980s. Tom Busch personally mailed every person who had donated to the station, explaining that the allegations were true, and detailing the steps the station would make. For several years after, the station actively aired spots aimed at helping victims of sexual abuse. By April 2005, Busch became development director and part-time engineer. Longtime program director and former volunteer Ric Schmidt became",
"title": "KNOM"
},
{
"docid": "74713345",
"text": "The Native Village of Eek is a federally recognized Yup'ik Alaska Native tribal entity. About The Native Village of Eek is headquartered in the city of Eek in the Bethel Census Area. History As of 2005, the tribe had 278 enrolled citizens. In 2023, the Native Village of Eek and several other Alaska Native tribes filed a lawsuit in an attempt to block the creation of a gold mine in Southwest Alaska. In 2020, the village ordered a community-wide lock-down in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, the Native Village of Eek and several other Alaska Native tribes joined a lawsuit against Donlin Gold, LLC, a mining corporation, alleging that the mine was a public health danger and did not have proper permits. The State of Alaska sided with the mining corporation. See also List of Alaska Native tribal entities Eek, Alaska References External links Native Village of Eek, National Indian Law Library Alaska Native tribes Yupik tribes",
"title": "Native Village of Eek"
},
{
"docid": "1565561",
"text": "Alaska Pacific University (APU) is a private university in Anchorage, Alaska. It was established as Alaska Methodist University in 1957. Although it was renamed to Alaska Pacific University in 1978, it is still affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The main campus is located adjacent to the University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA) and the Alaska Native Medical Center. History The university was founded in the late 1950s as Alaska Methodist University by Peter Gordon Gould, an Aleut from Unga, Alaska. Gould became the first Alaska Native minister in the United Methodist Church later in life, and used his position to campaign for the development of a Methodist University in Alaska. Alaska Methodist University dedicated its campus on June 28, 1959. In April 1958, Dr. Donald F. Ebright was elected as the university's first administrative president. Frederick P. McGinnis was elected in 1960, and served as acting president to the first class of students to attend the university. Approximately 900 acres of land destined to become the site of the APU Kellogg Campus was attained in 1973 from the DeWolf-Kellogg Trust. In November 1978 Alaska Methodist University was renamed Alaska Pacific University. Despite the university's origins with Judeo-Christian traditions found in United Methodism, there is no sectarian or doctrinal creed found in its educational offerings. In 2016, APU formed a strategic partnership with the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, the largest Tribal health organization in the country. The partnership supports the development of academic and cultural programs focusing on the needs of the state and Alaska Natives. Academics The Early Honors program functions as an alternative to the senior year in high school. Undergraduates can pursue liberal arts and sciences programs. APU's course year is split into \"block\" sessions of four weeks, co-existing alongside the \"session\" of eleven weeks to form a semester. APU offers nine graduate programs, eight master's degrees and one doctoral degree. There are also several graduate certificate options. APU also offers a professional studies programs for non-traditional students. Campus The main campus includes academic facilities, residence halls, community gathering spaces, recreational facilities, and winter and summer recreational trails. The campus consists of eight major buildings, with five of them currently utilized directly by the university. The three other buildings on the main campus are offices for the US Geological Survey, Alaska Public Media, and the Alaska Spine Institute. The Atwood Center is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the location (along with North and South Atwood) of a major conference of Alaska Natives at the time of the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971. APU has an extension of its campus in Palmer, AK known as the Kellogg Campus. It functions as a 700-acre working farm for students of the sustainability program, as well as an environmental learning center for home-schooled students. There are multiple housing accommodations on the main campus, divided up by class year designations. All incoming freshman under 21 years of age are required to live on",
"title": "Alaska Pacific University"
},
{
"docid": "16176385",
"text": "Harry T. Crawford, Jr. (born April 17, 1952), is an American Democratic politician from the U.S. state of Alaska. A native of Shreveport, Louisiana, Crawford moved to Alaska in 1975 to help construct the Alaska Pipeline as an ironworker. Along with Eric Croft and David Guttenberg, Crawford sponsored two successful ballot initiatives which passed by wide margins: the Alaska Replacement of U.S. Senators Initiative of 2004, which ensured voters would fill any future Senate vacancies, and the Alaska Campaign Finance Reform Initiative of 2006, which reduced the amount any individual or group could give to a candidate or a political party. Crawford served as a member of the Alaska House of Representatives from 2001 to 2011—in District 22 from 2001 to 2003, then (after districts were renumbered in redistricting) in District 21 for eight years. In 2000, in his second attempt for the seat, he defeated incumbent Ramona Barnes, who had been the first female Speaker of the House, and was previously defeated for renomination to her House seat in 1984 before regaining it two years later. In 2010, Crawford ran for Alaska's single at-large seat in the United States House of Representatives. He lost to Republican incumbent Don Young by a landslide. Crawford ran for the state House of Representatives in District 27 in 2016, however he was defeated by incumbent Lance Pruitt. See also United States House of Representatives election in Alaska, 2010 References External links Representative Harry Crawford official Alaska Legislature site Harry Crawford for State House official campaign site Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org Profile at Alaska's House of Representatives Democratic Caucus Harry Crawford at 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature 1952 births Ironworkers Living people Democratic Party members of the Alaska House of Representatives Politicians from Anchorage, Alaska Politicians from Shreveport, Louisiana 21st-century American legislators",
"title": "Harry Crawford (politician)"
},
{
"docid": "4258442",
"text": "The Aleut Restitution Act of 1988 (also known as the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands Restitution Act) was a reparation settlement passed by the United States Congress in 1988, in response to the internment of Aleut people living in the Aleutian Islands during World War II. Before the Japanese invasion of Attu and Kiska in 1942, the United States forcibly relocated some 800 Aleuts to camps in Southeast Alaska, where it is estimated that more than 1 in 10 evacuees perished. Proposal of the Aleutian and Pribilof Restitution Act (1987) The bill was introduced on January 6, 1987, by Representative Thomas S. Foley (D-WA), along with 166 co-sponsors. It declared the following: The Aleut civilian residents of certain islands who were relocated during World War II remained relocated long after any potential danger had passed. The United States failed to provide reasonable care for the Aleuts, resulting in illness, disease, and death, and failed to protect Aleut personal and community property. The United States has not compensated the Aleuts adequately. There is no remedy for injustices suffered by the Aleuts except an Act of Congress. Under the new bill, a trust fund was established to be used \"for the benefit of the following people and purposes\": The elderly, disabled, or seriously ill Students in need of scholarship assistance Preservation of Aleut cultural heritage and historical records The improvement of community centers in affected Aleut villages, and Other purposes to improve Aleut life. For each eligible Aleut, $12,000 was paid to compensate for any personal property losses sustained during the war. Amendment to the Aleutian and Pribilof Restitution Act (1993) On September 14, 1993, an amendment was proposed to the original 1988 Restitution Act, increasing authorization for payments from $1,400,000 to $4,700,000, in order to include church property damaged or lost during the war. The bill was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate, and the Act was amended on October 5, 1994. See also Aleut Aleutian Islands Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy References 100th United States Congress 103rd United States Congress 1988 in Alaska 1994 in Alaska Alaska Natives and United States law Aleut Native American history of Alaska Reparations United States federal Native American legislation History of the Aleutian Islands",
"title": "Aleut Restitution Act of 1988"
},
{
"docid": "1978587",
"text": "King Island (; ) (King's Island in early US sources) is an island in the Bering Sea, west of Alaska. It is about west of Cape Douglas and is south of Wales, Alaska. Geography King island is a small island located about offshore, south of the village of Wales, Alaska and about 90 miles northwest of Nome. The island is about wide with steep slopes on all sides. It was named by James Cook, first European to sight the island in 1778, for Lt. James King, a member of his party. It is part of the Bering Sea unit of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. Population The island was once the winter home of a group of about 413 Inupiat who called themselves Asiuluk, meaning \"people of the sea,\" or Ugiuvaŋmiut, from Ugiuvak, the village of King Island and \"miut,\" meaning \"people of\" or \"group of people\". The Ugiuvaŋmiut spent their summers engaging in subsistence hunting and gathering on King Island and on the mainland near the location of present-day Nome, Alaska. Their winters were spent in other subsistence activities, particularly hunting and fishing on the ice. Subsistence activities on and around the island included hunting seals and walruses, crab fishing, and gathering bird eggs and other foods. The spring and summer was the important time of gathering to the Ukivokmiut, while the winters were the time of dance. Due to the limited daylight during the winter, the days were spent dancing in the \"Qagri\", or men's communal house. As an example, the month of December is known to the Uġiuvaŋmiut as Sauyatugvik or \"the time of drumming\". After the establishment of Nome, the islanders began to sell intricate carvings to residents of Nome during the summer. Population relocation In the mid-1900s the Bureau of Indian Affairs closed the school on Ugiuvak, forcefully taking the children of Ukivok to go to school on mainland Alaska, leaving the elders and adults to gather the needed food for winter. Because the children were not on the island to help gather food, the adults and elders had no choice but to move to mainland Alaska to make their living. By 1970, all King Island people had moved to mainland Alaska year-round. Although the King Islanders have moved off the island, they have kept a very distinct cultural identity, living a very similar life as they had on the island. Some King Islanders still return to the island to gather subsistence foods, such as walrus and seal. In 2005 and 2006 the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded a research project which brought a few King Island natives back to the island. Some participants had not been back to the island in 50 years. Demographics King Island first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated native eskimo village of \"Ookivagamute.\" In 1890, it returned as Ukivok. It next appeared in 1910 as King Island and would continue to report until 1960, with the exception of 1950 when no figure was reported. It",
"title": "King Island (Alaska)"
},
{
"docid": "65568680",
"text": "The Barrow Duck-In was a civil disobedience event that occurred in Utqiaġvik, Alaska (known as Barrow from 1901 to 2016), in the spring of 1961. During the Duck-in, the Iñupiat protested a federal hunting ban on ducks, which threatened their livelihood and rights to food security. The Alaskan North Slope is a remote and rural area, and many residents rely on seasonal bird hunts for sustenance. A series of attempts to regulate Iñupiat subsistence by federal and international entities led to the Duck-in, in which over one-hundred Iñupiaq residents of Utqiaġvik protested waterfowl regulations in the area. The Duck-in is considered a seminal protest, as it had significant influence over future subsistence regulation and Native claims laws in Alaska, such as the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA). History of waterfowl regulations in Alaska Prior to Alaska's statehood and colonization of the Arctic, the Iñupiat freely practiced subsistence hunting of various marine and terrestrial species, such as the bowhead whale, various species of seal, caribou, waterfowl, and fish. Additionally, eiders, rabbits, geese, berries, and roots are of seasonal importance to the Iñupiat. These subsistence activities have been practiced sustainably since time immemorial and retain a high social and cultural significance. In the Alaskan Arctic, subsistence activities exist as a way for the community to gather, celebrate, and share sustenance. Many Iñupiat dances, songs, and cultural practices tell stories of hunts and explain the relationship the Iñupiat have with various Arctic animals, including the common eider. Due to the remote location and lack of infrastructure in Utqiaġvik (and other areas considered Iñupiat homelands), imported foods in 1961 were both incredibly expensive and inaccessible as the primary source of protein in a person's diet. Subsistence foods remain a critical component of food security for communities in the Arctic. Migratory Bird Treaty Conventions In 1918 and 1937, the federal governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States signed two Migratory Bird Treaty Conventions, which were aimed at protecting North American migration routes for birds. After debate at the congressional level, spring bird hunting was officially outlawed in all three nations. These treaties were primarily an attempt to aid in conservation efforts and combat sport hunting and commercial egg gathering by outlawing duck hunting from March 10 to September 1 of each year. The 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MTBA) prohibited the harvesting of over 800 types of birds, including the gathering of eggs or feathers. Some Alaska Natives critiqued these treaties for their region-specific approach, claiming that both of these treaties failed to recognize subsistence hunting of bird species, as Iñupiat hunted these birds only during the spring months when they migrated to the North Slope region. Despite the passing of this treaty in 1918, it had little effect in the region until Alaska was granted statehood in 1959. Alaska's new statehood status threatened subsistence practices because of newly imposed federal regulations. Almost five decades later, shortly after Alaska's induction as the 49th state, the state made it compulsory that anyone who hunted",
"title": "The Barrow Duck-In"
},
{
"docid": "88936",
"text": "The state flag of Alaska displays eight gold stars, forming the Big Dipper and Polaris, on a dark blue field. The Big Dipper is an asterism in the constellation Ursa Major, which symbolizes a bear, indigenous to Alaska. As depicted on the flag, its stars can be used as a guide by the novice to locate Polaris and determine true north. The design was created by Benny Benson of Seward and selected from among roughly 700 entries in a 1927 contest. In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association placed Alaska's flag fifth best in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state, and U.S. territory flags ranked. It finished behind the flags of New Mexico, Texas, Quebec, and Maryland respectively. Design and origin Thirty-two years before Alaska became a state, the Alaska Department of the American Legion sponsored a territorial contest for Alaskan children from seventh grade (age 12–13) to twelfth grade (age 17–18) to design a flag for the territory. In 1927, the contest committee chose fourteen year-old orphan Benny Benson's design to represent the future flag of the Territory of Alaska. Benson, an Alaska Native, was a resident at the Jesse Lee Home for Children in Seward. Until that time, Alaskans had flown only the U.S. flag since the territory's purchase from Russia in 1867. Benson's design was chosen over roughly 700 other submissions from schoolchildren territory-wide. Most other entries featured variations on the territorial seal, the midnight sun, the northern lights, polar bears, and/or gold pans. To celebrate his achievement, Benson was awarded $1,000 and an engraved watch. Benny looked to the sky for the symbols he included in his design. Choosing the familiar constellation he looked for every night before going to sleep at the orphanage, he submitted this description with it: The official design of the flag is outlined in the Alaska Statutes by The Alaska State Legislature, which explains the flag's colors and symbolism, along with proper display, folding, presentation, and retirement of the flag. History Russian-American Company Flag Between 1799 and 1867 Alaska was governed by the Russian-American Company (RAC), a state-sponsored commercial company initially headquartered in Irkutsk, then St. Petersburg, Russia. The flag flown by the Company's ships and their shore establishments was Russia's commercial flag (civil ensign). On September 28 (October 10, new style) 1806, Aleksandr I, Emperor of Russia made a notation on the design submitted to him of a new flag for the Russian-American Company; \"So be it\", and added his cypher, thereby approving the first flag in Russia's history to be used by an Imperial chartered company. After Imperial confirmation, the ukase was heard in the Senate and on October 19, 1806, was sent for execution to the main office of the Russian-American Company (RAC), and also to the Admiralty and Commerce colleges. The new Company flag design of 1806 placed the Imperial eagle in the upper left quarter of Russia's commercial flag. In order that the State symbol remain unobstructed and",
"title": "Flag of Alaska"
},
{
"docid": "8126670",
"text": "John Fredson (born 1896, as Neetsaii Gwich'in - August 22, 1945), was a tribal leader born near Table Mountain in the Sheenjek River watershed of the state of Alaska, United States. He is most noted for gaining federal recognition for the Venetie Indian Reserve in 1941, then the largest reservation in Alaska, and containing approximately 1.4 million acres (5,700 km). This was before Alaska was admitted as a state. As a youth, Fredson had taken part in Hudson Stuck's expedition to climb Denali, and served as base camp manager. Afterward Stuck sponsored him for college, and he attended Sewanee, The University of the South, becoming the first Alaska Native to graduate from college. Fredson returned to Alaska, where he worked in a hospital and as a teacher, becoming a leader and political activist. Early life and education Born in 1896 to a Gwich'in family near Table Mountain in what is now designated as Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, John Fredson grew up speaking Gwich'in as his first language. Orphaned at a young age, he attended a mission school operated by the Episcopal Church of the United States, where he learned English. From an early age, he became highly skilled in following trails, climbing and hunting. At the age of 16, Fredson was part of the 1913 climbing expedition of Hudson Stuck, Episcopal Archdeacon of the Yukon, who led the party that ascended Denali, the highest peak in North America. Fredson was the base camp manager. His role is documented in Stuck's book, Ascent of Denali (reprint 2005). Fredson stayed at base at camp for 31 days by himself, hunting caribou and Dall sheep, while awaiting the return of the climbing party. He saved his ration of sugar for their return. With Stuck's encouragement, Fredson gained more formal education, becoming the first native of Athabascan descent to complete high school. He attended Sewanee, The University of the South, an Episcopal college in Middle Tennessee, and was the first Alaska Native to graduate from a university. While there, Fredson worked with Edward Sapir, a noted linguist, and helped to classify Gwich'in within the Na-Dene language family. This work is documented in the book John Fredson Edward Sapir Ha'a Googwandak (1982), a collection of stories that Fredson told to Sapir. His work on communicating Gwich'in concepts of space and time may have also influenced Sapir's later work that established the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. Life's work After his return to Alaska, Fredson worked at a hospital in Fort Yukon. In his later years, Fredson built a solarium for tuberculosis patients at the hospital. Then the only hospital in the far north, the facility was often overwhelmed by Alaska Native patients, primarily Gwich’in. They needed treatment for Eurasian infectious diseases, to which they had no immunity. Fredson taught school in the village of Venetie, and taught the community how to grow gardens. He was assisted by Chief Johnny Frank, a notable medicine man and storyteller among the Gwich'in. The chief's exploits are recounted in the book Neerihiinjik:",
"title": "John Fredson"
},
{
"docid": "980416",
"text": "The Koyukon, Dinaa, or Denaa (Denaakk'e: Tl’eeyegge Hut’aane) are an Alaska Native Athabascan people of the Athabascan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their traditional territory is along the Koyukuk and Yukon rivers where they subsisted for thousands of years by hunting and trapping. Many Koyukon live in a similar manner today. The Koyukon language belongs to a large family called Na-Dené or Athabascan, traditionally spoken by numerous groups of native people throughout northwestern North America. In addition, due to ancient migrations of related peoples, other Na-Dené languages, such as Navajo and Apachean varieties, are spoken in the American Southwest and in Mexico. History The first Europeans to enter Koyukon territory were Russians, who came up the Yukon River to Nulato in 1838. When they arrived, they found that items such as iron pots, glass beads, cloth apparel, and tobacco had already reached the people through their trade with coastal Eskimos, who had long traded with Russians. An epidemic of smallpox had preceded them, causing high fatalities in the village. In subsequent years, European infectious diseases drastically reduced the Koyukon population, who had no immunity to these new diseases. Relative isolation persisted along the Koyukuk until 1898, when the Yukon Gold Rush brought more than a thousand men to the river. They found little gold, and most left the following winter. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Koyukon people have inhabited their region for at least 1,000 years, with cultural roots there that stretch back thousands of years earlier. Ethnobotany The Koyukon freeze lingonberries for winter use. Notable Koyukon Nikoosh Carlo, PhD, scientist and policy advisor. Dr. Carlo served as Senior Advisor, Climate & Arctic Policy to the Governor of Alaska (2017–18), Senior Advisor, U.S. Department of State for the U.S. Chairmanship of the Arctic Council (2015–2017), Public Voices Fellow at the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and as executive director, Alaska Arctic Policy Commission (2013–2015). Poldine Carlo, writer and elder Kathleen Carlo-Kendall, professional carver artist Mary Jane Fate, activist and leader Walter Harper, first man known to reach the summit of Denali (Mount McKinley), in June 1913 Emil Notti, American engineer, Indigenous activist and Democratic politician Michael J. Stickman, First Chief of the Nuwato Tribal Council Morris Thompson, businessman and leader References Further reading Hunn, E.S. & Williams, N.M.(Eds.). (1982). Resource Managers: North American and Australian Hunter-Gatherers. Westview Press: Colorado. Nelson, R.K. “A Conservation Ethic and Environment: The Koykon of Alaska” p. 211-228 Rohrlich, R & Baruch, E. (Ed.). (1984). Naciente, Esperanza. \"Indigenous Lifestyles: Lessons for the Industrialized World.\" Fighting For Freedom Because A Better World Is Possible Eds. Edgey Wildchild and Esperanza Naciente. New York: Planting Seeds Press. 2006. 121–126. Nelson, Richard K. Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Nelson, Richard K., Kathleen H. Mautner, and G. Ray Bane. Tracks in the Wildland: A Portrayal of Koyukon and Nunamiut Subsistence. [Fairbanks]: Anthropology and Historic Preservation, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1982. Peter, Adeline. Iñuksuk: Northern Koyukon, Gwich'in",
"title": "Koyukon"
},
{
"docid": "4253791",
"text": "John Eliot Thayer (April 3, 1862 – July 29, 1933) was an American amateur ornithologist. Early life Thayer was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 3, 1862. He was a son of Cornelia Paterson (née Van Rensselaer) Thayer (1823–1897) and Nathaniel Thayer Jr., a banker who built Harvard's Thayer Hall. Among his siblings were twin brother Bayard Thayer (yachtsman and horticulturalist), older brother Nathaniel Thayer III (a banker and railroad executive), and sister Cornelia Van Rensselaer Thayer (the wife of New York State Senator J. Hampden Robb). His maternal grandparents were Stephen Van Rensselaer IV (the 10th Patroon and 7th Lord of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck) and Harriet Elizabeth (née Bayard) Van Rensselaer. His paternal grandparents were Sarah Parker (née Toppan) Thayer and the Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Thayer, a Unitarian congregational minister from Lancaster, Massachusetts. Through his father, he was descended from John Cotton, the preeminent minister and theologian of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Career After graduating from Harvard, he married and settled at the family farm at Lancaster, thirty-five miles west of Boston. He became interested in ornithology in the mid-1890s, building up a collection which he housed in a museum in the main street of Lancaster. He used his wealth to sponsor various natural history expeditions and in 1906 he sent Wilmot W. Brown Jr. to Guadalupe Island off Pacific Mexico. Here, Brown, H. W. Marsden and Ignacio Oroso gathered field data on how the natural vegetation was being destroyed by thousands of goats, to the detriment of the native wildlife. The native Guadalupe storm petrel was being predated by introduced cats, as was the Guadalupe flicker. Both birds became extinct shortly afterwards; several other taxa were found to be already gone in 1906. Thayer and Outram Bangs wrote an article in The Condor to draw attention to the situation. In 1913, Thayer and other Harvard graduates sponsored an expedition to Alaska and Siberia, with Joseph S. Dixon and Winthrop Sprague Brooks as zoological collectors. A gull collected by Brooks on this trip was named Larus thayeri in Thayer's honour. Thayer became ill in 1928, and donated his collection of 28,000 skins and 15,000 eggs and nests to Harvard. These included the first clutches ever collected of spoon-billed sandpiper and surfbird. After Thayer's death Harvard received his collection of 3,500 mounted birds. Personal life On June 22, 1886, Thayer was married to Evelyn Duncan Forbes (1862–1943), a daughter of Franklin Forbes and Martha Ann Stearns (née Cushing) Forbes, in Clinton, Massachusetts. After the marriage, they settled at the family farm at Lancaster. Together, John and Evelyn were the parents of: John Eliot Thayer Jr. (1887–1966), a delegate to 1928 Republican National Convention from Massachusetts who married Katherine Lee Bayard Warren, a daughter of Samuel Dennis Warren. Evelyn Thayer (1888–1980), who married Isaac Tucker Burr (1885–1972) Nora Forbes Thayer (1889–1988), who married Francis Abbot Goodhue Jr. Natalie Thayer (1894–1975), who married Lawrence Hemenway (1891–1966). Duncan Forbes Thayer (1900–1957), who married Priscilla Pinkney McHenry (1906–1975). After his death, she married",
"title": "John Thayer (ornithologist)"
},
{
"docid": "66489335",
"text": "Florence Nupok Malewotkuk (March 4, 1906 – 1971), also spelled Napaaq Maligutkak, was a Siberian Yupik artist known for her drawings of native Eskimo culture, scenes of local wildlife, and documentation of native tattoos. Her \"somewhat naive\" style earned her the title of \"Grandma Moses of the Bering Sea.\" She was also a skilled artisan of beaded items such as sealskin Mukluks, toys, and slippers. Nupok's artwork has been exhibited across the United States and is in the permanent collection of institutions including the University of Alaska, the National Museum of the American Indian, the Anchorage Museum of History and Art, and the Smithsonian Institution. Early life Nupok was born in the small village of Gambell, on St. Lawrence Island off the western coast of Alaska, to Peter Aghnilu Okinello and Akimuq Qenaaghaq. With the encouragement of an uncle, she began drawing as a young girl at home by lamplight. With resources scarce, Nupok would draw on drawing tablets, labels from tin cans, or on sealskin. Nupok married Chauncy Malewotkuk in 1926. The couple adopted a son, Woodrow, in 1933. Drawings for Otto W. Geist At the end of 1927, archaeologist Otto William Geist was on St. Lawrence Island and commissioned Nupok to create drawings documenting the traditional practices of the early 20th-century Siberian Yupik. Over the winter, she eventually completed over ninety drawings for this collection. Her drawings depicted everyday scenes and figurative studies, documenting fur clothing, food preparation, hunting, fishing, and life in homes and camps. Geist published several of her drawings in his report Archaeological Excavations at Kukulik, which was published by the United States Department of the Interior. The collection of drawings is now housed at the Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska, with copies in the Smithsonian. Documentation of tattoos Nupok's interest in and documentation of women's tattoo markings have been a valuable resource in the study of traditional women's tattoos among the Eskimo people, including markings on the faces of hands of Siberian Yupik, Alaska Yupik, and Inupiaq people. Later career For some years after the Geist commission, Nupok focused on homemaking. In 1955, she took a new commission from Anchorage artist Kay Roberts, who sold reprints of the artwork under the name \"Bering Sea Originals.\" Roberts paid for the artwork, but Nupok did not receive any additional profits from the sale of these works. After 1965, Nupok created more of these commercial-friendly artworks under the same trademark, including more whimsical illustrations of walruses dancing and dining. In 1964, Nupok was accepted into a government-funded designer-craftsman training course in Nome, Alaska, sponsored by the Indian Arts and Crafts Board. She was the only woman in the 32-person class, which was a program of the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962. Nupok was also the only member of the class familiar working with graphic arts on paper. After an extended illness of Echinococcosis, Nupok died in Anchorage in the spring of 1971. That same year, the University of Alaska showed a",
"title": "Florence Nupok Malewotkuk"
}
] | [
"The Alaska Federation of Natives"
] |
train_5538 | who did the voice of mittens in bolt | [
{
"docid": "24543179",
"text": "Super Rhino is a 2009 American animated comedy direct-to-video short film, produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and starring the characters from feature film Bolt. Directed by Nathan Greno, the short film picks up sometime after the conclusion of Bolt. The excitable and TV obsessed hamster Rhino finds out his friends Penny and Bolt have been kidnapped. Rhino has to save them from the evil Dr. Calico. The short inspires Bolt: The Video Game and is a spin-off to the fictional TV show featuring Bolt. Super Rhino was included in the 2009 DVD and Blu-Ray release of Bolt. Plot Penny and Bolt have been captured by the evil Dr. Calico, suspended above a pool of lava & they couldn’t speak,inside a heavily guarded warehouse on an island in the middle of nowhere - a base which is impenetrable to both people and dogs. Penny's father watches the events from his lab through a secret camera imbedded in Bolt's collar and worries that he cannot save her. Discovering that no man or dog can break into Dr. Calico's base, he turns to Rhino, who is watching TV in the background. In order to save Penny and Bolt, Rhino is put through the same procedure as Bolt to give him super-powers. Rhino uses his newly found powers to fly across the sea and crash land outside the armed base encased in his ball. Rhino's battle with the guard is witnessed by Penny, Bolt and Dr. Calico from the inside, with helicopters and cars crashing into the side of the building. Rhino uses his heat-vision to create an opening in the wall. Once inside, Rhino uses his eye-beams to defeat the armed guards and commandeers a flying missile, riding it like a surfboard to aim at Dr. Calico, though the missile misses. Instead, Rhino uses his \"super squeak\" (similar to Bolt’s \"super bark\") ability to finish the villain off. With Penny and Bolt saved, Rhino walks away. Rhino is next seen on stage performing \"The Best of Both Worlds\"; the theme song from Hannah Montana (by co-star Miley Cyrus), where it is revealed that Rhino has been dreaming his adventures all along. Mittens wakes him up, telling him that she's not a fan of his singing. The short ends with another dream sequence, this time about Rhino being selected by the President to defeat Calico once again. Cast Mark Walton as Rhino Miley Cyrus as Penny Susie Essman as Mittens Malcolm McDowell as Dr. Calico Sean Donnellan as Penny's TV Dad Randy Savage as Thug See also List of Disney Animated Shorts and Featurettes Walt Disney Animation Studios References External links 2009 animated short films Bolt (franchise) American animated comedy films Computer-animated short films 2009 computer-animated films American animated short films 2000s Disney animated short films Films directed by Nathan Greno Films scored by John Powell 2000s English-language films Animated films about rodents Films produced by Clark Spencer Films about dreams Hamsters",
"title": "Super Rhino"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "45252624",
"text": "Lalaloopsy is an animated children's television series based on the dolls of the same name from MGA Entertainment. It was produced by MGA and MoonScoop Entertainment. The series first aired on March 29, 2013. The series' voice production was made and recorded in Calgary, AB, Canada, by Chinook Animation. After the first few episodes were aired on Nickelodeon, it was moved to the Nick Jr. Channel. The show's last episode aired on September 14, 2015. In December 2015, Viacom filed a lawsuit against MGA, stating that the toy company didn't provide proper financing for the advertisement and production of the series. In September 2016, a judge awarded Viacom damages of over $14.9 million relating to the show. It was pulled from the lineup less than a month later, while all traces of the show were also removed from Nick Jr.'s website at the same time. Plot Lalaloopsy focuses on Lalaloopsy Land. Lalaloopsy Land is inhabited by colorful rag dolls, who came to life the moment their last stitch was sewn. Each episode focuses on one or two groups of them facing a problem of their own and either solving it on their own or with incidental or previously planned help from the other group of dolls seen in the episode. Episodes Characters Bea Spells-A-Lot (voiced by Hayley Stone) Crumbs Sugar Cookie (voiced by Calista Schmidt) Dot Starlight (voiced by Marissa Tawiah) Jewel Sparkles (voiced by Selia Sangra) Mittens Fluff ‘N’ Stuff (voiced by Paige Stone) Pillow Featherbed (voiced by Zoe Marlett) Peanut Big Top (voiced by Malia Ashley Kerr) Rosy Bumps ‘N’ Bruises (voiced by Emma Duke) Spot Splatter Splash (voiced by Tate McRae) Supporting Ace Fender Bender (voiced by Griffin Kingston) Berry Jars ‘N’ Jam (voiced by Anna Quick) Blanket Featherbed (voiced by Jordan Anderson) Blossom Flowerpot (voiced by Cascadas Lucia Fuller) Bundles Snuggle Stuff (voiced by Taylor Walters) Candle Slice O’ Cake Charlotte Charades (N/A) Cherry Crisp Crust Dyna Might (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Ember Flicker Flame (voiced by Jessica Young) Forest Evergreen (voiced by Keaton Whitbread) Haley Galaxy (voiced by Greer Hunt) Holly Sleighbells (voiced by Tate McRae) Little Bah Peep (voiced by Greer Hunt) Mango Tiki Wiki (voiced by Jaida Shaleena Lewis) Mari Golden Petals (voiced by Bella Orman) Marina Anchors (voiced by Greer Hunt) Misty Mysterious (voiced by Sara Matsubara) Patch Treasurechest (voiced by Andrew Hilbrecht) Peggy Seven Seas (voiced by Joanna Burchacki) Pepper Pots ‘N’ Pans (voiced by Aurora Hunt) Peppy Pom Poms (voiced by Sofia Tchernetsky) Pickles B.L.T. (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Pix E. Flutters (voiced by Cascadas Lucia Fuller) Prairie Dusty Trails (voiced by Bella Orman) Scraps Stitched ‘N’ Sewn (voiced by Brittany Thurlow) Scribbles Splash Sir Battlescarred (voiced by Carson Pound) Specs Reads-a-Lot Sprinkle Spice Cookie Squirt Lil Top Squiggles N Shapes Star Magic Spells Sunny Side Up (voiced by Jessica Young) Suzette La Sweet (voiced by Jessica Hilbrecht) Tippy Tumblelina (voiced by Sophie Brown) Trace E. Doodles Trinket Sparkles Winter Snowflake (voiced by Olivia Duke) Broadcast In Canada, the series",
"title": "Lalaloopsy (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "7328337",
"text": "Alvin Tresselt (September 30, 1916, in Passaic, New Jersey – July 24, 2000) was a graphic designer and American children's book author. His picture book White Snow, Bright Snow (illustrated by Roger Duvoisin) received the Caldecott Medal. One of his most popular books was his retelling of the Ukrainian folktale The Mitten, illustrated by Yaroslava Mills. Tresselt grew up in Passaic and graduated from Passaic High School in 1934. He was an editor for Humpty Dumpty Magazine and an executive editor for Parents Magazine Press before becoming an instructor and the Dean of Faculty for the Institute of Children's Literature in Connecticut. He wrote over thirty children's books, selling over a million copies. He died on July 24, 2000, at his home in Burlington, Vermont at the age of 83. The many collaborations between Tresselt and the illustrator Roger Duvoisin were given the genre title \"mood books\" when a retrospective of Duvoisin's original art for Tresselt's texts was held at the Zimmerli Art Museum at Rutgers University in 2020. “Mood books were a new type of genre in children’s literature, unlike the typical fantasy and adventure tales,” said Nicole Simpson, the Zimmerli's assistant curator of Prints and Drawings, who organized the exhibition. “These books did not focus on the actions or personalities of iconic characters, but marveled in the natural wonders of our everyday environments. They encourage children to slow down, to observe and appreciate our constantly changing world.” Works Rain Drop Splash (1946) – illustrated by Leonard Weisgard, Caldecott Award, Honor Sun Up (1949) Hi, Mister Robin (1950) Bonnie Bess, the Weathervane Horse (1949), illus. by Erik Blegvad The Rabbit Story (1957), illus. by Carolyn Ewing The Smallest Elephant In the World (1959), illus. by Milton Glaser How Far is Far? (1964), illus. by Ward Brackett The Mitten (1964), illus. by Yaroslava The Old Man and the Tiger (1965), illus. by Albert Aquino A Thousand Lights and Fireflies (1965), illus. by John Moodie The World in the Candy Egg (1967) Under the Trees and Through the Grass (1967) The Legend of the Willow Plate (1968) The Fox Who Traveled (1968), illus. by Nancy Sears The Little Mouse Who Tarried (1971) by Hirosuke Hamada, English version by Alvin Tresselt, illus. by Kozo Kakimoto The Dead Tree (1972), illus. by Charles Robinson Sun Up (1991, retitled reprint of Wake up, Farm! [1955] with new illus. by Henri Sorensen) The Gift of the Tree (1992, retitled reprint of The Dead Tree [1972] with new illus. by Henri Sorensen) Works illustrated by Roger Duvoisin White Snow, Bright Snow (1947) – Caldecott Award Johnny Maple-Leaf (1948) Follow the Wind (1950) Autumn Harvest (1951) Follow the Road (1953) Wake up, Farm! (1955) Wake up, City! (1957) The Frog in the Well (1958) Under the Trees and Through the Grass (1962) Hi, Mister Robin! (1963, new edition from 1950 version) Hide and Seek Fog (1965) – Caldecott Award, Honor Timothy Robbins Climbs the Mountain (1967) It’s Time Now (1969) The Beaver Pond (1971) What Did You",
"title": "Alvin Tresselt"
},
{
"docid": "44498470",
"text": "The Doozers is an animated television series that is a spin-off to Fraggle Rock. The series is co-produced by the Halifax studio of DHX Media and The Jim Henson Company, and was developed in association with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The series originally premiered in Australia on Nick Jr. on October 7, 2013. The series began its US run as a Hulu exclusive on April 25, 2014. Turner's Cartoonito and Boomerang also aired it within European countries and Africa, as well as Cartoon Network Asia. On September 12, 2017, it was renewed for a second season. It premiered on May 25, 2018. Premise In the self-sustainable community of Doozer Creek located just beyond the view of humans, the show focuses on the Doozer Pod Squad (consisting of Daisy Wheel, Flex, Spike, and Mollybolt). Characters Main Spike Doozer (voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk) is the member of the Pod Squad who pushes the other Pod Squad members into action. He is the son of Chief Doozer and the older brother of Daisy Wheel Doozer. He has a brown nose and brown hair and wears a blue hat, socks and wristbands. Molly Bolt Doozer (voiced by Jenna Warren) is a Pod Squad member who enjoys organizing events. She can also make lists, maps, and graphs. She has a purple nose and purple hair and wears a pink hat, socks and shirt. Flex Doozer (voiced by Trek Buccino in season 1 and Tyler Barish in season 2) lives on his grandparents farm and uses his room as his workshop. Flex pilots the Pod Squad's vehicles. He has a yellow nose and yellow hair and wears an orange hat, socks and wristbands. Daisy Wheel Doozer (voiced by Millie Davis) is the youngest and smallest of the Doozer Pod Squad. She is the younger sister of Spike Doozer and the daughter of Chief Doozer. She has a blue nose and blue hair and wears a purple hat, socks and shirt. Chief's family Chief Doozer (voiced by Heather Bambrick) is the Chief of Doozer Creek who is the mother of Spike Doozer and Daisy Wheel Doozer. Architect's family Chief Architect Doozer is the wife of Baker and mother of Molly. Baker Timberbolt Doozer (voiced by David Berni) is the father of Molly Bolt Doozer and the husband of Chief Architect Doozer. He runs the bakery shop in Doozer Creek. Peg Bolt Doozer (voiced by Lisa Norton) Others Doozer Doodad (voiced by David Berni) – Manager of the Doozer Creek supply depot, where the Pod Squad gets the supplies for their projects. Pinball Gimbal (voiced by Lisa Norton) Professor Gimbal wears glasses and has a purplish-white color in his nose and hair, wearing a light blue helmet. He manages the Doozarium, where the Pod Squad meet. He issues challenges, and makes suggestions, for various projects for the Pod Squad to complete. Baxter was advertised for the series but has not appeared yet. He had a brown nose and brown hair. Voice cast David Berni – Baker Timberbolt Doozer",
"title": "The Doozers"
},
{
"docid": "46798001",
"text": "{{Infobox concert | image = | image_caption = Promotional poster for the tour | image_size = | border = yes | artist = Helene Fischer | album = Farbenspiel | start_date = | end_date = | number_of_legs = 2 | number_of_shows = | gross = | last_tour = | this_tour = Farbenspiel Live(2014-15) | next_tour = Helene Fischer Live 2017/2018(2017-18) }}Farbenspiel Live' was a European concert tour by German singer Helene Fischer, in support of her sixth studio album, Farbenspiel''. It began on 25 September 2014, in Riesa, Germany at the Erdgas Arena, continued throughout Europe, and finally concluded on 8 July 2015 in Dresden at Glücksgas Stadium. The tour visited arenas and stadiums throughout 2014 and 2015. The concerts in Berlin in July 2015 were recorded for an Official Live DVD which was released on 4 September 2015. The 2015 part of the Tour was ranked as the 38th biggest International Tour of the year with earnings of about $42,000,000. Fischer is also the most successful German Act on the list for the second year in a row. Set list {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFE6FF; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | header = 2014 - Die Tournee | content = This set list is representative of the performance in Frankfurt. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the 2014 tour. \"Intro\" \"Unser Tag\" \"Und morgen früh küss' ich dich wach\" \"Fehlerfrei\" \"Mitten im Paradies\" \"In diesen Nächten\" \"Wunder dich nicht\" \"Nur wer den Wahnsinn liebt\" \"Interlude Winter\" \"Lass jetzt los (Let it Go)\" \"Vergeben, vergessen und wieder vertrau'n\" \"Bring Me to Life\" (Evanescence cover) \"Feuerwerk\" \"Rock Medley\" (You're the Voice / I Love Rock 'n' Roll / Jump / Livin' on a Prayer / Purple Rain) \"Mit keinem Andern\" \"Interlude Frühling\" \"Der Augenblick\" \"Caruso\" (Lucio Dalla cover) \"Ein kleines Glück\" \"Interlude Sommer\" \"Marathon\" \"Ich habe Fieber / Fever\" (Peggy Lee cover) \"Ich will immer wieder dieses Fieber spüren\" \"Te quiero\" \"Fly\" (Céline Dion cover) \"My Heart Will Go On\" (Céline Dion cover) \"Von hier bis unendlich\" \"Die Hölle morgen früh\" Encore \"Phänomen\" \"Atemlos durch die Nacht\" }} {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFE6FF; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; | header = 2015 - Die Stadion-Tournee | content = This set list is representative of the performance in Hamburg. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the 2015 tour. \"Intro\" \"Unser Tag\" \"Und morgen früh küss' ich dich wach\" \"Fehlerfrei\" \"Mitten im Paradies\" \"Wunder dich nicht\" \"Marathon\" \"Te quiero\" \"Interlude Winter\" \"Ich wollte nie erwachsen sein (Nessaja's Lied)\" (Peter Maffay cover) \"Vergeben, vergessen und wieder vertrau'n\" \"Feuerwerk\" \"Party Medley\" (Party Rock Anthem / Seven Nation Army / Sexy / Männer / Sex on fire / The Best) \"Mit keinem Andern\" \"Interlude Sommer\" \"So kann das Leben sein\" \"Everything I Do\" (Bryan Adams cover) \"Ich habe Fieber / Fever\" (Peggy Lee cover) \"Ich will immer wieder dieses Fieber",
"title": "Farbenspiel Live"
},
{
"docid": "1149296",
"text": "The Chinese mitten crab (; ; Shanghainese: du6-zaq8-ha5, \"big sluice crab\"), also known as the Shanghai hairy crab (, p Shànghǎi máoxiè), is a medium-sized burrowing crab that is named for its furry claws, which resemble mittens. It is native to rivers, estuaries and other coastal habitats of East Asia from Korea in the north to Fujian, China in the south. It has also been introduced to Europe and North America, where it is considered an invasive species. The species features on the list of invasive alien species of Union concern. This means that the import of the species and trade in the species is forbidden in the whole of the European Union. Description and ecology This species' distinguishing features are the dense patches of dark setae on its claws. The crab's body is the size of a human palm. The legs are about twice as long as the carapace. Mitten crabs spend most of their life in fresh water and return to the sea to breed. During their fourth or fifth year in late summer, the crustaceans migrate downstream and attain sexual maturity in the tidal estuaries. After mating, the females continue seaward, overwintering in deeper waters. They return to brackish water in the spring to hatch their eggs. After development as larvae, the juvenile crabs gradually move upstream into fresh water, thus completing the life cycle. It moves from freshwater habitats to saltwater habitats once it has reached reproduction maturity. The types of estuaries suitable for the mitten crab is large brackish waters for the larva to develop in, and large shallow waters for the growth of the juvenile crabs. An increase in microplastics has had a significant impact on the population as it affects their metabolism, growth, and oxidative stress response in the liver. The Chinese mitten crab originates from Hong Kong to the border of Korea. It can be found inland but prefers coastal areas. In the Yangtze, the largest river in its native range, Chinese mitten crabs have been recorded up to upstream. It is known to settle in rice fields by the sea and rivers inland. The crab is found in subtropical and temperate regions. Phylogenetically the crab belongs to the Varunidae family which is the newest group of brachyuran crustaceans. Spawning crabs average around in length. Since crabs spawn at the end of their life spans and perish at the end of the breeding cycle, the crabs can live up to 7 (in Germany also 8) years old. The mitten crab diet is omnivorous. Their main prey consists of worms, mussels, snails, dead organic material, and other small crustaceans and fish. Reproduction Mitten crabs start off as freshwater organisms. In late August, sexual instincts awaken and they begin migrating downstream to the sea, away from their feeding grounds. It is during this migration where the crabs reach puberty and develop their sex organs. The crabs begin to breed in the brackish waters in late fall. The males arrive first and stay in the",
"title": "Chinese mitten crab"
},
{
"docid": "24852180",
"text": "Joshua Ryan Bolt (born 2 May 1994) is an English actor. He starred in the 2009 film The Be All and End All, a role which saw him shortlisted for the best newcomer at the 2009 British Independent Film Awards. Early life Joshua Ryan Bolt was born in Liverpool on 2 May 1994, and grew up in the Liverpool suburb of Hunt's Cross. Career Bolt began acting at the age of 12 when he was cast in a theatre production of Much Ado About Nothing. In 2009, he played Pete Shotton in the BAFTA nominated film Nowhere Boy. He went on to appear in the ninth series of Shameless, playing the pot smoking psychopath Frasier Kane. He is featured in the music video for punk band The Luka State's single, \"Kick in The Teeth\". In summer 2011, it was announced that Bolt had won the lead role of Henry in ITV1's Just Henry, which aired over the Christmas period of that same year. Upon completing Just Henry, he joined the second series of Accused. In January 2012, he began work on the six-part BBC series Last Tango in Halifax (2012), playing Raphael \"Raff\" Greenwood. He guest starred in the last two episodes of seventh season of the detective series Lewis. In July 2012, IMDb named him as one of their rising British teenage stars. Bolt played Brian Harris, a central character, in the two-part BBC Three drama The Crash which centres on a car crash inspired by real life events. He portrayed Daniel in the third series of Scott & Bailey. In February 2013, he began work on The Heart of Nowhere, a film directed by Charlie Fink to coincide with Noah and the Whale's final album; he played Floyd, the bassist of the group. At the 2013 BAFTA television awards, Last Tango in Halifax won best drama and filming began in June 2013 of its second series. Bolt reprised his role as Raff. He returned for the third series in 2014 and the fourth in 2016. In March 2015, producers of the hit sitcom Benidorm announced that Bolt had been cast as part of a brand new family for Series 8, which aired in January 2016. Bolt played Rob Dawson, the family's son, who befriends regular characters Tyger Dyke and Joey Ellis. Bolt lent his voice to the Doctor Who audio series from Big Finish. The episode, entitled \"Dethras\", featured Bolt alongside the fourth incarnation of the title character and was released in 2017. He appeared alongside in the second series of Grantchester playing an undercover agent and Marxist. He played a young soldier named Thomas Macquillan in the ITV drama Harry Price Ghost Hunter, ITV's adaptation of Neil Spring's debut novel, The Ghost Hunters. The film aired on ITV on 27 December 2015. Bolt starred as Reburrus, a young boy hungry for revenge following the slaughter of his family, in Barbarians Rising, an eight-part drama for the History Channel airing in the U.S. and the UK. It charted",
"title": "Josh Bolt"
},
{
"docid": "39154767",
"text": "Bolts and Blip is an animated television series that aired on Teletoon from 2010 to 2011. The show has also aired on 3net at 10:30 am on Sundays, and The CW's Saturday morning block, Vortexx, from July 13, 2013 at 8:30 a.m. Plot The series is a comic action adventure set on the Moon in 2080. It follows two central city misfits, Bolts and Blip, who accidentally find themselves as members of the Lunar League's last placed team the Thunderbolts. With the help of their rag-tag band of teammates, the two friends discover what they are made of in this intergalactic sports circuit. Characters Main cast Blip (Voiced by Matt Murray) - One of the two main titular protagonists. Blip is a bumbling Civi-Bot who attempts to keep within societal norms, but is not very successful. He is best friend and roommate to the wacky Bolts, and often must drag his impulsive friend out of trouble. He is the more mature, level-headed of the duo. He along with Bolts were accidentally drafted into the Lunar League's bottom team, The Thunderbolts. He has a huge crush on Saedee, who spends most of the series ignoring his displays of affection, while occasionally letting slip possible mutual feelings, before revealing in the season finale she too loves Blip. Late in the series he is revealed to be Dr. Tommy's Secret Bot, and has latent powers, which he calls his \"Super Mode\"; in this state he is taller, stronger, faster, and can fly. He has a pet mouse like robot named Squeaker, who prior to undergoing training was very violent and attacked everyone, But nowadays he only attacks Bolts. Bolts/Blood's Bot/Darth Boltor (Voiced by Terry McGurrin) - The other titular protagonist. Bolts is immature, impulsive and has a talent for getting himself into trouble; including one time where he put himself under huge debt to a Robot Mafia Leader Vinnie Two-Chimes, after losing a bet in a (fixed) sock fight match. But he does occasionally show he has some common sense as seen in Little Squeaker when he thinks it's a bad idea to show Squeaker around to the Thunderbolts after Squeaker viciously attacked both him and Saedee's housewarming present. He also shows some signs of intelligence and ingenuity as also seen in little Squeaker when he modified an illegal weapon to bring up to legal standards only to have his talented creation shot down by Gridiron telling the sport was a croquet sport match and not a battle. He's the team's jokester and often drives Coach Gridiron insane. He once entered a secret (and illegal) wrestling tournament under the name Bolto de Fuego (a play on Bola de Fuego), and has continued using the name Boltor as his screen name. Like Blip he has latent powers, where his eyes will turn red and he gains monstrous strength. He is eventually revealed to be \"Blood's Bot\", the ultimate creation of Dr. Blood. Saedee (Voiced by Melissa Altro) - The gorgeous heroine Saedee, who is",
"title": "Bolts and Blip"
},
{
"docid": "1125177",
"text": "Karl Willetts (born 21 September 1966) is an English death metal vocalist, best known as the lead singer of Bolt Thrower and Memoriam. Biography Willetts joined the British death metal band Bolt Thrower in 1988. Before that, he drove the backline of the band. He stayed with Bolt Thrower until 1994, after the recording of ...For Victory. He left the band mainly because he wanted to go back to university and finish his degree. Willetts rejoined as a session vocalist for the recording of Mercenary and left shortly thereafter because of financial reasons and lack of commitment. In the meantime, he got a job as a salesman of insurances besides other jobs. He resides in Solihull. Rumours persisted he had returned in 2001, but he did not. However, in November 2004, he actually did re-join Bolt Thrower after the departure of Dave Ingram. Willetts now has a degree in Cultural Studies from the Birmingham University. Willetts stayed in Bolt Thrower until the band broke up in 2016, following the death of drummer Martin Kearns the year before. Willetts also did some guest vocals with UK punk band Doom on their Peel Sessions album and UK death metal band Benediction on two accounts; one on \"Jumping at Shadows\" which appears on The Grand Leveller and Dark is the Season; the other on \"At the Wrong Side of the Grave\", which is a cover of The Accüsed and appears on the Transcend the Rubicon album. Willetts was a vegetarian for a long while, but started eating meat prior to 2006. Discography Bolt Thrower In Battle There Is No Law! (1988) Realm of Chaos (1989) Cenotaph (1991) War Master (1991) The Peel Sessions 1988–90 (1991) The IVth Crusade (1992) Spearhead (1993) ...For Victory (1994) War (1994) Mercenary (1998) Who Dares Wins (1998) Those Once Loyal (2005) Memoriam For the Fallen (2017) The Silent Vigil (2018) Requiem for Mankind (2019) To the End (2021) Rise to Power (2023) H Drive Project H Drive Project (2022) References English male singers Bolt Thrower members Alumni of the University of Birmingham English heavy metal singers Living people 1966 births",
"title": "Karl Willetts"
},
{
"docid": "37059033",
"text": "Ark of the Arkans is the fourth studio album by the band Suns of Arqa, released in 1985 by Scarface Records. The album was produced by Suns of Arqa founder Michael Wadada. The full title of the album is Suns of Arqa Vol 5 : Ark of the Arqans, Heaven and Hell, and Other Strange Faces, however it has been referred to simply as Ark of the Arqans where its tracks have appeared on re-issue CDs in later years. It is the first album to feature Professor Stanley Unwin who provides spoken word accompaniment on some tracks. The third track, an Adrian Sherwood remix of \"Heavenly Bodies\", is from the movie The Earthlings. The album Ark of the Arqans has not been released on CD, however five of the six tracks have found their way onto other Suns of Arqa CD releases. Tracks A1, A2 and B2 (\"Heavenly Bodies\", \"Deep Journey\" and \"Ark of the Arqans\") all appear on the CD compilation Land of a Thousand Churches. Track B1 (\"Thunder Bolt, Dark Void\") appears as a bonus track on the CD re-issue Live with Prince Far I. Track B3 (\"Sanskrit Hymn\") appears on the 1992 CD Kokoromochi. According to writer Chuck Eddy, \"legend has it\" that the album was a \"major inspiration for acid house\". Track listing Side A \"Heavenly Bodies\" – 3:38 \"Deep Journey\" – 3:52 \"Heavenly Bodies (On Aid Mix)\" – 5:00 Side B \"Thunder Bolt, Dark Void\" – 3:54 \"Ark of the Arqans\" – 4:46 \"Sanskrit Hymn\" – 2:21 Personnel Keith \"Lizard\" Logan - bass Danny Boy - drums, pennywhistle Michael Wadada - harmonium, shenai, instruments [sajoe], bass, guitar Moot Beret - Hammond organ, saxophone Stalwart - saxophone Kalu Zeria - tabla Eric Random - talking drum, space sounds Aziz Zeria - tambura Doctor Himadri Chaudhuri - violin and voice on track B3 Vocal Harders - vocals (tracks A1, A3) Eric Random - voice (tracks B1, B2) Professor Stanley Unwin - voice (tracks A1, A2, A3) References 1985 albums Suns of Arqa albums",
"title": "Ark of the Arqans"
},
{
"docid": "62892130",
"text": "Katrina Mitten (born 1962, Huntington, Indiana) is a Native American artist. She is enrolled in the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. Mitten is beadwork artist, whose embroidery style of beadwork has earned her numerous awards and has been featured in major metropolitan museums. Biography Mitten is a descendant of one of the five Miami families who were allowed to stay after the establishment of the Indian Removal Act by Andrew Jackson. This act allowed him to relocate access to relocate Native people from their ancestral homelands. Those who were not relocated were encouraged to assimilate into Westernized civilization. Instead, they tried to pass on as much of their culture as possible At the age of twelve, Mitten learned beading from her grandmother Josephine. Josephine influenced a large portion of Mitten's works, including her 1950s handbag, which she has stated represents her family heritage. Mitten made this handbag collaborating with her granddaughter Saiyer Miller and teaching her using the same methods as her grandmother. Mitten also learned more about her tribe by visiting museums and studying her families' heirlooms. She is active on the powwow circuit. She has created utilitarian works, such as The Cradle Board, as well as necklaces, bracelets, and beaded handbags. Other influences in her art include the geometric designs found in ribbonwork and the floral patterns depicted throughout the Great Lakes tribal beadwork. She incorporates personal and family stories into her art pieces and uses her art as a means of story telling. In 2016 Mitten collaborated with Native American artists Katy Strass and Angela Ellsworth to create a painting of the states on a fiberglass statue of a bison. Two of her pieces, MMIW (Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women) and Ten Original Clans of the Myaamia, were acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign. Select artworks Cradle Board \"I have been waiting for you\" outfit 1950's Handbag 1940s-styled bag Exhibitions Native Art Market at the National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C. (2014) Myaamia Heritage Museum & Archive (2018) Santa Fe Indian Market Collections Mitten's artwork is held in the permanent collections of: Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian American Art Museum References External links Native Daughter: Katrina Mitten video from Journey Indiana Artists from Indiana Miami people 1962 births Living people Native American women artists 20th-century American artists 20th-century American women artists 21st-century American artists 21st-century American women artists 20th-century Native American artists 21st-century Native American artists 20th-century Native American women 21st-century Native American women Native American people from Indiana Native American beadworkers American beadworkers Women beadworkers",
"title": "Katrina Mitten"
},
{
"docid": "26740640",
"text": "Beverly Gooden is an African American writer and social activist known for her work in domestic violence, victimology, and women's health, who created the Why I Stayed hashtag (#WhyIStayed) and movement in 2014. Her writing has appeared in The New York Times, the U.S. Office on Women's Health, and NBC's Today. Early life and education Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Beverly lived in foster care until being adopted by the Gooden family as a child. As a sophomore at Hampton University, she was selected as a media scholar with the Summer Research Opportunities Program at the University of Iowa and researched the connection between alcohol advertisements and teen drinking and driving. During her junior year, she interned with the Scripps Howard Foundation Wire as a reporter on Capitol Hill, covering the Iraqi prisoner abuse scandal and NCAA recruiting reform. In 2005, she graduated with a bachelor's degree in journalism and communications. She went on to attend Loyola University Chicago and graduated with a master's degree in social justice in 2009. Activism On September 8, 2014, Beverly created the hashtag #WhyIStayed in response to the Ray Rice video released by TMZ. A survivor of domestic violence, she tweeted several reasons why she remained in an abusive marriage as a direct response to widespread victim blaming of Janay Rice. Two days later, Gooden was interviewed by Robin Roberts on Good Morning America, where she explained her motivations for creating the Why I Stayed movement. \"The reason that I started the hashtag was to give voice to the people out there who had that voice taken away. I think what bothered me most was that the question was 'why did she stay?' and not 'why did he hit her?'. And we do this across the board with violent situations, we do this with domestic violence by asking 'why did she stay?' and we do this with rape by saying 'why did she wear that?' as if your clothing or your mere presence gives someone the right to hurt you.\" She has been featured on Good Morning America, CNN, Time, The Washington Post, HLN, Inside Edition, NBC Nightly News, and more. Why I Stayed was listed as one of the top social change hashtags of 2014 by Forbes, and one of the \"top 10 hashtags that started a conversation\" by Time magazine. In March 2015, Why I Stayed was recognized as one of \"8 hashtags that changed the world\". The Bolt Bag Project In 2014, Beverly founded the Ella Mae Foundation, which supports \"protection and superior upbringing for children as well as self-actualization and equitable rights for women\". She created the Bolt Bag Project, a program that provides basic necessities to anonymous survivors of relationship violence. Career Gooden served as a development intern at the Chicago Alliance to End Homelessness during graduate school in 2008. Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, she worked for various government and nonprofit agencies to secure or administer housing and food resources for those affected by the crisis. As a",
"title": "Beverly Gooden"
},
{
"docid": "1598271",
"text": "A gauntlet is a type of glove that protects the hand and wrist of a combatant. Gauntlets were used particularly in Europe between the early fourteenth century and the early modern period and were often constructed of hardened leather or metal plates. Gauntlets, which cover the hands, wrists, and sometimes forearms, are not to be confused with bracers, which cover the wrists and forearms but not the hands; bracers are common in medieval and fantasy cosplay. Types Armour Beginning in the 11th century, European soldiers and knights relied on chain mail for protection of their bodies, and chain armor \"shirts\" with wide sleeves that hung to the elbow were common. However, it wasn't until the 12th century that chain mail shirts with longer, narrower sleeves began to be worn, and these on occasion had chain mail mittens or \"muffs\" resembling fingerless gloves and with a pocket for the thumb (though some of these did have complete fingers as well). These attached at the lower edge of the sleeve, and protected the wearer's hands from cuts and lacerations during combat but offered no protection against crushing blows. It wasn't until the early 14th century that armorers began to design fully articulated plate armor: along with this development of the use of plates as a means of protecting the body from blows was the development of hand protection in the form of gauntlets made of overlapping plates of steel. These were created both in the fingerless \"mitten\" style (which offered plate armor protection and allowed the fingers to share heat but limited the wearer's ability to move those fingers) as well as the fully fingered \"glove\" style (which though still ungainly and less comfortable in cold weather, permitted full use of all of the fingers). A variety of gauntlet called a \"demi-gauntlet\" or \"demi-gaunt\" also came into use around this time. A demi-gaunt is a type of plate armour gauntlet that only protects the back of the hand and the wrist: demi-gaunts are worn with gloves made from chain mail or padded leather. The advantages of the demi-gaunt are that it allows better dexterity and is lighter than a full gauntlet, but the disadvantage is that the fingers are not as well protected. In a 2021-2022 a well-preserved and nearly-intact 14th-century gauntlet was discovered near Switzerland's Kyburg Castle. Contemporary protective gauntlets Modern protective gloves called \"gauntlets\" continue to be worn by metal workers and welders when handling hot or molten metals or in contexts where sparks are common. These gauntlets no longer sport the metal plates of the originals, but instead are highly insulating against heat. Similar varieties of gauntlet are worn by automotive technicians to protect their hands when handling car components, and meat and fishery butchers often wear chain mail gauntlets to protect their hands from the sharp edges of knives. Motorcyclists wear gauntlets made of leather to protect their hands from abrasion during an accident, and snowmobile drivers wear fingerless gauntlets made of nylon to protect their hands from",
"title": "Gauntlet (glove)"
},
{
"docid": "52539397",
"text": "Evelin Võigemast (until 2007, Evelin Pang; born 22 May 1980) is an Estonian stage, film television and voice actress and singer. Early life and education Born Evelin Pang in Tallinn, her parents were Valdur Pang and Eda Pang (née Taska). She has a brother named Margus Pang. She initially studied at Tallinn School No. 21 secondary school, but graduated from Tallinn School No. 49. (now, Tallinn Arte Gymnasium) in 1998. She is also a graduate of the Tallinn Children's Music School (now, the Tallinn Music School) in Kesklinn, Tallinn, where she studied piano. In 1998, she began studying acting at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre under Elmo Nüganen, graduating in 2002. Among his graduating classmates were Priit Võigemast, Karin Rask, Maria Soomets, Hele Kõre, Mart Toome, Ott Aardam, Elisabet Reinsalu, and Argo Aadli. Stage career Following graduation, she joined the Tallinn City Theatre in 2002, where she is still currently engaged. She has appeared in roles at the Tallinn City Theatre in works by such varied authors and playwrights as: Shakespeare, Alexandre Dumas, David Auburn, Anton Chekhov, Franz Kafka, Ivan Turgenev, W. B. Yeats, A. H. Tammsaare, Tennessee Williams, Ernest Hemingway, Arnold Wesker and Nikolai Gogol, among others. She has also performed at the Vanalinnastuudio in roles by Bertolt Brecht and Jim Cartwright; the NUKU Theatre, the Nargen Opera; and at the Vanemuine in Tartu, where she performed as Evita Peron in Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's Evita in 2014. Film In 2000, Pang began voicing the animated character Lotte in the popular Estonian Lotte films; the first was Lotte Goes South. This was followed by Lotte from Gadgetville in 2006, Lotte and the Moonstone Secret in 2011, and Lotte and the Lost Dragons in 2019. The Lotte films and their characters proved so popular in Estonia that a theme park, Lottemaa, was opened in Reiu, Pärnu County, Estonia. She was also cast as a voice actress to dub the role of Mittens in the Estonian release of the 2008 American Disney animated feature film Bolt (Estonian: Välk). She made her feature-length film debut in a small role in the 2002 Elmo Nüganen directed Nimed marmortahvlil (English release titles: Names in Marble and Names Engraved in Marble), based on the novel of the same name by author Albert Kivikas about the Estonian War of Independence. She was billed under her maiden name, Evelin Pang. This was followed by a co-starring role in the Peeter Urbla directed comedy-drama Stiilipidu in 2005, opposite actresses Maarja Jakobson and Anne Reemann. Other film roles include that of Annika Hunt in the Asko Kase directed drama Hundi agoonia; Liisa, in the 2009 Hannu Salonen directed drama Vasha; Evelyn in the 2012 Ain Mäeots directed drama Deemonid; Reet Haljandi in the 2015 Margus Paju directed family adventure film Supilinna Salaselts (English release title: The Secret Society of Souptown), based on the novels of Finnish author Mika Keränen; Marian in the 2017 Andres Maimik and Katrin Maimik directed comedy-drama Minu näoga onu; and Andres'",
"title": "Evelin Võigemast"
},
{
"docid": "2137368",
"text": "The Milky Way is a one-reel animated cartoon short subject, produced in Technicolor and released to theatres with the film The Captain Is a Lady in 1940 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The short (produced and directed by Rudolf Ising and co-produced by Fred Quimby with the voice of Bernice Hansen as the kittens and their mother, and musical supervision by Scott Bradley) explores the adventures of the \"three little kittens who lost their mittens\", as they explore a dreamland where space is made up entirely of dairy products (for example, the Milky Way is made of milk and the Moon is made of green cheese). The short won the 1940 Oscar for Best Animated Short Film, and was the first non-Disney film to do so. Other shorts nominated in 1940 included A Wild Hare by Warner Bros., introducing Bugs Bunny, and another MGM cartoon Puss Gets the Boot, with Jasper & Jinx, the prototype for Tom and Jerry. This makes 1940 the first time a Disney film wasn’t even nominated for the award. It was added as a bonus feature in the Marx Bros. DVD release of Go West (1940) and Warner Archive Blu-ray release of Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940). Plot Three kittens, denied milk as punishment for losing their mittens after playing out in the snow, sail up into the Milky Way in a basket lifted by three helium balloons. Their space flight takes them past the Moon, the planet Mars, the Big Dipper, and the Little Dipper, until they reach their destination: the Milky Way. Once in the Milky Way, they find it a land of natural milk springs and geysers. The kittens proceed to happily gorge themselves on milk, until they get into trouble and risk falling back down to Earth. However, it is then revealed that the whole event was imagined. Their mother comes in to their bedroom to invite them down for supper. The kittens rush excitedly into the kitchen, only to be sickened to see that their supper is milk. Additional Crew Production Manager: Fred Quimby Film Co-Produced by William Hanna (uncredited) Uncredited Story by Maurice Day Uncredited Animation by Jack Zander Home Media Go West (unrestored bonus feature) Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection: 15 Winners (restored) Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection, Disc 1 (restored) Broadway Melody of 1940, Warner Archive Collection Blu-ray release (restored bonus feature) References External links The Milky Way (1940) on Dailymotion (uploaded by InternetAnimationDatabase) 1940 films 1940 animated films 1940 short films 1940s American animated films 1940s animated short films 1940s fantasy comedy films 1940 musical comedy films American musical comedy films Best Animated Short Academy Award winners Films directed by Rudolf Ising Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short films 1940s musical fantasy films Animated films based on nursery rhymes Animated films about cats Films about dreams American musical fantasy films Films produced by Fred Quimby Films scored by Scott Bradley Milky Way in fiction Mars in film Moon in film Films set on balloons Fiction about",
"title": "The Milky Way (1940 film)"
},
{
"docid": "72421517",
"text": "Twined knitting (also known as two-end knitting) is a traditional Scandinavian knitting technique. It refers to knitting where two strands of yarn are knitted into the fabric alternatively and twisted once and always in the same direction before every stitch. The technique is called tvåändsstickning in Swedish, tvebandsstrikking in Norwegian, and tvebinding in Danish. Their literal meaning is \"two-end knitting\", referring to the traditional way of knitting with both yarn ends from one ball of yarn. While the right-side of the fabric resembles a one-end stocking-stitch fabric (as seen from the right side), the wrong-side of the fabric has a horizontally ridged surface due to the plaits created by the twisting of the two strands of yarn. Intricate relief patterns are characteristic of the technique. Twined knitting produces a firmer and more durable fabric with greater thermal insulation than conventional one-end knitting. The technique has historically been used to knit mittens, gloves, socks, stockings, caps and sleeves for waistcoats. Historical and cultural overview The technique is predominantly associated with the forestry areas of Värmland, Dalarna, Härjedalen, Jämtland and Hälsingland in Sweden, and Hedmark, Oppland, Akershus and Buskerud in Norway. Archaeological finds from these areas provide evidence that the technique has been practiced since the sixteenth century. Practical knowledge of the technique still persists in these areas. Danish archeological findings of the technique have been dated to the seventeenth century. However, practical knowledge of the technique has ceased to exist in Denmark. Evidence of the technique has not yet been found in the remaining Nordic countries. Sweden The technique is historically significant to the Swedish county Dalarna. Two-end knitted garments continue to be included in several of Dalarnas traditional local costumes. The history of knitting in this region can be traced back to the mid-seventeenth century. Wool yarn was the most common knitting material, but linen and cotton yarn was sometimes used to knit socks, mittens and gloves. Mittens and gloves were commonly twine-knitted in white (typically for women) or black (typically for men) wool yarn with a knitted or embroidered colourful pattern. Embroidered twine-knitted mittens with a fringe trimming are particularly associated with Dala-Floda were they are included in the traditional local costume. However, embroidered mittens with or without fringe trimmings are common in other parts of Dalarna as well as in Värmland and Härjedalen. Some two-end knitted mittens were intended to be worn inside unlined leather mittens, in which cases they were known as handskvantar, bälgvantar or körhandskar. On the island of Sollerön in Siljan, half-mittens and gloves were two-end knitted in white linen or cotton yarn for weddings, half-mittens being worn by the bride and gloves by the groom. The gloves and half-mittens were later reused by the couple on ceremonial occasions. The garments from Sollerön are characterised by their elaborate relief patterns. In Lima, twine-knitted cotton gloves were produced and exported during the nineteenth century. Socks and stockings were typically two-end knitted in an undyed wool, linen or cotton yarn, often to be dyed after. During dyeing,",
"title": "Twined knitting"
},
{
"docid": "13458294",
"text": "Chung Misook (; born December 25, 1962) is a South Korean voice actress who joined Seoul-based Korean Broadcasting System's voice acting division in 1984. Role Broadcast TV Pororo the Little Penguin (EBS) - Petty Clamp School Detectives (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Nokoru Imonoyama Pita-Ten (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Misha Futari wa Pretty Cure (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Cure Black/Nagisa Misumi (Mook Ha-ram) Jang Geum's Dream (Korea TV Edition, MBC) - Seo Jang Geum One Piece (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Nami Naruto (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Hitomi Uchiha Sailor Moon (Crew Folding) - Sailor Mercury Tokyo Mew Mew (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Ichigo Momomiya InuYasha (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Kagome Higurashi (Yoo Ga-young) Shaman King (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Hao Asakura Kamikaze Kaito Jeanne (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Maron Kusakabe/Kaito Jeanne Magic Knight Rayearth (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Hikaru Shidou (Sunny/Joo Eun-vit) The Irresponsible Captain Tylor (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) Nurse Angel Ririka SOS (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ririka Moriya Digimon Adventure (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Taichi Kamiya (Shin Tae-il) Astro Boy (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Astro Boy Cowboy Bebop (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Faye Valentine Erementar Gerad (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Cisqua Kanon (Korea TV Edition, Animax) - Nayuki Minase Mahojin Guru Guru (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Kukuri Element Hunters (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ren Karas Doug (Korea TV Edition) - Patti Mayonnaise Danny Phantom (Korea TV Edition) - Sam Dragon Tales (Korea TV Edition) - Emmy Flowering Heart (Korea TV Edition) - Ari Jin You're Under Arrest (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Noh Han-na The Fairly OddParents (Korea TV Edition) - Timmy Turner Hello Kitty's Paradise (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Hello Kitty Movie dubbing Harry Potter (replacing Emma Watson, Korea TV Edition, SBS) The Sixth Sense (replacing Haley Joel Osment, Korea TV Edition, KBS) Interview with the Vampire (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, MBC) Jumanji (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Leon (replacing Natalie Portman, Korea TV Edition, KBS) Demolition Man (replacing Sandra Bullock, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Roman Holiday (replacing Audrey Hepburn, Korea TV Edition, SBS) Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (playing Belle, Walt Disney Pictures) Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (playing Pocahontas, Walt Disney Pictures) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (playing Adult Kiara, Walt Disney Pictures Anastasia (playing Anastasia \"Anya\", 20th Century Fox) Mulan (playing Mulan, Walt Disney Pictures) The Prince of Egypt (playing Miriam, Dreamworks Animation) Finding Nemo (playing Dory, Pixar) Bolt (playing Mittens, Walt Disney Pictures) Finding Dory (playing Dory, Stan's wife, Pixar) Games Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata - Reith The War of Genesis Side Story II: Tempest - Elizabeth Pandragon Girlfriend of Steel - Asuka Langley Soryu Elsword - Rena References External links Jeong Mi Sook Fan Site (in Korean) Jeong Mi Sook Fan Cafe (in Korean) 1962 births Living people South Korean voice actresses 20th-century South Korean actresses 21st-century South Korean actresses",
"title": "Chung Misook"
},
{
"docid": "20213458",
"text": "Mark Daniel Walton (born October 24, 1968) is an American storyboard artist and voice actor who has worked for Walt Disney Animation Studios, DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Warner Animation Group, and other companies. He currently works for Illumination, as of 2023. Walton also voiced Rhino the hamster in the 2008 animated film Bolt. Early life Walton was born on October 24, 1968, in Salt Lake City, Utah, the oldest of seven children. Although he is not a professional actor, Walton said in an interview, \"I liked acting in high school and college. I enjoyed it. I think at some point I decided that if I was really going to be a professional actor that it would take at least everything that I would have emotionally or physically and I knew that I really wanted to pursue art.\" He graduated from Utah State University in 1998 with a degree in illustration. Career Mark Walton started at Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida as a story and animation intern in 1995. After performing as a show artist for The Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical Discovery Adventure North American Mall Tour in 1996, he transferred to Walt Disney Feature Animation in Burbank, CA. (now known as Walt Disney Animation Studios) in 1997 to work on his first feature, Tarzan as a storyboard artist. While at Disney, from the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, he did storyboards for The Emperor's New Groove, The Little Matchstick Girl, Home on the Range, Chicken Little, Meet the Robinsons, Tangled, and Gnomeo and Juliet, as well as storyboarding and developing the unproduced films Wild Life, My Peoples, and Rapunzel Unbraided (an early version of Tangled), Joe Jump, and King of the Elves. Also, while at Disney, he provided the voices for Barry & Bob the Longhorns in Home on the Range (2004), Goosey Loosey for the computer-animated film Chicken Little and its video game (2005), and for Rhino the hamster in Bolt (2008) for which he was nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production, and the short film spin-off Super Rhino. He also storyboarded a short CGI film \"The Zit\" for Mike Blum's Pipsqueak Films, shown on the TV series Independent Lens. After leaving Disney in 2009, Walton storyboarded on films for DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, Marza Animation Planet, Original Force 3D, Ken Duncan Studio, Mass Animation, On Animation, Kool Produktion AS, Rovio Animation, and Warner Animation Group. He has also taught storyboarding at California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts), Academy of Art, SUU, and CGMA. Numerous positive reviews came from film critics regarding Walton's performance as Rhino in Bolt. CNN noted “Walton's Rhino steals every scene he's in.”, while Enewsi stated \"Walton has perfect comedic timing as Rhino\". Another reviewer noted “The hamster alone is enough to make this movie worth seeing”, with other positive reviews featured in the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, where Walton contemplated Rhino's popularity as, \"he imagines he's actually something bigger",
"title": "Mark Walton (story artist)"
},
{
"docid": "18487610",
"text": "J'son of Spartax J2 Jack Flag Jack Frost Gregor Shapanka Jack O'Lantern Jason Macendale Steven Mark Levins Daniel Berkhart Levins' brother Jeremiah Jack of Hearts Jackdaw Jackdaw is a fictional character featured in the Marvel Comics universe. He was created by Dez Skinn, Steve Parkhouse, Paul Neary and John Stokes, and first appeared in The Incredible Hulk Weekly #57 (April 1980). A now-deceased hero, the sidekick of Captain Britain, Jackdaw was an Otherworld elf. Jackdaw had been mortally wounded earlier in his adventures, but was revived by Merlyn and given new powers and a new costume. He was permanently slain later on Earth-238 by The Fury. Jackdaw was literally torn in half by one of the Fury's energy bolts and expired shortly thereafter in Captain Britain's arms. Jackdaw expressed a belief that Merlyn would resurrect him. Saturnyne had abandoned them (and her assistant Dimples, who loved her deeply) to escape. Merlyn did not resurrect Jackdaw as it would have damaged his chances of rescuing Captain Britain, who was killed as well by the Fury after Dimples and Jackdaw, and resurrected by Merlyn back on Earth-616. Jackhammer Jackpot Brent Jackson Jade Dragon Jade Dragon is a fictional character portrayed in the Marvel Comics universe. He was created by Jim Krueger, Alex Ross, and John Paul Leon, and first appeared in Earth X #2 (May 1999). Little is known of Jade Dragon's history before his exposure to Terrigen Mist on Earth-9997. Once exposed to the mist, he mutated into a humanoid dragon and became a slave to the Skull, who gained the ability to control the minds of others after exposure to the mist. The Skull intended to take over first New York City, then the world. Along with the Skull's other slaves, he was forced to fight a team of super-mutants led by Captain America; in the end, the Skull was killed and his slaves were freed. Jade Dragon would move on to work alongside Iron Maiden, Black Bolt, and the Iron Avengers. As part of his transformation by the mist, Jade Dragon gained functional wings with the ability to fly and the ability to blow jade-green flames from his mouth. Sajani Jaffrey J. Jonah Jackal J. Jonah Jackal is an anthropomorphic jackal and animal version of J. Jonah Jameson who is the boss of Spider-Ham. J. Jonah Jackal in other media J. Jonah Jackal appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode \"The Spider-Verse\" Pt. 2, voiced by J.K. Simmons. J. Jonah Jameson J. Jonah Jameson Sr. J. Jonah Jameson Sr. is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Joan Jameson Joan Jameson is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is the deceased wife of J. Jonah Jameson in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Zeb Wells and Dean Haspiel, first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #190 (March 1979). Joan was a high school classmate of J. Jonah Jameson and part of the school paper along with Steve \"Tripod\". While",
"title": "List of Marvel Comics characters: J"
},
{
"docid": "47814429",
"text": "Supergiant is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña, Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013). The character has made several appearances in other media such as animated television and video games. Publication history Supergiant first appeared in Infinity (October 2013) and was created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña. Fictional character biography The character Supergiant is a member of Thanos' supervillain team Black Order. While searching for Thanos' son Thane during the Infinity storyline, Supergiant and Corvus Glaive laid siege to the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning and defeated the X-Men. They left after realizing that Thane was not there. In the comic, When the Black Order seized Wakanda, Supergiant was left in control of Black Bolt who she would mentally order to activate the Illuminati's hidden bombs in Wakanda Necropolis. When the Illuminati arrived to save Black Bolt, Supergiant used Black Bolt's ability to defeat the heroes. Upon activating the bomb, Supergiant was faced by Maximus who had the trigger. Maximus triggered the bomb, but also used Lockjaw to transport Supergiant along with the bomb to a distant uninhabited planet where she perished in the explosion. During the \"No Surrender\" arc, Supergiant came back as a psychic projection, along with the rest of the Black Order, thanks to the Challenger who had set them up against Grandmaster's Lethal Legion. During the battle in Antarctica, the Black Order retreat after Corvus Glaive is killed. Supergiant stays to take control of Thor, but is dissipated by Lethal Legion member Ferene the Other. Powers and abilities Supergiant, in the series, has telepathic abilities, which allow her to mind-control anyone and feed on their intellect. At some point, she was transformed into a psionic entity. Out of her transformation, Supergiant gained the power to phase through living beings and obstacles. She also became immune to physical damage. Reception Accolades In 2022, Screen Rant included Supergiant in their \"10 Best Cosmic Villains Not Yet In The MCU\" list. In 2022, CBR.com ranked Supergiant 3rd in their \"MCU: Every Member Of Thanos’ Black Order, Ranked By Power\" list. In other media Television Supergiant appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Hynden Walch. Supergiant appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced again by Hynden Walch. This version lacks psychic powers, but can grow to a gigantic size and previously dated Star-Lord prior to the series' events. In the episode \"Undercover Angle\", Supergiant is imprisoned by the Nova Corps until the Guardians of the Galaxy accidentally free her while infiltrating the organization, though Gamora is able to subdue her. In the episode \"Come and Gut Your Love\", Supergiant works with another ex-girlfriend of Star-Lord's, Lucy, to attack him after discovering he is J'son's son. Video games Supergiant appears as a mini-boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Supergiant appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Marvel Future Fight. Supergiant appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 as part of the Infinity",
"title": "Supergiant (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "28064582",
"text": "The Mitten () is a 1967 Soviet animated film directed by Roman Kachanov. The film received international recognition. Plot summary The film centers on a girl who wants a dog. She brings home a puppy, but her mother wouldn't let the puppy stay. The girl is upset and goes outside to the playground, where all the other kids are walking their dogs. She starts playing with her mitten, pretending that the mitten is a dog. And the power of her imagination turns her mitten into a puppy, which keeps the mitten's red color and black spots on the back. The puppy starts chasing a cat, which ends up finding shelter on top of the ad board saying \"Everyone who has a dog is welcome to take part in the kennel club competition!\" The girl takes her puppy to the competition, and it completes the task better than other dogs, but on the way to finish one of the threads of the puppy's knitted coat gets caught by a nail on the wooden barrier, and it loses the competition. The girl takes it home and is about to feed it, when it turns back to a mitten. Mom notices the girl trying to feed a mitten and decides to get her a real puppy. Creators Dolls and scenery made — Pavel Gusyov, Oleg Masainov, V. Petrov, M. Chesnokova, G. Gettinger, G. Lyutinsky, A. Maximov, V. Kalashnikova, V. Kuranov, S. Etlis, leadership the Roman Gurov Film editor — Vera Gokke Editor — Natalya Abramova Director — Nathan Bitman Awards MKF in Moscow — a silver medal in competition of children's movies, the movie \"The Mitten\" (1967) Annecy International Animation Film Festival — the first award, the movie \"The Mitten\" (1967) Gijón International Film Festival — a prize of the city of Gijon \"For high art quality of animation\", the movie \"The Mitten\" (1968) Gijón International Film Festival — the Grand Prix \"A gold plate\", the movie \"The Mitten\" (1968) All-Union Film Festival — the first award, the movie \"The Mitten\" (1968) Interesting facts There is no dialogue in the film. Leonid Shvartsman based the character of the mother on a very close acquaintance — Tamara Vladimirovna Poletika (the first wife of his friend and animator Lev Milchin). The bulldog in “The Mitten” is based on the director, Roman Kachanov. External links Films directed by Roman Abelevich Kachanov Soviet animated films Soyuzmultfilm 1967 films 1960s Soviet films 1967 animated films",
"title": "The Mitten (film)"
},
{
"docid": "19731992",
"text": "Bolt is a video game developed by Avalanche Software and published by Disney Interactive Studios for Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. It is based on the 2008 film of the same name. Mark Walton, Sean Donnelan, and Malcolm McDowell reprise their roles as Rhino, Penny's TV father, and Dr. Calico respectively. Miley Cyrus, who voiced Penny, is replaced by Ashleigh Prather. Synopsis Setting In the game, the player follows and controls the super dog Bolt and Penny on various missions taking place in the fictional TV show universe from the movie. The levels are shared between Bolt and Penny. By using Bolt's superpowers, the player can fight hordes of enemies. New powers, such as Superbark and Laser Eyes, will be unlocked during the game. While Bolt has superpowers, Penny has only her maneuverability by using her Wheelbar and is incentivized to take down enemies in a stealthy way. The game focuses on Bolt's fake TV life, not the actual movie storyline. Penny's father has been kidnapped by the evil Dr. Calico, and Penny and Bolt must travel through 5 countries to rescue him. All of this is actually on TV, and Rhino is watching a DVD pack of all the 25 Bolt episodes, possibly at the rural home at the end of the movie with Bolt's family (Penny, Mittens, Bolt himself, and Penny's mother). On the Nintendo DS version, players can play a mini-game called Rhino's Mission, where they go through mazes and avoid obstacles, like cannons. Despite that the end of the Bolt film shows a new storyline, it can be implied that these episodes featured in the game are mostly the episodes in the first season, despite the movie starting with the chase sequence. Plot Penny's father has been captured by Calico and his organization in an attempt to construct a powerful weapon of untold power. Penny and Bolt travel to Italy in an effort to find out more, but they get nowhere other than learning of Calico's location in Belize. Calico finally manages to capture Penny once she and Bolt find his temple base in the Yucatán jungle. To prove to Penny's father that she is alive and being held hostage, Calico gives Penny a cell phone with her father on the other line. Calico then attempts to flee the crumbling temple with his new captive but decides to leave her there with Bolt to die, saying, \"As long as the professor believes she's alive, he will do what is asked and finish the weapon. Too bad we can't all have nine lives\". However, Penny and Bolt survive and discover Calico's new base in the Russian Arctic with a large rocket in the center. But upon entering, Penny notices micro-focusing mirrors and realizes that it is her father's satellite instead of a warhead. All too late as Calico seals the entrance and, to Bolt's horror, launches it with Penny inside screaming for help. Bolt then jumps onto the rocket and",
"title": "Bolt (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "43839916",
"text": "Kate & Mim-Mim is an animated children's television series created by husband-and-wife duo, Scott and Julie Stewart. Produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment in season 1 and later by DHX Media in season 2 with FremantleMedia Kids & Family, the first episode premiered on Disney Junior in the United States on December 19, 2014 until July 2, 2017 when Disney Junior lost the rights to air the series. The series also premiered in the United Kingdom on CBeebies on October 30, 2016. The show focuses on the friendship and adventures of a little girl named Kate and her favorite toy, a plush bunny named Mim-Mim who go on daring adventures in the fictional world of Mimiloo. Characters Kate is the main protagonist. She is a 5-year-old girl who wears colored clothes and is best friends with a stuffed bunny named Mim-Mim. Kate is voiced by Maryke Hendrikse in North America and Jessica Hann in the UK. Mim-Mim, a plush purple bunny, is Kate's best friend. Mim-Mim is voiced by Lee Tockar in North America and by Rob Foster in the UK. Valerie is Kate's mother. Valerie is voiced by Nicole Oliver in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK. Marco is Kate's father. Marco is voiced by David Godfrey in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK. Boomer is a blue creature and Lily's younger brother. He is voiced by Maryke Hendrikse in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK. Lily is a pink creature and Boomer's older sister. She is voiced by Tabitha St. Germain in North America and Jess Robinson in the UK. Gobble is a giant brown badger, voiced by Brian Drummond in North America and Terrence Mann in the UK. Tach is an orange-yellow creature, voiced by Matt Hill in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK. Broadcast Other international broadcasters that have picked up the series include DR (Denmark), SVT (Sweden), Clan (Spain), Panda (Portugal), Super RTL (Germany), Tiji (France), JimJam (Central and Eastern Europe), PBS (Thailand) and Okto (Singapore). Episodes Season 1 (2014-15) Rip Roaring Race (1 September 2014) The Need for Seed (2 September 2014) Color Me Happy (3 September 2014) Kittens and Mittens (4 September 2014) Tail Tale (5 September 2014) Mirror Mirror (8 September 2014) Boomer Size (9 September 2014) Mim Mim's Moon Mishap (10 September 2014) Tee Hee Rex (11 September 2014) Mega Music Maker (12 September 2014) Lost Island (15 September 2014) Flight of the Flowers (16 September 2014) A Case of the Giggles (17 September 2014) Hiccups and Night Fun (18 September 2014) Cloud Castle (19 September 2014) Snow Bowling (22 September 2014) Valentine Friends (23 September 2014) A Storybook Ending (24 September 2014) Balloon Buddies (25 September 2014) Twinkle Twinkle (26 September 2014) Snifferific (29 September 2014) Summer Funday Drive (30 September 2014) Mega Mim (1 October 2014) Kate the Great (2 October 2014) Clean Sweep (3 October 2014) Princess Kate (17 November 2014) Lighter than Air (18 November 2014) Gobble's Gift (19 November",
"title": "Kate & Mim-Mim"
},
{
"docid": "65383201",
"text": "The Mitten (Ukrainian: Рукавичка) is a Ukrainian fairy tale. It remains popular in modern Ukraine and has been translated into other languages. Some of the written records of The Mitten date back to the 19th century and include the folklore collections of Pavlo Chubynsky. and Ivan Rudchenko. Plot There are numerous variations of this Ukrainian folk tale. In the general story, a person loses their mitten in a forest in the snow during a cold winter. One by one, various animals come and settle inside the mitten planning to stay warm. Eventually, the mitten can no longer hold all who want to warm themselves inside. The mitten then splits open and spills out all the animals into the cold. Variations The individual losing the mitten varies - some versions feature a child who loses their mitten. The animals included varies in different versions but often includes a mouse, a frog, a hare, a fox, a wolf, a boar and a bear. The animals fitting into the mitten get progressively larger. In some retellings, each of the animals have adjectives or nicknames. In many retellings, prior to settling in, the new-comer asks permission from the animals already inside. When the mitten can hold no more, sometimes a sneeze causes the animals to no longer fit inside. In some retellings, the person who lost the mitten finds it after the animals have left. Interpretation The story illustrates the Tragedy of the Commons. Translations The Mitten was translated into various languages, including English, Japanese, Azerbaijani, French, German and Russian. One of the most popular versions of The Mitten retold in English is by Jan Brett. In popular culture In 1996 a Ukrainian Animated Film Studio Ukranimafilm released a cartoon The Mitten (N. Marchenkova, а scriptwriter and director). In 2001, Ukrposhta, the postal service of Ukraine, released a Ukrainian Fairy Tale series of stamps, including The Mitten. References M M M",
"title": "The Mitten (folk tale)"
},
{
"docid": "1563469",
"text": ", better known as , is a Japanese actor, voice actor and narrator from Kanagawa Prefecture. He is affiliated with Aoni Production. He had roles in the Initial D series (as Jōshima Toshiya \"God Hand\"), Naruto (as Might Guy), Eat-Man (as Bolt Crank), the Shakugan no Shana series (as Alastor the Flame of Heavens), Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! (as Doctor Tsuchiya), Buso Renkin (as Captain Bravo), The Transformers (as Ratchet) and Final Fantasy XIII (as Sazh Katzroy). He is also the official dub-over artist of Tom Hanks, Bill Murray, Wesley Snipes, Bruce Campbell and Robin Williams. He was also the first dubbing voice actor of Andy García and Alec Baldwin in their early days. Much of his roles are occupied by Koichi Yamadera in different editions of the films. Background Ebara graduated from Tōkyōtoritsu Chitosegaoka Senior High School. He initially did not aspire to be an actor, but he chose to attend the Toho Performing Arts Academy to learn the trade because he admired the work of Charlie Chaplin as a student. After previously working with Gekidan Subaru, he affiliated himself with 81 Produce, but he is now affiliated with Aoni Production. Filmography Television animation 1987 Transformers: The Headmasters (Spike Witwicky, Scattershot/Computron, Pounce) 1990 Robin Hood no Daibōken (Baron Alwyn) 1991 Soreike! Anpanman (Unadonman, Pineappleman, Princess Dorian, Crayonman) 1992 O~i! Ryoma (Yamauchi Yōdō) The Laughing Salesman (Kenzō Warii (episode 93), Shokudō no Oyaji (December 26, 1992 special)) 1993 Nintama Rantarō (Young Ryūōmaru, Heishirō Kusai) 1994 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R (Chiral) Yu Yu Hakusho (Yomi) 1996 Baketsu de Gohan (Zubrofsky) Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!! (Doctor Tsuchiya) Raideen the Superior (Kraken) 1997 Eat-Man (Bolt Crank) 1998 Eat-Man '98 (Bolt Crank) 1999 Cowboy Bebop (Andy Von de Oniyate) Master Keaton (Robert Fenders) Pocket Monsters (Jangō) 2000 Love Hina (Kōji Maehara) Platinumhugen Ordian (Baltoro) Shūkan Storyland (Leader, narration) 2001 PaRappa Rappa (Boxy Boy) Shaman King (Dōen) The SoulTaker (Richard Vincent) 2002 Tottoko Hamtaro (Lion-sensei) 2003 Astro Boy: Mighty Atom (Archer) Gad Guard (Jack Bruno) Gunslinger Girl (Hilshire) Mugen Senki Potorisu (Black-clothed man) Naruto (Might Guy) 2004 Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple (George Challenger) Fullmetal Alchemist (Hohenheim Elric) Kaiketsu Zorori (Gaon, Husky) 2005 Majime ni Fumajime: Kaiketsu Zorori (Gaon, Husky) Shakugan no Shana (Alastor) Shinshaku Sengoku Eiyūdensetsu Sanada Ten Braves The Animation (Kuroda Nagamasa) Xenosaga: The Animation (Ziggurat 8) 2006 Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z (Mojo Jojo) Ergo Proxy (MCQ) 2007 El Cazador de la Bruja (Shop Manager) Naruto: Shippuden (Might Guy, Might Duy) Nodame Cantabile (Sebastiano Viella) Shakugan no Shana Second (Alastor) 2008 Michiko to Hatchin (Old Gentleman) Negibōzu no Satarō (Aona no Shakimi) 2011 Shakugan no Shana Final (Alastor) 2012 Sword Art Online (Godfree) 2013 Magi: The Kingdom of Magic (Shambal Ramal) Space Battleship Yamato 2199 (Osamu Yamanami) 2014 Future Card Buddyfight (Hitotaba Neginoyama/Captain Answer, Vlad Dracula) Tokyo ESP (Shin Kakuno) Nisekoi (Adlet Wogner Kirisaki) 2016 One Piece (Raizō) 2017 Space Battleship Yamato 2202: Warriors of Love (Osamu Yamanami) Vatican Miracle Examiner (Archbishop Saul) 2018 Pop Team Epic (Popuko",
"title": "Masashi Ebara"
},
{
"docid": "30989403",
"text": "John MacKay Shaw (15 May 1897 – 15 March 1984) was a Scottish-American business executive, bibliophile, philanthropist, and writer. He was interested in the tradition of poetry in the English language from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries. He was especially attentive to its treatment of the theme of childhood. Early life Shaw was born on 15 May 1897, in Glasgow, Scotland. His father immigrated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to find work and the rest of the family followed him in 1911. He left school at the age of 14 and went first to work at John Wanamaker's department store as an errand boy and later to Wharton Business School where he took stenographic courses. During World War I, he joined the Ambulance Corps and served in France. Career After the war, Shaw joined the steno pool at Mitten Management but he was chosen by the president of the company, Thomas Mitten, to serve as his private secretary. His specialty was in the field of public relations and advertising. When Mitten died, Shaw left the company to work as a public relations executive for the Bell Telephone System. In this role, he worked on the weekly radio program \"The Bell Telephone Hour\" and redesigned the New York City Yellow Pages. While working for the company, he began to collect British and American poetry by and about children. He joined the Grolier Club and the American Library Association. When he retired in 1959, he donated almost 6,000 volumes to Florida State University. He created an 11-volume annotated bibliography, Childhood in Poetry. He was awarded an honorary doctor of humane letters in 1972. Later life Shaw died on 15 March 1984, in Tallahassee, Florida. Bibliography Birchfield, James D. \"The John MacKay Shaw Collection: Two Decades at Florida State.\" Florida State, Vol. 4, No. 3, Summer 1980, pp. 17– 19. Evory, Ann, ed., \"John MacKay Shaw,\" Contemporary Authors. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1978. Vol. 29-32, p. 629. Hendrickson, Norejane J. and Nancy Taylor Coghill. \"Nineteenth-Century Children's Poetry: A Reflection of the Age.\" Children's Literature Association Quarterly, Vol. 11, Number 2, Summer 1986, pp. 72–77. Korn, Frederick. Poetry of the Great War: A Descriptive Catalogue of Resources in the Shaw Collection. Tallahassee: Florida State University Library, 1984. Patrick, Lucy. \"The John MacKay Shaw Childhood in Poetry Collection,\" Florida Libraries, Vol. 49, No. 2, Fall 2006, pp. 13–15. Shaw, John MacKay. Childhood in Poetry; A Catalogue, With Biographical and Critical Annotations, of the Books of English and American Poets Comprising the Shaw Childhood in Poetry Collection. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1967. 5 vols. Supplement of 3 vols. (1972); Supplement of 2 vols. (1976); Supplement (1980). Shaw, John MacKay. \"Childhood in Poetry: The Forty-Year History of a Collection, 1929-1969,\" Antiquarian Bookman, 22–29 December 1969, rpt. as a monograph, Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1970. Shaw, John MacKay. \"The Life of Thomas Eugene Mitten of Philadelphia (1874-1929),\" unpublished manuscript in Free Library of Philadelphia. Shaw, John MacKay. The Parodies of Lewis Carroll and Their Originals. Tallahassee: Florida State University",
"title": "John MacKay Shaw"
},
{
"docid": "4450417",
"text": "Chris Williams (born December 19, 1968) is an American-Canadian animation film director, screenwriter and voice actor who is best known for directing the films Bolt (2008) and Big Hero 6 (2014) and co-directing the film Moana (2016) for Walt Disney Animation Studios, and for directing the film The Sea Beast (2022) for Netflix Animation. Early life Williams was born on December 19, 1968, in Missouri and spent the first 25 years of his life in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, where his father was the director of Counselling Services at the University of Waterloo. Williams graduated from the University of Waterloo with a degree in Fine Arts and then enrolled in the animation program at Sheridan College, Oakville, Ontario. Upon graduation from Sheridan, he was recruited by Disney and moved to Los Angeles. Career Williams previously worked in the story department for Mulan (1998), The Emperor's New Groove (2000) and Frozen (2013), in which he also voiced the character Oaken. In February 2007, it was announced he would direct American Dog, which was re-titled Bolt (2008) and was later joined by Byron Howard, both of them replaced Chris Sanders who was the original director. In July 2010, it was reported by various sources that Williams would direct King of the Elves based on the story by Philip K. Dick. However, in 2012, it was revealed that Williams had joined another Walt Disney Animation film, Big Hero 6, as a co-director inspired by the Marvel Comics of the same name. In November 2018, it was reported that Williams had left Disney and he would write and direct The Sea Beast for Netflix. The Sea Beast was released on Netflix on July 8, 2022. Filmography Feature films Shorts and TV Other credits See also List of University of Waterloo people References External links 1968 births Living people American animated film directors American expatriates in Canada American film directors American male screenwriters American male voice actors Animation screenwriters Animators from Missouri Annie Award winners Directors of Best Animated Feature Academy Award winners Male actors from Missouri People from Kitchener, Ontario Primetime Emmy Award winners Sheridan College animation program alumni University of Waterloo alumni Walt Disney Animation Studios people Netflix people Writers from Ontario",
"title": "Chris Williams (director)"
},
{
"docid": "72225292",
"text": "The second season of Big Mouth, an American adult animated coming-of-age sitcom created by Andrew Goldberg, Nick Kroll, Mark Levin, and Jennifer Flackett, was released on Netflix on October 5, 2018. The series centers on teens based on Kroll and Goldberg's upbringing in suburban New York, with Kroll voicing his fictional younger self. Big Mouth explores puberty while \"embrac[ing] a frankness about the human body and sex.\" Cast and characters Main Nick Kroll as Nick Birch, Maurice the Hormone Monster, Coach Steve, Rick the Hormone Monster, Lola Skumpy, Nick Starr, Mila and Lotte Jensen, a webcam girl, Gina's Abuela, Bad Mitten, Rabbi Poblart and others John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman, Detective Florez and Andrew 3000 Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian, Guy Bilzerian, Radio DJ and Gina's Brother #1 Jenny Slate as Missy Foreman-Greenwald, Mirror Missy, Taffiny, The Implant and Additional Voices Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch, Bob the Hormone Monster and a Bus Driver Maya Rudolph as Diane Birch, Connie the Hormone Monstress, Susan, The Pill and Principal Barren Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington (1899–1974), Featuring Ludacris, Cyrus Foreman, Priest, Condom and Magician #2 Recurring Guest Episodes Reception Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 100% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 8.80 out of 10. The website's critics consensus reads \"Poignantly repulsive, Big Mouth continues to confront the awkwardness of adolescence with foul-mouthed glee and an added layer of maturity.\" On Metacritic, it has a score of 90 out of 100 for the second season, based on nine critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Accolades References 2018 American animated television seasons Big Mouth (American TV series) seasons",
"title": "Big Mouth season 2"
},
{
"docid": "2704591",
"text": "Hoover Field was an early airport serving the city of Washington, D.C. It was constructed as a private airfield in 1925, but opened to public commercial use on July 16, 1926. It was located in Arlington, Virginia, near the intersection of the Highway Bridge and the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway, where The Pentagon and its northern parking lots now stand. Considered one of the most hazardous airfields in the United States, Hoover Field suffered from short and unpaved runways, numerous life-threatening obstructions around the field, poor visibility (due to a burning garbage dump to its northwest), and poor drainage. It was purchased by the owner of nearby Washington Airport in early 1929, causing a brief merger of the two fields, but was sold to a new owner just 12 months later. It nearly went bankrupt in 1933, and was sold at auction and merged with Washington Airport to become Washington-Hoover Airport on August 2, 1933. Washington-Hoover Airport closed in June 1941. Washington National Airport (now Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport) was built as its replacement. Construction Hoover Field was built in 1925 by Thomas E. Mitten, president of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company (which held the airmail contract between Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia). Hell's Bottom, a site at the foot of the Highway Bridge in Arlington County, Virginia (formerly a horse racing track) directly across the Potomac River from the city, was selected by Mitten for the site of his new \"airport.\" Pioneering aviator Alys McKey Bryant helped clear trees and brush and run the tractor which leveled the land for the airfield. The single sod runway was long. A single hangar, by in size, was constructed. Construction ended in 1925, and at first the field was used only by planes giving sight-seeing tours over the national capital. The then-unnamed airfield was threatened with competition almost immediately. Because the field was privately owned, civic leaders began a campaign for the city of Washington to build a publicly owned municipal airport. The federal government considered filling in all or part of Kingman Lake and using the lake, Kingman Island, and nearby Heritage Island for a federal airport to compete with the nascent field in Arlington, but this plan died in August 1926. The government's actions and Mitten's desire to fly people between D.C. and Philadelphia for the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence led Mitten to expand his airfield. The new airfield was dedicated on July 16, 1926. It was named for then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, a major promoter of civil aviation. The roughly trapezoidal airport was built along a north-by-northeast axis, was approximately long and wide, and in size. The only navigational aid was a windsock. Conditions at the field Flying conditions at Hoover Field were notoriously poor. Arlington Beach, a local amusement park, was located on the north-northeastern edge of the airport (next to Highway Bridge), and a landfill on the north-northwestern side. The trash in the landfill was also on fire. The smoke sometimes obscured the",
"title": "Hoover Field"
},
{
"docid": "52281037",
"text": "Marvel's Inhumans, or simply Inhumans, is an American television series created by Scott Buck for ABC based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's other television series. It was produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television in association with Devilina Productions, and was co-financed by IMAX Entertainment in a deal that gave the series a theatrical premiere. Buck served as showrunner on the series. The series is centered on Black Bolt, portrayed by Anson Mount, and other members of the Inhuman Royal Family. Serinda Swan, Ken Leung, Eme Ikwuakor, Isabelle Cornish, Ellen Woglom, and Iwan Rheon also star. Marvel Studios announced an Inhumans film in 2014 as part of their Phase Three slate of films, with the species first introduced to the MCU in the series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The film was removed from Marvel Studios' slate in April 2016, and the Inhumans series was announced that November, to be partly filmed using IMAX cameras. Buck joined the series in October, and Mount was cast in February 2017. Filming took place from March to June 2017, at the former Naval Air Station Barbers Point airfield in Kalaeloa, Hawaii and various locations on the island of Oahu. Inhumans debuted on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, the first live-action television series to do so. The theatrical run lasted two weeks, before the series premiered on ABC on September 29 and ran for eight episodes, concluding on November 10. The series was met with unfavorable reviews and low television ratings, and was canceled by ABC in May 2018. Mount reprised his role as an alternate version of Black Bolt in Marvel Studios' MCU film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Premise After a military coup, the Inhuman Royal Family escape to Hawaii, where they must save themselves and the world. Cast and characters Main Anson Mount as Black Bolt:The Head of the Inhuman Royal Family and King of Attilan, whose voice can cause destruction with the slightest whisper. Showrunner Scott Buck called Black Bolt enigmatic and fascinating because \"a lot of times, we don't know what he's thinking\", and noted the difficulty of writing a character who \"does not speak, but yet he is our hero and the center of the show\". Buck specifically ruled out the series using voice over, with Black Bolt instead communicating via sign language. Premiere director Roel Reiné told Mount to just use 15 or 16 signs, but Mount decided to create his own sign system. He explained that since the character is not from Earth, he would not know Earth-based systems such as American Sign Language (ASL). Mount borrowed the underlying rules of ASL but then \"double-check[ed] my signs against ASL to make sure there is no overlap\", and also studied orchestra conductors. Mount created a document for his language with over 50 pages, and felt that if he could develop the language over several seasons, it could become",
"title": "Inhumans (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "54221354",
"text": "I Am Bolt is a 2016 British biographical documentary sports film co-directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner and produced by Leo Pearlman. It is based on the life of Jamaican sprinter and three times Olympic gold medalist and World Record holder for 100m, 200m, 4×100m relay, Usain Bolt, the fastest man in recorded human history. The film describes Bolt's journey in winning nine gold medals and the incidents surrounding the Olympic titles. The film was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom and then worldwide. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Cast Usain Bolt himself Pelé himself Neymar himself Serena Williams herself Asafa Powell himself Sebastian himself Ziggy Marley himself Nas with voice Glen Mills himself Ricky Simms himself Chronixx himself Yohan Blake himself Maurice Greene himself Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt – his parents themselves Dwayne Jarrett – Bolt's school coach himself Nugent Walker – Bolt's manager himself Dwayne Barnett himself Reception Critical response I Am Bolt received positive reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 242 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \" Bolt's golden era may be too recent and the sponsors too dominant for any real warts to be included, but his charm and sheer physical wonder make this a compelling watch regardless.\" Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter reacted positively, saying: \"Athletic achievements don’t get much more unbeatable than the records held by Jamaican runner Usain Bolt, who’s won nine consecutive Olympic gold medals and even more World Championship awards. Considered the fastest sprinter who’s ever logged track time, Bolt is a hero to millions and admired on a level comparable to global sports legends like Muhammad Ali and Pele.\" Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it 2/5, stating \"Fans of Usain Bolt will find much to relish in this gushing homage to the nine-time Olympic gold medallist, which chases its idol from his 2015 slump, via scenes of downtime in Jamaica to the podium in Rio. References External links Sports films based on actual events Running films Biographical films about sportspeople Documentary films about sportspeople 2010s biographical films 2016 films Pelé Cultural depictions of track and field athletes Cultural depictions of Jamaican people 2010s English-language films",
"title": "I Am Bolt"
},
{
"docid": "1563682",
"text": "Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965). Black Bolt is the ruler of Attilan, and a member of the Inhumans, a reclusive race of genetically altered superhumans. Black Bolt's signature power is his voice, as his electron-harnessing ability is linked to the speech center of his brain. Speaking triggers a massive disturbance in the form of a highly destructive shockwave capable of leveling a city. Due to the extreme danger posed by this power, the character has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in his sleep, and he usually remains completely silent and speaks through sign language or via a spokesperson. Black Bolt has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful male heroes. Since his original introduction in comics, the character has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, different versions of Black Bolt were portrayed by Anson Mount in the Marvel Television series Inhumans (2017) and the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Publication history Black Bolt debuted in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He re-joined the Illuminati as part of the 2012 Marvel NOW! rebranding initiative. He appeared in the 2017 Black Bolt series, his first solo comic book series, by Saladin Ahmed and Christian James Ward. He appeared in the 2021 Darkhold: Black Bolt #1 one-shot. Fictional character biography 1960s Black Bolt's first appearance established the character as being a member of the Inhuman ruling class. The title Thor featured a back-up feature called \"Tales of the Inhumans\", which recounts the character's origin story. The son of King Agon and Queen Rynda, Black Bolt is exposed to the mutagenic Terrigen Mist while still an embryo, and eventually demonstrates the ability to manipulate electrons. To protect the Inhuman community from his devastating voice, Black Bolt is placed inside a sound-proof chamber and is tutored in the use of his powers. Reentering Inhuman society as a young man—having vowed never to speak—the character is attacked by his younger brother Maximus, who attempts, unsuccessfully, to goad him into speaking. Black Bolt proved popular, and decides to leave Attilan to explore the outside world. The character reappears in a story focusing on his cousin Medusa, drives off the Hulk after the monster defeats the entire Inhuman Royal Family (Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Triton, and Crystal), and with the Fantastic Four, battles his brother Maximus and his own group of rogue Inhumans. 1970s After being forced to intercede in the budding romance between his cousin Crystal and the Fantastic Four's Johnny Storm, Black Bolt and the Inhumans feature in the title Amazing Adventures, and battle villains such as the Mandarin and Magneto. A story in The Avengers, told in flashback, reveals how Black Bolt came",
"title": "Black Bolt"
},
{
"docid": "1685637",
"text": "Eat-Man (stylized as EAT-MAN) is a Japanese manga series created by Akihito Yoshitomi in 1996 which was serialized by MediaWorks monthly in 19 volumes until 2003 in Dengeki Comic Gao! magazine. In 1997, Studio Deen adapted the manga into a 12-episode anime television series which was broadcast in Japan from January 9 to March 27, 1997 on TV Tokyo. A sequel, Eat-Man '98, was also animated by Studio Deen and ran from October 8 to December 23, 1998. Both anime series are licensed in North America by Discotek Media and the manga series was licensed by Viz Communications before it was dropped. A second manga called Eat-Man The Main Dish started serialization in Monthly Shonen Sirius in May 2014. Story Eat-Man is a series of short, episodic stories about an \"explorer\" (a type of mercenary) named Bolt Crank who has the ability to eat virtually anything and then, at will, reproduce from his body the objects he's consumed. Eat-Mans world is a mix of high-tech futurist cyberpunk and fairy tale. The episodes take place in various worlds and in undefined times. Characters Bolt Crank (voiced by Masashi Ebara), is the best \"explorer\" in the world. In the manga, \"Explorers\" are a kind of mercenary. Although mercenaries in the manga do any job, even assassinations, the explorers were employees with principles. Bolt has a bizarre power, the ability to eat anything inorganic and then later recreate it (even fixing the item ingested) from any part of his body. The item usually comes out from his arms and hands, but sometimes can be created in other body areas, like his head, chest, or legs. In the manga, it was implied that inside Bolt's body was actually a void of space. Objects that he's consumed float around in a seemingly endless space, much like the inside of Doraemon's fourth-dimensional pocket. A man of few words, Bolt doesn't show his feelings and always keeps a cool head. However, his cynical personality and his \"always get the job done\" attitude can make him seem like a very cold and dark character but, in the end, he always finds a way to do the right thing. He never appears to look back on the past or regret it in any way. Although Bolt's past remained a mystery in all the series, some stories gave clues about his past, including some characters that appeared in various episodes. The end of the manga series revealed a lot about who and what Bolt is, but his exact identity still remains a mystery. Here are some hints in the series: Bolt never ages, but the end of the manga series revealed that he is biologically immortal (he does not age but can be hurt and/or killed). There is a character identical to Bolt called Leon. His creations include an gynoid (Stella) with human feelings who loved him (an antagonist of Bolt in various episodes, trying to transform all living things into machines) and a weird robot capable of assimilating any",
"title": "Eat-Man"
},
{
"docid": "5273220",
"text": "\"Three Little Kittens\" is an English language nursery rhyme, probably with roots in the British folk tradition. The rhyme as published today however is a sophisticated piece usually attributed to American poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860). With the passage of time, the poem has been absorbed into the Mother Goose collection. The rhyme tells of three kittens who first lose, then find and soil, their mittens. When all is finally set to rights, the kittens receive their mother's approval and some pie. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16150. The poem was published in England in 1827 in a mock review by William Ewart Gladstone, writing as Bartholomew Bouverie, in The Eton Miscellany. A version was later published in 1833 as an anonymous addition to a volume of Follen's verse and in the United States in 1843. Follen may have developed and refined an existing, rude version of the poem, and, in the process, made it her own. The poem is a sophisticated production that avoids the typical moralization of 19th century children's literature in favour of anthropomorphic fantasy, satirical nonsense, and word play. Text The cat and her kittens They put on their mittens, To eat a Christmas pie. The poor little kittens They lost their mittens, And then they began to cry. \"O mother dear, we sadly fear We cannot go to-day, For we have lost our mittens.\" \"If it be so, ye shall not go, For ye are naughty kittens.\" From Gladstone, The Eton Miscellany (1827) The three little kittens they lost their mittens, And they began to cry, Oh, mother dear, we sadly fear Our mittens we have lost What? Lost your mittens, you naughty kittens! Then you shall have no pie. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We shall have no pie. Our mittens we have lost. The three little kittens they found their mittens, And they began to smile, Oh, mother dear, see here, see here, Our mittens we have found What? Found your mittens, you good little kittens, And you shall have some pie. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We shall have some pie. Let us have some pie. The three little kittens put on their mittens, And soon ate up the pie; Oh, mother dear, we greatly fear Our mittens we have soiled What? Soiled your mittens, you naughty kittens! Then they began to sigh, Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. Our mittens we have soiled. Then they began to sigh. The three little kittens they washed their mittens, And hung them out to dry; Oh! mother dear, look here, look here, Our mittens we have washed What? Washed your mittens, you good little kittens, But I smell a rat close by. Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow. We smell a rat close by. Let's all have some pie. From Follen, New Nursery Songs for All Good Children (1843) Background According to Janet Sinclair Gray, author of Race and Time, \"Three Little Kittens\" may have origins in the British folk tradition, but the poem as known today is a",
"title": "Three Little Kittens"
},
{
"docid": "38461327",
"text": "Mihaela Rădulescu (born 3 August 1969) is a Romanian businesswoman, television host and producer, social activist, bestselling author, and columnist. She is also a goodwill ambassador for United Way Worldwide, Hospice House of Hope, and Save the Children and the founder of the charitable children's assistance foundation Fundația Ayan. She has hosted the TV show \"Duminica în familie\" on Antena 1 since 2000, and has hosted or produced programs including Lucky Star, Gala, Punem Pariu că-i vara, Ferma, and Uite cine dansează (Pro TV). Career When Rădulescu was born, her parents were still students. Later, they became teachers. She and her brother, Florin, were raised by their grandparents. Rădulescu attended three colleges, but did not earn a bachelor's degree. She was a student at the National Academy of Physical Education and Sports for three years. She also studied philology and foreign languages for two years and attended courses at the Faculty of Psychology for three years. Rădulescu started her career upon moving to Bucharest. She worked as an instructor of aerobic and fitness gymnastics, a taxi driver (when she was a student), a secretary in the first post-revolution government, a referent at the Office of Foreign Relations and Protocol of the Senate, the head of the cabinet at the Romanian Senate, the director of the International Festival Dakino for three editions, and the director and co-organizer of two editions of the elite international model show, \"Look of the Year\". Rădulescu began a career as a TV host and producer, becoming number 1 in Romania - \"Duminica in familie\" (Sunday in the family) at Antena 1, and \"Your Lucky Star\" at Pro TV. She was the first female journalist to make war documentaries in Iraq and Afghanistan, in 2005 and 2006. During her career, Rădulescu has worked for Tele7ABC, Pro TV, Antena 1, and B1 TV. Rădulescu served as a jury member on Romania's Got Talent at Pro TV, for six years. She has also been a host for \"Dancing with the Stars\" on Pro TV. Since 2017, she has been host of The Farm on Pro TV. In 2021 she served as a jury member on The Masked Singer on Pro TV. In other entertainment work, Rădulescu has appeared in six Romanian films. She was also a voiceover actor as Flame in the animated movie Turbo in 2013 and Mittens in the Disney movie Bolt to dub the films in Romanian. Rădulescu is the author of five best-selling books, published by Polirom Publishing House. She has been on the cover of magazines including Elle, Marie Claire, Unica, Viva, and Cosmopolitan. Rădulescu is an eco-activist, working with To.org and other companies. She was awarded with the Order of Merit by King Mihai of Romania for her humanitarian campaigns and for improving the quality of the public dialogue. She was also awarded Woman of the Year five times for her outstanding philanthropic work and as a social activist. Rădulescu has also received the Tocqueville Award for her charity donations, mostly for hospitals",
"title": "Mihaela Rădulescu"
},
{
"docid": "72706663",
"text": "Mittens was a chess engine developed by Chess.com. It was released on January 1, 2023, alongside four other engines, all of them given cat-related names. The engine became a viral sensation in the chess community due to exposure through content made by chess streamers and a social media marketing campaign, later contributing to record levels of traffic to the Chess.com website and causing issues with database scalability. Mittens was given a rating of one point by Chess.com, although it was evidently stronger than that. Various chess masters played matches against the engine, with players such as Hikaru Nakamura and Levy Rozman drawing and losing their games respectively. A month after its release, Mittens was removed from the website on February 1, as expected through Chess.com's monthly bot cycles. In December 2023, Mittens was brought back in a group of Chess.com's most popular bots of 2023. Release Mittens was released on January 1, 2023, as part of a New Year event on Chess.com. It was one of five engines released, all with names related to cats. The other engines released were named Scaredy Cat, rated 800; Angry Cat, rated 1000; Mr. Grumpers, rated 1200 and Catspurrov (a pun on Garry Kasparov), rated 1400. As part of the announcement, a picture of each engine was accompanied by a short description of its character. The description given for Mittens suggested that the engine was hiding something, reading: Of the five engines released, Mittens was by far the most popular. In December 2023, Chess.com re-released Mittens as part of a \"best of 2023\" group of chess bots made to showcase their most popular bots of the year. Design Mittens was conceptualized by Chess.com employee Will Whalen. Appearing as a kitten, Mittens trash talked its opponents with a selection of voice lines: these lines included quotes from J. Robert Oppenheimer, Vincent van Gogh and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as the 1967 film Le Samouraï. The engine's \"personality\" was devised by a writing team headed by Sean Becker, and Marija Casic provided the engine's graphics. Chess.com did not disclose any information about the software running the engine. It may be based on Chess.com's Komodo Dragon 3 engine. Mittens' strategy was to slowly grind down an opponent, a tactic likened to the playing style of Anatoly Karpov. Becker stated that the design team believed it would be \"way more demoralizing and funny\" for the engine to play this way. According to Hikaru Nakamura, Mittens sometimes missed the best move (or winning positions). Rating On Chess.com, Mittens had a rating of one point. However, the engine's playing style and tactics showed that it was stronger than that; Mittens was able to beat or draw against many top human players. In an interview with CNN Business, Whalen stated that the idea behind giving Mittens a rating of one was to surprise its opponents, giving it the upper hand psychologically. Estimates of Mittens' true rating range from an Elo of 3200 to 3500, because of its ability to beat other",
"title": "Mittens (chess)"
},
{
"docid": "24466292",
"text": "\"I Thought I Lost You\" is a song performed by American singers and actors Miley Cyrus and John Travolta. It was released as a promotional single in 2008. The song was written by Cyrus alongside producer Jeffrey Steele. It was included in the 2008 Disney animated film Bolt, in which Cyrus and Travolta provide the voices of main characters Penny and Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was made after filmmakers requested Cyrus to write a song for the film. The song reflects the film's story of a dog being separated from his owner and trying to find his way back to her. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was nominated for Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, losing both to Bruce Springsteen's \"The Wrestler\" from The Wrestler (2008). The song's accompanying promotional clip has Cyrus and Travolta performing the song in a recording studio and features clips from Bolt. \"I Thought I Lost You\" was promoted by live performances by Cyrus. Background Cyrus became involved with Bolt once she was cast as Penny, Bolt's owner. Filmmakers asked Cyrus to write a song for herself and John Travolta, who stars as Bolt. She co-wrote the song with the aid of Jeffrey Steele, who also produced the track, in a short period of time as they had a due date. The film's settings vary in cities throughout the United States, which Cyrus thought she could capture in the song. \"Not just make it something that sounds from Hollywood and really produced, but we could add a little country twang to it,\" she said. Cyrus said the writing process was easy. Before the song's completion, Travolta agreed to sing it, believing \"Well, it will be a cute song, whatever it is.\" After listening to the song, he was surprised at Cyrus' songwriting abilities. \"She's really gifted at writing, and she really wanted to write something good for me as the character Bolt, so she went out of her way with her writing partner to come up with something good, and I really think they pulled it off\", Travolta told MTV News. John Lasseter, executive producer of Bolt, decided to make \"I Thought I Lost You\" the theme for Bolt, since it lyrically summarized the film's plot. He said, \"[The song] sums up the theme of this film. You know, a dog and its owner and they both were separated, but they love each other so much — there's such an emotional payoff when these characters get reunited, and I think that's what this song's about.\" Lasseter thought that solely the song worked, but it worked better for the film. \"I Thought I Lost You\" is one of two songs on the Bolt soundtrack and was released to Radio Disney to promote Bolt and its accompanying soundtrack. Composition \"I Thought I Lost You\" is a pop rock song and lasts three minutes and thirty-six seconds. Its instrumentation includes electric guitar and piano. The song",
"title": "I Thought I Lost You"
},
{
"docid": "2915913",
"text": "The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) was a pioneering computer network protocol for transporting human speech over packetized communications networks. It was an early example of Voice over Internet Protocol technology. History NVP was first defined and implemented in 1974, with definition led by the “Speech” project at ISI, the USC Information Sciences Institute following initial work begun in 1973. ISI leadership was by Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI), University of Southern California, with funding from ARPA's Network Secure Communications (NSC) program. The project's stated goals were \"to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of secure, high-quality, low-bandwidth, real-time, full-duplex (two-way) digital voice communications over packet-switched computer communications networks...[and to] supply digitized speech which can be secured by existing encryption devices. The major goal of this research is to demonstrate a digital high-quality, low-bandwidth, secure voice handling capability as part of the general military requirement for worldwide secure voice communication.\" NVP’s first demonstration was in August 1974 between the groups at ISI and MIT Lincoln Laboratory. That was history’s first “phone call” using a computer network. It was partly enabled by users of vocoders custom-built by BB&N, Bolt Beranek, and Newman. Work as a whole involved many other researchers nationally. Necessary subnet (IMP-to-IMP) changes for real-time packet forwarding were discussed at ISI in March 1974, chaired by Bob Kahn, DARPA’s program director for the speech project. At the end of the meeting, he summarized actions and directed BB&N to make the required subnet updates. NVP was used to send speech between distributed sites on the ARPANET using several different voice-encoding techniques, including linear predictive coding (LPC) and continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD). Cooperating researchers included Steve Casner, Randy Cole, and Paul Raveling (ISI); Jim Forgie (Lincoln Laboratory); Mike McCammon (Culler-Harrison); John Markel (Speech Communications Research Laboratory); John Makhoul (Bolt, Beranek and Newman), and Rod McGuire and Philip Rubin (Haskins Laboratories). NVP was used by experimental Voice Funnel equipment (circa February 1981), based on BBN Butterfly computers, as part of ongoing ARPA research into packetized audio. ARPA staff and contractors used the Voice Funnel, and related video facilities, to do three-way and four-way video conferencing among a handful of US East and West Coast sites. Credit also is due to Dave Retz and his group at the UC Santa Barbara Speech Communication Laboratory. ISI used his operating system, ELF, for the early development of speech networking, including extension to speech conferencing. Protocol The protocol consisted of two distinct parts: control protocols and a data transport protocol. Control protocols included relatively rudimentary telephony features such as indicating who wants to talk to whom; ring tones; negotiation of voice encoding; and call termination. Data messages contained encoded speech. For each encoding scheme (vocoder) a frame was defined as a packet containing the negotiated transmission interval of a number of digitized voice samples. NVP was transported over the Internet Stream Protocol (ST) and a later version called Stream Protocol, version 2 (ST-II), both connection-oriented versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) and which",
"title": "Network Voice Protocol"
},
{
"docid": "37260910",
"text": "A mitten is a glove without individual finger openings. Mitten(s) may also refer to: Landforms The Mitten, a mountain in Antarctica West and East Mitten Buttes, a geologic formation in Monument Valley Lower Peninsula of Michigan, nicknamed \"the Mitten\" Animals Chinese mitten crab, a species of crab native to Eastern Asia Mittens (cat), a famous cat from Wellington, New Zealand Polydactyl cat, also known as \"mitten cat\" Arts Film and television The Mitten (film), a 1967 Soviet animated film Mittens, a character in the 2008 film Bolt Mittens, a kitten character in Timmy Time Mittens Fluff 'N' Stuff, a Lalaloopsy doll and character in the TV series Literature Mittens, a kitten in Beatrix Potter tale The Tale of Tom Kitten The Mitten (folk tale), a Ukrainian folk tale adapted to several media Music \"Mittens\", a song by Carly Rae Jepsen Mittens Records, a record label founded by Julie Feeney Other uses Yakovlev Yak-130, NATO reporting name MitteN Fuchu, Shopping center Mittens (chess engine), by Chess.com Mitt Romney (born 1947), American politician nicknamed \"Mittens\" See also Glove (disambiguation) Mitte (disambiguation), a German word for middle—Mitten is another grammatical form of Mitte",
"title": "Mitten (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "2259372",
"text": "The Saddletramps were an alternative country band from Toronto, Ontario in the 1980s and 1990s. Core members of the band included Ken Horne, Andrew Lindsay, John DeHaas and Brian Duguay. History In the early 1980s several Fanshawe College students from the Greater Toronto Area who shared a rented house in London, Ontario got together to form the band Tin Mitten. Their first gig was opening for another established local band, The Waiting. Friends of the band members chanted \"No Waiting, Mitten Now\" and pelted the band with mittens. The band was soon renamed The Saddletramps, and performed in various Toronto venues. Lindsay met seventeen-year-old Sarah Harmer while working at Sunrise Records in Burlington, and she joined the band, later commuting to Toronto to perform on weekends while attending Queen's University. In 1989 the Saddletramps released their first album, The Saddle Tramps, on cassette tape, with Dehaas on bass, Duguay on lead guitar and vocals, Harmer on vocals, Horne on percussion, Lindsay on vocals and guitar. Mike Northcott also contributed some instrumental work. The album was recorded at Grant Ave and Axon Studios, and all but one of the songs were written by the band members. In 1990 the band released a second cassette album, Yardsale. Harmer left to concentrate on her studies; she later fronted her own band, Weeping Tile. The Saddletramps disbanded in 1995. In 1999, Harmer began a solo career; her solo album You Were Here included a new recording of \"Don't Get Your Back Up\", which she had originally recorded with The Saddletramps on Yardsale. Lindsay, Duguay, and Dehaas formed a new band called Loomer along with Michael Taylor, Iain Thomson, and Scott Loomer. The band released an album, Love Is A Dull Instrument in 2004. In 2006, Harmer sang \"Only Lovers\" on the band's second album, Songs of the Wild West Island. Discography Albums The Saddle Tramps (1989) Tracks: \"Christ\", \"Life and Times\", \"Church\", \"Winds of Change\", \"Alaska\", \"I Don't Mind\", \"Blue Eyes\" and \"Fallen Angel\" Yardsale (1990) Tracks: \"Weight of the World\", \"Deal With It\", \"Boomerang\", \"4000 Roads\", \"She Don't Love\", \"Rain of Gold\", \"Wastin' It On You\", \"Race Along The Edge\", \"Passin' Thru\", \"Don't Get Your Back Up\" Well Gone Bad (1993) References Canadian alternative country groups",
"title": "The Saddletramps"
},
{
"docid": "27818012",
"text": "The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas is an independent animated short film and a parody of How the Grinch Stole Christmas! written and directed by John Wardlaw and animated by Andy Angrand. The film features the final performance of actor Jonathan Harris and co-stars Tress MacNeille. The film also features an original score by Gary Stockdale and music by director John Wardlaw's band, Anti-m. Jonathan Harris Written in 1997, the script was presented to Jonathan Harris in 1998 though it was not until 2000 that his voice work was actually recorded. Harris died on November 3, 2002, long before the film was completed making it his last film. In 2006 an additional scene was added to the film and Jonathan Harris' former Lost In Space co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright and Marta Kristen added their voices to the film. The film was dedicated in his memory. Production and release Completed in 2009 the film made its first appearance at the non-theatrical 2009 Los Angeles Reel Film Festival where it was honored with three awards. In 2010 it made its theatrical world premier in the home town of film-maker John Wardlaw at the 25th Annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival (SBIFF). Between December 2009 and December 2011, the film played in 30 film festivals, winning 13 awards. Its final theatrical appearance was at L’hybride in Lille France. Considering the film features a cast from the TV series Lost In Space it was interesting that two of the films praises came from writers from the original series of Star Trek. \"It had a great animation style, clever and slightly naughty story (well put together) and was totally enjoyable!\" claimed D. C. Fontana \"I laughed my nuts off,\" stated David Gerrold. In 2011 The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas was released on DVD as part of a collection of short films and music videos by Wardlaw. The DVD bonus features include early animations and audio outtakes. The film was licensed to ShortsHD and ShortsTV in 2014. Awards See also List of Christmas films References External links Official website American independent films American animated short films 2009 animated short films 2000s Christmas films 2009 films 2000s American animated films American Christmas films 2000s English-language films English-language Christmas films",
"title": "The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas"
},
{
"docid": "31193548",
"text": "Bolt is a fictional character that appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated film Bolt (2008). He is depicted as a White Shepherd with superpowers such as a \"super bark\" and the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes. When he found himself lost, Bolt discovered that he was an actor in a television show, and must take it upon himself to get back home, learning how to be a normal dog in the process. Bolt's journey and personal evolution as a character are core to the film's main themes. Created by Chris Williams and Byron Howard, Bolt is introduced as a dog who is unknowingly the star of his own TV show. His ignorance is crucial as the cast and crew go to extreme lengths to make Bolt think he is actually a super dog in order to make the performance more authentic. The character is voiced by John Travolta. Much of the inspiration for Bolt was provided by John Lasseter, who also oversaw his visual development with chief character designer Joe Moshier. Aside from the film, the character also appears in the direct-to-video short film Super Rhino, the two video games Bolt and Disney Infinity, and the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom trade card role-playing game. In addition, photos of Bolt appear in Wreck-It Ralph (2012) and Big Hero 6 (2014). Bolt's character, alongside Travolta's vocal performance, has received mostly positive critical acclaim from film critics and became a breakout character, leading to strong sales of merchandise and toys following the film's release. Development Characterization and design The character known as Bolt was originally conceptualized as a bipedal Jack Russell Terrier named Henry, designed by Chris Sanders. In this script, Henry would be aware of the fact that he is an actor. Henry, as well as Sander's idea for the movie, was eventually scrapped when John Lasseter and some colleagues from Pixar reviewed the project. The character was subsequently redesigned after a White Spitz Breed, although changes were done to the muzzle, ears, and overall body structure to give the character a more distinctive and expressive appearance. Some aspects of his design, such as his distinctive ears, were inspired by American White Shepherds in order to emphasize his expressiveness. To make Bolt's movement seem more realistic and in line with that of real canines, the animation department studied the body language and locomotion of real white shepherds and utilized virtual bone-structure in the CGI models. Personality-wise, the new Bolt would be more naïve and insecure, conveying more pathos than Henry. At the same time, the art department worked to give Bolt a whimsical nature with a pose that excels confidence, thus allowing the character to have a contrasting personality and body language which reflects that. Voice work John Travolta was chosen to do the voice work for Bolt, after Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Tom Cruise turned down the role. Despite a history of turning down voice-over offers for animated characters, Travolta agreed to provide the voice for",
"title": "Bolt (Disney character)"
},
{
"docid": "17093263",
"text": "The following is a list of known fictional characters who are Inhumans, a race of superhumans appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Known Inhumans Inhuman Royal Family The Inhuman Royal Family are the ruling class of the Inhumans. Among the members of the Inhuman Royal Family are: Black Bolt (Blackagar Boltagon) – King of the Inhumans and husband to Medusa. He has a destructive hypersonic voice capable of defeating other super-powered beings. He has undergone rigorous mental training to prevent himself from uttering a sound, even in sleep. A fork-like antenna on Black Bolt's forehead allows more controlled use of his voice and psychically connects him to Lockjaw. Medusa (Medusalith Amaquelin Boltagon) – Wife of Black Bolt and Queen of the Inhumans. She is also a former member of the Fantastic Four and the Frightful Four, as well as the mother of Ahura and older sister of Crystal. Her prehensile hair possesses super-strength. Crystal (Crystallia Amaquelin Maximoff) – Medusa's sister, ex-wife of Quicksilver and mother of Luna. She is a former member of the Fantastic Four, as well as a former member of the Avengers. She can manipulate Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Gorgon (Gorgon Petragon) – Cousin of Medusa. He has bull-like legs in place of his actual legs capable of creating shockwaves equal in magnitude to an earthquake. Karnak the Shatterer (Karnak Mander-Azur) – Cousin of Black Bolt. He is also a priest and philosopher and chose not to expose himself to the Terrigen Mists (a substance that grants the Inhumans their powers upon contact). Despite this, he does have the ability to sense an opponent's weak points and is a superb martial artist. Triton (Triton Mander-Azur) – Karnak's fish-like brother who can breathe underwater and survive the pressures of the deep sea. Maximus Boltagon – Also known as Maximus the Mad, he is the brother of Black Bolt and attempts to overthrow him numerous times. Maximus has the ability of mind-control. The Unspoken – Cousin of Black Bolt. He was once the King of the Inhumans until the rest of the Royal Family rose up against his power-hungry ways. Black Bolt defeated and banished him, decreeing that his actions would be removed from the history books and his name never be uttered again causing him to be referred to as \"The Unspoken\". The Terrigen Mists gave him the power of \"Terrigenesis,\" the ability to alter his body into any form he wished. Ahura Boltagon – Son of Medusa and Black Bolt. He has psychic abilities. Luna Maximoff - Daughter of Quicksilver and Crystal. Born human, but later mutated by the Terrigen Crystal by her father. Lockjaw – A large bulldog who was granted the power of teleportation after exposure to the Terrigen Mists. This was due to the Inhumans' experiment on canines. Inhuman Royal Guards The Inhuman Royal Guards are a group of Inhumans that are responsible for protecting the Inhuman Royal Family. Among its members are: Chynae – A hydrokinetic Inhuman with pointy",
"title": "List of Inhumans"
},
{
"docid": "40706081",
"text": "New Demons is the fourth studio album by American electronicore band I See Stars, released on October 22, 2013 through Sumerian Records. The album was originally set for release on August 13, before being pushed back to September 17, and again to October 22 for unknown reasons. The album marks a progression of the sound in their previous album Digital Renegade, with Zach Johnson having a much bigger vocal role, as well as having a much more prominent EDM sound. The song \"Violent Bounce\" was the first single to be released. It was uploaded to YouTube via the Sumerian Records channel. \"Murder Mitten\" and the title track, \"New Demons\", were to follow. The band did performances of the song \"Ten Thousand Feet\" to give fans a taste of what is going to be on the rest of the album before its release. Klayton of Celldweller, Mutrix, and Razihel all provided additional programming for some of the tracks. It is the final album to feature unclean vocalist/keyboardist Zach Johnson and rhythm guitarist Jimmy Gregerson before they were dismissed from the band in June 2015. Background The album had been worked on by the band immediately after their previous album, Digital Renegade, was finished. The song \"Ten Thousand Feet\" was the only song played from the album before it was released. The song \"Violent Bounce\" was released as the first single from the album several months before the album release date, accompanied by a lyric video. The song \"Murder Mitten\" is written about brothers Devin and Andrew Oliver's relationship with their mother, who was an alcoholic during their childhood. A remix version entitled New Demons (Remixes) was released on February 23, 2015. Featuring eight remixes from various producers, showcasing many styles of EDM. Reception The album debuted on Billboard 200 at No. 28, No. 10 on the Top Rock Albums Albums chart, selling 10,000 copies in its first week. It has sold 47,000 copies in the United States as of June 2016. Track listing Personnel I See Stars Devin Oliver – clean vocals Zach Johnson – unclean vocals, keyboards, synthesizers, sequencer, programming Brent Allen – lead guitar Jimmy Gregerson – rhythm guitar Jeff Valentine – bass guitar Andrew Oliver – drums, percussion, backing vocals; additional clean vocals on \"Murder Mitten\" Production Jake Klein – additional writing for \"Murder Mitten\", \"We're Not in Kansas Anymore\" and \"Who Am I?\" Joey Valentine – additional writing for \"Murder Mitten\", \"We're Not in Kansas Anymore\" and \"Who Am I?\", additional production Joey Sturgis – production, engineering, mixing, mastering Shawn Keith – executive producer, art direction Nick Scott – guitars, bass and vocals engineering, guitar and bass editing Chuck Alkazian – drum engineering Josh Karpowicz – assistant drum engineering at Pearl Sound Studios, Canton, Michigan Jeff Dunne – drum editing Kacey Dodson – vocal editing Scott \"Celldweller\" Albert, Nicolò \"Razihel\" Arquilla and James \"Mutrix\" Ruehlmann – additional production Matt Dalton – additional production, additional gang vocals at 37 Studios, Michigan Dylan Kuhn – painting and wall photography",
"title": "New Demons"
},
{
"docid": "20082212",
"text": "The Lime Works is a novel by Thomas Bernhard, first published in German in 1970. It is a complex surrealist work, where the creativity and resourcefulness of a destructive personality is marshalled against itself in a nightmarish narration. Synopsis The story opens with a description of a woman’s brains scattered across the floor of an abandoned lime works, and a half-frozen man crouching on the ground nearby, covered in manure. From this first grotesque scene, Bernhard begins his story, a compelling tale of two people insidiously bound to each other, told through a hypnotic wave of voices – the people of the small Austrian town nearby (Sicking), the officials, the salesmen, the chimney sweeps, the local gossips, the couple themselves. The man, Konrad, is consumed with his work – a book that is to be both visionary and definitive, the ultimate treatise on the subject of hearing. His wife, a cripple, is the victim of his obsessive experiments: he whispers one phrase in her ear, over and over, hundreds of times, demanding from her impossible degrees of aural discrimination. She has no way of knowing, or no strength to tell herself, whether he is a deluded madman or a genius. For three decades, he has been waiting for the ideal moment, the perfect constellation of circumstances, to arise, so that he may begin writing down his conclusions. But he never begins, and he is now an old man. We watch as he compulsively invites his own ruin. We feel him creep from one moment to the next, terrified of failure. Suppose he started writing and then caught a cold? Suppose he finished and his tome was judged worthless? Or his wife destroyed it? Even amidst the total isolation of the lime works, where they live, he is continually distracted. He hallucinates about prowlers. He hoards bits of food for dreaded visitors. And she torments him. He must feed her, read to her, bring her cider from the deep cellar (one glass at the time), maintain her voluminous correspondence with servants he has long ago forgotten, try on a mitten she has been knitting and unravelling for years, tend the earaches she develops from constant experiments... until the monotony and heartlessness of their life together shatters in a bloodbath. Excerpt The many voices narrating the novel appear within brackets (and Laska’s is the local tavern): \"...Konrad’s wife, whose maiden name was Zryd, a woman almost totally crippled by decades of taking the wrong medication, and who had consequently spent half her lifetime hunched over in her custom-built French invalid chair, but who is now, as Wieser puts it, out of her misery, was taught by Konrad how to use a Mannlicher carbine, a weapon the otherwise defenseless woman kept out of sight but always within reach, with the safety off, behind her chair, and it was with this gun that Konrad killed her on the night of December 24–25, with two shots in the back of her head (Fro); two shots",
"title": "The Lime Works"
},
{
"docid": "41611151",
"text": "John Mitten (born 30 March 1941) is an English former sportsman who played both football and cricket during the 1950s, '60s and '70s. Football career Born in Manchester, Mitten played as a left winger for Mansfield Town, Newcastle United, Leicester City, Coventry City, Plymouth Argyle, Exeter City, Bath City and Trowbridge Town, making 203 appearances in the Football League. After retiring as a player, Mitten became a manager, and was in charge of Tiverton Town and Sidmouth Town. He is the son of fellow footballer Charlie Mitten. Cricket career He was active from 1958 to 1963 for Leicestershire. He appeared in 14 first-class matches as a right-handed batsman who kept wicket. He scored 259 runs with a highest score of 50* and completed 23 catches. References 1941 births Living people English cricketers English men's footballers Footballers from Manchester Leicestershire cricketers Mansfield Town F.C. players Newcastle United F.C. players Leicester City F.C. players Coventry City F.C. players Plymouth Argyle F.C. players Exeter City F.C. players Bath City F.C. players Trowbridge Town F.C. players English Football League players Men's association football wingers English football managers Tiverton Town F.C. managers",
"title": "John Mitten"
},
{
"docid": "64365104",
"text": "White Fang () is a 2018 animated film directed by Alexandre Espigares. Based on the 1906 book White Fang by Jack London, the film features the voices of Nick Offerman, Rashida Jones, Paul Giamatti, and Eddie Spears as natives of Alaska who, at different times, come to know White Fang, a free spirited and at times violent wolfdog who eventually bonds with Offerman's character, a gentle master named Weedon Scott. The film also features Dave Boat, Daniel Hagen, and Stephen Kramer Glickman in the original English version, and Virginie Efira, Raphaël Personnaz, and Dominique Pinon in the French dub. The film premiered at Sundance Film Festival in January 2018. After a limited theatrical run in France and the United States, Netflix acquired the film and released it later that year, on July 6, 2018. The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences. During its theatrical run, White Fang grossed $7.8 million worldwide. Plot White Fang, a wolfdog, is mauled during a dog fight. Town marshal Weedon Scott tries to interfere, but White Fang's owner, Beauty Smith, overpowers him, knocking him out with his cane. When the police search for Weedon, he runs away. In a flashback, White Fang lives with his mother, another wolfdog. While searching for a shelter, they get attacked by a lynx. White Fang's mother successfully kills the predator, but not without injury. While Scott camps for the night after escaping a pack of wolves with Hank, another Marshall, and Jim Hall, a criminal being transported to prison, White Fang and his mother head to their campground to search for food. Hank notices the pair and attempts to shoot White Fang's mother to put her down due to her injured leg. Scott stops Hank from killing White Fang's mother and instead gives White Fang a piece of salmon, saying that he might be able to return the favour in the future. White Fang and Kiche then end up encountering the pack of wolves Weedon encountered. Kiche then throws the salmon towards the pack to distract them, giving her and White Fang a chance to escape. While searching for food the following morning, White Fang and his mother come across an Indigenous camp. When a man named Three Eagles attempts to kill White Fang's mother, Grey Beaver, another man recognises her as Kiche, his old sled dog. Three Eagles leaves Kiche to Grey Beaver, who decides to train her to become a sled dog again. Later, Hank comes to the camp area to tell the Indigenous people that their land is currently on sale due to a recent gold strike, and Grey Beaver resolves to buy back the land by selling beaver pelt mittens in Fort Yukon. When Grey Beaver realises that there are no beavers on his side of the land, he decides to give Kiche to a man named William in exchange for trapping beavers on William's side. After selling the amount of mittens he needs to buy back the land, Grey Beaver travels to",
"title": "White Fang (2018 film)"
},
{
"docid": "2371419",
"text": "The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1908 as The Roly-Poly Pudding. In 1926, it was re-published as The Tale of Samuel Whiskers. The book is dedicated to the author's fancy rat \"Sammy\" and tells of Tom Kitten's escape from two rats who plan to make him into a pudding. The tale was adapted to animation in 1993. Plot summary Tom Kitten is a young cat who lives with his mother, Mrs. Tabitha Twitchit, and sisters, Moppet and Mittens, in a house overrun with rats. Her children being an unruly bunch, Mrs. Tabitha puts Moppet and Mittens in a cupboard in order to keep them under control, but Tom Kitten escapes up the chimney. As he makes his way to the top of the house, he comes across a crack in the wall and, squeezing through it, finds himself under the attic's floorboards. There he meets the rats, Mr. Samuel Whiskers and his wife Anna Maria. They catch him and proceed to cover him with butter and dough in order to eat him as a pudding. However, when they proceed to settle the dough with a rolling-pin, the noise gets through the floorboards and attracts the attention of Tabitha Twitchit and her friend Mrs. Ribby who has been helping search for Tom Kitten. They quickly call for John Joiner, a terrier, who saws open the floor and rescues Tom Kitten. Samuel Whiskers and Anna Maria escape to the barn of Farmer Potatoes, spreading their chaos to another location, though leaving the cat family residence in peace. Connections to other books Ribby was one of the main characters of The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan (published in 1905), which also featured Tabitha Twitchit as a shop keeper, with the kittens appearing in the illustrations. The family had also appeared in The Tale of Tom Kitten in 1907. Tabitha's shop is again mentioned in The Tale of Ginger and Pickles (1909) which also included Samuel Whiskers and Anna Maria. Inspirations The cat family home was based on Beatrix Potter's own house, Hill Top in Cumbria. Farmer Potatoes was based on a local man called Poslethwaite. Adaptations In 1933, Theron K. Butterworth published a dramatic adaptation of the tale as Mr. Samuel Whiskers. In 1993, an animated film adaptation was telecast on the BBC anthology series, The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends with the voices of Rosemary Leach as Tabitha Twitchet, John Gordon Sinclair as John Joiner, Patricia Routledge as Ribby, Struan Rodger as Samuel Whiskers, and Sheila Hancock as Anna Maria. References Footnotes Works cited External links 1908 children's books British children's books British picture books Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding, The Tale of Children's books adapted into films Children's books adapted into television shows English-language books Children's books about cats Children's books about mice and rats Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding, The Tale of",
"title": "The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding"
},
{
"docid": "3898662",
"text": "The East Valley Tribune is a newspaper concentrated on cities within the East Valley region of metropolitan Phoenix, including Mesa, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, and Queen Creek. Formerly a daily newspaper, the Tribune resulted from the combination of local newspapers acquired by Cox Enterprises: The Tempe Daily News, the Mesa Tribune, the Gilbert Tribune, the Scottsdale Progress, and the Chandler Arizonan. History Attorney Alfred P. Shewman and Judge W.D. Morton founded Mesa's first newspaper, the Evening Weekly Free Press, in 1891. In 1899, Judge W.D. Morton sold out to Shewman, who died in 1901. Frank T. Pomeroy and Harry D. Haines bought the paper in 1910 and converted it into a daily publication, The Evening Press. They then sold the paper in 1911. In 1913, The Evening Press became the Mesa Daily Tribune, and in 1925, the paper was renamed the Mesa Daily Journal. The name changed again to the Daily Mesa Evening Journal in 1928. In 1932, Southside Publishing Company, a corporation of Mesa and Chandler businessmen, acquired ownership. Over the next 7 years, stock was purchased by P.R. Mitten and his son, Charles until 1939 when Charles Mitten bought out his father's share. Mitten began printing the paper five days a week after World War II under the name of the Mesa Daily Tribune. In 1950 Mitten sold the paper to David W. Calvert. In 1952, the Tribune Publishing Company was incorporated. On January 26, 1956, the Mesa Daily Tribune publishing plant on Macdonald Street was destroyed by fire and opened five months later at 120 W. 1st Ave, Mesa. In 1977, Cox Enterprises of Atlanta, Georgia, purchased the Mesa Daily Tribune from Calvert. Cox Newspapers then purchased the Tempe Daily News in 1980 and the Chandler Arizonan in 1983. It started the Gilbert Tribune in 1990, and purchased the Scottsdale Progress in 1993. David C. Scott was appointed president of Cox Arizona Publications and publisher of the Mesa Tribune in 1986, succeeding Roger Kintzel. In December 1996, Cox Newspapers sold its newspaper holdings to Thomson Newspapers. In May 1997, under the leadership of its publisher, Karen Wittmer, all five newspapers were combined into one newspaper, The Tribune. The paper served eastern Maricopa County with a Scottsdale edition for the northern communities. In December 1997, the Daily News-Sun in Sun City, Arizona, joined the Tribune as part of its Phoenix SMG (Strategic Marketing Group). The Ahwatukee Foothills News, which covered news on the southeastern border of Phoenix, joined in November 1998. In December 1999, The Tribune was renamed the East Valley Tribune and, in August 2000, Thomson Newspapers sold its Arizona newspaper holdings to Freedom Communications, Inc. of Irvine, California On October 6, 2008, publisher Julie Moreno announced that, as of 2009, the newspaper would cease publishing in Scottsdale and Tempe. Additionally, it would publish only four days a week in the remainder of its circulation area, although it would publish four distinct editions serving Mesa, Chandler, Gilbert and Queen Creek. More than 140 staff members' jobs were eliminated",
"title": "East Valley Tribune"
},
{
"docid": "61602150",
"text": "Mittens is a domestic cat who formerly lived in Wellington, New Zealand, who wandered in Te Aro and the city's central business district. A feline flâneur, he roams up to from his home. Selfie pictures with the cat have become a desired item for locals. Mittens is occasionally taken to the SPCA or the police. Originally from the suburbs of Auckland, he has become a social media celebrity since he, his late brother Latte, and their owner Silvio Bruinsma moved to the capital city in 2017. He featured on the 2018 edition of the Wellington Advent Calendar, an online calendar counting down the days before Christmas. Sam Thacker, an SPCA staff member, posted a polite direction about how to treat Mittens if anyone comes across him; asking members of the public not to report or take him in as they are familiar with his behaviour. On 22 May 2020, Mittens was given the Key to the City of Wellington. Previous recipients include Sir Peter Jackson and Sir Richard Taylor. Later in 2020, he was the subject of an exhibition at the Wellington Museum and a candidate for New Zealander of the year in August. On 5 February 2021, Mittens was seen being taken in to a car, presumably, to be taken to the abductor's home, for pictures. Mittens' owner described the abductor's actions as a \"massive error in judgement\". With the help of the social media community, Mittens was quickly located and returned home. On 10 November 2021, It was reported that Mittens was looking to relocate to his home city of Auckland. Andy Foster the mayor of Wellington was quoted saying \"He does have the Key to the City so he's welcome back at any time.\" See also List of individual cats References External links Individual cats Culture in Wellington Individual animals in New Zealand 2010 animal births",
"title": "Mittens (cat)"
}
] | [
"Susie Essman"
] |
train_18083 | who wrote mama mia here we go again | [
{
"docid": "54535911",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Andy García, Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Cher, Meryl Streep, Alexa Davies, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Josh Dylan, Jeremy Irvine, and Hugh Skinner. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the previous film, and is intersected with flashbacks to Donna's youth in 1979, with some scenes from the two time periods mirroring each other. Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia (most prominently Vis), Bordeaux, Stockholm, Oxford, Hampton and at Shepperton Studios. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions, Perfect World Pictures, and Legendary Entertainment. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week after its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats. The film was a box office success, grossing $402 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, as an improvement over its predecessor with critics praising the performances and musical numbers. The film is dedicated to the memory of production designer Alan MacDonald. Plot In a 1979 flashback, young Donna Sheridan graduates from Oxford's New College with Rosie and Tanya (\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"), and dreams of the Greek island Kalokairi. Her mother Ruby is a famous singer, but they have a strained relationship, she is always away on tour so does not attend the graduation. Fed up with her mother's constant absence and determined to spend her life making memories, Donna travels to Kalokairi to find her destiny. In the present, Sophie is in Kalokairi preparing the grand reopening of the Hotel Bella Donna in honour of her recently deceased mother. Harry and Bill can't attend due to overseas obligations and Sophie also feels estranged from Sky, who has been offered a job in NYC (\"One of Us\"). In Paris, Donna meets the sweet, awkward Harry Bright, who instantly falls in love with her (\"Waterloo\"). They spend the night together, but Donna leaves early for Greece. Missing her boat to Kalokairi, Bill Anderson gives her a lift in his sailboat, where they dance and flirt (\"Why Did It",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "12046558",
"text": "\"Mama Said Knock You Out\" is a song by American rapper and actor LL Cool J, released in February 1991 by Def Jam and Columbia as the fourth single from his fourth studio album of the same name (1990). The song famously begins with the line, \"Don't call it a comeback/I been here for years.\" Before \"Mama Said Knock You Out\" was released, many people felt that LL Cool J's career was waning; his grandmother, who still believed in his talent, told him to \"knock out\" all his critics. The song takes various shots at Kool Moe Dee. It was produced by Marley Marl with help from DJ Bobcat along with LL. \"Mama Said Knock You Out\" reached the top twenty on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 17. The single was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance. In October 2023, Billboard ranked \"Mama Said Knock You Out\" among the \"500 Best Pop Songs of All Time\". Background The song uses samples from James Brown's \"Funky Drummer\", the Chicago Gangsters' \"Gangster Boogie\", Sly & The Family Stone's \"Trip to Your Heart\", the drum break from Sly & the Family Stone's Sing a Simple Song, and LL Cool J's own \"Rock the Bells\" (from his debut album Radio). The music video features LL Cool J in a boxing ring, rapping into the announcer's microphone. Intercut with this are clips of boxing matches and LL Cool J exercising. LL Cool J said in his autobiography that the idea for the song came from a discussion with his grandmother. He had said to his grandmother that he felt that he couldn't survive as a rapper now that gangsta rap was popular and he was being dissed by several up-and-coming rappers. LL's grandmother responded, \"Oh baby, just knock them out!\" She is featured in the closing scene of the music video, saying \"Todd! Todd! Get upstairs and take out that garbage.\" Critical reception Jon Wilde from Melody Maker said in his review of the single, \"It is rather gratifying to see this arrogant, obnoxious young feller struggling hopelessly to resurrect his career. The Roy Kinnear of the rap scene returns with more of the same bilious rubbish. Nice hat though.\" David Quantick from NME wrote, \"'Mama Said Knock You Out' demands that we don't call it a comeback. I don't think we need go as far as that.\" Another NME editor, Paolo Hewitt, felt the track is \"a vicious and exhilarating display of the man's talents.\" David Fricke from Rolling Stone remarked that the rapper \"obliges big time with producer Marley Marl's steely, stripped-back beats and his own verbal fisticuffs\" on \"the super-slammin'\" track. Legacy Rolling Stone ranked the song 29th in a 2012 list of the \"50 Greatest Hip Hop Songs of All Time\". In October 2023, Billboard magazine ranked \"Mama Said Knock You Out\" number 406 in their list of the \"500 Best Pop Songs of",
"title": "Mama Said Knock You Out (song)"
},
{
"docid": "73788394",
"text": "\"Go Hard\" is a song by American rapper Lil Baby, released on April 28, 2023 after being previously teased in 2020. It was produced by Section 8 and Noah Pettigrew. Background Lil Baby first previewed the song in May 2020, in an Instagram video of him and basketball player James Harden hanging out; the track was then called \"Again (Go Hard)\". In April 2023, Baby shared a snippet of the music video, releasing the song a few days later. Composition and lyrics The production of the song features piano keys and trap drums, over which Lil Baby raps melodically, about topics such as his aspirations, trust issues, and blessings. In the chorus, he raps: \"I'm back goin' hard again, I'm shuttin' down my heart again / No one can get next to me, so they gotta put orders in / Try my best to act like I didn't care, but I can't hold it in and / I'm not into losin', I go hard as I can go to win\". Critical reception Alexander Cole of HotNewHipHop wrote, \"Overall, Lil Baby has an immaculate flow here as the melodic rapping sounds fantastic. This is the sound that fans expect from Baby, and it definitely goes hard here.\" Music video An official music video was released alongside the single. Directed by Never Panic Films, it sees Lil Baby throwing a massive party with his crew on multiple yachts, cruising through Miami and surrounded by bikini-clad and twerking women, before going to the restaurant Kiki on the River. The party also includes jet skis and fireworks. Baby is wearing jewelry and at one point is seen getting a massage. His baby mama Jayda Cheaves makes an appearance in the video. Charts References 2023 singles 2023 songs Lil Baby songs Songs written by Lil Baby Motown singles",
"title": "Go Hard (Lil Baby song)"
},
{
"docid": "68620154",
"text": "Voyage is the ninth studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \"Just a Notion\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \"Little Things\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same title, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\" Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\". The new songs initially were intended to support both a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC and the ABBA Voyage tour which the TV special itself supported. However, this project was later cancelled in favour of the \"ABBAtar\" tour announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, \"Just a Notion\", was",
"title": "Voyage (ABBA album)"
},
{
"docid": "29104033",
"text": "Nikola Pejaković (; born 16 September 1966) is a Serbian actor, screenwriter and musician. After finishing Secondary Art School he entered the Art Faculty of Dramatic Arts in Belgrade, department of theater directing. Beside his acting career, Pejaković is also a musician, playing the guitar, piano and harmonica. Since he was born without a little finger on his right hand, he is a four fingered guitarist, registered at the American Coalition for Disabled Musicians. He composed the ultimate kafana hit \"Haljinica boje lila\" (\"Lilac-colored dress\"). Pejaković wrote scenarios and appeared as actor in the movies Lepa sela lepo gore (Pretty village, pretty flame) and Rat uživo (War live). He directed the Složna braća television series and acted in the movies Mi nismo anđeli (We are not angels), directed by Srđan Dragojević, and Rock and roll uzvraća udarac (We Are Not Angels 3: Rock and roll strikes back), directed by Petar Pašić. He is a theatre director and his plays usually feature the mise-en-scene, costumes and soundtrack entirely created by him. Career as musician Kolja i Smak Bijelog Dugmeta The songs Pejaković had composed during the mid-1980s were released on his debut album Mama, nemoj plakati (Mum, do not cry), released by System Records in 2001. Influenced by diverse range genres and crossing them with witty and a bit vulgar lyrics, Pejaković described his musical style as \"porn soul\". The songs were recorded with a studio backing band, which he named Smak Bijelog Dugmeta (a witty remark on the two popular 1970s Yugoslav bands, Smak and Bijelo Dugme), composed of Saša Lokner (keyboards), Vojislav Aralica (album producer, guitar, bass, keyboards) and Dejan Momčilović (drums). For the album cover, Pejaković chose Dragan Papić's work called \"Žalim slučaj\" (\"So sorry\"). The album was recorded between 25 October 1998 and 13 January 1999 at the Goran Kostić Go-Go studio in Belgrade. During the same year, he also appeared as the writer of the Oleg Novković's Normalni ljudi (Normal people) movie soundtrack, and in 2005 he wrote the Wedding short movie soundtrack, both of which never officially released on a soundtrack album. From December 2004 until August of the following year, Pejaković once again entered the Go-Go studio in order to record the material for his second solo album, but it was not until 2009 that the album Kolja was released, once again through System Records. Pejaković recorded the album with the backing vocalists Jasmina Nunić Pera and Tamara Aralica, producer Vojislav Aralica who recorded keyboards, slide, acoustic, electric and bass guitar, Ivan Aleksijević on organ and keyboards, Neša Petrović on alt saxophone and Dejan Sparavalo on violin. In order to promote the album release, Pejaković also recorded a cover version of the Šarlo Akrobata song \"Samo ponekad\" (\"Just occasionally\"), released for free digital download at the System Records official site. \"Haljinica boje lila\" Pejaković wrote the folk music hit \"Haljinica boje lila\" (\"A lily colored dress\"), with his, at the time, girlfriend and turbo folk singer Lola, with whom he recorded the song. The",
"title": "Nikola Pejaković"
},
{
"docid": "26083568",
"text": "Jeremy William Fredric Smith (born 18 June 1990), known professionally as Jeremy Irvine, is an English actor who made his film debut in the epic war film War Horse (2011). In 2012, he portrayed Philip \"Pip\" Pirrip in the film adaptation of Great Expectations. Irvine earned a reputation as a Method actor after he went for two months without food, losing around , and performed his torture scene stunts in The Railway Man (2013). He has since starred in The Woman in Black: Angel of Death (2015), and portrayed Daniel Grigori in the direct-to-video film adaptation of the young adult novel Fallen (2016), as well as young Sam in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). In 2019, he starred as John Randolph Bentley in the USA Network television series Treadstone. Early life Irvine was born Jeremy William Fredric Smith on 18 June 1990 in Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire, where he was raised. His mother, Bridget Smith, is a Liberal Democrat councillor on (and latterly leader of) the South Cambridgeshire District Council, and his father, Chris Smith, is an engineer. He has two younger brothers, one of whom portrayed a younger version of Irvine's Pip in Great Expectations. All three boys have diabetes. Irvine's stage surname was his grandfather's first name. His great-grandfather, Sir Ralph Lilley Turner, wrote the quotation used as the inscription on London's Gurkha Memorial. Irvine started acting at age 16. He says his drama teacher inspired him to pursue acting: \"I never fitted in, which led me to acting. I was looking for something different.\" He played Romeo along with other main roles in plays whilst attending Bedford Modern School, followed by a run with the National Youth Theatre. After completing a one-year foundation course at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA), which he attended with Sam Claflin, Irvine spent two years posting his CV through letterboxes to get acting work. He almost gave up acting for good just before he got his big break in War Horse. In an interview with CBS News while promoting Great Expectations, he described this as the lowest point of his life and revealed that he considered taking a different career path: \"I'd kind of hit rock bottom and really did think this was stupid and I just wasted three or four years of my life. My dad wanted me to get a job being a welder. At the company he was at, he was an engineer. I was very very close to doing that.\" Career Irvine worked in his local supermarket and also did web design prior to gaining success as an actor. He played Luke in the television series Life Bites and appeared in the Royal Shakespeare Company's 2010 production of Dunsinane. He was quoted in Interview Magazine, saying: \"My friends all took the mick out of me for Dunsinane saying, 'You're gonna be the tree'. Indeed, in my first scene, I was waving two branches.\" In June 2010, he was cast in the lead role of",
"title": "Jeremy Irvine"
},
{
"docid": "21703046",
"text": "Colour Me Free! is the fourth studio album by English singer and songwriter Joss Stone, released on 20 October 2009 by Virgin Records. The album was originally scheduled to be released in April 2009. However, Stone's record label, EMI, delayed it to July and again to 20 October. \"Free Me\" was released on 22 September 2009 as the only single from the album. In the United States, the album's physical and digital releases were made available exclusively through Target and iTunes, respectively. Colour Me Free! features guest appearances by Raphael Saadiq, Nas, Jeff Beck, Sheila E., David Sanborn and Jamie Hartman from Ben's Brother. Despite some criticism towards its ballads, the album was met with generally positive reviews from music critics, who lauded its sonic direction and Stone's vocals. Colour Me Free! peaked at number 75 on the UK Albums Chart, becoming Stone's lowest-peaking album in the United Kingdom. It debuted at number 10 on the US Billboard 200, selling 27,000 units in its first week. The song \"4 and 20\" was included on the soundtrack to the 2010 romantic comedy film Valentine's Day. Background and recording Stone began writing songs with Jonathan Shorten and Conner Reeves in Devon in early 2008. Since they did not have a studio or any musicians, she paid a visit to Mama Stone's, a music venue that her mother was building at an old house in Wellington, Somerset, using the downstairs level as a performance space and the upstairs portion as writing rooms and a recording studio. After noticing a vocal booth recently finished by construction crews, Stone was inspired to record an album. \"I woke up the next day and it was like, 'I want to make an album and I don't want to think about it, I don't want to collect songs. I want to make it—now!'\", Stone said. Stone called her assistant and asked for her touring musicians, who flew from the United States to Devon the following day. Along with Reeves, Shorten and her band, Stone spent \"an intense week of creation\" at Mama Stone's. \"We wrote the song and then we rehearsed it for, like, a little minute, and then we recorded it and then we wrote another one and recorded it. We didn't sit down and say, 'OK, how would we want this album to represent Joss? What songs are we going to choose? and blah, blah, blah ...' It wasn't any of that\", Stone explained. She also enlisted guest musicians such as rapper Nas, guitarist Jeff Beck, percussionist Sheila E. and saxophonist David Sanborn. Release and promotion Stone performed the song \"Governmentalist\" during voter registration group HeadCount's \"Get Out the Vote Party\" at the Highline Ballroom in New York City on 3 November 2008. The track was released as a free download on Stone's and HeadCount's respective websites. On 19 February 2009, Stone kicked off a promotional tour across the United Kingdom at Mama Stone's. The tour included concerts in Darlington, Bristol, Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester",
"title": "Colour Me Free!"
},
{
"docid": "2556660",
"text": "Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally \"my mom\"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to: Music Works associated with ABBA \"Mamma Mia\" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999 Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel Other artists ¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro \"Mamma Mia\" (Darin song), 2014 \"Mama Mia\" (In-Grid song), 2005 \"Mamma Mia\" (Kara song), 2014 Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018 \"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)\", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe \"Mama Mia\", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral \"Mammamia\" (Måneskin song), 2021 Film and television \"Mamma Mia\" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock \"Mamma Mia\" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier \"Mamma Mia\" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural Mammamia!, an Italian television program Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film Other Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in Portland, Oregon",
"title": "Mamma Mia"
},
{
"docid": "72568069",
"text": "Ava Brennan (born 7 January 1987) is an English film and theatre actress from Liverpool, Merseyside, England. She is best known for her portrayal of Nala in the musical The Lion King in the West End and in Hamburg. Biography Brennan grew up in Liverpool and attended Belvedere girls’ school. She trained at the Loretta Legge Theatre School in Maghull, where she learned ballet, modern dance and tap dance, and later joined the National Youth Music Theatre, appearing on stage in London aged 15 in Oklahoma! Theatre Ava Brennan's theatre credits, including Nala in The Lion King (West End), Luisa Vampa in The Count of Monte Cristo, Mercedes in Miami Nights, Dynamite in Hairspray, Cover Aida in Aida, and Ikette in Tina (musical), as well as appearances in Aladdin and Oklahoma!. Brennan also played the female lead Angelica in Lin Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton in London’s West End, she appears as Fantine in Boublil and Schönberg’s Les Misérables at London’s Sondheim Theatre In 2023 Brennan was cast in a leading role in the captivating new musical stage adaptation of The Secret Life of Bees based on the best-selling novel by Sue Monk Kidd at the Almeida Theatre in North London. Film Ava Brennan has appeared in the following movies: Beauty and the Beast, Mama Mia! Here We Go Again, Hellboy and Rocket Man. She also performed as a singer in the famous TV production West Side Stories: The Making of a Classic and Blue Peter. Brennan plays series regular Vee in season 4 of Top Boy for Netflix. References Living people 1987 births",
"title": "Ava Brennan"
},
{
"docid": "26161220",
"text": "This is a partial list of recordings of songs on which Hal Blaine, a session drummer in the Wrecking Crew, played. A \"All I Have to Do Is Dream\" (Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell) \"All I Know\" (Art Garfunkel) \"All I Wanna Do\" (The Beach Boys) \"Along Comes Mary\" (The Association) \"America\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Andmoreagain\" (Love) \"Annie's Song\" (John Denver) \"Another Saturday Night\" (Sam Cooke) \"Any World (That I'm Welcome To)\" (Steely Dan) \"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\" (The 5th Dimension) \"At the Zoo\" (Simon & Garfunkel) B \"Baby I Need Your Loving\" (Johnny Rivers) \"Baby Talk\" (Jan and Dean) \"Back Home Again\" (John Denver) \"Barbara Ann\" (The Beach Boys) \"Batman Theme\" (The Marketts) \"Be My Baby\" (The Ronettes) \"Be True to Your School\" (The Beach Boys) \"(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up\" (The Ronettes) \"Bless the Beasts and the Children\" (The Carpenters) \"Bossa Nova Baby\" (Elvis Presley) \"The Boxer\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" (Tony Mann) \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" (Johnny Rivers) \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" (Glen Campbell) C \"California Dreamin'\" (The Mamas and the Papas) \"California Girls\" (The Beach Boys) \"Calypso\" (John Denver) \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" (Elvis Presley) \"Can't You Hear the Song?\" (Wayne Newton) \"Cara Mia\" (Jay and the Americans) \"Caroline, No\" (Brian Wilson) \"Cecilia\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Cherish\" (David Cassidy) \"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)\" (Darlene Love) \"Come a Little Bit Closer\" (Jay and the Americans) \"Come and Knock on Our Door\" (theme from the television series Three's Company) \"Come Back When You Grow Up\" (Bobby Vee) \"Come Saturday Morning\" (The Sandpipers) \"Congratulations\" (Paul Simon), track 11 on 1972 album Paul Simon \"Cotton Fields\" (The Beach Boys) \"Count Me In\" (Gary Lewis & the Playboys) \"Could It Be Forever\" (David Cassidy) \"Cracklin' Rosie\" (Neil Diamond) \"Creeque Alley\" (The Mamas and the Papas) D \"Da Doo Ron Ron\" (The Crystals) \"Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast\" (Wayne Newton) \"The Daily Planet\" (Love) \"Dance, Dance, Dance\" (The Beach Boys) \"Darlin'\" (The Beach Boys) \"Dead Man's Curve\" (Jan and Dean) \"Death of a Ladies' Man\" (Leonard Cohen) \"Dedicated to the One I Love\" (The Mamas and the Papas) \"Didn't We\" (Richard Harris) \"Dizzy\" (Tommy Roe) \"Do You Know Where You're Going To\" (theme from the film Mahogany) (Diana Ross) \"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\" (The Partridge Family) \"Don't Pull Your Love\" (Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds) \"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart\" (Dean Martin) \"Drag City\" (Jan and Dean) \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" (The Mamas and the Papas) E \"18 Yellow Roses\" (Bobby Darin) \"El Condor Pasa\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"Elusive Butterfly\" (Bob Lind) \"Evangeline\" (Emmylou Harris) \"Eve of Destruction\" (Barry McGuire) \"Everybody Loves a Clown\" (Gary Lewis & the Playboys) \"Everybody Loves Somebody\" (Dean Martin) \"Everything That Touches You\" (The Association) F \"Fakin' It\" (Simon & Garfunkel) \"For All We Know\" (The Carpenters) \"Fun, Fun, Fun\" (The Beach Boys) G \"Galveston\" (Glen Campbell)",
"title": "List of song recordings featuring Hal Blaine"
},
{
"docid": "41988044",
"text": "Alan MacDonald (c. 1956 – 30 August 2017) was a British production designer. He was best known for his work on The Queen (2006), which earned him nominations for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film and Best Technical Achievement at the British Independent Film Awards, and for the Rajasthan-set The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) which earned him a nomination for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film. In 2013, he designed the sets for the Academy Award-nominated film Philomena. He had also been a production designer for a number of advertisements for global firms including Coca-Cola, Levi's, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, and was the theatrical designer for Kylie Minogue's 2002 \"KylieFever2002\" tour. Filmography Absurd (1989) (short) Tunnel of Love (1991) (short) Man to Man (1992) Remembrance of Things Fast: True Stories Visual Lies (1994; Art Director) Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998) Rogue Trader (1998) Nora (2000) The Jacket (2005) Kinky Boots (2005) The Queen (2006) The Edge of Love (2008) Chéri (2009) Tamara Drewe (2010) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) Philomena (2013) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2 (2015) The Program (2015) Sing Street (2016) Victoria & Abdul (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Personal life and death He suffered from bipolar disorder. MacDonald died by suicide at his Covent Garden home on 31 August 2017, after spending two weeks as an in-patient at the private Nightingale Hospital at a cost of £20,000. His last two film credits, Victoria & Abdul (2017) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), were dedicated to his memory. References External links 1950s births 2017 deaths British film designers Date of birth missing Suicides in Greater London People with bipolar disorder",
"title": "Alan MacDonald (production designer)"
},
{
"docid": "58104687",
"text": "Dancing Queen is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer Cher, released by Warner Bros. Records on September 28, 2018. It is Cher's first album in five years, following Closer to the Truth (2013). The album contains cover versions of songs recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with the title referencing their 1976 song \"Dancing Queen\". The album follows Cher's appearance in the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, based on the music of ABBA. The album was a critical and commercial success, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Cher's highest debut sales week for an album in the United States. The album also peaked within the top ten of charts in another 18 countries, with nine of those being top five entries. As of March 2019, Dancing Queen has been certified gold by Music Canada and silver by BPI. To promote the album, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour, which began on September 21, 2018. It also marks her first worldwide tour since Living Proof: The Farewell Tour. Background After previously appearing in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, for which she recorded \"Fernando\" and \"Super Trouper\", Cher was inspired to do an ABBA cover album. While recording, Cher hinted on her Twitter account that she might be releasing an ABBA cover album. On July 16, 2018, it was officially revealed in an interview with The Today Show that the album would consist of ABBA covers. She further stated: \"After filming Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, I was reminded again of what great and timeless songs they wrote and started thinking, 'Why not do an album of their music?' The songs were harder to sing than I imagined but I'm so happy with how the music came out. I'm really excited for people to hear it. It's a perfect time.\" —Cher Cher also said that \"[she has] always liked ABBA and saw the original Mamma Mia! musical on Broadway three times\". In addition to that, Cher was asked about what people can expect from the album. She replied with saying, \"It's not what you think of when you think 'ABBA', because [she] did it in a different way.\" On August 9, 2018, it was announced that the album would be released on September 28, 2018. Singles and promotion Singles On August 8, 2018, Cher released a teaser of the album's first single \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" on her Twitter account. The song was released the following day. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes immediately received a digital copy of the single. The song peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An extended version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was released on September 14, 2018. The second single, \"SOS\" was released on August 23, 2018. It peaked at number 56 on the Scottish singles chart. A music video for the song",
"title": "Dancing Queen (album)"
},
{
"docid": "17105979",
"text": "Mazz Murray (born 26 November 1974) is an English stage and TV actress, voice artist and singer with a three octave range. As an actress she is known for her theatre roles, including portrayals of Patsy Cline, Dusty Springfield and Vivian Ellis in tribute shows. Career She portrayed the Killer Queen in the West End production of the musical We Will Rock You. She is the longest-running cast member to be involved in the show, having been in the original ensemble when the musical opened in May 2002. She took over the principal role of Killer Queen from Sharon D. Clarke in April 2004. In 2010, she formed a girl group, Woman, with her sister Gina, Anna-Jane Casey and Emma Kershaw, debuting their single \"I’m a Woman\". In 2015, she joined the cast of the London production of Mamma Mia! as Tanya, a role which was subsequently taken over by Kate Graham when Murray departed in 2017. It was announced that she would join the cast of Chicago from 2 July 2018 until 11 August 2018, playing the role of Matron Mama Morton. In 2019, it was announced that Murray would be returning to the West End production of Mamma Mia! in the role of Donna Sheridan. Personal life Murray was born in London, and is the daughter of songwriter Mitch Murray and actress Grazina Frame. She trained at Redroofs Theatre School, Maidenhead and Sylvia Young Theatre School, London. On 18 June 2009 she married Oren Harush (born 27 July 1980), an Israeli. Brian May played a special version of \"Love of My Life\", with some new words with Mazz at their wedding. The couple live in Bushey, Hertfordshire, England. Murray is a supporter of Manchester United F.C. Theatre credits We Will Rock You – Killer Queen Fame – Mabel Rent – Maureen Pippin – Berthe Boogie Nights – Debs Only the Lonely – Patsy Cline A Girl Called Dusty – Dusty Springfield Sweet Charity Fiddler on the Roof Chicago – Matron Mama Morton Mamma Mia! – Tanya and Donna Sheridan Sunset Boulevard – Norma Desmond Television Blessed – Shop Assistant (1 episode: \"Who Wrote the Book of Love?\") Footballers' Wives – Jenny Taylor EastEnders – Miranda (2 episodes) Fimbles – Yodelling Echo The Quest – Lizzie References External links Profile - CastAway Voice Actors & Actresses Brian May's Soapbox About Mazz's Wedding 1973 births English musical theatre actresses Living people Actresses from London",
"title": "Mazz Murray"
},
{
"docid": "34081868",
"text": "Judith Sarah Jarman Craymer (born 26 October 1957) is an English creator and producer of musical theatre who has also worked in the film, television and music industries. She is the founder of Littlestar Services Ltd. Craymer worked on Mamma Mia!, which has been seen by more than 65 million people worldwide. Ten years after the film adaptation grossed more than $600 million around the world, Craymer produced an all-new original movie musical based on the songs of ABBA, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Since opening in July 2018 the film has become the most successful live musical movie sequel of all time grossing just less than $400 million. Craymer was nominated for the \"Carl Foreman award for special achievement by a British director, writer or producer in their first feature film\" at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for the film version of Mamma Mia! She has been dubbed \"the greatest showbiz impresario\" of the first decade of the 21st century and has consequently been entered in Debrett's. Life and career Born in London in 1957, Judy Craymer graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1977. She worked as a stage manager for the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, the Old Vic Theatre, London, on the original production of Cats for Cameron Mackintosh and for the Really Useful Theatre Company. In 1982 she became Tim Rice’s production assistant and went on to be executive producer for Chess. In 1987, Craymer moved into film and television production. Her credits include White Mischief, starring Charles Dance and Greta Scacchi, and Neville's Island, starring Martin Clunes and Timothy Spall. Craymer also produced various live comedy specials for Channel 4. In 1999, Craymer returned to her working partnership with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. She had been nurturing an idea for several years after working with them on Chess which was to become Mamma Mia! It took Craymer 10 years to persuade Andersson and Ulvaeus to give her the rights to the songs. Craymer's inspiration for the musical was the song \"The Winner Takes It All\". They were impressed by the team Craymer had gathered around her to create the show; Phyllida Lloyd (a \"cerebral director blessed with a popular touch\") and \"highly savvy writer\" Catherine Johnson. In 1996 Craymer formed Littlestar Services Ltd with Andersson and Ulvaeus to produce Mamma Mia!, which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre in London's West End on 6 April 1999 and swiftly became a huge global success. Mamma Mia! has become a global juggernaut since 1999, having now played in more than 40 countries in all six continents, and in 16 different languages. It has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The show has been nominated for numerous Olivier and Tony awards and was the first West End and Broadway musical to be performed in Chinese. Mamma Mia! is the 8th longest running show in Broadway history and one of only five musicals to",
"title": "Judy Craymer"
},
{
"docid": "57917036",
"text": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2018 musical film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the 1999 West End/Broadway musical of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2018, by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively. The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Cher's vocals were produced by Mark Taylor, with her being the only singer on that album to have a different producer for the vocals. Commercially, the album has peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Greece and Scotland. Track listing Commercial performance In the United States, the soundtrack sold 19,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200. In its second week, it ascended to number three with 48,000 album-equivalent units (including 34,000 pure album sales). In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number four and rose to number one the following week, selling 35,000 copies to reach the top. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References 2018 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Mamma Mia! Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks ABBA tribute albums",
"title": "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack"
},
{
"docid": "62133902",
"text": "\"Trouble in Paradise\" is a song by American-Canadian singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright, released on October 24, 2019, as the lead single of his upcoming studio album, slated for release by BMG in 2020. The track was produced by Mitchell Froom. A music video directed by Mia Donovan was released to promote the song on November 5, 2019. Composition \"Trouble in Paradise\" is a pop song about the fashion industry with \"general themes applied to the world at large\". He sings, \"There's always trouble in paradise/ Don't matter if your drinks are neat or on ice/ There's always trouble in paradise/ Don't matter if you're good or bad or mean or awfully nice.\" Wainwright said of the song: \"A little older, a little wiser, but raring to go, I am excited to re-ignite the darker sensibilities of song matched with a musical sense of humor. 'Trouble in Paradise' is my first offering on this typically intense Wainwright journey. We are in the deep end baby.\" In a press release, he said the music has \"a sense of sophistication and an animalistic instinct\", noting, \"After the opera world and natural aging, I can now sing at the full power of my abilities, and this record really shows that off.\" Wainwright also shared a song synopsis in a post for his website about the upcoming album: Drum beats herald a romp through the inner mind of a bob-haired fashion doyenne on her drive from the town to the country. She reflects on the true price of glamour, and weighs its spiritual costs while eyeing her future legacy, and eternity. The music, a nod to solid pop rock production of previous classic LA era's motors the listener on with both a sense of sophistication and an animalistic instinct. Release \"Trouble in Paradise\" was released in October 2019 as the lead single of Wainwright's upcoming studio album. The song's release marks Wainwright's first pop song since his 2012 album Out of the Game, his first single under BMG, and his first collaboration with Froom. Reception Jon Blistein of Rolling Stone described \"Trouble in Paradise\" as a \"clever new pop romp\" and wrote, \"Over lush pop rock orchestration reminiscent of Billy Joel, Wainwright saunters through a vocal performance that lends a lavish edge to his wry lyrics.\" Attitude magazine said the song \"taps into 2019's tense zeitgeist as Wainwright muses on the fronts we all create for ourselves\", and The Times said it has \"soaring harmonies and woozy romanticism\". Music Week Ben Homewood wrote, \"Crisp drum thwacks and a sweeping arrangement herald the first new music in seven years from Rufus Wainwright, who sounds sublime here.\" \"Trouble in Paradise\" was KCMP's song of the day for October 29, 2019. WXPN's Bruce Warren called the track \"a wonderful new song that showcases [Wainwright's] beautiful, rich voice, and penchant for writing ornate pop songs\". Music video A music video for the song, directed by Canadian photographer and filmmaker Mia Donovan, was released on November 5, 2019. Charts References External",
"title": "Trouble in Paradise (Rufus Wainwright song)"
},
{
"docid": "71791370",
"text": "Amanda Seyfried is an American actress who has received numerous accolades throughout her career. Seyfried came to prominence following her feature film debut in the teen comedy Mean Girls (2004), for which she received an MTV Movie & TV Award. She then appeared in the romantic comedy films Dear John and Letters to Juliet (both 2010), earning various nominations at the Teen Choice Awards, and the black comedy horror Jennifer's Body (2009), which won her a second MTV Movie & TV Award. She starred in the ABBA-inspired musicals Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), for which she was nominated for two People's Choice Awards, and the period musical Les Misérables (2012), which earned her a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Seyfried received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Marion Davies in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020), earning nominations in the Best Supporting Actress category at the Academy Awards, AACTA International Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and Golden Globe Awards. This acclaim continued for her starring role as Elizabeth Holmes in the drama miniseries The Dropout (2022), for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film. Awards and nominations Notes References External links Seyfried, Amanda",
"title": "List of awards and nominations received by Amanda Seyfried"
},
{
"docid": "20303544",
"text": "Here We Go Again! is an album by American folk music group the Kingston Trio, released in 1959 (see 1959 in music). It was one of the four the Trio would have simultaneously in Billboard's Top 10 albums during the year. It spent eight weeks at #1 and received an RIAA gold certification the same day as At Large. \"A Worried Man\" b/w \"San Miguel\" was its lead-off single, though it just made the Top 20. In November, two non-album songs were released as a single—\"Coo Coo-U\" b/w \"Green Grasses\"—but did not chart. Background The trio worked with the assistance of Lou Gottlieb on the song selection and the arrangements. Rehearsals were done at the Cocoanut Grove club where the group was appearing at the time. \"Molly Dee\" was written by John Stewart who would eventually become a member of the Trio, replacing Dave Guard. \"Across the Wide Missouri\" is the Trio's version of the popular American folk song \"Oh Shenandoah\". Although credited to Dave Guard, “Goober Peas” dates from the Confederate South and “A Worried Man” (”Worried Man Blues”) is a song first recorded by The Carter Family in the 1930s and Woody Guthrie in the 1940s. \"Haul Away\" was originally credited to Jack Splittard, a pseudonym the trio members used to split copyright and royalties on public domain songs. Ben Blake states in the 1992 reissue liner notes: \"Here We Go Again! was reportedly the first Kingston Trio album on which Voyle Gilmore utilized what was called 'double-voicing' whenever all three group members sang in unison. This was accomplished by having them record their vocals twice; then Gilmore simply overdubbed one of the tracks. This gave the group a fuller sound. Recorded at Studio B in Los Angeles, Here We Go Again! also benefited from Capitol's Grand Canyon-like echo chamber, which Gilmore used to make the Trio's instruments 'ring' like no other folk group, before or since.\" Reception Sales of Here We Go Again! rose to over 900,000 copies reaching the number one chart position for eight weeks. At one point in 1959 after the release of Here We Go Again!, the Trio had four records at the same time among the Top 10 selling albums according to Billboard Magazine's \"Top Ten Albums\" chart for five consecutive weeks in November and December 1959, a record unmatched now for over 50 years. Here We Go Again! received Grammy nominations in the Folk category and the Vocal Group category. In his retrospective review, Allmusic critic Matt Fink noted standout tracks in his review and called the release \"a very well-rounded album.\" In his review of the 1992 reissue, critic Ronnie D. Lankford, Jr. wrote \"At Large and Here We Go Again! capture the Kingston Trio early in their career, grounded in the success of their first albums and searching for new directions. Fans, folk revival enthusiasts, and the curious will enjoy this one.\" Reissues Here We Go Again! was reissued in 1992 on CD by Capitol with At Large. In",
"title": "Here We Go Again!"
},
{
"docid": "23292628",
"text": "\"Here We Go Again\" is a song recorded by American singer Demi Lovato. It was written by Isaac Hasson, Lindy Robbins and Mher Filian and produced by SuperSpy, for Lovato's second studio album of the same name. It was released as the album's lead single on June 23, 2009, through Hollywood Records. The song was the only single from Here We Go Again released in North America. \"Here We Go Again\" is a power pop song with guitar lines and pop hooks and the lyrics speak of the protagonist's on-off relationship with a hesitant boyfriend. The song received positive reviews from critics, who praised its pop hook and made comparisons to works of Kelly Clarkson. \"Here We Go Again\" peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became Lovato's first top 40 hit on the chart as a solo artist. The song was certified platinum by the RIAA in 2014. It also peaked at number 38 in New Zealand and in the lower region of the Canadian Hot 100. Background Lovato released her debut studio album, Don't Forget, in September 2008. Shortly thereafter, in January 2009, she had already begun writing material for her sophomore effort. The recording sessions for the album began in January 2009, right after filming from the first season of Sonny with a Chance. According to Lovato, the album's writing process was nearly finished in just two weeks. Unlike Don't Forget, Lovato did not collaborate with the Jonas Brothers for her second album as she wanted to see what her sound would be like without their input. \"Here We Go Again\" was written by Isaac Hasson, Lindy Robbins and Mher Filian, and produced by Hasson and Filian under the production name SuperSpy. The duo also co-wrote and produced the album track \"U Got Nothin' on Me\". \"Here We Go Again\" was recorded at three different recording studios in California; SuperSpy Studios in Los Angeles, Resonate Studios in Burbank, and The Jungle Room in Glendale. Additional recording took place at Safe House Studios in Greensboro, North Carolina. Co-writer Robbins contributed backing vocals. Hasson provided programming, guitars and synths, and Filian handled programming and keys. The instruments were played by Dorian Crozier, who provided drums, and Kenny Johnson, who played the bass. The song was ultimately mixed by Chris Lord-Alge. \"Here We Go Again\" premiered during Planet Premiere on Radio Disney on June 17, 2009, and was released as the lead single for the album of the same name via digital download on June 23, through Hollywood Records. It was later released in Australia and New Zealand on July 17, 2009. Composition \"Here We Go Again\" is an uptempo power pop song, with guitar lines and pop hooks. Critics made comparisons with works by Kelly Clarkson, particularly the song \"Since U Been Gone\". According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing, \"Here We Go Again\" is written in the time signature of common time, with a moderately fast tempo of 142 beats per",
"title": "Here We Go Again (Demi Lovato song)"
},
{
"docid": "54263853",
"text": "The Smooth Tour was the fourth headlining concert tour by the American country music duo Florida Georgia Line. The tour of the United States was in support of their third studio album, Dig Your Roots (2016). It began on June 3, 2017, in Austin, Texas, and concluded on October 21, 2017, in Alpharetta, Georgia. Background In February 2017, Florida Georgia Line announced the tour. Opening acts Backstreet Boys Russell Dickerson Ryan Hurd Chris Lane Nelly Morgan Wallen Setlists {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFFF00; font-size: 100%; width: 59%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | header = Smooth Tour Setlist | content = Florida Georgia Line \"Anything Goes\" \"Smile\" \"Round Here\" \"Confession\" \"Dig Your Roots\" \"May We All\" \"Dirt\" \"Sippin' on Fire\" \"H.O.L.Y.\" \"God, Your Mama, and Me\" \"Sun Daze\" \"Get Your Shine On\" \"This Is How We Roll\" Encore \"Hot in Herre \"Cruise (Remix)\" Nelly \"Party People\" \"E.I\" \"Where the Party At\" \"Where the Party At\" \"Batter Up\" \"Air Force Ones\" \"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)\" \"Ride Wit Me\" \"The Fix\" \"Die a Happy Man\" \"Sounds Good to Me\" \"Get Like Me\" \"Grillz\" \"Move that Body\" \"All I Do Is Win/Fake Love/That's What I Like\" \"Body On Me\" \"Over and Over\" \"Dilemma\" \"Just a Dream\" Chris Lane \"Who's It Gonna Be\" \"Her Own Kind of Beautiful\" \"Let Me Love You\" \"For Her\" \"I Want It That Way/Can't Feel My Face/SexyBack/Want to Want Me/Bye Bye Bye/Whip (Nae Nae)/It's Going Down for Real\" \"Fix\" }} {{hidden | headercss = background: #FFFF00; font-size: 100%; width: 59%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | header = Boston, Minneapolis & Chicago Setlists | content = Florida Georgia Line \"Anything Goes\" \"Smile\" \"Round Here\" \"Confession\" \"Dig Your Roots\" \"May We All\" \"Dirt\" \"Sippin' on Fire\" \"H.O.L.Y.\" \"God, Your Mama, and Me\" \"Sun Daze\" \"Get Your Shine On\" \"This Is How We Roll\" Encore \"Hot in Herre \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" \"Cruise (Remix)\" Backstreet Boys \"Larger Than Life\" \"The One\" \"Get Down (You're the One for Me)\" \"Drowning \"Quit Playing Games (With My Heart)\" \"As Long as You Love Me \"The Call\" \"We've Got It Goin' On\" \"I Want It That WayNelly''' \"Party People\" \"E.I\" \"Where the Party At\" \"Where the Party At\" \"Batter Up\" \"Air Force Ones\" \"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)\" \"Ride Wit Me\" \"The Fix\" \"Die a Happy Man\" \"Sounds Good to Me\" \"Get Like Me\" \"Grillz\" \"Move that Body\" \"All I Do Is Win/Fake Love/That's What I Like\" \"Body On Me\" \"Over and Over\" \"Dilemma\" \"Just a Dream\" Chris Lane \"Who's It Gonna Be\" \"Her Own Kind of Beautiful\" \"Let Me Love You\" \"For Her\" \"Can't Feel My Face/SexyBack/Want to Want Me/Bye Bye Bye/Whip (Nae Nae)/It's Going Down for Real\" \"Fix\" }} Shows References 2017 concert tours Florida Georgia Line concert tours",
"title": "Smooth Tour"
},
{
"docid": "40705751",
"text": "\"I Wonder (Departure)\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1977 album ABBA: The Album. It was originally part of the ABBA-produced mini-musical The Girl with the Golden Hair, which they performed at the end of each of their 1977 concert tours. Usage in Mamma Mia! film In a hypothetical sequel to Mamma Mia! put together by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, the song is sung at a point in the musical where Sophie \"dreams of cutting loose [from Sky] and heading abroad\". In the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the song is performed by Young Donna (played by Lily James) on the soundtrack album; however, the performance (early in the film prior to Donna leaving her friends) was deleted. The performance was included as an extra on the DVD release. Synopsis The song is about whether the narrator should leave behind everything she knows in order to pursue something greater. The book ABBA: Let The Music Speak argues that the song parallels Frida's own life story, in regard to the \"momentous decision she took in her early 20s to leave her young family in pursuit of singing stardom\". Release A live recording of the song served as the flip side to the single \"The Name of the Game\", recorded during the Australian leg of the tour. Composition The lead vocal of the song is Frida. The Chicago Tribune notes that Frida stutters the line \"I wonder ... it scares me\". The song has a string arrangement that is laced with the harp, French horn, and oboe. Critical reception ABBA: Let the Music Speak says that Frida provides the song with \"maximum emotional leverage\", making it \"the most intimate personal portrait\" out of the three mini-musical tracks to be featured on ABBA: The Album. It adds that the song would \"translate beautifully to the stage\" and become a tearjerker. It goes on to mention that her internal conflict is handled well, concluding that \"from wistful reflection to strident defiance and back again, Frida's performance...is up there with the greats of the genre\". References 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1977 songs ABBA songs Polar Music singles Pop ballads Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus",
"title": "I Wonder (Departure)"
},
{
"docid": "7443740",
"text": "Charles Wayne Day (August 5, 1942 – March 10, 2008), also known as Bing Day, was an American guitarist and baritone bluesman from the South Side of Chicago. Biography His musical talents began to develop at age 3, and at age 15, he recorded the single \"Pony Tail Partner\" under the name \"Bing Day\" at Federal Records (1957). Day recorded several singles over the next ten years as 'Bing Day' and, also, 'Ford Hopkins'. He moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1965 and began a career as one of the most listened to \"unknown\" artists in rock and roll. He became bassist with Johnny Rivers' Band. Day invented the signature lead guitar riff afterward used by Rivers in \"Secret Agent Man\". Day worked with the Mamas and the Papas in 1967, again as bassist, also playing as second guitarist on \"Monday, Monday\" and \"California Dreamin'\". During the 1970s and 1980s, Day played on numerous recordings including Shel Silverstein's Freaker's Ball. He also wrote for the soundtrack of Fritz the Cat and performed with musicians Luther Tucker and Merl Saunders. Day formed his own band in 1986. Day resided in Fairfax, California, from 1969, and continued to play locally in the San Rafael area of California until he was taken ill in January, 2007. After three months of care at Marin General Hospital, he was admitted to Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital before being relocated to District Hospital in Healdsburg, where he remained until his death on March 10, 2008. A memorial and parade were held in Fairfax for Day on March 22, 2008. After his death, it was revealed that he was the biological father of Owen Vanessa Elliot, the daughter of singer Cass Elliot of the Mamas and The Papas. Discography Solo releases \"Pony Tail Partner\" / \"Since You Left Me\" - Federal Records (1957) as Bing Day \"Rain Silver Dollar\" / \"Dancing Puppets\" - Fraternity Records (1958) as Bing Day With Danny Bell And The Bell Hops \"Poor Stagger Lee\" - Mercury Records (1958) \"Mama's Place\" / \"I Can't Help It\" - Mercury Records (1959) as Bing Day \"Mary's Place\" / \"How Do I Do It\" - Mercury Records (1959) as Bing Day \"Ya Fine, Fine, Fine\" - Apex Records (1959) as Ford Hopkins \"How Do I Do It\" - Mercury Records (1960) \"She Was Not My Kind\" - Apex Records (1961) \"Memphis Tennessee\" - Cameo/Parkway Records (1966) \"We Gotta Get Outta this Place\" - Fraternity Records (1967) With Johnny Rivers (1965) \"Here We GoGo Again\" \"Rivers Rocks the Folk\" With The Mamas & the Papas (1965-1966) \"Monday, Monday\" - Second Guitar \"California Dreamin'\" - Second Guitar With The Young Gyants (1968) \"Tom Dooley\" / \"We Gotta Get Out Of This Place\" - Parkway \"Memphis\" / \"It Hurts So Bad\" - Cameo-Parkway (1964) With Shel Silverstein (1971) Freakin' At The Freaker's Ball The Chuck Day Band (1997) Desperate Measures With Steven Wolf (2006) 20th Century Wolf, Volume I Day co-wrote \"You Don't Love Me Anymore\" with Steven Wolf and",
"title": "Charles Wayne Day"
},
{
"docid": "65887906",
"text": "\"Here We Go Around Again\" (listed as \"Here We Go Round Again\" on Carey's demo tape) is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released in Japan on December 11, 2020, as the third single from her eighth compilation album, The Rarities (2020) by Columbia and Legacy Records as a cassette single with \"Loverboy (Firecracker – Original Version)\". The song was written and produced by Carey and Ben Margulies. According to Carey, the song was the first track on her demo tape. Background and release \"Here We Go Around Again\" was recorded by Dana Jon Chappelle and mixed by Brian Garten. According to the album's liner notes, Carey \"[had] always liked it and did want it to be included on my first album. I don't remember why it wasn't, except we felt that we never quite captured the magic of that first demo. This recording is as close as we got.\" In an interview with Fred Bronson, Margulies revealed that their first collaboration, “Here We Go Around Again,” was recorded in the back of his father's cabinetry factory in Chelsea, New York City: \"It was this real Motown thing. She wrote all the verses out. We were very excited because she sounded incredible. That was the beginning of the collaborating.\" \"Here We Go Around Again\" was first teased on August 21, 2020, on a Zoom chat with reporters, influencers and fans to promote \"Save the Day\". On November 19, 2020, it was announced that the song would be paired with \"Loverboy (Firecracker – Original Version)\" and released as a limited edition cassette single in Japan, set to be officially released on December 11, 2020. The next day, however, the cassette was made available worldwide on Carey's official online store, included in bundles with clothing items and accessories. Critical reception Billboard writer Joe Lynch described the first teaser of \"Here We Go Around Again\" which was premiered on Carey's Zoom chat for \"Save the Day\" as \"a snippet of a Jackson 5-esque song that dates back to her 1990 debut\". Idolator writer Mike Wass stated was \"hard to understand how something this effortlessly charming and catchy didn’t make the tracklist of Mariah’s debut album.\" Carey channeled The Jackson 5 on this \"buoyant bop from 1990, sounding so innocent that she can barely contain the sheer joy of relishing in her own melismatic powers.\" Los Angeles Times pop-music critic Mikael Wood praised the song stating that her vocals were \"precise as always\" and praised her writing style saying that it was \"already in a tune whose darting melody evokes the comings and goings of a guy who can’t make up his mind about her.\" Track listings and formats Japanese limited edition cassette single \"Here We Go Around Again\" – 3:55 \"Loverboy\" (Firecracker – original version) – 3:17 Charts References 2020 singles Mariah Carey songs 1990 songs Songs written by Mariah Carey Songs written by Ben Margulies Song recordings produced by Mariah Carey Sony Music Entertainment Japan singles",
"title": "Here We Go Around Again"
},
{
"docid": "3735183",
"text": "Catherine Johnson (born 14 October 1957) is a British playwright, producing works for stage and television. She is best known for her book for the ABBA-inspired musical Mamma Mia! and screenplay for the musical's film adaptation. The film became the highest-grossing British picture of all time in the UK, and the biggest selling UK DVD of all time in January 2009. She also co-wrote the 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Johnson grew up in Wickwar near Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School in Wotton. She was expelled from school at 16, married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote Rag Doll, using the pseudonym Maxwell Smart, a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including Casualty, Love Hurts and Byker Grove. In 2007 Johnson instituted The Catherine Johnson Award for Best Play written by the five Pearson Playwrights' Scheme bursary winners from the previous year. Catherine won a bursary from the scheme in 1991. Catherine is a patron of the Wotton Electric Picture House in Wotton-under-Edge, Bristol's Myrtle Theatre Company and Arts and Community in Thornbury. Credits Stage Rag Doll (Bristol Old Vic Studio) (Winner BOV/HTV Playwriting Award) 1988 Boys Mean Business (Bush Theatre) 1989 Dead Sheep (Bush Theatre) (Co-winner Thames TV Best Play Award) 1991 Too Much Too Young (Bristol Old Vic and London Bubble) 1992 Where’s Willy? (Bristol Old Vic) 1994 Renegades (Bristol Old Vic) 1995 Shang-a-Lang (Bush Theatre & tour) 1998 Mamma Mia! (LittleStar) 1999 Little Baby Nothing (Bush Theatre) 2003 Through The Wire (Shell Connections, RNT) 2005 Through The Wire (new version) (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2006) City of One (Myrtle Theatre, Bristol 2008) Trade It? (Show of Strength), Bristol 2008, contributor Suspension (Bristol Old Vic) 2009 Television series Casualty (Season 7, 1992, episodes 5 & 13) BBC Love Hurts (Season 2, episodes 5 & 7; Season 3 episodes 1, 2, 3, & 10) BBC Band of Gold (Series 3, episodes 5 & 6) Granada TV Byker Grove (Series 9) BBC Love in the 21st Century (episodes 2, 3 & 5) Channel 4 Linda Green (episode 3) BBC Television films Rag Doll (HTV) Just Like Eddie (HTV) Where’s Willy? (HTV) Sin Bin (BBC) Forget You Ever Had Children (Picture Palace/ITV) in production Dappers (pilot – in production) BBC Feature films Mamma Mia! (film series) Mamma Mia! The Movie – screenplay Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again – story Awards Her career accolades to date include the Bristol Old Vic/HTV Playwriting award (1987), and the Thames Television Writer-in-Residence and Best Play awards (1991) Mamma Mia! was also nominated for an",
"title": "Catherine Johnson (playwright)"
},
{
"docid": "22566615",
"text": "Dave Mason & Cass Elliot was the only teaming of artists Dave Mason and Cass Elliot. The album was produced by both Mason and Elliot and recorded in 1970. The album was released by Mason's label, Blue Thumb Records. Conception After being introduced by their mutual friend Gram Parsons, Mason and Elliot hit it off and decided to pursue singing together professionally. Elliot, having released two solo albums at that time, missed the collaborative effort of producing music and Mason, who had just arrived in the U.S. after splitting with Traffic, was interested in a fresh collaboration. Originally Elliot was intended to be co-producer with Mason on an intended solo album by the latter: after Elliot sang background for Mason on some sessions the idea of the album being a Mason/ Elliot collaboration emerged. Album Despite receiving co-billing with Mason, on several of the songs Elliot's contributions are limited to background vocals, which highlighted a raspy, more raw side of Elliot’s voice. When interviewed by Rolling Stone magazine Elliot stated, \"I sing better with David because he's so good. You want to do better. I'm singing notes I never sang with The Mamas & the Papas\". The music falls into the country rock harmony sound of its time, but with a bluesier edge. Mason wrote five of the songs on the album, while Elliot co-wrote two: the single \"Something to Make You Happy\" and her only solo song on the album, \"Here We Go Again\". This was the first time that Elliot lent her hand in songwriting since her days with The Big 3 and The Mugwumps, and also the last. Dave Mason & Cass Elliot was recorded - at the Record Plant West - in the autumn of 1970 for release by Blue Thumb Records, who had released Mason's debut album Alone Together: Dunhill Records, on whose roster Elliot was, held right of release to any singles from the album Dave Mason & Cass Elliot and also a second collaborative album from the two singers. Two singles were released from the album Dave Mason & Cass Elliot: \"Something to Make You Happy\" in January 1971, \"Too Much Truth, Too Much Love\" released the following month. Reception The album was released in March 1971 and was a moderate success landing at the 49th spot on the Billboard Top 200 chart. To promote the album, Mason and Elliot both appeared and performed on The Tonight Show and The Andy Williams Show. They also performed two concerts with the first one at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium and the second at New York’s Fillmore East. Although Mason and Elliot remained close friends and both discussed interest in recording together again, this would be their only collaboration. It was reissued in 2008 by the British Rev-Ola Records. Cherry Red Records reissued the CD in 2019 as CDMRED737. Track listing Personnel Dave Mason - guitar, vocals Cass Elliot - vocals Bryan Garo - bass Paul Harris - keyboards, strings Russ Kunkel - drums, percussion",
"title": "Dave Mason & Cass Elliot"
},
{
"docid": "948472",
"text": "Judith Krantz's Till We Meet Again is a 1989 two-episode television miniseries based on the 1988 Judith Krantz novel, Till We Meet Again. Its stars include Mia Sara, Bruce Boxleitner, Hugh Grant, Maxwell Caulfield, and Courteney Cox. The story revolves around Eve, Delphine and Frederique (Freddy), three young women who are looking to get themselves set up in a world that changes quickly. Along the way they find romance and become swept up in war, danger and family intrigue. Events from 1913 to 1952 are included. Plot Part 1 The story starts in Dijon in 1913. Eve (Lucy Gutteridge) is the daughter of a prominent doctor, and is destined to be married off to Roger Grillont (James Langton), but instead she falls in love with a low-class theater performer, Alain Marais (Maxwell Caulfield). Alain believes that she is an orphan from the same social class as him, and loses his interest after finding out that she is a rich, privileged girl. Nevertheless, she follows him to live in Paris, where her neighbor Vivianne de Biron (Juliet Mills) helps her land a job as a showgirl. Alain disapproves of her profession, comparing it with prostitution, following which she leaves him. By 1915 World War I is in full motion. Eve meets Paul de Lancel (Michael York) while performing for the army and falls in love with him. Paul's aristocratic family disapproves of Paul serving in the army, because it requires him to abandon his work at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as his duties as a husband to Laure (Susannah Harker) and their newborn son Bruno. Laure is devastated by Paul's absence and kills herself, after which her family swears revenge by keeping Bruno and raising him to hate his father. By 1917, Paul and Eve meet again in Paris and soon marry. She quits her career to support her husband's political career. In 1930, Paul is stationed as a Consul General at the Consulate in Los Angeles. Here, their daughter Freddy (Elisabeth Harnois) starts getting flying lessons from stunt flyer Terrence 'Mac' McGuire (Barry Bostwick). By 1936, a now-teenaged Freddy (Courteney Cox) is an avid flyer and a tomboy. Her sister Delphine (Mia Sara), meanwhile, leads a reckless life with parties and alcohol. For the first time in their lives, they move to their home country of France to live with their grandparents at Chateau Valmont. They meet their half brother Bruno (Hugh Grant), who is now a political science student and a nazi sympathizer with a deep hatred for Paul. He reveals Eve's scandalous showgirl past to Freddy and Delphine. In 1937, Freddy and Delphine return to Los Angeles. A stubborn Freddy accepts a stunt job from movie stunt coordinator Swede Castelli (Denis Arndt) and is kicked out of the house by her father. She moves in with Mac and starts a relationship with him despite a 23-year age gap. Delphine, meanwhile, is jailed for her reckless party behavior and is sent back to France to live",
"title": "Judith Krantz's Till We Meet Again"
},
{
"docid": "47713564",
"text": "Alexa Davies is a Welsh actress best known for her roles as Aretha in Raised by Wolves, Kate in Detectorists, Yvonne in Cradle to Grave, young Rosie in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and Meg in Dead Pixels. She grew up in Rhyl, Denbighshire. Filmography Film Television References External links 1995 births Welsh television actresses Welsh film actresses People from Rhyl Living people 21st-century Welsh actresses",
"title": "Alexa Davies"
},
{
"docid": "56818610",
"text": "This article lists feature-length British films and full-length documentaries that have had their premieres in 2018 and were at least partly produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom. It does not feature short films, medium-length films, made-for-TV films, pornographic films, filmed theater, VR films and interactive films like Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. It also does not include films screened in previous years that had official release dates in 2018. British co-productions like Bohemian Rhapsody, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again garnered positive reviews and collectively grossed more than $1.5 billion in the Box Office worldwide. Small independent films like The Wife, Three Identical Strangers and At Eternity's Gate performed well in the Specialty Box Office, screening in a limited number of theaters. 2018 was expected to be the best year for British box office since 1971 with Avengers: Infinity War, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Incredibles 2, Black Panther, Bohemian Rhapsody, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Peter Rabbit and The Greatest Showman breaking £40 million at the British box office. Also included is an overview of five awards ceremonies which are major events in British film: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards. Film premieres January – March April – June July – September October – December Other premieres Culturally British Films The following list comprises films not produced by Great Britain or the United Kingdom but is strongly associated with British culture. The films in this list should fulfill at least 3 of the following criteria: The film is adapted from a British source material. The story is at least partially set in the United Kingdom. The film was at least partially shot in the United Kingdom. Many of the film's cast and crew members are British. British winners Listed here are the British winners and nominees at the four most prestigious film award ceremonies in the English-speaking world: the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards, that were held during 2018, celebrating the best films of 2017. The British nominations were led by Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Dunkirk, and Darkest Hour, with Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri winning awards in the major categories and Dunkirk going on to win large numbers of technical awards, whilst Gary Oldman won multiple best leading actor awards for his portrayal of Sir Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. British films did, however, notably lose out to The Shape of Water from USA. Academy Awards The 90th Academy Awards honoring the best films of 2017 were held on March 4, 2018. British winners: Darkest Hour (Best Actor, Best Makeup and Hairstyling) Dunkirk (Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, Best Film Editing) The Silent Child (Best Live Action Short Film) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor) Alex Gibson (Best Sound Editing) – Dunkirk Chris Overton (Best Live Action Short Film) – The Silent Child David",
"title": "List of British films of 2018"
},
{
"docid": "64154101",
"text": "Teneisha Phehoma Bonner (31 December 1981 – 11 September 2019) was a Jamaican-born English hip-hop and street dancer of stage and screen. She worked with the groups ZooNation and the Bounce Streetdance Company and as a backup dancer for many top performers in the music industry. Bonner played a role in the film StreetDance 3D and danced in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again and Mary Poppins Returns. Biography Bonner was born in St. Catherine, Jamaica on 31 December 1981. She was the daughter of Yvette Singh and Emanuel Bonner and had four half-siblings, being the eldest child in the family. Bonner was raised by her grandmother until she moved to Peckham in London at age seven to be with her mother and stepfather. She began dancing at Brixton Recreation Centre, and after observing the dance musical Cats aged 13, was inspired to dream for a professional dance career. Bonner had her first open stage auditions with the company RJC Dance and attended local street dance classes, borrowing a key for its drama room to allow her to practice solo during intervals away from school. She joined the BRIT School in Croydon at the age of 16, and obtained her first professional work at 17, performing for the pop singer Dane Bowers, and appearing on the television programmes Top of the Pops and CD:UK, to allow her to pay the school fees. Aged 18, Bonner was awarded a full scholarship to the London Studio Centre by its principal, with her training interrupted by her successfully auditioning for the Bounce Streetdance Company and going on a European and United Kingdom tour of the company's show Insane in The Brain. She was persuaded to completed her scholarship by her teacher after initial hesitance to do so, graduating in 2004. Bonner worked as part of a backup troupes for commercial artists such as Kylie Minogue, Rihanna, Take That, The Black Eyed Peas, Will.i.am and Alesha Dixon on tour. In 2002, she was one of the first dancers on Kate Prince's group ZooNation. Bonner was cast in the lead role of hopeful DJ girl Spinderella in the hip hop show Into the Hoods during its run at the Novello Theatre in the West End in 2008. Luke Jennings, the dance reviewer for The Observer, wrote of her performance \"The piece’s star is undoubtedly Bonner, whose dramatic beauty and fluent line compel the attention whenever she’s on stage\", and Katie Colombus of The Stage concurred, saying Bonner \"really steals the show, dancing with an edge, an energy and sharpness that I’ve never seen before. That same year, she performed at the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. In 2010, Bonner portrayed the hairdresser Shawna in the comedy film StreetDance 3D, and had a featured role in the Sadler's Wells Theatre production of the dance musical Shoes. She danced the role of Kerri in Some Like It Hip Hop at the Peacock Theatre in 2011, earning her the Critics' Choice National Dance Outstanding Female Performance (Modern) Award",
"title": "Teneisha Bonner"
},
{
"docid": "41647807",
"text": "No Limit Greatest Hits is a 2006 two-disc greatest hits album released on August 1, 2006 by Priority Records. The compilation managed to make it to #56 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Prior to the release of this compilation, No Limit Records went bankrupt in 2003 which resulted in Master P selling the back catalog of the label. Today, EMI owns the No Limit back catalog. Due to no longer owning No Limit, Master P had no involvement in the making of this compilation. Critical response David Jeffries of AllMusic believes that the compiling of this album \"was obviously done by some real No Limit soldiers who reach well past the big names\" and suggests \"this is a great snapshot of the label that taught everyone else how to exploit the underground and released some great gangsta music along the way.\" Track listing Disc one I'm Bout It, Bout It TRU [From The album True] Y'all Ain't Ready Yet Mystikal [From The album Mind of Mystikal] Bounce Dat Azz [Gangsta T, King George, Silkk The Shocker, & Master P [From the album Down South Hustlers: Bouncin' and Swingin'] Gangstafied Kane & Abel Featuring Master P and Mo B. Dick] [From the album 7 Sins] The Shocker [Silkk The Shocker Featuring Master P] [From the album The Shocker] Make 'Em Say Uhh! [Master P, Fiend, Silkk The Shocker, Mia X, & Mystikal] [From the album Ghetto D] He Did That [Silkk The Shocker Featuring Master P and Mac] [From the album My World, My Way] Ain't No Limit [Mystikal Featuring Silkk The Shocker] [From the album Unpredictable] Where The Little Souljas At? Lil Soldiers [From the album Boot Camp] Soldier Party [Mac Featuring Master P] [From the album Shell Shocked] No Limit Soldiers II [Master P, C-Murder, Fiend, Magic, Mr. Serv-On, Mia X, Big Ed, Silkk The Shocker, & Mystikal] [From the album We Can't Be Stopped] Whatcha Wanna Do [Mia X] [From the album Mama Drama] Mr. Whomp Whomp [Fiend] [From the album Street Life] NL Party Soulja Slim Featuring Master P, Silkk The Shocker, Full Blooded, Trenitty, Gambino Family, Big Ed, Prime Suspects, Mac, Kane & Abel, Magic, & Snoop Dogg] [From the album Give It 2 'Em Raw] Assassin [Big Ed Featuring Master P] [From the album The Assassin] It's Your Thing Mercedes Featuring Master P] [From the album Rear End] Down 4 My N's [Snoop Dogg, C-Murder, & Magic] [From the album No Limit Top Dogg] Disc two It Ain't My Fault [Part 2] [Silkk The Shocker & Mystikal] [From the album Made Man] Hot Boys and Girls [Master P Featuring Mystikal, Silkk The Shocker, Mia X, & Kane & Abel] [From the album MP Da Last Don] Bring It On [Mia X Featuring Fiend, Mystikal, C-Murder, Skull Duggery, & Mac] [From the album Mama Drama] I Miss My Homies [Master P Featuring Pimp C & Silkk The Shocker] [From the album Ghetto D] I Got The Hook-Up! [Master P Featuring Sons of Funk] [From the",
"title": "No Limit Greatest Hits"
},
{
"docid": "31263628",
"text": "Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles is a live tribute album by country singer Willie Nelson and jazz trumpeter Wynton Marsalis. It was recorded during concerts at the Rose Theater in New York City, on February 9 and 10, 2009. The album received mixed reviews, in which the instrumentation of Marsalis' orchestra was praised by the critics. Background and recording Nelson and Marsalis played together for the first time in 2007 at The Allen Room in Lincoln Center, which resulted in the critically acclaimed album Two Men with the Blues, released the next year. The album held the number one position in the Billboard Jazz Albums chart for four weeks. Nelson and Marsalis joined again in 2009 along with Norah Jones for a series of two concerts, at the Rose Theater, on February 9 and February 10. The recordings were released on March 29, 2011. Reception The Los Angeles Times's music critic rated the release with three stars out of four, and wrote: \"Ray Charles surely would have admired the inventive and lively jazz-drenched arrangements accompanying many of his standards, including \"Hit the Road Jack,\" \"Busted,\" \"Hallelujah I Love Her So,\" \"Unchain My Heart\" and \"Cryin' Time.\" Rolling Stone praised Nelson and Jones' duet on Buck Owens' \"Crying Time\", but criticized the abundance of solos between Nelson and Marsalis' band: \"(Here We Go Again) feels like a missed opportunity. Nelson's nylon-stabbing guitar is too scarce here, giving way to Marsalis' jazz band, a slick cast that rotates solos exhaustively.\" The Texas Monthly also criticized the arrangements: \"applying Willie's offhand cool and Jones's trademark reserve to the genius's hits, particularly his blistering soul classics, makes about as much sense as asking Tony Bennett to cover the Butthole Surfers [...] Here We Go Again is full of arrangements that take the wrong fork in the road. The expert musicianship of Marsalis's working band overthinks and dulls down almost every tune.\" The Daily Telegraph rated it with four stars out of five. Praising Nelson, Marsalis and Jones as well as the backing band, the critic stated \"They have done Ray Charles proud\". Meanwhile, The Austin Chronicle rated the album with two stars out of five; critic Jay Trachtenberg wrote: \"Despite boasting favorites from Charles repertoire including \"Cryin' Time,\" \"Busted,\" and \"Hit the Road Jack,\" this summit never clicks, perhaps a result of the one-off nature of the project making it hard for the musical personalities to fully gel\". The New Zealand Herald wrote: \"While they may seem like a funny couple, with the deft precision and style of Marsalis seemingly at odds with Nelson's more unkempt delivery, it actually works\". AllMusic wrote: \"With Charles' standards like \"Hallelujah I Love Her So\", \"Cryin' Time\", \"Hit the Road Jack\", \"Busted\", \"Makin' Whoopie\", and his iconic signature hit, \"What'd I Say\" all sounding comfortable and fresh. The only thing missing is Ray Charles himself, who undoubtedly would have had no trouble fitting into these shows. Radio now splits everything into little niches.",
"title": "Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles"
},
{
"docid": "3685331",
"text": "Godstow is a hamlet about northwest of the centre of Oxford. It lies on the banks of the River Thames between the villages of Wolvercote to the east and Wytham to the west. The ruins of Godstow Abbey, also known as Godstow Nunnery, are here. A bridge spans the Thames and the Trout Inn is at the foot of the bridge across the river from the abbey ruins. There is also a weir and Godstow lock. History Godstow Abbey (see detailed history below) was built here, starting in 1133. It housed an order of Benedictine nuns. Rosamund Clifford, the mistress of King Henry II, retired here and died at 30 in about 1177. Her grave is somewhere in the grounds but now lost. The abbey was suppressed in 1539 under the Second Act of Dissolution. The abbey was then converted into Godstow House by George Owen. It was occupied by his family until 1645, when the building was badly damaged in the English Civil War. After this damage, the building fell into disrepair and was used by the locals as a source of stone for their buildings. A stone bridge was in existence in 1692 and an earlier one was probably that held by the Royalists against Parliamentarians in 1644, during the Civil War. Godstow House itself was fortified as part of the defences of Royalist Oxford against the Parliamentary army at the Siege of Oxford. By the Thames at Lower Wolvercote and Godstow is a 17th-century public house, The Trout Inn, close to Godstow Bridge. The current bridge, in two spans, was built in 1792, the southern span being rebuilt in 1892. Godstow Lock was built here in 1790. In Victorian times, Charles Dodgson (aka Lewis Carroll) brought Alice Liddell (aka Alice in Wonderland) and her sisters, Edith and Lorina, for river trips and picnics at Godstow. The ruins of Godstow Abbey were used as a backdrop in the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again during the musical number \"When I Kissed The Teacher\". History of Godstow Abbey Godstow Abbey was built on what was then an island between streams running into the River Thames. The site was given to the founder Edith de Launceline, in 1133 by John of St. John Edith was the widow of William and she had been living alone in Binsey in Oxfordshire, before deciding to found a group of nuns. The abbey was built in local limestone in honour of St Mary and St John the Baptist for Benedictine nuns; with a further gift of land from him, the site was later enlarged. The church was consecrated in 1139 in the presence of King Stephen. The Bishop of Lincoln confirms that it was Edith's money and will that created the community although she had enjoyed support from Henry I of England. The abbey was again enlarged between 1176 and 1188 when Henry II gave the establishment £258 (which included £100 for the church), 40,000 shingles, 4,000 laths, and a large quantity of",
"title": "Godstow"
},
{
"docid": "15642908",
"text": "\"My Love, My Life\" is a song recorded by ABBA for their album, Arrival. The song was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Background \"My Love, My Life\" was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album. Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha's vocal purity.. He also expressed reservations about how the song was arranged. A complete demo with the original \"Monsieur, Monsieur\" lyrics was recorded before this, and remains unreleased. Composition According to the sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Union Songs, \"My Love, My Life\" has a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of C major. Agnetha Fältskog's vocal range spans from G3 to E5 during the song. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, and Meryl Streep recorded My Love, My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 13 July 2018, alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson. This version featured new lyrics written by Björn Ulvaeus. Charts Cover versions Elaine Paige version Elaine Paige recorded “ Like An Image Passing By” for the 1983 UK musical, ABBAcadabra, with reworked lyrics, produced and arranged by Mike Batt. The song was released as a single in Europe in late 1983 and early 1984. The B-Side consisted of a cover of “Like An Angel Passing Through My Room”, retitled \"When Dreamers Close Their Eyes\" sung by Finola Hughes. The single peaked at No. 126 in the UK Singles Charts. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson",
"title": "My Love, My Life"
},
{
"docid": "11143164",
"text": "\"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is a song by the pop band ABBA. It is the opening track on their 1976 album Arrival. Synopsis The song's recording sessions began on 14 June 1976 with the name \"Rio de Janeiro\". Eventually, the track was renamed \"When I Kissed the Teacher\". The song's light-hearted lyrics tell the story of a student who has a crush on her teacher, one day cannot restrain herself and kisses him. The lyrics are set to spirited music. Benny Andersson considered this one of his favorite ABBA songs. The video clip \"goes from a female student longing for her teacher to her taking direct action by kissing him as he leans over her in class.\" The actor playing the part of the teacher was Magnus Härenstam. Release The song was also released on the compilation album More Gold: More Hits and the video was included on The Definitive Collection. Composition Lyrically and musically, the song is filled with \"schoolgirl imagery\". Agnetha Fältskog is the lead vocal. Critical reception Buffalo News describes it as \"bouncy\". The Daily Telegraph lists the song as one of ABBA's hidden gems, offering it as an alternative to \"Waterloo\". It says the song \"Starts off slow, but quickly turns into a surreal, pop homage to low level sexual harassment\". Robert Hilburn of the Malaysian Star said \"My nomination for the best ABBA track that wasn't a hit in the U.S.: \"When I Kissed the Teacher\", a zestful number that recalls the teen passion of such Phil Spector productions as the Ronettes' 'Be My Baby'\". In a Voulez-Vous review, \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" is listed alongside \"Dancing Queen\" as an example of the group's \"soaring female harmonies, uplifting melodies, and festive instrumental touches\" in their earlier hits. Chris Joens of the Chicago Tribune, in a review of the Mamma Mia musical, noted \"A soundtrack has become a discography. I've even almost forgotten my favorite ABBA ditty, 'When I Kissed the Teacher', just because it's not in the show.\" The Los Angeles Times said \"'When I Kissed the Teacher' is the most convincing thing Abba has done because it injects some sly, mocking humor and passion that offsets the group seriousness\". Abba – Uncensored on the Record said When I Kissed The Teacher is an example of what was \"expected of ABBA\". The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology lists \"When I Kissed the Teacher\" with the Van Halen song \"Hot for Teacher\" and the Jethro Tull song \"Teacher\" as examples of \"how teachers are viewed by [students] as sexual objects. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies and Celia Imrie recorded When I Kissed the Teacher, with a slightly changed lyric, as the first single from the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Their version was released on 8 May 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus plays one of the teachers in the clip.",
"title": "When I Kissed the Teacher"
},
{
"docid": "11693052",
"text": "Craig David Ross is an American guitarist, best known for his work with singer Lenny Kravitz. Early life Craig Ross was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. He borrowed a guitar from a neighbor's garage at age eight. He began playing the music of the Beatles and Chuck Berry, his early influences. Career Before the age of 16, Ross started playing the Los Angeles clubs and formed the band the Broken Homes 1980s, with Ross performing under the stage name Kreg Ross. They opened for prominent musicians including Stevie Ray Vaughan, INXS, and Jerry Lee Lewis while doing club gigs with bands such as Guns N' Roses and Jane's Addiction. The band signed with MCA Records to release three albums in the 1980s, on which they worked with producers such as Andy Johns. This seminal period gave Ross his start in professional musical work. He describes his musical influences include Freddie King, Albert King, Jimi Hendrix, and Jimmy Page. A \"chance meeting\" in an Los Angeles pool hall with Lenny Kravitz (facilitated by Kathy Valentine of the Go-Go's) led to a long-tenured musical partnership. After touring with Kravitz for 1991's \"Mama Said\", Craig joined Lenny in the studio, co-writing and playing guitars on his track \"Are You Gonna Go My Way\", an anthem that helped elevate Kravitz's career. The collaboration continued with stand-out solos on tracks such as \"Believe\" and \"Is There Any love in Your Heart\". Ross has since written and performed instruments on each of Kravitz's albums, as well as for other artists including Sheryl Crow, Mick Jagger, B.B. King, Eric Clapton, The Black Crowes, and Nikka Costa, among others. Ross co-wrote the songs \"Spinning Around Over You\", \"Are You Gonna Go My Way\", \"Is There Any Love in Your Heart\", \"Where Are We Runnin'?\", \"Stillness of Heart\", and \"Lady\" with Kravitz, as well as various songs on Kravitz's 2008 album It Is Time for a Love Revolution. He also toured with Kravitz, most notably at the Glastonbury Festival in 1999. Ross and Kravitz performed at the 2012 Kennedy Center Honors tribute to Led Zeppelin, covering their 1969 song \"Whole Lotta Love\". Ross played on The Black Crowes 2001 album, Lions on the track \"Greasy Grass River\", as well as on the band's former guitarist Marc Ford's first solo album, It's About Time in 2003. Personal life Ross has two daughters named Mia and Devon with his first wife Anna. Since 2014, he has been married to Spanish actress Goya Toledo. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American rock guitarists American male guitarists Guitarists from Los Angeles",
"title": "Craig Ross"
},
{
"docid": "23815752",
"text": "Leonard Melfi (February 21, 1932 – October 28, 2001) was an American playwright and actor whose work has been widely produced on the American stage. Life and career Leonard was the eldest child of Leonard and Louise Melfi, who owned and operated the Circle Tavern in Binghamton, New York. In a 1966 radio interview with WBAI's Janet Coleman, he said, \"We always talked, and we always cooked together, and while cooking we drank. My father's father was a bootlegger and my mother's father made wine in the cellar... I was sort of doomed.\" He joked that he had developed his taste for alcohol by \"working in the family business.\" Melfi briefly attended St. Bonaventure University, followed by a tour of duty in Germany. Upon his discharge from the U.S. Army, Melfi moved to New York City to pursue a playwriting career. His plays tended to portray social outcasts with dark secrets spontaneously revealed in moments of great anxiety. He was among the most prominent artists making experimental theatre at the beginnings of the off-off-Broadway movement in the 1960s. Lazy Baby Susan was Melfi's first play to be produced. It took place during the inaugural season at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in the East Village of Manhattan in 1962. Melfi's best-known work for the stage, Birdbath, was first produced in 1965 at La MaMa under the direction of Tom O'Horgan. His play Pussies and Rookies was directed at La MaMa in 1965 by Ralph Cook, and his play Niagara Falls was directed at La MaMa by Kevin O'Connor in 1967. In 1968, La MaMa's Ellen Stewart collaborated with actor/producer Leslie Irons to open Corner Theatre ETC in Baltimore. Melfi's Birdbath was that theatre's inaugural production. Altogether, Melfi wrote over 70 plays during his lifetime. Having Fun in the Bathroom was directed by Ed Setrakian at La MaMa in 1968. The Raven Rock was directed and produced by Wes Jensby at Nassau Community College before traveling to University at Albany, SUNY and then La MaMa in 1969. Horse Opera was directed by Wilford Leach with music by John Braden at La MaMa in 1974. Birdbath was revived at La MaMa, again directed by O'Horgan, in 1981. Melfi contributed, along with John Lennon and Sam Shepard, to the 1969 Broadway musical Oh, Calcutta! He also co-wrote the screenplay for Mario Monicelli's Lady Liberty, a 1972 film starring William Devane and Sophia Loren. He appeared in the 1984 film Rent Control in the role of Milton Goeller. A number of Melfi's later plays were produced at the Theater for the New City. Melfi struggled with alcohol for many years, and eventually moved into the single room occupancy Narragansett Hotel at Broadway and 93rd Street. On October 24, 2001, Melfi's niece tried to visit her uncle and found his door to be locked. She tried again two days later, with no success, and became worried. The following day, paramedics arrived at the hotel and transported Melfi to Mount Sinai Hospital, where he died four",
"title": "Leonard Melfi"
},
{
"docid": "1919297",
"text": "\"Mama\" is a song by the British girl group the Spice Girls. It was written by the Spice Girls, Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard, and produced by Rowe and Stannard for the group's debut album Spice, released in November 1996. \"Mama\" is a pop ballad that features instrumentation from keyboards, a rhythm guitar, a cello, and a violin, and its lyrics deal with the difficulties in relationships between mothers and daughters that appear during their childhood. It was released as a double A-side with \"Who Do You Think You Are\", and became the official single of the 1997 Comic Relief. Its Big TV! directed music video, featured the group singing to an audience of children and their own mothers. Despite receiving mixed reviews from music critics, \"Mama\" was commercially successful. Released as the album's fourth single in March 1997, it became their fourth consecutive number-one single in the United Kingdom, which made the Spice Girls the first act in UK chart history to have its first four singles reach number one. It was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). The single performed well internationally, reaching the top ten in many European countries and New Zealand, and the top fifteen in Australia. Writing and inspiration \"Mama\" was written by the Spice Girls with songwriting partners Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard. In an interview about the writing process between the group and the duo, Rowe credits Mel B as the one who came up with the song's concept. During the writing process, each member wrote a small verse in a different corner of the recording studio, while the chorus was finished around the piano with a guitar. Then, the producers added a gospel choir filled with the group's harmonies at the end of the song. Brown explained the song's inspiration on the book Real Life: Real Spice The Official Story: We wrote 'Mama' when I was going through a bad phase with my mum. The sentiments are really that your mum's probably the best friend that you've got. Whether she's an over-protective mother or a bit of a landmine, she probably knows you better than yourself in some ways. In the same book, Melanie C further elaborated: \"'Mama's all about how you're such a cow to your mum when you're going through that rebellious teenage stage. Then when you get a bit older, you realise that whatever she was doing, she was only doing it for your own good. And you think: 'God, I was really horrible.'\" \"Mama\" was released in the UK and Ireland as a double A-side along with \"Who Do You Think You Are\" in March 1997, timed not only for the Comic Relief telethon, but also for Mothering Sunday. Composition \"Mama\" is a pop ballad, written in the key of A-flat major, it is set in the time signature of common time and moves at a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute. The song is constructed in a verse-chorus form, with a bridge before the",
"title": "Mama (Spice Girls song)"
},
{
"docid": "36074412",
"text": "A God That Can Dance is the second and final studio album from Los Angeles-based musician Paul Delph, released privately in 1996 and officially in 2003. Background A God That Can Dance was privately released to family and friends in 1996. It chronicles Delph's struggle with HIV/AIDS and draws its title from a quote attributed in the liner notes to Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 – 1900): \"I would believe only in a God that knew how to dance.\" — Thus Spoke Zarathustra Writing and recording The album was produced by Delph and Paul Marcus, who also wrote the majority of the material together. The album was engineered by Delph and Jim McMahon. It was recorded at Magic Bus Studio, Magic Studio, and The Aspen Studio, and mastered by Wally Traugott at Capitol Mastering, California. Both \"Eternity Spin\" and \"The Dance at the End of Time\" was written by American singer-songwriter Jimmie Spheeris. In 1983-4, he returned to the studio to record a new album that was produced by Delph, however he was killed by a drunken driver in 1984. The album, titled Spheeris, wasn't released commercially until 2000. In \"Mad at God\", the second verse speaks of Spheeris, where Delph questions whether his \"best friend had to die\", relating to the fatal motorcycle crash Spheeris was involved with. \"Breath of Life\" features vocal from singer and friend Vida Vierra. \"Mama Don't Cry\" is directed to Delph's parents. \"Kyrie\" was written by Medieval French poet and composer Guillaume de Machaut. \"Let Yourself Go\" was later used in the final scene of the 1999 US romantic comedy film Deal of a Lifetime. In 2003, to promote the release of the album, a radio broadcast on KOOP FM 91.7 in Austin, Texas, featured album personnel Paul Marcus, Vida Vierra, Doug Lunn and Andy Markley. Marcus commented: \"Paul and I worked closely on the album, we'd been writing songs for about fifteen years, and he found out he was HIV positive and then finally told me. Slowly but surely we started writing these songs that were sort of a song cycle, and we didn't really realise that until about half way through, but it was basically documenting what he went through and what we were going through. It was very exciting, incredibly sad, and always powerful - what had happened - all the recording that went on during the sessions. Most of it happened in this Magic Bus, somebody had left a 24-track recording studio on a bus in Malibu, and said Paul, here you can use this.\" Recalling \"Mama Don't Cry\", Marcus said: \"I remember when he wrote \"Mama Don't Cry\", it came out of a conversation where I said 'you gotta tell your folks, you've got to tell them', if he wanted to protect them as he's a sweet guy who doesn't want anyone to hurt. And he did, and one of his ways of telling his mother was to write the song.\"Three days after Delph's death, his mother, June, published a letter",
"title": "A God That Can Dance"
},
{
"docid": "43934954",
"text": "\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival. \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" has been called a \"Fats Domino flavoured\" song, and has been noted for its mix of blues, jazz, pop and rock stylings. A live version of the song appears on the album Live at Wembley Arena. Background \"Why Did It Have To Be Me\" was the final song to be completed for Arrival. Originally, the song \"Happy Hawaii\", a song featuring lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was written for the album; however, this was discarded. A more country-styled track was then attempted, but it too was discarded. The song was then re-written and rerecorded, becoming \"Why Did It Have To Be Me?\", as a duet between Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. \"Happy Hawaii\" was later released as the B-side to the hit single \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" released in 1977 and as a bonus track on selected versions of the Arrival album. Reception Pitchfork described the song as \"Björn’s barroom boogie about a sap who loses his heart, all but one lap-steel and two fingers of whisky short of vintage Hank Williams\" and notes the use of a male voice in the album, as it is the only song on the album featuring Ulvaeus on lead vocals. Similarly, Sputnikmusic notes the song as being \"for the guys\" and praises it as an example of the \"professional songwriting\" on the album. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version Lily James, Josh Dylan and Hugh Skinner recorded a cover of \"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\" for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The version was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song was produced by Benny Andersson. Charts Certifications References ABBA songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus 1976 songs",
"title": "Why Did It Have to Be Me?"
},
{
"docid": "1181494",
"text": "Easy rider is an archaic United States slang expression whose meaning has varied with time. History Origins Easy rider originally meant an expert horseman or a horse that was easy to ride. 1900s In the early 1900s the term took on the meaning of freeloader as found in the old song \"We Don't Care What Mr. Crump Don't Allow\", based on \"We Don't Care What Mama Don't Allow\": Mr. Crump won't 'low no easy riders here, Mr. Crump won't 'low no easy riders here, We don't care what Mr. Crump don't 'low, We goin' to bar'l-house anyhow— Mr. Crump can go and catch hisself some air! \"Easy rider\" in blues came to denote a lover, male or female. If it refers to a man, it usually implies he is unscrupulous, is a prostitute's lover and lives off her earnings. It can also mean a male lover whose movements are easy and satisfying. To the easily titillated, the term referred to a woman who had liberal sexual views, had been married more than once, or someone skilled at sex. The term appears in numerous blues lyrics of the 1920s and many popular early folk-blues tunes such as \"See See Rider\", first recorded by Ma Rainey in 1924, and later recorded by Lightnin' Hopkins when with Aladdin Records. Early uses of the term include the 1925 jazz recording by Johnny Bayersdorffer's Jazzola Novelty Orchestra entitled \"I Wonder Where My Easy Rider's Riding Now\" (later covered by Mae West) and \"Mama Don't Allow No Easy Riders Here\" in 1929 by Tampa Red. Great Depression During the Great Depression a large population of Americans driven by poverty rode the railroad system and the term easy rider (along with hobo and bum) found its way into slang vocabulary to mean a slow moving train and the men that, even after the great depression, continued to live and travel along the rails. The majority of these trains, commissioned in the early 1920s, had the letters C.C. (for Colorado Central) or S.C. (for Southern Coastal) stenciled on them in bold white letters. This is most likely where the term C.C. rider originated. World War II In the World War II era the slang term re-emerged with a modified meaning, where G.I.s on extended deployment in Asia or Europe (unofficially) employed children to perform the daily mundane tasks so common in the military like tending to barracks, shining boots, and the like, so a G.I. who employed a houseboy coasted through this work and had an \"easy ride\". Eventually young native women were hired to tend to individual living quarters and soon became lovers as well as maids. When these men left and other G.I.s took their place, the women, accustomed to the workload, would remain to perform the same services, sometimes preparing gear or a living area for inspection better than the soldier could. 1960s The term had a different meaning in the \"free love\" cultural era of the 1960s and was first applied to women who",
"title": "Easy rider (slang)"
},
{
"docid": "25011865",
"text": "Hugh William Skinner (born 6 January 1985) is a British actor. He is best known for starring in sitcoms W1A (2014–2017) and The Windsors (2016–present), and his appearances in musical films Les Misérables (2012) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early life Skinner grew up in London and Tunbridge Wells, and attended Eastbourne College from 1998 to 2003. He lived in Perth, Australia, for a year at age four. He graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2006. Career Early work (2007–2015) Skinner's first professional acting role was in the English Touring Theatre's 2007 production of French Without Tears. In addition to his work on stage, he played supporting roles in the BBC series Tess of the D'Urbervilles as Felix Clare in 2008, and Any Human Heart as Lionel in 2010. He also played the role of Joly, one of the student revolutionaries, in the 2012 film of Les Misérables. In the autumn of 2013, Skinner played the role of Luis Carruthers, a closeted gay man who is in love with the show's protagonist, Patrick Bateman, in the world premiere of American Psycho at the Almeida Theatre. He also appeared on the London cast album, which was released in 2016. While performing in American Psycho, he began filming the first series of the comedy W1A, playing the role of Will Humphries, an inept yet endearing intern at the BBC. The first series was released in 2014, with subsequent series airing on BBC2 in 2015 and 2017. Skinner played the role of Dr. Barnaby Ford in the BBC series Our Zoo. He also appeared at the Theatre Royal, Bath as Camille in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Thérèse Raquin, and as Yepikhodov in Simon Stephens' new translation of The Cherry Orchard at the Young Vic. He returned to the Young Vic in the summer of 2015 to play dual roles in Nick Gill's adaptation of The Trial. In the autumn of 2015, it was announced that he had been cast as Unwin Trevaunance, an aspiring Member of Parliament, in the second series of the BBC production of Poldark, which aired in 2016. Breakthrough (2016–present) Skinner starred in The Windsors, a spoof of the British royal family, as Prince William which aired on Channel 4 in 2016. The same year, he had a role in Fleabag, a BBC3 and Amazon production, where he played the protagonist's hapless boyfriend Harry. The following year, he played Sir George Howard in the first series of Harlots, an 18th-century costume drama that premiered on ITV Encore and Hulu in March. Also in 2017, he played a supporting role in Hampstead opposite Diane Keaton and Brendan Gleeson, and appeared in Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Skinner co-starred in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, the 2018 sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, in which he played Young Harry, a version of the character originated by Colin Firth in the first film. In 2018 he also starred in the eighth and final",
"title": "Hugh Skinner"
},
{
"docid": "10862867",
"text": "The Princess Diaries, Volume VII: Party Princess, released in the United Kingdom as The Princess Diaries: Seventh Heaven, is a young adult book in the Princess Diaries series. Written by Meg Cabot, it was released in 2006 by Harper Collins Publishers and is the seventh novel in the series. Plot Summary When Mia Thermopolis bankrupts the student government buying high-tech recycling bins, she needs to raise $5,000 soon, so that she can pay for the seniors' commencement ceremony. All her friends (including her long-time boyfriend and so-called love of her life Michael Moscovitz) mention selling candles, but Mia absolutely refuses, so Grand-mère comes up with a solution: a musical, Braid! written and directed by Grand-mère, starring Mia and her friends, portraying the achievements of Mia's famous Genovian ancestor, Rosagunde. Mia is thrilled, yet quite worried to be cast as the lead. She attempts to drop out, but Grand-mère threatens to tell the seniors that Mia had bankrupted the student government (making them angry that she had not saved money for the commencement ceremony). Braid! also results in a new-found friendship between Mia and \"The Guy Who Hates It When They Put Corn In The Chili\", aka J.P. - Mia's on-stage love interest, who turns out to be an aspiring screenwriter. Michael mentions his parents are going away for the weekend and he plans on having a party. Mia starts to worry she isn't enough of a party girl. She even (as a last resort, of course) asks her archenemy, Lana Weinberger, how to act like a \"Party Girl\". Mia does what Lana says and it all ends in tragedy. After she drinks and \"sexy dances\" with J.P., her relationship with Michael seems to be on rocky ground, especially as Michael's parents are splitting up and he is being an absent boyfriend. Her friendship with J.P. seems to be going the same way thanks to Lilly's new literary magazine, \"Fat Louie's Pink Butthole\", which includes \"No More Corn!\" a story Mia wrote (before meeting him) about J.P. killing himself. However, Principal Gupta immediately bans the magazine and confiscates all the copies, as Lilly has submitted five explicit stories to it, meaning that J.P. never sees Mia's story. Mia's friendship with Lilly also hits a rough patch after Mia kisses J.P. (on the cheek) as a sign of gratitude for being a supportive friend and Lilly (who clearly has a crush on J.P.) stops speaking to Mia. The play is performed at the Aide de Ferme, a benefit for Genovian olive oil farmers that Grand-mère puts on. Everyone who is anyone attends, but, before the last scene, Mia is worried about her on-stage kiss with J.P. Then Michael shows up in J.P.'s costume and gives her a perfect kiss and they talk about their problems, and, once again, their relationship appears to be strong. Grand-mère also raises enough money to help the Genovian farmers and Mia, solving her problems. References 2006 American novels American young adult novels The Princess Diaries novels HarperCollins",
"title": "The Princess Diaries, Volume VII: Party Princess"
},
{
"docid": "17019742",
"text": "Gary Michael Goetzman (born November 6, 1952) is an American film and television producer and actor, and co-founder of the production company Playtone with actor Tom Hanks. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Goetzman began his career as a child actor. He had starred in the film Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball, appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, and eventually started a waterbed company and pinball arcade. Goetzman at one time delivered a waterbed to Jon Peters's home. His exploits as a performer and a salesman inspired his friend Paul Thomas Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza. In 1984, he produced the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense with director Jonathan Demme. That initiated a successful run as a music supervisor, on such films as Something Wild, Colors, Modern Girls and Married to the Mob, among many others. In 1991, producer Goetzman and director Demme again collaborated to make The Silence of the Lambs, which garnered the top five Academy Awards including Best Picture. In 1993, Goetzman was executive producer of Demme's Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks, beginning a working relationship with Hanks. Goetzman co-produced Hanks's 1996 directorial debut, That Thing You Do! The two then co-founded Playtone in 1998. Since then, Goetzman has produced hit films including My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Polar Express, Charlie Wilson's War and Mamma Mia! Goetzman has also received several Emmy Awards for HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, The Pacific, John Adams, Game Change and Olive Kitteridge. Aside from producing films, Goetzman has been known to play small parts in movies he is connected to. He has also enjoyed a successful parallel career as a music composer and producer, working with such artists as Smokey Robinson, Natalie Cole, Jane Child, Thelma Houston, and The Staples Singers. He currently sits on the National board of directors for the Producers Guild of America. Goetzman is executive producer (with Tom Hanks and Mark Herzog) of the CNN exclusive documentary miniseries The Sixties (2014), The Seventies (2015), The Eighties (2016), and The Nineties (2017). Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Producer Modern Girls (1986) Miami Blues (1990) Amos & Andrew (1993) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) That Thing You Do! (1996) Beloved (1998) My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) The Polar Express (2004) The Ant Bully (2006) Starter for 10 (2006) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) The Great Buck Howard (2008) Mamma Mia! (2008) City of Ember (2008) Where the Wild Things Are (2009) Larry Crowne (2011) Parkland (2013) Ricki and the Flash (2015) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) A Hologram for the King (2016) The Circle (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Greyhound (2020) News of the World (2020) A Man Called Otto (2022) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 (2023) Executive producer The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Philadelphia (1993) Evan Almighty (2007) My Life in Ruins (2009) Ithaca (2015) As an actor Music department Soundtrack Production manager Thanks Television As an actor",
"title": "Gary Goetzman"
},
{
"docid": "5004236",
"text": "Porter & Dolly is the thirteenth and final collaborative studio album by Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton. It was released on August 4, 1980, by RCA Victor. The album is made up of previously unreleased material recorded during Wagoner and Parton's duet years (1967–76), with new studio overdubs. It was released as part of a settlement from legal action Wagoner took against Parton following her departure from his band and syndicated television series. Two singles were released from the album. \"Making Plans\" peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and \"If You Go, I'll Follow You\" peaked at number 12. In 2014, Bear Family Records released Just Between You and Me: The Complete Recordings, 1967-1976. It contains the complete duet recordings made by Wagoner and Parton during their partnership, including the original masters of the songs from this album, without the overdubs. Background Wagoner and Parton recorded \"Here Comes the Freedom Train\" in 1973, their only non-RCA single, as a fundraiser for a bicentennial train that was going to be traveling America with a museum car featuring the nation's historic documents on display. Around this time Wagoner had begun to urge Parton to write about more than her East Tennessee home and the rapidly vanishing rural lifestyle. Wagoner later told CMT, \"I had a pretty long talk with her about it. I said, 'Dolly, the people who live in Idaho and Canada don't care if your mama's got an old black kettle or if your dad has working boots. They know about love. You need to write some love songs.\" That was on Parton's mind one night while she was sitting by the fireplace at her home in Antioch, Tennessee. She had decided to write a song of farewell, which ended up being \"I Will Always Love You\". Parton told CMT, \"I absolutely remember where I was sitting, the time of night and everything. I was having so much trouble leaving Porter's show...We'd had great success, [but] we had a lot of problems. We didn't get along very well, but we loved each other, too...But he wouldn't hear me out. He just couldn't listen to me, and so I thought, 'The only way I'm gonna express what I feel and have him understand is to write a song.' I wrote it in a couple of hours. It just felt so right to get it all out. And while I was at it, I wrote \"Jolene\". A lot of people don't know that I wrote those two songs on the same night, the same writing session.\" The next day Parton went to Wagoner's office and sang \"I Will Always Love You\" for him. Wagoner told her she could go, as long as he could produce that song. They performed their last show together in June 1974, although Wagoner continued to produce Parton's albums through 1976's All I Can Do. Wagoner filed a $3 million lawsuit against Parton on March 21, 1979, alleging breach of contract. The lawsuit",
"title": "Porter & Dolly"
},
{
"docid": "56756552",
"text": "Jessica Keenan Wynn (born Jessica Keenan Armstrong; June 12, 1986) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Heather Chandler in the off-Broadway production of Heathers: The Musical and Young Tanya in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Personal life Wynn is the daughter of Edwyna \"Wynnie\" Wynn and Roger Armstrong. Her legal surname is Armstrong, but she changed it to carry on the Wynn name. She is the niece of actor Ned Wynn and screenwriter Tracy Keenan Wynn; the granddaughter of Keenan Wynn, who she was named after; the great-granddaughter of comedian Ed Wynn; and the great-great-granddaughter of Frank Keenan, all of whom were prominent actors. Stage performances Filmography Film Television References External links 1986 births Living people American stage actresses American film actresses American people of Czech-Jewish descent American people of Romanian-Jewish descent Actresses from Los Angeles 21st-century American actresses",
"title": "Jessica Keenan Wynn"
},
{
"docid": "10945301",
"text": "\"Suga Mama\" is a song by American singer Beyoncé Knowles for her second studio album, B'Day (2006). It was written by Knowles, Rich Harrison, and Makeba Riddick, and produced by Harrison and Knowles. \"Suga Mama\" is influenced by 1970s funk and rock music. An R&B and soul song, \"Suga Mama\" is built on a hip hop and jazzy beat, and samples Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers' song \"Searching for Soul\", written by Chuck Middleton. Lyrically, it features the female protagonist willing to pay large sums of money to keep her love interest contented. \"Suga Mama\" was generally well received by music critics, who noted it as one of the highlights from B'Day and complimented Harrison's production. However, there was some limited criticism about Knowles' vocal delivery on the song. Though not released as a single, \"Suga Mama\" had a music video filmed in black-and-white, and directed by Melina Matsoukas and Knowles, for the B'Day Anthology Video Album. It received a limited release to British music TV channels. \"Suga Mama\" was added on the set list of Knowles' world tour, The Beyoncé Experience (2007). Recording Knowles enlisted Harrison as one of the five co-producers of B'Day, and she arranged for him, Sean Garrett and Rodney Jerkins to be given individual rooms at Sony Music Studios in New York City. Knowles said she fostered \"healthy competition\" between the producers by going into each of their rooms and commenting on the \"great beats\" the others were creating. She and Harrison had previously collaborated on her 2003 single \"Crazy in Love\", which uses a prominent soul music sample in a similar manner to \"Suga Mama\". Fox News said that \"Suga Mama\" and \"Freakum Dress\", Harrison's other contribution to B'Day \"fall short of originality but mimic the Chi Lites percussion section [of \"Crazy in Love\"] yet again\", adding, \"Harrison is like the Indiana Jones of soul, constantly pulling out forgotten gems of the past for sampling [...] You can't help but think: Thank God someone wrote music in the past that can be repurposed now.\" Music and theme \"Suga Mama\" is a moderate R&B and soul song that displays influences of the 1960s as well as 1970s funk and rock music. It also song contains limited elements of the 1980s go-go and sounds more closely resembling live music than Knowles' previous recordings. According to the sheet music published by Hal Leonard Corporation, \"Suga Mama\" was composed using common time in the key of G minor, with a moderate tempo of 94 beats per minute. Knowles' vocals span from the low note of C4 to the high note of G5 as she sings on a hip hop and jazzy beat. The main instrumentation is provided by a bluesy guitar. IGN Music noted that \"Suga Mama\" is built of a \"static grit groove\", and Jody Rosen of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the song consists of a mixture of \"brute power and slick syncopation\". It samples Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers' song \"Searching for Soul\", which",
"title": "Suga Mama"
},
{
"docid": "7491727",
"text": "Dominic Cooper (born 2 June 1978) is an English actor known for his portrayal of comic book characters Jesse Custer on the AMC show Preacher (2016–2019) and young Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with appearances in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ABC series Agent Carter (2015–16), among other Marvel productions. Cooper played Sky in Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Early in his career, Cooper was cast in significant roles in productions by the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company; he received acclaim for originating the role of Dakin in the 2004 play The History Boys with which, in 2006, he returned to the West End, transferred to Broadway, and adapted to film. Since that time, he has acted in a series of British and American productions, including the acclaimed period pieces An Education (2009) and My Week with Marilyn (2011), as well as action films, such as Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012) and Need for Speed (2014). Early life and education Cooper was born and brought up in Greenwich, London, the son of Julie (née Heron), a nursery school teacher, and Brian Cooper, an auctioneer. He has two brothers, Simon and Nathan, a musician in the band The Modern, a half-brother, James, and a half-sister, Emma. His maternal great-grandfather was film-enthusiast E. T. Heron, who published The Kinematograph Weekly. Dominic attended John Ball Primary School in Blackheath, London, followed by Thomas Tallis School in nearby Kidbrooke, then trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in Professional Acting, graduating in 2000. Career Cooper first worked in television and film before making his stage debut in Mother Clap's Molly House at the National Theatre in 2001. Cooper was involved in Alan Bennett's play The History Boys, as the character Dakin, from its first reading. He also toured with the production to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong as well as appearing in the radio and film adaptations of the play. He has had notable roles in the Royal National Theatre's adaptation of the His Dark Materials trilogy where he played the lead character Will Parry, the TV series Down To Earth and Sense & Sensibility. In 2008, he appeared as Sky in Mamma Mia!, in which he sang several songs. The same year, he appeared opposite Keira Knightley in The Duchess as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. He starred in films An Education and Freefall in 2009 and also played Hippolytus in Phèdre at the National Theatre alongside Helen Mirren and Margaret Tyzack. In 2010, he played rock drummer Ben in the film Tamara Drewe, and in 2011 played the leading roles of Latif Yahia and Uday Hussein, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's son in the biographical film The Devil's Double, which was critically acclaimed but criticized for whitewashing, and portrayed Milton H. Greene in My Week with Marilyn. 2011 was also the year Cooper first appeared as Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.",
"title": "Dominic Cooper"
},
{
"docid": "21917901",
"text": "Nuova Mama Mia Becicherecu Mic was a Romanian professional football club from Jimbolia, Timiș County, Romania, originally from Becicherecu Mic. History The club was founded in 2002 in the Liga V – Timiș and managed to promote to the Liga III for the first time in their history in 2007, after they won Liga IV-Timiș. They are well known for being the club with the longest name from the national football leagues of Romania. In 2012 they relegated to Liga IV, but managed to return in the Liga III after only one year. The team moved from Becicherecu Mic to Timișoara in the summer of 2015, but after a few time the club return to its home location until the end of the 2015–16 Liga III season. In the spring of 2016 the club was bought by a Romanian businessman from the United States, George Sîngeorzan, who moved, in the summer of 2016, the club again to Timișoara and played for four months on the same CFR Stadium like in 2015. In January 2017, the new owner moved again the club, now, from Timișoara to Jimbolia where they started a collaboration with Marcel Băban Football Academy, a well known youth academy in Romania. Honours Liga III Runners-up (2): 2013–14, 2014–15 Liga IV – Timiș County Winners (2): 2006–07, 2012–13 References Defunct football clubs in Romania Football clubs in Timiș County Association football clubs established in 2002 Association football clubs disestablished in 2018 Liga III clubs Liga IV clubs 2002 establishments in Romania 2018 disestablishments in Romania",
"title": "CS Nuova Mama Mia Becicherecu Mic"
},
{
"docid": "656355",
"text": "ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"SOS\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Mamma Mia\". Overview Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on \"Tropical Loveland\" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with \"Intermezzo No. 1\" (early working title: \"Mama\"). ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of \"Man in the Middle\" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of \"The ABBA Remasters\" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with an updated cover artwork, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a \"Deluxe Edition\". On the original UK cassette release of the album, \"Bang-A-Boomerang\" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two. Track listing Source: Notes signifies arranged by Non-album tracks \"Baby\" Recorded 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. The lyrics for the song were later re-written and became \"Rock Me\". \"Baby\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Crazy World\" \"Crazy World\" was recorded on 16 October 1974 at Glen Studio during sessions for this album. The track was left unreleased until it surfaced again during the Arrival sessions, and was eventually released as the b-side to the \"Money, Money, Money\" single in November 1976. \"Crazy World\" was first released on CD on the box set Thank You for the Music, and then appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album ABBA. \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the ABBA Undeleted section. \"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton/On Top of Old Smokey/Midnight Special\" Recording began on 6 May 1975",
"title": "ABBA (album)"
},
{
"docid": "3239690",
"text": "Here We Go Again may refer to: Film and television Here We Go Again (film), a 1942 American comedy film Here We Go Again (1973 TV series), an American sitcom starring Larry Hagman Here We Go Again (2016 TV series), an American sitcom starring LaToya Luckett and Wendy Raquel Robinson Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, a 2018 British-American jukebox musical film sequel based on the music of ABBA Music Albums Here We Go Again (Demi Lovato album) or the title song (see below), 2009 Here We Go Again (pureNRG album) or the title song, 2008 Here We Go Again (SR-71 album) or the title song, 2004 Here We Go Again!, by the Kingston Trio, 1959 Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles, a tribute album by Willie Nelson, Wynton Marsalis, and Norah Jones, 2011 Here We Go Again, or the title song, by Joey McIntyre, 2009 Here We Go Again, by Red Steagall, 2007 Here We Go Again, an EP by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 1995 Songs \"Here We Go Again\" (Aretha Franklin song), 1998 \"Here We Go Again\" (Demi Lovato song), 2009 \"Here We Go Again\" (Glenn Miller song), 1944 \"Here We Go Again\" (Governor song), 2010 \"Here We Go Again\" (Ray Charles song), 1967; covered by several performers \"Here We Go Again\" (Sigma song), 2019 \"Here We Go Again\", by Danger Mouse and Jemini from Ghetto Pop Life, 2003 \"Here We Go Again\", by Dave Mason and Cass Elliot from Dave Mason & Cass Elliot, 1971 \"Here We Go Again\", by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince from He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper, 1988 \"Here We Go Again\", by DMX from ... And Then There Was X, 1999 \"Here We Go Again\", by the Hives from Barely Legal, 1997 \"Here We Go Again\", by John Lennon from Menlove Ave., 1986 \"Here We Go Again\", by Laila from Hello Laila, 1998 \"Here We Go Again\", by Marshmello from Joytime III, 2019 \"Here We Go Again\", by New Found Glory from Tip of the Iceberg, 2008 \"Here We Go Again\", by Operation Ivy from Energy, 1989 \"Here We Go Again\", by Paramore from All We Know Is Falling, 2005 \"Here We Go Again\", by Pixie Lott from Turn It Up, 2009 \"Here We Go Again!\", by Portrait from Portrait, 1992 \"Here We Go Again\", by Sara Paxton \"Here We Go Again\", by Subnoize Souljaz from Droppin Bombs, 2006 \"Here We Go Again (Bump 2000)\", by Kottonmouth Kings from High Society, 2000 \"Here We Go Again (I Love Lake Tahoe)\", by A from Monkey Kong, 1999 See also Here We Go (disambiguation) Here I Go Again (disambiguation) \"Here We Go... Again\", by the Weeknd, 2022",
"title": "Here We Go Again"
}
] | [
"Ol Parker"
] |
train_57366 | who sang the original version of rockin robin | [
{
"docid": "6796603",
"text": "Bob & Earl were an American music singing duo in the 1960s, best known for writing and recording the original version of \"Harlem Shuffle\". Career The original duo were Bobby Byrd and Earl Nelson. They had both been members of The Hollywood Flames, a prolific doo-wop group in Los Angeles, California whose major hit was \"Buzz-Buzz-Buzz\" in 1958, on which Nelson sang lead. By 1957, Byrd had started a parallel solo career, writing and recording for contractual reasons as Bobby Day. He wrote and recorded the original version of \"Little Bitty Pretty One\", and had a hit of his own with \"Rockin' Robin\" (1958). In 1957, Day/Byrd and Nelson began recording together as Bob & Earl, on the Class record label. However, these releases had relatively little success, and Day/Byrd restarted his solo career. In 1962, Nelson recruited a second \"Bob\", Bobby Relf, who also used the stage names of Bobby Garrett and Bobby Valentino. Relf had already led several Los Angeles based acts in his career, including the Laurels, the Upfronts, and Valentino and the Lovers. The latter two groups also featured the then pianist and bass singer Barry White. This duo of Relf and Nelson recorded several singles for different labels, before \"Harlem Shuffle\" in 1963. The song was written by Relf and Nelson, arranged by Gene Page, and produced by Fred Smith. It was based on a number called \"Slauson Shuffletime\" (named after a boulevard in Los Angeles) by another Los Angeles singer, Round Robin. When released on the Marc label, \"Harlem Shuffle\" became a modest hit on the US Billboard chart. However, its main success came as late as 1969, when it was re-released in the UK and became a Top Ten hit there. Reportedly, George Harrison called it his favorite record of all time. In 1964, the duo signed to Loma Records. They recorded for the label but no singles were released. By 1965, Nelson had achieved further success as a solo artist under the alias of Jackie Lee with \"The Duck\", a hit dance record which reached No. 14 in the U.S. When \"Harlem Shuffle\" became successful on reissue, Nelson and Relf reunited as Bob & Earl to tour. The duo split up for the last time in the early 1970s. Relf composed the song \"Bring Back My Yesterday\", recorded by Barry White on his first 20th Century Records album, 1973's I've Got So Much to Give. Discography Studio albums Harlem Shuffle (1964) Bob & Earl (1969) Singles References External links Obituary of Earl Nelson in The Independent, 30 July 2008 Bob and Earl Bob and Earl Class Records artists Sue Records artists Bob and Earl Loma Records artists Uni Records artists Jay Boy artists Musical groups established in 1957 Rhythm and blues duos Musical groups from Los Angeles American rhythm and blues musical groups American soul musical groups 1957 establishments in California",
"title": "Bob & Earl"
},
{
"docid": "1561855",
"text": "Robert James Byrd (July 1, 1930 – July 27, 1990), known by the stage name Bobby Day, was an American singer, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, and songwriter. He is best known for his hit record \"Rockin' Robin\", written by Leon René under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. Day also wrote the top-10 Billboard hits \"Little Bitty Pretty One\" (1957, Thurston Harris) and \"Over and Over\" (1965, the Dave Clark Five). Biography Born in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, Day moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 15. His first recording was \"Young Girl\" in 1949 in the R&B group the Hollywood Flames, released in 1950 on the Selective Label. He went several years with minor musical success limited to the West Coast. He recorded under numerous other names: The Jets, The Voices, The Sounds, The Crescendos, and as the original \"Bob\" in the duo Bob & Earl with singer Earl Nelson. As a member of the Flames, he used the stage name Bobby Day. His penned song, \"Buzz Buzz Buzz\" was that outfit's first and biggest success. In 1957, Day formed his own band called the Satellites, following which he recorded three songs that are seen today as rock and roll classics. Day's best known songwriting efforts were \"Over and Over\", later made popular by the Dave Clark Five in 1965, and \"Little Bitty Pretty One\", popularized by Thurston Harris in 1957, Frankie Lymon in 1960, Clyde McPhatter in 1962, and the Jackson Five in 1972. However, Day is most remembered for his 1958 solo recording of the Hot 100 No. 2 hit, \"Rockin' Robin\", written by Leon Rene under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold record. \"Rockin' Robin\" was covered by Bob Luman at Town Hall Party on October 28, 1958, the Hollies in 1964, Gene Vincent in 1969, Michael Jackson in 1972, Lolly in 1999, and by McFly in 2006. In 2012–2013, his uncharted recording, \"Beep-Beep-Beep\", was the musical soundtrack for a Kia Sorento television commercial shown nationwide in the US. Day died of prostate cancer on 27 July 1990, at the age of 60, and is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Discography Albums Rockin' with Robin (1959) The Best of Bobby Day (1984) The Original Rockin' Robin (1987) The Great Bobby Day (1994) Rockin' Robin (1994) The Best of Bobby Day (2001) The Very Best Of (2016) Robins, Bluebirds, Buzzards & Orioles - The Bobby Day Story (2021) Singles Television appearances The Dick Clark Show (two episodes) (1958) American Bandstand (four episodes) (1958) The Cinnamon Cinder Show (1963) The Midnight Special (1973) References External links 1930 births 1990 deaths African-American male songwriters American rhythm and blues singers American rock singers American soul singers Songwriters from Texas Jamie Records artists RCA Victor artists Class Records artists Rock and roll musicians Sue Records artists Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City 20th-century African-American male singers 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American",
"title": "Bobby Day"
},
{
"docid": "12091179",
"text": "The Hollywood Flames were an American R&B vocal group in the 1950s, best known for their No. 11 hit \"Buzz-Buzz-Buzz\" in 1957. Early years They formed as The Flames in 1949, in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, at a talent show where members of various high school groups got together. The original members were Bobby Byrd (lead), David Ford, Curlee Dinkins and Willie Ray Rockwell. Rockwell was replaced by Clyde Tillis, and Ford sometimes sang lead. Their first paying gig was at Johnny Otis's Barrelhouse Club. They first recorded in 1950 for the Selective label, and the following year, billed as The Hollywood Four Flames, released \"Tabarin\", a song written by Murry Wilson (father of The Beach Boys). They later recorded another Wilson song, \"I'll Hide My Tears\". Bands and recordings Over the years the group, under various names, is believed to have recorded for about nineteen different record labels, including Aladdin and Specialty. Although they had no big hits for several years, they were a successful local act in the Los Angeles area. The group also had a series of personnel changes, with Rockwell being replaced by Gaynel Hodge, and for a short while Dinkins being replaced by Curtis Williams. Hodge and Williams, with Jesse Belvin, were co-writers of The Penguins' \"Earth Angel\". In 1953, they released the sketch for this song \"I Know\" on the label Swing Time. Believed to be the first song to present the 6/8 piano-attacca known from later '50s hits such as \"Only You\" and \"Ain't That a Shame\". By 1954, the group were usually billed as The Hollywood Flames, but also recorded as The Turks, The Jets, and The Sounds. David Ford and Gaynel Hodge recorded with Jesse Belvin and Hodge's brother Alex (founding member of the Platters), as The Tangiers, before the Hodge brothers left The Hollywood Flames in 1955 to form a new version of The Turks. He was replaced by Earl Nelson, who had previously recorded with Byrd as The Voices, and with Byrd later formed the duo Bob & Earl. In 1957, the group - Byrd, Ford, Dinkins and Nelson - signed with Class Records, where Byrd was renamed \"Bobby Day\". The group recorded as The Hollywood Flames, as Bobby Day & the Satellites, and as Earl Nelson & the Pelicans. In July 1957, Bobby Day & the Satellites recorded \"Little Bitty Pretty One\", which was covered more successfully by Thurston Harris. Later that year, The Hollywood Flames – with Nelson singing lead – released \"Buzz-Buzz-Buzz\", co-written by Byrd, which reached No. 5 on the R&B chart and No. 11 on the pop chart. Byrd (alias Day) then left The Hollywood Flames, but continued to release singles, at first as Bobby Day & the Satellites, and then as a solo performer. His greatest success came in 1958 with \"Rockin' Robin\". On August 4, 1958, the Hollywood Flames appeared at the Apollo Theater, as part of a Dr. Jive show. Others on the show were Larry Williams, The Cadillacs,",
"title": "The Hollywood Flames"
},
{
"docid": "33834843",
"text": "Lawrence Fewell Roberts II (November 23, 1940 – December 22, 1967), known as Robin Roberts and in his music career as \"Rockin' Robin\" Roberts, was an American singer. He performed in the early 1960s with the Wailers, a rock and roll band based in Tacoma, Washington. His recordings include the earliest cover version of Richard Berry's \"Louie Louie\", recorded in 1960 and released the following year. Life Born in New York City, Roberts moved to the Pacific Northwest as a child after his father died, settling with his mother in Tacoma. While at Mason Junior High School he started listening to rhythm and blues music and buying records in Tacoma's black district. At the Puyallup Fair in 1957 he stood up and began singing Little Richard songs unaccompanied, and was heard there by members of a local band, the Bluenotes. He joined the band, who already had a regular lead singer in \"Little Bill\" Engelhart, and performed with them as an occasional guest singer at weekend dances. One of the R&B songs he started performing with the group was \"Louie Louie\", the B-side of a 1957 single by Richard Berry; another was \"Rockin' Robin\" by Bobby Day, which gave him his new stage name. In 1959, the Bluenotes – without Roberts, who was a full-time student at the time – recorded a ballad, \"I Love An Angel\", sung by Englehart. Credited to Little Bill and the Bluenotes, the single was issued by Dolton Records and rose to no. 66 on the Billboard Hot 100. Sidelined by the Bluenotes, Roberts left and, a few months later, joined rival local band The Wailers, whose instrumental \"Tall Cool One\" had also made the national charts. In 1960 he recorded \"Louie Louie\" with the Wailers, although for contractual reasons it was released under Roberts' own name on a new record label, Etiquette, established by the band. The record was released in early 1961 and became a local hit in the Seattle area, before being reissued and promoted by Imperial Records in Los Angeles; however, it failed to chart. The song finally became a hit for Portland, Oregon band The Kingsmen in 1963, largely using the arrangement devised by Roberts and the Wailers, including Roberts' ad-lib \"Okay, let's give it to 'em right now!\". Known for his dynamic onstage performances, Roberts continued to sing with the Wailers, and was one of the singers featured on their live album The Fabulous Wailers at the Castle, recorded in 1961. In parallel with his singing career, Roberts was a successful student who attended the University of Washington and the University of Puget Sound, graduating in 1964. He then attended Oregon State University from 1965 to 1967, eventually achieving a master's degree in biochemistry and becoming an assistant professor. He also served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve from 1962 to 1967. In effect, he abandoned his musical career during this period, and the Wailers continued without him. However, in 1966 he returned to make his last recordings",
"title": "Rockin' Robin Roberts"
},
{
"docid": "48940453",
"text": "Earl Lee Nelson (September 8, 1928 – July 12, 2008), who also performed as Jackie Lee, was an American soul singer and songwriter. He started his career in the doo-wop group the Hollywood Flames in the 1950s before founding the R&B duo Bob & Earl with Bobby Byrd. As Jackie Lee, he's best known for his hit song \"The Duck\" (#14 Pop, #4 R&B). Biography Earl Lee Nelson was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana on September 8, 1928. He sang in his church's gospel choir in his youth before his family relocated to Los Angeles in 1937. Nelson enlisted in the U.S. Army at the age of 17, working on the construction of the Panama Canal. In the 1950s he began singing doo-wop and joined the Hollywood Flames. He sang lead on the 1957 single \"Buzz Buzz Buzz\" which reached #11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #5 on the R&B chart. Nelson and Bobby Byrd, not Bobby Byrd of the Famous Flames, collaborated as Bobby \"Baby Face\" Byrd & the Birds as well as Bobby Day & the Satellites. In 1957, Nelson released his first solo single, \"Oh Gee Oh Golly\" / \"I Bow To You,\" on Class Records. That year, Nelson and Byrd released their first single as Bob & Earl, \"You Made a Boo-Boo,\" on Class. In 1958, Nelson sang background vocals on Day's single \"Rockin' Robin\" (#2 Pop, #1 R&B). Afterwards, they left the Hollywood Flames, but after a few years, Byrd left Bob & Earl to focus on his solo career. Bob Relf from the Laurels replaced Byrd, and the new Bob & Earl recorded for different labels before releasing \"Harlem Shuffle\" on Marc Records in 1963. The single reached the Top 50 in the US and years later the Top 10 in the UK. Their follow up singles weren't as successful. In 1965, Nelson relaunched a solo career on Mira Records with the single \"Ooh Honey Baby,\" credited to Earl Cosby. Later that year, Nelson signed to Mirwood Records recorded as Jackie Lee. Jackie was Nelson's wife's name and Lee his own middle name. He released his biggest single \"The Duck\" in November 1965 and by January it peaked at #14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #4 on the R&B chart. In 1966, he released his only album, The Duck, which reached #85 on the Billboard's Top Lp's chart and #8 on the R&B chart. Though Nelson didn't have further chart success, his later singles on Mirwood are popular in Northern soul circles. Nelson later recorded for ABC-Paramount and Uni Records. Barry White produced his 1974 Warner Bros. single \"Strange Funky Games and Things\" (credited to Jay Dee). Nelson continued to perform around Los Angeles, but he was later diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Nelson died at the age of 79 in Los Angeles on July 12, 2008. At the time of his death, Nelson had been married three times and he had seven surviving children (two deceased). Discography Albums 1966: The Duck (Mirwood",
"title": "Earl Nelson (singer)"
},
{
"docid": "8713880",
"text": "\"Over and Over\" is a song written by Robert James Byrd and recorded by him using the stage name Bobby Day. Day's version entered the Billboard Hot 100 in 1958, the same week a version of the same song by Thurston Harris entered the chart. Day's version reached #41, and was the B-side to \"Rockin' Robin\". Thurston Harris' version peaked at #96. In the song, the singer describes going to a party with misgivings of having a good time, until he sees a pretty girl. The singer attempts to ask her out, but she is waiting for her date to arrive. He vows to try \"over and over\". Dave Clark Five version In 1965, the most successful version was recorded by the Dave Clark Five, one of the early British Invasion bands of the mid-1960s. This version was sung by lead singer and keyboardist Mike Smith. It followed the group's signature sound of thumping, drum beats accompanied by a wailing saxophone. It omits the final verse of the song. In the US, \"Over and Over\" was the group's 12th Top 40 hit and was their only #1 hit. It was also the last #1 hit of 1965. Despite its success in the United States and the popularity of the group on both sides of the Atlantic, the single only reached number 45 in the band's native United Kingdom. The DC5 also had only one UK number 1, Glad All Over, whilst this was their only US chart-topper. The Dave Clark Five omitted Bobby Day's last verse to the song, while the line \"everybody went stag\" as originally written by Bobby Byrd (Day's real name) was sung as “everybody there was there” on the DC5 version. Cash Box described it as a \"lively, hard-driving rendition\" with \"a danceable, pulsating beat.\" Record World said that \"The Dave Clark Five go to the top over and over, and 'Over and Over' will be no exception.\" Covers In 1981, Mike Love of The Beach Boys covered the song on his solo album Looking Back With Love. Love recorded it again on his 2019 album 12 Sides of Summer. References 1958 songs 1958 singles 1965 singles Bobby Day songs The Dave Clark Five songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Cashbox number-one singles RPM Top Singles number-one singles Songs written by Bobby Day",
"title": "Over and Over (Bobby Day song)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "13699727",
"text": "Rock 'n Roll Stage Show is the first studio album and fourth overall album by rock and roll band Bill Haley and His Comets. Released by Decca Records in August 1956, it was the group's first album to include new, as opposed to previously released material. Although the album spawned several singles, it also featured several album-only tracks. Of the released singles, \"Rudy's Rock\" reached No. 34 on Billboard and No. 38 on Cashbox, \"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy\" reached No. 36 on Cashbox, and \"Rockin Thru the Rye\" reached No. 39 on Cashbox The album was number one for one week in the UK on Brunswick Records on the official Record Retailers (RR) chart in 1956. Content Rock 'n Roll Stage Show moved away from focusing solely on Bill Haley as the main singer, and included several instrumental recordings, including \"Rudy's Rock\" featuring tenor saxophone player Rudy Pompilli, which was featured (in a different performance) in the motion picture Rock Around the Clock earlier in the year. Also given the spotlight is guitarist Franny Beecher on \"Goofin' Around\" and \"Blue Comet Blues\", accordion player Johnny Grande on \"A Rockin' Little Tune\", and steel guitar player Billy Williamson sings a solo vocal on a version of Big Joe Turner's \"Hide and Seek\". In addition, two songs - \"Tonight's the Night\" and \"Hey Then, There Now\" were trio vocals featuring Williamson, Beecher and bass player Al Rex. Haley himself is heard on only four tracks: \"Rockin' Thru the Rye\" (a rock and roll version of Robert Burns' poem, \"Comin' Thro' the Rye\"), \"Hook, Line and Sinker\", \"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy\", and \"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie\", a song co-written by the album's producer, Milt Gabler, who had success with it when he produced Louis Jordan a decade earlier. The album is also significant in that all but two of its tracks were original songs written by Haley and/or members of the Comets. Several songs from this album were performed or heard in the band's film, Don't Knock the Rock: \"Calling All Comets\", \"Hook, Line and Sinker\", \"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy\", and an alternate take of \"Goofin' Around.\" The album was reissued in the 1980s by Charly Records, but due to a mastering error, \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" contains noticeable sound distortion in that version. This album should not be confused with Rock 'n' Roll Show, a live recording of Bill Haley & His Comets from April 1955 that was released in 1997 by Hydra Records. Track listing \"Calling All Comets\" (Bill Haley, Milt Gabler, Rudy Pompilli) \"Rockin' Thru the Rye\" (Bill Haley, Milt Gabler, Rusty Keefer, Catherine Cafra) \"A Rockin' Little Tune\" (Johnny Grande, Billy Williamson) \"Hide and Seek\" (Paul Winley, Ethel Byrd) \"Hey Then, There Now\" (Rudy Pompilli, Ralph Jones) \"Goofin' Around\" (Franny Beecher, Johnny Grande) \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" (Bill Haley, Edward A. Khoury, Ronnie Bonner) \"Rudy's Rock\" (Bill Haley, Rudy Pompilli) \"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie\" (Milt Gabler, Denver Darling, Vaughn Horton) \"Blue Comet Blues\" (Franny Beecher, Al Rex) \"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy\"",
"title": "Rock 'n Roll Stage Show"
},
{
"docid": "1863351",
"text": "Robin Denise Smith (born October 9, 1964), better known by her ring name Rockin' Robin, is an American retired professional wrestler. The daughter of Grizzly Smith, she is a second-generation wrestler; her brother Sam Houston and half-brother Jake \"The Snake\" Roberts also wrestled. Smith is best known for her appearances with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from 1987 to 1990, where she held the WWF Women's Championship. Professional wrestling career Early career (1986–1987) Smith grew up in a wrestling family and enjoyed going to wrestling shows, where she claims she and her siblings were treated like celebrities. Smith later decided to become a professional wrestler and trained, along with her sister-in-law Nickla Roberts (known by her ring name Baby Doll), under Nelson Royal. During 1987, Smith competed as Rockin' Robin in Wild West Wrestling, where she feuded with Debbie Combs and Sue Green. World Wrestling Federation (1987–1990) When the World Wrestling Federation decided to restart their women's division in the late 1980s, both Smith and Nickla Roberts tried out for the company, but the role ultimately went to Smith. Smith, as Rockin' Robin, debuted in the WWF in late 1987. She competed at the first Survivor Series as a member of The Fabulous Moolah's team, which they were victorious. Throughout 1988, she feuded with Sensational Sherri for the WWF Women's Championship. On October 7, 1988, she defeated Sensational Sherri, who had held the title for fifteen months prior, for the Women's Championship in Paris. At the Royal Rumble in 1989, she defended the title against Judy Martin. Smith defended the belt against Martin for the first six months of 1989. In the meantime, at WrestleMania V, she sang \"America the Beautiful\" to open the show. Smith continued to defend the Women's title against Martin throughout the summer of 1989. She held the championship until 1990, when she left the company. At that time, the title was retired by the WWF due to inactivity. Smith is still in possession of the title belt. The title remained inactive until 1993. Late career (1990–1992) Unlike some former WWF wrestlers, Smith was able to continue using her ring name after leaving the company because she owned the rights to it. In 1990, wrestler Hiro Matsuda, who had feuded with her father in the 1960s, picked Smith to tour for All Japan Women's Pro Wrestling. In Japan, Smith teamed with Luna Vachon. The Japanese bookers gave the girls a positive review for their work with the company. In the United States, Smith defeated Peggy Lee Leather for the Ladies Major League Wrestling's International Championship. She still occasionally defended the WWF Women's Championship, even though the title was officially declared vacant by the World Wrestling Federation. In May 1991 she defended the WWF Women's Championship against \"Japanese Women's Champion\" Madusa Miceli on a Great Lakes Wrestling Association event. On June 9, 1991, she defeated Candi Devine in Herb Abrams's Universal Wrestling Federation to become the first UWF Women's Champion at UWF Beach Brawl. She also competed",
"title": "Rockin' Robin (wrestler)"
},
{
"docid": "1639663",
"text": "Andy Pandy is a British children's television series that aired on BBC Television in 1950. Originally live, a series of 26 filmed programmes was shown until 1970, when a new series of 13 episodes was made. This series was based upon a comic strip of the same name (made in the style of children's magazines Robin and Pippin). The series was followed by a revival with 26 episodes (52 segments) in 2002. In total, 92 episodes were produced. Original 1950 and 1970 versions The original version of Andy Pandy premiered on BBC TV in 1950, on either 11 July or 20 June, as part of the For the Children strand (later Watch with Mother) narrated by Maria Bird who also narrated the black & white 1950s original broadcasts of Flower Pot Men, The Woodentops and Bizzy Lizzie. Initially it was broadcast live, but it was realised that if the programmes were filmed, they could be repeated. 26 fifteen-minute episodes were filmed on 16 mm around 1952 and repeated continuously until 1969. In 1970, 13 new episodes were made in colour with Vera McKechnie as narrator. A marionette who lived in a picnic basket, Andy was later joined by Teddy, a teddy bear, and Looby Loo, a rag doll, who came to life when Andy and Teddy were not around. Looby Loo sang \"Here we go Looby Loo\". All three lived in the same picnic basket. Each episode ended with a variation on the song: \"Time to go home / Time to go home / Andy is waving goodbye.\" It is said that the character's design was based on Paul Atterbury, the then young son of puppeteer Audrey Atterbury. A comic-strip version was published in Robin. The production staff for the original series were: Producer: Freda Lingstrom. Narrator: Maria Bird and later in the 1970 remakes Vera McKechnie. Writer/composer: Freda Lingstrom and Maria Bird. Singers: Gladys Whitred, Julia Williams [voiced the 'Little Weed'] and Maria Bird (in the 1970 colour series). Puppeteers: Audrey Atterbury, Molly Gibson, Martin Grainger, The Stavordales and Christopher Leith (in the 1970 colour series). Episode list The 26 episodes were: \"Tea Party\" (20 June 1950) \"Presents\" (27 June 1950) \"Music\" (4 July 1950) \"Hand Bells\" (11 July 1950) \"ABC\" (18 July 1950) \"Bricks\" (25 July 1950) \"Playing School\" (1 August 1950) \"Play Shops\" (8 August 1950) \"Leaning House\" (15 August 1950) \"Pram\" (22 August 1950) \"Farm\" (29 August 1950) \"Garden\" (5 September 1950) \"Wall and Tortoise\" (12 September 1950) \"Turtles\" (19 September 1950) \"Boats\" (26 September 1950) \"Paddling Pool\" (3 October 1950) \"Horse and Fish\" (10 October 1950) \"Bird and Butterfly\" (17 October 1950) \"Rabbits\" (24 October 1950) \"Kittens\" (31 October 1950) \"Kings and Queens\" (7 November 1950) \"Jack in the Box\" (14 November 1950) \"The Cart\" (21 November 1950) \"Swing\" (28 November 1950) \"Train Station\" (5 December 1950) \"Airport\" (12 December 1950) 1970 series By 1970, as BBC1 was by then transmitted in colour, 13 new episodes were produced and shown from 5 January 1970. The",
"title": "Andy Pandy"
},
{
"docid": "4874481",
"text": "Their Greatest Hits: The Record is the career retrospective greatest hits album by the Bee Gees, released on UTV Records and Polydor in November 2001 as HDCD. The album includes 40 tracks spanning over 35 years of music. Four of the songs were new recordings of classic Gibb compositions originally recorded by other artists, including \"Emotion\" (Samantha Sang), \"Heartbreaker\" (Dionne Warwick), \"Islands in the Stream\" (Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton), and \"Immortality\" (Celine Dion). It also features the Barry Gibb duet with Barbra Streisand, \"Guilty\", which originally appeared on Streisand's 1980 album of the same name. It is currently out of print and has been supplanted by another compilation, The Ultimate Bee Gees. The album peaked at No. 5 twice in the UK, the first time upon its release in 2001 and again in January 2003 (following the death of Maurice Gibb). It has since been certified triple platinum by the BPI for sales of over 900,000 copies. In the US, the album debuted on the Billboard 200 album chart at No. 49. It spent a total of 40 weeks on the chart and was certified platinum by the RIAA in February 2002 for sales of over one million copies there. There are two bonus songs on the Japanese release, \"Melody Fair\" and \"My World\" (the latter is also a bonus track on the UK release along with \"Jumbo\"). Copies sold at the American retailer Target included a bonus disc entitled 5 Live Recordings. Details Most of the songs are in chronological order, except for the placements of \"You Should Be Dancing\", which was released before \"Love So Right\", and \"Spicks and Specks\", a song from 1966 that ends disc two, which makes it something of a bonus track. \"Emotion\" and \"Heartbreaker\" were recorded in 1994 as part of a Bee Gees compilation album called Love Songs which was planned for release in 1995. \"Islands in the Stream\" was recorded in 2001 with Robin singing lead in contemporary R&B sound rather than the more traditional arrangement like that heard on One Night Only, which had Barry singing lead (Barry did not perform vocals on this revised version). \"Immortality\" is the original writing demo from 1996, which includes Barry singing in high falsetto as a guide to Celine Dion who would go on to record the song in 1997. The very first UK pressings used the wrong version of \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" with Barry singing the opening verse. A mastering fault was also present in \"More Than a Woman\", with the audio noticeably dipping to the right briefly during the first verse. These were corrected after several thousand copies had already been distributed. Track listing All compositions by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb, except as indicated. ** Only appears in Japan Bonus Tracks version. Disc one \"New York Mining Disaster 1941\" (B. Gibb/R. Gibb) – 2:12 \"To Love Somebody\" (B. Gibb/R. Gibb) – 3:02 \"Holiday\" (B. Gibb/R. Gibb) – 2:55 \"Massachusetts\" – 2:25 \"World\" – 3:16 \"Words\"",
"title": "Their Greatest Hits: The Record"
},
{
"docid": "5123347",
"text": "\"Thanks for the Memory\" (1938) is a popular song composed by Ralph Rainger with lyrics by Leo Robin. It was introduced in the 1938 film The Big Broadcast of 1938 by Bob Hope and Shirley Ross, and recorded by Shep Fields and His Orchestra featuring John Serry Sr. on accordion in the film and vocals by Bob Goday on Bluebird Records (B-7318, 1937). Dorothy Lamour's solo recording of the song was also popular, and has led to many mistakenly believing over the years that it was she who sang the tune with Hope in the film (in which Lamour also appeared). In the film, Ross and Hope's characters are a divorced couple who encounter each other aboard a ship. Near the film's end, they poignantly sing one of the many versions of this song, recalling the ups and downs of their relationship (then they decide to get back together). In the fifth verse of the song for the film, Robin recalled the couple’s romantic weekend in Niagara. His original lyrics were: \"That weekend at Niagara when we never saw the falls.\" However, this was rejected by the film producers who feared it was too suggestive. Robin was furious and a bitter row ensued with neither side giving way. Finally a compromise was reached that has Bob Hope singing: \"That weekend at Niagara when we hardly saw the falls.\" The lyricist never forgave this censorship: he considered it ridiculously prissy and that it ruined the song. However, the way that Shirley Ross responds with, \"How lovely that was!\" indicates that \"never\" was indeed the better choice. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and became Hope's signature tune, with many different lyrics adapted to any situation. In 2004, it finished No. 63 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. The success of the song resulted in another film starring the same couple. This follow-up film to The Big Broadcast of 1938 is somewhat confusing because it was given the title Thanks for the Memory but the song of that name does not feature. The main song from this latter film was \"Two Sleepy People\" and this is often bracketed with its forerunner as the best romantic duet of Bob Hope's career. It was written in September 1938 by Hoagy Carmichael with lyrics by Frank Loesser, and was once again performed by Bob Hope and Shirley Ross. The film Thanks for the Memory was released in 1938. Cover versions Shep Fields and his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra with vocalist Bobby Goday recorded the song in 1937. Bluebird Records B-7318-A Martha Tilton sang vocals with Benny Goodman's orchestra recorded on December 2, 1937. RCA Camden Records CAL-872 Mildred Bailey recorded the song on January 10, 1938 with a mixed group featuring Chu Berry doing a nice tenor sax solo. Ella Fitzgerald recorded this with André Previn and his orchestra in 1955 (released as a single and on Sweet and Hot) and on her 1967 Verve release",
"title": "Thanks for the Memory"
},
{
"docid": "47249139",
"text": "\"Rockin' Chair Daddy\" is a honky tonk country song written and recorded by Braxton Shuffert. Hank Williams was the co-writer. Background After the success of Hank Williams' \"Lovesick Blues'\" in 1949, producer Fred Rose was given carte blanche to sign country acts to MGM, and one of them was Hank's friend Braxton Shuffert. Schuffert also toured with Williams and his Drifting Cowboys. Williams had given Shuffert the song \"A Teardrop on a Rose\" but they needed one more tune for the flipside. Shuffert later recalled: \"I was wanting to sing 'I'll Still Write Your Name in the Sand,' but Fred said, 'No-o-o, we don't give other folks royalties. I'm going over to the house for a few minutes. You and Hank write something.'...When Fred came back, I sang him 'Rockin' Chair Daddy,' and he signed me up that evening.\" Like every record that Rose produced for MGM that was not by Hank Williams, the Jimmie Rodgers-influenced \"Rockin' Chair Daddy\" sold poorly. No recording of Williams singing the song has ever been located. Another version Sam Phillips released a single on his own Sun Records, of \"Rockin' Chair Daddy\" b/w \"The Great Medical Menagerist\" in 1954, which had been recorded by Harmonica Frank. Discography References Hank Williams songs 1951 songs 1951 singles Songs written by Hank Williams",
"title": "Rockin' Chair Daddy"
},
{
"docid": "17337367",
"text": "Rachel Kelly Tucker (born 29 May 1981) is a Northern Irish stage actress, best known for her portrayal of Elphaba in the musical Wicked. She also starred in Come from Away on Broadway, having originated the role on the West End. Rachel has starred in various other musicals and plays, including one alongside Sting (The Last Ship). Early life and career Tucker was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and grew up singing on the cabaret circuit from the age of nine with her father, Tommy (Tucker) Kelly and sister Margaret Kelly under the group's name Tucker Kelly and the Kelstar. She was a member of the Arts Youth Theatre during the late 1990s featuring in shows such as Ecstasy and Our Day Out. She then went on to feature in Michael Poyner's version of the Rockin Mikado as Katisha. In 2001, she competed in the Irish version of Popstars, featuring prominently in episode 3 where she is featured singing \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". Her contestant number was B0161. She also featured as a contestant with sister Margaret on Michael Barrymore's My Kind of Music singing \"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!\". She also competed in the talent show Star for a Night making the final with her performance of \"Kids\". Tucker trained at the Royal Academy of Music. She worked with Any Dream Will Do winner Lee Mead in the 2005 United Kingdom tour of the Rock musical, Tommy as Sally Simpson. In December 2007, Tucker appeared as Dorothy Gale in the Royal Shakespeare Company adaptation of The Wizard of Oz at the Lyric Theatre in Belfast. The Stage described her performance as \"looking and sounding uncannily like the legendary Garland\". For her performance, she was nominated for an award in the 2008 TMA Awards. Tucker recorded a version of the civil rights anthem \"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around\" which was used in a television advertisement for Libresse in 2005 entitled \"March\". I'd Do Anything Tucker was chosen as one of the twelve finalists on the show in which began in March 2008, appearing each week in the live show on Saturday evenings and the results shows which aired each Sunday. She made it to the semi-finals in week nine where she was eliminated on 25 May. In week six, she was in the bottom two with Sarah Lark, with Tucker having received the lowest number of viewers votes. In the results show on 4 May 2008, they sang \"As If We Never Said Goodbye\", from the musical Sunset Boulevard. Andrew Lloyd Webber chose to save Tucker and eliminate Lark, saying: \"I have to think as a producer and I do think Rachel was rock solid.\" Tucker was once again in the bottom two in week eight, the quarter-final stage of the series. She was in the sing-off for a second time, this time with Niamh Perry, with Perry having received the lowest number of viewers votes. They sang \"Another Suitcase in Another Hall\" from the musical",
"title": "Rachel Tucker"
},
{
"docid": "8120171",
"text": "\"Move It\" is a song written by Ian Samwell and recorded by Cliff Richard and the Drifters (the English band that would later become \"The Shadows\"). Originally intended as the B-side to \"Schoolboy Crush\", it was released as Richard's debut single on 29 August 1958 and became his first hit record, reaching number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. It is credited with being one of the first authentic rock and roll songs produced outside the United States. \"Schoolboy Crush\", written by Aaron Schroeder and Sharon Gilbert, had already been recorded in the US by Bobby Helms. Cliff Richard and the Drifters recorded their own version, which was intended to be the A-side of their debut single. However, when producer Jack Good heard \"Move It\", he insisted that Richard would have to sing that if he was to appear on Good's TV show Oh Boy! On the planned single, \"Move It\" was flipped to be the A-side and it went to number 2 in the charts, starting Cliff Richard on a career which included British hits through six decades. Described by AllMusic as \"Presley-esque\" and by Richard himself as \"my one outstanding rock 'n' roll classic\", \"Move It\" was written on the top deck of a Green Line bus by the Drifters' guitarist Ian \"Sammy\" Samwell while making the trip to Cliff's house for a band rehearsal. The song's lyrics were a riposte to a 1958 article by Steve Race published in Melody Maker which stated: \"So rock’n’roll is dead, is it? My funeral oration consists of just two words: good riddance\". Samwell did not complete the second verse, so on the record Cliff sang the first verse twice. Samwell finally finished the second verse in 1995 and sent it to Hank Marvin who included \"Move It\" on his album Hank plays Cliff, with Cliff Richard having recorded a new vocal track which included the new verse. The new version was debuted live at a Royal Variety Performance in front of Queen Elizabeth II that year. Since then, Richard has continued to perform the song with the additional verse. Influence The Beatles, in an out-take on The Get Back Journals, were recorded playing \"Move It\" in medley with \"Good Rockin' Tonight\". John Lennon was separately quoted as saying, \"I think the first English record that was anywhere near anything was 'Move It' by Cliff Richard, and before that there'd been nothing.\" Led Zeppelin included Richard's original version of the song on a 2010 compilation put together by them, titled Led Zeppelin: The Music that Rocked Us. 1958 original recording Personnel Cliff Richard and the Drifters: Cliff Richard – vocals Ian Samwell – rhythm guitar Terry Smart – drums Session musicians: Ernie Shear – lead guitar Frank Clarke – upright bass Mike Sammes Singers – backing vocals on \"Schoolboy Crush\" 2006 version In 2006, Richard re-recorded \"Move It\" with Brian May of Queen on guitar and Brian Bennett of The Shadows on drums. The track was released as the second track",
"title": "Move It"
},
{
"docid": "17539064",
"text": "\"My Toot Toot\", also popularly known as \"Don't Mess with My Toot Toot\" or \"(Don't Mess with) My Toot Toot\", is a song written by Sidney Simien and performed by him under his stage name Rockin' Sidney. Simien wrote the song and released it on the Maison de Soul Records label in Ville Platte, Louisiana. In October 1984, he included the tune on his third album, My Zydeco Shoes Got the Zydeco Blues, recording the entire album at his home studio in Lake Charles, Louisiana and playing all the instruments himself. Content and history In January 1985, \"My Toot Toot\" was released as a single in Louisiana and Texas and became Rockin' Sidney's first true regional hit. Thanks to Cleon Floyd, manager of R&B singer and uncle to King Floyd, it became a huge New Orleans hit. Floyd first heard the crowd's reaction to the song at a bill headlined by Solomon Burke. Cleon was also the president of the Orleans Street Jocks Association and took twenty copies of the record back to the city; he quickly had to order more. By Mardi Gras, it was a jukebox and record hop smash. Huey Meaux got the original leased to Epic Records, who released it nationally, and for a brief moment Rockin' Sidney made musical history. Epic managed to get Rockin' Sidney into the country Top 40 where it stayed for 18 weeks. It was the first zydeco song to receive major airplay on pop, rock and country radio stations. Later in 1985, \"My Toot-Toot\" was certified platinum and won the 1986 Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording. As a result, Simien was featured in People magazine, Rolling Stone, Billboard and Music City News and appeared on many national TV shows, including Nashville Now, Church Street Station, Hee Haw, Austin City Limits, John Fogerty's Showtime Special, New Country and Charlie Daniels Jam. He was also a guest celebrity on You Can Be a Star. Covers \"My Toot Toot\" has been covered by many artists including Fats Domino, Doug Kershaw, Rosie Ledet, Jean Knight, Terrance Simien, Denise LaSalle, Jimmy C. Newman, John Fogerty and Jello Biafra. Other versions include Louisiana Zydeco accordionist and singer Fernest Arceneaux, British-Jamaican television personality Rustie Lee, Swedish dansband Lasse Stefanz and Irish country singer Mike Denver. LaSalle's 1985 version was a hit, peaking at number six in the UK Singles Chart, number three in the Austrian chart and number 76 in the Australia chart. Other-language covers A Spanish version by La Sonora Dinamita titled \"Mi Cucu\" sold over a million copies in Mexico, Central America, and South America. A German beer company licensed the song to use in their radio and television commercials. The German cover version \"Mein Tuut Tuut\" by Leinemann reached number 15 on the West German chart in 1985. Charts Weekly charts Rockin' Sidney version Jean Knight version Denise LaSalle version {|class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center\" !Chart (1985) !Peakposition |- !scope=\"row\"|Australia (Kent Music Report) |76 |- |- |- !scope=\"row\"|Europe (European Top 100",
"title": "My Toot-Toot"
},
{
"docid": "27763832",
"text": "\"Fancy\" is a song by Canadian rapper Drake, from his debut album, Thank Me Later. The song features vocals from American rapper T.I. and producer Swizz Beatz, the latter of whom also co-produced the track alongside Noah \"40\" Shebib. The song was released to US radio stations on August 3, 2010, as the album's fourth official single, however promotion of the track ended earlier than expected due to Drake's uncertainty towards the song's planned music video and promotion. The song contains a sample of \"I Don't Want to Play Around\" by Ace Spectrum. The original version that had leaked features the chorus sung by Young Jeezy and T.I., while Young Jeezy and T.I. rap the first verse and the first three are rapped by Drake. It was intended to be on Mary J. Blige's album Stronger with Each Tear, but missed the deadline and was later given to Drake in 2008. Blige's vocals were kept on Drake's version as a backing vocal, though formally uncredited. The track received a nomination for Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards. Music video A music video was filmed for the song on July 16, 2010. It was directed by Anthony Mandler. The video, however, was never released. In late September 2010, Drake told MTV that the reason why the video had not yet premiered is because he was debating whether to reshoot the video for \"Fancy\" or commission a clip for his next single, \"Show Me a Good Time\", he stated: \"We shot 'Fancy,' and to be honest with you, it was done and I watched it and I just had a way better idea, and that's why the video hasn't come out yet. And to follow up 'Find Your Love' and 'Miss Me,' I really wanted to do something different, conceptually, and so I had this amazing idea and now I'm debating whether I should reshoot it or go straight to Show Me a Good Time\". Live performances Drake and Swizz Beatz performed the song at the MTV Video Music Awards in Los Angeles, California, on September 12, 2010. Mary J. Blige performed alongside them in place of T.I., who was unable to attend; she sang a verse from the original leaked version, in addition to the chorus. On New Year's Eve 2011 on ABC, Drake performed a new version of his \"Fancy\" track on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin’ Eve With Ryan Seacrest. The record still has Swizz Beatz. The new verse was ultimately used on \"Over My Dead Body\", the opening track from his sophomore effort Take Care. Remix Following the performance at the MTV Video Music Awards, the song was re-purposed as a remix using one of the verses and additional ad-libs from Blige's original version in place of T.I.'s verse. This version also features part of the first verse of the original Ace Spectrum song preceding the first chorus, as well as some minor alterations to the music in the bridge.",
"title": "Fancy (Drake song)"
},
{
"docid": "8070005",
"text": "\"How About You?\" is a popular song composed by Burton Lane, with lyrics by Ralph Freed. It was introduced in the 1941 film Babes on Broadway by Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney. The lyrics of the song are often changed depending on the recording artist. In its original form it is a humorous romantic duet, though rarely recorded that way. Certain lyrics, especially those with topical references, are often changed based on the time of the performance's release. For example, the line \"Franklin Roosevelt's looks give me a thrill\" was changed to \"James Durante's looks\" in a 1956 recording by Sinatra, though he did sing it in its original form when he recorded it with Tommy Dorsey in December 1941. Another example can be found in Bobby Darin's version of the song, which replaces the Roosevelt reference with a reference to \"Mr. Kennedy.\" Darin's version changes the lyrics again near the end of the song to “Mrs. Darin,\" who at the time was American actress Sandra Dee. Similarly, in a shout-out to wife on a 1964 recording, Steve Lawrence sings, “Eydie Gormé’s looks give me a thrill.\" Bob Crosby, Mary Livingstone and Jack Benny sang the song as a novelty trio on a 1955 episode of Benny's TV show. Lucille Ball and Van Johnson sang and danced to this song on an episode of I Love Lucy. Other film appearances The song was also featured in The Fisher King with Robin Williams (when it was sung and whistled by Harry Nilsson). Richard Dreyfuss hums and sings part of the song in The Goodbye Girl. Mammy Two Shoes hums and sings part of the song in 1943 Tom and Jerry cartoon, The Lonesome Mouse. Eve Marley sings it, dubbing for Anne Bancroft, in Don't Bother to Knock (1952). The music of the song appears in the films All About Eve (1950) (it is played on the piano at the party while the guests are gathered on the stairs ) and in Bachelor in Paradise (1961). Denea Wilde sings this song in a key, memorable scene of the original 1971 version of the film Get Carter. Notable recordings 1941 Judy Garland 1956 Frank Sinatra - Songs for Swingin' Lovers! (1956); The Legendary Sides (1997) with Tommy Dorsey 1958 Bing Crosby and Rosemary Clooney - Fancy Meeting You Here with Billy May 1959 Shirley Bassey - Bewitching Miss Bassey 1959 Joni James - Joni Sings Sweet 1961 Bobby Darin - Love Swings 1964 Steve Lawrence - Academy Award Losers. 1988 Michael Feinstein - Isn't It Romantic 1991 Harry Nilsson - The Fisher King Soundtrack 1998 Rosemary Clooney and Barry Manilow - At Long Last with the Count Basie Orchestra 2022 Daisy Duck (Tress MacNeille) - The MousePack - Mickey and Friends Singing Classic Standards References 1941 songs Songs written for films Songs with lyrics by Ralph Freed Songs with music by Burton Lane Judy Garland songs Frank Sinatra songs",
"title": "How About You?"
},
{
"docid": "4386110",
"text": "Live at the Fillmore Auditorium is a live album by the American musician Chuck Berry. He was backed by the Steve Miller Blues Band (which later became better known as the Steve Miller Band). Berry's second live album, it was released in 1967 by Mercury Records. The album was re-released on CD by Rebound Records, with three additional tracks, \"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\", \"Reelin' and Rockin'\" and \"My Ding-a-Ling\". Incorrectly marked as bonus tracks are \"Feelin' It\" and \"It Hurts Me Too\", both of which are on the original album. The Rebound reissue omits \"Wee Baby Blues\", which is on the original album. An earlier CD reissue by Mercury additionally includes \"Bring Another Drink\" and \"Worried Life Blues\". Critical reception Rolling Stone wrote that \"the most interesting cuts are the instrumentals where Berry applies his rock guitar to Chicago blues and the Steve Miller Band comes into the foreground.\" Track listing All songs written by Chuck Berry except where noted Medley: \"Rockin' at the Fillmore\" / \"Every Day I Have the Blues\" (Memphis Slim) (8:36) \"C.C. Rider\" (Ma Rainey, Lena Arantt) (4:14) \"Driftin' Blues\" (Charles Brown, Eddie Williams, Johnny Moore) (3:56) \"Feelin' It\" (4:01) \"Flying Home\" (Benny Goodman, Lionel Hampton, Sid Robin) (2:44) \"(I'm Your) Hoochie Coochie Man\" (Willie Dixon) (5:54) \"It Hurts Me Too\" (unknown) (4:47) \"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\" (Sonny Boy Williamson) (2:50) \"Fillmore Blues\" (3:29) \"Wee Baby Blues\" (Joe Turner, Pete Johnson) (4:06) \"Bring Another Drink\" (2:22) \"Worried Life Blues\" (3:47) \"Reelin' and Rockin'\" (5:57) \"My Ding-a-Ling\" (4:36) \"Johnny B. Goode\" (3:14) Personnel Chuck Berry – guitar, vocals The Steve Miller Blues Band Tim Davis – drums Steve Miller – guitar, harmonica; vocals on \"It Hurts Me Too\" Jim \"Curley\" Cooke - guitar Jim Peterman – keyboards Lonnie Turner – bass guitar Technical Bill Halverson – engineer Wally Heider – recording Erik Weber – photography References Chuck Berry live albums 1967 live albums Mercury Records live albums Albums recorded at the Fillmore",
"title": "Live at the Fillmore Auditorium (Chuck Berry album)"
},
{
"docid": "4606948",
"text": "Mark Moseley is an American voice actor, radio personality, stand-up comedian, and singer-songwriter. He has appeared in a variety of films, television shows, and video games. He is best known as a voice double for actors such as Eddie Murphy, Patrick Stewart, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Patrick Warburton, and Robin Williams. Career Moseley has also played Mushu for Disney in everything except the original film Mulan, where Eddie Murphy played Mushu. This includes starring in the sequel, Mulan 2, the former Mulan parade, and a trove of theme park attractions, TV shows, and video games, for example, the Square Enix game Kingdom Hearts II. He also voiced several characters in Shrek 2 and sang in Murphy's place in the Shrek extra ending, Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party and Donkey in the Shrek video games. Moseley has also sound-doubled Arnold Schwarzenegger, most notably in the video game Terminator 3: The Redemption, in which Moseley's voice is often heard 'side-by-side' with Schwarzenegger's original recordings for the previous Terminator game. Moseley has appeared on numerous hit TV series-mostly in voice-over roles. These include The Fairly OddParents, The Sopranos, The PJ's, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, My Life as a Teenage Robot, Father of the Pride, House of Mouse, and others. In God of War III, Moseley voiced the character King Minos. In Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian video game, Moseley played the role of Theodore Roosevelt, as portrayed in the movie by Robin Williams. For Star Wars: The Old Republic, he plays eight roles in the game. In 2007, Moseley was chosen for the voice of President Schwarzenegger in The Simpsons Movie. The producers had toyed with the idea of having the Schwarzenegger voice sound realistic (Moseley is known for his authentic-sounding impression of Schwarzenegger), as opposed to a parody. In the end, they used the original cast member Harry Shearer, who performs the Schwarzenegger parody 'Ranier Wolfcastle' in the TV series, in the US theatrical and DVD version of the film, though English-speaking Simpson fans around the world can hear Moseley's version, as producers decided to use his portrayal of Schwarzenegger in the Simpson's International English version of the movie. In 2015, Moseley was cast in the re-occurring role of Agamemnon, in DreamWorks Animation's series The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show, a role originally played in the 2014 film Mr. Peabody & Sherman by Patrick Warburton. Previously in his career, he was a morning personality for Miami's leading pop station, WPOW Power 96, from 1986 through 2002, and again from 2005-2007 (he performed remotely from his home in Los Angeles). While at WPOW in 1986, Moseley created the novelty hit song \"Ronnie's Rapp\", under the name \"Ron And The DC Crew\". Originally created as a comedy sketch for his morning show, the song was distributed by Profile Records, and became a club hit in 1986, reaching number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2009, Moseley worked with his long-time idol Rick Dees, as a member of Dees' morning radio cast",
"title": "Mark Moseley (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "36080860",
"text": "\"My Lover's Prayer\" is a song performed by the Bee Gees, written by Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb and Maurice Gibb, and was released in 1997 on the album Still Waters. The track was originally written and recorded in 1995, but it was only a demo. In 2003, it was recorded by Alistair Griffin featuring Robin Gibb and was released as a double A-side. Personnel Barry Gibb - lead vocals Robin Gibb - lead vocals Maurice Gibb - backing vocals Robbie Kondor - keyboard, arranger Rob Mounsey - keyboard Marc Schulman - guitar Anthony Jackson - bass Russ Titelman - arranger Arif Mardin - strings arrangement Steve Eigner - sound engineer Mike Viola - sound engineer Alistair Griffin and Robin Gibb version \"My Lover's Prayer\" was released as a single in 2003 by Alistair Griffin featuring Robin Gibb, as a double A-side with \"Bring It On\". Robin Gibb had intended to re-release the song as a solo single in 2003 with backing vocals by Lance Bass and Wanya Morris, and a promo version of this had already been given radio play. However, the morning after the Fame Academy 2 final, Gibb contacted Griffin with a request to re-record a duet of the song, with the apparent intention of releasing it as a Christmas single. This version also used Gibb's original vocals with a new edit of the instrumental track. Three other performers from Fame Academy 2, Peter Brame, Carolynne Good and winner Alex Parks sang the backing vocals. Personnel Robin Gibb - lead vocals Wanya Morris - backing vocals (first version) Lance Bass - backing vocals (first version) Alistair Griffin - lead vocals (second version) Peter Brame - backing vocals (second version) Carolynne Good - backing vocals (second version) Alex Parks - backing vocals (second version) Deconzo Smith - keyboards, guitar, bass, producer Olly Meacock - programming Dave Ford - sound engineer Ian Curnow - producer References 1997 songs Bee Gees songs Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Songs written by Maurice Gibb 2003 singles Robin Gibb songs Alistair Griffin songs",
"title": "My Lover's Prayer"
},
{
"docid": "6204206",
"text": "\"Good Rocking Tonight\" is a jump blues song originally released in 1947 by its writer, Roy Brown and was covered by many recording artists (sometimes as Good Rockin' Tonight). The song includes the memorable refrain, \"Well I heard the news, there's good rocking tonight!\" The song anticipated elements of rock and roll music. Some reviewers state that Brown's version, or Wynonie Harris' (depending on the source), is one of the contenders for the title of \"first rock'n'roll record\". The label of the 45 RPM record by Brown included the words \"Rocking blues\". In 2022, Brown's recording was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in the 'Classics of Blues Recording – Singles' category. Original song Brown had first offered his song to Wynonie Harris, who turned it down. He then approached Cecil Gant later that night, but after hearing Brown sing, Gant made a 2:30 AM phone call to Jules Braun, the president of DeLuxe Records. After Brown sang his song over the phone, Braun asked Brown to sing it a second time. He then told Gant, \"Give him fifty dollars and don't let him out of your sight.\" According to the Paul McCartney Project, \"Harris’s version was even more energetic than Brown’s original version, featuring black gospel style handclapping\". Five weeks later, Brown recorded the song for DeLuxe Records. Only after Brown's record had gained traction in New Orleans did Harris decide to cover it. Harris' more energetic version may have contributed to the composition's greater success on the national R&B chart. Brown's original recording hit #13 of the Billboard R&B chart, but Harris' record became a #1 R&B hit and remained on the chart for half a year. Brown's single would re-enter the chart in 1949, peaking at #11. Harris had a reputation for carousing, and sometimes forgot lyrics. His \"Good Rockin'\" recording session largely followed Brown's original lyrics, but by the end, he replaced the last section with a series of raucous \"hoy hoy hoy!\" interjections, a commonly used expression in jump blues tunes of the time, going back to 1945's \"The Honeydripper\" by Joe Liggins. The song is a primer of sorts on the popular black music of the era, making lyrical reference to Sweet Lorraine, Sioux City Sue, Sweet Georgia Brown, Caldonia, Elder Brown, and Deacon Jones. All of these characters had figured prominently in previous hit songs. The song has also been credited with being the most successful record to that point to use the word \"rock\" not as a euphemism for sex, but as a descriptive for the musical style, a connection which would become even clearer in 1954 when a version of \"Good Rockin' Tonight\" became Elvis Presley's second-ever single. While Brown missed out on the biggest hit version of his song, its success kicked off his own career, which included two #1 R&B hits. In 1949, he released \"Rockin' at Midnight\", a sequel to \"Good Rockin' Tonight.\" It reached #2 on the R&B chart, where it remained for a month. Elvis",
"title": "Good Rocking Tonight"
},
{
"docid": "11960899",
"text": "Goodnight L.A. is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Magnum, released in 1990 by Polydor. Most of the material was already written and arranged, at least in demo form, and was taken to Los Angeles and Vancouver to find an American producer. Keith Olsen was suggested because of the success of his work on Whitesnake's 1987. Tony Clarkin, the band's guitarist and usually the sole songwriter, then invited co-writers such as Russ Ballard, Jim Vallance and David Cassidy's wife Sue Shifrin to collaborate on songwriting. Other songs called \"The Rock\" and \"On That Day\" were retitled or dropped. \"Come Back Running\" was recorded as a demo version, but it was never released. An additional title, written by Ballard and Clarkin, was published around this time called \"Dancing With The Devil\"; if this song was recorded, it has yet to be released. The rest of the band flew to Los Angeles in 1990 to record \"Goodnight L.A.\" at Olsen's studios. The album was originally titled Born to Be King but was eventually named after the studio. Three singles were planned. \"Rockin’ Chair\" was released first, followed by \"Heartbroke and Busted\"; the third single, \"No Way Out\", was cancelled because Polydor was disappointed with the chart ranking of \"Heartbroke and Busted\". While Polydor's plan for a Magnum breakthrough in America failed (the album was not released there), Goodnight L.A. was a commercial success at home, charting 9 in the United Kingdom (a position surpassed only by Wings of Heaven). Track listing Singles Rockin' Chair 7\" (1990) \"Rockin' Chair\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Russ Ballard) — 4:10 \"Mama\" [LP version] — 4:34 Rockin' Chair 12\" (1990) \"Rockin' Chair\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Russ Ballard) — 4:10 \"Mama\" [LP version] — 4:34 \"Where Do You Run To\" [B-side] — 3:44 Rockin' Chair CD (1990) \"Rockin' Chair\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Russ Ballard) — 4:10 \"Mama\" [LP version] — 4:34 \"Where Do You Run To\" [B-side] — 3:44 Heartbroke and Busted 7\" (1990) \"Heartbroke and Busted\" [LP version] — 3:37 \"Hanging Tree\" [B-side] — 0:00 Heartbroke and Busted 12\" (1990) \"Heartbroke and Busted\" [LP version] — 3:37 \"Hanging Tree\" [B-side] — 0:00 \"Cry for You\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Sue Shiffron) — 0:00 Heartbroke and Busted EP (1990) \"Heartbroke and Busted\" [LP version] — 3:37 \"Les Mort Dansant\" [acoustic] — 3:37 \"Hanging Tree\" [B-side] — 0:00 \"Cry for You\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Sue Shiffron) — 0:00 Heartbroke and Busted CD (1990) \"Heartbroke and Busted\" [LP version] — 3:30 \"Hanging Tree\" [B-side] — 3:37 \"Cry for You\" [LP version] (Tony Clarkin and Sue Shiffron) — 3:52 Personnel Bob Catley — vocals Tony Clarkin — guitar Wally Lowe — bass guitar Mark Stanway — keyboards Mickey Barker — drums Additional musicians Tommy Funderburk — backing vocals Michael Sadler — backing vocals Paulinho da Costa — percussion Deric Dyer — saxophone Charts References External links www.magnumonline.co.uk — Official Magnum site 1990 albums Magnum (band) albums Albums produced by Keith",
"title": "Goodnight L.A."
},
{
"docid": "19366733",
"text": "\"Love Me\" is a song recorded by the Bee Gees, released on the 1976 album Children of the World. It was also included on the compilation albums Bee Gees Greatest and Love from the Bee Gees, which was released only in the UK. Background It was written by Barry and Robin Gibb featuring Robin on lead with his vibrato (with Barry on the middle eight evidenced on the outro). This makes this song a curio among the group's latterday tracks, as during the mid and late 1970s, Barry sang most of the group's leads. Robin sings a falsetto lead on the group's 1979 song \"Living Together\" on the album Spirits Having Flown. He also sang falsetto during the chorus of his solo song \"Remedy\" from the 1985 album Walls Have Eyes. With Robin, Barry also sang the lead on the track's middle-eight. Recording began on 30 March 1976 in Criteria Studios, Miami and finished on 25 April in Le Studio, Quebec, Canada same day as \"I Think I'm Losing You\" (unreleased). Yvonne Elliman version Release Yvonne Elliman's version was released as a single and reached number 14 in the United States, number six in the United Kingdom, number nine in Ireland, number three in New Zealand and South Africa, number 15 in Australia, number 11 in Canada, and number 16 in Netherlands. Record World said that it is \"Elliman's best outing in some time due to the combination of strong material and an inspired vocal performance.\" Charts Martine McCutcheon version Background and release Martine McCutcheon remade \"Love Me\" for her 1999 debut album, You Me & Us, from which the track—serving as the BBC Children in Need single for 1999—was issued as the third single. It was released as a double A-side single along with \"Talking in Your Sleep\" on 22 November 1999 and peaked at number six in the United Kingdom. McCutcheon performed the song at the Children in Need telethon on 26 November 1999. She was supported by 100 children between the age of eight and thirteen, who were selected through nationwide auditions. The successful children had the chance to spend a day in a recording studio with McCutcheon, before serving as backing singers for the song on live television. Track listing \"Love Me\" (radio mix)- 3:44 \"Talking in Your Sleep\" (radio edit) - 4:06 Charts Other versions \"Love Me\" was also recorded by Janie Fricke for her 1981 album Sleeping With Your Memory and cantopop artist Prudence Liew for her 1994 album Thoughts in the Night, Dreams During the Day. References 1976 singles 1976 songs 1999 singles Bee Gees songs Children in Need singles Innocent Records singles Martine McCutcheon songs RSO Records singles Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Song recordings produced by Freddie Perren Song recordings produced by Maurice Gibb Song recordings produced by Robin Gibb Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Virgin Records singles Yvonne Elliman songs",
"title": "Love Me (Bee Gees song)"
},
{
"docid": "2263149",
"text": "Roy James Brown (September 10, 1920 or 1925May 25, 1981) was an American blues singer who had a significant influence on the early development of rock and roll and the direction of R&B. His original song and hit recording \"Good Rockin' Tonight\" has been covered by many artists including Wynonie Harris, Elvis Presley, Bruce Springsteen, Paul McCartney, Joe Ely, Ricky Nelson, Jerry Lee Lewis, Pat Boone, James Brown, the Doors, and the rock group Montrose. Brown was one of the first popular R&B singers to perform songs with a gospel-steeped delivery, which was then considered taboo by many churches. In addition, his melismatic, pleading vocal style influenced notable artists such as B.B. King, Bobby Bland, Elvis Presley, Jackie Wilson, James Brown and Little Richard. Early life and education Brown was born in Kinder, Louisiana. Some sources report his birth date as September 10, 1925, but the researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc gave the date as September 10, 1920, on the basis of information in the 1930 census and Social Security records, and stated that 1925 is incorrect. Media reports state that he was either 55 or 56 at the time of his death. Like many R&B singers, Brown started singing gospel music in church. His mother was an accomplished singer and church organist. He moved to Los Angeles in the 1940s and for a short time was a professional boxer in the welterweight division. In 1945 he won a singing contest at the Million Dollar Theater, covering \"There's No You\", originally recorded by Bing Crosby. In 1946, Brown moved to Galveston, Texas, where he sang in Joe Coleman's group, performing mostly songs from the Hit Parade, in a nightclub called the Club Granada. His repertoire included \"Good Rockin' Tonight\". After being rejected by the armed forces because of flat feet, Brown secured his first major job in a club in Shreveport, Louisiana, singing mostly pop ballads, such as \"Stardust\" and \"There's No You\". The owner of Bill Riley's Palace Park hired him, as Brown told an interviewer for Blues Unlimited, because of his appeal as \"a Negro singer who sounds white.\" It was at the Palace Park that Brown started developing a blues repertoire, learning contemporary R&B tunes such as \"Jelly Jelly\" (recorded by Billy Eckstine). He returned to New Orleans in 1947, where he performed at the Dew Drop Inn. Career Brown was a fan of blues singer Wynonie Harris. When Harris appeared in town, Brown tried but failed to interest him in listening to \"Good Rockin' Tonight\". Brown then approached another blues singer, Cecil Gant, who was performing at another club in town. Brown introduced his song, and Gant had him sing it over the telephone to the president of De Luxe Records, Jules Braun, reportedly at 4:00 in the morning. Brown was signed to a recording contract immediately. He recorded the song in a jump blues style with a swing beat. It was released in 1948 and reached number 13 on the Billboard R&B chart. Ironically,",
"title": "Roy Brown (blues musician)"
},
{
"docid": "5857532",
"text": "\"Heartbreaker\" is a song performed by American singer Dionne Warwick. It was written by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees for her 1982 studio album of the same name, while production was helmed by Barry Gibb, Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson under their production moniker Gibb-Galuten-Richardson. Barry Gibb's backing vocal is heard on the chorus. The song reached the top ten in over a dozen countries and stands as one of Warwick's biggest career hits, selling an estimated 4 million singles worldwide. In the U.S., it peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in January 1983. The track was Warwick's eighth number one Adult Contemporary hit and reached number 14 on the Hot Black Singles chart. It was ranked as Billboard magazine's 80th-biggest US hit of 1983. On the UK Singles Chart, the track reached number 2 in November 1982. Background \"Heartbreaker\" was written by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees for singer Dionne Warwick's same-titled album. The song blended the Gibb brothers' two schools of songwriting: it has the clear verse and chorus structure favored by Robin and Maurice, yet also has the longer spun-out verses Barry now preferred, both well balanced. The melody is reminiscent of \"Living Eyes\", but the song has a much stronger forward motion. Maurice said later that he wished they had saved it for themselves. The Bee Gees' demo version, sung by Barry, was not released until 2006 when it appeared on The Heartbreaker Demos (2006), the group's demo album of Warwick's album. Warwick admitted in The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits by Wesley Hyatt that she was not fond of \"Heartbreaker\" (regarding the song's international popularity, she quipped, \"I cried all the way to the bank\"), but recorded it because she trusted the Bee Gees' judgment that it would be a hit. Maurice Gibb, who co-wrote the song, commented, \"I cried my eyes out after we wrote it. I drove home and thought, 'We should be doing this one', and when she did it, it was brilliant. We sang on it, and it still became like a duet between the Bee Gees and Dionne Warwick\". Cover versions The Bee Gees' own version, with Barry Gibb on lead vocals, was recorded in 1994. It was originally planned for an album called Love Songs to be released in 1995, but was eventually released in 2001 on Their Greatest Hits: The Record. \"Heartbreaker\" was originally recorded as a single released on the Yep Roc label in 2019. Later it was released on a full length (Walkabout) originally released in Australia to commemorate their tour of the continent. Eventually it was released for the rest of the world as well. Track listings All tracks produced by Gibb-Galuten-Richardson. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts See also List of number-one singles and albums in Sweden List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 1982 References External links \"The Dionne Warwick Channel\" – YouTube site containing over 100 Dionne",
"title": "Heartbreaker (Dionne Warwick song)"
},
{
"docid": "2508259",
"text": "\"Rockin' the Suburbs\" is a song by Ben Folds on the album of the same name. Music and lyrics Folds said of the inspiration for the song: \"I used to do this big rant at the end of some gigs with Ben Folds Five. The band broke into this big heavy metal thing and I started as a joke to scream in a heavy metal falsetto. I found myself saying things like: Feel my pain, I am white, feel my pain. I was going to write this song about Korn. I don't know, it wasn't as funny when I directed it at somebody. So I thought I would write it not directed to anybody. I mean, I would be happy to tell the guys from Korn that I wrote a song about them, but I think, when people listen to it, it is a better song when it is not directed to anybody.\" The song parodies Korn and Rage Against the Machine. Folds stated of the song \"I am taking the piss out of the whole scene, especially the followers.\" Single track listing \"Rockin' the Suburbs\" [Radio Edit] \"Girl\" \"Make Me Mommy\" \"Rockin' the Suburbs\" [Video] Japanese EP: \"Rockin' the Suburbs\" [Radio Edit] \"One Down\" \"Girl\" \"Make Me Mommy\" \"The Secret Life of Morgan Davis\" Music video The music video for \"Rockin' the Suburbs\" was directed by friend \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, who also plays the role of a producer who fixes Folds' \"shitty track,\" directly riffing on one of the song's lyrics. The video features Folds playing multiple members of an angry rock band in a suburban den and in front of a white background. After the song's bridge, Folds is shown outside in a suburban neighborhood wearing a backwards red New York Yankees cap, the trademark of Limp Bizkit's Fred Durst, while singing the lyrics, \"girl give me something I can break\", which were a riff on the Limp Bizkit song \"Break Stuff\". During this portion of the video, Folds engages in \"suburban\" activities such as skateboarding, jumping in pools and flipping burgers. At the end of the video, the \"band\" (all played by Folds again) plays in front of a black background with holes punched in it, a style that deliberately matches the live-action parts of the Korn video for \"Freak on a Leash.\" A subliminal message reading \"Korn Sucks\" briefly appears. Over the Hedge remake In 2006, Folds rewrote the song for the animated movie Over the Hedge, with film co-star William Shatner providing vocals during part of the song. Shatner does the voice for Ozzie the Opossum, who encourages his teenage daughter Heather (voice by Avril Lavigne) to play dead in threatening situations. While this version features entirely new lyrics intended to be more family-friendly than the original, Folds maintains the song’s satirical edge. The rewritten lyrics focus more on the institution of suburbia, and include jabs at homeowner associations, tract housing, consumerism, and developments built on Native American burial grounds. This version of the song",
"title": "Rockin' the Suburbs (song)"
},
{
"docid": "33286844",
"text": "\"The Singer Sang His Song\" is a song by the Bee Gees, written by Barry, Robin and released in early 1968 as a single along with Jumbo. In some countries the song was the B-side of Jumbo but in others they were promoted as a double A-side. Recording and mixing This track was only issued as a single and not included on a studio album at the time, so by standard practice at the time, it was not mixed to stereo. The song was recorded on 8 January 1968, the same day the song \"Down to Earth\" was recorded, which was included on their third international album Idea and \"Chocolate Symphony\", now included on the expanded version of Idea released in 2007. The song was unavailable until 1990 when it was mixed in stereo for the first time and extended to 3:19 for inclusion on the Tales from the Brothers Gibb boxset. A remastered version featured on the deluxe edition of Idea released in 2006. Its promotional video was filmed in black and white, which featured a man and woman running in a park interspersed with The Bee Gees performing on stage. It reached #25 in the UK. Release Maurice Gibb explained about this song: The only time Robert was wrong when he said to release \"Jumbo\" as the A-side instead of the flipside \"The Singer Sang His Song.\" We thought that was going to be the A-side, but Atlantic convinced Robert, and Robert had been convinced by Vince and Colin 'cause they liked playing a bit more bluesy stuff, Robert said 'never again will I let anybody talk me into anything'. The band's manager Robert Stigwood also explained about this song: I also now realise it was a mistake to release it [Jumbo] as an A-side in Britain because the public still want big, emotional ballads from the boys. In a Billboard magazine interview with the Bee Gees, Maurice said of the song, \"I love 'The Singer Sang His Song' from way back [in 1968]. But the songs are like our kids, and you feel funny favoring one to the other\". Personnel Robin Gibb — lead vocals, organ Barry Gibb — backing and harmony vocals, guitar Maurice Gibb — backing vocals, bass, piano, organ, mellotron Vince Melouney — acoustic guitar Colin Petersen — drums Bill Shepherd — orchestral arrangement Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1968 songs Bee Gees songs Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Songs written by Maurice Gibb Song recordings produced by Robert Stigwood Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Song recordings produced by Robin Gibb Song recordings produced by Maurice Gibb Pop ballads Rock ballads 1968 singles",
"title": "The Singer Sang His Song"
},
{
"docid": "23420538",
"text": "Alpana Mukherjee (née Banerjee) () (14 March 1934 – 24 July 2009) was a successful Bengali singer during the late 1940s and 1950s and onwards. Her most noted songs are \"Trader Chumki Jole Akashe\" \"Hatti Matim Tim\", \"Mon Bolchhe Aaj Sandhyay\", \"Chotto Pakhi Chandana\" and \"Ami Alpana Enke Jai Aloy Chhayay\" \" Akash Ar Eai Mati Oi Dure\" \" Jodi Oli Na chahe\". Early life At the age of 13, Alpana was discovered by her father's close friends, Robin Chattopadhyay and Gouri Prasanna Majumdar, who were very active as music composers and lyricists respectively in the Bengali music scene at that time. Her songs became very popular soon after. Career Alpana Banerjee's major popularity derived from singing children's songs, which she transformed from simple rhymes to immortal classics. Bengalis from the 1950s through the 1990s were raised on Alpana's classics like 'Hatti Matim Tim' or 'Chhotto Pakhi Chandana'. Her modern songs received much more popularity. One of the earliest and notable Bengali non-film songs sung by Alpana was \"Samiran Phire Chao\" under Robin Chattopadhyay's baton. Soon after, in 1951, she recorded the song \"Matir Ghare Aaj Nemechhe Chand Re\" for the Bengali film 'Vidyasagar' with music once again by Robin Chattopadhay. This song became remarkably popular. Another notable Bengali film song by her, under Robin Chattopadhay's baton yet again, is \"Hriday Amar Sundara Taba Paye\" from the 1956 film 'Sagarika'. She sang many notable Bengali film and non-film songs in the 1950s under different music composers including Nachiketa Ghosh, Shyamal Mitra, Manabendra Mukhopadhyay, Sailen Mukhopadhyay and Bhupen Hazarika. Her voice was eloquent in capturing a variety of moods ranging from the romantic \"Mon Bolchhe Aaj Sandhyay\", to the frivolous 'Bakul Gandhe Jodi', 'Ami Alpana Enke Jai' and sombre 'Jetha Achhe Ogo Shudhu Nirabata'. Alpana recorded a cover version of the Hindi film song 'Albela main ek dilwala' under Sachin Dev Burman's music direction. The regular version of this song was sung by Asha Bhonsle in the 1957 Hindi film 'Miss India'. Alpana collaborated with many of her colleagues including Utpala Sen, Sandhya Mukhopadhyay, Shyamal Mitra (with whom she sang duets on many occasions), Manabendra Mukhopadhyay, and Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay. She also sang with Lata Mangeshkar under the direction of Pandit Ravi Shankar. She was often the guest of honour at Bengali music functions, TV programmes, and on AIR (All India Radio) programmes. On All India Radio'-Calcutta's 'Ramyageeti' program, she sang songs tuned by internationally renowned Sarod player Ali Akbar Khan. She also toured most of the North Indian Radio stations singing in chain programs with All India Radio. She was noted to have given performances in all corners of West Bengal. Besides touring within India and West Bengal, she also extensively toured in England. She performed at Durga Puja functions in places like Hampstead Town Hall, Belsize Park, King's Cross and gave performances at Bengali communities in Bradford, Leeds, Liverpool, Wolverhampton, West Ham, Seven Sisters, Finsbury Park, Islington, etc. She was interviewed by BBC London on several occasions. Personal life",
"title": "Alpana Banerjee"
},
{
"docid": "778939",
"text": "Bernard Shalom Kotzin (November 11, 1918 – December 14, 1997), known as Stubby Kaye, was an American actor, comedian, vaudevillian and singer, known for his appearances on Broadway and in film musicals. Kaye originated the roles of Nicely-Nicely Johnson in Guys and Dolls and Marryin' Sam in Li'l Abner, introducing two show-stopping numbers of the era: \"Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Boat\" and \"Jubilation T. Cornpone.\" He reprised these roles in the movie versions of the shows. Other well-known roles include Herman in Bob Fosse's Sweet Charity, Sam the Shade in Cat Ballou, and Marvin Acme in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Biography Kaye was first generation born Bernard Sholom Kotzin on the last day of the First World War, at West 114th Street in the Morningside Heights section of Manhattan. He kept his original name secret throughout his career. His parents were Jewish-Americans originally from Russia and Austria-Hungary. His father, David Kotzin, was a dress salesman, and the former Harriet \"Hattie\" Freundlish was his mother. He was raised in the Far Rockaway section of Queens and later in The Bronx, where he acted in student productions at DeWitt Clinton High School, and where he graduated in 1937. In 1939, he won the Major Bowes Amateur Hour contest on radio where the prize included touring in vaudeville, where he was sometimes billed as an \"Extra Padded Attraction.\" During the Second World War, he joined the USO where he toured battle fronts and made his London debut performing with Bob Hope. After the war, he continued to work in vaudeville and as master of ceremonies for the swing orchestras of Freddy Martin and Charlie Barnet. As Nicely-Nicely Johnson in Guys and Dolls, first on Broadway (1950) and then in the film version (1955), he introduced \"Fugue for Tinhorns\" (\"I got the horse right here, his name is Paul Revere...\") and \"Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Boat.\" He created the role of Marryin' Sam in Li'l Abner on Broadway (1956), introducing the song \"Jubilation T. Cornpone.\" In 1957 he was named best actor in a musical by the Outer Critics Circle. In his New York Times review, Brooks Atkinson said Kaye sang \"it with that vaudeville rhythm and those vaudeville blandishments that turn song numbers into triumphant occasions.\" He also played the role in the film (1959). His next Broadway show, Everybody Loves Opal, starring Eileen Heckart, closed after 21 performances in 1961. In 1956 he co-starred with June Allyson and Jack Lemmon in the filmYou Can't Run Away from It, a musical remake of It Happened One Night. He played the title character in Michael Winner's British film The Cool Mikado (1962), based on Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera, The Mikado. In the mid-1950s, Kaye guest starred on NBC's early sitcom The Martha Raye Show. In 1958, he appeared on the short-lived NBC variety show The Gisele MacKenzie Show. About this time, he also appeared on ABC's The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom. In the 1959–60 television season, Kaye co-starred in the short-lived",
"title": "Stubby Kaye"
},
{
"docid": "4192022",
"text": "\"Pop Muzik\" is a 1979 song by M, a project by English musician Robin Scott, from the debut album New York • London • Paris • Munich. The single, first released in the UK in early 1979, was bolstered by a music video (directed by Brian Grant) that was well received by critics. The clip featured Scott as a DJ singing into a microphone from behind an exaggerated turntable setup, at times flanked by two female models who sang and danced in a robotic manner. The video also featured Brigit Novik, Scott's wife at the time, who provided the backup vocals for the track. The single's B-side, \"M Factor\", was featured in two different versions. The original cut appeared on the first UK and European releases of the single, while a slightly remixed version appeared on the single released in the United States and Canada. \"Pop Muzik\" reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100, the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, and number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. Concept and chart performance The song was initially recorded in R&B and funk styles before a friend of Scott suggested using synthesisers. He describes the genesis of \"Pop Muzik\": I was looking to make a fusion of various styles which somehow would summarise the last 25 years of pop music. It was a deliberate point I was trying to make. Whereas rock and roll had created a generation gap, disco was bringing people together on an enormous scale. That's why I really wanted to make a simple, bland statement, which was, 'All we're talking about basically (is) pop music.' Cash Box described it as a \"quirky Euro-pop number,\" stating that \"the nonsensical lyrics create a catchy cadence.\" Record World described it as a \"totally infectious body-mover.\" The single was released in the UK first, peaking at number 2 on 12 May 1979, unable to break Art Garfunkel's 6-week stint at number one with \"Bright Eyes\". In August of that same year, it was released in North America, where it eventually climbed all the way to number 1 in Canada on 27 October and in the US on 3 November. Along with Scott, other musicians who played on the track were his brother Julian Scott (on bass), then unknown keyboardist Wally Badarou, Canadian synthesiser programmer John Lewis, drummer Phil Gould (who later became one of the founding members of the group Level 42), Gary Barnacle and Brigit Novik, the backing vocalist, credited as \"Brigit Vinchon\" on the records and sleeves. The image of the baby on \"Pop Muzik\"'s single disc is of Robin Scott's daughter, Berenice. She became a singer, piano/keyboard player and composer and involved in projects with her father's friends Phil Gould and Wally Badarou. Album The subsequent full-length album New York • London • Paris • Munich was recorded in Montreux, Switzerland, at Queen's Mountain Studio, with lead singer and guitarist Robin Scott and regular engineer David Richards, as well as Julian Scott, Wally Badarou and Brigit Novik. Additional",
"title": "Pop Muzik"
},
{
"docid": "66176817",
"text": "Rockin' with Kay is a studio album by Kay Starr. It was released in 1958 by RCA Victor (catalog no. LPM-1720). It was her third album for RCA Victor. Reception Upon its release, Billboard magazine gave the album a rating of three stars and wrote: \"The wonderful, husky expressiveness of the Starr gal comes through on this selection of tunes arranged for rocking delivery.\" AllMusic also gave the album a rating of three stars. Reviewer William Ruhlmann wrote that the arrangements were \"bluesy and rocking\" and that Starr sang with \"her usual throaty abandon.\" Track listing Side A \"Dry Bones\" (traditional) [2:30] \"Rockin' Chair\" (Hoagy Carmichael) [3:20] \"I Gotta Get Away from You\" (Hal Stanley) [1:57] \"Till We Meet Again\" (Raymond B. Egan, Richard A. Whiting) [2:27] \"True Blue Lou\" (Sam Coslow, Leo Robin, Richard A. Whiting) [2:37] \"Lazy Bones\" (Hoagy Carmigchael, Johnny Mercer) [3:20] Side B \"Lonesome Road\" (traditional) [3:23] \"The Glory of Love\" (Billy Hill) [2:39] \"I'm Confessin'\" (Doc Daugherty, Al J. Neiburg, Ellis Reynolds) [3:22] \"Lover Man\" (Jimmy Davis, Roger \"Ram\" Ramirez, Jimmy Sherman) [3:18] \"How Deep Is the Ocean\" (Iriving Berlin) [2:47] \"Do I Worry\" (Stanley Cowan, Bobby Worth) [3:03] References 1958 albums Kay Starr albums RCA Victor albums",
"title": "Rockin' with Kay"
},
{
"docid": "27705060",
"text": "\"When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)\" is a popular song written, both words and music, by Harry Woods in 1926. The song became the signature song for singer and actress Lillian Roth, who performed it often during the height of her musical career from the late 1920s to the late 1930s. Notable recordings The song was a hit in 1926 for: \"Whispering\" Jack Smith; Cliff Edwards; Paul Whiteman; and the band the Ipana Troubadors (vocal by Franklyn Baur). The most successful recording in 1926, however, was by Al Jolson. Jolson recorded it again on December 5, 1947, for Decca Records. 1939 Bob Crosby and His Orchestra – recorded April 7, 1939 for Decca Records (catalog No. 2537A). 1953 – recorded by Doris Day, and briefly reached the charts. 1956 Louis Armstrong and his All-Stars released a recording of the song 1956 Bing Crosby recorded the song for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set The Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings (1954-56) issued by Mosaic Records (catalog MD7-245) in 2009. Crosby also included the song in a medley on his album On the Happy Side (1962). 1957 Julie London – for her album Julie. 1958 Eydie Gormé – included in the album Eydie Gormé – Vamps the Roaring 20's. 1973 Dean Martin – Sittin' on Top of the World. 1996 Steve Goodman – The Easter Tapes (Live Steve Goodman album). 2002 Rosie Flores – The Bottle Let Me Down: Songs for Bumpy Wagon Rides (Various Artists). 2017 Kamasi Washington – Perspective (Harmony of Difference). Also in the 1950s, a version was released by Peter Pan Records, with \"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody\" on the reverse side of the single. Film appearances 1926 A Plantation Act – a sound-on-disc short film – sung by Al Jolson. 1932 When the Red, Red Robin Comes Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along – a Fleischer Studios Screen Song cartoon. 1949 Jolson Sings Again – sung by Larry Parks (dubbed by Al Jolson) 1952 Has Anybody Seen My Gal? – sung by Lynn Bari, Gigi Perreau and Charles Coburn. 1955 I'll Cry Tomorrow – sung by Susan Hayward, playing Lillian Roth, in this biographical film about Roth. 1974 The Conversation – sung by Cindy Williams' character, Ann, during a conversation. In popular culture The song featured an early example of the motivational three-word phrase \"Live, Laugh, Love\", that became a popular slogan on motivational posters and home decor in the late 2000s and early 2010s. The song helped inspire the name of the American casual dining restaurant chain Red Robin: the owner of the original restaurant, in the University District of Seattle, sang in a barbershop quartet which frequently sang the song, and in the 1940s he renamed his restaurant \"Sam's Red Robin\". The English football club Charlton Athletic play Billy Cotton's version of the song as the team come out on to the pitch at their home ground The Valley. The English rugby",
"title": "When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)"
},
{
"docid": "17683570",
"text": "\"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" is a song by American singer, songwriter and actress Julee Cruise, released in 1990 as the second single from her debut album, Floating into the Night (1989). It was released on Warner Bros. Records. Cruise performs the song in \"Episode 14\" of American mystery serial drama television series Twin Peaks, the long-anticipated episode of the show in which the killer of Laura Palmer was finally revealed after a year of anxious, media-driven anticipation. Cruise also sings \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" in Industrial Symphony No. 1, another David Lynch project. Content The song is in the dream pop genre, with jazzy flourishes. Angelo Badalamenti composed the music and David Lynch wrote the lyrics. Critical reception Andrew Mueller from Melody Maker named \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" Single of the Week, adding, \"So she's runner-up this time. This languid sub-doo-wop finger-clicker is nary a patch on the magisterial \"Falling\", but it is nonetheless floating-away gorgeous and punctuated by a relatively wild saxophone blat in the middle and Julee's voice is still like drowning in a velvet-lined bath full of honey and pineapple jelly. You get the idea.\" Terry Staunton from NME wrote, \"Fingers crossed, Julee Cruise will still be knocking about years after Twin Peaks has been consigned to the studio vaults. This is probably the most immediate and commercial track on the Floating into the Night LP, a Connie Francis love ballad punctuated by a Roxy Music sax solo. Whether Cruise sticks with David Lynch and Angelo Badalamenti in the future remains to be seen, although I'd like to hear the Pet Shop Boys knock out a few tunes for her.\" Track listing UK 7-inch \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Edit) – 4:06 \"Falling\" (LP version) – 5:45 UK 12-inch and CD \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Tibetan Mix) – 5:40 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Edit) – 4:06 \"Mysteries of Love\" – 4:27 US 12-inch \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Tibetan 12\" Mix) – 5:43 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Bonus Beats) – 2:30 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (A Cappella) – 5:05 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Tibetan Dub) – 5:45 \"The World Spins\" – 6:38 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Original Single Edit) – 4:04 US CD \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Tibetan Single Mix) – 3:49 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Tibetan 12\" Mix) – 5:43 \"The World Spins\" – 6:38 \"Rockin' Back Inside My Heart\" (Original Single Edit) – 4:04 Charts References External links 1990 singles 1989 songs Julee Cruise songs Music of Twin Peaks Song recordings produced by Angelo Badalamenti Song recordings produced by David Lynch Songs written by Angelo Badalamenti Songs written by David Lynch Warner Records singles",
"title": "Rockin' Back Inside My Heart"
},
{
"docid": "5828402",
"text": "The 1989 Royal Rumble was the second annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). After the inaugural event aired as a television special, the 1989 event aired on pay-per-view (PPV), thus becoming one of the WWF's original four annual PPV events, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which would become recognized as the \"Big Four\". It took place on January 15, 1989, at The Summit in Houston, Texas. It centered on the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. Six matches were contested at the event, including two dark matches. The main event was the 1989 Royal Rumble match, which was won by Big John Studd, who last eliminated Ted DiBiase. Featured matches on the undercard were Jim Duggan and The Hart Foundation (Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart) defeating Dino Bravo and The Fabulous Rougeaus (Jacques and Raymond Rougeau) in a two-out-of-three falls match, Rockin' Robin defeating Judy Martin to retain the WWF Women's Championship, and King Haku defeating Harley Race to retain his King of the Ring crown and cape. Production Background In 1988, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) debuted the Royal Rumble match, although a non-televised version had been tested in 1987. The match was a modified battle royal in which the participants entered at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. The inaugural match featured 20 wrestlers and the inaugural event was named after the match. A second event was scheduled to be held on January 15, 1989, at The Summit in Houston, Texas, thus establishing the Royal Rumble as an annual January event. The previous year's event had been shown as a television special on the USA Network. The 1989 event was instead aired on pay-per-view (PPV), being the first Royal Rumble to be broadcast on PPV, in turn becoming one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which would be dubbed the \"Big Four\". It was also the first to feature 30 wrestlers in the titular match, which is now the traditional number of participants. Storylines The main feud heading into the Royal Rumble was between the 30 superstars from the entire World Wrestling Federation (WWF) who had selected to participate in the first-ever 30 man Royal Rumble match. Big John Studd returned to WWF in late 1988 and turned babyface after not siding with former manager Bobby Heenan and began a feud with Heenan's client André the Giant. Both men signed to participate in the Royal Rumble match. Mr. Perfect, who joined WWF in the summer of 1988 was pushed as an undefeated heel wrestler, entering his name into the match. Bad News Brown was pushed as an arrogant powerful heel who was an enemy of face and heel wrestlers. As a result, he also entered his name into the match. Many tag",
"title": "Royal Rumble (1989)"
},
{
"docid": "15826503",
"text": "Time Won't Let Me is the first studio album by the Outsiders. It was named after the band's early 1966 break-out single, \"Time Won't Let Me\". Release data The album was released in the LP format on Capitol in May 1966 in both monaural and stereophonic editions (catalogue numbers T 2501 and ST 2501, respectively). Although never released individually as a CD, the band's first two albums were reissued on Liberty Bell as a \"two-fer\" CD, along with bonus tracks (catalogue number PCD-4365). Notes on the tracks Original LP This album includes all four sides of the band's first two singles, all of which were written by Tom King and Chet Kelley. Their best-known song, \"Time Won't Let Me\" was a Top 5 single in early 1966, and used elements of both Merseybeat and Motown that were dominating the charts in that time period: a brass section, a la the Motown sound, with the big beat formula of the Beatles. It remained one of the most played songs on Classic rock radio stations for several decades after its release. Their next single, \"Girl in Love\", was already charting when the final tracks were laid down for this album. It was written about bassist Mert Madsen's fiancee. The cover songs that constitute the rest of the album include \"Listen People\" (a hit earlier in 1966 by Herman's Hermits); Buddy Holly's 1958 hit \"Maybe Baby\"; the pop music confection \"Rockin' Robin\" (also from 1958); the Spencer Davis Group's first Number One single \"Keep on Running\" (from 1965); and \"She Cried\" (originally a 1962 hit by Jay and the Americans). \"Time Won't Let Me\" was later covered by the all-woman rock band, The Heart Beats and was also covered in 1981 by Iggy Pop on his album, Party. CD bonus tracks The first six bonus tracks are the sides from the last four singles by the band other than the two \"B\" sides that are included on Album #2; these songs are not included on any of the band's 1960s albums. The last two bonus tracks are alternate versions of two songs that are actually by Climax – Sonny Geraci's band after the Outsiders broke up – although \"Think I'm Falling\" was first released under the name the Outsiders before Tom King won the rights to the band name in a lawsuit. \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" went on to be a major hit song by the Righteous Brothers, but not until 1974. Reception Track listing Side 1 \"Keep on Running\" (Jackie Edwards), 2:20 \"Listen People\" (Graham Gouldman), 2:29 \"Time Won't Let Me\" (Tom King, Chet Kelley) 2:47 \"My Girl\" (William Robinson, Ronald White), 2:27 \"What Makes You So Bad, You Weren't Brought up that Way\" (King, Kelley) 2:20 \"She Cried\" (Greg Richards, Ted Daryll), 2:21 Side 2 \"Chase Away the Tears\" (King, Kelley) 2:42 \"Was it Really Real\" (King, Kelley) 2:11 \"Maybe Baby\" (Buddy Holly, Norman Petty), 1:58 \"Rockin' Robin\" (Jeanne Vikki), 2:30 \"Girl in Love\" (King, Kelley) 3:01 CD bonus tracks When",
"title": "Time Won't Let Me (album)"
},
{
"docid": "3472548",
"text": "\"Prisoner of Love\" is a 1931 popular song, with music by Russ Columbo and Clarence Gaskill and lyrics by Leo Robin. Background Written in 1931, Leo Robin has related how publisher Con Conrad walked into his hotel room with Russ Columbo and asked him to write words within the hour for a tune he had. Robin, who was on vacation, at first refused, but Conrad explained that he wanted Columbo to demonstrate it to Flo Ziegfeld who needed a song for Helen Morgan in one of his shows. Robin then wrote the lyric, which he afterwards said he disliked, and the song was duly performed for Ziegfeld, but he did not accept it. Russ Columbo, however, sang it on his radio show and recorded it on October 9, 1931, for Victor Records, and it was very popular in 1932. Columbo also sang it in the 1933 short film That Goes Double. In 1946, the song became a major hit for Billy Eckstine, Perry Como, and the Ink Spots. Billy Eckstine version African-American crooner Billy Eckstine recorded his version with Duke Ellington on piano and Art Blakey on drums, on September 4, 1945. The record became a million seller and a No. 10 hit. Perry Como versions Perry Como's first recording was made on December 18, 1945 and released by RCA Victor as catalog number 20-1814-B. It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on March 30, 1946 and lasted 21 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 1. The flip side was \"All Through the Day\". This recording was re-released in 1949, by RCA Victor, as a 78rpm single (catalog number 20-3298-A) and a 45rpm single (catalog number 47-2886), with the flip side \"Temptation\". Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song of the year for 1946. Como made two further recordings of the song: one in February 1946 for a V-Disc, number CS-656-B, and another in July 1970 in a live performance in Las Vegas, issued as a long-playing album (titled Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel, Las Vegas in its United States and United Kingdom releases, Perry Como in Person in its Japanese release, and Perry Como in Concert in its Dutch release). The Como version was used on the soundtrack of the 1980 film, Raging Bull. The Ink Spots version This was recorded on March 18, 1946 for Decca Records (catalogue No. 18864), and it spent 11 weeks in the USA charts, peaking at No. 9. James Brown version James Brown revived \"Prisoner of Love\" in 1963. It charted at No. 6 R&B and at No. 18 Pop. The studio recording was arranged by Sammy Lowe. Brown performed the song live with his vocal group, The Famous Flames, in the concert film T.A.M.I. Show and on a mid-1960s telecast of The Ed Sullivan Show. It also appears on many of his live albums. Other notable recordings 1932 Roy Fox and His Band - vocal by Al Bowlly. 1939 Mildred Bailey recorded for Vocalion Records (catalogue No.",
"title": "Prisoner of Love (Russ Columbo song)"
},
{
"docid": "6555618",
"text": "\"Saturday Night Fish Fry\" is a jump blues song written by Louis Jordan and Ellis Lawrence Walsh, best known through the version recorded by Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five. The recording is considered to be one of the \"excellent and commercially successful\" examples of the jump blues genre. While the origins of rock and roll are disputed, some have also suggested that the song may be the first rock 'n' roll record. The song contains elements later common in rock 'n' roll such as electric guitar, a brisk tempo and \"a mix of the bass,\" and the singer begins each chorus with the catchphrase, \"It was rockin',\" repeating it several times. National hit The single was a big hit, topping the R&B chart for twelve non-consecutive weeks in late 1949. It also reached number 21 on the national chart, a rare accomplishment for a \"race record\" at that time (although Jordan had already had earlier crossover hits). Jordan's jump blues combo was one of the most successful acts of its time, and its loose and streamlined style of play was highly influential. First recordings \"Saturday Night Fish Fry\" was first recorded by Eddie Williams and His Brown Buddies with spoken vocals by the song's composer, Ellis Walsh. Williams had a number 2 R&B hit with the song \"Broken Hearted\". \"Saturday Night Fish Fry\" was intended to be the band's next single, but the acetate found its way to Louis Jordan's agent instead. As Williams recalled, \"They got theirs out there first.\" Jordan changed the song. One source provides this summary: he took \"the song’s ‘hook’ and [sang] it twice after every other verse. The arrangement was also more propulsive, too; Williams’ shuffle was replaced by a raucous, rowdy jump Boogie-woogie\". The expression \"it was rockin'\" appears four times in the chorus, which is sung seven times. His version was produced by Milt Gabler. At 5:21, the recording ran longer than a standard side of a 78 record, so it was broken into two halves, one on each side of the disc. The song's lyrics are in the first person and describe two itinerant musicians going to a fish fry on Rampart Street in New Orleans, Louisiana. The party turns wild and is raided by the police; the narrator subsequently spends the night in jail. Composition Jordan's \"Saturday Night Fish Fry\" has been called an example of jump blues because \"it literally made its listeners jump to its pulsing beat\", according to NPR, which points out the use of the word \"rockin'\" in the chorus. The Acoustic Music organization states that the recording marked \"the end of the jump blues dominance of the '40s\". One reviewer offered this comment in 2016 on the Jordan version: \"Jordan’s pithy, witty vocal style, bumping jump-blues rhythms, and taste for lyrics that both wag their tongue and bite are as plainly irresistible as pop music gets\". Some sources also consider it as a precursor to rock and roll, or perhaps, one of the first",
"title": "Saturday Night Fish Fry"
},
{
"docid": "17657167",
"text": "Bonnie Tyler: The Best is a compilation album by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler. It was released in 1993 by Columbia in the UK and by Versailles Records in France. Both issues feature the same front cover, but they do not have matching track lists. In 1995, the album was reissued in the UK under the title The Definitive Collection, featuring the original track listing and a bonus CD with five more tracks. Track listing UK Version \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" (Jim Steinman) – 4:27 (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night) \"Faster Than the Speed of Night\" (Steinman) – 4:40 (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night) \"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?\" (John Fogerty) – 4:03 (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night) \"If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)\" (Desmond Child) – 3:57 (from the 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire) \"Here She Comes\" (Pete Bellotte, Giorgio Moroder) – 3:21 (from the 1984 soundtrack for Metropolis) \"Loving You's a Dirty Job but Somebody's Gotta Do It\" (Steinman) – 5:47 (from the 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire) \"Getting So Excited\" (Alan Gruner) – 3:38 (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night) \"Save Up All Your Tears\" (Child, Diane Warren) – 4:02 (from the 1988 album Hide Your Heart) \"The Best\" (Mike Chapman, Holly Knight) – 4:00 (from the 1988 album Hide Your Heart) \"Holding Out for a Hero\" (Steinman, Dean Pitchford) – 4:28 (from the 1984 album Footloose and the 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire) \"(The World Is Full of) Married Men\" (Dominic Bugatti, Frank Musker) – 3:57 (1979 single only) \"A Rockin' Good Way (To Mess Around and Fall in Love)\" (with Shakin' Stevens) (Brook Benton, Luchi de Jesus, Clyde Otis) – 2:54 (from the 1983 Shakin' Stevens album The Bop Won't Stop) \"More Than a Lover\" (Ronnie Scott, Steve Wolfe) – 4:08 (from the 1977 album The World Starts Tonight) \"Don't Turn Around\" (Warren, Albert Hammond) – 4:16 (from the 1988 album Hide Your Heart) \"Lovers Again\" (Child) – 4:13 (from the 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire) \"Lost in France\" (Scott, Wolfe) – 3:57 (from the 1977 album The World Starts Tonight) \"It's a Heartache\" (Scott, Wolfe) – 3:30 (from the 1978 album Natural Force) \"To Love Somebody (Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb) – 5:30 (from the 1988 album Hide Your Heart) France Version Writer is same as English version for any occurrence of the same song. \"Total Eclipse Of The Heart\" \"Holding Out For A Hero\" (Club Mix) \"It's A Heartache\" \"If You Were A Woman (And I Was A Man)\" \"Here She Comes\" \"Loving You Is A Dirty Job But Somebody's Got To Do It\" \"Lost In France\" \"Rockin' Good Way (To Mess Around And Fall In Love)\" \"Have You Ever Seen The Rain?\" \"Straight From The Heart\" (Bryan Adams/Eric Kanga) (from the 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night)",
"title": "The Best (Bonnie Tyler album)"
},
{
"docid": "2227456",
"text": "Alive II is the second live album by American hard rock band Kiss, released on October 14, 1977, by Casablanca Records. The band had released three albums (Destroyer, Rock and Roll Over, and Love Gun) since the previous live outing, the 1975 release Alive!, so they drew upon the variety of new tracks, with Eddie Kramer producing. The album is one of the best selling in the Kiss discography, being the band's first to be certified double platinum in February 1996 (signifying sales of over 1,000,000 for a double album), the same month the Kiss reunion tour was announced. It has continued to sell in the US in the Soundscan era, selling over 300,000 copies from 1991 and to March 2012. Album information The origins of Alive II go back to early 1977 when the band's manager Bill Aucoin suggested that Eddie Kramer record a live album during the evening show at Budokan Hall in Tokyo, Japan on April 2, 1977. The plan was to release a live album to give Kiss some time off before recording the album that would become Love Gun later that autumn. Kramer finished work on the album, but Casablanca and Kiss deemed it unusable, and the band forged ahead with their Love Gun sessions. Most of the live tracks on Alive II were recorded during the band's August 26–28 shows at the Forum while on their Love Gun Tour. The 3 p.m. soundchecks at the August 26 and 27 shows were recorded and later used on the album (i.e. \"Tomorrow and Tonight\" with crowd noise being dubbed in later). \"Beth\" and \"I Want You\" were lifted from the unused Japanese live recordings and repurposed for the finished album. As the band did not want to duplicate songs included on Alive!, the songs chosen for the three live sides of the album were all drawn from Kiss' three preceding studio albums: Destroyer, Rock and Roll Over, and Love Gun. The new songs on side 4 (tracks 6–10 on the second CD of the reissue) are tracks recorded live without an audience at Capitol Theatre in Passaic, New Jersey, and overdubbed and mixed at Electric Lady Studios in New York City in September 13–16, 1977. Although Ace Frehley was originally credited for lead guitar on the studio tracks, the remastered version released in 1997 confirmed that Bob Kulick played lead guitar on the tracks \"All American Man\", \"Rockin' in the U.S.A.\", and \"Larger Than Life\", with Paul Stanley playing all guitars on the cover \"Any Way You Want It\". \"Rockin' in the U.S.A.\" had references to both the previous year's Spirit of 76 European Tour and to that spring's debut in Japan. Frehley's sole involvement for the studio songs was \"Rocket Ride\" (originally written for a solo album), on which he sang lead vocals and played both guitar and bass guitar. Several early copies of the album's cover featured a rare misprint of three additional songs (\"Take Me\", \"Hooligan\", and \"Do You Love Me?\") with a",
"title": "Alive II"
},
{
"docid": "2925326",
"text": "\"Emotion\" is a song written by Barry and Robin Gibb. It was first recorded by Australian singer Samantha Sang, whose version reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978. The Bee Gees recorded their own version of the song in 1994 as part of an album called Love Songs, which was never released, but it was eventually included on their 2001 collection titled Their Greatest Hits: The Record. In 2001, \"Emotion\" was covered by the American R&B girl group Destiny's Child. Their version of the song was an international hit, reaching the top ten on the US Hot 100 chart and peaking in the top five on the UK Singles Chart. English singer Emma Bunton also covered the song on her 2019 album My Happy Place. Original version Background Originally, \"Emotion\" was recorded by Samantha Sang for the Private Stock label. The song was Sang's only hit single, reaching number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100. Billboard ranked her version as the No. 14 song for 1978. There is a promotional video made for this song. When Sang arrived at Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida, instead of recording \"(Our Love) Don't Throw it All Away\", Barry Gibb offered her a new song called \"Emotion\". On this track, Sang sticks to a breathy, Gibb-like sound. Gibb himself provided harmony and background vocals in his signature falsetto. The B-side was \"When Love Is Gone\", a Francis Lai composition recorded around April 1977 at Criteria, around the same time that Gibb wrote and produced \"Save Me, Save Me\" for the band Network. Blue Weaver identified the musicians as shown from memory. On the session, Joey Murcia plays guitar, George Bitzer on keyboards, Harold Cowart on bass and Ron \"Tubby\" Zeigler on drums. It was originally intended for use in the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever, but ended up being featured in the film The Stud (1978) starring Joan Collins. Also in 1978, \"Emotion\" was used as the B-side of Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams's single \"Too Much, Too Little, Too Late\", which reached number one in the US. Personnel Samantha Sang – vocals Barry Gibb – harmony and background vocals George Terry – guitar Joey Murcia – guitar George Bitzer – keyboards, Fender Rhodes Electric Piano Harold Cowart – bass Ron Ziegler – drums Karl Richardson – engineering Track listings and format \"Emotion\" – 3:43 \"When Love Is Gone\" – 3:46 Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Destiny's Child version Recording and production In 2001, \"Emotion\" was recorded by American group Destiny's Child for their third studio album Survivor (2001). Produced and arranged by Mark J. Feist, it features a slower tempo than the original, although a more uptempo remix produced by Neptunes was also produced and included on the group's remix album This Is The Remix (2002). Feist had previously produced the song for Filipino singer Regine Velasquez for her album Drawn in 1998 and used exactly the same backing track for Destiny's Child. Release and",
"title": "Emotion (Samantha Sang song)"
},
{
"docid": "12214662",
"text": "\"A.D. 1928 / Rockin' the Paradise\" is a song by American rock band Styx, released as the fourth single from their tenth album Paradise Theatre. The song peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard Rock Chart. \"A.D. 1928\" is a short, piano-based song by Dennis DeYoung, set to the same melody as \"The Best of Times\", that segues into \"Rockin' the Paradise\". These two tracks would serve as the opening songs of not only the Paradise Theatre album but also its subsequent tour and the 1996 Return to Paradise reunion tour. According to Bismarck Tribune critic Patrick Miller, the message of \"Rockin' the Paradise\" is \"for Americans to get back to the honest hard work that made the country great. DeYoung expanded on this saying that that what is needed in order to turn things around in American \"common decency between human beings and people feeling useful. One of the biggest crimes in the United States is people not feeling useful. People need to feel like they're a useful part of society because they are. We need to get people to believe in themselves—that they are important. Newsday critic Wayne Robins felt that some of the lyrics \"are worthy of a politician's adventures in locution,\" for example \"Let's stick together and futurize our attitudes / I ain't looking to fight but I know with determination we can challenge the schemers / who cheat all the rules. Allmusic critic Eduardo Rivadavia called the song \"a total team effort of wonderfully stripped down hard rock.\" Classic Rock critic Malcolm Dome rated \"Rockin' the Paradise\" as Styx 4th greatest song, praising the \"sparkling sense of fun and nostalgia\" and the band's \"inspired performance.\" The music video for the song was the tenth to air on MTV when it debuted in the U.S. on August 1, 1981. Personnel Dennis DeYoung - lead vocals, keyboards Tommy Shaw - lead guitar, backing vocals James Young - rhythm guitar, backing vocals Chuck Panozzo - bass John Panozzo - drums References 1980 songs 1981 singles Styx (band) songs Songs written by Dennis DeYoung Songs written by Tommy Shaw Songs written by James Young (American musician) A&M Records singles",
"title": "Rockin' the Paradise"
},
{
"docid": "36477369",
"text": "Jack Brown Ely (September 11, 1943 – April 28, 2015) was an American guitarist and singer, best known for singing the Kingsmen's version of \"Louie Louie\". Classically trained in piano, he began playing guitar after seeing Elvis Presley on television. In 1959, he co-founded the Kingsmen and with them recorded \"Louie Louie\" in 1963; Ely's famously incoherent vocals were partly the result of his braces and the rudimentary recording method. Before the record became a hit Ely was forced out of the group and began playing with his new band, the Courtmen. Ely died in Terrebonne, Oregon, on April 28, 2015, at age 71. Early life Jack Ely was born on September 11, 1943, in Portland, Oregon. Both of his parents were music majors at the University of Oregon, and his father, Ken Ely, was a singer. His father died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently remarried. Ely began playing piano while still a young child, and was performing recitals all over the Portland area before his seventh birthday. When he was eleven, a piano teacher provided what he termed \"jazz improvisation lessons.\" The teacher would show Ely a section of a classical composition, and the boy would have to make up 15 similar pieces. He would be required to share each in class and then make up one on the spot. On January 28, 1956, Ely watched Elvis Presley on television for the first time, and he decided that he wanted to play guitar. At his first guitar lesson, he was required to play \"Mary Had a Little Lamb\", an experience that Ely found so demeaning that he quit after that lesson and began picking out his favorite guitar riffs by ear. Ely played guitar and sang for the Young Oregonians, a travelling vaudeville show for entertainers under the age of 18. \"We didn't get paid in money, we got paid in experience,\" Ely recalled. The Kingsmen Ely was enrolled at Washington High School in Portland, Oregon. He did not play in the school band, but had a passion for singing. In 1959, Lynn Easton's mother invited him to play at a Portland hotel gig, with Ely singing and playing guitar with the backup band and Easton on the drum kit. The two teenagers had grown up together, as their parents were close friends. Easton and Ely performed at yacht club parties, and soon added Mike Mitchell on guitar and Bob Nordby on bass to round out a band. They called themselves the Kingsmen, taking the name from a recently disbanded group. The Kingsmen began their collective career playing at fashion shows, Red Cross events, and supermarket promotions, generally avoiding rock songs on their setlist. Ely played with the Kingsmen as he attended Portland State University. In 1962, while playing a gig at the Pypo Club in Seaside, Oregon, the band noticed Rockin' Robin Roberts's version of \"Louie Louie\" being played on the jukebox for hours on end. The entire club would get up and",
"title": "Jack Ely"
},
{
"docid": "6303818",
"text": "\"Bring It On\" is the debut single from British singer/songwriter Alistair Griffin, and is also the title track and first release from his debut album, Bring It On. It was released in December 2003 as a double A-side with \"My Lover's Prayer\", a duet with Robin Gibb of the Bee Gees and reached number five on the UK Singles Chart. \"Bring It On\" \"Bring It On\" had been written several years before when Griffin had been an unsigned artist working in Germany. It had already been showcased live on the BBC Fame Academy programme, prompting Richard Park to comment: \"the acid test is always if a song gets into your brain, and I have to confess Alistair, that one has got into my brain.\" Griffin had been signed to UMTV, a division of Universal, soon after the programme ended in October 2003 and the label announced shortly afterwards that \"Bring It On\" was to be his debut single, with a November release date. \"My Lover's Prayer\" \"My Lover's Prayer\" (titled \"A Lover's Prayer\" on the cover of the limited edition single) was originally recorded by the Bee Gees, and appeared on their 1997 album Still Waters. Robin Gibb had intended to re-release the song as a solo single in 2003 with backing vocals by Lance Bass and Wanya Morris, and a promo version of this had already been given radio play. However, the morning after the Fame Academy 2 final, Gibb contacted Griffin with a request to re-record a duet of the song, with the apparent intention of releasing it as a Christmas single. This version also used Robin's original vocals with a new remix of the instrumental track. Three other performers from Fame Academy 2, Peter Brame, Carolynne Good and winner Alex Parks sang the backing vocals. Release Initially announced as two separate releases, the dates of both singles were unaccountably delayed until after Christmas 2003, when \"Bring It On\" was eventually released as a double A-side with \"My Lover's Prayer\" (the latter credited as Alistair Griffin feat. Robin Gibb) on 29 December, entering the UK Singles Chart at number five the following week. Many fans were disappointed with the poor production quality and the generic 'pop' treatment of the recorded version of \"Bring It On\", preferring the live version previously seen on TV. Reviewers also criticised it as being too bland. The duet, which was separately produced, was generally well received, but was not popular with music critics. Radio promotion Although given extensive live promotion, \"Bring It On\" was not playlisted on any of the national radio networks, fulfilling Richard Park's prediction that Griffin would not get radio play on any of his Emap stations. Following the controversy over Fame Academy, and in what appeared to be a general backlash against reality TV performers, \"Bring It On\" was not aired on any of the BBC's programmes other than the Sunday evening chart show after it had charted in the United Kingdom. \"My Lover's Prayer\" was included on Radio",
"title": "Bring It On (Alistair Griffin song)"
},
{
"docid": "14491348",
"text": "The Rebels (also known as The Rockin' Rebels) were a band from Buffalo, New York, known for their instrumental \"Wild Weekend\". The original members were Jim Kipler (Guitar), Mick Kipler (Saxophone), Tom Gorman (Drums) and Paul Balon (Bass/Guitar). \"Wild Weekend\" \"Wild Weekend\" was written by radio entertainer Tom Shannon and Phil Todaro as a theme song for Shannon's WKBW weekend radio show. The lyrics were: \"Top tunes, news and weather, so glad we can get together... on the Tom Shannon show... KB radio... KB Radio.\" It was recorded with vocals and music by the Russ Hallet trio. A local band, the Buffalo Rebels – or just Rebels – who asked Shannon to play at a record hop also asked if they could play an instrumental-only version of his theme song. They did, and Shannon and Todaro thought there was something to it. They moved the group to a recording studio in the same building where they had a production office. The record came out locally and was a hit, but since it wasn't on a major label, the song did not go any further. It came out on Marlee Records (ML0094) and Casino Records (1307). Two years later the track was re-issued on Swan Records (Swan 4125). It sold more than 1 million copies, peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard charts and earned an appearance for the band on Dick Clark's \"American Bandstand\" TV show. The Rockin' Rebels were inducted into the Buffalo Music Hall of Fame in 2002. To avoid confusion with Duane Eddy and his Rebels, the Rebels became the Rockin' Rebels. Swan pressings can be found with either name; the British Stateside pressings had \"Rockin'\". The band's 1963 LP uses the name \"The Rockin' Rebels\". While the instrumental is the best-known version, the original lyrics were, as mentioned above, a promo for the Shannon radio show. Shannon would tweak the lyrics when he moved to WHTT many years later. Paul Balon died of heart disease on December 17, 2003, at age 61. Tom Gorman died; however, no information about his death is available. Shannon retired in 2005. He died May 26, 2021, in California, following a brief illness. Shannon was 82. Discography Singles Sources Osborne Enterprises & Jellyroll Productions In the year 1958, several important instrumental acts arrived on the scene from Collectors Universe History, from colorradio Play the record at YouTube Notes American surf music groups Musical groups from Buffalo, New York Stateside Records artists Swan Records artists",
"title": "The Rebels (surf band)"
},
{
"docid": "40175820",
"text": "\"Wild Weekend\" is an instrumental written by Phil Todaro and Tom Shannon and performed by The Rebels, later known as The Rockin' Rebels. The tune was originally heard in a theme song for Shannon's radio show on WKBW in Buffalo, New York. The words \"Wild Weekend\" are not found in the song's lyrics (Shannon's show aired on weekdays). The Russ Hallett Trio recorded the original theme for radio airplay by Shannon in 1958. Buffalo band The Rebels reworked it as an instrumental that was released as \"Wild Weekend\" on the Marlee label in 1960 without national chart success. In November 1962 the Rebels' single was re-released on the Swan label. The band name was changed to The Rockin' Rebels, apparently to avoid confusion with Duane Eddy And The Rebels. It entered Billboard's national Hot 100 at the end of December with its chart run continuing into 1963 when it peaked at #8, and at #28 on the U.S. R&B chart. The song ranked #22 on Billboard magazine's Top 100 singles of 1963. \"Wild Weekend\" was featured on the 1963 Rockin' Rebels album Wild Weekend. Other versions Bill Justis released a version of the song on his 1963 album Bill Justis Plays 12 Instrumental Smash Hits. Disc jockey Joey Reynolds (who had worked with Shannon at WWKB) added lyrics to make this the theme song for his nightly show on WPOP, Hartford, 1963. The Surfaris released a version of the song on their 1963 album Wipe Out. The Thunderbirds from Melbourne, Australia charted locally with their version in 1961 and upon re-release in 1963. Kim Fowley released a version of the song on his 1968 album Born to Be Wild. Andy Mackay released a version of the song as a single in 1974 in the UK, but it did not chart. It was featured on his album In Search of Eddie Riff. Jon and the Nightriders released a version of the song on their 1987 album Stampede! NRBQ released a version of the song as a single in 1989 with lyrics entitled \"It's a Wild Weekend\", but it did not chart. Euphoria's Id released a live version of the song on their 2003 compilation album Mastering the Art of French Kissing. The Ventures released a version of the song on their 2009 compilation album with The Fabulous Wailers entitled Two Car Garage (50 Years of Rock 'N Roll). The Offbeats on the compilation LP, Do You Wanna Dance - The Best of Frank's Bandstand: Arc Records A669 - a band from Halifax featuring future world class producer, Brian Ahern, Beaver Brown released a live version of the song on their 2017 album Live at the Bottom Line 1980. References 1962 songs 1962 singles 1974 singles 1989 singles Bill Justis songs The Surfaris songs The Ventures songs Swan Records singles Island Records singles Virgin Records singles Surf instrumentals 1960s instrumentals",
"title": "Wild Weekend (instrumental)"
},
{
"docid": "1555724",
"text": "Ya Kid K (born Manuela Barbara Kamosi Moaso Djogi, 26 January 1972) is a Congolese–Belgian hip hop recording artist. She was the rapper for the dance/house act Technotronic. Her sister is Karoline \"Leki\" Kamosi. Early life At the age of 11, Djogi moved to Belgium, later moving to Chicago (where she explored hip-hop, and the emerging sounds of house music), and later moved to Dallas, Texas. Music career After moving back to Belgium from the US, Ya Kid K helped form a hip hop label called Fresh Beat Productions. She was part of the dance project Technotronic, which debuted with a major worldwide hit in 1989, \"Pump Up the Jam\". Although she did not appear in the video, she was finally credited as vocalist on the track on the US reissue of the group's debut album. Although Ya Kid K wrote the lyrics and sang vocals on \"Pump Up the Jam\", Technotronic had the fashion model Felly Kilingi perform in the video, without Ya Kid K's consent. The second single \"Get Up! (Before the Night Is Over)\" was Ya Kid K's debut music video with Technotronic. In 1992, Technotronic and Ya Kid K had a hit with \"Move This,\" another single from 1989's Pump Up the Jam: The Album. She also lent her voice to Hi Tek 3, a dance project whose only single, \"Spin that Wheel\", appeared on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles motion picture soundtrack. While Jo Bogaert hired new singers for Technotronic's third album, Body to Body, Ya Kid K returned after limited success of her own album, One World Nation. This album contained many different musical and, in particular, vocal styles. In 1991, Ya Kid K appeared on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, performing \"Awesome (You Are My Hero)\", continuing her work with the music of the film franchise. The partnership continued in 1993, when 2 versions of Ya Kid K's \"Rockin' over the Beat\" appeared on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. In 1995, Technotronic re-emerged in the U.S. with Ya Kid K as its front vocalist, again with limited success of the album, Recall. On the track \"Are You Ready\" she teamed up with Daisy Dee, who already did a cover version of \"This Beat is…\" with MC B. In 1996, a Ya Kid K single titled \"Rock My World\" was released. She appeared in June 2000 on Technotronic's single \"The Mariachi.\" In 2002, she released Take a Trip on Semini Records. In 1997, Ya Kid K also provided fresh vocals for the 2 Skinnee J's cover of \"Pump Up the Jam\" entitled, \"BBQ\". She sang \"Pump up the gas grill\" as the chorus. In October 2005, Ya Kid K made a guest appearance on Public Warning the debut album of English female rapper Lady Sovereign. In 2011, she returned with the song \"DO UC ME Standing\". Ya Kid K also released the song \"Comes Love\". In 2014 she",
"title": "Ya Kid K"
},
{
"docid": "25903655",
"text": "The Original Soul of Michael Jackson is a remix album by American singer Michael Jackson. It features songs recorded early in his career mainly during the 1970s and remixed in 1987 before its release that year by Motown. Release While the album claims that it \"contains music never before released\", the only new song available was a re-dubbed cover of Edwin Starr's 1970 hit \"Twenty-Five Miles\", sung by the Jackson Five and solely credited to Michael. The original recording of the song was included on the 2009 set Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection. Some songs were newly edited on the album, with a newly dubbed version of \"Dancing Machine\". \"Ain't No Sunshine\" was also slightly different in the vocals and a modern drum machine was added to \"Twenty-Five Miles\". \"Melodie\" was planned for a single in an effort to promote the record in the US, but was scrapped for a promo-only single \"Twenty-Five Miles\"/\"Up On The Housetop\". Critical reception Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990), Robert Christgau wrote, \"Once you get past the slipshod cynicism of Motown's catalogue exploitation, you have to admit that this mostly remixed, sometimes synthed-up mishmash has its charms and even uses—that in fact it's superior to the 'real' 1975 best-of the label long ago deleted. I love the previously unreleased 'Twenty-Five Miles' and the preteen-sings-the-blues 'Doggin' Around,' could live without the two J5 non hits, and will no doubt pull this down when I want to remember 'Dancing Machine' and 'Rockin' Robin.'\" Track listing References External links 1987 compilation albums 1987 remix albums Michael Jackson compilation albums",
"title": "The Original Soul of Michael Jackson"
},
{
"docid": "56001487",
"text": "Rockin' 50's Rock'n'Roll is a rock and roll album by the Crickets. It was The Crickets' first release in the 1970s, and marked the band's embrace of their legacy as Buddy Holly's backing band. The album is a concept album of nostalgia for the 1950s, consisting mostly of songs written by Holly and framed by the new retrospectively-minded title track. Originally released as an LP record in December 1970, the album was re-released on CD by in 2000. Background With the departure of bassist Joe B. Mauldin, and singer Jerry Naylor, who embarking on a career as a solo artist, the Crickets seemed to be on hiatus after their few releases in 1965. The remaining members, guitarist Sonny Curtis and drummer Jerry Allison remained active in the music business. Billed as The Camps, Curtis recorded the novelty single \"The Ballad of Batman\" and \"Batmobile,\" on the Parkway label in 1965. Allison and Curtis worked as session musicians, Allison toured with country singer Roger Miller for two years, and Curtis released two solo records on the Viva label. Keyboardist Glen D. Hardin joined Elvis Presley's TCB Band in 1970. The August 1968 single, \"Million Dollar Movie\" (Curtis) and \"A Million Miles Apart\" (Glen D. Hardin), was the only Crickets release of new material since early 1965. The Crickets signed to Barnaby records, a subsidiary of CBS records founded by singer Andy Williams primarily to manage releases from the Cadence archive, the famed label of the Everly Brothers releases. (Williams had enjoyed success with Cricket Sonny Curtis' \"A Fool Never Learns\" and had recorded other Curtis songs including \"Walk Right Back.\" Additionally, Williams-Price Agency managed The Mary Tyler Moore Show, for which Sonny Curtis penned the theme song \"Love is All Around\" in summer 1970.) In 1970, Curtis and Allison sang backing vocals on Eric Clapton's first solo record, which was produced by Delaney Bramlett. Bramlett would produce the first two songs on Rockin' 50s Rock'n'Roll with Clapton playing lead guitar. The album proceeds like a concept album with all of songs the fading into one another, like the Beatles' album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The opening song \"Rockin' 50s Rock'n'Roll\" serves as an overture stating the album's theme of celebrating 1950s rock'n'roll music. It is reprised at the album's closing. Aside from the opening song, the album consists of new versions of songs made famous by former bandmember Buddy Holly. In this way, the album tapped into an emerging trend in Western popular culture of the 1970s of nostalgia for the 1950s, in which figures like Buddy Holly were iconic. Sleeve The album cover was designed by Bob Cato and Ira Friedlander. The rear of the record sleeve reprints a letter from the Beatles dated January 24, 1963 in full: Track listing Personnel The Crickets Jerry Allison – drums, lead vocals (track 2), co-producer (tracks 3–9) Sonny Curtis – guitar, lead vocals (track 1, 3–9), co-producer (tracks 3–9) Glen D. Hardin – piano, keyboards, arranger Additional personnel Doug Gilmore",
"title": "Rockin' 50's Rock'n'Roll"
},
{
"docid": "60756096",
"text": "\"Rockin' for Myself\" is a song by British electronic dance music record producer Motiv8, aka Steve Rodway. Based around a vocal loop originally performed by Anne-Marie Smith on Italian dance act 49ers' 1992 single, \"Move Your Feet\", it was released in late 1993 and features vocals by British singer Angie Brown. This version reached number 67 on the UK Singles Chart. In the spring of 1994, it was re-mixed and re-released, peaking at number 18 in the UK. But on the UK Dance Singles Chart, it was even more successful, peaking at number-one. On the Eurochart Hot 100, it reached number 63. Outside Europe, it was successful in Australia, peaking at number nine. A music video was produced to promote the single, featuring a model and dancer lip-syncing the song on a red sofa, wearing yellow sweater and beret. Background and release Before going under the name Motiv8, Steve Rodway released mostly underground tracks under different names in the early 90's. One of these was an early version of \"Rockin' for Myself\". He thought it sounded much more commercial than the other and when the demand for underground techno began to fall off, he recorded a new version of the track, which would become a massive hit in clubs. Warner Records signed him and a new remix was released, reaching the Top 20 in the UK. From then, Rodway stuck with the name Motiv8. He told in an interview, that because of the song's success, Jarvis Cocker of Pulp approaced him, asking for a remix of \"Common People\". The following success of that remix played a big part in establishing the name Motiv8, according to Rodway. Critical reception Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, \"If rave/NRG is your dance flavor of choice, \"Rockin' for Myself' by Motiv8 is a must menu addition. Angie Brown, last heard fronting singles by Bizarre Inc., puts forth a respectable performance, while Steve Rodway crafts an instrumental picture that strobes with vibrant keyboard colors and racing beats. Paul Gotel steps in and gives the track a beefier bottom, while Stonebridge comes to the table with a recognizable disco-fried interpretation.\" Maria Jimenez from Music & Media stated, \"Motiv8's happy, positivity track a la Urban Cookie Collective, \"Rockin' for Myself\", is appealing in its warm Stonebridge Mix, the wide open Well Hung Parliament Adventure and the hi-pumpin' Ultimate Vocal Mix\". Andy Beevers from Music Week rated it four out of five, calling it a \"irrepressible house tune\". James Hamilton from the RM Dance Update described it as a \"Angie Brown chanted simple pop raver\". Track listing 12\", UK (1993) \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Slammin' Granite Mix) \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Instrumental Mix) \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Dubrock Mix) \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Granite Dub Mix) 12\", Germany (1994) \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Ultimate Vocal Mix) – 5:38 \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Stonebridge Mix) – 7:18 \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Original Dubrock Mix) – 5:34 \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Paul Gotel Funked Out Mix) – 8:50 CD single, UK (1993) \"Rockin' for Myself\" (Radio Version) – 3:50",
"title": "Rockin' for Myself"
},
{
"docid": "1867680",
"text": "Rockin' Robin usually refers to either: Robin Yount, a former professional baseball player Rockin' Robin (wrestler), Robin Smith, a professional female wrestler \"Rockin' Robin\" (song), a rock 'n' roll song",
"title": "Rockin' Robin"
}
] | [
"Bobby Day"
] |
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